bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disseminated herpes zoster following treatment with benralizumab
Authors: Mishra Ajay Kumar , Sahu Kamal Kant , James Atem
Published: January 2019

Background

Disseminated herpes zoster infection occurs mostly in immunocompromised hosts. There have been recent reports of disseminated zoster with chemotherapeutic regimens and newer monoclonal antibodies.

Case report

The present case describes a 61‐year‐old patient presenting with disseminated herpes zoster after initiation of benralizumab, an anti‐IL‐5 monoclonal antibody for severe persistent asthma. His initial vesicular lesions limited to left lumbar dermatomes progressed extensively resulting in dissemination on his body. The diagnosis was confirmed with PCR and he had remarkable clinical improvement with acyclovir and supportive medical management.

Conclusion

Clinical trials have reported an association of mepolizumab, another anti‐IL‐5 monoclonal antibody with herpes zoster. This report of herpes zoster following initiation of benralizumab might suggest a possibility of a class effect of anti‐IL‐5 monoclonal antibody.
Fragments of an anti‐fascist geography: Interrogating racism, nationalism, and state power
Authors: Ince Anthony
Published: January 2019

Extensive research exists in geography concerning racism and nationalism, yet there has been surprisingly little written on the far right, and even less on their anti‐fascist opponents. In the context of a resurgent far right, this paper draws together disparate work on this topic within geography to investigate the possibilities for the development of anti‐fascist geographies. While fascism and anti‐fascism have been chronically under‐researched in geography, I argue that there remains an insightful body of research in existence and that geographers are well positioned to undertake substantial work on the subject. Three connecting dimensions of an anti‐fascist geography are identified, namely, investigating not only racism but also the more‐than‐racist dimensions of the far right; their intersections with one another; and the development of anti‐fascist rationalities in geographical scholarship. Through this discussion, I suggest that the field of anarchist geographies offers a useful framework for these tasks, not only for empirical study but also for developing agendas to embed anti‐fascist principles into academic practices. By focusing in on the spatialities of far right and anti‐fascist politics, political geographers can position themselves at the forefront of this important area of work.
Transnational migrant entrepreneurship, gender and family business
Authors: VERSHININA NATALIA , RODGERS PETER , MCADAM MAURA , CLINTON ERIC
Published: January 2019

Despite increased academic attention paid to migration flows in Europe, the gendered nature of transnational migrant entrepreneurial journeys within the context of a family business remains under‐researched. We address this gap by investigating how transnational spaces allow women to challenge dominant ideas about their roles, and to claim legitimacy by opening branches of their family business abroad. With extensive longitudinal evidence collected over a seven‐year period, we showcase four biographical narratives of women operating transnational family businesses in the UK that had originated in Eastern Europe. Adopting this novel longitudinal approach, we provide insights into how these transnational migrant women entrepreneurs exercise individual agency to overcome structural constraints by developing strategies that prioritize their own business aspirations without fully sacrificing their family ties.
Supercritical CO2 extraction of grape seeds oil: scale‐up and economic analysis
Authors: Duba Kurabachew , Fiori Luca
Published: January 2019

This work presents a scale‐up and feasibility study for the establishment of supercritical CO2 extraction plants to produce grape seeds oil. The scale‐up factors are determined using experimental and modelling results based on seeds from six grape cultivars over 2 harvest years. The purchased cost of the production plant is estimated using ‘the six‐tenth rule’ from the cost of a pilot scale unit. The results indicate that, at the current minimum retail selling price of extra virgin grape seeds oil, the proposed project is technically viable and economically feasible with a breakeven point of US$ 7.46 per kg‐oil and rate of return on investment of 28%.
Apprenticeships and ‘future work’: are we ready?
Authors: Smith Erica
Published: January 2019

The paper evaluates the readiness of apprenticeship systems to cope with five major developments affecting the future of work. The institution of apprenticeship has evolved over time in all countries, gradually adapting to changes in industrial processes, the economy, the labour market and education systems. This paper suggests, however, that recent changes in the economy and the labour market, and their concomitant effects on the likely future of work, have the potential to disrupt apprenticeship systems quite radically worldwide, and/or to make them less relevant in the 21st century. The paper draws on data from recent Australian and international research projects undertaken by the author, as well as the author’s engagement in Australian government exercises to discuss the future of apprenticeships. The research found that adaptations of systems and processes were being undertaken at company level and by stakeholders such as trade union or employer peak bodies. They were less frequently apparent, however, in government policy. The paper analyses the data to produce a framework of readiness for ‘future work’, but also queries whether adaptation of apprenticeship systems is necessarily desirable in all instances. Although the presence of multiple stakeholders in the system has previously been viewed as a strength of the system, it can also make even minor changes difficult to implement. This could prove to be a major impediment to apprenticeship’s future or could be a means of preserving its essential features.
Differential role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in infection and tumorigenesis
Authors: Tartey Sarang , Kanneganti Thirumala‐Devi
Published: January 2019

