bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Schizoanalysis and the Pedagogy of the Oppressed
Authors: Buchanan Ian
Published: May 2022

This chapter seeks to historicize Deleuze’s relation to Hegel by asking why did Hegel fall out of favour. In Deleuze’s own lifetime, especially when he was a student, philosophers like Sartre and Beauvoir, but also Fanon, drew on Hegel as a revolutionary resource. But by the time Deleuze and his peers like Foucault came to write about Hegel they positioned him as the arch enemy of thought. This chapter argues that this should be understood in historical rather than philosophical terms because Deleuze does not offer any systematic refutation of Hegel. It uses the work of the Marxist educationalist Paulo Freire as its test case for thinking through why Deleuze turned against Hegel. This in turn helps to illuminate Deleuze’s thoughts on pedagogy.
The Little Hans Assemblage
Authors: Buchanan Ian
Published: May 2022

Freud’s famous case study of a five year old boy known to us as Little Hans is the subject of an investigation into the practical side of psychoanalysis by Deleuze and Guattari. By comparing what Little Hans actually said with what Freud said he heard him say, Deleuze and Guattari show that psychoanalysis is deaf to the articulations of the unconscious. This chapter traces their critique of Freud and maps out their alternative reading of Little Hans in terms of the concept of the assemblage.
The Centrifugal Object
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses cardinal objects as a recent historical invention that are abstract in comparison to their ordinal counterparts. The focus of part two of this book is the question: “how did something so abstract emerge from a world of such singular and ordinal differences?” This chapter specifically focuses on describing cardinal objects’ general structure and pattern of motion, as well as showing how this new kind of object emerged throughout ancient history from around 5,000 BCE to 500 CE, and looking at how numerals, geometric measurement, accounting and logic each helped create this new field.
The Tensional Object
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses intensive objects, which are much stranger than cardinal objects. We usually do not think of them as distinct objects, yet, we use them every time we count. This chapter defines, in part, intensive objects as “the action of counting” itself, making the doing part of counting part of the object. It also discusses the medieval and early modern sciences from the 5th to 18th centuries and how seriously they took the invention and investigation of these strange but immanently practical objects. While the aim of “intensive sciences” was to try and reduce movement to a new kind of object, they nonetheless grasped something extremely critical about objects and counting them: movement and mutability. The intensive sciences focus on change. This chapter argues that intensive objects emerged and propagated through four primary techniques: tensional motion, deformation, and polygonalism.
The Medieval Object I
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses how we often think that not much happened during the “middle” or so-called “dark” ages, but medieval scientists actually helped invent a whole new world of objects. No one before had ever quantified speed, movement, or color, and yet today, it seems natural because of what happened during these centuries. It also discusses how intensive objects emerged through four crucial scientific practices during this time: kinematics, dynamics, the mathematics of infinity, and experimental method. Kinematics studied the forms of motion, while dynamics studied the causes of motion. The main arguments are that all four of these sciences exhibited tensional patterns of motion, and that these sciences of moving objects measured changes proportionally along two or more coordinated dimensions.
The Modern Object II
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: May 2022

This chapter continues the discussion from the last by looking closely at two more significant sciences that shaped the modern object’s elastic structure: digital logic and transcendental mathematics. This chapter argues that these new sciences shared a common theory of “potential objects” despite their differences.
The Pedetic Object
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses contemporary objects, which do not have a single pattern of motion. It argues that they are hybrid objects that mix the four primary kinds of objects and kinetic patterns described in part two of this book. They can do this because they are also indeterminate objects. Science does not discover pre-existing objects but co-creates them and then uses them to reorganize the world of things. A unique aspect of the present historical moment and the nature of contemporary objects is that it lets us see the indeterminate and hybrid nature of all prior objects. This chapter also begins the discussion of how a new kind of object brings to the foreground of our attention three hidden dimensions of all previous objects: hybridity, pedesis, and feedback. Therefore, this chapter introduces and defines the loop object and its four features.
The Contemporary Object I: Quantum Theory
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses the first loop theory of the object that was born in the 1920s in quantum field theory. Instead of treating objects as discrete and static quanta with fixed properties, what if we treated them as relationally constituted? What if position, velocity, angular momentum, and electrical potential only emerged through interaction with other objects. Then we would have a fully relativistic quantum theory to account for quanta-in-transition. After Dirac formalized this idea mathematically, he realized that it unified two previously distinct kinds of objects: fields and particles.
This chapter shows how the study of quantum fields changed our theory of the object and opened the door to a more hybrid, pedetic, and relational loop object.
The Contemporary Object II: Category Theory
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses the second contribution to a loop theory of the object that emerged from the mathematics of category theory in the 1940s. Category theory was a direct response to set theory. The idea of a “category” is not just a replacement or refinement of the idea of a “set,” it is a profound conceptual change to the modern theory of the mathematical object. Unlike set theory, category theory does not attempt to ground mathematical activity in an ontology of types of objects such as sets. It is a logic of the continual transformations between mathematical objects. This chapter shows how category theory directs us to a new kinetic and indeterministic theory of objects. This chapter also aims to offer a kinetic interpretation of three core components of category theory: its hybridity, pedesis, and relationalism.
Conclusion
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses how hybrid objects of today are all around us, which are forcing us to rethink the nature and relationship between movement and objects. This book aimed to make three main contributions to the philosophy, history, and science of objects. Therefore, this chapter concludes the ideas of each of the three including: Part I: The Kinetic Object, Part II: History of the Object, and Part III: The Contemporary Object. It also discusses limitations and future directions concerning these topics.
Introduction
Authors: Lord Hall Joan
Published: May 2022

