bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The beak and unfeathered skin as heat radiators in the southern ground‐hornbill
Authors: Janse van Vuuren Andries K. , Kemp Lucy V. , McKechnie Andrew E.
Published: April 2020

The avian beak is increasingly recognised as an important organ for thermoregulation, particularly in disproportionately large‐beaked taxa such as toucans and hornbills. We used infrared thermography to test the prediction that southern ground‐hornbills Bucorvus leadbeateri physiologically regulate the surface temperature of their beak (Tbeak), as well as that of their facial (Tfacial) and gular skin (Tgular) in such a way that these surfaces provide avenues for non‐evaporative heat dissipation in warm weather. Our data, collected over air temperatures (Ta) ranging from 11°C to 36°C, supported these predictions. At Ta < 20°C, Tbeak tracked Ta, but rapidly increased to values 6–12°C above Ta at Ta = 20–22°C. The Tbeak–Ta gradient was maintained at approximately 7°C between Ta = 22°C and 28°C, before decreasing linearly with Ta > 28°C. We also found evidence for active regulation of Tfacial and Tgular, with both surfaces regulated at approximately constant increments above Ta up to inflection Ta values of 22°C and 29°C, respectively. The presence of inflection Ta values corresponding with abrupt changes in physiological regulation of these surface areas suggests a high degree of physiological control. Estimates of heat exchange suggest that SGH may be able to dissipate up to 75% of basal metabolic rate via these surfaces, confiming the beak and areas of unfeathered skin play an important thermoregulatory role in these large, distinctive and threatened birds.
Extra‐pair copulations can insure female blue tits against male infertility
Authors: Santema Peter , Teltscher Kim , Kempenaers Bart
Published: April 2020

Mating outside the pair‐bond occurs frequently in socially monogamous birds, but the benefits that females gain from this behaviour remain debated. One hypothesis is that females engage in extra‐pair copulations (EPCs) to ensure that their clutch is fertilised in case their own mate is infertile, but evidence for this idea is scarce. We report on a case of an infertile male blue tit that bred in three successive years with three different females. In the first year, all eggs were sired by an extra‐pair male whereas in the second year all eggs were unfertilised and contained no sperm. In the third year, the female produced two clutches that were fertilised by an extra‐pair male, but – unlike ‘normal’ clutches – sperm numbers on the perivitelline membrane decreased rapidly over the laying sequence. Our findings show that blue tit females mated to an infertile male can escape reproductive failure by engaging in EPCs and support previous suggestions that EPCs in blue tits cease after the onset of egg laying.
Pathological, ultrasonographic, and electrophysiological characterization of clinically diagnosed cases of pure neuritic leprosy
Authors: Shukla Bhaskar , Verma Rajesh , Kumar Vijay , Kumar Manoj , Malhotra Kiran P. , Garg Ravindra K. , Malhotra Hardeep S. , Sharma Praveen K. , Kumar Neeraj , Uniyal Ravi , Pandey Shweta , Rizvi Imran
Published: April 2020

A subset of neuritic form of leprosy, called pure neuritic leprosy (PNL), seen in a minority of leprosy patients, is characterized by peripheral neuropathy without skin lesions and an absence of acid‐fast bacilli on skin smears. Patients with PNL are often started on drug therapy without confirmation of diagnosis. We, therefore, did a prospective study of clinically diagnosed PNL patients with correlation of ultrasonographic and biopsy findings. A total of 100 consecutive patients with PNL, diagnosed according to the consensus case definition, were included in the study. All patients underwent nerve conduction study, peripheral nerve ultrasonography, and sural nerve biopsy. Multiple mononeuropathies were present in 75% of cases, mononeuropathy in 18%, and polyneuropathy in the remaining 7%. Compared to clinical examination, ultrasonographic assessment of the peripheral nerves was not only better at the detection of thickening but also helped in characterization of their fascicular architecture, echogenicity, and vascularity. A total of 32 cases were confirmed on nerve biopsy, out of which 75% had demonstrable lepra bacilli. Cranial nerve involvement, presence of trophic ulcers, and bilateral thickening of the great auricular nerve were significantly associated with the positivity of lepra bacilli. A significant improvement in the disability score happened after multidrug therapy. A comprehensive electrophysiologic, ultrasonographic, and histological evaluation may be helpful in establishing a diagnosis of PNL with greater confidence, while ruling out other non‐leprosy diagnoses.
Efficacy of ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.) seed at graded levels of dietary threonine on growth performance, serum metabolites, intestinal morphology and microbial population in broiler chickens
Authors: Kolbadinejad Alireza , Rezaeipour Vahid
Published: April 2020