Dysregulated inflammation is one of the hallmarks of cancer initiation and progression. Emerging evidence indicates that inflammasomes play a central role in regulating immune cell functions in various infections and cancer. Inflammasomes are multimeric complexes consisting of nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain (NOD) ‐like receptors (NLRs). Among the NLRs, NOD1, NOD2 and NLRP3 respond to a variety of endogenous (i.e. damage‐associated molecular patterns) and exogenous (i.e. pathogen‐associated molecular patterns) stimuli. The NLRP3 inflammasome is associated with the onset and progression of autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases, including metabolic disorders, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and cryopyrin‐associated periodic fever syndrome. NLRP3 is also associated with a wide variety of infections and tumorigenesis that are closely correlated with chemotherapy response and prognosis. In this review, we explore the rapidly expanding body of research on the expression and functions of NLRP3 in infections and cancers and outline novel inhibitors targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome that could be developed as therapeutic alternatives to current anticancer treatment.
The use of technology for mental healthcare delivery among older adults with depressive symptoms: A systematic literature review
Authors: Harerimana Boniface , Forchuk Cheryl , O'Regan Tony
Published: January 2019

Depression has been identified as the single largest contributor to poor health and functioning worldwide. Global estimates indicate that 4.4% of the world's population lives with depression, equating to about 322 million individuals. Research demonstrates that telehealth interventions (i.e. delivering therapy by phone or videoconferencing) have potential for improving mental health care among community‐based older adults. This review analyses scholarly literature on telehealth interventions among older adults with depressive symptoms. Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search of peer‐reviewed papers was conducted using the following key terms: telemedicine, telepsychogeriatrics, telepsychiatry, eHealth, mental health, depression, and geriatric. The review included nine articles examining telehealth for mental health care, published in English between 1946 and 26 September 2017. Telehealth for mental health care among older adults demonstrates a significant impact on health outcomes, including reduced emergency visits, hospital admissions, and depressive symptoms, as well as improved cognitive functioning. Positive or negative influences on the use of telehealth among older adults are identified. This review highlights keys aspects to consider in using telehealth interventions, including levels of education, cognitive function, and prior technology experience. The review highlights vital factors for designing interventions which aim to capitalize on the benefits of the use of telehealth for mental healthcare service delivery, especially in older adults with depressive symptoms.
The effectiveness of bedside handovers: A multilevel, longitudinal study of effects on nurses and patients
Authors: Malfait Simon , Eeckloo Kristof , Van Biesen Wim , Van Hecke Ann
Published: January 2019

Aims

To investigate the effectiveness of bedside handovers. For nurses, effects on nurse–patient communication, individualized care, coordination of the care process, job satisfaction, intention to leave, patient participation and work interruptions were measured. For patients, effects on patient activation, individualized care and quality of care were measured.

Design

This is a longitudinal, controlled, multicentred study on 13 nursing wards in five hospitals. The seven interventional wards consisted of two medical rehabilitation, two geriatric and three surgical/medical wards.

Methods

A questionnaire for patients and nurses at baseline (May–June 2016), 3 (July–August 2017) and 9 months (December 2017–January 2018) after implementation was completed by 799 patients and 165 nurses. Per protocol analysis was used in combination with linear mixed models analysis.

Results

With exception for work interruptions and patient participation for nurses, no overall effects could be found for both patients and nurses. For nurses, patient participation increased, and work interruptions decreased in the intervention group. Individualized care remained stable in the intervention group, whereas it decreased in the control group.

Conclusion

The results indicate that bedside handover can be regarded as superior to more commonly used handover models as it enhances patient participation and decreases work interruptions. However, the positive image of bedside handovers, mostly based on observational, short‐term and single‐centred experiences, cannot be confirmed as there were no effects on any of the other measured parameters. As bedside handovers put patient participation on the agenda and negative effects are absent, implementing bedside handovers should be considered a mean for more patient‐centeredness instead of a goal itself.
Stigma as framed onYouTube: Effects of personal experiences videos on students’ beliefs about medicalizing intersex
Authors: Hegarty Peter , Smith Annette , Bogan‐Carey Tadhg
Published: January 2019

People with physical intersex characteristics can be subject to medical interventions that risk human rights to bodily integrity and self‐determination. Proponents and opponents of medicalization use personal narrative videos on YouTube to frame intersex as a stigma best understood through amedicalorsocial identityframe. Ninety‐nine psychology students watched one of twoYouTubevideos with either a medical or social identity frame, or participated in a comparison group who watched no video. Participants extracted the videos’ medical or social identity framing in their own words. The social identity video increased participants’ sense that medicine was more harmful and less beneficial, and the medical video decreased participants’ sense that medicine was harmful. Although the videos aimed at bringing about social understanding of intersex people, neither video impacted stigmatizing beliefs about intersex people as a group. Rather, effects of the videos on beliefs about harms of medicalization were moderated by two stigma measures; social distance and gender binary beliefs. Medical intervention on intersex has been justified, in part, on grounds that stigma is inevitable. While intersex stigma has rarely been empirically examined, the present study shows that people with less propensity to stigmatize see less benefit from medicalizing intersex traits and are more open to learning few framings from personal experience videos.
Complementing the Pleistocene biogeography of European amphibians: Testimony from a southern Atlantic species
Authors: Sánchez‐Montes Gregorio , Recuero Ernesto , Barbosa A. Márcia , Martínez‐Solano Íñigo
Published: January 2019

Aim

To reconstruct the historical biogeography of Hyla molleri, a tree frog endemic to the Eurosiberian and Mediterranean bioclimatic zones in the Iberian Peninsula.

