bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
El “Taller” como herramienta docente en el ámbito del Proyecto Arquitectónico
Authors: López-Bahut Emma
Published: November 2017

The proposal is to analyse critically the development of the Workshop, an educational space shared by several subjects in the Architecture Degree, during the first five years of implementation in the Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de la Universidade da Coruña (ETSAC). Specifically focused in the second course and from the point of view of the Architecture Project subjects, has the Workshop improved the training of the project? An analysis of the different
teaching methodologies implemented is carried out, as well as of the diverse approaches of the student’s works, of the internal functioning and the management of the teaching staff, of the variations in the contribution of all the subjects involved, of the connections and overlapping with the own subject’s workshop, of the student learning and academic performance obtained. The difference between what is stated in the Study Plan and what is happening in the classroom day by day.

Se propone realizar un análisis critico del desarrollo del Taller, un espacio de enseñanza compartido por varias asignaturas, en el Grado en Arquitectura durante sus cinco primeros años de funcionamiento en la Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de la Universidade da Coruña (ETSAC). Específicamente centrado en el segundo curso, y desde la perspectiva de las asignaturas de Proyectos Arquitectónicos, ¿el Taller ha mejorado la enseñanza del proyecto? Se analizan las diferentes metodologías docentes empleadas, los enfoques de los trabajos desarrollados por el alumnado, el funcionamiento interno y gestión de los diferentes equipos docentes, variaciones en el aporte de cada una de las asignaturas implicadas, conexiones y solapamientos con el taller propio de cada asignatura, el aprendizaje del alumnado y los resultados académicos obtenidos.
Se visibilizará la diferencia entre lo escrito en el Plan de Estudios y aquello que
sucede en el día a día del aula.
Despieces de Espacios: el fragmento como cita
Authors: Palacios-Aguilar José del Carmen
Published: November 2017

The pieces of spaces, so try -of experimentally build new readings based on an architectural fragment; such fragments are shown in section. Thus the haunting, seductive, inclusive and kaleidoscopic ability of project spaces is displayed. Citing a fragment (piece of a project) helps us understand housing space in all its dimensions, tries to formulate an imaginary plant and decipher his tours inside. Students must construct the fragment and thus reveal what each stay home. Each fragment corresponds to an existing and inhabited dwelling. The resulting homefrom fragmento- maintains the spatial structure, the new use and reveals the multiplicity of spatial relationships. The fragment guides and leads them to find unexpected results, listed organized: the story that precedes the fragment is not known for them, study and propose that inhabits this is a new activity.

Despieces de Espacios intenta –de manera experimental- construir nuevas lecturas partiendo de un fragmento arquitectónico; dichos fragmentos se presentan en sección, de esa manera se exhibe la capacidad evocadora, seductora, integradora y caleidoscópica de los espacios del proyecto citado. Citar un fragmento (trozo de un proyecto) ayuda a comprender el espacio de la vivienda en todas sus dimensiones, formulando una planta imaginaria y descifrando sus recorridos al interior. Los estudiantes deben de construir el fragmento y con ello revelar lo que alberga cada estancia. Cada fragmento entregado corresponde a una vivienda existente y habitada. La vivienda resultante –a partir del fragmentomantiene la estructura espacial, el nuevo uso y revela esa multiplicidad de relaciones. El fragmento los guía y los conduce hasta hallar resultados inesperados, enlistados, organizados: la historia que precede al fragmento no es conocida por ellos, estudiarlo y proponer que habita en ello es una actividad nueva.
Projecte de Classe Inversa i modelització amb Mathematica per a la didàctica de les Matemàtiques a l’ETSAV
Authors: Peris Manguillot Alfred , Rodenas Escribá Francisco
Published: November 2017

Maths constitute a key tool in order to learn different subjects in the studies of Architecture. In contrast, the students tend to believe that maths are an independent box with little connection with other subjects of their studies and their future professional life. In this communication we want to present the experience that we implemented in the subject “Matemàtiques 2” in one specific group of second course in the studies of Architecture at the UPV, consisting in applying the methodology known as “flip teaching”, with the purpose that the students had more participation in their learning process.
On the other hand, in order that the students can experience the applied character of the contents given in “Matemàtiques 2”, we gave them as a work in groups the mathematical modelling of different pieces in Architecture by using the software
Mathematica of Wolfram.

