bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mixed Mode‐I/II interlaminar fracture toughness Characterization of woven Carbon–Kevlar interyarn hybrid textile composites
Authors: Sharma Pawan , Mali Harlal Singh , Dixit Anurag
Published: October 2024

In actual service conditions, the composite structures are subjected to the combined effect of Mode‐I and Mode‐II loadings. It has great significance in the aerospace, defense, military, automobile, and marine sectors. This study aims to determine the Mixed Mode‐I/II interlaminar fracture toughness (ILFT) of plain and twill woven carbon, Kevlar monolithic, and interyarn hybrid textile composites under several hybridization schemes. The tailored properties are obtained using the interyarn hybridization of high stiff carbon yarn and high tough Kevlar yarn. The effect of individual yarn in the length direction in different hybrid composite laminates is carefully investigated. The Mixed Mode‐I/II ILFT characterization is experimentally performed using a mixed mode bending (MMB) test specimen on the Instron 8862 system under 45%, 55%, and 65% Mixed Mode ratios (MMRs). The increase in mode mixture percentage decreases the lever length, increases the load‐bearing capacity, and increases the Mixed Mode‐I/II ILFT of the MMB test specimen. Plain woven composites exhibited a higher ILFT than twill woven textile composites. The plain woven carbon–Kevlar hybrid composite laminate with carbon yarn‐in‐length direction shows the highest Mixed Mode‐I/II ILFT after CP laminates. Hybridization significantly increases the Mixed Mode‐I/II ILFT compared to monolithic Kevlar fabric‐reinforced composites. Moreover, the failure mechanisms are investigated using scanning electron microscopy.

Highlights

Mixed Mode‐I/II ILFT of carbon–Kevlar interyarn hybrid textile composites.

ILFT at nonlinearity (NL), VIS, and 5%/Max load points for 45%, 55%, and 65% MMR.

Advantage of placing carbon yarn‐in‐length direction in hybrid configurations.

Effect of carbon–Kevlar interyarn hybridization on Mixed Mode‐I/II ILFT.

Fractography of tested specimens to investigate several failure mechanisms.
Sorghum segmentation and leaf counting using in silico trained deep neural model
Authors: Ostermann Ian , Benes Bedrich , Gaillard Mathieu , Li Bosheng , Davis Jensina , Grove Ryleigh , Shrestha Nikee , Tross Michael C. , Schnable James C.
Published: October 2024

This paper introduces a novel deep neural model for segmenting and tracking the number of leaves in sorghum plants in phenotyping facilities. Our algorithm inputs a sequence of images of a sorghum plant and outputs the segmented images and the number of leaves. The key novelty of our approach is in training the deep neural model. Manual annotations are tedious, and we have developed a procedural three‐dimensional (3D) sorghum model that provides detailed geometry and texture to generate photorealistic 3D models. The overall shape of the sorghum leaf geometry is determined by its skeleton, and it is detailed by a procedural model that varies its curvature, width, length, and overall shape. The color is determined by using a Monte Carlo path tracer. We mimic the illumination of the phenotyping facility and use reflectance and transmittance on sorghum surfaces to determine the color of the leaves. The 3D procedural model allows us to generate photorealistic and segmented images that we use to train a deep neural model. Our segmentation provides a mean intersection over union score of 0.51, resulting in leaf counting accuracy within the 90% confidence interval for the human counts.
Impact of N‐Terminal Domain Conformation and Domain Interactions on RfaH Fold Switching
Authors: Seifi Bahman , Wallin Stefan
Published: October 2024

RfaH is a two‐domain metamorphic protein involved in transcription regulation and translation initiation. To carry out its dual functions, RfaH relies on two coupled structural changes: Domain dissociation and fold switching. In the free state, the C‐terminal domain (CTD) of RfaH adopts an all‐α fold and is tightly associated with the N‐terminal domain (NTD). Upon binding to RNA polymerase (RNAP), the domains dissociate and the CTD transforms into an all‐β fold while the NTD remains largely, but not entirely, unchanged. We test the idea that a change in the conformation of an extended β‐hairpin (β3–β4) located on the NTD, helps trigger domain dissociation. To this end, we use homology modeling to construct a structure, H1, which is similar to free RfaH but with a remodeled β3–β4 hairpin. We then use an all‐atom physics‐based model enhanced with a dual basin structure‐based potential to simulate domain separation driven by the thermal unfolding of the CTD with NTD in a fixed, folded conformation. We apply our model to both free RfaH and H1. For H1 we find, in line with our hypothesis, that the CTD exhibits lower stability and the domains dissociate at a lower temperature T, as compared to free RfaH. We do not, however, observe complete refolding to the all‐β state in these simulations, suggesting that a change in β3–β4 orientation aids in, but is not sufficient for, domain dissociation. In addition, we study the reverse fold switch in which RfaH returns from a domain‐open all‐β state to its domain‐closed all‐α state. We observe a T‐dependent transition rate; fold switching is slow at low T, where the CTD tends to be kinetically trapped in its all‐β state, and at high‐T, where the all‐α state becomes unstable. Consequently, our simulations suggest an optimal T at which fold switching is most rapid. At this T, the stabilities of both folds are reduced. Overall, our study suggests that both inter‐domain interactions and conformational changes within NTD may be important for the proper functioning of RfaH.
Nitrogen‐Induced Microcrystalline‐to‐Nanocrystalline Structure Transition in Diamond Films Grown by Microwave Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition: Comparison of N2 and NH3 Precursors
Authors: Martyanov Artem , Tiazhelov Ivan , Voronov Valery , Savin Sergey , Popovich Alexey , Ralchenko Victor , Sedov Vadim
Published: October 2024

