bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Homocysteine lowering for stroke prevention: Unravelling the complexity of the evidence
Authors: Spence J David
Published: July 2016

Elevated levels of total homocysteine impair endothelial dysfunction and increase thrombosis. Homocysteine is causal in animal models, and in human studies, elevated total homocysteine is significantly associated with carotid atherosclerosis, lacunar infarction, and markedly increased risk of stroke in atrial fibrillation. Because two of the early large trials of B vitamin therapy (Vitamin Intervention for Stroke Prevention and the Norwegian Vitamin Study) did not show any reduction of stroke, and the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation 2 trial was mistakenly interpreted as not showing a reduction of stroke (because the authors could not think of a biological difference between stroke and myocardial infarction), there has been widespread pessimism regarding treatment to lower total homocysteine for stroke prevention. However, the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation 2 trial, the French trial of folic acid and omega three oils, the Vitamins to Prevent Stroke subgroup excluding antiplatelet therapy all showed a significant reduction of stroke. Reasons why the Vitamin Intervention for Stroke Prevention trial were negative included folate fortification in North America, provision of injections of B12 to patients with low baseline serum B12, and as it turns out, harm from cyanide in cyanocobalamin among participants with impaired renal function. In the Diabetic Intervention with Vitamins in Nephropathy trial, B vitamins including cyanocobalamin were harmful, and in a Vitamin Intervention for Stroke Prevention subgroup excluding participants who received B12 injections and those with impaired renal function, there was a statistically significant reduction of stroke/myocardial infarction/vascular death. In 2015, the China Stroke Primary Prevention Trial (CSPPT), in over 20,000 participants followed for 5 years, showed a significant reduction of stroke with folic acid in a setting where folate fortification has not been implemented. In the setting of folate fortification, the main causes of elevated total homocysteine are renal failure and metabolic B12 deficiency; the latter is very common among stroke patients (30% over age 71), and frequently missed. Serum B12 and total homocysteine should be checked routinely in stroke patients and elevated total homocysteine should be treated.
Pancreatic cancer
Authors: Watson John , Hydon Katrina , Adair Robert
Published: July 2016

Pancreatic cancer is the 10th-most-common malignancy in the UK, affecting around 8800 people in 2011. However, it is the fifth-most-common cause of death from cancer in men and the fourth-most-common cause in women. The early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer is made difficult by its often non-specific presenting symptoms. The stage of disease at diagnosis has significant prognostic importance, and as such, early investigation and referral of patients with suspicious symptoms is crucial. The 1-, 5- and 10-year survival rates are 21, 3 and 1%, respectively; therefore, GPs play an important role in the palliation of patients with incurable disease.
Impact of ornithine phenylacetate (OCR-002) in lowering plasma ammonia after upper gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhotic patients
Authors: Ventura-Cots Meritxell , Concepción Mar , Arranz José Antonio , Simón-Talero Macarena , Torrens Maria , Blanco-Grau Albert , Fuentes Inma , Suñé Pilar , Alvarado-Tapias Edilmar , Gely Cristina , Roman Eva , Mínguez Beatriz , Soriano German , Genescà Joan , Córdoba Juan
Published: July 2016

Background:

Ornithine phenylacetate (OP) has been proven effective in lowering ammonia plasma levels in animals, and to be well tolerated in cirrhotic patients. A trial to assess OP efficacy in lowering plasma ammonia levels versus placebo in cirrhotic patients after an upper gastrointestinal bleeding was performed. The primary outcome was a decrease in venous plasma ammonia at 24 hours.

Methods:

A total of 38 consecutive cirrhotic patients were enrolled within 24 hours of an upper gastrointestinal bleed. Patients were randomized (1:1) to receive OP (10 g/day) or glucosaline for 5 days.

Results:

The primary outcome was not achieved. A progressive decrease in ammonia was observed in both groups, being slightly greater in the OP group, with significant differences only at 120 hours. The subanalysis according to Child–Pugh score showed a statistically significant ammonia decrease in Child–Pugh C-treated patients at 36 hours, as well as in the time-normalized area under the curve (TN-AUC) 0–120 hours in the OP group [40.16 μmol/l (37.7–42.6); median (interquartile range) (IQR)] versus placebo group [65.5 μmol/l (54–126); p = 0.036]. A decrease in plasma glutamine levels was observed in the treated group compared with the placebo group, and was associated with the appearance of phenylacetylglutamine in urine. Adverse-event frequency was similar in both groups. No differences in hepatic encephalopathy incidence were observed.

