bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous minijets and QGP evolution
Authors: Gale Charles , Jeon Sangyong , Pablos Daniel , Singh Mayank
Published: June 2024

Minijets traversing through the QGP formed in heavy-ion collisions deposit significant amount of energy in the bulk medium. They also create gradients in temperatures which alter the flow profile and enhance entropy production. We study the effects of minijets in a simultaneous hydro + jet framework and find that inclusion of minijets requires recalibration of transport properties extracted from the model-to-data comparisons.
Probing the nature of the QCD phase transition with higher-order net-proton number fluctuation and local parton density fluctuation measurements at RHIC-STAR
Authors: Neff Dylan
Published: June 2024

The moments of proton and net-proton multiplicity distributions are observables expected to be sensitive to the QCD critical point and the nature of the QCD phase transition from QGP to hadron gas. Hyper-order cumulants are measured in wide centrality bins in STAR BES-I data and found to be qualitatively consistent with trends predicted by lattice QCD which finds a cross-over phase transition at low μB. Data collected at √SNN = 3 GeV in BES-II exhibit trends opposite of those observed in higher energy collisions which may suggest the dominance of hadronic interactions at this energy. The variance of proton multiplicity distributions in azimuthal partitions is measured to search for signals of clustering indicative of a first-order phase transition. A strong dependence on the event multiplicity is observed. This dependence is independent of energy in AMPT while in STAR data a significant trend with energy is observed.
Electromagnetic radiation in pp and Pb–Pb collisions with dielectrons in ALICE
Authors: Sekihata Daiki
Published: June 2024

In this article, final ALICE results on dielectron production, using the full data sample collected during the LHC Run 2, are presented. They include measurements of the dielectron and direct photon production in central Pb–Pb collisions at the center-of-mass energy per nucleon pairs √SNN = 5.02 TeV, as well as minimum-bias and high-multiplicity pp collisions at √S = 13 TeV. First results with the Run 3 pp data at √S = 13.6 TeV, using the upgraded ALICE detector to disentangle the different dielectron sources, are also reported.
Heavy flavor machine learning algorithms for fast data processing in sPHENIX
Authors: Dean Cameron
Published: June 2024

The sPHENIX experiment at RHIC utilizes the first new heavy ion detector since the switch on of the LHC experiments. It’s optimized for precision jet and heavy flavor physics measurements, and recorded its first collisions in spring 2023. sPHENIX uses a tracking system with streaming readout and barrel calorimetry to reconstruct the collision topology. Event plane detectors, minimum bias detectors and zero-degree calorimeters are used to characterize the event. The streaming readout detectors are capable of recording 10% of the minimum bias rate, in addition to triggered events, in p+p collisions which will enable unabated, precision b-hadron and heavy flavor jet measurements at RHIC. An AI-assisted hardware trigger demonstrator is under development to sample the remaining 90% of minimum-bias p+p collisions with an aim for further deployment at the EIC.
Heavy-flavor transport and hadronization in a small fireball
Authors: Beraudo Andrea , De Pace Arturo , Pablos Daniel , Prino Francesco , Monteno Marco , Nardi Marzia
Published: June 2024

We study heavy-flavor hadron production in high-energy pp collisions, assuming the formation of a small, deconfined and expanding fireball where charm quarks can undergo rescattering and hadronization. We adopt the same in-medium hadronization mechanism developed for heavy-ion collisions, which involves Local Color-Neutralization (LCN) through recombination of charm quarks with nearby opposite color charges from the background fireball. Diquark excitations in the hot medium favor the formation of charmed baryons. The recombination process, involving closely aligned partons from the same fluid cell, effectively transfers the collective flow of the system to the final charmed hadrons. This framework can qualitatively reproduce the observed experimental findings in heavy-flavor particle-yield ratios, pT -spectra and ellipticflow coefficients. Our results provide new, complementary support to the idea that the collective phenomena observed in small systems have the same origin as those observed in heavy-ion collisions.
Probing nuclear structure at the Electron-Ion Collider and in ultra-peripheral nuclear collisions
Authors: Mäntysaari Heikki , Salazar Farid , Schenke Björn , Shen Chun , Zhao Wenbin
Published: June 2024

Within the Color Glass Condensate framework, we demonstrate that exclusive vector meson production at high energy is sensitive to the geometric deformation of the target nucleus and subnucleon scale fluctuations. Deformation of the nucleus enhances the incoherent cross section in the small |t| region. Subnucleon scale fluctuations increase the incoherent cross section in the large |t| region. In ultra-peripheral collisions (UPCs), larger deformation leads to a wider distribution of the minimal impact parameter Bmin required to produce a UPC. This, together with larger incoherent cross sections for larger deformation, results in smaller extracted radii. Our results demonstrate great potential for future studies of nuclear structure in UPCs and electron-ion collisions.
Adiabatic hydrodynamization: A natural framework to find and describe prehydrodynamic attractors
Authors: Rajagopal Krishna , Scheihing-Hitschfeld Bruno , Steinhorst Rachel
Published: June 2024

