bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Block Bootstrap for Poisson‐Sampled Almost Periodic Processes
Authors: Dehay Dominique , Dudek Anna E.
Published: January 2015

Let be an almost periodically correlated process and {N(t),t≥0} be a homogeneous Poisson process and {Tk,k≥1} be its jump moments. We assume that and {N(t),t≥0} are independent. Moreover, the process is not observed continuously but only in the time moments {Tk,k≥1}; In this paper, we focus on the estimation of the cyclic means of . The asymptotic normality of the rescaled error of the estimator is shown. Additionally, the bootstrap method based on the circular block bootstrap is proposed. The consistency of the bootstrap technique is proved, and the bootstrap pointwise and simultaneous confidence intervals for the cyclic means are constructed. The results are illustrated by a simulated data example.
Undisciplining Social Science: Wittgenstein and the Art of Creating Situated Practices of Social Inquiry
Authors: Shotter John
Published: January 2015

There are now countless social scientific disciplines—listed either as the science of … X … or as an ‐ology of one kind or another—each with their own internal controversies as to what are their “proper objects of their study.” This profusion of separate sciences has emerged, and is still emerging, tainted by the classical Cartesian‐Newtonian assumption of a mechanistic world. We still seem to assume that we can begin our inquiries simply by reflecting on the world around us, and by allowing our conceptualizations to guide our actions in our inquiries. Beginning our inquiries in this retrospective manner, however, means that our concepts and conceptualizations are both after‐the‐fact and beside the point, for ‘something else’ altogether is guiding us in the performance of our situation‐sensitive actions than merely our conceptualizations. We need before‐the‐fact, hermeneutically‐structured inquiries that can ‘set out’ inner ‘landscapes of possibilities’, to think‐with and to provide guidance, as we try in our more scientifically organized efforts to achieve socially desired outcomes in particular socially shared situations. Conducting such preliminary inquiries is thus an art, requiring not only judgment, but also imagination and poetic forms of expression aimed at creating such shared, inner landscapes among all concerned.
Decreased anthocyanidin reductase expression strongly decreases silver birch (Betula pendula) growth and alters accumulation of phenolics
Authors: Kosonen Minna , Lännenpää Mika , Ratilainen Milla , Kontunen‐Soppela Sari , Julkunen‐Tiitto Riitta
Published: January 2015

Phenolics, formed via a complex phenylpropanoid pathway, are important defensive agents in plants and are strongly affected by nitrogen (N) fertilization. Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are one possible endpoint of the phenylpropanoid pathway, and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) represents a key enzyme in PA biosynthesis. In this study, the expression of silver birch (Betula pendula) anthocyanidin reductase BpANR was inhibited using the RNA interference (RNAi) method, in three consequent BpANR RNAi (ANRi birches) lines. The growth, the metabolites of the phenylpropanoid pathway, and the number of resin glands of the ANRi birches were studied when grown at two N levels. ANRi birches showed decreased growth and reduction in PA content, while the accumulation of total phenolics in both stems and leaves increased. Moreover, ANRi birches produced more resin glands than did wild‐type (WT) birches. The response of ANRi birches to N depletion varied compared with that of WT birches, and in particular, the concentrations of some phenolics in stems increased in WT birches and decreased in ANRi birches. Because the inhibition of PAs biosynthesis via ANR seriously affected birch growth and resulted in accumulation of the precursors, the native level of PAs in plant tissues is assumed to be the prerequisite for normal plant growth. This draws attention to the real plant developmental importance of PAs in plant tissues.
A Control Design Method for Underactuated Mechanical Systems Using High-Frequency Inputs
Authors: Tahmasian Sevak , Woolsey Craig A.
Published: January 2015

This paper presents a control design technique which enables approximate reference trajectory tracking for a class of underactuated mechanical systems. The control law comprises two terms. The first involves feedback of the trajectory tracking error in the actuated coordinates. Building on the concept of vibrational control, the second term imposes high-frequency periodic inputs that are modulated by the tracking error in the unactuated coordinates. Under appropriate conditions on the system structure and the commanded trajectory, and with sufficient separation between the time scales of the vibrational forcing and the commanded trajectory, the approach provides convergence in both the actuated and unactuated coordinates. The procedure is first described for a two degree-of-freedom (DOF) system with one input. Generalizing to higher-dimensional, underactuated systems, the approach is then applied to a 4DOF system with two inputs. A final example involves control of a rigid plate that is flapping in a uniform flow, a 3DOF system with one input. More general applications include biomimetic locomotion systems, such as underwater vehicles with articulating fins and flapping wing micro-air vehicles.
Using Shear and Direct Current Electric Fields to Manipulate and Self-Assemble Dielectric Particles on Microchannel Walls
Authors: Cevheri Necmettin , Yoda Minami
Published: January 2015

