bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative expression analysis of the renin–angiotensin system components between white and brown perivascular adipose tissue
Authors: Gálvez-Prieto B , Bolbrinker J , Stucchi P , de las Heras A I , Merino B , Arribas S , Ruiz-Gayo M , Huber M , Wehland M , Kreutz R , Fernandez-Alfonso M S
Published: March 2008

Recent studies have demonstrated that the rat adipose tissue expresses some of the components necessary for the production of angiotensin II (Ang II) and the receptors mediating its actions. The aim of this work is to characterize the expression of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) components in perivascular adipose tissue and to assess differences in the expression pattern depending on the vascular bed and type of adipose tissue. We analyzed Ang I and Ang II levels as well as mRNA levels of RAS components by a quantitative RT-PCR method in periaortic (PAT) and mesenteric adipose tissue (MAT) of 3-month-old male Wistar–Kyoto rats. PAT was identified as brown adipose tissue expressing uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1). It had smaller adipocytes than those from MAT, which was identified as white adipose tissue. All RAS components, except renin, were detected in both PAT and MAT. Levels of expression of angiotensinogen, Ang-converting enzyme (ACE), and ACE2 were similar between PAT and MAT. Renin receptor expression was five times higher, whereas expression of chymase, AT1a, and AT2 receptors were significantly lower in PAT compared with MAT respectively. In addition, three isoforms of the AT1a receptor were found in perivascular adipose tissue. The AT1b receptor was found at very a low expression level. Ang II levels were higher in MAT with no differences between tissues in Ang I. The results show that the RAS is differentially expressed in white and brown perivascular adipose tissues implicating a different role for the system depending on the vascular bed and the type of adipose tissue.
Comparison of expressed human and mouse sodium/iodide symporters reveals differences in transport properties and subcellular localization
Authors: Dayem Manal , Basquin Cécile , Navarro Valérie , Carrier Patricia , Marsault Robert , Chang Patrick , Huc Sylvaine , Darrouzet Elisabeth , Lindenthal Sabine , Pourcher Thierry
Published: March 2008

The active transport of iodide from the bloodstream into thyroid follicular cells is mediated by the Na+/I− symporter (NIS). We studied mouse NIS (mNIS) and found that it catalyzes iodide transport into transfected cells more efficiently than human NIS (hNIS). To further characterize this difference, we compared 125I uptake in the transiently transfected human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells. We found that the Vmax for mNIS was four times higher than that for hNIS, and that the iodide transport constant (Km) was 2.5-fold lower for hNIS than mNIS. We also performed immunocytolocalization studies and observed that the subcellular distribution of the two orthologs differed. While the mouse protein was predominantly found at the plasma membrane, its human ortholog was intracellular in ∼40% of the expressing cells. Using cell surface protein-labeling assays, we found that the plasma membrane localization frequency of the mouse protein was only 2.5-fold higher than that of the human protein, and therefore cannot alone account for the difference in the obtained Vmax values. We reasoned that the observed difference could also be caused by a higher turnover number for iodide transport in the mouse protein. We then expressed and analyzed chimeric proteins. The data obtained with these constructs suggest that the iodide recognition site could be located in the region extending from the N-terminus to transmembrane domain 8, and that the region between transmembrane domain 5 and the C-terminus could play a role in the subcellular localization of the protein.
The augmenting effect on insulin secretion by oral versus intravenous glucose is exaggerated by high-fat diet in mice
Authors: Ahrén Bo , Winzell Maria Sörhede , Pacini Giovanni
Published: March 2008

To study whether the incretin effect is involved in adaptively increased insulin secretion in insulin resistance, glucose was infused at a variable rate to match glucose levels after oral glucose (25 mg) in normal anesthetized C57BL/6J female mice or in mice rendered insulin resistant by 8 weeks of high-fat feeding. Insulin response was markedly higher after oral than i.v. glucose in both groups, and this augmentation was even higher in high-fat fed than normal mice. In normal mice, the area under the curve (AUCinsulin) was augmented from 4.0±0.8 to 8.0±1.8 nmol/l×60 min by the oral glucose, i.e. by a factor of 2 (P=0.023), whereas in the high-fat fed mice, AUCinsulin was augmented from 0.70±0.4 to 12.4±2.5 nmol/l×60 min, i.e. by a factor of 17 (P<0.001). To examine whether the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is responsible for this difference, the effect of i.v. GLP-1 was compared in normal and high-fat fed mice. The sensitivity to i.v. GLP-1 in stimulating insulin secretion was increased in the high-fat diet fed mice: the lowest effective dose of GLP-1 was 650 pmol/kg in normal mice and 13 pmol/kg in the high-fat diet fed mice. We conclude that 1) the incretin effect contributes by ∼50% to insulin secretion by the oral glucose in normal mice, 2) this effect is markedly exaggerated in insulin-resistant mice fed a high-fat diet, and 3) this augmented incretin contribution in the high-fat fed mice may partially be explained by GLP-1.
Stem cell factor/c-Kit signalling in normal and androgenetic alopecia hair follicles
Authors: Randall Valerie A , Jenner Tracey J , Hibberts Nigel A , De Oliveira Isabel O , Vafaee Tayyebeh
Published: March 2008

