bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Automaton
Authors: Keating Jessica
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines automata, precious clockwork powered mimetic objects, that were produced in numbers at the turn of the seventeenth century in the German-speaking world. These self-propelled mechanical objects have long been held by scholars to be exemplary of the early modern desire to replicate nature. Why is this the case, though, when nothing about them—neither their scale, their material makeup, their subject matter, nor their programmed movement—is naturalistic? Coming to terms with what these objects animated and the themes they engaged reveals not just how these objects flaunted their artificiality and but also brings about a long-needed distinction between seventeenth-century automata and those discussed by mechanistic philosophers, such as Descartes, and later eighteenth-century automata, like those crafted by Jacques Vaucanson.
Biological Sensitivity to Context
Authors: Shakiba Nila , Conradt Elisabeth , Ellis Bruce J.
Published: January 2019

It is now well established that early experiences of adversity play a central role in development of many mental health problems in adulthood. However, the effects are more pronounced and detrimental for some individuals compared to others. Informed by the biological sensitivity to context model, an evolutionary-developmental model of individual differences in stress responsivity, the present chapter highlights the role of stress response system as one moderating mechanism in the pathway between early life experiences and development of internalizing and externalizing behaviors. The model posits that the magnitude and integrated patterns of autonomic and adrenocortical responses to psychosocial challenges are indicators of the organisms’ level of susceptibility to both positive and negative environmental influences. The final part of the chapter focuses on the role of early life experiences in programming the functioning of stress response systems, development of adaptive stress responsivity patterns, and related behavioral profiles.
Ellipsis
Authors: Merchant Jason
Published: January 2019

This chapter surveys a variety of approaches to ellipsis, classifying them by how they answer the questions of structure (‘Is there structure inside ellipsis sites?’) and identity (‘What kind of identity, if any, holds between an ellipsis and its antecedent?’). It reviews the evidence for and against structure in ellipsis, from lower infinitivals and predicate answers. While the results are mixed, on the whole, the preponderance of the evidence suggests that the analysis of the full range of facts of ellipsis requires reference to syntactic structure.
Ellipsis in Dynamic Syntax
Authors: Kempson Ruth , Gregoromichelaki Eleni , Eshghi Arash , Hough Julian
Published: January 2019

In this chapter, we argue that ellipsis is a phenomenon that directly parallels anaphora, hence providing direct evidence of the concept of context on which natural language (NL) processing depends. From this perspective, we argue first that, in failing to give due recognition to the interactive and multimodal nature of NL processing, theoretical linguistics has entered a stalemate situation in which no unitary account of ellipsis is possible. The alternative Dynamic Syntax account that we provide next, however, presents ellipsis as a test case for the view that each NL constitutes a set of mechanisms for situated human interaction, with syntax not as a level of representation, but instead comprising a set of procedures for incrementally and predictively effecting conceptual structure–NL-string mappings. The significance of the extended set of so-called ‘elliptical’ phenomena that are examined from this perspective is that they all provide evidence for the seamless integration of NL structures and processing under domain-general action and perception processes.
Athenian Foreign Policy
Authors: Rhodes P. J.
Published: January 2019

Chapter 10 examines foreign policy in Classical Athens, beginning with a discussion of the conflict between Athens and Sparta in the fifth century—that is, before the birth of Demosthenes. Athens lost in the war with Sparta, becoming a subordinate ally of the latter, but rebounded quickly in the fourth century. Thus, the ambition of Thebes/Boeotia to become another leading power was heralded by its leading an alliance including Athens into the Corinthian War against Sparta in 395. The article first provides an overview of the Peace of Antalcidas, or King’s Peace, signed between the Spartans and the Persians in 387/6, before analysing the Social War of 356–355 and the Peace of Philocrates (346). It also describes Alexander the Great’s invasion of Asia in 334 and important developments in Athenian foreign policy in the period after the invasion.
Corruption
Authors: Nichols Robert J.
Published: January 2019

Chapter 13 examines the problem of corruption in Classical Athens. There are numerous references to corruption in Demosthenes, Attic oratory, and Greek literature. In an Athenian context, corruption typically involved the bribery of prominent officials. A central issue is ‘katapolitical’ bribery, or bribery at the expense of public interests or with intention to damage institutions or the community. The article considers the institutional and legal regulations adopted by Athens to combat bribery as well as the range of penalties and procedures against offenders, including prosecution. It also discusses the case of Aeschines, who was prosecuted by Demosthenes in his speech On the False Embassy (Dem. 19; Aeschin. 2) for mismanagement on the second embassy (parapresbeia) in support of the Peace of Philocrates in 346.
Visions of Attica
Authors: Schmidt-Hofner Sebastian
Published: January 2019

