bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Examination of Interdependence between Revenue and Expenditure of Government of Haryana
Authors: Bishnoi N. K. , Juneja Tanu
Published: June 2016

The Government of Haryana (GoH) has been successful in keeping the budgetary deficits under tight control. Interestingly, whenever deficits breach certain limits, the GoH generally takes corrective measures to bring the situation under control. In this article, our endeavour has been to examine the process employed by the GoH to maintain fiscal balance in its account. We examined the interdependence between revenue and expenditure of GoH. The results show that GoH proceeds with revenue plans and then adjusts expenditure accordingly. This is not an optimum strategy as this might cause compression in certain useful expenditure. In fact, the fiscal policy of the GoH is arbitrary and lack strategic vision. It is suggested that GoH should identify and prioritise critical expenditure first, and then the resource mobilisation can be planned to achieve well-defined, important milestones in a time bound manner.

JEL Classification: H2, H5, H62, C22, C32
Performance of India’s States on the Millennium Development Goals
Authors: Chatterjee Shiladitya , Hammill Matthew , Kumar Nagesh , Panda Swayamsiddha
Published: June 2016

The implementation of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) has just ended and a new more comprehensive international development agenda—the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)—has taken its place. An assessment of India’s performance on the MDGs is, therefore, crucial at this time to draw lessons for the SDGs. While India has made major gains in poverty reduction, access to water, combating deadly diseases and halting deforestation and biodiversity loss, its performance on crucial education, health and sanitation indicators has been weak which has serious consequences for its human development and future growth. This article focuses particularly on a comparative assessment of the performance of individual states by developing an MDG composite performance index. While all states have made improvements since 1990 on the MDGs, some have progressed far more than others and 10 states have been identified as particularly lagging behind. The article also identifies five major factors or ‘drivers’ explaining these interstate variations.

JEL Classification: O1, O2, O5
Performance of Indian Manufacturing in International Economy
Authors: Padhi Satya Prasad
Published: June 2016

This article maintains that the need to increase the share of manufacturing (in real terms) in gross domestic product (GDP) from the present around 15 per cent to around 25 per cent is an important policy focus but signifies an arduous task in the context of intense global competitiveness. It should allow for providing encouragement to firms to search for greater markets backed by a concentrated effort to carry out narrow specialisations in a few manufacturing related tasks/products. It can only contribute immeasurably towards encouraging ‘inquiring minds’ that in turn supports a tendency towards knowledge-based economy for the purpose of the long-term meaningful participation in international trade (and finance).

JEL Classification: F31, J60, O14
Indo-US Bilateral Trade
Authors: Islam Faridul , Tiwari Aviral Kumar , Shahbaz Muhammad
Published: June 2016

This article applies the Bickerdike–Robinson–Metzler (BRM) model to examine the effect of the exchange rate of Indian rupee vs the US dollar on India’s trade balance. Using the elasticity of absorption approach, we consider the link between macroeconomic variables and trade balance. We also explore the existence of J-curve relationship. The study period, 1965 to 2008, is hallmarked by major shifts in global politico-economic landscape which can potentially cause structural break in the series. Our test of stationarity properties can explicitly capture this feature in the data. We use the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach for a long-run relation, and the impulse response functions (IRFs) and the variance decomposition method (VDM) for the short-run dynamics. We find (a) cointegration, (b) positive impact of depreciation of rupee against the US dollar on India’s trade balance and (c) a J-curve relation. The findings have implications for policy for India and its neighbours.

JEL Classification: C31, F15
Social Usefulness
Authors: Gottlieb Benjamin H. , Sevigny Andrée
Published: June 2016

Purpose of the Study

To clarify the construct of social usefulness by merging several influential theoretical perspectives on the findings of a qualitative investigation of late life prosociality.

Design and Methods

In-depth interviews with 20 older adults probed the meaning and psychological significance of the socially useful relationships they maintained with people and organizations.

Results

Based on identity theory, the thematic analysis yielded nine classes and more than 100 distinct properties of social usefulness. Self-determination theory was employed to organize and interpret the findings in relation to older adults’ needs for relatedness, autonomy, and competence.

Implications

Also addressed are the study’s implications for multidimensional measurement of social usefulness in future epidemiological and psychosocial studies.
The design of the intelligent parking system for urban business districts
Authors: Ai Hong , Wang Fa
Published: June 2016

