bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wheat pre-anthesis development as affected by photoperiod sensitivity genes (Ppd-1) under contrasting photoperiods
Authors: Pérez-Gianmarco Thomas I. , Slafer Gustavo A. , González Fernanda G.
Published: January 2018

Fine tuning wheat phenology is of paramount importance for adaptation. A better understanding of how genetic constitution modulates the developmental responses during pre-anthesis phases would help to maintain or even increase yield potential as temperature increases due to climate change. The photoperiod-sensitive cultivar Paragon, and four near isogenic lines with different combinations of insensitivity alleles (Ppd-A1a, Ppd-B1a, Ppd-D1a or their triple stack) were evaluated under short (12 h) and long (16 h) photoperiods. Insensitivity alleles decreased time to anthesis and duration of the three pre-anthesis phases (vegetative, early reproductive and late reproductive), following the Ppd-D1a > Ppd-A1a > Ppd-B1a ranking of strength. Stacking them intensified the insensitivity, but had no additive effect over that of Ppd-D1a. The late reproductive phase was the most responsive, even exhibiting a qualitative response. Leaf plastochron was not affected but spikelet plastochron increased according to Ppd-1a ranking of strength. Earlier anthesis resulted from less leaves differentiated and a fine tuning effect of accelerated rate of leaf appearance. None of the alleles affected development exclusively during any particular pre-anthesis phase, which would be ideal for tailoring time to anthesis with specific partitioning of developmental time into particular phases. Other allelic variants should be further tested to this purpose.
Headwater–river gradient: trait-based approaches show functional dissimilarities among tropical fish assemblages
Authors: Carvalho Rodrigo Assis de , Tejerina-Garro Francisco Leonardo
Published: January 2018

Traditionally, species richness and composition of freshwater communities are expected to change according to the structural variation from headwaters to river mouth. In the present study, we hypothesised that fish functional traits will respond to this gradient, leading to functional dissimilarities between fish assemblages of headwaters and those of rivers. We addressed the following questions: (1) which functional traits are present in fish assemblages of each habitat type; (2) which environmental factors determine the occurrence of fish functional traits; and (3) how functional traits are related to each environmental variable? Our findings showed dissimilarities between fish assemblages of headwaters and those of rivers, mainly driven by channel depth, channel width, water temperature, water turbidity and concentration of dissolved oxygen, whereas altitude, water temperature and pH were mainly correlated with variation within each habitat type. These results suggested that not only do the physical variables proposed in classical theory of the river-continuum concept follow the upstream–downstream gradient in structuring the functional organisation of fish assemblages, but that also physicochemical variables, such as turbidity and concentration of dissolved oxygen, display this trend in tropical river systems. Moreover, our results have given a first perspective on what kind of fish species and fish functional traits to expect in each habitat type and, consequently, along the headwater–river mouth gradient.
In Memoriam: Ben Barres
Authors: Allen Nicola J. , Daneman Richard
Published: January 2018

Ben Barres, professor of neurobiology at Stanford University and member of the JCB editorial board for over 15 years, passed away on December 27, 2017, after a lengthy battle with pancreatic cancer. Ben left an indelible mark on the scientific community as a scientist, an advocate for equality, and an unbelievably supportive mentor. As a scientist his creative approaches led him to remarkable discoveries about the importance of glial cells in the brain, and his passion elevated these cells from the “other cells in the brain” to a significant place in the consciousness of neurobiology. As an advocate, he fought for equal treatment irrespective of gender identity, sexual orientation, race, or ethnicity, and was an inspiring supporter of junior scientists. As a mentor, he provided a creative and vibrant atmosphere for his trainees to pursue research and the never-ending support for them to flourish as independent scientists. As his former trainees, we would like to give our thoughts on Ben, and the deep impressions that he left on everyone he interacted with.
A Dictionary of Social Work and Social Care
Authors: Harris John , White Vicky
Published: January 2018

Over 1,700 entries

The new edition of this dictionary has been fully revised to provide up-to-date definitions of terms from the field of social care, concentrating on social work as a significant area within this field. Covering social work theories, methods, policies, organizations, and statutes, as well as key terms from interdisciplinary topics such as health and education, this is the most up-to-date dictionary of its kind available. It also provides extended entries on specialisms such as children and families, domestic violence, and residential care and has been updated to include new legislation.

Useful appendices include a glossary of acronyms and a Table of Legislation, Regulations, and Codes of Practice. Entry-level further reading recommendations and web links provide further resources.