The Introduction discusses semantic distinctions that may be missed by twenty-first century readers. In particular, it stresses how frequently ‘will’ denotes sexual desire in early modern usage, as do the signifiers ‘affection’ and ‘blood’, while ‘friend’ can refer to lover. The Introduction points out the different methodologies the study draws on—combining cultural materialism (sensitivity to the ideological assumptions that inform the early modern period) with contemporary post-Freudian, feminist, queer and Presentist theory to show how Shakespeare treats issues such as same-sex attraction and misogynistic attitudes toward women. As well as offering a road map for the chapters that follow, this Introduction discusses how far Shakespeare’s work progressively breaks down the dichotomy, espoused by Christian discourse of his time, between sexual desire and romantic love.
‘Will’ and the Dark Side of Sexual Desire
Authors: Lord Hall Joan
Published: May 2022

This chapter argues that in Shakespeare’s dark comedies, Troilus and Cressida, All’s Well that Ends Well, and Measure for Measure, the signifier “will’ (denoting sexual desire) is key in underscoring the dark side of male desire. In Troilus and Cressida, sexual appetite runs counter to rational and moral judgment, while in All’s Well Betram prefers casual gratification of his ‘will’ to the commitment of marriage to Helena. Angelo in Measure for Measure demonstrates ‘lust in action’ (Sonnet 129) in his sexual coercion of the novitiate nun Isabella. This chapter also analyses how the bed trick (in two of these plays) demonstrates, though the easy substitution of one female body for another, the indiscriminate nature of male desire. Measure for Measure is particularly cynical about how far the institution of marriage can contain disruptive sexual desire, or the ‘carnal lusts and appetites’ denounced by the ‘Solemnization of Matrimony’ service used in Shakespeare’s time.
Male Lust, Power and Rape
Authors: Lord Hall Joan
Published: May 2022

Chapter 2 further discusses how Shakespeare explores the destructiveness of ‘will’ when it becomes ‘lust in action’ (the theme of Sonnet 129). In ‘The Rape of Lucrece’ Tarquin’s assault on Lucrece combines urgent sexual desire with a misogynistic demonstration of male power, partly incited by rivalry between males. While Titus Andronicus is the only play of Shakespeare’s in which a female is brutally raped, the act is as much an assertion of male political power as it is bestial lust. In the history play Henry V, women are subject to the will of the military aggressor, threatened with rape as part of the spoils of war. The chapter explores how within the Romance genre (Shakespeare’s Late Plays), vicious attacks on females are threatened but deflected; Marina escapes rape in Pericles, while in Cymbeline villainous Iachimo and bestial Cloten fail to seduce or violate Imogen. In The Tempest Caliban can only fantasize taking Miranda by force as means of gaining power over his master Prospero.
The Petrarchan Love Convention: Romance at Odds with Sexual Desire
Authors: Lord Hall Joan
Published: May 2022

Chapter 5 analyses how Shakespeare’s plays, as in Sonnet 130 (‘My Mistress’ Eyes Are Nothing like the Sun’) challenge and often deflate the Petrarchan convention—the lover’s elaborate language and melodramatic posturing as he pays homage to an unattainable female. In Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare also parodies conventional stylistic devices, such as oxymoron and hyperbole, which were popularised in Wyatt and Surrey’s translations of Petrarch’s sonnets, even while he poetically transforms conventional conceits into fresh metaphors through the lovers’ ardent response to one another. The chapter expands on how, in plays treating romantic love, Shakespeare critiques the Petrarchan ideal through several dramatic devices: ironic commentators, such as Rosalind/Ganymede; the frankly sexual perspective of the Nurse and Mercutio in Romeo and Juliet; the earthy realism of love affairs conducted lower down the social scale in the comedies; and the witty sexual repartees of the females in plays such as Love’s Labour’s Lost and Much Ado about Nothing.
Homoerotic Desire and Same-Sex Bonding: Challenges to Heterosexual Partnership?
Authors: Lord Hall Joan
Published: May 2022

