bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resistance to environmental stress in Drosophila ananassae: latitudinal variation and adaptation among populations
Authors: SISODIA S. , SINGH B. N.
Published: August 2010

Geographical variation in traits related to fitness is often the result of adaptive evolution. Stress resistance traits in Drosophila often show clinal variation, suggesting that selection affects resistance traits either directly or indirectly. Multiple stress resistance traits were investigated in 45 natural populations of Drosophila ananassae collected from all over India. There was significant positive correlation between starvation resistance and lipid content. Significant negative correlations between desiccation and lipid content and between desiccation and heat resistance were also found. Flies from lower latitudes had higher starvation resistance, heat resistance and lipid content but the pattern was reversed for desiccation resistance. These results suggest that flies from different localities varied in their susceptibility to starvation because of difference in their propensity to store body lipid. Multiple regression analysis provided evidence of climatic selection driven by latitudinal variation in the seasonal amplitude of temperature and humidity changes within the Indian. Finally, our results suggest a high degree of variation in stress resistance at the population level in D. ananassae.
SHORT COMMUNICATION: A phantom extinction? New insights into extinction dynamics of the Don‐hare Lepus tanaiticus
Authors: PROST S. , KNAPP M. , FLEMMIG J. , HUFTHAMMER A. K. , KOSINTSEV P. , STILLER M. , HOFREITER M.
Published: August 2010

The Pleistocene to Holocene transition was accompanied by a worldwide extinction event affecting numerous mammalian species. Several species such as the woolly mammoth and the giant deer survived this extinction wave, only to go extinct a few thousand years later during the Holocene. Another example for such a Holocene extinction is the Don‐hare, Lepus tanaiticus, which inhabited the Russian plains during the late glacial. After being slowly replaced by the extant mountain hare (Lepus timidus), it eventually went extinct during the middle Holocene. Here, we report the phylogenetic relationship of L. tanaiticus and L. timidus based on a 339‐basepair (bp) fragment of the mitochondrial D‐loop. Phylogenetic tree‐ and network reconstructions do not support L. tanaiticus and L. timidus being different species. Rather, we suggest that the two taxa represent different morphotypes of a single species and the extinction of ‘L. tanaiticus’ represents the disappearance of a local morphotype rather than the extinction of a species.
Sexual conflict in wing size and shape in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: ABBOTT J. K. , BEDHOMME S. , CHIPPINDALE A. K.
Published: August 2010

Intralocus sexual conflict occurs when opposing selection pressures operate on loci expressed in both sexes, constraining the evolution of sexual dimorphism and displacing one or both sexes from their optimum. We eliminated intralocus conflict in Drosophila melanogaster by limiting transmission of all major chromosomes to males, thereby allowing them to win the intersexual tug‐of‐war. Here, we show that this male‐limited (ML) evolution treatment led to the evolution (in both sexes) of masculinized wing morphology, body size, growth rate, wing loading, and allometry. In addition to more male‐like size and shape, ML evolution resulted in an increase in developmental stability for males. However, females expressing ML chromosomes were less developmentally stable, suggesting that being ontogenetically more male‐like was disruptive to development. We suggest that sexual selection over size and shape of the imago may therefore explain the persistence of substantial genetic variation in these characters and the ontogenetic processes underlying them.
Retracted: The adaptive value of gluttony: predators mediate the life history trade‐offs of satiation threshold
Authors: PRUITT J. N. , KRAUEL J. J.
Published: August 2010

Animals vary greatly in their tendency to consume large meals. Yet, whether or how meal size influences fitness in wild populations is infrequently considered. Using a predator exclusion, mark–recapture experiment, we estimated selection on the amount of food accepted during an ad libitum feeding bout (hereafter termed ‘satiation threshold’) in the wolf spider Schizocosa ocreata. Individually marked, size‐matched females of known satiation threshold were assigned to predator exclusion and predator inclusion treatments and tracked for a 40‐day period. We also estimated the narrow‐sense heritability of satiation threshold using dam‐on‐female‐offspring regression. In the absence of predation, high satiation threshold was positively associated with larger and faster egg case production. However, these selective advantages were lost when predators were present. We estimated the heritability of satiation threshold to be 0.56. Taken together, our results suggest that satiation threshold can respond to selection and begets a life history trade‐off in this system: high satiation threshold individuals tend to produce larger egg cases but also suffer increased susceptibility to predation.
An EST‐based genome scan using 454 sequencing in the marine snailLittorina saxatilis
Authors: GALINDO J. , GRAHAME J. W. , BUTLIN R. K.
Published: August 2010

Genome scans have been used in the studies of ecological speciation to find genomic regions (‘outlier loci’) showing reduced gene flow between divergent populations/species. High‐throughput sequencing (‘454’) offers new opportunities in this field via transcriptome sequencing. Divergent ecotypes of the marine gastropodLittorina saxatilisrepresent a good example of incipient ecological speciation. We performed a 454‐based genome scan between H and M ecotypes ofL. saxatilisfrom the British Isles using cDNA of pooled individuals. Allele frequencies were calculated for 2454 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), within 572 contigs, and 7% of loci were detected as outliers. Functional annotation of the contigs containing outlier SNPs showed that they included shell matrix and muscle proteins (lithostathine, mucin, titin), proteins involved in energetic metabolism (arginine kinase, NADH dehydrogenase) and reverse transcriptases. Follow‐up investigations into these proteins and unannotated outliers will be a promising route in the study of ecological speciation inL. saxatilis.
Evolutionary dynamics of mating system shifts in Arabidopsis lyrata
Authors: WILLI Y. , MÄÄTTÄNEN K.
Published: August 2010

