bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bond strength of denture teeth to acrylic resin: effect of thermocycling and polymerisation methods
Authors: Barbosa Debora Barros , Barão Valentim Adelino Ricardo , Monteiro Douglas Roberto , Compagnoni Marco Antonio , Marra Juliê
Published: March 2008

Background:  Failure of bonding between acrylic resin teeth and denture base material is a considerable problem for patients who wear complete dentures.

Objective:  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bond strength between acrylic resins and resin denture teeth with different thermocycling and polymerisation methods.

Materials and methods:  Microwave‐polymerised (Onda‐Cryl), heat‐polymerised (Clássico) and autopolymerising (Jet) acrylic resins and resin denture tooth (Biotone) were used. The acrylic resins were polymerised according to the following: (A) microwave – fast cycle, Onda‐Cryl; (B) microwave – long cycle, Onda‐Cryl; (C) microwave – manufacturer’s cycle, Onda‐Cryl; (T) water bath – long cycle, Clássico; and (Q) bench polymerisation cycle, Jet. Twenty specimens were prepared for each polymerisation method. Ten were thermocycled, and 10 did not receive thermocycling. For the purpose of the study, a shear test was used. Data were analysed with the Kruskal–Wallis test and Dunn’s multiple comparisons test (p = 0.05).

Results:  Cycles B, C and T were similar (p > 0.05), and had statistically higher bonding values than cycles A and Q (p < 0.05) for the thermocycled and non‐thermocycled groups. For all cycles, there were no statistically significant differences between thermocycled and non‐thermocycled groups (p > 0.05), except for cycle Q (p = 0.0038).

Conclusion:  Thermocycling decreased the bond strength, but not significantly for microwave and heat‐polymerised cycles. Regarding the bond strength of denture teeth to acrylic resin, the fast microwave polymerisation cycle should be avoided when polymerising Onda‐Cryl acrylic resin. In addition, Jet acrylic resin is not adequate for use in denture repair.
PREEMPTION AND CIVIC DEMOCRACY IN THE BATTLE OVER WAL‐MART
Authors: Fisk Catherine L. , Oswalt Michael M.
Published: March 2008

Amid publicized pronouncements on the death of American community, there exist small, creative, and energetic efforts at the local and state levels to address poverty among the working poor. When such efforts move beyond calls for entities voluntarily to become better corporate citizens and into the realm of concrete, statutory change, business interests frequently argue that state and local laws are preempted by federal law. Preemption doctrine has become a powerful shield against grassroots redistributivist goals. To consider the negative impact of federal preemption on the fight for workers rights, this articles explores the enactment of the Maryland Fair Share Act designed to provide resources for Wal‐Mart workers deprived of company‐sponsored health benefits and the successful Inglewood, California site fight that stopped the construction of a Wal‐Mart superstore. When civic action is channeled into the few realms in which local legislation remains immune from federal preemption, what results is a deformation of politics and a derailment of efforts to ameliorate poverty, raise wages and provide health care for low‐wage workers.
WHAT'S MORE DEMOCRATIC THAN A SECRET BALLOT? THE CASE FOR MAJORITY SIGN‐UP
Authors: Lafer Gordon
Published: March 2008

The election procedures of the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) fall dramatically short of American standards defining “free and fair” elections, and indeed embody practices that our government would reject in any other country. This article examines the ways in which the Employee Free Choice Act, mandating union recognition based on signed statements from a majority of employees, redresses some of the most undemocratic aspects of current NLRB practice. Finally, the article argue that the analogy between unionization and elections to public office is fundamentally misplaced. When the act of union formation is correctly understood, the logic of creating a union through signed statements is even clearer. Ultimately it is unionization itself—not the process through which employees choose to form a union—that creates lasting democratic practices within the workplace.
THE EMPLOYEE FREE CHOICE ACT AND A LONG‐TERM STRATEGY FOR WINNING WORKERS' RIGHTS
Authors: Pope James Gray , Kellman Peter , Bruno Ed
Published: March 2008

Despite its positive features, the Employee Free Choice Act has no place in a long‐term strategy for workers' rights. If enacted, it will dissipate the energy for labor law reform without producing any results other than a marginal improvement in the prospects for staff‐driven organizing campaigns. More likely, however, it will fail of passage. History teaches that the enormous advantages enjoyed by employers in ordinary politics (for example, the grossly disproportionate influence exerted by wealthy interests and rural states in our political system) can be offset only by a long‐term and uncompromising movement for workers' rights. In the first half of the twentieth century—the period when all of our major workers' rights statutes were won—the movement approached the issue as one of long‐term struggle over fundamental principles, and not as a matter of wheeling and dealing for whatever gain could be obtained at the moment. For half a century, workers and unions insisted that without the full freedom to associate in unions and engage in concerted activities like strikes, workers would be reduced to an unconstitutional condition of involuntary servitude. By adopting a similarly principled approach, adapted to fit the emerging industrial regime of flexible production, we can reclaim the rights to organize and strike.
COMMENTARY: ANOTHER WORLD IS POSSIBLE
Authors: Lynd Staughton
Published: March 2008