Manipulating suspended neutrally buoyant colloidal particles of radii a = O (0.1–1 μm) near solid surfaces, or walls, is a key technology in various microfluidics devices. These particles, suspended in an aqueous solution at rest near a solid surface, or wall, are subject to wall-normal “lift” forces described by the Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) theory of colloid science. The particles experience additional lift forces, however, when suspended in a flowing solution. A fundamental understanding of such lift forces could therefore lead to new methods for the transport and self-assembly of particles near and on solid surfaces. Various studies have reported repulsive electroviscous and hydrodynamic lift forces on colloidal particles in Poiseuille flow (with a constant shear rate γ· near the wall) driven by a pressure gradient. A few studies have also observed repulsive dielectrophoretic-like lift forces in electroosmotic (EO) flows driven by electric fields. Recently, evanescent-wave particle tracking has been used to quantify near-wall lift forces on a = 125–245 nm polystyrene (PS) particles suspended in a monovalent electrolyte solution in EO flow, Poiseuille flow, and combined Poiseuille and EO flow through ∼30 μm deep fused-silica channels. In Poiseuille flow, the repulsive lift force appears to be proportional to γ·, a scaling consistent with hydrodynamic, versus electroviscous, lift. In combined Poiseuille and EO flow, the lift forces can be repulsive or attractive, depending upon whether the EO flow is in the same or opposite direction as the Poiseuille flow, respectively. The magnitude of the force appears to be proportional to the electric field magnitude. Moreover, the force in combined flow exceeds the sum of the forces observed in EO flow for the same electric field and in Poiseuille flow for the same γ·. Initial results also imply that this force, when repulsive, scales as γ·1/2. These results suggest that the lift force in combined flow is fundamentally different from electroviscous, hydrodynamic, or dielectrophoretic-like lift. Moreover, for the case when the EO flow opposes the Poiseuille flow, the particles self-assemble into dense stable periodic streamwise bands with an average width of ∼6 μm and a spacing of 2–4 times the band width when the electric field magnitude exceeds a threshold value. These results are described and reviewed here.
Influence of Process Errors on the Tool Load in Microblanking of Thin Metal Foils With Silicon Punches
Authors: Hildering Sven , Engel Ulf , Merklein Marion
Published: January 2015

The trend toward miniaturization of metallic microparts results in the need of high-precision production methods. Major challenges are, for example, downsizing of tools and adequate positioning accuracy within blanking. Starting from a novel approach for tool miniaturization and its realization, the aim of this study is showing the assessment of tool sensitivity against process errors. Etched silicon punches were used for blanking copper foils, where outbreaks occurred at the cutting edge. Hence, tool stresses during blanking were analyzed by finite element (FE) method in dependency of defined positioning and process errors and evaluated concerning tool stresses and sheared edge quality.
Effect of Three-Dimensional Surface Topography on Gas Flow in Rough Micronozzles
Authors: Yan Han , Zhang Wen-Ming , Peng Zhi-Ke , Meng Guang
Published: January 2015

The gas flow characteristics in rectangular cross section converging–diverging micronozzles incorporating the effect of three-dimensional (3D) rough surface topography are investigated. The fractal geometry is utilized to describe the multiscale self-affine roughness. A first-order slip model suitable for rough walls is adopted to characterize the slip velocities. The flow field in micronozzles is analyzed by solving 3D Navier–Stokes (N–S) equation. The results show that the dependence of mass flow rate on the pressure difference has a good agreement with the reported results. The presence of surface topography obviously perturbs the gas flow near the wall. Moreover, as the surface roughness height increases, this perturbation induces the supersonic “multiwaves” phenomenon in the divergent region, in which the Mach number fluctuates. In addition, the effect of 3D surface topography on performance is also investigated.
Design of a Novel Multicylinder Stirling Engine
Authors: Chatterton Steven , Pennacchi Paolo
Published: January 2015

Stirling engines are machines based on a simple working principle and are well known for their theoretical high thermal efficiency. Technical drawbacks related to the high temperatures required for achieving high values of thermal efficiency and output power have limited their spread to low-power applications. Stirling engines can operate with almost any source of heat. For this reason, these engines are currently installed in applications with renewable energy sources for combined heat and power generation (CHP), where the mechanical output power is usually converted into electrical power. The paper is focused on the design and analysis of a novel mechanical configuration with a higher number of cylinders than current commercial solutions. The performances of several multicylinder configurations are evaluated via numerical simulations, taking into account the dynamics of the mechanism and the thermal aspects of the cycle. Finally, a prototype of the main mechanism, which allows the number of cylinders to be increased, is introduced and briefly described.
Probing the proton
Authors: Cho Adrian
Published: January 2015

A newly upgraded accelerator explores the seething maelstrom at the heart of matter.
Human Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense Infection in Washington State
Authors: Fang Ferric C. , Billman Zachary P. , Wallis Carolyn K. , Abbott April N. , Olson John C. , Dhanireddy Shireesha , Murphy Sean C.
Published: January 2015

A patient in Washington State harbored a fish tapeworm most likely acquired from eating raw salmon.
Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense
was identified by
cox1
sequence analysis. Although this is the first documented human
D. nihonkaiense
infection in the United States, the parasite may have been present earlier but misidentified as
Diphyllobothrium latum
.
Characterization of Hepatitis C Virus Interaction with Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans
Authors: Xu Yan , Martinez Pierre , Séron Karin , Luo Guangxiang , Allain Fabrice , Dubuisson Jean , Belouzard Sandrine
Published: January 2015

