bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology of Metastatic Oligodendroglioma: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Can Bilge , Akpolat İlkser , Meydan Deniz , Üner Ayşegül , Kandemir Bedri , Söylemezoğlu Figen
Published: January 2012

Background: Systemic metastasis of a glial tumor is a rare event. However, metastatic cases are anticipated to increase due to prolongation of survival as a result of the development of new treatment modalities. The possibility of metastasis should be considered in patients with a history of a glial tumor rather than a second primary tumor. Fine-needle aspiration cytology is one of the diagnostic procedures primarily applied for confirmation of metastasis in cases with a known primary focus. Therefore, comprehensive knowledge of diagnostic cytomorphologic findings is required in these cases. Case Report: We report a young woman with oligodendroglioma metastasizing to the cervical lymphatic chain 5 years after initial diagnosis. Fine-needle aspiration cytology revealed a highly cellular smear with dispersed single cells and loosely cohesive cell clusters showing rosette-like features on a clean background. The relatively monotonous tumor cells were small sized and had round nuclei with moderate anisonucleosis and scant cytoplasm without extensions. Diagnostic confirmation was made by excisional biopsy and demonstration of 1p19q codeletion on tissue section by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Conclusion: A brief review of the literature with an emphasis on the cytologic features of metastatic oligodendroglioma and differential diagnosis with respect to other metastatic small round cell tumors is provided.
Transposon-Mediated Adaptive and Directed Mutations and Their Potential Evolutionary Benefits
Authors: Zhang Zhongge , Saier Jr. Milton H.
Published: January 2012

Transposons, mobile genetic elements that can hop from one chromosomal location to another, are known to be both beneficial and deleterious to the cell that bears them. Their value in accelerating evolutionary adaptation is well recognized. We herein summarize published research dealing with these elements and then move on to review our own research efforts which focus on a small transposon that can induce mutations under the control of host factors in a process that phenotypically and mechanistically conforms to the definition of ‘directed mutation’. Directed mutations occur at higher frequencies when they are beneficial, being induced by the stress condition that they relieve. Here, we review evidence for transposon-mediated directed mutation in Escherichia coli. Deletion mutants in the crp gene can not grow on glycerol (Glp–); however, these cells mutate specifically to efficient glycerol utilization (Glp+) at rates that are greatly enhanced by the presence of glycerol or the loss of the glycerol repressor (GlpR). These rates are greatly depressed by glucose or by glpR overexpression. Of the four tandem GlpR-binding sites (O1–O4) in the control region of the glpFK operon, O4 (downstream) specifically controls glpFK expression while O1 (upstream) controls mutation rate. Mutation is due to insertion of the small transposon IS5 into a specific site just upstream of the glpFK promoter. Mutational control by the glycerol regulon repressor GlpR is independent of the selection and assay procedures, and IS5 insertion into other gene activation sites is unaffected by the presence of glycerol or the loss of GlpR. The results establish the principle of transposon-mediated directed mutation, identify a protein responsible for its regulation, and define essential aspects of the mechanism.
Regulation of Experimental Peritonitis: A Complex Orchestration
Authors: Laurin L.-P. , Brissette M.-J. , Lepage S. , Cailhier J.F.
Published: January 2012

Experimental peritonitis is a frequently used inflammatory model to evaluate leukocyte recruitment. By the intrinsic characteristics of the peritoneal cavity, the various resident cell populations have a role to play in the initiation, the modulation and the resolution of peritoneal inflammation. Through various manipulations of these cell populations, we gained important knowledge on their respective roles in peritoneal inflammation. In this brief review, we will focus on the cellular regulation of leukocyte recruitment in experimental peritonitis.
A Review of the Cytomorphology of Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Malignancies
Authors: Michelow Pam , Wright Colleen , Pantanowitz Liron
Published: January 2012

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a member of the herpes family of viruses and is very common in humans. EBV is most often associated with infectious mononucleosis. However, it is estimated that 1% of tumors including lymphoproliferative, epithelial and mesenchymal are linked to EBV infection. EBV has a tropism for certain epithelial cells, lymphocytes and myocytes. Like other herpesviruses, EBV has both lytic and latent phases of infection. In the latent form, EBV-encoded genes ensure the survival of the viral genome, allowing it to circumvent the host’s immune surveillance by limited expression of viral proteins and carries with it the risk of neoplastic transformation. Cytologists are likely to encounter EBV-associated malignancies in cytology material but unlike other herpesviruses, EBV does not evoke a viral cytopathic effect. The manifestation of EBV-related tumors is also often variable depending upon the patient’s immune status. Therefore, knowledge of the patient’s EBV status and immune competence (e.g. HIV-infection or transplant-related immunosuppression) combined with the cytomorphology and results of ancillary studies are often all required to make a diagnosis of EBV-associated malignancy. This review discusses the unique cytomorphology and ancillary studies required to diagnose EBV-related neoplasms.
Air Pollution and Incidence of Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus in Black Women Living in Los Angeles
Authors: Coogan Patricia F. , White Laura F. , Jerrett Michael , Brook Robert D. , Su Jason G. , Seto Edmund , Burnett Richard , Palmer Julie R. , Rosenberg Lynn
Published: January 2012

