bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perfil e práticas de saúde bucal do agente comunitário de saúde em municípios piauienses de pequeno porte
Authors: Moura Marcoeli Silva de , Carvalho Claro José de , Amorim José Tadeu Cavalcante de , Marques Maurílio Francisco Soares Siqueira , Moura Lúcia de Fátima Almeida de Deus , Mendes Regina Ferraz
Published: July 2010

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi traçar o perfil demográfico e práticas de saúde bucal do ACS, em cidades de pequeno porte do Estado do Piauí. Foram selecionados quatro municípios: Água Branca, Piracuruca, Queimada Nova e Simões. O método utilizado foi o transversal observacional descritivo. Foram aplicados questionários a 109 ACS, constituídos de 28 perguntas fechadas. Os dados foram transferidos para planilha do programa ExcelÒ, tabulados e analisados. Pelos dados obtidos, foi possível concluir que: (1) o agente comunitário de saúde do interior do Piauí é predominantemente do sexo feminino, casado, com idade entre 20-39 anos, tem em média de um a três filhos, com grau de escolaridade médio acima de nove anos, renda de um salário mínimo, residindo em média há 24 anos na comunidade; (2) a grande maioria dos ACS não foi capacitada, não assistiu palestras educativas sobre saúde bucal; entretanto, quase a metade realiza atividades em saúde bucal, mas não as registra; (3) a autopercepção sobre o conhecimento em saúde bucal pelos ACS predominou entre conceitos regular e bom, o que coincidiu com o percentual de acertos ao questionário aplicado.
Capacidade para o trabalho: revisão de literatura
Authors: Martinez Maria Carmen , Latorre Maria do Rosário Dias de Oliveira , Fischer Frida Marina
Published: July 2010

O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma revisão de literatura sobre a capacidade para o trabalho de trabalho e envelhecimento funcional. Foi realizada uma extensa busca de publicações do período de 1966 a 2006, usando as bases de dados MEDLINE, Lilacs e SciELO. São apresentados vários aspectos relativos à capacidade para o trabalho: o contexto histórico no qual o tema emergiu, o referencial teórico, os fatores determinantes, um modelo explicativo, a metodologia atual para avaliar e monitorar a capacidade para o trabalho e a importância de sua promoção. Também é destacada a situação atual da pesquisa, prática e perspectivas futuras relativas ao tema. No contexto do envelhecimento da força de trabalho, a capacidade para o trabalho tornou-se um indicador importante em função de suas consequências para a saúde, bem-estar e empregabilidade dos trabalhadores, com impactos para os indivíduos, organizações e sociedade. As questões sobre o tema, apesar de relevantes, ainda carecem de maior atenção.
Mudanças nas formas de produção na indústria e a saúde dos trabalhadores
Authors: Fernandes Rita de Cássia Pereira , Assunção Ada Ávila , Carvalho Fernando Martins
Published: July 2010

Buscou-se identificar possíveis determinantes de efeitos na saúde dos trabalhadores em indústrias plásticas. Descreve-se a organização da produção, trabalhadores e maquinário das áreas de produção e manutenção de catorze indústrias plásticas da Região Metropolitana de Salvador. Coletaram-se dados sobre política de desenvolvimento de cada empresa, mercado, procedimentos operacionais, exigências de produção e de qualidade e as regras formais da organização do trabalho. Implementam-se técnicas de gestão com forte exigência de redução do tempo da produção. O aumento do ritmo do trabalho, a redução de pausas e uma situação de alta demanda cognitiva impõem aos trabalhadores posturas anômalas para execução das tarefas com movimentos repetitivos. Demandas físicas e psicossociais (trabalho repetitivo, baixo controle dos trabalhadores sobre suas tarefas, pressão de tempo e insatisfação no trabalho) compõem um universo de condições desfavoráveis para a saúde de trabalhadores. Mudanças na gestão da produção, de pessoal e dos negócios impõem novas exigências aos trabalhadores no desenvolvimento das tarefas, configurando novos fatores de risco para a saúde dos trabalhadores.
Condições de vida e saúde do trabalhador em assentamento rural
Authors: Scopinho Rosemeire Aparecida
Published: July 2010

A proliferação das formas de trabalho cooperado e autogestionário, na cidade e no campo, torna relevante o debate sobre o potencial de contribuição das experiências na solução de problemas sociais. O artigo procura refletir sobre como esta lógica organizativa pode melhorar as condições de vida e a saúde dos trabalhadores rurais. Estudando o processo organizativo de um assentamento rural, procurei compreender os sentidos atribuídos pelos trabalhadores à saúde-doença e as práticas de saúde desenvolvidas. Considerando aspectos objetivos e subjetivos envolvidos na noção de condição de vida e a partir de uma perspectiva teórico-metodológica que trata o processo de produção do conhecimento como construção social, analisei e confrontei informações obtidas através de análise documental, entrevistas e observações do cotidiano de trabalho e vida no assentamento. A contraposição do modo de vida rural com o urbano é traço marcante do sentido da saúde-doença. Entre sentidos idealizados e práticas possíveis, as tentativas para solucionar os problemas e concretizar a saúde como direito social esbarravam no modo fragmentado e desarticulado com que as políticas públicas envolvidas na reforma agrária têm sido implementadas pelo Estado.
Processo de trabalho em saúde bucal: em busca de diferentes olhares para compreender e transformar a realidade
Authors: Faccin Deniz , Sebold Rafael , Carcereri Daniela Lemos
Published: July 2010