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry involves binding to cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) structures. However, due to the lipoprotein-like structure of HCV, the exact contribution of virion components to this interaction remains controversial. Here, we investigated the relative contribution of HCV envelope proteins and apolipoprotein E in the HS-binding step. Deletion of hypervariable region 1, a region previously proposed to be involved in HS binding, did not alter HCV virion binding to HS, indicating that this region is not involved in this interaction in the context of a viral infection. Patient sera and monoclonal antibodies recognizing different regions of HCV envelope glycoproteins were also used in a pulldown assay with beads coated with heparin, a close HS structural homologue. Although isolated HCV envelope glycoproteins could interact with heparin, none of these antibodies was able to interfere with the virion-heparin interaction, strongly suggesting that at the virion surface, HCV envelope glycoproteins are not accessible for HS binding. In contrast, results from kinetic studies, heparin pulldown experiments, and inhibition experiments with anti-apolipoprotein E antibodies indicated that this apolipoprotein plays a major role in HCV-HS interaction. Finally, characterization of the HS structural determinants required for HCV infection by silencing of the enzymes involved in the HS biosynthesis pathway and by competition with modified heparin indicated that
N
- and 6-
O
-sulfation but not 2-
O
-sulfation is required for HCV infection and that the minimum HS oligosaccharide length required for HCV infection is a decasaccharide. Together, these data indicate that HCV hijacks apolipoprotein E to initiate its interaction with specific HS structures.

IMPORTANCE
Hepatitis C is a global health problem. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects approximately 130 million individuals worldwide, with the majority of cases remaining undiagnosed and untreated. In most infected individuals, the virus evades the immune system and establishes a chronic infection. As a consequence, hepatitis C is the leading cause of cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver transplantation. Virus infection is initiated by entry of the virus into the host cell. In this study, we provide new insights into the viral and cellular determinants involved in the first step of HCV entry, the binding of the virus to host cells. We show that apolipoprotein E is likely responsible for virus binding to heparan sulfate and that
N
- and 6-
O
-sulfation of the heparan sulfate proteoglycans is required for HCV infection. In addition, the minimal HS length unit required for HCV infection is a decasaccharide.
World Health Organization perspectives on the contribution of the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization on reducing child mortality
Authors: Bustreo F , Okwo-Bele J-M , Kamara L
Published: January 2015

Child mortality has decreased substantially globally—from 12.6 million in 1990 to 6.3 million in 2013—due, in large part to of governments’ and organisations’ work, to prevent pneumonia, diarrhoea and malaria, the main causes of death in the postneonatal period. In 2012, the World Health Assembly adopted the Decade of Vaccines Global Vaccine Action Plan 2011–2020 as the current framework aimed at preventing millions of deaths through more equitable access to existing vaccines for people in all communities. The Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI) plays a critical role in this effort by financing and facilitating delivery platforms for vaccines, with focused support for the achievements of improved vaccination coverage and acceleration of the uptake of WHO-recommended lifesaving new vaccines in 73 low-income countries. The GAVI Alliance has contributed substantially towards the progress of Millennium Development Goal 4 and to improving women's lives. By 2013, the GAVI Alliance had immunised 440 million additional children and averted six million future deaths from vaccine-preventable diseases in the world's poorest countries. The GAVI Alliance is on track to reducing child mortality to 68 per 1000 live births by 2015 in supported countries. This paper discusses the GAVI Alliance achievements related to Millennium Development Goal 4 and its broader contribution to improving women's lives and health systems, as well as challenges and obstacles it has faced. Additionally, it looks at challenges for the future and how it will continue its work related to reducing child mortality and improving women's health.
Correlates of former smoking in patients with cerebrovascular disease: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Edjoc Rojiemiahd K , Reid Robert D , Sharma Mukul , Balfour Louise , Procino Michael
Published: January 2015

Objective

To identify multilevel correlates of former smoking in patients with cerebrovascular disease.

Design

Secondary data analysis of the Canadian Community Health Survey.

Methods

We used data from the 2007–2008 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS). Smoking status (former smoking vs smoker) was described by multilevel correlates of former smoking. A multilevel approach for variable selection for this study was used to understand how multiple levels in society can have an impact on former smoking. The study sample was selected from those respondents of the CCHS that reported they suffered from stroke symptoms. Logistic regression was used to predict former smoking in patients with cerebrovascular disease while controlling for multilevel confounders. Proportions were weighted to reflect the Canadian population.

Results

There were 172 355 respondents who reported to suffer from stroke. From this sample, 36.5% were smokers and 63.5% were former smokers. Age groups 55–69 and 70–80 and higher education (secondary education +) were positively related to former smoking. Household and vehicle smoking restrictions significantly predicted former smoking. Counselling advice from a physician and having access to a general practitioner were correlates of former smoking. Finally, the use of buproprion was positively related to former smoking.

