bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proportionality of the long bones and their relation to stature among Mesoamericans
Authors: Genovés Santiago
Published: August 2005

A total of 235 (176 ♂ and 59 ♀) cadavers were measured. Of these blood samples of 132 (103 ♂ and 29 ♀) are drawn. Only those cadavers of which the long bones could be measured afterwards were used in the investigation, and of these only those whose blood was of group O and Rh +.

A sample of 98 (69 ♂ and 29 ♀) was thus arrived at and divided morphoscopically into seven categories going from “pure” Indian to “pure” white. With electronic computers, means and standard deviations were calculated for all six unpaired long bones and for stature, as well as the coefficient of multiple correlation among the seven variables, for both males and females. As categories leading from “pure” white towards the other extreme were withdrawn, the sample size was reduced but the coefficient of multiple correlation increased from 0.71 to 0.90 in males, and from 0.74 to 0.94 in females, indicating that a more homogeneous population was being dealt with.

Mean stature for this population was 161.50 cm and 149.80 cm for males and females, after 2.5 cm are deducted from cadaveral measurements.

As the sample is morphoscopically and serologically as close as one could get to pre‐hispanic conditions and as the statures arrived at are representative of what is known, tables were drawn giving the corresponding values of statures of males and females going from 180 cm to 130 cm at steps of 0.5 cm.

It is submitted that until a larger sample is obtained, the newly drawn tables and formulae are more appropriate to calculate stature from long bones of American pre‐hispanic populations than any other hitherto used.
Bipedalism of man and gibbon compared using estimates of joint motion
Authors: Prost J. H.
Published: August 2005

Motion pictures were taken of a human and gibbon subject performing bipedal locomotion on a flat, level ground surface. The films were analyzed frame‐by‐frame to estimate the displacements occurring at the pelvic limb joints. The displacements were quantified using a simplification of the Albert‐Strasser globographic method. The motion patterns between the human and gibbon were compared to discover similarities and differences in the performances. The gibbon did not run even though it appeared to do so at the time of filming. This suggests that the term “run” might have an ambiguous meaning in behavioral descriptions. Contact periods for both animals varied inversely with speed. Non‐contact periods for both animals were relatively invariant to speed. The gibbon's joint motions were less efficient when compared with those of man, particularly the gibbon's abduction of its femur and flexion at its knee during contact periods. The question was raised whether the gibbon could not have improved its performance with training.
Deciphering primate phylogeny from macromolecular specificities
Authors: Goodman Morris
Published: August 2005

A problem in deciphering primate phylogeny, morphological convergence between different evolutionary lines, can be overcome by species comparisons of proteins, macromolecules with specificities closely linked to the genetic code in DNA. Various chemical, electrophoretic, and immunological data on serum and tissue proteins in primates are reviewed with respect to their phylogenetic significance. Much of this data deals with protein specificities in the Hominoidea and depicts a particularly close genetic relationship between man and the African apes. Hominoidea, Cercopithecoidea, Ceboidea, and Lorisoidea are characterized by their proteins as monophyletic or natural taxa, even though the conventional subdivisions within several of these superfamilies are not in complete accord with the protein analyses. The protein evidence supports the conventional grouping of Cercopithecoidea with Hominoidea in the infraorder Catarrhini and the grouping of Catarrhini and Platyrrhini (Ceboidea) in the suborder Anthropoidea. Lemuroidea and Lorisoidea appear to be closer to one another than to either Tupaioidea or Anthropoidea and closer to the Anthropoidea than to the Tupaioidea. Comparisons of primate DNA's by Hoyer and coworkers are demonstrating genetic affinities among primates which agree with those deduced from the comparison of protein specificities.

Species differences and similarities in the relative amounts of different protein macromolecules reflect the grade relationships of primates, but, unlike the comparisons of amino‐acid sequences or antigenic specificities, are not reliable indicators of phyletic affinities. Data on the ratios of M(uscle) to H(eart) type lactate dehydrogenase in a series of primate brains provides a biochemical example of the concept that there are “lower” (primitive) and “higher” (advanced) grades of evolutionary development among the extant primates.
The transverse crease in Europe: Index and comparative study of different samples cited in the literature
Authors: De Lestrange M. Th.
Published: August 2005

Forty Europeans samples were listed, and for each, data were tabulated with respect to geographical origin, the sex and age of individuals together with a description of the sources of the data such as: school children, the population of a village, hospital patients, etc. ‥ Four criteria were used to eliminate those data which could not be considered representative of the population from which they were drawn.

The frequency of T.C. was compared among the eight samples retained. Variation of this characteristic noted among them is large. This work presents two groups of samples, each of which differs significantly from those in the other group. In addition, there are no significant differences among samples within the first group.

