bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antibacterial, Antifungal and Ecotoxic Effects of Ammonium and Imidazolium Ionic Liquids Synthesized in Microwaves
Authors: Fojtášková Jana , Koutník Ivan , Vráblová Martina , Sezimová Hana , Maxa Milan , Obalová Lucie , Pánek Petr
Published: November 2020

Ionic liquids are increasingly used for their superior properties. Four water-immiscible ionic liquids (butyltriethylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, octyltriethylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, dodecyltriethylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide) and their water miscible precursors (bromides) were synthesized in a microwave reactor and by conventional heating. The best conditions for microwave-assisted synthesis concerning the yield and the purity of the product are proposed. The heating in the microwave reactor significantly shortened the reaction time. Biocide and ecotoxic effects of synthesized ionic liquids and their precursors were investigated. All tested compounds had at least a little effect on the growth or living of microorganisms (bacteria or mold). The precursor dodecyltriethylammonium bromide was found to be the strongest biocide, but posed a risk to the aquatic environment due to its relatively high EC50 value in the test with Vibrio fischeri. We assumed that apart from the alkyl chain length, the solubility in water, duration of action, or type of anion can influence the final biocide and ecotoxic effect.
An Update on Development of Small-Molecule Plasmodial Kinase Inhibitors
Authors: Moolman Chantalle , Sluis Rencia , Beteck Richard , Legoabe Lesetja
Published: November 2020

Malaria control relies heavily on the small number of existing antimalarial drugs. However, recurring antimalarial drug resistance necessitates the continual generation of new antimalarial drugs with novel modes of action. In order to shift the focus from only controlling this disease towards elimination and eradication, next-generation antimalarial agents need to address the gaps in the malaria drug arsenal. This includes developing drugs for chemoprotection, treating severe malaria and blocking transmission. Plasmodial kinases are promising targets for next-generation antimalarial drug development as they mediate critical cellular processes and some are active across multiple stages of the parasite’s life cycle. This review gives an update on the progress made thus far with regards to plasmodial kinase small-molecule inhibitor development.
The Assessment of the Combined Treatment of 5-ALA Mediated Photodynamic Therapy and Thalidomide on 4T1 Breast Carcinoma and 2H11 Endothelial Cell Line
Authors: Zduniak Krzysztof , Gdesz-Birula Katarzyna , Woźniak Marta , Duś-Szachniewicz Kamila , Ziółkowski Piotr
Published: November 2020

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a low-invasive method of treatment of various diseases, mainly neoplastic conditions. PDT has been experimentally combined with multiple treatment methods. In this study, we tested a combination of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) mediated PDT with thalidomide (TMD), which is a drug presently used in the treatment of plasma cell myeloma. TMD and PDT share similar modes of action in neoplastic conditions. Using 4T1 murine breast carcinoma and 2H11 murine endothelial cells lines as an experimental tumor model, we tested 5-ALA-PDT and TMD combination in terms of cytotoxicity, apoptosis, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) expression, and, in 2H11 cells, migration capabilities by wound healing assay. We have found an enhancement of cytotoxicity in 4T1 cells, whereas, in normal 2H11 cells, this effect was not statistically significant. The addition of TMD decreased the production of VEGF after PDT in 2H11 cell line. Our results reveal enhanced effectiveness of 5-ALA-PDT with TMD treatment compared to 5-ALA-PDT or TMD treatment alone. The addition of TMD may be a promising proceeding of the anti-tumor effect of PDT by decreasing the VEGF concentration in the culture medium. Further studies, including testing on different cell lines, are needed to confirm this assumption.
Amperometric Cytosensor for Studying Mitochondrial Interferences Induced by Plasticizers Bisphenol B and Bisphenol A
Authors: Dragone Roberto , Grasso Gerardo , Frazzoli Chiara
Published: November 2020

The widespread presence of plasticizers Bisphenol B (BPB) and Bisphenol A (BPA) in food contact materials, medical equipment, and common household products is a toxicological risk factor for health due to internal exposure after environmental dietary exposure. This work describes the use of an amperometric cytosensor (i.e., a whole cell-based amperometric biosensoristic device) for studying mitochondrial interferences of BPA and BPB (5–100 µg/mL) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae model following long-term (24 h) exposure (acute toxicity). Percentage interference (%ρ) on yeast aerobic mitochondrial catabolism was calculated after comparison of aerobic respiration of exposed and control S. cerevisiae cell suspensions. Results suggested the hypothesis of a dose-dependent co-action of two mechanisms, namely uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and oxidative stress. These mechanisms respectively matched with opposite effects of hyperstimulation and inhibition of cellular respiration. While uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and oxidative stress have been previously described as separate effects from in vitro BPA exposure using other biochemical endpoints and biological systems, effects of BPB on cellular aerobic respiration are here reported for the first time. Results highlighted a similar hyperstimulation effect after exposure to 5 µg/mL BPA and BPB. About a 2-fold higher cellular respiration inhibition potency was observed after exposures to 15, 30, and 100 µg/mL BPB compared to BPA. 2,4-Dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) was used as model uncoupling agent. A time-dependent mechanism of mitochondrial interference was also highlighted.
Molecular Targets of Cannabidiol in Experimental Models of Neurological Disease
Authors: Silvestro Serena , Schepici Giovanni , Bramanti Placido , Mazzon Emanuela
Published: November 2020

