bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global REACH 2018
Authors: Tremblay Joshua C. , Hoiland Ryan L. , Howe Connor A. , Coombs Geoff B. , Vizcardo-Galindo Gustavo A. , Figueroa-Mujíca Rómulo J. , Bermudez Daniela , Gibbons Travis D. , Stacey Benjamin S. , Bailey Damian M. , Tymko Michael M. , MacLeod David B. , Gasho Chris , Villafuerte Francisco C. , Pyke Kyra E. , Ainslie Philip N.
Published: April 2019

Excessive erythrocytosis (EE; hemoglobin concentration [Hb] ≥21 g/dL in adult males) is associated with increased cardiovascular risk in highlander Andeans. We sought to quantify shear stress and assess endothelial function via flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in male Andeans with and without EE. We hypothesized that FMD would be impaired in Andeans with EE after accounting for shear stress and that FMD would improve after isovolemic hemodilution. Brachial artery shear stress and FMD were assessed in 23 male Andeans without EE (age: 40±15 years [mean±SD]; Hb<21 g/dL) and 19 male Andeans with EE (age: 43±14 years; Hb≥21 g/dL) in Cerro de Pasco, Peru (4330 m). Shear stress was quantified from Duplex ultrasound measures of shear rate and blood viscosity. In a subset of participants (n=8), FMD was performed before and after isovolemic hemodilution with blood volume replaced by an equal volume of human serum albumin. Blood viscosity and Hb were 48% and 23% higher (both
P
<0.001) and FMD was 28% lower after adjusting for the shear stress stimulus (
P
=0.013) in Andeans with EE compared to those without. FMD was inversely correlated with blood viscosity (
r
2
=0.303; P<0.001) and Hb (
r
2
=0.230;
P
=0.001). Isovolemic hemodilution decreased blood viscosity by 30±10% and Hb by 14±5% (both
P
<0.001) and improved shear stress stimulus-adjusted FMD from 2.7±1.9% to 4.3±1.9% (
P
=0.022). Hyperviscosity, high Hb, or both, actively contribute to acutely reversible impairments in FMD in EE, suggesting that this plays a pathogenic role in the increased cardiovascular risk.
Potential Vorticity Diagnostics to Quantify Effects of Latent Heating in Extratropical Cyclones. Part II: Application to Idealized Climate Change Simulations
Authors: Büeler Dominik , Pfahl Stephan
Published: April 2019

It is still debated how enhanced cloud-condensational latent heating (LH) in a warmer and moister climate may affect the dynamics of extratropical cyclones. In this study, a diagnostic method that explicitly quantifies the contribution of LH to the lower-tropospheric cyclonic potential vorticity (PV) anomaly is used to investigate the effects of stronger LH on the dynamics, intensity, and impacts of cyclones in two conceptually different sets of idealized climate change simulations. A first set of regional surrogate climate change simulations of individual moderate to intense Northern Hemisphere cyclones in a spatially homogeneously 4-K-warmer climate reveals that enhanced LH can largely but not exclusively explain the substantially varying increase in intensity and impacts of most of these cyclones. A second set of idealized aquaplanet GCM simulations demonstrates that the role of enhanced LH becomes multifaceted for large ensembles of cyclones if climate warming is additionally accompanied by changes in the horizontal and vertical temperature structure: cyclone intensity increases with warming due to the continuous increase in LH, reaches a maximum in climates warmer than present day, and decreases beyond a certain warming once the increase of LH is overcompensated by the counteracting reduction in mean available potential energy. Because of their substantially stronger increase in LH, the most intense cyclones reach their maximum intensity in warmer climates than moderately intense cyclones with weaker LH. This suggests that future projections of the extreme tail of the storm tracks might be particularly sensitive to a correct representation of LH.
Environmental Conditions Modulating Tropical Cyclone Formation over the Bay of Bengal during the Pre-Monsoon Transition Period
Authors: Li Zhi , Yu Weidong , Li Kuiping , Wang Huiwu , Liu Yanliang
Published: April 2019

Globally, the highest formation rate of super tropical cyclones (TCs) occurs over the Bay of Bengal (BoB) during the premonsoon transition period (PMT), but TC genesis has a low frequency here. TCs have occurred over the BoB in only 20 of the past 36 years of PMTs (1981–2016). This study investigates which environmental conditions modulate TC formation during the PMT over the BoB by conducting a quantitative analysis based on the genesis potential parameter, vorticity tendency equation, and specific humidity budget equation. The results show that there is a cyclonic anomaly in the TC genesis group compared to the non-TC genesis group, which is mainly due to the divergence term. A significant difference in vorticity contributes to TC formation over the BoB during the PMT. Furthermore, anomalous cyclonic flow enhances ascending motion, transporting moisture to the midlevel atmosphere. A change in specific humidity (SH) causes an increase in relative humidity, which contributes positively to TC formation. The vertical wind shear also makes a small positive contribution. In contrast to the previous three terms, the contribution from the instability term associated with 500- and 850-hPa air temperatures is negative and almost negligible. In addition, the synoptic-scale disturbance energy is more powerful in the TC genesis group than in the non-TC genesis group, which is favorable for TC breeding. Together, these conditions determine whether TCs are generated over the BoB during the PMT.
Interdecadal Variation of Precipitation over the Hengduan Mountains during Rainy Seasons
Authors: Dong Danhong , Tao Weichen , Lau William K. M. , Li Zhanqing , Huang Gang , Wang Pengfei
Published: April 2019

