bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical composition of Rhodocyclus gelatinosus biomass produced in poultry slaughterhouse wastewater
Authors: Ponsano Elisa Helena Giglio , Lacava Pedro Magalhães , Pinto Marcos Franke
Published: April 2005

Rhodocyclus gelatinosus R1 grew photoautotrophically in poultry slaughterhouse wastewater inside glass columns (90x670 mm) during 7 days at 31 ± 4ºC, under anaerobiosis and lightness supplied by daylight plus 3 (100W) incandescent and 4 (40W) fluorescent lamps. The culture was centrifuged (4,500xg/20 min) and lyophilized to originate a bacterial biomass with 7.1% moisture content. Chemical composition investigation showed 67.6% crude protein, 27.6% total carbohydrate, 0.6% lipids and 4.2% ash (dry weight). Amino acid composition of the biomass was similar to others described in the literature for Rhodocyclus gelatinosus and for other photosynthetic bacteria. Effluent COD removal after cultivation and elimination of the biomass was around 90%. The valuable chemical composition of Rhodocyclus gelatinosus R1 biomass and the high content in essential amino acids signs for the potential use of the product in poultry feed.
Improvement of xylanase production by a parasexual cross between Aspergillus niger strains
Authors: Loera Octavio , Córdova Jesús
Published: April 2005

A diploid strain (D4) isolated via parasexual recombination between two Aspergillus niger xylanase overproducing mutants was characterised in terms of enzyme production and catabolite repression by glucose. This strain increased xylanase production (607 nkat/ml), which was nearly 100% higher than titers achieved by the wild type strain (305 nkat/ml) and 28% higher than the best mutant used to induce parasexual cycle. Diploid D4 was also less sensitive to carbon catabolite repression by glucose, since xylanolytic activity was detected under conditions normally repressing production by the wild type strain. No decrease in maximal xylanase levels was observed in the presence of glucose for diploid D4.
Effects of light on the growth and photosynthesis of Egeria najas planchon
Authors: Tavechio Washington Luiz Gomes , Thomaz Sidinei Magela
Published: April 2005

Photosynthesis and growth of Egeria najas (Hydrocharitaceae) from a subtropical reservoir (Itaipu Reservoir, Brazil-Paraguay) were measured in response to low light intensities (0-124 µM m-2 s-1 PAR) in the laboratory. Photosynthesis approached saturation in the range of light intensities used and light compensation point was reached at ca. 6-22 µM m-2 s-1 PAR, indicating that this species had a low light requirement for growth. Light stimulated shoot and root relative growth rates (RGR) but it was not related to ratios between root:shoot RGR. Laboratory observations indicated that (i) both shoot and root growth were simultaneously stimulated by light and (ii) the low light requirements of E. najas may explain its incidence in the Itaipu Reservoir, where biogenic as well as abiogenic turbidity is high.
Diet of the clupeid fish Platanichthys platana (Regan, 1917) in two different Brazilian coastal lagoons
Authors: Aguiaro Talita , Castelo Branco Christina Wyss , Verani José Roberto , Caramaschi Érica Pellegrini
Published: April 2005

Platanichthys platana is considered a constant species in both Cabiúnas and Imboassica lagoons that are characterised by different marine and freshwater inputs, and anthropogenic influences. The stomach content analysis of P. platana captured between July 1991 and July 1993 revealed filamentous algae, detritus, eggs of benthic invertebrates, larvae of chironomids and bivalves as the main food sources in Imboassica lagoon. Small-sized cladocerans, copepods and shrimp larvae were the prevailing items in Cabiúnas lagoon. Seasonal food variations were noted for the fishes of Imboassica lagoon. Diet differences were highlighted within specimens lesser than 40 mm standard length in Imboassica lagoon, and were related to the increase of marine influence due to artificial sand barrier openings. Dissimilarities among size classes in relation to invertebrate larvae consumption were observed in fishes from Cabiúnas lagoon.
Fish assemblages in a tidal flat
Authors: Vendel Ana Lúcia , Lopes Sabine Granado , Santos César , Spach Henry Louis
Published: April 2005

Studies were carried out on fish assemblages in a tidal flat. Samples were obtained monthly at low tide of the half moon in the tidal flat of Paranaguá Bay, Brazil, with two seine nets, one with a 1 mm mesh, 30 m in length and 3 m in height and another with a 10 mm mesh, 65 m in length and 2 m in height. A total of 8,890 fish were captured, comprising 24 families and 53 species. The most abundant species were Harengula clupeola and Atherinella brasiliensis, which represented 63.4% of the total, capture. A seasonal tendency was observed in the abundance of fishes, with less fishes being captured during winter and part of spring. The number of species showed a seasonal pattern, with the gradual decrease through winter and a marked increase in summer. The community structure index indicated seasonal changes in the assemblage. The faunistic similarities between months separated the 12 months into four major groups. The seasonal pattern was apparent in the numerically dominant species and the Cluster Analysis revealed five main groups.
Phytosociological studies on natural establishment of vegetation in an unreclaimed limestone mining
Authors: Frenedozo-Soave Rita de Cássia
Published: April 2005

