bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Periphytic diatoms in the presence of a cyanobacterial bloom: A case study of the Vrutci Reservoir in Serbia
Authors: Trbojevic Ivana , Predojevic Dragana , Subakov-Simic Gordana , Krizmanic Jelena
Published: January 2019

Despite their unique ecology and implications for ecological assessment, diatoms in lentic ecosystems are still insufficiently studied in both scientific research and operational monitoring. In particular, the ecology of periphytic diatoms relative to the global expansion of cyanobacterial blooms in lakes has not been described at all. This study aims to describe the diversity and dynamics of a periphytic diatom community in the Vrutci Reservoir during Planktothrix rubescens bloom, and to evaluate the adequacy of standard diatom index implementation in lentic ecosystems relative to the diatom index adapted for lakes ? the Trophic Diatom Index for Lakes (TDIL). The study was conducted in the Vrutci Reservoir in western Serbia. Periphyton was developed on an artificial glass substrate during the summer of 2015, following a depth gradient of a stratified water column. Diatom diversity and abundance, as well as diatom indices were estimated. Discounting the cyanobacterial bloom, 79 taxa of diatoms were recorded and among them the species Aneumastus stroesei as the first representative of the entire genus Aneumastus ever to be detected in Serbia. Diatom distribution along the depth gradient was clearly associated with shifts in environmental conditions. TDIL showed an advantage over standard diatom indices in terms of stability during experimental period and uniformity along the depth gradient, indicating the necessity for further testing of this index performance in lakes, and consequently local water-quality legislation update.
Support algorithm for blast furnace operation with optimal fuel consumption
Authors: Bernasowski M. , Klimczyk A. , Stachura R.
Published: January 2019

Fuel consumption in blast furnaces depends on many factors that are mainly conditioned by the technological level of a given blast furnace, the steel mill in which it operates, and the type and quality of ferrous feed, coke, and additional reducing agents. These are global factors which a furnace crew cannot control during operation. On the other hand, using their own experience and decision-making software, a crew can run a blast furnace with minimal fuel consumption under current batch and process conditions. The paper presents a model-based algorithm for optimizing the operation of blast furnaces to achieve the lowest fuel consumption. The algorithm allows the heat demands to be continuously calculated and highlights any wastage that could be reduced without affecting the stable operation of the blast furnace.
Physical properties of nanostructured ZnO thin films deposited by DC magnetron sputtering method with different volume of O2 in carrier gas
Authors: Asgary Somayeh , Ramezani Amir , Mahmoodi Azam
Published: January 2019

High-quality ZnO thin films with polycrystalline hexagonal structure and (101) preferentially oriented were deposited on Si and corning glass substrates by reactive direct current magnetron sputtering. The effects of different oxygen concentration in carrier gas on structural, morphological and optical properties have been investigated. The increase of O2 concentration resulted in the decrease of preferred orientation intensity and peak shifting to lower 2? values. Scanning electron microscopic images showed a porous tapered columnar structure similar to the zone 1 of Thornton?s structure zone model at lower O2 content and a smooth microstructure similar to the zone T structure at highest O2 content. AFM images showed that film morphology and surface roughness were influenced by O2 concentration. UV-Vis-NIR measurements indicated that the UV absorption intensity of samples was increased and shifted to shorter wavelength (blue shift) at higher O2 concentration. Moreover, the optical band gap increased from 3.91 to 4.41 eV as a function of the oxygen concentration.
Should anti-vitamin K be started on the first day in non-high risk pulmonary embolism?
Authors: Koracevic Goran , Ilic Dragana
Published: January 2019

Introduction. Protocols and guidelines have been improving results of our clinical practice. Sometimes there have been differences between guidelines on the same topic, but they have not been so important usually. As far as the start of vitamin K antagonists (VKA) in a non-high risk pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) patients is concerned, there is global consensus (reflected in all comprehensive guidelines) that it should be on the admission day or a day later. However, there are situations in which this VKA administering from the first (or second) day of hospitalization may actually complicate the treatment. Case report. As an illustration, our female, 71 years old patient with second unprovoked, intermediate-high risk PTE was given low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) + VKA from the second day. Due to lack of improvement in symptoms, oxygen saturation and D dimer after 9 days, computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) was repeated and it confirmed minimal advancement. The patient already had achieved target international normalized ratio (INR) and it complicated proceeding to fibrinolytic therapy. Conclusion. Correction of the therapeutic approach in the PTE treatment may be needed even if the treatment is completely conducted according to the latest guidelines. We recommend postponing VKA from the first (or second) day of hospitalization (as suggested in all available guidelines for non-high risk PTE patients) until satisfying clinical improvement is reached.
Genetic Determinants of Glycated Hemoglobin in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Syreeni Anna , Sandholm Niina , Cao Jingjing , Toppila Iiro , Maahs David M. , Rewers Marian J. , Snell-Bergeon Janet K. , Costacou Tina , Orchard Trevor J. , Caramori M. Luiza , Mauer Michael , Klein Barbara E.K. , Klein Ronald , Valo Erkka , Parkkonen Maija , Forsblom Carol , Harjutsalo Valma , Paterson Andrew D. ,   for the DCCT/EDIC Research Group, Groop Per-Henrik
Published: January 2019

Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is an important measure of glycemia in diabetes. HbA1c is influenced by environmental and genetic factors both in people with and in people without diabetes. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for HbA1c in a Finnish type 1 diabetes (T1D) cohort, FinnDiane. Top results were examined for replication in T1D cohorts DCCT/EDIC, WESDR, CACTI, EDC, and RASS, and a meta-analysis was performed. Three SNPs in high linkage disequilibrium on chromosome 13 near relaxin family peptide receptor 2 (RXFP2) were associated with HbA1c in FinnDiane at genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10−8). The minor alleles of rs2085277 and rs1360072 were associated with higher HbA1c also in the meta-analysis with RASS (P < 5 × 10−8), where these variants had minor allele frequencies ≥1%. Furthermore, these SNPs were associated with HbA1c in an East Asian population without diabetes (P ≤ 0.013). A weighted genetic risk score created from 55 HbA1c-associated variants from the literature was associated with HbA1c in FinnDiane but explained only a small amount of variation. Understanding the genetic basis of glycemic control and HbA1c may lead to better prevention of diabetes complications.
Determining the Effects of Combined Liraglutide and Phentermine on Metabolic Parameters, Blood Pressure, and Heart Rate in Lean and Obese Male Mice
Authors: Simonds Stephanie E. , Pryor Jack T. , Koegler Frank H. , Buch-Rasmussen Alberte S. , Kelly Lauren E. , Grove Kevin L. , Cowley Michael A.
Published: January 2019

Liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, and phentermine, a psychostimulant structurally related to amphetamine, are drugs approved for the treatment of obesity and hyperphagia. There is significant interest in combination use of liraglutide and phentermine for weight loss; however, both drugs have been reported to induce systemic hemodynamic changes, and as such the therapeutic window for this drug combination needs to be determined. To understand their impact on metabolic and cardiovascular physiology, we tested the effects of these drugs alone and in combination for 21 days in lean and obese male mice. The combination of liraglutide and phentermine, at 100 μg/kg/day and 10 mg/kg/day, respectively, produced the largest reduction in body weight in both lean and diet-induced obese (DIO) mice, when compared with both vehicle and monotherapy-treated mice. In lean mice, combination treatment at the aforementioned doses significantly increased heart rate and reduced blood pressure, whereas in DIO mice, combination therapy induced a transient increase in heart rate and decreased blood pressure. These studies demonstrate that in obese mice, the combination of liraglutide and phentermine may reduce body weight but only induce modest improvements in cardiovascular functions. Conversely, in lean mice, the additional weight loss from combination therapy does not improve cardiovascular parameters.
Üç Boyutlu Kirişlerin Doğrusal Olmayan Mekanik Davranışı için Mathematica Kullanarak Sonlu Elemanlar Yöntemi Uygulaması
Authors: TANRIÖVER Hakan
Published: January 2019

Kirişlerin büyük
dönmeler ve yer değiştirmeler altında mekanik davranışı incelendi. Crisfield
tarafından verilen eş-dönüşlü formülasyon yardımıyla üç boyutlu kiriş sonlu
elemanları Mathematica yazılımı içerisinde modellendi. Mathematica yazılımının
sembolik işlemcisi sayesinde modele ait parametreler değişken tutulabilir ve
değişik geometrilerdeki kirişler kolayca modellenebilir. Doğrusal olmayan
denklem takımları Newton-Raphson yöntemi ile çözüldü. Dinamik hareket denklemi
ve sayısal zaman integrasyon yöntemi ortaya konuldu yalnız çözümlemeler ileriki
çalışmalara bırakıldı. Literatürdeki çalışmaların ve ANSYS programının
sonuçlarıyla karşılaştırmalar yapıldı.
The Use of Composite Layering Technique to Mask a Discolored Background: Color Analysis of Masking Ability After Aging—Part II
Authors: Perez BG , Miotti LL , Susin AH , Durand LB
Published: January 2019

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the layering technique to mask a discolored background (C4) after one year of water aging. The technique was used with three resin composite restorative systems (IPS Empress Direct, Charisma Diamond, and Filtek Z350XT). Ninety 1.5-mm-thick specimens were divided into groups and subgroups according to the restorative system and resin composite shade combination used in the layering technique (enamel, body, and dentin). The color measurements were made by reflection spectrophotometer (SP60, EX-Rite) over the C4 substrate at two time points: after 24-hour water immersion (T0) and after one-year water aging (T1). The masking ability was evaluated by calculating the ΔE between an inherent color background and a C4 background at T0 and T1. CIELAB and CIEDE2000 formulas were used for comparative analysis between T0 and T1 color measurements. Analysis of variance and Turkey's post hoc test (a=0.05) were performed to analyze ΔEab and ΔE00 mean values. The Z350XT restorative system presented adequate masking ability in the combinations of 0.5 mm body + 1.0 mm dentin, 0.5 mm enamel + 1.0 mm dentin, and 1.5 mm dentin after 24-hour water immersion. The masking ability was affected negatively by water aging in most of the combinations. The IPS Empress Direct was the only system that remained stable after aging in the combinations of 0.5 mm enamel + 1.0 mm dentin and + 1.5 mm dentin (p=0.05 and p=0.47 for CIELAB; p=0.15 and p=0.51 for CIEDE2000), although it did not present adequate masking ability in both time points. None of the combinations of any system presented adequate masking ability after prolonged water aging.
Gingival Health of Porcelain Laminate Veneered Teeth: A Retrospective Assessment
Authors: Arif R , Dennison JB , Garcia D , Yaman P
Published: January 2019

Statement of Problem:

The long-term effect of the presence of porcelain laminate veneers (PLVs) on the health of the surrounding gingival issues is not available in the restorative literature.

