bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Invention by evolution: Functional analysis in paleobiology
Authors: Plotnick Roy E. , Baumiller Tomasz K.
Published: March 2019

Functional analysis of fossils is and should remain a key component of paleobiological research. Despite recently expressed doubts, conceptual and methodological developments over the past 25 years indicate that robust and testable claims about function can be produced. Functional statements can be made in at least three different hierarchical contexts, corresponding to the degree of structural information available, the position in the phylogenetic hierarchy, and the degree of anatomical specificity. The paradigm approach, which dominated thinking about function in the 1960s and 1970s, has been supplanted with a methodology based on biomechanics. Paleobiomechanics does not assume optimality in organismal design, but determines whether structures werecapableof carrying out a given function. The paradigm approach can best be viewed as a way of generating, rather than testing, functional hypotheses. Hypotheses about function can also be developed and supported by well-corroborated phylogenetic arguments. Additional functional evidence can be derived from studies of trace fossils and of taphonomy. New computer techniques, including “Artificial Life” studies, have the potential for producing far more detailed ideas about function and mode of life than have been previously possible. Functional analysis remains the basis for studies of the history of adaptation. It is also an essential component of many paleoecological and paleoenvironmental studies.
Fault Lines, Racial and Aesthetic: The National Arts Festival at Grahamstown
Authors: SCHMIDT BRYAN
Published: March 2019

This article asks how theatre shapes civic space by examining the emergence of racial divides in the city of Grahamstown, South Africa, during the annual National Arts Festival (NAF). I track how decision making by festival organizers has relied on economic research and implicit artistic preferences that have resulted in the steady exclusion of artists from local townships. I argue that the presence of the NAF in Grahamstown creates fault lines that are not physical, but aesthetic, in nature, creating invisible boundaries that reward stage performances at the expense of street performances. I track a history of street performance at the NAF, with particular attention to its local mime tradition, to demonstrate how this axis of festivity was integral to developing the NAF's cultural cachet, but was systematically managed, policed or appropriated to fit organizers’ image for Grahamstown at festival time. This work troubles aspirational narratives of creative and cultural industries that South Africa and other African countries have come to rely upon as inclusive and sustainable routes of economic development.
A Proposal for Achieving Uniformity in the Citation of International Documents
Authors: Williamson Linda E.
Published: March 2019

The desirability of applying uniform standards to international documentation is well recognized. The need to “identify and consider adoption of established, relevant standards aimed at improving retrieval” was expressed by Helen Seymour at the 1972 International Symposium on the Documentation of the United Nations and Other Intergovernmental Organizations. Among the final recommendations emanating from that meeting were Number 31, which calls for application of the International Standard Book Number (ISBN) system, and Number 33, which calls for adoption of the International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD). In line with this thinking, I would like to suggest the development and adoption of a standard for the bibliographic citation of international documents.
Micrographic Librarianship — An Outline
Authors: Surrency Erwin C.
Published: March 2019

Until recently, micropublications have had only limited application in law libraries. This state of affairs is changing, however, as law libraries are faced with rapidly increasing costs of books, limitations on space available to expand collections, and finally, because of the new technological advances in microform equipment itself. My personal interest in microforms has been spurred by a number of factors, chief among them being the recent traumatic experience of seeing a large library collection destroyed by fire. When faced with sorting several hundred pamphlets which were salvaged from the flames and arranging them in their original order, knowing that a good many were missing, the blessed alternative of microforms became readily apparent. The advantages of microforms have been debated endlessly, often with more emotion than wisdom. The purpose of this paper is to explore their application and the problems which micropublications engender in a Law Library.
The Library and Documentation Services of the Commission of the European Communities
Authors: Gaskell E.
Published: March 2019

The library and documentation services of the Commission are as varied as one would expect them to be in an intergovernmental institution of this kind. Through a mixed process of chance and intent they have grown into a collection of organisms whose related and sometimes overlapping functions are not always clear to Commission officials themselves, let alone to outsiders.
Access to Government Publications in South Africa
Authors: Greenstein L.
Published: March 2019

Here is a list of the government printing offices in South Africa. Many government departments also publish items and these documents are often only available from the department concerned. Publishing addresses for the new Southern African states and the semi-autonomous “Homelands” are not included, as it is very difficult to obtain materials from them and ascertain what has been published. The addresses of the main commercial publishers of South African statutory material including some commercial publishers who reproduce legislation under the South African Government Printer's copyright authority are listed and some examples of the type of material published by them are given in order to indicate their coverage.
A Bibliographic Summary of United States-Bulgarian Diplomatic and Treaty Relations
Authors: Sipkov Ivan
Published: March 2019

The recent ratification and entering into force of the Consular Convention between the United States of America and the People's Republic of Bulgaria opened a new page of great significance in the history of diplomatic and political relations between these two countries. To illustrate this point, the following brief survey of these relations since the reestablishment of Bulgaria as an independent state in 1878 until the present time seems pertinent.
Basic U. S. Sources For Current Research In International Law: An Elementary Vade-Mecum
Authors: Sprudzs Adolf
Published: March 2019

