bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sustainable Economic Growth and the Role of Natural Capital
Authors: Helm Dieter
Published: October 2017

The conventional economic approaches to economic growth have focused on macroeconomic aggregates and on neoclassical microeconomic foundations; on flows rather than stocks; and on utility rather than capabilities. This chapter presents an alternative asset-based approach, focused on balance sheets and capital maintenance. The starting point is the assets necessary to provide the capability for consumers and businesses to participate in the economy. Many of these are infrastructures and public goods, and among these natural capital plays a central role. The depletion of natural capital in the twentieth century, notably the atmosphere and biodiversity, has overstated economic growth and left a legacy of capital maintenance and enhancement. The chapter defines the rules for a sustainable economic growth path, incorporating natural capital.
Finance, Wealth, Technological Innovation, and Regulation
Authors: Mayer Colin
Published: October 2017

There is a large body of evidence on the relationship between financial systems and wealth creation. This chapter examines how the technological revolution is transforming finance and how regulation is responding to it. It argues that there are fundamental defects in regulation that are giving rise to regulatory arbitrage and the emergence of a parallel, unregulated financial system. It suggests that regulation needs to be redesigned on functional rather than institutional lines and to focus on the systemic consequences of financial innovation for financial systems as a whole. Failure to do so will stifle both productive innovation and wealth creation.
Sustainable Management of Natural Resource Wealth
Authors: Ploeg Rick van der
Published: October 2017

The principles of how best to manage the various components of national wealth are outlined, where the permanent income hypothesis, the Hotelling rule, and the Hartwick rule play a prominent role. A case is made to use an intergenerational sovereign wealth fund to smooth consumption across generations, a liquidity fund for the precautionary buffers to deal with commodity price volatility, and an investment fund to park part of the windfall until the country is ready to absorb extra spending on domestic investment. Capital scarcity implies that a positive part of the windfall should be spent on domestic investment. The conclusions highlight the political economy problems that must be tackled when managing national wealth.
The Brain as a Tool
Authors: Guillery Ray
Published: October 2017

We don’t perceive the world and then react to it. We learn to know it from our interactions with it. All inputs that reach the cerebral cortex about events in the brain, the body, or the world bring two messages: one is about these events, the other, travelling along a branch of that input, is an instruction already on its way to execution. This second message, not a part of standard textbook teaching, allows us to anticipate our actions, distinguishing them from the actions of others, and thus providing a clear sense of self. The mammalian brain has a hierarchy of cortical areas, where higher areas monitor actions of lower areas, and each area can modify actions to be executed by the phylogenetically older brain parts. Brains of our premammalian ancestors lacked this hierarchy, but their descendants are still strikingly capable of movement control: frogs can catch flies. The cortical hierarchy itself appears to establish and increase, from lower to higher levels, our conscious access to events. This book explores the neural connections that provide us with a sense of self and generate our conscious experiences. It reveals how much yet needs to be learnt about the relevant neural pathways.
The neural origins of a sense of self with a brief note on free will
Authors: Guillery Ray
Published: October 2017

This chapter is limited to a brief discussion of a sense of self, based on points that relate to the neural mechanisms discussed in previous chapters, in order to illustrate some important differences between the standard view and the integrative sensorimotor view of the self. I will treat the sense of self as produced by a temporal sequence of related perceptions that lead to ‘unconscious conclusions’ about the self. I shall address two major questions: (1) does our ability to anticipate our own actions contribute to a sense of self? Providing a clear ‘yes’. (2) Is our sense of self limited to the boundaries of our own bodies, and to the neural signals we receive from them? Providing a clear ‘no’. I will briefly address our sense of the self as agent, recognizing that this extends significantly beyond the content of this book.
Between the State and the Shalish
Authors: Berger Tobias
Published: October 2017

This chapter reconstructs the background knowledge that underpins all processes of conflict resolution in rural Bangladesh. It starts with the in-depth analysis of an attempted murder case and shows how state and non-state courts are intricately intertwined in what is conceptualized as the logic of non-enforcement. According to this logic, people frequently file cases with the state court, but not to get binding and enforceable verdicts. Instead, they do so to alter the dynamics of non-state courts. Although non-state justice institutions respond to representations of the state (for example in the form of official documents), they nonetheless do not conform to state law. Instead, their decisions are informed by specific normative convictions about the importance of social harmony and religious prescripts. Importantly, this logic of non-enforcement also applies to the state’s Muslim family laws, which are frequently not enforced if they threaten the patriarchal order of things in rural Bangladesh.
The Project ‘Activating the Village Courts’
Authors: Berger Tobias
Published: October 2017

