bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Female Entrepreneurship in Africa
Authors: Ncube Roselin , Chirisa Innocent
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores how female entrepreneurship is a growing phenomenon in Africa. Particularly, the chapter critically examines the use of the instrument of rotating savings and credit associations (ROSCAs) in as far as it has influenced business growth and social mobility across the region. The implications are that, largely, it is an instrument that gives agency towards achieving gender parity at business and household levels, respectively. In trying to answer pertinent questions, the study engages country-based case studies. The countries used include Botswana, South Africa, Egypt, Ethiopia, Sudan, Kenya, Ethiopia, Nigeria, and Cameroon. These have been chosen because of their differential demographic, political economies, ideological, and religious foundations. Some have experienced serious and tectonic macro-economic challenges which may have worked to cement or to destroy efforts in building female entrepreneurship let alone the utility of ROSCAs as a tool towards business stability and wealth building.
Women on Board and Firm Performance
Authors: Lori Haya , Hamdan Allam Mohammed , Sarea Adel , Al Shirawi Thaira Mohammed
Published: May 2019

This chapter aims to measure the relationship between the number of women in the board of directors and company performance in the listed companies in Bahrain Bourse. The study uses panel data where the data is collected from the investor's guide in Bahrain Bourse and the annual reports from the listed companies from 2013 to 2017. The sample of the study includes 39 listed companies; the independent variable is the number of women in the board of directors in each company, which was measured using dummy variables; and the dependent variable is the company performance, which was measured using two measurement models driven from previous studies: accounting measurement (return on assets) and market measurement (Tobin's Q). The study also utilizes three control variables in order to help measuring the relationship between the number of women in the board of directors and company performance. The study concludes that there is a positive correlation between the number of women in the board of directors and the company's ROA and Tobin's Q.
Bahraini Women's Voices in the Boardroom
Authors: Jafaar Amna Hameed , Juma Maryam Yousif , Habib Jafaar Mohmed , Al-Sartawi Abdalmuttaleb M. A. Musleh
Published: May 2019

Why should boards appoint members who are women? Do women contribute positively to the effectiveness of the board? Or, are they just appointed to boost the firm's image of fulfilling their quota? In recent years, board gender diversity has become an important issue around the world, where studies show that the inclusion of female directors is positively related to their financial performance of firms, their organizational effectiveness, and corporate governance. By applying gender perspectives to the boardrooms, new dimensions, knowledge, abilities, and experience are brought to the table. This chapter offers a contribution to the literature review by extending the studies on corporate governance and gender diversity as well as shedding the light on this relationship in the context of a non-western country, Bahrain, where women must abide by the traditional roles they play in the society. However, contradictory to expectations, the results indicate the number of females on the board has a negative relationship with firm performance, especially with return on assets (ROA).
Blockchain Technology
Authors: Kandil Tarek Taha , Nassar Shereen , Taysir Mohamed
Published: May 2019

Blockchain technology starts to reconfigure all aspects of society to make it clear and beneficial for the legal system. The chapter introduces “The Blockchain Revolution” in categories 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0; in the form of analyzing the use of the technology that is being applied in new innovative business models, Blockchain 1.0 starts with the creation of the first blockchain and the introduction of the technology in the “Bitcoin Whitepaper,” the crypto-currency model, via Bitcoin's application in services related to cash, payments, and transfers. Blockchain 2.0 starts with the indication that using smart contracts on blockchains will be available via the development of syntax (i.e., “solidity” that would enable developers to create solutions with blockchain technology at the backend). The chapter explores the feature of the new disruptive business models-based blockchain technology as a new approach in delivering business products and services. In the chapter, the authors explore the new technologies raised in different fields of business.
A Call for Second-Generation Cryptocurrency Valuation Metrics
Authors: Lehner Edward , Ziegler John R. , Carter Louis
Published: May 2019

This chapter builds on the body of work that has depicted cryptocurrency as a model for science and higher education funding. To that end, this work examines the degree to which one or more cryptocurrencies would need to be adopted and achieve a network effect prior to implementation of such a funding model. Empirical data from three different cryptocurrencies were examined. The current work deploys generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) to analyze stochastic volatility. This work contends that the examined coins are likely overdistributed and too volatile, thereby limiting the wealth generation possibilities for funding science or higher education. Additionally, based on the GARCH analysis, this work highlights that cryptocurrency pricing metrics and valuation models, to this point, may be insufficiently complex to persuade institutional investors to seriously allocate capital to this ecosphere.
Scientific Paper Peer-Reviewing System With Blockchain, IPFS, and Smart Contract
Authors: Rahut Shantanu Kumar , Tanvir Razwan Ahmed , Rahman Sharfi , Akhter Shamim
Published: May 2019

