bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of mesothelioma cancer stem‐like cells with adenovirus‐mediated NK4 gene therapy
Authors: Deng Xu‐Bin , Xiao Li , Wu Yue , Jin Fang , Mossman Brooke , Testa Joseph R. , Xiao Guang‐Hui
Published: December 2014

Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a highly invasive and chemoresistant malignancy induced by asbestos fibers. NK4, a hepatocyte growth factor antagonist and angiogenesis inhibitor, consists of the N‐terminal hairpin domain and four kringle domains of the α‐chain of hepatocyte growth factor. The therapeutic potential of NK4 has been demonstrated in a variety of tumor types. However, the mechanisms by which NK4 inhibits tumor growth have not been well delineated. In this study, it is shown that the NK4 adenovirus (Ad‐NK4) potently inhibits cell viability, invasiveness and tumorigenicity of human MM cells. Significantly, this study demonstrates for the first time that Ad‐NK4 inhibits cancer stem‐like cell (CSC) properties as assessed by spheroid formation assay, side population analysis and flow cytometric sorting of CD24 cells. In addition to inhibiting phosphorylation of Met and AKT, Ad‐NK4 markedly suppressed the active form of β‐catenin, a key mediator of both Wnt and AKT pathways. It is further demonstrated that expression of NK4 suppresses β‐catenin nuclear localization and transcriptional activity. Intriguingly, the expression levels of Oct4 and Myc, two critical stem cell factors and downstream targets of β‐catenin, were also diminished by Ad‐NK4. Furthermore, the strong antitumor effect of NK4 was found to be linked to its ability to inhibit CSCs as revealed by immunohistochemical examination of tumor specimens from a mouse xenograft model of human MM. These findings suggest that NK4 acts as a CSC inhibitor by impeding Met/AKT/β‐catenin signaling and holds promise for achieving durable therapeutic responses in MM by constraining the CSC component of these aggressive tumors.
Continuous multilayered composite hydrogel as osteochondral substitute
Authors: Leone G. , Volpato M. D. , Nelli N. , Lamponi S. , Boanini E. , Bigi A. , Magnani A.
Published: December 2014

Cartilage is a highly organized avascular soft tissue that assembles from nano‐to macro‐scale to produce a complex structural network. To mimic cartilage tissue, we developed a stable multilayered composite material, characterized by a tailored gradient of mechanical properties. The optimized procedure implies chemical crosslinking of each layer directly onto the previous one and ensures a drastic reduction of the material discontinuities and brittleness. The multilayered composite was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry, and scanning electron microscopy in order to compare its physico‐chemical characteristics with those of cartilage tissue. The rheological behavior of the multilayered composite was similar to that of human cartilage. Finally its cytocompatibility toward chondrocytes and osteoblasts was evaluated. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 2521–2530, 2015.
RECONSIDERING TRAUMA: TOWARDS A PALESTINIAN COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY
Authors: Meari Lena
Published: December 2014

This article explores two contesting discourses about Palestinian political captives who experienced interrogation and torture by the Israeli security service (shabak). The first concerns the intersecting discourses of trauma and human rights as constituted by humanitarian psychiatry and the second is the discourse of sumud, a Palestinian construct engaged in anticolonial struggle. The discourses of trauma and human rights represent the Palestinian captive as an agentless, individualized, depoliticized victim to be treated by psychiatrists and defended by human rights activists. These discourses, which became hegemonic in the post‐Oslo Agreement era, conceal the subjectivity of sumud and the form of anticolonial politics it generates. Based on the conceptions and praxis of sumud, the article offers preliminary reflections about a resistant community psychology in the Palestinian colonial condition.
COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY ENACTMENTS IN PALESTINE: ROOTS AND CURRENT MANIFESTATIONS
Authors: Makkawi Ibrahim
Published: December 2014

This article describes enactments of community‐centered work and a master's program at Birzeit University as manifestations of community psychology in Palestine. The early roots of community psychology may be traced back to the community organizing and grassroots activism evident during the first Intifada in 1987. These early enactments affirmed community voice and supported national liberation receded in the post‐1993 Oslo Agreement era when international donor funding and institutional arrangements privileged the establishment of nongovernment organizations (NGOs) and research on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), focusing on Palestinian victims of military violence. These enactments tended towards unreflexive individualized modalities of community psychology. In contrast, the Birzeit program is positioned as an attempt to continue and develop the spirit and substance of the critical enactments contained in the first Intifada. This article embodies a case for the development of critical community psychology in Palestine given its history of prolonged colonial occupation and disenfranchisement.
Absence of Bone Sialoprotein (BSP) Alters Profoundly Hematopoiesis and Upregulates Osteopontin
Authors: Granito Renata neves , Bouleftour Wafa , Sabido Odile , Lescale Chloé , Thomas Mireille , Aubin Jane E. , Goodhardt Michèle , Vico Laurence , Malaval Luc
Published: December 2014

