bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kontribusi Pemikiran Pendidikan Az-Zarnuji Dalam Kitab Ta’limul Muta’allim
Authors: Wiguna Satria , Darlis Ahmad , Adawiah Tsamrah
Published: October 2021

Az-Zarnuji's educational concept in the book Ta'limul Muta'allim uses an Islamic education curriculum, Az-Zarnuji provides a simple but meaningful concept, that one must first achieve intellectual intelligence. The results of the study found that Az-Zarnuji's thoughts in the book Ta'limul muta'allim emphasized that in studying, he prioritized morals in learning and respected science, teachers, books, and society. Az-Zarnuji prioritizes morals in education to achieve goals, so as to achieve that goal, namely the success of the world and the hereafter. The type of research used is a qualitative research with a character study approach. The method of data collection is through literature study. Data analysis techniques by means of Descriptive Analysis and Content Analysis. Data analysis seeks to try to provide meaning that explains the form of explanation in the conclusion.
Metode Sorogan Dalam Pembelajaran Membaca Al-Qur’an di Pondok Pesantren
Authors: Anwar Chaerul
Published: October 2021

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of reading the Qur'an using the sorogan method at the Al-Falah Lulut Islamic Boarding School, Bogor. The method used is a deductive qualitative analysis research, with a case study at the Al-Falah Lulut Islamic Boarding School. Data collection is done by conducting interviews, observations, documentation, and literature review. The data analysis used is qualitative analysis. The results of the study show: The results of learning to read the Qur'an using the sorogan method for categories level one, two, and three are quite effective, in the processEven the children like learning, but the application of the sorogan method is largely determined by the abilities and skills of the tutor, because the sorogan system in teaching is the most difficult system of the entire Islamic education system.
Model Pembelajaran dan Implementasi Pendidikan Multikultural Dalam Pendidikan Islam dan Nasional
Authors: Sopiansyah Deni , Erihardiana Mohamad
Published: October 2021

Deni Sopiansyah1, M Erihardiana2.

In the world of education, there are negative impacts caused by the development of multicultural education for Indonesia's young generation, ranging from radicalism, discrimination, the loss of local culture, brawls to criminal acts from social media and the real world resulting from a lack of understanding of multicultural education in the current era. Therefore, it is important to understand the importance of understanding multicultural education for the younger generation, because in the era of change, one of the competencies needed in the world of education is the ability of the younger generation to solve problems (problem solving). This research method uses qualitative methods with a library research approach. The result of this research is, by cultivating the right multicultural education, it will produce a young generation in an era that is creative, innovative, and a generation with character, integrity and upholding tolerance according to the national identity of the Indonesian nation. With this research, it is expected to be able to contribute knowledge about the importance of multicultural education in the process of Islamic and national education
Hubungan Penggunaan Media Visual dengan Prestasi Belajar Siswa Mata Pelajaran PAI
Authors: Paramansyah Arman , Azizah Nur , Ernawati Ernawati , Riyanto Riyanto
Published: October 2021

The problem to be answered in this paper is the relationship between the use of visual media and the learning achievement of PAI students at SDN Kedung Waringin 02, Bojong Gede Bogor. The writing uses descriptive quantitative research in the correlation approach (correlational research). Correlation research is research conducted to find out whether there is a relationship and if there is, how close the relationship is and whether or not the relationship is meaningful. The main purpose of this research is to find out how much the implementation of the relationship between the use of visual media and student learning outcomes in PAI subjects. The writing concludes that the rxy is 0.291, the figure is in the range of 0.20 – 0.39. This means that the X variable to the Y variable has a low or weak positive correlation. The coefficient of determination (determination) is 8.46%. This shows that the relationship between the use of learning media and student learning outcomes with KD 8.46%, while the remaining KD of 91.54% student learning outcomes are influenced by other factors such as the home or family environment and the community environment or living situation, and other factors not analyzed. tcount < ttable, then Ho is accepted and Ha is rejected, then Ho is accepted and Ha is rejected because tcount (840) > ttable (1.970). From the calculation results above, it can be seen that ttcount is smaller than ttable, meaning Ho is accepted and Ha is rejected, so the hypothesis that the author proposes cannot be accepted. Based on these findings, it is recommended that teachers not only improve teacher performance, the process of implementing teaching in the classroom also plays an important role for the success of student learning. Teachers are required to present material that makes students active. teachers can master, understand and try to be skilled and creative in conducting questions and answers with students, to relevant agencies as education providers there are conducive facilities and infrastructure so that the teaching and learning process will take place well and effectively.
Pendidikan Karakter Dalam Perspektif Psikologi Transpersonal Islam
Authors: Rifkiana Shifa
Published: October 2021

The problem in this study is the lack of research that links character education to the psychology of transpersonal Islam. To discuss the matter, the purpose of this research is to know the education of character in psychology in general and in the psychological perspective of transpersonal Islam. Transpersonal psychology tries to link with a higher soul, a transatory experience, which in time imbues knowledge by intuition and comes to true nature. And that true nature is the recognition of a higher soul. In this case is god. In Islam, it means god.
Konsep dan Implementasi Kurikulum MBKM (Merdeka Belajar Kampus Merdeka)
Authors: Sopiansyah Deni , Masruroh Siti
Published: October 2021

