bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Us versus them: Do the rules of the game encourage negative partisanship?
Authors: ANDERSON CAMERON D. , McGREGOR R. MICHAEL , STEPHENSON LAURA B.
Published: October 2021

Party identification is a well‐documented force in political behaviour. However, the vast majority of work on partisanship considers only its positive side, rather than recognizing that partisan identities may also have a negative component. Recent work has shown that negative partisanship has important effects, such as reinforcing partisan leanings, directing strategic behaviour and increasing the rate of straight‐ticket voting. This study takes a step back to explore the sources of such orientations, rather than the effects. Specifically, it considers whether the electoral system context contributes to the presence of negative affective orientations towards parties. Using data from the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems, we examine the influence of factors related to electoral system features and consider whether their influence is moderated by voter sophistication. Data reveal significant variation in the rate of negative partisanship across countries, and that these differences are related to the electoral system context in which voters are making decisions. We also find some evidence that these effects are moderated by sophistication. This work adds to our understanding of the role of affect in political behaviour, as well as the impact that country‐level institutional factors can have upon the relationship between voters and parties.
Diagnostic efficacy of sentinel lymph node in breast cancer under percutaneous contrast‐enhanced ultrasound: An updated meta‐analysis
Authors: Deng Huadong , Lei Jianming , Jin Lixian , Shi Hongwei
Published: October 2021

Background

To investigate the diagnostic efficacy of sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) in breast cancer by percutaneous contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) through pooled analysis of relevant studies published before June 2021.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of relevant studies by searching the electronic databases of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang and VIP and the studies were screened according to their inclusion and exclusion criteria. Sensitivity (SEN), specificity (SPE), positive likelihood ratio (+LR), negative likelihood ratio (−LR) and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) were calculated by Meta‐disc 1.4 software and the summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve and area under the curve of ROC (AUC) were constructed.

Results

Twenty‐two publications evaluating the diagnostic efficacy of SLN in breast cancer under percutaneous CEUS were included in the meta‐analysis. The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity were 0.86 (95% CI: 0.83–0.88) and 0.89 (95% CI: 0.87–0.91) for SLN in breast cancer detected by percutaneous CEUS respectively using a random effect model. The +LR and –LR were combined in a random effect model due to significant statistical heterogeneity (p < 0.05). The pooled +LR, −LR were 7.06 (95% CI: 4.34–11.50), and 0.17 (95% CI: 0.12–0.24), respectively. The combined DOR was 53.32 (95% CI: 29.74–95.61) for SLN diagnosis in breast cancer by percutaneous CEUS under a random effect model. The AUC was 0.94 which indicated that CEUS had high diagnostic efficacy of SLN in patients with breast cancer.

Conclusions

CEUS is a noninvasive method for the detection SLN in patients of breast cancer with relative high prediction efficacy.
Legitimating State Capital: The Global Financial Professions and the Transnationalization of Chinese Sovereign Wealth
Authors: Liu Imogen T. , Dixon Adam D.
Published: October 2021

Increasing Chinese investment has raised the spectre of strategic state influence in Europe, yet the transformative potential of state capital as a global phenomenon remains under‐explored. This article sheds light on the dual imperatives of transnationalizing state capital wherein the movement of capital entails both profit maximization and the extra‐profit interests of the state. State‐capitalist entities such as sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) are both market‐facing and politically driven, disrupting ideological norms surrounding the strictly safe‐keeper role of the state in private capital accumulation. The authors draw on the case of the China Investment Corporation, China's premier SWF, to argue that the transnationalization of state capital is a process deeply embedded in the liberal international order, and that it signals the metamorphosis of global capitalism in palimpsest‐like ways. The global financial professions, namely investment banking, corporate law and management consulting along with other advisory services, have legitimated state capital by normalizing its political origins through technocratic, expert‐driven practice to the effect that it is treated as no different from private capital in global capital networks. The article identifies three logics of practice by which professionals legitimate state capital: adoption, alliance and recreation of financial practices that have facilitated the embeddedness of state capital in global markets.
Emerging Sino–European Corporate Elite Networks
Authors: de Graaff Nana , Valeeva Diliara
Published: October 2021

Chinese investments into Europe have been growing prodigiously in the past decade and are increasingly the subject of controversy. However, while a lot of empirical data and analysis are available on the flows and stocks of these investments, we still know very little about the loci of corporate power and control behind them. This article focuses on a domain where substantive power of decision making and control regarding these investments lies: corporate boards. The key aim is to assess how Chinese boards are relating to the existing European corporate elite networks by analysing the extent and nature of Sino–European corporate board interlocking by China's largest firms as a particular networking mode. Based on business listings and databases, and applying social network analysis in combination with qualitative analysis, the article highlights the contours of an emerging Sino–European corporate elite, revealing under‐exposed areas of ongoing Sino–European collaboration whilst at the same time indicating a sphere of potential influence by Chinese business elites at the top of Europe's corporations.
Frequency Rhythmic Electrical Modulation System (FREMS) to alleviate painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A pilot, randomised controlled trial (The FREMSTOP study)
Authors: Crasto Winston , Altaf Quratul‐Ain , Selvaraj Dhiraj Ravindran , Jack Bukola , Patel Vinod , Nawaz Sarfaraz , Murthy Narasimha , Sukumar Nithya , Saravanan Ponnusamy , Tahrani Abd A.
Published: October 2021

Background

Frequency Rhythmic Electrical Modulated System (FREMS) is a non‐invasive treatment for chronic pain conditions, but its place in the treatment algorithm for painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (PDPN) is unknown.

