bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why Has Growth Not Trickled Down to the Poor? A Study of Nigeria
Authors: YOUNG Ademola Obafemi
Published: February 2019

Despite impressive economic growth and major economic reform policies the search for poverty-reducing growth strategies remains a perennial question in many developing countries as poverty persists unabated. This motivates the current study to investigate empirically growth-poverty nexus in Nigeria spanning between the period 1970 and 2017. The paper attempted to answer the question: why has growth not trickled down to the poor? Time series econometrics were applied to test the cointegrating, short- and long-run dynamics among the variables. The results obtained revealed that growth trickled down to the poor only when high rates of employment growth accompanied high rates of economic growth. In addition to employment, the result also revealed that the form of capital formation, rather than its absolute value, appears to matter to the question of why has growth not trickle down to the poor. Thus, economic growth policies that promote an increase in income in conjunction with a high rates of employment growth are more effective in combating poverty than those that focus only on average income levels.  
Pedro Provencio: "Un curso sobre verso libre". Madrid: Libros de la Resistencia, 2017
Authors: González González Claudia
Published: February 2019

-
Valoração dos Cursos de Moda segundo o nome e grau acadêmico
Authors:   UTFPR (pós-doc no PPG em Tecnologia e Sociedade), Baggio Adriana Tulio ,   Centro de Pesquisas Sociossemióticas da PUC-SP (pesquisadora),   UFPR (graduanda em Letras)
Published: February 2019

Este trabalho apresenta uma análise quantitativa da presença de cursos superiores em moda no Brasil segundo o nome e o grau acadêmico. Considerando que a maior parte dos cursos chamados Design de Moda é ofertada em grau tecnológico, que a maior parte dos cursos chamados Moda é oferta em grau bacharelado, e que esta divisão manifesta certas valorações sobre o ensino de moda, como se dá essa relação nas regiões brasileiras e nas instituições públicas e privadas? Secundariamente, qual a possível explicação para predominância de cursos tecnológicos na moda, o que destoa da média nacional? Estas questões são investigadas a partir da observação de dados numéricos, disponibilizados pelo Ministério da Educação em diferentes fontes, e pela consulta a edições do Catálogo Nacional de Cursos de Tecnologia. Os resultados mostram que os cursos de Design de Moda tecnológicos são maioria tanto em instituições privadas quanto públicas. Nestas últimas, porém, eles são ofertados nos Institutos Federais e nas Universidades Tecnológicas. Universidades federais e estaduais ofertam mais cursos de bacharelado em Moda. Nota-se, portanto, uma homologação de elementos valorados positivamente: Moda, bacharelado, universidade pública. Quando à predominância dos tecnológicos na moda, além das questões de regulamentação e incentivo governamental, uma outra causa possível seria um efeito de sentido de maior acessibilidade para a formação nesta área proporcionada por esse grau acadêmico, em relação ao bacharelado.
Competencia digital mediante apps de temática patrimonial en el marco DigComp
Authors: Ibañez-Etxeberría Alex , Kortabitarte Aroia , De Castro Pablo , Gillate Iratxe
Published: February 2019

El siguiente artículo analiza la potencialidad para el fomento de la competencia digital que conllevan las apps sobre el patrimonio cultural en el estado español. Para ello, se ha empleado el método OEPE integrando una herramienta elaborada ad hoc para el análisis de estas aplicaciones que cuenta con cinco dimensiones. Para este estudio se ha tomado en cuenta el marco teórico para la competencia digital DigComp propuesta por la Unión Europea y se han extrapolado las variables afines extraídas de la herramienta a este marco. La muestra ha sido de 88 apps seleccionadas a partir de la adaptación de los filtros de inclusión/ exclusión del OEPE para apps de temática patrimonial. Los resultados muestran un impulso bajo en las habilidades más complejas para el desarrollo de la competencia digital, siendo el área del tratamiento de la información la más enriquecedora y la creación de contenidos la menos trabajada.

The following article analyses the potential for the development of the Digital Competence of the Spanish apps which subject is the cultural heritage. To carry out this study the OEPE method has been used, integrating an ad hoc tool for the analysis of these applications. For the theoretical framework, it has been taken into account the variables and standards proposed by DigComp’s project done by the European Union and those criteria have been extrapolated to our tool’s dimensions. The sample consisted of 88 apps selected from the adaptation of OEPE’s inclusion/exclusion filters for heritage theme apps. The results show a low impulse in the most complex skills for the development of the Digital Competence, being the area of the information treatment the most enriching and the creation of content the least worked
Diseño y validación de un cuestionario para el estudio de la relación y colaboración museo y escuela (MUSELA DOC)
Authors: Escribano Miralles Ainoa , Serrano Pastor Francisca José , Miralles Martínez Pedro
Published: February 2019

El propósito de este estudio ha sido diseñar y validar el instrumento de recogida de información Museo y Escuela, relación y uso para la enseñanza de la historia destinado a docentes (MUSELA DOC). En el procedimiento de análisis se valoraron las características psicométricas del instrumento, su validez de contenido, confiabilidad y validez de constructo adoptando un diseño descriptivo analítico, fundamentalmente cuantitativo. Las estrategias utilizadas fueron un estudio piloto y un análisis externo en el que participaron dieciocho expertos. Los participantes debían valorar el instrumento utilizando una escala de validación, diseñada ad hocy estructurada en tres partes diferenciadas. La escala se componía de cinco dimensiones que sustentan las bases conceptuales del instrumento. El análisis de la confiabilidad del cuestionario, mediante el método alfa de Cronbach, ha arrojado un coeficiente de .57 para los 38 ítems analizados de la escala global, lo que indica una consistencia interna moderada. MUSELA se establece como uno de los primeros instrumentos de recogida de información cuantitativa sometidos a un proceso de validación y encargado de analizar la planificación y modos de colaboración entre el museo y la educación formal.