In general, peer reviewing is known as an inspection of a work that is completed by one or more qualified people from the same profession and from the relevant field to make the work more error-free, readable, presentable, and adjustable according to the pre-published requirements and also considered as the primary metric for publishing a research paper, accepting research grants, or selecting award nominees. However, many recent publications are pointing to the biasness and mistreatment in the peer-review process. Thus, the scientific community is involved to generate ideas to advance the reviewing process including standardizing procedures and protocols, blind and electronic reviewing, rigorous methods in reviewer selection, rewarding reviewers, providing detailed feedback or checklist to reviewers, etc. In this chapter, the authors propose a decentralized and anonymous scientific peer-reviewing system using blockchain technology. This system will integrate all the above concern issues and eliminate the bias or trust issues interconnected with the peer-reviewing process.
African Youth's Democratic Rights Awareness and Participation in Continental Governance
Authors: Makwerere David
Published: May 2019

This chapter explored the democratic rights awareness among the youth in Zimbabwe. The youth who live in urban and peri-urban spaces are relatively aware of their democratic rights and a significant number do participate in governance processes in the country, although their participation is largely defined by political party affiliation. There are those youths who are in rural and farming communities who have limited understanding of their democratic rights and responsibilities and most of them believe that participation in governance is simply about voting during national plebiscites and nothing more. The study also found that the development of rights awareness among the youths in Zimbabwe is state-centric and thus undermining the efforts towards effective youth participation. There are some civil society organizations in Zimbabwe that have worked to empower the youth in the country and to create awareness, but this has met with many challenges owing to the hegemonic influences of the ruling political elites and the general political polarization prevailing in the country.
Types of Case Studies
Authors: Epler Pam
Published: May 2019

This chapter is designed to inform and educate the researcher about various types of case study designs. For each design there is a description about the type and an explanation of its purpose. There is also a sample description as well as how to collect data for each case study type. Disadvantages to each design is discussed as well as the essential components to include when writing up the final report. Finally, a table comparing all the case study types is incorporated.
Teaching With Case Studies in Higher Education
Authors: Orr Lynne , Weekley Linda
Published: May 2019

Case-based instruction is one method of active learning that has proven to be beneficial in many educational settings. This chapter will provide a background in the use of case-based instruction in various settings across higher education, discussing the benefits and the limitations. Instruction on how to write case studies, how to introduce the use of this instructional method to students, and how to implement case-based instruction with excellence will be offered. Every educational setting has a slightly different set of expectations and parameters. The information contained in this chapter will include how to write and implement case studies in higher education. Information concerning the medical fields, business education, and teacher preparation courses will be included.
Learner Perception of Using Case Study Method as a Teaching Method in Higher Education
Authors: Pinto-Llorente Ana María
Published: May 2019

The aim of the study is to explore learners' perception of case study method within the context of a Degree in Infant Education. The research is carried out at Salamanca University during the academic year 2017-2018. In order to achieve the goal of the research, a quantitative study is employed. The sample of the research is composed of 77 learners enrolled in the compulsory subject School Organization. To operationalize the variables and collect data researchers use a questionnaire. Analyzing the results, it is highlighted that most learners emphasize the benefits of case study method to be involved in the real context of a classroom setting, and to contribute to the development of different skills such as communication, problem solving, decision-making, organizing and planning, analytical thinking, conflict resolution, negotiation, coordination, cooperation, flexibility, tolerance, and respect. They state that it is a fantastic experience to put into practice the knowledge previously acquired. This research points out how the case study method maximizes the learning experience.
Aspects of Hydrology and Water Resource Management of ASALs in the Tropics
Authors: Ondieki Christopher Misati
Published: May 2019

ASALs in the tropics present challenges to sustainable livelihoods that include drought vagaries, changing land uses, population increase, water insecurity due to rising demands and quality deterioration, as well as environmental degradation leading to declining agricultural productivity and food security. Climate change and transboundary conflicts give rise to governance challenges in water resource management of the ASALs in the tropics, and knowledge of the hydrologic processes would be critical in policy and stakeholder engagement. This chapter discusses the various aspects pertaining to the pertinent hydrological processes crucial for sustainable resource planning and development in watersheds in the tropics and also proposes best management practices including rainwater harvesting that would ensure sustained information and data for improved livelihoods in ASALs.
Water Allocation Assessment and Hydrological Simulation on Mukurumudzi River Basin in Kenya
Authors: Katuva Jacob Mutua , Omuto Christian Thine , Obiero John P. O.
Published: May 2019