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid known for its beneficial effects including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Moreover, CBD is a compound with antidepressant, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant and antipsychotic effects. Thanks to all these properties, the interest of the scientific community for it has grown. Indeed, CBD is a great candidate for the management of neurological diseases. The purpose of our review is to summarize the in vitro and in vivo studies published in the last 15 years that describe the biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of CBD and its therapeutic application in neurological diseases. CBD exerts its neuroprotective effects through three G protein coupled-receptors (adenosine receptor subtype 2A, serotonin receptor subtype 1A and G protein-coupled receptor 55), one ligand-gated ion channel (transient receptor potential vanilloid channel-1) and one nuclear factor (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ). Moreover, the therapeutical properties of CBD are also due to GABAergic modulation. In conclusion, CBD, through multi-target mechanisms, represents a valid therapeutic tool for the management of epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis and Parkinson’s disease.
Antimicrobial s-PBC Coatings for Innovative Multifunctional Water Filters
Authors: Sciuto Emanuele Luigi , Filice Simona , Coniglio Maria Anna , Faro Giuseppina , Gradon Leon , Galati Clelia , Spinella Natalia , Libertino Sebania , Scalese Silvia
Published: November 2020

Biological contamination is a typical issue in water treatment. Highly concentrated microbial suspensions in a water flow may cause filter occlusion and biofilm formation, affecting the lifespan and quality of water purification systems and increasing the risk of nosocomial infections. In order to contrast the biofilm formation, most of the conventional strategies rely on the water chemical modification and/or on the use of filters functional coatings. The former is unsafe for huge chemicals spilling required; therefore, we focus on the second approach and we propose the use of a sulfonated pentablock copolymer (s-PBC, commercially named Nexar™) as innovative multifunctional coating for improving the performance of commercial water filters. S-PBC-coated polypropylene (PP) samples were tested against the pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The covering of PP with s-PBC results in a more hydrophilic, acid, and negatively charged surface. These properties avoid the adhesion and proliferation attempts of planktonic bacteria, i.e., the biofilm formation. Inhibition tests were performed on the as-modified filters and an evident antibacterial activity was observed. The results point out the possibility of using NexarTM as coating layer for filters with antifouling properties and a simultaneous ability to remove bacteria and cationic dyes from water.
Properties and Application of Multifunctional Composite Polypropylene-Based Films Incorporating a Combination of BHT, BHA and Sorbic Acid in Extending Donut Shelf-Life
Authors: Fasihnia Seyedeh Homa , Peighambardoust Seyed Hadi , Peighambardoust Seyed Jamaleddin , Oromiehie Abdulrasoul , Soltanzadeh Maral , Pateiro Mirian , Lorenzo Jose M.
Published: November 2020

To extend the shelf-life of packaged donut without the addition of preservative, polypropylene-based active composite films loaded with a combination of sorbic acid, BHA and BHT were prepared by the extrusion moulding method: T1 (Control-pure PP-film), T2 (PP-BHT1%-SA2%), T3 (PP-BHA3%-SA2%) and T4 (PP-BHT1%-BHA1%-SA2%). The incorporation of active additives enhanced water vapour permeability (WVP) and increased oxygen permeability of films. Active films had higher antioxidant activity than pure PP in the order T4 > T2 > T3 (89.11, 83.40 and 79.16%). In vitro examinations demonstrated a significant antibacterial effect on Escherichia coli and S. aureus growth. Overall migration was not significantly different for watery food simulants, while in acidic and fatty foods increased it significantly. The effect of the active films on the fried and packaged donut samples showed significantly higher moisture contents and peroxide values, while acidity was lower. T2 film is proposed due to the preservation of the intrinsic properties of the film, increasing the storage period up to 25 to 50 days.
District Wellness Policy Nutrition Standards Are Associated with Healthier District Food Procurement Practices in the United States
Authors: Piekarz-Porter Elizabeth , Leider Julien , Turner Lindsey , Chriqui Jamie F.
Published: November 2020

Food procurement policies often exist to require that schools purchase foods with specific nutrient standards. Such policies are increasingly being used with the hope of improving access to healthier foods and beverages. Local wellness policies, required in any school district that participates in Federal Child Nutrition Programs, often contain specific nutrition standards that detail what can be sold to students during the school day. This study investigated the extent to which nutrition standards in wellness policies may be associated with healthier nutrition standards in district-level purchasing specifications. Cross-sectional data from the 2014–2015 school year for 490 school food authorities from 46 states and the District of Columbia were collected as part of the School Nutrition and Meal Cost Study and the National Wellness Policy Study. Survey-adjusted multivariable logistic regression models were computed to examine the association between district wellness policy nutrition standards and corresponding district food purchasing specifications. Results show that having a district wellness policy with corresponding nutrition standards and being in a rural area were associated with district food purchasing specifications for specific nutrients. These findings contribute to the literature to suggest that having a wellness policy with detailed nutrition standards may help to increase access to healthier foods and beverages.
Socio-Demographic Characteristics, Dietary, and Nutritional Intakes of French Elderly Community Dwellers According to Their Dairy Product Consumption: Data from the Three-City Cohort
Authors: Pellay Hermine , Marmonier Corinne , Samieri Cécilia , Féart Catherine
Published: November 2020