The objective of the Independent Learning Campus policy is to encourage students to master various fields of science with their fields of expertise, so that they are ready to compete in the global world. This policy provides an opportunity for students to choose the courses they will take based on their own wishes. The implementation of the Independent Learning Policy on the Independent Campus encourages the learning process in higher education to be more autonomous and flexible. Education always strives for the creation of students who always make updates for the sake of renewal at all times. Not only able to be highly educated but able to become agents of change in small and large scope. From the changes and innovations produced, they are able to provide maximum contribution to the progress of a nation that has quality human resources. In writing this paper, the author uses a qualitative research method using a library approach. According to Kirk and Miller.
Kepemimpinan pada Manajemen Mutu Terpadu Pendidikan Islam di MTs. Al-Ma’tuq Cisaat Sukabumi
Authors: Zawawi Abdul Hakim , Sa’diyah Maemunah
Published: October 2021

Leadership is a major factor in social life, especially its involvement in organizations or institutions. The influence of leadership will direct the management under it to have good quality. This study examines Leadership in Total Quality Management based on Islamic education at MTs Al-Ma'tuq Cisaat, Sukabumi. With a data collection model and literature study by taking five types of Islamic leadership, this study concludes that the practice of leadership in Islamic education quality management at MTs Al-Ma'tuq has been running effectively and is still being developed. However, an assessment survey of management performance and its importance is still needed so that it can become a benchmark for development in a better direction.
Ethnic Feminicide
Authors: Lunday Clarissa , Yee Shirley
Published: October 2021

This paper explores the missing and murdered indigenous women and girls epidemic in Washington State and how the state has failed to address the issue, underlining its complicity and impunity. It takes into account that this epidemic is part of a global crisis of femicide, drawing specifically on the Latin American term, feminicidios, or feminicide, the gender-based murders of women and the state’s impunity in these cases. This paper then names another form of femicide, ethnic feminicde, arguing that the missing and murdered indigenous women and girls epidemic falls under this crisis because of the underlying systemic racism and sexism in state institutions. This paper uses the indigenous methodologies of reframing and intervention, as described by Linda Tuhiwai Smith, to explore this epidemic, reframing it into a transnational feminist issue, not just and indigenous issue, and asking how Washington state, and America as a whole, can intervene, with indigenous leaders taking charge.
Uniting the Nation- Rethinking Adversity of the Poor
Authors: Yu Qiyang , Vignolini Joseph
Published: October 2021

A root cause of today’s social tensions and divisions rest with poverty. Studies suggest that that individuals who grow up in poverty-stricken families are much more likely to be in poverty during their early adulthood, and the poverty rate in African American children is astoundingly high. This paper adopts data science approaches to identify drivers behind childhood poverty in the United States, and finds that these factors tend to reinforce each other and go hand in hand with poverty. Specifically, common factors are found to be driving childhood poverty, a weak healthcare system, inadequate education resources, lack of public safety infrastructure and insufficient job opportunities.

The current social safeguard framework, supported by both the government and private institutions, appears fragmented and lacks the necessary alignment across healthcare, education, public safety and job creation. The study shows that barring a systematic approach to address the drivers of childhood poverty, the poverty problem is unlikely to be fundamentally addressed. Building on these findings, the paper calls for a number of mutually coherent policies, including introducing a more effective financing scheme for the children in poverty, creating an enabling job market environment for the poor, reforming the funding pattern of schools, creating a safe environment for all children, and enhancing health services for those living in poverty.
The Function and Oncological Significance of PD-L1 and its Antibodies
Authors: Nagunuri Shreya , Garg Ananya , Reddy Junutula Jagath
Published: October 2021

The PD-L1 protein, also known as programmed death-ligand 1 is a protein encoded in the CD274 gene. Specifically, PD-L1 belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily of proteins, and it is a transmembrane protein that allows nutrients across the cell membrane 11. PD-L1 works in close connection with T cells (thymus cells) and B cells (bone marrow or bursa-derived cells)1. PD-L1 binds to the PD-L receptor on T cells to regulate and sometimes inhibit (in the case of cancer) the activated T cells, B cells, and myeloid cells. Once their activation is inhibited by PD-L1, the T-cells are unable to fight foreign substances in the body like infections, diseases, and cancers, thus allowing cancerous tumors to grow without check3. Elevated levels of PD-L1 have been found in a variety of cancers, including melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), Hodgkin’s lymphoma, bladder cancer, renal cell carcinoma (RCC), head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), breast cancer, Merkel cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and gastric cancer (GC)4. Among other information, this study also examines the protein sequence of PD-L1, alignments of the sequence, the structure, functional domains, gene expression, copy number, and mutation profiles.
Environmental Racism and Natural Disasters: Preparing for a Future Defined by Climate Change
Authors: Mays Patrick , Bischoff Michael , Schmidt Ronald
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT

 