Chapter 7 discusses how far homoerotic same-sex relationships and close friendships (male and female) challenge heterosexual norms of romance. Shakespeare’s Sonnets, which explore bisexual passion, privilege love for the ‘fair youth’ above lust for the ‘dark’ mistress. In Shakespeare’s theatre the transvestite convention of a boy actor playing a girl (who then pretends to be a boy) generates same-sex desire, as when Orsino in Twelfth Night is attracted to Viola dressed as Cesario. The chapter also shows how extreme devotion to a close male friend, the case with Antonio in The Merchant of Venice and Antonio in Twelfth Night, excludes these characters from the comic resolution of marriage. Meanwhile male friendship partly trumps heterosexual romantic attachment in The Two Gentlemen of Verona and The Two Noble Kinsmen, whereas strong bonds between females (Celia for Rosalind in As You Like It) only temporarily disrupt the progress toward traditional marriage.
‘The Buildings of My Fancy’: Family Ties and Sexual Desire
Authors: Lord Hall Joan
Published: May 2022

Chapter 8 discusses how Shakespeare’s plays touch on incestuous currents within the family—erotic attachments that may block the transfer of desire away from kindred and into a romantic, exogamous relationship. The chapter first considers how some close brother-sister ties—Laertes and Ophelia in Hamlet and Octavius and Octavia in Antony and Cleopatra—suggest sexual interest. Mother-son relationships in Shakespeare may also turn erotic; several movie productions of Hamlet accentuate the prince’s latent incestuous feelings for his mother. While in Coriolanus the hero is deeply attached to his mother, it is Volumnia who sometimes acts as if she were his wife. After examining how far King Lear’s possessiveness over his daughter Cordelia borders on the incestuous, the chapter ends by analysing father-daughter reunions in Shakespeare’s Romances. Apart from the opening narrative in Pericles, any shadow of unlawful love—in the royal fathers Cymbeline and Leontes—is fully dispelled, while in The Tempest Prospero’s sexual ‘will’ is displaced on to Caliban, the ‘thing of darkness’.
Introduction
Authors: Baskan Birol
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses the main objective of the book and summarizes its main finding: that is, state religiosity has little impact on whether Islamism generates opposition in a country or not. The chapter revisits the broader literature on Islamism and places this finding within that literature by elaborating on Islamism’s oppositional character. Islamism, the chapter claims, sets forth a perpetually-ongoing and ever-changing task for the modern state to be religious, a task that is impossible to complete. Hence, Islamism is inherently oppositional no matter how religious a state aspires or manages to be. The chapter finally discusses the research methodology adopted and the main sources consulted in the book.
The Muslim Brotherhood in the Gulf
Authors: Baskan Birol
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses how the Muslim Brotherhood expanded to the Gulf. The chapter claims that this expansion took place at a time Gulf States faced multiple challenges: building modern state institutions, but relying on professionals from other Arab countries, facing geopolitical challenge from pan-Arab socialist regimes and confronting domestic opposition inspired by pan-Arabism. In this domestic and regional context, the Muslim Brotherhood found safe haven in the Gulf and proved to be an acquiescent and loyal ally for the Gulf states. Because the movement faced persecution in its home country and later elsewhere in the Arab world, and had not yet accumulated the necessary social and cultural capital, it had remained non-oppositional from the 1950s to the 1970s.
Gulf States’ Diverging Attitudes Towards the Muslim Brotherhood
Authors: Baskan Birol
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses how Gulf States began to diverge in their attitudes towards the Muslim Brotherhood. The chapter argues that the conditions that had led Gulf States to adopt a similar attitude towards the Muslim Brotherhood began to disappear in the 1970s and observes that a series of domestic and regional developments forced individual Gulf states to adjust their attitudes towards the Muslim Brotherhood. In the same context the Muslim Brotherhood had also dropped its prior non-oppositional attitude towards the regime and became more and more oppositional, starting first in Kuwait and the UAE and later in Saudi Arabia. Yet, the chapter observes, the movement remained non-oppositional in Bahrain and Qatar.
The Arab Spring
Authors: Baskan Birol
Published: May 2022

This chapter claims that the Arab Spring unleashed a regional ‘earthquake’ and once again altered the geopolitical context for Gulf States. In the new geopolitical context the Muslim Brotherhood movement rose to political prominence in a number of Arab countries, especially in Egypt. Even though the Arab Spring has not changed Gulf states’ religious policies in any fundamental way, it altered Saudi Arabia’s and the UAE’s attitude towards the Muslim Brotherhood. Having already a troubled past with the movement, the UAE and Saudi Arabia became more and openly hostile towards the Muslim Brotherhood and eventually declared the movement as terrorist. The Arab Spring brought no fundamental change in other Gulf States’ relations with the Muslim Brotherhood in Bahrain, Kuwait, and Qatar.
Conclusion
Authors: Baskan Birol
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses how the experience of five Gulf States exemplifies the changes that take place in state-religion relations over the course of what scholars call modern state building. This chapter elaborates how Islamism is also linked to, in fact, intimately so, to modern state building in the Middle East. The chapter argues that Islamism was born as an attempt to reclaim the state that seemed to be lost its direction under the impact of Westernization/Secularization, yet put before reformers in the Middle East an almost impossible task.
The Politics of Entertainment
Authors: Otterbeck Jonas
Published: May 2022

