bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ALK5 inhibition blocks TGFβ‐induced CCN1 expression in human foreskin fibroblasts
Authors: Thompson Katherine , Murphy‐Marshman Hannah , Leask Andrew
Published: February 2014

The potent profibrotic cytokine TGFβ induces connective tissue growth factor (CCN2/CTGF) is induced in fibroblasts in a fashion sensitive to SB‐431542, a specific pharmacological inhibitor of TGFβ type I receptor (ALK5). In several cell types, TGFβ induces CCN1 but suppresses CCN3, which opposes CCN1/CCN2 activities. However, whether SB‐431542 alters TGFβ‐induced CCN1 or CCN3 in human foreskin fibroblasts in unclear. Here we show that TGFβ induces CCN1 but suppresses CCN3 expression in human foreskin fibroblasts in a SB‐431542‐sensitive fashion. These results emphasize that CCN1/CCN2 and CCN3 are reciprocally regulated and support the notion that blocking ALK5 or addition of CCN3 may be useful anti‐fibrotic approaches.
Spatio-temporal Variation in Radon Concentration in Groundwater with Respect to Rock Types: A Case Study from Chitradurga District, Karnataka
Authors: Ravikumar P. , Davis Deljo , Mathew Sharika , Somashekar R. K. , Prakash K. L.
Published: February 2014

An attempt was made in the present study to delineate how the radon concentrations vary with respect to different geological formations and to evaluate annual effective dose exposure due to ingestion of radon. A total of 60 groundwater samples were collected from layered sequential aquifers in Chitradurga district having major rock types such as Bababudan Group, Charnockite, Chitradurga Group, Closepet granite, migmatites and granodiorite – tonalitic gneisses and Sargur Schist complex during pre-monsoon and post-season of the year 2011. Radon measurement was made using Durridge RAD-7 radon-in-air monitor, connected to RAD H2O accessory with closed loop aeration concept. In the present study, the radon activity ranged from 0 to 186.6 Bq/L and 0 to 150.6 Bq/L during pre- and post-monsoon seasons of the year 2011, with 56.67 % (17 samples) of samples during both the seasons exceeding the EPA’s MCL value of 11.1 Bq/L. The annual mean radon activity in the groundwater was higher in the area having Chitradurga rock group formations (78.1 Bq/L) followed by Sargur-Satyamangalam schist complex group (56.8 bq/L), migmatites and granodiorite – tonalitic Gneisses group (56.3 Bq/L), Closepet granite (42.7 Bq/L), Charnonkite (29.1 Bq/L) and Bababudan Group (22.2 Bq/L). It is inferred that radon concentration found to depend on the tectonic structure, geology of the area and on the presence of uranium minerals in these rocks. The annual effective dose resulting from radon in groundwater in the Chitradurga district were significantly lower than UNSCEAR and WHO recommended limit of 1 mSv/y.
U-rich Pyrochlore from Sevathur Carbonatites, Tamil Nadu
Authors: Viladkar Shrinivas G. , Bismayer U.
Published: February 2014

In Sevathur pyrochlore occurs mainly in rauhaugite. All analysed pyrochlore grains are rich in UO2. Majority of pyrochlores show alteration to various degrees and maximum alteration is noticed in ones collected from the weathered soil around carbonatite outcrops. There is significant leaching of Ca and Na leading to A-site vacancy and gain in Ba (5 to 7%) and Sr. UO2 content, though show variation is present in all analysed grains. Elements like U and Th can be incorporated in mineral structures showing alpha and beta radiation. This may initiate a process of metamictization. It is reasonable to assume that these pyrochlore grains are metamict.
First Record of Metazoan Eggs and Embryos from Early Cambrian Chert Member of Deo ka Tibba Formation, Tal Group, Uttarakhand Lesser Himalaya
Authors: Mathur V. K. , Shome Sabyasachi , Nath Shambhu , Babu R.
Published: February 2014

The phosphatized globular to sub-oval metazoan eggs with distinctively ornamented covering and phosphatized polar lobe forming embryos are recorded for the first time from the black phosphatic chert lenticles and bands of early Cambrian Chert Member of Deo ka Tibba Formation, Tal Group, Uttarakhand Lesser Himalaya. Similar metazoan eggs have been recorded earlier from early Cambrian rocks of Shaanxi Province, China, northwestern Canada, Australia, Mongolia, Siberia and Kazakhstan. These eggs are found in association with Small Shelly Fossils (SSF) and may belong to them. However, polar lobe forming embryos have been earlier recorded from Neoproterozoic rocks of southwestern China only. Similar embryos are common in modern molluscs and bilaterians.
ASSESSING AVAILABLE SOIL SULPHUR FROM PHOSPHOGYPSUM APPLICATIONS IN A NO-TILL CROPPING SYSTEM
Authors: CHURKA BLUM SUSANA , GARBUIO FERNANDO JOSÉ , JORIS HÉLIO ANTÔNIO WOOD , CAIRES EDUARDO FÁVERO
Published: February 2014