Phytosociological structure was studied in limestone mining quarries at Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil. Quarries presented a chronosequence, ranging 1 to 40 years old, with focus on vegetation community organization, floristic similarity and plant diversity of three areas in different successive stages, devastated by limestone mining. A total of 1957 individuals distributed in 32 botanical families and 91 species were sampled. Low species diversity was obtained, ranged among quarries ages. In the early-established quarries, Leguminosae, Malvaceae and Sterculiaceae were the families most representative in number of species, while for the age 27, Asteraceae and Poaceae were the most representative. Diversity indices indicated that species diversity changed with the time and was function of environmental conditions.
Genetic distance and its association with heterosis in cacao
Authors: Dias Luiz Antônio dos Santos , Marita Jane , Cruz Cosme Damião , Barros Everaldo Gonçalves de , Salomão Tânia Maria Fernandes
Published: April 2005

The efficiency of cacao breeding program can be increased by choosing superior crosses to be made between divergent clones. We assessed the genetic distance among five clones with RAPD data (genetic distance - GD) and with yield component data (Mahalanobis distance - MD). The clones were evaluated in a diallel, during five years, for five yield components. A total of 130 RAPD bands were scored. GD and MD were used to determine the correlation between genetic distances among clones and the performance of their hybrids. The correlation between GD and MD was 0.67 (P=0.03). Both distances were related to heterotic performance of hybrids for wet seed weight/plant and wet seed weight/fruit. The average hybrid performance for the same two yield components was correlated with only MD. Hence, genetic distances measured by RAPD and yield components can be used as a guide to the choice of the superior crosses.
Ovary maturation stages and oocyte features in three species of the neotropical fish Hemiodus (Müller, 1842)
Authors: Brandão Claudia Angelica da Silva , Valentim Maria de Fátima Moraes , Caramaschi Érica Pellegrini
Published: April 2005

Macro- and microscopic ovarian features of Hemiodus microlepis, H. ternetzi and H. unimaculatus were analyzed. Based on these features we proposed an ovarian maturation scale. The nine stages of the preliminary macroscopic fieldwork scale were reduced to five after microscopic analysis of ovaries. The microscopic analysis indicated a group-synchronous oocyte development common to the three species that were characterized as iteroparous synchronous spawners with a total spawning type. The remarkable thickness of the zona radiata layer and the large size of vitellogenic oocytes of Hemiodus ternetzi distinguished this species from the others.
Scale-up of dextransucrase production by Leuconostoc mesenteroides in fed batch fermentation
Authors: Michelena Georgina L. , Martínez Aidín , Bell Antonio , Carrera Emilia , Valencia Roxana
Published: April 2005

Fed batch fermentation was carried out for the dextransucrase enzyme production from Leuconostoc mesenteroides and the production was scale-up using oxygen transfer criteriuom. It was found that in 5 L vessel fermentation capacity, the best agitation speed was 225 min-1 and aeration rate was 0.15 vvm, obtaining dextransucrase activity of 127 DSU/mL.. The maximum enzyme production velocity coincide with the maximum growth velocity between 6 and 7 h of fermentation, which confirmed that dextransucrase production was associated with microbial growth. High enzyme yields were achieved during scale up based on oxygen transfer rate.
Elimination of turbidity interference in serum iron colorimetric assay by enzymatic proteolysis
Authors: Cardoso Leonardo M. , Andrade Milton H. G. de , Chianca Junior Deoclécio A. , Silva Marcelo Eustáquio , Pedrosa Maria Lúcia
Published: April 2005

We describe a modification in the commercial colorimetric method for the determination of serum iron by using Ferrozine® . The modification was proposed because during the conventional procedure, turbidity observed when the serum of animals submitted to surgery was used interfered with the assay. We added to the original method, a previous treatment of the serum with proteolytic enzymes. This modification was also tested using plasma samples, although this was not recommended when the original method was used. The results demonstrated that: a) the treatment with a mixture of trypsin and chymotrypsin was effective in order to eliminate turbidity; b) there was no difference between the standard curves obtained by the conventional and the modified method for control assays; c) the absorbencies of the samples of serum and plasma submitted to proteolysis, estimated by the addition of different concentrations of iron, were directly proportional to iron concentrations; d) the pre-treatment with enzymes allowed the utilization of plasma; e) the pre-treatment with guanidine. HCl was not effective.
Determination of yeast killer activity in fermenting sugarcane juice using selected ethanol-making strains
Authors: Ceccato-Antonini Sandra Regina , Tosta Christiann Davis , Silva Ana Cláudia da
Published: April 2005

Twenty-four yeasts out of 342 isolated from the fermentative process showed killer activity and three of them were selected for the fermentative efficiency evaluation in batch system with cell recycle, flask and fermentor experiments. The selected three killer strains did not present similar results to those of pressed (baking) yeast concerning ethanol (0.07-0.18; 0.12-0.20; 0.10-0.13; 0.22-0.25 g/g, respectively) and biomass (0.19-0.26; 0.33-0.39; 0.13-0.27; 0.47-0.61 g/g, respectively) yields and fermentative efficiency (12.3-36.3; 21.0-40.0; 19.3-26.3; 47.6-54.0 %, respectively) in sugarcane juice, in flasks. In fermentor, similar behaviour was observed. However, the selected strains showed high cellular viability and killer activity (using cell-free filtrate) along the fermentative cycles, in spite of the unfavourable conditions of the medium, like high pH variation of the medium (from 5.5-6.0 to 3.0-4.0), low aeration and higher temperature (30º C), which were not the ideal ones for the production/activity of killer toxins. A Pichia strain (CCA 510) showed the best results among the killer yeasts tested, exhibiting a killer activity against 92% of isolated fermentative yeasts of the process and against the pressed (baking) ferment. It also demonstrated killer activity (using crude toxin preparation) at higher temperatures (38ºC) and low pH (4.0) after 72 hours of incubation, under proliferative and non-proliferative conditions. The results indicated that the killer activity should be a characteristic to be looked for in the strain selection for ethanolic fermentation, beside other important productivity-based characteristics, since it assure the permanence of the selected strain during the process.
Models for the estimation of the physical quality of a Yellow Red Latosol (Oxisol) under pasture
Authors: Ribon Adriana Aparecida , Tavares Filho João
Published: April 2005