Les matemàtiques constitueixen una eina fonamental per a l'aprenentatge de les diferents assignatures en els estudis d'Arquitectura. No obstant això, els estudiants tendeixen a percebre aquestes com un compartiment independent amb poca connexió amb la resta d'assignatures i amb la seua posterior vida laboral. En aquesta comunicació volem presentar l'experiència duta a terme a l'assignatura de Matemàtiques 2 en un dels grups de segon curs del grau de Fonaments a
l'Arquitectura de la UPV, en què hem implementat la metodologia denominada "docència inversa" o "flip teaching" amb el propòsit que els alumnes tinguen un major protagonisme en el seu aprenentatge.
Per altra banda, per tal de que els alumnes puguen experimentar el caràcter aplicat dels continguts de l'assignatura Matemàtiques 2, els proposem com a treball la modelització de diferents obres arquitectòniques utilitzant el programari
Mathematica de Wolfram.
Narratives of Modern Architecture: learning at the intersection of cross-historical constructions
Authors: Vela Castillo José
Published: November 2017

This paper presents the results of experimental course work in 2015 with secondyear students at IE School of Architecture and Design under the auspices of Culture and Theory in Architecture I. The subject of the course is History of Modern Architecture. Importantly, this is the first contact IE students have with theory and history of architecture. One of the goals was to allow students to understand that history is not a monolithic object that stands before us ready-made, but a set multiple constructions in narrative form, hence necessarily a representation: a collection of stories, instead only one history. To accomplish this goal, the students were instructed to write their own particular narrative of a significative moment (building, design, event) in modern architecture.

Este artículo muestra los resultados obtenidos en la docencia del curso de Cultura y Teoria en Arquitectura I durante el año 2015 en IE School of Architecture and Design. Este curso es el primer contacto de los alumnos con la teoría y la historia de la arquitectura, y su contenido principal fue la historia de la arquitectura moderna. Uno de los objetivos del curso ha sido hacer comprender a los aumnos que la historia no es un objecto monolítico que se encuentra ahí delante de nosotros para poder observarlo, sino un conjunto de múltiples construcciones que necesariamente tiene la forma de una narración. Es por tanto una representación. Para conseguir esto, se pidió a los alumnos que escribieran su propia historia de un momento significativo (un edificio, un proyecto, un acontecimiento) de la arquitectura moderna.
Análisis de la calidad docente en asignaturas de proyectos: el caso de la urbanística
Authors: Vigil-de-Insausti Adolfo , Sánchez-Gómez Santiago , Pardo-Conejero José
Published: November 2017

The classes of Urban Planning of the ETSA are organized by four independent workshops in which teaching is not organized equitably, and each of them is free to mark both its aims and its methodologies. In order to know the differences on the part of the students, it has been decided to make a survey to the students of last course, who have
been immersed in the program of flip teaching.
All these affirmations encompass in a common denominator. This common denominator is the lack of motivation on the part of student body stressed by the absenteeism because of the theoretical lessons, which carry a difficulty added for the assimilation of the concepts. During the course different measures have been carried out to attack these problems. Adopting methods like the partial delivery, presentation or debates.

Las clases de Urbanística de la ETSA se organizan a través de cuatro talleres independientes en los que la docencia no está organizada equitativamente, y cada uno de ellos es libre para marcar tanto sus objetivos como sus metodologías. Para conocer las diferencias por parte de los alumnos, se ha decidido realizar una encuesta a los alumnos de último curso, los cuales han estado inmersos en el programa de docencia inversa.
Tras analizar los resultados se puede afirmar que el mayor problema viene englobado en un denominador común, la falta de motivación por parte de alumnado, recalcado por el absentismo en gran parte de las clases teóricas, lo cual conlleva una dificultad añadida para la asimilación de los conceptos. Durante el curso se han realizado diferentes
medidas para atacar estos problemas. Adoptando métodos como la entrega parcial, presentación o debates.
Beyond Adaptation and Anthropomorphism
Authors: Drury-Melnyk Danika ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: November 2017

This paper attempts to bring the work of Gilbert Simondon into conversation with contemporary discourse on climate change and the Anthropocene. Though his work pre-dates the coining of the term, Simondon, with his non-anthropomorphic view of technology, is in many ways a philosopher of the Anthropocene. In this paper I contrast Simondon’s philosophy to the popular idea that technology is something we can use to adapt to the practical problems of the Anthropocene. I will begin by looking briefly at the narrative of adaptation in the Anthropocene. I will then discuss Simondon’s philosophy of individuation in order to understand why he rejects these narratives of adaptation. Next, I will look at his own ideas on the role that can be played by technology. Ultimately, I hope to describe why, for Simondon, a view of technology that centres on relation rather than on a particular view of the human subject is crucial to human life. The significance of a non-anthropomorphic approach to technology extends beyond the current ecological crisis to all manner of injustice, violence, and misunderstanding between human groups as well as the environment.
An Initial Tidal Power Resource Estimation at Jhari Creek of Indus Delta, Sindh, Pakistan
Authors: Mirza Salman Baig  , Zaheer Uddin  , Ambreen Insaf
Published: November 2017