The complex dynamics of the sulphur (S) cycle has prompted several questions concerning its bioavailability and evaluation by different extraction methods, and few studies under field conditions have been performed to elucidate available S on Brazilian soils under no-till (NT) cropping systems. A field experiment examined the effects of phosphogypsum (PG) applications on nutrient uptake and availability of S to maize and wheat crops under an NT system aiming to establish critic levels of S on an Oxisol (clay, kaolinitic, Rhodic Hapludox) in Parana state, Brazil. PG at the rates of 0, 3, 6 and 9 t ha−1was applied on the surface of the plots in 1998 upon conversion from pasture to an NT cropping system, and in 2004 subplots received either 0 or 6 t ha−1of PG on the surface. Effects of PG applications on nutrient uptake and available soil SO4-S to the maize and wheat crops were evaluated in 2004–2005. Increasing the surface-applied PG rate in 1998 increased Mg uptake by maize, and N, K, Ca and Mg uptake by wheat plants. Reapplication of PG in 2004 increased the uptake of N and P by maize, and the uptake of N, K, Ca and Mg by wheat plants. The PG rates surface-applied in 1998 have resulted in a long-term residual effect on soil by increasing SO4-S in surface and subsoil layers 6.5 and 7.5 years after application, affecting aboveground biomass, S uptake and S content in the leaves of the wheat crop. The reapplication of PG in 2004 increased maize S uptake, S content in leaves and grains and S exported by maize harvest, and increased wheat aboveground biomass, S uptake and S content in leaves. These effects were due to increasing available soil SO4-S from different depths extracted by 0.5 M ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) along with 0.25 M acetic acid (HOAc) and 0.01 M calcium phosphate (Ca(H2PO4)2). Both extractants were very similar in their ability to assess available soil S in these crops, and the 0–0.20-m layer is shown to be adequate for evaluating the concentration of available SO4-S in maize and wheat cultivated under NT.
Enterocin HZ produced by a wildEnterococcus faeciumstrain isolated from a traditional, starter-free pickled cheese
Authors: Yildirim Zeliha , Bilgin Harun , Isleroglu Hilal , Tokatli Kader , Sahingil Didem , Yildirim Metin
Published: February 2014

BacteriogenicEnterococcus faeciumHZ was identified by using biochemical (Strep-API 20, API-50 CHL, fatty acid profile) and 16S rRNA analysis (99·99 %).Ent. faeciumHZ was sensitive to clinically important antibiotics such as vancomycin, and did not have gelatinase and haemolysis activities. Enterocin HZ, a bacteriocin fromEnt. faeciumHZ, was sensitive to papain and tyripsin, but resistant to pepsin, lipase, catalase, α-amylase, organic solvents, detergents, ß-mercaptoethanol, and heat treatment (90 °C/30 min). It was biologically active at pH 2·0–9·0 and synthesised at the highest level in MRS or M17 broth at 32 or 37 °C with an inoculum amount of 0·1–0·5 % and an initial pH of 6·0–7·0. Enterocin HZ production reached maximum level at middle and late logarithmic phase and its molecular weight was ∼4·5 kDa. It was active against some Gram-positive foodborne bacteria.Ent. faeciumHZ or its bacteriocin enterocin HZ is a good candidate to be studied as a food biopreservative since enterocin HZ showed strong bactericidal activity againstListeria monocytogenesin UHT milk and alsoEnt. faeciumHZ grew very well in milk and produced enterocin HZ at maximum level.
The Black Man's Burden: The Cost of Colonization of French West Africa
Authors: Huillery Elise
Published: February 2014

Was colonization costly for France? Did French taxpayers contribute to colonies’ development? This article reveals that French West Africa's colonization took only 0.29 percent of French annual expenditures, including 0.24 percent for military and central administration and 0.05 percent for French West Africa's development. For West Africans, the contribution from French taxpayers was almost negligible: mainland France provided about 2 percent of French West Africa's revenue. In fact, colonization was a considerable burden for African taxpayers since French civil servants’ salaries absorbed a disproportionate share of local expenditures.
Imachi Nkwu: Trade and the Commons
Authors: Fenske James
Published: February 2014

The conventional view is that an increase in the value of a natural resource can lead to private property over it. Many Igbo groups in Nigeria, however, curtailed private rights over palm trees in response to the palm produce trade of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. I use the Ostrom (2007, 2009) framework for analyzing social-ecological systems to guide the construction of a model of this transition. An increase in the resource price leads the owner to prefer communal harvesting, which simplifies monitoring against theft. I support this framework with evidence from colonial court records. “Palm cutting always cause palaver.”

Obuba of Ububa, Nkwo Udara Civil Suit 111/37
National Banking's Role in U.S. Industrialization, 1850–1900
Authors: Jaremski Matthew
Published: February 2014

The passage of the National Banking Acts stabilized the existing financial system and encouraged the entry of 729 banks between 1863 and 1866. These new banks concentrated in the area that would eventually become the Manufacturing Belt. Using a new bank census, the article shows that these changes to the financial system were a major determinant of the geographic distribution of manufacturing and the nation's sudden capital deepening. The entry not only resulted in more manufacturing capital and output at the county level, but also more steam engines and value added at the establishment level.
Conservation ecology of rare plants within complex local habitat networks
Authors: Crain Benjamin J. , Sánchez-Cuervo Ana María , White Jeffrey W. , Steinberg Steven J.
Published: February 2014