Conclusions

There are multilevel correlates of former smoking in smokers with reported stroke symptoms. These correlates include older age groups, higher education, household and vehicle smoking restrictions, pharmacotherapy use (bupropion), access to a general practitioner and counselling advice from a physician.
Can Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii invade the Baltic Sea?
Authors: Engström-Öst Jonna , Rasic Ivana Savatijevic , Brutemark Andreas , Rancken Romi , Simić Gordana Subakov , Laugen Ane T.
Published: January 2015

Management actions against invasive species are usually most efficient during early stages of invasion. Monitoring for early detection is therefore part of many management plans. However, if monitoring efforts do not match suitable habitat areas, detecting the initial stages of an invasion may fail. We highlight this mismatch by assessing which areas have suitable habitats for an invasion of the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in the Baltic Sea, and compare these with the areas that are currently monitored for algal blooms. Establishment of this potential toxin-producer in the Baltic Sea could have serious socio-economic consequences for tourism and recreation, as well as fisheries and aquaculture in the coastal regions. We estimate the coastal areas of the eastern Gulf of Finland as the most suitable area for establishment because of low salinity and high summer seawater surface temperatures. The species is not yet reported in the Baltic Sea, but in the suitable-habitat areas indicated by our assessment, very little monitoring is currently being done. We suggest several lines of research and monitoring to increase the probability of early detection and better predictions for the future distribution of the species.
Bifurcation analysis method of nonlinear traffic phenomena
Authors: Ai Wenhuan , Shi Zhongke , Liu Dawei
Published: January 2015

A new bifurcation analysis method for analyzing and predicting the complex nonlinear traffic phenomena based on the macroscopic traffic flow model is presented in this paper. This method makes use of variable substitution to transform a traditional traffic flow model into a new model which is suitable for the stability analysis. Although the substitution seems to be simple, it can extend the range of the variable to infinity and build a relationship between the traffic congestion and the unstable system in the phase plane. So the problem of traffic flow could be converted into that of system stability. The analysis identifies the types and stabilities of the equilibrium solutions of the new model and gives the overall distribution structure of the nearby equilibrium solutions in the phase plane. Then we deduce the existence conditions of the models Hopf bifurcation and saddle-node bifurcation and find some bifurcations such as Hopf bifurcation, saddle-node bifurcation, Limit Point bifurcation of cycles and Bogdanov–Takens bifurcation. Furthermore, the Hopf bifurcation and saddle-node bifurcation are selected as the starting point of density temporal evolution and it will be helpful for improving our understanding of stop-and-go wave and local cluster effects observed in the free-way traffic.
DYNAMICS OF INTERACTIVE MOSQUITO POPULATIONS WITH TWO TRANSGENES
Authors: YANG CUIHONG , LI JIA
Published: January 2015

We formulate a continuous-time 3D model system for the interactive mosquito populations with two different transgenes. We assume that the transgenes are dominant over the wild gene and that one of the transgenes is dominant over the other transgene. Using transformations, we translate the model system to its topologically equivalent 2D system. Based on the investigations of the reduced two-dimensional system, we obtain conditions for the existence and stability of boundary and positive equilibria. We provide numerical examples to demonstrate the rich and complex dynamical features of the model system.
OPTIMAL VACCINATION STRATEGIES FOR AN INFLUENZA EPIDEMIC MODEL
Authors: HU QINGWEN , ZOU XINGFU
Published: January 2015

We present an optimal control model for influenza vaccination strategies in an open population. The model is based on an extended Kermack–McKendrick model with the vaccination rate being a measurable function. The objective of this optimal control model is to describe the vaccination strategies so that the total cost arising from vaccination and infections is minimized. We show that the optimal control is a non-singular bang-bang control which has a finite number of switchings. A scheme for the solution of the optimal control problem is formulated using the shooting method. We also carry out numerical simulations to illustrate the general results and to examine the effects of parameters on the optimal vaccination strategy. The simulations show that the ratio of the per capita treatment cost and per capita vaccination cost has a significant effect on the optimal strategy, while the vaccination rate of the newly recruited class turns out to have less effect.
MODELING FOR COST ANALYSIS OF JOHNE'S DISEASE CONTROL BASED ON EVELISA TESTING
Authors: MASSARO TYLER , LENHART SUZANNE , SPENCE MEREDITH , DRAKES CRYSTAL , YANG GUANG , AGUSTO FOLASHADE , JOHNSON RACHEL , WHITLOCK BRIAN , WADHWA ASHUTOSH , EDA SHIGETOSHI
Published: January 2015

Use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is recommended for control of Johne's disease (JD) in the cattle industry. A recent report showed that prevalence of JD in dairy farms could be reduced by applying an ELISA-based control strategy, even though the sensitivity of the current ELISA has been reported to be lower than 30%. We previously developed a more sensitive ELISA test (EVELISA; Ethanol Vortex ELISA) for diagnosis of JD and, in this report, aimed to evaluate cost-effectiveness of the EVELISA in JD control compared to that of a current ELISA test. For simulation of population dynamics, we developed a deterministic, discrete-time mathematical model incorporating contact structure, possibility of adult infection and the concept of order of events. In our model, the number of animals infected with the causative agent of JD, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), increases in a 10-year simulation if no JD control measure is applied. When test results of ELISA or EVELISA are used for JD control, the increase in MAP-infected animals is less significant. According to our model, EVELISA-based control measures increase the annual per capita revenue of US dairy farms when compared to no JD control and ELISA-based JD control, respectively.
COMPLETE CLOSED BRACHIORADIALIS TENDON RUPTURE: A CASE REPORT
Authors: Khan Ifrah Afreen , Bonato Luke Joseph , Chehata Ash
Published: January 2015