Conclusions:

OP failed to significantly decrease plasma ammonia at the given doses (10 g/day). Higher doses of OP might be required in Child–Pugh A and B patients. OP appeared well tolerated.
Immigrants and mobile phone uses: Spanish-speaking young adults recently arrived in London
Authors: Gordano Peile Cecilia , Ros Híjar Adela
Published: July 2016

This paper contributes to the understanding of immigrants’ mobile phone uses by focusing on a particular social group, European young adults, and moment in the migration process—arrival at a new place. It analyses the experiences of 25 Spanish-speaking young adults recently arrived in London through a qualitative methodological lens based on semistructured interviews and participant observation at relevant sites of arrival in the city. We looked at the potential mobile phones have to empower youth in their migration processes—from improving their transnational communication to accessing relevant and timely information at destination—as well as the challenges young migrants face to fully enjoy mobile services in a new national context. We argue that this tension between the potential benefits and challenges of mobile communication is particularly prominent when arriving at a new place, a moment characterized by economic and emotional uncertainties. However, this temporal dimension has tended to remain underexplored in the literature that deals with mobile communication and users’ strategies. Thus we propose the concept of “immigrants’ technological adjustments” to name the set of decisions immigrants take as information and communication technologies (ICTs) users in order to ensure the availability of digital resources and services while moving between countries. We draw upon empirical examples from fieldwork in order to offer a new conceptual tool that further develops the burgeoning field of immigrants and ICT use.
Trait impulsivity and body mass index: A cross-sectional investigation in 3073 individuals reveals positive, but very small relationships
Authors: Meule Adrian , Blechert Jens
Published: July 2016

Impulsivity has been suggested to be associated with obesity. However, findings are fairly inconsistent and it appears that only specific facets of impulsivity are related to overeating and body mass. In this study, relationships between scores on a short form of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale and body mass index were examined in a heterogeneous sample ( N = 3073). After controlling for age and sex, only scores on attentional and motor impulsivity, but not non-planning impulsivity, were predictive of higher body mass index. The magnitude of these relationships, however, was very small. Thus, future research needs to address possible mediators and moderators of the relationship between impulsivity and body mass in order to explain why only specific facets of impulsivity appear to play a role in obesity and under which circumstances heightened impulsivity levels are associated with higher body weight.
Duplication of the superficial femoral artery: comprehensive review of imaging literature and insight into embryology
Authors: Hapugoda Sachintha , Hsu Charlie Chia-Tsong , Kwan Gigi Nga Chi , Watkins Trevor William , Rophael John A
Published: July 2016

An extremely rare case of duplicated superficial femoral artery (SFA) was incidentally observed on computed tomography angiogram (CTA) of the lower limbs for presurgical planning for an osteomyocutaneous fibula flap in a patient with T4a oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). To our knowledge, this is the sixth reported case in the imaging literature. We performed a comprehensive review of the English literature and discuss the underlying embryological origin underpinning this rare anatomical variant.
Closed-Loop Double Endobutton Technique for Repair of Unstable Distal Clavicle Fractures
Authors: Struhl Steven , Wolfson Theodore S.
Published: July 2016

Background:

Displaced fractures of the distal clavicle are inherently unstable and lead to nonunion in a high percentage of cases. The optimal surgical management remains controversial.

Hypothesis:

Indirect osteosynthesis with a closed-loop double endobutton construct would result in reliable fracture union and obviate the need for additional surgery.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

Eight patients with an acute unstable Neer type IIB distal clavicle fracture were treated with a closed-loop double endobutton implant. Mean follow-up averaged 3.4 years (range, 1-9 years). Two patients were lost to follow-up. The remaining 6 patients underwent a detailed functional and radiologic evaluation.

Results:

Definitive fracture healing was achieved in all patients. There were no complications, and no patients required additional surgery related to the index procedure. The mean Constant score was 97 at final follow-up.

Conclusion:

The closed-loop double endobutton technique was reliable and effective in achieving fracture union in all patients with unstable Neer type IIB fractures of the distal clavicle. This technique obviates the need for late hardware removal that is often necessary when direct osteosynthesis is used and avoids potential complications associated with coracoclavicular cerclage constructs that require knot fixation.
Meniscal Ramp Lesions
Authors: Chahla Jorge , Dean Chase S. , Moatshe Gilbert , Mitchell Justin J. , Cram Tyler R. , Yacuzzi Carlos , LaPrade Robert F.
Published: July 2016

Meniscal ramp lesions are more frequently associated with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries than previously recognized. Some authors suggest that this entity results from disruption of the meniscotibial ligaments of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus, whereas others support the idea that it is created by a tear of the peripheral attachment of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans have been reported to have a low sensitivity, and consequently, ramp lesions often go undiagnosed. Therefore, to rule out a ramp lesion, an arthroscopic evaluation with probing of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus should be performed. Several treatment options have been reported, including nonsurgical management, inside-out meniscal repair, or all-inside meniscal repair. In cases of isolated ramp lesions, a standard meniscal repair rehabilitation protocol should be followed. However, when a concomitant ACL reconstruction (ACLR) is performed, the rehabilitation should follow the designated ACLR postoperative protocol. The purpose of this article was to review the current literature regarding meniscal ramp lesions and summarize the pertinent anatomy, biomechanics, diagnostic strategies, recommended treatment options, and postoperative protocol.
Not Just Black and White
Authors: Spell Sarah A.
Published: July 2016

