bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The structure of bronchial plugs in mucoid impaction, bronchocentric granulomatosis and asthma
Authors: JELIHOVSKY TATIANA
Published: April 2007

The structure of bronchial plugs was examined in 12 lobectomy specimens from patients with bronchocentric granulomatosis and mucoid impaction, two bronchial biopsies from patients with mucoid impaction, sections from one postmortem showing evidence of mucoid impaction and bronchocentric granulomatosis as well as aspergilloma with tissue invasion and from post‐mortems on eight patients who had died during a persisting exacerbation of their asthma. In both mucoid impaction and asthma eosinophils were arranged in layers within the mucus, but the pattern of lamination was different in the two groups. In asthma the layers of eosinophils appeared as whorls and eddies. In mucoid impaction the lamination was parallet to the circumference of the plug and the eosinophils were tightly compacted and appeared degenerate; fungal elements were found in all cases and were more readily seen among the eosinophils than in the mucus. The histological appearance of even small fragments of such plugs is diagnostic of allergic bronchopulmonary fungal disease with mucoid impaction. In all our cases bronchocentric granulomatosis appears to have been a complication of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis with mucoid impaction. The clusters of inspissated eosinophils so typical of the peripheral lesion of bronchocentric granulomatosis appear to be fragments of the mucus plugs formed in the larger bronchi.
A classification of gastric dysplasia
Authors: JASS J.R.
Published: April 2007

Epithelial dysplasia was studied in 53 surgical specimens of gastric carcinoma and eight gastric adenomas. A spectrum of dysplasia was observed, but there were two principal types. Type I resembled the epithelium lining colonic adenomas whereas type II was composed of eosinophilic cells with basally sited vesicular nuclei. These findings are compared with reports on heterogeneity within both gastric dysplasia and dysplasia in other areas of the gastrointestinal tract. A link is demonstrated between incomplete intestinal metaplasia, type II dysplasia and the more poorly differentiated cancers of intestinal type.
Histopathology of the human liver in yellow fever with special emphasis on the diagnostic role of the Councilman body
Authors: VIEIRA WILMA T. , GAYOTTO L.C. , DE LIMA C.P. , DE BRITO T.
Published: April 2007

Liver specimens from 10 cases of yellow fever (YF) were studied by light and four by electron microscopy to review morphological aspects of the disease relevant to its diagnosis, with special emphasis on acidophilic bodies (AB) and on the possible presence of the virus within infected cells. The AB were compared with those found in 22 out of 69 liver specimens with other pathological processes. In YF the typical alteration was an acidophilic hepatocellular necrosis with a preferential midzonal distribution. Ceroid pigment was abundant, its amount was proportional to the degree of liver cell damage and it was found in altered hepatocytes and Kupffer cells in the most damaged areas. The inflammatory infiltrate was scanty, not only in portal tracts, but also within the lobules. Electron microscopically, no viral particles were found in liver cells or AB. The latter appeared as round or elliptical cytoplasmic masses, surrounded by a conspicuous cellular membrane and densely packed with organelles, fat vacuoles and residual bodies. They differed from AB in other liver diseases by the presence of fat vacuoles and ceroid pigment. Some peculiarities of AB in other liver diseases such as presence of bile pigment and iron, would depend upon the presence of these pigments in the hepatocytes which originated them.
Basal cell carcinomatous changes on the lower leg: a possible association with chronic venous stasis
Authors: BLACK M.M. , WALKDEN VALERIE M.
Published: April 2007

Twenty‐one patients are reported who developed basal cell carcinomas on the lower leg. The commonest presentation was of a chronic ‘stasis’ ulcer which usually occurred at atypical sites. It is suggested that the development of basal cell carcinoma changes on the lower leg is a not infrequent complication of chronic venous stasis.
Merkel cell carcinoma of the skin: the structure and origin of normal Merkel cells
Authors: FRIGERIO B. , CAPELLA C. , EUSEB V. , TENTI P. , AZZOPARDI J. G.
Published: April 2007

A series of 15 Merkel cell tumours of skin is reported. They occur dominantly on the head and neck and on the extremities of elderly women, frequently presenting as a reddish nodule. Three cases were associated with squamous carcinoma at the same site, an association deserving further study. There are two main patterns: the commoner one takes the form of a trabecular carcinoma in the dermis mimicking metastatic carcinoma, including oat‐cell carcinoma and neuroblastoma: a dissociated‐cell form mimicks malignant lymphymphoma. The triad of vesicular nuclei with very small nucleoli, abundant mitotic activity and apoptosis is so characteristic as to be virtually pathognomonic in conjunction with structural features. Argyrophilia is common, but Bourn fixation is necessary to demonstrate it regularly. Small round secretory granules (89 ± 18 nm) with narrow haloes, and an abundance of intermediate size filaments are among the ultrastructural hallmarks. There is a close similarity between better differentiated tumour cells and normal Merkel cells. The neural crest origin of MC is in doubt both on the basis of studies of the development and regeneration of MC and from the study of Merkel cell tumours.
Oat cell carcinoma of the oesophagus: a clinico‐pathological study of 23 cases
Authors: BRIGGS J. C. , IBRAHIM N. B. N.
Published: April 2007