Methods

A pilot, open‐label, randomised controlled trial in individuals with PDPN inadequately controlled on at least dual neuropathic pain treatments recruited from primary and secondary care. Participants were randomised 1:1 to FREMS + usual care (n = 13) versus usual care (n = 12). Primary outcome was change from baseline in perceived pain (assessed by visual analogue scale) at 12 weeks between treatment groups.

Results

Of 25 participants, 14 (56%) were men, and 21 (84%) were White Europeans. Median (IQR) age and duration of diabetes were 64 (56, 68) and 14 (10, 20) years, respectively. At 12 weeks, FREMS showed improvements in perceived pain compared with baseline, although the change was not statistically significant from control group (−4.0[−5.0,0.4] vs. 0[−0.3,0.7], p = 0.087). There were significant improvements in pain with FREMS, assessed by McGill Pain questionnaire (p = 0.042) and Douleur neuropathique‐4 questionnaire (p = 0.042). More participants on FREMS had greater than 30 percent reductions in perceived pain compared with controls [7/13(54%) vs 0/12(0%), p = 0.042] and significant improvements in Patient Global Impression of Change (p = 0.005). FREMS intervention had moderate benefits in quality of life, sleep, depression and pain medication use, but these were not statistically significant.

Conclusions

FREMS might be used to treat individuals with PDPN inadequately controlled on two classes of neuropathic pain medications and is associated with improvements in pain severity and perceived impact of treatment. A larger, appropriately designed trial assessing its impact in this population is needed.
Serum symmetric dimethylarginine concentration in healthy neonatal Thoroughbred foals
Authors: Gough Rachel L. , McGovern Kate F.
Published: October 2021

Background

Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is widely used in other species as a marker of renal dysfunction and is considered a more sensitive indicator of glomerular filtration rate than creatinine. Reference ranges are established in healthy adult horses (≤14 μg/dL) and concentrations are increased in horses with acute kidney injury (median 32 μg/dL; range 15‐92).

Objectives

To establish the normal range of SDMA concentrations in neonatal Thoroughbreds.

Study design

Cross‐sectional.

Methods

Blood samples were collected from Thoroughbred foals <36 h old deemed healthy by physical examination. Exclusion criteria included foals from mares undergoing treatment for placentitis and foals that developed clinical disease or died/euthanised <2 weeks from birth. Biochemistry and serum SDMA concentrations were obtained.

Results

Subjects included 120 foals. Median age was 13.5 h (range 1.0‐34.0). Median and 95% confidence interval for SDMA concentration was 69.0 µg/dL (63.0, 75.0; range 35.0‐376.0). A cut‐off value of 168 µg/dL would include 95% of individuals and is therefore suggested. Serum SDMA concentration was correlated with age (R = −.3, P = .003), creatinine concentration (R = .6, P ≤ .001) and urea concentration (R = .3, P = .002).

Main limitations

Limitations include a small sample size, no consideration of subclinical disease and a short follow‐up period.

Conclusions

In equine neonates, SDMA concentration is higher than in adult horses, older foals and adults with acute kidney injury. Therefore, currently SDMA cannot be used as a marker of renal dysfunction in this age group. Further work is required to assess whether SDMA concentration is increased in neonates with renal disease and, if so, what cut‐off should be used.
Species composition of semi‐natural mesic grasslands as a factor influencing the methane yield of plant biomass (Central Europe)
Authors: Meserszmit Mateusz , Swacha Grzegorz , Pavlů Lenka , Pavlů Vilém , Trojanowska‐Olichwer Adriana , Kącki Zygmunt
Published: October 2021

Semi‐natural lowland and mountain mesic meadows are grasslands rich in species, and their conservation status depends on treatments such as mowing or grazing livestock. In many countries, the condition of grasslands is deteriorating because of their inappropriate use or abandonment. This study aimed to determine the effects of the species composition of plant communities and functional plant groups on the methane yield from biomass harvested from mesic grasslands in the Sudetes Mountains. Biogas potential analysis was performed based on biomass samples collected from Poland and the Czech Republic. The biogas potential was determined in 40 day‐long batch anaerobic digestion tests. The average methane yield obtained from the biomass was 246 ± 16 NL CH4 kg−1 VS, whereas the methane yield per hectare was 870 ± 203 m3 CH4 ha−1. Plant communities comprising different dominant species had no effect on the methane yield but affected the methane yield per hectare. Additionally, the species composition of grasslands with a higher percentage of forbs had lower biomass yield, resulting in lower methane yields per hectare. The continuity of the low‐intensity management of mountain grassland, which can be provided by the utilization of their biomass for bioenergy production, sustains high biodiversity and ensures appropriate meadow conservation.
Nuclear morphology in breast lesions: refining its assessment to improve diagnostic concordance
Authors: Katayama Ayaka , Toss Michael S , Parkin Matthew , Sano Takaaki , Oyama Tetsunari , Quinn Cecily M , Ellis Ian O , Rakha Emad A
Published: October 2021

Aims

Although evaluation of nuclear morphology is important for the diagnosis and categorisation of breast lesions, the criteria used to assess nuclear atypia rely upon the subjective evaluation of several features that may result in inter‐ and intraobserver variation. This study aims to refine the definitions of cytonuclear features in various breast lesions.

