bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘TifEagle’ Bermudagrass Response to Growth Factors and Mowing Height when Grown at Various Hours of Sunlight
Authors: Bunnell B. Todd , McCarty Lambert B. , Bridges W. C.
Published: July 2010

Application of growth promoters or inhibitors and mowing height adjustment are potential means of improving the growth and performance of TifEagle bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt‐Davy] in a reduced light environment (RLE). A study was conducted in June to August 2001 and 2002 to examine the effects of growth factors and two mowing heights on TifEagle bermudagrass when grown at various hours of sunlight. Shade cloth (92%) was used at different intervals to obtain three sunlight hours, 12 h (0800–2000 h), 8 h (1000–1800 h), and 4 h (1200–1600 h), with an average 2‐yr daily light integral (DLI) of 41.1, 35.5, and 22.1 mol m−2 d−1, respectively. Sunlight hours were split by growth factor applications and mowing height. Growth factors included trinexapac‐ethyl [TE; 4‐(cyclopropyl‐alpha‐hydroxymethylene)‐3,5‐dioxo‐cyclohexanecarboxylic acid ethyl ester] at 0.0393 kg a.i. ha−1 every 3 wk, gibberellic acid (GA) at 0.059 kg Gibberellin A3 (GA3) ha−1 every 2 wk, additional nitrogen (+N) application of 24.5 kg N ha−1 every 2 wk, and an untreated check. Turf was mowed at 3.2 or 4.7 mm daily. Acceptable turf quality (TQ) followed all growth factor treatments receiving the 12 and 8 h of sunlight, except GA. For the 4‐h sunlight treatments, only plots treated with TE and mowed at 4.7 mm resulted in acceptable TQ. The +N applications increased percentage lateral regrowth (RG) of TifEagle bermudagrass by 7 to 10% compared with other growth factors. Across all sunlight treatments, TE increased total shoot chlorophyll by as much as 19 and 42% compared with untreated, +N, and GA‐applied plots. The 3.2‐mm mowing height increased total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) by 19% compared with TifEagle mowed at 4.7 mm. Growth factors, including TE, +N, or GA, did not improve TNC concentration. In a RLE, methods of improving the growth and performance of TifEagle bermudagrass include TE applications and raising the height of cut to 4.7 mm. Overall, the growth and performance of TifEagle bermudagrass reduced greatly in the 4‐h sunlight treatments compared with 12‐ and 8‐h sunlight treatments.
Agronomic and Seed Characteristics of Soybean with Reduced Raffinose and Stachyose
Authors: Neus Jason D. , Fehr Walter R. , Schnebly Steven R.
Published: July 2010

Monogastric animals cannot readily digest the raffinose and stachyose in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], which reduces the amount of metabolizable energy that can be obtained from soybean meal. Soybean cultivars homozygous for the recessive allele stc1a from PI200508 have a reduced content of raffinose and stachyose and an increased content of sucrose. The objective of our study was to evaluate the influence of the stc1a allele on agronomic and seed traits. Two populations were developed by crossing two high‐yielding cultivars to a donor with the stc1a stc1a genotype. Lines from each population with the stc1a stc1a genotype (stc1a lines) and Stc1a Stc1a genotype (Stc1a lines) were grown in replicated tests at three Iowa locations during 2002. There were no significant differences in the mean performance of stc1a and Stc1a lines in one or both of the populations for field emergence, seed yield, maturity, lodging, height, protein, oil, palmitate, stearate, oleate, linoleate, or linolenate. It should be possible to develop stc1a stc1a cultivars with reduced raffinose and stachyose that perform as well as conventional Stc1a Stc1a cultivars for all the agronomic and seed traits evaluated.
Inheritance of Promiscuous Nodulation in Soybean
Authors: Gwata E. T. , Wofford D. S. , Boote K. J. , Blount A. R. , Pfahler P. L.
Published: July 2010

The development of functional root nodules resulting in N2 fixation in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] can be induced by two strains of rhizobia, Bradyrhizobium japonicum (B. japonicum) and Bradyrhizobium spp. (cowpea‐type). Genetic control of response to each type has been recognized in soybeans with two categories identified after inoculation with cowpea‐type rhizobial strains: (i) promiscuous, which produces functional nodules, N2 fixation, and green leaves; and (ii) nonpromiscuous, which forms no or nonfunctional nodules and yellow leaves. Using leaf color, segregation patterns indicated that nonpromiscuity was dominant with two alleles segregating at each of two independent loci. With this genetic model, the expression of promiscuity requires the presence of both recessive alleles at each locus. Since the cowpea strain is indigenous to the soils in many tropical areas, especially Africa, the development of promiscuous soybean cultivars would greatly increase soybean production without commercial seed inoculation.
Nitrogen Uptake and Partitioning in Stay‐Green and Leafy Maize Hybrids
Authors: Subedi K. D. , Ma B. L.
Published: July 2010

