bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of the cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera filipjevi, on wheat in microplot trials
Authors: Nicol Julie , Tanha Maafi Zahra , Hajihasani Abolfazl , Rezaee Saeed
Published: May 2010

The cereal cyst nematodes, Heterodera avenae, H. filipjevi and H. latipons, are considered to be the most economically important species of cyst-forming nematodes on wheat. Two trials were conducted in 2006 and 2007 to determine the impact of different initial population levels of H. filipjevi (0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2) (g soil)−1) on wheat cv. Sardari in microplots under natural field conditions in Iran. The results showed that increasing the initial populations of H. filipjevi significantly reduced several growth parameters of wheat (plant height, root dry weight, aerial shoot dry weight and grain yield) compared with the untreated controls. The final population of H. filipjevi increased with increasing initial population, while the reproduction factor (Rf) declined as the initial population increased but was greater than 1 in all treatments. Regression analysis showed a significant negative relationship between the initial populations and grain yield. The modelling clearly demonstrated that H. filipjevi is economically important on winter wheat in Iran. Grain yield loss was demonstrated even at the lowest population density and reached a maximum loss of 48% with an initial population density of 20 eggs and J2 (g soil)−1. The aerial shoot yield loss was as great as 40% in both years.
Variation in lipid reserves of second-stage juveniles of Meloidogyne exigua in a coffee field and its relationship with infectivity
Authors: da Silva Rocha Fernando , de Souza Jorge Teodoro , Campos Vicente Paulo
Published: May 2010

In this study we assessed the variations in lipid content of second-stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne exigua, recovered from a coffee field, by staining and quantifying the neutral lipids using image analysis. Our results showed that annual variations in J2 stained lipid area correlate with temperature, rainfall and total number of J2 per 100 cm3 of soil. Laboratory and glasshouse experiments showed that decreases in the lipid stained area of J2 of M. exigua led to decreased infectivity and reproduction on tomato. The susceptibility of tomato cvs Kada and Nemadoro to M. exigua varied according to the stained lipid area of the J2 inoculated on roots. Only J2 containing an average of 80% stained lipid area were able to infect cv. Nemadoro, which contains the Mi resistance gene, whereas J2 containing 20% stained lipid area were still able to infect cv. Kada, considered to be highly susceptible. In this study we show for the first time the dynamics of lipid variation in J2 of M. exigua in a coffee field and the dependence of infectivity and parasitism on the resistance level of tomato cultivars and the lipid stained area in J2.
Nematodes of the order Dorylaimida from Romania. The genus Enchodelus Thorne, 1939. 2. Species with rounded tail and medium-sized odontostyle
Authors: Ciobanu Marcel , Popovici Iuliana , Peña-Santiago Reyes , Guerrero Pablo
Published: May 2010

Four species of the genus Enchodelus, one new and three known, from natural areas in Romania are studied. Enchodelus parahopedoroides sp. n. is distinguished by its 1.44-1.64 mm long body, lip region offset by a marked depression and 17-18.5 μm in diam., odontostyle 26-29 μm or 1.5-1.6 lip region diam. long and 1.6-2.0% of total body length, odontophore 40-43 μm long and with distinct basal knobs and flanges, neck length 300-328 μm, pharyngeal expansion 120-130 μm long or 39-41% of total neck length, female genital system amphidelphic, uterus long and tripartite, pars refringens vaginae with two trapezoidal sclerotisations, V= 45-52, tail rounded conoid (20-24 μm long, c = 63-80, c′ = 0.6-0.8), spicules 59-67 μm long, and nine spaced ventromedian supplements starting shortly in front or at level of anterior end of spicules. Enchodelus lucinensis and E. ponorensis are redescribed based on a study of type material. Measurements and additional data are provided for E. longispiculus, which is reported from Romania for the first time.
Description of Bursaphelenchus populi sp. n. (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae), a new member of the xylophilus group from aspen, Populus tremula L., in Europe
Authors: Tomalak Marek , Filipiak Anna
Published: May 2010

