bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of monthly prophylaxis on caries and gingivitis in schoolchildren
Authors: Badersten Anita , Egelberg Jan , Koch Göran
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT The effect of professional prophylaxis given each month to individual children was investigated. A total of 225 schoolchildren, 10–12 years of age, participated during the experimental year. Each prophylactic session required about 15 min, and included tooth‐brushing instructions, professional tooth cleansings and fluoride rinses. Significantly fewer new interproximal carious lesions were obtained in the experimental group compared with the control group. No differences were observed for occlusal, buccal or lingual surfaces. The frequency of gingivitis was significantly reduced during the year of trial in the experimental group. The efficacy of the preventive treatment was most noticeable in children with high caries experience. For clinical practice monthly prophylaxes could be recommended to the most susceptible individuals.
Oral health in 4‐year‐old Swedish children
Authors: Holm A.‐K.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT The present study was carried out to investigate the oral status of a group of 4‐year‐old children who had already been investigated as 3‐year‐olds 1 year previously. The children were examined for caries, gingivitis, extrinsic stains, supragingival calculus, signs of traumatic injury, occlusion, interdental spacing, and lactobacilli and C. albicans in plaque samples. The parents were interviewed regarding toothbrushing habits, fluoride prophylaxis, and oral habits in the children. The investigation was performed in association with a general physical examination of the children. Caries was demonstrated in 67 % of the children. The mean Gingival Index was 0.52. Lactobacilli in plaque were detected in 34 % of the children and C. albicans in 18 %. The children in whom lactobacilli were demonstrated had significantly more decayed surfaces than the other children. Various sucking habits were noted in 42 % and nocturnal grinding of the teeth in 28%. Most of the parents had received dental advice at the Child Health Centers, and 41 % had given their children fluoride tablets regularly for at least 2 years.
Leukoedema in addicts to coca leaves in Humahuaca, Argentina
Authors: Borghelli R. F. , Stirparo M. , Andrade J. , Barros R. , Centofanti M. , de Estevez O. T.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT The oral mucosa of 301 subjects of both sexes, aged 30 to 87 years and living in Humahuaca, in the province of Jujuy, nothern Argentina, was studied for leukoedema and leukoplakia. One hundred and fifty of these persons were addicted to chewing coca leaves. One hundred and fifty‐one non‐addicts served as controls. Prevalences of 61.3 % for leukoedema and 21.3 % for leukoplakia were reported in the study group. In the control group the prevalences were 9.2 % and 3.9 % for leukoedema and leukoplakia, respectively. The localization of lesions in the study group always coincided with where the coca leaf bolus is habitually kept. In general, the histopathologic pictures were compatible with leukoedema. This confirms previous findings about the effects on the oral mucosa of chewing coca leaves and also the benign character of leukoedema provoked by this irritant.
Evaluating attitude change in community dental service programs in Minnesota, U. S. A.
Authors: Loupe Michael J. , Meskin Lawrence H.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT Attitude changes of students participating in two community service programs at the University of Minnesota were evaluated using the semantic differential technique. Program I, a single day clinical experience at a state institution for the mentally retarded, involved 170 students; Program II, a 1‐week clinical program in dental auxiliary utilization, involved 30 students. For each program, semantic differentials were designed to elicit scaled evaluative responses toward concepts such as mental retardation and dentistry which were important to program objectives. Scales were administered in a pretest, post‐test design. Statistically significant differences were noted for seven of eight target concepts, and appropriate attitude changes were inferred from these differences. Design of community programs and evaluation of desired attitude change using the semantic differential were discussed.
Five‐year review of tooth mortality in a selected population in Leeds, U. K.
Authors: Edmunds D. H. , Grabb H. S. M.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT The results of a survey of tooth mortality, in a group of 1,507 patients attending the Conservation Department of a dental teaching hospital in Leeds, U. K., are reported. Comparisons are drawn with the results of a previous survey carried out in 1964–65 and with a survey of a general population. The results suggest that there is a general tendency for tooth mortality to be lower in the present survey and this change is particularly noticeable for maxillary incisor and canine teeth. The significance of these results is discussed and various hypotheses are suggested to explain them.
Dental status of the institutionalized elderly population of Edinburgh
Authors: Manderson R. D. , Ettinger R. L.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT A randomly selected population of 442 persons in Edinburgh was interviewed and examined. Although 71 % of the sample required treatment, only 52 % were physically and mentally able to benefit from treatment. Thirty percent of the sample were able to use public transport to attend a dentist, 66 % would require cars and ambulance transport and 4 % were bedridden and would require domiciliary dental services. Twenty‐one percent of the sample had thought about seeking dental treatment, while only 25 % had heard how to claim exemption from or help towards dental charges. Edentulousness was present in 91 % of the sample, only 41 persons having remaining natural teeth. Seventy‐three percent were wearing dentures which required adjustment or replacement, but only 39 % thought their dentures were unsatisfactory. In 58 % of the patients the oral tissues were so deformed or resorbed that the prosthodontic treatment needed would be complex and require special skills. Half of the sample had some form of denture‐induced pathology which required either conservative or surgical treatment.