What is the problem? What needs to be set right? The mother of all wrong solutions is card‐check voting, which would give more access to unorganized workers for the same top‐down unions, with the same unaccountability to the membership because of the dues checkoff, with the same ever‐readiness to give up the right to strike. Equally misguided in my view is the notion that Taft–Hartley represented a decisive turning point and that its repeal would release the original pristine impulse of the Congress of Industrial Organizations to flower again. All major trade union leaders beginning with John L. Lewis have devised means whereby workers would give up the right to collective self‐activity embodied in Section 7 in exchange for a mess of pottage. So we, labor lawyers and labor historians, can only begin to be useful when we forego our endless apologies for the latest hoped‐for “progressive” union leader. Our task is to envision an institutional embodiment of the class self‐activity discovered and imagined by E.P. Thompson and colleagues and partially realized by the IWW in work that desperately needs updating.
Genetic characterization of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 gene in lagomorphs: comparison between the families Ochotonidae and Leporidae
Authors: Abrantes J. , Esteves P. J. , Carmo C. R. , Müller A. , Thompson G. , Van Der Loo W.
Published: March 2008

Chemokines receptors are transmembrane proteins that bind chemokines. Chemokines and their receptors are known to play a crucial role in the immune system and in pathogen entry. There is evidence that myxoma virus, the causative agent of myxomatosis, can use the chemokine receptor CXCR4 to infect cells. This virus causes a benign disease in its natural host, Sylvilagus, but in the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) it causes a highly fatal and infectious disease known as myxomatosis. We have characterized the chemokine receptor CXCR4 gene in five genera of the order Lagomorpha, Ochotona (Ochotonidae), and Oryctolagus, Lepus, Bunolagus and Sylvilagus (Leporidae). In lagomorphs, the CXCR4 is highly conserved, with most of the protein diversity found at surface regions. Five amino acid replacements were observed, two in the intracellular loops, one in the transmembrane domain and two in the extracellular loops. Oryctolagus features unique amino acid changes at the intracellular domains, putting this genus apart of all other lagomorphs. Furthermore, in the 37 European rabbits analysed, which included healthy rabbits and rabbits with clinical symptoms of myxomatosis, 14 nucleotide substitutions were obtained but no amino acid differences were observed.
Validating Gender‐Specific Defining Characteristics of Altered Sexuality
Authors: LeMone Priscilla , Weber Janet
Published: March 2008

The authors conducted a retrospective study to validate gender‐specific defining characteristics for the proposed nursing diagnosis altered sexuality. An investigator‐designed tool was used to collect data from 100 randomly selected members of NAND A. The Fehring method of diagnostic content validity was used to identify major and minor defining characteristics for men and women. The defining characteristics identified and validated encompass all dimensions of human sexuality, and are more concise and descriptive of this human response than those currently in use. Findings of this study will be used to develop a tool for assessment of altered sexuality in a variety of populations and settings.
Differential Diagnostic Validation: Acute and Chronic Pain
Authors: Simon Jolene M. , Baumann Martha A. , Nolan Lucyanne
Published: March 2008

The authors sought to validate the defining characteristics of acute pain and chronic pain and to compare the differences between them. Expert nurses (N = 125) rated the importance of 55 clinical indicators for each diagnosis (acute pain and chronic pain). Differential diagnostic validity (DDV) scores were calculated for each clinical indicator for both diagnoses. Only acute pain had a DDV score greater than.80, indicating that the characteristic “communication of pain descriptors” was a critical indicator for acute pain. A majority of defining characteristics differentiated between acute pain and chronic pain, thereby supporting the identification of acute pain and chronic pain as separate nursing diagnoses.
Feeding Dysfunction: A Nursing Diagnosis for Infants Who Resist Oral Feeding
Authors: Bottei Kelley
Published: March 2008

This paper reports a project that identified and validated a nursing diagnosis for the problem of ineffective infant feeding behaviors—feeding dysfunction. Three validation phases were used for development of the diagnosis. During the first phase the literature review provided information about the problem, the etiologies, and the defining characteristics. Phase two of the validation process utilized nurse specialists who were surveyed for their expert judgment of the etiologies and defining characteristics. The third validation phase used case studies of several infants together with assessment of the infants' feeding abilities to validate further the etiologies and defining characteristics. Support for the diagnosis infant feeding dysfunction was evident.
Where Are We Now?: A Call for Feature Articles
Authors: McFarlane Elizabeth A.
Published: March 2008

“Where Are We Now?” is a regular feature of Nursing Diagnosis. As reflected in the title, this feature will present current issues and trends related to nursing diagnosis development, implementation, and evaluation. Specifically, “Where Are We Now?” will address nursing diagnosis as it is being used in practice, research, and education. We encourage you to submit brief manuscripts addressing current issues and trends for this feature. Please correspond with Dr. Elizabeth McFarlane, 10205 Crooked Creek Ct., Fairfax Station, VA 22039.
Stress Incontinence: Clinical Identification and Validation of Defining Characteristics
Authors: Woodtli Anne
Published: March 2008

