bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stability of Crystalline Compounds in Slag Systems Mainly Composed of Li2O-SiO2-CaO-MnOx
Authors: Abreu D. A. de , Schnickmann A. , Chakrabarty S. , Fischlschweiger M. J. , Schirmer T. , Fabrichnaya O.
Published: August 2024

The challenge of obtaining sufficient raw materials is a major concern when it comes to extracting lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries. One way to address this is through pyrometallurgical processing, which leaves undesirable elements such as lithium, aluminum and manganese in the slag. The engineered artificial minerals approach focuses on the effective recovery of critical elements. Different slag systems have been studied in the literature, and understanding the phase relationships in the $$\text {Li}_2{\text {O}}$$

Li
2

O

-$$\text {SiO}_2$$

SiO
2

-CaO-$$\text {MnO}_x$$

MnO
x

system can lead to optimization of the recycling process. In this context, the stability of undesirable silicates can affect the maximum separation of Li from the slag. In order to contribute to the development of the Li recycling process, the stability of crystalline compounds was experimentally investigated in the present work for different slag compositions. The melted and solidified microstructures were characterized by SEM/EDX, EPMA, and XRD. Phase diagram data of binary and ternary systems were used to describe the solidification paths. As a result of solidification, crystals of $$\text {Li}_{2}\text {SiO}_{3}$$

Li
2

SiO
3

and $$\text {LiMnO}_2$$

LiMnO
2

were observed in a matrix consisting of $$\text {Ca}_{3}\text {Si}_{2}\hbox {O}_{7}$$

Ca
3

Si
2

O
7

and $$\text {CaSiO}_{3}$$

CaSiO
3

.
Relating Urban Land Surface Temperature to Vegetation Leafing using Thermal Imagery and Vegetation Indices
Authors: Munyati C.
Published: August 2024

Detecting the influence of temperature on urban vegetation is useful for planning urban biodiversity conservation efforts, since temperature affects several ecosystem processes. In this study, the relationships between land surface temperature (LST) and vegetation phenology events (start of growing season, SOS; end of growing season, EOS; peak phenology) was examined in native savannah woodland and grass parcels of a hot climate town. For comparison, similar woodland and grass parcels on the town’s periphery, and a wetland, were used. The vegetation parcel LST values (°C) in one calendar year (2023) were obtained from Landsat-8 (L8) and Landsat-9 (L9) thermal imagery, whose combination yielded an 8-day image frequency. Phenology changes relative to seasonal air temperature and LST were determined using vegetation index (VI) values computed from accompanying 30 m resolution L8-L9 non-thermal bands: the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and one improved VI, the Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI). Higher imaging frequency, 250 m resolution NDVI and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) MOD13Q1 layers supplemented the L8-L9 VIs. LST correlated highly with air temperature (p < 0.001). On nearly all L8-L9 image dates, the urban vegetation parcel’s mean LST was higher (p < 0.001) than that at its peri-urban equivalent. Improved VIs (SAVI, EVI) detected some phenology events to have occurred slightly earlier than detected by the NDVI. Associated with the higher LST, the SOS was earlier in the urban than in the peri-urban woodland. This association has scarcely been demonstrated in savannah vegetation, necessitating proactive efforts to reduce potential biodiversity effects.
Minimal Networks on Balls and Spheres for Almost Standard Metrics
Authors: Sciaraffia Luciano
Published: August 2024

We study the existence of minimal networks in the unit sphere $${\textbf{S}}^d$$

S

d

and the unit ball $${\textbf{B}}^d$$

B

d

of $${\textbf{R}}^d$$

R

d

endowed with Riemannian metrics close to the standard ones. We employ a finite-dimensional reduction method, modelled on the configuration of $$\theta $$
θ
-networks in $${\textbf{S}}^d$$

S

d

and triods in $${\textbf{B}}^d$$

B

d

, jointly with the Lusternik–Schnirelmann category.
Chemometric analysis using infrared spectroscopy and PCA-LDA for early diagnosis of Fusarium oxysporum in tomato
Authors: García-Barrera Laura J. , Meza-Zamora Stefani A. , Noa-Carrazana Juan C. , Delgado-Macuil Raúl J.
Published: August 2024

The interaction of phytopathogenic organisms and plants generates physiological and biochemical changes in the latter. However, the effects on the plants are rarely visible in the infection first stages. Novel optical techniques can help to improve the early detection of phytopathogenic organisms in tomato without the plant sacrifice. In this work, infrared spectroscopy and chemometric methods were used to determinate the effects of Fusarium oxysporum in tomato plants cultivated in pots, analyzing fully expanded leaves. Fusarium oxysporum was molecular identified and its pathogenicity was tested in vitro. Three plants treatments were evaluated for 55 days post infection in pots in greenhouse under semi-controlled conditions: control, water stress, and fungal inoculated (1 × 108 conidia/mL). Phenotypical results were followed twice a week for eight weeks; the phenotypical characteristics were very similar in almost all sampling times except in height, especially in the first 27 days post infection, after this time the height was similar in the three treatments. The stalk and root-dried matter analysis do not show statistical differences; however, the infrared results, acquired from the adaxial surface of leaves, show differences in peaks associated with salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, and proline in the first 27 days post infection. The principal component analysis–linear discriminant analysis were used to distinguish subtle biochemical changes between the three treatments, facilitating the early detection of the pathogen and its monitoring over time.
Flow-Mediated Dilatation: Learning Curve Study with a Novice Operator
Authors: Dhar Arko S. , Fisk Marie , McEniery Carmel M. , Cseh Domonkos
Published: August 2024

Background

Performing reproducible flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) measurements can be challenging, especially among inexperienced operators. Our aim was to present the detailed learning curve of a novice operator.

