bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Caesarean Delivery and Breastfeeding Relationship: Evidence from 2013 Turkey Demographic and Health Survey
Authors: Erbaydar Nuket Paksoy , Erbaydar Tuğrul
Published: October 2019

Background Mode of delivery is associated with the breastfeeding practices. High caesarean and low breastfeeding rates are an important public health problem for developing countries. This study aimed to measure the effect of caesarean delivery on early breastfeeding practices of primiparas.Methods Data of primiparas with a singleton birth (n=777) of 2013 Turkey Demographic and Health Survey was used in this retrospective cohort study. Early initiation of breastfeeding within one hour of delivery and exclusive breastfeeding during the first three days after delivery were evaluated. Standardized incidence rate and standardized rate ratios of non-early initiation of breastfeeding and non-exclusive breastfeeding according to mode of delivery were calculated.Results Late initiation of breastfeeding and non-exclusive breastfeeding incidence rates were 42.7% and 41.0% respectively. Standardized incidence rate of late initiation of breastfeeding in the vaginal deliveries was 35.34%, versus 50.49% in the caesareans. The standardized rate ratios for late initiation of breastfeeding and non-exclusive breastfeeding was 1.428 (95% Confidence Interval: 1.212, 1.683) and 1.468 (95% Confidence Interval: 1.236-1.762) respectively. Women who had caesarean delivery had higher risk of late initiation of breastfeeding and non-exclusive breastfeeding three days following delivery after controlling for socio-demographic and delivery related factors.Conclusion This study provided evidence for strategies to prevent unnecessary caesarean deliveries, which negatively affects not only mothers’ health but also babies’ health as well. Promotion of mother friendly policies in health institutions and incorporating these policies with baby friendly strategies are essential.
A simple angle-measuring instrument for measuring cemented stem anteversion during total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Mitsutake Ryo , Tanino Hiromasa , Nishida Yasuhiro , Higa Masaru , Ito Hiroshi
Published: October 2019

Background During total hip arthroplasty (THA), the accurate placement of the femoral components is an important determinant of the success of the procedure. This study assessed the accuracy of cemented stem placement using a new angle-measuring instrument. The primary objective was to investigate the accuracy of the intraoperative measurements of cemented stem anteversion obtained using the angle-measuring instrument. Our secondary objective was to evaluate the accuracy of stem positioning performed using the angle-measuring instrument. Methods We compared the intraoperative stem anteversion measurements obtained using the angle-measuring instrument with postoperative stem anteversion measurements obtained using computed tomography in 149 hips (measurement accuracy). We also compared the target angle and postoperative stem anteversion in 105 hips (implantation accuracy). Results The mean amount of intraoperative stem anteversion was 37.9°±10.1°, and the mean amount of postoperative stem anteversion was 37.0°±10.4°. The mean measurement accuracy was 0.9°±6.1°, and the absolute measurement accuracy was 4.9°±3.7°. The correlation coefficient for the relationship between the intraoperative and postoperative stem anteversion measurements was 0.824 (p=0.000). The mean amount of target angle was 37.4°±7.6°, and the mean amount of postoperative stem anteversion was 35.9°±9.1°. The mean implantation accuracy was 1.4°±5.6°, and the mean absolute implantation accuracy was 4.3°±3.6°. The correlation coefficient for the relationship between the intraoperative and postoperative stem anteversion measurements was 0.824 (p=0.000). Conclusions The angle-measuring instrument is expected to allow cemented stems to be placed accurately, simply, and less invasively during THA and at significant cost savings.
Predictors of intra-hospital mortality in patients with diabetic foot ulcers in Nigeria: data from the MEDFUN Study.
Authors: ADELEYE OLUFUNMILAYO OLUBUSOLA , Ugwu Ejiofor T , Gezawa Ibrahim D , Okpe Innocent , Ezeani Ignatius , Enamino Marcelina
Published: October 2019

Background/Objective : Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are associated with high morbidity and mortality globally. Mortality in patients hospitalized for DFU in Nigeria is unacceptably high. We sought to document contributory factors which predict mortality in patients hospitalized for DFU. Methods : Multi-centre Evaluation of Diabetic Foot Ulcer in Nigeria ( MEDFUN ), one-year observational study conducted in six tertiary healthcare institutions across the 6 geopolitical zones of Nigeria. Consecutive type 1 or 2 diabetic patients hospitalized for DFU who consented. Co-morbid complications were documented. Results : Mean age 55.9 12.5 years.96.1% had type 2 diabetes (DM), mean duration of DM was 8.5 ± 5.7 years. Duration of ulcer was 39 days with a range of 28 to 54 days. 79.2% presented with at least grade 3 DFU. About one-fifth of the patients died (20.5%). Highest mortality among subjects with Wagner grade 5. Middle-aged subjects ( 45-64 years) had significantly higher mortality- odds ratio (OR) 5.107, Confidence interval (CI) of 1.429-18.252, and P-value 0.022. Variables significantly associated with mortality with the respective p- values are DM duration more than 120 months (0.008), ulcer duration > one month (0.013), ulcer severity of Wagner grade 3 and above (0.001), peripheral arterial disease (0.002), foot gangrene (< 0.001). Laboratory variables associated with mortality ; proteinuria (<0.001), positive blood cultures (<0.001), severe vascular stenosis (0.001), moderate vascular stenosis(< 0.001), Low HDL (< 0.001). Co-morbid complications significantly associated with mortality; shock at presentation (<0.001), anemia (0.034), cardiac failure (0.020), renal impairment (<0.001). Sepsis was the strongest predictor of mortality (adjusted OR 5.128; 95% CI 2.614 – 10.060) followed by renal impairment (adjusted OR 2.831; 95% C.I. for OR 1.346 – 5.953). Conclusions : Mortality among Nigerian diabetic patients admitted for DFU is high, univariate predictors of mortality: older age, higher Wagner grade (≥ 3) ulcer, longer duration of DM, longer duration of ulcer, peripheral arterial disease, foot gangrene, renal impairment, low HDL- cholesterol, anemia, shock, and cardiac failure. Renal impairment and positive blood culture were independent determinants of mortality.
Studying Microwave-Assisted Hydrolytic Degradation of Colchicine using RP-Chromatographic Methods: In Silico ADME/Tox Profile and Molecular Docking
Authors: abdelwahab nada , mokhtar hossam , aboulmaged asmaa
Published: October 2019

