bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disc dichotomy signature in the vertical distribution of [Mg/Fe] and the delayed gas infall scenario
Authors: Spitoni E. , Aguirre Børsen-Koch V. , Verma K. , Stokholm A.
Published: April 2022

Context.Analysis of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment project (APOGEE) data suggests the existence of a clear distinction between two sequences of disc stars in the [α/Fe] versus [Fe/H] abundance ratio space, known as the high- and low-αsequence, respectively. This dichotomy also emerges from an analysis of the vertical distribution of the [α/Fe] abundance ratio.

Aims.We aim to test whether the revised two-infall chemical evolution models designed to reproduce the low- and high-αsequences in the [α/Fe] versus [Fe/H] ratios in the solar neighbourhood are also capable of predicting the disc bimodality observed in the vertical distribution of [Mg/Fe] in APOGEE DR16 data.

Methods.Along with the chemical composition of the simple stellar populations born at different Galactic times predicted by our reference chemical evolution models in the solar vicinity, we provide their maximum vertical height above the Galactic plane |zmax| computed assuming the relation between the vertical action and stellar age in APOGEE thin-disc stars.

Result.The vertical distribution of the [Mg/Fe] abundance ratio predicted by the reference chemical evolution models is in agreement with that observed when combining the APOGEE DR16 data (chemical abundances) with the astroNN catalogue (stellar ages, orbital parameters) for stars younger than 8 Gyr (only low-αsequence stars). Including the high-αdisc component, the dichotomy in the vertical [Mg/Fe] abundance distribution is reproduced considering the observational cut in the Galactic height of |z|< 2 kpc. However, our model predicts an overly flat (almost constant) growth of the maximum vertical height |zmax| quantity as a function of [Mg/Fe] for high-αobjects in contrast with the median values from APOGEE data. Possible explanations for such a tension are that: (i) the APOGEE sample with |z|< 2 kpc is more likely than ours to be contaminated by halo stars, causing the median values to be kinematically hotter, and (ii) external perturbations – such as minor mergers – that the Milky Way experienced in the past could have heated up the disc, and the heating of the orbits cannot be modeled by only scattering processes. Assuming a disc dissection based on chemistry for APOGEE-DR16 stars (|z|< 2 kpc), the observed |zmax| distributions for high-αand low-αsequences are in good agreement with our model predictions if we consider the errors in the vertical action estimates in the calculation. Moreover, a better agreement between predicted and observed stellar distributions at different Galactic vertical heights is achieved if asteroseismic ages are included as a constraint in the best-fit model calculations.

Conclusions.The signature of a delayed gas infall episode, which gives rise to a hiatus in the star formation history of the Galaxy, are imprinted both in the [Mg/Fe] versus [Fe/H] relation and in vertical distribution of [Mg/Fe] abundances in the solar vicinity.
Regularity properties of the Schrödinger cost
Authors: Clerc Gauthier
Published: April 2022

The Schrödinger problem is an entropy minimisation problem on the space of probability measures. Its optimal value is a cost between two probability measures. In this article we investigate some regularity properties of this cost: continuity with respect to the marginals and time derivative of the cost along probability measures valued curves.
Efficient Uncertainty Quantification and Variance-Based Sensitivity Analysis in Epidemic Modelling Using Polynomial Chaos
Authors: Jensen Bjørn C.S. , Engsig-Karup Allan P. , Knudsen Kim
Published: April 2022

The use of epidemic modelling in connection with spread of diseases plays an important role in understanding dynamics and providing forecasts for informed analysis and decision-making. In this regard, it is crucial to quantify the effects of uncertainty in the modelling and in model-based predictions to trustfully communicate results and limitations. We propose to do efficient uncertainty quantification in compartmental epidemic models using the generalized Polynomial Chaos (gPC) framework. This framework uses a suitable polynomial basis that can be tailored to the underlying distribution for the parameter uncertainty to do forward propagation through efficient sampling via a mathematical model to quantify the effect on the output. By evaluating the model in a small number of selected points, gPC provides illuminating statistics and sensitivity analysis at a low computational cost. Through two particular case studies based on Danish data for the spread of Covid-19, we demonstrate the applicability of the technique. The test cases consider epidemic peak time estimation and the dynamics between superspreading and partial lockdown measures. The computational results show the efficiency and feasibility of the uncertainty quantification techniques based on gPC, and highlight the relevance of computational uncertainty quantification in epidemic modelling.
Optimal production strategies of competitive firms considering product innovation
Authors: Han Xiaoya , Zhou Yongyi , Liu Xin
Published: April 2022