Models were developed considering the physical parameters penetration resistance (RP), bulk density (Ds), gravimetric moisture (U), clay content (Ag), sand content (Ar) and organic matter (MO) collected from a Yellow Red Latosol (Oxissol) medium texture under pasture from Rondonópolis county district, Mato Grosso State. Sampling was carried out in 34 fully randomized points in a 1 ha area to the depth of 0-20cm. The models were created using the Statistical Analysis System program (SAS) through which linear multiple regressions and correlations were made. Using the determination coefficient the following model was selected: RP=-12.134+0.004MO+7.6187Ds+0.131AG (R²=0.78). The evaluation of the organic matter and the soil clay content were important tools to evaluate the physical quality of the soils, along with other physical soil properties that indicate soil compaction.
Resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes to anthelmintics in sheep (Ovis aries)
Authors: Thomaz-Soccol Vanete , Souza Felipe Pohl de , Sotomaior Cristina , Castro Edilene Alcântara , Milczewski Viviane , Mocelin Giovani , Silva Maria do Carmo Pessoa e
Published: April 2005

The fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was used in a survey for anthelmintic resistance in 42 sheep farms, in five different regions in Paraná State, Brazil between July 1996 - July 2000. Animals with natural infection were tested. Five drugs were used individually or in combination - benzimidazole, imidazothiazole, ivermectin, milbemicina and closantel. Results showed that the prevalence of resistance to all anthelmintic was as high as 88.1% for benzimidazoles (oxfendazole), 78.6% for ivermectin, 56.4% for closantel, 38.7% for closantel + oxfendazole, 38% for levamisole, and 23.6% for moxidectin. There was multiple resistance in all tested farms. The most important infective larvae recovered from culture were Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis. The failure of the existing drugs in the State of Paraná is considered an important issue. Some proposals to improve the situation are suggested which include a change of attitude on anthelmintic use by sheepherders, veterinarians and sanitary authorities.
Synergism between dietary vitamin E and exogenous phytic acid in prevention of warmed-over flavour development in chicken breast meat, Pectoralis major M.
Authors: Soares Adriana Lourenço , Olivo Rubison , Shimokomaki Massami , Ida Elza Iouko
Published: April 2005

The effect of alpha-tocopheryl acetate (AT) supplementation and exogenous application of this vitamin E associated with phytic acid (PA) on chicken breast meat WOF development was assessed. Control group was fed with 7.7IU of AT/kg of ration and supplemented group was fed with 200.0IU of AT/kg of ration. Dietary vitamin E as measured by TBARS inhibited WOF development by 78.9; 69.0; 60.7 and 46.5% (p<0.05) during storage at 6° C for 0, 1, 3 and 5 days, respectively. This inhibition was significantly increased (p<0.05) by 86.1; 91.6; 92.9 and 95.3% during storage at 6° C for 0, 1, 3 and 5 days, respectively, when 2mM PA was added in supplemented breast meat. In the exogenous experiment, through Response Surface Methodology design it was found out AT did not have a significant role towards oxidation inhibition whereas PA inhibited partially in samples stored for 48h at 6° C. The results showed that dietary AT inhibited at initial stage, subsequently PA would act at propagation phase occurring synergetic reaction between both antioxidants.
Physico-chemical and cooking characteristics of some rice varieties
Authors: González Rolando J. , Livore Alberto , Pons Brigitte
Published: April 2005

Some physicochemical and cooking characteristics corresponding to different varieties and commercial samples of rice were analysed. Some mechanical properties determined by both, the viscoelastograf and the Instrom Universal Food Testing Machine were also analysed. Gelatinization time (Gt), gelatinization endotherm and amylose content were determined. The results showed that there was a very good correlation between gelatinization temperature and Gt, while no noticeable correlation among others phsycochemical characteristics was observed. Regarding the mechanical properties, both methods permited to show significant differences among most of the samples. However, when the samples order obtained with hardness (Instrom) values was compared with that corresponding to firmness (Viscoelastograf) values, some discrepancies were observed. This could be attributable to the number of grains and the cooking time used in each method. There was good linear correlation between hardness and amylose content. On the contrary, none of the viscoelastograf parameters are correlated well with amylose. An interesting point was that the slope of the regression line obtained between firmness and cooking time could be utilised as a measure of cooking resistance of each sample and was related to the rate of water absorption.
Hydrothermal treatments in the development of isoflavone aglycones in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) grains
Authors: Carrão-Panizzi Mercedes C. , Goés-Favoni Silvana Pedroso de , Kikuchi Akio
Published: April 2005