Purpose:

To assess the long-term effect of PLVs on the health of the surrounding gingival tissues. A secondary aim was to correlate gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) scores with clinical parameters used for gingival health assessment in teeth treated with PLVs.

Methods and Materials:

Patients who received PLVs placed at the Graduate Restorative Clinic within a seven- to 14-year period were recalled for clinical evaluations. Periodontal measurements including gingival index (GI), periodontal pocket depth (PPD), gingival recession (GR), and clinical attachment level (CAL) were measured using a standard probe and indices. Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) was measured with a Periotron machine (Periotron 8000, Oraflow Inc), using Periopaper (Periopaper Gingival Fluid Collection Strip, Oraflow Inc.) for fluid collection. Photographs of any observed clinical defect were taken. Data were tabulated using Excel 2010 (Microsoft Corp). Statistical analysis for all descriptive statistics was performed using SPSS 21 (SPSS Software, IBM Corp.) and Stata SE 13 (Stata Software, StataCorp). Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was done to test for statistical significance of the mean pocket depths between the restored and unrestored surfaces of the veneered teeth. The significance level for all tests was p<0.05. Pearson's correlation coefficient was performed for testing statistical significance between GCF and GI and between GCF and PPD.

Results:

The frequency distribution of the GI included 47 PLVs (43%) with normal gingiva, 16 (15%) with mild inflammation, and 46 (42%) with moderate inflammation and bleeding on probing. The average PPD on the facial surface of the maxillary and mandibular PLVs was 2.17 mm and 2.16 mm, respectively. On the lingual surface, the average PPD was 2.10 mm for maxillary and 2.22 mm for mandibular PLVs. Gingival recession was seen in 27% of the evaluated PLVs. The repeated-measures ANOVA revealed p≥0.136, showing no statistical difference in the mean pocket depths between restored facial and unrestored lingual surfaces of the veneered teeth. A moderate correlation (r=0.407) was found between GCF and GI, which was significant at p<0.001. No correlation (r=0.124) was found between GCF and PPD, which was not significant at p=0.197.

Conclusions:

Gingival response to the evaluated PLVs was in the satisfactory range, with overall GI scores ranging between normal and moderate inflammation, pocket depths ranging from 1 to 2 mm, and recession present in 27% of the evaluated PLVs. No statistically significant difference was found between the mean pocket depths of the restored and unrestored surfaces of veneered teeth (p≥0.136). A moderate correlation was found between GCF and GI.
Foro de cooperación económica Asia-Pacífico (APEC): el gran desafío de las relaciones comerciales de Ecuador
Authors: Jurado Jaramillo Carlos , Cevallos Bermeo Aleida , Paredes Gonzalo Jonás
Published: January 2019

El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar la situación de las relaciones comerciales de Ecuador con las economías miembros del APEC, del inglés Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Para llevarlo a cabo, primero se realiza una revisión documental para indagar las razones por las que Ecuador no ha logrado ser una economía miembro de APEC, contrastando su situación con la de México, Chile y Perú, países miembros desde los noventa. Por último, se realiza una descripción de la actual situación comercial del país con esa región. Como conclusión se sostiene que Ecuador tiene un gran desafío si desea ser economía miembro de la APEC, dado que su relación comercial con la región de la cuenca oceánica es relativamente baja y que urge una aproximación al APEC por el mercado que representa.
Portafolio de inversiones de empresas que no cotizan sus acciones en el mercado bursátil
Authors: Guillén Franco Erwin J. , Jácome Piñeiros Xavier Alejandro , Basantes Brunes Génesis Estefanía
Published: January 2019

El objetivo del artículo fue presentar una metodología de conformación de portafolios en empresas ecuatorianas que no cotizan acciones en el mercado bursátil. La investigación aplicó los métodos de análisis de cluster, teoría de Markowitz y el Índice de Sharpe; para la cual se utilizaron los datos de las pequeñas y medianas compañías de Ecuador que se encuentran activas, habiendo extraído previamente aquellas con datos atípicos. Los resultados permitieron evidenciar que la metodología desarrollada permite constituir carteras de inversión que: (a) maximizan el Índice de Sharpe, (b) utilizan la rentabilidad financiera; y, (c) mejoran la selección al complementarse con la técnica de análisis de cluster.
Función directiva y estilos de liderazgo educativo: términos no sinonímicos, sino complementarios
Authors: Rodríguez Revelo Elsy
Published: January 2019

