bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proximity-Based Alert Forwarding Under Varying Mobility Levels in Adhoc Networks
Authors: Koumidis Konstandinos , Kolios Panayiotis , Panayiotou Christos , Ellinas Georgios
Published: October 2016

Mobile ad-hoc networking is considered as one of the key technologies to support communication when different emergencies or disasters strike. Unfortunately, the majority of existing ad-hoc networking solutions are based on proprietary hardware and software which severely limits their use by only those competent authorities that are well trained and properly equipped. As a consequence, patients/victims and bystanders are deprived from access to this communication means. This work details a novel ad-hoc networking solution that is purposefully designed to operate on consumer electronics such as smartphones, tablets and laptops that support the WiFi-Direct standard. The networking solution proposed is shown to be both highly scalable, robust and energy efficient due to the distributed and purely local operation of all its functionalities. The proposed solution has been implemented and tested on Android devices with several multimedia services provided in the form of a mobile app. Experimental results demonstrate the performance of the proposed solution under varying degrees of mobility associated with alternative emergency situations.
On the Nature of Collaborations in Agile Software Engineering Course Projects
Authors: Kamthan Pankaj
Published: October 2016

If there is a constant in software development, then it is that its ecosystem is a variable. The agile methodologies are part of a relatively recent shift from predictive to adaptive approach towards software development. This change has had a notable impact on software engineering education (SEE). In this article, a glimpse into the state-of-the-art of incorporating agile methodologies in software engineering courses is presented. In doing so, the reasons for including a project component in software engineering courses, and for committing to agile methodologies in software engineering projects in those courses, are given. The significance of collaboration in the execution of agile methodologies, in general, is underscored, and the pivotal role of collaboration in agile course projects, in particular, is emphasized. To lend an understanding to the notion of collaboration in agile methodologies, a conceptual model for collaboration is proposed and elaborated. The types of collaborations that can occur in agile course projects are classified and discussed. The use technological means for facilitating collaboration, including the Social Web and especially the Wiki, is highlighted.
Online Branding and Marketing
Authors: Rigas Dimitrios , Hussain Hammad Akhtar , Riaz Nazish
Published: October 2016

Multimodal is quite established as communication metaphor in user interfaces and there is at least some limited prima facie case that can be used to influence positively consumer behaviour. This paper explores the perceptions of users to interactive multimodal e-branding and its effect on the consumer purchase decision. A sample of 200 respondents, was used as a basis to explore marketing techniques on social media and multimodal influence on consumer purchase decisions. The results and their analysis indicated that advertisements or messages to users with audio, video and text on in combination are the most effective forms of compiling multimodal messages that aim to advertise, persuade and eventually lead to a purchase on the e-commerce and social media platforms. The data also pointed to the use of multimodal Virtual Shopping Assistants. These findings provide an overall viewpoint on user perception that can be used as a basis for a series of empirical experiments in simulations to identify the specific user influence under particular user context and multimodal messages.
Life-Value of Young Smartphone Users
Authors: Lin Chin-Tsai , Wang Sih-Wun , Lee Chuan , Chen Yi-Hsueh
Published: October 2016

In recent years, Smartphone users are increasing rapidly. Moreover, Smartphone users' age occupies from young to old. In the past, studies focus on Smartphone users generally targets the office workers rather than younger users. Yet, previous studies do not talk about the income and life-value of younger users. Therefore, the significant value of this study is different compare to older research. In this research, it will use qualitative study to discuses about the importance of Smartphone for younger users and to find out the facts how Smartphone interacts with their meaning of life. The result indicates six results at the end of this research paper, there are sharing, group identity, recording, relation, function, and time.
Minimum Data Base Determination using Machine Learning
Authors: Kuri-Morales Angel Ferrnando
Published: October 2016

The exploitation of large data bases frequently implies the investment of large and, usually, expensive resources both in terms of the storage and processing time required. It is possible to obtain equivalent reduced data sets where the statistical information of the original data may be preserved while dispensing with redundant constituents. Therefore, the physical embodiment of the relevant features of the data base is more economical. The author proposes a method where we may obtain an optimal transformed representation of the original data which is, in general, considerably more compact than the original without impairing its informational content. To certify the equivalence of the original data set (FD) and the reduced one (RD), the author applies an algorithm which relies in a Genetic Algorithm (GA) and a multivariate regression algorithm (AA). Through the combined application of GA and AA the equivalent behavior of both FD and RD may be guaranteed with a high degree of statistical certainty.
Development of Conceptual Model for Overcoming the Challenges of Road and Bridge Infrastructure Development: Towards Innovative Solutions in Benin Republic
Authors: Boko-haya Dossa Didier , Li Ya Dong , Yao Chang Rong , Gu Ying , Qiang Bin , Xiang Qi Qi
Published: October 2016

