bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical Matrix Algebra and Matrix Calculus
Authors: Pozrikidis C
Published: November 2023

Matrix operations are engines underneath the hood of the vast majority of numerical methods in science and engineering. Two ways of learning the set of rules governing matrix operations, concisely called linear algebra, are available. In the first approach, concepts are introduced on a need-to-know basis. In the second approach, linear algebra is treated as a separate coherent introductory subject, serving as a prerequisite. The second approach is desirable for several reasons: it organizes and streamlines the development of fundamental concepts; it reveals the main body of linear algebra pulling aside its branches; and it serves as a prelude to numerical computation by way of numerical linear algebra.
Boundary-Element Methods
Authors: Pozrikidis C
Published: November 2023

The boundary-element method is a powerful technique for solving partial differential equations encountered in various branches of computational physics and engineering. Examples include Laplace’s equation, Helmholtz’s equation, the convection–diffiusion equation, the equations of potential and viscous flow, the equations of electrostatics and electromagnetics, and the equations of linear elas-tostatics and elastodynamics. The method is most efficient, and thus most appropriate, for linear, elliptic, and homogeneous partial differential equations governing boundary-value problems in the absence of a homogeneous source.
Western and Indian Thought
Authors: Cicovacki Predrag
Published: November 2023

We know very little about any thought except our own, especially about Indian thought. The reason that it is so difficult to become familiar with it is that Indian thought in its very nature is so entirely different from our own because of the great part that the idea of what is called world- and life-negation plays in it. Whereas our modern European worldview, like that of Zarathustra and the Chinese thinkers, is, on principle, world- and life-affirming.
The Optimistic Worldview in Kant
Authors: Cicovacki Predrag
Published: November 2023

So far as concerns the general tendency of his thought, Immanuel Kant lives entirely in the optimistic–ethical worldview of rationalism. He has, however, a feeling that its foundations are not sufficiently deep and firm, and he regards it as his task to give them an altogether securer basis. For this purpose, profounder ethics and a less naÏve positiveness in assertions about philosophy that touch upon the supra-sensible seem to him desirable.
Schopenhauer and Nietzsche’s Quest for Elementary Ethics
Authors: Cicovacki Predrag
Published: November 2023

As bad luck will have it, the two most important ethical thinkers of the second half of the nineteenth century, Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, do not help the age in the search for what it needs, namely, a system of social ethics that is also true ethics. Concerned only with individualist ethics from which no social ethics can be developed, they offer incitements that, however valuable in themselves, cannot arrest the demoralization in the general outlook on life that is in progress.
Reverence for Life
Authors: Cicovacki Predrag
Published: November 2023

Complicated and laborious are the roads along which ethical thought, which has mistaken its way and taken too high a flight, must be brought back. Its course, however, maps itself out quite simply if, instead of taking apparently convenient shortcuts, it keeps to its right direction from the very beginning. For this three things are necessary: it must have nothing to do with an ethical interpretation of the world; it must become cosmic and mystical—that is to say, it must seek to conceive all the self-devotion that rules in ethics as a manifestation of an inward, spiritual relation to the world; and it must not lapse into abstract thinking, but must remain elemental, understanding self-devotion to the world to be self-devotion of human life to every form of living being with which it can come into relation.
The Problem of Ethics in the Evolution of Human Thought
Authors: Cicovacki Predrag
Published: November 2023

In the space of a single lecture, I can give only a very summary account of the problem of ethics in the evolution of human thought. I shall, therefore, confine myself to the broad outlines of that evolution, and in doing so shall attempt to make them as clear as possible. What we call “ethics” and “morality,” in terms borrowed respectively from Greek and Latin, may broadly be said to be concerned with the problem of how to behave well toward ourselves and toward others. We feel obliged to think not only of our own well-being but of that of other people and of society in general.
Goethe the Philosopher
Authors: Cicovacki Predrag
Published: November 2023

All his life long, Goethe refused to be a systematic philosopher. In one of his poems, he boasts of having achieved splendid results because he never lost his way “thinking about thought.” His dislike of philosophy—so he tells us in Truth and Poetry—goes back to his student days. The rationalistic philosophy of the eighteenth century, with which he became acquainted at Leipzig (1765–1768) and at Strasbourg (1770–1772), offers him nothing that he does not already know and irritates him with its doctrinaire quality. He finds fault with it for its scholastic discoloration, especially in its logic and its metaphysics. In Faust he expresses freely the feeling that he cherishes.
The Problem of Peace in the World of Today
Authors: Cicovacki Predrag
Published: November 2023

For the subject of my lecture, a redoubtable honor imposed by the award of the Nobel Peace Prize, I have chosen the problem of peace as it is today. In so doing, I believe that I have acted in the spirit of the founder of this prize, who devoted himself to the study of the problem as it existed in his own day and age, and who expected his foundation to encourage consideration of ways to serve the cause of peace.
Public versus Private Crisis
Authors: Roberts Albert R , Yeager Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