The present study investigates the interdecadal variation of precipitation over the Hengduan Mountains (HM) during rainy seasons from various reanalysis and observational datasets. Based on a moving t test and Lepage test, an obvious rainfall decrease is identified around 2004/05. The spatial distribution of the rainfall changes exhibits large and significant precipitation deficits over the southern HM, with notable anomalous lower-level easterly divergent winds along the southern foothills of the Himalayas (SFH). The anomalous easterlies are located at the northern edge of two cyclones, with two centers of positive rainfall anomalies over the west coast of India (WCI) and the Bay of Bengal (BOB). Observational evidence and numerical experiments demonstrate that the decadal changes of SST over the WP and WIO suppress rainfall over the eastern Indian Ocean (EIO) through large-scale circulation adjustment. The EIO dry anomalies trigger the cross-equatorial anticyclonic wind anomalies as a Rossby wave response, and further cause anomalous meridional circulation and moisture transport over the WCI and BOB, favoring the rainfall increase there. The anomalous easterlies at the northern edge of two cyclones induced by the wet anomalies–related heating cause the divergence anomalies along the SFH, resulting in the reduction of precipitation in the HM. In turn, the two anomalous cyclones and dry anomalies have positive feedback on the wet and easterly wind anomalies, respectively, emphasizing the importance of the circulation–heating interaction.
Local and Downstream Relationships between Labrador Sea Water Volume and North Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation Variability
Authors: Li Feili , Lozier M. Susan , Danabasoglu Gokhan , Holliday Naomi P. , Kwon Young-Oh , Romanou Anastasia , Yeager Steve G. , Zhang Rong
Published: April 2019

While it has generally been understood that the production of Labrador Sea Water (LSW) impacts the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC), this relationship has not been explored extensively or validated against observations. To explore this relationship, a suite of global ocean–sea ice models forced by the same interannually varying atmospheric dataset, varying in resolution from non-eddy-permitting to eddy-permitting (1°–1/4°), is analyzed to investigate the local and downstream relationships between LSW formation and the MOC on interannual to decadal time scales. While all models display a strong relationship between changes in the LSW volume and the MOC in the Labrador Sea, this relationship degrades considerably downstream of the Labrador Sea. In particular, there is no consistent pattern among the models in the North Atlantic subtropical basin over interannual to decadal time scales. Furthermore, the strong response of the MOC in the Labrador Sea to LSW volume changes in that basin may be biased by the overproduction of LSW in many models compared to observations. This analysis shows that changes in LSW volume in the Labrador Sea cannot be clearly and consistently linked to a coherent MOC response across latitudes over interannual to decadal time scales in ocean hindcast simulations of the last half century. Similarly, no coherent relationships are identified between the MOC and the Labrador Sea mixed layer depth or the density of newly formed LSW across latitudes or across models over interannual to decadal time scales.
Pacific Abyssal Transport and Mixing: Through the Samoan Passage versus around the Manihiki Plateau
Authors: Pratt Larry J. , Voet Gunnar , Pacini Astrid , Tan Shuwen , Alford Matthew H. , Carter Glenn S. , Girton James B. , Menemenlis Dimitris
Published: April 2019

The main source feeding the abyssal circulation of the North Pacific is the deep, northward flow of 5–6 Sverdrups (Sv; 1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) through the Samoan Passage. A recent field campaign has shown that this flow is hydraulically controlled and that it experiences hydraulic jumps accompanied by strong mixing and dissipation concentrated near several deep sills. By our estimates, the diapycnal density flux associated with this mixing is considerably larger than the diapycnal flux across a typical isopycnal surface extending over the abyssal North Pacific. According to historical hydrographic observations, a second source of abyssal water for the North Pacific is 2.3–2.8 Sv of the dense flow that is diverted around the Manihiki Plateau to the east, bypassing the Samoan Passage. This bypass flow is not confined to a channel and is therefore less likely to experience the strong mixing that is associated with hydraulic transitions. The partitioning of flux between the two branches of the deep flow could therefore be relevant to the distribution of Pacific abyssal mixing. To gain insight into the factors that control the partitioning between these two branches, we develop an abyssal and equator-proximal extension of the “island rule.” Novel features include provisions for the presence of hydraulic jumps as well as identification of an appropriate integration circuit for an abyssal layer to the east of the island. Evaluation of the corresponding circulation integral leads to a prediction of 0.4–2.4 Sv of bypass flow. The circulation integral clearly identifies dissipation and frictional drag effects within the Samoan Passage as crucial elements in partitioning the flow.
An Algorithm for the Removal of Cosmic Ray Artifacts in Spectral Data Sets
Authors: Barton Sinead J. , Hennelly Bryan M.
Published: April 2019