Stress incontinence as a valid nursing diagnosis has remained clinically untested since its approval as a nursing diagnosis in 1986. No defining characteristics of stress incontinence have been clinically identified or validated. The Stress Urge Incontinence Instrument was developed to assist nurses to differentiate between two nursing diagnoses: stress incontinence and urge incontinence. Findings from two clinical studies validate the presence of stress incontinence in a population of community‐dwelling older women and provide an initial list of clinically identified and validated defining characteristics present in women with the confirmed medical diagnosis of stress incontinence.
Recognizing Opportunities for Spiritual Enhancement in Young Adults
Authors: Cavendish Roberta , Luise Barbara Kraynyak , Bauer Maria , Gallo Mary Ann , Horne Karen , Medefindt Judith , Russo Donna
Published: March 2008

Purpose.To describe opportunities in the lives of young adults that strengthen or enhance spirituality.

Methods. Descriptive, qualitative. Tape‐recorded, semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 13 well adults the ages 18 to 24. Interview transcripts, field notes, vignettes, and research committee minutes were analyzed to reduce coded data into conceptual categories and themes.

Findings. Seven themes emerged from the participant's responses to probes: Beliefs, Connectedness, Inner Motivating Factors, Life Events, Divine Providence, Understanding the Mystery, and Walking Through.

Conclusions. The accurate assessment of spiritual needs of young adults may be contingent on the assessment of their developmental needs. Knowing the opportunities that present in the lives of young adults to foster spiritual growth is important for nurses, who often are present when these opportunities occur.

Practice Implications. Standardized language is limited for accurate nursing diagnosis of human responses in the spiritual domain. The findings support a new wellness nursing diagnosis, “Readiness for Enhanced Spirituality,” to conceptualize a spirituality continuum and support wellness diagnoses.

Search Terms: Nursing diagnosis, psychosocial development, religiosity, spirituality, transitions stage
Sensitivity, Specificity, and Usefulness of the Dutch Fatigue Scale
Authors: Tiesinga Lucas J. , Dassen Theo W.N. , Halfens Ruud J.G. , van Den Heuvel Wim J.A.
Published: March 2008

Purpose. To test the sensitivity, specificity, and usefulness of the Dutch Fatigue Scale (DUFS), which is based on NANDAs defining characteristics of fatigue.

Methods. A cross‐sectional design was used among domiciliary patients (N = 213) with chronic heart failure (n = 138) and with breastfeeding postpartum women (n = 75).

Findings. Calculations of the sensitivity and specificity of the DUFS, comparisons of the average DUFS sumscores between both nonfatigued and fatigued subjects, as well as between patients with chronic heart failure and postpartum women, and correlation coefficients performed with sociodemographic factors (age, gender, education) demonstrate acceptable psychometric properties.

Conclusions. The DUFS is a reliable and valid measurement tool for the assessment of fatigue.

Practice Implications. Accurate recognition of the existence and extent of fatigue must precede interventions. Easy to use, reliable tools for the bedside nurse are invaluable assets to practice.

Search Terms: Fatigue, measurement of fatigue, psychometric testing
Purification and properties of elm mottle virus
Authors: JONES A. T. , MAYO M. A.
Published: March 2008

A virus obtained commonly from Wych elm (Ulmus glabra) in Scotland showing ringspot and line‐pattern leaf symptoms was serologically related to elm mottle virus (EMotV) from East Germany. The virus was seed‐borne in elm and was transmitted by inoculation of sap to elm and twenty‐one herbaceous species. No symptoms developed in infected elm seedlings kept in the glasshouse. In Chenopodium quinoa sap, EMotV lost infectivity after diluting to 10‐4, after 10 min at 60 oC, or 9 days at 18 oC. When purified from C. quinoa sap by clarification with n‐butanol (8‐5 %, v/v) and differential centrifugation, preparations contained quasi‐spherical particles mostly 26–29 nm m diameter (mean = 28 nm) which sedimented as three nucleo‐protein components with sedimentation coefficients (so2o, w) of 83, 88 and 1 or S; most infectivity was associated with the 101 S component but infectivity was enhanced by adding the slower sedimenting components.

When centrifuged to equilibrium in caesium chloride solution at 4 oC, purified virus preparations were largely degraded and contained many non‐infective particles c. 15–22 nm in diameter, and intact infective particles which formed a band of density c. 1–34 g/cm3.

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that EMotV contained a single major protein species of estimated mol. wt. 25000 and five RNA species of estimated mol. wt. 1–30, 1.15, 0–82, 0 39 and 0–30 times106. Gel electrophoresis of RNA extracted from the separated components indicated that the 101 S component contained 1–30 x io6 mol. wt. RNA and the 83 S component 0–82 times 106 mol. wt. RNA. In these and other properties, EMotV resembles the serologically unrelated tobacco streak virus.
Evaluation of fungicides for the control of coffee berry disease in Kenya
Authors: VINE B. H. , VINE P. A. , GRIFFITHS ELLIS
Published: March 2008

Some sixty fungicides were tested in the laboratory for ability to (a) depress sporulation of Colletotrichum coffeanum on the maturing bark of coffee shoots and (b) inhibit spore germination. On the basis of these tests over twenty products were selected for testing in the field during 1968‐70. Nine of these (50 % copper formulations, Ortho‐Difolatan, Daconil, Benlate, Topsin, Top‐sin M, Tecto 60, Delan and Du‐Ter) could be recommended for control of coffee berry disease (CBD) in Kenya.