Background—

Evidence suggests that longer-term exposure to air pollutants over years confers higher risks of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality than shorter-term exposure. One explanation is that the cumulative adverse effects that develop over longer durations lead to the genesis of chronic disease. Preliminary epidemiological and clinical evidence suggests that air pollution may contribute to the development of hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Methods and Results—

We used Cox proportional hazards models to assess incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for incident hypertension and diabetes mellitus associated with exposure to fine particulate matter (PM
2.5
) and nitrogen oxides in a cohort of black women living in Los Angeles. Pollutant levels were estimated at participants' residential addresses with land use regression models (nitrogen oxides) and interpolation from monitoring station measurements (PM
2.5
). Over follow-up from 1995 to 2005, 531 incident cases of hypertension and 183 incident cases of diabetes mellitus occurred. When pollutants were analyzed separately, the IRR for hypertension for a 10-μg/m
3
increase in PM
2.5
was 1.48 (95% CI, 0.95–2.31), and the IRR for the interquartile range (12.4 parts per billion) of nitrogen oxides was 1.14 (95% CI, 1.03–1.25). The corresponding IRRs for diabetes mellitus were 1.63 (95% CI, 0.78–3.44) and 1.25 (95% CI, 1.07–1.46). When both pollutants were included in the same model, the IRRs for PM
2.5
were attenuated and the IRRs for nitrogen oxides were essentially unchanged for both outcomes.

Conclusion—

Our results suggest that exposure to air pollutants, especially traffic-related pollutants, may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and possibly of hypertension.
What Makes Different People's Representations Alike: Neural Similarity Space Solves the Problem of Across-subject fMRI Decoding
Authors: Raizada Rajeev D. S. , Connolly Andrew C.
Published: January 2012

A central goal in neuroscience is to interpret neural activation and, moreover, to do so in a way that captures universal principles by generalizing across individuals. Recent research in multivoxel pattern-based fMRI analysis has led to considerable success at decoding within individual subjects. However, the goal of being able to decode across subjects is still challenging: It has remained unclear what population-level regularities of neural representation there might be. Here, we present a novel and highly accurate solution to this problem, which decodes across subjects between eight different stimulus conditions. The key to finding this solution was questioning the seemingly obvious idea that neural decoding should work directly on neural activation patterns. On the contrary, to decode across subjects, it is beneficial to abstract away from subject-specific patterns of neural activity and, instead, to operate on the similarity relations between those patterns: Our new approach performs decoding purely within similarity space. These results demonstrate a hitherto unknown population-level regularity in neural representation and also reveal a striking convergence between our empirical findings in fMRI and discussions in the philosophy of mind addressing the problem of conceptual similarity across neural diversity.
Kleisthenes the Stoner: Herodotus 5.67.2
Authors: Hollmann Alexander
Published: January 2012

Abstract

This paper explores the term λευστήρ applied to Kleisthenes of Sikyon by the Pythia in Hdt. 5.67.2, first by exploring the poetics of stoning and pollution in Ancient Greece, then by arguing for the validity of both the more predictable meaning, ‘stoner’, and the Suda’s sometimes contested gloss on the word, ‘worthy of being stoned’. While the argument has been suggested before, sufficient linguistic evidence for understanding λευστήρ in this sense has not been presented in the past. The paper provides more conclusive evidence and also suggests that recent applications of the φαρµακός paradigm are inaccurate.
Audacis plebeia toreumata vitri: A Glassblower’s Look at Martial 14.94
Authors: Stern E. Marianne
Published: January 2012

Abstract

This contribution offers a new interpretation of Martial 14.94, based on the properties of glass and silver. The glass toreumata are identified as mold-blown vessels shaped like Hercules’ wooden club. Linguistic results include the discovery of an as yet unrecorded use of ardere and the conclusion that Martial does not use audax in a special sense to describe cheap glass that does not need to be handled with care. A discussion of the poem’s relationship to Martial 12.74 is appended.
Modes of Being at Sophist 255c-e
Authors: Leigh Fiona
Published: January 2012

Abstract

I argue for a new interpretation of the argument for the non-identity of Being and Difference at Sophist 255c-e, which turns on a distinction between modes of being a property. Though indebted to Frede (1967), the distinction differs from his in an important respect: What distinguishes the modes is not the subject’s relation to itself or to something numerically distinct, but whether it constitutes or conforms to the specification of some property. Thus my view, but not his, allows self-participation for Forms. Against Frede and the more traditional interpretation, I maintain that the distinction is not introduced by way of the pros alla/kath’ hauta distinction, or by way of uses or senses of the verb ‘to be’, but is established prior to the argument and is deployed in its frame. Moreover, since I read the argument’s scope as restricted to properties in what I shall call the attribute mode, my interpretation can explain, as its rivals cannot, why the criterion of difference at 255d6-7 does not apply to the Form, Difference, itself.
Effect of bait on sea turtles bycatch rates in pelagic longlines: An overview
Authors: Jribi Imed , Bouain Abderrahmen , Echwikhi Khaled , Nejmeddine Bradai Mohamed
Published: January 2012

