bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revanchism via Pedestrianism: Street‐level Bureaucracy in the Production of Uneven Policing Landscapes
Authors: Levy Joshua J.
Published: December 2020

The emergence over the last decade of large numbers of vulnerable EU citizens begging on Swedish streets has led to ambivalent responses from the Swedish state, including from local police forces charged with policing public order. Based on research including interviews with vulnerable EU citizens and with police officials in two socio‐economically divergent areas of Stockholm, this paper seeks to understand how policing practices are motivated and enacted towards this group and how these practices are experienced by those targeted. The results reveal a set of policing practices which, whilst framed within a depoliticised logic of what Nicholas Blomley calls “pedestrianism”, work to produce spatially uneven punitive landscapes for those begging. The paper argues that understanding the role of police as “street‐level bureaucrats” (following Michael Lipsky), with the agency to escalate or soften revanchist landscapes, is fundamental to understanding the contingencies at the heart of punitive urbanisms.
Fears for the future: A qualitative exploration of the experiences of individuals living with multiple sclerosis, and its impact upon the family from the perspective of the person with MS
Authors: Hunter Rachael , Parry Bryoni , Thomas Ceri
Published: December 2020

Objectives

Notorious for its unpredictable nature, Multiple sclerosis (MS) can have a profound impact on all areas of a person’s life, as well as the lives of their family. The aim of this qualitative study was to develop an in‐depth understanding of the experiences of individuals living with MS and its impact upon the family system from the perspective of the person with M.

Methods

Qualitative data were collected through semi‐structured interviews conducted with 14 people living with MS (pwMS). Interviews lasted for approx. 1 hr, were digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim. Anonymized data were then analysed using thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006, Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77).

Results

The themes identified within participant narratives reflected the turbulent emotions experienced by pwMS after diagnosis and the impact upon their family. Three key themes were identified with six subthemes. The central themes were feeling let down by health care, fears for the future, and finding a way forward. Fears about loss of autonomy and independence characterized the narratives that notably focussed upon impact on the self, despite the study emphasis. Discussions of suicide also featured.

Conclusions

The data demonstrate the psychosocial impact of living with MS as life‐changing, encompassing traumatic losses and adaptation that was ongoing. The findings highlight the important role of health professionals and the dynamic impact of illness identity and engulfment. Opportunities to improve patient care by acknowledging the emotional impact of MS are discussed. Targeted and timely interventions to enhance psychological well‐being, and areas for future research are considered.
MCM10 compensates for Myc‐induced DNA replication stress in breast cancer stem‐like cells
Authors: Murayama Takahiko , Takeuchi Yasuto , Yamawaki Kaoru , Natsume Toyoaki , Li Mengjiao , Marcela Rojas‐Chaverra N. , Nishimura Tatsunori , Kogure Yuta , Nakata Asuka , Tominaga Kana , Sasahara Asako , Yano Masao , Ishikawa Satoko , Ohta Tetsuo , Ikeda Kazuhiro , Horie‐Inoue Kuniko , Inoue Satoshi , Seki Masahide , Suzuki Yutaka , Sugano Sumio , Enomoto Takayuki , Tanabe Masahiko , Tada Kei‐ichiro , Kanemaki Masato T. , Okamoto Koji , Tojo Arinobu , Gotoh Noriko
Published: December 2020

Cancer stem‐like cells (CSCs) induce drug resistance and recurrence of tumors when they experience DNA replication stress. However, the mechanisms underlying DNA replication stress in CSCs and its compensation remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that upregulated c‐Myc expression induces stronger DNA replication stress in patient‐derived breast CSCs than in differentiated cancer cells. Our results suggest critical roles for mini‐chromosome maintenance protein 10 (MCM10), a firing (activating) factor of DNA replication origins, to compensate for DNA replication stress in CSCs. MCM10 expression is upregulated in CSCs and is maintained by c‐Myc. c‐Myc‐dependent collisions between RNA transcription and DNA replication machinery may occur in nuclei, thereby causing DNA replication stress. MCM10 may activate dormant replication origins close to these collisions to ensure the progression of replication. Moreover, patient‐derived breast CSCs were found to be dependent on MCM10 for their maintenance, even after enrichment for CSCs that were resistant to paclitaxel, the standard chemotherapeutic agent. Further, MCM10 depletion decreased the growth of cancer cells, but not of normal cells. Therefore, MCM10 may robustly compensate for DNA replication stress and facilitate genome duplication in cancer cells in the S‐phase, which is more pronounced in CSCs. Overall, we provide a preclinical rationale to target the c‐Myc‐MCM10 axis for preventing drug resistance and recurrence of tumors.
Dietary intervention as a therapeutic for cancer
Authors: Morita Mami , Kudo Kei , Shima Hiroshi , Tanuma Nobuhiro
Published: December 2020

Cancer metabolism is influenced by availability of nutrients in the microenvironment and can to some extent be manipulated by dietary modifications that target oncogenic metabolism. As yet, few dietary interventions have been scientifically proven to mitigate disease progression or enhance any other kind of therapy in human cancer. However, recent advances in the understanding of cancer metabolism enable us to predict or devise effective dietary interventions that might antagonize tumor growth. In fact, evidence emerging from preclinical models suggests that appropriate combinations of specific cancer therapies with dietary interventions could critically impact therapeutic efficacy. Here, we review the potential benefits of precision nutrition approaches in augmenting the efficacy of cancer treatment.
Prolactinoma in childhood and adolescence—Tumour size at presentation predicts management strategy: Single centre series and a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Arya Ved Bhushan , Aylwin Simon J. B. , Hulse Tony , Ajzensztejn Michal , Kalitsi Jennifer , Kalogirou Nicolas , Bodi Istvan , Thomas Nick , Hampton Tim , Kapoor Ritika R. , Buchanan Charles R.
Published: December 2020

Objective

To report the clinical presentation, management and outcomes of young patients with prolactinomas (<20 years) and conduct a systematic review and meta‐analysis.