This paper argues that the negative effects of climate change induced natural disasters are felt disproportionately by poor and minority communities, and that it is more difficult for them to recover after crises. Because climate change has resulted in an increase in the frequency and severity of natural disasters and is only expected to get worse, disparate effects from natural disasters are a crucial topic to focus research on. This paper will expand the framework for future research in the field of environmental justice by establishing a focus on the intersection between global warming, natural disasters, and environmental racism. It will also illustrate the disparate impact of natural disasters on poor and minority communities with a series of case studies and will evaluate the government’s response in each case.
Tools to Incentivize Research and Development for Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Anand Kishen , Maini Luca
Published: October 2021

This article is a review of the current state of pull mechanisms and differential pricing in relation to incentivizing pharmaceutical research and development. In many developing nations, there is a shortage of pharmaceuticals for their specific infectious diseases because these markets are not always viewed as profitable to firms. To combat this issue, governments and organizations need to work with firms to incentivize research and development for medications and vaccines for these diseases. Pull mechanisms are one way to achieve this goal as they only reward successful products; through the use of tax credits, patent buyouts, purchase agreements, or a combination, we could reward firms which makes the market more attractive to other developers too. We could also use differential pricing for the same purpose. Allowing firms to charge varied prices based on specific factors like a country's real gross domestic product per capita would increase access to needed pharmaceuticals while still keeping the market attractive. The synthesis of current literature shows that although these strategies have been moderately successful on their own, such as with the GAVI fund, they have also failed because of a lack of support, such as with the Vaccines for the New Millennium Act. Therefore, we might need to develop new strategies, such as combining policies, to spur innovation and development.
Blocking Neuropilin-1 in Drosophila melanogaster as a Possible Treatment for Pain and SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Kelegama Ania , Joykutty Leya
Published: October 2021

This study aims to validate a method of neuropilin-1 blocking in Drosophila melanogaster to aid the development of chronic pain treatment as well as increase scientific understanding of SARS-CoV-2 cell entry. If Drosophila melanogaster are exposed to monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) used for targeted chemotherapy against neuropilin-1, then this targeted protein blocking method may allow for the development of new pain treatment and possible SARS-CoV-2 treatment. mAbs were microinjected into mutant flies to block NRP-1 activity. Then, a thermal nociception and von frey assay were done to test drosophila nociception. Finally, an IHC assay was performed to quantify protein activity. Overall, the hypothesis was supported as both nociception assays showed significant data proving mutant flies had delayed or no reactions to stimuli. The Von Frey assay did show some varying results, but the data is still significant. However, the IHC did show that there was still some NRP-1 activity in the mutant flies. NRP-1 was able to be partially blocked by mAbs. The collected data may apply to the expansion of research in pain treatment as well as COVID-19 research. Chronic pain is a prevalent area of research that is still not completely solved today. The fight against the SARS-CoV-2 is an ongoing fight and further research is mandatory in finding treatments for this deadly virus.
Circadian Rhythm, Energy Metabolism, and the Gut Microbiome: a Review
Authors: Vergara Bailey , Joykutty Leya
Published: October 2021

This review discussed the interrelationship between the circadian rhythm of the host and of the intestinal microbiome and the implications of this new field on energy metabolism, specifically implications relating to obesity. Circadian rhythm, or the 24-hour system that bodies use to expect and to increase receptivity to certain factors in the environment, is present in almost every organ and system. However, the data that this review utilized relates mainly to the intestinal microbiome: a group of bacteria, yeasts, and viruses that inhabit the colon, with this review’s focus placed on bacteria. This interrelationship is mainly discussed through possible effects of circadian disruption and through an analysis of different methods by which the circadian rhythm of the host and the rhythm of the microbiome interact. TRF, or time-restricted feeding, has been identified as one of the potential methods to reduce the negative consequences of circadian dysregulation on metabolic processes, and various related studies were discussed in-depth. Data from four databases were analyzed to produce a variety of both experimental and review papers. All papers that related to the topic under review were thoroughly analyzed and incorporated into the review.
Comparison of ARCHER MPERC to NHC Analysis
Authors: Pulmano Lorenzo , Joykutty Leya
Published: October 2021

Eyewall replacement cycles (ERCs) are events that occur in intense tropical cyclones (TCs) and are difficult to predict.  An ERC event involves a secondary outer eyewall that surrounds the inner eyewall.  The outer eyewall slowly moves towards the eye and weakens the inner eyewall, eventually replacing the inner eyewall.  During this process, wind speeds lower and the structure of a TC becomes disorganized, further weakening the storm.  TCs often restrengthen after an ERC.  Little is known about the process and as such, poses an obstacle to forecasters.  The Automated Rotational Center Hurricane Eye Retrieval (ARCHER) Microwave-based Probability of Eyewall Replacement Cycle (MPERC) is an algorithm that uses 89-95 GHz passive microwave imagery and intensity estimates from the National Hurricane Center (NHC), Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC), or the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) to predict the possibility of an ERC.  The effectiveness and ability of ARCHER MPERC was analyzed and compared to the NHC’s official reports on all Atlantic Basin tropical cyclones from 2017 to 2019.   MPERC ultimately predicted seventeen ERCs in nine tropical cyclones.  Of those, seven were valid ERCs.  The algorithm works well, predicting approximately 41% of the total number of predictions correctly.  However, MPERC did not predict five ERCs that were cited by the NHC.  It was further found that it was true that MPERC produces incorrect results in sheared and dry environments.
Differences in Gut Microbiota as a Potential Factor in Alzheimer’s Disease Development
Authors: Patel Briya , Joykutty Leya
Published: October 2021

