bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychomotor and Cognitive Performance in Nonapneic Snorers: Preliminary Findings
Authors: Verstraeten Edwin , Cluydts Raymond , Verbraecken Johan , De Roeck Jacques
Published: August 2011

Snoring is a common phenomenon and a primary symptom in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, a sleep-related breathing disorder in which neuropsychological function is reported to be impaired. The first purpose of the present study was to compare cognitive and motor function in 25 heavy nonapneic snorers and 26 sleep apneics. As the basis for impairments in heavy nonapneic snorers is still unclear, the influence of nighttime breathing disturbances and morning alertness, respectively, on daytime performance was evaluated too. Nonapneic snorers exhibit more slow wave sleep and tend to have fewer changes in sleep stage than sleep apnea patients, but values for other sleep variables are similar. Snorers also show comparable alertness. Deficits in immediate visual memory and in visuospatial reasoning are not found. However, there are some indications that snorers show decreased manual dexterity and eye-hand coordination for the nonpreferred hand and that they have deficits in focused attention. In addition, snorers may show difficulties in finger-tapping speed. These performance measures tend to be associated with reduced morning alertness, except for the score on focused attention which has a tendency to be related to the nocturnal breathing disturbances.
Effect of Speaking into a Passive Resonator on Stuttering Frequency
Authors: Stuart Andrew , Miller Robert K. , Kalinowski Joseph , Rastatter Michael P.
Published: August 2011

The effect on stuttering frequency of speaking into a passive resonator was investigated. Eight participants who stuttered read aloud with and without the benefit of the resonator. A statistically significant reduction of approximately 30% in stuttering frequency was observed while the participants spoke with the resonator. These and similar commercially available devices may be employed with individuals who stutter, particularly children, as a means of enhancing fluency.
Trail Making Test in Assessing Children with Reading Disabilities: A Test of Executive Functions or Content Information
Authors: Närhi Vesa , Räsänen Pekka , Metsäpelto Riitta-Leena , Ahonen Timo
Published: August 2011

The speed of performance on Part A, Part B, and on an experimental version containing alphabetical series (Part A Alphabetic) of the Trail Making Test was studied with 19 children with reading disabilities and 34 controls from Grades 4 to 6. When the test was used in discriminant profile fashion, children with reading disabilities showed a deficit compared with control children on Part B relative to Part A but did not relative to the new Part A Alphabetic. The results indicate that the performance of the children with reading disabilities on Part B is likely to be affected by their slowness on the alphabetical series. Based on these results we recommend that the speed of following the alphabetical series be assessed when using Part B of the Trail Making Test.
Effects of Speed and Different Types of Treadmill on the Range of Motion of the Lower Extremities
Authors: Shih Jiping , Wang Y. Tai , Sinclair Sherrae
Published: August 2011

This study examined the range of motion of the lower extremities in 20 subjects (10 men, 10 women) exercising on treadmills. Of particular interest was how this parameter was affected by speed and different types of treadmill. Analysis indicated that there were statistically significant differences in the hip and knee joints, but not in the ankle joint for two selected types of treadmill set at the same speed.
An Isokinetic Study of Submaximal Effort in Elbow Flexion
Authors: Dvir Zeevi
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the efficiency of a protocol, used in previous studies in an extended form, for differentiation of submaximal from maximal effort in elbow flexion. 15 healthy men aged 21 to 55 years took part in two experimental conditions. In the maximal effort condition subjects were instructed to exert maximal concentric and eccentric efforts and in the best reproducible effort condition subjects were asked to exert similar but submaximal concentric and eccentric efforts which they could best reproduce. The amount of effort, represented by the average moment, was measured relative to two ranges of motion, 30° and 60°, at two angular speeds, 20°/sec. and 60°/sec, using 4 intermittent concentric-eccentric contractions. Both the eccentric/concentric strength ratios as well as the difference between these ratios at the high and the low speeds were highly effective in distinguishing maximal from submaximal efforts. Moreover, since the protocol was equally effective irrespective of the range of motion, it may be used to differentiate submaximal from maximal elbow flexion effort in noninjured subjects.
Effects of Training Method on Inspectors' Accuracy in a Simulated Quality Control Task
Authors: Thorne Cathy L. , Redmon William K. , Huitema Bradley E.
Published: August 2011

This study evaluated the relative effectiveness of different training methods on inspectors' accuracy in a simulated quality control task. Subjects trained with correct visual examples of errors performed much more poorly than did those trained using visual examples with one and two errors.
Exact and Approximate Probability Values for the Terpstra-Jonckheere Test against Ordered Alternatives
Authors: Berry Kenneth J. , Mielke Paul W.
Published: August 2011

An algorithm and FORTRAN program are presented to calculate the Terpstra-Jonckheere test statistic and the exact and approximate probability values. Exact probability values are generated by a permutation procedure and the approximate probability values are obtained from the normal distribution.
Stroking Characteristic Variations in the 100-M Freestyle for Male Swimmers of Differing Skill
Authors: Chollet Didier , Delaplace Chantal , Pelayo Patrick , Tourny Claire , Sidney Michel
Published: August 2011