Roads and Bridges (R-B) form the basis for transformation and communication, and constitute the most critical part in the national economic development drive. The population dispersion in Benin, with high density living in metropolitans, calls for continuing development and improvement on R-B under the current national government policies and strategic plans. As R-B infrastructure objects are complex engineering facilities, and their construction and maintenance require much special scientific knowledge, the sustainability development objective becomes a crucial issue. This paper discusses the initial findings results of a two-round interviews with a group of practitioners in Beninese R-B development, which were aimed at identifying existing perceptions on sustainability and the agreeable priority issues between stakeholders focusing on the development of R-B. By extensive literature study and consultation with the stakeholders, influencing factors and key sustainability challenges specific to R-B development has been identified and classified into five categories namely engineering, managerial, human development, political and cultural, and sustainability. Based on these findings, this study introduces an on-going research project aimed at integrating the different perceptions and priority needs of the stakeholders, and issues that impact on the gap between sustainability development foci and its actual realization at R-B project construction. The exploration is of benefit to develop an innovative conceptual model to overcome the main factors. Through adopting and implementing the strategies and action plan of the conceptual model, the study presents a practical and innovative solution to improve Beninese capacity towards overcoming the problems. Finally, the study summaries the research conclusions and recommendations necessary to facilitate the development of the present R-B tempo in Benin.
Active Vibration Control for Base-Isolated Structures Using a PID Controller against Earthquakes
Authors: Djedoui Nassim , Ounis Abdelhafid , Abdeddaim Mahdi
Published: October 2016

In this paper, a closed loop control approach for controlling the vibration of buildings under earthquake excitations is introduced. An active hybrid control combining base isolation and active tuned mass damper (AMD) installed on the lowest floor of a base-isolated frame building is investigated. The Active control force is controlled by the mean of a proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller, incorporated with a negative feedback error closed loop. The difference between the base displacement and equilibrium position of the structure is used to evaluate the error and feed the PID controller. A simulation is carried out on a six degrees of freedom base-isolated frame structure using MATLAB. The performances of the proposed active hybrid control system are tested under El Centro, Northridge, and Loma Pietra earthquakes.Compared results with base-isolated structure and base-isolated structure equipped with a passive and active tuned mass damper (TMD)/ (ATMD) showed that the active hybrid control system is more efficient. A reduction of 70% in base displacement, velocity and 15% in base acceleration is obtained.
Interindividual variability in the expression of surfactant protein A and B in the human lung during development
Authors: Cau F. , Pisu E. , Gerosa C. , Senes G. , Ronchi F. , Botta C. , Di Felice E. , Uda F. , Marinelli V. , Faa G. , Fanos V. , Moretti C. , Fanni D.
Published: October 2016

The surfactant complex, thanks to its multiple actions including decrease of surface- tension and antimicrobial activity, plays a fundamental role in newborn survival, lowering the risk of respiratory distress syndrome. The aim of this work was to determine if the synthesis of two surfactant proteins (SP), SPA and pro-SPB, shows some inter-individual variability during lung development in the intrauterine life. Immunoreactivity for SPA and pro-SPB was investigated in the lungs of  40 subjects, including 15 fetuses, ranging from 14 to 22 weeks of gestation, and 25 neonates, from 24 to 41 weeks. Lung samples were formalin fixed, paraffin-embedded and routinely processed. SPA and pro-SPB were detected utilizing commercial antibodies.  A semi-quantitative grading system (1 to 4) was applied, based on the number of reactive cells and the intensity of immunostaining. Surfactant protein immunostaining was found in  three compartments: bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli, starting from 14 weeks of gestation in the bronchial epithelium and from the 21st week in the alveolar spaces. Differences were found regarding SPA and pro-SPB expression in the vast majority of subjects: in some lungs, SPA was more expressed whereas in others pro-SPB showed an higher degree of immunoreactivity. The expression of both surfactant proteins was not strictly correlated with gestational age. Whereas the highest levels of reactivity were detected in at term neonates, on the other hand one case with grade 3 was detected at 22 weeks and one negative case for both proteins was observed at 31 weeks. Our data clearly show a marked inter-individual variability regarding the production of SPA and pro-SPB and suggest the existence of other epigenetic factors, acting during gestation, that might influence surfactant production and, consequently, the survival potential of  neonates at birth. 
RECUPERACIÓN GRÁFICA DE LA MÁQUINA EÓLICA PARA DESAGUAR TERRENOS PANTANOSOS DE AGUSTÍN DE BETANCOURT Y MOLINA: MODELADO TRIDIMENSIONAL Y DOCUMENTACIÓN GEOMÉTRICA CON SOLID EDGE
Authors: Rojas-Sola José Ignacio , García-Ruesgas Laura , Porras-Galán José
Published: October 2016

Agustín de Betancourt and Molina was one of the most distinguished  engineers of the eighteenth and nineteenth century with numerous contributions to various fields of engineering, including civil engineering.  This research shows the process followed in the documentation of the cultural heritage of that canary engineer, especially in the geometric documentation of the wind machine to drain marshy grounds designed in 1789. The baseline information has been recovered from the Canary Orotava Foundation of History of Science who has spent years collecting information about the Project Betancourt, in particular, planimetric information as well as a small report on its operation and description of parts of machine. From this information, we have obtained its 3D reconstruction using CAD techniques with the cooperation of Solid Edge ST7 parametric software, which has enabled to obtain the 3D model as well as different detail plans and exploded views.
DIGITAL RECONSTRUCTIONS - A METHODOLOGY FOR THE STUDY, PRESERVATION AND DISSEMINATION OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE
Authors: Gil Ana
Published: October 2016