Patients and Design

Clinical, biochemical and radiological data (1996‐2018) were collected from our centre. A systematic review and meta‐analysis of published literature (1994‐2019) on prolactinoma (age <20 years) were conducted. Both random and fixed effects meta‐analysis were used to pool outcomes across studies.

Results 1 Case series

Twenty‐two patients (14 females) were identified; median age at diagnosis 15.7 years (range 13‐19); 12 patients (6 females) had a macroprolactinoma. Seven patients (macroprolactinoma‐6) had associated pituitary hormone deficiencies at presentation. Five patients (4 males) underwent surgical resection due to poor response to cabergoline or apoplexy. Patients undergoing surgery had larger tumours (p < .02) and higher serum prolactin concentration (p < .005). All patients with macroprolactinoma >20 mm required surgical intervention.

Results 2 Systematic review and meta‐analysis

We selected 11 studies according to strict inclusion criteria describing 275 patients. Macroprolactinoma was more common in girls (78.7% [95% CI 70.5‐85.9]) than boys and was more frequent than microprolactinoma (56.6% [95% CI 48.4‐64.5]). In males, only 6/57 (10.5%) of tumours were microprolactinoma as compared to 102/198 (51.5%) microprolactinoma in females (risk difference −0.460; [95% CI −0.563 to −0.357]; p < .001). Surgery was first‐line therapy in 18.9% patients, with another 15.4% requiring it as a second line (overall 31.3%).

Conclusions

Macroprolactinoma, particularly if >20 mm, usually requires multimodal therapy including surgical intervention. While overall prolactinomas in <20 years age group are more common in females, the proportion of macroprolactinoma vs microprolactinoma is greater in males, particularly for large invasive tumours. Microprolactinoma is a rare diagnosis in adolescent males.
Implantoplasty: Carbide burs vs diamond sonic tips. An in vitro study
Authors: Sivolella Stefano , Brunello Giulia , Michelon Filippo , Concheri Gianmaria , Graiff Lorenzo , Meneghello Roberto
Published: December 2020

Objectives

Implantoplasty (IP) is a treatment option for peri‐implantitis. Mechanical concerns were raised on fracture resistance of implants subjected to this procedure. This study aimed to compare two methods of IP in terms of implant wear and fracture resistance, and of surface topography.

Material and methods

Eighteen cylindrical screw‐shaped dental implants (4 mm diameter, 13 mm length) with an external hexagonal connection were used. IP was performed on the first 6‐mm implant surface with a sequence of burs or diamond sonic tips, both followed by an Arkansas finishing. IP duration and implant weight variation were recorded. Micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) was used to evaluate material loss. Implant fracture resistance was assessed by static compression test. Surface topography analysis was performed with a stylus profilometer. Scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM‐EDS) was applied for implant surface morphology and elemental characterization.

Results

Micro‐CT showed less material loss in sonic compared to burs. No statistically significant difference was found between the mean fracture resistance values reached in bur and sonic, both followed by Arkansas, and with respect to control. IP performed with burs led to a smoother surface compared to sonic. Equivalent final surface roughness was found after Arkansas in both IP procedures. SEM‐EDS showed a deburring effect associated to sonic and revealed carbon and aluminum peaks attributable to contamination with sonic diamond tips and Arkansas bur, respectively.

Conclusions

IP with sonic diamond tips was found to be more conservative in terms of structure loss. This could have a clinical relevance in case of narrow‐diameter implants.
Inhibitory control and impulsive responses in neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: Mirabella Giovanni
Published: December 2020

The impairment of inhibitory control is often assumed to be the core deficit of several neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by poor impulse control. However, could the same deficit explain different clinical phenotypes? Evidence from behavioural studies is very mixed. This is partly because inhibition is a highly complex executive function. Thus, the different types of tasks that generically tap into inhibitory control are likely to provide different outcomes. Additionally, sample inhomogeneity in terms of age, comorbidity, and medical treatment are confounding factors. Therefore, to make a reliable assessment of the deficit of inhibitory control in a given disorder, the same task and samples with similar characteristics must be employed. This article reviews and discusses studies on five neurodevelopmental disorders with impaired impulse control where these criteria have been used: Tourette syndrome; obsessive–compulsive disorder; attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder; primary motor stereotypies; and autism spectrum disorder. Overall, they suggest that the mechanisms underlying the inability to control urges are extremely heterogeneous and cannot be ascribed to a general impairment of inhibition. These findings do not support the hypothesis that inhibitory deficits represent a transdiagnostic feature of neurodevelopmental disorders with poor impulse control.

What this paper adds

The mechanisms underlying the inability to control urges in neurodevelopmental disorders are heterogeneous.

