bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Über Komplexe des Typs {(PhC=C)3P}3M(CO)3 (M = Cr, Mo, W) / On Complexes of the Type {(PhC=C)3P}3M(CO)3 (M = Cr, Mo, W)
Authors: Kuhn Norbert , Göhner Martin , Steimann Manfred
Published: February 2015

The tris(alkinyl)phosphine complexes {(PhC=C)3P}3M(CO)3, M = Cr (3a), Mo (3b), W (3c), are obtained from P(C=CPh)3 and (C6H15N3)M(CO)3 (C6H15N3 = 1,3,5-trimethyl-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane) as stable yellow solids in good yields. While IR data indicate significant acceptor properties of the phosphane ligands, the X-ray structure analysis of 3c also allows the discussion of weak donor interactions.
Preparation and Characterization of 4-[4-(Dimethylamino)styryl]-l-methyl- pyridinium Lead Triiodide and its Tribromide Analog
Authors: Papavassiliou G. C. , Mousdis G. A. , Koutselas I. B.
Published: February 2015

Using 4-[4-(dimethylamino)styryl]-l-methyl-pyridinium iodide, lead iodide, tetrabutylammon-ium bromide and lead bromide as starting materi­ als, the title compounds were prepared and characterized analytically and spectroscopically.
The Crystal and Molecular Structure of (μ-Oxo)bis{chloro(methyl)thienyl- tellurium(IV)}
Authors: Oilunkaniemi Raija , Laitinen Risto S. , Ahlgrén Markku
Published: February 2015

The formation and the crystal and molecular structure of (μ-oxo)bis{chloro(methyl)thienyl-tellurium(IV)}, [Me(Th)TeCl]20 , are described. The compound is orthorhombic, space group Pbcn, a = 1893.30(2), b = 891.96(2), c = 966.24(5) pm; Z =4. The tellurium atom shows trigonal bi-pyramidal coordination with chlorine and the bridging oxygen atoms in axial, and methyl and thienyl groups in equatorial positions. The two close intermolecular Te(1) ···Cl(1) contacts ex­pand the coordination sphere around tellurium to an almost regular octahedron.
[((C6H5)3P)2N ]O3 und [(((CH3 )2 N)3 PN)4 P]O3 , neue ionische Ozonide mit Phasentransfer-geeigneten Kationen
Authors: Klein Wilhelm , Jansen Martin
Published: February 2015

Ionic ozonides soluble in organic solvents have been synthesized. The crystal structures of bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium-ozonide bis(dimethylamine) (1/2) (P21/c, a = 969.9(2) pm, b = 2007.1(3) pm, c = 1852.4(4) pm, Z = 4, R1 = 14.34%, 3343 independent reflections), tetrakis[tris(dimethylamino)phosphoranylidenamino]phosphonium-ozonide (P21/n, a = 1120(1) pm, b = 3192(5) pm, c = 1162(1) pm, Z = 4, R1 = 9.18%, 1428 independent reflections) and tetrakis[tris(dimethylamino)phosphoranylidenamino]phosphonium-ozonide dimethylamine (1/1) (Pbcn, a = 1080.9(6) pm, b = 3560(5) pm, c = 1154(2) pm, Z = 4, R1 = 12.22%, 2624 independent reflections) have been solved. While these ozonides react with ethers and nitriles, stable solutions in amines and CH2Cl2 have been obtained.
New π -Donor Molecules with a Pyrazino Group and their Conducting Salts
Authors: Papavassiliou G. C. , Misaki Yohji , Takahashi Kazuko , Yamada Jun-ichi , Mousdis G. A. , Sharahata Takashi , Ise Toshihiro
Published: February 2015

The preparation and characterization of some π-donors with a pyrazine-edge-group as well as with tetrathiapentalene-, thiophene-, and dihydrobenzoselenophene-spacer-groups are de­ scribed. Some of these donors give conducting charge transfer complexes with TCNQ and/or cation radical salts with I3
-, BF4
-and PF6
-as counter anions.
Synthesis, Characterization, Crystal Structure and hybrid DFT Computation of the Chlorooxoarsenate(III), [NMe4]2[As4O2Cl10]·2 CH3CN
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M. , Schütt Thomas
Published: February 2015

[NMe4]2 [As4O2Cl10] · 2 CH3CN was recovered by the reaction of [NMe4][N3] with AsCl3 in CH3CN under aerobic conditions. This compound was also obtained directly by the reaction of AsCl3, AS2O3 and [NMe4][Cl] in acetonitrile. The structure was determined by X-ray diffraction. [NMe4]2 [As4O2Cl10] · 2 CH3CN crystallizes in theoorthorhombic space group Fmmm with a = 11.4144(8), b = 14.732(1) and c = 19.803(2) Å, with 4 formula units per unit cell. The frequencies obtained by Raman and infrared spectroscopy were assigned to the normal modes of the [As4O2Cl10]2- anion in comparison with computational results. The bonding situation in the [As4O2Cl10]2- anion was elucidated on the basis of an NBO analysis on the crystallographic data.
Synthese und Eigenschaften von α Aminocarbohydroximsäure-estern / Synthesis and Properties of α-Aminocarbohydroximic Esters
Authors: Thimann Wolfgang , Geffken Detlef
Published: February 2015

Cbz protected α-aminonitriles 1 or α-aminocarboxamides 2 were converted to imidates 3 either by Pinner reaction or by Meerwein’s reagent. Sulfhydrolysis of 3 produced α-aminothiocarboxylic O-esters 4 which in turn were reacted with hydroxylamine to give Cbz protected (E)-α-aminocarbohydroximic esters 5. Hydrogenolysis of 5 furnished the target compounds 6 .
A New Synthesis of Two Naturally Occurring Dihydrobenzo[b]furan-Type Neolignans of Potential Biological Activity
Authors: Juhász László , Dinya Zoltán , Antus Sándor , Gunda Tamás E.
Published: February 2015

