bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spectral filtering effect-induced temporal rogue waves in a Tm-doped fiber laser
Authors: Liu Jingmin , Li Xingliang , Zhang Shumin , Liu Lisha , Yan Dan , Wang Chaoran
Published: August 2021

We have experimentally and theoretically investigated optical rogue waves (ORWs) in a net negative dispersion Tm-doped fiber laser with a long cavity, adopting nonlinear polarization evolution as a mode-locker as well as a spectral filter. We obtained a state with numerous pulses bunched in a burst accompanied by perturbation within the burst, in which the spectrum was partially perturbed. After statistical analysis, we found that ORWs have existed in this bunching state. By adjusting the intra-cavity polarization controllers, the perturbed pulse bunching turned into a chaotic pulse bunching state, which gave rise to giant pulses with ultra-high amplitudes, and the giant pulses were a precursor of a broad-spectrum noise-like pulse. The probability of occurrence of ORWs was increased in the chaotic state, which is caused by multi-pulse instability induced by the spectral filtering effect. Simulation results confirm the experimental results and demonstrate that the spectral filter bandwidth (SFB) is directly related to the probability of the emergence of ORWs. When increasing the SFB across the range of multi-pulse instability at a fixed pump power, the frequency with which ORWs appear increases.
Conductive mixed-order generalized dispersion model for noble metals in the optical regime
Authors: Mai Wending , Campbell Sawyer D. , Werner Douglas H.
Published: August 2021

Various dispersion models can be expressed as special cases of the Generalized Dispersion Model (GDM), which is composed of a series of Padé polynomials. While important for its broad applicability, we found that some materials with Drude dispersive terms can be accurately modeled by mixing a 1st order Padé polynomial with an extra conductivity term. This conductivity term can be separated from the auxiliary differential equation (ADE). Therefore, the proposed mixed-order model can achieve the same accuracy with fewer unknowns, thus realizing higher computational efficiency and lower memory consumption. For examples, we derive the model parameters and corresponding numerical errors for noble metals including Au, Ag, and Al in the optical regime. Finally, the proposed model’s efficiency improvements are validated through implementation within a Discontinuous Galerkin Time Domain (DGTD) framework. The proposed model can achieve up to 12.5% efficiency improvement in theory compared to the conventional GDM with the same accuracy. A numerical example validates that, in practice, 9% memory reduction and 11% acceleration can be realized.
Terahertz non-label subwavelength imaging with composite photonics-plasmonics structured illumination
Authors: Zhao Jin , Yin Li-Zheng , Han Feng-Yuan , Wang Yi-Dong , Huang Tie-Jun , Du Chao-Hai , Liu Pu-Kun
Published: August 2021

Inspired by the capability of structured illumination microscopy (SIM) in subwavelength imaging, many researchers devoted themselves to investigating this methodology. However, due to the free-propagating feature of the traditional structured illumination fields, the resolution can be only improved up to two-fold of the diffraction-limited microscopy. Besides, most of the previous studies, relying on incoherent illumination sources, are restricted to fluorescent samples. In this work, a subwavelength non-fluorescent imaging method is proposed based on the illumination of terahertz traveling waves and plasmonics. Excited along with a metal grating, the spoof surface plasmons (SSPs) are employed as one of the illuminating sources. When the scattering waves with the SSPs illumination are captured, the sample’s high-order spatial frequencies (SF) components are already encoded into the obtainable low-order ones. Then, a modified post-processing algorithm is exploited to shift the modulated SF components to their actual positions in the SF domain. In this manner, the fine information of samples is introduced to reconstruct the desired imaging, leading to an enhancement of the resolution up to 0.12λ0. Encouragingly, the resolution can be further enhanced by attaching extra illumination of SSPs with an elaborately selected frequency. This method holds promise for some important applications in terahertz non-fluorescent microscopy and sample detection with weak scattering.
Enhancement and manipulation of group delay based on topological edge state in one-dimensional photonic crystal with graphene
Authors: Xu Jiao , Fu Xuemei , Peng Yuxiang , Wang Shenping , Zheng Zhiwei , Zou Xiao , Qian Shengyou , Jiang Leyong
Published: August 2021

In this paper, the reflected and transmitted group delay from a one-dimensional photonic crystal heterostructure with graphene at communication band are investigated theoretically. It is shown that the negative reflected group delay of the beam in this structure can be significantly enhanced and can be switched to positive. The large reflected group delay originates from the sharp phase change caused by the excitation of topological edge state at the interface between the two one-dimensional photonic crystals. Besides, the introduction of graphene provides an effective approach for the dynamic control of the group delay. It is clear that the positive and negative group delay can be actively manipulated through the Fermi energy and the relaxation time of the graphene. In addition, we also investigate the transmitted group delay of the structure, which is much less than the reflected one. The enhanced and tunable delay scheme is promising for fabricating optical delay devices like optical buffer, all-optical delays and other applications at optical communication band.
AKTIP interacts with ESCRT I and is needed for the recruitment of ESCRT III subunits to the midbody
Authors: Merigliano Chiara , Burla Romina , La Torre Mattia , Del Giudice Simona , Teo Hsiangling , Liew Chong Wai , Chojnowski Alexandre , Goh Wah Ing , Olmos Yolanda , Maccaroni Klizia , Giubettini Maria , Chiolo Irene , Carlton Jeremy G. , Raimondo Domenico , Vernì Fiammetta , Stewart Colin L. , Rhodes Daniela , Wright Graham D. , Burke Brian E. , Saggio Isabella
Published: August 2021

