bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decrease in the usual walking speed and body fat percentage associated with a deterioration in long-term care insurance certification levels
Authors: Sawaya Yohei , Hirose Tamaki , Shiba Takahiro , Sato Ryo , Yin Lu , Kubo Akira , Urano Tomohiko
Published: June 2024

Background

In Japan, the number of older adults requiring long-term care insurance (LTCI) is increasing and the cost is becoming a social problem. In these fields, the role of geriatric rehabilitation includes maintaining the physical function and LTCI certification levels. The prevalence of sarcopenia is high among older adults requiring LTCI certification, and there are many opportunities to assess the handgrip strength, walking speed, and muscle mass. This study aimed to identify sarcopenia-related assessments sensitive to transitions in LTCI certification levels and determine cut-off values to predict them.

Methods

This prospective cohort study analyzed 98 daycare users (mean age ± standard error: 78.5 ± 0.8 years) between March 2019 and 2023. The participants received LTCI certification before the study, and their levels were renewed between baseline and follow-up (six months later). The measurements included handgrip strength, usual walking speed, body composition, and SARC-F score. Participants were classified into maintenance, deterioration, and improvement groups according to the changes in their LTCI certification levels. We identified factors contributing to the deterioration of LTCI certification levels using baseline and before and after comparisons, multivariate analyses, and receiver operating characteristic analyses.

Results

No significant differences were observed in the baseline data among the groups. Only the deterioration group showed significant changes in the usual walking speed (baseline: 0.64 ± 0.25 m/s, follow-up: 0.53 ± 0.21 m/s, P = 0.008) and body fat percentage (baseline: 29.2 ± 9.9%, follow-up: 27.7 ± 10.3%, P = 0.047). Binomial logistic regression showed that changes in usual walking speed (P = 0.042) and body fat percentage (P = 0.011) were significantly associated with the deterioration of LTCI certification levels, even after adjustment. The cutoff values of change to discriminate the deterioration of LTCI certification levels were −0.14 m/s at the usual walking speed (P = 0.047) and −1.0% for body fat percentage (P = 0.029).

Conclusions

Decreases in usual walking speed and body fat percentage may predict worse certification levels in older adults requiring LTCI.
The fruiting body of Treubia tasmanica (Marchantiophyta: Treubiaceae)
Authors: Thekathyil Thomas
Published: June 2024

Sporophytes of Treubia tasmanica R.M.Schust. & G.A.M.Scott, newly discovered in 2021, differ in several ways from what is generally accepted as ‘normal’ for liverworts. The seta is chlorophyllose, slow growing and persists after spore dispersal. While in growth the sporophyte is positively phototropic, and responsive to changes in light orientation on timescales of hours. There is some evidence the seta goes into senescence before expiring. The opened capsule valves are capable of closing in adverse weather and subsequently re-opening under dry conditions. These discoveries call for some revision of the assumption that all liverwort capsule valves are mere passive actors in the life of sporophytes once dehisced.
Analysis of Beef Cattle Farming Development for Enhancing Food Security and Regional Development in Simalungun Regency, Indonesia
Authors: Taufiq Amar , Lubis Satia Negara , Purwoko Agus
Published: June 2024

Simalungun Regency possesses substantial geographic potential, including ample land area and a suitable climate, conducive to the development of the beef cattle farming sector. This study aims to analyze the development of beef cattle farming to enhance food security and regional development in Simalungun Regency. The analysis employs the Location Quotient (LQ) and SWOT methods to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in the development of beef cattle farming in this region. The findings indicate that the beef cattle farming subsector in Simalungun Regency is a base subsector with an average LQ value > 1, signifying significant development potential. Internal supporting factors include strategic geographic location, adequate human resources, and institutional support, while external opportunities encompass high market demand and government backing. Implementing these strategies is expected to optimally develop beef cattle farming in Simalungun Regency, significantly contributing to food security and promoting sustainable regional economic growth.
Evaluation of Green Gram (Vigna radiata L. var PDM 139) Cultivated and Harvested Soils Supplemented with Nano Urea, Rhizobium and Farm Yard Manure
Authors: Saran Jagdish , David Arun Alfred , Thomas Tarence , Choudhary Khemendra , Singh Rajveer , Timsina Prerna
Published: June 2024

A study was conducted to investigate the “Evaluation of varying levels of Nano urea, FYM, and rhizobium on soil properties and yield characteristics of green gram (Vigna radiata. L) var. PDM 139” at the research farm of soil science and agricultural chemistry. The experiment followed a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. Treatment T9 (NU at 100% + RZ at 100% + FYM at 100%) showed a slight decrease in pH (6.96 PH), bulk density (1.27 mg m-3), particle density (2.46 mg m-3), there was a significant increase in pore space (48.90%), water holding capacity (46.51%), EC (0.20 ds m-3), organic carbon (0.58%), available nitrogen (320 kg ha-1), phosphorus  (21.4 kg ha-1), potassium (195.12 kg ha-1), and plant growth. Among all the treatment joint use of T9 (NU at 100% + RZ at 100% + FYM at 100%) showed the most significant impact on green gram growth through healthy soil.
Climate Change at a Global Concept: Impacts and Adaptation Measures
Authors: Usman Suleiman , Jayeoba James O. , Kundiri AM
Published: June 2024