Effect of proper oral hygiene on gingivitis and dental caries in Swedish schoolchildren
Authors: Lindhe J. , Axelsson P. , Tollskog G.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT The present paper reports the effect of a 3‐year study of regularly repeated professional toothcleaning on oral hygiene status, gingivitis, and dental caries. At the initiation of the study in 1971, the children were 7–8 years old (Group 1), 10–11 (Group 2) or 13–14 (Group 3). The children were divided into test and control groups. Before the study all the children were examined regarding oral hygiene, state of the gingiva and dental caries. Throughout the 3‐year period the controls brushed their teeth with a 0.2 % sodium fluoride solution once a month under supervision. During the first 2 years of the trial all the children of the test groups were given professional oral prophylaxis once every second week during the school terms. During the third year the interval between consecutive prophylactic sessions was prolonged to 4 weeks in Groups 1 and 2 and to 8 weeks in Group 3. The results demonstrated that regularly repeated professional cleaning of the teeth combined with fluoride applications and toothbrushing instructions, over a 3‐year period in schoolchildren resulted in the establishment and maintenance of excellent oral hygiene standards. Inflammation of the marginal gingiva almost entirely disappeared, and practically no new carious lesions developed.
Effect of fluoride on gingivitis and dental caries in a preventive program based on plaque control
Authors: Axelsson Per , Lindhe Jan
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT The purpose of the investigation was to estimate the relative effect of fluoride on caries in a preventive program based on meticulous plaque control. The material consisted of 82 children; 41 in the test and 41 in the control group. At the start of the study the children were 13–14 years of age. In August 1973 an examination was performed to obtain baseline data for the trial. Prophylactic treatment was given to the children once every second week. A total of 18 treatments were given during a 10‐month period. In the control group an abrasive paste was used containing 5 % sodium monofluorophosphate (Jodka Fluor Polerpasta®). In the test group an abrasive paste was used which was identical with the control paste except that it did not contain any fluoride components. Twelve months after the baseline examination the test and control groups were reexamined. The trial demonstrated that, in children, fortnightly professional cleaning of the teeth combined with meticulous toothbrushing instructions result in (1) a high standard of oral hygiene and (2) only very few new carious surfaces. Though the control group children received fortnightly topical application of F− during the prophylactic sessions and used a fluoridated dentifrice, there was no significant difference between the two groups regarding number of new carious tooth surfaces per child per year.
A method of planning a dental treatment program for an institutionalized population
Authors: Hobdell Martin H. , Burt Brian A. , Longhurst Peter
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT A dental treatment program, for a subnormal group in an institution near London, England, was designed by applying both epidemiologic data and empirically derived data from the Experimental Dental Care Project at The London Hospital Dental School. For the epidemiologic study, a two‐examiner system was developed to help overcome the special problems of examining subnormal adults. The data collected in the study had to be flexible enough to allow the analysis of several alternative treatment strategies. Once these alternative treatment strategies were defined, the data from the Experimental Dental Care Project were applied to analyze the effects of using dental teams of varying composition to carry out the treatment. It was found that to meet the dental needs of the group, a team consisting of one dentist, three New Cross auxiliaries and one dental surgery assistant would be 30 % less expensive than a traditional team of one dentist and one assistant. This larger team would also be able to complete the necessary initial treatment in less than half the time that the traditional team would require.
Dental attitudes and behavior related to vertical social mobility by marriage
Authors: Beal John F. , Dickson S.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT Following a dental examination of 5‐year‐old children, the mothers of 367 of them were interviewed. In 262 cases there was sufficient information relating to the social class of both the mother's husband and her father to enable the relationship between social mobility by marriage and the mother's dental attitudes and behavior to be assessed. The results showed that the views of mothers who moved from one social group to another fell between those of the mothers who were static in each of those two groups. Those mothers who were downward mobile had less favorable attitudes than those who had remained in the higher social group but more favorable than those who had always been in the lower social group. The reverse trend was found in upward mobile mothers. A notable exception to this pattern was the group who moved from social Class III into Class I or II. These mothers exhibited attitudes and behavior which were even more favorable than the static social Class I or II mothers. The similarity of these results to those of others in different fields is discussed.
Caries prevalence in different racial groups of schoolchildren in West Malaysia
Authors: Yassin I. , Low T.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT A dental health survey of 15,197 schoolchildren age 6–18 years was conducted in West Malaysia. The caries experience in the permanent teeth of the three racial groups, namely Malay, Chinese and Indian/Pakistani, showed a distinct variation. The prevalence was highest among the Chinese children, being about twice that of the Malay and Indian/Pakistani children. In the primary dentition, however, the caries experience in the three racial groups was comparable. An analysis of the factors contributing to the racial variation showed that dietary influence was not the only factor responsible. The possibility of a racial variation in caries susceptibility has been postulated. In the primary dentition the similar caries experience observed in the three groups of children was most probably due to the widespread occurrence of rampant caries which would heavily weight the dift score of the children in all three groups. The need to fluoridate the public water supply as an effective preventive measure is emphasized.
