bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Register of New Fruit and Nut Varieties List 291
Authors: Brooks Reid M. , Olmo H. P.
Published: September 2022

Criterion. - Plant pat. 3,505, Mar. 5, 1974, by Francis M. Crites. Origin and description appeared in List 27.
Production of Tetrahaploids in the Cultivated Strawberry1
Authors: Hughes Harrison G. , Janick Jules
Published: September 2022

Octoploid strawberry, Fragaria × ananassa Duch., (2n = 56), pollinated by Potentilla anserina L. (2n = 28) and P. fruticosa L. cv. Golddrop (2n = 14) gave high achene set but germination was low and seedling lethality high in both cases. Most offspring from P. anserina died by 6 weeks with 1% survival of germinating seed at 34 weeks; offspring from P. fruticosa pollination showed gradual mortality with 7% surviving at 34 weeks. Surviving offspring from P. anserina pollinations were either 28 chromosome tetrahaploids (5 plants) or 56 chromosome octoploids (4 plants). Surviving offspring from P. fruticosa pollinations included tetrahaploids (2 plants), octoploid (1 plant), or 35-chromosome pentaploid intergeneric hybrids (9 plants). Tetrahaploids are weak with small leaves and two that have flowered are pollen and pistil sterile.
Thiabendazole Reduces Chilling Injury (Pitting) of Cyprus-grown Grapefruit1
Authors: Kokkalos Tasos I.
Published: September 2022

Thiabendazole (TBZ) incorporated in the wax coating at 2000 ppm, considerably reduced chilling injury of Cyprus-grown grapefruit during storage for 102 days at 8°C plus 34 days at 7°C.
Isolation of Zeatin from Larvae of Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu1
Authors: Ohkawa M.
Published: September 2022

Cytokinin active compounds were isolated from larvae of D. kuriphilus within galls of Japanese chestnut, Castanea crenata, Sied, et Zucc. One of the compounds coincided with zeatin by T L C, G L C and Sephadex LH20 column chromatography.
Manganese Chelate Sprays Increase Growth and Yields of Peas1
Authors: Anderson W. C. , Carstens J. B.
Published: September 2022

Manganese chelate sprays at bud formation, first bloom and a split application at bud formation and full bloom, increased vine growth of peas (Pisum sativum L.) Shelled pea yields increased with the following Mn chelate rates and timing: 134 g Mn/ha (1 lb. Mn chelate/acre) at first bloom, 269g Μn/ha (2 lb. Mn chelate/acre) at bud formation and first bloom; and with the split application of 134g Μn/ha at bud formation and 134g Μn/ha at full bloom. Tissue analyses showed that redistribution of foliar applied Mn to the non-sprayed new growth was negligible.
Effect of Herbicides on Weed Control and Nitrate Accumulation in Spinach1
Authors: Cantliffe Daniel J. , Phatak Sharad C.
Published: September 2022

Three herbicides, cycloate, alachlor and lenacil, gave acceptable weed control in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), while 7 other herbicide combinations did not Cycloate, alachlor, lenacil, prometryne and chlorpropham + PPG 124 significantly increased the NO3-N concentration of both spinach blades and petioles by as much as 3-4 times over weeded and non-weeded checks. DCPA significantly increased NO3 in the petioles. Cycloate, alachlor and lenacil significantly increased total Ν concentration in the petioles, while none of the herbicide treatments affected total Ν in the blades. Lenacil significantly increased fresh weight of blades and petioles compared to a weeded check, while plant fresh and dry weights from cycloate and alachlor treatments were not less than the checks.
Height Control in Greenhouse Chrysanthemum by Mechanical Stress1
Authors: Allen Hammer P. , Mitchell Cary A. , Weiler Thomas C.
Published: September 2022

Mechanical stress, whether from shaking or flexing reduced the elongation of greenhouse chrysanthemums. Stress for 30 seconds once a day was slightly less effective than twice a day. Mechanical stress may be used to reduce excessive stem elongation without the use of chemicals.
Gibberellin Accelerates Flowering of Cyclamen persicum Mill1
Authors: Widmer R. E. , Stephen L. C. , Angeli M. V.
Published: September 2022

Gibberellin (GA3) treatment of 6 cyclamen cultivars accelerated flowering 28 to 35 days and increased simultaneous flower production per plant up to 100%. Leaf size, leaf count, and plant size were not altered by GA3. A single spray of 50 ppm GA3 applied 60 to 75 days prior to desired time of bloom is suggested to promote more accurate, efficient scheduling of cyclamen crops.
Chromosome Numbers and Breeding Behavior of Hybrids Among Celebes, Java, and New Guinea Species of Impatiens L.1
Authors: Arisumi Toru
Published: September 2022

The chromosome numbers of 2 species from Celebes were 2n=8. Interspecific hybrids among Celebes species, Celebes × Java, and Celebes × New Guinea Impatiens were sterile, with 2n=8, 12, and 20, respectively. Some of these hybrids were considered ornamentally desirable.
‘Kewalo’ Tomato1
Authors: Gilbert James C. , Tanaka Jack S. , Takeda Kenneth Y.
Published: September 2022