To complete mitosis, the bridge that links the two daughter cells needs to be cleaved. This step is carried out by the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery. AKTIP, a protein discovered to be associated with telomeres and the nuclear membrane in interphase cells, shares sequence similarities with the ESCRT I component TSG101. Here we present evidence that during mitosis AKTIP is part of the ESCRT machinery at the midbody. AKTIP interacts with the ESCRT I subunit VPS28 and forms a circular supra-structure at the midbody, in close proximity with TSG101 and VPS28 and adjacent to the members of the ESCRT III module CHMP2A, CHMP4B and IST1. Mechanistically, the recruitment of AKTIP is dependent on MKLP1 and independent of CEP55. AKTIP and TSG101 are needed together for the recruitment of the ESCRT III subunit CHMP4B and in parallel for the recruitment of IST1. Alone, the reduction of AKTIP impinges on IST1 and causes multinucleation. Our data altogether reveal that AKTIP is a component of the ESCRT I module and functions in the recruitment of ESCRT III components required for abscission.
Allele-specific mitochondrial stress induced by Multiple Mitochondrial Dysfunctions Syndrome 1 pathogenic mutations modeled in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Kropp Peter A. , Wu Jing , Reidy Michael , Shrestha Sanjay , Rhodehouse Kyle , Rogers Philippa , Sack Michael N. , Golden Andy
Published: August 2021

Multiple Mitochondrial Dysfunctions Syndrome 1 (MMDS1) is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in theNFU1gene. NFU1 is responsible for delivery of iron-sulfur clusters (ISCs) to recipient proteins which require these metallic cofactors for their function. Pathogenic variants ofNFU1lead to dysfunction of its target proteins within mitochondria. To date, 20NFU1variants have been reported and the unique contributions of each variant to MMDS1 pathogenesis is unknown. Given that over half of MMDS1 individuals are compound heterozygous for differentNFU1variants, it is valuable to investigate individual variants in an isogenic background. In order to understand the shared and unique phenotypes ofNFU1variants, we used CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to recreate exact patient variants ofNFU1in the orthologous gene,nfu-1(formerlylpd-8), inC.elegans. Five mutantC.elegansalleles focused on the presumptive iron-sulfur cluster interaction domain were generated and analyzed for mitochondrial phenotypes including respiratory dysfunction and oxidative stress. Phenotypes were variable between the mutantnfu-1alleles and generally presented as an allelic series indicating that not all variants have lost complete function. Furthermore, reactive iron within mitochondria was evident in some, but not all,nfu-1mutants indicating that iron dyshomeostasis may contribute to disease pathogenesis in some MMDS1 individuals.
Putative pathogen-selected polymorphisms in the PKLR gene are associated with mycobacterial susceptibility in Brazilian and African populations
Authors: Bezerra Ohanna Cavalcanti de Lima , Alvarado-Arnez Lucia Elena , Mabunda Nédio , Salomé Graça , de Sousa Amina , Kehdy Fernanda de Souza Gomes , Sales-Marques Carolinne , Manta Fernanda Saloum de Neves , Andrade Rafaela Mota , Ferreira Laís Pereira , Leal-Calvo Thyago , Cardoso Cynthia Chester , Nunes Kelly , Gouveia Mateus H. , Mbulaiteve Sam M. , Yeboah Edward D. , Hsing Ann , Latini Ana Carla Pereira , Leturiondo André Luiz , Rodrigues Fabíola da Costa , Noronha Ariani Batista , Ferreira Cynthia de Oliveira , Talhari Carolina , Rêgo Jamile Leão , Castellucci Léa Cristina de Carvalho , Tarazona-Santos Eduardo , Carvalho Elizeu Fagundes de , Meyer Diogo , Pinheiro Roberta Olmo , Jani Ilesh V. , Pacheco Antonio Guilherme , Moraes Milton Ozório
Published: August 2021

Pyruvate kinase (PK), encoded by the PKLR gene, is a key player in glycolysis controlling the integrity of erythrocytes. Due to Plasmodium selection, mutations for PK deficiency, which leads to hemolytic anemia, are associated with resistance to malaria in sub-Saharan Africa and with susceptibility to intracellular pathogens in experimental models. In this case-control study, we enrolled 4,555 individuals and investigated whether PKLR single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) putatively selected for malaria resistance are associated with susceptibility to leprosy across Brazil (Manaus–North; Salvador–Northeast; Rondonópolis–Midwest and Rio de Janeiro–Southeast) and with tuberculosis in Mozambique. Haplotype T/G/G (rs1052176/rs4971072/rs11264359) was associated with leprosy susceptibility in Rio de Janeiro (OR = 2.46, p = 0.00001) and Salvador (OR = 1.57, p = 0.04), and with tuberculosis in Mozambique (OR = 1.52, p = 0.07). This haplotype downregulates PKLR expression in nerve and skin, accordingly to GTEx, and might subtly modulate ferritin and haptoglobin levels in serum. Furthermore, we observed genetic signatures of positive selection in the HCN3 gene (xpEHH>2 –recent selection) in Europe but not in Africa, involving 6 SNPs which are PKLR/HCN3 eQTLs. However, this evidence was not corroborated by the other tests (FST, Tajima’s D and iHS). Altogether, we provide evidence that a common PKLR locus in Africans contribute to mycobacterial susceptibility in African descent populations and also highlight, for first, PKLR as a susceptibility gene for leprosy and TB.
Identification of the asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax gametocyte reservoir under different transmission intensities
Authors: Koepfli Cristian , Nguitragool Wang , de Almeida Anne Cristine Gomes , Kuehn Andrea , Waltmann Andreea , Kattenberg Eline , Ome-Kaius Maria , Rarau Patricia , Obadia Thomas , Kazura James , Monteiro Wuelton , Darcy Andrew W. , Wini Lyndes , Bassat Quique , Felger Ingrid , Sattabongkot Jetsumon , Robinson Leanne J. , Lacerda Marcus , Mueller Ivo
Published: August 2021

