bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A strategy for the reduction of formaldehyde concentration in a hospital pathology laboratory
Authors: Ogawa Masanori , Kabe Isamu , Terauchi Yasuhiro , Tanaka Shigeru
Published: January 2019

Objectives

Formaldehyde is routinely used in pathology laboratories. The threshold limit value of formaldehyde determined by American and Japanese organizations is 0.1 ppm, which is similar to the indoor air quality guideline value (0.08 ppm). Therefore, maintaining low formaldehyde concentrations in the workplace is imperative. The purpose of this study was to reduce the concentration of formaldehyde in a hospital pathology laboratory, in which approximately 15 000 pathological diagnoses are conducted yearly, using hardware and software interventions.

Methods

Although this laboratory had various ventilation systems, the formaldehyde concentration was high. Based on the Japanese work environment measurement system, the workplace was categorized as control class III, suggesting that improvements to workplace conditions were required. First, engineering controls were implemented and workers were asked not to block the ventilation system and not to keep waste fluid tanks open. However, the workplace required further improvement. Next, using a video camera and a formaldehyde detector, we attempted to visually educate workers about how much formaldehyde is emitted from the sample container based on the type of action undertaken.

Results

After the first intervention, the workplace improved to control class II. Control class II indicates that the workplace condition is between classes I and III; a good workplace condition is classified as class I. Although the work environment was still categorized as control class II after the second intervention, this intervention led to the further improvements.

Conclusions

The hardware and software interventions and safe working habits were effective in improving the work environment.
Direct methyl esterification with 2,2-dimethoxypropane for the simultaneous determination of urinary metabolites of toluene, xylene, styrene, and ethylbenzene by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
Authors: Takeuchi Akito , Namera Akira , Sakui Norihiro , Yamamoto Shinobu , Yamamuro Kenji , Nishinoiri Osamu , Endo Yoko , Endo Ginji
Published: January 2019

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to develop a simple and accurate gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for simultaneous determination of four urinary metabolites from four organic solvents, that is, hippuric acid (HA) from toluene, methylhippuric acid (MHA) from xylene, and mandelic acid (MA) and phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA) from styrene or ethylbenzene for biological monitoring.

Methods

The four metabolites were directly methyl-esterified with 2,2-dimethoxypropane and analyzed using GC-MS. The proposed method was validated according to the US Food and Drug Administration guidance. The accuracy of the proposed method was confirmed by analyzing a ClinChek®—Control for occupational medicine (RECIPE Chemicals +Instruments GmbH).

Results

Calibration curves showed linearity in the concentration range of 10-1000 mg/L for each metabolite, with correlation coefficients >0.999. For each metabolite, the limits of detection and quantification were 3 mg/L and 10 mg/L, respectively. The recovery was 93%-117%, intraday accuracy, expressed as the deviation from the nominal value, was 92.7%-103.0%, and intraday precision, expressed as the relative standard deviation (RSD), was 1.3%-4.7%. Interday accuracy and precision were 93.4%-104.0% and 1.2%-9.5%, respectively. The analytical values of ClinChek obtained using the proposed method were sufficiently accurate.

Conclusions

The proposed method is a simple and accurate which is suitable for routine analyses that could be used for biological monitoring of occupational exposure to four organic solvents.
Fluctuation of primary motor cortex excitability during cataplexy in narcolepsy
Authors: Huang Bei , Qian Zhenying , Wang Zongwen , Zhang Jihui , Chen Kun , Xu Tao , Wang Jijun , Cechetto David F. , Zhao Zhongxin , Wu Huijuan
Published: January 2019

Objective

Cataplexy is a complicated and dynamic process in narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) patients. This study aimed to clarify the distinct stages during a cataplectic attack and identify the changes of the primary motor cortex (PMC) excitability during these stages.

Methods

Thirty‐five patients with NT1 and 29 healthy controls were recruited to this study. Cataplectic stages were distinguished from a cataplectic attack by video‐polysomnogram monitoring. Transcranial magnetic stimulation motor‐evoked potential (TMS‐MEP) was performed to measure the excitability of PMC during quiet wakefulness, laughter without cataplexy, and each cataplectic stage.

Results

Based on the video and electromyogram observations, a typical cataplectic attack (CA) process is divided into four stages: triggering (CA1), resisting (CA2), atonic (CA3), and recovering stages (CA4). Compared with healthy controls, NT1 patients showed significantly decreased intracortical facilitation during quiet wakefulness. During the laughter stage, both patients and controls showed increased MEP amplitude compared with quiet wakefulness. The MEP amplitude significantly increased even higher in CA1 and 2, and then dramatically decreased in CA3 accompanied with prolonged MEP latency compared with the laughter stage and quiet wakefulness. The MEP amplitude and latency gradually recovered during CA4.