Chapter 15 examines Demosthenes’ warnings of a Macedonian attack on Attica. Since the fifth century, Attica had figured prominently in the political imagery of classical Athens; the defence of the Attic homeland against foreign invaders was highlighted in this imagery and the narratives that articulated the political identity of the Athenians, their self-perception as group, and the collective values on which they built their community. The chapter argues that Demosthenes’ warnings of a Macedonian threat to Attica were informed by this tradition, and that he drew on this old and emotive imagery in order to turn the struggle against his enemies into a matter of Athenian identity. After providing an overview of Attica as depicted in the political imagery of classical Athens, the chapter considers the theme of Attica under attack in Demosthenes’ oratory against Philip II of Macedon.
The Social and Legal Position of Metics, Foreigners, and Slaves
Authors: Kapparis Konstas
Published: January 2019

The Demosthenic Corpus is the richest source available to us on the social and legal position of foreigners, metics, and slaves in Athenian society. Partly because of its size but also because most of the speeches in it were composed at a critical point in Athenian history documenting the high point of classical culture and literary production but at the same time the dramatic end of the polis, the Corpus is marked by both the complexity and richness of classical culture but also the anxieties and historical conflicts of the times. In this respect it becomes a faithful mirror of fourth-century Athenian society, law, and history. This chapter will explore the social and legal position of foreigners, metics, and slaves in fourth-century Athens through the prism of the Corpus Demosthenicum, cross-referencing with other significant sources on the topic.
The Epitaphios, Erotikos, Prooimia, and Letters
Authors: Worthington Ian
Published: January 2019

Chapter 30 examines Demosthenes’ Funeral Oration (Epitaphios), Erotikos or Erotic Essay, prologues (prooimia) or rhetorical openings of political speeches, and six letters—works that have often been relegated to the sidelines of Demosthenic studies because of the orator’s longer and more famous speeches, but offer crucial insights into the history, society, and politics of ancient Greece as well as Demosthenes’ rhetorical style. The content and context of these works and their authenticity are discussed. It shows that almost all of the six letters found in Demosthenes’ corpus were written during his period of exile in the aftermath of the Harpalus affair, and that the authorship of the prooimia is almost certainly Demosthenic since some of them match openings of his extant speeches.
Historical Readings of Oratory
Authors: Scafuro Adele C.
Published: January 2019

Chapter 3 examines how contemporary historians use the Attic orators. It first considers political histories of Philip II of Macedon and their dependence upon speeches from the Demosthenic corpus, noting how the emergence of vernacular translations of Demosthenes and Aeschines in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century France and England were harbingers of the first histories of Philip. The chapter then explores problems that affect historians, in particular those relating to authorship, authenticity, chronology, and bias, before describing how the orators are useful for different types of historians, such as economic, social, religious, and legal historians. Finally, it analyses problems that arise from the constraints of the corpus, focusing on the forensic speeches. More specifically, it considers the consequences of using speeches that represent a limited class of litigants and that aim at persuasion rather than truth; epigraphic evidence may at times be a remedy for the first problem, and the application of the method of ‘forensic attestation’ for the second.
Court Procedures and Arbitration
Authors: Gagarin Michael
Published: January 2019

Chapter 7 considers Demosthenes’ use of court procedures and the role played by arbitration, first by describing the early stage of a dispute. In particular, it examines pre-litigation arbitration, more often known as ‘private arbitration’, and how it could occur at any stage in a dispute, even after formal charges had been filed. It then discusses the steps taken to initiate litigation when efforts to settle a dispute privately failed, such as choosing the kind of offence (for example, assault, theft, or impiety) and the procedure. The chapter goes on to explain private and public procedures, or dikê and graphê, respectively, and the distinction between them. Finally, it looks at the remaining steps in initiating litigation, namely: filing the charge, the preliminary hearing, public arbitration, the trial, presentation of evidence and witnesses, and the jury’s rendering of the verdict.
Digital Inclusion for People with an Intellectual Disability
Authors: Chadwick Darren D. , Chapman Melanie , Caton Sue
Published: January 2019

People with intellectual disabilities face both societal and digital exclusion. This chapter focuses on the current state of evidence around the use of the Internet and Information Communication Technologies (ICT) by people with intellectual disabilities (ID). It considers the factors underpinning the digital exclusion of people with ID and the current levels and nature of Internet and ICT use by this group. It then discusses the benefits and barriers in relation to theoretical models and literature detailing the risks of being online and the role of support in facilitating and preventing digital inclusion. The chapter concludes by summarizing the current state of the research literature and highlighting areas where more research is required to increase the digital inclusion and self-determination of people with ID.
Early Christian Mosaics in Context
Authors: Britt Karen C.
Published: January 2019

This chapter provides an introduction to early Christian mosaics that emphasizes the important role played by archaeology in improving our understanding of their geographical and architectural contexts. After a short discussion of the position of early Christian mosaics in the history of the medium, a brief review of the most productive methodologies used in research on mosaics is undertaken, followed by a survey of mosaic technology that includes the workshops and artists involved in mosaic production. In the rest of the chapter, a selection of mosaics in churches, martyria, chapels, and Christian mausolea located in various parts of the Mediterranean world is examined. The evidence from archaeology demonstrates that although early Christian mosaics share universal themes, the diversity reflected in their iconography and the presence of secondary themes rooted in local traditions necessitate a regional approach to their interpretation.
New Testament Archaeology Beyond the Gospels
Authors: Davis Thomas W.
Published: January 2019