The architectural heritage is a particular case from the immaterial and material assets, movable or immovable, constituents of the cultural heritage. It is presented as a complex system with a continuous historical process, which can not be dissociated from its surroundings (Brusaporci 2015). In order to study, preserve and disseminate the past and present reality of this type of heritage, it was developed a digital recostruction methodology, able to adapt to each specific case, both in the object nature and in the representation objectives. This is only possible due to the last decade technological advances, that, alongside with the hardware and software development, led to the digital heritage definition. In order to disclose and discuss the proposed methodology, is presented digital reconstructions of monuments that have marked and still mark the image of the city of Lisbon. European city, capital of Portugal, country of aqueducts, rich in religious and military architecture. To cover their specific needs, taking into account their different natures, is presented the following case studies: 1) particular case of an extensive monument - the Águas Livres Aqueduct - and the case of territory circumscribed monuments in different preservation states (demolished, remains or existent). This last includes three representative convents of Lisbon’s religious houses: the Nossa Senhora da Piedade da Esperança Convent, the Santíssima Trindade Convent and the Santo Antão-o-Velho College. The developed digital reconstructions were based on the London’s Charter and Principles of Seville, in order to ensure the intellectual and technical rigor, as well as the methodological computer-methods visualization work sturdiness. Thus, the developed methodology is scientific, cyclical and flexible based on the creation of digital models with associative and parametric geometry - BIM models (Building Information Model) - intended to include the architectural heritage study, conservation and dissemination.
PARAMETERIZATION OF COMPLEX CULTURAL HERITAGE SHAPES FOR ONLINE VIEWING AND INTERACTIVE PRESENTATION AND PROCESSING
Authors: Ćurković Milan , Vučina Damir
Published: October 2016

We have developed algorithms and programs capable of efficiently parameterizing complex cultural heritage shapes including texture, which significantly reduces the data-set size. This is potentially significant for online viewing and interactive presentation and processing. The proposed approach is based on Non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS) mathematical model which is also by itself suitable for analysis, especially of different artistic techniques.
METODOLOGÍA Y APLICACION PRÁCTICA PARA LA DIGITALIZACIÓN DE PATRIMONIO COFRADE MEDIANTE LA FUSION DE DATOS DE LÁSER ESCANER Y FOTOGRAMÉTRICOS
Authors: Colomo Carlos Manuel , Pérez José Luis , Gómez José Miguel , Rosales Francisco Javier
Published: October 2016

results obtained in using free software and fusion of data from laser scanner and photographs. In this sense, one of the problems that can occur when Heritage documentation is made, is the impossibility of move the object of study from other places with appropriates environment conditions to capture data. This problem is especially important in the case of sculptures found upright with certain height, where many upper portions are hidden by the inability to locate safely locate the instruments. This paper show a case of study with this problem and provides the solution to capture data in cenital position with laser scanner. Finally, the overall results are showed and some considerations in terms of conservation and diffusion of the cultural heritage.
TRATAMIENTO DE DATOS TLS MEDIANTE EL EMPLEO DE IMÁGENES ESFÉRICAS: APLICACIÓN A LA DOCUMENTACIÓN DE LA SALA CAPITULAR DE LA CATEDRAL DE JAÉN
Authors: GOMEZ-LOPEZ JOSE MIGUEL , Pérez-García José L. , Colomo Carlos , Cardenal Javier , Mata Emilio
Published: October 2016

Nowadays, one of the techniques more used for documentation of cultural heritage is terrestrial laser scanner (TLS). This kind of instrumental has become essential in this kind of heritage projects. However, in many projects, the captured information by these systems are excessive, which hinders its data processing and information extraction. But when the documentation purpose is limited to the visualization or dissemination, the final products can be simpler than those obtained from the dense point clouds and the resulting detailed models. In this paper it is presented an approach based on TLS data processed with spherical images algorithms. TLS point clouds are used to simulate spherical images allowing the storage, processing, visualization and dissemination of both data and products. This approach has been applied to a real study case in the documentation of the chapterhouse of the Cathedral of Jaén.
INTEGRATED METHODOLOGIES FOR A NEW RECONSTRUCTIVE PROPOSAL OF THE AMPHITHEATRE OF CATANIA
Authors: Gabellone Francesco , Malfitana Daniele , Leucci Giovanni , Cacciaguerra Giuseppe , Ferrari Ivan , Giuri Francesco , De Giorgi Lara , Pantellaro Claudia
Published: October 2016