Interpretation

This study identifies four stages during cataplectic attack and reveals the existence of a resisting stage that might change the process of cataplexy. The fluctuation of MEP amplitude and MEP latency shows a potential participation of PMC and motor control pathway during cataplexy, and the increased MEP amplitude during CA1 and 2 strongly implies a compensatory mechanism in motor control that may resist or avoid cataplectic attack.
Most treatment programs in the U.S. don't offer medication for OUD: Study
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: January 2019

A study based on N‐SSATS — the National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services — has found that in 2016, the most recent year covered, only 36.1 percent of substance use disorder (SUD) treatment programs in the United States offer at least one of the three medications for treating opioid use disorders (OUDs). These medications are considered the gold standard for OUD treatment.
What's old is new again: Emergence of stimulants complicates picture
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: January 2019

Discussion of the “triple wave” of prescription opioids, street heroin and fentanyl appears gradually to be transitioning to inclusion of a fourth phenomenon: the re‐emergence of cocaine or methamphetamine, depending on location. Those who have historically monitored drug trends say not only should this have been a highly predictable evolution, but it is also bringing other past drug‐using practices back into prominence, including the “speedballing” of heroin and cocaine.
Acute psychotic symptoms linked to adolescent marijuana use
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: January 2019

Many adolescent marijuana users report acute symptoms — paranoia, anxiety or hallucinations — associated with their use of the drug, researchers from Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School have found. Rates of these symptoms were higher among regular users, those who met criteria for cannabis use disorder (CUD) and those who were also depressed.
Surface Regulation Towards Stimuli‐Responsive Luminescence of Ultrasmall Thiolated Gold Nanoparticles for Ratiometric Imaging
Authors: Chen Ying , Li Libo , Gong Lingshan , Zhou Tingyao , Liu Jinbin
Published: January 2019

The surface chemistry of the ultrasmall thiolated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs, < 3.0 nm) plays key roles in both governing the intrinsic emission and establishing interfaces surrounded by various amine‐containing biomolecules in the biomedical applications such as imaging, targeting, and diagnostics. However, a fundamental understanding of the surface ligand's role in the stimuli‐responsive emissions of AuNPs toward the amine molecules is currently lacking. Here, through investigation of the thiolate surface and exotic amine structures, it is discovered that the nucleophilic amines tend to closely bind the electrophilic gold surface, generating a high‐energy stimuli‐responsive emission from the low‐energy intrinsically emitting AuNPs. Both the intrinsic and stimuli‐responsive emissions show a unique amine concentration‐dependent ratiometric pattern for quantitative assessments of important biogenic amines in the biological samples. This discovery opens a new pathway to the design of stimuli‐responsive AuNPs, and would promote more experimental and theoretical research on the application‐driven surface engineering for advanced biological applications.
Degradation Mechanism and Stability Improvement Strategy for an Organic Laser Gain Material 4,4′‐Bis[(N‐carbazole)styryl]biphenyl (BSBCz)
Authors: Matsushima Toshinori , Yoshida Seiya , Inada Ko , Esaki Yu , Fukunaga Toshiya , Mieno Hiroyuki , Nakamura Nozomi , Bencheikh Fatima , Leyden Matthew R. , Komatsu Ryutaro , Qin Chuanjiang , Sandanayaka Atula S. D. , Adachi Chihaya
Published: January 2019

The organic material 4,4′‐bis[(N‐carbazole)styryl]biphenyl (BSBCz) is an excellent gain medium for laser devices. However, BSBCz laser output quickly degrades during photoexcitation, which is an issue that must be overcome before it can be used for practical applications. In this study, the photodegradation mechanisms of BSBCz are investigated with the aim of enhancing its excited‐state stability. The photodegradation of BSBCz is attributed to instability of the triplet excited states that would occasionally decompose into other species. This decomposition reduces absorption and introduces exciton quenchers. Incorporating the triplet managing material 9,10‐di(naphtha‐2‐yl)anthracene (ADN) into BSBCz films greatly improves photoluminescence and amplified spontaneous emission stability because of the effective removal of the unstable triplets by ADN. This triplet managing method makes it possible to increase operational stability for BSBCz‐based organic light‐emitting diodes. Therefore, these results will contribute toward the fabrication of stable optically and electrically pumped organic laser diodes.
Plasmon‐Enhanced Fluorescent Sensor based on Aggregation‐Induced Emission for the Study of Protein Conformational Transformation
Authors: Cui Yanyun , Yuan Chang , Tan Hongwei , Zhang Zhanbin , Jia Yijing , Na Na , Ouyang Jin
Published: January 2019

The alteration in protein conformation not only affects the performance of its biological functions, but also leads to a variety of protein‐mediated diseases. Developing a sensitive strategy for protein detection and monitoring its conformation changes is of great significance for the diagnosis and treatment of protein conformation diseases. Herein, a plasmon‐enhanced fluorescence (PEF) sensor is developed, based on an aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) molecule to monitor conformational changes in protein, using prion protein as a model. Three anthracene derivatives with AIE characteristics are synthesized and a water‐miscible sulfonate salt of 9,10‐bis(2‐(6‐sulfonaphthalen‐2‐yl)vinyl)anthracene (BSNVA) is selected to construct the PEF–AIE sensor. The sensor is nearly non‐emissive when it is mixed with cellular prion protein while emits fluorescence when mixed with disease‐associated prion protein (PrPSc). The kinetic process of conformational conversion can be monitored through the fluorescence changes of the PEF–AIE sensor. By right of the amplified fluorescence signal, this PEF–AIE sensor can achieve a detection limit 10 pM lower than the traditional AIE probe and exhibit a good performance in human serum sample. Furthermore, molecular docking simulations suggest that BSNVA tends to dock in the β‐sheet structure of PrP by hydrophobic interaction between BSNVA and the exposed hydrophobic residues.
Nanotopography‐Induced Unfolding of Fibrinogen Modulates Leukocyte Binding and Activation
Authors: Visalakshan Rahul M. , Cavallaro Alex A. , MacGregor Melanie N. , Lawrence Emma P. , Koynov Kaloian , Hayball John D. , Vasilev Krasimir
Published: January 2019