The purpose of this study was to design and validate the Museum and School information collection tool, relationship and use for teaching history to teachers (MUSELA DOC). The analysis procedure consists of the study of the psychometric characteristics of the instrument, its validity of content, reliability and construct validity. The quantitative design is analytical descriptive. The strategies used were a pilot study and an external analysis in which eighteen experts participated. The participants had to assess the instrument using a validation scale, designed ad hoc and structured in three different parts (presentation of the purpose of the research and the objectives of the questionnaire, instructions for completion, items that should be analyzed according to the adequacy, relevance, relevance and orthographic correction through a scale of numerical estimation with five values).The scale consisted of five dimensions that support the conceptual basis of the instrument. The analysis of the reliability of the questionnaire, using Cronbach's alpha method, has shown a coefficient of .57 for the 38 items analyzed on the global scale, which indicates a moderate internal consistency. Two questions have had to be excluded from the analytical process because they do not have enough variability.
ENSEÑANZA DE LA ESCRITURA EN EL ÁMBITO UNIVERSITARIO: SITUACIÓN ACTUAL Y PERSPECTIVAS
Authors: España Palop Eduardo
Published: February 2019

En el presente artículo se plantea, a través del análisis de textos producidos por alumnos universitarios, si realmente estos alumnos poseen las destrezas suficientes para considerar que pueden alcanzar un nivel C1 de español al finalizar sus estudios. El autor analiza cuáles son los principales errores que cometen estos alumnos en sus producciones textuales y se pregunta cuál es la función que los docentes universitarios deben desempeñar en la enseñanza de la composición de textos escritos.
LA NORMA LINGÜÍSTICA DEL ESPAÑOL DESDE UNA PERSPECTIVA LEXICOGRÁFICA: NORMA NACIONAL VERSUS NORMA PANHISPÁNICA
Authors: Fajardo Aguirre Alejandro
Published: February 2019

La definición de la norma lingüística del español desde una perspectiva lexicográfica plantea dificultades y ha provocado debates intensos. Normalmente se otorga al Diccionario académico un valor normativo en el mundo de habla española, sin embargo no está concebido como estrictamente normativo, ya que da entrada a elementos diversos de carácter vulgar, jergal, etc. Por otra parte, ha sido rechazado como referencia normativa por quienes critican su centralismo o su falta de correspondencia con la situación real del español. Estas actitudes críticas se han expresado con frecuencia en la lexicografía hispanoamericana. Las Academias de la lengua española han dado pasos en los últimos años para configurar una norma de carácter panhispánico que sea alternativa real a la implantación de normas de ámbito local o nacional, pero en el terreno lexicográfico la tarea es ardua. Para llevarla a cabo es necesario fundamentar teóricamente con mayor profundidad el concepto de norma panhispánica y elaborar recursos lexicográficos útiles para adaptarla al español actual. La alternativa que se plantea es: avance en la configuración de una norma panhispánica o contienda entre normas nacionales.
DE ERRORES Y ERRATAS. CÓMO CORREGIR Y NORMALIZAR UN TEXTO ACADÉMICO
Authors: Estrada Andrea
Published: February 2019

En el presente artículo, se intenta demostrar en primer lugar, a partir de ejemplos de una revista académica de lingüística, que errores y erratas tienen el mismo protagonismo en la corrección de textos académicos. Pero además, que los criterios y procedimientos de normalización – definida como el conjunto de decisiones y de procedimientos que tienden a unificar el estilo de un escrito en todos sus niveles– son fundamentales para que un conjunto de artículos científicos de autores varios o una serie de trabajos de un mismo autor, de distinto tema o etapas académicas, puedan llegar a convertirse en una publicación periódica o en un libro.
ASPECTOS PRAGMÁTICO-LINGÜÍSTICOS DEL DISCURSO DEL TURISMO DE AVENTURA: ESTUDIO DE UN CASO
Authors: Durán Muñoz Isabel
Published: February 2019

El objetivo de este trabajo es ofrecer una visión general del discurso turístico con respecto a sus principales características pragmático-lingüísticas y contrastarlo con un subsegmento turístico concreto. En este caso, nos aproximaremos al turismo de aventura, un tipo de turismo que está creciendo exponencialmente en los últimos años y que, por tanto, está ganando importancia en el sector turístico en España. Para ello, analizaremos un corpus de textos promocionales sobre este tipo de turismo a fin de ejemplificar dichas características e ilustrar a los traductores profesionales acerca de las posibles dificultades que puedan encontrar durante la traducción de este tipo de textos al español.
PRAGMÁTICA DE LA PUNTUACIÓN Y NUEVAS TECNOLOGÍAS
Authors: Figueras Bates Carolina
Published: February 2019

La puntuación ha evolucionado a lo largo de la historia, no solo en cuanto al número de signos, sino también con respecto a su función de guía en la (re)presentación y el procesamiento del texto. El objetivo del presente artículo es discutir la pragmática de la puntuación en los principales modos de comunicación mediada por ordenador. Mi propuesta consiste en considerar que las nuevas formas escritas de interacción mediada por ordenador situadas en el polo de la inmediatez comunicativa han dado lugar a un particular sistema de puntuación metarrepresentativa que compite con los códigos de puntuación tanto retórico como gramatical.
Changes in Activity Participation After Multiple Sclerosis Diagnosis
Authors: Goverover Yael , Genova Helen M. , Smith Angela , Lengenfelder Jeannie , Chiaravalloti Nancy D.
Published: February 2019

Background:

Multiple sclerosis (MS) results in impairments in cognitive and motor skills, which may reduce the level of activity participation in people with MS. This study compares past and current levels of activity participation in adults with MS and controls. The relationship between retained activity participation (since diagnosis) and cognitive, motor, functional status, and depression symptoms of persons with MS was examined.