Cosmic ray artifacts may be present in all photo-electric readout systems. In spectroscopy, they present as random unidirectional sharp spikes that distort spectra and may have an affect on post-processing, possibly affecting the results of multivariate statistical classification. A number of methods have previously been proposed to remove cosmic ray artifacts from spectra but the goal of removing the artifacts while making no other change to the underlying spectrum is challenging. One of the most successful and commonly applied methods for the removal of comic ray artifacts involves the capture of two sequential spectra that are compared in order to identify spikes. The disadvantage of this approach is that at least two recordings are necessary, which may be problematic for dynamically changing spectra, and which can reduce the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio when compared with a single recording of equivalent duration due to the inclusion of two instances of read noise. In this paper, a cosmic ray artefact removal algorithm is proposed that works in a similar way to the double acquisition method but requires only a single capture, so long as a data set of similar spectra is available. The method employs normalized covariance in order to identify a similar spectrum in the data set, from which a direct comparison reveals the presence of cosmic ray artifacts, which are then replaced with the corresponding values from the matching spectrum. The advantage of the proposed method over the double acquisition method is investigated in the context of the S/N ratio and is applied to various data sets of Raman spectra recorded from biological cells.
Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy and Multivariate Analysis to Characterize Lactobacillus acidophilus Fermentation Processes
Authors: Narayana Sumana , Christensen Line , Skov Thomas , van den Berg Frans
Published: April 2019

The ever-growing competition among global biotech industries has led to high demands on production consistency. A statistical strategy of performance mapping for production optimization is therefore of great economic significance. Process analytical technology (PAT)-based sensors such as mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy enable process monitoring through substrate and by-product concentrations that directly represent the physiology of cells. Combined with multivariate statistics, MIR can be employed as a strategy for production performance mapping. This study describes the use of at-line spectroscopy, chemometric modeling, and post-process fitting to characterize Lactobacillus acidophilus fermentations. The emphasis is on alternative arrangements of the data and chemometric methods principle component analysis (PCA), multivariate curve resolution (MCR), and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). Two key parameters, rate constant and time of inflection, are extracted by post-process fitting on the outcomes of these different models. Their use as process performance descriptors to characterize the dynamics of substrate consumption, product formation and batch-to-batch variations is suggested. The unconstrained PCA primarily described biomass change, while the constrained models PARAFAC and MCR (both the augmented and individual-run configurations) could model the decrease in sugars and increase in lactic acid over time. It was concluded that MCR on individual batch data, followed by post-process fitting, is the preferred strategy for MIR spectroscopic monitoring.
Two-Dimensional Correlation Spectroscopy (2D-COS) Studies of Solution Mixtures in the Low Frequency Raman Region
Authors: Xu Shuyu , Bruce Chase D. , Rabolt John F. , Noda Isao
Published: April 2019

Raman spectra of a series of binary solution mixtures, including chloroform (CHCl3), ethanol (EtOH), and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP), were analyzed using the two-dimensional correlation spectroscopic (2D-COS) technique in the low frequency region. Numerous asynchronous cross-peaks ubiquitously appeared in the concentration-dependent Raman spectra of these organic solvent mixtures. The result clearly demonstrated a deviation from ideal solution behavior, reflecting the presence of specific molecular interactions causing a subtle nonlinear spectral intensity response of Raman bands to the concentration changes. Furthermore, the combination of 2D-COS and low frequency Raman spectroscopy was extended to poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate- co-(R)-3-hydroxyhexanoate] (PHBHx) copolymer solutions in CHCl3-HFIP co-solvents. The results suggest the existence of hydrogen bonding interaction between the PHBHx and HFIP, which is consistent with the previous infrared spectroscopic study of PHBHx solutions.
Deformations of the Ear and Their Nonsurgical Correction
Authors: Chang Catherine S. , Bartlett Scott P.
Published: April 2019

The incidence of congenital ear deformities has been documented to be as high as 58% of all newborns. Unfortunately, the majority of these deformations do not spontaneously self-correct, leaving the child with a permanent deformity that can only be corrected through surgery. With the evolving simplicity of ear molding that can be done in the office, this can obviate the need for unnecessary surgery that comes with its own set of complications and a higher cost. Early detection and early treatment is key for successful ear molding. The purpose of this article is to review the types of deformational ear deformities and the most up-to-date literature on ear molding, increase awareness to this topic, and ultimately increase patient and parental satisfaction with their overall care.
Methodological Issues With Coding Participants in Anonymous Psychological Longitudinal Studies
Authors: Audette Lillian M. , Hammond Marie S. , Rochester Natalie K.
Published: April 2019