The adiabatic hydrodynamization framework [1, 2] is a promising framework within which to describe and characterize pre-hydrodynamic attractors in a model-independent fashion. Using this framework, we define a procedure to identify a time-dependent change in coordinates which reveals a dynamical reduction in the number of active degrees of freedom. Applying this procedure to the kinetic theory of a Bjorken-expanding gas of gluons in the small angle elastic scattering limit, we are able to intuitively explain the selfsimilar evolution of the gluon distribution function long before the applicability of hydrodynamics, as well as the loss of memory of its initial condition.
Thermalization and quark production in spatially homogeneous systems of gluons
Authors: Cabodevila Sergio Barrera , Salgado Carlos A. , Wu Bin
Published: June 2024

We first assemble a full set of the Boltzmann Equation in Diffusion Approximation (BEDA) for studying thermalization/hydrodynamization and quark production in out of equilibrium systems. We then discuss thermalization and the production of three flavors of massless quarks in spatially homogeneous systems initially filled only with gluons. A complete parametric understanding for thermalization and quark production is obtained for both initially very dense or dilute systems, which are complemented by detailed numerical simulations. For initial distributions more relevant for heavy-ion collisions, the complete thermal equilibration is found to be significantly delayed by considering quark production.
Exploring medium properties using jet substructure measurements in pp and Pb–Pb collisions with ALICE
Authors: Bossi Hannah
Published: June 2024

Various studies of jet substructure in heavy-ion collisions offer a consistent picture of QCD medium interactions and a diverse path towards further differentiating energy loss mechanisms. Some results, however, remain disjoint: the jet mass and jet angularities, including girth and thrust, are stronglycorrelated observables which have given seemingly conflicting answers on the angular quenching of jets traversing the quark–gluon plasma (QGP). ALICE has carried out new systematic measurements of these and other perturbativelycalculable angularities using consistent definitions, resolving the girth-mass problem, and revealing quenching effects at broad angles. Concurrently, applying Soft Drop grooming isolates the narrowing in the core of quenched jets. Grooming can also be employed to resolve medium scattering centers, with varying methods used to focus on regions of the splitting phase space. We present the first application of dynamical grooming in heavy-ion collisions to search for excess kT,g emissions as a signature of point-like scatters, providing new constraints on searches for in-medium Molière scattering. We also present a novel shift from studying jet-medium opacity from the angular perspective to a time-like one. By employing a new time reclustering strategy, we potentially enable a time-dependent study of jet substructure observables. We compare all results to assorted jet quenching models, providing new critical information on medium evolution as a function of angular, momentum, and time structure.
Σ0 reconstruction in Ag+Ag collisions at 1.58 AGeV with the HADES experiment
Authors: Becker Marten
Published: June 2024

In this contribution we will discuss the production of Σ0 baryons in Ag+Ag collisions at 1.58AGeV beam energy measured by HADES. The experimental upgrade with an electromagnetic calorimeter enables a clear reconstruction of the Σ0. The first sub threshold Σ0 production in A+A collisions is compared to available p+p data as well as transport calculations and statistical hadronisation models.
Strangeness production in Au+Au collisions at √SNN = 14.6, 19.6, and 200 GeV with the STAR experiment
Authors: Fang Yi
Published: June 2024

Strangeness production has been suggested as a sensitive probe to the early dynamics of the deconfined matter created in heavy-ion collisions. In this presentation, we report new measurements of strange hadron (Ks0, Λ ¯Λ, Ξ, ¯Ξ, ϕ) production in Au+Au collisions at √SNN = 14.6, 19.6 GeV from STAR BESII and Ω(¯Ω) production in Au+Au collisions at √SNN = 200 GeV, including rapidity spectra, nuclear modification factors RCP and Ω-to-ϕ ratios. Benefiting from the iTPC upgrade, the strangeness measurements are now extended from mid-rapidity (|y| < 0.5, BES-I) to a larger rapidity range (|y| < 1.0).
Measurements of (anti)(hyper)nuclei with ALICE
Authors: Vorobyev Ivan
Published: June 2024

The investigation of the production mechanism of light (anti)(hyper)nuclei in ultrarelativistic hadronic collisions is one of the main topics in modern nuclear physics. The ALICE Collaboration has significantly contributed to this specific field of research with systematic measurements of the production of (anti)(hyper)nuclei in different collision systems and centre-ofmass energies provided by the Large Hadron Collider. Measurements of the properties of hypernuclei, such as their lifetimes and binding energies, provide information on the hadronic interaction between hyperons and nucleons, which is complementary to that obtained from correlation measurements. In this contribution, recent results on the production of (anti)(hyper)nuclei measured with ALICE during the LHC Run 2 in different collision systems will be presented. These results will be discussed within the context of the statistical hadronization model and baryon coalescence. For the first time, the observations of the (anti)hyperhydrogen-4 and (anti)hyperhelium-4 in Pb–Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV will be shown. Moreover, new results on (anti)(hyper)nuclei measurements obtained using the LHC Run 3 data will be presented.
Why are hydrodynamic theories applicable beyond the hydrodynamic regime?
Authors: Jaiswal Sunil , Blaizot Jean-Paul , Bhalerao Rajeev S. , Chen Zenan , Jaiswal Amaresh , Yan Li
Published: June 2024