Bursaphelenchus populi sp. n. is described from dying and dead aspen trees,
Populus tremula, in Poland. The nematode was found in trees infested with a
long-horn beetle, Saperda perforata, and is vectored in the insect
haemocoel. The characteristic morphology of male spicules, extended anterior
vulval lip, lateral fields with four incisures, and number and arrangement
of male caudal papillae, place B. populi sp. n. in the xylophilus group.
Bursaphelenchus populi sp. n. can be separated from all other species in
that group by the distinctive vulval flap, which is always bent with its
distal half sunken in a conspicuous, sharp depression posterior to the
vulva, and other morphological and morphometric characters, i.e., female
tail shape, excretory pore position, spicule length (32.1 (25.7-37.0) μm (as
measured along arc) and shape, and a relatively long (i.e., L,= 1020
(909-1111) μm in females), and L = 850 (756-1055) μm in males), and slender
body (a = 45.4 (40.2-52.4) and 42.0 (36.1-49.3) in female and male,
respectively). The status of the new species is confirmed by the unique
molecular profile of the ITS region (ITS-RFLP). DNA sequencing and
phylogenetic analysis of 28S rDNA region placed the new species close to B.
fraudulentus in the xylophilus group. In vitro cross-breeding of the new
nematode with B. xylophilus, B. mucronatus, B. fraudulentus and B. doui
revealed full reproductive incompatibility between these species. In
laboratory experiments on 2-year-old seedlings B. populi sp. n. was specific
to aspen. It did not develop on pine or oak and reproduced only in weakened
or dead aspen seedlings. No pathogenicity to the tree host or vector insect
was observed. In Botrytis cinerea PDA cultures, body dimensions were
significantly altered in both sexes and female tail morphology differed when
compared to individuals extracted from aspen wood.
Description of Pratylenchus hispaniensis n. sp. from Spain and considerations on the phylogenetic relationship among selected genera in the family Pratylenchidae
Authors: Navas-Cortés Juan , Landa Blanca , Vovlas Nicola , Liébanas Gracia , Castillo Pablo , Palomares-Rius Juan , Subbotin Sergei
Published: May 2010

A new amphimictic species, Pratylenchus hispaniensis n. sp., parasitising the roots of gum cistus in Andújar (Jaén), southern Spain, is described. The new species is characterised by the presence of numerous males and by the female having a lip region with three annuli, a divided face, a robust stylet (14.5-17.0 μm) with rounded knobs, lateral fields with four lines, V = 80-84, a round spermatheca full of sperm, well developed post-vulval uterine sac and an obliquely truncate tail with irregularly annulated terminus. Morphologically this species is related to P. bhatti, P. kralli, P. mediterraneus, P. pseudofallax and P. thornei. A phenetic study of the 25 most useful diagnostic morphological and allometric characters for Pratylenchus species was done using multivariate factor and linear discriminant analyses. In the factor analysis the first seven factors accounted for 71.1% of the total variance of the characters selected. These factors were related to female tail, pharyngeal overlap, reproductive behaviour, stylet length, L/post-vulval uterine sac ratio, body length and number of lip annuli. Discriminant analysis differentiated Pratylenchus spp. from the three valid species of Zygotylenchus. The results of the phylogenetic analysis based on sequences of the D2-D3 expansion regions of 28S, partial 18S and ITS rRNA genes confirmed the close relationship of P. hispaniensis n. sp. with P. mediterraneus and inferred molecular affinity with P. brzeskii, P. neglectus and P. thornei, in spite of variation in the position of P. hispaniensis n. sp. in the clades. Additional phylogenetic analyses based on the same sets of sequences for P. hispaniensis n. sp., Zygotylenchus guevarai and other Pratylenchidae indicated that Pratylenchus includes several paraphyletic lineages; however, likelihood tests did not reject monophyly of the genus. The inclusion of Pratylenchus, Zygotylenchus, Hirschmanniella, Nacobbus and Apratylenchus in Pratylenchidae was supported.
Speciation within Nacobbus: consilience or controversy?
Authors: Manzanilla-López Rosa
Published: May 2010

Although Nacobbus aberrans, the false root-knot nematode, is endemic to the American continent, it justifies the attention granted by international quarantine regulations due to its broad host-range and economic importance in crops such as potato, tomato and sugarbeet. Until recently, it was widely accepted that the genus Nacobbus included only two valid species: N. aberrans and N. dorsalis. Traditionally, criteria to identify and separate the species have been based on morphology, host-range and some biological features. Molecular characterisation of populations can help to identify species that are otherwise almost impossible to segregate and has provided information that has identified aggregates of species or groups within the N. aberrans complex. This information needs to be integrated with knowledge already provided by non-molecular methodologies in order to establish a robust and workable framework that facilitates the assessment and assignment of nematode populations to an identifiable species, subspecies or group. The current molecular data indicate that the traditional two species paradigm is outdated and demand a re-assessment of the taxonomic status of the N. aberrans species complex. Whether molecular-based clades are recognised at specific rank or not, sequence analysis opens the door to reliable and incontrovertible diagnostics, a prerequisite for sustainable management practices and international quarantine regulations pertaining to the genus.
Cross-language Perception of Non-native Tonal Contrasts: Effects of Native Phonological and Phonetic Influences
Authors: So Connie K. , Best Catherine T.
Published: May 2010