Among the many old and new actors on the international stage of nations the United States is one of the most active and most important. The U.S. is a member of most existing intergovernmental organizations, participates in hundreds upon hundreds of international conferences and meetings every year and, in conducting her bilateral and multilateral relations with the other members of the community of nations, contributes very substantially to the development of contemporary international law. The Government of the United States has a policy of promptly informing the public about developments in its relations with other countries through a number of documentary publication, issued by the Department of State
Reprography and Copyright
Authors: Dahlmanns Gerhard J.
Published: March 2019

The rapid development of reprographic technology, and the explosion of requests for copies of library materials have turned the reproduction by libraries of works protected by copyright into a major problem both from a practical and from the legal point of view. The libraries as the traditional distributors of these works are somehow caught in the middle of the two groups with their conflicting interests which are colliding under their roof: the proprietory interests of authors and publishers in the printed word, and the users’ need for information and free access to it. Both groups expect the library to uphold their interests and to serve their needs.
Library Legislation in Chile
Authors: Freudenthal Juan R.
Published: March 2019

“Library legislation in our century… tends toward the bureaucratization of services rather than to establish scientific procedures for library economy and provide guidelines for administrative action”.
Development and Planning of Law Libraries in India
Authors: Agrawala S. K.
Published: March 2019

Law libraries in a country represent its legal potential. These testify to law and legal development, place of law in people's mind and life and quality of legal education, in a country. Future legal development and people's attitude towards law, to a great extent, is dependent upon the state of and scope for legal education in a given group. It might be suggested that the law libraries pulsatingly reflect the standard, methods and objectives of legal instruction in a country. Prescribed law courses, level of legal teaching, quality of legal research, expectations and aspirations both of the law teacher and the pupil and priority of emphasis among areas of law, all can be easily ascertained by observing the law libraries of any people.
Law Library Resources and Planning in Canada
Authors: Scott Marianne
Published: March 2019

Law libraries, like all other types of liberaries, are undergoing a period of rapid change, as a result of the greatly increased production of printed materials, the adaptation to new technology and the introduction of new media. To meet these challenges successfully requires careful planning. Planning inevitably makes one think of the future; the very word ‘plan', which means an organized method according to which something is to be done, is future oriented. However, to appreciate fully the present state of planning for law libraries in Canada, it is helpful first to have some idea of the history of our development. It is a history which indicates that law library service in Canada has been very slow in evolving. This fact, which I had long suspected to be the case, became quite apparent to me when in 1971 I had the occasion to write an article on law libraries in Canada for the Law Library Journal. I will not go into all the historical detail at this time but simply mention the major points.
Primary Sources on the Soviet Practice of International Law: A Breviary
Authors: Ginsburgs George
Published: March 2019

The Soviet passion for secrecy is by now proverbial. Anybody who has ever worked on a topic related to Soviet diplomacy has had occasion to bemoan the incompleteness and unreliability of the factual record. The situation smacks of rare irony when one remembers that the Soviet leadership first made a mark on the international scene by its vociferous advocacy of open diplomacy. In a dramatic gesture, the revolutionary directorate proceeded then to denounce the former tsarist regime and its bourgeois confederates for constantly dabbling in secret machinations aimed at deceiving the international community as well as their own people and to publish scores of confidential documents drawn from the tsarist archives to demonstrate the gross inequities of the imperialist system.
Disseminating the UN Treaty Collection on the Internet
Authors: Kohona Palitha T.B.
Published: March 2019

The Treaty Section of the United Nations has embarked on a major project to disseminate its vast collection of treaties, both bilateral and multilateral, using the electronic medium, including the Internet. In parallel, as an essential complementary measure, it is also proposed to bring the backlog in the publication of the United Nations Treaty Series (UNTS) up to date. Both these objectives present a range of challenges, not the least of which is, securing the requisite financial resources in the current financial climate.
Comparative Law in a Civil Society
Authors: Shroff Kersi B.
Published: March 2019

The main research responsibility of the Law Library of Congress is to serve as the research arm of the United States Congress for the study of the legal systems of other countries. The studies, reports, and briefings its specialists prepare provide a worldwide perspective to the Congress on particular legal issues. This type of work can generally be described as comparative law research.
President's Report
Authors: Wenger Larry B.
Published: March 2019

The 19th Course on International Law Librarianship was held in Dublin, Ireland, August 20–24, 2000. The conference theme, “A common Law for Europe: Legal Systems and Legal Information,” and the attractiveness of Dublin as a conference venue helped draw the largest group of participants to attend our conferences. As important, the 150 participants represented 24 countries, a number that is a record for our Association.
Access to Foreign and International Law Journals: Indexing, Scanning – Some Suggestions for the Harvard Collection
Authors: Bunnage Rosemary
Published: March 2019

