bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
General introduction
Authors: Mock Douglas W , Parker Geoffrey A
Published: November 2023

Through the animal and vegetable kingdoms, nature has scattered the seeds of life abroad with the most profuse and liberal hand: but has been comparatively sparing in the room and nourishment necessary to rear them.

One fundamental tenet of Darwinism-Wallaccism, anticipated clearly by Malthus, is that organisms compete for critical resources. Individuals relatively adept at such games will tend to contribute (genes and their associated traits) disproportionately to future generations. For well over a century, biologists have examined the phonotypic attributes that foster such proficiency, and there is little disagreement today that the selfish promotion of personal welfare should be generally favoured by natural selection.
Theory lll: fatal sibling competition
Authors: Mock Douglas W , Parker Geoffrey A
Published: November 2023

We have seen how individual brood-mates (and, by extension, individual offspring with prospective future siblings) are expected to practise ‘ graduated selfishness,’ the incremental consumption of limited resources that siblings need. One emphasis was on the continuous nature of such decisions, with the clear implication that they are relatively flexible, even reversible; high selfish consumption one day may be followed by low (generous) consumption the next. It is obvious that this can be taken to extremes, either through scrambles (wherein Self simply takes such a large portion that sibs cannot be sustained on what remains) or through the more direct application of aggressive acts.
Parent-offspring conflict lll: begging as an honest signal
Authors: Mock Douglas W , Parker Geoffrey A
Published: November 2023

We continue our review of resolutions models with a philosophically quite different explanation for escalated begging, which is related to the notion of ‘ honest advertising’ (Godfray 1991). Here, instead of begging being the manifestation of a scramble competition between sibs, it represents an honest (but costly) signal of need for PI that the parent monitors and uses in allocating PI. Godfray (1995b) gives an excellent comparative analysis of approaches to POC resolution and fits his signalling model within the same framework as the models of Parker and Macnair (1978), Eshel and Feldman (1991) and Yamamura and Higashi (1992).
Food uptake mechanisms in phagotrophic dinoflagellates and classification
Authors: ElbräChter Malte
Published: November 2023

Feeding strategies of phagotrophic free-living and some parasitic dinoflagellates are reviewed. For most phagotrophic dinoflagellates the exact mode of nutrition has not been observed. Phagotrophy sensu stricto is known in Blastodiniales, Gymnodiniales, Noctilucales, and Oxyrrhinales; a permanent cytostome occurs in the Noctilucales. Myzocytosis has been described for some members of the Gymnodiniales as well as for some species of ectoparasitic Blastodiniales, Dinophysiales, and Peridiniales. Most members of the Peridiniales use pallium-feeding.
Organization of heterotrophic heterokonts
Authors: Moestrup Øjvind , Andersen Robert A
Published: November 2023

A general account is given of the structure of hetero- and mixotrophic heterokont flagellates. Special attention is given to the feeding mechanisms, which fall into three categories. Osmotrophy is common if not ubiquitous.
Diversity ofheterotrophic heterokont flagellates
Authors: Preisig H R , Vørs N , Hällfors G
Published: November 2023

The diversity of heterotrophic flagellated chrysophytes, bicosoecids, pedinellids, synurophytes, and tribophytes (= xanthophytes) is reviewed. All colourless genera and species in these groups are listed. Genera whose members normally possess chloroplasts, but in which mixotrophic or rarely totally heterotrophic species are known to occur are also briefly discussed.
On The Current Understanding Of Somaclonal Variation
Authors: Karp Angela
Published: November 2023

Over the past decade considerable advances have been made in the genetic engineering of crop plants through the coupling of recombinant DNA techniques with regeneration from plant tissue cultures. Amongst the current problems facing the advance of this technology is the occurrence of uncontrolled instability, or somaclonal variation, that arises through the in vitro culture process. This unexpected source of variation was originally publicized as a potential source of novel crop improvements but it has since become clear that the variation has far wider significance. This review appraises the present status of knowledge of somaclonal variation based on the current understanding of its nature, causes and importance.
Insight To Replication Strategies And Evolution Of (+) Strand Rna Viruses Provided By Brome Mosaic Virus
Authors: Marsh Loren E , Pogue Gregory P , Hall Clayton C Huntley Timothy C
Published: November 2023

Although (+)-stranded RNA viruses are responsible for the majority of viral infections of animals and almost all viral infections of plants, knowledge concerning the molecular mechanisms involved in their replication is incomplete compared with that for DNA viruses. In large part, this disparity has been due to the greater difficulty experienced in working with these viruses, but, as recombinant nucleic acid techniques have developed, RNA viruses have become more amenable to investigation. In particular, cDNA cloning and the ability to derive biologically active or infectious RNA by transcription from cDNA clones have greatly facilitated research on these viruses.
Biodiversity Research and Biological Collections: Transfer of Information
Authors: Nielsen* Ebbe S , West † Judy G
Published: November 2023

