bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phenothiazine-Associated Apnea in Two Siblings
Authors: Buck Marcia L. , Blumer Jeffrey L.
Published: June 2017

A two-month-old white girl presented to our facility with increasing lethargy and new onset apnea and bradycardia following a week of upper respiratory tract infection symptoms. The patient had been receiving a cough syrup containing promethazine hydrochloride during the previous five days, which was temporally correlated with the onset of lethargy and apneic episodes. Upon further investigation, it was discovered that the patient's older sibling also may have experienced phenothiazine-associated apnea after receiving a combination of meperidine hydrochloride, promethazine hydrochloride, and chlorpromazine as a premedication prior to an endoscopic examination. In addition to the presentation of these cases, the literature pertaining to phenothiazine-associated apnea is reviewed.
Nimodipine and Bradycardia in Acute Stroke—Drug or Disease?
Authors: Fagan Susan C. , Nacci Nancy
Published: June 2017

A patient who had suffered an acute ischemic stroke experienced bradycardia while being treated with nimodipine 80 mg tid. This became evident after the initiation of nimodipine and progressed, leading to the drug being discontinued after three days of therapy. The bradycardia resolved shortly after the treatment was terminated and normal heart rate was maintained throughout 23 days of hospitalization and in subsequent outpatient follow-up. Although nimodipine-induced bradycardia is possible, hemispheric cerebral infarction may also cause transient bradyarrhythmias in the acute stroke period. There is a need to monitor the heart rate and rhythm of all acute stroke patients, especially those receiving nimodipine.
Local Tissue Reaction to Intravenous Fluorouracil and Leucovorin
Authors: Umstead Greg S. , Fryer Nancy L. , Decker David A.
Published: June 2017

Fluorouracil alone can cause a variety of dermatologic adverse effects; however, it is not considered to be a chemical vesicant. We report a case of apparent enhanced local skin reaction from the combination of intravenous fluorouracil and leucovorin. The reaction occurred in the patient's other hand on rechallenge.
The Impact of Changing Ventilator Parameters on Availability of Nebulized Drugs in an in Vitro Neonatal Lung System
Authors: Benson Jill M. , Gal Peter , Kandrotas Robert J. , Watling Sharon M. , Hansen Charles J.
Published: June 2017

An in vitro model was developed to assess nebulized drug delivery. The model simulated the intubated neonate and examined the effect of changes in a variety of parameters commonly confronted in the clinical setting. Theophylline was nebulized for 15 minutes and captured in an artificial lung system (a 1000-mL intravenous bag). Variables were: Peak pressure (20, 24, 28 cm H2O), ventilator rate (40, 60, 80 breaths/min), nebulizer flow rate (5, 7, 10 L/min), endotracheal tube size (2.5, 3.0, 3.5 mm), and ventilator type (Servo 900C, Bourns BP 200, Bear Cub BP 2001). The amount of drug actually captured in the bag ranged from 0.009 to 12.59 percent (mean 2.08). A multivariate analysis showed that only nebulizer flow rate had a statistically significant effect on drug delivery with 10 L/min delivering the most drug. All factors combined only accounted for 11.5 percent of the variability in drug delivery. In light of the wide and unpredictable amounts of drug delivered through ventilators, dosing to pharmacologic effect rather than staying within narrow dosing guidelines may be more rational in patients responding poorly to standard doses.
Ceftazidime in the Elderly: Appropriateness of Twice-Daily Dosing
Authors: Sirgo Mark A. , Norris Sandra
Published: June 2017

The disposition of drugs in the elderly is particularly relevant with antiinfectives, because this population has an increased risk of infections. Renal function deteriorates with age, yet dosage guidelines for antibiotics that allow for this reduction remain to be established. Ceftazidime, a cephalosporin with enhanced antipseudomonal activity that is eliminated primarily by glomerular filtration, has been evaluated in the elderly. Herein, we review ceftazidime's pharmacokinetic profile and dosing considerations in this population. Several aspects of renal function deteriorate with the normal aging process, including a decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Using serum creatinine concentrations as an estimate of the GFR in the elderly is unreliable; a more reliable way of estimating GFR is the use of inulin or 51Cr-editic acid clearance or calculation from formulas or nomograms based on age, weight, sex, and serum creatinine. From pharmacokinetic studies it was found that the elderly individual without renal disease generally has an increased elimination half-life and decreased clearance of ceftazidime compared with a young person. A positive correlation (r = 0.7–0.95) was shown between ceftazidime clearance and GFR, suggesting that estimates of GFR may be used to determine the ceftazidime dose. In several studies, the trough (after 12 hours) ceftazidime serum concentration exceeded by several fold its minimum inhibitory concentration required to inhibit 90% of organisms for most commonly encountered organisms; efficacy and safety were also confirmed with an every-12-hour regimen. A twice-daily dosage regimen for ceftazidime in elderly patients with normal renal function should be considered based on age-related decreases in renal function and drug elimination.
Pattern of Neuroleptic Drug Use in Italian Mental Health Services
Authors: Muscettola Giovanni , Bollini Paola , Pampallona Sandro
Published: June 2017

