bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LEARNING A SECOND FOREIGN LANGUAGE BASED ON ENGLISH
Authors:   Karaganda University named after E.A. Buketov, DZHUMANOVA L.S. , DARIBAEVA A.E. ,   Karaganda University named after E.A. Buketov
Published: April 2022

The topic of this scientific article is one of the most important issues in the field of education. In today's rapidly changing world, where yesterday's news is today's story, there has been an increase in the number of people who are eager to move forward and learn several languages in accordance with modern requirements. Because people today speak several languages. This article emphasizes the importance of learning German as a related language, based on the knowledge of this language after English, which is the main foreign language. At present, knowledge of the German language is one of the mandatory requirements for the professional world. There are a lot of people who speak English, and every student, every young specialist, satisfied with their knowledge and experience, clearly understands that, having mastered other languages, one can find a decent job on the global labor exchange. By teaching students German in higher education, we prepare them for the future. Instead of theory, we focused on discussing modern situations in practical classes. We hope that this will allow young professionals to use the knowledge gained in higher education with benefit in working conditions. However, very few hours are devoted to teaching German as a second foreign language in higher education. Therefore, teachers consider it necessary to use unique, effective, useful, understandable, simple methods of teaching the German language, relying on the knowledge of the main foreign language (English) of students on a comparative basis in German classes. In this article, we will talk about such useful and effective methods used in teaching German as a second foreign language based on linguistics.
LANGUAGE ĠS A UNĠQUE INSTRUMENT OF CULTURE
Authors:   Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, MANSUROV Nurlan , SUINZHANOVA Zhanar ,   Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University
Published: April 2022

The article deals with the continuity of language and culture based on historical data. The study analyzes the definitions of the word culture and focuses on its nature. It is also important to understand that ancient culture refers to the spiritual and material knowledge of the people, as well as their national mentality, national consciousness, worldview, customs and traditions. The concept of knowledge formation is analyzed. And its coexistence with language is described as «language is a mirror of culture».The main theme of the article is the continuity of language and culture, which have been intertwined since ancient times, their role in the formation of spiritual and material vocabulary in society. At the same time, the role of language in the public consciousness, customs and traditions, rituals is shown and analyzed in the most comprehensive way. Because with the help of language and culture, a culture of speech, behavior, customs, rituals, dress code, art and ethnic symbols, etc. have been formed. The main issue of the article is the continuity of language and culture, which is understood by the people in terms of spiritual and material knowledge. In a word, language and culture is a complex concept that covers the entire national mentality, national consciousness, worldview, customs, spiritual and material wealth, starting with personality traits.
GENDER ĠN TURKĠSH CHĠLDREN LĠTERATURE (1): THE REPRESENTATĠON OF GĠRL AS A SOCĠAL ACTOR
Authors:   Sakarya University, PİLTEN UFUK Şahru , PİLTEN Gülhiz ,   Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University
Published: April 2022

Children's literature products; have an important function in terms of preparing children for life, setting an example for them and giving them experience. Regardless of the age group, the child identifies with the heroes of the stories he / she reads and creates a model for himself from these characters. Fictional characters have an important role in helping children acquire the necessary skills to solve the problems they experience in daily life. Children seek answers to the questions that arise in their minds through these characters in the books. This study is the first of a series of studies in which the concept of girl in Turkish children‘s literature is planned to be examined in different dimensions. In this study, the representation of the term girl in Turkish children's books was investigated in the context of gender and gender roles. In the study, the collocation analysis method was used with a corpus-based approach, aiming to reach objective and more generalizable results based on a large database. In this context, firstly, the collocations of the kız (girl) in the Turkish Children's Literature Corpus, which is the most comprehensive corpus on Turkish children's literature, were determined and then evaluated in terms of overdetermination, identification, appraisement, nomination, individualisation, assimilation, indetermination, and differentiation categories, which Van Leeuwen (1996) emphasized the importance in the representation of social actors. As a result of the analysis, it has been revealed that the collocation patterns in Turkish children's literature can cause the formation of a girl prototype drawn in the minds of children within the framework of gender stereotypes.
Evaluation of Staining on Rat Brain Tissue with the Dual Combination of Roselle (Hibiscus Sabdariffa L.) and Alkanet (Alkanna Tinctoria (L.) Tausch) Extracts
Authors: KUSCULU Nilgün , PER Sedat , BENLI Hüseyin , KÖSE Mehmet
Published: April 2022

Natural colorants are used in many different areas such as textiles, cosmetics, leather, and medicine. The purpose of this study is to identify a natural colorant combination that can be an alternative to Hematoxylin-eosin dye using plant sources. For this, roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) and alkanet (Alkanna tinctoria) plants were used. The Hematoxylin-Eosin (H&E) staining procedure, most used for staining steps, was taken as standard. In this procedure, extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa (Hs) in distilled water instead of eosin, and Alkanna tinctoria (At) in ethyl alcohol instead of hematoxylin were used. Seven different experimental sets were created by changing the position of the dyes in the H&E procedure and adding metal salts K Al (SO4)2 .12 H2O, CuSO4 .5H2O. One healthy rat brain tissue preparate was immersed in each of the seven different experimental sets. Another preparate of the same brain tissue was stained with H&E stain for positive control purposes. Preparate not staining was used as negative control. After the staining, images were taken in the light microscope of the tissues of eight preparates which were closed with the entellan. It was observed that the rat brain tissue nucleus and cytoplasm were stained in different colors, especially in the step using copper sulfate and alum. Because plants using in staining have different chemical structures like terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolics.
Reaching Jayapura City by Applying Christ's Method for Immigrants
Authors: Lantu Adie Alfrets , Hutagalung Hendriks Stimson , Ferinia Rolyana
Published: April 2022