Climate change is a global concern and has affected all nations. Daily observations, scientific analyses, projections and recommendations on climate change and its global impacts, are needed at all levels of human and environmental development. This is important because of the conviction that approximately 3.3 to 3.6 billion people are highly vulnerable to climate change. Climate change has reduced food security, affected water quality and soil security, increased sea and land temperature, caused human mortality, caused soil damage through various kinds of erosion, increased flooding, and hindered efforts to achieve sustainable development goals. Climate change affects the global health, the global population and the global economy. This paper provides a general overview of the ideas and knowledge on concept of global climate change and maintains that climate change adaptation is required because of the increasing catastrophic events, which have reduced the quality of human life in all aspects (environment, health, economy, biodiversity). It has been suggested that global climate change research and development can help support advanced adaptation/mitigation measures.
Evaluation of Physico-chemical and Organoleptic Properties of Value Added Lotus Stem Pickle
Authors: Kumar Jogi Lalit , Joseph Annjoe V.
Published: June 2024

Lotus stem or kamal kakdi, is (most of the times wrongly called as lotus root) very popular vegetable in India and several other Asian countries including China and Japan. Pickles are one of the oldest and famous and easy method to preserve store any vegetables or fruits for long time use. The current experiment was carried out to prepare the lotus stem pickle value added with carrot and green chilli using different vinegar like apple vinegar, jamun vinegar, sugarcane vinegar with the objective to assess the physico-chemical and organoleptic properties of the pickle. The experiment was conducted in Completely Randomized Design (CRD), with nine treatments and three replications. Based on the statistical analysis, it was observed that treatment T8 (Lotus stem + Green chili + Carrot + Sugarcane vinegar) was found best in terms of physico-chemical properties viz. pH, acidity (%), total soluble solids (oBrix), vitamin C (mg/100g), total sugar (%). Based on the statistical analysis, it was observed that treatment T6 (Lotus stem + Green chili + Carrot + Apple vinegar) was found best in terms organoleptic properties viz. colour, taste, flavour, texture and overall acceptability. By promoting the production and consumption of lotus stem pickle, we contribute to minimizing agricultural losses, fostering awareness about this nutritious vegetable and enriching culinary experiences.
Preliminary Structural Design of Regional Jetliner’s Aileron
Authors: Eko Alih John
Published: June 2024

The preliminary structural design of ailerons in regional jet liners is essential because ailerons are critical control surfaces that enable the pilot to roll the airplane across its longitudinal direction. Ailerons are located on the trailing edge of the wing and are designed to create a differential lift between the wing's upper and lower surfaces, which generates a rolling moment that allows the aircraft to turn.
The preliminary structural design of ailerons involves determining the appropriate size, shape, and material for the aileron structure, ensuring that it is strong enough to withstand the loads that it will experience during flight. The design must also consider factors such as weight, aerodynamics, and maneuverability.
Ailerons are subjected to significant aerodynamic forces and loads during flight, so their structural design must be robust enough to withstand these loads without failing. If ailerons are not properly designed, they can fail, which can result in a loss of control of the aircraft, leading to a potentially catastrophic situation. Therefore, the preliminary structural design of ailerons is critical to ensure that the aircraft is safe to fly, and the pilot can control it effectively during all phases of flight
Dihydroazulene Photoswitch Operating in Sequential Tunneling Regime: Synthesis and Single‐Molecule Junction Studies
Authors: Broman Søren Lindbæk , Lara‐Avila Samuel , Thisted Christine Lindbjerg , Bond Andrew D. , Kubatkin Sergey , Danilov Andrey , Nielsen Mogens Brøndsted
Published: June 2012

Molecular switches play a central role for the development of molecular electronics. In this work it is demonstrated that the reproducibility and robustness of a single‐molecule dihydroazulene (DHA)/vinylheptafulvene (VHF) switch can be remarkably enhanced if the switching kernel is weakly coupled to electrodes so that the electron transport goes by sequential tunneling. To assure weak coupling, the DHA switching kernel is modified by incorporating p‐MeSC6H4 end‐groups. Molecules are prepared by Suzuki cross‐couplings on suitable halogenated derivatives of DHA. The synthesis presents an expansion of our previously reported bromination–elimination–cross‐coupling protocol for functionalization of the DHA core. For all new derivatives the kinetics of DHA/VHF transition has been thoroughly studied in solution. The kinetics reveals the effect of sulfur end‐groups on the thermal ring‐closure of VHF. One derivative, incorporating a p‐MeSC6H4 anchoring group in one end, has been placed in a silver nanogap. Conductance measurements justify that transport through both DHA (high resistivity) and VHF (low resistivity) forms goes by sequential tunneling. The switching is fairly reversible and reenterable; after more than 20 “ON‐OFF” switchings, both DHA and VHF forms are still recognizable, albeit noticeably different from the original states.
Fabrication of Chemical Gradient Using Space Limited Plasma Oxidation and its Application for Droplet Motion
Authors: Han Xiaojun , Wang Lei , Wang Xuejing
Published: June 2012

