bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New member states’ economic relations with Russia: ‘Europeanisation’ or bilateral preferences?
Authors: Dangerfield Martin
Published: May 2019

Martin Dangerfield examines the ways in which EU-isation, in the form of a coherent approach to Russia in the sphere of politics, is not fully reflected in the bilateral approach based on interests preferred by member states when it comes to trade. Interestingly, he shows that the apparent alignment of values and interests of member states such as Hungary vis-à-vis Russia is not what it seems. The growing illiberal politics in countries such as Hungary and Poland is more to do with internal dynamics than any attraction of alternative norms coming from Putin’s Russia. Trade relations with Russia have long been interest-based and not pursued as a reflection of shared norms.
The EU and the European Other: the Janus face of EU migration and visa policies in the neighbourhood
Authors: Merheim-Eyre Igor
Published: May 2019

Igor Merheim-Eyre examines an area where EU values and interests appear to be currently in real tension – migration. Once again, while the EU institutions themselves may wish to promote values, individual member states are protecting their interests. He examines the ways in which the development of the single market and internal free movement has led to the need for greater control of the EU’s external borders. In this context the neighbours are seen as having a responsibility to help protect the EU from migration from further afield. In acquiescing in this they are promised visa-free access. We see the application of conditionality by the EU, referred to in several chapters, used not to just to promote norms and values but to defend the EU’s security interests. The EU may wish Turkey to be EU-ised but more immediately it needs Turkey to stop migration into the EU from Syria.
A local Renaissance: Florentine Quattrocento palaces and all’antica styles1
Authors: Schofield Richard
Published: May 2019

Florence is a city which demonstrates the power of Local Renaissance traditions and how they could delay the introduction of all’antica architecture. Authoritative medieval communal buildings, particularly the Palazzo Vecchio, established an architectural vocabulary which was appropriated for palaces, which, as a rule, were provided with massive rusticated ground-floors or, later, with rusticated corners running up their full height; the majority of Florentine palaces of the Quattrocento and Cinquecento are of this type and were notable for the absence of the orders. The resistance to the orders is remarkable since painters and sculptors had frequently represented buildings, usually biblical or antique, with orders on the façades: and the use on palaces of stucco decoration which represented the orders may have predated the only example of a palace façade decorated with three different orders, Alberti’s Palazzo Rucellai. The power of this tenacious tradition of palace façade- building is powerfully demonstrated by the fate of the Palazzo Rucellai, which, assessed in terms of its influence in Florence, was a failure; no architect copied it. Other examples of attempts to adjust, enrich or disrupt the local tradition of façade-building – particularly Palazzo Medici Riccardi and the Palazzo Bartolini Salimbeni - are discussed.
Reusing and redisplaying antiquities in early modern France
Authors: Stenhouse William
Published: May 2019

This essay examines attitudes towards the display, study and protection of Roman antiquities, including inscriptions, bas-reliefs, and statues, in southern France, looking particularly at the towns of Arles, Nîmes and Vienne. There are plenty of examples of the destruction of ancient remains in this period, especially ancient structures that obstructed modern building projects, but various people and institutions also laid claim to Roman material. Kings and their lieutenants removed objects, but also told towns to maintain what they had. Civic governments began to display pieces that affirmed their cities’ ancient past and tried to preserve ancient buildings, sometimes by collaborating with religious orders. Collectively, the efforts of these different individuals and institutions contributed to a shared sense of local heritage.
Luís de Camões’s The Lusiads and the paradoxes of expansion
Authors: Figueiredo João R.
Published: May 2019

Following a well-known trend in early-modern Europe, the Portuguese poet Luís de Camões widely refashioned the myth of Lusus, an obscure son of Bacchus mentioned by Pliny, with two main purposes: to explain the etymology of the words "Lusitania" (the former Roman province used as a synonym for Portugal) and "Lusíadas" (the descendants of Lusus and the title of epic poem, published in 1572); and to set in motion the narrative framework of Vasco da Gama's voyage to India, insofar Bacchus, the mythical ancestor of the Portuguese and former conqueror of India, fiercely opposes the king of Portugal's expansionist plans. To address such questions, Camões vies with Ovid and Pliny, two basic tenets of the classical revival in early-modern Europe, in creating a bigger-than-life metamorphosis: the Giant Adamastor, turned into stone at the nethermost tip of Africa, whose autobiography is the etiology of the Cape of Good Hope.
Inventing England: English identity and the Scottish ‘other’, 1586–1625
Authors: Schultz Jenna M.
Published: May 2019

