bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influences of 20th‐century warming at the upper tree line contingent on local‐scale interactions: evidence from a latitudinal gradient in the Rocky Mountains, USA
Authors: Elliott Grant P.
Published: August 2010

Aims Twentieth‐century climate, the spatial pattern of tree establishment and positive feedback influence upper tree line ecotones. Here, I investigate how these factors interact to gain a more holistic understanding of how broad‐scale abiotic and local‐scale site conditions regulate tree establishment within upper tree line ecotones.

Location A latitudinal gradient (c. 35–45° N) in the US Rocky Mountains. Study sites (n= 22) were located in the Bighorn (BH), Medicine Bow (MB), Front Range (FR) and Sangre de Cristo (SDC) mountain ranges.

Methods Dendroecological techniques were used to reconstruct tree establishment dates that were compared with 20th‐century climate data using correlation and regime shift analyses. Spatial patterns of tree establishment were analysed by Ripley'sKand used to determine local‐scale interactions capable of ameliorating broad‐scale climate inputs through positive feedback.

Results Significant correlations (P< 0.01) between tree establishment and climate were confined to the FR, where a positive correlation was found with summer (June–August) and cool season (November–April) temperature range (Tmax−Tmin). These trees were almost exclusively situated in a random spatial pattern. Similar patterns exist in the BH, yet their establishment was contingent on the availability of local shelter in the lee of boulders. Trees in the MB and SDC were primarily clustered in space and had no significant correlations with climate. Considerable lag times exist between regime shift changes in climate towards more favourable growing conditions and corresponding shifts in tree establishment in all mountain ranges except the FR, where synchronous shifts occurred in the early 1950s.

Main conclusions These results suggest that the influence of broad‐scale climate on upper tree line dynamics is contingent on the local‐scale spatial patterns of tree establishment and related influences of positive feedback. This research has important implications for understanding how vegetation communities will respond to global climate change.
No biogeographical pattern for a root‐associated fungal species complex
Authors: Queloz Valentin , Sieber Thomas N. , Holdenrieder Ottmar , McDonald Bruce A. , Grünig Christoph R.
Published: August 2010

Aim  The biogeography of microbes is poorly understood and there is an open debate regarding if and how microbial biodiversity is structured. At the beginning of the 20th century, Baas Becking laid the foundations for the biogeography of microbes by stating that ‘Everything is everywhere, but the environment selects’ (the EisE hypothesis). This hypothesis remained dogma for almost a century. However, the recognition that microbial ‘species’ are often assemblages of reproductively isolated lineages challenged the EisE hypothesis, leading to the now common assumption that microbial communities possess cryptic biogeographic structures. We tested the presence of a cryptic biogeographical structure for a well‐characterized fungal species complex (the Phialocephala fortinii s.l.–Acephala applanata species complex, PAC) using precise molecular species resolution. In addition, we analysed factors that could govern PAC community assembling.

Locations  Forty‐four study sites in temperate and boreal forests across the Northern Hemisphere were included.

Methods  (1) The distance–decay relationship among PAC communities was calculated and a resampling procedure was applied to analyse the effect of sampling intensity and geographic distances among PAC communities. (2) Factors shaping PAC communities (e.g. climatic factors and tree species composition) were studied. (3) We tested PAC communities for random composition.

Results  We found that the similarity of species assemblages did not decrease with increasing geographical distance. Moreover, species diversity did not increase by expanding the area sampled. Instead, species diversity increased by increasing the sampling effort. Community composition correlated neither with tree species composition nor climate, and no association among species was observed.

Main conclusions  We could not discover any cryptic biogeographic structure even after applying refined species assignment but we demonstrate the importance of sampling effort for understanding the biogeography of microorganisms. Moreover, we show that primarily stochastic effects are responsible for the species composition of PAC communities.
Accounting Information in the Market for Debt
Authors: Whittred Greg , Zimmer Ian
Published: August 2010

This paper surveys trust deeds supporting listed public debt issues by Australian industrial and commercial companies. It provides evidence on the restrictive covenants and the accounting rules negotiated therein. The survey indicates cross‐sectional variation in the covenants/rules which is related to the nature of the debt. The paper also compares the negotiated rules with mandated accounting standards. As in the U.S. the effect of the negotiated accounting rules is, generally, to reduce management's ability to relax constrictive covenants.
Synergistic metabolism in hybrid corn indicates bottlenecks in the carotenoid pathway and leads to the accumulation of extraordinary levels of the nutritionally important carotenoid zeaxanthin
Authors: Naqvi Shaista , Zhu Changfu , Farre Gemma , Sandmann Gerhard , Capell Teresa , Christou Paul
Published: August 2010