There are two primary domains for crisis—public and private. In a public crisis, others are acutely aware of what has occurred. In a private crisis, others may or may not be aware of a precipitating event (e.g., diagnosis of dementia in a parent). A private crisis can encompass all aspects of the individual’s ability to function.
Events That Precipitate a Crisis
Authors: Roberts Albert R , Yeager Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

We live in an era in which crisis-inducing events and acute crisis episodes are prevalent. Each year, millions of people are confronted with traumatic events that they cannot resolve on their own, and they often turn to crisis units of community mental health centers, psychiatric screening units, outpatient clinics, hospital emergency rooms, college counseling centers, family counseling agencies, and domestic violence programs (Roberts, 2005c). Although these events are as varied as each individual’s unique response to the situation, some events are universally viewed as crisis inducing.
Indicators of a Crisis-Prone Person
Authors: Roberts Albert R , Yeager Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

There are 12 characteristics and indicators that identify a crisis-prone person. The individual is unable to maintain meaningful interpersonal relationships (e.g., a loner);has a history of one or more instances of mental disorders and periods of instability when the person had stopped taking psychiatric medications; usually feels stressed-out and overwhelmed; seems to lack the ability to reach out to social support systems such as family, friends, and groups; has a history of previous acute crisis episodes that have not been fully resolved;seems stuck and continues to use the same failed coping methods, and has difficulty learning and growing from past event exhibits low self-esteem; is impulsive, easily angered, and has an explosive personality.
The General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
Authors: Roberts Albert R , Yeager Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

Selye (1956) indicated in the findings of his influential physiological research that ‘‘stress is part of life. It is a natural by-product of all our activities .. . . The secret of life is the successful adjustment to everchanging stress’’ (Selye, pp. 299–300). According to Selye’s GAS, there are generally three stages in the human body’s reaction to extreme stress. First, the alarm reaction, in which the body stirs up its defense mechanisms—the glands, hormones, and nervous system—into action; second, the adaptation stage, when the body fights back (e.g., the arteries can harden when the heart is under pressure); and third, the exhaustion stage, when the body’s defenses seem to be unable to cope, and the individual becomes seriously ill and may dieSelye concludes that the best way to survive and thrive is to adapt and respond in positive ways to the stress of life.
Roberts’ Seven-Stage Crisis Intervention Model
Authors: Roberts Albert R , Yeager Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

In conceptualizing the process of crisis intervention, Roberts (1991, 2000, 2005a) has identified seven critical stages through which therapists and clients typically pass on the road to crisis stabilization, resolution, and mastery (Figure 10.1). These stages, listed below, are essential, sequential, and sometimes overlapping in the process of crisis intervention: The crisis worker must conduct a swift but thorough biopsychosocial assessment. At a minimum, this assessment should cover the client’s environmental supports and stressors, medical needs and medications, current use of drugs and alcohol, and internal and external coping methods and resources (Eaton & Ertl, 2000).
Crisis Intervention With Families
Authors: Roberts Albert R , Yeager Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

Frequently, families are faced with situations requiring crisis intervention. Crisis intervention with family members requires a different approach than when working with individuals. Whereas there is some overlap between individual and family crisis intervention, the key to family crisis intervention is application of a systems approach. Issues that can lead to a need for family therapy include Structural family therapy was developed by Salvador Minuchin (1974), and it focuses on family interactions to understand the structure or organization of the family. This theory provides a framework that blends nicely with Roberts’ Seven-Stage Crisis Intervention Model. Within both structural family therapy and Roberts’ seven-stage model, the techniques are active, directive, and well thought-out, with the focus on how, when, and what needs to be accomplished. Symptoms in family therapy are identified as a by-product of structural failings, which must be changed in order to successfully resolve the crisis at hand. These structural changes must occur in a family prior to reduction of symptoms.
Crisis Intervention With Substance Abusers
Authors: Roberts Albert R , Yeager Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

Substance dependence is a chronic, progressive, primary, and potentially fatal disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing the development and manifestation. It is characterized by continuous or periodic impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug or alcohol, and use of drugs or alcohol despite adverse consequences and distortions in thinking, most notably denial (Yeager & Gregoire, 2005).
Crisis Intervention After Bioterrorism
Authors: Roberts Albert R , Yeager Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

The degree of fear and terror created by actual or perceived unknown, undetectable, biological agents has the potential to outpace levels of terror and/or trauma experienced when exposed to natural disasters, or man-made disasters of known origin. The basis of this claim is the potential impact of the unknown factor associated with bioterrorism. Consequently, the single largest potential impact of a bioterrorism incident is the psychological response. This will likely be demonstrated initially in the form of mass panic, later ranging from acute stress disorder, anger, or guilt to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), phobias, sleep disorders, depression, or substance abuse (DiGiovanni, 1999). In general, when considering crisis intervention during a bioterrorism crisis ‘‘it will generally be the terror generated by a major event, not the event itself, that will have the greatest long-term negative impact on children and families throughout the nation’’ (National Advisory Committee on Children and Terrorism [NACCT, 2003], p. i).
On The Translation
Authors: Williams C K , Dickerson Gregory W
Published: November 2023