Location

Iberian Peninsula.

Methods

We used molecular data (mtDNA and species‐specific, polymorphic microsatellite loci) and species distribution modelling (SDM) from the Last Interglacial (LIG) to the present to characterize spatial patterns of genetic diversity in this species and assess their relationship with climatically favourable areas through time.

Results

Genetic diversity is heterogeneously distributed across the range of H. molleri, with two main genetic reservoirs located in (a) central and southern Portugal and (b) a fragmented area encompassing mountainous areas in northern Spain. According to SDM, the Iberian Peninsula has experienced a progressive and continuous decrease in climatically favourable areas for H. molleri since the LIG, especially in southern and eastern Iberia, where the species is currently absent. However, we found no correlation between areas that have remained climatically favourable since the LIG and current genetic diversity.

Main conclusions

Our results suggest that the demographic history of H. molleri since the Pleistocene has been characterized by relative stability, contrasting with the large‐scale cycles of extinction‐recolonization inferred for other more thermophilous, co‐distributed amphibian species in Iberia. Accounting for discordant demographic responses to climatic changes across syntopic species provides new insights about the evolutionary history of amphibian communities in southern Europe.
How to rely on the unreliable: Examples from Mesozoic bryophytes of Transbaikalia
Authors: Mamontov Yuriy S. , Ignatov Michael S.
Published: January 2019

Three new fossil bryophytes are described from Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous deposits of the Transbaikalia region of Russia. The complex thalloid hepatic Khasurtythallus monosolenioides gen. et sp. nov. belongs to the Marchantiidae, but its combination of characters precludes unequivocal placement in any of the five orders of this subclass, representing most likely an extinct lineage. Paleaethallus squarrosus gen. et sp. nov. is a thalloid plant with scales similar to those of complex thalloid hepatics, although their arrangement and the overall plant structure has little in common with any extant hepatics. Dispersed moss capsules, three of which have attached calyptrae, are described as a form genus Kulindobryum gen. nov. Despite incomplete preservation, some rare characters indicate possible relationship to the genus Tayloria of the Splachnaceae, an extant family of mosses adapted to grow on animal dung, dead bodies and bones. Notably, Kulindobryum co‐occurs with bones of the small feathered dinosaurs Kulindadromeus, which also supports an affiliation of Kulindobryum with the Splachnaceae. The most common and best known Mesozoic moss for the region, the genus Bryokhutuliinia, is appraised for its systematic position and probable affinities with the Dicranales. A scoring approach is introduced for the comparative method of taxonomic placement of fossils with partial suites of morphological characters at the family or order level.
Evaluation of an HMGA2 variant for pleiotropic effects on height and metabolic traits in ponies
Authors: Norton Elaine M. , Avila Felipe , Schultz Nichol E. , Mickelson James R. , Geor Ray J. , McCue Molly E.
Published: January 2019

Background

Ponies are highly susceptible to metabolic derangements including hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and adiposity.

Hypothesis/Objectives

Genetic loci affecting height in ponies have pleiotropic effects on metabolic pathways and increase the susceptibility to equine metabolic syndrome (EMS).

Animals

Two hundred ninety‐four Welsh ponies and 529 horses.

Methods

Retrospective study of horses phenotyped for metabolic traits. Correlations between height and metabolic traits were assessed by Pearson's correlation coefficients. Complementary genome‐wide analysis methods were used to identify a region of interest (ROI) for height and metabolic traits, determine the fraction of heritability contributed by the ROI, and identify candidate genes.

Results

There was an inverse relationship between height and baseline insulin (−0.26) in ponies. Genomic signature of selection and association analyses for both height and insulin identified the same ~1.3 megabase region on chromosome 6 that contained a shared ancestral haplotype between these traits. The ROI contributed ~40% of the heritability for height and ~20% of the heritability for insulin. High‐mobility group AT‐hook 2 was identified as a candidate gene, and Sanger sequencing detected a c.83G>A (p.G28E) variant associated with height in Shetland ponies. In our cohort of ponies, the A allele had a frequency of 0.76, was strongly correlated with height (−0.75), and was low to moderately correlated with metabolic traits including: insulin (0.32), insulin after an oral sugar test (0.25), non‐esterified fatty acids (0.19), and triglyceride (0.22) concentrations.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

These data have important implications for identifying individuals at risk for EMS.
Recurrent bacterial pneumonia in Irish Wolfhounds: Clinical findings and etiological studies
Authors: Viitanen Sanna J. , Lappalainen Anu K. , Koho Ninna M. , Pessa‐Morikawa Tiina , Ressel Lorenzo , Rajamäki Minna M.
Published: January 2019

Background

Increased incidence of bacterial pneumonia (BP) has been reported in Irish Wolfhounds (IWHs), and recurrence of BP is common. The etiology of recurrent pneumonia in IWHs is largely unknown.