Lutein and zeaxanthin cannot be synthesized de novo in humans, and although lutein is abundant in fruit and vegetables, good dietary sources of zeaxanthin are scarce. Certain corn varieties provide adequate amounts because the ratio of endosperm β : ε lycopene cyclase activity favours the β‐carotene/zeaxanthin branch of the carotenoid pathway. We previously described a transgenic corn line expressing the early enzymes in the pathway (including lycopene β‐cyclase) and therefore accumulating extraordinary levels of β‐carotene. Here, we demonstrate that introgressing the transgenic mini‐pathway into wild‐type yellow endosperm varieties gives rise to hybrids in which the β : ε ratio is altered additively. Where the β : ε ratio in the genetic background is high, introgression of the mini‐pathway allows zeaxanthin production at an unprecedented 56 μg/g dry weight. This result shows that metabolic synergy between endogenous and heterologous pathways can be used to enhance the levels of nutritionally important metabolites.
Human newborns match tongue protrusion of disembodied human and robotic mouths
Authors: Soussignan Robert , Courtial Alexis , Canet Pierre , Danon‐Apter Gisèle , Nadel Jacqueline
Published: August 2010

No evidence had been provided so far of newborns’ capacity to give a matching response to 2D stimuli. We report evidence from 18 newborns who were presented with three types of stimuli on a 2D screen. The stimuli were video‐recorded displays of tongue protrusion shown by: (a) a human face, (b) a human tongue from a disembodied mouth, and (c) an artificial tongue from a robotic mouth. Compared to a baseline condition, neonates increased significantly their tongue protrusion when seeing disembodied human and artificial tongue movements, but not when seeing a 2D full‐face protruding tongue. This result was interpreted as revealing the exploration of top‐heavy patterns of the 2D face that distracted infants’ attention from the tongue. Results also showed progressively more accurate matching (full tongue protrusion) throughout repeated exposure to each kind of stimulus. Such findings are not in line with the predictions of the innate releasing mechanism (IRM) model or of the oral exploration hypothesis. They support the active intermodal mapping (AIM) hypothesis that emphasizes not only the importance of repeated experience, as would the associative sequence learning (ASL) hypothesis, but also predicts a differential learning and progressive correction of the response adapted to each stimulus.
The Economics of Superannuation
Authors: Rodger A. S.
Published: August 2010

The purpose of this article is to draw together some of the main economic issues relating to superannuation and retirement income arrangements more generally. The article is essentially descriptive, not prescriptive nor particularly analytical. It begins with an explanation of community objectives and moves on to canvass the criteria for government intervention. The main part of the article discusses the economic issues of savings, labour supply, financing and redistribution. This is followed by a brief review of the problems and prospects for Australian arrangements. The article finishes with a tentative conclusion about the main economic issues and themes that might attract debate and stimulate research.
Later Wittgenstein and the Problem of Easy Knowledge
Authors: Scheall Scott
Published: August 2010

Consider the following epistemological principle:

KR: A knowledge source K can yield knowledge for subject S only if S knows K is reliable.

Traditional epistemologists face a dilemma: either reject KR and confront what Stewart Cohen calls “the Problem of Easy Knowledge” or embrace KR and deny that unreflective beings can possess knowledge. In order to avoid this dilemma, an epistemological theory must allow for knowledge on the part of unreflective beings without falling prey to the problem of easy knowledge. I argue that the epistemology of the dying Wittgenstein, presented posthumously in On Certainty, avoids the dilemma.
Predicting second language writing proficiency: the roles of cohesion and linguistic sophistication
Authors: Crossley Scott A. , McNamara Danielle S.
Published: August 2010

This study addresses research gaps in predicting second language (L2) writing proficiency using linguistic features. Key to this analysis is the inclusion of linguistic measures at the surface, textbase and situation model level that assess text cohesion and linguistic sophistication. The results of this study demonstrate that five variables (lexical diversity, word frequency, word meaningfulness, aspect repetition and word familiarity) can be used to significantly predict L2 writing proficiency. The results demonstrate that L2 writers categorised as highly proficient do not produce essays that are more cohesive, but instead produce texts that are more linguistically sophisticated. These findings have important implications for L2 writing development and L2 writing pedagogy.
NATURAL THEOLOGY AND EPISTEMIC JUSTIFICATION
Authors: REHNMAN SEBASTIAN
Published: August 2010

First it is argued that the linkage of natural theology to epistemology is invalid historically, epistemologically and metaphysically. Second it is argued that knowledge claims about the ultimate cause of everything should be evaluated not in terms of justified true belief but in terms of the intellectual virtue of wisdom.
The perplexing role of learner control in e‐learning: will learning and transfer benefit or suffer?
Authors: Granger Benjamin P. , Levine Edward L.
Published: August 2010

The appeal of e‐learning is not surprising given its many proposed advantages (e.g. flexibility, responsiveness to trainees' individual needs, potential cost‐effectiveness). However, as pointed out by Ruël et al., academic research in support of the proposed advantages of electronic human resource management systems is scarce. Although this is generally the case for technologically mediated training, the extant research on e‐learning actually questions many of its proposed advantages. In this conceptual piece we (1) establish the link between e‐learning and learner control, (2) summarize the advantages and disadvantages of learner‐controlled e‐learning, (3) briefly present the results of a recent study conducted in our research lab that addresses the disadvantages of learner‐controlled e‐learning for the training of complex material, and (4) discuss research‐based recommendations for the application of learner‐controlled e‐learning in organizational settings.
Trainee reactions to learner control: an important link in the e‐learning equation
Authors: Fisher Sandra L. , Wasserman Michael E. , Orvis Karin A.
Published: August 2010