Methods

Following a one-week basic training period, the operator performed duplicate measurements on 6–8 individuals per week, for six weeks. The operator followed the recommendations of the most recent guideline. Duplex ultrasound was used for the simultaneous and continuous measurement of brachial artery diameter and local blood flow velocity. Following a 1-min recording of baseline diameter (D), FMD was measured after a 5-min period of occlusion of the proximal forearm vessels. Inter-session coefficient of variation (CV) values for D and FMD were calculated for each week.

Results

The number of volunteers assessed each week were the following: 8, 7, 7, 6, 7, 7 individuals. CV values for both D and FMD exhibited a decreasing trend over the training period, ending at 1.73% for D and 14.24% for FMD at week 6. These CV values are within the range outlined in the most recent FMD guideline for proficiency.

Conclusion

Within a reasonable timeframe, and with careful adherence to measurement guidelines, the attainment of sound reproducibility in FMD measurements by a novice operator is feasible.
Simulations of shoaling large-amplitude internal waves: perspectives and outlook
Authors: Stastna Marek , Legare Sierra
Published: August 2024

The shoaling of large-amplitude internal waves in the coastal ocean yields a consistent mechanism for both horizontal and vertical transport of material, momentum and energy. This review surveys recent numerical, field and laboratory work on the details of this transport. A particular focus is made on the two issues of how boundary-layer processes are modified during shoaling, and the development of spanwise structure, especially in the trapped cores that form during shoaling. Numerical challenges, including gaps in existing parametrizations are identified using pseudospectral simulations on the laboratory scale. A number of challenges for future work, for simulations, parametrizations and laboratory and field measurements are laid out.
Collisionless kinetic theory for saltation over a rigid, bumpy bed
Authors: Berzi Diego , Valance Alexandre , Jenkins James T.
Published: August 2024

We employ the methods of statistical mechanics to obtain closures for the balance equations of momentum and fluctuation kinetic energy that govern the ballistic motion of grains rebounding at a rigid, bumpy bed that are driven by turbulent or non-turbulent shearing fluids, in the absence of mid-trajectory collisions and fluid velocity fluctuations. We obtain semi-analytical solutions for steady and fully developed saltation over horizontal beds for the vertical profiles of particle concentration and stresses and fluid and particle velocities. These compare favourably with measurements in discrete-element numerical simulations in the wide range of conditions of Earth and other planetary environments. The predictions of the particle horizontal mass flux and its scaling with the amount of particles in the system, the properties of the carrier fluid and the intensity of the shearing also agree with numerical simulations and wind-tunnel experiments.
The impact of diffusiophoresis on hydrodynamic dispersion and filtration in porous media
Authors: Jotkar Mamta , de Anna Pietro , Dentz Marco , Cueto-Felgueroso Luis
Published: August 2024

It is known that the dispersion of colloidal particles in porous media is determined by medium structure, pore-scale flow variability and diffusion. However, much less is known about how diffusiophoresis, that is, the motion of colloidal particles along salt gradients, impacts large-scale particle dispersion in porous media. To shed light on this question, we perform detailed pore-scale simulations of fluid flow, solute transport and diffusiophoretic particle transport in a two-dimensional hyper-uniform porous medium. Particles and solute are initially uniformly distributed throughout the medium. The medium is flushed at constant flow rate, and particle breakthrough curves are recorded at the outlet to assess the macroscopic effects of diffusiophoresis. Particle breakthrough curves show non-Fickian behaviour manifested by strong tailing that is controlled by the diffusiophoretic mobility. Although diffusiophoresis is a short-time, microscopic phenomenon owing to the fast attenuation of salt gradients, it governs macroscopic colloid dispersion through the partitioning of particles into transmitting and dead-end pores. We quantify these behaviours by an upscaled analytical model that describes both the retention and release of colloids in dead-end pores and the observed long-time tailings. Our results suggest that diffusiophoresis is an efficient tool to control particle dispersion and filtration through porous media.
High Campylobacter diversity in retail chicken: epidemiologically important strains may be missed with current sampling methods
Authors: Dziegiel Agata H. , Bloomfield Samuel J. , Savva George M. , Palau Raphaëlle , Janecko Nicol , Wain John , Mather Alison E.
Published: August 2024

Campylobacter spp. are leading bacterial gastroenteritis pathogens. Infections are largely underreported, and the burden of outbreaks may be underestimated. Current strategies of testing as few as one isolate per sample can affect attribution of cases to epidemiologically important sources with high Campylobacter diversity, such as chicken meat. Multiple culture method combinations were utilized to recover and sequence Campylobacter from 45 retail chicken samples purchased across Norwich, UK, selecting up to 48 isolates per sample. Simulations based on resampling were used to assess the impact of Campylobacter sequence type (ST) diversity on outbreak detection. Campylobacter was recovered from 39 samples (87%), although only one sample was positive through all broth, temperature, and plate combinations. Three species were identified (Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and Campylobacter lari), and 33% of samples contained two species. Positive samples contained 1–8 STs. Simulation revealed that up to 87 isolates per sample would be required to detect 95% of the observed ST diversity, and 26 isolates would be required for the average probability of detecting a random theoretical outbreak ST to reach 95%. An optimized culture approach and selecting multiple isolates per sample are essential for more complete Campylobacter recovery to support outbreak investigation and source attribution.
An urban–rural divide of political discontent in Europe? Conflicting results on satisfaction with democracy
Authors: Vigna Nathalie
Published: August 2024