Em 2000, o Ministério da Saúde estabelece incentivo financeiro e inclui Equipes de Saúde Bucal no Programa Saúde da Família, hoje legitimado como estratégia de reorganização da Atenção Básica no Sistema Único de Saúde. Os profissionais são inseridos em um novo contexto, que confronta suas concepções e práticas. Este estudo é de natureza qualitativa e tem por objetivo analisar o processo de trabalho em Saúde Bucal na Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) em um município da Região Sul. Foi realizado em cinco Unidades de Saúde da Família, onde atuam Equipes de Saúde Bucal e Equipes de Saúde da Família, através de entrevistas semiestruturadas a profissionais de saúde. A amostra tem caráter multiprofissional e inclui 22 sujeitos. Para o tratamento dos dados, utilizou-se a análise categorial temática. Emergiram cinco eixos temáticos: inserção da Saúde Bucal na ESF, aspectos estruturais dos serviços, concepções dos profissionais sobre o processo saúde-doença, processo de trabalho e estratégias para seu aperfeiçoamento. A pesquisa contribui para a compreensão do processo de trabalho em Saúde Bucal na ESF e aponta alguns caminhos para a transformação das práticas.
Integralidade do cuidado: concepções e práticas de docentes de graduação em enfermagem do Estado de Goiás
Authors: Santana Fabiana Ribeiro , Nakatani Adélia Yaeko Kyosen , Freitas Raquel Aparecida Marra da Madeira , Souza Adenícia Custódia Silva , Bachion Maria Márcia
Published: July 2010

A integralidade tem sido defendida como o eixo condutor dos processos de mudanças na formação do enfermeiro. Inserido nesta problemática, realizou-se um estudo descritivo-exploratório, objetivando analisar as concepções de integralidade do cuidado presentes nos discursos dos docentes e as estratégias utilizadas para a apreensão da integralidade pelos discentes. A pesquisa envolveu três instituições de ensino superior (IES). Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas com docentes e análise documental de planos de ensino. O material foi submetido à análise de conteúdo segundo Bardin¹. Emergiram três categorias: Integralidade do cuidado - do singular ao global; Integralidade do cuidado - os caminhos para o SUS e Integralidade do cuidado - estratégias para a ensinagem. Revelam-se sentidos do cuidado ao ser humano na sua realidade social, com as especificidades e subjetividades; idéia de redes de cuidado e sociais nas práticas de cuidado; estratégias para a ensinagem do cuidado incorporando o aprender a aprender, fazer, ser e viver junto. Esperamos que os resultados possam contribuir para a reflexão dos docentes acerca dos sentidos da integralidade do cuidado, assim como reorientar o processo de formação, potencializando os recursos humanos e estratégias já utilizadas, rumo à construção da integralidade.
A eticidade na pesquisa qualitativa em saúde: o dito e o não dito nas produções científicas
Authors: Ramos Flávia Regina Souza , Finkler Mirelle , Gonçalves Evelise Ribeiro , Caetano João Carlos
Published: July 2010

Esta pesquisa bibliográfica analisou o tema da eticidade em pesquisa qualitativa. Os dados foram coletados em artigos científicos de uma revista brasileira de saúde coletiva de acesso eletrônico. Foram analisados 117 artigos, correspondentes às pesquisas qualitativas e a 23,49% das publicações entre 01/1998 a 03/2007. O corpo de dados foi organizado em torno de questões referentes à identificação, à temática/objeto, ao referencial teórico, à metodologia e aos aspectos éticos envolvidos. A análise propôs questões e indicou relevâncias a partir do que os pesquisadores expressam acerca da ética em seus relatos de pesquisa qualitativa, referentemente a dois tipos de relações - do pesquisador com o "sujeito pesquisado" e com "seus pares". Concluiu-se que há muito a ser problematizado acerca do cotidiano da pesquisa, o que exige exposição e abertura à crítica. É preciso conhecer o próprio discurso sobre o tema e pensar no que "o dito" e o "não dito" podem revelar sob o aparente resguardo da obediência às normas, reconhecendo que os desafios para a qualificação remetem ao amadurecimento e à consistência teórica de seus investigadores, especialmente no que se refere à dimensão ética do ofício de pesquisar. Grande parte de tais desafios incidem diretamente sobre as instituições que assumem a responsabilidade na formação de pesquisadores.
Automedicação: uma abordagem qualitativa de suas motivações
Authors: Naves Janeth de Oliveira Silva , Castro Lia Lusitana Cardozo de , Carvalho Christine Maria Soares de , Merchán-Hamann Edgar
Published: July 2010