Lack of water allocation plans in semi-arid river basins increases the risks of hydrological droughts. The Mukurumudzi River Basin was experiencing extremely low flows which led to a water allocation assessment to quantify the available resource amidst competing demands from domestic, commercial, and environmental needs. An abstraction survey was conducted along the entire length of the river followed by a low flow study and water balance modelling using rainfall-runoff model. Observed flows at source and mouth were 0.028 m3/sand 0.043 m3/s, respectively. Simulated flows estimated an environmental flow (Q95) deficit of0.023 m3/s and 0.010 m3/s in July and August, respectively. Normal flow (Q80) of 0.190 m3/s and flood flow (Q50) of 0.520 m3/s were estimated. Compensating the environmental flow deficit in July and August was recommended. A more detailed hydrogeological study should be conducted to elucidate the potential of the groundwater resource in meeting current demands.
Authentic leadership and work engagement: The indirect effects of psychological safety and trust in supervisors
Authors: Maximo Natasha , Stander Marius W. , Coxen Lynelle
Published: May 2019

Orientation: The orientation of this study was towards authentic leadership and its influence on psychological safety, trust in supervisors and work engagement.Research purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of authentic leadership on trust in supervisors, psychological safety and work engagement. Another aim was to determine whether trust in supervisors and psychological safety had an indirect effect on the relationship between authentic leadership and work engagement. An additional objective was to determine if authentic leadership indirectly influenced psychological safety through trust in supervisors.Motivation for the study: Globally, businesses are faced with many challenges which may be resolved if leaders are encouraged to be more authentic and employees more engaged. In this study, investigating the role of trust in supervisors and psychological safety on the relationship between authentic leadership and work engagement is emphasised.Research design, approach and method: This study was quantitative in nature and used a cross-sectional survey design. A sample of 244 employees within the South African mining industry completed the Authentic Leadership Inventory, Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, Workplace Trust Survey and Psychological Safety Questionnaire.Main findings: The results indicated that authentic leadership is a significant predictor of both trust in supervisors and psychological safety. This study further found that authentic leadership had a statistically significant indirect effect on work engagement through trust in supervisors.Practical or managerial implications: The main findings suggest that having more authentic leaders in the mining sector could enhance trust in these leaders. Authentic leadership thus plays an important role in creating a positive work environment. This work environment of authenticity and trust could lead to a more engaged workforce.Contribution or value-add: Limited empirical evidence exists with regard to the relationship between authentic leadership, work engagement, psychological safety and trust in supervisors. This is particularly true in the mining sector. This study aimed to contribute to the limited number of studies conducted.
Epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in a Tertiary Care Center in the Kingdom of Bahrain
Authors: Saeed Nermin Kamal , Alkhawaja Safaa , Azam Nashawa Fawzy Abd El Moez , Alaradi Khalil , Al-Biltagi Mohammed
Published: May 2019

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study is to estimate the rate of infection with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) in the main governmental tertiary care hospital in Bahrain.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: All clinical samples with positive growth of CRE over 6-year period (January 2012–December 2017) were collected from the microbiology laboratory data.

RESULTS: The CRE incidence was high in the first half of study period (2012–2014) and then decreased between 2015 and 2017, after implementation of intensified CRE control measure bundle. About 49.4% of CRE-positive samples were isolated from the elderly age group (above 65 years old), most of them were admitted in the intensive care unit (ICU). The most common isolated organisms were Klebsiella pneumoniae (87.0%), followed by Escherichia coli (7.9%). Isolates from deep tracheal aspirate and midstream urine specimens were the most common source of CRE isolates (27.3%) and (26.3%), respectively. Bacteremia was documented in 21.2% of cases. CRE isolates in the study showed high rates of resistance to aminoglycosides (72.2% resistant to amikacin and 67.3% to gentamicin). Alternatively, most isolates retained their susceptibility to colistin and tigecycline with sensitivity of 83.9% and 85.7%, respectively. Combined resistance to both colistin and tigecycline was observed in 0.06% of total isolates.

CONCLUSION: Elderly population and ICU admission were important risk factors for CRE acquisition. Most of CRE isolates were sensitive to both colistin and tigecycline, which make them the best combination for empiric frontline therapy for suspected serious CRE infection in our facility. Implementing CRE-bundled infection control measures significantly reduced the incidence of CRE infection in our hospital.
Antibiotic resistance profile and co-production of extended spectrum beta lactamases and AmpC in Acinetobacter spp. in a level 1 trauma center from India
Authors: Batra Priyam , Khurana Surbhi , Govindaswamy Aishwarya , Aravinda Anjana , Bajpai Vijeta , Ayyanar Muruganantham , Mathur Purva , Malhotra Rajesh
Published: May 2019

INTRODUCTION: Acinetobacter baumannii has now emerged as a significant nosocomial pathogen in health-care setting ESP in intensive care units. Rapidly growing resistance among clinical isolates suggests a need to detect resistance mechanisms in this organism. The present study was designed to compare the various phenotypic tests available with the gold standard of genotype.