The major difficulty in rendering the choruses is of course that they were originally set to music, sung, and danced, and that we have too little notion of what the music was to attempt to re-create it or ‘‘make it new.’’ There are, then, two problems: how can the choruses achieve an integral, energetic role in the drama, given the fact that they must be simply spoken poetry and not music; and what is a valid approach to their performance? I have tried to meet these problems first by trying to determine what the critical difference is between poetry and music.
Characters
Authors: Williams C K , Dickerson Gregory W
Published: November 2023

Line numbers in the right-hand margin of the text refer to the English translation only, and the Notes beginning at p. 169 are keyed to these lines. The bracketed line numbers in the running heads refer to the Greek text.
On The Translation
Authors: Phillips Carl , Clay Diskin
Published: November 2023

It’s proverbial, of course, that something gets lost in translation. What gets lost is an entire sensibility unique to—and enacted by—the original, and what too often gets compromised is a parallel uniqueness contained by—and enacted by—the language into which the original has been translated.
Characters
Authors: Phillips Carl , Clay Diskin
Published: November 2023

Line numbers in the right-hand margin of the text refer to the English translation only, and the Notes on the text beginning at p. 399 are keyed to these lines. The bracketed line numbers in the running heads refer to the Greek text.
Introduction: Why care about women in science?
Authors: Ceci Stephen J , Williams Wendy M
Published: November 2023

The plight of women who opt out of work because of family needs is an old one, and it has received a great deal of press attention. In a special report for the American Prospect Magazine in March 2007, Joan Williams, professor of Law at the University of California Hastings College of Law and director of the Center for Work Life Law, reviewed 119 news stories appearing between 1980 and 2006. These stories described the circumstances of women who felt pressured to leave jobs because of inflexible working conditions and unaffordable childcare. The women didn’t generally want to leave their jobs, and felt frustrated and economically vulnerable doing so. Williams argued that the idea that these women opted out of their jobs is misleading; rather, they were forced out due to a lack of options. Their jobs required that they work full time (for professional women this means at least 40 hours a week, often more), and there is a penalty for those who interrupt their careers. Future employers see gaps in employment as a lack of commitment. As one of the women in Williams’s study put it.
Challenges to the environmental position
Authors: Ceci Stephen J , Williams Wendy M
Published: November 2023

Lest the reader assume that our critique of the role of hormones and brain volume lead us to endorse the role of social influences, we do not believe that many of the environmental claims hold up to scrutiny any better than the hormonal claims. Before delving into these environmental claims, we will complete our excursion through the remaining biological claims, then segue to the social and environmental claims. So in this chapter, we start by reprising other biological arguments against the strong environmental position. These consist of claims that fewer women are succeeding in math-intensive careers because of inherent sex differences in both general and specific cognitive abilities, and the neurological substrates that support them. We follow this with a consideration of nonbiological claims. ex differences are not always found, and even when they are found they are not observed across the board, but rather sometimes only in the cognitive.
Challenges to the biological position
Authors: Ceci Stephen J , Williams Wendy M
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we examine claims and counterclaims about the role of parents and teachers in causing sex differences in mathematics achievement in grades K–12 and college. We also assess research claiming that bias and stereotypes are important causes of sex differences in graduate school and beyond. In addition to studying measures of what individuals can and cannot do and what they prefer to do, several researchers have studied how the environment shapes women and the differences women versus men elicit from their environment. Potential environmental influences include differential treatment by parents and teachers, as well as differences in the way children spend their time and, when it comes to older females, differences in the way colleagues, search committees, and grant review panels treat them. Some of the evidence we will describe may be surprising—even alarming—and some of it begs for replication and further exploration.
Background and trend data
Authors: Ceci Stephen J , Williams Wendy M
Published: November 2023

In this chapter and the following one, we delve into further evidence that calls into question the primacy of biology in explaining sex differences in STEM career success. None of this evidence is perfect, and some of it resembles “anecdata” rather than scientific data. But, taken as a whole, this body of evidence raises doubts about the role of biology as the major cause, or even perhaps as an important secondary cause, of the paucity of women in STEM careers. Our sense from reading this large literature, and integrating it with the studies described in previous chapters, is that biology is best viewed as one of many factors that collectively contribute to sex differences, although not nearly as significantly as some non-biological factors we describe in Chapter 8. We have organized the current biological evidence into the following categories.
The Expression of the Emotions In Man And Animals
Authors: Darwin Charles
Published: November 2023