Studies were carried out to enhance the development of isoflavone aglycones in soybean. Grains of two soybean cultivars, BR 36 and IAS 5, 115 and 278 mg/100g of total isoflavone, respectively, were treated hydrothermalyl at 45, 60 and 85° C for 5, 30 and 60 minutes. Pre-treatments of grains at 60° C for 60 minutes allowed a considerable increase of the isoflavone aglycones. Non-treated grains of BR 36 and IAS 5 showed 1.2 mg/100g of genistein, after hydrothermal treatments,which increased to 12 and 53 mg/100g, in each variety, respectively. At higher temperature (85 ° C) there was a decrease of the aglycones due to inactivation of beta-glycosidases. Malonyl compounds were also reduced at higher temperatures. In processing functional soybean foods, hydrothermal treatments of the soybean grains, as well as high isoflavone content soybean cultivars will enhance development of aglycone forms.
Biological evaluation of a nutritional supplement prepared with QPM Maize cultivar BR 473 and other traditional food items
Authors: Paula Heberth de , Santos Rinaldo C. , Silva Marcelo E. , Glória Enara C. S. , Pedrosa Maria Lúcia , Almeida Nízia A. V. , Costa Alexandre S. V. , Malaquias Luiz Cosme C.
Published: April 2005

Quality Protein Maize (QPM) cultivar BR 473 was employed, together with soybean flour, brown sugar, banana meal and oat meal, for the preparation of a nutritional supplement.. 21-day old male Fisher rats were fed diets containing the supplement as a protein source, both with and without soybean flour; casein diets with 10 or 7% protein served as respective controls. Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER), Net Protein Utilization (NPU), Net Protein Retention (NPR) and Digestibility were determined. Blood biochemical parameters (glucose, cholesterol, urea, hemoglobin, albumin and total protein) were also measured in the animals and showed that all were in good health condition at the end of the experiment. The obtained results for PER, NPU and NPR indicated that the supplement prepared with QPM maize cultivar BR 473 was a good protein source, especially when soybean flour was added.
Biochemical characterization of selected plant species from Brazilian Savannas
Authors: Caramori Samantha Salomão , Lima Claudinei Sousa , Fernandes Kátia Flávia
Published: April 2005

The aim of this work was to analyze and quantify the presence of antinutritional compounds such as lectins and trypsin-like inhibitors, polyphenols and tannins, and enzymatic activity of peroxidases and proteases in the seeds of Annona crassiflora Mart. (araticum), Hymenaea courbaril L. var. courbaril (jatobá), Plathymenia reticulata Benth. (vinhático), Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Lam. (maminha de porca), Apeiba tibourbou Aubl. (pau jangada), Salacia crassiflora Mart G. Don. (bacupari), and Sclerolobium paniculatum Vog. (carvoeiro). The results suggested that these plants could be used as new source of food.
Plant reproductive phenology and dispersal patterns after natural regeneration in a limestone mining spoil banks
Authors: Frenedozo Rita de Cássia
Published: April 2005

Studies were carried out on the phenological patterns and dispersion of a plant community developed naturally after limestone mining operations, in accumulated materials of wastes (spoil banks). The objectives were to focus the seasonality of plant reproductive in a degraded environment; to analyze the community according to dispersal syndrome and to know about plant resources for the animals Monthly observations of flowering and fruiting patterns of the community were done, comparing the herbaceous, shrubs and woody species. Proportion of anemochorous and autochorous was higher in the herbaceous and shrubby strata. The zoochorous ones, on the contrary, were more frequent in the woody stratum. This study showed that natural introduction of the animals at the unreclaimed area, increased the chances for long time, of preserving the plant species since they are pollinated and dispersed their seeds.
Influence of water level fluctuation on the mortality and aboveground biomass of the aquatic macrophyte Eleocharis interstincta (VAHL) roemer et schults
Authors: Santos Anderson Medeiros dos , Esteves Francisco de Assis
Published: April 2005

The goal of this study was to study the biometric alterations of Eleocharis interstincta in response to water level fluctuations in Cabiúnas Lagoon, located on the northern coast of the state of Rio de Janeiro, in the municipality of Macaé. Three quadrats of 0.0625 m² were harvested every two weeks from June/1997 to June/1998; samples were separated into stems, dead stems (detritus) and rhizome; lenghted, dried and weighted. The water level fluctuated seasonally in the macrophyte stand with two periods of drawdown. The first period occurred naturally at the end of winter and beginning of spring, when rainfall in the area was normally lowest. The second period of drawdown was the result of an artificial breaching of the sandbar that isolate the lagoon from the sea. The breach was made in the summer, at the time of highest rainfall, when the water level in the lagoon reached the maximum value recorded during the study (1.35 m). There was a strongly positive correlation of the water level with stems mean height and aboveground biomass, indicating that water level played an important role in the determination of these parameters. There was a significant difference between stem height (ANOVA; p < 0.001) and biomass (ANOVA; p < 0.001) in each sampling period, ranging from 143.9 cm and 338.8 g dry wt.m-2, before the sandbar opening, to 16.3 cm and 20.2 g dry wt.m-2 respectively after the sandbar breaching. The drastic variation of the water level, leading mass mortality of the stems, together with the lowest mean biomass/stem (0.057 g dry wt.individual-1), recorded after the sandbar breaching, did not represent a strong disturbance for E. interstincta, since the resilience time estimated for this population was about 30 days.
Diversity and seasonal changes in the ichthyofauna of rocky tidal pools from Praia Vermelha and São Roque, Santa Catarina
Authors: Barreiros João P. , Bertoncini Áthila , Machado Leonardo , Hostim-Silva Maurício , Santos Ricardo Serrão
Published: April 2005

