bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Socioenvironmental Threats to Pastoral Livelihoods: Risk Perceptions in the Altay and Tianshan Mountains of Xinjiang, China
Authors: Liao Chuan , Sullivan Patrick J. , Barrett Christopher B. , Kassam Karim‐Aly S.
Published: November 2013

Subjective risk perceptions give rise to unique policy implications as they reflect both the expectation of risk exposure and the ability to mitigate or cope with the adverse impacts. Based on data collected from semistructured interviews and iterative ranking exercises with 159 households in the Altay and Tianshan Mountains of Xinjiang, China, this study investigates and explains the risks with respect to a seriously understudied population and location. Using both geostatistical and econometric methods, we show that although fear of environmental crisis is prevalent among our respondents, recently implemented pastoral conservation, sedentarization, and development projects are more likely to be ranked as the top concerns among affected households. In order to reduce these concerns, future pastoral policy must be built on the livestock economy, and intervention priority should be given to the geographic areas identified as risk hot spots. In cases where pastoralists have to give up their pastures, the transition to other comparable livelihood strategies must be enabled by creating new opportunities and training pastoralists to acquire the needed skills.
Socially Anxious Children at Risk for Victimization: The Role of Personality
Authors: Mulder Saskia F. , van Aken Marcel A. G.
Published: November 2013

This study examines whether Big Five personality traits affect the extent to which a socially anxious child will be victimized. A total of 1814 children participated in the study (mean age = 11.99 years). Children completed self‐reports and peer reports of victimization, which were aggregated, and self‐reports of social anxiety and Big Five personality traits. A regression analysis was performed to study the moderating effect of personality traits on the relation between social anxiety and victimization. Socially anxious children scoring high on extraversion are less at risk for victimization than socially anxious children scoring low on extraversion. In addition, socially anxious boys scoring high on agreeableness were less at risk for victimization than socially anxious boys scoring low on agreeableness. Conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience did not moderate the relation between social anxiety and victimization.
Metabolic flux analysis using 13C peptide label measurements
Authors: Mandy Dominic E. , Goldford Joshua E. , Yang Hong , Allen Doug K. , Libourel Igor G.L.
Published: November 2013

13C metabolic flux analysis (MFA) has become the experimental method of choice to investigate the cellular metabolism of microbes, cell cultures and plant seeds. Conventional steady‐state MFA utilizes isotopic labeling measurements of amino acids obtained from protein hydrolysates. To retain spatial information in conventional steady‐state MFA, tissues or subcellular fractions must be dissected or biochemically purified. In contrast, peptides retain their identity in complex protein extracts, and may therefore be associated with a specific time of expression, tissue type and subcellular compartment. To enable ‘single‐sample’ spatially and temporally resolved steady‐state flux analysis, we investigated the suitability of peptide mass distributions (PMDs) as an alternative to amino acid label measurements. PMDs are the discrete convolution of the mass distributions of the constituent amino acids of a peptide. We investigated the requirements for the unique deconvolution of PMDs into amino acid mass distributions (AAMDs), the influence of peptide sequence length on parameter sensitivity, and how AAMD and flux estimates that are determined through deconvolution compare to estimates from a conventional GC–MS measurement‐based approach. Deconvolution of PMDs of the storage protein β–conglycinin of soybean (Glycine max) resulted in good AAMD and flux estimates if fluxes were directly fitted to PMDs. Unconstrained deconvolution resulted in inferior AAMD and flux estimates. PMD measurements do not include amino acid backbone fragments, which increase the information content in GC–MS‐derived analyses. Nonetheless, the resulting flux maps were of comparable quality due to the precision of Orbitrap quantification and the larger number of peptide measurements.
Spatial Epidemiology ofEscherichia coliO157:H7 in Dairy Cattle in Relation to Night Roosts OfSturnus vulgaris(European Starling) inOhio,USA(2007–2009)
Authors: Swirski A. L. , Pearl D. L. , Williams M. L. , Homan H. J. , Linz G. M. , Cernicchiaro N. , LeJeune J. T.
Published: November 2013

The goal of our study was to use spatial scan statics to determine whether the night roosts ofEuropean starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) act as point sources for the dissemination ofEscherichia coliO157:H7 among dairy farms. From 2007 to 2009, we collected bovine faecal samples (n = 9000) and starling gastrointestinal contents (n = 430) from 150 dairy farms in northeasternOhio,USA. Isolates ofE. coliO157:H7 recovered from these samples were subtyped using multilocus variable‐number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). GeneratedMLVAtypes were used to construct a dendrogram based on a categorical multistate coefficient and unweighted pair‐group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA). Using a focused spatial scan statistic, we identified statistically significant spatial clusters among dairy farms surrounding starling night roosts, with an increased prevalence ofE. coliO157:H7‐positive bovine faecal pats, increased diversity of distinguishableMLVAtypes and a greater number of isolates withMLVAtypes from bovine‐starling clades versus bovine‐only clades. Thus, our findings are compatible with the hypothesis that starlings have a role in the dissemination ofE. coliO157:H7 among dairy farms, and further research into starling management is warranted.
The MARVEL Domain Protein Nce102 Regulates Actin Organization and Invasive Growth of Candida albicans
Authors: Douglas Lois M. , Wang Hong X. , Konopka James B.
Published: November 2013