The present study investigated the influence of dietary threonine (Thr) levels and ajwain seed (AS) on the growth performance, immunity, blood metabolites, ileal microflora and jejunum morphology of broiler chickens. A total of 600‐day‐old male broiler chickens (Ross 308) were randomly allocated among five replicates of eight dietary treatments according to a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, including four different levels of Thr (100, 105, 110 and 115% of requirements) and two inclusion rates of AS (0 or 10 g/kg of the diet). Body weight gain and FCR improved in broiler chickens fed 105% Thr supplement during the starter, finisher and whole periods of the experiment (p < .05). The broiler chickens fed AS supplemented diet had a greater weight gain (25–42 days) and better FCR (1–10 and 25–42 days) than those without AS (p < .05). A significant interaction was observed between Thr and AS supplementation for lymphocyte, heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L), bursa and spleen (p < .05). The liver enzyme activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was higher in the chicks that received diet without AS supplement than those fed AS diet (p < .05). Inclusion of 105% dietary Thr and 10 g/kg AS increased the viable cell counts of Lactobacilli and decreased the population of the Escherichia coli in broilers (p < .05). In jejunum morphology, the broiler chickens fed 105% Thr diet had a greater villus length, width and crypt depth (p < .05). Also, the villus length was longer in broilers that received AS supplemented diet (p < .05). It is concluded that the dietary 105% of Thr and AS supplement individually improved growth performance, ileal microbial population and jejunum morphology of broiler chickens.
Aversion of the invasive Asian longhorned tick to the white‐footed mouse, the dominant reservoir of tick‐borne pathogens in the U.S.A.
Authors: Ronai I. , Tufts D. M. , Diuk‐Wasser M. A.
Published: April 2020

The Asian longhorned tick (Haemaphysalis longicornis) was reported for the first time in the U.S.A. in 2017 and has now spread across 12 states. The potential of this invasive tick vector to transmit pathogens will be determined through its association to hosts, such as the white‐footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus), which is the primary reservoir for the causative agent of Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) and other zoonotic pathogens. Larval H. longicornis were placed on P. leucopus; 65% of the larvae (n = 40) moved off the host within a short period of time, and none engorged. By contrast, larval blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) did not move from where they were placed in the ear of the mouse. A laboratory behavioural assay was then conducted to assess the interaction of H. longicornis with the hair of potential mammalian host species in the U.S.A. H. longicornis larvae were significantly less likely to enter the hair zone of P. leucopus and humans compared to the hair of domestic cats, domestic dogs and white‐tailed deer. This study identifies a tick–host interaction behaviour, which can be quantified in a laboratory assay to predict tick–host associations and provides insights into how ticks select a host.
Rubisco and carbon‐concentrating mechanism co‐evolution across chlorophyte and streptophyte green algae
Authors: Goudet Myriam M. M. , Orr Douglas J. , Melkonian Michael , Müller Karin H. , Meyer Moritz T. , Carmo‐Silva Elizabete , Griffiths Howard
Published: April 2020

Green algae expressing a carbon‐concentrating mechanism (CCM) are usually associated with a Rubisco‐containing micro‐compartment, the pyrenoid. A link between the small subunit (SSU) of Rubisco and pyrenoid formation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has previously suggested that specific RbcS residues could explain pyrenoid occurrence in green algae.

A phylogeny of RbcS was used to compare the protein sequence and CCM distribution across the green algae and positive selection in RbcS was estimated. For six streptophyte algae, Rubisco catalytic properties, affinity for CO2 uptake (K0.5), carbon isotope discrimination (δ13C) and pyrenoid morphology were compared.

The length of the βA–βB loop in RbcS provided a phylogenetic marker discriminating chlorophyte from streptophyte green algae. Rubisco kinetic properties in streptophyte algae have responded to the extent of inducible CCM activity, as indicated by changes in inorganic carbon uptake affinity, δ13C and pyrenoid ultrastructure between high and low CO2 conditions for growth.

We conclude that the Rubisco catalytic properties found in streptophyte algae have coevolved and reflect the strength of any CCM or degree of pyrenoid leakiness, and limitations to inorganic carbon in the aquatic habitat, whereas Rubisco in extant land plants reflects more recent selective pressures associated with improved diffusive supply of the terrestrial environment.
Modelling Asthma Cases by Count Analysis Approach: Poisson INGARCH and Negative Binomial INGARCH
Authors: Jamaludin 'Aaishah Radziah , Yusof Fadhilah , Suhartono Suhartono
Published: April 2020

Johor Bahru with its rapid development where pollution is an issue that needs to be considered because it has contributed to the number of asthma cases in this area. Therefore, the goal of this study is to investigate the behaviour of asthma disease in Johor Bahru by count analysis approach namely; Poisson Integer Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (Poisson-INGARCH) and Negative Binomial INGARCH (NB-INGARCH) with identity and log link function. Intervention analysis was conducted since the outbreak in the asthma data for the period of July 2012 to July 2013. This occurs perhaps due to the extremely bad haze in Johor Bahru from Indonesian fires. The estimation of the parameter will be done by quasi-maximum likelihood estimation. Model assessment was evaluated from the Pearson residuals, cumulative periodogram, the probability integral transform (PIT) histogram, log-likelihood value, Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC) and Bayesian information criterion (BIC). Our result shows that NB-INGARCH with identity and log link function is adequate in representing the asthma data with uncorrelated Pearson residuals, higher in log likelihood, the PIT exhibits normality yet the lowest AIC and BIC. However, in terms of forecasting accuracy, NB-INGARCH with identity link function performed better with the smaller RMSE (8.54) for the sample data. Therefore, NB-INGARCH with identity link function can be applied as the prediction model for asthma disease in Johor Bahru. Ideally, this outcome can assist the Department of Health in executing counteractive action and early planning to curb asthma diseases in Johor Bahru.
Logistic Regression Ensemble (LORENS) Applied to Drug Discovery
Authors: Widhianingsih T Dwi Ary , Kuswanto Heri , Prastyo Dedy Dwi
Published: April 2020