There are many problems and challenges of urban evangelism facing the Protestant church in Jayapura City, Papua – Indonesia. the purpose of this paper is to find the best methods and strategies to reach immigrants in Jayapura city with the gospel of Jesus Christ. How the Protestant Church in Jayapura reached out to the residents of the city of Jayapura, the majority of whom were immigrants. How is applying Christ’s method in the context of the modern world so important? The methodology used in this research is a literature study, the authors develop the topic of discussion by reviewing articles from websites, books, scientific articles and other literature that have discussed the same and relevant topics. The analysis and research results emphasize the method of Christ that will provide success in evangelism in the city of Jayapura and its application in modern times. Through the center of influence program, digital ministry, congregation planting and small groups that will be carried out by the Christian church in the city of Jayapura will have a major impact on the progress of evangelism in the city of Jayapura. The involvement of all church members to evangelize will bring success in the work of preaching the gospel.
MÉTODOS INCREMENTAIS E ITERATIVOS COM QUARTA ORDEM DE CONVERGÊNCIA PARA A ANÁLISE NÃO LINEAR DE ESTRUTURAS RETICULADAS
Authors: Farani de Souza Luiz Antonio
Published: April 2022

O comportamento não linear de uma estrutura pode ser descrito pela sua trajetória de equilíbrio no espaço deslocamento versus carga, a qual é obtida iterativamente por resolver uma série de problemas lineares. Atualmente, procedimentos de análise estrutural têm atraído muita atenção devido à eficiência computacional, ao custo de análise, à viabilidade e à aplicabilidade. Nesse contexto, este artigo propõe dois procedimentos incrementais e iterativos com quarta ordem de convergência, com a finalidade de encontrar a solução aproximada do sistema de equações não lineares que descreve o problema. Análises estáticas de dois problemas com comportamento não linear geométrico – uma viga e uma coluna – são realizadas com o programa livre Scilab. As estruturas são discretizadas com a formulação Corrotacional do Método dos Elementos Finitos. As ligações são simuladas por meio de um elemento de ligação com comprimento nulo. As trajetórias de equilíbrio são obtidas utilizando a técnica de continuação Comprimento de Arco Linear. A eficiência computacional dos métodos implementados é comparada com o procedimento incremental de Newton - Raphson padrão. Como conclusão, um dos algoritmos propostos conseguiu obter a solução aproximada dos problemas com menos iterações acumuladas e com menor tempo de processamento.
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF PARASITIC NEMATODES (CUCULLNUS LONGICOLLIS) THAT INFECTS (MULLUS SURMULETUS) FISH IN THE MARINE WATERS OF SIRTE-LIBYA
Authors: A.ALMASHAY Ahmed.
Published: April 2022

Due to the important geographical location that characterized the city of Sirte-Libya, and given the importance of fish wealth in this region and the negative impact that may occur as a result of infecting fish with parasites, and the lack of research studies on this subject in this region, so this research study was conducted to contribute to the to clarify this issue. A number of (70) fish specimens were collected from Sirte - Libyan coast facing Mediterranean Sea from January 2021 to March 2021 , and the measurements were made on them all marine fish examined externally in the laboratory, after that they were dissected by the scientific methods used and examined internally, as well as the digestive system was examined and conducted on parasites extracted by all the processes related to study. The discovered parasitic worms were carefully extracted, laboratory operations were conducted on them, and they were examined and photographed under a normal light microscope as well as an electron microscope. The results showed that (2) of these fish were infected with nematode worms of the species Cucullanus longicollis , which were extracted from the large intestines of these fish. This parasite was recorded for the first time in the marine waters of the city of Sirte-Libya.The general shape of the parasite has been described, supported by pictures. This research aims to identify the parasitic nematodes that infect Mullus surmuletus fish and to know the extent of environmental pollution in the study area and the rate of fish infestation, as well as to clarify and studying the general form of these parasitic worms under study. Key words: Mullus surmuletus, Cucullanus longicollis, Waters of Sırte
Analysis of Maclaurin Symmetric Mean Operators for Managing Complex Interval-Valued q-Rung Orthopair Fuzzy Setting and Their Applications
Authors:   Department of Mathematics and Statistics, International Islamic University, Pakistan, Mahmood Tahir , Ali Zeeshan ,   Department of Mathematics and Statistics, International Islamic University, Pakistan
Published: April 2022