Background

Understanding epidemiological variables affecting gametocyte carriage and density is essential to design interventions that most effectively reduce malaria human-to-mosquito transmission.

Methodology/Principal findings

Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax parasites and gametocytes were quantified by qPCR and RT-qPCR assays using the same methodologies in 5 cross-sectional surveys involving 16,493 individuals in Brazil, Thailand, Papua New Guinea, and Solomon Islands. The proportion of infections with detectable gametocytes per survey ranged from 44–94% for P. falciparum and from 23–72% for P. vivax. Blood-stage parasite density was the most important predictor of the probability to detect gametocytes. In moderate transmission settings (prevalence by qPCR>5%), parasite density decreased with age and the majority of gametocyte carriers were children. In low transmission settings (prevalence<5%), >65% of gametocyte carriers were adults. Per survey, 37–100% of all individuals positive for gametocytes by RT-qPCR were positive by light microscopy for asexual stages or gametocytes (overall: P. falciparum 178/348, P. vivax 235/398).

Conclusions/Significance

Interventions to reduce human-to-mosquito malaria transmission in moderate-high endemicity settings will have the greatest impact when children are targeted. In contrast, all age groups need to be included in control activities in low endemicity settings to achieve elimination. Detection of infections by light microscopy is a valuable tool to identify asymptomatic blood stage infections that likely contribute most to ongoing transmission at the time of sampling.
Micro-CT visualization of a promastigote secretory gel (PSG) and parasite plug in the digestive tract of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis infected with Leishmania mexicana
Authors: Hall Martin J. R. , Ghosh Debashis , Martín-Vega Daniel , Clark Brett , Clatworthy Innes , Cheke Robert A. , Rogers Matthew E.
Published: August 2021

Leishmaniasis is a debilitating disease of the tropics, subtropics and southern Europe caused by Leishmania parasites that are transmitted during blood feeding by phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae). Using non-invasive micro-computed tomography, we were able to visualize the impact of the laboratory model infection of Lutzomyia longipalpis with Leishmania mexicana and its response to a second blood meal. For the first time we were able to show in 3D the plug of promastigote secretory gel (PSG) and parasites in the distended midgut of whole infected sand flies and measure its volume in relation to that of the midgut. We were also able to measure the degree of opening of the stomodeal valve and demonstrate the extension of the PSG and parasites into the pharynx. Although our pilot study could only examine a few flies, it supports the hypothesis that a second, non-infected, blood meal enhances parasite transmission as we showed that the thoracic PSG-parasite plug in infected flies after a second blood meal was, on average, more than twice the volume of the plug in infected flies that did not have a second blood meal.
Missed opportunities for vaccination among children aged 0–23 months visiting health facilities in a southwest State of Nigeria, December 2019
Authors: Fatiregun Akinola Ayoola , Lochlainn Laura Nic , Kaboré Lassané , Dosumu Modupeola , Isere Elvis , Olaoye Itse , Akanbiemu Francis Adegoke , Olagbuji Yetunde , Onyibe Rosemary , Boateng Kofi , Banda Richard , Braka Fiona
Published: August 2021

Background

Despite efforts to improve childhood immunization coverage in Nigeria, coverage has remained below the national acceptable level. In December 2019, we conducted an assessment of Missed Opportunities for Vaccination (MOV) in Ondo State, in Southwest Nigeria. The objectives were to determine the magnitude of, explore the reasons for, as well as possible solutions for reducing MOV in the State.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional study using a mixed-methods approach. We purposively selected 66 health facilities in three local government authorities, with a non-probabilistic sampling of caregivers of children 0–23 months for exit interviews, and health workers for knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) surveys. Data collection was complemented with focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with caregivers and health workers. The proportion of MOV among children with documented vaccination histories were determined and thematic analysis of the qualitative data was carried out.

Results

984 caregivers with children aged 0–23 months were interviewed, of which 869 were eligible for inclusion in our analysis. The prevalence of MOV was 32.8%. MOV occurred among 90.8% of children during non-vaccination visits, and 7.3% during vaccination visits. Vaccine doses recommended later in the immunization series were given in a less timely manner. Among 41.0% of health workers, they reported their vaccination knowledge was insufficient. Additionally, 57.5% were concerned about and feared adverse events following immunization. Caregivers were found to have a low awareness about vaccination, and issues related to the organization of the health system were found to contribute towards MOV.

