bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Utilization of antimicrobials in Rijeka (Croatia)
Authors: Vlahović‐Palčevski Vera , Francetić Igor , Palčevski Goran , Rosovic‐Bazijanac Vesna
Published: February 2004

Purpose

In this study, the extent and pattern of inpatient and outpatient antimicrobial drug use was investigated in Rijeka, Croatia, and the impact of control measures was evaluated.

Methods

Consumption of antibacterials for the years 2000 and 2001 was monitored using the ATC/DDD methodology.

Results

During the investigation period, the antimicrobial utilization at the University Hospital Center (UHC) Rijeka has decreased by 14%. In the outpatient setting of the County of Primorje and Gorski kotar, the antimicrobial utilization was similar during both years. At the UHC Rijeka, not only the amount, but the pattern of antibacterial utilization also has changed in contrast to the outpatient setting where the pattern of antimicrobial prescribing remained the same.

Conclusions

The control measures for antibiotic use that were introduced in the outpatient setting did not influence the prescribing habit of primary care physicians, while the impact of hospital antibiotic use control measures was satisfactory. Further investigation is needed to evaluate the impact of these measures on bacterial resistance patterns. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Medication‐related problems commonly occurring in an Australian community setting
Authors: Roughead E. E. , Barratt J. D. , Gilbert A.L.
Published: February 2004

Purpose

This study characterised medication‐related problems in 1000 Australian patients living in the community, and who were considered at risk of medication misadventure.

Methods

A review was undertaken of 1000 clinical case notes, developed during the delivery of medication management reviews. Patient demographics, medications used, medical conditions and medication‐related problems were categorised according to established classification systems. Descriptive analyses were undertaken.

Results

Overall, 2222 problems were identified. Ninety per cent of patients had at least one medication‐related problem. One in three people were found to require additional monitoring, one in four required additional medication, one in four were using the wrong or inappropriate medication and one in five were using insufficient medication. Cardiovascular, nervous system, alimentary and respiratory medicines were most commonly implicated, accounting for 69% of the medication‐related problems.

Conclusion

This analysis reveals the need for ongoing vigilance of, and support for, people at high risk of medication misadventure. This information is also useful for informing the design of public health or health promotion strategies aiming to reduce the prevalence of these problems. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A preliminary investigation of an early intervention program: Examining the intervention effectiveness of the Bracken Concept Development Program and the Bracken Basic Concept Scale‐Revised with Head Start students
Authors: Wilson Patti
Published: February 2004

This research study evaluated the efficacy of the Bracken Basic Concept Scale‐Revised (BBCS‐R; Bracken, 1998) and the Bracken Concept Development Program (BCDP; Bracken, 1986a) in a test‐teach‐test paradigm with students from a Head Start program. Prior to the intervention, 54 children were administered the BBCS‐R and were divided into three groups, two of which received basic concept instruction. Once the intervention was completed, the children were reassessed with the BBCS‐R. Posttest scores were calculated for each BBCS‐R subtest and the Total Test and School Readiness Composites after controlling for the pretest scores. A MANOVA and sequential ANOVAs were conducted and proved a significantly higher performance of the two intervention groups compared to the control group. Effect sizes for five of the six BBCS‐R subtests were classified as large, with the sixth (Time/Sequence) classified as medium. Discriminant function coefficients found that the Texture/Material subtest contributed the most to the detection of differences between the groups. However, no significant difference between the two intervention groups was found. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 301–311, 2004.
Perfectionism and children's self‐concept: Further validation of the Adaptive/Maladaptive Perfectionism Scale
Authors: Rice Kenneth G. , Kubal Anne E. , Preusser Karen J.
Published: February 2004

The Adaptive/Maladaptive Perfectionism Scale (AMPS) for children measures different dimensions of perfectionism. In this study, subscales derived from the AMPS were compared with results of the Piers‐Harris Self‐Concept Scale (PHSCS) in a sample of fourth‐ and fifth‐grade students (9 to 11 years old). The AMPS dimensions accounted for significant variation in PHSCS scores for both boys and girls, though the specific patterns of results differed between the sexes. For boys but not girls, greater sensitivity about making mistakes was only problematic, in terms of predicting negative aspects of self‐concept, under conditions of lower self‐esteem. Results provided additional psychometric support for the AMPS and revealed important considerations for assessment and intervention with perfectionistic children. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 279–290, 2004.
A multivariate examination of parent involvement and the social and academic competencies of urban kindergarten children
Authors: McWayne Christine , Hampton Virginia , Fantuzzo John , Cohen Heather L. , Sekino Yumiko
Published: February 2004

The primary objective of this study was to obtain a multidimensional picture of parent involvement in kindergarten. Participants in this study were 307 low‐income, ethnic minority children and their primary caregivers in a large, urban school district in the Northeast. Results revealed that kindergarten parent involvement dimensions (i.e., from the Parent Involvement in Children's Education Scale; Fantuzzo, Tighe, McWayne, Davis, & Childs, 2002) were congruent with those established with preschool (Head Start) parents. Multivariate relationships were found between kindergarten parent involvement dimensions and children's social and academic competencies. Parents who actively promote learning in the home, have direct and regular contact with school, and experience fewer barriers to involvement have children who demonstrate positive engagement with their peers, adults, and learning. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 363–377, 2004.
The accuracy of teacher reports in the identification of middle school students with depressive symptomatology
Authors: Auger Richard W.
Published: February 2004