New Testament archaeology outside of the gospels traditionally focused on the eastern Mediterranean world and was directed to recovering inscriptional material, identifying sites, and documenting individuals mentioned in the New Testament. In the course of the twentieth century, archaeologists of the New Testament used archaeology to establish the backdrop to the New Testament (which frequently meant the urban worlds of Paul and the first Christians), and to reconstruct social and cultural contexts in the Pauline world. This chapter surveys these different approaches and considers how new methodologies and ways of thinking have provided a wealth of data beyond the physical space of the urban world. The chapter considers case studies from Cyprus, Asia Minor, Greece and Macedonia, and Crete.
Introduction
Authors: Audring Jenny , Masini Francesca
Published: January 2019

This opening chapter provides an overview of the aims, structure, and contents of the volume. It ties together the individual chapters by identifying common themes that run through the various theories of morphology presented in the volume. These are the place of morphology in the architecture of language, the degree to which it is independent from other components of the grammar, the basic units of morphological analysis, and the relation between morphology on the one hand and syntax, semantics, phonology, and the lexicon on the other. A brief summary of the literature on types of morphological theories helps the reader to become oriented to the landscape of frameworks. The chapter closes with an overview of the three parts of the volume and the individual chapters in each part.
Network Morphology
Authors: Brown Dunstan
Published: January 2019

Network Morphology belongs to the family of inferential-realizational theoretical frameworks. This means that paradigms, more specifically the functions which construct them, play an important role. A major feature of Network Morphology is that it is based on defaults and allows for varying degrees of inheritance—from complete to partial—of paradigmatic structures. Network Morphology embraces computational implementation and has been applied to a range of typologically diverse languages. Computational fragments exist for languages belonging to a number of families, including Afro-Asiatic, Austronesian, Chukotko-Kamchatkan, Eskimo-Aleut, Gunwinyguan, Indo-European, Nakh-Daghestanian, Nilotic, and Nuclear Torricelli. It has also been used to model diachronic change.
Morphological Theory and Computational Linguistics
Authors: Pirrelli Vito
Published: January 2019

The chapter provides a computer-based, algorithmic view of issues of lexical processing, ranging from the encoding of input data to the structure of output representations, going through the basic operations of word splitting, storage, access, retrieval, and assembly of intermediate representations. By illustrating the contribution of different computational frameworks (such as finite state automata, hierarchical lexica, artificial neural networks, and statistical language models) to our understanding of aspects of lexical organization, the chapter discusses the implications of theoretical models of morphology for computational models of word processing, as well as the implications of computer models for theoretical issues. In this perspective, much of current work in computational morphology does not only provide a challenging test bed for box and arrow models of lexical knowledge, but it also promises to bridge the persisting gap between theoretical frameworks and behaviourally oriented research in lexical modelling.
Morphological Theory and Second Language Acquisition
Authors: Archibald John , Libben Gary
Published: January 2019

Most of the world’s population speaks a second language. Most of the words in a language are multimorphemic. Thus, the study of second language acquisition and processing offers a key window onto the nature of morphological representation and morphological ability. This chapter examines the acquisition, representation, and processing of inflected, derived, and compound words in a second language. Perspectives on second language variability and accuracy are surveyed, as well as perspectives on the path of development of morphological knowledge in second language learners. The chapter highlights how linguistic theory and experimentation can be used to (a) advance the understanding of morphological representation and processing, and (b) probe what underlies morphological ability. Finally, this chapter addresses the question of how an integrated bilingual mental lexicon can both maximize interlingual connectivity and accommodate the morphological differences that exist between languages.
The relationship between organizational interdependence and additionality obtained from innovation ecosystem participation
Authors: Knockaert Mirjam , Deschryvere Matthias , Lecluyse Laura
Published: January 2019

Despite the increased interest in innovation ecosystems, few studies have assessed the extent to which the proclaimed benefits from participating in such ecosystems also occur, and under which circumstances they do occur. Uniting the literature on organizational interdependence and social exchange theory, we assess the behavioral and output additionality obtained by innovation ecosystem participants. In doing so, we build upon a sample of 473 innovative Finnish companies, of which 312 participated in an innovation ecosystem. We find a significantly positive relationship between organizational interdependence and output additionality, and find that this relationship is mediated by behavioral additionality. Furthermore, we find that the relationship between behavioral additionality and output additionality is particularly strong when firms appoint members from the innovation ecosystem to their board of directors, pointing to the importance of internalizing the ecosystem. We discuss implications for academia and practice.
Resistance to the Emerging Moroccan Watermelon Mosaic Virus in Squash
Authors: Miras Manuel , Juárez Miguel , Aranda Miguel A.
Published: January 2019

