bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SEASONAL CHANGES IN METABOLIC ACTIVITY OF NON-HIBERNATING WOODCHUCKS
Authors: Bailey Edward D.
Published: August 2008

The metabolic activity of non-hibernating woodchucks (Marmota monax) was measured over a 1-year period. The Haldane method of indirect calorimetry was used to measure CO2 production to provide an index of metabolism. The metabolic rate was seasonally cyclic, reaching a peak in May and decreasing gradually throughout the summer. The lowest monthly values occurred from November through February (the normal time of hibernation for these animals), though the animals were kept from hibernating. The seasonal decrease in metabolism probably creates a physiological predisposition for hibernation and allows fat deposition without a great increase in food intake.
THE SURFACE STRUCTURE OF VARIOUS LAYERS OF THE HOUSE CRICKET EGGSHELL AS SEEN IN THE SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
Authors: McFarlane J. E.
Published: August 2008

The scanning electron microscope has been used to look at the surfaces of various layers of the house cricket eggshell during development. The maternal shell of the ovarian and new-laid egg, the vitelline membrane, and the serosal cuticle have been examined.
ON THE STATUS OF THE GENERA LEUCOCYTOZOON ZIEMANN, 1898 AND HAEMOPROTEUS KRUSE, 1890 (HAEMOSPORIDIIDA: LEUCOCYTOZOIDAE AND HAEMOPROTEIDAE)
Authors: Bennett G. F. , Garnham P. C. C. , Fallis A. M.
Published: August 2008

The genera Leucocytozoon and Haemoproteus are revised by division of the former into the genera Leucocytozoon Ziemann and Akiba n. g., and the latter into Haemoproteus Kruse and Parahaemoproteus n. g.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS APHELENCHOIDES FISCHER, 1894 (NEMATODA: APHELENCHOIDIDAE) FROM THE CANADIAN ARCTIC
Authors: Sanwal K. C.
Published: August 2008

Aphelenchoides arcticus n. sp. and A. parasaprophilus n. sp., collected from soil around roots of moss, are described and figured. Both species are closely related to, and are compared with, A. parietinus (Bastian, 1865) Steiner, 1932; A. helophilus (de Man, 1880) T. Goodey, 1933; A. blastophthorus Franklin, 1952; A. saprophilus Franklin, 1957; A. composticola Franklin, 1957; A. sacchari Hooper, 1958; and A. subparietinus Sanwal, 1961.
THE AVOIDANCE BY GAMMARUS OCEANICUS SEGERSTRÅLE (AMPHIPODA, CRUSTACEA) OF ANOXIC REGIONS
Authors: Cook R. H. , Boyd C. M.
Published: August 2008

The amphipod Gammarus oceanicus was shown to actively avoid a region of anoxia in a preference chamber. Single male animals were found to spend more time and to travel a greater distance in an aerated zone as compared to a corresponding anoxic zone. Also the rate of distance travelled was greater in the anoxic region under test conditions. Observations of these animals at the critical aerated–anoxic water interface zone of the apparatus indicated the functioning of a chemoreceptory mechanism.
MOLTING IN A PARASITIC NEMATODE, PHOCANEMA DECIPIENS: I. CYTOLOGICAL EVENTS
Authors: Davey K. G.
Published: August 2008

The structure of the cuticles of the last-stage larva and of the adults of Phocanema decipiens, as well as the deposition of the adult cuticle, has been examined by light microscopy. The larval cuticle consists of a single layer of longitudinal fibers resting on a basal lamella, a matrix composed of two faintly osmiophilic bands lying in a less osmiophilic medium, and an inner and an outer cortical layer. The adult cuticle is produced by the hypodermis and arises as three successive waves of condensation at the outer edge of the hypodermis, resulting in a three-layered structure. The middle of these three layers later splits into three osmiophilic bands lying in a less osmiophilic matrix. Ecdysis occurs as soon as the second layer is complete, and the new cuticle continues to grow in thickness after the old cuticle has been shed. The secretion of the new cuticle is accompanied by enlargement of the nuclei, nucleoli, and mitochondria of the hypodermis. The muscle cells appear to secrete material into the hypodermis.
STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ADRENAL GLAND OF GALLUS DOMESTICUS
Authors: Sivaram Saraswati
Published: August 2008

The histology of the developing chick adrenal gland has been studied as a preliminary to a detailed histochemical investigation. Certain cytological observations pertaining to the Golgi apparatus and mitochondria in the cells of the gland have been made. The chromaffin component, which originates from the neural crest cells of the embryo, forms irregular islets dispersed among the cortical cords and is interconnected by strands and processes of the cells. The cortical component, which is of mesodermal origin, is organized into regular solid cylindrical cords. There appears to be a migration of cells from the periphery to the center of the cortex. The gland is richly permeated by blood sinuses and capillaries. From the last quarter of the incubation period, there is an indication of zonation in the cortex into a somewhat narrow peripheral zone and a larger central zone. The cells of the former exhibit a greater abundance of mitochondria and a smaller Golgi zone than do those of the latter. The cortex occupies a greater percent volume during embryonic life, while the medulla occupies a greater percent volume in later stages.
ANATOMICAL OBSERVATIONS ON A MUSK-OX CALF (OVIBOS MOSCHATUS) WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THORACIC AND ABDOMINAL TOPOGRAPHY
Authors: Sack Wolfgang O. , Ballantyne John H.
Published: August 2008