Energy crisis in Pakistan is one of the severe challenges the country is facing today. Electricity is essential part of our daily life and its shortage has severely affected the economy and the other segments of society. This shortfall of electricity is increasing day by day and situation becomes worst especially in summer. The energy crisis are caused due to disproportionate dependence on non-renewable energy resources. The most effective solution that has been found to overcome such crisis is the use of tidal energy, because tidal energy has a significant advantage over many other forms of renewable energy as it is almost perfectly predicted over long time horizons. Therefore, first time an attempt has been made to estimate the tidal energy resources at Jhari creek of Indus Delta, Sindh, Pakistan. For this purpose real time tidal data is acquired from Pakistan Navy and tidal resources are estimated. Potential power density is calculated for the duration of four months May-August 2013 and found that highest potential mean spring power density was observed in June 2013 that was 1.67 W/m2.
An Explorative Study on the Efficacy and Feasibility of the Use of Motivational Interviewing to Improve Footwear Adherence in Persons with Diabetes at High Risk for Foot Ulceration
Authors: Keukenkamp Renske , Merkx Maarten J. , Busch-Westbroek Tessa E. , Bus Sicco A.
Published: November 2017

Background:

In this explorative study, we assessed the effect and feasibility of using motivational interviewing to improve footwear adherence in persons with diabetes who are at high risk for foot ulceration and show low adherence to wearing prescribed custom-made footwear.

Methods:

Thirteen individuals with diabetes, ulcer history, and low footwear adherence (ie, <80% of steps taken in prescription footwear) were randomly assigned to standard education (ie, verbal and written instructions) or to standard education plus two 45-min sessions of motivational interviewing. Adherence was objectively measured over 7 days using ankle- and shoe-worn sensors and was calculated as the percentage of total steps that prescribed footwear was worn. Adherence was assessed at home and away from home at baseline and 1 week and 3 months after the intervention. Feasibility was assessed for interviewer proficiency to apply motivational interviewing and for protocol executability.

Results:

Median (range) baseline, 1-week, and 3-month adherence at home was 49% (6%–63%), 84% (5%–98%), and 40% (4%–80%), respectively, in the motivational interviewing group and 35% (13%–64%), 33% (15%–55%), and 31% (3%–66%), respectively, in the standard education group. Baseline, 1-week, and 3-month adherence away from home was 91% (79%–100%), 97% (62%–99%) and 92% (86%–98%), respectively, in the motivational interviewing group and 78% (32%–97%), 91% (28%–98%), and 93% (57%–100%), respectively, in the standard education group. None of the differences were statistically significant. Interviewer proficiency was good, and the protocol could be successfully executed in the given time frame.

Conclusions:

Footwear adherence at home increases 1 week after motivational interviewing to clinically relevant but not statistically significant levels (ie, 80%) but then returns over time to baseline levels. Away from home, adherence is already sufficient at baseline and remains so over time. The use of motivational interviewing seems feasible for the given purpose and patient group. These findings provide input to larger trials and provisionally suggest that additional or adjunctive therapy may be needed to better preserve adherence.
Bacterial colonization stimulates a complex physiological response in the immature human intestinal epithelium
Authors: Hill David R , Huang Sha , Nagy Melinda S , Yadagiri Veda K , Fields Courtney , Mukherjee Dishari , Bons Brooke , Dedhia Priya H , Chin Alana M , Tsai Yu-Hwai , Thodla Shrikar , Schmidt Thomas M , Walk Seth , Young Vincent B , Spence Jason R
Published: November 2017

The human gastrointestinal tract is immature at birth, yet must adapt to dramatic changes such as oral nutrition and microbial colonization. The confluence of these factors can lead to severe inflammatory disease in premature infants; however, investigating complex environment-host interactions is difficult due to limited access to immature human tissue. Here, we demonstrate that the epithelium of human pluripotent stem-cell-derived human intestinal organoids is globally similar to the immature human epithelium and we utilize HIOs to investigate complex host-microbe interactions in this naive epithelium. Our findings demonstrate that the immature epithelium is intrinsically capable of establishing a stable host-microbe symbiosis. Microbial colonization leads to complex contact and hypoxia driven responses resulting in increased antimicrobial peptide production, maturation of the mucus layer, and improved barrier function. These studies lay the groundwork for an improved mechanistic understanding of how colonization influences development of the immature human intestine.
Nanos promotes epigenetic reprograming of the germline by down-regulation of the THAP transcription factor LIN-15B
Authors: Lee Chih-Yung Sean , Lu Tu , Seydoux Geraldine
Published: November 2017