The relationship between the prescribed daily dose of neuroleptic (NL) drugs and patient-, and drug-related characteristics was explored in a cross-sectional sample of 1141 patients treated in Italian mental health services. The results of a multiple linear regression showed that the prescribed daily dose was significantly lower in women, the elderly, and those with a shorter (one to six year) psychiatric history. In contrast, being an inpatient in psychiatric wards in general and public mental hospitals was significantly associated with a higher dose; marital status, education, and diagnosis were not. The number and potency (low to moderate vs. high) of the prescribed NLs were also significantly associated with the prescribed dose, and an interaction was found between the two. Implications of these findings for improvement in NL prescription patterns are discussed.
Wife–Husband Intimacy and Female Status in Cross-Cultural Perspective
Authors: de Munck Victor C. , Korotayev Andrey V.
Published: June 2017

This article hypothesizes that in societies where spouses are considered to have relatively equal status, they are more likely to be intimate with one another than in societies where there is spousal status inequality. The authors ask: What are the core attributes of intimacy between husband and wife cross-culturally? And what sociocultural norms and practices are associated with intimate/nonintimate spousal relationships? Five variables are used as indicators of intimacy: husband— wife sleeping proximity, privacy in sleeping for husbands and wives, husband— wife eating arrangement, husband—wife spending leisure time together, and husband attending birth of his child. These variables are correlated with 60 variables for female status in “traditional” societies constructed and coded by Whyte. From this research, the authors develop a female kin power model based on five main sociocultural variables: war, skewed sex ratio, polygyny, parental warmth, and socialization for aggression. Results indicate that intimacy in spousal relationships is significantly predicted by female status.
Using the HRAF Collection of Ethnography in Conjunction With the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample and the Ethnographic Atlas
Authors: Ember Carol R.
Published: June 2017

This report provides information that allows researchers to match cases (societies) in the Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) collections with the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample and the Ethnographic Atlas.
Noninvasive Stimulation of the Human Brain: Activation of Multiple Cortical Circuits
Authors: Di Lazzaro Vincenzo , Rothwell John , Capogna Marco
Published: June 2017

Noninvasive brain stimulation methods, such as transcranial electric stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation are widely used tools for both basic research and clinical applications. However, the cortical circuits underlying their effects are poorly defined. Here we review the current knowledge based on data mostly coming from experiments performed on human subjects, and also to a lesser extent on rodent or primate models. The data suggest that multiple mechanisms are likely to be involved, such as the direct activation of layer V pyramidal neurons, but also of different types of GABAergic interneurons. In this regard, we propose a key role for a specific type of interneuron known as neurogliaform cell.
Chemical composition and physicochemical properties of Phaeodactylum tricornutum microalgal residual biomass
Authors: German-Báez LJ , Valdez-Flores MA , Félix-Medina JV , Norzagaray-Valenzuela CD , Santos-Ballardo DU , Reyes-Moreno C , Shelton LM , Valdez-Ortiz A
Published: June 2017

The production of photosynthetic biofuels using microalgae is a promising strategy to combat the use of non-renewable energy sources. The microalgae residual biomass is a waste by-product of biofuel production; however, it could prove to have utility in the development of sustainable nutraceuticals and functional foods. In this study, a comprehensive characterisation of the under-utilised Phaeodactylum tricornutum microalgae residual biomass is presented. Proximal composition, antioxidant capacity (using three different antioxidant assays; oxygen radical absorbance capacity; radical cation activity, ABTS; and radical scavenging activity, DPPH), and total phenolic content of free and bound polyphenols were determined. Additionally, the physicochemical properties of water activity, pH, water absorption index, water solubility index, and dispersibility were evaluated. Results revealed that P. tricornutum microalgae residual biomass exhibits a relatively high protein and carbohydrate content, with values of 36.67% and 46.78%, respectively; and most carbohydrates were found as total dietary fibre (45.57%), of which insoluble dietary fibre was the most predominant (43.54%). Antioxidant capacity values for total phytochemicals of 106.22, 67.93, 9.54 µM TE g−1 dw were determined by oxygen radical absorbance capacity, ABTS, and DPPH assays, respectively. Total phenolic content was found to be 2.90 mg GAE g−1 dw. Interestingly, antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content were higher in bound than in free phytochemical extracts. The physicochemical analysis showed P. tricornutum microalgae residual biomass to have suitable properties for the generation of a beverage with Aw, pH, water absorption index, water solubility index, and dispersibility values of 0.45, 7.12, 3.40 g gel g−1 dw, 2.5 g solids 100 g−1 dw, and 90%, respectively. Hence, P. tricornutum microalgae residual biomass could be considered a potential source of bioactive compounds suitable for the production of functional food exhibiting antioxidant capacity and high dietary fibre content.
Reverse-mode algorithmic differentiation of an OpenMP-parallel compressible flow solver
Authors: Hückelheim Jan , Hovland Paul , Strout Michelle Mills , Müller Jens-Dominik
Published: June 2017