Pelagic longline fishing has been identified as a significant threat to endangered sea turtle populations. Reducing sea turtle bycatch in pelagic longline fisheries, in concert with activities to reduce other anthropogenic mortality sources, may halt and reverse population declines. Here, we examine the effect of bait manipulation as a simple mitigation method that could reduce sea turtle interactions with longline fishing gear. We analyzed laboratory experiments and field trials conducted in the Mediterranean, the northeast Distant Area in the Atlantic and the Western North Pacific. Studies showed that turtles are more likely to feed on squid than on mackerel when both are used simultaneously as bait. The stingray, Dasyatis pastinaca, used as bait, was more effective than mackerel; this ray was vulnerable and stimulated much thought about other species to use as alternative bait. Effective in laboratory conditions with captive turtles, dyed and artificial bait did not seemed to be effective in reducing turtle bycatch in field conditions. Optimal mitigation measure must reduce incidence of hooking of threatened sea turtles to acceptable levels and also offer an economic advantage to fisheries. Studies concerning the effect of bait modification to reduce turtle bycatch highlight the importance of an integrated approach towards sensory deterrents, as both visual and chemical cues are likely to attract sea turtles to longline gear. Further research on the development of sensory-based deterrents can contribute to reduced sea turtle bait interactions and maintain catch rates of target species.
Preference for the other sex: Olfactory sex recognition in terrestrial fire salamanders (Salamandra salamandra)
Authors: Steinfartz Sebastian , Caspers Barbara A.
Published: January 2012

Finding a potential mate, that is an individual of the opposite sex, is a fundamental step for sexual reproduction in animal species. Signals involved in the context of mate attraction are mediated by acoustic, visual, and/or chemical signals. For amphibians in general, and especially for many newt and salamander species, chemical cues are known to play important roles in inter- and intraspecific communication. We therefore investigated the use of olfactory cues for sex recognition in terrestrial fire salamanders (Salamandra salamandra) that belong to the group of true salamanders within the Salamandridae. Specifically, we performed odor preference tests with adult salamanders of both sexes and tested whether substrate-borne chemical cues provide sex-specific signals. We found an overall preference for chemical cues of the opposite sex, i.e. males and females differed significantly in their preference for a specific sex. Females spent significantly more time in the compartment with the chemical cues of a male, whereas males did not show a significant preference, but in general more males preferred the compartment with the chemical cues of a female. Our results suggest that fire salamanders are capable to discriminate the sex of conspecific individuals based on pure chemical cues. We discuss our results in the light of the presence of dorsal glands in the males' cloaca of true salamander species, from which pheromones can be directly released onto the substrate.
Feeding behaviour of larval Ambystoma mexicanum
Authors: de Jesus Chaparro-Herrera Diego , Nandini S. , Sarma S.S.S. , Zambrano Luis
Published: January 2012

The Axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, endemic to the freshwater lakes, Xochimilco
and Chalco in Mexico City, feeds on zooplankton during its larval stages. We
evaluated the functional response over eight weeks of A. mexicanum fed
different prey items found in its natural habitat (rotifers: Brachionus
havanaensis, B. calyciflorus, B. rubens and Plationus patulus; cladocerans:
Moina macrocopa, Macrothrix triserialis, Alona glabra and Simocephalus
vetulus; and ostracods: Heterocypris incongruens). Zooplankton consumption
by A. mexicanum varied in relation to the prey species and age of the
larvae. Unlike oviparous fish larvae which often feed preferentially on
rotifers in the first few weeks, A. mexicanum larvae fed more on cladocerans
and ostracods. Among the cladocerans offered, larval A. mexicanum consumed
higher numbers of M. triserialis and M. macrocopa. Feeding on the largest
cladoceran tested, S. vetulus, increased after the fifth week. There was a
consistent increase in the number of ostracods Heterocypris incongruens,
consumed with age, from 4 to 169 prey per larva over eight weeks. The
results are discussed with relation to the importance of zooplankton diet in
conservation effort of this endangered species in Lake Xochimilco.
The Expansion of the Prophetic Experience: 'Abdolkarīm Sorūš's New Approach to Qur'ānic Revelation
Authors: Amirpur Katajun
Published: January 2012