Through dynastic accident, England and Scotland were united under King James VI and I in 1603. To smooth the transition, officials attempted to create a single state: Great Britain. Yet the project had a narrow appeal; the majority of the English populace rejected a closer relationship with Scotland. Such a strong reaction against Scotland resulted in a revived sense of Englishness. This essay analyzes English tactics to distance themselves from the Scots through historical treatises. For centuries, the English had created vivid histories to illuminate their ancient past. It is evident from the historical works written between 1586 and 1625 that authors sought to maintain a position of dominance over Scotland through veiled political commentaries. As such, their accounts propagated an English national identity based on a sense of historical supremacy over the Scottish. This was further supported through the use of language studies and archaeological evidence. After the 1603 Union of the Crowns, these stories did not change. Yet, questions arose regarding the king's genealogy, as he claimed descent from the great kings of both kingdoms. Consequently, historians re-invented the past to merge their historical accounts with the king's ancestral claims while continuing to validate English assertions of suzerainty.
Introduction: conceptualising Curatopia
Authors: Schorch Philipp , McCarthy Conal , Dürr Eveline
Published: May 2019

As museums continue to change in the twenty-first century, the ‘figure of the curator’ is in flux. This introduction explores how curating globally is being (re)conceptualised through engagement with Indigenous people in the Pacific, and collections and exhibitions in Euro-American institutions. It provides an overview of this book, which brings together curators, scholars, and critics from a range of fields in international institutions to engage in debates about curatorial histories, theories, and practices. The introduction ponders the past, present and future of museums and curatorship. It identifies, in the plurality of approaches evident in this collection, an emerging curatorial ‘heterotopia’, a critical but ethical approach to curating. This new vision of curatorial practice, Curatopia, facilitates the reinvention of museums with ethnographic collections from the colonial period, and offers pathways for future development, research and experimentation.
Walking the fine line: From Samoa with Love? at the Museum Fünf Kontinente, Munich
Authors: Thode-Arora Hilke
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores the conceptual planning, organisation, and reception of the exhibition From Samoa with Love? Samoan Travellers in Germany, 1895-1911 at the Museum Fünf Kontinente in Munich, 2014. It does so by taking into consideration competing obligations among the Samoan descendants and community, the responses of mainstream museum visitors in Munich with no prior knowledge of fa’a Samoa (the Samoan way), and the expectations of the Bavarian Government, who strictly controlled costs but wanted large audiences. Museums are not as free to create, or as powerful, as is often assumed by outsiders and critics. Being the curator responsible for this exhibition meant juggling positions, demands, and interests in a setting affected by Samoan perspectives and claims, German audiences’ pre-knowledge and viewing habits, structural constraints imposed by the Bavarian museum administration system, and even the Foreign Office and diplomatic agendas. For the curator, trying to meet these contradictory demands and reconciling them with her own academic and ethical ideas of curatorship indeed meant walking a fine line.
Absent character: from Margaret Harkness to John Law
Authors: Sparks Tabitha
Published: May 2019

This chapter looks beyond bio-critical interpretations of Harkness and her work to address the ‘subject’ Margaret Harkness, and specifically her relationship with her pseudonym, ‘John Law’. Although female authors’ use of male pseudonyms was not uncommon in the nineteenth century, the chapter argues that, for Harkness, it constitutes a rejection of personalised character analysis: ‘John Law’, it suggests, signifies ‘not Margaret Harkness’. This rejection of psychologisation applies both to Harkness’s authorial identity and to her representation of working-class life and characters, as the chapter shows by placing Harkness’s work in a tradition of individualisation and psychological portraiture of working-class characters in the nineteenth century. It argues that Harkness’s work is rendered distinct by the fact that her characters cannot use subjective means to challenge their material experience.
Through the mill: Margaret Harkness on conjectural history and utilitarian philosophy
Authors: Robertson Lisa C.
Published: May 2019

This chapter evaluates the writing Harkness produced during her time living in the countries that are now India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Placing Harkness’s work in a nineteenth-century tradition of British historiographical writing about India that begins with James Mill’s History of British India (1817), the chapter argues that her work during this period consciously eschews conventional historical methodology and offers an important counter-narrative to colonial history. It suggests that in her attention to the ways that social movements and political institutions shape people’s daily lives, which is set within a broad foundation of personal knowledge, Harkness’s writing engages more ardently with the conventions of cultural history than it does with those of travel writing.
Lasting ties: Margaret Harkness, the Salvation Army, and A Curate’s Promise (1921)
Authors: Janssen Flore
Published: May 2019

Despite its distance in time and history from Harkness’s original and best-known London novels, A Curate’s Promise in many ways brings Harkness’s oeuvre full circle. Set in the East End of London during the First World War, it resumes her focus on London’s marginalised communities and the efforts of the Salvation Army to ameliorate their condition. Through a reading of this final novel, this chapter draws together some of the strands of Harkness’s thinking which other scholars in this volume have begun to unravel, and considers her lasting ties to an organisation she never intended to join, but to the faithful chronicling of whose work she devoted a significant part of her long writing career.
Guns and governmentality: normative masculinity and disciplined gun violence
Authors: Joyce Justin A.
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores the language of normativity and its interaction with the Western and the discourse of law. Through close readings of cinematic texts like Shane (1952), The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962), and The Shootist (1976) the Western genre is read here to represent what Barbara Cruickshank has called a "technology of citizenship." This chapter argues that the Western gunslinger's masculinity works to discipline, to tame, the potential for radically disruptive personal violence inherent in the liberties of American self-defense doctrine.
Fear, error and death: The abjection of the Middle Ages
Authors: Prendergast Thomas A. , Trigg Stephanie
Published: May 2019

