bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Binary and ternary complexation of NpO2
+ with carboxylate and aminocarboxylate ligands
Authors: Thakur Punam , Van Luik Abraham E. 
Published: July 2014

The complex formation of NpO2
+ with carboxylates: oxalic
acid (Ox), malonic acid (Mal) succinic acid (Suc); glutaric acid
(Glu), methylmalonic acid (Memal), oxydiacetic acid (ODA), TDA
(thiodiacetic acid) and citric acid (Cit) and aminocarboxylates:
iminodiacetic acid (IDA), methyliminodiacetic acid
(MIDA),nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), 2-hydroxyethylethylenediamine
triacetic acid (HEDTA),ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and
diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) was studied by solvent
extraction in 6.60 m NaClO4 at
25 ℃. The formation of only the 1:1
NpO2
+ complex was observed with the ligands under
investigation. The complexation of NpO2
+ with Ox, IDA,
ODA and TDA was also measured at variable temperatures ranging from
25–60 ℃ in 6.60 m
NaClO4. Results show that the complexation of
NpO2
+ with these ligands increases with increasing
temperature. The enthalpy and entropy of complexation of
NpO2
+ were calculated from the temperature dependence of
the stability constants using the Van't Hoff equation. Additionally,
the formation of an aqueous ternary complex of the form
NpO2(X)(L) (X = EDTA or HEDTA; L = Ox
or ODA) was identified for NpO2
+ at
25 ℃. Stabilities of these complexes are measured
and discussed in term of their structures and basicities.
Imputing genotypes using regularized generalized linear regression models
Authors: Wong William W.L. , Griesman Josh , Feng Zeny Z.
Published: July 2014

As genomic sequencing technologies continue to advance, researchers are furthering their understanding of the relationships between genetic variants and expressed traits. However, missing data can significantly limit the power of a genetic study. Here, the use of a regularized generalized linear model, denoted by GLMNET, is proposed to impute missing genotypes. The method aims to address certain limitations of earlier regression approaches in regards to genotype imputation, particularly the specification of the number of neighboring SNPs to be included for imputing the missing genotype. The performance of GLMNET-based method is compared to the conventional multinomial regression method and two phase-based methods: fastPHASE and BEAGLE. Two simulation scenarios are evaluated: a sparse-missing model, and a small-panel expansion model. The sparse-missing model simulates a scenario where SNPs were missing in a random fashion across the genome. In the small-panel expansion model, a set of individuals is only genotyped at a subset of the SNPs of the large panel. Each imputation method is tested in the context of two data-sets: Canadian Holstein cattle data and human HapMap CEU data. Results show that the proposed GLMNET method outperforms the other methods in the small panel expansion scenario and fastPHASE performs slightly better than the GLMNET method in the sparse-missing scenario.
Progressive Disorganization of Paranodal Junctions and Compact Myelin Due to Loss of DCC Expression by Oligodendrocytes
Authors: Bull Sarah-Jane , Bin Jenea M. , Beaumont Eric , Boutet Alexandre , Krimpenfort Paul , Sadikot Abbas F. , Kennedy Timothy E.
Published: July 2014

Paranodal axoglial junctions are critical for maintaining the segregation of axonal domains along myelinated axons; however, the proteins required to organize and maintain this structure are not fully understood. Netrin-1 and its receptor Deleted in Colorectal Cancer (DCC) are proteins enriched at paranodes that are expressed by neurons and oligodendrocytes. To identify the specific function of DCC expressed by oligodendrocytes
in vivo
, we selectively eliminated DCC from mature myelinating oligodendrocytes using an inducible cre regulated by the proteolipid protein promoter. We demonstrate that DCC deletion results in progressive disruption of the organization of axonal domains, myelin ultrastructure, and myelin protein composition. Conditional DCC knock-out mice develop balance and coordination deficits and exhibit decreased conduction velocity. We conclude that DCC expression by oligodendrocytes is required for the maintenance and stability of myelin
in vivo
, which is essential for proper signal conduction in the CNS.
Differential Expression and Function of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Subdivisions of Medial Habenula
Authors: Shih Pei-Yu , Engle Staci E. , Oh Gyeon , Deshpande Purnima , Puskar Nyssa L. , Lester Henry A. , Drenan Ryan M.
Published: July 2014

Neuronal nAChRs in the medial habenula (MHb) to the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) pathway are key mediators of nicotine's aversive properties. In this paper, we report new details regarding nAChR anatomical localization and function in MHb and IPN. A new group of knock-in mice were created that each expresses a single nAChR subunit fused to GFP, allowing high-resolution mapping. We find that α3 and β4 nAChR subunit levels are strong throughout the ventral MHb (MHbV). In contrast, α6, β2, β3, and α4 subunits are selectively found in some, but not all, areas of MHbV. All subunits were found in both ChAT-positive and ChAT-negative cells in MHbV. Next, we examined functional properties of neurons in the lateral and central part of MHbV (MHbVL and MHbVC) using brain slice patch-clamp recordings. MHbVL neurons were more excitable than MHbVC neurons, and they also responded more strongly to puffs of nicotine. In addition, we studied firing responses of MHbVL and MHbVC neurons in response to bath-applied nicotine. Cells in MHbVL, but not those in MHbVC, increased their firing substantially in response to 1 μ
m
nicotine. Additionally, MHbVL neurons from mice that underwent withdrawal from chronic nicotine were less responsive to nicotine application compared with mice withdrawn from chronic saline. Last, we characterized rostral and dorsomedial IPN neurons that receive input from MHbVL axons. Together, our data provide new details regarding neurophysiology and nAChR localization and function in cells within the MHbV.
Inhibitory Interneuron Progenitor Transplantation Restores Normal Learning and Memory in ApoE4 Knock-In Mice without or with Aβ Accumulation
Authors: Tong Leslie M. , Djukic Biljana , Arnold Christine , Gillespie Anna K. , Yoon Seo Yeon , Wang Max M. , Zhang Olivia , Knoferle Johanna , Rubenstein John L.R. , Alvarez-Buylla Arturo , Huang Yadong
Published: July 2014