An entire 6-week-old female musk-ox calf was dissected and the topography of the following organs is described: trachea, thyroid, esophagus, thymus, lungs, heart, diaphragm, liver, stomach, omenta, spleen, intestines, kidneys, bladder, and uterus. The external features, dentition, and unusual attachments of the sternomandibular and omohyoid muscles are mentioned.
THE USE OF A NON-NUTRITIVE DIET AND URIC ACID MEASUREMENTS TO DETERMINE FOOD RESERVES IN RHODNIUS PROLIXUS STÅHL (HEMIPTERA: REDUVIIDAE)
Authors: Barrett F. M. , Friend W. G.
Published: August 2008

Fifth-instar nymphs of Rhodnius prolixus were fed on an artificial diet consisting of 6 g of dextran (mol. wt. 60,000–90,000) and 0.1 g ATP in sufficient 0.15 M NaCl to give 100 ml. This diet causes a dilution of the haemolymph which leads to a decrease in the uric acid concentration, from the unfed level of 12.2 mg/100 ml to 7.3 mg/100 ml on the first day, and 5.2 mg/100 ml on the second day after feeding. The total amount of uric acid in the haemolymph remains constant over this period but increases by almost 80% on the third day. In contrast, the concentration and the total amount of uric acid in unfed insects remain constant over all 3 days. The digestive activation observed in insects fed on rabbit blood also occurs in insects fed the artificial diet, although it is delayed for 1 or 2 days in the latter. It has been shown that the "gut residue" in R. prolixus has a nutritive value and that this residue is utilized by the insect during periods of starvation.
THE EXTINCT WAPITI OF ALASKA AND YUKON TERRITORY
Authors: Guthrie R. D.
Published: August 2008

A population of wapiti existed in the northern part of North America during the Wisconsin glaciation, but became extinct at its close, probably as a result of vegetational changes. They were large antlered forms, with a comparatively high frequency of supernumerary proximal tines. The chronology and nature of the Alaskan fossil wapiti are discussed in relation to the historical zoogeography and competition with other ungulates in North America during the Late Pleistocene.
SPRING MOVEMENTS IN THE AMERICAN TOAD, BUFO AMERICANUS
Authors: Oldham R. S.
Published: August 2008

Populations of Bufo americanus were studied in London, Ontario, from 1958 to 1962 to determine how they locate their breeding sites.Toads were capable of rapid, well-oriented movement to the breeding site, some moving at least 650 yd.Population turnover at breeding pools was high. There was a continuous influx and exodus of toads during the breeding season.Only 15% of 5937 captured toads were female. This disproportion might have resulted from later sexual maturation of females.Experiments showed that toads in breeding condition, within at least 80 yd of their breeding site, did not move at random but oriented towards the site. After translocation, individuals demonstrated homing behavior, returning over 100 yd to a particular breeding site, even when other active sites were available. Moreover, toads showed annual fidelity to a pool. Homing behavior evidently depended on familiarity with the characteristics of the breeding sites or the routes of influx to them.Experiments were performed on the significance to orientation of auditory, olfactory, hygrotactic, geotactic, and visual cues. Toad populations were capable of orienting towards a pool in the absence of a chorus, but were also able to orient towards the recording of a chorus broadcast from a position on land. Experiments involving surgery indicated that olfaction was not essential to orientation. Similarly, neither humidity nor topographic gradients appeared to be indispensable. Evidence on vision was inconclusive. Toads are probably able to utilize several characteristics of the breeding site, or its surroundings, during orientation. The relative significance of these characteristics probably depends on the nature of the environment.
INTESTINAL HELMINTHS OF THE BLUE-WINGED TEAL, ANAS DISCORS L., AT DELTA, MANITOBA
Authors: Buscher Henry N.
Published: August 2008

Twenty species of helminths were found in 114 blue-winged teal, Anas discors L., collected during the summers of 1963 and 1964 at Delta, Manitoba. The incidence of the helminths was recorded in extensity and intensity. Differences in helminth infections of adult and juvenile blue-winged teal were noted.
FACTORS INFLUENCING NUCLEATION IN SUPERCOOLED INSECTS
Authors: Salt R. W.
Published: August 2008

Temperature and time affect the nucleation and freezing of insects extrinsically, functioning together as rate of cooling. Intrinsic factors include the nucleating agents, both indigenous and acquired, and the water in contact with them. The nucleation process is subject to many influences, including chance, and is therefore to some extent unpredictable.No substance has yet been identified as the primary nucleating agent of an insect. It is presumed that a variety of tissue substances and structures possess nucleating ability, and those in the haemolymph are considered most likely to initiate freezing. In feeding insects, foreign nucleating agents (motes) contained in the digestive tract are usually more efficient than are indigenous agents. A rough estimate of the density of the most efficient class of nucleating agents in a population of similar insects may be obtained from the variability of supercooling points and of the site of nucleation.A volume effect, reflecting the probability that a larger volume of water contains more and better nucleators than does a smaller volume, may be detected in insect supercooling ability, provided that proper account is taken of all other influences. Appendages give a fairly accurate measure of the potential supercooling ability of an insect's tissues when this ability is obscured by prior nucleation in gut contents.Contamination, by airborne or other motes, that affects the supercooling of liquid samples, dissected tissues, and wounded or regurgitating insects may sometimes be avoided or circumvented by various means and potential supercooling ability is then realized.Repeated freezing of water drops, haemolymph drops, and intact insects produced consistent supercooling in some and erratic amounts of supercooling in others. Consistent supercooling can readily be explained as repetitive action of the same nucleating agent. Erratic supercooling appears to involve inhibition, destruction, substitution, and reactivation of nucleating agents, but the nature of such actions remains unknown.
A NEW SPECIES OF PHYLLODISTOMUM (TREMATODA: GORGODERIDAE) FROM COREGONUS CLUPEAFORMIS (MITCHILL) FROM LAKE OF THE WOODS (ONTARIO)
Authors: Dechtiar Alex
Published: August 2008