As a result of my work on the Australasian Legal Literature Index (ALLI) at Monash University, Melbourne, I was invited to the Harvard Law Library in Cambridge, Massachusetts, to assess their foreign and international law journal collection and to set up a system to index the journals in the collection that were not indexed elsewhere. The primary purpose of my study was to identify the problems and to attempt to provide solutions. The project metamorphosed into evaluating the basic current awareness needs of the Harvard Law School Faculty and finding a solution for providing access to the journal collection. An indication of the enormity of the task is to compare the holdings of the Harvard foreign and international law collection, (some 4,000 journals), to the some 500 publications indexed by the Index to Foreign Legal Periodicals, the major U.S. index to foreign materials.
International Contracts and Terminology: An Annotated Research Guide for the U.S. Practitioner
Authors: Guerin Katherine
Published: March 2019

“The world is a global village.” With the advent of the Internet and increased commercial global transactions, these words ring truer today than when they were first exclaimed by Marshall McLuhan in the late 1960's. Foreign business deals are now a commonplace activity. International commercial law, which used to be a specialty, has quickly become an integral element of the practice of a transactional lawyer.
Introduction to the Italian Legal System. The Allocation of Normative Powers: Issues In Law Finding
Authors: Baschiera Marinella
Published: March 2019

I.1. A choice: the use of comparative methodology to describe one's own national legal system.
Conversations with Kurt Lipstein, Emeritus Professor of Comparative Law: Some Reminiscences of Seventy Years at the Squire Law Library and the Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge
Authors: Dingle Lesley , Bates Daniel
Published: March 2019

At the time of these interviews, conducted in the Squire Law Library in April and May 2005, Kurt Lipstein was 96 years old and had been associated, in various capacities, with the Library and the Faculty of Law at Cambridge University for over seventy years.
The Bologna Process: Practical Steps for Russian Law Schools
Authors: Kapustin Anatoly
Published: March 2019

1. Introduction (Russia as a part of Europe).
The Development of the Free Trade Area of the Americas: A Guide For Legal Research
Authors: Viegas Michelle S.
Published: March 2019

At the 1994 Summit of the Americas, leaders of democratic nations in the Western Hemisphere committed to establishing a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) by January 2005. The Declaration of Principles resulting from that Summit called for building on “existing sub-regional and bilateral arrangements in order to broaden and deepen hemispheric economic integration and to bring the agreements together.” Although ambitious, this endeavor was undertaken during a decade marked by an unprecedented proliferation of trade agreements. In 1991, Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay agreed to initiate the formation of a common market now known as the MERCOSUR. Then in 1994, Canada, Mexico and the United States signed the North American Free Trade Agreement which replaced the United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement. Later that year, nations around the world formalized the existing General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, creating the World Trade Organization. In 1997, the Andean Community of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela formalized its plans to establish a common market. Members of the Caribbean Community and Common Market also agreed in several protocols to further their economic and social integration. During the 1990's, numerous other trade agreements were negotiated, and their development continues at the same rapid pace today.
The Globalization Process of Human Rights in Latin America Versus Economic, Social an Cultural Diversity
Authors: Bartolomei María Luisa
Published: March 2019

This paper attempts to explore briefly the history of the human rights movement in Latin America and the validity of the dominant European approach on human rights in the region. In light of this discussion, the paper looks at the problems of diversity and human rights in Latin America—universal rights and specific rights, equality and inequality before the law, especially in the case of indigenous rights and children's rights.

The relationship between democracy, poverty and human rights is also examined in this article, as well as the current process of globalization and its impact on human rights in Latin America.
What's Cooking? An Essay on Acquiring Cookbooks for a Law Firm Library
Authors: Shaffer Roberta
Published: March 2019

When I began working at Covington and Burling several years ago, I knew that the firm had a diverse practice, and so I expected the Library's collection to both reflect and support this diversity. However, I was not thinking that this would translate into a rather significant and substantial historical collection of books and other materials on food, pharmaceuticals, home remedies, medical devices, fashion, fragrances, and cookbooks. All collected to be consulted rather frequently by the firm's Food and Drug lawyers.
IALL at 40
Authors: Wenger Larry B.
Published: March 2019

The appearance of this issue of the International Journal of Legal Information coincides almost exactly with the 40th anniversary of the founding of the International Association of Law Libraries. In June, 1959, a group of law librarians with long established personal interests in international law librarianship met in New York, with the goal of establishing an organization that would facilitate their work and bring law librarians around the world in closer contact. Professor William R. Roalfe of Northwestern University Law School in Chicago was elected the first President of the new Association, and Mr. K. Howard Drake of the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, London, the Vice President. A report summarizing the organizational meeting was prepared by Adolf Sprudzs of the University of Chicago Law Library, who subsequently devoted much of his career to international law librarianship and particularly to the work of the Association, including serving two terms as its President (see appendix). For a recent history of the Association, please see the article by Mr. Sprudzs in The Law Librarian, volume 26 at page 321, 1995.
Do the Walls Have Ears? Indigenous Title and Courts in Australia
Authors: Gray Peter R. A.
Published: March 2019