Colchicine, is a natural amide containing anti-gout treatment with versatile applications. Microwave assisted hydrolytic degradation is a newly alternative method thought to be more promising than traditional procedures of heating. It is an ecofriendly method that has more reproducible results due to the control of parameters. From this point, carrying on hydrolytic degradation of colchicine was tested for the first time under acidic conditions with the aided of microwave. The drug was hydrolyzed with the formation of deacylated analogue. Isolation of the resulted degradate was carried out using flash chromatography, the isolated one was elucidated based on 1 H NMR data. Moreover, the results of human pharmacokinetic predictions conducted from in silico data showed that colchicine had higher blood brain barrier (BBB), plasma protein binding, and oral absorption than its deacylated derivative. The study was also extended to forecast the binding of colchicine and its degradate to the target protein. Furthermore, two stability indicating chromatographic methods were developed for quantification of the drug and its degradation product with high sensitivity. The first method was RP-TLC densitometric method that based on using a solvent mixture of water: methanol: diethylamine (70: 30: 15, by volume). The second one was RP-HPLC at which a mixture of water (containing 0.02% diethyl amine): methanol: acetonitrile (50: 20: 30, by volume) was the used mobile phase. Validation parameters were calculated according to ICH recommendations and all were within the acceptable limits. These methods were used for determination of colchicine in its available tablets. They are the first developed stability indicating methods for analysis of colchicine and its degradation product.
Maternal age and educational level modify the association between chronic hepatitis B infection and preterm labor
Authors: Peng Songxu , Chen Hongyan , Li Xiu , Du Yukai , Gan Yong
Published: October 2019

Background To investigated whether maternal age and educational level could modify the association of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection with preterm labor.Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed on the pregnant women delivered from June 2012 to August 2017 at Wuhan Medical Care Center for Women and Children, Wuhan, China. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to measure the association between maternal HBV infection and preterm labor.Results 2050 HBsAg-positive pregnant women and 2050 HBsAg negative women were included into this study. In the stratified analyses, positive HBsAg status was associated with the increased risk of preterm labor in women aged <30 years, having low educational level, with an odds ratio of 1.65(95% CI 1.07-2.54) and 2.59(95% CI 1.41-4.76), respectively. After adjusting other covariables, we observed maternal HBV infection (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.03-2.49) was still associated with risk of preterm labor in mothers with age <30. Similarly, the significant association of HBV infection (OR 2.49, 95% CI 1.34-4.63) with preterm labor remained in low educated women.Conclusions Our results indicated that HBV infection was associated with high risk of preterm labor, but maternal age and educational level could modify this association. Further studies are warranted to clarify the possible mechanisms behind such modifiable action.
Influence of ABCB1 C3435T gene polymorphisms on tumor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced breast cancer patients from Northeastern Brazil.
Authors: Bezerra Diego de Aragão , Linhares Jose Juvenal , Noronha Emmanuelle Coelho , Tavares Kaio César Simiano , Antunes André Saraiva Leão Marcelo , Coelho Regina Freitas , Marques Marcos Vinicius Souza
Published: October 2019

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common tumor and the leading cause of cancer-related death among the female population worldwide. To evaluate the association between the ABCB1 C3435T single gene nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with the response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in women with breast cancer. Methods: This study included 32 female patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The polymorphisms were genotyped through real-time allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The statistical analysis was performed using the Fisher's exact test or Pearson's chi-square test in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 software. Results: The genotypes found for the C3435T polymorphism were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and their genotypic distributions were CC= 10 (31.1%), CT= 14 (43.8%), and TT= 08 (25.0%) with χ2: 0.86 and p-value > 0.05. Allele frequencies were C = 0.54 and T = 0.46. There were no significant statistical differences between genotypes considering the response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and immunohistochemistry; the presence of the T allele was associated with worsen axillary status response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Conclusion: No definite association between the presence of C3435T polymorphism and the response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy was observed. Further studies in Brazil involving larger samples will contribute to validating the results of this study. Keywords: Breast cancer; Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy; Polymorphisms; Gene ABCB1
Potential health risk assessment of toxic metals contamination in clay eaten as pica (geophagia) among pregnant women of Ho in the Volta Region of Ghana.
Authors: Kortei Nii Korley , Akonor Papa Toah , Manaphraim Nana Yaw Barima , Ayim-Akonor Matilda , Boadi Nathaniel Owusu , Essuman Edward Ken
Published: October 2019