International donor agencies have only recently started again to turn towards non-state courts as potential sites for the promotion of human rights and the rule of law. This chapter analyses this turn by focusing on one project aimed at activating village courts in Bangladesh. The project is the largest donor-sponsored intervention in non-state justice systems anywhere in the world today. The chapter reconstructs the genesis of the project. It thereby not only reveals strong parallels between the contemporary project and its colonial predecessor but also shows how the contemporary project with the village courts emerged in recursive processes of translation between international bureaucrats and Bangladeshi legal experts. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the different ways in which the EU, UNDP, and local NGOs make sense of the village courts as institutions of the rule of law, democratic governance, and local justice.
Conclusion
Authors: Berger Tobias
Published: October 2017

The concluding chapter summarizes the main arguments advanced in this book. It outlines both the main theoretical arguments developed and the key empirical findings presented in the preceding chapters. These chapters have argued that in processes of translation, two interrelated changes occur as both the meaning of travelling norms and the social and political practices within a given context change. Focusing on the project’s monitoring and evaluation apparatus, this chapter now analyses how the outcomes of the project are retranslated into transnational development discourse. In these retranslations, the ardent work of the local fieldworkers as translators of global norms is systematically ignored. Instead of accounting for complex processes of norm translation, project monitoring and evaluation techniques carefully police the boundaries of transnational policy paradigms. In these paradigms, the decisive work of norm translators is therefore lost in retranslation.
The Scholastic Exegesis of Prophecy
Authors: FitzGerald Brian
Published: October 2017

This chapter traces developments within the tradition of scholastic biblical exegesis that arose in the twelfth century. Focusing on the Psalms, a locus classicus for discussions of non-apocalyptic prophetic knowledge, the chapter examines the commentaries of Parisian masters Gilbert of Poitiers and Peter Lombard and then compares some thirteenth-century works by members of the Dominican Order. It emphasizes two important developments. First, exegetes paid a great deal of attention to the ‘literary’ qualities of prophetic language, trying to assess what made that language sacred. Secondly, the rise of professional exegetes in an academic setting led them to appropriate the sacred authority of the interpreted texts. Relying on the principle that inspired texts required inspired interpreters, these professionals began promoting themselves as possessors of contemporary prophetic authority.
The Johannine Renaissance in Early Modern English Literature and Theology
Authors: Cefalu Paul
Published: October 2017

The Johannine Renaissance in Early Modern English Literature and Theology argues that the Fourth Gospel and First Epistle of Saint John the Evangelist were so influential during the early modern period in England as to share with Pauline theology pride of place as leading apostolic texts on matters Christological, sacramental, pneumatological, and political. The book argues further that, in several instances, Johannine theology is more central than both Pauline theology and the Synoptic theology of Matthew, Mark, and Luke, particularly with regard to early modern polemicizing on the Trinity, distinctions between agape and eros, and the ideologies of radical dissent, especially the seventeenth-century antinomian challenge of free grace to traditional Puritan Pietism. In particular, early modern religious poetry, including works by Robert Southwell, George Herbert, John Donne, Richard Crashaw, Thomas Traherne, and Anna Trapnel, embraces a distinctive form of Johannine devotion that emphasizes the divine rather than human nature of Christ; the belief that salvation is achieved more through revelation than objective atonement and expiatory sin; a realized eschatology; a robust doctrine of assurance and comfort; and a stylistic and rhetorical approach to representing these theological features that often emulates John’s mode of discipleship misunderstanding and dramatic irony. Early modern Johannine devotion assumes that religious lyrics often express a revelatory poetics that aims to clarify, typically through dramatic irony, some of the deepest mysteries of the Fourth Gospel and First Epistle.
CETA, TTIP, TiSA, and Data Protection
Authors: Berka Walter
Published: October 2017

Trade agreements cannot avoid dealing with digital services and data sharing. In the cases of TTIP, CETA, and TiSA, different concepts of data protection collide and it is the fear of the European side that the EU’s acquis on data privacy could get compromised through the liberalization of data flows. This chapter analyses the possible impact of these agreements on data protection. It refers to the European Parliament’s call to include a horizontal self-standing clause in TTIP to exclude the current and future EU data protection legislation from being traded in TTIP, a claim which is based on Article XIV of the GATS. In dealing with these issues, it will be considered further that the EU and the US are discussing data transfers and data protection in other fora as well, namely on the tracks of the new Safe Harbor Agreement and the Data Protection Umbrella Agreement.
Three Salient Issues of the New Comprehensive Free Trade Agreements
Authors: Griller Stefan
Published: October 2017

The author argues that the mega-regionals are incorporating WTO standards on the removal of technical barriers to trade (TBT), but do not go much further. Consequently, domestic policies on consumer or environmental protection are inevitably affected. However, in this regard, the mega-regionals would not result in a substantive change. By contrast, the relationship between the removal of TBT and investment protection standards is qualified as poorly balanced, unclear, and creating fresh problems. This includes the possibility that damages might be awarded even in cases where the party to the agreement has correctly used its ‘right to regulate’. Moreover, a critical account of the investor-state dispute settlement system foreseen is offered. It is presented as unnecessarily complex, and creating unbalanced advantages for investors. The better alternative would be integrating national courts into the system.
Introduction
Authors: Kirkpatrick Kate
Published: October 2017