Reverse-mode algorithmic differentiation (AD) is an established method for obtaining adjoint derivatives of computer simulation applications. In computational fluid dynamics (CFD), adjoint derivatives of a cost function output such as drag or lift with respect to design parameters such as surface coordinates or geometry control points are a key ingredient for shape optimization, uncertainty quantification and flow control. The computational cost of CFD applications and their derivatives makes it essential to use high-performance computing hardware efficiently, including multi- and many-core architectures. Nevertheless, OpenMP is not supported in most AD tools, and previously shown methods achieve poor scalability of the derivative code. We present the AD of an OpenMP-parallelized finite volume compressible flow solver for unstructured meshes. Our approach enables us to reuse the parallelization of the original code in the computation of adjoint derivatives. The method works by identifying code segments that can be differentiated in reverse-mode without changing their memory access pattern. The OpenMP parallelization is integrated into the derivative code during the build process in a way that is robust to modifications of the original code and independent of the OpenMP support of the differentiation tool. We show the scalability of our adjoint CFD solver on test cases ranging from thousands to millions of finite volume mesh cells on CPUs with up to 16 threads as well as on an Intel XeonPhi card with 236 threads. We demonstrate that our approach is more practical to implement for production-sized CFD codes and produces more efficient adjoint derivative code than previously shown AD methods.
Community children's nursing: an evaluative framework
Authors: Eaton Nicola , Thomas Paul
Published: June 2017

• There are alternative models of community children's nursing (CCN)

• A number of suitable criteria have been identified for evaluating CCN

• Which criteria are given most weight depends crucially on the perspective of different stakeholders and the power that they hold

• A framework for evaluating CCN is developed
Context collapse and privacy management: Diversity in Facebook friends increases online news reading and sharing
Authors: Beam Michael A , Child Jeffrey T , Hutchens Myiah J , Hmielowski Jay D
Published: June 2017

Social media users are able to read, share, and discuss news online with other people coming from diverse contexts in their lives, including family members, co-workers, and friends. Past research has indicated that “context collapse” occurs when people must imagine and negotiate interacting with a large and diverse online audience. Using survey data from 771 US Internet users, we find that more context collapse in people’s Facebook friends is positively related to both sharing and reading news. Furthermore, reading news on Facebook mediates the relationship between context collapse and news sharing. Finally, privacy management moderates the relationship between reading and sharing news on Facebook, where people who are more open in their privacy management practices share more news.
Particulate emissions from a highly boosted gasoline direct injection engine
Authors: Leach Felix , Stone Richard , Richardson Dave , Lewis Andrew , Akehurst Sam , Turner James , Remmert Sarah , Campbell Steven , Cracknell Roger F
Published: June 2017

Downsized, highly boosted, gasoline direct injection engines are becoming the preferred gasoline engine technology to ensure that increasingly stringent fuel economy and emissions legislation are met. The Ultraboost project engine is a 2.0-L in-line four-cylinder prototype engine, designed to have the same performance as a 5.0-L V8 naturally aspirated engine but with reduced fuel consumption. It is important to examine particle number emissions from such extremely highly boosted engines to ensure that they are capable of meeting current and future emissions legislation. The effect of such high boosting on particle number emissions is reported in this article for a variety of operating points and engine operating parameters. The effect of engine load, air–fuel ratio, fuel injection pressure, fuel injection timing, ignition timing, inlet air temperature, exhaust gas recirculation level, and exhaust back pressure has been investigated. It is shown that particle number emissions increase with increase in cooled, external exhaust gas recirculation and engine load, and decrease with increase in fuel injection pressure and inlet air temperature. Particle number emissions are shown to fall with increased exhaust back pressure, a key parameter for highly boosted engines. The effects of these parameters on the particle size distributions from the engine have also been evaluated. Significant changes to the particle size spectrum emitted from the engine are seen depending on the engine operating point. Operating points with a bias towards very small particle sizes were noted.
Model Averaging with AIC Weights for Hypothesis Testing of Hormesis at Low Doses
Authors: Kim Steven B. , Sanders Nathan
Published: June 2017