A review of 955 patients with primary oesophageal carcinoma treated in this hospital revealed 23 cases of small cell anaplastic carcinoma of the oat cell type. Fifteen were females and eight were males. In each case the histological appearances were identical to those of the oat cell carcinoma which is much more commonly encountered in the lung. In none of these cases was there any evidence of a primary oat cell carcinoma outside the oesophagus. Argyrophilic granules were seen in three cases and granules of the neurosecretory type were present in five. We conclude that neither of these findings is a prerequisite for making a diagnosis of oesophageal oat cell carcinoma. The histogenesis of this tumour is reviewed and briefly discussed.
Adult respiratory distress syndrome—a review
Authors: HASLETON P.S.
Published: April 2007

Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) represents a common pathway of damage to the lungs by a wide variety of different agents. The important aetiological factors and mechanisms of lung injury are considered. Electron microscopic features as well as light microscopy are described. Factors that may modify the pathological picture are discussed. Probably the most important of these is oxygen. This gas is said to produce interstitial pulmonary fibrosis but this concept is once again questioned.
The lung parenchyma in burns
Authors: HASLETON P.S. , McWILLIAM L. , HABOUBI N.Y.
Published: April 2007

A clinicopathological correlation of the lungs on 68 cases dying from burns was carried out. The patients were divided into two main groups. Those in which the burns were the main cause of death (30 cases) and the others that had other serious underlying pathology as well as burns (38 cases). The cases were analysed sequentially in order that the evolution of the pulmonary changes could be studied. Note was made of the level of inspired oxygen received by the patient. The pulmonary changes were similar in both cases. In the first 48 h there was congestion of the alveolar walls, capillary proliferation, interstitial and intra‐alveolar oedema and intra‐alveolar haemorrhage. ‘Giant endothelial cells’ appeared at 24 h. After 48 h there were many of these structures along with intravascular microthrombi denoting disseminated intravascular coagulation. Pneumonia and septicaemia were common findings after 48 h. In some of the septicaemic patients there was basophilic staining both in the blood vessel wall as well as inside the lumen. Hyaline membranes were uncommon, being found in only four cases. Similarly interstitial and intra‐alveolar fibrosis were uncommon. Interstitial fibrosis was present in only 8/30 cases where burns were the main cause of death, and in some of these there were other causes for the fibrosis. No correlation was found between the presence of hyaline membranes, interstitial fibrosis and the percentage or duration of oxygen therapy. These findings once again question the validity of the concept of oxygen toxicity in man.
Neuroendocrine cells in cystic mucinous tumours of the ovary
Authors: LOUWERENS J.K. , SCHABERG A. , BOSMAN F.T.
Published: April 2007

The histogenesis of cystic mucinous ovarian tumours is still controversial. It has been proposed that these neoplasms may arise from metaplastic ovarian surface epithelium. Others have suggested that these tumours represent monophyletic (intestinal) types of teratoma. Against this background we have studied the presence of different types of neuroendocrine cells in a series of cystic mucinous ovarian tumours. Argyrophil neuroendocrine cells were found almost exclusively in tumours which were histologically classified as borderline or low‐grade mucinous carcinomas, whereas these cells were very rare in mucinous cystadenomas and in grade III and IV carcinomas. Several gut peptide hormones could be demonstrated in these cells, but only in borderline tumours and low‐grade mucinous carcinomas. Mucin histochemistry did not reveal characteristic patterns in these neoplasms. The results confirm that with regard to the presence of endocrine cells the epithelium of borderline mucinous cystadenomas and mucinous cystadenocarcinomas bears strong resemblance to intestinal epithelium. These findings do not rule out the possibility that these tumours arise by metaplasia from ovarian germinal epithelium but are equally compatible with a teratomatous origin. The epithelium of most benign mucinous cystadenomas resembles that of ovarian inclusion cysts.
Herpes simplex oesophagitis
Authors: McKAY J.S. , DAY D.W.
Published: April 2007

A patient is described with oesophageal ulceration due to herpes simplex virus type I. The endoscopic, light, electron microscopic, and immunohistochemical appearances are described and the literature of this under‐diagnosed entity is reviewed.
Localized amyloid of the ureter—case report and review of the literature
Authors: FARRANDS P.A. , TRIBE C.R. , SLADE N.
Published: April 2007

An unusual case of localized amyloidosis of the ureter is described and a review of the 12 previously reported cases is presented. No case had been diagnosed prior to surgery. Loin pain, with or without haematuria, associated with a sterile pyuria and an abnormal pyelogram were the commonest clinical signs. In the case reported an incidental small renal cell carcinoma was also present and the association of amyloidosis and neoplasia is discussed.
Mucin secretion and morphological changes of the mucosa in non‐neoplastic diseases of the colon
Authors: FRANZIN G. , GRIGIONI W.F. , DINA R. , SCARPA A. , ZAMBONI G.
Published: April 2007