Methods and results

ImageJ was used to assess the nuclear morphological features including nuclear diameter, axis length, perimeter, area, circularity and roundness in 160 breast lesions comprising ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), invasive breast carcinoma of no special type (IBC‐NST), tubular carcinoma, usual ductal hyperplasia (UDH), columnar cell change (CCC) and flat epithelial atypia (FEA). Reference cells included normal epithelial cells, red blood cells (RBCs) and lymphocytes. Reference cells showed size differences not only between normal epithelial cells and RBCs but also between RBCs in varied‐sized blood vessels. Nottingham grade nuclear pleomorphism scores 1 and 3 cut‐offs in IBC‐NST, compared to normal epithelial cells, were < ×1.2 and > ×1.4 that of mean maximum Feret’s diameter and < ×1.6 and > ×2.4 that of mean nuclear area, respectively. Nuclear morphometrics were significantly different in low‐grade IBC‐NST versus tubular carcinoma, low‐grade DCIS versus UDH and CCC versus FEA. No differences in the nuclear features between grade‐matched DCIS and IBC‐NST were identified.

Conclusion

This study provides a guide for the assessment of nuclear atypia in breast lesions, refines the comparison with reference cells and highlights the potential diagnostic value of image analysis tools in the era of digital pathology.
Impact of urethroplasty on overactive bladder symptoms in patients with anterior urethral strictures
Authors: Hamamoto Koetsu , Horiguchi Akio , Shinchi Masayuki , Ojima Kenichiro , Hirano Yusuke , Takahashi Eiji , Kimura Fumihiro , Ito Keiichi , Azuma Ryuichi
Published: October 2021

Objectives

To investigate the incidence of overactive bladder in men with anterior urethral stricture and to evaluate the impact of urethroplasty on its improvement.

Methods

A total of 104 men with anterior urethral stricture who underwent urethroplasty between 2016 and 2020 completed a validated urethral stricture surgery patient‐reported outcome measure comprising six lower urinary tract symptoms questions on voiding symptoms and overactive bladder symptom score before and 3, 6, and 12 months after urethroplasty. Patients with an urgency score of ≥2 for overactive bladder symptom score question 3, and a total overactive bladder symptom score of ≥3 were considered to have overactive bladder. An improvement in overactive bladder was defined as a decrease in the total overactive bladder symptom score by at least three points.

Results

Thirty‐nine patients (37.5%) were considered to have overactive bladder, and improvement in overactive bladder after urethroplasty was found in 30 (76.9%). Maximum flow rate on uroflowmetry, postvoid residual urine volume, lower urinary tract symptoms total score, and total overactive bladder symptom score were all significantly improved after urethroplasty (P < 0.0001 for all variables). There was a positive correlation between changes in lower urinary tract symptoms total score and total overactive bladder symptom score (Spearman’s correlation 0.48, P < 0.0001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that greater change in lower urinary tract symptoms score was an independent predictor of improvement in overactive bladder (odds ratio 1.30, 95% confidence interval 1.06–1.59; P = 0.002).

Conclusions

Overactive bladder is prevalent in patients with anterior urethral stricture, and can be effectively improved after urethroplasty. Improvement of voiding symptoms are key for improving overactive bladder symptoms.
Testicular microlithiasis defines a subgroup of azoospermic men with low rates of sperm retrieval
Authors: Barda Shimi , Hauser Ron , Mano Roy , Savin Ziv , Molad‐Hayo Yonatan , Lehavi Ofer , Kleiman Sandra E , Azem Foad , Yossepowitch Ofer , Dekalo Snir
Published: October 2021

Objective

To investigate the prevalence of testicular microlithiasis and its association with sperm retrieval rates and histopathology in men with non‐obstructive azoospermia.

Methods

A total of 120 men underwent scrotal ultrasonography prior to microsurgical testicular sperm extraction. Sperm retrieval rate, testicular histopathology, testicular size, reproductive hormones, karyotyping, Y chromosome microdeletion analyses, and presence of varicoceles and hydroceles were compared between men with and without testicular microlithiasis.

Results

The total sperm retrieval rate was 40%. Ten men with normal spermatogenesis were excluded. The remaining 110 men with non‐obstructive azoospermia were analyzed and testicular microlithiasis was detected in 16 of them (14.5%). The sperm retrieval rate in that subgroup was only 6.2% (1/16) as opposed to 39.4% (37/94) in men with non‐obstructive azoospermia and no evidence of microlithiasis (P = 0.009). The mean right and left testicular diameters were significantly lower in the microlithiasis group (P = 0.04). On multivariate logistic regression analysis, the presence of mictolithiasis (odds ratio 7.4, 95% confidence interval 2.3, 12.2; P = 0.01) was the only independent predictor of unsuccessful sperm retrieval. The 15 patients with microlithiasis and without successful sperm extraction were diagnosed by histopathology as having Sertoli cells only. The 16th patient with successful sperm retrieval had a histopathology of mixed atrophy and was diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome.