The roman amphitheatre of Catania stands in a very complex and interesting area where settlement dynamics and transformations have profoundly marked its urban landscape. Over the centuries, the urban and architectural histories together with the formation of the archaeological deposits have led to the complete obliteration of the monument and restricted knowledge of its plan and architectural development. Therefore, it constitutes an interesting context in which to experiment methods and techniques for architectural representation and the three-dimensional reconstruction of the monument.
THE SURVEY, THE REPRESENTATION AND THE STRUCTURAL MODELING OF A DATED BRIDGE
Authors: Artese Serena , Lerma José Luis , Zagari Giuseppe , Zinno Raffaele
Published: October 2016

The in opera concrete bridges characterize often the landscapes crossed by old roads and railways. In particular the arch bridges represent a product of human genius and, in some cases, of his art. In the last few years, at the SmartLab laboratory of the University of Calabria, there were developed activities in the field of surveying, monitoring and representation of structures. In the framework of these activities, Geomatics techniques for the surveying of bridges are widely used since 2014. The results of the measurements are used for documentation and representation purposes, as well as for the reconstruction of the constructive procedures. The finite element modeling of the structures has been obtained to simulate their behavior in case of earthquake. This article describes the activities relating to a bridge dated back to the 50s of the twentieth century: it is an arch bridge made of reinforced concrete. The surveying is aimed to determine the exact reconstruction of the geometry, the identification of the foundation settlement as well as the Finite Element Modeling (FEM) in order to allow structural identification and reverse engineering process. The instruments and techniques used for surveying and modeling operations, along with the deviations between models and "as built" are described.
MODELIZACIÓN Y SIMULACION DE LAS POSIBLES POSICIONES DE LAS ATALAYAS DE LA FORTALEZA DE LA MOTA EN ALCALA LA REAL, MEDIANTE TECNICAS DE ANALISIS VISUAL
Authors: Rosales Ávila Francisco Javier , Pérez-García José Luis , Colomo Carlos , Gómez-López José M. , Ureña Manuel A.
Published: October 2016

The cultural heritage plays a very important role in the Smart management of an area, and geospatial technologies are a perfect tool for the heritage knowledge, management and analysis. Photogrammetry, UAV systems and geographic information systems, can help in cataloguing the cultural heritage of a city. The main turistic value for Alcalá la Real, is the Monumental Group of the Fortress of La Mota and their related monuments.As the principal objetive of the Project, an analysis and the calculation of the optimal location of the watchtower network is made. To achieve this, on the one hand photogrammetry technics are used to get the geometric information of the studied area. On the other hand, photogrammetry through UAV systems is used to obtain the 3D model of one of the watchtowers, which is better preserved than others. Finally, programming tools are applied over GIS for the analysis and calculation of the optimal location of this watchtower network.
CONSERVATION MODEL FOR BASILICA OF SMYRNA AS AN THEORETICAL INTENTION
Authors: Saricaoglu Tugba
Published: October 2016

History is the space of the time and also an accumulation of knowledge. This accumulation transforms into layers, layers provides knowledge. Also, historical envaronen has undeniable importance due to knowledge it has especially when it comes to architecture. Historical enviroment is like an architectural laboratuary which provides knowledge from past to present. That gives the reason why historical environment should be analyzed, preserved, rehabilited and restored in the first place. Sustainabilty of the knowledge can be supported by studying historical enviroment in every field. The main focus of this reasearch is integrating Baslica of Agora in Smyrna into today by analysing its cultural, historical and physical situation. Before the integration of the Basilica, information should be gathered and documentions related to the building and its close vicinty should be concluded. Documentation generated (measured and drawn) of the whole basilica in order to develope intervention decisions on scientific platform in any scale. Therefore, intervention orders took place on both whole basilica and the main intervention part of basilica as a modulatible scale. Basilica of the agora in Smyrna ancient city which has never been architecturally studied, documanted by using advanced technics surveying methods. Using all the data from documentation and academic studies 35. and 36. axles of the basilica determined to be the definite place where intervention orders –determined by analitical studies on whole scale of the basilica and detailed studies on the axles- took place.
LA APLICACIÓN DE NUEVAS TECNOLOGÍAS EN LA DOCUMENTACIÓN ARQUEOLÓGICA DE LA VILLA ROMANA DE NOHEDA Y SU PROYECCIÓN TURÍSTICA DIGITAL
Authors: Valero Tévar Miguel Ángel , Huete Alcocer Nuria
Published: October 2016

The Roman villa of Noheda has become one of the crucial site to understand the messages that the high Roman aristocracy intended to convey by the building infrastructure in these large rural complex of Late Antiquity. Therefore, for the application of a correct archaeological methodology we should add the use of the most modern techniques of research and analysis that were within our grasp, in order to document in the best possible detail, the archaeological remains. Understanding that only through a close reading we can get to properly decrypt the data housed in the cluster of structures and artifacts hosted in the stratigraphic sequence. Therefore, the aim of this article is to present concisely, how technological advances have been used such as ground penetrating radar, 3D scanning, laser scanner, photogrammetry, etc. and the best results which have been obtained. In the same way, we will explain that these results are just a first step, because today the project of musealisation of the site has begun in order to be ready for its opening to the public and, within the innovations that bring the new technologies will be taken into account and they will be used in situ with mobile telephony, such as 3D modeling of parts and its Georeferencing, the increased virtual reality, etc. Nonetheless we must not forget other advances which help understand, spread and bring archeology closer to society.
BIG DATA FOR RISK ANALYSIS: THE FUTURE OF SAFE RAILWAYS
Authors: Figueres Esteban Miguel
Published: October 2016