Chapter seven analyses the social and political activities around Awakening. First it discusses its engagement in charity initiatives. Then it discusses in detail the politics of Maher Zain’s song “Palestine will be Free” from his debut album. It discusses the lyrics, recording, production, music video and performances of the song to understand the political work of Awakening. The chapter first uses the concepts movement artist and post-Islamism to try to pin down how to describe Awakening artists. However, the concepts are not sufficient and too tied to social movement theories; instead a new concept “ethical Islamic empowerment discourse” is launched to better capture the activities of Awakening. To argue for the usefulness of this concept, the chapter looks into Hamza Namira’s political songs, Maher Zain’s concerts and Awakening’s engagement in the highly successful Canadian Islamic conference “Reviving the Islamic Spirit”, a meeting place for Islamic intellectuals from all over the world and from many different traditions.
A Framework for Practising: Deriving the Four Criteria
Authors: Pont Antonia
Published: May 2022

This chapter offers a thorough definition and discussion of the term ‘practising’ more generally (as delimited by the book), before applying it widely to a variety of ‘practices’ (or sets of behaviours) such as creative art, daily tasks and also so-called spiritual practices, such as yoga, meditation etc. Via a close reading of the basic form of Soto Zen practice—shikantaza—the chapter then derives four criteria that can assist in clarifying when practising per se is in play. The four criteria are: form (a practice or structured behaviour); intentional repetition; relaxation; repeating repetition. These are discussed in detail to elucidate further how practising operates, both in conversation with Zen sources (Dogen and others) as well as with Deleuzian philosophy and criticism. The chapter includes a discussion of the threshold between habit and practising, which is taken up in Chapter 2.
Introduction
Authors: Sofie Schøtt Anne
Published: May 2022

This chapter introduces the investigation of the Kurdish diaspora mobilisation in Denmark in support of the Syrian Kurds. First, the chapter provides a brief historical overview of the Syrian crisis situating the international and transnational mobilisation in support of the Kurdish struggle against Islamic State. Then, the chapter lays out how the book contributes to the advancement of knowledge, discussing the main themes of the book: Kurdish diaspora mobilisation and the Syrian Kurds; Danish military engagement; diaspora mobilisation and conflict; and Kurds in Denmark. Next, the research questions guiding the study are presented: How does the war in Syria affect the activities of the Kurdish diaspora groups in Denmark? How do Danish authorities, decision-makers, other Kurds and opponents and supporters respond to these Kurdish activities? What is the outcome of the interaction between Kurdish activists and the other actors, and how does mobilisation in support of the Kurds in Syria form and transform Kurdish identities in Denmark? Finally, the chapter offers an outline of the parts and chapters of the book.
Methodology and Fieldwork
Authors: Sofie Schøtt Anne
Published: May 2022

This chapter presents the methodological framework of the book addressing the considerations of collecting data for analysis. The investigation of the Kurdish diaspora mobilisation in Denmark is primarily based on ethnographic fieldwork, which is described and justified in the chapter. The fieldwork was conducted primarily in Copenhagen from March 2016 to March 2019. This included participant observation at specific events in the public space as well as in community centres. It also included twenty-three semi-structured interviews with Kurdish activists, mainly core members of the two main Kurdish movements, also involving elements of life story interviews. Other sources such as documents and documentaries were also included. The chapter also discusses the ethical challenges of conducting fieldwork among Kurdish activists revolving around anonymity, accessibility, strategic encounters and positioning. The chapter concludes by outlining how the analyses of the subsequent chapters are structured.
The Kurds of Syria: From the Forgotten People to World-Stage Actors
Authors: Sofie Schøtt Anne
Published: May 2022

This chapter analyses the emergence of one of the main actors included in this study, that is, the Kurds of Syria, who during the 2010 went from being perceived as the ‘forgotten Kurds’ to world stage actors. The chapter presents the incidents that led to the mobilisation of a Syrian Kurdish political identity and to the creation of the Kurdish militias of YPG and YPJ to defend Kurdish identity and self-determination. It sketches the development from the awakening of Kurdish nationalism during the French mandate, via Syrian independence and harsh Arabisation under Ba’ath rule to the 2011 uprising and the birth of Kurdish autonomy. The chapter also explains how the Kurds in Syria became allies of the international military coalition against Islamic State during the battle of Kobane in 2014 but were abandoned during the Turkish capture of Afrin in 2018. The chapter concludes by discussing the future of the Kurdish autonomy.
The Courtroom: Legal Struggle for Military Support
Authors: Sofie Schøtt Anne
Published: May 2022

This chapter delves into the courtroom activism in support of the Kurds who joined the Kurdish fighters against Islamic State. It explains the rationale behind the Kurdish military activism in support of the Kurdish struggle against Islamic State, and investigates the strategies adopted to counter the legal restrictions on military support, which appear from amendments of the Passport Act and the Criminal Code. The chapter also considers the political and public reactions as well as the response from Kurdish diaspora actors towards courtroom activism. Focusing on one case of Kurdish courtroom activism, the struggle of a female fighter, Joanna Palani, who took her passport withdrawal to court, the chapter uncovers how both Danish decision makers and the public adopted an ambiguous stance towards Kurdish military activism. The chapter argues that the Kurdish diaspora actors seemed to accept this ambiguity to uphold a desirable room for manoeuvre. Finally, the chapter discusses the lack of incentives and prospects of courtroom activism among Kurdish activists in Denmark.
Ambiguous Interplays and Reformulations of Kurdish Identities
Authors: Sofie Schøtt Anne
Published: May 2022