A new species of gorgoderid trematode, Phyllodistomum coregoni sp. nov., from the ureters and urinary bladder of the lake whitefish is reported and described. The life cycle is unknown.
CYCLICAL CHANGES IN THE TESTICULAR ACTIVITY OF THE LAKE CHUB, COUESIUS PLUMBEUS (AGASSIZ)
Authors: Ahsan Syed Nazar
Published: August 2008

The cyclical changes in the activity of the testes of a teleost, the lake chub, from a north temperate latitude have been studied by histological and histochemical methods with a quantitative evaluation of the different spermatogenetic stages. The annual testicular cycle is divided into live stages and cyclical changes in the spermatogenetic activity have been related to the changing environmental factors, namely day length and water temperature. The annual cycle consists of a prolonged mitotic phase during the fall and winter, and a shorter meiotic phase during the spring. Lobule boundary cells have been examined and changes in their activity have been recorded. Continued spermatogenetic activity during spawning enables repeated spermiation, which is advantageous since the males are comparatively fewer than the females.
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND LIGHT ON THE CYCLICAL CHANGES IN THE SPERMATOGENETIC ACTIVITY OF THE LAKE CHUB, COUESIUS PLUMBEUS (AGASSIZ)
Authors: Ahsan Syed Nazar
Published: August 2008

Lake chub obtained from their natural habitat, at three different periods of their annual reproductive cycle, were subjected to four combinations of photoperiod and temperature. Temperature is the major environmental factor controlling spermatogenesis. Higher temperatures (16–21 °C) promote prespermatocytal changes (proliferation of spermatogonia) and hasten or terminate spermiation in prespawning fish; low temperatures (5–12 °C) are essential for normal gonadal proliferation and formation of the primary spermatocytes. Temperature effects are not overridden by either of the two contrasting photoperiods, but at lower temperatures a definite, although slight, photoperiodic effect is evident in the terminal part of all three experiments, Photoperiod does not appear to dominate spermatogenetic processes at any stage. Evidence is presented that an endogenous rhythm of activity is also present and may be partly responsible for the timing of the various testicular changes.
THE STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE EXTERNAL MEMBRANE IN YOUNG EGGS OF THE BROOK TROUT, SALVELINUS FONTINALIS (MITCHILL)
Authors: Hurley Donal A. , Fisher Kenneth C.
Published: August 2008

A study of the external membranes of the developing oocyte of the brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, was made by means of electron microscopy. The membrane, zona radiata, which becomes "hardened" in mature eggs after they are shed into water, was observed to begin development at the bases of microvilli which project from the surface of the oocyte. This membrane grows until in the mature egg it is about 50 μ thick. The zona radiata is completely permeated by numerous pore canals. In immature oocytes, the pore canals contain microvilli which arise from the surface of the oocyte. The microvilli make contact with the follicular cells surrounding the developing oocyte. Morphological changes which occur in the zona radiata and the other layers of developing oocytes are described at several stages of development. The relationship between morphological changes in the membranes and the transport of nutrients to the developing oocyte is discussed.The nomenclature of the membranes of the mature trout egg is discussed in relation to the findings of the present study. It is concluded that primary membranes and perhaps secondary membranes are present in the mature trout egg.
ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SONG IN YOUNG CARDINALS
Authors: Lemon Robert E. , Scott D. M.
Published: August 2008

Groups of cardinals, Richmondena cardinalis, hand-reared from the age of 5 to 8 days developed some of the simple sounds used by wild adults in their songs, but not the two- or three-parted sounds. Although reared in three groups: three together in a room, three singly in sound-isolation boxes, and four exposed to recorded cardinal songs at 7 to 8 months, all isolates developed comparable songs. Observations on wild young in the field and in captivity indicate that much learning occurs during a cardinal's first summer, but some also occurs the following February and March.
EFFECTS OF FOOD QUALITY AND AGE ON THE LARVAL ACTIVITIES OF ANATIS MALI AUCT. (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE)
Authors: Smith B. C.
Published: August 2008

A method is described for measuring and comparing locomotion and other activities in predatory insects. The effects of food and age on the duration and relative time of occurrence of various activities are described for larvae of Anatis mali. Although the kind of food previously eaten affected the preference of A. mali for aphids, it did not affect developmental time or the duration of any activity. Food intake was greatest about the middle of the instars. Larvae of all ages spent more than twice as much time resting as in all other activities combined and changed activity about six times per hour. The product of the duration of a predator's activity and its relative time of occurrence provides an index that may be used to compare activities within and between species. In A. mali, the indices of feeding and resting decreased near the end of development, whereas the index of walking increased.
THE ORIENTATION BEHAVIOR OF HORSE FLIES AND DEER FLIES (TABANIDAE: DIPTERA): V. THE INFLUENCE OF THE NUMBER AND INCLINATION OF REFLECTING SURFACES ON ATTRACTIVENESS TO TABANIDS OF GLOSSY BLACK POLYHEDRA
Authors: Thorsteinson A. J. , Bracken G. K. , Tostowaryk W.
Published: August 2008