It is a must-have for students of social care and related subjects, as well as for qualified social workers undertaking continuing professional development programmes.
Change
Authors: Fung C. Victor
Published: January 2018

Change is the first part of the change-balance-liberation trilogy. Humans are the ones to observe and act upon the inevitable changes. Not admitting change is ignorance. Actions in change need to make sense. Humans may act in avoidance, in passivity, or in proactivity along with various changes. Musical and music educational experiences are no exception. Musicians and music educators are expected to change their actions in anticipation or in response to the constant changing situations. The author discusses change in the framework of the four complementary bipolar continua and how changes are synchronized with or without meanings. The importance of understanding change is to understand the changing needs of humans, in music, music education, and otherwise. Humans are able to move across the zones of musical avoidance, musical passivity, and musical proactivity depending on their changing life circumstances.
Introduction
Authors: Howe Justine
Published: January 2018

This chapter demonstrates how the Webb Foundation exemplifies important trends in the study of contemporary American Muslim community formation, particularly efforts to transcend racial divisions, expand authority roles for women, and respond to the myriad political and religious pressures placed on American Muslims to prove their political loyalties. The chapter uses the term “third space” to describe Webb’s institutional location in Chicago’s far western suburbs, explain its appeal, and show how it serves as a site for emerging identities by offering its members a context through which to attempt to overcome the binary division between “America” and “Islam.” This chapter shows how the Webb Foundation is a generative site for communal belonging, religious devotion, and consumerist practices. Through ethnography of these spaces, scholars can more fully describe the diverse and fluid forms of American Muslim identity and practice.
Conclusion
Authors: Howe Justine
Published: January 2018

The conclusion examines the significance of third-space religious communities for religious studies, American religions, and the study of American Islam. It argues that scholars should be more attentive to these marginal communities to more adequately account for the contingency and unpredictability of lived religious practices. Looking beyond more visible institutions and dense urban neighborhoods enables researchers to track the ways in which communities are formed, how they seek to create a space of belonging for their members to inhabit, and how these attempts to create community simultaneously reinforce discourses of exclusion and marginalization. The chapter concludes with reflections on the possibilities and constraints of American Muslim selfhood and identity as Barack Obama’s presidency came to a close.
Mothers of Massive Resistance
Authors: McRae Elizabeth Gillespie
Published: January 2018

Examining racial segregation from 1920s to the 1970s, this book argues that white segregationist women constituted the grassroots workforce for racial segregation. For decades, they censored textbooks, campaigned against the United Nations, denied marriage certificates, celebrated school choice, and lobbied elected officials. They trained generations, built national networks, collapsed their duties as white mothers with those of citizenship, and experimented with a color-blind political discourse. Their work beyond legislative halls empowered the Jim Crow order with a flexibility and a kind of staying power. With white women at the center of the story, massive resistance and the rise of postwar conservatism rises out of white women’s grassroots work in homes, schools, political parties, and culture. Their efforts began before World War II and the Brown Decision and persisted past the removal of “white only” signs in 1964 and through the anti-busing protests. White women’s segregationist politics involved foreign affairs, economic policy, family values, strict constitutionalism, states’ rights, and white supremacy. It stretched across the nation and overlapped with and helped shape the rise of the New Right. In the end, this history compels us to confront the reign of racial segregation as a national story. It asks us to reconsider who sustained the Jim Crow order, who bears responsibility for the persistence of the nation’s inequities, and what it will take to make good on the nation’s promise of equality.
International Law and the Death Penalty
Authors: Babcock Sandra L.
Published: January 2018

Section I of this chapter examines the potential of international law to promote abolition of the death penalty and the challenges that prevent the full realization of that potential. Section II provides a brief overview of how international norms relating to the application of the death penalty have evolved over time. Section III provides three examples of how their impact has been limited in practice, focusing on the application of the death penalty to individuals with mental illnesses and intellectual disabilities, as well as the failure of the United States to comply with its obligations under the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations. Finally, Section IV suggests a number of prescriptive measures to address these limitations. It describes an innovative project in Malawi to obtain the resentencing of prisoners condemned to death and discusses potential revisions to the Safeguards Guaranteeing Protection of the Rights of Those Facing the Death Penalty.
A New Global Treaty on Crimes Against Humanity Future Prospects
Authors: Sadat Leila Nadya
Published: January 2018

This chapter asks why––and whether––the international community should finally codify crimes against humanity in an international convention, particularly given its recent inclusion in the Statute of the International Criminal Court. It considers the normative foundations and practical application of crimes against humanity by international and national courts, and how a new treaty might strengthen both the preventive and punishment dimensions of national and international responses to these crimes. It is a particularly appropriate contribution to a volume in honour of William Schabas, for he has been a member of the steering committee for the Crimes Against Humanity Initiative from the very beginning. Professor Schabas is a leading expert on international criminal law, the international criminal court, and international human rights law, and his contributions to the Crimes Against Humanity Initiative have been vital to the project’s success.
Conclusion
Authors: Richemond-Barak Daphné
Published: January 2018