Teniendo en cuenta que existen tantos perfiles directivos como las políticas educativas de cada país, la puesta en práctica de cada uno se complementa con algún estilo de liderazgo. En consecuencia, este artículo de revisión bibliográfica propone la complementariedad de algunos estilos de liderazgo para fortalecer la función directiva, como vehículo para la participación de todos los actores educativos (docentes, familias, estudiantes) en los procesos de mejora que emprenda la comunidad educativa. No obstante, cada director debe encontrar la fórmula entre los diferentes estilos de liderazgo de acuerdo con la realidad contextual y su experiencia educativa, de tal manera que le permita adecuar su perfil a las particularidades del contexto. Sin embargo, los investigadores consultados, teóricos o no, defienden las ventajas que proporcionan los estilos de liderazgo transformacional, pedagógico, distribuido y participativo-colaborativo, pues aunque la tarea directiva sea incierta, la misma debe responder a las necesidades educativas de un alumnado mucho más diverso que vive en una estructura social cada vez más compleja.
Lineamientos curriculares para introducir el componente de educación ambiental como eje transversal en las carreras de pregrado de la Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil
Authors: Franco Pombo Mónica
Published: January 2019

El artículo aborda la necesidad de definir una estrategia que permita introducir progresivamente una dimensión ambiental como eje transversal en las carreras de grado de la Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil. Se plantea la implementación de una propuesta de ambientalización del currículo universitario desde una dinámica de acciones que surjan desde los propios actores. Una gestión en esta línea implicaría trabajar paralelamente en el logro de objetivos relacionados con la formación permanente de docentes, desarrollo de una cultura favorable al cambio, impulso a la gestión planificadora y los tiempos de dedicación para actividades orientadas a la incorporación de la dimensión ambiental en la vida universitaria. La estrategia propone generar una dinámica integral, holística, que favorezca el tratamiento y la reflexión sobre la problemática ambiental y transforme el resultado formativo de los futuros profesionales. La modificación del currículum será una consecuencia de la nueva dinámica que en torno al tema, se estructure en la comunidad universitaria y no a la inversa. Las universidades ecuatorianas están avocadas a asumir el riesgo de renovarse, reinventarse o sucumbir en escenarios inciertos. Así, solo aquellas que pongan en juego una capacidad adaptativa innovadora, podrán asimilar nuevas ideas para transformarlas en beneficio de los fines organizacionales de las propias universidades y claro está, de la sociedad a la que están llamadas a servir.
O uso de geotecnologias para promoção da cidadania através da melhoria das condições de acessibilidade dos espaços públicos: uma aplicação do projeto ponto certo.
Authors: Dos Santos Elton Andrade , Medeiros Macello Santos de , Vieira Rita Maria Bastos
Published: January 2019

O trabalho trará uma abordagem vinculada ao direito das pessoas à cidade principalmente aquelas que possuem alguma limitação de ordem física e que merecem ter seu direito ao acesso universal aos espaços urbanos e à informação garantidos, através da instalação de sinalizações adequadas que permitam a autonomia, sem restrições aos espaços públicos. Serão tratados os diversos problemas urbanos, ocasionados pelo aumento da população, pela falta de infraestrutura nas cidades, e também possíveis soluções adequadas para se obter uma cidade acessível que proporcione uma qualidade de vida melhor para a população. Apesar de todas as leis que protegem e exigem o cumprimento do direito de ir e vir, não é difícil observarmos o descaso das autoridades no que se refere à questão da acessibilidade. No caso específico da pessoa com deficiência ou mobilidade reduzida a realização de deslocamentos de maneira segura e satisfatória está diretamente relacionada com as condições de acessibilidade, hoje ainda, restrita a poucos espaços nas cidades brasileiras. Observa-se que há também relações econômicas e sociais muito presentes na vida da pessoa com alguma deficiência ou mobilidade reduzida. Nesse contexto, a renda torna-se um fator preponderante, pois aqueles que dispõem de maiores recursos terão maiores possibilidades de terem acesso aos bens e serviços urbanos, por residirem em locais onde a qualidade dos serviços públicos é melhor, diferentemente daqueles com menor renda que estão totalmente dependentes das ações e intervenções realizadas pelo poder público. A proposta que será apresentada no decorrer do trabalho deriva da execução do projeto de pesquisa e extensão denominado Ponto Certo, que tem como principal finalidade a análise das condições de acessibilidade nos pontos de parada de ônibus da cidade de Salvador-Bahia, utilizando o recurso da cartografia digital (SIG).
Assessing the danger of war: parallels and di«erences between Europe in 1914 and East Asia in 2014
Authors: Krause Joachim
Published: January 2019

The article looks at structural analogies between the strategic situation in Europe in the summer of 1914 and in East Asia today, with particular emphasis on the probability of the outbreak of a major war. The author examines analogies regarding the nature of the international system, i.e. is the international system characterized by outright anarchy or by a more or less developed and institutionalized understanding among the main actors about the way to preserve peace and to organize economic exchange? The article addresses domestic factors (nationalism, democratic, authoritarian or semi-democratic regimes) and investigates military dynamics against the backdrop of geography and the availability of military equipment and technologies. Possible routes of military escalation are also discussed. Special attention is paid to states that have isolated themselves and that dispose of military means that might promise swift victory. The article comes to the conclusion that there are very few similarities between Europe in 1914 and East Asia today, but that both the high degree of militarization of the Korean peninsula and the evolving military competition between the US and China in the region do imply the possibility of a major armed conflict in a not too distant future.
WILL THE SOUTH-CHINESE SEA BECOME THE CHINESE MARE NOSTRUM? MILITARY STRATEGIC AND FOREIGN POLICY ASPECT OF THE TERRITORIAL CLAIMS OF CHINA IN THE SOUTH-CHINESE SEA
Authors: Gubin A. V.
Published: January 2019