Objectives

To describe clinical findings in IWHs with recurrent BP and investigate possible etiologies.

Animals

Eleven affected IWHs, 25 healthy IWHs, 28 healthy dogs of other Sighthound breeds, and 16 healthy dogs of other breeds.

Methods

Prospective cross‐sectional observational study. All affected IWHs underwent thorough clinical examinations including thoracic radiographs, thoracic computed tomography, electron microscopic evaluation of ciliary structure, and bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology and culture. Serum and BALF immunoglobulin concentrations were measured using an ELISA method, and peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations were analyzed using flow cytometry. Esophageal function was assessed by fluoroscopy (n = 2).

Results

Median age of onset was 5.0 years (range, 0.4‐6.5 years), and when presented for study, dogs had experienced a median of 5 previous episodes of BP (range, 2‐6). The following predisposing factors to BP were detected: focal bronchiectasis (10/11), unilateral (2/9) and bilateral (1/9) laryngeal paralysis, and esophageal hypomotility (2/2). Local or systemic immunoglobulin deficiencies or primary ciliary defects were not detected.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Recurrent BP affects mostly middle‐aged and older IWHs without any evident immune deficit or primary ciliary defects. Focal BE was a frequent finding in affected dogs and likely contributed to the development of recurrent respiratory infections. Laryngeal and esophageal dysfunction identified in a minority of dogs may contribute to recurrent BP.
Improving exclusive breastfeeding in low and middle‐income countries: A systematic review
Authors: Olufunlayo Tolulope Florence , Roberts Alero Ann , MacArthur Christine , Thomas Neil , Odeyemi Kofoworola Abimbola , Price Malcolm , Jolly Kate
Published: January 2019

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) rates until 6 months in most low and middle income countries (LMICs) are well below the 90% World Health Organization benchmark. This systematic review sought to provide evidence on effectiveness of various interventions on EBF until 6 months in LMICs, compared with standard care. Experimental and observational studies with concurrent comparator promoting EBF, conducted in LMICs with high country rates of breastfeeding initiation, were included. Studies were identified from a systematic review and PUBMED, Cochrane, and CABI databases. Study selection, data abstraction, and quality assessment were carried out independently and in duplicate. Relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for individual studies and pooled. High heterogeneity was explored through prespecified subgroup analyses for the primary outcome (EBF until 6 months) by context and by intervention for the randomized controlled trials. Prediction intervals were calculated for each effect estimate. Sixty‐seven studies with 79 comparisons from 30 LMICs were included. At 6 months, intervention group infants were more likely to be exclusively breastfed than controls (RR = 2.19, 95% CI [1.73, 2.77]; I2 78.4%; 25 randomized controlled trials). Larger effects were obtained from interventions delivered by a combination of professional and laypersons (RR 3.90, 95% CI [1.25, 12.21]; I2 46.7%), in interventions spanning antenatal and post‐natal periods (RR 2.40, 95% CI [1.70, 3.38]; I2 83.6%), and when intensity was between four to eight contacts/sessions (RR 3.20, 95% CI [2.30, 4.45]; I2 53.8%). Almost every intervention conducted in LMICs increased EBF rates; choice of intervention should therefore be driven by feasibility of delivery in the local context to reduce infant mortality.
Identification of the novel HLA‐C*03:365 allele in a Chinese bone marrow donor
Authors: Chen Nanying , Wang Fang , Dong Lina , He Ji , Zhu Faming
Published: January 2019

HLA‐C*03:365 shows a substitution G to A at position 257 when compared to HLA‐C*03:02:01.
Laparoscopic access to the liver and application of laparoscopic microwave ablation in 2 dogs with liver neoplasia
Authors: Oramas Alberto , Case J. Brad , Toskich Beau B. , Fox‐Alvarez W. Alexander , Boston Sarah E. , Giglio Robson F. , Dark Michael J.
Published: January 2019

Objective

To determine laparoscopic accessibility of liver lobes and access to the hilus and describe laparoscopic microwave ablation (LMWA) in 2 dogs with hepatic neoplasia.

Study design

Experimental/descriptive case series.

Sample population

Six canine cadavers and 2 clinical dogs.

Methods

Cadavers in dorsal recumbency underwent laparoscopic assessment of the liver. A 17 gauge MWA probe was inserted to create an ablation zone at the most proximal aspect of the hilus. The distance from the center of each ablation zone to the most proximal aspect of the corresponding hilus was determined. Two dogs with hepatic neoplasia underwent LMWA.

Results

All lobes of the canine liver were accessible via laparoscopy. The median (interquartile range) distances from the ablation zones to the hilus for the caudate process, left lateral, left middle, quadrate, right lateral, and right middle lobes were 2.2 (1.2–2.6), 2.1 (1–4.4), 1.5 (1.4–3.7), 2, 1, 2.5 (1–4.1) cm, respectively. Histopathologic diagnoses treated by LMWA included metastatic hemangiosarcoma and primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Laparoscopic microwave ablation was technically feasible, and no complications from the procedure resulted.