A parking management system needs to be designed to improve the efficiency of the management of parking lots in urban business districts that witness difficult parking. In this paper, the overall design of an intelligent parking system is expounded, the architecture of which includes the PXA270 master control platform, ZigBee network, the remote communication section and Android software; the LCD interface circuit is stated and the design philosophy for the analogue camera circuit is described. Meanwhile, the functions of the parking-space detection module and the vehicle identification unit are explained, and the structure diagram of the software in the intelligent parking system is put forward. Also, the design philosophies for the gate control unit and the GPRS communication program are expounded, a detailed definition of the control frame of the gate module is given, the flow charts of the parking-space status detection procedure and the vehicle identification procedure are presented, and the server of the Android system and the software design for the client are described. Furthermore, the flow chart of the network communication thread is put forward, in which data is transferred between the server and the client, the interface design for the intelligent parking system is realized, the display of the system’s main interface is presented, and the parking-space reservation interface and the function of entry guiding animation are realized.
Toward the Development of Predictive Equations for Resting Metabolic Rate in Acutely Ill Spontaneously Breathing Patients
Authors: Frankenfield David C. , Ashcraft Christine M.
Published: June 2016

Background: There are many equations used for calculating energy needs of nutrition support patients but few developed specifically for the subset of spontaneously breathing acutely ill patients. The purpose of the current study was to validate existing equations and to start developing new equations for this cohort. Methods: Acutely ill patients not requiring mechanical ventilation had their resting metabolic rate measured using an indirect calorimeter. Metabolic rate was also calculated using the Mifflin–St Jeor equation, the Ireton‐Jones equation for spontaneously breathing patients, and a modification of the Penn State equation in which the minute ventilation‐dependent variable was removed. These calculated values were compared with measured expenditure and considered accurate if they fell within 10% of the measurement. Results: Fifty‐five patients were measured successfully. The modified Penn State equation was accurate in 71% of patients compared with 44% for Ireton‐Jones and 42% for Mifflin–St Jeor. Several forms of a new equation were outlined but not validated. The equation with the highest R2 (0.82) was as follows: resting metabolic rate (kcal/d) = weight in kg (20) − age in years (3) + male sex (197) + body mass index in kg/m2 (25.9) + mean heart rate in beats/min (9.4) + 89. Conclusions: A modification of the Penn State equation for predicting resting metabolic rate was shown to accurately predict resting metabolic rate in acutely ill, spontaneously breathing patients if body mass index was ≥20.5 kg/m2. A new set of population‐specific equations was outlined but should not be used until validated.
Can We Rely on Predicted Basal Metabolic Rate in Patients With Intestinal Failure on Home Parenteral Nutrition?
Authors: Skallerup Anders , Nygaard Louis , Olesen Søren Schou , Vinter‐Jensen Lars , Køhler Marianne , Rasmussen Henrik Højgaard
Published: June 2016

Background and Aims: Intestinal failure (IF) is a serious and common complication of short bowel syndrome with patients depending on parenteral nutrition (PN) support. Effective nutrition management requires an accurate estimation of the patient's basal metabolic rate (BMR) to avoid underfeeding or overfeeding. However, indirect calorimetry, considered the gold standard for BMR assessment, is a time‐ and resource‐consuming procedure. Consequently, several equations for prediction of BMR have been developed in different settings, but their accuracy in patients with IF are yet to be investigated. We evaluated the accuracy of predicted BMR in clinically stable patients with IF dependent on home parenteral nutrition (HPN). Methods: In total, 103 patients with IF were included. We used indirect calorimetry for assessment of BMR and calculated predicted BMR using different equations based on anthropometric and/or bioelectrical impedance parameters. The accuracy of predicted BMR was evaluated using Bland‐Altman analysis with measured BMR as the gold standard. Results: The average measured BMR was 1272 ± 245 kcal/d. The most accurate estimations of BMR were obtained using the Harris‐Benedict equation (mean bias, 14 kcal/d [P = .28]; limits of agreement [LoA], −238 to 266 kcal/d) and the Johnstone equation (mean bias, −16 kcal/d [P = .24]; LoA, −285 to 253 kcal/d). For both equations, 67% of patients had a predicted BMR from 90%–110% All other equations demonstrated a statistically and clinically significant difference between measured and predicted BMR. Conclusions: The Harris‐Benedict and Johnstone equations reliably predict BMR in two‐thirds of clinically stable patients with IF on HPN.
Mitochondrial Function in an In Vitro Model of Skeletal Muscle of Patients With Protracted Critical Illness and Intensive Care Unit–Acquired Weakness
Authors: Jiroutková Kateřina , Krajčová Adéla , Žiak Jakub , Fric Michal , Gojda Jan , Džupa Valér , Kalous Martin , Tůmová Jana , Trnka Jan , Duška František
Published: June 2016