Inhibition impairments cannot generally explain all neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by poor urge control.
Estimating Classification Decisions for Incomplete Tests
Authors: Feinberg Richard A.
Published: December 2020

Unforeseen complications during the administration of large‐scale testing programs are inevitable and can prevent examinees from accessing all test material. For classification tests in which the primary purpose is to yield a decision, such as a pass/fail result, the current study investigated a model‐based standard error approach, Bayesian Inference, Binomial Distribution, and Lord–Wingersky Recursion methods to estimate the consistency of making these classification decisions on an incomplete test. Using operational data from a high‐stakes licensure examination, where items are presented in random order, results indicated that all methods were successful in eliminating misclassification when at least half the test was completed. Results from both Binomial and Recursion methods were nearly indistinguishable, yet differences emerged when item sequence was manipulated into difficulty order. Bayesian Inference was the most flexible, relatively unaffected by whether or not the items were randomly presented; however, representative prior data were required, which limits its practical utility. Implications for use in practice, relevant policy decisions, and feasibility for operational implementation are discussed.
COVID‐19 in multiple sclerosis patients: susceptibility, severity risk factors and serological response
Authors: Zabalza Ana , Cárdenas‐Robledo Simón , Tagliani Paula , Arrambide Georgina , Otero‐Romero Susana , Carbonell‐Mirabent Pere , Rodriguez‐Barranco Marta , Rodríguez‐Acevedo Breogán , Restrepo Vera Juan Luis , Resina‐Salles Mireia , Midaglia Luciana , Vidal‐Jordana Angela , Río Jordi , Galan Ingrid , Castillo Joaquin , Cobo‐Calvo Álvaro , Comabella Manuel , Nos Carlos , Sastre‐Garriga Jaume , Tintore Mar , Montalban Xavier
Published: December 2020

Background and purpose

Information regarding multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) is scarce. The study objective was to describe the incidence and characteristics of MS patients with COVID‐19, to identify susceptibility and severity risk factors and to assess the proportion of positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) serologies according to disease‐modifying treatments.

Methods

This was a retrospective study of an MS cohort analysing data collected between February and May 2020. Cases were identified through an email survey and clinical visits. The relationship of demographic and MS characteristics with COVID‐19 and of the disease‐modifying treatments with SARS‐CoV‐2 serostatus were examined.

Results

Data from 48 suspected cases out of 758 valid respondents and from 45 COVID‐19 cases identified through clinical visits were collected. Incidence was 6.3%. Nineteen (20.3%) patients were hospitalized and two (2.2%) died. Multivariable models determined that age (odds ratio [OR] per 10 years 0.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.34–0.85), contact with a confirmed case (OR 197.02, 95% CI 56.36–688.79), residence in Barcelona (OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.03–4.80), MS duration (OR per 5 years 1.41, 95% CI 1.09–1.83) and time on anti‐CD20 treatment (OR per 2 years 3.48, 95% CI 1.44–8.45) were independent factors for presenting COVID‐19 and age (OR per 10 years 2.71, 95% CI 1.13–6.53) for a severe COVID‐19. Out of the 79 (84.9%) with serological test, 45.6% generated antibodies, but only 17.6% of those on anti‐CD20 therapies. Lymphopaenia or immunoglobulin levels did not relate to COVID‐19.

Conclusions

Multiple sclerosis patients present similar incidence, risk factors and outcomes for COVID‐19 as the general population. Patients treated with an anti‐CD20 therapy for a longer period of time might be at a higher risk of COVID‐19 and less than 20% generate an antibody response. Only age was related to severity.
Functional non‐coding RNAs in vascular diseases
Authors: Ono Koh , Horie Takahiro , Baba Osamu , Kimura Masahiro , Tsuji Shuhei , Rodriguez Randolph Ruiz , Miyagawa Sawa , Kimura Takeshi
Published: December 2020

Recently, advances in genomic technology such as RNA sequencing and genome‐wide profiling have enabled the identification of considerable numbers of non‐coding RNAs (ncRNAs). MicroRNAs have been studied for decades, leading to the identification of those with disease‐causing and/or protective effects in vascular disease. Although other ncRNAs such as long ncRNAs have not been fully described yet, recent studies have indicated their important functions in the development of vascular diseases. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the mechanisms and functions of ncRNAs, focusing on microRNAs, circular RNAs and long ncRNAs in vascular diseases.
Estimating the spawning ground of Pacific saury Cololabis saira by using the distribution and geographical variation in maturation status of adult fish during the main spawning season
Authors: Fuji Taiki , Kurita Yutaka , Suyama Satoshi , Ambe Daisuke
Published: December 2020

We analyzed distribution and differences in body length, age, and maturation rate of Pacific saury Cololabis saira in the western North Pacific Ocean, during the main spawning season (winter), to locate its spawning ground. Sampling was conducted in the coastal area north of the Kuroshio axis (CA), the offshore area of the southern Japanese archipelago (SA), and the area east of the Honshu Island (EA) from 1996 to 2017. Higher densities of Pacific saury were widely observed on or just north (within 100–200 km) of the axis of the Kuroshio and the Kuroshio Extension currents. Body length, age composition, and sea‐surface temperature (SST) differed across the studied areas, with larger fish (>250 mm knob length, mainly age‐1) dominating at higher SST (16–21°C) in the SA and smaller fish (<250 mm knob length, age‐0) dominating at lower SST (14–16°C) in the EA. In the CA, both SST and body length values were in between those in the SA and EA. The area where matured Pacific saury were collected was broadly distributed in the study area, except for the CA and a part of the Transition zone where the SST was low and mean body length was short. This study suggests that the main spawning ground during winter, where the area of high density and high maturation rate overlap, is formed on or just north of the Kuroshio and the Kuroshio Extension axis.
Tumour budding and CD8+ T cells: ‘attackers’ and ‘defenders’ in rectal cancer with and without neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy
Authors: Georges Nadine D F , Oberli Beatrice , Rau Tilman T , Galván José A , Nagtegaal Iris D , Dawson Heather , Blank Annika , Kohler Andreas , Lugli Alessandro , Zlobec Inti
Published: December 2020