Logistic regression is one of the commonly used classification methods. It has some advantages, specifically related to hypothesis testing and its objective function. However, it also has some disadvantages in the case of high-dimensional data, such as multicolinearity, over-fitting, and a high computational burden. Ensemblebased classification methods have been proposed to overcome these problems. The logistic regression ensemble (LORENS) method is expected to improve the classification performance of basic logistic regression. In this paper, we apply it to the case of drug discovery with the objective of obtaining candidate compounds to protect the normal non-cancerous cells, which is considered to be a problem with a data-set of high dimensionality. The experimental results show that it performs well, with an accuracy of 69% and AUC of 0.7306.
Individual risk factors associated with exertional heat illness: A systematic review
Authors: Westwood Caroline S. , Fallowfield Joanne L. , Delves Simon K. , Nunns Michael , Ogden Henry B. , Layden Joseph D.
Published: April 2020

New Findings

What is the topic of this review?

Exertional heat illness (EHI) remains a persistent problem for athletes and individuals. This threat remains despite numerous athletic position statements and occupational guidance policies. This review explores primary evidence that demonstrates a direct association between ‘known’ risk factors and EHI.

What advances does it highlight?

Primary evidence to support ‘known’ risk factors associated with EHI is not comprehensive. Furthermore, it is not evident that single individual factors predispose individuals to greater risk. In fact, the evidence indicates that EHI can manifest in non‐hostile compensable environments when a combination of risk factors is prevalent.

Despite the widespread knowledge of exertional heat illness (EHI) and clear guidance for its prevention, the incidence of EHI remains high. We carried out a systematic review of available literature evaluating the scientific evidence underpinning the risk factors associated with EHI. Medline, PsycINFO, SportDiscus and Embase were searched from inception to January 2019 with no date limitation, with supplementary searches also being performed. Search terms included permutations of risk and heat illness, with only studies in English included. Study selection, data extraction and quality assessment, using the QUALSYST tool, were performed by two independent reviewers. Of 8898 articles identified by the searches, 42 were included in the systematic review as primary evidence demonstrating a link between a risk factor and EHI. The quality scores ranged from 57.50 to 100%, and studies were generally considered to be of strong quality. The majority of risks attributable to EHI were categorized as those associated with lifestyle factors. The findings from the systematic review suggest complex manifestation of EHI through multiple risk factors rather than any one factor in isolation. Further research is needed to explore the accumulation of risk factors to help in development of effective preventative measures.
Block-sparse two-dimensional off-grid beamforming with arbitrary planar array geometry
Authors: Park Yongsung , Seong Woojae , Gerstoft Peter
Published: April 2020

For a sound field observed on a planar sensor array, compressive sensing (CS) reconstructs the two-dimensional (2D) direction-of-arrival (DOA) of multiple sources using a sparsity constraint. Conventional compressive beamforming methods suffer from grid mismatch, where true DOAs do not fall on the discretized angular search grid. This paper adopts a CS-based model, which can reconstruct block-sparse signals, and the model treats DOAs and the off-grid DOA compensation parts as blocks to deal with the off-grid 2D beamforming. The method is illustrated by numerical simulations and shows high estimation accuracy. Also, the approach does not require a specific array configuration and is suitable for arbitrary planar array geometry, which is practically useful. Since propeller tip vortex cavitation induces noise sources located sparsely near the propeller tip, the high-resolution of the method is demonstrated with experimental data from cavitation tunnel experiments.
reptate rheology software: Toolkit for the analysis of theories and experiments
Authors: Boudara Victor A. H. , Read Daniel J. , Ramírez Jorge
Published: April 2020

We present a new, free, and open source reptate (rheology of entangled polymers: toolkit for analysis of theory and experiment) software package for viewing, exchanging, and analyzing rheological and associated data. The main idea of reptate is to propose a powerful and user-friendly platform, which can be installed on the same computer as, e.g., the rheometer and which makes comparing experiments with classical, or latest, theories easy—without the need for a theoretician. The new reptate software offers full compatibility with different operating systems (Windows, Mac, and Linux). We demonstrate the use of reptate by reproducing predictions of recently published articles, from entangled, monodisperse, and polydisperse linear chains to branch-on-branch polymer systems in linear and nonlinear rheology regimes.
Tracking the Dairy Microbiota from Farm Bulk Tank to Skimmed Milk Powder
Authors: McHugh Aoife J. , Feehily Conor , Fenelon Mark A. , Gleeson David , Hill Colin , Cotter Paul D.
Published: April 2020