A new synthesis of the racemates of two naturally occurring neolignans 1 and 2 was achieved via the 2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]furan derivative 3, starting from the commercially available materials o-vanillin (6) and acetovanillone (9).
Radikal-markierte Metallocene (M = Fe, Co). Metallocenylen verbrückte Bis(3-imidazolin-l-oxyle) / Radical Labeled M etallocenes (M = Fe, Co). M etallocenylene B ridged B is(3-im idazolin-l-oxyls)
Authors: Dialer Harald , Polbom Kurt , Beck Wolfgang
Published: February 2015

Radical Labeled M etallocenes (M = Fe, Co). M etallocenylene B ridged B is(3-im idazolin-l-oxyls) The addition of the lithium salt of the silyl protected hydroxylamine 1-hydroxy-2,2,4,5,5-pentamethyl-3-imidazoline (1) to 6 ,6 -dimethylfulvalene gives the lithium cyclopentadienide 2 from which the 1,1 '-substituted ferrocene and cobaltocinium derivatives 3 and 4 were obtained. Deprotection and oxidation of 3 and 4 afford the metallocenylene bridged bis(3-imidazolin-l-oxyls) 5 and 7. The ferrocene bridged diradical 5 forms with DDQ a charge transfer complex 8 . The complexes 5 and 7 were characterized by X-ray diffraction and by their EPR spectra. Magnetic measurements show at room temperature two independent spins for 5 and 7 and four unpaired electrons for 8 , the latter arising from three different sources [Fe(III) low spin d5, two nitroxides and DDQ- radical anion].
Multianvil High-Pressure Synthesis And Crystal Structure Of β-YbBO3
Authors: Huppertz Hubert
Published: February 2015

β-Ytterbium borate (β-YbBO3) was synthesized under high-pressure in a Walker-type multianvil apparatus at 2.2 GPa and 1400 °C. The title-compound crystallizes in the trigonal calcite structure, space group R3̄̄c. Single crystal X-ray data yielded a = 492.1(2), c = 1630.5(9) pm, wR2 = 0.0344 for 165 F2 values and 11 variable parameters. Within the trigonal planar BO3 groups the B-O distance is 137.8(4) pm. The ytterbium atoms have a slightly distorted octahedral oxygen coordination (Yb-O: 224.4(2) pm)
Methylated Ammonium and Hydrazinium Salts of 5,5′-Azotetrazolate
Authors: Hammerl Anton , Holl G. , Kaiser M. , Klapötke Thomas M. , Mayer Peter , Piotrowski Holger , Vogt Martin
Published: February 2015

Salts of the 5,5′-azotetrazolate dianion with methylated ammonium and hydrazinium cations were prepared. The compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, vibrational (IR, Raman) and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C, 14N). The crystal structures of the di[ammonium], the bis[dimethylammonium] and the bis[trimethylhydrazinium] 5,5′-azo­ tetrazolate salts were determined. The thermal, shock and friction sensitivities of these com­ pounds were investigated and their explosion products were analysed.
Magnetic Properties and Crystal Structure of a Dinuclear Iron(III) Complex
Authors: Elmali A. , Elerman Y. , Svoboda I.
Published: February 2015

[FeL(MeOH)Cl]2 (L = N-(5-methylphenyl)-3-methoxysalicylaldimine) was synthesized and its crystal structure determined, [C30H26Cl2Fe2N2O6], triclinic, space group P1̄, a = 7.481(2), b = 9.436(2), c = 10.961(2) Å, α= 69.790(10), β= 82.440(10), γ= 83.690(10)°, V=718.1(3) Å3 , Z = 1. Two identical [FeLCl] fragments, related by an inversion centre, are connected by two bridging O atoms to form a binuclear unit. The iron(III) centers are separated by 3.196(2) Å and weakly antiferromagnetically coupled (J = -10.4(1) cm-1), which follows from temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility measurements in the range 5.1 to 275.6 K. The magnetic moment at 275.6 K is ca. 7.02 B. M., but 0.99 B. M. at 5.1 K. The magnetic susceptibility is at a maximum near 80 K and decreases rapidly as the temperature is lowered to liquid helium temperature.
Investigations on the Thermal Decomposition of Coordination Polymers Based on Copper(I) Halides and 2-Methylpyrazine
Authors: Näther Chnstian , Jeß Inke , Studzinski Harald
Published: February 2015

The thermal behaviour of the three coordination polymers 2
∞poly[CuX(μ-2-methylpyrazine- N,N′)] (X = Cl (I), Br (II)), and 2
∞poly[{Cu2l2 (μ-pyrazine-N,N′)2 } · 2-methylpyrazine] (III) was investigated using differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetry (DTA-TG) measurements as well as temperature resolved X-ray powder diffraction in argon and in air. On heating all compounds decompose in two steps. In the first step compound I and II loose one and compound III looses two of the 2-methylpyrazine ligands to form the corresponding 2:1 compounds Cu2Cl2(2 -methylpyrazine) (IV) and 2
∞poly[Cu2X2 (μ-2 -methylpyrazine-N,N′)] (X = Br (V), I (VI)). From the experiments there is no evidence for the formation of a 1:1 compound of Cul and 2-methylpyrazine as an intermediate phase during the thermal decomposition. On further heating the 2:1 compounds IV, V and VI transform directly to the corresponding copper(I) halides.
Neue Oxogermanate(IV) der schweren Alkalimetalle. Synthesen und Kristallstrukturen/New Oxogermanates(IV) of the Heavy Alkaline Metals. Preparation and Crystal Structure
Authors: Hoch Constantin , Röhr Caroline
Published: February 2015