Outcrossing is the prevalent mode of reproduction in plants and animals despite its substantial costs, while selfing and mixed mating occur at much lower frequency. Comparative research on plants has demonstrated the lability of self‐incompatibility, but there is little information about the transition on a within‐species level from self‐incompatibility to predominant selfing. We studied variation in mating system among 18 populations of Arabidopsis lyrata within a phylogenetic context to shed light on the evolution of selfing. Realized and potential mating systems were assessed by genetic analysis with microsatellite markers and hand‐self‐pollinations on 30 plants from each population. The fraction of self‐incompatible plants in a population was highly correlated with the outcrossing rate, showing that the spread of self‐compatibility is accompanied by or soon followed by an increase in the rate of selfing. The four predominantly selfing populations (outcrossing rates < 0.25) fell into more than one phylogenetic cluster, suggesting that the transition to selfing occurred more than once independently. Hence, A. lyrata offers an opportunity for the comparative analysis of outcrossing as a predominant mode of reproduction in plants and of the causes of the shift to selfing.
Selective lignin and polysaccharide removal in natural fungal decay of wood as evidenced by in situ structural analyses
Authors: Martínez Angel T. , Rencoret Jorge , Nieto Lidia , Jiménez‐Barbero Jesús , Gutiérrez Ana , del Río José C.
Published: August 2010

Selective modification/degradation of the main plant polymers (cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin) was investigated in a hardwood after white and brown‐rot fungal decay under environmental conditions. The chemical changes produced in the plant cell wall were analysed in situ, by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) at the gel state, and analytical pyrolysis. Two‐dimensional (2D) NMR of the white‐rotted wood showed only cellulose and (deacetylated) hemicellulose, and the complete removal of lignin. On the other hand, the brown‐rotted wood showed the nearly complete absence of polysaccharides, while the main features of lignin structure, as revealed by 2D‐NMR, could be observed. These included well‐resolved aromatic and side‐chain cross‐signals, although the intensity of the latter signals was lowered indicating a reduction in the number of side‐chain linkages (β‐O‐4′ and β‐β′) per aromatic unit (their relative abundances remaining unchanged). These results contrast with a recent study concluding that the aromatic polymer after brown‐rot decay is not longer recognized as lignin. Some oxidative alteration of lignin during brown‐rot decay was evidenced and, more interesting, several compounds with 3‐methoxycatechol skeleton were released upon pyrolysis. Lignin demethylation is consistent with recent brown‐rot transcriptomic/secretomic studies showing overexpression of methanol oxidase, which could use lignin‐derived methanol to generate the peroxide required for cellulose depolymerization via Fenton chemistry.
Characteristics of adolescent excessive drinkers compared with consumers and abstainers
Authors: TOMCIKOVA ZUZANA , MADARASOVA GECKOVA ANDREA , VAN DIJK JITSE P. , REIJNEVELD SIJMEN A.
Published: August 2010

Introduction and Aims. This study aimed at comparing adolescent abstainers, consumers and excessive drinkers in terms of family characteristics (structure of family, socioeconomic factors), perceived social support, personality characteristics (extraversion, self‐esteem, aggression) and well‐being. Design and Methods. Cross‐sectional data were obtained from 3694 elementary school students in the 8th and 9th grades from several cities in Slovakia (mean age 14.5, 49.0% men; response rate 93%). Respondents completed questions on the use of alcohol and on family structure (parental divorce), the socioeconomic position of the family (parents' education and family affluence), perceived social support, extraversion, self‐esteem, aggression and psychological well‐being. They were split into three groups based on the pattern of alcohol use—abstainers, consumers and excessive drinkers (i.e. being drunk at least once during the past 4 weeks). Results. The results showed significant differences between abstainers, consumers and excessive drinkers in almost every characteristic explored. A risky pattern of alcohol consumption occurs more frequently among adolescents who have divorced parents, higher socioeconomic position, higher scores for perceived social support from friends, extraversion, negative self‐esteem and aggression, and lower scores for social support from family and for well‐being. Discussion and Conclusions. A risky pattern of alcohol consumption is more likely among relatively easily identifiable groups of adolescents from high socioeconomic position and divorced families. Their personalities and social networks have characteristics that could be accommodated in preventive interventions as well.[Tomcikova Z, Madarasova Geckova A, van Dijk JP, Reijneveld SA. Characteristics of adolescent excessive drinkers compared with consumers and abstainers. Drug Alcohol Rev 2010]
Charity and self‐help: Migrants' social networks and health care in the homeland (Respond to this article at http://www.therai.org.uk/at/debate)
Authors: Kane Abdoulaye
Published: August 2010

This article examines the delivery of healthcare by Haalpulaar immigrants' village association in France to their rural villages in Senegal. In the context of the neo‐liberal reforms in Senegal, the Haalpulaar immigrants have been very active in funding community project in the health sector for their communities of origin left to fend for themselves by the State. Haalpulaar migrants associations like TAD (Thilogne Association Developpement) and Fuuta Santé are improving access to healthcare in the Senegal River valley through the remittances of biomedicine, medical equipment as well as the organization of annual health caravans with the participation of French health professionals and local partners.
Something for posterity or hostage to fortune? Archiving anthropological field material (Respond to this article at http://www.therai.org.uk/at/debate)
Authors: Caplan Pat
Published: August 2010