This paper examines the benefits and limitations of learner control functionality in the e‐learning environment. A quasi‐experiment with 237 learners was conducted to examine the role of high‐level learner control (i.e. enabling trainee ‘choice’ to complete an e‐learning program with or without interactive learner control features versus completion of the program without consideration of personal preference) in trainee reactions and learning in an e‐learning environment. Results suggest that high‐level learner control positively influences affective and utility‐based reactions to these features, which in turn influence overall satisfaction with the e‐learning program. Moreover, trainees' overall satisfaction was found to influence actual learning of the instructional content. Practical and future research implications for providing trainees with high‐level learner control, as well as other state‐of‐the‐art learner control features, are discussed.
Limitations in Research on Human Trafficking*
Authors: Tyldum Guri
Published: August 2010

In this article I point to some common pitfalls and particular challenges in research on human trafficking. I start out by presenting some of the challenges in identifying observable populations and behaviours, arguing that primary data collection in the trafficking field should focus on former victims, and not current victims or persons at risk. Thereafter I discuss some of the factors that have inhibited the development and use of explicit operational definitions of trafficking. Third, I present some of the challenges in identification of trafficking victims, when the victims themselves do not want to identify with the trafficking label. Finally, the usefulness of different research strategies in the trafficking fields for the current knowledge‐needs is discussed.

The article concludes that there will always be some limitations and biases in empirical research in the trafficking field. However, as long as we acknowledge these limitations and make them explicit in our research, sound empirical research that enhances our knowledge in this field is possible. The best potential for good quality research lies in small‐scale, thematically focused empirical studies, while attempts to describe worldwide trafficking across regions and arenas is less likely to be successful.
In vitro and in vivo efficacy of sulfo‐carrabiose, a sugar‐based cosmetic ingredient with anti‐cellulite properties
Authors: Vogelgesang B. , Bonnet I. , Godard N. , Sohm B. , Perrier E.
Published: August 2010

Synopsis

Most of adult women exhibit cellulite on the hips, buttock and thighs. Although extracellular matrix and lymphatic system disorders can increase its appearance, cellulite basically results from an excessive fat storage in the adipose tissue which exerts considerable pressure on the surrounding skin tissue and creates a dimpled irregular appearance. Caffeine, the most widely used anti‐cellulite ingredient, favours fat break‐down by inhibiting the phosphodiesterase enzyme and encouraging a high intracellular level of cAMP. A series of studies has shown that spermine and spermidine, two ubiquitous polyamines, encouraged fat storage and slowed fat break‐down in the adipose tissue. Besides, it was shown that heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans had a strong affinity for polyamines. To design a new cosmetic ingredient with anti‐cellulite properties, we used molecular modelling to screen several ingredients with a structure similar to that of heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans. This way, we identified sulfo‐carrabiose as a potent molecule for trapping spermine and spermidine. These virtual results were first confirmed in tubo where sulfo‐carrabiose was shown to dose‐dependently inactivate spermine and spermidine. In vitro, adipocytes cultured with sulfo‐carrabiose exhibited a significant reduction of lipogenesis and a significant increase of lipolysis. When sulfo‐carrabiose was incorporated in a cosmetic formula, significant improvements were observed in thigh circumference, with better results than those obtained with caffeine after 28 days of use. Furthermore, a combination of caffeine and sulfo‐carrabiose led to results significantly better than those obtained with caffeine alone. As measured by fringe projection, thigh volume was also significantly reduced after sulfo‐carrabiose treatment. Finally, the appearance of cellulite assessed by clinical evaluation was also significantly reduced within 28 days.
Quantitative morphometry of the orbit in Chinese adults based on a three‐dimensional reconstruction method
Authors: Ji Yongrong , Qian Zanqun , Dong Yang , Zhou Huifang , Fan Xianqun
Published: August 2010

The three‐dimensional (3D) reconstruction technique serves as a practical tool in diagnosis, surgical planning, and outcome prediction of plastic and reconstructive surgery. In our study, the morphologic features of the Chinese adult orbit were described by 11 anatomic parameters using a 3D reconstruction technique. Sixty‐four Chinese adults were selected randomly from patients who had undergone craniofacial computed tomography (CT) scans to diagnose conditions other than craniofacial or orbital deformations. The morphologic parameters of orbit such as bony orbital volume, orbital foramen area and orbital rim perimeter were measured on 3D models using this technique. Differences between the two orbits and between the two sexes were investigated. The method of measurement showed high reproducibility of results. No difference between the two orbits was found. There were significant differences between men and women in all anatomic parameters other than orbital height. In men and women, respectively, mean bony orbital volume was 26.02 and 23.32 mL, mean orbital foramen area 11.80 and 11.10 cm2, mean orbital rim perimeter 12.65 and 12.20 cm, mean orbital height 33.35 and 33.22 mm, mean orbital width 40.02 and 38.00 mm; mean orbital floor length 47.93 and 46.18 mm, mean orbital roof length 52.93 and 50.89 mm, mean medial orbital wall length 46.43 and 44.41 mm, mean lateral orbital wall length 48.38 and 46.91 mm, mean intraorbital distance 27.18 and 25.11 mm, mean extra‐orbital distance 98.77 and 93.69 mm. It is concluded that the measurements of these orbital parameters could be obtained from a 3D reconstruction method. The two orbits were symmetric based on orbital volume and other anatomic parameters. Orbital size was significantly smaller in women than in men; orbital height, however, was similar. The findings of the present study allow for quantification of the orbital features of Chinese adults and provide parameters for preoperative planning and prediction of postoperative outcome.
Direct selection at the blossom level on floral reward by pollinators in a natural population ofDalechampia schottii: full‐disclosure honesty?
Authors: Bolstad Geir H. , Armbruster W. Scott , Pélabon Christophe , Pérez‐Barrales Rocío , Hansen Thomas F.
Published: August 2010