Nanos RNA-binding proteins are required for germline development in metazoans, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We have profiled the transcriptome of primordial germ cells (PGCs) lacking the nanos homologs nos-1 and nos-2 in C. elegans. nos-1nos-2 PGCs fail to silence hundreds of transcripts normally expressed in oocytes. We find that this misregulation is due to both delayed turnover of maternal transcripts and inappropriate transcriptional activation. The latter appears to be an indirect consequence of delayed turnover of the maternally-inherited transcription factor LIN-15B, a synMuvB class transcription factor known to antagonize PRC2 activity. PRC2 is required for chromatin reprogramming in the germline, and the transcriptome of PGCs lacking PRC2 resembles that of nos-1nos-2 PGCs. Loss of maternal LIN-15B restores fertility to nos-1nos-2 mutants. These findings suggest that Nanos promotes germ cell fate by downregulating maternal RNAs and proteins that would otherwise interfere with PRC2-dependent reprogramming of PGC chromatin.
CD40 is a major regulator of dendrite growth from developing excitatory and inhibitory neurons
Authors: Carriba Paulina , Davies Alun M
Published: November 2017

Dendrite size and morphology are key determinants of the functional properties of neurons and neural circuits. Here we show that CD40, a member of the TNF receptor superfamily, is a major regulator of dendrite growth and elaboration in the developing brain. The dendrites of hippocampal excitatory neurons were markedly stunted in Cd40-/- mice, whereas those of striatal inhibitory neurons were much more exuberant. These striking and opposite phenotypic changes were also observed in excitatory and inhibitory neurons cultured from Cd40-/- mice and were rescued by soluble CD40. The changes in excitatory and inhibitory neurons cultured from Cd40-/- mice were mimicked in neurons of Cd40+/+ mice by treatment with soluble CD40L and were dependent on PKC-β and PKC-γ, respectively. These results suggest that CD40-activated CD40L reverse signalling has striking and opposite effects on the growth and elaboration of dendrites among major classes of brain neurons by PKC-dependent mechanisms.
Pesticides in coastal waters of the Gulf of California: Mussel watch program 1987-1988
Authors: Gutiérrez-Galindo EA , Flores-Muñoz G , Ortega-Garcí­a ML , Villaescusa-Celaya JA
Published: November 2017

A monitoring program was carried out in 1987 and 1988 using the mussel Modiolus capax as bioindicator to establish the contamination by organochlorine and organophosphate insecticides along the western coast of the Gulf of California. The results show that p,p′-DDE (5.78-105.3 ng g–1 dry weight) is the most bioavailable organochlorine toxic substance found in waters of the Gulf of California. The highest levels of this metabolite of the DDT insecticide were detected at the sites of Bahia de los Ángeles, San Rafael and San Francisquito, located in the central Gulf. The geographical distribution of p,p′-DDE was similar in 1987 and 1988. The results do not show a definite trend with regard to the temporal pattern of the contamination by pesticides. Heptachlorepoxide was detected in 18% and endrin in 8% of all the samples collected. Dieldrin, cis-chlordane, dacthal and endosulfan I were detected in less than 5% of the samples. The higher concentrations recorded in the central Gulf may originate in the agricultural valleys of Sonora and Sinaloa. The concentrations of pesticides detected in M. capax during the two years of the study were below the international limits established for the protection of aquatic biota.
Molecular Genetics of Schwannomatosis
Authors: Hulsebos Theo JM
Published: November 2017

Schwannomatosis is characterised by the development of multiple schwannomas, and in some cases meningiomas, but without the involvement of bilateral vestibular schwannomas, the latter being the hallmark of neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2). Severe pain is the most important clinical symptom in patients. Germ line mutations in
SMARCB1
or
LZTR1
on chromosome 22 predispose to the development of schwannomas in schwannomatosis. These genes explain 86% of the familial but only 40% of the sporadic cases. Independent somatic mutations in
NF2
, which is also on chromosome 22, are found in the schwannomas of patients, but not in their germ line. Most mutations in
SMARCB1
are hypomorphic mutations, giving rise to a SMARCB1 protein with modified activity. Many mutations in
LZTR1
are loss‐of‐function mutations, resulting in the absence of LZTR1 protein. Unilateral vestibular schwannomas may occur in
LZTR1
‐associated schwannomatosis. Overlap exists of the clinical symptoms of schwannomatosis and mosaic NF2. Comprehensive testing of the genes involved in blood and tumours of the patient may help in the clinical diagnosis of schwannomatosis. Identification of additional genes and pathways involved should be performed to identify possible targets for therapy and relief of pain.

Key Concepts

Schwannomatosis patients develop multiple schwannomatosis, but not bilateral vestibular schwannomas, the latter being characteristic for neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2).

Pain is the most important clinical symptom in schwannomatosis. It often persists after removal of the schwannoma.

The tumour suppressor genes
SMARCB1
and
LZTR1
are predisposing genes in schwannomatosis. These genes explain many, but not all, sporadic and familial cases.

Most germ line
SMARCB1
mutations in schwannomatosis are hypomorphic mutations, resulting in the synthesis of a protein with modified activity.

Many germ line
LZTR1
mutations are loss‐of‐function mutations, resulting in the absence of protein.

Independent somatically acquired
NF2
mutations are found in the multiple schwannomas of schwannomatosis patients.