For many dose–response studies, large samples are not available. Particularly, when the outcome of interest is binary rather than continuous, a large sample size is required to provide evidence for hormesis at low doses. In a small or moderate sample, we can gain statistical power by the use of a parametric model. It is an efficient approach when it is correctly specified, but it can be misleading otherwise. This research is motivated by the fact that data points at high experimental doses have too much contribution in the hypothesis testing when a parametric model is misspecified. In dose–response analyses, to account for model uncertainty and to reduce the impact of model misspecification, averaging multiple models have been widely discussed in the literature. In this article, we propose to average semiparametric models when we test for hormesis at low doses. We show the different characteristics of averaging parametric models and averaging semiparametric models by simulation. We apply the proposed method to real data, and we show that P values from averaged semiparametric models are more credible than P values from averaged parametric methods. When the true dose–response relationship does not follow a parametric assumption, the proposed method can be an alternative robust approach.
Critical moments in long-term condition management: A longitudinal qualitative social network study
Authors: Morris Rebecca L , Sanders Caroline
Published: June 2017

Objectives

Recent literature has demonstrated the nature and importance of social networks. This study aimed to understand how support needs of people with long-term conditions change over time and how this influences their ability to self-manage.

Methods

A longitudinal qualitative design was used to explore changes in individual’s social networks over a period of year. Thirty participants were recruited and completed initial in-depth face-to-face interviews, telephone follow-ups, and final face-to-face interviews.

Results

Findings illuminated that changes in health and changes in social networks can influence each other. The social networks implicated in the management of long-term conditions change over time at critical moments and can range between positive and negative reciprocal influences with self-management. Network changes, such as the breaking or reconnecting of ties influenced the context of health management and the degree of engagement with self-management activities.

Discussion

By examining the specific processes of support and resource provision, this study highlights how overtime the variety of relationships and support available implicated in long-term condition management changes. This has implications for the provision of formal support services and the need for a wider range of support to be identified that recognises change in support requirements as self-management strategies evolve.
‘You want to show you’re a valuable employee’: A critical discourse analysis of multi-perspective portrayals of employed women with fibromyalgia
Authors: Oldfield Margaret , MacEachen Ellen , MacNeill Margaret , Kirsh Bonnie
Published: June 2017

Background

Advice on fibromyalgia, a chronic illness primarily affecting women, often presents it as incompatible with work and rarely covers how to remain employed. Yet many women do.

Objectives

We aimed to understand how these women, their family members, and workmates portrayed employees with fibromyalgia, and how these portrayals helped women retain employment.

Methods

We interviewed 22 participants, comprising five triads and three dyads of people who knew each other. Using the methodology of critical discourse analysis, we analysed the interview data within and across the triads/dyads through coding, narrative summaries, and relational mapping.

Results

Participants reported stereotypes that employees with fibromyalgia are lazy, malingering, and less productive than healthy workers. Countering these assumptions, participants portrayed the women as normal, valuable employees who did not ‘give in’ to their illness. The portrayals drew on two discourses, normalcy and mind-controlling-the-body, and a related narrative, overcoming disability. We propose that participants’ portrayals helped women manage their identities in competitive workplaces and thereby remain employed.

Discussion

Our findings augment the very sparse literature on employment with fibromyalgia. Using a new approach, critical discourse analysis, we expand on known job-retention strategies and add the perspectives of two key stakeholders: family members and workmates.
Historical and existential coherence in political commercials
Authors: Meade Melissa R , Robles Jessica S
Published: June 2017

This article analyzes discourse, narrative, and video editing to introduce the concept of ‘historical coherence’. This concept is an expansion of Alessandro Duranti’s notion of ‘existential coherence’ – the construction of an embodied narrative connecting a candidate’s past with his or her decision to run for office – from his 2006 study of a candidate’s campaign speeches. This study examines how language and communication are linked with historical narratives through the use of multimodal stories in which US political commercials link candidates’ present actions with historical events, dynamics, artifacts, and/or figures. This ‘historical coherence’ is constructed through the following strategies: (1) constructing a narrative in which popular historical figures or archetypal figures are in agreement with the candidate; (2) preempting charges of lack of historical coherence; and (3) presenting historical restrictions to freedom and casting the candidate, or the candidate’s party, in general, as a preventative from future calamities and transgressions to freedom.
Normative Interfaces: Affordances, Gender, and Race in Facebook
Authors: Cirucci Angela M.
Published: June 2017