The orientation of tabanids to glossy black target figures of various geometrical forms was investigated. A maximum number of tabanids is attracted by a sphere and by the regular polyhedron that most closely approximates to the sphere in number of reflecting surfaces (icosahedron). The attractiveness of the other regular polyhedra increases with the number of sides, provided they are suspended so that the inclination of the faces causes sunlight to be reflected into the presumed flight lanes of approaching tabanids. These results were confirmed in experiments with pyramidal targets varying in number of sides and inclination of reflecting faces.
EFFECTS OF PREDATOR AND PREY DENSITIES ON INTERACTIONS BETWEEN GOLDFISH AND DAPHNIA PULEX (DE GEER)
Authors: Chant D. A. , Turnbull A. L.
Published: August 2008

The effects on predator efficiency of varying predator and prey densities in a confined system were tested by use of the goldfish and Daphnia pulex. Within the limitations of the experiment, the per capita consumption of prey was reduced by increasing predator density. Also, as prey density increased, the effect on per capita consumption of increasing predator density became less.
WINTER FOOD AND FEEDING HABITS OF THE PARTRIDGE (PERDIX PERDIX) IN THE CANADIAN PRAIRIE
Authors: Westerskov Kaj
Published: August 2008

From original plantings in Alberta in 1908 and 1909, partridges have spread throughout the Canadian prairie belt and into adjoining parts of the United States, in spite of rigorous winters experienced in the new habitat. At least part of the explanation of this remarkable success in acclimatization lies in a major change in choice of food coupled with abundance of preferred foods in the prairies. In winter, partridges in Europe feed mainly on green foliage, but in the Canadian prairie hardly any green is eaten. Instead, waste grain and weed seeds, both rich in protein, form the diet, amounting to 69 and 25% respectively. Of total winter food, oats make up 27%, barley 23%, and wheat 19%. Seeds from 23 species of weeds are eaten, but three species (Galeopsis tetrahit, Polygonum convolvolus, and Chenopodium album) make up two-thirds of this part of their diet. During winter, partridges feed throughout the day, less vigorously on cold mornings. The biggest crop examined weighed 25 g and contained 412 grains of barley. During extreme cold, partridges consume 50–75 g of grain/weed seeds per day, corresponding to 12 to 18% of their body weight. This is two to three times their daily food consumption during the summer.
CYTOPLASMIC BRIDGES AND MUSCLE SYSTEMS IN SOME POLYMYARIAN NEMATODES
Authors: Wright K. A.
Published: August 2008

The somatic musculature of nine genera of nematodes (Contracaecum, Toxascaris, Toxocara, Porrocaecum, Cyslidicola, Amplicaecum, Physaloptera, Thoracostoma, and Dermatoxys) was examined by means of serial sections and dissections examined with the light microscope, and, in one instance (Thoracostoma), by use of an electron microscope. Interconnections between muscle cells (cytoplasmic bridges) were demonstrated in the musculature of the polymyarian nematodes, but could not be seen in Dermatoxys, the only meromyarian nematode studied. Cytoplasmic bridges occur in greater frequency in the anterior end of the nematodes. Innervation processes of muscle cells frequently branch before they associate with the median chords. In the head end of Toxascaris, Toxocara, and Porrocaecum, muscle cells are doubly innervated, sending innervation processes to sublateral nerve cords as well as to the median hypodermal chords. Cytoplasmic bridges probably are the basis of the electrical pathways by which contraction impulses are spread from cell to cell. The complexly interconnected muscle cell systems demonstrated undoubtedly serve, along with the nematode's hydrostatic skeleton, as the mechanism by which coordinated muscular activity is achieved.
SOME LETHAL TEMPERATURE RELATIONS OF TWO MINNOWS OF THE GENUS CHROSOMUS
Authors: Tyler Albert V.
Published: August 2008

The resistance and tolerance of Chrosomus eos and Chrosomus neogaeus to high temperatures were examined. Tests were conducted with C. neogaeus in winter and with C. eos in winter and summer. For both species, death at high temperatures could be separated into three lethal patterns or "effects". The first effect seemed to be associated, at least in part, with thermal shock. Factors generating the other effects were not apparent.Both species showed about the same degree of tolerance and resistance to high temperatures when they were acclimated to 15 °C or higher. At 9 °C, C. eos was less tolerant to high lethal temperatures than was C. neogaeus.When equal temperature acclimations were compared, C. eos was more resistant to high lethal temperatures in summer than in winter.
THE COELOMOCYTES OF HERMODICE CARUNCULATA (POLYCHAETA: AMPHINOMIDAE) IN RELATION TO DIGESTION AND EXCRETION
Authors: Marsden Joan Rattenbury
Published: August 2008

In Hermodice carunculata the anterior intestine is the part of the gut most active in the digestion of food. Digestion involves secretion by two types of cell and probably also intracellular digestion by invading coelomocytes. Amoebocytic cells appear to be active in the absorption of food in both the anterior and posterior intestine. Disposal of particulate waste also concerns amoebocytic cells which accumulate materials in a band along the midventral line of the body wall and in the middorsal line of the eversible buccal cavity and pharynx. From these bands small masses of particulate material are periodically shed.
THE EFFECT OF AGE ON TEMPERATURE SELECTION BY LABORATORY MICE (MUS MUSCULUS)
Authors: Ogilvie D. M. , Stinson R. H.
Published: August 2008