A automedicação é uma prática comum que pode retardar o diagnóstico e cura e contribuir para a manutenção da cadeia de transmissão de doenças. Realizou-se pesquisa qualitativa para investigar a ocorrência da automedicação, suas motivações e a qualidade do atendimento em farmácias.O estudo realizou três grupos focais em um serviço de referência para o tratamento de DST em Brasília (DF). A análise de discurso crítica revelou que a automedicação era frequente e motivada pela insatisfação com a demora e a baixa qualidade do atendimento nos serviços de saúde. Outras motivações citadas foram a experiência prévia com medicamentos, o aconselhamento com amigos e familiares e a busca de anonimato nas farmácias.Verificou-se insatisfação com a qualidade do atendimento nas farmácias, vistas como estabelecimentos comerciais mas que se apresentam como alternativa de fácil acesso. A identidade de farmacêuticos se confunde com a dos vendedores que objetivam o lucro. Observou-se a centralidade dos medicamentos nas expectativas dos pacientes e nas práticas médicas. Os resultados sugerem a necessidade de melhorar o acesso, de resgatar a humanização do atendimento nos serviços de saúde e de transformar as farmácias em estabelecimentos de saúde, divulgadores de práticas educativas e promotores do uso racional de medicamentos.
Clareamento gengival: ensino e etnocentrismo
Authors: Bolla Edson Daruich , Goldenberg Paulete
Published: July 2010

O estudo objetivou identificar os padrões de estética bucal/gengival subjacentes à formação e prática profissional do cirurgião-dentista, na perspectiva do etnocentrismo. A partir da análise documental e da realização de entrevistas (semiestruturadas) com cirurgiões dentistas formados há dez ou mais anos, o estudo recorreu a uma abordagem qualitativa, ancorada na análise temática. No âmbito do ensino da periodontia, o estudo evidenciou que a presença da pigmentação fisiológica é omitida ou tratada como uma alteração de normalidade e/ou antiestética. Todos os entrevistados aprenderam a realizar o clareamento gengival em nível de pós-graduação, sendo estimulados a ofertar tal procedimento em nome de um sorriso saudável e bonito. Diante da supervalorização da eficiência da técnica, ressalta a ausência da discussão da questão estética na perspectiva étnica. Parece que a oferta do clareamento gengival se faz norteada pelo padrão branco de beleza, evidenciando o caráter etnocêntrico do procedimento.
Prevalência de traumatismo dentário e fatores associados em escolares do município de Palhoça (SC)
Authors: Traebert Jefferson , Marcon Karine Boneti , Lacerda Josimari Telino de
Published: July 2010

O aumento dos níveis de violência, do número de acidentes de trânsito e uma maior participação das crianças em atividades esportivas contribuem para transformar o traumatismo dental em um problema de saúde pública emergente. Todavia, ainda há carência de dados que mostrem o comportamento deste agravo no Brasil. O objetivo desse estudo foi conhecer a prevalência de traumatismo na dentição permanente e fatores associados em escolares de doze anos de idade de Palhoça (SC). Foi realizado um estudo transversal envolvendo uma amostra representativa dos escolares (n=405). Os critérios de classificação do traumatismo foram os mesmos usados no levantamento nacional do Reino Unido. Testou-se associação entre a prevalência e fatores clínicos e socioeconômicos por intermédio do qui-quadrado. A prevalência encontrada foi de 22,5%, sendo estatisticamente maior no sexo masculino. A maioria dos danos traumáticos foram de pequena magnitude, mas encontrou-se alta necessidade de tratamento entre os dentes passíveis de tratamento imediato. Pode-se concluir que foram altas a prevalência e a necessidade de tratamento do traumatismo dentário em Palhoça. A prevalência não mostrou associação com fatores socioeconômicos ou clínicos.
Perda dentária em uma população rural e as metas estabelecidas pela Organização Mundial de Saúde
Authors: Saliba Nemre Adas , Moimaz Suzely Adas Saliba , Saliba Orlando , Tiano Ana Valéria Pagliari
Published: July 2010

Este estudo teve como objetivo relatar a perda dentária em uma população rural, avaliando a contribuição de variáveis socioeconômicas e comportamentais e comparando os resultados com as metas da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) para 2000 e 2010. Foram examinados 473 moradores, utilizando a metodologia, códigos e critérios propostos pela OMS. Os resultados foram processados no programa Epibuco e o teste qui-quadrado (p<0.05) foi utilizado para comparar o número de dentes perdidos com as variáveis estudadas. Do total de examinados, 17,8% são edêntulos totais, assim como 8% e 50,9% dos examinados pertencentes aos grupos etários de 35 a 44 e 65 a 74 anos, respectivamente. Iniciando precocemente nesta população, a perda dentária avançou consideravelmente com a idade, estando a situação muito aquém das metas estabelecidas pela OMS para 2010. O teste qui-quadrado revelou diferenças estatisticamente significantes quanto ao número de dentes perdidos pelos entrevistados com 35 anos de idade ou mais em relação à escolaridade, tipo de moradia e autopercepção da qualidade da fala. Torna-se necessário o desenvolvimento de programas de atenção à saúde bucal, a fim de diminuir os danos causados e prevenir a continuidade da tendência à mutilação.
A intervenção do serviço social ao paciente renal crônico e sua família
Authors: Centenaro Grizy Augusta
Published: July 2010

Este artigo tem como objetivo compartilhar a experiência de atuação profissional do assistente social na saúde, mais precisamente com pacientes portadores de insuficiência renal crônica, que necessitam de tratamento de hemodiálise, relatando as limitações impostas pela doença e o enfrentamento do paciente e seus familiares.
Utilização da espessura de dobras cutâneas para a estimativa da gordura corporal em idosos
Authors: Rech Cassiano Ricardo , Cordeiro Braian Alves , Petroski Edio Luiz , Vasconcelos Francisco de Assis Guedes de
Published: July 2010