The role of collections in biodiversity research is reviewed. It is shown that there are major problems that need to be addressed: the priorities for future collection-based research with respect to biodiversity issues. It is shown that the vast amounts of data within biological collections already exist that, with appropriate planning, could be mobilized into useful published lists and incorporated into electronic databases. On a more strategic level the information required for decision-taking on biodiversity issues is reviewed. Statistics are provided on the size of the task, and the scope of the task is assessed using Australian models and examples, in relation to life lists, monographs and checklists, and future inventory projects.
New Procedures for Reserve Selection in New South Wales: Maximizing the Chances of Achieving a Representative Network
Authors: Pressey R L , Bedward M , Keith D A
Published: November 2023

The time-honoured approach to reservation is opportunistic and ad hoc. This has some important disadvantages, which reduce the likelihood of achieving representative reserve systems and which call for more systematic procedures for selecting reserves. Opportunism and a variety of more systematic approaches for reserve selection are reviewed in relation to three key principles: efficiency, flexibility, and irreplaceability.
Systematic history and taxonomy
Authors: Green C J , Jordan R W
Published: November 2023

Representatives of the algal division Haptophyta occur predominantly in marine habitats, relatively few being known from freshwater or from terrestrial situations. Certain species, some of them toxic to animal life, are known to form extensive blooms. The history of systematic studies on the Haptophyta is reviewed briefly and some of the taxonomic difficulties arising from a reliance on relatively few morphological features, particularly at levels below that of class, are discussed. Recent advances in ultrastructural, biochemical, and genetic studies are outlined in relation to some of the outstanding problems.
Centromere of budding yeast S. cerevisiae
Authors: Choo K H Andy
Published: November 2023

The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, commonly used by brewers and bakers, is an amenable system that is easily manipulated genetically, molecularly, and biochemically, and has proved to be a powerful experimental tool for the study of the eukaryotic centromere. This organism contains in the haploid state 16 Mb of DNA per cell, or approximately 0.5% of the amount found in the haploid human genome of 3000 Mb. The DNA of S. cerevisiae is contained within 16 chromosomes, ranging in size from about 260 kb to 3 Mb (Carle and Olson 1985). The entire genome of this organism has now been completely sequenced (see Saccharomyces Genome Database).
Centromere of fission yeast S. pombe
Authors: Choo K H Andy
Published: November 2023

Like the budding yeast S. cerevisiae,the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombeis a relatively simple and tractable system that is easily manipulated genetically and biochemically. It contains in its haploid state about 14 Mb of genomic DNA that is embodied in 3 chromosomes with sizes of approximately 5.7 Mb (chromosome I), 4.7 Mb (chromosome II) and 3.5 Mb (chromosome III) (Fan et al.1988). In many ways, S. pombeappears to be more similar to higher eukaryotic cells than it is to the budding yeast. For example, an intron in a gene derived from a mammalian system (the gene encoding the SV40 small T antigen) is correctly spliced in S. pombe(Kaufer et al.1985), and the human gene CDC2HS has been screened by genetic complementation in S. pombewhen transformed by a human cDNA library (Lee and Nurse 1987). Unlike the relatively small and repeat DNA-free centromeres of S. cerevisiae, S. pombecentromeres are large and contain untranscribed repetitive DNA, as is the case with the centromeres of higher eukaryotes. During early mitosis, discrete kinetochore structures are formed in S. pombethat each associates with the ends of 2-4 microtubules (Ding et al.1993). This is similar to the attachment of multiple spindle fibres per kinetochore in higher eukaryotes, and is again in contrast to the single microtubule attachment observed for S. cerevisiaecentromeres (Peterson and Ris 1976). These characteristics therefore make the centromere of S. pombea good model system for higher eukaryotes.
Centromere proteins of higher eukaryotes
Authors: Choo K H Andy
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, the protein components of the higher eukaryotic centromere are described. These protein components can be broadly classified into two groups. Proteins from the first group are present on the centromere throughout the cell cycle and are referred to as constitutive centromere proteins. Members of this group of centromere proteins are CENP-A, CENP-B, CENP-C, and (maybe) CENP-D. The second group of proteins have been referred to as ‘passenger’ proteins, since these proteins undergo complex relocations to other cellular organelles during the cell cycle, appearing on the centromere only during specific stages of the cycle (Brinkley et al.1992; Earnshaw and Mackay 1994). To date, more than 30 passenger proteins have been described, although not all have been studied to the required degree of depth to be functionally informative. In this chapter, an attempt has been made to subgroup these different proteins according to their most outstanding proposed function, as follows: (i) centromere assembly, (ii) M phase and checkpoint control, (iii) sister chromatid cohesion, (iv) release of sister chromatid cohesion, (v) chromo-some movement, (vi) spindle dynamics, (vii) cytokinesis, and (viii) proteins with undetermined centromeric roles (Tables 6.1 and 6.2). It is, however, noteworthy that whilst this subgrouping provides a point of reference for each protein, some of the proteins may have more than one possible role in the cell cycle, and as such the subgrouping should not be considered unequivocal in some cases. The chapter begins with a definition of the CREST autoimmune antisera, since these antisera have played an important part in the study of centromere proteins.
Liverpool and a flirtation with industry
Authors: Williams Trevor I
Published: November 2023