Effective conservation of rare plant species requires a detailed understanding of their unique distributions and habitat requirements to identify conservation targets. Research suggests that local conservation efforts may be one of the best means for accomplishing this task. We conducted a geographical analysis of the local distributions of rare plants in Napa County, California, to identify spatial relationships with individual habitat types. We measured the potential contribution of individual habitats to rare plant conservation by integrating analyses on overall diversity, species per area, specificity-weighted richness, presence of hotspots, and the composition of the rare plant community in each habitat type. This combination of analyses allowed us to determine which habitats are most significant for rare plant conservation at a local scale. Our analyses indicated that several habitat types were consistently associated with rare plant species. In broad terms, grasslands, oak forests, coniferous forests, wetlands, serpentines, chaparral, and rock outcrops were most consistently highlighted. No single habitat stood out in every analysis however, and therefore we conclude that careful selection of an assemblage of habitats that best represents diverse, restricted and unique rare plant communities will be the most efficient approach to protecting rare plant habitat at local scales. Accordingly we present a means of identifying conservation targets and protecting global biodiversity through local efforts.
Aivazovsky's Icebergs: an Antarctic mystery
Authors: Bulkeley Rip
Published: February 2014

The Armenian-Russian artist Ivan Aivazovsky completed a painting of a polar seascape entitled Ledyanyye gory [Ice mountains] in 1870. The picture has usually been taken for an Antarctic scene depicting HIMS Mirnyi, one of the two ships of the Russian Antarctic Expedition of 1819–1821, in the presence of icebergs, ice cliffs and floes. The author contends, first, that this identification is open to considerable doubt, and second, that other aspects of the painting are also problematic. The painting is in the Aivazovsky Museum in Ukraine. The Museum kindly supplied him with high resolution photographs of the painting but personal scrutiny has proved impossible hitherto. Further research, especially into Aivazovsky's papers, might resolve some of the questions which it raises.
Extreme microclimate conditions in artificial nests for Endangered African Penguins
Authors: LEI BONNIE R. , GREEN JONATHAN A. , PICHEGRU LORIEN
Published: February 2014

African Penguins Spheniscus demersus naturally breed in guano burrows which provide shelter from predators and extreme weather conditions. Past guano harvesting has removed this habitat and artificial nests of different types have been deployed, with previous research identifying variable success of these different types. We investigated climatic conditions in two types of artificial nests, and compared them to natural burrows and surface nests for two weeks in the incubation and early chick-rearing phases of the 2012 summer breeding season on Bird Island, Algoa Bay, South Africa. We also compared breeding success since 2009 between some of these nest types. Natural burrows remained the best insulated from extremes of temperature and humidity, with temperatures consistently higher and humidity consistently lower than in exposed nests and the two types of artificial nests. Fibreglass nests retained temperatures > 30°C, when Spheniscus penguins start being heat-stressed, for the longest periods of time. Sustained high temperatures will induce increased energy expenditure associated with active thermoregulation for birds in these nests. The combination of high temperatures and low humidity could also have contributed to damaging water loss in the eggs and reduced egg survival, as suggested by the consistent lower hatching success in the fibreglass nests. Cement nests had more moderate temperatures than fibreglass nests and higher breeding success, possibly due to superior ventilation. Vegetation cover had no effect on the temperature regime inside fibreglass nests. To maximise conservation efforts for these endangered penguins, additional research should be conducted towards engineering artificial nests that better mimic the conditions of natural burrows.
CHROMOSOME NUMBERS OF THE EDELWEISS, LEONTOPODIUM (ASTERACEAE, COMPOSITAE – GNAPHALIEAE)
Authors: Stille J. S. , Jaeger M. , Dickoré W. B. , Ehlers K. , Holzhauer S. I. J. , Mayland-Quellhorst E. , Safer S. , Schwaiger S. , Stuessy T. F. , Stuppner H. , Wissemann V.
Published: February 2014

The genus Leontopodium (Pers.) R.Br. (Asteraceae, Compositae) is economically important for both pharmaceutical and horticultural purposes. This importance, however, has not led to a good understanding of species coherence and the delimitation of species. One fundamental aspect of a good understanding of a species is how many chromosomes it has and any possible indication of polyploidy. Here we present somatic chromosome numbers for 16 Leontopodium species, of which six are new for science. The results indicate basic chromosome numbers of x = 6, 8, 9 and 11, with x = 8 being most frequent among the species examined. While obviously including several distantly related lineages, the x = 8 species have distributions that are concentrated in the centre of diversity of the genus in southwest China. We identified two ‘species-pairs’ (Leontopodium dedekensii–L. sinense and L. souliei–L. calocephalum) in which the tetraploid species has more vigorous growth, but is confined geographically to the centre of diversity. The diploid species ascend to generally higher elevations and extend more towards the Tibetan Plateau. In contrast, our data also suggest range expansions in other polyploid species, such as the hexaploid Leontopodium ochroleucum extending into the mountains of Central Asia. Deviations from x = 8 are found at the edges of the wide Eurasian distribution of the genus. These may relate to subsequent range expansions into the Himalayas, northern Asia, the Far East, and a far disjunctive expansion to the mountains of Europe. This implies an increased ability of these species to colonise mountain floras and adapt to different environmental conditions. Thus, formation of higher ploidy levels in general might be significant for a successful radiation process.
STUDIES IN THE FLORA OF ARABIA: XXX. A SYNOPSIS OF THE NATIVE AND NATURALISED SPECIES OF SENNA (LEGUMINOSAE: CAESALPINIOIDEAE) IN THE ARABIAN PENINSULA
Authors: Filimban F. Z. , Mackinder B. , Knees S. G. , Pennington R. T.
Published: February 2014

A synopsis of the native and naturalised species of Senna (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae) in the Arabian Peninsula is provided. Nine species are recognised. A key to the species is presented. For each species the accepted name with selected synonymy is given, followed by a diagnostic morphological description, the geographical distribution, details of habitat preference, and citation of specimens studied. Preliminary regional conservation assessments are given for all species.
Robust Analysis of Preferential Attachment Models with Fitness
Authors: DEREICH STEFFEN , ORTGIESE MARCEL
Published: February 2014