Nitrogen requirement, uptake, and remobilization patterns have been extensively studied for normal maize (Zea mays L.), but there is limited published work for the stay‐green (SG) and Leafy hybrids. Under controlled greenhouse conditions, growth, N uptake and partitioning patterns of three contrasting maize hybrids (a conventional, ‘Pioneer 3905’, one bearing the SG trait ‘Pioneer 39F06 Bt’, and one with Leafy trait ‘Maizex LF850‐RR’) were investigated. Individual plants grown in 6‐L plastic pots were subjected to five different N fertilization regimes: (i) no N supply from seeding to V8, (ii) withholding N supply after V8, (iii) withholding N supply after silking, (iv) withholding N supply from 3 wk after silking to physiological maturity, and (v) continuous N supply from emergence to physiological maturity (control). Leaf chlorophyll content, dry matter, N uptake, and accumulation in different plant parts were measured. The Leafy hybrid had a greater number of leaves and total plant dry matter while kernel yield was similar to that of the other two hybrids. There were no differences in total N uptake and partitioning among the hybrids studied across all five N treatments. The SG hybrid (Pioneer 39F06 Bt) remained green until physiological maturity only when there was a continuous N supply in the growing medium. For all hybrids, N supply was more critical before silking than after silking as limiting N supply reduced ear size, kernel yield and N uptake. Restriction of N supply from seeding to V8 caused an irreparable reduction in ear size and kernel yield (30%). Withholding N supply fromV8 to maturity reduced kernel yield by 22% and N uptake by 53%. There was no yield reduction when N was restricted from silking, or 3 wk after silking to physiological maturity. The results indicate that stay‐greenness in maize was exhibited only when there is an adequate supply of N in the growing medium and is not associated with greater N acquisition or remobilization than the conventional hybrids even with full N fertilization.
Recurrent Mutation and Genome Evolution: Example of Sugary1 and the Origin of Sweet Maize
Authors: Tracy William F. , Whitt Sherry R. , Buckler Edward S.
Published: July 2010

In maize (Zea mays L.), mutations at the Sugary 1 locus are the genetic bases for maize with specialty uses cultivated throughout the western hemisphere precontact (pre‐Columbian). The traditional North American sweet maize is homozygous for a recessive sugary1 (su1) allele. Determining the number of unique alleles among su1 maize races is relevant to the debate in archeology and evolutionary biology over whether independent mutation or migration plays a dominant role in the spread of novel phenotypes. We sequenced su1 from 57 cultivars of su1 maize and determined that five independent mutations have been selected. Three of these five alleles were single base pair changes at highly conserved sites and a fourth was a 1.3‐kbp transposon. It will be interesting to note if future study in a variety of disciplines will lead to consensus on the significant role of recurrent mutation in evolution.
Disease Expression and Ecophysiological Yield Components in Sunflower Isohybrids with and without Verticillium dahliae Resistance
Authors: Creus C. , Bazzalo M. E. , Grondona M. , Andrade F. , León A. J.
Published: July 2010

Verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae Kleb.) is an important disease affecting sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in most production areas in Argentina, Canada, and the United States. Estimation of yield losses produced by the disease is difficult because of the absence of highly efficient chemical control and resistant hybrids of comparable yield potential. In this work nine pairs of isohybrids with and without resistance to V. dahliae were sown at five different locations and evaluated under natural infection to determine disease induced yield reductions across environments with varying V. dahliae incidence. The effects of the disease on physiological components of growth were studied in a separate trial with three pairs of isohybrids. Disease incidence and severity for resistant isohybrids (R) were zero or nearly zero independently of their genetic background in all locations, indicating the isohybrids were highly resistant or immune. In the most severe environments, grain and oil yield of susceptible isohybrids (S) were nearly 30% less than those of the resistance couterparts. The incorporated resistance resulted in an increased percent radiation interception and radiation use efficiency (RUE). However, the effect of the disease on crop growth rate was evident after flowering. Up to that phenological stage, leaf expansion, radiation interception and photosynyhetic rate did not differ between R and S isohybrids.
Adventitious Presence of Herbicide Resistant Wheat in Certified and Farm‐Saved Seed Lots
Authors: Gaines Todd , Preston Christopher , Byrne Patrick , Henry W. Brien , Westra Philip
Published: July 2010

Varietal purity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seed production is necessary for agronomic uniformity and to enable potential market segregation. We conducted a survey of certified and farm‐saved seed samples using a nontransgenic imidazolinone‐resistant (IR) wheat cultivar in 2004 and 2005 in eastern Colorado. The objective was to compare varietal purity based on type of seed producer and IR wheat history. Ninety‐two samples of non‐IR varieties were taken from certified and farm‐saved seed growers, who either produced or had never produced IR wheat. Adventitious IR seeds were detected using a seed‐soaking technique in samples from each producer type and each IR production history. Levels of IR seed ranged from 0 to 11.28%. One certified sample and three farm‐saved samples exceeded the 0.1% threshold for off‐types in certified wheat seed. Using a two‐factor analysis, farm‐saved production class and positive IR history increased the estimated proportion of adventitious seed. Based on grower interviews, higher levels of adventitious seed presence were associated with volunteer plants from previous crops of the resistant cultivar and mechanical mixture during harvesting. Production practices for certified seed address these factors and may need to be strengthened if more stringent purity criteria are adopted. This information is important for risk assessment and policy development for potential commercial release of transgenic wheat varieties.
GGE Biplot vs. AMMI Analysis of Genotype‐by‐Environment Data
Authors: Yan Weikai , Kang Manjit S. , Ma Baoluo , Woods Sheila , Cornelius Paul L.
Published: July 2010