Matrix proteins of the SIBLING family interact with bone cells, extracellular matrix and mineral and are thus in a key position to regulate the microenvironment of the bone tissue, including its hematopoietic component. In this respect, osteopontin (OPN) has been implicated in the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niche as negative regulator of the HSC function. We investigated the impact on hematopoietic regulation of the absence of the cognate bone sialoprotein (BSP). BSP knockout (−/−) mice display increased bone marrow cellularity, and an altered commitment of hematopoietic precursors to myeloid lineages, leading in particular to an increased frequency of monocyte/macrophage cells. The B cell pool is increased in −/− bone marrow, and its composition is shifted toward more mature lymphocyte stages. BSP‐null mice display a decreased HSC fraction among LSK cells and a higher percentage of more committed progenitors as compared to +/+. The fraction of proliferating LSK progenitors is higher in −/− mice, and after PTH treatment the mutant HSC pool is lower than in +/+. Strikingly, circulating levels of OPN as well as its expression in the bone tissue are much higher in the −/−. Thus, a BSP‐null bone microenvironment affects the hematopoietic system both quantitatively and qualitatively, in a manner in part opposite to the OPN knockout, suggesting that the effects might in part reflect the higher OPN expression in the absence of BSP. J. Cell. Physiol. 230: 1342–1351, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company
Emerging areas of research in the assessment of pharmacokinetics in patients with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Tortorici Michael A. , Cutler David L. , Hazra Anasuya , Nolin Thomas D. , Rowland‐Yeo Karen , Venkatakrishnan Karthik
Published: December 2014

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been shown to alter the pharmacokinetics of drugs that are eliminated not only via the renal pathway but also by nonrenal clearance and transport. Dosing recommendations in subjects with CKD have historically come from small pharmacokinetic (PK) studies, which have been insulated from the broader clinical development strategy. Opportunities for prospective strategic integration of both preclinical and clinical data on drug clearance mechanisms, model‐based approaches, and clinical knowledge of therapeutic index are therefore often missed in designing and analyzing the results of PK studies in subjects with CKD, and eventually providing dosing recommendations. These considerations are valuable in designing informative PK studies in subjects with CKD, as well as for guiding kidney function‐related inclusion/exclusion criteria in the broader clinical program and ultimately defining dosing guidelines that optimize benefit‐risk balance for these special patient populations based on all available data. This paper offers points to consider for drug developers to increase adoption of a contemporary multidisciplinary approach, which includes key considerations on study design and conduct, methodologies for analysis (population PK and physiologically based PK modeling), and a roadmap to interpret the effect of kidney function on the overall benefit‐risk profile of drugs in development.
Spring migration of red knots along the Virginia barrier islands
Authors: Watts Bryan D. , Truitt Barry R.
Published: December 2014

We conducted low‐altitude, aerial surveys from the last week of April through the first week of June (1995, 1996, 2005–2013) to assess patterns in bird abundance, migration phenology, and habitat use of red knots (Calidris canutus rufa) staging along the Virginia barrier islands. During most years, knots arrived in early May, reached peak abundance during the third week of May, and were gone by mid‐June. The peak period (10 May–3 June) accounted for >90% of detections for all years. The mean high count during the study was 7,373 ± 407 (SE). Decadal comparisons of high counts, accumulated numbers for the period of peak abundance and the season totals provided mixed results. Knots within the study area used peat banks and sandy beaches for foraging. Intertidal peat banks were patchily distributed and represented only 6% of the shoreline. Mean knot densities were comparable between the 2 habitats in the early period of migration but diverged rapidly such that by the third week of May, knot densities were 10‐fold higher on peat compared to sand. Knots exhibited wide annual variation in habitat use; the number of knots observed on peat varied from 13% to 91% of the total birds for a given year, presumably reflecting the underlying population dynamics of respective bivalve populations. Potential prey dynamics coupled with the patchy distribution of peat appear to cause year‐to‐year variation in space use along the island chain. The Virginia barrier islands appear to be part of a terminal staging area for red knots that stretches from New Jersey south through the Outer Banks of North Carolina. Documenting red knot use within portions of this region beyond the well‐studied Delaware Bay may lead to a more complete understanding of the sampling process used by red knots to make staging decisions. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Weighted Morrey spaces of variable exponent and Riesz potentials
Authors: Mizuta Yoshihiro , Shimomura Tetsu
Published: December 2014

We prove weighted inequalities for the Hardy‐Littlewood maximal operator on weighted Morrey spaces of variable exponent. As an application of the boundedness of the maximal operator, we establish weighted Sobolev's inequality for Riesz potentials. We are also concerned with weighted Trudinger's inequality for Riesz potentials.
Does Service Employees’ Appearance Affect the Healthiness of Food Choice?
Authors: Huneke Tabea , Benoit (née Moeller) Sabine , Shams Poja , Gustafsson Anders
Published: December 2014