The preferential attachment network with fitness is a dynamic random graph model. New vertices are introduced consecutively and a new vertex is attached to an old vertex with probability proportional to the degree of the old one multiplied by a random fitness. We concentrate on the typical behaviour of the graph by calculating the fitness distribution of a vertex chosen proportional to its degree. For a particular variant of the model, this analysis was first carried out by Borgs, Chayes, Daskalakis and Roch. However, we present a new method, which is robust in the sense that it does not depend on the exact specification of the attachment law. In particular, we show that a peculiar phenomenon, referred to as Bose–Einstein condensation, can be observed in a wide variety of models. Finally, we also compute the joint degree and fitness distribution of a uniformly chosen vertex.
Utilization of Optical Polarization Microscopy in the Study of Sorption Characteristics of Wound Dressing Host Materials
Authors: Devetak Miha , Peršin Zdenka , Stana-Kleinschek Karin , Maver Uroš
Published: February 2014

Polarization microscopy was used for evaluation of kinetics of diclofenac sorption in three different wound dressing materials. The sorption kinetics can be evaluated by radii change and intensity of the light traveling through the fiber. The most frequently used host materials for drugs in wound dressings are alginate, polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate, and viscose. We studied sorption of diclofenac as an example drug. Effective, but rather simple in vitro simulation of diclofenac sorption gives insight into the applicability of the mentioned materials for development of wound healing materials.
Sample Preparation to Observe The Straight And Flat Posture of Silkworm Embryo under Scanning Electron Microscopy via Glycerol Substitution Method
Authors: Liu Wenbin , Li Chenzhao , Zhang Qi , Lei Zhixin , Hou Yanqi , Dai Fangyin , Lu Cheng
Published: February 2014

In the preparation process for scanning electron microscopy (SEM), flexed silkworm embryos typically assume several curled shapes with irregular postures that obscure morphological details during SEM observation. We describe a preparation technique based on glycerol substitution for better SEM visualization of straight and flat silkworm embryos. Glycerol has high viscosity, low vapor pressure, and sufficient electrical conductivity. Silkworm embryos were infiltrated with glycerol and arranged in a straight posture or flattened using a cover slip. Samples were directly observed by SEM without additional dehydration, drying, or coating procedures. The complete ventral side could be easily viewed in one image. Recoating alleviated the charging phenomenon. This represents a simple method for preparation of straight and flat samples from curled biological specimens for SEM observation.
Mapping Self-Forgiveness Attitudes Among Adults Living in Ibero-American Countries
Authors: Guédez Ana Gabriela , Mullet Etienne
Published: February 2014

The purpose of this study was to map the personal positions regarding self-forgiveness found among adults living in two Ibero-American countries. One hundred twenty adults living in Venezuela and 120 adults living in Portugal were presented with 36 vignettes depicting a situation in which they harmed a known person. They judged the extent to which they would, in each case, be able to forgive themselves. The scenarios were composed of all combinations of four factors: (a) the degree of intent of the act, (b) the degree of cancellation of consequences, (c) the presence of apologies, and (d) the victim’s forgiveness. Four qualitatively distinct positions were found. For 30%, self-forgiveness was always difficult, irrespective of circumstances. For 17%, it was always easy. For 43%, it depended mainly on the level of cancellation of consequences and on the presence of apologies. Finally, for 10%, it depended mainly on the presence of apologies and on the victim’s forgiveness. The Venezuelans showed a higher level of willingness to forgive the self than the Portuguese and took less into account the circumstances of the situation. In both countries, the percentage of participants who reported a basic incapacity to forgive the self was high: 28% in Portugal and 31% in Venezuela. As human disturbance is often the consequence of blaming the self, it would be useful to develop efficient self-forgiveness therapy for use in these countries.
Excessive abundance of common resources deters social responsibility
Authors: Chen Xiaojie , Perc Matjaž
Published: February 2014

We study the evolution of cooperation in the collective-risk social dilemma game, where the risk is determined by a collective target that must be reached with individual contributions. All players initially receive endowments from the available amount of common resources. While cooperators contribute part of their endowment to the collective target, defectors do not. If the target is not reached, the endowments of all players are lost. In our model, we introduce a feedback between the amount of common resources and the contributions of cooperators. We show that cooperation can be sustained only if the common resources are preserved but never excessively abound. This, however, requires a delicate balance between the amount of common resources that initially exist and the amount cooperators contribute to the collective target. Exceeding critical thresholds in either of the two amounts leads to loss of cooperation and consequently to the depletion of common resources.
Benzoselenadiazole-based responsive long-lifetime photoluminescent probes for protein kinases
Authors: Ekambaram Ramesh , Enkvist Erki , Manoharan Ganesh babu , Ugandi Mihkel , Kasari Marje , Viht Kaido , Knapp Stefan , Issinger Olaf-Georg , Uri Asko
Published: February 2014

Benzoselenadiazole was used as a novel scaffold for construction of microsecond scale responsive photoluminescent probes for protein kinases.
Mechanochemical synthesis of an organometallic compound: a high volume manufacturing method
Authors: Peters David W. , Blair Richard G.
Published: February 2014