Considering that humans consist of more non-human species than cells, it is critical to understand the impact of the microbiome on diseases. As Alzheimer’s disease becomes a more and more pressing issue, it may be possible to combat it or slow its progress by understanding how alterations in the gut microbiome, which can influence functions in the brain in a variety of ways, affect its development.Gut bacteria can produce neurotransmitters such as melatonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid, histamine, and acetylcholine, which can contribute or antagonize neuroinflammation and neurofibrillary tangles. It is best to balance beneficial bacteria with harmful bacteria. Additionally, using probiotics and altered diets can serve to change gut microbiome composition and influence Alzheimer’s disease development. It is important to understand microbiome-cell interactions and utilize that information to create new therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer’s disease through forms like diets, probiotics, and interventional procedures.
The New Final Frontier: A Case Study Analysis of Private Sector’s Increasing Role in the Space Industry
Authors: Rana Damini , Sharma Mritunjay
Published: October 2021

Historically, any endeavors, involving the term ‘space’, were perceived as operations undertaken by large government organizations with an emphasis on the scientific aspect, rather than a business one. However, over the last two decades, the structure of the space industry is rapidly being transformed and privatized due to the growth in commercial applications and the catalyzing entry of billionaires such as Elon Musk and Jeff Bezos. This paper offers a case study analysis of the private sector’s growing influence in the space industry through a combination of a quantitative analysis and an in-depth review of the surrounding literature. The results show that the commercial economy now accounts for almost 80% of the monetary size of the space industry and is expected to drive most of the growth in future. Further, a forecast of the future size of the space economy suggests it could touch almost US$1.5 trillion by 2040, dominated by the private sector. A regression analysis conducted to assess the quantum of private sector investment that will be required if the industry is to achieve its forecasted potential in the upcoming decades revealed that private investments must go up to US$48billion by 2025.
The Role of Astrocytes in the Cause of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Priyam Nadia , Savoy Andrew
Published: October 2021

There are three leading hypotheses about the cause of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD): the cholinergic theory, where there is a loss of cholinergic neurons; the amyloid hypothesis, where there is an abnormal buildup of amyloid plaques; and the neurotrophic unbalance hypothesis, which states that AD-related loss of cholinergic signaling and altered amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing are due to alterations in nerve growth factor (NGF). This would ultimately mean that the loss of cholinergic neurons and a buildup of amyloid plaques are due to NGF alterations. Astrocytes are involved in the production of amyloid-beta, inflammation responses, and nerve growth. Therefore, astrocytes are an essential component of all three AD hypotheses. This paper will discuss various known and hypothesized ways that astrocytes affect the symptoms and possible causes of AD.
Elevated gaseous luminal nitric oxide and circulating IL-8 as features of Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric inflammation
Authors: Saaed Hiwa K. , Chiggiato Lisa , Webb Dominic-Luc , Rehnberg Ann-Sofie , Rubio Carlos A. , Befrits Ragnar , Hellström Per M.
Published: October 2021

Background: Gastric nitric oxide (NO) production in response to Helicobacter pylori via inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is suggested as a biomarker of inflammation and cytotoxicity. The aim of this study was to investigate relationships between gastric [NO], immunological biomarkers and histopathology.

Materials and methods: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy was done in 96 dyspepsia patients. Luminal [NO] was measured by chemiluminescence. Biopsies were taken from gastric antrum and corpus for culture and histopathology. H. pylori IgG was detected by immunoblot assay. Biobanked plasma from 76 dyspepsia patients (11 H. pylori positives) was analyzed for 39 cytokines by multiplexed ELISA.

Results: H. pylori-positive patients had higher [NO] (336 ± 26 ppb, mean ± 95% CI, n = 77) than H. pylori-negative patients (128 ± 47 ppb, n = 19) (P < 0.0001). Histopathological changes were found in 99% of H. pylori-positive and 37% of H. pylori-negative patients. Histopathological concordance was 78–100% between corpus and antrum. Correlations were found between gastric [NO] and severity of acute, but not chronic, inflammation. Plasma IL-8 (increased in H. pylori positives) had greatest difference between positive and negative groups, with eotaxin, MIP-1β, MCP-4, VEGF-A, and VEGF-C also higher (P < 0.004 to P < 0.032). Diagnostic odds ratios using 75% cut-off concentration were 7.53 for IL-8, 1.15 for CRP, and 2.88 for gastric NO.

