bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New High Thermal Conductivity Thermoplastics for Power Applications
Authors: Dietz R.L. , Peck D. , Robinson P.J. , Firmstone M.G. , Bartholomew P.M. , Paterson G.
Published: July 2002

The trend
towards higher density, higher frequency, higher power active devices in placing increasingly
difficult demands on device packaging. Materials with high thermal conductivities are replacing
the traditional ceramics in hermetic, high power packages, and MCM/ hybrid modules.
Thermally enhanced plastic packages more frequently feature heat sinks embedded in the
package for direct attachment of the power devices. Today's challenge in
electronic packaging is to dissipate the heat from the source, the device itself, without affecting
its electrical performance or reliability. The material directly contacting the device is the die
attach medium. On lower power packages, the die bond line is not usually the highest thermal
resistance in the thermal path. With highly conductive substrates and heat sinks, the die attach
material now becomes the critical element directly in series with the highly conductive substrate.
Fundamental limitations in thermal properties of about 3 W/mK exist in
present‐day organic adhesives, primarily of the thermosetting type. This
thermal conductivity (k) does not meet the current demands of thermally enhanced
plastic laminate packages, MCMs, or direct die attach to heat spreaders or heat sinks. This paper describes the development, properties and application of
electrically conductive thermoplastic adhesive pastes having thermal conductivity values as high
as 35 W/mK, and able to produce thin, void‐free bond lines for maximum thermal
transfer. The key material variables are isolated and evaluated for their impact of the k value.
DOEs (design of experiments) were run to optimise the combination of the key
variables, namely size/shape of the filler and the volume fraction to produce the highest k
without sacrificing other functional properties such as adhesion. The effect of polymer chemistry
(thermoset and thermoplastic) was also studied. The properties of the newly
developed, enhanced conductivity thermoplastic adhesives are compared with other material
technologies and examples of current applications reviewed.
Reduction of voiding in eutectic ball grid array solder joints
Authors: Casey William
Published: July 2002

The rapid progress of ball grid array (BGA) component technology has served to alleviate many problems associated with the placement and soldering of high lead count, fine pitch surface mount technology (SMT) packages. An unfortunate result of this process, however, is the occurrence of voids in the interconnecting eutectic solder balls of these packages. Large voids can affect the mechanical and thermal properties of the interconnect, which can reduce a component’s mean time‐to‐failure and may also affect the transmission of high frequency electrical signals through the solder ball. For this reason, several experiments were conducted to investigate the manner and mechanisms in which voids are introduced into eutectic BGA solder ball joints. The following process parameters were found to be the primary parameters responsible for the voiding phenomenon: condition of the component’s alloy and substrate, oxygen concentration in the reflow atmosphere, solder paste properties and the reflow profile. Through modification and optimization of process parameters in the manufacturing environment, BGA solder joint voiding was greatly reduced.
Variable costs and process design: critical issues for “restructuring” emerging and transition economies
Authors: Groth John C. , Byers Steven S. , Simmons Garland D.
Published: July 2002

Focuses on critical issues related to variable cost drivers essential in establishing criteria or parameters to consider in the modification and/or design of production facilities. Key concepts and relationships influence the choice of alternative technologies and methods in the design, upgrading, modification, or expansion of manufacturing and process facilities. Cost relationships are important in evaluating whether to retain an existing facility or, alternatively, scrap the assets and “start over”. For brevity, focus is restriced to decisions concerning overhaul, modification, upgrade, expansion, abandonment, and fresh investment as “design”.
Developing small business operations in foreign markets: foundation‐building strategies for steady growth and profitability
Authors: Darling John R. , Kash Toby J.
Published: July 2002

Great numbers of small European and US firms are trying to penetrate foreign markets. Misunderstood requirements and poorly investigated information typically cause missed opportunities and failures. Without the ability to recognize and utilize competitive information in a timely manner, the small firm cannot succeed in the foreign market. Small firms that are preparing for and meeting international opportunities could benefit from the utilization of the foundation‐building strategies proposed in this paper. Small firms can use these strategies for information gathering and analysis in international and domestic business environments. The authors of this paper recommend 11 interrelated sets of processes or “foundation‐building strategies” which provide the necessary framework for readying the small firm for successful entry into the foreign marketplace. These sets of processes or “foundation‐building strategies” comprise the 11 most important planning steps for small business success in foreign markets. Small businesses must know the right questions to ask and must analyze the findings carefully in order to enter and operate successfully in foreign markets.
The handing over of Hong Kong to China: the implications for European business
Authors: Floyd David
Published: July 2002