New technology brings ever more data to support decision-making for intelligent transport systems. Big Data is no longer a futuristic challenge, it is happening right now: modern railway systems have countless sources of data providing a massive quantity of diverse information on every aspect of operations such as train position and speed, brake applications, passenger numbers, status of the signaling system or reported incidents.The traditional approaches to safety management on the railways have relied on static data sources to populate traditional safety tools such as bow-tie models and fault trees. The Big Data Risk Analysis (BDRA) program for Railways at the University of Huddersfield is investigating how the many Big Data sources from the railway can be combined in a meaningful way to provide a better understanding about the GB railway systems and the environment within which they operate.Moving to BDRA is not simply a matter of scaling-up existing analysis techniques. BDRA has to coordinate and combine a wide range of sources with different types of data and accuracy, and that is not straight-forward. BDRA is structured around three components: data, ontology and visualisation. Each of these components is critical to support the overall framework. This paper describes how these three components are used to get safety knowledge from two data sources by means of ontologies from text documents. This is a part of the ongoing BDRA research that is looking at integrating many large and varied data sources to support railway safety and decision-makers.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.1825
Estudio de la velocidad desarrollada por vehículos pesados en carreteras convencionales
Authors: Pérez Zuriaga Ana María , Camacho Torregrosa Francisco Javier , Llopis Castelló David , García García Alfredo
Published: October 2016

La velocidad de operación, definida como el percentil 85 de la distribución de velocidad de vehículos ligeros circulando en carreteras convencionales en condiciones de flujo libre, es una de las principales variables en la evaluación de la consistencia del diseño geométrico. De esta forma, los únicos vehículos considerados en el análisis son los vehículos ligeros, obviando la influencia de los vehículos pesados. Para la estimación de la velocidad de operación de estos vehículos el número de modelos existentes es mínimo. Por ello, el objetivo del trabajo que se presenta es el estudio experimental de la velocidad desarrollada por vehículos pesados en carreteras convencionales. El estudio no se centra únicamente en la velocidad de operación, sino en el estudio de la distribución completa de la velocidad, ya que los percentiles bajos están relacionados con el riesgo de alcance de vehículos ligeros. Se han analizado las diferentes variables que pueden influir con especial énfasis en las variables geométricas de la carretera. El estudio se ha basado en los datos obtenidos gracias a la colaboración de dos empresas, que han permitido la colocación de dispositivos GPS de 1 Hz en vehículos de su flota. Los GPS registraron de forma continua la velocidad desarrollada por los vehículos durante la realización de su ruta habitual. La influencia sobre el comportamiento de los conductores fue mínima al tratarse de un dispositivo de pequeño tamaño ubicado en el exterior del vehículo. Tras la restitución de la geometría de las carreteras objeto de estudio y el tratamiento de los datos de velocidad registrados, se analizó la influencia de las variables geométricas del trazado, especialmente en cuanto a alzado se refiere, en la velocidad. Se ha concluido que la pendiente no tiene una influencia significativa en la elección de la velocidad por parte de los conductores de vehículos pesados en curvas de carreteras convencionales, donde el principal control de la velocidad son los radios de las propias curvas.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.1904
METODOLOGÍA PARA LA ESTIMACIÓN DE LA MOVILIDAD DE VEHÍCULOS DEL PARQUE ESPAÑOL. ESTUDIO PILOTO: AUTOBUSES ARTICULADOS
Authors: Arenas Ramírez Blanca , Mira Mc Williams José M. , González Fernández Camino , Furones Crespo Arturo , Páez Ayuso Javier , Aparicio Izquierdo Francisco
Published: October 2016

