bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Digital Currencies of Central Banks: Prospects and Challenges in the New Economy (Practical Experience of China)
Authors: Umarov H. S. , Sokolova E. S.
Published: January 2025

The aim of the study is to analyze both the prerequisites and the consequences of the introduction of digital currencies, which influenced the revolutionary change in the global financial landscape. To achieve these goals, the authors have put forward the following tasks: using the example of cyberyuan in China to analyze modern practices of introducing digital national currencies, consider the key differences between a central bank digital currency (CBDC) and cash and cryptocurrencies, study the causes of potential difficulties in the commissioning of central digital currencies, which led to the closure of CBDC projects in a number of countries. Assessing the experience of the global introduction of CBDCs into circulation, the authors examine the factors that directly affect the choice of design of digital currencies. The authors emphasize the possibility of achieving such urgent tasks with the help of digital currencies of central banks as overcoming the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic and the global stagnation of financial markets in 2020–2021, combating the consequences of sanction restrictive measures against the Chinese financial markets, curbing the dominant role of the American dollar and reducing financial costs of the participants.

The main conclusions of the article include the awareness of the need to establish the legal status of digital central currencies, increase financial awareness of potential and real users of digital currencies, ensure technical and regulatory compatibility of digital currencies of central banks, widespread use of advanced distributed ledger technologies to protect data confidentiality and ensure strict authentication of payments.
The “Shi‘a Question” in the Political Development of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Ostanin-Golovnya V. D.
Published: January 2025

The article analyzes the influence of the “Shi‘a Question” on the political development of Saudi Arabia. The relevance of studying interfaith relations in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is due to the religious specifics of the state, which is a powerful factor in the evolution of Riyadh’s domestic and foreign policy. The author describes the process of transforming the “Shi‘a Question” from problems of internal stability of the kingdom into one of the most important elements of Saudi Arabia’s foreign policy. The methodological aspects of the study of interfaith relations in the KSA are covered. Particular attention is paid to determining the size of the kingdom’s Shiite community, using both the official 2022 census results and alternative estimates based on third-party data. The influence of the “Shi‘a Question” on the development of bilateral relations between Saudi Arabia and Iran after 1979, as well as the relationship between the political dynamics of the Middle East and the transformation of Riyadh’s approaches to resolving issues of internal stability are separately examined. In conclusion, an assessment of the problems and prospects for the development of the KSA policy in the field of interfaith relations is presented against the background of reforms carried out within the framework of the Vision: 2030 program and current events in the region, including in the context of the normalization of Iranian-Saudi relations.
PSO-based PID controller for frequency control of two area interconnected power system
Authors: Dumre Sandip , Pun Purna Bahadur
Published: January 2025

This paper presents an analysis of the dynamic performance of frequency control in a two-area interconnected power system using a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)-based PID controller. Maintaining stable system frequency within specified limits is crucial for the efficient operation of power system equipment. The proposed power system model comprises synchronous generators, loads in two distinct areas, and a photovoltaic (PV) system in Area-1. The system is modeled in MATLAB Simulink to analyze the impact of load variations and PV generation on system frequency. PSO, an evolutionary optimization technique, is employed to determine the optimal PID controller gains, minimizing frequency deviations. Three load increase scenarios in the two-area system were considered to evaluate the performance of the proposed controller. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the PSO-based PID controller in mitigating frequency deviations, enhancing system stability and reliability. This study provides valuable insights into automatic optimal tuning of PID controllers in two-area systems, contributing to improved stability and operational reliability in power systems.
Study on the Carbon Footprint of Schools in Pokhara, Nepal
Authors: Adhikari Sandesh , Pokhrel Rajib
Published: January 2025

Academic institutions are significant contributors to carbon emissions due to large student populations, high energy use, waste generation, and extensive transportation demands. This study estimated the Carbon Footprint (CF) of eight public and private schools in Pokhara Metropolitan City (PMC) using the GHG Protocol across three scopes: (1) emissions from school buses and fuels, (2) electricity consumption, and (3) emissions from staff and student vehicles, waste, canteen fuels, textbooks, and paper. Schools with over 1,000 students were sampled through purposive and random sampling, ensuring representation of both public and private institutions. Data were collected using questionnaires, interviews, and school records, while students' bag weights were measured to calculate Scope 3 emissions from textbooks and copies. Emissions were calculated as Metric Tons of CO2 equivalent (MTCO2e) using activity data and Emission Factors. The total CF was 409.76 MTCO2e/year, averaging 51.22 MTCO2e/year (76.25 for private schools, 26.19 for public). Scope 1, Scope 2, and Scope 3 emissions contributed 227.86, 5.1, and 176.8 MTCO2e, respectively. The per capita CF ranged from 0.011 to 0.055 MTCO2e/year, averaging 0.029 MTCO2e/year. This study offers critical insights into reducing GHG emissions, promoting sustainable development, and creating carbon-neutral academic institutions.
जुम्ली खस भाषामा रूपायन व्यवस्था
Authors: आचार्य Acharya ओमप्रकाश Omprakash
Published: January 2025