Featured paper: See Commentary p303
Trait correlates and functional significance of heteranthery in flowering plants
Authors: Vallejo‐Marín Mario , Da Silva Elizabeth M. , Sargent Risa D. , Barrett Spencer C. H.
Published: August 2010

Featured paper: See Commentary p303
Executive function and theory of mind in school‐aged children after neonatal corrective cardiac surgery for transposition of the great arteries
Authors: CALDERON JOHANNA , BONNET DAMIEN , COURTIN CYRIL , CONCORDET SUSAN , PLUMET MARIE‐HELENE , ANGEARD NATHALIE
Published: August 2010

Aim  Cardiac malformations resulting in cyanosis, such as transposition of the great arteries (TGA), have been associated with neurodevelopmental dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to assess, for the first time, theory of mind (ToM), which is a key component of social cognition and executive functions in school‐aged children with TGA.

Method  Twenty‐one children (14 males, seven females; mean age 7y 4mo; SD 3mo) who underwent neonatal open‐heart surgery for TGA using full‐flow cardiopulmonary bypass were compared with 21 typically developing age‐matched children (12 males, nine females; mean age 7y 6mo; SD 3.8mo) using different neuropsychological measures specifically designed to assess executive function (cognitive and response inhibition, verbal and spatial working memory, and planning). They were also given two ToM tasks (first‐ and second‐order false belief understanding).

Results  General IQ was within the normal range in both the TGA group and the comparison group (mean IQ 113 [SD 9.3] and 118 [SD 10.1] respectively), but performance on all executive functions and on ToM (first and second level) was significantly lower in the TGA group (p values of 0.02, 0.01, and 0.004 respectively). A discriminant multivariate analysis provided evidence for cognitive and behavioural inhibition as well as performance on false belief tasks as being the most important contributors to the differentiation between the groups (p=0.03).

Interpretation  Children with TGA demonstrate great difficulties in exerting cognitive and behavioural inhibition. They also present specific deficits in false belief understanding, which were related to immature executive abilities.
Intervention for mixed receptive–expressive language impairment: a review
Authors: BOYLE JAMES , MCCARTNEY ELSPETH , O’HARE ANNE , LAW JAMES
Published: August 2010

Studies indicate that language impairment that cannot be accounted for by factors such as below‐average non‐verbal ability, hearing impairment, behaviour or emotional problems, or neurological impairments affects some 6% of school‐age children. Language impairment with a receptive language component is more resistant to intervention than specific expressive or phonological delays, and carries a greater risk of comorbid behavioural difficulties as well as adverse outcomes for language development and academic progress. This paper considers underlying explanations that may account for receptive–expressive language impairment. It also reviews evidence for the effectiveness of intervention from theory and recent systematic reviews, trials, and speech and language therapy practice.
Role of adenosine and wake‐promoting basal forebrain in insomnia and associated sleep disruptions caused by ethanol dependence
Authors: Sharma Rishi , Engemann Samuel , Sahota Pradeep , Thakkar Mahesh M.
Published: August 2010

J. Neurochem.(2010)115, 782–794.

Insomnia is a severe symptom of alcohol withdrawal; however, the underlying neuronal mechanism is yet unknown. We hypothesized that chronic ethanol exposure will impair basal forebrain (BF) adenosinergic mechanism resulting in insomnia‐like symptoms. We performed a series of experiments in Sprague–Dawley rats to test our hypothesis. We used Majchrowicz’s chronic binge ethanol protocol to induce ethanol dependency. Our first experiment verified the effects of ethanol withdrawal on sleep–wakefulness. Significant increase in wakefulness was observed during ethanol withdrawal. Next, we examined c‐Fosexpression (marker of neuronal activation) in BF wake‐promoting neurons during ethanol withdrawal. There was a significant increase in the number of BF wake‐promoting neurons with c‐Fosimmunoreactivity. Our third experiment examined the effects of ethanol withdrawal on sleep deprivation induced increase in BF adenosine levels. Sleep deprivation did not increase BF adenosine levels in ethanol dependent rats. Our last experiment examined the effects of ethanol withdrawal on equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 and A1 receptor expression in the BF. There was a significant reduction in A1 receptor and equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 expression in the BF of ethanol dependent rats. Based on these results, we suggest that insomnia observed during ethanol withdrawal is caused because of impaired adenosinergic mechanism in the BF.
Marginal Abatement Cost Curves for UK Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Authors: Moran Dominic , Macleod Michael , Wall Eileen , Eory Vera , McVittie Alistair , Barnes Andrew , Rees Robert , Topp Cairistiona F. E. , Moxey Andrew
Published: August 2010