Adult animals have been used for most of the previous mammalian temperature selection studies, and relatively few systematic observations have been made with young animals. In this investigation, laboratory mice (Mus musculus), ranging in age from 1 to 84 days, were studied in a horizontal temperature gradient established along a 5-ft copper bar. Despite poorly developed locomotion and cold immobilization, it was shown that the temperature selection response is present at birth. The initially high level of selection appeared to be maintained for about 2 weeks, after which it began to decrease, rapidly at first, and then more slowly until the adult level was reached.
THE TRANSMISSION OF PNEUMOSTRONGYLUS TENUIS TO GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Anderson Roy C. , Strelive Uta R.
Published: August 2008

Pneumostrongylus tenuis developed partially in the central nervous system of infected guinea pigs, some of which developed severe neurologic signs, especially posterior paralysis. Damage to the central nervous system was noted in various regions of the brain and in the white matter of the spinal cord. There was no evidence that the worms will mature in guinea pigs and the number of worms recovered from infected animals was small. P. tenuis behaves in a rodent in the same way as in the normal ruminant host, in contrast to lungworms of carnivores in which the infective larvae become quiescent and encapsulated in the liver of small mammals without loss of infectivity. It is suggested that this ability to retain infectivity after encapsulation is not a general attribute of lungworms or other parasitic nematodes, but has had a long evolutionary history. It should clearly be distinguished from visceral larval migrans which it superficially resembles. Hypotheses to account for the origin of heteroxenous life cycles of nematodes of vertebrates are contrasted as they apply to the Metastrongyloidea.
A POPULATION OF SPIDERS AND THEIR POTENTIAL PREY IN AN OVERGRAZED PASTURE IN EASTERN ONTARIO
Authors: Turnbull A. L.
Published: August 2008

The relationships between spiders, their physical environment, and their potential prey are examined. A method of sampling arthropod populations in a short-grass community with a suction sampler and some errors inherent in the method are described. The distribution of individual spiders among the species agreed with Fisher's logarithmic series. The distribution of spiders in space conformed to the negative binomial series, and is ascribed to the distribution of shelters in the community. Though variations in numbers of spiders in parts of the community are ascribed to births and deaths, and to migrations caused by variations of weather, the overall population remained stable. Potential prey species were classified into functional roles and size classes. Size classes of prey conformed to size classes of spiders. Total numbers and biomass of potential prey remained constant over the season, though the constituent elements varied widely with time. No direct relationship between the number of spiders and the number of prey was detected, but a mechanism is suggested whereby the spiders may contribute to stability of prey populations.
MODIFICATIONS OF THE FOOD PUMPS OF HYDROCORISAE (HETEROPTERA)
Authors: Parsons Margaret C.
Published: August 2008

The food pumps of ninny Hydrocorisae contain devices for straining or masticating ingested foods. In the Belostomatidae and Nepidae these consist of minute, sclerotized processes on the anteclypeal epipharynx. The cibarial dilator muscles are not subdivided, and the anteclypeus is unmodified. The Gelastocoridae, Ochteridae, Notonectidae, and Naucoridae have more complex epipharyngeal and hypopharyugeal devices (ridges, folds, hairs, or "teeth") in their tripartite, cibarial pumps. Their cibarial muscles are subdivided into four groups, and their anteclypei are anteriorly broadened and fused with the loral plates. The grinding and filtering devices of the Corixidae are very elaborate. Their food pumps are bipartite and controlled by both pharyngeal and cibarial muscles, the latter being divided into two groups. The corixid anteclypeus is broadened but not fused with the loral plates.These masticating or straining devices appear to be specialized rather than primitive features. It is proposed that they arose independently at least twice and possibly three times in the Hydrocorisae. It is also suggested that the ancestral Hydrocorisae gave rise first to the Belostomatidae and Nepidae, then to the Corixidae, still later to the Gelastocoridae and Ochteridae, and finally to the Notonectidae and Naucoridae.
SOME SOURCES OF VARIATION IN THE BLOOD SERA OF DEER (ODOCOILEUS) AS REVEALED BY STARCH GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
Authors: Tets Patricia van , Cowan Ian McT.
Published: August 2008

By starch gel electrophoresis the blood serum proteins of three subspecies of black-tailed deer, Odocoileus hemionus, and two subspecies of white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, have been examined. For two of these, both wild and pen reared animals were available. It is shown that there are significant differences between individuals of the same genotype, between certain age groups, between certain seasonal groups, and between the two species. In the black-tailed deer, captive rearing introduced an additional negatively migrating fraction. It is concluded that although there are significant differences associated with species and infraspecies category in this group of mammalian species, there are too many confusing influences to make the serum protein differences as determined by starch gel electrophoresis a useful tool of the systematist.
CHROMOSOME STUDIES ON 50 SPECIES OF APHIDS
Authors: Sun Rou-Yun , Robinson A. G.
Published: August 2008

Two squash methods, a quick examination method and a Feulgen stain method, were used to prepare specimens of apterous female aphids for examination of somatic chromosomes. In 50 species, chromosome counts varied through 2n numbers of 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20, with the greatest number of species (15) having 8 chromosomes. Diploid numbers are listed for all 50 species, and their possible value in the interpretation of the evolution, or in the systematics of, the Aphidoidea is discussed.
A STUDY OF THE INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF CHICK WHOLE EYE EXTRACT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LENS OF THE CHICK EMBRYO IN VITRO
Authors: Thompson Robert P.
Published: August 2008