Androgens stimulate many hair follicles to alter hair colour and size via the hair growth cycle; in androgenetic alopecia tiny, pale hairs gradually replace large, pigmented ones. Since stem cell factor (SCF) is important in embryonic melanocyte migration and maintaining adult rodent pigmentation, we investigated SCF/c-Kit signalling in human hair follicles to determine whether this was altered in androgenetic alopecia. Quantitative immunohistochemistry detected three melanocyte-lineage markers and c-Kit in four focus areas: the epidermis, infundibulum, hair bulb (where pigment is formed) and mid-follicle outer root sheath (ORS). Colocalisation confirmed melanocyte c-Kit expression; cultured follicular melanocytes also exhibited c-Kit. Few ORS cells expressed differentiated melanocyte markers or c-Kit, but NKI/beteb antibody, which also recognises early melanocyte-lineage antigens, identified fourfold more cells, confirmed by colocalisation. Occasional similar bulbar cells were seen. Melanocyte distribution, concentration and c-Kit expression were unaltered in balding follicles. Androgenetic alopecia cultured dermal papilla cells secreted less SCF, measured by ELISA, than normal cells. This identifies three types of melanocyte-lineage cells in human follicles. The c-Kit expression by dendritic, pigmenting, bulbar melanocytes and rounded, differentiated, non-pigmenting ORS melanocytes implicate SCF in maintaining pigmentation and migration into regenerating hair bulbs. Less differentiated, c-Kit-independent cells in the mid-follicle ORS stem cell niche and occasionally in the bulb, presumably a local reserve for long scalp hair growth, implicate other factors in activating stem cells. Androgens appear to reduce alopecia hair colour by inhibiting dermal papilla SCF production, impeding bulbar melanocyte pigmentation. These results may facilitate new treatments for hair colour changes in hirsutism, alopecia or greying.
p70 S6 kinase negatively regulates fibroblast growth factor 2-stimulated interleukin-6 synthesis in osteoblasts: function at a point downstream from protein kinase C
Authors: Takai S , Hanai Y , Matsushima-Nishiwaki R , Minamitani C , Otsuka T , Tokuda H , Kozawa O
Published: March 2008

We have previously reported that protein kinase C negatively regulates basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2)-stimulated synthesis of interleukin-6 (IL-6), a potent bone resorptive agent, in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells. To further clarify the mechanism underlying the synthesis of IL-6 in osteoblasts, we investigated whether p70 S6 kinase is involved in the FGF-2-stimulated IL-6 synthesis in these cells. Rapamycin, an inhibitor of p70 S6 kinase, significantly enhanced the FGF-2-stimulated IL-6 synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. Downregulation of p70 S6 kinase by siRNA markedly amplified the FGF-2-stimulated IL-6 synthesis. 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), a direct activator of protein kinase C, induced the phosphorylation of p70 S6 kinase. Go6976 and bisindolylmaleimide I, inhibitors of protein kinase C, suppressed the TPA-stimulated phosphorylation of p70 S6 kinase. Additionally, protein kinase C inhibitors markedly reduced the phosphorylation of p70 S6 kinase induced by FGF-2. These results strongly suggest that p70 S6 kinase functions at a point downstream of protein kinase C and limits the FGF-2-stimulated IL-6 synthesis in osteoblasts.
Tri-iodothyronine treatment differently affects liver metabolic response and oxidative stress in sedentary and trained rats
Authors: Venditti Paola , Bari Angela , Di Stefano Lisa , Di Meo Sergio
Published: March 2008

