bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The pre‐omics era: The early days of two‐dimensional gels
Authors: O'Farrell Patrick H.
Published: November 2008

I present a personal view of the beginning of two‐dimensional gels and unsanctioned proteomics. I was still a young graduate student in the early 1970s when I developed methods for two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis that became widely used. Though the method gave us the capacity to do things that had never been done, the value of global enumeration of proteins was not appreciated, and we were still two decades away from the invention of the term proteomics. I describe a period of exploration where, by exercising our new capability, we conducted the first proteomic type expression experiments, and made unforeseen contributions to advances in biology. Detection of single‐amino acid substitutions validated genetic selections in cultured cells, and revealed a regulatory system that maintains the accuracy of protein synthesis by assuring an unbiased supply of its substrates. We documented biologic control with a dynamic range >108 fold, and, in a surprising turn, we identified an approach that provided a major breakthrough in recombinant DNA technology, the ability to express cloned sequences in Escherichia coli. The challenge then and now is to use a capability for global analysis to produce new insights into fundamental aspects of biology and to drive substantive technical advances.
Exhaled nitric oxide and respiratory symptoms in a community sample of school aged children
Authors: Kovesi Tom , Dales Robert
Published: November 2008

Objective

To test the association between reported allergy and allergic diseases, respiratory symptoms, and the fractional concentration of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), in a community sample of school aged children.

Methodology

We administered a respiratory questionnaire and measured FeNO in a cross‐sectional study of 1,135 children.

Results

FeNO was significantly greater in children with reported asthma (20.3 (standard deviation (SD) 21.3) parts per billion (ppb)) or allergies (18.1 (SD 18.0) ppb) than in healthy children (14.0 (SD 13.4) ppb). It was greater in children with asthma and reported allergies (22.8 (SD 23.6) ppb), than in children with asthma but no allergies (15.8 (SD 15.6) ppb) (overall P‐value between disease groups = 0.002). FeNO was not related to respiratory symptoms in healthy children. Eczema was associated with an elevated FeNO concentration, even in the absence of respiratory symptoms. Some children with reported allergies but not asthma who had respiratory symptoms suggestive of asthma had elevated FeNO concentrations, and the proportion of healthy children with reported bronchitis or pneumonia in the past year who had an abnormally high FeNO concentration was significantly elevated.

Conclusions

In a community sample of children, FeNO concentrations appear to reflect allergic conditions, including allergic asthma, reported allergies, and eczema, rather than just asthma, particularly since asthma in children may be non‐allergic. FeNO is similarly elevated in school aged children with reported asthma or reported allergies. FeNO is higher in children with asthma and allergies than in children with asthma alone. However, an elevated FeNO may help alert the clinician to the possibility of undiagnosed asthma. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2008; 43:1198–1205. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A random mapping with preferential attachment
Authors: Hansen Jennie C. , Jaworski Jerzy
Published: November 2008

In this article we investigate the asymptotic structure of a random mapping model with preferential attachment, T, which maps the set {1,2,…,n} into itself. The model T was introduced in a companion article [Hansen and Jaworski, Random Struct Algorithms 33 (2008), 105–126] and the asymptotic structure of the associated directed graph G which represents the action of T on the set {1,2,…,n} was investigated in [Hansen and Jaworski, Random Struct Algorithms 33 (2008), 105–126] and [Hansen and Jaworski, Adv Appl Probab 40 (2008), 183–205] in the case when the attraction parameter ρ > 0 is fixed as n →∞. In this article we consider the asymptotic structure of G when the attraction parameter ρ  ρ(n) is a function of n as n →∞. We show that there are three distinct regimes during the evolution of G: (i) ρn →∞ as n →∞, (ii) ρn → β > 0 as n →∞, and (iii) ρn → 0 as n →∞. It turns out that the asymptotic structure of G is, in some cases, quite different from the asymptotic structure of well‐known models such as the uniform random mapping model and models with an attracting center. In particular, in regime (ii) we obtain some interesting new limiting distributions which are related to the incomplete gamma function. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2009
Avoiding small subgraphs in Achlioptas processes
Authors: Krivelevich Michael , Loh Po‐Shen , Sudakov Benny
Published: November 2008

For a fixed integer r, consider the following random process. At each round, one is presented with r random edges from the edge set of the complete graph on n vertices, and is asked to choose one of them. The selected edges are collected into a graph, which thus grows at the rate of one edge per round. This is a natural generalization of what is known in the literature as an Achlioptas process (the original version has r = 2), which has been studied by many researchers, mainly in the context of delaying or accelerating the appearance of the giant component.