What do anthropologists do with all the data (both primary and secondary) they accumulate while doing fieldwork? Most continue to draw on it for many years, but there is increasing pressure (e.g. from the ESRC) to place much of it in archives, usually in electronic form. What kind of material could be deposited? What use may be made of such material by others? What are the ethical dilemmas which face anthropologists in depositing confidential data? Are there differences between paper and electronic archives and between textual and other forms of material, such as photos and sound recordings? How can anthropologists best protect their sources? Does anthropology become a form of historiography when its raw data are archived? What forms of ‘knowledge’ are created by archiving?
Reform in Turkey: Liberalization as government and critique (Respond to this article at http://www.therai.org.uk/at/debate)
Authors: Silverstein Brian
Published: August 2010

Turkey is in the midst of a wide‐ranging reform of historic proportions, the most profound reorganization and restructuring of institutions and practices since the foundation of the Republic in 1923. These reforms, inspired and guided by the country's EU integration, are multifaceted but can be summarized as liberalization of economy, politics and society. While capitalist penetration and privatization are obvious features of the reform, its techniques, kinds of knowledge and objects, as well as its reflexive aspects – the ways in which it studies itself unfolding – have not been sufficiently conceptualized.
The Gaza Freedom Flotilla: Ethnographic notes on ‘othering violence’ (Respond to this article at http://www.therai.org.uk/at/debate)
Authors: Kosmatopoulos Nikolas
Published: August 2010

This narrative recounts the events that unfolded around the Gaza Freedom Flotilla as witnessed by an anthropologist invited onboard one of its ships. It shows a pervasive preoccupation of neocolonial states with Othering violence. This is defined as the ability to transform spaces of liberation and solidarity into spaces of deviation and imprisonment. The choice to be an outspoken participant‐observer opens up novel spaces for reflection and research otherwise left to the sensationalist tendencies of journalism and the propaganda machinery of states. Moreover, acting as witnesses to events such as these, in our professional academic as well as in our personal capacity, could also be a last line of defence against expanding Othering violence.
A Shred of Credible Evidence on the Long‐run Elasticity of Labour Supply
Authors: ASHENFELTER ORLEY , DORAN KIRK , SCHALLER BRUCE
Published: August 2010

All public policies regarding taxation and the redistribution of income rely on assumptions about the long‐run effect of wages rates on labour supply. The variation in existing estimates calls for a simple, natural experiment in which men can change their hours of work, and in which wages have been exogenously and permanently changed. We use a panel dataset of taxi drivers who choose their own hours, and who experienced two exogenous permanent fare increases, and estimate an elasticity of labour supply of −0.2, implying that income effects dominate substitution effects in the long‐run labour supply of males.
Why Do Firms Offer ‘Employment Protection’?
Authors: PISSARIDES CHRISTOPHER A.
Published: August 2010

This paper derives optimal employment contracts when workers are risk‐averse and there are employment and unemployment risks. Without income insurance, consumption rises during employment and falls during unemployment. Optimal employment contracts offer severance compensation and sometimes give notice before dismissal. Severance compensation smooths consumption during employment, and dismissal delays insure partially against the unemployment risk because of moral hazard. During the delay, consumption falls to give incentives to the worker to search for another job. No dismissal delays are optimal if exogenous unemployment compensation is sufficiently generous.
1H and 31P NMR Lipidome of Ethanol‐Induced Fatty Liver
Authors: Fernando Harshica , Kondraganti Shakuntala , Bhopale Kamlesh K. , Volk David E. , Neerathilingam Muniasamy , Kaphalia Bhupendra S. , Luxon Bruce A. , Boor Paul J. , Shakeel Ansari G.A.
Published: August 2010

Background:  Hepatic steatosis (fatty liver), an early and reversible stage of alcoholic liver disease, is characterized by triglyceride deposition in hepatocytes, which can advance to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and ultimately to hepatocellular carcinoma. In the present work, we studied altered plasma and hepatic lipid metabolome (lipidome) to understand the mechanisms and lipid pattern of early‐stage alcohol‐induced‐fatty liver.

Methods:  Male Fischer 344 rats were fed 5% alcohol in a Lieber‐DeCarli diet. Control rats were pair‐fed an equivalent amount of maltose‐dextrin. After 1 month, animals were killed and plasma collected. Livers were excised for morphological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical studies. The lipids from plasma and livers were extracted with methyl‐tert‐butyl ether and analyzed by 750/800 MHz proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and phosphorus (31P) NMR spectroscopy on a 600 MHz spectrometer. The NMR data were then subjected to multivariate statistical analysis.

Results:  Hematoxylin and Eosin and Oil Red O stained liver sections showed significant fatty infiltration. Immunohistochemical analysis of liver sections from ethanol‐fed rats showed no inflammation (absence of CD3 positive cells) or oxidative stress (absence of malondialdehyde reactivity or 4‐hydroxynonenal positive staining). Cluster analysis and principal component analysis of 1H NMR data of lipid extracts of both plasma and livers showed a significant difference in the lipid metabolome of ethanol‐fed versus control rats. 31P NMR data of liver lipid extracts showed significant changes in phospholipids similar to 1H NMR data. 1H NMR data of plasma and liver reflected several changes, while comparison of 1H NMR and 31P NMR data offered a correlation among the phospholipids.