The use of genotype main effect (G) plus genotype‐by‐environment (GE) interaction (G+GE) biplot analysis by plant breeders and other agricultural researchers has increased dramatically during the past 5 yr for analyzing multi‐environment trial (MET) data. Recently, however, its legitimacy was questioned by a proponent of Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) analysis. The objectives of this review are: (i) to compare GGE biplot analysis and AMMI analysis on three aspects of genotype‐by‐environment data (GED) analysis, namely mega‐environment analysis, genotype evaluation, and test‐environment evaluation; (ii) to discuss whether G and GE should be combined or separated in these three aspects of GED analysis; and (iii) to discuss the role and importance of model diagnosis in biplot analysis of GED. Our main conclusions are: (i) both GGE biplot analysis and AMMI analysis combine rather than separate G and GE in mega‐environment analysis and genotype evaluation, (ii) the GGE biplot is superior to the AMMI1 graph in mega‐environment analysis and genotype evaluation because it explains more G+GE and has the inner‐product property of the biplot, (iii) the discriminating power vs. representativeness view of the GGE biplot is effective in evaluating test environments, which is not possible in AMMI analysis, and (iv) model diagnosis for each dataset is useful, but accuracy gain from model diagnosis should not be overstated.
Genetic Variation for Yield and Fiber Quality Response to Supplemental Irrigation within the Pee Dee Upland Cotton Germplasm Collection
Authors: Campbell B. T. , Bauer P. J.
Published: July 2010

Water availability is a major factor influencing cotton cultivar performance and sustainable cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production in the southeastern USA. An increased understanding of the response of diverse cotton germplasm lines to supplemental irrigation could aid in future efforts to develop cultivars targeted to irrigated or dryland environments. In this study, 13 germplasm lines were selected from the Pee Dee (PD) germplasm collection and evaluated to measure the effect of supplemental irrigation on a number of agronomic and fiber quality traits important to cotton production systems. Most PD germplasm lines receiving supplemental irrigation had increased plant height and lint percent, while boll weight, seed index, fiber length, fiber strength, uniformity index, and micronaire decreased. Cultivars PD‐2 and FM‐966 did not show a significant response to supplemental irrigation for any of the traits measured. In contrast, PD5377 and PD93009 showed differential responses to supplemental irrigation for 5 out of the 12 traits measured. This study shows the importance of comparing individual genotype response to supplemental irrigation for agronomic and fiber quality traits to efficiently target genotypes for irrigated or dryland environments.
Getting the Point—Mutations in Maize
Authors: Weil Clifford F. , Monde Rita‐Ann
Published: July 2010

Point mutations are important tools for understanding gene functions and genetic interactions, as well as for identifying neomorphs. The Maize Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes (TILLING) Project has been established to provide reverse genetics resources that can screen ethyl methonyl sulfonate (EMS)–mutagenized populations of maize (Zea mays L.) for individuals carrying point mutations in virtually any gene in the genome. In addition, a variation on TILLING, EcoTILLING, can be used on Maize Diversity Lines to gauge how much genetic diversity is present in maize germplasm at any given locus. The maize populations developed for TILLING, in the B73 and W22 inbred lines, also serve as an excellent and publicly available forward genetics resource.
Simulated Physician Learning Program Improves Glucose Control in Adults With Diabetes
Authors: Sperl-Hillen JoAnn M. , O'Connor Patrick J. , Rush William A. , Johnson Paul E. , Gilmer Todd , Biltz George , Asche Stephen E. , Ekstrom Heidi L.
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVE

Inexpensive and standardized methods to deliver medical education to primary care physicians (PCPs) are desirable. Our objective was to assess the impact of an individualized simulated learning intervention on diabetes care provided by PCPs.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Eleven clinics with 41 consenting PCPs in a Minnesota medical group were randomized to receive or not receive the learning intervention. Each intervention PCP was assigned 12 simulated type 2 diabetes cases that took about 15 min each to complete. Cases were designed to remedy specific physician deficits found in their electronic medical record observed practice patterns. General linear mixed models that accommodated the cluster randomized study design were used to assess patient-level change from preintervention to 12-month postintervention of A1C, blood pressure, and LDL cholesterol. The relationship between the study arm and the total of intervention and patient health care costs was also analyzed.

RESULTS

Intervention clinic patients with baseline A1C ≥7% significantly improved glycemic control at the last postintervention A1C measurement, intervention effect of −0.19% mean A1C (P = 0.034) and +6.7% in A1C <7% goal achievement (P = 0.0099). Costs trended lower, with the cost per patient −$71 (SE = 142, P = 0.63) relative to nonintervention clinic patients. The intervention did not significantly improve blood pressure or LDL control. Models adjusting for age, sex, and comorbidity showed similar results. PCPs reported high satisfaction.