Methods:

Twenty-seven individuals with MS living in the community and 21 controls completed cognitive and motor tests and rated their activity participation (using the Activity Card Sort), depression symptoms, and functional status.

Results:

The MS group reported significantly lower current activity participation than the control group. Percentage of retained activity participation (from prediagnosis to current) in the MS group correlated with time since diagnosis, executive function and motor skill ability, depression symptoms, and current functional status.

Conclusions:

Persons with MS report negative changes in activity participation in most aspects of life after diagnosis. These findings call attention to changes in activity participation in people with MS that are directly related to disease symptoms. Therefore, using a quantitative measure of activity participation—the Activity Card Sort—can provide important information to aid the clinician in developing individualized treatment goals for people with MS.
Tracheophyte phylogeny poster - Vascular plants: systematics and characteristics
Authors: Cole Theodor C H , Bachelier Julien B , Hilger Hartmut H
Published: February 2019

The "Tracheophyte Phylogeny Poster – Vascular Plants: Systematics and Characteristics" is an educational poster presenting an overview of the evolutionary relationships among vascular plants based on broad consensus as of late 2018. The phylogenetic tree depicts the 3 orders of lycophytes, 11 orders of monilophytes (ferns), and 5 orders (with 12 families) of gymnosperms, listing the main apomorphies and plesiomorphies as well as diagnostic and nondiagnostic anatomical, morphological, and phytochemical features also for higher ranks within the tree. The intuitive color-coding facilitates memorization and teaching. Translations of the poster by internationally renown botanists are now available in 12 languages (all available on ResearchGate). This is part of a series of educational posters on the phylogeny of land plants: Poster 1: Angiosperms Poster 2: Tracheophytes: Lycophytes, Ferns, Gymnosperms Poster 3: Bryophytes: Liverworts, Mosses, Hornworts
An updated phylogeny of the Alphaproteobacteria reveals that the parasitic Rickettsiales and Holosporales have independent origins
Authors: Muñoz-Gómez Sergio A , Hess Sebastian , Burger Gertraud , Lang B Franz , Susko Edward , Slamovits Claudio H , Roger Andrew J
Published: February 2019

The Alphaproteobacteria is an extraordinarily diverse and ancient group of bacteria. Previous attempts to infer its deep phylogeny have been plagued with methodological artefacts. To overcome this, we analyzed a dataset of 200 single-copy and conserved genes and employed diverse strategies to reduce compositional artefacts. Such strategies include using novel dataset-specific profile mixture models and recoding schemes, and removing sites, genes and taxa that are compositionally biased. We show that the Rickettsiales and Holosporales (both groups of intracellular parasites of eukaryotes) are not sisters to each other, but instead, the Holosporales has a derived position within the Rhodospirillales. A synthesis of our results also leads to an updated proposal for the higher-level taxonomy of the Alphaproteobacteria. Our robust consensus phylogeny will serve as a framework for future studies that aim to place mitochondria, and novel environmental diversity, within the Alphaproteobacteria.
Pattern of Condom Usage among Male and Female Youths in Nigeria from 1999 to 2008
Authors: Olowo Bamikole E. , Dairo David M. , Adekunle Olajide A.
Published: February 2019

Condom usage is one of the most effective strategies for combating the spread of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Despite increased sexual knowledge, adolescents in Nigeria are poor condom users. They are less likely than adults to consistently use condoms or other methods of protection that could reduce their chances of infection. The objective of the study was to describe the trend in the condom usage and to determine the association between demographic variables and condom usage among youths aged 15-24 years from1999-2008.

A comparative cross-sectional population based study was carried out in which a secondary data review analyses of Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) 1999, 2003 and 2008 data were done. Statistical package of social science version 17.0 was used for determining frequencies, chi square and the p-values.

There was a significant increase in the usage of condom from 8.2% in 1999 to 9.3% in 2008 to 10.5% in 2008 among the female youths, though the percentages are still very low. There was an insignificant increase in condom usage among the male youths from 31.1% in 1999 to 38.7% in 2003 and then a decrease to 36.8% in 2008. There was significant association between the urban dwellers, 20-24 years age group, Christians, literate and single female youths and condom usage over the years while the rural dwellers, single and literate male youths experienced significant increase in condom usage over the years at p<0.05.

Condom usage by youths significantly increased over the years. However, the increase is still considered low and not enough to effectively reduce the prevalence of HIV and AIDS. Religion, marital status, age group, education and literacy are variables that influenced condom usage by young people. Campaign on the usage of condom during sexual intercourse among young people at every level of education, urban or rural residence, age group and religion should be intensified.
The Impact of Land Use Land Cover on the Flood Plain of Bhagirathi River, Purba Bardhaman District, West Bengal, India
Authors: Misra Sourav , Roy Tuhin
Published: February 2019

Aims: Human interference is the most important factor to change the LULC pattern over the earth surface. Land cover means to the physical parameters and land use means the cultural components. The present study associated with the changes in land uses a land cover pattern for the simultaneous changes of geomorphic features as well as the changes in the course of the river. This work is mainly going to summarize the changing behavior of land use land cover areas of a river bank in several decades.