Derived from previous research on social influence on food consumption and social comparison theory, this article examines the effect of service employees’ appearance on consumers’ food choice using an experimental study, involving a video manipulation and eye‐tracking technique. The video shows a menu being proffered by a waitress whose degree of apparent healthiness varies (healthy, overweight, unhealthy lifestyle). The menu contains both healthy and unhealthy meal alternatives. The analysis of participants’ eye movements demonstrated that exposure to the overweight employee did not stimulate greater (i.e., earlier or longer) attention to unhealthy meal alternatives, whereas exposure to the employee who displayed an unhealthy lifestyle did. These findings have social and managerial implications: The postulated stigma according to which the presence of overweight others encourages unhealthy eating appears questionable. Service providers that might secretly hire according to body weight have no grounds to do so. In contrast, employees signaling an unhealthy lifestyle through their style choices prompt patrons to pay more attention to unhealthy meal alternatives. Food service providers might want to take this factor into consideration and actively manage the aspects that can be altered by simple measures.
Injectable, Interconnected, High‐Porosity Macroporous Biocompatible Gelatin Scaffolds Made by Surfactant‐Free Emulsion Templating
Authors: Oh Bernice H. L. , Bismarck Alexander , Chan‐Park Mary B.
Published: December 2014

High‐porosity interconnected, thermoresponsive macroporous hydrogels are prepared from oil‐in‐water high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) stabilized by gelatin‐graft‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide). PolyHIPEs are obtained by gelling HIPEs utilizing the thermoresponsiveness of the copolymer components. PolyHIPEs properties can be controlled by varying the aqueous phase composition, internal phase volume ratio, and gelation temperature. PolyHIPEs respond to temperature changes experienced during cell seeding, allowing fibroblasts to spread, proliferate, and penetrate into the scaffold. Encapsulated cells survive ejection of cell‐laden hydrogels through a hypodermic needle. This system provides a new strategy for the fabrication of safe injectable biocompatible tissue engineering scaffolds.

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The Oseen and Navier–Stokes equations in a non‐solenoidal framework
Authors: Amrouche Chérif , Rodríguez‐Bellido María Ángeles
Published: December 2014

The very weak solution for the Stokes, Oseen and Navier–Stokes equations has been studied by several authors in the last decades in domains of
. The authors studied the Oseen and Navier–Stokes problems assuming a solenoidal convective velocity in a bounded domain
of class
for v∈Ls(Ω) for s≥3 in some previous papers. The results for the Navier–Stokes equations were obtained by using a fixed‐point argument over the Oseen problem. These results improve those of Galdi et al. , Farwig et al. and Kim for the Navier–Stokes equations, because a less regular domain
and more general hypothesis on the data are considered. In particular, the external forces must not be small.

In this work, existence of weak, strong, regularised and very weak solution for the Oseen problem are proved, mainly assuming that v∈L3(Ω) and its divergence ∇·v are sufficiently small in the W−1,3(Ω)‐norm. In this sense, one extends the analysis made by the authors for a given solenoidal v in some previous papers. As a consequence, the existence of very weak solution for the Navier–Stokes problem
for a non‐zero divergence condition is obtained in the 3D case. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A stochastic assignment problem
Authors: Wu David T. , Ross Sheldon M.
Published: December 2014

There are n boxes with box i having a quota value Balls arrive sequentially, with each ball having a binary vector attached to it, with the interpretation being that if Xi = 1 then that ball is eligible to be put in box i. A ball's vector is revealed when it arrives and the ball can be put in any alive box for which it is eligible, where a box is said to be alive if it has not yet met its quota. Assuming that the components of a vector are independent, we are interested in the policy that minimizes, either stochastically or in expectation, the number of balls that need arrive until all boxes have met their quotas. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 62:23–31, 2015
Less Heat — More Power
Authors: Rattunde Marcel , Berndt Michael
Published: December 2014

We demonstrate a diode laser pumped semiconductor disk laser (SDL) at 2 μm wavelength of increased efficiency. By employing a novel pumping concept at a wavelength of 1470 nm, we optimize the power conversion efficiency of the 2 μm SDL. This is exemplarily shown for an SDL with an output power of over 20 W in continuous wave operation. This sets a new benchmark regarding efficiency and output power for these SDLs.
Viewing the proteome: How to visualize proteomics data?
Authors: Oveland Eystein , Muth Thilo , Rapp Erdmann , Martens Lennart , Berven Frode S. , Barsnes Harald
Published: December 2014

Proteomics has become one of the main approaches for analyzing and understanding biological systems. Yet similar to other high‐throughput analysis methods, the presentation of the large amounts of obtained data in easily interpretable ways remains challenging. In this review, we present an overview of the different ways in which proteomics software supports the visualization and interpretation of proteomics data. The unique challenges and current solutions for visualizing the different aspects of proteomics data, from acquired spectra via protein identification and quantification to pathway analysis, are discussed, and examples of the most useful visualization approaches are highlighted. Finally, we offer our ideas about future directions for proteomics data visualization.
Sample size calculation for the one‐sample log‐rank test
Authors: Schmidt René , Kwiecien Robert , Faldum Andreas , Berthold Frank , Hero Barbara , Ligges Sandra
Published: December 2014