Aim

Tumour budding (‘attacker’) and CD8+ T cells (‘defender’) are recognised as important parameters for risk stratification in colon cancers and, combined, may have an even stronger clinical impact. Here, we determine the value of tumour budding and CD8+ in rectal cancer patients treated with/without neoadjuvant therapy.

Methods and results

Using digital scans of all tumour slides/case, we analysed CD8+ T cell counts in two patient cohorts: 45 neoadjuvantly treated and 47 primarily surgically treated (totalling n = 543 slides) after double‐staining of the surgical resection specimen for pan‐cytokeratin and CD8+. Tumour buds in hot‐spots were manually counted (area = 0.785 mm2) and CD8+ T cell counts were analysed separately both in tumour budding hot‐spots and the densest CD8+ regions throughout the tumour. In neoadjuvantly treated patients, only tumour budding and not CD8+ T cells was associated with tumour features, including more advanced ypT (P = 0.0062), venous invasion (P = 0.002), lymphatic invasion (P = 0.0003) and perineural invasion (P = 0.0017), as well as higher American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) tumour regression score (P = 0.0035), indicating less tumour response. Overall survival was also worse in patients with high‐grade budding in univariate analysis only. In contrast, all three variables, namely tumour budding (P = 0.0347), CD8+ T cells in budding hot‐spots (P = 0.0382) and CD8+ T cells in the densest areas (P = 0.0117) were also associated with worse (budding) and better (CD8) survival time in the multivariate setting.

Conclusion

In rectal cancer, tumour budding has clinical relevance in both primarily surgically treated patients and in those with neoadjuvantly treated patients, where it characterises highly aggressive residual disease. CD8+ T cell counts appear not to have prognostic relevance in the neoadjuvant context.
Microstructure and electrical properties of 3Y‐TZP/Al2O3 composite obtained using the citrate gel method
Authors: Pleśniak Justyna , Wyrwa Jan , Rutkowski Paweł , Brylewski Tomasz
Published: December 2020

3Y‐TZP sinters with 1, 5, 10, and 15 mol% of Al2O3 were prepared using two different procedures from a 3‐YSZ powder synthesized via the citrate process. In the first procedure, alumina was introduced during synthesis via the citrate method. In the second one, the 3‐YSZ powder was impregnated with aluminum nitrate. All samples were sintered at 1773 K. The prepared composites were evaluated in terms of their microstructure, chemical and phase composition, and electrical properties. The total conductivity of the 3Y‐TZP/Al2O3 composite material, which contained primarily the tetragonal phase, was found to increase with temperature, and to decrease for reduced concentrations of alumina in 3Y‐TZP. In the case of the samples which had alumina introduced via impregnation, its higher content was not associated with significantly lower electrical conductivity. These samples generally exhibited higher conductivity than the samples to which alumina had been added via chemical synthesis.
Atomic structure of sodium iron phosphate glasses
Authors: Al‐Hasni Bushra M. , Mountjoy Gavin , Barney Emma
Published: December 2020

The atomic structure of a series of sodium iron phosphate glasses is studied using different experimental techniques: X‐ray and neutron diffraction (ND), infrared spectroscopy, extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), and X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES). Detailed information about the atomic pair correlations is obtained. The high resolution of ND in real space resolves two P–O distances at 1.48 Ǻ and 1.59 Ǻ as expected. All the glasses are found to consist of a phosphate tetrahedral network with metaphosphate chains and pyrophosphate units, and every phosphate unit is found to have two or three nonbridging oxygen (NBO) links available to coordinate with Na and Fe cations. The Fe–O coordination number in these glasses is found to decrease from 5.7 to 4.8 with increasing the Fe content, whereas the Na coordination number of approximately 5 is detected for all the samples.
Fracture and electric‐field‐induced crack growth behavior in NBT‐6BT relaxor ferroelectrics
Authors: Shi Xi , Kumar Nitish , Jones Jacob L. , Hoffman Mark
Published: December 2020