Changes in mucin secretion and increase in height of the colonic mucosa adjacent to colorectal carcinoma (transitional mucosa) have been considered pre‐malignant. In this study similar changes (both morphological and histochemical) have been found in some cases of ulcerative colitis and ischaemic colitis, as well as in juvenile, inflammatory and hyperplastic (metaplastic) polyps. ‘Transitional’ patterns of mucin secretion also occur in some other cases of ulcerative colitis, colostomies and Crohn's disease of the colon in which the mucosa has a normal height, suggesting the changes in mucin secretion are independent of mucosal morphology. In all these pathological conditions, hyperplastic (metaplastic) mucosa also coexisted. These findings seem to suggest that: (1) ‘transitional’ changes more likely represent a secondary regenerative phenomenon rather than a premalignant one; (2) the pattern of mucin secretion is not selective enough to serve as a premalignant marker; therefore is not a valid prognostic indicator in colonic biopsies; (3) hyperplastic (metaplastic) changes might derive from ‘transitional’ mucosa as a result of a more mature phase of this exaggerated regenerative phenomenon. However, in some patients longstanding ‘transitional’ mucosa may lead to dysplasia under the influence of environmental and genetic factors.
Fibrous thyroiditis—an immunopathological study
Authors: HARACH H.R. , WILLIAMS E.D.
Published: April 2007

Riedel's thyroiditis is a rare disease which has in the past been confused with the much commoner fibrous variant of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. We have compared the histological and immunohistochemical characteristics of three cases diagnosed as Riedel's thyroiditis with five cases of the fibrous variant of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The major distinguishing features on light microscopic study were that Riedel's thyroiditis showed (a) extra‐thyroid extension of the fibrous tissue, (b) a phlebitis with distension of the vein lumen by lymphoid or fibrous tissue, and (c) relatively normal surviving thyroid tissue, while in Hashimoto's thyroiditis the fibrous tissue did not extend outside the thyroid, the veins were surrounded by fibrous tissue, but did not show a phlebitis, and all thyroid tissue was affected by the process. These findings confirm those of other workers in suggesting that there is a clear histological distinction between these two processes. The quantitative immunohistochemical studies showed that in the fibrous variant of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, cells containing kappa chains outnumbered lambda chain cells in all cases, the mean ratio of kappa to lambda being very close to that found generally in the circulation, with lambda chain cells forming 36% of all light chain containing cells. In contrast, the mean proportion of lambda chain cells in Riedel's thyroiditis was 71%. In Hashimoto's thyroiditis the dominant plasma cell was, as expected, the IgG containing cell, with IgA cells forming only 15% of all heavy chain cells. In Riedel's thyroiditis IgA containing plasma cells were unusually prominent, forming 47% of all plasma cells present. These findings confirm the separation of the two entities, and demonstrate an unusual pattern of restriction of antibody forming cells in Riedel's thyroiditis. It is possible that IgA plays a role in the pathogenesis of Riedel's thyroiditis.
The unsuspected soft tissue chondrosarcoma
Authors: MACKENZIE D. H.
Published: April 2007

Five cases of undifferentiated soft tissue sarcomas have been studied with particular reference to the identification of their mucosubstances. The use of alcian blue in solutions of magnesium chloride is described. It is suggested that undifferentiated soft tissue chondrosarcomas may be missed owing to inadequate investigation.
Osteoid osteoma transforming to aggressive (low grade malignant) osteoblastoma: a case report and literature review
Authors: PIETERSE A.S. , VERNON‐ROBERTS B. , PATERSON D.C. , CORNISH B.L. , LEWIS P.R.
Published: April 2007

The authors report a case of a typical osteoid osteoma which recurred soon after initial surgery and underwent rapid growth. The tumour eventually showed features of aggressive behaviour with local metastasis. The findings are compared with those of seven previously described benign osteoblastic tumours which showed subsequent aggressive behaviour.
An immunohistological study of reactive lymphoid tissue
Authors: MORRIS H.B. , MASON D.Y. , STEIN H. , LENNERT K.
Published: April 2007

The aim of this study was to document the patterns of cytoplasmic Ig heavy and light chain expression in reactive lymphoid tissue, using single and double immunoenzymatic labelling techniques. This investigation was undertaken, firstly, to provide information on whether the normal counterparts of high grade lymphoma cells (e.g. centroblasts, immunoblasts) ever express more than one light or heavy chain (as has been noted in the past for lymphomas) and also, secondly, to seek evidence of intraclonal ‘switching’ from cytoplasmic IgM to cytoplasmic IgG expression. Paraffin embedded sections, all showing substantial reactive changes, were analysed by means of immunoperoxidase stains for the three major immunoglobulin classes (IgG, IgM and IgA), both light chain classes and J chain. In addition, double immunoenzymatic labelling techniques were used to search for cells showing simultaneous expression of kappa and lambda light chains and cells expressing mu and gamma heavy chain. Large transformed lymphocytes showing cytoplasmic Ig‐staining in the pulp and interfollicular areas often have nuclear morphology indistinguishable from germinal centre centroblasts. There was no evidence of primitive appearing IgM‐positive cells and IgG‐positive cells of more mature morphology. In addition, immunoenzymatic staining showed that cells simultaneously expressing both IgG and IgM are only rarely encountered. When such cells were detected, the morphology was not that of a blast cell, but rather of a plasma cell containing Russell bodies. Hence it is suggested that cytoplasmic IgM switching to IgG is rarely detected by immunohistological methods in reactive tissue. Double staining for kappa and lambda revealed that cells simultaneously expressing both light chain types were not detected even among cells showing the most primitive morphology.
Immune marker expression in 53 lymphomas of high‐grade malignancy
Authors: PALLESEN G. , MADSEN M. , SCHIFTER S.
Published: April 2007