As a disciplinary formation, Medieval Studies has long been structured by authoritative hierarchies and conservative scholarly decorums; the associated fear of error in medieval studies dates back to the Renaissance and the Protestant reformation. In contrast, medievalism increasingly celebrates creative play and imaginative invention. Such invention inevitably produces anxiety about historical accuracy. Popular scholarship and journalism in turn are often attracted to the abject otherness of the Middle Ages, especially the torture practices associated with its judicial systems. Such practices are designed to solicit the truth, and so, like illness, mortality and death, they are a useful double trope through which to analyse the relationship between medieval and medievalist approaches to the past.
Loving the past
Authors: Prendergast Thomas A. , Trigg Stephanie
Published: May 2019

Despite dramatic changes in the dynamics between medieval studies and medievalism, the medieval is still seen as the originary moment of medievalism, which is still regarded in turn as a screen for projecting various fantasies and desires about the past. Scholarly medieval studies are supposedly characterised by their dispassionate inquiries into the past. Yet medieval studies has a long and mixed history of affective relationships with the past it fosters: passion and professionalism often go hand in hand. This complex history makes it hard to distinguish medieval scholarship from the amateurism – the love for the past --that is often said to characterise medievalism as well as scholarly antiquarianism. Debates about the efficacy of affect as a mode of recover about the past lead to a discussion of two related terms: history and memory.
Education, or ‘part of our foreign policy’?: At war in Vietnam
Authors: Garner Alice , Kirkby Diane
Published: May 2019

By the early 1960s the original Fulbright Agreement had expired and a new one was negotiated, as a binational agreement with the Australian government providing equal funding. This was signed in 1964, in the context of increasing miliitary intervention in the war in Vietnam by both the US and Australia. Under the ANZUS and SEATO treaties, signed the previous decade, Australia was a keen ally of the US in Vietnam. The Fulbright program and the Australia-US Alliance were pursued simultaneously by the Australian government. Senator Fulbright visited Australia, criticised the Alliance and became a leading dissenter to the Vietnam War. Academics on educational exchange also became active in the anti-war movement.
Introducing Thomas Harris
Authors: Oakley Warren
Published: May 2019

This chapter gives an overview of the multi-faceted life of Thomas Harris and its cultural importance. Harris was the owner and manager of Covent Garden theatre for nearly five decades, a confidant of George III, a Secret Service agent, a notable philanthropist, and a bagnio owner in the underworld of Covent Garden. As a result, this chapter introduces a number of clandestine worlds, including the Secret Service where ministers waited for the stirrings of revolution upon London’s streets. This section is driven by three considerations: why Harris has disappeared from history, the many difficulties for the researcher writing his biography, and the ways of understanding his character. In anticipating what is to come, this part also introduces the relationships, both familial and professional, that Harris nurtured — along with the characters involved in the main events of his life including Richard Brinsley Sheridan and George Rose.
The king of clubs
Authors: Oakley Warren
Published: May 2019

This chapter announces Harris’s arrival at Covent Garden theatre. It recounts the ill-fated purchase of the theatre by four speculators in 1767 — Harris, Colman, Powell, and Rutherford — and the violent fight for control that eventually led to Harris’s triumph. This chapter explores the culmination of their dispute at the trial in the Court of Chancery, along with the factors and prejudices which influenced its outcome. Newly uncovered manuscripts are employed to recreate the arguments offered by the opposing advocates — Wedderburn and Dunning — as they focused upon the art of theatre management and the motivations of the youthfully impetuous Harris. This trial before the Lords Commissioners of the Great Seal was one staging post in Harris’s course towards Pitt’s ministry, as it forced him to confront the nature of public opinion as well as Colman’s ability to marshal it.
Hunting and fortune in the Book of the Duchess and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
Authors: Grady Frank
Published: May 2019

Some Middle English narratives juxtapose representations of hunting and histories of aristocratic loss. The Book of the Duchess and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight redirect anxieties about the contingency and precariousness of lordly advantage in a world that sometimes seems to be ruled by Fortune. Though produced in different formal traditions and different circumstances, the two poems display comparable features of a broader sense of ‘seigneurial poetics’ in late medieval texts.
‘Hail graybeard bard’: Chaucer in the nineteenth-century popular consciousness
Authors: Knight Stephen
Published: May 2019

Stephen Knight offers an array of new material from nineteenth-century media (newspapers and magazines) made accessible by the digitisation of archival records. Knight showcases extraordinary examples of extra-canonical Chaucer reception that highlight the emerging literary proclivities of the reading public, and the interest of nineteenth-century editors in re-presenting Chaucer’s works to larger audiences and targeting specific groups: women, children, the well-read. These newly available sources open up avenues for further enquiry into the roots of modern medievalism.
The destruction of art
Authors: Pappas-Kelley Jared
Published: May 2019