In this article, we investigate the small subgraph problem for Achlioptas processes. That is, given a fixed graph H, we study whether there is an online algorithm that substantially delays or accelerates a typical appearance of H, compared to its threshold of appearance in the random graph G(n, M). It is easy to see that one cannot accelerate the appearance of any fixed graph by more than the constant factor r, so we concentrate on the task of avoiding H. We determine thresholds for the avoidance of all cycles Ct, cliques Kt, and complete bipartite graphs Kt,t, in every Achlioptas process with parameter r ge 2. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2009
Virtual teams: understanding the impact of fear
Authors: Casey Valentine , Richardson Ita
Published: November 2008

Distributed software development has become the norm for the software industry today. As a result many organizations are leveraging the expertise of their existing staff by establishing virtual teams. Here we outline the results from three independent case studies undertaken over a period of 8 years. The first study considered the operation of virtual teams whose members were situated in two locations in the same country. The second investigated why U.S. and Irish team members who worked very successfully while collocated, experienced serious problems when operating in virtual teams. The third focused on virtual testing teams with members based in Ireland and Malaysia. The Irish staffs had extensive experience of having projects offshored to them and were now responsible for offshoring part of their work. The results from each case study highlighted the importance and impact fear played and the consequences this had for the success of the respective strategies. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure Identification of Triacylglycerols in the Seed Oil of Momordica Charantia L. Var. Abbreviata Ser.
Authors: Fu Wei‐chang , Gu Xiao‐hong , Tao Guan‐jun , Tang Jian , Jiang Zai‐liang
Published: November 2008

Triacylglycerols (TGs) in the seed oil of Momordica charantia L. var. abbreviata Ser. (MCV) were separated by non‐aqueous reversed‐phase (NARP)‐HPLC. Many of the TGs contain two different fatty acyl chains, such as palmitic (P), stearic (S), oleic (O), linoleic (L), and conjugated linolenic acid (CLn). Seven pairs of AAB/ABA‐type TGs might present in the seed oil of MCV, namely CLnCLnP/CLnPCLn, CLnCLnS/CLnSCLn, CLnCLnO/CLnOCLn, CLnCLnL/CLnLCLn, SSCLn/SCLnS, OOCLn/OCLnO and LLCLn/LCLnL. The positional isomers of a AAB/ABA‐type TGs pair yielded mass spectra showing a significant difference in relative abundance ratios of the fragment ions [AA]+ to [AB]+, which were produced by preferred losses of the fatty acid from the 1/3‐position compared to the 2‐position of the glycerol backbone. The precise stereospecific structures of the predominant regioisomers of TGs in AAB/ABA pairs were identified by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI‐MS) according to the special relative abundance ratios of the fragment ions [AA]+ to [AB]+. TGs with CLn occupying the sn‐2 position in seven pairs of AAB/ABA might be major constituents of the oil, such as CLnCLnS, LCLnL, CLnCLnP, and so on. Some of the TGs which were isolated and collected as fractions from the seed oil of MCV by NARP‐HPLC were further analyzed by 13C‐NMR. 13C‐NMR data of type‐AAA TGs containing α‐eleostearic acyl have been complemented.
Expression of Bcl‐2 in Olfactory Neuroblastoma and its Association with Chemotherapy and Survival
Authors: Kim Jeong‐Whun , Kong Gyu , Lee Chul Hee , Kim Dong Young , Rhee Chae‐Seo , Min Yang‐Gi , Kim Chul Woo , Chung Jin‐Haeng
Published: November 2008

Objective

This study aimed to identify the prognostic value of tumor markers in olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB).

Study Design and Setting

Seventeen patients with ONB (23 tumor specimens) were included. Each specimen was studied for bcl‐2, p53, MIC‐2 by immunohistochemistry and for N‐myc by chromogenic in situ hybridization.

Results

Twelve (70%) of 17 patients and 15 (65%) of 23 specimens showed positive reactivity for bcl‐2. Of seven patients who were treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, one patient with diffuse bcl‐2 expression achieved complete remission. Another patient without bcl‐2 expression had no response to chemotherapy. Five patients who showed partial positivity achieved partial remission. Survival and bcl‐2 expression tended to correlate, but it was not statistically significant (P = 0.06). All of the ONB specimens were negative for N‐myc. Positive immunoreactivity for MIC‐2 or p53 was found only in one specimen.

Conclusion

Bcl‐2 expression was commonly found in ONB and the immunoreactivity for bcl‐2 might predict response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. In addition, Bcl‐2 expression tended to be associated with worse survival.
Montelukast as an Adjunct to Oral and Inhaled Steroid Therapy in Chronic Nasal Polyposis
Authors: Stewart Rosemary A. , Ram Bhaskar , Hamilton Garun , Weiner John , Kane Kevin J.
Published: November 2008

Objective

To examine the potential of montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, as an adjunct to oral and inhaled steroid in subjects with chronic nasal polyps.

Study Design

Prospective, randomized controlled trial.

Subjects and Methods

Thirty‐eight consecutive adult patients with bilateral nasal polyps were randomized into two groups. Eighteen subjects were treated with oral prednisolone for 14 days and budenoside nasal spray for 8 weeks. Twenty subjects received similar treatment with additional oral montelukast for 8 weeks. Subjects completed a modified nasal ICSD symptom score at 8 and 12 weeks after beginning treatment and the SF‐36 quality of life questionnaire at 12 weeks.