रूपायन भनेको शब्दको वाक्यमा प्रयोग योग्य प्रक्रिया हो । जुम्ली खस भाषाका शब्दहरुलाई प्रयोग योग्य बनाउने व्यवस्था कस्तो छ भन्ने सम्बन्धमा गरिएको यो अध्ययन हो । यसमा नाम, सर्वनाम र विशेषणको रूपायन व्यवस्थाका बारेमा क्षेत्रगत भ्रमण अध्ययन विधिका आधारमा अध्ययन गरिएको छ । जुम्ली भाषी वक्ताको भाषिक स्थलमा गएर वक्ताका भाषाको टेपरेकर्डरबाट सामग्री सङ्कलन गरी अध्ययन गरिएको छ । जुम्ली भाषामा मौलिक प्रकृतिका शब्दहरु छन्जो नेपाली भाषा भन्दा भिन्नै छन्। पोइ पति, जोइ पत्नी, कुमल कमल, मान्ठ मान्छे, छोट्या केटो, मुँ म, मुइँले मैले, तो तँ प्रयोगगत शब्दहरु रहेका छन्। जुम्ली खस भाषामा रूपायन प्रक्रिया नेपाली भाषा सरह हुने गरेको छ । लिङ्गगत अधारमा केही भिन्नता छ । नाम, सर्वनाम र विशेषणमा हुने गरेको रूपायन व्यवस्थामा शब्द संरचनाका रुपले जुम्ली खस भाषा र नेपाली भाषामा भिन्नता छ । नामको रूपायन लिङ्ग, वचन, आदर, विभक्ति र कोटिकरका आधारले छ भने सर्वनामको रूपायन वचन पुरुष आदर विभक्तिका आधारमा हुन्छ । विशेषणको रूपायन पनि लिङ्ग, वचन, आदर, विभक्तिका आधारमा हुने गर्दछ । यी सबै आधारमा भएको रूपायन प्रक्रियामा जुम्ली खस शब्द संरचनामा नेपाली भाषा भन्दा भिन्न रहेको छ ।
Assessment of Drinking Water Quality and Willingness to Pay for its Quality Improvement in Chitre, Parbat, Nepal
Authors: Regmi Sarala , Chapagain Prem Sagar , Magar Yogesh Rana
Published: January 2025

The study was conducted in Chitre village, Panchase area. Water samples from springs, reservoirs, and public taps were collected in April 2016, pre-monsoon season, to analyze various water quality parameters. A total of 17 samples were collected, comprising 9 from springs, 2 from reservoirs, and 6 from public taps. Parameters such as temperature, pH, electric conductivity, chloride, total alkalinity, total hardness, phosphate, ammonia, nitrate, iron and microbiological parameter i.e. total coliform were analyzed following the methods outlined in APHA. Contingent valuation method was used to examine the willingness to pay (WTP) of the respondents to improve drinking water quality. The physicochemical parameters results showed that all water sources had water quality within the permissible range as per Nepal Drinking Water Quality Standards (NDWQS-2006). Similarly, the microbiological analysis of water samples revealed the presence of total coliform in all samples and crossed the NDWQS. Therefore, the water was potable in terms of microbiological point of view in the study area only after disinfection. Contamination at the sources might be due to the lack of protection of springs, leakage in pipe distribution system and lack of proper cleaning of reservoirs. Of the 71 respondents, 97.18 % were willing to pay to improved drinking water quality. The computed mean willingness to pay amounts were NRs 59.95 per month per household. WTP was significantly related to the education, occupation, ethnicity, water quality perception and household water treatment practices. Study showed that there was a demand for an improvement in the drinking water quality.
Ni-doped Co-layered Double Hydroxides as High-performance Electrocatalyst for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Chaudhari Ashim , Kandel Mani Ram , Ali Abid , Paudel Dasu Ram , Dahal Bipeen , Subedi Subhangi
Published: January 2025

The development of cost-effective and efficient electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is crucial for advancing sustainable hydrogen production. In this study, nickel-doped cobalt-layered double hydroxides (Ni-Co-LDH) were successfully synthesized using a simple room-temperature aging method. This one-step process allows for the uniform incorporation of nickel into the cobalt LDH structure, which significantly improves catalytic activity. The synthesized Ni-Co-LDH catalysts demonstrated excellent HER performance in alkaline conditions, with low overpotentials of 104 mV at 10 mA cm⁻² and 204 mV at 50 mA cm⁻². The enhanced performance is attributed to the synergistic effect between nickel doping and the cobalt-LDH, which creates an optimized surface for hydrogen evolution and accelerates charge transfer. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed a uniform and favorable surface morphology, while electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) showed improved charge transport kinetics. These results suggest that Ni-Co-LDH is a highly promising, low-cost material for high-performance electrocatalysis in HER. The ease of synthesis, combined with its high efficiency, makes this catalyst a strong candidate for large-scale hydrogen production, contributing to the development of renewable energy solutions.
Green Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Using Mentha (Mint) Leaves Characterization and Its Antimicrobial Properties with Phytochemicals Screening
Authors: Baral Janaki , Pokharel Neena , Dhungana Sujan , Tiwari Laxmi , Khadka Devendra , Pokhrel Megh Raj , Poudel Bhoj Raj
Published: January 2025