Introduction: Geophagia although pleasurable and somewhat a necessity among pregnant women, also comes along with its own attendant problems such as exposure to potentially hazardous substances like bacteria, fungi, helminthes and ova, radioactive materials, and toxic elemental minerals in the soil depending on the geographical location. Methodology: This study evaluated the potential health risk involved during the exposure of pregnant women to toxic elemental minerals via the consumption of clay as pica (geophagia). Elemental mineral analysis was carried out using Buck Scientific 210VGP Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Buck Scientific, Inc. East Norwalk, USA). Risk assessment methods were also used to ascertain the various risks factors and the overall risk level. Results: Concentrations of the macro elements investigated were 1.38 ± 1.5, 2.40± 1.5, 7.74± 1.5, 4.01± 1.0, 13.24± 2.2 and 13.76± 2.1 mg/Kg for Fe, Cu, Zn, K, Mg and Na respectively. While that for the micro elements were 1.63± 0.03 µg/Kg, 4.72±0.8, 0.53±0.02 and 1.85±0.3 mg/kg respectively for Arsenic, Manganese, Lead and Nickel. Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Hazard Quotient (HQ), Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Total Target Hazard Quotient (TTHQ) values ranged 0.611- 5.44 (mg/kg Bw/day), 6.26x10 -4 – 106.5, 0.067-10.34 and 15 respectively. Conclusion: There is the likelihood of posing adverse health problems when clay samples obtained from Anfoega which is sited in the Volta region of Ghana is consumed due to the fact that the calculated HQ’s of these elemental minerals were >1 which points to high content of Manganese (Mn) and Nickel (Ni). It is also likely to cause adverse health problems in an individual’s life time since THQ for Arsenic, Lead and Nickel were above 1. Ultimately, the cumulative effect of these toxicants were exceedingly great (≤ 15) which implied a high level of unsafety associated with this clay. Per the results from this study, it is not safe for pregnant women to consume clay as pica since these toxic elements may cause detrimental effects on the foetus of the unborn child.
Development of a decision support intervention for family members of adults who lack capacity to consent to trials
Authors: Shepherd Victoria , Wood Fiona , Griffith Richard , Sheehan Mark , Hood Kerenza
Published: October 2019

Background Informed consent is required for participation in clinical trials, however trials involving adults who lack capacity to consent require different enrolment processes. A family member usually acts as a proxy to make a decision based on the patient’s ‘presumed will’, but they can experience an emotional and decisional burden as a result. Decisions made on behalf of others are conceptually different from those we make for ourselves. Despite innovations to improve informed consent processes for research, including the development of decision aids, there are no interventions for proxies who arguably are faced with more complex decisions. This article outlines the development of a novel decision aid aimed at supporting families making decisions about research participation on behalf of an adult who lacks capacity to consent. Methods Decision support interventions should be developed using rigorous and evidence-based methods. This intervention was developed using the MRC guidance for the development of complex interventions, and a conceptual framework for the development and evaluation of decision aids for people considering taking part in a clinical trial. The intervention was informed by a systematic review and analysis of existing information provision. Previous qualitative research with families who had acted as proxies enabled the development of a theoretical framework to underpin the intervention. The intervention was iteratively developed in conjunction with lay advisors and relevant stakeholders. Results Previous research, theoretical frameworks, and decision aid development frameworks were used to identify and develop the intervention components. The decision aid includes information about the proxy’s role and uses a values clarification exercise and decision support methods to enable a more informed and better-quality decision. Stakeholders, including those representing implementers and receivers of the intervention, contributed to the design and comprehensibility of the decision aid and helped to ensure that it would be acceptable for use. Conclusions Frameworks for the development of decision aids for people considering participating in a clinical trial can be used to develop interventions for family members acting as proxy decision-makers. The decision support tool is acceptable to users but requires feasibility testing and outcome measure development prior to any evaluation of its effectiveness.
The Utility of Work-Based assessments in higher general surgical training – a systematic review
Authors: Aryal Kamal Raj
Published: October 2019

