bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inventing Independence
Authors: Price Monroe E
Published: November 2023

In the austere lobby of a hotel in Kiev, time stops; the receptionists move from behind their counter, leaving telephones unanswered. A group of soldiers, garbed in the dark flannel grey of their Soviet past, file through the simple hotel doors to join them. Four heavy women, wearing white culinary caps, descend from the kitchen and quietly take their seats. All form a tight semicircle around the television set. No hero appears, no celebration of freedom. It is the hour of the soap opera, made in Mexico, dubbed into Russian, shipped by satellite, trans mitted from Moscow, watched in Ukraine. Here is a brief period of the ‘normal’; a moment of respite as the amalgam of life and representations of the public good turbulently change. After decades of Soviet domination, after centuries of Tsarist control, Ukraine has so long been a story about a country, not a country itself, that the task of finding the attributes of nationhood-flag, language, foreign relations, broadcasting policy-becomes a matter of complex and sophisticated articulation.
The Search for the Public Interest
Authors: Price Monroe E
Published: November 2023

I have focused on the transitions in Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union because there has been, in them, a visible, often painful, coping with the problems of harmonizing national-identity concerns with democratic values. In addition, in these states, the process of building patterns of citizen participation has allowed examination of the role oflaw in constituting a public sphere. Though it is difficult to recognize, the United States, like these states, is a transition society. Revolutions in communications technologies, sea changes in the role of government, upheavals in the structure of the broadcast industry all these are characteristic of the American setting. True, the context is extraordinarily different from that of Central and Eastern Europe, but in the United States, as well, these changes produce their own crises in the operation of the democratic process.
Regulating Imagery
Authors: Price Monroe E
Published: November 2023

To describe how society and the state purposely change the value and meaning of signs and signals is difficult: ‘censorship’ has a justifiably wicked connotation and propaganda does not suffice as a complement. A formula which claims merely that ‘more speech’ is an answer fits too easily into the lexicon of the First Amendment. An approach is necessary that describes more charitably the modes by which society evolves standards and establishes patterns limiting, channelling, and controlling imagery, as a matter of custom, if not of law.
Langlandian Reading Circles and the Civil Service in London and Dublin, 1380-1427
Authors: Kerby-Fulton Kathryn , Justice Steven
Published: November 2023

It may measure the depth of our Weberian inheritance, or it may simply identify some deep element of our common ideology, that we assume, without needing to defend or usually to articulate the assumption, that bureaucrats may have a ‘culture’ only in the ethnographic (as opposed to the aesthetic or the ethical) sense. And it may measure some contemporary sense of art’s inconsequence that when we think ofliterary circles we think of coteries, of reading communities constituted by nothing other than a shared and exclusive knowingness about their own art. That art has no place in the administrative mechanisms of late capitalism and that it offers at most some fantasy of community are propositions we are not concerned to deny (or qualified to affirm). We want rather to suggest that these historical conditions of modern belief are, in fact, historical conditions, not eternal ones: that bureaucratic service in the English fourteenth and fifteenth centuries was a first home of the vernacular literary culture of Langland’s and Chaucer’s generation, and that the activities of those bureaucrats participating in it were substantially, not just accidentally, literary.
Lectures
Authors: Peterson William S
Published: November 2023

THIS section includes lectures, informal talks, testimony before committees, and the like. Betjeman delivered countless lectures and talks during his life, of which very few were published. (His own wry recollections of one such occasion are recorded in the poem ‘Reproof De- served, or After the Lecture’.) The ones listed here are those represented by a published transcription, a journalistic report, or a manuscript or typescript. I have no doubt there are many reports scattered about in provincial newspapers that I have not seen.
Unfinished Books
Authors: Peterson William S
Published: November 2023

BETJEMAN’S career was littered with un- fulfilled promises to publishers. This section is limited, however, to books for which a contract was written or for which a substantial amount of work was done. Unless otherwise indicated, the documents cited are found in the folders labelled ‘Contracts’ and ‘Publishing Agreements’ at the University of Victoria. ( Letters , i. 171). ¶related materials: Correspondence: uv/Chapman & Hall. — Two folders of correspondence, notes, photographs, etc.: uv.
In Search of a New Spanish Realism: Bardem’s Calle Mayor (1956)
Authors: Roberts Stephen
Published: November 2023

CALLE MAYOR (1956), Juan Antonio Bardem’s story of a group of provincial louts (gamberros) who play a cruel joke upon a local spinster, had an eventful history. While it was being made, Bardem, a member of the clandestine Spanish Communist Party since 1943, a founder of the subversive film journal Objetivo, and an organizer of the 19 5 5 Salamanca Film Congress which had been highly critical of the Francoist cinema, was arrested and briefly imprisoned.1 The film itself was censored and an initial voice-over was added which attempted to take the sting out of the work’s critical portrayal of Spanish provincial life by claiming that the events depicted could in fact take place in any small town in any country in the world. Upon the film’s completion, it was smuggled out of Spain and, much to the Francoist authorities’ chagrin, was shown at the 19 5 6 Venice Mostra where it won the International Critics’ Prize.
Saura’s Los golfos (I959; Released I962): Heralding a New Cinema for the I960s
Authors: Delgado Maria
Published: November 2023