Australia has always been a place of legal pluralism. Before the British colonists brought with them the common law and the statute law of England, there were indigenous systems of law. Indeed, there were very many of them. They did not cease to exist just because English law was imported. Sadly, for over 200 years, their existence was not officially recognised by the Anglo-Australian legal system. In 1992, in Mabo v State of Queensland [No.2], the High Court of Australia did more than “invent” native title. It made this nation officially a legally pluralist one. The common law now recognises, and gives effect to, indigenous law with respect to land tenure and, possibly, with respect to other aspects of life and death as well. Native title is what indigenous law says it is, no more and no less, except to the extent that non-indigenous law operates to “extinguish” or “impair” native title. The first inquiry in any application for a determination of native title must be as to the continuing existence of an indigenous legal system and the manner in which that legal system deals with entitlements in relation to the relevant land. If such a system survives and gives entitlement to people, it must then be asked whether non-Aboriginal law has “extinguished” or “impaired” those entitlements. In truth, this inquiry is as to whether the non-indigenous legal system has withdrawn its recognition of those entitlements, because of its creation of interests, or recognition of activities, incompatible with the continuing existence of indigenous entitlements. The entitlements continue to exist in indigenous law, despite any “extinguishment” or “impairment.”
Reconciliation On-line: Reflections and Possibilities
Authors: McCann Siobhán , Greenleaf Graham , Chung Philip , Austin Daniel , Moore Tim
Published: March 2019

Since the beginning of the Reconciliation and Social Justice Project in 1996, AustLII has sought to contribute to the process of reconciliation through the provision of relevant legal and cultural information relating to indigenous people. Two important components of the project have been collecting material as well as making it as accessible as possible to as many people as possible. Another significant part of the Reconciliation and Social Justice Project has been connecting remote Aboriginal communities to the Internet and providing training to them in its use. The history and achievements of the project are set out here and some consideration is given to future directions for the various aspects of the project.
Reflections of an Itinerant Judge in the Asia-Pacific Region
Authors: Mason Sir Anthony
Published: March 2019

Since my retirement from the High Court of Australia in April 1995, I have pursued various activities. As Chairman of the National Library 1995-1998, National Fellow at the Australian National University and Chancellor of the University of New South Wales, I have been concerned with some current issues concerning libraries, including funding and copyright reform. My main purpose on this occasion is to speak about my experiences as a judicial rover in Fiji, the Solomon Islands and Hong Kong, jurisdictions in which I have been sitting as a Judge and as a lecturer at the Chinese National Judges College in Beijing.
Training the Trainers from Developing Countries: Issues for the Library
Authors: Presser Prue
Published: March 2019

Relationships with international universities for the purposes of benchmarking, international best practice and strategic partnerships for competitive advantage are all leading to practices which are shaping the destiny of the University of Melbourne. One of the “Guiding values” of the University is to “work with other international Universities to enrich intellectual discourse, educational quality and research activity in the international community. “
Building an Asian Law Collection
Authors: Smith Malcolm
Published: March 2019

It is now thirty years since I commenced research work and teaching in the field of Asian Law, focussing mainly on Japanese Law. Over those three decades, there has been a substantial change in the resources available, the uses made of those resources, and the feasibility of establishing any sort of substantive collection. I thought it would be most useful if I attempt in the discussion today to outline some of the key policy issues and choices which seem to me to face Law librarians when they are subjected to the demands of a growing body of Asian Law specialists to focus on building an Asian legal materials collection. I have called in aid the experiences of three of my colleagues, one in the field of Japanese Law, one in the field of Indonesian Law, and the third in the area of Chinese Law, to highlight some of the challenges involved.
Law Libraries in Australia - Government Libraries
Authors: Butler Julia
Published: March 2019

Since the mid 1980's to the present time there has been an unprecedented attitudinal change by governments, both at the federal and state levels, regardless of political persuasion, towards the role of the public sector. There has been a sustained policy to wind back the size of the Public Service across the board.
Statute Law Revision, Codification and Related Policies in Ireland
Authors: Donelan Edward
Published: March 2019

This article examines the development of a policy by the Government of Ireland on the modernization of its statute law and describes recent developments in statute law revision and related policies in Ireland. In theory, the ideal and ultimate aim of such a policy should be the development of an easily accessible code.