Few data are available regarding dietary habits of the elderly, especially about dairy products (DPs) (total DP and milk, fresh DP, and cheese), whereas these are part of healthy habits. The aim was to describe the socio-demographic characteristics, food, and nutritional intakes of elderly DP consumers. The sample consisted of 1584 participants from the Three-City-Bordeaux cohort (France), who answered a food frequency questionnaire and a 24-h dietary recall. Socio-demographic characteristics, practice of physical activity, Body Mass Index, and polymedication were registered. The sample was 76.2 years (SD 5.0 years) on average, 35% were in line with the French dietary guidelines for DP (3 or 4 servings of DP/day), while 49% were below, and 16% above. Women were significantly more likely to declare the highest total DP (≥4 times/day), milk (>1 time/day), and fresh DP (>1.5 times/day) frequency consumption. The highest cheese frequency consumers (>1.5 times/day) were more likely men, married, and ex-smokers. The highest frequency of fresh DP intake was significantly associated with the lowest energy and lipid intakes, and that of cheese with the highest consumption of charcuteries, meat, and alcohol. This cross-sectional analysis confirmed that the socio-demographics and dietary characteristics varied across DP sub-types consumed, which encourages individual consideration of these confounders in further analyses.
Relationship between Dietary Fiber Intake and the Prognosis of Amytrophic Lateral Sclerosis in Korea
Authors: Yu Haelim , Kim Seung Hyun , Noh Min-Young , Lee Sanggon , Park Yongsoon
Published: November 2020

The gut microbiota has been suggested as an important factor in the pathogenic mechanisms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). This study aimed to investigate whether the intake of different kinds of dietary fiber was related to the disease progression rate (∆FS) and survival time. In total, 272 Korean sporadic ALS patients diagnosed according to the revised EI Escorial criteria were recruited starting in March 2011 and were followed until the occurrence of events or the end of September 2020. The events included percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, tracheostomy, and death. Dietary fiber intake was calculated based on a 24-h dietary recall and classified according to five major fiber-rich foods: vegetables, fruits, grains, legumes, and nuts/seeds. Among the total participants, the group with ∆FS values lower than the mean ∆FS (0.75) was noted in the highest tertiles of total and vegetable fiber intake. Participants in the highest tertile for vegetable fiber intake showed longer survival in the Kaplan–Meier analysis (p = 0.033). Notably, vegetable fiber intake was negatively correlated with pro-inflammatory cytokine (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) levels in the cerebrospinal fluid. This study showed that vegetable fiber intake could influence the disease progression rate and survival time. Further clinical trials are needed to confirm whether dietary fiber supplementation improves the prognosis of ALS.
The Effect of Supplementation with Low Doses of a Cod Protein Hydrolysate on Satiety Hormones and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Adults with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind Study
Authors: Jensen Caroline , Dale Hanna Fjeldheim , Hausken Trygve , Hatlebakk Jan Gunnar , Brønstad Ingeborg , Lied Gülen Arslan , Hoff Dag Arne Lihaug
Published: November 2020

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterised by metabolic abnormalities that increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Altered levels of circulating ghrelin, several adipokines and inflammatory markers secreted from adipose tissue, such as leptin, adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor alpha, are observed in overweight and obese individuals. We assessed the effect of supplementation with low doses of a cod protein hydrolysate (CPH) on fasting and postprandial levels of acylated ghrelin, as well as fasting levels of adiponectin, leptin and inflammatory markers in subjects with MetS. A multicentre, double-blinded, randomized controlled trial with a parallel group design was conducted. Subjects received a daily supplement of CPH (4 g protein, n = 15) or placebo (0 g protein, n = 15). We observed no effect on fasting or postprandial levels of acylated ghrelin, fasting levels of adiponectin (p = 0.089) or leptin (p = 0.967) after supplementation with CPH, compared to placebo. Overall, our study showed that 8 weeks supplementation with a low dose of CPH in subjects with MetS had no effect on satiety hormones or most of the inflammatory markers, but the levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein were statistically significantly different in the CPH-group compared to placebo group. The robustness and clinical relevance of these findings should be explored in future studies with a larger sample size.
Invasive Saprochaete Infections: An Emerging Threat to Immunocompromised Patients
Authors: El Zein Said , Hindy Joya-Rita , Kanj Souha S.
Published: November 2020

