bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analyzing Raman spectroscopic data
Authors: Ryabchykov Oleg , Guo Shuxia , Bocklitz Thomas
Published: September 2018

This chapter is a short introduction into the data analysis pipeline, which is typically utilized to analyze Raman spectra. We empathized in the chapter that this data analysis pipeline must be tailored to the specific application of interest. Nevertheless, the tailored data analysis pipeline consists always of the same general procedures applied sequentially. The utilized procedures correct for artefacts, standardize the measured spectral data and translate the spectroscopic signals into higher level information. These computational procedures can be arranged into separate groups namely data pre-treatment, pre-processing and modeling. Thereby the pre-treatment aims to correct for non-sample-dependent artefacts, like cosmic spikes and contributions of the measurement device. The block of procedures, which needs to be applied next, is called pre-processing. This group consists of smoothing, baseline correction, normalization and dimension reduction. Thereafter, the analysis model is constructed and the performance of the models is evaluated. Every data analysis pipeline should be composed of procedures of these three groups and we describe every group in this chapter. After the description of data pre-treatment, pre-processing and modeling, we summarized trends in the analysis of Raman spectra namely model transfer approaches and data fusion. At the end of the chapter we tried to condense the whole chapter into guidelines for the analysis of Raman spectra.
Forensics: evidence examination via Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Fikiet Marisia A. , Khandasammy Shelby R. , Mistek Ewelina , Ahmed Yasmine , Halámková Lenka , Bueno Justin , Lednev Igor K.
Published: September 2018

Forensic science can be broadly defined as the application of any of the scientific method to solving a crime. Within forensic science there are many different disciplines, however, for the majority of them, five main concepts shape the nature of forensic examination: transfer, identification, classification/individualization, association, and reconstruction. The concepts of identification, classification/individualization, and association rely greatly on analytical chemistry techniques. It is, therefore, no stretch to see how one of the rising stars of analytical chemistry techniques, Raman spectroscopy, could be of use. Raman spectroscopy is known for needing a small amount of sample, being non-destructive, and very substance specific, all of which make it ideal for analyzing crime scene evidence. The purpose of this chapter is to show the state of new methods development for forensic applications based on Raman spectroscopy published between 2015 and 2017.
Cultural tourism as pilgrimage
Authors: Aeschliman Michael
Published: September 2018

In this recent address to a UNESCO doctoral summer school in northern Italy, the author argues that all cultural tourism has underlying and implicit philosophical-religious dimensions that are particularly important in the era of “late capitalism,” in which “the idiosyncratic has triumphed over the normative” and there is a deeply nihilistic drive and trajectory to the ascendant culture. After drawing on the sociologist Daniel Bell’s analysis of “the cultural contradictions of capitalism,” the author argues that there is an irreducible sacred dimension to the human person (res sacra homo) and his or her life always has the character of a pilgrimage, cognitively comprised of a quest for significance beyond the separate meanings of the normal occupational and utilitarian life. Master-works of urbanism, architecture, sculpture, painting, music, and literature offset the nihilistic dynamic of “late modernity,” and the author draws particular attention to literary works of cross-cultural understanding such as the trilogy of historical novels about India by L. H. Myers, The Root and the Flower and the novels of the great modern Japanese writer Shusaku Endo. As works of fundamental importance for orienting his analysis he adduces C. S. Lewis’s The Abolition of Man and Viktor Frankl’s Man’s Search for Meaning.
A dialogical semiosis of traveling narratives for self-interpretation: Towards activity-semiotics
Authors: Lee Yunhee
Published: September 2018

This paper proposes the idea of “activity-semiotics,” which is characterized by three modes of semiosis, namely, representation, indication, and interpretation, based on dialogical interaction. This activity-semiotics or thought-activity as metasemiosis emphasizes the power of interpretation with a processual-functional approach through a discussion of sign and meaning. In this regard, the dialogical processes involve three interpretants in each semiosis, namely, emotional interpretant, energetic interpretant, and logical interpretant, which are to be examined as to how they are connected in relation to object. My argument for dialogical semiosis is intended to reveal the teleological nature of semiosis where goal, means, and action are cooperative in semiosis in which learning, knowing, and living are engaged. This activity-semiotic model is thus characterized as anthroposemiosis, and yet it adopts not an anthropocentric but an anthropomorphic stance. For this reason, logical interpretant is critical and generates an intellectual concept incorporated with emotional and energetic interpretant. I illustrate how activity-semiotics as dialogical semiosis is operative in traveling narratives or narratives of travel, leading to self-interpretation. Thus, the action of travel in the three modes of semiosis will be represented as metaphorical, transitional, and transformational concepts, respectively, of travel as object.
The work of Peirce’s Dicisign in representationalizing early deictic events
Authors: West Donna E.
Published: September 2018