LT. GEN. BENNY GANTZ, formerly the IDF’s Chief of Staff, is of the view that tunnels pose a strategic threat to Israel, but not an existential threat.1 I subscribe to this assessment. This book does not seek to portray underground warfare as the most significant threat facing states. Advocating that greater attention be paid to underground threats does not mean placing such threats at the very top of a state’s priority list. States should find a way to make resources available to increase awareness, cooperation, and prevention in the realm of underground warfare—without compromising their readiness on other fronts....
Code Unknown
Authors: Walker Elsie
Published: January 2018

This chapter analyzes Code Unknown from a postcolonial perspective, with particular emphases on multiethnic voices, disempowered sonic presences, and cross-cultural possibilities of communication in the context of racial politics in contemporary France. The analysis considers how the sound track amplifies diverse characters’ choices to hear or not to hear, along with providing patterns and resonances that invite us to make interpretive leaps beyond the characters’ individual capabilities. Code Unknown reminds us how much our efforts to communicate matter, especially through the multiethnic, deaf-mute children who bookend the film with their extended efforts to physically “speak.” By contrast, many hearing-speaking adults of the film fail to speak or listen with patience, good will, or moral kindness, and sometimes with awful consequences. After considering many sonic moments of social discordance through the film, this chapter dwells on the tentative hope of those scenes in which the deaf-mute children create percussive music together.
The White Ribbon
Authors: Walker Elsie
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the psychoanalytic resonance of the sound track for The White Ribbon. The film is among Haneke’s most ambitious feature productions, with over a hundred elliptical scenes. Its coherent thematic logic becomes clear through psychoanalysis, especially with regard to Lacanian concepts of the Symbolic and the Real. The Symbolic realm of the film is within a small village in Germany in the lead-up to World War One, where the voices of tyrannical patriarchs and the sounds of their violence dominate. The Real realm of The White Ribbon is even more fearsome, for it is shockingly, sonically attached to the bodies of children that ultimately resist their oppressive elders. The chapter establishes how every aural detail of The White Ribbon is loaded with repressed and subtextual meanings that constitute an ultimate warning: the oppressive Symbolic engenders the nightmarish Real.
Introduction
Authors: van Prooijen Jan-Willem
Published: January 2018

Of primary importance to people is that punishment feel fair, even if a punishment is, objectively speaking, irrational (e.g., kidnapper-murderer-rapist Ariel Castro was punished with 1,000 years’ imprisonment on top of a life sentence). Building on the assertion that punishment is intimately connected with feelings of justice, the chapter outlines that people evolved a moral punishment instinct because it was adaptive in promoting cooperation. Initial findings suggest that people have an inborn tendency to punish. Punishment occurs in all known cultures; punishment occurs also among other social animals; punishment is associated with activation of old, emotional regions of the brain; and young children, including eight-month-old babies, punish. The chapter will also define punishment, and clarify a few crucial terms such as costly punishment, revenge, and aggression.
Reason or Intuition?
Authors: van Prooijen Jan-Willem
Published: January 2018

This chapter pits the motives described in Chapter 2 against each other. If people pursue punishment, are they mainly driven by utilitarian or retributive motives? The evidence overwhelmingly suggests that retributive motives trump utilitarian motives. Sometimes people do use rational reasoning when punishing, but while emotion tends to increase punishment, reason tends to decrease punishment. At the same time, the chapter takes issue with authors who have positioned behavioral control as a “happy byproduct” of moral punishment. In the evolutionary history of our species, we evolved a moral punishment instinct because it was adaptive in controlling the behavior of selfish group members. Put differently, the power to control behavior is the very reason why humans evolved a punishment instinct as part of their intuitive moral psychology.
Introduction
Authors: Kaufman Scott Barry
Published: January 2018

One school fixed its attention upon the importance of the subject-matter of the curriculum as compared with the contents of the child’s own experience. Not so, says the other school. The child is the starting point, the center, and the end. His development, his growth, is the ideal. Not knowledge, but self-realization is the goal....
Finding Hidden Potential
Authors: Amend Edward R.
Published: January 2018

The talents of twice exceptional (2e) students are often hidden beneath the frustration and pain caused by years of educational misplacement. Finding and identifying them as gifted, in addition to recognizing disabilities and areas needing support, is a challenge. Identifying a gifted student with a disability requires comprehensive assessment with diverse tools that allow the examiner to see both strengths and weaknesses of an individual. Education and experience working with gifted students and special education students is invaluable in understanding the special needs of the 2e population and the unique ways they respond to assessment. With comprehensive assessment by qualified clinicians, more 2e kids will be accurately evaluated, identified, and served.
Being 3e, A New Look at Culturally Diverse Gifted Learners with Exceptional Conditions
Authors: Davis Joy Lawson , Robinson Shawn Anthony
Published: January 2018