We present an alternative approach to deriving second-order nonconformal hydrodynamics from the relativistic Boltzmann equation. We demonstrate how constitutive relations for shear and bulk stresses can be transformed into dynamical evolution equations, resulting in Israel-Stewart-like (ISL) hydrodynamics. To understand the far-from-equilibrium applicability of such ISL theories, we investigate the one-dimensional boost-invariant Boltzmann equation using special moments of the distribution function for a system with finite particle mass. Our analysis reveals that the mathematical structure of the ISL equations is akin to that of moment equations, enabling them to approximately replicate even the collisionless dynamics. We conclude that this particular feature is important in extending the applicability of ISL theories beyond the hydrodynamic regime.
Azimuthal anisotropies at high-pT from transverse momentum dependent (TMD) parton distribution and fragmentation functions
Authors: Soudi Ismail , Majumder Abhijit
Published: June 2024

Unpolarized protons can generate transversely polarized quarks or linearly polarized gluons through a distribution known as the Boer-Mulders’ function. The fragmentation of similarly polarized partons to unpolarized hadrons is called the Collins’ function. Both of these functions include correlations between the spin or polarization and the relative transverse momentum of the incoming parton or outgoing hadron, with respect to the parent particle. We explore the effect of including these and other TMDs on the production of high-pT (unpolarized) hadron production from (unpolarized) proton-proton scattering. The resulting initial state anisotropies, modulated with similar final state effects, may account for the observed azimuthal anisotropy of the produced high transverse momentum hadrons, without modification to the angle integrated spectra (RAA). This may be an explanation for the existence of a v2 in high-pT hadron spectra in p-A collisions without any observable nuclear modification of the spectra.
The effects of pseudorapidity-dependent observables on (3+1)D Bayesian Inference of relativistic heavy-ion collisions
Authors: Shen Chun , Schenke Björn , Zhao Wenbin
Published: June 2024

This proceeding highlights the effects of pseudorapidity-dependent charged hadron observables dNch/dη and v2ch(η) in Au+Au collisions at 200 GeV on constraining the initial-state nuclear stopping for the beam remnants and the effective QGP specific shear viscosity in a recent Bayesian inference analysis using an event-by-event (3+1)D hydrodynamics + hadronic transport theoretical framework.
Equation of state of a hot-and-dense quark gluon plasma: Lattice simulations at real μB vs. extrapolations
Authors: Borsányi Szabolcs , Fodor Zoltán , Giordano Matteo , Guenther Jana N. , Katz Sandor D. , Pásztor Attila , Wong Chik Him
Published: June 2024

The equation of state of the quark gluon plasma is a key ingredient of heavy ion phenomenology. In addition to the traditional Taylor method, several novel approximation schemes have been proposed with the aim of calculating it at finite baryon density. In order to gain a pragmatic understanding of the limits of these schemes, we compare them to direct results at μB > 0, using reweighting techniques free from an overlap problem. We use 2stout improved staggered fermions with 8 time-slices and cover the entire RHIC BES range in the baryochemical potential, up to μB/T = 3. This work is based on Ref. [1].
QCD material parameters at zero and non-zero chemical potential from the lattice
Authors: Clarke David Anthony , Goswami Jishnu , Karsch Frithjof , Petreczky Peter
Published: June 2024

Using an eighth-order Taylor expansion in baryon chemical potential, we recently obtained the (2+1)-flavor QCD equation of state (EoS) at nonzero conserved charge chemical potentials from the lattice. We focused on strangeness-neutral, isospin-symmetric QCD matter, which closely resembles the situation encountered in heavy-ion collision experiments. Using this EoS, we present here results on various QCD material parameters; in particular we compute the specific heat, speed of sound, and compressibility along appropriate lines of constant physics. We show that in the entire range relevant for the beam energy scan at RHIC, the specific heat, speed of sound, and compressibility show no indication for an approach to critical behavior that one would expect close to a possibly existing critical endpoint.
Insights on strange quark hadronization in small collision system with ALICE: Multiple strange hadrons and Σ± baryons
Authors: Pucillo Sara
Published: June 2024

Among the most iconic results of Run-1 and Run-2 of the LHC is the observation of enhanced production of (multi-)strange to non-strange particles, gradually rising from low-multiplicity to high-multiplicity pp or p–Pb collisions and reaching values close to those measured in peripheral Pb–Pb collisions [1]. The observed behaviour cannot be quantitatively reproduced by any of the available QCD-inspired MC generators. In this contribution two extensions of this study are presented: the measurement of Σ baryons and the first measurement of the full Probability Density Function (PDF) for KS0, Λ, Ξ− and Ω−, therefore extending the study of strangeness production beyond the average of the distribution. This novel method represents a unique opportunity to test the connection between charged and strange particle multiplicity production.
Latest ALICE results on charm and beauty hadronisation in hadronic collisions
Authors: Zhu Jianhui
Published: June 2024