CONCLUSIONS

A brief individualized case-based simulated learning intervention for PCPs led to modest but significant glucose control improvement in adults with type 2 diabetes without increasing costs.
On equivalent strictly G-convex renormings of Banach spaces
Authors: Boyko Nataliia
Published: July 2010

We study strictly G-convex renormings and extensions of strictly G-convex norms on Banach spaces. We prove that ℓω(Γ) space cannot be strictly G-convex renormed given Γ is uncountable and G is bounded and separable.
Susceptibility of Candida spp. clinical isolates to antimycotics and disinfectants
Authors: Staniszewska Monika , Rozbicka Beata , Rajnisz Aleksandra , Bocian Ewa , Wasińska Ewa , Jakimiak Bożenna , Röhm-Rodowald Ewa , Kurzątkowski Wiesław , Tyski Stefan
Published: July 2010

The incidence of candidiasis among immunocompromised patients and emergence of antimycotics resistant strains has increased significantly. The aims of this study were: to examine the in vitro activity of antimycotics and biocides against Candida clinical isolates; to detect cross-resistance of fungi to these preparations and to estimate whether disinfectants applied in hospital areas are active against clinical Candida isolates. In vitro susceptibility of 102 Candida isolates to eight antimycotics was examined by Etest and ATB Fungus. Sensitivity of these strains to four disinfectants and an antiseptic agent was tested according to EN 1275:2005. Amphotericin B, caspofungin and 5-fluorocytosine were the most effective antimycotics against all Candida isolates. Resistance to itraconazole and fluconazole was observed among C. krusei and C. glabrata. The MICs (Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations) for ketoconazole, voriconazole and posaconazole against Candida albicans ranged: 0.003 - >32 μg/ml and one strain was resistant to three agents tested. All analysed Candida strains were sensitive to biocides containing either chlorine, aldehyde, alcohol mixtures, glucoprotamin or chlorhexidine gluconate with isopropanol. Sensitivity to these agents was observed at concentrations lower than those concentrations recommended by manufacturers to achieve proper biocidal activity to those preparations. Our data suggest that these disinfectants can be effectively applied in clinical wards to prevent nosocomial Candida infections.
A Clinical Trial of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation in Improving Quadriceps Muscle Strength and Activation Among Women With Mild and Moderate Osteoarthritis
Authors: Palmieri-Smith Riann M. , Thomas Abbey C. , Karvonen-Gutierrez Carrie , Sowers MaryFran
Published: July 2010

Background

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) has demonstrated efficacy in improving quadriceps muscle strength (force-generating capacity) and activation following knee replacement and ligamentous reconstruction. Yet, data are lacking to establish the efficacy of NMES in people with evidence of early radiographic osteoarthritis.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to determine whether NMES is capable of improving quadriceps muscle strength and activation in women with mild and moderate knee osteoarthritis.

Design

This study was a randomized controlled trial.

Methods

Thirty women with radiographic evidence of mild or moderate knee osteoarthritis were randomly assigned to receive either no treatment (standard of care) or NMES treatments 3 times per week for 4 weeks. The effects of NMES on quadriceps muscle strength and activation were evaluated upon study enrollment, as well as at 5 and 16 weeks after study enrollment, which represent 1 and 12 weeks after cessation of NMES among the treated participants. The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index and a 40-foot (12.19-m) walk test were used at each testing session.

Results

Improvements in quadriceps muscle strength or activation were not realized for the women in the intervention group. Quadriceps muscle strength and activation were similar across testing sessions for both groups.

Limitations

Women were enrolled based on radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis, not symptomatic osteoarthritis, which could have contributed to our null finding. A type II statistical error may have been committed despite an a priori power calculation. The assessor and the patients were not blinded to group assignment, which may have introduced bias into the study.

Conclusions

Four weeks of NMES delivered to women with mild and moderate osteoarthritis and mild strength deficits was insufficient to induce gains in quadriceps muscle strength or activation. Future research is needed to examine the dose-response relationship for NMES in people with early radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis.
Dispersal of the raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides into a newly invaded area in Central Europe
Authors: Drygala Frank , Zoller Hinrich , Stier Norman , Roth Mechthild
Published: July 2010

In order to understand dispersal behaviour and its population consequences, we captured 136 raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides pups (i.e. < 1 year old) in northeastern Germany (Mecklenburg‐Western Pomerania). We ear‐tagged all animals and additionally fitted 48 of them with radio‐collars. There were findings of 59 (43.4%) animals and the mean distance from the marking point was 13.5 km ± 20.1 (SD). Dispersal mortality rate was 69.5% among young raccoon dogs. Most animals (55.9%) were recovered < 5 km from the marking place, whereas only 8.5% of the records were > 50 km from the marking point. The distances of the dispersal did not differ between sexes. Most (53.7%) records of ear‐tagged young raccoon dogs were made in August and September, and only 34.1% were recorded during October‐April. Hunting (55%) and traffic (27%) were the major mortality criteria. Most radio‐collared young raccoon dogs dispersed between July and September. The mean natal home‐range size (MCP 100) with and without excursion was 502.6 ha ± 66.4 (SD; N = 9) and 92.1 ha ± 66.4 (N = 17). There were no differences between males and females in the month of dispersal. Raccoon dogs dispersed into all directions with distances varying between 0.5 km and 91.2 km. Radio‐collared, dispersing animals showed a variety of movement patterns and the impression of flexible migration behaviour was confirmed. The fact that males and females showed equal dispersing behaviour is supposed to be one of the factors contributing to the high expansion and the success of the species.
Second Law Analysis of Viscoelastic Fluid over a Stretching Sheet Subject to a Transverse Magnetic Field with Heat and Mass Transfer
Authors: Aïboud Soraya , Saouli Salah
Published: July 2010