Inter‐ and intraexaminer variability in assessment of orthodontic treatment need
Authors: Bowden David E. J. , Davies Aubrey Pittard
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT Two examiners assessed subjectively the orthodontic treatment need of a group of 183 10‐year‐old children. The examiners did not standardize the criteria establishing treatment, need. Intraexaminer agreement was reached in 79.8 % of the cases. Intraexaminer agreement was 91.7 % for Examiner A and 93.4 % for Examiner B. The paper highlights the subjective element in deciding orthodontic treatment need.
A field biopsy method for fluoride determinations in human surface enamel
Authors: Bruun Carsten , Munksgaard E. C. , Stoltze Kaj
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT An enamel biopsy method was developed that is especially intended for use under primitive clinical conditions in field studies. Three successive enamel layers, each of 1 μm or less, were etched off the same delimited area of 3 mm2 by means of perchloric acid, using a microsampler with disposable tips. The biopsy technique was applicable to the vestibular surface of almost all teeth, causing no perceptible damage to the enamel surface. Based on cumulated data from the successive enamel layers, curves were drawn from which F levels at various depths in the outer 3 μn of the enamel could be interpolated. F levels in surface enamel of maxillary first premolars in 40 12–13‐year‐old children in a locale with 0.5 mg F/l in the drinking water were found to be 3,800, 2,400 and 2,000 parts/106 in three successive enamel layers of 0.6, 1.0 and 1.1 μm, respectively, demonstrating a decrease in F concentration of about 1,800 parts/106 within this depth interval. Identical F concentrations were found in bilateral premolars.
Some epidemiologic evidence on the etiology of caries
Authors: Beck James , Drake Claude
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT While laboratory research has identified multiple causal factors in dental caries, few epidemiologic studies have been conducted on large representative populations that have utilized enough variables to test the current models of causation. Data from a large, representative study were available to the authors for secondary analysis. The epidemiology of dental caries as presented in the study indicates that the caries patterns in a free‐living population were consistent with an infectious and nutrition model of causality. The genetic explanation, while represented in the data, was not as consistent with the findings as the infectious and nutritional explanations.
Dental caries in schoolchildren in some Danish communities with and without school dental service
Authors: Holst Dorthe
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT The purpose of the investigation was to compare the caries prevalence (DMF‐T) among 762 7th grade children, of whom one‐hall had received regular school dental care throughout their school attendance and the other half had never received school dental care. The children were grouped according to social status in order to see if there was any difference in the caries prevalence between the social groups. The caries prevalence in children both with and without school dental service was high, 9.5 DMF‐T and 10.5 DMF‐T. The prevalence of untreated caries and secondary caries was lowest in the group with school dental service.
Oral hygiene instruction and motivation in children using manual and electric toothbrushes
Authors: Crawford A. N. , McAllan L. H. , Murray J. J. , Brook A. H.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT The effect of individual chairside instruction and motivation on children using either manual or electric toothbrushes was investigated. From 123 children aged 9–15 years attending the Children's Department, Eastman Dental Hospital, four groups were constructed. Group 1 acted as the control, Groups 2 and 3 used manual toothbrushes and received instruction and motivation, and Group 4 used electric toothbrushes (Touch Tronic, Teledyne Aqua Tec®) and also received instruction and motivation. For all children, modified Löe and Silness’Gingival and Plaque Indices were scored, a disclosing agent applied and a prophylaxis completed. Children in Groups 2, 3 and 4 were additionally shown the disclosed plaque, and its importance was discussed. Their attempts to “get the stain off” were checked and their own brushing techniques modified. Re‐examinations took place after 1 and 3 months. To estimate the reliability of the diagnosis, 172 of the 344 examinations were repeated by a second operator. The overall coefficient of correlation (between operators) was 0.8. In the control group no detectable improvement in the gingival health or oral cleanliness occurred over the 3‐month study period. However, both gingival and plaque scores decreased significantly, by 35–50 %, in all instructed and motivated groups within 1 month and this improvement was still observable 2 months later. There were no significant differences in improvement between motivated children using manual or electric toothbrushes.