Longitudinal studies are commonly used in the social and behavioral sciences to answer a wide variety of research questions. Longitudinal researchers often collect data anonymously from participants when studying sensitive topics to ensure that accurate information is provided. One difficulty gathering longitudinal anonymous data is that of correctly matching participants across waves of data collection. A number of methods have been proposed for using nonidentifying codes to match anonymous participants; however, currently there is no consensus on the most effective method. This article reviews and analyzes the literature on nonidentifying codes and provides recommendations for researchers interested in using these types of codes in conducting anonymous longitudinal studies.
Answering the crisis with intellectual activism: Making a difference as business schools scholars
Authors: Contu Alessia
Published: April 2019

Should business school scholars engage in intellectual activism? This article explicates the origin, the intellectual tradition and politics of intellectual activism, making a case for why management scholars might want to become intellectual activists. Intellectual activism has been elaborated in Patricia Hill Collins’ contributions and the work of other black feminist intellectuals and activists such as Angela Davis. Together with the writings of Antonio Gramsci and Judith Butler, intellectual activism is reframed here as a particular type of critical performativity to help scholars make a difference in the world. This article invites scholars to answer the challenges posed by the crisis of neoliberalism, and to re-articulate the values of equality, freedom and solidarity by embodying an academic praxis that is progressive, intersectional, critical and concretely engaged in the service of social, economic and epistemic justice. The article also provides examples of intellectual activism by showcasing the activities of the critical management association, Vida.
LGBT Workplace Inequality in the Federal Workforce: Intersectional Processes, Organizational Contexts, and Turnover Considerations
Authors: Cech Erin A. , Rothwell William R.
Published: April 2019

How do lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) employees fare in US workplaces? Beyond formal discrimination, do LGBT workers encounter biases that degrade the quality of their day-to-day workplace experiences? Using a representative sample of more than 300,000 employees in 28 “best case” organizations—federal agencies with LGBT-inclusive policies—the authors examine not only whether these informal workplace inequalities occur but also where and for whom they are most exaggerated. LGBT employees report worse workplace experiences than their colleagues across 16 measures of employee treatment, workplace fairness, and job satisfaction. These inequalities are amplified or tempered by organizational contexts and can even affect turnover intentions. They are also intersectional: LGBT women and people of color have consistently more negative experiences than do men and white LGBT workers. These results help map the landscape of LGBT workplace inequality and underscore the importance of considering intersectional and organizational contexts therein.
A History of Innovations in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Oral and Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Polverini P.J. , Lingen M.W.
Published: April 2019

Historical records as far back as 3000 BCE show that oral and head and neck cancer was a disease process well known to Egyptian physicians. Luminaries such as Hippocrates, Galen, Pott, and Virchow were instrumental in shaping our understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of cancer. During the 20th century, evidence-based medicine catalyzed the development of rigorous science-based diagnostic and treatment protocols. The use of surgery, therapeutic radiation, and chemotherapy as single-treatment agents or in combination with one another gradually emerged as the preferred approach to cancer therapy. The recognition of tobacco, alcohol, and human papillomavirus as etiological agents in oral and head and neck cancer prompted the development of new diagnostic aids and treatment strategies to mitigate cancer progression. More in-depth mechanistic insights into the multistep process of oral and head and neck cancer were made possible by the use of the hamster buccal pouch and mouse models. New technologies, such as the sequencing of the human genome, metabolomics, and proteomics, have provided the foundation for what we today call precision medicine. The future success of tailored medical treatment for cancer patients will depend on the discovery of new druggable targets with improved therapeutic efficacy. As the precision and sensitivity of existing tools for prevention and risk assessment improve, greater accuracy will be achieved in predicting health outcomes.
The Role of Exopolysaccharides in Oral Biofilms
Authors: Cugini C. , Shanmugam M. , Landge N. , Ramasubbu N.
Published: April 2019

The oral cavity contains a rich consortium of exopolysaccharide-producing microbes. These extracellular polysaccharides comprise a major component of the oral biofilm. Together with extracellular proteins, DNA, and lipids, they form the biofilm matrix, which contributes to bacterial colonization, biofilm formation and maintenance, and pathogenesis. While a number of oral microbes have been studied in detail with regard to biofilm formation and pathogenesis, the exopolysaccharides have been well characterized for only select organisms, namely Streptococcus mutans and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Studies on the exopolysaccharides of other oral organisms, however, are in their infancy. In this review, we present the current research on exopolysaccharides of oral microbes regarding their biosynthesis, regulation, contributions to biofilm formation and stability of the matrix, and immune evasion. In addition, insight into the role of exopolysaccharides in biofilms is highlighted through the evaluation of emerging techniques such as pH probing of biofilm colonies, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance for macromolecular interactions within biofilms, and super-resolution microscopy analysis of biofilm development. Finally, exopolysaccharide as a potential nutrient source for species within a biofilm is discussed.
Redefining Direct and Indirect Abortions through “The Perspective of the Acting Person”: A Misreading of Veritatis Splendor
Authors: Alexander Irene
Published: April 2019