Resistance to bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum E. F. Sm.) in large-fruited tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) has been difficult to combine with both earlier maturity and high levels of resistance in commercial type cultivars. The use of F1 hybrids to improve vigor, yields, maturity time and to add multiple disease resistance has not been a commercial practice in large-fruited, bacterial-wilt resistant tomatoes apparently due to a lack of suitable parents. Resistance to this disease is largely recessive (1) and both parents would need to be resistant to some degree. The possibilities of extending resistance to several strains of bacterial wilt of tomatoes in various geographic areas by use of F1 hybrids from parents resistant to different strains has not been widely tested. Recent field trials in Hawaii with 19 bacterial wilt resistant hybrids using ‘Kewalo’ as one parent and wilt resistant lines from other areas as the other parent showed no cases in which the F1 failed to live longer and produce more than both parents. This could be due, in part, to resistance to several other diseases (4) in the hybrid. Some of these parents (‘Venus’, ‘Saturn’) have survived better in field tests elsewhere than in Hawaii (personal correspondence). ‘Kewalo’ is being released as a parental stock to make multiple resistant F1 hybrids having bacterial wilt resistance in both parents, since the other lines generally lack the dominant genes for multiple resistance now available in ‘Kewalo’
‘Great Northern Valley’ Dry Bean1
Authors: Coyne D. P. , Schuster M. L.
Published: September 2022

Common blight, caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas phaseoli (E. F. Smith) Dowson, is one of the most serious seed-borne bacterial diseases of beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L. Recommended controls are use of certified disease-free seed and rotation. There is no satisfactory chemical control. Great Northern (GN) cultivars ‘Tara’ (2) and ‘Jules’ (3) have high tolerance to X. phaseoli and high yield but combine the disadvantages of late maturity and vigorous vines, the latter creating conditions favorable for white mold. These 2 cultivars were derived by pedigree selection from the cross of the late maturing, common blight tolerant GN Nebraska #1 sel. 27 line with the early maturing susceptible ‘GN 1140’. The reaction to X. phaseoli was inherited quantitatively (4) while maturity was inherited qualitatively (1). Linkage occurred between genes controlling common blight tolerance and late maturity (4).
Shade Trees for Suburban and City Arboriculture1
Authors: Kozel P. C.
Published: September 2022

With the rapid increase in city growth, trees have become a great environmental asset. In an urban setting trees temper harsh structural lines and provide contrast to the monotony of asphalt and concrete. Trees add value which cannot be easily measured.
Optimizing Container Soil Amendment: The “Threshold Proportion” and Prediction of Porosity1
Authors: Art Spomer L.
Published: September 2022

The quantity of amendment required to ensure adequate aeration in container soils is usually determined by empirical tests on a series of mixtures containing different amounts of the amendment In this study, the “threshold proportion” or minimum amount of amendment required before aeration improvement begins, was demonstrated to be controlled by amendment interporosity. This concept is the basis for a method of predicting total and aeration porosity of any container soil mixture.
Chemicals to Increase Branching of Photinia ‘Fraseri’ and Rhododendron Exbury Azaleas1
Authors: Ryan G. F.
Published: September 2022

Branching of Photinia ‘Fraseri’ was increased 4- to 5-fold by application of methyl esters of C6 to C12 fatty acids (Off-Shoot-O) followed by 3 weekly sprays of 6-benzylamino-9-(tetrahydropyran-2-yl)-9H-purine (PBA). PBA following a single hand pinch produced about half as many branches as following Off-Shoot-O. Branching was not significantly increased by a single hand pinch, by Off-Shoot-O or PBA separately, or by (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) alone or following Off-Shoot-O. No consistent increase in branching of Exbury azaleas (Rhododendron ‘Gibraltar’ and ‘Cecile’) resulted from the combined treatment with Off-Shoot-O and PBA, and the response was much less than with photinia.
Preparation of Fungal-free Seedlings of Magnolia grandiflora L.1
Authors: Perry Fred B. , Vines H. M.
Published: September 2022

A method is proposed for the germination of fungal-free seeds of Magnolia grandiflora as a source of tissue for in vitro experiments. A combination sequence of a 16 hour water-soak at 25°C, hot water (52°C) for 1 hour, and then surface sterilization for 1 hour in 1:1000 aqueous mercuric chloride was the best treatment. Dips in 2.5% chlorox, 95% ethyl alcohol and concentrated sulfuric acid soak for 20 minutes were unsatisfactory. If seeds are selected carefully and treated as described, 60 to 90% of the seeds will germinate aseptically within 30 days.
Relative Ozone Susceptibility of Selected Woody Ornamentals1
Authors: Davis D. D. , Coppolino J. B.
Published: September 2022