Background: Functional mitochondria in skeletal muscle of patients with protracted critical illness and intensive care unit–acquired weakness are depleted, but remaining mitochondria have increased functional capacities of respiratory complexes II and III. This can be an adaptation to relative abundancy of fatty acid over glucose caused by insulin resistance. We hypothesized that the capacity of muscle mitochondria to oxidize fatty acid is increased in protracted critical illness. Methods: We assessed fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and mitochondrial functional indices in vitro by using extracellular flux analysis in cultured myotubes obtained by isolating and culturing satellite cells from vastus lateralis muscle biopsy samples from patients with ICU‐acquired weakness (n = 6) and age‐matched healthy controls (n = 7). Bioenergetic measurements were performed at baseline and after 6 days of exposure to free fatty acids (FFAs). Results: Mitochondrial density in myotubes from ICU patients was 69% of healthy controls (P = .051). After adjustment to mitochondrial content, there were no differences in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis or the capacity and coupling of the respiratory chain. FAO capacity in ICU patients was 157% of FAO capacity in controls (P = .015). In myotubes of ICU patients, unlike healthy controls, the exposure to FFA significantly (P = .009) increased maximum respiratory chain capacity. Conclusion: In an in vitro model of skeletal muscle of patients with protracted critical illness, we have shown signs of adaptation to increased FAO. Even in the presence of glucose and insulin, elevation of FFAs in the extracellular environment increased maximal capacity of the respiratory chain.
Got political Islam? Are politically moderate Muslims really different from radicals?
Authors: Achilov Dilshod , Sen Sedat
Published: June 2016

Is making an explicit distinction between politically moderate devout Muslims and political radicals empirically valid? If yes, in what ways do political moderates differ from political radicals? By systematically examining cross-national Muslim attitudes, this article scrutinizes the distinctiveness of politically moderate and politically radical Islam against the weight of empirical evidence. By drawing from extant theoretical linkages, we conduct a confirmatory factor analysis of cross-national survey data from 13 Muslim-majority states to test the fit of two widely theorized factors—moderate and radical Islamism. The findings suggest that support for politically moderate Islam is distinctively different from support for politically radical Islam. This article makes two key contributions. First, this study introduces a systematic empirical operationalization of Political Islam, and a more nuanced measurement thereof for empirical research. Second, the findings help advance our understanding of the variation in politically divergent religious attitudes in the Islamic world.
Good’s syndrome: Is thymectomy the solution? Case report and literature review
Authors: Habib Ahmed M , Thornton Hilary , Sewell WA Carrock , Loubani Mahmoud
Published: June 2016

Good’s syndrome is thymoma accompanied by immunodeficiency. A 69-year-old woman presented with recurrent chest infections, hypogammaglobulinemia, and radiological features of a thymoma. Immunoglobulin replacement therapy was not tolerated prior to surgery. Postoperative recovery was uneventful, and a Masaoka stage II type AB thymoma was confirmed on histology. One-year follow-up revealed no recurrence of the thymoma but the patient remained hypogammaglobulinemic and developed collagenous colitis. She declined immunoglobulin replacement therapy but remains under follow-up. Awareness of Good’s syndrome to avoid overwhelming infection is emphasized. The finding of thymoma should prompt the thoracic surgeon to test for immunodeficiency.
Greenhouse gas emissions and urban form: Linking households’ socio-economic status with housing and transportation choices
Authors: Des Rosiers François , Thériault Marius , Biba Gjin , Vandersmissen Marie-Hélène
Published: June 2016

The main purpose of this research is to provide new insights for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions linked to transportation, furthering our knowledge on linkages between urban form and economic constraints, travel behaviour, and ability-to-pay of households based on residential choices and property ownership statuses. With Quebec City (Canada) as a case study, it combines an origin-destination (OD) survey, population census data and land use records for 2006 and rests on a series of structural equations models developed at the grid cell level (3,892 cells), which allows for testing for both direct and indirect effects of urban form, accessibility and socio-economic attributes on GHG emissions, households’ transportation and housing financial burdens and motorization rate. As expected, findings suggest that GHG emissions increase with higher incomes (and education), but mainly for homeowners. Tenants displaying a high expenditure-to-income ratio for housing tend to stay close to the city centre (and jobs), thereby minimizing their overall expenditures for transportation while lowering GHG emissions. Potential accessibility by car promotes urban sprawl, thereby contributing to increased GHG emissions. In contrast, increasing residential density and land use mix while providing a better walking access to jobs and local shops tends to favour active transportation, leading to a significant reduction in GHG emissions.
Altered hypermetabolic response to cortical spreading depolarizations after traumatic brain injury in rats
Authors: Balança Baptiste , Meiller Anne , Bezin Laurent , Dreier Jens P. , Marinesco Stéphane , Lieutaud Thomas
Published: June 2016