The structure and properties of polycrystalline chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond coatings grown by microwave plasma CVD in H2–CH4 mixtures can be effectively controlled by nitrogen admixture in the process gas. Here, a comparative study of adding nitrogen from different precursors, N2 and ammonia NH3, in concentrations up to 0.4%vol on grain size, texture, surface roughness, and sp2/sp3 ratio of the produced films on Si substrates is performed. A transition from microcrystalline to smooth nanocrystalline diamond structure is found to occur at a certain concentration of the precursor, for NH3 this threshold concentration being much lower, 0.02–0.1%, than for N2. The higher activity of ammonia is associated with easier formation of cyano radicals in the plasma as detected with optical emission spectroscopy, in accord with the lower bond‐dissociation energy for NH3 compared to N2. On the contrary, a smaller addition (0.004%) of either N2 or NH3 promotes almost doubling of the growth rate, while preserving the microcrystalline structure of the film. The results establish ammonia as a convenient alternative precursor to commonly used N2 added in the plasma for the diamond film structure modifications.
First‐Principle Investigation of zb‐TiGe: A Promising Narrow Bandgap Semiconductor
Authors: Manickavasagam Sarojini , Koppolu Uma Mahendra Kumar
Published: October 2024

Using first‐principle calculations, a new compound semiconductor based on titanium (Ti) is predicted. It has been observed that Ti when alloyed with germanium (Ge) can crystallize in the zincblende symmetry, and exhibits semiconducting nature with a narrow bandgap. To test the robustness of the semiconducting nature, the structural properties and electronic band structure have been modeled using three different exchange–correlation functionals, namely, local density approximation, generalized gradient approximation, and Perdew‐Burke‐Ernzerhof for solids. With a nominal composition of 1:1, TiGe exhibits a direct bandgap of 0.58 eV at the “X” point of the Brillouin zone. From lattice dynamics, the structural stability of the compound has been established. The new semiconductor is characterized in detail for its electronic band structure, carrier effective mass, charge density distribution, and linear optical properties. Zb‐TiGe exhibits large effective mass for conduction band holes and tentatively becomes a prototype system to study heavy holes resulting in carrier condensation at the bottom of the conduction band. The linear optical properties of the TiGe are found to be suitable for photosensitive devices in the infrared region. In addition, TiGe may find application in deep‐UV and far‐UV regions because of the surface plasmon resonance at 6.4 eV.
Mathematical lipid correction of δ13C and effect of lipid extraction on δ15N of European eel (Anguilla anguilla) muscle
Authors: Lagarde Raphaël , Menniti Christophe , Teichert Nils , Amilhat Elsa , Faliex Elisabeth , Nahon Sarah
Published: October 2024

Rationale

Carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotope analysis is a powerful tool to investigate diverse questions in fish ecology, such as their trophic position or migration strategies. These questions appear particularly important to protect endangered European eel. However, elevated lipid content in eel muscle can bias δ13C values, as lipids are 13C‐depleted compared to proteins and carbohydrates.

Methods

We measured δ13C and δ15N values of bulk and lipid‐free samples of eel muscle. Lipid‐free samples were obtained after the extraction of lipids with cyclohexane. Lipid‐corrected δ13C values, using five different mathematical equations based on bulk δ13C values, were compared to lipid‐free δ13C values. We also evaluated the effect of lipid extraction on δ15N values. The analyses were based on linear regression performed on 333 individuals captured in nine lagoons and four rivers.

Results

Independently to the capture site or habitat (river or lagoon), the predicted lipid‐corrected δ13C values were highly consistent with the measured lipid‐free δ13C values (R2 > 0.90). The application of specific equations for each habitat or capture site only slightly increases these R2 (1.5% or less). The lipid extraction treatment significantly decreased by 0.2‰ the δ15N values compared to bulk samples.

Conclusions

Given the excellent prediction of mathematical equations and the small decrease of δ15N values after lipids extraction, we propose to use mathematical correction to estimate δ13C values of eel muscle. As the habitats or sites did not strongly influence the results, the coefficients from our study can be applied to other studies on European eel.
The role of military directors in holding the CEO accountable for poor firm performance
Authors: Pavićević Stevo , Keil Thomas
Published: October 2024

Research Summary

Why do some boards of directors dismiss the CEO when a firm performs poorly, while others do not? We argue that military directors—outside directors with military backgrounds—on the board increase the likelihood of CEO dismissal under low‐performance conditions. Military service instills a lifelong system of values and beliefs related to accountability—the obligation to accept responsibility for one's own actions and outcomes—which leads military directors to attribute low performance to the CEO and hold the CEO strictly accountable for such performance. This argument is supported by extensive quantitative data on CEO dismissal in publicly listed firms and qualitative data obtained from interviews with military directors who have served on boards of those firms.

