bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lattice Strain‐Modulated Trifunctional CoMoO4 Polymorph‐Based Electrodes for Asymmetric Supercapacitors and Self‐Powered Water Splitting
Authors: Mushtaq Muhammad , Zhu Zhixiao , Yang Hao , Khanam Zeba , Hu Yu‐wen , Mathi Selvam , Wang Zhongmin , Balogun M.‐Sadeeq , Huang Yongchao
Published: January 2025

Developing efficient, multifunctional electrodes for energy storage and conversion devices is crucial. Herein, lattice strains are reported in the β‐phase polymorph of CoMoO4 within CoMoO4@Co3O4 heterostructure via phosphorus doping (P‐CoMoO4@Co3O4) and used as a high‐performance trifunctional electrode for supercapacitors (SCs), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline electrolytes. A tensile strain of +2.42% on the β‐phase of CoMoO4 in P‐CoMoO4@Co3O4 results in superior electrochemical performance compared to CoMoO4@Co3O4. The optimized P‐CoMoO4@Co3O4 achieves a high energy density of 118 Wh kg−1 in an asymmetric supercapacitor and low overpotentials of 189 mV for the HER and 365 mV for the OER at a current density of 500 mA cm−2. This results in a low overall water splitting voltage of 1.71 V at the same current density making it an effective bifunctional electrode in a 1 m KOH freshwater electrolyte. Theoretical analysis shows that the excellent performance of P‐CoMoO4@Co3O4 can be attributed to interfacial interactions between CoMoO4 and Co3O4, and the β‐phase of CoMoO4, which lead to strong OH− adsorption and low energy barriers for reaction intermediates. Practical application is demonstrated by using P‐CoMoO4@Co3O4‐based ASCs to self‐generate hydrogen (H2) in a P‐CoMoO4@Co3O4||P‐CoMoO4@Co3O4 alkaline seawater electrolyzer, showcasing its potential for future energy technologies.
Humanizing Work Through Pre‐Professional Education
Authors: Bylsma Paul E. , Bevolden Andrea
Published: January 2025

In this chapter, we reconcile vocationalist and humanist education by embracing pre‐professional programs’ humanizing potential. Inspired by Freire and hooks’ critical praxes, we define “humanization” as facilitating mutual relationships and respect between people. We draw from our experiences as educators and clinical supervisors in pre‐professional programs to build on Wendell Berry's notion of “work” as a humanizing endeavor. We offer concrete examples from our respective teaching practices in student affairs leadership and recreational therapy to reveal how our pedagogies invigorate professional competencies by emphasizing humanizing principles. We conclude by summarizing lessons learned as humanizing educators and offer suggestions for practice.
Transforming Feather Meal Into a High‐Performance Feed for Broilers
Authors: Salehizadeh Mandana , Tajabadi Ebrahimi Maryam , Mousavi Seyed Naser , Sepahi Abbas Akhavan , Orooji Reza
Published: January 2025

Background

The poultry industry faces challenges with the high cost and environmental impact of Soybean meal. Feather meal, a byproduct with low digestibility due to its keratin content, is a potential alternative. Recent biotechnological advances, including enzymatic and bacterial hydrolysis, have enhanced its digestibility and nutritional value.

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of three different feather meal processing methods as partial replacements for soybean meal in broiler diets. The methods assessed included hydrolyzed feather meal treated with Streptomyces bacteria, commercial enzyme‐treated feather meal, and boiled feather meal. Their effects on performance and nutrient digestibility were evaluated in Ross 308 male broiler chickens.

Materials

The study involved 525 Ross 308 male broiler chickens were allocated to seven dietary treatments, which included a control diet and varying combinations of feather meal and soybean meal. Streptomyces sp. MSM5 was shown to effectively produce keratinase, enhancing the amino acid content of the feather meal.

Results

Birds fed diets containing 33% and 67% boiled feather meal exhibited significantly reduced body weight gain (BWG) and increased feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the control group (p < 0.05). In contrast, birds fed diets with 33% hydrolyzed feather meal, treated with either enzymes or bacteria, showed similar BWG and FCR to those on the control diet. However, diets with 67% hydrolyzed feather meal led to significant reductions in performance (p < 0.05).

Additionally, diets containing 33% and 67% boiled feather meal, as well as 67% hydrolyzed feather meal, resulted in significantly lower carcass percentage, breast muscle percentage, thigh muscle percentage, overall dry matter digestibility, and protein digestibility (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The results indicate that substituting as much as 33% of soybean meal with processed feather meal, particularly when treated with enzymes or bacteria, does not negatively impact broiler performance. Furthermore, the results underscore the potential of biotechnological treatments, such as bacterial keratin hydrolysis, to enhance the nutritional value of feather meal, transforming it into a high‐quality, sustainable protein source for the poultry industry.
Post‐traumatic stress disorder: evolving conceptualization and evidence, and future research directions
Authors: Brewin Chris R. , Atwoli Lukoye , Bisson Jonathan I. , Galea Sandro , Koenen Karestan , Lewis‐Fernández Roberto
Published: January 2025