Excitatory and inhibitory balance of neuronal network activity is essential for normal brain function and may be of particular importance to memory. Apolipoprotein (apo) E4 and amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, two major players in Alzheimer's disease (AD), cause inhibitory interneuron impairments and aberrant neuronal activity in the hippocampal dentate gyrus in AD-related mouse models and humans, leading to learning and memory deficits. To determine whether replacing the lost or impaired interneurons rescues neuronal signaling and behavioral deficits, we transplanted embryonic interneuron progenitors into the hippocampal hilus of aged apoE4 knock-in mice without or with Aβ accumulation. In both conditions, the transplanted cells developed into mature interneurons, functionally integrated into the hippocampal circuitry, and restored normal learning and memory. Thus, restricted hilar transplantation of inhibitory interneurons restores normal cognitive function in two widely used AD-related mouse models, highlighting the importance of interneuron impairments in AD pathogenesis and the potential of cell replacement therapy for AD. More broadly, it demonstrates that excitatory and inhibitory balance are crucial for learning and memory, and suggests an avenue for investigating the processes of learning and memory and their alterations in healthy aging and diseases.
Long-Term Plasticity in the Regulation of Olfactory Bulb Activity by Centrifugal Fibers from Piriform Cortex
Authors: Cauthron Joy L. , Stripling Jeffrey S.
Published: July 2014

Olfactory bulb granule cells are activated synaptically via two main pathways. Mitral/tufted (M/T) cells form dendrodendritic synapses on granule cells that can be activated by antidromic stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract (LOT). Centrifugal fibers originating from the association fiber (AF) system in piriform cortex (PC) make axodendritic synapses on granule cells within the granule cell layer (GCL) that can be activated by orthodromic stimulation of AF axons in the PC. We explored functional plasticity in the AF pathway by recording extracellularly from individual M/T cells and presumed granule cells in male Long–Evans rats under urethane anesthesia while testing their response to LOT and AF stimulation. Presumed granule cells driven synaptically by LOT stimulation (type L cells) were concentrated in the superficial half of the GCL and were activated at short latencies, whereas those driven synaptically by AF stimulation (type A cells) were concentrated in the deep half of the GCL and were activated at longer latencies. Type A cells were readily detected only in animals in which the AF input to the GCL had been previously potentiated by repeated high-frequency stimulation. An additional bout of high-frequency stimulation administered under urethane caused an immediate increase in the number of action potentials evoked in type A cells by AF test stimulation and a concomitant increase in inhibition of M/T cells. These results underscore the importance of the role played in olfactory processing by PC regulation of OB activity and document the long-lasting potentiation of that regulation by repeated high-frequency AF activation.
Layer 6 Corticothalamic Neurons Activate a Cortical Output Layer, Layer 5a
Authors: Kim Juhyun , Matney Chanel J. , Blankenship Aaron , Hestrin Shaul , Brown Solange P.
Published: July 2014

Layer 6 corticothalamic neurons are thought to modulate incoming sensory information via their intracortical axons targeting the major thalamorecipient layer of the neocortex, layer 4, and via their long-range feedback projections to primary sensory thalamic nuclei. However, anatomical reconstructions of individual layer 6 corticothalamic (L6 CT) neurons include examples with axonal processes ramifying within layer 5, and the relative input of the overall population of L6 CT neurons to layers 4 and 5 is not well understood. We compared the synaptic impact of L6 CT cells on neurons in layers 4 and 5. We found that the axons of L6 CT neurons densely ramified within layer 5a in both visual and somatosensory cortices of the mouse. Optogenetic activation of corticothalamic neurons generated large EPSPs in pyramidal neurons in layer 5a. In contrast, excitatory neurons in layer 4 exhibited weak excitation or disynaptic inhibition. Fast-spiking parvalbumin-positive cells in both layer 5a and layer 4 were also strongly activated by L6 CT neurons. The overall effect of L6 CT activation was to suppress layer 4 while eliciting action potentials in layer 5a pyramidal neurons. Together, our data indicate that L6 CT neurons strongly activate an output layer of the cortex.
Enhancing Astrocytic Lysosome Biogenesis Facilitates Aβ Clearance and Attenuates Amyloid Plaque Pathogenesis
Authors: Xiao Qingli , Yan Ping , Ma Xiucui , Liu Haiyan , Perez Ronaldo , Zhu Alec , Gonzales Ernesto , Burchett Jack M. , Schuler Dorothy R. , Cirrito John R. , Diwan Abhinav , Lee Jin-Moo
Published: July 2014

In sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), impaired Aβ removal contributes to elevated extracellular Aβ levels that drive amyloid plaque pathogenesis. Extracellular proteolysis, export across the blood–brain barrier, and cellular uptake facilitate physiologic Aβ clearance. Astrocytes can take up and degrade Aβ, but it remains unclear whether this function is insufficient in AD or can be enhanced to accelerate Aβ removal. Additionally, age-related dysfunction of lysosomes, the major degradative organelles wherein Aβ localizes after uptake, has been implicated in amyloid plaque pathogenesis. We tested the hypothesis that enhancing lysosomal function in astrocytes with transcription factor EB (TFEB), a master regulator of lysosome biogenesis, would promote Aβ uptake and catabolism and attenuate plaque pathogenesis. Exogenous TFEB localized to the nucleus with transcriptional induction of lysosomal biogenesis and function
in vitro
. This resulted in significantly accelerated uptake of exogenously applied Aβ42, with increased localization to and degradation within lysosomes in C17.2 cells and primary astrocytes, indicating that TFEB is sufficient to coordinately enhance uptake, trafficking, and degradation of Aβ. Stereotactic injection of adeno-associated viral particles carrying TFEB driven by a glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter was used to achieve astrocyte-specific expression in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Exogenous TFEB localized to astrocyte nuclei and enhanced lysosome function, resulting in reduced Aβ levels and shortened half-life in the brain interstitial fluid and reduced amyloid plaque load in the hippocampus compared with control virus-injected mice. Therefore, activation of TFEB in astrocytes is an effective strategy to restore adequate Aβ removal and counter amyloid plaque pathogenesis in AD.
Hypoactivation of CRF Receptors, Predominantly Type 2, in the Medial-Posterior BNST Is Vital for Adequate Maternal Behavior in Lactating Rats
Authors: Klampfl Stefanie M. , Brunton Paula J. , Bayerl Doris S. , Bosch Oliver J.
Published: July 2014

Maternal behavior ensures the proper development of the offspring. In lactating mammals, maternal behavior is impaired by stress, the physiological consequence of central corticotropin-releasing factor receptor (CRF-R) activation. However, which CRF-R subtype in which specific brain area(s) mediates this effect is unknown. Here we confirmed that an intracerebroventricularly injected nonselective CRF-R antagonist enhances, whereas an agonist impairs, maternal care. The agonist also prolonged the stress-induced decrease in nursing, reduced maternal aggression and increased anxiety-related behavior. Focusing on the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), CRF-R1 and CRF-R2 mRNA expression did not differ in virgin versus lactating rats. However, CRF-R2 mRNA was more abundant in the posterior than in the medial BNST. Pharmacological manipulations within the medial-posterior BNST showed that both CRF-R1 and CRF-R2 agonists reduced arched back nursing (ABN) rapidly and after a delay, respectively. After stress, both antagonists prevented the stress-induced decrease in nursing, with the CRF-R2 antagonist actually increasing ABN. During the maternal defense test, maternal aggression was abolished by the CRF-R2, but not the CRF-R1, agonist. Anxiety-related behavior was increased by the CRF-R1 agonist and reduced by both antagonists. Both antagonists were also effective in virgin females but not in males, revealing a sexual dimorphism in the regulation of anxiety within the medial-posterior BNST. In conclusion, the detrimental effects of increased CRF-R activation on maternal behavior are mediated via CRF-R2 and, to a lesser extent, via CRF-R1 in the medial-posterior BNST in lactating rats. Moreover, both CRF-R1 and CRF-R2 regulate anxiety in females independently of their reproductive status.
Unmasking of Spiral Ganglion Neuron Firing Dynamics by Membrane Potential and Neurotrophin-3
Authors: Crozier Robert A. , Davis Robin L.
Published: July 2014

Type I spiral ganglion neurons have a unique role relative to other sensory afferents because, as a single population, they must convey the richness, complexity, and precision of auditory information as they shape signals transmitted to the brain. To understand better the sophistication of spiral ganglion response properties, we compared somatic whole-cell current-clamp recordings from basal and apical neurons obtained during the first 2 postnatal weeks from CBA/CaJ mice. We found that during this developmental time period neuron response properties changed from uniformly excitable to differentially plastic. Low-frequency, apical and high-frequency basal neurons at postnatal day 1 (P1)–P3 were predominantly slowly accommodating (SA), firing at low thresholds with little alteration in accommodation response mode induced by changes in resting membrane potential (RMP) or added neurotrophin-3 (NT-3). In contrast, P10–P14 apical and basal neurons were predominately rapidly accommodating (RA), had higher firing thresholds, and responded to elevation of RMP and added NT-3 by transitioning to the SA category without affecting the instantaneous firing rate. Therefore, older neurons appeared to be uniformly less excitable under baseline conditions yet displayed a previously unrecognized capacity to change response modes dynamically within a remarkably stable accommodation framework. Because the soma is interposed in the signal conduction pathway, these specializations can potentially lead to shaping and filtering of the transmitted signal. These results suggest that spiral ganglion neurons possess electrophysiological mechanisms that enable them to adapt their response properties to the characteristics of incoming stimuli and thus have the capacity to encode a wide spectrum of auditory information.
Beethoven Going Blank
Authors: Chua Daniel K. L.
Published: July 2014