Managerial Summary

Military directors—outside directors with military backgrounds—frequently occupy seats on the boards of publicly listed firms in the United States. Military service instills an enduring system of values and beliefs rooted in accountability, which, we argue, makes military directors more inclined to attribute performance shortfalls to the CEO and advocate for more rigorous CEO accountability, resulting in CEO dismissal. Our argument is supported by quantitative data on CEO dismissals within publicly listed firms and qualitative data derived from interviews with military directors who have served on boards of those firms. Our findings underscore that principles ingrained via military service may influence corporate governance, particularly one of its core components: executive accountability.
Precipitation Refinement via Aging Time Modification for Enhancing Wear Resistance in Ti–V–Nb Microalloyed High‐Manganese Steels
Authors: Cao Hongli , Chen Xin , Mu Delei , Wei Tongtao , Guo Hongxing , Chen Sida , Huang Xiaomin , Li Zulai , Shan Quan
Published: October 2024

It is imperative to ensure an even distribution of refined precipitates to enhance wear resistance. Herein, different heat treatments are to control the size and distribution of precipitates. The treatments include water quenching at 1100 °C followed by aging at 400 °C for 24, 60, and 84 h, designated as AT24, AT60, and AT84, respectively. The microstructure, mechanical properties, and impact wear properties of high‐manganese steel are investigated under solution and aging conditions using scanning electron microscopy, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, tensile testing, and impact abrasive wear testing. Notably, the absence of nanoscale precipitates largely accounts for the poor wear resistance of as‐casting steel, whereas the strengthening effect of larger micrometer‐sized precipitates is insufficient. After the solution and aging treatment, nanosized precipitates continuously form within the matrix, conducive to the formation of the deeper work‐hardening layer, thereby improving the wear resistance. The fine micrometer‐sized precipitates and evenly distributed nanoscale precipitates in AT60 actively contribute to toughness. Additionally, these precipitates interact with slip dislocations, providing stronger strengthening via the Orowan looping mechanism. The wear mechanisms of steel can be transformed from wide, deep pits to shallow grooves and microcutting by extending the aging time.
Impact of Carbonization Temperature on the Structure and Li Deposition Behavior of 3D Dual Metal Carbon Fibers
Authors: Schmidt Dana , Schöner Sandro , Steinhoff Michael K. , Schierholz Roland , Steinhauer Kevin , Thomas Daniel Davis , Speer Sebastian , Kretzschmar Ansgar , Jeschull Fabian , Windmüller Anna , Tsai Chih‐Long , Tempel Hermann , Yu Shicheng , Eichel Rüdiger‐A.
Published: October 2024

Li deposition within lithiophilic–lithiophobic metal carbon fibers is influenced by several structural factors, including electrical conductivity, surface‐bound functional groups, particle size and distribution of the lithiophilic–lithiophobic components, which are significantly affected by the carbonization temperature. To gain a deeper understanding of how these different parameters affect the Li deposition behavior, a detailed analysis of Ag and Cu containing carbon fibers at carbonization temperatures from 500 to 1000 °C is performed. At lower carbonization temperatures, the fibers exhibit an unordered carbon structure with a high concentration of heteroatoms and a lithiophilic–lithiophobic gradient. However, the high electrical resistance at these temperatures impedes Li‐ion interaction with the fibers, leading to the formation of mossy and dead Li. In contrast, higher carbonization temperatures result in the removal of heteroatoms and a more ordered carbon structure. The agglomeration of Cu and Ag particles at these temperatures disrupts the lithiophilic–lithiophobic gradient, causing concentrated Li deposition on top of the fibers. A threshold temperature of 700 °C has been identified for achieving homogeneous Li deposition. At this temperature, the lithiophilic–lithiophobic gradient still exists, and the more ordered carbon structure enhances Li‐ion interaction with the fibers, resulting in stable Li deposition for over 1100 h.
The study on bond‐slip constitutive model of recycled concrete under different loading rates
Authors: He Zhenjun , Yang Jinpeng , Qin Jieqiong , Ma Yanni , Song Guojie , Han Xiu
Published: October 2024

If recycled concrete is to be widely, reasonably, and safely applied in practical engineering, the study of bond‐slip performance between steel bars and concrete is crucial. In this paper, the central pull‐out test of recycled concrete under different loading rates was conducted. The characteristics of failure mode and crack directions of the specimens were observed and analyzed. The ultimate bond strength and slip displacement between rebar and concrete were analyzed. The effects of three parameters, namely concrete strength grades, replacement percentage of recycled coarse aggregate, and loading rates on the failure modes and bond‐slip mechanical properties of recycled concrete, were analyzed and summarized. The experimental results showed that there were significant differences in the influence trend and amplitude of the above three parameters on the ultimate bonding strength, slip amount, and slip curve. Based on the above experimental and theoretical analysis, a reasonable bond‐slip constitutive model was established in this paper and was in good agreement with the experimental results.
Adaptive Leadership for Multilevel Resilience in the Context of Disruptions
Authors: Latukha Marina , Yakovleva Polina , Yan Kaifeng
Published: October 2024