España ha intensificado la aplicación de políticas encaminadas a la reducción del número de accidentes y de víctimas, durante la última década, y ha alcanzado un elevado nivel de éxito en esta tarea, situando a nuestro país en un puesto muy destacado entre los países de Europa y del mundo en relación a la seguridad vial. En el año 2013, España ocupó el quinto puesto en el grupo de países de la UE-28 en el indicador muertos por millón de habitante. Un indicador análogo con datos de exposición no existe a nivel europeo, en tanto el denominador (la exposición) es una magnitud de difícil obtención. El logro de nuevas metas exige medidas específicas dirigidas a ámbitos  y colectivos con características diferentes, y para ello es necesario un mejor conocimiento de los verdaderos niveles de riesgo de determinados grupos de usuarios, definidos por criterios de género, o edad, o  de tipos de vehículos y características constructivas,  prestaciones o eficacia de sistemas de seguridad, entre otros factores. En el caso de los vehículos, existen datos de distancias recorridas en diferentes periodos, recogidos en las fichas de inspección técnica, e incorporados, desde hace unos años,  en bases de datos gestionadas por las comunidades autónomas y por la DGT, pero estos datos están siendo escasamente explotados.En el presente trabajo se presenta una metodología de análisis de los datos obtenidos en las inspecciones técnicas de los vehículos, y de estimación de la exposición (veh-km anual) de diferentes grupos de vehículos (según tipo, edad y potencia, entre otras variables determinantes) que pueden presentar diferencias significativas en sus niveles de exposición. La metodología, que incluye la creación de bases limpias y la formación de conglomerados de vehículos con elevada homogeneidad en el valor de su movilidad, se ha aplicado a una muestra de autobuses articulados a modo de estudio piloto. Con este trabajo  se pretende contribuir a un mejor conocimiento de los verdaderos niveles de riesgo de diferentes grupos de vehículos del parque español.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.1990
The potential of e-ticketing for public transport planning: the Piedmont region case study
Authors: Arnone Maurizio
Published: October 2016

In the Piedmont region (Italy) the electronic ticketing system called BIP, is currently active across much of its territory, and thedata collected in the Province of Cuneo since the full activation of the system (2014) provide today a sound source ofinformation. Two different travel documents are available, travel passes and pay-per-use, with different validation rules: check-inonly for travel passes and check-in and check-out for pay-per-use. Data produced by this electronic ticketing system employingsmart cards allow to perform a detailed analysis of each user’s behaviour, and calculate time and space distributions of eachpassenger trip. In detail, data originating from smart card transactions allow to trace back the trip chains, establish journey originsand destinations, and produce a “travel diary” for each passenger. Based on this data, performance indicators (i.e. load factor) aswell as user mobility patterns and origin-destination matrices can be calculated in an automated and reliable way. This articlepresents a methodology for assessing the quality of the data collected when information about boarding and alighting stops isavailable from the (on board) validation system. It also presents an algorithm to assign a destination for each trip where only theboarding information is available. In the case study of the Province of Cuneo, it was found that 91% of the pay-per-use journeydata are reliable and can be used for further analysis, whereas with the use of the proposed algorithm it was possible to estimatethe destinations for 82% of the travel pass trips.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.1999
Diseño de redes de transporte urbano en ciudades de tamaño medio: El caso práctico de Terrassa
Authors: Moreno Gomez Clara , García Pastor Antonio
Published: October 2016

Las redes de transporte urbano sufren modificaciones continuas y encontrar el diseño de red más adecuado para cada ciudad supone un reto importante al que se enfrentan tanto administraciones como operadores de transporte. En España se han dado casos paradigmáticos de rediseño de redes en grandes ciudades que podrían servir de modelo pero ¿hasta qué punto son extrapolables estas actuaciones a otras urbes de tamaño mediano? Pretendemos profundizar en el proceso de rediseño de una red de transporte urbano en una ciudad de tamaño medio partiendo del ejemplo concreto de la ciudad de Terrassa, que con la inauguración de tres nuevas estaciones ferroviarias está siendo revisada.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.2147
THEORETICAL-EXPERIMENTAL ASSESMENT OF BRAKING SISTEMS FOR INCLINED LIFTS ACCORDING TO EN 81:22-2014.
Authors: Alcalá Enrique , Valles Fernandez Beatriz , Martin López Angel Luis
Published: October 2016

The inclined lifts, in case of emergency braking, can experience high longitudinal decelerations that can lead to passengers’ collisions with lift walls and interior elements. In 2014 the CEN/TC10 WG1 published the part 22 of the norm series 81 with regard to the construction elements and installation of electrical lifts with inclined trajectory. This norm stablishes, amongst other requirements, the maximum and minimum deceleration levels in both longitudinal and vertical directions. Both requirements, in opposite senses and the definition of the braking system, do not cause design difficulties in case of high slopes, but in case of lifts with the slope under a certain level they can be needed, to guarantee the fulfilment of the norm, elements that allow and additional relative displacement between the braking system and the cabin. To define the performances and the optimal behaviour of these systems it has been defined a simulation model of the dynamical behaviour of the lift under the conditions of the norm tests. Additionally, in this work it is presented a calculation methodology to define the cabin allowable weight corridor, for each braking effort made by each safety gear model, and the simulations have been validated with the results of tests with different braking efforts, weights and lift slopes. The present work has been performed in cooperation with Thyssen Krupp Elevadores with the aim of improving the knowledge of the brake dynamics of inclined lifts.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.2173
MISUSE OF SPEED-BUMPS ON TWO-LANE MAIN RURAL ROADS. A GENERALIZED PRACTICE IN VENEZUELA
Authors: Calderas Volcanes Rubén José , Moreno González Emilio Germán
Published: October 2016