Conclusions:  Our results show that alcohol consumption alters metabolism of cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids that could contribute to the development of fatty liver. These studies also indicate that fatty liver precedes oxidative stress and inflammation. The similarities observed in plasma and liver lipid profiles offer a potential methodology for detecting early‐stage alcohol‐induced fatty liver disease by analyzing the plasma lipid profile.
Urban Mining in Times of Raw Material Shortage
Authors: Klinglmair Manfred , Fellner Johann
Published: August 2010

The present article investigates to what extent and level of success urban mining—the recovery of resources from anthropogenic stock—has been applied in the past during shortages of primary resources. As a case study, the Austrian economy during World War I—when raw materials indeed had to be substituted from secondary sources—is analyzed here.

By means of material flow analysis, the management of copper, an important and relatively scarce metal that is difficult to substitute, is examined. The combination of increased demand for copper (for ammunition) and constraints on supply from sources other than the domestic anthroposphere highlights the importance of planning for and surveying urban mining activities. The results also indicate limitations to extracting a large share of copper from the anthroposphere, even in the face of a critical shortage. Although extreme measures, such as confiscation, were taken, only 1.7 kilograms of copper per capita (kg Cu/cap), amounting to perhaps as little as 10% of the anthropogenic stock, could be made available through the end of the war.
The Secondary Market for Life Insurance in the United Kingdom, Germany, and the United States: Comparison and Overview
Authors: Gatzert Nadine
Published: August 2010

Abstract

In this article, we identify key characteristics and implications of the secondary market for life insurance. We examine the oldest secondary market, which is the market in the United Kingdom, the relatively young market in Germany, and the controversial U.S. market. We summarize the available data to describe the current market situation and market potential, which strongly depend on developments in the primary markets and capital markets, as well as on regulatory and legal aspects. Next, we discuss benefits and risks associated with a secondary market, which depend on each market's unique features. The three markets considered in this article are fundamentally different, and the comparative assessment is intended to offer insight into their functioning and key factors.
Longer survival associated with HLA‐A*03, B*14 among 212 hemochromatosis probands with HFE C282Y homozygosity and HLA‐A and ‐B typing and haplotyping1
Authors: Barton James C. , Clayborn Barton J. , Acton Ronald T.
Published: August 2010

Background:  Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes may influence iron phenotypes in patients with HFE hemochromatosis and could affect survival.

Methods:  We tabulated general characteristics of HLA‐A and ‐B types and haplotypes of HFE C282Y/C282Y probands diagnosed in medical care and analyzed these data to identify HLA survival modifiers.

Results:  There were 212 probands (130 men, 82 women). Mean follow‐up was 12.0 ± 6.4 yr (0.1–41.2 yr; 34 deaths). HLA‐A*03 was more prevalent in men (76.9% vs. 61.0% women; P = 0.0129); 35.4% of men and 29.3% of women had A*03, B*07; and 7.7% of men and 8.5% of women had A*03, B*14. Twenty‐three probands had cirrhosis; none had A*03, B*14. Positivity for A*03 or A*03, B*07 was not a significant predictor or modifier of survival. In multiple regression analyses, A*03, B*14 predicted longer survival (P = 0.0004). Kaplan–Meier analysis confirmed longer survival in probands with A*03, B*14 (P = 0.0199, log‐rank test). After excluding the 23 non‐A*03, B*14 probands with cirrhosis, survival of probands with A*03, B*14 was still greater than that of probands without A*03, B*14 (P = 0.0254; log‐rank test). Twenty‐four years after diagnosis, cumulative survival of probands with and without A*03, B*14 was 100% and 58%, respectively. The percentage of deaths due to iron overload was lower in probands with A*03, B*14 (0% vs. 21.9%; P = 0.0392).

Conclusions:  In hemochromatosis probands with HFE C282Y/C282Y, survival was longer in those with HLA‐A*03, B*14. Earlier age at diagnosis and less severe iron overload in probands with A*03, B*14 could explain this difference.
SYTO9 and SYBR GREEN1 with a high‐resolution melting analysis for prenatal diagnosis of β0‐thalassemia/hemoglobin‐E
Authors: Pornprasert Sakorn , Sukunthamala Kanyakan
Published: August 2010

The β0‐thalassemia/Hb‐E causes a wide range of severe conditions. A high medical cost is incurred in severe cases. Thus, the prevention of new cases of β0‐thalassemia/Hb‐E is required. The aim of this study is to use the SYTO9 and SYBR GREEN1 high‐resolution melting (HRM) analysis for prenatal diagnosis of β0‐thalassemia/Hb‐E. DNA samples were extracted from amniotic fluid or cord blood of 11 pregnancies whose fetuses were at risk for β‐thalassemia/Hb‐E. PCR products from multiplex amplification refractory mutation system PCR for the detection of β0‐thalassemia mutations at codons 17(A>T), 41/42(−TCTT), and 71/72(+A) and from amplification refractory mutation system PCR for the detection of Hb‐E were characterized by SYTO9 HRM analysis. Moreover, β0‐thalassemia 3.5‐ kb deletion was detected using real‐time PCR with SYBR GREEN1 HRM analysis. Seven of 11 fetuses (64%) were diagnosed as β0‐thalassemia/Hb‐E (4 fetuses with mutation at codon 17, 2 with mutation at codon 41/42, and 1 with 3.5‐ kb deletion). Results from HRM analysis were completely consistent with those from fetal blood samplings analyzed at the time of delivery or pregnancy termination using HPLC. Therefore, the HRM analysis is easy to use. It is simple, flexible, non‐destructive and has superb sensitivity and specificity. This approach might facilitate the laboratory diagnosis and genetic counseling for regions with a high prevalence of β0‐thalassemia/Hb‐E.
Dermatological feasibility of multimodal facial color imaging modality for cross‐evaluation of facial actinic keratosis
Authors: Bae Youngwoo , Son Taeyoon , Stuart Nelson J. , Kim Jae‐Hong , Choi Eung Ho , Jung Byungjo
Published: August 2010

Background/Purpose: Digital color image analysis is currently considered as a routine procedure in dermatology. In our previous study, a multimodal facial color imaging modality (MFCIM), which provides a conventional, parallel‐ and cross‐polarization, and a fluorescent color image, was introduced for objective evaluation of various facial skin lesions. This study introduces a commercial version of MFCIM, DermaVision‐PRO, for routine clinical use in dermatology and demonstrates its dermatological feasibility for cross‐evaluation of skin lesions.