Spatial inequalities within countries have recently been seen as a source of resentment, suggesting a “geography of discontent” in Europe. We examine this hypothesis by analyzing satisfaction with democracy (SWD) in urban and rural areas over the last two decades. Based on data from the European Social Survey (2002–2020) covering 19 countries and corroborated by the International Social Survey Programme and the European Values Survey, we find that urban–rural differences in SWD are statistically significant but very small over the whole period studied – only about 2.5 percentage points between big cities and rural areas. This gap is minimal compared to differences between countries and between socioeconomic groups such as citizenship, employment status, education, social class, or income. These results hold across various political satisfaction measures, such as trust in parliament or politicians. Despite significant cross-country heterogeneity in spatial disparities, they challenge the notion of widespread rural discontent in Europe.
The Fitness-Validation Model of Propagandist Persuasion and the 5Ds of Propaganda
Authors: Adam-Troian Jais
Published: August 2024

Abstract: Although pervasive in our history and modern ecology, propaganda has yet to be explicitly described by social psychological science. In this paper, we propose a Fitness-Validation Model (FVM) of propagandist persuasion. This synthetic model posits that influence is proportional to the degree of fit between message characteristics (social content, prescriptive content, descriptive content, framing) and recipients’ (group identity, attitudes, knowledge, cognitive makeup). Fitness on these four characteristics then shapes perceptions of thought validity regarding the message and ultimately behavior change. Thus, we propose that propaganda attempts to maximize fitness between message and recipient characteristics and self-validation in the direction of the message. From the FVM, we then derive five main pathways for propagandist persuasion and dissuasion, which we label the 5D: Deceive social intuition, Divert resistant attitudes, Disrupt information processing, Decoy reasoning, and Disturb meta-cognition. The 5D are mutually inclusive and can be seen as the “building blocks” of real-world propaganda. We discuss the implications of the FVM for media psychology and conclude the model should be used to craft more effective liberal democratic (counter)propaganda.
Assessing Immediate and Lasting Impacts of COVID‐19‐Induced Isolation on Green Space Usage Patterns
Authors: Ma Fengdi
Published: August 2024

The COVID‐19 pandemic has profoundly influenced urban lifestyles, particularly the utilization of green spaces. While existing studies have primarily focused on the immediate effects of COVID‐19‐induced isolation, less attention has been given to the enduring impacts on green space usage patterns. This study addresses this gap by conducting three comprehensive surveys in Dezhou, China—before, during, and after the first wave of social isolation (December 2019, March 2020, December 2020). These surveys assessed socioeconomic conditions, commuting habits, green space usage habits, and landscape preferences, specifically focusing on usage frequency, duration of stays, and activities undertaken. Using Mann‐Whitney U tests and Spearman's rho correlations, we identified significant long‐term changes, including an increase in the frequency of visits by previously infrequent users, a reduction in visit durations, and a rise in high‐intensity activities. These trends persisted 9 months post‐isolation, highlighting the pandemic's lasting impact on green space usage and its critical role in enhancing public health and pandemic preparedness through thoughtful urban environmental design. This study not only sheds light on behavioral adaptations during a public health crisis but also offers evidence‐based strategies for urban planning to bolster societal resilience in the face of future pandemics.
Frictional Properties of Natural Granite Fault Gouge Under Hydrothermal Conditions: A Case Study of Strike‐Slip Fault From Anninghe Fault Zone, Southeastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Lei Huiru , Niemeijer André R. , Zhou Yongsheng , Spiers Christopher J.
Published: August 2024

The Anninghe Fault (ANHF) is a major left‐lateral strike‐slip fault in southwestern China and one of the main seismogenic fault zones with a history of strong earthquakes. To understand the frictional properties of natural granitic gouges from the principal slip zone, we conducted hydrothermal friction experiments using both saw‐cut and ring shear methods. These experiments were performed at temperatures (T) of 25–600°C, pore pressures (Pf) of zero (dry), 30 and 100 MPa, sliding velocities (V) of 0.01–100 μm/s and effective normal stresses () of 68, 100, and 200 MPa. The (apparent) friction coefficient is low (μ < 0.5) at high T (600°C), high Pf (100 MPa) and low V (<1 μm/s); but high (μ > 0.6) under all other T, Pf and V conditions. Under high Pf, the velocity dependence of friction, (a‐b), displays three regimes with increasing temperature, from positive below ∼100°C to negative at 100–300°C (at V = 1–3 μm/s) or else 100–450°C (at V = 30–100 μm/s), becoming positive again above 300–450°C. At low Pf, the negative (a‐b) expands to the range ∼300–600°C. Microstructural observations and microphysical interpretation imply that the frictional weakening and transitions in (a‐b) are related to competition between dilatant granular flow and deformation of the fine‐grained gouge by intergranular pressure solution accompanied by healing phenomena (leading to cavitation‐creep‐like behavior). Our results provide a possible explanation for the distribution of earthquakes at different depths in the continental crust, in particular for the depth range of the seismogenic zone between 4 and 24 km along the ANHF.
Unraveling the Biogeochemical Drivers of Aragonite Saturation State in Baffin Bay: Insights From the West Greenland Continental Shelf
Authors: Burgers Tonya M. , Azetsu‐Scott Kumiko , Myers Paul G. , Else Brent G. T. , Miller Lisa A. , Rysgaard Søren , Chan Wayne , Tremblay Jean‐Éric , Papakyriakou Tim
Published: August 2024