A novel, simple, versatile, rapid, and inexpensive method, “space limited oxygen plasma oxidation” is developed to fabricate chemical gradient on both alkylsilane and alkanethiol self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) surface. XPS data confirm that the methyl groups of alkane SAMs are converted into oxidized carbon functional groups. The influences of RF power, O2 flow rate, and the “wedge” shape on gradient formation are investigated in details. Gradient surfaces with various scales and depths are formed by simply changing the ‘wedge’ shape or plasma generation parameters. The application of formed chemical gradient on droplet motion has been demonstrated as well.
Mo‐Si‐B Alloys for Ultrahigh‐Temperature Structural Applications
Authors: Lemberg J. A. , Ritchie R. O.
Published: June 2012

A continuing quest in science is the development of materials capable of operating structurally at ever‐increasing temperatures. Indeed, the development of gas‐turbine engines for aircraft/aerospace, which has had a seminal impact on our ability to travel, has been controlled by the availability of materials capable of withstanding the higher‐temperature hostile environments encountered in these engines. Nickel‐base superalloys, particularly as single crystals, represent a crowning achievement here as they can operate in the combustors at ∼1100 °C, with hot spots of ∼1200 °C. As this represents ∼90% of their melting temperature, if higher‐temperature engines are ever to be a reality, alternative materials must be utilized. One such class of materials is Mo‐Si‐B alloys; they have higher density but could operate several hundred degrees hotter. Here we describe the processing and structure versus mechanical properties of Mo‐Si‐B alloys and further document ways to optimize their nano/microstructures to achieve an appropriate balance of properties to realistically compete with Ni‐alloys for elevated‐temperature structural applications.
Combined effects of exposure to occupational noise and mixed organic solvents on blood pressure in car manufacturing company workers
Authors: Attarchi Mirsaeed , Golabadi Majid , Labbafinejad Yasser , Mohammadi Saber
Published: June 2012

Background

Recent studies suggest that occupational exposures such as noise and organic solvents may affect blood pressure. The aim of this study was to investigate interaction of noise and mixed organic solvents on blood pressure.

Methods

Four hundred seventy‐one workers of a car manufacturing plant were divided into four groups: group one or G1 workers exposed to noise and mixed organic solvents in the permitted limit or control group, G3 exposed to noise only, G2 exposed to solvents only, and G4 workers exposed to noise and mixed organic solvents at higher than the permitted limit or co‐exposure group. Biological interaction of two variables on hypertension was calculated using the synergistic index.

Results

The workers of co‐exposure group (G4), noise only group (G3), and solvents only group (G2) had significantly higher mean values of SBP and DBP than workers of control group (G1) or office workers (P < 0.05). Also logistic regression analysis showed a significant association between hypertension and exposure to noise and mixture of organic solvents. Odds ratio for hypertension in the co‐exposure group and the noise only and solvents only exposed groups was 14.22, 9.43, and 4.38, respectively, compared to control group. In this study, the estimated synergism index was 1.11.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that exposure to noise or a mixture of organic solvents may be associated with the prevalence of hypertension in car manufacturing company workers and co‐exposure to noise and a mixture of solvents has an additive effect in this regard. Therefore appropriate preventive programs in these workers recommended. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:243–251, 2013. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Silicone rubber/polyvinylpyrrolidone microfibers produced by coaxial electrospinning
Authors: Lu Shengguo , Duan Xujia , Han Yuwang , Huang He
Published: June 2012

Core‐shell structured silicone microfibers were prepared by coaxial electrospinning using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as the shell and silicone rubber (SR) as the core. The electrospinnability of SR at three time windows was evaluated and the electrospinning process was optimized accordingly. A positive correlation was found between the fibrous morphology and the SR/PVP speed ratios. As the speed ratio increased, the composite fiber showed larger diameter and wider diameter distribution. For the fibers prepared at PVP/SR speed ratios of 1.7/2.5 and 3.5/2.5 (mL/h), the fibrous structure remained intact after immersion in water for 8 h. The pure SR microfiber could be made from the composite after immersion in water, which can be potentially used as stretchable and selectively permeable membranes for chemical protective applications and in plastics toughening. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Prediction of residual stresses and distortion in carbon fiber‐epoxy composite parts due to curing process using finite element analysis
Authors: Tavakol Behrouz , Roozbehjavan Pooneh , Ahmed Ashraf , Das Rony , Joven Ronald , Koushyar Hoda , Rodriguez Alejandro , Minaie Bob
Published: June 2012