Unilateral vestibular schwannoma may occur in
LZTR1
‐associated schwannomatosis. Bilateral vestibular schwannomas have not been reported in schwannomatosis patients.

The similarities in clinical phenotype between schwannomatosis and mosaic NF2 may cause diagnostic confusion.
Subextraction
Authors: Corver Norbert
Published: November 2017

Subextraction is the phenomenon that occurs when a constituent is movedout ofa larger phrase in which it is embedded. The question arises of when subextraction is possible and when it is not. Furthermore, the question of what accounts for the (im)possibility of subextraction should be answered. These questions are addressed for the nominal domain. Issues that are discussed include the (im)possibility of subextraction of left branch constituents, the (im)possibility of subextraction of right branch constituents, cross‐linguistic variation in subextraction behavior, and the role that the syntactic position of the noun phrase plays for subextraction.
VOSLanguages: Some of Their Properties
Authors: Chung Sandra
Published: November 2017

Languages in which clauses have Verb Object Subject as their dominant word order are calledVOS languages. Such languages, which are typologically rare, raise a set of challenging issues for syntactic theory. Kayne (1995) proposed that VOS clauses are derived from SVO clauses by movement. This chapter surveys the types of arguments that have been brought to bear on movement analyses of VOS clauses, drawing on evidence from VOS languages as well as languages of other word order types which have VOS clauses. The conclusion reached is that a movement analysis is appropriate for VOS clauses in some languages, but not all. The idea that there are multiple routes to VOS‐hood is in harmony with the more general claim that there are multiple routes to verb‐initial word order.
Asymmetric Coordination
Authors: Mayr Clemens , Schmitt Viola
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses asymmetric coordination, starting with a general discussion and then zooming in on a particular instance thereof found in German and other V2 languages. This latter construction resists a straightforward analysis in terms of subordination, yet lacks some of the symptoms of coordinate structures – namely, the requirement that movement has to happen across‐the‐board. It therefore represents an interesting data set for the investigation of the nature of the symptoms of coordinate structures, or, more precisely, the Coordinate Structure Constraint. In particular, the construction reveals that one of the defining features of coordinate structures – namely that each coordinate must be individually licensed when substituted for the whole coordination – must play a crucial role in the formulation of the latter.
Auxiliary Selection
Authors: Ackema Peter , Sorace Antonella
Published: November 2017

The chapter provides an overview of auxiliary selection in the perfect tense. While in some languages there is only one perfect tense auxiliary, a number of languages show a split between perfects in which the equivalent ofto haveoccurs as auxiliary and perfects in which the equivalent ofto beoccurs as such. The first part of the chapter provides an overview of the relevant synchronic and diachronic data, mainly from Germanic and Romance languages. The second part discusses the various analyses that have been put forward in accounts of the occurrence of auxiliary splits.
Long‐Distance Anaphora: Syntax and Discourse
Authors: Charnavel Isabelle , James Huang C.‐T. , Cole Peter , Hermon Gabriella
Published: November 2017

Cross‐linguistically, long‐distance reflexives do not form a unitary phenomenon but come in a variety of subtypes: as long‐distance bound anaphors, as pronominals, or as entities of an intermediate category. This chapter focuses on the first subtype and on Chinese and some other Asian languages: it describes the prominent syntactic and interpretive properties of long‐distance reflexives and addresses theoretical questions about their analysis and typological features and about the role of discourse. The interpretive properties of long‐distance reflexives bear remarkable similarities to those of logophoric pronouns. We clarify the notion of logophoricity as used in African linguistics and in formal semantics and situate a grammatical account of bound‐anaphor long‐distance reflexives that interfaces with notions of logophoricity, attitudes de se, consciousness and perspectivity. The distribution and reference of long‐distance reflexives are subject to syntactic and discourse/pragmatic restrictions that can be quite complex. It is argued, however, that the core patterns observed can be explained through an analysis according to which the property of long‐distance antecedence is only apparent, since both the movement of the long‐distance reflexive to the edge of its local domain and the predication relation between the edge position and the ultimate antecedent are local. We consider some well‐known properties of long‐distance reflexives in Chinese (monomorphemicity, subject orientation, and blocking effects) and explore the way they may follow from grammatical or discourse‐pragmatic principles. We also provide a detailed discussion of the various proposals for the interpretation of long‐distance reflexives, capitalizing on three approaches that make crucial use of a silent operator position on the left edge of the long‐distance reflexive's local domain (a notion along the lines of the traditional governing category). We compare two versions of covert movement (head movement and XP‐movement) in detail, in addition to the alternative of a base‐merged operator position.
Serial Verb Constructions
Authors: Veenstra Tonjes , Muysken Pieter
Published: November 2017