The importance of sampling methods when studying transverse creases is emphasized as much with respect to proper description of sources as with the desirable minimum sample size.
Tooth morphology and other aspects of the Teso dentition
Authors: Barnes D. S.
Published: August 2005

The teeth of over 5,000 Teso schoolchildren members of a Nilo‐Hamitic tribe in East Africa, were examined for morphological traits. There was a significant difference between the sexes in the number of cusps on the lower first and second molars, in the prevalence of the cusp of Carabelli, and in variability and agenesis of the upper lateral incisor. The results showed that females consistently favoured tooth reduction. There was also a tendency among those possessing extra cusps on one molar to have extra cusps or other molars. Records kept of the prevalence of the tribal custom of extracting lower central incisors indicated that this practise is rapidly dying out. On another group of teeth which had been extracted from adults common variations of root morphology were noted, together with the fissure pattern of the lower molars. Measurements were made of those teeth which were unworn and were not broken down by dental decay, and the lower third molar was found to be the largest tooth of the series. Observations on the pattern of molar tooth wear showed that the buccal as well as the occlusal surface was strongly affected.
A somatotype method for young boys
Authors: Munroe Richard A. , Clarke H. Harrison , Heath Barbara Honeyman
Published: August 2005

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships between the three somatotype componets and selected structural, strength and motor performance characteristics of 12 year old boys. Zero‐order correlations, first‐order partials, and multiple correlations were computed in an effort to find the variables most highly related to each somatotype component.

Although no single anthropometric measure had a correlation of sufficient magnitude with any somatotype component to justify prediction of the component, such prediction was possible by means of regression equations. Utilizing measures of standing height, body weight, and leg length, regression equations were developed which yielded somatotype ratings which were within the range of accuracy of experienced raters. Thus, a practical method of determining the somatotype of young boys was developed without the need for photography or subjective ratings.
A replication study on monkey gaits
Authors: Prost J. H.
Published: August 2005

Motion pictures were taken of a subadult male barbary ape running and walking on level ground. The film recordings were analyzed to determine the timing of limb contacts. The investigation was designed to test the conclusions of an earlier study (Prost, '65). The conclusions were substantiated.
Dermatoglyphics of the XYY syndrome
Authors: Mavalwala Jamshed , Parker Charles E. , Melnyk John
Published: August 2005

The presence of an extra Y chromosome in Man results in a condition termed the XYY Syndrome. Such individuals are tall, exhibit aggressive behavior, and may be mentally retarded. XYY patients are usually discovered after they have committed a crime. Even though relatively few XYY patients have been recorded so far in the literature the incidence of this condition in US males has been estimated at 1 in 300. Thus the majority of XYY's lead normal lives, directing their excess aggression into legal channels. For those who do not do so, the earlier corrective educational therapy is constituted the better the result. Since dermatoglyphics are affected by chromosomal aberrations there is a need to examine the dermatoglyphics of XYY patients in order to establish specific dermatoglyphic features that can be used for diagnosis at birth.
Human biological observations on a Guanche mummy with anthracosis
Authors: Brothwell D. R. , Sandison A. T. , Gray P. H. K.
Published: August 2005

Very few Guanche mummies in good condition remain for detailed examination. Those that do deserve full anthropological, radiological and pathological study. The present case, a part of the biological collection of the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology in the University of Cambridge, has been investigated in detail by both old and new methods. Discussion on the mummification process used is not however given, as this has received previous description. Included in the study is a consideration of the forensic aspects of traumatic lesions seen in the head region, details of the tentative rehydration of the hand for the study of the dermatoglyphics, and a review of the radiological findings. The palaeohistology of the mummy is discussed in detail, and evidence for anthracosis presented.
Finger dermatoglyphics of the Peruvian Cashinahua
Authors: Jantz Richard L. , Johnston Francis E. , Walker Geoffrey F. , Kensinger Kenneth M.
Published: August 2005

The Peruvian Cashinahua are an isolate of unmixed American Indians living in four villages in the Southeastern part of the country. Finger dermatoglyphic data were collected from the three most closely grouped villages in the summer of 1966. The relatively low proportion of whorls and high proportion of arches, and the low values of pattern intensity (10.75) and total ridge count (89.14) contrasts markedly with other American Indian groups in general, and with Amazon Basin groups in particular. The distinctive finger print patterns may be explained by factors such as genetic drift and inbreeding, which can alter gene and phenotype frequencies in small populations.
Sequence of ossification of the foot in marmosets (Saguinus oedipus)
Authors: Kraus Bertram S. , Hampton John K.
Published: August 2005

The cleared and alizarin‐stained feet of eight marmoset (Saguinus oedipus) fetuses revealed a sequence of initial ossification of the 19 bones of the foot that is almost totally different from that of man. The most striking difference is in the order of ossification of the distal phalanx of the big toe; in man it is the first bone to commence ossification, in the marmoset it is the fourteenth. It is suggested that the sequence of initial ossification in the foot may be species specific among the primates and may serve as a useful marker of teratogenic action.
Finger dermatoglyphics of the Rarhi Brahmins of Bengal
Authors: Chattopadhyay Prasanta K. , Sharma Paramananda D.
Published: August 2005