Our nation’s population of culturally diverse students continues to rise. Among this group are many whose intellect and creativity are often masked by behaviors often seen by classroom teachers as a deficit or in such need of correction that the same student’s gifts are seldom given any attention and therefore, go under-developed. Teachers with broader cultural experience, training, and openness to diverse expressions of intelligence and creativity tend to fare better when working with diverse learners and are able to capitalize on their strengths, despite specific disabling conditions. The challenges of being a culturally diverse learner with high potential and identifiable disabling conditions are complex and often troubling to students, their parents, and teachers. This newly conceptualized 3e status presents a quagmire of conditions requiring that educators view these students through a different set of lenses and utilize a more creative tool box of strategies to bring out the best in these often overlooked and misdiagnosed learners. This chapter will explore the challenges, provide real-life cases, and offer unique, but practical strategies matched to student traits. Recommendations will also be offered for parents and family members to enhance their role as advocates for their uniquely exceptional children.
Higher Education Policy and Women’s Citizenship
Authors: Rose Deondra
Published: January 2018

Chapter 1 considers the role that federal higher education policies have played in the progress that American women have made since the mid-twentieth century. The conventional wisdom suggests that the 1970s—with the emergence of the women’s rights movement and fervent activism by feminist organizations—marked the crucial turning point for gender equality in the United States. Evidence suggests, however, that landmark US higher education policies enacted during the mid-twentieth century have played an important role in the promotion of women to first-class citizenship. Passed prior to and apart from the feminist movement, these programs made it possible for women to gain knowledge and skills that are valued in the labor market and also promote political engagement. Through redistributive and regulatory higher education policies, US lawmakers promoted equal opportunity for women.
The Gendered Roots of American Higher Education
Authors: Rose Deondra
Published: January 2018

This chapter analyzes the history of women’s participation in American higher education and the federal government’s historical role in shaping who has access to it. Higher educational institutions in the United States were established with men in mind, and for approximately three hundred years after the establishment of the nation’s first college, women were excluded from equal access to postsecondary institutions. On campus, women were often greeted with hostility and found themselves treated as second-class students. The history of higher education in the United States yields important lessons for thinking about the effect that government programs have had on the gender dynamics of American citizenship since the mid-twentieth century.
Intersectionality as a Framework for Theory and Research in Feminist Psychology
Authors: Warner Leah R. , Shields Stephanie A.
Published: January 2018

Intersectionality theory concerns the interdependence of systems of inequality and implications for psychological research. Social identities cannot be studied independently of one another nor separately from the societal processes that maintain inequality. In this chapter we provide a brief overview of the history of intersectionality theory and then address how intersectionality theory challenges the way psychological theories typically conceive of the person, as well as the methods of data gathering and analysis customarily used by many psychologists. We specifically address two concerns often expressed by feminist researchers. First, how to reconcile the use of an intersectionality framework with currently-valued psychological science practices. Second, how intersectionality transforms psychology’s concern with individual experience by shifting the focus to the individual’s position within sociostructural frameworks and their social and political underpinnings. In a concluding section we identify two future directions for intersectionality theory: how psychological research on intersectionality can facilitate social activism, and current developments in intersectionality theory.
Gender, Dispositions, Peer Relations, and Identity
Authors: Leaper Campbell
Published: January 2018

This chapter considers possible ways that peer relations, group identity, and dispositional preferences are interrelated and contribute to children’s gender development. The author advances an integrative theoretical model of gender development that bridges complementary theories by linking sex-related dispositions and physical characteristics to the process of assimilation within same-gender peer groups. Research suggests some (but not all) children have strong behavioral dispositions (temperaments and intense interests) and physical characteristics that are either highly compatible or highly contradictory with culturally valued in-group prototypes (e.g., boys strongly inclined toward physical activities vs. dress-up play, respectively). These children may either become same-gender role models or disidentify with the gender in-group, respectively. In contrast, children without strong dispositions may be most amenable to developing a broad repertoire of interests when provided opportunities and encouragement. Implications of this model for the development and well-being of children as well as future directions for research are discussed.
Integrating Evolutionary Affective Neuroscience and Feminism in Gender Research
Authors: Heywood Leslie L. , Garcia Justin R.
Published: January 2018