Moroccan watermelon mosaic virus (MWMV) represents an emerging threat to cucurbit production in the Mediterranean Basin. We sequenced the near complete genome of MWMV-SQ10_1.1, a cloned Spanish isolate. MWMV-SQ10_1.1 has the typical potyvirus genomic structure, and phylogenetic analysis showed that it shared a common ancestor with other Mediterranean MWMV isolates. We used MWMV SQ10_1.1 to inoculate plants in a collection of commercial squash cultivars, including some described as potyvirus resistant. All inoculated plants from all cultivars showed severe infection symptoms. Twenty-four Cucurbita spp. accessions were then tested for their susceptibility to MWMV-SQ10_1.1. Plants of the C. ecuadorensis PI 432441 accession showed no symptoms and their enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay readings were similar to uninfected controls. Progeny analysis of F1 and F2 populations suggested that two recessive genes control PI 432441 resistance to MWMV. We hypothesized that this resistance could be associated with alleles of genes encoding the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), particularly after determination of its recessive nature. A multiple sequence alignment including the two eIF4E ortholog sequences from PI 432441 (CeeIF4E1 and CeeIF4E2) identified three amino acid substitutions in CeeIF4E1 and two amino acid substitutions in CeeIF4E2 potentially involved in potyvirus resistance. Polymerase chain reaction markers for CeeIF4E1 and CeeIF4E2 were developed and used to genotype 156 F2 individuals already phenotyped; this analysis did not support an association of either CeeIF4E2 or CeeIF4E1 with MWMV resistance.
Precollision Medical Diagnoses Predict Chronic Neck Pain Following Acute Whiplash Trauma
Authors: Osterland Tine B. , Kasch Helge , Frostholm Lisbeth , Bendix Tom , Jensen Troels S. , Jensen Jens S. , Carstensen Tina B.W.
Published: January 2019

Objectives:

The reason why some individuals develop chronic symptoms, whiplash-associated disorder, following whiplash trauma is poorly understood. We explored whether precollision pain-related diagnoses, medically unexplained symptoms, and psychiatric diagnoses are related to whiplash-associated disorder.

Materials and Methods:

A cohort of 719 individuals exposed to whiplash trauma and subsequently experiencing symptoms within 72 hours (whiplash-exposed cohort) and 3595 matched controls were included in this observational prospective study. At 12 months postcollision, the whiplash-exposed cohort rated their neck pain using the Visual Analog Scale. Data on health were obtained from the Danish National Patient Register for the whiplash-exposed cohort and for the controls for a 5-year period before collision.

Results:

The whiplash-exposed cohort had significantly increased incidences of precollision pain-related diagnoses: χ2(1)=17.42, P<0.001 and medically unexplained symptoms: χ2(1)=22.22, P<0.001 but not psychiatric diagnoses: χ2(1)=3.60, P>0.05 compared with controls in the 5-year period. Participants from the whiplash-exposed cohort with precollision pain-related diagnoses (odds ratio=2.46; 95% confidence interval, 1.39; 4.35) and medically unexplained symptoms (odds ratio, 1.72; 95% confidence interval, 1.04; 2.84) had significantly increased odds for neck pain at follow-up.

Discussion:

Precollision pain and medically unexplained symptoms predict chronic neck pain following whiplash trauma. This may indicate that a sensitization process was initiated before the collision or that individuals with precollision low threshold for contacting health care services maintain this behavior postcollision. The collision may trigger existing individual vulnerabilities that constitute to be a risk factor for chronic whiplash.
Distinct Patterns of Hair Graft Survival After Transplantation Into 2 Nonhealing Ulcers: Is Location Everything?
Authors: Alam Majid , Cooley Jerry , Plotczyk Magdalena , Martínez-Martín María Soledad , Izeta Ander , Paus Ralf , Jimenez Francisco
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND

Studies highlighting the role of hair follicles (HFs) in wound healing have raised the challenge of bringing this knowledge to clinical applications. A successful translation is the transplantation of scalp HFs into chronic wounds to promote healing.

OBJECTIVE

To characterize scar formation and hair growth in nonhealing ulcers after transplantation.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Nonhealing ulcers were treated with hair transplantation to promote wound healing. Hair follicles were harvested from the patient's scalp and inserted into the wound bed. Wound repair and hair growth were assessed clinically. Further analyses were performed in situ, using biopsies from the central and peripheral scar.

RESULTS

Rapid wound closure and differences of scar quality and hair growth between the central and peripheral wound areas were observed: the periphery healed with no hair shaft survival and an almost scarless appearance, the center healed with a fibrotic scar, with some hair shaft growth. In situ analyses revealed differences in dermal remodeling and collagen formation between central and peripheral scar areas.