To mark the birthday of the world's most renowned evolutionary biologist, Oxford University Press has reissued the definitive edition of Darwin's classic-a brilliantly entertaining and accessible exploration of human and animal behavior. Renowned psychologist Paul Ekman's edited version of this book is the first to appear the way Darwin ultimately intended, with all of the corrections and additions that were in Darwin's notes for a revision that was never published during his lifetime. "Why do we shrug? Why do dogs wag their tails? Why do we scowl when angry and pout when sad rather than the other way around? What is the difference between guilt and shame? This would be an extraordinary book even if it had only answered these and scores of similar questions about the emotions in 1872 . . . Darwin enriched his arguments with hundreds of insightful observations, many with the pathos and humor of great literature, as when he describes the terror of a man being led to his execution or the comical dejection of his dog as soon as it sensed that a walk might end . . . This edition has the feel not of a lovingly restored museum piece but of a recent seminal work."--Steven Pinker, Science "Darwin's most readable and human book . . . undiminished and intensely relevant even 125 years after publication."--Oliver Sacks, author of Musicophilia and The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat "The Expression of the Emotions predates Freud, and it will still be illuminating human psychology long after Freud's discrediting is complete."--Richard Dawkins, author of The God Delusion "Highly original . . . this is scholarship at its best."--Simon Baron-Cohen, Nature "Ekman's edition is no mere reprint plus introduction."--Mark Ridley, Scientific American
Imagining the king’s Death
Authors: Barrell John
Published: November 2023

It is high treason in British law to 'imagine' the king's death. But after the execution of Louis XVI in 1793, everyone in Britain must have found themselves imagining that the same fate might befall George III. How easy was it to distinguish between fantasising about the death of George and 'imagining' it, in the legal sense of 'intending' or 'designing'? John Barrell examines this question in the context of the political trials of the mid-1790s and the controversies they generated. He shows how the law of treason was adapted in the years following Louis's death to punish what was acknowledged to be a 'modern' form of treason unheard of when the law had been framed. The result, he argues, was the invention of a new, an imaginary, a 'figurative' treason, by which the question of who was imagining the king's death, the supposed traitors or those who charged them with treason, became inescapable.
Later Medieval English Literature
Authors: Gray Douglas
Published: November 2023

The remarkable and diverse literature produced in the fascinating later medieval period - one of war, transitions, and challenges - is not as widely known as it deserves to be. In this descriptive guide the pre-eminent scholar of medieval literature Douglas Gray provides the non-specialist reader with an illuminating account of the extensive literature written in English from the death of Chaucer to the early sixteenth century . Placing the works under consideration in their landscape of cultural history, Gray's survey includes a valuable chronology, an informative introductory survey, and detailed sections on prose, poetry, Scottish writing, and drama.
Introduction
Authors: Knox Bernard
Published: November 2023

Unlike the other contributors to this volume, I have never enjoyed the privilege of studying under the direction of the eminent scholar whose 75th birthday it celebrates. He began his undergraduate studies at Oxford in 1940 and resumed them in 1946 after military service in the Far East; I went down from Cambridge in 1936 and did not pursue further study of the classics until 1946, as a graduate student at Yale University in the USA. I did not meet him until some time in the 1960s, when he came to read a paper at the Center for Hellenic Studies in Washington, of which I was at that time Director. We became friends, so that although he is now Sir Hugh, I will adapt Falstaff’s formula —Sir Hugh with all Europe but Hugh to his friends —and refer to him throughout as Hugh.
Plain Words in Sophocles
Authors: West Stephanie
Published: November 2023

Writing a commentary on Oedipus at Colonus has made me think about how to do justice to the extraordinary poise and power of Sophoclean language, despite its seeming simplicity in this late play. Hence the ‘plain words’ of my title, but plain in the spirit of Shakespeare’s Lear: What I mean by ‘plain words’ or ‘dealing plainly’ is not artless naivety or homely colloquialism; I am well aware that Sophoclean discourse—like Shakespeare’s-is typically artful in the extreme, relying on a range of vocabulary that includes many abstract nouns and many synonyms, often coinages, which make possible an elaborate use of variatio. This subtlety of variation is evident too in syntax, in word-order, sentence-structure, and the rhetorical shaping of arguments, not to mention verse rhythm, and there is a network of references to other texts that further enriches
Sophocles’ Philoctetes: A Problem Play?
Authors: Heath Malcolm
Published: November 2023

Thus Oliver Taplin. I concur, and propose in this paper to examine some of the problems which the Philoctetes poses. This may seem a paradoxical aim, in view of the footnote attached to Taplin’s statement: ‘I am not persuaded that I should give up this sort of interpretation by M. Heath’s The Poetics of Greek Tragedy .. .’. But although, on rereading that book a decade after publication, I can see how readily it lends itself to misconstruction, it was in fact no part of my aim in writing the book to persuade its readers that they should give up that sort of interpretation. I wish therefore to begin by clarifying some aspects of the view of Greek tragedy for which I was then arguing. This will bring to light one important respect in which that view is inadequate; acknowledging the defect will in turn lead us to the larger questions that I have in mind in the present chapter. Readers impatient of such prolegomena should feel free to proceed directly to §II, where the discussion of the Philoctetes it self commences.
Attic Script
Authors: Immerwahr Henry R
Published: November 2023