METHODOLOGY: The present study was conducted to include all isolates of Acinetobacter spp. isolated over 3 years. Their resistance to various antibiotics was determined and extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) and AmpC production in the isolates showing resistance to ceftazidime/ceftriaxone/cefotaxime (CAZ/CTR/CTX) was determined. ESBL and AmpC production was confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

RESULTS: A total of 154 strains were isolated, and all the strains were tested for ESBL and AmpC detection. Of the strains tested, 15 (9.7%), 17 (11%), 24 (15.6%), 27 (17.5%), 54 (35%), 67 (43.5%), and 72 (46.7%) strains showed ESBL production using CTX/CTX-clavulanate double-disc synergy test (DDST), CTX/CTX-clavulanate E-test, CAZ/CAZ-clavulanate DDST, CAZ/CAZ-clavulanate E-test, Piperacillin/Piperacillin-tazobactam (TZ) DDST, CTR/CTR-Sulbactum DDST, and Piperacillin/Piperacillin-TZ E-test, respectively. 20 (12.9%) and 19 (12.3%) of strains were positive for AmpC production using AmpC disc test and Boronic acid inhibition test, respectively. Genotype analysis using PCR for TEM, SHV, CTXM, PER, and VEB genes was done and 69 (51.5%) strains were positive for TEM gene.

DISCUSSION: ESBL detection in Acinetobacter spp. is difficult as standard guidelines for the same are not available unlike in enterobacteriaceae, and there are no zone diameter breakpoints for aztreonam and cefpodoxime. In comparison, piperacillin/piperacillin-TZ E-test had the best sensitivity and specificity for ESBL detection.

CONCLUSION: Standard guidelines for ESBL detection in nil fermeners like Acinetobacter spp. must be laid down for ease of detection. Use of piperacillin/piperacillin-tazobactam E-test could be used as one of the standard methods.
Exflagellation of Plasmodium vivax in peripheral blood: An uncommon finding and its significance
Authors: Sable Mukund N. , Chhabra Gaurav , Mishra Shruti
Published: May 2019

Malaria continues to be a major public health problem. The life cycle of malaria is completed in two hosts Anopheles mosquito – definitive host and humans – the intermediate host. Exflagellation of microgametocyes in the life cycle of Plasmodium vivax occurs in mosquitoes and is rarely seen in human peripheral blood. Less than 15 occurrences of exflagellated microgametocyte of Plasmodium species have been reported to date. The appearance of exflagellated microgametes in human blood may pose a diagnostic dilemma due to its resemblance with other hemoparasites such as Borrelia and Trypanosoma.
The Erdős–Szüsz–Turán distribution for equivariant processes
Authors: Athreya Jayadev S. , Ghosh Anish
Published: May 2019

We resolve problems posed by Kesten and Erdős–Szüsz–Turán on probabilistic Diophantine approximation via methods of homogeneous dynamics. Our methods allows us to generalize the problem to the setting of general measure-valued processes in

\mathbb R^n

, and obtain applications to the distribution of point sets which occur in higher-dimensional Diophantine approximation and the geometry of translation surfaces.
Checkerboard graph monodromies
Authors: Baader Sebastian , Lewark Lukas , Liechti Livio
Published: May 2019

We associate an open book with any connected plane checkerboard graph, thus providing a common extension of the classes of prime positive braid links and positive tree-like Hopf plumbings. As an application, we prove that the link type of a prime positive braid closure is determined by the linking graph associated with that braid.
Some Kähler structures on products of 2-spheres
Authors: Lafont Jean-François , Sorcar Gangotryi , Zheng Fangyang
Published: May 2019

We consider a family of Kähler structures on products of 2-spheres, arising from complex Bott manifolds. ese are obtained via iterated

\mathbb P^1

-bundle constructions, generalizing the classical Hirzebruch surfaces. To each such Kähler structure, we associate a Bott diagram, which is a rooted forest with an edge labelling by positive integers. We show that the Bott diagrams classify these Kähler structures up to biholomorphism.
Spectral asymptotics on sequences of elliptically degenerating Riemann surfaces
Authors: Garbin Daniel , Jorgenson Jay
Published: May 2019

In this article we study the spectral theory associated to families of hyperbolic Riemann surfaces obtained through elliptic degeneration, in particular the behavior of several spectral invariants. Some of these invariants, such as the Selberg zeta function and the spectral counting functions associated to small eigenvalues below 1/4, converge to their respective counterparts on the limiting surface. Other spectral invariants, such as the spectral zeta function and the logarithm of the determinant of the Laplacian, diverge. In these latter cases, we identify diverging terms and remove their contributions, thus regularizing convergence of these spectral invariants. Our study is motivated by a result from [Hej3], which D. Hejhal attributes to A. Selberg, proving spectral accumulation for the family of Hecke triangle groups. In this article, we obtain a quantitative result to Selberg’s remark.
Stably rational surfaces over a quasi-finite field
Authors: Colliot-Thelene Jean-Louis
Published: May 2019

Let $k$ be a field and $X$ a smooth, projective, stably $k$-rational surface. If $X$ is split by a cyclic extension, for instance if the field $k$ is finite or more generally quasi-finite, then the surface $X$ is $k$-rational.
Bibliography: 22 titles.
Вложение производных категорий поверхностей Энриквеса в производные категории многообразий Фано
Authors: Kuznetsov Alexander Gennad'evich
Published: May 2019