Carlos Saura (b. 1932) has produced one of the most varied and original bodies of work in the contemporary Spanish cinema. Over a period of forty years he has directed thirty-one full-length films, four short films, and a television adaptation of Jorge Luis Borges’s story ‘El sur’. Although he is perhaps best known in Britain for his more recent work, a series of flamenco musicals realized with a range of celebrated Spanish dancers including Antonio Gades and Cristina Hoyos, he was, during the 1960s and 1970s, Spain’s most successful international director. His lengthy collaboration with producer Elfas Querejeta gained both a series of international prizes, including Silver Bears at Berlin for La caza (1965) and Peppermint frappe (1967) and the Grand Jury Prize at Cannes for Cria cuervos (197 5 , and sufficient European distribution to ensure a conspicuous presence within the Spanish film community.
God, Gulliver, and Genocide
Authors: Rawson Claude
Published: November 2023

We are obsessed with 'barbarians'. They are the 'not us', who don't speak our language, or 'any language', whom we depise, fear, invade and kill; for whom we feel compassion, or admiration, and an intense sexual interest; whose innocence or vigour we aspire to, and who have an extraordinary influence on the comportment, and even modes of dress, of our civilised metropolitan lives; whom we often outdo in the barbarism we impute to them; and whose suspected resemblance to us haunts our introspections and imaginings. They come in two overlapping categories, ethnic others and home-grown pariahs: conquered infidels and savages, the Irish, the poor, the Jews. This book looks afresh at how we have confronted the idea of 'barbarism', in ourselves and others, from 1492 to 1945, through the voices of many writers, chiefly Montaigne, Swift and, to a lesser extent, Shaw.
Ruskin, Oxford, and the British Labour Movement I880-I9I4
Authors: Goldman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Ruskin’s influence over the working class in Britain was at its most pronounced during the last years of his life. In the mid-188os Tom Mann ‘quoted Ruskin and Thorold Rogers more often than any other authorities’ in his speeches. At a ‘labour meeting’ in London in 1890, when John Burns relied on Ruskin’s authority for an answer to a query from the floor, his questioner demurred: he did not ‘want to know what Mr. Ruskin says. He has read him at home.’ In 1894, a survey of London public libraries revealed that Ruskin was ‘the most popular author who deals with political economy and sociology’. Five years later, an article in the labour press marking Ruskin’s eightieth birthday described him as ‘more widely read to-day by thoughtful men and women than any other writer.’ In a labour movement held together in the 1890s by ethical and spiritual commitment as well as by material interest, Ruskin, along with certain other ‘teachers and prophets of the nineteenth century’ as Keir Hardie called them in 1893—and his list included as well Carlyle, Mazzini, Whitman, Tennyson, and William Morris—was a guide and an inspiration. When two itinerant Americans, Walter Vrooman and Charles Beard, decided to found a college for the education of working men in Oxford in 1899, they named it Ruskin Hall.
Child Victims
Authors: Morgan Jane , Zedner Lucia
Published: November 2023

Child Victims explores the range and extent of crimes committed against children and assesses their impact. The testimony of over two hundred children gives voice, for the first time, to their experiences, their views, and their needs. It examines how children attain the status of `victims’ in the criminal justice system. Drawing on recent research findings, the authors examine each stage of the legal process that a child encounters, from the initial reporting of the offence, through police investigation, to the trial itself. They contrast the specialist response to victims of child sexual abuse with the experience of children who are victims of other crimes, thrust into an adult system which takes little account of their needs. Child Victims concludes by examining the role of support services and agencies dealing with child victims, and makes a number of key recommendations for future policy.
Commercial Aspects of Trusts and Fiduciary Obligations
Authors: McKendrick Ewan
Published: November 2023