Conclusion

Laparoscopic access to the hilus of each liver lobe is possible via a ventrodorsal approach provided reverse Trendelenburg and lateral rotation is used, especially for the right lateral lobe. Laparoscopic microwave ablation is feasible in some dogs with hepatic neoplasia. The indications for and efficacy of LMWA for hepatic neoplasia in dogs requires additional investigation.

Clinical significance

Laparoscopic access to all liver lobes and MWA of some neoplastic lesions is feasible in a canine pilot study.
Causes and analytical impacts of missing data in RADseq phylogenetics: Insights from an African frog (Afrixalus)
Authors: Crotti Marco , Barratt Christopher D. , Loader Simon P. , Gower David J. , Streicher Jeffrey W.
Published: January 2019

Restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) has emerged as a useful tool in systematics and population genomics. A common feature of RADseq data sets is that they contain missing data that arise from multiple sources including genealogical sampling bias, assembly methodology and sequencing error. Many RADseq studies have demonstrated that allowing sites (single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) with missing data can increase support for phylogenetic hypotheses. Two non‐mutually exclusive explanations for this observation are that (a) larger data sets contain more phylogenetic information; and (b) excluding missing data disproportionally removes sites with the highest mutation rates, causing the exclusion of characters that are likely variable and informative. Using a RADseq data set derived from the East African banana frog, Afrixalus fornasini (up to 1.1 million SNPs), we found that missing data thresholds were positively correlated with the proportion of parsimony‐informative sites and mean branch support. Using three proxies for estimating site‐specific rate, we found that the most conservative missing data strategies excluded rapidly evolving sites, with four‐state sites present only when allowing ≥60% missing data per SNP. Topological similarity among estimated phylogenies was highest for the data sets with ≥60% missing data per SNP. Our results suggest that several desirable phylogenetic qualities were observed when allowing ≥60% missing data per SNP. However, at the highest missing data thresholds (80% and 90% missing data per SNP), we observed differences in performance between high‐ and mixed‐weight DNA extraction samples, which may indicate there are trade‐offs to consider when using degraded genomic template with RADseq protocols.
CHARACTERISTICS OF BINDERLESS PALM BIOMASS BRIQUETTES WITH VARIOUS PARTICLE SIZES
Authors: Mohd Faizal Hasan , Latiff Z. A. , Mohd Iskandar Muhammad Amin
Published: January 2019

The physical and combustion characteristics of binderless palm biomass briquettes were investigated experimentally for various particle sizes and heating temperatures (150-210 ). In this study, empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibres were used as a raw material. They were grounded and sieved into three different sizes; i) <300 m(small size), ii) 0.5 mm to 1.0 mm (medium size) and iii) 1.0 mm to 3.9 mm (large size). As a result, all particle sizes are possible to be used for making binderless briquette since the reliable compressive strength can be obtained. All the values of compressive strength are sufficiently high to resist mechanical disintegration. In addition, all calorific values are found to be very close to the minimum requirement for making commercial briquette, based on standard DIN51731 (17500 kJ/kg). Meanwhile, the moisture and ash content of the briquettes produced are found to be very competitive with the values belonging to a widely used local briquette. Based on the experimental results, it can be said that the best quality of 100% EFB briquette can be achieved when small particle size is used and the briquetting process is performed at the highest heating temperature.
EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION ON FLOW ANGLE CHARACTERISTICS OF AN AUTOMOTIVE MIXED FLOW TURBOCHARGER TURBINE
Authors: Padzillah M. H. , Rajoo S. , Martinez-Botas R. F.
Published: January 2019

To date, turbocharger remains as a key enabler towards highly efficient Internal Combustion Engine. Although the first turbocharger was patented more than 30 years ago, the design is still being improved, thus signifying its importance in modern vehicles. One of the key features that contribute to the challenges in designing highly efficient turbine is the complex nature of the flow field within the turbine stage itself. Experimental method could be used to extract parameters such as pressure and temperature traces but still unable to provide a full description of the flow field. Therefore, the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in resolving this issue is necessary. Out of many feature of fluid flow in turbomachinery, the flow angle at rotor inlet plays significant role in determining turbine efficiency. However, due to geometrical complexity, even at optimum averaged incidence flow angle, there still exist variations that could impair the turbine ability to produce work. This research attempts to provide insight on the complexity of flow angle distribution within the turbocharger turbine stage. To achieve this aim, a numerical model of a full stage turbocharger turbine operating at 30000rpm under its optimum condition was developed. Results indicated that even though use of guide vanes has reduced flow angle fluctuations at mid-span of the rotor inlet from ±10° to only ±1°, significant variations still exist for velocity components in spanwise direction. This in turns effected the distribution of incidence flow angle at the rotor leading edge. In the current research, variation of incidence flow angle in spanwise direction is recorded to be as high as 60°.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF NANOREFRIGERANTS IN HEATED AND ROTATING CONCENTRIC AND ECCENTRIC ANNULUS CYLINDERS
Authors: A. Alawi Omer , Che Sidik Nor Azwadi , Mamat Rizalman
Published: January 2019