A key signifier of freedom in Beethoven’s music is the “blank sign.” This sign assumes various forms. This article traces these blanks both musically and philosophically to explore how they work and what they mean. In particular, it focuses on Beethoven’s Choral Fantasy as a commentator on the composer’s own usage of this sign as a representation of freedom and progress.
Nikolay Myaskovsky and the “Regimentation” of Soviet Composition
Authors: Zuk Patrick
Published: July 2014

Western studies of musical life in the USSR have typically placed great emphasis on the constraints to which composers were subject and often appear to have accepted as axiomatic the notion that the styles of Soviet composition of the Stalinist era were fundamentally conditioned by external pressures. One of the most influential formulations of this view is to be found in Boris Schwarz’s Music and Musical Life in Soviet Russia, which has remained a standard work of reference for over four decades. Schwarz considered the promulgation of the Communist Party’s resolution of 23 April 1932 “On the Reconstruction of Literary and Artistic Organisations” to represent a fateful turning point in the fortunes of Soviet music, marking the inauguration of a stultifying new era of “regimentation” and the demise of freedoms that had remained after the persecution of leading modernists by the Russian Association of Proletarian Musicians. According to Schwarz “advanced composers turned conventional, and conventional composers turned commonplace.” In Schwarz’s view, the newly founded Composers’ Union, just as Goebbels’s Reichsmusikkammer, presided over an artistic wasteland.

In this essay I question such generalizations. I focus on Nikolay Myaskovsky (1881–1950), regarded by Schwarz as a prime example of a modernist who retreated into safe conventionality in the early 1930s after the composition of his notorious Twelfth Symphony, ostensibly written to glorify Stalin’s grandiose project of agricultural collectivization. A re-examination of the circumstances surrounding the symphony’s genesis suggests that the constructions Schwarz placed on this phase of Myaskovsky’s career are questionable. Although the composer’s harmonic language became noticeably less dissonant after 1932 than in certain works of the 1920s, I argue that this cannot be attributed solely to external pressures, as Myaskovsky’s later style evinces strong continuities with tendencies manifest in his earlier work. The essay closes by reflecting on the wider implications of these findings for our understanding of Soviet composition of the Stalinist era.
Robust synchronization of coupled circadian and cell cycle oscillators in single mammalian cells
Authors: Bieler Jonathan , Cannavo Rosamaria , Gustafson Kyle , Gobet Cedric , Gatfield David , Naef Felix
Published: July 2014

Circadian cycles and cell cycles are two fundamental periodic processes with a period in the range of 1 day. Consequently, coupling between such cycles can lead to synchronization. Here, we estimated the mutual interactions between the two oscillators by time‐lapse imaging of single mammalian NIH3T3 fibroblasts during several days. The analysis of thousands of circadian cycles in dividing cells clearly indicated that both oscillators tick in a 1:1 mode‐locked state, with cell divisions occurring tightly 5 h before the peak in circadian Rev‐Erbα‐YFP reporter expression. In principle, such synchrony may be caused by either unidirectional or bidirectional coupling. While gating of cell division by the circadian cycle has been most studied, our data combined with stochastic modeling unambiguously show that the reverse coupling is predominant in NIH3T3 cells. Moreover, temperature, genetic, and pharmacological perturbations showed that the two interacting cellular oscillators adopt a synchronized state that is highly robust over a wide range of parameters. These findings have implications for circadian function in proliferative tissues, including epidermis, immune cells, and cancer.
Padrões setoriais de inovação da indústria de transformação brasileira
Authors: Silva Conceição de Fátima , Suzigan Wilson
Published: July 2014

O artigo investiga os padrões setoriais de inovação da indústria de transformação brasileira a partir do referencial teórico da Escola Evolucionária Neo-Schumpeteriana, da base de dados da Pesquisa de Inovação Tecnológica (PINTEC) para o período 2006-2008 e de duas hipóteses norteadoras. A primeira sugere que a realidade concorrencial molda a estratégia competitiva das empresas e, por decorrência, a rotina e o padrão de busca destas. A segunda é de que há convergência entre o comportamento inovativo da indústria nacional e a taxonomia proposta por Keith Pavitt. Os resultados corroboram as duas hipóteses. No entanto, foi também identificado que setores que conciliam baixa densidade tecnológica e elevada participação das exportações na geração da receita apresentam baixa aderência às suas respectivas categorias pavittianas.
Os efeitos dos parcelamentos sobre a arrecadação tributária
Authors: Paes Nelson Leitão
Published: July 2014

Este artigo avaliou qual o impacto que os parcelamentos concedidos tiveram sobre o comportamento do contribuinte e da arrecadação. Verificou-se que o hiato tributário estimado sem concessão de parcelamentos é de cerca de 30%, mas que aumenta em até quatro pontos percentuais diante da oferta de programas de refinanciamento de dívidas tributárias, como no caso do REFIS. Os efeitos sobre a espontaneidade são sempre negativos, e perduram por longo tempo, enquanto os contribuintes nutrirem expectativas sobre novos parcelamentos futuros. No lado das receitas, as simulações sugerem que a arrecadação na presença do parcelamento tributário é sempre inferior àquela que seria obtida se não houvesse parcelamento durante toda a etapa de concessão. Os ganhos de arrecadação posteriores, quando as parcelas são pagas, dependem da inadimplência e da expectativa de novos parcelamentos pelos contribuintes. Conclui-se que o mecanismo de parcelamentos tributários é inadequado como forma de aumentar as receitas e prover os incentivos corretos aos contribuintes.
Os efeitos do novo regionalismo sobre o comércio
Authors: Reis Magnus dos , Azevedo André Filipe Zago de , Lélis Marcos Tadeu Caputi
Published: July 2014