Invasive growth of the fungal pathogen
Candida albicans
into tissues promotes disseminated infections in humans. The plasma membrane is essential for pathogenesis because this important barrier mediates morphogenesis and invasive growth, as well as secretion of virulence factors, cell wall synthesis, nutrient import, and other processes. Previous studies showed that the Sur7 tetraspan protein that localizes to MCC (membrane compartment occupied by Can1)/eisosome subdomains of the plasma membrane regulates a broad range of key functions, including cell wall synthesis, morphogenesis, and resistance to copper. Therefore, a distinct tetraspan protein found in MCC/eisosomes, Nce102, was investigated. Nce102 belongs to the MARVEL domain protein family, which is implicated in regulating membrane structure and function. Deletion of
NCE102
did not cause the broad defects seen in
sur7Δ
cells. Instead, the
nce102Δ
mutant displayed a unique phenotype in that it was defective in forming hyphae and invading low concentrations of agar but could invade well in higher agar concentrations. This phenotype was likely due to a defect in actin organization that was observed by phalloidin staining. In support of this, the invasive growth defect of a
bni1Δ
mutant that mislocalizes actin due to lack of the Bni1 formin was also reversed at high agar concentrations. This suggests that a denser matrix provides a signal that compensates for the actin defects. The
nce102Δ
mutant displayed decreased virulence and formed abnormal hyphae in mice. These studies identify novel ways that Nce102 and the physical environment surrounding
C. albicans
regulate morphogenesis and pathogenesis.

IMPORTANCE
The plasma membrane promotes virulence of the human fungal pathogen
Candida albicans
by acting as a protective barrier around the cell and mediating dynamic activities, such as morphogenesis, cell wall synthesis, secretion of virulence factors, and nutrient uptake. To better understand how the plasma membrane contributes to virulence, we analyzed a set of eight genes encoding MARVEL family proteins that are predicted to function in membrane organization. Interestingly, deletion of one gene,
NCE102
, caused a strong defect in formation of invasive hyphal growth
in vitro
and decreased virulence in mice. The
nce102Δ
mutant cells showed defects in actin organization that underlie the morphogenesis defect, since mutation of a known regulator of actin organization caused a similar defect. These studies identify a novel way in which the plasma membrane regulates the actin cytoskeleton and contributes to pathogenesis.
Chilblain lupus erythematosus
Authors: Patel Sapna , Hardo Faddy
Published: November 2013

Chilblain lupus erythematosus is a rare form of chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus. It is characterised by purple plaques/nodules and oedematous skin mainly around the acral regions of the body, which are most exposed to the cold. In this paper we report a case of chilblain lupus erythematosus that was diagnosed using the Mayo Clinic Diagnostic Criteria and its successful treatment with hydroxychloroquine.
Recognising serious umbilical cord anomalies
Authors: Marshall Andrew S J , Jayapal Sathiya S K , Whitburn Jessica A S , Akinbiyi Bolutito A , Willetts Ian E
Published: November 2013

Umbilical vessel catheterisation is a common intervention in neonatal care. Many complications are recognised, some of which are life-threatening. We report the case of a term neonate who was compromised at birth following antepartum haemorrhage with evidence of multiorgan ischaemic injury. Following resuscitation and umbilical vessel catheterisation, she developed pneumoperitoneum. At laparotomy, a patent vitellointestinal duct was identified and resected. Intestinal perforation was found in the duct wall, most plausibly explained by the unintentional catheterisation of the duct via the umbilicus. Learning to recognise umbilical cord anomalies, such as patent vitellointestinal duct, can be simple and could prevent potentially serious complications.
Chemotherapy-resistant breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma
Authors: Parthasarathy Muralidharan , Orrell Julian , Mortimer Caroline , Ball Liz
Published: November 2013

A 43-year-old woman presented with a few weeks’ history of discomfort and swelling in her left breast. She had undergone bilateral breast augmentation 8 years previously. There were no risk factors for breast cancer. Clinical examination, mammography and breast ultrasound revealed a large left breast mass adjacent to the breast implant with enlarged axillary lymph nodes. Owing to diagnostic uncertainty, core biopsies were sent to a specialist unit which confirmed breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma with involved lymph nodes. Staging investigations confirmed no distant disease. The lymphoma multidisciplinary team recommended cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone chemotherapy, followed by implant removal and local radiotherapy. However, the patient's disease progressed on first-line, and then second-line chemotherapy. She therefore had a mastectomy and axillary node clearance followed by radiotherapy, with a planned delayed left breast reconstruction and removal of the right breast implant.
Injuries in elite and recreational snowboarders
Authors: Wijdicks Coen A , Rosenbach Brandon S , Flanagan Troy R , Bower Gillian E , Newman Kelly E , Clanton Thomas O , Engebretsen Lars , LaPrade Robert F , Hackett Tom R
Published: November 2013

Background

The relatively young sport of snowboarding exhibits high injury rates. The current efforts to characterise the injury pattern of snowboarders focus largely on the general snowboard population and upper extremity injuries, the most common injury site in snowboarders as a whole.

Methods

In an effort to describe the current published information available on snowboarding injuries in the elite-level population, a literature search was performed and the articles related to snowboarding injuries were analysed. Additionally, the literature pertaining to biomechanical analyses of injury and injury prevention was included.