Spreading depolarizations are waves of near-complete breakdown of neuronal transmembrane ion gradients, free energy starving, and mass depolarization. Spreading depolarizations in electrically inactive tissue are associated with poor outcome in patients with traumatic brain injury. Here, we studied changes in regional cerebral blood flow and brain oxygen (PbtO2), glucose ([Glc]b), and lactate ([Lac]b) concentrations in rats, using minimally invasive real-time sensors. Rats underwent either spreading depolarizations chemically triggered by KCl in naïve cortex in absence of traumatic brain injury or spontaneous spreading depolarizations in the traumatic penumbra after traumatic brain injury, or a cluster of spreading depolarizations triggered chemically by KCl in a remote window from which spreading depolarizations invaded penumbral tissue. Spreading depolarizations in noninjured cortex induced a hypermetabolic response characterized by a decline in [Glc]b and monophasic increases in regional cerebral blood flow, PbtO2, and [Lac]b, indicating transient hyperglycolysis. Following traumatic brain injury, spontaneous spreading depolarizations occurred, causing further decline in [Glc]b and reducing the increase in regional cerebral blood flow and biphasic responses of PbtO2 and [Lac]b, followed by prolonged decline. Recovery of PbtO2 and [Lac]b was significantly delayed in traumatized animals. Prespreading depolarization [Glc]b levels determined the metabolic response to clusters. The results suggest a compromised hypermetabolic response to spreading depolarizations and slower return to physiological conditions following traumatic brain injury-induced spreading depolarizations.
At home in the postcolony: Ecology, empire and domesticity at the Lamto field station, Ivory Coast
Authors: Lachenal Guillaume
Published: June 2016

This article is a history of the field station Lamto, in Ivory Coast, which was created by French ecologists in 1962, after independence. It retraces the origins, the logics and the contradictions of an extraordinarily ambitious scientific project, which aimed at the systematic, holistic, quantitative and multi-disciplinary description of a unit of African nature – the savannah ecosystem. It explores how knowledge-making was articulated with work hierarchies and postcolonial politics, lifestyles, values and affects. It reconstitutes the political ecology of a research station in ecology, following in its residences, laboratories and open-air experiments the co-production of domesticity, nature, science and (post-)colonial situations.
Field station as stage: Re-enacting scientific work and life in Amani, Tanzania
Authors: Geissler P Wenzel , Kelly Ann H
Published: June 2016

Located high in Tanzania’s Usambara Mountains, Amani Hill Station has been a site of progressive scientific endeavours for over a century, pushing the boundaries of botanical, zoological and medical knowledge, and providing expertise for imperial expansion, colonial welfare, national progress and international development efforts. The station’s heyday was from the 1950s to the 1970s, a period of global disease eradication campaigns and the ‘Africanization’ of science. Today, Amani lies in a state of suspended motion. Officially part of a national network of medical research stations, its buildings and vegetation are only minimally maintained, and although some staff report for duty, scientific work has ceased. Neither ruin nor time capsule, Amani has become a quiet site of remains and material traces. This article examines the methodological potentials of re-enactment – on-site performances of past research practices – to engage ethnographically with the distinct temporalities and affective registers of life at the station. The heuristic power of re-enactment resides in its anachronicity, the tensions it introduces between immediacy and theatricality, authenticity and artifice, fidelity and futility. We suggest that re-enacting early post-colonial science as events unfolding in the present disrupts straightforward narratives about the promises and shortfalls of scientific progress, raising provocative questions about the sentiments and stakes of research in ‘the tropics’.
Differences Across Contexts
Authors: Puckett Jae A. , Horne Sharon G. , Herbitter Cara , Maroney Meredith R. , Levitt Heidi M.
Published: June 2016

Minority stressors encountered by lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) women are inherently connected to contextual experiences. Although there is a growing body of research on the benefits of gaining political rights and the costs of their denial, little research has focused on the effects of access to LGB-affirmative resources. In the current study with 1,017 women in same-sex relationships, we created profiles using latent class analysis to characterize the contexts in which participants were raised and the contexts in which they lived at the time of the study. We examined differences in interpersonal relationships, internalized heterosexism (IH), and outness across these profiles. Class 1 (28%) included participants who always lived in affirmative contexts with LGB-supportive resources. Class 2 participants (28%) always lived in more heterosexist contexts with few resources. Class 3 participants (44%) originally lived in more heterosexist contexts with few resources but shifted to more affirmative contexts. Class 3 individuals had greater social support and lower IH than Class 2 participants. Classes 1 and 3 had greater outness than Class 2. This study provides evidence linking IH to the lack of contextual supports. Our data also suggest that the quality of relationships for LGB women may remain strong even in heterosexist contexts. Actions that increase affirming resources will provide avenues for more positive identity development and interpersonal relationships for LGB individuals. Online slides for instructors who want to use this article for teaching are available on PWQ's website at http://journals.sagepub.com/page/pwq/suppl/index .
Modeling of elastic behavior of carbon nanotube-reinforced polymers by accounting the interfacial debonding
Authors: Mohammadi Samira , yas Mohammad Hossein
Published: June 2016