Chapter one surveys examples from news articles, books, and exhibitions that take the destruction of art as their starting point, and attempts to gather these approaches and accounts as a framework for the book. Solvent form looks to recent examples such as critic Jonathan Jones’s concept of a Museum of Lost Art—a place where all the destroyed and lost artworks might hang—poet Henri Lefebvre’s book The Missing Pieces, the Tate Modern’s recent virtual exhibition Gallery of Lost Art, as well as literary parallels taken from Tom McCarthy’s Remainder and Georges Perec’s character Bartlebooth in Life A User’s Manual. From here, it considers Georges Bataille’s concept of the negative miracle from The Accursed Share in relation to thoughts from Giorgio Agamben and Paul Virilio, while providing examples such as Rachel Whiteread’s House, Robert Rauschenberg’s Erased de Kooning Drawing, and Jean Tinguely’s Homage to New York.
Things lie
Authors: Pappas-Kelley Jared
Published: May 2019

In Chapter five, art is examined through the image of a house ravaged by fire, put forth by Giorgio Agamben’s The Man without Content and in relation to the destructions of art explored previously and the Momart Fire specifically (perhaps here made literal). It also builds on examples such as Thomas Hirschhorn’s work Crystal of Resistance and its accompanying texts, in order to understand an operation in art that is made visible through these events. It additionally returns to ideas from Tom McCarthy’s Remainder as well as Thomas Mann’s The Magic Mountain. Through these examples and events, one might begin to understand something more of art. In attempting to represent an affinity—to coax or draw it out—the text forms a portrait of sorts (in the Jean-Luc Nancy sense), and through it we might begin to see something that has disappeared through an operation of art.
The qPCR and loop mediated isothermal amplification for rapid detection of Ustilago tritici
Authors: Yan Hanwen , Zhang Jian , Ma Dongfang , Yin Junliang
Published: May 2019

Wheat loose smut caused by Ustilago tritici a seed-borne disease, is difficult to control due to the expansion of wheat planting area and difficulty of pathogen detection. In this study, real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qPCR) and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays were used to rapidly amplify the DNA of U. tritici. Five pairs primers for qPCR and two series primers for LAMP were designed. Firstly, the specify of primers were carried out by using the DNAs of U. tritici, Fusarium graminearum, Blumeria graminis, Rhizoctonia cerealis, Puccinia striiformis, Bipolaris sorokiniana, and Alternaria solani as templates. Then the amplification systems are optimized. Finally, the sensitivity of qPCR and LAMP assays were quantified. The results show that using the primers pairs Y430F/R, Y307F/R, Y755F/R and Y139F/R for qPCR, primers L-139 and L-988 for LAMP assay could be used for U. tritici detection. In the sensitivity test, the detection limit of qPCR assay is 10 pg μL-1 of genomic DNA, the detection limit of LAMP assay is 100 fg μL -1 . We successfully performed qPCR and LAMP assays on two wheat loose smut wheat samples, and confirmed sequenced U. tritici infection by subsequently sequencing. This paper established two methods for U. tritici detection, which could be used for wheat loose smut diagnose in lab and field.
Understanding gene transfer between endosymbiotic organisms
Authors: Ng Wenfa
Published: May 2019

Endosymbiosis occur when a prokaryotic cell was engulfed by a eukaryotic cell and the two organisms progressively evolved to become dependent on each other. Specifically, the fully functional prokaryotic cell may progressively lose genes encoding metabolic enzymes that result in the cell requiring the import of metabolites from the cytoplasm of the eukaryotic cell to survive. In a similar vein, the eukaryotic cell may acquire new functionalities from the embedded prokaryotic cell and progressively become accustomed to the influx of metabolites from the prokaryotic cell that the eukaryotic host previously has to expend significant amount of energy to manufacture. This would similarly result in loss of genes from the eukaryotic host. Recent work has created a neo-endosymbiosis cell where an auxotrophic Escherichia coli was engulfed by a larger eukaryotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Given that transfer of genes from an ancient endosymbiosis event occurred between mitochondria and chloroplast to the host nuclear genome, it would be interesting to observe if similar transfer of genes happened between endosymbiotic E. coli and S. cerevisiae, and more importantly, the genetic machinery responsible for such gene transfer. Specifically, a central question that needs to be answered is whether the machinery guiding gene transfer is still present in modern E. coli and S. cerevisiae. But, what is more important is deciphering the rationale for the specific transfer of particular genes from the prokaryotic cell to the eukaryotic genome. For example, is it due to selection of one gene variant that yield enzyme with higher activity and stability, and if yes, what guides the selection process? Specifically, how are the selection criteria encoded at the molecular mechanistic level? If the gene transfer is random, it would also be interesting to understand the machinery responsible for excising the target genes from the prokaryotic genome and transferring it to the eukaryotic genome and vice versa. Finally, the metabolic, biochemical and cell biological rationales underpinning the selective retention of specific genes in the prokaryotic genome should be elucidated. Collectively, endosymbiosis is the bedrock event in modern eukaryotic cell biogenesis, but many questions remain concerning the processes that potentiate gene transfer between prokaryotic endosymbiont and eukaryotic host. Primarily, we still lack understanding of the mechanisms selecting particular genes for transfer, as well as the molecular machinery mediating the gene transfer. Overall, research in this direction should reveal interesting insights on how sensing the metabolic activities of cells led to activation of molecular machinery for optimising cellular genetic repertoire.
Characterization of hole traps in MOVPE-grown p-type GaN layers using low-frequency capacitance deep-level transient spectroscopy
Authors: Kogiso Tatsuya , Narita Tetsuo , Yoshida Hikaru , Tokuda Yutaka , Tomita Kazuyoshi , Kachi Tetsu
Published: May 2019