Field evaluation of fungicides is complicated by multiple flowering which creates a succession of overlapping crops, and by high variability in cropping potential which is often aggravated by normal pruning practices; in some circumstances other diseases and pests may also be a complicating factor. As a result, yield, which should be the most sensitive measure of CBD control, is at times even less satisfactory than disease estimates based on a small sample of the developing crop. Disease incidence in the ripe crop, which is easy to measure, is unfortunately not always well correlated with disease and crop loss earlier in the season. Consequently, critical assessment of fungicide performance requires estimates of both disease progress and crop loss.

Consideration of fungicide performance indicates that physical characteristics, particularly persistence and capacity for redistribution, are especially important for effective control of CBD.
Assessment of phosphine fumigation as a plant quarantine measure against Spodoptera littoralis
Authors: HAWKES C.
Published: March 2008

In laboratory tests first instar larvae of Spodoptera littoralis were killed by phosphine fumigations of 24 and 48 h at a concentration x time product (CTP) of 36 mg h/1. Eggs aged 1–2 days were, however, tolerant to phosphine at a CTP of 144 mg h/1 and this CTP caused severe damage to chrysanthemum cuttings (cv. Freedom). When eggs aged < 1 day and 1–2 days old were preconditioned at 20 oC for 72 h before phosphine fumigation, complete mortality occurred at CTPs at and above 36 mg h/1. Preconditioning for 48 h at 20 oC and for 48 and 72 h at 15 oC did not produce 100% mortality at a CTP of 288 mg h/1. It was suggested that eggs of S. littoralis pass through a phase of tolerance to phosphine which at 20 oC lasts about 4 days after oviposition.

There was no indication that phosphine was toxic to chrysanthemum cuttings (cv. Pollyanne) at concentrations of 0–75 mg/1 (CTPs of 18 and 36 mg h/1). Storage at 15 oC was not damaging to cuttings but at 20 oC some damage became apparent.
Physiological responses of dogwood (Cornus florida) to infestation by the dogwood borer (Thamnosphecia scitula)
Authors: HEICHEL G. H. , TURNER N. C.
Published: March 2008

Studies of a healthy dogwood tree (Cornus florida) and one suffering from a chronic infestation of Thamnosphecia scitula revealed some physiological responses of dogwood to insect damage. In high light the stomatal resistances, measured with a diffusion porometer, of leaves from the infested tree were more than double those of leaves from the healthy tree, indicating that the stomata were not open as wide in the infested tree. The greater stomatal resistance and the curling of leaves from the infested tree implied a deficiency of water, but measurements with a pressure chamber revealed only slight differences in dehydration between the two trees. Furthermore, the leaf curling was not relieved by allowing infested leaves to absorb water and attain full turgor. Leaves from the infested tree contained 35 % more reducing sugars and 63 % more sucrose, but only about half the nitrogen and ash of the healthy counterparts. Photosynthesis was significantly depressed, but dark respiration was not modified in leaves of infested compared with healthy trees. Leaves from the infested tree were 85 % as large and exhibited a 35 % greater specific leaf weight than those from the healthy tree. The conductance of water by stems from the infested tree was only 61–78 % of that by the healthy tree. It is suggested that the inferred disruption of the vascular system by insect activity alters the distribution of minerals and metabolites, hastens senescence and stomatal closure, and modifies growth by diminishing stem conductance, slowing photosynthesis, reducing leaf area, and changing leaf morphology.
Behaviour of some low‐flying aphids in wind
Authors: KENNEDY J. S. , THOMAS A. A. G.
Published: March 2008

Field observations on low‐flying gynoparae of Myzus persicae showed a marked upwind bias of courses in wind speeds between about 0.2 and 1.2 m/s, and of tracks of up to about 0.8 m/s. Progress over the ground was small and the net effect of the upwind bias was loose station‐keeping.

Quantitative recordings from Aphis fabae virginoparae in a laboratory wind tunnel 1.2 × 0.9 m in section showed similar station‐keeping behaviour in winds up to about 0.4 m/s. The behaviour comprised upwind orientation and regulation of airspeed according to the wind speed, both reactions being more precise at higher wind speeds.

These reactions to wind could be simulated in still air by providing a moving floor pattern. Their role in the field appears to have been underestimated.
Entomophthora infecting wheat bulb fly at Rothamsted, Hertfordshire, 1967–71
Authors: WILDING N. , LAUCKNER F. B.
Published: March 2008

Entomophthora dipterigena, E. hylemyiae and, most commonly, E. muscae infected wheat bulb flies at Harpenden, Hertfordshire, between 1967 and 1971. The mean annual percentages of infected flies caught were 19, 0, 1, 29 and 16 respectively. These showed an increase with increasing host density. In 1970, two‐thirds of the female flies were killed by E. muscae before they laid any eggs.