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) precursor chemicals are held to some of the highest purity levels in industry. Many metal reagents form stable, unbreakable adducts with the coordinating solvents that are necessary for solvating highly polar reagents. These adducts are undesirable and must be removed prior to usage. Herein we describe a mechanochemical approach to the synthesis of bis(n-propyltetramethylcyclopentadienyl)strontium that eliminates the use of strongly coordinating solvents. This method overcomes the solubility problems of the two reagents without the formation of stable, unbreakable adducts. We utilize a unique reactor geometry that facilitates mechanochemical syntheses while simplifying handling and allowing for “one pot” production. The synthesis was scaled to five hundred gram lot sizes in a six liter reactor. This technique is applicable to many syntheses and is linearly scalable – limited only by reactor size.
Chemical recycling of the waste anodic electrolyte from the TiO2 nanotube preparation process to synthesize facet-controlled TiO2 single crystals as an efficient photocatalyst
Authors: Zhang Ai-Yong , Long Lu-Lu , Liu Chang , Li Wen-Wei , Yu Han-Qing
Published: February 2014

To prepare TiO2 single crystals by recycling the waste ethylene glycol electrolyte from the widely-used anodic process for efficient photocatalytic water treatment.
Photochemical preparation of Cd/CdS photocatalysts and their efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production under visible light irradiation
Authors: Wang Qizhao , Li Jiajia , Bai Yan , Lian Juhong , Huang Haohao , Li Zhimin , Lei Ziqiang , Shangguan Wenfeng
Published: February 2014

A certain amount of Na2S2O3·5H2O solution added to the solution containing cadmium ions to form Cd/CdS photocatalysts could remove cadmium ions and produce hydrogen efficiently under visible light irradiation.
Direct thermocatalytic transformation of pine wood into low oxygenated biofuel
Authors: Al Maksoud Walid , Larabi Cherif , Garron Anthony , Szeto Kai C. , Walter Jean J. , Santini Catherine C.
Published: February 2014

A well dispersed Ru–Cu on the HPA catalyst converts pine wood into biofuel (O = 3.1 wt%) with a yield up to 30 wt%.
Ag–Fe3O4 nanocomposites@chitin microspheres constructed by in situ one-pot synthesis for rapid hydrogenation catalysis
Authors: Duan Bo , Liu Feng , He Meng , Zhang Lina
Published: February 2014

Ag–Fe3O4@chitin microspheres were developed as a retrievable catalyst and a potential chromatography column packing material for organic synthesis.
The effect of pressure on the post-synthetic modification of a nanoporous metal–organic framework
Authors: McKellar Scott C. , Graham Alexander J. , Allan David R. , Mohideen M. Infas H. , Morris Russell E. , Moggach Stephen A.
Published: February 2014

Here we report four post-synthetic modifications, including the first ever example of a high pressure-induced post-synthetic modification, of a porous copper-based metal–organic framework.
Enantioselective imine reduction catalyzed by imine reductases and artificial metalloenzymes
Authors: Gamenara Daniela , Domínguez de María Pablo
Published: February 2014

Adding value to organic synthesis. Novel imine reductases enable the enantioselective reduction of imines to afford chiral amines. Likewise, novel bioinspired artificial metalloenzymes can perform the same reaction as well. Remarkable recent examples are herein discussed.
Surfactant recovery from mesoporous metal-modified materials (Sn–, Y–, Ce–, Si–MCM-41), by ultrasound assisted ion-exchange extraction and its re-use for a microwave in situ cheap and eco-friendly MCM-41 synthesis
Authors: González-Rivera J. , Tovar-Rodríguez J. , Bramanti E. , Duce C. , Longo I. , Fratini E. , Galindo-Esquivel I. R. , Ferrari C.
Published: February 2014

Metal substituted (Y, Sn and Ce) MCM-41 materials were synthesized and detemplated by a low temperature methodology.
Aniline-terminated DNA catalyzes rapid DNA–hydrazone formation at physiological pH
Authors: Domaille Dylan W. , Cha Jennifer N.
Published: February 2014

We integrated aniline organocatalytic hydrazone formation into a DNA-templated variant to increase the rate of DNA–hydrazone formation in a sequence-specific manner. Through systematic optimizations of the aniline organocatalyst, we were able to identify a derivative that is capable of accelerating the rate of DNA–hydrazone formation by more than 85-fold above that of the uncatalyzed variant.
A copper-catalyzed formal O–H insertion reaction of α-diazo-1,3-dicarbonyl compounds to carboxylic acids with the assistance of isocyanide
Authors: Wang Zikun , Bi Xihe , Liang Yongjiu , Liao Peiqiu , Dong Dewen
Published: February 2014

Straightforward synthetic access to α-acyloxy-1,3-dicarbonyl compounds is described via a novel Cu(ii)-catalyzed and isocyanide-assisted formal O–H insertion reaction of α-diazocarbonyl compounds to carboxylic acids.
Nanoparticle-to-vesicle and nanoparticle-to-toroid transitions of pH-sensitive ABC triblock copolymers by in-to-out switch
Authors: Xiao Xin , He Shangjin , Dan Meihan , Huo Fei , Zhang Wangqing
Published: February 2014

An efficient way to achieve nanoparticle-to-vesicle transition of ABC triblock copolymers by in-to-out switch of the pH-sensitive core-forming block is described.
Kinetic control in the CID-induced elimination of H3PO4 from phosphorylated serine probed using IRMPD spectroscopy
Authors: Lanucara Francesco , Chiavarino Barbara , Scuderi Debora , Maitre Philippe , Fornarini Simonetta , Crestoni Maria Elisa
Published: February 2014