Conclusion

The presence of testicular microlithiasis is associated with low sperm retrieval rates among our cohort of men with non‐obstructive azoospermia undergoing scrotal ultrasonography prior to microsurgical testicular sperm extraction. Larger, prospective studies should be conducted to confirm these findings.
Clinical characteristics and population‐based attack rates of respiratory syncytial virus versus influenza hospitalizations among adults—An observational study
Authors: Auvinen Raija , Syrjänen Ritva , Ollgren Jukka , Nohynek Hanna , Skogberg Kirsi
Published: October 2021

Background

The clinical significance of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) among adults remains underinvestigated. We compared the characteristics and population‐based attack rates of RSV and influenza hospitalizations.

Methods

During 2018–2020, we recruited hospitalized adults with respiratory infection to our prospective substudy at a tertiary care hospital in Finland and compared the characteristics of RSV and influenza patients. In our retrospective substudy, we calculated the attack rates of all RSV and influenza hospitalizations among adults in the same geographic area during 2016–2020.

Results

Of the 537 prospective substudy patients, 31 (6%) had RSV, and 106 (20%) had influenza. Duration of hospitalization, need for intensive care or outcome did not differ significantly between RSV and influenza patients. RSV was more often missed or its diagnosis omitted from medical record (13% vs 1% p = 0.016 and 48% vs 15%, p > 0.001). In the retrospective substudy, the mean attack rates of RSV, influenza A, and influenza B hospitalizations rose with age from 4.1 (range by season 1.9–5.9), 15.4 (12.3–23.3), and 4.7 (0.5–16.2) per 100,000 persons among 18‐ to 64‐year‐olds to 58.3 (19.3–117.6), 204.1 (31.0–345.0), and 60.4 (0.0–231.0) per 100,000 persons among 65+‐year‐olds and varied considerably between seasons.

Discussion

While the attack rates of influenza hospitalizations were higher compared with RSV, RSV and influenza hospitalizations were similar in severity. Missing or underreporting of RSV infections may lead to underestimating its disease burden. Both RSV and influenza caused a substantial amount of hospitalizations among the elderly, stressing the need for more effective interventions.
Quinoa sourdough-based biscuits with high antioxidant activity fermented with autochthonous lactic acid bacteria
Authors: Sandez Penidez Sergio H. , Velasco Manini Marina A. , LeBlanc Jean Guy , Gerez Carla L. , Rollán Graciela C.
Published: October 2021

Aims

To evaluate the capacity of autochthonous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (43) from Andean grains to increase the antioxidant activity (AOA) and total phenolic compounds (TPCs) in quinoa sourdough to select best performing strains to be used as starter cultures in the elaboration of biscuits.

Methods and Results

Microbial growth (CFU per g) and pH were evaluated during quinoa dough fermentation. Counts were increased in a range of 0.61–2.97 log CFU per g and pH values between 3.95 and 4.54 were determined after 24 h at 30°C of fermentation. Methanolic (ME) and aqueous (AE) extracts were obtained at the end of fermentation, and free radical scavenging capacity was performed by the DPPH and ABTS methods. ME was selected for further analysis using other methods and TPC quantification. Principal component analysis showed the highest scores of growth, acidification capacity, AOA and TPC for the strains Lc. mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides CRL 2131 and L. plantarum CRL 1964 and CRL 1973. AOA and TPC in biscuits made with sourdough from these LAB were higher than the acidified and uninoculated controls.

Conclusions

Autochthonous LAB strains (3) increased the AOA of quinoa-based biscuits.

Significance and Impact of the Study

Quinoa sourdough obtained with selected LAB is suitable as an ingredient for bakery foods with improved antioxidant status.
Early manifestations of genetic risk for neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: Askeland Ragna Bugge , Hannigan Laurie J. , Ask Helga , Ayorech Ziada , Tesli Martin , Corfield Elizabeth , Magnus Per , Njølstad Pål Rasmus , Andreassen Ole A. , Davey Smith George , Reichborn‐Kjennerud Ted , Havdahl Alexandra
Published: October 2021

Background

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (autism) and schizophrenia are highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorders, affecting the lives of many individuals. It is important to increase our understanding of how the polygenic risk for neurodevelopmental disorders manifests during childhood in boys and girls.

Methods

Polygenic risk scores (PRS) for ADHD, autism and schizophrenia were calculated in a subsample of 15 205 children from the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). Mother‐reported traits of repetitive behavior, social communication, language and motor difficulties, hyperactivity and inattention were measured in children at 6 and 18 months, 3, 5 and 8 years. Linear regression models in a multigroup framework were used to investigate associations between the three PRS and dimensional trait measures in MoBa, using sex as a grouping variable.

Results

Before the age of 2, the ADHD PRS was robustly associated with hyperactivity and inattention, with increasing strength up to 8 years, and with language difficulties at age 5 and 8. The autism PRS was robustly associated with language difficulties at 18 months, motor difficulties at 36 months, and hyperactivity and inattention at 8 years. We did not identify robust associations for the schizophrenia PRS. In general, the PRS associations were similar in boys and girls. The association between ADHD PRS and hyperactivity at 18 months was, however, stronger in boys.