Effect of chlorhexidine on dental plaque and gingivitis in mentally retarded children
Authors: Bay Lena M. , Russell Björn G.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT The purpose of the investigation was to determine the effect of chlorhexidine mouthrinses as a supplement to toothbrushing in the plaque control of mentally retarded children. Fifty‐four mentally subnormal children 7–14 years of age took part in the investigation. During the first period, half of the children rinsed their mouths with 0.2 % chlorhexidine gluconate solution twice a day. The rest of the children used a placebo mouth‐rinse. After an 8‐week interval a “cross‐over” experiment was carried out during which a 0.1 % chlorhexidine solution was used. Plaque and gingival indices were scored at the beginning of each period, after 3 weeks, and at the termination after 6 weeks. The results revealed that mouthrinses with 0.1 % as well as 0.2 % chlorhexidine gluconate reduced plaque and gingivitis in mentally retarded children. The results were statistically significant (P < 0.05) for both concentrations. Furthermore, the investigation confirmed the occurrence of certain side effects such as discoloration of teeth and tongues.
Errors in diagnosis of approximal caries on bitewing radiographs
Authors: Murray J. J. , Shaw L.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT The number of overlapped and unreadable surfaces occurring on bitewing radiographs of 1,417 children participating in a clinical trial was recorded. Of erupted surfaces, only 73.3 % were completely visible to both participating examiners. Interexaminer and intraexaminer reproducibility ratios were calculated according to the F.D.I, recommendations. The ratios obtained in the present study ranged from 0.06 to 0.36. Almost 57 % of approximal cavities were diagnosed on radiographic examination only: 21 % were diagnosed clinically, but were not apparent on the radiographs.
Tooth loss in South Australia
Authors: Roder D. M.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT A survey of approximately 8,300 subjects in the State of South Australia indicated that approximately 228,400 South Australians aged 15 years and over (26%) were edentulous and, of these, 95 % wore full maxillary and mandibular dentures. The proportion of edentulous subjects increased with age and was lower in males, upper socioeconomic groups, immigrants and in the State capital.
Anti‐caries effect of a 2% Na2PO3F‐dentifrice in a Danish fluoride area
Authors: Lind O. P. , von der Fehr F. R. , Larsen M. Joost , Möller I. J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract A 3‐year experimental toothbrushing study was conducted in a natural fluoride area in Denmark to evaluate the anti‐caries effect of a 2 % sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrice. In a previous report the results for the total population of 1,407 schoolchildren, representing a broad age‐span (7–12 years), at the commencement of the study in 1970 were given. In the present report results are presented for two subpopulations of “8‐year‐olds” and “11‐year‐olds” at the commencement of the study. Differential analysis of the effect of the, test dentifrice on defined types of surfaces for the two subpopulations is given. The evaluation was performed using both the conventional DMF‐indices and the recently published ECSI‐Index6. The evaluation showed that the test dentifrice had a valuable anti‐caries effect in both age groups, above and beyond the effect of the waterborne fluoride. Proximal surfaces were affected most baneficially by the active agent both in relative and absolute terms. However, an appreciable caries‐preventive effect was also found on the “pit and fissure” surfaces.
The oral health status of migrant and seasonal farm workers and their families in Florida
Authors: Avery Kevin T.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The oral health status of 454 children and 115 adults from a population of migrant and seasonal farm workers in Florida was assessed. The prevalence of disease among the children was consistent with that reported for other black children of this age. The migrants had received more dental treatment than the children of seasonal farm workers; however, the level of care for both groups was strikingly low. The results of this neglect were clearly reflected in the mouths of the adults, most of which were found to be in a very deteriorated state of dental health. A program to cope with these long unmet needs is unrealistic. Efforts should be made to eliminate pain and infection until the cycle of poverty can be broken.
Emergence of permanent teeth and onset of dental stages in the population of Iceland
Authors: Magnusson Thordur Eydal
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to determine the mean ages at emergence of the permanent teeth of Icelandic children, as well as the mean ages at onset of the dental stages (DS). The material consisted of 1,941 randomly selected children, corresponding to 9.5 % of the total primary and secondary school population of Reykjavik. The mean ages at emergence of the permanent teeth, along with the ages at commencement of DS 2. DS 3, DS 4 and DS M2, are given. Owing to (he age distribution of the material, it was not possible to give mean ages at emergence of the first and third molars, or of the mandibular central incisors. A comparison of the emergence‐ages in Icelandic children with those of Danish and Norwegian children showed close agreement.
Public attitudes concerning water fluoridation in Denmark
Authors: Schwarz Eli , Hansen Erik Randers
Published: May 2006

Abstract Attitudes towards water fluoridation were assessed in a national probability sample of 1,600 adult Danes. 23% favored and 48 % opposed water fluoridation while 29 % didn't know. Differences in opinion were found in relation to sex and age, occupation, residence, and dental behavior. Compared with an earlier Danish study, a shift towards more expressed opposition to water fluoridation seems to have taken place.
Effectiveness of a dental education program on oral cleanliness of schoolchildren in Israel
Authors: Anaise J. Z. , Zilkah E.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a dental health education program providing dental health information and toothbrushing instruction on oral cleanliness. Two methods of instruction, individual and group instruction, are presented in this study. The plaque situation was assessed in a group of 175 children, 11–14 years of age, by the Patient Hygiene Performance (PHP) method at the beginning of the study and at 1, 2, and 12 months.