This paper concerns the second law analysis of a viscoelastic fluid over a stretching sheet subject to a transverse magnetic field with heat and mass transfer. The velocity, temperature and concentration profiles are obtained analytically using Kummer’s functions. The effects of the magnetic and viscoelastic parameters on both the longitudianl and the transverse velocities are investigated. The influence of Prandt number, the magnetic parameter and the heat source/sink parameter on the temperature is analysed. The concentration and its variations with the Schmidt number and the magnetic parameter is presented as well. The velocity, the temperature and the concentration profiles are used to compute the entropy generation number. This number is graphed and studied as function of the magnetic parameter, the Prandtl number, The Schmidt number, the Reynolds number, the dimensionless group, the Hartmann number, the ratio of the dimensionless concentration difference to the dimensionless temperature difference and the constant parameter.
Next Generation Sequencing of Ancient DNA: Requirements, Strategies and Perspectives
Authors: Knapp Michael , Hofreiter Michael
Published: July 2010

The invention of next-generation-sequencing has revolutionized almost all fields of genetics, but few have profited from it as much as the field of ancient DNA research. From its beginnings as an interesting but rather marginal discipline, ancient DNA research is now on its way into the centre of evolutionary biology. In less than a year from its invention next-generation-sequencing had increased the amount of DNA sequence data available from extinct organisms by several orders of magnitude. Ancient DNA research is now not only adding a temporal aspect to evolutionary studies and allowing for the observation of evolution in real time, it also provides important data to help understand the origins of our own species. Here we review progress that has been made in next-generation-sequencing of ancient DNA over the past five years and evaluate sequencing strategies and future directions.
Antiplatelet Aggregation and Platelet Activating Factor (PAF) Receptor Antagonistic Activities of the Essential Oils of Five Goniothalamus Species
Authors: Moharam Bushra Abdulkarim , Jantan Ibrahim , Ahmad Fasihuddin bin , Jalil Juriyati
Published: July 2010

Nine essential oils, hydrodistilled from different parts of five Goniothalamus species (G. velutinus Airy-Shaw, G. woodii Merr., G. clemensii Ban, G. tapis Miq. and G. tapisoides Mat Salleh) were evaluated for their ability to inhibit platelet aggregation in human whole blood using an electrical impedance method and their inhibitory effects on platelet activating factor (PAF) receptor binding with rabbit platelets using 3H-PAF as a ligand. The chemical composition of the oils was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The bark oil of G. velutinus was the most effective sample as it inhibited both arachidonic acid (AA) and ADP-induced platelet aggregation with IC50 values of 93.6 and 87.7 µg/mL, respectively. Among the studied oils, the bark oils of G. clemensii, G. woodii, G. velutinus and the root oil of G. tapis showed significant inhibitory effects on PAF receptor binding, with IC50 values ranging from 3.5 to 10.5 µg/mL. The strong PAF antagonistic activity of the active oils is related to their high contents of sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpenoids, and the individual components in the oils could possibly produce a synergistic effect in the overall antiplatelet activity of the oils.
Synthesis of β-Maltooligosaccharides of Glycitein and Daidzein and their Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Allergic Activities
Authors: Shimoda Kei , Hamada Hiroki
Published: July 2010

The production of β-maltooligosaccharides of glycitein and daidzein using Lactobacillus delbrueckii and cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) as biocatalysts was investigated. The cells of L. delbrueckii glucosylated glycitein and daidzein to give their corresponding 4'- and 7-O-β-glucosides. The β-glucosides of glycitein and daidzein were converted into the corresponding β-maltooligosides by CGTase. The 7-O-β-glucosides of glycitein and daidzein and 7-O-β-maltoside of glycitein showed inhibitory effects on IgE antibody production. On the other hand, β-glucosides of glycitein and daidzein exerted 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical scavenging activity and supeoxide-radical scavenging activity.
Reaction Force/Torque Sensing in a Master-Slave Robot System without Mechanical Sensors
Authors: Liu Tao , Li Chunguang , Inoue Yoshio , Shibata Kyoko
Published: July 2010

In human-robot cooperative control systems, force feedback is often necessary in order to achieve high precision and high stability. Usually, traditional robot assistant systems implement force feedback using force/torque sensors. However, it is difficult to directly mount a mechanical force sensor on some working terminals, such as in applications of minimally invasive robotic surgery, micromanipulation, or in working environments exposed to radiation or high temperature. We propose a novel force sensing mechanism for implementing force feedback in a master-slave robot system with no mechanical sensors. The system consists of two identical electro-motors with the master motor powering the slave motor to interact with the environment. A bimanual coordinated training platform using the new force sensing mechanism was developed and the system was verified in experiments. Results confirm that the proposed mechanism is capable of achieving bilateral force sensing and mirror-image movements of two terminals in two reverse control directions.
A Piezoelectric Plethysmograph Sensor Based on a Pt Wire Implanted Lead Lanthanum Zirconate Titanate Bulk Ceramic
Authors: González-Morán Carlos O. , Flores-Cuautle J.J. Agustín , Suaste-Gómez Ernesto
Published: July 2010