An improved method of sample size calculation for the one‐sample log‐rank test is provided. The one‐sample log‐rank test may be the method of choice if the survival curve of a single treatment group is to be compared with that of a historic control. Such settings arise, for example, in clinical phase‐II trials if the response to a new treatment is measured by a survival endpoint. Present sample size formulas for the one‐sample log‐rank test are based on the number of events to be observed, that is, in order to achieve approximately a desired power for allocated significance level and effect the trial is stopped as soon as a certain critical number of events are reached. We propose a new stopping criterion to be followed. Both approaches are shown to be asymptotically equivalent. For small sample size, though, a simulation study indicates that the new criterion might be preferred when planning a corresponding trial. In our simulations, the trial is usually underpowered, and the aspired significance level is not exploited if the traditional stopping criterion based on the number of events is used, whereas a trial based on the new stopping criterion maintains power with the type‐I error rate still controlled. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tumor‐Targeting Multifunctional Rattle‐Type Theranostic Nanoparticles for MRI/NIRF Bimodal Imaging and Delivery of Hydrophobic Drugs
Authors: Jiao Yunfeng , Sun Yangfei , Tang Xiaoling , Ren Qingguang , Yang Wuli
Published: December 2014

The development of theranostic systems capable of diagnosis, therapy, and target specificity is considerably significant for accomplishing personalized medicine. Here, a multifunctional rattle‐type nanoparticle (MRTN) as an effective biological bimodal imaging and tumor‐targeting delivery system is fabricated, and an enhanced loading ability of hydrophobic anticancer drug (paclitaxel) is also realized. The rattle structure with hydrophobic Fe3O4 as the inner core and mesoporous silica as the shell is obtained by one‐step templates removal process, and the size of interstitial hollow space can be easily adjusted. The Fe3O4 core with hydrophobic poly(tert‐butyl acrylate) (PTBA) chains on the surface is not only used as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) agent, but contributes to improving hydrophobic drug loading amount. Transferrin (Tf) and a near‐infrared fluorescent dye (Cy 7) are successfully modified on the surface of the nanorattle to increase the ability of near‐infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging and tumor‐targeting specificity. In vivo studies show the selective accumulation of MRTN in tumor tissues by Tf‐receptor‐mediated endocytosis. More importantly, paclitaxel‐loaded MRTN shows sustained release character and higher cytotoxicity than the free paclitaxel. This theranostic nanoparticle as an effective MRI/NIRF bimodal imaging probe and drug delivery system shows great potential in cancer diagnosis and therapy.
Higher accuracy and lower run time: efficient mutation analysis using non‐redundant mutation operators
Authors: Just René , Schweiggert Franz
Published: December 2014

Mutation analysis is a powerful but computationally expensive method to measure the effectiveness of a testing or debugging technique. The high cost is due, in part, to redundant mutants generated by commonly used mutation operators. A mutant is said to be redundant if its outcome can be predicted based on the outcome of other mutants. The execution of those redundant mutants is unnecessary and wastes CPU resources. Moreover, the inclusion of redundant mutants may lead to a skewed mutant detection rate and therefore misrepresent the effectiveness of the assessed testing or debugging technique. This paper extends previous work and makes the following contributions. First, it defines and provides non‐redundant versions of the conditional operator replacement, unary operator insertion, and relational operator replacement mutation operators. Second, it reports on a conducted empirical study using 10 real‐world programmes that comprise a total of 410 000 lines of code. The empirical study used developer‐written and generated test suites. The results show how prevalent redundant mutants are and how their elimination improves the efficiency and accuracy of mutation analysis. In summary, the total mutation analysis run time decreased by more than 20% by removing redundant mutants, and the inclusion of redundant mutants led to an overestimated mutation score for all analysed test suites. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of ovarian reserve by antral follicle count in ovaries with endometrioma
Authors: Lima M. L. , Martins W. P. , Coelho Neto M. A. , Nastri C. O. , Ferriani R. A. , Navarro P. A.
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACT

Objective

To evaluate whether the antral follicle count (AFC) is underestimated in the presence of an endometrioma.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study assessing all women undergoing in‐vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) at our clinic between January 2011 and December 2012 who had both ovaries and unilateral endometrioma. The primary outcome of the study was the difference between AFC and the number of oocytes retrieved per ovary.