This chapter presents the findings of the book and outlines the main conclusions regarding how Kurdish diaspora activism unfolds in a Danish setting and how this activism changed during the period from the battle of Kobane to defeat in Afrin. The study found that the Kurdish diaspora in Denmark came into being due to the mobilisation of Kurdish refugees and labour migrants. When the war broke out in Syria, the diaspora mobilised employing three strategies in support of the Syrian Kurds: political lobbyism, courtroom activism, and humanitarian activism. The book argues that the Kurdish diaspora responded to the Danish decision-makers’ reluctance to host Kurdish activism by employing a similar approach, turning the interaction into an ambiguous interplay. The book also argues that the Kurdish diaspora mobilisation led to new forms of Kurdish identity. This includes identifying with political entities in other parts of Kurdistan than the area of origin (‘alter-territorial’ identification). It also includes occasional identification with the Kurdish cause instead of being member of one of the two movements.
Katherine Mansfield’s Play Aesthetics
Authors: Nagy-Seres Imola
Published: May 2022

This essay explores the aesthetic and socio-political importance of play in Katherine Mansfield’s selected short stories. For Mansfield, children’s play is not synonymous with a complete withdrawal into a realm of abstract fantasies but a creative process that allows the subject to actively engage with the social, cultural, and natural world. Read in parallel with Maria Montessori’s educational theories, Mansfield’s stories question the pedagogical trend of ‘play learning’, suggesting that the importance of children’s play does not lie in cognitive learning outcomes but rather in its creative potential that hones the child’s aesthetic, social, and ecological sensibility.
Kezia a ‘ninseck’, Kezia the Bee
Authors: Kascakova Janka
Published: May 2022

This chapter analyses the moment in part IX of Katherine Mansfield’s ‘At the Bay’ (1921), when the child character Kezia decides, against the implied rules of the game, to be a bee. More specifically, it concentrates on and examines two significant aspects: one is Kezia’s, but more importantly Mansfield’s, choice of the bee ‘animal’ as a play persona; the other is the inclusion of the insects vs. animals taxonomic controversy. It will explore the implications of both, arguing that closer scrutiny of the symbolical connotations of bees adds further layers to the reading of the story and that Kezia’s defence of insects communicates and supports Mansfield’s belief in alternative approaches to the treatment and perception of children, women or animals, expressed in other parts of this particular story as well as in some of her other New Zealand stories.
‘The Chorus Girl and the Tariff’ by Katherine Mansfield
Authors: Griffiths Martin
Published: May 2022

KM took literary inspiration from America-based performers that visited Wellington and London, including pianist Teresa Carreño and actress ‘Mrs. Hannibal Williams’ – she associated with performing artists throughout her short life – and took an interest in American theatre and cinema. KM used theatrical conventions, techniques and characters in her stories and had a desire to reach or create an audience in America. ‘The Chorus Girl and the Tariff by Katherine Mansfield’ is a monologue concerning the dull humiliation of scratching a living off, and on, Broadway, New York. Despite problematic jargon and detailed geography specific to locations in New York, attribution of the text to KM – who toured as a chorus girl with Garnet Trowell and the Moody Manners Opera Company in 1909 (when it was published) – is plausible and the sketch has the potential to shed light on some of the obscure events of KM’s early life in New Zealand and London.
Appearances Matter: Katherine Mansfield and the Photographic Record
Authors: Mitchell J. Lawrence
Published: May 2022

As a child KM endured criticism about her appearance and came to see herself as something of an ugly duckling. Her adulthood was marked by a perhaps compensatory fastidiousness in habits and in dress and by a desire to control her self-image most concretely manifest in some dozen portrait photographs she distributed to family, friends, and lovers. The contretemps with Middleton-Murry and Constable over the 1913 Adelphi Studio photograph must be interpreted in the context of that desire; but the significance of the outcome—the use of a new portrait photograph on the dust-jacket of Bliss—has hitherto not been appreciated by biographers and critics.
‘A widening circle of connectedness’ in Mansfield Studies
Authors: McDonnell Jenny
Published: May 2022

This review essay surveys a selection of significant Mansfield-related publications from 2020. These include Volume One of the Edinburgh Edition of the Collected Letters (ed. by Claire Davison and Gerri Kimber) and Katherine Mansfield: New Directions (ed. by Aimée Gasston, Gerri Kimber and Janet Wilson), as well as individual essays and chapters in Aphoristic Modernity: 1880 to the present (ed. by Kostas Boyiopoulos and Michael Shallcross), Commemorative Modernisms: Women Writers, Death and the First World War (Alice Kelly) and The Literature of Connection: Signal, Medium, Interface 1850–1950 (David Trotter). The essay references spatio-temporal metaphors such as the constellation, rhizome and archipelago in order to explore the ways in which recent Mansfield criticism opens up new ways of reading her life and writing. These texts reveal ‘a widening circle of connectedness’ (Ali Smith) within Mansfield studies, and speak to the multiple ways in which her personal and literary writings produce points of connection, communication and dialogue across space and time.
Race and Nationhood in the Mid-Nineteenth-Century Transatlantic Field
Authors: Sommer Tim
Published: May 2022