The recent handing over of Hong Kong to China was an important landmark in British history. One might question, however, whether Hong Kong is still going to be of great significance to Britain and Europe in future years and whether future business and trade will remain important. The key to the question is very much now linked to Europe. Britain’s foreign and even domestic policies are increasingly linked to our continental European partners; at the same time Europe is beginning to see Hong Kong as one of the increasingly important East Asian economies, and European businesses are starting to pay more attention to focusing on new opportunities in rapidly expanding South‐East Asian markets and indeed China. Hong Kong now with its attachments to China will be focusing more on Europe as a whole and trying to gain access to the single European market for enhanced prosperity. The recent inclusion of China in the GATT talks and the collapse of communism have made way for increased opportunity for business in the global economy. This article questions the future importance of Hong Kong for Britain and Europe and assesses whether trade links and business opportunities are likely to be greater in the future for Hong Kong and Europe. It puts specific emphasis on the more recent change in role for Hong Kong and Europe.
European and Asian telecoms ‐ their role in global sustainable development
Authors: Beard Colin , Hartmann Rainer
Published: July 2002

Market forces are often unable to deal with environmental problems due to the inability of the economic system to internalise environmental costs. Telecommunications around the world are “service” companies that are considered to have little impact on the natural environment ‐ and as such were excluded from participation in EMAS. However, new research into European and Asian telecommunications has revealed extensive environmental impact through consumption of considerable quantities of the global resources. Some telecoms use 1 per cent of their nation’s electricity, consume 1 per cent of national paper or 1 per cent of national GDP. But the rate of change in this sector is greater than any other business sector, and telecoms are now reducing their environmental impact as a result of technical developments, the global market forces of liberalisation, privatisation and competition. The global impact of telecommunications developments on travel and lifestyles is also poised to have a significant positive effect on the environment, through changes in working practices as well as impacting on both indoor and outdoor leisure activities.
“Digital money” – a view from the European Commission
Authors: Lefebvre Philippe J.
Published: July 2002

Reviews the payment environment and “proliferation” of new payment services on the market. Highlights the cost reduction benefits to financial institutions of cash replacement. Defines the scope of digital money as encompassing both electronic purse money and software money. The fundamental differences in basic philosophy, design principles and technical choices of the variety of approaches to electronic cash are evaluated. Three key directions are identified to accelerate the take‐up of digital money. Urges that the regulatory regime necessary to ensure financial integrity of non‐bank issuers is developed without stifling innovation and competition or consumer confidence. EU commission directives and the findings of a multinational alliance of banking institutions are reviewed and recommendations given for new electronic purse products. Pinpoints several useful lessons which have been learnt from electronic purse experiences to date.
Visa and digital money
Authors: Prideaux Jon
Published: July 2002

Argues that people in income‐rich but time‐poor societies have had to learn to adjust the balance between saving money by spending time searching for bargains and saving time by spending money. Considers payment cards as the response to the quest for convenience but points out the need for a new generation of cards which combine payment facilities with other applications which strip out time‐wasting stages at the points of inconvenience. Looks at a range of chip card devices from hybrid mobile phones to television set top boxes and even contactless chips that carry train and bus season tickets. Each is designed to hold sufficient memory and computing power to contain several applications all of which will be capable of interacting. Outlines Visa’s experience of the Open Platform, a technology that acts as an interface between a chip card’s operating system and the applications on the chip. It is recommended that Open Platform be used in conjunction with open operating systems. The JavaCard and Smartcard for Windows approaches are evaluated in this context.
Evaluation of the basic low stress mechanical properties (bending, shearing and tensile)
Authors: Alamdar‐Yazdi A. , Amirbayat J.
Published: July 2002

Objective measurement of fabric mechanical properties has great potential for quality control of clothing materials. However, access to the requisite instruments still remains a problem for many potential users due to their high cost. A new methodology for measuring the basic low stress mechanical properties of woven fabric on a tensile tester is introduced. The results of experimental work on 39 samples are also presented. As a result, new parameters indicating the behavior of woven fabrics are introduced.
Thread motion ratio used to monitor sewing machines
Authors: Lewis Dorrity J. , Howard Olson L.
Published: July 2002

A prototype system for detecting sewing defects through analysis of thread motion has been developed. A piezo‐electric transducer provides information on the time of motion of the top thread in a lockstitch sewing process. The ratio of this time of motion to the total single sewing cycle time is a measure termed the thread motion ratio. This measure offers consistency over variations in sewing machine speed. Research results are that the system yields reliable indication of thread consumption‐related faults, such as broken top or bobbin threads, misfed fabric, and thread tension imbalance, for several stitch types.
Multiaxial determination of the resistance to creasing of clothing wool fabrics
Authors: Nikolic´  , Simovic Lj.M. , Mihailovic T.V.
Published: July 2002