We investigated whether swim training modifies the effects of tri-iodothyronine (T3) treatment on the metabolic response and oxidative damage of rat liver. Respiratory capacities, oxidative damage, levels of antioxidants, and susceptibility to oxidative challenge of liver homogenates were determined. Mitochondrial respiratory capacities, rates of H2O2 release, and oxidative damage were also evaluated. Training modified most of the measured parameters in both thyroid states, although the extent of changes was higher in hyperthyroid preparations. T3 treatment enhanced homogenate respiratory capacity, which was further enhanced by training despite the decrease in mitochondrial respiratory capacity. Hormonal treatment also induced liver oxidative damage and glutathione depletion, and increased tissue susceptibility to oxidative challenge. These effects were lower in trained animals. The extensive oxidative damage found in liver homogenates from hyperthyroid sedentary rats was due to low tissue antioxidant protection and high mitochondrial H2O2 production rate, which were increased and decreased respectively by animal training. The training effect on H2O2 production was associated with lower oxidative damage and susceptibility to Ca2+-induced swelling of mitochondria. Measurements with respiratory inhibitors indicated that the differences in H2O2 release in hyperthyroid groups were due to differences in mitochondrial content of autoxidizable electron carrier located at Complex III. We conclude that moderate training is able to reduce hyperthyroid state-linked cellular and subcellular oxidative damage in liver increasing its antioxidant defenses and decreasing the mitochondrial generation of reactive oxygen species.
Seismic stability of reinforced slopes: effects of reinforcement properties and facing rigidity
Authors: Huang C.-C. , Horng J.-C. , Charng J.-J.
Published: March 2008

A series of tilting tests on reinforced model slopes backfilled with regularly packed 1.96 mm-diameter steel rods were performed to investigate the relative importance of facing rigidity, reinforcement length and reinforcement stiffness for the pseudo-static seismic stability of reinforced slopes. Aluminium full-height panel with a wide range of bending rigidities and reinforcing materials with significantly different tensile stiffnesses and interface friction angles were used in the tests to investigate their effect on the ultimate tilting angles (or pseudo-static-based critical seismic coefficient) of the reinforced model slopes. It was found that, of the factors investigated, the interface friction angle of the reinforcing materials plays an essential role in the pseudo-static seismic stability of the walls. When the interface friction angle of the reinforcement was too low, increasing the facing rigidity or tensile stiffness of the reinforcement resulted in a negligible effect on the ultimate tilting angle of the reinforced slopes. Increasing the ratio of reinforcement length to wall height (Lr/Ht) from 0.52 to 0.83 provided a substantial increase in θf, regardless of the interface friction angle (δr) and facing thickness (tm) investigated in the study. This effect is a promising way of increasing the pseudo-static seismic stability of reinforced slopes. Increasing the tensile stiffness of the reinforcing material results in a small to moderate increase of θf (or khc) associated with the formation of a monolithic reinforced zone behind the facing. For the ranges of facing and reinforcement parameters investigated, facing rigidity plays a secondary role in the ultimate tilting angle of reinforced slopes, and is realised only when a sufficiently high interface angle of reinforcement or a relatively short reinforcement length (Lr = 0.52Ht) is used. The relative importance of the parameters was also examined from the viewpoint of lateral facing deformation. The deformation-based observations supported such findings in view of the critical tilting angles mentioned above.
Shear strength and deformation characteristics of geosynthetic soil bags stacked horizontal and inclined
Authors: Matsushima K. , Aqil U. , Mohri Y. , Tatsuoka F.
Published: March 2008

The strength of stacked soil bags is very low when sheared laterally, compared with the strength when compressed vertically. To substantially increase the stability of soil structures composed of stacked soil bags, this paper proposes inclined stacking of soil bags so that the compressive stress on the bag-to-bag interface increases. A series of lateral shear loading tests were performed on a pile of three full-scale soil bags stacked horizontally (δ = 0°) as well as inclined (δ = 18°) at different vertical confining pressures (30 kPa, 150 kPa and 300 kPa). Two types of backfill material were used: a poorly graded fine sand and a well-graded sandy gravel. The shear strength of the soil bags was considerably larger when stacked inclined than when stacked horizontally. With soil bags of sandy gravel, whether stacked horizontally or inclined, failure was dominantly always by slippage along the bag-to-bag interface. With soil bags of Toyoura sand, when stacked inclined at high confining pressure, failure was induced by shear failure in the backfill. It is shown that the method of inclined stacking method at a suitable angle is simple and cost-effective. It is also important to compact soil bags in advance, and to use well-graded coarse backfill to increase the interface friction angle, the strength of the backfill and the confining pressure in the backfill.
Leachate chemical composition effects on OIT depletion in an HDPE geomembrane
Authors: Rowe R. K. , Islam M. Z. , Hsuan Y. G.
Published: March 2008