The new germanates(IV) were synthesized via reaction of GeO2 with AO2 (A=K, Rb, Cs) and the elemental alkaline metals and their crystal structures have been determined from single crystal X-ray data. ß-K4GeO4 / Rb4GeO4 (monoclinic, P21/c , a = 1047.6(3)/1103.2(2), b = 646.5(1)/673.3(1), c = 1048.1(3)/1084.5(2) pm, ß = 112.291(5) / 112.676(4)°, Z = 4) and Cs10Ge2O9 (monoclinic, P21/c , a = 1293.7(2), b = 1148.6(2), c = 1926.4(2) pm, ß = 128.05(8)°, Z = 4) contain isolated, A6Ge3O9 (A = Rb / Cs: monoclinic, P 21/c , a = 663.0(1) / 696.3(2), b = 1346.8(2) / 1403.1(3), c = 1666.6(2) / 1742.8(6) pm, ß = 107.47(2) / 107.88(2)°, Z = 2) cyclotrigermanate ions. In Cs3AlGe2O7 (monoclinic, C2/c, a = 961.5(2), b = 1719.7(2), c = 761.7(1) pm, ß =126.5(1)°, Z = 4) digermanate ions are connected via [AIO4 ] tetrahedra to form ribbons.
Formation and Crystal Structure of Polymeric (MeTeCl3)n
Authors: Pietikäinen Jarkko , Laitinen Risto S. , Konu Jari , Valkonen Jussi
Published: February 2015

The reaction of hexamethyldisilane with tellu­rium tetrachloride in carbon disulfide afforded polymeric (MeTeCl3)n (1) that was characterized by TOF ES mass spectroscopy, 125Te NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. Pale brown, air-and moisture-sensitive crystals of 1 are monoclinic, space group P21/n with a = 1030.69(5), b = 643.61(2), c = 1041.68(5) pm, ß = 119.236(5)°, V = 0.60299(5) nm3, and Z = 4. The crystal structure consists of infinite helical chains of the MeTeCl3 units linked by bridging chlorine atoms. The polymeric chains are linked together by Te···Cl and Cl···Cl close contacts. The pos­sible routes for the formation of (MeTeCl3)n are discussed.
Dexamethasone downregulates caveolin-1 causing muscle atrophy via inhibited insulin signaling
Authors: Son Young Hoon , Lee Seok-Jin , Lee Ki-Baek , Lee Jin-Haeng , Jeong Eui Man , Chung Sun Gun , Park Sang-Chul , Kim In-Gyu
Published: February 2015

Glucocorticoids play a major role in the development of muscle atrophy in various medical conditions, such as cancer, burn injury, and sepsis, by inhibiting insulin signaling. In this study, we report a new pathway in which glucocorticoids reduce the levels of upstream insulin signaling components by downregulating the transcription of the gene encoding caveolin-1 (CAV1), a scaffolding protein present in the caveolar membrane. Treatment with the glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEX) decreased CAV1 protein andCav1mRNA expression, with a concomitant reduction in insulin receptor alpha (IRα) and IR substrate 1 (IRS1) levels in C2C12 myotubes. On the basis of the results of promoter analysis using deletion mutants and site-directed mutagenesis a negative glucocorticoid-response element in the regulatory region of theCav1gene was identified, confirming thatCav1is a glucocorticoid-target gene.Cav1knockdown using siRNA decreased the protein levels of IRα and IRS1, and overexpression ofCav1prevented the DEX-induced decrease in IRα and IRS1 proteins, demonstrating a causal role ofCav1in the inhibition of insulin signaling. Moreover, injection of adenovirus expressingCav1into the gastrocnemius muscle of mice prevented DEX-induced atrophy. These results indicate that CAV1 is a critical regulator of muscle homeostasis, linking glucocorticoid signaling to the insulin signaling pathway, thereby providing a novel target for the prevention of glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy.
ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN SNPs IN BOVINE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR GENE AND PRODUCTION TRAITS IN HOLSTEIN CATTLE
Authors: Moravčíková Nina , Trakovická Anna , Navrátilová Alica , Nádaský Rudolf
Published: February 2015

aim of this study was to determine allelic and genotypic frequency of two SNPs in ERα gene and evaluate the associations between ERα genetic variants and milk production traits in Holstein cattle. Analysis of the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of reproduction in connection with milk production and followed genotyping of the individuals with optimal genetic potential may facilitate the animal selection in dairy cattle farms. Genomic DNA was obtained in total from 150 hair root samples of Holstein cows. Two polymorphic sites in 5´region on ERα gene (BTA6) were analysed. Genotyping of animals was carried out by PCR-RFLP method using SnaBI and BglI restriction endonucleases. After restriction analyses was detected in population the presence of two ERα/SnaBI (GG, AG), and three ERα/BglI genotypes (GG, AG, AA). The highest proportion was found for individuals with ERα/SnaBI GG (85%) and ERα/BglI AA (83%) genotypes. The missing of ERα/SnaBI AA genotype was reflected to the higher distribution of G allele (0.92± 0.02). For the ERα/BglI polymorphism was observed the higher frequency of A allele (0.91±0.02). The differences between observed and expected genotype frequencies caused the deviations from HWE in locus ERα/SnaBI. The statistical analyses of ERα genotypes effect on milk production traits was performed with linear models (GLM procedure). Based on the selected effect we were able to estimate the variability of analyzed traits on 80%. The ERα/SnaBI and ERα/BglI genotypes affected the variability of milk, protein and fat yield only non-significant (P > 0.05).
BMI Curves for Preterm Infants
Authors: Olsen Irene E. , Lawson M. Louise , Ferguson A. Nicole , Cantrell Rebecca , Grabich Shannon C. , Zemel Babette S. , Clark Reese H.
Published: February 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

Preterm infants experience disproportionate growth failure postnatally and may be large weight for length despite being small weight for age by hospital discharge. The objective of this study was to create and validate intrauterine weight-for-length growth curves using the contemporary, large, racially diverse US birth parameters sample used to create the Olsen weight-, length-, and head-circumference-for-age curves.