This study demonstrates the synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles from the leaf extract of Mentha as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). UV-vis shows an absorption peak at 275 nm associated with plasmon surface vibrations. FTIR analysis confirmed the reduction and stabilization of CuO nanoparticles, while XRD revealed the monoclinic structure with an average particle size of 19.08 nm, calculated using Debye-Scherrer’s equation. Phytochemical analysis of the methanolic extract identified active components biomolecules such as flavonoids, saponins, and terpenoids, which contribute as reducing and capping agents in nanoparticles. The nanoparticles demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive), Escherichia coli (Gram-negative), and Candida albicans (fungus).
Green Synthesis of Tin Oxide Nanoparticles using Psidium guajava Leaves Extract and its Applications in Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities
Authors: Binadi Tirtha Raj , Mishra Paramatma , Poudel Bhoj Raj , Gautam Surendra K
Published: January 2025

In this study, tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles was synthesized via green synthetic route using Psidium guajava (Guava) leaf extract as reducing, capping and stabilizing agents. The synthesized SnO2 NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV-visible spectroscopy. The XRD analysis revealed that synthesized SnO2 nanoparticles have tetragonal rutile structure, and the particle size was found to be 19.5 nm estimated by using Debye-Scherer’s equation. In addition, the average particle size calculated by using Williamson-Hall plot method was found to be 21.5 nm. The FTIR spectra reveals hydroxyl, alkyl, alkane, amide and hydroxyl tin group as a functional group. UV-Visible absorption spectra were found to be 270 nm, and its corresponding band gap energy was found to be 3.88 eV. Moreover, the antimicrobial activities of different concentrations of SnO2 NPs using Psidium guajava leaf extract were also tested. Accordingly, the result showed that the highest zone of inhibitions was measured for SnO2 NPs using 30mg/mL solution concentration and observed to be 18mm, 21mm and 20mm for S. aereus, P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae respectively. As synthesized SnO2 NPs also showed significant antioxidant efficacy against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical.
Enhancing Parental Participation in Government Schools: Overcoming Challenges and Promoting Active Participation
Authors: Katel Niranjan , Katel Krishna Prasad
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the enhancement of parental engagement in government schools within the Solukhumbu district. The research aims to assess current levels of parental participation, identify key barriers, and propose effective strategies for improvement. Employing a qualitative research methodology, data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with twenty purposively selected head teachers from secondary schools. The analysis of the data yielded several critical findings. Geographical distance emerged as a significant obstacle to parental engagement, indicating a pressing need for virtual meetings and decentralized interactions to improve accessibility. Additionally, while parental involvement is robust within School Management Committees (SMCs), it tends to decline at the secondary education level. This trend underscores the necessity for tailored engagement strategies that cater specifically to the needs of older students and promote transparent communication between schools and parents. Furthermore, addressing barriers such as low parental literacy through targeted educational programs and enhancing communication channels is essential for fostering active parental engagement. The insights derived from this study provide valuable guidance for improving educational outcomes and nurturing a supportive learning environment in the government schools of Solukhumbu district.
Current methodological approaches assessing the healthrelated risks assessment in manned spaceflight missions
Authors: Lobanov A. V. , Makeeva E. D. , Meshkov D. O. , Ponomarev S. A. , Cherkasov S. N. , Pashchenko A. F. , Sidelnikov Yu. V.
Published: January 2025

Further development of manned space exploration requires appropriate scientific and appropriate modern methodological approaches assessing the health risks of participants in missions to an orbital station with high inclination of the orbit and interplanetary missions. The "Environmental Scanning" as well as available Internet sources (PubMed and EMBASE; 198 relevant publications) and personal messages, followed by expert discussion within the framework of an interdisciplinary working group were used to assess the contemporary approaches of manned spaceflight risk definition, classification, assessment and management. The results indicated that the term "risk" itself needs to be clarified, and mathematical models based on modern approaches other than differential calculus and providing expert support for management decisions should be developed or adapted to available evidence-based real-world data obtained in experiments using laboratory animals, ground-based simulation studies with the participation of volunteers, as well as during pre- and post-flight examinations of astronauts. It is advisable for this purpose to use interdisciplinary and interdepartmental working groups, including experts in the field of aviation, space and marine medicine, public health and health organization and control sciences as well as contemporary mathematical methods of analysis and statistics.
Intellectual Assets as an Object of International Standardization
Authors: Fokin G. V.
Published: January 2025

Purpose. To draw attention to the need for international standardization of intellectual assets to promote cross-border technological cooperation.

Results. A review of the proposed tool for standardization of intellectual assets — the draft international standard of BRICS IP-Actives business practices IPM.2.001–2024 BRICS IPM.2.002–2024 ‘BRICS Innovation Entrepreneurship and Development. BRICS IP-Actives Business Practices Standards. Evidentiary recognition of intellectual property rights in the BRICS, EAEU, Russian Federation, SCO markets’. It is shown which international structures, on the basis of which approaches and through which procedures can carry out international standardization of intellectual assets.