Results

Symptom scores improved in both groups after treatment. Subjects treated with montelukast reported significantly less headache (P = 0.013), facial pain (P = 0.048) and sneezing (P = 0.03) than controls. Four weeks after completing treatment, no significant differences were recorded.

Conclusion

Montelukast therapy may have clinical benefit as an adjunct to oral and inhaled steroid in chronic nasal polyposis, but effects are not maintained after cessation of treatment.
Control of Chronic Otitis Media and Sensorineural Hearing Loss in C3H/HeJ Mice: Glucocorticoids Vs Mineralocorticoids
Authors: MacArthur Carol J. , Kempton J. Beth , DeGagne Jacqueline , Trune Dennis R.
Published: November 2008

Objective

The impact of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids on chronic otitis media (COM) in toll‐like receptor 4‐deficient C3H/HeJ mice was investigated.

Study Design

To evaluate control of COM by steroids with differences in their anti‐inflammatory (prednisolone, dexamethasone), and fluid absorption functions (fludrocortisone, aldosterone). A minimum sample size of five animals for each group was required based on power analysis calculations. Sample sizes ranged from 7 to 17 mice per treatment group.

Subjects and Methods

Auditory brain stem response (ABR) thresholds were performed at baseline, 2 weeks and 4 weeks. Histopathologic test results were evaluated on all mice ears at the end of the study.

Results

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of ABR threshold change showed significant treatment effects (P < 0.05) by both steroid types at all time intervals and ABR frequencies except 4 weeks/8 kHz. Histologic assessment showed prednisolone‐treated mice (62%) had a higher rate of clearance of middle and inner ear inflammation than control mice (4%).

Conclusion

It was concluded that steroid treatments can improve the physiology of chronic middle and inner ear disease seen with COM.
Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and Interferon Levels are Increased in Lymphatic Malformations
Authors: Fleming Jo Nadine , Hostikka Sirkka Liisa , Chen Eunice Y. , Schwartz Stephen M. , Perkins Jonathan A.
Published: November 2008

Objective

Describe the presence of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and type 1 interferon and the activation of interferon signaling pathway in lymphatic malformations.

Design

Retrospective case series.

Materials

Nineteen lymphatic malformations with matching clinical data were compared to control tissue (normal skin and lymph node).

Methods

Paraffin‐embedded tissue was evaluated for plasmacytoid dendritic cells, type 1 interferon, and type 1 interferon signaling with immunohistochemistry and RNA in situ hybridization. Staining results were compared with controls and correlated with clinical data with descriptive statistics and Mann‐Whitney tests.

Results

Lymphatic malformations had increased staining for plasmacytoid dendritic cells, interferons alpha and beta, and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 compared with controls (P < 0.05). Significantly increased interferon beta staining was present in recurrent lymphatic malformation tissue compared with nonrecurrent lymphatic malformations.

Conclusion

Lymphatic malformations have unusual ongoing local immune activation, possibly affecting recurrence.
Troubles with Transposition? Explaining Trends in Member-State
Notification and the Delayed Transposition of EU Directives
Authors: König Thomas , Luetgert Brooke
Published: November 2008

EC directives must be transposed into the national legal order of the member
states within a specified deadline. Although member states are obliged to notify
their transposition measures, they often fail to comply with these deadlines.
Distinguishing between domestic and EU-related factors, this study examines
transposition failure and delay of EC directives from 1986 to 2002. Notification
failure is found to be more likely when there is conflict between the member
states during the EU legislative process. National patterns of transposition
timeliness are shown to vary significantly, and higher levels of complexity and
increased use of parliamentary legislation, as well as more federalist and
pluralist structures, contribute to delayed compliance.
Political Parties and Institutional Design: Explaining Constitutional
Choice in Latin America
Authors: Negretto Gabriel
Published: November 2008

The formulas for electing presidents and the rules determining the legislative
powers of presidents are important variables for explaining the performance of
presidential democracies. This article develops a strategic choice model to
explain variations in these institutional features. Based on this model, it is
proposed here that constitution makers are likely to opt for more-than-plurality
rules of presidential elections when the number of parties necessary to pass
constitutional changes increases. It is also proposed that the makers of
constitutions are likely to strengthen the legislative powers of the president
when the number of parties necessary to pass constitutional changes increases
and when parties are decentralized. The argument is supported by a statistical
analysis of the determinants of constitutional choice in Latin America.
HTR Centennial Anniversary: Greetings and Introduction
Authors: Bovon François
Published: November 2008

At the beginning of this ceremony I would like to express my gratitude to Dean William A. Graham for his ongoing interest in Harvard Theological Review and for his generosity in helping us to organize this Centennial Anniversary.
Working on the Indices of the Harvard Theological Review (1908–2008)
Authors: Martineau Fay
Published: November 2008