This work reports on the development of a Lead Lanthanum Zirconate Titanate (PLZT) bulk ferroelectric poled ceramic structure as a Piezoelectric Plethysmograph (PZPG) sensor. The ceramic was implanted during its fabrication with a platinum (Pt) wire which works as an internal electrode. The ceramic was then submitted to an experimental setup in order to validate and determine the Pt-wire mechanical effects. This PZPG sensor was also mounted on a finger splint in order to measure the blood flow that results from the pulsations of blood occurring with each heartbeat. Fingertip pulses were recorded jointly with an ECG signal from a 25 year old male to compare the time shift; the PZPG sensor guarantees the electrical isolation of the patient. The proposed PZPG has several advantages: it can be adjusted for fingertip measurements, but it can easily be extended by means of spare bands, therefore making possible PZPG measurements from different body locations, e.g., forehead, forearm, knee, neck, etc.
Performance Evaluation of Triangulation Based Range Sensors
Authors: Guidi Gabriele , Russo Michele , Magrassi Grazia , Bordegoni Monica
Published: July 2010

The performance of 2D digital imaging systems depends on several factors related with both optical and electronic processing. These concepts have originated standards, which have been conceived for photographic equipment and bi-dimensional scanning systems, and which have been aimed at estimating different parameters such as resolution, noise or dynamic range. Conversely, no standard test protocols currently exist for evaluating the corresponding performances of 3D imaging systems such as laser scanners or pattern projection range cameras. This paper is focused on investigating experimental processes for evaluating some critical parameters of 3D equipment, by extending the concepts defined by the ISO standards to the 3D domain. The experimental part of this work concerns the characterization of different range sensors through the extraction of their resolution, accuracy and uncertainty from sets of 3D data acquisitions of specifically designed test objects whose geometrical characteristics are known in advance. The major objective of this contribution is to suggest an easy characterization process for generating a reliable comparison between the performances of different range sensors and to check if a specific piece of equipment is compliant with the expected characteristics.
Therapeutic Down-Modulators of Staphylococcal Superantigen-Induced Inflammation and Toxic Shock
Authors: Krakauer Teresa
Published: July 2010

Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and related superantigenic toxins are potent stimulators of the immune system and cause a variety of diseases in humans, ranging from food poisoning to toxic shock. These toxins bind directly to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells and specific Vb regions of T-cell receptors (TCR), resulting in hyperactivation of both monocytes/macrophages and T lymphocytes. Activated host cells produce massive amounts of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, activating inflammation and coagulation, causing clinical symptoms that include fever, hypotension, and shock. This review summarizes the in vitro and in vivo effects of staphylococcal superantigens, the role of pivotal mediators induced by these toxins in the pathogenic mechanisms of tissue injury, and the therapeutic agents to mitigate the toxic effects of superantigens.
Animal Models for Influenza Virus Pathogenesis and Transmission
Authors: Bouvier Nicole M. , Lowen Anice C.
Published: July 2010

Influenza virus infection of humans results in a respiratory disease that ranges in severity from sub-clinical infection to primary viral pneumonia that can result in death. The clinical effects of infection vary with the exposure history, age and immune status of the host, and also the virulence of the influenza strain. In humans, the virus is transmitted through either aerosol or contact-based transfer of infectious respiratory secretions. As is evidenced by most zoonotic influenza virus infections, not all strains that can infect humans are able to transmit from person-to-person. Animal models of influenza are essential to research efforts aimed at understanding the viral and host factors that contribute to the disease and transmission outcomes of influenza virus infection in humans. These models furthermore allow the pre-clinical testing of antiviral drugs and vaccines aimed at reducing morbidity and mortality in the population through amelioration of the virulence or transmissibility of influenza viruses. Mice, ferrets, guinea pigs, cotton rats, hamsters and macaques have all been used to study influenza viruses and therapeutics targeting them. Each model presents unique advantages and disadvantages, which will be discussed herein.
Tourist Response to Climate Change: Regional and Metropolitan Diversity
Authors: Frew Elspeth , Winter Caroline
Published: July 2010

Tourism contributes to climate change through energy use and greenhouse gas emissions, both largely generated by transport. One means to reduce the volume of greenhouse gases generated by tourists is to encourage a modal shift to transport with lower emissions such as trains and buses.
This study considered the factors influencing metropolitan and regional residents in their selection of tourism transport mode. The study found that time, cost, and convenience were the main lifestyle and experience factors influencing their choice. The implications of these findings are discussed
in relation to the need to adapt behavior in the light of climate change.
Destination Management Organizations and Tourism Crisis Management Plans in Florida
Authors: Pennington-Gray Lori , Cahyanto Ignatius , Thapa Brijesh , McLaughlin Elaine , Willming Cindy , Blair Sandy
Published: July 2010

Destination management organizations (DMOs) at the local level are at the forefront of crisis management planning for the tourism industry. Previous studies have highlighted the importance of the role of DMOs in the event of a crisis. While crisis preparedness of an organization is based on the respective crisis plans, minimal attention has been given to the analysis of DMO's crisis management plans in the US. The nature of organizational crisis plans can be analyzed through the use of multiple variables. This study examines DMO crisis plans in Florida that are designed specifically for the tourism industry, and are analyzed based on geographical location, bed tax revenues, and the number of employees. The results indicate that revenues play a significant role in determining the level of tourism crisis management preparedness within DMOs.
A Question of Delegation
Authors: Plawecki Lawrence H. , Amrhein David W.
Published: July 2010