The study of heavy-flavour mesons and baryons in hadronic collisions provides unique access to the properties of heavy-quark hadronisation in the presence of large partonic densities, where new mechanisms of hadron formation beyond in-vacuum fragmentation can emerge. Performing these measurements in intervals of charged-particle multiplicities across different collision systems provides sensitivity to understand whether different hadronisation mechanisms are at play in small and large hadronic colliding systems. In this contribution, a selection of the latest charm and beauty production measurements in proton–proton (pp) collisions is presented, which can shed light on the modification of the heavy-quark hadronisation mechanisms with respect to leptonic collisions. New published results of the production of all prompt charm ground states in pp collisions at √S = 13 TeV, which allowed us to measure the charm fragmentation fractions and the total cc production cross section at midrapidity, will be shown. The new final measurement of non-prompt (i.e. originating from beauty-hadron decays) Λc+ baryons in the same collisions system will be discussed to provide a quantitative comparison between the hadronisation properties of beauty and charm hadrons. New measurements of Ξc0 production as a function of charged-particle multiplicity in pp collisions at √S = 13, and of Ξc0 production in p–Pb collisions at √SNN = 5.02 TeV, will be also presented, shedding further light on the hadronisation of charm-strange baryons in different colliding systems.
Particle production and entropy measurement in ALICE
Authors: Hutson Alek
Published: June 2024

One of the main goals in the study of hadronic interactions at LHC energies is the attempt to characterize the mechanisms involved in particle production in different regimes. The charged-particle multiplicity is one of the most interesting observables in these kind of studies. Measurements of chargedparticle pseudorapidity densities in pp collisions at √s = 13.6 TeV are presented, for the first time. Furthermore, we present a method for better understanding the collision dynamics. On the one hand, the pseudorapidity dependence of charged-particle production provides information on the partonic structure of the colliding hadrons and is sensitive to non-linear QCD evolution in the initial state. On the other hand to understand the thermal-like behavior and particle yields in pp collisions, a possible approach is to address the principles of quantum states and their entanglement in the produced system. The entanglement in the initial state has a measurable effect on the evolution of the system and is the driving mechanism behind the thermal-like behavior and particle yields observed. We describe a method to understand the level of entanglement in the initial and final states of the collision using a calculation of entropy, the final-state entropy being calculated from multiplicity distributions.
Entanglement-enabled spin interference in exclusive J/ψ photoproduction through ultra-peripheral collisions at STAR
Authors: Sheikh Ashik Ikbal
Published: June 2024

In ultra-peripheral collisions (UPC), exclusive vector meson photoproduction, such as ρ0 and J/ψ, serves as a sensitive probe for studying the gluon structure in heavy nuclei. The linear polarization of the photons involved in these processes help to image the nucleus through the so-called entanglement-enabled spin interference in vector meson photoproductions. The photoproduced J/ψ has longer lifetime (2160 fm/c) and non-localized wave function which provides unique opportunity to study the entanglement between the photon and the Pomeron phases emitted from each nucleus. We present the first measurement of the interference pattern for the photoproduced J/ψ in Au+Au UPC at √sNN = 200 with the STAR experiment.
In Berlin we met again, The YM Leadership Meeting glamoring the EPS forum of 2024!
Authors: Grigoryan Anna , Almassu Serina , Valderrama Carmen Martín
Published: June 2024

The Young Minds project of the European Physical Society is committed to its foundation as a global connecting hub for physicists and early career scientists from every country in Europe and its surroundings. Therefore, and as every year, the Young Minds project hosts the annual leadership meeting where representatives from every student-run chapter (section) are invited to join us for two outstanding days of scientific research skills and career development in addition to priceless networking opportunities.
Predictive Analysis of Patient Risk of Death in ICU: A Bibliometric Analysis
Authors: Kuan Li Chung , Chin Lin Yen , De Li Jin , Cheng Cheng Yu , Tuao Zhang , Zixian Yang , Roy Debopriyo
Published: June 2024

This bibliometric analysis explores the synergy of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly machine learning, and biomedical signal processing in predicting patient mortality risk within the intensive care unit (ICU). Utilizing a comprehensive literature review, the study assesses the research landscape by applying these techniques to ICU data. Examining diverse data sources like vital signs and electronic health records, the analysis identifies trends and gaps in existing work, emphasizing AI’s potential for resource allocation and preventative care to enhance ICU outcomes. Structured within a bibliometric framework, the review encompasses methodological approaches, results, and discussions, while addressing clinical and ethical perspectives on mortality prediction. Challenges related to data, model performance, and fairness are evaluated through a bibliometric lens. The research questions underscore the importance of understanding past literature trends in predictive analysis for ICU patients. The review methodologically explores recent studies employing word representation models, impact assessments, and risk prediction of vital signs. Global research trends in AI for critical care are identified based on bibliographic data between 2013 and 2022. Noteworthy contributions, such as a sepsis dataset, are highlighted within the bibliometric analysis. In conclusion, this bibliometric analysis positions itself at the intersection of AI and critical care, emphasizing the importance of bibliographic data in understanding past trends, methodologies, and impactful contributions. It sets the stage for future directions in the evolving landscape of ICU predictive analytics within a bibliometric framework.
A Meta-Analysis on the process of how to understand Semantic Correlation Rules
Authors: Otter Lukas , Elbe Laura , Duss Yannik
Published: June 2024