OBJETIVO: Analisar a concordância de equações de espessura de dobras cutâneas para a estimativa da gordura corporal em idosos brasileiros, tendo como referência a Absortometria Radiológica de Dupla Energia. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo correlacional. Realizaram-se as medidas antropométricas (estatura, massa corporal, perímetros corporais e espessura de dobras cutâneas) de 180 idosos (60 homens e 120 mulheres) com idades entre 60 e 81 anos. A gordura corporal foi mensurada por meio da Absormetria Radiológica de Dupla Energia e comparada com os valores estimados pelas dobras cutâneas. Foram analisadas as equações de Durnin et al., Jackson etal., Visser et al. e Lean et al. Os critérios de validação cruzada sugeridos por Lohman e a análise gráfica das dispersões em relação à média, por meio do método proposto por Bland & Altman, foram utilizados. RESULTADOS: O grupo avaliado apresentou uma gordura corporal média de 23,1% (DP=5,8%) nos homens e 37,3% (DP=6,9%) nas mulheres, com uma variação entre 6% a 51,4%. Houve uma elevada concordância entre as equações generalizadas de Durnin et al. e a Absormetria Radiológica de Dupla Energia (64,4% nos homens e 60,1% nas mulheres). Nos homens as equações de dobras cutâneas tenderam a superestimar os valores de gordura corporal, já nas mulheres esses valores foram subestimados. CONCLUSÃO: As equações generalizadas desenvolvidas por Durnin et al. são válidas para a estimativa da gordura corporal em idosos do sul do Brasil.
The Politics of Energy
Authors: Wottrich Richard L.
Published: July 2010

Introduction

As an international investment banker with Dresner Partners, I am very interested in the politics of governments and how they affect the flow of business transactions globally. In multiple trips to China, India, Turkey and other emerging economies, I have observed first hand the voracious energy appetite of these high growth economic engines. As the global energy industry comes under ever increasing political scrutiny, and as governments worldwide beg into favour and fund alternative energy technologies, these politics become ever more important.

Historical Nationalization of Oil &Gas Reserves

Global trends in the nationalization of oil and gas reserves are well understood with the historical formation of national oil companies such as Petroleos de Mexicanos (PEMEX), Saudi Aramco, Petroleos de Venezuela, PetroChina and Russia's Gazprom. While many private citizens in most countries usually assume that the major oil companies control their product, in fact nearly 80 percent of the world's oil reserves are held by national oil companies with no private equity, and there are 13 state-owned oil companies with more reserves than ExxonMobil, the largest public multinational oil company.

The politics of nationalized oil usually revolve around jingoistic themes that a country's oil is being "taken" by foreign oil giants. But in reality, the economics of nationalized oil most always revolve around a few elites gaining extraordinary wealth at the expense of their country's citizens. The history of oil-dependent countries has produced what Stanford University professor Terry Lynn Karl has called "the paradox of plenty."

Relatively speaking, oil creates few jobs and it distorts and destroys jobs in other economic sectors. The export of oil distorts an economy, for example, by increasing a country's exchange rate."Oil rents drive out any other productive activity," said Karl. "Why would you bother to produce your own food if you could buy it? Why would you bother to develop any kind of export industry if oil makes your money worth more and that hurts all your other exports?" Norway is the exception that proves the rule, with a national oil sovereign fund worth 2.28 trillion kroner ($357 billion) for just 4.8 million citizens.

As and when the world's economy begins to recover from the present deep recession, global demand for oil will resume its steady growth. Based on what is known about the world's petroleum reserves, nearly all of future increases will have to come from countries that have national oil company monopolies. These governments are, in many cases, politically unreliable except in their desire to keep the price of a barrel of oil high.
A New Laboratory Method for Evaluation of Sulfate Scaling Parameters from Pressure Measurements
Authors: Carageorgos T.. , Marotti M.. , Bedrikovetsky P..
Published: July 2010

Sulfate scaling in offshore waterflood projects, in which sulfate from the injected seawater (SW) reacts with metals from the formation water (FW), forming salt deposit that reduces permeability and well productivity, is a well known phenomenon. Its reliable prediction is based on mathematical models with well-known parameters.

Previous research presents methods for laboratory determination of model coefficients using breakthrough concentration during coreflooding. The concentration measurements are complex and cumbersome, while the pressure measurements are simple and require standard laboratory equipment. In the present work, a new laboratory method is developed for determination of the model coefficients from pressure measurements. Several laboratory corefloods have been performed. The tests show that the proposed method is more precise for artificial cores than for the natural reservoir cores. Further development of the method is required to determine parameters of formation damage caused by sulfate scaling for reservoir core samples.
Drilling At The Limit—Can Your Top Drive Handle It?
Authors: Deutsch Eric
Published: July 2010

As deepwater drilling has advanced, the weight expected to be borne by a top drive has increased to levels at or near the load rating of the machine. The single load rating value normally associated with a top drive model (e.g., 1,000 tons) is a nominal figure that may not apply to every operating situation. A typical top drive has two main load paths: hoisting and drilling. Hoisting load passes through the elevators and link hanger, while drilling load passes through the saver sub, internal blowout preventers (IBOPs), and main shaft bottom end connection. Limitations inherent to rotary shouldered connections can lead to diminished drilling load capacity with respect to hoisting. Further complicating matters is the fact that the drilling load path is governed by disparate American Petroleum Institute (API) specifications: 7 and 8C (API SPEC 7 1997; API SPEC 8C 2003). These two specifications provide different calculation guidelines with regard to safety factors and are subject to a certain amount of interpretation.