Conclusions

One in three children experienced a MOV during a health service encounter. Potential interventions to reduce MOV include training of health workers about immunization policies and practices, improving caregivers’ engagement and screening of vaccination documentation by health workers during every health service encounter.
Evidence of stereotyped contact call use in narwhal (Monodon monoceros) mother-calf communication
Authors: Ames Audra E. , Blackwell Susanna B. , Tervo Outi M. , Heide-Jørgensen Mads Peter
Published: August 2021

Narwhals (Monodon monoceros) are gregarious toothed whales that strictly reside in the high Arctic. They produce a broad range of signal types; however, studies of narwhal vocalizations have been mostly descriptive of the sounds available in the species’ overall repertoire. Little is known regarding the functions of highly stereotyped mixed calls (i.e., biphonations with both sound elements produced simultaneously), although preliminary evidence has suggested that such vocalizations are individually distinctive and function as contact calls. Here we provide evidence that supports this notion in narwhal mother-calf communication. A female narwhal was tagged as part of larger studies on the life history and acoustic behavior of narwhals. At the time of tagging, it became apparent that the female had a calf, which remained close by during the tagging event. We found that the narwhal mother produced a distinct, highly stereotyped mixed call when separated from her calf and immediately after release from capture, which we interpret as preliminary evidence for contact call use between the mother and her calf. The mother’s mixed call production occurred continually over the 4.2 day recording period in addition to a second prominent but different stereotyped mixed call which we believe belonged to the narwhal calf. Thus, narwhal mothers produce highly stereotyped contact calls when separated from their calves, and it appears that narwhal calves similarly produce distinct, stereotyped mixed calls which we hypothesize also contribute to maintaining mother-calf contact. We compared this behavior to the acoustic behavior of two other adult females without calves, but also each with a unique, stereotyped call type. While we provide additional support for individual distinctiveness across narwhal contact calls, more research is necessary to determine whether these calls are vocal signatures which broadcast identity.
Development and preliminary validation of the Emotions while Learning an Instrument Scale (ELIS)
Authors: Roden Ingo , Friedrich Esther K. , Etzler Sonja , Frankenberg Emily , Kreutz Gunter , Bongard Stephan
Published: August 2021

Learning to play a musical instrument is associated with different, partially conflicting emotions. This paper describes the development and psychometric properties of the Emotions while Learning an Instrument Scale (ELIS). In a longitudinal study with 545 German elementary school children factorial structure and psychometric properties were evaluated. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses confirmed a two-factor solution measuring Positive musical Emotions while Learning an Instrument (PELI) and Negative Emotions while Learning an Instrument (NELI). Both subscales yielded scores with adequate internal reliability (Cronbach’s α = .74, .86) and relatively stable retest reliabilities over 18 months (r = .11 -.56). Preliminary evidence of congruent and divergent validity of the subscales is provided. Implications for future research of musical emotional experiences in children are discussed.
Morphological and mechanical characterization of bone phenotypes in the Amish G610C murine model of osteogenesis imperfecta
Authors: Kohler Rachel , Tastad Carli A. , Creecy Amy , Wallace Joseph M.
Published: August 2021

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a hereditary bone disease where gene mutations affect Type I collagen formation resulting in osteopenia and increased fracture risk. There are several established mouse models of OI, but some are severe and result in spontaneous fractures or early animal death. The Amish Col1a2G610C/+ (G610C) mouse model is a newer, moderate OI model that is currently being used in a variety of intervention studies, with differing background strains, sexes, ages, and bone endpoints. This study is a comprehensive mechanical and architectural characterization of bone in G610C mice bred on a C57BL/6 inbred strain and will provide a baseline for future treatment studies. Male and female wild-type (WT) and G610C mice were euthanized at 10 and 16 weeks (n = 13–16). Harvested tibiae, femora, and L4 vertebrae were scanned via micro-computed tomography and analyzed for cortical and trabecular architectural properties. Femora and tibiae were then mechanically tested to failure. G610C mice had less bone but more highly mineralized cortical and trabecular tissue than their sex- and age-matched WT counterparts, with cortical cross-sectional area, thickness, and mineral density, and trabecular bone volume, mineral density, spacing, and number all differing significantly as a function of genotype (2 Way ANOVA with main effects of sex and genotype at each age). In addition, mechanical yield force, ultimate force, displacement, strain, and toughness were all significantly lower in G610C vs. WT, highlighting a brittle phenotype. This characterization demonstrates that despite being a moderate OI model, the Amish G610C mouse model maintains a distinctly brittle phenotype and is well-suited for use in future intervention studies.
X-ray computed tomography for non-invasive dendrochronology reveals a concealed double panelling on a painting from Rubens’ studio
Authors: Domínguez-Delmás Marta , Bossema Francien G. , Dorscheid Jan , Coban Sophia Bethany , Hall-Aquitania Moorea , Batenburg K. Joost , Hermens Erma
Published: August 2021