This investigation examined the ability of teachers to identify depressive characteristics among middle school students. Participants were 356 students and 52 teachers. Teachers' perceptions of students' depressive characteristics were obtained via Likert ratings and nominations of students the teachers judged to be depressed. The depressive status of students was evaluated with a multiple‐gating procedure using the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale (Reynolds, 1987) as an initial measure and the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, Edition IV as a final measure. A correlation of .22 (p < .001) was obtained between teachers' ratings of student depression and students' self‐reported depressed moods. Further analyses examined teachers' ability to identify high‐depression students, as well as the impact of teacher and student variables on teachers' ability to discern students' depressed moods. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 379–389, 2004.
An examination of the criterion validity and sensitivity to brief intervention of alternate curriculum‐based measures of writing skill
Authors: Gansle Kristin A. , Noell George H. , Vanderheyden Amanda M. , Slider Natalie J. , Hoffpauir Leila D. , Whitmarsh Ernest L. , Naquin Gale M.
Published: February 2004

Curriculum‐based measures have been validated for use in evaluating reading, mathematics, and writing skills (Marston, 1989). Despite its common use by school psychologists (Wilson & Reschly, 1996), the relationship between the Woodcock Johnson‐Revised and curriculum‐based measures of writing has not been evaluated. This study investigated the relationship between the Woodcock Johnson‐Revised Writing Samples subtest and alternate curriculum‐based measures of written expression. In addition, the sensitivity of the measures to the effects of a short group writing intervention was assessed. Forty‐five third and fourth graders participated in an intervention that consisted of brainstorming ideas, presenting those ideas on a dry‐erase board, and writing a complete sentence on paper with writing quality feedback before completing a CBM (curriculum‐based measurement) writing passage. Numbers of words written as well as five alternate measures of writing samples were used to assess the effects of the intervention. The intervention had a positive effect on total words written. Total punctuation marks, simple sentences, and words in complete sentences emerged as the best predictors of the Woodcock Johnson‐Revised Writing Samples subtest scores in regression analyses. The implications of the analyses, limitations of the study, and directions for future research are discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 291–300, 2004.
Using a whole‐class token economy and coaching of teacher skills in a preschool classroom to manage disruptive behavior
Authors: Filcheck Holly A. , McNeil Cheryl B. , Greco Laurie A. , Bernard Rebecca S.
Published: February 2004

The Level System is a whole‐classroom approach for managing disruptive behavior that utilizes behavioral management strategies such as a token economy, response cost, stimulating rewards, and strategic attention. Using an ABACC′ treatment comparison design with follow‐up, this study evaluated the effectiveness of the Level System in a preschool classroom compared to (a) strategies already employed by the teacher, and (b) coaching the teacher in the Child‐Directed Interaction (CDI) and Parent‐Directed Interaction (PDI) phases of Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT). Teacher‐ and parent‐report measures were administered, and behavioral observation data were collected for child and teacher behavior using videotapes. Results suggested that the amount of inappropriate behavior exhibited by children decreased when the Level System was implemented. Additionally, inappropriate behavior decreased further during the CDI and PDI conditions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 351–361, 2004.
The role of disclosure patterns and unsupportive social interactions in the well‐being of breast cancer patients
Authors: Figueiredo Melissa I. , Fries Elizabeth , Ingram Kathleen M.
Published: February 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine the nature and potential effects of disclosure patterns and unsupportive social interactions in breast cancer patients. Disclosure, the thoughts and feelings people communicate to others, and unsupportive social interactions, the upsetting or unsupportive responses people receive from others, have been infrequently studied in breast cancer patients. Sixty‐six early stage breast cancer patients diagnosed less than one year completed a written questionnaire. Results indicated that the women reported confiding in family and friends more than in mental health workers. Fears of recurrence and worries about the effects of the illness on family members were the most important concerns, whereas concerns about body image were the least troublesome. Failure to disclose concerns was associated with low social support, high unsupportive social interactions, and low emotional well‐being. Most of the unsupportive responses received from other people were either behaviors of minimizing or distancing. Unsupportive reactions were significantly associated with greater role limitations due to emotional problems and decreased social functioning. Implications for interventions and future research are discussed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The talking touchscreen: A new approach to outcomes assessment in low literacy
Authors: Hahn Elizabeth A. , Cella David , Dobrez Deborah , Shiomoto Gail , Marcus Elizabeth , Taylor Samuel G. , Vohra Mala , Chang Chih‐Hung , Wright Benjamin D. , Linacre John M. , Weiss Barry D. , Valenzuela Veronica , Chiang Hsaio‐Lin , Webster Kimberly
Published: February 2004

Purpose. Cancer patients who are deficient in literacy skills are particularly vulnerable to experiencing different outcomes due to disparities in care or barriers to care. Outcomes measurement in low literacy patients may provide new insight into problems previously undetected due to the challenges of completing paper‐and‐pencil forms.