METHODS:

Data from 391 681 US infants (Pediatrix Medical Group) born at 22 to 42 weeks’ gestational age (born in 1998–2006) included birth weight, length, and head circumference, estimated gestational age, and gender. Separate subsamples were used to create and validate curves. Established methods were used to determine the weight-for-length ratio that was most highly correlated with weight and uncorrelated with length. Final smoothed percentile curves (3rd to 97th) were created by the Lambda Mu Sigma (LMS) method. The validation sample was used to confirm results.

RESULTS:

The final sample included 254 454 singleton infants (57.2% male) who survived to discharge. BMI was the best overall weight-for-length ratio for both genders and a majority of gestational ages. Gender-specific BMI-for-age curves were created (n = 127 446) and successfully validated (n = 126 988). Mean z scores for the validation sample were ∼0 (∼1 SD).

CONCLUSIONS:

BMI was different across gender and gestational age. We provide a set of validated reference curves (gender-specific) to track changes in BMI for prematurely born infants cared for in the NICU for use with weight-, length-, and head-circumference-for-age intrauterine growth curves.
The European Spallation Source And Future Opportunities For Materials Science
Authors: Kirstein Oliver
Published: February 2015

The European Spallation Source is Europe’s next generation high-power neutron source utilising a linear accelerator and a rotating tungsten target to produce neutrons that will be used for fundamental research and industrial applications. The facility is co-hosted by the states of Denmark and Sweden, and while the main site will be placed in Lund, Sweden, the Data Management and Software Centre will be located in Copenhagen, Denmark. The facility will cover a broad range of scientific applications in the fields of physics, chemistry, biology, or life sciences. A focus will also be materials science and engineering, and dedicated instruments will gradually become available to the user community once neutrons will be produced neutrons from 2019 onwards.
Prediction of breakage-induced couplings in unsaturated granular soils
Authors: Zhang Y.D. , Buscarnera G.
Published: February 2015

This note addresses the interplay between particle breakage, water-retention curve and deformation processes. For this purpose, a continuum theory for unsaturated granular soils is used to capture the effects of loading and/or wetting in the grain-crushing regime. The theory provides a relation to express the air-entry value of the retention curve as a function of the degree of particle breakage, thus generating a coupled hydro-mechanical formulation. These features are exploited by deriving the incremental relations that govern the hydro-mechanical response. It is then shown that breakage-dependent retention curves generate various coupling effects, such as the evolution of the degree of saturation along constant-suction paths and the pressure dependence of the wetting-collapse strains. Since these capabilities are an outcome of coupling terms derived from grain-scale considerations, these results suggest that microstructure-inspired models are important tools to capture the feedbacks between the macro-scale response and the evolution of micro-scale attributes, as well as to minimise the recourse to phenomenological assumptions.
Simulating the Dynamic Effect of Land Use and Transport Policies on the Health of Populations
Authors: McClure Roderick J. , Adriazola-Steil Claudia , Mulvihill Christine , Fitzharris Michael , Salmon Paul , Bonnington C. Paul , Stevenson Mark
Published: February 2015

Objectives. We identified the features of a land use–transportation system that optimizes the health and well-being of the population.

Methods. We developed a quantitative system dynamics model to represent relationships among land use, transport, economic development, and population health. Simulation experiments were conducted over a 10-year simulation period to compare the effect of different baseline conditions and land use–transport policies on the number of motor vehicle crash deaths and disability-adjusted life years lost.

Results. Optimal reduction in the public health burden attributable to land transport was demonstrated when transport safety risk reduction policies were combined with land use and transport polices that minimized reliance on individual motorized transport and maximized use of active transport modes. The model’s results were particularly sensitive to the level of development that characterized each city at the start of the simulation period.

Conclusions. Local, national, and international decision-makers are encouraged to address transport, land use, and health as an integrated whole to achieve the desired societal benefits of traffic safety, population health, and social equity.
Economic Shocks and Public Health Protections in US Metropolitan Areas
Authors: Mays Glen P. , Hogg Rachel A.
Published: February 2015

Objectives. We examined public health system responses to economic shocks using longitudinal observations of public health activities implemented in US metropolitan areas from 1998 to 2012.

Methods. The National Longitudinal Survey of Public Health Systems collected data on the implementation of 20 core public health activities in a nationally representative cohort of 280 metropolitan areas in 1998, 2006, and 2012. We used generalized estimating equations to estimate how local economic shocks relate to the scope of activities implemented in communities, the mix of organizations performing them, and perceptions of the effectiveness of activities.

Results. Public health activities fell by nearly 5% in the average community between 2006 and 2012, with the bottom quintile of communities losing nearly 25% of their activities. Local public health delivery fell most sharply among communities experiencing the largest increases in unemployment and the largest reductions in governmental public health spending.

Conclusions. Federal resources and private sector contributions failed to avert reductions in local public health protections during the recession. New financing mechanisms may be necessary to ensure equitable public health protections during economic downturns.
Profile of the Public Health Workforce: Registered TRAIN Learners in the United States
Authors: Jones Jeffery A. , Banks Lois , Plotkin Ilya , Chanthavongsa Sunny , Walker Nathan
Published: February 2015

Objectives: We analyzed data from the TrainingFinder Real-time Affiliate Integrated Network (TRAIN), the most widely used public health workforce training system in the United States, to describe the public health workforce and characteristics of individual public health workers.