Directing attention to features in the here and now (via individual or joint ventures) is the single, most basic purpose for Dicisigns in human ontogeny. To effectively individuate in the stream of relational awareness, attentional devices must maximize notice of the dynamicity of primary graphical displays. This is a complex process, in that it requires codification of several interconnected but individualized spatial systems and event correlates: associating objects with locations, utilizing other objects as reference points, using intrinsic sidedness and absolute points of reference to orient, and anticipating potential alterations of participants within the spatial array. Early awareness of shifting object location relies upon a double sign (index, icon) to identify and implement landmarks for precise object location. Afterward, establishing other persons/objects as referent points becomes critical. Determining orientation and motility ultimately requires individuating-shape representamen which can leverage spatial inferencing –defining participant action schemes via event profiles. In other words, expectations of action paths which attentional signs afford drives well-formed abductions of participants’ likely momentary orientational shifts. Nonetheless, to successfully predict these shifts, Dicisigns must supersede affiliation with single energetic interpretants; they need to incorporate logical interpretants realized in agent-receiver role reciprocation.
Bifurcation Analysis and Chaos Control for a Discrete-Time Enzyme Model
Authors: Din Qamar , Iqbal Muhammad Asad
Published: September 2018

Basically enzymes are biological catalysts that increase the speed of a chemical reaction without undergoing any permanent chemical change. With the application of Euler’s forward scheme, a discrete-time enzyme model is presented. Further investigation related to its qualitative behaviour revealed that discrete-time model shows rich dynamics as compared to its continuous counterpart. It is investigated that discrete-time model has a unique trivial equilibrium point. The local asymptotic behaviour of equilibrium is discussed for discrete-time enzyme model. Furthermore, with the help of the bifurcation theory and centre manifold theorem, explicit parametric conditions for directions and existence of flip and Hopf bifurcations are investigated. Moreover, two existing chaos control methods, that is, Ott, Grebogi and Yorke feedback control and hybrid control strategy, are implemented. In particular, a novel chaos control technique, based on state feedback control is introduced for controlling chaos under the influence of flip and Hopf bifurcations in discrete-time enzyme model. Numerical simulations are provided to illustrate theoretical discussion and effectiveness of newly introduced chaos control method.
Evaluation of Thermal Properties of Cement-Exfoliated Vermiculite Blocks as Energy Efficient Building Envelope Material
Authors: Innocent Lovelyn Theresa , Ramalingam Velraj
Published: September 2018

Lightweight exfoliated vermiculite (EV) aggregate particles were mixed with cement-mortar to form exclusive cement-EV specimens of 1:0.5, 1:1, and 1:1.5 wt. % proportions, respectively. The thermal conductivity of these specimens was determined using a fabricated experimental setup, wherein the top and the bottom surface temperatures of the specimen were measured with respect to the heat flux within a specific time interval. Properties such as thermal resistivity, thermal transmittance, thermal performance index (TPI), and thermal damping are investigated using empirical relations and compared to that of the conventional cement-mortar specimen. The compressive strength was determined in accordance with the ASTM C31 standards for 7 and 28 days of curing. From the results, it was identified that the compressive strength of cement-EV 1:1 was 13.5 % less than cement-EV 1:0.5. The strength of cement-EV 1:1.5 was observed as 72 % and 51 % less than that of cement-EV 1:0.5 and 1:1, respectively. This is due to the increase in the porosity of the specimen. A significant reduction was noticed in the thermal conductivity of cement-EV 1:1.5 value (0.189 W/mK), with an increased value of resistivity (5.29 mK/W) when compared to that of the cement-mortar specimen. The TPI of the cement-EV 1:1.5 was reduced to 57 % less than the TPI of the cement-mortar, with an indication of the higher thermal stability of the material. Similarly, the results also showed an increase of 56 % and 71 % damping values for cement-EV 1:1 and 1:1.5, respectively. Hence, cement-EV proportions provide satisfactory strength and thermal properties for its usage as a lightweight building envelope in residential constructions, with higher thermal resistance and stability against fluctuating external temperature ranges.
Effects of Elevated Temperatures on Residual Properties of Low-Strength Concrete
Authors: Rafi Muhammad Masood , Aziz Tariq , Lodi Sarosh Hashmat
Published: September 2018

The elevated temperature behavior of low-strength concrete specimens has been presented in this article. Concrete cylinders of 17 MPa (designated as M17) and 21 MPa (designated as M21) were employed. The temperature progression in the core of the cylinders showed some differences for the M17 and M21 specimens. Discoloration of the concrete started at 300°C, whereas hairline cracks appeared at 400°C on the surface of cylinders. Explosive spalling took place in few specimens at 400°C–600°C of furnace temperature due to the pore pressure generated by steam. The loss of compressive strength of the concrete was similar for both M17 and M21 specimens, both at 7 and 28 days, which reached 60 % after heating at 700°C. The ductility and residual Poisson’s ratio of concrete increased with the increase in heating temperatures. The elastic modulus decreased sharply after heating at 300°C, and the concrete lost more than 80 % stiffness after 600°C exposure. The residual tensile strength of the concrete decreased rapidly after heating at 400°C and became less than 10 % at 900°C. The comparison of observed data to the theoretical predictions based on the analytical models suggested by some of the international codes indicated differences between the predicted and observed data.
Safe Haven
Authors: Loyd Jenna M. , Mountz Alison
Published: September 2018