The understanding of responses to traumatic events has been greatly influenced by the introduction of the diagnosis of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this paper we review the initial versions of the diagnostic criteria for this condition and the associated epidemiological findings, including sociocultural differences. We consider evidence for post‐traumatic reactions occurring in multiple contexts not previously defined as traumatic, and the implications that these observations have for the diagnosis. More recent developments such as the DSM‐5 dissociative subtype and the ICD‐11 diagnosis of complex PTSD are reviewed, adding to evidence that there are several distinct PTSD phenotypes. We describe the psychological foundations of PTSD, involving disturbances to memory as well as to identity. A broader focus on identity may be able to accommodate group and communal influences on the experience of trauma and PTSD, as well as the impact of resource loss. We then summarize current evidence concerning the biological foundations of PTSD, with a particular focus on genetic and neuroimaging studies. Whereas progress in prevention has been disappointing, there is now an extensive evidence supporting the efficacy of a variety of psychological treatments for established PTSD, including trauma‐focused interventions – such as trauma‐focused cognitive behavior therapy (TF‐CBT) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) – and non‐trauma‐focused therapies, which also include some emerging identity‐based approaches such as present‐centered and compassion‐focused therapies. Additionally, there are promising interventions that are neither psychological nor pharmacological, or that combine a pharmacological and a psychological approach, such as 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)‐assisted psychotherapy. We review advances in the priority areas of adapting interventions in resource‐limited settings and across cultural contexts, and of community‐based approaches. We conclude by identifying future directions for work on trauma and mental health.
Electroweak W+W+ production in association with three jets at NLO QCD matched with parton shower
Authors: Jäger Barbara , Chavez Santiago Lopez Portillo
Published: January 2025

Abstract

We present a next-to-leading order QCD calculation for the electroweak production of a pair of same-sign weak gauge bosons in association with three jets in the region dominated by vector-boson scattering, and its matching with parton-shower programs according to the POWHEG formalism. Our calculation allows for an accurate description of jet observables crucial for the optimization of experimental analyses of vector boson scattering processes. We find QCD corrections and parton-shower effects moderate in size for inclusive quantities and distributions of the tagging jets. A larger impact of these corrections is observed for subleading jets.
LREE of a dressed Dp-brane with transverse motion in the partially compact spacetime
Authors: Daniali Hamidreza , Kamani Davoud
Published: January 2025

Abstract

In the context of the type IIA/IIB superstring theories, we derive the left-right entanglement entropy (LREE) of a BPS Dp-brane with transverse motion in the presence of a U(1) gauge potential and the Kalb-Ramond field in the partially compact spacetime T

n
⊗ ℝ
1,9 − n
. At first we employ the replica trick to compute the Rényi entropy and then we obtain the entanglement entropy. We examine the results for the special case, i.e. for the D6-brane. Besides, we investigate the thermodynamical entropy, associated with the LREE. This demonstrates that the LREE is precisely equivalent to its thermodynamic counterpart.
One point functions in large N vector models at finite chemical potential
Authors: David Justin R. , Kumar Srijan
Published: January 2025

Abstract

We evaluate the thermal one point function of higher spin currents in the critical model of U(N) complex scalars interacting with a quartic potential and the U(N) Gross-Neveu model of Dirac fermions at large N and strong coupling using the Euclidean inversion formula. These models are considered in odd space time dimensions d and held at finite temperature and finite real chemical potential μ measured in units of the temperature. We show that these one point functions simplify both at large spin and large d. At large spin, the one point functions behave as though the theory is free, the chemical potential appears through a simple pre-factor which is either cosh μ or sinh μ depending on whether the spin is even or odd. At large d, but at finite spin and chemical potential, the 1-point functions are suppressed exponentially in d compared to the free theory. We study a fixed point of the critical Gross-Neveu model in d = 3 with 1-point functions exhibiting a branch cut in the chemical potential plane. The critical exponent for the free energy or the pressure at the branch point is 3/2 which coincides with the mean field exponent of the Lee-Yang edge singularity for repulsive core interactions.
Ultrasound-guided needle positioning confirmation with injection of saline solution for nodal dynamic contrast-enhanced MR-lymphangiography in pediatric patients
Authors: Wagenpfeil Julia , Hoß Katharina , Henkel Andreas , Geiger Sergej , Luetkens Julian Alexander , Kuetting Daniel , Pieper Claus Christian
Published: January 2025

Purpose

To assess the success rate of confirmation of ultrasound-guided intranodal needle positioning by saline injection for dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance lymphangiography (DCMRL) in pediatric patients.

Material and methods

Data from children undergoing nodal DCMRL after ultrasound-guided needle positioning into inguinal lymph nodes and validation of the needle position by injection of plain saline solution between 05/2020 and 12/2022 were reviewed. On injection of saline solution, adequate needle position was confirmed by lymph node distension without leakage. Detection rates and lymph node diameters were recorded. Technical success of needle placement was defined as enhancement of ipsilateral iliac draining lymph vessels on DCMRL, while clinical success was based on enhancement of central lymphatics and/or lymphatic pathologies being observed.