This paper examines the relationship between adaptive leadership and three levels of resilience: individual, team, and organizational. Developing multilevel resilience enables organizations to better anticipate conflicts and respond to environmental disruptions. Through correlation and regression analysis based on 148 respondents from companies in Russia, we build the relationship between adaptive leadership and three levels of resilience, unpacking the new role of leadership in shaping managerial responses to contextual change. The results suggest that adaptive leadership can positively influence all three levels of resilience, with adaptive leadership having the most significant impact on team resilience, then organizational resilience, leaving employee resilience behind. Such findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how exactly managerial mechanisms should be redesigned to overcome disruptions and develop leadership capabilities.
A Hexanuclear Gallium(III) Complex with a {GaIII6(μ‐OH)10} Core Supported by Two Naphthalenediolate‐Based Ligands
Authors: Böhm Maximilian , Stammler Anja , Oldengott Jan , Glaser Thorsten
Published: October 2024

We have developed a family of 2,7‐disubstituted 1,8‐naphthalenediol ligands to pre‐organize two metal ions to the distance of two neighboring phosphate diesters of 6–7 Å in the DNA backbone by a rigid backbone. As complexes with divalent ions (CuII and NiII) bind to DNA, interferes DNA synthesis via PCR, and kills human cancer cells more efficiently than human stem cells of the same proliferation rate, we intended to increase the binding affinity by going from divalent to trivalent ions‐especially FeIII. Here, we apply GaIII as redox inactive model for FeIII and obtain for the first time a complex with trivalent ions. However, the structural characterization provides not a dinuclear GaIII complex, but a hexanuclear GaIII complex with a central {GaIII6(μ‐OH)10} core, that is yet unprecedented.
Approximate Distributed Monitoring Under Partial Synchrony: Balancing Speed & Accuracy
Authors: Bonakdarpour Borzoo , Momtaz Anik , Ničković Dejan , Saraç N. Ege
Published: October 2024

In distributed systems with processes that do not share a global clock, partial synchrony is achieved by clock synchronization that guarantees bounded clock skew among all applications. Existing solutions for distributed runtime verification under partial synchrony against temporal logic specifications are exact but suffer from significant computational overhead. In this paper, we propose an approximate distributed monitoring algorithm for Signal Temporal Logic (STL) that mitigates this issue by abstracting away potential interleaving behaviors. This conservative abstraction enables a significant speedup of the distributed monitors, albeit with a tradeoff in accuracy. We address this tradeoff with a methodology that combines our approximate monitor with its exact counterpart, resulting in enhanced efficiency without sacrificing precision. We evaluate our approach with multiple experiments, showcasing its efficacy in both real-world applications and synthetic examples.
Random structures and automorphisms with a single orbit
Authors: Kikyo Hirotaka , Tsuboi Akito
Published: October 2024

We investigate the class of m-hypergraphs whose substructures with l elements have more than sm-element subsets that do not form a hyperedge. The class will have the free amalgamation property if s is small, but it does not if s is large. We find the boundary of s. Suppose the class has the free amalgamation property. In the case $$m \ge 3$$

m
≥
3

, we demonstrate that the random structure for the class has continuum-many automorphisms with a single orbit. The situation differs from the case of Henson graphs. In the case of generic hypergraphs constructed by Hrushovski’s method using a predimension function, we also demonstrate that they have no automorphisms with a single orbit.
The prevalence of subdural blood products in extremely premature infants with no history of abusive head trauma, studied by magnetic resonance imaging around term-equivalent age
Authors: Fossmark Maria Olsen , Bakøy Hannah , Songstad Nils Thomas , Köhler Thorsten , Avenarius Derk , Aukland Stein Magnus , Rosendahl Karen
Published: October 2024

Background

Prematurity and enlarged subarachnoid spaces are both hypothesised to represent an increased risk of subdural haemorrhages (SDHs) in infancy, both with and without a history of abuse.

Objective

To examine the prevalence of a previous haemorrhage, particularly SDHs, in infants born extremely prematurely around term-equivalent age; to examine intra- and inter-observer agreement for identification of haemorrhages; and to examine the width of the subarachnoid spaces.

Materials and methods

A total of 121 extremely premature infants had cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed around term-equivalent age (mean chronological age 14.7 weeks, range 10.3–24.0 weeks). There were no infants investigated for abuse in our cohort. Intracranial haemorrhages were classified as isolated germinal matrix-haemorrhages, parenchymal haemorrhages (cerebellar- and cerebral haemorrhages), or extra-axial haemorrhages (subarachnoid haemorrhages, SDHs, or epidural haemorrhages). Sinocortical width and interhemispheric distance were measured.

Results

No appreciable SDH was detected with the performed sequences. Haemorrhage/blood products related to prematurity were seen in 60 (49.5%) of the neonates. Agreement was good to very good for identification of haemorrhage. The mean sinocortical width was 3.5 mm with a standard deviation (SD) of 1.4 mm on the right side and 3.3 mm (SD 1.2 mm) on the left side. The mean interhemispheric distance was 3.1 mm (SD 1.1 mm). 61.1% of the infants had a sinocortical width > 3 mm on one or both sides.

Conclusion

Our study does not support the hypothesis that premature infants are more prone to SDH unrelated to abusive head trauma during the first 3–4 months of life. A large percentage of the ex-premature infants had prominent subarachnoid spaces.