The past decade has seen rapid development of nanofluids science in many aspects. In recent years, refrigerant-based nanofluids have been introduced as nanorefrigerants due to their significant effects over heat transfer performance. In this investigation, the Control Volume based Finite Element Method (CVFEM) is used to simulate the natural convection heat transfer of nanorefrigerant in cylindrical horizontal annuli with imposed temperatures in both surfaces. The Maxwell–Garnetts (MG) and Brinkman models are also employed to estimate the effect of thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanorefrigerant. The governing parameters are nanoparticles types, nanoparticles concentration and size, effect of Rayleigh numbers (Ra), eccentricity and rotation of inner cylinder. Results are presented in the form of isotherms and streamlines of nanorefrigerant temperature and velocity. The results indicate that Al2O3/R141b with concentration (2%) and nanoparticles size (20 nm) has the best heat transfer performances. Moreover, the heat transfer and fluid flow enhance by increasing the Rayleigh numbers (Ra). Eccentricity and rotation of inner cylinder also have effects on heat transfer characteristics.
STUDY THE ORIFICE EFFECTS OF A SYNTHETIC JET ACTUATOR DESIGN
Authors: Dahalan Md Nizam , Mansor Shuhaimi , Faiz Ali Muhammad Muzakkir
Published: January 2019

The synthetic jet actuator is an active flow control device that is used to improve the aerodynamic performance on working surfaces such as wings, helicopter blades and ground vehicles. The performance of synthetic jet actuator depends on the design of the orifice and cavity, and the oscillating driver. Piezoelectric diaphragm was used as an oscillating driver because of its small size and easier installation. The focus of this project is to study the effects of orifice size and shape for a synthetic jet actuator design. The effects were studied on circular and rectangular shapes, and different sizes of orifice. Meanwhile, the configurations of the cavity are fixed. Experiments were performed to determine the maximum pulse jet velocity and turbulence intensities of the jet coming out of the orifice, driven by the Piezoelectric diaphragm at different frequencies, at constant input voltage of 2V. The experiment mainly involved the measurement of the exit pulse jet velocity using a hot-wire anemometer. The results demonstrated that the circular orifice produced higher maximum pulse jet velocity and smaller sizes orifices, both circular and rectangular, results in higher velocity jets.
THE STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF INTAKE VALVE TIMING ON ENGINE USING CYLINDER DEACTIVATION TECHNIQUE VIA SIMULATION
Authors: Zainal Abidin S. F. , Muhamad Said M. F. , Abdul Latiff Z. , Zahari I. , Said M.
Published: January 2019

There are many technologies that being developed to increase the efficiency of internal combustion engines as well as reducing their fuel consumption.  In this paper, the main area of focus is on cylinder deactivation (CDA) technology. CDA is mostly being applied on multi cylinders engines. CDA has the advantage to improve fuel consumption by reducing pumping losses at part load engine conditions. Here, the application of CDA on 1.6L four cylinders gasoline engine is studied. One-dimensional (1D) engine modeling work is performed to investigate the effect of intake valve strategy on engine performance with CDA. 1D engine model is constructed based on the 1.6L actual engine geometries. The model is simulated at various engine speeds at full load conditions. The simulated results show that the constructed model is well correlated to measured data. This correlated model is then used to investigate the CDA application at part load conditions. Also, the effects on the in-cylinder combustion as well as pumping losses are presented. The study shows that the effect of intake valve strategy is very significant on engine performance. Pumping losses is found to be reduced, thus improve fuel consumption and engine efficiency.
Structural and electrical properties of transparent conductor SrVO3 thin films grown using radio frequency sputtering deposition
Authors: Jung Dae Ho , So Hyeon Seob , Lee Hosun
Published: January 2019

Transparent conductor SrVO3 thin films were grown on (LaAlO3)0.3(Sr2AlTaO6)0.7 (LSAT), SiO2/Si, LaAlO3, and sapphire substrates using RF magnetron sputtering deposition with commercial SrVO3 targets at temperatures as low as 400 °C. Considering the complex phases of SrVO3 material systems, the growth temperature and sputtering gases were optimized and precisely controlled to yield a transparent and conductive SrVO3 phase. The authors used a mixed gas atmosphere of Ar and H2 during growth for reduction. Structural and morphological properties of all SrVO3 films were investigated using x-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and scanning electron microscopy. XRD and HRTEM showed a highly crystalline cubic phase of SrVO3 films. In addition, HRTEM showed that a superstructure along the [100] direction could be formed due to Jahn-Teller distortion in the cubic phase of SrVO3 films. The authors obtained a resistivity of 0.2 × 10−3 Ω cm, mobility of 1.82 cm2/(V s), and carrier concentration of 1.57 × 1022 cm−3 for SrVO3/LSAT films. Optical transmittance was measured as 88% at a photon wavelength of 633 nm for 39-nm-thick SrVO3 films. Using x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) and its depth profile analysis, the authors investigated chemical compositions and binding energies of Sr, V, and O atoms in SrVO3 films, and their depth profiles. The authors found a correlation between the resistivities and XPS binding energy spectra for SrVO3 films as functions of film thickness and substrates.
Understanding the effect of nitrogen plasma exposure on plasma assisted atomic layer epitaxy of InN monitored by real time grazing incidence small angle x-ray scattering
Authors: Nepal Neeraj , Anderson Virginia R. , Johnson Scooter D. , Downey Brian P. , Meyer David J. , Robinson Zachary R. , Woodward Jeffrey M. , Ludwig Karl F. , Eddy Charles R.
Published: January 2019