This chapter introduces and lays the groundwork for the book’s central claim, namely that Sartre’s philosophical anthropology in Being and Nothingness presents the human condition as fallen. This contention may come as a surprise, given that in his time there was ‘no more prominent atheist’. But Sartre’s atheism is ambiguous, both biographically and philosophically. After some preliminary comments on the origins and nature of Sartre’s atheism this chapter therefore introduces the claim that Sartre is a ‘secular theologian of original sin’, contextualizes the present work in existing research, and outlines the scope and structure of the argument that is to follow.
The Fallen Self
Authors: Kirkpatrick Kate
Published: October 2017

Chapter 5 (on Being and Nothingness Part II) examines Sartre’s for-itself in greater depth. It explores the character of consciousness as ‘existing for a witness’ and then turns to Sartre’s notions of internal relations and possibility, contingency, facticity, and lack. On Sartre’s view, philosophical prejudices for the existent and the external have prevented an accurate understanding of these notions—for they are not only abstract concepts but lived experiences. Each demonstrates the futility of consciousness in search of lost being. Chapter 4 demonstrated that Sartre’s nothingness renders self-knowledge problematic; Chapter 5, in turn, shows further the psychological effects of nothingness.
Matteo Ricci the Daoist
Authors: Saussy Haun
Published: October 2017

When the Italian Jesuit Matteo Ricci arrived in China in the 1580s, he had to invent an identity for himself: he and his doctrine were unknowns. That would soon change as Ricci became a Ming-dynasty celebrity through his writings in Chinese and personal contacts. From an examination of contemporary writings about Ricci in Chinese, a constellation of references emerges that depict him, through repeated references to the Zhuangzi and associated texts, as a kind of Daoist sage, a hermit in the midst of the secular world, perhaps a wonder-worker or envoy from a transcendental realm. Ricci’s own role in creating this legend is unclear, but his admirers and interlocutors developed and extended the reference, as a means of giving early-modern Christian theology a purchase on the Chinese political and intellectual situation of the time.
The Extravagant Zhuangzi
Authors: Saussy Haun
Published: October 2017

The Chinese philosophical text Zhuangzi is said to be the work of one Zhuang Zhou (4th century BCE), about whom little is known. Critical work on the text of the Zhuangzi usually attributes the “inner” or core chapters to Zhuang Zhou and the rest to his “school.” The historical texts, however, give little reason to believe that the “inner chapters” are the earliest. If the supposed author is merely a name affixed to a stance of radical skepticism, applied to the common ideas of the time by a series of rhetorical masters, the text becomes an accretion of arguments privileging not the first to take shape, but the last. Analogously, this text’s role in the history of Chinese translation as the “sponsor” of works from abroad that acquire Chinese form by echoing the Zhuangzi reverses the usual assumptions about the inside and outside, the core and periphery, of Chinese culture.
The Consequences of Decision-Making
Authors: Brunsson Nils
Published: October 2017

This book questions the rationality of decision-making, and argues that it is as important to understand other aspects of decision-making apart from choice — such things as mobilizing action, allocating responsibility, and legitimizing organizations. These aspects of decisions can influence decision-making, and the assumptions about feasible norms that provide their context. The norm of rationality is far from obvious: sometimes decision-makers can be recommending systematic irrationality. This book collects together a wide-range of writing on decision-making, brought together in one volume.
Zooplankton Productivity
Authors: Hirst Andrew G.
Published: October 2017

Zooplankton is a term used to describe the heterotrophic plankton, including both metazoans (multicellular animals) and single-celled protozoa such as ciliates and flagellates. Zooplankton encompass a great diversity of phyla, with an array of life history and ecological traits. Their body size spans over more than 15 orders of magnitude, and include species with a life cycle of less than a day to many years. This chapter describes the productivity of zooplankton. It first discusses the importance of determining life history and vital rates of zooplankton. It then examines the major ways in which growth and secondary production rates are determined. Finally, it explores mechanistic and empirical frameworks to predict what controls these rates and why.
Protozooplankton: Radiolaria
Authors: Stern Rowena , Taylor Claire , Not Fabrice , Decelle Johan
Published: October 2017

This chapter describes the taxonomy of radiolaria. Radiolaria are amoeboid unicellular eukaryotes with mineral skeletons, often forming elaborate symmetrical lattice structures with spines. They form an abundant part of marine holoplankton from surface to deep waters. The chapter covers their life cycle, ecology and distribution, and identification. It includes a section that indicates the systematic placement of the taxon described within the tree of life, and lists the key marine representative illustrated in the chapter (usually to genus or family level). This section also provides information on the taxonomic authorities responsible for the classification adopted, recent changes which might have occurred, and lists relevant taxonomic sources.
Cnidaria: Scyphozoa and Non-Colonial Hydrozoa
Authors: Licandro Priscilla , Fischer Astrid , Lindsay Dhugal J.
Published: October 2017