More than 1000 plants representing 15 species and/or cultivars of woody ornamentals were exposed to 0.25 ppm ozone for 8 hours at bi-weekly intervals throughout the 1973 growing season. A different set of plants were utilized in each bi-weekly exposure. Plants injured at this rate, in descending order of susceptibility, were Rhododendron obtusum Planch. ‘Hinodegiri’ (Hinodegiri Hiryu azalea), Rhododendron poukhanensis Leveille (Korean azalea), Ailanthus altissima Swingle (tree-of-heaven), Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. (Chinese elm), Philadelphus coronarius L. (sweet mock-orange), Viburnum setigerum Hance (tea viburnum), and Viburnum dilatatum Thunb. (linden viburnum). Plants resistant at this rate were Ilex crenata Thunb. ‘Hetzii’ (Hetz Japanese holly), Ilex opaca Ait. (staminate and pistillate American holly), Kalmia latifolia L. (mountain-aurel kalmia), Lingustrum amurense Carr. (amur privet), Nyssa sylvatica Marsh, (black gum), Taxus × media Rehd. ‘Densiformis’ (dense Anglojap yew), Taxus × media Rehd. ‘Hatfieldii’ (Hatfield Anglojap yew), and Tilia americana L. (American linden). The most common ozone symptom on the broadleaved plants was a tan or dark red to black stipple on the upper leaf surface. Premature defoliation occurred on susceptible plants. Plants were more susceptible to ozone in mid- to late summer than in early spring.
Chilling Injury in Sansevieria1
Authors: Marlatt R. B.
Published: September 2022

White lesions, symptoms of chilling injury, appeared in Sansevieria trifasciata (de Wildm.) N. E. Br. cv. Laurentii for one month following exposure to temperatures ranging from 2° to 8°C Cold-injury symptoms increase with increasing levels of N and K.
Bud-break in Canes of Dracaena fragrans Ker. cv. Massangeana1
Authors: Poole R. T. , Conover C. A. , Waters W. E.
Published: September 2022

Initial bud-break in ‘Massangeana’ dracaena propagated from single-stem cane sections was hastened by removing a small basal portion of the waxed section of cane and soaking the base in water before placement in the propagating medium.
Influence of Pruning and Growth-retarding Compounds on Forcing Azaleas1
Authors: Joiner J. N. , Conover C. A.
Published: September 2022

Compared with manual pruning, use of fatty acid pruning compounds (Emgard, Off-Shoot-O and C-10) increased time to bloom for Rhodedendron obtusum Planch ‘Alaska’ and ‘Red Wing’ and decreased flower number on ‘Alaska’. Pruning compounds interacted with succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) and (2-chloroethyl)triethylammonium chloride (chlormequat) as well as frequency of application in affecting date of bloom and number of flowers.
Nondestructive Estimation of Callus Growth1
Authors: Fowler C. W. , Janick Jules
Published: September 2022

A nondestructive technique for determining callus weight is based on estimation of callus diameter.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Beattie James M.
Published: September 2022

Management of the environment, including modification of the microclimate, has long been practiced by the horticulturist. Common examples include greenhouse culture, irrigation to provide supplemental water or nutrients or for frost protection, the use of mulches, control of photoperiod, soil management systems, application of fertilizers and soil amendments, and others which have been employed for many years and in a variety of ways to enhance plant growth, flowering and fruiting.
Microclimatic Modification: Basic Concepts
Authors: Tanner C. B.
Published: September 2022

Microclimate modifications consist mainly of modifying the energy balance of single plants and plant canopies. Several modification practices exist, such as shading, mulching, modifying ventilation, wetting or drying, heating or cooling, etc. Most of these practices can be viewed in simple ways according to simple physical properties and mechanisms modified. I will give my view of the basic principles in simplest form. Real situations are much too complicated to be dealt with in any detail by my review, which will consider only the simplest basics; however, simple principles do provide a good qualitative insight to many modification practices.
Microclimatic Modification: Development and Application in the Urban Environment1
Authors: Mastalerz John W. , Oliver Craig S.
Published: September 2022

Throughout the world the nature of man has been to cluster in highly urbanized centers. The U.S. is no exception, with more than 203 million people living on less than 1% of the land mass. During the past decade this concentration of people in or near urban growth centers has continued while an increasing percentage of land area in many states has reverted to forest cover.
Microclimate Modification and the Vegetable Crop Ecosystem
Authors: Oebker Norman F. , Hopen Herbert J.
Published: September 2022

Humans have been struggling with the plant environment since they started sowing seeds and cultivating vegetation for food. Early attempts were primarily to keep the plants alive. As time passed, trial and error showed that certain conditions favored growth and production. With this knowledge came cultural practices for each species, which were often mixtures of folklore, superstition and fact. Many of these early growing methods have been passed down to recent times.
The Climate of Trees and Vines1
Authors: Gerber J. F. , Martsolf J. D. , Bartholic J. F.
Published: September 2022

The climate of trees and vines is different from fields, meadows, and agronomic crops. These differences may be tied to the evolution of trees and vines, or they may be a peculiar result of man’s culture. Knowledge of the climate of trees and vines may be of assistance to the horticulturist in climatic modification.
Inheritance of Photoperiodic Flowering Response and Stem Striping in Salvia splendens Sello1
Authors: Lai C. H. , Janick Jules , Weiler T. C.
Published: September 2022