Conclusions: Of the parameters tested, increased gastric [NO] and circulating IL-8 align most consistently and selectively in H. pylori-infected patients. Severity of mucosal inflammatory changes is proportional to luminal [NO], which might be tied to IL-8 production. It is proposed that IL-8 be further investigated as a blood biomarker of treatment outcomes.
DETECTANDO LOS DESEQUILIBRIOS DOTACIONALES COMO GENERADORES DE PROBLEMAS EN LA MOVILIDAD DEL DISTRITO METROPOLITANO DE QUITO
Authors: Astudillo-Ortega Susana , Vazquez Antonio
Published: October 2021

En las áreas metropolitanas la movilidad cotidiana por motivos laborales, de estudio, trámites cotidianos, ocio y tiempolibre adquiere una importancia crucial. En esta investigación se pretende construir una metodología de análisis demovilidad cotidiana basada en la utilización de sistemas inteligentes que permitan investigar la forma de encontrar elorigen de los problemas de congestión en la movilidad urbana generados por desequilibrios de distribución espacial delos servicios, especialmente aquellos que pueden ser evitados con una adecuada focalización en la gestión de la ubicacióndotacional. El presente artículo aborda el análisis de la variable educativa a partir de las etapas de enseñanza obligatoria,con la finalidad de analizar la distribución territorial de estos servicios educativos, determinar si existen áreas condesequilibrios y definir si la dotación de unidades escolares está relacionada con la demanda de la población en edadescolar. En función de los algoritmos empleados se obtuvo como resultado que de los 1269 barrios-sectores queconforman el Distrito Metropolitano de Quito, el 43% podrían alcanzar un equilibrio dotacional educativo, el 46% tiendena presentar una mayor demanda (sur del Distrito y áreas periurbanas), y el 11% restante una mayor oferta (hipercentrode la ciudad). En el artículo se presentan como aportaciones conceptos como el de “movilidad forzada” y un procedimientode simulación de redistribución parcial, en donde se acuñan los términos de “demanda dirigida”, “oferta dirigida” y “balancedirigido”.
MODELO DE PLANEACIÓN DE RUTAS PARA LOS USUARIOS DE BOGOTÁ
Authors: Vargas Wilson Ernesto , Femenia Carmen
Published: October 2021

Bogotá, la capital de Colombia, es la primera ciudad más congestionada del mundo después de Bucarest y Nueva York.En Bogotá existen varias aplicaciones (Apps) que le permiten al usuario planear su viaje en cada uno de los diferentesmodos de transporte existentes, las cuales se basan en mapas y datos georreferenciados de la parte cartográfica comode variables de transito como congestión, tiempos de caminata y modo a utilizar para el viaje. En los últimos años paralos usuarios la variable que determina su planeación no es el tiempo de viaje, sino factores adicionales que lasaplicaciones no tienen en cuenta como: ocupación de los medios de transporte, paraderos y portales, operación de lainfraestructura, condiciones ambientales, seguridad ciudadana entre otros. El objetivo del trabajo de investigación esestablecer un modelo que permita a los diferentes actores viales realizar la planeación de las rutas de acuerdo a susnecesidades y en función del tiempo real de viaje. Las necesidades de los usuarios se determinarán por medio deencuestas en campo para obtener los tiempos adicionales de viaje de cada una de las variables encontradas. Con elproyecto se pretende mejorar la planeación de los viajes de cada uno de los usuarios viales (conductores, pasajeros,peatones y biciusuarios) que permita tener tiempos de viaje más reales, que permita mejorar la movilidad de una ciudadtan congestionada como es Bogotá.
MEJORANDO LA CALIDAD DE LOS MAPAS DE DEFORMACIONES GENERADOS POR LA CADENA PSIG DEL CTTC: LA SUITE DE HERRAMIENTAS VETOOLS
Authors: Navarro José A. , Barra Anna , Monserrat Oriol , Crosetto Michele
Published: October 2021

La cadena PSIG, en producción desde hace ya una década y media, ha sido desarrollada desde sus inicios por el personalde la actual división de Geomática del Centre Tecnològic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya. Dicha cadena goza de unaltísimo grado de automatización, pero aún así es capaz de ofrecer a sus usuarios una gran flexibilidad, dando laposibilidad de definir aquellos parámetros clave que controlan los diferentes procesos de la cadena. No obstante, esosparámetros, los cuales se aplican uniformemente a la totalidad del área a procesar, pueden no ser los más apropiadoscuando se tienen en cuenta ciertas zonas locales críticas. Para resolver este problema, sería suficiente con ejecutar lacadena PSIG circunscrita en esas zonas usando un conjunto de parámetros adecuados para ellas, pudiéndose así obtenerfinalmente un producto cuya calidad global sea la apropiada. No obstante, identificar dichas áreas puede ser muycomplicado sin las herramientas de análisis apropiadas. Esta es la tarea de las VETools, las cuales son el objeto de esteartículo: con ellas es posible identificar, visualmente, dichas áreas, lanzar su re-procesado mediante la cadena PSIGtantas veces como sea necesario usando parámetros a medida, rechazando o aceptando los resultados así obtenidos(también visualmente) hasta llegar a un conjunto de soluciones que puedan integrarse en una sola y que goce de lacalidad global perseguida.
TOWARDS A PRECISE MODELLING OF THE EL SALVADOR FAULT ZONE USING GEODETIC TECHNIQUES
Authors: Portela-Fernandez Juan J. , Staller Alejandra , Bejar-Pizarro Marta
Published: October 2021