In discussing the work of indexing the Harvard Theological Review, I shall begin by describing the organization and development of the project, and the various ideals and principles involved in its design. Then I shall show what some specific keyword selections will call up on searches; these selections collectively exemplify the many diverse and distinctive features of the Harvard Theological Review's collection. This article merely serves as an introduction to the Index; when I complete the project, I shall elaborate further on various matters and exemplary elements in a forthcoming expanded version of this lecture-based article.
New Testament Scholarship through One Hundred Years of the Harvard Theological Review
Authors: Koester Helmut
Published: November 2008

In order to answer the question of the involvement of Harvard Theological Review in the publication of essays relating to the New Testament, I have gone through all the published indices that were issued by the journal. The first index was published in 1938 and covered the journal's first thirty years; thereafter indices were published at ten-year intervals. The figures to which I shall refer in this paper are not necessarily exact, but they offer a reasonably good indication of the commitment of Harvard Theological Review to the field of New Testament studies. I did not limit the following survey to essays that deal with the New Testament proper, narrowly defined. There are numerous articles that contribute to New Testament studies indirectly, as they deal with the literature of postexilic Israel, the so-called Old Testament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha, the Dead Sea Scrolls, Philo, Josephus, or rabbinic Judaism. Other areas of scholarly endeavor relating to the New Testament and early Christianity are the history of ancient Christianity, New Testament apocrypha including the writings from Nag Hammadi, the Apostolic Fathers, early Christian apologists, and ancient church history in general. Finally, many of these essays, often written by New Testament scholars, deal with material from the Greco-Roman world.
Ritual Efficacy, Hasidic Mysticism and “Useless Suffering” in the Warsaw Ghetto
Authors: Seeman Don
Published: November 2008

“Learn to think with pain.”
Provincesversusmetropolis in the British brass band movement in the early twentieth century: the case of William Rimmer and his music
Authors: Bythell Duncan
Published: November 2008

In recent years, historians have belatedly recognised the growth of the British brass band as one of the most remarkable developments in the sphere of popular music-making in the second half of the nineteenth century. Not only did ‘banding’ provide an absorbing pastime for tens of thousands of amateur musicians, but brass band performances also fulfilled an important cultural and educational role in introducing the standard classics of the bourgeois musical canon to mass audiences who never saw the inside of an opera house or a concert hall. In addition, satisfying the needs of these new-style bands for music, instruments, uniforms and otherimpedimentaled to the growth of a group of small, specialised and resourceful enterprises which successfully developed a mass market for their wares in Britain and the colonies. By the end of the 1890s, there could have been few towns or villages, whether in the remoter parts of the British Isles or even the most far flung corners of the white dominions, where some kind of brass band did not add its distinctive tones to the annual cycle of formal and informal events which made up their community's social calendar.
Victorian bands and their dissemination in the colonies
Authors: Herbert Trevor , Sarkissian Margaret
Published: November 2008

This morning I unintentionally stumbled across the annual Cherry Blossom Parade in Washington, DC. It was probaly little different than any other American public parade, full of decorated floats and oversized balloons interspersed between uniformed marching bands from high schools all over the country. What caught my attention was the ‘foreign’ element in the parade – three groups that represented Japan, land of the cherry blossom. Two of these groups were local martial arts associations: one representing the Ryuku Islands, the other, Okinawa. The men and women of both contingents, obviously multiethnic, were dressed alike in stereotypical Japanese martial arts costumes (complete with coloured headbands). Participants paused every few steps to demonstrate kicks and poses, then proceeded on to the sound of traditional Japanese music played through loudspeakers. The third group was the official Japanese delegation, flown over especially for the parade. I'm not sure what I expected – perhaps a float of graceful kimono-clad Japanese women waving cherry blossom branches to the ethereal sound of theshakuhachi. Instead, to my surprise our ears were assailed by a familiar John Philip Sousa march played with gusto by a Japanese high school band. The only difference between this band and its American counterparts was that the musicians did not wear unisex military uniforms: all wore fuchsia pink school blazers, with long white pants for the boys and short white skirts for the girls (Sarkissian 1994).
Music and national identity in Scotland: a study of Jock Tamson's Bairns
Authors: Symon Peter
Published: November 2008

The subject of his article reflects what Robert Crawford has called ‘a growing wariness of notions of an essentialist Scotland’ (1994, p. 57). The article has been written partly as a contribution to the critique of ‘essentialist’ notions of national identity in gerneral and ‘Scottishness’ in particular. I share the concern of Stuart Hall (1990; 1995) and others (Massey 1991; Rose 1995) to challenge ideas which reproduce notions of the ‘boundedness’ or ‘purity’ of territorial and national identities; whilst recognising that such identities are, by definition, only likely to change slowly (Therborn 1995). My approach to the analysis of national identity is to try to follow the ‘social construction of reality’ thinking which informs much current writing on the relationships between ethnicity, place and identity (Jackson and Penrose 1993). From that point of view, regarding Scottish national cultural identity in the late twentieth century,
Chutney and Indo-Trinidadian cultural identity
Authors: Manuel Peter
Published: November 2008