The finger prints of 138 individuals belonging to the sub‐caste Rarhi Brahmin have been analyzed. In males whorls are more frequent in the right hand than the left, while it is just the reverse in case of loops and arches. Females, however, show higher frequency of loops and lesser frequency of whorls in the right hand than the left, while the arches are more frequent on the left hand of females than the right. Arches are found to be more frequent on the thumb in males, while among females it is found mostly in the second finger. The bimanual difference is statistically significant in both sexes. Right hands are found to be more monomorphic than left hands. Monomorphic hands are less frequent among females than males. In the digitwise occurrence of symmetrical combinations of different patterns, the trend is III>IV>V>I>II in males, and V>IV>III>I>II in females. Males show higher ridge counts in all fingers than do females. Ridge counts are usually found to be higher in the right hand than the left. The sex difference for mean total ridge counts is significant (t = 1.99, 0.05>P > 0.02, d.f. = 136). The bimanual difference is statistically significant for thumbs in both sexes, while the difference for the other digits is not significant.
The typological versus the evolutionary approach in skeletal population studies
Authors: Bennett Kenneth A.
Published: August 2005

An examination of ideal and extreme type constructs indicates that ideal types do not serve as testable hypotheses in a theoretical system. Extreme types, on the other hand, can be empirically valid. In physical anthropological studies of human skeletal populations, ideal typology must be replaced with population thinking if we hope to arrive at a meaningful understanding of the biological attributes of prehistoric populations.
Ancestral traits, parental populations, and hybrids
Authors: Pollitzer William S.
Published: August 2005

The distance traveled over the centuries by any human population is a rocky road; the fusion of the paths of two meandering populations often leads to an even rougher one. Tracing such a wayward child of history back to its long‐lost parents presents complex problems for the physical anthropologist. For those parents may share unequally in their legacy to their offspring at the start of the journey. Many genes may disappear into the gutters of genetic drift; some byways may stop at the barricades of selection; fresh migrants may join by side roads to swell the stream; and inbreeding may narrow the roadbed.

Searching for the genes that the hybrid population holds in common with alleged parents provides one clue to the relative role of the ancestors. Comparison of measurements of the living hybrid with the nearest known relatives of the presumed parents yields another clue. Resuscitation of ancestors from their bones and teeth supplies yet another link. Distinctive features of such skeletal remains are most valuable where their inheritance is understood. Bones may yield another clue from substances left within them of known genetic control. And finally all the evidence of history, every glimpse caught of the population along the route, gives knowledge of the contribution of the forebears to the living people. The ideal estimate will utilize a wide variety of information about the known groups.
Microevolutionary interpretations from the dentition
Authors: Turner Christy G.
Published: August 2005

The qualities of the dentition (preservability, hereditability, evolutionary stability, behavioral correlations) make them eminently suited for long‐term evolutionary studies where only natural selection need be considered. Teeth, however, can be just as valuable for short‐term or microevolutionary studies but here consideration of additional processes and conditions is required.

Admixture, one such source of microevolution common to many living human groups, often follows contact or discovery by external groups or displacement. Estimates of admixture have been made for several such living hybrid populations by several investigators and all were premised on assumed blood group allele frequencies for the ancestral population of the hybrid group as in this simple model:

Time 3
living hybrid groups

Time 2
+ foreign group

Time 1
prehistoric ancestral group

For any given living hybrid group, admixture estimates vary widely depending on which other living “unmixed” population is assumed to be most like the ancestral group.

This paper presents admixture estimates (for three living North American native groups, Aleuts, Koniag Eskimos, and Pueblo Indians, known by pedigree studies to be admixed to varying degrees) based on allele frequencies calculated from dental phenotypes exhibited in prehistoric skeletal samples known to be ancestral to each of the living hybrid groups. These estimates are compared with estimates based on blood groups. It is uncertain at present whether the potential error resulting from possibly inexact modes of inheritance of these dental traits is less or greater than the potential error due to assuming a living group to be genetically identical with the ancestral group for the trait(s) in question. Widespread acceptance of this procedure utilizing skeletal samples obviously rests with the verification of existing models for dental trait inheritance.
Criteria for selection of osteometric dimensions
Authors: Howells W. W.
Published: August 2005

Measurements, especially of the cranium, which allows the location of larger numbers of anatomical points, have tended to become bound by tradition. Where simple description of a skull is required, the standard dimensions and indices are familiar and serviceable. For purposes of population comparison and of analysis of the variation of form, however, little thought has been given in the past to the actual importance of one measurement relative to another. Multivariate techniques, such as factor analysis and multiple discriminant functions, now allow much better possibilities of finding the significant aspects of cranial (or other) variation, and of developing further measurements most suitable for analyzing such variation. A study of the author's demonstrates that the greatest differences among modern populations actually lie in the breadths of the cranial base, and in protrusion of the subnasal region, as well as in the prominence of the interorbital region or of the orbital rim relative to the face as a whole. It is suggested that workers broaden their batteries of measurements in the search for more such information.
Recent developments in the identification of human skeletal material
Authors: Bass William M.
Published: August 2005