Methods/Results: Sample images of subjects with actinic keratosis or non‐melanoma skin cancers were obtained at four different imaging modes. Various image analysis methods were applied to cross‐evaluate the skin lesion and, finally, to extract valuable diagnostic information. DermaVision‐PRO is potentially a useful tool as an objective macroscopic imaging modality for quick prescreening and cross‐evaluation of facial skin lesions.

Conclusion: DermaVision‐PRO may be utilized as a useful tool for the cross‐evaluation of widely distributed facial skin lesions and as an efficient database management of patient information.
Aspergillus nidulansα‐galactosidase of glycoside hydrolase family 36 catalyses the formation of α‐galacto‐oligosaccharides by transglycosylation
Authors: Nakai Hiroyuki , Baumann Martin J. , Petersen Bent O. , Westphal Yvonne , Hachem Maher Abou , Dilokpimol Adiphol , Duus Jens Ø. , Schols Henk A. , Svensson Birte
Published: August 2010

The α‐galactosidase from Aspergillus nidulans (AglC) belongs to a phylogenetic cluster containing eukaryotic α‐galactosidases and α‐galacto‐oligosaccharide synthases of glycoside hydrolase family 36 (GH36). The recombinant AglC, produced in high yield (0.65 g·L−1 culture) as His‐tag fusion in Escherichia coli, catalysed efficient transglycosylation with α‐(1→6) regioselectivity from 40 mm 4‐nitrophenol α‐d‐galactopyranoside, melibiose or raffinose, resulting in a 37–74% yield of 4‐nitrophenol α‐d‐Galp‐(1→6)‐d‐Galp, α‐d‐Galp‐(1→6)‐α‐d‐Galp‐(1→6)‐d‐Glcp and α‐d‐Galp‐(1→6)‐α‐d‐Galp‐(1→6)‐d‐Glcp‐(α1→β2)‐d‐Fruf (stachyose), respectively. Furthermore, among 10 monosaccharide acceptor candidates (400 mm) and the donor 4‐nitrophenol α‐d‐galactopyranoside (40 mm), α‐(1→6) linked galactodisaccharides were also obtained with galactose, glucose and mannose in high yields of 39–58%. AglC did not transglycosylate monosaccharides without the 6‐hydroxymethyl group, i.e. xylose, l‐arabinose, l‐fucose and l‐rhamnose, or with axial 3‐OH, i.e. gulose, allose, altrose and l‐rhamnose. Structural modelling using Thermotoga maritima GH36 α‐galactosidase as the template and superimposition of melibiose from the complex with human GH27 α‐galactosidase supported that recognition at subsite +1 in AglC presumably requires a hydrogen bond between 3‐OH and Trp358 and a hydrophobic environment around the C‐6 hydroxymethyl group. In addition, successful transglycosylation of eight of 10 disaccharides (400 mm), except xylobiose and arabinobiose, indicated broad specificity for interaction with the +2 subsite. AglC thus transferred α‐galactosyl to 6‐OH of the terminal residue in the α‐linked melibiose, maltose, trehalose, sucrose and turanose in 6–46% yield and the β‐linked lactose, lactulose and cellobiose in 28–38% yield. The product structures were identified using NMR and ESI‐MS and five of the 13 identified products were novel, i.e. α‐d‐Galp‐(1→6)‐d‐Manp; α‐d‐Galp‐(1→6)‐β‐d‐Glcp‐(1→4)‐d‐Glcp; α‐d‐Galp‐(1→6)‐β‐d‐Galp‐(1→4)‐d‐Fruf; α‐d‐Galp‐(1→6)‐d‐Glcp‐(α1→α1)‐d‐Glcp; and α‐d‐Galp‐(1→6)‐α‐d‐Glcp‐(1→3)‐d‐Fruf.
Reduction of 4,4′‐Stilbenequinone and 4,4′‐Diphenoquinone upon Reaction with Photogenerated Radicals
Authors: Görner Helmut
Published: August 2010

The properties of 3,3′,5,5′‐tetra‐tert‐butyl‐4,4′‐stilbenequinone (StQ) were studied by photochemical means. Acetone, acetophenone or benzophenone was photolyzed in the presence of both StQ and a donor, such as alcohols or triethylamine. This initiated reaction of a ketyl radical with StQ to form a semiquinone radical and eventually induce a permanent bleaching due to conversion of StQ to 4,4′‐dihydroxystilbene (StQH2). The quantum yield of conversion of StQ to StQH2 increases with the donor concentration. Similar effects were found for the ketone‐sensitized radical‐induced conversions of the analogous diphenoquinone to the reduction product, diphenol.
A Case of Supplement-Induced Hepatotoxicity
Authors: Cheng Fong-Kuei Frank , Dunaway Peter
Published: August 2010