Chapter 5 tells the history of the Bush- and Clinton-era creation of an offshore detention archipelago in the Caribbean. This transnational Caribbean history is an important, immediate precursor to the expansion deterrence operations along the U.S.-Mexico border in the 1990s and the use of Guantánamo Naval Base during the War on Terror. As the numbers of Haitians and Cubans held on Guantánamo exceeded forty thousand, the United States opened camps for Cubans on its military base in Panama and built additional “safe haven” sites in other countries in the Caribbean. We show how the use of offshore sites was designed to prevent the arrivals of asylum seekers on U.S. shores. This moment provides a window into the insipid lengths that the executive branch went to in order to redraw legal geographies and thereby separate domestic territory from international waters (and international refugee law).
Cyborg Labor and the Global Logistics Matrix
Authors: De Lara Juan D.
Published: September 2018

Individual and collective stories provide insight into how people make sense of the world. Such narratives are laden with cultural meaning and can provide the seeds for opposition to dominant systems. In the case of logistics, personal narratives were critical to the construction of a warehouse-worker identity that challenged the dominant pro-growth discourse or the pro-logistics “regime of truth” by referencing devalued immigrant bodies as a foil against boosterish claims. The chapter uses warehouse workers’ stories as an epistemic bridge that connects Latinx Studies and the theoretical tools of the testimonio to Clyde Woods’s blues epistemology and Robin Kelley’s freedom dreams by turning the body as a site of deprivation into bodies as sites of counter-narratives and collective identities. These stories became the backbone of a campaign by the Change To Win labor federation to improve warehouse workers’ conditions in inland Southern California.
Contesting Contingency
Authors: De Lara Juan D.
Published: September 2018

Chapter 6 provides an overview and critical analysis of the Warehouse Workers United organizing campaign to show how labor and immigrant social-movement organizations crafted spatial narratives that connected global logistics to regional struggles for racial and economic justice. The ensuing struggle over port development illustrates the important role that competing cognitive mappings can play in actively shaping how space is contested, defined, and produced. Logistics and warehouse work give us a chance to see how workers challenged the dehumanizing nature of capitalist space by producing regional counter-narratives. These counter-narratives illustrate one way that social movements organize against hegemonic development norms. Struggles over the production of space often involve multiple spatial layers. Recounting everyday moments and learning to frame them within an economy of power was a key part of the organizing process. These alternative mappings challenged the dehumanizing relationships of warehouse work, because they created spaces for workers to imagine that another world was possible.
Land, Capital, and Race
Authors: De Lara Juan D.
Published: September 2018

This chapter uses the Skechers megawarehouse development project in Moreno Valley to examine how the public debate about whether to allow megawarehouse development evolved into a much more profound struggle over who had a right to shape the city. The Skechers warehouse became a proxy struggle between groups who represented different lifestyles and approaches to what constituted a valued way of life. More specifically, the warehouse debate pitted a working-class Latinx population against a mostly white suburban middle class. The chapter concludes by interrogating how global capital must sometimes negotiate locally embedded histories of race and class when establishing new territory for development.
Alef Is for Allah
Authors: Elias Jamal J.
Published: September 2018

This book explores the emotional space occupied by children in modern Islamic societies. Focusing on visual representations of children, primarily from modern Turkey, Iran, and Pakistan, it examines important concepts ranging from cuteness, innocence, devotion, violence, and sacrifice to emotion, aspiration, virtue, performance, nationhood, community, and gender. It grounds the study of the visual representation of children in a concise treatment of the history of childhood, education, and religion, as well as the national histories of the societies in question. In addition to exploring a topic that has never been studied comparatively before, it extends the boundaries of scholarship on emotion, religion, and visual culture, arguing for the centrality of conceptions of childhood to adult intentionalities at a societal level. It demonstrates the ways in which emotion is enacted in a sociocultural space that one might call an emotional habitus, ecosystem, or an emotional regime. It also uses the concept of an aesthetic social imagination to explain how public emotional acts shape the lives of more than the individual who enacts them. Emotions are kinetic and directional, directed inward at the individual's sense of self at the same time as they are directed at other members of society. This quality allows them to function morally as well as aspirationally.
Epistemology of the Checkpoint
Authors: Hediger Vinzenz
Published: September 2018