This study examined the perception of the four Mandarin lexical tones by Mandarin-naïve Hong Kong Cantonese, Japanese, and Canadian English listener groups. Their performance on an identification task, following a brief familiarization task, was analyzed in terms of tonal sensitivities (A-prime scores on correct identifications) and tonal errors (confusions). The A-prime results revealed that the English listeners’ sensitivity to Tone 4 identifications specifically was significantly lower than that of the other two groups. The analysis of tonal errors revealed that all listener groups showed perceptual confusion of tone pairs with similar phonetic features (T1—T2, T1—T4 and T2—T3 pairs), but not of those with completely dissimilar features (T1—T3, T2—T4, and T3—T4). Language-specific errors were also observed in their performance, which may be explained within the framework of the Perceptual Assimilation Model (PAM: Best, 1995; Best & Tyler, 2007). The findings imply that linguistic experience with native tones does not necessarily facilitate non-native tone perception. Rather, the phonemic status and the phonetic features (similarities or dissimilarities) between the tonal systems of the target language and the listeners’ native languages play critical roles in the perception of non-native tones.
Retroflexion of Voiced Stops: Data from Dhao, Thulung, Afar and German
Authors: Hamann Silke , Fuchs Susanne
Published: May 2010

The present article illustrates that the specific articulatory requirements for voiced alveolar or dental stops can cause tongue tip retraction and tongue mid lowering and thus retroflexion of voiced front coronals. This retroflexion is shown to have occurred diachronically in the three typologically unrelated languages Dhao (Malayo-Polynesian), Thulung (Sino-Tibetan), and Afar (East Cushitic). In addition to the diachronic cases, we provide synchronic data for retroflexion from an articulatory study with four speakers of German, a language usually described as having alveolar stops. With these combined data we supply evidence that voiced retroflex stops (as the only retroflex segments in a language) could have emerged from dental or alveolar voiced stops because the voiced front coronal plosive /d/ is generally articulated in a way that favors retroflexion, that is, with a smaller and more retracted place of articulation and a lower tongue and jaw position than /t/. The present proposal thereby supplements the observation made by Haudricourt (1950), Greenberg (1970), Bhat (1973), and Ohala (1983) that retroflex voiced stops can emerge from voiced coronal implosives for articulatory and aerodynamic reasons.
Identification of Acoustically Modified Mandarin Tones by Non-native Listeners
Authors: Lee Chao-Yang , Liang Tao  , Bond Z.S.
Published: May 2010

This study investigated identification of fragmented Mandarin tones by non-native listeners. Monosyllabic Mandarin words were digitally processed to generate intact, silent-center, center-only, and onset-only syllables. The syllables were recorded with two carrier phrases such that the offset of the carrier tone and the onset of the target tone were either continuous or discontinuous in fundamental frequency (F0). The syllables were presented with an original carrier phrase, excised from the carrier phrase, or excised and cross-spliced with another carrier phrase. Response accuracy and reaction time were measured, and tone confusion patterns were analyzed. Overall, tone identification varied as a function of modification and tone. Intact and center-only syllables were identified more accurately than silent-center and onset-only syllables. Tone 2 was consistently the most challenging tone to identify. Although the performance level of the third-year students approached that of native listeners reported in Lee, Tao, and Bond (2008), the non-native listeners did not show evidence of using coarticulatory information. Nonetheless, the continuity or discontinuity in F0 between the carrier and target tones did affect tone identification, suggesting the influence of context in non-native tone identification.
A Pilot Study of Hungarian Discourse Markers
Authors: Dér Csilla Ilona , Markó Alexandra
Published: May 2010

This study is the first attempt at detecting formal and positional characteristics of single-word simple discourse markers in a spontaneous speech sample of Hungarian. In the first part of the research, theoretical claims made in the relevant literature were tested. The data did not confirm or only partially confirmed the claims that Hungarian discourse markers (i) occur in turn-initial position and (ii) are prosodically independent, that is, are flanked by a pause on either side. In the second part, we looked at word forms both occurring as discourse markers and having syntactic functions in order to determine the features and cues which help us during speech perception to identify and distinguish between syntactic and discourse marking functions. The points of analysis were as follows: the position of the given word form in the clause, the degree of lenition in its articulation, the duration of the word form, the modulation of fundamental frequency, and the occurrence of sentence stress, if any, on the word form at hand. The results show that one or the other, or some combination, of these various factors may play a role in the perception process in certain instances only; this suggests that other parameters, yet to be explored, are also involved in the identification of these functions.
Metric Properties of the Neighborhood Inventory for Environmental Typology (NIfETy): An Environmental Assessment Tool for Measuring Indicators of Violence, Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Exposures
Authors: Furr-Holden C.D.M. , Campbell K.D.M. , Milam A.J. , Smart M.J. , Ialongo N.A. , Leaf P.J.
Published: May 2010

Objectives: Establish metric properties of the Neighborhood Inventory for Environmental Typology (NIfETy). Method: A total of 919 residential block faces were assessed by paired raters using the NIfETy. Reliability was evaluated via interrater and internal consistency reliability; validity by comparing NIfETy data with youth self-reported violence, alcohol, and other drug exposure and crime statistics. Results: Validity and reliability metrics were moderate to exemplary for the total scale and subscales. NIfETy data correlated strongly with crime data and youth self-reported exposure. Conclusions: The NIfETy is valid and reliable. Future investigations will explore its use in other urban centers and association to other health outcomes.
The Cost-Effectiveness of NBPTS Teacher Certification
Authors: Yeh Stuart S.
Published: May 2010