The El Salvador Fault Zone (ESFZ) comprises a set of a strike-slip faults, extending through the Central American VolcanicArc within El Salvador, where the Cocos plate subducts under the Caribbean plate. These structures act as a boundarybetween the forearc sliver and the western margin of the Chortís block, accommodating the relative movement betweenthem. The ESFZ has been responsible for several shallow, destructive earthquakes in El Salvador, thus posing a seriousthreat for millions of inhabitants. Understanding its seismic potential and the behaviour of its different segments results ofgreat importance for the assessment and mitigation of seismic risk in the region. Geodetic techniques, such as GNSS andInSAR, are useful tools for measuring surface deformation related to tectonic activity. We are in the process of updatingand densifying the existing GNSS velocity field in El Salvador, aiming to characterise the individual faults in the region bydetermining their slip rates and locking depth. Additionally, we will process InSAR data, trying to obtain a continuousmeasurement of the interseismic deformation. The combination of this information with other data (e.g. seismological andgeological) through kinematic models will allow us to better understand the factors controlling the seismogenic behaviourof the ESFZ faults, evaluate their seismic potential and improve the seismic hazard assessment.
METHODOLOGICAL PROPOSAL FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF MARGINAL LANDS WITH REMOTE SENSING-DERIVED PRODUCTS AND ANCILLARY DATA
Authors: Torralba Jesús , Ruiz Luis Á. , Georgiadis Charalampos , Patias Petros , Gómez-Conejo Rodrigo , Verde Natalia , Tassapoulou Maria , Bezares Sanfelip Fernando , Grommy Ewa , Aleksandrowicz Sebastian , Krätzschmar Elke , Krupiński Michał , Carbonell-Rivera Juan Pedro
Published: October 2021

The concept of marginal land (ML) is dynamic and depends on various factors related to the environment, climate, scale,culture, and economic sector. The current methods for identifying ML are diverse, they employ multiple parameters andvariables derived from land use and land cover, and mostly reflect specific management purposes. A methodologicalapproach for the identification of marginal lands using remote sensing and ancillary data products and validated on samplesfrom four European countries (i.e., Germany, Spain, Greece, and Poland) is presented in this paper. The methodologyproposed combines land use and land cover data sets as excluding indicators (forest, croplands, protected areas,impervious areas, land-use change, water bodies, and permanent snow areas) and environmental constraints informationas marginality indicators: (i) physical soil properties, in terms of slope gradient, erosion, soil depth, soil texture, percentageof coarse soil texture fragments, etc.; (ii) climatic factors e.g. aridity index; (iii) chemical soil properties, including soil pH,cation exchange capacity, contaminants, and toxicity, among others. This provides a common vision of marginality thatintegrates a multidisciplinary approach. To determine the ML, we first analyzed the excluding indicators used to delimit theareas with defined land use. Then, thresholds were determined for each marginality indicator through which the landproductivity progressively decreases. Finally, the marginality indicator layers were combined in Google Earth Engine. Theresult was categorized into 3 levels of productivity of ML: high productivity, low productivity, and potentially unsuitable land.The results obtained indicate that the percentage of marginal land per country is 11.64% in Germany, 19.96% in Spain,18.76% in Greece, and 7.18% in Poland. The overall accuracies obtained per country were 60.61% for Germany, 88.87%for Spain, 71.52% for Greece, and 90.97% for Poland.
MODELOS EMPÍRICOS DE PREDICCIÓN DEL CONTENIDO DE HUMEDAD DEL COMBUSTIBLE VIVO MEDIANTE ÍNDICES ESPECTRALES DE SENTINEL-2 Y DATOS METEOROLÓGICOS
Authors: Arcos María Alicia , Balaguer-Beser Ángel , Ruiz Luis Ángel
Published: October 2021

El contenido de agua de la vegetación afecta a la inflamabilidad de la vegetación y al comportamiento del fuego. Unamedida estándar de este parámetro es la humedad del combustible vivo (HCV), calculada como el porcentaje de humedadde la vegetación respecto a su peso seco. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido predecir los valores de HCV de Rosmarinusofficinalis en zonas forestales de la Comunitat Valenciana (España) utilizando índices espectrales obtenidos a partir deimágenes de los satélites Sentinel-2 y datos meteorológicos. Para ello, se obtuvieron valores de HCV de dicha especieen muestras tomadas quincenalmente entre los meses desde junio hasta octubre de los años 2019 y 2020 en tres parcelasforestales en la provincia de Valencia (España). Los datos meteorológicos (precipitación, temperatura, humedad relativay velocidad del viento) se obtuvieron a partir de observatorios de la Agencia Estatal de Meteorología (AEMET) de España.Se aplicaron modelos de regresión lineal múltiple para estimar los valores de HCV, usando como variables predictorasdistintos índices espectrales generados a partir de imágenes Sentinel-2, calculados usando Google Earth Engine yprogramación en R. Se compararon los resultados obtenidos empleando datos espectrales suavizados con el filtroSavitzky-Golay y datos sin suavizar, considerando además el aporte diferencial de las variables meteorológicas en cadauna de las fechas interpoladas para cada parcela con datos de campo.
MONITORING CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE EXPOSED TO ANTHROPOGENIC AND NATURAL HAZARDS USING SATELLITE RADAR INTERFEROMETRY
Authors: Ruiz-Armenteros Antonio Miguel , Delgado-Blasco José Manuel , Bakon Matus , Lazecky Milan , Marchamalo-Sacristán Miguel , Lamas-Fernández Francisco , Ruiz-Constán Ana , Galindo-Zaldívar Jesús , Sanz de Galdeano Carlos , Martos-Rosillo Sergio , Papco Juraj , Perissin Daniele , Sousa Joaquim J.
Published: October 2021

Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) is a remote sensing technique very effective for the measure of smalldisplacements of the Earth’s surface over large areas at a very low cost as compared with conventional geodetictechniques. Advanced InSAR time series algorithms for monitoring and investigating surface displacement on Earth arebased on conventional radar interferometry. These techniques allow us to measure deformation with uncertainties of 1mm/year, interpreting time series of interferometric phases at coherent point scatterers (PS) without the need for humanor special equipment presence on the site. By applying InSAR processing techniques to a series of radar images over thesame region, it is possible to detect line-of-sight (LOS) displacements of infrastructures on the ground and therefore identifyabnormal or excessive movement indicating potential problems requiring detailed ground investigation. A major advantageof this technology is that a single radar image can cover a major area of up to 100 km by 100 km or more as, for example,Sentinel-1 C-band satellites data cover a 250 km wide swath. Therefore, all engineering infrastructures in the area, suchas dams, dikes, bridges, ports, etc. subject to terrain deformation by volcanos, landslides, subsidence due to groundwater,gas, or oil withdrawal could be monitored, reducing operating costs effectively. In this sense, the free and open accessCopernicus Sentinel-1 data with currently up to 6-days revisit time open new opportunities for a near real-time landmonitoring. In addition, the new generation of high-resolution radar imagery acquired by SAR sensors such as TerraSARX,COSMO-SkyMed, and PAZ, and the development of multi-interferogram techniques has enhanced our capabilities inrecent years in using InSAR as deformation monitoring tool. In this paper, we address the applicability of using spaceborneSAR sensors for monitoring infrastructures in geomatics engineering and present several cases studies carried out by ourgroup related to anthropogenic and natural hazards, as well as monitoring of critical infrastructures.
A DATA-INTENSIVE APPROACH TO EXPLOIT NEW GNSS SCIENCE OPPORTUNITIES
Authors: Navarro Vicente , Ventura-Traveset Javier
Published: October 2021

With the current GNSS infrastructure development plans, over 120 GNSS satellites (including European Galileo satellites)will provide, already this decade, continuous data, in several frequencies, without interruption and on a permanent basis.This global and permanent GNSS infrastructure constitutes a major opportunity for GNSS science applications. In themeantime, recent advances in technology have contributed "de-facto" to the deployment of a large GNSS receiver arraybased on Internet of Things (IoT), affordable smart devices easy to find in everybody’s pockets. These devices – evolvingfast at each new generation – feature an increasing number of capabilities and sensors able to collect a variety ofmeasurements, improving GNSS performance. Among these capabilities, Galileo dual band smartphones receivers andAndroid’s support for raw GNSS data recording represent major steps forward for Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT)data processing improvements. Information gathering from these devices, commonly referred as crowdsourcing, opensthe door to new data-intensive analysis techniques in many science domains. At this point, collaboration between variousresearch groups is essential to harness the potential hidden behind the large volumes of data generated by thiscyberinfrastructure. Cloud Computing technologies extend traditional computational boundaries, enabling execution ofprocessing components close to the data. This paradigm shift offers seamless execution of interactive algorithms andanalytics, skipping lengthy downloads and setups. The resulting scenario, defined by a GNSS Big Data repository with colocatedprocessing capabilities, sets an excellent basis for the application of Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning (ML)technologies in the context of GNSS. This unique opportunity for science has been recognized by the European SpaceAgency (ESA) with the creation of the Navigation Scientific Office, which leverages on GNSS infrastructure to deliverinnovative solutions across multiple scientific domains.
AUMENTO DE RESOLUCIÓN DE IMÁGENES TÉRMICAS PROCEDENTES DE UAVS MEDIANTE ALGORITMOS DE PANSHARPENING
Authors: Raimundo Javier , Prieto Juan F. , Lopez-Cuervo Medina Serafin
Published: October 2021