When the U.S. invaded Iraq, they acted according to their standard doctrine of using overwhelming force to incapacitate and destroy the enemy. Despite their initial success, the U.S. forces quickly lost control and faced an insurgency, a kind of warfare for which they were ill prepared both in terms of doctrine and institutional culture. Lacking an up-to-date counter-insurgency doctrine, in the fall of 2003, the Pentagon turned to Gillo Pontecorvo’s 1966 anticolonial docudrama The Battle of Algiers for instruction. This chapter, by Vinzenz Hediger, traces the role the film played in the elaboration of the COIN doctrine and discusses why, despite the considerable intellectual efforts of the authors of manual FM 3-24, the film’s lessons went largely unheeded by the American military.
Shots Made around the World
Authors: Paasche James
Published: September 2018

The Department of Army Special Photographic Office (DASPO) was created to document U.S. Army activities during the Cold War, with much of the work centered on the Vietnam War. This chapter, by James Paasche, demonstrates that the production of state and military propaganda required constant negotiations of control between military commanders and the soldiers and media makers on the ground. Further, this chapter attends to the labor practices of an institutional filmmaking unit in the hopes of delineating how the processes of media production must adapt to the fraught contexts of war. In addition, the chapter considers how image making was considered a key component of the U.S. military’s supposed technological superiority during the Vietnam War.
Introduction
Authors: Glick Joshua
Published: September 2018

Beginning in the late 1950s, a combination of political and cultural forces made Los Angeles a national center for documentary media. The early filmmaking of Erik Daarstad in both Hollywood and Bunker Hill demonstrates the close relationship between documentaries produced under different circumstances and with conflicting ideological motivations. This introduction maps the different institutions involved in documentary production in the city and investigates the rise of the documentary as a contentious form of public history. Brief summaries of this book’s seven chapters outline the trajectory of liberal and more radical film practices between 1958 and 1977.
Conclusion
Authors: Glick Joshua
Published: September 2018

The conclusion explores the branding of Los Angeles as a “world city.” The metropolis would be prominently on display as the home city for the 1984 Olympics. This conclusion also looks at broader issues concerning the deregulation of the media industries and the retrenchment of the welfare state under President Ronald Reagan. Finally, the conclusion argues how, in an era of increasing privatization, conservative politics, and tabloid programming, documentarians were still able to draw on film practices of the past and to devise new strategies in order to advocate for progressive social change.
Seer and the City
Authors: Foster Margaret
Published: September 2018

Seers featured prominently in ancient Greek culture, but they rarely appear in colonial discourse from the archaic and classical periods. Margaret Foster exposes the ideological motivations behind this discrepancy and reveals how colonial discourse’s privileging of the colonial city’s founder and his dependence on Delphi, the colonial oracle par excellence, entails a corresponding suppression of the seer. Foster explains why the seer’s authority conflicts with that of the founder and investigates a sequence of literary works from a range of genres that showcase this dynamic. The first study to analyze the seer and the Delphi-sanctioned founder relationally, this volume illuminates the contests between religious and political powers in archaic and classical Greece.
Beyond Entrails and Omens
Authors: Foster Margaret
Published: September 2018

Chapter 1 considers Herodotus’s characterization of the seer Teisamenos as a “leader of wars” and uncovers a cultural tendency to regard military seers as conduits of talismanic power. The chapter demonstrates how seers were recruited for warfare not only for their ability to interpret omens but also because they were seen to possess a talismanic power that guaranteed victory. Understanding seers in this new light allows us to identify the ways in which they intersect with other talismanic figures similarly characterized, including oikists.
Sailing to Sicily
Authors: Foster Margaret
Published: September 2018

Chapter 2 addresses the partnership between Odysseus and the seer Theoklymenos in the Odyssey. I argue that the seer and the hero operate as a coherent pair within the framework of colonization and that Theoklymenos aids Odysseus-as-oikist in effecting the metaphorical refoundation of Ithaka. Theoklymenos and Odysseus reveal that the pairing of the seer and oikist is a possible and productive construct. Yet Homer’s presentation of Theoklymenos as a doublet of Odysseus also suggests the potential for competition between the seer and oikist in post-Homeric foundation tales.
Conclusion
Authors: Foster Margaret
Published: September 2018

The conclusion considers how colonial discourse’s pattern of suppressing the seer breaks down once we move temporally and spatially beyond the orbit of Delphi’s powerful oracular monopoly. Accounts of Hellenistic foundations reveal seers working in tandem with oikists. At the same time, foundation oracles from Delphi disappear after the fourth century BCE. The coincidence suggests that colonial discourse accommodates the seer when Delphi’s centripetal pull on and control over the oikist wanes. Similarly, a survey of traditions concerning the seer Amphilochos’s foundation of Mallos in Cilicia intimate that the seer, operating in the East, was viewed as out of range of Delphi’s control and could, at least for a time, enjoy the paradoxical role of oikist-seer.
Introduction
Authors: Rosenthal Gregory
Published: September 2018