This chapter describes the taxonomy of scyphozoa and non-colonial hydrozoa. The Phylum Cnidaria assembles highly diverse primitive invertebrates that carry stinging cells called cnida. The presence of cnida, which are organized in specialized structures called cnidocysts (or nematocysts), makes the organisms of this group venomous to varying degrees. The chapter covers their life cycle, ecology, and general morphology. It includes a section that indicates the systematic placement of the taxon described within the tree of life, and lists the key marine representative illustrated in the chapter (usually to genus or family level). This section also provides information on the taxonomic authorities responsible for the classification adopted, recent changes which might have occurred, and lists relevant taxonomic sources.
Cnidaria: Colonial Hydrozoa (Siphonophorae)
Authors: Licandro Priscilla , Carré Claude , Lindsay Dhugal J.
Published: October 2017

This chapter describes the taxonomy of colonial Hydrozoa. Siphonophores are pelagic organisms that can be found the whole year round, sometimes in a characteristic season, inshore and offshore at all latitudes and depths. As in all hydrozoans, they carry tentacles equipped with stinging cells (nematocysts), which are used by the colony to immobilize and kill their prey. The chapter covers their life cycle, ecology, and general morphology. It includes a section that indicates the systematic placement of the taxon described within the tree of life, and lists the key marine representative illustrated in the chapter (usually to genus or family level). This section also provides information on the taxonomic authorities responsible for the classification adopted, recent changes which might have occurred, and lists relevant taxonomic sources.
Crustacea: Ostracoda
Authors: Angel Martin V. , John Anthony W.G.
Published: October 2017

This chapter describes the taxonomy of Ostracoda, small bivalved crustaceans ranging in size from 0.2 to > 30 mm. The majority are benthic and belong to the subclass Podocopa. The chapter focuses on the holoplanktonic oceanic species. It covers their life cycle, ecology, and general morphology. It includes a section that indicates the systematic placement of the taxon described within the tree of life, and lists the key marine representative illustrated in the chapter (usually to genus or family level). This section also provides information on the taxonomic authorities responsible for the classification adopted, recent changes which might have occurred, and lists relevant taxonomic sources.
Crustacea: Decapoda
Authors: Buckland Clare , Castellani Claudia , Lindley Alistair J. , Santos Antonina Dos
Published: October 2017

This chapter describes the taxonomy of the Decapoda, the most species-rich order of Crustacea, with over 14,500 described extant species worldwide, commonly called shrimps, prawns, lobsters, or crabs. Decapods exhibit a vast diversity in shape, size, and colour. The chapter covers their life cycle, ecology, general morphology, and larval measurements. It includes a section that indicates the systematic placement of the taxon described within the tree of life, and lists the key marine representative illustrated in the chapter (usually to genus or family level). This section also provides information on the taxonomic authorities responsible for the classification adopted, recent changes which might have occurred, and lists relevant taxonomic sources.
Mollusca: Holoplanktonic Molluscs
Authors: Lischka Silke , Ossenbrügger Holger
Published: October 2017

This chapter describes the taxonomy of Mollusca. Members of the phylum Mollusca are characterized by fleshy, muscular bodies often possessing either external or internal calcareous shells and include the familiar snails, clams, oysters, squid, and octopus. Aside from the Arthropoda, the Mollusca are one of the most conspicuous and diverse group of invertebrates. The chapter covers their life cycle, ecology, and general morphology. It includes a section that indicates the systematic placement of the taxon described within the tree of life, and lists the key marine representative illustrated in the chapter (usually to genus or family level). This section also provides information on the taxonomic authorities responsible for the classification adopted, recent changes which might have occurred, and lists relevant taxonomic sources.
Chordata: Appendicularia
Authors: Gorsky Gaby , Castellani Claudia
Published: October 2017

This chapter describes the taxonomy of Appendicularians (larvaceans), small free-swimming pelagic zooplankton. They belong to the phylum Chordata, which includes the vertebrates. Like other tunicates Appendicularia are relatively primitive forms compared to the vertebrates, although they exhibit three features that are common to all chordates at some stage in their life: gills slits, a tubular nerve cord, and a primitive spinal column, the notochord. The chapter covers their life cycle, ecology, and general morphology. It includes a section that indicates the systematic placement of the taxon described within the tree of life, and lists the key marine representative illustrated in the chapter (usually to genus or family level). This section also provides information on the taxonomic authorities responsible for the classification adopted, recent changes which might have occurred, and lists relevant taxonomic sources.
AD 550–600 Collapse at Teotihuacan
Authors: Lachniet Matthew S. , Bernal-Uruchurtu Juan Pablo
Published: October 2017