The end result is confusion about how much load a top drive can realistically handle. A 1,000-ton top drive may not be officially rated to hoist 1,000 tons through its IBOPs. Additionally, API sets forth a different load rating for the swivel bearing, so load rating for rotation differs from overall top drive load rating. This paper discusses the technical aspects of top drive load rating and clarifies the usable load capacity of a top drive in real-world conditions.
Steady-State Productivity Equations for a Multiple-Wells System in Sector Fault Reservoirs
Authors: Lu Jing , Ghedan Shawket , Zhu Tao , Dinh Anh , Tiab Djebbar
Published: July 2010

Currently in the oil industry, pseudosteady-state productivity equations for a multiple-wells system are used in all reservoir systems, regardless of the outer boundary conditions. However, if the reservoir is under edgewaterdrive, pseudosteady state is no longer applicable. When the producing time is sufficiently long, productivity equations based on the steady state are required.

This paper presents steady-state productivity equations for a multiple-wells system in homogeneous, anisotropic sector fault reservoirs. Taking fully penetrating vertical wells as uniform line sinks, and solving a square matrix of dimension n, where n is the number of wells, simple, reasonably accurate multiple-wells-system productivity equations are obtained. The proposed equations relate the production-rate vector to the pressure-drawdown vector and are applicable to a multiple-wells system, which is located arbitrarily in a sector fault reservoir. The analytical solutions are verified with reservoir numerical simulation in several examples. This paper also gives an equation for calculating skin factors of each well in steady state.

The analytical solutions perform well and match well with numerical solutions, and the benefit of the analytical model can be emphasized when the reservoir data deviate from their idealistic representation. It is concluded that the proposed equations provide a fast analytical tool to evaluate the performance of a multiple-wells system in a sector fault reservoir.
Self-Healing Cements That Heal Without Dependence on Fluid Contact: A Laboratory Study
Authors: Reddy B.R.. R. , Liang Feng , Fitzgerald Rocky
Published: July 2010

Oilfield-cement compositions capable of self-healing cracks/fractures in set cement without depending on contact with a fluid, such as water or oil, are presented in this laboratory study. Traditionally, such compositions include additives that are capable of swelling when exposed to fluids such as water or oil, for example. Dependence on additives to swell and block flow channels after contact with a specific type of fluid hinders the self-healing effectiveness of the cement composition. As a result, designing cement compositions for field applications requires prior knowledge of the type of fluids that the cement may come into contact with, not only through the productive lifetime but also after abandonment of the well.

Results from testing cement compositions containing a new class of elastomeric additives that do not depend on the nature of the fluid to seal cracks are presented in this paper. The elastomeric materials were chosen such that they have suitable chemical functionalities for binding strongly with cement and metal surfaces, and either have low melting points, as in the case of semicrystalline

polymers, or have low glass transition temperatures (Tg), as in the case of amorphous polymers. Low viscosity or flowability of the elastomers at test temperature and the ability to bind to cement surfaces appear to be two key factors for their effectiveness. The test methods included static thermal healing, measurement of retained mechanical properties after self-healing, and fluid-flowrate measurements through cracked cement samples. The results show that the elastomers are effective in thermal healing of broken cement parts, in partial retention of mechanical properties, and in preventing fluid flow through failed cement samples.
New Insights Into the Viscosity of Polymer-Based In-Situ-Gelled Acids
Authors: Gomaa A.M.. M. , Nasr-El-Din H.A.. A.
Published: July 2010

Diversion techniques must be employed to remove all the damage from the entire producing interval. Diversion in carbonates is more difficult than in sandstones because of the ability of acid to significantly increase the permeability in carbonates as the acid dissolves carbonate rocks. The apparent viscosity of the in-situ-gelled acid based on polymer plays a key role in diversion because it creates a viscosity differential in treated and untreated zones. An extensive literature survey and field data show that there is no agreement on the effectiveness of this acid system. Therefore, this study was conducted to better understand this acid system and determine factors that impact its viscosity buildup. Three commercially available in-situ acids were examined.

The effect of salts and iron (III) [Fe(III)] contamination on the apparent viscosity of these acids was examined in detail. Several new findings were identified, including that polymer and other additives were separated out of the acid when these acids were prepared in high-salinity brines. Preparing the in-situ-gelled acid with saline waters decreased the viscosity of the acid in live and partially neutralized conditions. Concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) solutions produced high concentrations of calcium ion that reduced the viscosity of the in-situ-gelled acid system. Therefore, in-situ-gelled acids that are based on polymers should be used at low HCl concentrations (3 to 5 wt% HCl). Sodium (NaCl), calcium (CaCl2), or ferric chloride (FeCl3) reduced the apparent viscosity of live gelled acids. A brown precipitate was noted during the neutralization of acid systems that contained Fe (III), even in the presence of the recommended concentration of iron-control agents. Therefore, in-situ-gelled acids that are based on polymers should be prepared using low salinity waters and used at low HCl concentrations (3 to 5 wt% HCl).
Boundary Control of a Horizontal Oil Reservoir
Authors: Sagatun Svein Ivar
Published: July 2010