This article addresses the challenge of developing a ‘bottom‐up’ marginal abatement cost curve (MACC) for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from UK agriculture. An MACC illustrates the costs of specific crop, soil and livestock abatement measures against a ‘business as usual’ scenario. The results indicate that in 2022 under a specific policy scenario, around 5.38 Mt CO2 equivalent (e) could be abated at negative or zero cost. A further 17% of agricultural GHG emissions (7.85 Mt CO2e) could be abated at a lower unit cost than the UK Government’s 2022 shadow price of carbon [£34 (tCO2e)−1]. The article discusses a range of methodological hurdles that complicate cost‐effectiveness appraisal of abatement in agriculture relative to other sectors.
Applications from Paleoecology to Environmental Management and Restoration in a Dynamic Coastal Environment
Authors: Watson Elizabeth B. , Wasson Kerstin , Pasternack Gregory B. , Woolfolk Andrea , Van Dyke Eric , Gray Andrew B. , Pakenham Anna , Wheatcroft Robert A.
Published: August 2010

Estuarine restoration is a major focus of coastal management. To set estuarine restoration targets, coastal managers need to understand natural baselines and human modifications. The goal of this study was to characterize baseline environmental conditions for the purposes of restoration planning at Elkhorn Slough, a regionally significant California estuary. We reconstructed baseline salinity, sediment sources, sediment accumulation rates, and wetland plant distribution by collecting and analyzing sediment cores from the upper and lower reaches of the estuary, and marsh extent by synthesizing previously published stratigraphic descriptions of sediment cores. The results of this study show strong contrasts between current and baseline conditions. Sediment accumulation rates have recently increased, whereas flood deposits have disappeared from marsh sediments. Representation by freshwater and brackish plants has also declined. Extent of marshes increased in the recent past, likely as a result of anthropogenic sediment loading from early Euro‐American land use changes. Many of these marshes have degraded in past decades, but marsh extent today is still higher than in previous periods. Reconstruction of natural baselines and processes suggests that restoration strategies for the estuary should focus on increasing sediment supply and freshwater inputs to the marshes in order to restore the processes that naturally sustained marsh accretion and diversity. This study highlights the importance of revealing human modifications when designing restoration strategies for dynamic and highly altered systems such as estuaries.
Above‐ and Belowground Impacts of European Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) on Four Native Forbs
Authors: Klionsky Sarah M. , Amatangelo Kathryn L. , Waller Donald M.
Published: August 2010

Fast‐growing European buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) shrubs are aggressively invading woodlands in eastern and midwestern North America. Buckthorn casts dense shade, alters soil conditions, and may be allelopathic. We used greenhouse and field experiments to investigate above‐ and belowground effects ofRhamnuson four herbaceous species native to southern Wisconsin. In the greenhouse, we assessed howRhamnusleaves and fruit affected seed germination and seedling growth relative to sugar maple (Acer saccharum) leaves. Fewer seeds ofEurybia macrophyllaandThalictrum dasycarpumgerminated underRhamnusleaves, and those that germinated were slowed. We planted seedlings of the four natives into four treatments at three sites in the field to assess how their survival, growth, and flowering respond to the separate and combined effects of light levels, buckthorn canopies, and buckthorn soils. Buckthorn consistently reduced native plant performance by diminishing survival, flowering, and growth inThalictrum, survival and flowering inEurybia, and flowering and growth inSymphyotrichum lateriflorum. Removing buckthorn canopies enhanced growth of these native species, but buckthorn soils separately inhibited growth at least as much (despite being more fertile). Buckthorn's impacts on native plants exceed effects attributable to light levels and soil fertility, suggesting allelopathy. Buckthorn reduced performance more in the uncommon species (ThalictrumandEurybia) than the common species (Geranium maculatumandSymphyotrichum). As we do not yet know how long these inhibitory soil effects persist, we need additional research to learn how best to control buckthorn's impacts on native plant communities.
What is the Role of Dependence‐Related Behavior in Medication‐Overuse Headache?
Authors: Radat Françoise , Lanteri‐Minet Michel
Published: August 2010

(Headache 2010;50:1597‐1611)