A cost-effectiveness analysis of the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS) program suggests that Board certification is less cost-effective than a range of alternative approaches for raising student achievement, including comprehensive school reform, class size reduction, a 10% increase in per pupil expenditure, the use of value-added statistical methods to identify effective teachers, and the implementation of systems where student performance in math and reading is rapidly assessed 2—5 times per week. The most cost-effective approach, rapid assessment, is three magnitudes as cost-effective as Board certification.
Measuring Law for Evaluation Research
Authors: Tremper Charles , Thomas Sue , Wagenaar Alexander C.
Published: May 2010

Evaluations that combine social science and law have tremendous potential to illuminate the effects of governmental policies and yield insights into how effectively policy makers’ efforts achieve their aims. This potential is infrequently achieved, however, because such interdisciplinary research contains often overlooked substantive and methodological challenges. This article offers detailed guidance for conducting successful multidisciplinary evaluations that use legal data. It addresses major issues that commonly arise and offers practical solutions based both on the authors’ extensive experience and recommended best practices developed in concert with the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s Public Health Law Research Program.
Grief and needs of adults with acquired visual impairments
Authors: Murray Shirley A. , McKay Robert C. , Nieuwoudt Johan M.
Published: May 2010

This report aims to illuminate the complex phenomenon of grief and the needs experienced throughout the time course of their impairments by adults with acquired visual impairments. The study applied a phenomenological research strategy using 10 case studies of South African adults, visually impaired within and beyond six years. Qualitative descriptive data were obtained from follow-up depth interviews. An essential insight gained from the study is that the duration of the acquired visual impairment impacts the unrealistic or realistic awareness of the implications and limitations of living with a chronic visual impairment. This factor profoundly influences the experience of grief and concomitant needs. A chronic, recurrent but episodic grief process and a dynamic process of both experienced needs and need satisfaction were emphasized.
Horatio audio-describes Shakespeare’s Hamlet
Authors: Udo J.P. , Acevedo B. , Fels D.I.
Published: May 2010

Audio description (AD) has been introduced as one solution for providing people who are blind or have low vision with access to live theatre, film and television content. However, there is little research to inform the process, user preferences and presentation style. We present a study of a single live audio-described performance of Hart House Theatre’s production of Hamlet in Toronto, Ontario . Unlike conventional description, the AD was designed in cooperation with the creative team to fit with the production’s style. The AD was written using the language and rhythmic structure (iambic pentameter) that mimicked that of Shakespeare and was delivered from Horatio’s point of view. Audience reactions to the production and AD were generally positive, with people reporting that they were entertained by the play and the AD.
Using the voice of the child who is blind as a tool for exploring spatial perception
Authors: Andreou Yiannoula , McCall Steve
Published: May 2010

Researchers from different disciplines have attempted to investigate the way in which people who are blind conceptualize and perceive elements of the spatial environment. Most of the studies that are reported in the literature use an experimental approach based on measurements of the performance in test situations of people who are blind or people who are sighted but who are blindfolded. The findings from these studies are important and have shed light on the process of understanding spatial relations in both small- and large-scale space. However, they have sometimes produced contrasting findings. The study the authors are currently involved in diverges from other studies in this key area in that the method used is essentially qualitative and participatory in character. This article gives an example of using the child’s voice to explore spatial understanding and involves a narrative account from a 13-year-old student who was blind from birth about the strategies he uses to overcome the challenges he faces in making sense of space. The results suggest that the child’s voice can provide insights into spatial understanding that can be used to help triangulate the findings and understandings achieved from the experimental approaches that dominate the literature.
Ink and wash painting for children with visual impairment
Authors: Shih Chih-Ming , Chao Hsin-Yi
Published: May 2010

Five children with visual impairments received instruction in drawing, using ink and wash painting and calligraphy techniques. A special system developed by a blind Taiwanese Chinese calligrapher, Tsann-Cherng Liaw, was used to help the children orient and refine their work. Children’s performance on simple drawing tasks was compared before and after introduction of Liaw’s technique. The children were also interviewed about the effectiveness of the technique. The results suggest that the technique has useful applications in art education for the visually impaired.
A Cultural Formulation Approach to Career Assessment and Career Counseling With Asian American Clients
Authors: Leong Frederick T. L. , Hardin Erin E. , Gupta Arpana
Published: May 2010

Using the cultural formulations approach to career assessment and career counseling, the current article applies it specifically to Asian American clients. The approach is illustrated by using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth edition ( DSM-IV) Outline for Cultural Formulations that consists of the following five dimensions, which are modified for career counseling: (a) cultural identity of the individual, (b) cultural conceptions of career problems, (c) cultural contexts and psychosocial environment, (d) cultural dynamics of the therapeutic relationship, and (e) overall cultural assessment. The article concludes with a case study of an Asian American client to serve as an illustration of this approach.
Is Epilepsy a Preventable Disorder? New Evidence from Animal Models
Authors: Giblin Kathryn A. , Blumenfeld Hal
Published: May 2010