We analyze a 2400-year rainfall reconstruction from an ultra-high-resolution absolutely-dated stalagmite (JX-6) from southwestern Mexico (Lachniet et al., 2012). Oxygen isotope variations correlate strongly to rainfall amount in the Mexico City area since 1870 CE, and for the wider southwestern Mexico region since 1948, allowing us to quantitatively reconstruct rainfall variability for the Basin of Mexico and Sierra Madre del Sur for the past 2400 years. Because oxygen isotopes integrate rainfall variations over broad geographic regions, our data suggest substantial variations in Mesoamerican monsoon strength over the past two millennia. As a result of low age uncertainties (≤ 11 yr), our stalagmite paleoclimate reconstruction allows us to place robust ages on past rainfall variations with a resolution an order of magnitude more precise than archeological dates associated with societal change. We relate our new rainfall reconstruction to the sequence of events at Teotihuacan (Millon, 1967; Cowgill, 2015a) and to other pre-Colombian civilizations in Mesoamerica. We observe a centuries long drying trend that culminated in peak drought conditions in ca. 750 CE related to a weakening monsoon, which may have been a stressor on Mesoamerican societies. Teotihuacan is an ideal location to test for links between climate change and society, because it was located in a semi-arid highland valley with limited permanent water sources, which relied upon spring fed irrigation to ensure a reliable maize harvest (Sanders, 1977). The city of Teotihuacan was one of the largest Mesoamerican cities, which apparently reached population sizes of 80,000 to 100,000 inhabitants by AD 300 (Cowgill, 1997; 2015a). Following the “Great Fire”, which dates approximately to AD 550, population decreased to lower levels and many buildings were abandoned (Cowgill, 2015). Because of the apparent reliance on rainwater capture (Linn é, 2003) and spring-fed agriculture in the Teotihuacan valley to ensure food security and drinking water, food production and domestic water supplies should have been sensitive to rainfall variations that recharge the surficial aquifer that sustained spring discharge prior recent groundwater extraction.
Twelfth Century AD
Authors: Thompson Lonnie G. , Kolata Alan L.
Published: October 2017

Climate is a fundamental and independent variable of human existence. Given that 50 percent of the Earth’s surface and much of its population exist between 30oN and 30oS, paleoenvironmental research in the Earth’s tropical regions is vital to our understanding of the world’s current and past climate change. Most of the solar energy that drives the climate system is absorbed in these regions. Paleoclimate records reveal that tropical processes, such as variations in the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), have affected the climate over much of the planet. Climatic variations, particularly in precipitation and temperature, play a critical role in the adaptations of agrarian cultures located in zones of environmental sensitivity, such as those of the coastal deserts, highlands, and altiplano of the Andean region. Paleoclimate records from the Quelccaya ice cap (5670 masl) in highland Peru that extend back ~1800 years show good correlation between precipitation and the rise and fall of pre-Hispanic civilizations in western Peru and Bolivia. Sediment cores extracted from Lake Titicaca provide independent evidence of this correspondence with particular reference to the history of the pre-Hispanic Tiwanaku state centered in the Andean altiplano. Here we explore, in particular, the impacts of climate change on the development and ultimate dissolution of this altiplano state.
Modernism and American Ballet
Authors: Harris Andrea
Published: October 2017

This chapter explores the international and interdisciplinary backdrop of Lincoln Kirstein’s efforts to form an American ballet in the early 1930s. The political, economic, and cultural conditions of the Depression reinvigorated the search for an “American” culture. In this context, new openings for a modernist theory of ballet were created as intellectuals and artists from a wide range of disciplines endeavored to define the role of the arts in protecting against the dangerous effects of mass culture. Chapter 1 sheds new light on well-known critical debates in dance history between Kirstein and John Martin over whether ballet, with its European roots, could truly become “American” in contrast to modern dance. Was American dance going to be conceived in nationalist or transnationalist terms? That was the deeper conflict that underlay the ballet vs. modern dance debates of the early 1930s.
“A Close-Knit Group, Chosen with Care”
Authors: Kenney Padraic
Published: October 2017

The political prison cell is a place of community. Prisoners build networks of communication using a variety of techniques ranging from smuggled notes to hand signals to knocking on walls. Political prisoners also organize themselves in prison. They are influenced by the development of prisoners of war camps in the early twentieth century. The Frongoch internment camp in Wales for Irish rebels of 1916 and the Szczypiorno POW camp for Poles who had refused allegiance to the German Empire a year later are key instances of how political incarceration and military hierarchy could reinforce one another. The komuna among Polish communists in the interwar years shows how such organization could further integrate and discipline members of a movement behind bars.
Conclusion
Authors: Kenney Padraic
Published: October 2017

In an ordinary prison, the goal is to rehabilitate its inmates; in the political prison, the state demonstrates its power to detain, confine, name, and torture or at the very least discomfort and inhibit a group of people who claim to oppose it. Often state leaders learn that they have to negotiate with prisoners and treat them as potential partners. Rendered illegible by the state’s prison, prisoners create their own illegibility and confuse the prison, refusing its terms. As they create communal structures, engage in protest, and invent prison universities, political prisoners create a new narrative and wrest back their own agency, forcing the regime to respond. Political imprisonment thus has an effect quite different from that intended by the regime. The conclusion looks briefly at the role of prisoners during and after transformations in Poland, Northern Ireland, and South Africa.
Metamorphosis in Music
Authors: Levy Benjamin R.
Published: October 2017