Risk is demonstrated as unknowns that have measurable possibilities, while complication requires unknown with no significant possibilities of the outcome. These notions are associated but are not identical. Ambiguity and risk are closely concerned notions in decisionmaking strategies using fuzzy set theory. Similarly, Maclaurin symmetric mean (MSM) is also massive beneficial and valuable for using to accumulate the family of attributes into a singleton set. To enhance the superiority of the research work, in this scenario, we used the informative idea of a complex interval-valued q-rung orthopair fuzzy (CIVq-ROF) setting and took a valuable tool of MSM to present the CIVq-ROF MSM (CIVq-ROFMSM), CIVq-ROF-weighted MSM (CIVq-ROFWMSM), CIVq-ROF dual MSM (CIVq-ROFDMSM), and CIVq-ROF-weighted dual MSM (CIVq-ROFWDMSM) operators. To verify the supremacy of the invented works for the different values of parameters, several specific cases are also explored. Finally, with the help of multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) skills, we identified a beneficial optimal in the presence of the source of descriptions in the form of invented operators using the decision making process. Comparison of the invented approaches with many existing scenarios is also simplified at the end of this analysis, which shows the dominancy and competency of the diagnosed approaches.
Root Growth Response to Fertilizers
Authors: Watson Gary
Published: April 2022

Granular nitrogen, potassium and phosphorous fertilizers were applied in 5 cm diameter, 60 cm deep holes near honeylocust {Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis) and pin oak (Quercus palustris) trees. Each was applied separately and also together as a balanced fertilizer. After two years, root development near the holes was assessed. No evidence of phytotoxicity from the concentrated source of fertilizer salts was evident. Nitrogen, alone and in combination with the other two elements, significantly increased density of the honeylocust roots near the application holes. Pin oak root densities were only increased in the presence of nitrogen alone. Phosphorous had no effect on the roots of either species.
Urban Soil Temperatures and Their Potential Impact on Tree Growth
Authors: Graves William
Published: April 2022

Urban soil temperature vary, butappeargreatest where asphalt and concrete surfaces, direct solar radiation, and underground utilities are present. Temperatures above 30°C appear to occur frequently in soils of street tree planting cites in the central United States. The effects of temperatures typical of urban soils on the growth of several tree species has been evaluated. Honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis ) is among the most heat-resistant species studied to date, with a threshold temperature at which injury occurs of around 34°C. More extreme heat causes marked growth reductions and chlorosis of terminal leaves, which appears to result from deficiencies in iron and other essential elements. Red maple (Acer rubrum and A. x freemanii) cultivars vary in their capacity to sustain growth at 34°C in the root zone. Breeding and selection of tree genotypes with superior heat resistance for use at stressful urban sites appears feasible.
Selecting Trees for Cold Climates
Authors: Pellett Harold
Published: April 2022

Lack of sufficient tolerance to low temperatures is often a limiting factor for successful use of many woody plant taxa in cold climates. Trees capable of acclimating to withstand the lowest midwinter temperatures may still perish if they do not acclimate early enough to withstand severe freezing temperatures in early winter. The University of Minnesota has introduced several tree cultivars selected for their winter hardiness. Merits of these introductions and other plants that have shown potential for use in Minnesota and other northern areas are described in this paper. The goals and activities of the Center for Development of Hardy Landscape Plants are also briefly discussed.
Plant Health Care and the Public
Authors: Ball John
Published: April 2022

Plant health care has replaced integrated pest management as the new standard of the arboricultural profession. The focus of plant health care is on the tree and its owner, not the pest. This will require a change in how arborists market this new service. This paper presents some of the current attitudes homeowners have regarding gardening, pest management and plant care and how to use this information to market plant health care programs.
Clarifying Certain Pruning Terminology: Thinning, Heading, Pollarding
Authors: Harris Richard
Published: April 2022

Confusion and disagreement exist as to the definition of several commonly used pruning terms. One of the problems has been that the different purposes and types of pruning have not been clearly distinguished. Pruning terms should convey the purpose of a practice and should indicate that a given practice will usually result in a specific plant response or predictable tree form.
Evaluating Construction Plans for Impacts on Trees
Authors: Leach Carolyn
Published: April 2022

Arborists understand the impact of construction damage to trees, but receive no training on how to read construction plans. These plans utilize a system of standard graphics. The engineer and architect rely on the reader's knowledge of basic lines and abbreviations to understand the work intended. Since the plans provide information vital to the arborists, his or her proper evaluation will show the negative impact and the changes that can be negotiated to lower these impacts. Therefore, arborists need to educate themselves on the reading of basic construction plans.
New Legislative Ways of Protecting Trees in Municipalities: An Overview of the British Columbia Approach
Authors: Dunster Julian
Published: April 2022

In 1992 the Municipal Act of British Columbia was amended, allowing municipalities to enact by-laws governing the protection, removal, and replacement of trees on public and private property. The new legislation has the potential to introduce major changes into the way new urban settlements are designed and created. So far, only a few municipalities have passed by-laws under the amended legislation, although many are actively investigating the ramifications. In this paper, the new legislation and progress to date is briefly reviewed. The problems inherent in managing the urban forests of the Lower Mainland of British Columbia are discussed, along with the need for enhanced knowledge in light of some recent court cases involving construction damage and potential negligence issues.
Environmental Analogs in the Search for Stress-Tolerant Landscape Plants
Authors: Widrlechner Mark
Published: April 2022