Epilepsy accounts for 0.5% of the global burden of disease, and primary prevention of epilepsy represents one of the three 2007 NINDS Epilepsy Research Benchmarks. In the past decade, efforts to understand and intervene in the process of epileptogenesis have yielded fruitful preventative strategies in animal models.This article reviews the current understanding of epileptogenesis, introduces the concept of a “critical period” for epileptogenesis, and examines strategies for epilepsy prevention in animal models of both acquired and genetic epilepsies. We discuss specific animal models, which may yield important insights into epilepsy prevention including kindling, poststatus epilepticus, prolonged febrile seizures, traumatic brain injury, hypoxia, the tuberous sclerosis mouse model, and the WAG/Rij rat model of primary generalized epilepsy. Hopefully, further investigation of antiepileptogenesis in animal models will soon enable human therapeutic trials to be initiated, leading to long-term epilepsy prevention and improved patient quality of life.
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy: What’s New?
Authors: Focosi Daniele , Marco Tuccori , Kast Richard Eric , Maggi Fabrizio , Ceccherini-Nelli Luca , Petrini Mario
Published: May 2010

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a severe demyelinating disease that is caused by human JC polyomavirus, was first described as a complication of immune suppression 50 years ago and emerged as a major complication of HIV infection in the 1980s. The prognosis has remained dismal since then, with discouraging results from clinical trials of various therapeutic approaches, including immunomodulation and/or inhibition of viral replication. PML is caused by reactivation of latent JC virus, and serotonergic 5-HT2a receptors have been identified as being critical for viral infection of glial cells. In recent years, immunosuppressive therapeutic antibodies have been associated with an increased incidence rate of PML. Here, the authors review findings on the pathogenesis of PML and the encouraging case reports of novel treatments.
Animal Models of Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Development, Applications, and Impact
Authors: Jungwirth Bettina , de Lange Fellery
Published: May 2010

Neurologic and neurocognitive complications after cardiac surgery have been reported repeatedly. To better understand its etiology and design protective strategies, small animal models have been developed. This study describes the development of a survival rat cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) model, along with the introduction of an appropriately sized oxygenator. This model led the way for even more complicated models with CPB, facilitating full cardiac arrest with anterograde cardioplegia administration, air embolization, and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. In addition, the results of several of those rat CPB studies are summarized and their preclinical relevance is pointed out.
Is There a Future for Neuroprotective Agents in Cardiac Surgery?
Authors: van den Bergh Walter M.
Published: May 2010

This article gives an overview of neuroprotective drugs that were recently tested in clinical trials in cardiac surgery. Also, recommendations are given for successful translational research and considerations for management during cardiac surgery.
Delirium in Intensive Care Unit Patients
Authors: van Eijk M.M.J. , Slooter A.J.C.
Published: May 2010

Delirium is defined as a disturbance of consciousness with cognitive changes or perceptual disturbances, which has developed over a short period of time, and is caused by a medical condition or a postsurgical state. Although historically dismissed as an inconvenient and transient problem, recent studies have reported that delirium is associated with more complications, increased length of hospital stay, and higher mortality. Although delirium is a prevalent condition after cardiothoracic surgery and in the intensive care unit (ICU), the condition appears to be largely underdiagnosed. Several detection tools have been developed for routine monitoring of delirium by nonpsychiatric personnel in the ICU, such as the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit and the Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist. Management includes treatment of underlying disorders, nonpharmacological measures and symptomatic drug therapy. There is a need for well-designed randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials on drug treatment.
New Predictors of Adverse Cardiovascular Events Following Vascular Surgery
Authors: van Lammeren G.W. , de Vries J. P. P. M , Vink A. , de Kleijn D.P.V. , Moll F.L. , Pasterkamp G.
Published: May 2010

With the aging population and the increasing number of patients suffering from diabetes, the incidence of clinical manifestations of atherosclerotic disease is rising. Risk factors for development of atherosclerosis have been described and it is a challenge to develop risk scores that can be applied for individual patients. Specific predictors for progression of atherosclerosis and secondary manifestations of the disease are lacking. The search for new serological and genetic markers predictive for cardiovascular events is an emerging research field. Local plaque instability can give rise to thromboembolic cardiovascular events, which suggests that certain information might be enclosed in local atherosclerotic tissue. Because of the systemic character of atherosclerosis, it can be hypothesized that local plaque characteristics encompass information of other atherosclerotic lesions throughout the vascular tree. Biobank studies with a longitudinal design have been initiated to investigate the link between characteristics of local atherosclerotic tissue and outcome during follow up. These studies might reveal new insights in predictors for cardiovascular outcome for vascular patients at an individual level.
Neurocognitive Dysfunction Following Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Lombard Frederick W. , Mathew Joseph P.
Published: May 2010