Engaging work in sociology and nationalism research, this chapter opens with an account of the function of ascriptions of racial and national identity in Carlyle’s and Emerson’s early transatlantic reception. Their critics – New England Unitarians and New York Young Americans as much as Tory intellectuals and Victorian novelists – tended to exclude them from membership in the Anglo-American literary sphere while their supporters resorted to the rhetoric of race to make a case for their reintegration. The remainder of the chapter provides a more general discussion of mid-century racialism on both sides of the Atlantic. Reading Carlyle’s and Emerson’s writings on race in the context of a contemporary Anglo-American discourse of Anglo-Saxon history and culture, the chapter demonstrates that assertions and denials of biological and cultural kinship played a key role in a complex nineteenth-century debate about transatlantic authority.
‘A Yankee Pocket Edition of Carlyle’? Emerson on the British Market
Authors: Sommer Tim
Published: May 2022

This chapter provides an account of British editions of Emerson’s works published in the 1840s. Building on an analysis of publishers’ correspondence and contemporary advertisements, it emphasises the importance of Carlyle’s presence in these books (his prefaces to them as well as the centrality of his name on title pages and in contemporary reviews). Emerson’s books had been pirated in England since the late 1830s, but he began to benefit from this interest in his writing only when Carlyle’s London publisher James Fraser issued an authorised edition of Essays in 1841. Emerson sought to emancipate himself from Carlyle when he decided to sell his subsequent books through the firm of John Chapman, but he did not ultimately manage to solve the problem of unauthorised transatlantic reprinting. The chapter concludes with an account of Emerson’s efforts (aided by Chapman and Carlyle) to use mid-century international copyright legislation to rebuild the cultural and economic authority of literary authorship.
(De-)Authorising Eloquence: Carlyle and Transatlantic Public Speech
Authors: Sommer Tim
Published: May 2022

This chapter concentrates on Carlyle’s early activity as a lecturer as well as on his later commentary on the relationship between intellectual labour and the public sphere. It begins by looking at his (never realised) plans for a lecture tour of the United States in the 1830s, demonstrating that Carlyle consistently associated the lecturing profession with the charismatic authority of the religious prophet. These plans are then contextualised through a brief account of the motivations behind his advocacy of British emigration to North America during the same period. Following a discussion of the transatlantic themes and the American newspaper reprinting of the lectures Carlyle delivered in London between 1837 and 1840, the chapter’s final two parts cover his increasing disillusion with public performance from the later 1840s through the 1860s. A reading of some of his most controversial writings – including the ‘Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question’ and Latter-Day Pamphlets (1850) –, reveals that Carlyle’s critique of eloquence ultimately derived from his growing concern about the waning authority of the writer as public intellectual. The chapter’s conclusion analyses the extended transatlantic debate Carlyle’s late writings sparked off about the political and cultural impact of American democracy.
Epilogue: From Sectional Conflict to Posthumous Consecration
Authors: Sommer Tim
Published: May 2022

This chapter brings together the key themes of the book and shows how discourses of racial identity and cultural history as well as the institutional spaces of print and lecturing developed in the final decades of the nineteenth century. The first half of the chapter looks at the changes that the years surrounding the American Civil War brought to Anglo-American relations in the literary field. It reads Carlyle’s and Emerson’s divergent responses to the conflict together with their resonance among contemporary readers to argue that the war ultimately strengthened rather than severed literary and cultural ties between Britain and the United States. Focusing on a diverse range of editorial projects, biographical texts and literary histories, the epilogue concludes with an account of how in late-nineteenth-century transatlantic culture Carlyle and Emerson were posthumously authorised as icons of an Anglo-American cultural sphere which during their lifetimes they themselves had helped to create.
‘Conversion’ of the ‘Nothing’ by the Instrumentality of The Merchant of Venice
Authors: Budick Sanford
Published: May 2022

In The Merchant of Venice a variety of voices clamour for conversion. Shakespeare shows that the precondition for achieving any genuine conversion is attaining to a standpoint outside one’s erstwhile consciousness. Crucial to the achievement of an onlooking standpoint by the instrumentality of this play is the numbers game of “hazard “that climaxes in the “three” and its variants of “the third.” In the footsteps of other scholars, Michel Foucault explained that the third “turn” or epistrophe is a rhetorical figure for the experience of “conversion.” So, too, in The Merchant of Venice the hazard of bracketing the human is made to occur in the intrusion—the Einbruch—of Christian Jew-hatred directly from the spectator’s (and Shakespeare’s) place and time into the space and time of the play. Here I cite and amend Carl Schmitt’s concept of an “intrusion of the time,”the “Einbruch” or “breaking-in” of an extra-fictional reality into the reality represented on stage. These are among the means that Shakespeare employs to produce the condition of the onlooker. Yet the full realisation of that condition—anticipated in this play—awaits chiastic partnership with Shakespeare’s other great representation of racist imagination—Othello.
Towards an Escape from Theatricalisation: Hamlet and As You Like It
Authors: Budick Sanford
Published: May 2022