The origins of this book lie in the first Oxford Law Colloquium held in St John's College, Oxford, on 12-13 September 1991, organized by the Faculty of Law of the University of Oxford and the Norton Rose M5 Group, a national association of seven major independent law firms. This, it is hoped, will be the first of many such bubble01ces run on a biennial basis. The aim of each conference will be to combine the specialist knowledge of both practising and academic lawyers on a selected subject, enabling the exploration of fundamental concepts, principles, and trends in particular fields of law of mutual interest and importance. The subject of this first conference - Commercial Aspects of Trusts and Fiduciary Obligations - was chosen for its considerable theoretical and practical importance, and the contributors amply demonstrate both the impact of the law of trusts and the law of fiduciaries upon such diverse subjects as company law and insolvency law and the continuing need for further discussion on the relationship between equity and commercial law. Contributors: Sir Peter Gibson, Sir Peter Millett, Paul Finn, Peter Graham, Jack Beatson, D.D. Prentice, Paul L. Davies, Klaus J. Hopt, Roy Goode, Peter Birks, Hamish Anderson, Harry Wiggin, Jeffrey Schoenblum.
Prosecutors, Examining Judges, and Control of Police Investigations
Authors: Field Stewart , Alldridge Peter , Jorg Nico
Published: November 2023

At present, in both countries ‘interrogation is the investigative strategy of the police ‘.1 Accordingly, in our discussion of the role of rules and courts in the control of investigation we concentrate on the procedural frame work for interrogation. Suspects arrested and interrogated by the Dutch police have more limited rights than their English or Welsh counterparts. They have no right to have a lawyer present during police interrogation: a duty defence counsel will be informed that the suspect is held in police custody, but questioning may continue in his/her absence. The police can hold the suspect for six hours for interrogation; for seventy-two hours in the interest of the investigation without prosecutorial consent, and for another seventy-two hours with the consent of the Prosecutor. The only record of the interview(s) is a police statement usually signed by the defendant. Interviews are not tape-recorded nor taken down verbatim. Thus arrested Dutch suspects are faced with a police force with very broad discretionary control over the circumstances of custody and questioning. In some ways the picture resembles the situation in England and Wales before the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE). Then, a number of observation studies of police interrogation concluded that a variety of inducements and threats were routinely offered to get confessions.2
Looking Ahead: Environmental Regulation—A Future?
Authors: Greenwood Brian
Published: November 2023

What has changed? Why is the ‘environment’ —howsoever defined—now so important when ten or even five years ago few would have been able to find time for a two-day working colloquium on the subject? Other chapters have considered environmental regulation from the point of view of the regulatory authorities, commerce and industry, and the financial institutions. A strong thread running through all these chapters, however, is the influence now being exerted by Europe, and what can best be described as the stimulus provided by the ‘American experience’.
General Report
Authors: Fawcett J J
Published: November 2023

The topic of declining jurisdiction in private international law is one of enormous practical importance and academic interest. It is also a topic where a comparative approach is particularly revealing, not only as to differences between the common law and civil law worlds but also as between one common law jurisdiction and another, and as between one civil law jurisdiction and another. Before making these comparisons, a few words need to be said about what is meant by ‘declining jurisdiction’ and about the scope of the present inquiry.
Germany
Authors: Schack Dr Haimo
Published: November 2023

It is hard for a judge to forgo exercising the international jurisdiction that is extended to him by law: the plaintiff’s expectations of domestic legal protection will not be met. Moreover, the adjudication of the dispute will be left for a foreign judge to make and will sometimes differ in the result, because different procedural circumstances and often also different choice of law rules will govern the foreign forum. Renouncing domestic jurisdiction is therefore rather the exception than the rule, and needs specific justification. Whereas German law predominantly rejects the doctrine of forum non conveniens (below, II), it very generously respects the earlier pendency of a foreign action (below, III). Forum-selection agreements prorogating an exclusive foreign forum are also widely respected (below, IV, 1), as are arbitration agreements, if the defendant refers to them in time (below, IV, 2). German courts do not interfere with a foreign action by issuing antisuit injunctions (below, V); these conflicts can only be solved later by refusing to recognize the foreign judgment.
The Netherlands
Authors: Freudenthal Mirjam , Velden Frans Van Der
Published: November 2023

Legal decisions are precious objects. They often decide a man’s life in a drastic way and in most cases they cost the parties and the Treasury a lot of money. In civil and commercial cases each claimant or petitioner tries to find the court that is most willing to decide his or her case in an expectedly favourable way, positive and executable at a place where execution makes sense. Legislators for their part try to balance the interests of the parties and to reduce the costs of adjudication by reducing the workload of the courts.