Postoperative neurocognitive decline (POCD) is the most frequently reported form of brain injury in the cardiac surgery setting. Even though most patients recover over a period of several months, recovery is variable and often transient, and early decline may be a marker of neurocognitive dysfunction after several years. Recent studies, however, suggest that late neurocognitive decline after coronary artery bypass graft surgery may not be specific to the use of cardiopulmonary bypass. Large prospective, longitudinal trials with appropriate controls remain necessary to identify how patient characteristics, disease progression, and surgical and anesthetic technique contribute to aging-related neurocognitive decline. This article reviews the current literature on the etiology of POCD following cardiac surgery, discusses strategies to reduce patient risk, and provides some insight into some controversies that merit continued investigation.
Methodological Issues of Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction Research
Authors: Funder Kamilia S. , Steinmetz Jacob , Rasmussen Lars S.
Published: May 2010

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a subtle impairment of memory, concentration, and speed of information processing. It is a frequent complication following surgery and can have a debilitating effect on patients’ recovery and future prognosis. Neuropsychological testing is needed to reveal postoperative cognitive decline, and questionnaires are not useful for this purpose. There is a profound lack of consensus regarding the research methodology for detection of cognitive deterioration, especially the diagnostic criteria. Issues, such as baseline performance, learning effects, and the interval between test sessions, also influence test results and must be considered when designing and interpreting POCD data.
Aortic Atheroma and Adverse Cerebral Outcome: Risk, Diagnosis, and Management Options
Authors: Grocott Hilary P. , Tran Tony
Published: May 2010

Aortic atheromatous disease is a common finding in the patient presenting for cardiac surgery. Adverse neurologic outcome has been closely linked to the extent of aortic atherosclerosis. In order to optimize perioperative outcomes, the location and severity of disease needs accurate characterization using multimodal techniques. Although various preoperative radiographic techniques have variably identified patients with significant atheroma, intraoperative echocardiographic imaging has proven most useful in localizing and characterizing the degree of aortic atheroma. Epiaortic assessment of the ascending aorta has been utilized in guiding surgical modifications and interventions aimed at reducing the risk of neurologic injury. Although no particular technique has been definitely studied, avoidance of the identifiable atheromatous aortic region has been a main feature of the various modifications employed to optimize neurologic outcome after cardiac surgery.
Materialist pedagogy: The function of themed environments in post-socialist consumption in Macao
Authors: Simpson Tim
Published: May 2010

Following Portugal’s handover of the colony of Macao to the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1999, the city has undergone an intense period of transformation. The PRC liberalized the monopolistic local gambling industry, which comprises the bulk of Macao’s economy, allowing foreign gaming companies to enter the market. These companies are investing approximately $25 billion to construct a phantasmagoric themed cityscape of casinos, hotels and entertainment zones that is a marked departure from Macao’s extant colonial architecture. This article analyzes the production of this new transnational landscape in Macao and the pedagogical function of these themed environments in the consumption practices of post-socialist tourists from mainland China, who make up more than half of the 30 million tourists who visited the tiny city in 2008. A socio-semiotic methodology reveals the way themed environments provide a spatial syntax and semantics that indexes consumption, making Macao a didactic laboratory of consumerism.
Art as a ‘thing-in-between’: Negotiating boundaries and values in an art circuit event
Authors: Cederholm Erika Andersson
Published: May 2010

By introducing the analytical concept ‘thing-in-between’, in other words a mediating entity acting from a border position between dual categories, the dynamics and processes of value creation and boundary work in an art circuit event in the south of Sweden is analysed. Drawing on nondualistic notions of the social-material world and more specifically on two paths of the works of Georg Simmel — his sociological theory of value and his concept of the triad as a social form — it is argued that art objects act as the third part in the art circuit experience. As intermediaries with subjective as well as objective qualities, they (re)order boundaries in the cultural/economic nexus of the art-trail: between the commercial and non-commercial; the public and private; between and among consumers and visitors, and between gazing and doing/touching modes of experiencing. Through the boundary work of the art circuit, three types of value emerge: ‘aesthetic consumption’, ‘vicarious life style consumption’, and ‘the value of being together’. It is further argued that these values are more or less socially consolidated, and more or less articulated in different communicative contexts, thus pointing at the situated, performative character of value construction.
The OE goes ‘home’: Cultural aspects of a working holiday experience
Authors: Wilson Jude , Fisher David , Moore Kevin
Published: May 2010

In this article we examine cultural aspects of the working holiday experience using the New Zealand Overseas Experience (OE) as a significant and revealing exemplar of this kind of travel. To date, the working holiday experience has been poorly served by tourism and migration literature in general terms, with even less attention paid to cultural aspects of these experiences in relation to both their origin and form. Using archival material and interview data on the OE as an empirical base, we explore in detail the cultural determination of this working holiday experience, the cultural connections that facilitate and reinforce its continuing form, and the hybrid cultural practices of the OE itself. Findings suggest that cultural aspects are central to the working holiday experience. We therefore suggest that the role of culture deserves more explicit attention in both tourism and migration studies that address such working holiday experiences.
Tourists and/as disasters: Rebuilding, remembering, and responsibility in New Orleans
Authors: Pezzullo Phaedra C.
Published: May 2010