In the 1950s and 1960s György Ligeti went through a remarkable transition from writing music in the style of Bartók to working at the cutting edge of the avant-garde. Through careful study of the sketches and drafts, as well as analysis of the finished scores, Metamorphosis in Music takes a detailed look at this compositional evolution. The book begins with Ligeti’s synthesis of folk music and modernism in Musica ricercata and continues through the turn of the 1970s, examining nearly every major work as well as numerous unpublished studies. It shows Ligeti’s early discovery of twelve-tone technique, the influence of electronic music on his orchestral writing, and his involvement with the absurdist Fluxus group, and it argues that the repertoire of techniques he developed in this experimental period was incrementally codified into the composer’s personal style in the mid- and late 1960s. The conclusion looks at Ligeti’s approach to form and expression at the turn of the 1970s, when one phase of his metamorphosis had run its course, and the new challenge of composing an opera loomed on the horizon. Throughout the book, sketch study works alongside comments from interviews—counterbalancing the composer’s crafted public narrative, revealing hidden influences, lingering attachments, and insights into the creative process, and ultimately helping complete the picture of how he found his voice in a generation straddling the divide between the modern and postmodern eras.
Introduction
Authors: Levy Benjamin R.
Published: October 2017

Ligeti’s belief that “technique and imagination influence one another in a constant interchange” guided his development through the 1950s and 60s. The introduction explains the book’s methodology, which uses sketch study to look at this creative interchange, placing analytical observations alongside Ligeti’s written statements in their historical context. Rather than aiming for “definitive” analyses, this book aims for parallel discoveries in the composer’s prose, sketches, and finished scores, which augment one another and lead to an enriched appreciation of these already multifaceted works. The introduction also previews many of the historical developments discussed in the following chapters, including the influences of modernist and postmodernist trends in composition on the developments in rhythm, pitch, and timbre that became characteristic of Ligeti during these years.
Compositional Flourishing (1967–70)
Authors: Levy Benjamin R.
Published: October 2017

Having codified a repertoire of personalized techniques, Ligeti deployed them in many new combinations in an extremely productive period at the end of the 1960s. Works composed in this period include Continuum, Two Études for Organ, String Quartet no. 2, Ten Pieces for Wind Quintet, Ramifications, and the Chamber Concerto. This chapter looks at the contrapuntal techniques that built on the composer’s previous practice as well as those derived from harmonic networks. The latter allowed Ligeti to move away from the cluster-based harmonic palate characteristic of his earlier works. In these works Ligeti looked for diverse means of expression and presentation, and he founds ways of composing transitions between techniques, putting patterns derived from harmonic procedures into polyphonic combinations and deriving static harmonic fields from material generated as a melody.
Freezing
Authors: Clarke Andrew
Published: October 2017

Freezing is a widespread ecological challenge, affecting organisms in over half the terrestrial environment as well as both polar seas. With very few exceptions, if a cell freezes internally, it dies. Polar teleost fish in shallow waters avoid freezing by synthesising a range of protein or glycoprotein antifreezes. Terrestrial organisms are faced with a far greater thermal challenge, and exhibit a more complex array of responses. Unicellular organisms survive freezing temperatures by preventing ice nucleating within the cytosol, and tolerating the cellular dehydration and membrane disruption that follows from ice forming in the external environment. Multicellular organisms survive freezing temperatures by manipulating the composition of the extracellular body fluids. Terrestrial organisms may freeze at high subzero temperatures, often promoted by ice nucleating proteins, and small molecular mass cryoprotectants (often sugars and polyols) moderate the osmotic stress on cells. A range of chaperone proteins (dehydrins, LEA proteins) help maintain the integrity of membranes and macromolecules. Thermal hysteresis (antifreeze) proteins prevent damaging recrystallisation of ice. In some cases arthropods and higher plants prevent freezing in their extracellular fluids and survive by supercooling. Vitrification of extracellular water, or of the cell cytosol, may be a more widespread response to very cold temperatures than recognised to date.
Temperature and diversity
Authors: Clarke Andrew
Published: October 2017

The diversity (species richness) of plants and animals is typically highest in the tropics and the strongest environmental correlate of species richness is often climate. The energy for plant production is sunlight, but the rate is governed jointly by temperature and the availability of water (as captured by actual evapotranspiration, AET). Greater production is then linked to higher diversity because larger population size protects against stochastic extinction (the more individuals mechanism). A greater biomass and diversity of plants allows for a greater diversity of herbivores and so on through the food web, though the correlation with climate (AET) gets progressively weaker at higher trophic levels. This is the basis of the species-energy theory of diversity. The Metabolic Theory of Biodiversity posits a mechanistic explanation for higher diversity in warmer places mediated through an enhanced generation of mutations as a by-product of the faster metabolic rate associated with a higher body temperature. Evidence for this is equivocal, and this mechanism cannot explain the strong association between endotherm species richness and climate. The striking differences between the northern and southern hemispheres point to an important role for history, particularly recent glacial history, in influencing current patterns of diversity. We still lack a comprehensive theory of biological diversity, but evidence points to a complex series of factors being important, with the dominant ones being energy and time (history).
Global climate change and its ecological consequences
Authors: Clarke Andrew
Published: October 2017