CONCLUSION

Besides confirming the effectiveness of this therapy to promote wound healing in human skin, location-dependent disparities in scar quality and hair growth raise the intriguing question whether they are due to clinically important differences in mechanical forces and/or wound microenvironments between ulcer center and periphery.
Stimulant Use in Pregnancy: An Under-recognized Epidemic Among Pregnant Women
Authors: SMID MARCELA C. , METZ TORRI D. , GORDON ADAM J.
Published: January 2019

Stimulant use, including cocaine, methamphetamines, ecstasy, and prescription stimulants, in pregnancy is increasingly common. In the United States, stimulants are the second most widely used and abused substances during pregnancy and pregnant women using stimulants in pregnancy are at increased risk of adverse perinatal, neonatal, and childhood outcomes. In this review, we describe the pharmacology, pathophysiology, and epidemiology of stimulants, summarize the maternal and neonatal effects of perinatal stimulant use, and outline treatment options for stimulant use disorders among pregnant women. Development of effective treatment strategies for stimulant use disorders identified among pregnant women are urgently needed.
Guidelines for Monitoring Patients Using Opioid Therapy
Authors: OVERCARSH PATRICIA , HARVEY LARA , YUNKER AMANDA
Published: January 2019

Opioid-related morbidity and mortality have increased to epidemic proportions over the past 20 years. Gynecologists play an integral role in addressing this epidemic through management of patients with pain, specifically through prescribing and monitoring practices. Practical recommendations are provided for clinicians caring for noncancer patients on chronic opioid therapy. Recommendations are largely based on national consensus guidelines with a focus on frequency and content of follow-up, identification of high risk behaviors, and reassessment of goals of treatment.
Electro-natural Stimulation (ENS) in Partial Deafness Treatment: Pediatric Case Series
Authors: Skarzynski Henryk , Lorens Artur , Dziendziel Beata , Skarzynski Piotr H.
Published: January 2019

Objective:

To report the improvement in hearing preservation and speech understanding of five pediatric patients who received cochlear implantation via Electro-natural Stimulation Partial Deafness Treatment, the largest group so far treated.

Study Design:

Retrospective case review.

Setting:

Tertiary referral center.

Patients:

A series of five children aged 9 to 16 years old with bilateral normal hearing at 125 to 1500 Hz and severe-to-profound hearing loss above 1500 Hz, who were subjected to unilateral cochlear implantation.

Intervention:

All the patients underwent unilateral cochlear implantation by the same senior otosurgeon. Surgery involved six principal steps using an approach to scala tympani through the round window and use of an extremely delicate electrode with active length of up to 21 mm.

Main Outcome Measures:

Pre- and postoperative hearing for air- and bone-conduction was assessed using pure-tone audiometry. Speech understanding was evaluated with the Pruszewicz monosyllabic word test in free field. Hearing preservation was assessed using the Hearing Preservation Calculator developed by the HEARRING group.

Results:

Over the 3-year observation period, preoperative hearing thresholds were completely preserved in three children (60%) and partially in the remaining two (40%). A useful improvement in speech understanding of about 30% (compared with the best fitted hearing aids in the preoperative period) was observed in both quiet and noise.

Conclusions:

Cochlear implantation seems to be a successful way of restoring hearing ability in ENS-Partial Deafness Treatment patients who are beyond the scope of effective rehabilitation with hearing aids. Excellent results of hearing preservation in ENS patients encourage discussion on extending the inclusion criteria for cochlear implantation.
Cartilage Fascia Composite Canalplasty for External Auditory Canal Cholesteatoma: Case Analysis and Long-term Surgical Results
Authors: Park Jung Mee , Han Jung Ju , Park So Young , Kim Dong Kee , Park Shi Nae
Published: January 2019

Objective:

To analyze surgical outcomes of cartilage-fascia composite canalplasty (CFCC) for external auditory canal cholesteatoma (EACC).

Study Design:

Retrospective case review study.

Setting:

Tertiary referral center.

Patients:

A total of 13 patients with EACC (n = 14 ears due to one patient with bilateral EACC).

Intervention:

Surgical method of CFCC using well designed-conchal cartilage and temporalis muscle fascia after complete removal of EACC.

Main Outcome Measures:

Clinical characteristics and EACC stages were determined by oto-endoscopic examination and computed tomography (CT) findings. The surgical results of CFCC were analyzed.

Results:

The median age of patients was 43 years (range, 12–75 yr), with a male to female ratio of 6 to 7. EACC stages were from II to IV. Cortical bone erosion in the inferior part of the bony EAC was the most common finding. All patients had satisfactory results: no more ear symptoms related with cholesteatoma and no need of dressing. Postoperative hearing gain was observed in four patients. No complications or recurrence occurred during the mean follow-up period of 34.4 months.

Conclusion:

Surgical technique of CFCC was effective for EACC not responding to conservative management.
IgG4 is Elevated in Eosinophilic Esophagitis but Not in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Patients
Authors: Weidlich Simon , Nennstiel Simon , Jesinghaus Moritz , Brockow Knut , Slotta-Huspenina Julia , Bajbouj Monther , Schmid Roland M. , Schlag Christoph
Published: January 2019

Background:

For eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) recently an association with immunoglobulin (Ig)G4 rather than IgE has been reported. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the most important differential diagnosis of EoE. We compared esophageal IgG4 plasma cell infiltration and serum IgG4 levels of EoE patients (before and after budesonide therapy) with GERD patients.