Although some have begun to study the relationships between national disasters and commercial tourism, practices of touring in the aftermath of disasters warrant closer examination. Marita Sturken argues tourists of disaster provide a metaphor for US contemporary culture, epitomizing an attitude that is superficial, distanced, and uncritical. To identify the hopeful possibilities that we can recuperate from literal practices of touring disaster, I turn to the US city of New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina made landfall in 2005 to explore the uses of tours as: first responses, lobbying tools, field reports, organizing tactics, and publicity. To contextualize these acts, I engage public discourses of ‘‘Katrina fatigue’’ and the politics of remembering as it relates to post-Katrina tours. From secondary research and participant observation, I then illustrate how non-commercial and commercial tourist practices after a disaster can offer compelling opportunities for rebuilding, more sustainable memories, and political critique.
Building Self and Community: The Career Experiences of a Hotel Executive Housekeeper
Authors: Harris Candice
Published: May 2010

Whilst psychological contracts have received significant attention, how they work across a career, in particular how they work in labour intense low-paid industries, has been less explicitly considered. This paper explores the intersection of psychological contract theory and emotional labour with gender, race and ethnicity in the context of hotel housekeeping. It draws from the career history of an Executive Housekeeper who has been employed at one hotel for 35 years. Findings elucidate the considerable investment she makes into building a sense of community amongst her staff, and how this has contributed to her own positive psychological contract over the last 35 years during her career at the hotel. What emerges is evidence of several context-specific events that have shaped her psychological contract, namely labour market trends, the development of a workplace culture influenced strongly by Samoan culture, and the concept of family.
The Island: Work, Tourism and the Biopolitical
Authors: Minca Claudio
Published: May 2010

This paper reflects on the biopolitical implications for tourists and workers of enclavic tourist resorts. I contend that the concept of ‘the Island’ captures very well the metaphorical, but also the functional proximity between many tourist ‘islands’ and other past and contemporary forms of encampment and seclusion. I will thus explore the relationship between the idea of ‘the Island’ in tourism and the production and reproduction of what are supposedly docile bodies and minds. I will suggest that in the island-like resort, the docile bodies of the tourist and of the worker come into contact and interact in very particular ways, marked by the distinct nature of the context that hosts their encounter. The space of that encounter is a very interesting haptic contact zone in the production of the tourist experience, a zone where ideas about life, class, habitus, gender, sexuality, the body, etc. are negotiated and where the very concept of work is questioned and may take unpredictable expressions. This is a space that the capitalist production of leisure tries to manage, tame and possibly reduce to a minimum but, paradoxically, this is also a space without which the endless re-enactment of the tourist performance in that place (a re-enactment that constitutes the very foundation of any tourist resort) would simply be impossible.
Gender as Work in the Tourism Industry
Authors: Veijola Soile
Published: May 2010

Recent theorizing on the changing patterns of gender and labour in contemporary capitalist production provides a fertile starting point for investigating tourism as work and labour — instead of the more common themes of leisure, management and social or environmental impact. Current working life in post-Fordist societies, for its part, is increasingly based on producing experiences, images and affects, all familiar aspects of tourist scenes. This article argues that when investigating tourism work as experienced and enunciated by workers themselves, we can not only gain a better grasp of the production process of the tourist experience but also of the constitution of contemporary subjectivity in late capitalist societies. Narrative analysis is performed on the autobiographical narratives of two tourism workers from Finnish Lapland to investigate and demonstrate the argument by focusing particularly on the interplay between skill and gender in the context of ‘new work’.
Manoeuvring between the political, the personal and the private: Talk, image and rhythm in TV dialogue
Authors: Lauerbach Gerda
Published: May 2010

Within the genres of news and current affairs television, it is the generic logic of the ‘feelgood’ genre of the talk show that legitimizes personalized discourse between famous hosts and politicians. The article presents a case study of such an interview, focusing on the ways in which the interaction between the verbal, the visual and the rhythmic modalities of the interview is employed by the multiple authors of the text to construct a variety of interpersonal footings for interviewer and interviewee on the one hand and a series of preferred interpretations for the audience on the other. The method is deviant case analysis, using tools from semantics and pragmatics, discourse and conversation analysis, and visual analysis of news images. To explore the manner of interaction between the verbal and visual channel, the concept of rhythm is developed for dialogic audiovisual texts. Dialogic audiovisual rhythm is defined as arising from the interaction of speaker or addressee change with onset of new shot, and with frequency of shots per turn/ generic unit of the interview. Rhythmic sequences can then be segmented which make up the textual structure of the interview, delineating its semantic units and areas of strategic positioning between the private, the personal and the political. Three types of the personalization of politics can be discerned in the text: that of the private domain, that of political relations as private ones, and that of politics as history being made by great men. A forth type of personalization is that of the relations between the media and politics. Different combinations of verbal, visual and rhythmic means are used to realize these types discursively.
Rituals of personal experience in television news interviews
Authors: Montgomery Martin
Published: May 2010