Results

Studies rarely stratify the snowboarders by skill level, a classification which has a profound effect on the riding activities of snowboarders and the resultant injury patterns. Elite-level snowboarders are often injured when performing difficult manoeuvres at high velocities and with amplified levels of force to the lower limbs. Consequently, elite-level snowboarders suffer from injuries that are of higher severity and have decidedly greater lower extremity injury rates. Conversely, injuries to the upper extremities are decreased in the elite snowboarders. Furthermore, little has been published regarding the biomechanical analyses and injury prevention for the protection of the lower extremities in snowboarding.

Conclusions

Snowboarding continues to evolve as a sport. This includes a steady progression in the degree of difficulty of the manoeuvres conducted by athletes and an increase in the number of snowboarders attempting such manoeuvres. The injury patterns across the skill levels are markedly different, and it is imperative that the research directed towards understanding the disparate lower extremity injury pattern of elite-level snowboarders is increased.
The impact of neurological disorders on the risk for falls in the community dwelling elderly: a case-controlled study
Authors: Homann Barbara , Plaschg Annemarie , Grundner Marion , Haubenhofer Alice , Griedl Theresa , Ivanic Gerd , Hofer Edith , Fazekas Franz , Homann Carl Nikolaus
Published: November 2013

Objectives

Owing to a lack of data, our aim was to evaluate and compare the impact of various common neurological diseases on the risk for falls in independent community dwelling senior citizens.

Design

Prospective case-controlled study.

Setting

General hospital.

Participants

Of 298 consecutive patients and 214 controls enrolled, 228 patients (aged 74.5±7.8; 61% women) and 193 controls (aged 71.4±6.8; 63% women) were included. The exclusion criteria were as follows: for patients, severe disability, disabling general condition or severe cognitive impairment; for controls, any history of neurological disorders or disabling medical conditions; and for both, age below 60 years. A matching process led to 171 age-matched and gender-matched pairs of neurological patients and healthy controls.

Main outcome measures

A 1-year incidence of falls based on patients' 12-month recall; motor and non-motor function tests to detect additional risk factors.

Results

46% of patients and 16% of controls fell at least once a year. Patients with stroke (89%), Parkinson’s disease (77%), dementia (60%) or epilepsy (57%) had a particularly high proportion of fallers, but even subgroups of patients with the least fall-associated neurological diseases like tinnitus (30%) and headache (28%) had a higher proportion of fallers than the control group. Neuropathies, peripheral nerve lesions and Parkinson's disease were predisposing to recurrent falls. A higher number of neurological comorbidities (p<0.001), lower Barthel Index values (p<0.001), lower Activities-Specific Balance Confidence scores (p<0.001) and higher Center of Epidemiological Studies Depression scores (p<0.001) as well as higher age (p<0.001) and female gender (p=0.003) proved to further increase the risk of falls.

Conclusions

Medical practitioners, allied health professionals and carers should be aware that all elderly neurological patients seen in outpatient settings are potentially at high risk for falls; they should query them routinely about previous falls and fall risks and advise them on preventive strategies.
The cost-effectiveness of a structured education pulmonary rehabilitation programme for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary care: the PRINCE cluster randomised trial
Authors: Gillespie Paddy , O'Shea Eamon , Casey Dympna , Murphy Kathy , Devane Declan , Cooney Adeline , Mee Lorraine , Kirwan Collette , McCarthy Bernard , Newell John ,   for the PRINCE study team
Published: November 2013

Objective

To assess the cost-effectiveness of a structured education pulmonary rehabilitation programme (SEPRP) for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) relative to usual practice in primary care. The programme consisted of group-based sessions delivered jointly by practice nurses and physiotherapists over 8 weeks.

Design

Cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analysis alongside a cluster randomised controlled trial.

Setting

32 general practices in Ireland.

Participants

350 adults with COPD, 69% of whom were moderately affected.

Interventions

Intervention arm (n=178) received a 2 h group-based SEPRP session per week over 8 weeks delivered jointly by a practice nurse and physiotherapist at the practice surgery or nearby venue. The control arm (n=172) received the usual practice in primary care.

Main outcome measures

Incremental costs, Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire (CRQ) scores, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained estimated using the generic EQ5D instrument, and expected cost-effectiveness at 22 weeks trial follow-up.

Results

The intervention was associated with an increase of €944 (95% CIs 489 to 1400) in mean healthcare cost and €261 (95% CIs 226 to 296) in mean patient cost. The intervention was associated with a mean improvement of 1.11 (95% CIs 0.35 to 1.87) in CRQ Total score and 0.002 (95% CIs −0.006 to 0.011) in QALYs gained. These translated into incremental cost-effectiveness ratios of €850 per unit increase in CRQ Total score and €472 000 per additional QALY gained. The probability of the intervention being cost-effective at respective threshold values of €5000, €15 000, €25 000, €35 000 and €45 000 was 0.980, 0.992, 0.994, 0.994 and 0.994 in the CRQ Total score analysis compared to 0.000, 0.001, 0.001, 0.003 and 0.007 in the QALYs gained analysis.

Conclusions

While analysis suggests that SEPRP was cost-effective if society is willing to pay at least €850 per one-point increase in disease-specific CRQ, no evidence exists when effectiveness was measured in QALYS gained.