The academic training of young professionals plays a particularly important role in the field of technical communication (TC). Since well-trained specialists are in great demand in this domain, it’s important for students to successfully learn semantic correlation rules. But there must be a good interaction between different parties because students face major challenges when it comes to TC topics such as content management, metadata management or semantic technologies. There are several challenges to understanding in the considered case of semantic modelling and technical communication in general. However, this paper does not just show different ways of bringing together the different perspectives of students, lecturers and institutions related to a specialized course on semantic correlation rules. Rather, it develops a new area of work that enables new collaborations and takes the field of technical communication to a new level.
An interactive music rhythm game in VR using HMD and full-body tracking
Authors: Fujimura Akinari , Cohen Michael
Published: June 2024

The evolution of full-tracking devices has advanced to the point where full-tracking, which was previously a hurdle for individuals, is now easily possible. There is a need to explore the usefulness of full tracking devices and their potential to improve the VR gaming experience. The purpose of this study is to explore how full tracking can expand the VR gaming experience by developing a VR music rhythm game using a fullbody tracking device, exploring how can this device expand the gaming experience?
Verhalten der Stute in der Geburt – eine
Literaturübersicht
Authors: Lindinger Hannah , Wehrend Axel
Published: June 2024

Die Geburt des Pferdes ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es bei Verzögerungen sehr
schnell zum Tod des Fohlens kommt. Daher ist eine Geburtsüberwachung bzw. die
möglichst schnelle Erkennung einer Dystokie von großer Bedeutung. Dazu ist es
wichtig, zwischen Verhalten, das mit einer physiologischen Geburt und mit einer
Schwergeburt assoziiert ist, zu unterscheiden. Ziel dieser Veröffentlichung ist
es daher, anhand einer Literaturübersicht das physiologische Verhalten von
Stuten in der Geburt darzustellen. Das Verhalten der Stuten in der Öffnungsphase
der Geburt ist sehr individuell. Generell ist es durch eine Erhöhung der
Bewegungsaktivität gekennzeichnet. In dieser Phase sind 13 verschiedene
Verhaltensweisen beschrieben (z. B. Hinlegen und Aufstehen, Einstellen der
Futteraufnahme, lokales Schwitzen, häufiger Kot- und Harnabsatz). In der
Austreibungsphase und Nachgeburtsphase zeigen Stuten ein einheitlicheres
Verhaltensmuster. Über 95% der Stuten gebären in Seitenlage. Nach der Expulsion
des Fetus bleiben Stuten in der Regel noch einige Minuten liegen. Unmittelbar
nach dem Aufstehen beginnen die Stuten intensiv mit dem Fohlen Kontakt
aufzunehmen. Die Expulsion der Nachgeburt erfolgt meist im Stehen. Für die
Praxis ist festzuhalten, dass die Erkennung der Geburt in der Öffnungsphase der
Geburt aufgrund der individuellen Verhaltensweisen der Stuten schwierig ist.
Relation between Burnout and Psychosocial Factors in Health Care Providers and Family Caregivers of Patients with Cancer
Authors: Asha D. , Padmaja G. , Rao C. Raghavendra
Published: June 2024

Introduction Burnout has been widely studied among oncology health care providers such as nurses and doctors. However, it is a less explored but highly prevalent factor in family caregivers of patients with cancer.

Objective The study aimed to understand the construct of burnout among health care providers and family caregivers of patients with cancer, through three objectives: (1) to distinguish burnout between health care providers and family caregivers; (2) to predict burnout based on measurable characteristics, namely, perceived stress, psychological morbidity, well-being, problem-focused coping, emotion-focused coping, and avoidant coping; and (3) to find out the levels of burnout (low, medium, and high) in health care providers and family caregivers.

Materials and Methods It is a cross-sectional study conducted among the health care providers and family caregivers of patients with cancer. The measures used in the study were the Professional Quality of Life scale, 12-Item General Health Questionnaire, Perceived Stress Scale, 5-Item World Health Organization Well-Being Index, Brief COPE inventory, and a sociodemographic details form.

Results The study found a statistically significant difference in the mean burnout of health care providers (p = 0.027) and family caregivers. Study variables such as perceived stress and avoidant coping positively predicted burnout, whereas well-being and emotion-focused coping negatively predicted burnout. The study also found that a majority of the participants fell into the category of “medium” level of burnout.