The purpose of the study was to identify the stroking characteristics such as rate and length used by male swimmers of differing skill and to analyze the variations of velocity, stroke rate, and stroke length during the course of the race. The performance of 442 male subjects including 40 swimmers competing at an international 100-m freestyle event was videotaped and later analyzed to measure velocity, stroke rate, and stroke length on each lap of the race. Stroke length seemed to be the best predictor of swimming velocity. Different levels of performance could be discriminated by the variations of velocity, stroke rate, and especially stroke length throughout the race. Besides higher values for velocity, stroke rate, and stroke length, the best swimmers were characterized by the capacity to maintain these parameters constant throughout the course of the race. Such results could be used by coaches to assess technique and training for certain racing strategies.
Influence of Exercise Duration on Perceived Exertion during Controlled Locomotion
Authors: Brisswalter J. , Delignières D.
Published: August 2011

During racewalk task of long duration the variation of perceived exertion classically reported with fatigue could be affected by the cognitive strategy adopted by the 5 experienced subjects.
Effects of Excitative and Sedative Music on Subjective and Physiological Relaxation
Authors: Iwanaga Makoto , Tsukamoto Maki
Published: August 2011

Previous investigations using heart rate as a measure have not clarified the excitative-sedative effects of music. One of the sources of this failure was considered to be use of the index of heart rate. The present purpose was to examine the excitative-sedative effect of music on indices of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous activities through spectral analysis of heart rate. The presented stimuli were three excitative musical pieces and three sedative ones. Subjective feelings about music were measured by an adjective checklist concerning musical activity. Heart-rate variabilities divided into two components of Low Frequency, mainly affected by the sympathetic nervous system and of High Frequency, mainly affected by the parasympathetic nervous system. Six types of heart-rate indices were employed: (1) mean increments from posttrial base, (2) coefficient of variances of heart rate, (3) mean powers of Low Frequency, (4) coefficient of component variances of Low Frequency, (5) mean powers of High Frequency, and (6) coefficient of component variances of High Frequency. From the factor analysis based on responses to an adjective checklist, there was a single major activity factor. Activity scores showed some were high during excitative pieces and others low during sedative ones. For heart rate, excitative-sedative effects of music were observed only in indices related to High Frequency. This result suggests that musical effect was observed in measures of the parasympathetic nervous system but not in the sympathetic nervous system.
Anxiety, Economic Growth and Suicide and Homicide
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Rates of economic growth were not associated with 1980 suicide or homicide rates in a sample of 72 nations.
Ear Dominance and Telephone Sales
Authors: Furnham Adrian , Richardson Simon , Miller Tony
Published: August 2011

In a field study, three equally sized sales teams used one of three head-sets—left, right, both ears—for a day's selling of insurance by telephone. This had no effect on sales In a retrospective study of records, daily sales performance including the percentage conversion rate for sales divided by the number of calls and the number and duration of calls was related to preference for type of head-set. Sales were markedly influenced by the choice of head-set. People who chose to wear the left earpiece significantly out-sold the others wearing right and stereohead-sets. Neither the number of incoming calls nor the time spent on the telephone were influenced by the choice of head-set. When sales are analysed in terms of individual differences in personal preference for type of head-set, those who chose the left ear had an advantage. Forced use of the left, versus right ear or both ears for one day had no effect.
Mental Chronometry with Simple Linear Regression
Authors: Chen Jenn-Yeu
Published: August 2011

Typically, mental chronometry is performed by means of introducing an independent variable postulated to affect selectively some stage of a presumed multistage process. However, the effect could be a global one that spreads proportionally over all stages of the process. Currently, there is no method to test this possibility although simple linear regression might serve the purpose. In the present study, the regression approach was tested with tasks (memory scanning and mental rotation) that involved a selective effect and with a task (word superiority effect) that involved a global effect, by the dominant theories. The results indicate (1) the manipulation of the size of a memory set or of angular disparity affects the intercept of the regression function that relates the times for memory scanning with different set sizes or for mental rotation with different angular disparities and (2) the manipulation of context affects the slope of the regression function that relates the times for detecting a target character under word and nonword conditions. These ratify the regression approach as a useful method for doing mental chronometry.
Finno-Ugrians and Suicide
Authors: Kondrichin Sergei V. , Lester David
Published: August 2011

The association between suicide rates and the percentages of Finno-Ugrian language speakers in 30 European nations in 1990 was positive and statistically significant.
Social Characteristics of States Which Do Not Prohibit Assisted-Suicide
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In American states in the 1980s, the prohibition of assisted-suicide was associated only with a factor related to the age of the state population.
Speed and Accuracy of Eye-Gaze Pointing
Authors: Chi Chia-Fen , Lin Chia-Liang
Published: August 2011