Trial Registration

Current Controlled TrialsISRCTN52 403 063.
The CopenHeartSF trial—comprehensive sexual rehabilitation programme for male patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillator or ischaemic heart disease and impaired sexual function: protocol of a randomised clinical trial
Authors: Johansen Pernille Palm , Zwisler Ann-Dorthe , Hastrup-Svendsen Jesper , Frederiksen Marianne , Lindschou Jane , Winkel Per , Gluud Christian , Giraldi Annamaria , Steinke Elaine , Jaarsma Tiny , Berg Selina Kikkenborg
Published: November 2013

Introduction

Sexuality is an important part of people’s physical and mental health. Patients with heart disease often suffer from sexual dysfunction. Sexual dysfunction has a negative impact on quality of life and well-being in persons with heart disease, and sexual dysfunction is associated with anxiety and depression. Treatment and care possibilities seem to be lacking. Studies indicate that non-pharmacological interventions such as exercise training and psychoeducation possess the potential of reducing sexual dysfunction in patients with heart disease. The CopenHeartSF trial will investigate the effect of a comprehensive sexual rehabilitation programme versus usual care.

Methods and analysis

CopenHeartSF is an investigator-initiated randomised clinical superiority trial with blinded outcome assessment, with 1:1 central randomisation to sexual rehabilitation plus usual care versus usual care alone. Based on sample size calculations, 154 male patients with impaired sexual function due to implantable cardioverter defibrillator or ischaemic heart disease will be included from two university hospitals in Denmark. All patients receive usual care and patients allocated to the experimental intervention group follow a 12-week sexual rehabilitation programme consisting of an individualised exercise programme and psychoeducative consultation with a specially trained nurse. The primary outcome is sexual function measured by the International Index of Erectile Function. The secondary outcome measure is psychosocial adjustment to illness by the Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale, sexual domain. A number of explorative analyses will also be conducted.

Ethics and dissemination

CopenHeartSF is approved by the regional ethics committee (no H-4-2012-168) and the Danish Data Protection Agency (no 2007-58-0015) and is performed in accordance with good clinical practice and the Declaration of Helsinki in its latest form.

Registration

Clinicaltrials.gov identifier:NCT01796353.
Co-dependent recruitment of Ino80p and Snf2p is required for yeast CUP1 activation
Authors: Wimalarathna Roshini N. , Pan Po Yun , Shen Chang-Hui
Published: November 2013

In yeast, Ace1p-dependent induction of CUP1 is responsible for protecting cells from copper toxicity. Although the mechanism of yeast CUP1 induction has been studied intensively, it is still uncertain which chromatin remodelers are involved in CUP1 transcriptional activation. Here, we show that yeast cells are inviable in the presence of copper when either chromatin remodeler, Ino80p or Snf2p, is not present. This inviability is due to the lack of CUP1 expression in ino80Δ and snf2Δ cells. Subsequently, we observe that both Ino80p and Snf2p are present at the promoter and they are responsible for recruiting chromatin remodeling activity to the CUP1 promoter under induced conditions. These results suggest that they directly participate in CUP1 transcriptional activation. Furthermore, the codependent recruitment of both INO80 and SWI/SNF depends on the presence of the transcriptional activator, Ace1p. We also demonstrate that both remodelers are required to recruit RNA polymerase II and targeted histone acetylation, indicating that remodelers are recruited to the CUP1 promoter before RNA polymerase II and histone acetylases. These observations provide evidence for the mechanism of CUP1 induction. As such, we propose a model that describes novel insight into the order of events in CUP1 activation.
Seasonality, littoral versus pelagic carbon sources, and stepwise 15N-enrichment of pelagic food web in a deep subalpine lake: the role of planktivorous fish
Authors: Visconti Anna , Volta Pietro , Fadda Amedeo , Di Guardo Antonio , Manca Marina
Published: November 2013

While the role of littoral food sources in shallow lakes has been widely investigated, uncertainties still exist about the relevance of such sources for deep lakes. Here we report quantitative estimates for the contribution of littoral versus pelagic sources in supporting the three most important planktivorous fish of a deep, large, subalpine lake in Italy. Contributions of pelagic (p) and littoral (q) signatures of δ13C and δ15N stable isotopes were detected in fish muscular tissue by applying a dynamic baseline mixing model. This model integrates tissue-specific metabolic turnover (m) and fish growth (k) rates over baselines δ13C seasonality. Annual fluctuations for both pelagic and littoral baselines were not negligible (ΔC = 10‰ and 8‰, respectively). We calculated that they could not be ignored, since contributions of pelagic and littoral signatures would be largely underestimated (up to 30% p and 13% q for whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) and roach (Rutilus rutilus), respectively). When fish relied upon pelagic consumers, stepwise 15N-enrichment (E) of pelagic preys linearly decreased with prey-size-specific predation pressure. Therefore, longer food webs would be proportionally less stepwise 15N-enriched than shorter ones.
Examination of CoNiCu thin films by using XRF and XRD
Authors: Söğüt Ö. , Dönük Ç. , Apaydın G. , Bakkaloğlu Ö.F.
Published: November 2013