Results

Within the study period 787 women underwent IVF/ICSI at our clinic. Sixty of these women had at least one endometrioma, but 23 were excluded from the analysis as six had only one ovary and 17 had bilateral endometriomas. Therefore a total of 37 women were included in this study and analysis. Compared with the contralateral ovaries, ovaries with an endometrioma were significantly larger in volume (median, 10.3 (interquartile range (IQR), 4.7–18.9)  cm3 vs median, 3.6 (IQR, 2.7–6.5)  cm3; P < 0.001) and presented a significantly lower AFC (median, 3.0 (IQR, 1.0–6.0) vs median, 5.0 (IQR, 2.0–6.5); P = 0.001). However, the median number of oocytes retrieved was similar (P = 0.60) between ovaries with an endometrioma (2.0 (IQR, 0.5–5.0)) and the contralateral ovaries (2.0 (IQR, 0.0–4.0)). Accordingly, the median difference between AFC and number of oocytes retrieved was significantly smaller (P = 0.005) for ovaries with an endometrioma (0.0 (IQR, −1.0 to 1.5) than for those without (2.0 (IQR, 0.0–4.0)).

Conclusions

Although the AFC is reduced in ovaries with an endometrioma, the number of oocytes retrieved is similar, suggesting that the AFC is underestimated in such ovaries. We believe that this is a consequence of an impaired ability to detect small follicles in the presence of an endometrioma. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Synthesis, Structure Determination and Electronic Structure of Magnesium Nitride Chloride, Mg2NCl
Authors: Li Yanqing , George Janine , Liu Xiaohui , Dronskowski Richard
Published: December 2014

Magnesium nitride chloride, Mg2NCl, was synthesized from a solid‐solid reaction between magnesium nitride and magnesium chloride, and its crystal structure was determined by powder X‐ray diffraction. Mg2NCl crystallizes in the hexagonal space group R$\bar{3}$m with a = 3.2994(2) and c = 17.857(1) Å and belongs to the anti‐α‐NaFeO2 type. The compound consists of two‐dimensional [NMg2]+ slabs, in which N3– is octahedrally coordinated by six magnesium atoms, and the Cl– anions occupy the octahedral voids between these [NMg2]+ layers. The chemical bonding was analyzed by the COHP technique, and the direct bandgap of Mg2NCl is theoretically predicted as 3.6 eV based on the HSE06 functional.
Central and Eastern Europe in Transition: An Unfinished Process?
Authors: Turk Žiga
Published: December 2014

Since 1989 the former socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe have been undergoing a transition from a more or less totalitarian political regime, planned economy and socialism towards a democratic regime, market economy and capitalism. This article examines the indicators that are used to measure the success or failure of a transition and compares them to the outcomes of democratic processes and economic performance. Five Central and Eastern European countries are studied: Slovenia, Hungary, Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Poland. The article concludes that the countries that opted for a ‘big-bang’ approach to transition are either completing this process (the Czech Republic and Poland) or are well on track to concluding it (Slovakia), while the countries that missed the moment and opted for a gradualist approach (Hungary and Slovenia) lag behind and may even find stability in a form of deficient democracy.
How Europe can become less dependent on raw materials imports
Authors: Lütkehus Rainer
Published: December 2014

This article focuses on the question of how the EU can become less dependent on raw materials imports in the future. One approach to this could be a strong EU resource-efficiency policy, although this is not one of the policy priorities European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker has set himself for the next five years. Instead the focus lies on energy efficiency, and while it is true that the EU depends more on energy imports than on raw materials imports, there are several aspects of the matter that should be considered. First, only promoting energy efficiency may be too short-sighted. With a resource-efficiency policy, the EU could kill more birds with one stone by reducing its reliance on primary raw materials, reducing its CO2 emissions and protecting the environment. Second, we could find ourselves in the midst of discussions about the sustainability of an EU resource-efficiency policy that are very much like those we have witnessed recently concerning biofuels and the question of unintended consequences.
Spinoza and the Case for Philosophy
Authors: Yakira Elhanan
Published: December 2014

This book analyzes three often-debated questions of Spinoza's legacy: was Spinoza a religious thinker? How should we understand Spinoza's mind-body doctrine? What meaning can be given to Spinoza's notions - such as salvation, beatitude, and freedom - which are seemingly incompatible with his determinism, his secularism, and his critique of religion. Through a close reading of often-overlooked sections from Spinoza's Ethics, Elhanan Yakira argues that these seemingly conflicting elements are indeed compatible, despite Spinoza's iconoclastic meanings. Yakira argues that Ethics is an attempt at providing a purely philosophical - as opposed to theological - foundation for the theory of value and normativity.
Time Series Analysis for the Social Sciences
Authors: Box-Steffensmeier Janet M. , Freeman John R. , Hitt Matthew P. , Pevehouse Jon C. W.
Published: December 2014

Time series, or longitudinal, data are ubiquitous in the social sciences. Unfortunately, analysts often treat the time series properties of their data as a nuisance rather than a substantively meaningful dynamic process to be modeled and interpreted. Time Series Analysis for the Social Sciences provides accessible, up-to-date instruction and examples of the core methods in time series econometrics. Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier, John R. Freeman, Jon C. Pevehouse and Matthew P. Hitt cover a wide range of topics including ARIMA models, time series regression, unit-root diagnosis, vector autoregressive models, error-correction models, intervention models, fractional integration, ARCH models, structural breaks, and forecasting. This book is aimed at researchers and graduate students who have taken at least one course in multivariate regression. Examples are drawn from several areas of social science, including political behavior, elections, international conflict, criminology, and comparative political economy.
Under the Lucky Moose: Belatedness and Citizen’s Arrest in Canada
Authors: Lam Anita , Cho Lily
Published: December 2014

