bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring the intersection of disasters and science education with preservice science teachers through a disaster case study
Authors: Park Wonyong , Lim Insook , Song Jinwoong
Published: September 2024

Modern society is under increasing threats of natural and technological disasters, which involve complex interactions among science, technology and social structures. Although a scientific understanding of disasters is an immediate global issue, there is limited discussion about how disasters can relate to science education. To address this gap, we report findings from a research study to support preservice science teachers’ learning about disasters and its relevance to science education. Fifteen preservice science teachers participated in a six-hour workshop focused on the scientific and sociotechnical aspects of the humidifier disinfectant disaster, which caused severe lung injuries to half a million people in South Korea. The study aim was to identify preservice science teachers’ perceptions about how disasters can be incorporated into science teaching. The participants were engaged in a series of group activities using the official investigation report, followed by a discussion on the aspects of science, technology, and society that unfolded in the disaster. Our analysis suggested that the participants were able to discover important aspects of the mutual relationship between science and disasters, and propose various cognitive, attitudinal, and functional aims that could be pursued by embedding disasters in science lessons. The lesson plans showed that the participants were able to suggest how to use disasters in science lessons and leverage diverse teaching methods to achieve their lesson goals. However, the shift in their perceptions before and after the workshop was limited. We argue that support is necessary for preservice science teachers to incorporate disasters into the science classroom, by providing more time and resources and lowering the barriers related to the political and traumatic aspects of disasters.
Optimal combination of microcoils, flow control, and n-butyl cyanoacrylate–Lipiodol–iopamidol (2:3:1) for feasible embolization of medium-sized arteries in an in vitro vascular model
Authors: Suzuki Takeshi , Matsuda Jun , Tsukahara Yoshinori , Ohya Ayumi , Yamada Akira , Kurozumi Masahiro , Fujinaga Yasunari
Published: September 2024

Purpose

To evaluate the behavior of n-butyl cyanoacrylate–Lipiodol–iopamidol at a ratio of 2:3:1 (NLI231) with and without microcoils and/or flow control in embolization of medium-sized arteries in an in vitro vascular model.

Materials and methods

A vessel model representing a common hepatic artery was prepared. Six scenarios were set for embolization, each ran three times: 1) NLI231 injected alone with flow control to 0 ml/min during and up to 5 min after embolization; 2) NLI231 injected into a mesh of microcoil of 5% density with the flow control; 3) NLI231 injected into a microcoil of 10% density with the flow control; 4) NLI231 injected alone without the flow control; 5) NLI231 injected into microcoil of 5% density without the flow control; 6) NLI231 injected into a microcoil of 10% density without the flow control. The microcoils were delivered to the embolization site, and NLI231 was injected. After 1 h of observation, distal filters were collected, and grades of migration (I = none, II = partial, III = almost all–all) were assessed for each scenario.

Results

Embolization was achieved in scenarios with NLI231 and microcoils regardless of flow control (p < 0.01). NLI231 did not migrate in scenarios with microcoils and flow control (p < 0.05). NLI231 with microcoils without flow control can embolize the vessel, but partial migration occurred, and the distal distance of the NLI231 complex from the embolization site was longer (p < 0.01).

Conclusion

Combining sparse coiling with NLI231 may be feasible but is limited to use when flow control is available, or where distal embolization is permissible to some extent.
Acting on totalities of infinite processes: constructing facets of an object conception
Authors: Villabona Diana , Oktaç Asuman , Roa-Fuentes Solange
Published: September 2024

We offer a new angle to explain the comprehension of mathematical infinity. We use Action—Process—Object—Schema (APOS) theory to explore the construction of different aspects of the cognitive Object related to this notion. We focus our attention on different ways of interacting with infinity, and how to act on infinite entities. Our aim is to shed light on the nature of mental constructions that take place when individuals deal with mathematical infinity. An infinite union of finite subsets of $${\mathbb{N}}$$
N
provides the context for our theoretical analysis and the design of interviews conducted with graduate students and instructors. In this study we identify three types of Actions with different complexity levels. When these Actions are performed, they lead to the construction of different facets of the associated Object. We question the construction of an Object conception in infinity-related situations and offer an explanation that might change the way we think about the learning of certain mathematical concepts. We discuss the implications of our research for the advancement of APOS theory. We also offer pedagogical suggestions related to the comprehension of mathematical infinity.
In Vivo and In Vitro Approaches to Modeling Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Authors: Alonzo Matthew , Contreras Javier , Bering Jakob , Zhao Ming-Tao
Published: September 2024

Purpose of Review

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a critical congenital heart defect characterized by the underdevelopment of left-sided heart structures, leading to significant circulatory challenges, and necessitating multiple surgeries for survival. Despite advancements in surgical interventions, long-term outcomes often involve heart failure, highlighting the need for a deeper understanding of HLHS pathogenesis. Current in vivo and in vitro models aim to recapitulate HLHS anatomy and physiology, yet they face limitations in accuracy and complexity.

Recent Findings

In vivo models, including those in chick, lamb, and mouse, provide insights into hemodynamic and genetic factors influencing HLHS. In vitro models using human induced pluripotent stem cells offer valuable platforms for studying genetic mutations and cellular mechanisms.