Place and duration of the Study: The research area traced in between 24°00’00’’N to 23°16’15’’N and 88°12’00’’E to 88°28’00’’E, which is situated in the eastern part of Purba Bardhaman District, West Bengal.

Methodology: Entire study made by GIS techniques through the uses of topographical sheet (SOI-1960, Scale 1:50,000) and Satellite data (2002, 2008 & 2016). Through the help of superimposition technique the changes of river course have been identified which is directly affecting the LULC pattern of the entire flood plain.

Result: The study reveals that the entire area changes their LULC pattern which reflects the entire flood plain.

Conclusion: Due to the high interference of human physical elements as well as water bodies, sand bar, fallow lands are being decreased in past decades, whereas settlement patches are continuously growing up. It means for the necessity of human livelihood human always have been modifying the land in different ways.
Neuroimaging evolution of ischemia in men and women: an observational study
Authors: Dula Adrienne N. , Luby Marie , King Ben T. , Sheth Sunil A. , Magadán Alejandro , Davis Lisa A. , Gealogo Gretchel A. , Merino José G. , Hsia Amie W. , Latour Lawrence L. , Warach Steven J. ,   the LESION Investigators
Published: February 2019

Objective

We present an exploratory study for identification of sex differences in imaging biomarkers that could further refine selection of patients for acute reperfusion therapy and trials based on sex and imaging targets.

Methods

The Lesion Evolution in Stroke and Ischemia On Neuroimaging (LESION) study included consecutive acute stroke patients who underwent MRI within 24 h of time from last known well and prior to therapy. Those demonstrating a potential therapeutic target on imaging were identified by presence of: (1) arterial occlusion on angiography, (2) focal ischemic region on perfusion maps, or (3) a mismatch of perfusion versus diffusion imaging lesion size. The prevalence of imaging targets within clinically relevant time intervals was calculated for each patient and examined. The relationship of time from stroke onset to probability of detection of imaging targets was evaluated.

Results

Of 7007 patients screened, of which 86.7% were scanned with MRI, 1092 patients (477/615 men/women) were included in LESION. The probability of imaging target detection was significantly different between men and women, with women more likely to present with all assessed imaging targets, odds ratios between 1.36 and 1.59, P < 0.02, adjusted for NIHSS, age, and time from last known well to MRI scan. This trend held for the entire 24‐h studied.

Interpretation

Women present more often with treatable ischemic stroke than men. The greater probability of potentially viable and/or treatable imaging targets in women at all time points suggests that tissue injury is slower to evolve in women.
Long Cycle Life Lithium Metal Batteries Enabled with Upright Lithium Anode
Authors: Chen Yuqing , Yue Meng , Liu Cuilian , Zhang Hongzhang , Yu Ying , Li Xianfeng , Zhang Huamin
Published: February 2019

The lithium metal anode is the holy grail of the battery field due to its lowest reduction potential and high specific capacity; however, its application is hindered by severe safety hazards and inferior cyclic stability due to dendrites and unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Aiming at these problems, a coiled Li anode with a unique upright structure is proposed. The upright structure endows coiled Li anode with abundant inner reaction interface/space/mass for lithium deposit/storage/transport, which can induce the inner growth of Li dendrites and SEI. The Li+ transport/deposit behavior and mechanism of coiled Li anode are clarified via in situ observation and numerical simulation. Benefiting from the small volume expansion and sufficient Li+ transport, the coiled Li anodes combined with Li4Ti5O12 cathodes achieve a long life of over 2000 cycles at 5C with a reversible capacity of 129 mAh g−1 and 100% Coulombic efficiency.
Textile‐Based Wireless Pressure Sensor Array for Human‐Interactive Sensing
Authors: Nie Baoqing , Huang Rong , Yao Ting , Zhang Yiqiu , Miao Yihui , Liu Changrong , Liu Jian , Chen Xinjian
Published: February 2019

A textile‐based wireless pressure sensor array (WiPSA) is proposed for flexible remote tactile sensing applications. The WiPSA device is composed of a fabric spacer sandwiched by two separate layers of passive antennas and ferrite film units. Under the external pressure, the mechanical compression of the flexible fabric spacer leads to an inductance change, which can further be transduced to a detectable shift of the resonant frequency. Importantly, WiPSA integrates the ferrite film featuring an ultrahigh permeability, which effectively improves the device sensitivity and avoids the interference of conductive materials simultaneously. The device performance with a high quality factor (>35) and sensitivity (−0.19 MHz kPa−1) within a pressure range of 0–20 kPa is demonstrated. In addition, WiPSA achieves excellent reproducibility under periodical pressures (>20 000 cycles), temperature fluctuations (15–103 °C), and humidity variations (40–99%). As a proof of concept for human‐interactive sensing, WiPSA is successfully 1) integrated with a flexible wrist band for fingertip pressure‐guided direction choices, 2) developed into a smart wireless insole to map the plantar stress distributions, and 3) embedded into a waist‐supporting belt to resolve the contact pressure between the belt and human abdomen in a remote transmitting scheme.
High‐Performance Solid Polymer Electrolytes Filled with Vertically Aligned 2D Materials
Authors: Tang Wenjing , Tang Shan , Guan Xuze , Zhang Xinyue , Xiang Qian , Luo Jiayan
Published: February 2019