In a sense, in going to Liverpool Robinson was returning to his alma mater, for when he first went to Owens College in 1902 this was associated with University College, Liverpool, and Yorkshire College, Leeds, as the federal Victoria University of Manchester. In his second year a reorganization took place, and Leeds, Liverpool, and Manchester were granted individual university charters. He was also returning to familiar ground, for Liverpool was only some sixty miles from his native Chesterfield, and only half that distance from Manchester: Gertrude was even nearer her old home at Over, near Northwich.
Domesticated livestock and indigenous animals in Egyptian agriculture
Authors: Aboul-Ela M B
Published: November 2023

With the intensive agricultural system applied in Egypt, cultivable land is utilized all the year round. With a rapidly growing human population, which had increased to about 57 million in 1992, domesticated livestock species have special importance as the main source of animal protein. A wide range of indigenous animal species is also present in Egypt. Representatives of most of the known classes of insect pests have significant relevance to crop productivity, while vertebrate pests such as birds and rodents have always been regarded as a serious threat to crop production. The sea areas bordering Egypt, the River Nile and its tributaries, Lake Nasser, and the Northern littoral lakes all provide a variety of saline and fresh water habitats for a range of fish species.
Hypercycles
Authors: Rowe Glenn
Published: November 2023

We now return to the problem last mentioned in Chapter 2: how can we devise a model in which more information than that contained in single 100-base RNA molecules can be maintained over many generations? There are two main approaches that have been taken to this problem. The first is that of the proteins-first advocates: in order to give an information system a chance to develop, we must provide semi-isolated compartments in which molecular evolution can proceed relatively unmolested by the outside world. The second is that of the nucleic acids-first group: some sort of chemical reaction scheme must be found which is self-perpetuating, even in relatively dilute solutions.
Sometimes we can’tdo it
Authors: Harel David
Published: November 2023

The message of this chapter is simple and clear. Computers are not omnipotent. They can’t do everything. Far from it. We shall discuss problems that cannot be solved by any computer, past, present, or future, running any program that can be devised, even if given unlimited amounts of time and even if endowed with unlimited storage space and other resources it might need. We still require, of course, that algorithms and programs terminate for each legal input in a ﬁnite amount of time, but we allow that time to be unlimited. The algorithm can take as long as it wishes, and can use whatever resources it asks for in the process, but it must eventually stop and produce the right output.
Semantics
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna
Published: November 2023

Conceptual primitives and semantic universals are the cornerstones of a semantic theory which Anna Wierzbicka has been developing for many years. Semantics: Primes and Universals is a major synthesis of her work, presenting a full and systematic exposition of that theory in a non-technical and readable way. It delineates a full set of universal concepts, as they have emerged from large-scale investigations across a wide range of languages undertaken by the author and her colleagues. On the basis of empirical cross-linguistic studies it vindicates the old notion of the 'psychic unity of mankind', while at the same time offering a framework for the rigorous description of different languages and cultures.
List of Texts
Authors: Coles Waltraud , Dodd Bill
Published: November 2023

Im Westen wie im Osten Deutsch lands ist der Arztberuf am beliebtesten. (2) Dies geht aus einer Umfrage des Emnid-lnstituts hervor. (3) Wahrend aber im Westen von den zehn angesehensten Berufen neun eine Hochschulausbildung voraussetzen, werden im Osten auch die Handwerker, Landwirte und Sozialarbeiter in der Beliebtheitsskala ganz vorn eingestuft. (4) Handwerker nehmen bei den Ostdeutschen sogar den Platz drei ein, gleich hinter dem Arzt und dem Zahnarzt, wahrend er im Westen nicht einmal unter den ersten zehn auftaucht.
Murdering Time
Authors: Yaguello Marina
Published: November 2023

Figurative meaning is produced, as we have just seen, whenever seman tic rules are broken, whenever the boundaries between animate and inani mate, human/non-human, material/non-material and so on are crossed or ignored. Idioms such as, babbling brook, killing time, whispering grass, walls have ears and so on, all use transferred semantic features. And this does not have to imply any poetic effect or intention. The whole of language is over run by figures of speech, regardless of whether the motivation is aesthetic or utilitarian. The effects may be different, but the mechanism is the same. The figurative use of language, then, results in shifts of meaning. Metaphor, metonymy, and synecdoche-the three most common figures all rest on the two main organizing principles oflanguage: selection (on the paradigmatic or vertical axis) and combination (along the syntagmatic or horizontal axis).
Binding Theory
Authors: Szemerenyi Oswald J L
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we examine the long distance relation called binding. Informally, binding is a type of referential dependency, whereby the ref¬erence of the bound element is exactly the reference of the antecedent. A prototypical instance is given in (I).