Serial verb constructions are sequences of verbs that act together as a single predicate, without any overt marker of coordination, subordination, or syntactic dependency of any other sort. One key question that these constructions pose for grammatical theory is how their lexical and syntactic properties interact. On the one hand, they appear to be lexically determined. On the other hand, the individual verbs are clearly separate verbs assigning cases and thematic roles to intervening arguments. Here, we focus on the canonical cases of serial verbs, taking the Suriname creole language Saramaccan as our prime example, and their grammatical properties. Other languages discussed include Mauritian Creole, Haitian Creole, Sranantongo, and Ijo.. We give a first inventory of these constructions and of the analytical problems that they raise, as well as discuss some of the analyses proposed so far, such as subordination, adjunction, and coordination. Further themes of discussion are the problem of argument sharing – two verbs in a serial chain having the same argument, expressed only once – and the typological correlates of serial verb constructions. Possibilities we discuss are word order, non‐distinctiveness of verbs and prepositions, and the absence of verbal morphology and separation of verbs from INFL (inflectional). The latter option is the most plausible, we argue.
Comparative Deletion and Comparative Subdeletion
Authors: Lechner Winfried , Corver Norbert
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the syntax of the Comparative Deletion (CD) construction and the Comparative Subdeletion (CSD) construction. It starts with a presentation of some central basic concepts about comparatives, including a brief background in scalar semantics, the interpretation of the comparative morpheme, and the transparent mapping operations from logical forms to semantics. Special attention is paid to the organization of the comparative complement and the structural relation among the degree morpheme, the gradable AP, and thethan‐phrase. The chapter further provides an overview of different analytic strategies toward CD and CSD. This overview includes a summary of arguments from the literature for the existence of gaps in CSD constructions. It also examines the nature of the relationship between the comparative complement and the matrix clause, addressing the question of whether the nexus is best characterized in terms of syntactic subordination or coordination. The chapter finishes with some remarks about multiple comparatives and reviews two influential current trends in research on comparatives that expand to cross‐linguistic variation.
Locative Inversion
Authors: Diercks Michael
Published: November 2017

Locative inversion patterns are instances of a non‐canonical word order where a locative phrase (in a canonically SVO language) moves to preverbal position, leaving the thematic subject postverbally. There are a wide variety of morphosyntactic variations in this basic inversion pattern cross‐linguistically (and even within individual languages), and the evidence suggests that different syntactic mechanisms are used in different instances to generate the same surface word orders, both in English and in various Bantu languages. Analyses and diagnostic evidence are presented for all of these languages showing that, despite the range of variation, similar syntactic mechanisms appear to be at play across languages. The non‐canonical patterns that occur in locative inversion constructions raise important questions for theoretical assumptions about Case licensing, agreement, and locality in particular, and the theoretical work in those areas is addressed as well.
Case: Oblique, Inherent, Semantic, Quirky
Authors: Andrews Avery D.
Published: November 2017

In the last several decades, a variety of terminology has been developed for describing case‐marking patterns and uses of case marking. Here I will review the related concepts of semantic, oblique, and quirky/inherent case, discussing their development, and how they have been applied to describe case systems in various languages, with the sorts of problems that arise when trying to discriminate them from other kinds of case phenomena.
Unexpected Wide‐Scope Phenomena
Authors: Ruys Eddy G. , Spector Benjamin
Published: November 2017

It has long been known that quantificational expressions in natural language do not all have the same scope properties. While the scope of some expressions is closely related to their observable, “surface” position in syntactic structure, other expressions display a remarkable degree of freedom with respect to the relative scope that may obtain between them and other expressions in the structure. In generative syntax, the operation known as “quantifier raising” (QR) is responsible for cases where the scope of an operator does not correspond to its surface position. Because QR is itself subject to locality conditions, this approach predicts that departure from surface scope cannot exceed a certain syntactic distance. However, indefinites are able to take scope outside of the locality domain for QR (so‐called “scope island”). In order to preserve the advantages of a QR‐based theory of scope while at the same time accounting for the exceptional behavior of indefinites, a natural strategy has been either (i) to explain away the phenomenon of exceptional scope by showing it to be illusory, or (ii) to rely on an independent scopal mechanism in order to assign scope to the relevant indefinites, at least in certain configurations. Sophisticated approaches have been developed in syntax and formal semantics along such lines. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the current theoretical landscape regarding the scope of indefinites.
Coding
Authors: Vonbun Ramona
Published: November 2017

Coding as a component of content analysis is a structured, systematic, and intersubjective replicable measurement of symbolic information. Written, verbal and/or visual symbols of meaning are translated into numeric values that make data manageable and comparable. Coding can be applied by humans or by computer software, by qualitative and quantitative methods.
Conditional Process Modeling (Mediation Analysis, Moderated Mediation Analysis, Moderation Analysis, and Mediated Moderation Analysis)
Authors: Bachl Marko
Published: November 2017