This study investigates the biogeochemical drivers of aragonite saturation state (ΩAr) in Baffin Bay, with a focus on the relatively undersampled west Greenland shelf. Our findings reveal two main depth‐dependant processes controlling the spatial distribution of ΩAr in Baffin Bay; within the upper 200 m, lower ΩAr coincides with increasing fractions of Arctic‐outflow waters, while below 200 m organic matter respiration decreases ΩAr. A temporal analysis comparing historical measurements from 1997 and 2004 with our 2019 data set reveals a significant decrease in the ΩAr of Arctic‐outflow waters, coinciding with reduced total alkalinity (TA). However, no discernible anthropogenic ocean acidification signal is identified. Significant Arctic water fractions (20%–40%) are found to be present on the west Greenland shelf, associated with reduced TA and ΩAr. A numerical modeling simulation incorporating a passive tracer demonstrates that periodic changes in wind direction lead to a switch from onshore to offshore Ekman transport along the Baffin Island current, transporting Arctic waters toward the west Greenland shelf. This challenges the conventional understanding of Baffin Bay's circulation and underscores the need for further research on the region's physical oceanography. Based on salinity‐TA relationships, surface waters on the west Greenland shelf have a significantly lower meteoric TA end‐member compared to waters of the Baffin Island Current in western Baffin Bay. The low eastern TA freshwater end‐member agrees well with recent glacial meltwater TA measurements, suggesting that glacial meltwater is the main freshwater source to surface waters on the west Greenland shelf.
Pacific‐Arctic Connections: Assessing Flow Through Bering Strait in Context With Dynamic Ocean Topography and Surface Stress
Authors: Margevich Annika , Timmermans Mary‐Louise , Danielson Seth
Published: August 2024

Bering Strait is the only ocean gateway connecting the Pacific and Arctic oceans. The ∼1 Sv northward flow of Pacific water through the strait to the Arctic Ocean has been increasing by ∼0.01 Sv/yr since 1990. Monthly dynamic ocean topography (DOT), wind, and sea‐ice data at Bering Strait are analyzed in context with the long‐term record of flow through the strait to investigate local drivers. Ocean transport is found to be proportional to the across‐strait slope in DOT, suggesting some component of the flow is in geostrophic balance. Along‐strait ocean surface stresses, which modulate the across‐strait DOT slope via Ekman transport, are analyzed in the presence of a seasonally varying ice cover. It is shown that northward interior ocean flow under sea ice in winter results in southward surface stresses, and westward Ekman transport that slows the geostrophic component of the northward ocean flow. As the number of open water days local to Bering Strait increase each year, we find no trend in the annual mean surface stress, that is, the loss of sea ice is not leading to increased northward wind stress input that would enhance northward ocean flow. This analysis is consistent with the theory that changes in both the atmosphere and ocean non‐local to Bering Strait are likely driving the increased transport from the Pacific into the Arctic via Bering Strait.
A neonatal mouse model of meconium peritonitis generated using human meconium slurry
Authors: Ashina Mariko , Kido Takumi , Shirai Keisuke , Masuda Yu , Imagawa Yukihito , Nakata Yuki , Nozu Kandai , Fujioka Kazumichi
Published: August 2024

Background

Meconium peritonitis is a noninfectious chemical peritonitis that occurs following fetal intestinal perforation and leakage of meconium into the abdominal cavity. Because of the lack of appropriate animal models, its pathophysiology has not yet been elucidated. We aimed to create a neonatal mouse model of meconium peritonitis using human meconium slurry (MS).

Methods

A stock MS solution prepared from fresh meconium obtained from healthy term infants was administered intraperitoneally to 4-d-old newborn mice. An MS LD40 was then administered, and changes in body weight, hematology, serum biochemistry, and immunomodulatory gene expression were determined. The MS was subjected to antibiotic treatment and heat inactivation to validate the content. Finally, comparisons with nonsurgical neonatal sepsis mouse models were performed.

Results

Dose-dependent mortality rates were observed, with an LD40 of 200 µL/body weight established. Substantial hematological and hepatorenal abnormalities and increased inflammatory gene expression were observed. Although antibiotic treatment was ineffective, the survival rate was improved by enzymatic inactivation of MS. Importantly, the systemic responses to MS were distinct from those observed in neonatal sepsis model mice.

Conclusion

The MS model closely reflects the pathology of human neonatal meconium peritonitis and maybe useful in research elucidating the pathophysiology of this condition.

Impact

In this study, we generated a neonatal mouse model of meconium peritonitis through intraperitoneal administration of human meconium slurry.

We clarified that the pathogenic agent in meconium slurry is mainly a digestive enzyme, and that the systemic responses elicited by meconium slurry were distinct from those in a neonatal sepsis mouse model.

As our mouse model is simple and highly reproducible, it is useful for elucidating the pathophysiology of meconium peritonitis.
MYC and KRAS cooperation: from historical challenges to therapeutic opportunities in cancer
Authors: Casacuberta-Serra Sílvia , González-Larreategui Íñigo , Capitán-Leo Daniel , Soucek Laura
Published: August 2024

RAS and MYC rank amongst the most commonly altered oncogenes in cancer, with RAS being the most frequently mutated and MYC the most amplified. The cooperative interplay between RAS and MYC constitutes a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, profoundly influencing tumor development. Together and individually, these two oncogenes regulate most, if not all, hallmarks of cancer, including cell death escape, replicative immortality, tumor-associated angiogenesis, cell invasion and metastasis, metabolic adaptation, and immune evasion. Due to their frequent alteration and role in tumorigenesis, MYC and RAS emerge as highly appealing targets in cancer therapy. However, due to their complex nature, both oncogenes have been long considered “undruggable” and, until recently, no drugs directly targeting them had reached the clinic. This review aims to shed light on their complex partnership, with special attention to their active collaboration in fostering an immunosuppressive milieu and driving immunotherapeutic resistance in cancer. Within this review, we also present an update on the different inhibitors targeting RAS and MYC currently undergoing clinical trials, along with their clinical outcomes and the different combination strategies being explored to overcome drug resistance. This recent clinical development suggests a paradigm shift in the long-standing belief of RAS and MYC “undruggability”, hinting at a new era in their therapeutic targeting.
The JAK-STAT pathway: from structural biology to cytokine engineering
Authors: Lv You , Qi Jianxun , Babon Jeffrey J. , Cao Longxing , Fan Guohuang , Lang Jiajia , Zhang Jin , Mi Pengbing , Kobe Bostjan , Wang Faming
Published: August 2024

The Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway serves as a paradigm for signal transduction from the extracellular environment to the nucleus. It plays a pivotal role in physiological functions, such as hematopoiesis, immune balance, tissue homeostasis, and surveillance against tumors. Dysregulation of this pathway may lead to various disease conditions such as immune deficiencies, autoimmune diseases, hematologic disorders, and cancer. Due to its critical role in maintaining human health and involvement in disease, extensive studies have been conducted on this pathway, ranging from basic research to medical applications. Advances in the structural biology of this pathway have enabled us to gain insights into how the signaling cascade operates at the molecular level, laying the groundwork for therapeutic development targeting this pathway. Various strategies have been developed to restore its normal function, with promising therapeutic potential. Enhanced comprehension of these molecular mechanisms, combined with advances in protein engineering methodologies, has allowed us to engineer cytokines with tailored properties for targeted therapeutic applications, thereby enhancing their efficiency and safety. In this review, we outline the structural basis that governs key nodes in this pathway, offering a comprehensive overview of the signal transduction process. Furthermore, we explore recent advances in cytokine engineering for therapeutic development in this pathway.
Twenty-year trends of potentially avoidable hospitalizations for hypertension in Switzerland
Authors: Marques-Vidal Pedro , Maung Ko Ko , Gouveia Alexandre
Published: August 2024

We assessed the trends, characteristics, and consequences of potentially avoidable hospitalizations (PAH) for hypertension in Switzerland, for the period 1998 to 2018. Data from 117,507 hospitalizations (62.1% women), minimum age 20 years. Hospitalizations with hypertension as the main cause for admission were eligible. PAH for hypertension was defined according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development criteria. The age-standardized rates of PAH for hypertension increased from 43 in 1998 to 81 per 100,000 in 2004, to decrease to 57 per 100,000 inhabitants in 2018. Compared to non-PAH, patients with PAH for hypertension were younger, more frequently women (66.9% vs. 56.7%), non-Swiss nationals (15.9% vs. 10.9%), were more frequently admitted as an emergency (78.9% vs. 59.5%), and by the patient’s initiative (33.1% vs. 14.1%). Patients with PAH had also fewer comorbidities, as per the Charlson’s index. Patients with PAH for hypertension were more frequently hospitalized in a semi-private or private setting, stayed less frequently in the intensive care unit (4.6% vs. 7.3%), were discharged more frequently home (91.4% vs. 73.0%), and had a shorter length of stay than patients with non-PAH for hypertension: median and [interquartile range] 5 [3–8] vs. 9 [4–15] days. In 2018, the total costs of PAH were estimated at 16.5 million CHF, corresponding to a median cost of 4936 [4445–4961] Swiss Francs per stay. We conclude that in Switzerland, PAH have increased, represent a considerable fraction of hospitalizations for hypertension, and carry a non-negligible health cost.
Self-stacked small molecules for ultrasensitive, substrate-free Raman imaging in vivo
Authors: Gao Shuai , Zhang Yongming , Cui Kai , Zhang Sihang , Qiu Yuanyuan , Liao Yunhui , Wang Haoze , Yu Sheng , Ma Liyang , Chen Hongzhuan , Ji Minbiao , Fang Xiaohong , Lu Wei , Xiao Zeyu
Published: August 2024

Raman spectroscopy using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanoprobes represents an ultrasensitive and high-precision technique for in vivo imaging. Clinical translation of SERS nanoprobes has been hampered by biosafety concerns about the metal substrates used to enhance Raman signals. We report a set of small molecules with bis-thienyl-substituted benzobisthiadiazole structures that enhance Raman signal through self-stacking rather than external substrates. In our technique, called stacking-induced charge transfer-enhanced Raman scattering (SICTERS), the self-stacked small molecules form an ordered spatial arrangement that enables three-dimensional charge transfer between neighboring molecules. The Raman scattering cross-section of SICTERS nanoprobes is 1350 times higher than that of conventional SERS gold nanoprobes of similar particle size. SICTERS outperforms SERS in terms of in vivo imaging sensitivity, resolution and depth. SICTERS is capable of noninvasive Raman imaging of blood and lymphatic vasculatures, which has not been achieved by SERS. SICTERS represents an alternative technique to enhance Raman scattering for guiding the design of ultrasensitive substrate-free Raman imaging probes.
Mechanism for controlled assembly of transcriptional condensates by Aire
Authors: Huoh Yu-San , Zhang Qianxia , Törner Ricarda , Baca Sylvan C. , Arthanari Haribabu , Hur Sun
Published: August 2024