The current experiment examined the speed-accuracy trade-off of saccadic movement between two targets. Ten subjects looked alternately at two targets as fast and as accurately as possible for 2 min. under different conditions of target size, distance between targets, and direction of eye movement. Saccadic movement of the left eye was tracked and recorded with an infrared eye monitoring device to compute the starting position, ending position, and duration of each saccadic movement. Eye-movement time was significantly related to target size and distance between targets, but the speed-accuracy trade-off was significantly different from that predicted by Fitts' Law. Reaction time was not significantly changed by the direction of eye movement.
Depth Perception in Simple Line Drawings
Authors: Kawabata Nobuo
Published: August 2011

Three-dimensional interpretation of simple line drawings, composed of two triangles with a common side, was studied through the quantitative measurement of perceived orientation of the surface indicated by a stimulus figure. In a single triangle, depth perception is ambiguous and is not stable even if perceived. In two triangles with a common side, however, depth is stably perceived. Depth effect, defined as the magnitude of the angle formed by the two perceived surfaces, increased linearly as the magnitude of an angle at a vertex facing the common side became larger. The depth effect did not vary significantly for the change of a triangular form when the magnitude of the angle at the vertex facing the common side was constant. These results suggest that the depth effect changes systematically with variation in the triangle's form
Human Ethology: Age and Sex Differences in Mall Walking
Authors: Hangland Aija , Cimbalo Richard S.
Published: August 2011

Well-controlled experimental research has examined the biomechanical aspects of walking in homo sapiens on a track. The research reported here also examined cadence, velocity, and stride length for estimated ages ranging from 15 to over 55 years but in a shopping mall. Women at all ages walked faster than men in the mall setting which was opposite to what was found in the track research. Apparently context may influence how fast people walk. Hunter-gatherer differences could explain these results.
Criteria Used to Judge Obese Persons in the Workplace
Authors: Popovich Paula M. , Everton Wendi J. , Campbell Karin L. , Godinho Rhonda M. , Kramer Kevin M. , Mangan Michael R.
Published: August 2011

Researchers have speculated that employers are less likely to hire obese persons for more publicly visible jobs, although this hypothesis remains untested. In the present study, 54 undergraduate students rated 40 jobs on several items, including the likelihood they would hire an obese person for each job. Multidimensional scaling showed a one-dimensional solution, labeled as physical activity, with participants less likely to hire obese persons for more active jobs. For hiring likelihood ratings for jobs at either end of the dimension appear to be most similar for men and individuals with more positive attitudes toward obese persons versus women and individuals with more negative attitudes toward obese persons. Implications for both theory and practice are discussed.
Social Conservatism and Intolerance of Ambiguity
Authors: Maltby John , Day Liza , Edge Rebecca
Published: August 2011

A new 12-item scale of social conservatism was associated with an apparent measure of intolerance of ambiguity among 62 English undergraduate students.
Aesthetic Preferences for Combinations of Color and Music
Authors: Polzella Donald J. , Hassen Jodi L.
Published: August 2011

135 university undergraduates heard 12 preludes from J. S. Bach's Well-tempered Clavier (Vol. 1) while viewing alternating red, yellow, green, and blue colored lights. Their task was to rank-order the lights according to how well they “matched” the music. Preferences for combinations of color and music differed depending on whether the music was in a major or a minor key. The present findings along with those of some earlier studies suggest that aesthetic experience may be heightened when colors are seen that match the mental images music evokes.
Design of a Haptic Stick Interface as a Pilot's Assistant in a High Turbulence Task Environment
Authors: Repperger D. W. , Haas M. W. , Brickman B. J. , Hettinger L. J. , Lu L. , Roe M. M.
Published: August 2011

A study involving 8 Air Force pilots was conducted to examine the efficacy of a force-reflecting joystick to improve performance during a simulated landing task in wind turbulence. By adding certain force characteristics to a joystick, it was of interest to see if performance may change, different control effort may be utilized, and workload measures may be altered based on the joystick utilized. The main results show that certain performance measures significantly improved by having the force reflection condition on. The implications of this study are that in certain types of precision tracking tasks, subjected to external disturbances, the addition of the force characteristics to the joystick can significantly improve performance, result in less effort for control, and lower subjective workload.
Comparison of Cursive Models for Handwriting Instruction
Authors: Karlsdottir Ragnheidur
Published: August 2011

The efficiency of four different cursive handwriting styles as model alphabets for handwriting instruction of primary school children was compared in a cross-sectional field experiment from Grade 3 to 6 in terms of the average handwriting speed developed by the children and the average rate of convergence of the children's handwriting to the style of their model. It was concluded that styles with regular entry stroke patterns give the steadiest rate of convergence to the model and styles with short ascenders and descenders and strokes with not too high curvatures give the highest handwriting speed.
Menninger's Motives for Suicide in Suicide Notes from America and Germany
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

A prior set of 40 suicide notes from Germany more often had Men-ninger's “to die” motive than did the 28 American suicide notes.
Stimulus Alignments in the Selection of Bigger Rectangles by Four- and Five-Year-Old Children
Authors: Shimizu Masuharu
Published: August 2011