This article presents a model-based boundary-control strategy for the drainage of a horizontal oil reservoir with a gas cap. The control objective is to maximize the net present value (NPV) of the produced oil from a well before gas is coned into the well. A nonlinear partial-differential equation (PDE) representing the reservoir dynamics has been derived. The linearized model is a parabolic PDE with mixed boundary conditions. The linearized model is used together with an output-feedback boundary-control law. Performance guarantee in the linear case is proved.
Modelling of 4D Seismic Data for the Monitoring of Steam Chamber Growth During the SAGD Process
Authors: Lerat Olivier O. , Adjemian Florence , Baroni Axelle , Etienne G. , Renard Gerard , Bathellier Eric , Forgues Eric , Aubin Francois , Euzen Tristan
Published: July 2010

This paper presents an integrated workflow for the interpretation of 4D seismic data to monitor steam chamber growth during the steam-assisted gravity drainage recovery process (SAGD). Superimposed on reservoir heterogeneities of geological origin, many factors interact during thermal production of heavy oil and bitumen reservoirs, which complicate the interpretation of 4D seismic data: changes in oil viscosity, fluid saturations, pore pressure, and so on.

The workflow is based on the generation of a geological model inspired by a real field case of the McMurray formation in the Athabasca region. The approach consists of three steps: the construction of an initial static model, the simulation of thermal production of heavy oil with two coupled fluid-flow and geomechanical models and the production of synthetic seismic maps at different stages of steam injection.

The distribution of geological facies is simulated on a fine grid using a geostatistical approach, which honours all available well data. The reservoir's geomechanical and elastic properties are characterized by logs and literature at an initial stage before the start of production. Production scenarios are run to obtain pore pressure, temperature, steam and oil saturations on a detailed reservoir grid around a well pair at several stages of production. Direct coupling with a geomechanical model produces volumetric strain and mean effective stress maps as additional properties. These physical parameters are used to compute new seismic velocities and density for each stage of production according to Hertz and Gassmann formulas. Reflectivity is then computed, and a new synthetic seismic image of the reservoir is generated for each stage of production.

The impacts of heterogeneities, production conditions and reservoir properties are evaluated for several simulation scenarios from the beginning of steam injection to 3 years of production. Results show that short-term seismic monitoring can help in anticipating early changes in steam injection strategy. In return, long-term periods allow the behaviour of the steam chamber to be monitored laterally and in the upper part of the reservoir. This study demonstrates the added value of 4D seismic data in the context of steam-assisted heavy oil production.
Performance Analysis of Wells With Downhole Water Loop Installation for Water Coning Control
Authors: Jin Lu , Wojtanowicz Andrew K.
Published: July 2010

Downhole water sink (DWS) technology controls bottomwater coning by draining water with a second completion placed under the oil-water contact. The technology has been studied theoretically with analytical, numerical and physical models, showing an increased rate of oil production and recovery. Also, improved wells? productivity with DWS has also been demonstrated in several field implementations. However, downhole drainage in DWS wells requires independent lifting of considerable volumes of water that necessitates using either two tubing strings (for water and for oil) or one tubing and the tubing/casing annulus--for water and oil, respectively. Also, extensive water drainage in the systems with weak bottomwater drive may cause a reservoir pressure drop and the need to return the produced water from the surface to the aquifer for pressure maintenance using designated injection wells. DWS well completion with the downhole water loop (DWL) offers the benefit of re-injecting the drainage water back to the same aquifer in the same well without lifting the water to the surface. This could be achieved by designing a DWS well with three completions: the top (oil) completion, the middle completion for water drainage and the bottom completion for water injection. Despite mechanical complexity of the triple well completion, there are two limitations of the DWL system--the drained-and-injected water must be free from oil and the pressure interference between the two water completions must be minimized.

In this work, a well performance (nodal) analysis model has been developed for a DWL well completed in an oil reservoir underlain by water layer of known thickness. In the model, the positions (depths) of the three well completions and the rates of production and drainage/injection are design parameters, while all other properties are reservoir system properties. The model has been used to find the operational range of DWL for a given reservoir system and to compare DWL wells with conventional wells, single-completed at the top of the oil layer.

The results show that for each DWL system, there is such a combination of the top production rate, bottom drainage-injection rate and drainage-injection distance (D/I spacing) that would result in water-free oil production. There is a minimum value of D/I spacing above which the detrimental effect of pressure interference between the two water completions is practically eliminated and the beneficial effect of water drainage on well performance is strong ? a two-fold increase of water drainage rate would increase the critical oil rate by 80%. Also, because the minimum D/I spacing is relatively small, DWL wells may be installed in reservoirs with thin layers of bottomwater.
Conducting SAGD in Shoreface Oil Sands With Associated Basal Water
Authors: Peterson Jeff , Riva D.T. , Connelly M.E. , Solanki S.C. , Edmunds Neil R.
Published: July 2010

The majority of steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) development to date has been concentrated in the McMurray formation in the Eastern Athabasca fairway. More recently operators have identified projects with considerable resources located in shoreface sands of the Grand Rapids formation in the Wabasca area. Laricina Energy's Germain thermal project in Grand Rapids has associated basal water underlying much of the reservoir. In this paper the authors show that SAGD can be configured to maximize bitumen recovery for such reservoirs, based on laboratory and new simulation studies. The result is a SAGD configuration where the producers are placed at the base of porosity, within the basal water zone.
New Method of Well Test Analysis in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs Based on Elliptical Flow
Authors: Igbokoyi Alpheus , Tiab Djebbar
Published: July 2010

Up-to-date well test analysis in naturally fractured reservoirs is based on the radial flow model. The radial flow model is only applicable to purely homogeneous systems and is a long-term solution in general. It cannot provide complete formation analysis in reservoirs that exhibit anisotropy. This study, therefore, presents a new method of estimating permeability anisotropy in naturally fractured reservoirs.