Мы показываем, что ограниченная производная категория когерентных пучков на общей поверхности Энриквеса может быть реализована как полуортогональная компонента в производной категории гладкого многообразия Фано с диагональным ромбом Ходжа.
Библиография: 14 наименований.
Severity and Persistence of Fiscal Deficits in Spanish Municipalities: Across-the-board or Targeted Adjustments?
Authors: Cabaleiro-Casal Roberto , Buch Enrique
Published: May 2019

This research analyzed the fiscal adjustment processes of an important segment of Spanish municipalities (Galicia), and verified procyclical fiscal policy adjustments. The severity of municipal fiscal deficits and their persistence led to a strategy of targeted cuts. Contradicting the literature, expenses in providing core services were most affected. These cuts were partially offset by increased resources from other public administrations. We have not been able to verify significant adjustments in administrative expenses, which could be explained by the hypothesis of the budgetary maximization of the bureaucrats.
Municipal Merger and Local Democracy: An Assessment of the Merger of Japanese Municipalities
Authors: Suzuki Kohei , Ha Hyesong
Published: May 2019

Municipal mergers have been widely used as a tool for administrative reform. The goal of most municipal mergers is to increase the efficiency of service provision, but their impact on local democracy has been neglected. In particular, little is known as to how mergers affect performance of local legislatures. In filling these gaps, this study uses a dataset of 754 Japanese city-level governments from 2008 to 2014 to examine how mergers influence legislative performance. After controlling for potential confounding factors, the analysis shows that municipal merger is negatively correlated to legislative performance.
The Quality of Participatory Processes in the Urban Redevelopment Policy of Madrid City Council
Authors: Sánchez Medero Gema , Pastor Albaladejo Gema
Published: May 2019

The local sphere is the participatory space par excellence. However, there are few academic studies on citizen participation in urban polities, and even less on the quality of participatory mechanisms. This article analyses two participatory processes of urban reorganisation led by the City of Madrid, based on the development of an analytical framework designed to evaluate its quality, with the objective of knowing which initiative enjoys the higher quality, and of proposing a series of recommendations that would contribute to ensuring the successful development of these processes.
Challenges of the Implementation of the European Charter of Local Self-Government in Romania’s Legislation
Authors: Ticlau Tudor Cristian , Moldovan Bogdan Andrei , Hintea Cristina Maria
Published: May 2019

The European Charter on Local Self-government is a defining document for local governments across the EU and was a guideline for developing a framework of local governance based on local autonomy, decentralization that is close to the citizens. It was especially important for Central and East European Countries as they faced the challenges of a total overhaul of their administrative systems after the fall of the communist regimes. Romania fits into this picture as a late comer to the European family, with an administrative system that transitioned slowly from a hyper centralized arrangement to one that offers significant power to local governments. After 20 years since the ratification of the Charter, local government in Romania displays mixed elements, between progressive (protection of local authorities) and conservative (consultation of authorities, financial autonomy) in relation to the charter recommendations. The current article is an analysis on the state of affairs concerning local governance in Romania using the Charter as the main theoretical framework.
Challenges of the Implementation of the European Charter of Local Self-Government in Bulgarian Legislation
Authors: Stefanova Milena Hristova
Published: May 2019

This article discusses the challenges of improving Bulgarian legislation in terms of the implementation of the European Charter of Local Self-Government. It proves the necessity to introduce a legal definition of the concept of a “matter of local significance”. In order to ensure the consistent implementation of decentralization, it is required to put in writing the rules for how the local and central government should interact. Both the tools as well as the mechanisms which are used in the decentralization process as well as the expansion of local self-government are in need of legal regulation. All of this aims to improve the effectiveness and efficacy of local government.
What Propels Municipal Governments to Collaborate? The Case of Thematic Environmental Association in Chile
Authors: Arias Yurisch Karina , Garrido-Vergara Luis
Published: May 2019

Although it is widely accepted that inter-local agreements can enhance municipal governments’ capacity to provide complex services, there is little evidence in the Latin American case to explain why municipalities decide to collaborate with each other. What propels municipal governments to collaborate? Using data from Chilean government this paper identifies and analyzes the determinants of inter-local collaboration to address environmental issues. Five logit models are used for the empirical analysis. The results show that this form of cooperation is determined by poverty, population size, municipal fiscal capacity, and the degree of urbanization of local communities.
Patterns of Inter-Level Gender Gaps in Women’s Descriptive Representation
Authors: Kjaer Ulrik
Published: May 2019