Conclusions. The necessity of wide discussion and adoption of the mentioned Standard in order to develop the international market of technologies, authorship and applicability of which are confirmed by the right confirming documents is proved.
Exploring factors behind whistleblowing intention among employees in the Malaysian halal food manufacturing sector
Authors: ROZALI NUR HIDAYAH , Ahmad Anis Najiha , Md Dahlal Norazilawati , Mat Yusoff Nabiilah , Halim Muhammad Wafi
Published: January 2025

Whistleblowing serves as a crucial tool to enhance the security of the halal food supply chain. Despite its importance as a monitoring tool, research on whistleblowing intentions within halal-certified food companies has been limited. This study explores employee awareness and whistleblowing intentions by conducting semi-structured interviews with 16 informants and using thematic analysis guided by the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). The findings show varying levels of employee awareness and knowledge of whistleblowing. Some employees have a clear understanding due to company policies and training, while others have an intuitive understanding of the concept despite limited exposure. As highlighted in the TPB, attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control were found to influence whistleblowing intentions. Furthermore, factors such as organisational support, employee responsibility, religious obligation, seriousness of wrongdoing, knowledge, and the perceived authority of the complaint recipient also influenced whistleblowing decisions. These findings emphasise whistleblowing's complex interaction of individual, social, and organisational factors. While the whistleblowing framework is not new, this study’s contribution lies in its application to halal-certified food companies, offering valuable insights for companies, regulators, policymakers, and academics in the halal sector.
Exploring the Role of Cognitive Styles and Creativity in Students’ Programming Achievement?
Authors: Saka Adewale Owodunni , Olurinola Oluwakemi Dessy , Adebanjo Dr. Adedoyin Adewale
Published: January 2025

Programming skills are indispensable for the development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools. However, secondary school students often encounter difficulties in this particular aspect of computer science. This study investigated the moderating influence of students’ cognitive styles on the contribution of their creativity to their learning of programming. Utilizing the correlational design, the study surveyed 270 senior secondary school three (SS3) students from public senior secondary schools in the Ikeja Local Government Area, Lagos State, Nigeria. The survey data was collected using the Students’ Achievement Test in Programming (r=0.74), Programming Creative Style Inventory (0.86), and Cognitive Style Inventory in Programming (r=0.76). The data collected were analysed through descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics of hierarchical multiple regression.The findings of the study indicated that both creativity and cognitive styles significantly contributed to students’ programming learning. However, cognitive style did not play a moderating role in the influence of creativity on students’ programming achievement. From these findings, the study recommended that teachers promote students’ creativity by employing essay questions rather than multiple-choice formats and adapt their instructional strategies to cater to the diverse needs of learners, regardless of their cultural backgrounds. This study sheds light on the significance of creativity and cognitive style in programming learning, and the findings can be utilized to design interventions aimed at enhancing programming learning among students with varying cognitive styles.
Comparative Analysis of TCP and UDP Protocol Performance in Sending Text Messages Using Chatting Applications
Authors: Wasis Haryono
Published: January 2025

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol) communication protocols are two main protocols used to send data over a computer network. Although both are often used in various network applications, they have different characteristics in terms of reliability, speed, and efficiency. This study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the performance between TCP and UDP protocols in sending text messages using a chat application. This study was conducted by measuring several main parameters such as message delivery time, reliability level, latency, and throughput. In the TCP protocol, which is connection-oriented, the test results show that text messages are sent with a high level of reliability due to the flow control mechanism, packet sequencing, and retransmission of lost packets. However, this causes higher latency than UDP. In contrast, the UDP protocol, which is connectionless, is able to send messages with lower latency and higher throughput, but does not guarantee message reliability, because there is no retransmission mechanism for lost or damaged packets. The results of this study indicate that the choice between TCP and UDP depends on the specific needs of the application. If the main priority is message delivery reliability, TCP is superior. However, if speed and efficiency are more important, such as in real-time chat applications, UDP can be a better choice. This research is expected to help application developers in choosing the right protocol based on the performance needs of the application used.
Local Anaesthetic Systemic Toxicity- Management and Prevention a Narrative Review and Recent Updates
Authors: Upadhyay Surjya Prasad
Published: January 2025

Local anaesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST) is a life-threatening complication caused by either inadvertent intravascular injection (IV) or systemic absorption of injected local anaestheitc (LA) to a toxic level. The diagnosis of LAST may be difficult and often unrecognized or misdiagnosed. LAST is a serious adverse effect that can occur with all local anaesthetics irrespective of routes of administration. Primary affected organs are central nervous system and cardiovascular system and can be often fatal. Clinical presentation of toxicity is highly variable and unpredictable, a high degree of suspicion of LAST should be done whenever any unexplained physiological changes are noticed after administration of LA. Risk factors for LAST include the dose and type of LA, site of injection, the plasma level of LA and patient’s physiological status and co-morbidities. The standard treatment guideline for LAST emerged after 2010 when Americal society of regional anesthesia and pain medicine (ASRA) first published the evidence-based treatment guideline for LAST using modified Advanced cardiac Life support (ACLS) and intravenous lipid emulsion therapy. The sequence of management as per the priority include- addressing the airway and breathing to prevent hypoxia and acidosis, control of seizure activity and cardiopulmonary resuscitation and timely administration of intravenous lipid emulsion infusion. The article highlighted the importance of preventive measures to avert LAST and continuous vigilance and timely management of LAST. The article is also intended to provide the recent changes and recent updated guidelines in the prevention and management of LAST.
Attitude Toward of Information at Public University in Central Mexico
Authors: Lirios Cruz Garcia
Published: January 2025

Purpose of the study: The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) explains the impact of the pandemic on the use of devices exposed to COVID-19 microparticles as a means of contagion, the TAM predicts the acceptance or rejection of the Technologies of Information and Communication (TIC's).