Consumer preference for product innovation/functionality has become increasingly diverse, therefore firms produce products with distinct versions/generations to satisfy consumers. This paper investigates the decision-making problem for multiple competitive firms considering consumers’ diversified preferences for product functionality. This paper develops an optimization model, in which the profit maximizing firms need to determine the production quantities of their products with different versions. Due to our model’s computational complexity, it motivates us to adopt variational inequalities theory, which is applied to convert an original model into a new variational inequality problem. On this basis, the existence and uniqueness of an equilibrium solution are proved, and a high-efficient Euler algorithm is proposed. A case study focused on the 5G smartphone market is conducted. Numerical results show that firms may obtain more profits by producing products with newer versions if the consumer preference for product functionality is high. However, if the preference level of consumer is under a certain level, it is not necessarily beneficial for firms who launch new versions of their products to the demand market. In addition, when the competition in market becomes intensive (due to new entrants), giving up the production of previous-version products may be more conducive to existing firms.
Technology license sharing strategy for remanufacturing industries under a closed-loop supply chain management bonding
Authors: Mondal Ashish Kumar , Pareek Sarla , Chaudhuri Kripasindhu , Bera Amit , Bachar Raj Kumar , Sarkar Biswajit
Published: April 2022

Remanufacturing is getting attention nowadays due to increasing waste and corresponding emissions. One of the important factors of remanufacturing is the quality of the remanufactured products. The collection and distribution of used products require proper management. Based on this situation, this study discusses a hybrid closed-loop supply chain management in cooperation with a hybrid production system. The vendor comes up with the policy of sharing remanufacturing responsibility by sharing the technology license with other supply chain players. The carbon cap restricts emissions from the entire hybrid production system of the vendor. Other factors of this proposed study are service by the retailer and quality, gift policy, and customer awareness by the vendor. This study examines the scenario under random market demand. Classical optimization provides the solution under the Stackelberg game policy where the vendor acts as leader and the retailer & third party act as followers. This paper considers two scenarios: Scenario A for a continuous distribution and Scenario B for no specific distribution. A comparison is drawn between various motivating factors-based policies to control supply chain management.
Reduktion klimaschädlicher Treibhausgase durch Auswahl der Inhalatoren in der Therapie von Patienten mit Asthma und COPD
Authors: Bickhardt Jakob , Czupalla Cornelia , Bader Uta
Published: April 2022

Hintergrund Die Aufmerksamkeit für ökologische Aspekte als Teil des Gesundheitsschutzes nimmt bei Ärzten und Patienten zu. Dazu gehört auch der CO2-Fußabdruck durch die Verordnung von Medikamenten. Das Treibhauspotenzial inhalativer Therapien hängt von der Art des Inhalationsgeräts ab. Die noch häufig verwendeten treibgashaltigen Dosieraerosole (pMDI) haben einen 10- bis 40-fach höheren CO2-Fußabdruck im Vergleich zu treibgasfreien Pulverinhalatoren (DPI).

Zielstellung Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, die Umsetzbarkeit und die Relevanz der Umstellung von pMDI auf DPI hinsichtlich der Verringerung des CO2-Fußabdrucks in einer pneumologischen Praxis unter Alltagsbedingungen zu untersuchen und eine Kostenabschätzung zu treffen.

Methode Ausgehend von exemplarischen Therapieregimen verschiedener Intensität für drei Patienten einer pneumologischen Gemeinschaftspraxis (pGP) wurden der CO2-Fußabdruck und die Tagestherapiekosten untersucht. Auf Basis der Verordnungen des 1. Quartals 2020 (I/2020) und des 1. Quartals 2021 (I/2021) in dieser pGP wurde im Vergleich zum Verordnungsverhalten der Pneumologen in Sachsen und deutschlandweit ermittelt, in welchem Umfang und mit welchen Effekten auf den CO2-Fußabdruck eine Umstellung der Behandlung von pMDI auf DPI möglich ist.

Ergebnisse Für exemplarische Therapieregime bei Asthma- bzw. COPD-Patienten wurde bei Umstellung einer pMDI-basierten auf eine DPI-basierte Therapie in Abhängigkeit von der Therapieintensität sowie des verwendeten Treibgases ein Einsparpotential von 115–480 kg CO2-Äquivalent (CO2e) pro Jahr und Patient ermittelt. Bei 2.610 (I/2020) und 2.693 (I/2021) Behandlungsfällen wurden in der Praxis 184.297 bzw. 164.165 definierte durchschnittliche Tagesdosen (DDD) rezeptiert. Der Anteil der DPI konnte von 49,2% (I/2020) auf 77,8% (I/2021) erhöht werden. Insbesondere in der Monotherapie mit inhalativen Kortikosteroiden (ICS) war die Zunahme der DPI-Verordnungen (von 19,8 auf 74,1%) deutlich. Es konnten in der pGP im Vergleich der beiden ersten Quartale 2020 und 2021 35.000–40.000 kg CO2e eingespart werden. Eine Kostensteigerung war im Vergleich zum Bundesdurchschnitt nicht zu beobachten. Bei den Pneumologen in Sachsen und deutschlandweit fand keine wesentliche Veränderung im Verordnungsverhalten statt. Wenn die ambulant tätigen Pneumologen bundesweit 75% DPI verordneten, wäre eine Einsparung von 11.650 Tonnen CO2e pro Quartal bzw. 46.600 Tonnen CO2e pro Jahr möglich.