In this paper, we use postcolonial theories of temporality—specifically the idea of belatedness—to examine how literal forms of lateness inform the so-called Lucky Moose case, wherein Chinese-Canadian grocer David Chen tardily performs a citizen’s arrest in Toronto. Canadian news media outlets, the Chinese-Canadian community, and R v Chen (2010) all contribute to the construction of Chen as an active legal subject, capable of working through the law on his own terms and in his own temporal framework. Consequently, Chen’s belatedness can be understood as part of a larger politics that serves to transform the temporality of citizenship and citizen’s arrest law in Canada.
Influence of boundary-layer disturbances on the instability of a roughness wake in a high-speed boundary layer
Authors: De Tullio Nicola , Sandham Neil D.
Published: December 2014

The excitation of instability modes in the wake generated behind a discrete roughness element in a boundary layer at Mach 6 is analysed through numerical simulations of the compressible Navier–Stokes equations. Recent experimental observations show that transition to turbulence in high-speed boundary layers during re-entry flight is dominated by wall roughness effects. Therefore, understanding the roughness-induced transition to turbulence in this flow regime is of primary importance. Our results show that a discrete roughness element with a height of about half the local boundary-layer thickness generates an unstable wake able to sustain the growth of a number of modes. The most unstable of these modes are a sinuous mode (mode SL) and two varicose modes (modes VL and VC). The varicose modes grow approximately 17 % faster than the most unstable Mack mode and their growth persists over a longer streamwise distance, thereby leading to a notable acceleration of the laminar–turbulent transition process. Two main mechanisms are identified for the excitation of wake modes: the first is based on the interaction between the external disturbances and the reverse flow regions induced by the roughness element and the second is due to the interaction between the boundary-layer modes (first modes and Mack modes) and the non-parallel roughness wake. An important finding of the present study is that, while being less unstable, mode SL is the preferred instability for the first of the above excitation mechanisms, which drives the wake modes excitation in the absence of boundary-layer modes. Modes VL and VC are excited through the second mechanism and, hence, become important when first modes and Mack modes come into interaction with the roughness wake. The new mode VC presents similarities with the Mack mode instability, including the tuning between its most unstable wavelength and the local boundary-layer thickness, and it is believed to play a fundamental role in the roughness-induced transition of high-speed boundary layers. In contrast to the smooth-wall case, wall cooling is stabilising for all the roughness-wake modes.
PRIORITY ARGUMENTS VIA TRUE STAGES
Authors: MONTALBÁN ANTONIO
Published: December 2014

We describe a variation of Ash’s η-system and give a new proof of Ash’s metatheorem. As an application, we prove a generalization of Ash and Knight’s theorem on pairs of structures.
TOPOLOGICAL DYNAMICS OF STABLE GROUPS
Authors: NEWELSKI LUDOMIR
Published: December 2014

AssumeGis a group definable in a modelMof a stable theoryT. We prove that the semigroupSG(M) of completeG-types overMis an inverse limit of some semigroups type-definable inMeq. We prove that the maximal subgroups ofSG(M) are inverse limits of some definable quotients of subgroups ofG. We consider the powers of types in the semigroupSG(M) and prove that in a way every type inSG(M) is profinitely many steps away from a type in a subgroup ofSG(M).
UNDECIDABILITY OF THE THEORIES OF CLASSES OF
STRUCTURES
Authors: KACH ASHER M. , MONTALBÁN ANTONIO
Published: December 2014

Many classes of structures have natural functions and relations on them:
concatenation of linear orders, direct product of groups, disjoint union of
equivalence structures, and so on. Here, we study the (un)decidability of the
theory of several natural classes of structures with appropriate functions and
relations. For some of these classes of structures, the resulting theory is
decidable; for some of these classes of structures, the resulting theory is
bi-interpretable with second-order arithmetic.
What Confucian Philosophy Means for Chinese and Asian Psychology Today: Indigenous Roots for a Psychology of Social Change
Authors: Liu James H.
Published: December 2014

It is claimed via analysis of Shu-Hsien Liu's seminal book Understanding Confucian Philosophy that contemporary Confucianism offers: (1) a set of ultimate concerns that can be used to guide life and scholarly endeavour; (2) an axiomatic world view, and a generative model of human nature that not only accords with empirical evidence, but is highly adaptive in organising society; (3) an epistemology that is appropriate for social science research on social change. These qualities suggest that contemporary Confucianism can inform psychological research in a manner that goes far deeper than merely describing popular tendencies among culturally Chinese people. It may be used in constructing a form of social science with depth and utility in addressing both practical and existential concerns of scholars and ordinary people in society that is not restricted to Chinese societies alone, but any society in need of inspiration in seeking to construct humanist ethics for research and governance.
Social Psychology for Social Change: Foundations for and Introduction to a Program of Action-Oriented Research
Authors: Liu James H. , Bernardo Allan B.I.
Published: December 2014