IRMPD spectroscopy is used to show a kinetic control in the mechanism of CID-induced H3PO4 elimination from protonated O-phosphoserine.
MFI zeolite nanosponges possessing uniform mesopores generated by bulk crystal seeding in the hierarchical surfactant-directed synthesis
Authors: Jo Changbum , Cho Kanghee , Kim Jaeheon , Ryoo Ryong
Published: February 2014

The synthesis of a mesoporous material with uniform mesopore diameters and crystalline MFI zeolite walls has been achieved, simply by seeding the multiammonium surfactant-directed synthesis with bulk zeolite crystals. The bulk seeds disappeared in the final product.
Spin crossover intermediate plateau stabilization in a flexible 2-D Hofmann-type coordination polymer
Authors: Klein Y. Maximilian , Sciortino Natasha F. , Ragon Florence , Housecroft Catherine E. , Kepert Cameron J. , Neville Suzanne M.
Published: February 2014

The abrupt and hysteretic two-step spin crossover in a new triazole-based 2-D Hofmann-type complex shows a record breaking 120 K intermediate plateau (IP) region stabilized by negative cooperative interactions.
A responsive supramolecular polymer formed by orthogonal metal-coordination and cryptand-based host–guest interaction
Authors: Wei Peifa , Xia Binyuan , Zhang Yanyan , Yu Yihua , Yan Xuzhou
Published: February 2014

A cation responsive linear supramolecular polymer was constructed by unifying the themes of coordination-driven self-assembly and cryptand-based molecular recognition in a hierarchical orthogonal fashion.
Halide adsorption on close-packed metal electrodes
Authors: Roman Tanglaw , Gossenberger Florian , Forster-Tonigold Katrin , Groß Axel
Published: February 2014

In this study, we provide a complete picture of how adatoms can reduce the work function of a metal surface by contrasting two independent mechanisms.
A synergic effect of sodium on the phase transition of tungsten-doped vanadium dioxide
Authors: Song Qiang , Gong Weitao , Ning Guiling , Mehdi Hassan , Zhang Guiqi , Ye Junwei , Lin Yuan
Published: February 2014

A synergic effect of sodium on the metal–insulator transition temperature reduction of tungsten-doped vanadium dioxide is noted.
Reactivity of [K3(phen)8][Cu(NPh2)2]3—a possible intermediate in the copper(i)-catalyzed N-arylation of N-phenylaniline
Authors: Tseng Chia-Kai , Lee Chi-Rung , Tseng Mei-Chun , Han Chien-Chung , Shyu Shin-Guang
Published: February 2014

[K3(phen)8][Cu(NPh2)2]3 (1), isolated from the CuI-phen-tBuOK C–N cross coupling catalytic system, reacts with aryl iodide through a radical path with (phen)KNPh2 as the possible radical source.
Optically transparent hydrogen evolution catalysts made from networks of copper–platinum core–shell nanowires
Authors: Chen Zuofeng , Ye Shengrong , Wilson Adria R. , Ha Yoon-Cheol , Wiley Benjamin J.
Published: February 2014

This article reports the fabrication of copper–platinum core–shell nanowires by electroplating platinum onto copper nanowires, and the first demonstration of their use as a transparent, conducting electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER).
Studies on staged precipitation of cellulose from an ionic liquid by compressed carbon dioxide
Authors: Sun Xiaofu , Chi Yanling , Mu Tiancheng
Published: February 2014

The use of compressed CO2 can provide us with an easy and sustainable method for staged regeneration of cellulose from an ionic liquid.
Regioselective synthesis of renewable bisphenols from 2,3-pentanedione and their application as plasticizers
Authors: Schutyser Wouter , Koelewijn Steven-Friso , Dusselier Michiel , Van de Vyver Stijn , Thomas Joice , Yu Feng , Carbone Maria Josefina , Smet Mario , Van Puyvelde Peter , Dehaen Wim , Sels Bert F.
Published: February 2014

2,3-Pentanedione (2,3-PD), a bio-based chemical derived from lactic acid, has the potential to serve as a precursor for the synthesis of novel bisphenols.
Synthesis of nitrogen-doped activated graphene aerogel/gold nanoparticles and its application for electrochemical detection of hydroquinone and o-dihydroxybenzene
Authors: Juanjuan Zhang , Ruiyi Li , Zaijun Li , Junkang Liu , Zhiguo Gu , Guangli Wang
Published: February 2014

We reported the synthesis of nitrogen-doped activated graphene aerogel/gold nanoparticles and its application for electrochemical detection of hydroquinone and o-dihydroxybenzene.
Research progress of hydrate-based CO2separation and capture from gas mixtures
Authors: Xu Chun-Gang , Li Xiao-Sen
Published: February 2014

Hydrate-based CO2separation and capture from gas mixtures containing CO2has gained growing attention as a new technology for gas separation, and it is of significance for reducing anthropogenic CO2emissions.
Super-tough poly(l-lactide)/crosslinked polyurethane blends with tunable impact toughness
Authors: He Yi-Song , Zeng Jian-Bing , Liu Guang-Chen , Li Qiu-Tong , Wang Yu-Zhong
Published: February 2014

Super-tough poly(l-lactide)/crosslinked polyurethane (PLLA/CPU) blends with a CPU phase dispersed in the PLLA matrix were prepared by reactive blending of PLLA with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), glycerol, and 4,4′-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI).
Graphene-wrapped Bi2O2CO3 core–shell structures with enhanced quantum efficiency profit from an ultrafast electron transfer process
Authors: Zhang Yalei , Li Deyi , Zhang Yonggang , Zhou Xuefei , Guo Sujin , Yang Libin
Published: February 2014