Indubitably, Iranian thinker 'Abdolkarīm Sorūš (b. 1945) in the course of the Islamic Republic's history has undergone an impressive change from establishment ideologist to its most prominent dissident. From 1980 on, he was a member of the Council of the Cultural Revolution, an organisation that dismissed oppositional, i.e. secular minded professors from their university posts, and he often appeared on TV as the Islamic Republic's apologist denouncing the left wing's ideology. But in the late 1980s, Sorūš published his epistemological theory of the evolution of religious knowledge in Keyhān-e Farhangī magazine. Controversies between the magazine's state-appointed publisher and the two journalists who had accepted Sorūš's articles for publication inspired the latter to found Kīyān magazine, which was Sorūš's mouthpiece as much as it became the most important platform of the religious newthinkers, and the religious reform's backbone until its proscription in 2001. Sorūš's transition to a post-Islamist thinker began with his theory of what he chose to call theoretical contraction and expansion of the šarī'a and it continued with his theory of religious-democratic government. In all of his later essays, he spoke out against the monopolization of exegesis by one single social class and against tendencies of taking fatwās for religion itself. In 1997, he published his probably most radical theory, which however was not widely noted until 2007, when the English translation of the essay in question was about to be published and Sorūš spoke of it in an interview. In what did finally appear in English under the title “The Expansion of Prophetic Experience” in 2009, he argued that “like a poet, the Prophet transmits the divine inspiration into the language he knows, the styles and images he masters, and the knowledge he possesses”. And this human view of the Qur'ān makes it possible to distinguish between what he calls the 'essential' and the 'accidental' aspects of religion. Some parts of religion are historically and culturally determined and no longer relevant today. At this epistemological revolution, some of Sorūš's critics accused him of having left his faith for good; others see in it a chance to bring about Islam's aggiornamento.
Human Rights and New Jurisprudence in Mohsen Kadivar's Advocacy of “New-Thinker” Islam
Authors: Matsunaga Yasuyuki
Published: January 2012

In 2001, Mohsen Kadivar (1959-), a Qom-trained Shi'ite mujtahid, began advocating what he has alternately termed “spiritual Islam”, “goal-oriented Islam”, and “new-thinker Islam”. No longer just a critic of the “rule of the jurisprudent” (wilāyat-i faqīh) doctrine, Kadivar started to set forth his version of postrevivalist Islam, a kind that characteristically highlights its spiritual aspects but is nonetheless self-consciously anchored within the framework of Islamic jurisprudence. In this article, I will first examine Kadivar's arguments about the fundamental conflict between the traditional exegesis of Islam and modern human rights norms, the inadequacy of traditional Islamic jurisprudence as a means to tackle the conflict, and his proposed approach to solving the problem. I will then critically discuss certain controversial aspects of the new exegesis that Kadivar has proposed—particularly, the issues surrounding the abrogation of accepted precepts of sharī'a and the newly introduced conception of the intrinsic rights of human beings—as well as its significance and cogency. These examinations will highlight the unique emphasis that Kadivar has put on jurisprudence as the means to come to terms with the challenges of modernity, in contrast with more explicitly hermeneutic approaches preferred by some of his peers within the emerging postrevivalist current in Iran.
Khomeini the Poet Mystic
Authors: Seyed-Gohrab Asghar
Published: January 2012

Ayatollah Khomeini (1902-1989), the founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran, is commonly known in the West for his political reading of Islam. Especially his death-sentence against the British-Indian writer Salman Rushdie, in 1989, strengthened his image as a fundamentalist. Khomeini as a hermit and mystic poet who composed poetry about selfless love, wine and mystic union is, for the western public, contradictio in terminis. Yet mysticism and poetry are two essential aspects of his personality, usually overshadowed by his outspoken political views.
The Shī'a in Iraqi Novels
Authors: Zeidel Ronen
Published: January 2012

Throughout the 20 th century, Iraqi novels and novelists played a significant role in the construction of Iraqi national identity. They continue to do so in the first decade of the 21 st century with a proliferation of novels and novelists. The version of national identity that they have propagated considered sectarianism, particularly among the Shī'a , to be totally incompatible with Iraqi national identity. In fact, sectarianism became a code word for the expression of Shī'ī identity and as such has either been ignored by literature or strictly condemned. This article will show how Iraqi novels refrained from touching this extremely sensitive issue—the Shī'a in Iraq—either by not mentioning it at all or by treating it briefly as marginal to the narrative. Although this is still the dominant tone, this article will also show a process of change which started during the 90s with interesting consequences to Shī'ī and Iraqi identities. This change occurred against the background of the extremely violent repression of the Shī'ī Intifada in March 1991, the rising violence in Iraq, the weakening of the (Sunnī) regime, as well as the dispersion of Iraqi literary circles away from Baghdad and the ascendance of a new generation of exile writers. Although the change preceded the upheaval of April 2003, recent events in Iraq have reinforced the trend and the results are novels that are either Shī'ī in a religious sense or strive to integrate Shī'ī tradition into a secular atmosphere.
The European External Action Service and the European Parliament
Authors: Raube Kolja
Published: January 2012

Summary

Despite considerable academic attention on the European External Action Service (EEAS), only a few studies have touched upon its relationship with the European Parliament. This article looks into the relationship between the EEAS, its High Representative and the European Parliament. It pays particular attention to the question of whether — during the making of the EEAS — the European Parliament was able to expand its parliamentary oversight in external relations along the lines of legislative, supervisory and budgetary powers.
Reply
Authors: Huang Xianglei , Yung Yuk Ling
Published: January 2012