A review of publications over the last fifteen years of methods in the field of physical anthropology for aging and sexing human skeletal material is presented. The approaches used by various authors have been summarized into six categories: (1) Visual examination of bones (2) Anthropometric measurements of bones (3) Anthropometric measurements with subsequent use of statistics in the form of discriminate function analyses (4) Time and sequence of eruption of the teeth (5) x‐ray examination of the internal structure of section bone (6) Microscopic examination of the internal structure of bone. A method to seasonally date prehistoric burials from the chitinous exuvia of fly pupae found with the burials is discussed.
Effects of alcohol and coca on foot temperature responses of highland Peruvians during α localized cold exposure
Authors: Little Michael A.
Published: August 2005

Two groups of highland Quechua Indian males were tested under conditions of local foot exposure to cold air (0°C). Foot temperatures were monitored throughout the hour cold test and for 16 minutes recovery at room temperature (24°C). In the first group (age range 14–20 years), 29 subjects were tested while chewing coca leaves and while under control conditions. The second group (age range 20–50 years) of 25 subjects was tested while consuming 1.1 gm of ethyl alcohol per kilogram of body weight and again under control conditions. Both drugs (coca and alcohol) are habitually consumed by members of the native population.

The mastication of coca leaves had no effect on foot skin temperatures. Alcohol consumption, however, elevated foot temperatures to between 4 and 6°C higher than control values at the end of 60 minutes of cold exposure. It is suggested that alcohol consumption gives the Indian a slight thermal advantage and increases levels of comfort during natural cold exposure.
Cold adaptation and the human face
Authors: Steegmann A. T.
Published: August 2005

A framework is suggested within which the evolutionary biology of the human head and face can be explored; it includes several channels of natural and behavioral selection as well as modes of “plasticity” change.

One aspect of the model is then examined by means of physiological and anthropometric experimentation. A cold room study of 33 Japanese and 25 whites, all born and raised in the tropics, was conducted at Hawaii's Pacific Biomedical Research Center. Thermal response during 70 minutes of exposure (face and hand) to moving 0°C air was electrically recorded. Assuming skin and body temperature is partially dependent upon morphology, detailed anthropometric measurements were taken and employed in thermal‐morphological correlation analysis.

Though results are not yet thoroughly analyzed, it appears that head surface temperatures relate to sub‐cutaneous fat thickness, but not clearly to other form factors; the oriental face, supposedly a product of selection by cold, seems to respond little differently than any other.
Behavior and disease: A possible approach
Authors: Mazzur Scott
Published: August 2005

This paper presents one possible approach to the study of the mutual adaptation between acute infectious diseases and the human host. The dynamic interaction between the German measles virus and human populations has been used to illustrate the three main phases of this approach. The first phase is a delineation of the existing disease pattern based on clinical and laboratory data. The second part is a consideration of possible evolutionary, biological and behavioral factors leading to the formation of such a pattern, and the third part is a description of significant behavioral responses to the disease.
The influence of cultural factors on the demography and pattern of gene flow from the Makiritare to the Yanomama Indians
Authors: Chagnon Napoleon A. , Neel James V. , Weitkamp Lowell , Gershowitz Henry , Ayres Manuel
Published: August 2005

A single village of Yanomama Indians was found to have frequencies of Dia of 0.06 and of Apa of 0.08, in contrast to 40 other villages whereDia was absent and Apa quite rare. The source of these genes was identified as a village of Makiritare Indians, but the two allele frequencies were approximately the same or even higher in the Yanomama than in the Makiritare village. Demographic, social and cultural parameters affecting marriage and reproduction in the two tribes explain this. Genealogical relationships and informants' accounts collected in the field, when viewed against the traditional marriage practices, reproductive advantages of headmen, and differential treatment of captured women, indicate that the mating and reproduction parameters inherent in tribal social organization of this kind constitute an essential part of the explanation of the genetic findings. It is argued that mating systems of this sort are such that the probability of a new gene introduced by a captive surviving in the recipient population is a function of the sex of the initial carrier. The implications for tribalization and potentially radical changes in allele frequencies are briefly explored by considering aspects of settlement pattern and population fissioning known to characterize the tribes in question. Finally, it is shown that genetic sampling from a single location can and does result in unrepresentative allele frequencies when this single sample is taken to characterize the tribe as a whole.
Dental and periodontal diseases and abnormalities in wild‐caught marmosets (primates — callithricidae)
Authors: Hershkovitz Philip
Published: August 2005

Examination of 904 skulls of wild caught marmosets revealed 92 with diseased teeth and alveolar infections. The number of affected teeth and alveoli was 259 or 0.9% of the total number of teeth including alveoli. Dental abnormalities such as super‐numeraries, congenital assymetries, and postpartum injuries were noted in 14 skulls. The diseased individuals appeared in 83 of the 207 collecting localities, and constitute nearly 22% of the 488 specimens from those sites. Difference between the proportion of diseased upper teeth (9.4%), and lower teeth (8.3%) of all teeth examined, is insignificant. There is indication, however, that the lower the proportion of diseased antepremolar teeth, the higher the proportion of diseased postcanine teeth, and vice versa. Incidence of diseases is practically nil in juveniles and sub‐adults, but rises rapidly in late maturity and old age. Fine line cracking or crazing of the enamel in marmoset teeth is briefly described and compared with same phenomenon in other mammals including man. Crazing is attributed to the cumulative effects of bite impact. It is absent in deciduous and unworn permanent primate teeth and absent or uncommon in mammalian teeth adapted to an insectivorous diet.
Active sweat gland distribution in Caingang Indians
Authors: Roberts D. F. , Salzano F. M. , Willson J. O. C.
Published: August 2005