South-China Sea has been gradually becoming a place of collision of the USA as an acting global hegemon and growing China. Beijing is strongly interested in controlling this area for the purposes of national security as Washington intends to enhance its influence and containing Chinese expansionism. Both parties freely manipulate with the International law and simultaneuosly raise miltary activity within the South-Easat Asia that can cause a seruos conflict. Nevertheless, two contemporary centers of power likely to sustain complex interdependence relationship than start a global confrontation. Brand new vision of coercion is inspired by messian Belt and Road Initiative backing mostly on sealanes control. South-China Sea has been becoming vitally importatnt for China as it is a hub of international communications. The better Beijing controls mare nostrum the more stable its political system is. Respectively, Washington benefits from unstability in SCS for preventing sinization of the entire East Asia. Moreover, in the case of deteriorating bilateral ties America should be ready for implementation “geo-economic stranglehold“ strategy aimed to destroy the rival. South-East Asian nations do not tend to participate in the Great Game directly and choose ad hoc ally strategy as they are totally unable to form an Anti-China coalition. An attempt to resolve the dispute on the principle of international law factually failed – China doesn’t acknowledge Tribunal decision and recommendations but continues expansionist policy as well. The only positive moment can be found in introducing new negotiation positions among pretending ASEAN members – all the tensions are to be mitigated by investments and priveleges. This “smart power” instrument is able gradually to bring China a victory.
CHINA AND JAPAN: TERRITORIAL CONFLICT OR REGIONAL COOPERATION?
Authors: Dikarev A. D.
Published: January 2019

About some recent trends in economic and political relations between Japan and China. The opinions and conclusions of Western Russian and Japanese scholars with regard to the Chinese policy of Shinzo Abe government and Japanese aspects of Chinese foreign policy under Xi Jinping are considered. Special attention is paid to the ambiguous attitudes of both states to territorial conflicts and their strategy of exploration of islands in the open sea. Evident traces of “double standards“ can be revealed in the political declarations and actions of both countries. Controversies between China and Japan are dangerously aggravating especially with a prospect of strengthening China’s positions in the Asia-Pacific region. Nevertheless solving of territorial question will depend mainly on the outcome of economic rather than military competition between China and Japan.
CHINESE DIASPORA IN RUSSIA
Authors: Larin A. G.
Published: January 2019

At the present stage, the thesis of the “Chinese demographic threat” has decreased to the lowest level, but has not disappeared completely from the mass consciousness, paradoxically combining with increased sympathy for China. The work of Chinese migrants, spreading throughout the country, plays a particularly significant role in the economy of the Russian Far East. In a number of places and a number of industries, Chinese migrants compete with Russians and even drive them out of the market; In other cases, their work is recognized as necessary. The Russian authorities pursue a policy of gradual restriction of foreign, including Chinese, labor, both to facilitate the employment of their own citizens, and to achieve geopolitical goals. The reverse side of this policy is the worsening of the already not very favorable investment climate in the country. The Russian administration has little control over the economic activities of Chinese migrants and even the dynamics of their numbers, but at the same time it tends to lease to the Chinese side large agricultural and forest territories, not seeking to maximize the labor potential of its people and creating a situation impending damage to the country’s economic sovereignty, that causes public outcry. Educational migration from China to Russia, which is not very large, is constrained by a set of causes, including unfavorable living conditions in Russia. The main reason is the low rating of the Russian diploma in the international labor market, including in China itself, and the very modest opportunities that it opens for career growth. The conjugation of the Eurasian Economic Union and the Silk Road Economic Belt, apparently, will open up wider opportunities for attracting Chinese labor migrants to the rise of the Russian economy, but their professional structure will hardly change qualitatively. The explosive growth of their number can occur if the EAEU and China decide to establish a free trade zone. However, this is unlikely in the foreseeable future. The Chinese diaspora, being undoubtedly useful for Russia, simultaneously carries a number of risks to it. They can be eliminated or mitigated by establishing clear control and regulation of migrants’ activities, but for this it is necessary to improve the mechanism of managing the economy of the country.
XI JINPING AND THE NEW GENERATION OF THE LEADERS OF THE CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY
Authors: Rumyantsev E. N.
Published: January 2019