In this paper, values of deformation components (elastic, viscoelastic, plastic) of clothing wool fabrics by measuring the crease recovery angle in various directions to the warp direction (0°‐warp, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90°‐weft) were determined. The size as well as the change of deformation component from warp to weft direction was presented through polar diagrams. On the basis of the results of investigation it is possible to conclude that all investigated fabrics (plain, 2/2 twill, cross twill), regardless of the biaxiality concerning quickly reversible (elastic) deformation, tend toward isotropy in total reversible deformation (elastic + viscoelastic). Concerning the plastic deformation value, mentioned investigated fabrics also express tendency toward isotropy.
Computer integrated manufacturing in the Australian pharmaceutical industry
Authors: Sohal Amrik S.
Published: July 2002

OzPharm (the name of the company and other specific details have been disguised to protect confidentiality), Australia’s leading pharmaceutical manufacturer, is a world leader in the application of advanced manufacturing technologies (AMTs) to the manufacture of pharmaceutical products. In response to high quality requirements and declining profitability, OzPharm decided to focus its product range and invest substantially in research and development and AMT. With a vision for a “paperless” factory and a commitment to total quality management, OzPharm has successfully introduced computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) technologies to their manufacturing facility. Improvements in process and product quality have secured OzPharm’s competitive position and reaffirmed its strategic direction for the future. This paper examines OzPharm’s approach to the implementation planning, installation and assessment of the technologies used. Specific emphasis is given to the company’s most complex CIM venture, and the difficulties, lessons, limitations and benefits gained from AMT.
Women in Education and Early Retirement
Authors: Patrickson Margaret , Hartmann Linley , McCarron Leonnie
Published: July 2002

Reports on the attitudes of a small sample of older women in education
to the future options of either continuing to participate in their
chosen profession or retiring early. Little interest was shown in early
retirement, partly because it was not an attractive financial option for
many of the sample and partly because the majority of the women
expressed strong commitment to continued workforce participation. The
study highlights how former discriminatory practices in access to
superannuation membership have disadvantaged women by not providing them
with comparable financial benefits when their organizations begin to
downsize and offer voluntary separation packages. Concludes with the
thought that organizations should re‐examine their stereotypes of older
workers and implement policies which will use their talents more.
Socialization to a new conception of the principalship
Authors: Crow Gary M. , Glascock Catherine
Published: July 2002

Institutions which train potential administrators are confronted with how best to help them conceive their new role in a way that supports school reform. Reports on study of candidates in a non‐traditional principal preparation programme in order to examine the socialization process of developing an innovative role conception. Candidates completed a questionnaire on entry to the programme and were interviewed at the end of the programme. Findings are reported in terms of sources and definitions of role conception, as well as socialization mechanisms. Candidates encountered conflict between the role conception emphasized by the university and that of the school system in terms of whether they stressed present reality or future change. During the course of the programme, the sense of facilitating teachers gave way to a sense of the principal′s autonomy in creating a vision and persuading others to buy into that vision. Provides implications for training principals and for future research.
The William Walker Oration, 1996. Unsung heroes: the leaders in our classrooms
Authors: Crowther Frank
Published: July 2002

Uses the outcomes of case study research in socio‐economically disadvantaged education contexts to examine the work of educators who have had a noticeable effect on the quality of life in their communities. Concludes that the work of highly successful classroom practitioners can in part be understood through reference to prominent theories of educational leadership. Questions historical and current approaches to educational administration which associate leadership with positional authority. Proposes an alternative definition of “teacher leadership”.
Why educators have problems with some students
Authors: Gilbert Michael B.
Published: July 2002

Some educators believe that if they do their jobs properly, all their students will learn, and school will be a happy, productive and comfortable place for everybody. The reality is that not everyone has the same preferences – for teaching and learning. Recounts research that shows what the differences are between educators and students who might be characterized at‐risk. Also included are administrative implications.
The supply‐side of IT outsourcing: the trend towards mergers, acquisitions and joint ventures
Authors: Currie Wendy
Published: July 2002

Explores the supply‐side of the global IT outsourcing marketplace. Argues that companies should seek to understand the strategic positioning of IT suppliers. In recent years, the large IT service providers have made inroads into new vertical markets from health care to e‐commerce. They have also expanded their service offerings to include business process outsourcing (BPO), customer relationship management (CRM) and e‐business. Explores some of these changes and presents a conceptual framework which captures some of the dynamic changes in the software and computing services industry. These involve mergers, acquisitions, joint ventures and partnering.
Leveraging the power of the Internet for optimal supplier sourcing
Authors: Tucker David , Jones Laurie
Published: July 2002