This paper reviews briefly the climatic and edaphic factors related to tree adaptation. Photoperiod regimens, the timing and severity of low temperatures, and high temperaturemoisture interactions all are important climatic determinants of adaptation for which adequate data have been widely recorded. Edaphic factors that injure trees in managed environments are more difficult to extrapolate to natural systems, but natural soils that are poorly drained, calcareous, alkaline, or saline may be initial foci for seeking tough trees. A project to identify promising new landscape plants for the north-central United States, by examining climatic, edaphic, and floristic factors in Eastern Europe, is presented as a case study.
Field-Grow Fabric Containers do not Affect Transplant Survival or Establishment of Green Ash
Authors: Cole Janet , Hensley David
Published: April 2022

Survival and growth of green ash (Fraxinus Pennsylvania) transplanted as balled and burlapped or from field-grow fabric containers (FGFC) filled with field soil alone or field soil amended with hydrophilic gel, peat, or slow-release fertilizer were studied for two years at two locations. Height and trunk caliper increases were not affected by treatment at either location. Canopy width, dry weights, and root numbers also did not differ among treatments when the study was terminated. Plants grown in FGFC had roots which tended to circle in a manner similar to container-grown trees.
Nesting of Breeding Birds on an Electric Utility Line Right-of-Way
Authors: Bramble W.C. , Yahner R.H. , Byrnes W.R.
Published: April 2022

A nesting study of breeding birds on an electric transmission line right-of-way (ROW) was made in central Pennsylvania in 1991 and 1992. Active nests of 13 bird species were found on the ROW, and 5 of the most common species nested on both handcut and herbicide-treated ROW segments. The average nesting success for all bird species in both years combined was 68%. A nesting success of 70% was obtained on a mowed plus herbicide (cut stubble) ROW unit, 68% on a selective basal spray unit, and 67% on a handcut unit. Shrubs were the most commonly used nesting cover. However, grass and forb cover was also used for nesting by field sparrows and common yellowthroats, in particular, both of which had a 100% nesting success on the ROW.
Vertical Mulching of Trees: Effects on Roots and Water Status
Authors: Kalisz P.J. , Stringer J.W. , Wells R.J.
Published: April 2022

We examined the effect of vertical mulching on root growth and xylem water potential of large sugar maples (Acersaccharum) growing in pastures. Root mass in the 35-40 cm depth of undisturbed soil was about 50% that in the 5-10 cm depth, and root mass at the edge of the canopy (7.5 m from the trunk) was about 40% that found at 1/4 the distance to the edge of the canopy. After three growing seasons, the abundance of roots in perlite-filled vertical mulch channels (0.6 kg/m3) was significantly (P<0.0001) less than in undisturbed soil 1-2 m away from mulch channels (4.4 kg/m3) and in undisturbed soil immediately surrounding mulch channels (3.5 kg/m3). Predawn and midday xylem water potentials, measured in late summer and used as indices of tree health, did not differ between mulched and non-mulched trees. Our results indicated that perlite-filled vertical mulch channels did not affect tree health, and, rather than being utilized as preferred pathways of growth, were avoided by tree roots.
The Relative Water Demand of Five Urban Tree Species
Authors: Roberts Bruce R. , Schnipke Virginia M.
Published: April 2022

The relative water demand (RWD) of container-grown seedlings of red maple, green ash, Washington hawthorn, honeylocust and flowering crabapple was determined for the period mid-May through August by comparing water consumption values and potential evapotranspiration rates with growth rates. While RWD for red maple was high, actual water consumption based on changes in plant size (water use index, WUI) was quite low, indicating efficient use of available moisture. RWD for green ash was high, but WUI was also high indicating relative inefficiency in utilizing available water resources. RWD values for Washington hawthorn, honeylocust and flowering crabapple were all lowerthan those for maple or ash, while WUI values for these species were intermediate between maple and ash. In general, growth rate was not correlated with RWD. However, actual water consumption rates did correlate well with potential evapotranspiration as determined by the Thornthwaite equation.
The Social Benefits of Resident Involvement in Tree Planting
Authors: Sommer Robert , Learey Fred , Summit Joshua , Tirrell Matthew
Published: April 2022

City residents who planted their own street trees were more satisfied with the outcome than residents whose trees were planted by the city or an outside agency. Within the circumstances described in the study, those residents who paid for their trees were more satisfied with the outcomes than those who received them without extra charge from the city or from a voluntary organization. The results underscore the importance of active resident involvement in tree-planting programs.
Factors Affecting Accumulation of Deicing Salts in Soils Around Trees
Authors: Hootman R.G. , Kelsey P.D. , Reid R. , von der Heide-Spravka K.
Published: April 2022