The article deliberates on the basic periods in the political biography of the present top Chinese leader Xi Jinping. The author believes that the concept of “generations of the CPC leaders” is the product of the Party’s official historiography and doesn’t fully correspond to the facts, and, besides, the CPC in fact hasn’t a system of transfer of power yet. As to Xi Jinping himself, he prefers authoritarian methods of leadership and his foreign policy is that of the growing assertiveness. It seems that the present Chinese leader has completely accepted and taken as an instruction for his policies the words said by Mao Zedong during the “cultural revolution”. The “great helmsman” said that “China had already become the political center of the world, it must also become its economic and military center”. During the years after ascending to the position of power the major part of Xi Jinping’s activities was devoted to strengthening of his personal positions and the control over China. The reforms announced at the 3rd plenum of the CPC have not been implemented in full. In the internal policy the fight against corruption plays an important part. It pursues several purposes including that of “ousting” Xi’s political rivals. The fact of importance is the worsening of China’s “credit history” on human rights during Xi’s rule. Special attention should be paid to the tragic destiny of the Nobel laureate Liu Xiaobo. Xi Jinping’s highest priority is strengthening of position of the CPC as a dominant political force in China. At the 19th congress of the party which is going to open in a few days the most likely scenario is that of further strengthening of power and influence of Xi Jinping and his supporters. Trend for the personality cult of the Chinese present leader is obvious. Still the situation in China remains complicated, some unexpected events still could happen. It’s too early to give a final verdict on the rule of “chairman Xi”.
U.S. AND ITS “ONE CHINA” POLICY
Authors: Leksyutina Ya. V.
Published: January 2019

Amongst top national goals of the contemporary China’s leadership, the Taiwan issue occupies a particular place. This issue bears a fundamental significance since it deals with national pride, state sovereignty, territorial integrity and the unity of the PRC. Its resolution has also an applied significance – it promotes the legitimacy of the ruling China’s Communist Party and resolves some geopolitical difficulties China faces. Currently relying on the creation of island’s all-pervading economic dependency on China, yet not excluding military invasion as an option, Beijing expects to resolve the Taiwan issue by 2049, the 100th anniversary of the PRC. By using economic statecraft and exerting pressure on the world’s countries and international organizations, Beijing has succeeded in narrowing Taiwan’s international space, thus coming close to the desired goal of bringing back the island. Still, a crucial impediment to the resolution of the Taiwan issue is the US’ support of Taiwan. The article reveals specifics of the so-called “One China” policy, a policy that the US pursues towards the Taiwan issue ever since 1970s. By analyzing in details the provisions of the documents that lay the basis of “One China” policy, the author identifies its enduring principles. The author emphasizes the dual character of the US’ “One China” policy, which is its simultaneous orientation to promote relations with the PRC and to support Taiwan. The author further explains the motivation of the American support of Taiwan. The nature of the China-Taiwan relations – either confrontational (which has been the case with a few exceptions) or peaceful (like in the beginning of the 1990s and 2008–2016) – is seen in the article as a major determinant of the formulation of the US’ Taiwan policy. Beijing’s readiness to return the island with the use of force and China’s rapid military power accumulation determine the US-Taiwan close military ties, including arms sales to the island. By analyzing the development of the situation in the Taiwan Strait through the examples of three Taiwan administrations (the ones of Chen Shui-bian, Ma Ying-jeou and Tsai Ing-wen), the author shows that in the 21st century Taiwan leadership’s policy towards mainland China and the independence issue plays the defining role in the Taiwan-China-US triangle relations. It concludes that changes in the basics of the US’s “One China” policy and the termination of Washington’s support of Taiwan are highly unlikely.
R.T. Erdogan as an Example of a Charismatic Politician
Authors: Nadein-Raevskiy V. A.
Published: January 2019

The article examines the process of formation of identity of Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan – a charismatic leader, an adept of “moderate Islamism” one of the founders of the Justice and Development Party. Historically strong centralized authority was always normal for Turkey and the need for Turks in the charismatic leaders is evident even at the present time. Erdogan is stubborn and consistent, thanking to religious education in his family and in religious Lyceum Imam Hatib. He was always religious and since his student years, joined Islamic politicians. In his student years he became the head of the Istanbul Youth organization of the Islamist National Salvation Party, in whose ranks and files he received good practice of a political organizer. The crisis in the ranks of the Islamists after repeated bans of the Islamist party led to a split in its ranks and Erdogan and his associates established the Justice and Development Party (AKP). Creating the AKP, Erdogan and his colleagues received a very important support from the well-known Muslim preacher, writer and philosopher Fethullah Gülen living in Pennsylvania (USA). The political support of Gülen who has millions of followers in Turkey and a well-organized educational system of the “Hizmet” Movement operating not only in Turkey but also in 140 countries helped the AKP to win the elections to the Turkish Parliament. Numerous graduates of private schools, colleges and universities of F. Gülen has occupied leading positions in business, police, juridical structures and the armed forces of Turkey and became supporters of Erdogan. Economic reforms of the AKP has substantially strengthened the Turkish economy, increased the income of the population and managed to cope successfully with inflation. On this ground Erdogan’s credibility consequently grew in the face of voters who saw him a successful leader and skilled politician. However, Erdogan gradually returned to the daily life of Turks the Islamic religion, which caused discontent among the supporters of secular development of the country. Repeated attempts to remove the AKP from power were not successful. Using strong support from F. Gülen’s structures in the judiciary, Erdogan managed to organize high-profile lawsuits against the army leadership, politicians, and journalists – supporters of secular development of the country. In a popular referendum, the army was excluded from influence on the political system of the country. However, constant criticism of the policies of Erdogan from the side of F. Gülen led to the crisis of union between the two leaders. Using the failed coup attempt Erdogan accused in its organization Fethullah Gülen and began a wide crackdown against his supporters.
The Role of State Policy in Attracting of Foreign Direct Investment to the Far East of Russia
Authors: Kuznetsova Olga V.
Published: January 2019