63 four- and five-yr.-olds were presented pairs consisting of one square plus one rectangle with the bases, centers, or tops aligned and asked to select the bigger ones. The larger stimuli were selected more often under all aligned conditions, whereas the taller stimuli were also selected more often under the base- and the center-aligned conditions. In the pairs with the larger square and the smaller rectangle, children selected the taller stimuli most often under the base-aligned and least often under the top-aligned conditions and selected the larger ones more often under the center-aligned than under the base-aligned conditions. These effects of alignments did not appear in the pairs with the smaller square and the larger rectangle. Under the base-aligned condition, children selected the taller stimuli more often and the larger ones less often in the pairs with the larger square and the smaller rectangle than in the pairs with the smaller square and the larger rectangle. These results confirmed that 4- and 5-yr.-olds tend to attend to height dimension, and that, when height is salient, they tend to perceive taller objects as larger.
Social Correlates of Murder Rates by Each Method
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In 1980, the social correlates of murder rates for 48 American states depended upon the method used for murder.
Estimates of Validity and Reliability for the Hemispheric Mode Indicator
Authors: Hartman Steve E. , Hylton Jaime
Published: August 2011

Concurrent validity of scores of the Hemispheric Mode Indicator (a measure of cognitive hemispheric dominance) was assessed by product-moment correlation with scores for the Human Information Processing Survey (a more-studied measure of hemispheric dominance) for 27 nurse-anesthetist students and 94 medical students ( r = .61 and .69, respectively). For 70 of the medical students, test-retest stability was only fair ( r = .74). For 525 undergraduates and 156 medical students, although alpha coefficients were .78 and .84, respectively, consideration of interitem correlations and principal components analyses indicated that some of the Hemispheric Mode Indicator's items are unsuitable as worded and that the 32 items probably represent more than one underlying latent variable.
Content Analysis of the Globe and Mail's Coverage of the Winter Olympic Games
Authors: Urquhart Jim , Crossman Jane
Published: August 2011

To collect empirical data on the Globe and Mail sports section's coverage of the Winter Olympic Games from 1924 to 1992 a content analysis was performed on 1,184 articles and 532 pictures using size, sport, location, type, and performance. One-way analysis of variance and such analysis with Newman-Keuls were used to assess significance of differences among these indices. The number and size of articles and pictures increased steadily from 1924 to 1992. Articles about Canadian medal winners were larger in size but occurred as frequently as for nonmedal winners. Most articles concerning the Olympics were found on the first two pages of the sports section. Ice hockey received the most coverage (29.5%), followed by figure skating (11.6%), alpine skiing (10.8%), and speed skating (6.2%). Their primary focus was on athletes' accomplishments, personal history, or the outcome of an event.
Children's Perceptions of Psychosocial Factors Related to Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Gentry Betholyn F. , Varlik Lesley , Dancery Jess
Published: August 2011

Few studies have examined psychosocial issues from the perspective of children who have sickle cell disease. In the present study psychosocial issues of self-esteem, social and family relationships, anxiety, depression, anger, denial, and knowledge were examined using a researcher-developed survey and 12 children with sickle cell disease as informants.
Developmental Characteristics of Temporal Control of Movement in Preschool and School Children of Different Ages
Authors: Sasaki Reiko
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the temporal control of repetitive tapping in children, ages 3 to 11 ( N = 99). The subjects tapped in synchrony with an auditory pulse (synchronizing phase) at nine different tempos (interpulse intervals of 370, 420, 500, 540, 620, 720, 850, 1000, and 1300 msec.) and were then asked to maintain the same tapping tempo without the aid of an auditory pulse (continuing phase). The time difference between the onset of the pulse and the tap in the synchronizing phase and intertap interval in the continuing phase were measured. Both the time difference between the timing pulse and the tap, and variation of intertap intervals were smallest at the tempo of 500 msec. for all age groups. The variation of the intertap interval at slower tempos was greater than that at fast tempos in all age groups. This suggests that the accurate interval (tempo) of all the subjects was around 500 to 600 msec At slower tempos, the intertap interval had a tendency to become slightly shorter with time and converged at intertap interval 500 to 600 msec. It is suggested that the preferred tempo was superior to the prescribed tempo in the continuing phase for younger subjects. Differing patterns of response in the movement sequence were observed between younger and older subjects in the movement sequence. The changes in temporal control over the age groups are thought to appear at between 5 and 7 years of age.
Magnitude-Estimation Scaling of Complex Auditory Stimuli: Native and Nonnative Languages
Authors: Fucci Donald , McColl Douglas , Bond Zinny , Stockmal Verna
Published: August 2011