Surface nanotopograpy has been recognized as an important regulator of cellular responses including those of immune cells, the latter being of particular importance for implantable materials since these can determine biomaterial fate. In this paper, evidence is provided that the scale of surface nanotopography modulates the conformation of attached serum proteins, which in turn controls immune cell adhesion and activation. Model surfaces of tailored nanotopography of heights of 16, 38, and 68 nm are created by covalent immobilization of gold nanoparticles to an oxazoline‐rich plasma polymer film. This strategy not only produces surfaces of tailored nanofeature density but allows control of the outermost surface chemistry. Circular dichroism spectroscopy and Mac‐1 positive THP‐1 monocytes studies demonstrate distinct protein unfolding patterns, which upregulate or downregulate the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and cells attachment. The findings presented in this paper shed light on the missing relationship between surface nanotopography, protein unfolding, and the immune response. On the other hand, this work demonstrates the possibility to use specifically tailored surface nanotoporaphy scales to modulate and achieve desired immune responses.
Separating Crystallization Process of P3HT and O‐IDTBR to Construct Highly Crystalline Interpenetrating Network with Optimized Vertical Phase Separation
Authors: Liang Qiuju , Jiao Xuechen , Yan Ye , Xie Zhiyuan , Lu Guanghao , Liu Jiangang , Han Yanchun
Published: January 2019

The morphology with the interpenetrating network and optimized vertical phase separation plays a key role in determining the charge transport and collection in polymer:nonfullerene small molecular acceptors (SMAs) solar cells. However, the crystallization of polymer and SMAs usually occurs simultaneously during film‐forming, thus interfering with the crystallization process of each other, leading to amorphous film with undesirable lateral and vertical phase separation. The poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT):O‐IDTBR blend is selected as a model system, and controlling film‐forming kinetics to solve these problems is proposed. Herein, a cosolvent 1,2,4‐triclorobenzene (TCB) with selective solubility and a high boiling point is added to the solution, leading to prior crystallization of P3HT and extended film‐forming duration. As a result, the crystallinity of both components is enhanced significantly. Meanwhile, the prior crystallization of P3HT induces solid–liquid phase separation, hence rationalizing the formation of the nano‐interpenetrating network. Moreover, the surface energy drives O‐IDTBR to enrich near the cathode and P3HT to migrate to the anode. Consequently, a highly crystalline nano‐interpenetrating network with proper vertical phase separation is obtained. The optimal morphology improves charge transport and suppresses bimolecular recombination, boosting the power conversion efficiency from 4.45% to 7.18%, which is the highest performance in P3HT‐based binary nonfullerene solar cells.
Cancer Stem Cell‐Platelet Hybrid Membrane‐Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles for Enhanced Photothermal Therapy of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Bu Lin‐Lin , Rao Lang , Yu Guang‐Tao , Chen Lei , Deng Wei‐Wei , Liu Jian‐Feng , Wu Hao , Meng Qian‐Fang , Guo Shi‐Shang , Zhao Xing‐Zhong , Zhang Wen‐Feng , Chen Guojun , Gu Zhen , Liu Wei , Sun Zhi‐Jun
Published: January 2019

Cell membrane–based nanosystems with desirable characteristics have been studied extensively for many therapeutic applications. However, current research has focused on single cell membrane, and multifunctional fused membrane materials from different membrane types are still rare. Herein, a platelet–cancer stem cell (CSC) hybrid membrane‐coated iron oxide magnetic nanoparticle (MN) {[CSC‐P]MN} is presented for the first time for the enhanced photothermal therapy of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Inherited from the original source cells, the platelet membrane shows immune evading ability due to the surface marker comprising a number of “don't eat me” signals, and the CSC membrane has homotypic targeting capabilities due to the specific surface adhesion molecules. The [CSC‐P]MNs possess superior characteristics for immune evasion, active cancer targeting, magnetic resonance imaging, and photothermal therapy. Compared with single cell membrane–coated MNs, [CSC‐P]MNs exhibit prolonged circulation times and enhanced targeting abilities. Moreover, the [CSC‐P]MNs exhibit a superior photothermal ability that provides excellent HNSCC tumor growth inhibition, particularly in an immunocompetent Tgfbr1/Pten conditional double knockout HNSCC mouse model that contains a more complex tumor microenvironment that is similar to the human HNSCC microenvironment. Collectively, this biomimetic multimembrane‐coated nanoplatform may provide enhanced antitumor efficacy in the complex tumor microenvironment.
A Liquid‐Metal‐Enabled Versatile Organic Alkali‐Ion Battery
Authors: Ding Yu , Guo Xuelin , Qian Yumin , Zhang Leyuan , Xue Leigang , Goodenough John B. , Yu Guihua
Published: January 2019