Results of series of tests examining the effect of different chemical constituents found in municipal solid waste leachate on the degradation of a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembrane are reported. Geomembrane samples were incubated in four synthetic leachates consisting of different combinations of volatile fatty acids, inorganic nutrients, trace metal solution, and surfactant at temperatures of 85°C, 70°C, 55°C, 40°C and 22°C. It is shown that the leachate should be replaced every two weeks to maximise the depletion of antioxidants from the geomembrane. Arrhenius modelling gave activation energies for antioxidant depletion of between 62.5 and 64.0 kJ/mol. The small difference in activation energies implies that the four leachates examined are similar in terms of antioxidant depletion rate. There was no evident effect of the difference in these leachates on crystallinity, MFI, or tensile properties during the testing period. However, the fastest antioxidant depletion was observed for the simplest leachate, comprising trace metals and surfactant in water. Results are also reported for a second series of tests involving 18 different immersion media with different concentrations of trace metals and surfactant. Based on an examination of solutions with pH between 4 and 10, it is found that antioxidant depletion is the fastest for relatively acidic or basic solutions and the slowest for neutral solutions. Antioxidant depletion is the most sensitive to the presence of surfactant. As the surfactant concentration increases to about 1 ml/l the majority of the effect is evident. There was no further increase in effect for any increase in concentration beyond 5 ml/l.
Measurement of geotextile-water characteristic curve using capillary rise principle
Authors: Krisdani H. , Rahardjo H. , Leong E.-C.
Published: March 2008

This paper presents the experimental procedure to obtain the water characteristic curve of a geosynthetic material. The capillary rise principle was used to obtain both drying and wetting water characteristic curves. The water characteristic curves obtained from the tests were then verified using numerical analyses of soil column tests. The soil column was constructed using 0.51 m thick fine sand overlying a drainage product made of three-dimensional polypropylene monofilaments combined with two layers of polypropylene geotextile. The numerical analysis results of drawdown and rainfall tests show good agreement with the experimental data. This is an indication that the material properties, including the water characteristic curve of the geosynthetic material, were accurately measured.
THE ROLE OF ORGANIZATIONAL SOCIALIZATION IN BURNOUT: A TAIWANESE EXAMPLE
Authors: Liang Su-Chiun , Hsieh An-Tien
Published: March 2008

Previous research predominantly used the conservation of resources (COR) model (Schaufeli & Enzmann, 1998) and the job demands-resources (JD-R) model (Demerouti, Bakker, Nachreiner, & Schaufeli, 2001) to explain burnout. In this study, organizational socialization was examined
as a factor to explain and more completely understand burnout. Results from a sample of 397 employees in people-oriented professions and organizations in Taiwan revealed that organizational socialization was significantly related to all three components of burnout: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization,
and reduced personal accomplishment. The strength of the prediction was particularly apparent on the dimension of reduced personal accomplishment. The use of organizational socialization as an effective predictor of burnout is a significant departure from previous research.
DOES TASK-RELATED IDENTIFIED REGULATION MODERATE THE SOCIOMETER EFFECT? A STUDY OF PERFORMANCE FEEDBACK, PERCEIVED INCLUSION, AND STATE SELF-ESTEEM
Authors: Guay Frédéric , Delisle Marie-Noelle , Fernet Claude , Julien étienne , cal Caroline Sené
Published: March 2008

The aim of this study was to understand the processes explaining the effects of private performance feedback (success vs. failure) on state self-esteem from the stance of sociometer theory and self-determination theory. We investigated whether or not the effect of private performance
feedback on state self-esteem was mediated by perceived inclusion as a function of participants' level of task-related identified regulation (i.e., importance of the activity for oneself). Ninety participants were randomly assigned to one of the following three conditions: failure, success,
or control. Our regression analyses based on both original and bootstrap samples indicate that perceived inclusion does not mediate the effect of feedback on state self-esteem for individuals high in task-related identified regulation. Such an effect only operates for individuals low in task-related
identified regulation. In sum, our results show that the perceived inclusion process proposed by sociometer theory applies more when individuals find that the activity is less important for them (i.e., identified regulation).
PERCEIVED STRESS, SELF-EFFICACY AND ITS RELATIONS TO PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING STATUS IN IRANIAN MALE HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
Authors: Moeini Babak , Shafii Froug , Hidarnia Alireza , Babaii Gholam Reza , Birashk Behrooz , Allahverdipour Hamid
Published: March 2008