Solid state lithium metal batteries are the most promising next‐generation power sources owing to their high energy density and safety. Solid polymer electrolytes (SPE) have gained wide attention due to the excellent flexibility, manufacturability, lightweight, and low‐cost processing. However, fatal drawbacks of the SPE such as the insufficient ionic conductivity and Li+ transference number at room temperature restrict their practical application. Here vertically aligned 2D sheets are demonstrated as an advanced filler for SPE with enhanced ionic conductivity, Li+ transference number, mechanical modulus, and electrochemical stability, using vermiculite nanosheets as an example. The vertically aligned vermiculite sheets (VAVS), prepared by the temperature gradient freezing, provide aligned, continuous, run‐through polymer‐filler interfaces after infiltrating with polyethylene oxide (PEO)‐based SPE. As a result, ionic conductivity as high as 1.89 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 25 °C is achieved with Li+ transference number close to 0.5. Along with their enhanced mechanical strength, Li|Li symmetric cells using VAVS–CSPE are stable over 1300 h with a low overpotential. LiFePO4 in all‐solid‐state lithium metal batteries with VAVS–CSPE could deliver a specific capacity of 167 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C at 35 °C and 82% capacity retention after 200 cycles at 0.5 C.
Recent Advances in n‐Type Polymers for All‐Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Genene Zewdneh , Mammo Wendimagegn , Wang Ergang , Andersson Mats R.
Published: February 2019

All‐polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs) based on n‐ and p‐type polymers have emerged as promising alternatives to fullerene‐based solar cells due to their unique advantages such as good chemical and electronic adjustability, and better thermal and photochemical stabilities. Rapid advances have been made in the development of n‐type polymers consisting of various electron acceptor units for all‐PSCs. So far, more than 200 n‐type polymer acceptors have been reported. In the last seven years, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of all‐PSCs rapidly increased and has now surpassed 10%, meaning they are approaching the performance of state‐of‐the‐art solar cells using fullerene derivatives as acceptors. This review discusses the design criteria, synthesis, and structure–property relationships of n‐type polymers that have been used in all‐PSCs. Additionally, it highlights the recent progress toward photovoltaic performance enhancement of binary, ternary, and tandem all‐PSCs. Finally, the challenges and prospects for further development of all‐PSCs are briefly considered.
Exciton‐ and Polaron‐Induced Reversible Dipole Reorientation in Amorphous Organic Semiconductor Films
Authors: Deng Chao , Zhang Liwei , Wang Dan , Tsuboi Taiju , Zhang Qisheng
Published: February 2019

The quantum efficiency of organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) employing thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) highly depends on the S1−T1 energy gaps (ΔEST) of the emitters. However, the ΔEST values determined in solution or even in organic thin films through a static approach continuously fail in predicting device performance. Herein, by systematically investigating the time‐resolved emission spectra of several TADF emitters in various matrixes and the dielectric spectra of the matrixes, it is demonstrated that molecular organic semiconductors can undergo reversible and irreversible spatial rearrangements within a few dozen nanoseconds in an electric field created by a polarized charge‐transfer state and can in turn lower the excited‐state energy. In contrast to solution solvation, the polarized microenvironment in films can last for tens of microseconds or more after removing the electric field, leading to a narrowing and a broader distribution of ΔEST. In TADF OLEDs, the large dipole moment of emitter‐based polarons is key for reducing the ΔEST of subsequently generated excitons by inducing the dipole orientation of the surrounding molecules. Understanding the so‐called solid‐state solvation with a dynamic approach can provide deeper insight into the working mechanism in organic semiconductor devices.
Alkylation of Terminal Alkynes under Zinc Lewis Acid Catalysis and Its Mechanistic Studies
Authors: Osano Mana , Kida Takeru , Yonekura Kyohei , Tsuchimoto Teruhisa
Published: February 2019

With a zinc Lewis acid catalyst and proton sponge in toluene, terminal alkynes were found to undergo the alkylation by alkyl triflates to provide unsymmetrical internal alkynes. This is the first example that a simple alkyl chain other than benzylic and norbornyl units can be introduced onto the alkynyl carbon atom under Lewis acid catalysis. Mechanistic studies revealed that the activation of the alkyne by the zinc Lewis acid and proton sponge is the trigger of the reaction to give a monoalkynylzinc species, which successively reacts with the alkyl triflate to afford the internal alkyne. A radical pathway is unlikely in this system.

magnified image
Phosphine‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Annulations of Fluorinated ortho‐Aminophenones with Alkynones – The Switchable [4+2] or [4+2]/[3+2] Cycloaddition
Authors: Zhang Yanshun , Sun Yaoliang , Wei Yin , Shi Min
Published: February 2019

A phosphine‐catalyzed intermolecular annulation reaction of functionalized ortho‐aminoacetophenones with alkynones has been disclosed in this paper. A variety of 2‐alkynylquinolines and benzo‐fused indolizine were selectively afforded in moderate to good yields at different reaction temperatures and with different phosphine catalysts via the in situ generated zwitterionic intermediate derived from alkynone and phosphine.