Schlussfolgerung Die inhalative Behandlung von Patienten mit Asthma bronchiale und COPD kann unter Alltagsbedingungen weitgehend von pMDI auf DPI umgestellt werden. Eine wesentliche Einsparung von Treibhausgasemissionen ist ohne relevante Kostensteigerung möglich.
Correlation Between Skin Advanced Glycation End Products and Cardiac
Autonomic Neuropathy Among Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes
Mellitus
Authors: Papachristou Stella , Pafili Kalliopi , Trypsianis Grigorios , Papazoglou Dimitrios , Vadikolias Κonstantinos , Papanas Nikolaos
Published: April 2022

Introduction Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are frequently
increased in the skin of subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This
study aimed to examine the correlation of AGEs with cardiac autonomic neuropathy
(CAN) in T2DM.

Methods To this aim, 132 participants (88 men) with a mean age of 64.57
years and a median T2DM duration of 14.5 years were included. Skin AGEs were
measured with AGE reader mu connect (Diagnoptics) on the dominant arm (both
single and automated triplicate measurements). Diagnosis of CAN, sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous system impairment was based on the four standardised
cardiovascular reflex tests (CARTs).

Results On a single measurement, AGEs were increased in subjects with vs.
those without CAN (3.20±0.74 vs. 2.66±0.66, p<0.001). As
compared with normal results, AGEs were increased for each one of the 4 abnormal
CARTs: Valsalva Ratio (3.36±0.67 vs. 2.66±0.72,
p=0.004), E/I ratio (3.01±0.72 vs. 2.53±0.68,
p=0.001), 30:15 ratio (3.08±0.76 vs. 2.75±0.69,
p=0.011), postural hypotension (3.30±0.72 vs. 2.75±0.66,
p<0.001). Similar results were obtained for triplicate measurements.

Discussion Among T2DM subjects, skin AGEs appear to increase in the
presence of CAN. This holds true both for sympathetic and parasympathetic
nervous system impairment.
Diagnostic Value of Vessel Wall Imaging to Determine the Timing of Extracranial‒Intracranial Bypass for Moyamoya Syndrome Associated with Active Sjögren's Syndrome: A Case Report
Authors: Shindo Takafumi , Ito Masaki , Sugiyama Taku , Okuyama Tomohiro , Kono Michihito , Atsumi Tatsuya , Fujimura Miki
Published: April 2022

Background Sjögren's syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disorder that predominantly affects exocrine organs. It is characterized by an organ-specific infiltration of lymphocytes. The involvement of the major cerebral arteries in Sjögren's syndrome has rarely been reported. A recent study reported a case of successful extracranial–intracranial (EC–IC) bypass without complications, even in the active inflammatory state, although the optimal timing of such a bypass remains unclear.

Case Description We here report the case of a 43-year-old woman presenting with acute ischemic stroke due to progressive middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion and signs of primary Sjögren's syndrome. During intensive immunosuppressive therapy for active Sjögren's syndrome, the patient was monitored using contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging (MR-VWI). A couple of intravenous cyclophosphamide injections combined with a methylprednisolone pulse and antiplatelet therapy resulted in clear resolution of vessel wall enhancement, which suggested remission of inflammatory vasculitis. Nevertheless, she still experienced a transient ischemic attack (TIA) due to decreased regional cerebral blood flow by MCA occlusion, as demonstrated by the conventional time-of-flight MR angiography and single-photon emission computed tomography. Considering the increased risk of further stroke, the decision was made to perform an EC–IC bypass as a treatment for medically uncontrollable hemodynamic impairment. Her postoperative course was uneventful without further repeated TIAs, and continued immunosuppressive therapy for Sjögren's syndrome provided effective management.

Conclusions Our findings emphasize the diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced MR-VWI in monitoring the effect of immunosuppressive therapy for the major cerebral artery vasculitis and in determining the timing of EC–IC bypass as a “rescue” treatment for moyamoya syndrome associated with active Sjögren's syndrome.
Comparison between Digital Subtraction Angiography and Indocyanine Green Video Angiography in the Operative Management of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Fayaz Mohsin , Kareem Kaiser , Wani Abrar Ahad , Ramzan Altaf Umar , Malik Nayil khursheed , Rashid Sabia
Published: April 2022

Background Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is a fluoroscopy technique used in interventional radiology to clearly visualize blood vessels in a bony or dense soft tissue environment. Images are produced using contrast medium by subtracting a “pre-contrast image” or mask from subsequent images, once the contrast medium has been introduced into a structure, hence the term “Digital subtraction angiography.” Indocyanine green video angiography (ICG-VA) is a safe and practical method of real-time delineation of microvasculature used in the surgical management of intracranial aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, and other vascular lesions. Intraoperative ICG-VA is used as an adjunct in addition to intraoperative or postoperative DSA, and in other cases, it is used as the sole method to confirm the complete obliteration of clipped intracranial aneurysm. The only limitation of ICG-VA is the nonvisibility of vessels that are not in the operative field. Intraoperative ICG is useful in the clipping of intracranial aneurysms to ensure a gross patency of branch vessels; however, the presence of residual aneurysms and subtle changes in flow in branch vessels is best seen by DSA.

Methods ICG angiography was done during the surgery and the findings of intraoperative ICG angiography were compared with postoperative DSA that was done between 6 and 12 weeks. DSA was done to see any compromise of lumen of parent vessel by clip, any residual aneurysm.