On a small sample of male Caingang Indians in Southern Brazil was counted the number of sweat glands active under thermal stimulation. The results at nine sites over the body are compared with those from samples of other races, the factors affecting the findings are discussed, and it is concluded that the Caingang results show no racial difference in the number of active glands, or in the gradient of their distribution over the body.
Developmental responses to high altitude hypoxia
Authors: Frisancho A. Roberto
Published: August 2005

From a review of published literature on developmental responses to high altitude, three major conclusions are derived. First, the small birth weight of high altitude native populations are adaptive responses to reduce the oxygen requirements, while the relative increase in the placental weight is a compromise mechanism to increase the volume and surface area for a better oxygenation. Second, the small stature of the high altitude native is due to slow prenatal and postnatal growth. Third, the enlarged chest size, increased lung volumes and predominance of the right ventricle of the heart are due to accelerated development during childhood and adolescence. However, there is not adequate information to determine whether or not the developmental responses of the high altitude native are population‐specific, based on a genetic structure different from that of sea level populations. Hence, the need for further study of developmental factors is emphasized.
Statistical assessment of commingled skeletal remains
Authors: Snow Clyde C. , Folk Earl D.
Published: August 2005

Commingling in mixed burials is generally detected through the discovery of duplicate elements or bony evidence of sex, age, or statural differences in the recovered bones. In cases where the suspected commingling involves closely similar individuals and the total skeletal parts total less than one individual, it is important to consider the possibility that the recovered assemblage, through chance, may consist of non‐duplicated elements. A method of statistically assessing the probability of such an event is presented.
The dermatoglyphics of the 18q– syndrome
Authors: Mavalwala Jamshed , Wilson Miriam G. , Parker Charles E.
Published: August 2005

The dermatoglyphics of three patients with an 18q – karyotype are reported. Considering the total of 20 cases now known, this deletion definitely affects the dermatoglyphic phenotype of the distal part of the palm resulting in complex configurations in this area. The fingers of these cases display a high frequency of large composite patterns.
Skinfold thickness, body measurements and age changes in Trio and Wajana Indians of Surinam
Authors: Glanville E. V. , Geerdink R. A.
Published: August 2005

The nutritional status of Trio and Wajana is representative of a group living under primitive conditions in a favourable environment. In adults, skinfold thickness remains constant throughout life. The folds of females are thicker than those of males, the difference being most marked over the triceps and least at the subscapular. In children, skinfold thickness at the subscapular and suprailiac sites decreases from the 3–4 to the 5–6 age group, after which there is a rapid increase towards adult values. Age changes over the triceps are less marked, especially in males. Other measurements included arm and calf circumference, bone dimensions at the wrist, elbow, ankle and knee, weight, stature, leg and arm length and biacromial breadth. The two tribes differ significantly in several measurements. The Wajana are heavier but they tend to be shorter in stature, with shorter legs but broader elbows and wrists. Shoulder breadth and the circumference of the upper arm are greater in Wajana males but females do not show these differences. The Wajana have longer and broader heads, but the cephalic index is similar. The tribes also differ in hair texture.
Blood typing studies in American Indians: Misclassification of Rz phenotypes
Authors: Layrisse Z. , Layrisse M. , Gershowitz H.
Published: August 2005

The detection of exceptional Rh phenotypes (apparently (– –DE–)) among Venezuelan Yanomamo Indians initiated investigation of the reactions of anti‐C (rh′) sera with bloods of the Rz phenotypes (CCDEE, CcDEE and CCDEe). It was concluded that since anti‐C reagents may contain differing amounts of two antibodies, anti‐C (rh′) and anti‐Ce (rhi), the choice of reagent is critical for the detection of Rz bloods, such that with an anti‐C serum containing large amounts of anti‐Ce relative to anti‐C, RzR2 (CcDEE) will be mistyped as R2R2 (ccDEE) and Rzr (R1R2‐CcDEe) may be mistyped as R2r (ccDEe). The error will have its greatest relative effect in populations characterized by substantial Rz frequencies and the consequences of such an error (depressed Rz gene frequency and elevated R2 gene frequency) are therefore illustrated from published Indian studies.
Taurodontism: A biometric study
Authors: Blumberg Joseph E. , Hylander William L. , Goepp Robert A.
Published: August 2005