Dating the wood from historical art objects is a crucial step to ascertain their production time, and support or refute attribution to an artist or a workshop. Dendrochronology is commonly used for this purpose but requires access to the tree-ring pattern in the wood, which can be hindered by preparatory layers, polychromy, wax, or integrated frames. Here we implemented non-invasive dendrochronology based on X-ray computed tomography (CT) to examine a painting on panel attributed to Rubens’ studio and its presumed dating around 1636 CE. The CT images achieved a resolution of 37.3 micron and revealed a double panelling, which was concealed by oak strips covering all four edges. The back (visible) board is made of deciduous oak (Quercussubg.Quercus), the most common type of wood used in 17th-century Netherlandish workshops, and was datedterminus post quemafter 1557 CE. However, the front (original) board used for the painting has been identified through examination of the wood anatomy as a tropical wood, probablySwieteniasp., a species seldom used in Netherlandish paintings, and remains undated. Its very presence attests the global character of 17th-century trade, and demonstrates the use of exotic species in Flemish studios. The date of the oak board refutes previous results and suggests that this board was trimmed to meet the size of the tropical one, having been glued to it for conservation purposes or with deceiving intentions to pretend that the painting was made on an oak panel. These revelations have opened new lines of art historical inquiry and highlight the potential of X-ray CT as a powerful tool for non-invasive study of historical art objects to retrieve their full history.
Parasitism to mutualism continuum for Joshua trees inoculated with different communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from a desert elevation gradient
Authors: Harrower Jennifer T. , Gilbert Gregory S.
Published: August 2021

Most desert plants form symbiotic relationships with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), yet fungal identity and impacts on host plants remain largely unknown. Despite widespread recognition of the importance of AMF relationships for plant functioning, we do not know how fungal community structure changes across a desert climate gradient, nor the impacts of different fungal communities on host plant species. Because climate change can shape the distribution of species through effects on species interactions, knowing how the ranges of symbiotic partners are geographically structured and the outcomes of those species interactions informs theory and improves management recommendations. Here we used high throughput sequencing to examine the AMF community of Joshua trees along a climate gradient in Joshua Tree National Park. We then used a range of performance measures and abiotic factors to evaluate how different AMF communities may affect Joshua tree fitness. We found that fungal communities change with elevation resulting in a spectrum of interaction outcomes from mutualism to parasitism that changed with the developmental stage of the plant. Nutrient accumulation and the mycorrhizal growth response of Joshua tree seedlings inoculated with fungi from the lowest (warmest) elevations was first negative, but after 9 months had surpassed that of plants with other fungal treatments. This indicates that low elevation fungi are costly for the plant to initiate symbiosis, yet confer benefits over time. The strong relationship between AMF community and plant growth suggests that variation in AMF community may have long term consequences for plant populations along an elevation gradient.
Long-term monitoring of two endangered freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae) reveals how demographic vital rates are influenced by species life history traits
Authors: Lane Tim , Jones Jess , Ostby Brett , Butler Robert
Published: August 2021

To meet monitoring and recovery planning needs, demographic vital rates of two endangered freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae)—the Cumberlandian Combshell (Epioblasma brevidens, Lea 1831) and Oyster Mussel (Epioblasma capsaeformis, Lea 1834), species endemic to the Tennessee and Cumberland river basins, U.S.A—were estimated and compared using census methodologies. Annual variation in population density and size, recruitment rate, mortality rate, sex ratios, and female fecundity of both species were observed from 2004–2014 at three fixed sites, spanning a 33.8 kilometer (KM) reach of the Clinch River, Hancock County, Tennessee. Mean population size of E. brevidens estimated from 11 censuses was 2,598 individuals at Swan Island (KM 277.1), 8,744 at Frost Ford (KM 291.8), and 879 at Wallen Bend (KM 309.6); collectively, these demes grew at an annual rate of 7% over the study period. Mean population size of E. capsaeformis was 7,846 individuals at Swan Island, 265,442 at Frost Ford, and 11,704 at Wallen Bend; collectively, these demes grew at an annual rate of 6%. Population size, variability in population growth, recruitment, and mortality of the shorter-lived E. capsaeformis (maximum age = 16 yrs, rarely >10 yrs) were higher than those of the longer-lived E. brevidens (maximum age = 25 yrs). Stream discharge was associated with realized per-capita population growth rate for both species when juvenile (Ages 1–3) data was included. Linear regression analysis showed that the growth rate of E. brevidens was negatively associated with median annual discharge (p = 0.0274) and that growth rate of E. capsaeformis was negatively associated with the number of days having extreme high discharge preceding a census (p = 0.0381). Fecundity of female E. brevidens averaged 34,947 (SE = 2,492) glochidia and ranged from 18,987 to 56,151, whereas fecundity of female E. capsaeformis averaged 9,558 (SE = 603) glochidia and ranged from 3,456 to 22,182. Estimated vital rates indicated that the two species are characterized by different life-history strategies, with E. brevidens exhibiting a periodic strategy (between K- and r-selected) and E. capsaeformis an opportunistic strategy (r-selected). These life history strategies are likely influenced by each species’ longevity and habitat preference, in addition to the life histories and population dynamics of their primary fish hosts.
Associations between physical activity, sedentary time and cardiovascular risk factors among Dutch children
Authors: Velde Gabrielle ten , Plasqui Guy , Willeboordse Maartje , Winkens Bjorn , Vreugdenhil Anita
Published: August 2021

Introduction

Physical activity (PA) plays an important role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, especially in children. Previous studies which investigated the role of PA and sedentary time (ST) in cardiovascular disease used different measurements and found inconsistent results. The current study used recommended standardized measures and provides an overview of PA and ST among Dutch primary school children and their associations with cardiovascular risk factors.