Traps in MOVPE-grown Mg-doped GaN samples composed of p+/p−/n+ structures were investigated using low-frequency capacitance deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS). A drop-off in capacitance with decreasing temperature was observed. This is caused by the longer RC time constant of the diode with lower temperature, which is due to a decrease in the number of ionized Mg acceptors (which have a high ionization energy). This limits the use of lower temperatures in DLTS measurements. To extend DLTS to a lower temperature (105 K), DLTS using a capacitance measurement frequency of 1 kHz was applied. Thus, we can quantitatively discuss concentrations of traps with shallow energy levels. We obtained a nearly one-to-one relation between Ha (E
V +0.29 eV) and Hd (E
V +0.88 eV) in the p-type layer, which strongly supports the theoretical calculation that a carbon on a nitrogen site forms donor-like (Ha) and acceptor-like (Hd) states.
An Economist at War
Authors: Huret Romain D.
Published: May 2019

This chapter describes the role of the Council of Economic Advisers that transformed the science of poverty into a War on Poverty. Robert J. Lampman played a major role in this political decision.
A Pyrrhic Victory
Authors: Huret Romain D.
Published: May 2019

This chapter revises the traditional account of the War on poverty by showing that it was for poverty experts a Pyrrhic Victory. They were disappointed by the presidential decision of turning to Community Action Programs as the sole solution to put an end to poverty.
A Doomed Alternative
Authors: Huret Romain D.
Published: May 2019

This chapter describes the failure of alternatives, especially the idea of a guaranteed income. The last hurrah of this crusade to put an end to poverty took place during the McGovern campaign in 1972 which defended the “demogrant” proposal that would have given a guaranteed income to all Americans
The Fuller Will and the Agricultural Worlds of People and Animals
Authors: Fudge Erica
Published: May 2019

Reading the evidence from wills alongside agricultural manuals, and work from agricultural and social history, this chapter takes the sometimes detailed descriptions of animals that appear in wills and uses them to explore the day-to-day world of agricultural production in early modern England. Central here is the economic significance of animals – in particular horses, pigs, sheep, and cows - to those who owned them, and what that tells us about the lives of all those in the yards, fields and barns of the period.
The French as Tourists in Their Occupied Country
Authors: Gordon Bertram M.
Published: May 2019

Despite the severe limitations of the Occupation, many in France continued to take vacations and tour. The Vichy government encouraged touring in rural France to discover the French “soul.” Chosen as provisional capital, Vichy itself was a spa resort with large hotels. A weekly magazine, Paris Programmes, covered theaters, cinemas, restaurants, concerts, museums, and other tourist sites. Pilgrimages to religious shrines and to sites related to Napoleon also characterized the Occupation years. Many in France retained pleasant memories of these experiences, encouraging them to tour in larger numbers after the war. Inspired by corporatist economic ideology, Vichy established regional committees for tourism and associated local organizations that in the words of one observer "transformed" its tourism infrastructure.
The Liberation, 1944
Authors: Gordon Bertram M.
Published: May 2019

The emergence of the Normandy landing beaches as a major attraction marked a postwar tourism shift. Two museums in Normandy devoted to the landings In the 1950s grew to more than thirty by the early 21st century. Some praised the efforts at reconciliation whereas others worried that increased tourism might glorify or trivialize war. The liberation of Paris also produced memorial sites. French Communists paid special attention to the police headquarters from which the August 1944 Resistance insurrection that had accompanied the liberation of the city had been launched. Holocaust sites such as the Vélodrôme d’hiver and the former staging area in suburban Drancy, from which Jews and others were sent to the camps in eastern Europe, formed tourism itineraries.
Sites of Memory and the Tourist Imaginary
Authors: Gordon Bertram M.
Published: May 2019