Despite sincere attempts to interpret Evangelium vitae and the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops’ (USCCB) Ethical and Religious Directives (ERDs) of Catholic Health Care on direct versus indirect abortion, Catholic moral theologians docile to the magisterium and to Pope John Paul II’s teaching remain divided on how the ERDs should be interpreted based on the meaning of the word “direct.” The traditional natural law theory holds that the moral object in an indirect abortion involves not only that the abortion is unintended by the subject but also indirectly caused. The second and more novel interpretation referred to as the New Natural Law (NNL) theory is that an indirect abortion refers only to abortions which the acting person does not intend, whether or not he immediately causes them. Because the novel view bases its entire revision of the moral object by considering only “the perspective of the acting person”, a key text in Veritatis splendor no. 78, they argue that they are being faithful to Pope John Paul II’s teaching in Veritatis splendor ( VS) no. 78. In this article I argue that their reasoning is based on a fundamental misreading of Veritatis splendor and that the Pope himself would reject their view, even though they quote him, because their interpretation contradicts the fundamental moral principles that Pope John Paul II himself lays out within the very same chapter of Veritatis splendor. Furthermore, when the foundations of the broader NNL theory are brought to light, it becomes clear that the fundamental mistake at the root of this disputed question is that the NNL theory interprets the magisterial documents of Pope John Paul II through their own philosophical method—a method of moral analysis not shared by Pope John Paul II or the magisterium. When this interpretive error is brought to light, and Pope John Paul II is read on his own terms, it is clear that a direct abortion involves any attack on the unborn child that the acting person immediately and physically causes.

The disputed question in Catholic health care concerning what constitutes a direct and indirect abortion can be resolved by examining the foundational differences of both the New Natural Law theory with the traditional natural law theory. Once these differences are brought to light, it is clear that the NNL has reinterpreted the meaning of the word “direct” based on a meaning that the magisterium has never accepted as a licit one for defining intrinsically evil acts. Furthermore, NNL thinkers misread Pope John Paul in Veritatis splendor 78 by applying their own novel methodology to the text. When this interpretive error is brought to light, it is clear that a direct abortion involves any attack on the unborn child that the acting person immediately and physically causes.
The cost of Christian unity
Authors: Werntz Myles
Published: April 2019

In Acts 2 and 2 Corinthians 8, the New Testament links together economic sharing and Christian unity, in that through the generous act of material sharing, our unity in Christ is made manifest in the world.
Grinding the face of the poor
Authors: Broadway Mikael
Published: April 2019

The personal and individualistic bias of contemporary Bible reading can hide the primary message of Scripture. Attention to communal and social contexts of reading, such as economic and political structures of the time, opens greater understanding of the historical world in which texts are written, as well as the economic and political message for contemporary readers. A re-reading of the first twelve chapters of Isaiah demonstrates the way that psychologizing and spiritualizing texts obscures their relevance to current social conditions. Isaiah addresses sin and idolatry, topics familiar to personalizing readers; however, in Isaiah the topics are tightly interwoven with economic life. Other prominent contemporary issues that take the foreground in Isaiah 1–12 are property foreclosure and seizure, unlivable wages, wage theft, mistreatment of workers, unjust laws favoring the wealthy, influence of money in political systems, and irresponsible leadership. Concepts of Jubilee economics, themes in the Torah and subsequently in Jesus’ teaching, pervade the criticism of Israel and Judah in these prophetic texts.
Abandoning jubilee: The structural causes of poverty
Authors: Ridenour Randy
Published: April 2019

The jubilee law of Leviticus 25 is a radical economic plan that requires a leveling of real assets every fifty years, thus providing an economic structure that regularly dissolves large economic inequalities. Following the letter of the jubilee law in a modern non-agrarian economy is not possible, but this fact should not free us from the responsibility of adhering to the spirit of the law. A survey of social structures in the United States reveals an economy that is contrary to the spirit of jubilee—one that not only makes inequalities possible, but also makes escaping from poverty nearly impossible.
From Spectrum to Multiverse: A New Perspective on the Diversity of Quality Control Tools for Sustainable Tourism Theory and Practice
Authors: Lesar Laura , Weaver David , Gardiner Sarah
Published: April 2019

Sustainable tourism quality control tools (QCTs) are voluntary mechanisms that translate sustainable tourism concepts into practice. While essential to sustainable tourism practice, the most recent depiction of their diversity occurred in the early 2000s and identified just four types and one variability parameter. Reviewing and synthesizing the extant literature, this study identifies 15 types of QCTs, each possessing numerous variations, and seven critical variability parameters. Together these constitute the new “QCT multiverse.” This contemporary perspective on QCT diversity facilitates engagement with sustainable tourism by indicating the more comprehensive array of practices available for destination practitioners and managers.
The Role of Immigration in the Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Older Adults in the United States
Authors: Lee Jane J. , Kim Hyun-Jun , Fredriksen Goldsen Karen
Published: April 2019