Graphical Abstract
Die AMG-Novelle von 1964
Authors: Gerst Christoph , Ahmed Raees
Published: October 2024

Dieser Beitrag nimmt eine wegweisende Änderung in der bundesdeutschen Gesetzgebung zur Einführung
neuer Arzneimittel in den Blick. Es wird die Genese der als “Contergan-Novelle” bekannten Änderungen
zum Arzneimittelgesetz (AMG) von 1964 beschrieben. Dabei setzt sich der Artikel kritisch mit der Selbstzuschreibung
und Rezeption als Reaktion auf den Contergan-Skandal auseinander und kann zeigen, dass es den am Gesetzgebungsverfahren
Beteiligten nicht vorrangig um die Verhinderung eines weiteren Skandals ging. Daran anknüpfend werden
die in §21 des AMG von 1961 neu eingefügten Absätze (1a) und (1b) über die Registrierung
von Arzneimitteln benannt, bewertet und in die Entwicklung der rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen von klinischen
Studien eingeordnet.
A systematic review of ENT retractions
Authors: Di Traglia Rosalind , Dunne Henry , Tysome James , Smith Matthew E.
Published: October 2024

Purpose

Retraction is the removal of published material due to flaws in research that cannot be corrected. Our aim was to perform a systematic review of all retracted literature in Ear Nose and Throat to understand the characteristics of retraction and the citations of retracted literature.

Methods

The Retraction Watch, EMBASE and MEDLINE databases were systematically searched to yield relevant retractions. Two independent authors performed abstract and full-text screening. Non-relevant texts, articles in non-English languages, and articles that were neither published (protocols) or retracted (expression of concern) were excluded.

Results

We found 225 retractions in Ear Nose and Throat literature from 1992 to 2023. The number of retractions increased with time, and the average time-to-retraction was 1 year (range 0–29). Most articles were retracted due to misconduct (72%). In total, 191/225 of retractions were signposted with a retraction notice; 90.6% of notices were linked to the original manuscript; 96.9% specified the reason for retraction and 100% were freely accessible. Publications were cited more after retraction (median 2, range 0–215 vs median 0, range 0–78, Z –1.78, p = 0.075), however this was not significant, and appeared to improve with a shorter retraction time (RS 0.67, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Retractions, although rare, are increasing across all scientific disciplines. Our data suggests that retractions are both efficiently and transparently publicised in the Ear Nose and Throat Literature. Investigators should be veracious when conducting their own research and regularly appraise manuscripts to ensure that misinformation is not perpetuated, remaining aware that retracted articles continue to be cited.
Rectal stenosis after circular mechanical anastomosis; the influence of stapler size
Authors: Llorach-Perucho Núria , Cayetano-Paniagua Ladislao , Esteve-Monja Pau , Garcia-Nalda Albert , Bargalló Josep , Serra-Aracil Xavier
Published: October 2024

Background

The incidence of benign anastomotic stenosis (BAS) after radical surgery for rectal cancer ranges from 2 to 30%. There are few data regarding the factors related to its occurrence. One of these factors is the diameter of the circular mechanical staplers (CMS) used.

Methods

Observational study with prospective data recording of consecutive patients with non-disseminated rectal cancer operated on at two hospitals with special dedication to rectal cancer. Patients underwent low anterior resection (LAR) of the rectum with colorectal anastomosis created using CMS of diameters of either 28–29 or 31–33 mm. The primary endpoint was BAS. Secondary variables were demographic and patient-dependent data, and preoperative, intraoperative, immediate postoperative and mid-term data. The incidence of BAS was compared in the groups in which the different stapler diameters were used.

Results

Between 2012 and 2022, 239 patients were included. BAS was recorded in 39 (16.3%). In the analysis of factors related to its occurrence, the only significant variable was stapler diameter (p = 0.002, 95% CI 7.27–23.53), since rates of BAS were lower in the 31–33 mm group. Similarly, in the logistic regression analysis, stapler size was not associated with postoperative complications or anastomotic dehiscence (OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.2–10.5). Comparing stapler groups, BAS was detected in 35 of 165 patients (21%) in the 28–29 mm group but in only four out of 74 (5.6%) in the 31–33 mm group (p = 0.002, 95% CI 7.27–23.53). Ileostomy closure took longer and was less frequent in the 28–29 mm group.

Conclusions

The rate of BAS after LAR was not negligible, since it was recorded in 39 of 239 patients (16.3%). The use of a 31–33 mm CMS was associated with a lower incidence of BAS. Therefore, the use of larger staplers is tentatively recommended; however, clinical trials are now required to confirm these results.

Graphical abstract
Bioreceptors’ immobilization by hydrogen bonding interactions and differential pulse voltammetry for completely label-free electrochemical biosensors
Authors: López-Marzo Adaris , Mas-Torrent Marta
Published: October 2024

Label-free electrochemical biosensors show great potential for the development of point-of-care devices (POCDs) for environmental and clinical applications. These sensors operate with shorter analysis times and are more economic than the labelled ones. Here, four completely label-free biosensors without electron transfer mediators were developed for hepatitis B virus (HBV) detection. The approach consisted in (i) the modification of gold surfaces with cysteamine (CT) or cysteine (CS) linkers, (ii) the subsequent antibody (Ab) immobilization, either directly by hydrogen bonding (HB) interactions or by covalent bonds (CB) using additional reagents, and (iii) measuring the biosensor response by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The electrode surfaces at each stage of the modification process were characterised by X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The combination of Ab immobilization by HB with the DPV analysis displayed improved repeatability, lower interference to serum matrix and similar limits of detection and quantification than the traditional biosensors that immobilize the Ab via CB and use EIS as readout technique. The Ab immobilization by HB is shown as a simple, efficient and low-cost alternative to CB ones, while DPV was faster and showed better performance than EIS. The CT-HB biosensor displayed the lowest limits of detection and quantification of 0.14 and 0.46 ng/mL, respectively, a 0.46–12.5 ng/mL linear analytical range, and 100% of recovery for 1/10 human serum media during HBV surface antigen detection by DPV. Even, it preserved the initial sensing capability after 7 days of its fabrication.