50 subjects used magnitude-estimation scaling to rate 11 languages on two subjective perceptual tasks. On Task 1, the subjects rated languages according to how similar they were to their native language (English). In Task 2, the subjects rated languages according to how much they like them. Analysis showed a high over-all correlation between how similar subjects felt the languages were to their native language and how much they liked them (Pearson product-correlation r = .86). The high correlation indicates consistency in subjects' scaling responses. This consistency may suggest that magnitude estimation is an appropriate method for scaling complex auditory stimuli represented by various attributes of native and nonnative languages.
Masking Effect of Motivation on Ultradian Rhythm
Authors: Hayashi Mitsuo , Minami Shinya , Hori Tadao
Published: August 2011

To test the masking effect of motivation on ultradian fluctuations in arousal, we examined the self-rating scores for sleepiness, fatigue, and motivation and the electroencephalographic data for 5 male university students (age range, 18 to 20 years). They watched either an animated video series (Animation condition) intended to enhance motivation or interest or a landscape video series (Landscape condition) intended to induce lack of interest due to boredom. Each subject watched the two series for more than one week in a 3.1 × 3.1 m isolation unit. Each series was presented for 12 min. every 20 min. from 0900 to 1800. Subjective sleepiness and fatigue increased, and motivation was decreased for Landscape condition, suggesting the validity of the experimental manipulation. Closed-eye Oz-EEG alpha and beta activities fluctuated in an ultradian manner for both conditions, although slower cycles were observed at an interval of the Animation condition. The coefficients of variation of time series data were also lower for the Animation condition. These data suggest that either high motivation or absence of sleepiness or fatigue mask ultradian arousal cycles by producing fewer or slower fluctuations.
Modifications of Body-Image Induced by Virtual Reality
Authors: Riva Giuseppe
Published: August 2011

In contrast to the great number of publications on body image, only a few papers have focused on the treatment of a disturbed body image. In general, two direct and specific approaches are usually used, a cognitive/behavioural therapy to influence patient's feelings of dissatisfaction and a visuomotor therapy with the aim of influencing bodily awareness. The aim of this study was both to develop a virtual reality environment integrating the two approaches and to test its efficacy on a nonclinical sample of 24 women. Before and after a 10-min. virtual experience all the subjects made ratings on the Figure Rating Scale and the Contour Drawing Rating Scale. Analysis showed a significant reduction in body dissatisfaction without any major side effect.
The Negative Hypergeometric Probability Distribution: Sampling without Replacement from a Finite Population
Authors: Berry Kenneth J. , Mielke Paul W.
Published: August 2011

The negative hypergeometric probability distribution is defined and its relationship to the inverse hypergeometric probability distribution is clarified. A FORTRAN program is described which computes negative hypergeometric probability values and, for a specified probability, the minimum sample size needed to attain a given number of successes.
Survey of Commercial Airline Pilots' Hearing Loss
Authors: Begault Durand R. , Wenzel Elizabeth M. , Tran Laura L. , Anderson Mark R.
Published: August 2011

64 commercial airline pilots (ages 35–64 yr., Mdn: 53) were surveyed regarding hearing loss and tinnitus. Within specific age groups, the proportions responding positively exceed the corresponding proportions in the general population reported by the National Center for Health Statistics.
Ratings of Perceptions Related to Phenomenological Theory
Authors: Downey Jerrold L.
Published: August 2011

94 participants were asked to give their opinions about people on four issues relevant to the personality approach posited by phenomenological theorists. Participants generally appeared to express a more negative view of others' characteristics such as “goodness” than the position espoused by the theorists.
Childrens' Perceptions of Parents' and Peers' Behavior
Authors: de Minzi Maria Cristina Richaud
Published: August 2011

A significant association between the way 70 5-yr.-old children perceived relations with their parents and the distortion of perception of feeling accepted or rejected by the peers makes evident the necessity to analyze the perception of interpersonal relationships in childhood from the perspective of all persons involved.
Psychological Skills in Basketball: Preliminary Study for Development of a Greek Form of the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28
Authors: Goudas Marios , Theodorakis Yiannis , Karamousalidis Georgios
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this preliminary study was to examine for a sample of 126 basketball players the psychometric properties of a Greek version of the 1995 Athletic Coping Skills Inventory–28 by Smith, Schutz, Smoll, and Ptacek. A confirmatory factor analysis supported the structural validity of the translated inventory. Moreover, six of the seven subscales showed adequate internal consistency. The discriminant validity of the scores on the inventory was supported by examining mean differences between experienced and inexperienced athletes as well as between athletes of different levels of competition. Further steps for the validation of the inventory in Greek are discussed.
Construction of Validity Scales for the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised
Authors: Van Whitlock Rod , Lubin Bernard
Published: August 2011

Three scales, the Fake Bad Scale, the Fake Good Scale, and the Fake Bad-Fake Good scales were developed and evaluated with respect to their capacity to detect response manipulation on the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised. Cutting scores for each scale were cross-validated in two samples consisting of three groups: (1) college students simulating either “fake good” or “fake bad,” (2) college students under standard instructions, and (3) psychiatric patients. Cutting scores on the three scales were compared with cutting scores established for the MAACL–R Dysphoria and Positive Affect plus Sensation Seeking. Analysis indicated that these scales were more accurate than the Positive Affect plus Sensation Seeking and the Dysphoria scales in detecting response manipulation.
An Examination of the Reliability and Validity of Scores on the Italian Version of the Dieter's Inventory of Eating Temptations
Authors: Riva Giuseppe
Published: August 2011