Methods: We extracted self-reported demographic data of 405 095 learners registered in the TRAIN online system in 2012.

Results: Mirroring the results of other public health workforce studies, TRAIN learners are disproportionately women, college educated, and White compared with the populations they serve. TRAIN learners live in every state and half of all zip codes, with a concentration in states whose public health departments are TRAIN affiliates. TRAIN learners’ median age is 46 years, and one third of TRAIN learners will reach retirement age in the next 10 years.

Conclusions: TRAIN data provide a limited but useful profile of public health workers and highlight the utility and limitations of using TRAIN for future research.
Closed‐Form Model for Hydraulic Properties Based on Angular Pores with Lognormal Size Distribution
Authors: Diamantopoulos Efstathios , Durner Wolfgang
Published: February 2015

We previously presented a mathematical model for hysteretic soil hydraulic properties based on bundles of angular pores. Upscaling to sample‐scale hydraulic properties was done analytically, assuming a Gamma density distribution of pore sizes. The required parameter constraint for getting the closed‐form solution limited the model's applicability for soils with wide pore‐size distributions. The objective of this study was to improve the model by developing a new analytical solution based on a lognormal density function of the pore‐size distribution. Closed‐form expressions were derived for liquid retention, saturated–unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, liquid–vapor interfacial area, and specific surface area at the sample scale. The new model was applied to retention and conductivity data for three soils with different pore‐size distributions. The results show that the previous model is suitable only for sandy materials, whereas the new one describes the soil hydraulic functions of a wider range of soil types quite well.
Water Flow and Solute Transport in Unsaturated Sand—A Comprehensive Experimental Approach
Authors: Kumahor S.K. , de Rooij G.H. , Schlüter S. , Vogel H.-J.
Published: February 2015

Water flow and solute transport in unsaturated porous media are affected by the highly nonlinear material properties and nonequilibrium effects. This makes experimental procedures and modeling of water flow and solute transport challenging. In this study, we present an extension to the well‐known multistep‐outflow (MS‐O) and the newly introduced multistep‐flux (MS‐F) approaches to measure solute dispersivity as a function of water content under well‐defined conditions (i.e., constant pressure head and uniform water content). The new approach is termed multistep‐transport (MS‐T) and complements the MS‐O and MS‐F approaches. Our setup allows for applying all three approaches in a single experimental setting. Hence, it provides a comprehensive data set to parameterize unsaturated flow and transport processes in a consistent way. We demonstrate this combined approach (MS‐OFT) for sand (grain diameter: 0.1–0.3 mm) and complemented the experimental results with an analysis of the underlying pore structure using X‐ray computed tomography (CT). The results show that dispersivity is a nonlinear function of water content, and a critical water content (≈0.2) exists at which dispersivity increased significantly. The results could be explained by marked change in the geometry of the flow field as derived from X‐ray CT measurements. It is characterized by a reduced connectivity of the water phase. The results demonstrate the potential of a combined approach linking pore structure, hydraulic functions, and transport characteristic.
Performance of Australian Light Rail and Comparison with U.S. Trends
Authors: Currie Graham , Burke Matthew , Delbosc Alexa
Published: February 2015

After a decade of busway investment, light rail transit (LRT) has reemerged as an inner-city transit investment in Australia. In the next decade, Australian LRT network size will grow by about 25%. Analysis shows that Australian LRT is dominated by the streetcar network in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (one of the largest in the world). Although LRT networks have not expanded much, ridership growth has been substantial (more than 46% between 2001 and 2012) and well above systemwide (all mode) growth of public transport ridership in most cities. In general, the service level (i.e., frequency and span of hours) on Australian trams was low compared with that of European and U.S. systems. Also, service levels did not keep pace with ridership growth, which acted to increase the ridership productivity of most Australian LRT. Melbourne led Australia in terms of ridership productivity (passengers per vehicle kilometer); Melbourne Tram Route 109 had the highest ridership (935,000 annually) and service effectiveness (11.5 passengers per vehicle kilometer). Between 2006 and 2013, Australian LRT ridership growth was higher than ridership growth in the United States. However, U.S. service levels grew substantially more than service levels in Australia did during this same period. The outcome was that, although Australian service effectiveness grew by 20%, service effectiveness in the United States fell by 8%. Recently, Australian LRT planning has focused on the so-called streetcar struggle (i.e., the action taken to reduce the congestion effects of growing road traffic on LRT performance). Medium-term plans for new system development identified LRT as a solution to facilitate urban access, urban redevelopment, and reliable and higher-capacity transit in congested inner-urban bus transit contexts.
Strategic Station Access Planning for Commuter Rail
Authors: Engel-Yan Joshua , Rudra Malvika , Livett Christopher , Nagorsky Rebecca
Published: February 2015

At most suburban rail stations, park-and-ride is the dominant use and the preferred access mode for most riders. Many transit agencies are trying to reduce their reliance on park-and-ride facilities and to encourage greater access by more sustainable modes. The recently released TCRP Report 153: Guidelines for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations outlines a process to identify multimodal access priorities at high-capacity transit stations, and to weigh the benefits and trade-offs. This paper presents a case study analysis of how this station access planning process could be adapted and applied to a commuter rail network. The analysis considered the GO Transit rail system, which at the time of the study operated more than 65,000 park-and-ride spaces across 62 stations in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton area of Ontario, Canada. In general, the TCRP process provided an effective approach to develop a strategic station access plan. However, several ways in which the process could be improved were identified. The paper recommends policy scenario analysis as a consultative and analytical approach to prepare a systemwide station access policy. The paper also presents a decision-making framework to assess parking needs at the individual station level and provides an example of how this framework was used to make trade-offs during the station access planning process, with balanced investment in park-and-ride and other access modes. Overall, station access planning exercises should attempt to build recommendations from the top down (i.e., station access policy) and the bottom up (i.e., decision-making framework) to ensure that proposed solutions support the overall policy direction while they respond to the individual station context.
Overweight and Obese Adolescent Girls: The Importance of Promoting Sensible Eating and Activity Behaviors from the Start of the Adolescent Period
Authors: Todd Alwyn , Street Steven , Ziviani Jenny , Byrne Nuala , Hills Andrew
Published: February 2015