Medication‐overuse headache (MOH) can be viewed as an interaction between the worsening of the primary headache course and individual predispositions for dependence. We present here a review of the clinical and biological data raising the role of dependence‐related behavior in MOH. Indeed, several clinical studies show that acute headache medications containing psychoactive components (barbiturates, opiates) are associated with an increased risk of MOH. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition substance dependence criteria were identified in a sub‐group of MOH patients. Comorbidity between MOH and substance‐related disorders has also been showed. Recent neuroimaging, biological, and pharmacogenetic studies suggest the existence of an overlap between the pathophysiological mechanisms of MOH and those of substance‐related disorders. These data support the proposition of separating 2 sets of MOH patients: the first one in which the illness is mainly due to the worsening of the headache course, and the second one in which behavioral issues are a major determinant of the illness. Detection of a psychological dependence component in a sub‐group of MOH patients should have direct relevance to disease management.
Cardiovascular and demographic characteristics in whole blood and plasma donors: results from the Donor InSight study
Authors: Atsma Femke , Veldhuizen Ingrid , de Vegt Femmie , Doggen Carine , de Kort Wim
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND: Within blood establishments little comparative information is available about donors versus the general population. In this study, a description of the donor pool was made in terms of demographic factors and cardiovascular risk factors. The general Dutch population was used as a reference group.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The Donor InSight study provided information on donors. Extensive information has been gathered by a self‐administered questionnaire addressing various topics, like demographics, lifestyle, and health. Aggregated donor responses were compared with general population summary data.

RESULTS: The study population consisted of 15,076 donors. The median age was 46.3 years and 47.3% were men. Donors were more likely to be highly educated (34.6%), married (71.7%), and of Dutch origin (97.4%), when compared to the general population. Donors were less often smokers (donors, 17.1%; general population, 31.8%), more often moderate drinkers (donors, 82.8%; general population, 74.7%), and physically more active (donors, 2.0 hr/week; general population, 1.0 hr/week). Male donors were more often moderately overweight (47.7%) than men from the general population (39.9%). In donors, 0.9% reported to have Type 2 diabetes versus 1.9% in the general population. In donors, 3.4% reported high cholesterol versus 4.6% in the general population.

CONCLUSION: The study provided important knowledge about demographic distributions and cardiovascular risk factors within donors. A proper understanding of demographic characteristics of donors will help us to focus recruitment and retention strategies. The reported beneficial cardiovascular profile suggests a need for further research on the role of blood donation in cardiovascular risk reduction.
Strategic Appraisal of Environmental Risks: A Contrast Between the United Kingdom's Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change and its Committee on Radioactive Waste Management
Authors: Dietz Simon , Morton Alec
Published: August 2010

In this article, we compare two high‐profile strategic policy reviews undertaken for the U.K. government on environmental risks: radioactive waste management and climate change. These reviews took very different forms, both in terms of analytic approach and deliberation strategy. The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change was largely an exercise in expert modeling, building, within a cost‐benefit framework, an argument for immediate reductions in carbon emissions. The Committee on Radioactive Waste Management, on the other hand, followed a much more explicitly deliberative and participative process, using multicriteria decision analysis to bring together scientific evidence and stakeholder and public values. In this article, we ask why the two reviews were different, and whether the differences are justified. We conclude that the differences were mainly due to political context, rather than the underpinning science, and as a consequence that, while in our view “fit for purpose,” they would both have been stronger had they been less different. Stern's grappling with ethical issues could have been strengthened by a greater degree of public and stakeholder engagement, and the Committee on Radioactive Waste Management's handling of issues of uncertainty could have been strengthened by the explicitly probabilistic framework of Stern.
From Central Places to Network Bases: A Transition in the U.S. Urban Hierarchy, 1900–2000
Authors: Neal Zachary P.
Published: August 2010

The notion of a hierarchy among cities has long been part of the theoretical tool kit of urban sociologists, geographers, and economists. Reviewing the evolution of the urban hierarchy concept, this paper empirically demonstrates a hypothesized transition in the U.S. urban hierarchy during the twentieth century, from size based to network based. Three urban types, following distinct trajectories during this shift, are explored: the primate city, the offline metropolis, and the wired town. Data on the economic structure, population size, and airline passenger traffic of 64 U.S. metropolitan areas from 1900 to 2000 are used to test the hypothesis of a hierarchical transition. Results suggest that a size–based hierarchy dominated in the early twentieth century but was replaced or augmented in the mid–1940s with a network–based hierarchy. The paper concludes with a discussion of the study's limitations and directions for future research.
Fabrication of (Ca1−xLax)MnO3 Ceramics with a High Relative Density and their Power Factor
Authors: Taguchi Hideki , Kugi Toshihisa , Kato Masaki , Hirota Ken
Published: August 2010

Perovskite‐type (Ca1−xLax)MnO3 powders were synthesized using a Pechini‐type polymerized complex route, and (Ca1−x Lax)MnO3 ceramics with a high relative density (85.6%–98.5%) were fabricated using a planetary mill and cold‐isostatic pressing (CIP) in order to improve the electrical and thermoelectric properties. The electrical conductivity (σ) was independent of both x and the temperature, and the relationship between log σT vs. 1000/T was linear. The Seebeck coefficient (S) was negative, and the absolute value of the Seebeck coefficient increased with temperature and decreased with increases of x. The highest value of the power factor (S2σ) was 3–4 × 10−4 W/(K2·m) for the (Ca0.96La0.04)MnO3 ceramic.
Activation and regulation of store‐operated calcium entry
Authors: Smyth Jeremy T. , Hwang Sung‐Yong , Tomita Takuro , DeHaven Wayne I. , Mercer Jason C. , Putney James W.
Published: August 2010