Parkways, street tree planter boxes, and highway medians and roadsides are locations where soil accumulation of deicing salts is highest. Sodium chloride is the most common deicer applied in the United States. Sodium chloride and other salts accumulating in the root zone may instigate and exacerbate street tree decline. Salts affect soil aggregate stability, porosity, and water and nutrient uptake in trees. Data collected in Chicago, Illinois show much higher soil sodium (1,272 μg/g) and chloride (348 μg/g) in the center of newly installed, narrow, raised medians along Lake Shore Drive after one winter, compared to the center of wide medians along the roadway (236 μg/g sodium and 23 μg/g chloride). Proximity to high speed traffic and its associated spray and splash were reasons for this. In suburban Downers Grove, Illinois, grade level street tree planter soils had extremely high levels of sodium (1,426 μg/g to 2,277 μg/g) compared to adjacent raised planter soils. The raised planters did not receive saltladen runoff, splash, plowed snow, or direct application from salt spreaders.
The Use of Surface Treatments for the Prevention of Soil Compaction During Site Construction
Authors: Lichter John , Lindsey Patricia
Published: April 2022

Urban soils are commonly compacted during site construction, leading to alterations in soil structure that are detrimental to plant health. In a study of California residential developments, construction processes and their associated impacts were found to vary among developments. On massgraded sites, characterized by grading and compaction of the entire construction site with equipment specifically designed forthat purpose, bulk density analysis revealed that compaction is uniformly severe. On selectively graded sites compaction was caused mainly by general construction equipment, vehicles and storage of construction materials. Bulk densities of undisturbed (fenced) areas were significantly lowerthan disturbed areas on these selectively graded sites. On these sites, several techniques can be used for the prevention of soil compaction, including the use of surface treatments. The effectiveness of plywood, mulch, and gravel as surface protective treatments was evaluated on a study site utilizing a front-end loader to simulate construction impacts. While plywood did not reduce compaction, bulk densities under mulch and gravel treatments were significantly lower than the unprotected control. When used in combination with other techniques, some surface treatments are useful tools for reducing soil compaction during site construction.
Wound Inoculations of Colorado Blue Spruce with Isolates of Leucostoma (Cytospora) Kunzei and other Cytospora Species
Authors: Proffer Tyre , Hart John
Published: April 2022

Thirty two isolates of Cytospora spp. recovered from various coniferous and deciduous hosts were used to wound inoculate intact and excised branch segments of mature Colorado blue spruce (Picea pungens) in two studies. All isolates of C. kunzei obtained from species of spruce consistently caused cankers on inoculated branches. Isolates of C. kunzei from other conifers varied in their ability to cause cankers. One of two isolates of C. /cunze/'from Douglas-fir and an isolate from eastern white pine were capable of inciting cankers while isolates from European larch and eastern hemlock failed to induce cankers. Isolates of other Cytospora species, collected from deciduous tree hosts, do not appear to play a significant role in the occurrence of Cytospora canker of Colorado blue spruce and should not be considered as a potential source of inoculum capable of infecting Colorado blue spruce.
Identification and Control of Oak Wilt in Texas Urban Forests
Authors: Appel David
Published: April 2022

Oak wilt, caused by Ceratocystis fagacearum, annually causes losses of epidemic proportions in towns and cities throughout central Texas. Live oaks (Quercus fusiformis and Q. virginiana) are the most seriously affected Quercus spp. because of their prevalence and subsequent high values. Oak wilt epidemiology is influenced by host characteristics, climate, and reproductive traits of the pathogen. These factors have been studied to develop the key elements of a comprehensive, integrated oak wilt management program. Under most conditions, this program can be used in Texas to successfully minimize losses. The program relies on disruption of root connections, intravascular injection with propiconazole, proper pruning and wound treatments (including dressings), and various sanitation practices. Preventative measures are the most effective means of reducing losses, making prompt, reliable diagnoses of new oak wilt infection foci essential. A five step protocol is recommended to distinguish oak wilt in live oak from other diseases in Texas and facilitate disease control. Cooperation among federal, state, and local agencies working with commercial arborists has had a dramatic impact on public understanding of oak wilt and resulted in significantly controlling the disease.
Host Plant Resistance and Biological Control for Linden Aphids
Authors: Zuparko Robert , Dahlsten Donald
Published: April 2022

In 1982 Carter reported two mechanisms in the resistance of certain species of lindens (777/aspp.) to the linden aphid, Eucallipterus tiliae: simple pubescence and glandular prominences on the underside of the leaves. Field studies conducted from 1991-93 confirmed that aphids reach higher numbers on linden species with reduced pubescence (T. cordataand T. europea) than on a more pubescent species (T. platyphyllos). The rate of aphids parasitized by the introduced parasitoid Trioxys curvicaudus is also higher on the latter species.
Woody Vegetation Control on Utility Rights-Of-Way in Eastern Kansas: I. Management Techniques
Authors: Geyer W.A. , Naughton G.G. , Long C.E. , Bruckerhoff D.N. , Rowland J.J.
Published: April 2022