A partir de 1990 ocorreu um “boom” na formação de blocos econômicos no mundo, e este trabalho procurou identificar se o regionalismo propiciou criação ou desvio de comércio. Para isto, utilizou-se o modelo gravitacional com dados em painel para o período de 1990 a 2009. Os resultados sugerem que houve criação de comércio e desvio de exportação no Mercosul. Além disso, percebe-se o efeito antecipação sobre os fluxos de comércio intrazona e sinais de criação de comércio com a formação do NAFTA. De forma distinta, há indícios de que o Asean e o PAFTA desviaram comércio. Por fim, a forma como evoluíram os fluxos de comércio intrazona (ex ante e ex post) decorrentes da constituição dos blocos analisados foi diferente não somente em termos de volume, mas também na velocidade em que eles responderam a sua formação.
O Mecanismo da Mais Valia Relativa
Authors: Cipolla Francisco Paulo
Published: July 2014

Em discussão recente com Fine (2009), Lebowitz (2003, 2010) argumenta que a teoria da mais valia relativa de Marx é inadequada porque toma a cesta de meios de consumo necessários à reprodução da força de trabalho como fixa. Uma vez abandonada essa hipótese, se o salário nominal não se reduz, o aumento da produtividade se traduz apenas numa ampliação do consumo dos trabalhadores. Na sua opinião, é necessário considerar que o progresso técnico tem não só como objetivo único diminuir o valor das mercadorias, mas também o de enfraquecer a capacidade de resistência da classe como um todo. Somente a compreensão de que o progresso técnico é uma arma da luta de classe torna possível conceber a redução dos salários nominais como processo simultâneo ao barateamento das mercadorias. Este artigo procura explorar possibilidades alternativas para a efetivação da mais valia relativa independentemente da redução dos salários monetários. Para tanto, analisam-se os possíveis efeitos do aumento da produtividade na produção de ouro, assim como os possíveis efeitos de desvalorizações do padrão de preço.
La historia en palabras historiadores, profesores y políticos
Authors: Zavala Ana
Published: July 2014

Este trabajo indaga el gesto de la versión -palabra escrita, hablada, actuada- que atraviesa la aventura social del pensamiento histórico en los últimos doscientos años en el mundo europeo-occidental. Es la idea que la historiografía ofrece múltiples versiones del acontecer humano a lo largo del tiempo lo que habilita el juego de las otras versiones que se le superponen. La versión destinada a la enseñanza permite ver las maneras de (no) asumir esa noción de versión respecto a la relación entre la historia y el acto de enseñarla. Por esa razón, el sentido social y político/ideológico de la enseñanza de la historia a todos dentro de una escuela para todos, es también una versión de la historia y de la historiografía. Demandada por el análisis de la práctica de la enseñanza, una última versión da cuenta de la historia, de la historiografía y de su enseñanza. El trabajo concluye destacando la importancia de separar los campos del análisis y de los cambios en las prácticas (historiográficas/de enseñanza).
Primeira Exposição de Desenho Infantil e Juvenil do Paraná uma renovação no conceito das exposições escolares (1943)
Authors: Osinski Dulce Regina Baggio
Published: July 2014

O artigo analisa a Primeira Exposição de Desenho Infantil e Juvenil realizada em Curitiba/PR, no ano de 1943, e suas relações com as tendências modernas em arte e educação. O evento envolveu intelectuais e artistas como Raul Gomes, Erasmo Pilotto, Helena Kolody e Guido Viaro, além de professorandas e alunos de escolas públicas e particulares. Defendendo a liberdade de expressão e a individualidade da criança, o projeto da exposição justificava sua importância com caráter científico, baseado em pesquisas sobre o desenho infantil, realizadas na área da psicologia por Luquet, Rouma e Rabello, assim como nas conclusões do Congresso de Ensino de Desenho de Paris, de 1937. Como fontes, foram utilizados os impressos diários O Dia e a Gazeta do Povo.
A arte de disciplinar os sentidos o uso de retratos e imagens em tempos de nacionalização (1930-1945)
Authors: Souza Rogério Luiz
Published: July 2014

Toda a arquitetura sensitiva do Estado Novo, ao chamar a atenção permanente dos sentidos, quis tornar os sujeitos consumidores e reprodutores de uma representação de mundo, de uma crença em relação à identidade nacional brasileira. Sob o império dos sentidos disciplinados e habituados, essa mesma arquitetura acabou permitindo um "sentir brasileiro" que levou os sujeitos a experimentá-lo, saboreá-lo, tocá-lo, ouvi-lo, cheirá-lo e vê-lo no interior de um sistema cultural e simbólico construído pela maquinaria ordenadora do poder. A constituição de uma arquitetura sensitiva no espaço escolar - objeto de discussão e análise deste artigo - deveria ajudar a compor essa trama nacionalizadora e a promover a disciplinarização dos sentidos. As ritualizações e as técnicas de reprodutibilidade das imagens nesse espaço tiveram a função de divulgar, generalizar, uniformizar, habituar e manter os sentidos em alerta constante e, portanto, ligá-los, condicioná-los ao sistema de controle político-social.
¿Una puerta cerrada? Sobre la educación y la corrupción pedagógica de la juventud
Authors: Bárcena Fernando
Published: July 2014