Description of study. A multimedia program was developed to provide a quality of life assessment platform that would be acceptable to patients with varying literacy skills and computer experience. One item at a time is presented on the computer touchscreen, accompanied by a recorded reading of the question. Various colors, fonts and graphic images are used to enhance visibility, and a small picture icon appears near each text element allowing patients to replay the sound as many times as they wish. Evaluation questions are presented to assess patient burden and preferences.

Results. An ethnically diverse group of 126 cancer patients with a range of literacy skills and computer experience reported that the ‘talking touchscreen’ (TT) was easy to use, and commented on the usefulness of the multimedia approach.

Clinical implications. The TT is a practical, user‐friendly data acquisition method that provides greater opportunities to measure self‐reported outcomes in patients with a range of literacy skills. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mixing and Segregation in Multi‐component Liquid Fluidized Beds
Authors: Rasul Mohammad G.
Published: February 2004

The mechanism causing mixing and segregation of multi‐component fluidized systems consisting of both density and size variant particle mixtures is presented. The validity of the model is demonstrated with the experimental results of three‐component (ternary) liquid fluidized systems. Ternary bed fluidized systems separated into different mixed layers and a pure layer of excess component. Location of the stratified mixed layers and pure layer can be predicted from the mixture bulk density evaluation. The volume fractions of solids and fluid corresponding to each mixed layer can be theoretically predicted from the force balance applied to the particles in that layer knowing the systems physical properties.
Debye Series Formulation for Generalized Lorenz‐Mie Theory with the Bromwich Method
Authors: Gouesbet Gérard
Published: February 2004

The formulation of the Debye series ready for implementation in generalized Lorenz‐Mie theory (theory of interaction between an arbitrary shaped beam and a homogeneous sphere) is presented in the framework of the Bromwich method.
DLS‐Based Fractal Analysis in Early Stage Gelation
Authors: Huber Michael M. , Klein Hermann , Ratke Lorenz
Published: February 2004

The fractal dimension of colloidal particles emerging from geling resorcinol/formaldehyde solutions is determined using a commercial apparatus for dynamic light scattering measurements. The method is considered particularly suited to quality control, e.g. in the production of colloid particles from sol‐gel processes.
Die ältesten Risiken der Welt
Authors: Romeike Frank
Published: February 2004

Liest man aktuelle Artikel über Operationelle Risiken, so hat man das Gefühl, einer neuen Risiko‐Kategorie auf der Spur zu sein. Ein Blick in die Geschichte zeigt jedoch: Die Unsicherheit darüber, was die Zukunft bringen wird, führte in allen Kulturen und Epochen zu (Risk‐Management‐)Praktiken, die den Schleier der Ungewissheit zerreißen sollten. Dieser Schleier war vor allem aus Operationellen Risiken gewoben, den ältesten Risiken der Welt.
Risiko‐Kultur bei der Swisscom AG
Authors: Romeike Frank , Erben Roland Franz
Published: February 2004

Die Telekommunikationsbranche gehört zweifellos zu den dynamischsten Wirtschaftsbereichen überhaupt. Aufgrund der rasanten technologischen Entwicklung und des scharfen Wettbewerbs ist dieser Sektor jedoch auch mit hohen Risiken behaftet. Dementsprechend kommt einem effektiven und effizienten Risikomanagement eine wichtige Bedeutung für die Sicherung und Steigerung des Unternehmenswerts zu. Swisscom — mit über 20.000 Mitarbeitern und einem Umsatz von knapp 9, 5 Mrd. Euro im Jahr 2002 einer der zehn größten Telekommunikationskonzerne in Europa — hat die Vorteile, die ein proaktives und ganzheitliches Risikomanagement bietet, schon sehr früh erkannt.
Licht ins Daten‐Dunkel
Authors: Heinicke Frank
Published: February 2004

Immer mehr Unternehmen erkennen, welch große Bedeutung Operationellen Risiken zukommt. Eine aussagekräftige Analyse und ein wirkungsvolles Management dieser Risiko‐Kategorie sind ohne die Unterstützung durch geeignete Softwarelösungen kaum denkbar. Idealerweise sollte ein solches Tool dabei den gesamten Risikomanagement‐Prozess abbilden — vom Data Warehousing über die Definition des Datenmodells, der Risiko‐Erfassung und die Auswertung bis hin zum Reporting.
Auf nach Monte Carlo: Simulationsverfahren zur Risiko‐Aggregation
Authors: Gleißner Werner , Berger Thomas
Published: February 2004

Zielsetzung der Risiko‐Aggregation ist die auf die Risiko‐Analyse aufbauende Bestimmung des Gesamtrisikoumfangs. Mit der Monte‐Carlo‐Simulation als wichtigstes Verfahren der Risiko‐Aggregation wird anhand eines Fallbeispiels erklärt, wie Risiken aggregiert und daraus Eigenkapitalbedarf, Rating und Kapitalkostensätze bestimmt werden können.
Sandbank: Wie Barings & Co. Schiffbruch erlitten hat
Authors: Erben Roland Franz
Published: February 2004