The fracture properties of 0.94(Na0.5Bi0.5)TiO3‐0.06BaTiO3(NBT‐6BT) relaxor ferroelectrics were investigated using the Vickers indentation method and computation of crack tip opening displacement. It was found that an unpoled sample had a fracture toughness of around 1.35 MPa m1/2. In contrast, an electrically poled sample exhibited anisotropy with a lower fracture toughness perpendicular to the poling direction and a higher value in the parallel direction, as compared to the unpoled sample. Upon cyclic electrical loading (with applied electric field amplitudes between 0.73ECand 1.4EC), the indented surface crack was found to propagate. In general, the crack grew rapidly during the initial cycles followed by crack arrest, and the principal driving force for crack growth was proposed to be residual stress around the indentation, as evidenced by the limited field dependence of crack growth. There was also a contribution from the electromechanical strain, which played a role at high cycles (>100 cycles) and high fields (>1.3EC). Evidence of a saturation threshold of crack propagation is an advantage for the electromechanical reliability of relaxor ferroelectrics in devices.
Scale‐dependent patterns of metacommunity structuring in aquatic organisms across floodplain systems
Authors: Lansac‐Tôha Fernando M. , Bini Luis M. , Heino Jani , Meira Bianca R. , Segovia Bianca T. , Pavanelli Carla S. , Bonecker Claudia C. , de Deus Claudia P. , Benedito Evanilde , Alves Geziele M. , Manetta Gislaine I. , Dias Juliana D. , Vieira Ludgero C. G. , Rodrigues Luzia C. , do Carmo Roberto Maria , Brugler Mercer R. , Lemke Michael J. , Tessler Michael , DeSalle Rob , Mormul Roger P. , Amadio Sidineia , Lolis Solange F. , Jati Susicley , Siqueira Tadeu , Silva Willian M. , Higuti Janet , Lansac‐Tôha Fábio A. , Martens Koen , Velho Luiz Felipe M.
Published: December 2020

Aim

Evaluating how groups of organisms vary in dispersal capability and how environmental, spatial and temporal signals vary across multiple scales is critical to elucidating metacommunity theory. We examined whether the relative contributions of environmental, spatial and hydrological factors have different effects on organismal groups with different dispersal abilities at three spatial scales, and how this knowledge contributes to our understanding of metacommunity dynamics.

Location

Four major Brazilian floodplains, with the largest distance among them of 2,300 Km.

Taxon

10 aquatic organismal groups, ranging from bacterioplankton to fish.

Methods

We sampled lakes connected to the main river in the low‐ and high‐water periods of each floodplain between 2011 and 2012. Different biological groups were analysed across three hierarchical spatial scales (fine, intermediate and subcontinental) within and between floodplain systems. We applied a series of partial redundancy analyses to estimate the relative contributions of environmental factors, spatial factors and hydrological period for each biological group.

Results

At the fine spatial scale, predominantly environmental factors and hydrological period structure metacommunities, although less so for microorganisms than for micro‐invertebrates and macro‐organisms. The relative importance of environmental factors increased at the intermediate spatial scale. At the subcontinental scale, the relative importance of spatial factors increased for all biological groups, but environmental factors remained the primary regulators of microorganisms even at the largest scale.

Main conclusions

This study design allowed us to make more robust inferences about the mechanisms responsible for regulating community structure of distinct biological groups at different spatial scales. Our results suggest that biological groups displaying distinct body size likely determine the spatial extent at which environmental, spatial and hydrological processes prevail as the primary regulators of community structure. These findings are important in guiding the conservation and management of floodplain biodiversity because these systems are naturally highly heterogeneous in space and time.
Microvascular changes at different stages of chronic kidney disease
Authors: Kannenkeril Dennis , Frost Shaun , Nolde Janis M. , Kiuchi Márcio Galindo , Carnagarin Revathy , Lugo‐Gavidia Leslie Marisol , Chan Justine , Joyson Anu , Matthews Vance B. , Herat Lakshini Y. , Azzam Omar , Mehdizadeh Maryam , Vignarajan Janardhan , Kanagasingam Yogesan , Schlaich Markus P.
Published: December 2020

Patients with progressing chronic kidney disease (CKD) are more likely to experience cardio‐ and cerebrovascular events than progressing to end‐stage renal disease. The authors explored whether retinal microvascular calibers differed with the degree of renal impairment and between the standard and extended optic disk and may serve as a simple additional tool for risk stratification in this highly vulnerable patient cohort. The authors analyzed central retinal arteriolar and venular equivalent calibers (CRAE, CRVE) at different retinal zones (zone B&C) using digital retinal imaging in hypertensive patients with stage 2 (n = 66) or stage 3 CKD (n = 30). Results were adjusted for age, sex, HbA1c, and 24‐hour diastolic blood pressure. Mean eGFR was 77.7 ± 8.9 and 48.8 ± 7.9 ml/min/1.73 m2 for stage 2 and 3 CKD, respectively. CRAE and CRVE in zones B and C were significantly lower in patients with stage 3 CKD compared to patients with stage 2 CKD (CRAE‐B:141.1 ± 21.4 vs. 130.5 ± 18.9 µm, p = .030; CRAE‐C:137.4 ± 19.4 vs 129.2 ± 18.2 µm, p = .049; CRVE‐B:220.8 ± 33.0 vs. 206.0 ± 28.4 µm, p = .004; and CRVE‐C:215.9 ± 33.0 vs. 201.2 ± 25.1µm, p = .003). In patients with stage 2 CKD, CRAE‐B was higher than CRAE‐C (141.1 ± 21.4 vs. 137.4 ± 19.4µm, p < .001). In contrast, such a difference was not found in patients with stage 3 CKD. CRAE of both retinal zones correlated with eGFR for the entire cohort. In patients with stage 3 CKD, retinal narrowing is more pronounced compared to patients with stage 2 CKD. Whether the novel observation of difference in arteriolar caliber between zones B and C in stage 2 CKD could serve as an early marker of CKD progression warrants further investigation.
The Aging neck—A Case base treatment algorithm
Authors: Friedman Or , Shamban Ava , Fabi Sabrina , Duncan Diane I. , Artzi Ofir
Published: December 2020

Background

Effective nonsurgical treatments for the aging face are widely accepted and utilized. Although changes in the aging neck, often patients to seek esthetic rejuvenation protocols are neither well defined nor well designed. Increasingly, patients desire less invasive cosmetic treatments with less morbidity and downtime. A significant challenge exists in managing expectations and educating patients about the pros and cons of a surgical approach compared to the plethora of nonsurgical options. When equipped with state of the art information and technique, using a multi‐modality nonsurgical approach, surprisingly outstanding results may be obtained.