A series of thin films of CoNiCu and NiCu produced using the electrodeposition method have been examined using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Energy dispersive XRF spectroscopy was used to determine the concentrations of the atomic percentage in these films. CoNiCu and NiCu thin film samples were excited by gamma rays with 59.5 keV energy photons from 100 mCi 241Am radioisotope source. K X-rays emitted by samples were counted by an Ultra-LEGe detector having a resolution of 150 eV at 5.9 keV. Structural analyses of these films have been done using the XRD technique and thin films were found to have a face-centred cubic (fcc) structure. In addition, surface morphologies of the films have been analysed by SEM. If one examines the SEM images of thin film samples, it can be seen that these elements have been homogeneously distributed in the samples of the thin films.
Effects of ectoparasites on seasonal variation in quality of nestling Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor)
Authors: Harriman V.B. , Dawson R.D. , Clark R.G. , Fairhurst G.D. , Bortolotti G.R.
Published: November 2013

Reproductive success often declines with breeding date in diverse taxa, including temperate-nesting bird species. The date hypothesis predicts that seasonally deteriorating environmental quality drives this pattern. While mechanisms are not fully understood, a seasonal increase in parasitism may contribute to the declining quality of nestlings hatched later in the season. We examined the effect of ectoparasites on seasonal variation in indices of nestling quality and survival in Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor (Vieillot, 1808)) at breeding sites in British Columbia (PG) and Saskatchewan (SDNRA). In a parasite removal experiment, we detected no seasonal trend in flea abundance and, contrary to expectation, there were fewer blow flies in nests of late breeders. Negative effects of parasites on nestlings were documented at PG, where lengths of primary feather and head–bill were affected. Parental, rather than environmental, quality had the greatest effect on reproductive success at PG, as nestling survival declined seasonally regardless of treatment and despite seasonally increasing food biomass. Nestlings in control (i.e., parasitized) nests at SDNRA had elevated feather corticosterone levels, but no other effects of parasites were detected possibly because parent birds were of higher quality or parents and offspring had greater access to food such that nestlings were capable of coping with parasite-related challenges.
A FAST AND COMPLETE CONVEX-HULL ALGORITHM ARCHITECTURE BASED ON ELLIPSE AND ELASTIC ELLIPSE METHODS
Authors: WU XUE GANG , FANG BIN , TANG YUAN YAN , WANG PATRICK SHEN-PEI
Published: November 2013

The number of inner points excluded in an initial convex hull (ICH) is vital to the efficiency getting the convex hull (CH) in a planar point set. The maximum inscribed circle method proposed recently is effective to remove inner points in ICH. However, limited by density distribution of a planar point set, it does not always work well. Although the affine transformation method can be used, it is still hard to have a better performance. Furthermore, the algorithm mentioned above fails to deal with the exceptional distribution: the gravity centroid (GC) of a planar point set is outside or on the edge formed by the extreme points in ICH. This paper considers how to remove more inner points in ICH when GC is inside of ICH and completely process the case which mentioned above. Further, we presented a complete algorithm architecture: (1) using the ellipse and elasticity ellipse methods (EM and EEM) to remove more inner points in ICH and process the cases: GC is inside or outside of ICH. (2) Using the traditional methods to process the situation: the initial centroid is on the edge in ICH. It is adaptive to more data sets than other algorithms. The experiments under seven distributions show that the proposed method performs better than other traditional algorithms in saving time and space.
Chapter 10 Biogeography of Ordovician linguliform and craniiform brachiopods
Authors: Popov Leonid E. , Holmer Lars E. , Bassett Michael G. , Pour Mansoureh Ghobadi , Percival Ian G.
Published: November 2013

The biogeographical patterns shown by Ordovician linguliform and craniiform brachiopods are greatly influenced by their dominance in low-diversity associations in marginal environments. This is particularly evident in the Early Ordovician, when linguliform-dominated dysaerobic assemblages are widely distributed along the deep shelves of Gondwana, the Kazakhstanian terranes and in Baltica. By the Darriwilian, micromorphic linguliforms are characteristic components of the pantropical climatic-controlled faunas of Laurentia, Cuyania and Kazakhstanian terranes, which – in spite of separation by extensive oceans – retain a distinct similarity. Analysis of craniiform biogeographical distribution is impeded significantly by the poor state of craniide taxonomy and lack of reliable data from most regions. However, in general their biogeographical dispersion is similar to other groups of the Palaeozoic Evolutionary Fauna. Unlike the linguliforms, which are important members of the Cambrian Evolutionary Fauna, there is no convincing Cambrian craniiform record; they may have evolved and dispersed from Gondwana and associated microcontinents and island arcs. The earliest well-established record is from the late Tremadocian of temperate to high-latitude peri-Gondwana. During most of the Ordovician, they have a peri-Iapetus distribution. They are very rare or absent in tropical Gondwana, South China and Kazakhstanian terranes and are not yet documented from Siberia. The trimerellides probably evolved in tropical peri-Gondwanan island arc settings. Their dispersion and major features of biogeography mirror those of atrypides.
Chapter 12 A review of the Early Palaeozoic biogeography of bryozoans
Authors: Buttler Caroline J. , Jackson Patrick N. Wyse , Ernst Andrej , Mckinney Frank K.
Published: November 2013