magnified image
Synergistic Effect of Co–Ni Hybrid Phosphide Nanocages for Ultrahigh Capacity Fast Energy Storage
Authors: Liang Zibin , Qu Chong , Zhou Wenyang , Zhao Ruo , Zhang Hao , Zhu Bingjun , Guo Wenhan , Meng Wei , Wu Yingxiao , Aftab Waseem , Wang Qian , Zou Ruqiang
Published: February 2019

Rational design of metal compounds in terms of the structure/morphology and chemical composition is essential to achieve desirable electrochemical performances for fast energy storage because of the synergistic effect between different elements and the structure effect. Here, an approach is presented to facilely fabricate mixed‐metal compounds including hydroxides, phosphides, sulfides, oxides, and selenides with well‐defined hollow nanocage structure using metal–organic framework nanocrystals as sacrificial precursors. Among the as‐synthesized samples, the porous nanocage structure, synergistic effect of mixed metals, and unique phosphide composition endow nickel cobalt bimetallic phosphide (NiCo‐P) nanocages with outstanding performance as a battery‐type Faradaic electrode material for fast energy storage, with ultrahigh specific capacity of 894 C g−1 at 1 A g−1 and excellent rate capability, surpassing most of the reported metal compounds. Control experiments and theoretical calculations based on density functional theory reveal that the synergistic effect between Ni and Co in NiCo‐P can greatly increase the OH− adsorption energy, while the hollow porous structure facilitates the fast mass/electron transport. The presented work not only provides a promising electrode material for fast energy storage, but also opens a new route toward structural and compositional design of electrode materials for energy storage and conversion.
Ruthenium Oxide Nanosheets for Enhanced Oxygen Evolution Catalysis in Acidic Medium
Authors: Laha Sourav , Lee Yonghyuk , Podjaski Filip , Weber Daniel , Duppel Viola , Schoop Leslie M. , Pielnhofer Florian , Scheurer Christoph , Müller Kathrin , Starke Ulrich , Reuter Karsten , Lotsch Bettina V.
Published: February 2019

The fabrication of highly active and robust hexagonal ruthenium oxide nanosheets for the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in an acidic environment is reported. The ruthenate nanosheets exhibit the best OER activity of all solution‐processed acid medium electrocatalysts reported to date, reaching 10 mA cm−2 at an overpotential of only ≈255 mV. The nanosheets also demonstrate robustness under harsh oxidizing conditions. Theoretical calculations give insights into the OER mechanism and reveal that the edges are the origin of the high OER activity of the nanosheets. Moreover, the post OER analyses indicate, apart from coarsening, no observable change in the morphology of the nanosheets or oxidation states of ruthenium during the electrocatalytic process. Therefore, the present investigation suggests that ruthenate nanosheets are a promising acid medium OER catalyst with application potential in proton exchange membrane electrolyzers and beyond.
Microstructure‐Controlled Ni‐Rich Cathode Material by Microscale Compositional Partition for Next‐Generation Electric Vehicles
Authors: Kim Un‐Hyuck , Ryu Hoon‐Hee , Kim Jae‐Hyung , Mücke Robert , Kaghazchi Payam , Yoon Chong S. , Sun Yang‐Kook
Published: February 2019

A multicompositional particulate Li[Ni0.9Co0.05Mn0.05]O2 cathode in which Li[Ni0.94Co0.038Mn0.022]O2 at the particle center is encapsulated by a 1.5 µm thick concentration gradient (CG) shell with the outermost surface composition Li[Ni0.841Co0.077Mn0.082]O2 is synthesized using a differential coprecipitation process. The microscale compositional partitioning at the particle level combined with the radial texturing of the refined primary particles in the CG shell layer protracts the detrimental H2 → H3 phase transition, causing sharp changes in the unit cell dimensions. This protraction, confirmed by in situ X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, allows effective dissipation of the internal strain generated upon the H2 → H3 phase transition, markedly improving cycling performance and thermochemical stability as compared to those of the conventional single‐composition Li[Ni0.9Co0.05Mn0.05]O2 cathodes. The compositionally partitioned cathode delivers a discharge capacity of 229 mAh g−1 and exhibits capacity retention of 88% after 1000 cycles in a pouch‐type full cell (compared to 68% for the conventional cathode). Thus, the proposed cathode material provides an opportunity for the rational design and development of a wide range of multifunctional cathodes, especially for Ni‐rich Li[NixCoyMn1‐x‐y]O2 cathodes, by compositionally partitioning the cathode particles and thus optimizing the microstructural response to the internal strain produced in the deeply charged state.
Achieving Thickness‐Insensitive Morphology of the Photoactive Layer for Printable Organic Photovoltaic Cells via Side Chain Engineering in Nonfullerene Acceptors
Authors: Lee Seongyu , Park Kwang Hun , Lee Jong‐Hoon , Back Hyungcheol , Sung Min Jae , Lee Jinho , Kim Jehan , Kim Heejoo , Kim Yun‐Hi , Kwon Soon‐Ki , Lee Kwanghee
Published: February 2019