In response to a comment on their previous note about the Voigt line profile, here the authors clarify relevant statements and numeric algorithms in the original note.
Carbon nanotubes/polyamide 6.6 nanostructured composites crystallization kinetic study
Authors: Ribeiro B , Nohara LB , Oishi SS , Costa ML , Botelho EC
Published: January 2012

Compared with the traditional composites, the incorporation of carbon nanotubes into polymeric matrices can generate materials with superior properties, especially thermal, electrical and tribological properties. The aim of this study was to study the polyamide 6.6/carbon nanotubes (PA 6.6/CNT) nanostructured composites crystallization kinetics. The solution mixing technique was used to obtain the nanostructured composites studied in this work. PA 6.6 films were produced with amounts of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 wt% (weight/weight) CNT. X-ray diffraction analyses were performed in order to determine the crystallographic properties of nanostructured composite. The nanostructured composites crystallization kinetic study was performed using the differential scanning calorimetry under isothermal and nonisothermal (dynamic) conditions. The results have shown addition of CNTs in the PA 6.6 reduces the Avrami exponent, affecting the crystallization process of the composite.
Using Parse’s Humanbecoming Theory in Japan
Authors: Tanaka Junko , Katsuno Towako , Takahashi Teruko
Published: January 2012

In this paper the authors discuss the use of Parse’s humanbecoming theory in Japan. Elements of the theory are used in the nursing approach to an 88 year-old Japanese man who had complications following surgery. Process recordings of the dialogues between the patient, the patient’s wife, and the nurse were made and considered in light of the three methodologies of Parse’s theory; illuminating meaning, synchronizing rhythms, and mobilizing transcendence. The theory is seen as useful in Japan.
Time, cost, and quality trade-offs in material requirements planning using fuzzy multi-objective programming
Authors: Bagherpour M , Feylizadeh M R , Cioffi D F
Published: January 2012

In this paper, three simultaneous objectives – material requirements planning (MRP) completion time minimization, total cost minimization, and maximization of the quality of raw materials in an MRP system – are balanced by using a fuzzy multi-objective programming (F-MOP) model. Crashing the total MRP completion time; that is, reducing the time by increasing the resources, can improve on-time delivery to the customer. The goal is to determine the optimum crashing in an MRP context such that maximum total satisfaction is achieved. The approach proposed in this paper is given in both symmetric and asymmetric cases, and relevant results are presented and discussed. The model can help manufacturers deliver products on time, at low cost, with high quality.
Israeli Dietitians’ Professional Stigma Attached to Obese Patients
Authors: Stone Osnat , Werner Perla
Published: January 2012

The aim of this study was to explore and define the different dimensions of professional stigma attached to obese patients by dietitians. Four focus groups were conducted with 23 Israeli dietitians. Findings showed that while treating obese patients, dietitians underwent a stigmatization process involving cognitive, emotional, and behavioral phases. Obese patients with an internal locus of control, who took responsibility for their failure to diet, triggered positive feelings (e.g., pity and empathy), whereas obese patients with an external locus of control, who blamed others for their failure, triggered negative feelings (e.g., anger and frustration). Participants’ emotional rejection of obese patients was manifested in three behavioral dimensions: instrumental avoidance (e.g., shorter sessions); professional avoidance (e.g., less energy and effort); and interpersonal avoidance (negative tone and evasive verbal and body language). Continuing education for dietitians is recommended to assist them in dealing with their negative feelings and behaviors toward resistant obese patients.
Reconciling the Relational Echoes of Addiction
Authors: Berry Keith
Published: January 2012

This article explores the negotiation of a father–son relationship in the context of addiction, as conveyed from the vantage point of the relationship the author maintains with his father. The author conveys narrative fragments to explore a range of facets of the relationship and to illustrate how relationships of this kind often resist easy answers. Indeed, they are multifaceted interactional processes confounded by the powerful grip of history and emotion. In seeking a clearer understanding of the complexities of the father–son relationship within addiction, the author aims for a fuller understanding of the difficulties that motivate and complicate his own recovery.
Knowing Me, Knowing You
Authors: Gale Ken
Published: January 2012

The recognition of his deceased father in an old war-time picture sets in play for the writer the undoing of the self through the temporal and fluid reterritorialization of the space historically delineated, identified, and owned by the collective signifier “father and son.” Aware of living in and contributing to the crisis of representation and instigated by the event of revelation, the writing attempts to show how this signifier is placed under erasure, how “father and son” becomes other, how previous resistances to reflexivity are challenged, and how, through a praxis of differentiation, a delirious freeing of the self is seen to emerge.
Split Shadows
Authors: Patti Chris J.
Published: January 2012