Microorganisms can enter and persist in dairy at several stages of the processing chain. Detection of microorganisms within dairy food processing is currently a time-consuming and often inaccurate process. This study provides evidence that high-throughput sequencing can be used as an effective tool to accurately identify microorganisms along the processing chain. In addition, it demonstrates that the populations of microbes change from raw milk to the end product. Routine implementation of high-throughput sequencing would elucidate the factors that influence population dynamics. This will enable a manufacturer to adopt control measures specific to each stage of processing and respond in an effective manner, which would ultimately lead to increased food safety and quality.
2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic: Built Environment Considerations To Reduce Transmission
Authors: Dietz Leslie , Horve Patrick F. , Coil David A. , Fretz Mark , Eisen Jonathan A. , Van Den Wymelenberg Kevin
Published: April 2020

With the rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that results in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), corporate entities, federal, state, county, and city governments, universities, school districts, places of worship, prisons, health care facilities, assisted living organizations, daycares, homeowners, and other building owners and occupants have an opportunity to reduce the potential for transmission through built environment (BE)-mediated pathways. Over the last decade, substantial research into the presence, abundance, diversity, function, and transmission of microbes in the BE has taken place and revealed common pathogen exchange pathways and mechanisms.
Post-rift magmatism on the northern South China Sea margin
Authors: Sun Qiliang , Alves Tiago M. , Zhao Minghui , Sibuet Jean-Claude , Calvès Gérôme , Xie Xinong
Published: April 2020

Intense magmatism in the form of widespread volcanoes and lava flows is identified in high-resolution 3-D seismic data over a post-rift sequence of the northern South China Sea (SCS). Such a magmatism post-dates the end of seafloor spreading in the SCS by at least 6.8 m.y. A detachment (boundary) fault propagating into a deep-seated magma chamber provided the main vertical pathway for magma migration. In turn, normal faults and dykes constituted a shallow plumbing system through which the magma migrated from the boundary fault and was extruded onto the paleo-seafloor. Volcanism occurred in the study area from ca. 8.2 Ma to ca. 1.1 Ma in the form of two distinct events, dated ca. 5.2 Ma and ca. 2.8 Ma, which are correlated with the Dongsha Event. Extrusive magma formed volcano edifices and extensive lava flows; the latter of which were confined to the troughs of sediment waves or, instead, flowed along submarine canyons. As a corollary, this study shows that in the SCS: (1) young magmatism is widespread on the northern continental margin, (2) seafloor morphology greatly influences the architecture of deep-water volcanoes, and (3) syn-rift faults (especially detachment faults) reactivated by regional tectonics closely control the magma plumbing systems.
Clinical ethics report on the resuscitation of a patient in the emergency department with an uncertain resuscitation status and an implantable cardiac defibrillator
Authors: Neal-Smith Gregory , Crellin Adam , Caseley Rebekah
Published: April 2020

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation of a patient with an uncertain resuscitation status, and a discharging implantable cardiac defibrillator, presents a significant ethical challenge to healthcare professionals in the emergency department. Presently, no literature discusses these challenges or their implications for ethical healthcare delivery. This report will discuss the issues that arose during the management of such a case and attempt to raise awareness among healthcare professionals to ensure better preparation for similar situations.
Understanding the Role of Solvents on the Morphological Structure and Li-Ion Conductivity of Poly(vinylidene fluoride)-Based Polymer Electrolytes
Authors: Zhou Chengtian , Bag Sourav , Lv Bowen , Thangadurai Venkataraman
Published: April 2020

Polymer-based solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) are promising candidates to enhance the performances of current lithium-ion batteries (LiBs), as they possess advantages of facile processing and flexibility over ceramic SSEs. However, polymer SSEs such as poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) suffer from low ionic conductivity, a limited voltage stability window, and thermal stability. Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)-based polymer electrolytes (PPEs) with lean solvent confinement provide improved ionic conductivity and outstanding chemical/electrochemical stability. In this study, we report the effects of different solvents on the morphological structure and ionic conductivity of PPEs. We demonstrate that solvents with relatively high boiling points (dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), and dimethylacetamide (DMA)) can be trapped in PPEs, and they all have positive effects on the ionic conductivity. The ionic conductivity is related to the quantity of the trapped solvent; for a PPE with DMF retention of ∼20%, the ionic conductivity is about 0.1 mS cm−1. Increasing the amount of lithium salt was found to improve the solvent retention but at the cost of membranes’ mechanical property. It is also possible to introduce a low boiling point co-solvent in order to reduce the production cost and drying duration for manufacturing PPEs.
Impact of the Microporous Layer on Gas Diffusion Layers with Patterned Wettability I: Material Design and Characterization
Authors: Manzi-Orezzoli Victoria , Siegwart Muriel , Scheuble Dirk , Chen Yen-Chun , Schmidt Thomas J. , Boillat Pierre
Published: April 2020