Results

One hundred sixteen DCMRL were performed in 90 children (58 male, mean age 6.1 years, range 3 weeks–18 years). In 232/232 groins lymph nodes were identified on ultrasound with a mean diameter of 2.5 mm (smallest diameter 1 mm in n = 24 patients). Due to skin inflammation, no puncture was performed in 2/232 groins. Saline injection showed lymph node distension in 230/230 punctured nodes. On MR contrast injection enhancement of draining lymph vessels was seen in 228/230 nodes. In 1/230 nodes, in-bore needle retraction led to lymphatic enhancement, so a total of 229/230 needle placements were technically successful. One of the 230 DCMRLs was successful with only a unilateral contrast application. Overall, 116/116 DCMRLs were clinically successful.

Conclusion

Confirmation of ultrasound-guided needle positioning for nodal DCMRL using saline injection is a reliable technique with a very high success rate in pediatric patients with small lymph nodes.

Key Points

Question

Evaluation of ultrasound-guided injection needle positioning for dynamic contrast-enhanced MR-lymphangiography in children requires validation.

Findings

Confirmation of needle positioning by ultrasound-guided saline injection is a reliable technique with a very high success rate for MR-lymphangiography in pediatric patients.

Clinical relevance

Intranodal needle position for dynamic contrast-enhanced lymphangiography can be confirmed with a very high success rate using saline injection alone in a pediatric cohort.
GameScript: a simplified scripting language for video game development
Authors: Marín-Lora Carlos , Chover Miguel
Published: January 2025

The process of video game development is complex, requiring proficiency in various technologies for design and implementation, including mastery of game engines and associated programming languages. Defining the behaviors of game elements within the necessary subprocesses poses a significant challenge. This challenge arises partly due to the utilization of general-purpose programming languages, which offer a wide range of options and allow tasks to be approached from different angles. This study introduces GameScript, a simplified scripting language designed for video game development. Based on principles of structured programming and inspired by the While language, GameScript focuses on essential game behavior definitions using a limited set of statements, including IF-THEN-ELSE selection and operations related to game elements to create and destroy them, or to modify properties. By using only numeric variables and simple arithmetic and relational operators, GameScript simplifies data handling and allows for the creation of various arcade games with straightforward syntax. Integrated into a multi-agent system game engine, GameScript has been validated through the successful implementation of diverse arcade game mechanics, demonstrating its effectiveness.
Performance analysis of capsule networks for detecting GPS spoofing attacks on unmanned aerial vehicles
Authors: Talaei Khoei Tala , Al Shamaileh Khair , Devabhaktuni Vijaya Kumar , Kaabouch Naima
Published: January 2025

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are prone to several cyber-attacks, including global positioning system (GPS) spoofing. The use of machine learning and deep learning are becoming increasingly common for UAV GPS spoofing attack detection; however, these approaches have some limitations, such as a high rate of false alarm and misdetection. We propose using capsule networks to detect and classify UAV-focused GPS spoofing attacks. This paper compares simple capsule networks, efficient capsule networks, dual attention capsule networks, and convolutional neural network in terms of accuracy, probability of detection, probability of misdetection, probability of false alarm, prediction time, training time per sample, and memory size. The results indicate that the Efficient-capsule network outperforms the other models, as demonstrated by an accuracy of 99.1%, a probability of detection of 99.9%, a probability of misdetection of 0.1%, a probability of false alarm of 0.37%, a prediction time of 0.5 seconds, a training time per sample of 0.2 seconds, and a memory size of 123 mebibytes for binary classification.
Off-label-Use von anfallssuppressiver und immunsuppressiver Medikation bei Epilepsien
Authors: Strzelczyk Adam , von Stuckrad-Barre Sebastian , Kurlemann Gerhard , Bast Thomas , Melzer Nico , Rosenow Felix , Schubert-Bast Susanne
Published: January 2025

Zur Behandlung der Epilepsien stehen zahlreiche anfallssuppressive Medikamente (ASM) zur Verfügung, die auf Basis klinischer Studien für bestimmte Indikationen und Altersgruppen zugelassen sind. Allerdings erfordert die Vielzahl verschiedener Epilepsietypen und Syndrome häufig einen Off-label-Einsatz von ASM, wenn die Patienten unter der aktuellen Therapie nicht anfallsfrei werden oder diese nicht vertragen. Ähnliches gilt für die Verwendung von verschiedenen immunsuppressiven Medikamenten zur Therapie von Anfällen und Epilepsien, die infolge autoimmuner Enzephalitiden auftreten, mit dem Unterschied, dass hier bisher keinerlei zugelassene Substanzen existieren. Der Off-label-Use beschreibt die Anwendung eines Medikaments außerhalb der zugelassenen Indikationen, Dosierungen oder Altersgruppen. Insbesondere in der Epilepsietherapie tritt dies häufig auf, etwa bei Kindern unter dem Zulassungsalter, bei generalisierten Epilepsien oder bei entwicklungsbedingten und epileptischen Enzephalopathien. Obwohl der Off-label-Use zusätzliche Behandlungsoptionen bietet, führt es zu einigen Herausforderungen in der klinischen Praxis. Es fehlen oft klinische Daten zur Sicherheit und Wirksamkeit, was zu Unsicherheiten in Bezug auf Dosierung und Nebenwirkungen führen kann. Eine sorgfältige Aufklärung der Patienten oder ihrer Angehörigen über Nutzen und Risiken ist daher essenziell, ebenso wie eine umfassende Dokumentation der Entscheidungsfindung. Da der Off-label-Use nicht regelhaft von den Kostenträgern übernommen wird, ist – insbesondere bei kostenintensiven neueren Substanzen unter Patentschutz – eine vorherige Klärung der Kostenübernahme sinnvoll, um wirtschaftliche Risiken zu vermeiden.
Dispersion relations of relativistic radiation hydrodynamics
Authors: Gavassino Lorenzo
Published: January 2025