Methods:

Prospectively collected serum samples of 17 EoE patients before and after 8 weeks of therapy with budesonide (1 mg BID) were analyzed for total and antigen-specific IgG4 and IgE levels. Also, immunohistochemical analysis of total and IgG4-positive plasma cells was performed on esophageal biopsies of these patients. In total, 14 GERD patients without histologic proof of eosinophilic infiltration were taken as a control group.

Results:

Total IgG4 serum levels in EoE patients were significantly higher than in GERD patients (121.0 vs. 71.2 mg/dL; P=0.038) and decreased under budesonide therapy (121.0 vs. 104.2 mg/dL; P=0.019). IgE levels did not differ significantly between all groups. In EoE patients also a high number of esophageal IgG4-positive plasma cells was detected and significantly reduced under therapy (29.1 vs. 0.1 IgG4-positive cells; P<0.001). In GERD patients no relevant esophageal plasma cell infiltration could be seen.

Conclusions:

In EoE patients elevated systemic IgG4 serum levels compared with GERD patients can be seen and decrease under topical steroid therapy. Also, local IgG4 plasma cells expression is high in EoE, but not in GERD patients and normalize under therapy. These findings are further proof for a possible association of EoE with IgG4.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Gene Mutation Status in Primary Lung Adenocarcinoma and Corresponding Bone Metastases
Authors: Shi Peng-Xu , Li Yue-Ting , Wang Si-Yao , Sun Rui-Ze , Xu Hong-Tao , Dong Qian-Ze , Zhao Yue , Wang En-Hua , Liu Yang
Published: January 2019

Background:

The aim of this study was to compare epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations between primary tumors and corresponding bone metastases (BMs) in lung adenocarcinoma.

Materials and Methods:

In total, 115 paired primary lung adenocarcinoma and corresponding BM tumors were analyzed for EGFR mutations by Amplification Refractory Mutation System.

Results:

EGFR mutations were detected in 61 primary lung adenocarcinomas (53.04%) and in 67 corresponding metastases (58.26%), respectively. The EGFR mutation rate was significantly higher in female and in never-smoker patients. The consistency of EGFR mutations between the 115 matched BMs and primary tumor tissue samples reached to 80.87%, and the disparity was 19.13%. Mutations in exons 19 (19-del) and 21 (point mutation L858R) were the predominant mutation type.

Conclusions:

The concordance rate demonstrated the feasibility of EGFR mutations in corresponding metastases using Amplification Refractory Mutation System when the primary tumor tissue is unavailable in the lung adenocarcinoma patients, and the inconsistency indicates that corresponding metastasis being screened simultaneously with the primary tumor samples may present some supplementary information for the patients.
Müllerian mimicry in bumble bees is a transient continuum
Authors: Ezray Briana D. , Wham Drew C. , Hill Carrie , Hines Heather M.
Published: January 2019

Müllerian mimicry theory states that frequency dependent selection should favour geographic convergence of harmful species onto a shared colour pattern. As such, mimetic patterns are commonly circumscribed into discrete mimicry complexes each containing a predominant phenotype. Outside a few examples in butterflies, the location of transition zones between mimicry complexes and the factors driving them has rarely been examined. To infer the patterns and processes of Müllerian mimicry, we integrate large-scale data on the geographic distribution of colour patterns of all social bumble bees across the contiguous United States and use these to quantify colour pattern mimicry using an innovative machine learning approach based on computer vision and image recognition. Our data suggests that bumble bees exhibit a manifold of similar, but imperfect colour patterns, that continuously transition across the United States, supporting the idea that mimicry is not discrete. We propose that bumble bees are mimicking a perceptual colour pattern average that is evolutionarily transient. We examine three comimicking polymorphic species,Bombus flavifrons, B. melanopygus,andB. bifarius, where active selection is driving colour pattern frequencies and determine that their colour pattern transition zones differ in location and breadth within a broad region of poor mimicry. Furthermore, we explore factors driving these differences such as mimicry selection dynamics and climate.
LncRNA Dnmt3aos regulates Dnmt3a expression leading to aberrant DNA methylation in macrophage polarization
Authors: Li Xueqin , Zhang Yingying , Zhang Mengying , Kong Xiang , Yang Hui , Zhong Min , Pei Weiya , Xu Yang , Zhu Xiaolong , Chen Tianbing , Ye Jingjing , Lv Kun
Published: January 2019

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play key roles in various biological processes. However, the roles of lncRNAs in macrophage polarization remain largely unexplored. In this study, thousands of lncRNAs were identified that are differentially expressed in distinct polarized bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Among them, Dnmt3aos (DNA methyltransferase 3A, opposite strand), as a known lncRNA, locates on the antisense strand of Dnmt3a. Functional experiments further confirmed that Dnmt3aos were highly expressed in M(IL-4) macrophages and participated in the regulation of Dnmt3a expression, and played a key role in macrophage polarization. The DNA methylation profiles between the Dnmt3aos knockdown group and the control group in M(IL-4) macrophages were determined by MeDIP-seq technique for the first time, and the Dnmt3aos-Dnmt3a axis-mediated DNA methylation modification-regulated macrophage polarization related gene IFN-γ was identified. Our study will help to enrich our knowledge of the mechanism of macrophage polarization and will provide new insights for immunotherapy in macrophage-associated diseases.
Contribution of pretomanid to novel regimens containing bedaquiline with either linezolid or moxifloxacin and pyrazinamide in murine models of tuberculosis
Authors: Xu Jian , Li Si-Yang , Almeida Deepak V. , Tasneen Rokeya , Barnes-Boyle Kala , Converse Paul J. , Upton Anna M. , Mdluli Khisimuzi , Fotouhi Nader , Nuermberger Eric L.
Published: January 2019