Gas diffusion media is one of the main components affecting the water management in polymer electrolyte fuel cells, which is key for a high and stable performance. Building up on our previously designed gas diffusion layers (GDLs) with patterned wettability, we included in this study customized microporous layers (MPLs) with the target to enhance the effect of hydrophilic water pathways and reduce mass transport losses. The MPLs were modified by introducing “weak points” using electron induced radiation grafting or local mechanical perforation, in order to canalize the water injection to the hydrophilic pattern of the GDL. We describe the techniques used for gas diffusion media modification, their limitations and their influence on water distribution. We also study in detail the impact of different water injection methods on water distribution, in particular comparing capillary pressure water injection to electrochemical water production. The important differences observed between these two methods, were attributed to the absence of hydraulic connection between the water injection points in the latter case. Although the ex situ characterization shows that the local MPL modifications were successful, the targeted canalization of water injection was not observed, calling for future MPL modifications with an improved lateral transport.
Ambient Air Operation Rechargeable Lithium-Air Battery with Acetic Acid Catholyte
Authors: Soga Shuhei , Bai Fan , Zhang Tao , Kakimoto Kouichi , Mori Daisuke , Taminato Sou , Takeda Yasuo , Yamamoto Osamu , Imanishi Nobuyuki
Published: April 2020

Lithium-air batteries are expected as next-generation secondary batteries for electric vehicles because of their high energy density. In particular, an aqueous lithium-air battery that uses an aqueous electrolyte has advantages such as a high power density and availability of operation under an air atmosphere. Here, we show the feasibility of an acidic aqueous lithium-air battery that consists of a lithium anode, a lithium-ion conducting liquid interlayer, a solid lithium-ion conductor separator of Li1.4Al0.4Ge0.2Ti1.4(PO4)3, an acetic acid catholyte, and a fuel cell-analogous air electrode. The theoretical energy density of this system based on the masses of the lithium anode, oxygen, and acetic acid is 1340 Wh kg−1. This system was successfully cycled at 0.2 mA cm−2 for 5 h polarization and room temperature under an air atmosphere for 30 cycles.
The Role of Beta HPV Types and HPV-Associated Inflammatory Processes in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Tampa Mircea , Mitran Cristina Iulia , Mitran Madalina Irina , Nicolae Ilinca , Dumitru Adrian , Matei Clara , Manolescu Loredana , Popa Gabriela Loredana , Caruntu Constantin , Georgescu Simona Roxana
Published: April 2020

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a common form of skin cancer with a complex but not fully understood pathogenesis. Recent research suggests the role of beta human papillomavirus (HPV) types and HPV-associated inflammatory processes in cSCC development. Beta HPV types are components of the normal flora; however, under the influence of certain cofactors, the virus may trigger a malignant process. Dysregulation of the immune system (chronic inflammation and immunosuppression), environmental factors (ultraviolet radiation), and genetic factors are the most important cofactors involved in beta HPV-related carcinogenesis. In addition, the oncoproteins E6 and E7 of beta HPV types differ biochemically from their counterparts in the structure of alpha HPV types, resulting in different mechanisms of action in carcinogenesis. The aim of our manuscript is to present an updated point of view on the involvement of beta HPV types in cSCC pathogenesis.
Faulty Line Selection Based on Modified CEEMDAN Optimal Denoising Smooth Model and Duffing Oscillator for Un-Effectively Grounded System
Authors: Hou Sizu , Guo Wei
Published: April 2020

As the un-effectively grounded system fails, the zero-sequence current contains strong noise and nonstationary features. This paper proposes a novel faulty line selection method based on modified complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (MCEEMDAN) and Duffing oscillator. Here, based on multiscale permutation entropy, fuzzy c-means clustering, and general regression neural network for abnormal signal detection, the MCEEMDAN is proposed. The endpoint mirror method is used to suppress the endpoint effect problem in the decomposition stage. The proposed algorithm is able to decompose the original signal into a series of intrinsic mode functions, which can complete the first filtering. The research shows that it can efficiently suppress the mode confusing phenomenon of empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and is also more complete and orthogonal than ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) and complementary ensemble empirical mode decomposition (CEEMD). The optimal denoising smooth model is established for choosing optimal intrinsic mode functions to complete the second filtering. It can ensure that the reconstructed filtered signal has better smoothness and similarity. The optimal denoising smooth model of MCEEMDAN can not only keep useful details of the original signal but also reduce the noise and smooth signal. The bifurcation characteristic of the chaotic oscillator is applied in weak signal detection. The zero-sequence current’s denoising result is extracted as the input signal of the Duffing system. The faulty line could be selected by observing the phase diagram of the system. The research results verify the usability and effectiveness of the proposed method.
Protein Contact Map Prediction Based on ResNet and DenseNet
Authors: Li Zhong , Lin Yuele , Elofsson Arne , Yao Yuhua
Published: April 2020

Residue‐residue contact prediction has become an increasingly important tool for modeling the three‐dimensional structure of a protein when no homologous structure is available. Ultradeep residual neural network (ResNet) has become the most popular method for making contact predictions because it captures the contextual information between residues. In this paper, we propose a novel deep neural network framework for contact prediction which combines ResNet and DenseNet. This framework uses 1D ResNet to process sequential features, and besides PSSM, SS3, and solvent accessibility, we have introduced a new feature, position‐specific frequency matrix (PSFM), as an input. Using ResNet’s residual module and identity mapping, it can effectively process sequential features after which the outer concatenation function is used for sequential and pairwise features. Prediction accuracy is improved following a final processing step using the dense connection of DenseNet. The prediction accuracy of the protein contact map shows that our method is more effective than other popular methods due to the new network architecture and the added feature input.
Repairing and Analgesic Effects of Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation in Mice with Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Wu Ling-ling , Pan Xiao-ming , Chen Hao-hao , Fu Xiao-yan , Jiang Jinzhan , Ding Ming-xing
Published: April 2020