To demonstrate the phenomenon of homologous inhibition by clearly interpretable results in a readily reactive system, experiments were carried out to study the effect of chick whole eye extract on the development of the vesicular lens of the chick embryo in vitro. The heads of embryos of 11 through 13 somites were explanted onto nutrient medium diluted with varying amounts of the extract, and cultured for 30 hours. A total of 35 embryos exposed to concentrations of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:4 (extract to medium) showed complete inhibition of lens vesicle formation. Of a total of 53 embryos on concentrations of 1:8, 1:16, 1:32, and 1:64, more than 50% showed inhibition of vesicle formation. The inhibitory effect disappeared at a concentration of 1:128. Control material exposed to some equivalent concentrations of nutrient medium – saline mixtures showed inhibition of vesicle formation in only 15% of 33 embryos. Of a total of 27 control embryos exposed to ventricular muscle extract, approximately one-third showed inhibition of vesicle formation at concentrations of 1:8 and 1:16, with the inhibitory effect disappearing at 1:32. The implications of this result are discussed. Other factors and control experiments are described and their value is assessed.
EFFECTS OF GONADOTROPIC HORMONES ON MALE HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED LAKE CHUB, COUESIUS PLUMBEUS
Authors: Ahsan Syed Nazar
Published: August 2008

In lake chub, Couesius plumbeus, hypophysectomy causes marked regression in the testes, suppresses the mitotic ability of the spermatogonia, completely blocks their transformation into spermatocytes, and affects the normal secretory activity of the lobule boundary cells. Spermatogenesis is largely reinitiated and secretory activity of lobule boundary cells is restored by injections of a partially purified salmon pituitary extract, by mammalian luteinizing hormone, and by crude extracts of whole pituitary of salmon. The gonadotropin responsible for testicular maturation is similar to mammalian luteinizing hormone; a factor like mammalian follicle-stimulating hormone is probably not physiologically active in this fish. Although gonadotropin is primarily responsible for gonadal maturation, other factors such as thyrotropin and somatotropin probably have a stimulatory effect by acting synergistically with the gonadotropin. The paper presents details of a technique for hypophysectomy.
THE STOMODAEAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, THE NEUROSECRETORY SYSTEM, AND THE GLAND COMPLEX IN AEDES AEGYPTI (L.) (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)
Authors: Burgess L. , Rempel J. G.
Published: August 2008

The stomodaeal nervous system in Aedes aegypti (L.) possesses a frontal, a hypocerebral, and two ventricular ganglia. It innervates parts of the alimentary tract and some muscles of ingestion, and it has associated with it certain motor nerves from the central nervous system, and sensory nerves. In larvae these sensory nerves originate from tactile head hairs, and from sensilla on the epipharyngeal apparatus. The neurosecretory system is generally similar to that in other insects. The pars intercerebralis contains three paired groups of neurosecretory cells, with axons from one pair leading to the dorsal mass, a structure fused to the hypocerebral ganglion. Evidence suggests that the dorsal mass functionally corresponds to part of the corpus cardiacum of other insects. However, what seem to be cardiacum cells are located some distance away in two groups in the endocrine gland complex in the thorax. The corpora allata, also contained in this complex, can first be recognized as distinct organs early in the third instar. In the corpora allata of adult females, cell division and an increase in the amount of cytoplasm occur soon after emergence, rather than after a blood meal. When adult females are about 1 day old, vacuoles begin to develop in the corpora allata. Cells in the gland complex corresponding to the prothoracic gland cells begin to histolyze in the pupa, and most of them are completely broken down before adults are 1 day old.
EFFECTS OF DIET ON THE COMPOSITION OF BODY FAT IN MUSCA DOMESTICA L.
Authors: Barlow J. S.
Published: August 2008

Larvae of Musca domestica L. were reared on chemically defined diets to which various fatty acids were added. The concentration of lipids in the body was directly related to the amount of fatty acid in the diet. Lack of oleic acid was tantamount in the following respects to lack of all fatty acids: high concentrations of palmitic, stearic, and particularly palmitoleic acid; low concentration of oleic acid. Linoleic acid could not be detected in the body fats unless it was fed. Fats had little or no effect on rate of larval growth and development. These results are compared with the results of a previous study of the effects of dietary fatty acids on the composition of the body fats of the parasitic dipteron, Pseudosarcophaga affinis Auct. nee Fallén.
POPULATION ATTRIBUTES OF BLUE GROUSE IN SOUTHWESTERN ALBERTA
Authors: Boag D. A.
Published: August 2008

A population of blue grouse (Dendragapus obscurus) was studied over a 10-year period in southwestern Alberta. During this time a number of population attributes were documented. Density declined from a maximum of 47 adult males in 1955 to a minimum of 6 in 1964 on the 620-acre study area. Dispersion of adult male blue grouse on the breeding grounds was accomplished by establishing territories which averaged 1.5 ac. Adult females inhabited overlapping home ranges which averaged 43 ac in size. The age distribution among marked birds on the breeding grounds in May and June indicated 75% adult (2 years and older) and 25% subadult (1 year of age). Of the adults, approximately one-half were 2-year-olds with decreasing proportions in older age classes until none remained after they were 9 years old. Juveniles formed 40% of the fall population each year. The average hatch was 5.1 chicks per breeding female. Recruitment to the population has been inadequate to maintain numbers. Excessive mortality or dispersal rates must account for this. Minimum recorded loss of chicks during their first summer averaged 27%. Mortality rate of birds more than 1 year old averaged 56% per annum. Dispersal to other breeding ranges was recorded only in juvenile grouse.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM OF APORCELAIMUS AMPHIDYSIS N. SP. (NEMATODA: DORYLAIMOIDEA)
Authors: Anderson R. V.
Published: August 2008