It is often assumed that women’s descriptive representation is higher at the local level than at the state or federal level. However, recent studies challenge this perceived pattern. Therefore, several alternative patterns of inter-level gender gaps in female representation across political levels are systematically introduced. Zooming in on the state-local gender gap, a number of explanations as to why such a gender gap can emerge are hypothesized. And the case of the U.S. is used to illustrate how women sometimes fare relatively better at state than local election.
Local Solution Centres: A Model of Social Innovation by Local Governments
Authors: Alkan Haluk , Ünlü Simge
Published: May 2019

This qualitative study proposes a model of social innovation practices adopted by local governments in social strategy development in Turkey. Data for case study research of the Bağcılar, Esenler and Beşiktaş municipalities were collected from literature, observations and semi-structured interviews with municipal officials. A thematic analysis of the interviews was used to inform analysis on social strategy and innovation practices, and based on the analysis, the study proposes a functional model for a local solution centre aimed at facilitating social innovation and strategic public relations elements that can be applied by local governments in Turkey.
Bargaining
Authors: Regev Ronny
Published: May 2019

The sixth chapter recounts the history of Hollywood collective bargaining. On a day-to-day basis, the American motion picture industry relied on its ability to balance a modern, rationalized production operation with a more unstructured creative process. However, in times of crisis, when the harmony was interrupted, the creative element was often surrendered. During the 1930s, the presidency of FDR, his New Deal policies, and the empowerment of organized labor throughout the U.S. had a significant influence on Hollywood. The chapter focuses on the rise of the Screen Writers Guild, the Screen Actors Guild, and the Screen Directors Guild, their struggles, the way they chose to pursue them, and the attitude embraced towards them by studio management. However, as is shown, while they borrowed tactics from industrial unions and appealed to the National Labor Relations Board, Hollywood creative employees aligned with traditional industrial labor causes only as long as it served their immediate goals.
Haya de la Torre and the Pursuit of Power in Twentieth-Century Peru and Latin America
Authors: García-Bryce Iñigo
Published: May 2019

Like Fidel Castro and Che Guevara, Peruvian Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre (1895–1979) was one of Latin America’s key revolutionary leaders, well known across national boundaries. This political biography of Haya chronicles his dramatic odyssey as founder of the highly influential anti-imperialist American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA), as a political theorist whose philosophy shifted gradually from Marxism to democracy, and as a seasoned opposition figure repeatedly jailed and exiled by his own government. A genius of political propaganda, he created a transnational party. Haya rejected foreign ideologies and identified the Mexican Revolution as a grassroots movement to be replicated throughout Latin America. While living in hiding, he organized what became Peru’s longest lasting political party. The book spotlights Haya’s devotion to forging populism as a political style applicable on both the left and the right, and to his vision of a pan-Latin American political movement. A great orator who addressed gatherings of thousands of Peruvians, Haya fired up the Aprismo movement, seeking to develop "Indo-America” by promoting the rights of the middle class, Indigenous peoples as well as laborers and women. Steering his party toward the center of the political spectrum through most of the Cold War, Haya was narrowly elected president in 1962—but he was blocked from assuming office by the military, which played on his rumored homosexuality. Even so, Haya’s forging of a uniquely Latin American political ideology makes him an enduring figure with a legacy across Latin America.
Revolution for Export
Authors: García-Bryce Iñigo
Published: May 2019

The chapter follows Haya during a remarkable international saga during which he founded APRA as a transnational political party. Haya found himself at key locations during the global transition toward mass politics of the early twentieth century: Argentina following the university reform movement, post-revolutionary Mexico, post-revolutionary Russia, England during the rise of Laborism and Berlin during the rise of Nazism. He borrowed elements from each of these political movements to formulate Aprismo, a Marxist inspired anti-imperialist revolutionary ideology for Latin America. Haya believed that Latin America already had its own home-grown revolution, the Mexican Revolution, a model to be replicated in Peru and the rest of the continent
Marinera with the Yankees
Authors: García-Bryce Iñigo
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores Haya’s changing relationship with the United States. As an exiled student leader he denounced “Yankee imperialism” and alarmed observers in the U.S. State Department. Yet once he entered Peruvian politics, Haya understood the importance of cultivating U.S.-Latin American relations. While in hiding he maintained relations with U.S. intellectuals and politicians and sought U.S. support for his embattled party. His writings increasingly embraced democracy and he maneuvered to position APRA as an ally in the U.S. fight fascism during the 1930s and 40s, and then communism during the Cold War. The five years he spent in Lima’s Colombian embassy awaiting the resolution of his political asylum case, made him into an international symbol of the democratic fight against dictatorship. He would always remain a critic of U.S. support for dictatorships in Latin America.
Practical Liberators
Authors: Teters Kristopher A.
Published: May 2019