Conclusion While enhancing well-being and employing adaptive coping styles can act as the mitigating factors to burnout, the existence of stress and maladaptive styles of coping can prove counterproductive in dealing with burnout in work environments. This indicates that there is a need for psychosocial interventions to help the medical professionals deal with the burnout.
Post-immunotherapy CTLA-4 Ig treatment improves antitumor efficacy
Authors: Mok Stephen , Ağaç Çobanoğlu Didem , Liu Huey , Mancuso James J. , Allison James P.
Published: June 2024

Immune checkpoint therapies (ICT) improve overall survival of patients with cancer but may cause immune-related adverse events (irAEs) such as myocarditis. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 immunoglobulin fusion protein (CTLA-4 Ig), an inhibitor of T cell costimulation through CD28, reverses irAEs in animal models. However, concerns exist about potentially compromising antitumor response of ICT. In mouse tumor models, we administered CTLA-4 Ig 1) concomitantly with ICT or 2) after ICT completion. Concomitant treatment reduced antitumor efficacy, while post-ICT administration improved efficacy without affecting frequency and function of CD8 T cells. The improved response was independent of the ICT used, whether CTLA-4 or PD-1 blockade. The frequency of Tregs was significantly decreased with CTLA-4 Ig. The resulting increased CD8/Treg ratio potentially underlies the enhanced efficacy of ICT followed by CTLA-4 Ig. This paradoxical mechanism shows that a CTLA-4 Ig regimen shown to reduce irAE severity does not compromise antitumor efficacy.
Capacitating One Health in Eastern and Southern Africa: Experiences and Implications in Ethiopia
Authors: Tadesse Yordanos , Mor Siobhan , Knight-Jones Theo , Richards Shauna , Kaba Mirgissa
Published: June 2024

The Capacitating One Health in Eastern and Southern Africa (COHESA) project team has embarked on an initiative to assess and enhance the OH landscape in Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA). To achieve the institutionalization and operationalization of OH, the project team has developed a multifaceted evaluation tool to assess the status of OH across research and innovation, governance, education, and implementation. The major findings of this assessment reveal a complex landscape of challenges and opportunities in Ethiopia. Within research and innovation, Ethiopia faces gaps in institutionalization and awareness of OH approaches and principles. In the field of education, participants emphasize the absence of formal OH education aligned with the education system in Ethiopia, emphasizing the need for robust action to align OH approaches and principles into the existing curriculum. Additionally, the governance structure for OH is not fully institutionalized, necessitating policy attention and resource allocation. Implementation of OH efforts also encounters challenges due to the lack of formal institutionalization and dedicated budgets. The Ethiopian COHESA team has developed a comprehensive plan to address these major thematic findings through advocacy, documentation of evidence, capacity building, and the championing of OH at all levels (regional and national). This case underscores the importance of government ownership and collaboration among stakeholders to bridge gaps and establish a solid foundation for OH in Ethiopia. This work also sheds light on Ethiopia’s journey toward institutionalizing and implementing OH practices and serves as a valuable resource for other countries seeking to embark on similar initiatives.

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The Regenerative Vanua Journey: Rekindling the Connection and Regeneration of Vanua through Regenerative Agritourism Experiences
Authors: Addinsall Cherise , Spooner Jerry , Pollock Anna , Rakau-Tokatakee Laurana , Mackenzie-Reur Votausi , Barrett John , Bibi Patricia , Addinsall Eva
Published: June 2024

This case study explores the journey of the not-for-profit Regenerative Vanua, which is an organisation operating in the South Pacific and is responsible for research, training and development support for regenerative agritourism and regenerative landscapes. Since its inception, Regenerative Vanua has developed the Regenerative Agritourism Pathway Recognition Program and the Regenerative Agritourism Framework, and in 2022 was awarded the Islands Innovations Award for the programs piloted in Vanuatu. Regenerative Vanua is now collaborating with the Global Agritourism Network, the Pasifika Agritourism Network, the Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, the World Indigenous Tourism Alliance, Pacific Island Food Revolution, the European Union, the Australian Centre for International Agriculture Research, and the Australian Centre for Pacific Islands Research to apply what has been learned in Vanuatu throughout the Pacific Islands. The first Global Regenerative Agritourism Symposium – held in Vanuatu in June 2024 – spotlights the incredible work being done in the Pacific and allows the world to see that it is Pacific Islanders who are helping to lead us all into a regenerative future.

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© The Authors 2024
Dynamic responses of Salmonella Typhimurium to re-exposure to sublethal ciprofloxacin
Authors: Yi Jiseok , Kim Junhwan , Ahn Juhee
Published: June 2024

This study was designed to evaluate the history-dependent behaviors of Salmonella Typhimurium re-exposed to sublethal levels of ciprofloxacin. The S. Typhimurium cells were pre-exposed to 0 (CON), 1/16 (LOW), 1/8 (MED), and 1/4 (HIGH) minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ciprofloxacin, followed by re-exposure to the same concentrations. The bacterial growth, postantibiotic effect (PAE), relative fitness, and swimming motility of treatments were evaluated in the absence of ciprofloxacin. The lag phase duration (LPD) was estimate to assess bacterial recovery under ciprofloxacin exposure. A disk diffusion assay was used to determine the cross-resistance and collateral sensitivity of CON, LOW, MED, and HIGH treatments to ciprofloxacin (CIP), ceftriaxone (CEF), erythromycin (ERY), gentamicin (GEN), and polymyxin B (POL). The S. Typhimurium cells pre-exposed to ciprofloxacin were susceptible in antibiotic-free media, showing delayed growth. The highest PAE (>1 h) and bacterial fluctuation (CV = 5%) were observed at the High treatment compared to the CON. The HIGH treatment had the lowest relative fitness levels (0.87) and swimming motility (55 mm). The LPD was significantly decreased at the LOW treatment (1.8 h) when re-exposed to 1/16 × MIC of ciprofloxacin. The LOW, MED, and HIGH treatments showed the cross-resistance to POL and the collateral sensitivity to CEF, ERY, and GEN. The pre-exposure to ciprofloxacin could induce phenotypic diversity, corresponding to the history-dependent behaviors. These results provide important insights for the dynamic nature of bacterial populations when re-exposed to sublethal concentrations of antibiotics.
Article 1 of the 1970 UNESCO Convention: Definition of ‘Cultural Property’
Authors: Janet Blake
Published: June 2024