Tissue from 53 non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas of high‐grade malignancy according to the Kiel classification were analysed for cellular immunological markers. In most cases studies were performed in parallel on cell suspensions and cryostat sections. Histologically, the lymphomas were classified as anaplastic centrocytic (four), centroblastic (seven), Burkitt type (three), convoluted‐cell type (five) lymphoblastic‐unclassified (10), immunoblastic (IBL) (19) and pleomorphic T‐cell type (five). Immunological phenotyping resulted in 60% B lymphomas characterized by monotypic surface membrane Ig (SmIg) and/or cytoplasmic Ig (CIg), and 23% T lymphomas with detectable E receptors; 17% of cases were non‐expressive (O‐type). Unusual SmIg‐types were noticed in some monoclonal proliferations. Gamma (γ) and μ chains occurred simultaneously in four cases; δ chain was the only heavy‐chain in one case and a heavy‐chain was absent in one case. Cases of IBL were of T‐cell type in two cases, and two other cases were non‐expressive. The cases of B‐IBL expressed CIg in 93%, but the B lymphomas other than B‐IBL only in 38%. Receptors for Fc‐IgG and C3 were expressed by all major immune phenotypes (B, T, O), but were infrequent in lymphoblastic lymphoma unclassified (O‐type). Adoption of immunological techniques to include frozen tissue studies was necessary in order to reach a conclusion regarding the immune phenotype in several cases.
The association between precancerous‐columnar and squamous lesions of the cervix: a morphometric study
Authors: VAN ROON E. , BOON M.E. , KURVER P.J.H. , BAAK J.P.A.
Published: April 2007

A histological study of 208 cases found a strong association between the occurrence of precancerous cervical columnar and squamous lesions. This was not, however, directly related to cellular abnormalities. The criteria for adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) and its precursor lesions were defined morphometrically. With increasing abnormalities of the columnar cells, changes of the glandular and epithelial architecture were more frequently observed. Of the 20 cases morphometrically classified as AIS, only four were initially diagnosed as such, of which three were cases of ‘pure’ AIS lacking squamous cell abnormalities. Quantifying abnormalities of columnar epithelium is an important aid in the identification and classification of AIS.
Immune complex crescentic glomerulonephritis associated with pulmonary aspergillosis
Authors: SLATER D.N. , BROWN C.B. , WARD A.M. , SHORTLAND J.R. , NICHOLLS A.J. , STEPHENSON T. , MOSS S.
Published: April 2007

We describe a case of immune complex crescentic glomerulonephritis associated with invasive pulmonary Aspergillus fumigatus infection. Immunofluorescent and immunoperoxidase investigations showed the presence of Aspergillus fumigatus antigen in the glomerular immune complexes.
Immunohistochemical localization of the delta antigen associated with hepatitis B virus in liver biopsy sections embedded in Araldite
Authors: GOVINDARAJAN S. , LIM B. , PETERS R.L.
Published: April 2007

Immunohistochemical localization of the delta antigen in the nuclei of the liver tissue embedded in Araldite was successfully carried out by an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. Deplasticization, using sodium ethoxide solution, was required prior to application of immunochemical reagents. The specificity of the staining was confirmed by the abolition of positive staining after absorption of the antibody with the delta antigen.
Relationship between ultrastructure and receptor content of human primary breast cancer
Authors: LE DOUSSAL V. , PICHON M.F. , PALLUD C. , HACENE K. , GEST J. , MILGROM E.
Published: April 2007

The ultrastructure of 47 primary breast cancers was studied. For each tumour, the characteristics of approximately 200 malignant cells were examined. Eleven features were scored from 1 to 3 and multivariate analysis showed that seven of these could be used to define an ultrastructural index of differentiation. Differentiation at the ultrastructural level was associated with the presence of steroid receptors. Differentiated tumoral cells contained oestrogen receptor and progesterone receptor in 81.8% and 66.7% of cases, respectively. Poorly differentiated cells contained oestrogen receptors in 50% and progesterone receptor in 14.3% of cases. Comparison of histological grading by the method described by Scarff, Bloom & Richardson with the ultrastructural index of differentiation showed a rather loose correlation which was not significant in this group of 47 patients. The authors conclude that differentiation at tissue or cellular levels yields differing information, only the latter being closely correlated with steroid receptor presence.
An immunohistological study of benign and skin tumours: epithelial aspects
Authors: GATTER K.C. , PULFORD K.A.F. , VANSTAPEL M.J. , ROACH B. , MORTIMER P. , WOOLSTON R.E. , TAYLOR‐PAPADIMITRIOU J. , LANE E.B. , MASON D.Y.
Published: April 2007

Biopsies of normal skin and benign and malignant skin tumours were studied immunohistologically with nine monoclonal antibodies. The study showed that monoclonal antibodies can clearly delineate antigens expressed in different regions of normal skin and that, in general, tumours retain the antigenic pattern characteristic of the region from which they have arisen. These findings indicate the potential value of analysing these patterns of antigenic expression with a panel of monoclonal antibodies both for understanding the pathogenesis of skin tumours (e.g. basal cell carcinomas) and in their differential diagnosis (e.g. squamous cell carcinoma versus keratoacanthoma).
Phyllodes tumour and stromal sarcoma of the breas: an ultrastructural comparison
Authors: HARRIS M. , KHAN M.K.
Published: April 2007