The aim of this study is to place the inscriptions found on Athenian vases in the context of the early development of writing in Athens from the time of the invention of the alphabet in the eighth century BC to the early fourth, when the local alphabet had been supplanted by the common Ionic script. Other sources include the inscriptions on stone, both public and private, scratched inscriptions on pottery, among them the political ostraca, and some inscriptions on lead tablets; they are, however, insufficient to give a full picture of actual writing practices in a period from which we have no papyri. Although the vase inscriptions are brief, they number in the thousands, and being autographs of the period, they give a more accurate picture of the art of writing and the state of literacy in the Classical period. This book presents a selection of inscriptions, with many illustrations, that will help students of ancient vase painting to properly appreciate the individuality, writing competence, and level of education of the members of the pottery workshops, and epigraphists to get a better feel for the different styles of the well-known stone inscriptions. Professor Immerwahr has been working for many years on a complete collection of the inscriptions on Attic pottery, which he hopes will help contribute to a wide-ranging study of aspects of ancient life.
Inscriptions of the Protottic Period, 700–620 Bc
Authors: Immerwahr Henry R
Published: November 2023

In the seventh century we find a small group of painted inscriptions on vases.1 Several of the inscribed vases were found in Aegina (9, 10, 15) and some have recently been attributed by Morris to a separate Aeginetan workshop.2 The inscription on 10 is certainly not Attic. Only one inscription is dated substantially earlier than c.660 BC:
Characteristics of Early Greek Writing
Authors: Immerwahr Henry R
Published: November 2023

If we consider the thoroughness with which the antiquities of Athens have been explored, the scarcity and low quality of extant Attic inscriptions of the eighth and seventh centuries cannot be accidental. Before the time of Draco Athens was a cultural backwater—not a suitable location for the composition of the Homeric poems, as some have thought. The only very early inscription on stone is a graffito, 8. The earliest Attic stone inscriptions are dated by Jeffery to the last quarter of the seventh century, a date perhaps too early for one of them (below, p. 23). The Attic script between 750 and 625 BC cannot be reconstructed for lack of evidence, since the largest group of published inscriptions, the Hymettus graffiti, were written by persons of limited writing skill. On the whole, the types of inscriptions found in this period resemble those of later periods, with some exceptions such as signatures. Unusual among them, however, are the egraphsen texts from Hymettus, probably connected with dedications, and the names on storage amphorae.3 All these inscriptions are informal and written by vase-painters and by the general run of users of vases; none are professional.
The Corinthianizing Period, 620–570BC
Authors: Immerwahr Henry R
Published: November 2023

We saw earlier that while painted inscriptions appear on vases from the late eighth century on, the first such inscriptions (9) is from Aegina and not certainly Attic. Likewise, the earliest mythological name, from the second quarter of the seventh century, is clearly Aeginetan (10); it is contemporary with the appearance of such names on Protocorinthian vases. It is not before the last quarter of the century that we get more than the occasional painted inscription on Attic pottery. Corinth clearly took the lead in the custom of applying inscriptions to vases. The style of Attic dipinti imitates the Corinthian: the letters are large and broad, and are arranged in bands which fill empty spaces rather than following the contours of the figures. This writing style prevails until the end of the first quarter of the sixth century, when both in Corinth and in Athens, though independently, a certain modernization takes place.
The François Vase and its Contemporaries
Authors: Immerwahr Henry R
Published: November 2023

As Jeffery has shown, a new style of writing develops in Attica early in the second quarter of the sixth century; its hallmark is the dotted theta. The great vase-painters of this period, Kleitias and Nearchos, are also masters of the new script. The Francois Vase (Florence 4209), painted by Kleitias and fashioned by Ergotimos, may serve as the principal example of the new style, even though it still maintains some of the Archaic features of the writing of the preceding period.
Cyprus and Assyria
Authors: Reyes A T
Published: November 2023

I had lying upon a chair a volume of Layard’s ‘Nineveh,’ and selecting a page upon which was an engraving as nearly resembling the object I knew the man had concealed as I could find, I told him that this book was a book of divination, and that by it I could discover whether or not he had secreted any of the antiquities. Then, boldly turning to the engraving, I pointed it out to him, and demanded its immediate restitution, but with the promise of a good backsheesh if complied with at once.
Exploratory Charts
Authors: Taplin Oliver
Published: November 2023