In practice, there is no political requirement for such grandiose idealism and what is taking place is much more pragmatic and modest. The article places these policies in the wider context of the modernization of government and anticipates some of the likely developments to emerge in this field in Ireland in the next 5 years.
Tailoring Globalization to Reduce Global Poverty and Inequality: a Case Study of the U.S.-Cambodian Bilateral Textile Agreement
Authors: Howell Jimmy
Published: March 2019

Globalization has done little to fight global poverty and inequality. Though some critics have used this fact to argue against global economic integration, this article explains that those in favor of a freer and fairer global trade and finance system must link that regime with labor rights in order to achieve a reduction in global poverty and a more equitable distribution of trade gains. Without this connection, today's most powerful economies will be tomorrow's least relevant markets, finding themselves subordinate on the global supply chain to countries who were once thought of as “lesser developed.” This result will not come from increased development from those countries. Instead, it will derive from the erosion of progress in leading markets initiated by enhanced competition from countries with lower relative standards of living. Simply put: without a mechanism to increase those standards in the poorest countries, the richest countries will find their own standards retrograded in order to remain competitive. Accordingly, legal architectures must link free trade and global finance with core worker rights—or else.
Legal Data Banks in the United States and Their Use in Comparative Law
Authors: Maggs Peter B.
Published: March 2019

Wonderfull many places, in the Ciuile law, require an expert Arithmeticien, to vnderstand the deepe Iudgment, & Iust determinatiô of the Auncient Romaine Lawmakers. But much more expert ought he to be, who should be hable, to decide with æquitie, the infinite varietie of Cases, which do, or may happen, under every one of those lawes and ordinances Ciuile. Hereby, easely, ye may now coniecture: that in the Canon law; and in the laws of the Realme (which with vs, beare the chief Authoritie), Iustice and equity might be greatly preferred, and skilfully executed, through due skill of Arithmetike, and proportions appertainyng.

John Dee The Mathematical Præface to the Elements of Geometrie of Euclid of Megara (1570), at [12].
Functions and Practice of Legal Citing: Towards a Uniform International Quotation System
Authors: Forster Marc
Published: March 2019

The question, whether and to what extent the citation of laws, Rechtsprechung and legal doctrine should be internationally standardized, cannot be answered for all branches of law without making certain distinctions. International contracts or codifications with multinational validity (for example, the law of the European Union) have other criteria to fulfill with regard to their function and coordination as does, for instance, the law of criminal procedure of a Swiss canton. The Rechtsprechung of a national supreme court has, as a result of the possibilities of international reception within the scope of comparative law, a different meaning from that of lower authorities. A scholarly paper with an international or comparative law perspective is not oriented toward the same target group nor with the same pretenses as a more practice oriented essay about procedural niceties of a specific national law. Moreover, it appears to me, the “whether” and “how” of an international standardization of the legal citation passes over the true problem. A formal standardization of the legal citation is not the important issue; rather, it is an increase in the mutual understandability of legal materials. Legal citations should be able to be understood as precisely and quickly as possible.
Behind the doors of home hospice patients: A secondary qualitative analysis of hospice nurse communication with patients and families
Authors: Oliver Debra Parker , Tappana Jessica , Washington Karla T. , Rolbiecki Abigail , Craig Kevin , Demiris George , Schafer Collyn , Winjobi Mumeenat , Clayton Margaret F. , Reblin Maija , Ellington Lee
Published: March 2019

Objective

Hospice nurses frequently encounter patients and families under tremendous emotional distress, yet the communication techniques they use in emotionally charged situations have rarely been investigated. In this study, researchers sought to examine hospice nurses’ use of validation communication techniques, which have been shown in prior research to be effective in supporting individuals experiencing emotional distress.

Method

Researchers performed a directed content analysis of audiorecordings of 65 hospice nurses’ home visits by identifying instances when nurses used validation communication techniques and rating the level of complexity of those techniques.

Result

All nurses used validation communication techniques at least once during their home visits. Use of lower level (i.e., more basic) techniques was more common than use of higher level (i.e., more complex) techniques.

Significance of Results

Although hospice nurses appear to use basic validation techniques naturally, benefit may be found in the use of higher level techniques, which have been shown to result in improved clinical outcomes in other settings.
Floating in Mud to Reach the Skies: Victor Sassoon and the Real Estate Boom in Shanghai, 1920s–1930s
Authors: Chung Stephanie Po-yin
Published: March 2019

The historical waterfront of Shanghai known as the Bund, one of the most impressive architectural landscapes in Asia, was described in the 1930s inFortunemagazine as having “the tallest buildings outside the American continent; the biggest hoard of silver in the world” and being “the cradle of new China”.1At a time when the US economy was in ruins and much of China was besieged by civil war, Shanghai's foreign concessions provided a safe haven for Chinese and foreign investors. With the influx of hot money, Shanghai experienced an unprecedented building boom. Notable among these real estate developers was Sir Ellice Victor Elias Sassoon (1881–1961, hereafter Victor Sassoon) who transferred much of his wealth from India to Shanghai and then transformed the Shanghai skyline. Inspired by American skyscrapers, Sassoon decided to build the first skyscraper in Shanghai, which would also be the first in the Eastern hemisphere, even though Shanghai's muddy ground had never supported a building of that height before. This article documents how the evolution of treaty port architecture in China owed much to Victor Sassoon. Its innovations – from the advent of skyscrapers, with their Art Deco style and mixed-use function, to the engineering methods and financial arrangements that built them – bore Sassoon's stamp. As will be seen, Sassoon's experiment paid off handsomely.
The evolution of property rights in Hellenistic Greece and the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt
Authors: Economou Emmanouil M. L. , Kyriazis Nicholas C.
Published: March 2019