The aim of this paper was to highlight some psychometric characteristics of scores on the Italian version of the Dieter's Inventory of Eating Temptations. The analysis included assessment of the internal consistency of the individual scales, test-retest reliability, and estimates of both convergent and discriminant validity. Analyses showed that the Italian version of the inventory can be considered reliable and valid, which suggested its use as screening test for the identification of subjects who may be at risk for over-eating.
Phenomenological Description of Subselves Using George Kelly's Repertory Grid
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Students were asked to complete separate Repertory Grids for their family members and for their college professors. The constructs elicited for each group (family members versus professors) were rated as more appropriate for the group for which they were elicited than for the other group. The responses on the REP Grid for professors were somewhat simpler than those on the REP Grid for family members.
Handwriting in Assessing Treatment for Substance Abuse
Authors: Wellingham-Jones Patricia , Fearn William
Published: August 2011

The Wellingham-Jones Handwriting Test was administered at admission and discharge to 101 participants in a court-ordered 30-day substance-abuse treatment program to test its effectiveness in monitoring progress; results were mixed.
Effectiveness of Redundant Color Coding in Multidimensional Identification
Authors: Shieh Kong-King
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the effectiveness of redundant color coding in multidimensional identification. Statistical analysis showed that redundant color in multidimensional identification did not necessarily improve performance and response speed might even deteriorate if subjects were not informed of the use of redundant color. Merely informing subjects of the use of redundant color might not benefit identification speed either; subjects had to actually use color in responding to facilitate response speed. Further, redundant color might be more appropriate to associate with the less-salient or the less-familiar stimulus attribute. Implications of the results for the design of multidimensional display and for human information processing were discussed.
Psychology of the Scientist: LXXVI. Miscommunication—A List of Acronyms Used in Multiple Ways
Authors: Ammons Douglas
Published: August 2011

A list of 10 common acronyms is presented, all of which have been used in multiple ways. Such terminology creates a House of Babel within psychology.
Novelty and Complexity in Human Infants' Exploratory Behaviour
Authors: Sahoo Santosh Kumar
Published: August 2011

The effect of novel and complex stimulus cubes on the exploratory behaviour of human infants was analysed in two studies ( ns = 30 and 20). Infants showed relatively greater preference for complex patterned cubes, and their exploratory behaviour habituated over 5 days.
Stability and Variability of Dream Content
Authors: Schredl Michael
Published: August 2011

The present study investigated the stability and variability, respectively, of selected dream content measures derived from diary dreams. The within-subject correlations were small when dream length was controlled. To obtain sufficient reliability for all scales dream series of 20 dreams or more would be necessary.
Interference as Measured by the Stroop Color-Word Test and the Direction-Word Test with Varied Comparison Stimuli
Authors: Cannon Brooke J.
Published: August 2011

The current investigation explored the influence of irrelevant stimuli on the standard Stroop color-word effect. Also investigated is the effectiveness of a new direction-related test which, unlike previous direction-related Stroop-like measures, exactly parallels format of the original Stroop in administration. This Direction-Word Test uses arrowheads at the ends of each target word to depict direction, e.g., left, right, and middle. 92 undergraduate students volunteered to participate. Analysis indicated that interference is found on the Color-Word Test, even with noncolor words as stimuli. Interference also occurred on the new Direction-Word Test. The correlation between the two forms of the Stroop effect was low, although significant, perhaps indicating there are different systems involved in response interference.
Role of Auditory Temporal Processing for Reading and Spelling Disability
Authors: Schulte-Körne Gerd , Deimel Wolfgang , Bartling Jürgen , Remschmidt Helmut
Published: August 2011

The role of auditory temporal processing in reading and spelling was investigated in a sample of 30 children and one of 31 adults, using a gap-detection task with nonspeech stimuli. There was no evidence for a relationship between reading and spelling disability (dyslexia) and the gap-detection threshold. The results were discussed regarding the relevance for the popular hypothesis of an auditory temporal processing deficit underlying dyslexia.
Seasonal Variations in Melatonin May Modulate Glycemic Response to Exercise
Authors: Weydahl Andi , Sothern Robert B. , Wetterberg Lennart
Published: August 2011

After a 30-min. standardized bicycle exercise at two times of day in 5 mo. of the year, 62 subjects showed a yearly variation in their glycemic response that was about 5 months out of phase with the peak levels in the light sensitive hormone melatonin, suggesting a reciprocal relationship between melatonin and glucose utilization.
Testimony in a Social Setting
Authors: Vicario Giovanni B. , Tomat Lucia
Published: August 2011