Transplantation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC‐MSCs) into spinal cord injury (SCI) may alleviate neuropathic pain and promote functional recovery. The underlying mechanism likely involves activation of glial cells and regulation of inflammatory factors but requires further validation. SCI was induced in 16 ICR mice using an SCI compression model, followed by injection of lentiviral vector‐mediated green fluorescent protein‐ (GFP‐) labeled hUC‐MSCs 1 week later. Behavioral tests, histological evaluation, and inflammatory factor detection were performed in the treatment (SCI+hUC‐MSCs) and model (SCI) groups. Histological evaluation revealed GFP expression in the spinal cord tissue of the treatment group, implying that the injected MSCs successfully migrated to the SCI. The Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scores showed that motor function gradually recovered over time in both groups, but recovery speed was significantly higher in the treatment group than in the model group. The pain threshold in mice decreased after SCI but gradually increased over time owing to the self‐repair function of the body. The corresponding pain threshold of the treatment group was significantly higher than that of the model group, indicating the therapeutic and analgesic effects of hUC‐MSCs. Expression of IL‐6 and TNF‐α in the spinal cord tissue of the treated group decreased, whereas glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) expression along with ED1 expression increased compared with those in the model group, suggesting that SCI activated ED1 inflammatory macrophages/microglia, which were subsequently reduced by hUC‐MSC transplantation. hUC‐MSCs are speculated to enhance the repair of the injured spinal cord tissue and exert an analgesic effect by reducing the secretion of inflammatory factors IL‐6 and TNF‐α and upregulating the expression of GDNF.
Evaluation of Acid‐Modified Ethiopian Potato (Plectranthus edulis) Starch as Directly Compressible Tablet Excipient
Authors: Gulla Amsalu , Getachew Afewerk , Haile Tsadkan Gebremeskel , Molla Fantahun
Published: April 2020

Ethiopian potato is one of the tuber‐bearing members of the family Lamiaceae. It is an indigenous crop in Ethiopia and important source of starch. Unprocessed native starches are structurally weak and functionally restricted for application in pharmaceutical technologies. Consequently, starch is usually modified either chemically or physically to make it convenient for industrial use. The aim of the study was to prepare and characterize acid‐modified Ethiopian potato starch (AMEPS) and evaluate its functionality as a direct compressible excipient in tablet formulations. The extracted starch from Ethiopian potato tuber was modified using 6% HCl concentration for 8 days, then dried using oven and spray drying techniques, and subsequently evaluated and compared with the native Ethiopian potato starch (NEPS) and S1500® as a direct compressible excipient. Acid modification of the NEPS decreased the moisture content and swelling power while increased the percent solubility. The X‐ray diffraction revealed that both the NEPS and AMEPS have B‐type crystal patterns. The AMEPS showed improved flowability compared to the NEPS. This improvement was further enhanced by the spray drying process. The compactability study revealed that the tensile strength of spray‐dried AMEPS (16.76 kg/cm2) was significantly higher than that of the spray‐dried NEPS (7.07 kg/cm2) and S1500® (11.66 kg/cm2). The AMEPS was less sensitive to lubricants compared to the NEPS and Starch 1500®. Similarly, the dilution potential of the AMEPS was superior to the NEPS and S1500®. The AMEPS accommodated up to 50% of paracetamol while the NEPS and S1500® were able to hold only up to 30%. Pharmacopoeial specifications for disintegration and dissolution were met by the paracetamol tablets prepared by AMEPS. Thus, considering all the results obtained, spray‐dried AMEPS could be a potential alternative directly compressible tablet excipient.
Impact of Mean and Variability of High‐Density Lipoprotein‐Cholesterol on the Risk of Myocardial Infarction, Stroke, and Mortality in the General Population
Authors: Han Byung‐Hun , Han Kyungdo , Yoon Kun‐Ho , Kim Mee Kyoung , Lee Seung‐Hwan
Published: April 2020

Background

A low level of high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (
HDL
‐C) is a well‐known risk factor for cardiovascular events. Recent studies have also suggested that
HDL
‐C variability has a predictive role in patients with coronary artery disease. We investigated the combined effect of the mean and variability of
HDL
‐C on the risk of myocardial infarction (
MI
), stroke, and mortality in the general population.

Methods and Results

We selected 5 433 098 subjects in the Korean National Health Insurance System cohort who had no history of
MI
or stroke and who underwent ≥3 health examinations between 2009 and 2013. Visit‐to‐visit
HDL
‐C variability was calculated using the coefficient of variation, variability independent of the mean and average real variability. The low‐mean and high‐variability groups were defined as the lowest and highest quartiles of
HDL
‐C mean and variability, respectively. There were 27 605 cases of
MI
, 31 162 cases of stroke, and 50 959 deaths during the median follow‐up of 5.1±0.6 years. A lower mean or higher variability (coefficient of variation) of
HDL
‐C was associated with a higher risk of adverse outcomes, and the 2 measures had an additive effect. In the multivariable‐adjusted model, the hazard ratios (95% CIs) of the low‐mean/high‐variability group compared with the high‐mean/low‐variability group were 1.47 (1.41–1.54) for
MI
, 1.23 (1.18–1.28) for stroke, and 1.41 (1.36–1.45) for all‐cause mortality. Results were consistent when variability was modeled using variability independent of the mean or average real variability, and in various sensitivity and subgroup analyses.