In recent years (since late 2013) the federal government has intensified the policy of foreign investors attracting to the Russian Far East, proclaiming the need to integrate this macro-region in the Asia Pacific region and creating development institutions of the Far East, as well as preferential conditions for investors – the territories of priority socio-economic development, free port of Vladivostok. Investors are given massive tax preferences, regime of free customs zone, a number of other preferences. However, from the point of view of foreign investors many instruments of state investment policy – rather its lack, than advantage. Investment policy of regional authorities in the Far East is currently ranked low, in the National ranking of investment climate in subjects of the Russian Federation Far East regions, with the exception of Khabarovsk Krai, located in the second half. By the volume of foreign direct investment (FDI) stock Sakhalin oblast stands out among the Russian Far East regions, occupying on this indicator the second place among all subjects of the Russian Federation due to the action of agreements on production section, which appeared in 1990- ies. The shares of other Far Eastern regions in the FDI stock in Russia is still small. The state’s efforts in recent years to attract FDI to the Far East led to some increase in the volume of FDI stock in the macro-region, but not in all subjects of the Russian Fed eration. Preferential regimes are increasingly attracted domestic rather than foreign investors. Among the projects with participation of foreign capital projects focused on the domestic market of the Far East (agriculture, services) and the use of macro-region natural resources dominate. Projects on creation of manufacturing industries which products can be delivered beyond the Far East, including for export, yet few. The prospects for improvement, given the existing experience of the gradual development of new regions by foreign investors, but it requires improvement of the state investment policy both at federal and regional levels.
Globalization does not End, it Becomes Another
Authors: Kheyfets Boris A.
Published: January 2019

The article considers the features of a new stage of globalization. The slowdown in the dynamics of interstate flows of physical assets, primarily foreign trade and capital in the post-crisis period, sparked a discussion about the end of globalization. It is shown that the slowing down of globalization processes is temporary, it concerns traditional assets, while the interstate flows of new assets triggered by the 4th industrial revolution are fundamentally strengthened. The driver of a new phase of globalization are the technologies associated with the Internet, new communications, 3D-printing, robotization, renewable energy, etc. They fundamentally change the view of the rational allocation of production and reduce the need for transportation of traditional goods and for foreign investment. As a result, in the future may occur reformatting of some existing value chains. New technologies also change the business strategy, which begins to create special technological platforms that eliminate intermediaries and ensure better and more competitive satisfaction of customers’ demands. The increased tendencies towards regionalization and transregionalization, which stimulate all states to remove barriers to trade and investment and improve the investment climate, is not an obstacle to globalization. In the future, their expansion will take place at the expense of new members, the conclusion of preferential trade and investment agreements between members and non-members of individual mega-partnerships. Another driver of the current stage of globalization is informal consumer globalization, or “globalization from below,” which is connected with the activity of citizens. The number of foreign tourist trips, studying and working abroad, and purchases abroad via the Internet is growing. This is a fundamentally new stage of globalization, which will be gradually formed a world without economic borders, common economic space without participation of supranational formal institutions.
A Lesson from two Failed Foreign Investments: the Foreign (Ad)Venture of two Finnish State-Owned Enterprises
Authors: Liuhto Kari
Published: January 2019

As an organisational failure may teach more than an organisational success, this article describes the failed foreign investments of two Finnish stateowned enterprises (SOEs), namely Sonera and Stora Enso. In 2000, Sonera acquired a mobile phone licence in Germany and Italy for USD 4,000 million. Two years later, it turned out that the licence was worthless. In turn, Stora Enso acquired an American paper firm for USD 5,000 million in 2000, but seven years later Stora Enso sold this US unit at a loss of USD 2,000–3,000 million. These two cases reveal that the major reason for these failures was the inability of SOE management to predict business development. Other major reasons for failure were the conflicting motives of the management and the company (the main shareholder), and inadequate state control. Passive control of the state may encourage SOE management to exercise adventurous investment policies and take major risks. In Sonera’s case, unrealistic risk taking led to serious financial difficulties, and finally, to a forced sale of the entire group to Telia, the Swedish telecom company. Stora Enso’s stronger financial position saved it from an organisational failure. A lesson to policy-makers: a responsible minister and the minister’s subordinates should exercise a more active ownership policy and keep the political interests of his/her party subordinate to the strategic interests of the state. Recent public discussion on SOE governance in Finland reveals that the Finnish Government still experiences difficulties in fully digesting the wisdom of the OECD Guidelines of Corporate Governance of StateOwned Enterprises.
Alive American History: Сivil War of Monuments
Authors: TRAVKINA N. M.
Published: January 2019