This review evaluates these models' utility and limitations, and proposes future directions for developing more sophisticated models to enhance our understanding and treatment of HLHS.
The Portuguese Version of Victim Empathy Distortion Scale: Adaptation and Psychometric Properties
Authors: Sousa Marta , Cunha Olga , Gonçalves Rui Abrunhosa , de Castro-Rodrigues Andreia
Published: September 2024

Victim empathy is a common intervention target in intervention programs designed for individuals who perpetrated child sexual abuse (CSA). Researchers have developed the Victim Empathy Distortion Scale (VES), an instrument designed to assess empathy for victims of CSA. The present study aims to adapt the VES for the Portuguese population and examine its psychometric properties. One hundred and twelve individuals who perpetrated CSA and 245 individuals from the community participated in this study. The confirmatory factor analysis did not show satisfactory indices for the structures previously tested. Consequently, the search for an alternative model revealed a two-factor structure, explaining approximately 50% of the total variance. Results also indicated good internal consistency, discriminant validity, and known-groups validity. Overall, the results support the claim that the Portuguese version of the VES is a valuable and psychometrically reliable instrument for measuring victim empathy in forensic and non-forensic settings.
Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors in People on the Autism Spectrum
Authors: Reid Morganne , Delgado Daylin , Heinly Julia , Kiernan Bridgett , Shapiro Samantha , Morgan Lisa , Maddox Brenna , Jager-Hyman Shari
Published: September 2024

Purpose of Review

This review synthesizes recent research on suicidal thoughts and behaviors among autistic individuals. We present literature on risk and protective factors, risk assessment, intervention, and crisis services, and recommendations for future research.

Recent Findings

Literature on this topic has grown substantially in recent years. Areas of advancement include improved understanding of risk factors (e.g., Interpersonal Theory of Suicide constructs, autistic burnout, mental health conditions, cognitive factors, diagnosis timing, emotion dysregulation), screening, assessment, acute-care services, and suicide-specific psychosocial treatments (e.g., safety planning, dialectical behavior therapy). Gaps include protective factors, impact of intersectional identities, and tailored approaches to screening, assessment, and intervention.

Heightened awareness of suicide risk in autistic individuals has led to increased understanding of why autistic individuals think about and attempt suicide and the strategies used to identify and reduce suicide risk. We recommend community-partnered, multi-faceted, and strength-based approaches to inform tailored prevention and intervention efforts.
Friction stir welding process parameters optimization and weld structure analyses to study mechanical characteristics using hybrid artificial intelligent soft computing techniques
Authors: Rana Amit , Hooda Naveen , Kumar Rajesh , Deshwal Sandeep , Gahlot Pardeep , Phanden Rakesh Kumar
Published: September 2024

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid-state fusion welding technique enormously used for welding different aluminum alloy plates. It involves a number of input parameters that significantly affect the different mechanical characteristics of the prepared weld joints. In this study, an attempt is made to optimize the input process parameters of FSW and the diverse mechanical characteristics of the resulting weld. The analysis of ultimate tensile strength (UTS), hardness, and yield strength (YS) is conducted following the test procedures outlined in the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards E18-15 and E8-M04. The test specimens are prepared using two different aluminium alloy plates (AA6061-T6 and AA5083-H111). The response surface methodology-based face-centered central composite design (FCCD) strategy is used to develop the experimental design matrix. The input parameters values are varied at three levels. To predict more précised and optimized results, an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and genetic algorithm (GA), in combination, is exercised by utilizing the Matlab tool. Using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images, structural analysis is performed to study behavior at the weld joint area. After conducting the tensile and hardness test, the maximum experimental value of UTS, hardness, and YS are noticed as 325 MPa, 69 HRB, and 265 MPa, respectively. By using the GA-ANFIS hybrid tool, the maximum value of UTS and hardness is noticed as 326.99 MPa and 71.40 HRB, respectively, using triangular TPP with 30.5 mm/minute welding speed and 1200 rpm tool pin profile. The optimized value of YS is observed as 271.56 MPa using cylindrical TPP with 24 mm/minute welding speed and 1600 rpm tool rotational speed. In the present work, FESEM-based images reveal a fine-grain structure in the stir zone for the optimized values of mechanical characteristics. The results obtained using the hybrid soft computing technique GA-ANFIS showed that these techniques are adequate tools for the optimization of FSW input process parameters and mechanical characteristics.
Investigating the impact of climate change on mental health among Libyan Arabs: a validation study of the Hogg Eco-Anxiety Scale
Authors: Ali Mohamed , Jahan Alhadi M. , Enaas Amna
Published: September 2024