Tensions between feminist and biological theories applied to human behavior have generated extended debate. The debate has been multifaceted, with threads focusing on, for instance, particular forms of evolutionary theorizing, the relationship between scholarly and popular discourses, and the relative appropriateness of scientific and humanistic methods of inquiry into human experience. Although many issues remain contentious, in recent years feminist researchers have been making a strong case for the integration of scientific insights into feminist paradigms. Theoretical innovations in evolution, development, and neuroscience point to ways of addressing long-standing tensions between scientific and feminist theory in a manner that honors and requires contributions from both. This chapter focuses on the relevance and complementarity of affective neuroscience to feminist theory.
In the Beginning
Authors: Laats Adam
Published: January 2018

During the 1920s, fundamentalists founded their own network of dissenting institutions. No longer able to control public or denominational colleges, activists opened new schools such as Bryan University, Dallas Theological Seminary, and Des Moines University. At the time, it was not clear exactly what those new schools hoped to accomplish, since the meanings of fundamentalism itself were hotly debated. Fundamentalism was often considered a loose, vague conservative impulse rather than any specific evangelical movement. Many self-identified fundamentalists themselves disagreed about the proper boundaries of their new religious and cultural identity. These uncertainties established the pattern of debate and disagreement that defined fundamentalist higher education throughout the twentieth century.
Nightmare on College Avenue
Authors: Laats Adam
Published: January 2018

During the late 1960s and early 1970s, a wave of protest and counterprotest rocked college campuses nationwide. Evangelical and fundamentalist schools were no different, though the protests usually took on the tones of the evangelical/fundamentalist family feud. Students fought for and against a list of reform ideas, including ideas about American policy in Vietnam, free speech for students, and greater freedom from traditional lifestyle rules for students. Perhaps more important than these headline-grabbing protests, however, were the radical changes in demography and college attendance fueled by the baby boom and the GI Bill. Just as they did on all campuses, these trends utterly transformed fundamentalist and evangelical schools.
Conscience, Religion, and Exemptions
Authors: Vallier Kevin , Weber Michael
Published: January 2018

There is widespread agreement about the necessity of legally protecting the freedom to determine one’s own stance toward religion and to act on the basis of one’s deeply held beliefs. But the agreement stops there. The question of the meaning and extension of religious freedom and of its relationship with arguably broader notions of freedom of conscience is vexed and controversial. Moreover, as a consequence of the indeterminacy about the meaning and scope of religious freedom, the normative status of religious exemptions and other forms of accommodation remains contested. Do religious accommodations have a role to play in a fair system of social cooperation? Is there something special about religion that makes it acceptable to exempt religiously committed citizens from otherwise legitimate rules of general application? Political and legal theorists are divided on this issue. This chapter argues that there is something special about religion that warrants, under specific circumstances, reasonable accommodation measures. It also argues that religious and spiritual commitments can and should be analogized with a certain category of secular commitments that can be called “meaning-giving beliefs and commitments.” Both religious and secular meaning-giving beliefs and commitments will be presented as legitimate grounds for accommodations claims. The chapter first summarizes why the author thinks that religious exemptions are morally justified, and then addresses some of the criticisms put forward by those who argue that something crucial is lost when religious freedom is collapsed into an allegedly broader category such as freedom of conscience or ethical independence. This chapter mainly focuses on Cécile Laborde’s challenge to what she calls “egalitarian theories of religious freedom.”
How Should We Treat Religion? On Exemptions and Exclusions
Authors: Vallier Kevin , Weber Michael
Published: January 2018

The law of religious liberty in the United States tends to treat religion as special in two ways. It does first by offering religious citizens certain exemptions and accommodations based on their religious objections to otherwise generally applicable law. Second, it enforces certain exclusions of public expressions of religious doctrines or values. But this special treatment is unwarranted since states should recognize religious principles of action as legally equivalent to a variety of sectarian secular doctrines that people affirm as a matter of conscience. This essay argues for the coherence and relative attractiveness of (i) robust protections for both religious and secular conscience, and (ii) weak restrictions on noncoercive establishment of both religious and secular doctrines.
Religion as Resistance
Authors: Ryan Eileen
Published: January 2018

During the Italian occupation of Libya, debates over where Italy should be on the continuum between coercion and collaboration in colonial rule often reflected contentious battles over religious identity in Italian nationalism. These tensions came into sharpest relief in the Italian attempts to develop a power-sharing relationship with elite members of the Muslim Sufi order, the Sanusiyya in eastern Libya. Perceptions of the Sanusiyya as religious fundamentalists suggested to some the utility of emphasizing a shared sense of religious conservatism to “sell” Italian colonial rule. Others, however, argued that only a secular identity in colonial rule would prevent Muslim opposition to Italian occupation. Descriptions of the Sanusiyya in Italian sources therefore reflected their authors’ conflicting interests in projecting a Catholic or secular identity in Italian expansion. Adherents of the Sanusiyya were likewise divided in their responses to Italian colonial rule. In the early stages of the Italian occupation, Sanusi elites recognized the utility of negotiating a position of political authority in relationship to the Italian colonial state. As the fascist regime pushed colonial rule further toward coercion than collaboration (and embraced a Catholic identity in the process) in the 1920s, some Sanusi factions redefined the Sufi order as a force of anticolonial opposition and a nascent nationalist movement. This book explores the shifting relationship between religious and national identity through the process of negotiating colonial rule among both Italian imperialists and Sanusi elites.
Conclusions
Authors: Ryan Eileen
Published: January 2018