Results In our study, intraoperative ICG complete aneurysm obliteration was present in all 30 (100%) patients, while in postoperative DSA complete aneurysm obliteration was diagnosed in 27 (90.0%) patients. Parent vessel patency was present in all 30 (100.0%) patients in both intraoperative ICG-VA and postoperative DSA. In intraoperative ICG distal branch patency was present in 26 (86.7%) patients, while in postoperative DSA distal branch patency was diagnosed in 27 (90.0%) patients.

Conclusion We compared the intraoperative ICG finding and postoperative DSA finding and found that DSA is more sensitive than ICG in depicting residual aneurysm neck, hence reducing the risk of rupture of the aneurysm in future. Intraoperative ICG has high special resolution reflex feedback, intraoperative repositioning time is less and thus critical ischemia time is reduced. In a developing country like ours where DSA facilities are limited, ICG can be optimal investigation to delineate the vascular anatomy and confirmation of clip position thus reducing mortality.
In Silico Analysis of Glycosaminoglycan-Acemannan as a Scaffold Material on Alveolar Bone Healing
Authors: Sularsih Sularsih , Mulawarmanti Dian , Rahmitasari Fitria , Siswodihardjo Siswandono
Published: April 2022

Objective This study aimed to analyze interaction between glycosaminoglycan-acemannan as a scaffold material and toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2) receptor, which predicted the osteogenesis potency on alveolar bone healing (in silico analysis).

Materials and Methods Docking interaction between glycosaminoglycan-acemannan and TLR-2 receptor using the Molegro Virtual Docker (MVD) program. The compounds of glycosaminoglycan-acemannan and TLR-2 receptor with the structure in the form of two- and three-dimensional images were analyzed, as well as the most stable structure. It was observed the interaction of the ligand on the cavity of the TLR-2 receptor structure. The energy required for the ligand and receptor interaction (Moldock score) was calculated with MPD program.

Results The chemical structure shows that glycosaminoglycan-acemannan is capable binding to the TLR-2 receptor with hydrogen bonds and strong steric interaction. The docking results were detected for five cavities where the compound binds to the TLR-2 receptor. The Moldock score of the ligand on the CAS-LYS-LEU-ARG-LYS-ILE-MSE[A] ligand was −95,58 Kcal/mol, that of acemannan was −91,96 Kcal/mol, and for glycosaminoglycan −61,14 Kcal/mol.

Conclusion The compound of glycosaminoglycan-acemannan as a scaffold material is able to bind with a TLR-2 target receptor, which predicted osteogenesis activity on alveolar bone healing supported by in silico analysis.
Rare Cause of Secondary Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Pasula Anand Yadav , Karthikeya Kapil , Patnaik Sujata , Howdekar Madhuri
Published: April 2022

Unilateral absent pulmonary artery (UAPA) is a rare congenital disorder. Most of the patients will be diagnosed in the early childhood because of recurrent respiratory tract infections and hemoptysis, but adult presentation is not uncommon. We report a 47-year-old female who was earlier diagnosed as bronchiectasis with pulmonary artery hypertension but now presented with complaints of typical angina and dyspnea on exertion. During right heart catheterization we failed to enter right pulmonary artery (RPA), and conventional coronary angiogram showed a large left atrial branch of left circumflex giving collateral blood supply to the right lung. Computed tomography angiogram showed absent RPA. We report this case not only because the patient was misdiagnosed but also because of rarity of coronary collaterals in UAPA patients and unusual bilateral bronchiectasis. According to reported literature, ours is the 28th case of this nature.
Multiple Complications Secondary to L-asparaginase In a Child with Philadelphia-Chromosome-Positive Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Case Report with Review of Literature
Authors: Srinivasan Shyam , Kanwar Vikramjit , Saha Soumitra , Mali Raghavendra Gulabrao , Shaikh Tanveer Ahmed , Yadav Renu , Jain Anubha
Published: April 2022

Even though L-asparaginase remains an essential drug for the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), its use is associated with several unique toxicities. In this care report, we discuss a young boy with ALL who developed multiple complications simultaneously, including pancreatitis, gastrointestinal perforation, and left ventricular thrombus secondary to L-asparaginase during induction chemotherapy. Patient received immediate surgical intervention for the perforation and was commenced on anticoagulation therapy for the thrombus but eventually expired. This report highlights the importance of being aware of toxicities secondary to the use of L-asparaginase. Multiple complications secondary to L-asparaginase have been rarely reported previously and can be fatal.
Prognostic Potential of MicroRNAs in Glioma Patients: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Laghari Altaf Ali , Suchal Zafar Aleem , Avani Rohan , Khan Daniyal Aziz , Kabani Ashmal Sami , Nouman Muhammad , Enam Syed Ather
Published: April 2022

Introduction MicroRNAs are a noncoding RNA involved in affecting several transcription and translation pathways. Their use has been discussed as potential predictors of several tumors. Their use as potential biomarker in glioma patients is still controversial. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to explore the possible role of such microRNAs in glioma patients.

Methods After an extensive literature search done on PubMed and Embase, 20 studies were chosen for our analyses with the 9 discussing 11 tumor promoting microRNAs and 11 studies discussing 11 tumor suppressing microRNAs. The data needed was extracted from these studies including the hazard ratio that was used as the effect size for the purpose of our analysis. The needed analysis was performed using Stata and Excel.