Conclusions

Polygenic risk for autism and ADHD in the general population manifests early in childhood and broadly across behavioral measures of neurodevelopmental traits.
Visual detection of moldy peanut kernels based on the combination of hyperspectral imaging technology and chemometrics
Authors: Sun Xia , Liu Junjie , Sun Jianfei , Zhang Hui , Guo Yemin , Zhao Wenping , Xia Lianming , Wang Bao
Published: October 2021

In order to facilitate the identification of moldy peanuts using hyperspectral imaging, in this study, hyperspectral images of four peanut kernels in a large dark box were acquired at the band range of 1,000–2,030 nm for classification of moldy peanut kernels. Then, the spectral data were extracted from hyperspectral images. Moreover, successive projection algorithm (SPA) was used to select effective wavelength. Next, three models including partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA), support vector machine, and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) were established to identify moldy peanut kernels based on the optimal wavelengths selected by SPA. As a result, SPA–LDA generated the best effect with accuracy of 100% in both calibration set and prediction set. Finally, based on the SPA–LDA model, we successfully completed the visual detection of peanut seed mold using 1,120 nm wave band and threshold method. The results indicated that the combination of chemometrics and hyperspectral imaging technology provided an accurate, rapid, and nondestructive detecting method for the classification of moldy peanut kernels.

Practical Applications

It is well‐known that the moldy peanuts contain potent carcinogen. Therefore, the accuracy of moldy peanuts identification becomes very important. Traditional methods for detection of moldy peanuts are tedious, time‐consuming and strict requirements for operators, which cannot meet the requirements of intelligent agriculture. Hyperspectral imaging technology, providing both spectral and spatial information simultaneously, can detect moldy peanuts rapidly, accurately, and nondestructively. All these results show that the use of hyperspectral technology combined with appropriate chemometrics can facilitate the accurate identification of moldy peanuts, and the high accuracy of discrimination also provides theoretical support for the rapid and accurate detection of industrial application of moldy peanuts in the future.
Digital to Analog Facially Generated Interchangeable Facebow Transfer: Capturing a Standardized Reference Position
Authors: Kois John C. , Kois Dean E. , Zeitler Jonathan M. , Martin Jean
Published: October 2021

Although the evolution of digital technology continues to improve patient data acquisition, the ability to both standardize the recording of the maxillary occlusal plane and capture the necessary dynamic data for dento‐facial analysis remains elusive. This article describes step‐by‐step techniques to position the maxilla on an articulator using the natural head position and a facial reference system (Kois Facial Reference Glasses) for both analog and digital workflows. A photographic technique will be presented that captures the natural head position and allows the clinician to align a 2D reference photograph with the maxillary intraoral digital scan and the virtual articulator. Using this reference photograph, the clinician can record and communicate to the technician the maxillary arch position in relationship with the facial references, as well as transfer the additively manufactured casts in the same facial orientation for mounting and analysis either virtually or on an analog articulator.
Magnetic resonance imaging accuracy before surgery in children with retropharyngeal abscesses
Authors: Conte Mariasole , Vinci Francesco , Muzzi Enrico , Canuto Arianna , Barbi Egidio , Cozzi Giorgio
Published: October 2021

Aims

Retropharyngeal abscess (RPA) is a deep neck infection occurring in childhood. The gold standard technique for diagnosis is computerised tomography (CT) with a contrast medium. The aim of this study is to answer the question of whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be an alternative in diagnosing RPA and predicting pus drainage at surgery.

Methods

This is a retrospective study conducted at the paediatric emergency department of a tertiary level children hospital. The medical records of 31 children admitted to the Otorhinolaryngology and Paediatric ward, with a suspected diagnosis of RPA, were reviewed. The primary study outcome was the diagnostic accuracy of CT and MRI in predicting the amount of pus during surgery.

Results

Twenty‐two patients (71%) underwent surgery. Among them, 18 had imaging before surgery. Eleven patients evaluated with CT scan underwent surgery: four had non‐significant purulent drainage, three of them were reported to have a significant fluid collection (negative predictive value 66% and positive predictive value of 55%). Nine patients evaluated with MRI underwent surgery: four cases had non‐significant purulent drainage, three of them showed a significant fluid collection at MRI (negative predictive value of 60%; positive predictive value of 56%).

Conclusion

MRI and CT scans showed similar accuracy in predicting successful pus drainage during surgery; therefore, it could be a valid alternative in the diagnosis of RPA in children.
The Politics of 130,000 American Religious Leaders: A New Methodological Approach
Authors: Malina Gabrielle , Hersh Eitan
Published: October 2021

We compile an original database of 130,000 American clergy across 40 denominations, which we link to public voter registration data. We then link these data to mass surveys and a survey of pastors' own churches. This paper has two purposes. First, it introduces a new methodology for learning about religious communities by scraping information from denominational find‐a‐church websites . Second, the paper presents several short analyses that focus on the political affiliations of pastors and how they relate to congregants. We demonstrate that denominational affiliation is highly informative of a pastor's party registration but not a congregant's. Yet, the weak relationship for congregants masks a stronger underlying relationship between denominational affiliation and issue positions. We also demonstrate that many congregants, particularly in conservative churches, are politically unaligned with their pastor.
Mycobacteria–host interactions in human bronchiolar airway organoids
Authors: Iakobachvili Nino , Leon‐Icaza Stephen Adonai , Knoops Kèvin , Sachs Norman , Mazères Serge , Simeone Roxane , Peixoto Antonio , Bernard Célia , Murris‐Espin Marlène , Mazières Julien , Cam Kaymeuang , Chalut Christian , Guilhot Christophe , López‐Iglesias Carmen , Ravelli Raimond B. G. , Neyrolles Olivier , Meunier Etienne , Lugo‐Villarino Geanncarlo , Clevers Hans , Cougoule Céline , Peters Peter J.
Published: October 2021