Intelligent software agents offer the potential to unleash the power of the Internet to optimise the process of supplier sourcing. Aims to promote an awareness in the buyer/supplier community of the potential for using intelligent software agents over the Internet for this purpose. The traditional relationship between suppliers and buyers is contrasted with that of Internet‐based trading. This comparison confirms that trust is a critical component in the traditional relationship and that an understanding of the nature of trust is necessary in revealing where and how agent technology will have maximum benefit for both buyers and suppliers. It is shown that the technology that can enable this form of sourcing is already well established, and a range of conceptual agents are described. Finally, identifies the benefits that will accrue to organisations that adopt agent technology as part of their supplier‐sourcing portfolio, and recommendations for further work are made.
A conservative finite difference method and its application for the analysis of a transient flow around a square prism
Authors: Pavlov A.N. , Sazhin S.S. , Fedorenko R.P. , Heikal M.R.
Published: July 2002

Detailed results of numerical calculations of transient, 2D incompressible flow around and in the wake of a square prism at Re = 100, 200 and 500 are presented. An implicit finite‐difference operator‐splitting method, a version of the known SIMPLEC‐like method on a staggered grid, is described. Appropriate theoretical results are presented. The method has second‐order accuracy in space, conserving mass, momentum and kinetic energy. A new modification of the multigrid method is employed to solve the elliptic pressure problem. Calculations are performed on a sequence of spatial grids with up to 401 × 321 grid points, at sequentially halved time steps to ensure grid‐independent results. Three types of flow are shown to exist at Re = 500: a steady‐state unstable flow and two which are transient, fully periodic and asymmetric about the centre line but mirror symmetric to each other. Discrete frequency spectra of drag and lift coefficients are presented.
Radiation in boundary layer flow of an absorbing, emmiting and anisotropically scattering fluid
Authors: Krishnaprakas C.K. , Badari Narayana K. , Dutta Pradip
Published: July 2002

Radiative heat transfer in the laminar boundary layer flow of an absorbing, emitting and anisotropically scattering gray fluid over a flat plate, with the surface of the plate reflecting radiation in diffuse‐cum‐specular fashion is analyzed. The discrete ordinates method is used to model the radiative transfer. The governing dimensionless momentum and energy equations, in the form of a partial differential system, are solved by a finite difference method. The effect of various parameters like, emittance, the degree of anisotropy in scattering, scattering albedo and the nature of surface reflection on the total heat flux from the plate to the fluid are studied and results are presented.
A general algorithm for compressible and incompressible flow. Stability analysis and explicit time integration
Authors: Nigro N. , Storti M. , Idelsohn S.
Published: July 2002

Addresses two difficulties which arise when using a compressible code with equal order interpolation (non‐staggered grids in the finite‐difference nomenclature) to capture a steady‐state solution in the incompressible limit, i.e. at low Mach numbers. Explains that, first, numerical instabilities in the form of spurious oscillations in pressure pollute the solution and, second, the convergence to the steady state becomes extremely slow owing to bad conditioning of the different speeds of propagation. By using a stabilized method, allows the use of equal‐order interpolations in a consistent (weighted‐residual) formulation which stabilizes both the convection and the continuity terms at the same time. On the other hand, by using specially devised preconditioning, assures a rate of convergence independent of Mach number.
Computational issues in using a dual‐scale model of the segregation process in a binary alloy
Authors: Sundarraj S. , Voller V.R.
Published: July 2002

Explains that segregation processes during the solidification of a binary alloy occur at two distinct length scales: on the microscopic length scale of the crystal interface, in the two‐phase mushy zone, segregation is controlled by solid state mass diffusion; and, on the macroscopic scale of the process, segregation is controlled by the convective transport of the molten metal. Concludes that developing models that can capture both these scales is a challenge. Introduces a bi‐level grid, and uses a macro grid on the scale of the process for the solution of equations describing macroscopic heat and mass transport. Details how each node point in the macro grid is associated with a micro grid on which equations describing the microscopic phenomena in the mushy region are solved. In this way, develops a dual‐scale model of segregation during the solidification of a binary alloy. On investigating the unidirectional solidification of a binary alloy, demonstrates that this dual‐scale model is able to capture both the macro and micro‐scales in a single numerical treatment.
Natural convection in interacting cavities heated from below
Authors: Raji A. , Hasnaoui M. , Zrikem Z.
Published: July 2002

Heat transfer by natural convection in a system formed by two and three cavities heated from below and covered by a cold plate is numerically studied using the Navier‐Stokes equations with the Boussinesq approximation. Presents results in terms of streamlines, isotherms and heat transfer for Rayleigh numbers ranging from 103 to 106 and the Prandtl number 0.72 (air). Geometric parameters are the aspect ratio A = L′/H′ = 1.5 and 2.5 respectively for two and three cavities, the relative height of the cavities B (1/8 ≤ B = h′/H′ ≤ 1/2) and the parameter C = l′1/l′2 = 1. The inclination angle Φ from the horizontal was varied from 0 to 180°. The calculations reveal that the flow regime depends strongly on the Rayleigh number, the parameter B and the inclination angle Φ of the system; it may be stationary, oscillatory periodic or chaotic. The geometrical parameter B has a significant effect on the transition from one regime to another.
Inverse analysis for estimating the timewise and spacewise variation of the wall heat flux in a parallel plate channel
Authors: Machado H.A. , Orlande H.R.B.
Published: July 2002