Introduction

I
CRAC

Orais

STIM1

STIM2

STIM1, STIM2 and Ca2+ oscillations

TRPCs and SOCE

Conclusions

The process of store‐operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), whereby Ca2+ influx across the plasma membrane is activated in response to depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), has been under investigation for greater than 25 years; however, only in the past 5 years have we come to understand this mechanism at the molecular level. A surge of recent experimentation indicates that STIM molecules function as Ca2+ sensors within the ER that, upon Ca2+ store depletion, rearrange to sites very near to the plasma membrane. At these plasma membrane‐ER junctions, STIM interacts with and activates SOCE channels of the Orai family. The molecular and biophysical data that have led to these findings are discussed in this review, as are several controversies within this rapidly expanding field.
Modulation of metallothionein isoforms is associated with collagen deposition in proliferating keloid fibroblasts in vitro
Authors: Toh Pearl P.‐C. , Li Jasmine J. , Yip George W.‐C. , Lo Soo‐Ling , Guo Chun‐Hua , Phan Toan‐Thang , Bay Boon‐Huat
Published: August 2010

Please cite this paper as: Modulation of metallothionein isoforms is associated with collagen deposition in proliferating keloid fibroblasts in vitro. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: 987–993.

Abstract:  The keloid fibroblast (KF) is known to have higher proliferative capacity than normal dermal fibroblast (NF). Metallothionein (MT), a metal‐binding protein, has been reported to promote cell proliferation. In this study, we evaluated the expression of MT isoforms at the mRNA level in fetal bovine serum (FBS)‐stimulated proliferating KF. Although the morphological appearance of NF and KF was similar when viewed under light, confocal and transmission electron microscopy, there was surprisingly a generally lower expression of MT isoforms in KF when compared with NF and also reduced MT staining in dermal fibroblasts of keloids as opposed to normal skin. Primary cultures of KF grown in 5% FBS or 10% FBS compared to without FBS demonstrated significantly higher proliferative activity and more abundant deposition of collagen. Contrary to expectation, MT‐1A, ‐1F, ‐1G, ‐1X and ‐2A isoforms were significantly down‐regulated in proliferating KF. Moreover, stimulating KF with TGF β1, which is known to promote collagen synthesis and keloid formation, increased expression of Collagen 1A and 3A genes accompanied by reduction in MT‐2A gene expression. Furthermore, down‐regulation of the MT‐2A gene in proliferating KF by siRNA‐mediated silencing enhanced cell proliferation with concomitant up‐regulation of the NF‐κB gene and 10 of 13 other NF‐κB pathway–related genes analysed but no alteration of the Collagen 1 and Collagen 3 gene expression. It would appear that down‐regulation of MT isoforms in proliferating KF, in particular MT‐2A, enhances keloidogenesis with the possible involvement of the NF‐κB signalling pathway.
Human umbilical cord blood cells form epidermis in the skin equivalent model
Authors: Mortier Laurent , Delesalle Franck , Formstecher Pierre , Polakowska Renata
Published: August 2010

Please cite this paper as: Human umbilical cord blood cells form epidermis in the skin equivalent model. Experimental Dermatology 2010.

Abstract:  Recently, human embryonic stem cells have been differentiated in vitro into functional epidermal keratinocytes. Here, we demonstrated that these cells can be generated also from non‐embryonic, human umbilical cord blood (hUCB) cells that have the potential to differentiate into cells of non‐hematopoietic lineage. Human UCB mono‐nucleated cells were cultivated in monolayer and in three‐dimensional skin equivalent cultures and assayed for the presence of phenotype‐specific markers. Our results determined that after one month of culturing in serum containing medium, the hUCB cells produced morphologically homogeneous colonies of epithelial cells expressing keratinocyte‐specific markers. They also formed stratified epidermis in organ cultures that contained sporadic CD1a‐positive cells within the accurate strata. We concluded that hUCB cells have the capacity to differentiate into functional epidermal keratinocytes and may serve as a source of high‐quality keratinocytes for clinical applications.
Lysyl Oxidase silencing impairs keratinocyte differentiation in a reconstructed‐epidermis model
Authors: Le Provost Gabrielle S. , Debret Romain , Cenizo Valérie , Aimond Géraldine , Pez Floriane , Kaniewski Bastien , André Valérie , Sommer Pascal
Published: August 2010

Please cite this paper as: Lysyl Oxidase silencing impairs keratinocyte differentiation in a reconstructed‐epidermis model. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: 1080–1087.