This study has been carried out in order to clarify various aspects of the phenomenon known as taurodontism. Samples of both taurodont and non‐taurodont teeth were measured and statistical analyses were performed on the resultant data from which various conclusions may be drawn. The most important conclusion is that this phenomenon may be defined metrically. The distributions have shown that the taurodont trait grades into the normal and it is quite difficult to make a subjective judgment at the low end of the taurodont range. It is for this reason that an accurate mathematical means for performing this task is so invaluable. The question of the nature of cuneiform single rooted molars was also investigated, and they were found not to be true taurodonts although the statistical procedure classed them as such. It was demonstrated that through the construction of simple plots these teeth could be eliminated from any group classed by analysis as taurodonts. Various metrical attributes were evaluated with respect to their ability to distinguish taurodonts, and two were found to be satisfactory for this purpose in most cases. Certain changes in molar morphology regarding caries and age were also investigated.
Trabecular involution in femoral heads of a prehistoric (X‐Group) population from Sudanese Nubia
Authors: Mielke James H. , Armelagos George J. , Van Gerven Dennis P.
Published: August 2005

An analysis of trabecular bone in the head of the femur of 33 males and 40 females from a prehistoric X‐Group population from Sudanese Nubia indicates that as age increases from 17 to 50+ years loss of trabecular bone in males (16.01%) is greater than loss in females (13.47%). These results differ from previous studies of cortical bone and ash density of femoral head trabeculae which demonstrate a greater loss in females. An analysis of the differential reaction in the two trabecular systems reveals that principal tensile group trabeculae decrease in thickness with age while principal compressive group trabeculae show an increase with age.
Osteological features characterizing the wrists of monkeys and apes, with a reconsideration of this region in Dryopithecus(Proconsul)africanus
Authors: Lewis O. J.
Published: August 2005

A description is given of the contrasting features which serve to distinguish the meniscus‐containing wrist joints of hominoids from those of monkeys. The form and relationships of the hominoid ulnar styloid process, triquetral and pisiform are strikingly modified. Correlated changes, clearly adaptive to suspensory locomotion, occur in the midcarpal joint: the apposed articular heads of the hamate and capitate are remodelled into a globular projection about which the proximal carpal row locks during extension, with its accompanying conjunct rotation. There is little doubt that Dryopithecus (Proconsul) africanus possessed a meniscus‐containing wrist joint, with associated midcarpal modifications, and was thus well adapted for suspensory locomotion. The structural grade achieved by D.africanus was considerably in advance of that shown by Hylobates and marginally superior to that of Pongo, indicating an earlier derivation of the lines leading to these Asiatic apes. The lineages of the African great apes and man might have diverged from the D.africanus grade, but there is some evidence favoring a later separation.
Cranial morphology of the early tertiary Phenacolemur and its bearing on primate phylogeny
Authors: Szalay Frederick S.
Published: August 2005

An early Eocene skull of the paromomyid Phenacolemur, a plesiadapoid primate, is described with particular emphasis on the ear region. The auditory bulla is composed of the petrosal and of a large ectotympanic plate which is outside of the bulla. The preserved morphology of the middle ear is distinctly more primitive than that of the older Plesiadapis. It cannot be determined with certainty whether Phenacolemur had the carotid circulation enclosed in bony tubes or not.

The auditory bulla of early primates and relevant living ones is discussed and it is suggested that an extrabullar ectotympanic, as seen in all non‐lemuriform fossil and extant primates, was probably the primitive ordinal condition, rather than the intrabullar ring‐like ectotympanic in the Lemuriformes.

Aspects of the carotid circulation are discussed as they pertain to the relationship of early Tertiary primates, living Tarsiiformes, Lemuriformes and Lorisiformes.
On the growth of the mandible
Authors: Walker Geoffrey F. , Kowalski Charles J.
Published: August 2005

In a cross‐sectional cephalometric study of over 800 normal white American children we show that the average ANB angle is roughly twice as large as the currently employed norms for that variable. The angle is relatively the same in females from 6 to 20 years of age, but there is a definite tendency for older males to exhibit a smaller ANB angle. The dynamics of this decrease is essentially the fact that, in the male, the mandible continues to grow steadily (relative to the maxilla and nasion) throughout much of the postpuberal stage, whereas this tendency is not exhibited in the female.
Human biology in Tlaxcala, Mexico: Demography
Authors: Halberstein Robert A. , Crawford Michael H.
Published: August 2005

A demographic survey was conducted as part of an ongoing population study of large Mestizo and Indian communities in Tlaxcala, Mexico. Comparative data on population structure and movement, mate selection, age at marriage, differential fertility, and mortality were collected through the administration of a standardized demographic proforma, and then cross‐tabulated by computer analysis. The resulting differences between the Indian and Mestizo populations are interpreted in terms of the relative importance of hybridization, natural selection, and genetic drift. Sizeable variance in achieved reproduction and the high neonatal mortality suggest the operation of natural selection in these two populations. Observed patterns of population movement and mate selection indicate that the Mestizo population of the city of Tlaxcala is highly hybridized, in contrast to the endogamous Indian community of San Pablo del Monte.
Metatarsal robusticity in bipedal rats
Authors: Riesenfeld Alphonse
Published: August 2005