Graphical abstract
Kinetic analysis of D-Alanine upon oral intake in humans
Authors: Kimura Tomonori , Sakai Shinsuke , Horio Masaru , Takahara Shiro , Ishigo Shoto , Nakane Maiko , Negishi Eiichi , Imoto Hiroshi , Mita Masashi , Hamase Kenji , Higa-Maekawa Yoko , Kakuta Yoichi , Mizui Masayuki , Isaka Yoshitaka
Published: October 2024

D-Alanine, a rare enantiomer of alanine, can potentially alleviate the worsening of viral infections and maintain circadian rhythm. This study aimed to analyze the kinetics of D-Alanine upon oral intake. Five healthy volunteers were administered D-Alanine as a single oral dose at 11,236 or 33,708 µmoL (1–3 g). Upon intake of the lower dose, the plasma level of D-Alanine reached its peak concentration of 588.4 ± 40.9 µM with a peak time of 0.60 ± 0.06 h. The compartment model estimated the clearance of D-Alanine at 12.5 ± 0.3 L/h, or 208 ± 5 mL/min, distribution volume of 8.3 ± 0.7 L and half-life of 0.46 ± 0.04 h, suggesting a rapid clearance of D-Alanine. The peak concentration and area under the curve increased proportionally upon intake of the higher dose, while the clearance, distribution volume and half-life did not. The urinary ratio of D-Alanine per sum of D- and L-Alanine reached its peak of nearly 100%, followed by a slow decline. The peak time of the urinary ratio was 1.15 ± 0.15 h, showing a time lag of blood to urine excretion. Fractional excretion, a ratio of the clearance of a substance per a standard molecule in kidney, of D-Alanine increased from 14.0 ± 5.8% to 64.5 ± 10.3%; the latter corresponded to the urinary clearance of D-Alanine as about 77 mL/min for an adult, with a peak time of 1.90 ± 0.56 h. D-Alanine was quickly absorbed and appeared in blood, followed by urinary excretion. This kinetic analysis increases our fundamental knowledge of the oral intake of D-Alanine for the chronic dosing.

Trial number: #UMIN000050865.

Date of registration: 2023/6/30.
Reduction of CO2 emissions by recycling low-potential heat from the Benfield CO2 removal process at a natural gas hydrogen production plant
Authors: Hajduga Dawid , Chmielarz Lucjan , Bugdol Marek
Published: October 2024

The EU policies related to CO2 emission strictly define the stages of carbon neutrality achieving. According to these regulations, all production installations that emit carbon dioxide will be charged additional emission fees from 2026 to fully in 2035. Analysis of the increasing emission fees shows that in some industries incurring such additional costs will result in a lack of profitability of the products. Industries directly related to the food sector, such as nitrogen fertiliser production, are strategic in the economies of all countries. Nitrogen fertilisers are produced from ammonia, which is synthesised on a large scale from hydrogen and nitrogen. Hydrogen is produced by natural gas reforming with water vapour resulting in syngas (mixture of H2, CO, CO2, H2O), which CO in the next step reacts with water vapour (water gas shift reaction) producing H2 and CO2. CO2 is separated from hydrogen using the Benfield method. The analysis of the Benfield process (one process of hydrogen production) shows a possible way to reduce CO2 emission by optimising heat balance. It was shown that in the proposed technology the heat recovery reaches 89%, while the level below 30% was reported for other available technologies. The proposed solution is based on recirculation and reuse of heat, which is lost in other technologies. The analysis is for a process balance in a medium-sized hydrogen production installation. The analysis considers also the correlations with other installations thermally linked to hydrogen production. The economic balance showed the great financial benefits of this solution. In the scenario discussed, the CO2 emission factor was reduced by 20%.

Graphical Abstract
Choices under uncertainty and the investment horizon
Authors: Levy Haim
Published: October 2024

Mean–Variance (M–V) is the most popular investment rule employed by both practitioners and researches. For a short-planned investment horizon, this rule generally conforms with expected utility paradigm. However, for a relatively long horizon, generally more than one year, the distributions of returns become positively skewed, hence the M–V rule loses ground. As the horizon increases, by the M–V rule one needs (mistakenly) to increase the weight of bonds in the stock–bond portfolio, e.g., almost 100% in bonds for a 30-year horizon. Expected utility maximization recommending almost 100% in stocks for long horizons. This, gap is of crucial importance, because life expectancy is increasing, implying longer investment horizons. For long horizons the mean–coefficient-of-variance rule conforms with expected utility, as the distributions are close to log-normal. For intermediate horizons one should employ stochastic dominance or direct expected utility maximization.
Myocardial extracellular volume measurement using cardiac computed tomography
Authors: Muthalaly Rahul G. , Abrahams Timothy , Lin Andrew , Patel Kush , Tan Sean , Dey Damini , Han Donghee , Tamarappoo Balaji K. , Nicholls Stephen J. , Nerlekar Nitesh
Published: October 2024