As the American population of older adults increases and the nursing shortage widens, professional nurses caring for older adults are often confronted with managing an increased number of patients. To care for more patients safely and cost effectively, many health care facilities and organizations are creating positions for and utilizing a large number of unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP). Although unlicensed, these health care workers have become a fixture in health care facilities, especially those that care for older adults. To provide competent care for a larger population of patients, the professional nurse has had to become proficient in delegation. While delegating tasks to UAP may seem like a quick and easy determination, a great deal of accountability, responsibility, and liability is placed on the health care facility and the individual nurses.
A Mentor-Protégé Program for New Faculty, Part II: Stories of Mentors
Authors: Wilson Carol B. , Brannan Jane , White Anne
Published: July 2010

Mentorship has been identified as an influential factor in retaining new nursing faculty. A mentor-protégé program for novice faculty was implemented to promote development of the protégés in their role as nurse educators. A qualitative research study conducted to illuminate the meaning of experiences of mentors led to the emergence of four patterns: The Significance of the Mentor-Protégé Relationship, Communication as Important Between Mentor and Protégé, The Mentor-Protégé Program—Protégé’s Perspectives, and The Mentoring Role as Expert Educator. The data from the study support the significance of providing mentorship to novice or new nurse educators. The data suggest that mentors benefit from participation in a mentor-protégé program as much as the protégés. Similar programs are needed in nursing if we are to mentor and encourage faculty to begin and remain in the role of educators to combat the future nurse educator shortage.
The Use of Onabotulinum Toxin A in the Treatment of See-Saw Nystagmus
Authors: Cestari Dean M. , Chan Kimberley , Tajouri Nadja , Rizzo Joseph F.
Published: July 2010

See-saw nystagmus (SSN) is an uncommon disorder that consists of cycles in which one eye rises and intorts while the other depresses and extorts, followed by reversal of the pattern. It typically causes debilitating symptoms including oscillopsia that interfere with activities of daily living. There are myriad etiologies, including stroke, tumors, trauma, and multiple sclerosis. Treatment options are limited and are often unsatisfactory. The authors report a case in which targeted injections of onabotulinum toxin A were used to decrease the torsional component of SSN and thus significantly improve the subjective symptoms of oscillopsia in a patient with acquired SSN.
Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion and Non-ischemic Central Retinal Vein Occlusion Due to Hyperhomocysteinemia in a 14-Year-Old Child
Authors: Rosenbaum Pearl S. , Srinivasan Sharmila , Zelefsky Joseph R. , Mayers Martin , Moradi Issac E.
Published: July 2010

A 14-year-old girl presented with sudden, painless loss of vision in the left eye. Complete ophthalmologic examination including fluorescein angiography revealed an impending central vein occlusion and a branch retinal artery occlusion inferotemporally. One month later, there was a non-ischemic central retinal vein occlusion of the same eye. Systemic evaluation led to the diagnosis of hyperhomocysteinemia. This case report underscores the importance of excluding hyperhomocysteinemia in vascular occlusive disease.
Systematic Review of Interventions to Improve or Augment Handwriting Ability in Adult Clients
Authors: Yancosek Kathleen E. , Howell Dana
Published: July 2010

This systematic review examined research related to interventions that addressed handwriting deficits in adults with impaired upper limb motor coordination resulting from central and peripheral nervous system injury or illness. The clinical question was, “Based on current research, what is/are the recommended intervention(s) to improve, augment, or replace handwriting skills among adult clients with upper limb motor deficits?” A research protocol was followed, which was modified to include pediatric literature after an initial search of interventions for adults proved limited. Four studies related to adults and 10 related to pediatrics were included in the review and all were evaluated for quality using standardized procedures. The adult studies addressed the use of voice recognition software and hand dominance transfer training. Available evidence for interventions with children with handwriting deficits centered around these clinical options: Cognition Orientation to Daily Occupational Performance, task-orientated self-instruction, ergonomic modifications to a desk, school-based intervention (emphasis on visual motor skills and practice), sensory diet with therapeutic listening, therapeutic practice, and a graphomotor program. Improvement in handwriting skill emerged from seven of the 10 pediatric studies. Direct practice of handwriting tasks was common to all successful studies and missing in studies that failed to show skill improvement. It may be logical to conclude that intervention strategies should include direct practice of handwriting, whether the client is an adult or a child. Further research on handwriting intervention programs specifically for adult clients and the inclusion of direct practice as intervention is warranted.
Reflexiones etnográficas sobre la «ciudadanía transnacional». Prácticas políticas de andinos en el sur de Europa
Authors: Suárez Navaz Liliana
Published: July 2010