Solves the inverse problem of estimating the wall heat flux in a parallel plate channel, by using the conjugate gradient method with adjoint equation. The unknown heat flux is supposed to vary in time and along the channel flow direction. Examines the accuracy of the present function estimation approach, by using transient simulated measurements of several sensors located inside the channel. The inverse problem is solved for different functional forms of the unknown wall heat flux, including those containing sharp corners and discontinuities, which are the most difficult to be recovered by an inverse analysis. Addresses the effects on the inverse problem solution of the number of sensors, as well as their locations.
Analytical and numerical results on the attenuation and dispersion of an acoustic wave through a two‐phase flow
Authors: Basset T. , Daniel E. , Loraud J.C.
Published: July 2002

Presents validation of the Eulerian approach for unsteady two‐phase flows, whose behaviour depends on the coupling between the two phases, on the basis of the study of attentuation and dispersion of an acoustic wave propagating into a one dimensional two‐phase flow. This approach and the corresponding numerical aspects are accurate enough for later applications in more complex geometries, where “vortex shedding” phenomena take place. Attenuation and dispersion of a pressure wave in a two‐phase medium of rest was previously studied by Temkin and Dobbins. Present work is an extension of this theory to the case of a two‐phase flow. This theoretical approach leads to a numerical solution of the problem. Compares the derived results with those obtained from a direct numerical simulation based on MacCormack scheme in a finite volume formulation. Verifies that analytical and numerical approaches are in good agreement.
Three‐dimensional pulsatile flow through a bifurcation
Authors: Yung Chain‐Nan , De Witt Kenneth J. , Subramanian Srikanth , Afjeh Abdollah A. , Keith Theo G.
Published: July 2002

Pulsatile flow of an incompressible, Newtonian fluid through a symmetric bifurcated rigid channel was numerically analysed by solving the three‐dimensional Navier‐Stokes equations. The upstream flow conditions were taken from an experimentally measured human arterial pulse cycle. The bifurcation was symmetrical with a branch angle of 60° and a daughter to mother area ratio of 2.0. The predicted velocity patterns were in qualitative agreement with experimental measurements available in the literature. The effect of unsteadiness on the various flow characteristics was studied. The most drastic effect observed was on the flow reversal regions. There was no flow reversal at the highest inlet Reynolds number in the pulse cycle, whereas in the case of steady flow at the same Reynolds number, the flow reversal region was the largest. The presence of secondary flow was observed at all times during the pulse cycle. Shear stress was calculated along the outer and inner walls and the low and high time averaged shear stress regions correspond to the clinically observed sites of formation of atherosclerotic plaque and lesions.
Multi‐dimensional monotone flux discretization scheme for convection dominated flows
Authors: Sheu W.H. , Lee Shi‐Min , Wang M.T.
Published: July 2002

Deals with the non‐stationary pure convection equation in two dimensions. An attribute of the method is that the advective fluxes are approximated by taking the flow orientations into consideration. The interfacial numerical fluxes are interpolated by virtue of the rational areas which depend on the corner velocity vectors. This leads to a discrete system containing dissipative artifacts in regions normal to the local streamline. Conducts two‐dimensional fundamental studies for the flux discretization developed. These analyses give insight into the order‐of‐accuracy, and the scheme stability. According to the underlying positivity definition, this explicit scheme is, furthermore, classified as conditionally monotonic. This scheme has been applied successfully to solve smooth, sharply varied, and discontinuous transport problems.
Numerical analysis of a viscous steady laminar flow due to a mass transfer from a porous plate
Authors: Desseaux André
Published: July 2002

Considers the motion of a viscous fluid within the narrow gap under a floating disk above an infinite porous plate. The flow is caused by a uniform blowing from the porous surface. If we ignore edge effects, after scaling the variables, an expression for the vertical component of the velocity is found with two particularities in the sense of an asymptotic expansion and for a self‐similar solution. We obtain an expression for the pressure distribution under the disk. Then, with this solution, Navier‐Stokes equations are reduced into one non‐linear equation of the fourth order with two points boundary conditions. First, we used a development of this equation by Newton’s method. The purpose of this paper is to show that the numerical scheme of quasilinearization gives rapid convergence to solution of this boundary layer problem. The vertical force balance gives the prediction for the height of the disk floating above the porous surface when the mass of the disk is known. Without any previous hypothesis, “TRIO”, a general computer code for thermal and fluid flow analysis developed at the CEA (Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique), confirms our main hypothesis and all our results. These two numerical solutions are well in keeping with the analytical and experimental solutions of Hinch and Lemaitre in 1994.
Numerical solution of transient temperature for pulsed heating in a single spherical particle model
Authors: Grozescu I.V. , Moksin M.M.
Published: July 2002