Anxiety, especially within the realm of eco-anxiety, has become an increasingly significant focus of research. In our exploration of eco-anxiety within the Arab Libyan population, we employed a cross-sectional approach and successfully validated the Hogg Eco-Anxiety Scale (HEAS-13). Across two separate subsamples, both Exploratory (n = 790) [M = 21.64 (SD = 3.51), % women = 86.8] and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (n = 829) [M = 22.24 (SD = 3.76), % women = 84.6] confirmed the validity of HEAS-13. This scale effectively captured four distinct dimensions of eco-anxiety: affective symptoms, rumination, behavioral symptoms, and anxiety regarding one’s negative impact on the planet. Moreover, the total HEAS-13 and its dimensions had good internal consistency coefficients, ranging from 0.65 to 0.82. The findings highlight significant correlations between eco-anxiety subscales, behavioral symptoms, and rumination, indicating distinct profiles of eco-anxiety. Additionally structural equation modelling analysis revealed that eco-anxiety dimensions serve as a significant predictor of various psychological symptoms, climate change perception and climate value, emphasizing the interconnectedness between eco-anxiety and psychological distress. Furthermore, Sex-specific differences in eco-anxiety and its associations with climate change perceptions are explored, suggesting heightened awareness and involvement among females. The results emphasize eco-anxiety as a quantifiable psychological phenomenon, demonstrably measured through our 13-item eco-anxiety scale and associated with the mental health outcomes.
Quiescent pure-quartic optical solitons with Kerr and non-local combo self-phase modulation by Laplace-Adomian decomposition
Authors: González-Gaxiola O. , Yildirim Yakup , Hussein Layth , Biswas Anjan
Published: September 2024

The current paper addresses the pure-quartic quiescent optical solitons that emerge from the combination of Kerr and non-local form self-phase modulation structures. The numerical approach is with the aid of Laplace-Adomian decomposition phenomenology. Bright and dark solitons are both addressed in this work. In both cases, the error measures are impressively low.
A survey related to current technologies in Arctic region for autonomous driving
Authors: Rahim Aqsa , Yuan Fuqing , Barbady Javad
Published: September 2024

Autonomous driving has sparked an entire revolution in the vehicle sector, offering to increase the safety for road users, productivity, and convenience. However, using autonomous driving vehicles in hostile environments like the Arctic present’s challenges because of the bad weather, lack of infrastructure, rough terrain, poor vision, icy and unreliable road surfaces, and inaccessible locations. The paper discuses key technical elements such as sensor systems, data fusion techniques, localization methods, perception algorithms (object detection, scene understanding), decision-making frameworks, and vehicle control mechanisms that are required for autonomous driving in the Arctic. The study focuses on how these innovations could be enhanced and changed to address the specific issues that the Arctic faces. It also highlights on-going academic and business research and development initiatives, showcasing innovations used to overcome difficulties specific to the Arctic. This paper provides great insight for researchers, decision-makers, and professionals interested in incorporating autonomous driving systems under extreme weather conditions. It enables deeper understanding of the difficulties and opportunities specific to the Arctic region, encouraging cooperation and creativity in the search for reliable and effective autonomous mobility solutions.
Recent Advances in Fibrous Materials for Hydroelectricity Generation
Authors: Ge Can , Xu Duo , Feng Xiao , Yang Xing , Song Zheheng , Song Yuhang , Chen Jingyu , Liu Yingcun , Gao Chong , Du Yong , Sun Zhe , Xu Weilin , Fang Jian
Published: September 2024

Depleting fossil energy sources and conventional polluting power generation pose a threat to sustainable development. Hydroelectricity generation from ubiquitous and spontaneous phase transitions between liquid and gaseous water has been considered a promising strategy for mitigating the energy crisis. Fibrous materials with unique flexibility, processability, multifunctionality, and practicability have been widely applied for fibrous materials-based hydroelectricity generation (FHG). In this review, the power generation mechanisms, design principles, and electricity enhancement factors of FHG are first introduced. Then, the fabrication strategies and characteristics of varied constructions including 1D fiber, 1D yarn, 2D fabric, 2D membrane, 3D fibrous framework, and 3D fibrous gel are demonstrated. Afterward, the advanced functions of FHG during water harvesting, proton dissociation, ion separation, and charge accumulation processes are analyzed in detail. Moreover, the potential applications including power supply, energy storage, electrical sensor, and information expression are also discussed. Finally, some existing challenges are considered and prospects for future development are sincerely proposed.
Adult readers making sense of picture stories: a contrastive case study
Authors: Magliano Joseph P. , Stickel Tabitha , McCarthy Kathryn S. , Greenberg Daphne
Published: September 2024

Visual media (pictures, photographs) are often used in adult literacy instruction, presumably because they are easy for adult literacy learners to process. However, relatively little research has been conducted on how adult literacy learners comprehend visual media, such as picture stories. Some have argued that picture stories could be used as a scaffold for training higher-level skills, such as inference strategies. Before such interventions can be developed, an understanding of how adult literacy learners process picture stories is warranted. The present study consisted of a contrastive case study in which adult literacy learners, less proficient college readers, and proficient college readers (three individuals per group) thought aloud while viewing picture stories. This comparison was chosen because less proficient and proficient college readers provide an aspirational comparison for many adult literacy learners who want to eventually pursue college. A qualitative analysis of participants’ think-aloud protocols demonstrated that there were strengths and challenges for the adult literacy learners, less proficient college readers, and proficient college readers in comprehending the picture stories. All three groups of participants demonstrated that they were able to establish explanatory coherence, which involves inferring the meaning of story events. However, there were differences in the extent to which efforts to achieve coherence were directed at the context of individual pictures, the local story context, or global story context. These differences will be discussed in terms of exploring the merits of using visual media in adult literacy instruction.
Adaptive residual convolutional neural network for moiré image restoration
Authors: Malagi Vindhya P. , Naresh E. , Mithra C. , Suresh B. V. N. V. Krishna
Published: September 2024