We compute the linearised dispersion relations of shear waves, heat waves, and sound waves in relativistic “matter+radiation” fluids with grey absorption opacities. This is done by solving radiation hydrodynamics perturbatively in the ratio “radiation stress-energy”/“matter stress-energy”. The resulting expressions

$\omega \, {=} \, \omega (k)$

ω

=

ω
(
k
)

accurately describe the hydrodynamic evolution for any

$k\, {\in }\, \mathbb{R}$

k

∈

R

. General features of the dynamics (e.g., covariant stability, propagation speeds, and damping of discontinuities) are argued directly from the analytic form of these dispersion relations.
Exploring the impact of blended learning instruction on preservice teachers' self-efficacy beliefs in organizing educational field trips to out-of-school learning environment
Authors: Karaduman Betül
Published: January 2025

The integration of the flipped classroom model, self-efficacy theory, and the value of out-of-school learning environments forms the foundation for this study. By employing the flipped classroom model, preservice teachers can develop their instructional skills and build self-efficacy in organizing educational field trips. The active, student-centered learning experiences facilitated by the flipped classroom model can enhance preservice teachers' self-efficacy beliefs, preparing them to effectively utilize out-of-school learning environments in their future teaching careers. This study aims to explore the impact of the flipped classroom model on preservice teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs, specifically in the context of organizing and conducting educational field trips. By understanding the theoretical underpinnings and practical implications, the study seeks to contribute to the development of effective teacher education practices that promote innovative and confident teaching professionals. The study’s participants were 57 preservice teachers in the science teacher education program. It was undertaken employing a sequential, explanatory mixed-methods study. The preservice teachers in the experimental group were educated using the flipped classroom model, while the control group was instructed through the conventional classroom model. The “Self-Efficacy Belief Scale for Organizing Educational Field Trips to Out-of-School Environments” and a semi-structured interview form were used to gather data. Results indicate that the flipped classroom implemented in the course has positive effect on the self-efficacy beliefs of preservice teachers towards organizing trips to out of school learning environments. Furthermore, it was concluded that the use of this model was encouraging for pre-service teachers to use it in their teaching professions.
Who (Really) Wins with Basic Income: Personality and Values as Predictors of Happiness Trajectories
Authors: Malinka Julia , Mitte Kristin , Ziegler Matthias
Published: January 2025

Universal Basic Income (UBI) might cause different effects in happiness depending on a person’s individual characteristics. In an online panel study of 573 basic income recipients in Germany, we examined whether personality traits (NEOAC) and certain personal values (self-direction, stimulation, hedonism, power, achievement, universalism, benevolence) predicted trajectories in happiness. Latent Growth Curve Analysis revealed that overall, most individuals experienced similar changes in happiness over time. For personality traits as predictors, higher neuroticism and openness to new experience were linked to growth in well-being. Additionally for personal values, significant growth in life satisfaction appeared to be associated with lower hedonism at the beginning of the study, and growth in well-being was related to higher levels of self-direction. In fact, none of the subgroups suffered in happiness. We conclude with implications and some important directions for further research regarding the effect of basic income on happiness.
Estimation of flint hills tallgrass prairie productivity and fuel loads: a model-based synthesis and extrapolation of experimental data
Authors: McKane Robert B. , Halama Jonathan J. , Barnhart Bradley L. , Brookes Allen F. , Djang Kevin S. , Chokshi Sonali , Pettus Paul P. , Groskinsky Brenda , Grier Gina , Hawkins Andy , Watson Douglas , Prentice Jayson , Blair John M. , Goodin Douglas G. , Johnson Loretta C. , Skibbe Adam M. , Stieglitz Marc , Pan Feifei , Abdelnour Alex
Published: January 2025

Context

The > 25,000 km2 Flint Hills ecoregion in eastern Kansas and northeastern Oklahoma, USA, is an economically and ecologically important area encompassing the largest remaining tallgrass prairie ecosystem in North America. Prescribed fires are used routinely to control invasive woody species and improve forage production for the beef-cattle industry. However, burning releases harmful pollutants that, at times, contribute to air quality problems for communities across a multi-state area.

Objectives

Establish a modeling framework for synthesizing long-term ecological data in support of Flint Hills tallgrass prairie management goals for identifying how much, where, and when rangeland burning can be conducted to maximize ecological and economic benefits while minimizing regional air quality impacts.

Methods

We used EPA’s VELMA ecohydrology model to synthesize long-term experimental data at the 35 km2 Konza Prairie Biological Station (KPBS) describing the effects of climate, fire, grazing, topography, and soil moisture and nutrient dynamics on tallgrass prairie productivity and fuel loads; and to spatially extrapolate that synthesis to estimate grassland productivity and fuel loads across the nearly 1000 times larger Flint Hills ecoregion to support prescribed burning smoke trajectory modeling using the State of Kansas implementation of the U.S. Forest Service BlueSky framework.