Saprochaete clavata and Saprochaete capitata are emerging fungal pathogens that are responsible for life threatening infections in immunocompromised patients, particularly in the setting of profound neutropenia. They have been associated with multiple hospital outbreaks mainly in Europe. In this article, we present a comprehensive review of the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, antifungal susceptibility and treatment of these organisms. The diagnosis of invasive Saprochaete disease is challenging and relies primarily on the isolation of the fungi from blood or tissue samples. Both species are frequently misidentified as they are identical macroscopically and microscopically. Internal transcribed spacer sequencing and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry are useful tools for the differentiation of these fungi to a species level. Saprochaete spp. are intrinsically resistant to echinocandins and highly resistant to fluconazole. Current literature suggests the use of an amphotericin B formulation with or without flucytosine for the initial treatment of these infections. Treatment with extended spectrum azoles might be promising based on in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration values and results from case reports and case series. Source control and recovery of the immune system are crucial for successful therapy.
The Destructive Fungal Pathogen Botrytis cinerea—Insights from Genes Studied with Mutant Analysis
Authors: Cheung Nicholas , Tian Lei , Liu Xueru , Li Xin
Published: November 2020

Botrytis cinerea is one of the most destructive fungal pathogens affecting numerous plant hosts, including many important crop species. As a molecularly under-studied organism, its genome was only sequenced at the beginning of this century and it was recently updated with improved gene annotation and completeness. In this review, we summarize key molecular studies on B. cinerea developmental and pathogenesis processes, specifically on genes studied comprehensively with mutant analysis. Analyses of these studies have unveiled key genes in the biological processes of this pathogen, including hyphal growth, sclerotial formation, conidiation, pathogenicity and melanization. In addition, our synthesis has uncovered gaps in the present knowledge regarding development and virulence mechanisms. We hope this review will serve to enhance the knowledge of the biological mechanisms behind this notorious fungal pathogen.
RNA Secondary Structure as a First Step for Rational Design of the Oligonucleotides towards Inhibition of Influenza A Virus Replication
Authors: Szabat Marta , Lorent Dagny , Czapik Tomasz , Tomaszewska Maria , Kierzek Elzbieta , Kierzek Ryszard
Published: November 2020

Influenza is an important research subject around the world because of its threat to humanity. Influenza A virus (IAV) causes seasonal epidemics and sporadic, but dangerous pandemics. A rapid antigen changes and recombination of the viral RNA genome contribute to the reduced effectiveness of vaccination and anti-influenza drugs. Hence, there is a necessity to develop new antiviral drugs and strategies to limit the influenza spread. IAV is a single-stranded negative sense RNA virus with a genome (viral RNA—vRNA) consisting of eight segments. Segments within influenza virion are assembled into viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complexes that are independent transcription-replication units. Each step in the influenza life cycle is regulated by the RNA and is dependent on its interplay and dynamics. Therefore, viral RNA can be a proper target to design novel therapeutics. Here, we briefly described examples of anti-influenza strategies based on the antisense oligonucleotide (ASO), small interfering RNA (siRNA), microRNA (miRNA) and catalytic nucleic acids. In particular we focused on the vRNA structure-function relationship as well as presented the advantages of using secondary structure information in predicting therapeutic targets and the potential future of this field.
Search for New Allergens in Lolium perenne Pollen Growing under Different Air Pollution Conditions by Comparative Transcriptome Study
Authors: Lucas Jose Antonio , Gutierrez-Albanchez Enrique , Alfaya Teresa , Feo Brito Francisco , Gutierrez-Mañero Francisco Javier
Published: November 2020

The relationship between air pollution and the allergenic capacity of pollen is widely accepted, with allergenicity being directly related to air pollution. To our knowledge, this is the first study comparing the differential expression of Lolium perenne pollen genes by RNAseq, in two wild populations with different levels of air pollution. The objective is to search for proteins that are expressed differentially in both situations and to establish a relationship with increased allergenic capacity. Two populations of L. perenne (Madrid and Ciudad Real) have been studied in two consecutive years, under the rationale that overexpressed genes in Madrid, with higher levels of NO2 and SO2, could be a cause for their greater allergenic capacity. Heat shock proteins (HSP), glycoside hydrolases, proteins with leucin-rich repeat motifs, and proteins with EF-HAND motifs were consistently overexpressed in Madrid pollen in the two years studied. Interestingly, some genes were overexpressed only in one of the years studied, such as pectinesterases in the first year, and lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) and thaumatin in the second. Despite the fact that the potential of all these proteins in relation to possible allergies has been reported, this is the first time they are cited as possible allergens of L. perenne. The results found can contribute decisively to the knowledge of the allergens of L. perenne and their relationship with atmospheric pollution, and to the development of much more effective vaccines.
Low Mannitol Concentrations in Arabidopsis thaliana Expressing Ectocarpus Genes Improve Salt Tolerance
Authors: Rathor Pramod , Borza Tudor , Liu Yanhui , Qin Yuan , Stone Sophia , Zhang Junzeng , Hui Joseph P. M. , Berrue Fabrice , Groisillier Agnès , Tonon Thierry , Yurgel Svetlana , Potin Philippe , Prithiviraj Balakrishnan
Published: November 2020