Aims

In this paper, we aim to revisit the neck's anatomy and then demonstrate current nonsurgical techniques in managing actual cases.

Methods

To achieve that, we have utilized an intuitive four‐point grading scale to guide both physician and patient regarding appropriate treatment combinations.

Results

The proposed four‐point scale was applied to six patients and their treatment plan was described in detail.

Conclusions

Skin laxity is not the only factor that comes into play when assessing the neck. careful analysis of the neck and face hold the key for treatment choice and execution.
Discrepancies between actual weight, weight perception and weight loss intention amongst persons with NAFLD
Authors: Nguyen V. H. , Yeo Y. H. , Zou B. , Le M. H. , Henry L. , Cheung R. C. , Nguyen M. H.
Published: December 2020

Background

Currently, weight loss remains the main management strategy for NAFLD, but the weight loss intention and methods remain poorly characterized.

Methods

We analysed data about the perception of weight status, intention and methods to lose weight amongst 3,822 persons with NAFLD (United States Fatty Liver Index ≥ 30) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001‐2014.

Results

Only 53.9% of people with NAFLD intended to lose weight, 91.8% with perception of overweight and 8.2% with normal weight perception. Persons with perception of overweight or overweight/obese status were four times more likely to try to lose weight (adjusted odds ratios 3.9 and 4.2, respectively, both P < 0.0001). Younger age, women, higher educational level, Hispanic and blacks (versus whites) were significant independent factors associated with weight loss intention. Notably, ≤10% attended weight loss programme. Metabolic equivalent of task hours per week was significantly higher in whites who exercised to lose weight (vs. no exercise, P = 0.003) but not in other racial/ethnic groups. Interestingly, calorie intake was similar between those who dieted versus not (2056 vs. 1970 kcal/day, P = 0.11). About 30% reported ≥ 10‐lb weight loss, with 50% higher odds of success for men but there was no difference by race/ethnicity.

Conclusion

Overweight or obese perception was a key driver in weight loss activities but was inconsistent with actual weight status and varied by race/ethnicity and other sociodemographic factors. Weight loss programme is under‐utilized and should take in account of weight perception training and culturally appropriate approach.
Diatom type material in permanent slides does not need to be permanently unavailable for electron microscopy examination
Authors: Majewska Roksana , Taylor Jonathan C. , Goosen William E.
Published: December 2020

The inability to thoroughly examine diatom type material existing only in resin‐mounted permanent slides is a common frustration for diatomologists. Here, we present an efficient, inexpensive, and straightforward technique to extract siliceous exoskeletons of diatoms from permanent slides prepared with commonly used mounting media. Van Heurck’s slide constituting an isotype duplicate of Proschkinia bulnheimii var. belgica, an entity with an uncertain taxonomic status, was deconstructed to allow thorough examination using scanning electron microscopy. Numerous specimens of the taxon, including intact frustules and specimens with complete areola occlusions, were recovered and documented. The extracted diatom material was sufficient to prepare two scanning electron microscopy specimens and reconstruct the permanent slide. The proposed approach may help overcome many of the taxonomic bottlenecks associated with the low resolution of information provided by older diatom descriptions and permanent slide observations.
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of 2 registered omeprazole preparations and varying dose rates in horses
Authors: Wise Jessica C. , Hughes Kristopher J. , Edwards Scott , Jacobson Glenn A. , Narkowicz Christian K. , Raidal Sharanne L.
Published: December 2020

Background

Omeprazole preparations vary in bioavailability in horses.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To characterize the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of an existing enteric‐coated oral omeprazole paste (REF) and a novel, in‐feed, enteric‐coated dry granule preparation (NOV).

Animals

Twelve Standardbred/Thoroughbred mares free from clinical disease.

Methods

A prospective, blinded randomized interventional study was trial, conducted in 3 parts: (a) bioavailability study, (b) dose titration study, and (c) comparative clinical pharmacodynamic study, each using a blocked crossover design.

Results

Consistent with the larger dose administered,Cmax (median, 1032 ng/mL; range, 576‐1766) and AUC0‐24 (median, 63.9 μg/mL*min; range, 42.4‐152.4) were greater after single oral administration of NOV than REF (282.7 ng/mL; range, 94.8‐390.2, and 319 23.8 μg/mL*min; range, 8.2‐42.3, respectively; bothP= .004). No differences were observed between products for absolute oral bioavailability (NOV 55% range, 15‐88; REF 17% range, 10‐77;P= .25). Treatment with both preparations was associated with reduced gastric squamous ulcer scores and increased pH of gastric fluid. Bioequivalence was demonstrated for pharmacodynamic measures with the exception of % time pH <4, despite differences in dose rate and subsequent plasma omeprazole concentrations.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