Restoring Moiré images presents significant challenges due to the complex interference patterns that obscure image details. These patterns often degrade the quality of images, making accurate restoration crucial for various applications. Effective Moiré image restoration requires advanced techniques to overcome the difficulties posed by these intricate artifacts. This study introduces an Adaptive Residual Convolutional Neural Network (RCNN) for Moiré image restoration, augmented with the Zebra Optimization Algorithm (ZOA) to enhance both feature extraction and restoration accuracy. The hybrid model leverages ZOA's capability to balance exploration and exploitation, optimizing network parameters to improve learning efficiency. Tested on the DIV2K dataset, this approach demonstrates significant improvements in handling complex Moiré patterns, as evidenced by enhanced Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM) values.
Leberzysten: Ultraschall und Diagnostik
Authors: Radu Pompilia , Semmo Nasser , Berzigotti Annalisa
Published: September 2024

Dieser Übersichtsartikel bietet eine umfassende Darstellung der Diagnostik von Leberzysten, mit besonderem Fokus auf die Rolle des Ultraschalls als primäres bildgebendes Verfahren. Leberzysten sind häufige Befunde, die in der klinischen Praxis auf eine Vielzahl von Ätiologien zurückzuführen sein können, von benignen einfachen Zysten bis hin zu komplexeren und potenziell gefährlichen Zuständen. Der Artikel beleuchtet die wichtigsten sonographischen Merkmale, die bei der Differenzierung verschiedener zystischer Läsionen der Leber hilfreich sind. Dabei wird auf die Bedeutung der genauen Charakterisierung der Zysten hinsichtlich Grösse, Inhalt und Wandbeschaffenheit eingegangen. Neben den bildgebenden Verfahren werden auch weitere diagnostische Ansätze, einschliesslich serologischer Tests und gegebenenfalls invasiver Verfahren, erörtert. Abschliessend wird ein Algorithmus vorgestellt, der Kliniker dabei unterstützt, zystische Läsionen der Leber systematisch und effektiv zu beurteilen, um die richtige Diagnose zu stellen und eine angemessene Therapie zu planen.
Modeling sector route segment capacity under convective weather based on machine learning
Authors: Wang S.J. , Li Y.L. , Yang B.T. , Duan R.R.
Published: September 2024

Estimating airspace capacity under convective weather conditions is crucial for ensuring the efficiency and safety of air traffic operations. Sector route segments, which are essential components of flight routes, require timely capacity predictions during operationally critical periods. In this paper, initially, an enhanced Recursive Feature Elimination algorithm is used to select meteorological data and develop predictive features. Subsequently, the CWSRC model is established using the RF supervised learning algorithm. Finally, the paper takes ENH-YIH segment as an example to predict the capacity. Compared with other machine learning algorithms, the residual percentages for KNN, MLP and RF are 86.03%, 77.37% and 93.40%, respectively, within the range of [−0.2, 0.2]. In three separate day cases, results show that the CWSRC model’s MAE, MSE, RMSE and R2 significantly outperform traditional methods like Maxflow/Mincut and scanning line. The results confirm the CWSRC model’s superior predictive capabilities.
The AI Act from the Perspective of Administrative Law: Much Ado About Nothing?
Authors: Mir Oriol
Published: September 2024

This paper examines the impact that the finally approved Artificial Intelligence Act (AIA) will have on European public authorities when developing, acquiring and using AI systems. It argues that, despite the initial disappointment that the Act may cause when approaching it from an administrative law perspective, and despite the fact that some of the solutions that have been finally chosen are questionable, it represents a remarkable step forward, duly addressing many of the problems raised in the literature in relation to the automation of administrative decisions and the use of AI systems by public authorities.
Forum Can Non Save Us Now
Authors: Lee Eun Sol Sara
Published: September 2024

Tactical litigation is a reality of the adversarial litigation framework that is currently in place. However, there is a difference between the tactical litigation of choosing a forum which may have more favorable law or be more convenient and choosing a forum with the intent to drive the opposing party to failure. The latter has been the issue with some of the tactical litigation that has occurred under the European Union’s framework of lis pendens. While the Recast Brussels I Regulation has alleviated some of those issues, it has not addressed all of them. While some scholars have argued that these issues of lis pendens may be answered by introducing the common law doctrine of forum non conveniens to these proceedings, that is not the case. This Article explores the pitfalls of lis pendens and forum non conveniens and ultimately finds that forum non conveniens is unable to solve the issues lis pendens creates in tactical litigation. Furthermore, the Article finds that forum non conveniens, inherently and acting as it should, has its own problems which echo lis pendens’ own issues in the European Union. Furthermore, forum non conveniens is simply incompatible with the policies the European Union implemented with lis pendens. Ultimately, forum non conveniens is unable to answer the problems lis pendens has created and solutions must be found from within the European Union’s own civil system.
Workers Reconstituting the Factory
Authors: Kenny Bridget
Published: September 2024