The end of World War II was followed by yet another redefinition of the Sanusiyya. British officials, intent on securing a friendly ally on Egypt’s western border, presented Idris al-Sanusi and the Sanusiyya as a fiercely independent proto-nationalist organization from its very inception. Italian imperialists, hopeful of a return to some form of influence in Muslim North Africa, depicted Idris al-Sanusi as a pro-Western sycophant, weakened by his willingness to negotiate with imperial powers. The postcolonial debates over Idris al-Sanusi’s claims to authority in a nationalist setting reveal the contradictions at the heart of colonial systems of rule in power-sharing relationships.
Cigarette Smoking from Adolescence to Adulthood
Authors: Chassin Laurie , Presson Clark C. , Macy Jonathan T. , Sherman Steven J.
Published: January 2018

In this chapter, findings from a long-term, cohort-sequential, multigenerational study of cigarette smoking are used to illustrate the importance of a developmental approach for (1) understanding trajectories of smoking behavior (in relation to other forms of tobacco use) and the conditions and challenges of the developmental periods that show transitions in smoking status (particularly adolescent smoking onset and challenges for parents with adolescent children), (2) understanding heterogeneity in these trajectories because differing trajectories may have different etiological underpinnings as well as different implications for the intergenerational transmission of smoking, (3) recognizing that development unfolds within the larger context of societal and historical change and that societal change can influence outcomes, and (4) considering development within a family systems and multigenerational context.
Social Psychology of Alcohol Involvement, Marital Dissolution, and Marital Interaction Processes Across Multiple Timescales
Authors: Cranford James A. , Fairbairn Catharine E.
Published: January 2018

This chapter reviews research on the association between alcohol involvement and marital dissolution. It describes an emerging theoretical framework for research on substance use and marriage based on social psychology, relationship science, and developmental science that (1) includes both spouses and focuses on the dyad as the unit of analysis to explicitly test for husband and wife differences and dyadic patterns of alcohol involvement and (2) assesses core constructs across multiple timescales, with a focus on daily processes as potential linkages between real-time marital interactions and outcomes that unfold over longer timescales. This framework can strengthen connections between social psychological and developmental theory, inform basic research on alcohol and social interaction processes, and potentially enhance prevention and treatment efforts by identifying the mechanisms underlying the associations between alcohol involvement and negative marital outcomes.
New Statistical Methods Inspired by Data Collected from Alcohol and Substance Abuse Research
Authors: Buu Anne , Li Runze
Published: January 2018

This chapter provides a nontechnical review of new statistical methodology for longitudinal data analysis that has been published in statistical journals in recent years. The methodology has applications in four important areas: (1) conducting variable selection among many highly correlated risk factors when the outcome measure is zero-inflated count; (2) characterizing developmental trajectories of symptomatology using regression splines; (3) modeling the longitudinal association between risk factors and substance use outcomes as time-varying effects; and (4) testing measurement reactivity and predictive validity using daily process data. The excellent statistical properties of the methods introduced have been supported by simulation studies. The applications in alcohol and substance abuse research have also been demonstrated by graphs on real longitudinal data.
Schools, State, and Political Power
Authors: Morel Domingo
Published: January 2018

This chapter introduces the fundamental questions and puzzles about state interventions in local communities that guide this book: (1) Which communities are affected by state takeovers, and how so? (2) Why are black communities disproportionately negatively affected by state takeovers? (3) Why are Republicans—usually the champions of local control and decentralization—leading the state takeover movement? (4) What are the enduring implications of these trends for urban governance and theories of urban politics? Following the questions and puzzles, the chapter focuses on how the public schools have played a vital role in helping traditionally marginalized communities access paths to political empowerment and demonstrates how state takeovers of local school districts reveal fundamental dynamics of political power.
A View from Two Cities
Authors: Morel Domingo
Published: January 2018