The flowering response of ‘St John’s Fire’ salvia is day neutral and occurs between the 8-13th node under both 8 (SD) and 24 hour (LD) photoperiods. In contrast ‘Bonfire’ flowers between the 8–13th node under SD and under LD flowering is delayed to the 16-19th node. Genetic experiments indicate that this difference in photoperiodic response is controlled by a single gene: RR flowers from node 16-20, Rr from node 13-17, and rr from node 8-13. A single dominant gene S conditions stem stripedness; ss is solid colored. S-s and R-r are independently inherited.
Parthenocarpic Fruit Development in Muskmelon Induced by Growth Regulators1
Authors: Elassar G. , Rudich J. , Kedar N.
Published: September 2022

Effects of growth regulators on parthenocarpic fruit development in muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) were tested under field conditions. Parachlorophenoxyacetic acid (4-CPA) β-naphtoxyacetic acid (β-NOA), gibberellin (GA4+7), and 2-chloro-9-hydroxyfluorene-9-carboxylic acid (chlorflurenol) caused parthenocarpy, when applied directly to flowers at anthesis. Seed coat developed in all parthenocarpic fruits. A positive correlation (r = 0.80) was found between number of seeds, seed coats, and fruit weight. Fruit set was induced under field conditions without bees, by a single spray of 4-CPA or β-NOA or chlorflurenol applied to the entire plant.
Effect of Substituting Na for K on Yield, Quality, and Leaf Analysis of Sweet Potatoes Grown on Tifton Loamy Sand1
Authors: Worley Ray E. , Harmon S. A.
Published: September 2022

Field data indicate that part of the K requirement for sweet potatoes (Jpomoea batatas Lam.) may be satisfied by Na without reducing yields or quality, but high rates of substitution reduced yield in some years. Significant reduction in leaf K occurred with increased substitution by Na. Sweet potatoes readily absorbed Na with leaf Na increasing as Na application increased.
Association of Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase, Catecholase, Peroxidase, and Total Phenolic Content with Brown-end Discoloration of Snap Bean Pods1
Authors: Buescher R. W. , Reitmeier Cheryll , Sistrunk W. A.
Published: September 2022

Brown-end discoloration (BED) of broken snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) occurs whenever pods are held for several hours before processing. Increases in phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), catecholase, and peroxidase activities as well as total phenolic content coincided with the development of BED. The intensity of BED and catecholase activity declined with increasing incubation temperatures (40 to 70°C). Perosidase activity did not decline until after 60° and PAL activity was stable through 70°. We therefore believe that catecholase oxidation of phenolic substances are directly associated with BED of snap beans.
Peach Seedling Weed Control as Part of a Prunus Stem Pitting Control System1
Authors: Hewetson Frank N. , Greene George M. , Craig Richard
Published: September 2022

In order to reduce the cost of fumigation and weed control in seedling nurseries of peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.), a number of herbicides, used with and without Nemagon as a nematicide, were evaluated. While necessary for soil fumigation, the presence or absence of Nemagon did not effect weed control or seedling performance. The best and most economical herbicides were the spring application of simazine at 4.5 kg ai/ha or the fall application of diuron at 3.4 kg ai/ha.
Rootstock Influence on 2,4-D Damage to ‘Bartlett’ and ‘d’Anjou Pear Trees1
Authors: Larsen Fenton E
Published: September 2022

A 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) application in September, 1972, to a grass cover crop and most of a weed free 1.2 m wide strip under the tree row followed by sprinkler irrigation within 24 hours injured 8 year-old pear trees. Fall leaf abscission was inhibited and foliage development was abnormal the following spring. ‘Bartlett’/imported French seedling had no apparent damage while ‘Bartlett/Pyrus calleryana Decne., ‘East Mailing Quince A’ and ‘Provence’ quince was seriously damaged. ‘d’Anjou’/imported French seedling was damaged the least of the 9 combinations and was most seriously damaged on the same 3 rootstocks as ‘Bartlett’. Fruit yields were correlated with damage ratings.
Effect of a Calcium Chloride Dip on Senescent Breakdown, Firmness and Calcium Concentration in ‘Spartan’ Apple1
Authors: Mason J. L. , Drought B. G. , McDougald J. M.
Published: September 2022

‘Spartan’ apples from 29 orchards were dipped in 4% calcium chloride Solution at harvest Senescent breakdown was reduced from an average of 8.3% in the undipped fruit to 2.7% in the dipped fruit Firmness was increased by 0.38 kg (0.84 lb.) and Ca concentration in the fruit flesh by 76 ppm by the dip.
Influence of Chlormequat, SADH and a Cytokinin on Fruit Set in the Seeded ‘Cardinal’ Grape1
Authors: Nelson J. M. , Sharples G. C.
Published: September 2022

(2-chlorethyl)trimethylammonium Chloride (chlormequat) sprayed on tipped Clusters of girdled ‘Cardinal’ grape (Vitis vinifera L.) at 250 to 1000 ppm during bloom increased the number of seeded berries per Cluster but reduced berry weight Heavy Cluster thinning increased berry weight on chlormequat treated Clusters. Succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) did not increase seeded berry set or affect any of the other fruit characteristics measured at the concentrations tested. The synthetic cytokinin, 6-(benzylamino)-9-(2-tetrahydropyranyl)-9H purine (PBA), resulted in a marked increase in seeded berries at 300 ppm, but the number of shot-berries was also increased.
‘Fiesta’ Grape1
Authors: Weinberger John H. , Loomis N. H.
Published: September 2022