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) aging research is growing around the globe. Yet, few studies have examined the interconnectedness of different populations and cultures. This study examines whether LGBT foreign-born older adults experience greater health disparities than their U.S.-born counterparts. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the National Health, Aging, and Sexuality/Gender Study: Aging with Pride from 2014, which assessed measures of health and well-being among LGBT adults aged 50 years and older ( n = 2,441). We compared sociodemographic characteristics, health-care access, health behaviors, and health outcomes between foreign-born and U.S.-born participants. Foreign-born LGBT older adults reported greater socioeconomic disadvantage and higher levels of experiencing barriers to health-care access than U.S.-born LGBT older adults. Groups did not significantly differ in health behaviors and health outcomes when controlling for sociodemographic factors. Greater understanding of the mechanisms that shape the relationship between migration and health among the LGBT population is warranted.
Concordance Civil–Military Relations in Ghana’s Fourth Republic
Authors: Salihu Naila
Published: April 2019

Civil–military relations in Ghana have a chequered history; since the first coup of 1966, there had been four military takeovers of political power, in 1969, 1972, 1979, and 1980. Relations are thawing, as evidenced by the fact that there has been no overt attempt at overthrowing a government since 1992. This article employs a qualitative approach to data collection and analysis to explain civil–military relations in Ghana’s Fourth Republic (1992–2018). It argues that there is agreement among three societal partners—political elites, military, and the citizenry on four variables; social composition of the officer corps, political decision–making, and recruitment and military style. Yet focus of the civil–military discourse has been on political elites and military. These two are vital to the political decision process. Although the third partner, the citizenry has a meaningful voice, military–society relations fluctuates over time. There is mixed perceptions among Ghanaian about the armed forces.
On Ladders and Pyramids: Hierarchy’s Shape Determines Relationships and Performance in Groups
Authors: Yu Siyu , Greer Lindred L. , Halevy Nir , van Bunderen Lisanne
Published: April 2019

Hierarchies take different forms, which individuals mentally represent using different geometric shapes. We propose and empirically demonstrate that individuals’ mental representations of the shape hierarchy takes affect its consequences. Five studies compared two common mental representations of hierarchy shapes—ladders and pyramids—to explore whether, why, and how individuals’ perceptions of hierarchy’s shape undermine constructive relationships within groups and group performance. Study 1 demonstrated that individuals commonly mentally represent hierarchies as ladders and pyramids. In Studies 2 and 3, employees who perceived their workplace hierarchies to be shaped like ladders (as compared with pyramids) experienced worse intragroup relationships. Finally, Studies 4 and 5 experimentally manipulated groups’ hierarchical shape in the lab and found that ladder-shaped hierarchies undermined social relationships and group performance relative to pyramid-shaped hierarchies. Taken together, these findings enhance our understanding of hierarchies’ multifaceted consequences and help shed light on the (dis)utility of hierarchy for group functioning.
The Emerging Scholars’ Network Within MNRS: From Acorns to Oaks
Authors: Hetland Breanna , Lindroth Heidi , Kamp Kendra , Edmiston Elizabeth , Wierenga Kelly L. , Hardin Heather K. , Gilmore-Bykovskyi Andrea , Topp Robert , Hershberger Patricia E. , Madigan Elizabeth
Published: April 2019

As the nursing faculty shortage persists, there is an urgent need to develop emerging nurse scholars into research leaders capable of advocating for the profession and expanding on the mission to improve health. To address this need, the Midwest Nursing Research Society (MNRS) commissioned a student task force that led to the development of the Emerging Scholars Network (ESN). The purpose of this article is to describe how the ESN was developed, integrated, and promoted within the MNRS to advance the overall mission and sustainability of the society. The establishment and success of the ESN is described using the Five Developmental Stages of Organization Evolution. These stages include the following: (a) Developing a Concept; (b) Launching a Start-Up; (c) Establishing Credibility; (d) Creating Sustainability; and (e) Road to Maturing and Legacy. Recommendations for continued development of the ESN are provided.
The interpretation of syntactically unconstrained anaphors in Turkish heritage speakers
Authors: Gračanin-Yuksek Martina , Lago Sol , Şafak Duygu Fatma , Demir Orhan , Kırkıcı Bilal
Published: April 2019

Previous work has shown that heritage grammars are often simplified compared to their monolingual counterparts, especially in domains in which the societally-dominant language makes fewer distinctions than the heritage language. We investigated whether linguistic simplification extended to the anaphoric system of Turkish heritage speakers living in Germany. Whereas the Turkish monolingual grammar features a three-way distinction between reflexives ( kendi), pronouns ( o), and syntactically-unconstrained anaphors ( kendisi), German only distinguishes between two categories, pronouns and reflexives. We examined whether heritage speakers simplified the Turkish anaphor system by assimilating the syntactically unconstrained anaphor kendisi to either of the two categories attested in the societally-dominant language, German. Speakers’ sensitivity to grammatical distinctions in comprehension was assessed using an offline antecedent selection task and an online self-paced reading task. Our results showed that heritage speakers retain the three-way anaphoric distinctions of the monolingual grammar but there were also differences between the results of the offline and the online tasks. We suggest that processing paradigms are a useful complement to judgment tasks when studying how heritage speakers use grammatical distinctions involving optionality, as online measures can reveal distinctions that are allowed, even if dispreferred by comprehenders.
Housing, growth and infrastructure: Supporting the delivery of new homes in the Sheffield City Region, UK
Authors: Bruff Garreth , Kumi-Ampofo Felix
Published: April 2019