This chapter focuses on Article 1 of the 1970 UNESCO Convention. It explains that the term ‘cultural property’ means property specifically designated by each State as being of importance for archaeology, prehistory, history, literature, art or science. ‘Cultural property’ had been the term of art used in most cultural heritage treaties and other instruments preceding the adoption of the 1970 Convention, but it only gained traction after the 1972 World Heritage Convention used it for treaty-making. Moreover, The Operational Guidelines to the 1970 Convention offer some further guidance on the application of Article 1. The chapter also details the drafting history of the Convention's Article 1.
The Regulation of International Trade
Authors: Kamal Saggi , Simon Schropp
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines the various economic rationales that underlie international trade agreements and analyses how the principal rules and design features of such agreements help achieve their key objectives. Our contribution is twofold. First, we provide an intuitive discussion of the economics of international trade agreements in general and the GATT 1947/WTO Agreement in particular. Second, we examine the economic underpinnings of some of the key rules of the international trading system, including the most-favored-nation and the national-treatment obligations, the principle of reciprocity, as well as various exceptions to non-discrimination found in the GATT 1947/WTO system, and address some important regulatory developments since the early GATT years.
The Regulation of International Trade and (Democratic) Legitimacy
Authors: Manfred Elsig
Published: June 2024

This chapter focuses on how recent developments in the trading system can be assessed in light of concepts of (democratic) legitimacy. It addresses input and output legitimacy concerns and discusses how the politics in the World Trade Organization and in the growing network of preferential trade agreements have evolved in recent years. Overall, the chapter argues that the perceived level of legitimacy of venues for international trade regulation has decreased in recent years, starting with the trade policy turn during the Trump Administration. The chapter also provides a cautionary note that increasing US-China rivalry and the rise of populism will further negatively impact on the overall perceived legitimacy of international trade institutions.
Trade Law in Europe
Authors: Holger P Hestermeyer
Published: June 2024

The European Union is one of the three largest actors in world trade and one of the world’s most influential regulators. This chapter gives an overview over the European Union’s rules for intra-EU trade, describing the EU customs union and its internal market including the ‘four freedoms’ as well as other EU treaty provisions on the internal market and legislative measures taken to further strengthen the market. It then proceeds to explain the European Union’s external trade policy. Finally, the chapter explains how the United Kingdom withdrew from the European Union and the consequences of this process with regard to both EU-UK trade and UK trade with other states. For readers who are not familiar with the European Union and EU law, the chapter begins with an overview of the EU legal order. Readers familiar with EU law are invited to skip this section.
Africa and Trade and Investment Liberalization
Authors: Kholofelo Kugler , Mulualem Getachew Adgeh
Published: June 2024

African trade and investment relations have been shaped by external partners and institutions, as well as Africa’s own aspiration for European Union-style regional economic integration. The continent’s economic trajectory has been mainly underpinned by economic liberalization. However, African countries have generally conservatively followed mainstream trade models, rules, and institutions, while being more activist and innovative in investment rulemaking for sustainable development. Unlike investor disputes, African countries also have limited experience in international trade disputes within their regional economic communities and at the World Trade Organization. The African Continental Free Trade Agreement offers African countries an opportunity to forge an ambitious and robust continental economic regime and to facilitate African economies’ industrialization. While progress has been steady in recent years, the fate of Africa’s economic integration within the continent and into the global economy largely hinges on the successful implementation of this agreement.
An Introduction to Core Principles of International Trade Law
Authors: Katherine Connolly , Nicolas Lockhart
Published: June 2024

This chapter sets out the core principles of international trade law, covering the typical range of obligations and exceptions that apply to international trade in goods and services, under both the WTO covered agreements and FTAs. The first two topics cover the “bedrock” principles of international trade law: market access (covering tariff barriers, quantitative restrictions, non-tariff barriers, and some services-specific market access considerations); and non-discrimination (as between domestic and imported goods; and between imported goods from different sources). The third topic covers various ‘good governance’ obligations, which require transparency and proper administration by national authorities, with respect to their trade-related measures. The penultimate topic covers obligations that balance competing trade interests of different WTO Members, including permitted grounds for preferential trade treatment of imports, the grant of subsidies, and the imposition of trade remedies on imports. Finally, we consider the rules that look to balance competing trade and non-trade interests, including the general and security exceptions in the GATT 1994, and the SPS and TBT Agreements.
Trade Remedies in International Trade
Authors: Hugo Perezcano Díaz
Published: June 2024