All metatarsals have a significantly greater robusticity in the male than in the female rat. The robusticity formula of the rat's foot is 1 > 5 > 2 > 3 > 4. In bipedal rats that formula remains unchanged, but the robusticity of the metatarsals is increased especially in females. The tripod arrangement of the human foot with its particular robustness of the marginal metatarsals 1 and 5 and a strong calcaneum has been related to upright posture. The similar robusticity pattern in the rat's marginal metatarsals 1 and 5 raises the question of whether that part of the formula might not represent a more general plantigrade pattern.
New australopithecines from East Rudolf, Kenya (II)
Authors: Leakey R. E. F. , Mungai J. M. , Walker A. C.
Published: August 2005

Eleven new specimens of fossil hominids from the Plio‐Pleistocene sediments of Lake Rudolf, Kenya, are described. They include the following: two left mandibular bodies; parts of two right mandibular bodies; a massive mandible with partially preserved dentition and an almost complete right ascending ramus; a partial cranium with most of the right and parts of the left facial skeleton, the frontoparietal part of the calvaria, the right temporal bone, and some smaller fragments; the shaft of a massive left femur and parts of another left femur; fragments of a left humerus; and an almost complete right humerus. Detailed comparative descriptions will be published in due course.
Brachymesophalangia‐5 without cone‐epiphysis mid‐5 in Down's syndrome
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Gall John C. , Nagy Jerrold M.
Published: August 2005

Brachymesophalangia‐5 proved to be far more frequent in 212 cases of Down's syndrome karyotype (i.e., 21%) than in 14,197 survey volunteers of European ancestry (1.4%). However, none of 28 juvenile Down's syndrome patients with brachymesophalangia‐5 exhibited a cone‐epiphysis on mid‐5, as against the 47% that would be expected. Apparently the manifestation of brachymesophalangia‐5 in the 47,G + karyotype is not simply a dosage effect associated with trisomy of chromosome 21.
Distribution of the blood groups of the Norwegian Lapps
Authors: Kornstad Leif
Published: August 2005

Blood groups have been determined in samples from 423 Norwegian Lapps. The findings in the ABO, MNSs, P, Rh, Lewis, Duffy and Kidd systems are presented and compared with previous observations in various Lapp populations. Rather marked differences were observed between Lapps living in different geographical locations.
Malocclusion in the Kwaio, a Melanesian group on Malaita, Solomon Islands
Authors: Lombardi A. Vincent , Bailit Howard L.
Published: August 2005

In the present investigation, a number of occlusal variables which contribute to malocclusion were quantified among the Kwaio people of Malaita, Solomon Islands. Angle classification, overjet, overbite, openbite, crossbite, rotation, crowding, and spacing were assessed from dental casts of 180 persons (94 males, 86 females) who had complete permanent dentitions anterior to the first molar. Males had significantly more overjet and mandibular incisor crowding than females, and significantly less posterior openbite and mandibular canine‐premolar spacing. The frequency of openbite, rotation of maxillary teeth, and crowding of anterior teeth increased with advancing age. The frequency of posterior crowding decreased after age 30. Spacing, in general, increased with advancing age. In the distribution of the Angle classes of occlusion, the Kwaio resembled Australian aborigines living in technologically primitive circumstances.
Independence of brachymesophalangia‐5 from brachymesophalangia‐5 with cone mid‐5
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Poznanski Andrew K. , Nagy Jerrold M. , McCann Mary B.
Published: August 2005

Analysis of hand radiographs of juvenile siblings of juvenile propositi indicates that brachymesophalangia‐5 alone (without cones) is separately inherited without apparent sex bias while brachymesophalangia‐5 with the cone‐epiphysis of mid‐5 and the cone‐epiphysis of mid‐5 alone are both apparently inherited as a complex and with a marked excess of females over males.
Reduced sexual dimorphism in upper arm muscle circumference associated with protein‐deficient diet in a South American population
Authors: Stini William A.
Published: August 2005

Animal experiments have demonstrated that individuals exhibit differing tendencies to arrest growth and resorb muscle tissue under nutritional stress. Since placental and adrenocortical hormones are active in promoting muscle tissue resorption, sex differences may exist.

In order to identify such sex differences, the upper arm circumferences of 362 individuals, aged one to 60 years, living in an area of chronic protein‐calorie malnutrition were compared by age and sex with published data collected from U.S. and highland Peruvian populations.

Sexual dimorphism for arm muscle circumference in the malnourished population is less than in U.S. samples of comparable age‐categories. The highland population is closer to U.S. samples in the degree of dimorphism. The reduction in muscle circumference of males in the malnourished population appears to be the cause of the comparatively greater similarity of the sexes where protein‐calorie malnutrition is experienced from infancy through adolescence. High muscle relief and excellent tonus in these same males indicate that reduced muscle circumference is not the result of flaccidity or higher ratios of compressible fat to muscle tissue.