Psychological stress has been found to be associated with a variety of ailments and health outcomes in adolescents. This study investigated the relationships between perceived stress, general self-efficacy and mental health status among Iranian male adolescents recruited from midtown
high schools in Tehran who studied in 12th grade (N = 148). Pupils completed three questionnaires for assessing perceived stress (PSS-14; Cohen, Kamarck, & Mermelstein, 1983), general self-efficacy (GSE; Schwarzer & Jerusalem, 1995) and psychological well-being (GHQ-28; Goldberg
& Hillier, 1979). Statistical analysis revealed that greater stress was associated with lower general self-efficacy and lower mental health status. A significant inverse relationship between self-efficacy and general health was found among these students. Results are discussed in relation
to their implications for effective mental health education (e.g., stress management training) for adolescents.
UNEMPLOYMENT WORRIES AMONG TURKISH UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Authors: Ersoy-Kart Müge , Erdost Hayat Ebru
Published: March 2008

The aim of the present study was to determine whether or not young university students are worried about being unemployed after graduation. Choice of field for university education influences unemployment worries and therefore we collected data from 287 university students from Ankara
University who were studying social sciences or sciences. The results demonstrated that the level of concern about unemployment in students about to graduate is very high and education in sciences or social sciences influences how this phenomenon is handled. Congruence between our findings
and the literature is discussed.
Elevated urinary leukotriene E4 levels are associated with hospitalization for pain in children with sickle cell disease
Authors: Jennings Jeanine E. , Ramkumar Thiruvamoor , Mao Jingnan , Boyd Jessica , Castro Mario , Field Joshua J. , Strunk Robert C. , DeBaun Michael R.
Published: March 2008

Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CsyLTs) are inflammatory mediators produced by white blood cells. Leukotriene LTE4 is the stable metabolite of CsyLTs, which can be measured in urine. We tested two hypotheses among children with sickle cell disease (SCD): (1) baseline urinary LTE4 levels are elevated in children with SCD when compared with controls; and (2) baseline LTE4 levels are associated with an increased incidence rate of hospitalization for SCD‐related pain. Baseline LTE4 levels were measured in children with SCD (cases) and children without SCD matched for age and ethnicity (controls). Medical records of cases were reviewed to assess the frequency of hospitalization for pain within 3 years of study entry. LTE4 levels were obtained in 71 cases and 22 controls. LTE4 levels were higher in cases compared with controls (median LTE4: 100 vs. 57 pg/mg creatinine, P < 0.001). After adjustment for age and asthma diagnosis, a greater incidence rate of hospitalization for pain was observed among children with SCD in the highest LTE4 tertile when compared with the lowest (114 vs. 52 episodes per 100 patient‐years, P = 0.038). LTE4 levels are elevated in children with SCD when compared with controls. LTE4 levels are associated with an increased rate of hospitalizations for pain. Am. J. Hematol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
pCREB is Involved in Neural Induction of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells by RA
Authors: Shan Zhi‐Yan , Shen Jing‐Ling , Li Qiu‐Ming , Wang Yan , Huang Xiao‐Yi , Guo Tie‐Yun , Liu Hui‐Wen , Lei Lei , Jin Lian‐Hong
Published: March 2008

Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells can be induced by various chemicals to differentiate into a variety of cell types in vitro. In our study, retinoic acid (RA), one of the most important inducers, used at a concentration of 5 μM, was found to induce the differentiation of ES cells into neural progenitor cells (NPCs). During embryoid body (EB) differentiation, the level of active cyclic AMP response element‐binding protein (CREB) was relatively high when 5 μM RA treatment was performed. Inhibition of CREB activity committed EBs to becoming other germ layers, whereas increased expression of CREB enhanced NPC differentiation. Moreover, RA increased the expression of active CREB by enhancing the activity of JNK. Our research suggests that CREB plays a role in RA‐induced NPC differentiation by increasing the expression of active JNK. Anat Rec, 291:519–526, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of Biomineralization of Tooth Development in Man and Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Arnold Wolfgang H. , Naumova Kateryna I. , Naumova Ella A. , Gaengler Peter
Published: March 2008

It was the aim of this study to investigate the distribution of Ca, P, and C in predentin, mineralizing dentin, and mature dentin of human tooth buds and compare these results with those of zebrafish (Danio rerio) teeth using energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX) element analysis. The mandible of a 16‐week‐old human fetus containing 6 mineralizing tooth buds and three complete heads of zebrafish were fixed in formaldehyde and embedded in Technovit 9100. Serial sections of 80‐μm thickness were cut in frontal‐dorsal direction, and from these sections, polarized light micrographs were taken. The sections with tooth buds were then investigated with scanning electron microscopy, and EDX element analysis was performed with a Philips XL 30 FEG scanning microscope and an EDAX energy‐dispersive X‐ray system using spot measurements, EDX line‐scans and element mapping. Quantitative measurements were made in predentin, mineralizing dentin adjacent to predentin, and mature dentin. The Ca and P content increased rapidly from outer predentin toward mineralizing dentin in human tooth buds and in zebrafish teeth. The Ca/P ratio was different for predentin and dentin areas, reflecting different calcium phosphate compositions in predentin and fully mineralized dentin. Because of the similarities between human tooth buds and zebrafish teeth, it can be concluded that the zebrafish tooth development may be an excellent model for studying biomineralization processes during odontogenesis. Anat Rec, 291:571–576, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Results of the negative control chemical allyl alcohol in the 15‐day intact adult male rat screening assay for endocrine activity
Authors: O'Connor John C. , Sue Marty M. , Becker Richard A. , Snajdr Suzanne , Michael Kaplan A.
Published: March 2008