Although Hamlet is often referred to as a revenge tragedy, the hero’s pursuit of revenge “with wings as swift / As meditation” (1.5.29– 30) is secondary to something far more important—far more important, at least, to him. This is the disclosure to himself, precisely in meditation, of the inward self, the independent subjectivity that he has claimed from the beginning— “that within which passes show” (1.2.85). In Hamlet’s meditative activity, the figure of chiasmus attains a key prominence. Indeed, his own mirror held up to nature (3.2.20– 22) deploys (as in the reversals of all mirrors) the reversed doubling of chiasmus (i.e., BA as well as AB). In As You Like It the principal figure of chiasmus is that of the wrestling that generates a world of intersubjectivity. Crowning these efforts, the chiastic relation between As You Like It and Hamlet opens a shared extra-theatrical onlooking and intersubjectivity between playwright and spectator. Within and between these plays, a constantly renewed consciousness of the imminence of death is integral to the achievement of the disinterestedness of onlooking and the deferrals of self to other.
Retrospect
Authors: Budick Sanford
Published: May 2022

Abstract and Keywords to be supplied.
‘Stratigraphic Silence’: Chaoid Cinema and its Centripetal/Centrifugal Functions
Authors: Gardner Colin
Published: May 2022

The Introduction lays down the philosophical basis for the book by showing how silence acts as a connecting vector between different planes – specifically composition (art) and immanence (philosophy) – using a stratigraphic approach derived from Deleuze and Guattari, whereby layers of meaning are less chronological than they are overlapping (like rock strata) so that we can make ‘underground’ connections beneath the surface continuity of the narrative. Then, using Laura U. Marks’s concept of ‘enfolding-unfolding aesthetics’ (itself grounded in Leibniz’s baroque fold as the smallest element of matter), the chapter shows how the past-as-virtual unfolds and then re-enfolds back in relation to the actual along the plane of immanence, linking experience, information and image in a topological biogram (akin to an endlessly returning Moebius strip). This is then related to centripetal and centrifugal forces in traditional film theory, whether based on the rigid framing of the theatrical proscenium (André Bazin’s centripetally independent shot, epitomized by the long take) or the deframings of Eisenstein and other montage-oriented directors where movement across and between shots breaks the theatrical frame (Deleuze’s movement-image).
‘The M ultiplicity is Among Us’: Silence and the M achinic Phylum in Fritz Lang’s M (1931)
Authors: Gardner Colin
Published: May 2022

The book opens with an analysis of M, Fritz Lang’s first sound film, starring Peter Lorre as the child murderer, Hans Beckert. The film borrows a lot of the techniques that were popular in German radio at that time –the sound of gongs to introduce new scenes or programmes; newspaper headlines read aloud as diegetic exposition – and it also lacks a musical score (a staple of so-called silent cinema during actual screenings). The film’s key ideological underpinning is the World War I veteran Ernst Jünger’s application of the war ego, based on the dictum, ‘kill or be killed,’ to the peacetime ego of ‘thou shalt not kill’ whereby the former overrides the latter in a mechanized society driven by what he called ‘second consciousness’ and what Michel Foucault would subsequently call the dispositif. The film’s silences represent what Deleuze and Guattari call the ‘machinic phylum,’ a vector of forces that links different points as pre-subjective singularities but also brings them together as aggregates/totalities. Thus the phylum represents Beckert’s untrammeled desires that defy the dispositif (largely because they are unrepresentable except as an internal snuff film that can only be halted in the actual act of killing).
Silencing Interpellation: Gorin, Althusser and the Ideological State Apparatus
Authors: Gardner Colin
Published: May 2022

It’s well known that Jean-Pierre Gorin studied with Louis Althusser, Jacques Lacan and Michel Foucault and that the former’s deconstruction of Marx’s Base-Superstructure model into an autonomous, unconscious duality of the Ideological State Apparatus (I.S.A.) and Repressive State Apparatus (R.S.A.) played a key structural and formal role in four important Dziga Vertov Group films: Pravda (1970), Vent d’est, 1970), Lotte in Italia, 1971), and Vladimir and Rosa (1971). In all four cases, the use of silence acts as an intrusive stutter or multiplicitous AND that creates an epistemological rupture in the seeming uniformity of the I.S.A., sparking a deterritorializing vector into alternative modes of thinking and production that help to challenge and foreground the reactionary role of interpellation as a creator of hegemonic consensus. In Lotte in Italia, for example, a young bourgeois radical, Paola Taviani, is critiqued for her lack of political consciousness by inserting black leader and sound drop-outs into images of her daily life as a daughter, teacher, and politico. These are subsequently filled in by images and sounds of the means of production – factories and workers – that make her life possible so that she becomes aware of the interpellating strategies that ‘absorb’ her into bourgeois ideology.
‘We’re Projectorists!’: Concrete Duration and the Spectacle of Attractions in Malcolm Le Grice’s Little Dog for Roger (1967), Threshold (1972) and After Lumière – L’Arroseur Arrosé (1974)
Authors: Gardner Colin
Published: May 2022