In this study, a three-phase multiscale model is developed to study the elastic behavior of the carbon nanotube-reinforced polymer composites. The cohesive zone model is implemented to model the carbon nanotubes debonding. The effects of weight fraction and aspect ratio of the carbon nanotubes as well as the strength of the interfacial adhesion on the effective elastic response of the nanocomposite have been investigated. A good agreement is obtained between the predicted and available experimental results when the cohesive interface is introduced in the model. The results show that carbon nanotube/polymer interfacial strength has more significant effect on the nanocomposites modulus and stiffness for higher values of weight fraction and aspect ratio.
Assessment of collection schemes for packaging and other recyclable waste in European Union-28 Member States and capital cities
Authors: Seyring Nicole , Dollhofer Marie , Weißenbacher Jakob , Bakas Ioannis , McKinnon David
Published: June 2016

The Waste Framework Directive obliged European Union Member States to set up separate collection systems to promote high quality recycling for at least paper, metal, plastic and glass by 2015. As implementation of the requirement varies across European Union Member States, the European Commission contracted BiPRO GmbH/Copenhagen Resource Institute to assess the separate collection schemes in the 28 European Union Member States, focusing on capital cities and on metal, plastic, glass (with packaging as the main source), paper/cardboard and bio-waste. The study includes an assessment of the legal framework for, and the practical implementation of, collection systems in the European Union-28 Member States and an in depth-analysis of systems applied in all capital cities. It covers collection systems that collect one or more of the five waste streams separately from residual waste/mixed municipal waste at source (including strict separation, co-mingled systems, door-to-door, bring-point collection and civic amenity sites). A scoreboard including 13 indicators is elaborated in order to measure the performance of the systems with the capture rates as key indicators to identify best performers. Best performance are by the cities of Ljubljana, Helsinki and Tallinn, leading to the key conclusion that door-to-door collection, at least for paper and bio-waste, and the implementation of pay-as-you-throw schemes results in high capture and thus high recycling rates of packaging and other municipal waste.
Financial implications of compliance with EU waste management goals: Feasibility and consequences in a transition country
Authors: Mihajlović Višnja , Vujić Goran , Stanisavljević Nemanja , Batinić Bojan
Published: June 2016

This paper outlines the approach that can assist decision makers to have first preliminary insights regarding costs of complying with requested European Union municipal waste management goals in transition and developing countries. Serbia, as a joining member of European Union, must confront itself with the challenges resulting from European Union waste management directives. Implementation of waste separation units and the construction of sanitary landfills is already in place in Serbia. However, new waste management practice will need additional transformation and will require implementation of waste treatment technologies for additional management of generated waste. Implementation of analyzed best available technology/techniques for waste treatment can support the country’s effort in reaching the policy goals. However, the question here is how much will the implementation of additional waste treatments influence the overall waste management costs? Results of the scenario’s financial viability show that composting and sanitary landfill are the most viable solutions regarding the costs, even under increasing discount rates. Although different discount rates influence the overall gate fees and net present values, the level of affordability for different scenarios remains the same.
Sustainability assessment and comparison of waste management systems: The Cities of Sofia and Niš case studies
Authors: Milutinović Biljana , Stefanović Gordana , Kyoseva Vanya , Yordanova Dilyana , Dombalov Ivan
Published: June 2016

Sustainability assessment of a waste management system is a very complex problem for numerous reasons. Firstly, it is a problem of environmental assessment, economic viability and social acceptability, and also a choice of the most practical waste treatment technique, taking into account all the specific areas in which a waste management system is implemented. For these reasons, among others, it is very important to benchmark, cooperate and exchange experiences in areas with similar characteristics. In this study, a comparison of waste management scenarios in the Cities of Niš and Sofia was performed. Based on the amount and composition of municipal solid waste, and taking into account local specifics (economic conditions, social acceptance, etc.), different scenarios were developed: landfilling without energy recovery, landfilling with energy recovery, mechanical-biological treatment, anaerobic digestion with biogas utilization and incineration with energy recovery. Scenario ranking was done using multi-criteria analysis and 12 indicators were chosen as the criteria. The obtained results show that the most sustainable scenario in both case studies is the mechanical-biological treatment (recycling, composting and Refuse Derived Fuel production). Having in mind that this scenario is the current waste management system in Sofia, these results can help decision-makers in the City of Niš in choosing a successful and sustainable waste management system.
One Client, One Team
Authors: Daub Stacey , Goldhar Jodeme , Purbhoo Dipti
Published: June 2016

This article examines the implementation of the strategy and Integrated Client Care Program, a multi-level health system strategy to break down the barriers in a solid health system and a program to integrate care for populations with the most complex needs. Specific reference is made to two specialized programs, older adults with complex care needs and a palliative care program whose goal is to meet the needs of patients and their families in a community setting.
Exploring UK Millennials’ Social Media Consumption Patterns and Participation in Elections, Activism, and “Slacktivism”
Authors: Leyva Rodolfo
Published: June 2016