A complete brachioradialis tendon rupture, as an isolated incident, is extremely rare. Consequently, there is little to no literature on how this can occur and how to treat it. We present the case of a 44-year-old male with a complete, closed brachioradialis tendon rupture following a waterskiing accident. The clinical, imagining and operative findings are outlined alongside management and final outcomes. Our case highlights the effectiveness of a combined surgical and staged physiotherapy approach, for the management of a complete, closed brachioradialis tendon rupture, in an otherwise healthy man.
CLOSED TRAUMATIC RUPTURE OF THE FLEXOR POLLICIS LONGUS TENDON IN ZONE T I: A CASE REPORT
Authors: Uekubo Kazuaki , Itoh Soichiro , Yoshioka Taro
Published: January 2015

A healthy 41-year-old male suffered a direct blow on the palmar side of his right thumb when folding a table, which slipped along his thumb until it was stopped at the inter-phalangeal (IP) joint, resulting in a complete rupture of the flexor pollicis longus (FPL) tendon in zone T I. The proximal tendon stump was passed through the oblique pulley, fixed to the base of the distal phalanx with a pull-out wire technique and augmented on it using a part of the distal tendon remnant. After removal of the cast and the pull-out wire three weeks postoperatively, range of motion exercise was initiated and good functional recovery was obtained.
IRREDUCIBLE VOLAR SUBLUXATION OF THE PROXIMAL INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT DUE TO RADIAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT INTERPOSITION: CASE REPORT AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Authors: Cheung Jason Pui Yin , Tse Wing Lim , Ho Pak Cheong
Published: January 2015

Irreducible volar subluxation should be considered when assessing a patient with flexion deformity of the proximal interphalangeal finger joint (PIPJ). Primary assessment requires careful examination of the collateral ligaments and extensor tendon. Preoperative imaging such as ultrasound and MRI can help identify the interposed structures and plan the subsequent operation. Although rare, irreducible volar subluxation due to radial collateral ligament interposition is an important entity to be aware of. Prompt and appropriate management can prevent joint stiffness and loss of function.
Extending the convergence domain of Newton’s method for twice Fréchet differentiable operators
Authors: Argyros Ioannis K. , Magreñán Á. Alberto
Published: January 2015

We present a semi-local convergence analysis of Newton’s method in order to approximate a locally unique solution of a nonlinear equation in a Banach space setting. Using center-Lipschitz condition on the first and the second Fréchet derivatives, we provide under the same computational cost a new and more precise convergence analysis than in earlier studies by Huang [A note of Kantorovich theorem for Newton iteration, J. Comput. Appl. Math. 47 (1993) 211–217] and Gutiérrez [A new semilocal convergence theorem for Newton’s method, J. Comput. Appl. Math. 79 (1997) 131–145]. Numerical examples where the old convergence criteria cannot apply to solve nonlinear equations but the new convergence criteria are satisfied are also presented at the concluding section of this paper.
Existence and uniqueness for a nonlocal internal wave model
Authors: Muñoz Grajales Juan Carlos , Lozano Luis Fernando
Published: January 2015

In this paper, we establish local existence of solutions of a variant of a system derived by Choi and Camassa [Weakly nonlinear internal waves in a two-fluids system, J. Fluid Mech. 313 (1996) 83–103] to describe the propagation of an internal wave at the interface of two immiscible fluids with constant densities. We also present a numerical solver to approximate the solutions of the Cauchy problem.
On biorthogonal discrete wavelet bases
Authors: Farkov Yu. A. , Rodionov E. A.
Published: January 2015

In this paper, we describe an approach to construct of biorthogonal N-periodic discrete MRA wavelets on the basis of generalized Walsh functions. The proposed method is illustrated by a numerical example.
Effects of Size, Shape, Surface Charge and Functionalization on Cytotoxicity of Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Li Zhuheng , Lei Zhen , Zhang Junping , Liu Dianjun , Wang Zhenxin
Published: January 2015

Gold nanoparticles ( Au NPs) are emerging as promising nanomaterials from which we construct diagnostic and therapeutic nanosystems. For understanding the fundamental behaviors of Au NPs with biological systems, interactions of Au NPs and cells should be considered first. In this review, we present a detailed analysis of data on the cytotoxicity of most popular Au NPs including gold nanoclusters ( Au NCs), spherical Au NPs, gold nanoshells ( Au NSs) and gold nanorods ( Au NRs). Relationships correlating the cell models, physicochemical properties (size, shape, chemical functionality and surface charge) of Au NPs and cytotoxicity are discussed on the basis of data analysis. Some general conclusions, current challenges and future prospects/solutions on the issue have been provided.
Optimization of a Raw Water Source Heat Pump for a Vertical Water Treatment Building
Authors: Oh Sunhee , Cho Yong , Yun Rin
Published: January 2015

The optimum operation conditions of a raw water source heat pump for a vertical water treatment building were derived by changing operation parameters, such as temperature of thermal storage tank, temperature and inlet air flow rate of the conditioned spaces, and circulating water flow rate between thermal storage tank and air handling unit (AHU) through dynamic simulator of a transient system simulation program (TRNSYS). Minimum electric power consumption was found at temperature of thermal storage tank, which was ranged 18–23°C for cooling season. In heating season, temperature 40–45°C brings the highest coefficient of performance (COP) and temperature range of 30–35°C brings the lowest power consumption. When the temperature of the conditioned spaces was controlled between 27–28°C for cooling season, and 18–20°C for heating season the minimum electric power consumption was obtained. Inlet air flow rate of 1.1 m3/h for the conditioned spaces shows the highest performance of the present system, and effects of circulating water flow rate between thermal storage tank and AHU on minimum electric power consumption of the system were negligible.
Absorption Refrigeration Cycle Turbine Inlet Conditioning
Authors: Erickson Donald C. , Anand Gopalakrishnan , Makar Ellen
Published: January 2015