La educación supone una salida: salida de la minoría hacia la mayoría de edad; una salida al exterior. Sin embargo, la reducción de la experiencia de la formación a la enseñanza erosiona, en sus fundamentos y en su sentido, la magnitud y la importancia de esta salida. Bajo las condiciones de nuestras sociedades actuales, la educación supone una salida, no al mundo, sino a esa pequeña parte del mundo que es el centro de trabajo, la oficina o la fábrica. Esta salida no es una experiencia plena, y además está gobernada, administrada, diseñada y planificada por una pedagogía posteducativa cuya impostura pedagógica explora críticamente este texto.
Como a USP transfere tecnologia?
Authors: Dias Alexandre Aparecido , Porto Geciane Silva
Published: July 2014

O objetivo geral dessa pesquisa é verificar como a Universidade de São Paulo (USP) transfere suas tecnologias para a sociedade. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo de caso com base na realização de entrevistas semiestuturadas junto aos diretores e agentes de inovação da Agência USP de Inovação, que se constitui no Núcleo de Inovação Tecnológica (NIT) da universidade. Constatou-se que os principais mecanismos de transferência de tecnologia utilizados pela USP são: licenciamento de patentes, projetos de pesquisa e desenvolvimento (P&D) em parceria e fomento e apoio à criação de empresas spin-off. Verificou-se que a Agência USP de Inovação tem forte restrição de pessoal e que a USP ainda carece de uma política institucional mais estruturada que de fato incorpore em sua agenda a necessidade de fortalecer o seu papel enquanto instituição promotora da inovação e do desenvolvimento tecnológico.
Making biodiversity‐friendly cocoa pay: combining yield, certification, and REDD for shade management
Authors: Waldron A. , Justicia R. , Smith L. E.
Published: July 2014

The twin United Nations' Millennium Development Goals of biodiversity preservation and poverty reduction both strongly depend on actions in the tropics. In particular, traditional agroforestry could be critical to both biological conservation and human livelihoods in human‐altered rainforest areas. However, traditional agroforestry is rapidly disappearing, because the system itself is economically precarious, and because the forest trees that shade traditional crops are now perceived to be overly detrimental to agricultural yield. Here, we show a case where the commonly used agroforestry shade metric, canopy cover, would indeed suggest complete removal of shade trees to maximize yield, with strongly negative biodiversity and climate implications. However, a yield over 50% higher was achievable if approximately 100 shade trees per hectare were planted in a spatially organized fashion, a win–win for biodiversity and the smallholder. The higher yield option was detected by optimizing simultaneously for canopy cover, and a second shade metric, neighboring tree density, which was designed to better capture the yield value of ecological services flowing from forest trees. Nevertheless, even a 50% yield increase may prove insufficient to stop farmers converting away from traditional agroforestry. To further increase agroforestry rents, we apply our results to the design of a sustainable certification (eco‐labelling) scheme for cocoa‐based products in a biodiversity hotspot, and consider their implications for the use of the United Nations REDD (reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation) program in agroforestry systems. Combining yield boost, certification, and REDD has the potential to incentivize eco‐friendly agroforestry and lift smallholders out of poverty, simultaneously.
Association Between Interleukin‐4 Gene −590 C/T, −33 C/T, and 70‐Base‐Pair Polymorphisms and Periodontitis Susceptibility: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Yan Yan , Weng Hong , Shen Zheng‐Hai , Wu Lan , Zeng Xian‐Tao
Published: July 2014

Background: Several studies have investigated the association between interleukin (IL)‐4 gene −590 C/T, −33 C/T, or 70–base pair (70‐bp) polymorphisms and periodontitis susceptibility but with conflicting results. Hence, a meta‐analysis was conducted to explore whether these polymorphisms are associated with periodontitis susceptibility.

Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science up to April 5, 2014. After the eligible studies were identified, data were extracted and quality‐assessed before performing the meta‐analysis.

Results: The meta‐analysis included 23 eligible case‐control studies from 11 articles involving 12 studies of the −590 C/T polymorphism (1,220 cases and 2,039 controls), five of the −33 C/T polymorphism (715 cases and 967 controls), and four of the 70‐bp polymorphism (426 cases and 506 controls). The meta‐analysis showed that none of these IL‐4 gene polymorphisms were significantly associated with periodontitis susceptibility in all study participants. However, subgroup analysis showed that the IL‐4 −590 T allele (odds ratio [OR] = 1.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02 to 1.42, P = 0.03) and TT genotype (OR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.05 to 2.67, P = 0.03) were associated with periodontitis in whites.