Set against a background of failing housing markets and years of austerity, with spending cuts to many of the public services traditionally involved in housing, the UK Government’s ambition to deliver 300,000 new homes a year was always going to be a challenge. At the same time however, a programme of devolution to city regional bodies across England has provided the opportunity to test new approaches to support housing growth, with the potential for innovation and more tailored interventions designed around the needs of a specific place. This paper uses experience in the Sheffield City Region to illustrate the challenges and opportunities for housing growth in one part of the country as well as the interventions being developed to address these. The paper sets out some of the geographic and economic factors shaping the housing sector in the city region, and the role that housing growth has come to play in the wider economic ambitions for the area. It then describes some of the plans and programmes being developed to encourage the development of new homes and the success of a pilot Housing Fund could have in overcoming problems where national programmes have failed.
Effect of dermatan sulphate on a C57-mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Xu Jianfeng , Li Wei , Xu Shufen , Gao Weiyang , Yu Zhenyu
Published: April 2019

Objective

To test the antifibrotic effect of dermatan sulphate in a bleomycin-induced mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis.

Methods

C57 mice were randomly divided into four experimental groups: saline-treated control group, bleomycin-induced fibrosis group, prednisolone acetate group and dermatan sulphate group. Lungs were assessed using the lung index, and the extent of interstitial fibrosis was graded using histopathological observation of haematoxylin & eosin-stained lung tissue. Lung tissue hydroxyproline levels and blood fibrinogen levels were measured using a hydroxyproline colorimetric kit and the Clauss fibrinogen assay, respectively. Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) was measured using a chromogenic tPA assay kit.

Results

Lung index values were significantly lower in the dermatan sulphate group versus the fibrosis group. Histopathological analyses revealed that dermatan sulphate treatment ameliorated the increased inflammatory cell infiltration, and attenuated the reduction in interstitial thickening, associated with bleomycin-induced fibrosis. Hydroxyproline and fibrinogen levels were decreased in the dermatan sulphate group versus the fibrosis model group. Dermatan sulphate treatment was associated with increased tPA levels versus controls and the fibrosis group.

Conclusions

Damage associated with bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis was alleviated by dermatan sulphate.
Identification of the Identical Human Mutation in ACVR1 in 2 Cats With Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva
Authors: Casal Margret L. , Engiles Julie B. , Zakošek Pipan Maja , Berkowitz Asaf , Porat-Mosenco Yael , Mai Wilfried , Wurzburg Kirsten , Xu Mei-Qi , Allen Robyn , ODonnell Patricia A. , Henthorn Paula S. , Thompson Keith , Shore Eileen M.
Published: April 2019

Two domestic shorthair cats, 1 intact female and 1 intact male, presented with progressive limb lameness and digital deformities at 4 and 6 months of age. Stiffness and swelling of the distal thoracic and pelvic limb joints progressed to involve hip and shoulder joints, resulting in reduced mobility. Radiographs in both cats and computed tomography of the male cat revealed ankylosing, polyarticular deposits of extracortical heterotopic bone spanning multiple axial and appendicular joints, extending into adjacent musculotendinous tissues. All findings supported fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), a disorder characterized by toe malformations and progressive heterotopic ossification in humans. In both cats, molecular analyses revealed the same heterozygous mutation in the activin A receptor type I ( ACVR1) gene that occurs in humans with FOP. Several reports of heterotopic ossification in cats exist, but this is the first one to identify clinical FOP in 2 cats with the identical mutation that occurs in >95% of humans with FOP.
Making a Spectacle of Yourself: The Effect of Glasses and Sunglasses on Face Perception
Authors: Graham Daisy L. , Ritchie Kay L.
Published: April 2019

We investigated the effect of wearing glasses and sunglasses on the perception of social traits from faces and on face matching. Participants rated images of people wearing no glasses, glasses and sunglasses on three social traits (trustworthiness, competence and attractiveness). Wearing sunglasses reduced ratings of trustworthiness. Participants also performed a matching task (telling whether two images show the same person or not) with pairs of images both wearing no glasses, glasses or sunglasses, and all combinations of eyewear. Incongruent eyewear conditions (e.g., one image wearing glasses and the other wearing sunglasses, etc.) reduced performance. Further analysis comparing performance on congruent and incongruent eyewear trials showed that our effects were driven by match trial performance, where differences in eyewear decreased accuracy. For same-eyewear-condition pairs, performance was poorer for pairs of images both wearing sunglasses than no glasses. Our results extend and update previous research on the effect of eyewear on face perception.
Articulating Resistance: Agonism, Radical Democracy and Climate Change Activism
Authors: Kakenmaster William
Published: April 2019