Conclusions

Low mean and high variability of
HDL
‐C is associated with an increased risk of
MI
, stroke, and mortality.
Toward an Integrative Service Design Framework and Future Agendas
Authors: Yu Eun
Published: April 2020

This article aims to understand different service design concepts and investigate how multiple service design concepts may be better integrated and interconnected based on mutually benefitting relationships. It proposes a typology of three service design concepts and an integrative service design framework, which guides specific pathways for cross-fertilization between marketing/management-centric and design-centric service designs and the expansion of multidisciplinary service design. The framework can serve as a frame of reference for discussing service design and as a tool to position existing and future service design studies in the wide landscape of service designs.
Fourteen new species of the genus Thubdora Park, 2018 (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea: Lecithoceridae) from Uganda, and three new combinations in Ptilothyris Walsingham, 1897 from DR Congo
Authors: PARK KYU-TEK , MEY WOLFRAM , KOO JUN-MO , DE PRINS JURATE , AKITE PERPETRA , CHO SOOWON
Published: April 2020

Fourteen new species of the Afrotropical genus Thubdora Park, 2018 (Lecithoceridae: Torodorinae) are described from Uganda: Thubdora afropyralidis Park, sp. nov., T. fruticosa Park, sp. nov., T. kibalensis Park, sp. nov., T. klenodes Park, sp. nov., T. latidiscalis Park, sp. nov., T. mirinae Park, sp. nov., T. nemorosa Park, sp. nov., T. retusivalva Park, sp. nov., T. umbratilis Park, sp. nov., and T. wooriana Park, sp. nov. in the aciphalla species-group (10 species); and T. corystos Park, sp. nov., T. narusia Park, sp. nov., T. trigonoides Park, sp. nov., and T. villosiphalla Park, sp. nov. in the acutalis species-group (four species). Four species are reported for the first time from Uganda: T. ambliodes Park, 2018, T. bilobella Park, 2018, T. ealaensis Park & De Prins, 2019, and T. ghesquierei Park & De Prins, 2019; and the females of T. ealaensis and T. ghesquierei are newly described, and their genitalia are illustrated. In addition, three species of Ptilothyris Walsingham, 1897 previously recorded from DR Congo are transferred to Thubdora: T. brachysema (Meyrick, 1938), comb. nov., T. crocophracta (Meyrick, 1938), comb. nov., and T. nemophorella (Ghesquière, 1940), comb. nov. Lectotypes for T. brachysema and T. crocophracta are designated herein. Identifications of the new species and corresponding females were confirmed based on the comparison of COI barcode sequences. Adults and genitalia of all the new species and the three species transferred from Ptilothyris are illustrated.
A new species of Biffarius Manning & Felder, 1991 (Decapoda: Axiidea: Callianassidae) from the intertidal coast of northeastern Brazil
Authors: HERNÁEZ PATRICIO , MIRANDA MARCEL S. , TAVARES MARCOS
Published: April 2020

A new species of intertidal ghost shrimp, Biffarius botterae, is described from Maranhão and Ceará in northeastern Brazilian coast. Diagnostic features of the new species include: (1) antennular peduncle shorter than antennal peduncle; (2) male major cheliped massive; (3) male pleopod 2 uniramous, vestigial; (4) uropodal endopod widening distally, inner lateral margin convex; and (5) anterodorsal plate of uropodal exopod absent. Biffarius Manning & Felder, 1991, now consists of four species: B. biformis (Biffar, 1971), B. botterae sp. nov., B. delicatulus Rodrigues & Manning, 1992, and B. limosus (Poore, 1975). A key to the species of Biffarius is provided.
Barrier Effect of the Indo-Pacific Maritime Continent on MJO Propagation in Observations and CMIP5 Models
Authors: Chen Guiwan , Ling Jian , Li Chongyin , Zhang Yuanwen , Zhang Chidong
Published: April 2020

This study explores possible mechanisms for the barrier effect of the Indo-Pacific Maritime Continent (MC) on MJO propagation. In particular, this study examines whether similar mechanisms can be found in both observations and CMIP5 simulations. All models simulate individual MJO events but underestimate the percentage of MJO events propagating into the MC. The simulations are grouped into the top and bottom 50% based on their capability of reproducing the MJO spectral signal. When compared with the observations, the bottom 50% of the simulations significantly underestimate the MJO strength and exaggerate the barrier effect intensity, whereas these discrepancies are not significant in the top 50% of the simulations. From the top 50% of the simulations, the MJO strength, moisture processes, and surface evaporation in the MC all play important roles in constituting the barrier effect. No such evidence is found in observations. The discrepancies may come from small observed sample size and/or misrepresentations of key physical processes in the models. A consistent result is found in the observations and simulations: Whether MJO events can cross the MC depends on the degree to which dominant precipitation over land shifts to over water in the MC as MJO convection centers approach the MC and cross it. This result emphasizes the critical role of precipitation over water in carrying convective signals of the MJO through the MC. The results suggest that diagnosing the model alone on mechanisms for the barrier effect could be misleading; further investigations using a combination of observations, global gridded data, and high-resolution models are needed.
Comparison of Methods Accounting for Subgrid-Scale Model Error in Convective-Scale Data Assimilation
Authors: Zeng Yuefei , Janjić Tijana , de Lozar Alberto , Rasp Stephan , Blahak Ulrich , Seifert Axel , Craig George C.
Published: April 2020