The ultrastructure of the stromal cells of three benign and one malignant phyllodes tumours and three stromal sarcomas has been studied and compared with the stromal cells of two fibroadenomas and four normal lobules. One stromal sarcoma was possibly of nerve sheath origin, but the other two showed features in common with the phyllodes tumours and the fibroadenomas. Prominent electron dense cytoplasmic bodies with distinctive morphological features are described and a correlation with the degree of malignancy is postulated.
The cardiomyopathies: a review of terminology, pathology and pathogenesis
Authors: DAVIES M.J.
Published: April 2007

A classification of the cardiomyopathies based on functional and morphological features is outlined, a detailed account of the pathology of each type is presented and possible pathogeoetic mechanisms are reviewed. Myocarditis and its relationship to cardiomyopathy is considered and the main morphological and aetiological factors are presented.
Composite gastric carcinoid and adenocarcinoma
Authors: ALI M. H. , DAVIDSON ANGELA , AZZOPARDI J. G.
Published: April 2007

The light microscopical, histochemical and ultrastructural features of an unusual gastric tumour are presented. Microscopically, the neoplasm showed the features of both a conventional carcinoid tumour and of a mucin‐producing adenocarcinoma. The ultrastructural demonstration of individual cells containing both endocrine granules and mucin globules supports the view that gastric enterochromaffin cells are of endodermal origin.
Immunoglobulin‐containing cells in liver biopsies of patients with chronic hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis
Authors: VAN SPREEUWEL J. P. , VAN GORP L. H. M. , NADORP J. H. S. M. , JANSSENS A. R. , LINDEMAN J. , MEIJER C. J. L. M.
Published: April 2007

The numbers of IgA, IgM and IgG‐containing cells were studied by means of an indirect immunoperoxidase technique and morphometry in liver biopsies of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis, in whom serum immunoglobulin concentrations were also determined. In patients with primary biliary cirrhosis the absolute and relative number of IgM‐containing cells in the liver was significantly higher, whereas the absolute and relative number of IgG‐containing cells in the liver was significantly lower compared to patients with chronic hepatitis. IgM‐containing cells in liver biopsies of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis correlated strongly with their serum IgM levels. It is concluded that determination of the pattern of immunoglobulin containing cells in liver biopsies may help in the differentiation of primary biliary cirrhosis from chronic hepatitis and that local production of IgM in the liver may contribute significantly to the high serum IgM levels in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis.
Immunohistological differential diagnosis of inflammatory colonic diseases
Authors: SCHNEIDER H.‐M. , LOOS M. , STÖRKEL S. , GROSS M.
Published: April 2007

Immunohistological investigations were carried out on human colonic tissue from, 1 healthy mucosa, 2 slightly inflamed mucosa, 3 mucosa with ulcerative colitis, 4 mucosa with Crohn's colitis, using antibodies against immunoglobulins and complement components. All our antibodies, including F(ab’)2 fragments, demonstrated a progressive increase of labelled cells from healthy mucosa through slightly inflamed mucosa to mucosa with ulcerative colitis, in contrast to a complete absence of labelled cells in cases of Crohn's disease. The results are discussed with regard to their pathogenesis and their clinical significance for the differentiation of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's colitis.
The duality of the cell population in a calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour (CEOT)
Authors: EL‐LABBAN N.G. , LEE K.W. , KRAMER I.R.H.
Published: April 2007

Ultrastructural findings in a case of CEOT are reported. It was found that the tumour cells consisted of two populations. One population was composed of polyhedral epithelial cells of the type described previously by other authors. These cells showed variation in size and abundant cytoplasm. They contained large numbers of electron‐dense bundles of tonofilaments and numerous mitochondria. The other population was a cell having the ultrastructural characteristics of myoepithelial cells. These cells were arranged juxtaposed to the tumour epithelial cells and had very elongated profiles. They showed a lamina densa which was continuous with that in relation to the basal plasma membrane of the tumour epithelial cells and also a large number of hemidesmosomes. These cells also contained large numbers of fine filaments with electron‐dense bodies similar to those described in smooth muscle cells. The amyloid‐like material was found to consist of two types of structures which are probably related. One type showed sheets of low electron‐dense filaments, the other aggregates of lamina densa fragments.
Sialomucins and carcinoembryonic antigen in the evolution of colorectal cancer
Authors: GREAVES P. , FILIPE M. I. , ABBAS S. , ORMEROD M. G.
Published: April 2007