Development, standardization, and validation of methods to assess the potential of chemicals to disrupt hormonal homeostasis have been the focus of considerable research efforts over the past 10 years. As part of our validation effort, we evaluated the specificity of the 15‐day intact adult male rat assay, using a negative control chemical, allyl alcohol, a known hepatotoxicant that was not expected to induce endocrine effects. Male rats were dosed for 15 days via oral gavage with 0, 10, 30, 40, or 50 mg/kg/day allyl alcohol. The endpoints evaluated included final body and organ weights, serum hormone concentrations, and a limited histopathology assessment. No mortality or adverse clinical signs were observed. Mean final body weight for rats in the 50‐mg/kg/day dose group was decreased to 90% of control. Mean relative liver weights were increased at 40 and 50 mg/kg/day (115% and 117% of control, respectively). Serum testosterone and DHT concentrations were statistically significantly decreased at 50 mg/kg/day (72% of control). Serum prolactin concentrations were statistically significantly decreased at 40 mg/kg/day (58% of control), but not at 50 mg/kg/day. There were no effects on the other endpoints evaluated. Consistent with previous guidance for interpreting the 15‐day intact adult male rat assay, histological and weight changes of target organs were given a higher weight‐of‐evidence than changes in serum hormone concentrations alone. Therefore, with only minimal changes in serum hormone concentrations and no effects on organ weights or microscopic alterations, the results of allyl alcohol in the 15‐day intact adult male rat assay were considered negative and consistent with the predicted results. Birth Defects Res (Part B), 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Childhood sexual experience and adult offending: an exploratory comparison of three criminal groups
Authors: Connolly Marie , Woollons Richard
Published: March 2008

The study explored the links between adult offending and exploitative sexual experiences during childhood. A questionnaire was administered to three criminal groups (child molesters, rapists and non‐sexual offenders) with the aim of investigating the statistical relationships between the men's early childhood sexual experiences. The sample comprised a total of 125 males. Fifty‐eight were in prison for non‐sexual crimes, 23 were serving sentences for rape and the remaining 44 were undergoing therapeutic treatment for their child molestation crime at a special treatment programme within the prison. Significant differences were found across the groups with respect to family context: education, subsequent occupation, religious family background and levels of abuse experienced during childhood. The two sex offending groups reported higher levels of physical and sexual abuse. The rapists reported significantly higher levels of emotional abuse and neglect. The child molester group was more likely to report both consenting and non‐consenting activity with other children and there was significance across the range of sexual behaviours. Higher abuse reporting by the child molester and rapist groups suggests that early experience may influence developmental trajectories and offending pathways. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Child sexual abuse and HIV transmission in sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Lalor Kevin
Published: March 2008

The purpose of this paper is to examine the risks of HIV transmission to children through sexual abuse and exploitation in sub‐Saharan Africa. The paper is based on a review of pertinent literature. Child sexual abuse in this region must be defined broadly enough to encompass widespread coercion or violence in early sexual relations in some regions, the practice of ‘transactional sex’ and constructions of masculinity, emphasising multiple sexual partners and power over women and girls. The high HIV prevalence in sub‐Saharan Africa is briefly described. Research evidence showing the link between child sexual abuse and HIV transmission is reviewed, although this is a topic where very little direct empirical work has been conducted. Particular methodological and ethical difficulties have been encountered by researchers. Future research directions are indicated. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Specificity of cognitive distortions to antisocial behaviours
Authors: Barriga Alvaro Q. , Hawkins Mark A. , Camelia Carl R. T.
Published: March 2008

Introduction/Background Cognitive distortions have long been posited to facilitate antisocial behaviours, but the specificity of such distortions has rarely been studied.

Aims To replicate findings of specificity between particular cognitions and externalizing or internalizing behaviours; to test for specificity of relationship between particular cognitions and different types of externalizing behaviours.