Since the early 1980s Indian diasporic communities have attained sufficient size, affluence, self-awareness and generational distance from South Asia to have created a set of popular music styles that are autonomous and distinctive rather than strictly derivative of Indian models. While the bhangra music of British Punjabis has attracted some scholarly and journalistic attention, chutney, a syncretic Indo-Caribbean popular music and dance idiom, is little known outside its own milieu. This article constitutes a preliminary socio-musical study of chutney.
Power relations in the Israeli popular music system
Authors: Perelson Inbal
Published: November 2008

At the time of writing, several political agreements are being signed, all of which seek, despite their unevenness, peace between Israel and the Arab populations living in its midst. Popular culture in Israel at large, and popular music in particular, is not indifferent to this changing state of affairs. Indeed, numerous groups and singers have emerged whose songs appear primarily to be concerned with combining modern Hebrew with Arabic, and bringing together Israeli singers with Israeli Palestinian and Arabic popular music singers. While this kind of collaboration is becoming increasingly visible, let us not forget that it began in the heyday of the Intifada.
The aesthetics of music video: an analysis of Madonna's ‘Cherish’
Authors: Vernallis Carol
Published: November 2008

When we become engaged with a music video, what draws us in? What constitutes craft or artistry in the genre? Theorists of music video have usually addressed these questions from the perspective of sociology, film theory or popular cultural studies. Film theory, in particular, has had a tremendous influence on the analysis of music video, because of the two genres' apparently similar structuring of sound and image. But by the criteria of film, music videos tend to come off as failed narratives; the genre's effectiveness eludes explanation.
Guns and roses: bossa nova and Brazil's music of popular protest, 1958–68
Authors: Treece David
Published: November 2008

When the Brazilian Antônio Carlos (Tom) Jobim died in December 1994, twentieth-century Western music lost one of its greatest popular songwriters. That may be a contentious assertion, and one open to endless debate, if his work is to be judged against that of the other major composers of the age on purely aesthetic grounds. It is indisputable, though, if the criteria are Jobim's role as a founder and leading songwriter of the bossa nova movement, given the influence of that tradition within Brazil and beyond, and as Latin America's most successful musical export (Treece 1992).
Beating up the classics: aspects of a compact discourse
Authors: Symes Colin
Published: November 2008

Although much has been written about the changes wrought to art in the age of mechanical reproduction, these same changes as they have impacted on music through the phenomenon of the phonograph have not received equivalent attention or, if they have, then their discussion has been restricted to particular sectors of the music industry. This failure to address an important facet of contemporary music practice derives from a continuing tendency to abstract musical questions from their context and to obscure the material contributions that technology makes to such practice (Shepherd 1977, 1991; Scott 1990). With some musics this is more apparent than others. For instance, while there has been an extensive analysis of the degree to which the recording industry has influenced and been an integral element in the development of popular music, there has not been an equivalent analysis of its influence on classical music. This is because in the case of the former the links between the two have been somewhat more dramatic. The recording industry, particularly through its links with radio and television stations, has in large measure facilitated the spread of popular music across the world as a dominant element of a globalised culture, as one of its master codes.
Neo-traditional popular music in East Africa since 1945
Authors: Kubik Gerhard
Published: November 2008

Since 1945 the musical scene in East Africa has been characterised by a series of important developments which ran parallel to an extensive political–cultural change of consciousness. All the musical forms which arose in this connection were ‘popular’ in the sense that they were appreciated by broad sections of society.
‘The magic that can set you free’: the ideology of folk and the myth of the rock community
Authors: Frith Simon
Published: November 2008

Rock, the saying goes, is ‘the folk music of our time’. Not from a sociological point of view. If ‘folk’ describes pre-capitalist modes of music production, rock is, without a doubt, a mass-produced, mass-consumed, commodity. The rock-folk argument, indeed, is not about how music is made, but about how it works: rock is taken to express (or reflect) a way of life; rock is used by its listeners as a folk music — it articulates communal values, comments on shared social problems. The argument, in other words, is about subcultures rather than musicmaking; the question of how music comes to represent its listeners is begged. (I develop these arguments further in Frith 1978, pp. 191–202, and, with particular reference to punk rock, in Frith 1980.)
Some critical tracks
Authors: Chambers Iain
Published: November 2008

… it is not a question of introducing out of nowhere a science of everyone's individual life, but of innovating and rendering critical an already existing practice. (Antonio Gramsci)