Photothermal technique provides a convenient means for detecting the change in pulse‐induced thermal radiation emission from a single spherical particle. The change in the emitted blackbody radiation is determined by the change in the surface temperature of the particle which in turn can be derived from heat conduction equation. Numerical solution to the heat conduction equation for a single spherical particle model on thermally bad conducting samples is derived and compared with a relatively simple analytical solution. Some results for particles of interest are discussed.
Numerical simulation of turbulent flow in an axisymmetric diffuser with a curved surface centre‐body
Authors: Xu D. , Khoo B.C. , Leschziner M.A.
Published: July 2002

The flow inside an axisymmetric diffuser with a curved surface centre body is numerically simulated using different turbulence models, namely a high‐Reynolds number k‐ε in conjunction with wall function turbulence model, a high‐Reynolds number k‐ε with one‐equation turbulence model, a low‐Reynolds number k‐ε turbulence model, a RNG turbulence model and an anisotropic turbulence model. For the separation and reattachment positions, the comparisons made between the various numerical predictions and experimental measurements show that the high‐Reynolds number k‐ε with one‐equation turbulence model is superior to other models in the present study.
Three‐dimensional simulation of natural convection in cavities with side opening
Authors: Sezai I. , Mohamad A.A.
Published: July 2002

Naturally buoyant flow and heat transfer in a cubic cavity with side opening is analyzed numerically. Vertical wall of the cavity is at a higher temperature than the ambient, while other walls are assumed to be adiabatic. Numerically accurate results are presented for Rayleigh numbers of 103 to 106 for a fluid having a Prandtl number of 0.71. Unstable flow is predicted for Ra = 1 × 107. The aim of the work is twofold; studying three‐ dimensional flow and heat transfer in a cavity and comparing three‐dimensional results with two‐dimensional approximation to verify the validity of the two‐dimensional model. Convection fluxes are calculated using QUICK scheme with ULTRA‐SHARP flux limiter for two and three‐dimensional simulation. The results indicate that as Rayleigh number increases the difference between two and three dimensional predictions increases. Also, it is found that this difference is greater for the flow field than for the rate of heat transfer.
Flow over a slot‐perforated flat surface between two parallel plates
Authors: Torii Shuichi , Yang Wen‐Jei , Umeda Shinzaburo
Published: July 2002

A theoretical and experimental study is performed to investigate unsteady, two‐dimensional, incompressible fluid flow over both sides of a slot‐perforated flat surface, which is placed in a two‐dimensional channel. The governing boundary‐layer equations are discretized by means of a finite‐difference technique to determine streamwise and transverse velocity components. The roles of both the Reynolds number and the ratio of the slot width, d, to the plate thickness, δ, on the velocity field are disclosed. It is found from the study that: (i) the flow pattern between two plates can be classified into four categories depending on a combination of Re and d/δ, (ii) at a small value of Re and/or d/δ, flow over the slot exhibits no timewise variation, (iii) when Re and d/δ exceed certain values, an alternate crossing of flow from one side of the plate to the other occurs across the slot, and (iv) a further increase in Re results in a complex flow both inside the slot and on the plate downstream of the slot. These results are confirmed by the flow visualization using ion‐exchange resins.
Axisymmetric finite element models for rotational molding
Authors: Olson Lorraine G. , Gogos George , Pasham Venkataramana
Published: July 2002

We present a new nonlinear axisymmetric finite element model for heat transfer and powder deposition in rotational molding. Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian techniques are employed to track the gradual growth of the plastic layer. Results using this approach compare well with earlier 1‐D models and with experimental data. Using the model to study the effects of locally enhanced heat transfer on part wall thickness, we find that controlling the relative magnitudes of radial and circumferential heat transfer is crucial in order to obtain desired wall thickness profiles.
Class and gender influences on employment practices in Thailand: an examination of equity policy and practice
Authors: Hutchings Katherine
Published: July 2002

This article presents the findings of research conducted in Thailand that examines the equity practices of local and foreign organisations. The managers of these organisations make equity policy decisions that are influenced by a combination of the cultural and social environments in which they operate and their own organisational policies and managerial positions. Against a background of social closure and inequality theories, this article discusses some of these cultural and social factors and their influence on current equity responses in the workplaces of selected organisations in Thailand. Importantly, it draws attention to the underlying dynamic between class and gender in Thailand and highlights the need for theorists and management to more closely consider the implications this has on equity policy and programmes in organisations in this nation.
Critical issue for business area impact analysis in business crisis management: analytical capability
Authors: Lee Young‐Jai , Harrald John R.
Published: July 2002