In general, two systems of controlling the number of cases by way of jurisdiction are available:

(1) The law of procedure strictly defines the cases in which the courts have jurisdiction, in principle leaving no room for judicial discretion. In this jurisdictional system two questions will arise: first, what to do in cases where two courts have jurisdiction at the same time in the same cause of action—to be answered by rules of lis pendens—and, secondly, what should be done if no positive or negative rule of jurisdiction is given—to be answered by rules of forum necessitatis.
EC Company Law
Authors: Edwards Vanessa
Published: November 2023

In EC Company Law Vanessa Edwards makes a detailed analysis of all the adopted company law and securities Directives, namely the First, Second, Third, Fourth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, Eleventh and Twelfth Company Law Directives and the Admissions, Listing Particulars, Interim Reports, Public Offer Prospectus, Major Shareholdings and Insider Dealing Directives. She illuminates their historical context, scope, substantive effect, interpretation by the European Court of Justice and national implementation. The book also contains a thorough examination of the scope of companies freedom of establishment, reviewing in depth the case law of the Court of Justice on Article 52 of the EC Treaty in so far as it applies to corporate entities.
European Community Labour Law: Principles and Perspectives
Authors: Davies Paul , Lyone-Caen Antoine , Sciarra Silvana , Simitis Spiros
Published: November 2023

This is an exciting collection of essays by an internationally distinguished group of writers. It is the first book of its kind to take stock of what cmmunity labour law has achieved to date but also explores its directions in the future. The book is ambitious in scope, covering the foundations of EC labour law, the principal policy developments which have shaped it, institutional relations and the extent to which these policies have been implemented in fields such as discrimination, employment, immigration, and the Social Fund. This collection will appeal to students and practitioners of European Community law, labour law, and social policy. The essays are written in honour Professor Lord Wedderburn of Charlton, the doyen of European labour law studies and one of the century's outstanding legal scholars.
Equality and Moral Independence: Private Morality and Public Law
Authors: Allan T R S
Published: November 2023

Public lawyers generally assume that the British and American Constitutions dictate radically different answers to fundamental questions concerning political authority and individual rights. The written constitution's status as higher law is contrasted with the sovereignty of Parliament, a contrast suggesting a familiar opposition between the supremacy of natural law, on the one hand, and the unchallenged dominion of positive law, on the other. As Roger Cotterrell suggested in chapter one, it may be wise to exercise caution in drawing parallels, in the sphere of constitutional fundamentals, between the two systems of government. There are none the less reasons for seeking common ground in the protection of individual rights. Beneath the surface of constitutional arrangements, which seem to flaunt their contrasting philosophies of government, lie profoundly difficult questions whose answers I shall argue depend more on political theory, and less on settled tradition, than is often acknowledged. If constitutional theory is always a segment of political philosophy, issues of legal interpretation must ultimately turn as much on underlying visions of liberal democracy as on more prosaic analysis of legal text and precedent.
Law and Politics
Authors: Radford Mike , Broom Donald M
Published: November 2023

Determining those factors which have a bearing on an animal’s welfare, together with their relative importance, is essentially a question of science. However, deciding upon the appropriate degree of protection afforded to animals by the law requires more than the mere mechanical translation of scientific opinion into legislation. Although scientific advice is generally an essential consideration, and will often be paramount, it is not necessarily decisive. Even on those rare occasions when there is a consensus among the relevant experts, ethical, economic, political, and health issues may also require to be taken into account. For example, in deciding how best to control sheep scab, prevent the introduction into Britain of rabies, or investigate the prevalence of TB in badgers and cattle, a balance has to be struck between conflicting interests. Developing public policies towards animals, there fore, requires the exercise of judgment-a responsibility which falls ultimately to politicians.
Religion and Revelation
Authors: Ward Keith
Published: November 2023

Since first Thomas Aquinas defined theology as revelation, or the rational elucidation of revealed truth, the idea of revelation has played a fundamental role in the history of western theology. This book provides a new and detailed investigation of the concept, examining its nature, sources, and limitations in all five of the major scriptural religions of the world: Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism. The first part of the book discusses the nature of theology, and expounds the comparative method as the most useful and appropriate for the modern age. Part Two focuses on the nature of religion and its early historical manifestations, whilst the third part of the book goes on to consider the idea of revelation as found in the great canonical traditions of the religions of the world. Part Four develops the distinctively Christian idea of revelation as divine self-expression in history. The final part of the book discusses how far the idea of revelation must be revised or adapted in the light of modern historical and scientific thought, and proposes a new and positive theology of revelation for the future. The book includes discussions of the work of most major theologians and scholars in the study of religion - Aquinas, Tillich, Barth, Temple, Frazer, and Evans Pritchard - and should be of interest to many scholars and students of comparative religion and theology, and anthropologists.
Compliance: Regulation And Environment
Authors: Hutter Bridget M
Published: November 2023

Regulation touches upon areas of vital importance to our lives and the economy, but it is still very much a 'grey area' of criminal law and social control, subject to very little academic scrutiny. This book combines an analysis of the broader structural factors which influence regulation and its definition at the everyday level with a discussion of empirical data, to reach a thorough understanding of the subject. The empirical data focuses on the regulation of economic activities in the areas of occupational health and safety and the environment in England and Wales in the 1980s.
Competition Law and Industrial Policy in the EU
Authors: Sauter Wolf
Published: November 2023