Novel regimens combining bedaquiline and pretomanid with either linezolid (BPaL regimen) or moxifloxacin and pyrazinamide (BPaMZ regimen) shorten the treatment duration needed to cure TB in BALB/c mice compared to the first-line regimen and have yielded promising results in initial clinical trials. However, the independent contribution of the investigational new drug pretomanid to the efficacy of BPaMZ has not been examined and its contribution to BPaL has been examined only over the first 2 months of treatment. In the present study, the addition of pretomanid to BL increased bactericidal activity, prevented emergence of bedaquiline resistance, and shortened the duration needed to prevent relapse with drug-susceptible isolates by at least 2 months in BALB/c mice. Addition of pretomanid to BMZ resulted in a 1 log10 greater CFU reduction after 1 month of treatment and/or reduced the number of mice relapsing in each of 2 experiments in BALB/c mice and in immunocompromised nude mice. Bedaquiline-resistant isolates were found at relapse in only one BMZ-treated nude mouse. Treatment of infection with a pyrazinamide-resistant mutant in BALB/c mice with BPaMZ prevented selection of bedaquiline-resistant mutants and reduced the proportion of mice relapsing compared to BMZ alone. Among severely ill C3HeB/FeJ mice with caseous pneumonia and cavitation, BPaMZ increased median survival (≥60 vs. 21 days) and reduced median lung CFU by 2.4 log10 at 1 month compared to BMZ. In conclusion, in 3 different mouse models, pretomanid contributed significantly to the efficacy of the BPaMZ and BPaL regimens, including restricting the selection of bedaquiline-resistant mutants.
The crystal structure of theN-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase fromNostocsp. KVJ10 reveals the true dimer
Authors: Halsør Marie-Josée Haglund , Rothweiler Ulli , Altermark Bjørn , Raeder Inger Lin Uttakleiv
Published: January 2019

N-Acetylglucosamine 2-epimerases (AGEs) catalyze the interconversion ofN-acetylglucosamine andN-acetylmannosamine. They can be used to perform the first step in the synthesis of sialic acid fromN-acetylglucosamine, which makes the need for efficient AGEs a priority. This study presents the structure of the AGE fromNostocsp. KVJ10 collected in northern Norway, referred to as nAGE10. It is the third AGE structure to be published to date, and the first one in space groupP42212. The nAGE10 monomer folds as an (α/α)6barrel in a similar manner to that of the previously published AGEs, but the crystal did not contain the dimers that have previously been reported. The previously proposed `back-to-back' assembly involved the face of the AGE monomer where the barrel helices are connected by small loops. Instead, a `front-to-front' dimer was found in nAGE10 involving the long loops that connect the barrel helices at this end. This assembly is also present in the other AGE structures, but was attributed to crystal packing, even though the `front' interface areas are larger and are more conserved than the `back' interface areas. In addition, the front-to-front association allows a better explanation of the previously reported observations considering surface cysteines. Together, these results indicate that the `front-to-front' dimer is the most probable biological assembly for AGEs.
Benchmarking financial inclusion for women entrepreneurship – a study of Uttarakhand state of India
Authors: Goel Nidhi , Madan Pankaj
Published: January 2019

Purpose

Benchmarking is a very important tool to know the gap in your performance and best performance. It is possible to apply benchmarking in a wide variety of area. This paper uses benchmarking for assessing women entrepreneurship. Women entrepreneurship is a symbol of the balanced growth of the society. Financial inclusion schemes offered by the government are aimed to encourage a large number of women of the country to entrepreneurship. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of financial inclusion and others factor like family circumstances, benchmarking, entrepreneurial motivation and entrepreneurial intention of women on their decision to take up entrepreneurship as a career choice.

Design/methodology/approach

This research study is undertaken to understand the relation of financial inclusion schemes on women entrepreneurship and also to develop a cause–effect relationship. Here, financial inclusion effort is an independent variable, whereas women entrepreneurship is a dependent variable. A sample size of 250 women entrepreneur was taken. The sample was selected on the basis of convenience. Out of the total sample, 125 women belonged to the self-help group and 125 women were registered under the RSETI program of lead banks of Haridwar and Dehradun districts of the Uttarakhand state of India.

Findings

The results of the present study indicate that there is a statistically significant impact of financial inclusion on women entrepreneurship. It provides the platform to the women that help them in establishing a new business.

Research limitations/implications

Data for present study were collected from two districts of Uttarakhand. In future, data can be collected from different geographical areas of India for generalizing the findings of the study.