This Introduction applies broad brushstrokes to place the story of Hawaiʻi’s nineteenth-century indigenous migrant workers in the context of Hawaiian and Pacific historiography, as well as theories of labor history, environmental history, the history of capitalism, and the history of the body. The introduction explores the discursive construction of the “kanaka” as a racialized and gendered laboring body type; the concept of a “Hawaiian Pacific World”; and the unique characteristics of nineteenth-century Hawaiian capitalism. The introduction also explores the methodological and ethical issues involved in conducting research in Native Hawaiian history, and includes concise chapter summaries.
Nahoa’s Tears
Authors: Rosenthal Gregory
Published: September 2018

Meanwhile, the California Gold Rush opened up yet another front in the Hawaiian migrant experience. Eighteen-year-old Henry Nahoa wrote a letter home from California’s Sierra Nevada mountains in the 1850s to express his “aloha me ka waimaka [aloha with tears]” to family members in Hawaiʻi. Nahoa’s tears were not alone. At least one thousand Hawaiians migrated to California in the period before, during, and after the Gold Rush. Chapter five explores workers’ experiences in Alta California from the 1830s to the 1870s. During this time, men like Nahoa lived and labored under Spanish, Mexican, and U.S. rule. They worked in sea otter hunting, cattle hide skinning, gold mining, and urban and agricultural work, from the coasts, to the sierras, to cities and farms. Nineteenth-century California was an integral part of the “Hawaiian Pacific World.”
Beckwith’s Pilikia
Authors: Rosenthal Gregory
Published: September 2018

For Native workers returning to Hawaiʻi in the second half of the nineteenth century, they found an almost unrecognizable economy and environment. Following the Māhele, Euro-American settlers had made Hawaiʻi their home and were intent on reorganizing labor and land to serve global capitalism. Chapter six examines the rise of the sugar plantation system in Hawaiʻi, and how Hawaiʻi’s sugar history—so often linked with histories of U.S. empire—was actually part of the same trans-Pacific story of oceanic industrialization through sandalwooding, whaling, guano mining, and gold mining. But the new migrant workers at this time were not Hawaiian “kanakas,” they were Chinese “coolies.” George Beckwith’s plantation at Haʻikū, Maui, is used as a case study for exploring the intersections and entanglements of Hawaiian and Chinese labor in this period. By 1880, Chinese and other non-Natives outnumbered Hawaiian workers in the sugar industry, and across the Pacific World the collapse of extractive industries such as whaling, guano mining, and gold mining left Hawaiʻi’s diasporic working class disjointed and disempowered. The end result was the dismemberment of the Hawaiian working class.
Drift
Authors: Ferrell Jeff
Published: September 2018

This is a book about drift and drifters—about the ways in which dislocation and disorientation can become phenomena in their own right. Locating drift within social, political, and spatial theory, the book also situates contemporary drift within the contested politics of the present day. Here the book explores the ways in which contemporary arrangements of power both promote and police drift; it also explores the experiential and collective politics of drift as a form of resistance to power. The book, in turn, highlights a distinctly North American form of drift—that of the train-hopping itinerant—via historical analysis of the hobo and the hobo’s collective politics, and through the author’s own train-riding immersion in the contemporary world of gutter punks and train hoppers. In conclusion, the book considers drift as a methodology and epistemology attuned to the contemporary world. It argues that we can better understand the world that has emerged around us by abandoning traditional, slab-like approaches to social inquiry and, instead, by learning the theoretical and methodological lessons offered by drift. In this context, the book reconsiders the photodocumentary tradition and explores the potential of ghost method and ghost images, absences, aftermaths, ruins, residues, and mistakes.
Drift Contexts
Authors: Ferrell Jeff
Published: September 2018

This chapter develops a sociology of drift from the classic works of Robert Park, Georg Simmel, David Matza, Gresham Sykes, and others. It reconsiders Sykes and Matza’s “techniques of neutralization” model, arguing that it embodies a deeper sociological and cultural critique than that which is commonly attributed to it. The chapter then constructs a political economy and spatial economy of drift which locates drift within contemporary urban dynamics of “consumption-driven urban development,” spatial displacement, anti-homeless initiatives, risk-based and place-based policing, broken-windows policing, and CPTED. The chapter concludes by considering these dynamics in the context of spatial alienation and transgression.
Hobo History
Authors: Ferrell Jeff
Published: September 2018

This chapter begins by exploring the concept and practice of vagrancy, tracing the historical evolution of vagrancy laws, their twined illegalities of poverty and mobility, and their relevance in the social construction of hobos and drifters. The chapter then turns to the historical, political economic, and spatial production of the North American hobo. The progressive politics and collective organization of the hobo are next explored, with special emphasis on the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) and the American West. Here the organizational role of song and music, as embodied in the “Little Red Song Book,” is also documented. The chapter concludes with an examination of the IWW “free speech fights” and the role of hobos and drifters in their success.
Drift Method
Authors: Ferrell Jeff
Published: September 2018