This study explores how UK young adults’ exposure to social networking sites (SNSs) and attention to specific SNS content relate to their political practices. Data were collected from a diverse group of undergraduates during the 2015 General Election and Labour leadership campaign via a web survey designed with novel instruments (e.g., simulated Facebook and Twitter newsfeeds). Results indicate that regular use of varying SNSs and attention to certain political content—for example, newsfeeds about student-fee activism—have a positive weak association with off-line formal and activist participation and a considerably stronger association with online “slacktivism.” Moreover, exposure to SNSs was found similarly high across respondents. However, those with typical demographic and psychographic markers of participation (e.g., upper socioeconomic status, early political socialization) showed significantly greater levels of engagement with political content and off-line and online participation. Together, these findings suggest that frequent social media consumption is linked to a minimal and narrow mobilizing impact.
Successor Team Dynamics in Family Firms
Authors: Cater John James , Kidwell Roland E. , Camp Kerri M.
Published: June 2016

In a qualitative study of 19 family businesses, we examine the dynamics of successor teams, using insights from the family dynamics and succession literature and teams and conflict theory in family business. In-depth interviews with family firm leaders identified two major successor team performance outcomes, a positive track leading to team commitment and a negative track resulting in dissolution of the team and potentially the family firm. Our findings are encapsulated by 10 propositions and a model of successor team dynamics.
Beyond Grantmaking
Authors: Qu Heng , Osili Una
Published: June 2016

This study investigates program-related investments (PRIs), which are mechanisms that foundations can use to achieve charitable purposes while generating moderate financial returns. There is a growing interest in PRIs and other similar market-based approaches among practitioners of philanthropy recently. We examine the internal and external factors that influence PRIs by U.S. foundations through both quantitative and qualitative analyses. By analyzing the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and Foundation Center data, we find that foundations with more financial and human resources are more likely to adopt PRIs initially and also more intensively engage in PRIs. Foundations of 25 years or older invest less money in PRIs than younger foundations. Findings from the interviews with eight foundations reveal additional factors influencing foundations’ PRI activities, including staffing and expertise, the board and executive leadership, changes in the legal and economic environment, sectoral trends and peer networks, and the interests and needs of PRI recipients.
RETRACTED: Policy Influence of Social Organizations in China
Authors: Han Jun
Published: June 2016

At the request of the Journal Editors and the Publisher, the following article has been retracted:

Han, J. (2016). Policy influence of social organizations in China. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. Advance online publication.

doi: 10.1177/0899764016655889
Modified couple stress theory and finite strain assumption for nonlinear free vibration and bending of micro/nanolaminated composite Euler–Bernoulli beam under thermal loading
Authors: Mohandes Masood , Ghasemi Ahmad Reza
Published: June 2016

In this paper, the effect of finite strain on the nonlinear free vibration and bending of the symmetrically micro/nanolaminated composite beam under thermal environment within the framework of the Euler–Bernoulli and modified couple stress theory is studied. The governing equation of motion and boundary conditions are obtained using Hamilton’s principle, and then they are solved by generalized differential quadrature method. The bending and free vibration of the beam are investigated for both carbon/epoxy and glass/epoxy materials based on the finite strain and von Karman assumptions subjected to different boundary conditions. Also, two different fiber orientations including unidirectional and cross-ply are considered in this research. Comparison of the bending results show that there is a significant difference between the finite strain and von Karman particularly for [Formula: see text]. Furthermore, it is found that the natural frequencies predicted by the finite strain are more than the von Karman. Also, when the microbeam is inserted under thermal loading, the natural frequencies increase.
Simulation-based design and optimization of Francis turbine runners by using multiple types of metamodels
Authors: Ayancik Fatma , Acar Erdem , Celebioglu Kutay , Aradag Selin
Published: June 2016

In recent years, optimization started to become popular in several engineering disciplines such as aerospace, automotive and turbomachinery. Optimization is also a powerful tool in hydraulic turbine industry to find the best performance of turbines and their sub-elements. However, direct application of the optimization techniques in design of hydraulic turbines is impractical due to the requirement of performing computationally expensive analysis of turbines many times during optimization. Metamodels (or surrogate models) that can provide fast response predictions and mimic the behavior of nonlinear simulation models provide a remedy. In this study, simulation-based design of Francis type turbine runner is performed by following a metamodel-based optimization approach that uses multiple types of metamodels. A previously developed computational fluid dynamics-based methodology is integrated to the optimization process, and the results are compared to the results obtained from on-going computational fluid dynamics studies. The results show that, compared to the conventional methods such as computational fluid dynamics-based methods, metamodel-based optimization can shorten the design process time by a factor of 9.2. In addition, with the help of optimization, turbine performance is increased while cavitation on the turbine blades, which can be harmful for the turbine and reduce its lifespan, is reduced.
Study on the gasket parameters and the calculation of MMC flange joint according to XP CEN\TS 1591-3
Authors: Zhang Lanzhu , Sun Jiachao , Cai Renliang
Published: June 2016