Maximum and minimum permeability are obtained from a single well test. The maximum permeability is attributed to the large-scale fractures in the system, while the minimum permeability may be caused by the small-scale fractures orthogonal to the large-scale fractures. In a situation where the fractures are oriented in one direction, the minimum permeability will reflect the matrix permeability. The type of flow path developed (narrow or wide flow path) can also be predicted. This is useful in predicting the direction of fluid-flow.

Application was made to four field examples, among which was an interference test. The interference test was used as a validation process. The results obtained are in agreement with that of the interference test method of analysis.
Model Uncertainties and Resolution Studies With Application to Subsurface Movement of a CO2 Injection Project in the Krechba Field Using InSAR Data
Authors: Du Jing , McColpin Glenn R. , Davis Eric J. , Marsic Scott
Published: July 2010

Surface deformation-based reservoir monitoring technologies, such as Tilt, GPS and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), have been successfully applied to monitor fluid flow or pressure changes in the reservoir and fluid migration to shallow depths. Obtaining the subsurface fluid movement from the surface deformation requires performing a geophysical inversion. To get meaningful results from the inversion process requires diligent selection of the inversion method and reservoir block sizes, as well as the application of physically reasonable constraints. The focus of this paper is to provide a workflow and guidelines for field application by studying the inverse problem, the solution methods and associated error estimates for the unknown model parameters, and the resolving power for each parameter. As a field case demonstration, the methodologies are applied to a CO2 monitoring project with InSAR data. Also, the subsurface movement of CO2 will be presented.
Evidence That Naturally Occurring Inhibitors Affect the Low-Temperature Oxidation Kinetics of Heavy Oil
Authors: Freitag Norman P.
Published: July 2010

The so-called induction period, the time delay between the initial exposure to oxygen of an oil or oil fraction and the start of rapid oxidation, was examined experimentally for the saturates fraction separated from a Lloydminster heavy oil. The observed kinetics could be explained by assuming that the saturates contained a small amount of naturally occurring oxidation inhibitors, which repressed the oxidation rates by rapidly consuming an essential intermediate in the reaction chain, but which were also gradually consumed in the process. This observation explains some of the complexity that has been seen in the oxidation rates that control combustion front development during in-situ combustion, and provides some added direction in the development of a comprehensive reaction model for this process.
Investigation of the Complex Flow Behaviour of Surfactant-Based Fluids in Straight Tubing
Authors: Kamel Ahmed H. Ahmed , Shah Subhash
Published: July 2010

In spite of their wide use in hydraulic fracturing and gravel-pack operations, the complex flow behaviour of surfactant-based (SB) fluids in straight tubing is rarely investigated. Accurate prediction of friction-pressure is essential for proper treatment design. Previous correlations from small tubing data and using simple power-law fluid model parameters alone do not scaleup to large tubing sizes for field application.

The properties of one of the most popular surfactants, Aromox APA-T, are thoroughly investigated. It is a highly-active surfactant used as the gelling agent in aqueous and brine solutions. Commonly used surfactant concentrations (1.5%, 2%, 3% and 4% by volume) are studied. Rheological and viscoelastic measurements are conducted using the Bohlin rheometer. Flow tests are conducted using 1.27-cm, 3.81-cm, 6.03-cm and 7.30-cm tubing.

The results show SB fluid exhibiting a non-Newtonian pseudo-plastic behaviour. Fluid concentration and pipe shear have a significant effect on fluid elasticity. The conventional Fanning friction factor vs. Reynolds number correlation is improved by including a new dimensionless group that accounts for both fluid elasticity and pipe diameter. A new definition of Deborah number is introduced. Thus, a new correlation for predicting friction factors of SB fluid in straight tubing is developed. The scaleup problem is thus alleviated with the present analysis and this provides more accurate friction-pressure estimates.
The Design and Development of a Drilling Simulator for Planning and Optimizing Under-Balanced Drilling Operations
Authors: Shirkavand Farid , Hareland Geir , Olson Wayne
Published: July 2010

Computer simulation technology has been widely applied in many drilling engineering areas to simulate drilling engineering problems and optimization, to train engineers with real drilling operations and/or to handle rare applications and accidents.

Among the increasingly applied drilling operations is under-balanced drilling (UBD). UBD is the drilling process in which the wellbore pressure is intentionally designed to be lower than the pressure of the formation being drilled. This results in a higher rate of penetration (ROP) and prevents fluid losses and related causes of formation damage.

This paper presents the design and development of a UBD simulator, which is computer software that simulates and integrates the effects of:

Bottomhole pressure (BHP).

Minimum volumetric gas and liquid requirement.

Required backpressure (BP) for required cutting removal to surface and controlling BHP.

Kinematic energy per unit volume used in the hole cleaning considerations.