Conidiophores developed in most flies infected with E. muscae during the 2 weeks after peak emergence of flies. Subsequently, resting spores developed in a progressively increasing proportion of infected flies. Resting spores developed in only six of 130 infected males compared with 103 of 244 infected females in 1970 and 1971. The physiological age of infected flies probably determined whether conidiophores or resting spores developed.
Relative feeding rates of Brevicoryne brassicae and Myzus persicae on Brussels sprout plants in relation to their susceptibility to systemic insecticides
Authors: GALLEY D. J.
Published: March 2008

Brevicoryne brassicae and Myzus persicae removed similar quantities of 32P‐labelled material from Brussels sprout leaves whether they fed for 24 or 48 h periods. They also removed similar quantities from untreated leaf disks as from leaf disks treated with a sub‐lethal dose of menazon. When a lethal dose was used, the uptake of 32P by B. brassicae was significantly less than by M. persicae. M. persicae excreted a greater proportion of 32P label in the honeydew than B. brassicae and a greater proportion of the amount absorbed was lost in the progeny of this aphid than in B. brassicae.

B. brassicae was 6.2 times more susceptible than M. persicae to dimethoate acting systemically. When it was applied topically the aphids were equally susceptible.

Considerable variation in uptake of 32P occurred between replicates and the factors that could influence this are discussed.
The epidemiology of maize streak disease in relation to population densities of Cicadulina spp
Authors: ROSE D. J. W.
Published: March 2008

The effect of population density of Cicadulina spp. in maize on the epidemiology of maize streak disease was investigated for irrigated crops planted in March or July at Salisbury, Rhodesia, from 1967 to 1969. Experimental plots of maize were invaded for 2–3 months following germination by Cicadulina adults leaving drying veld grasses. When there were few immigrant leaf‐hoppers, incidence of maize streak increased arithmetically through transient settling and feeding of previously infective adults. Infection rates increased when infected plants were removed daily, presumably because of the disturbance of vectors.

By comparison, large immigration populations (one leaf‐hopper per three maize plants) resulted in an exponential increase in the incidence of maize streak infection.

Aldicarb granules (10%) at 38 g per 12 m row length, applied into a furrow before planting the maize, gave almost complete protection from infection.
The effect of some isolates of ryegrass mosaic virus on different genotypes of Lolium multiflorum
Authors: WILKINS P. W. , CATHERALL P. L.
Published: March 2008

Some isolates of ryegrass mosaic virus produced necrosis in Lolium multiflorum much more frequently than others. This frequency could be increased or decreased by selecting plants with or without necrosis, respectively, as sources of inoculum. Infection with the milder, mosaic‐inducing isolates which rarely caused necrosis did not protect the plants against subsequent infection with the more severe necrosis‐inducing isolates. Oat plants were infected much more readily by isolates which frequently caused necrosis than by the less necrotic isolates, but passage through oat appeared to have no effect on the frequency with which an isolate produced necrosis in ryegrass.

Genotypes of L. multiflorum varied greatly in their tolerance of infection. Their level of tolerance was closely correlated with symptom expression. All genotypes tested were tolerant to a mild, mosaic‐inducing, isolate. Two genotypes were tolerant to a severe, necrosis‐inducing, isolate and to an original Rothamsted isolate; three genotypes were equally susceptible to both isolates, and two were more susceptible to the necrotic isolate than to the Rothamsted isolate.
Soil fumigation with methyl bromide: the phytotoxicity of inorganic bromide to carnation plants
Authors: KEMPTON R. J. , MAW G. A.
Published: March 2008

Rooted carnation cuttings often developed phytotoxic symptoms when planted in soil previously fumigated with methyl bromide, and many died. Those which recovered suffered a marked check in growth and flower production was reduced. Plant injury and effects on flower yield were more severe at high rates of fumigant application, but were reduced by flooding the soil with water or by incorporating peat into the growing medium.

Plant survival and flower yield were inversely related to the concentration in soil of inorganic bromide formed by the breakdown of the fumigant. Injury to plants occasionally occurred in the presence of soil concentrations of inorganic bromide as low as 5 pglg. Flooding the soil or incorporating peat into it were beneficial because these treatments reduced the soil concentration of inorganic bromide.

Carnation plants which were grown in soil previously fumigated with methyl bromide or supplemented directly with potassium bromide accumulated bromide in their leaves, and a bromide gradient was eventually established, the concentrations decreasing from the bottom to the top of the plants.