Operationelle Risken wurden in der Finanzwelt lange Zeit systematisch unterschätzt. Nicht zuletzt aufgrund der Diskussion um Basel II rückte diese Risiko‐Kategorie erst in den letzten Jahren in den Blickpunkt vieler Banken. Diese sträfliche Vernachlässigung mag — zumindest teilweise — dadurch begründet gewesen sein, dass zahlreiche Finanzinstitute ihre Verluste aus Operationellen Risiken nicht als solche erfasst bzw. erkannt haben, sondern die entstandenen Schäden schlichtweg anderen Risiko‐Klassen zuordneten. Wie der Untergang des britischen Bankhauses Barings zeigt, sind Operationelle Risiken aber häufig die eigentliche Ursache vieler Verluste, die sich dann letztlich an anderer Stelle manifestieren.
Kiss, „Keep It Simple, Stupid”︁: Interview mit Oliver‐Christopher Rochford und Peter Tippett
Authors: Erben Roland F. , Romeike Frank
Published: February 2004

Seit der Programmierung des ersten Computervirus vor gut 25 Jahren vergeht kaum ein Tag, an dem uns nicht neue Schrecksmeldungen über Viren, Würmer, Trojaner und andere Störenfriede erreichen. Ihre Anzahl wächst ebenso schnell wie die Schäden, die sie verursachen. Nicht zu Unrecht steht das Thema IT‐Security deshalb ganz oben auf der Agenda vieler Risiko‐Manager. Um heraus zu finden, wie man diese Bedrohung in den Griff bekommt, haben wir mit einem Hacker und einem Fachmann für IT‐Security gesprochen. Das überraschende Ergebnis: Das Problem ist beherrschbar, wenn man ein paar einfache Regeln beherzigt. In einem Glossar erklären wir die wichtigsten Begriffe aus der Welt der Viren, Würmer und Trojaner.
Genetic variation can promote system persistence in an experimental host‐parasitoid system
Authors: Imura Daisuke , Toquenaga Yukihiko , Fujii Koichi
Published: February 2004

We tested experimentally the effects of genetic variation in host population on the host‐parasitoid system persistence. The experimental systems consisted of one parasitoid wasp species (Heterospilus prosopidis), one bean weevil species (Callosobruchus chinensis), and one bean species, of which only the host species (bean weevil) was genetically manipulated. As control treatments with low genetic heterogeneity in the host population, we used two bean weevil strains (Kyoto and Niigata strains) which have several contrasting ecological traits. For the high genetic heterogeneity treatment, hybrid bean weevils which were generated by crossbreeding the strains Kyoto and Niigata were used. In the multiple‐generation experiments, all three treatments had different patterns of extinction. The control treatment with the Niigata strain was very prone to system extinction, whereas the treatment with hybrids showed coexistence of constituent species in almost all replicates and also showed stabilized population dynamics. The other control treatment, using the Kyoto strain, showed intermediate proneness. To interpret the results of multiple‐generation experiments, we conducted several short‐term experiments. The different persistence patterns between the two control treatments were explained by the shapes of the host‐finding abilities of wasps and the growth rate of the bean weevils. The mean values of many ecological traits of hybrid lines were not different from those of the Kyoto strain, but their variability increased. These outcomes corresponded well to the prediction of models by Doebeli [J Theor Biol (1997) 188:109–120]. We discuss the mechanisms in which the variability in host species population was effective for the prolonged system persistence.
Local survival after fire in Mediterranean shrublands: combining capture‐recapture data over several bird species
Authors: Pons Pere , Henry Pierre‐Yves , Gargallo Gabriel , Prodon Roger , Lebreton Jean‐Dominique
Published: February 2004

Post‐disturbance survival is a key factor in the onset of secondary successions. Here we analyse capture‐recapture data from two before/after disturbance studies to estimate the effect of fire on local bird survival. Analyses of six bird species at two Mediterranean shrubland sites were combined using a meta‐analysis approach. Two warblers, Sylvia undata and S. melanocephala, were studied at one site altered by prescribed burning, and five passerines (Luscinia megarhynchos, Turdus merula, Parus major, P. caeruleus and S. melanocephala) at one site disturbed by wildfire. Based on the combined analysis, annual survival probability significantly decreased from 0.49 to 0.18 (i.e. a 64% decline) after the fire. Our results further suggest a trend for a higher decrease in annual survival associated with wildfire (−72%, from 0.51 to 0.14) than with prescribed burning (−35%, from 0.41 to 0.27), although this should be properly tested with a specific experimental design. In S. undata, a decline in survival in the ‘long‐term’ cannot account for the drop in density observed the first spring after fire. We suggest that a decrease in recruitment rate and an increase in the proportion of non‐breeders immediately after the fire may contribute more strongly to the decline in the breeding population. Our results tend to support the idea that bird populations may respond to moderate disturbances with noticeable time lags, because of individual site tenacity.
Population dynamics of the solitary digger bee Andrena vaga Panzer (Hymenoptera, Andrenidae) studied using mark‐recapture and nest counts
Authors: Bischoff Inge
Published: February 2004