This chapter argues that to chase after drifters is to chase after ghosts. As victims of social death—as people degraded by the forced withdrawal of mutuality and shared respect from their lives—drifters are caught in spirals of spectral visibility and social invisibility that constitute them as desaparecidos (the disappeared). Consequently, the study of drifters requires what the author calls ghost method. Ghost method is attuned to the presence of absence and to excavating various forms of absence: not there, no longer there, and soon to be gone. It focuses on the residues of social and cultural life and on the ways in which drifters haunt ruins and inhabit spaces in between (interstitial spaces).
Chorus, Character, and Plot in Electra
Authors: Weiss Naomi A.
Published: September 2018

This chapter offers a close reading of Electra, which is the first of Euripides’s surviving tragedies to display multiple, extended descriptions of mousikē. In this play, choral song and dance frame our understanding of Electra, demonstrating the close link between music and characterization. Though some of the choral odes initially appear to be far removed from the dramatic present, Weiss argues that they are closely connected to the plot through the combination of verbal images and live performance. Music, then, not only complements the play’s action but also has a generative force, anticipating and enacting pivotal moments of the drama.
“What They Are to Us, We Are to Them”
Authors: Whelan Robin
Published: September 2018

This chapter argues that the balance of power in Vandal Africa’s ecclesiastical controversy has consistently been misunderstood. It reconstructs the self-presentation and heresiological polemic of African Homoian clerics. These authors appropriated the legitimizing standards of the late-antique Christian community to portray themselves as members of the one true Christian Church, while painting their Nicene opponents as Homoousian heretics, whose beliefs were similar to other heresies and tantamount to paganism. The sophistication of this heresiology, its effective use of legal precedent, and the furious Nicene responses it received should force contemporary perceptions of the African Christian community to be rethought. For at least some Christians in Vandal Africa, Homoian Christianity would have been orthodox; the Nicene Church, a heretical sect.
Rebels and Charity Cases
Authors: Dubal Sam
Published: September 2018

Chapter 6 engages recent debates in anthropologies of humanitarianism and human rights that argue that categories like “victim” and “charity case” deny actors their political agency and reduce them to bare life. By examining how LRA rebels remained political militants even as they accepted charity and humanitarian aid, this chapter shows how these debates ignore how rebels speak in the trenches of these discourses. Their experiences expose “humanity” as a concept historically constructed in the opposition of the “ethical” and the “political.” In Acholiland, “ethics” and “politics” had different meanings and could coexist. Rebels accordingly exposed humanity as a premature fixer of political and ethical meaning, precluding dynamism and multiplicity of meaning in a global society in uncertain flux.
Personalizing Pollution
Authors: MacKendrick Norah
Published: September 2018

This chapter reveals how the environmental health movement came together to call for a broad application of a strong precautionary principle in environmental regulation, and worked hard to lobby for global and domestic policy change. As the movement presented evidence of widespread human exposure to environmental chemicals, it faced the question of how to help people understand how to contend with this exposure. Precautionary consumption was the answer. Organizations circulated a message that gendered environmental health risks in a way that understands women’s bodies as the primary pathway through which contamination enters fetal and infant bodies. Specifically, it is women’s domestic labor that provides a temporary solution to prevent contamination. Thus, this chapter tells the story of how the environmental health movement came to take a personalized and gendered approach, and why the movement is a significant part of the story behind the rise of precautionary consumption.
Timing Is Everything
Authors: Couret Nilo
Published: September 2018

The modernization of an increasingly urban and industrial Argentina and the effect of modernity on the experience of time provide a backdrop for my discussion of the films of Luis Sandrini. More specifically, Sandrini’s films rely on the comedian’s stutter that literally disrupts the temporal continuum that film records. This chapter uses the stutter heuristically, figuring it within film texts, material film practice, spectatorial experience, and historiography. Radio sound aesthetics and sound technologies played an important role during the transition to sound, not only determining technological developments that affected film production, but also providing the material base for the nation’s nascent studios. Additionally, by focusing on Sandrini’s physical slapstick, this chapter discusses his films as staging a confrontation with standardized time both in terms of the reification of time in modernity and the standardization of film through the registration gate. Classical Hollywood may have aspired to a hermetic diegetic world, but Sandrini mocks classicism with a stutter that makes the world salient precisely because it acknowledges that the world “slips through our fingers.”
Pernicious Deeds
Authors: García David G.
Published: September 2018

This chapter investigates the White architects' public and private actions to link residential and school segregation. Specifically, the chapter exposes the racial covenants burdening the west-side properties of the very school and city officials who designed the blueprints for school segregation, and argues that they colluded to discriminate against Mexicans in perpetuity. Considering the link between school and residential segregation across four decades, from the 1920s through the 1950s, this chapter explores the subtle and stunning spatial mechanisms of mundane racism in Oxnard. It also analyzes various oral accounts of Mexican women and men who recalled navigating racially segregated spaces in Oxnard from the 1930s to the 1960s.
Challenging “a Systematic Scheme of Racial Segregation”
Authors: García David G.
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the remarkable aspects of the Soria v. Oxnard School Board of Trustees case, from the 1970 filing on behalf of Mexican American and Black plaintiffs attending Colonia schools, through the 1974 ruling by Judge Harry Pregerson. Following the case chronologically, the chapter analyzes how this collective effort to end de facto segregation in Oxnard was shaped by and contributed to struggles for desegregation at a national level. It calls attention to the use of historical evidence showing discrimination with intent (de jure) and in effect (de facto), which exposed and disrupted the district's long-denied, persistent dual school system.
City and Empire in the Age of the Successors
Authors: Boehm Ryan
Published: September 2018