Graphene (GR)-wrapped rose-like Bi2O2CO3 (WBGR) core–shell structures are synthesized to maximize their contact area and quantum efficiency.
Solvothermal synthesis, characterisation and luminescent property of multilayered SnO2 hollow microspheres
Authors: Wang Zhi Yuan , Wang Feng Ping , Li Yan , Li Ming Yan , Iqbal Muhammad Zubair , Javed Qurat‐Ul‐Ain , Lu Yan Zhen , Xu Mei , Li Quan Shui
Published: February 2014

Multilayered nanocrystalline SnO2 hollow microspheres (MHS‐SnO2) of a rutile structure with a controllable morphology have been successfully synthesised via a chemically induced self‐assembly method by using tin chloride pentahydrate and sucrose as precursors in the glycol–water aided solvothermal synthesis. The morphology, composition, structure and luminescent properties of MHS‐SnO2 are characterised by field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) with selected area electron diffraction, X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The FESEM, TEM and HRTEM images indicate that the as‐prepared microspheres show a multilayer structure and the walls of the hollow microspheres are composed of single crystalline nanoparticles. The effect of calcinating temperature on the Raman and optical properties of the product is analysed and a self‐assembly growth mechanism of the MHS‐SnO2 is proposed.
Diachrony and the polysemy of derivational affixes
Authors: Arcodia Giorgio Francesco
Published: February 2014

In this paper we discuss two cases of seemingly polysemous derivational affixes: the Ewe suffix -ví, originally a noun meaning “child”, which has acquired a number of different semantic values in word formation, as e.g. “inexperienced” (núfíáláví “inexperienced teacher”) or “person who adheres to the typical behaviour of a group” (amredzóví “someone who behaves like a foreigner”, and the Mandarin Chinese suffix -bā, originally a lexical morph meaning “bar”, which also helps to form locative nouns conveying a broad range of meanings, as e.g. in yóuxìbā (game-bā) “amusement arcade” or in yǎnbā (eye-bā), a kind of optometry clinic. We shall show that apparent polysemy may be a consequence of generalization, rather than of specialization in meaning, and that the mechanisms involved in the evolution of derivational affixes are mostly analogous to those of grammaticalisation.
The layering of form and meaning in creole word-formation
Authors: Luís Ana R.
Published: February 2014

This paper examines the interaction between form and meaning in creole word-formation, drawing on evidence from Kriyol, a Portuguese-based creole spoken in Guiné-Bissau. The goal will be to illustrate how full reduplication interacts in complex ways with other morphological operations such as conversion, derivation and inflection. A formal morphological analysis of the layering between form and meaning will be sketched, within Construction Morphology, which treats full reduplication as a genuine lexeme-formation process. Within this word-based theory, the interaction between morphological operations is captured through the unification of construction schemas.
Root transparency and the morphology-meaning interface
Authors: Seroussi Batia
Published: February 2014

The paper concerns the structural factor of ‘root transparency’ in relation to the morphology-meaning interface in the mental lexicon of Hebrew. Semitic root structure was analyzed by comparing responses of native speakers of Hebrew on a set of written tasks. Target items included both nouns derived from transparent full triconsonantal roots (e.g. migdal “tower” from the root g-d-l) and nouns derived from more opaque defective biconsonantal roots (e.g. taxazit “forecast” from the root x-z-y). Responses to items based on full roots demonstrated that they were across-the-board more accessible and easier to process than their defective counterparts. Moreover, the difference between performance on items derived from full compared with defective roots was found to interface with phonology, semantics, and syntax, as well as with familiarity/frequency. These results indicate that root transparency plays an important and pervasive role in the mental lexicon of Hebrew.
Exclamatory Sentential Complements in Korean
Authors: Kim Nam-Kil
Published: February 2014

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the exclamatory sentential complement of Korean. The exclamatory sentential complement is superficially identical to the question complement, but occurs with a different set of predicates. In this paper, the system of exclamatory complements will be investigated under three subheadings. In Section A, I will investigate the differences between the exclamatory complement and the independent exclamatory sentence. In B, it will be argued that the exclamatory complements should be distinguished from question complements. Finally, in Section C, the general semantic and syntactic characteristics of exclamatory predicates will be studied.
How Have Korean Vowels Changed Through Time
Authors: Martin Samuel E.
Published: February 2014

This paper was presented under the title "How has the Korean vowel system changed through time?" at the 11 th International Conference on Korean Linguistics (Honolulu, July 1998). There are three parts: (1) on Korean vowel harmony; (2) on the hypothesis that the values of the modem vowel system is the result of rotation, a shift of articulatory values; (3) on the connotative associations of the vocalic features, the etymological implications of vowel sets, and the canonical patterns found in the nouns and the verb stems.
A Palatographic Investigation of Place of Articulation in Korean Coronal Obstruents
Authors: Anderson Victoria , Ko Insung , O’Grady William , Choo Miho
Published: February 2014

Abstract. This study uses static palatography to determine articulatory positions for coronal obstruents, for five native speakers of Seoul Korean in their twenties. For four of the speakers, affricates are consistently articulated slightly further back on the teeth than stops. However, stops, affricates and fricatives all show contact patterns in the denti-alveolar region. These results may reflect a shift in place of articulation of affricates from post-alveolar to denti-alveolar, for younger speakers of Korean. Gender differences are not observed for contact patterns on the palate, but contact patterns on the tongue do vary with gender. Female speakers in this study use laminal articulations, while male speakers use apico-laminal ones. The plain-aspirated-tense distinction does not affect articulatory measures of place of articulation, or amount of tongue-palate contact, implying that the lax-aspirated-tense distinction need not necessarily involve concomitant place distinctions.
Multifunctional Characteristics of the Korean Pragmatic Marker CEKI
Authors: Park Jung-Ran
Published: February 2014