This book provides a new analytical framework for legal problems concerning the economic order of the European Union. In order to determine the remaining scope for national economic sovereignty, and the improvement of the economic order of the Community itself, the focus of the book is the contentious relationship between competition and industrial policy under European law. The theoretical perspective used is based on a comparison between the concepts of the Treaty as an economic constitution and as a political constitution. On this basis, the convergence of competition and industrial policy at the Community level is explained as the result of the rationalisation of public policy, and the reduction of the economic independence of the member states. The study concludes that the market orientation of the European Union is not in doubt, but that a clear link remains to be established between the legitimacy of public intervention in the economy and the distribution of power in the Community system.
Care Or Custody?
Authors: Laing Judith M
Published: November 2023

In recent years there has been growing concern and controversy surrounding the care and treatment of mentally disordered offenders. Consequently, there have been a series of legislative and policy developments during the last decade, which have led to changes in attitude and the way that such offender-patients are treated. Such changes have focused primarily upon timely therapeutic intervention and diversion from the criminal justice system. Care or Custody?: Mentally Disordered Offenders in the Criminal Justice System considers these issues in depth. It is a comprehensive and scholarly text which identifies some of the practical difficulties that occur when mentally disordered offenders come into contact with the criminal justice system. The law in this area is complex and this book will enable professionals involved in the subject to gain a better understanding of the law and policy with regard to mentally disordered offenders. Judith Laing also analyses and addresses some of the theoretical issues and concerns surrounding the treatment and detention of mentally disordered offenders. The book will therefore assist and inform legal, mental health, and related practitioners working in this field, and will also provide a theoretical overview of the law for academics and students.
EC Agricultural Law
Authors: Usher J A
Published: November 2023

While much has been written on the Common Agricultural Policy from the perspectives of political science and agricultural economics, it is as true now as it was in 1988 when the first edition appeared to say that little has been written in English on the specifically legal issues which arise from the CAP. Despite this apparent neglect, the CAP lay behind many of the institutional developments in the EC, as well as its system of finance, and it is also an area where the introduction of the euro has had a particularly marked effect. Agricultural goods formed the first single market in the EC, and agricultural legislation forms the background to much of the European Court's case-law on the relationship between EC law and national law, and it is also within this context that the Court has developed (and is developing) many of the general principles of EC law. Furthermore, the CAP is an area which has more recently been influenced by broader international agreements, notably the WTO Agreement on Agriculture, but it is also an area in which EC policy has in fact been found to conflict with WTO law, notably with regard to the market in bananas, and with regard to the prohibition on hormones in beef. The aim of this book is to explore the legal issues arising from the CAP at a time when it has undergone a major change of emphasis from product support to producer support, and to set out the principles underlying what remains a complex web of legislation.
Introduction
Authors: Hazell. Robert , Cornes Richard
Published: November 2023

Tony Blair has described the Government’s programme of constitutional reform as ‘the biggest programme of change to democracy ever proposed’ . This view is echoed by the Lord Chancellor, Lord Irvine of Lairg, the Minister who is presiding over the Government’s constitutional reform programme. He has also commented that the reforms while addressing universal problems are ‘tailored to the particular needs of the British constitution’ . The programme will transform the political and legal landscape, in ways not yet fully understood. Twelve constitutional bills have been introduced in the first legislative session of the new Government, and eleven have been passed which are set out in Figure 1.1 below.
The Shape of Things to Come: What Will the UK Constitution Look Like in the Early 21st Century?
Authors: Hazell Robert
Published: November 2023

This chapter seeks to sketch the changes to the UK political landscape which may result from the current programme of constitutional reform. It sets to one side developments in Europe, which are explored in Chapter 4, and focuses on the domestic agenda. Two scenarios of how the constitutional reform programme may unfold are taken for the purposes of assessing the position in around ten years’ time, one minimal, one maximal (see Figure 2.1.).
A Rolling Programme of Devolution: Slippery Slope or Safeguard of the Union?
Authors: Hazell Robert , O’Leary Brendan
Published: November 2023

In its first year in office the Labour Government has unleashed five separate initiatives in devolution, each with a different dynamic, whose cumulative effect will be to transform the nature of the UK as a multi-national state. Each initiative has been planned with little obvious regard to the other elements in the devolution package (save for some read-across between Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland); and with no sense of the package as a coherent whole. But as devolution is implemented in this piecemeal fashion there may be a growing need to develop a coherent framework, if only after the event, for practical and political reasons. Coherence need not mean symmetry or even federalism by another name; but it should imply, where appropriate, the development of common solutions to common problems, and a common institutional framework to cement the devolution settlement. The chapter begins by describing each of the elements in turn, and then stands back to forecast what a devolved UK might look like in ten years’ time. It also contains a couple of comparative case studies: one on devolution in Spain, the other on the lessons to be learnt from the Nordic Council.
Article 86(1) (Formerly Article 90(1)) Of The Ec Treaty
Authors: Buendia Sierra Jose Luis , Read Andrew
Published: November 2023