A survey of the tidal pool fish community was carried out between April 1998 and May 1999, at the beaches of Praia Vermelha (PV) and São Roque (SR), Santa Catarina, Brazil. The pool of PV was bigger and closer to the subtidal. Specimens were collected monthly at low tide, using quinaldine. In PV we collected 1287 fish belonging to 19 species and in SR 553 fish were caught corresponding to 11 species. In both pools, dominant species were Bathygobius soporator (Gobiidae), Abudefduf saxatilis (Pomacentridae), Parablennius pilicornis (Blenniidae), Gobiesox barbatulus (Gobiesocidae), Labrisomus nuchipinnis (Labrisomidae) and Epinephelus marginatus (Serranidae). Summer months had higher abundance and diversity values, and correspond to a recruitment season for both A. saxatilis and E. marginatus.
Absence of antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effect of Gymnema sylvestre in non-diabetic and alloxan-diabetic rats
Authors: Galletto Ricardo , Siqueira Vera Lúcia Dias , Ferreira Edilene Bega , Oliveira Arildo José Braz , Bazotte Roberto Barbosa
Published: April 2005

In this study we investigated the antidiabetic and hypolipidemic potential of dried powdered leaves of Gymnema sylvestre (GS). The acute effect of GS administered by oral gavage on glucose blood level of and lipids in non-diabetic and alloxan-diabetic rats were investigated in the following conditions: a) after a balanced meal; b) after the ingestion of 1000 mg/kg amylose or 1000 mg/kg glucose; c) after the ingestion of a mixture of 12 mL/kg soybean oil + 1% cholesterol (SOC). In addition, the effect of the treatment with GS during two (sub-acute) or four weeks (chronic) on body weight, food and water ingestion, glucose blood level and lipids in non-diabetic and alloxan-diabetic rats were measured. The dose of GS utilized in the majority of the experiments, i.e., 30 mg/kg, corresponds to that given to treat diabetes in Brazil. GS acutely did not influence the elevation of glycemia promoted by a balanced meal or by the administration of amylose or glucose; but promoted more intense (P<0.05) elevation of serum lipids after the administration of SOC. Moreover, the sub-acute and chronic treatment with GS in non-diabetic and alloxan-diabetic rats did not change: a) the body weight gain; b) food and water ingestion; c) the blood level of glucose and lipids. Thus we concluded that GS, at least in the form commercialized in the Brazil, i.e., dried powdered leaves, require further experimental and clinical trials before being recommended to treat diabetes and hyperlipidemia.
Glycemic index: effect of food storage under low temperature
Authors: Carreira Marina Cassab , Lajolo Franco Maria , Menezes Elizabete Wenzel de
Published: April 2005

This study was carried out to evaluate the influence of food storage under low temperature (-20ºC) and the resistant starch formation, both on the glycemic index (GI). The GI of only cooked and cooked and stored foods under -20ºC for 30 days was evaluated in short-term tests with humans. Significant increase on the RS content was evidenced for all the stored foods. The food storage resulted in a significant decrease on the GI of beans and chick-peas; the GI of pasta remained the same and the GI of corn meal increased. Thus, the RS formation showed reduced influence on the glycemic index. The storage of starchy foods under low temperature can collaborate to the RS intake but its effect on the GI will depend on the characteristics of the carbohydrates of each food.
The influence of hydrodynamics on the spatial and temporal variation of phytoplankton pigments in a large, sub-tropical coastal lake (Brazil)
Authors: Cardoso Luciana de Souza , Marques David da Motta
Published: April 2005

This study evaluated the spatial and temporal distribution of phytoplankton pigments in Itapeva Lake and its relationship with hydrodynamic aspects. Regarding spatial distribution, a decreasing N®S gradient was generally observed for the pigments, except in summer. This inversion observed during the summer was influenced by the predominant fetch (N-E). The horizontal heterogeneity was proved (ANOVA) for all seasons of the year, except spring. Spatially in spring, the vertical variance was much more significant (p<0.05) than the horizontal one. The sampling shifts presented a permanent degree of variability among the seasons of the year, showing the existence of a diurnal cycle in the concentration of chlorophyll a. This behavior was related to the fetch, mainly from the NE and SW quadrants, disturbing the system because it is a shallow lake. This confirmed the influence of the Itapeva Lake's hydrodynamic regime on the spatial-temporal distribution of the phytoplankton pigments.
Physical attributes of kaolinitic and oxidic oxisols resulting from different usage systems
Authors: Centurion José Frederico , Beutler Amauri Nelson , Souza Zigomar Menezes de
Published: April 2005

The objective of this study was to assess the physical attributes of a kaolinitic oxisol, medium texture (Haplustox) and an oxidic oxisol, clayey (Eutrustox) under different usage systems, localized in the region of Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. The usage systems were sugarcane, cotton and forest. Parameters such as soil bulk density, total porosity, macro and microporosity at the depths of 0.0-0.1; 0.1-0.2; 0.2-0.3, and 0.3-0.4 m were evaluated. Haplustox showed greater bulk density and smaller total porosity, macro and microporosity. The usage increased the bulk density in 0.0-0.3 m depth, with greater effects on the kaolinitic oxisol, mainly in 0.1-0.2 m depth in the areas cultivated with sugarcane.
Short-term cold storage of sperm from six neotropical characiformes fishes
Authors: Marques Simone , Godinho Hugo Pereira
Published: April 2005