Abstract. This paper examines the contemporary functions of the Korean pragmatic marker ceki by examining data gathered from naturally occurring phone conversations and three contemporary television dramas. The marker ceki is frequently used in contemporary Korean across boundaries of gender, education, age, region, etc. However, the standard treatment of the marker in dictionaries does not capture the multifunctional characteristics that ceki evinces in the creation and construction of coherent text and in the indexing of the speaker's interpersonal and affective stances during social interaction. Ceki signals topic change and marks discourse transition. By linking independent propositions, states, and events, ceki brings about sequential coordination and intra-textual coherence. This marker also functions for the structuring of text while allowing the speaker to hold the floor by affording the speaker time during the process of information retrieval. In addition, ceki functions as an attention-getter and is an ideal candidate for initiating discourse, especially with the unknown. In the speech contexts of making excuse, apology, disagreement, and request, the pragmatic marker ceki indexes the speaker's interpersonal and affective/empathetic stances vis-�-vis interlocutors in relation to the upcoming utterance.
The State of Translation and Language Studies in Korea
Authors: Chang Junghee
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Translation and language studies in Korea have been very much influenced by the political and social changes in the country, which in turn affected by its geopolitical positioning. Although each stage of the developments in the language and translation shares the very influence of the social, political and economical changes in the country, language studies and Translation in Korea seem to have developed independently of each other. From Ancient Korea to the present day, language has been through many different developmental stages, from the borrowing from Old Chinese to the invention of hankul. As for translation activities, neighboring countries such as China and Japan have played a key role in the development of translation. They are the source of translation needs, as well as the indirect source of translation from other languages. This paper will give an overview of the history of Korean language and translations of Korean � translation both to and from Korean � by sketching the nation's history. It, however, does not aim to evaluate the relationship between the development of the language study and the translation activities. Rather, it aims to present a historical account of the two.
Production of Korean Fricatives in Second Language Acquisition
Authors: Cheon Sang Yee
Published: February 2014

Abstract. This article examines the acoustic characteristics of Korean fricatives (lax /s/ and tense /s*/) in three vowel contexts (/a/, /i/, and /u/) in the speech of AE learners of Korean. AE learners fall into two groups based on their proficiency. Acoustically, Korean /s*/ is more similar to English /s/ than the latter is to Korean /s/. In terms of A/F duration ratio, the more similar sound (Korean /s*/) was easier for AE advanced learners of Korean to produce, while in terms of amplitude difference AE learners did not distinguish the Korean fricatives at all regardless of their proficiency level. In terms of the mean A/F duration ratio, the Korean /s*/ was authentically produced by AE advanced learners, but AE advanced and beginning learners of Korean inaccurately produced Korean /s/ was L2 advanced learners and L1 speakers used different strategies in the production of Korean fricatives. AE KSL advanced learners showed primacy of duration over amplitude, while AE KSL beginning learners showed no significant acoustic cue effects in differentiating the Korean fricatives /s/ and /s*/ in production. As in the speech production of Korean fricatives /s/ and /s*/ by AE learners of Korean, factors other than years spent learning L2 should be considered to explain the acquisition of L2 sounds.
Asymmetry of Locality
Authors: Choi Young-Sik
Published: February 2014

Abstract. This paper deals with an old, but recurrent, topic of a certain asymmetry of in situ wh-words with respect to classical extraction domains. Huang's analysis (1982) of wh-word scope tak-ing cannot offer an empirically adequate account for this important asymmetry, apart from the conceptual problem that does not fit into the minimalist assumption of computation (Chomsky 1995). I suggest two ways of scope taking at LF: movement of way 'why' vs. unselective binding of indefi-nite wh-words by the question morpheme. I will show that scope taking of in situ wh-words along this way can nicely account for the observed asymmetry of in situ wh-words with respect to islands, conforming to the minimalist thesis of movement as a last resort.
Disjunction in Kannada and Korean
Authors: Jang Youngjun
Published: February 2014

Abstract. This paper compares disjunction in Kannada and Korean and examines the morpho-syntactic properties of it in these languages, focusing on Kannada -oo/illa and Korean -na. Kannada and Korean are genealogically unrelated, but share SOV word order. It is thus expected that the disjunction head follow its complement. Indeed, Kannada -oo and Korean -na follow their comple-ments. What is truly intriguing is that it shows surprisingly parallel properties. For example, Kan-nada -oo and Korean -na not only yield disjunction but also invoke indirect question interpretation. That is, both of them are used as a disjunctive conjunct as well as a question marker. In this paper, we examine the parallels and differences between the disjunction in these languages and show that the conjunctive and disjunctive reading is expressed in different modes. Under the present analysis, we can readily explain the indirect question formation, wh-scope marking, and the dummy wh-phrases in the oo-complementation. We also show that the existential quantifier interpretation of wh-indefinites plus -oo can be accounted for, assuming -oo to be a wh-question marker. Unlike what Amritavalli (2003) predicts, wh-indefinites plus disjunctive morpheme yields universal quantifier interpretations in languages like English, Japanese, and Korean.