The palaeogeographical distributions of Early Palaeozoic bryozoan faunas are reviewed. Previous studies are examined and new databases have been assembled of the stratigraphical and geographical distribution of Ordovician and Silurian taxa. Analysis was carried out using cluster analysis based on Jaccard’s coefficient and paired group method, as well as principal coordinate analysis based on Jaccard’s coefficient, to examine the relationships between different localities. Bryozoan faunas increased in diversity throughout the Ordovician peaking with 133 genera during the Katian. In the earliest Ordovician provincialism is difficult to determine, but by the Darriwilian five distinct provinces developed, decreasing to four in the Sandbian. There was a decrease in provinciality throughout the Katian as faunas became less endemic, caused by the reduction of geographical barriers. Following the extinction of many genera at the end of the Ordovician, early Silurian faunas contain remnant taxa. Subsequently fenestrates began to dominate faunas. During the Llandovery bryozoans began to show distinct provincialism, but this declined during the Wenlock, only to re-emerge during the Ludlow. Late Silurian (Pridoli) faunas are sparse but nevertheless show possible division into two provinces.
Chapter 14 Palaeobiogeography of Ordovician echinoderms
Authors: Lefebvre Bertrand , Sumrall Colin D. , Shroat-Lewis Rene A. , Reich Mike , Webster Gary D. , Hunter Aaron W. , Nardin Elise , Rozhnov Sergei V. , Guensburg Thomas E. , Touzeau Alexandra , Noailles Fleur , Sprinkle James
Published: November 2013

The palaeobiogeographical distribution of the six major clades of Ordovician echinoderms (asterozoans, blastozoans, crinoids, echinozoans, edrioasteroids and stylophorans) is analysed based on a comprehensive and up-to-date database compiling 3701 occurrences (1938 species recorded from 331 localities) of both complete specimens and isolated ossicles. Although historically biased towards a limited number of regions (Europe, North America, Russia), the resulting dataset makes it possible to identify six main palaeobiogeographical provinces for Ordovician echinoderms: Laurentia, Baltica, West Gondwana, East Gondwana, Avalonia and Siberia. At a global scale, the high endemicity of echinoderms during the Early to Middle Ordovician coincides with the time of maximum dispersal of continental masses. Late Ordovician faunas tend to become more cosmopolitan, possibly as a consequence of changing palaeogeography and/or relatively higher sea-levels in the Sandbian–Katian interval. Regional biodiversity patterns of Ordovician echinoderms confirm that their major diversification during the Ordovician is not a single, universal evolutionary event, but rather results from the complex addition of contrasted local evolutionary trends.
Chapter 15 Biogeography of Ordovician and Silurian gastropods, monoplacophorans and mimospirids
Authors: Ebbestad Jan Ove R. , Frýda Jiří , Wagner Peter J. , Horný Radvan J. , Isakar Mare , Stewart Sarah , Percival Ian G. , Bertero Verònica , Rohr David M. , Peel John S. , Blodgett Robert B. , Högström Anette E. S.
Published: November 2013

The biogeographical distribution of Ordovician and Silurian gastropods, monoplacophorans and mimospirids has been analysed on a generic level. The dataset contains 334 genera and 2769 species, yielding 1231 records of genera with 2274 occurrences worldwide. There is a bias towards eastern Laurentia, Baltica and Perunica records. Some 53.1% of the records are Ordovician. The study demonstrates that these molluscs are well suited to being used to improve understanding of Ordovician and Silurian biogeographical provinciality. Specific points are that: a Lower Ordovician assemblage is evident in Laurentia; the fauna of the Argentinean Precordillera is Laurentian until the Darriwilian, when taxa are shared with North China; Late Silurian gastropods from the Alexander terrane (SE Alaska) are unknown in Laurentia, but support a rift origin of this terrane from NE Siberia; Perunica, Ibero-Armorica and Morocco cluster together throughout the Ordovician but Perunica and Morocco are closer; Darriwilian–Sandbian deep-water Bohemian taxa occur in Baltica; a Laurentian–Baltica proximity is unsupported until the Silurian; Siberia clusters with North China and eastern Laurentia during the Tremadocian–Darriwilian; during the Gorstian–Pridoli Siberia clusters with the Farewell and Alexander terranes; North China may have been close to Laurentia and the Argentinean margin of Gondwana; and the affinity of Tarim taxa is problematic.
Chapter 17 Biogeographical distribution patterns in Early Palaeozoic Rostroconchia (Mollusca)
Authors: Amler Michael R. W. , Rogalla Nicole S.
Published: November 2013

The geographical distribution of rostroconch taxa of the orders Ribeirioida and Conocardiida, mostly across the equatorial continents and oceans, is compiled for six presumed diversity acmes in the early Early Ordovician (
c.
485 Ma), the late Early–early Middle Ordovician (
c.
475 Ma), the Late Ordovician (
c.
455 Ma), the Early Silurian (
c.
435 Ma), the late Early–early Late Silurian (
c.
425 Ma) and the early Early Devonian (
c.
415 Ma), based on our present, uneven knowledge. Rostroconchs show distribution patterns which enable a provisional separation of biogeographical provinces at least from the Silurian onward, comparable with Late Palaeozoic rostroconch distributional patterns. The distributions of tabulate corals, trilobites and bivalves appear roughly comparable, but not the nektic and planktic groups. A restriction to low latitudes (‘tropical’ realms) is clear for members of
Ribeiria
and
Eopteria
in the Early Ordovician, similar to proven patterns for hippocardiid rostroconchs from the Late Silurian onward until the Middle Permian. Preliminary rostroconch provinces or subprovinces, respectively, are currently discernable in the Silurian and Devonian for northwestern Laurentia, south-central Laurentia/Baltica and the north-central margin of Gondwana (i.e. Perunica, Bohemia). Rostroconch distributional data for SE Asia, China, Kazakhstan, Siberia and Australia are sparse and require further studies.
Chapter 2 New global palaeogeographical reconstructions for the Early Palaeozoic and their generation
Authors: Torsvik Trond H. , Cocks L. Robin M.
Published: November 2013