To predict the final geometry of carbon fiber‐epoxy composite parts, a methodology is introduced that takes into account cure kinetics, cure shrinkage, thermal strains, tool‐part interface, and development of mechanical properties during cure. These parameters affect process‐induced residual stresses and distortion in the parts. A module was developed for each mechanism and a fully 3D coupled thermomechanical finite element analysis was utilized. To validate the simulation results, a square composite panel was fabricated and its pattern of distortion was obtained. The simulated distortion pattern agreed well with the actual pattern obtained from the experiments. Parallel processing and optimization of the developed codes were used resulting in 94% reduction in the computational time. The proposed methodology proved to be accurate and time‐efficient in predicting the final geometry of the parts. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Some properties of composites based on vulcanized liquid polybutadiene matrix and inorganic particulate fillers
Authors: Večeřa Miroslav , Prokůpek Luboš , Machotová Jana , Šňupárek Jaromír
Published: June 2012

This study is primarily focused on the possibility to use a sulfur vulcanized low‐molecular weight polybutadiene with isocyanate end groups in the main chain as a matrix for composite materials reinforced with common inorganic particulate fillers (calcium carbonate, titanium dioxide, titanium dioxide modified with zinc, respectively). The isocyanate groups were used for a preliminary crosslinking of the oligomeric polybutadiene with glycerol as a three‐functional crosslinker. The prepared polybutadiene‐based polyurethane gel was subsequently vulcanized with sulfur. It has been shown that the vulcanized liquid polybutadiene could be successfully applied as the matrix for composite materials with inorganic filler. The resulting composite materials exhibited enhanced mechanical properties (tensile strength, flexural strength, hardness) and retain a high chemical resistance against hydrolysis and aqueous solutions of chemicals. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Open access to the scientific journal literature – status and challenges for the information systems community
Authors: Björk Bo‐Christer , Paetau Patrik
Published: June 2012

Editor's Summary

Since the 1990s, the aim of open access (OA) has been to enhance scholarly communication by delivering scientific publications on the Internet without fees or restrictions. Adoption of the gold model of OA, electronic access to publishers' scientific journals at no cost, has been slow in the United States and the United Kingdom, even if authors pay an extra OA charge. The more successful route has been green OA, publishing the original or modified versions on authors' personal home pages or in institutional or subject‐specific repositories. In a 2008 sample of science disciplines, Bjork found 20.4% were provided OA, with 8.5% on publishers' sites. For information systems articles published in 2009, 21.3% were OA but a mere 0.6% on publishers' sites, the gold model. Of OA articles, 8% were published on domain repositories, 32.7% in institutional repositories, and 59% on other websites. Broad expansion of OA will depend on greater author awareness and wider platform access, and publishers must adopt international bibliographic metadata and standardized author identification.
Cartilage development and degeneration: a Wnt Wnt situation
Authors: Staines Katherine Ann , MacRae Vicky Elizabeth , Farquharson Colin
Published: June 2012

The Wnt signaling pathway plays a crucial role in the development and homeostasis of a variety of adult tissues and, as such, is emerging as an important therapeutic target for numerous diseases. Factors involved in the Wnt pathway are expressed throughout limb development and chondrogenesis and have been shown to be critical in joint homeostasis and endochondral ossification. Therefore, in this review, we discuss Wnt regulation of chondrogenic differentiation, hypertrophy and cartilage function. Moreover, we detail the role of the Wnt signaling pathway in cartilage degeneration and its potential to act as a target for therapy in osteoarthritis. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigating changes in anger and aggression in offenders with high levels of psychopathic traits attending the Chromis violence reduction programme
Authors: Tew J. , Dixon L. , Harkins L. , Bennett A.
Published: June 2012

Background

Chromis was accredited by the Correction Services Accreditation Panel in 2005 as an intervention designed to reduce violence in offenders whose level or combination of psychopathic traits disrupts their ability to engage in treatment and change. It runs as part of the regime in the dangerous and severe personality disorder unit in HM Prison Frankland (Westgate). A multiple case study investigation into changes over time in participants is currently underway, part of which is reported here.

Aims

This paper reports on information relating to changes in anger and aggression in Chromis completers.

Methods

Change in psychometrics and observed incidents of verbal and physical aggression are considered for five case study participants who have completed Chromis and progressed from Westgate to a different location.

Results

Findings suggest that cases experienced a reduction in self‐reported anger, and expected incidents of physical aggression but had higher than expected levels of verbal aggression after leaving Westgate.

Conclusions

These findings offer cautious optimism for the effectiveness of Chromis, although methodological limitations must also be considered. Findings may be seen as positive indicators of Chromis, or at least the approach to working with these offenders across Westgate, in reducing violence.

Implications for practice

Findings support the continued delivery and evaluation of Chromis. There may be benefit in exploring ways to further understand and address verbal aggression in participants. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An evaluation of experimental design in QSAR modelling utilizing the k‐medoid clustering
Authors: Brandmaier Stefan , Tetko Igor V. , Öberg Tomas
Published: June 2012