Interviewing as part of broadcast news includes a wide range of practices that go beyond calling public figures to account in ways that have received so much attention and analysis in the research literature. This article examines a major strand of news interviewing which it identifies as ‘experiential’ and argues, on the basis of close discourse analysis of interviews drawn from coverage of the 2008 Beijing Olympics and the 2005 London bombings, that the focus on personal experience and emotion in them is managed in ways quite distinct from accountability interviewing. Indeed, the apparently formulaic quality of the verbal performance in these interviews gives shape to experience in a fashion close to ritual but demands a quite different kind of alignment from the audience than that implicated by accountability interviewing.
Address terms in the service of other actions: The case of news interview talk
Authors: Clayman Steven E.
Published: May 2010

In broadcast news interviews, interviewees will occasionally address the interviewer by name. As a method of establishing the directionality of talk, address terms are redundant in this institutional context because the normative question/answer activity structure and associated participation framework make the direction of address transparent and knowable in advance. But address terms can be deployed in the service of a variety of actions beyond addressing per se. Some of these involve disaligning actions such as topic shifts, non-conforming responses, and disagreements. Others involve the presentation of views as particularly significant or sincere. Address terms are thus a resource for managing certain expressive properties of talk, as well as its disalignment from prior talk.
Higher incidence of relapse in patients with acute myelocytic leukemia infused with higher doses of CD34+ cells from leukapheresis products autografted during the first remission
Authors: Gorin Norbert-Claude , Labopin Myriam , Reiffers Josy , Milpied Noel , Blaise Didier , Witz Francis , de Witte Theo , Meloni Giovanna , Attal Michel , Bernal Teresa , Rocha Vanderson ,   for the Acute Leukemia Working Party of the European Cooperative Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation
Published: May 2010

The stem cell source for autologous transplantation has shifted from bone marrow to peripheral blood (PB). We previously showed that relapse incidence in patients with acute myelocytic leukemia autografted in first remission (CR1) was greater with PB than bone marrow, and a poorer outcome was associated with a shorter CR1 to PB transplantation interval (≤ 80 days). Leukemic and normal progenitors are CD34+ and can be concomitantly mobilized; we assessed whether an association exists between the infused CD34+ cell dose and outcome. The infused CD34+ cell doses were available for 772 patients autografted more than 80 days after CR1 and were categorized by percentiles. We selected the highest quintile (> 7.16 × 106/kg) as the cutoff point. By multivariate analysis, relapse was more probable in patients who received the highest dose (hazard ratio = 1.48; 95% confidence interval, 1.12-1.95; P = .005), and leukemia-free survival was worse (hazard ratio = 0.72; 95% confidence interval, 0.55-0.93; P = .01). In conclusion, in patients autografted in first remission, relapse was higher and leukemia-free survival lower for those who received the highest CD34+ PB doses.
Cytogenetic aberrations and their prognostic value in a series of 330 splenic marginal zone B-cell lymphomas: a multicenter study of the Splenic B-Cell Lymphoma Group
Authors: Salido Marta , Baró Cristina , Oscier David , Stamatopoulos Kostas , Dierlamm Judith , Matutes Estela , Traverse-Glehen Alexandra , Berger Francoise , Felman Pascale , Thieblemont Catherine , Gesk Stefan , Athanasiadou Anastasia , Davis Zadie , Gardiner Anne , Milla Fuensanta , Ferrer Ana , Mollejo Manuela , Calasanz Maria José , Florensa Lourdes , Espinet Blanca , Luño Elisa , Wlodarska Iwona , Verhoef Gregor , García-Granero Marta , Salar Antonio , Papadaki Theodora , Serrano Sergio , Piris Miguel A. , Solé Francesc
Published: May 2010

We conducted a retrospective collaborative study to cytogenetically characterize splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL) and ascertain the prognostic value of chromosomal aberrations. Of 330 cases, 72% displayed an aberrant karyotype, 53% were complex, and 29% had a single aberration. The predominant aberrations were gains of 3/3q and 12q, deletions of 7q and 6q and translocations involving 8q/1q/14q. CD5 expression was detected in 39 of 158 cases (25%). The cytogenetic makeup of the CD5+ group differed significantly from that of the CD5− group. Cases with unmutated IGHV were significantly associated with deletions of 7q and TP53. A strong association was noted between usage of the IGVH1-2 and deletion 7q, 14q alterations, and abnormal karyotype. On univariate analysis, patients with more than or equal to 2 aberrations, 14q alterations, and TP53 deletions had the shortest survival; 7q deletion did not affect survival. On multivariate analysis, cytogenetic aberrations did not retain prognostic significance; the parameters negatively affecting survival were hemoglobin and age. In conclusion, the cytogenetic profile of SMZL is distinct from other B-cell lymphomas. Complexity of the karyotype, 14q aberrations, and TP53 deletions are poor prognostic indicators and may be considered together with other clinicobiologic parameters to ascertain the prognosis of SMZL.