Methodology: The Technology Acceptance Scale was used to carry out a correlational, cross-sectional and psychometric study on the rejection or acceptance of technology in the COVID-19 era.

Main findings: Four factors related to the acceptance of technology in the pandemic were found: 1) selectivity, 2) compatibility, 3) computability and 4) accessibility that explained 67% of the variance.

Applications: In information sciences and organizational studies, the TAM is a model that measures productivity and competitiveness mediated by ICTs.

Novelty/originality: The four dimensions explain the reduction of the risk of contagion in response to the work culture and biosafety standards in organizations that use technology.
Abattoir And Bovine Tuberculosis as A Reemerging Foodborne Disease
Authors: A Shaltout Fahim
Published: January 2025

Abattoir is the place in which the animals are slaughtered for human consumption. Abattoir plays important role in prevention of zoonotic diseases between animals and humans like Mycobacterium tuberculosis as reemerging foodborne disease and also prevent infectious diseases betwwen animals. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is caused by a species of pathogenic bacteria in the family Mycobacteriaceae . the causative agent bacteria of Bovine tuberculosis as reemerging foodborne disease tuberculosis bacteria have an unusual, waxy coating on its cell surface primarily due to the presence of mycolic acid. This coating makes the cells impervious to Gram staining, and as a result, the causative agent bacteria of Bovine tuberculosis as reemerging foodborne disease can appear weakly Gram-positive. Acid-fast stains such as Ziehl–Neelsen stain, or fluorescent stains such as auramine are used instead to identify the causative agent of Bovine tuberculosis as reemerging foodborne disease with a microscope. The causative agent bacteria of Bovine tuberculosis as reemerging foodborne disease are highly aerobic and requires high levels of oxygen. Primarily a pathogen of the mammalian respiratory system, it infects the lungs. The most frequently used diagnostic methods for Bovine tuberculosis as reemerging foodborne disease are the tuberculin skin examination , acid-fast stain, culture, and polymerase chain reaction.
Pros and Cons of Metabolic Alterations in Hypertension Treatment
Authors: Rocha Martinez Tania Leme da
Published: January 2025

Systemic arterial hypertension, in addition to increasing the probability of occurrence of coronary artery disease, is one of the main factors that predispose to its development and progression; it is also a fact that most deaths of patients with systemic arterial hypertension are due to coronary heart disease. The role of insulin in increasing the activity of the sympathetic nervous system, in the greater retention of sodium and in the proliferation of smooth muscle cells (muscle hypertrophy) is well described, which can ultimately not only trigger but also exacerbate systemic arterial hypertension. Therefore, when we approach arterial hypertension, we must consider it as an "inherited" syndrome of metabolic, hemodynamic and genetic abnormalities and always remember that the simple reduction in blood pressure levels may not interfere with the other factors that contribute to coronary artery disease. The hypotensive drugs that may be the cause of all this negative picture are diuretics and beta-blockers, which, by the way, are the most commonly used drugs in the large multicenter studies included in the metaanalysis by Collins et al. The diuretics that have been shown to alter the lipid profile are thiazides. They have an average elevation of 34 mg/dl in triglycerides and 11 mg/dl in total cholesterol. Beta-blockers versus lipid metabolism produce elevation of total cholesterol (LDL-col-e and VLDL-col) and triglycerides. They work by inhibiting the activity of adenyl cyclase in fat cells and reducing the hydrolysis of fatty acids and triglycerides. Beta-blockers with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity do not seem to have a negative effect on the lipid profile of hypertensive patients.
Managing Common Ear Problems by Primary Care Providers
Authors: Kishanrao Suresh
Published: January 2025

Ear ailments (Otitis Media) are a major public health problem in India especially among children. Middle ear inflammation is a spectrum of conditions known as acute otitis media (AOM), Otitis media with effusion (OEM or glue ear) Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) and Cerumen blockage. Acute otitis media a disease of infancy and childhood defined by the presence of inflammation and at least one of the signs of acute illness namely earache, fever, ear discharge, pulling ear etc is a leading cause of childhood morbidity and antibiotic prescriptions in India. It is second only to acute upper respiratory tract infections. Predisposing factors include recurrent common cold, upper respiratory tract infections, tonsil and adenoid infections, chronic rhinitis, sinusitis, nasal allergy, nasopharynx tumours, epistaxis-related nasal packing, and cleft palate. Signs and symptoms progress from tubal occlusion to pre-suppuration, suppuration, resolution, and potential complications. Otitis media involves inflammation in the middle ear cleft and mastoid, categorized as acute or chronic, with chronic cases further classified as safe with no discharge or unsafe- active infection with discharge. Otitis media is diagnosed clinically via patient's history, presenting signs and symptoms and objective findings on physical exam (otoscopy) combined. Several diagnostic tools like pneumatic otoscope, tympanometry, and acoustic reflectometry, do aid in the diagnosis. Otitis media with effusion necessitates monitoring based on severity, with regular reviews to assess treatment effectiveness. Medical management depends upon antibiotics, decongestants, initially. Surgical interventions for specific conditions affecting hearing ability are practiced. A novel surgical technique known as the inside-out raising mucosal-tympano-meatal flap technique is becoming promising in repairing large marginal perforations in the ear and improving hearing.A primary health care provider can manage most earache conditions needing medical treatment and wax removal. Surgical interventions include four different surgeries: i) Myringoplasty- a surgery to repair a hole in the eardrum. ii) Oculoplastic- a rectification of the middle ear bone problems, responsible for transmitting sound from the eardrum to the inner ear iii) Tympanoplasty: It involves repairing the hole in the eardrum and rectifying any injury to the tiny bones that play a key role in the hearing iv) Mastoidectomy- A surgical removal of the flat air cavities in the mastoid bone behind the ear.This article is based on a few cases managed or monitored by the author in last 5 years of family medicine practice. It is intended to empower general practitioners in ear examination, timely referral and management of mid-ear infections by medical treatment and do minor ear cleaning processes.