The chapter provides an in-depth examination of state takeovers of the Newark, New Jersey, and Central Falls, Rhode Island, school districts. It begins with an examination of the first five years following the takeover of the Newark schools (1995–2000) from the perspective of the city’s black community and finds that the state takeover of the local schools had a devastating political and economic effect on the city’s black community. Then the chapter focuses on a case study of Central Falls, Rhode Island. Despite representing a significant portion of the city’s population, the Latino community did not have any representation on the school board, on the city council, or in the mayor’s office at the time of the takeover in 1991. The chapter argues that the state takeover of the Central Falls schools helped pave a path to Latino political empowerment in Central Falls.
Group Capture and Political Sclerosis
Authors: Vail Mark I.
Published: January 2018

This chapter analyzes how Italian clientelist liberalism has shaped policy outcomes in fiscal policy, labor-market policy, and financial regulation since the early 1990s. Unlike France and Germany, where national liberal traditions were successfully synthesized with the postwar political-economic order, in Italy a weakly embedded liberalism became increasingly dominated and undermined by clientelistic imperatives. Like its German counterpart, Italian liberalism has traditionally viewed groups as the fundamental components of the social and economic order. Unlike those in Germany, however, these groups have acted and been seen as acting as impediments to adjustments rather than partners with the state. The result has been a zero-sum conception of political reform, a conflation of notions of the limits of state power with the vested interests of powerful groups, and a deep distrust of the state. In fiscal policy, labor-market policy, and financial regulation, these political dysfunctions have frustrated reforms and undermined effective adjustment.
Conclusion The Contested Politics of Economic Change in a Neoliberal Age
Authors: Vail Mark I.
Published: January 2018

This chapter revisits the book’s central empirical and theoretical arguments and summarizes its central narratives about policy outcomes in fiscal policy, labor-market policy, and financial policy in France, Germany, and Italy in the era of transnational neoliberalism and economic austerity since the early 1990s. In each country, trajectories of adjustment have deviated from standard neoliberal prescriptions in favor of alternative political-economic visions deriving from statist liberalism in France, corporate liberalism in Germany, and clientelist liberalism in Italy. It returns to its central contention that the standard analyses of neoliberal reform fail to capture these dynamics, as do conventional institutionalist and interest-based accounts. It then reassesses the implications of its case material for the power of ideas in shaping trajectories of economic adjustment in advanced democracies. It concludes with a brief speculative discussion of the book’s implications for the future of capitalism and political democracy in a neoliberal era.
The Help-Yourself City
Authors: Douglas Gordon C.C.
Published: January 2018

When cash-strapped local governments don’t provide adequate services, and planning policies prioritize economic development over community needs, what is a concerned citizen to do? In the help-yourself city, you do it yourself. The Help-Yourself City presents the results of nearly five years of in-depth research on people who take urban planning into their own hands with unauthorized yet functional and civic-minded “do-it-yourself urban design” projects. Examples include homemade traffic signs and public benches, guerrilla gardens and bike lanes, even citizen development “proposals,” all created in public space without permission but in forms analogous to official streetscape design elements. With research across 17 cities and more than 100 interviews with do-it-yourselfers, professional planners, and community members, the book explores who is creating these unauthorized improvements, where, and why. In doing so, it demonstrates the way uneven development processes are experienced and responded to in everyday life. Yet the democratic potential of this increasingly celebrated trend is brought into question by the privileged characteristics of typical do-it-yourself urban designers, the aesthetics and cultural values of the projects they create, and the relationship between DIY efforts and mainstream planning and economic development. Despite its many positive impacts, DIY urban design is a worryingly undemocratic practice, revealing the stubborn persistence of inequality in participatory citizenship and the design of public space. The book thus presents a needed critical analysis of an important trend, connecting it to research on informality, legitimacy, privilege, and urban political economy.
Constructive Deviance
Authors: Douglas Gordon C.C.
Published: January 2018

This chapter defines do-it-yourself urban design in detail. It does so first in contrast to existing social science perspectives (in sociology, criminology, art criticism, psychology, and critical theory) on unauthorized urban space interventions more generally: place-based direct actions that challenge normative uses of particular urban spaces. It argues that DIY urban design is distinct in its intentions and its form. The chapter describes the process of inquiry and discovery at the outset of the research and initial observations. Definitions for other key terms, including informality and formality, are also given. Additional findings about the actions themselves and the people who create them flesh out the definition while introducing some points of distinction among types of DIY urban design activities. Three main categories of DIY urban design are described: spontaneous streetscaping, renegade renewal, and aspirational urbanism. The discussion raises many of the questions that guide the remainder of the study.
The Great Promise of Comparative Public Law for Latin America
Authors: Rodiles Alejandro
Published: January 2018