Myocardial fibrosis is a common endpoint of many cardiac diseases and increasingly recognized as a predictor of heart failure, arrhythmia, and death. Recent studies have utilised cardiac computed tomography (CT) scans with delayed phase imaging to quantify diffuse fibrosis of the myocardium. CT extracellular volume (CT-ECV) measurement correlates well with CMR and histological myocardial fibrosis. Furthermore, CT-ECV predicts outcomes such as death, heart failure and arrhythmia in various disease states. This review summarizes the rationale and methodology behind CT-ECV measurement and provides a detailed summary of the current clinical evidence for the use of CT-ECV.
Formation of core–shell structures and viscous fingering in cellulose beads regenerated from [DBNH][OAc]/DMSO
Authors: Leskinen Matti , Mirzaei Zeynab , Kemell Marianna , Kilpeläinen Ilkka , Aseyev Vladimir
Published: October 2024

Superbase Ionic Liquids (SBILs) are efficient direct-dissolution solvents for cellulose and have found applications such as manufacturing of man-made textile fibers. In this study cellulose beads were prepared from microcrystalline cellulose dissolved in a mixture of SBIL 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-enium acetate with dimethyl sulfoxide, [DBNH][OAc]/DMSO, by drop-wise regeneration using water as an antisolvent. This resulted in cellulose regeneration by spinodal decomposition phase separation. The cross-sections of freeze-dried beads were thoroughly investigated using SEM, revealing a complex internal bead structure. Special attention was paid to structures resulting from the inwards moving regeneration front, where the solvent and antisolvent interdiffuse in opposite directions. The phase boundary at the regeneration front showed evidence of Saffman–Taylor instability, i.e., viscous fingering. Altering the diffusion environment surrounding the bead during regeneration resulted in nested layers of cores and shells. The number and placement of the core–shell separations was regulated by the number of transfers between two antisolvent baths and the duration of alternating periods of fast and slow interdiffusion of water and [DBNH][OAc]/DMSO through the bead perimeter.

Graphical abstract
Testing the accuracy of low-beam-energy electron-excited X-ray microanalysis with energy-dispersive spectrometry
Authors: Newbury Dale E. , Ritchie Nicholas W. M.
Published: October 2024

The accuracy of electron-excited X-ray microanalysis with energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) has been tested in the low beam energy range, specifically at an incident beam energy of 5 keV, which is the lowest beam energy for which a useful characteristic X-ray peak can be excited for all elements of the periodic table, excepting H and He. Elemental analysis results are reported for certified reference materials (CRM), stoichiometric compounds, minerals, and metal alloys of independently known or measured composition which had microscopic homogeneity suitable for microanalysis. Two-hundred sixty-three concentration measurements for 39 elements in 113 materials were determined following the k-ratio protocol and using the EDS analytical software NIST DTSA-II. The accuracy of the results, as characterized by the relative deviation from expected value (RDEV) metric, was such that more than 98% of the results were found to be captured within a range of ±5% RDEV, while 82% of the results fell in the range -2% to 2% RDEV.
Semantic Segmentation of CT Liver Structures: A Systematic Review of Recent Trends and Bibliometric Analysis
Authors: Delmoral Jessica C. , R.S. Tavares João Manuel
Published: October 2024

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the segmentation of liver structures in medical images has become a popular research focus in the past half-decade. The performance of AI tools in screening for this task may vary widely and has been tested in the literature in various datasets. However, no scientometric report has provided a systematic overview of this scientific area. This article presents a systematic and bibliometric review of recent advances in neuronal network modeling approaches, mainly of deep learning, to outline the multiple research directions of the field in terms of algorithmic features. Therefore, a detailed systematic review of the most relevant publications addressing fully automatic semantic segmenting liver structures in Computed Tomography (CT) images in terms of algorithm modeling objective, performance benchmark, and model complexity is provided. The review suggests that fully automatic hybrid 2D and 3D networks are the top performers in the semantic segmentation of the liver. In the case of liver tumor and vasculature segmentation, fully automatic generative approaches perform best. However, the reported performance benchmark indicates that there is still much to be improved in segmenting such small structures in high-resolution abdominal CT scans.
Kinematic rupture modeling of broadband ground motion from the 2022 MS6.9 Menyuan earthquake
Authors: Wu Mengtao , Yang Jun
Published: October 2024

We propose a novel kinematic rupture modeling procedure for synthesizing broadband ground motions derived from the frequency-wavenumber integration algorithm. This procedure addresses two key issues in characterizing the rupture processes relevant to broadband seismic radiation: an accurate Green's function and a well-constrained kinematic source model. For the first issue, we derive the theoretical Green's function based on an improved dynamic stiffness matrix approach that effectively handles wave propagation in a 1D crustal velocity structure across a broad frequency band. For the second issue, we generate the hybrid source model that combines asperity slip and random slip over the fault plane to effectively implement constraints on the radiated energy during the whole rupture process. The accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed methodology are verified by comparing with the surface acceleration traces and Fourier spectra calculated by spectral element method. With the hybrid source model and crustal velocity structure applicable to the target area, the broadband (0–10 Hz) ground motion of the 2022 MS6.9 Menyuan earthquake is synthesized. The amplitude, duration, and frequency content of the synthetic motions are systematically compared with those of the available observed records and ground motion attenuation relationships, as well as the spatial distribution characteristics of the near-field ground motions from the earthquake scenarios are presented. In conclusion, the case study of the Menyuan MS6.9 earthquake demonstrates that the presented modeling procedure can estimate broadband ground motions rapidly and reliably from a physics-based kinematic rupture perspective.
Anomalous Random Flights and Time-Fractional Run-and-Tumble Equations
Authors: Angelani Luca , De Gregorio Alessandro , Garra Roberto , Iafrate Francesco
Published: October 2024