Stand pipe pressure (SPP).

Rock drillability.

ROP.

Drilling costs per metre.

The goal of the simulator is to enable the user to pre-simulate different scenarios of the UBD drilling operations; therefore, the ideal optimized combination of drill bit durability and drilling efficiency, integrating all UBD operational parameters affecting the overall cost, can be obtained before the fact. The UBD simulator is designed to simulate most of the basic technologies of UBD (air, aerated and foam drilling). The goal of the UBD simulator is to design an effective UBD program by linking the BHP to rock drillability, which takes into account the effect and degree of under-balance on the effective rock strength, ROP and $/m that can be optimized for the operation. The complete UBD optimization integration is shown herein with illustrations including flowcharts.
Discussion of Permeability Anisotropy Effect in Transformation
Authors: Sheng James
Published: July 2010

To solve an anisotropic flow problem, the problem is transformed into an equivalent isotropic problem. It is expected that an anisotropic solution can be readily obtained from the equivalent isotropic solution. However, sometimes that is not the case. Using the drawdown equation of a fully penetrated vertical well test and the drawdown and buildup equations for a probe test, this paper discusses when it is both possible and impossible to directly obtain an anisotropic solution from an isotropic solution. Because of the fact that transformation causes the changes in flow geometry and the shape of the wellbore or probe, the equivalent isotropic solution must be modified to obtain the anisotropic solution. Finally, a case of how horizontal well productivity was incorrectly derived in a published paper --caused by the misuse of the concept of anisotropy--is presented.

The full manuscript of SPE 114504, Discussion of Permeability Anisotropy Effect, is available as a supplement to this article.
Importance of Reservoir Description In Evaluating In-Situ Recovery Methods For Cold Lake Heavy Oil Part 2 - In-Situ Application
Authors: Towson D.E.
Published: July 2010

The huge reserves of heavy oil in Alberta are found in a variety of complexreservoirs. Recovery, excluding mining, will require application of some formof in-situ recovery methods, primarily in the better reservoirs. The properselection of an in-situ method, applicable to the various reservoir types, requires a basic understanding of reservoir description and the engineeringaspect of the reservoirs. In Part 1 of this paper, reservoir description in the Cold Lake heavy oil deposits was discussed under three headings:rockproperties;fluid saturation; andreservoir geometry.

Based on theseparameters, five selected reservoir types are discussed and compared.

Part 2 considers the application of the reservoir description in evaluatingin-situ methods. The significance of the reservoir parameters is discussed ingeneral terms and related to the four most important in-situ recoverymechanisms: steam stimulation, steam drive, combustion and solvent. Thereservoir description is then used as the basis of comparison of the recoverymechanisms for each of the live Cold Lake reservoir types described in Part1.

Introduction

The oil sands deposits in Alberta, according to recent estimates, containmore than 900 billion barrels of oil in place. However, with the currenttechnology, only a small percentage of the sands can be surface minedeconomically. The remainder will require some form of in-situ recovery process.The paper deals with the importance of reservoir description in evaluating thevarious in-situ methods for application in these tar sand deposits.

Part 1 of the paper discussed the reservoir description for the Cold Lakedeposit in terms of rock properties, fluid saturation and reservoir geometry.Based on these parameters, five selected reservoir types were identified andcompared.

Part 2 considers the application of reservoir description in evaluatingin-situ recovery methods with specific reference to the Cold Lake deposit.
Test of Steam-foam Process for Mobility Control in South Casper Creek Reservoir
Authors: Mohammadi S.S. , Coombe D.A. , Stevenson V.M.
Published: July 2010

The South Casper Creek field in Wyoming produces a viscous fourteen gravitycrude from an eolian Tensleep sandstone at 790 m. The field has been underthermal development since the mid 1970' s with cyclic activities. In mid tolate 1980' s, a number of patterns were converted to steamdrive. Typicalresponse, however, showed clear indication of rapid steam breakthrough.Simulation of the steamflood response along with detailed geologic studiesshowed the existence of a high permeability channel. These results were furtherconfirmed by a tracer study using tritiated water.

In an attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of foam for correcting prematuresteam channeling, a mini-foam pilot test was conducted. Using a compositionalthermal simulator, code named STARS, the results of this mini test were historymatched and used for prediction of reservoir response to a six-month long foaminjection project.

The mini-foam test involved continuous addition of low concentration of aformulated alkyl aryl sulfonate, and natural gas, to the injected steam. Duringa ten-day period. 4500kg of active chemical were injected. The testincluding injection, pre-and post monitoring lasted one year. Injectionwellhead pressure, as well as produced fluid temperatures and compositions wereused for monitoring of the project. Composition monitoring involved thedetermination of the concentration of dissolved solids in produced water frompilot and peripheral producers. The results of this test showed that foam hadresulted in steam diversion away from a hot peripheral producer. This wasdecided based on a gradual reduction of produced fluid temperature, from 150°Cto 105°C(from 305°Fto 220°F), and a corresponding increase inconcentration of Total Dissolved Solids, from 1900 PPM to 2500PPM.

The project proved both the effectiveness of the formulated alkylarylsulfonate in redistributing steam and the ability of the simulator to accountfor the observed behavior. Simulation results further showed that cumulativeoil recovery had increased by 5.6%as a result of six months of foaminjection in this pilot.