It was found that immediately after instruction the dental health education program resulted in improved oral hygiene home care for the two experimental groups. However, the improvement noted was achieved regardless of the method of toothbrushing instruction (individual versus group). Moreover, it was demonstrated that maintenance of a satisfactory level of oral hygiene home care was dependent upon review of educational programs and toothbrushing instruction and not related to the method of instruction.
The effect of professional toothcleansing on gingivitis and dental caries in children after 1 year
Authors: Poulsen S. , Agerbæk Nina , Melsen Birte , Korts D. C. , Glavind L. , Rölla G.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of professional mechanical toothcleansing on plaque, gingivitis, and dental caries in young children with a high caries experience. Seventy‐eight children, 7 years of age, were stratified according to presence or absence of smooth surface lesions on the permanent teeth and subsequently randomly assigned to an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group was given a thorough mechanical toothcleansing every 2 weeks. After 12 months a statistically significant difference in plaque accumulation and a minor difference in level of gingival inflammation could be demonstrated between the two groups. The incidence of dental caries in permanent teeth present at both examinations was 70 % lower in the experimental group. The effect on permanent teeth erupting during the study and on primary teeth present at both examinations was not statistically significant.
Dental insurance and equity of access to dental services
Authors: Barenthin Inkeri
Published: May 2006

Abstract The first‐year consequences of national dental insurance, introduced in Sweden in 1974, are examined here from the point of view of social justice. The concept of equity of access in medical care is discussed. In a local survey, a comparison is made between use of dental services in 1972, 1973, and 1974. The results indicate that fewer people visited the dentist after the implementation of the insurance than before. Other evidence supports this conclusion. People traditionally considered to be underprivileged as to dental care were compared with other people. One underprivileged group, edentulous persons, received more treatment after the insurance was instituted than before.
Utilization of dental services in the adult Danish population 1975
Authors: Schwarz Eli , Hansen Erik Randers
Published: May 2006

Abstract Lack of information on the dental behavior of adults in Denmark has become a major problem in the national planning of dental services. The purpose of this study was to establish the pattern of utilization of dental services among adult Danes (aged 15 and above). A three‐stage cluster sampling design covering the total adult population of Denmark was used to draw a representative sample comprising 1,600 persons. Household interviews by trained interviewers were carried out. Of the adults interviewed, 58% reported yearly dental visits the last 5 years, 32% had not seen a dentist or only when in pain, and 10% went irregularly. Differences according to place of living, age, sex, occupation and school dental care were found. 63% of those who had not seen a dentist reported bad teeth or were edentulous with or without dentures. 10% reported fear, 9 % had good teeth and 5 % reported economic difficulties. The most frequent treatments at the latest dental visit were cleaning and filling for the regular patients and extractions and dentures for the non‐regular patients. A multiple classification analysis revealed that the number of teeth was the strongest predictor for utilization of dental services, with the following predictors in descending order: age, occupation, place of living, economy, sex and school dental care. These variables could explain 58% of the variation in utilization.
Testing the internal and external validity of a simplified dental caries index on an adult population
Authors: Katz Ralph V. , Meskin Lawrence H.
Published: May 2006

Abstract This analysis of a caries index, proposed in 1966 to WHO as a simplified method of measurement, as tested on a 16‐ to 45‐year‐old population who were seeking dental care at the University of Minnesota School of Dentistry revealed several weaknesses associated with the index. An analysis of the external validity of this index, a comparison with subjects' DMFS scores, revealed a correlation coefficient of 0.71. Although the index purports to measure the prevalence and severity of dental caries by dividing the dentition into five zones representing increasing severity of dental caries experience, an analysis of this index's internal validity, i.e. whether these five zones truly represent a rank‐order scale of severity, revealed misclassification rates of from 21 % for the total population up to 44 % for a subgroup. When zones were recombined to reduce the misclassification rates, the descriptive capabilities of the index were greatly reduced as most subjects were then classified in only one or two of the zones.