The population size of the solitary digger bee Andrena vaga was documented using mark‐recapture methods during 4 consecutive years (1996–1999). Additionally, the numbers of the parasitoids Nomada lathburiana and Bombylius major were estimated. For calculations of the daily population size, the Jolly‐Seber model for open populations with time‐dependent survival and capture rates was used. The mean daily population size corresponded well to the number of nests marked in the aggregation of A. vaga. The method of mark‐recapture achieved the most accurate data when the number of sampling periods and the capture probability was high. The results document a decrease in population size of the investigated A. vaga aggregation during 4 successive years. A population increase of its parasitoids B. major is considered to be one reason for the population decline of A. vaga in 1999. The sex ratio of A. vaga was biased toward females, contrary to the expected higher number of males. Results of the mark‐recapture studies showed that up to 50% of females left the aggregation or died at the beginning of the season. The females probably colonized new aggregations at distances further than 200 m away from their birth aggregation, as no marked females were observed in the environs of the study area. This behavior is interpreted as a parasite avoidance strategy. The bee populations in the study area form a web of interconnected aggregations. Apparently a flux of extinction and recolonization exists between the different aggregations.
Synchrony and geographical variation of the spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) during a non‐epidemic period
Authors: Økland Bjørn , Bjørnstad Ottar N.
Published: February 2004

Spatio‐temporal analyses of non‐epidemic bark beetle populations may provide insight in dynamics predisposing for outbreaks. The present article presents a spatio‐temporal analysis of the population dynamics of Ips typographus based on pheromone trap data from southeast and mid‐Norway in the post‐epidemic period 1979–2002. The analyses include regression analyses, hierarchical cluster analysis, and analysis of spatial synchrony of beetle time series and climatic data by means of nonparametric spatial covariance functions. The mean abundance of beetles declined linearly with latitude. In addition, the time series means were higher in areas with high forest productivity and rocky soils predisposed to drought. The time series patterns differed significantly between northern and southern study areas. The regional synchrony of the time series was fairly high (0.38), indicating that some large‐scale climatic factor may influence the dynamics. Windfelling was the external variable showing the most parallel pattern of correlation to the beetle dynamics. We thus posit that large windfall events may be a major instigator and synchronizer of beetle outbreaks in areas subjected to regionalized weather systems.
Intraspecific variation in the status of ant symbiosis on a myrmecophyte,Macaranga bancana,between primary and secondary forests in Borneo
Authors: Murase Kaori , Itioka Takao , Nomura Masahiro , Yamane Seiki
Published: February 2004

A tree species,Macaranga bancana, distributed in South East Asian tropics has a mutualistic relationship with specific symbiotic ant species, which defend the plant from herbivores. To examine the intraspecific variation in the status of the ant‐plant symbiosis among microhabitats of different light conditions, we investigated the species composition of nesting ants and the herbivory damage onM. bancanasaplings by field observations and sampling in primary and secondary forests in Sarawak. In addition, the effectiveness of non‐ant (physical and chemical) defenses were estimated by feeding the larvae of a polyphagous lepidopteran withM. bancanaleaves from saplings in the two types of forests. All saplings in the primary forest were colonized by twoCrematogasterant species that had been known to be the obligate symbionts ofM. bancana,while in the secondary forest, about half of the saplings were occupied by several ant species that were not obligate symbionts. There was little herbivory damage on saplings colonized by the twoCrematogastersymbiont ants in both forest types, while the saplings colonized by the other ant species suffered a 10–60% loss of leaf area. Larval mortality of the polyphagous lepidopteranSpodoptera liturawas significantly higher when larvae fed on leaves ofM. bancanasaplings in the secondary forest than when fed on leaves ofM. bancanasaplings in the primary forest. These results suggest that the symbiosis between ants andM. bancanais looser and the non‐ant‐defenses are stronger in secondary forests, where light is more intense, than in primary forests.
Population dynamical consequences of reduced predator switching at low total prey densities
Authors: Abrams Peter A. , Matsuda Hiroyuki
Published: February 2004

Several models of rapid switching by a predator in a two‐prey environment are analyzed. The goal is to determine how the dynamics of the system and the potential indirect effects between prey are affected by the dependence of switching on total prey density. In exploring this question, the difference between the population‐level consequences of switching in stable and cycling predator‐prey systems is also examined. We concentrate on reduced switching at low densities, a feature that is likely because of the difficulty of distinguishing between two very low densities. The main findings are: (1) switching in unstable systems can produce positive indirect effects of one prey species on the other; and (2) reduced switching at low densities can greatly alter the dynamics of the system and the indirect effects between prey. Both of the possibilities are only evident in cycling systems. Reduced switching at low total prey densities leads to heavier predation on the slower‐growing prey when both prey species are rare. As a consequence, there is a lag in the recovery of the slower‐growing prey species after predator densities fall, and the dynamics of the two prey become desynchronized. The net result is increased indirect interactions between prey, and a greater likelihood of exclusion of the slower growing prey. The analysis of these models suggests a need for more empirical work to determine whether switching is reduced by very low total prey densities, and to study the long‐term dynamics that occur in systems with switching predators.
Vulnerability and body size: tetrapods versus fish
Authors: del Monte‐Luna Pablo , Lluch‐Belda Daniel
Published: February 2004

The relationship between body size and risk of extinction has been the focus of much recent attention; however, it has only been stated for a few groups inhabiting restricted areas. Based on the IUCN list and other public records, we suggest that the relationship between vulnerability and body size is a trend among all vertebrates, especially tetrapods. In the case of fish, our results show that body size may be subordinate to another factor that we named concealment. Other plausible explanations about this difference could be the human preference for large terrestrial vertebrates and/or the inappropriateness of the current IUCN listing criteria for fish species.
Neighbourhood size, dispersal distance and the complex dynamics of the spatial Ricker model
Authors: Travis J. M. J.
Published: February 2004