Although high power conversion efficiency of over 14% has been achieved using nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs) in organic photovoltaics (OPVs), securing their insensitive device performance to the thickness of the photoactive layer remains an indispensable requirement for their successful commercialization via printing technologies. In this study, by synthesizing a new series of ITIC‐based NFAs having alkyl or alkoxy groups, it is found that the bulk heterojunction morphology dependence on the thickness of the photoactive layer becomes more severe as the difference in the surface energy of the donor and acceptor increases. It is believed that this observation is the origin that yields the device performance dependence on the thickness of the photoactive layer. Through sensitive control of the surface energy of these ITIC‐based NFAs, it is demonstrated that thickness‐insensitive OPVs can be achieved even using a doctor blade technique under air without using any additives. It is believed that present approach provides an important insight into the design of photoactive materials and morphology control for the printable OPVs using NFAs.
Building Emergency Medicine Trainee Competency in Pediatric Musculoskeletal Radiograph Interpretation: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Lee Michelle Sin , Pusic Martin , Carrière Benoit , Dixon Andrew , Stimec Jennifer , Boutis Kathy
Published: February 2019

Objectives

As residency programs transition from time‐ to performance‐based competency standards, validated tools are needed to measure performance‐based learning outcomes and studies are required to characterize the learning experience for residents. Since pediatric musculoskeletal (MSK) radiograph interpretation can be challenging for emergency medicine trainees, we introduced Web‐based pediatricMSKradiograph learning system with performance endpoints into pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) fellowships and determined the feasibility and effectiveness of implementing this intervention.

Methods

This was a multicenter prospective cohort study conducted over 12 months. The course offered 2,100 pediatricMSKradiographs organized into seven body regions.PEMfellows diagnosed each case and received feedback after each interpretation. Participants completed cases until they achieved a performance benchmark of at least 80% accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. The main outcome measure was the median number of cases completed by participants to achieve the performance benchmark.

Results

FiftyPEMfellows from nine programs in theUSand Canada participated. There were 301 of 350 (86%) modules started and 250 of 350 (71%) completed to the predefined performance benchmark during the study period. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) number of cases to performance benchmark per participant was 78 (60–104; min = 56, max = 1,333). Between modules, the median number of cases to achieve the performance benchmark was different for the ankle versus other modules (ankle 366 vs. other 76; difference = 290, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 245 to 335). The performance benchmark was achieved for 90.7% of participants in all modules except the ankle/foot, where 34.9% achieved this goal (difference = 55.8%, 95%CI = 45.3 to 66.3). The mean (95%CI) change in accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity from baseline to performance benchmark was +14.6% (13.4 to 15.8), +16.5% (14.8 to 18.1), and +12.6% (10.7 to 14.5), respectively. Median (IQR) time on each case was 31.0 (21.0–45.3) seconds.

Conclusions

Most participants completed the modules to the performance benchmark within 1 hour and demonstrated significant skill improvement. Further, there was a large variation in the number of cases completed to achieve the performance endpoint in any given module, and this impacted the feasibility of completing specific modules.
A strategic research alliance: Turner syndrome and sex differences
Authors: San Roman Adrianna K. , Page David C.
Published: February 2019

Sex chromosome constitution varies in the human population, both between the sexes (46,XX females and 46,XY males), and within the sexes (e.g., 45,X and 46,XX females, and 47,XXY and 46,XY males). Coincident with this genetic variation are numerous phenotypic differences between males and females, and individuals with sex chromosome aneuploidy. However, the molecular mechanisms by which sex chromosome constitution impacts phenotypes at the cellular, tissue, and organismal levels remain largely unexplored. Thus, emerges a fundamental question connecting the study of sex differences and sex chromosome aneuploidy syndromes: How does sex chromosome constitution influence phenotype? Here, we focus on Turner syndrome (TS), associated with the 45,X karyotype, and its synergies with the study of sex differences. We review findings from evolutionary studies of the sex chromosomes, which identified genes that are most likely to contribute to phenotypes as a result of variation in sex chromosome constitution. We then explore strategies for investigating the direct effects of the sex chromosomes, and the evidence for specific sex chromosome genes impacting phenotypes. In sum, we argue that integrating the study of TS with sex differences offers a mutually beneficial alliance to identify contributions of the sex chromosomes to human development, health, and disease.
The prognostic value of agonal respiration in refractory cardiac arrest: a case series of non‐shockable cardiac arrest successfully resuscitated through extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Authors: Bunya Naofumi , Wada Kenshiro , Yamaoka Ayumu , Kakizaki Ryuichiro , Katayama Yoichi , Kasai Takehiko , Kyan Ryoko , Murakami Naoto , Kokubu Nobuaki , Uemura Shuji , Narimatsu Eichi
Published: February 2019

Background

Agonal respiration following out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest is associated with favorable neurological outcomes. Resuscitation using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation could contribute to achieving favorable neurological outcomes in patients with refractory cardiac arrest.

Case presentation

We report two cases of refractory cardiac arrest with non‐shockable rhythms and agonal respiration; both patients were successfully resuscitated through extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR). Both patients were breathing spontaneously upon arrival. One patient was asystolic and the other experienced pulseless electrical activity followed by ventricular fibrillation. Agonal respiration was observed in both and ECPR was implemented, leading to a favorable neurological outcome at discharge.