Mannitol is abundant in a wide range of organisms, playing important roles in biotic and abiotic stress responses. Nonetheless, mannitol is not produced by a vast majority of plants, including many important crop plants. Mannitol-producing transgenic plants displayed improved tolerance to salt stresses though mannitol production was rather low, in the µM range, compared to mM range found in plants that innately produce mannitol. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying salt tolerance triggered by low concentrations of mannitol. Reported here is the production of mannitol in Arabidopsis thaliana, by expressing two mannitol biosynthesis genes from the brown alga Ectocarpus sp. strain Ec32. To date, no brown algal genes have been successfully expressed in land plants. Expression of mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase and mannitol-1-phosphatase genes was associated with the production of 42.3–52.7 nmol g−1 fresh weight of mannitol, which was sufficient to impart salinity and temperature stress tolerance. Transcriptomics revealed significant differences in the expression of numerous genes, in standard and salinity stress conditions, including genes involved in K+ homeostasis, ROS signaling, plant development, photosynthesis, ABA signaling and secondary metabolism. These results suggest that the improved tolerance to salinity stress observed in transgenic plants producing mannitol in µM range is achieved by the activation of a significant number of genes, many of which are involved in priming and modulating the expression of genes involved in a variety of functions including hormone signaling, osmotic and oxidative stress, and ion homeostasis.
Effect of Zinc Priming on Salt Response of Wheat Seedlings: Relieving or Worsening?
Authors: Spanò Carmelina , Bottega Stefania , Bellani Lorenza , Muccifora Simonetta , Sorce Carlo , Ruffini Castiglione Monica
Published: November 2020

In an attempt to alleviate salt-induced damage, the application of ZnO nanoparticles has been suggested. As the use of these particles has also been associated with phytotoxicity, to better clarify the effect of zinc and its possible mitigation of salt stress, we treated wheat seedlings with ZnO (nanoparticles or their bulk-scale counterparts, amended either in the growth medium, NPs and B, or sprayed on the leaves, SPNPs and SPB) with or without subsequent treatment with salt. Growth, photosynthetic parameters, zinc and ion concentration, and in situ and biochemical determination of oxidative stress in wheat leaves and/or in roots were considered. Both Zn and NaCl significantly inhibited growth and induced severe alterations in root morphology. Oxidative stress and damage decreased or increased under ZnO treatment and in saline conditions depending on the organ and on the size and mode of application of particles. In spite of the higher stress conditions often recorded in treated leaves, neither pigment concentration nor photochemical efficiency were decreased. A large variability in the effects of ZnO treatment/priming on seedling salt response was recorded; however, the presence of a cumulative negative effect of priming and salt stress sometimes observed calls for caution in the use of ZnO in protection from saline stress.
Biotechnological Processing of Laying Hen Paw Collagen into Gelatins
Authors: Gál Robert , Mokrejš Pavel , Pavlačková Jana , Linh Ngo Thi Hong , Mlček Jiří
Published: November 2020

By-products of laying hens represent a promising raw material source with a high collagen content, which is currently not adequately used. The aim of the paper is to prepare gelatins from laying hen paws. The purified collagen raw material was processed by a biotechnological process using the food endoprotease Protamex®. After cleavage of the cross-links in the collagen structure, the gelatin was extracted by a batch process with a stirrer in two extraction steps. The influence of the extraction process on the yield of gelatins and on selected qualitative parameters of gelatins was monitored by two-level factor experiments with three selected process factors. The studied factors were: enzyme dosage (0.2–0.8%), enzyme processing time (24–72 h) and gelatin extraction time (30–120 min). After the first extraction step at 75 °C, gelatin was extracted with a yield of 8.2–21.4% and a gel strength of 275–380 Bloom. In the second extraction step at 80–100 °C, it is possible to obtain another portion (3.3–7.7%) of gelatin with a gel strength of 185–273 Bloom. Total extraction efficiency of gelatins prepared from laying hen collagen is almost 30%. The prepared gelatins are of high quality and, under proper extraction conditions, gelatins with a gel strength above 300 Bloom can be prepared, thus equaling commercial beef and pork gelatins of the highest quality. Biotechnological processing of laying hen collagen into gelatins is environmentally friendly.
Sustainable Rural Electrification Through Solar PV DC Microgrids—An Architecture-Based Assessment
Authors: Nasir Mashood , Iqbal Saqib , Khan Hassan A. , Vasquez Juan C. , Guerrero Josep M.
Published: November 2020