Background In the UK, work-based assessments (WBAs) including procedure based assessments (PBAs), case based discussion (CBDs), Clinical evaluation exercise (CEXes) and direct observation of procedural skills (DOPS) are used in Higher General Surgical Training Programme (HGSTP). This review aims to investigate trainer and trainee’s perception of the usefulness of WBAs based on the published literature in HGSTP.Methods Using mesh headings WBA or PBA or DOPS or Mini CEX with their full forms literature search was carried out in December 2018. Seventeen surgical studies were retrieved describing their usefulness. The usefulness was analysed according to van der Vluten’s utility formula, the product of educational impact, validity, reliability, acceptability, cost-effectiveness and feasibility.Results Among 6 studies on PBA, the validity, reliability, acceptability appeared good. The educational impact was positive to the Kirkpatrick level 1 and 2. One study on Mini CEX showed Kirkpatrick level 1 positive satisfaction in trainees and trainers. CBD had positive Kirkpatrick levels 1 and 2 impact and was valid and reliable by trainees in 2 studies. Two studies on DOPS showed good construct validity with positive Kirkpatrick level 1 impact. Based on 6 studies, the use of multiple methods as used in the intercollegiate surgical curriculum project (ISCP) portfolio was more negative in Kirkpatrick level 1 and 2. The recognised problems are lack of time, lack of faculty development and concerns about their validity and reliability.Conclusion Although the individual WBAs appeared useful in study settings, their perceived usefulness declined when used as multiple methods in practice.
Recombinant Human Thrombomodulin for Pneumonia-Induced Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Complicated by Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in Children: A feasibility study
Authors: Hirata Naoyuki , Ngo Dong Tien , Phan Phuc Huu , Ainai Akira , Phung Thuy Thi Bich , Tuan Ta Anh , Dien Tran Minh , Takasaki Jin , Kawachi Shoji , Nakajima Noriko , Hai Le Thanh
Published: October 2019

Background Recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin (rTM) has been used to treat disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Recent studies have shown the efficacy of rTM through its anti-inflammatory effects for treatment of adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, the safety and efficacy of rTM in children with severe ARDS complicated by DIC have not been reported. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of using rTM for the treatment of pneumonia-induced severe ARDS complicated by DIC in children. Methods Six children (age: median 10 month-old) with pneumonia-induced severe ARDS complicated by DIC were enrolled in this feasibility study. rTM (380 U/kg) was administered for a maximum of 6 days, in addition to conventional therapies including cardiopulmonary support, antibiotics and/or antivirus drugs administration, steroid administration and intravenous immunoglobulin after diagnosis of severe ARDS complicated by DIC. After administration of rTM, we measured changes in the plasma TM concentration and evaluated the clinical course, status of DIC and ARDS, and other laboratory findings, including levels of cytokines, chemokines, and biomarkers. Results In all six children, the plasma concentration of TM increased and DIC scores decreased after administration of rTM. Four of the six children recovered from the severe ARDS complicated by DIC after treatment in the pediatric intensive care unit, and were discharged from the hospital with no complications. In surviving children, levels of soluble receptors for advanced glycation end products, interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 decreased after administration of rTM. Conclusions The rTM administration is feasible as a therapeutic strategy for children over 2 months with pneumonia-induced severe ARDS complicated by DIC.
Preparation for future care moderates the relationship between loneliness and depression among Chinese rural older adults: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Li Yuqin , Jia Jihui , Zhao Xia , Zhang Dan
Published: October 2019

Background: Loneliness and depression are common mental health concerns among older adults in rural China. Loneliness has been identified as a risk factor for depressive symptoms, while preparation for future care can be a protective factor. Little is known about the complex relationships among these factors in rural older adults. This study aimed to explore whether preparation for future care moderated the association between loneliness and depressive symptoms. Methods: A total of 481 rural older adults aged 60 years and above were recruited in Shandong, China. Loneliness, preparation for future care, and depressive symptoms were measured. Statistical analyses included d escriptive analysis, univariate analyses, and moderating effects analyses. Results: Our findings showed that preparation for future care and its related dimensions of gathering information, making decisions, and concrete planning can moderate the relationship between loneliness and depression. When the level of preparation for future care and its dimensions were higher, the effect of loneliness on depressive symptoms was weaker. Conclusions: As the first study on how preparation for future care moderates the relationship between loneliness and depression in rural older adults, the findings are significant. Preparation for future care should be taken into consideration when interventions are being developed to reduce depressive symptoms in older adults.
Effects of the ANXA6 polymorphisms on glioma risk and patients prognosis
Authors: Wang Tuo , Sun Yao , Xiong Zichao , Wu Jiamin , Ding Xiaoying , Guo Xiaoye , Shao Yuan
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUND Glioma is the most frequent malignant primary brain tumor, and the outcomes for patients with glioma remain poor. The purpose of this study is to explore the association between ANXA6 polymorphisms and glioma risk as well as the prognosis of glioma patients in the Chinese Han population.METHODS We selected nine single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ANXA6 which were genotyped by Agena MassARRAY from 593 glioma patients and 589 healthy controls. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated by logistic regression analysis to evaluate the association SNPs with glioma risk. The association between polymorphisms and survival of glioma patient were evaluated using the log-rank test, Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: Overall analysis found that rs3762993 was significantly associated with an increased glioma risk. Stratification analysis found that rs11960458 was strongly associated with an increased risk of glioma in age >41; rs3762993 was also found to be associated an increased with glioma risk in age >41, ≤41, male and low-grade glioma; but rs4958892 was associated with a decreased risk of glioma in age>41 and male. Interestingly, rs11960458 and rs888988 were correlated with poor prognosis of glioma patient. Furthermore, age, extent of resection and chemotherapy were found to be key prognostic factors in survival of glioma patients.CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our results indicated that ANXA6 polymorphisms were associated with glioma susceptibility and prognosis. Further studies are required to confirm the results and elucidate the mechanisms of the ANXA6 polymorphisms affect the glioma risk and prognosis.
Chemical Stability of Framboidal Pyrite Containing Geogenic Arsenic in Alluvial Sediments
Authors: Ueshima Masato , Hashimoto Yohey , Sakanakura Hirofumi
Published: October 2019