Fifteen ganglia, associated with the nerve ring are reported. With the exception of the paired lateral cephalic papillary, postlateral papillary, and the amphidial ganglia, nine ganglia are linked by laterolateral commissures which are described for the first time. The laterolateral commissures appear to originate from paired internolateral ganglia located above and below the nerve ring. The longitudinal dorsal and paired ventral, amphidial, and lateral cephalic papillary nerves are traced from origin at their respective ganglia of the central nervous system to their termination. The paired ventral nerves pass to the right and left of the vagina, remaining double throughout most of their length. Portions of the rectosympathetic nervous systems are described in males and females. In the description of the new species based on males and females, the structure of the amphid is clarified, and the position of the plicated guiding ring and the dorsoventral width of the plicated guiding ring, expressed as percentage of spear length, are used as diagnostic characters. Illustrations and photomicrographs are provided.
ACCELERATION OF ANNUAL HIBERNATING CYCLE TO 6 WEEKS IN CAPTIVE DORMICE
Authors: Mrosovsky N.
Published: August 2008

Cycles of food intake and body weight lasting a few weeks occurred in dormice, Glis glis, kept in the laboratory in relatively constant conditions of temperature (about 25 °C) and photoperiod (about 12 hours light–dark schedule). These fluctuations appeared to be more marked in the winter months. Periods of reduced eating were associated with low body temperatures and lethargy. The frequent disturbance and arousal of the animals was probably an important factor in these short hibernating cycles. The influence of variation of the diet on body weight of dormice is described. Animals kept on ad libitum supplies of sunflower seed became obese and remained so for many months.
GYNANDROMORPHS AND INTERSEXES IN MOSQUITOES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)
Authors: Brust Reinhart A.
Published: August 2008

Gynandromorphs of Aedes cinereus and A. excrucians are described in detail. Intersexes of A. abserratus, A. excrucians, and A. communis are described and illustrated. The differences between gynandromorphs and intersexes in mosquitoes are shown and discussed. Theories concerning the origin of gynandromorphs are reviewed and phenomena giving rise to intersexes in various species of mosquitoes and other insects are also presented. Reports of mosquito gynandromorphs in the literature have been separated into those which describe gynandromorphs and those which describe intersexes.
HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN TWO CYPRINID FISHES, HYBOPSIS PLUMBEA AND RHINICHTHYS CATARACTAE, IN ALBERTA
Authors: Nelson J. S.
Published: August 2008

Five hybrids between Hybopsis plumbea and Rhinichthys cataractae seined from Upper Kananaskis Reservoir, Alberta, were intermediate in most of the characters examined which differ between their parental species. Hybrids of each sex were present. Environmental changes may have been conducive to the hybridization. Marked physical changes occur annually in Upper Kananaskis Reservoir and Hybopsis plumbea and probably Rhinichthys cataractae were introduced.
ACTH EFFECT OF PITUITARY GLANDS OF PACIFIC SALMON DEMONSTRATED IN THE HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED COUESIUS PLUMBEUS
Authors: Overbeeke A. P. Van , Ahsan S. Nazar
Published: August 2008

This report deals with the cytology of the interrenal and chromaffin tissue in a small freshwater cyprinid, Couesius plumbeus. As in most teleosts, in this species, too, the two components were found to be intimately associated. After removal of the pituitary, the interrenal cells showed atrophy which could be reversed by injection of pituitary extracts of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and O. kisutch). This extract was injected intraperitoneally in a series of six doses of 0.1 ml every second day, beginning 4–6 weeks after hypophysectomy. The fish were autopsied 2 days after the last injection. Mammalian ACTH, similarly injected in six doses of 0.25 or 0.50 international units per gram weight, exerted only a doubtful effect. In view of the transitory nature of the ACTH effect in similar experiments as reported in the literature, it is suggested that the time lapse between the last injection and the time of autopsy may have been too long to detect such an effect in our fish. The chromaffin cells did not react to any of the treatments in this investigation.
THE INSECT FAUNA FROM THE TALARA TAR-SEEPS, PERU
Authors: Churcher C. S.
Published: August 2008

Preliminary identification of insect fragments obtained by washing the matrix from the Pleistocene tar-seeps of Talara, northwest Peru, shows that the order Coleoptera is represented by the families Hydrophilidae, Dytiscidae, Gyrinidae, Scarabaeidae, Tenebrionidae, Curculionidae, Carabidae, and possibly Haliplidae, Silphidae, Dermestidae, Histeridae, Cicindelidae, and Cerambycidae, The orders Lepidoptera and Orthoptera are represented by the families Sphingidae and Acrididae respectively. The insect fauna exhibits distinct resemblances to that of the Pleistocene tar-seeps of Rancho La Brea, California. Similarity in climatic conditions during the trapping of animals in both tar-seeps is further supported by the possible ecological interpretations based upon the fauna.
AN ADELOGYRINID LEPOSPONDYL AMPHIBIAN FROM THE UPPER CARBONIFEROUS
Authors: Carroll Robert L.
Published: August 2008

A new genus of the Paleozoic amphibian subclass Lepospondyli is described. It is a member of the family Adelogyrinidae, orginally based on three specimens from the Lower Carboniferous of Scotland. Further information provided by this genus forms the basis for consideration of the relationships of the adelogyrinids to other lepospondyls. Adelogyrinids might be considered aberrant members of the Microsauria or Nectridea, but may better be thought of as a separate group. They show little evidence of affinity with the lysorophids. Evidence is presented suggesting that lepospondyl centra may be homologous with the intercentra of labyrinthodonts.
DIFFERENCES OF SPERMATHECA AND SPERM CELLS IN THE GENERA DITYLENCHUS FILIPJEV, 1936 AND TYLENCHUS BASTIAN, 1865 (TYLENCHIDAE:NEMATODA)
Authors: Wu Liang-Yu
Published: August 2008