This chapter analyzes “ius constitutionale commune in Latin America” (ICCLA) in light of comparative international law. For the proponents of ICCLA, this represents a common public law of the region that emerges through judicial dialogue among the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR) and Latin American national courts. This chapter questions this assumption, first by focusing on the ideological and theoretical genesis of this project, which is the product of a trans-regional academic discourse centered on a German conception of European constitutionalism (Gemeineuropäisches Verfassungsrecht). Next, it addresses the main features of the regional judicial dialogue, considering whether it truly reveals a pluralistic conversation, or instead denotes a monologue promoted by the IACHR. It argues that the latter comes closer to the truth, a conclusion that leads to a reconsideration of the pluralistic narrative about ICCLA. This, in turn, raises serious doubts about the emergence of ius commune in Latin America.
Islam and the Market
Authors: Pepinsky Thomas B. , Liddle R. William , Mujani Saiful
Published: January 2018

The global spread of Islamic finance has transformed the financial systems of many Muslim countries, but observers know little about the factors that shape individuals’ demand for Islamic finance. This chapter examines the socioeconomic origins of consumer demand for Islamic financial products in Indonesia, where a growing Islamic financial market coexists with a large conventional financial system. Many analysts of Islamic finance presume that pious Muslims should prefer Islamic financial products to conventional ones. We explore how socioeconomic change may also create new constituencies for Islamic financial products. Accordingly, we show that modernization and globalization play important roles in shaping individual use of Islamic financial products. Perhaps surprisingly, there is no evidence that piety has any systematic effect on consumers’ choice of Islamic versus conventional financial products.
Experimental Music and the Avant-garde in Post-1959 Cuba
Authors: Quevedo Marysol
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines how experimental music in the 1960s in Cuba reached wider audiences as a product of the cultural policies of the Cuban Revolution and of the aesthetic goals of a particular set of individuals who took advantage of the new cultural institutions to promote experimental music under the banner of vanguardia. As music advisor of the Orquesta Sinfónica Nacional, Juan Blanco programed new music by international and Cuban composers. As music director of the Instituto Cubano de Artes e Industrias Cinematográficas, Leo Brouwer recruited composers who shared his interest in experimental music. The chapter’s case studies prove that experimental music in Cuba was not aimed at an elite group of initiated avant-gardists but reflected the new political and social climate, in which all types of music were meant to reach as wide a segment of the population as possible.
Doubts and Faith
Authors: Rosenberg Michael
Published: January 2018

Three very different first-century Jewish authors hint at a possible deviation from the regime of anatomical testing of virginity as established by Deuteronomy 22. Both Josephus and Philo, in their paraphrases of the bloody-sheets pericope, strikingly leave out any mention of any physical remainder of the sexual act, thus deviating from the explicit model of Deuteronomy. In the end, however, Josephus, seems unlikely to be a true variant, likely avoiding rather than replacing the Deuteronomic standard. Philo, however, may well express a concern for spiritual, rather than (or in addition to) physical virginity. The contrast with Deuteronomy is even more pronounced in the Gospel of Matthew, where faith-based testing comes to replace physical testing.
Struck by Wood, Struck by God
Authors: Rosenberg Michael
Published: January 2018

Two second-century works—one Christian, one Rabbinic—reflect anxiety about strictly anatomical definitions of virginity. The Protevangelium of James, even as it extols Mary’s physical virginity, casts doubt on medical standards of virginity by appealing to faith-based standards of virginity testing. One sees a similar pattern emerge in the the Rabbinic Mishnah, which introduces a dissenting view at a critical juncture to disrupt the dominant paradigm. Late antique Syriac poetry builds on the nascent anxiety of the Protevangelium in verses that closely resemble the themes and the stories of the Protevangelium of James. Especially noteworthy in its influence is the continued importance of in partu virginity in the texts of late antique Syriac Christianity.
Introduction
Authors: Finseth Ian
Published: January 2018

Contra conventional wisdom, this introductory chapter proposes that the Civil War dead were understood in relation to four epistemic predicaments that shaped not only an American but a broadly Western modernity in the late nineteenth century: (1) a growing sense of the eᶊentially mediated character of all experience and a loᶊ of faith in the coherence of the individual subject; (2) the increasing dominance of the image in political and social relations and in shaping how Americans knew the world; (3) an erosion of traditional and nationalist views regarding the meaning of historical change and of the present’s relationship to the past; and (4) a newly secular emphasis on complexity, contingency, and chance in the workings of the world. These social and intellectual dilemmas provide an organizational scheme for the book, which is structured around four cultural archives: eyewitneᶊ accounts, visual art, histories of the war, and narrative fiction.
Epilogue
Authors: Finseth Ian
Published: January 2018

The Civil War dead are alive and well in American culture. In the thoroughfares and byways of popular media, in the corridors of academia, and in the domains of art and literature, they continue to make their presence felt. In TV dramas such as House of Cards...