The number of underground construction projects is increasing worldwide, resulting in the production of a huge amount of waste excavated material. Excavated soils from alluvial plains are rich in pyrite. When these soils are exposed to air, the pyrite oxidizes, resulting in the generation of H2SO4, which acidifies the soil and releases potentially harmful trace metals and metalloids such as arsenic into the environment. Polarized light microscopy and field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) revealed the presence of framboidal pyrite within the shells of microorganisms in alluvial soil samples collected in Japan. Analysis with FE‐SEM/energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) revealed that this framboidal pyrite contained As. When soaked in distilled water for 6 h or in 1 M HCl for 2 h, the framboidal pyrite remained unchanged; however, when it was soaked in 10% H2O2 for 6 h, it was oxidized and swelling was observed on the surface of pyrite microcrystals. A 1 M HCl extraction test indicated that arsenic release from framboidal pyrite would be difficult under acidic conditions. Framboidal pyrite in alluvial sediment is stable at low pH; however, it is unstable under oxidative conditions, suggesting that waste alluvial soil should be kept under reducing conditions. The chemical stability of geogenic arsenic in pyrite in soils and sediments provides a useful way to determine a correct handling of the soils for reclamation or as a covering material.

Core Ideas

Chemical stability of framboidal pyrite in acidic or oxidative conditions was examined.

Geogenic As was accumulated mostly in framboidal pyrite.

Framboidal pyrite was stable in acidic conditions but was unstable in oxidative conditions.
STRATEGI MEDIA SOSIAL UNTUK PENGEMBANGAN UMKM
Authors: Maria Nila Anggia  , Muhammad Rifki Shihab
Published: October 2019

Social Media is an internet-based application that is currently the most widely used by the people of Indonesia. Many cases state that social media not only used for socializing but also used for marketing strategies. The purpose of this paper is to find a social media strategy that can be applied to the small businessso as to expand the marketing area. The process of data collection is by interview, observation, and literature studies in which steps using Lardi Social Media Strategy Framework. This research is expected to generate a social media strategy that can be applied to the small business so as to expand the marketing area.
Hiijrah: Islamic E-Commerce Disurpted Strategy
Authors: Maika M. Ruslianor , Kautsar Irwan Alnarus
Published: October 2019

The aims of this research is to find an Islamic eCommerce disrupted strategy using 5C model. Our methodologies is a qualitative descriptive to evaluate and describe aspects of innovation based on 5C model. We propose a systematic approach to identify disruptive strategies of Prophet Muhammad displacing the big incumbent market and also provide commercialize the strategy for developing and implementing Islamic Commerce to be electronics. Hijrah is the best disruptive approach that was proven by Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) with the closing of the Bani Qainuqa market. He implemented 4C model commerce, collaboration, communication, connection, and only computation that He can’t. The state art of this research are the customers not only ‘go shopping’, but literally are shopping. While the sellers not only ‘go selling’ but Hijrah with the great intention. It is not only about adopting technology but also as a disrupted strategy.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan sebuah strategi diruptif eCommerce Islam menggunakan model 5C (Commerce, Collaboration, Communication, Connection, and Computing). Metodologi yang kami gunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif, untuk mengevaluasi dan menggambarkan aspek inovasi berdasarkan model 5C. Kami menawarkan sebuah pendekatan sistematik untuk mengenali strategi disruptif Nabi Muhammad dalam menggusur pasar besar milik petahana dan juga menyediakan strategi komersil dalam mengembangkan dan menerapkan perdagangan Islam secara elektronik (Islamic e-commerce). Hijrah adalah pendekatan distruptif terbaik yang pernah dibuktikan oleh Nabi Muhammad Saw dengan menutup pasar Bani Qainuqa. Nabi Muhammad Saw menjalankan model 4C yaitu perdagangan, kolaborasi, komunikasi, koneksi, dan hanya komputasi yang tidak dapat dilakukan. Hasil temuan-temuannya menunjukan bahwa pelanggan tidak hanya untuk ‘berbelanja’, tapi ada tujuan lain memahami kaidah Ilmu sebelum amal dalam berbelanja. Sedangkan penjual tidak sekedar ‘berjualan’ namun berhijrah dengan nilai yang lebih agung. Hal ini tidak hanya perihal penggunaan teknologi tapi juga sebagai strategi disruptif.
Dicarbonyls Generation, Toxicities, Detoxifications and Potential Roles in Diabetes Complications
Authors: Alouffi Sultan , Khan Mohd Wajid Ali
Published: October 2019