New palaeogeographical reconstructions are presented at 10 myr intervals from the Lower Cambrian at 540 Ma to the Lower Devonian at 400 Ma, showing continental crustal fragments and oceans (not lands and seas), with appropriate kinematic continuity between successive maps. The maps were chiefly generated by revised and selected palaeomagnetic data and revised Apparent Polar Wandering paths linked to present-day polygons from the main continents. These have been reinforced by analysis of the distributions of some fossils and sediments. Gondwana was the dominating supercontinent from its final assembly in the Latest Neoproterozoic at about 550 Ma until the Carboniferous, and covered much of the Southern Hemisphere. The Northern Hemisphere was largely occupied by the vast Panthalassic Ocean. The relative positions of the major continents and the latitudes and rotation histories of Gondwana, Baltica, Siberia and Laurentia (Laurussia from the mid-Silurian) are now well known. Although Laurentia was oriented in a similar direction to the present, Siberia was inverted throughout the Lower Palaeozoic, and Baltica too was initially inverted, but rotated through 120° between the Late Cambrian and Late Ordovician before collision with Laurentia in the mid-Silurian Caledonide Orogeny. Through reconstructions of the Caledonide and some other orogenies, the progressive history of the Iapetus Ocean between Laurentia and Baltica/Gondwana is well constrained. Less major continents whose positions are also well known include Avalonia (initially peri-Gondwanan but migrating in the Early Ordovician to join Baltica by the end of the Ordovician), Sibumasu (now considered an integral part of Gondwana) and Mongolia (adjacent to Siberia). A large number of other terranes are reviewed and plotted on the reconstructions with varying degrees of certainty. However, significant continents with less well constrained or controversial positions are South China, North China (Sinokorea), Annamia (Indochina) and Arctic Alaska–Chukotka. The European areas of France, Iberia and southern Italy, previously considered by some as a separate Armorican Terrane Assemblage, remained parts of core Gondwana until the opening of the Palaeotethys Ocean near the end of the Silurian, but it is uncertain whether Perunica (Bohemia) was one of that group or whether it left Gondwana during the Middle Ordovician.
Chapter 21 Biogeographical patterns of Ordovician ostracods
Authors: Meidla Tõnu , Tinn Oive , Salas Maria José , Williams Mark , Siveter David , Vandenbroucke Thijs R. A. , Sabbe Koen
Published: November 2013

The biogeography of marine shelf ostracod genera is analysed for two Ordovician time slabs, the earliest Late Ordovician and the terminal Ordovician, that have been considered to reflect comparatively warmer and cooler global climate states, respectively. The earlier time slab is equivalent to the
Nemagraptus gracilis
graptolite interval (centred about 460 Ma), and defined as the total range of the eponymous species. The Hirnantian time slab comprises the
Normalograptus extraordinarius
and
Normalograptus persculptus
graptolite biozones (445.6–443.7 Ma). The ostracod dataset consists of 160 taxa from 24 early Late Ordovician localities and 86 taxa from 10 Hirnantian localities. Ordination and variation partitioning analyses show that patterns in ostracod distribution in the
gracilis
time slab are largely related to palaeocontinental affinity of the samples and to a lesser degree to palaeolatitude. Some decrease of provincialism can be suggested for the Hirnantian, although the ostracod dataset is limited for this interval.
Chapter 22 Testing Silurian palaeogeography using ‘European’ ostracod faunas
Authors: Perrier V. , Siveter D. J.
Published: November 2013

The distributions of representative European and eastern North American species of the three major ostracod groups present in the Silurian independently support the standard palaeogeographical reconstructions of the ‘North Atlantic’ region for that time period. A range of assumed benthic, biostratigraphically key palaeocope and podocope ostracods show a provincial distributional pattern that characterizes a ‘European’ ostracod faunal province which reflects the amalgamated palaeoplates of Avalonia and Baltica. By contrast, representatives of the low-diversity, late Silurian, supposedly pelagic myodocope ostracod fauna from the UK, France, the Czech Republic, Sardinia and other locations globally seemingly have much wider dispersal capacity that includes, for example, trans-(Rheic)ocean locations on the Avalonia, Baltica, Armorica (West Gondwana) and Perunica palaeoplates. That there was an apparent major barrier to the migration of supposed benthic but not pelagic ostracod faunas strongly supports the notion of the presence of the Rheic Ocean and adjacent palaeocontinents. Comparable provincial and trans-oceanic distributional patterns are evident amongst Recent benthic and pelagic ostracods. The ostracod faunas of Avalonia/Baltica seemingly remained essentially distinctive, at least at species level, from those of the remainder of the Laurentian plate in the Silurian, but the reason for this is uncertain.
Chapter 24 Late Ordovician zooplankton maps and the climate of the Early Palaeozoic Icehouse
Authors: Vandenbroucke Thijs R. A. , Armstrong Howard A. , Williams Mark , Paris Florentin , Sabbe Koen , Zalasiewicz Jan A.
Published: November 2013