A 45-year-old Caucasian male presented with a two-week history of jaundice and right-upper quadrant (RUQ) abdominal pain. Transaminases and biliary enzymes were markedly elevated with hyperferritinemia and mildly elevated INR. Imaging tests showed no significant abnormality. He denied prescription or over-the-counter (OTC) medication use, but he had been taking at least 9 dietary supplements for 12 months. Other causes of liver disease were excluded. His supplements were discontinued, and his liver-associated enzymes significantly markedly improved over the next 6 weeks and remained normal after one year suggesting supplement-induced hepatotoxicity. Due to the number of supplements, no specific agent could be identified as the primary cause of his liver injury. This case illustrates the importance of inquiring and educating patients of the potential harmful risks of over-the-counter medications and supplements.
Length and Geometric Patterns of the Greater Palatine Canal Observed in Cone Beam Computed Tomography
Authors: Howard-Swirzinski Karen , Edwards Paul C. , Saini Tarnjit S. , Norton Neil S.
Published: August 2010

The greater palatine canal is an important anatomical structure that is often utilized as a pathway for infiltration of local anesthesia to affect sensation and hemostasis. Increased awareness of the length and anatomic variation in the anatomy of this structure is important when performing surgical procedures in this area (e.g., placement of osseointegrated dental implants). We examined the anatomy of the greater palatine canal using data obtained from CBCT scans of 500 subjects. Both right and left canals were viewed () in coronal and sagittal planes, and their paths and lengths determined. The average length of the greater palatine canal was 29 mm ( mm), with a range from 22 to 40 mm. Coronally, the most common anatomic pattern consisted of the canal traveling inferior-laterally for a distance then directly inferior for the remainder (43.3%). In the sagittal view, the canal traveled most frequently at an anterior-inferior angle (92.9%).
Intratumoral Localization of Aromatase and Interaction between Stromal and Parenchymal Cells in the Non–Small Cell Lung Carcinoma Microenvironment
Authors: Miki Yasuhiro , Suzuki Takashi , Abe Keiko , Suzuki Satoshi , Niikawa Hiromichi , Iida Shinya , Hata Shuko , Akahira Jun-ichi , Mori Kazushige , Evans Dean B. , Kondo Takashi , Yamada-Okabe Hisafumi , Sasano Hironobu
Published: August 2010

Estrogens produced as a result of intratumoral aromatization has been recently shown to play important roles in proliferation of human non–small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC), but the details have remained largely unknown. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the possible roles of intratumoral aromatase in NSCLCs as follows: (a) evaluation of intratumoral localization of aromatase mRNA/protein in six lung adenocarcinoma cases using laser capture microdissection combined with quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR and immunohistochemistry; (b) examination of the possible effects of isolated stromal cells from lung carcinoma tissues on aromatase mRNA transcript expression in lung carcinoma cell lines (A549 and LK87) through a coculture system; and (c) screening of cytokines derived from stromal LK001S and LK002S cells using cytokine antibody arrays and subsequent evaluation of effects of these cytokines on aromatase expression in A549 and LK87. Both aromatase mRNA and protein were mainly detected in intratumoral carcinoma cells but not in stromal cells. Aromatase expression of A549 and LK87 was upregulated in the presence of LK001S or LK002S cells. Several cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), oncostatin M, and tumor necrosis factor-α, all known as inducible factors of aromatase gene, were detected in conditioned media of LK001S and LK002S cells. Treatment of both oncostatin M and IL-6 induced aromatase gene expression in A549 an LK87, respectively. These results all indicated that intratumoral microenvironments, especially carcinoma-stromal cell interactions, play a pivotal role in the regulation of intratumoral estrogen synthesis through aromatase expression in human lung adenocarcinomas. Cancer Res; 70(16); 6659–69. ©2010 AACR.
Presence of a Putative Tumor-Initiating Progenitor Cell Population Predicts Poor Prognosis in Smokers with Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Ooi Aik T. , Mah Vei , Nickerson Derek W. , Gilbert Jennifer L. , Ha Vi Luan , Hegab Ahmed E. , Horvath Steve , Alavi Mohammad , Maresh Erin L. , Chia David , Gower Adam C. , Lenburg Marc E. , Spira Avrum , Solis Luisa M. , Wistuba Ignacio I. , Walser Tonya C. , Wallace William D. , Dubinett Steven M. , Goodglick Lee , Gomperts Brigitte N.
Published: August 2010

Smoking is the most important known risk factor for the development of lung cancer. Tobacco exposure results in chronic inflammation, tissue injury, and repair. A recent hypothesis argues for a stem/progenitor cell involved in airway epithelial repair that may be a tumor-initiating cell in lung cancer and which may be associated with recurrence and metastasis. We used immunostaining, quantitative real-time PCR, Western blots, and lung cancer tissue microarrays to identify subpopulations of airway epithelial stem/progenitor cells under steady-state conditions, normal repair, aberrant repair with premalignant lesions and lung cancer, and their correlation with injury and prognosis. We identified a population of keratin 14 (K14)–expressing progenitor epithelial cells that was involved in repair after injury. Dysregulated repair resulted in the persistence of K14+ cells in the airway epithelium in potentially premalignant lesions. The presence of K14+ progenitor airway epithelial cells in NSCLC predicted a poor prognosis, and this predictive value was strongest in smokers, in which it also correlated with metastasis. This suggests that reparative K14+ progenitor cells may be tumor-initiating cells in this subgroup of smokers with NSCLC. Cancer Res; 70(16); 6639–48. ©2010 AACR.
Metastasis-Associated Protein 1 Short Form Stimulates Wnt1 Pathway in Mammary Epithelial and Cancer Cells
Authors: Kumar Rakesh , Balasenthil Seetharaman , Pakala Suresh B. , Rayala Suresh K. , Sahin Aysegul A. , Ohshiro Kazufumi
Published: August 2010