Despite the high specific capacity and low redox potential of alkali metals, their practical application as anodes is still limited by the inherent dendrite‐growth problem. The fusible sodium–potassium (Na–K) liquid metal alloy is an alternative that detours this drawback, but the fundamental understanding of charge transport in this binary electroactive alloy anode remains elusive. Here, comprehensive characterization, accompanied with density function theory (DFT) calculations, jointly expound the Na–K anode‐based battery working mechanism. With the organic cathode sodium rhodizonate dibasic (SR) that has negligible selectivity toward cations, the charge carrier is screened by electrolytes due to the selective ionic pathways in the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Stable cycling for this Na–K/SR battery is achieved with capacity retention per cycle to be 99.88% as a sodium‐ion battery (SIB) and 99.70% as a potassium‐ion battery (PIB) for over 100 cycles. Benefitting from the flexibility of the liquid metal and the specially designed carbon nanofiber (CNF)/SR layer‐by‐layer cathode, a flexible dendrite‐free alkali‐ion battery is achieved with an ultrahigh areal capacity of 2.1 mAh cm−2. Computation‐guided materials selection, characterization‐supported mechanistic understanding, and self‐validating battery performance collectively promise the prospect of a high‐performance, dendrite‐free, and versatile organic‐based liquid metal battery.
Highly Efficient Semitransparent Organic Solar Cells with Color Rendering Index Approaching 100
Authors: Zhang Jingwen , Xu Guiying , Tao Feng , Zeng Guang , Zhang Moyao , Yang Yang (Michael) , Li Yaowen , Li Yongfang
Published: January 2019

Neutral‐colored semitransparent organic solar cells (ST‐OSCs) have attracted considerable attention owing to their unique application in no‐visual‐obstacle building‐integrated photovoltaics. Toward this promising potential application, a synergistic effect is first proposed by employing a dielectric mirror and ternary photoactive layer with near‐infrared absorption to tune the color perception as well as ST‐OSC performance precisely. As a result, a neutral‐color ST‐OSC with high average transmittance of over 21% is successfully constructed, and a remarkable color‐rendering index approaching 100 and high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.37% are simultaneously achieved. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest PCE reported for neutral‐color ST‐OSCs to date. Importantly, this synergistic effect is demonstrated to be a universal strategy that is not only suitable for various photoactive layer systems, but can also be implanted in flexible substrate. The resulting neutral‐color flexible ST‐OSCs also show a promising PCE of 8.76%.
Ordered Hybrid Micro/Nanostructures and Their Optical Applications
Authors: Wu Yuxin , Zhang Kai , Yang Bai
Published: January 2019

Recent advances in manufacturing and technology of ordered hybrid micro/nanostructures have acquired many breakthroughs. With the aid of the cooperation of various materials, the ordered hybrid micro/nanostructures exhibit high‐quality performance and mechanical stability and allow the modulation on the light–matter interaction in a controllable manner, thereby enabling a wide variety of innovative applications. This article reviews recent developments of ordered hybrid micro/nanostructures, with emphasis on the periodic laminar structure, colloidal crystal, and its derivative patterns. Herein, the elegant optical properties derived from structures are mainly referred to. Besides, the fabrication techniques of ordered structures are briefly described. Moreover, an updated overview of the literature on optical application examples of ordered hybrid micro/nanostructures is listed in detail. Finally, the current challenges and directions for future development are elucidated.
The Role of Chloride Incorporation in Lead‐Free 2D Perovskite (BA)2SnI4: Morphology, Photoluminescence, Phase Transition, and Charge Transport
Authors: Wang Jun , Shen Hongzhi , Li Wancai , Wang Shuai , Li Junze , Li Dehui
Published: January 2019

The incorporation of chloride (Cl) into methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) perovskites has attracted much attention because of the significantly improved performance of the MAPbI3‐based optoelectronic devices with a negligible small amount of Cl incorporation. It is expected that the Cl incorporation in 2D perovskites with layered nature would be much more efficient and thus can greatly alter the morphology, optical properties, phase transition, and charge transport; however, studies on those aspects in 2D perovskites remain elusive up to date. Here, a one‐pot solution method to synthesize the Cl‐doped lead‐free 2D perovskite (BA)2SnI4 with various Cl incorporation concentrations is reported and how the Cl incorporation affects the morphology change, photoluminescence, phase transition, and charge transport is investigated. The Cl element is successfully incorporated into the crystal lattice in the solution‐processed perovskite materials, confirmed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy measurements. The temperature‐dependent photoluminescence studies indicate that the emission properties and phase transition behavior in (BA)2SnI4−xClx can be tuned by varying the Cl incorporation concentration. Electrical measurement suggests that the charge transport behavior can also be greatly altered by the Cl doping concentration and the electrical conductivity can be significantly improved under a higher Cl incorporation concentration.
AIE Multinuclear Ir(III) Complexes for Biocompatible Organic Nanoparticles with Highly Enhanced Photodynamic Performance
Authors: Zhang Liping , Li Yuanyuan , Che Weilong , Zhu Dongxia , Li Guangfu , Xie Zhigang , Song Nan , Liu Shi , Tang Ben Zhong , Liu Xingman , Su Zhongmin , Bryce Martin R.
Published: January 2019

The singlet oxygen (1O2) generation ability of a photosensitizer (PS) is pivotal for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Transition metal complexes are effective PSs, owing to their high 1O2 generation ability. However, non‐negligible cellular toxicity, poor biocompatibility, and easy aggregation in water limit their biomedical applications. In this work, a series of red‐emitting aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) Ir(III) complexes containing different numbers of Ir centers (mono‐, di‐, and trinuclear) and the corresponding nanoparticles (NPs) AIE‐NPs, are designed and synthesized. The increase of 1O2 generation ability is in line with the increasing number of Ir centers. Compared with the pure Ir(III) complexes, the corresponding NPs offer multiple advantages: (i) brighter emission; (ii) higher phosphorescence quantum yields; (iii) longer excited lifetime; (iv) higher 1O2 generation ability; (v) better biocompatibility; and (vi) superior cellular uptake. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments corroborate that AIE‐NPs with three iridium centers possess potent cytotoxicity toward cancer cells and effective inhibition of tumor growth. To the best of knowledge, this work is the first example of NPs of multinuclear AIE Ir(III) complexes as PSs for enhanced PDT. This study offers a new method to improve the efficiency of PSs for clinical cancer treatments.
Demand peaks and cost pass‐through: The case of Iran's poultry market
Authors: Zamani Omid , Bittmann Thomas , Loy Jens‐Peter
Published: January 2019