Amongst the most frequently made assumptions in simple population models are that individuals interact equally with every other individual and that dispersal occurs with equal likelihood to any location. This is especially true for models of a single population (as opposed to a patchy population or metapopulation). For many species of animals and probably for all plant species these assumptions are unlikely to hold true. Here one much‐studied population model—the Ricker model—is reformulated such that interactions occur only between individuals located within a certain distance of each other and dispersal distance is finite. Two alternative reformulations are presented. Results demonstrate that both limiting the interaction neighbourhood and reducing dispersal distance tend to stabilise the global population dynamics, although the extent to which this occurs depends upon the reformulation used. Spatial pattern formation is a feature of the simulated population. At lower intrinsic rates of growth (r) these patterns tend to be static, while for higherr, they are dynamic. Both the stabilisation of global dynamics and spatial pattern formation are well‐described features of metapopulation models. Here, similar effects are shown to occur on a single contiguous patch of habitat.
The genetic polymorphism linked to mate‐securing strategies in the male damselfly Mnais costalis Selys (Odonata: Calopterygidae)
Authors: Tsubaki Yoshitaka
Published: February 2004

Alternative male mate‐securing strategies are widespread among animal taxa, but there are few well‐documented examples of genetic polymorphisms for them. In the Japanese calopterygid damselfly Mnais costalis, males occur as either orange‐winged territorial fighter males, or clear‐winged non‐territorial sneaker males. It has previously been suggested that this behavioral polymorphism is genetically controlled. However, there was no direct evidence for this. By rearing two groups of larvae from the same female but sired by different male morphs, I show that differential morph development is genetically controlled and consistent with a single‐locus two‐allele autosomal genetic polymorphism.
Mechanisms of density dependence in fluctuating vole populations: deducing annual density dependence from seasonal processes
Authors: Saitoh Takashi , Stenseth Nils Chr. , Viljugrein Hildegunn , Kittilsen Marte O.
Published: February 2004

Based on recent advances in time‐series analyses of ecological dynamics using statistical and mathematical models, we summarise our recent results on the seasonal processes in the annual population dynamics of the grey‐sided vole Clethrionomys rufocanus (Sundevall, 1846) in Hokkaido, Japan, and report additional analyses on annual and seasonal density dependence. Annual direct density dependence was strong in almost all populations. In contrast, delayed density dependence was generally weak, although clear delayed density dependence was detected in some of the studied populations. Although seasonal density dependence was observed both in winter and summer, direct density dependence was much more profound during winter; thus, winter density dependence contributed most to the overall annual direct density dependence. We found no correlation between the seasonal components of annual direct density dependence; however, the corresponding seasonal components for annual delayed density dependence were positively correlated. We conclude that winter conditions influence the strength of annual direct density dependence most profoundly. Moreover, we conclude that direct density dependence during summer and winter may be generated by different mechanisms, whereas delayed density dependence seems to be generated by a common mechanism. Candidate mechanisms are discussed in relation to general knowledge of northern rodent populations and to specific insights provided by earlier studies of grey‐sided voles in Hokkaido.
How does spatio‐temporal disturbance influence species diversity in a hierarchical competitive system? Prospective order of species coexistence and extinction
Authors: Ohsawa Kyoko , Kawasaki Kohkichi , Takasu Fugo , Shigesada Nanako
Published: February 2004

To address how habitat destruction and hierarchical competition among species affect the spatio‐temporal dynamics of a multi‐species community, we present a compartment model in which multiple species undergo dispersal and competitive interactions in a patchy habitat arranged in a two‐dimensional lattice. We assume that disturbances are periodically imposed on some parts of the lattice in a block, followed by a period free of disturbance. For convenience, species are ranked in order of competitive ability. We further assume that the intrinsic growth rate of speciesi,εi, and the dispersal ability,Di, increase in decreasing order of rank. Our model can analytically determine the exact number of surviving species when disturbance is absent. In the presence of disturbance, we numerically examine how spatio‐temporal changes in environmental heterogeneity affect species coexistence and extinction, for the case in which the value ofεi/Dimonotonically increases or decreases with rank. The results demonstrate that (1) when the interspecific competition is smaller than the intraspecific competition, we can provide predictions on the prospective order of species to be driven extinct and the order of potential species to revive with increasing extents of disturbance; (2) when the interspecific competition is stronger than intraspecific competition, a small difference in the disturbance level can lead to drastic changes in the species composition, their densities and the order of species extinction. In addition, comparison with other similar models reveals that differences in species interaction in local population dynamics critically affect the disturbance‐mediated species diversity.
Cospeciation of figs and fig‐wasps: a case study of endemic species pairs in the Ogasawara Islands
Authors: Yokoyama Jun
Published: February 2004