The Special Issues series on social psychology of social change will provide a forum for research on the science and practice of interventions for social change that benefit individuals, organisations and society. This effort takes up Lewin's call for scientific research aimed towards solving social problems and generating new knowledge, but with a theory and practice of culture and cultural change at its centre. The effort elevates the dominant research approach in developing countries in Asia where there is more concern about opportunities for training and engaging in and publishing more applied work. The emphasis both on research excellence and on a holistic concern for society as central components for theorising about effective modes of realising social change in Asia and the Pacific is a long-term project that begins with the seven diverse articles in the special issue, which span different stages in the project — from clarifying its Asian philosophical basis, to empirical analysis of the problem and levers of change, to evaluation of the outcomes of action research.
Organisational Culture and Workplace Corruption in Government Hospitals
Authors: Hechanova Ma. Regina M. , Melgar Isabel , Falguera Patrick Z. , Villaverde Mario
Published: December 2014

This study examines corruption attitudes and norms in government hospitals in the Philippines. It tests a culture-building model that advocates communication of desired values, leadership role modelling, employee role modelling, alignment of systems and structures, training and evaluation, and reinforcement. Results reveal components that influence corruption attitudes and norms. Communication predicted individual attitudes or acceptability of corrupt acts. Leadership, systems, and controls predicted the prevalence of corrupt acts. Employee role modelling predicted both acceptability of and the prevalence of corrupt acts. In addition, there is a positive relationship between individual attitudes and organisation norms reinforcing the dyadic relationship between the two.
George Combe and common sense
Authors: DYDE SEAN
Published: December 2014

This article examines the history of two fields of enquiry in late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Scotland: the rise and fall of the common sense school of philosophy and phrenology as presented in the works of George Combe. Although many previous historians have construed these histories as separate, indeed sometimes incommensurate, I propose that their paths were intertwined to a greater extent than has previously been given credit. The philosophy of common sense was a response to problems raised by Enlightenment thinkers, particularly David Hume, and spurred a theory of the mind and its mode of study. In order to succeed, or even to be considered a rival of these established understandings, phrenologists adapted their arguments for the sake of engaging in philosophical dispute. I argue that this debate contributed to the relative success of these groups: phrenology as a well-known historical subject, common sense now largely forgotten. Moreover, this history seeks to question the place of phrenology within the sciences of mind in nineteenth-century Britain.
Cortical morphology and early adverse birth events in men with first-episode psychosis
Authors: Smith G. N. , Thornton A. E. , Lang D. J. , MacEwan G. W. , Kopala L. C. , Su W. , Honer W. G.
Published: December 2014

Background

Reduced cortical gray-matter volume is commonly observed in patients with psychosis. Cortical volume is a composite measure that includes surface area, thickness and gyrification. These three indices show distinct maturational patterns and may be differentially affected by early adverse events. The study goal was to determine the impact of two distinct obstetrical complications (OCs) on cortical morphology.

Method

A detailed birth history and MRI scans were obtained for 36 patients with first-episode psychosis and 16 healthy volunteers.

Results

Perinatal hypoxia and slow fetal growth were associated with cortical volume (Cohen's d = 0.76 and d = 0.89, respectively) in patients. However, the pattern of associations differed across the three components of cortical volume. Both hypoxia and fetal growth were associated with cortical surface area (d = 0.88 and d = 0.72, respectively), neither of these two OCs was related to cortical thickness, and hypoxia but not fetal growth was associated with gyrification (d = 0.85). No significant associations were found within the control sample.

Conclusions

Cortical dysmorphology was associated with OCs. The use of a global measure of cortical morphology or a global measure of OCs obscured important relationships between these measures. Gyrification is complete before 2 years and its strong relationship with hypoxia suggests an early disruption to brain development. Cortical thickness matures later and, consistent with previous research, we found no association between thickness and OCs. Finally, cortical surface area is largely complete by puberty and the present results suggest that events during childhood do not fully compensate for the effects of early disruptive events.
Exploring the role of conventionality in children's interpretation of ironic remarks
Authors: BURNETT DEBRA L.
Published: December 2014

Irony comprehension in seven- and eight-year-old children with typically developing language skills was explored under the framework of the graded salience hypothesis. Target ironic remarks, either conventional or novel/situation-specific, were presented following brief story contexts. Children's responses to comprehension questions were used to determine their understanding of the components of irony: speaker meaning, speaker attitude, and speaker intent. It was hypothesized that conventional remarks would be easier to comprehend than novel/situation-specific remarks because they are more likely to be familiar to the children. Results indicated that children demonstrated better comprehension of speaker meaning for conventional remarks than for novel/situation-specific remarks but no significant differences were found for inferring speaker attitude or speaker intent.
Using Problem-Based Learning In Neurosciences Education for Medical Students
Authors: Purdy R. Allan , Benstead Timothy J. , Holmes D. Bruce , Kaufman David M.
Published: December 2014

Background:

A Curriculum Task Force proposed problem-based learning as one important educational strategy and recommended changes to a traditional medical curriculum.