Respiratory infections remain a major global health concern. Tuberculosis is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide, while infections with Non‐Tuberculous Mycobacteria are rising globally. Recent advances in human tissue modeling offer a unique opportunity to grow different human “organs” in vitro, including the human airway, that faithfully recapitulates lung architecture and function. Here, we have explored the potential of human airway organoids (AOs) as a novel system in which to assess the very early steps of mycobacterial infection. We reveal that Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and Mycobacterium abscessus (Mabs) mainly reside as extracellular bacteria and infect epithelial cells with very low efficiency. While the AO microenvironment was able to control, but not eliminate Mtb, Mabs thrives. We demonstrate that AOs responded to infection by modulating cytokine, antimicrobial peptide, and mucin gene expression. Given the importance of myeloid cells in mycobacterial infection, we co‐cultured infected AOs with human monocyte‐derived macrophages and found that these cells interact with the organoid epithelium. We conclude that adult stem cell (ASC)‐derived AOs can be used to decipher very early events of mycobacteria infection in human settings thus offering new avenues for fundamental and therapeutic research.
Predictive value of the cardio‐ankle vascular index for recurrence of atrial fibrillation after catheter ablation
Authors: Shinohara Masaya , Fujino Tadashi , Wada Ryo , Yano Kensuke , Akitsu Katsuya , Koike Hideki , Kinoshita Toshio , Ikeda Takanori
Published: October 2021

Background

The predictive value of the cardio‐ankle vascular index (CAVI) for estimating the efficacy outcome of catheter ablation (CA) in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients is unclear. We aimed to examine the predictive performance of the CAVI for recurrences of atrial arrhythmias after CA.

Methods

We enrolled a total of 193 patients with AF (paroxysmal 126 and non‐paroxysmal 67) who underwent initial CA procedures at our institute, and CAVI measurements were conducted between January 2016 and March 2017. We evaluated recurrences of atrial arrhythmias after the first CA procedure as a clinical outcome. The CAVI value was assessed and the enrolled patients were divided according to the optimal CAVI value cut‐off point (9.5) in the atrial arrhythmia recurrence group.

Results

During a mean follow‐up of 31.3 (17.5–43.0) months, 74 (32.5%; PaAF 41 and 49.3%; non‐PaAF 33) patients had recurrences of atrial arrhythmias. The recurrence ratio of atrial arrhythmias was significantly higher in patients with a high CAVI (≥9.5) than those with a low CAVI (<9.5) (log rank test; p = 0.018). A univariate analysis showed the association between higher CAVI values and recurrences of atrial arrhythmias (p = 0.072). Multivariate analyses using a Cox proportional hazard model after adjusting for other clinical factors revealed that the CAVI value was determined to be a significant predictive factor of a recurrence of atrial arrhythmias after CA (Hazard ratio: 1.44, 95% confidence interval: 1.17–1.78, p < 0.01).

Conclusions

The CAVI was significantly associated with a recurrence of atrial arrhythmias after CA in AF patients.
Post‐infection pulmonary sequelae after COVID‐19 among patients with lung transplantation
Authors: Mahan Luke D. , Lill Isaac , Halverson Quinn , Mohanka Manish R. , Lawrence Adrian , Joerns John , Bollineni Srinivas , Kaza Vaidehi , La Hoz Ricardo M. , Zhang Song , Kershaw Corey D. , Terada Lance S. , Torres Fernando , Banga Amit
Published: October 2021

Background

There is limited data on outcomes among lung transplant (LT) patients who survive Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19).

Methods

Any single or bilateral LT patients who tested positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 between March 1, 2020, to February 15, 2021 (n = 54) and survived the acute illness were included (finaln = 44). Each patient completed at least 3 months of follow‐up (median: 4.5; range 3–12 months) after their index hospitalization for COVID‐19. The primary endpoint was a significant loss of lung functions (defined as > 10% decline in forced vital capacity (FVC) or forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) on two spirometries, at least 3 weeks apart compared to the pre‐infection baseline).

Results

A majority of the COVID‐19 survivors had persistent parenchymal opacities (n = 29, 65.9%) on post‐infection CT chest. Patients had significantly impaired functional status, with the majority reporting residual disabilities (Karnofsky performance scale score of 70% or worse;n = 32, 72.7%). A significant loss of lung function was observed among 18 patients (40.9%). Three patients met the criteria for new chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) following COVID‐19 (5.6%), with all three demonstrating restrictive allograft syndrome phenotype. An absolute lymphocyte count < 0.6 × 103/dl and ferritin > 150 ng/ml at the time of hospital discharge was independently associated with significant lung function loss.

Conclusions

A significant proportion of COVID‐19 survivors suffer persistent allograft injury. Low absolute lymphocyte counts (ALC) and elevated ferritin levels at the conclusion of the hospital course may provide useful prognostic information and form the basis of a customized strategy for ongoing monitoring and management of allograft dysfunction.