This study employs traditional holidays in Iran as proxies to analyze the impact of periods of peak demand on cost pass‐through in the poultry market. We use weekly wholesale and retail price data for all 30 provinces of Iran from 2010 to 2016. By panel cointegration techniques, we estimate cost pass‐through elasticities and speed of adjustment during periods of peak demand. We find that cost pass‐through elasticities slightly increase; the speed of adjustment in periods of peak demand remains the same, but retail–wholesale margins decrease. Thus, peak demand leads to an increase in retail–wholesale competition similarly observed by Chevalier et al. (2003, Am Econ Rev, 93, 15–37).
Does passion for wine matter? The effects of owner motivation on pricing and quality decisions in emerging US wine regions
Authors: Li Jie , Gómez Miguel I. , Brent Ross R. , Chaddad Fabio R.
Published: January 2019

Increasing the success rate of start‐up wineries and fostering the wine–hospitality‐tourism clusters in emerging wine regions with substantial entrepreneurial activities have attracted considerable attention among public and private stakeholders. Understanding entrepreneur's motivation to enter the industry is crucial to understand winery behaviors and industry dynamics. Some entrepreneurs enter the industry motived by passion for wine whereas others are motived by profits. Differences in motivation may contribute to the high variability in quality and quality‐adjusted prices of wines in emerging wine regions. We used ordinary least square and Tobit regression models to investigate the influence of motivation on winery pricing and quality decisions using data on 700 wines from 102 wineries in emerging US wine regions. We find that passion‐oriented owners produce higher quality wines and set higher quality‐adjusted prices relative to profit‐oriented owners. Recognizing differences in owner motivation is critical to establish appropriate policies to support the development of the wine industry in emerging regions. [EconLit citations: Q13; L83; O25].
Patching the Pathway and Widening the Pipeline: Models for Developing a Diverse Early Childhood Workforce in Chicago
Authors: Zinsser Katherine M. , Main Catherine , Torres Luz , Connor Kate
Published: January 2019

With the growing appreciation of the importance of early learning experiences for children's healthy development, attention to the cultivation and maintenance of a qualified workforce has steadily increased. Such a workforce must have not just the knowledge and skills related to child development and early learning, but also be linguistically and culturally prepared to meet the needs of an increasingly diverse child and family population. To ensure a highly qualified workforce, programs and policymakers must attend to both the “pipeline” through which new early childhood educators (ECEs) enter the workforce and the “pathways” by which ECEs work toward and obtain the necessary education and credentials for different roles within the field. In line with the aims of this special issue, this paper leverages the first‐person account style to describe barriers to and creative solutions for the development of practitioners in low‐resourced communities in Chicago, with the goal of informing practice and policy. We describe three prior and ongoing partnership programs between community‐based organizations and institutions of higher education, each tailored to support a unique population in the ECE pipeline on the pathway for increased educational attainment and credentialing. Each program is grounded in a specific community of Chicago, a diverse city with a sizable population of children raised in non‐English speaking homes. Each program addresses specific needs of the communities they serve, especially around the recruitment, retention, and promotion of bilingual ECEs. Program administrators and community members describe each programs’ goals, development, and key components unique to their target population as well as key takeaways. We conclude with an overview of critical components that we identified across these programs in order to create pathways for change within the workforce and the communities they serve.
Bilateral radiation therapy followed by methotrexate‐based chemotherapy for primary vitreoretinal lymphoma
Authors: de la Fuente Macarena I. , Alderuccio Juan Pablo , Reis Isildinha M. , Omuro Antonio , Markoe Arnold , Echegaray Jose J. , Davis Janet L. , Harbour J. William , Lossos Izidore S.
Published: January 2019

Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma (PVRL) is a subset of primary CNS lymphoma that presents as isolated ocular disease without brain involvement. Although ocular radiotherapy (RT) is an effective treatment for PVRL, the optimal treatment is uncertain. PVRL may later involve the brain in 56%‐85% of patients. We report on 12 PVRL patients treated with a combination of bilateral RT and a systemic chemotherapy (CT) regimen containing high‐dose methotrexate (M). Ten received RT (30‐40 Gy) followed by CT, one received RT, and one was treated with intravitreal M; all achieved a complete response (CR). Three patients had tumor recurrence in the brain and received CT and one patient relapsed in the eye with a second recurrence in the brain. Three patients achieved CR‐2 remain alive and one died of dementia. One died from recurrent CNS disease. With a median follow of 68 months (range, 17‐154 months), median progression‐free and overall survival have not been reached. Bilateral RT followed by M‐based CT is an effective treatment for reducing CNS progression and prolonging survival.
Cross‐sectional comparison of health‐span phenotypes in young versus geriatric marmosets
Authors: Ross Corinna N. , Adams Jessica , Gonzalez Olga , Dick Edward , Giavedoni Luis , Hodara Vida L. , Phillips Kimberley , Rigodanzo Anna D , Kasinath Balakuntalam , Tardif Suzette D.
Published: January 2019