Competing Gaullist and Communist narratives of the Resistance, sites specific to anti-Semitism and the Holocaust, as well as those related to Marshal Pétain and Vichy offered varied itineraries for the war tourist. Places associated with trauma, such as Oradour-sur-Glane, a village destroyed and its inhabitants massacred by the Waffen-SS in 1944, were transformed into monuments and became tourist destinations. A desire to preserve the ravaged town co- existed uneasily with the interventions necessitated by the inevitable deterioration of the ruins plus a desire to make the site accessible to tourists, raising questions of authenticity. By 2016, Oradour had over 7,000 reviews on TripAdvisor. Sites related to Pétain attracted less interest. The town of Vichy continues to struggle with its legacy.
Tourism, War, and Memory in Postwar France
Authors: Gordon Bertram M.
Published: May 2019

Although postwar France continued to be depicted as a land of wine, women, and song, representations of sites such as Strasbourg, now seen as a center of European reconciliation, changed. Many Allied personnel first saw France as soldiers, as had so many of the Germans between 1940 and 1944. The magazine For You was directed to English-speaking soldiers, as the Wegleiter had been toward the Germans. Resistance leaders planned leisure activities for a postwar democratic state. Tourism statistics offer the picture of destinations that generate significant revenue not only for the sites themselves but also for tourism services of nearby hotels and restaurants. More recent visitors to the war sites are often children brought in school groups.
Conclusion
Authors: Gordon Bertram M.
Published: May 2019

The study of memory tourism to war sites should not exclude the study of tourism during wartime. Both are components of war tourism, imparting meaning to war for both victors and vanquished. Both reflect their eras, whether through the gazes of the curious individual or the political and economic configurations sustaining the tourism industry. Germans who described a newfound appreciation of their homeland after touring occupied France show how tourism worked in two directions, impacting not only on the sites visited but also the self-image of the visitor. Local governments in France now reach a larger tourism public with new technology. A powerful hold of Second World War imagery in France continues to face ethical issues of sustainability and trivialization.
America’s Caribbean Frontier
Authors: McGreevey Robert C.
Published: May 2019

Chapter 1 examines how, in the early years of U.S. military rule, a number of colonial policies, including “coastwise” shipping and trade policy, upended the island economy and spurred Puerto Rican migration to the mainland. Yet even as Puerto Ricans were drawn within the mainland economy, racial nationalists defined them as foreign immigrants unfit for citizenship.
The Rise of National Status
Authors: McGreevey Robert C.
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores migrants to the mainland in the years after the U.S. invaded Puerto Rico. Migrants such as Isabel Gonzalez challenged their status as “aliens” and helped establish the new legal category of “U.S. National.”
Citizenship and Statelessness
Authors: McGreevey Robert C.
Published: May 2019

This chapter argues a conjuncture of events during World War I—including, widespread protest on the island and growing concern in Washington over America’s reputation abroad—made the condition of statelessness for Puerto Ricans increasingly untenable. The advent of U.S. citizenship status for island residents, though markedly inferior to mainland citizenship because of the lack of representation in Congress, spurred even greater labor mobility than had national status a decade earlier.
Introduction
Authors: Buckley P. A.
Published: May 2019

The precontact geology, surface hydrology, and forests of the Northwest Bronx are placed in the context of landuse by Lenni-Lenape Indians. In the colonial era the expansion of a nascent New York City reached the study area, with extensive forest loss during the Revolution. In the 1800s came railroad trackbeds, arterial roads, and the first residential construction. Van Cortlandt Park was gazetted in 1888, but its 2 golf courses removed large natural areas. The early 20th century brought loss of Kingsbridge Meadows and its unique saltmarsh habitat, offset by construction of 2 reservoirs. Parkways in the 1930s, 40s, and 50s concluded the major environmental insults to the study area. These changes are illustrated by 21 historical maps and images, and set the stage for description of the study area and its 7 subareas.
Aspirations/ASHA
Authors: Falcone Jessica Marie
Published: May 2019

Drawing on the literature of the anthropology of futurity, this chapter engages with the articulations of hope evinced by those who desired to build the Maitreya Project statue. The chapter looks at some techniques of ritual forecasting in Tibetan Buddhism, such as oracles and casting divinations, and how these were deployed in service of the promotion of the MPI statue. The chapter also deconstructs administrative projections and missives directed at the public, and how momentum was constructed in the service of fundraising. I argue that the “future tense,” the culturally articulated gap between what is and what informants are striving towards, is a useful analytical frame for the anthropology of futurity.
Rebirth/SAMSARA
Authors: Falcone Jessica Marie
Published: May 2019

This brief epilogue picks up where the author’s fieldwork leaves off. It tells the story of the end of the Maitreya Project iteration, MP 2.0, whose pre-life was detailed in the book. It then updates the reader about the next iterations of the statue, and how plans have proceeded since the revival of the project.
The Parasites Feed
Authors: Bailey Anna L.
Published: May 2019