This article explores a father–son relationship and the death of the author’s father through mythically framed autoethnographic stories. The author confronts persistent anxieties that haunt him, as he struggles with his initiation into “maturity,” an initiation that began with his father’s death and continues today—fifteen years later. By juxtaposing intimate stories of his father with classic, archetypal exigencies of the human quest for meaning in a troubled, limited world, the author seeks to open up multiple layers of possibilities: personal and collective, autoethnographic and mythic, comic and tragic, masculine and feminine. This piece is a tribute to the author’s father and their love that also explores shadowy, unconscious complexities. The author finds wisdom and insight in reclaiming and recasting an ancient, archetypal orientation to myth in the interdisciplinary world of qualitative inquiry. Simultaneously, through crafting a myth of a fallen hero/trickster, the author embraces the transformational process of facing his personal splits while suggesting possibilities for mending splits that still frame and divide our world today.
Innovations on Managed Lanes in Minnesota
Authors: Buckeye Kenneth R.
Published: January 2012

The Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT) has introduced several innovations to managed lanes on the Interstate 35W (I-35W) corridor including: freeway shoulder operations; active traffic management featuring intelligent lane control signals; in-pavement lighting; and, variable advisory speed limits. I-35W is a unique test bed for deployment of features that expand the concept of managed lanes across all freeway lanes and shoulders and builds upon experience from I-394 MnPASS, as well as learning from other domestic and international projects. Strategies being implemented seek to reduce congestion, preserve and enhance transit and high occupancy vehicle (HOV) capacity, and employ variable priced optional tolling with state-of-the art technology. In the long run, a key outcome anticipated in the I-35W managed lanes projects will be the ability to demonstrate how MnDOT and other transportation authorities can safely add more capacity and enhance performance within the existing highway footprint. Through the U.S. DOT’s Urban Partnership Program, Minnesota has been given a unique opportunity to innovate, test and evaluate creative traffic management ideas with significant potential to set the stage for future implementations and to pass along this important learning to other parts of the country.
Safety Evaluation of a Proprietary Food-Grade, Dried Fermentate Preparation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Schauss Alexander G. , Glavits R. , Endres John , Jensen Gitte S. , Clewell Amy
Published: January 2012

A safety evaluation was performed for EpiCor, a product produced by a proprietary fermentation process using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Studies included the following assays: bacterial reverse mutation, mouse lymphoma cell mutagenicity, mitogenicity assay in human peripheral lymphocytes, and a cytochrome P450 ([CYP] CYP1A2 and CYP3A4) induction assessment as well as 14-day acute, 90-day subchronic, and 1-year chronic oral toxicity studies in rats. No evidence of genotoxicity or mitogenicity was seen in any of the in vitro or in vivo studies. The CYP assessment showed no interactions or inductions. No toxic clinical symptoms or histopathological lesions were observed in the acute, subchronic, or chronic oral toxicity studies in the rat. Results of the studies performed indicate that EpiCor does not possess genotoxic activity and has a low order of toxicity that is well tolerated when administered orally. The no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) was 1500 mg/kg body weight (bw)/d for the 90-day study and 800 mg/kg bw/d for the 1 year study, for the highest doses tested.
Police Perceptions of Sexual Assault Victims
Authors: Wentz Ericka , Archbold Carol A.
Published: January 2012

This study explores variation in the perception of sexual assault victims among male and female police officers in a Midwestern police agency. Surveys that include both qualitative and quantitative questions are completed by 100 patrol officers. An analysis of qualitative data revealed some support for the Intra-Female Gender Hostility Thesis, which posits that female officers subscribe to rape myths and victim blaming more than male officers. Quantitative analysis showed no significant differences in the way that male and female officers perceived sexual assault victims. Policy implications based on these findings are presented and discussed at the end of this article.
Musculoskeletal Imaging in the Cat
Authors: Mahoney Paul
Published: January 2012

Practical relevance Despite the increasing availability of ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), radiography remains the primary imaging modality for the assessment of feline musculoskeletal disease in practice. In many respects, having a more feline-focused approach to radiography will reward the clinician with better quality images and, hence, a greater likelihood of a correct diagnosis.

Clinical challenges Correct interpretation of radiographic films requires familiarity with some of the unique aspects of normal feline skeletal anatomy. For optimal patient management, the clinician also needs an appreciation of the distinct advantages of advanced imaging modalities in certain circumstances, in particular for head trauma patients.

Equipment When considering what equipment is most suitable for musculoskeletal imaging, the small size of our feline patients means that image resolution is of primary importance. Choosing an x-ray system (film–screen or digital) that offers more detail, and selecting ultrasound probes of a higher frequency than would be used on larger canine patients, will go some way to improving the diagnostic yield of any feline imaging study. If there is the option of referral for MRI, and a choice between high-field and low-field MRI systems for the feline patient, a high-field system will always provide more detail.

Audience This review, drawing on the author’s experience and established imaging and anatomical principles, aims to assist general veterinary practitioners in their approach to feline musculoskeletal imaging. It provides an overview of the imaging choices and techniques for different regions of the body, and gives examples of normal anatomy that is peculiar to the cat.
Musculoskeletal oddities in the cat
Authors: Langley-Hobbs Sorrel
Published: January 2012

Practical relevance Cats, both young and old, can suffer a variety of weird and wonderful musculoskeletal conditions that are a cause of lameness. These include developmental, metabolic and nutritional bone diseases, ectopic mineralisation disorders, conditions that cause lameness or exercise intolerance and primarily or secondarily affect muscle, and lastly pad conditions.