The development of the marmoset as a translational model for healthspan and lifespan studies relies on the characterization of health parameters in young and geriatric marmosets. This cross‐sectional study examined health phenotypes in marmosets for five domains of interest for human health and aging: mobility, cognition, metabolism, homeostasis, and immune function. Geriatric marmosets were found to have significant executive function impairment when compared to young animals. While geriatric animals did not show gross abnormalities in mobility and measures of locomotion, their types of movement were altered from young animals. Geriatric marmosets had alterations in cardiac function, with significantly increased mean arterial pressures; metabolism, with significantly lower VO2; and suppressed immune function. Further, this study sought to characterize and describe histopathology for both young and geriatric healthy marmosets. Overall this study provides a characterization of health parameters for young and geriatric marmosets which will greatly enhance future aging and interventional testing in marmosets.
Template‐Free Synthesis of Highly b‐Oriented MFI‐Type Zeolite Thin Films by Seeded Secondary Growth
Authors: Banihashemi Fateme , Ibrahim Amr F. M. , Babaluo Ali Akbar , Lin Jerry Y. S.
Published: January 2019

Highly b‐oriented, closely packed, MFI zeolite films are prepared on seeded stainless‐steel plates using organic template‐free, secondary growth solutions, containing aluminum sulfate as a crystallization agent. The number of a‐oriented twin crystals is significantly reduced, and even eliminated, simply by restricting the pH value of the secondary growth solution to the narrow range of 11.1–11.3. Values of pH can be adjusted through the controlled addition of (NH4)2SO4 or H2SO4 to secondary growth solutions of the composition (1 SiO2:0.57 NaOH:137.5 H2O:0.0050 (Al2(SO4)3⋅18 H2O)) or by simply decreasing the molar composition of NaOH with no extra additives.
Efficient Electrocatalysis for the Preparation of (Hetero)aryl Chlorides and Vinyl Chloride with 1,2‐Dichloroethane
Authors: Liang Yujie , Lin Fengguirong , Adeli Yeerlan , Jin Rui , Jiao Ning
Published: January 2019

Although the application of 1,2‐dichloroethane (DCE) as a chlorinating reagent in organic synthesis with the concomitant release of vinyl chloride as a useful byproduct is a fantastic idea, it still presents a tremendous challenge and has not yet been achieved because of the harsh dehydrochlorination conditions and the sluggish C−H chlorination process. Here we report a bifunctional electrocatalysis strategy for the catalytic dehydrochlorination of DCE at the cathode simultaneously with anodic oxidative aromatic chlorination using the released HCl as the chloride source for the efficient synthesis of value‐added (hetero)aryl chlorides. The mildness and practicality of the protocol was further demonstrated by the efficient late‐stage chlorination of bioactive molecules.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Intramolecular Reductive Heck Desymmetrization of Cyclopentenes: Access to Chiral Bicyclo[3.2.1]octanes
Authors: Yuan Zhenbo , Feng Ziwen , Zeng Yuye , Zhao Xiaobin , Lin Aijun , Yao Hequan
Published: January 2019

A palladium‐catalyzed asymmetric reductive Heck reaction of unactivated aliphatic alkenes, with eliminable β‐hydrogen atoms, has been realized for the first time. A series of optically active bicyclo[3.2.1]octanes bearing chiral quaternary and tertiary carbon stereocenters were obtained in good yields with excellent enantioselectivities, exhibiting good functional‐group tolerance and scalability. Moreover, deuterated optically active bicyclo[3.2.1]octanes were also obtained in high efficiency.
Trapping of a Highly Reactive Oxoiron(IV) Complex in the Catalytic Epoxidation of Olefins by Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Engelmann Xenia , Malik Deesha D. , Corona Teresa , Warm Katrin , Farquhar Erik R. , Swart Marcel , Nam Wonwoo , Ray Kallol
Published: January 2019

The generation of a nonheme oxoiron(IV) intermediate, [(cyclam)FeIV(O)(CH3CN)]2+ (2; cyclam=1,4,8,11‐tetraazacyclotetradecane), is reported in the reactions of [(cyclam)FeII]2+ with aqueous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or a soluble iodosylbenzene (sPhIO) as a rare example of an oxoiron(IV) species that shows a preference for epoxidation over allylic oxidation in the oxidation of cyclohexene. Complex 2 is kinetically and catalytically competent to perform the epoxidation of olefins with high stereo‐ and regioselectivity. More importantly, 2 is likely to be the reactive intermediate involved in the catalytic epoxidation of olefins by [(cyclam)FeII]2+ and H2O2. In spite of the predominance of the oxoiron(IV) cores in biology, the present study is a rare example of high‐yield isolation and spectroscopic characterization of a catalytically relevant oxoiron(IV) intermediate in chemical oxidation reactions.
Palladated halloysite hybridized with photo‐polymerized hydrogel in the presence of cyclodextrin: An efficient catalytic system benefiting from nanoreactor concept
Authors: Sadjadi Samahe , Atai Mohammad
Published: January 2019