(1) Every dog loves its owner

Here, every dog binds it. As we consider each dog in the set of relevant dogs, it is understood as referring to that particular dog. In this sense, the reference of it is dependent on the reference of the antecedent. This type of binding is called variable binding, because the pronoun it is interpreted as a variable bound by its antecedent.
A’-Movement
Authors: Szemerenyi Oswald J L
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 4 we examined the properties of A-movement. The most characteristic property of A-movement is that it forms a chain that is assigned Case at one position and a 0-role at another position. For in¬ stance, in the passive, the 0-role is assigned to the D-structure position of the subject while Case is assigned to [Spec, IP].
Binding and Logical Form
Authors: Szemerenyi Oswald J L
Published: November 2023

In this section we consider what the proper level for the representation of binding is. In previous discussions, we assumed that binding is com¬puted at S-structure, and there were some hints that it might also be necessary to satisfy the binding conditions at D-structure. Here we con¬ sider the possible role of LF. The binding conditions from Chapter 3 are given in (l ).
Language in Society/Society in Language
Authors: Romaine Suzanne
Published: November 2023

I NOTED in my Preface how prevailing trends in linguistics have marginalized the study of the social role of language. In discussing the differences between the concerns of sociolinguistics and mainstream linguistics, Noam Chomsky, who is the leading figure in theoretical linguistics, observed that socio-linguistics was not concerned with ‘grammar’ but with concepts of a different sort, among them perhaps ‘language’. To this he added, ‘if such an object can become an object of serious study’. Chomsky then goes on to say that questions of language are basically questions of power, but these are not the sorts of issues which linguists should address. He is certainly right about the former. The latter is a matter of opinion. The narrowing of modern linguistics to the study of grammar has ruled out investigation of many interesting questions about how language functions in society. This book is about some of these issues which form the subject matter of sociolinguistics, chief among them being the question of what we mean by a language.
Language Choice
Authors: Romaine Suzanne
Published: November 2023

And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech … And they said to one another, ‘Go to, let us build us a city and a tower, whose top may reach unto heaven: and let us make a name, lest we be scattered abroad on the face of the whole earth’. And the Lord came down to see the city and the tower, which the children of men builded. And the Lord said, ‘Behold, the people is one, and they have all one language, … let us go down, and there confound their language, that they may not understand one another’s speech’. So the Lord scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of all the earth: and they left off to build the city. Therefore is the name of it called Babel: because the Lord did there confound the language of all the earth.
Linguistic Problems as Societal Problems
Authors: Romaine Suzanne
Published: November 2023

A senior professor of education visited a London comprehensive school and discussed with one class the languages they spoke at home. One boy put up his hand and said that his family spoke a French Creole. In an unguarded moment the professor replied, ‘That’s nice’. ‘What’s nice about it?’, asked the boy. SOCIOLINGUISTIC research, in particular on social dialects and minority languages, has had many practical implications because it is concerned with fundamental inequalities in language use. In the last chapter I showed how pidgins and creoles have generally been excluded from use in education, despite evidence which shows that children learn best in their own language. Although linguists have increasingly appreciated the importance of these languages, as illustrated in the opening quotation to this chapter, they still suffer from low prestige among their speakers.
A General Account of Hume’s Theory of Mind
Authors: Pears David
Published: November 2023

The point from which I shall start is a point made in the Preface: Hume’s theory of mind is intended to help us towards answers to two distinct questions: ‘What ideas may we legitimately have?’ and ‘What may we legitimately believe?’ The first of these two questions is con cerned with the origin of our ideas, and the second is concerned with the connections between our ideas and the various ways in which we combine them in thinking, and especially in belief.
Belief and Existence
Authors: Pears David
Published: November 2023

Hume’s theory of belief is naturalistic. He wanted to determine how much we may legitimately believe, and he thought that the way to do this was to start by inquiring what belief is, and how it works. When we know what belief is and what it actually does, we will be better able to establish the limits of what it can do. Here, as elsewhere, the solution to philosophical problems is to be extracted from the science of the human mind.
Philosophy and Faith: Augustine to Maimonides
Authors: Kenny Anthony
Published: November 2023

In the first volume of this history we traced the development of philosophy in the ancient world up to the conversion of St Augustine at the end of the fourth century of our era. The life of Augustine marks an epoch in the history of ideas. In his early life he imbibed from several sources philosophical ideas of various traditions, but especially the Platonic tradition, whether in the sceptical version of the New Academy or in the metaphysical version of Neoplatonism. After his conversion to Christianity he developed, in a number of massive treatises, a synthesis of Jewish, Greek, and Christian ideas that was to provide the backdrop for the next millennium of Western philosophical thought.
The Schoolmen: From the Twelfth Century to the Renaissance
Authors: Kenny Anthony
Published: November 2023