‘Fiesta’ is an early maturing, white, seedless grape, Vitis vinifera Linn, released in December 1973. It was selected for its ability to produce high quality raisins and for its early maturity.
Seedless Fruit in ‘Fuerte’ and ‘Ettinger’ Avocado1
Authors: Tomer E. , Gazit S. , Eisenstein Dahlia
Published: September 2022

Seedless fruitlets of ‘Fuerte’ and ‘Ettinger’ avocado (Persea americana Mill.) (5 to 20 mm length) exhibited a typical degeneration pattern of the ovule which began at the chalaza and spread toward the micropylar region but stopped when about half of the integument was still intact. Embryo or endosperm or both were found in many seedless fruitlets. Degeneration was found to start at different stages of fruitlet development, from a proembryo to an embryo starting to develop cotyledons. Typical seedless fruit in ‘Fuerte’ and ‘Ettinger’ avocado appears to be the outcome of seed degeneration (stenospermocarpy) and not parthenocarpy.
Propagation of Thornless Blackberries by One-node Cuttings1
Authors: Zimmerman R. H. , Galletta G. J. , Broome O. C.
Published: September 2022

Thornless blackberries (Rubus sp.) were propagated throughout the year by rooting leafy 1-node cuttings. Differences in ease of rooting among cultivars were evident with ‘Smoothstem’ generally being the most difficult and ‘Black Satin’, SI-US 68-6-6, and SI-US 68-6-17 being the easiest to root. Treatment with 0.3% indolebutyric acid in talc sometimes improved rooting slightly. Although more and longer roots developed when sand was the rooting medium, roots were brittle and broke off easily when the cuttings were handled. Cuttings rooted nearly as well in 1 peat: 1 perlite mix, had a more fibrous root system, and were easier to handle in transplanting. Rooting was as successful under a plastic tent as under intermittent mist. Node location along the cane did not influence rooting of the cuttings as long as the succulent tissue at the stem tip was not used.
Assessing the probability of bankruptcy when investing in cryptocurrency
Authors: Kozlovskyi Serhii , Petrunenko Iaroslav , Mazur Hennadii , Butenko Vira , Ivanyuta Natalya
Published: September 2022

The cryptocurrency market is not regulated, people and companies wishing to invest in cryptocurrency do not have the same protection as when investing in other assets. In the absence of information and regulatory laws, investors should decide if cryptocurrencies make sense for their financial goals and what kind of investment strategy to choose not to go bankrupt. The aim of the study is to determine the probability of “tail events” and to assess in this way the probability of bankruptcy when investing in cryptocurrency using the Monte Carlo method. The analysis is carried out on the period from September 1, 2014 up to July 1, 2022. Despite the fact that today there are more than 10,000 types of cryptocurrencies, Bitcoin was chosen to assess the probability of bankruptcy. The reason is that Bitcoin is the world’s first decentralized cryptocurrency and its data is stored in a long-term history, which allows testing a long-term investment strategy. Besides, Bitcoin has not gone through a period of persistent inflation that makes the result of testing a short-term investment strategy more reliable. To date, there are around 25 million Bitcoin holders, representing 42.2% of the crypto market. Almost all cryptocurrencies have been proven to follow Bitcoin. The probability of bankruptcy for a short-term cryptocurrency investment strategy is about 17%-23%. For a long-term cryptocurrency investment strategy, the probability of bankruptcy fluctuates from 13% to 16%. Contrary to popular belief, investors looking to avoid bankruptcy should prefer a long-term strategy. The best way for cryptocurrency investors to protect themselves from bankruptcy is to alternate long and short investment periods.
Impact of intelligence leadership on organizational excellence: Mediating role of organizational culture
Authors: Alharafsheh Malek , Albloush Ahmad , Hanandeh Rami , Alsafadi Medhat , Ahmad Khwlldh Ayed
Published: September 2022

The absence of intelligence leadership may lead to a failure to motivate employees within universities, which leads to adverse effects on organizational excellence, primarily if the prevailing organizational culture does not support the processes of development and success. Thus, organizational culture is expected to play an essential role in enhancing the leadership’s ability to use its intelligence to achieve organizational excellence. Accordingly, the study aims to identify the mediating role of organizational culture in the impact of leadership intelligence on achieving organizational excellence in Jordanian universities. Qualitative data were collected and quantitatively analyzed. A questionnaire was designed using a leadership intelligence scale and distributed to a sample of 371 faculty members in 33 Jordanian universities. The sample size was chosen according to the statistical tables, and this sample is considered statistically acceptable. The data were processed using structural equations using SPSS and AMOS software. The study concluded that there is an effect of intelligence leadership on organizational excellence. It was also found that organizational culture mediates the relationship between intelligence leadership and organizational excellence. Therefore, the study recommends that the decision makers in Jordanian universities strengthen intelligence leadership, with the need to establish clear foundations in the selection of university leaders, ensuring intelligence leaders’ existence.
Smuggling Consumer Goods in Soviet Russia in the Period of the New Economic Policy
Authors:   St Petersburg Institute of History, Russian Academy of Sciences, Rupasov Alexander I. , Tverdyukova Elena D. ,   St. Petersburg State University
Published: September 2022