Materials and Methods: This article is based on four cases of ear problems managed or referred and followed in the last 3 years as a family physician. Review of literature of best practices worldwide.
Foster Cultural Synergy and Innovation, Communicate to Revive Coastal Economy Sustainably Post-Pandemic
Authors: Subekti Priyo , Komariah Kokom , Perbawasari Susie
Published: January 2025

The objective of this study is to examine strategies of adaptation and innovation among MSME actors at Pangandaran Beach, with an emphasis on utilizing local cultural values to aid economic and tourism recovery post-COVID-19. The research identifies the key challenges faced by MSMEs in adapting to new norms, including issues with capital, technological adaptation, human resources development, and policy changes. Employing a qualitative case study methodology, the study gathers in-depth insights from 12 MSME actors through interviews to understand the challenges and opportunities faced during the pandemic. The major findings indicate that MSMEs at Pangandaran Beach have encountered significant challenges but also possess opportunities for growth and resilience. Innovations, collaborative ventures, governmental support, and business networking are identified as crucial factors that can bolster MSME competitiveness and enable them to overcome post-pandemic setbacks. In conclusion, the study suggests that a holistic strategy involving all stakeholders is essential for MSMEs to not only recuperate from the impacts of the pandemic but also to emerge as integral components of a sustainable tourism ecosystem, contributing to the broader economic recovery.
Penerapan Algoritma Maksimum Minimum Dalam Mencari Aliran Maksimum Jaringan Listrik
Authors: Susilowati Eka
Published: January 2025

Kestabilan jaringan listrik yang ada di masyarakat sangat dibutuhkan. Jaringan listrik yang tidak stabil menyebabkan aktivitas perekonomian di masyarakat terganggu terutama di bidang industry. Ada banyak algoritma yang dapat digunakan untuk menghitung jaringan aliran maksimum, diantaranya algoritma Edmunds Karp dan algoritma Ford Fulkerson. Namun, dalam perhitungan algoritma tersebut, hanya dihitung berapa jumlah aliran maksimum jaringan listrik tersebut. Dalam penelitian ini, digunakan algorima lain yaitu algoritma maksimum minimum yang mencari rute aliran maksimumnya seperti apa dengan menggunakan bantuan software Matlab. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah permasalahan jaringan yang ada pada penelitian Rahma dimana dalam penelitian tersebut menggunakan algoritma Ford Fulkerson . Hasil yang diperoleh pada penelitian ini adalah rute jaringan aliran maksimum lintasan maksimum jaringan listrik yang terbentuk adalah (S,A), (A,F), (F,T) atau (S,A), (A,E), (E,H), (H,K), (K,T).
Становлення особистості майбутнього фахівця в умовах підготовки до професійно-педагогічної діяльності: діалог зі стейкхолдерами: монографія
Authors:   Vinnytsia Mykhailo Kotsiubynskyi State Pedagogical University, Гуревич Р.
Published: January 2025

У монографії представлено результати багаторічного дослідження в галузі професійної педагогіки щодо використання інноваційних та інформаційних технологій для розвитку фахових компетентностей майбутнії фахівців закладів професійної (професійно-технічної), фахової передвищої та вищої освіти, проаналізовані наукові публікації з відповідних напрямів досліджень, охарактеризовані особливості використання сучасних цифрових технологій для становлення особистості майбутніх фахівців.
Для здобувачів вищої освіти різних ступенів, науково-педагогічних і педагогічних працівників закладів освіти різних рівнів
Critical Edition and Philological Analysis of the Last Chapters of Deutero-Isaiah (Isa 54–55) Based on the Coptic Manuscript sa 52 (M 568) and Other Coptic Manuscripts in the Sahidic Dialect and the Greek Text of the Septuagint
Authors: Bąk Tomasz Bartłomiej
Published: January 2025