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Lung transplant patients who survive COVID‐19 suffer significant morbidity with persistent pulmonary opacities, loss of lung functions, and functional deficits. Residual elevation of the inflammatory markers is predictive.
Surface characterization of ultrathin atomic layer deposited molybdenum oxide films using high-sensitivity low-energy ion scattering
Authors: Singhania Raivathari M. , Price Henry , Kounga Vaneck Y. , Davis Benjamin , Brüner Philipp , Thorpe Ryan , Hynek David J. , Cha Judy J. , Strandwitz Nicholas C.
Published: October 2021

Few-layer, high quality, molybdenum oxide films were successfully grown using atomic layer deposition (ALD) and characterized using high-sensitivity low-energy ion scattering (HS-LEIS). The deposition quality, uniformity, and number of layers (thickness) of these films have a drastic effect on overall film properties and, therefore, on performance in electronic devices. In particular, achieving uniform and reproducible nucleation is important for creation of single-monolayer films. However, islanding often occurs during film growth in which film discontinuities or nonuniform thicknesses are formed, both of which are undesirable. We have investigated the uniformity and thickness control of molybdenum oxide films that are deposited via ALD and are precursors to MoTe2 transition metal dichalcogenides. HS-LEIS was used to assess surface coverage and islanding of thin MoOx films ranging in thickness from 0.2 nm to over 7 nm. The absence of a signal from the substrate indicated uniform nucleation and that complete surface coverage by MoOx occurred at a film thickness of approximately 0.6 nm (14 ALD cycles). Monte-Carlo-based simulations were used to predict LEIS spectra, which allowed for quantitative analysis of nucleation and film growth. These simulated spectra of few-layer films further confirmed that the grown films exhibited uniform nucleation.
Relationship Between Flat-Water Tests and Canoe Slalom Performance on 4 Different Grades of Water Terrain Difficulty
Authors: Vajda Matej , Piatrikova Eva
Published: October 2021

Purpose: To assess the relationship between flat-water tests and canoe slalom performance on 4 different grades of water terrain difficulty. Methods: Nineteen elite canoe slalom athletes racing in category K1 men (n = 7), K1 women (n = 5), or C1 men (n = 7) completed flat-water tests: (1) a sprint with a turn to the preferred side, (2) a sprint with a turn to the nonpreferred side, (3) a sprint with a turn to both sides, and (4) a 12 × 15-m all-out shuttle test. Canoe slalom performance was measured in competitions with 4 different grades of water terrain difficulty. Results: There were relationships between 12 × 15-m all-out shuttle test and performance across different water terrain grades (P < .001; r = .706–.871)); however, the magnitude of the relationship decreased with increasing water terrain grade difficulty. Similar trends were observed for the sprint with a turn to the preferred side (r = .588–.884), sprint with a turn to the nonpreferred side (r = .544–.864), and sprint with a turn to both sides (r = .638–.909). In addition, small to moderate differences were observed between preferred and nonpreferred side in K1 women (P = .050, ES = 0.37), K1 men (P = .019, ES = 0.66), and C1 men (P = .003, ES = 0.69). Conclusion: The novel battery of flatwater tests can be used to measure the performance-related physical fitness of canoe slalom athletes. Sprint with a turn to the preferred side and sprint with a turn to the nonpreferred side can also be used to assess the imbalance between an athlete’s preferred and nonpreferred side. Accordingly, to our findings, practitioners could consider adapting the training program in preparation for important competitions specifically to water terrain difficulty grades where these competitions will be organized.
Self-Assembly of Phase-Segregated Liquid Crystal Structures
Authors: Kato Takashi
Published: October 2021

Additional functionality can be incorporated into liquid crystalline materials by using phase segregation and self-assembly. Intermolecular interactions such as hydrogen bonding and ionic interactions play key roles in the formation of these complex structures. One-, two-, and three-dimensional phase-segregated structures on various scales of length are formed by self-assembly of a variety of partially incompatible molecules. Such structures can enhance anisotropic properties such as ionic conductivity.
A Combination of Receptor-Binding Domain and N-Terminal Domain Neutralizing Antibodies Limits the Generation of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Neutralization-Escape Mutants
Authors: Haslwanter Denise , Dieterle M. Eugenia , Wec Anna Z. , O’Brien Cecilia M. , Sakharkar Mrunal , Florez Catalina , Tong Karen , Rappazzo C. Garrett , Lasso Gorka , Vergnolle Olivia , Wirchnianski Ariel S. , Bortz Robert H. , Laudermilch Ethan , Fels J. Maximilian , Mengotto Amanda , Malonis Ryan J. , Georgiev George I. , Quiroz Jose A. , Wrapp Daniel , Wang Nianshuang , Dye Kathryn E. , Barnhill Jason , Dye John M. , McLellan Jason S. , Daily Johanna P. , Lai Jonathan R. , Herbert Andrew S. , Walker Laura M. , Chandran Kartik , Jangra Rohit K.
Published: October 2021

The U.S. FDA has issued emergency use authorizations (EUAs) for multiple investigational monoclonal antibody (MAb) therapies for the treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19.
Cultivating Healthy Connections: Exploring and Engineering the Microbial Flow That Shapes Microbiomes
Authors: Wiles Travis J.
Published: October 2021