Methods

503 children (55% girls, mean age (± SD) 10 ± 1y) were included. PA (total PA, lightPA and moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA)) and ST were measured with the Actigraph GT3X accelerometer. PA in different domains was measured with the BAECKE questionnaire. Cardiovascular risk factors included BMI z-score, waist circumference, blood pressure (z-score) and estimated cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) as measured with the 20 meter shuttle run test.

Results

Children spent 57 ± 20 min/day (8%) on MVPA and 42% of the children reached the MVPA guideline of 60 min/day. Total PA and MVPA (h/day) were negatively associated with BMI z-score (B = -0.452, p = 0.011) and waist circumference (B = -3.553, p = 0.011) and positively associated with CRF (B = 2.527, p = <0.001). ST was positively associated with BMI z-score (B = 0.108, p = 0.048) and waist circumference (B = 0.920, p = 0.033). No significant associations were found between total PA or PA intensities and blood pressure.

Conclusion

This study used standardized measures of PA and therefore created an accurate overview of PA, ST and their associations with cardiovascular risk factors. PA and ST were associated with BMI z-score, waist circumference and CRF. The findings emphasize the importance of promoting MVPA in children, but also highlight the potential benefits of reducing ST to improve cardiovascular risk factors.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.govNCT03440580.
Feasibility, acceptability and appropriateness of a reproductive patient reported outcome measure for cancer survivors
Authors: Gerstl Brigitte , Signorelli Christina , Wakefield Claire E. , D’Souza Chantelle , Deans Rebecca , Vaishnav Tejnei , Johnston Karen , Neville Kristen A. , Cohn Richard J. , Anazodo Antoinette
Published: August 2021

Background

Cancer patients can experience a number of reproductive complications as a result of cancer treatment and may benefit from reproductive preventative health strategies. A Reproductive Survivorship Patient Reported Outcome Measure (RS-PROM) is not currently available but could assist patients address reproductive concerns.

Purpose

To develop and test the acceptability, feasibility and appropriateness of a RS-PROM tool to be used to assess reproductive needs of cancer survivors aged 18–45 years.

Methods

We reviewed the outcomes of a recently published audit of reproductive care provided in our cancer survivorship clinic to identify gaps in current service provided and used this along with available validated reproductive measures, to develop this pilot RS-PROM. Survivors aged 18–45 years either attending the SCH survivorship clinic over a 1-year period or participants on the Australasian Oncofertility Registry (AOFR) who had agreed to be contacted for future research studies were asked to complete the RS-PROM and a questionnaire on the acceptability, feasibility and appropriateness of content included.

Results

One-hundred and fifty patients participated (61.3% females). Median age at cancer diagnosis was 24.5 years (range: 2–45 years). Eighty percent of participants reported the length of the RS-PROM was “just right”, 92% agreed they would not mind completing the RS-PROM and 92.7% were willing to answer all questions, with 97% agreeing that the RS-PROM would be an important tool in addressing difficult sexual/reproductive topics concerning with healthcare professionals.

Conclusion

The large majority of survivors participating in our pilot study found the RS-PROM to be an acceptable, feasible and useful tool to assist discussions of their sexual and reproductive health concerns and experiences with their clinical team.
Clinical and phenotypical characteristics of submucosal invasive carcinoma in non-ampullary duodenal cancer
Authors: Matsueda Katsunori , Kanzaki Hiromitsu , Takenaka Ryuta , Nakagawa Masahiro , Matsueda Kazuhiro , Iwamuro Masaya , Kawano Seiji , Kawahara Yoshiro , Toji Tomohiro , Tanaka Takehiro , Yagi Takahito , Fujiwara Toshiyoshi , Okada Hiroyuki
Published: August 2021

Objective

The rare incidence of submucosal invasive non-ampullary duodenal carcinoma has led to scant information in literature; therefore, we compared the clinicopathological features between submucosal invasive carcinoma (SM-Ca), mucosal carcinoma (M-Ca), and advanced carcinoma (Ad-Ca).

Materials

We retrospectively analyzed 165 patients with sporadic non-ampullary duodenal carcinomas (SNADCs) from four institutions between January 2003 and December 2018. The SNADCs were divided to three groups according to histological diagnosis: SM-Ca, M-Ca, and Ad-Ca. The clinicopathological characteristics and mucin phenotypes were compared between groups.

Results

Among the 165 SNADCs, 11 (7%) were classified as SM-Ca, 70 (42%) as M-Ca, and 84 (51%) as Ad-Ca. We found that all SM-Ca (P = 0.013) and most Ad-Ca (P = 0.020) lesions were located on the oral-Vater; however, an almost equal distribution of M-Ca lesions was found between the oral- and anal-Vater. No significant difference was observed between the tumor diameter of M-Ca and SM-Ca; however, 45% (5/11) of SM-Ca were ≤10 mm. A total of 73% (8/11) of SM-Ca were classified as gastric phenotype and no lesions were classified as intestinal phenotype; whereas most M-Ca were classified as intestinal phenotype (67%, 8/12).