The authors present an in situ study of the effect of nitrogen plasma pulse time on the temporal evolution of the surface morphology of InN growth on a-plane sapphire at 250 °C by plasma assisted atomic layer epitaxy (ALEp). The growth surface evolution was monitored in real-time using grazing incidence small angle x-ray scattering (GISAXS) measurements at an x-ray incidence angle of 0.8°. Nitrogen plasma pulse time (tp) was varied between 15 and 30 s in 5-s steps, and for all tp, the near specular scattering broadens and correlated peaks develop and evolve along the Yoneda Wing (YW). For tp ≥ 20 s, a YW with one correlated length scale evolves. At the end of the growth, the longest correlated length scale is 16.54 nm for tp = 25 s. Porod analysis of GISAXS intensity at high qy for tp = 25 s shows the formation of mounded shapes at the early stage of nucleation that transitioned to cylinders after about 3 unit cells of InN growth. Additionally, at tp = 25 s, the growth rate is highest with root mean square surface roughness and carbon impurity levels at or below atomic force microscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy sensitivity limits, respectively. At tp < 25 s, the growth surface may be undersaturated and at tp > 30 s, it appears that trimethylindium precursor molecules start to decompose, resulting in higher carbon content in the film. Thus, the nature of GISAXS correlated length scale directly correlates with the material quality. Additional ex situ characterizations reveal an electron mobility of 6–31 cm2/V s for a 3–5 nm thick InN film on a-plane sapphire, which is similar to the reported value of 30 cm2/V s for a 1300 nm thick InN film grown by molecular beam epitaxy directly on sapphire. Thus, the combination of in situ synchrotron x-ray analysis and ex situ characterization is a powerful approach to develop understanding of the growth mechanisms of ALEp of III-N materials in order to improve the quality by reducing impurities and broaden material applications.
Structural intensity assessment on shells via a finite element approximation
Authors: Pires Felipe , Avril Stéphane , Vanlanduit Steve , Dirckx Joris
Published: January 2019

Structural intensity on plates or shells can provide insights on how the vibrational energy is transmitted throughout a sample. Its assessment via experimental deflections are widely documented in the case of plates, which just requires the computation of spatial derivatives of out-of-plane displacements or velocities and a knowledge of the sample's material properties. However, if the structural intensity is to be assessed on arbitrary shells, a more elaborate data processing is required. The in-plane displacements become relevant terms and the spatial derivatives along a predefined local coordinate system need to be computed. Here, a method from which experimental data is interpolated on a finite element mesh is proposed. First, the global displacements and shape of a sample's outer-surface are measured. These data are then projected on a quadratic mesh, where the Kirchhoff plate theory is invoked for the individual elements. The data differentiation is computed via quadratic shape functions, from which the strains and structural intensity are estimated. Through the obtained vibrational energy results on the basis of measured displacement and shape data and by validating the method via a numerical simulation, the proposed work has shown to be a reliable tool to assess energy transmission on irregular shells.
Injury epidemiology and risk factors in competitive artistic gymnasts: a systematic review
Authors: Campbell Rhiannon A , Bradshaw Elizabeth J , Ball Nick B , Pease David L , Spratford Wayne
Published: January 2019

Background

Artistic gymnastics is reported to have some of the highest injury rates in sports, which limits participation and often involves considerable medical expenses.

Purpose

To critically appraise the epidemiological literature on injury patterns and risk factors in competitive artistic gymnastics.

Study design

Systematic review.

Methods

Six databases were searched for articles that investigated injuries in competitive artistic gymnasts. Injury incidence, prevalence and risk factor data were extracted, alongside information on injury location, type, severity, nature and mechanism of injury. Quality and level of evidence were assessed using a modified Downs and Black quality index checklist and the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine guidelines.

Results

The search identified 894 articles, with 22 eligible for inclusion. Descriptive analysis showed that injury incidence and prevalence varied from 0.3 to 3.6 injuries per gymnast (female=0.3–3.6, male=0.7) and 2.0–2.3 (female=2.0–2.3, male=2.0), respectively. Male gymnasts sustained mostly upper limb injuries, while female gymnast reported lower limb injuries. Floor was associated with the greatest number of injuries for both male and female gymnasts. Higher competitive level and exposure to competition were risk factors for gymnastics injury: age, body mass, body size, training duration and life stress were significant associated factors.

Conclusion

Injury incidence and prevalence results are substantial among artistic gymnasts of all competitive levels. Gymnasts who train at highly competitive levels and are exposed to competition environments are a greater risk of injury. Future researchers should implement consistent reporting methods.
Efficacy and safety of intradialytic exercise in haemodialysis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Pu Jiang , Jiang Zheng , Wu Weihua , Li Li , Zhang Liling , Li Ying , Liu Qi , Ou Santao
Published: January 2019

Objective

To assess the efficacy and safety of intradialytic exercise for haemodialysis patients.