In the twelfth century a series of devoted translators made a contribution to philosophy no less signiWcant than that of the century’s original thinkers. At the beginning of the century the only works of Aristotle known in Latin were the Categories and De Interpretatione in the translations of Boethius. Some twenty years later Boethius’ translations of Aristotle’s other logical works were recovered from virtual oblivion, and James of Venice translated the Posterior Analytics to complete the Latin Organon. By the middle of the century James had translated also the Physics, De Anima, and the early books of the Metaphysics, the rest of which was translated, with the exception of book 11, by an anonymous scholar.
Metaphysics
Authors: Kenny Anthony
Published: November 2023

In the writings of the late Neoplatonists and of Augustine there is no lack of metaphysical thinking. However, in their work it is so bound up with consideration of the divine nature that it is difficult to disentangle from their natural theology, and in this volume it is considered in the chapter on God. This situation changes dramatically when we come to the philosophy of Avicenna, who was beyond doubt the greatest metaphysician of the Wrst millennium AD.
Freud to Derrida
Authors: Kenny Anthony
Published: November 2023

In the nineteenth century there was a constant interchange of philosophical ideas between the countries of continental Europe and the English-speaking world. Kant and Hegel were massively influential in British universities, while the tradition of British empiricism was found attractive by many radical thinkers on the Continent. The career of William James illustrates the cosmopolitan nature of the philosophy of the time. Converted to philosophy by the reading of a French philosopher, he studied in Germany and lectured frequently in Britain, while based in the United States. Again, the young Bertrand Russell was not at all an insular philosopher: while working out his philosophy of mathematics he was in regular correspondence with the German Frege and the Italian Peano.
Metaphysics
Authors: Kenny Anthony
Published: November 2023

In the first part of the nineteenth century the most significant philosophers were all idealists of one kind or another. The period was the heyday of transcendental idealism in Germany, with Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel working towards a theory of the universe as the developing history of an absolute consciousness. But even those who were most critical of absolute idealism owed allegiance to a different form of idealism, the empiricist idealism of Berkeley according to which to be is to be perceived. John Stuart Mill in England and Arthur Schopenhauer in Germany both take as their starting point Berkeley’s thesis that the world of experience consists of nothing but ideas, and both try to detach Berkeley’s theory of matter from its theological underpinning.
Ethics
Authors: Kenny Anthony
Published: November 2023

In most systems of morality, happiness is a concept of great importance. A long series of moral philosophers, tracing their ancestry back to Plato and Aristotle, had treated happiness as the supreme good, and some ethicists went so far as to affirm that human beings seek happiness in all their choices.1 In challenging the primacy of happiness, Kant was unusual. In his Groundwork he proclaimed that duty, not happiness, was the supreme ethical motive. At first sight, therefore, when Bentham declared that every action should be evaluated in accordance with the tendency it appears to have to augment or diminish happiness, he was just reaffirming a long- standing consensus. But on closer inspection Bentham’s greatest happiness principle is very different from traditional eudaimonism.
Atomism, Monism, and Causation in the Natural Philosophy of Margaret Cavendish
Authors: detlefsen Karen
Published: November 2023

In 1653 Margaret Cavendish published her first book, a book of poems (Poems, and Fancies), the first fifty pages of which are devoted to expounding an atomic theory of nature.
The Portrait Of Socrates In Plato’s Symposium
Authors: Prior William J
Published: November 2023

Plato’s dialogues offer us numerous portraits of Socrates. Some of these are dramatic depictions that show us Socrates in conversation with various interlocutors. Others are descriptions of Socrates, sometimes presented by others, sometimes by Socrates himself. One of these descriptive portraits occurs in Plato’s Symposium. The portrait is complex, being made up of several contributions from several different characters. The relation between these various portraits is complicated. I believe that, taken together, they constitute a coherent description, when certain perspectival differences and other internal features of the individual portraits are taken into account. Thus, I shall speak in this paper of ‘the portrait’ of Socrates in the Symposium, rather than of multiple portraits. I cannot prove, beyond what I say here, that the various portraits amount to a coherent whole. Nor can I establish that the portrait is coherent in every detail. Still, I believe it is consistent in its main elements.
Plato In Tuä Bingen
Authors: Mann Wolfgang-Rainer
Published: November 2023

What follows is not so much a review of the posthumously published collected papers of the late Konrad Gaiser (1929–88)— or even an examination of only those articles of his concerned with ancient philosophy—as it is an attempt at coming to terms critically with the so-called Tuä bingen School of Plato interpretation, of which Gaiser, along with Hans Joachim Kraämer and, more recently, Thomas Alexander Szlezaàk, is (was) a principal representative. But first a quick cautionary note. In his 1963 review of Kraämer’s Arete bei Platon und Aristoteles, Gregory Vlastos observed that he was not able to offer “a summary, let alone a complete summary, of this book”; still less was he able to engage with all of those claims of Kraämer’s which he did mention: “Practically every thesis I have reported calls for the most detailed and painstaking scrutiny. It would take scores of pages to do this for even one of them. The best I can do is to fasten, almost arbitrarily, on four topics, and make a few remarks on each.
Simulation centre operations and administration
Authors: Huang Yue Ming , Dongilli Thomas
Published: November 2023