This study investigates social network site affordances and their implications for perceptions of marginalized communities. I employ Facebook as a case study and speak with young adult users to comprehend how socially marginalized groups are perceived through Facebook’s affordances. In particular, I consider: How familiar are users with Facebook’s tools and functionalities? How are issues of gender and race represented through the site’s interface? How do users conceive of gender and race? The findings suggest that gender is perceived as a more important identifier than race and that Facebook is post-racial, because of the user interface choices made. In addition, my participants view Facebook as an official social space that should include “authentic” identities; although Facebook has shaped authentic to mean accurate. I conclude that while the construction of affordances is a negotiation between user, interface, and designer, the designers have the most power because they have created the spaces in ways that will most benefit Facebook. In addition, users who are more situated in the socio-cultural majority have no desire to enact agency within Facebook’s structure because they are accustomed to forms and official documents that are well suited to fit their identification needs.
Social determinants of household wealth and income in urban China
Authors: Jin Yongai , Xie Yu
Published: June 2017

Using data from a nationwide household survey—the China Family Panel Studies—we study how social determinants—political and market factors—are associated with wealth and income among urban households in China. Results indicate that both political and market factors contribute significantly to a household’s economic wellbeing, but the political premium is substantially greater in wealth than in income. Further, political capital has a larger effect on the accumulation of housing assets, while market factors are more influential on the accumulation of non-housing assets. We propose explanations for these findings.
From online to offline: The formation of collective action and its contributing factors: A case study of a food waste treatment facility location protest
Authors: Bu Yumei
Published: June 2017

This study examines the process from online mobilization to offline action in a case study of a community collective protest against the construction of a food waste treatment facility in a neighborhood. The method of virtual ethnography is employed to study the formation of internet-initiated collective action and its contributing factors. The study finds that online shared views and identity do not necessarily have a definitive influence on the transition from online discussion to offline action. In fact, whether such a transition can be realized depends on the characteristics of the action and the stage of the movement. For initial and insubstantial offline action, online mobilization seems to be effective. However, sustaining the movement requires further mobilization and organization building. The study concludes that all three factors of online mobilization, characteristics of action, and stage of movement play a role in the transition from online discussion to offline actions. Characteristics of action and stage of movement are interrelated, both aiming to accomplish goals, as one is to act and the other is to react to the risks posed by political control. To keep the movement alive is always a challenge for online mobilization. Political risks influence decisions on strategies and tactics of online mobilization, and shape the behavior of netizens, often being described as a special type of ‘slacktivism.’ In conclusion, the Chinese political culture and environment, people’s adaptation to it, and their risk-aversive nature help create the unique type of Chinese online activism that, in turn, determines the effectiveness and outcomes of online mobilization and offline collective action.
Religious revival in rural China and the fate of ‘religion’ in China
Authors: Liang Yongjia
Published: June 2017

This paper explores three aspects of the question of religious revival in rural China, one of the most ‘unexpected’ phenomena since the beginning of the reform and opening-up policy. Firstly, by offering a critical reappraisal of the three models of explaining religious revival – ‘invention of traditions,’ ‘state–society relation,’ and ‘religious market theory’ – I argue that religion should not be reduced into such categories as ‘politics’ or ‘economy’ but taken as a set of facts sui generis. I delineate some premises implied in the religious market theory, premises that are rather Christian in worldview and cannot fit the Chinese context. Secondly, it is necessary to understand the process of shaping ‘religion’ by the political and intellectual elites in modern Chinese history. Academic claims to legitimize some of the religious practices merely continue the complicity among these elites. Thirdly, religious revival in rural China is largely separated from this process of elite complicity, implying an unknown mechanism with the potential to yield an indigenous social theory. Referring to the recent model of ‘doing religion,’ I emphasize the dimension of morality being central to social solidarity. Finally, I suggest that rather than trying to apply secularization or market theories, we try using a ‘gift model’ to study religious revival.
Corporate Boards, Insider Ownership and Firm-Related Characteristics: A Study of Indian Listed Firms
Authors: Sarpal Shivan , Singh Fulbag
Published: June 2017

The basic purpose of this article is to ferret out whether there exists any association amongst board characteristics, insider ownership and firm-specific characteristics (firm size and age) in relation to Indian corporates listed on Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE). A total of 15 measures including several proxies and modulations has been contrived, which reflect the composition, independence, diligence as well as functioning period of corporate boards. Empirical investigation has been performed using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Welch ANOVA under Robust Tests of Equality of Means (including post-hoc tests) on the sample of top Indian firms ranked on the basis of market capitalisation. The present research findings involve the use of several modulations and formulations in the spectrum of board characteristics regarding the testing of board governance in India. Findings of the study have contributed to the extant corporate governance literature by deprehending significant relationships between board, insider ownership structures and firm-specific characteristics that would guide the policymakers to devise suitable policies for Indian corporate boards in future.
Video Analysis of Primary Shoulder Dislocations in Rugby Tackles
Authors: Maki Nobukazu , Kawasaki Takayuki , Mochizuki Tomoyuki , Ota Chihiro , Yoneda Takeshi , Urayama Shingo , Kaneko Kazuo
Published: June 2017

Background:

Characteristics of rugby tackles that lead to primary anterior shoulder dislocation remain unclear.