The three sections of Article 86 (formerly Article 90) of the Treaty are concerned, 4.01 from different perspectives, with public undertakings and exclusive and special rights awarded by Member States to certain undertakings. Article 86 can only be correctly analysed in the light of its ‘twin provision’, Article 31 (formerly Article 37). Both Articles share a common origin and a reputation for being extraordinary difficult to interpret, which has led academics to refer to the ‘obscure clarity’ of Article 31 and the ‘clear obscurity’ of Article 86.1
The Innovation Lottery
Authors: Scherer* F M
Published: November 2023

During the past several years Dietmar Harhoff (University of Munich) and I have been collecting and analyzing quantitative data on the size distribution of rewards realized by individuals and organizations carrying out technolog ical innovations. From our new evidence and insights by other scholars on the economics of individuals’ gambling behavior, it is possible to propose a theory of incentives for innovation in technology and other creative endeav ors. Our findings provide support for a half-century-old obiter dictum by the renowned Austrian (and later Harvard University) economist Joseph A. Schumpeter. Characterizing the admixture of chance, ability, and energy that sustains innovation and technological progress in a capitalistic economy, Schumpeter wrote: Spectacular prizes much greater than would have been necessary to call forth the par ticular effort are thrown to a small minority of winners, thus propelling much more efficaciously than a more equal and more ‘just’ distribution would, the activity of that large majority of businessmen who receive in return very modest compensation or nothing or less than nothing, and yet do their utmost because they have the big prizes before their eyes and overrate their chances of doing equally well.
Networks Of Learning In Biotechnology: Opportunities And Constraints Associated With Relational Contracting In A Knowledge-Intensive Field
Authors: Powell* Walter w.
Published: November 2023

The most developed economies today are undergoing a transformation from raw material processing and manufacturing to the creation, development, and application of new knowledge. As a consequence, many scholars tell us, production based on a logic of diminishing returns is being replaced by a logic of increasing returns.1 The development of an increasing returns-based econ omy is buoyed by several factors. In knowledge-intensive fields, steep up front costs in research and development (R&D) are typical, but once a new medicine or software product is successfully developed, the costs of produc ing additional copies are minimal.
Deducting Benefits from Damages for Personal Injury
Authors: Lewis Richard
Published: November 2023

This book examines an area of personal injuries law that has been largely neglected by other writers, but which is of vital importance in practical terms when establishing quantum of damages for personal injuries. It provides detailed coverage of the law as it works in practice, but also important insights into the underlying legal principles and policy. There is comprehensive analysis of the rules relating to the deduction of social security benefits, including the Social Security (Recovery of Benefits) Act 1997 and the new rules concerning recovery of NHS costs from insurers. The book also explains in detail how the deduction of private insurance payments, gifts and charitable payments, benefits relating to employment, benefits related to the cost of care, and benefits accruing to dependants all impact upon the awards made by the Courts.
The UNIDROIT Mobile Equipment Convention
Authors: Sir Professor , Goode Roy
Published: November 2023

The sharp movement from planned to market economies has made the role of security for payment even more important than formerly; and with the globalization of markets has come a pressing need to ensure as far as possible that a security interest created under the law of one jurisdiction will be recognized in others. Hence over the past decade there have been renewed attempts to secure a measure of harmonization of national laws affecting cross-border security interests. There are many kinds of instrument that can be used for the harmonization of different aspects of commercial law. They include instruments which have, or are intended to be given, the force of law, such as model laws, multilateral conventions, and instruments produced by supranational organizations such as the European Union; contract-based uniform rules of the kind published by the International Chamber of Commerce, such as the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits; and ‘soft law’, exemplified by international restatements by scholars such as the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts and the Principles of European Contract Law prepared by the Commission on European Contract Law. However, contract-based instruments are inapposite to regulate transactions involving third party rights, while international restatements can at most be of persuasive influence.1 For the regulation of such rights it is necessary to resort to legally binding instruments, in particular model laws, multilateral conventions, and EC Directives. All three types of instrument have been employed in the field of security interests. Of particular importance are the following.
Corporations in Private International Law
Authors: Rammeloo Stephan
Published: November 2023

This book provides a much-needed analysis of this very important subject for company lawyers, including discussion of the principle of freedom of establishment, and focusing upon the key issue of determining where a corporation has its “seat” for legal purposes. A survey is given of current EC law and of private international law developments in three 'incorporation' countries (Netherlands, England and Switzerland) and three 'real seat' countries (Germany, France and Italy). Following on from entry into force of the Treaty of Amsterdam, an integrated approach of EC law and private international law is advocated in order to develop instruments to facilitate cross-border company migration. Special attention is given to the 1998 EC Draft Proposal for a Fourteenth Company Law Directive on Cross-border Company Transfers.
Theory and method in the study of social representations
Authors: Farr Rob
Published: November 2023