In the present paper we trace the development of property rights during the Hellenistic period (3rd–2nd centuriesbce), focusing on Athens, the democratic Hellenistic federations and the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt. Property rights had been already well developed and protected by courts and state laws during the previous Classical period in ancient Greece, but we argue that they further evolved during the Hellenistic period due to the introduction of a series of new political and economic institutions. We found that there was a causal relationship between the evolution of property rights and the further development of economic institutions in Hellenistic Athens and the Hellenistic federations. We finally argue that the development and adoption of market-oriented economic institutions by the Ptolemaic Kingdom should be attributed to the great influence that these institutions had in the entire Hellenistic world, which resulted in their diffusion from the democratic states to kingdoms.
From an unconstitutional constitutional amendment to an unconstitutional constitution? Lessons from Honduras
Authors: LANDAU DAVID E , DIXON ROSALIND , ROZNAI YANIV
Published: March 2019

The unconstitutional constitutional amendment doctrine has emerged as a highly successful, albeit still controversial, export in comparative constitutional law. The doctrine has often been defended as protecting a delegation from the people to the political institutions that they created. Other work has noted the doctrine’s potential utility in guarding against abusive constitutionalism. In this article, we consider how these justifications fare when expanded to encompass claims against the original constitution itself, rather than a later amendment to the text. That is, beyond the unconstitutional constitutional amendment doctrine, can or should there be a doctrine of an unconstitutional constitution? Our question is spurred by a puzzling 2015 case from Honduras where the Supreme Court held an unamendable one-term limit on presidential terms, as well as protective provisions punishing attempts to alter that limit, to be unconstitutional. What is particularly striking about the case is that these provisions were not later amendments to the constitution, but rather parts of the original 1982 constitution itself. Thus, this article examines the possibility of ‘an unconstitutional constitution’, what we predict to be the next trend in global constitutionalism.
The ideologies of global constitutionalism
Authors: SHINAR ADAM
Published: March 2019

This introduction sets the stage for the special issue on the ‘ideologies of global constitutionalism’. It describes the competing approaches for conceptualising and analysing global constitutionalism. It then turns to highlight the overlooked ideologies underlying global constitutionalism through a thematic exposition of the articles in the special issue. In particular, the introduction questions the conventional link between global constitutionalism and neo-liberalism, explores a materialist analysis of global constitutionalism, analyses the validity of the liberal global constitutionalist paradigm for non-liberal regimes, and discusses the potential for the abuse of that liberal paradigm through the migration of constitutional doctrine.
The legitimacy of the European human rights regime – a view from the United Kingdom
Authors: GYORFI TAMAS
Published: March 2019

The purpose of the present article is threefold. First, my ambition is to improve the analytical framework that is used to assess the legitimacy of the European Court of Human Rights. The Court’s authority can neither be established nor refuted by a single master-argument. Instead, what we need is a careful balancing exercise and this piece aims to set out the main elements of the justificatory equation. Second, using this framework, I intend to put forward the outline of a coherent critique of the European human rights regime. Third, I hope that my article is able to shed light on why it is natural to expect more vocal criticism from the United Kingdom than from most other member states of the Council of Europe.
The persistence of colonial constitutionalism in British Overseas Territories
Authors: YUSUF HAKEEM O , CHOWDHURY TANZIL
Published: March 2019

This article argues that despite the UK Government’s exaltations of self-determination of its Overseas Territories, provisions of colonial governance persist in their constitutions. Further, it posits that such illustrations begin to answer the broader question of whether British Overseas Territories (BOTs) are modern day colonies. Such claims are not without merit given that 10 out of the 14 BOTS are still considered Non-Self-Governing Territories by the United Nations and have remained the target of decolonisation efforts. Drawing insights from post-colonial legal theory, this article develops the idea of the persistence of colonial constitutionalism to interrogate whether structural continuities exist in the governance of the UK’s British Overseas Territories. The analysis begins to unravel the fraught tensions between constitutional provisions that advance greater self-determination and constitutional provisions that maintain the persistence of colonial governance. Ultimately, the post-colonial approach foregrounds a thoroughgoing analysis on whether BOTs are colonies and how such an exegesis would require particular nuance that is largely missing in current institutional and non-institutional articulations of, as well as representations on, the issue.
Ascorbic Acid can Reverse the Inhibition of Phytic Acid, Sodium Oxalate and Sodium Silicate on Iron Absorption in Caco-2 cells
Authors: He Wanling , Li Xiaoli , Ding Ke , Li Yuanxiao , Li Wang
Published: March 2019