The evidence that inorganic bromide is the cause of the injury to carnations is discussed, and the role of peat in alleviating the incidence and seventy of the injury is considered.
The morphology and soluble protein electrophoresis of Heterodera avenae pathotypes
Authors: STONE A. R. , WILLIAMS T. D.
Published: March 2008

A detailed examination of the larvae, females and cysts of pathotypes 1 and 2 of Heterodera avenae failed to reveal any consistent differences that could be used to distinguish them, nor were usable differences in the soluble proteins revealed by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. Evidently pathotypes 1 and 2 are of subspecific rank.
Investigations into the cytokinin‐like properties of benzimidazole ‐derived fungicides
Authors: THOMAS T. H.
Published: March 2008

Of seven systemic benzimidazole fungicides tested, four showed cytokinin activity in a modified Amaranthus betacyanin bioassay. In the presence of the gibberellins A4 and A7, in the dark at 25°C, the four active compounds stimulated the germination of seeds of two celery cultivars dependent on cytokinin for germination under these conditions. One cytokinin‐active fungicide was methyl benzimidazol‐2‐yl carbamate (MBC) and the other three break down into this compound in solution. The three inactive fungicides do not. However, the hormonal properties of the cytokinin‐active fungicides may not be due to the MBC moiety alone because sometimes they were more cytokinin‐active than pure MBC.
In Pursuit of Happiness: Empirical Answers to Philosophical Questions
Authors: Kesebir Pelin , Diener Ed
Published: March 2008

In this article, we provide an overview of what various philosophers throughout the ages have claimed about the nature of happiness, and we discuss to what extent psychological science has been able to substantiate or refute their claims. We first address concerns raised by philosophers regarding the possibility, desirability, and justifiability of happiness and then turn to the perennial question of how to be happy. Integrating insights from great thinkers of the past with empirical findings from modern behavioral sciences, we review the conditions and causes of happiness. We conclude our discussion with some thoughts about the future of happiness studies.
Persuasion: From Single to Multiple to Metacognitive Processes
Authors: Petty Richard E. , Briñol Pablo
Published: March 2008

This article provides a brief overview of major developments in the history of contemporary persuasion theory. The first intuitive and empirical approaches to persuasion were guided by main-effect questions (e.g., are experts more persuasive than nonexperts?). Furthermore, researchers focused on only one process by which variables (e.g., emotion, source credibility) would have an impact (e.g., emotion affected attitudes by classical conditioning). As data began to accumulate, so many new theories and effects were uncovered that the discipline faced collapse from the numerous inconsistencies evident. In response to the reigning confusion of the previous era, contemporary multiprocess theories were proposed (e.g., the elaboration likelihood model). According to these more integrative approaches, any one variable could affect attitudes by different processes in different situations and thereby sometimes produce opposite effects. Finally, we describe the role of a recently discovered new contributor to persuasion: self-validation. Unlike previous mechanisms that focus on primary cognition, this new process emphasizes secondary or meta-cognition.
Synthesis of Water Soluble Bis‐triazenoquinazolines: An Unusual Predicted Mode of Binding to the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
Authors: Larroque Anne‐Laure , Peori Brad , Williams Christopher , Fang You Qiang , Qiu Qiyu , Rachid Zakaria , Jean‐Claude Bertrand J.
Published: March 2008

A novel type of 3,3‐disubstituted bis‐triazenes containing an ethylaminoethyl linker flanked by two identical anilinoquinazoline ring was synthesized. These model molecules contained an N‐ethylaminomorpholine moiety designed to enhance water solubility. Despite their significant bulkiness, they blocked epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase in a dose‐dependent manner with IC50 values in low micromolar range. Molecular modeling to predict the interactions of the molecule with the ATP binding site of EGFR suggests that the N‐ethylaminomorpholine side chain plays a binding role.
Between “Here” and “There”: Immigrant Cross-Border Activities and Loyalties
Authors: Waldinger Roger
Published: March 2008

This paper provides an empirical assessment of the prevalence and determinants of cross-state social exchanges and attachments among Latin American immigrants living in the United States. As we shall show, using data from a recent survey of Latin American migrants living in the United States, migrant cross-state social action comes in a variety of types, with the direction of conditioning factors differing from one type to another. Moreover, social and political incorporation in the United States reduces affective ties and provision of material support, all the while facilitating other forms of cross-state social action. Consequently, while international migrants regularly engage in trans-state social action, the paper shows that neither transnational ism as condition of being, nor transmigrants, as distinctive class of people, is commonly found.
Citizenship in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland: Courts, Legislatures, and Administrators
Authors: Hofhansel Claus
Published: March 2008

A common claim has been that liberalization of citizenship policy depends on making policy behind closed doors. I challenge one variant of this line of argument, which regards courts as the primary “countermajoritarian” champion of the expansion of immigrant rights, through a comparison of citizenship policy in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland. In all three countries subnational authorities play a significant role in the administration of naturalization policy. Courts have played more of a “nationalizing” rather than a “countermajoritarian” role. I also show how differences in federal structures affected recent efforts to reform citizenship policy in these countries.
Social Work Education in Mainland China: Development and Issues
Authors: Law Agnes Koon‐chui , Gu Jiang Xia
Published: March 2008

The present paper gives an overview of the current trend of social work education in Mainland China, a fast‐expanding academic subject of higher education in Mainland China during the last 20 years. This rapid development was brought about by the increasing recognition of the use of social work knowledge in tackling some of the social problems arising from the social and economic changes induced by the open door policy of China. New initiatives were undertaken by government departments, academic institutes and service providers, to explore possible reform of service delivery models in serving the elderly, children and youth, women and other vulnerable groups. It thus creates demands for personnel with new skills and knowledge. It has also led to the promulgation of government policies in 2006, in establishing a strong work force of social work, by setting up an accreditation system for social work as a vocation, making available funding for service development and setting up of NGOs. This paper also highlights some of the imminent issues that cause concern, such as the search for a theoretical model of social training and practices suitable for Chinese society, standardization of curriculum design, teaching and learning, consolidation of accreditation examination and career structure, and creation of a working environment conducive to the professionalization of social work in terms of motivating and retaining social work graduates to stay in the service sector.
Redefining Welfare: Australian Social Policy and Practice
Authors: Chenoweth Lesley
Published: March 2008