It is 7:45 on a Monday morning after a long weekend and you are experiencing a crisis in the simulation centre. No, this is not a simulated critical incident scenario, but a real logistical nightmare. You have an 8:00 team training session with a community physician, two anaesthesia residents, one surgery resident, one operating room nurse and three faculty instructors. Additionally, you have three visitors from out of town who are interested in seeing how you run your sessions, and one of them has potential funding opportunities for simulation research. You have run many simulation sessions before but today, the stakes are higher with a paying participant, a multidisciplinary team training approach and a number of observers evaluating your work. Unfortunately, everything that can go wrong is going wrong today.
Airway training devices
Authors: Owen Harry , Hein Cindy
Published: November 2023

Good airway care is essential in anaesthesia, resuscitation and many other medical emergencies. All medical, nursing and paramedic training programs require their graduates to be proficient in basic airway management and postgraduate training programmes of acute care disciplines require acquisition of more advanced airway interventions. Airway management has been taught in many settings but many have ethical or logistical constraints and some have created their own adverse events. Mason’s recommendation that all teaching hospitals develop an airway care training facility(1) was mostly ignored until recently when many clinical skills and simulation facilities have been created and most include an element of airway management.
Equipment
Authors: Hope Gary , Chin Chris
Published: November 2023

As with any tool, the effectiveness of simulation technology depends on how it is used. For clinical simulation training to be most effective, learners must ‘suspend disbelief ‘ and interact with the simulator and the simulation environment as if they were real(1). While other types of simulation such as case studies, part-task trainers and role-play are also an effective way of training, a complete clinical simulation facility will also provide access to mannequins that reliably duplicate patient signs and symptoms(2). In addition to these mannequins such a centre also provides the sights, sounds, and other sensations associated with a real clinical environment. A simulation centre therefore attempts to recreate characteristics of the real world, with the term simulation fidelity traditionally used to define the degree to which reality is replicated. Setting up a high fidelity clinical simulation scenario can be likened to a good theatrical production. The simulation room and human patient simulator, the actors/trainers, the equipment and the props support the illusion of reality and allow the trainee to become fully immersed in the experience. Designing, developing, and maintaining a simulation centre that reproduces the patient-care environment with high fidelity is a costly, challenging task which includes the provision of appropriate equipment and the development and use of props to create an appropriately realistic environment.
Teaching and learning through the simulated environment
Authors: Vardi Iris
Published: November 2023

The simulated environment offers many opportunities to learners that extend far beyond the traditional lecture, classroom, tutorial or laboratory setting. It has the potential to provide learners with an opportunity to take on a new role, to learn by doing, to experiment, to take risks, to solve problems, and to make decisions within a safe context that is as close as we can get to the ‘authentic’ workplace.
Medical educational simulation: a European perspective
Authors: van Meurs Willem , Østergard Doris , Mönk Stefan
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to highlight selected European contributions to medical educational simulation and briefly describe the Society in Europe for Simulation Applied to Medicine (SESAM). At the time of preparation of the manuscript, the authors were president, vice-president, and immediate past-president of SESAM, respectively.
The treatment of motor neuron disease and the management of specific symptoms
Authors: Talbot Kevin , Marsden Rachael
Published: November 2023

MND is not currently a curable disease, and many patients report having felt abandoned by doctors, who may appear uncomfortable with a patient whom they believe they cannot help. In reality, there are very few diseases which are genuinely curable, and most doctors are engaged in managing chronic symptoms, rather than simply ‘curing’ people. Like many other conditions in medicine, MND also has specific symptoms which can be managed. The overall aim of this approach is to focus on maintaining well-being. As we have highlighted elsewhere, the range of symptoms and problems encountered in MND is best managed by a multidisciplinary team in a centre in which MND patients are seen on a regular basis.
Special situations in motor neuron disease
Authors: Talbot Kevin , Marsden Rachael
Published: November 2023

Genetic disease is a very complex area of medicine, and the information contained in this chapter, while it is intended to be a helpful guide, should not replace the need to get specialist advice. We strongly advise anyone who thinks that they may be at risk of inherited MND to seek specialist counselling through the normal medical services.
Useful information
Authors: Talbot Kevin , Marsden Rachael
Published: November 2023

Much of the information in this section is most easily accessed via the Internet. For those without access to a computer we have included telephone contact details.
Overview
Authors: Bornkessel-Schlesewsky Ina , Schlesewsky Matthias
Published: November 2023

Perhaps not surprisingly, Part II is the longest of the four parts of thismonograph. In the following six chapters, we discuss the core aspects ofsyntactic and morphological processing at the sentence level, focusingon a range of languages and a variety of experimental techniques. It isimportant to note that, throughout this section, we have attempted toremain quite closely within the bounds of the core domains of syntaxand morphology. Extensions to this perspective, for example withrespect to the interaction between syntax and prosody or informationstructure, will be discussed in Part III of this volume.
Overview
Authors: Bornkessel-Schlesewsky Ina , Schlesewsky Matthias
Published: November 2023