Results The pooled hazard ratio for our analysis with patients having a lower microRNA expression for tumor promoting microRNAs came to be 2.63 (p < 0.001), while the hazard ratio for patients with higher expression of tumor promoting microRNA was 2.47 (p < 0.001) with both results being statistically significant. However, as significant heterogeneity was observed a random effect model for analysis was used. Subgroup analysis was further performed using grade, cutoff value (mean or median), sample type (Serum or Blood), and Karnofsky performance score, all of them showing a high hazard ratio.

Conclusion Our results showed that both tumor inhibitory and promoting microRNA can be used as prognostic tool in glioma patients with a poorer prognosis associated with a lower expression in tumor suppressive and higher expression in tumor promoting microRNA, respectively. However, to support this, future studies on a much larger scale would be needed.
Charting new courses to enter foreign markets: Conceptualization, theoretical framework, and research directions on non-traditional entry modes
Authors: Brouthers Keith D. , Chen Liang , Li Sali , Shaheer Noman
Published: April 2022

Recent advances in digitalization and increasing integration of international markets are paving the way for a new generation of firms to use non-traditional entry modes that are largely marginalized in previous entry mode studies. While extant research revolves around the level of resource commitment and control in foreign activities, non-traditional modes are encapsulated by the extent of embeddedness required for exploring new and/or exploiting existing resources. In particular, we draw attention to four such categories of non-traditional entry modes the literature has touched on, i.e., capital access, innovation outposts, virtual presence, and the managed ecosystem. We explore the key attributes, antecedents, and strategic implications of these modes. Our paper highlights the need for enriching current entry mode research by considering a broader range of entry mode activities available to firms as well as employing new theoretical perspectives to understand the complex phenomena of internationalization.
Less can be more: Insights on the role of electrode microstructure in redox flow batteries from two-dimensional direct numerical simulations
Authors: Dussi Simone , Rycroft Chris H.
Published: April 2022

Understanding how to structure a porous electrode to facilitate fluid, mass, and charge transport is key to enhancing the performance of electrochemical devices, such as fuel cells, electrolyzers, and redox flow batteries (RFBs). Using a parallel computational framework, direct numerical simulations are carried out on idealized porous electrode microstructures for RFBs. Strategies to improve an electrode design starting from a regular lattice are explored. By introducing vacancies in the ordered arrangement, it is possible to achieve higher voltage efficiency at a given current density, thanks to improved mixing of reactive species, despite reducing the total reactive surface. Careful engineering of the location of vacancies, resulting in a density gradient, outperforms disordered configurations. Our simulation framework is a new tool to explore transport phenomena in RFBs, and our findings suggest new ways to design performant electrodes.
Solidification of liquid metal droplet during impact in the presence of vertical magnetic field
Authors: Sun Si-Rui , Zhang Jie , Ni Ming-Jiu
Published: April 2022

We report a liquid metal droplet impacting onto a cold substrate under the influence of vertical magnetic field numerically. During the impacting dynamics, the spreading and the solidification of the droplet are seriously influenced by the magnetohydrodynamic effects. The numerical methodology is implemented by coupling the volume of fluid method and the implicit enthalpy approach, the former is used to track the liquid/solid–gas interface, while the latter is employed to simulate the solidification process. At first, the numerical method is validated against a series of benchmark problems. Then, by varying the impacting velocities, the thermal contact resistance and the magnetic strengths, the variations of the maximum spreading diameter against different dimensionless parameters are reported. An interpolation scheme between the impacting effect, the thermal effect, and the magnetohydrodynamic effect is proposed to predict the maximum spreading factor, and very good agreement is observed compared to our numerical results. After that, we identify different impacting behaviors in different parameter regimes. For non-isothermal cases, we find that the solidification makes the droplet transit from full rebound to adhesion on the cold substrate, and the participation of the magnetic field promotes the pinch off phenomena during the retraction of the liquid drop. Mechanisms for the transitions between different impacting regimes are discussed, and the comparisons with the available experimental results and analytical solutions are also delivered. At last, we identify that the thickness growth of the solidified splat can be predicted by solving the simple one-dimensional Stefan problem, implying that the thermal dynamics is dominating over the hydrodynamic or the magnetohydrodynamic effects during the melting process of the spreading droplet. Our work therefore provides a general framework to model and study more complex configurations, such as the droplet impacting problems in the metallurgical industry and Tokamak devices, in which environment the droplet dynamics significantly depend on the non-isothermal magnetohydrodynamic effects.
Simulation of large deformation process in forging based on Abaqus software
Authors: Zheng Bing , Xu Dong , Wang Xuexi , Guo Longxin , Zhao Hongyang , Ju Dongying
Published: April 2022

Thermodynamic coupling simulation of forging process is the basic work for the formulation of deformation parameters, subsequent recrystallization process, and phase transformation process. Whether the selection of simulation algorithms, elements, and grids can accurately reflect the engineering process has become a work with certain skills. In this paper, the forging upsetting process was simulated by Abaqus software, and the influence of different simulation parameters on the results was discussed. The different simulation results were verified by surface temperature measurement and shape measurement, which provided some simulation technical guidance for the actual forging process.
The analysis of channel noise properties and its correlation in nanoscale metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors
Authors: Jia XiaoFei , He Liang
Published: April 2022