The present paper outlines and analyzes Australia’s welfare reform policies as they have been implemented over the past decade. While there have been numerous social policy initiatives over this period, welfare reform provides an interesting site for analysis and review. This suite of policies and programs is of particular importance from several standpoints. First, its target groups – those needing income security assistance, including the unemployed, people with disabilities, and single parents – are historically and traditionally of concern to social work and social welfare. Second, welfare reform policies have had significant impact on social welfare agencies, and the social workers and welfare workers employed in them. Finally, welfare reform has had a wider impact on inequality in Australia and our attitudes to those in need. This paper first provides a brief overview of the context of Australian social policy and welfare, its origins and current situation. It then outlines the key operational elements of welfare reform and how it has been implemented. The third section of the paper offers a critical analysis of these policies and programs and finally poses some questions and issues requiring further discussion and research.
Overall Successful Aging: Its Factorial Structure and Predictive Factors
Authors: Kahng Sang Kyoung
Published: March 2008

As the concept of successful ageing (SA) tends to take different meanings among researchers, there is a lack of consensus on how to measure SA. In order to address this gap, the present study aims to explore the factor structure of SA involving SA indicators presented in the literature. Using Americans’ Changing Lives study (ACL), a second‐order confirmatory factor analysis on factors constituting an overall SA measure and a SEM regression model to examine the predictive factors of the overall SA measure were estimated. A second‐order confirmatory factor model including three latent constructs of SA – Physical Domain (diseases, functional health, and physical activity), Mental Domain (depression, self‐efficacy, and cognitive impairment), and Social Domain (formal social integration, informal social integration, and social support) – fits the data properly. The findings of a SEM regression model replicates the findings of previous SA research, suggesting the overall SA latent construct is a valid measure for SA.
Explicit Finite Element Models of Friction Dampers in Forced Response Analysis of Bladed Disks
Authors: Petrov E. P.
Published: March 2008

A generic method for analysis of nonlinear forced response for bladed disks with friction dampers of different designs has been developed. The method uses explicit finite element modeling of dampers, which allows accurate description of flexibility and, for the first time, dynamic properties of dampers of different designs in multiharmonic analysis of bladed disks. Large-scale finite element damper and bladed disk models containing 104−106 degrees of freedom can be used. These models, together with detailed description of contact interactions over contact interface areas, allow for any level of refinement required for modeling of elastic damper bodies and for modeling of friction contact interactions. Numerical studies of realistic bladed disks have been performed with three different types of underplatform dampers: (i) a “cottage-roof” (also called “wedge”) damper, (ii) seal wire damper, and (iii) a strip damper. Effects of contact interface parameters and excitation levels on damping properties of the dampers and forced response are extensively explored.
A Sensor-Fault-Tolerant Diagnosis Tool Based on a Quadratic Programming Approach
Authors: Borguet S. , Léonard O.
Published: March 2008

Kalman filters are widely used in the turbine engine community for health monitoring purpose. This algorithm gives a good estimate of the engine condition provided that the discrepancies between the model prediction and the measurements are zero-mean, white random variables. However, this assumption is not verified when instrumentation (sensor) faults occur. As a result, the identified health parameters tend to diverge from their actual values, which strongly deteriorates the diagnosis. The purpose of this contribution is to blend robustness against sensor faults into a tool for performance monitoring of jet engines. To this end, a robust estimation approach is considered and a sensor-fault detection and isolation module is derived. It relies on a quadratic program to estimate the sensor faults and is integrated easily with the original diagnosis tool. The improvements brought by this robust estimation approach are highlighted through a series of typical test cases that may be encountered on current turbine engines.
High-Temperature Air Combustion Phenomena and Its
Thermodynamics
Authors: Rafidi Nabil , Blasiak Wlodzimierz , Gupta Ashwani K.
Published: March 2008

The fundamentals and thermodynamic analysis of high-temperature air combustion (HiTAC) technology is presented. The HiTAC is characterized by high temperature of combustion air having low oxygen concentration. This study provides a theoretical analysis of HiTAC process from the thermodynamic point of view. The results demonstrate the possibilities of reducing thermodynamic irreversibility of combustion by considering an oxygen-deficient combustion process that utilizes both gas and heat recirculations. HiTAC conditions reduce irreversibility. Furthermore, combustion with the use of oxygen (in place of air) is also analyzed. The results showed that a system, which utilizes oxygen as an oxidizer, results in higher first and second law efficiencies as compared to the case with air as the oxidizer. The entropy generation for an adiabatic combustion process is reduced by more than 60% due to the effect of either preheating or oxygen enrichment. This study is aimed at providing technical guidance to further improve efficiency of a combustion process, which shows very small temperature increases due to mild chemical reactions.
Systematic Assessment of Rigid Internal Combustion Engine Dynamic Coupling
Authors: Rideout D. Geoff , Stein Jeffrey L. , Louca Loucas S.
Published: March 2008