Various management methods for controlling woody vegetation on rights-of-way of electric utility, high voltage, transmission lines were investigated. Three-year results showed that the Tordon and Tordon + Garlon treatments provided about 50% mortality in the approximately 7-year-old sapling stands. Height of surviving stump sprouts was not affected. Krenite S was less effective when applied in the fall at the time of the first frost than when applied earlier. Arsenal was not effective, but the application rate was 1/2 that suggested. Problem species appear to be ash, oak, pecan, persimmon, and plum. A vegetation management system that includes herbicide treatments along with cutting should nearly eliminate the woody plants within a few cutting cycles.
Influence of Coconut Milk Source on Host-Pathogen Interactions Between Ophiostoma Ulmi and Ulmus Selections
Authors: Domir Subhash , Schreiber Lawrence , Eshita Steven
Published: April 2022

This study compared the effects of two sources of coconut milk in modified Murashige and Skoog medium on growth of Ophiostoma ulmi on five selections of elm callus cultures. One medium (CMC) contained coconut milk from fresh coconuts; the other medium, (CMS), coconut milk obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. These studies showed that the coconut milk source affected fungal growth significantly, varying with elm selection and aggressiveness of the Ophiostoma ulmi isolate. An evaluation was made on production of secondary metabolites in callus cultures with each source of coconut milk. High performance liquid chromatography from Ulmus americana showed a higher level of those secondary metabolites using CMS medium when callus was from mature, DED-susceptible trees, but higher levels with CMC when callus was from DED-resistant trees.
Using Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Conventional and Biorational Pesticides for Controlling Bagworm
Authors: Gill Stanton , Raupp Michael
Published: April 2022

Formulated microbial biological control agents such as entomopathogenic nematodes and Bacillus thuringiensis have potential as alternatives to conventional control pesticides for arborists offering IPM and Plant Health Care services. However, few data compare the efficacy of these materials with other pesticides under field conditions. This study demonstrates that in some cases microbial biological control agents are effective in controlling bagworms on evergreens.
Penetration of Treated and Untreated Burplap by Roots of Balled-Andburlapped Norway Maples
Authors: Kuhns Michael
Published: April 2022

Successful transplanting requires that woody plant roots quickly grow from the root ball, through any packing materials, and into the surrounding soil. Burlap is a common packing material on medium to large root balls; it may be untreated or treated to resist decay, or synthetic "burlap" may be used. Many people believe that roots can easily and quickly penetrate burlap and therefore such materials can be left on the root ball at planting, saving time and decreasing root disturbance, but possibly interfering with root growth after planting. This study was done to determine whether Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) roots could readily penetrate treated and untreated burlap left on root balls during transplanting. I found that the presence of untreated or treated burlap had little or no effect on root growth from the original root ball. Untreated burlap decayed quickly, though the double layer decayed more slowly. Treated burlap did not appear to decay markedly over the course of the study and evidence was found that it can cause root girdling later on. Management implications and recommendations are discussed.
An Evaluation of the Efficacy of Tree Growth Regulators Paclobutrazol, Flurprimidol, Dikegulac, and Uniconazole for Utility Line Clearance
Authors: Arron Geoffrey , de Becker Sally , Stubbs Harrison , Szeto Eugenia
Published: April 2022

A multi-year field program was conducted in California and Nevada to determine the efficacy of tree growth regulators (TGRs). At 37 sites, trees were trimmed and treated with paclobutrazol, flurprimidol, dikegulac or uniconazole by trunk injection, tree implants, or bark banding. Tree growth was determined over a period of 1-4 years for 12 common West Coast species. Growth was determined by measuring increase in tree height. At most sites that were not compromised during the study, the TGRs had no detectable effect on growth. Inhibition of growth was observed over 4 years at one site with London plane (Platanus acerifolia) trunkinjected with uniconazole, at one site with big leaf maple (Acer macrophyllum) trunk-injected with uniconazole, and over 2 years at one site with Chinese elm {Ulmus parvifoWa) trunkinjected with paclobutrazol or uniconazole. Trunk injections and bark banding of flurprimidol inhibited the growth of blue gum {Eucalyptus globulus) over 2 years at one site. There was a lack of consistency in the effects observed; for example, the growth of London plane was inhibited at only one of eight sites. Possible explanations for the low level of effectiveness and lack of consistency include site variability, tree water relations, and hole spacing. Problems were experienced while conducting this large-scale research effort under field conditions. Factors that contributed to a low level of effectiveness and a lack of consistency need to be addressed to improve the cost-effectiveness of the product formulations evaluated.
Short and Long-Term Effects of Treeshelters on the Root and Stem Growth of Ornamental Trees
Authors: Burger D.W. , Forister G.W. , Gross R.
Published: April 2022