Ambient temperature markedly impacts combustion turbine performance. A typical aeroderivative turbine loses 25% of ISO capacity at 38°C ambient. There are two traditional options to mitigate that degradation: evaporative cooling and mechanical chilling. They boost turbine performance, but consume significant water and/or electric load. Also, the turbine requires separate anti-icing equipment for low ambient temperature operation (less than 4.4°C). This paper describes the Absorption Refrigeration Cycle Turbine Inlet Conditioning (ARCTIC) system that chills or heats the inlet air of a combustion turbine to maintain maximum turbine performance at all ambient temperatures. The ARCTIC unit is an ammonia–water absorption cycle that is powered by turbine exhaust heat. The design and performance of a 7034 kW (2000-ton) ARCTIC unit is presented. This ARCTIC achieved a new record for net power and heat rate from this model aeroderivative gas turbine in hot weather. It provides reliable and dispatchable hot day power at about half the cost of new plant. On a typical summer day (38°C dry bulb, 26°C wet bulb), ammonia refrigerant from the ARCTIC chills the inlet air to 8.9°C. The gas turbine power is increased from 40 to 51 MW. After allowing for the 230 kW electric parasitic load, the resulting net power is 2 MW more than the output of a comparable mechanically chilled gas turbine. As a result, the heat rate is also improved. On cold days the ARCTIC automatically switches to heating mode. The inlet air is heated by 11°C to eliminate inlet icing potential. Additional benefits include a lower exhaust temperature which is better for the Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) catalyst. The condensate recovered from the inlet-air chilling (up to 25 gallons per minute) can also be a valuable by-product. The ARCTIC system has a small cost premium relative to a mechanical chiller. However, when all the auxiliary functions are credited (anti-icing, tempering air, less switchgear, no 4160 volt service), the overall installed cost is comparable. The standout advantages are the increased hot weather power output, improved operating efficiency, and reduced maintenance, all obtained at minimal additional cost. Combined cycle and cogeneration configurations (both frame and aeroderivative) benefit even more from the ARCTIC due to the increased value of improved heat rate.
Evaporation Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop of R-410A in a 5.0 mm O.D. Smooth and Microfin Tube
Authors: Kim Nae-Hyun
Published: January 2015

R-410A's evaporation heat transfer and pressure drop data are provided for a 5.1 mm O.D. microfin tube having 40 fins with 18° helix angle and 40° fin apex angle. Tests were conducted for a range of quality (0.2–0.6), mass flux (260–433 kg/m2s), heat flux (10–20 kW/m2) and saturation temperature (8–12°C). Data are compared with smooth tube counterpart. It was found that both heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop increased as mass flux increased. The range of pressure drop penalty factor (1.10–1.70) was slightly smaller than that of heat transfer enhancement factor (1.39–1.79). Data are compared with available heat transfer and pressure drop correlations.
Identification of Tyr residues that enhance folate substrate binding and constrain oscillation of the proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT-SLC46A1)
Authors: Visentin Michele , Unal Ersin Selcuk , Najmi Mitra , Fiser Andras , Zhao Rongbao , Goldman I. David
Published: January 2015

The proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT) mediates intestinal folate absorption and transport of folates across the choroid plexus. This study focuses on the role of Tyr residues in PCFT function. The substituted Cys-accessibility method identified four Tyr residues (Y291, Y362, Y315, and Y414) that are accessible to the extracellular compartment; three of these (Y291, Y362, and Y315) are located within or near the folate binding pocket. When the Tyr residues were replaced with Cys or Ala, these mutants showed similar (up to 6-fold) increases in influx Vmax and Kt/ Ki for [3H]methotrexate and [3H]pemetrexed. When the Tyr residues were replaced with Phe, these changes were moderated or absent. When Y315A PCFT was used as representative of the mutants and [3H]pemetrexed as the transport substrate, this substitution did not increase the efflux rate constant. Furthermore, neither influx nor efflux mediated by Y315A PCFT was transstimulated by the presence of substrate in the opposite compartment; however, substantial bidirectional transstimulation of transport was mediated by wild-type PCFT. This resulted in a threefold greater efflux rate constant for cells that express wild-type PCFT than for cells that express Y315 PCFT under exchange conditions. These data suggest that these Tyr residues, possibly through their rigid side chains, secure the carrier in a high-affinity state for its folate substrates. However, this may be achieved at the expense of constraining the carrier's mobility, thereby decreasing the rate at which the protein oscillates between its conformational states. The Vmax generated by these Tyr mutants may be so rapid that further augmentation during transstimulation may not be possible.
Plasticity of renal endocrine function
Authors: Kurt Birgül , Kurtz Armin
Published: January 2015