This chapter explores Le Grice’s desire for a ‘concrete duration’ in film through an analysis of Little Dog for Roger (1967); Threshold (1972); and After Lumière – L’Arroseur Arrosé (1974), all of which exemplify Tom Gunning’s notion of a ‘cinema of attractions’ as a means of expanding Deleuze’s reduction of the ‘movement-image’ to a formal structure ruled by narrative montage. Not unlike Vertov, Le Grice privileges the simultaneity – through the real-time present act of projection – of all the component parts of the filmic apparatus: filming; copying; printing; screening, instead of relegating them to acts of the past that pre-date the film’s exhibition. Silences act as intrinsic elements in the act of projection: the stuttering of the film as it passes through the gate; legitimate sound drop-outs, as well as markers of shifting borderlines between images. Thus technology and phenomenology are fused together, for as Heidegger says, ‘Technology is a mode of revealing. Technology comes to presence in the realm where revealing and unconcealment take place, where alētheia, truth happens.’
The Intonational System of Azerbaijani Modes: a Study with the Use of Computer Technologies
Authors:   Baku Academy of Music named after U. Hajibayli, Aliyeva Imina G. , Gorbunova Irina B. ,   Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia
Published: May 2022

The perception of Azerbaijani frets when performed on evenly tempered instruments is based on the property of human consciousness to generalize different phenomena, recognizing their common meaning. Azerbaijani frets form a stable image in consciousness, and the pitch of the 12-step uniform temperament completely determines the individuality of the frets and their differentiation. Acoustic measurements related to the pitch intonation of Azerbaijani music (both traditional and compositional), with the study of their microintonation schemes, as well as the timbre characteristics of Azerbaijani folk instruments have so far remained out of the field of view of researchers and have not been the subject of special study. The article deals with issues related to the intonation system of Azerbaijani frets, with their existence in contemporary musical culture, cites the field of cognitive musicology, which allows us to present the intonation system of Azerbaijani frets in the form of a cognitive structure, which has significant prospects for their implementation in the field of contemporary musical research with the involvement of music computer technologies. A particularly important aspect is associated with an adequate representation of the range of problems under consideration in the system of contemporary musical education, which is also possible and very productive when using modern music computer technologies.
Audiovisual interactive artwork via web-deployed software: Motus composes Homino-idea
Authors: Amstalden Augusto Piato , Tavares Tiago Fernandes , Costa Neto Anésio Azevedo , Camarini Giovana Cardi
Published: May 2022

Many art installations rely on camera-based audiovisual interactions, and this commonly requires specialized hardware and software. Consequently, audiovisual installations are usually restricted to wealthier areas, in which the specialized equipment can be afforded and properly hosted. In countries with an evident income unbalance linked to location, the geographic restriction leads to an audience restriction. In this work, we present the development of a web-deployed composition tool for audiovisual interactions that runs on the client side and does not require installing any additional software. Simultaneously, it provides visual feedback that can aid the audience to understand the experience. Consequently, the tool can be used to compose audiovisual interactions that reach a large audience via web. We further explore the tool by composing the audiovisual installation Homino-idea. The installation is inspired by the interactions between humans and the environment, and can be either shown in art venues or used online.
Utilizing Novel Field and Data Exploration Methods to Explore Hot Moments in High-Frequency Soil Nitrous Oxide Emissions Data: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: O’Connell Christine S. , Anthony Tyler L. , Mayes Melanie A. , Pérez Tibisay , Sihi Debjani , Silver Whendee L.
Published: May 2022

Soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions are an important driver of climate change and are a major mechanism of labile nitrogen (N) loss from terrestrial ecosystems. Evidence increasingly suggests that locations on the landscape that experience biogeochemical fluxes disproportionate to the surrounding matrix (hot spots) and time periods that show disproportionately high fluxes relative to the background (hot moments) strongly influence landscape-scale soil N2O emissions. However, substantial uncertainties remain regarding how to measure and model where and when these extreme soil N2O fluxes occur. High-frequency datasets of soil N2O fluxes are newly possible due to advancements in field-ready instrumentation that uses cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS). Here, we outline the opportunities and challenges that are provided by the deployment of this field-based instrumentation and the collection of high-frequency soil N2O flux datasets. While there are substantial challenges associated with automated CRDS systems, there are also opportunities to utilize these near-continuous data to constrain our understanding of dynamics of the terrestrial N cycle across space and time. Finally, we propose future research directions exploring the influence of hot moments of N2O emissions on the N cycle, particularly considering the gaps surrounding how global change forces are likely to alter N dynamics in the future.