The purpose of the paper is to analyze the reasons for the persistence of consumer smuggling in Soviet Russia / USSR during the period of the New Economic Policy. The study draws upon national and regional archives and archives run by specific government departments as well as upon statistical and media sources. The authors conclude that the main reason for the smuggling trade was the shortage of consumer goods, which was caused by a decrease in imports and a reorientation of manufacturing towards the industrial products, rejection of the ideology of “everyday asceticism”, and the emergence of a new Soviet bourgeoisie. They believe that the factors for maintaining the scale of consumer smuggling were: disagreements between the border guard and the customs service, the leniency of punishments for smuggling, and the underdevelopment of border duty-free trade. The authors show that a lack of consumer imports led to a demand for smuggled items, which transformed within a short period of time (the first post-Revolutionary decade) unorganized smuggling carried out by individuals into a large-scale smuggling operation set up by organizations in which each member performed a specific function. The study demonstrates that government policies of protecting the state monopoly of foreign trade and a steady demand for smuggled goods contributed to the preservation of the smuggling industry. The presence of illegally imported consumer goods on the market contributed to the stabilization of the social situation in Soviet Russia during the years of the New Economic Policy. It became an alternative channel for satisfying the material needs of the urban population. Western products were not only sold from under the counter to representatives of the wealthy strata of the population but also entered the state and cooperative commercial network and craft workshops, which reduced shortages of goods on the domestic market. Smuggling in the 1920s could be classified as a “victimless crime” because it benefited not only its perpetrators but also those who used their services.
The Combat Path of a Common Soldier Ivan Ivanovich Cherkasov
Authors:   Cherkas Global University, Cherkasov Aleksandr A. ,   Volgograd State University
Published: September 2022

This work is the first attempt to restore the combat path of a common soldier Ivan Ivanovich Cherkasov. He fought on the Northern, Leningrad, 3rd Baltic, and 1st Ukrainian fronts. The work is based on a wide range of archival materials, most of which are introduced into the scholarship for the first time. Documents from the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense, and the National Archive of the Republic of Karelia, Folklore Archive of the Institute of Language, Literature and History of the Karelian Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences National Archives of the Republic of Karelia, Central State Archives of Historical and Political Documents, Central State Archives of St Petersburg were used in the study. In conclusion, the author states that Ivan Ivanovich Cherkasov in the rank of a common soldier witnessed almost the entire Great Patriotic War — as a shooter in the combat composition of rifle units, in the infantry (the only exception was the period from August to September 1941 when soldier Cherkasov was the commander of a mortar crew). The service in army units was interrupted five times by wounds received in battles, and each time Ivan Ivanovich got back in line. His combat career began in the 2nd Leningrad Division of the People’s Militia; then there were the 168th and 128th rifle divisions. He served in the latter from the summer of 1942 to May 1945.
The Russian Military near Cracow during the First World War
Authors:   The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Krakow, Krokosz Paweł K.
Published: September 2022

The article is devoted to the presence of Russian troops in November and December 1914 in villages and towns near Cracow. Autumn 1914 is remembered as the month of the biggest success of the Russian army that took place at the eastern front during World War I. One of the purposes of the Russians was to take control of Cracow, which was then a very strong fortress. The capture of the city opened the way towards Silesia and Vienna — the capital of Austria-Hungary. These actions did not bring about any effect, and in the winter of 1914 the Russian army was repelled from Cracow. The short stay of the Russians in November and December 1914 in villages and towns near Cracow was permanently etched on the memory of their inhabitants. Tsar’s soldiers, commonly referred to by them as “Muscovites” or “mongrels”, were seen as the enemy. There is no doubt that some frontline soldiers and Cossacks, performing reconnaissance functions committed destruction, theft, rape or murder in the occupied villages and towns. However, there were also those among soldiers and officers whose behavior was noble towards the local population. Many officers in the the Russian army were Poles who displayed dignity under war conditions. Well-educated tsarist commanders belonging to the nobility or aristocracy behaved similarly. The presentation of both bad and good demeanors will allow to refute the existing stereotypes regarding the behavior of Russian soldiers stationed in villages and towns near Cracow in 1914.
The Image of Soviet Woman in the Slovak Communist Newspapers in the Interwar Period
Authors:   Comenius University in Bratislava, Škorvanková Eva ,   University of ss. Cyril and Methodius
Published: September 2022

After the First World War, a new idealised perception of a woman-Communist arose due to fundamental political and social changes in the Soviet Union, which served as a desired horizon for working women, mothers, sympathisers, and voters adhering to the Communist Party in Czechoslovakia during the interwar period. More broadly, this newly emerged idealisation also shaped gender relations. The aim of this study is to characterize the image of an ideal Soviet woman and a communist, as both presented and produced within the Slovak women’s communist movement in the 1920s. In doing so, I will examine texts, speeches, and reactions published in the Communist women’s biweekly “Proletarka”, whose primary audience was female. A new role model of a woman reflected idealized Soviet state and a Soviet woman’s lifestyle. At the same time, it employed a rather simplified referential framework of the Marxist canon, consisting of writings of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and mainly Vladimir I. Lenin. Within a conservative and mostly rural Slovak environment, such an idealised image of a new communist woman as well as the interrelated ‘revolutionary’ idealisation of both marriage and motherhood represented a mobilising potential of a questionable, if traceable, force. On the contrary, it could provoke rather controversial reactions from the targeted recipients.
The Moscow Embassy of George Kennan and American Diplomacy in the Cold War
Authors:   Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, Raikova Vera A.
Published: September 2022