The kidneys are important endocrine organs. They secrete humoral factors, such as calcitriol, erythropoietin, klotho, and renin into the circulation, and therefore, they are essentially involved in the regulation of a variety of processes ranging from bone formation to erythropoiesis. The endocrine functions are established by cells, such as proximal or distal tubular cells, renocortical interstitial cells, or mural cells of afferent arterioles. These endocrine cells are either fixed in number, such as tubular cells, which individually and gradually upregulate or downregulate hormone production, or they belong to a pool of cells, which display a recruitment behavior, such as erythropoietin- and renin-producing cells. In the latter case, regulation of humoral function occurs via (de)recruitment of active endocrine cells. As a consequence renin- and erythropoietin-producing cells in the kidney show a high degree of plasticity by reversibly switching between distinct cell states. In this review, we will focus on the characteristics of renin- and of erythropoietin-producing cells, especially on their origin and localization, their reversible transformations, and the mediators, which are responsible for transformation. Finally, we will discuss a possible interconversion of renin and erythropoietin expression.
Novel method to assess axonal excitability using channelrhodopsin-based photoactivation
Authors: Zhu Yi , Feng Bin , Schwartz Erica S. , Gebhart G. F. , Prescott Steven A.
Published: January 2015

Measuring the excitability of individual axons is complicated by the prohibitive difficulty in obtaining intracellular recordings. Here, we present an innovative methodology that enables local excitability to be measured anywhere in a channelrhodopsin (ChR2)-expressing neuron. The approach hinges on activating ChR2 in a spatially and temporally precise manner while recording the resulting spike train from a remote site. We validated this approach in primary afferent neurons (PANs). Initial encoding of somatosensory stimuli relies on transduction of the physical stimulus into a receptor potential and transformation of the receptor potential into a spike train; the transformation process depends on the excitability of the most distal PAN endings but, as explained above, is extraordinarily difficult to study in situ using traditional methods. Using ChR2-based photoactivation, we show 1) that excitability differs between the distal endings and more proximal portions of PAN axons, 2) that the transformation process differs between PANs, and 3) that the transformation process is directly affected by inflammation. Beyond presenting an innovative method by which to study axonal excitability, this study has validated its utility in helping to decipher the earliest stages of somatosensory encoding.
The Benefit of a Human Bone Marrow Stem Cells Concentrate in addition to an Inorganic Scaffold for Bone Regeneration: AnIn VitroStudy
Authors: Torres J. , Lopes A. , Lopes M. A. , Gutierres M. , Cabral A. T. , Fernandes M. H. , Monteiro E. , van Eck C. F. , Santos J. D.
Published: January 2015

Background. This work compares the osteoblastic behaviour of a bone marrow (BM) aspirate and a prepared BM concentrate of nucleated cells associated with a glass reinforced hydroxyapatite composite (GRHC) in a microporous pellet formulation.Methods. BM aspirate (30 mL) was collected during 3 orthopedic surgical procedures, and a concentration system was used to achieve 3 rapid preparations of a concentrate of nucleated cells (3 mL) from the BM aspirates. The BM aspirates (53% cell viability;2.7×106nucleated cell/mL) and the BM concentrates (76% cell viability;2×107nucleated cell/mL) were cultured over glass reinforced hydroxyapatite pellets, at the same volume/mass ratio, for 30 days. Cultures performed in standard tissue culture plates were used as control.Results. The colonized BM concentrate/material constructs exhibited a representative osteoblastic proliferation/differentiation pathway, evidenced by a high alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, expression of collagen type 1, ALP, BMP-2, M-CSF, RANKL, and OPG, and formation of a calcium phosphate mineralized matrix. A clear improved behaviour was noticed compared to the BM aspirate/material constructs.Conclusions. The results suggest the benefit of using an autologous BM concentrate/material construct in the clinical setting, in bone regeneration applications.
Quad-Band Bowtie Antenna Design for Wireless Communication System Using an Accurate Equivalent Circuit Model
Authors: Moulay Mohammed , Abri Mehadji , Abri Badaoui Hadjira
Published: January 2015

A novel configuration of quad-band bowtie antenna suitable for wireless application is proposed based on accurate equivalent circuit model. The simple configuration and low profile nature of the proposed antenna lead to easy multifrequency operation. The proposed antenna is designed to satisfy specific bandwidth specifications for current communication systems including the Bluetooth (frequency range 2.4–2.485 GHz) and bands of the Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (U-NII) low band (frequency range 5.15–5.35 GHz) and U-NII mid band (frequency range 5.47–5.725 GHz) and used for mobile WiMAX (frequency range 3.3–3.6 GHz). To validate the proposed equivalent circuit model, the simulation results are compared with those obtained by the moments method of Momentum software, the finite integration technique of CST Microwave studio, and the finite element method of HFSS software. An excellent agreement is achieved for all the designed antennas. The analysis of the simulated results confirms the successful design of quad-band bowtie antenna.
Dual Functions in Response to Heat Stress and Spermatogenesis: Characterization of Expression Profile of Small Heat Shock Proteins 9 and 10 in Goat Testis
Authors: Xun Wenjuan , Shi Liguang , Cao Ting , Zhao Chunping , Yu Ping , Wang Dingfa , Hou Guanyu , Zhou Hanlin
Published: January 2015