Structural differences in the spermatheca and sperm cells of Ditylenchus and Tylenchus were found to be of significant value in the separation of these two genera. In Ditylenchus, the spermatheca is a long tubular structure located between the uterus and the oviduct. The sperm cell consists of two parts: a dense nucleus and a large translucent vesicle. In Tylenchus, the spermatheca, when present, is in the form of a diverticulum of various shapes, arising at the junction of the uterus and the oviduct. The translucent vesicle is absent within the sperm cell.
THE LIFE HISTORY OF A DRACUNCULOID, PHILONEMA ONCORHYNCHI, IN ONCORHYNCHUS NERKA
Authors: Platzer Edward G. , Adams James R.
Published: August 2008

The life cycle of Philonema oncorhynchi was studied by infecting Cyclops bicuspidatus with larvae obtained from gravid female worms in spawning salmon and by subsequent infection of hatchery-reared salmon fingerlings. Later development of the worms was observed in naturally infected fingerling sockeye salmon maintained in fresh water for 2 years. Development to an infective third larval stage in the hemocoele of copepods was completed in 17 days at 12 C and in 70 days at 8 C. Third-stage larvae were obtained from peritoneal tissues of fish and tunica adventitia of the swim bladder 4 to 10 days after infection. In naturally infected fish, fourth-stage larvae were found in the peritoneal tissues when the fish were 26 months old. They moved into the coelom when the fish were 32 months old and molted to the subadult stage. Visceral adhesions developed in the infected fish at this time. The authors discuss the relationship of the life cycle of the worms to the 4-year life cycle of its anadromous host and advance the hypothesis that reproduction in the worm is correlated with that of the host by the latter's hormones.
LOADS LIFTED BY HOMOGENEOUS MUSCLE IN FLAPPING FLIGHT
Authors: Salt W. Ray
Published: August 2008

Two groups of passerine birds differing in shape of wing but similar in flight pattern have homogeneous pectoralis major muscles composed of small dark fibers. At takeoff, a gram of this muscle lifts wing loads of from 3 to 15 g per square decimeter in these birds. Differences in wing load per gram of muscle are much greater among species of a group with round-tipped wings, the load being inversely related to body weight. In a pointed-tipped group of only three species the difference in wing load per gram of muscle is slight. Fledgelings of two species of the round-tipped group support wing loads of about 15 g/dm2 per gram of pectoralis major muscle. This is thought to be maximum wing loading per gram of muscle and therefore adults of these species use their pectoralis major muscles at about one-half to two-thirds of capacity at takeoff.
THE EFFECTS OF HIGH HUMIDITY AND DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES ON THE BIOLOGY OF TYROPHAGUS PUTRESCENTIAE (SCHRANK) (ACARINA:TYROGLIPHIDAE)
Authors: Barker Philip S.
Published: August 2008

The biology and reproductive rates of Tyrophagus putrescentiae have been examined for different temperatures and high humidity. The most rapid development took place at 32.2 °C, whereas 33.9 °C was slightly less favorable. A normal life cycle was accomplished at 11.2 °C. It was calculated that the major portions of populations of T putrescentiae with stable age distributions are the non-mobile stages: the eggs comprise over half of population and one-third of the immature stages are quiescent. The adults account for close to 10% of the population. These theoretical data were confirmed by the examination of a young culture. It was concluded that sampling techniques should account for the immobile stages to give a true picture of a population of this species.
SEROLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SOME NORTH AMERICAN THRUSHES
Authors: Bourns T. K. R.
Published: August 2008

Muscle and serum proteins were used in Photronreflectometer precipitin tests to determine the serological relationships among six species of North American thrushes. The wood thrush, Hylocichla mustelina, not only showed greater serological correspondence (96%) to the American robin, Turdus migratorius, than it did to the other species tested, H. guttata (56%), H. ustulata (51%), H. minima (70%), and H. fuscescens (71%), but the wood thrush – robin relationship was closer than that seen to exist between any two of the other four species.
HISTOLOGY AND HISTOCHEMISTRY OF THE PINEAL ORGAN IN THE SOCKEYE SALMON, ONCORHYNCHUS NERKA WALBAUM
Authors: Hafeez M. A. , Ford P.
Published: August 2008

The morphohistology and some histochemical aspects of the pineal organ in the sockeye salmon were studied. The distal part of the organ lies in a pineal fossa in the cranial roof. Photosensory cells and two kinds of ependymal supporting cells are present throughout its epithelium, which is entirely devoid of either melanin or lipofuchsin. Besides sensory nerve fibers, efferent end-loops are present on the photosensory as well as the supporting cells. The dorsal pineal nerve tract probably contains both sensory and efferent fibers. The apocrine secretion of sensory as well as some supporting cells is probably associated with either the maintenance of a constant chemical composition of the cerebrospinal fluid or with supply of certain chemical substances to the brain tissue. The secretion in the pineal and the subcommissural organ consists of glycogen, mucopolysaccharides, mucoproteins, and aldehyde fuchsin positive granules.It is proposed that the pineal organ is photosensory as well as secretory and that its photosensitivity might be of some significance in the light-dependent behavior of this species in terms of intensity detection.