This paper studies the operations of the Embassy of the United States of America in Moscow headed by G. F. Kennan (May — September 1952) in the context of Cold War diplomatic history. Based on an analysis of documents located in the Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation, this study focuses on such key international issues as peaceful settlement of the Korean war, resolution of the German issue, and the signing of a treaty protecting fur seals in the Pacific basin. This article highlights the role of the American Embassy in Moscow, and of Ambassador Kennan in particular, in the discussion of these issues, and the nature of the embassy staff members’ interactions with Soviet authorities. The archival materials concerning the Soviet-American relations in 1952 provide clear evidence that the diplomatic corps faced severe difficulties under the conditions of military and political confrontation of the Cold War. The paper also elucidates the reasons for declaring Kennan persona non grata. Finally, the author considers the influence of the Moscow ambassadorship on Kennan’s perception of communism and the Soviet social system. He became convinced not only of the Soviet political system’s bureaucratic inertia and clumsiness, its excessive centralization, and its total focus on Stalin’s personality, but also of the extreme straightforwardness and uncompromising nature of American foreign policy towards the Soviet Union.
Froben Prints and Polemics on Religion in Early Modern Eastern Europe
Authors:   Russian Academy of Science Library, Galtsin Dmitrii D.
Published: September 2022

The article explores the Froben prints stored at the Rare Books Department of the Library of the Russian Academy of Science (Biblioteka Akademii Nauk) in Saint Petersburg. For three generations in the 16th century, Basel printers the Frobens influenced European intellectual life like no other publishing establishment, contributing to the spread of early Latin and Greek Christian literature, which determined both the development of theology and the humanities. Some copies of Froben prints are conspicuous for the history of their use which is intrinsically connected with various kinds of religious polemics in 16th and 17th century Eastern Europe. The focus of the article is the copies of Froben’s Opera omnia of St Augustine which underwent censorship in monastic libraries of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 16th and 17th century. The article traces the history of a number of Froben copies which belonged to notable Polish Protestants of the 16th and 17th centuries (Andrzej Trzecieski, Nicholas Radziwill the Black (“Czarny”), Andrzej Dobrzanski). The examination of the connections of Eastern European Protestants, which enabled vigorous exchange of books with Western Europe, bringing, for instance, a book from the library of the great Dutch cartographer Gerhard Mercator to the hands of a provincial Polish pastor, is carried out. Finally, the article addresses the marginalia left by Simeon of Polotsk on one of his books. These marginalia throw some new light on the question of Simeon’s genuine theological views. By examining the history of the copies from the Library of the Russian Academy of Science through the marginalia left in the 16th and 17th centuries by people of various religions, the article assesses Froben copies as a source on confessional and intellectual history of the period.
Sustainability branding and private labels: From interdisciplinary approach to transdisciplinary one
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Cherenkov Vitally I. , Blagov Evgeniy Yu. ,   St. Petersburg State University, Starov Sergey A. ,   St. Petersburg State University, Tanichev Alexander V. ,   Baltic State Technical University “VOENMEH” named after D. F. Ustinov
Published: September 2022

The article deals with the phenomenon of “private label” (PL) in the environment of retail chains and presents the methodology for its study. The evolution of this phenomenon is briefly described as a voyage of PLs from a sort of consumer perceived trade-off between price and quality towards converting them into competitive brands. Some features of PLs are noted that give them the opportunity to become mediators of a new culture of responsible consumption. Multidimensionality and complexity of representing the PL as a sustainability brand are shown, that leads to the need to apply an interdisciplinary approach to research and development of relevant curricula/courses. Understanding the function of a sustainability brand as a mediator of a new culture predetermines the need for a methodological approach based on the highest form of interdisciplinarity, viz. the transdisciplinarity. A conceptual model of sustainability branding for retail chains is presented, which considers additional factors that go beyond the seller-buyer interface: impacts of state and public institutions and consumer brand experiences, mainly accumulated in the respective online brand communities. The persistence of the problem of ensuring the adequacy of the semantic Russian-language terminological system of sustainability branding is emphasized. Possible practical applications of outputs of this work are proposed and directions for further research are outlined.
Are local companies and multinational corporations equally equipped to struggle for talents in Russia?
Authors:   National Research University Higher School of Economics, Osipova Alexandra S.
Published: September 2022