The increasing interest in research on hookups (i.e., noncommittal unions focused on sexual acts ranging from kissing to intercourse) often highlights individual-level predictors (e.g., alcohol use, attitudes) or gender/class differences. Racial/ethnic comparisons are often portrayed as White/non-White, despite literature on differing experiences within race by gender due to institutional-level differences, standards of beauty, and sexual stereotypes. Using the Online College Social Life Survey data set ( n = 18,347), this article explores participation in hookup culture by race/ethnicity and gender. Additionally, interviews with undergraduates at the University of Pennsylvania ( n = 60) reveal students’ expectations of, and barriers to, participation in hookup culture. Asian men report on average almost half the hookup partners than do other men, while White women report almost double the hookup partners on average than do other women. This article concludes that arguing a White/non-White dichotomy ignores important gender differences: Asian men and non-White women face additional barriers to participation in hookup culture. Finally, this article asserts that research must incorporate intersectionality to study hookups.
Interrogating Ourselves in a Racialized World
Authors: Jason Kendra , Epplen Sarah Nell
Published: July 2016

In this article we suggest strategies for teachers who do not teach race and ethnicity courses on how to create learning opportunities for students to analyze their social environments and interrogate how their beliefs, feelings, and actions concerning race and racism are shaped by their social worlds. We propose a pedagogical approach that examines and welcomes students’ personal experiences in the classroom as one of the most powerful tools for promoting deep learning about race relations and the damaging subtleties of racism. We argue that having students analyze the social origins of their thoughts by personalizing their assignments helps students identify the source of internalized colorblind ideologies. We contend that only when students are pushed to acknowledge the social sources of their “individual” perspectives will they be equipped to examine society through racialized lenses.
Low-Income First-Time Mothers
Authors: Hannan Jean , Brooten Dorothy , Page Timothy , Galindo Ali , Torres Maritza
Published: July 2016

Background. Low-income mothers have greater challenges in accessing health care services due changes in the health care system and budget cuts. The purpose of this randomized clinical trial was to test a nurse practitioner (NP) intervention using cell phone and texting on maternal/infant outcomes. Methods. The sample included 129 mother-infant pairs. Intervention group mothers received NP 2-way cell phone follow-up intervention post–hospital discharge for 6 months. Results. Intervention mothers’ perceived social support was significantly higher. Intervention infants received their first newborn follow-up visit significantly earlier (6 vs 9 days); significantly more infants were immunized at recommended times (2, 4, and 6 months of age); and there were fewer infant morbidities compared to controls. The intervention saved between $51 030 and $104 277 in health care costs averted. Conclusion. This easy-to-use, safe intervention is an effective way to reach a wide range of populations and demonstrated improved maternal/infant outcomes and decreased cost.
IGDD: a database of intronless genes in dicots
Authors: Yan Hanwei , Dai Xiaogang , Feng Kai , Ma Qiuyue , Yin Tongming
Published: July 2016

Background

Intronless genes are a significant characteristic of prokaryotes. Systematic identification and annotation are primary and crucial steps for determining the functions of intronless genes and understanding their occurrence in eukaryotes.

Description

In this paper, we describe the construction of the Intronless Genes Database in Dicots (IGDD; available at http://bio.njfu.edu.cn/igdd/), which contains data for five well-annotated plants including Arabidopsis thaliana, Carica papaya, Populus trichocarpa, Salix suchowensis and Vitis vinifera. Using highly visual settings, IGDD displays the structural and functional annotations, the homolog groups, the syntenic relationships, the expression patterns, and the statistical characteristics of intronless genes. In addition, useful tools such as an advanced search and local BLAST are available through a user-friendly and intuitive web interface.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the IGDD provides a comprehensive and up-to-date platform for researchers to assist the exploration of intronless genes in dicot plants.
High-resolution imaging: An approach by incorporating stationary-phase implementation into deabsorption prestack time migration
Authors: Zhang Jianfeng , Li Zhengwei , Liu Linong , Wang Jin , Xu Jincheng
Published: July 2016

We have improved the so-called deabsorption prestack time migration (PSTM) by introducing a dip-angle domain stationary-phase implementation. Deabsorption PSTM compensates absorption and dispersion via an actual wave propagation path using effective [Formula: see text] parameters that are obtained during migration. However, noises induced by the compensation degrade the resolution gained and deabsorption PSTM requires more computational effort than conventional PSTM. Our stationary-phase implementation improves deabsorption PSTM through the determination of an optimal migration aperture based on an estimate of the Fresnel zone. This significantly attenuates the noises and reduces the computational cost of 3D deabsorption PSTM. We have estimated the 2D Fresnel zone in terms of two dip angles through building a pair of 1D migrated dip-angle gathers using PSTM. Our stationary-phase QPSTM (deabsorption PSTM) was implemented as a two-stage process. First, we used conventional PSTM to obtain the Fresnel zones. Then, we performed deabsorption PSTM with the Fresnel-zone-based optimized migration aperture. We applied stationary-phase QPSTM to a 3D field data. Comparison with synthetic seismogram generated from well log data validates the resolution enhancements.
Shedding Light on Anesthetic Mechanisms: Application of Photoaffinity Ligands
Authors: Woll Kellie A. , Dailey William P. , Brannigan Grace , Eckenhoff Roderic G.
Published: July 2016