This article is a critical edition and philological analysis of the last two chapters of the biblical book of Deutero-Isaiah (Isa 54–55), based on the Coptic manuscript sa 52 and other available manuscripts in the Sahidic dialect. The first part outlines general information about the part of codex sa 52 (M 568) that contains the analysed text. This is followed by a list and brief overview of other manuscripts featuring at least some verses from Isa 54–55. The main part of this article focuses on the presentation of the Coptic text (in the Sahidic dialect) and its translation into English. The differences identified between the Sahidic text and the Greek Septuagint, on which the Coptic translation is based, are illustrated in a tabular form. It includes, for example, additions and omissions in the Coptic translation, lexical changes and semantic differences. The last part of this article aims to clarify more challenging philological issues observed either in the Coptic text itself or in its relation to the Greek text of the LXX.
Seligman's PERMA model and hero's journey in music therapy
Authors: Pomazan Valentina M.
Published: January 2025

The paper presents an application of Campbell's exploration of “monomyth” or hero's journey in music therapy, strongly connected with holistic perspective on the therapeutic pursuit of meaning, purpose, and fulfillment, as presented in Seligman’s model.
The method combines the Music to facilitate the alignment with the hero's profound introspection and reconnection with a higher purpose, highlighting the role of positive and meaningful relationships, offering a sense of engagement. The hero experiences are translated in music, with the help of markers, guided by the therapist: the call, entering the unknown, challenges, confrontation, rebirth. The method uses graphical and musical elements, proposed by the therapist, and developed by the client, accompanied and encouraged to identify the stages of his/ her journey. This intervention encourages active participation, allowing the client to fully immerse themselves in each stage of the Hero’s Journey, using sound as both an expressive and healing tool.
The Work Environment is Related to The Comfort Level of Nurses According to Kolcaba Theory in Central Surgical Installations
Authors: Zalena Sarah , Yuswanto Tri Johan Agus , Supono Supono , Anjaswarni Tri
Published: January 2025

The work environment in a company plays a crucial role in employee performance. A positive work environment can enhance employee performance, while a poor work environment can negatively impact it. Kolcaba's Comfort Theory emphasizes that comfort is a primary focus in improving workplace conditions. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the work environment and the comfort level of nurses working in operating rooms. The research method used a quantitative study employed a cross-sectional approach to identify the relationship between independent and dependent variables simultaneously. A quantitative approach was used to study objective phenomena, while the cross-sectional design examined the connection between variables through a single round of data collection. Spearman’s rho statistical test was used to analyze the data. The results study with the Spearman’s rho test indicated a correlation coefficient of 0.683 with a significance level of 0.00, demonstrating a very strong and significant relationship between the work environment and the comfort level of nurses. The analysis showed that a better work environment was associated with higher comfort levels experienced by nurses. The study concluded that there is a significant and positive relationship between the work environment and the comfort level of nurses in operating rooms. Improving the work environment leads to increased comfort levels, enabling nurses to work more effectively.
The Ability of The Adaptation Process According to Callista Roy's Theory is Related to Work Stress in Nurses in The Operating Room
Authors: Andriani Selfiyah , Yuswanto Tri Johan Agus , Sepdianto Tri Cahyo , Anjaswarni Tri
Published: January 2025

Nurses in the operating room feel that they lack concentration in carrying out surgery because fatigue during emergency operations can result in increased work stress. The process of adaptation is a way that affects behavior in managing stress. The purpose of the study was to prove that there is a relationship between the ability of the adaptation process according to Callista Roy's theory in nurses with work stress in the operating room of Mardi Waluyo Hospital Blitar. This research method is quantitative using a cross-sectional design. The study sample was 28 nurses in the operating room with the total sampling technique. The independent variable of adaptability of the adaptation process was measured with the questionnaire sheet and the dependent variable of work stress was measured with the DASS 42 questionnaire sheet. Data analysis using Spearman test. The research results show that the ability of the adaptation process was mostly moderate in 17 people (60.7%) and work stress was almost half that of normal stress in 12 people (42.9%). The conclusion is there is a significant relationship between the ability of the adaptation process and nurses' work stress with a p-value of 0.001≤0.05 meaning that there is a significant relationship between the ability of the adaptation process with work stress in nurses in the operating room, the direction of the relationship from r count -0.577* is strongly correlated with the direction of negative relationships, meaning that the increasing adaptability the lower the level of work stress.
Yükseköğretim düzeyi coğrafya eğitiminde WEB 2.0 araçları kullanımının akademik başarıya etkisi
Authors: Ülger Mehmet , Karagözoğlu Nazike
Published: January 2025

Bu araştırmanın amacı, yükseköğretim düzeyinde coğrafya eğitiminde web 2.0 araçları kullanımının akademik başarıya etkisini belirlemektir. Araştırma, Sosyal Bilgiler Eğitimi Anabilim Dalı'nda ve Türkiye'nin Beşeri ve Ekonomik Coğrafyası dersinde yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada öğretim süreci WordArt, Wordwall, LearningApps, Bubbl.us, Storyjumper, Jigsawplanet web 2.0 araçları ile desteklenmiş ve katılımcılara eş zamanlı olarak web 2.0 araçları konusunda eğitim verilmiştir. Deney ve kontrol gruplarının ortalama puanlarını karşılaştırmak için parametrik testlerden biri olan ANCOVA kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, deney ve kontrol gruplarının ön test puanları kontrol altına alındığında, düzeltilmiş son test puanları açısından gruplar arasında deney grubu lehine anlamlı bir fark olduğu ve katılımcıların web 2.0 araçlarına yönelik bilgi düzeylerinin arttığı görülmüştür.
Sosyal bilgiler öğretmen adaylarının sahip oldukları afet bilinci ve kültürü: ne biliyorum? Ne öğretebilirim?
Authors: Tağrikulu Pınar
Published: January 2025