Conclusions: Based on current evidence, the IL‐4 −33 C/T and 70‐bp polymorphisms were not associated with an increased risk of periodontitis. However, the IL‐4 −590 T allele and TT genotype were associated with increased risk of periodontitis in whites.
Seismic Investigation of Highway Pavement Failures in Parts of Southeastern Nigeria
Authors: Ilori Abidemi O , Obianwu Victor I , Okwueze Emeka E
Published: July 2014

P-wave and S-wave seismic refraction methods were used to investigate highway pavement failures at various locations on some highways in southeastern Nigeria. The locations are: 1) Ochon, on Obubra–Ikom Highway, 2) a bridge approach and Ikot-Abasi Eyop, both on Ikot-Ekpene–Umuahia Road, and 3) four locations on Calabar–Itu Highway. These highways traverse different geologic units, including sand, shale, marl, and claystone. The intercept-time method and Hagedoorn's Plus-Minus method were used in the analysis of the seismic data. Both the P- and S-wave methods generally delineated two layers, and in some locations a third layer. In combination, both types of surveys were employed to delineate and evaluate the quality and state of the subgrade at the failed locations, and at stable segments adopted as controls for the investigations. The qualities of the subgrades were evaluated based on elastic constants of Young's modulus, bulk modulus, and compressibility. Young's modulus values obtained for failed areas are less than that for stable segments of the highway adopted as controls for the study. Compressibility values follow the same trend, with lower values at the control locations and higher values at failed locations. Generally, the first layer stiffness parameters obtained for the failed segments had lower values than those for the stable segments.
Unconventional and Conventional Hydrocarbon Resource Economics: A Look at the Fundamental Differences and How Countries Can Address the Needs of Unconventional Resource Exploitation
Authors: Cui C. J , Mozur M. W , Verre U. E , Weltge F. N
Published: July 2014

North America is not unique in the abundance of unconventional hydrocarbon resources (in particular, shale), yet it is the only place thus far that has seen significant progress in their extraction and monetization. This success has been driven by a flexible land leasing system for drilling rights, a mature infrastructure network for oil and gas transportation, a favorable fiscal regime, a well-established and very active service industry, and easy access to capital and world leading technologies. To what extent are these attributes singular to North America, and to what extent can the extensive development of unconventional resources seen in North America be replicated in other parts of the world?

Many countries have well established and successful conventional E&P activities and fiscal/contractual terms, but have struggled with the question as to how applicable these terms are to unconventional resource exploration, evaluation and development. This paper will seek to identify the key differences in the application of North America’s leasing, regulatory and fiscal regime to shale development, as compared to alternative systems applied elsewhere in the world.

The authors start by examining the fundamental cost and production profiles of conventional and unconventional wells in two North American onshore plays, and then in two potentially competing North American capital investment opportunities in order to establish whether there is anything fundamental in the economics of unconventional exploitation that requires different treatment. This analysis is then used to consider economics under cost, regulatory and fiscal regimes outside of North America.
Field Study of Critical Success Factors in Workover Planning and Application
Authors: Boniface Oriji Aleruchi , Achibong R. E , Uche Osokogwu
Published: July 2014

Workover operation is any intervention in the life of a well to restore or improve the performance of an already completed well or change the purpose of the well leading to high demand for automation and sophistication for an improved productivity. Sometimes it is inevitable in the life of many oil and gas wells.The success of any Workover operation is critical because of the money and time spent every year in the Exploration and Production operations. This could be achieved using proper procedures of screening and selection of Workover necessary to meet a company's objectives of improved production, cost efficiency and HSE excellence. It is therefore pertinent that success factors like cost, productivity, injectivity, safety, selectivity, re-entry and environmental considerations be incorporated into decisions for any Workover design. This paper investigates different approaches used in handling Workover design and application in the oil and gas industry. It focuses on the three major definite decision stages, example-Qualitative, Quantitative and Economic analysis. This is supported with a simple Excel flow chart proposed to ease the difficulty experienced when designing and planning a Workover operation. A systematic trouble shooting procedures for the case study field was designed and evaluated. Fourteen (14) candidate wells from the Niger Delta field were used to evaluate and validate the three staged simple excel spreadsheet for the screening, ranking and selection Model. The results of the ranking and screening showed that eight (8) of the wells were good and selected for Workover operations according to priority. The paper therefore provides a guideline for improved workover operations, with strong emphasis on database keeping, complexity reduction and reliability design applicable for similar fields in the oil and gas industries.
Underlining Post-Production Saturation Monitoring Impact on Reservoir Management: A Niger Delta Field Case Study
Authors: Ogbunude Basil C. , Egelle Emenike
Published: July 2014

After a field has been put on production, it is very pertinent that the saturation and contact changes within the reservoir be monitored. This is difficult on a frequent basis considering the cost implications of the processes involved. Usually, the main two methods employed are the use of PNC/PNS (C/O and Sigma) logs, and the 4D-Seismic. The latter, though the more recent, has been gathering popularity especially in the Gulf of Mexico and North Sea, because of its relatively easier and seemingly more dependent concepts. However, the PNC/PNS logs remain the major method used for contact monitoring.