During the first fifteen months of the Civil War, the policies and attitudes of Union officers toward emancipation in the western theater were, at best, inconsistent and fraught with internal strains. But after Congress passed the Second Confiscation Act in 1862, army policy became mostly consistent in its support of liberating the slaves in general, in spite of Union army officers' differences of opinion. By 1863 and the final Emancipation Proclamation, the army had transformed into the key force for instituting emancipation in the West. However, Kristopher Teters argues that the guiding principles behind this development in attitudes and policy were a result of military necessity and pragmatic strategies, rather than an effort to enact racial equality. Through extensive research in the letters and diaries of western Union officers, Teters demonstrates how practical considerations drove both the attitudes and policies of Union officers regarding emancipation. Officers primarily embraced emancipation and the use of black soldiers because they believed both policies would help them win the war and save the Union, but their views on race actually changed very little. In the end, however, despite its practical bent, Teters argues, the Union army was instrumental in bringing freedom to the slaves.
Officers, Servants, and Race
Authors: Teters Kristopher A.
Published: May 2019

While many western Union officers came to support emancipation and even the enlistment of black troops, their racial attitudes changed very little. On the whole, officers continued to view black people as inferior, exotic, incapable, and even subhuman. Interactions with former slaves reinforced racial stereotypes. This intense prejudice was especially prominent in the Midwest where there were many discriminatory laws. Freeing the slaves, which many officers only supported as a practical necessity to win the war, was very different from seeing black people as anything close to equal with white people. But experiences with black men and women, particularly servants with whom Federals formed long-lasting personal bonds, often tempered racial prejudices on an individual level. Black men and women who assisted the Union army by providing information, resources, and aid in dangerous circumstances also won positive comments from officers. This softening of racial attitudes, however, almost never extended to the black population as a whole, and even ardent supporters of emancipation showed little sympathy for expanding black rights. The Civil War had eliminated slavery but had hardly solved the problem of racial prejudice.
Ethnography and Intelligence in the Time of Conquest
Authors: Strang Cameron B.
Published: May 2019

This chapter analyzes ethnographic writings about and by the diverse peoples of the Gulf South in the early 1800s. It argues that ethnography in the United States developed amid the encounters brought about by U.S. imperialism and defined contested hierarchies of mental ability that Anglo-Americans used to legitimate their supremacy. Many Anglo-Americans performed ethnographic observations during and after the United States’ conquest of the Gulf South that seemed to reinforce the hypothesis that nonwhites had inherently inferior brains and could never achieve equality in the nation’s political and intellectual communities. However, blacks, natives, creoles, and even a few Anglo-Americans used ethnography to challenge the new order that U.S. rule was making, and they tended to favor the increasingly old-fashioned perspective that all men were created equal.
Deep History, Deep South
Authors: Strang Cameron B.
Published: May 2019

During the 1830s, slavery shaped the practice, patronage, and application of geology in America. Plantation slavery—and the labor, patronage, and networks it provided—enabled collections and observations that defined the Gulf South’s geohistory while emerging geotheories inspired new means of justifying and furthering slavery. Slavery allowed Charles and Sarah Tait to offer patronage and recognition to northeastern naturalists, excavate and package the fossils needed to characterize the Gulf South’s geohistory, and circulate specimens and data through the networks built around the cotton trade. Rush Nutt drew on uniformitarian geotheory to legitimate African American slavery and proposed new geo-engineering techniques that would encourage the expansion of plantation agriculture. These case studies suggest some of the ways that slavery and science strengthened each other in the early United States.
Unlocking the Doors
Authors: Parsons Anne E.
Published: May 2019

This chapter traces how the number of people in mental health institutions began to decline in the 1950s. It examines Pennsylvania as a case study and finds that riots and scandals at mental hospitals there put pressure on policy makers to move away from the institutional model of treatment. Public officials and psychiatrists planned new outpatient facilities and psychiatric care in community hospitals. At the same time, the state government managed social deviance through criminal justice reform as it expanded the police and prisons, which were rife with racial discrimination. The reforms focused on rehabilitation as psychiatrists devised smaller, treatment-oriented programs to try to curb behaviors such as juvenile delinquency. This chapter charts how on the one hand the 1950s ushered in an era of anti-institutionalism and deinstitutionalization in mental health. But, on the other hand, the decade also brought about an expansion of the criminal justice system.
Final Preparations
Authors: Robertson William Glenn
Published: May 2019

This chapter describes the final preparations made by the Army of the Cumberland before crossing the Tennessee River, including William Rosecrans’s search for multiple crossing sites. It also explains Braxton Bragg’s thinking about a possible offensive response when the Federals committed themselves. Confederate intelligence sources continued to indicate the Federal crossing would be north of Chattanooga. During the period the infantry divisions of John Breckinridge and William Walker began their journey from Mississippi to reinforce the Army of Tennessee, while Simon Buckner’s command moved closer to Chattanooga.
Introduction
Authors: Bunt Gary R.
Published: May 2019

An overview of the themes in Hashtag Islam, discussing some of the inspiration in its writing and responses to changes in discourse about cyber-Islamic environments.
The People of the River
Authors: de la Torre Oscar
Published: May 2019