Settlements of uncontrolled population on side of road in Venezuela originate the excessive use of traffic speed reducers to mitigate accidents. Misuse of these speed control devices generate problem of functionality in the two-lane main rural roads which requires to be studied to demonstrate its effect on the capacity and level of service. Although other factors may occur (i.e, environmental problems and health), the disproportionate use of speed-bumps worsens circulation quality by increase of travel time as most sensitive parameter. Where this effect not can be reversed it should be made efforts to mitigate speed using another traffic-calming device. The studied stretches are selected according to particular characteristics such as: urban settlement, isolated speed-bump and its installation in series, including case without speed-bumps which guarantees the proper contrast. Video cameras to detect the travel time of vehicles are used in each road section, it allow the measures of other parameters.The travel time distribution with or without speed-bumps and probability distribution that characterizes vehicle movement in each stretch allows the simulation and modeling with the ARENA software. Travel time allows obtain the speed which, together with the volume of traffic, determines the level of service according to the Highway Capacity Manual criterion. The economic cost of substitute measures versus travel time is evaluated and may be useful in decision-making or implementation of better policies by transport governmental institutions.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.2255
UN ENFOQUE DE OPTIMIZACIÓN PARA EL CONTROL DE SEMÁFOROS
Authors: Dominguez Patricia Neri , Cortínez Víctor Hugo
Published: October 2016

En este trabajo se presenta un modelo computacional para el diseño óptimo de configuración de semáforos basado en la combinación del modelo de tráfico LQM (Link Queue Model) desarrollado recientemente por Wen-Long Jin (2013) con una técnica de optimización denominada Recocido Simulado. El modelo LQM conduce a un sistema de ecuaciones diferenciales ordinarias no lineales de primer orden teniendo tantas incógnitas (densidades medias espaciales) como tramos existan en la red. Se ha adoptado el mencionado modelo de tráfico ya que ha demostrado una gran efectividad balanceando adecuadamente la velocidad computacional, la estabilidad numérica y el realismo físico de sus predicciones. Por otra parte, se utiliza el método de Recocido Simulado como técnica de optimización ya que el problema analizado es no convexo, es decir la función objetivo puede presentar varios mínimos (o máximos) locales. Se presentan ejemplos numéricos que ilustran las posibilidades de la presente metodología.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.2262
La Modelización peatonal como herramienta para la mejora del espacio urbano
Authors: López Oliete José Luis , Goyanes López Raquel , Ruiz López Rafael
Published: October 2016

El valor y la conveniencia de un espacio urbano está determinado en gran medida por su carácter, y las calles juegan un papel clave en la determinación de cómo las personas experimentan e interactúan con su entorno. La vida urbana tiene que ver con las personas. Su presencia a lo largo de las calles y otros espacios públicos es el principal indicador de un entorno urbano vibrante. La forma en la que está dispuesto el espacio y cómo se relaciona con los usos del suelo establecidos en él, tiene una incidencia significativa en el comportamiento peatonal. La planificación del movimiento de las personas es un factor clave en el éxito del diseño de un espacio urbano, ya sea al aire libre o de un edificio. Es esencial comprender la dinámica de flujos, analizar los requisitos de capacidad para la circulación y acumulación de espacios y encontrar una lógica del comportamiento peatonal ante las alteraciones de su entorno espacial, ya sean grandes o pequeñas. La simulación peatonal, a través de programas especializados, demuestra ser una herramienta práctica que aporta valiosa información para la planificación y proceso de diseño de nuevos espacios peatonales urbanos o la mejora de los existentes. La capacidad de simulación creciente reduce el tiempo de análisis, y la creciente simplicidad de uso amplía el alcance de proyectos más allá de costosos análisis de evacuaciones de edificios altos, estaciones, estadios, etc.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.2415
Time analysis of the containerized cargo flow in the logistic chain using simulation tools: the case of the Port of Seville (Spain)
Authors: RUIZ AGUILAR JUAN JESÚS , TURIAS IGNACIO J. , CERBÁN MAR , GONZÁLEZ MARÍA JOSÉ , PULIDO ÁNGEL
Published: October 2016

The logistic chain that connects the capital of Spain (Madrid) with the Canary Islands has the Port of Seville as the port node. This port node makes possible to switch from one transport mode (railway) to another (maritime) at the container terminal of the port. Some constraints, such as the operational time window that restricts the freight train access into the port in a certain time-slot or the need of the reversal of the train before entering into port, lead to generate important time delays in the intermodal chain. A time analysis of the process is necessary in order to check the critical points. A simulation of the whole process from the goods departing the origin station by train until they leave the port of Seville by ship to the Canary Islands is performed. To this aim, a queuing model network was developed in order to simulate the travel time of the cargo. The database is composed of daily departures of goods train and daily departures of vessels (including times of docking, berthing or load/unload cargo). The final objective of this work is twofold: firstly, to provide a validated model of the containerized cargo flow and secondly, to demonstrate that this kind of queuing models can become a powerful supporting tool in making decisions about future investments.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3083
Security assessment in harbours: parameters to be considered
Authors: Romero Faz David , Camarero Orive Alberto
Published: October 2016