Considering the excellent performance of halloysite as a catalyst support and in an attempt to benefit from the concept of nanoreactors in the catalysis, an innovative catalytic system has been designed, in which acrylamide and bis‐acrylamide were photo‐polymerized in the presence of palladated halloysite. The novel precipitation photo‐polymerization method avoided the formation of an extended polymeric network, but led to the formation of co‐polymer on the halloysite periphery. The co‐polymer exhibited good swellability in aqueous media and formed hydrogel. This hydrophilic environment around catalytic palladated halloysite can be considered as a nanoreactor that can concentrate the substrate and bring them into the vicinity of the palladated halloysite. This catalytic system was used for promoting hydrogenation of hydrophobic nitro arenes in aqueous media. To avoid immiscibility of hydrophobic substrates and hydrophilic nature of the nanoreactor, that emerged from swelling of hydrogel, β‐cyclodextrin (CD) was utilized as phase transfer agent. The results confirmed high catalytic activity of this catalytic system. Even highly hydrophobic substrates could tolerate hydrogenation under this protocol to furnish the corresponding product in high yield. Finally, the contribution of both CD and hydrogel to the catalysis was confirmed. Moreover, studying the recyclability of the catalyst as well as Pd leaching proved the high recyclability of the catalyst and low leaching of Pd nanoparticles.
Effect of Ca2+ on viscosity and microstructure of water‐soluble triblock terpolymer used as thicker in the hydraulic fracturing
Authors: Chen Ruiyang , Wang Shibin , Shen Xin , Zhao Feng , Guo Jianchun
Published: January 2019

Ca2+ tolerance of water‐soluble polyacrylamide is a key problem in application fields. It is urgent to make the mechanism of between the polyacrylamide and Ca2+ clear. A terpolymer polyacrylamides including the sulfonate group with different monomer concentrations is synthesized. The effect of the CaCl2 concentration on the rheological properties is measured by a rheological rheometer. The zeta potential of the copolymer solution is obtained by a zeta potentiometer to learn about the electrical characteristics of the copolymers in solution. The microcosmic shape of the copolymer aqueous solution is investigated by a laser particle analyzer and an environmental scanning electron microscope. The results show that more sulfonate groups on the molecule can enhance the salt tolerance of the polyacrylamide. Sulfonate groups can weaken the effect of Ca2+ on the copolymer through the formation of complexes, whereas the self‐aggregation process of the copolymer cannot be stopped at high Ca2+ concentrations. This study provides theoretical guidance to elucidate the influencing rules and mechanism of calcium salt on the polyacrylamide containing a sulfonate group, which can be helpful for polyacrylamide modification and can improve the application of polyacrylamide under the condition of higher salt concentration. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47539.
Common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) abundance and distribution patterns in St Andrew Bay, Florida, USA
Authors: Balmer Brian , Watwood Stephanie , Quigley Brian , Speakman Todd , Barry Kevin , Mullin Keith , Rosel Patricia , Sinclair Carrie , Zolman Eric , Schwacke Lori
Published: January 2019

Common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are found in temperate and tropical waters of the world across a wide range of habitats. Along Florida's north‐western coast, this species resides in the bays, sounds, and estuaries (BSE) and coastal (CST) waters of the northern Gulf of Mexico. The National Marine Fisheries Service has identified one CST (Northern Coastal Stock) and seven adjacent BSE dolphin stocks, including the St Andrew Bay BSE Stock.

Baseline data are critical to assess the impacts of ongoing and future anthropogenic stressors on these stocks. Currently, there is no comprehensive abundance estimate for the St Andrew Bay BSE Stock, and there are limited data on distribution patterns and site fidelity for this stock. In addition, little is known about the Northern Coastal Stock hypothesized to range from the Big Bend of Florida to the Mississippi River Delta, inclusive of the CST waters adjacent to St Andrew Bay.

The goals of this study were to conduct photographic‐identification surveys during 2015 and 2016 to determine abundance, distribution, and site fidelity of common bottlenose dolphins in the St Andrew Bay BSE Stock over four primary periods (July and October 2015, and April and October 2016).

St Andrew Bay BSE dolphin abundance was lowest in April 2016 (199, 95% confidence interval [CI] 173–246), followed by July 2015 (249, 95% CI 199–338), and highest in October 2015 (299, 95% CI 259–361) and October 2016 (315, 95% CI 274–378). Few individuals were sighted in both BSE and CST waters (N = 25/353; 7%), and this fact, taken in tandem with limited connections between the BSE and CST environments, suggests that there may be minimal overlap between the St Andrew Bay BSE and Northern Coastal Stocks.
Ursolic acid: Pharmacokinetics process in vitro and in vivo, a mini review
Authors: Jinhua Wen
Published: January 2019

Ursolic acid (UA) is a natural triterpene compound found in various fruits and vegetables. UA has a widespread pharmacologic effect, including antitumor, anti‐inflammatory, anti‐oxidant, anti‐apoptotic, anti‐allergy, and anti‐carcinogenic effects. UA can be used as an alternative medicine for the treatment and prevention of many diseases. However, the bioavailability of UA by oral administration is low since it is absorbed by the intestine through passive diffusion. Therefore, some novel technologies are used to produce UA preparations that can change the pharmacokinetics process and increase its solubility and bioavailability. At present, pharmacokinetic studies on UA are few. In this paper, we will review the pharmacokinetics features of free UA and some novel UA preparations in vitro and in vivo, in order to provide a reference for rational utilization and drug design of UA.
Potent and highly selective dual‐targeting monoamine oxidase‐B inhibitors: Fluorinated chalcones of morpholine versus imidazole
Authors: Mathew Bijo , Baek Seung C. , Thomas Parambi Della G. , Lee Jae P. , Mathew Githa E. , Jayanthi Sivaraman , Vinod Devaraji , Rapheal Clariya , Devikrishna Vinod , Kondarath Shahin Shad , Uddin Md. Sahab , Kim Hoon
Published: January 2019