Although Wnt1 downstream signaling components as well as cytoplasmic level of metastatic tumor antigen 1 short form (MTA1s) are elevated in human breast cancer, it remains unknown whether a regulatory cross-talk exists between these two pathways. Here, we provide evidence of a remarkable correlation between the levels of MTA1s and stimulation of the Wnt1 signaling components, leading to increased stabilization of β-catenin and stimulation of Wnt1 target genes in the murine mammary epithelial and human breast cancer cells. We found that MTA1s influences Wnt1 pathway through extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling as selective silencing of the endogenous MTA1s or ERK, or its target glycogen synthase kinase 3β resulted in a substantial decrease in β-catenin expression, leading to the inhibition of Wnt1 target genes. Furthermore, downregulation of β-catenin in cells with elevated MTA1s level was accompanied by a corresponding decrease in the expression of Wnt1 target genes, establishing a mechanistic role for the ERK/glycogen synthase kinase 3β/β-catenin pathway in the stimulation of the Wnt1 target genes by MTA1s in mammary epithelial cells. In addition, mammary glands from the virgin MTA1s transgenic mice mimicked the phenotypic changes found in the Wnt1 transgenic mice and exhibited an overall hyperactivation of the Wnt1 signaling pathway, leading to increased stabilization and nuclear accumulation of β-catenin. Mammary glands from the virgin MTA1s-TG mice revealed ductal hyperplasia and ductal carcinoma in situ, and low incidence of palpable tumors. These findings reveal a previously unrecognized role for MTA1s as an important modifier of the Wnt1 signaling in mammary epithelial and cancer cells. Cancer Res; 70(16); 6598–608. ©2010 AACR.
An Overview of Research on Classical Chinese Drama in North America (1998–2008)
Authors: Yingde Guo
Published: August 2010

This review article gives an overview of work by Western scholars in English on Chinese classical theatre genres from the perspective of a Chinese scholar.
"In The Lost Child (El Niño Perdido) I have tried to speak of the war, avoiding the rhetoric of violence:" An Interview with Josep Antoni Tàssies
Authors: Reyes Arantxa Bea
Published: August 2010

Journalist and literary critic Arantxa Bea Reyes interviews Josep Antoni Tàssies, winner of the Biennial of Illustration Bratislava Grand Prix Award, who discusses his journey in art, illustration, and literature for children.
Do Zionists Read Music from Right to Left? Abraham Tsvi Idelsohn and the Invention of Israeli Music
Authors: Loeffler James
Published: August 2010

Music is widely recognized as a central component of Israeli national identity, yet the putative Jewishness of Israeli music remains a subject of enduring cultural controversy and ideological confusion. I argue in this article that the roots of Israeli music's distinctive national character can be traced to the pre-World War I activities of Abraham Tsvi Idelsohn, the pioneering Zionist scholar and ideological progenitor of a revolutionary new concept of Hebrew music. In his early writings, Idelsohn called repeatedly for a rejection of Diasporic Jewish music and the recovery of an authentic ancient Hebrew music for the reborn nation in its homeland. However, his two most influential early publishing projects, a songbook for Jewish schools and massive compendium of liturgical and folk melodies, reveal a more complicated cluster of attitudes towards European music, Diaspora Jewish culture, and the Arab Middle East. Analyzing Idelsohn's aesthetics, I discuss his different strategies for reconciling ideological purity alongside cultural cosmopolitanism in Hebrew national culture. I conclude that Idelsohn's aesthetic categories relied strongly on the semantic power of language to determine music's cultural meaning. This move allowed Idelsohn to link his model of a new Hebrew national music to the very European (and European Jewish) culture he ostensibly rejected. I close by discussing how Idelsohn's legacy exposes a deeper continuity in Israeli culture that cuts across the perceived ruptures of 1917 and 1948 to link the early Zionist idea of "Negation of the Exile" to contemporary concerns about Israeliness, music, and national identity.
Rewriting the Grand Narrative of Jewish Music: Abraham Z. Idelsohn in the United States
Authors: Cohen Judah M.
Published: August 2010

In 1929, musicologist and composer Abraham Zvi Idelsohn published his major study Jewish Music in its Historical Development. Viewed today as a foundational work in its field, Idelsohn's book attempted for the first time to bring together many fragments of Jewish musical knowledge into a single, grand English language narrative. At the same time, Idelsohn's publication reflected both his time and circumstances: having moved from Jerusalem to a prominent position in Cincinnati's Hebrew Union College. Upon its publication, Jewish Music in its Historical Development received wide coverage, succeeding at least metaphorically in recasting Jewish sound to create a continuous, usable past for musical practice and thought, particularly among Euro-American populations. In this essay, I analyze the history of this work and its author as Idelsohn shifted from his earlier 1924 treatise Toldot ha-neginah ha-ivrit, with particular attention to Idelsohn's arrival in the United States, his dealings with mainline publisher Henry Holt and Company, the book's reception in lay and scholarly Jewish music circles, and finally its subsequent republications and canonization as a comprehensive history of Jewish music. In doing so, I argue that while Jewish Music in its Historical Development helped redefine the borders, and perhaps geographical center, of Jewish music scholarship, the work can also be interpreted as an attempt to codify an agenda of musical activism from within the center of American Reform Jewish life.
Argumentative Patterns and Epistemic Considerations: Responses to Anti-Semitism in the Conceptual History of Social Science
Authors: Morris-Reich Amos
Published: August 2010