The adolescent period is associated with changes in eating and activity behaviors in girls. Less reliance on parental provision and choice of food, coupled with a decrease in participation in physical activity and sport, can create an energy imbalance, predisposing to weight gain. Physiological alterations to body composition, reduction in insulin sensitivity, and psychological adjustments may further amplify the risk of becoming overweight and maintaining an unhealthy level of body fat into childbearing years. During pregnancy excess body fat is a risk factor for poor pregnancy outcomes and may predispose an infant to a lifelong heightened risk of being overweight and developing chronic disease. Interventions aimed at preventing the accumulation of body fat in adolescent girls and young women may have far reaching impact and be critically important in reducing intergenerational weight gain. Lifestyle interventions in adolescence have the potential to modify adult obesity risk by switching at-risk individuals from a high to lower obesity risk trajectory. This paper discusses multiple approaches to assist at-risk individuals reduce obesity risk. A key focus is placed on engagement in food preparation and choice, and opportunities for physical activity and sport. Support, education, and opportunity at home and at school, are often associated with the success of lifestyle interventions, and may enable adolescents to make positive choices, and engage in health promoting behaviors during adolescence and childbearing years.
In Silico Genomic Fingerprints of the Bacillus anthracis Group Obtained by Virtual Hybridization
Authors: Jaimes-Díaz Hueman , Larios-Serrato Violeta , Lloret-Sánchez Teresa , Olguín-Ruiz Gabriela , Sánchez-Vallejo Carlos , Carreño-Durán Luis , Maldonado-Rodríguez Rogelio , Méndez-Tenorio Alfonso
Published: February 2015

In this study we evaluate the capacity of Virtual Hybridization to identify between highly related bacterial strains. Eight genomic fingerprints were obtained by virtual hybridization for the Bacillus anthracis genome set, and a set of 15,264 13-nucleotide short probes designed to produce genomic fingerprints unique for each organism. The data obtained from each genomic fingerprint were used to obtain hybridization patterns simulating a DNA microarray. Two virtual hybridization methods were used: the Direct and the Extended method to identify the number of potential hybridization sites and thus determine the minimum sensitivity value to discriminate between genomes with 99.9% similarity. Genomic fingerprints were compared using both methods and phylogenomic trees were constructed to verify that the minimum detection value is 0.000017. Results obtained from the genomic fingerprints suggest that the distribution in the trees is correct, as compared to other taxonomic methods. Specific virtual hybridization sites for each of the genomes studied were also identified.
Étranges rencontres : Julius Zeyer et Marguerite Yourcenar [Strange Coincidences : Julius Zeyer and Marguerite Yourcenar]
Authors: Voisine-Jechová Hana
Published: February 2015

Záhadná setkání Marguerite Yourcenarová a Julius Zeyer

Zeyerova próza Večer u Idalie vyšla v roce 1892, povídka Marguerite Yourcenarové Jak se Wang-Fô zachránil byla poprvé publikována v roce 1936. Přímý vztah mezi českým básníkem a francouzskou spisovatelkou nelze předpokládat a bylo by obtížné stanovit i jejich společný pramen. Ocítáme se před paralelami, které se v literatuře objevují častěji a které vždy nutí k zamyšlení. U Zeyera dílo malíře, který se dostává do konfliktu se světskou mocí, nádherná krajina zastírající holou zeď, zmizí. Umělec odchází do obrazu a s ním tam odchází i císařova dcera, která věřila v sílu umění. Ve francouzské povídce je starý malíř odsouzen k trestu smrti, neboť jeho dílo lhalo krásu, která ve skutečnosti neexistuje. Malíř však dokončí obraz představující moře a loďku, voda zaplaví sál, malíř nasedne do loďky, kde ho už čeká jeho věrný učedník, který, dříve popravený, obživne, a oba odplují do světa vytvořeného uměním. Voda ze sálu ustoupí a císař i jeho komonstvo se octnou znova v banální realitě. Jestliže však umění zachraňuje člověka, skrývá se v něm i nebezpečí. Učedník malíře Wang-Fô začal dávat přednost obrazu své ženy před ní samou – a ta ze zoufalství spáchala sebevraždu. A hrdina jiné Zeyerovy prózy dokonce prohlašuje, že

umění má něco společného se zločinem.
Emploi de la conjonction de coordination i « et » lors de la formation des déterminants numéraux composés en bosniaque, croate, monténégrin, serbe (BCMS) [The Use of the Conjunction i ‘and’ in the Formation of Compound Numerals Functioning as Determiners in Bosnian, Montenegrin, Croatian and Serbian (BCMS)]
Authors: Stefanovic Aleksandar
Published: February 2015

The Use of the Conjunction i ‘ and’ in the Formation of Compound Numerals Functioning as Determiners in Bosnian, Montenegrin, Croatian and Serbian (BCMS)

The paper deals with the evolution of the use of the conjunction i ‘ and’ in the expression of compound numerals functioning as determiners (cardinal and collective numerals ; nominal numerals in -ica, derived from collective numerals and adjectival numerals). The author gives the historical and dialectological overview without which the state of the current written and oral languages cannot be judged. He also pays particular attention to the (few) views concerning that issue contained in language textbooks. One of the conclusions of the paper is that those views generally do not coincide with usage in modern languages.
Use of Neuraminidase Inhibitors in Primary Health Care during Pandemic and Seasonal Influenza between 2009 and 2013
Authors: Blanchon Thierry , Geffrier Félicité , Turbelin Clément , Daviaud Isabelle , Laouénan Cédric , Duval Xavier , Lambert Bruno , Hanslik Thomas , Mosnier Anne , Leport Catherine
Published: February 2015

Background

In a context of controversy about influenza antiviral treatments, this study assessed primary healthcare physicians’ prescription of neuraminidase inhibitors (NIs) in France during pandemic and seasonal influenza between 2009 and 2013.