Methods The participants were 239 male youths aged 10 to 19 years (mean (M) = 14.22, standard deviation (SD) = 1.64) from schools on the island of Curaçao. Their cognitive distortions and problem behaviours were investigated through self‐report.

Results In controlled analyses, self‐serving cognitive distortions were associated with externalizing behaviours whereas self‐debasing cognitive distortions were associated with internalizing behaviours. Within the externalizing domain, self‐serving distortions with overt behavioural referents were linked to aggressive behaviour while self‐serving distortions with covert behavioural referents were linked to delinquent behaviour. Within the aggression domain, distortions with opposition‐defiance referents related to verbal aggression whereas distortions with physical aggression referents related to physically aggressive behaviour.

Conclusions and implications for practice The degree of cognitive‐behavioural specificity documented by this study was remarkable. The observed pattern suggests that cognitive interventions designed for externalizing versus internalizing behaviours should differ in therapeutic approach. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Homelessness in the state and federal prison population
Authors: Greenberg Greg A. , Rosenheck Robert A.
Published: March 2008

Aims This study sought to investigate the rates and correlates of homelessness (i.e. living on the street or in a homeless shelter), including mental illness, among US adult state and federal prison inmates (ASFPIs).

Method Data from a national survey of ASFPIs based on a random sampling survey (N = 17,565) were used to compare the homelessness rate among AFSPIs with that in the general population. Logistic regression was then used to examine the association of homelessness among ASFPIs with factors including symptoms, treatment of mental illness, previous criminal justice involvement, specific crimes, and demographic characteristics.

Results Nine percent of ASFPIs reported an episode of homelessness in the year prior to arrest, 4–6 times the estimated rate in the general US adult population after allowing for age, race/ethnicity, and gender. In comparison to other inmates, these homeless inmates were more likely to be currently incarcerated for a property crime, but also to have had previous criminal justice system involvement for both property and violent crimes, to suffer from mental health and/or substance abuse problems, and to be more likely to have been unemployed and with a low income.