Some years ago the concept of ambiguity was proposed as a central category in the analysis of everyday life. Henri Lefebvre, unorthodox French marxist and sociologist, suggested that precisely there, in the ‘explosive chronicle’ of daily life, it was both possible and necessary to find common ground between what was socially and culturally familiar and its eventual critique (Lefebvre 1958). The study of pop music, although rarely given attention in this context, brings us up immediately against the oscillating tensions of that cultural ambiguity which Lefebvre considered the heart of everyday life.
Sources of popular song in early nineteenth-century Britain: problems and methods of research
Authors: Bennett Anthony
Published: November 2008

In urbanised Britain by the nineteenth century, the long symbiosis of the oral tradition with songs transmitted at least in part through printing was turning firmly in favour of the latter. Despite this — and largely because of the welcome rediscovery of industrial folk song — our picture of popular song between 1800 and 1850 is currently dominated by music in the survival of which oral transmission has played the greater part. Even when the music we hear can be shown with any certainty to have been in circulation at that time, a major cirticism of this emphasis arises. The oral tradition is a sifting process; what survives has passed ‘the test of time’, and this can only obscure the picture.
What kind of music?
Authors: Fabbri Franco
Published: November 2008

‘What kind of music?’ This question has been put to me by hundreds of people, always for different reasons: by fellow train passengers who want to know what I do; by hi-fi dealers anxious to advise on the right type of speakers for listening to my record collection; in record shops when I enquire about the latest releases; by theatre managers when I have asked to hire their premises for a concert; by a young spectator while I am tuning up my '63 Stratocaster; by other musicians when I have asked to join a group; by civil servants responding to my application for a state grant; by sound engineers when I have hired a recording studio or amplification system; by the RAI* when I have proposed programmes or when I am engaged as a guitarist and they want to determine how much I should be paid; by policemen and frontier guards throughout Europe when I go through customs with my instruments and identity card on which is written: ‘Profession: Musician’.
Cultural ‘fusions’: aspects of British West Indian music in the USA and Britain 1918–51
Authors: Cowley John
Published: November 2008

In recent years, a surprising void has opened in discussions of the evolution of twentieth-century British popular music. Directly and indirectly, much attention has been given to the influence of the United States. Little, however, has been written on the development of Britain's own popular vocal and dance forms, especially in the key years between the two World Wars; neither have other cultural inter-relationships, such as British acceptance of ‘Latin American’ rhythms received the attention they deserve.
Rock revolution or time-no-changes: visions of change and continuity in rock music
Authors: Durant Alan
Published: November 2008

Discussions of rock or contemporary popular music are very often suffused with suggestions of massive and remarkable ‘change’ (in musical style, in surrounding fashions, etc.). Just as often, however, they are filled with virtually opposite visions of endless repetition, or continual ‘sameness’ (the music all merely sounding alike). Diverging in this way, views of change in popular music tend towards extreme polarisation – so much evidently depending upon the scale and scope of comparison, and indeed much of the problem centring on the domain or level in music isolated as the one most likely to offer explanation of the underlying processes.
Major trends of change in Jewish Oriental ethnic music in Israel
Authors: Cohen Erik , Shiloah Amnon
Published: November 2008

In this article we report some findings of our research into the inter-relationship of social and musical change among Jewish Oriental ethnic groups in Israel. This research is based on a broad approach to the ethnomusicological study of change which can be conceived as follows: the ethnomusicological study of musical change endeavours to analyse musicologically significant processes of change in terms of anthropologically or sociologically significant variables. This approach resembles that of J. Blacking who argued that ‘… we must “explain music and music-making with reference to the social, but in terms of the musical”’ (quoted in Kaeppler 1983, p. 359).
The search for Sweet Georgia Brown: a case for discographical detection
Authors: Ingham Peter , Mitsui Toru
Published: November 2008

In April 1961 the Beatles made their second trip to Hamburg, West Germany, to play a three-month engagement at the Top Ten Club. At this time the group comprised five members – John Lennon (rhythm guitar), Paul McCartney (rhythm guitar), George Harrison (lead guitar), Stuart Sutcliffe (bass guitar) and Pete Best (drums).
Popular music as alternative communication: Uruguay, 1973–82
Authors: Martins Carlos Alberto
Published: November 2008

Uruguay is a country of immigrants. By the middle of the last century little remained of its original inhabitants or their culture. To Spanish influences were added others, mainly of European origin, which together formed the hybrid culture which is twentieth-century Uruguay.
Introduction: aspects of the South Asia/West crossover
Authors: Oliver Paul
Published: November 2008

‘Budding ethno-musicologists, step this way. If you ever wanted a bit of everything on a record, this is it,’ wrote a reviewer in the Melody Maker for 18 April 1981. The record that covered ‘a baffling amount of ground’ was Revenge of the Mozabites by the Suns of Arqa on Rocksteady Records MICKLO1. Other reviewers were as puzzled, and in some cases, stimulated by the issue. To Johnny Black writing in London Trax they

sound as if they lost their front door key back in 1969 and have been trapped in the living room of 8 Higher Road, Urmston ever since, with only albums by the Incredible String Band, the Bauls of Bengal and Hapshash for company. From time to time they hear the John Peel prog, and have thus gleaned a passable understanding of dub. Towards the end of 1980 they were set free, had a shave and a haircut and trundled their acoustic guitars, castanets, tablas, fiddles and harmoniums to a portable recording studio in the back of a Morris 1000 Traveller where they recorded this album.
A concise history of the phonograph industry in India
Authors: Joshi G. N.
Published: November 2008