This comment on Moritz Altenried's The Digital Factory discusses how the book offers four interrelated theoretical contributions to the study of labour in the digital economy – redefining the factory, specifying digital Taylorism, materializing its infrastructure, and mapping class relations – through four sites of investigation. The piece discusses the implications of the resulting multiplication of labour and labour relations for reconfigured class relations and resistance and argues that the differentiated social relations across spatial and material contexts ask for a theorization of the conjunctural nature of these relations.
The Value of Christological Titles, in Conversation with Leander Keck
Authors: Davis Kendall A.
Published: September 2024

Forty years ago, Leander Keck criticised the ‘tyranny of titles’ in the study of New Testament Christology. While Keck rightly criticised early- to mid-twentieth approaches to titles for Jesus, there is no denying the importance of titles in New Testament texts. This article summarises classic twentieth-century approaches to christological titles and discusses the most important criticisms. The root issue of such approaches is the conflation of titles and concepts. A constructive proposal is offered for reading christological titles as literary strategies of characterisation. This approach begins by carefully defining what is meant by a title and how titles might be distinguished from common nouns and names. Six principles for the productive interpretation of titles are then discussed: 1) titles must be distinguished from other christological material like motifs, typologies, and references to biblical texts; 2) titles must be distinguished from each other; 3) titles are meaningful not because they refer to particular ideas but because of their relationship with biblical texts, religious life, and culture; 4) what a title does is more important than what a title means; 5) titles are flexible, polyvalent, and ambiguous; 6) titles must be read alongside other titles and non-titular material. Finally, it is demonstrated how this literary approach to titles will be fruitful for contemporary discussions in New Testament Christology and contribute to the renewal of New Testament Christology that Keck called for several decades ago.1
Comparing Earthquake Cycles on Normal and Reverse Faults Based on Simulations With a Dynamic Elasto‐Plastic Model
Authors: Simpson Guy
Published: September 2024

Shear stress levels on reverse faults are anticipated to be several times higher than on normal faults with the same pore pressure ratio. In addition, ruptures on normal faults release gravitational potential energy, whereas earthquakes on reverse faults expend work in uplifting rocks. In this study, I investigate the significance of these differences for earthquake cycles and I question whether the source of energy driving earthquakes is the same on reverse and normal faults. Based on the assumption that normal and reverse faults have the same background frictional properties and pore pressure states, I use numerical simulations with a two‐dimensional dynamic elastic‐plastic model to show that due to stress differences, earthquakes on reverse faults tend to occur less frequently, produce more coseismic slip and stress drop and involve higher slip rates than ruptures on normal faults with equivalent dimensions. The analysis also shows differences in the energy changes associated with earthquake cycles on reverse and normal faults. However, the earthquakes on both fault types result from abrupt release of elastic strain energy, which proceed and essentially drive variations in gravitational potential energy. Thus, ruptures on both normal and reverse faults are consistent with elastic rebound theory.
Synergistic Mechanisms of Plant Phosphorus (P) Resorption and Microbial P‐Limitation Affecting Soil P During Grassland Vegetation Succession
Authors: Liu Chunhui , Xue Zhijing , Wang Baorong , Yuan Runtong , Qu Tingting , Zhu Zhaolong , Zhou Zhengchao , An Shaoshan
Published: September 2024

Phosphorus (P), a crucial element for all life forms on Earth, is often insufficiently available in terrestrial ecosystems. The interaction and feedback between plants and soil microorganisms are crucial links integrating above‐ and below‐ground ecosystems. However, changes in soil P fractions in response to plant‐microbe interactions during vegetation succession remain poorly understood. This study investigated the trends and relationships between plant resorption, microbial properties, and soil P fractions in the transformation interface soil layer (TIS) and underlying topsoil layer (UTS) during grassland vegetation succession. The results point to a combination of soil properties, alongside microbial and plant factors driving soil P changes. However, the TIS and UTS layers differ, with phosphorus dynamics in the TIS layer primarily influenced by microorganisms. Microorganisms are co‐limited by C and P in both the TIS and UTS layers. Under microbial P‐limitation, microorganisms produce alkaline phosphatases (AP), while C deficiency stimulates the production of C‐acquiring enzymes, subtly regulating soil P dynamics through organic matter decomposition. Plant P resorption efficiency and microbial P‐limitation exhibit synergistic variations, reaching their lowest levels during the mixed Bothriochloa ischaemum and Stipa bungeana Trin (Bo.I + St.B) stage. This study emphasizes that P cycling is influenced by plant‐microbe‐soil interactions and feedback. Plants and soil microorganisms jointly regulate soil nutrient effectiveness and partitioning in the ecosystem.
Miocene Alkaline Basaltic Magmatism in Northeastern Tibetan Plateau: Implications for Mantle Evolution and Plateau Outward Growth
Authors: Che Yue , Liu Dong , Zhao Zhidan , Niu Yaoling , Teng Fang‐Zhen , DePaolo Donald J. , Yu Xuehui , Zhu Di‐Cheng , Qi Ningyuan , Mo Xuanxue
Published: September 2024