Clinical challenges These conditions are mostly rare and can be challenging to diagnose. The aim of this review is to bring these conditions to the attention of practitioners so that, if they are encountered, further research around the topic can be undertaken. Radiographic changes and diagnostic tests that can be used to try to confirm diagnoses are described.

Evidence base These unusual causes of lameness are the subject of multiple single case reports or small case series, many of which are relatively old. The evidence presented here is drawn from these articles. However, it is not possible within the scope of this review to discuss all the conditions in as much detail as they may warrant, or to make reference to every article relating to them.
Notes at a Conference, CEAD 2010
Authors: Lang S. K. W.
Published: January 2012

This article uses a conference attendee’s self-reflections, in the form of autoethnographic extracts from a personal journal and poetic responses to conference presentations, as devices to traverse the liminal space that exists between presenters and their audience, ethnographic researchers and their research participants, and the intrapersonal dimensions of the writer. In so doing the tensions that typify cross-cultural communication are made visible. These tensions underscore the politics of betwixt and between, and this concept of liminality assists us in seeing and experiencing these tensions and underlying power relationships that may otherwise be left unexplored. Between all people is a liminal space where two distinct entities are in the process of (re)negotiating their relationship. This interface is a place of power struggle and political intrigue. Liminality exists between all cultures and between all people within cultures, and arguably, within each of us. These “notes at a conference” reflect on these liminal spaces so that ethical cross-cultural ethnographic research can be collaboratively negotiated.
On-site management of investigational products and drug delivery systems in conformity with Good Clinical Practices (GCPs)
Authors: Méthot Julie , Brisson Diane , Gaudet Daniel
Published: January 2012

Background Investigators and research teams participating in clinical trials have to deal with complex investigational products, study designs, and research environments. The emergence of new drug delivery systems and investigational products combining more than one drug and the development of biodrugs such as monoclonal antibodies, peptides, siRNA, and gene therapy to treat orphan or common diseases constitute a new challenge for investigators and clinical sites.

Purpose We describe the requirements and challenges of drug management in conformity with Good Clinical Practices (GCPs) for investigators and sites participating in clinical trials.

Review At all sites participating in clinical trials, standard operating procedures (SOPs) covering the critical path of drug and drug delivery systems management are required. All steps should be auditable, including reception, validation, storage, access, preparation, distribution, techniques of administration, use, return, and destruction of research products. Biodrugs require traceability and specific SOPs on the management of potential immune reactions. Investigational products must be stored under standard auditable conditions. The traceability of storage conditions (including temperature) requires these conditions to be monitored on a continuous basis. A dedicated space with restricted access limited to authorized qualified personnel facilitates the monitoring.

Conclusions The development of standardized, auditable settings and the application of dedicated, site-specific SOPs for the management of investigational products and drug delivery systems contribute to guarantee the compliance to GCP requirements.
Short, Sweet, and Problematic? The Rise of the Short Report in Psychological Science
Authors: Ledgerwood Alison , Sherman Jeffrey W.
Published: January 2012

Our field has witnessed a rapid increase in the appeal and prevalence of the short report format over the last two decades. In this article, we discuss both the benefits and drawbacks of the trend toward shorter and faster publications. Although the short report format can help us cope with ever-increasing time constraints; ease the burden on hiring, promotion, and tenure committees; speed the publication of our findings; and promote the dissemination of research beyond the borders of our discipline, it can also exacerbate problems with publication bias and selective reporting, decrease theoretical integration within our science, and risk overemphasizing colorful effects relative to basic processes. In the face of these challenges, we believe it is essential to find ways to preserve the advantages of the short-and-fast approach while minimizing its disadvantages and while acknowledging the complementary and critical importance of longer articles in advancing the field.
Patient outcomes following wrist ganglion excision surgery
Authors: Craik J. D. , Walsh S. P.
Published: January 2012

We present patient outcomes following surgical excision of primary wrist ganglia over a 5 year period. Patients (48 of 59; 81%) responded to a questionnaire by post or telephone, with a mean time to follow-up of 44 (range 21–77) months. There was a statistically significant reduction in all reported symptoms, including pain, paraesthesia, weakness, stiffness, and cosmesis. The recurrence rate was 8%. In total, 98% of patients were satisfied or very satisfied with treatment. Surgical excision of primary wrist ganglia may have advantages over aspiration and reassurance alone, particularly in reducing recurrence and hastening resolution of symptoms.
Does Early Tracheostomy Affect ICU Outcome?
Authors: Ash Brian G. , Yost C. Spencer
Published: January 2012