Los sensores térmicos montados sobre vehículos aéreos pilotados remotamente proveen imágenes con mucha menosresolución que otros sensores montados usualmente a la vez (sensores en el espectro visible). Esta situación provocauna disparidad en la información derivada de estos conjuntos de datos. Debido a limitaciones físicas en la construcciónde sensores térmicos, es razonable asumir que la resolución de los sensores térmicos no igualará a la de otros sensores(espectro visible e infrarrojo cercano) en el corto y medio término. Desde los años 1970, variedad de algoritmos han sidodesarrollados en Teledetección para mejorar la resolución de sensores de baja resolución con información de imágenesde mayor resolución. Estos algoritmos, originalmente diseñados para plataformas satélite, son llamados pansharpening.Se han realizado investigaciones previas con el objetivo de trasladar estas técnicas a imágenes térmicas. La extensiónde estos estudios previos fue analizar sólo uno de los diferentes algoritmos de pansharpening existentes. En nuestrotrabajo se han estudiado más de diez algoritmos de las dos principales familias de algoritmos de pansharpening paradeterminar sus posibilidades, funcionamiento y resultados cuando se aplican a imágenes térmicas, enfocados a aquellasobtenidas desde un dron. Nuestra metodología simula una imagen térmica de menor resolución, que una vez combinadacon imágenes de espectro visible, y procesadas, pueden ser comparadas con aquellas imágenes térmicas en la resoluciónoriginal, para establecer la calidad de la fusión. Esta metodología se ha aplicado en una campaña de adquisición deimágenes térmicas y de espectro visible sobre un edificio industrial cerca de Toledo (España). La calidad de los productosfinales se ha calculado cuantitativamente. Investigaciones anteriores no analizaban el desempeño en parámetrosnuméricos medibles y comparables. Sus resultados sólo eran analizados visualmente y era imposible asegurar la calidaden procesos y análisis siguientes usando estas imágenes mejoradas. Aqui, hemos calculado índices de calidad de lasimagenes térmicas mejoradas, llegando a determinar valores de calidad como los correspondientes al algoritmo depansharpening BDSD: RMSE = 7.400, ERGAS = 1.084, SAM = 0.048, PSNR = 31.014, UQI = 0.995. En conclusión, hemosvalidado el potencial de los algoritmos de pansharpening para mejorar la resolución de imágenes térmicas con la ayudade imágenes de espectro visible de mayor resolución.
CAMBIOS ESPACIO-TEMPORALES COSTEROS CON IMÁGENES LANDSAT 8 Y SENTINEL 2 (2015-2019) EN CHILE CENTRAL; PLAYA REÑACA, BAHÍA DE CONCÓN Y BAHÍA DE ALGARROBO
Authors: Briceño de Urbaneja Idania , Sánchez-García Elena , Pardo-Pascual Josep E. , Palomar-Vázquez Jesús , Ugalde-Peralta Raúl , Aguirre-Galaz Catalina , Pérez-Martínez Waldo , Vidal-Páez Paulina
Published: October 2021

Las áreas costeras de la región de Valparaíso de Chile por sus características oceanográficas, climáticas y ecológicasson de gran importancia para el desarrollo turístico, económico y ambiental del país. Las costas de la región se han vistoafectadas por eventos extremos desde 2015, con marejadas recurrentes que han aumentado respecto a años anterioresentre el 10% y 25%. Esto ha provocado la interrupción del proceso dinámico anual de las playas, acentuado por lasintervenciones antrópicas sobre estos ambientes costeros, humedales y dunas que promueven su degradación. El trabajoque se presenta tiene como objetivo caracterizar en qué parte de las playas y en qué momento del año hay un riesgo másalto de erosión grave en las áreas inmediatas a la costa, así como tratar de explicar sus causas apoyándose en lautilización de imágenes satelitales de resolución media. Se extrajeron 128 SDS con imágenes Landsat 8 OLI y Sentinel 2con el sistema SHOREX. Se calcularon los valores promedio de anchura de playa para la serie en cada una de lastemporadas registrando anchuras mínimas en las zonas proximales de 12,3 m; 23,6 m y 21,2 m para la Bahía de Concón,Playa Reñaca y Bahía de Algarrobo respectivamente, demostrando estados críticos o problemáticos. La direccióndominante del oleaje y la disposición geográfica de las tres playas hace evidente la existencia de un fuerte transportelongitudinal hacia el norte que genera que las áreas proximales presenten menor acumulación de sedimentos. La variaciónestacional de las playas se caracteriza por condiciones más energéticas en invierno que en verano. No obstante, se ventambién influenciadas por periodos episódicos rápidos, sistemas de bajas presiones atmosféricas del norte y del sur, asícomo marejadas y tormentas tropicales que se suman al moldeamiento de las playas.
IMPROVED STOCK UNEARTHING METHOD (ISUM) ALLOW TO ASSESS SOIL EROSION PROCESSES IN GRAFTED PLANTS USING IN SITU TOPOGRAPHICAL MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Rodrigo-Comino Jesús , Terol Enric , Cerdà Artemi
Published: October 2021

Policymakers, stakeholders and rural inhabitants must be aware of the relevance of soil erosion as an irreversible landdegradation process. This is key to achieve the land degradation neutrality challenge and the sustainability of humankindand natural ecosystems. Agricultural areas are being affected by soil erosion threatening soil quality and, subsequently,food security. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new techniques and methods visually friendly and easy to be accessedto survey and assess the soil erosion concerns. ISUM (Improve Stock Unearthing Method) is a well-contrasted procedureto estimate and map soil mobilisation and erosion rates. To achieve this goal, using the plant graft union as a biomarkerconducting in situ topographical measurements along perpendicular transects allow us to i) explain key factors related tothe activation of soil erosion processes such as tillage, the age of plantation, parent material or hillslope positions; ii)complete other well-contrasted methods such as RUSLE (Revised Soil Loss Equation), IC (Index of connectivity) orStructure from Motion; and, iii) identify hotspot areas affected by soil depletion, accumulation or mobilisation. In thisconference, we will show how we developed a new improvement of this method in different crops (vineyards, citrus,persimmons or almonds), under different environmental conditions (parent material, vine ages, soil management, or slopeangle) with diverse geomatic procedures (interpolation methods and geostatistical analysis, topographical measurementsand models) using GIS techniques.