Results

VELMA provided a performance-tested synthesis of KPBS data from field observations and experiments, thereby establishing a tool for regionally simulating the combined effects of climate, fire, grazing, topography, soil moisture, and nutrients on tallgrass prairie productivity and fuel loads. VELMA’s extrapolation of that synthesis allowed difficult-to-quantify fuel loads to be mapped across the Flint Hills to support environmental decision making, such as forecasting when, where, and how prescribed burning will have the least impact on downwind population centers.

Conclusions

Our regional spatial and temporal extrapolation of VELMA’s KPBS data synthesis posits that the effects of integrated ecohydrological processes operate similarly across tallgrass prairie spatial scales. Based on multi-scale performance tests of the VELMA-BlueSky toolset, our multi-institution team is confident that it can assist stakeholders and decision makers in realistically exploring tallgrass prairie management options for balancing air quality, tallgrass prairie sustainability, and associated economic benefits for the Flint Hills ecoregion and downwind communities.
Residual Channel-attention (RCA) network for remote sensing image scene classification
Authors: Gomaa Ahmed , Saad Omar M.
Published: January 2025

High-resolution remote sensing (HRRS) image scene classification has gained increasing importance in recent years, with convolutional neural networks (CNNs) showing particular promise due to their proficiency in extracting spatial features. However, traditional CNNs face significant limitations. Specifically, they struggle to capture complex semantic relationships between objects at varying scales, and they lack the ability to effectively capture long-distance dependencies between features. This limitation is especially problematic in HRRS images, where spatial relationships and semantic content are deeply intertwined. Additionally, traditional CNNs are limited in handling substantial intra-class variation and inter-class similarity, which are common in remote sensing images. To overcome these challenges, we introduce a novel Residual Channel-attention (RCA) network for scene classification. The RCA network introduces a lightweight residual structure to better capture multi-scale spatial features and incorporates a channel attention mechanism that selectively emphasizes relevant feature channels while suppressing irrelevant ones. To further refine the focus on critical image features, we integrate a squeeze-and-excitation (SE) mechanism as a self-attention component, which helps the network prioritize the most informative features and ignore background noise. We evaluated the RCA network on three public datasets: RSSCN7, PatternNet, and EuroSAT, achieving classification accuracies of 97%, 99%, and 96%, respectively. The results demonstrate that superior of the RCA network compared to state-of-the-art strategies in remote sensing image classification. Furthermore, visualization using the Grad-CAM++ algorithm highlights the effectiveness of our channel attention mechanism and underscores the RCA network’s robust feature representation capabilities.
An implantable glucose enzymatic biofuel cell integrated with flexible gold-coated carbon foam and carbon thread bioelectrodes grafted inside a living rat
Authors: Vanmathi S. , Jayapiriya U. S. , Sharma Pravesh , Kulkarni Onkar Prakash , Goel Sanket
Published: January 2025

The advent of long-term implants has increased the urgent need for self-powered biomedical devices. Utilize enzymes to expedite the process of biofuel oxidation. These systems frequently make use of glucose oxidase. A possible solution involves glucose biofuel cells powered by the glucose found in physiological fluids. Biocompatible substances like carbon electrode designs help to transport electrons from the biological reactions to the external circuit as efficiently as possible while maximizing surface area. Despite advances in implantable electrodes, developing miniaturized and flexible electrodes remains challenging. In this work, a metal-coated flexible carbon thread and foam bioelectrode are fabricated and successfully implanted inside a living and freely moving rat. These electrodes are prepared using gold nanostructures as electron enhancers, a negatively charged conducting polymer, a biocompatible redox mediator, and enzymes as biocatalysts. The carbon foam-based enzymatic biofuel cell produces in vitro and in vivo settings, generates a power density of 165 µW/cm2 and 285 µW/cm2, and the carbon thread-based fuel cell produces a power density of 98 µW/cm2 and 180 µW/cm2 in vitro and in vivo environments, respectively. This work paves the way for the possible use of inexpensive electrodes for subdermal implantable microsystems.
AI governance: a systematic literature review
Authors: Batool Amna , Zowghi Didar , Bano Muneera
Published: January 2025

As artificial intelligence (AI) transforms a wide range of sectors and drives innovation, it also introduces different types of risks that should be identified, assessed, and mitigated. Various AI governance frameworks have been released recently by governments, organizations, and companies to mitigate risks associated with AI. However, it can be challenging for AI stakeholders to have a clear picture of the available AI governance frameworks, tools, or models and analyze the most suitable one for their AI system. To fill the gap, we present the literature to answer key questions: WHO is accountable for AI systems’ governance, WHAT elements are being governed, WHEN governance occurs within the AI development life cycle, and HOW it is implemented through frameworks, tools, policies, or models. Adopting the systematic literature review (SLR) methodology, this study meticulously searched, selected, and analyzed 28 articles, offering a foundation for understanding different facets of AI governance. The analysis is further enhanced by categorizing artifacts of AI governance under team-level governance, organization-level governance, industry-level governance, national-level governance, and international-level governance. The findings of this study on existing AI governance solutions can assist research communities in proposing comprehensive AI governance practices.
Exploring Hornstedtia scyphifera: an extensive multimethod phytochemical investigation reveals the chemical composition and bioactive potential
Authors: Kappen Jonas , David Andreea , Pieplow Klara , Wujtschik Annika , Ware Ismail , Dhar Dipendu , Wagner Christoph , Davari Mehdi D. , Franke Katrin , Wessjohann Ludger A.
Published: January 2025