Sperm of the following Neotropical Characiformes fish species were tested for cold storage: Brycon lundii, Piaractus mesopotamicus, Leporinus elongatus, Leporinus friderici, Prochilodus lineatus and Prochilodus marggravii. Each sperm sample was split into two aliquots. The first was placed into a plastic bag with air or oxygen and the second, in a plastic tube with air. The samples were maintained at temperatures between 1.7-4.9 ºC. The rate of sperm motility was estimated using a 50 mM NaCl solution as the activating solution. The shortest sperm storage duration (7 h) was recorded for L. friderici, when the sperm motility rate reached ~ 30%, whereas the longest duration (20 h) was obtained with the sperm of P. lineatus. A fertilisation test using Prochilodus marggravii sperm refrigerated for 8 h yielded 88-90% of viable embryos. The refrigerated storage method could be of practical applications, especially in fish reproductive management at hatchery stations.
Pectinase production by fungal strains in solid-state fermentation using agro-industrial bioproduct
Authors: Martin Natalia , Souza Simone Regina de , Silva Roberto da , Gomes Eleni
Published: April 2005

Pectin lyase and polygalacturonase production by newly isolated fungal strains was carried out in solid-state fermentation. Moniliella SB9 and Penicillium sp EGC5 produced polygalcturonase (PG) and pectin lyase (PL) on mixture of orange bagasse, sugar cane bagasse and wheat bran as substrate. PG and PL produced by Moniliella presented optimum activity at pH 4.5 and 10.0 and at 55 and 45°C, respectively, while these enzymes from Penicillium sp presented optimum activity at pH 4.5-5.0 and 9.0 and 40°C, respectively.
Studies on fungal and bacterial population of air-conditioned environments
Authors: Ross Claudia , Menezes Jose Roberto de , Svidzinski Terezinha Inez Estivalet , Albino Ulisses , Andrade Galdino
Published: April 2005

In tropical countries such as Brazil, there is not enough information about microbial contaminants in indoor environments with air conditioning systems. Microbial monitoring of such environments is important for the quality of human life. The aim of this work was to assess the fungal genera and bacterial morphotypes occurring in such environments. Air samples were taken indoors and outdoors from a public auditorium, a hospital, a company and a shopping center during the 2001 winter by using a six-stage impactor Millipore M air T® . Twenty-one fungal genera were identified. Bacterial morphological groups found were Gram positive and negative rods and Gram positive coccus.
Azospirillum sp . inoculation in wheat, barley and oats seeds greenhouse experiments
Authors: Dalla Santa Osmar R. , Hernández Ramona Fernández , Alvarez Gergina L. Michelena , Ronzelli Junior Pedro , Soccol Carlos Ricardo
Published: April 2005

The aim of the present work was to evaluate the inoculation effects of Azospirillum sp. RAM-7 strain, in seeds of wheat, barley and oats cultures on yield and total nitrogen content of the grains in greenhouse experiments. Seeds inoculation with Azospirillum sp. RAM-7 strain enhanced grain yields, even so, the responses vary among the evaluated cultures. For wheat, significant increases were obtained when the inoculation was associated to 100% of the recommended nitrogen, although the treatment that received only inoculation produced 7.4% above the control, however this difference wasn't significant. For barley, the presence of the inoculant substituted 20% the recommended nitrogen fertilization. For oats the inoculation with Azospirillum sp. RAM-7 didn't provide a significant increase in grain yields. In relation to the total nitrogen content of the grains, for all studied cultures, significant differences were not observed among the evaluated treatments (p < 0.05).
Modifications on leaf anatomy of Coffea arabica caused by shade of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan)
Authors: Morais Heverly , Medri Moacyr Eurípedes , Marur Celso Jamil , Caramori Paulo Henrique , Ribeiro Ana Maria de Arruda , Gomes José Carlos
Published: April 2005

Modifications on leaf anatomy in Coffea arabica shaded with pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), compared to cultivation under full sun, were assessed. The leaves fully exposed to sunlight presented thicker cuticles and cellular walls, narrower epidermis cells, palisade parenchyma with longer cells, thicker lacunar parenchyma, fewer intercellular spaces and a larger stomata number. Leaves under dense shade presented a narrower cuticle and cellular wall; a mesophyll with smaller volume, but with larger intercellular spaces; and epidermis with thicker cells and a smaller stomata amount, surrounded by subsidiary cells of smaller dimensions. Plants grown under full sunlight presented higher values of net photosynthesis. The results evidenced that the species C. arabica has a wide range of phenotypic adaptation to changes in the radiation intensity.
Abiotic variables in littoral-limnetic gradient of an oxbow lake of Mogi-Guaçu River floodplain, Southeastern, Brazil
Authors: Taniguchi Glória Massae , Bicudo Denise de Campos , Sennab Pedro Américo Cabral
Published: April 2005

The present study aimed to analyse the abiotic characteristics spatial variability in the littoral-limnetic gradient of the Diogo Pond, Mogi-Guaçu River floodplain, as well as evaluating the hydrological influence on the spatial gradient. During the hydrological cycle, four field trips (high water, flood, low water, and drought) were carried out at three sampling stations: littoral, interface, and limnetic region. Analysis of physical and chemical variables allowed to conclude that the time scale established by the hydrological cycle was the main forcing function over the limnological variability of the Diogo Pond. The relative spatial scale related to littoral-limnetic gradient contributed secondarily to the abiotic variability. Littoral was characterized as a distinct compartment from the other stations during the entire hydrological cycle.
Spatial distribution of the macrozoobenthos in the Solís Grande Stream estuary (Canelones-Maldonado, Uruguay)
Authors: MUNIZ P. , VENTURINI N.
Published: April 2005