Metal-to-metal contact type flange joints (bolted flange joint with metal-to-metal contact) have a constant gasket sealing stress during service, so it is extensively used for “zero leakage” design in petrochemical, chemical, or nuclear power industry. XP CEN\TS 1591-3 provides a calculation method for metal-to-metal contact flange joints but the gasket parameters needed in this calculation and their test methods are not given. To determine the gasket parameters of metal-to-metal contact type flange joints, the procedures of the compression–resilience test, the stress relaxation test, and the sealing test at different temperature were described here, and the main mechanical properties and sealing property of a metal-to-metal contact type gasket were obtained from these tests. The methods to determine the metal-to-metal contact gasket parameters were introduced. And then, the calculation for a DN80 PN5.0 metal-to-metal contact type flange joint was carried out with two methods, one was the method according to XP CEN\TS 1591-3, the other was finite element method. In these calculations, the assembly condition and service condition were considered. The results of the two methods coincided well. This showed the test methods and test results of metal-to-metal contact type gasket parameters suggested here were available. So, they could be applied for the calculation of metal-to-metal contact type flange joints.
The Effect of Relative Encoding on Memory-Based Judgments
Authors: Sharif Marissa A. , Oppenheimer Daniel M.
Published: June 2016

Several models of judgment propose that people struggle with absolute judgments and instead represent options on the basis of their relative standing. This leads to a conundrum when people make judgments from memory: They may encode an option’s ordinal rank relative to the surrounding options but later observe a different distribution of options. Do people update their representations when making judgments from memory, or do they maintain their representations based on the initial encoding? In three studies, we found that people making memory-based judgments rely on a stimulus’s relative standing in the distribution at the time of encoding rather than attending to absolute quality or updating the stimulus’s ordinal ranking in light of the distribution at the time of the later judgment.
Workforce Interventions to Deliver Postnatal Care to Improve Neonatal Outcomes in Low- and Lower-Middle-Income Countries
Authors: Akter Tasnima , Sibbritt David , Dawson Angela
Published: June 2016

Reducing neonatal mortality rates in low- and lower-middle-income countries (LMICs) requires postnatal interventions to be delivered through an appropriately prepared and supported workforce. This review examines health workforce interventions that deliver integrated packages of postnatal care to improve neonatal outcomes in LMICs. We conducted a structured search of peer-reviewed articles published during 2003-2014 that investigated the delivery of postnatal interventions by formal and lay health workers. We selected 13 studies and analyzed them using a narrative synthesis methodology. This review observed a wide divergence among studies regarding the outcomes as well as the approaches and duration of workforce training and staff supervision. Except 4, all studies observed a significant reduction in neonatal mortality. On the other hand, teams of lay health workers appear to be more effective in improving neonatal outcomes. Further improvement in the performance of health care providers may require emphasis on workforce interventions such as competency assessment, the acquisition of appropriate skills, and supervisory guidelines. Nevertheless, the heterogeneity and limited number of studies do not allow us to arrive at definitive conclusions, and we recommend the need for the harmonization of future studies, with uniformity of outcome measures and cost analyses.
Cognitive inhibitory control in children following early childhood music education
Authors: Joret Marie-Eve , Germeys Filip , Gidron Yori
Published: June 2016

The relationship between music training and executive functions has remained inconsistent in previous studies, possibly due to methodological limitations. This study aims to investigate cognitive inhibitory control in children (9–12 years old) with and without musical training, while carefully considering confounding variables. To assess executive functions, the Simon task was used, measuring reaction times (RTs) and error rates on congruent and incongruent trials. Information on important variables such as bilingualism, socio-economic status (SES), music pedagogy and amount of musical training was collected through a parental questionnaire. Furthermore, verbal and non-verbal intelligence were assessed with validated tests to consider their effects as well. The results showed that the samples did not significantly differ in background variables. The analysis of the RT data on the Simon task revealed a significant group × congruency interaction, such that musically trained children showed a reduced magnitude of the congruency effect (RTs on incongruent trials – RTs on congruent trials) compared to non-musicians. To conclude, music training seems to be associated with enhanced cognitive inhibitory control in well-matched samples.
Damage evolution in a stainless steel bar undergoing phase transformation under torsion at cryogenic temperatures
Authors: Ortwein Rafał , Ryś Maciej , Skoczeń Błażej
Published: June 2016