A reliable selection of a representative subset of chemical compounds has been reported to be crucial for numerous tasks in computational chemistry and chemoinformatics. We investigated the usability of an approach on the basis of the k‐medoid algorithm for this task and in particular for experimental design and the split between training and validation set. We therefore compared the performance of models derived from such a selection to that of models derived using several other approaches, such as space‐filling design and D‐optimal design. We validated the performance on four datasets with different endpoints, representing toxicity, physicochemical properties and others. Compared with the models derived from the compounds selected by the other examined approaches, those derived with the k‐medoid selection show a high reliability for experimental design, as their performance was constantly among the best for all examined datasets. Of all the models derived with all examined approaches, those derived with the k‐medoid approach were the only ones that showed a significantly improved performance compared with a random selection, for all datasets, the whole examined range of selected compounds and for each dimensionality of the search space. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How Good Are Coarse‐Grained Polymer Models? A Comparison for Atactic Polystyrene
Authors: Karimi‐Varzaneh Hossein Ali , van der Vegt Nico F. A. , Müller‐Plathe Florian , Carbone Paola
Published: June 2012

This review provides an overview of the various coarse‐grained models that have been developed in the past few years for amorphous polystyrene. Different techniques to develop the force fields and different mapping schemes lead to models that perform differently depending on the properties investigated. This review collects and compares the models to guide the reader in the choice of the best model for the application of interest. It is expected that the central features of the various coarse‐graining procedures will also apply to systems other than polystyrene and that some of the conclusions about different coarse‐graining strategies are general.
Is newborn imitation developmentally homologous to later social‐cognitive skills?
Authors: Suddendorf Thomas , Oostenbroek Janine , Nielsen Mark , Slaughter Virginia
Published: June 2012

To assess claims about developmental homologies, or devologies, longitudinal data are needed. Here, we illustrate this with the debate about the purported foundational role of neonatal imitation in children's social and cognitive development. Cross‐sectional studies over the past 35 years have clarified neither the prevalence of imitation in newborns nor its relationships to later developing skills. Thus, scholars have been able to maintain diametrically opposing explanations of neonatal imitation in the literature. Here, we discuss this issue and outline how large‐scale longitudinal approaches promise to resolve such debates and have the potential to use individual difference measures to uncover links to later development. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 55: 52–58, 2013.
Changepoint detection in daily precipitation data
Authors: Gallagher Colin , Lund Robert , Robbins Michael
Published: June 2012

This paper introduces a method to identify an undocumented changepoint time in a daily precipitation series. A two‐state Markov chain is used to induce dependence in the precipitation amounts; our dynamics allow for seasonality in the daily observations, a structure inherent to many nonequatorial region series. No current precipitation changepoint techniques exist that consider day‐to‐day dependencies, the zero support set aspect (the fact that most measurements are zero), and the periodic dynamics of the problem. The test statistic is constructed by applying cumulative sum methods to a strategically devised set of one‐step‐ahead prediction residuals. The methods are robust to distributional assumptions, requiring only seasonal mean and transition probability estimators. Simulations are presented that demonstrate the efficacy of the methods; application to two daily precipitation series is made. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The identification of transcriptional targets of Ascl1 in oligodendrocyte development
Authors: Ueno Takaaki , Ito Junichi , Hoshikawa Shinya , Ohori Yasuo , Fujiwara Sayaka , Yamamoto Shinichi , Ohtsuka Toshiyuki , Kageyama Ryoichiro , Akai Masami , Nakamura Kozo , Ogata Toru
Published: June 2012

The basic helix‐loop‐helix (bHLH) transcription factor Ascl1 plays crucial roles in both oligodendrocyte development and neuronal development; however, the molecular target of Ascl1 in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) remains elusive. To identify the downstream targets of Ascl1 in OPCs, we performed gene expression microarray analysis and identified Hes5 as a putative downstream target of Ascl1. In vivo analysis revealed that Ascl1 and Hes5 were coexpressed in early developmental oligodendrocytes in both the telencephalon and the ventral spinal cord. We also found that Hes5 expression was reduced in the OPCs of Ascl1 mutant mice. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Ascl1 directly binds to an E‐box region within the Hes5 promoter and regulates Hes5 expression at the transcriptional level. Taken together, these in vivo and in vitro data suggest that Ascl1 induces Hes5 expression in a cell‐autonomous manner. Considering the previously known function of Hes5 as a repressor of Ascl1, our data indicate that Hes5 is involved in the negative feedback regulation of Ascl1. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Internal representations for face detection: An application of noise‐based image classification to BOLD responses
Authors: Nestor Adrian , Vettel Jean M. , Tarr Michael J.
Published: June 2012

What basic visual structures underlie human face detection and how can we extract such structures directly from the amplitude of neural responses elicited by face processing? Here, we address these issues by investigating an extension of noise‐based image classification to BOLD responses recorded in high‐level visual areas. First, we assess the applicability of this classification method to such data and, second, we explore its results in connection with the neural processing of faces. To this end, we construct luminance templates from white noise fields based on the response of face‐selective areas in the human ventral cortex. Using behaviorally and neurally‐derived classification images, our results reveal a family of simple but robust image structures subserving face representation and detection. Thus, we confirm the role played by classical face selective regions in face detection and we help clarify the representational basis of this perceptual function. From a theory standpoint, our findings support the idea of simple but highly diagnostic neurally‐coded features for face detection. At the same time, from a methodological perspective, our work demonstrates the ability of noise‐based image classification in conjunction with fMRI to help uncover the structure of high‐level perceptual representations. Hum Brain Mapp 34:3101–3115, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Aberrant functional network recruitment of posterior parietal cortex in turner syndrome
Authors: Bray Signe , Hoeft Fumiko , Hong David S. , Reiss Allan L.
Published: June 2012