Short-term (aerated solution culture and container nursery) and long-term (landscape) experiments were conducted to study the effect of treeshelters on the root and shoot growth of several ornamental trees {Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl., Quercus lobata Nee, Quercus agrifolia Nee, Lagerstroemia indica L. 'Watermelon Red', Ginkgo biloba L, Platanus racemosa Nutt., Fraxinus latifolia Benth. and Populus euamericana cv. Giacometti). In general, plants grown in treeshelters were taller and some had reduced caliper growth. Treeshelters reduced top dry mass of F. latifolia, P. racemosa, Q. agrifolia, Q. lobata and P. euamericana and also reduced root dry mass, root:shoot ratio, total root length and total root area for all species/cultivars except Q. agrifolia. The results are explained on the basis of the microenvironment in/ around treeshelters, photosynthetic partitioning and immobilization of plants growing in shelters. Management challenges and potential usefulness of treeshelters in landscape transplanting are also discussed.
A Cost/Benefit Analysis of the Ash Whitefly Biological Control Program in California
Authors: Jetter Karen , Klonsky Karen , Pickett Charles
Published: April 2022

The ash whitefly {Siphoninus phillyreae) was first identified in California during 1988 and caused widespread defoliation to its primary hosts, ash (Fraxinus species) and ornamental pear (Pyrus species) trees. The ash whitefly caused higher levels of damage to trees in regions with hotter summers and lower damage to trees in regions with cooler summers. In 1990 a parasitic wasp, Encarsia inaron (=partenopea), was released into urban communities in California to control the ash whitefly infestation. By 1992 the wasp had reduced ash whitefly populations to undetectable levels and preserved the aesthetic benefits of the affected trees. The loss in aesthetic benefits due to ash whitefly damage was estimated using a standard tree appraisal technique, the Trunk Formula Method. The benefits were estimated as the change in the average appraised value of a susceptible tree due to ash whitefly damage times the number of each affected tree species for each region. The total benefits of the biological control program range from $324 million at wholesale values to $412 million at retail. The direct costs of the program were just over $1.2 million. The net benefits are between $323 million and $411 million. The respective benefit to cost ratios are $270:1 and $344:1.
Soil Texture and Moisture Availability Impacts on the Efficacy of Soil-Applied Paclobutrazol
Authors: Groninger John , Seiler John
Published: April 2022

Soil-applied paclobutrazol has been shown to reduce tree growth and pruning costs in trees occupying utility rights-of-way. Uptake and efficacy of soil applied chemicals is often influenced by soil texture and moisture status at the time of application. To test the influence of these conditions on paclobutrazol efficacy, Profile 2SC growth regulator (DowElanco) was applied at three rates (control, 0.3 or 0.6 ml ai/cm stem diameter) to potted sweetgum and white pine seedlings under factorial combinations of soil texture (clay loam or sandy clay loam) and water availability (drought or well-watered). Under well-watered conditions, terminal leader elongation was reduced 53 and 23% by paclobutrazol for sweetgum {Liquidambar styraciflua) and white pine {Pinus strobus), respectively. Sweetgum shoot elongation was responsive to paclobutrazol in the clay loam, but not the sandy clay loam soil. Sweetgum total leaf area and specific leaf area and white pine needle length were reduced by paclobutrazol treatments across water availabilities and soil textures. The results of this study suggest that drought during and following application of paclobutrazol does not reduce efficacy of this chemical. Further research is needed to clarify the impact of soil texture on paclobutrazol efficacy.
Photosynthetic Response of Selected Red Maple Cultivars to Light
Authors: Sibley Jeff , Eakes D. Joseph , Gilliam Charles , Keever Gary , Dozier William
Published: April 2022

Four red maple {Acer rubrum L.) cultivars ('FranksrecT - Red Sunset™, 'Northwood', 'October Glory', and 'Schlesingeri') grown in containers were evaluated for response to different photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) levels. As PAR increased, there was a linear increase in net photosynthesis (Pn) and transpiration (E) for 'Franksred' and 'October Glory'. In contrast, Pn and E for 'Northwood' and 'Schlesingeri' increased as PAR increased to about 1375 |imol-m'2-s'1 and 1350 u.mol-m~2-s\ respectively and declined thereafter. PAR had no relationship to water use efficiency (calculated as Pn/E) for the four cultivars. Mesophyll resistance ( r j to CO2 (Cl/Pn) decreased linearly as PAR increased for 'October Glory'; but'Franksred', 'Northwood', and 'Schlesingeri' exhibited a quadratic response to PAR (with estimated lows of 17.61 cm-sec1 at 1600 PAR, and 16.45 cm-sec1 and 16.36 cm-sec1 at 1400 PAR, respectively). The enhanced photosynthetic mechanism for rm as PAR levels increased suggests that 'October Glory' is the most adapted cultivar of the four selections in this study for high PAR environments. Furthermore, adaptive ranges of red maple cultivars may be predicted during developmental stages by establishing light curves for Pn, E, and r.
Shelters Affect Tree Seedling Establishment Under Grass Competition
Authors: Kjelgren Roger , Rupp Larry
Published: April 2022