Employing elements taken from the typology of polemical exchanges developed by Marcelo Dascal, this essay attaempts to show the relevance of pragmatics for the history of modern anti-Semitism. Focusing on Georg Simmel, one of the founders of sociology, Franz Boas, the founder of cultural anthropology, and Arthur Ruppin, the founder of sociology and demography of the Jews, I point at the close correlations between argumentative patterns and epistemic considerations in their respective responses to social or scientific anti-Semitism in the German or American context. Distinguishing between epistemic considerations such as analytical principles and definitions of objects, and strategies of argumentation, including rhetorical moves, forms of justification or persuasion, I attempt to show that the three were engaged in three kinds of discourse: Simmel, who opposed the biologization of sociology and denied the racial foundation of anti-Semitism, was engaged in a "dispute," in which the source of disagreement is rooted in differences of attitude, feelings, or preferences. Boas, who rejected biological determinism, subsumed anti-Semitism into racism and was involved in a "controversy" with anti-Semitic writers, one beginning with a specific problem but spreading to other disagreements including methodology. Ruppin, who accepted many anti-Semitic assumptions about Jews but opposed their judgment, was engaged in a "discussion" with anti-Semitic writers, a polemical exchange whose object is a well-circumscribed topic or problem. Interpreting these responses less as contemplations on than attempts to counter and undermine contemporary social and scientific anti-Semitic ideas, I end the article attempting to evaluate their respective conceptual and historical strengths and weaknesses.
Genealogy of the Sportscast Highlight Form: From Peep Show to Projection to Hot Processor
Authors: Gamache Ray
Published: August 2010

This paper traces the evolution of the sportscast highlight form from early film through the beginning of television (1894-1955). The highlight form emerged as the dominant technique of sportscasts as a result of the technological, economic and social changes that impacted media systems. Changes in technologies do not provide the entire account of the highlight form's development, so this study explicates the importance of the protocols that express intricate relationships between media producers, sports leagues and organizations, and audiences.
A Media Look at Tiger Woods—Two Views
Authors: Davie William R. , King C. Richard , Leonard David J.
Published: August 2010

From a media standpoint, the past 12 months could be called the year of Tiger Woods. Starting with has fall from grace the night after Thanksgiving to his near triumphant return to the Masters in Augusta, no single athlete has so dominated the sports and tabloid headlines. For our essay this issue, JSM contributors Bill Davie, and Richard King and David Leonard offer two views of Tiger's media fallout. Davie looks at the public relations perspective, while King and Leonard analyze the coverage of Tiger through the lens of race.
Making Mexico More "Latin": National Identity, Statuary and Heritage in Mexico City's Monument to Independence
Authors: Dixon Seth
Published: August 2010

Las identidades latinoamericanas se afianzan firmemente en paisajes simbólicos diseñados para conmemorar el pasado mediante la reconfiguración de lugares públicos claves. Las narrativas históricas, ideologías culturales y mensajes políticos son componentes esenciales de los significados de los monumentos que se construyen para honrar la nación. El análisis de los cambios en dichos paisajes simbólicos nos ayuda a comprender los cambios en las identidades nacionales. El Monumento a la Independencia de 1910 en México D.F. en el Paseo de la Reforma es un ejemplo de cómo las identidades nacionales, regionales y globales son mezcladas con otros monumentos en un paisaje simbólico con efectos en dichas identidades. El gobierno mexicano utilizó el centenario para representar una identidad claramente latina para México.
Pathways to forest transition: Local case studies from the Ecuadorian Andes
Authors: Farley Kathleen A.
Published: August 2010

La teoría de la transición forestal provee de un marco conceptual para entender aquellos escenarios en los cuales los países pasan desde un periodo de pérdida de cobertura forestal hacia un periodo de incremento de cobertura forestal. Las investigaciones a escala nacional han ayudado a esclarecer algunas de las características comunes entre países que han experimentado una transición forestal. Sin embargo, las condiciones que promueven el establecimiento de plantaciones forestales entre los terratenientes rurales no son muy bien conocidas. Una evaluación de tres casos de establecimientos de plantaciones forestales en los Andes del Ecuador indica que los terratenientes rurales responden a prioridades, oportunidades y limitaciones diversas que se traducen en diferentes niveles de importancia para cada uno de las sendas propuestas para la transición forestal. En los casos estudiados las sendas más importantes son asociadas con la globalización y con las decisiones tomadas por los campesinos de usar estrategias basadas en la plantación de árboles para tratar de restaurar las tierras degradadas o mejorar la diversificación económica. Este estudio sugiere que estas sendas merecen una mayor atención, especialmente en el contexto de países en vía de desarrollo o en aquellos casos donde la transición forestal está dominada por plantaciones forestales.
Fronteras Vivas or Dead Ends? The Impact of Military Settlement Projects in the Amazon Borderlands
Authors: Salisbury David S. , Gutiérrez L. Alejandra Antelo , Alván Carlos L. Pérez , Alvarado Jorge W. Vela
Published: August 2010

A geopolítica de criar fronteiras vivas, projetos de assentamento rural, nas fronteiras amazónicas muda o uso de terra e modo de viver em estas fronteiras isoladas em maneiras inesperadas. Um estudo de caso na Amazônia peruana pesquisa a utilização de recursos naturais, a economía familiar, e a geografía política de um projeto de assentamento rural militar. Os resultados indicam que os impactos transfronteiriços do projeto de assentamento criam oportunidades para conflito internacional numa época da integração regional sudamericana.