The effect of various plaque control measures on gingivitis and caries in schoolchildren
Authors: Axelsson Per , Lindhe Jan , Wäseby Jan
Published: May 2006

Abstract The aims of the present study were (1) to analyze the separate effects on plaque, caries, and gingivitis of several measures (oral hygiene instruction, professional tooth cleaning with mechanical instruments, topical application of sodium monofluorophosphate – MFP) which have been incorporated in a prophylactic treatment program, described by Axelsson & Lindhe1, and (2) to prevent caries and gingivitis by applying the combined treatment but replacing the professional mechanical tooth cleaning with chemical cleaning using a chlorhexidine‐containing gel. 164 children, 13–14 years old, divided into four groups, participated in a 2‐year trial. All participants were recalled once every 2nd week for preventive treatment provided by dental nurses. During the 1st year Groups 3 and 4 received prophylactic treatment identical to that described by Axelsson & Lindhe1. During the 2nd year the professional tooth cleaning was omitted but oral hygiene instruction was given every 2nd week. During the 1st year Groups 1 and 2 were treated with 0.5 % chlorhexidine but during the 2nd year they were subjected to professional tooth cleaning with mechanical instruments. Throughout the trial Groups 1 and 3 rinsed once every 2nd week with a 2 % MFP solution. The results showed that by oral hygiene instruction and frequently repeated professional tooth cleanings it was possible to substantially reduce the frequency of gingivitis and prevent caries. When this treatment was used, mouthrinsings with 2 % MFP had no additional effect on caries. The substitution of the mechanical cleaning procedure with topical application of a 0.5 % chlorhexidine gel failed to (1) remove supra‐gingival plaque accumulations, (2) reduce the frequency of gingivitis, and (3) retard the rate of caries development. The data also revealed that interdental cleaning with mechanical instruments was of decisive importance in the prevention of approxirnal surface caries.
Effect of topically applied acidulated phosphate fluoride on dental caries
Authors: Zahran Mohamed
Published: May 2006

Abstract A 4‐year clinical trial was conducted to determine the effect on dental caries incidence of the use of acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF 1.23 %). 1,653 Egyptian schoolchildren aged 8 years started the trial. Dental caries was assessed annually by clinical examinations. 1,027 children completed the study. After 4 years, the children in the study group showed a mean of 2.58 DMF teeth and 2.68 DMF surfaces. Those in the control group showed 2.58 and 2.67, respectively. No significant reduction in the caries increment was observed at 0.05 level. The findings of this study suggest that topical application of fluoride does not decrease pit and fissure caries.
A comparative radiographic investigation of caries prevalence in Danish schoolchildren
Authors: Holst Dorthe
Published: May 2006

AbstractIn order to assess the prevalence of untreated caries in two groups of Danish 7th grade (13‐ to 14‐year‐old) schoolchildren in a blind study, a radiographic investigation was carried out. Only half of the children (394) had received regular school dental care during their years of attendance of primary school; the other children (368) had not. A bitewing radiograph of the right side of the mouth of each child was taken, employing a standardized technique. The radiographs were read without the examiner knowing the group identity of the radiographs. The criteria for discarding poor radiographs, teeth, and tooth surfaces are described. Some of the radiographic results are compared with the clinical caries score of the same group. Most of the radiographs without untreated caries were found among those of the children who received school dental service. Uncertainly of method in connection with radiographic investigation is discussed.
Ethical considerations of study participants in dental caries clinical trials
Authors: Horowitz Herschel S.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT During the past 30 years there has been increasing concern for ethical considerations that pertain to the conduct of human biomedical research. Consequently, many national and international medical and dental organizations and agencies have developed regulations, policies or ethical guidelines for the protection of human subjects who take part in clinical investigations. In the United States, more than 500 research institutions have established permanent committees to review research in humans conducted by their institutions. Members of these committees must represent a broad range of backgrounds, interests, and concerns. Prospective study subjects must be able to make an informed decision on whether to participate in any study, without any element of force, deceit, duress, or other form of constraint or coercion. Obtaining informed consent for studies of children, the mentally infirm, and persons with restricted civil freedom presents special problems. Ethical considerations also raise questions on appropriate designs for clinical studies, e.g. use of untreated controls. Dental studies, particularly those testing caries‐preventive agents, raise special questions of design, informed consent, ethical procedures and the use of diagnostic radiographs. The director of a clinical study is responsible for the conduct of all personnel connected with the investigation.
An evaluation of proposed revisions to the W.H.O. manual “Oral Health Surveys ‐ Basic Methods”
Authors: Davies G. N. , Barmes David E.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT The authors describe the organization and results of an epidemiologic training program which formed part of a W. H. O. sponsored course in public health dentistry held in Malaysia in May‐June 1975. Twenty‐two participants from 16 countries took part. They had a wide variety of qualifications and training; only four had had previous experience in the conduct of an oral health survey. The method and criteria that were proposed for inclusion in the second edition of Oral Health Surveys ‐ Basic Methods were tested in two calibration exercises and one field trial. The usefulness of most of the recommendations was confirmed. The main problem areas concern dentofacial anomalies, intense gingivitis and advanced periodontal involvement. A successful feature of the study was the practicability for public health planning of assessing requirements for treatment.
A regression model analysis of longitudinal dental caries data
Authors: Ringelberg M. L. , Tonascia J. A.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT Longitudinal data on caries experience were derived from the reexamination and interview of a cohort of 306 subjects with an average follow‐up period of 33 years after the baseline examination. Analysis of the data was accomplished by the use of contingency tables utilizing enumeration statistics compared with a multiple regression analysis. The analyses indicated a strong association of caries experience at one point in time with the caries experience of that same person earlier in life. The regression model approach offers adjustment of any given independent variable for the effect of all other independent variables, providing a powerful means of bias reduction. The model is also useful in separating out the specific effect of an independent variable over and above the contribution of other variables. The model used explained 35% of the variability in the DMFS scores recorded. Similar models could be useful adjuncts in the analyses of dental epidemiologic data.