It has been well established that advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) have a strong
correlation with diabetes and its secondary complications. Moreover, dicarbonyls, especially, methylglyoxal
(MG) and glyoxal, accelerate AGEs formation and hence, have potential roles in the pathogenesis
of diabetes. They can also induce oxidative stress and concomitantly decrease the efficiency of
antioxidant enzymes. Increased proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-
1β) are secreted by monocytes due to the dicarbonyl-modified proteins. High levels of blood dicarbonyls
have been identified in diabetes and its associated complications (retinopathy, nephropathy and
neuropathy). This review aims to provide a better understanding by including in-depth information
about the formation of MG and glyoxal through multiple pathways with a focus on their biological
functions and detoxifications. The potential role of these dicarbonyls in secondary diabetic complications
is also discussed.
Biomedical and Pharmaceutical-Related Applications of Laccases
Authors: Mohit Elham , Tabarzad Maryam , Faramarzi Mohammad Ali
Published: October 2019

The oxidation of a vast range of phenolic and non-phenolic substrates has been catalyzed by
laccases. Given a wide range of substrates, laccases can be applied in different biotechnological applications.
The present review was conducted to provide a broad context in pharmaceutical- and biomedical-
related applications of laccases for academic and industrial researchers. First, an overview of biological
roles of laccases was presented. Furthermore, laccase-mediated strategies for imparting antimicrobial
and antioxidant properties to different surfaces were discussed. In this review, laccase-mediated
mechanisms for endowing antimicrobial properties were divided into laccase-mediated bio-grafting of
phenolic compounds on lignocellulosic fiber, chitosan and catheters, and laccase-catalyzed iodination.
Accordingly, a special emphasis was placed on laccase-mediated functionalization for creating antimicrobials,
particularly chitosan-based wound dressings. Additionally, oxidative bio-grafting and oxidative
polymerization were described as the two main laccase-catalyzed reactions for imparting antioxidant
properties. Recent laccase-related studies were also summarized regarding the synthesis of antibacterial
and antiproliferative agents and the degradation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products.
Improving Topical Skin Delivery of Monocrotaline Via Liposome Gel-based Nanosystems
Authors: Yu Jiandong , Chen Zhi , Yin Yan-zhi , Tang Chaoyuan , Hu Enying , Zheng Shuang , Liu Qi , Xiong Yang
Published: October 2019

Background:

In this study, a liposomal gel based on a pH-gradient method was used to increase
the skin-layer retention of monocrotaline (MCT) for topical administration.

Methods:

Using the Box-Behnken design, different formulations were designed to form liposome suspensions
with optimal encapsulation efficiency (EE%) and stability factor (KE). In order to keep MCT
in liposomes and accumulate in skin slowly and selectively, MCT liposome suspensions were engineered
into gels.

Results:

A pH-gradient method was used to prepare liposome suspensions. The optimal formulation of
liposome suspensions (encapsulation efficiency: 83.10 ± 0.21%) was as follows: MCT 12 mg, soybean
phosphatidyl choline (sbPC) 200 mg, cholesterol (CH) 41 mg, vitamin E (VE) 5 mg, and citric acid
buffer solution (CBS) 4.0 10 mL (pH 7.0). The final formulation of liposomal gels consisted of 32 mL
liposome suspensions, 4.76 mL deionized water, 0.40 g Carbopol-940, 1.6 g glycerol, 0.04 g
methylparaben, and a suitable amount of triethanolamine for pH value adjustment. The results of in
vitro drug release showed that MCT in liposomal gels could be released in 12 h constantly in physiological
saline as a Ritger-Peppas model. Compared with plain MCT in gel form, liposomal MCT in gel had
higher skin retention in vitro.

Conclusion:

In this study, liposomal gels were formed for greater skin retention of MCT. It is potentially
beneficial for reducing toxicities of MCT by topical administration with liposomal gel.
Role of Granulocyte-colony Stimulating Factor in the Protection of Cerebral Vascular Endothelium, White Matter, and Cognition
Authors: Tuo Minghui , Xiao Yunyue , Xu Yan , Wang Lisha , Wei Xin , Zhang Lei
Published: October 2019

Background:

Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) has protective effects on
many neurological diseases. The effects of G-CSF on vascular endothelium and White Matter
(WM) injury in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease (CSVD) were explored in this study via a model of
spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) in order to elucidate the mechanism of G-CSF in Vascular
Cognitive Impairment (VCI).

Methods:

24-week-old male SHRs were randomly divided into the treatment group and model
group, with the same age Wistar rats as the control group. The novel object recognition test
(NORT) and Morris water maze were conducted after 7 days of G-CSF(50ug/kg) or normal saline
treatment to examine their non-spatial and spatial cognitive functions. After that, a transmission
electron microscope (TEM) and FLB staining were used to observe the vascular endothelial cell
and WM damage. Furthermore, the expression of VEGF, MMP-9, Caspase-3, TUNEL and BrdULaminin
in the cortical area was detected by immunostaining methods.

Results:

Our results showed that G-CSF promoted the expression of VEGF and BrdU+-Laminin+
endothelial cells, but down-regulated the level of MMP-9, thus significantly repaired the cerebral
vascular endothelial cells and perivascular structure in SHR. The WM damage, the expression of
caspase-3 and the apoptosis rate decreased after G-CSF treatment. Ultimately, G-CSF improved
the non-spatial cognitive function in SHR rather than the spatial cognitive function.