Abstract. The objective of the present study is to determine the effect of phytic acid (PA), sodium oxalate (SO) and sodium silicate (SS) on non-heme iron bioavailability in both the presence and absence of ascorbic acid (AA) using an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model, and the levels of AA needed to promote Fe absorption from Fe complexed with PA, SO or SS were also determined. The results indicated that adding PA at 1:1, 3:1, 5:1 and 10:1 molar as compared to Fe decreased ferrous iron uptake by 55.80 %(P < 0.05), 72.33 % (P < 0.05), 73.32 % (P < 0.05), and 73.26 % (P < 0.05), respectively. Adding SS at 1:1, 3:1, 5:1 and 10:1 molar as compared to Fe also decreased ferrous iron uptake by 51.40 % (P < 0.05), 66.12 %(P < 0.05), 60.19 % (P < 0.05) and 45.11 % (P < 0.05), respectively. Adding SO at 5:1 and 10:1 molar as compared to Fe decreased ferrous iron uptake by 40.81 % (P < 0.05) and 33.14 % (P < 0.05), respectively. When adding AA to iron plus organic acid medias reached molar ratios of 5:5:1 AA:PA:Fe, 3:5:1 AA:SO:Fe and 5:5:1 AA:SS:Fe, iron absorption from FeSO4 were significantly increased (P < 0.05). However, no significant effect was observed in iron absorption from FeCl3 when adding AA to the media. The results showed that PA, SS or SO decreases iron uptake from ferrous Fe, and AA can counteract their inhibiting effect on ferrous iron absorption and thus increase ferrous iron uptake. The results may be important for elucidating factors affecting iron bioavailability in the small intestine and for the development of foods with improved iron bioavailability.
Weak‐Turbulent Theory of Wind‐Driven Sea
Authors: Zakharov Vladimir E. , Badulin Sergei I. , Geogjaev Vladimir V. , Pushkarev Andrey N.
Published: March 2019

We present a self‐consistent analytic theory of the wind‐driven sea—the weak‐turbulent theory. The base statement of the theory is that the four‐wave resonant interactions play the leading role in the energy balance of the wind‐driven sea. We study the exact solution of the stationary wave kinetic equation and the self‐similar solutions of wave kinetic equation both in fetch‐ and duration‐limited cases. The theory makes possible to explain the nature of universal power‐like energy spectra as well as the power‐like dependence of the total wave energy and peak frequency from the fetch and the duration.
No Evidence for a Large Atmospheric CO2 Spike Across the Cretaceous‐Paleogene Boundary
Authors: Milligan Joseph N. , Royer Dana L. , Franks Peter J. , Upchurch Garland R. , McKee Melissa L.
Published: March 2019

Currently, there is only one paleo‐CO2 record from plant macrofossils that has sufficient stratigraphic resolution to potentially capture a transient spike related to rapid carbon release at the Cretaceous‐Paleogene (K‐Pg) boundary. Unfortunately, the associated measurements of stomatal index are off‐calibration, leading to a qualitative interpretation of >2,300‐ppm CO2. Here we reevaluate this record with a paleo‐CO2 proxy based on leaf gas exchange principles. We also test the proxy with three living species grown at 500‐ and 1,000‐ppm CO2, including the nearest living relative of the K‐Pg fern, and find a mean error rate of ~22%, which is comparable to other leading paleo‐CO2 proxies. Our fossils record a ~250‐ppm increase in CO2 across the K‐Pg boundary from ~625 to ~875 ppm. A small CO2 spike associated with the end‐Cretaceous mass extinction is consistent with many temperature records and with carbon cycle modeling of Deccan volcanism and the meteorite impact.
Estimates of Decadal Climate Predictability From an Interactive Ensemble Model
Authors: Zhang Wei , Kirtman Ben
Published: March 2019

Decadal climate predictability has received considerable scientific interest in recent years, yet the limits and mechanisms for decadal predictability are currently not well known. It is widely accepted that noise due to internal atmospheric dynamics at the air‐sea interface influences predictability. The purpose of this paper is to use the interactive ensemble (IE) coupling strategy to quantify how internal atmospheric noise at the air‐sea interface impacts decadal predictability. The IE technique can significantly reduce internal atmospheric noise and has proven useful in assessing seasonal‐to‐interannual variability and predictability. Here we focus on decadal timescales and apply the nonlinear local Lyapunov exponent method to the Community Climate System Model comparing control simulations with IE simulations. This is the first time the nonlinear local Lyapunov exponent has been applied to the state‐of‐the‐art coupled models. The global patterns of decadal predictability are discussed from the perspective of internal atmospheric noise and ocean dynamics.
Comparison of Thermospheric Density Between GUVI Dayside Limb Data and CHAMP Satellite Observations: Based on Empirical Model
Authors: Yu Tingting , Ren Zhipeng , Yue Xinan , Yu You , Wan Weixing
Published: March 2019

The Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) aboard the Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite senses far ultraviolet airglow emissions in the thermosphere. The retrieved altitude profiles of thermospheric neutral density from GUVI daytime limb scans are significant for ionosphere‐thermosphere study. Here, we use the profiles of the main neutral density to derive the total mass density during the period 2002–2007 under geomagnetic quiet conditions (ap < =12). We attempt to compare the obtained total mass density with the Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) observations, making use of an empirical model (GUVI model hereafter). This GUVI model is aimed to solve the difficulty of the direct comparison of GUVI and CHAMP observations due to their different local times at a given location in a given day. The GUVI model is in good agreement with CHAMP observations with the small standard deviations of their ratios (less than 10%) except at low solar flux levels. The correlation coefficients are greater than 0.9, and the relative standard errors are less than 20%. Comparison between the GUVI model and CHAMP observations during solar minimum shows a large bias (~30%). The large bias at low solar flux levels might be due to the limitation of F10.7 as an extreme ultraviolet radiation flux proxy and the fitting method. Our results demonstrate the validity and accuracy of our model based on GUVI data against the density data from the CHAMP satellite.
Jurassic Monster Polar Shift Confirmed by Sequential Paleopoles From Adria, Promontory of Africa
Authors: Muttoni G. , Kent D.V.
Published: March 2019

Jurassic paleomagnetic data from North America have long been contentious, generating ambiguities in the shape of the global‐composite apparent polar wander path. Here we show from a restudy of two subdivisions of the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation at the classic locality at Norwood on the Colorado Plateau that the derived paleopoles reflect variable overprinting probably in the Cretaceous and are of limited value for apparent polar wander determination. We instead assembled an updated set of Jurassic paleopoles from parauthocthonous Adria, the African promontory, using primary paleomagnetic component directions derived from stratigraphically superposed intervals and corrected for sedimentary inclination error. These paleopoles are found to be in superb agreement with independent igneous paleopoles from the literature across the so‐called Jurassic monster polar shift, which in North American coordinates is a jump of ~30° arc distance from the 190‐ to 160‐Ma stillstand pole at 79.5°N 104.8°E to a 148 ± 3.5‐Ma pole at 60.8°N 200.6°E defined by four Adria sedimentary paleopoles and the published Ithaca, Hinlopenstretet, and Swartsruggens‐Bumbeni igneous paleopoles. The implied high rate of polar motion of ~2.5°/Myr across the monster shift is compatible with maximum theoretical estimates for true polar wander. We include a critique of published Jurassic paleomagnetic data that have been variably used in reference APWPs but that as a result of their low quality muted the real magnitude of the Jurassic monster shift. Finally, we provide paleocontinental reconstructions to describe examples of the bold signature that the monster polar shift left in the distribution of climate‐sensitive sedimentary facies worldwide.
Vegetation Responses to 2012–2016 Drought in Northern and Southern California
Authors: Dong Chunyu , MacDonald Glen M. , Willis Katherine , Gillespie Thomas W. , Okin Gregory S. , Williams A. Park
Published: March 2019

The prolonged 2012–2016 California drought has raised many issues including concerns over reduced vegetation health. Drought impacts are complicated by geographical differences in hydroclimatic variability due to a climatic dipole influenced by the Pacific. Analysis of MODIS‐derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and self‐calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index from 2000 to 2018 reveals differences in drought and vegetation responses in Northern versus Southern California (NorCal vs SoCal, see definition in section ). The greatest declines in Normalized Difference Vegetation Index were focused in the SoCal, while NorCal appears not severely affected thus far. It appears that both the strength of drought and the sensitivity of the vegetation to drought are larger in SoCal. The exacerbated aridity in SoCal is a trend extending throughout the past and present century. The spatial differences in hydroclimatology and vegetation responses are important considerations for statewide climate change adaptation—with SoCal potentially facing greater challenges.
Author Correction: PP2A negatively regulates the hypertrophic response by dephosphorylating HDAC2 S394 in the heart
Authors: Yoon Somy , Kook Taewon , Min Hyun-Ki , Kwon Duk-Hwa , Cho Young Kuk , Kim Mira , Shin Sera , Joung Hosouk , Jeong Seung Hoon , Lee Sumin , Kang Gaeun , Park Yunchul , Kim Yong Sook , Ahn Youngkeun , McMullen Julie R. , Gergs Ulrich , Neumann Joachim , Kim Kyung Keun , Kim Jungchul , Nam Kwang-Il , Kim Young-Kook , Kook Hyun , Eom Gwang Hyeon
Published: March 2019

After the publication of this article, the authors noticed an error in one of the grant numbers (2015R1A2A1A05001708) in the Acknowledgements section.