Walcott’s epic has, I find, a deeper affinity with Homer-in scope and humanity as well as in its many reverberations-than anything in English poetry since Tennyson-deeper and perhaps greater even than David Jones’s In Parenthesis. One crucial affinity is the ever-presence of the sea, its traversability and its danger. Walcott’s Aegean is the Caribbean that surrounds St Lucia and the other islands, crossed by slaves from Africa, colonizers from Britain, tourists from America, as well as by exiles and homecomers: Of all the metaphors that have been applied to Homer over the centuries-the sun, a great edifice, a deep-browed king, a copious nursery-the most widespread has been the sea.2 Poet and poem become fused in this image.
Turnings Towards Death
Authors: Taplin Oliver
Published: November 2023

‘Patroklos, you must have thought that you would sack our city, and take the day of freedom from the women of Troy and carry them off in your ships to your own native land—poor fool! In their defence Hektor’s swift horses speed into battle, and I am renowned for my spear among all the war-loving Trojans, for keeping the day of compulsion from them—but you, the vultures will eat you here. Poor wretch, not even Achilleus, for all his greatness, could help you. He must have given you firm instructions when he stayed behind and sent you out, saying, ‘Let me not see you back at the hollow ships, horseman Patroklos, until you have ripped and bloodied murderous Hektor’s tunic on his chest. That is what he will have said, and swayed your foolish heart.’
Quantification
Authors: Dover Kenneth
Published: November 2023

Some years ago a music critic, reviewing a new recording of Bruckner’s symphonies, remarked: There is no composer whose style is more individual; Bruckner is recognisable from a single bar, whereas with Brahms one frequently needs eight. A listener who is enthusiastic and fairly knowledgeable, but neither performer nor musicologist nor professional critic, might well fail to identify Bruckner from a single bar and yet identify him (or Vivaldi, or Sibelius, or many another) from forty-eight bars—without necessarily being able to tell us why. Such a listener is reminded of familiar work by a piece previously unheard, and can say, ‘this is like that passage in ... ‘, but the perception of likeness is notoriously subjective, because one person may treat as highly significant a similarity or difference which another person does not even notice.
Speeches, Stories, and Talk
Authors: Dover Kenneth
Published: November 2023

Let us put ourselves in the position of the first Greek, whoever he was and wherever and whenever he lived, who committed a prose composition to papyrus, whether he allowed it to go into circulation or retained it for his own recitation to friends. The second such writer could, if he wished, take the style of the first as a model, and at least is unlikely to have disregarded it altogether if he knew of it.
Rhythm
Authors: Dover Kenneth
Published: November 2023

One of the earliest passages of Greek literary prose which we possess—perhaps the earliest—is theopening of the theogonic work of Pherecydes Syr. (DK 7 B 1). Its rhythm is strongly dactylic, a formal reinforcement of the affinity of its content to Hesiodic poetry.
A Sophist in Court: The Apologia
Authors: Harrison S J
Published: November 2023

A partial view (in all senses) of the circumstances surrounding Apuleius’ Apologia’ is given us in some detail in the work itself, at Apol. 72-98, the main narrative section of the speech. This view need not be taken as wholly truthful, but provides a convenient guide to the sequence of events from Apuleius’ own perspective, certain to be strongly biased in his own favour, and is summarized here in the absence of other evidence. In the winter of AD 156-7,2 Apuleius arrived at the town of Oea, modern Tripoli in Libya, travelling eastwards to the sophistic centre of Alexandria. There he stayed with some friends, the Appii, for a number of days, recovering from exhaustion brought on by the journey (perhaps from Carthage, a major journey whether by land or sea, or perhaps even from Athens or Rome).
Popular Philosophy: De Deo Socratis
Authors: Harrison S J
Published: November 2023

The De Deo Socratis is the only one of the three extant philosophical books transmitted together under the name of Apuleius of which the authenticity is not disputed. It is neither a tralatician doxographical treatise like the De Platone, nor a translation of a known Greek philosophical text like the De Mundo (for these two works see Chapter 5), but a popular philosophical lecture of the kind widespread in the Greek Second Sophistic, adapted for a Latin-speaking audience.1 This chapter will not engage with the extensive technical discussions of the philosophical colour and influences shown in the De Deo Socrati, though it assumes a generally Platonist stance consistent with Apuleius’ self-presentation as a philosophus Platonicus; nor will it deal with the finer points of ancient demonology raised by the Apuleian text, which have been more than adequately treated by others.
More Rare Verse-Forms
Authors: Lloyd-Jones Hugh
Published: November 2023

Now the analysis dochm. + ba. does not make the clausula any different; it simply throws into relief the fact that the clausula echoes, in its first part, the dochmiacs of the preceding verse. This means that it has dochmiac as well as iambic affinities, as indeed is obvious from its rhythm.
Epic of Myth: Valerius Flaccus’ Argonautica and Statius’ Thebaid
Authors: Feeney D C
Published: November 2023