In this history of the black peasants of Amazonia, Oscar de la Torre focuses on the experience of African-descended people navigating the transition from slavery to freedom. He draws on social and environmental history to connect them intimately to the natural landscape and to Indigenous peoples. Relying on this world as a repository for traditions, discourses, and strategies that they retrieved especially in moments of conflict, Afro-Brazilians fought for autonomous communities and developed a vibrant ethnic identity that supported their struggles over labor, land, and citizenship. Prior to abolition, enslaved and escaped blacks found in the tropical forest a source for tools, weapons, and trade--but it was also a cultural storehouse within which they shaped their stories and records of confrontations with slaveowners and state authorities. After abolition, the black peasants' knowledge of local environments continued to be key to their aspirations, allowing them to maintain relationships with powerful patrons and to participate in the protest cycle that led Getúlio Vargas to the presidency of Brazil in 1930. In commonly referring to themselves by such names as "sons of the river," black Amazonians melded their agro-ecological traditions with their emergent identity as political stakeholders.
A Thousand Thirsty Beaches
Authors: Dorr Lisa Lindquist
Published: May 2019

Lisa Lindquist Dorr tells the story of the vast smuggling network that brought high-end distilled spirits and, eventually, other cargoes (including undocumented immigrants) from Great Britain and Europe through Cuba to the United States between 1920 and the end of Prohibition. Because of their proximity to liquor-exporting islands, the numerous beaches along the southern coast presented ideal landing points for smugglers and distribution points for their supply networks. From the warehouses of liquor wholesalers in Havana to the decks of rum runners to transportation networks heading northward, Dorr explores these operations, from the people who ran the trade to the determined efforts of the U.S. Coast Guard and other law enforcement agencies to stop liquor traffic on the high seas, in Cuba, and in southern communities. In the process, she shows the role smuggling played in creating a more transnational, enterprising, and modern South.
A Burden Too Heavy to Bear
Authors: Sommerville Diane Miller
Published: May 2019

Examines the psychological impact of the Civil War on Confederate soldiers who suffered debilitating psychological and emotional wounds that sometimes resulted in institutionalization in insane asylums, or in suicidal behavior. Historians have not focused on Civil War participants as victims of war trauma until recently. This chapter deepens our understanding of these experiences by asserting that external war-related pressures like witnessing death and mayhem combined with internal pressures like fear of masculine failure or being called a coward heavily taxed soldiers and their psyches. Factors that contributed to psychological distress among Confederate servicemen include: exposure to battle, fear of being called a coward, fear of failure, youthfulness, homesickness, and depression.Suicide offered southern white men a way to maintain mastery and control over their deaths in war zones where chaos and disorder prevailed. Attitudes toward Confederates who killed themselves during the war were more supportive and less stigmatizing than one might think. Many soldiers also ended up institutionalized in asylums after being diagnosed as insane. Caregivers and family members rarely connected signs of mental distress with wartime experiences.
Father Luis Olivares a Biography
Authors: García Mario T.
Published: May 2019

This is the amazing untold story of the Los Angeles sanctuary movement’s champion, Father Luis Olivares (1934-1993), a Catholic priest and a charismatic, faith-driven leader for social justice. Beginning in 1980 and continuing for most of the decade, hundreds of thousands of Salvadoran and Guatemalan refugees made the hazardous journey to the United States, seeking asylum from political repression and violence in their home states. Instead of being welcomed by the “country of immigrants,” they were rebuffed by the Reagan administration, which supported the governments from which they fled. To counter this policy, a powerful sanctuary movement rose up to provide safe haven in churches and synagogues for thousands of Central American refugees. Based on previously unexplored archives and over ninety oral histories, this compelling biography traces the life of a complex and constantly evolving individual, from Olivares’ humble beginnings in San Antonio, Texas, to his close friendship with legendary civil rights leader César Chávez and his historic leadership of the United Neighborhoods Organization and the sanctuary movement.
Seminary
Authors: García Mario T.
Published: May 2019

This chapter concerns the young Luis Olivares at age 14 going to study to become a Catholic priest as a member of the Claretian order in Compton, California. It deals with his socialization and training first in the minor seminary (high school) at Del Amo Seminary. This chapter examines the particularities of seminary life and culture including the strict discipline administered by the faculty and how Olivares adjusted to it.
Company Man
Authors: García Mario T.
Published: May 2019

Following his ordination, Olivares embarked on a teaching and administrative career within the Claretian order. After teaching back at Del Amo Seminary, Olivares soon rose up through the administration of his order. Within a few short years in the mid-1960s he was selected as treasurer of the order. As treasurer and as a good company man, Olivares administered a multi-million dollar fund which he invested in Wall Street. To entice him to invest with particular investment companies, Olivares was wined and dined by Wall Street. He grew to enjoy this role and seemed oblivious to the political upheavals of the 1960s including the Chicano Movement.