Transcriptional condensates play a crucial role in gene expression and regulation, yet their assembly mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we report a multi-layered mechanism for condensate assembly by autoimmune regulator (Aire), an essential transcriptional regulator that orchestrates gene expression reprogramming for central T cell tolerance. Aire condensates assemble on enhancers, stimulating local transcriptional activities and connecting disparate inter-chromosomal loci. This functional condensate formation hinges upon the coordination between three Aire domains: polymerization domain caspase activation recruitment domain (CARD), histone-binding domain (first plant homeodomain (PHD1)), and C-terminal tail (CTT). Specifically, CTT binds coactivators CBP/p300, recruiting Aire to CBP/p300-rich enhancers and promoting CARD-mediated condensate assembly. Conversely, PHD1 binds to the ubiquitous histone mark H3K4me0, keeping Aire dispersed throughout the genome until Aire nucleates on enhancers. Our findings showed that the balance between PHD1-mediated suppression and CTT-mediated stimulation of Aire polymerization is crucial to form transcriptionally active condensates at target sites, providing new insights into controlled polymerization of transcriptional regulators.
Acyl-CoA synthetase 6 controls rod photoreceptor function and survival by shaping the phospholipid composition of retinal membranes
Authors: Wang Yixiao , Becker Silke , Finkelstein Stella , Dyka Frank M. , Liu Haitao , Eminhizer Mark , Hao Ying , Brush Richard S. , Spencer William J. , Arshavsky Vadim Y. , Ash John D. , Du Jianhai , Agbaga Martin-Paul , Vinberg Frans , Ellis Jessica M. , Lobanova Ekaterina S.
Published: August 2024

The retina is light-sensitive neuronal tissue in the back of the eye. The phospholipid composition of the retina is unique and highly enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids, including docosahexaenoic fatty acid (DHA). While it is generally accepted that a high DHA content is important for vision, surprisingly little is known about the mechanisms of DHA enrichment in the retina. Furthermore, the biological processes controlled by DHA in the eye remain poorly defined as well. Here, we combined genetic manipulations with lipidomic analysis in mice to demonstrate that acyl-CoA synthetase 6 (Acsl6) serves as a regulator of the unique composition of retinal membranes. Inactivation of Acsl6 reduced the levels of DHA-containing phospholipids, led to progressive loss of light-sensitive rod photoreceptor neurons, attenuated the light responses of these cells, and evoked distinct transcriptional response in the retina involving the Srebf1/2 (sterol regulatory element binding transcription factors 1/2) pathway. This study identifies one of the major enzymes responsible for DHA enrichment in the retinal membranes and introduces a model allowing an evaluation of rod functioning and pathology caused by impaired DHA incorporation/retention in the retina.
Endometriotic lesions exhibit distinct metabolic signature compared to paired eutopic endometrium at the single-cell level
Authors: Sarsenova Meruert , Lawarde Ankita , Pathare Amruta D. S. , Saare Merli , Modhukur Vijayachitra , Soplepmann Pille , Terasmaa Anton , Käämbre Tuuli , Gemzell-Danielsson Kristina , Lalitkumar Parameswaran Grace Luther , Salumets Andres , Peters Maire
Published: August 2024

Current therapeutics of endometriosis focus on hormonal disruption of endometriotic lesions (ectopic endometrium, EcE). Recent findings show higher glycolysis utilization in EcE, suggesting non-hormonal strategy for disease treatment that addresses cellular metabolism. Identifying metabolically altered cell types in EcE is important for targeted metabolic drug therapy without affecting eutopic endometrium (EuE). Here, using single-cell RNA-sequencing, we examine twelve metabolic pathways in paired samples of EuE and EcE from women with confirmed endometriosis. We detect nine major cell types in both EuE and EcE. Metabolic pathways are most differentially regulated in perivascular, stromal, and endothelial cells, with the highest changes in AMPK signaling, HIF-1 signaling, glutathione metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and glycolysis. We identify transcriptomic co-activation of glycolytic and oxidative metabolism in perivascular and stromal cells of EcE, indicating a critical role of metabolic reprogramming in maintaining endometriotic lesion growth. Perivascular cells, involved in endometrial stroma repair and angiogenesis, may be potential targets for non-hormonal treatment of endometriosis.
Amorphous shear band formation in crystalline Si-anodes governs lithiation and capacity fading in Li-ion batteries
Authors: Häusler Michael , Stamati Olga , Gammer Christoph , Moitzi Franco , Sinojiya Rahulkumar Jagdishbhai , Villanova Julie , Sartory Bernhard , Scheiber Daniel , Keckes Jozef , Fuchsbichler Bernd , Koller Stefan , Brunner Roland
Published: August 2024

The cycling stability of Li-ion batteries is commonly attributed to the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer, which is generated on the active material surface during electrochemical reactions in battery operation. Silicon experiences large volume changes upon the Li-insertion and extraction, leading to the amorphization of the silicon-interface due to the permeation of the Li-ions into the silicon. Here, we discover how generated non-hydrostatic strain upon electrochemical cycling further triggers dislocation and eventually shear band formation within the crystalline silicon core. The latter boosts the non-uniform lithiation at the silicon interface affecting the SEI reformation process and ultimately the capacity. Our findings are based on a comprehensive multiscale structural and chemical experimental characterization, complemented by molecular dynamics modelling. This approach highlights the importance of considering electrochemical, microstructural and mechanical mechanisms, offering a strategy for developing improved anode materials with enhanced cycling stability and reduced capacity loss.
Sharp-peaked lanthanide nanocrystals for near-infrared photoacoustic multiplexed differential imaging
Authors: Loh Kang Yong , Li Lei S. , Fan Jingyue , Goh Yi Yiing , Liew Weng Heng , Davis Samuel , Zhang Yide , Li Kai , Liu Jie , Liang Liangliang , Feng Minjun , Yang Ming , Zhang Hang , Ma Ping’an , Feng Guangxue , Mu Zhao , Gao Weibo , Sum Tze Chien , Liu Bin , Lin Jun , Yao Kui , Wang Lihong V. , Liu Xiaogang
Published: August 2024