During the traditional channel noise modeling of nanoscale MOSFETs, neither the suppression of shot noise by Fermi and Coulomb effects nor the cross correlation noise between the source current noise and gate current noise is considered. However, they should not be ignored. In this study, the channel noise of a 22 nm MOSFET is tested experimentally, and the results show that the suppressed shot noise, the thermal noise, and the cross correlation noise are the main types of channel noises in nano-MOSFETs. Furthermore, according to the physical structure and characteristics of the MOSFET, a noise model, including the elements of shot noise, thermal noise, and cross correlation noise, is derived, which considers the influence of the shot noise suppressed by either the Fermi or Coulomb effects. Based on the model, the variation of noise with the channel length, temperature, source–drain voltage, and gate voltage is analyzed. The results are consistent with the experiments and theories in the literature.
Cryoprotective effect of antifreeze protein III on the rabbit ovary
Authors: Zeng Qin , Wang Kai , He Li-Bin , Wang Ting-Ting , Fan Xue-Mei , Liu Wei-Xin
Published: April 2022

Context Ovarian tissue cryopreservation is effective in preserving fertility in cancer patients who have concerns about fertility loss due to cancer treatment. However, ischemia reduces the lifespan of grafts. Microvascular transplantation of cryopreserved whole ovary may allow immediate revascularisation, but the damage incurred during the cryopreservation procedure may cause follicular depletion; hence, preventing chilling injury would help maintain ovarian function. Aim This study was designed to investigate the beneficial effects of antifreeze protein III (AFP III) on rabbit ovary cryopreservation. Methods Ovaries (n = 25) obtained from 5-month-old female rabbits (n = 13) were frozen by slow freezing and vitrification. Cryoprotectant media were supplemented with and without 1 mg/mL of AFP III. The experiment was divided into five groups: fresh control group (F), slow freezing group (S), slow freezing group with AFP III (AFP III-S), vitrification group (V) and vitrification group with AFP III (AFP III-V). All groups of ovaries were examined by histological characteristics analysis, ultrastructural analysis, apoptosis detection and follicle viability test. Key results With slow freezing, the normal rate of change in follicle morphology, density of stromal cells and the survival rate of follicles in the AFP III supplemented group were significantly higher than those in the non-supplemented group, and a lower oocyte apoptotic rate was shown in the AFP III supplemented group. In the vitrification groups, the normal rate of change in follicle morphology and density of stromal cells in the AFP III supplemented group were significantly higher than those in the non-supplemented group, and a lower oocyte apoptotic rate was found in the AFP III supplemented group. But there was no obvious difference in the survival rate of follicles between the two groups. There was also no significant difference in the normal rate of change in follicle morphology, the survival rate of follicles and the apoptotic rate of oocytes between the vitrification and slow freezing groups (P > 0.05), but the density of stromal cells in the vitrification groups was statistically higher than that of the slow freezing group (P < 0.05). Conclusions The addition of AFP III in slow freezing and vitrification could improve the cryoprotective effect of ovaries, which was more evident in slow freezing. Implications The findings of this study provide a foundation for further research on the effects of AFP III in human ovarian tissue.
Online personal ads and its implication for sexual health risks: an observational analysis of posts
Authors: Wang Jason , Young Sean D.
Published: April 2022

Background People use online personal advertisements (ads) to solicit sexual partners. Data from online ads are often publicly available, allowing researchers to better understand the topics discussed and potential role of online ads in sexual health and risk behaviours. This study aims to examine those research questions. Methods We collected posts on ClassifiedAds.com from the US (August 2019– February 2020). Gender identity was abstracted from post title, when available. HIV risk-related terms were abstracted from post title and content and were used to dichotomise the following variables: (1) ads describing sexual risk behaviours; (2) ads mentioning concerns over substance use or sexually transmitted infections/HIV; and (3) ads mentioning an interest in substance use. Descriptive analysis and logistic regression were conducted. Results A total of n = 12 866 unique ads were posted; 72.4% posted by men. Most posts came from the southern US (34.7%) and from urban areas (89.6%). Few ads contained images (21.9%) or words associated with substance use (1%), while 26% mentioned substance use or STI/HIV concern. Logistic regression models indicated that ads in the South were less likely to contain substance use or STI/HIV concern than ads from the Midwest. Also, women were less likely than men to post about substance use or mention substance use or STI/HIV concern. Conclusions Personal ads offer a glimpse into Internet-mediated sex encounters and sexual health risks among those who seek sex online. The real-time data collected has potential to highlight elevated prevalence of sexual risk behaviours that may put individuals at risk for STI/HIV or substance use.
Protein and lipid mass concentration measurement in tissues by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy
Authors: Oh Seungeun , Lee ChangHee , Yang Wenlong , Li Ang , Mukherjee Avik , Basan Markus , Ran Chongzhao , Yin Wei , Tabin Clifford J. , Fu Dan , Xie X. Sunney , Kirschner Marc W.
Published: April 2022