The last two epics of our study treat subjects from the time before the heroes of Homer. The voyage of the Argonauts is already a famous topic of poetry in the Odyssey. Circe speaks to Odysseus of ‘Argo, which is in the minds of al!’ (Od. 12. 70). On our present evidence, this was the myth that first broke history’s gnp on Roman epic after one hundred and fifty years, when Vergil’s contemporary, Varro of Atax, adapted Apollonius’ Argonautica into Latin hexameters. The subject of Statius’ epic, the expedition of the Seven against Thebes, was likewise a long-standing favour ite in the Greek world, which had also been treated by at least one earlier Roman epic poetz It remains to see if these topics still have life in them, and if the gods are a part of that life.
The Character-Personality Distinction
Authors: Gill Christopher
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I want to explore further a distinction which I have used elsewhere in connection with characterization in ancient literature. In one discussion, I used the distinction to discriminate between what I saw as the prevailing approaches of ancient and modern biographers to their subjects, associating the ancient approach with ‘character’ and the modern one rather with ‘personality’. In a subsequent discussion, I used a related distinction (between a ‘character-viewpoint’ and a ‘personality-viewpoint’) to identify different types of audience response to the presentation of figures in Greek tragedy.
Character and Action, Representation and Reading Greek Tragedy and its Critics
Authors: Goldhill Simon
Published: November 2023

The idea of ‘human nature’ tends to attract the rhetoric of ‘essential truth’, and rarely with less critical attention than in the study of characterization in ancient dramatic fiction. The disciplines of philosophy, history, and anthropology have established from their differing viewpoints a need to acknowledge the complex problems involved both in understanding such categorizations as ‘the natural’ or ‘the human’ in other cultures, and also in recognizing or repressing the cultural imperialism of the interpreter’s own system of categorization in such an enterprise.
Ēthos in Oratory and Rhetoric
Authors: Russell D A
Published: November 2023

To be sure, goodness is a blessed thing for any occasion, wonderful equipment for life. I’ve been talking to this gentleman only for a small part of the day, and now I’m devoted to him. Someone’s going to say: ‘Words are the persuasive thing, especially the words of clever people.’ Well, why then do I detest other people who speak well? It’s the speaker’s personality that carries conviction, not his words.
Hellenic Culture and the Roman Heroes of Plutarch
Authors: Swain S C R
Published: November 2023

Plutarch of Chaeroneia stands almost alone among Greeks of the Roman Empire in displaying in his works an extensive knowledge of, and interest in, Rome and Romans. The knowledge of Roman history and the many notes on Roman institutions and usages seen in the Lives together with the work specifically devoted to Roman customs, the quaest. Rom., and the celebration of Rome’s good fortune, the de fort. Rom., testify to his great sympathy with the Roman way of life. For us Plutarch is a unique bridge between Greece and Rome. But what sort of bridge does he himself envisage between Rome and his own world? In particular, how far does Plutarch believe that Romans share his own Hellenic culture? In answering this question I shall argue that in his presentation of Romans Plutarch often shows himself to be conscious that Hellenic culture had been imported to Rome and could never be fully taken for granted among Romans as it could among Greeks, and that as a consequence it is worth while for him as a student of character to consider how well and with what benefit Romans absorb it.
Plutarch and Roman Politics
Authors: PELLING C B R
Published: November 2023

Is Plutarch really interested in Roman politics? After all, he is writing biography, not history; and there are certainly times when he disclaims any interest in describing historical background. That sort of thing, he says, may be left to the writers of continuous histories; it is often the little things, the words and the jests, which reveal a man’s character, not the great battles or the sieges of cities. ‘Often’ the little things, we should notice: often, not always. Plutarch’s biography is a very flexible genre, and his interest in historical background is one of the things which vary. Sometimes he does write very personal Lives, sketching the historical setting in only the vaguest lines: the Crassus, for instance; or the Antony, which somehow or other describes the politics of the two years from summer 44 to summer 42 without even mentioning Brutus and Cassius; or the Cato minor, where he contrives to describe the formation of the triple alliance of 60 BC without naming Crassus. But there are other Lives where his interest in history is very clear indeed, and he is evidently concerned to present the same sort of analysis as those ‘writers of continuous history’-though he naturally sets about it in rather different ways. The Caesar is a good example.
Plutarch’s Life of Coriolanus
Authors: RUSSELL D A
Published: November 2023

am concerned in this paper’ with Plutarch’s treatment of the story of Coriolanus, not with the historical truth of the legend or with its development before Plutarch’s time. I start from the hypothesis that the Life is, in its essentials, a transposition into biographical form of the historical narrative in Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, Books v to viii. This has long been the common view. It was held and defended by Hermann Peter, Mommsen, and Eduard Schwartz. A careful reading of the two texts side by side tempts me to call it certain, so exact and frequent are the echoes. It is at any rate probable enough to justify an attempt to follow out its consequences by treating the differences between Dionysius and Plutarch, in default of other evidence, as Plutarch’s constructions, to be explained in terms of his literary purposes and methods. This is what I shall do in the main part of this paper. I preface the details, however, by a few more general considerations. If Peter’s view is right, Coriolanus affords a unique opportunity of studying Plutarch’s methods.
Patterns of the Proper-Name Vocative
Authors: Kahane Ahuvia
Published: November 2023