Anesthetic photoaffinity ligands have had an increasing presence within anesthesiology research. These ligands mimic parent general anesthetics and allow investigators to study anesthetic interactions with receptors and enzymes; identify novel targets; and determine distribution within biological systems. To date, nearly all general anesthetics used in medicine have a corresponding photoaffinity ligand represented in the literature. In this review, we examine all aspects of the current methodologies, including ligand design, characterization, and deployment. Finally we offer points of consideration and highlight the future outlook as more photoaffinity ligands emerge within the field.
δGABAA Receptors Are Necessary for Synaptic Plasticity in the Hippocampus: Implications for Memory Behavior
Authors: Whissell Paul D. , Avramescu Sinziana , Wang Dian-Shi , Orser Beverley A.
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUND:

Extrasynaptic γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors that contain the δ subunit (δGABAAreceptors) contribute to memory performance. Dysregulation of δGABAAreceptor expression, which occurs in some neurological disorders, is associated with memory impairment. Mice lacking δGABAAreceptors (Gabrd−/−) exhibit deficits in their ability to distinguish between similar memories, a process which is referred to as pattern separation. The CA3 and dentate gyrus subfields of the hippocampus regulate pattern separation, raising the possibility that synaptic plasticity is impaired in these regions inGabrd−/−mice. Although long-term potentiation (LTP), the most widely studied form of synaptic plasticity, is normal in the dentate gyrus ofGabrd−/−mice, LTP in the CA3 subfield has not been studied. Here, we tested the hypothesis that LTP is reduced in the CA3 subfield ofGabrd−/−mice.

METHODS:

LTP of extracellular field postsynaptic potentials was studied in the mossy fiber (MF)-CA3 pathway using hippocampal slices fromGabrd−/−and wild-type (WT) mice. We also examined paired pulse responses and input–output relationships at MF-CA3 synapses.

RESULTS:

MF-CA3 LTP was reduced inGabrd−/−mice, as evidenced by decreased potentiation of field postsynaptic potentials (WT: 178.3% ± 16.1% versusGabrd−/−: 126.3% ± 6.9%;P= 0.0091). Thus, the deletion of δGABAAreceptors is associated with impaired plasticity. Bicuculline (BIC), a GABAAreceptor antagonist, reduced plasticity in WT but not inGabrd−/−mice (WT + BIC: 123.9% ± 7.6% versusGabrd−/−+ BIC: 136.5% ± 7.0%). Paired pulse responses and input–output relationships did not differ between the genotypes (allPs > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS:

Both genetic deletion and pharmacological blockade of δGABAAreceptors impair MF-CA3 LTP, suggesting that δGABAAreceptors are necessary for synaptic plasticity in the CA3 subfield. Drugs that enhance δGABAAreceptor function may reverse deficits in synaptic plasticity in the CA3 subfield and improve pattern separation in neurological disorders.
A Procedural Electroencephalogram Simulator for Evaluation of Anesthesia Monitors
Authors: Petersen Christian Leth , Görges Matthias , Massey Roslyn , Dumont Guy Albert , Ansermino J. Mark
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUND:

Recent research and advances in the automation of anesthesia are driving the need to better understand electroencephalogram (EEG)–based anesthesia end points and to test the performance of anesthesia monitors. This effort is currently limited by the need to collect raw EEG data directly from patients.

METHODS:

A procedural method to synthesize EEG signals was implemented in a mobile software application. The application is capable of sending the simulated signal to an anesthesia depth of hypnosis monitor. Systematic sweeps of the simulator generate functional monitor response profiles reminiscent of how network analyzers are used to test electronic components.

RESULTS:

Three commercial anesthesia monitors (Entropy, NeuroSENSE, and BIS) were compared with this new technology, and significant response and feature variations between the monitor models were observed; this includes reproducible, nonmonotonic apparent multistate behavior and significant hysteresis at light levels of anesthesia.

CONCLUSIONS:

Anesthesia monitor response to a procedural simulator can reveal significant differences in internal signal processing algorithms. The ability to synthesize EEG signals at different anesthetic depths potentially provides a new method for systematically testing EEG-based monitors and automated anesthesia systems with all sensor hardware fully operational before human trials.
Search Advertising
Authors: de Cornière Alexandre
Published: July 2016

Search engines enable advertisers to target consumers based on the query they have entered. In a framework in which consumers search sequentially after having entered a query, I show that such targeting reduces search costs, improves matches and intensifies price competition. However, a profit-maximizing monopolistic search engine imposes a distortion by charging too high an advertising fee, which may negate the benefits of targeting. The search engine also has incentives to provide a suboptimal quality of sponsored links. Competition among search engines can increase or decrease welfare, depending on the extent of multi-homing by advertisers. (JEL D43, D83, L13, L86, M37)
Uber: a regulação de aplicativos de intermediação de contrato de transporte
Authors: Andrighi Fátima Nancy
Published: July 2016