Abstract:  Lysyl Oxidase (LOX) is an extracellular enzyme involved in the maturation of connective tissues. It also acts in many cell types as a regulator of cell behaviour and phenotype through intracellular signalling pathways. Recently, LOX was shown to be present in human epidermis where its precise functions remain unclear. We showed here that in confluent monolayer cultures of normal human keratinocytes (KCs) and N/TERT‐1‐immortalized KCs, LOX expression was induced during the first differentiation steps. Moreover, the silencing of LOX by stable RNA interference disrupted the expression of early differentiation markers. In a reconstructed‐epidermis model, LOX silencing did not impair the stratification process nor the formation of the first differentiated layers. However, terminal differentiation was strongly impaired, as shown by a decreased expression of late differentiation proteins and by the absence of stratum corneum. Nonetheless, inhibition of LOX enzymatic activity by β‐aminopropionitrile did not affect the differentiation process. Therefore, LOX protein acts during the first steps of KC differentiation and is important for subsequent commitment into terminal differentiation. Taken together, these results suggest that a finely regulated expression of LOX is necessary for normal KC differentiation and thus for maintenance of epidermal homeostasis.
Stress fractures in elite male football players
Authors: Ekstrand J. , Torstveit M. K.
Published: August 2010

The objective was to investigate the incidence, type and distribution of stress fractures in professional male football players. Fifty‐four football teams, comprising 2379 players, were followed prospectively for 189 team seasons during the years 2001–2009. Team medical staff recorded individual player exposure and time‐loss injuries. The first team squads of 24 clubs selected by UEFA as belonging to the 50 best European teams, 15 teams of the Swedish Super League and 15 teams playing their home matches on artificial turf pitches were included. In total, 51 stress fractures occurred during 1 180 000 h of exposure, giving an injury incidence of 0.04 injuries/1000 h. A team of 25 players can therefore expect one stress fracture every third season. All fractures affected the lower extremities and 78% the fifth metatarsal bone. Stress fractures to the fifth metatarsal bone, tibia or pelvis caused absences of 3–5 months. Twenty‐nine percent of the stress fractures were re‐injuries. Players that sustained stress fractures were significantly younger than those that did not. Stress fractures are rare in men's professional football but cause long absences. Younger age and intensive pre‐season training appear to be risk factors.
Effect of exercise training on the density of endothelial cells in the white adipose tissue of rats
Authors: Hatano D. , Ogasawara J. , Endoh S. , Sakurai T. , Nomura S. , Kizaki T. , Ohno H. , Komabayashi T. , Izawa T.
Published: August 2010

We examined the effects of a 9‐week exercise training (TR) in Wistar male rats, beginning at 4 weeks of age, on the density of endothelial cells (ECs) in epididymal white adipose tissue (WAT) and the mRNA expression of angiogenic factors in adipose tissue stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells. The number of ECs and mRNA expressions were assessed by lectin staining and real‐time reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Compared with control (CR) rats, TR rats gained weight more slowly and had significantly lower final weight of WAT due to the reduction in the size and the number of adipocytes. TR significantly increased the number of ECs per square millimeter and per adipocyte (1.37‐ and 1.23‐fold, respectively) in WAT. This is probably because the number of adipocytes is fewer while the number of ECs is constant in the WAT of TR rats, because the regression line of TR rats for adipocyte number‐dependent EC number was shifted toward the left without significant differences in the slopes between groups. TR also induced the upregulation of mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (Vegf)‐A and Vegf‐receptor‐2 in SVF cells, thereby retaining a constant number of ECs in the WAT.
Development of aerobic and anaerobic power in adolescent rowers: a 5‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Mikulic P.
Published: August 2010

We aimed to determine whether the physical and physiological superiority of early‐maturing rowing athletes, observed at ages 12–13 years, over that of their late‐maturing counterparts observed at the same ages, still persists at 17–18 years of age, when all adolescent athletes are expected to have completed pubertal development. We hypothesized that this superiority of early maturers would not be observed at reassessment, as late maturers would have likely “caught up” with their early‐maturing peers. Twenty‐one male rowers were assessed at age 12.8 ± 0.5 years and again at 17.5 ± 0.5 years (mean ± SD). They were divided into groups of early‐maturing and late‐maturing rowing athletes based on Tanner's sexual maturity ratings. A two‐way repeated‐measures MANOVA followed by a series of ANOVAs with one within‐subject factor (time) and one between‐subject factor (group) indicated significant (P≤0.003) within‐subject and between‐subjects main effects for lean body mass (LBM), maximal oxygen uptake (), and mean power (MP). The group × time interaction effects were significant for LBM (P=0.003), (P=0.004), but not for MP (P=0.171). Over 5 years, early‐maturers' advantage dwindled in terms of LBM (+38% to +9%), (+47% to +9%), and MP (+76% to +15%); however, these differences may still be considered practically relevant. The proposed hypothesis was not supported.
Proteoglycans in health and disease: novel regulatory signaling mechanisms evoked by the small leucine‐rich proteoglycans
Authors: Iozzo Renato V. , Schaefer Liliana
Published: August 2010

The small leucine‐rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) are involved in many aspects of mammalian biology, both in health and disease. They are now being recognized as key signaling molecules with an expanding repertoire of molecular interactions affecting not only growth factors, but also various receptors involved in controlling cell growth, morphogenesis and immunity. The complexity of SLRP signaling and the multitude of affected signaling pathways can be reconciled with a hierarchical affinity‐based interaction of various SLRPs in a cell‐ and tissue‐specific context. Here, we review this interacting network, describe new relationships of the SLRPs with tyrosine kinase and Toll‐like receptors and critically assess their roles in cancer and innate immunity.