Conditional process modeling is a data analytical approach that combines statistical mediation and moderation analysis. Mediation analysis is used to uncover the mechanisms that underlie or explain a causal effect. It is well suited to statistically model causal processes that take place between a predictor variable and an outcome variable. Moderation analysis investigates whether an effect of a predictor variable on an outcome variable varies under different conditions or for different individuals. Conditional process models (also referred to as moderated mediation models or mediated moderation models) combine the ideas of mediation and moderation. Thus they are well suited to investigate how processes between cause and outcome vary depend on characteristics of the individuals or their contexts. This article introduces the foundations of mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis. Statistical estimation, testing, and interpretation are covered for simple linear models. References regarding more advanced models are provided.
Construct
Authors: Karsay Kathrin
Published: November 2017

A construct in social science describes a theoretical idea, entity, or concept. The entry differentiates between two types of constructs: empirical and hypothetical constructs. When the construct is derived from empirical data, it is called an empirical construct. In contrast, a hypothetical construct is based on an a priori formulated theoretical definition and then supported by empirical measurement. In communication research there exist many hypothetical constructs, which largely rely on indirect measurements, due to the complex nature of the investigated phenomena.
Data Recording
Authors: Smulowitz Stacy
Published: November 2017

Capturing data through handwritten, audio or video recording is essential to the qualitative researcher's study. There are a variety of issues for researchers to consider prior to recording, such as the ethical inclusion of an informed consent, determining which type(s) of recording and how much is necessary, and learning how to use recording devices. Once the data recording is complete, researchers should immediately review the recordings and provide additional information for a complete account of the data collection encounter.
Discourse Tracing
Authors: Redden Shawna Malvini
Published: November 2017

Discourse tracing is a recent innovation in qualitative methodology, developed in 2009 by Marianne LeGreco and Sarah Tracy. A form of multilevel discursive analysis, discourse tracing involves defining a case based upon a turning or rupture point, reviewing relevant literature, gathering data across three levels of analysis, ordering and closely reading data, applying structured questions, writing cases based upon the data, and then theorizing. Discourse tracing draws upon case study methodologies and process tracing to produce results that can be transferable to other settings, and also have practical value. Built upon critical‐interpretive theory and poststructural theory, discourse tracing is useful for analyzing how discourses form and change over time, and connect to systems of power. Responding to critiques of qualitative methods as ambiguous and difficult to evaluate, discourse tracing offers a systematic data analysis process that enables researchers to be easily transparent with how research findings were generated from data.
Election Surveys
Authors: Boomgaarden Hajo G. , Kritzinger Sylvia
Published: November 2017

Researchers increasingly make use of election surveys to examine the effects of communication on citizens' political cognitions, attitudes, and behaviors. Several factors can account for this change. First, election surveys are increasingly designed to facilitate integration with other data collections, such as media content analyses or analyses of party communications. Second, election surveys nowadays are more frequently conducted as panel studies or as rolling cross‐sections. Researchers studying media effects can thus overcome the problem of reversed causation in their estimations of media effects. Finally, online election surveys provide new possibilities to conduct experiments on political communication. We conclude by stating that election surveys offer unique opportunities to examine various political communication effects.
Ethics of Working with Vulnerable Populations
Authors: Clark Lou
Published: November 2017

Interest in researching populations considered to be vulnerable such as patients, elderly, those at risk for mental illness, prisoners, pregnant women, children, and certain cultural groups like Native Americans has become increasingly prevalent in the past 40 years. The term
vulnerable population
may be synonymous with other terms including at‐risk, marginalized, and special populations. It is essential for researchers to consider ethics throughout all stages of research when working with vulnerable populations. Sarah J. Tracy notes that qualitative researchers attend to several forms of ethics to ensure comprehensive consideration for research participants, including procedural ethics, situational and culturally specific ethics, relational ethics, and exiting ethics. Procedural ethics such as those maintained by the Institutional Review Board require researchers to literally “do no harm” to participants. Ethics in working with vulnerable populations should include a detailed explanation throughout all study phases from gaining access through project completion.
Generalizability
Authors: Shapiro Michael A.
Published: November 2017

Generalizability is a complex notion linked to the ability of research and programs of research to say something beyond the particular—philosophically linking methods and epistemology. Generalizability is sometimes linked to but not limited to questions of the representativeness of samples, contexts, situations, and messages. Both realist and idealist epistemological traditions are concerned with generalizability, but often in quite different ways. Both data‐driven and theory‐driven studies contribute to generalizability, but generalizability is advanced by knowledge and knowledge development about communication phenomena. Overall, generalizability is a function of the quality of knowledge in a field; thus, a study may contribute to generalizability, but no study can be said to be generalizable.
Manipulation Check
Authors: Hoewe Jennifer
Published: November 2017