The timing of performing a tracheostomy in patients needing prolonged mechanical ventilation has been the subject of many studies over the years. This review surveys the published literature on this topic and describes the findings from the most recent multicenter randomized trials. These data are then used to form the most up-to-date conclusions regarding best practices to guide decisions on timing of tracheostomy in ventilated ICU patients.
Frequency and Outcomes of Hyperlactatemia After Neurosurgery
Authors: Kohli-Seth Roopa , Mukkera Satyanarayana Reddy , Leibowitz Andrew B. , Nemani Nimish , Oropello John M. , Manasia Anthony , Bassily-Marcus Adel , Benjamin Ernest
Published: January 2012

Objectives. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence and significance of elevated serum lactate and its impact on outcome in postoperative neurosurgical patients admitted to neurosurgical intensive care unit (NSICU). Design. This study’s design is a retrospective analysis in a 13-bed NSICU in a tertiary care hospital. A total of 673 patients were screened and 328 patients were included in the study. Methods. Patients were divided into neurosurgery versus nonneurosurgical admissions. Neurosurgical patients were further grouped as brain surgery, spinal surgery, or intracranial vascular surgery. Reason for admission, length of stay, serum lactate levels, and survival were analyzed. Results. The incidence of hyperlactatemia (lactate level ≥2.0 mmol/L) ranged from 67% in the brain tumor group to 33% in the nonneurosurgery group. Mean serum lactates were significantly higher in the brain tumor (3.17 ± 1.99) and spinal surgery groups (2.79 ± 1.51) than in the nonneurosurgery group (1.86 ± 1.10), P < .05, but not in the intracranial vascular surgery group (2.28 ± 1.71), P > .05. The serum lactate level was not significantly associated with survival. Conclusion. Postoperative hyperlactatemia occurs frequently in neurosurgery patients but appears benign.
Intrathecal Pumps
Authors: Lee Jeffery , Pasvankas George
Published: January 2012

Intrathecal pumps are relatively new devices that deliver potent medications directly into the cerebrospinal fluid and are implanted for chronic conditions, including severe malignant and non-malignant pain as well as spasticity. ICU providers may encounter them in the course of their practice, so it is important to be familiar with their function and how they may affect patient management. This article briefly highlights some of common complications and considerations that would be applicable in an ICU setting.
Characterization and discovery of novel miRNAs and moRNAs in JAK2V617F-mutated SET2 cells
Authors: Bortoluzzi Stefania , Bisognin Andrea , Biasiolo Marta , Guglielmelli Paola , Biamonte Flavia , Norfo Ruggiero , Manfredini Rossella , Vannucchi Alessandro M.
Published: January 2012

To gain insights into a possible role of microRNAs in myeloproliferative neoplasms, we performed short RNA massive sequencing and extensive bioinformatic analysis in the JAK2V617F-mutated SET2 cell line. Overall, 652 known mature miRNAs were detected, of which 21 were highly expressed, thus being responsible of most of miRNA-mediated gene repression. microRNA putative targets were enriched in specific signaling pathways, providing information about cell activities under massive posttranscriptional regulation. The majority of miRNAs were mixtures of sequence variants, called isomiRs, mainly because of alternative, noncanonical processing of hairpin precursors. We also identified 78 novel miRNAs (miRNA*) derived from known hairpin precursors. Both major and minor (*) forms of miRNAs were expressed concurrently from half of expressed hairpins, highlighting the relevance of miRNA* and the complexity of strand selection bias regulation. Finally, we discovered that SET2 cells express a number of miRNA-offset RNAs (moRNAs), short RNAs derived from genomic regions flanking mature miRNAs. We provide novel data about the possible origin of moRNAs, although their functional role remains to be elucidated. Overall, this study shed light on the complexity of microRNA-mediated gene regulation in SET2 cells and represents the basis for future studies in JAK2V617F-mutated cellular models.
Techniques for analysing pattern formation in populations of stem cells and their progeny
Authors: Fozard John A , Kirkham Glen R , Buttery Lee DK , King John R , Jensen Oliver E , Byrne Helen M
Published: January 2012

Background

To investigate how patterns of cell differentiation are related to underlying intra- and inter-cellular signalling pathways, we use a stochastic individual-based model to simulate pattern formation when stem cells and their progeny are cultured as a monolayer. We assume that the fate of an individual cell is regulated by the signals it receives from neighbouring cells via either diffusive or juxtacrine signalling. We analyse simulated patterns using two different spatial statistical measures that are suited to planar multicellular systems: pair correlation functions (PCFs) and quadrat histograms (QHs).

Results

With a diffusive signalling mechanism, pattern size (revealed by PCFs) is determined by both morphogen decay rate and a sensitivity parameter that determines the degree to which morphogen biases differentiation; high sensitivity and slow decay give rise to large-scale patterns. In contrast, with juxtacrine signalling, high sensitivity produces well-defined patterns over shorter lengthscales. QHs are simpler to compute than PCFs and allow us to distinguish between random differentiation at low sensitivities and patterned states generated at higher sensitivities.

Conclusions

PCFs and QHs together provide an effective means of characterising emergent patterns of differentiation in planar multicellular aggregates.