80 students aged 19–24 years served as unpaid subjects. Each of them looked at one I9-sec. silent film showing a riot which actually occurred in an Italian stadium after a soccer match. Subjects made a verbal tape-recorded report immediately after having observed the scene. Subjects were divided into two groups of equal numbers. The subjects of the single group viewed the scene individually and individually made their reports. The subjects of the pair group viewed the film in pairs and simultaneously made their reports to two different experimenters in two contiguous rooms separated by a glass wall. Reports were analyzed using the Musatti method (integrated with the Zaretti method). The analysis showed that the reports of the subjects in pairs were more reliable, presenting a significantly smaller number of false elements. The effect is attributed to the different social situation. Subjects who are aware that their reports could be compared with that of another subject are presumably more cautious and avoid inserting doubtful elements.
Exercise Dependence among Competitive Power Lifters
Authors: Pierce E. F. , Morris J. T.
Published: August 2011

Scores on exercise dependence examined among a sample of 14 competitive power lifters showed higher exercise dependence among lifters than those previously reported for endurance athletes.
Licensure of Adapted Physical Education Teachers and Undergraduates' Attitudes toward Students with Disabilities
Authors: Folsom-Meek Sherry L.
Published: August 2011

This study compared attitudes of 816 undergraduates toward students with disabilities by whether the state licensed teachers for adapted physical education. Analysis indicated mean attitude scores in states with such licensure were significantly more positive than in states working toward licensure and those with none.
Relation of Task Difficulty to Persistence
Authors: Drucker Philip M. , Litto Tanya , Drucker Debra B. , Stevens Ronald
Published: August 2011

The present study was a replication and expansion of Eisenberger's 1992 model of learned industriousness which states that task persistence is determined by one's prior history with effort and reinforcement on previous tasks. He predicted a linear relationship between these factors. College students (32 women and 22 men) participated in this study which examined the relationship among seven levels of difficulty on a digit-array task and persistence on an unsolvable anagram task. Analysis indicated a quadratic relationship; at intermediate levels of difficulty and reinforcement, persistence was highest, and at low and high levels of difficulty and reinforcement, persistence declined. We attribute these findings to the effects of both learned industriousness and learned helplessness.
Effects of Conditioning on Physical Fitness and Club Head Speed in Mature Golfers
Authors: Hetu Fred E. , Christie Chris A. , Faigenbaum Avery D.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of an 8-wk. conditioning program on selected measures of physical fitness and golf performance for 12 male and 5 female recreational golfers ( M age = 52.4 yr., SD = 6.7 yr.). Measurements were made at baseline and following the intervention. The twice-per-week program consisted of strength training, flexibility, and plyometric exercises. Analysis of the pre- and posttest scores showed that conditioning was associated with significant increases in muscular strength, flexibility, and club head speed. Without a control group, the data suggest conditioning may be a worthwhile activity for mature golfers.
Clothing Preferences of Older Consumers
Authors: Chowdhary Usha
Published: August 2011

The study focused on identifying the apparel needs of older men and women in a midwestern county. A survey technique was used to collect data on older peoples' preferences for apparel including accessories, most preferred items, identified similarity with previous apparel choices, and identification of buyer of the apparel. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Implications of the findings for future research and possibility of use by apparel designers, manufacturers, and retailers are discussed.
Key Components of the Mozart Effect
Authors: Rauscher Frances H. , Shaw Gordon L.
Published: August 2011

The results of studies intended to replicate the enhancement of spatial-temporal reasoning following exposure to 10 min. of Mozart's Sonata for Two Pianos in D Major (K.448) have been varied. While some studies have replicated the effect, others have not. We suggest that researchers' diverse choice of dependent measures may account for these varied results. This paper provides a neurophysiological context for the enhancement and considers theoretical and experimental factors, including the choice of dependent measures, the presentation order of the conditions, the selection of the musical composition, and the inclusion of a distractor task, that may contribute to the various findings. More work is needed before practical applications can be derived.
Hallucinations
Authors: Brasić James Robert
Published: August 2011

Hallucinations, sensory perceptions without environmental stimuli, occur as simple experiences of auditory, gustatory, olfactory, tactile, or visual phenomena as well as mixed or complex experiences of more than one simple phenomenon. The nature of the hallucination assists localization, differential diagnosis, and treatment planning. In particular, the presence of persistent visual hallucinations of persons with Parkinson's disease predicts dementia, rapid deterioration, permanent nursing home placement, and death. Hallucinations in persons with Alzheimer's disease are often associated with serious behavioral problems and predict a rapid cognitive decline. Theories of the etiology of hallucinations include (1) stimulation, e.g., neurochemical, electrical, seizure, and ephaptic, and (2) inhibition, e.g., destruction of normally inhibitory functions, resulting in disinhibition as in the Charles Bonnet and phantom limb syndromes. Functional neuroimaging procedures suggest anatomical associations for hallucinations. While hallucinations may be a symptom of medical, neurologic, and psychiatric disorders, they may also occur in a wide range of human experiences.
Tobacco Use and Sport Fandom
Authors: Wann Daniel L.
Published: August 2011