Purpose:

To clarify the characteristics of tackling that lead to shoulder dislocation and to assess the correlation between the mechanism of injury and morphological damage of the glenoid.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

Eleven elite rugby players who sustained primary anterior shoulder dislocation due to one-on-one tackling between 2001 and 2014 were included. Using an assessment system, the tackler’s movement, posture, and shoulder and head position were evaluated in each phase of tackling. Based on 3-dimensional computed tomography, the glenoid of the affected shoulder was classified into 3 types: intact, erosion, and bone defect. Orientation of the glenoid defect and presence of Hill-Sachs lesion were also evaluated.

Results:

Eleven tackles that led to primary shoulder dislocation were divided into hand, arm, and shoulder tackle types based on the site at which the tackler contacted the ball carrier initially. In hand and arm tackles, the tackler’s shoulder joint was forcibly moved to horizontal abduction by the impact of his upper limb, which appeared to result from an inappropriate approach to the ball carrier. In shoulder tackles, the tackler’s head was lowered and was in front of the ball carrier at impact. There was no significant correlation between tackle types and the characteristics of bony lesions of the shoulder.

Conclusion:

Although the precise mechanism of primary anterior shoulder dislocation could not be estimated from this single-view analysis, failure of individual tackling leading to injury is not uniform and can be caused by 2 main factors: failure of approach followed by an extended arm position or inappropriate posture of the tackler at impact, such as a lowered head in front of the opponent. These findings indicate that injury mechanisms should be assessed for each type of tackle, as it is unknown whether external force to the glenoid is different in each mechanism during shoulder dislocation.
An overview of ancient Chinese character inscriptions of national minorities
Authors: Zhang Hong-Mei , Mao Yuan-Ming
Published: June 2017

In the past, many national minorities once established ancient characters of their own. A large amount of ancient Chinese character inscriptions were made using stone materials, which are significant for the study of national histories, national cultures and national languages. This paper summarizes the historical background of ancient Chinese character inscriptions and the current situation regarding character interpretation; it exemplifies 12 types of Chinese character inscriptions of national minorities in the hopes of providing suggestions for the collation of ancient Chinese character inscription documents and providing references for study into languages, histories and cultures.
Causes of variant forms as a result of structural changes to character components
Authors: Lee Kyoo-Kap
Published: June 2017

A number of variant character forms are created via changes to the structure of the character components. Changes in the position of character components result in new structures; furthermore, some character components are replaced with others, resulting in characters that are more complicated to read. This study briefly introduces these variant forms and elucidates the causes of their formation, as well as discussing their characteristics.
Shared epithelial pathways to lung repair and disease
Authors: Spella Magda , Lilis Ioannis , Stathopoulos Georgios T.
Published: June 2017

Chronic lung diseases present tremendous health burdens and share a common pathobiology of dysfunctional epithelial repair. Lung adenocarcinoma, the leading cancer killer worldwide, is caused mainly by chemical carcinogens of tobacco smoke that induce mutations in pulmonary epithelial cells leading to uncontrolled epithelial proliferation. Lung epithelial cells that possess the capacity for self-renewal and regeneration of other lung cell types are believed to underlie the pathobiology of chronic obstructive, fibrotic and neoplastic lung disorders. However, the understanding of lung epithelial progenitor cell hierarchy and turnover is incomplete and a comprehensive model of the cellular and transcriptional events that underlie lung regeneration and carcinogenesis is missing. The mapping of these processes is extremely important, since their modulation would potentially allow effective cure and/or prevention of chronic lung diseases. In this review we describe current knowledge on cellular and molecular pathways at play during lung repair and carcinogenesis and summarise the critical lung cell populations with regenerative and cancerous potential.
Intersections of lung progenitor cells, lung disease and lung cancer
Authors: Kim Carla F.
Published: June 2017

The use of stem cell biology approaches to study adult lung progenitor cells and lung cancer has brought a variety of new techniques to the field of lung biology and has elucidated new pathways that may be therapeutic targets in lung cancer. Recent results have begun to identify the ways in which different cell populations interact to regulate progenitor activity, and this has implications for the interventions that are possible in cancer and in a variety of lung diseases. Today's better understanding of the mechanisms that regulate lung progenitor cell self-renewal and differentiation, including understanding how multiple epigenetic factors affect lung injury repair, holds the promise for future better treatments for lung cancer and for optimising the response to therapy in lung cancer. Working between platforms in sophisticated organoid culture techniques, genetically engineered mouse models of injury and cancer, and human cell lines and specimens, lung progenitor cell studies can begin with basic biology, progress to translational research and finally lead to the beginnings of clinical trials.
Hierarchical Activated Green Carbons from Abundant Biomass Waste for Symmetric Supercapacitors
Authors: Shu Yu , Maruyama Jun , Iwasaki Satoshi , Li Cong , Shen Yehua , Uyama Hiroshi
Published: June 2017