Random flights (also called run-and-tumble walks or transport processes) represent finite velocity random motions changing direction at any Poissonian time. These models in d-dimension, can be studied giving a general formulation of the problem valid at any spatial dimension. The aim of this paper is to extend this general analysis to time-fractional processes arising from a non-local generalization of the kinetic equations. The probabilistic interpretation of the solution of the time-fractional equations leads to a time-changed version of the original transport processes. The obtained results provide a clear picture of the role played by the time-fractional derivatives in this kind of random motions. They display an anomalous behavior and are useful to describe several complex systems arising in statistical physics and biology. In particular, we focus on the one-dimensional random flight, called telegraph process, studying the time-fractional version of the classical telegraph equation and providing a suitable interpretation of its stochastic solutions.
Determination of fluorine in reference materials by chopped-beam cold neutron prompt gamma-ray activation analysis (CB-CNPGAA)
Authors: Paul Rick L. , Chen-Mayer H. Heather
Published: October 2024

A method is described for determination of fluorine in reference materials by chopped beam cold neutron prompt gamma-ray activation analysis (CB-CNPGAA). The chopper cycle is set to 11 s on/off to match the t

1/2
of 20F. To reduce systematic error, the F mass is measured as the ratio to a comparator element, either Ca or Cl. The F mass fraction is then calculated by multiplying this ratio by the mass fraction of the comparator element. The method is used to measure F in SRMs 1486 Bone Meal, 1400 Bone Ash, 1566a Oyster Tissue, and 2695 Fluorine in Vegetation.
Word learning tasks as a window into the triggering problem for presuppositions
Authors: Bade Nadine , Schlenker Philippe , Chemla Emmanuel
Published: October 2024

In this paper, we show that native speakers spontaneously divide the complex meaning of a new word into a presuppositional component and an assertive component. These results argue for the existence of a productive triggering algorithm for presuppositions, one that is not based on alternative lexical items nor on contextual salience. On a methodological level, the proposed learning paradigm can be used to test further theories concerned with the interaction of lexical properties and conceptual biases.
Analytical solution of a microrobot-blood vessel interaction model
Authors: Wang Gengxiang , Bickerdike Andrew , Liu Yang , Ferreira Antoine
Published: October 2024

This study develops a dynamics model of a microrobot vibrating in a blood vessel aiming to detect potential cancer metastasis. We derive an analytical solution for microrobot’s motion, considering interactions with the vessel walls modelled by a linear spring-dashpot and a constant damping value for blood viscosity. The model facilitates instantaneous state transitions of the microrobot, such as contact with the vessel wall and free motion within the fluid. Amplitudes and phase angles from the transient solutions of dynamics model of the microrobot are solved at arbitrary moments, providing insights into its transient dynamics. The analytical solution of the proposed system is validated by experimental data, serving as a benchmark to examine the influence of pertinent parameters on microrobot’s dynamic response. It is found that the contact force transmitted to the vessel wall, assessed by system’s transmissibility function dependent on damping and frequency ratios, decreases with increasing damping ratio and intensifies when the frequency ratio is below $$\sqrt 2$$

2

. At the frequency ratio is equal to 1, resonance phenomenon is dominated by the magnification factor linked to the damping ratio, increasing the amplitude of resonance as damping decreases. Finally, different sets of system parameters, including excitation frequency and magnitude, fluid damping, vessel wall’s stiffness and damping, reveal multi-periodic motions and fake collision of the microrobot with the vessel wall. Simulation results imply that these phenomena are minimally affected by vessel wall’s stiffness but are significantly influenced by other parameters, such as fluid damping coefficient and damping coefficient of the blood vessel wall. This research provides a robust theoretical foundation for developing control strategies for microrobots aimed at detecting cancer metastasis.
Two approaches to grounding moral standing: interests-first or value-first?
Authors: Elbro Daniel
Published: October 2024

Do non-human animals have moral standing? Work on this question has focused on choosing the right grounding property (for example, personhood or sentience) while little attention has been paid to the various ways that the connection between grounding properties and moral standing has been explained. In this paper, I address that gap by offering a fresh way to approach the debate over the grounds of moral standing, including a novel taxonomy of positions, and argue that one kind of position, which takes a ‘value-first’ approach, is preferable to the other, which takes an ‘interests-first’ approach. According to value-first accounts, some individuals have moral standing because they have properties that make them valuable. According to interests-first accounts, some individuals have moral standing because they have interests, and any interest must always be taken into account. I argue that we should prefer value-first accounts because they engage directly with the problem the concept of moral standing is employed to solve, and because interests-first accounts cannot meet their explanatory burdens without begging the question against value-first accounts.