Conclusion:

Therefore, our findings indicated that G-CSF might facilitate the improvement of
non-spatial cognitive function in CSVD by repairing endothelial cells and alleviating WM damage.
Erythrocyte Amyloid Beta Peptide Isoform Distributions in Alzheimer and Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Järemo Petter , Jejcic Alenka , Jelic Vesna , Shahnaz Tasmin , Oweling Magnus , Winblad Bengt , Behbahani Homira
Published: October 2019

Introduction:

We recently showed that Amyloid Beta (Aβ)40 accumulates in erythrocytes and
possibly causes cell damage as evidenced by an increased number of assumed injured low-density
(kg/L) erythrocytes. Furthermore, we have suggested a separation technique to isolate and concentrate
such damaged red blood cells for subsequent analysis.

Objectives:

We isolated high- and low-density erythrocytes and investigated the accumulation patterns
of the Aβ peptides (Aβ40, Aβ42, and Aβ43) in Alzheimer (AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and
Subjective Cognitive Impairment (SCI).

Methods:

Whole blood was fractionated through a density gradient, resulting in two concentrated highand
presumed injured low-density erythrocyte fractions. After cell lysis, intracellular Aβ40, Aβ42, and
Aβ43 were quantified by ELISA.

Results:

In both high- and low-density erythrocytes, Aβ40 displayed the lowest concentration in MCI,
while it was equal and higher in AD and SCI. Aβ40 was detected at a 10-fold higher level than Aβ42, and
in injured low-density erythrocytes, the lowest quantity of Aβ42 was found in AD and MCI. Aβ40 exhibited
a 100-fold greater amount than Aβ43, and lighter erythrocytes of MCI subjects displayed less intracellular
Aβ43 than SCI.

Conclusion:

Red blood cell accumulation patterns of Aβ40, Aβ42, and Aβ43 differ significantly between
AD, MCI, and SCI. The data must be verified through larger clinical trials. It is, however, tenable that
Aβ peptide distributions in erythrocyte subpopulations have the potential to be used for diagnostic purposes.
Biological Evaluation of 8-Hydroxyquinolines as Multi-Target Directed Ligands for Treating Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Knez Damijan , Sosič Izidor , Pišlar Anja , Mitrović Ana , Jukič Marko , Kos Janko , Gobec Stanislav
Published: October 2019

Background:

Accumulating evidence suggests that multi-target directed ligands have great
potential for the treatment of complex diseases such as Alzheimer’s Disease (AD).

Objective:

To evaluate novel chimeric 8-hydroxyquinoline ligands with merged pharmacophores as potential
multifunctional ligands for AD.

Methods:

Nitroxoline, PBT2 and compounds 2-4 were evaluated in-vitro for their inhibitory potencies
on cathepsin B, cholinesterases, and monoamine oxidases. Furthermore, chelation, antioxidative properties
and the permeability of Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) were evaluated by spectroscopy-based assays
and the inhibition of Amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation was determined in immunoassay. Cell-based assays
were performed to determine cytotoxicity, neuroprotection against toxic Aβ species, and the effects of
compound 2 on apoptotic cascade.

Results:

Compounds 2-4 competitively inhibited cathepsin B β-secretase activity, chelated metal ions
and were weak antioxidants. All of the compounds inhibited Aβ aggregation, whereas only compound 2
had a good BBB permeability according to the parallel artificial membrane permeability assay. Tested
ligands 2 and 3 were not cytotoxic to SH-SY5Y and HepG2 cells at 10 μM. Compound 2 exerted neuroprotective
effects towards Aβ toxicity, reduced the activation of caspase-3/7 and diminished the apoptosis
of cells treated with Aβ1-42.

Conclusion:

Taken together, our data suggest that compound 2 holds a promise to be used as a multifunctional
ligand for AD.
Development, Optimization, Characterization and Impact of In vitro Lipolysis on Drug Release of Telmisartan Loaded SMEDDS
Authors: Verma Ravinder , Kaushik Deepak
Published: October 2019

Objective:

The objective of the current research is systematic optimization and development
of microemulsion preconcentrates to get better solubility that results in improvement of oral bioavailability
profile of Telmisartan utilizing D-optimal mixture design.

Methods:

Solubility studies in a variety of lipidic ingredients and optimization of formulations were
carried out for the development of liquid SMEDDS. D-optimal mixture design was utilized for assessing
the interaction performance of desired responses (such as % cumulative drug release and globule
size) and optimized using desirability approach. The optimized batch was evaluated for its % cumulative
drug release and globule size performance for determining the dissolution rate and oral bioavailability
of drug.

Results:

The optimized batch (F-8), which contained 10% oil (Capmul MCM EP), 45% surfactant
(Labrasol) and 45% co-surfactant (Transcutol HP) resulted in desired qualities of measured responses
with 84.6nm globule size and 98.5% drug release within 15 minutes. Optimized SMEDDS showed brilliant
goodness of fit between drug release. Stability studies indicated stability of the optimized
SMEDDS batch over 3-month storage at 40°C/75% RH and improved dissolution rate in contrast to
pure API. The optimized SMEDDS showed no impact of in vitro lipolysis on drug release.