The analysis of 24 quantitative macrobenthic samples taken from the Solís Grande Stream estuary yielded 10 species from a total of 4,446 individuals. It was verified that both species richness and diversity was lower than those recorded in nearby regions with similar environmental conditions. In contrast with other studies, a marked dominance of any of the present species was not verified. All the species recorded correspond to typical estuarine organisms. Abundance data were analysed with multivariate techniques and the results showed a relationship with salinity, mean diameter and the percentage of fine sand. According to the cluster analysis and the canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) four groups of stations were defined. The partition out of total variation of the species data showed that the amount of variation explained by the space alone was low. Spatial patterns observed and their possible causes are analysed and discussed in relation to the natural factors that acts in this coastal ecosystem.
Prevalence and histopathology of Neoechinorhynchus curemai Noronha, 1973 (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) in Prochilodus lineatus Valenciennes, 1836 from Volta Grande Reservoir, MG, Brazil
Authors: MARTINS M. L. , MORAES F. R. de , FUJIMOTO R. Y. , ONAKA E. M. , QUINTANA C. I. F.
Published: April 2005

The present work studied the prevalence and histopathology of Neoechinorhynchus curemai Noronha, 1973 (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) from curimbatá, Prochilodus lineatus Valenciennes, 1836. Eighteen fishes with averages of 46.7 + 1.1 cm length and 1,674.8 + 75.6 g weight were collected with net, bimonthly from December 1995 thru December 1996 in the hydroelectric power station of Volta Grande Reservoir (Cemig), Minas Gerais, Brazil. From analysed fishes, 15 were infected with acanthocephalans in the intestine (prevalence 83.3%). The greatest mean intensity occurred in August 1996 with 66.5 (16 to 208) parasites. Histopathological analysis showed complete desquamation of the intestinal epithelium with severe hyperplasia and hypertrofia of the goblet cells. Severe inflammatory reaction at the submucosa, displacement of their sheaf, associated with oedema and mononuclear and eosinophilic infiltration were observed.
Association of periphytic diatom species of artificial substrate in lotic environments in the Arroio Sampaio Basin, RS, Brazil: relationships with abiotic variables
Authors: OLIVEIRA M. A. , TORGAN L. C. , LOBO E. A. , SCHARZBOLD A.
Published: April 2005

Associations of diatom species were identified, in the Arroio Sampaio Basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, based on monthly samplings over a year along Arroio Sampaio and its main tributaries, using polyamide thread as an artificial substrate. The species groupings showed four different environments: medium-lower course of Arroio Sampaio; and lower course of Arroio Teresinha; upper course of Arroio Sampaio; and lower course of Arroio Duvidosa. Among the physical and chemical variables measured, water pollution, particularly organic contamination and eutrophication, measured from BOD5 and total phosphate concentration, respectively, appeared to be one of the most important environmental factors determining the composition and structure of species associations in the area studied.
Androlaelaps marmosops (Acari: Laelapidae), a new species associated with the mouse opossum, Marmosops incanus (Lund, 1840) in the Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil
Authors: MARTINS-HATANO F. , GETTINGER D. , BERGALLO H. G.
Published: April 2005

Androlaelaps marmosops, a new species of laelapid mite, is described from the pelage of the mouse opossum, Marmosops incanus (Lund, 1840) (Mammalia: Didelphidae), in two areas of Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro State. Measurements and illustrations are included for females only.
Variation of climatic and physical co-determinants of phytoplankton community in four nictemeral sampling days in a shallow tropical reservoir, Southeastern Brazil
Authors: RAMÍREZ J. J. , BICUDO C. E. M.
Published: April 2005

Spatial and temporal variation of climatic and physical characteristics in a shallow tropical reservoir in the city of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, and their possible influence on the dynamics of the phytoplankton population. Samples were taken at 5 depths of the water column (subsurface: 1% Io, 10% Io, 2 m, and bottom) and at 4 hour intervals (6:00, 10:00, 14:00, 18:00, 22:00, 2:00, and 6:00 h) during summer (March 3-4), fall (June 13-14), winter (August 29-30), and spring (November 29-30) of 1994 at a single sampling station. Garças Reservoir (23º39'S, 46º37'W) is a kinetic turbulent system, highly influenced by winds, with stratification that may last for days or weeks, and which undergoes mixing periods more than once in a year. A thermal pattern of this type is comparable to the warm discontinuous polymictic. Considering its optical properties, the water body was classified as an ecosystem with moderate turbidity, which decreases basically due to increased phaeopigment concentration during the spring. Also, the reservoir is an ecosystem whose phytoplanktonic community is subjected to stress, the degree of which depends on level of light penetration.
Distribution, survivorship and mortality sources in immature stages of the neotropical leaf miner Pachyschelus coeruleipennis Kerremans (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)
Authors: QUEIROZ J. M.
Published: April 2005

Distribution, sources of mortality, and survivorship of immatures was investigated during the reproductive season of the neotropical buprestid leaf miner, Pachyschelus coeruleipennis, that burrows in leaves of Croton floribundus (Euphorbiaceae) in SE, Brazil. Immature distribution was investigated by a random sample of 120 shrubs of C. floribundus growing along forest edges. Marked leaves were followed to recorded sources of mortality and survivorship of immature stages. Females lay their eggs preferentially in the young leaves of the host plant, with mines and pupal cells having been found on the middle part of plants. Densities of eggs, active mines, and pupal cells were, respectively, 25 ± 2, 6 ± 1, and 1 ± 0.3 per 100 leaves. Predators and parasitoids accounted for the majority of losses in the immature P. coeruleipennis population. Mortality was 3 times lower in the egg stage than in the last larval instar. Predation rate was greater than parasitism but the latter increased much more during the development of immatures. Survivorship and sources of mortality were different between early and late season sample of leaf-miner immatures. Parasitism rate was greater in the late-season whereas predation was greater in early-season samples. These results are compared with mortality patterns described for other buprestid leaf miners in temperate and tropical regions.
Condition factor in nine species of fish of the Characidae family in the upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil
Authors: LIZAMA M. DE LOS A. P. , AMBRÓSIO A. M.
Published: April 2005