The widespread Cenozoic alkaline magmatism within and around the Tibetan Plateau offers a prime opportunity to probe the nature of the mantle at the depths where basalt magmas originate. The close temporal and spatial relationship between volcanism and regional strike‐slip fault systems also helps better understand the geodynamics of outward growth of the plateau in response to the continued India‐Asia convergence. We present a comprehensive study of the deeply sourced alkaline basalts formed along the Kunlun strike‐slip fault with the aim of understanding their petrogenesis and the composition of mantle sources beneath the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. High Nb/U and Ce/Pb ratios and relatively depleted bulk‐rock Sr‐Nd‐Pb isotope compositions corroborate the mantle origin of these alkaline basalts. Homogeneous and low 87Sr/86Sr of clinopyroxene indicates negligible crustal contamination during magmatic evolution. Low δ26Mg in the alkaline basalts and positive correlations with Hf/Sm and Ti/Ti* indicate that the basalts were derived from mantle that was metasomatized by melts derived from sedimentary carbonates during the Paleo‐Tethyan seafloor subduction. Based on 40Ar/39Ar dating results, it appears that the alkaline basaltic magmatism in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau occurred simultaneously with Kunlun strike‐slip faulting. These observations suggest that the India‐Asia convergence must have reactivated ancient subduction plate boundaries and resulted in strike‐slip faulting along these suture zones within and around the Tibetan Plateau. The eruption of low‐volume and deeply rooted alkaline basalts may have been controlled by fractures associated with the strike‐slip fault systems.
A Dynamic Smagorinsky Model for Horizontal Turbulence Parameterization in Tropical Cyclone Simulation
Authors: Zhang Xu , Huang Qijun , Ma Yulong
Published: September 2024

The horizontal turbulence parameterization is vital for the intensity and structure forecasting of tropical cyclone (TC) in numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. The default two‐dimensional (2D) standard Smagorinsky model with a single universal constant in Weather and Research Forecasting (WRF) model has been proven to be over dissipative for TC, leading to underprediction of TC intensity. This study provides the first attempt to implement the physically based 2D dynamic Smagorinsky model (DSM) for horizontal turbulence parameterization in WRF model for TC forecasts. The DSM dynamically computes the Smagorinsky coefficient as a function of the resolved flow during the simulation, avoiding the need to prescribe the coefficient a prior. The test results of the DSM in a TC NWP model show that the DSM can significantly improve the wind intensity forecasts compared to the standard Smagorinsky model.
Rapid Ductile Strain Localization Due To Thermal Runaway
Authors: Spang A. , Thielmann M. , Kiss D.
Published: September 2024

Thermal runaway is a ductile localization mechanism that has been linked to deep‐focus earthquakes and pseudotachylyte formation. In this study, we investigate the dynamics of this process using one‐dimensional, numerical models of simple shear deformation. The models employ a visco‐elastic rheology where viscous creep is accommodated with a composite rheology encompassing diffusion and dislocation creep as well as low‐temperature plasticity. To solve the nonlinear system of differential equations governing this rheology, we utilize the pseudo‐transient iterative method in combination with a viscosity regularization to avoid resolution dependencies. To determine the impact of different model parameters on the occurrence of thermal runaway, we perform a parameter sensitivity study consisting of 6,000 numerical experiments. We observe two distinct behaviors, namely a stable regime, characterized by transient shear zone formation accompanied by a moderate (100–300 K) temperature increase, and a thermal runaway regime, characterized by strong localization, rapid slip and a temperature surge of thousands of Kelvin. Nondimensional scaling analysis allows us to determine two dimensionless groups that predict the model behavior. The ratio represents the competition between heat generation from stress relaxation and heat loss due to thermal diffusion while the ratio compares the stored elastic energy to thermal energy in the system. Thermal runaway occurs if is small and is large. Our results demonstrate that thermal runaway is a viable mechanism driving fast slip events that are in line with deep‐focus earthquakes and pseudotachylyte formation at conditions resembling cores of subducting slabs.
Defining Hydrogeophysical Layers With Multi‐Scale Geophysics for Increased Understanding of Mountain Basin Recharge
Authors: Smith E. , Carr B.
Published: September 2024