Accurate estimation of engine vibrations is essential in the design of new engines, engine mounts, and the vehicle frames to which they are attached. Mount force prediction has traditionally been simplified by assuming that the reciprocating dynamics of the engine can be decoupled from the three-dimensional motion of the block. The accuracy of the resulting one-way coupled models decreases as engine imbalance and cylinder-to-cylinder variations increase. Further, the form of the one-way coupled model must be assumed a priori, and there is no mechanism for generating an intermediate-complexity model if the one-way coupled model has insufficient fidelity. In this paper, a new dynamic system model decoupling algorithm is applied to a Detroit Diesel Series 60 in-line six-cylinder engine model to test one-way coupling assumptions and to automate generation of a proper model for mount force prediction. The algorithm, which identifies and removes unnecessary constraint equation terms, is reviewed with the aid of an illustrative example. A fully coupled, balanced rigid body model with no cylinder-to-cylinder variations is then constructed, from which x, y, and z force components at the left-rear, right-rear, and front engine mounts are predicted. The decoupling algorithm is then applied to automatically generate a reduced model in which reciprocating dynamics and gross block motion are decoupled. The amplitudes of the varying components of the force time series are predicted to within 8%, with computation time reduced by 55%. The combustion pressure profile in one cylinder is then changed to represent a misfire that creates imbalance. The decoupled model generated by the algorithm is significantly more robust to imbalance than the traditional one-way coupled models in the literature; however, the vertical component of the front mount force is poorly predicted. Reapplication of the algorithm identifies constraint equation terms that must be reinstated. A new, nondecoupled model is generated that accurately predicts all mount components in the presence of the misfire, with computation time reduced by 39%. The algorithm can be easily reapplied, and a new model generated, whenever engine speed or individual cylinder parameters are changed.
Effect of Piston Friction on the Performance of SI Engine: A New
Thermodynamic Approach
Authors: Abu-Nada E. , Al-Hinti I. , Al-Sarkhi A. , Akash B.
Published: March 2008

This paper presents thermodynamic analysis of piston friction in spark-ignition internal combustion engines. The general effect of piston friction on engine performance was examined during cold starting and normal working conditions. Considerations were made using temperature-dependent specific heat model in order to make the analysis more realistic. A parametric study was performed covering wide range of dependent variables such as engine speed, taking into consideration piston friction combined with the variation of the specific heat with temperature, and heat loss from the cylinder. The results are presented for skirt friction only, and then for total piston friction (skirt and rings). The effect of oil viscosity is investigated over a wide range of engine speeds and oil temperatures. In general, it is found that oils with higher viscosities result in lower efficiency values. Using high viscosity oil can reduce the efficiency by more than 50% at cold oil temperatures. The efficiency maps for SAE 10, SAE 30, and SAE 50 are reported. The results of this model can be practically utilized to obtain optimized efficiency results either by selecting the optimum operating speed for a given oil type (viscosity) and temperature or by selecting the optimum oil type for a given operating speed and temperature. The effect of different piston ring configurations on the efficiency is also presented. Finally, the oil film thickness on the engine performance is studied in this paper.
Deviations in Predicted Condenser Performance for Power Plants Using HEI Correction Factors: A Case Study
Authors: Sunder Raj Komandur S.
Published: March 2008

The Heat Exchange Institute (HEI) Standards for Steam Surface Condensers are used to design and predict the performance of condensers for power plant applications. Since their inception, the Standards have undergone numerous changes to incorporate technological advances and revisions to various factors based on testing and operating experiences. Admiralty and copper-nickel (CuNi) tubes were very popular until the 1970s. Subsequently, increasing concerns with the use of copper-based alloys in nuclear power plants as well as other factors led to specification and use of stainless steel (SS) and titanium. The first condenser designed with titanium tubes was put into service in 1977. In 1978, the HEI published the seventh edition of the HEI Standards for Steam Surface Condensers. The eighth edition was issued in 1984 followed by Addendum 1 in 1989. The ninth edition was issued in 1995 and Addendum 1 to the ninth edition was published in 2002. Notable differences between the ninth and seventh editions include higher circulating water inlet temperature correction factors below 70.0°F; for Admiralty, higher tube material and gauge correction factors for tube wall gauge below 16 Birmingham wire gauge (BWG) and lower values above 20 BWG; for 90∕10 CuNi and 304 SS, higher tube material and gauge correction factors for tube wall gauge between 12 BWG and 24 BWG; and for titanium, higher tube material and gauge correction factors for tube wall gauge above 18 BWG. Depending upon the tube diameter, material, wall gauge, and the correction factors used for a specific condenser application and its operating range, there could be substantial deviations in predicted condenser performance and associated impact on output. Using a case study, this paper examines the use of the correction factors from the seventh and ninth editions in power plant condenser performance predictions. It provides recommendations for developing proper benchmarks and for ensuring optimum condenser performance.