Design

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Data sources

Databases, including PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, China Biology Medicine and China National Knowledge Infrastructure, were screened from inception to March 2017.

Eligibility criteria

Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) aimed at comparing the efficacy and safety of intradialytic exercise versus no exercise in adult patients on haemodialysis for at least 3 months. A minimum exercise programme period of 8 weeks.

Data extraction

Study characteristics and study quality domains were reviewed. Studies were selected, and data extracted by two reviewers.

Data analysis

The pooled risk ratios and mean differences (MDs) with 95% CIs for dichotomous data and continuous data were calculated, respectively.

Results

A total of 27 RCTs involving 1215 subjects were analysed. Compared with no exercise, intradialytic exercise increased dialysis adequacy (Kt/V) (MD 0.07, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.12, p=0.02) and maximum volume of oxygen that the body can use during physical exertion peak oxygen consumption (MD 4.11, 95% CI 2.94 to 5.27, p<0.0001), alleviated depression standardised mean difference (−1.16, 95% CI −1.86 to –0.45, p=0.001) and improved physical component summary-short form-36 (SF-36) level (MD 7.72, 95% CI 1.93 to 13.51, p=0.009). Also, intradialytic exercise could significantly reduce systolic blood pressure (MD −4.87, 95% CI −9.20 to –0.55, p=0.03) as well as diastolic blood pressure (MD −4.11, 95% CI −6.50 to –1.72, p=0.0007). However, intradialytic exercise could not improve mental component summary-SF-36 level (MD 3.05, 95% CI −1.47 to 7.57, p=0.19). There was no difference in the incidence of adverse events between the intradialytic exercise and control groups.

Conclusions

Intradialytic exercise resulted in benefits in terms of improving haemodialysis adequacy, exercise capacity, depression and quality of life for haemodialysis.
Are there also negative effects of social support? A qualitative study of patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Palant Alexander , Himmel Wolfgang
Published: January 2019

Objective

Social support is considered an important resource in coping with chronic conditions. By conducting a series of interviews with people who suffer from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), we received the impression that social support in face-to-face or online communication could also be a source of stress and strain. The aim of our study was to better understand and describe possible negative effects of social support.

Design

This is a secondary analysis of narrative interviews. The interviewees were selected using a maximum-variation sampling approach. Grounded theory and the ‘OSOP’ (one sheet of paper) method were applied to categorise those parts of the interviews that touched on the negative effects of social support.

Setting

The open-end interview collection took place throughout Germany from September 2011 to June 2012. Most of the participants were interviewed in their homes, some in the Department of General Practice in Göttingen.

Participants

42 patients with IBD.

Results

Two interrelated categories emerged: (1) unwanted confrontation and (2) undesirable reactions. The interviewees perceived social support as negative, especially if they felt overwhelmed and/or if they had not asked for it. Consequently, some of our interview partners developed strategies to prevent coming into social contact with others or stopped talking entirely about their disease.

Conclusion

While social support is usually conceptualised and perceived as a positive resource in chronic disease, it sometimes turns into a negative experience and may end in social isolation and deteriorate health. This process also happens in online support groups and increases anxiety when exchanging with other people on the internet. Before motivating ill people to seek contact with others, they should know about the negative effects of social support.
Gender disparities among hospitalised patients with acute myocardial infarction, acute decompensated heart failure or pneumonia: retrospective cohort study
Authors: Alsawas Mouaz , Wang Zhen , Murad M Hassan , Yousufuddin Mohammed
Published: January 2019

Objective

To assess gender disparity in outcomes among hospitalised patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) or pneumonia.

Design

A retrospective cohort study.

Setting

A tertiary referral centre in Midwest, USA.

Participants

We evaluated 12 265 adult patients hospitalised with ADHF, 15 777 with AMI and 12 929 with pneumonia, from 1 January 1995 through 31 August 2015. Patients were selected using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

Prevalence of comorbidities, 30-day mortality and 30-day readmission. Comorbidities were chosen from the 20 chronic conditions, specified by the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health. Logistic regression analysis was conducted adjusting for multiple confounders.

Results

Prevalence of comorbidities was significantly different between men and women in all three conditions. After adjusting for age, length of stay, multicomorbidities and residence, there was no significant difference in 30-day mortality between men and women in AMI or ADHF, but men with pneumonia had slightly higher 30-day mortality with an OR of 1.19 (95% CI 1.06 to 1.34). There was no significant difference in 30-day readmission between men and women with AMI or pneumonia, but women with ADHF were slightly more likely to be readmitted within 30 days with OR 0.90 (95% CI 0.82 to 0.99).

Conclusion

Gender differences in the distribution of comorbidities exist in patients hospitalised with AMI, ADHF and pneumonia. However, there is minimal clinically meaningful impact of these differences on outcomes. Efforts to address gender difference may need to be diverted towards targeting overall population health, reducing race/ethnicity disparity and improving access to care.