We have explored the merit of a simultaneous study of sialomucin content and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) expression in the identification of early malignancy in adenomas. One hundred and thirteen colorectal adenomas were investigated by histochemical and immunocytochemical techniques. We compared adenomas from ‘high risk’ patients having synchronous carcinoma and ‘low risk’ groups with incidental polyps only. Twenty‐three metaplastic and eight inflammatory polyps were also included. Our data suggest that size and dysplasia are not always closely related and that synchronous adenomas seem to carry a higher malignant potential than incidental polyps irrespective of size. The degree of O‐acylation of sialic acids appears to be a sensitive indicator of early malignant change: loss of O‐acylation was seen in all 11 adenomas with highly atypical foci (‘focal carcinoma’) but noted in only four of the remaining polyps with lower grade dysplasia (P< 0.005). By contrast the intensity of staining for CEA was a gradual phenomenon and showed no statistically significant increase with the onset of malignancy. Inflammatory polyps showed staining characteristics similar to normal mucosa. Metaplastic polyps, however, revealed increased expression of CEA and reduced O‐acylation with increased size which may reflect a disorder of growth and differentiation. Finally, by comparing these profiles of staining with those of normal mucosa,‘transitional’ mucosa adjacent to carcinoma and carcinoma, we further illustrate a progression of changes occurring in colonic mucosa in carcinogenesis.
Carcinoma of the breast with stromal multinucleated giant cells
Authors: NIELSEN B.B. , KIAER H.W.
Published: April 2007

Three cases of invasive mammary carcinoma with stromal osteoclast‐like giant cells are reported. All the specimens were grossly of reddish‐brown colour. On microscopical examination two were invasive ductal carcinomas and the third was of mixed ductal. and mucoid type. In the stroma all specimens showed numerous osteoclast‐like giant cells, vascular proliferation, and accumulation of haemosiderin pigment. Supplementary immunohistochemical and electron microscopical investigations indicated that the giant cells originated from mononuclear stromal cells with only slight histiocytic properties. The giant cell formation was probably induced by the infiltrating carcinomatous tissue which is also believed to induce new blood vessel formation. However, there is no evidence of a direct relationship between these features.
An autopsy study of radial scar in the female breast
Authors: NIELSEN MAJA , JENSEN J. , ANDERSEN J. A.
Published: April 2007

In a study of breasts from 83 consecutive, unselected female autopsies, 23 women (28%) were found to have radial scars. The lesion was multicentric in 67% and bilateral in 43%. The frequency of radial scar was significantly increased among women with fibrocystic disease (43%) compared to women without this lesion (17%). No difference in the frequency of radial scar was registered between women with primary breast malignancy and women with either normal breasts or benign breast abnormalities. No radial scar demonstrated transition to invasive or in situ carcinoma. No evidence was found of any association between radial scar and breast carcinoma.
Small bowel adenocarcinoma and Crohn's disease: report of a case with differing histogenetic patterns
Authors: BEARZI I. , RAHALDI R.
Published: April 2007

This paper presents a case of Crohn's disease with associated small bowel adenocarcinoma. A polypoid area of gastric metaplasia was present and showed both fundic and pyloric features, the latter showing increasingly severe dysplasia and infiltrating adenocarcinoma containing many enterochromaffin cells, in which serotonin was demonstrated. At foci of granulomatous inflammation one observed a well differentiated sulfomucin secreting adenocarcinoma. Away from the metaplastic or inflammatory lesions there arose both a poorly and well differentiated sialomucin secreting adenocarcinoma. Multiple microfoci of adenocarcinoma and dysplastic changes of the ileal epithelium were present in the absence of any gross abnormality.
The histochemical assessment of sulphated and non‐sulphated sialomucin in intestinal epithelium
Authors: McFADDEN D.E. , OWEN D.A. , REID P.E. , JONES E.A.
Published: April 2007

A new method (KOH/AB 1.0/PAPS) for the simultaneous detection of sulphated and non‐sulphated sialomucins in intestinal epithelium was compared to the standard high iron diamine/alcian blue(HID/AB) technique. Although there was no difference in the sensitivity of the methods in detecting cells containing only one type of mucin, detection of cells containing both types was twice as effective with the KOH/AB 1.0/PAPS method. This indicates that previous investigations using only HID/AB may have seriously underestimated mucosal non‐sulphated mucin content and raises doubts about the validity of some of the conclusions reached concerning the pre‐neoplastic potential of ‘transitional’ mucosa of the colon.
A prospective study of dysplasia and carcinoma in the rectal biopsies and rectal stump of eight patients following ileorectal anastomosis in ulcerative colitis
Authors: FILIPE M.I. , EDWARDS M.R. , EHSANULLAH M.
Published: April 2007

The present study concerns eight patients with ulcerative colitis treated by total colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis and subjected to follow‐up rectal biopsies who later developed precancer (two cases) or carcinoma in the retained rectum. We report the results of the biopsies and the detailed mapping of lesions in the resected rectal stump to highlight certain features which may lead to increased detection rate of early malignancy. Two groups of patients emerged. Group A: (i) in all four cases the follow‐up biopsies showed increasing severity of dysplasia; (ii) altered mucin secretion with predominance of sialomucins was seen in the biopsies even in the absence of inflammation or dysplasia; (iii) the biopsy findings (morphological and secretory) mirrored those observed in the rectal stump; (iv) in three, the lesions were villous polypoid growths, of which two were invasive carcinomas. Group B: (i) in none of the cases was dysplasia seen in the biopsies and mucus secretion was normal; (ii) similar features were seen in the rectal stump; (iii) all had invasive carcinoma of which three were flat ulcerated lesions. The different behaviour of carcinoma in the two groups almost certainly reflects the different tumour phenotype characteristics and this is a matter for further study. From the practical point of view we emphasize the risk of relying on biopsy evidence of dysplasia alone as an indicator of malignancy and the need for additional immunological or histochemical tests to assess the individual risk of cancer in colitis.
Condylomata acuminata, giant condyloma acuminatum (Buschke‐Loewenstein tumour) and verrucous squamous carcinoma of the perianal and anorectal region: a continuous precancerous spectrum?
Authors: BOGOMOLETZ W.V. , POTET F. , MOLAS G.
Published: April 2007