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The Song Remains the Same? Technological Change and Positioning in the Recorded Music Industry
Authors: Benner Mary J. , Waldfogel Joel
Published: July 2016

Technological change in the recorded music industry has spurred changes—file sharing, unbundling singles from albums, and streaming—that have eroded firms’ abilities to generate revenues. Other technological changes have reduced the costs of production, distribution, and promotion, as well as the search for talent. These changes have influenced the strategic positioning of major and independent record labels. We examine the new music releases of major and independent labels before and after the technological change, using a differences-in-differences design and unique data on over 63,000 albums released in the United States between 1990 and 2010. We find, first, that major labels increasingly choose artists that have been previously successful, both on the same label and on other labels; second, that music releases increase for independent labels but decrease for major labels; and third, that this selective approach appears to work, as a growing share of major label releases achieve commercial success on the Billboard charts. Despite growing relative success, because overall revenue is declining in the industry, U.S. revenues for major labels fall, while the revenues of independent labels are stable. Our results support the idea that major labels deploy their high-cost capabilities in a narrowing segment of the market, releasing successful artists that have broad market appeal and high revenue, while independents adopt lower cost approaches, pursuing more music releases for smaller, lower revenue audiences. Thus, prechange strategic positions appear to influence the labels’ responses to—and adoption of—the technological change, resulting in even more heterogeneous positions post-change.
Graphs with reciprocal eigenvalue properties
Authors: PANDA SWARUP , Pati Sukanta
Published: July 2016

In this paper, only simple graphs are considered. A graph G is nonsingular if its adjacency matrix A(G) is nonsingular. A nonsingular graph G satisfies reciprocal eigenvalue property (property R) if the reciprocal of each eigenvalue of the adjacency matrix A(G) is also an eigenvalue of A(G) and G satisfies strong reciprocal eigenvalue property (property SR) if the reciprocal of each eigenvalue of the adjacency matrix A(G) is also an eigenvalue of A(G) and they both have the same multiplicities. From the definitions property SR implies property R. Furthermore, for some classes of graphs (for example, trees), it is known that these properties are equivalent. However, the equivalence of these two properties is not yet known for any nonsingular graph. In this article, it is shown that these properties are not equivalent in general.
How Well Do Laboratories Adhere to Recommended Clinical Guidelines for the Management of Myocardial Infarction: The CARdiac MArker Guidelines Uptake in Europe Study (CARMAGUE)
Authors: Collinson Paul , Hammerer-Lercher Angelika , Suvisaari Janne , Apple Fred S , Christenson Rob H , Pulkki Kari , van Dieijen-Visser Marja P , Duff Christopher J , Baum Hannsjörg , Stavljenic-Rukavina Ana , Aakre Kristin M , Langlois Michel R , Stankovic Sanja , Laitinen Paivi
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUND

We undertook an assessment of current use of evidence-based guidelines for the use of cardiac biomarkers in Europe (EU) and North America (NA).

METHODS

In 2013–2014 a web-based questionnaire was distributed via NA and EU biochemical societies. Questions covered cardiac biomarkers measured, analytical methods used, decision thresholds, and use of decision-making protocols. Results were collated using a central database and analyzed using comparative and descriptive nonparametric statistics.

RESULTS

In EU, returns were obtained from 442 hospitals, 50% central or university hospitals, and 39% from local hospitals from 35 countries with 395/442 (89%) provided an acute service. In NA there were 91 responses (63.7% central or university hospitals, 19.8% community hospitals) with 76/91 (83.5%) providing an acute service. Cardiac troponin was the preferred cardiac biomarker in 99.5% (EU) and 98.7% (NA), and the first line marker in 97.7% (EU) and 97.4% (NA). There were important differences in the choice of decision limits and their derivations. The origin of the information was also significantly different, with EU vs NA as follows: package insert, 61.9% vs 40%; publications, 17.1% vs 15.0%; local clinical or analytical validation choice, 21.0% vs 45.0%; P = 0.0003.

CONCLUSIONS

There are significant differences between EU and NA use of cardiac biomarkers. This probably relates to different availability of assays between EU and NA (such as high-sensitivity troponin assays) and different laboratory practices on assay introduction (greater local evaluation of assay performance occurred in NA).
The pathogenic basis for the development of cardiovascular disease in obesity: difficulties of diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Bondarenko Irina Ziatovna , Shpagina Ol'ga Viktorovna
Published: July 2016

Cardiovascular abnormalities associated with morbid obesity include cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac dilatation, diastolic dysfunction. Also obesity predispose to numerous cardiac complications such as coronary heart disease, heart failure, and sudden death. The cardiovascular clinical evaluation of obese patients may be limited by morphological changes, which are specific for increased amount of body fat mass. The incidence of sudden and unexplained death in morbid obesity may be a manifestation of occult cardiovascular disease in this population.
Possible genetic predetermination of physical activity and metabolic syndrome
Authors: Yalochkina Tat'yana Olegovna
Published: July 2016