Conclusions Recent homelessness is far more common among ASFPIs than the general population. Prior incarceration, mental illness, substance abuse and disadvantageous socio‐demographic characteristics were all found to be associated with homelessness among prison inmates, suggesting that there are several important factors in addition to efforts to survive with limited resources through criminal acts that influence the rates of homelessness among incarcerated individuals. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ChemInform Abstract: A Study on Methanol Steam Reforming to CO2 and H2 over the La2CuO4 Nanofiber Catalyst.
Authors: Gao Lizhen , Sun Gebiao , Kawi Sibudjing
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Solution‐Phase Synthesis of BiOCl, BiVO4 and δ‐Bi2O3 Nanocrystals in the Reaction System of BiCl3—NH4VO3—NaOH.
Authors: Chen Xiang Ying , Zhang Zhong Jie , Lee Soon W.
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Organocatalytic Substitution of α‐Cyanoacetates on Imidoyl Chlorides — Synthesis of Optically Active Ketimines.
Authors: Santoro Stefano , Poulsen Thomas B. , Joergensen Karl Anker
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient and Novel Method for Thiocyanation of Aromatic and Heteroaromatic Compounds Using Bromodimethylsulfonium Bromide and Ammonium Thiocyanate.
Authors: Bhalerao Dinesh S. , Akamanchi Krishnacharya G.
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Simple Palladacyclic and Platinacyclic Catalysts for the 1,4‐Conjugate Addition of Arylboronic Acids and Arylsiloxanes to Enones.
Authors: Bedford Robin B. , Betham Michael , Charmant Jonathan P. H. , Haddow Mairi F. , Orpen A. Guy , Pilarski Lukasz T. , Coles Simon J. , Hursthouse Michael B.
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Pyrolytic Methods in Organic Synthesis: Novel Routes for the Synthesis of 3‐Oxoalkanenitriles, 2‐Acyl Anilines, and 2‐Aroyl Anilines.
Authors: Al‐Awadi Nouria A. , Abdelkhalik Mervat M. , Abdelhamid Ismail A. , Elnagdi Mohamed H.
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of 1‐Aryl‐2‐bromo‐3,4,4‐trichlorobut‐3‐en‐1‐ones with Some Nucleophilic Reagents.
Authors: Potkin V. I. , Petkevich S. K. , Kurman P. V.
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of 1H‐Azoles with 2‐Hydroxybenzyl Alcohols.
Authors: Sidorina N. E. , Osyanin V. A.
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Deamination of Some N‐Amino Nitrogen Heterocycles Using Preyssler′s Anion.
Authors: Heravi Majid M. , Sadjadi Sodeh , Hekmatshoar Rahim , Oskooie Hossein A. , Bamoharram Fatemeh F.
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Effective Esterification of Carboxylic Acids Using (6‐Oxo‐6H‐pyridazin‐1‐yl)phosphoric Acid Diethyl Ester as Novel Coupling Agents.
Authors: Won Ju‐Eun , Kim Ho‐Kyun , Kim Jeum‐Jong , Yim Heong‐Seup , Kim Min‐Jung , Kang Seung‐Beom , Chung Hyun‐A , Lee Sang‐Gyeong , Yoon Yong‐Jin
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Use of Polyanions for Alkylation of Hydrazine Derivatives.
Authors: Bredihhin Aleksei , Maeeorg Uno
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Desymmetrization‐Like Catalytic Enantioselective Fluorination of Malonates and Its Application to Pharmaceutically Attractive Molecules.
Authors: Reddy Dhande Sudhakar , Shibata Norio , Nagai Jun , Nakamura Shuichi , Toru Takeshi , Kanemasa Shuji
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Bifunctional Organocatalysts in Asymmetric Aza‐Morita—Baylis—Hillman Reactions of Ethyl (Arylimino)acetates with Methyl Vinyl Ketone and Ethyl Vinyl Ketone.
Authors: Shi Min , Ma Guang‐Ning , Gao Jun
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Quantitative α‐Alkylation of Primary Nitriles.
Authors: Rojas Giovanni , Baughman Travis W. , Wagener Kenneth B.
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper/Silver‐Cocatalyzed Conia‐Ene Reaction of Linear β‐Alkynic β‐Ketoesters.
Authors: Deng Chen‐Liang , Song Ren‐Jie , Guo Sheng‐Mei , Wang Zhi‐Qiang , Li Jin‐Heng
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: An Unexpected Organocatalytic Asymmetric Tandem Michael/Morita—Baylis—Hillman Reaction.
Authors: Cabrera Silvia , Aleman Jose , Bolze Patrick , Bertelsen Soeren , Joergensen Karl Anker
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Selective Hydroarylation of Propiolic Acid Derivatives Using a PtCl2/AgOTf Catalytic System.
Authors: Oyamada Juzo , Kitamura Tsugio
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Silica Chloride Catalyzed One‐Pot Isomerization—Chlorination, Arylation, and Etherification of Baylis—Hillman Adducts.
Authors: Shanmugam Ponnusamy , Viswambharan Baby , Vaithiyanathan Vadivel
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Addition of Alkynes to Aldehydes and Activated Ketones Catalyzed by Rhodium—Phosphine Complexes.
Authors: Dhondi Pawan K. , Carberry Patrick , Choi Lydia B. , Chisholm John S.
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Synthesis of 4‐Chlorophenols, 10‐Chloro‐7‐hydroxy‐6H‐benzo[c]chromen‐6‐ones, and 4‐Chloro‐1‐hydroxy‐9H‐fluoren‐9‐ones Based on [3 + 3] Cyclizations of 1,3‐Bis(silyloxy)‐1,3‐dienes with 2‐Chloro‐3‐silyloxy‐2‐en‐1‐ones.
Authors: Yawer Mirza Arfan , Hussain Ibrar , Reim Stefanie , Ahmed Zafar , Ullah Ehsan , Iqbal Inam , Fischer Christine , Reinke Helmut , Goerls Helmar , Langer Peter
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Highly (E)‐Stereoselective Approach to β‐Iodo Morita—Baylis—Hillman Esters: Synthesis of Secokotomolide A.
Authors: Lee Sung Il , Hwang Geum‐Sook , Shin Su Cheol , Lee Tae Gyo , Jo Ran Hee , Ryu Do Hyun
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Boric Acid Catalyzed Amidation in the Synthesis of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients.
Authors: Mylavarapu Ravi Kumar , GCM Kondaiah , Kolla Naveenkumar , Veeramalla Raju , Koikonda Purandhar , Bhattacharya Apurba , Bandichhor Rakeshwar
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Coupling Reaction of Alkyl Chlorides with Silyl Enolates Catalyzed by Indium Trihalide.
Authors: Nishimoto Yoshihiro , Yasuda Makoto , Baba Akio
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Unsaturated Aminonitriles from the Aza‐Morita—Baylis—Hillman Reactions of Aldimines with Penta‐2,4‐dienenitrile.
Authors: Clary Kristen N. , Back Thomas G.
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Poly(N‐vinylimidazole) as Efficient and Recyclable Catalyst for the Addition of Thiols to Michael Acceptors in Aqueous Medium.
Authors: Beletskaya I. P. , Tarasenko E. A. , Khokhlov A. R. , Tyurin V. S.
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.