The current investigation among 180 college students yielded no significant relationship between sport fandom and the consumption of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco.
Feeding Method and Motor Activity in 3-Month-Old Human Infants
Authors: Worobey John
Published: August 2011

It is currently acknowledged that breast-fed and formula-fed infants exhibit different rates of physical growth. Little is known, however, about behavioral differences that may be attributable to early feeding method. In the present investigation, activity level in 3-mo.-old infants was examined by measuring motoric output in 40 breast-fed and 40 formula-fed infants. Maternal ratings of temperament did not differ across the two groups, but scores derived from the actometer in a laboratory setting showed breast-fed infants to be more active. Upper limb activity appeared to be particularly sensitive to feeding regimen. Possible explanations for this effect as well as implications of these results are discussed.
Differences in Several Perceptual Abilities between Experts and Novices in Basketball, Volleyball and Water-Polo
Authors: Kioumourtzoglou Efthimios , Kourtessis Thomas , Michalopoulou Maria , Derri Vasiliki
Published: August 2011

The aim of this study was to examine differences between experts and novices in a number of perceptual abilities. Three groups of elite athletes, 44 members of Greek national teams in basketball ( n = 12), volleyball ( n = 13), and water-polo ( n = 19) were selected. Two groups of physical education students ( ns = 18 and 21) were novices. The measured abilities were selected as the most important for an elite athlete by expert coaches in the three sports. The four most frequently selected abilities for each sport, according to the coaches' opinions, were finally assessed. Analysis showed that differences were fewer than expected. Basketball experts were better on prediction and selective attention. Volleyball experts performed better on perceptual speed, focused attention, prediction, and estimation of speed and direction of a moving object. Water-polo players had significantly better scores than the novices on decision-making, visual reaction time, and spatial orientation. It seems that the nature of each sport strongly influences the way perceptual abilities differentiate elite athletes from novices.
Video-Assisted Cycling Alters Perception of Effort and Increases Self-Selected Exercise Intensity
Authors: Robergs Robert A. , Bereket Selda , Knight Melissa A.
Published: August 2011

Two studies were conducted to assess whether indoor video-assisted cycling influenced a person's quality of exercise (subjectively and quantitatively), compared to indoor cycling alone. In the first study 12 recreationally active subjects completed an initial test of VO2max, and three randomized trials of cycling at 70% VO2max (35 min.) watching a commercial cycling tape (cycle video), a test pattern displayed on the ergometer screen (blank video), or no video. Subjects' ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and Affect were recorded, and heart rate and oxygen consumption (VO2) were measured during testing. The second study required 12 different subjects first to complete an assessment of VO2max and then two randomized trials (cycle video and no video) on a cycle ergometer where they freely set the intensity of their own exercise. Measurements of VO2, heart rate, blood lactate, power output, RPE, and Affect were recorded during testing. Results of Exp. 1 indicated that subjects' perceived effort equally between the two conditions, yet reported significantly ( p <.05) higher affect at 25 and 35 min. of cycling during the cycle video condition than no video condition. Results of Exp. 2 indicated that despite similar levels of blood lactate, subjects exercised at a significantly higher intensity during the cycle video condition compared to no video condition, with a higher VO2 and heart rate. The data support the use of indoor exercise videos to improve the exercise experience and also to increase the physiological demands of indoor exercise.
Bulimia and Perceived Voice Disorders: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Martin Cynthia J. , Buffalo M. D. , Montague Jim
Published: August 2011

8 subjects who exhibited the eating disorder of bulimia, when contrasted with 8 matched normal subjects, did not exhibit concomitant perceived vocal disorders.
Implicit Memory for Odors: A Possible Method for Observation
Authors: Degel Joachim , Köster Egon Peter
Published: August 2011

In an experiment 143 subjects were instructed to assign odors to contexts which were displayed in a slide session. The slides depicted contexts from three areas of everyday life which party contained visual cues related to a presented odor. After rating the fit of each odor to a context, the subjects rated the odors for pleasantness. Analysis showed a strong influence of the visual cue on the rating of fit for the contexts containing an odor-related visual element. In contexts without a visual cue, rating of fit showed an influence of implicitly learned memories of odor. The rating was not affected by the pleasantness of the odors. The 1995 work of Schab and Crowder is critically reviewed, and results are discussed within the framework of new, more ecologically oriented research on memory for odor.
Some Aspects of Self-Reported Hand Preference
Authors: Reiß Michael , Reiß Gilfe , Freye Hans-Albrecht
Published: August 2011

The aim of the present study was to compare self-reported handedness with the directly tested hand preference using a 10-item battery in sample of 1223 students. The question assessing self-reported handedness was whether you are a left- or a right-hander or you use both hands equally. Responses indicate that self-reported handedness is a crude but possible method of measurement. Female right-handers showed the best agreement.