The interactions between figs (Ficus, Moraceae) and fig‐wasps (Agaonidae, Chalcidoidea, Hymenoptera) are special plant‐pollinator relationships that are highly species‐specific, in that each fig species is pollinated by a single fig‐wasp species that can breed only in that particular fig species. This study examined the degree of pre‐mating isolation and genetic differentiation for three fig/fig‐wasp pairs endemic to the Ogasawara Islands. Simple Y‐tube tests revealed that fig‐wasps fromFicus nishimuraeand “Higashidaira type” chose their own host figs significantly more often, while fig‐wasps fromF. boninsimaedid not. Based on RAPD markers, the genetic differentiation among the fig species was low, butF. boninsimaeformed a cluster within theF. nishimuraecluster. The Higashidaira type has been derived from a subpopulation ofF. nishimurae. Five mitochondrial DNA haplotypes were found in the fig‐wasps and each haplotype correlated well with the fig species on their island of origin. These results led to a three‐step hypothesis on the cospeciation process: (1) spatial separation of fig/fig‐wasp populations arises; (2) gene flow is restricted and character differentiation of fig‐wasps occurs; (3) there is further restriction of gene flow and genetic and character differentiation of figs.
Grundlagen und Empirie der Neuropsychologischen Therapie: Neuropsychotherapie oder Hirnjogging?
Authors: Gauggel Siegfried
Published: February 2004

Zusammenfassung: Dieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit dem theoretischen Fundament und den empirischen Grundlagen neuropsychologischer Interventionen. Nach einem kurzen historischen Rückblick werden die konzeptionellen Grundlagen einer neuropsychologischen Behandlung dargestellt und erläutert. Neuropsychologische Interventionen werden drei Therapiesäulen zugeordnet: Restitution, Kompensation und integrierten Verfahren. Restitution bezieht sich auf Maßnahmen, mit denen gestörte neuronale Systeme wieder reaktiviert werden sollen. Kompensation beinhaltet den aktiven oder passiven Ausgleich von Funktionsdefiziten durch vorhandene Fähigkeiten. Hierzu zählt nicht nur das Lernen neuer Strategien und der Einsatz von Hilfsmitteln, sondern auch die Veränderung von Erwartungen, Lebenszielen und andere kognitive Anpassungen. Integrierte Verfahren stellen Verfahren (z. B. operante Techniken) anderer Psychotherapierichtungen dar, die bei einer neuropsychologischen Behandlung Anwendung finden können und auf die Bedürfnisse von Patienten mit organisch bedingten psychischen Störungen zugeschnitten sind. Die in dem Beitrag referierten Studien unterstreichen die Bedeutung der drei postulierten Therapiesäulen.
Causal attribution and counterfactual thinking - when does performing one facilitate performance of the other
Authors: N’gbala A. , R. Branscombe N.
Published: February 2004

When do causal attribution and counterfactual thinking facilitate one another, and when do the two responses overlap? Undergraduates (N = 78) both explained and undid, in each of two orders, events that were described either with their potential causes or not. The time to perform either response was recorded. Overall, mutation response times were shorter when performed after an attribution was made than before, while attribution response times did not vary as a consequence of sequence. Depending on whether the causes of the target events were described in the scenario or not, respondents undid the actor and assigned causality to another antecedent, or pointed to the actor for both responses. These findings suggest that counterfactual mutation is most likely to be facilitated by attribution, and that mutation and attribution responses are most likely to overlap when no information about potential causes of the event is provided.
The influence of prior knowledge on constructive biases
Authors: Walther E. , Fiedler K. , Nickel Stefanie
Published: February 2004

Two experimental studies investigated the influence of prior knowledge on constructive judgments. In Study 1, individuals with high expertise (graduate students) and individuals with low expertise (freshmen) were required to answer questions about a target’s mania before they were asked to judge the target on several rating scales including mania. Results indicated that merely thinking about the mania questions resulted in stronger constructive biases (i.e., higher mania ratings) in experts as compared to non-experts. This effect occurred even when participants correctly rejected the question content as false. Study 2, in which knowledge structures were varied experimentally, replicated these findings.
Adolescents’ self-mutilation - Relationship with dependent behaviour
Authors: Bolognini M. , Plancherel B. , Laget J. , Stéphan P. , Halfon O.
Published: February 2004

The aim of this study, which was carried out in the French-speacking part of Switzerland, was to examine the relationship between suicide attempts and self-mutilation by adolescents and young adults. The population, aged 14-25 years (N = 308), included a clinical sample of dependent subjects (drug abuse and eating disorders) compared to a control sample. On the basis of the Mini Neuropsychiatric Interview ( Sheehan et al., 1998 ), DSM-IV criteria were used for the inclusion of the clinical population. The results concerning the occurrence of suicide attempts as well as on self-mutilation confirm most of the hypotheses postulated: suicidal attempts and self-mutilation were more common in the clinical group compared to the control group, and there was a correlation between suicide attempts and self-mutilation. However, there was only a partial overlap, attesting that suicide and self-harm might correspond to two different types of behaviour.
Linking land‐atmosphere‐stream carbon fluxes in a lowland peatland system
Authors: Billett M. F. , Palmer S. M. , Hope D. , Deacon C. , Storeton‐West R. , Hargreaves K. J. , Flechard C. , Fowler D.
Published: February 2004