Reduction of muscle tissue in undernourished males is a reduction in total metabolic demand. Such reductions are adaptive in areas of chronic nutritional stress.
Prenatal growth of long bones in rhesus and squirrel monkeys (Macaca mulatta and Saimiri sciureus)
Authors: McKim Donald , Hutchinson Thomas C. , Gavan James A.
Published: August 2005

Fetal long bone growth was studied from 59 radiographs representing 35 macaques and 79 radiographs representing 16 squirrel monkeys. From lateral abdominal radiographs of pregnant females total lengths of long bone shadows were measured to the nearest millimeter with a sliding caliper.

A linear regression line was fitted to the data for each species. The high correlation coefficients (min. = 0.92) indicated not only that over 80% of the variance in longbone length was associated with the regression but also that linear regression was an acceptable model. It was determined that the macaque long bones grew more rapidly prenatally than the squirrel monkey long bones. Saimiri long bones grew at a faster rate during the second half of gestation than would be expected considering that the macaque long bones were approximately twice the length of Saimiri long bones at birth and that the duration of their gestation was about the same. Thus squirrel monkeys must achieve a greater percentage of their birth size during the second half of gestation.
Craniofacial growth in juvenile Macaca mulatta: A cephalometric study
Authors: Elgoyhen Jose C. , Riolo Michael L. , Graber Lee W. , Moyers Robert E. , McNamara James A.
Published: August 2005

This paper describes a study of normal craniofacial growth of the juvenile rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Serial data of 13 young monkeys of specific dental age were studied for a five month period by cephalometric radiography and the metallic implant technique. Growth patterns were described and localized growth changes quantified to determine the range of variability. Variability was found within areas of specific bones, e.g., the gonial region of the mandible, and in the relative degree of change of interbony relationships, e.g., maxillo‐mandibular. There was generally less variability for most measures in this study than usually found in man.

Compensatory factors, such as the adaptability of the dentition and the selective apposition and resorption of osseous surfaces minimized the occlusion expression of this observed variation, for all animals maintained a constant Class I molar relationship during the period studied.
Age‐Related variability in occlusal wear planes
Authors: Butler Ronald J.
Published: August 2005

Investigation of two populations of 136 individuals shows several patterns of occlusal wear plane change which are positively correlated with age. For individuals up to the age of 18, there is a characteristic pattern in which the occlusal wear planes of the mandibular teeth are lingually sloped and those of the maxillary dentition buccally sloped, with the exception of the maxillary premolars, which are also lingually sloped. The long axes of the mandibular teeth give them a lingual orientation relative to the maxillary teeth, and the long axes of the maxillary molars, by contrast, are buccally oriented. In the 18‐30 age range for all sexes, the mandibular M1 becomes buccally sloped on its occlusal surface while the occlusal wear plane on the maxillary M1 becomes lingually sloped. Later age changes indicate a trend for the mandibular premolars to become buccally sloped, while the wear planes of the maxillary premolars remain lingually sloped. There is a corresponding tendency for the maxillary and mandibular second molars to undergo changes in the initial orientation of the occlusal wear planes.
Tyrosinase positive oculocutaneous albinism among the Zuni and the Brandywine triracial isolate: Biochemical and clinical characteristics and fertility
Authors: Witkop Carl J. , Niswander Jerry D. , Bergsma Donald R. , Workman Peter L. , White James G.
Published: August 2005

Zuni albinos develop increased pigmentation in hair and eyes, and decreased nystagmus and photophobia with age. Hair bulbs cultured in l‐tyrosine produced pigment. Ultrastructure of melanocytes demonstrated a predominance of Stage II and early Stage III premelanosomes that readily converted to mature Stage IV melanosomes after incubation in 1‐tyrosine. Eleven obligate heterozygotes failed to demonstrate diaphanous irides. Data on the fertility of Zuni and Brandywine male albinos did not indicate that they had more offspring than pigmented males. As the physical features of this form of albinism overlap those of many normal Caucasians, it is probably not a particularly deleterious trait with high selective value under the recent conditions of Zuni life.
Lumbo‐sacral malformations and spina bifida occulta in a group of proto‐historic Modoc Indians
Authors: Bennett Kenneth A.
Published: August 2005

A complex lumbo‐sacral malformation has been found in an unusually high frequency in a group of proto‐historic Modoc Indians. Following a short review of vertebral abnormalities in general, the condition is described. It is suggested tentatively that inbreeding might be in part responsible for the high frequency.
A new method for taking fingerprints using photographic film
Authors: Arthur Angela M.
Published: August 2005

A new method for obtaining dermatoglyphic prints is described. Photographic film is used enabling prints to be obtained directly, and at any enlargement. The sweat‐pores can be shown in detail, and counted.
Economic impact on postnatal ossification
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Sandusky Sam T. , Rosen Nancy N. , Trowbridge Frederick
Published: August 2005

The magnitude of economic impact on postnatal ossification timing in generally lower‐income boys and girls of European ancestry was found to be 0.21 standard deviation units or Z‐scores for a difference of approximately $2200.00 in per‐capita income. Both boys and girls were equally affected.