Photoacoustic tomography offers a powerful tool to visualize biologically relevant molecules and understand processes within living systems at high resolution in deep tissue, facilitated by the conversion of incident photons into low-scattering acoustic waves through non-radiative relaxation. Although current endogenous and exogenous photoacoustic contrast agents effectively enable molecular imaging within deep tissues, their broad absorption spectra in the visible to near-infrared (NIR) range limit photoacoustic multiplexed imaging. Here, we exploit the distinct ultrasharp NIR absorption peaks of lanthanides to engineer a series of NIR photoacoustic nanocrystals. This engineering involves precise host and dopant material composition, yielding nanocrystals with sharply peaked photoacoustic absorption spectra (~3.2 nm width) and a ~10-fold enhancement in NIR optical absorption for efficient deep tissue imaging. By combining photoacoustic tomography with these engineered nanocrystals, we demonstrate photoacoustic multiplexed differential imaging with substantially decreased background signals and enhanced precision and contrast.
Renewed insights into Ackermannviridae phage biology and applications
Authors: Sørensen Anders Nørgaard , Brøndsted Lone
Published: August 2024

The Ackermannviridae family was established in 2017, containing phages previously classified within the Myoviridae family under the Viunalikevirus genus. Ackermannviridae phages have been increasingly studied due to their broad range of hosts among Enterobacteriaceae, and currently, 174 complete genomes are available on NCBI. Instrumental for their wide host infectivity, Ackermannviridae phages display a branched complex of multiple Tail Spike Proteins (TSPs). These TSPs recognize diverse surface polysaccharide receptors, allowing the phages to target strains with distinct lipopolysaccharides or capsular polysaccharides. This review gives an updated overview of the taxonomy and hosts of the expanding Ackermannviridae family with significant emphasis on recent advances in structural and computational biology for elucidating TSP diversity, structural domains, and assembly of the branched TSP complex. Furthermore, we explore the potential of engineering Ackermannviridae phages and discuss the challenges of using transducing wildtype phages for biocontrol. Finally, this review identifies bottlenecks hindering further advances in understanding Ackermannviridae phage biology and applications.
Towards the rational design of N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-1,4-benzenediamine (6PPD) electrochemical sensor
Authors: Dominique Emily , Renault Christophe
Published: August 2024

The strong adsorption of 6PPD onto glassy carbon and its reversible two electron oxidation enables simple and sensitive electrochemical detection with an LOD of 10 nM.
Rapid detection of aflatoxin B1, zearalenone and ochratoxin A in grains by thermal desorption dielectric barrier discharge ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhao Xiangxu , Guan Xiaokang , Lu Qiao , Yan Xiaowen , Zenobi Renato
Published: August 2024

Extraction followed by thermal desorption and dielectric barrier discharge ionization-MS is able to quantify mycotoxins in grains down to the ppm level.
Rational enzyme design by reducing the number of hotspots and library size
Authors: Qin Zongmin , Yuan Bo , Qu Ge , Sun Zhoutong
Published: August 2024

Biocatalysts that are eco-friendly, sustainable, and highly specific have great potential for applications in the production of fine chemicals, food, detergents, biofuels, pharmaceuticals, and more.
N-doped WO3 anchored on porous carbon as boosted oxygen reduction catalyst for zinc–air batteries
Authors: Fang Jingwei , Deng Daijie , Shi Guorui , Fu Jinglei , Zhang Wei , Li Henan , Zhang Shihan , Xu Li
Published: August 2024

N-doped WO3 anchored on porous carbon (N–WO3/PNC) was synthesized using an ionic-liquid-assisted method. N–WO3/PNC displayed a half-wave potential of 0.85 V and endowed a zinc–air battery with a high power density of 209.7 mW cm−2.
Ultrasensitive and versatile hydrogen peroxide sensing via fluorescence quenching
Authors: Peter Jenisha John , Roy Nathaniel Chennattuparambil , Grynszpan Flavio , Levine Mindy
Published: August 2024

Hydrogen peroxide sensing via fluorescence quenching of a substituted bimane occurs independently of the bimane-water reaction, enabling picomolar detection limits.
DNA-modulated dimerization and oligomerization of cell membrane receptors
Authors: Ali Ahsan Ausaf , You Mingxu
Published: August 2024

Versatile DNA nanodevices that modulate membrane receptor aggregation and reprogram cell signaling with high precision and programmability.
Extreme makeover: the incredible cell membrane adaptations of extremophiles to harsh environments
Authors: Maiti Archita , Erimban Shakkira , Daschakraborty Snehasis
Published: August 2024

This article explores molecular strategies like homeoviscous adaptation and osmolyte-mediated adaptation that extremophiles use to maintain cell membrane stability under extreme conditions.
One-dimensional hybrid copper halides with high-efficiency photoluminescence as scintillator
Authors: Gong Zhongliang , Zhang Jie , Liu Ying-Yue , Zhang Lu-Xin , Zhang Qing , Xiao Lingyun , Cao Bingqiang , Hu Bing , Lei Xiao-Wu
Published: August 2024

The organic–inorganic hybrid halide [APCHA]Cu2I4, exhibits green emission under both UV and X-ray excitation. It shows excellent photoluminescence and radioluminescence properties, making it suitable for X-ray detection and imaging applications.
Metal-free radical selenothiocyanation of terminal and internal alkynes
Authors: Chen Jiabin , Bai Xiaoyan , Jiang Haobo , Zhao Cong , Li Ya , Chu Mingming , Li Yiming , Zhang Min , Chen Lu
Published: August 2024