We investigated growth and water relations of tree seedlings grown in treeshelters surrounded by competing grass. Treeshelters were placed over one-year-old gambel oak (Quercus gambellii) and bigtooth maple (Acer grandidentatum) planted in field soil, and crested wheatgrass {Agrypyron cristatum x A. repens) was planted around half of the trees. Trees were irrigated only the first year. Surviving plants were counted over two years, and above-ground growth, root growth, and leaf water potential were measured the second year. Without shelters, all maples and most oaks under grass competition died within two years, while about half or more of those in shelters survived. Sheltered trees with competition had more height growth, and thus were able to extend foliage above the competing grass, and were under less water stress. Without competition, maple outgrew oak both above and below ground, but sheltered maple grew less than unsheltered maple, while the reverse was true for oak. Shelters reduced water stress in both species across all treatments. Shelters have the potential to increase seedling survival and growth when herbaceous competition is present, and increase drought tolerance, but the response will depend on the species.
Vitality, Variation, and Causes of Decline of Trees in Oslo Center (Norway)
Authors: Fostad Oddmund , Pedersen Per Anker
Published: April 2022

To document the health of the most important city trees, a total of 1243 in the Oslo center were surveyed during a five year period. The most frequently planted species in the street environment were Acer platanoides, Aesculus hippocastanum, Tilia platyphyllos, and Tilia x vulgaris. Street trees had poorer health and more severe leaf scorch than park trees. Frequent symptoms of stress on street trees were chlorosis, small chlorotic leaves, necrosis, stem injury, dead twigs and branches, and pest attacks. For some species pests were significantly higher on street trees than in park trees. Tilia platyphyllos and Tilia x vulgaris had the highest ratios among the most commonly planted species. They tolerated the difficult growth conditions along streets surprisingly well, but were often attacked by linden spider-mites which can periodically be a serious problem. Acer platanoides and Acer pseudoplatanus received the lowest ratio and suffered in many cases from severe decline. Aesculus hippocastanum and Betula pendula showed intermediate fitness to street conditions. The most critical factors affecting the tree growth in the Oslo center, were de-icing salt (NaCI), stem injury due to lack of space for tree growth, pest attack, and relatively high soil pH.
Detection of Salt and Waterlogging Stresses inAlnus cordataBy Measurement of Leaf Chlorophyll Fluorescence
Authors: Percival Glynn C. , Dixon Geoffrey R.
Published: April 2022

The measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence for use as a rapid diagnostic tool which detected stress interactions in Italian alder (Alnus cordataDesf.) is reported. Containerised trees in well-drained or waterlogged conditions were subjected to foliar applications of various concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCI). Measurements of leaf chlorophyll fluorescence provided strong correlations with visual necrosis (r2adj = 63.5%), and cell electrolyte leakage (r2dj = 84.6%). Leaf chlorophyll fluorescence was not correlated with stem growth. Foliar applications of NaCl increased sodium and chloride concentration in leaves irrespective of whether trees were planted in well-drained or waterlogged compost, with higher leaf Na and Cl concentrations reflecting the application of stronger salt solutions. Except for decreased calcium, phosphorous, magnesium and potassium in leaf tissue from trees grown in waterlogged compost and sprayed with distilled water or 2% NaCl, no treatment effects upon macronutrient concentrations were identified. Chlorophyll fluorescence values <0.8 indicated the onset of stress. The opportunities offered by measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence to provide a diagnostic tool for arborists are discussed.
Tree Root Response to Circling Root Barriers
Authors: Costello Laurence , Elmore Clyde , Steinmaus Scott
Published: April 2022

Root system size and distribution were measured for Raywood ash (Fraxinus oxycarpa 'Raywood') and Lombardy poplar (Populus nigra 'Italica') planted with and without circling root barriers. Trees with circling barriers had fewer numbers of roots than controls (no barriers), but mean root diameters were similar. Root depth 30 cm outside barriers was greater for trees with barriers, but at 90 and 150 cm away, depth was equivalent to controls. Roots tended to grow toward the soil surface after growing under the barriers. No consistent differences in root response to any of the four types of barriers tested were found for either species. Soil cultivation during the installation of a subsurface barrier (used to simulate a hardpan) resulted in lower soil bulk densities and a deeper distribution of roots in the soil profile than in plots which were not cultivated. Reducing soil bulk densities that are limiting to root growth may be an important consideration when using circling root barriers.
Least Cost Automation Based Wireless Sensor Networks in Multi Node with Multi Process Data Clustering for Vehicle Rim Manufacturing Industries
Authors: B. Ravindrakumar  , M. Karuppiah  , K. Mahesvari  , Dr. P. Indumathi
Published: April 2022

The least cost automation is a highly challengeable in manufacturing industrial sectors because of several processes takes vital places in manufacturing industries. In present scenario most of the industries are followed by the wired communication between one machine to another for the sequential operation for the production unit. Some of the industries are switch over to wireless communication mode in partially, that also causes to more expensive to develop the automation in industries. This paper look into that the implement of least cost various process automation for industrial environment in machine to machine interfacing efficiently with collection of sensor nodes are communicate with wireless principle. The dynamic manufacturing industries are anticipated to increase their productivity and efficiency with zero defect and errors; this will lead by least cost automation with industrial wireless sensor networks. Wireless Sensor Networks make available information for data in different machines under sequential process in industrial ambience. The least cost wireless sensor nodes are capable of monitoring physical variants like pressure, temperature, force, vibration and luminosity. The lowest cost WSN based automation involved in industrial environment focus to increase the entire quality of services for the factory automation.