This article analyses climate change activism through the framework of agonism. It discusses dominant political theories of climate change and then contrasts those with agonism. Next, it proceeds to analyse the logic of resistance in climate change activism, focusing on the 2017 People’s Climate March (PCM17) to understand how it articulated both its conceptions of the political and of climate change. This article argues that, in articulating its logic of resistance, the PCM17 served to depoliticise climate change by embracing a consensus-based conception of the political and a singular conception of climate change. The PCM17’s claim of resistance therefore constrained dissent and was ultimately counterproductive to a vibrant politics of climate change. Rather than understanding climate change as singular, I argue that reconsidering climate change as multiple – that is, as an unstable, contested representation of multiple political ecologies – provides the political space necessary to accommodate dissent in debate about climate change without abdicating the responsibility to acknowledge its existence as a political problem. An agonistic framework of climate change politics severs the tie between the political and consensus, allowing a radical democratic politics of climate change to adopt a robust logic of resistance in climate change activism.

Articular la resistencia: agonismo, democracia radical y activismo contra el cambio climático
Turning Maneuver Effect on Near-Surface Airfield Pavement Responses
Authors: Gamez Angeli , Al-Qadi Imad L.
Published: April 2019

Airport pavement structures experience heavy aircraft tire loading through a localized contact area. Distributed three-dimensionally and non-uniformly, tire-pavement contact stresses directly influence the near-surface behavior of flexible airfield pavements. The resulting high shear stress levels induced by aircraft tire loading may lead to instability through shoving or slippage cracking. As the tire turns during taxiing, the risk of near-surface damage is exacerbated. In this study, numerical modeling of an inverted pavement system and a conventional flexible pavement structure loaded with a single tire from the A-380 landing gear was developed. The analysis matrix included two tire-inflation pressures, two speeds, and rolling conditions that varied from free-rolling to two turning maneuvers. Two analysis approaches were performed: 1) use of traditional critical point strains, and 2) domain analysis, which characterizes bulk pavement behavior using multiaxial stresses and strains. The critical strains, which are used as inputs for airfield pavement design, changed negligibly under varying tire turning conditions despite the asymmetric contact stress distribution. On the other hand, domain analysis not only captured the asymmetric pavement behavior, but also identified that altering the tire movement from a free-rolling condition to turning could induce a significant increase in the potential damage.
Establishing Children’s Legal Rights: Children, Family, and the State in Taiwan under Japanese Colonial Rule (1895–1945)
Authors: Liu Yen-Chi
Published: April 2019

Before 1895, traditional Chinese legal culture prevailed in Taiwan, and the legal status of children was governed under the concept of familism and the senior–junior relationship. However, the Japanese seizure of power in Taiwan in 1895 marked a dramatic shift in the legal landscape. By imposing a modern colonial legal system on the island, the Japanese government greatly reshaped legal regulations for children and family there. This article investigates how the modern legal system changed the legal status of children and how the establishment of both the child–parent–state relationship and the concept of parens patriae affected children.
Clientelism and Planning in the Informal Settlements of Developing Democracies
Authors: Deuskar Chandan
Published: April 2019

The informal provision of benefits to the poor in exchange for political support, known as clientelism, often provides access to land and services for the urban poor in informal settlements in developing democracies. This review of multidisciplinary literature finds that while clientelism provides the urban poor with some access to the state, its benefits are often inadequate and inequitable. This kind of informal provision also disincentivizes or interferes with the implementation of formal plans. The literature provides some examples of transitions away from clientelism, but lessons for planners in facilitating such transitions are elusive.
Cyberbullying Victimization in WhatsApp Classmate Groups among Israeli Elementary, Middle, and High School Students
Authors: Aizenkot Dana , Kashy-Rosenbaum Gabriela
Published: April 2019

In recent years children and adolescents lead their social lives in the virtual world no less than in the real one. Social networking sites such as WhatsApp play a major role as popular social communication platforms. More than 97% of Israeli youth use WhatsApp and are members of WhatsApp classmate groups. The growing use of WhatsApp is accompanied by increased frequency of cyberbullying, that is, intended and repeated aggressive online behavior aimed to inflict harm. Cyberbullying victimization has received a fair amount of attention due to its association with serious psychosocial, affective, behavioral, and academic problems. Although much has been written about cyberbullying on Facebook, literature about WhatsApp and cyberbullying is scarce. Based on a large-scale survey that examined the prevalence and expressions of cyberbullying the current cross-sectional study provides a detailed description of cyberbullying victimization in WhatsApp classmate groups across grade level and gender among Israeli school-age children and adolescents. The study included 4,477 elementary, middle, and high school students in Israel who completed questionnaires regarding cyberbullying victimization in their WhatsApp classmate groups. According to the study findings, approximately 30% of all survey participants report personal victimization from cyberbullying in their WhatsApp classmate groups, and almost double that report victimized aggression at least once in the recent past. Demographic variables such as school grade level and gender appear to moderate cyberbullying. Increased cyberbullying was found in elementary school compared with middle and high school, and more female compared with male students were victims of cyberbullying in WhatsApp classmate groups. The article outlines several areas of concern in cyberbullying research and discusses issues that future research might address. Education policy guidelines and implications for intervention are also discussed.