In the chaotic decades after the death of Alexander the Great, the world of the Greek city-state became deeply embroiled in the political struggles and unremitting violence of his successors’ contest for supremacy. As these presumptive rulers turned to the practical reality of administering the territories under their control, they increasingly developed new cities by merging smaller settlements into large urban agglomerations. This practice of synoikism gave rise to many of the most important cities of the age, initiated major shifts in patterns of settlement, and consolidated numerous previously independent polities. The result was the transformation of the fragmented world of the small Greek polis into an urbanized network of cities. This book provides a new approach to this encounter between imperial powers and cities in northern Greece and Asia Minor. Drawing on a wide array of archaeological, epigraphic, and textual evidence, it reinterprets the role of urbanization in developing the structure of Hellenistic empire and argues for the agency and centrality of local actors in the formation of these new imperial cities.
A Language of Citizenship
Authors: Lozano Rosina
Published: September 2018

Treaty citizens became invested in a U.S. political system where the federal, state, and local governments initially catered to them in their preferred language, Spanish. This chapter briefly traces the arc of Spanish as a language of citizenship. States and territories had the power to determine the parameters of individuals participating in elections, in courts, as jurors, and by officials in federal and state government positions. California, Colorado, and Arizona’s concessions to Spanish as a language of participation for citizenship began with official recognition, but never became fully bilingual regions. New Mexico, on the other hand, used Spanish as an important part of the electoral process and the courts. Treaty citizens in New Mexico became invested in the territory's elected and appointed positions. The political power meant Spanish had a centralrole in territorial politics. Treaty citizens participated and engaged in a U.S. political system in Spanish in elections, in the courts, and in juries, which forces a reassessment of American citizenship in the last half of the 19th century.
The Federal Government Rediscovers Spanish
Authors: Lozano Rosina
Published: September 2018

During World War II, the federal government supported federal outreach to Latin America and, by extension, to the ethnic Mexican community located in the United States. They did so in an effort to foster good relations with Latin American nations. The Office of Inter-American Affairs and the Office of War Information hired ethnic Mexican newspaper editors, professors, and community organizers who knew the distinct factors and preferred identities of Spanish-speaking communities across the United States. These employees permitted targeted approaches towards the two different groups of Spanish speakers in the U.S. More specifically, those who had longstanding ties to the land and citizenship compared with those who were more recent immigrants with strong connections to Latin America. These community-specific programs often included language outreach efforts or used Spanish to reach its audience.
Epilogue
Authors: Lozano Rosina
Published: September 2018

This epilogue briefly identifies some of the major changes in Spanish language politics since World War II. These include community shifts in activism. For example, the Chicano Movementreclaimed the language and advocated for culturally affirming bilingual education programs. The epilogue also turns to federal support for Spanish instruction with the 1968 Bilingual Education Act and with the 1975 extension to the Voting Rights Act that provides federal protection for ballots in languages other than English. Spanish is no longer a language of just the Southwest and there are major populations of Spanish speakers in cities like Chicago, New York, and Miami today. In 2013, tens of millions of U.S. residents spoke Spanish in their homes. Spanish language perseverance in the United States is due to a long history of Latin American migration to the country. It began as a language of settlement and power in the nineteenth century and has transformed into a language often deemed as foreign or un-American. Spanish is an American language historically and this book has recovered that history.
Bawds and Brothels
Authors: von Germeten Nicole
Published: September 2018

Chapter 1 begins with a quote from El Libro de Buen Amor, a fourteenth-century work of Spanish literature which praises the complex role of the medieval alcahueta, a kind of professional sexual matchmaker, often an older woman. The word alcahueta is loosely translated as a “bawd.” The chapter focuses on the legal history of sex work in Spain. First it discusses the role of the bawd in Spanish law codes, especially the thirteenth-century siete partidas, which influenced the viceregal judicial system. Along with bawds, Spaniards also participated in sex work by visiting or working at legal brothels, which had royal and municipal approval until 1623. Lastly, men, commonly known as “ruffians” also procured their wives, although all legal codes and courts penalized this moneymaking scheme. The second half of the chapter presents several case studies from Mexico City, which illustrate how the Spanish legal traditions mentioned earlier in the chapter changed and adapted according to New World situations and conditions.
From Whores to Prostitutes
Authors: von Germeten Nicole
Published: September 2018