Our view of the microbial world has undergone a radical transformation over the past decade. For most of the 20th century, medical microbiological research was focused on understanding the virulent nature of disease-causing pathogens.
Bacteria-Oil Microaggregates Are an Important Mechanism for Hydrocarbon Degradation in the Marine Water Column
Authors: Achberger Amanda M. , Doyle Shawn M. , Mills Makeda I. , Holmes Charles P. , Quigg Antonietta , Sylvan Jason B.
Published: October 2021

Vast quantities of oil-associated marine snow (MOS) formed in the water column as part of the natural biological response to the Deepwater Horizon drilling accident. Despite the scale of the event, uncertainty remains about the mechanisms controlling MOS formation and its impact on the environment.
Supplemental Material: Focused fluid-flow structures potentially caused by solitary porosity waves
Authors: Yarushina Viktoriya , al. et
Published: October 2021

Additional details on chimney detection and modeling methods, four supplemental figures, and a supplemental table with survey specification.
Supplemental Material: The rise and demise of deep accretionary wedges: A long-term field and numerical modeling perspective
Authors: Angiboust S. , al. et
Published: October 2021

Methods and supplemental figures of the numerical experiments.
Friedreich’s ataxia-associated childhood hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a national cohort study
Authors: Norrish Gabrielle , Rance Thomas , Montanes Elena , Field Ella , Brown Elspeth , Bhole Vinay , Stuart Graham , Uzun Orhan , McLeod Karen A , Ilina Maria , Adwani Satish , Daubeney Piers , Delle Donne Grazia , Linter Katie , Jones Caroline B , Bharucha Tara , Cervi Elena , Kaski Juan Pablo
Published: October 2021

Objective

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is an important predictor of long-term outcomes in Friedreich’s ataxia (FA), but the clinical spectrum and survival in childhood is poorly described. This study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of children with FA-HCM.

Design and setting

Retrospective, longitudinal cohort study of children with FA-HCM from the UK.

Patients

78 children (<18 years) with FA-HCM diagnosed over four decades.

Intervention

Anonymised retrospective demographic and clinical data were collected from baseline evaluation and follow-up.

Main outcome measures

The primary study end-point was all-cause mortality (sudden cardiac death, atrial arrhythmia-related death, heart failure-related death, non-cardiac death) or cardiac transplantation.

Results

The mean age at diagnosis of FA-HCM was 10.9 (±3.1) years. Diagnosis was within 1 year of cardiac referral in 34 (65.0%) patients, but preceded the diagnosis of FA in 4 (5.3%). At baseline, 65 (90.3%) had concentric left ventricular hypertrophy and 6 (12.5%) had systolic impairment. Over a median follow-up of 5.1 years (IQR 2.4–7.3), 8 (10.5%) had documented supraventricular arrhythmias and 8 (10.5%) died (atrial arrhythmia-related n=2; heart failure-related n=1; non-cardiac n=2; or unknown cause n=3), but there were no sudden cardiac deaths. Freedom from death or transplantation at 10 years was 80.8% (95% CI 62.5 to 90.8).

Conclusions

This is the largest cohort of childhood FA-HCM reported to date and describes a high prevalence of atrial arrhythmias and impaired systolic function in childhood, suggesting early progression to end-stage disease. Overall mortality is similar to that reported in non-syndromic childhood HCM, but no patients died suddenly.
Haloperidol-induced isolated lingual dystonia
Authors: Jin Jeff Wang , Chapa Alejandro , Kockara Neriman , Helminiak Amanda
Published: October 2021

A 28-year-old woman presenting with agitation and mania with psychotic features developed symptoms of isolated lingual dystonia shortly after the initiation of a haloperidol concentrate regimen.
Measuring facility readiness to provide childbirth care: a comparison of indices using data from a health facility survey in Ethiopia
Authors: Stierman Elizabeth K , Ahmed Saifuddin , Shiferaw Solomon , Zimmerman Linnea A , Creanga Andreea A
Published: October 2021

Background

Actionable information about the readiness of health facilities is needed to inform quality improvement efforts in maternity care, but there is no consensus on the best approach to measure readiness. Many countries use the WHO’s Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA) or the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) Programme’s Service Provision Assessment to measure facility readiness. This study compares measures of childbirth service readiness based on SARA and DHS guidance to an index based on WHO’s quality of maternal and newborn care standards.

Methods

We used cross-sectional data from Performance Monitoring for Action Ethiopia’s 2019 survey of 406 health facilities providing childbirth services. We calculated childbirth service readiness scores using items based on SARA, DHS and WHO standards. For each, we used three aggregation methods for generating indices: simple addition, domain-weighted addition and principal components analysis. We compared central tendency, spread and item variation between the readiness indices; concordance between health facility scores and rankings; and correlations between readiness scores and delivery volume.

Results

Indices showed moderate agreement with one another, and all had a small but significant positive correlation with monthly delivery volume. Ties were more frequent for indices with fewer items. More than two-thirds of items in the relatively shorter SARA and DHS indices were widely (>90%) available in hospitals, and half of the SARA items were widely (>90%) available in health centres/clinics. Items based on the WHO standards showed greater variation and captured unique aspects of readiness (eg, quality improvement processes, actionable information systems) not included in either the SARA or DHS indices.

Conclusion

SARA and DHS indices rely on a small set of widely available items to assess facility readiness to provide childbirth care. Expanded selection of items based on the WHO standards can better differentiate between levels of service readiness.