The theme-word patterns studied in the previous chapter relied on precise repetition defined in lexical, grammatical, and metrical terms. In this chapter we examine a more flexible type of repetition embodied in patterns of the proper-name vocative (PNV). Repetition is here defined in grammatical terms and in terms of positioning, but allows for considerable variation of metrical shape (PNVs have many different shapes) and of actual words (there are many different characters in Homer, each with a different PNV).
Category-Shifts
Authors: Wills Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

IN addition to artful shifts in tense, mood, case, or number, repetition can also be so basic as to involve nothing more than the recurrence of a simple stem. The repetition of verbs through derived participles (§1) may perhaps be seen as a shift within the verbal system itself, but shifts are also seen between verbs and derived nouns or vice versa (§2). The resumption of a verb by a participle is a special favourite of Ovid, who accounts for the majority of this figure’s use in Latin, e.g. credite: credenti nulla procella nocet (Am. 2.11.22) or ille fugit fugiensque ... (Met. 3.390).
Parallelism
Authors: Wills Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

THE repetition of pronouns, adverbs, and conjunctions in parallel structures is so common and so basic that a discussion is hardly required, nor a catalogue, since examples abound on every page. Particularly frequent are instances of anaphora, the repetition of a word at the beginning of successive units. Yet even the humbler parts of speech are not neglected by poets, who wish to use all words to their full value. Without any attempt to be exhaustive, I have tried to illustrate several ways in which apparently ordinary repetitions of adverbs and conjunctions were configured by poets.
Allusive Anaphora
Authors: Wills Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

But little words are not only the structural backbone to the shape of a line or a passage. Sometimes they become a point of interest in their own right, and their structure can be a figure to be imitated and refined with the utmost poetic virtuosity. In these cases, the syntactic pattern is sufficiently figured and the words within them can be renewed.
Repeated -que
Authors: Wills Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

The Ovidian pair recurs at AA 3.653, Pont. 2.9.35; the combination with superas hominesque may play on an early Latin superosque hominesque (cf. Sil. 1.152 superumque hominumque). The Manilian line is a clever renewal which starts from Aen. 1.229 hominumque deumque, now treating deumque as an accusative. The names of winds, stars, and other natural features offer further evidence of Latin variation within this Homeric syntax.
Positional Patterns
Authors: Wills Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

EVERY repetition has a spatial or temporal dimension which may be plotted and appreciated. The importance of repetition in oratory arises in part from the ability of figures to define units and give structure to the continuing flow of words. But in verse, these patterns of repetition must then be integrated with metrical structures, themselves based on recurrent patterns, as suggested by the young Hopkins: The artificial part of poetry, perhaps we shall be right to say all artifice, reduces itself to the principle of parallelism.
Deconstructing Gortyn: When is a Code a Code
Authors: Davies John K
Published: November 2023

Discussion of Greek law beyond Athens has tended to look first, for good reasons, at Gortyn in Crete, the only alternative source of extensive documentation in the classical period. Even so, and in spite of Margherita Guarducci’s exemplary publication of the material in I 95o, detailed study of it has been very thin on the ground till recently, with the honourable exception of the series of studies by Ronald Willetts which culminated in his re-edition of the Great Code in 1967. Some more recent work, notably by Michael Gagarin, has advanced the discussion, but it remains concentrated very largely on the Code, whether as documentary evidence of substantive law or as the reflection of social customs and values.
Oaths and Dispute Settlement in Ancient Greek Law
Authors: Thur Gerhard
Published: November 2023

As a lawyer I feel a little uncomfortable when addressing historians. Our common interest is, generally speaking, human behaviour. The historian is interested in its descriptive aspect, ‘as it is or was’, the lawyer in a normative one, ‘as it ought to be’ (cf. Foxhall, this volume). A legal historian falls between the two stools; my field of study is law as part of everyday life in Greek antiquity–’law as it was’. Naturally I am also concerned with the ideas the ancient Greeks had about what law ought to be. One might expect to find such ideas in the writings of the Greek philosophers, but in fact the Greek philosophers never considered everyday legal problems in the ways ancient Roman jurists did and modern jurists continue to do. Consequently one has to reconstruct both the details and the principles of Greek law by studying every available source: literature (including philosophy), inscriptions, papyri–evaluating every piece of evidence in its special local and temporal context. The so called legal texts–laws (nomoi), contracts, judgements, and forensic speeches–are no more significant than epic, lyric, tragic, or historiographic writings. References to the principles of Greek law as an everyday phenomenon may be found in all sorts of statements of ancient Greek contemporaries. From the beginning of this century legal historians, particularly Ernst Rabel and Hans Julius Wolff, have emphasized that modern legal categories are not adequate tools with which to understand ancient Greek legal sources.