It would be truly surprising, especially to a community of social scientists, if culture were not to emerge as an important variable in scientific research. There are many important components of culture, of which science is only one. I believe it is a singular achievement, on the part of Moscovici, that he has identified ‘science’ as a worthy object of research in social psychology (Moscovici 1987). The sciences that he has studied, to date, include psycho analysis (Moscovici 1961, 1976), mass psychology (Moscovici 1985) and sociology (Moscovici 1988). Not only has Moscovici placed culture (including science) back on the agenda of social psychology, but his theory of social representations enables us to see the culture of science in a new light. The techniques of research that have been devised by the practitioners of any particular science constitute important elements within the culture of that science. I shall focus on this aspect of the theory in the present chapter.
Debating social representations
Authors: Daise Willem
Published: November 2023

Several ways of commenting on the foregoing chapters are possible, and I have chosen to comment on them one by one. But, when l started writing my comments, I very rapidly realized that a more general approach was necessary. After all, most of the chapters brought me back to the basic question I have already tried to answer several times (Daise 1985, 1988, 1989a, b): what is meant by social representations? I concluded that it was necessary first to present my answer to this question before taking issue with the single chapters.
The descriptive analyses of shared representations
Authors: Hammond Sean
Published: November 2023

This chapter is not intended as a didactic account of a particular procedure, although it may well be read as such, but rather as a series of observations of a plausible set of procedures for the empirical exploration of social representations. I would emphasize the exploratory component and state at the outset that they are not intended to give unequivocal answers to our questions but, rather, to provide a descriptive framework from which we can develop relevant questions.
The Lattice of Polemic Social Representations: A comparison of the social representations of occupations in favelas, public housing, and middle-class neighbourhoods of Brazil
Authors: Canter David V , Monteiro Circe
Published: November 2023

Moscovici (1983, p. 15) emphasizes that a major function of social representations is to facilitate communication among members of a community by providing them with a code for naming and classifying the various aspects of their world and their individual and group history. In the process of classification, meaning is assigned to some aspects of the world and other aspects are rendered invisible. The processes of anchoring, whereby aspects of the world are integrated into familiar categorization schemes, and objectification, whereby ‘the iconic quality of an imprecise idea’ (Moscovici 1984, p. 38) is discovered, are both processes related to the harnessing of linguistic mechanisms in order to create systems of codification. It is these systems that provide individuals with a stable enough social and cultural milieu in which to act.
Thalamocingulate Connections in the Monkey
Authors: Shibata Hideshi , Yukie Masao
Published: November 2023

All cortical areas make massive reciprocal connections with the dorsal thalamic nuclei and because the great majority of subcortical inputs to the cortex originate from the dorsal thalamic nuclei, many believe that these thalamocortical inputs are essential for normal cortical functions. Although it remains unclear how they specifically contribute to cortical function, it has been suggested that they operate both as a way station for transmitting information from subcortical regions to the cortex (Sherman and Guillery, 2001) and as an “indirect relay” station for communicating information between different cortical regions (Rouiller and Welker, 2000). Regardless of which of these two modes is operative, the dorsal thalamic nuclei do not merely transfer information to the cortex, but they are an active integrator or modulator of information that is essential for normal cortical function. To this end, it is an essential prerequisite to know the details of the underlying connectivity between the dorsal thalamus and cortex.The cingulate cortex consists of four major regions (ordered posterior to anterior): posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), retrosplenial cortex (RSC), midcingulate cortex (MCC), and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC; Chapters 1, 3, 13; Vogt, 1993: Vogt et al., 2004, 2005). These four divisions are comprised of more than 20 different cortical areas that lie within the cingulate gyrus and the banks of the adjoining cingulate and callosal sulci in monkeys and humans. Recent anatomical studies using axonal transport methods in monkeys have uncovered a rough picture of thalamocingulate connectivity—each cingulate area has connections with a different set of thalamic nuclei as discussed in this chapter. These thalamic nuclei represent not only associational and midline/intralaminar thalamic nuclei but also parts of the motor and sensory thalamic nuclei. We must bear in mind that many more connections remain to be elucidated for most cingulate areas. For detailed cytoarchitecture and nomenclature of the monkey dorsal thalamus, the reader should consult the textbooks of Jones (1985, 1998) and Steriade et al. (1997).
Visceral Circuits and Cingulate-Mediated Autonomic Functions
Authors: Vogt Brent A , Derbyshire Stuart W G
Published: November 2023