Conclusion:

Developed and optimized SMEDDS showed improved in vitro dissolution rate and dissolution
profile in contrast to pure drug. These investigations further confirm dose reduction in SMEDDS
by gaining an equivalent therapeutic profile with non-SMEDDS formulation. This research work successfully
shows the potential usage of SMEDDS for delivery of BCS-II class drugs.
Nonclinical Sexual Health Support for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections in Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex With Men: Protocol for a European Community Health Worker Online Survey (ECHOES)
Authors: Sherriff Nigel , Huber Jorg , McGlynn Nick , Llewellyn Carrie , Pollard Alex , Lorente Nicolas , Folch Cinta , Cawley Caoimhe , Panochenko Oksana , Krone Michael , Dutarte Maria , Casabona Jordi
Published: October 2019

Background

The term “community health worker” (CHW) can apply to a wide range of individuals providing health services and support for diverse populations. Very little is known about the role of CHWs in Europe working in nonclinical settings who promote sexual health and prevent HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM).

Objective

This paper describes the development and piloting of the first European Community Health Worker Online Survey (ECHOES) as part of the broader European Union-funded ESTICOM (European Surveys and Trainings to Improve MSM Community Health) project. The questionnaire aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of CHWs providing sexual health services to gay, bisexual, and other MSM in European settings.

Methods

ECHOES comprises three superordinate domains divided into 10 subsections with 175 items (routed) based on a scoping exercise and literature review, online prepiloting, and Europe-wide consultation. Additional piloting and cognitive debriefing interviews with stakeholders were conducted to identify comprehension issues and improve the clarity, intelligibility, accessibility, and acceptability of the survey. Psychometric properties, including internal consistency of the standardized scales used as part of the survey were examined. The final survey was available to 33 countries in 16 languages.

Results

Recruitment closed on January 31, 2018. Data from 1035 CHWs were available for analysis after application of the exclusion criteria. The findings of the ECHOES survey and the wider ESTICOM project, are now available from the ESTICOM website and/or by contacting the first author.

Conclusions

The findings of this survey will help characterize, for the first time, the diverse role of CHWs who provide sexual health services to gay, bisexual, and other MSM in Europe. Importantly, the data will be used to inform the content and design of a dedicated training program for CHWs as part of the larger ESTICOM project and provide recommendations for MSM-specific strategies to improve sexual health in general and to reduce the incidence and prevalence of HIV, viral hepatitis, and other STIs in particular.

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)

RR1-10.2196/15012
Identifying Barriers and Enablers to Attending Diabetic Retinopathy Screening in Immigrants to Canada From Ethnocultural Minority Groups: Protocol for a Qualitative Descriptive Study
Authors: Dogba Maman Joyce , Brent Michael H , Bach Catherine , Asad Sarah , Grimshaw Jeremy , Ivers Noah , Légaré France , Witteman Holly O , Squires Janet , Wang Xiaoqin , Sutakovic Olivera , Zettl Mary , Drescher Olivia , van Allen Zack , McCleary Nicola , Tremblay Marie-Claude , Linklater Stefanie , Presseau Justin
Published: October 2019

Background

Immigrants to Canada belonging to ethnocultural minority groups are at increased risk of developing diabetes and complications, including diabetic retinopathy, and they are also less likely to be screened and treated. Improved attendance to retinopathy screening (eye tests) has the potential to reduce permanent complications, including blindness.

Objective

This study aims to identify the barriers and enablers of attending diabetic retinopathy screening among ethnocultural minority immigrants living with diabetes in Quebec and Ontario, Canada, to inform the development of a behavior change intervention to improve diabetic retinopathy screening attendance.

Methods

The research question draws on the needs of patients and clinicians. Using an integrated knowledge translation approach, the research team includes clinicians, researchers, and patient partners who will contribute throughout the study to developing and reviewing materials and procedures, helping to recruit participants, and disseminating findings. Using a convenience snowball strategy, we will recruit participants from three target groups: South Asian and Chinese people, and French-speaking people of African descent. To better facilitate reaching these groups and support participant recruitment, we will partner with community organizations and clinics serving our target populations in Ontario and Quebec. Data will be collected using semistructured interviews, using topic guides developed in English and translated into French, Mandarin, Hindi, and Urdu, and conducted in those languages. Data collection and analysis will be structured according to the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF), which synthesizes predominant theories of behavior change into 14 domains covering key modifiable factors that may operate as barriers or enablers to attending eye screening. We will use directed content analysis to code barriers and enablers to TDF domains, then thematic analysis to define key themes within domains.

Results

This study was approved for funding in December 2017, and the research ethics board approved the conduct of the study as of January 13, 2018. Data collection then began in April 2018. As of August 28, 2018, we have recruited 22 participants, and analysis is ongoing, with results expected to be published in 2020.

Conclusions

Findings from this study will inform the codevelopment of theory-informed, culturally- and linguistically-tailored interventions to support patients in attending retinopathy screening.

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)

DERR1-10.2196/15109