The findings of this study indicate that the NOV product would be a suitable alternative to the reference product, and confirm that plasma concentrations of omeprazole and omeprazole dose do not predict drug pharmacodynamics in horses.
Surgical ablation of whitened interscapular brown fat ameliorates cardiac pathology in salt‐loaded metabolic syndrome rats
Authors: Komatsu Yuki , Aoyama Kiyoshi , Yoneda Mamoru , Ito Shogo , Sano Yusuke , Kawai Yumeno , Cui Xixi , Yamada Yuichiro , Furukawa Nozomi , Ikeda Katsuhide , Nagata Kohzo
Published: December 2020

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is an endocrine organ that contributes to thermogenesis and energy consumption. We investigated the effects of salt loading and surgical removal of whitened interscapular BAT (iBAT) on cardiac and adipose tissue pathology in DahlS.Z‐Leprfa/Leprfa (DS/obese) rats, an animal model of metabolic syndrome (MetS). DS/obese rats were subjected to surgical removal of iBAT or sham surgery at 8 weeks of age and were provided with drinking water containing or not containing 0.3% NaCl for 4 weeks beginning at 9 weeks of age. Removal of iBAT suppressed the salt‐induced exacerbation of left ventricular inflammation, fibrosis, and diastolic dysfunction, but not that of hypertension development, in DS/obese rats. Salt loading attenuated adipocyte hypertrophy but enhanced inflammation in both visceral white adipose tissue (WAT) and iBAT. Although iBAT removal did not affect visceral WAT pathology in salt‐loaded DS/obese rats, it attenuated the elevation of circulating interleukin‐6 levels in these animals. Downregulation of uncoupling protein‐1 expression in iBAT of DS/obese rats was not affected by salt loading. Our results suggest that the conversion of iBAT to WAT‐like tissue contributes to a salt‐induced elevation of circulating proinflammatory cytokine levels that leads to exacerbation of cardiac pathology in this model of MetS.
Dogs with biliary rupture based on ultrasound findings may have normal total serum bilirubin values
Authors: Wilson Kassandra , Powers Danielle , Grasperge Britton , Liu Chin‐Chi , Granger L. Abbigail
Published: December 2020

The absence of hyperbilirubinemia can lead to decreased suspicion of biliary rupture in dogs. This delay of suspicion and treatment can result in increased mortality rates. The objective of this retrospective, observational study was to describe ultrasound and serum bilirubin findings in a group of dogs with an ultrasonographic diagnosis of suspected biliary rupture. The records of a single institution were searched over the period of 2007‐2019 for cases having ultrasound reports describing suspicion of biliary rupture. Clinical findings for each of the cases were recorded. A total of 35 dogs met inclusion criteria and, of these, 30 dogs had confirmed ruptured biliary tracts. It was found that 40% (12/30) of dogs with confirmed ruptured biliary tracts had a serum bilirubin values within the normal reference range. No statistical difference was found in serum bilirubin values between the ruptured and nonruptured biliary tracts. Leukocytosis and neutrophilia were found to be statistically significant between ruptured and nonruptured biliary tracts. Mucinous material, similar to “white bile” found in human literature, was found within the peritoneal effusion of six dogs with biliary rupture, three of which also lacked bile pigment. Findings from this study indicated that normobilirubinemia may be present in some dogs with biliary rupture, and therefore should not be used as a reason for excluding this differential diagnosis.
Investigation of small ruminant brucellosis among smallholder farms: The missing link in control programmes of endemic areas
Authors: Dadar Maryam , Alamian Saeed
Published: December 2020

Brucellosis is a neglected zoonotic infection with a worldwide distribution and high levels of endemism in some regions, including the Middle East. In Iran, sheep and goats constitute a major part of the livestock population, often kept by small‐scale farmers for their own consumption and economic purposes. This investigation aimed at characterizing theBrucellaspp. and biovars circulating in sheep and goats under smallholder farming and their potential spillover across farms. For this purpose, from two randomly selected pastoral districts of Alborz and Fars provinces in Iran, a total of 54 aborted foetuses (38 from sheep and 16 from goats) and 528 blood samples were collected from sheep (n = 435), goats (n = 77), farmers (n = 11) and dogs (n = 5). Then, serological, bacteriological and molecular characterization ofBrucellaisolates was performed using standard methods. Our results showed the high seroprevalence of brucellosis in pastoral districts of Fars and Alborz provinces reaching 16.3%, 11.7% and 12.7% by using the Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT), serum agglutination test (SAT) and indirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) test, respectively. Furthermore, the results of bacterial culture, conventional biotyping and PCR analyses showed the presence ofBrucella melitensisbiovar 1 and 2 infections among goat, farmers and dog of the Alborz farms andB. melitensisbiovars 1, 2 and 3 among sheep of the Fars farms. Among nine seropositive farmer and dog blood samples (four farmers and five dogs), only three (two farmers and one dog) were positive in both culture and PCR tests. These results stress the need to strengthen screening and control measures in small flocks of small ruminants in Iran that could be the starting point of new outbreaks at the livestock/human interface. The present study also suggests that infected dogs may further maintain the risk of exposure toBrucellapathogens in small farms and beyond.
Effects of Igneous Intrusion on the Organic Content of Irati Formation, Paraná Basin, in Sapopema (PR)
Authors: Holanda Werlem , Santos Anderson Costa dos , Nogueira Camila Cardoso , Bergamaschi Sérgio , Rodrigues René , Jones Cleveland , Costa Diego Felipe da , Bastos Lucas Heckert , Bertolino Luiz Carlos
Published: December 2020