Phase transformation driven by plastic strains is commonly observed in austenitic stainless steels. In the present paper, this phenomenon is addressed in connection with damage evolution. A three-dimensional constitutive model has been derived, and scalar variables for damage and the volume fraction of the transformed phase were used. The model was solved using Abaqus UMAT user defined procedure, as well as by means of simplified one-dimensional approach for a twisted circular bar. Large experimental campaign of tests was performed, including martensite content measurements within the cross-section and on the surface of the bar during monotonic and cyclic loading. Based on the residual angle of twist, damage variable was calculated. The global response of torque versus the angle of twist was measured as well. Comparison between the experimental results and the results obtained from the simplified one-dimensional approach and from the full three-dimensional approach are presented. It turns out that one-dimensional formulation agrees quite well with full three-dimensional model. Thus, much simpler approach can effectively be used. Moreover, experimental results agree well in terms of the martensite content evolution and relation: torque versus the angle of twist. Damage evolution is correctly predicted in terms of the maximum values. Lastly, the evolution of damage during cyclic torsion is discussed, as the experimental results indicate rather surprising effect of unloading modulus recovery after each reversion of twist direction.
A Multidisciplinary Patient Navigation Program Improves Compliance With Adjuvant Breast Cancer Therapy in a Public Hospital
Authors: Castaldi Maria , Safadjou Saman , Elrafei Tarek , McNelis John
Published: June 2016

Cancer health disparities affecting low-income and minority patients have been well documented to lead to poor outcomes. This report examines the impact of patient navigation on adherence to prescribed adjuvant breast cancer treatment. A multidisciplinary patient navigation program was initiated at a public safety net hospital to improve compliance with 3 National Quality Forum measures: (1) administration of combination chemotherapy for women with Stage (defined by the American Joint Committee on Cancer [AJCC]) T1c, II, or III hormone receptor-negative breast cancer within 120 days; (2) administration of endocrine therapy for women with AJCC Stage T1c, II, or III hormone receptor-positive breast cancer within 365 days; and (3) radiation therapy for women receiving breast-conserving surgery within one year. Implementation of a multidisciplinary patient navigation program reduced time to treatment and improved compliance with adjuvant therapy for breast cancer in an underserved minority community.
Why Do Juvenile Justice Teachers Enter the Profession?
Authors: Houchins David E. , Shippen Margaret E. , Schwab James Raymond , Ansely Brandi
Published: June 2016

Providing students who are involved in the juvenile justice system with an appropriate education has the potential to improve their academic, behavior, and post-school outcomes. Giving these students access to quality teachers is an important and necessary component of the educational process. The purposes of this study were to identify the initial reasons juvenile justice teachers entered their profession, examine the relationship between those reasons and their job satisfaction, and explore how teacher demographics influenced their profession selection. In total, 486 ( n = 486) juvenile justice teachers across three states participated in the study. Results suggest that a majority of the teachers entered the field for both personal reasons and better employment opportunities, with the latter being more important to them. In addition, where teachers work influences how satisfied they are with their job. Teachers in short-term facilities were more satisfied as compared with those in long-term facilities. Findings are discussed in relationship to recruiting and retaining juvenile justice teachers.
Walt Whitman, Jane Bennett, and the Paradox of Antagonistic Sympathy
Authors: Coles Romand
Published: June 2016

This essay critically engages ontological, rhetorical, ethical, and political themes pertinent to the concept of “sympathy” as it appears in the poetry and prose of Walt Whitman and Jane Bennett’s writing on him. I suggest that antagonism is immanent in the “ecology of sympathies” that Bennett theorizes, and that this partly explains why one frequently finds antagonistic articulations deeply intertwined with Whitman’s most sympathetic expressions. I propose that we use the paradoxical—even oxymoronic sounding—trope antagonistic sympathy to evoke this immanent relationship between affiliative and antagonistic flows, energies, and conditions for ethical and political cultivation. The concept of antagonistic sympathy helps us better understand Whitman, the ethical and political qualities, pulls, and implications of sympathy, and it enables us to theorize entanglements of sympathy and antagonism in ways that avoid the worst tendencies of each when isolated from the other. Antagonistic sympathy, I argue, is indispensable for radical democratic and ecological transformation in a time of rapidly intensifying planetary ecological catastrophe.
Patient Mobility for Elective Secondary Health Care Services in Response to Patient Choice Policies: A Systematic Review
Authors: Aggarwal Ajay , Lewis Daniel , Mason Malcolm , Sullivan Richard , van der Meulen Jan
Published: June 2016

Our review establishes the empirical evidence for patient mobility for elective secondary care services in countries that allow patients to choose their health care provider. PubMed and Embase were searched for relevant articles between 1990 and 2015. Of 5,994 titles/abstracts reviewed, 26 studies were included. The studies used three main methodological models to establish mobility. Variation in the extent of patient mobility was observed across the studies. Mobility was positively associated with lower waiting times, indicators of better service quality, and access to advanced technology. It was negatively associated with advanced age or lower socioeconomic backgrounds. From a policy perspective we demonstrate that a significant proportion of patients are prepared to travel beyond their nearest provider for elective services. As a consequence, some providers are likely to be “winners” and others “losers,” which could result in overall decreased provider capacity or inefficient utilization of existing services. Equity also remains a key concern.