Methods

This observational study, using data recorded in three national databases, estimated the rate of NI prescription among influenza-like illness (ILI) patients seen in GP and paediatrician consultations, and determined factors associated with this prescription according to a multivariate analysis. NI delivery by pharmacists was also evaluated.

Results

Rates of NI prescription were estimated to be 61.1% among ILI patients with a severe influenza risk factor seen in GP consultation during the A(H1N1)pdm2009 pandemic versus an average rate of 25.9% during the three following seasonal influenza epidemics. Factors associated with NI prescription were a chronic disease in patients under 65 years (OR 14.85; 95% CI 13.00, 16.97) and in those aged 65 and older (OR 7.54; 5.86, 9.70), an age ≥65 years in patients without chronic disease (OR 1.35; 1.04, 1.74), a pregnancy (OR 10.63; 7.67, 15.76), obesity (OR 4.67; 3.50, 6.22) and a consultation during the pandemic A(H1N1)pdm2009 (OR 3.19; 2.93, 3.48). The number of antiviral treatments delivered by pharmacists during the A(H1N1)pdm2009 pandemic was 835 per 100,000 inhabitants, and an average of 275 per 100,000 inhabitants during the three following seasonal influenza epidemics.

Conclusions

Although physicians seem to follow the recommended indications for NIs in primary health-care practice, this study confirms the low rate of NI prescription to ILI patients with a severe influenza risk factor, especially during seasonal epidemics.
La science comme littérature à l'époque moderne
Authors: Ribard Dinah
Published: February 2015

Cet article vise à réfléchir sur les rapports entre science et littérature à l’époque moderne en tenant ensemble analyse du fait littéraire comme fait historique et prise en compte à la fois de la diversité d’objets que recouvre le mot science pour la même période et de la dimension conflictuelle des différentes manières possibles de faire de la science. Il montre comment l’incorporation puis l’institutionnalisation d’une norme littéraire pour toute production écrite, et la présence de la pensée du livre et des publics que cette norme implique, agit sur des opérations menées avec la science. La question de la science des jardins, et celle de la science moderne, c’est-à-dire de la philosophie désignée comme nouvelle, sont examinées ensemble, et rapportées à différents usages sociaux de la science.
Le poète aimé des savants : la réception scientifique de Du Bartas entre 1580 et 1630
Authors: Giacomotto-Charra Violaine
Published: February 2015

Le nombre des citations de La Sepmaine de Du Bartas dans les ouvrages de science (tout particulièrement de médecine et de physique), et leur présence même dans ce type de textes, est suffisamment remarquable pour que l’on s’y arrête. Le but de cette étude est de rechercher quel peut être le statut d’un poète comme Du Bartas pour un homme de science, quel(s) rôle(s) jouent ses citations dans l’économie d’une œuvre scientifique, et comment interagissent, dans ce cas inverse de ceux généralement étudiés, la science et la poésie.
Le navire immobile : mobilité d'un topos scientifique de Copernic à Casanova
Authors: Tinguely Frédéric
Published: February 2015

Dans son De Revolutionibus orbium cœlestium , Copernic s’appuie sur un vers de Virgile pour comparer l’illusion cosmologique dont nous sommes quotidiennement victimes à celle d’un navigateur qui croirait le rivage en mouvement. Bien que l’analogie n’ait en aucune façon force de preuve, elle devient vite un lieu commun de la littérature copernicienne, que l’on retrouve chez Bruno, Képler ou Galilée, et même, selon un autre mode, dans l’autobiographie de Casanova. En examinant diverses manifestations de ce topos – dont l’origine remonte à la science grecque –, on s’aperçoit qu’il constitue un lieu privilégié de réélaboration stratégique, de reformulation créative en vertu d’une culture rhétorique commune à ce que nous appellerions aujourd’hui l’écriture scientifique et l’écriture littéraire. Mais l’analyse du topos révèle encore deux choses : d’abord, que l’hypallage présente dans le vers de Virgile livre en quelque sorte la structure rhétorique de l’intuition copernicienne ; ensuite, que son extrême plasticité, et donc la relativité de ses usages, prolonge à la perfection son contenu scientifique, qui se ramène à une leçon de relativité optique ou mécanique.
La Corse est-elle soluble dans le modèle méditerranéen ? Une analyse à partir d'une régression quantile sur données d'entreprises en panel entre 2004 et 2010
Authors: Garsaa Aziza , Levratto Nadine , Tessier Luc
Published: February 2015

Ce texte propose une analyse comparée des trajectoires de croissance d’entreprises implantées d’une part en Corse, de l’autre dans les départements semblables du pourtour méditerranéen. À travers cette étude il s’agit de mettre en évidence la spécificité d’une économie insulaire au regard de territoires continentaux considérés comme ses plus proches voisins et de voir en quoi les spécificités territoriales influent sur la croissance des entreprises. À partir de régressions quantiles sur données d’entreprises en panel au cours de la période 2004-2010, nos résultats montrent la plus forte sensibilité de la croissance des entreprises corses aux dettes et l’importance du crédit interentreprises dans leur fonctionnement. En revanche, alors que les entreprises des économies insulaires sont réputées prioritairement orientées vers le marché local, nous concluons à une sensibilité de la croissance des entreprises corses aux facteurs locaux différente de celle qui prévaut sur le pourtour méditerranéen.
L'emploi dans les départements français, un indicateur de performances économiques : une approche comparative et exploratoire
Authors: Largent Yannis Maël
Published: February 2015