The thermal effects of an igneous intrusion on organic-rich sedimentary rocks can be considering an important source of maturation of organic matter. The Permian Irati Formation of Paraná Basin (Brazil) is a carbonatic and organic-rich shale sequence intruded by Jurassic-Cretaceous basic rocks. This study reports possible effects of igneous intrusion on the organic matter content of Irati Formation, in Sapopema region (Paraná State). Total organic carbon (TOC), total sulfur (S) and insoluble residue (IR) data were combined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The relatively low TOC values recorded in well where Irati Formation is in contact with 60 m of diabase sill (SP-58-PR) are residuals, associated with the depletion of organic carbon, caused by the thermal effect from the overlying intrusive rock. It was responsible to promote the cracking of the organic matter and reduced those values in relation to the original ones, observed in SP-32-PR (without thermal influence). When comparing the TOC peaks of the Assisting Member in both wells, it was observed that there was a decrease between 80.7 and 84% in the SP-58-PR. SEM images reveal that organic matter in Taquaral Member is sub-rounded and regular shape, while the organic matter in Assistência Member presents a characteristic pattern of thermally evolved organic matter.
Time-Optimal Control of Dynamic Systems Regarding Final Constraints
Authors: Eichmeir Philipp , Nachbagauer Karin , Lauß Thomas , Sherif Karim , Steiner Wolfgang
Published: December 2020

Within the framework of this article, we pursue a novel approach for the determination of time-optimal controls for dynamic systems under observance of end conditions. Such problems arise in robotics, e.g., if the control of a robot has to be designed such that the time for a rest-to-rest maneuver becomes a minimum. So far, such problems have been generally considered as two-point boundary value problems, which are hard to solve and require an initial guess close to the optimal solution. The aim of this work is the development of an iterative, gradient-based solution strategy, which can be applied even to complex multibody systems. The so-called adjoint method is a promising way to compute the direction of the steepest descent, i.e., the variation of a control signal causing the largest local decrease of the cost functional. The proposed approach will be more robust than solving the underlying boundary value problem, as the cost functional will be minimized iteratively while approaching the final conditions. Moreover, so-called influence differential equations are formulated to relate the changes of the controls and of the final conditions. In order to meet the end conditions, we introduce a descent direction that, on the one hand, approaches the optimum of the constrained cost functional and, on the other hand, reduces the error in the prescribed final conditions.
Assessment of Current Capabilities and Near-Term Availability of Hydrogen-Fired Gas Turbines Considering a Low-Carbon Future
Authors: Noble David , Wu David , Emerson Benjamin , Sheppard Scott , Lieuwen Tim , Angello Leonard
Published: December 2020

A confluence of technology development, policy support, and industry investment trends is accelerating the pace of Hydrogen (H2) technology demonstrations, increasing the likelihood of power sector impacts. In preparation for a large scale power sector shift toward decarbonization for a low carbon future, several major power equipment manufacturers are developing gas turbines that can operate on a high H2 volume fuel. Many have H2 capable systems now that range from 5% to 100% H2. Units with 100% H2 capabilities are either using a diffusion burner or some version of a wet low emissions (WLE) burner. Most dry low emission/dry low NOx (DLE/DLN) technologies are currently limited to approximately 60% H2 or less. Therefore, research is currently underway to develop low NOx gas turbine combustion systems with improved Hydrogen capability. This paper provides an overview of the technical challenges of Hydrogen combustion and the probable technologies with which the manufacturers will respond.
Simulation of Ultrashort Laser Pulse Absorption at the Water–Metal Interface in Laser-Induced Plasma Micromachining
Authors: Xie Jiaxi , Ehmann Kornel , Cao Jian
Published: December 2020

This work proposes a physically consistent numerical model to simulate ultrashort laser absorption by a metallic workpiece at the water–metal interface when optical breakdown of the dielectric occurs. The simulation couples the framework of the finite difference time-domain method used in computational electromagnetics with the constitutive relation derived from both the model of direct ablation of metals and the first-order model of water breakdown. The simulation is used to describe interface ablation processes such as laser-induced plasma micromachining (LIPMM). Applied to the water–aluminum interface, the model is able to describe the metal absorption and the dielectric breakdown threshold in three-dimensional (3D) geometry. It is an extensible monolithic approach in which the absorption by different materials can be described by simply changing the constitutive relations.
Computational Simulations of Liquid Sprays in Crossflows With an Algorithmic Module for Primary Atomization
Authors: Lee T.-W. , Greenlee B. , Park J. E. , Bellerova Hana , Raudensky Miroslav
Published: December 2020

For simulations of liquid jets in crossflows, the primary atomization can be treated with the quadratic formula, which has been derived from integral form of conservation equations of mass and energy in our previous work. This formula relates the drop size with the local kinetic energy state, so that local velocity data from the volume-of-fluid (VOF) simulation prior to the atomization can be used to determine the initial drop size. This initial drop size, along with appropriately sampled local gas velocities, is used as the initial conditions in the dispersed-phase simulation. This procedure has been performed on a coarse-grid platform, with good validation and comparison with available experimental data at realistic Reynolds and Weber numbers, representative of gas-turbine combustor flows. The computational procedure produces all the relevant spray characteristics: spatial distributions of drop size, velocities, and volume fluxes, along with global drop size distributions. The primary atomization module is based on the conservation principles and is generalizable and implementable to any combustor geometries for accurate and efficient computations of spray flows.