Turner syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the complete or partial absence of an X chromosome in affected women. Individuals with TS show characteristic difficulties with executive functions, visual‐spatial and mathematical cognition, with relatively intact verbal skills, and congruent abnormalities in structural development of the posterior parietal cortex (PPC). The functionally heterogeneous PPC has recently been investigated using connectivity‐based clustering methods, which sub‐divide a given region into clusters of voxels showing similar structural or functional connectivity to other brain regions. In the present study, we extended this method to compare connectivity‐based clustering between groups and investigate whether functional networks differentially recruit the PPC in TS. To this end, we parcellated the PPC into sub‐regions based on temporal correlations with other regions of the brain. fMRI data were collected from 15 girls with TS and 14 typically developing (TD) girls, aged 7–14, while they performed a visual‐spatial task. Temporal correlations between voxels in the PPC and a set of seed regions were calculated, and the PPC divided into clusters of voxels showing similar connectivity. It was found that in general the PPC parcellates similarly in TS and TD girls, but that regions in bilateral inferior parietal lobules, and posterior right superior parietal lobule, were reliably recruited by different networks in TS relative to TD participants. These regions showed weaker correlation in TS with a set of regions involved in visual processing. These results suggest that abnormal development of visuospatial functional networks in TS may relate to the well documented cognitive difficulties in this disorder. Hum Brain Mapp 34:3117–3128, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Data‐informed practices in an urban dual enrollment program
Authors: Kim Jeanette
Published: June 2012

A dual enrollment program administrator in New York City describes how program staff at seventeen two‐ and four‐year colleges use a variety of data to set systemwide program priorities, to identify gaps in student participation, and to determine benchmarks for short‐ and longh‐term student outcomes.
Dual enrollment in the broader context of college‐level high school programs
Authors: Klopfenstein Kristin , Lively Kit
Published: June 2012

What are the considerations when offering Advanced Placement or dual enrollment courses? In this chapter, researchers examine the history, structure, benefits, and challenges of each program in order to encourage schools and communities to think about the right fit when selecting a college‐level transition program.
Early colleges: A new model of schooling focusing on college readiness
Authors: Edmunds Julie A.
Published: June 2012

This chapter provides an overview of recent literature on college readiness and the emergence of the early college model. Using quantitative and qualitative data from an experimental study of early colleges in North Carolina, researchers describe the positive effects found on various indicators of college readiness.
Dual enrollment lessons and the development of the New Community College at CUNY
Authors: Meade Tracy
Published: June 2012

In this chapter, the former director of the New Community College Initiative at The City University of New York explains how dual enrollment programs influenced the development of an admissions process, first‐year curriculum, and advisement structures at the new institution.
Parathyroid function after open thyroidectomy: A prospective randomized study for ligasure precise versus harmonic FOCUS
Authors: Dionigi Gianlorenzo , Van Slycke Sam , Rausei Stefano , Boni Luigi , Dionigi Renzo
Published: June 2012

Background

Options for controlling hemostasis during thyroidectomy include bipolar vessel sealing system and ultrasonic technology. The purpose of this study was to compare these energy‐based devices on the performance of open thyroidectomy for benign disease with emphasis given to postoperative parathyroid function.

Methods

Among the available energy‐based devices, the LigaSure Precise (LP; Valleylab, Boulder, CO) and FOCUS Shears (FS; Ethicon Endo‐Surgery, Cincinnati, OH) were evaluated. One hundred ninety‐nine consecutive patients scheduled for open thyroidectomy were prospectively randomized into 2 similar‐sized groups. Operative time, morbidity, incision length, postoperative pain, and hospital stay were analyzed. Postoperative hypoparathyroidism was monitored with serial determinations of intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and serum calcium.

Results

Early postoperative measurement of iPTH plasma level, although within the reference range, was significantly lower in the FS group (p < .001). Oral calcium supplementation was significantly higher and prolonged in the FS group.

Conclusion

The present study demonstrates a significant difference of the rates for postoperative parathyroid malfunction when using different energy‐based devices. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
Prognostic factors in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Comparison of CHAID decision trees technology and cox analysis
Authors: Avilés–Jurado Francesc Xavier , León Xavier
Published: June 2012

Background

The purpose of this study was to compare the risk factors obtained from a classical statistical method (Cox proportional hazards model) and the results obtained with classification trees (Chi‐square Automatic Interaction Detection [CHAID] model) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

Methods

We conducted a retrospective study of 3373 patients with HNSCC and a follow‐up longer than 2 years.

Results

The most decisive variable classified by CHAID was T category. N classification was an important prognostic factor in the Cox analysis, but this was not considered in CHAID except in T2 and supraglottic T3. CHAID also indicated that women with oral cavity T3/T4 to N0 tumors had poorer prognosis (28%) than men (58.5%; p value < .001). In oropharynx location, men had lower survival than women (41% vs 72%; p value < .001).