Data generated from post-production saturation monitoring campaigns are used for proper reservoir management, generation of short-term oil gains, and reducing risks in planned new wells. Beyond these basic uses, the operation can also help to properly analyse the status of the wells, as well as redefine uncertainty level and reveal new information concerning the wells and reservoir conditions. In this work, a Niger Delta field that has been producing for about 20 years was analysed after the first post-production C/O log campaign was conducted. The logs were interpreted and the results were analysed. Apart from the observations common to the results of such operations, some other insights were revealed by this campaign, particularly in one of the wells producing from the field. The well was completed across two reservoirs, with the shallower completion put behind sleeves, while the deeper was put on production. A major boundary fault seals the reservoirs vertically, ensuring that no external communication was possible.

From the production data corresponding to the producing deeper reservoir, it was expected that the logs would confirm that the reservoir was about to quit considering the fact that it had already exceeded its EUR (high). However, after the logs were double-checked for errors and analysed, it was discovered that the shallower reservoir, which has never been put on production, has been partially flushed, and the deeper reservoir, which was expected to be watered out, still had some reasonable amount of oil in place. With these striking discoveries, a full field analysis was done, the details of which was discussed in this paper. At the end of this work, some recommendations were made. This underlines the importance of frequent reservoir monitoring operations. This will help unravel and understand anomalous developments that could be occurring in the field/wells without the knowledge of the operators.
Determination of Archie's Saturation Exponent for CO2 Sequestration in Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Adebayo Abdulrauf Rasheed , Al-Yousef Hasan Y. , Mahmoud Mohammed
Published: July 2014

Accurate evaluation of reservoir fluid in place depends on accurate laboratory measurements of Archie parameters. Sensitivity of resistivity-based saturation models on these parameters, and their determination in non-Archie rocks has been extensively discussed in numerous technical papers. Conventional estimation of saturation exponent involves either steady state or porous plate displacement method whereby a non-wetting phase displaces the wetting phase. When applying this technique in carbon dioxide sequestration projects in order to estimate and monitor carbon dioxide (CO2) accumulation in underground saline carbonate aquifer, it becomes imperative to consider the effect of CO2 – brine – rock interaction (CBRI) since carbonic acid formed from dissolution of CO2 in formation brine will dissolve some soluble carbonate grains and thereby alter rock pore structure and possibly change saturation exponent, ‘n’ as CO2 sequestration last. We hereby present the methodology for determining Archie parameters for CO2 sequestration evaluation projects. The effect of CBRI on change in saturation exponent and pore geometry is also discussed.
Challenges of Resistivity Log As A Monitoring Technique During Carbon Dioxide Sequestration In Carbonate Formations
Authors: Adebayo Abdulrauf Rasheed , Mahmoud Mohammed , Al-Yousef Hasan Y
Published: July 2014

Electrical resistivity measurement technique is being used to evaluate the remaining oil in place during carbon dioxide (CO2) – EOR and it is currently extended to CO2 sequestration projects for tracking and quantifying carbon dioxide migration. Seismic method is another technique but it becomes less effective at about 40% of CO2 saturation giving resistivity technique an edge. However, the complexity of carbonate rocks with respect to the heterogeneity of its pore character and wettability, and the susceptibility of these factors to Carbon dioxide – Brine – Rock interaction (CBRI) can make such technique intractable for fluid monitoring in carbonate formations. This paper reviews the suitability of resistivity measurement for carbon dioxide monitoring. We reviewed the factors affecting resistivity-based saturation models with a focus on a new insight into how electrical properties of carbonate formation can be dependent on CBRI and on time. Laboratory study involved injecting supercritical CO2 into representative brine saturated core samples under reservoir and a closed boundary condition such that injected CO2 remained in place for a considerable length of time. A data acquisition system was designed to log core resistivity, temperature, pore pressure, and overburden pressure with time. Results revealed changes in rocks' pore character and rock electrical behavior over CO2 storage time. The resulting effects and challenges on resistivity measurements and estimation of carbon dioxide saturation distribution are also elaborated. Finally, a proposal into addressing these challenges is presented.
A Preliminary Investigation on Cyclic Steam Stimulation Recovery of Nigerian Heavy Oil
Authors: Ademodi B. , Alade O. S. , Abolarin S. O. , Adelakun S. O.
Published: July 2014

This work presents preliminary investigation on enhanced recovery of Nigerian heavy oil using cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) method. After two cycles of steam stimulation (1.88 wt/wt steam to oil ratio), it was observed that steam at pressure of 20 psig (126°C, 11.3 kgh-1) produced 78% of original oil in place (OOP). The recovery factor was increased to 91% following addition of alkaline solution (20ml, 0.2M NaOH). The average production rates of 0.63 liter/day and 0.83 liter/day were obtained for the system with steam injection only and the system with steam/alkaline addition, respectively.
Petroleum Reserves Growth Trend and Pattern: A Case Study of the Niger Delta Basin in Nigeria
Authors: Kingsley-Akpara Chiamaka , Iledare Omowunmi O.
Published: July 2014

For the purpose of this paper, reserves growth is classified into three main categories: new pool discoveries, reserves revision and reserves extension. For each category, there are distinct factors affecting positive and residual reserves growth. The paper shows that fiscal/policy incentives, crude oil price and modern technology are necessary conditions to expand petroleum reserves, thereby prolonging the end of petroleum era in Nigeria. The deepwater remain the most promising area for further significant reserves growth. Therefore, the existing Production Sharing Contract (PSC) deepwater field development projects will undoubtedly impact positively to the country's production and reserves blueprint toward the 40 billion and 4.0 MMBBL per day targets by 2020.