Possible genetic predetermination of physical activity and metabolic syndrome
An integrated approach to design and fabrication of a miniature endoscope using freeform optics
Authors: Li Hui , Naples Neil J. , Zhao Xin , Yi Allen Y.
Published: July 2016

Endoscopes are important medical optical devices widely used in minimally invasive surgery. However, manufacturing issues such as tight packaging constraints and tolerance requirements hinder their development. These problems often result in high manufacturing cost or poor image quality. To cope with these issues, in this research, a novel endoscope utilizing an off-axis freeform optics is developed by using an integrated ultraprecision diamond machining process. The major optical components of this endoscope include a prism with two reflective surfaces and a freeform entrance surface. In addition, a doublet and a field lens were added to complete the system design. To validate the feasibility of the endoscope design, single-point diamond turning and rastering processes were utilized to machine the required components. After the lenses were machined, the geometry of the lenses was measured using a white light optical profilometer. The results show that their profiles have a manufacture error of ±2 μm along the optical axis. Lastly, the prototype was assembled and tested to evaluate its imaging performance, including measurement of its modulation transfer function.
Modeling of landslide volume estimation
Authors: Amirahmadi Abolghasem , Pourhashemi Sima , Karami Mokhtar , Akbari Elahe
Published: July 2016

Mass displacement of materials such as landslide is considered among problematic phenomena in Baqi Basin located at southern slopes of Binaloud, Iran; since, it destroys agricultural lands and pastures and also increases deposits at the basin exit. Therefore, it is necessary to identify areas which are sensitive to landslide and estimate the significant volume. In the present study, in order to estimate the volume of landslide, information about depth and area of slides was collected; then, considering regression assumptions, a power regression model was given which was compared with 17 suggested models in various regions in different countries. The results showed that values of estimated mass obtained from the suggested model were consistent with observed data (P value= 0.000 and R = 0.692) and some of the existing relations which implies on efficiency of the suggested model. Also, relations that were created in small-area landslides were more suitable rather than the ones created in large-area landslides for using in Baqi Basin. According to the suggested relation, average depth value of landslides was estimated 3.314 meters in Baqi Basin which was close to the observed value, 4.609 m.
Line-Profile Analysis Combined with Texture Analysis for Characterizing Dislocation Distribution in Texture Components of Cold-Rolled Copper Sheets
Authors: Satoh Kozue , Sato Shigeo , Yamanaka Kenta , Suzuki Shigeru , Chiba Akihiko , Wagatsuma Kazuaki
Published: July 2016

We described a newly developed characterization technique that dislocation density could be individually determined for each texture component of plastically deformed metals by combining the line-profile analysis with the texture analysis by using X-ray diffraction. This method was applied to major texture components of cube, copper, and brass evolved in cold-rolled copper sheets. The Warren–Averbach procedure using two diffraction peaks was used for estimating the dislocation density. An increase in the dislocation density with the rolling reduction was evaluated for individual texture components. Although the individual texture components underwent the different slip paths, the dislocation densities in these texture components were almost comparable; however, the non-texture component was shown to have a higher dislocation density than the texture components. The recovery and recrystallization proceeded preferentially in the non-texture component.
Metaphor and its humorousness: The case of nominal compounds in German
Authors: Kang Byongchang
Published: July 2016

This paper discusses the interaction between metaphor and humor by focusing on humorous metaphor-based nominal compounds in German. The paper highlights the lexical level of verbal humor, which has been largely overlooked in the linguistic humor studies. Viewing the nominal compound as one of the smallest units of verbal humor, the present study seeks to distinguish this from discussions of metaphorical humor that are concerned with specific sentence-level constructions. Nominal compounds are simple in terms of structural formation but the two constituents play a complex role in meaning construction, and the complexity increases when metaphor is involved. It is this aspect that has the potential to generate the incongruity required to induce humor. The humor in metaphor-based nominal compounds is produced by the mechanism that creates and resolves the incongruity between the literal and the figurative meaning of the whole compound, supported by a range of meaning construction types of the metaphor-based compound. This study focuses on German nominal compounds that are marked as “humorous” in the dictionary.
Global Poverty and Inequality: Is There New Capacity for Redistribution in Developing Countries?
Authors: Hoy Chris , Sumner Andy
Published: July 2016

Amartya Sen’s famous study of famines found that people died not because of a lack of food availability in a country but because some people lacked entitlements to that food. Is a similar situation now the case for global poverty, meaning that national resources are available but not being used to end poverty? This paper argues that approximately three-quarters of global poverty, at least at the lower poverty lines, could now be eliminated – in principle – via redistribution of nationally available resources in terms of cash transfers funded by new taxation and the reallocation of public spending. We argue that the findings provide a rationale for a stronger consideration of some national redistribution for purely instrumental reasons: to reduce or end global poverty quicker than waiting for economic growth. We find that at lower poverty lines ending global poverty may now be within the financial capacities of most national governments of developing countries either in the form of potential new taxation or reallocation of existing public finances though this is not the case at higher poverty lines. In summary, reducing global poverty at lower poverty lines is increasingly a matter of national inequality.
A Dynamic Resilience Approach for WDM Optical Networks
Authors: Garg Amit Kumar
Published: July 2016