Conclusions

The main benefit of CHAID analysis is that it identifies a relatively small number of patients with a singular behavior, which is more discriminatory for an optimal diagnosis and treatment. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Incidence of level IIB lymph node metastasis in supraglottic laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma with clinically negative neck—A prospective study
Authors: Jia Shenshan , Wang Yanying , He Hongjiang , Xiang Cheng
Published: June 2012

Background

The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of level IIB metastasis in patients with clinically negative (N0) necks with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the supraglottic larynx and to assess whether level IIB lymph nodes may be left undissected in such patients. This was a prospective analysis of a case series.

Methods

A prospective analysis of 68 patients with SCC of the supraglottic larynx and N0 neck who underwent surgical treatment of the primary lesion with simultaneous selective neck dissection (SND) of levels II and III. During neck dissection, level IIB lymph nodes were separately removed and processed. Occult metastasis at levels IIA, IIB, and III and the regional recurrence within this area were evaluated.

Results

One hundred twenty‐two SND (levels II and III) procedures were performed on 68 patients in this series. The occult metastasis rate was 30.9% (21 of 68). The mean number of lymph nodes harvested in level IIB was 4.1 (range, 1–14). In none of the 122 SND specimens (levels II and III) was metastasis found in level IIB either in the ipsilateral or contralateral neck sides. Five patients developed neck recurrence, none of which was in level IIB.

Conclusion

When SND was carried out for patients with SCC of the supraglottic larynx with N0 neck, superselective neck dissection removing lymph nodes in levels IIA and III was adequate. Level IIB lymph node pads may be left undissected so that spinal accessory nerve dysfunction is decreased and operative time reduced. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
Hierarchical data structures, institutional research, and multilevel modeling
Authors: O'Connell Ann A. , Reed Sandra J.
Published: June 2012

This chapter provides an introduction to multilevel modeling, including the impact of clustering and the intraclass correlation coefficient. Prototypical research questions in institutional research are examined, and an example is provided to illustrate the application and interpretation of multilevel models.
Introduction to estimation issues in multilevel modeling
Authors: McCoach D. Betsy , Black Anne C.
Published: June 2012

In this chapter, we introduce topics related to the estimation of multilevel models and the determination of model fit. We introduce techniques for model specification and comparison and provide recommendations for their application.
Circadian variation of breakthrough pain in cancer patients
Authors: Saini A. , Tucci M. , Tampellini M. , Maina D. , Bouraouia K. , Giuliano P.L. , Termine A. , Castellano M. , Campagna S. , Laciura P. , Berruti A.
Published: June 2012

Background

Breakthrough cancer pain (BTP) can place physical, psychological and economic burdens on patients and their productive life. By preventing instead of treating BTP after it occurs, the efficacy of analgesic treatment in cancer patients could be maximized. With this study, we investigated circadian variations in the occurrence of BTP events in cancer patients.

Methods

The circadian variation of BTP was assessed in two different series (group 1, n = 47; group 2, n = 76) of advanced cancer patients suffering from severe chronic pain and undergoing analgesic treatment with major opioids.

Results

BTP episodes showed a circadian pattern, with an acrophase occurring at 10:00 a.m. (p < 0.001) in all patients. When the two series of patients were considered separately, an acrophase was similarly observed, with 60% of BTP episodes recorded between 10:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. The circadian rhythm of BTP was maintained after stratifying the patients according to whether they had bone metastases or visceral metastases. BTP episodes negatively correlated with quality of life.

Conclusions

BTP onset follows a circadian rhythm, with an acrophase occurring in the late morning.
Increased expression of a set of genes enriched in oxygen binding function discloses a predisposition of breast cancer bone metastases to generate metastasis spread in multiple organs
Authors: Capulli Mattia , Angelucci Adriano , Driouch Keltouma , Garcia Teresa , Clement-Lacroix Philippe , Martella Francesco , Ventura Luca , Bologna Mauro , Flamini Stefano , Moreschini Oreste , Lidereau Rosette , Ricevuto Enrico , Muraca Maurizio , Teti Anna , Rucci Nadia
Published: June 2012