Dans l’étude comparative des performances macroéconomiques des pays, l’emploi est un sujet d’analyse de référence. L’objectif de cet article est de fournir, pour l’année 2009, un cadre d’analyse des performances économiques des départements français (en termes d’efficacité du marché du travail et de performances sociales). Tout d’abord, l’analyse en composantes principales (ACP) et la classification hiérarchique sur les composantes principales (HCPC) nous permettent d’identifier et de classer les départements en fonction de leurs caractéristiques. Puis l’analyse exploratoire bivariée nous permet d’établir une carte départementale des performances économiques. Ce travail met en évidence une hétérogénéité des performances économiques en France où cinq catégories de départements se distinguent selon une déclinaison de modalités de performances : très bonnes, bonnes, moyennes, passables, mauvaises.
Un meilleur enseignement : nous le pouvons si nous le voulons
Authors: Deschamps Robert
Published: February 2015

Les performances de l’enseignement en Communauté française de Belgique ne sont pas brillantes au vu de comparaisons internationales. Cet enseignement est pourtant parmi les mieux financés, et le taux d’encadrement est particulièrement généreux. Nous pourrions faire bien mieux en nous inspirant de pays qui obtiennent des résultats supérieurs aux nôtres. Dans la proposition développée ici, les établissements scolaires seraient appréciés sur base des progrès qu’ils auront fait accomplir à leurs élèves ; les écoles seraient incitées, financièrement et en encadrement, à accueillir des élèves de tous niveaux et de tous milieux sociaux ; elles disposeraient de plus de liberté quant à l’affectation du temps de travail de leurs enseignants et à l’utilisation de leurs moyens financiers. D’autres questions relatives à l’organisation du système d’enseignement sont également abordées.
Evaluation of Graduate Nursing Students’ Information Literacy Self-Efficacy and Applied Skills
Authors: Robertson D. Susie , Felicilda-Reynaldo Rhea Faye D.
Published: February 2015

Maintaining evidence-based nursing practice requires information literacy (IL) skills that should be established prior to completing an undergraduate nursing degree. Based on Bandura’s social cognitive theory, this cross-sectional descriptive correlational study assessed the perceived and applied IL skills of graduate nursing students from two family nurse practitioner (FNP) programs in the midwestern United States. Results showed that although the 26 newly admitted FNP students demonstrated a high level of confidence in their IL skills, the students did not perform well in the actual IL skills test. According to Bandura, the students’ confidence in their IL knowledge should allow students to be engaged in course activities requiring IL skills. Nurse educators teaching in undergraduate or graduate programs are in key positions to incorporate IL experiences into class activities to allow for skill assessment and further practice. Further research is needed on nursing students’ IL self-efficacy and performance. [
J Nurs Educ
. 2015;54(3, Suppl.):S26–S30.]
Performance Studies for Spectrum-Sharing Cognitive Radios under Outage Probability Constraint
Authors: Farraj Abdallah K. , Hammad Eman M. , Miller Scott L.
Published: February 2015

This chapter investigates the performance of primary and secondary users in a spectrum-sharing cognitive environment. In this setup, multiple secondary users compete to share a channel dedicated to a primary user in order to transmit their data to a receiver unit. One secondary user is scheduled to share the channel, and to do so, its transmission power should satisfy the outage probability requirement of the primary user. Secondary users are ranked according to their channel strength, and performance measures are derived as a function of a generic channel rank. The performance of different scheduling schemes is also investigated. Further, the performance of the primary user is investigated in this environment. Numerical results are presented to verify the theoretical analysis and investigate the relation between the parameters of the communication environment and the performance measures of the users of the system.
STUDY OF SERUM HAPTOGLOBIN LEVEL AND ITS RELATION TO ERYTHROPOIETIC ACTIVITY IN BETA THALASSEMIA CHILDREN .
Authors: Ragab Seham , Safan Manal A. , Badr Eman A.
Published: February 2015

Background  :Serum haptoglobin (Hp) is a reliable marker for hemolysis regardless the inflammatory state.  Objective: We investigated the possible relation between Hp depletion and hemolysis severity, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and iron load in β-thalassemia children. Methods: Twenty  two β-thalassemia major (TM) ,20 β-thalassemia  intermedia (TI) children with 20 age and sex matched healthy controls were involved. Pre-transfusion hemoglobin level was considered . Serum ferritin , Hp  and transferrin receptor  levels (sTfR)  (by ELISA ) , alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and  aspartate aminotransferase (AST)  (by colorimetric method) were assayed. Markers of hepatitis C virus  (HCV)  were done by PCR. Results:  The mean Hp levels among the studied groups were as follows; 8.02 ± 0.93 (mg/dl) , 8.6 ±0.72 (mg/dl)  and 122  ± 18.5(mg/dl)   for TM ,TI and the controls respectively . Both patient groups had significantly lower Hp level compared to the controls (P<0.0001)  with significant lower level in TM compared to TI  children ( P= 0.034)  .Significant inverse correlations were  found between serum Hp and sTfR levels in thalassemia children combined and in each group (TM and TI) as well as among HCV infected children. STfR   was the only significant independent predictor for  serum Hp level (t= -5.585 , P<0.0001) . Among  HCV infected patients , no significant correlation was found between serum Hp and serum transaminases  .Conclusion:  Serum Hp depletion in thalassemia had significant relation to disease severity and correlated   well with their erythropoietic activity, as assessed by the measurement of  sTfR without significant relation  HCV infection . Large sample  multicenter studies are  recommended.