Optical fibres have been developed as a transmission medium to carry traffic in order to provide various services in telecommunications platform. Failure of this fibre caused loss of data which can interrupt communication services. This paper has been focused only on survivable schemes in order to guarantee both protection and restoration in WDM optical networks. In this paper, a dynamic resilience approach has been proposed whose objective is to route the flows in a way which minimizes the total amount of bandwidth used for working and protection paths. In the proposed approach, path-based protection is utilized because it yields lower overhead and is also suitable for global optimization where, in case of a single link failure, all the flows utilizing the failed link are re-routed to a pre-computed set of paths. The simulation results demonstrate that proposed approach is much more efficient as it provides better quality of services (QoS) in terms of network resource utilization, blocking probability etc. as compared to conventional protection and restoration schemes. The proposed approach seems to offer an attractive combination of features, with both ring like speed and mesh-like efficiency.
Evaluation of simparteam – a needs-orientated team training format for obstetrics and neonatology
Authors: Zech Alexandra , Gross Benedict , Jasper-Birzele Céline , Jeschke Katharina , Kieber Thomas , Lauterberg Jörg , Lazarovici Marc , Prückner Stephan , Rall Marcus , Reddersen Silke , Sandmeyer Benedikt , Scholz Christoph , Stricker Eric , Urban Bert , Zobel Astrid , Singer Ingeborg
Published: July 2016

Introduction:

A standardized team-training program for healthcare professionals in obstetric units was developed based on an analysis of common causes for adverse events found in claims registries. The interdisciplinary and inter-professional training concept included both technical and non-technical skill training. Evaluation of the program was carried out in hospitals with respect to the immediate personal learning of participants and also regarding changes in safety culture.

Methods:

Trainings in n=7 hospitals including n=270 participants was evaluated using questionnaires. These were administered at four points in time to staff from participating obstetric units: (1) 10 days ahead of the training (n=308), (2) on training day before (n=239), (3) right after training (n=248), and (4) 6 months after (n=188) the intervention. Questionnaires included several questions for technical and non-technical skills and the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety (HSOPS).

Results:

Strong effects were found in the participants’ perception of their own competence regarding technical skills and handling of emergencies. Small effects could be observed in the scales of the HSOPS questionnaire. Most effects differed depending on professional groups and hospitals.

Conclusions:

Integrated technical and team management training can raise employees’ confidence with complex emergency management skills and processes. Some indications for improvements on the patient safety culture level were detected. Furthermore, differences between professional groups and hospitals were found, indicating the need for more research on contributing factors for patient safety and for the success of crew resource management (CRM) trainings.
Flow cytometry as an important tool in the diagnosis of immunodeficiencies demonstrated in a patient with ataxia-telangiectasia
Authors: De Stefano Alessandro , Boldt Andreas , Schmiedel Lydia , Sack Ulrich , Kentouche Karim
Published: July 2016

Background:

Ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) is a rare hereditary genetic disease caused by one of more than 500 mutations in the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated gene (ATM). AT is characterized by cerebellar ataxia, telangiectasia of blood vessels, immunodeficiency with frequent lung infections, susceptibility to cancer, and sensitivity to ionizing radiation. A correct immunophenotyping of lymphocytes is necessary to identify the cause of the immunodeficiency.

Methods:

We evaluated a patient (female, 15 years) with AT by estimation of antibody titers, characterization of peripheral B- and T-cell subsets and investigation of proliferation response of B- and T-cells undergoing specific stimulation with PHA, CD3/CD28, and R848/CD40L. A healthy volunteer was used as a control.

Results:

The patient showed a heterozygous mutation in the ATM gene (c.5932G>T[p.E1978X]/c.7788+3A>G). Interestingly, despite a very low level of class-switched memory B-cells normal levels of serum immunoglobulins and antibody titers to viral and bacterial antigens could be observed. Furthermore, the analysis revealed an increase in total numbers of T-cells, caused by an extraordinarily high amount of γ/δ T-cells (CD3+CD4–CD8) (>75% of T-cells). Remaining CD4+/CD8+T-cells were decreased, naïve cells and recent thymic emigrants (RTEs) were strongly deficient. Subsequently, the proliferation activity of T-cells was strongly impaired, in contrast to normal B-cell proliferation both compared to the healthy control.