Seven patients with perianal and anorectal giant condyloma acuminatum (Buschke‐Loewenstein tumour) are presented. In five of these patients histopathological examination of the lesions disclosed varying degrees of dysplasia and/or squamous carcinoma. The clinicopathological features and aetiology of perianal and anorectal condylomata acuminata, giant condyloma acuminatum and verrucous carcinoma are discussed. The viral induction and malignant transformation of these papillomatous squamous lesions are emphasized.
Comparative study of the histopathology of breast cancer in a screened and unscreened population investigated by mammography
Authors: GIBBS N.M.
Published: April 2007

The histopathology of 360 surgical resections for breast cancer in a consecutive series of patients aged 45‐69 years from 1979‐1983 is described. Two hundred and seventeen patients who were offered screening (screened patients) were compared with 143 patients who were referred as out‐patients with breast problems and were not offered screening (unscreened patients). Both groups were investigated by mammography. Comparisons between tumour staging, grading and quadrant involvement are reported. In the screened patients 31% were in the in‐situ stage or had an invasive carcinoma > 1.0 cm in maximum diameter, compared with 7% in the unscreened patients. Conversely 26% of the screened patients had cancers < 2.0 cm compared with 52% in the unscreened group. The percentage of cancer patients with lymph node metastases was comparable in both 1.0–2.0 cm and < 2.0 cm groups of invasive carcinoma. There were more multiquadrant cancers in the unscreened patients (32%) than screened patients (17%) and this was mainly due to differences in the incidence of carcinomas 1.0‐2.0 cm in diameter. This suggests that invasive tumours of comparable size are more likely to produce symptoms leading to detection if multiquadrant. Multicentric cancers were more common in unscreened patients. Differences in the histological grading related to tumour size were found within the screened and unscreened groups but not between the two groups.
Epithelioid neurilemoma of the trigeminal nerve: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study
Authors: FRANKS A.J.
Published: April 2007

A 50‐year‐old male presented with facial pain due to an extrinsic intracranial tumour involving pontine nerve roots. Biopsy and subsequent partial surgical excision indicated origin from the trigeminal nerve. Histologically the tumour had features of a neurilemoma but in addition contained a population of epithelioid cells. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated S100 protein in the non‐epithelioid component but no reaction in the epithelioid cells, whilst vimentin was present in both cell types. Ultrastructurally the epithelioid cells showed features consistent with a Schwann cell nature and may represent a less well differentiated cell population derived from a Schwann cell precursor. The significance of these findings in relation to the cell of origin of neurilemomas is discussed.
Open lung biopsies in congenital heart disease for evaluation of pulmonary vascular disease. Predictive value with regard to corrective operability
Authors: WAGENVOORT C.A.
Published: April 2007

For evaluation of pulmonary vascular disease 140 open lung biopsies were performed in 137 patients with congenital heart disease in order to decide whether the state of the lung vessels would allow corrective surgery. As far as possible follow‐up was obtained in patients who underwent a cardiac repair. From the study of these biopsy specimens it appeared that medial hypertrophy of pulmonary arteries and changes in pulmonary veins should not be considered an impediment for a corrective operation as long as more advanced changes are absent. The same is true for intimal thickening due to longitudinal smooth muscle, post‐thrombotic changes or cellular proliferation. Concentric‐laminar intimal fibrosis forms no contra‐indication as long as it is mild but, if severe, it is likely that hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease will progress in spite of cardiac repair. In the presence of fibrinoid necrosis or plexiform lesions correction of a cardiac anomaly should not be attempted. The presence of dilatation lesions is more disputable but probably, as long as they are scarce and not accompanied by fibrinoid necrosis or plexiform lesions, corrective surgery may be attempted. This becomes very dubious when they are more numerous.
The galactocoele: a light‐ and electronmicroscopic study
Authors: IRONSIDE J.W. , GUTHRIE W.
Published: April 2007

The histological and ultrastructural appearances of a galactocoele are illustrated and compared with previous descriptions. For the first time, microscopic evidence is presented to show that a galactocoele arises from dilated ducts filled with milk produced in the surrounding breast.
Ultrastructural similarities of adenoid cystic carcinoma and pleomorphic adenoma
Authors: ORENSTEIN J.M. , DARDICK I. , VAN NOSTRAND A.W.P.
Published: April 2007