Bu çalışmada Sosyal Bilgiler öğretmenliği bölümü 4. sınıfta öğrenim görmekte olan 10 öğrencinin afet bilincini ve afet kültürünü ortaya koymak amaçlanmış, bu kapsamda görüşme yapılmıştır. Araştırma verileri yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Öğretmen adaylarının afetlere ilişkin pek çok bilgiye sahip oldukları görülse de tam olarak afet bilincine ve kültürüne uygun açıklamalar ortaya koyamadıkları söylenebilir. Nitekim afetlere ilişkin yapılan bu çalışmada kendilerine yöneltilen tüm sorulara deprem afeti ekseninde yanıtlar verdikleri saptanmıştır. Bu durum öğretmen adaylarının yakın geçmişte yaşanan 6 Şubat 2023 Kahramanmaraş depreminden oldukça etkilendiklerini düşündürmektedir. Afet döngüsünün gerektirdiği biçimde afet sürecinin yönetilmesine ilişkin bilgi birikimi noktasında ise öğretmen adaylarının yine kapsamlı değerlendirmeler yapamadıkları görülmektedir. Bu durumun üniversitede verilen afet eğitimine ilişkin derslerin saatlerinin az olmasından ve bu eğitimlerin uygulamalı etkinlikler ile desteklenme olanaklarının kısıtlılığından kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir. Bu nedenle üniversitelerde afetlere ilişkin verilen ders saatlerinin artırılmasının ve derslerin içeriklerinde uygulama örneklerinin de yer almasının gerektiği düşünülmektedir.
Geleneksel yağmur suyu hasat yöntemi olarak kullanılan avganlar ve bülkeler (Karahallı ilçesi, Uşak)
Authors: Polat Selahattin
Published: January 2025

Bu çalışmada, Karahallı ilçesindeki yerleşmelerin geçmiş yıllarda içme, kullanma ve tarımsal sulama suyu ihtiyacının karşılandığı avgan ve bülke olarak adlandırılan geleneksel yağmur suyu hasadı yöntemlerinden üzeri açık sarnıçlar ele alınmaktadır. Karahallı ilçe sınırları dahilinde arazi çalışmaları gerçekleştirilmiştir. Avgan ve bülkelerle ilgili yapılmış olan çalışmaların tamamı incelenmiş eleştirisel düşünce ve objektif bakış açısıyla ele alınmış ve durumları analiz edilmiştir. Bu su hasat sisteminin etkinliği, verimliliği ve geleceğe yönelik beklentileri vurgulanmaya çalışılmıştır. Günümüzde fonksiyonel özelliklerini kaybetme tehlikesi ile karşı karşıya olan su hasat sistemi ilçe halkının geçmişte susuzluğa karşı verdiği mücadelenin sembollerinden biridir. Avgan ve bülkeler, yeraltı ve yerüstü suyu bakımından yeterli düzeyde bulunmayan veya kaynak sularının yerleşim yerlerine uzak ve erişimin zor olduğu yerlerde 1960’lı ve 1970’li yıllara kadar faal olarak kullanılmıştır. Topografik seviyenin altında kare, dikdörtgen veya silindirik gövdeye sahip şekilde oluşturulan bu yapıların ilçe genelinde toplam sayısı 407 olarak tespit edilmiştir. İlçedeki avgan ve bülkelerin toplam su potansiyeli 14285 m3’den fazladır. Jeomorfolojik açıdan yamaç ve mevsimlik akışa sahip akarsu vadilerinde yoğunlaşan avgan ve bülkelerin büyük bir kısmı kuru haldedir. Yüzeysel beslenme alanında yapılan müdahaleler nedeniyle sarnıçlar susuz çukurluklar haline dönüşmüştür. Bu yağmur suyu depolama yapılarında bakımsızlıktan dolayı duvarlarında bitki gelişimi sonucu yıkılmalar olmuş, hayvan ve insanların içine düşmesi nedeniyle içleri doldurulmuş ve sayıları azalmıştır.
Enhancing Code LLMs with Reinforcement Learning in Code Generation: A Survey
Authors: He Yangfan , Shi Tianyu , Li Yuchen , Chen Qiuwu
Published: January 2025

With the rapid evolution of large language models (LLM), reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a pivotal technique for code generation and optimization in various domains. This paper presents a systematic survey of the application of RL in code optimization and generation, highlighting its role in enhancing compiler optimization, resource allocation, and the development of frameworks and tools. Subsequent sections first delve into the intricate processes of compiler optimization, where RL algorithms are leveraged to improve efficiency and resource utilization. The discussion then progresses to the function of RL in resource allocation, emphasizing register allocation and system optimization. We also explore the burgeoning role of frameworks and tools in code generation, examining how RL can be integrated to bolster their capabilities. This survey aims to serve as a comprehensive resource for researchers and practitioners interested in harnessing the power of RL to advance code generation and optimization techniques.