Effects on plaque and gingivitis of a chlorhexidine dental gel in the mentally retarded
Authors: Cutress T. W. , Brown R. H. , Barker D. S.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT The effectiveness of a 1 % chlorhexidine‐containing dental gel on dental plaque and gingival health was evaluated over a period of 6 months using a double‐blind procedure. One hundred and seventeen mentally retarded subjects aged between 10–17 years resident in an institution were divided into two groups. One group was assigned daily brushing with the 1 % chlorhexidine gel, the other group a placebo quinine sulfate‐containing gel. No other form of oral hygiene was used during the experimental period. Assessment of dental plaque accumulation and gingivitis was made at 0, 1, 3, and 6 months. An assessment was also made 2 months after the gel was withdrawn from use and normal toothbrushing procedures resumed. No clinical or statistical advantage was noted in plaque or gingivitis scores in the group receiving chlorhexidine treatment during the 6‐month period. This group showed a higher prevalence of tooth staining. It was concluded that periodontal severity and poor oral hygiene exceeded the plaque‐ and gingivitis‐preventing potential of chlorhexidine.
Constancy of clinical signs in patients with mandibular dysfunction
Authors: Kopp Sigvard
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT Repeated clinical examinations were performed 6 weeks apart on 34 patients with mandibular dysfunction to estimate the constancy of clinical signs. The clinical examination of the patients included the masticatory muscles, the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and the mandibular movement capacity. The clinical dysfunction index (Di) was calculated as a measure of the degree of mandibular dysfunction. The highest agreement between examinations was found for maximal mouth opening and protrusion. The agreement for palpation tenderness of the masticatory muscles and TMJ, limited movement of the TMJ, TMJ sounds, and pain during movement was considerably lower. The lowest agreement within 6 weeks was found for the clinical dysfunction index. No statistically significant difference could be detected between the two examinations for any of the clinical signs, as a result of given information and counseling before the 6‐week period. It was con eluded that all clinical signs, except maximal mouth opening and maximal protrusion showed low constancy.
Overview of ethical aspects of clinical studies
Authors: Horowitz Hersghel s.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT Research in human subjects should be conducted only if the rights and welfare of the participants are protected. Prospective study subjects must be given adequate information about all aspects of a study so that they can make a rationally exercised decision about participation; coercive techniques to solicit participants should not be used. Research in humans may be classified in one of three categories: (1) research on treatment of existing conditions; (2) research on preventive measures; and (3) research other than for treatment or prevention. Different concerns and aspects of informed consent assume particular importance in each category. In research on the treatment of existing conditions, untreated or placebo‐treated control groups are rarely justified if the condition is irreversible. In research on preventive methods prospective subjects should be informed of the likelihood of receiving an ineffective treatment, if one or more placebo groups are included. A randomized clinical trial is usually the best design for studies of preventive methods. Non‐randomized designs, which are feasible and statistically valid, may be employed in order to avoid depriving some subjects from receiving effective preventive methods. In social or behavioral research, confidentiality of collected information and Privacy of the subject are essential consideration.
Caries‐preventive effect of two concentrations of stannous fluoride mouthrinse
Authors: Mcconchie J. M. , Richardson A. S. , Hole L. W. , McCombie F. , Kolthammer J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The effectiveness of a stannous fluoride mouthrinse, when used once each school day, was investigated in a 3‐year study. Effervescent stannous fluoride tablets of two concentrations were dissolved in 20 ml of water, giving solutions of 100 parts/106F‐ and 200 parts/ 106F‐ respectively. Approximately 1,200 children, with a mean age of 1C) years, were divided on a random basis into three groups. Two of the groups rinsed with the two strengths of solution and the third group rinsed with a placebo. Examinations were carried out at the commencement of the study, and at yearly intervals thereafter. The final series was carried out a year after the rinsing procedures were terminated. There were significant reductions in the numbers of new caries in each of the two experimental groups as compared with the controls. The concentration of the solutions appeared to have little influence on the results. More dramatic reductions were noted in the teeth which erupted during the course of the study. A residual effect was demonstrated a year after the rinsing procedures were terminated.