Though gramophones were imported in India before the beginning of the century, this was done privately by a few persons who were very rich and affluent. During their visits to Europe and other Western countries they would buy a gramophone machine for use at home because it was an attractive novelty and a handy medium of entertainment. In 1900 and for quite some time thereafter a gramophone was considered to be a show piece and a status symbol, as only the wealthy elite of the society could afford to possess it. Phonographs were commercially exploited in India only after the establishment of the office of the Mutoscope Biograph Company in Calcutta, on 7 July 1901, by one Mr J. Watson Harrod.
Popular film song in India: a case of mass-market musical eclecticism
Authors: Arnold Alison
Published: November 2008

The ubiquitous songs in India's commercial feature films play a dual role in Indian society: they serve as both film songs and pop songs for India's 800 million people. India is the largest film-producing country in the world and one fifth of its current annual production of approximately 750 films is made in Hindi, each film having an average of five to six songs (Dharap 1985). As the major form of mass entertainment available on a national scale, rivalled only by the government-run television network, Hindi cinema plays a prominent and influential role in Indian society. Yet its songs, which represent India's most popular music in the twentieth century, are relatively little known to non-Indians, either to scholars or to the general public. Musicologists and anthropologists have for the most part focused their attention on Indian classical and folk traditions to the neglect of film song. To counteract this imbalance I propose here to examine one important aspect of Hindi film song – its peculiarly eclectic nature – which plays a major role in the nationwide appeal of this popular music. I look at some of the ways in which these film songs are eclectic and possible reasons why they are so. Such a study provides insights into the role of this popular music in Indian society and culture and can thereby contribute to an understanding of the role of popular music generally in non-Western and developing countries.
‘You [still] have to fight for your right to party’: music television as billboards of post-modern difference
Authors: Grossberg Lawrence
Published: November 2008

Rock music has not only provided the soundtrack of our lives, but a large part of the image repertoire as well. Neither the conjunction of popular music and other media (including television and film) nor the inseparable relation between rock and roll and visual iconographies, styles and attitudes is new. Nevertheless, it is clear that the force of these conjunctures in our cultural lives is rapidly spreading, viral-like, across media, genres, contexts, interests and generations. This is neither surprising nor necessarily bad; as rock and roll generations have grown up and asserted their plurality and influence, it is their music which is taken for granted, offered as capitalist entertainment and sometimes exploited for marketing purposes. This reconfiguration, often described as rock ‘moving into the mainstream of contemporary culture’ has been enabled and even engendered by technological, social and economic conditions. But it is the speed with which this is being accomplished, the particular ways it is inserted into broader contexts, and the effects it is having that interest me. The topography of popular culture is obviously changing; how rock and roll has come to define the dominant forms of cultural enjoyment and even legitimacy, offers us an opportunity to map out some of the cultural changes of contemporary life, and their relations to ideological and political struggles.
Whose music? The songs of Remmy Ongala and Orchestra Super Matimila
Authors: Graebner Werner
Published: November 2008

In his song ‘Asili ya Muziki’ (‘The Roots of Music’) Remmy Ongala, one of the most prolific singers/composers in Tanzanian music, discusses the complex and ambiguous position of music and musicians. In Tanzania musicians are commonly considered to be wahuni, i.e. vagabonds, drunkards, drugtakers, while their music, is enjoyed by the same people who call them these names.
Why 1955? Explaining the advent of rock music
Authors: Peterson Richard A.
Published: November 2008

At the time, 1929, 1939, 1945 and 1968 all seemed important turning points in the track of our civilisation. By contrast, as anyone alive at the time will attest, 1955 seemed like an unexceptional year in the United States at least. Right in the middle of the ‘middle-of-the-road’ years of the Eisenhower presidency, 1955 hardly seemed like the year for a major aesthetic revolution. Yet it was in the brief span between 1954 and 1956 that the rock aesthetic displaced the jazz-based aesthetic in American popular music. Frank Sinatra, Tommy Dorsey, Patty Page, Perry Como, Nat King Cole, Tony Bennett, Kay Starr, Les Paul, Eddie Fisher, Jo Stafford, Frankie Lane, Johnnie Ray and Doris Day gave way on the popular music charts to Elvis Presley, Chuck Berry, The Platters, Bill Haley, Buddy Holly, Little Richard, Carl Perkins and the growing legion of rockers.
The 1960s pirates: a comparative analysis of Radio London and Radio Caroline
Authors: Chapman Robert
Published: November 2008