Methods:

This paper describes how a problem-based learning course in neurosciences was developed and has evolved since its inception in the Dalhousie University Faculty of Medicine. The curriculum planning and design phases are outlined, followed by a description of how the course has been implemented and evaluated.

Results:

Program evaluation results are presented, describing student performance on examinations and their feedback about the course.

Conclusion:

The authors summarize lessons learned and identify future issues to continue the ongoing development of the course.
The Contributions of W.D. Stevenson to the Development of Neurosurgery in Atlantic Canada
Authors: Mukhida K. , Mendez I.
Published: December 2014

The establishment of a neurosurgical department in Halifax in January 1948 marked the beginnings of the first dedicated neurosurgical service in Atlantic Canada. The development of neurosurgery in Halifax occurred in a receptive place and time. The Victoria General Hospital, the region’s largest tertiary care centre, and the Dalhousie University Faculty of Medicine were in a period of growth associated with medical specialization and departmentalization, changes inspired in part by the Flexner Report of 1910. Atlantic Canadians during this period were increasingly looking to specialists for their medical care. Although this social environment encouraged the establishment of surgical specialty services, the development of neurosurgery in Halifax, as in other parts of Canada, was closely associated with the efforts of individual neurosurgeons, such as William D. Stevenson. After training with Kenneth G. McKenzie in Toronto, Stevenson was recruited to Halifax and established the first neurosurgical department in Atlantic Canada. From the outset and over his twenty-six years as Department Head at the Victoria General Hospital and Dalhousie University, Stevenson worked to maintain the department’s commitment to clinical practice, medical education, and research. Although Stevenson single-handedly ran the service for several years after its inception, by the time of his retirement in 1974 the neurosurgery department had grown to include five attending staff surgeons who performed over two thousand procedures each year. This paper highlights the importance of Stevenson’s contributions to the development of neurosurgery in Atlantic Canada within the context of the social and medical environment of the region.
Utility of a Moveable 1.5 Tesla Intraoperative MR Imaging System
Authors: Kaibara Taro , Saunders John K. , Sutherland Garnette R.
Published: December 2014

Objective:

This study demonstrates the utility of a newly-developed moveable 1.5 Tesla intraoperative MR imaging system using a case report of a multi-lobulated parafalx meningioma.

Clinical Presentation:

A 43-year-old female presented with progression of a multi-lobulated anterior parafalx meningioma several years following resection of a large left frontal convexity meningioma.

Intervention and Technique:

Surgical excision of the lesion was undertaken. Following apparent total resection, intraoperative MR imaging revealed two residual dumbell shaped lobules. Using these updated MR images, the tumour was readily identified and removed.

Conclusion:

The moveable 1.5 Tesla intraoperative MR system used in the present case provides rapid, high resolution MR images during neurosurgical procedures. Moving the magnet out of the surgical field during surgery permits the use of all standard neurosurgical instruments. The ease of use and quality of images combined with minimal interference on well-established surgical techniques makes this system a valuable adjunct in the neurosurgical treatment of intracranial disease.
Nucleus of the Tractus Solitarius Metastasis: Relationship to Respiratory Arrest?
Authors: Rhodes Roy H. , Wightman H. Robert
Published: December 2014

Background:

A 52-year-old woman with metastases in brain and bone had clinical and radiological response to therapy but died about 10 weeks after diagnosis. General autopsy failed to identify a primary neoplasm or an anatomic cause of death. Investigation of sudden respiratory cessation was a consideration when undertaking an anatomic study of the brain.

Methods:

Review of patient records and careful examination of the brain following autopsy were carried out.

Results:

The patient had terminal episodes of hypersomnia but episodes of sleep apnea were not observed. She received no respiratory support and no respiratory difficulties were recorded until she was pronounced dead at 7 a.m. Autopsy revealed metastatic adenocarcinoma in a pattern suggestive of a primary pulmonary neoplasm, including multiple cerebral metastases, although no significant pulmonary lesions of any type were found. A 0.2 cm metastatic adenocarcinoma was found in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS). No other tumor was present in the brain stem.

Conclusion:

Unilateral destruction of the NTS in the medulla would have severely disturbed the most critical point of convergence of autonomic and voluntary respiratory control and of cardiocirculatory reflexes in the central autonomic network. It is postulated that this caused respiratory arrest during a state transition from sleeping to waking. Few metastases to the medulla are reported, most are relatively large, and several have caused respiratory symptoms before death. The very small metastasis in our patient could be the direct anatomic cause of death, and as such it is an unusual complication of metastatic disease of which clinicians should be aware. It is speculated that dysfunction of direct NTS connections to the pons or of connections passing close to the metastatic deposit resulted in terminal hypersomnia.