Significance

We report a quantitative Raman microscopy method that measures the concentration of protein and lipid in cells at high spatial resolution in living and in fixed samples of tissues, allowing quantitative studies of cell size and organelle regulation both in cell culture and in tissue slices; it can be applied to problems of cell size control, intracellular crowding, and lipid metabolism in the context of cell growth, cell differentiation, cell senescence, and pathology.
Long-term preservation of Hadean protocrust in Earth’s mantle
Authors: Tusch Jonas , Hoffmann J. Elis , Hasenstab Eric , Fischer-Gödde Mario , Marien Chris S. , Wilson Allan H. , Münker Carsten
Published: April 2022

Significance

Due to active plate tectonics, there are no direct rock archives covering the first ca. 500 million y of Earth’s history. Therefore, insights into Hadean geodynamics rely on indirect observations from geochemistry. We present a high-precision
182
W dataset for rocks from the Kaapvaal Craton, southern Africa, revealing the presence of Hadean protocrustal remnants in Earth’s mantle. This has broad implications for geochemists, geophysicists, and modelers, as it bridges contrasting
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W isotope patterns in Archean and modern mantle-derived rocks. The data reveal the origin of seismically and isotopically anomalous domains in the deep mantle and also provide firm evidence for the operation of silicate differentiation processes during the first 60 million y of Earth’s history.
Neutron Spectroscopy Evidence for a Possible Magnetic-Field-Induced Gapless Quantum-Spin-Liquid Phase in a Kitaev Material α-RuCl3
Authors: Zhao Xiaoxue , Ran Kejing , Wang Jinghui , Bao Song , Shangguan Yanyan , Huang Zhentao , Liao Junbo , Zhang Bo , Cheng Shufan , Xu Hao , Wang Wei , Dong Zhao-Yang , Meng Siqin , Lu Zhilun , Yano Shin-ichiro , Yu Shun-Li , Li Jian-Xin , Wen Jinsheng
Published: April 2022

As one of the most promising Kitaev quantum-spin-liquid (QSL) candidates, α-RuCl3 has received a great deal of attention. However, its ground state exhibits a long-range zigzag magnetic order, which defies the QSL phase. Nevertheless, the magnetic order is fragile and can be completely suppressed by applying an external magnetic field. Here, we explore the evolution of magnetic excitations of α-RuCl3 under an in-plane magnetic field, by carrying out inelastic neutron scattering measurements on high-quality single crystals. Under zero field, there exist spin-wave excitations near the M point and a continuum near the Γ point, which are believed to be associated with the zigzag magnetic order and fractional excitations of the Kitaev QSL state, respectively. By increasing the magnetic field, the spin-wave excitations gradually give way to the continuous excitations. On the verge of the critical field μ
0
H
c = 7.5 T, the former ones vanish and only the latter ones are left, indicating the emergence of a pure QSL state. By further increasing the field strength, the excitations near the Γ point become more intense. By following the gap evolution of the excitations near the Γ point, we are able to establish a phase diagram composed of three interesting phases, including a gapped zigzag order phase at low fields, possibly gapless QSL phase near μ
0
H
c, and gapped partially polarized phase at high fields. These results demonstrate that an in-plane magnetic field can drive α-RuCl3 into a long-sought QSL state near the critical field.
Non-contrast CT-based radiomic signature of pericoronary adipose tissue for screening non-calcified plaque
Authors: Jiang Xing-Yuan , Shao Zhi-Qing , Chai Ya-Ting , Liu Ying-Nan , Li Ye
Published: April 2022

Objective. To develop two combined clinical-radiomics models of pericoronary adipose tissue (PCAT) for the presence and characterization of non-calcified plaques on non-contrast CT scan. Approach. Altogether, 431 patients undergoing Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography from March 2019 to June 2021 who had complete data were enrolled, including 173 patients with non-calcified plaques of the right coronary artery(RCA) and 258 with no abnormality. PCAT was segmented around the proximal RCA on non-contrast CT scan (calcium score acquisition). Two best models were established by screening features and classifiers respectively using FeAture Explorer software. Model 1 distinguished normal coronary arteries from those with non-calcified plaques, and model 2 distinguished vulnerable plaques in non-calcified plaques. Performance was assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC). Main results. 4 and 9 features were selected for the establishment of the radiomics model respectively through Model 1 and 2. In the test group, the AUC values, sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 0.833%, 78.3%, 80.8%, 76.6% and 0.7467%, 75.0%, 77.8%, 73.5%, respectively. The combined model including radiomics features and independent clinical factors yielded an AUC, sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 0.896%, 81.4%, 86.5%, 77.9% for model 1 and 0.752%, 75.0%, 77.8%, 73.5% for model 2. Significance. The combined clinical-radiomics models based on non-contrast CT images of PCAT had good diagnostic efficacy for non-calcified and vulnerable plaques.
Automatic ECG classification and label quality in training data
Authors: Antoni Ľubomír , Bruoth Erik , Bugata Peter , Bugata Jr Peter , Gajdoš Dávid , Horvát Šimon , Hudák Dávid , Kmečová Vladimíra , Staňa Richard , Staňková Monika , Szabari Alexander , Vozáriková Gabriela
Published: April 2022