Basin aquifers are important groundwater sources in the Western United States that are increasingly stressed due to growing populations, increased resource use, and the impacts of climate change. These aquifers are mainly recharged through melting snowpack in the surrounding mountains that infiltrates to the water table and flows directly into the basin (Mountain Front Recharge), or through deeper groundwater pathways that flow from the mountains directly into the basin aquifer (Mountain Block Recharge). However, the dominant system of recharge remains uncharacterized in many mountain basin aquifers. To address this challenge, near‐surface geophysical methods are being implemented to efficiently measure properties that govern groundwater storage and movement. This study infers groundwater storage and recharge to the Casper Aquifer around Laramie, WY, building off past studies that relied solely on sparse monitoring well data and observation of rainfall events. In this study, we use a clustering analysis on airborne electromagnetic data to define hydrogeophysical layers within the Casper Aquifer. These layers, which represent significant changes in bulk subsurface electrical resistivity, are integrated with existing hydrologic, lithologic, and smaller scale geophysical datasets to build a more representative hydrogeophysical model. Through this analysis, we define two sub‐aquifers within the larger Casper Aquifer system that are connected through structurally induced fractures and faults. This research highlights the importance of integrating geophysical data at multiple scales for defining hydrogeophysical layers that provide both a more complete understanding of basin aquifer recharge dynamics and constrain more detailed hydrologic models.
Dayside Magnetic Depression Following Interplanetary Shock Arrivals During the February 1958 and July 1959 Superstorms
Authors: Ohtani Shinichi , Odagi Yoko , Matsuoka Ayako , Iyemori Toshihiko
Published: September 2024

The present study investigates mid‐ and low‐latitude ground magnetic disturbances observed following the arrival of three interplanetary (IP) shocks during the super‐geomagnetic storms of February 1958 and July 1959. One may expect that after IP shocks, the H (northward) magnetic component increases globally but especially on the dayside. However, in each event, the H component was depressed sharply for 1–2 hr in the dawn‐to‐noon sector, whereas it increased in other local time (LT) sectors. Observed magnetic deflections suggest that there existed field‐aligned currents (FACs) flowing into and out of the auroral zone around the western and eastern edges of the LT sector of the dayside H depression. These features strongly suggests that the observed H depression was a remote effect of a R1‐sense FAC system. It was previously reported that similar ground magnetic disturbances were observed after the SSC of the 2003 Halloween storm, which reveals striking similarities to the well‐known H depression observed at Colaba during the 1859 Carrington storm. It is therefore suggested that the external driving behind IP shocks, especially those associated with major storms, is most optimum for the sharp reduction of the dayside H component through the formation and intensification of the dayside FAC system. Associated magnetic disturbances are considered to be larger in magnitude with increasing magnetic latitude, and oriented azimuthally as well as meridionally. Such magnetic disturbances in dayside midlatitudes may not be discussed very often as a target of space weather, but their potential impacts on ground infrastructures probably require closer attention.
Dysregulation of miRNA expression and excitation in MEF2C autism patient hiPSC-neurons and cerebral organoids
Authors: Trudler Dorit , Ghatak Swagata , Bula Michael , Parker James , Talantova Maria , Luevanos Melissa , Labra Sergio , Grabauskas Titas , Noveral Sarah Moore , Teranaka Mayu , Schahrer Emily , Dolatabadi Nima , Bakker Clare , Lopez Kevin , Sultan Abdullah , Patel Parth , Chan Agnes , Choi Yongwook , Kawaguchi Riki , Stankiewicz Pawel , Garcia-Bassets Ivan , Kozbial Piotr , Rosenfeld Michael G. , Nakanishi Nobuki , Geschwind Daniel H. , Chan Shing Fai , Lin Wei , Schork Nicholas J. , Ambasudhan Rajesh , Lipton Stuart A.
Published: September 2024

MEF2C is a critical transcription factor in neurodevelopment, whose loss-of-function mutation in humans results in MEF2C haploinsufficiency syndrome (MHS), a severe form of autism spectrum disorder (ASD)/intellectual disability (ID). Despite prior animal studies of MEF2C heterozygosity to mimic MHS, MHS-specific mutations have not been investigated previously, particularly in a human context as hiPSCs afford. Here, for the first time, we use patient hiPSC-derived cerebrocortical neurons and cerebral organoids to characterize MHS deficits. Unexpectedly, we found that decreased neurogenesis was accompanied by activation of a micro-(mi)RNA-mediated gliogenesis pathway. We also demonstrate network-level hyperexcitability in MHS neurons, as evidenced by excessive synaptic and extrasynaptic activity contributing to excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) imbalance. Notably, the predominantly extrasynaptic (e)NMDA receptor antagonist, NitroSynapsin, corrects this aberrant electrical activity associated with abnormal phenotypes. During neurodevelopment, MEF2C regulates many ASD-associated gene networks, suggesting that treatment of MHS deficits may possibly help other forms of ASD as well.
Not too sick, not too well: reducing the diagnostic void in pediatric emergency medicine
Authors: Roland Damian , Horeczko Timothy , Snelson Edward
Published: September 2024

Emergency clinicians must rapidly evaluate the acutely ill or injured child. In a resource-stressed environment, “spotting the sick child” is essential for appropriate stabilization, treatment, and further management. Overlooking clinical features in a child’s presentation may impede timely care. Complicating factors include the volume of patients seeking care, unfettered access to emergency services, parental perceptions and expectations, and clinician biases. Notwithstanding, after an appropriate history and physical exam, some children do not fall under the standard rubric of “sick or not sick”. This article explores strategies to recognise the child who may lie in the diagnostic void between those who are obviously well and those who are not.
Treating ICB-resistant cancer by inhibiting PD-L1 via DHHC3 degradation induced by cell penetrating peptide-induced chimera conjugates
Authors: Shi Yu-Ying , Fan Gang , Tan Ruirong , Li Shan , Sun Hua-Bing , Li Rui , Yang Mengni , Gao Shanshan , Liu Miao , Dai Meng-Yuan
Published: September 2024