Antidumping duties, countervailing duties, and safeguards are trade remedies allowing a country to protect its domestic industry from import competition. Some view them as barriers to trade; others as safety nets that allow States to more confidently agree to greater liberalization. Dumping is defined as the introduction of a product into the commerce of another country at is less than its normal value. The antidumping system is ultimately about price comparability to determine if there is price discrimination. In contrast, subsidies are used to pursue wide-ranging governmental objectives. A subsidy involves the transfer of an economic benefit by government to the recipient’s advantage. Safeguards are measures that temporarily restrict imports that, as a result of unforeseen developments and trade liberalization, are causing or threatening to cause serious injury to domestic producers of like or directly competitive products. Their purpose is to offer protection from import competition so that the domestic industry can make the necessary adjustments that will allow it to compete. Despite their economic inefficiencies, trade remedies play an important role in the world trading system, and will likely do so into the future. That is not to say, however, that the world should be complacent. Trade remedies are not a cure for all trade ailments. They are intended to remedy very particular situations and should be used accordingly. The sheer number of cases involving trade remedies indicates that they have not been. Efforts to progressively discipline them should continue.
Undergraduate Medical Education Curriculum Reforms in Pakistan: A Mixed Methods Study of Academic Leadership Perspectives
Authors: Bakhshi Saqib Kamran , Afzal Noreen , Merchant Asma Altaf Hussain , Abdul Rahim Komal , Shaikh Namra Qadeer , Noorali Ali Aahil , Lakhdir Maryam Pyar Ali , Tariq Muhammad , Haider Adil H.
Published: June 2024

Purpose

Periodic revision of undergraduate medical education (UGME) curricula is an essential part of evidence-based educational practices. Pakistan’s national UGME curriculum, last updated in 2005, was reviewed, and recommended updates were made in 2022. The authors explore academic medical school leaders’ perspectives about the proposed reforms, gaps within the existing curriculum, and how to ensure the reform implementation is effective, collaborative, and feedback-driven.

Method

Using a mixed methods approach, data were collected from April to July 2022. Academic leadership (principals, who could designate vice principals or medical educators) at all medical schools across Pakistan (n = 117) were invited. Agreement with each of 20 proposed reforms was measured via a survey employing a Likert scale. A semistructured interview guide expanded on the survey questions with probes.

Results

Eighty-eight survey responses, from private (59; 67.0%) and public (29; 33.0%) institutions, were obtained (75.2% response rate). Participants recommended most of the proposed reforms. The 3 reforms that received the highest agreement were teaching professionalism as an integral part of the curriculum (83; 94.3%), mandating bedside procedural skills training (80; 90.9%), and including patient safety in the UGME curriculum (79; 89.8%). Including multidisciplinary tumor boards and surgical oncology had the lowest agreement (26; 29.5%). Fifteen interviews were conducted, which revealed 3 major themes: perceptions about changes to the curricular content, limitation of human and financial resources as barriers to reform implementation, and recommendations for effective implementation of an updated curriculum.

Conclusions

The findings reflect an overall positive attitude of academic medical school leadership toward the 20 proposed UGME curriculum reforms, which could aid with on-the-ground implementation. However, major limitations, such as a lack of trained faculty and financial resources, must be addressed. The authors propose future research on the resources required for implementing UGME reforms and the reforms’ impact after national implementation.
All You Need Is Music: Supporting Medical Students’ Emotional Development With a Music-Based Pedagogy
Authors: Rivas Marcelo B.S. , Cruvinel Agnes F.C. , Sacardo Daniele P. , Schubert Daniel U.C. , Bteshe Mariana , de Carvalho-Filho Marco A.
Published: June 2024

Problem

Although the practice of medicine is often emotionally challenging, medical curricula seldom systematically address the emotional development of medical students. To fill this gap, the authors developed and evaluated an innovative pedagogical activity based on music to nurture medical students’ emotional development. The authors believe that the metaphoric nature of music offers an efficient venue for exploring emotion perception, expression, and regulation.

Approach

The pedagogical activity Emotions in Medicine was carried out throughout 2020 and 2021 and consisted of 4 encounters to explore: (1) emotion perception, (2) emotion expression, (3) emotion regulation, and (4) the role of emotions in medical practice. During all encounters, the authors used music to evoke students’ emotions and focused the discussions on the relevance of emotions for meaningful medical practice. Emotional intelligence before and after the workshop was tested using the Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test (SSEIT), a validated psychometric scale.

Outcomes

The workshop facilitated emotional connection among students and created a safe space to explore the role of emotions in medical practice. The mean total pretest SSEIT score was 110 (SD = 14.2); it increased to 116.8 (SD = 16.1) in the posttest (P < .001). This increase was true across its 4 dimensions: (1) perception of emotions, (2) management of own emotions (3) management of others’ emotions, and (4) use of emotions.

Next Steps

Music can be an active tool to explore the role of emotions in medical practice. It fosters students’ capacity to identify and reflect on emotions while exploring their role in patient care. Further (qualitative) research is needed to explore the mechanisms by which music facilitates learning emotion perception, expression, and regulation.