Solar photovoltaic (PV) direct current (DC) microgrids have gained significant popularity during the last decade for low cost and sustainable rural electrification. Various system architectures have been practically deployed, however, their assessment concerning system sizing, losses, and operational efficiency is not readily available in the literature. Therefore, in this research work, a mathematical framework for the comparative analysis of various architectures of solar photovoltaic-based DC microgrids for rural applications is presented. The compared architectures mainly include (a) central generation and central storage architecture, (b) central generation and distributed storage architecture, (c) distributed generation and central storage architecture, and (d) distributed generation and distributed storage architecture. Each architecture is evaluated for losses, including distribution losses and power electronic conversion losses, for typical power delivery from source end to the load end in the custom village settings. Newton–Raphson method modified for DC power flow was used for distribution loss analysis, while power electronic converter loss modeling along with the Matlab curve-fitting tool was used for the evaluation of power electronic losses. Based upon the loss analysis, a framework for DC microgrid components (PV and battery) sizing was presented and also applied to the various architectures under consideration. The case study results show that distributed generation and distributed storage architecture with typical usage diversity of 40% is the most feasible architecture from both system sizing and operational cost perspectives and is 13% more efficient from central generation and central storage architecture for a typical village of 40 houses. The presented framework and the analysis results will be useful in selecting an optimal DC microgrid architecture for future rural electrification implementations.
Simulation of the Reactivation of Partially Inactivated Biocatalysts in Sequential Batch Reactors
Authors: Guajardo Nadia , Crespo Fernando A. , Schrebler Rodrigo A.
Published: November 2020

The enzymatic reactivation process enables the recovery of catalytic activity for inactive biocatalysts. However, its effect on the specific productivity of the processes has not been studied. The main objective of this work was to evaluate the specific productivity of the processes with and without reactivation using the program Spyder Python (3.7). Using fixed values for all of the parameters, the global specific productivity was 8 mM/h·gbiocat for the process without reactivation, and 4 mM/h·gbiocat for the process with reactivation. Random numbers were generated to use as different values for parameters, and the results yielded a global specific productivity of 3.79 mM/h·gbiocat for the process with reactivation and 3.68 mM/h·gbiocat for the process without reactivation. ANOVA tests showed that there were significant differences between the specific global productivities of the two processes. Reactivation has great potential for use when the biocatalyst is of high cost.
Perinatal Mood and Anxiety Disorders in Women Undergoing Medically Assisted Reproduction
Authors: Koukopoulos Alexia Emilia , De Chiara Lavinia , Oresti Margherita , Kotzalidis Georgios D. , Viola Alessia , Di Giammarco Margherita , Sani Gabriele , Bonito Marco , Angeletti Gloria
Published: November 2020

Background: Women taking advantage of medically assisted reproduction (MAR) techniques may differ from spontaneously conceiving women (nonMAR) in risk of depression and/or anxiety. We aimed to investigate possible differences between MAR and nonMAR through the use of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in a sample of Italian-speaking women at their third trimester of pregnancy. Methods: We administered the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) to two groups of pregnant women, MAR and nonMAR, at the third trimester of pregnancy (T0), one month after delivery (T1), and three months after delivery (T2) from February 2013 to December 2019. EPDS total scores cutoffs were ≥9 for risk of depression, 9–11 mild depression, ≥12 major depression, and the EPDS-3A cluster ≥4 was a proxy for anxiety. Results: Included were 1303 nonMAR women and 92 MAR, an expected disproportion. NonMAR and MAR women did not differ on depression or anxiety at any assessment timepoint. MAR women were older than nonMAR, consumed more alcohol and medical drugs, and displayed more complications during pregnancy. Scoring over the threshold on depression risk was associated with foreign nationality, unemployment, psychiatric history of the patient, family or partner, psychiatric problems in past pregnancies, hyperemesis, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and stressful life events in the last year at baseline, and, for some of them, at other timepoints. In contrast, MAR past or current was associated with having suprathreshold depression at the first-month postpartum follow-up. Conclusions: Taken together, our data show that women opting for MAR do not differ from spontaneously conceiving women regarding psychiatric outcomes but do differ on some sociodemographic and clinical variables.
Measurement-Device-Independent Two-Party Cryptography with Error Estimation
Authors: Zhou Zishuai , Guang Qisheng , Gao Chaohui , Jiang Dong , Chen Lijun
Published: November 2020

We present an innovative method for quantum two-party cryptography. Our protocol introduces joint measurement and error estimation to improve the security of two-party cryptographic protocols. Our protocol removes the assumption of the attacker’s limited power and catches the attacking actions through highly estimated bit error rate. Our protocol is formally proved to be secure against both eavesdroppers and dishonest communication parties. We also utilize our designed protocol to construct two specific two-party cryptographic applications: Quantum bit commitment and quantum password identification.
Assessing the Best Gap-Filling Technique for River Stage Data Suitable for Low Capacity Processors and Real-Time Application Using IoT
Authors: Luna Antonio Madueño , Lineros Miriam López , Gualda Javier Estévez , Giráldez Cervera Juan Vicente , Madueño Luna José Miguel
Published: November 2020

Hydrometeorological data sets are usually incomplete due to different reasons (malfunctioning sensors, collected data storage problems, etc.). Missing data do not only affect the resulting decision-making process, but also the choice of a particular analysis method. Given the increase of extreme events due to climate change, it is necessary to improve the management of water resources. Due to the solution of this problem requires the development of accurate estimations and its application in real time, this work present two contributions. Firstly, different gap-filling techniques have been evaluated in order to select the most adequate one for river stage series: (i) cubic splines (CS), (ii) radial basis function (RBF) and (iii) multilayer perceptron (MLP) suitable for small processors like Arduino or Raspberry Pi. The results obtained confirmed that splines and monolayer perceptrons had the best performances. Secondly, a pre-validating Internet of Things (IoT) device was developed using a dynamic seed non-linear autoregressive neural network (NARNN). This automatic pre-validation in real time was tested satisfactorily, sending the data to the catchment basin process center (CPC) by using remote communication based on 4G technology.
Low-Complexity Design and Validation of Wireless Motion Sensor Node to Support Physiotherapy
Authors: Cappelle Jona , Monteyne Laura , Van Mulders Jarne , Goossens Sarah , Vergauwen Maarten , Van der Perre Liesbet
Published: November 2020