Anyone who can remember anything at all about pirate radio in the 1960s can usually remember two names: Radio Caroline and Radio London are synonymous with the offshore era. Between them they accounted for the majority of the audience who listened to the pirates, and the majority of the sponsors who advertised on them. But although they basically shared the same market rationale Caroline and London approached their task completely differently. London sought respect, prestige and accommodation. Its every move was geared towards being incorporated into the existing system of broadcasting, and its main purpose for existing seemed to be to bring about a legal commercial radio system in Great Britain. Radio Caroline had a very different rulebook and a very different guiding ethos. By a series of acts which culminated in a highly symbolic stand against what it saw as repressive legislation Caroline made explicit an underlying set of contradictions which anticipated in microcosm the wider philosophical and political contradictions of the 1960s counter-culture. For Radio London respect would eventually be won and the station's influence and programming legacy would endure in the shape of its replacement – BBC Radio One. For Radio Caroline there would be nothing like the same degree of influence. This contrast of approaches and outcomes between the two major pirate stations is at the very epicentre of the story of offshore radio.
Melodies or rhythms?: the competition for the Greater London FM radio licence
Authors: Barbrook Richard
Published: November 2008

On 12 July 1989, the Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA) announced that the Greater London FM licence would go to London Jazz Radio (LJR). This franchise was allocated as part of the expansion of commercial radio in Britain. As in most other countries, the British state owns the electromagnetic spectrum. This allows the government to choose who can broadcast over the airwaves. However, unlike most industrialised countries, the British state chooses not to use all the frequencies made available for broadcasting under international treaties. Instead, there has been a ‘duopoly’ between the radio stations of the state-owned British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and commercial stations authorised by the IBA. This limitation on the number of radio stations makes the British broadcasting system seem backward compared not only with the USA, but also the rest of the European Community. However, this oligopoly is now slowly collapsing. The licencing of LJR was a first stage of a period of rapid growth in commercial radio in Britain.
Moving Rock: Youth and pop in late modernity
Authors: Fornäs Johan
Published: November 2008

What is moving in rock and pop? This question concerns both what levels change in the popular music arena, and how music can initiate changes inside and outside itself. Revolution in popular music can mean radical transformations of music itself, as well as the way in which social and psychic changes express themselves in music. Musical forms can go through revolutionary changes, and musical content can thematise revolutions.
Indorock: An early Eurorock style
Authors: Mutsaers Lutgard
Published: November 2008

This article deals with one of the first Eurorock waves: Indorock. This style was created in Holland by people who for political reasons migrated from Indonesia to Holland during the 1950s. They warmed Holland up to the sounds of rock and roll. Unhappy with their prospects in the Dutch entertainment industry, they went east to make a living as professional musicians in Germany. There Indorock was the trend, until British Merseybeat swept it away.
That certain feeling: blues and jazz … in 1890?
Authors: Oliver Paul
Published: November 2008

‘And this, after all, we do know with certainty: that in the 1880s in and around New Orleans and in other parts of the South, they were beginning to play the music we call jazz.’ So wrote Barry Ulanov who was convinced that jazz ‘reached back to the twelve bar form of the folk tune … and evolved that most durable and most thoroughly adaptable of jazz forms, the blues’. Picked out by ‘men and women in the backwoods and the front parlors making the delicate little changes, insisting upon the famous “blue notes”’, it took shape ‘long before the famous early names of jazz – before Buddy Bolden and Freddie Keppard and Papa Laine’ (Ulanov 1958a, p. 17). Ulanov was writing in 1957, more than thirty years closer to the origins of jazz, when a number of the veteran musicians of the first and second generations were still living. His ‘certainty’ implied that the blues was the wellspring of jazz from which it drew its inspiration and its improvisation.
Concert and Dance: the foundations of black jazz in South Africa between the twenties and the early forties
Authors: Ballantine Christopher
Published: November 2008

The explosive development of a jazz-band tradition in South African cities from the 1920s – closely allied to the equally rapid maturation of a vaudeville tradition which has been in existence at least since the First World War – is one of the most astonishing features of urban-black culture in that country in the first half of the century. Surrounded by myriad other musics – styles forged by migrant workers; traditional styles transplanted from the countryside to the mines; petty bourgeois choral song; music of the church and of western-classical provenance – jazz and vaudeville quickly established themselves as the music which represented and articulated the hopes and aspirations of the most deeply urbanised sectors of the African working class.
The influence of British rock in Bulgaria
Authors: Levy Claire
Published: November 2008

Years ago (no prizes for guessing how many years ago), when my friends and I were teenagers who literally lived on ‘She Loves You’ or ‘A Hard Day's Night’, I never thought that one day these songs would be more than my favourite music or that they would even inspire my attempts at academic research. Back in the 1960s, the very thought of studying rock music never crossed my mind – reflections on such a pleasant subject seemed too dry and dull. If I were a boy, I am sure I would have joined a group (apparently I was aware even then that rock was a boy's world. Perhaps this is one of the reasons why I never tried to touch the guitar) …