Ultrastructural examination of five adenoid cystic carcinomas, three breast and two salivary gland, reveals identical patterns of tumour cell differentiation, organization and distribution of cellular products (Zaloudek, Oertel & Orenstein 1984). In both sites, there is proliferation of two populations of cells, one with characteristics and organization of duct‐type luminal epithelial cells and a second that forms the principal proliferating component and has the overall organization and appearance that would suggest that they represent modified myoepiphelial cells. Recent ultrastructural studies also indicate that tumour cell types and histological organization similar to those described for adenoid cystic carcinoma occur during histodifferentiation of salivary gland pleomorphic adenoma (Dardicket al. 1983a, b). The characteristic histological pattern of adenoid cystic carcinoma is dependent on the formation of pseudolumina containing proteoglycans and reduplicated basal lamina. Similar, but smaller, lumina of like organization and contents are evident in some cases of pleomorphic adenoma. Both the ultrastuctural similarities of the tumour cell types and their organization, in adenoid cystic carcinoma and pleomorphic adenoma, suggest that these tumours have a similar histogenetic basis. The fact that one lesion is malignant and the other benign does not preclude common types of tumour cells and developmental processes.
Malignant epithelioid schwannoma of superficial soft tissue? A case report with immunohistology and electron microscopy
Authors: MORGAN K. G. , GRAY C.
Published: April 2007

Malignant epithelioid schwannoma is a well‐defined entity. However epithelioid tumours arising other than in a nerve trunk, in a benign nerve sheath tumour or in neurofibromatosis are problematical. We describe a case of a nodular tumour of the cheek which recurred twice without metastasis. Light microscopy showed an amelanotic epithelioid tumour. Immunohistology showed positive staining for vimentin and S100 protein and electron microscopy showed distinctive appearances suggestive of schwannoma. We discuss the differential diagnosis of the tumour, compare it with reported tumours resembling both melanoma and schwannoma and conclude that this may be a further example of the distinctive tumour reported as ‘malignant epithelioid schwannoma of superficial soft tissues’.
Colonic mucosa adjacent to adenomas and hyperplastic polyps—a morphological and histochemical study
Authors: LANZA G. , ALTAVILLA G. , CAVAZZINI L. , NEGRINI R.
Published: April 2007

The morphological and histochemical features of colonic mucosa adjacent to 142 adenomas and 31 hyperplastic polyps were studied. Three predominant patterns were identified: (1) normal mucosa, showing normal histological architecture and secretion of sulphomucins; (2) N+ type, histologically normal mucosa with predominance of sialomucins; (3) transitional mucosa; hyperplastic mucosa secreting sialomucins. Hyperplastic changes were observed in the immediate neighbourhood or at the base of adenomas and were more frequent and extensive near large adenomas than around smaller lesions. Sialomucins were often predominant in the mucosa adjacent to large adenomas, but N+ type mucosa was also seen near minute adenomas and hyperplastic polyps and remote from polypoid lesions. Moreover, both hyperplastic and secretory changes were more frequent in the left colon than in the right. These findings seem to suggest that mucosal hyperplasia more likely represents a local change, parallel with or secondary to tumour development rather than a pre‐adenomatous lesion. Secretory modifications are widespread and may result from the action of various factors among which carcinogens cannot be excluded.
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study with a review of the literature
Authors: FLETCHER C. D. M. , EVANS B. J. , MACARTNEY J. C. , SMITH N. , JONES E. WILSON , McKEE. P. H.
Published: April 2007

Forty‐one cases of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans are presented. The clinical features and histopathological appearances are described. Immunohistochemical staining of thirteen cases with antisera to lysozyme, α1‐antichymotrypsin and S‐100 protein has provided no evidence to support either a histiocytic or neuroectodermal origin for these tumours. In reviewing the literature, the histogenetic origin, differential diagnosis and malignant potential of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans are discussed.
Concurrent T‐cell lymphocytic lymphoma and malignant histiocytosis
Authors: O'BRIEN C. J. , CHILD J. A. , STARK A. , LAUDER I. , BIRD C. C.
Published: April 2007

A case in which both malignant histiocytosis and T‐cell lymphocytic lymphoma occurred together is presented. Examples of malignant histiocytosis‐like syndromes associated with lymphoreticular malignancies, have been previously reported. Many of these represent reactive haemophagocytic syndromes, probably virally induced. The considerable degree of cytological atypia and frequent mitotic figures seen in the histiocytes in this case were indicative of a true malignant histiocytosis.
Large‐cell intestinal lymphoma occurring in coeliac disease: morphological and immunohistochemical features
Authors: NASH J.R.G. , GRADWELL E. , DAY D.W.
Published: April 2007

Histological material was studied in five unselected cases of intestinal large‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma, occurring in patients either with previously diagnosed coeliac disease, or with atrophic mucosa at the time of diagnosis. The morphological diagnosis in each case was centroblastic lymphoma: these tumours were composed of large cells with pale nuclei and prominent nucleoli. No phagocytosis was evident, but some cells showed considerable pleomorphism. Polykaryotic giant cells were infrequent. Immunohistochemical staining for lysozyme, alpha‐1‐anti‐trypsin and alpha‐1‐anti‐chymotrypsin failed to demonstrate any of these proteins in the tumour cells, although they were identified in accompanying reactive macrophages. There is thus no evidence for a histiocytic nature in these five cases. The tumours were immunoglobulin‐negative. Again, polyclonal immunoglobulin could be demonstrated in reactive (plasma) cells in and near the tumour. The relevance of these immunological markers is discussed. We suggest that these tumours, and possibly some of those reported in a similar situation by other investigators, are in fact lymphocytic in origin. They are probably examples of centroblastic lymphoma, although T‐cell lymphoma, rare in the gastrointestinal tract, cannot be ruled out by our immunohistological studies.