Bone is the preferential site of distant metastasis in breast carcinoma (BrCa). Patients with metastasis restricted to bone (BO) usually show a longer overall survival compared to patients who rapidly develop multiple metastases also involving liver and lung. Hence, molecular predisposition to generate bone and visceral metastases (BV) represents a clear indication of poor clinical outcome. We performed microarray analysis with two different chip platforms, Affymetrix and Agilent, on bone metastasis samples from BO and BV patients. The unsupervised hierarchical clustering of the resulting transcriptomes correlated with the clinical progression, segregating the BO from the BV profiles. Matching the twofold significantly regulated genes from Affymetrix and Agilent chips resulted in a 15-gene signature with 13 upregulated and two downregulated genes in BV versus BO bone metastasis samples. In order to validate the resulting signature, we isolated different MDA-MB-231 clonal subpopulations that metastasize only in the bone (MDA-BO) or in bone and visceral tissues (MDA-BV). Six of the signature genes were also significantly upregulated in MDA-BV compared to MDA-BO clones. A group of upregulated genes, including Hemoglobin B (HBB), were involved in oxygen metabolism, and in vitro functional analysis of HBB revealed that its expression in the MDA subpopulations was associated with a reduced production of hydrogen peroxide. Expression of HBB was detected in primary BrCa tissue but not in normal breast epithelial cells. Metastatic lymph nodes were frequently more positive for HBB compared to the corresponding primary tumors, whereas BO metastases had a lower expression than BV metastases, suggesting a positive correlation between HBB and ability of bone metastasis to rapidly spread to other organs. We propose that HBB, along with other genes involved in oxygen metabolism, confers a more aggressive metastatic phenotype in BrCa cells disseminated to bone. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Clopidogrel (Plavix), a P2Y12 receptor antagonist, inhibits bone cell function in vitro and decreases trabecular bone in vivo
Authors: Syberg Susanne , Brandao-Burch Andrea , Patel Jessal J , Hajjawi Mark , Arnett Timothy R , Schwarz Peter , Jorgensen Niklas R , Orriss Isabel R
Published: June 2012

Clopidogrel (Plavix), a selective P2Y12 receptor antagonist, is widely prescribed to reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke and acts via the inhibition of platelet aggregation. Accumulating evidence now suggests that extracellular nucleotides, signaling through P2 receptors, play a significant role in bone, modulating both osteoblast and osteoclast function. In this study, we investigated the effects of clopidogrel treatment on (1) bone cell formation, differentiation, and activity in vitro; and (2) trabecular and cortical bone parameters in vivo. P2Y12 receptor expression by osteoblasts and osteoclasts was confirmed using qPCR and Western blotting. Clopidogrel at 10 µM and 25 µM inhibited mineralized bone nodule formation by 50% and >85%, respectively. Clopidogrel slowed osteoblast proliferation with dose-dependent decreases in cell number (25% to 40%) evident in differentiating osteoblasts (day 7). A single dose of 10 to 25 µM clopidogrel to mature osteoblasts also reduced cell viability. At 14 days, ≥10 µM clopidogrel decreased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity by ≤70% and collagen formation by 40%, while increasing adipocyte formation. In osteoclasts, ≥1 µM clopidogrel inhibited formation, viability and resorptive activity. Twenty-week-old mice (n = 10–12) were ovariectomized or sham treated and dosed orally with clopidogrel (1 mg/kg) or vehicle (NaCl) daily for 4 weeks. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) analysis showed clopidogrel-treated animals had decreases of 2% and 4% in whole-body and femoral bone mineral density (BMD), respectively. Detailed analysis of trabecular and cortical bone using micro–computed tomography (microCT) showed decreased trabecular bone volume in the tibia (24%) and femur (18%) of clopidogrel-treated mice. Trabecular number was reduced 20%, while trabecular separation was increased up to 15%. Trabecular thickness and cortical bone parameters were unaffected. Combined, these findings indicate that long-term exposure of bone cells to clopidogrel in vivo could negatively impact bone health. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
THE MEANS–ENDS DEBATE IN DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT: INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIAL ISSUE
Authors: McCourt Willy , Johnson Hazel
Published: June 2012

The relationship between ends and means has become increasingly fraught in development management, as arguments that development management should take the side of the poor have come to the fore. This introduction reviews the contributions to the Special Issue in terms of development management's legitimacy and viability. It concludes that an emancipatory development management is possible if managers opt to use the constrained autonomy which is always available to them. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THE IRON CAGE RE‐REVISITED: INSTITUTIONAL ISOMORPHISM IN NON‐PROFIT ORGANISATIONS IN SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Claeyé Frederik , Jackson Terence
Published: June 2012

Non‐profit organisations (NPOs) are being pushed to become ‘more business‐like’, reflecting global discourse on ‘aid effectiveness’, which is underpinned by managerialist modes of thinking that may be inappropriate to local contexts. We examined the nature of the tendency towards institutional isomorphism empirically investigating this with 14 NPOs in South Africa's Eastern Cape, using a conceptual framework derived from institutional theory. This suggests that institutional isomorphism is shaping management in NPOs. However, this theory seems inadequate in explaining resistance to these forces. We go on to explain the limitations of using a purely institutionalist lens and suggest how the integration of postcolonial theory may benefit further research. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TRANSFORMING WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA. ‘CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT AGENCIES’ AND THE IDEAL OF DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Bourblanc Magalie
Published: June 2012

This article addresses the dilemma of the democratic development of water resources management in the context of Post‐Apartheid South Africa and unequal access to water. Using a political sociology of public policy approach as a conceptual framework, this article focuses on the actual functioning of the catchment management agencies (CMAs). On the basis of case studies' analysis, it is argued that CMAs are essentially political arenas although the semi‐structured interviews conducted reveal that this political dimension is mainly denied by most of CMAs members and staff as well as by policy makers. Finally, the risks of professionalising interest representation within CMAs are evoked. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.