Conclusion

The presence of agonal respiration has the potential to confer a favorable neurological outcome in patients with refractory cardiac arrest if maintained, even when the initial cardiac rhythm is not shockable. In these cases, resuscitation should not be abandoned, and ECPR should be considered.
Introduction of two polyvinyl alcohol resins for efficient solid support Cu‐catalyzed N‐arylation of α‐aminoacids with aryl halides in aqueous media
Authors: Kazemnejadi Milad , Sardarian Ali Reza , Esmaeilpour Mohsen
Published: February 2019

In this article, two polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)‐based resins were prepared by crosslinking of epoxidized PVA‐chains using of 4‐(4‐aminobenzyl)benzenamine as a crosslinker and polymerization of acrylated PVA chains in the another approach. The prepared PVA resins showed well hydrophilic and swelling properties in various organic solvents, which are used in solid‐phase organic synthesis (SPOS). Swelling properties of these resins were examined in dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, water, ethanol, methanol, dichloromethane, and dioxane. Furthermore, the both resins were characterized by FTIR and 1H‐NMR and their properties such as epoxy equivalent weight (EEW) of epoxidized PVA and density of the resins were determined by analytical methods. Then, α‐amino acids such as L‐aspartic acid, L‐leucine, L‐alanine, L‐serine, L‐valine, L‐threonine, and L‐tyrosine were immobilized on both resins through esterification reaction between these α‐amino acids with the present hydroxyl groups on PVA resines, to carry out their solid‐phase N‐arylation reaction in the presence of CuI as a catalyst in milder and greener conditions than free resin protocols. Hydrolysis of the correponding N‐arylated α‐amino acids immobilized on the resins gave the N‐arylated α‐amino acids in high to excellent yields. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47597.
Southern right whale (Eubalaena australis), seasonal abundance and distribution at Head of Bight, South Australia
Authors: Charlton Claire , Ward Rhianne , McCauley Robert D. , Brownell Robert L. , Salgado Kent Chandra , Burnell Stephen
Published: February 2019

Seasonal trends in the distribution and relative abundance of southern right whales (SRWs) Eubalaena australis, were assessed in Australia's largest calving aggregation ground at the Head of the Great Australian Bight, in the Commonwealth Marine Reserve, South Australia. Annual cliff‐based surveys were undertaken between June and October from 1992 to 2016.

SRWs were primarily distributed in a 15 km by 2 km area within the 10 m depth contour (with 95% of whale sightings made within a 10 km2 area). The distribution of SRWs at Head of Bight varied within an individual season but was consistent among the years. The composition of SRW sightings was 70% female–calf pairs and 30% unaccompanied whales.

Peak abundance occurred between mid‐July and end‐August for female–calf pairs and unaccompanied whales (juveniles or adults not accompanied by a calf), earlier than previously reported. A mean of 16% (range 8–28%, SD = 6.5, 95% CI = 0.15) of calving females were present at the site in mid‐June and a mean of 37% (range 13–61%, SD = 15.8, 95% CI = 0.37) remained at the site at the end of September.

Based on nearest‐neighbour distances of 150 m, the area occupied by 95% of SRWs at Head of Bight could reach carrying capacity at 68 female and calf pairs. Results suggest that the primary aggregation area at Head of Bight may have reached saturation capacity and that habitat expansion can be expected as the population increases.

This study provides information on SRW seasonal trends in distribution and abundance, timing of arrival and departure from the site and peak abundance periods relevant to application to conservation and marine park management.

As management requirements increase with a growing population, there is a need to complete an Australia‐wide assessment of SRW connectivity and habitat expansion.
Pim‐1 as a Therapeutic Target in Lupus Nephritis
Authors: Fu Rong , Xia Yong , Li Meirong , Mao Renxiang , Guo Chaohuan , Zhou Mianjing , Tan Hechang , Liu Meiling , Wang Shuang , Yang Niansheng , Zhao Jijun
Published: February 2019

Objective

Lupus nephritis (LN) is a major determinant of morbidity and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Pim‐1 regulates lymphocyte proliferation and activation. The role of Pim‐1 in autoimmune disease remains unclear. This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that inhibition of Pim‐1 would have therapeutic potential in patients with LN.

Methods

Pim‐1 expression was analyzed in lupus‐prone (NZB × NZW)F1 mice (n = 6), human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from SLE patients (n = 10), and glomeruli from patients with LN (n = 8). The therapeutic effect of the Pim‐1 inhibitor AZD1208 was assessed in the same murine lupus model (n = 10 mice per group). In vitro analysis was conducted to explore the mechanisms of action of Pim‐1 in mouse and human podocytes after Pim‐1 expression had been induced by anti–double‐stranded DNA (anti‐dsDNA) antibody–positive serum. Finally, MRL/lpr mice were used to confirm the therapeutic effects of Pim‐1 inhibition in vivo (n = 10 mice per group).

Results

Up‐regulation of Pim‐1 was seen in renal lysates from diseased (NZB × NZW)F1 mice and in PBMCs from patients with SLE and renal biopsy tissue from patients with LN, relative to their control counterparts (each P < 0.05). The Pim‐1 inhibitor AZD1208 reduced the severity of proteinuria, glomerulonephritis, renal immune complex deposits, and serum anti‐dsDNA antibody levels, concomitant with the suppression of NFATc1 expression and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, in diseased (NZB × NZW)F1 mice (each P < 0.05 versus controls). Moreover, in mouse and human podocytes, Pim‐1 knockdown with targeted small interfering RNA (siRNA) suppressed NFATc1 and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling in the presence of anti‐dsDNA–positive serum (each P < 0.05 versus control siRNA). Mechanistically, Pim‐1 modulated NLRP3 inflammasome activation through intracellular Ca2+ (P < 0.05 versus normal controls). The therapeutic effect of Pim‐1 blockade was replicated in MRL/lpr mice.

Conclusion

These data identify Pim‐1 as a critical regulator of LN pathogenesis in patients with SLE. Targeting of the Pim‐1/NFATc1/NLRP3 pathway might therefore have therapeutic potential in human LN.