Objective. Within the PhysioNet/Computing in Cardiology Challenge 2021, we focused on the design of a machine learning algorithm to identify cardiac abnormalities from electrocardiogram recordings (ECGs) with a various number of leads and to assess the diagnostic potential of reduced-lead ECGs compared to standard 12-lead ECGs. Approach. In our solution, we developed a model based on a deep convolutional neural network, which is a 1D variant of the popular ResNet50 network. This base model was pre-trained on a large training set with our proposed mapping of original labels to SNOMED codes, using three-valued labels. In the next phase, the model was fine-tuned for the Challenge metric and conditions. Main results. In the Challenge, our proposed approach (team CeZIS) achieved a Challenge test score of 0.52 for all lead configurations, placing us 5th out of 39 in the official ranking. Our improved post-Challenge solution was evaluated as the best for all ranked configurations, i.e. for 12-lead, 3-lead, and 2-lead versions of the full test set with the Challenge test score of 0.62, 0.61, and 0.59, respectively. Significance. In addition to building the model for identifying cardiac anomalies, we provide a more detailed description of the issues associated with label mapping and propose its modification in order to obtain a better starting point for training more powerful classification models. We compare the performance of models for different numbers of leads and identify labels for which two leads are sufficient. Moreover, we evaluate the label quality in individual parts of the Challenge training set.
Device operation and physical mechanism of asymmetric junctionless tunnel field-effect transistors designed to suppress coupled short-channel/short-drain effects and promote on-current switching for ultralow-voltage CMOS applications
Authors: Chen Yu-Hsuan , Teng Hung-Jin , Lien Chen-Hsin , Shih Chun-Hsing
Published: April 2022

Scaled tunnel field-effect transistors (TFETs) endure severe short-channel and short-drain effects caused by direct source-to-drain and body-to-drain tunneling. This study numerically examined a Si-based asymmetric junctionless TFET (AJ-TFET) architecture for suppressing coupled short-channel and short-drain effects in and improving the on-current switching of TFET devices for ultralow-voltage CMOS applications. The junctional drain/body facilitates the extending of the off-state tunnel barrier into the drain, enhancing robustness against short-channel and short-drain effects. The junctionless source/body can minimize lateral coupling and thus lead to efficient switching in a TFET, thus generating steep on–off switching swings. The results revealed that in contrast to conventional PIN-TFETs, the AJ-TFET evaluated in this study exhibited considerably lower swing levels and higher current levels. The voltage-scaled AJ-TFET retained excellent subthreshold behaviors and short-channel robustness, offering adequate on-current levels along with minimized leakage levels. Incorporating high-k gate dielectrics into the devices enabled extra on-current boosting and swing minimization, further extending the deep-swing, high-current operation region. Because of their excellent on–off switching and on-current enhancement, the extremely scaled AJ-TFET could operate adequately at low gate and drain voltages (0.3–0.5 V); therefore, they are promising candidates for use in ultralow-voltage energy-efficient applications.
Effect of noise components on L-shaped and T-shaped heterojunction tunnel field effect transistors
Authors: Chander Sweta , Sinha Sanjeet Kumar , Chaudhary Rekha , Goswami Rupam
Published: April 2022

This paper reports on a comparative study of the analysis of electrical noise of heterojunction tunnelling-field-effect-transistors with an L-shaped gate (LTFET) and with a T-shaped gate (TTFET) using numerical simulations. The effect of different noise components on both structures were investigated at low frequency and high frequency to check the viability of the proposed devices. The two source regions are used in TTFET to increase the tunnelling area that enhances the ON-current. Also, we studied the effect of introducing Gaussian traps onto the interface of the source-gate oxide and channel-gate oxide on different noise components and net noise. TTFET outperforms LTFET in terms of electrical parameters and noise spectral densities, thereby offering a solution to the trade-off between high tunnelling rates and noise spectral densities in TFETs. The proposed LTFET and TTFETs are free from ambipolarity issues and can further be deployed in low power applications.
GaN based trigate HEMT with AlGaN back-barrier layer: proposal and investigation
Authors: Verma Manish , Nandi Ashutosh
Published: April 2022

In the present work, we have proposed a GaN based trigate high electron mobility transistor with AlGaN back-barrier (BB) layer that effectively suppress the punch-through effects as compared to the conventional device without BB layer. Furthermore, the device performance of the proposed structure has been studied by varying the distance (t
ch) between AlGaN (barrier)/GaN (channel) to AlGaN (BB)/GaN (channel) interface from 100 nm to 500 nm. It is observed that the optimization of barrier/channel to BB/channel distance (t
ch) is beneficial for minimizing the off-state leakage current and thereby, a high ON/OFF ratio (∼108) and nearly ideal subthreshold slope (∼64–66 mV decade−1) is achieved. Subsequently, it is shown that the optimized distance of t
ch = 300 nm results in superior breakdown voltage (∼198 V) and cut-off frequency (∼81 GHz), leading to excellent Johnson figure-of-merit. The proposed device promises great potential for use in next generations high-power microwave applications.