Different approaches for representing model error due to unresolved scales and processes are compared in convective-scale data assimilation, including the physically based stochastic perturbation (PSP) scheme for turbulence, an advanced warm bubble approach that automatically detects and triggers absent convective cells, and additive noise based on model truncation error. The analysis of kinetic energy spectrum guides the understanding of differences in precipitation forecasts. It is found that the PSP scheme results in more ensemble spread in assimilation cycles, but its effects on the root-mean-square error (RMSE) are neutral. This leads to positive impacts on precipitation forecasts that last up to three hours. The warm bubble technique does not create more spread, but is effective in reducing the RMSE, and improving precipitation forecasts for up to 3 h. The additive noise approach contributes greatly to ensemble spread, but it results in a larger RMSE during assimilation cycles. Nevertheless, it considerably improves the skill of precipitation forecasts up to 6 h. Combining the additive noise with either the PSP scheme or the warm bubble technique reduces the RMSE within cycles and improves the skill of the precipitation forecasts, with the latter being more beneficial.
The intersection and parallels of Aboriginal peoples’ and racialized migrants’ experiences of colonialism and child welfare in Canada
Authors: Ma Jennifer
Published: April 2020

Aboriginal children are chronically overrepresented across all points in the child welfare system in Canada. Parallels between the racialized migrant experience and the injustices experienced by Aboriginal peoples are reviewed, starting with the development of Canada as a nation and reviewing colonialism and racism as it relates to Aboriginal peoples’ and racialized migrants’ experiences with child welfare. This comparative analysis will illuminate how injustices continue to be reproduced, focusing on the child welfare system, as part of the devastating effects that colonization has on Aboriginal peoples, but also as evidence of colonization being reproduced through current discriminatory legislation and practices.
Help-seeking behaviors and practices among Fijian women who experience domestic violence: An exploration of the role of religiosity as a coping strategy
Authors: Tonsing Jenny , Barn Ravinder
Published: April 2020

Domestic violence continues to be a persistent social problem, tragically affecting large numbers of women and children. Many religious women look to their faith community for guidance in the aftermath of domestic violence. This article focuses on help-seeking behaviors and practices among Fijian women. Help-seeking behaviors and practices of abused women in Fiji have hitherto received little or no attention and this study seeks to address this lacuna in knowledge and understanding. A qualitative method was employed in the form of in-depth one-on-one interviews with 18 abused women to explore the nature of women’s help-seeking in response to domestic violence. Women in abusive relationships utilized a variety of coping strategies to deal with and heal from the abuse. The findings in this study reveal that in their attempt to survive and heal from experiences of abuse, women turn to their faith in their search for solace, support, and strength. For the women in this study, their faith in God is integral to their healing. This article offers an analysis of how religious involvement also provides women with possibilities of enhanced social and cultural capital that can help to reduce social isolation and enhance support networks. Implications for practice are discussed.
Differences in Nutrient Intake and Diet Quality Between Non-Hispanic Black and Non-Hispanic White Men in the United States
Authors: Thompson Terry L. , Singleton Chelsea R. , Springfield Sparkle E. , Thorpe Roland J. , Odoms-Young Angela
Published: April 2020

Objectives

Non-Hispanic black (NHB) men have higher rates of chronic disease than men in other racial/ethnic groups. Poor diet quality is one risk factor for chronic disease, but research on the diet quality and nutrient intake of NHB men is sparse. The objective of this study was to describe and compare the diet quality and nutrient intake of NHB and non-Hispanic white (NHW) men in the United States.

Methods

We analyzed cross-sectional data on 5050 men (31.3% NHB, 68.7% NHW) who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) during 2007-2012. To assess diet quality, we calculated Healthy Eating Index (HEI)–2010 scores from each participant’s 24-hour recall data. We used logistic regression models to determine if NHB men had lower odds of meeting dietary recommendations for nutrient intake than NHW men. We used linear regression models to identify significant differences in HEI-2010 scores between NHB and NHW men.

Results

After adjusting for sociodemographic measures, NHB and NHW men had similar diet quality ( P = .59). Compared with NHW men, NHB men had lower odds of meeting recommendations for dietary fiber and cholesterol intake and higher odds of meeting recommendations for saturated fat and sodium intake.

Conclusion

Differences between NHB and NHW men in the intake of certain nutrients may be related to chronic disease disparities. Future research should consider racial/ethnic differences in dietary intake among men and the impact these differences have on men’s health.