This chapter begins with quotations from the Renaissance Spanish work of literature entitled The Tragicomedy of Calisto and Melibea, popularly known as La Celestina. This chapter is about the new terminology for (and thus status of) public women, sometimes known as whores. During the seventeenth century a significant shift took place in the conceptual history of transactional sex in the Iberian world, a movement towards the creation of the diseased, criminalized and/or victimized prostitute, who, by the early eighteenth century, began to fill the shoes of the still- working sinful and immoral whore. In this chapter, investigations of three Mexico City procuresses document both their traditional association with sorcery and the highly domestic and distinctly African and indigenous culture of seventeenth-century transactional sex. In this era, the crown forbade brothels, but this mandate was an empty rhetorical gesture with no practical application within the criminal justice system.
Introduction
Authors: Powe Lucas A.
Published: September 2018

This book examines the impact of Supreme Court cases from Texas on the entire nation. It argues that the most important Supreme Court cases have originated in Texas, which help explain why it is Texas and not California that provides breadth and depth to constitutional adjudication. Texas litigants, lawyers, politicians, and judges all play important roles in the underlying interplay of law and politics at the local, state, and national levels. In all its facets, Texas offers a window to all constitutional law and the Supreme Court. The book shows that Texas's impact literally started at the beginning by precipitating a debate over national powers and then a war with Mexico, and that the fraught relationship between Texas, the nation, the Constitution, and the Supreme Court in the century and a half since Texas v. White has produced more constitutional law than any other state.
Railroads
Authors: Powe Lucas A.
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses the legal battles between Texas's railroads and the Texas Railroad Commission. James S. Hogg lobbied for the creation of a railroad commission after becoming governor in 1890. The Railroad Commission immediately lowered rates between 10 and 75 percent from their unregulated levels with the result of stimulating the local economy. The trustees of seven railroads filed for an injunction against the rates and a further injunction against any future rates. The chapter examines the Supreme Court case Reagan v. Farmers' Loan and Trust Company, which laid the groundwork for both Smyth v. Ames and Ex parte Young, as well as the Commerce Court ruling that Texas's railroad rates were discriminatory and interfered with interstate commerce. It also considers the Shreveport Rate Cases, in which the railroads claimed that Congress did not have the power to regulate intrastate rates, and another case involving Pullman.
Death Camp
Authors: Brennan James P.
Published: September 2018

Some 400 detention centers existed throughout Argentina during the dictatorship and of these there were half a dozen death camps, including the largest of the interior, La Perla, found on the outskirts of Córdoba. The death camp was the dictatorship’s most emblematic institution. Political prisoners were brought there, tortured, and most were killed. The camp functioned as a site of “waste disposal” a biopolitics different from the Nazi concentration camp. Tensions, cruelty, and occasional acts of heroism and humanity characterized the internal life of the camp.
Five Trials
Authors: Brennan James P.
Published: September 2018

Justice and accountability for the crimes of the military took place first during the presidency of Raúl Alfonsín (1983—89) following the fall of the dictatorship. Five major human rights trials took place in Córdoba during the Kirchner presidencies (203—15) , each with former Third Army Corps commander, General Luciano Benjamín Menéndez as a defendant. The fifth trial, the La Perla—Campo de la Ribera class action lawsuit, was the largest human rights trial to take place in Argentina. Guilty verdicts in all three trials led to lengthy prison sentences, including five life sentences for Menéndez.
Remembering
Authors: Brennan James P.
Published: September 2018

The construction of memory has comprised a fundamental part of the legacy of post-dictatorship in Argentina. From the Alfonsín truth commission report to the activities of the various human rights groups, to the policies of the Kirchner governments (2003-2015), remembering the crimes of the state terrorism and its victims has been, as with the human rights trials, among the most ambitious efforts in the world to make memory a societal good. There are contradictions in this undertaking however, most visibly in the “imposed memory” of the Kirchner years. Memory as history has been among the greatest of these contractions.
Engaged Anthropology
Authors: Kirsch Stuart
Published: September 2018

Does anthropology have more to offer than just its texts? This book discusses different forms of engaged research practices, which it defines in terms of their constructive intervention into politics. It draws on the author’s experiences working with indigenous peoples fighting for their environment, land rights, and political sovereignty. Describing both short interventions and collaborations spanning decades, it recounts interactions with lawyers and courts, nongovernmental organizations, scientific experts, and transnational corporations. In particular, it calls for greater reflexivity in encouraging engaged anthropologists to pay greater attention to politics beyond the text. The book considers how political commitments affect research, when contributions to political change are elusive, and how the search for alternatives may influence the results. It also asks whether the research continues to matter if the intervention fails, shows how the analysis of local contexts can have global significance, examines how intervention into political conflicts can precipitate backlash, and discusses the political dilemmas of an expert witness. By focusing on the contribution of engaged anthropology toward solving problems in the world, the book articulates a new rationale for why anthropology matters.