The greenhouse effect is a simple consequence of an atmosphere containing gases that are transparent to visible light but which absorb infra-red radiation (radiatively active or greenhouse gases). The temperature of the lower troposphere is set by the radiation balance at the top of the atmosphere, and is determined predominantly by the CO2 concentration. Man has been adding radiatively active gases to the atmosphere since the Industrial Revolution, and this has led to an increase in the energy in the lower atmosphere, and thus a rise in its temperature. The bulk of the extra energy (~90%) has entered the ocean, which has also warmed significantly over the past century. The rate and extent of warming varies across the planet, depending on local circumstances. Palaeoecological studies have shown that changes in distribution have been a frequent response to climate change, though this requires somewhere for the organisms to move to. Many organisms have shifted their distribution in response to recent climate change. Many organisms have also shifted the timing of life-cycle events (phenology), with migration, breeding in animals, and germination, emergence, leafing and flowering in plants all occurring earlier in some (but not all) species. There are also changes in size, with some species becoming smaller as the climate warms.
Ten principles of thermal ecology
Authors: Clarke Andrew
Published: October 2017

A brief summary of the key physical and ecological principles underpinning thermal ecology.
A Right Against Risking
Authors: Oberdiek John
Published: October 2017

Chapter 4 turns from the moral significance of risking to whether there is a moral right against risking. Just as the moral significance of risking revolves around the value of autonomy, the value of autonomy provides the basis for a right against risking: autonomy is an important enough interest that it grounds duties in others to protect it. After detailing the value in more detail and its relationship to risk, the chapter argues that the right against risking cannot be reduced to a right against harming. It goes on to explain how the right can be made determinate enough to prohibit anything, and how it can be qualified so as not to prohibit everything. This latter inquiry leads to the explication of an independently attractive conception of rights, specificationism, in which a right against risking comfortably sits. The balance of the chapter defends a specified right against risking.
Potential Impact of Fluopyram on the Frequency of the D123E Mutation in Alternaria solani
Authors: Bauske Mitchell J. , Yellareddygari S. K. R. , Gudmestad Neil C.
Published: October 2017

Succinate dehydrogenase-inhibiting (SDHI) fungicides have been widely applied in commercial potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) fields for the control of early blight, caused by Alternaria solani Sorauer. Five-point mutations on three AsSdh genes in A. solani have been identified as conferring resistance to SDHI fungicides. Recent work in our laboratory determined that A. solani isolates possessing the D123E mutation, or the substitution of aspartic acid for glutamic acid at position 123 in the AsSdhD gene, were collected at successively higher frequencies throughout a 3-year survey. In total, 118 A. solani isolates previously characterized as possessing the D123E mutation were evaluated in vitro for boscalid and fluopyram sensitivity. Over 80% of A. solani isolates with the D123E mutation evaluated were determined to be highly resistant to boscalid in vitro. However, effective concentration at which the fungal growth is inhibited by 50% values of isolates with the D123E mutation to fluopyram, ranging from 0.2 to 3 µg/ml, were sensitive and only slightly higher than those of baseline isolates to fluopyram, which ranged from 0.1 to 0.6 µg/ml. Five A. solani isolates with the D123E mutation were further evaluated in vivo for percent disease control obtained from boscalid and fluopyram compared with two wild-type isolates, three isolates possessing the F129L mutation, two isolates possessing the H134R mutation, two isolates possessing the H133R mutation, and one isolate with the H278R mutation. Relative area under the dose response curve values for boscalid and fluopyram were significantly lower for all five D123E-mutant isolates, demonstrating reduced disease control in vivo. In field trials, the frequency of A. solani isolates with the D123E mutation recovered from treatments receiving an in-furrow application of fluopyram ranged from 5 to 37%, which was significantly higher compared with treatments receiving foliar applications of standard protectants, in which the frequency of the D123E mutation in isolates ranged from 0 to 2.5%. Results suggest that A. solani isolates possessing the D123E mutation have a selective advantage under the application of fluopyram compared with SDHI-sensitive isolates, as well as isolates possessing other mutations conferring SDHI resistance. These data illustrate the importance of implementing fungicide resistance management strategies and cautions the use of fluopyram for in-furrow applications that target other pathogens of potato.
Scaling Up Human Immunodeficiency Virus Screening and Antiretroviral Therapy Among Men Who Have Sex With Men to Achieve the 90-90-90 Targets in China
Authors: Zhuang Xun , Peng Peng , Sun Huamin , Chu Minjie , Jiang Shengyang , Jiang Liying , Zhou Pingyu , Zhu Bowen , Zhang Lei
Published: October 2017

Introduction

The Joint United Nations Programme on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome has proposed the 90-90-90 targets by 2020. Human immunodeficiency virus epidemic is spreading rapidly among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China. This study investigates how the scale-up of HIV testing and treatment in achieving the targets and its cost-effectiveness.