Small heat shock proteins 9 and 10 (HSPB9 and HSPB10) are two testis-specific expressed sHsps. The objective of this study was to investigate the mRNA expression profile of HSPB9 and HSPB10 in goat testis among the different seasons, ages, and environmental temperatures. Allocation of the two sHsps was also performed by immunohistochemistry. The results showed that the transcript levels of HSPB9 and HSPB10 were extremely high in the testis(P<0.01). The relative expression of HSBP9 and HSPB10 in testis showed a tendency to increase with age and then is maintained at the constant level after sexual maturity. HSPB9 and HSPB10 have significantly higher expression in the breeding season  (P<0.05)and hot season(P<0.01). Both HSPB9 and HSPB10 were found to be upregulated by high-temperature stress in testis(P<0.05), and the expressions of Hsp70 and Hsp90 were also increased simultaneously(P<0.01). Immunohistochemistry analysis localized HSPB9 expressed in spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and round spermatids and HSPB10 expressed in the elongate spermatids. In epididymis, strongly staining signal of HSPB10 was detected in pseudostratified columnar epithelium. In conclusion, the two testis-specific sHsps are closely related to male reproduction and heat tolerance. The results could provide valuable data for the further studies on HSPB9 and HSPB10.
Diagnostic Challenges of Tuberculous Lymphadenitis Using Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis: A Case Study
Authors: Taniguchi Hirokazu , Nakamura Masahiko , Shimokawa Kazuki , Kamiseki Fumi , Ishizawa Shin , Abo Hitoshi , Furuse Hideaki , Tsuda Takeshi , Masaki Yasuaki , Suzuki Kensuke
Published: January 2015

This report presents a case of tuberculous lymphadenitis that was difficult to diagnose using polymerase chain reaction analysis. An 80-year-old Japanese female was hospitalized due to swollen cervical lymph nodes. Her lymph node tests revealed paradoxical polymerase chain reaction results. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of two biopsy tissues using the Cobas TaqMan revealed a positive result forMycobacterium aviumand a negative result forMycobacterium tuberculosis. However, polymerase chain reaction analysis of a cultured colony of acid-fast bacteria from biopsy tissue using the Cobas TaqMan and an alternative polymerase chain reaction analysis of biopsy tissue yielded discordant results. The patient was diagnosed as having tuberculous lymphadenitis. She was treated with antitubercular drugs and subsequently had a reduction in cervical lymph node swelling. Polymerase chain reaction analysis is not 100% accurate; hence, its use as a diagnostic tool for mycobacterial infection requires increased attention.
Synthetic Covalently Linked Dimeric Form of H2 Relaxin Retains Native RXFP1 Activity and Has ImprovedIn VitroSerum Stability
Authors: Nair Vinojini B. , Bathgate Ross A. D. , Separovic Frances , Samuel Chrishan S. , Hossain Mohammed Akhter , Wade John D.
Published: January 2015

Human (H2) relaxin is a two-chain peptide member of the insulin superfamily and possesses potent pleiotropic roles including regulation of connective tissue remodeling and systemic and renal vasodilation. These effects are mediated through interaction with its cognate G-protein-coupled receptor, RXFP1. H2 relaxin recently passed Phase III clinical trials for the treatment of congestive heart failure. However, itsin vivohalf-life is short due to its susceptibility to proteolytic degradation and renal clearance. To increase its residence time, a covalent dimer of H2 relaxin was designed and assembled through solid phase synthesis of the two chains, including a judiciously monoalkyne sited B-chain, followed by their combination through regioselective disulfide bond formation. Use of a bisazido PEG7linker and “click” chemistry afforded a dimeric H2 relaxin with its active site structurally unhindered. The resulting peptide possessed a similar secondary structure to the native monomeric H2 relaxin and bound to and activated RXFP1 equally well. It had fewer propensities to activate RXFP2, the receptor for the related insulin-like peptide 3. In human serum, the dimer had a modestly increased half-life compared to the monomeric H2 relaxin suggesting that additional oligomerization may be a viable strategy for producing longer acting variants of H2 relaxin.
Tropical Atlantic Contributions to Strong Rainfall Variability Along the Northeast Brazilian Coast
Authors: Hounsou-gbo G. A. , Araujo M. , Bourlès B. , Veleda D. , Servain J.
Published: January 2015

Tropical Atlantic (TA) Ocean-atmosphere interactions and their contributions to strong variability of rainfall along the Northeast Brazilian (NEB) coast were investigated for the years 1974–2008. The core rainy seasons of March-April and June-July were identified for Fortaleza (northern NEB; NNEB) and Recife (eastern NEB; ENEB), respectively. Lagged linear regressions between sea surface temperature (SST) and pseudo wind stress (PWS) anomalies over the entire TA and strong rainfall anomalies at Fortaleza and Recife show that the rainfall variability of these regions is differentially influenced by the dynamics of the TA. When the Intertropical Convergence Zone is abnormally displaced southward a few months prior to the NNEB rainy season, the associated meridional mode increases humidity and precipitation during the rainy season. Additionally, this study shows predictive effect of SST, meridional PWS, and barrier layer thickness, in the Northwestern equatorial Atlantic, on the NNEB rainfall. The dynamical influence of the TA on the June-July ENEB rainfall variability shows a northwestward-propagating area of strong, positively correlated SST from the southeastern TA to the southwestern Atlantic warm pool (SAWP) offshore of Brazil. Our results also show predictive effect of SST, zonal PWS, and mixed layer depth, in the SAWP, on the ENEB rainfall.