Conclusions

SM-Ca lesions were all located on the oral-Vater and were highly associated with the gastric mucin phenotype, which were different from the features of most M-Ca.
Health-related quality of life using EQ-5D among chronic myeloid leukaemia patients in health centres in Klang Valley, Malaysia
Authors: Wan Puteh Sharifa Ezat , Aizuddin Azimatun Noor , Tumian Nor Rafeah , Sathar Jameela , Mohamad Selamat Ellyana
Published: August 2021

Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML) responds well with the targeted therapy drugs, Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKI), that give potentially long-term disease control for the patients. The objective of this study was to determine the disease burden and factors influencing the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and health status of CML patients in Klang Valley, Malaysia. CML patients were recruited from haematological outpatient clinics in health centres in Klang Valley, Malaysia. A semi-guided self-administered questionnaire was used. HRQoL was measured by EQ-5D utility value and health status was by visual analogue score (VAS). Logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the factors influencing HRQoL and health status. A total of 221 respondents participated, where more than half were Malay (56.6%), male (53.4%), and an Imatinib user (68.8%). Majority were diagnosed at the chronic phase (89.5%). The mean age of diagnosis was 41 years old. Significant determinant associated with HRQoL was age of diagnosis. These factors had no significant effect on the HRQoL of these patients regardless of types of TKI used and initial phase of CML. The overall HRQoL of CML patients were comparable to, if not higher, than the general population. Any TKI that was good enough to eliminate disease symptoms and erase patient’s worries, can possibly make CML patients have a better quality of life than typical cancer patients and even the general population.
The MAGENTA model for individual prediction of in-hospital mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with acute exacerbation in resource-limited countries: A development study
Authors: Mekanimitdee Prachya , Morasert Thotsaporn , Patumanond Jayanton , Phinyo Phichayut
Published: August 2021

Background

Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) is a common undesirable event associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Several clinical prediction tools for predicting in-hospital mortality in patients with AECOPD have been developed in the past decades. However, some issues concerning the validity and availability of some predictors in the existing models may undermine their clinical applicability in resource-limited clinical settings.

Methods

We developed a multivariable model for predicting in-hospitality from a retrospective cohort of patients admitted with AECOPD to one tertiary care center in Thailand from October 2015 to September 2017. Multivariable logistic regression with fractional polynomial algorithms and cluster variance correction was used for model derivation.

Results

During the study period, 923 admissions from 600 patients with AECOPD were included. The in-hospital mortality rate was 1.68 per 100 admission-day. Eleven potential predictors from the univariable analysis were included in the multivariable logistic regression. The reduced model, named MAGENTA, incorporated seven final predictors: age, body temperature, mean arterial pressure, the requirement of endotracheal intubation, serum sodium, blood urea nitrogen, and serum albumin. The model discriminative ability based on the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AuROC) was excellent at 0.82 (95% confidence interval 0.77, 0.86), and the calibration was good.

Conclusion

The MAGENTA model consists of seven routinely available clinical predictors upon patient admissions. The model can be used as an assisting tool to aid clinicians in accurate risk stratification and making appropriate decisions to admit patients for intensive care.
Safety verification for polysorbate 20, pharmaceutical excipient for intramuscular administration, in Sprague-Dawley rats and New Zealand White rabbits
Authors: Kim Junhyung , Kwak Seongsung , Park Mi-Sun , Rhee Chang-Hoon , Yang Gi-Hyeok , Lee Jangmi , Son Woo-Chan , Kang Won-ho
Published: August 2021

Human serum albumin (HSA) has been widely used as a pharmaceutical excipient in Botulinum toxin serotype A (BoNT/A) products that are indicated for use in therapeutics and cosmetics. However, HSA as a human-derived material has some concerns, such as the potential risk of transmission of infectious agents, an insufficient supply, and difficulty in maintaining a certain quality. For those reasons, newly developed BoNT/A products (CORETOX®, Medytox, Inc., Republic of Korea) contained polysorbate 20, a non-human-derived excipient, to replace the HSA. However, most safety studies of polysorbate 20 have been conducted with non-invasive routes of administration, and thus there are a few studies on the safety of polysorbate 20 when administered intramuscularly. To secure the in vivo safety profile of polysorbate 20, a four-week repeated intramuscular dose toxicity study (0.02, 0.1, and 0.4 mg/kg, one injection every two weeks for a total of three injections) was conducted in 66 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. An intradermal irritation study was further conducted with 18 New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits. The toxicological evaluation of HSA (0.06 and 0.12 mg/kg) was also carried out as a comparative substance. Systemic and local toxicities were not observed in any of the SD rats or NZW rabbits based on clinical signs, body weight, hematology, clinical biochemistry, macroscopic findings on necropsy, histopathology of the injection site, and allergic reactions. The current study suggested that intramuscular administration of polysorbate 20 was considered to be safe at a level similar to that of HSA, which has an in vivo safety profile accumulated over the years. This provided the basis for the in vivo safety profile of polysorbate 20 administered intramuscularly and the scientific reliability of the use of polysorbate 20 as an alternative to HSA, which is used as an excipient for various pharmaceuticals in terms of its safety.
Evaluation of pleural fluid parameters related to cardiac diseases in cats
Authors: Chobsuk Nutcha , Pongprasit Panita , Puangploy Pralphun , Bunnag Monnakarn , Keerativitayanant Luksika , Surachetpong Sirilak Disatian
Published: August 2021

Background and Aim: Cardiac disease is common in cats, and concurrent pleural effusion can worsen the prognosis. However, the definitive diagnosis of feline cardiac disease by echocardiography is limited in some areas. This study was designed to determine the indicators from fluid analysis obtained from pleural effusion to help diagnose cardiac disease in cats.

Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted. Data of 61 cats with pleural effusion were retrieved. The cats were divided into two groups: Cardiac disease (n=34) and non-cardiac disease (n=27) groups. Sex, neuter status, breed, age, weight, physical findings, fluid analysis results, radiographic findings, echocardiographic findings, and the presence of other diseases or conditions were recorded.

Results: The Chi-square test showed the relationship between cardiac disease and the presence of abnormal heart sounds (p=0.0003), the N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide-positive result from serum samples (p=0.046), the presence of arterial thromboembolism (p<0.00001), and the presence of radiographic evidence of cardiomegaly and pulmonary edema (p=0.0002 and 0.001, respectively). The Mann–Whitney U-test showed a significant difference in protein concentration and specific gravity between the cardiac and non-cardiac disease groups (p=0.012 and 0.009, respectively). The decision tree classification method showed that protein concentrations of ≤3 g/dL were related to cardiac disease (sensitivity, 41.2% and specificity, 92.6%).

Conclusion: The protein concentration in the pleural fluid may be used to distinguish cardiac and non-cardiac diseases in cats.
Existence of positive solutions for a fractional compartment system
Authors: Kong Lingju , Wang Min
Published: August 2021

In this article, we investigate the existence of positive solutions of a boundary value problem for a system of fractional differential equations. The resilience of a fractional compartment system is also studied to demonstrate the application of the result.
Um breve histórico sobre o ensino de História no Brasil
Authors: Medeiros Adriana de Carvalho
Published: August 2021

Na constituição do sistema escolar brasileiro, é possível perceber que a educação popular, via de regra, não foi considerada como assunto primordial. Neste sentido, a disciplina de História foi integrada ao currículo escolar como forma de fortalecer e confirmar uma versão positivista e elitista da história, onde a classe trabalhadora não atua como protagonista dos processos sociais. Tal fator, pode ser comprovado ao ser observada tanto nas Diretrizes Curriculares da Educação como nos Parâmetros Curriculares, uma preferência pela História Universal e Nacional e detrimento da História Local. A partir de revisão bibliográfica objetiva-se apresentar uma breve reflexão sobre o panorama em que foi implantado e se desenvolveu o ensino de História no Brasil na Educação Básica, do período colonial até o tempo presente.
Degradação de fitofisionomias do Cerrado e impactos erosivos hídricos lineares no sudoeste de Goiás – Brasil
Authors: Nunes Elizon Dias , Castro Selma Simões
Published: August 2021

Mudanças na cobertura e uso do solo vêm se tornando um dos principais fatores de degradação ambiental, especialmente na forma de erosão dos solos. Neste contexto, nas últimas quatro décadas os ambientes de Cerrado passaram por intenso processo de conversão da cobertura vegetal em uso antrópico, em especial agricultura, solo exposto e, principalmente, pastagem. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a relação entre essas mudanças e os processos erosivos hídricos, ressaltando as fitofisionomias mais afetadas e o consequente surgimento de áreas críticas quanto a degradação. A metodologia compreendeu a correlação entre a dinâmica do fator CP (cobertura/uso e práticas de manejo) de cada classe de fitofisionomia e uso de 1985 a 2014 e a densidade de focos e respectiva área de contribuição erosiva em 2014. Os resultados indicam que o período 1985-1995 foi marcado pela conversão de Cerradão, Cerrado Ralo e Cerrado Típico em Agricultura, Solo Exposto e Pastagem e no período 1995-2005 houve consolidação desses tipos de uso. No período 2005-2014 houve pouca conversão de fitofisionomias e aumento da consolidação por uso antrópico. As áreas com elevada densidade de focos, de até 3,5/km², e elevado percentual de contribuição erosiva de até 48 %, bem como aquelas em estágios críticos de degradação estão associadas à conversão dessas três fitofisionomias para Solo Exposto e, principalmente, Pastagem, ambos de elevados valores CP. Em todo o período 53,32 % da área de contribuição erosiva resultaram deste mesmo tipo de conversão e outros 33,88 % ocorreram em áreas nas quais em 1985 já predominavam esses mesmos tipos de uso e que permaneceram nessa condição por todo o período analisado.
VIRAL EFFECT OF SARS-COV-2 ON MALE INFERTILITY
Authors: Sapozhkova Zh. Yu.
Published: August 2021

Clinical laboratory diagnostics of male infertility is an integral part of the diagnostic process in the field of reproductive medicine. Studies conducted during the pandemia of novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) indicate that RNA of SARS-CoV-2 can be detected in the testes, and that the possibility of disrupting spermatogenesis and the viral impact on male reproductive health has been predicted.