We present a motion sensor node to support physiotherapy, based on an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). The node has wireless interfaces for both data exchange and charging, and is built based on commodity components. It hence provides an affordable solution with a low threshold to technology adoption. We share the hardware design and explain the calibration and validation procedures. The sensor node has an autonomy of 28 h in operation and a standby time of 8 months. On-device sensor fusion yields static results of on average 3.28° with a drift of 2° per half hour. The final prototype weighs 38 g and measures ø6 cm × 1.5 cm. The resulting motion sensor node presents an easy to use device for both live monitoring of movements as well as interpreting the data afterward. It opens opportunities to support and follow up treatment in medical cabinets as well as remotely.
An Investigation of Insider Threat Mitigation Based on EEG Signal Classification
Authors: Kim Jung Hwan , Kim Chul Min , Yim Man-Sung
Published: November 2020

This study proposes a scheme to identify insider threats in nuclear facilities through the detection of malicious intentions of potential insiders using subject-wise classification. Based on electroencephalography (EEG) signals, a classification model was developed to identify whether a subject has a malicious intention under scenarios of being forced to become an insider threat. The model also distinguishes insider threat scenarios from everyday conflict scenarios. To support model development, 21-channel EEG signals were measured on 25 healthy subjects, and sets of features were extracted from the time, time–frequency, frequency and nonlinear domains. To select the best use of the available features, automatic selection was performed by random-forest-based algorithms. The k-nearest neighbor, support vector machine with radial kernel, naïve Bayes, and multilayer perceptron algorithms were applied for the classification. By using EEG signals obtained while contemplating becoming an insider threat, the subject-wise model identified malicious intentions with 78.57% accuracy. The model also distinguished insider threat scenarios from everyday conflict scenarios with 93.47% accuracy. These findings could be utilized to support the development of insider threat mitigation systems along with existing trustworthiness assessments in the nuclear industry.
Compact N-Band Tree-Shaped Multiplexer-Based Antenna Structures for 5G/IoT Mobile Devices
Authors: Ramos Amélia , Varum Tiago , Matos João N.
Published: November 2020

This paper presents a simple, compact and low-cost design method that allows one to obtain low-profile multi-band antennas for the overcrowded future generation networks, which are widely versatile and very heterogeneous in the K/Ka bands. The proposed antennas comprise n radiating monopoles, one for each of the desired operating frequencies, along with a frequency selective feeding network fed at a single point. This concept enables a single antenna to be shared with different radio-frequency (RF) frontends, potentially saving space. Typically, with n-band structures the biggest challenge is to make them highly efficient and here this is assured by multiplexing the frequency, and thus isolating each of the monopoles, allowing the design of scalable structures which fit the 5G applications. Based on the vision proposed here, a dual-band and a tri-band structures were built and characterized by their main parameters. Both prototypes achieved peak efficiencies around 80%, with adequate bandwidths and gains, as well as great compactness.
Analysis of Visuo Motor Control between Dominant Hand and Non-Dominant Hand for Effective Human-Robot Collaboration
Authors: Jo Hanjin , Choi Woong , Lee Geonhui , Park Wookhyun , Kim Jaehyo
Published: November 2020

The human-in-the-loop technology requires studies on sensory-motor characteristics of each hand for an effective human–robot collaboration. This study aims to investigate the differences in visuomotor control between the dominant (DH) and non-dominant hands in tracking a target in the three-dimensional space. We compared the circular tracking performances of the hands on the frontal plane of the virtual reality space in terms of radial position error (ΔR), phase error (Δθ), acceleration error (Δa), and dimensionless squared jerk (DSJ) at four different speeds for 30 subjects. ΔR and Δθ significantly differed at relatively high speeds (ΔR: 0.5 Hz; Δθ: 0.5, 0.75 Hz), with maximum values of ≤1% compared to the target trajectory radius. DSJ significantly differed only at low speeds (0.125, 0.25 Hz), whereas Δa significantly differed at all speeds. In summary, the feedback-control mechanism of the DH has a wider range of speed control capability and is efficient according to an energy saving model. The central nervous system (CNS) uses different models for the two hands, which react dissimilarly. Despite the precise control of the DH, both hands exhibited dependences on limb kinematic properties at high speeds (0.75 Hz). Thus, the CNS uses a different strategy according to the model for optimal results.
Employing Ecotourism Opportunities for Sustainability in the Aral Sea Region: Prospects and Challenges
Authors: Saidmamatov Olimjon , Matyakubov Umidjon , Rudenko Inna , Filimonau Viachaslau , Day Jonathon , Luthe Tobias
Published: November 2020