Two series of fluorinated chalcones containing morpholine and imidazole‐based compounds (f1–f8) were synthesized and evaluated for recombinant human monoamine oxidase (MAO)‐A and ‐B as well as acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities. Our results indicate that morpholine containing chalcones are highly selective MAO‐B inhibitors having reversibility properties. All the imidazole‐based fluorinated chalcones showed weak MAO inhibitions in both isoforms. Among the tested compounds, (2E)‐3‐(3‐fluorophenyl)‐1‐[4‐(morpholin‐4‐yl)phenyl]prop‐2‐en‐1‐one (f2) showed potent inhibitory activity for recombinant human MAO‐B (IC50 = 0.087 μM) with a high selectivity index (SI) of 517.2. In the recovery experiments using dialysis, the residual activity of MAO‐B inhibited by f2 was close to that with the reversible reference inhibitor. Inhibition assays revealed that the Ki values of f1 and f2 for MAO‐B were 0.027 and 0.020 μM, respectively, with competitive patterns. All the morpholine‐based compounds (f1–f4) showed moderate inhibition toward acetylcholinesterase with IC50 values ranging between 24 and 54 μM. All morpholine‐containing compounds exhibit good blood–brain barrier permeation in the PAMPA method. The rational approach regarding the highly selective MAO‐B inhibitor f2 was further ascertained by induced fit docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies.
Cardiovascular Safety During Treatment With Baricitinib in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Taylor Peter C. , Weinblatt Michael E. , Burmester Gerd R. , Rooney Terence P. , Witt Sarah , Walls Chad D. , Issa Maher , Salinas Claudia A. , Saifan Chadi , Zhang Xin , Cardoso Anabela , González‐Gay Miguel A. , Takeuchi Tsutomu
Published: January 2019

Objective

To assess the frequency of cardiovascular and venous thromboembolic events in clinical studies of baricitinib, an oral, selective JAK1 and JAK2 inhibitor approved in more than 50 countries for the treatment of moderately‐to‐severely active rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

Data were pooled from 9 RA studies. Placebo comparison up to 24 weeks included data from 6 studies. Randomized dose comparison between baricitinib doses of 2 mg and 4 mg used data from 4 studies and from the associated long‐term extension study. The data analysis set designated “All‐bari‐RA” included all baricitinib exposures at any dose.

Results

Overall, 3,492 RA patients received baricitinib (7,860 patient‐years of exposure). No imbalance compared to the placebo group was seen in the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) (incidence rates [IRs] of 0.5 per 100 patient‐years for placebo and 0.8 per 100 patient‐years for 4 mg baricitinib), arterial thrombotic events (ATE) (IRs of 0.5 per 100 patient‐years for placebo and 0.5 per 100 patient‐years for 4 mg baricitinib), or congestive heart failure (CHF) broad term (IRs of 4.3 per 100 patient‐years for placebo and 2.4 per 100 patient‐years for 4 mg baricitinib). Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)/pulmonary embolism (PE) were reported in 0 of 1,070 patients treated with placebo and 6 of 997 patients treated with 4 mg baricitinib during the placebo‐controlled period; these events were serious in 2 of 6 patients, while all 6 had risk factors and 1 patient developed DVT/PE after discontinuation of the study drug. In the 2 mg–4 mg‐extended data analysis set, IRs of DVT/PE were comparable between the doses across event types (IRs of 0.5 per 100 patient‐years in those receiving 2 mg baricitinib and 0.6 per 100 patient‐years in those receiving 4 mg baricitinib). In the All‐bari‐RA data analysis set, the rates were stable over time, with an IR of DVT/PE of 0.5 per 100 patient‐years.

Conclusion

In RA clinical trials, no association was found between baricitinib treatment and the incidence of MACE, ATE, or CHF. With regard to incidence of DVT/PE, 6 events occurred in patients treated with 4 mg baricitinib, but no cases of DVT/PE were reported in the placebo group. During longer‐term evaluation, the incidence of DVT/PE was similar between the baricitinib dose groups, with consistent IR values over time, and this was similar to the rates previously reported in patients with RA.
Investigating the Mechanism of Palladium‐Catalyzed Radical Oxidative C(sp3)−H Carbonylation: A DFT Study
Authors: Xiong Qin , Xu Dongdong , Shan Chunhui , Liu Song , Luo Yixin , Liu Fenru , Liu Shihan , Lan Yu , Bai Ruopeng
Published: January 2019

Palladium (Pd)‐catalyzed radical oxidative C−H carbonylation of alkanes is a useful method for functionalizing hydrocarbons, but there is still a lack of understanding of the mechanism, which restricts the application of this reaction. In this work, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out to study the mechanism for a Pd‐catalyzed radical esterification reaction. Two plausible reaction pathways have been proposed and validated by DFT calculations. The computational results reveal that the generated alkyl radical prefers to add to the carbon monoxide (CO) molecule to form a carbonyl radical before bonding with the Pd species. Radical addition onto Pd followed by CO migratory insertion was unfavorable owing to the high energy barrier of the migratory insertion step. The regioselectivity of the C(sp3)−H carbonylation was also investigated by DFT. The results show that the regioselectivity is controlled by both the bond dissociation energy of the reacting C−H bond and the stability of the corresponding generated carbon radical. Competitive side reactions also affected the yield and regioselectivity owing to the rapid consumption of the stable radical intermediate.