Chitinozoans and graptolites are the main components of preserved Ordovician zooplankton. As with much of the modern plankton, the ‘first-order’ species distributions of Ordovician plankton reflect water masses defined on the basis of sea surface temperatures. For ‘time slices’ of less than a few million years, zooplankton distribution patterns can be used to infer latitudinal sea surface temperature gradients, key palaeoceanographical boundaries and the position of Ordovician climate belts. Here, using two Late Ordovician time intervals – the early Sandbian and Hirnantian – we review how zooplankton distribution patterns identify Late Ordovician cooling and reflect the development of severe icehouse conditions.

Supplementary material:

Additional information on methods and material is available at:
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18670
Chapter 25 Palaeogeographical distribution of Ordovician Radiolarian occurrences: patterns, significance and limitations
Authors: Danelian T. , Noble P. , Pouille L. , Maletz J.
Published: November 2013

Over the past 15 years, significant progress has been achieved in our understanding of Lower Palaeozoic radiolarian faunas. However, description of biogeographical patterns of Ordovician Radiolaria is hampered by the paucity of known occurrences as well as possible taphonomic influences. The distribution of all known assemblages is analysed in time and space. Lower Ordovician (especially Tremadocian) Radiolaria are known from two distinct tropical localities of Laurentia. Geographical coverage is much better for the Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian). However, data are concentrated in tropical palaeolatitudes (between 30°N and 30°S). The absence of data from mid/high-latitude localities limits any biogeographical insights. In addition to this there are taphonomic and taxonomic biases. Data are also sparse for the Upper Ordovician. However, comparison between Australian and Nevadan material of Katian age shows strong similarities, suggesting the presence of a coherent tropical radiolarian bioprovince, as in the modern ocean.
Chapter 26 Graptolite palaeobiogeography
Authors: Goldman Daniel , Maletz Jörg , Melchin Michael J. , Junxuan Fan
Published: November 2013

Graptolite faunas exhibited strong biogeographical differentiation during the Early Palaeozoic, particularly in the Ordovician. Skevington recognized two major faunal provinces, the high to mid palaeolatitude ‘Atlantic Province’ and the low-palaeolatitude ‘Pacific Province’. Subsequent workers have generally accepted this pattern of graptolite distribution, but the controls on this pattern have been the subject of considerable debate. Two competing models have emerged: a surface water temperature model and a depth stratification model. It is likely that the some of the physical and chemical oceanic factors that vary with latitude may also vary in a similar way along an onshore to offshore transect. Hence, it may be that both depth and surface temperature play an important role in biogeographical differentiation. Biogeography also played a critical role in the evolutionary history of graptoloids. Important examples include the origination of axonophorans in deep, offshore environments from isograptid and pseudisograptid ancestors and their subsequent migration into shallow water regions; the replacement of the Diplograptina by Neograptina in the low palaeolatitudes during the Late Ordovician extinction event; and the origination of expansograptids in the ‘Atlantic’ Province as shallow water endemics followed by their worldwide dispersal into the oceanic biofacies.
Chapter 28 Palaeobiogeography of Early Palaeozoic vertebrates
Authors: Žigaitė Živilė , Blieck Alain
Published: November 2013

The oldest known Palaeozoic vertebrate record currently is Early Cambrian in age. The first taxa with mineralized exoskeletons are at least Ordovician in age, followed by a sporadic fossil record with Talimaa’s Gap of
c.
3 myr in the Rhuddanian (earliest Silurian). Ordovician and Silurian vertebrate faunas are dominated by ‘agnathans’. Early Palaeozoic vertebrates occupied a wide range of environments: nearshore marine to restricted marine in the Ordovician, and on the marine epicontinental shelves of the Silurian. Silurian vertebrates are useful biostratigraphical indicators, as well as good markers of palaeocontinental margins. Two main palaeobiogeographical units are renamed for the Ordovician: a Gondwana Realm and a Laurentia–Siberia–Baltica Realm. Vertebrate fossil localities are more numerous in the Silurian; therefore a series of palaeobiogeographical provinces and realms are defined on Laurentia, Baltica, Avalonia, Siberia, South China and East Gondwana. More discoveries of Silurian vertebrate-bearing localities should certainly help to define additional provinces, in particular along the northern margins of Gondwana and in SE Asia.
Chapter 5 Testing for palaeogeographical patterns in the distribution of Cambrian trace fossils
Authors: Jensen Sören , Buatois Luis A. , Mángano M. Gabriela
Published: November 2013

We examined the palaeogeographical distribution of selected Cambrian trace fossils.
Astropolichnus hispanicus
,
Climactichnites
,
Syringomorpha nilssoni
and early examples of
Paleodictyon
all have a restricted palaeogeographical distribution, probably representing that of their producers. A cosmopolitan distribution is seen in
Didymaulichnus miettensis
and in early examples of
Rusophycus
and
Dactyloidites
.
Oldhamia
shows a wide distribution in Lower Cambrian deep-sea sediments although that of
Oldhamia geniculata
is restricted.