Involvement of cingulate cortex in visceral function has been long known. The classical electrical stimulation studies of Smith (1945), Pool and Ransohoff (1949), and Kaada (1951) provided a rich substrate of information showing that anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) was part of a broad swath of orbitofrontal, insular, and temporal pole cortex that regulates visceral functions. In spite of technical issues relating to the intensity and duration of stimulation, these investigators showed that autonomic responses were not the result of current spread from the cingulate gyrus because electrical stimulation in adjacent cortex did not produce such changes and ablation outcomes were as predicted. Most importantly, subsequent studies such as those of MacLean (1990) and Talairach et al. (1973) confirmed autonomic and skeletomotor responses and circuitry studies showing cingulate projections to visceral autonomic nuclei, the lateral hypothalamus (LH), periaqueductal gray (PAG), and intermediolateral nucleus of the spinal cord (IML) provided mechanisms to support the conclusion that evoked responses originated in cingulate cortex and were not due to current spread. A new generation of mechanistic studies in rodents emerged in the 1980s and 1990s in conjunction with very precise connection studies and validated the concept that autonomic activity could be generated by electrical stimulation of the subgenual ACC (sACC) and some of the subcortical intermediates to autonomic motor centers.
Dorsal Anterior Midcingulate Cortex: Roles in Normal Cognition and Disruption in Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Bush George
Published: November 2023

Elucidating how cingulate cortex subdivisions contribute to normal cognitive, motor and emotional processes requires continuing review and integration of emerging data from anatomical, cytoarchitectural, connection, behavioral, psychophysical, functional neuroimaging, electrophysiologic, and lesion studies that are performed not only in humans, but also in other primates, and rodents. Nowhere is this integrative approach more important than in our quest to characterize the contributions of cingulate cortex to cognitive processing. While human cognitive processing far exceeds that of other mammalian species, and human medial wall structures are not identical to those seen even in higher primates, it is essential to understand from whence human brain structures and cognitive abilities developed, and to appreciate the interspecies similarities and differences, in order to accurately comprehend the neural substrate of human cognition. This is indeed a tall order, for as it is detailed elsewhere in this volume, over the past few centuries many paradigmatic shifts have occurred in our conceptualizations of cingulate cortex. Moreover, the emergence of functional imaging over the past two decades has brought with it an explosion of new data and a plethora of theories to explain the observed activity patterns within cingulate cortex. Indeed, perusal of the functional imaging literature indicates that cingulate cortex is one of the most often studied and activated brain regions. The question of how to organize and interpret the relevant data is obviously of enormous significance.
Brain Imaging in Prodromal and Probable Alzheimer’s Disease. A Focus on the Cingulate Gyrus
Authors: Salmon Eric , Laureys Steven
Published: November 2023

Brain imaging in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has greatly benefited from technological advances. Shifting from computed tomography (CT) to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allowed progress from linear to volumetric measurements of brain atrophy (Frisoni et al., 2003). Pioneer functional imaging work with low-resolution positron emission tomography (PET) machines and a method using a prioriselected regions-of-interest (ROI) almost anecdotally reported posterior cingulate cortex involvement in AD, among several other associative cortices (Cutler et al., 1985). However, voxel-based analyses of the entire brain metabolism much more convincingly demonstrated a wide metabolic impairment in the posteromedial cortex, comprising posterior cingulate and medial parietal (precuneus) cortices (Minoshima et al., 1994). Voxel-based analyses allowed the comparison of cerebral images between populations and the search for clinico-metabolic comparisons without any a priorianatomical hypothesis. Emerging techniques offer the possibility to measure decreased posterior cingulate biological brain components in AD with proton MR spectroscopy (Hattori et al., 2002; Mielke et al., 2001), but we lack correlations with neuropathology to correctly interpret the data. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) provides a technique for the assessment of the integrity or disorganization of white matter tracts, in the temporal subcortical white matter, the cingulum bundle, and the corpus callosum, for example (Takahashi et al., 2002).
Nonstationary Flows and Shock Waves
Authors: Glass Irvine I , Sislian J P
Published: November 2023

Nonstationary flows of gases (and liquids under high pressure) are of interest in many engineering problems. These include the study of shock waves arising from a very sudden release (explosion) of chemical, nuclear, electrical, or mechanical energy in a limited space, the study of the behaviour of media through which the shock propagate, and the investigation of the nonstationary motion of a mixture of gases in energy-producing devices and engines. Nonstationary flows are also relevant to modern physics and cosmology. In this book the reader will find all the important aspects of shock-tube and shock-wave research in pure and dusty gases, as well as dissociated and ionized boundary layers, spherical and cylindrical explosion and implosion phenomena, hypervelocity launchers, and shock-wave reflections, diffractions, and refractions. It is a unique book combining analytical numerical and experimental work, covering 40 years of continuous research in the area.