Conclusions:

Initial lymphocyte immunophenotyping suggested a defect in T- and B-cell differentiation, but normal humoral antibody titers and B-cell proliferation were inconsistent with this suspicion. Therefore, the results revealed an underlying T-cell defect and low levels of class-switched B-cells results from the lacking assistance from T-cells.
The polymer converter for effectively connecting polymer with silica optical fibres
Authors: Pura-Pawlikowska P. , Dudek M. , Wonko R. , Marć P. , Kujawińska M. , Jaroszewicz L.R.
Published: July 2016

We present a micrometer-size polymer converter (microbridge) for connecting polymer optical fibres with silica fibres. The procedure of preparing such microstructure is based on a process of photopolymerization. A polymer converter grows as an extension of the fibres’ cores due to a self-guiding effect of the light beam in a photopolymerizable medium. Since the polymer microbridge has refractive index greater inside than outside, such a structure works as a waveguide leading the light beam between connected optical fibres. By selection of time of light exposition to the mixture and optical power of the incident light beam, it is possible to obtain a polymer converter with very good optical and mechanical characteristics. Possibility of using polymer microbridges grown directly from the fibres’ core as coupling elements between silica and polymer fibres is a good alternative for obtaining permanent coupling of such fibres.
Product Space Perspective on Structural Change in Morocco
Authors: Osorio Rodarte Israel , Lofgren Hans
Published: July 2016

Drawing on international trade data, this paper uses the product space approach to analyze changes in Morocco’s goods exports in 1990–2010 and future export priorities. The level and moderate growth of Morocco’s gross domestic product match the predictions of product space analysis, informed by changes in the income potential of Morocco’s export basket, reflecting relatively strong capabilities in products with a relatively low potential to contribute to income growth and diversification. Morocco’s peripheral position in the product space points to the difficulty of diversification into more sophisticated products. Encouraging changes since 1990 include the development of a revealed comparative advantage in medium- and high-tech manufactures. However, the number of goods involved is relatively small and this transformation has not sufficed to raise per capita growth to the average for middle-income countries. Among sectors, high growth is likely for phosphate-based fertilizer exports. However, phosphates are hampered by low income and diversification potentials. Along with various other manufactured products, electronics and the automotive industry are promising sectors that may offer more lasting positive contributions. Beyond goods, policy makers should also consider the potential contributions of service exports, which in recent years have enjoyed rapid growth.
Separation Control by Slot Jet in a Critically Loaded Compressor Cascade
Authors: Hu Jiaguo , Wang Rugen , Wu Peigen , He Chen
Published: July 2016

Separation in compressor cascade triggers flow loss and instability. This paper presents a passive flow control method by introducing a slot into the blade. The slot induces self-adapted jet, while the jet flow is used to suppress cascade’s separation. To study the flow control effect, experiments were conducted and flow field details were given by validated numerical simulations. The results show that a well-designed slot carries adequate jet airflow from pressure side (PS) to suction side (SS) due to the great pressure fall between the two sides. The jet airflow delays suction side separation within specific incidence angles, so the performance of cascade achieves considerable improvements. It enables to be concluded that the slot carries jet flow to SS separation zone, and then the self-adapted jet flow re-energizes low momentum fluid and suppresses vortices in the separation which are negative to the cascade flow.
Concurrent Validity of Wearable Activity Trackers Under Free-Living Conditions
Authors: Brooke Skyler M. , An Hyun-Sung , Kang Seoung-Ki , Noble John M. , Berg Kris E. , Lee Jung-Min
Published: July 2016

Brooke, SM, An, H-S, Kang, S-K, Noble, JM, Berg, KE, and Lee, J-M. Concurrent validity of wearable activity trackers under free-living conditions. J Strength Cond Res 31(4): 1097–1106, 2017—The purpose of this study is to evaluate the concurrent validity of wearable activity trackers in energy expenditure (EE) and sleep period time (SPT) under free-living conditions. Ninety-five (28.5 ± 9.8 years) healthy men (n = 34) and women (n = 61) participated in this study. The total EE and SPT were measured using 8 monitors: Nike+ FuelBand SE (NFB), Garmin VivoFit (VF), Misfit Shine (MF), Fitbit Flex (FF), Jawbone UP (JU), Polar Loop (PL), Fitbit Charge HR (FC), and SenseWear Armband Mini (SWA) (criterion measures: SWA for EE and a sleep log for SPT). The mean absolute percent error (MAPE) for EE was 13.0, 15.2, 15.5, 16.1, 16.2, 22.8, and 24.5% for PL, MF, FF, NFB, FC, JU, and VF, respectively. Mean absolute percent errors were calculated for SPT to be 4.0, 8.8, 10.2, 11.5, 12.9, 13.6, 17.5, and 21.61% for VF, FF, JU, FC, MF, SWA laying down, PL, and SWA, respectively. Concurrent validity was examined using equivalence testing on EE (equivalence zone: 2,889.7–3,531.9 kcal); 2 trackers fell short of falling in the zone: PL (2,714.4–3,164.8 kcal) and FC (2,473.8–3,066.5 kcal). For SPT (equivalence zone: 420.6–514.0 minutes), several monitors fell in the zone: PL (448.3–485.6 minutes), MS (442.8–492.2 minutes), and FF (427.7–486.7 minutes). This study suggests that the PL and FC provide a reasonable estimate of EE under free-living conditions. The PL, FC, and MF were the most valid monitors used for measuring SPT.