The ports are the main node in the supply chain and freight transportation. The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 marked a turning point in global security. Following this event, and from then on, there is a widespread fear of an attack on commercial ports. The development of the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), and the implementation of the measures derived from it, have significantly improved security at port facilities. However, the experience in recent decades indicates the need for adjustments in the security assessment, in order to improve risk assessment, which is sometimes either underestimated or overestimated. As a first result of the investigation, new parameters for assessing security are proposed considering new aspects on the basis of an analysis of the main methodologies specific to port facilities, the analysis of surveys of the responsible managers for the security of the Spanish port system, and the analysis of the security statistics obtained through security forces.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3181
Electronic Toll Collection Systems and their Interoperability: The State of Art
Authors: De las Heras Molina Javier , Gómez Sánchez Juan , Vassallo Magro José Manuel
Published: October 2016

The European Electronic Toll Service (EETS) was created in 2004 with the aim of ensuring interoperability among the existing electronic toll collection (ETC) systems in Europe. However, the lack of cooperation between groups of stakeholders has not made possible to achieve this goal ten years later. The purpose of this research is to determine the better way to achieve interoperability among the different ETC systems in Europe. Our study develops a review of the six main ETC systems available worldwide: Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR), Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC), Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Satellite systems (GNSS), Tachograph, and Mobile communications tolling systems. The research also provides some insight on different emerging technologies. By focusing on different operational and strategic aspects offered by each technology, we identify their main strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats and makes different recommendations to improve the current framework. The research concludes that given the diversity of advantages and inconveniences offered by each system, the selection of a certain ETC technology should also take into account its potential to overcome the weaknesses in the current ETC framework. In this line, different policy recommendations are proposed to improve the present ETC strategy at the EU.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3186
Desarrollo de un nuevo semiremolque extensible, para ser usado como plató móvil, construido en acero de alta resistencia
Authors: Castejon Herrer Luis , Valladares Hernando David , Marquesán Casasnovas Juan , Salas Juan Carlos , Malón Litago Hugo
Published: October 2016

En el presente artículo se expone el proceso llevado a cabo para desarrollar un nuevo vehículo extensible para servicios públicos. Consiste en un semirremolque que dispone de un circuito de elementos hidráulicos que le permiten desplegar varias extensiones y un planta superior, una vez que se encuentra estático y fijado sobre unas patas de apoyo. Sin embargo, durante los trayectos que realice el semirremolque, el piso superior y todos los ventanales y extensiones del vehículo deben estar completamente replegados y recogidos, de tal forma que las dimensiones exteriores del vehículo se adecuen a las exigencias reglamentarias para su libre circulación por carretera. Por todo ello se hace necesario garantizar un funcionamiento adecuado y seguro del vehículo tanto durante las maniobras hidráulicas de extensión y recogida, como una vez desplegado y listo para ser utilizado, por ejemplo, como centro operativo para la cobertura de eventos por parte de televisiones u otros medios de comunicación. En primer lugar se identificaron como zonas estructurales más críticas a esfuerzos las correspondientes al accionamiento de los techos abatibles del primer y del segundo nivel del semirremolque. A continuación, se crearon modelos numéricos de malla de estas zonas y se analizaron por el método de los elementos finitos. A partir de los resultados obtenidos se procedió a optimizar la estructura para mejorar su comportamiento mecánico e incrementar el coeficiente de seguridad frente a posibles deformaciones plásticas, al mismo tiempo que se redujo en lo posible el peso del vehículo utilizando aceros de alta resistencia en lugar de aceros tradicionales. Se realizó además un análisis numérico de la estructura completa del vehículo para comprobar el comportamiento ante solicitaciones exteriores como el viento o una sobrecarga por exceso de número de personas en el interior de los habitáculos del vehículo. Finalmente se llevaron a cabo ensayos extensiométricos sobre la estructura del vehículo fabricado. Se obtuvo una adecuada correlación numérico-experimental que permitió validar los resultados numéricos obtenidos.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3200
An algorithm for the estimation of road traffic space mean speeds from double loop detector data
Authors: Martínez-Díaz Margarita , Pérez Pérez Ignacio
Published: October 2016

Most algorithms trying to analyze or forecast road traffic rely on many inputs, but in practice, calculations are usually limited by the available data and measurement equipment. Generally, some of these inputs are substituted by raw or even inappropriate estimations, which in some cases come into conflict with the fundamentals of traffic flow theory. This paper refers to one common example of these bad practices. Many traffic management centres depend on the data provided by double loop detectors, which supply, among others, vehicle speeds. The common data treatment is to compute the arithmetic mean of these speeds over different aggregation periods (i.e. the time mean speeds). Time mean speed is not consistent with Edie’s generalized definitions of traffic variables, and therefore it is not the average speed which relates flow to density. This means that current practice begins with an error that can have negative effects in later studies and applications. The algorithm introduced in this paper enables easily the estimation of space mean speeds from the data provided by the loops. It is based on two key hypotheses: stationarity of traffic and log-normal distribution of the individual speeds in each time interval of aggregation. It could also be used in case of transient traffic as a part of any data fusion methodology.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3208