A method for inducing direct selenothiocyanation from both terminal and internal alkynes through a radical process is proposed under metal-free conditions.
Boosting the photoelectrochemical performance of BiVO4 by borate buffer activation: the role of trace iron impurities
Authors: Cao Xiaohu , Yu Xuemeng , Chen Xihan , Ye Ruquan
Published: August 2024

By regulating iron impurities in the electrolyte and vanadium dissolution issues, the photoelectrochemical performance of BiVO4 can be significantly enhanced.
Self-reversible mechanofluorochromic AIEgens with tunable solid-state fluorescence: effect of acceptors and intermolecular interactions
Authors: Ravi Sasikala , Priyadharsan R. Rameshbabu , Karthikeyan Subramanian , Pannipara Mehboobali , Al-Sehemi Abdullah G. , Moon Dohyun , Anthony Savarimuthu Philip
Published: August 2024

The intermolecular interacting functionality in the carbazole-based π-conjugated fluorophores controlled mechano-responsive fluorescence switching.
Preparation of Y3Ga5O12:Pr3+ nanotubes with a single-crystal structure via single-nozzle electrospinning for temperature sensing applications
Authors: Ren Zhichao , Yu Hongquan , Li Xiangping , Zhang Jinsu , Xu Sai , Chen Baojiu
Published: August 2024

1D Y3Ga5O12:Pr3+ nanotubes were fabricated by a simple single-nozzle electrospinning method. Y3Ga5O12:0.5% Pr3+ nanotubes exhibit excellent temperature sensing properties.
Size-dependent shock response mechanisms in nanogranular RDX: a reactive molecular dynamics study
Authors: Huang Xiaona , Ji Chunliang , Ma Xiaoxia , Hao Lixiao , Guo Feng , Yang Guangcheng , Huang Jichun , Wen Yushi , Qiao Zhiqiang
Published: August 2024

Larger RDX nanoparticles decompose more at lower shock velocities due to fluid jet formation and gas compression during void collapse. Smaller nanoparticles, with higher specific surface area, decompose faster under high-velocity shocks.
Optimizing 2-furylated imidazole π-bridges for NIR lipid droplet imaging
Authors: Suresh Anamika , Ramasamy Rohith , Kallumpurath Deepa , Solomon Rajadurai Vijay
Published: August 2024

Tailoring the optical properties of 2-furylated imidazole π-bridge modifications to enable near-infrared emission for bioimaging applications through DFT, TDDFT, molecular docking and dynamics calculations.
Molecular engineering of BODIPY-bridged fluorescent probes for lysosome imaging – a computational study
Authors: Joby Prince , Ramasamy Rohith , Solomon Rajadurai Vijay , Wilson Paul
Published: August 2024

Tailoring optical properties of BODIPY fused 2-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl) derivatives to enable near-infrared emission for bioimaging applications through DFT, TDDFT, molecular docking and dynamics calculations.
UV wavelength-dependent photoionization quantum yields for the dark 1nπ* state of aqueous thymidine
Authors: Xu Piao , Wang Dongdong , Li Duoduo , Long Jinyou , Zhang Song , Zhang Bing
Published: August 2024

Unravelling the unexpected weak 1nπ* → D1 ionization channel and the wavelength-dependent 1nπ* quantum yields following the ultraviolet wavelength-dependent photoionization of aqueous thymidine using liquid-microjet photoelectron spectroscopy.
Silver microplasma-engineered nanoassemblies on periodic nanostructures for SERS applications
Authors: Wang Zhuo-Fu , Tsai Kai-Chun , Chiang Wei-Hung , Lin Ding-Zheng
Published: August 2024

Ag-MEN enhances SERS by decorating silver nanoparticles on a periodic nanostructured template, improving both the enhancement factor, uniformity, and reproducibility.
Mesoporous metal–organic framework NH2-MIL-101(Cr) as an efficient photocatalyst for the epoxidation of styrene
Authors: Wang Xue-Zhi , Cai Bing-Chen , Zhou Yi-Jie , Zhou Chuang-Wei , Wu Ming-Min , Zhou Xian-Chao , Wang Fu-Li , Zhou Xiao-Ping , Li Dan
Published: August 2024

NH2-MIL-101(Cr), a mesoporous metal-organic framework, is utilized as a highly efficient and selective heterogeneous photocatalyst for the epoxidation of styrene and its derivatives under mild conditions.
A ruthenium catalyst linked to a redox-active ruthenium polypyridine for water oxidation
Authors: Salomón Fernando F. , Abate Pedro O. , Baraldo Luis M.
Published: August 2024

Two Ru polypyridine-catalyst-assemblies show activity in the water oxidation reaction both in their RuIII–RuIV and RuIII–RuV redox states.
Two-step construction of KPDMS/Al2O3 ultra-barriers for wearable sensors
Authors: Wen Di , Yuan Ruige , Yang Fan , Chen Rong
Published: August 2024

A stretchable KPDMS/Al2O3 ultra-barrier with a high barrier property of 7.82 × 10−5 g m−2 day−1 was fabricated using ALI followed by a UV-curing process, achieving high stability in moisture and biofluids for wearable sensors.
The synthesis and application of o-carborane-based macrocyclic arenes
Authors: Liu Jiayi , Fu Meigui , Yuan Shuai , Lin Caixia , Yuan Yaofeng
Published: August 2024

Two carborane-hybridized macrocyclic arenes were synthesized. The macrocycles showed an AIE feature and exhibited selective “turn-off” fluorescence responses towards explosive molecules.