Shows how from 1993, the dominant theme in Russian alcohol policy became the state attempting to regain the control over the alcohol market that it had hastily surrendered in the market reforms of 1991–2, and so restore its traditional alcohol revenues. But these efforts were severely undermined by a phenomenon of 1990s Russia that political economists have labelled “state capture”: private individuals, firms and groups (including the mafia) extracting enormous privileges from the state due to its institutional weakness. State capture in the alcohol sector included supposedly charitable organisations acquiring the right to import alcohol without paying excise duty. This led to rocketing consumption of cheap alcohol among the Russian population, as well as a wave of assassinations and violence as rival mafia groups fought over the lucrative proceeds.
The Judo Gang
Authors: Bailey Anna L.
Published: May 2019

The formal state ownership of alcohol production assets detailed in chapter 4 was far from the only way in which economic interests and alcohol policymaking collided under Putin. This chapter provides a case study of the complex kleptocracy in the Russian political economy. The interests in vodka production of some of Putin’s closest cronies – and their perceived influence on state policy – are analysed in the context of sistema, the informal network-based system of governance in Russia through which allies of Putin are rewarded with business rents.
Introduction
Authors: Aljunied Khairudin
Published: May 2019

This chapter orients the reader to the importance and relevance Hamka’s ideas on reform in the study of Islam in the Malay world as well as global Islam. It provides a discussion of the book’s conceptual contribution, that is, ‘cosmopolitan reform’, gleaned from Hamka’s long list of writings. The chapter moves to examining Hamka’s intellectual upbringing, grassroots activism and the scholarly networks that he had established. His travels throughout the Malay world and wider Muslim world spurred him to transcend the various intellectual divisions of his time through his prodigious scholarship. From this perspective, this study of Hamka’s cosmopolitan reform in Southeast Asia serves as a basis of comparison to expand the frontiers of research on Islamic reform globally.
Introduction
Authors: LaCapra Dominick
Published: May 2019

The chapter frames the book in terms of its key issues and concerns. It introduces the problems of history, memory, the Holocaust, and other animals as well as the posthuman and the postsecular. It also comments on the electoral campaign and initial phase of the administration of Donald Trump, which contain elements that, unfortunately, are both timely and of continued relevance to the basic problems treated in the book, notably prejudice, violence, victimization, and scapegoating.
History, Deconstruction, and Working through the Past
Authors: LaCapra Dominick
Published: May 2019

The chapter explores selectively and critically what is still of value in deconstruction for historical and social analysis, notably the questioning of binary oppositions. It stresses the relations among the works of Derrida, Freud, and Bakhtin with respect to otherness and self-questioning. It also stresses the importance and meaning of the concept of working-through, which is often underplayed in academic uses of psychoanalysis.
Trauma, History, Memory, Identity
Authors: LaCapra Dominick
Published: May 2019

The chapter investigates the uses and misuses of the concept of trauma, especially the role of a foundational trauma in legitimating questionable policies. It also argues that history should not value or be based only on written documents but allow for the role of memory, notably with respect to subordinated groups, including indigenous peoples whose cultures are often based on memory and tradition. And it questions a self-certain notion of human or individual identity.
Writing and the Idea of Ecology
Authors: Fox Richard
Published: May 2019

Chapter Two focuses on the idea of cultural heritage, as embodied in recent debates over the place of Balinese language instruction in the national curriculum. As with the examples from the previous chapter, public discussion of the curriculum was characterized by a juxtaposition of contrasting assumptions regarding the nature of Balinese script and the uses to which it might be put. A series of examples are presented to show how each of these styles of writing was allied to a different style of reasoning. With Balinese letters caught between competing articulations of agency, materiality and what it means to be ‘alive’, the question becomes one of specifying ‘writing’ as an object of study. Extrapolating from the scholarship on language ecology, the chapter considers the argument for approaching writing as a practice embedded in a broader ‘way of life’—a concept that will itself turn out to be problematic.
Translational Indeterminacy
Authors: Fox Richard
Published: May 2019

The argument presented so far begs the question of translation. In reflecting on writing and its theorization, a range of materials from Bali has been considered. Yet at no point has an account been given of the ‘movement between languages’ on which this line of enquiry has depended. The aim of Chapter Seven is to face the problem squarely, and specify what we are actually doing when we presume to ‘translate’. It is noted that even our most radically detotalizing theorists (e.g., Derrida, Butler) have tended to fall back on a totalizing theory of language and culture when it comes to accounting for translation. To draw out the problematic nature of these assumptions, the chapter presents a pair of ethnographic vignettes in which key terms are caught between rival understandings of human agency and collective life. This sheds new light on the examples from previous chapters.
Battling the Time Thieves
Authors: Siniawer Eiko Maruko
Published: May 2019