Este trabajo explora desde una perspectiva etnográfica las prácticas políticas de migrantes en una esfera pública transnacional, en base a un estudio de caso de ecuatorianos andinos en España. Enfatiza las interconexiones que se producen entre el impacto del asentamiento de los inmigrantes en Madrid y sus esfuerzos por mantener una presencia socioeconómica y política activa en su comunidad de origen, analizando el modo en el que las nuevas prácticas de ciudadanía transnacional se configuran en la actual era neoliberal. Se propone la categoría de campo migratorio transnacional en el sentido bourdieuano para profundizar cómo el territorio, la identidad y la residencia se redefinen en una nueva cartografía de inclusión y exclusión de los derechos y deberes de ciudadanía a través de las fronteras. Se ofrecen algunos resultados empíricos que ilustran las nuevas estructuras de estratificación tanto en el país de origen como en el de destino construidas a través de estas nuevas prácticas políticas transnacionales. Estos hallazgos se vinculan a algunos debates teóricos claves alrededor de las nuevas propuestas de ciudadanía transnacional.
En torno al mosaico canadiense. Una reflexión sobre la gestión política de la inmigración en Canadá
Authors: Esteban Valeriano , López-Sala Ana
Published: July 2010

El propósito de este artículo es explorar y analizar los principales objetivos y la evolución de la política de inmigración en Canadá desde mediados del siglo XIX hasta la actualidad. Como un país de inmigración, la cuestión de la regulación migratoria y de los procesos selectivos en la admisión de inmigrantes se han convertido en elementos centrales del disputado debate académico y político en torno a la identidad y la gestión de la diferencia en Canadá. Sin embargo, como veremos, la política migratoria ha evolucionado a lo largo del tiempo por una combinación de intereses de naturaleza económica, cultural, social y política.
El control selectivo de las fronteras y la transnacionalización de sus resistencias
Authors: Barbero González Iker
Published: July 2010

Este artículo trata un fenómeno relativamente reciente: las redes transnacionales por los derechos de los inmigrantes. Refiere a la confluencia de múltiples organizaciones (asociaciones inmigrantes, ONGs, grupos anti-globalización, sindicatos, etc.), quienes son conscientes de la necesidad de transnacionalizar sus acciones de cara a contrarrestar las políticas neoliberales de control de fronteras y provisión de mano de obra provenientes desde la Unión Europea.
Biochemical and Genetic Evidence for a SAP-PKC-θ Interaction Contributing to IL-4 Regulation
Authors: Cannons Jennifer L. , Wu Julie Z. , Gomez-Rodriguez Julio , Zhang Jinyi , Dong Baoxia , Liu Yin , Shaw Stephen , Siminovitch Katherine A. , Schwartzberg Pamela L.
Published: July 2010

Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule-associated protein (SAP), an adaptor molecule that recruits Fyn to the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family of immunomodulatory receptors, is mutated in X-linked lymphoproliferative disease. CD4+ T cells from SAP-deficient mice have defective TCR-induced and follicular Th cell IL-4 production and impaired T cell-mediated help for germinal center formation; however, the downstream intermediates contributing to these defects remain unclear. We previously found that SAP-deficient CD4+ T cells exhibit decreased protein kinase C (PKC)-θ recruitment upon TCR stimulation. We demonstrate in this paper using GST pulldowns and coimmunoprecipitation studies that SAP constitutively associates with PKC-θ in T cells. SAP–PKC-θ interactions required R78 of SAP, a residue previously implicated in Fyn recruitment, yet SAP’s interactions with PKC-θ occurred independent of phosphotyrosine binding and Fyn. Overexpression of SAP in T cells increased and sustained PKC-θ recruitment to the immune synapse and elevated IL-4 production in response to TCR plus SLAM-mediated stimulation. Moreover, PKC-θ, like SAP, was required for SLAM-mediated increases in IL-4 production, and, conversely, membrane-targeted PKC-θ mutants rescued IL-4 expression in SAP−/− CD4+ T cells, providing genetic evidence that PKC-θ is a critical component of SLAM/SAP-mediated pathways that influence TCR-driven IL-4 production.
Methamphetamine Causes Mitrochondrial Oxidative Damage in Human T Lymphocytes Leading to Functional Impairment
Authors: Potula Raghava , Hawkins Brian J. , Cenna Jonathan M. , Fan Shongshan , Dykstra Holly , Ramirez Servio H. , Morsey Brenda , Brodie Michael R. , Persidsky Yuri
Published: July 2010

Methamphetamine (METH) abuse is known to be associated with an inordinate rate of infections. Although many studies have described the association of METH exposure and immunosuppression, so far the underlying mechanism still remains elusive. In this study, we present evidence that METH exposure resulted in mitochondrial oxidative damage and caused dysfunction of primary human T cells. METH treatment of T lymphocytes led to a rise in intracellular calcium levels that enhanced the generation of reactive oxygen species. TCR-CD28 linked calcium mobilization and subsequent uptake by mitochondria in METH-treated T cells correlated with an increase in mitochondrion-derived superoxide. Exposure to METH-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in the form of marked decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, increased mitochondrial mass, enhanced protein nitrosylation and diminished protein levels of complexes I, III, and IV of the electron transport chain. These changes paralleled reduced IL-2 secretion and T cell proliferative responses after TCR-CD28 stimulation indicating impaired T cell function. Furthermore, antioxidants attenuated METH-induced mitochondrial damage by preserving the protein levels of mitochondrial complexes I, III, and IV. Altogether, our data indicate that METH can cause T cell dysfunction via induction of oxidative stress and mitochondrial injury as underlying mechanism of immune impairment secondary to METH abuse.