The article analyzes the origins and causes of public resistance in the United States about the issue of preservation of monuments,  symbolizing the period of the Confederacy in the U.S. South during the Civil war (1861-1865). Indicates that the main factor in  the confrontation was a victory in the presidential elections of 2016  of D.Trump, who in the minds of his Democratic Party supporters is  associated with racial ideas of “white supremacy”. With the coming  to power of D. Trump in the U.S. relatively powerful movement emerged, mainly in the southern States for the  demolition and dismantling of Confederate monuments, which  symbolize, in the opinion of left-liberal forces, the ideas and theories  of superior and inferior races, who were believed to be sunk into  oblivion after the adoption in the 1960-s of civil rights laws.  Currently in the U.S. there are more than 1.5 thousand artifacts  relating to or symbolizing the period of the Confederacy and glorify  its military leaders. The specific histories of the dismantling of  monuments of the Confederation in various States are outlined.  However are considered and the counteractions of the opponents of  dismantling the legacy of the Confederacy are considered, which  created in the recent years the strong legal barriers for the  protection of Confederate monuments under the pretext of  protecting the cultural heritage of past historical periods. It is stated  that in retrospect, the current wave of dismantling of the  Confederate monument is to some extent а justified step because for  the first 30 years of the twentieth century these monuments  were erected as political symbols of the segregation-racist regime of  apartheid established in 26 U.S. States after the adoption of the so- called laws of “Jim Crow” at the turn of XIX-XX centuries. In the  conclusion it is stated that under the President D. Trump the severity  of the problem of the removal/preservation of Confederate  monuments and other monuments of the past American history will  remain in the foreseeable future.
PENGARUH WAKTU PEMBERIAN NUTRISI PADA PRODUKSI BENIH KENTANG SECARA AEROPONIK DENGAN APLIKASI ROOT ZONE COOLING DI DATARAN RENDAH TROPIS
Authors: Sumarni Eni , Farid Noor , Soesanto Loekas , Juansah Jajang
Published: January 2019

Planting potatoes in the tropical lowlands as an effort to reduce the adverse effects of planting in the highlands such as erosion, pests and plant diseases has been carried out and the tubers have been successfully obtained. Planting of potato seeds was carried out with an aeroponic system and climate modification in the root zone cooling environment. Climate modification is carried out at an altitude of 250 m asl and <125 m asl. The stability of the temperature in the aeroponic chamber can be maintained by regulating the time of spraying cold nutrients through the nozzles to the root area. However, the importance of the time to provide nutrition in order to maintain the optimal temperature of the root area in aeroponic systems in the lowlands has not been widely reported scientifically. The purpose of this study was to obtain the appropriate time for nutrition in order to maintain optimal chamber temperature and to have an effect on the growth and yield of potato seeds. The research was conducted in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Central Java, Indonesia. Height of place <125 m above sea level. The study was conducted from July to September 2017. The factors that were tried in the study were as follows: 1. Length of time for nutrition (T): T1: 2.5 minutes OFF and 15 minutes ON; T2: 5 minutes OFF, 15 minutes ON, T3: 10 minutes OFF, 15 minutes ON, T4: 15 minutes OFF, 15 minutes ON, 2. Varieties (V): V1 (Atlantic), V2 (Granola). Growth parameters observed: plant height, number of leaves, number of tubers, tuber weight. Experiment using a randomized block design with 3 replications. The data were analyzed by F test and continued with Duncan’s Multiple Range Testof 5% level.The results showed that the duration of nutrient administration by setting a timer gave different results on the growth and development of aeroponic plants of potato seeds in the lowlands 125 m above sea level. The duration of nutrition administration 2.5 minutes OFF gave the highest number of tubers and tuber weight compared to the duration of nutrition 5 minutes, 10 minutes and 15 minutes OFF. The number of tubers obtained is 7.3 tubers / plant with boto an average of 2 mg. The duration of nutrition is 5 minutes, 10 minutes and 15 minutes OFF does not produce tubers.
PERBANDINGAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWAPADA MATERI BRYOPHYTA MENGGUNAKAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN INKUIRI DENGAN KOOPERATIF GROUP INVESTIGATION (GI) DI SMA KELAS X
Authors: Lestari Devi
Published: January 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui perbedaan hasil belajar siswa pada materi Bryophyta menggunakan model pembelajaran inkuiri dengan kooperatif GI. Hasil belajar afektif siswa, keterampilan siswa belajar dan proses pelaksanaan model pembelajaran. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah quasi experiment dengan desain nonequivalent control group design. Sampel penelitian adalah siswa kelas X-2 dan X-4 SMAN-6 Palangka Raya. Pengumpulan data menggunakan soal tes yang sudah valid. Pengujian hipotesis menggunakan uji-t. Hasil dari penelitian diperoleh nilai p0,01 < α 0,05. Maka kesimpulan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara hasil belajar siswa menggunakan model pembelajaran inkuiri dengan kooperatif GI. Aspek kognitif melalui pembelajaran inkuiri untuk aspek C2 dikatakan baik, sedangkan aspek kognitif melalui kooperatif GI untuk aspek C1, C2, dan C3 dikatakan sangat baik. Hasil afektif siswa yang belajar melalui model pembelajaran inkuiri dan kooperatif GI diperoleh nilai yang sangat baik untuk aspek jujur. Hasil keterampilan siswa belajar melalui model pembelajaran kooperatif GI sangat baik dibanding model pembelajaran inkuiri. Hasil proses pelaksanaan model melalui pembelajaran inkuiri dan model pembelajaran kooperatif GI terlaksana dengan baik.