Any change in the ability of northern peatlands to act as a sink for atmospheric CO2will play a crucial part in the response of the Earth system to global warming. We argue that a true assessment of the sink‐source relationships of peatland ecosystems requires that losses of C in drainage waters be included when determining annual net C uptake, thus connecting measurements of stream C fluxes with those made at the land surface‐atmosphere interface. This was done by combining estimates of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) with stream water measurements of TOC, DIC, and gaseous C loss, in a 335‐ha lowland temperate peatland catchment (55°48.80′N, 03°14.40′W) in central Scotland over a 2‐year period (1996–1998). Mean annual downstream C flux was 304 (±62) kg C ha−1yr−1, of which total organic carbon (TOC) contributed 93%, the remainder being dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and free CO2. At the catchment outlet evasion loss of CO2from the stream surface was estimated to be an additional 46 kg C ha−1yr−1. Over the study period, NEE of CO2‐C resulted in a flux from the atmosphere to the land surface of 278 (±25) kg C ha−1yr−1. Net C loss in drainage water, including both the downstream flux and CO2evasion from the stream surface to the atmosphere, was therefore greater or equal to the net annual C uptake as a result of photosynthesis/respiration at the land surface. By combining these and other flux terms, the overall C mass balance suggests that this system was either acting as a terrestrial C source or was C neutral.
Hydrothermal venting at Vailulu'u Seamount: The smoking end of the Samoan chain
Authors: Staudigel H. , Hart S. R. , Koppers A. A. P. , Constable C. , Workman R. , Kurz M. , Baker E. T.
Published: February 2004

The summit crater of Vailulu'u Seamount, the youngest volcano in the Samoan chain, hosts an active hydrothermal system with profound impact on the ocean water column inside and around its crater (2 km wide and 407 m deep at a 593 m summit depth). The turbidity of the ocean water reaches 1.4 NTU, values that are higher than in any other submarine hydrothermal system. The water is enriched in hydrothermal Mn (3.8 ppb) and 3He (1 × 10−11 cc/g) and we measured water temperature anomalies near the crater floor up to 0.2°C. The hydrothermal system shows complex interactions with the ocean currents around Vailulu'u that include tidally‐modulated vertical motions of about 40–50 m, and replenishment of waters into the crater through breaches in the upper half of the crater wall. Inside and outside potential density gradients suggest that hydrothermal venting exports substantial amounts of water from the crater (1.3 ± 0.2 × 108 m3/day), which is in good agreement with fluxes obtained from a tracer release experiment inside the crater of Vailulu'u (0.8 × 108 m3/day [Hart et al., 2003]). This mass flux, in combination with the differences in the inside and outside crater temperature, yields a power output of around 760 megawatts, the equivalent of 20–100 MOR black smokers. The Mn output of 300 kg/day is approximately ten times the output of a single black smoker.
Strength of the geomagnetic field in the Cretaceous Normal Superchron: New data from submarine basaltic glass of the Troodos Ophiolite
Authors: Tauxe Lisa , Staudigel Hubert
Published: February 2004

We present here new paleointensity data from 39 sampling sites collected from the quenched margins of pillow lavas and dikes exposed within the Troodos Ophiolite (∼92 Ma), formed during the Cretaceous Normal Superchron (CNS), a period of approximately 40 million years when the geomagnetic field reversed extremely infrequently if at all. Monte Carlo simulations suggest that a minimum of 25 estimates are necessary for a reasonably robust estimate for the average field strength. Our data suggest a dipole strength equivalent to the present field or nearly twice the post‐CNS average. The mean and standard deviation of the dipole moment (81 ± 43 ZAm2; Z = 1021) from the 57 data points compiled here agree remarkably well with those predicted from the long paleointensity record derived from DSDP Site 522. The new data set for the CNS suggests a picture of a strong and stable field during the period of time when it stopped reversing. Moreover, the similarity of the CNS data with the present geomagnetic field suggests that it is presently in a state of unusual polarity stability.
Thermal state of northwest Kyushu mantle suggested by the petrochemistry of the Tara‐dake basalts
Authors: Higo Tomohiko , Mashima Hidehisa
Published: February 2004

Temperatures of northwest Kyushu mantle are estimated using petrochemical data of the relatively primitive Tara‐dake basalts erupted at around 1 Ma. Model primitive melt compositions estimated by the addition of equilibrated olivines to bulk compositions indicate that melting temperatures range from 1230 to 1300°C at around 1 GPa. Moderately high melting temperatures of the Tara‐dake basalts indicate that mantle upwelling in NW Kyushu is caused not by thermal plumes but by the convection at the boundary between the continent and the ocean.
Respiration patterns in the deep ocean
Authors: Andersson J. Henrik , Wijsman Jeroen W. M. , Herman Peter M. J. , Middelburg Jack J. , Soetaert Karline , Heip Carlo
Published: February 2004

The biological pump affects atmospheric CO2 levels and fuels most heterotrophic activity in the deep ocean. The efficiency of this pump depends on the rate of carbon fixation, export out of the euphotic zone and the depth of respiration. Here we study the depth dependence of respiration patterns, hence particulate carbon flux, using a compiled data set of sediment oxygen consumption rates. We show that the depth relationship can best be described by a double exponential model. For the upper part of the ocean, our resulting equation is similar to previous flux‐depth relationships but predicted fluxes are significantly larger in deeper waters. This implies a more efficient biological pump. Total oceanic respiration below the shelf break (200 m) is estimated to be 827 Tmol O2 yr−1.