Having provided an overview of empirical Wndings on the neurocognitionof syntactic and morphological processing, the aim of this sectionis to introduce existing models in this domain. As already becameapparent in parts of the discussion in the preceding sections, suchmodels can typically be subdivided according to traditional psycholinguisticdistinctions and debates.
Hybridization Networks
Authors: Semple Charles
Published: November 2023

Evolutionary (phylogenetic) trees are used to represent the tree-like evolution of a collection of taxa. For many groups of taxa (for example, most mammals) this representation is appropriate. However, non-tree-like evolutionary processes such as hybridization, horizontal gene transfer, and recombination mean that some groups of taxa are not suited to this type of representation. Collectively referred to as reticulation events, these types of processes result in species being a composite of DNA regions derived from different ancestors. Frequently with bacteria, horizontal gene transfer is the transfer of a piece of DNA from one organism to another which is not its offspring. On the other hand, hybridizations combine two lineages to create a new offspring. Examples of eukaryotes whose ancestral history include hybridization are certain plant and bird species. Recombination is a type of hybridization that has been well-studied within the framework of population genetics. For informative articles on the frequency of hybridization amongst animals and the problem of distinguishing hybridization from other causes of phylogenetic incongruence, see [35] and [36], respectively.
The RNA virus quasispecies
Authors: Holmes Edward C
Published: November 2023

Since its formulation in the 1970s, the notion that RNA viruses form complex population structures known as quasispecies has dominated discussions on the mechanisms of RNA virus evolution. At the time of writing over 1000 articles on the PubMed online database contain the word quasispecies in the title or abstract, and a whole volume has been written on quasispecies in virology (Domingo et  al . 2001).
The domain of the inquiry
Authors: Stassen Leon
Published: November 2023

This book is an essay in theoretical linguistics, and employs the research method of linguistic typology. This form of linguistic inquiry aims at discovering basic principles in the structure of human language, by means of a comparison of structural features in a large sample of (preferably unrelated) languages. Typologists expect that in doing so the limits of possible variation between languages – and hence, a definition of the notion ‘possible human language’ – can be brought to light.
In search of determinant factors
Authors: Stassen Leon
Published: November 2023

In the chapters of Part I I have developed a typology of predicative possession, the major features of which have been summarized in Chapter 7. Now, given the general mission statement of theoretical linguistics that I formulated in Section 1.1, it will be evident that the construction of typologies is certainly a worthwhile linguistic activity, in that it presents us with a view of the limitations that human language sets on the encoding of a certain linguistic phenomenon.
Introduction
Authors: Nicholls Anthony , Wilson lain
Published: November 2023

Section 1: General medical issues on surgical wards 2, Section 2: Perioperative care of chronic medical disorders 2 Section 3: Postoperative complications 3, Section 4: Sensible prescribing 3 This book is primarily for junior surgeons and anaesthetists who are often faced with the perioperative medical management of patients undergoing surgery. It is not a guide to surgical management, but deals specifically with medical care of the surgical patient. Most medical care for surgical patients is routine, but increasing numbers of medically compromised patients are presenting for both elective and emergency surgery. Medical practice is also becoming more specialized and it is common for more than one doctor to be involved with the care of a complicated surgical patient.
The National Confidential Enquiry into Perioperative Deaths (NCEPOD)
Authors: Campbell Bruce
Published: November 2023

The National Confidential Enquiry into Perioperative Deaths (NCEPOD) is a collaborative review of surgery, anaesthesia and gynaecology, which began data collection in 1985. The reports (listed in Table 5.1) are based on anonymous and confidential questionnaires completed by surgeons and anaesthetists about patients who have died under their care. Panels of peer reviewers assess questionnaires and the data are recorded on computer. The data are protected against use in medicolegal actions, but destruction of questionnaires is an essential part of this protection and no copies should be kept. Each year NCEPOD gathers information about different groups of patients, which is then presented in a detailed report, with a summary of findings and recommendations.
The ASA classification of perioperative risk
Authors: Wilson lain
Published: November 2023

The American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score has been used for many years as an indicator of perioperative risk. A committee of the ASA originally conceived the score in 1941 as a method of standardizing physical status in hospital records for statistical studies in anaesthesia. A series of minor changes have been effected over the years and the current version of the classification completed in 1974, by the House of Delegates of the ASA is presented in Table 6.1. A patient is scored according to their physical fitness and the letter E added if the planned procedure is an emergency one. Although the score is convenient and easy to use, it lacks scientific precision in its application.
Endocrine and metabolic disorders
Authors: Hattersley Andrew , Saddler John
Published: November 2023