Translated into Japanese in 1976, Momo: The Mysterious Story of the Time Thieves and the Girl who Brought the Stolen Time Back to the People brought to life an idealized world that resounded deeply with the dissatisfactions and yearnings of its many readers. Michael Ende’s bestselling children’s book, popular among readers of all ages, enshrined the yutori so desired—the relaxation and leisure pursued in the second half of the 1980s, and the truly free time sought in the 1990s and 2000s. Through Momo, readers grappled with questions about what constituted wasteful time, how to think about value outside the framework of productivity and efficiency, and how assumptions about capitalism, progress, modernity, materialism, and consumption operated. To examine Momo and its popularity is thus to appreciate how the longing for an affluence of the heart has transcended economic booms and busts to endure from the 1980s into the twenty-first century.
Organization and Mobilization in Campaign Development
Authors: Roeder Philip G.
Published: May 2019

This begins a two-chapter examination of the Leninist strategy of ideological-organizational work that subsequently influenced national-secession campaigns worldwide through transnational networks of mutual support. Chapter 3 elaborates on the more familiar organizational tasks of cultivating a leadership of intellectuals and politicians, a staff of cadres and activists, and a participatory reserve of part-time supporters. Recruiting each defines the three developmental stages of a campaign as establishment (recruiting leadership), capacitation (building a staff), and association (preparing reservists for future action). But these organizational tasks do not provide coordination without ideological unity. This chapter illustrates its claims with evidence from the Timor Leste and Basque campaigns.
Programmatic Coordination in Campaigns
Authors: Roeder Philip G.
Published: May 2019

This chapter explains the role of the common goal of independence that holds together constituents of the campaign who have diverse motivations for joining the campaign. These types include enthusiasts (true believers in independence), expressionists (activists who revel in the struggle), and pragmatists (who see independence as a means to serve economic and political interests). Campaign leaders must allocate incentives to bring each type into the campaign at the proper stage of campaign development and phase of activation, but still limiting the damage that each type of constituent can impose on a campaign if not matched to the right task or time. This micro-level strategy explains why we observe at the macro-level only weak relationships between specific patterns of identity, grievance, and greed to the rise of national-secession campaigns. And it explains why the authenticity and realism of the campaigns program emerge as key constraints on campaign success at programmatic coordination. This chapter includes a brief analysis of the Eritrean struggle for independence to illustrate the importance of programmatic coordination.
Significant Campaigns
Authors: Roeder Philip G.
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines which national-secession campaigns get on the agendas of the gate-keepers of sovereign statehood—the western great powers. The key is the success of programmatic coordination—creating within the platform population the expectation that other members of the platform population will see the goal of independence as an authentic expression of nationhood and realistic plan of action. The importance of programmatic coordination is illustrated by the contrast between the failed Novorossiia and successful Moldova campaigns. Using evidence for 3741 ethnic groups around the world from 1945 to 2010, statistical analysis provide support for the role of programmatic coordination under conditions where appeals to conventionalized nations and unique, identifiable homelands are more likely to be seen as authentic. And appeals to precedents of statehood based on larger populations without opportunities to participate in the central government of the existing state are more likely to be seen as realistic programs.
Intractable Disputes
Authors: Roeder Philip G.
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines how increasing programmatic coordination gives rise to intractability in the national secessionists’ dispute with their central government because national-secessionist campaign leaders become constrained by the very campaign solidarity that they cultivated. Looking closely at the frozen conflicts of the post-Soviet space, case studies illustrate how the efforts of national-secession campaign leaders to solidify statehood and nationhood within their break-away regions contribute to intractability in exchanges with their central governments. A consequence is transformation of negotiations into “championships” with the rise of “pseudo-bargaining” in which the primary target of offers at the negotiating table is not the central government, but the audience of platform population and international community.
Introduction
Authors: Hoffer Peter Charles , Hoffer Williamjames Hull
Published: May 2019

The revolutionary lawyers, including Adams’s idol James Otis Jr., Pennsylvania’s John Dickinson, and Virginians Thomas Jefferson and Patrick Henry, along with Adams and others deployed the skills of their profession to further the public welfare in crisis times. They were the framers of the American Revolution and the governments that followed. The words of these lawyers are part of American Scripture and the lawyers sit in the pantheon of the Founding Fathers.
But it is a mistake to forget that before and while they were Political leaders, they were practicing counsel. The way that people earn their bread leaves deep traces in the way they explain themselves to one another and to posterity. The lawyers’ years of practice, and the habits of thinking and pleading they mastered as part of that practice, influenced how they approached the crisis and how they fabricated the new nation’s idea of law.
“The Worst Instrument of Arbitrary Power”
Authors: Hoffer Peter Charles , Hoffer Williamjames Hull
Published: May 2019

George Grenville’s program of “reform” was first and foremost a legal one—a thorough review of colonial law, the enforcement of old laws and the passage of new laws adapted from older models. It was thus natural and proper for revolutionary lawyers in the making to take the lead in protesting these laws, at least insofar as they seemed a break with precedent as well as sound policy. It was natural and proper as well for lawyers attached to the crown interest to defend Grenville’s policies, for surely Parliament, which Grenville led, was a legitimate source of new legislation. Thus the lawyers on both sides of the issue joined combat in the court of public opinion.