Crisis management and organizational continuity have become increasingly critical areas of competence for managers in organizations. The approach of typical business organizations to the problems of business area impact analysis (BAIA) has been fragmented. In particular, the potential problem is the lack of an analytical capability to identify business functions/processes. The research objective is to describe how business functions/processes can be identified to analyze business area impact for corporate crisis management. In order to conduct the BAIA efficiently, it is first necessary to identify business functions/processes according to a scientific approach such as that described in the Information Engineering methodology for systems development. Next, to investigate the financial impacts on business functions/processes, which level of function/process hierarchy decomposition is used as a basis must be determined.
Assessing and enhancing quality using toolkits
Authors: Oliver Martin , Conole Grainne
Published: July 2002

“Toolkits” are decision‐making frameworks based on expert models. This paper outlines one toolkit, which provides support for practitioners involved in the process of embedding learning technology into their courses. Although the toolkit was created as a design tool, feedback from evaluations identified its value as a means of assessing quality. This paper outlines the background of the creation and scope of the toolkit, examines how it can be used to assess and enhance the quality of courses and concludes by summarising how toolkits can be used as part of quality procedures in other areas.
Quality Assurance in Secondary Education
Authors: Freeman Richard
Published: July 2002

Discusses the need for secondary schools to own quality assurance and
not to see it as an external imposition. Identifies four principles for
school quality assurance: a focus on pupils and learning; reflecting
stakeholders′ needs; demonstrable quality; and the need for feedback.
Discusses the weakness of present performance indicators and how they
could be designed and used more effectively. Suggests that a school
quality assurance system should be used by stakeholders (governors,
parents, pupils, teachers, etc.) to negotiate measures which meet their
particular needs. Proposes a method of identifying and negotiating
needs and turning them into measures.
Quality Assurance in Teacher Education
Authors: Blake David
Published: July 2002

As a new framework for quality assurance in teacher education emerges,
internal and external constituencies with an interest in teacher
education quality are making burdensome demands on the sector. The
constituencies include OFSTED, Government agencies concerned with
accreditation and funding, the HE institutions, the teaching profession
and student teachers. The result is a series of potentially conflicting
pressures and a heavy cycle of inspection and report writing. There is a
danger that tutors involved in the process will become sceptical about
it, falling back on compliant responses in order to satisfy demands at a
surface level. Examines quality assurance in teacher education, reports
the way in which one group of teacher education tutors conceptualizes
the idea of quality in practice and identifies those characteristics of
a quality assurance system which should retain the confidence of staff.
Value from Audit
Authors: Dow David
Published: July 2002

In the UK, higher education organizations (HEOs) are obliged to pay both
for external audit (which must be provided by a professional auditing
firm) and internal audit (which may be provided either by directly
employed staff or on a contracted basis). Suggests how an HEO might
achieve the best return on the resources applied to external and
internal audit. Does not address academic audit.
TQM and Student Work Experience (SWE)
Authors: Leslie David
Published: July 2002

Explores the need for the application of a TQM approach to student work
experience. Questions the value of traditional approaches, arguing for
the introduction of a quality approach the benefits of which are
succinctly identified. Outlines salient weaknesses and issues.
Discusses the value of applying TQM to the process and presents
advantages. Considers the implications of adoption, within which the
centrality of the student in the process is accentuated and further
recognized through highlighting the value of learning contracts. Raises
the need for increased commitment and resources. Draws extensively on
research findings in the area.
Discussion paper on “Quality assessment: two traditions (a
review article)” by Robert Withers
Authors: Ashworth Allan , Harvey Roger C.
Published: July 2002

A large proportion of the text of the article “Quality
assessment: two traditions (a review article)” by Robert Withers (
QAE, Volume 3 Number 2, 1995) concerned itself with a review of
the book, Assessing Quality in Further and Higher Education by
Allan Ashworth and Roger C. Harvey. Here, the book′s authors present a
constructive and detailed discussion of Dr Withers′ article, with
reference to – inter alia – the needs for correct
training of quality assessors, numerical understanding (the
“numbers dimension”) and statistical information, and to the
work of Her Majesty′s Inspectorate of Schools.
Strategic management of educational development
Authors: Chadwick Priscilla
Published: July 2002

As universities become increasingly accountable for the quality of their teaching and learning, alongside the quality of their research, academics need to improve their understanding of the educational process. The traditional response has been to provide staff development courses for academics to improve their teaching skills. Argues that universities additionally need to strengthen the more strategic role of educational development, working with academics across the institution to enhance academic quality.
Quality in industry and education: finding common ground
Authors: Hickie Desmond , Sawkins Martin
Published: July 2002