A manipulation check is a test used to determine the effectiveness of a manipulation in an experimental design. Researchers incorporate manipulation checks when using experiments to ensure participants perceive, comprehend, and/or react as expected to the portion of the manipulation of interest contained within the independent variable. A typical manipulation check consists of one or more questions geared toward understanding each participant's cognizance regarding the condition to which they were exposed. If a manipulation check is successful (i.e., elicits the expected differences between or among experimental conditions), the researcher can conclude that participants correctly perceived, interpreted, or reacted to the stimulus and then draw more accurate conclusions related to the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
Nested Model Comparison
Authors: Hutchens Myiah J.
Published: November 2017

Nested model comparisons are used in structural equation modeling to test the addition or removal of parameters within otherwise identical models. Nested models are tested via chi‐square difference tests comparing changes in model fit associated with the addition or removal of the parameters.
Ontology
Authors: Potter W. James
Published: November 2017

Ontology is the branch of metaphysics that deals with questions about the nature of what exists. Philosophers have articulated a variety of ontological beliefs over the last several millennia, and these beliefs have shaped the thinking of physical scientists, social scientists, and communication scholars. Within the field of communication, scholars typically are either determinists or actionalists as indicated by their beliefs about the structure, stability, and agency of social phenomena.
Methodological Rigor in Quantitative Research
Authors: Marquart Franziska
Published: November 2017

Methodological rigor in quantitative research refers to the soundness or precision of a study in terms of planning, data collection, analysis, and reporting. To determine the accuracy of quantitative methods, social scientists have a number of indicators at hand which allow them to evaluate a study and infer about its theoretical and empirical contribution. Such indicators include the assessment of objective scores (i.e., reliable and valid measurements), but do also encompass more vague attributions about what makes “good” quantitative research.
Sampling, Content Analysis
Authors: Pavelko Rachelle L. , Elizabeth Grabe Maria
Published: November 2017

Content analysis is a systematic research method that provides researchers with the capability to detect patterns in media content that are often not detectable through unsystematic observation. Several discrete stages comprise a content analysis. It typically begins with drawing boundaries for what will be included in the analysis followed by procedures to extract a sample of content from that population. What follows is an overview of these procedures used in systematic quantitative analyses. Traditional methods for drawing samples as well as the possibilities and challenges that researchers face in drawing samples in new media environments are discussed. Gaining access to and archiving online content requires consideration in the early stages of content analyses. While the sampling challenges associated with traditional and new media may vary, the need for creative problem solving in sample drawing is common practice, regardless of media platform.
Thick Description
Authors: Clark Lou , Chevrette Roberta
Published: November 2017

Thick description
, innovated by American anthropologist Clifford Geertz (1973), who adopted the term from British philosopher Gilbert Ryle (1971), provides a conceptual framework for interpreting culture that changed the face of qualitative research. Geertz (1973) describes thick description as an ethnographic method in which researchers write as they immerse themselves within the context of a certain culture, noting specific, detailed references about social actions and behaviors of participants. Acclaimed qualitative researcher and professor of communication, humanities, and sociology Norman Denzin (1989) is credited with expanding and clarifying the definition of thick description which initially proved confusing to some scholars.
Cognitive Assessment: Think‐Aloud and Thought‐Listing Technique
Authors: Woelke Jens , Pelzer Elena
Published: November 2017

Analyses of cognitive responses have been central to empirical research in communication since the cognitive turn in psychology as well as the establishment of transactional models of perception and reception at the beginning of the 1980s. Methods developed for analyses of judgment, information processing, and the impact of persuasive communication means that cognitive reactions are accessible in two different ways: the think‐aloud procedure and the thought‐listing technique. Current fields of application of these methods in the context of media and communication include research on the acquisition of social networking media, learning with multimedia, usability and eye‐tracking studies as well as research on the acquisition of media services in a social and interpersonal context. Furthermore, the use of both methods is currently being intensively discussed in qualitative research.
Variables, Types Of
Authors: Jamison‐Koenig Edgar
Published: November 2017

Variable types include a wide variety of concepts of interest to the study of communication. Among these are independent variables (IV), dependent variables (DV), covariates, moderator variables, mediator variables, measured variables, and latent variables. Knowledge of the differences between variable types as well as their relationships is important in identifying the conceptual components that lead to any sort of organized empirical inquiry.
Video Ethnography
Authors: Bielenia‐Grajewska Magdalena
Published: November 2017

Video ethnography is an important method in modern research. Since the reality of the 21st century is very complex, approaches used to examine multidimensional phenomena should reflect this complexity of people or things as the focus of scientific investigation. The contribution aims at providing the definition of video ethnography, its key characteristics and tools as well as possible applications in different areas of life. The discussion finishes with the future perspectives of video ethnography.
WEBNAS
Analysis Method
Authors: Karnowski Veronika
Published: November 2017

The WEBNAS analysis method is a methodological toolkit to analyze web navigation and searching behavior. It aims for holistic understanding of the web navigation and searching process based on a modular approach that can be tailored to various research questions.