Practical implications

The results of present study indicate that there is a statistically significant impact of financial inclusion on women entrepreneurship. It provides the platform to the women that help them in establishing a new business. For promoting women toward entrepreneurship, the government has launched many schemes.

Social implications

After the study, the author found that the society will accept the fact that women entrepreneurship is emerging as a dire need for the country.

Originality/value

The author followed all the guidelines that were concerned about the originality of the paper. This paper is not under review of any journal.
Promoting gender diversity in STEM faculty through leadership development
Authors: Yen Joyce , Riskin Eve A. , Margherio Cara , Spyridakis Jan H. , Carrigan Coleen M. , Cauce Ana Mari
Published: January 2019

Purpose

The advancement of equity, diversity and inclusion in higher education is dependent on institutional culture changes in academia. Faculty equity, diversity and inclusion efforts must engage departmental leadership. The purpose of this paper is to describe the growth and expansion of the ADVANCE leadership program at the University of Washington (UW) for department chairs that was designed to provide department chairs the skills, community and information needed to be agents of change within the academy.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper chronicles the program’s growth from a campus-based workshop program to national workshops (LEAD) to a web-based toolkit (LiY!) to support institutions in running their own UW ADVANCE-inspired leadership workshops.

Findings

The paper demonstrates the success of each growth stage and the expansion of program impact.

Practical implications

The paper offers recommendations for growing a model from a local to national scale and adapting the described leadership development model at other institutions.

Originality/value

The paper shares a successful model for equipping department chairs to be advocates of gender equity, diversity and inclusion in STEM and to be change agents in higher education.
Examining models of departmental engagement for greater equity
Authors: Bird Sharon , Latimer Melissa
Published: January 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine two types of departmental interventions focused on creating healthier and more equitable academic departments as well as enhancing faculty members’ capacity for collective dialogue, goals and work. Both interventions were informed by the “dual-agenda” approach and focused on targeted academic units over a prolonged period.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper uses a variety of qualitative and quantitative data (including National Science Foundation (NSF) ADVANCE indicator data) to assess the potential of dual-agenda informed interventions in reducing gendered structures and gendered dynamics.

Findings

The authors outline essential components of a dual-agenda model for maximizing success in creating more gender equitable work organizations and discuss why the authors are more optimistic about the dual-agenda approaches than many past researchers have been in terms of the potential of the dual-agenda model for promoting more equal opportunities in work organizations.

Originality/value

Most previous dual-agenda projects referenced in the literature have been carried out in non-academic contexts. The projects examined here, however, were administered in the context of multiple academic departments at two medium-sized, public US universities. Although other NSF ADVANCE institutional transformation institutions have included extensive department-focused transformation efforts (e.g. Brown University, Purdue University and Syracuse University), the long-term benefits of these efforts are not yet fully understood; nor have systematic comparisons been made across institutions.
JD-R model on psychological well-being and the moderating effect of job discrimination in the model
Authors: Lee Yunsoo
Published: January 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to investigate the moderating effect of chronic job discrimination on the relationships among job demands, job resources, personal resources and psychological well-being among aged workers.

Design/methodology/approach

This study used “National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS Refresher)” data collected from 862 aged workers in the United States from 2011-2014. A moderated multiple regression analysis was adopted.

Findings

The results of the multiple regression analysis show that skill discretion, self-esteem, optimism and active coping had positive effects on psychological well-being, while chronic job discrimination had a negative effect on psychological well-being. Co-worker support, supervisor support, job demands and decision-making authority were not significant. Among the interaction terms, the moderating effect between optimism and chronic job discrimination was significant.

Originality/value

Based on the results, this study offers implications for understanding the effects of job discrimination in the workplace among aged workers and their perceived psychological well-being, in the context of job demands and resources (JD-R) model.
Diffusion of lesson study as an educational innovation
Authors: Maeda Mitsuko , Ono Yumiko
Published: January 2019

Purpose

Lesson study (LS) is a professional development approach that has been attracting attention as an educational innovation since the late 1990s. The purpose of this paper is to investigate factors that contribute to the adoption of LS by schools in developing countries without development assistance.

Design/methodology/approach

The diffusion of innovation theory was used as an explanatory device. The study examined the characteristics of LS perceived by 28 teachers in an Indonesian primary school, where LS was actively and autonomously adopted without development assistance. Data were collected from multiple sources, including interviews with some teachers and a questionnaire for all 28 teachers.

Findings

While previous studies have indicated that LS as an educational innovation lacks the ideal sets of perceived characteristics that could promote its adoption, this study found that such negative characteristics were mitigated in the Indonesian school. It also found that some of the factors facilitating LS adoption may be information on the outcomes of LS and less hierarchical relationships among teachers and professors. Furthermore, active school leadership was found to be a significant factor in this adoption.

Originality/value

Regarding adoption of LS in developing countries, previous studies focused on how development assistance works, what strategies of development assistance are necessary for introducing LS and how development assistance programs can be sustained. However, scant attention has been paid to how schools in developing countries have fared without development assistance. This study sheds light on this missing point.