Explores a range of educational, managerial and quality issues associated with the running of in‐company, postgraduate management courses. Describes a postgraduate programme in total quality leadership developed for a major motor manufacturer and leading to awards accredited by a university. Focuses particularly on the conditions necessary for the educational and industrial partners to come together successfully to develop such a joint programme.
This way QA?
Authors: Yorke Mantz
Published: July 2002

Examines the extent to which the purposes of quality assurance stated by the Joint Planning Group (JPG) in its Final Report are likely to be fulfilled, and points to a number of weaknesses in the JPG’s proposals. Argues that a more forward‐looking approach is needed, and suggests that, if the JPG proposals are implemented, the new arrangements will last a relatively short time before being subjected to further review.
A dialogue about the quality of education
Authors: Nagel Tove , Kvernbekk Tone
Published: July 2002

Explores the concept of quality in education, by means of a dialogue. Discusses different conceptions and dimensions of quality, and shows how they are largely contingent on different views of what education is all about. Attempts to transcend commonly encountered dichotomies by proposing an alternative approach, taking the notions of arête and phronesis as points of departure. Assessing educational quality implies high complexity if the approach is going to be comprehensive and holistic, and take both external and internal factors into account. The framework of the discussion is the political context, on the assumption that this is the right context for questions concerning the worthwhileness, values in and quality of education. The authors hope that this dialogue illustrates the irenic mode of communication briefly discussed in the paper.
Quality assessment and quality enhancement: eliminating unsatisfactory provision
Authors: Glasner Angela
Published: July 2002

Based on a detailed analysis of the reports on unsatisfactory education and provision otherwise subject to reassessment, which have been the outcome of the English quality assessment system since 1993. Analysis is based on the full text of the reports and not simply on a scrutiny of the conclusions and recommendations of the assessors. Examines both the original report and that on the subsequent re‐assessment. Wider than any previous analysis, therefore, and able to comment in some detail on the action taken to address assessors’ concerns and to redress problems of quality. Builds on earlier research by focusing on the action taken by higher education institutions to redress problems identified by assessors, and the extent to which the assessment method as operated by HEFCE has been effective in securing improvements in provision. Analyses the action taken by institutions in response to assessors’ judgements of unsatisfactory provision, reviews briefly the extent of unsatisfactory provision and its characteristics by subject and institution type before turning to a consideration of the evidence of remedial action and enhancement.
Quality assessment, staff development and cultural change
Authors: Partington Patricia , Brown George
Published: July 2002

Explores the relationships between quality assessment and staff development in higher education and their role in changing the culture of higher education. Addresses the processes of quality assessment and the nature of staff development. Demonstrates how staff development has contributed to quality assessment and how quality assessment has contributed to staff development, and offers some suggestions for future directions.
Academic regulation in UK higher education: part III ‐ the idea of “partnership in trust”
Authors: Jackson Norman
Published: July 2002

The third in a series of articles that explore the nature of academic regulation in the UK. Argues that UK higher education (HE) should aspire to a regulatory regime which is based on the principle of ‘partnership in trust’. The principle would facilitate a strategic move towards institutional self‐regulation for those institutions that demonstrate effective and consistent capacity for effective regulation. Recognises that public confidence in such a model would require a complementary emphasis on collective regulation at the level of the institution and subject. Explores the idea of partnership in a climate of trust through a hypothetical model of a self‐regulating university and considers the potential for new types of relationship that could be created by applying the principle.
Quality assurance systems and educational development: part 1 ‐ the limitations of quality control
Authors: McKay Jan , Kember David
Published: July 2002

This is the first of two related articles examining the trend towards initiatives to ensure quality in teaching which has led to an increased emphasis on quality assurance or control measures which ensure that teaching and learning reach some minimum acceptable level. This first part presents a case study where a quality assurance mechanism, in the form of programme validation procedure, prevented the offering of a poorly developed degree proposal. It concludes with the understanding that quality assurance measures were crucial in providing the window of opportunity for the subsequent development of a radically different second proposal. The quality assurance measures could not, however, be responsible for the transformation that happened. The quality enhancement initiatives that occurred as a result of the opportunity provided by the quality assurance mechanism are the focus of the second paper.
Minimizing Risk in Your Wide Area Network Design
Authors: Bell Graham P. , Kavanagh David
Published: July 2002

If you understand the fundamental objectives of your organization and
how your telecommunication network assists you to achieve these
objectives you will have a sound basis for the development of network
security. The types of potential interruption must also be understood
remembering that small, intermittent failures can be worse than complete
collapse. Risk exposures can be prioritized and contingency plans
established. Duplicated carrier communications, private network
triangulation, and virtual private networks are considered as well as
ISDN and switched backup services. The consolidation of discrete
services to make switching to alternative sites much easier is also
suggested.