The current selection of ligands for both proteins of interest (POI) and E3 ubiquitin ligase significantly restricts the scope of targeted protein degradation (TPD) technologies. This study introduces cell-penetrating peptide-induced chimera conjugates (cp-PCCs) targeting the DHHC3 enzyme involved in PD-L1 palmitoylation. This approach disrupts PD-L1’s immunosuppressive function, enhancing anti-tumor immunity. We developed cp-PCCs to degrade DHHC3, directly linking DHHC3-mediated PD-L1 palmitoylation to PD-L1 stability on tumor cells. Our research utilized both in vitro assays and in vivo experiments in immune checkpoint blockade-resistant mouse models. We focused on a CRBN-based cp-PCC named PCC16, which demonstrated a DC50 of 102 nmol for DHHC3 degradation and significantly reduced PD-L1 levels. In resistant models, PCC16 not only robustly downregulated PD-L1 but also exhibited substantial anti-tumor activity in vivo without significant toxicity. This outperformed traditional inhibitors, showcasing the potential of cp-PCC technology to bypass current PROTAC limitations. Our findings suggest that cp-PCCs offer a promising method for targeting PD-L1 through DHHC3 inhibition and support their continued exploration as a versatile tool in cancer immunotherapy, especially for tumors resistant to standard treatments.
The cytoplasmic-nuclear transport of DDX3X promotes immune-mediated liver injury in mice regulated by endoplasmic reticulum stress
Authors: Fan Zihao , Xu Ling , Gao Yao , Cao Yaling , Tian Yuan , Pan Zhenzhen , Wei Linlin , Chen Sisi , Zhang Xiangying , Liu Mei , Ren Feng
Published: September 2024

Immune-mediated liver injury is a common characteristic of various liver diseases, including autoimmune and viral hepatitis. Here, we investigated the role of DEAD-box helicase 3, X-linked (DDX3X) in immune-mediated liver injury. Liver injury was induced in C57BL/6J mice via concanavalin A (Con A). DDX3X hepatocyte-specific knockout (DDX3XΔHep) mice and control (DDX3Xfl/fl) mice were utilized to investigate the role of DDX3X in liver injury. Primary hepatocytes were treated with tunicamycin (TM) to induce ER stress in vitro. The expression of DDX3X in patients with various liver diseases was evaluated. Hepatic DDX3X expression increased, and DDX3X translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus during Con A-induced liver injury. DDX3X deficiency ameliorated mouse liver injury and reduced ER stress in liver tissue. The inhibition of ER stress with 4-PBA significantly attenuated liver injury while decreasing DDX3X levels in liver tissue. However, the upregulation of hepatic DDX3X expression reversed Con A-induced liver injury and negated the protective effect of 4-PBA. Mechanistically, the nuclear translocation of DDX3X promoted ER stress-induced apoptosis through the transcriptional induction of CHOP. Moreover, DDX3X was elevated and translocated into the nucleus in patients with HBV-LF and AIH. Additionally, serum DDX3X levels markedly increased in patients with HBV-LF, and a consistent decrease in DDX3X was associated with a good prognosis. The cytoplasmic-to-nuclear translocation of DDX3X promotes ER stress-induced apoptosis, which is an obligatory step that drives hepatic necrosis and tissue damage. Notably, DDX3X is a potential therapeutic target for immune-mediated liver injury.
Targeted therapy of cancer stem cells: inhibition of mTOR in pre-clinical and clinical research
Authors: Son Boram , Lee Wonhwa , Kim Hyeonjeong , Shin Heungsoo , Park Hee Ho
Published: September 2024

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a type of stem cell that possesses not only the intrinsic abilities of stem cells but also the properties of cancer cells. Therefore, CSCs are known to have self-renewal and outstanding proliferation capacity, along with the potential to differentiate into specific types of tumor cells. Cancers typically originate from CSCs, making them a significant target for tumor treatment. Among the related cascades of the CSCs, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is regarded as one of the most important signaling pathways because of its association with significant upstream signaling: phosphatidylinositol 3‑kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) pathway and mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, which influence various activities of stem cells, including CSCs. Recent studies have shown that the mTOR pathway not only affects generation of CSCs but also the maintenance of their pluripotency. Furthermore, the maintenance of pluripotency or differentiation into specific types of cancer cells depends on the regulation of the mTOR signal in CSCs. Consequently, the clinical potential and importance of mTOR in effective cancer therapy are increasing. In this review, we demonstrate the association between the mTOR pathway and cancer, including CSCs. Additionally, we discuss a new concept for anti-cancer drug development aimed at overcoming existing drawbacks, such as drug resistance, by targeting CSCs through mTOR inhibition.