Firms increasingly adopt various talent attraction practices in order to hire the most talented employees and outperform competitors. Although talent attraction is considered critical for the firm success, there is little information on how specifically local firms and multinational corporations strive to win the “war” for talented employees in Russia. To bridge this gap, this study aims to explore talent attraction systems of Russian firms and their foreign counterparts, which they use in order to increase a competitive advantage. The research is based on a qualitative methodology, the data was collected using thirty three in-depth interviews with HR managers and further analyzed with the help of NVivo 12 software. The study reveals that both local firms and multinational corporations apply the same set of talent attraction practices at the operational level. However, only a few foreign companies use a strategic approach for the creation of external and internal talent pools which help them to quickly react to disruptive changes. The article contributes to existing research in two ways. First, it develops the resource-based view on talent management using the HR architecture framework and shows how talent attraction systems enable companies to acquire various talent groups in order to improve the competitive advantage. Second, this study explores talent attraction as a system on the strategic, policy and practices levels, describing their similarities and differences in local companies and multinational corporations.
Salt Market of the Russian Far East in the Conditions of Import Dependency (1900–1914): Features of Functioning
Authors:   Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography of the Peoples of the Far East of the Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ustyugova O. A.
Published: September 2022

The article examines the state of the salt market in the Russian Far East at the beginning of the 20th century under conditions of dependence on imports, characterizing the quality, prices and volume of salt supplies. Under the high demand for table salt as a product of prime necessity and raw material for the fishing industry, the salt market of the Far East was entirely dependent on imports. While the import of foreign salt to Russia was decreasing, in the Far East it was showing stable growth. The development of the fishing industry in the 1890s stimulated the growth of salt consumption, which local production could not satisfy. Import dependency, which vividly showed up during the Russian-Japanese War, worried both the authorities and entrepreneurs. After the final cancellation of the porto-franco in 1909, salt became a duty-free commodity, which facilitated the access of foreign product to the region. The system of salt supply for the local market by foreign companies, which was formed in the second half of the 19th century, retained its importance. The matter of organizing the supply of the Russian Far East with salt of domestic production was unsettled. The import of salt from the Crimea and the Irkutsk Salt Plant was unprofitable because of the high cost of transportation. During the First World War the region’s dependence on the import of foreign salt remained. Before the war, the main amount of salt for the population and the fishing industry came from Germany, but after the war began, Japan, China and Port Said became the main suppliers.
Cluster Analysis as a Means of Identifying Types of Demographic Characteristics (Russian Rural Population, European Part of Russia, Early 20th to Early 21st Century)
Authors:   Derzhavin Tambov State University, Zhukov D. S. , Kanishchev V. V. ,   Derzhavin Tambov State University
Published: September 2022

The object of study is the demographic characteristics of the Russian rural population of the European part of Russia (at the level of individual governorates, regions, and republics) from the beginning of the twentieth century to the beginning of the twenty-first century. These data are analyzed in the context of general demographic trends. The goal is to identify regions with similar demographic indicators during several chronological periods (1902, 1940, 2002, 2020) and to observe the transformation of demographic characteristics in different periods of history and in different regions of European Russia. This provides the necessary material for making assumptions about the connection between demographic types and natural-geographical, economic-geographical, and ethnogeographical factors. The principal research method, multivariate cluster analysis, is a tool for identifying stable groups of typologically homogeneous objects. The clustering of regions was carried out on the basis of three key demographic indicators: fertility, mortality, and natural growth. The authors came to the conclusion that, as early as the beginning of the twentieth century, Russian agrarian society was already at different demographic stages, evolving from a traditional to a modernized society. In the middle of the century, discrepancies in the rates of demographic transition became noticeable, manifested in some conventional “dividing” lines such as the ones between Russian oblasts and some national republics; the ones between agro-industrial and industrial-agrarian regions; the ones between southern and northern territories; and, finally, the ones between the regions and republics close to and distant from Moscow. The entwinement of these lines gave rise to various cluster groupings and, apparently, led to some consequent variability in the types of demographic characteristics in different regions, which is also recorded at the beginning of the twentieth century. The authors also pay attention to types of “demographic responses” of different regions to the coronavirus pandemic.
“The War of the Spirit”: A History of Scientific Ideas or Marginal Emotions?
Authors:   Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aksenov V. B.
Published: September 2022

This review examines a monograph by Polish historian Maciej Górny that examines the phenomenon of the “war of the spirit” in scientific discourse between 1912 and 1923. The “war of the spirit” is broadly understood as a reflection on national character in the context of the actualization of a clear distinction between one’s community and that of the alien enemy, and narrowly as “an irregular cycle of outbreaks of nationalism in science, each inextricably linked to the horror of war, defeat and violence”. The characters of the book are European intellectuals and the psychological, anthropological, and spiritual characteristics of warring nations, and the role of such sciences as geography, anthropology, psychology, and psychiatry in the “war of the spirit” is revealed. The Polish researcher points out the complex relationship between intellectual concepts and propaganda settings, believing that the phenomenon of “war of the spirit” is broader than the phenomenon of military-patriotic propaganda. The author of the review, while appreciating the work of his Polish colleague, believes that the study conducted within the methodological framework of intellectual history could have benefited if the methodology of the history of emotions had been used. The review points out that many of the marginalized concepts and stereotypes discussed in the book were typical for all strata of the warring societies, were based on archetypal images, and were fueled by emotions running high during the war. The author calls the “war of spirit” a natural state of a society for development of the main characterological images of “their own” and “alien” in the conditions of military and political conflict. Author points out that the concept of an ideological “war of the spirit” does not fully correspond to its content and considers it more accurate to speak of an emotional “war of patriotism”.