PSYCHOSOCIAL WELLBEING OF ORPHANS IN KADUNA STATE: A COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT
Authors:   MBBS, Oni Memorial Children Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, Victoria Soyobi Yewande ,   Riverside Nursing Home, Aberdeen, United Kingdom, Kennedy Obohwemu Oberhiri ,   PhD, Department of Health, Wellbeing & Social Care, Global Banking School/Oxford Brookes University, Birmingham, United Kingdom; PENKUP Research Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom, Peter Suberu Omeiza ,   MPH, Cardiorespiratory Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, United Kingdom, Jesse Omoregie ,   PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Bolton, Bolton, United Kingdom, Gabriel Abayomi Olaoluwa ,   PhD, Department of Health, Wellbeing & Social Care, Global Banking School/Oxford Brookes University, Manchester, United Kingdom, Oluwatoyin Bewaji Aderinsola ,   PhD, Department of Health, Wellbeing & Social Care, Global Banking School/Oxford Brookes University, Manchester, United Kingdom, Reginald Amanze Ugochukwu ,   PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Bolton, Bolton, United Kingdom
Published: November 2024

Background: The well-being of orphans has been a persistent issue, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where the orphan population has surged due to factors such as the HIV/AIDS pandemic, terrorism, and natural disasters. In Nigeria, these children face significant medical, social, and psychological challenges, including malnutrition, limited access to education, stigmatization, and behavioural issues. Despite some interventions, many orphanages focus primarily on addressing material needs, often neglecting comprehensive medical, social welfare, and psychosocial support. This study assesses the psychosocial well-being of orphans living in orphanages across Kaduna State, Nigeria. Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted involving 100 orphans from selected orphanages in Kaduna. Data collection utilized interviewer-administered questionnaires, capturing information on socio-demographic details, medical conditions, behavioural patterns, stigma levels, psychosocial well-being, and coping mechanisms. The study also measured nutritional status and assessed access to healthcare and educational opportunities. Results: The average age of participants was 10 years, with a male majority (68%). While 54.9% reported access to balanced diets, 53.7% were classified as underweight, emphasizing ongoing nutritional challenges. Medical issues were prominent, with 33.7% showing clinical signs of illness and 46.7% being incompletely immunized. Behavioural problems were evident, including hyperactivity disorders (27.0%) and major depressive disorder (1.8%). Furthermore, enuresis affected 22.3% of the respondents. Despite these difficulties, the majority (83.3%) reported positive peer relationships, though 11.4% experienced bullying and 9% faced stigmatization. Education access was relatively high, with only 2.2% not attending school, and 89.2% displayed good self-esteem. Social support was moderate, with 35.2% receiving substantial support and 46.8% adopting goal adjustment strategies for coping. Conclusion: This study highlights the complex psychosocial challenges faced by orphans in Kaduna, encompassing medical, social, and behavioural issues. While most orphans showed resilience through positive self-esteem and peer relationships, the prevalence of health problems, behavioural disorders, and suboptimal coping strategies underscores the necessity for integrated care. A holistic approach addressing medical, social welfare, and psychosocial needs is critical for improving the overall well-being of these vulnerable children.