Hierarchically porous activated carbons (ACs) derived from apricot shell (AS), which is a low-cost and abundant carbon source from a renewable and sustainable biomass waste, were prepared by a green and facile approach via carbonization followed by steam activation and applied to electrodes for symmetric supercapacitors (SCs). The as-obtained AC possessed large surface area and developed porosity with hierarchical pore texture, leading to the specific capacitance of 38.3 F g−1 for an AC//AC symmetrical SC in 20 wt% H2SO4 aqueous electrolyte. Moreover, the assembled AC//AC SC exhibited superior cycling life stability with 99% retention after 6000 cycles at 5 A g−1. These results demonstrate that the present facile, low-cost, and environmentally friendly synthetic strategy for hierarchical ACs from AS can promote the utilization and conversion of AS to high value-added industrial products as well as commercial applications in energy storage devices.
Misallocation, Establishment Size, and Productivity
Authors: Bento Pedro , Restuccia Diego
Published: June 2017

We consider a model of heterogeneous production units with endogenous entry and productivity investment to assess the quantitative impact of policy distortions: when the productivity elasticity of distortions increases from 0.09 in the United States to 0.5 in India, aggregate output and average establishment size fall by 53 and 86 percent (37 and 0 percent in the standard factor misallocation model). Entry productivity and factor misallocation contribute equally to the reduction in output, whereas lower life-cycle productivity growth is fully offset by increased entry and reduced productivity dispersion. Establishment size differences are consistent with evidence from a new comprehensive cross-country dataset. (JEL D92, E23, E24, L25, L60, O10, O14)
Productivity Growth and Capital Flows: The Dynamics of Reforms
Authors: Buera Francisco J. , Shin Yongseok
Published: June 2017

Why doesn't capital flow into fast-growing countries? Using a model with heterogeneous producers and underdeveloped domestic financial markets, we explain the joint dynamics of total factor productivity (TFP) and capital flows. When a large-scale economic reform removes preexisting idiosyncratic distortions in a small open economy, its TFP rises, driven by efficient reallocation of economic resources. At the same time, because of the domestic financial frictions, saving rates surge but investment rates respond only with a lag, resulting in capital outflows. The dynamics of TFP, capital flows, and idiosyncratic distortions in the model are consistent with what is observed during growth acceleration episodes, which often follow large-scale economic reforms. (JEL E21, E22, F21, F32, O16, O47)
Current progress and future perspectives in the development of anti-polo-like kinase 1 therapeutic agents
Authors: Park Jung-Eun , Hymel David , Burke, Jr. Terrence R. , Lee Kyung S.
Published: June 2017

Although significant levels of side effects are often associated with their use, microtubule-directed agents that primarily target fast-growing mitotic cells have been considered to be some of the most effective anti-cancer therapeutics. With the hope of developing new-generation anti-mitotic agents with reduced side effects and enhanced tumor specificity, researchers have targeted various proteins whose functions are critically required for mitotic progression. As one of the highly attractive mitotic targets, polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) has been the subject of an extensive effort for anti-cancer drug discovery. To date, a variety of anti-Plk1 agents have been developed, and several of them are presently in clinical trials. Here, we will discuss the current status of generating anti-Plk1 agents as well as future strategies for designing and developing more efficacious anti-Plk1 therapeutics.
Breeding novel solutions in the brain: A model of Darwinian neurodynamics
Authors: Szilágyi András , Zachar István , Fedor Anna , de Vladar Harold P. , Szathmáry Eörs
Published: June 2017

Background: The fact that surplus connections and neurons are pruned during development is well established. We complement this selectionist picture by a proof-of-principle model of evolutionary search in the brain, that accounts for new variations in theory space. We present a model for Darwinian evolutionary search for candidate solutions in the brain.

Methods: We combine known components of the brain – recurrent neural networks (acting as attractors), the action selection loop and implicit working memory – to provide the appropriate Darwinian architecture. We employ a population of attractor networks with palimpsest memory. The action selection loop is employed with winners-share-all dynamics to select for candidate solutions that are transiently stored in implicit working memory.

Results: We document two processes: selection of stored solutions and evolutionary search for novel solutions. During the replication of candidate solutions attractor networks occasionally produce recombinant patterns, increasing variation on which selection can act. Combinatorial search acts on multiplying units (activity patterns) with hereditary variation and novel variants appear due to (i) noisy recall of patterns from the attractor networks, (ii) noise during transmission of candidate solutions as messages between networks, and, (iii) spontaneously generated, untrained patterns in spurious attractors.