Occurrence of dental caries and gingivitis in low, medium and high fluoride areas in Finland
Authors: Parviainen Kaarina , Nordling Helmer , Ainamo Jukka
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT The study was performed on a material of 365 Finnish schoolchildren aged 13–15 years. One‐third of the children were from Jyväskylä, with 0.2 parts/106 fluoride in the drinking water, one‐third from Kuopio, with an artificially corrected 1.0 parts/106 fluoride content since 1959, and one‐third from Hamina, where the natural fluoride content of the drinking water varies between 2.5 and 5.0 parts/106. All the children were scored for the Visible Plaque Index (VPI), the Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI) and for past caries experience (DPS). With increasing fluoride content of the drinking water the DFS scores were found to decrease significantly. No such difference was observed with regard to the VPI scores. The prevalence of gingival bleeding was found to be highest in Hamina (2.5 parts/ 106). A highly significant positive correlation was found between individual VPI and GBI scores in all three towns. No corresponding correlations were found between the individual VPI and DFS scores. The latter finding is in disagreement with the generally accepted view that oral hygiene is an efficient caries‐preventive measure.
Effect of high‐concentration ammonium and sodium fluoride rinses on dental caries in schoolchildren
Authors: DePaola P. F. , Soparkar P. , Foley S. , Bookstein F. , Bakhos Y.
Published: May 2006

abstract A double‐blind clinical trial was conducted in a non‐fluoridated community to determine the effect on enamel fluoride and caries experience of daily rinsing in school with 1,000 parts/106 solutions of ammonium fluoride or sodium fluoride at pH 4.4. Subjects were 10‐ to 12‐year‐old children (n ≅ 200/group at baseline), about one‐half of whom reported the usage of fluoride supplements. Dental caries (DFS index) and enamel fluoride (in vivo biopsy) were evaluated at baseline, 12 months, and 24 months. Supplement users had higher enamel fluoride levels and less caries experience initially, as well as generally lower caries increments over the study. In year 1, the overall caries reductions (supplement users and non‐users combined) were 23% (ammonium fluoride) and 33% (sodium fluoride), P < 0.01. For year 2, treatment effects were significantly greater: 54 % (ammonium fluoride) and 47 % (sodium fluoride). In newly erupted teeth, the effects of the ammonium fluoride (70 % DFS reduction) was significantly greater (P = 0.013) than that of the sodium fluoride (48 % DFS reduction). Enamel fluoride levels at the end of 2 years were 3,124 parts/106 (ammonium fluoride), 2,771 parts/106 (sodium fluoride), and 2,603 parts/106 (placebo), P= 0.025.
Plaque, caries, periodontal diseases, and acculturation among Yanomamö Indians, Venezuela
Authors: Donnelly C. J. , Thomson L. A. , Stiles H. M. , Brewer C. , Neel J. V. , Brunelle J. A.
Published: May 2006

abstract The number of DM and d teeth and surfaces was recorded for 220 Yanomamö, Indians from three groups of villages with different degrees of contact with Western culture. Specimens of plaque were taken from the teeth, transported in a holding solution, cultured and examined for specific oral streptococci. In addition, the periodontal health and oral by giene of one group of villagers were assessed using the Russell PI and the Greene & Ver million OHIS. Caries experience among the Yanomamö was shown to be positively associated with exposure to Western culture. S. mutans was recovered with about the same frequency from specimens taken from the teeth of Indians living at all three village locations. However, the presence of S. mutans alone did not account for the disparity in dental caries scores. The examinees had abundant and persistent accumulations of soft deposits on their teeth accompanied by markedly inflamed gingival tissues. However, periodontal pockets and loss of appreciable amounts of bone did not appear as early in life nor were they as sever as reported for some other populations which practice little oral hygiene. Those disparities in the distribution of plaque‐induced oral diseases between Western populations and the Yanomamö warrant further study.
Oral conditions in a population of young adults in Strasbourg
Authors: Cahen P. M. , Caubet A. M. , Rebillet R. , Frank R. M.
Published: May 2006

abstract The oral conditions of 1,993 young adults, 16–30 years old, constituting a statistically representative random sample of the population of Strasbourg, were studied. Plaque, calculus, and gingival indices were determined as well as DMFT and DMFS caries indices. All these indices showed a highly statistically significant linear correlation with age. Sex had a significant influence on caries indices but not on plaque, calculus, or gingival indices. Socioprofessional conditions had a very significant influence on caries and gingival indices but not much en plaque index and not at all on calculus index.
Relationships between fluoride in enamel, DMFT Index and fluorosis in high‐ and low‐fluoride areas in South Africa
Authors: van der Merwe E. H. M. , Bischoff J. I. , Fatti L. P. , Retief D. H. , Barbakow F. H. , Friedman M.
Published: May 2006

abstract The DMFT Index, degree of fluorosis (DEGF), and enamel fluoride concentration (F) were determined in 88 children living in a high‐ and 79 children living in a low‐fluoride area in South Africa. The following interrelationships between these parameters were found: in both areas there was a significant negative correlation between log F and age; in the high‐fluoride area there was a significant positive correlation between log F and DEGF; and in the combined data from the two areas there were significant correlations between log F and area, log F and age, and log F and DEGF, and a significant association between DEGF and area. There were no significant correlations between DMFT and log F and between DMFT and DEGF.