Diabetes affects 2% of the population and 6% of patients over 60 years in the UK. Diabetes underlies 1 in 6 vascular surgical admissions, and presents many perioperative problems. It may also present on the surgical ward for the first time. Liaise closely with the local diabetes team. Most hospitals will have a diabetes specialist nurse who can advise on appropriate insulin regimes and will have access to a diabetologist if needed. All diabetes nurses (and many diabetic patients) will have practical knowledge about treatment regimes so ask for advice! The principal problems encountered are the control of blood glucose and dealing with the complications - retinopathy, nephropathy, ischaemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, neuropathy, and a reduced response to infection.
Renal disorders
Authors: Nicholls Anthony
Published: November 2023

The diagnosis of renal impairment is easily made when a high serum creatinine is found. Assessment of the significance of minor elevations of creatinine depends on the age and size of the patient. Renal impairment is very common in elderly patients undergoing surgery and is a significant risk for postoperative renal failure. Although it is impractical to measure renal function precisely in surgical patients, the serum creatinine should measured routinely according to the schedule on p. 23 and in anyone in whom there is concern about their renal status. Clearly, the greatest risk arises in those with the most severe renal impairment. The common causes of renal failure may have relevance for surgical care.
Cardiac arrhythmias
Authors: Dean John
Published: November 2023

The haemodynamic consequences of the arrhythmia determine the urgency of the treatment. The same rhythm disturbance may have little or no impact on one patient, but cause cardiovascular collapse in another. Patients with compromised LV function are at the greatest risk, and may develop arrhythmias without provocation even when all appropriate measures for prevention have been taken. Major surgery such as aortic aneurysm repair imposes a higher risk of arrhythmia than a minor procedure such as cataract surgery. Any abrupt change in heart rate, particularly if there is a fall in BP, should raise the possibility of an arrhythmia. Whenever possible a 12-lead ECG of the arrhythmia should be recorded; failing this a rhythm strip may be obtained by using the ECG monitor of the ward defibrillator.
Postoperative jaundice and abnormal liver function tests (LFTs)
Authors: Nicholls Anthony , Wilson lain
Published: November 2023

Postoperative jaundice results from an accumulation of bilirubin. It may occur in any patient, but is commonest in patients who have had biliary, hepatic, or pancreatic surgery. This is often related to the nature of the surgery performed and resulting hepatobiliary problems: obstruction or leakage. Jaundice may also develop after procedures unrelated to the biliary system, e.g. orthopaedic, gynaecological, or bowel surgery. In such patients jaundice is usually multifactorial in origin, and medical rather than surgical in nature. Although jaundice itself may be relatively benign, it should always be investigated carefully as it may be manifestation of a serious problem outside the liver. Patients with postoperative hepatocellular dysfunction have a poor prognosis and need urgent investigation and management.
Perioperative prescribing information
Authors: Nicholls Anthony , Wilson lain
Published: November 2023

Section 15 of the BNF gives broad advice about the issue of long-term medication and general anaesthesia: the risk of stopping medication is often greater than the risk of continuing it during surgery, but surgery itself may alter the need for continued therapy for certain conditions. Drugs that should not normally be stopped before surgery include analgesics, anti-epileptics, bronchodilators, cardiovascular drugs, glaucoma drugs, thyroid or anti-thyroid drugs, and peptic ulcer drugs. Drugs that should be stopped include combined oral contraceptives (preferably 4 weeks before elective surgery, with appropriate alternative contraception), and lithium (2 days before major surgery, safe to continue with minor procedures).
Engagement in Evil: Politics, Dirty Hands, and Corruption
Authors: Coady C A J
Published: November 2023

In the film documentary ‘The Fog of War’, the former US Secretary of Defence, Robert McNamara was interviewed at length about his career in politics and elsewhere, with particular reference to his thoughts on the prosecution of the Vietnam War. McNamara was an enthusiastic ‘hawk’ who now presents his enthusiasm as more qualified and muted, but admits to many errors of judgement about the war. In the course of the interview he enunciates a list of principles for the conduct of foreign policy of which rule number 9 is: ‘In order to do good, you must engage in evil’.
The treatment of acne
Authors: Elsheikh Mohgah , Murphy Caroline
Published: November 2023

About 1 in 4 women with PCOS are troubled with greasy skin, spots, and acne well after their teenage years. The good news is that acne is usually treatable, although you may need treatment for several years to keep the spots at bay.
Physical activity and weight management
Authors: Elsheikh Mohgah , Murphy Caroline
Published: November 2023

Exercise is any physical activity you do, from walking up the stairs to cleaning the house. It does not necessarily mean going to the gym. It is thought that most people today do not get enough exercise. There are fewer of us doing manual jobs and we are increasingly reliant on the car for transport. In the UK, both walking and cycling have declined by 25 per cent. Energy-saving devices such as washing machines, dishwashers and remote controls, in addition to the availability of home entertainment and computers, have also contributed to less active lifestyles. It is estimated that our energy expenditure may have reduced by as much as 30 per cent over the past three decades.