Hornstedtia scyphifera (J.Koenig) Steud. represents a lesser-known member of the ginger family (Zingiberaceae) that is used in Malaysia as spice and traditional medicine. The phytochemical investigation of leaves from this species utilizing diverse analytical methods has provided comprehensive insights into its chemical profile for the first time. Headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GCMS) and GCMS analyses of essential oil and nonpolar extracts verified α-pinene, camphene, p-cymene, and camphor as main volatile compounds. Metabolite profiling of the crude extract by ultra-high-performance-liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) unveiled terpenoids, flavonoids and other phenolics as major compound classes. Isolation and follow-up structure elucidation, involving 1D and 2D NMR, HRMS, UV and CD analysis, yielded two new sesquiterpenoids, (1R,5S,6S,7R,10R)-mustak-14-oic acid (1) and (1R,6S,7S,10R)-6-hydroxy-anhuienosol (2), along with 24 known compounds (seven terpenoids, seven flavonoids, ten phenolics), 21 of these never reported for H. scyphifera. Additionally, the crude extract and fractions from the purification process were screened for antibacterial and antifungal activity. This is supplemented by an extensive literature research for described bioactivities of all isolated compounds. Our results support and explain previously detected antimicrobial, antifungal and neuroprotective effects of H. scyphifera extracts and provide evidence for its potential pharmacological importance.
Horses are worthy of care: Horse sector participants’ attitudes towards animal sentience, welfare, and well-being
Authors: Fiedler Julie M , Ayre Margaret L , Rosanowski Sarah , Slater Josh D
Published: January 2025

Organisations for which sentient animals are central to the business model need to demonstrate the safeguarding of animal welfare and well-being. This requires providing positive experiences for animals which is critical to maintaining the social licence to operate. A cross-sectional survey captured the attitudes of experienced horse sector participants regarding sentience, welfare and well-being. Almost all respondents (99.9%; n = 676/677), believed horses were sentient. Analysis of open-ended responses identified two themes: (1) Sentience is a pathway to understanding the mental state, welfare and well-being of horses; and (2) A moral obligation for humans to consider sentience. Respondents’ observations that horses reacted to stimuli and responded to their surroundings underpinned their belief that horses were sentient. Theme one related to respondents’ understanding of sentience and how sentience informed their interpretations of horse behaviours and the making of inferences regarding the equine mental state. Theme two related to a moral obligation believed to exist towards horses because humans manage the horses’ environment and need to consider the impact of their interactions with horses. These obligations were perceived as responsibilities to consider sentience when determining good welfare and well-being in horse activity settings, when interacting with horses and when training and competing with horses. The results suggested a sophisticated understanding of sentience existed among experienced horse sector participants, who recognised the sentient horse as worthy of care. We propose that leveraging experienced participants’ existing knowledge of sentience could support the implementation of the Five Domains model when updating organisational policies.
The PANDEM-2 Simulation Exercise: Training the Coordinated Response to a Large-Scale Pandemic in 2 European Public Health Emergency Operations Centers
Authors: Houareau Claudia , Spieker Clara , Grote Ulrike , Perseke Knut , an der Heiden Maria , Caglar Robert , Wolter Amrei , Connolly Máire A. , Hayes Jessica S , Stein Mart , Kaluza Benjamin , Overmeyer Maike , Rexroth Ute
Published: January 2025

Objective

In the course of the EU funded Pandemic Preparedness and Response (PANDEM-2) project, a functional exercise (FX) was conducted to train the coordinated response to a large-scale pandemic event in Europe by using new IT solutions developed by the project. This report provides an overview of the steps involved in planning, conducting, and evaluating the FX.

Methods

The FX design was based on the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) simulation exercise cycle for public health settings and was carried out over 2 days in the German and Dutch national public health institutes (PHI), with support from other consortium PHIs. The planning team devised an inject list based on a scenario script describing the emergence of an influenza pandemic from a novel H5N1 pathogen.

Results

The multi-disciplinary participant teams included 11 Dutch and 6 German participants. The FX was supported by 9 international project partners from 8 countries. Overall, participants and observers agreed that the FX goals were achieved.