Conclusions: Attractor dynamics of recurrent neural networks can be used to model Darwinian search. The proposed architecture can be used for fast search among stored solutions (by selection) and for evolutionary search when novel candidate solutions are generated in successive iterations. Since all the suggested components are present in advanced nervous systems, we hypothesize that the brain could implement a truly evolutionary combinatorial search system, capable of generating novel variants.
Phylogeny and systematics of African Melastomateae (Melastomataceae)
Authors: Veranso-Libalah Marie Claire , Stone Robert Douglas , Fongod Augustina G.N. , Couvreur Thomas L.P. , Kadereit Gudrun
Published: June 2017

Melastomateae are the most species‐rich (185 spp./13 gen.) and morphologically diverse tribe within the African Melastomataceae. In this study we present the first in‐depth phylogenetic analysis of African Melastomateae using sequences generated from one nuclear (nrITS) and two plastid spacers (accD‐psaI, psbK‐psbL) sampling 183 accessions representing 75 African, 10 Madagascan and 7 Asian species and a broad outgroup sampling. We infer phylogenetic relationships using maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian approaches and propose a revised generic classification of African Melastomateae based on our molecular trees in combination with a careful reassessment of morphological variation. Our phylogenetic analyses support the monophyly of Old World Melastomateae except Dinophora which clearly falls outside Melastomateae. Asian and Madagascan endemic genera of Melastomateae are nested among the African genera. Of the African genera only two monophyletic groups, Dichaetanthera and Tristemma, are recovered in addition to the monospecific Pseudosbeckia lineage, while Antherotoma, Dissotis and Heterotis as currently circumscribed are polyphyletic. However, the subgenera and sections of these genera are mostly recovered as morphologically distinct and molecularly well‐supported clades. Isomorphism versus dimorphism of the stamens is found to be an unreliable character when delimiting genera in Melastomateae. We propose the reinstatement of Argyrella and Dupineta, a new status at generic rank for Dissotis subg. Dissotidendron, a broadened circumscription of Guyonia (to include the species previously placed in Heterotis sect. Cyclostemma), and description of a new, monospecific genus Anaheterotis for the Heterotis pobeguinii lineage. Heterotis is maintained at generic rank but with a narrower circumscription in comparison to earlier treatments. We accommodate the rare Osbeckia porteresii lineage from Mt. Nimba (Guinea) within an expanded Melastomastrum. To complete our generic realignment, a total of 42 new combinations are effected at the species level and below, and a key is provided for the 12 genera presently recognised in African Melastomateae. Denser taxonomic sampling and sequencing of more loci will be needed to resolve relationships within the large clade of Dissotis s.str. and allies (including Antherotoma as well as three West African species erroneously placed in the otherwise Asian Osbeckia).
Sex, drugs and pupusas: Disentangling relationships in Echiteae (Apocynaceae)
Authors: Morales J. Francisco , Endress Mary E. , Liede-Schumann Sigrid
Published: June 2017

Echiteae (Apocynaceae) comprises about 200 species divided among 19 genera, 16 of which are restricted to the Neotropics, the other 3 to the Paleotropics. There are two large genera, Prestonia and Parsonsia, in the Neotropics and Paleotropics, respectively, whereas three‐fourths of the genera contain only one to four species. In this study DNA of 82 species was extracted and amplified for four molecular markers: three plastid (trnL intron+trnL‐trnF intergenic spacer, rpl16 intron, matK + 5′/ 3′ trnK intron) and the nuclear ribosomal region ITS. The ingroup comprised 70 species from 17 genera in the tribe, and included representatives of all subtribes; the outgroup included 5 species each from the two putatively most closely related tribes, Odontadenieae and Mesechiteae, as well as 2 rooting species. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood approaches. Echiteae and four of its subtribes (Echitinae, Parsonsiinae, Peltastinae, Prestoniinae) as currently circumscribed were shown to be non‐monophyletic. The fifth subtribe, Pentalinoninae, though monophyletic, does not belong to Echiteae; it was resolved as sister to a clade of Odontadenieae, where it fits better, since in both the characteristic secondary compounds are cardenolides. Prestonia and Temnadenia were resolved as polyphyletic, with P. riedelii grouped with Rhodocalyx and T. ornata nested within Prestonia. Fernaldia is nested within Echites and Peltastes is nested in Macropharynx. Fourteen genera are maintained. The new subtribe Laubertiinae is proposed, as are the combinations resulting from the merging of Fernaldia and Peltastes and the transfer of P. riedelii and T. ornata to Rhodocalyx and Prestonia, respectively. In the ancestors of Echiteae, we hypothesize that an evolutionary shift took place in which steroidal alkaloids and/or cardenolides, characteristic for apocynoids, were replaced by parsonsine‐type pyrrolizidine alkaloids as the predominant defense compounds.