The paper examines ecotourism in the Aral Sea region of Uzbekistan, an area with a fragile environment that has faced ecological crises and requires careful sustainable development. It looks at the supply side of ecotourism by examining Uzbekistani tour operators’ awareness of benefits derivable from promoting ecotourism in the region, and the local tourism industry’s motives to engage in this development. As a research methodology, the results of an exploratory survey of travel agents and tour operators highlight the policy-making and management interventions required for the more effective promotion and development of ecotourism in the Aral Sea region. The paper analyzes the challenges and opportunities associated with promoting ecotourism activities in the Aral Sea region in pursuit of sustainable regional development, improved livelihood for the local population, employment opportunity and income source creation, and enriched service exports. Key findings from the study show that stakeholders are aware of ecotourism’s value and are motivated to implement ecotourism in the region, but they have limited experience, competence, and international networks to promote and market ecotourism products and services. Local stakeholders have raised the issue that infrastructure development and access to microfinance are their greatest needs from local authorities in Uzbekistan.
OSS-Qual: Holistic Scale to Assess Customer Quality Perception When Buying Secondhand Products in Online Platforms
Authors: Vila-Brunet Neus , Llach Josep
Published: November 2020

Online secondhand markets have been growing substantially over the last decade and are expected to grow further. In order to effectively promote the growth of online secondhand markets, this paper designs and validates a scale to assess customer perception of the service quality of secondhand products purchased via online platforms. Complementarily, the paper assesses how each of the different dimensions that configure the scale contributes to explaining the fulfillment of customers’ expectations. The scale is defined by 23 items and is arranged in 5 dimensions from the literature on online commerce as well as on the sharing economy. A sample of 200 questionnaires is used for exploratory factor analysis. A second sample of 507 users is used for confirmatory factor analysis. The quality perceived by online customers of secondhand products depends on the quality of the interactions that they have with the website, with the vendor, and with the product. The dimension that contributes the most to customer fulfillment of expectations is product quality. Findings identify the items that contribute the most to quality perception and fulfillment of expectations, facilitating the development of more effective strategies for platform owners and vendors who want to attract and retain customers of secondhand products. Complementarily, these findings are useful to businesses and governments that want to promote a more sustainable economy by reducing consumption of new products and promoting reutilization of existing ones.
The Relationship between the Spatial Configuration and the Fourth Sustainable Dimension Creativity in University Campuses: The Case Study of Zernike Campus, Groningen, The Netherlands
Authors: Soares Isabelle , Yamu Claudia , Weitkamp Gerd
Published: November 2020

To date, little is known about the spatial aspects of the creativity of university campuses and their public spaces. This study recognises that creativity is the fourth sustainability, because the spatial configuration of campuses and city-university accessibilities are ‘creative solutions’ conceived for human needs. At the same time, creative ideas depend on interactions between individuals and the built environment. Therefore, based on the theoretical framework of the scholars who have explored the spatial aspects of creativity, this study empirically investigates Zernike Campus, Groningen, and its public spaces using a mixed-methods approach that involves (1) a space syntax analysis of the campus’s spatial configuration, (2) volunteered geographic information (VGI) of the users’ perceptions, and (3) non-participatory observations of the interactions between people and the built environment in public spaces with high and low ‘potential for creativity’. The results show that creativity cannot be explained simply by analysing spatial configurations, but that it also depends on the combination of the land-use mix, physical features, positive experiences, and perceptions of a sense of place which enable trust and interactions, and which facilitate creative encounters. Therefore, the mixed-methods approach applied here can help urban planners and designers to address public spaces more effectively, integrating conditions that support creativity.
Prediction of Plant Phenological Shift under Climate Change in South Korea
Authors: Lee Ha Kyung , Lee So Jeong , Kim Min Kyung , Lee Sang Don
Published: November 2020

Information on the phenological shift of plants can be used to detect climate change and predict changes in the ecosystem. In this study, the changes in first flowering dates (FFDs) of the plum tree (Prunus mume), Korean forsythia (Forsythia koreana), Korean rosebay (Rhododendron mucronulatum), cherry tree (Prunus yedoensis), and peach tree (Prunus persica) in Korea during 1920–2019 were investigated. In addition, the changes in the climatic factors (temperature and precipitation) and their relationship with the FFDs were analyzed. The changes in the temperature and precipitation during the January–February–March period and the phenological shifts of all research species during 1920–2019 indicate that warm and dry spring weather advances the FFDs. Moreover, the temperature has a greater impact on this phenological shift than precipitation. Earlier flowering species are more likely to advance their FFDs than later flowering species. Hence, the temporal asynchrony among plant species will become worse with climate change. In addition, the FFDs in 2100 were predicted based on representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios. The difference between the predicted FFDs of the RCP 4.5 and RCP 6.0 for 2100 was significant; the effectiveness of greenhouse gas policies will presumably determine the degree of the plant phenological shift in the future. Furthermore, we presented the predicted FFDs for 2100.