Conclusions

The FX was a suitable format to test the PANDEM-2 solutions in 2 different country set-ups. It demonstrated the benefit of regular simulation exercises at member state level to test and practice public health emergency responses to be better prepared for real-life events.
Focussing of concentric free-surface waves
Authors: Kayal Lohit , Sanjay Vatsal , Yewale Nikhil , Kumar Anil , Dasgupta Ratul
Published: January 2025

Gravito–capillary waves at free surfaces are ubiquitous in several natural and industrial processes involving quiescent liquid pools bounded by cylindrical walls. These waves emanate from the relaxation of initial interface distortions, which often take the form of a cavity (depression) centred on the symmetry axis of the container. The surface waves reflect from the container walls leading to a radially inward propagating wavetrain converging (focussing) onto the symmetry axis. Under the inviscid approximation and for sufficiently shallow cavities, the relaxation is well-described by the linearised potential-flow equations. Naturally, adding viscosity to such a system introduces viscous dissipation that enervates energy and dampens the oscillations at the symmetry axis. However, for viscous liquids and deeper cavities, these equations are qualitatively inaccurate. In this study, we decompose the initial localised interface distortion into several Bessel functions and study their time evolution governing the propagation of concentric gravito–capillary waves on a free surface. This is carried out for inviscid as well as viscous liquids. For a sufficiently deep cavity, the inward focussing of waves results in large interfacial oscillations at the axis, necessitating a second-order nonlinear theory. We demonstrate that this theory effectively models the interfacial behaviour and highlights the crucial role of nonlinearity near the symmetry axis. This is rationalised via demonstration of the contribution of bound wave components to the interface displacement at the symmetry axis Contrary to expectations, the addition of slight viscosity further intensifies the oscillations at the symmetry axis although the mechanism of wavetrain generation here is quite different compared with bubble bursting where such behaviour is well known (Duchemin et al., Phys. Fluids, vol. 14, issue 9, 2002, pp. 3000–3008). This finding underscores the limitations of the potential flow model and suggests avenues for more accurate modelling of such complex free-surface flows.
Turbulent atomisation of impinging jets under rising backpressure
Authors: Wu Erjun , Wang Bo , Chong Wee Kent , Yang Anlong , Zhang Feng , Yang Baoe , Su Yu , Chen Xiaodong
Published: January 2025

This study employs direct numerical simulations to examine the effects of varying backpressure conditions on the turbulent atomisation of impinging liquid jets. Using the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations, and a volume-of-fluid approach enhanced by adaptive mesh refinement and an isoface-based interface reconstruction algorithm, we analyse spray characteristics in the environments with ambient gas densities ranging from 1 to 40 times the atmospheric pressure under five different backpressure scenarios. We investigate the behaviour of turbulent jets, incorporate realistic orifice geometries and identify significant variations in the atomisation patterns depending on backpressure. Two distinct atomisation types emerge, namely jet-sheet-ligament-droplet at lower backpressures and jet-sheet-fragment-droplet at higher ones, alongside a transition from dilute to dense spray patterns. This variation affects the droplet size distribution and spray dynamics, with increased backpressure reducing the spray's spreading angle and breakup length, while increasing the droplet size variation. Furthermore, these conditions promote distributions that induce rapid, nonlinear wavy motion in liquid sheets. Topological analysis of the atomisation field using velocity-gradient tensor invariants reveals significant variations in topology volume fractions across different regions. Downstream, the droplet Sauter mean diameter increases and then stabilises, reflecting the continuous breakup and coalescence processes, notably under higher backpressures. This research underscores the substantial impact of backpressure on impinging-jet atomisation and provides essential insights for nozzle design to optimise droplet distributions.
When the days are(n’t) numbered: Calendar calculations in transparent and opaque systems
Authors: Zhuang Ziyi , Vanek Norbert
Published: January 2025

Calendar calculations, the process of computing the target day or month, exhibit peculiar differences across languages. In systems like English, calendar labels are largely opaque (Tuesday, August), which invites calculations to rely more heavily on verbal listing. In transparent systems, like Chinese, habitual labeling of calendar terms numerically (Tuesday = Day 2, August = Month 8) facilitates fast numerical operations instead of verbal listing. This study examines the effects that different levels of transparency of the calendar naming system may have on calculations in the speakers’ first and second language. Chinese–English bilinguals were tested alongside English and Chinese controls. Forced-choice calendar calculations (day, month, hour and year) and self-reported strategies were used as tasks to tap into participants’ calculation speed, accuracy and temporal reasoning. In the calculation questions, we manipulated Distance (short/long), Direction (forward/backward), Input (linguistic/numerical) and Boundary (within/across). More complex Month calculations significantly differed across groups while easier day calculations did not. The English group reported reliance on verbal listing while the Chinese and the Bilingual groups preferred numerical reasoning. These findings bring new evidence for linguistic relativity in the form of modulations of calendar processing speed changing as a function of linguistic transparency, input type and task demand.
The CRAFT coherent (CRACO) upgrade I: System description and results of the 110-ms radio transient pilot survey
Authors: Wang Z. , Bannister K. W. , Gupta V. , Deng X. , Pilawa M. , Tuthill J. , Bunton J. D. , Flynn C. , Glowacki M. , Jaini A. , Lee Y. W. J. , Lenc E. , Lucero J. , Paek A. , Radhakrishnan R. , Thyagarajan N. , Uttarkar P. , Wang Y. , Bhat N. D. R. , James C. W. , Moss V. A. , Murphy Tara , Reynolds J. E. , Shannon R. M. , Spitler L. G. , Tzioumis A. , Caleb M. , Deller A. T. , Gordon A. C. , Marnoch L. , Ryder S. D. , Simha S. , Anderson C. S. , Ball L. , Brodrick D. , Cooray F. R. , Gupta N. , Hayman D. B. , Ng A. , Pearce S. E. , Phillips C. , Voronkov M. A. , Westmeier T.
Published: January 2025