The condition factor for nine species of tropical freshwater fish of the Characidae family in the upper Paraná River floodplain is described. Fish were caught over a period of 12 months (February 1993 to March 1994). Knowledge of the nine species is important for adequate management and maintenance of the biological equilibrium of the ecosystem.
Cyclopidae (Crustacea, Copepoda) from the upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil
Authors: LANSAC-TÔHA F. A. , VELHO L. F. M. , HIGUTI J. , TAKAHASHI E. M.
Published: April 2005

Cyclopid copepods from samples of fauna associated with aquatic macrophytes and plancton obtained in lotic and lentic environments were obtained from the upper Paraná River floodplain (in the states of Paraná and Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil). Macrophytes were collected in homogeneous stands and washed. Plankton samples, taken from the water column surface and bottom, were obtained using a motor pump, with a 70 mum mesh plankton net for filtration. Twelve taxa of Cyclopidae were identified. Among them, Macrocyclops albidus albidus, Paracyclops chiltoni, Ectocyclops rubescens, Homocyclops ater, Eucyclops solitarius, Mesocyclops longisetus curvatus, Mesocyclops ogunnus, and Microcyclops finitimus were new finds for this floodplain. Eight species were recorded exclusively in aquatic macrophyte samples. Among these species, M. albidus albidus and M. finitimus presented greatest abundances. Only four species were recorded in plankton samples, and Thermocyclops minutus and Thermocyclops decipiens are limited to this type of habitat. Among these four species, T. minutus is the most abundant, especially in lentic habitats.
Field experimental evaluation of secondary metabolites from marine invertebrates as antifoulants
Authors: PEREIRA R. C , CARVALHO A. G. V. , GAMA B. A. P. , COUTINHO R.
Published: April 2005

The crude organic extracts of the endemic gorgonian Phyllogorgia dilatata and two sponge species Aplysina fulva and Mycale microsigmatosa were evaluated for anti-fouling properties through field experiments. To investigate this property in ecologically meaningful conditions, crude extracts from these invertebrates were incorporated at concentrations naturally found in these marine organisms into a stable gel used as a substratum for fouling settlement. Crude extract from A. fulva showed no significant anti-fouling property at the natural concentrations used in the field experiments. In fact, fouling organisms settled significantly more on gels treated with A. fulva extract than on the control gel. On the other hand, both M. microsigmatosa and P. dilatata yielded crude extracts that exhibited a selective action inhibiting only the settlement of barnacles. The evidences obtained here by means of field experiments can provide a basis for future development of one kind of natural antifoulant technology to prevent marine biofouling.
Protection of Vochysia elliptica (Vochysiaceae) by a nectar-thieving ant
Authors: ROMERO G. Q.
Published: April 2005

Vochysia elliptica (Vochysiaceae) is a shrubby plant, which does not have EFNs. Camponotus ants thieve nectar, and can decrease plant fitness by making flowers less attractive to pollinators. However, ants remove herbivores, wich can be beneficial. Results show that plants from which ants were excluded had lower rates of termite (simulated herbivore) removal than did plants visited by ants. Plants accessible to ants showed higher rates of termite removal in the base of leaves and in the inflorescence, than in the tip of leaves. This occurs because ants must pass through the principal axis to reach the inflorescence. Conclusive results of this cost/benefit analysis of the Camponotus sp. presence for V. elliptica can be obtained, with experimental manipulations.
Methodologies for conservation assessments of the genetic biodiversity of aquatic macro-organisms
Authors: BERT T. M. , SEYOUM S. , TRINGALI M. D. , McMILLEN-JACKSON A.
Published: April 2005

International organizations and biodiversity scientists recognize three levels of biodiversity: genetic, species, and ecosystem. However, most studies with the goal of assessing biodiversity collect data at only a single level -- that of the species. Even when multiple levels of biodiversity are considered, usually only ecosystem diversity is also evaluated. Genetic diversity is virtually never considered. Yet, genetic diversity is essential for the maintenance of populations and species over ecological and evolutionary time periods. Moreover, because components of genetic diversity are independent of either species or ecosystem diversity, genetic diversity can provide a unique measure by which to assess the value of regions for conservation. Regions can be valuable for conservation of their genetic resources regardless of their levels of species or ecosystem uniqueness or diversity. In general, the same methods and statistical programs that are used to answer questions about population genetics and phylogenetics are applicable to conservation genetics. Thus, numerous genetic techniques, laboratory methods, and statistical programs are available for assessing regional levels of genetic diversity for conservation considerations. Here, we provide the rationale, techniques available, field and laboratory protocols, and statistical programs that can be used to estimate the magnitude and type of genetic diversity in regions. We also provide information on how to obtain commonly utilized statistical programs and the type of analyses that they include. The guide that we present here can be used to conduct investigations of the genetic diversity of regions under consideration for conservation of their natural resources.