Methods

We constructed a compartmental model to forecast the HIV epidemic in Chinese MSM based on various “test-and-treat” scale-up scenarios. We assessed their cost effectiveness based on the cost for each HIV infection, death, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) prevented by the scale-up.

Results

If the current epidemic continued, HIV prevalence among Chinese MSM would increase from 9.2% in 2016 to 12.6% (9.2–15.6%) in 2020 and 16.2% (11.3–20.0%) in 2025. By 2020, 49.2% of infected MSM would be diagnosed and 40.1% of whom on treatment, falling short of the 90-90-90 targets, so would be even by 2025. To achieve these targets by 2020, additional 850,000 HIV screening tests and 112,500 person-years of antiretroviral treatment (ART) annually are necessary. This spending is US $478 million during 2016 to 2020, which almost tripled the status quo. However, by delaying to 2025, an investment of US $1210 million over 2016 to 2025 corresponding to 52% increase to the status quo, will enable extra 340,000 HIV screening tests and 60,000 person-year on ART annually. In both scenarios, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was US $733 to 960 for each DALY prevented, indicating highly cost-effective scenarios.

Conclusions

Achieving the 90-90-90 targets by 2020 requires steep increase in investment, but delaying the targets to 2025 is practical and cost-effective.
Extragenital Chlamydia and Gonorrhea in Young Black Men Who Have Sex With Men: Missed Treatment Opportunities for Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Men Who Have Sex With Men?
Authors: Mena Leandro , Crosby Richard A. , Chamberlain Nicholas
Published: October 2017

Objectives

This study of young black men who have sex with men (YBMSM) assessed the prevalence of extragenital chlamydia and gonorrhea among those testing negative for urethral infections, and compared prevalence of both by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status.

Methods

A convenience sample of 609 YBMSM was recruited for a cross-sectional study from 2 sexual health clinics located in Jackson, MS. To detect Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), nucleic acid amplification testing was performed on urine, rectal swabs, and oral swabs. OraSure was used to detect HIV.

Results

Seventy-three percent of all chlamydia infections and 77% of gonorrhea infections were found from anal and oral swabs in the absence of urethral positivity. Compared with HIV-uninfected men, HIV-infected men were significantly more likely to have pharyngeal chlamydia (P = 0.03), multiple CT infections (P = 0.02), rectal NG (P < 0.001), multiple NG infections (P = 0.04), both CT/NG rectal infections (P = 0.001).

Conclusions

As much as three quarters of all chlamydia and gonorrhea infections may be missed when only urine-based nucleic acid amplification testing is used to screen YBMSM for bacterial sexually transmitted infections. These missed opportunities for diagnosis may be particularly likely among HIV-infected YBMSM.
Trait impulsivity and response-inhibition in Parkinson Disease. An fMRI study.
Authors: Palermo Sara , Morese Rosalba , Stanziano Mario , Zibetti Maurizio , Romagnolo Alberto , Sirgiovanni Stefano , De Faveri Luana , Valentini Maria C. , Lopiano Leonardo
Published: October 2017

Introduction: Dopamine agonists and levodopa have been implicated in impulse-control disorder (ICD) development since they can induce alterations in the frontostriatal network that manage reward and mediate impulse monitoring and control. The aim the study was to explore the response-inhibition performance and the neural correlates of inhibition in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients that varied on self-reported trait impulsivity. Methods: Ten cognitively non-impaired patients with PD were recruited. They underwent a neurological evaluation, a neuropsychological assessment and questionnaires on behavioral mood changes. The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BISS-11) provided an integrated measure of trait impulsivity. During an fMRI acquisition, each subject was asked to perform a GO-NOGO task. Associations between BOLD response of the whole brain during the response-inhibition task and trait impulsivity were investigated. Results: Patients with greater scores on BIS-11 had greater activation of the bilateral presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA), bilateral anterior insula, right anterior cingulate cortex, and right temporal parietal junction (TPJ) during response-inhibition. Moreover, a significant association between higher impulsivity scores and worse performance was present (p= 0.038). Conclusions: Our results suggest that deficit in inhibitory processes may affect everyday life, causing impulsive conduct, which is generally detrimental for PD patients. The strong association between BIS-11 scores, MPFC, pre-SMA and TPJ suggests that greater engagement of that network was needed to maintain behavioral inhibition in more impulsive PD patients. Indeed, neuroimaging of brain activity during GO-NOGO task may be useful in characterizing the clinical profile while evaluating the treatment options.