We present the first results from a new backend on the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder, the Commensal Realtime ASKAP Fast Transient COherent (CRACO) upgrade. CRACO records millisecond time resolution visibility data, and searches for dispersed fast transient signals including fast radio bursts (FRB), pulsars, and ultra-long period objects (ULPO). With the visibility data, CRACO can localise the transient events to arcsecond-level precision after the detection. Here, we describe the CRACO system and report the result from a sky survey carried out by CRACO at 110-ms resolution during its commissioning phase. During the survey, CRACO detected two FRBs (including one discovered solely with CRACO, FRB 20231027A), reported more precise localisations for four pulsars, discovered two new RRATs, and detected one known ULPO, GPM J1839

$-$

10, through its sub-pulse structure. We present a sensitivity calibration of CRACO, finding that it achieves the expected sensitivity of 11.6 Jy ms to bursts of 110 ms duration or less. CRACO is currently running at a 13.8 ms time resolution and aims at a 1.7 ms time resolution before the end of 2024. The planned CRACO has an expected sensitivity of 1.5 Jy ms to bursts of 1.7 ms duration or less and can detect

$10\times$

more FRBs than the current CRAFT incoherent sum system (i.e. 0.5

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2 localised FRBs per day), enabling us to better constrain the models for FRBs and use them as cosmological probes.
How to train your stochastic parrot: large language models for political texts
Authors: Ornstein Joseph T. , Blasingame Elise N. , Truscott Jake S.
Published: January 2025

We demonstrate how few-shot prompts to large language models (LLMs) can be effectively applied to a wide range of text-as-data tasks in political science—including sentiment analysis, document scaling, and topic modeling. In a series of pre-registered analyses, this approach outperforms conventional supervised learning methods without the need for extensive data pre-processing or large sets of labeled training data. Performance is comparable to expert and crowd-coding methods at a fraction of the cost. We propose a set of best practices for adapting these models to social science measurement tasks, and develop an open-source software package for researchers.
Inferences from absences
Authors: Sterelny Kim
Published: January 2025

Stibbard-Hawkes shows that cultures using material symbols might well not leave traces of that practice in the archaeological record. The paper thus poses an important challenge: When is absence of evidence evidence of absence? This commentary uses behavioural ecology to make modest progress on this problem.
Human Trafficking, Beautiful Women, the Land of the Cockaigne, and Burmese Bells: The Significance of the Sexual Reminiscences of the Florentine Merchant Francesco Carletti (1573–1636) in Ragionamenti del mio viaggio intorno al mondo [Chronicles of My Voyage Around the World]
Authors: Zurndorfer Harriet
Published: January 2025

Ragionamenti del mio viaggio intorno al mondo [Chronicles of my voyage around the world] by Francesco Carletti (1573–1636), a Florentine slave merchant and the first private individual to circumnavigate the globe, is a rich source of information about human trafficking from Africa to Spanish America. Carletti writes in detail about his encounters beginning in 1594 in Africa, America, and Asia, including the Philippines, Japan, Macao, Malacca, and Goa, before returning to Europe via the Cape of Good Hope in 1602. But what makes Carletti's record extraordinary are his reports about the sexuality of the peoples he observes in these locations. Following the publications of earlier Italian travel writers Niccolò dei Conti (1395–1469) and Antonio Pigafetta (1491–1531) about the practice of Asian men purposely piercing their genitalia to insert studs and other objects to gratify their female sexual partners, Carletti investigates this phenomenon, concludes its verity, and attributes its existence to the dominance of women's agency in Asia. Carletti's recollections of his voyage are testimony to how exploration during the early modern era catalyzed a transformation in racial discourses and the appreciation of erotic desire in foreign cultures.
Late positive potentials elicited by negative self-referential processing predict increases in social anxiety, but not depressive, symptoms from age 11 to age 12
Authors: Liu Pan , Tan Jaron X.Y.
Published: January 2025

Social anxiety and depression exacerbate in early adolescence. Maladaptive self-referential processing confers risk for both conditions and can be assessed by the Self-Referent Encoding Task (SRET). Our cross-sectional findings indicated that the SRET-elicited anterior late positive potential (LPP) was uniquely associated with social anxiety symptoms, whereas behavioral SRET scores were uniquely associated with depressive symptoms. Expanding this work, this study investigated whether the SRET-generated behavioral and LPP indices differentially predicted changes of social anxiety or depressive symptoms over time. At baseline, 115 community-dwelling youths (66 girls; Mean age/SD = 11.00/1.16 years) completed an SRET with EEG. Youths reported social anxiety and depressive symptoms at baseline and ∼six and ∼ 12 months later, based on which the intercept and slope of symptoms were estimated as a function of time. A larger anterior LPP in the negative SRET condition uniquely predicted a larger slope (faster increase) of social anxiety (but not depressive) symptoms. Greater positive behavioral SRET scores marginally predicted a smaller slope (slower increase) of depressive (but not social anxiety) symptoms. We provided novel evidence concerning the differential, prospective associations between self-referential processing and changes of social anxiety and depressive symptoms in early adolescence.