bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of Heavy Metals in Green Leafy Vegetables along Roadsides by Lagos-Badagry Expressway in Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Moro Dauphin , Agubata Zenas , Shittu Hamed , Omoniyi Olushola , Ukhureigbe Miriam
Published: February 2024

Heavy metals being natural components of the earth’s crust, cannot be degraded or destroyed. They are ubiquitous, so enter the human body through food, water and air, which in high concentrations in biological systems result in human diseases and disorders. Vegetable samples which included leaves of lettuce, spinach and pumpkin were collected from three wayside farms namely; Abule Ado, Abule Oshun and Oluti. A total of 36 samples were collected for the assessment of the heavy metal contents in the vegetables, which included lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd) and Chromium (Cr) using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Buck Scientific 210 VGP model) in mg/kg. The average concentration of Pb, Zn, Cd and Cr in lettuce were 29.70, 25.85, 1.6 and 16.54 respectively. The mean concentration of Pb, Zn, Cd and Cr in spinach leaves were 28.84, 38. 43, 0.66 and 19.57 while the average concentration of Pb, Zn, Cd and Cr in pumpkin were 22.98, 38. 70, 0.70 and 29.70 mg/kg respectively. Lettuce had the highest concentration of Pb, while pumpkin had the least Pb concentration. Pumpkin had the highest concentration of Zn, followed by spinach, and the least concentration in lettuce. Lettuce had the highest concentration of Cd, followed by pumpkin and spinach with the least concentration of Cd. The highest concentration of Cr was observed in spinach, followed by lettuce, while pumpkin had the least Cr concentration. This study revealed that the concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd were within acceptable limits according to WHO, while Cr was found above that limit. If ingested, the heavy metals result in bioaccumulation and biomagnification, which as well lead to human disorders with children at higher risks than adults.
Pattern of ABO and Rhesus Blood Group Distribution among Second Year Medical Students of Arsi University, Southeast Ethiopia
Authors: Melaku Leta , Elias Dr
Published: February 2024

Background: The genetics, inheritance patterns, and disease susceptibility of blood group antigens, which are hereditary in nature, are crucial for transfusion safety. The purpose of the present study was to determine the frequency and distribution of both ABO and Rhesus blood types among second year medical students of Arsi University.
Methods: All second-year medical students at Arsi University participated in a cross-sectional study that was institutionally based. A structured questionnaire and a data collection sheet were used to obtain the socio-demographic data and blood group types of study participants. The blood samples were obtained by standard procedures and subjected to determination of ABO and Rhesus blood group using antisera by combined slide and test tube method. Each sample was tested for ABO and Rhesus status. The collected data were double entered into Epi-data version 3.1 and exported into SPSS version-22 for analysis. Descriptive statistics was used to calculate percentage frequencies of blood phenotype. The genotypic and allelic frequencies of the blood groups were calculated from the observed phenotypes under the assumption of Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium.
Result: In the present study, one questionnaire was rejected for incompleteness, resulting in a response rate of 98.89%. The respondents had a mean age of 21.38 years (SD ± 0.898) and were mainly female (58.4%). The distribution of ABO blood group was; blood group O (39.3%); blood group A (31.5%); blood group B (24.7%) and blood group AB (4.5%). The proportions of Rhesus (D) positive and Rhesus (D) negative were 84.3% and 15.7%, respectively.
Conclusion: The current study revealed that blood group O is the most frequent blood group among the ABO blood group system with dominant Rh positivity. This study along with other similar studies in other regions of the country will be useful for health planners to face medical emergencies.
Building therapeutic relationships with patients
Authors: Iqbal Sannia
Published: February 2024

To foster a closer connection with patients, it is essential to employ three complementary strategies that prioritize the needs and concerns of patients as they define them. These strategies enable clinicians to nurture and enrich the clinician-patient relationship, resulting in improved care provision.
Clinicians can enhance their practice by implementing an organized and systematic approach that recognizes each patient as a distinct individual. In addition to the conventional organ-specific review of systems taught in medical school, clinicians can adopt a "mini patient’s review" that focuses on understanding and addressing the unique preferences, values, and needs of each patient. This complementary approach ensures a comprehensive understanding of the patient's healthcare requirements and facilitates personalized care delivery.
Clinicians have the opportunity to expand their perspective beyond individual patients by utilizing survey instruments and other tools that encourage patients to provide collective feedback on their clinical experiences. This valuable feedback can offer reliable and valid insights into crucial aspects of doctors' individual practices. Furthermore, by comparing patients' experiences at a regional and national level, clinicians can gain a broader understanding of their performance and identify areas for improvement.
Clinicians and patients have the opportunity to collaborate and actively participate in shaping treatment plans by sharing information. With the aid of electronic health records and secure patient portals, which are becoming more prevalent, achieving a shared understanding and alignment in healthcare decisions is becoming increasingly feasible. This technological advancement enables clinicians and patients to access and exchange information more efficiently, facilitating a collaborative approach to healthcare management.
Escherichia coli: Epidemiology, Impact, Antimicrobial Resistance and Prevention: A review
Authors: Eissa Mostafa
Published: February 2024

Public health aims to protect and improve community health by preventing and controlling infectious diseases. This includes surveillance, policy development, health education, immunization, research, and collaboration. Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a bacterium found in the intestines of humans and animals, with harmless and pathogenic strains causing serious illnesses. Pathogenic E. coli, like Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), can lead to severe food poisoning and outbreaks, making it a major public health concern. E. coli is transmitted through contaminated food, water, and direct contact with infected animals or individuals. It can survive in various environments and acquire antibiotic resistance. Vulnerable populations, such as children, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals, are at higher risk of severe infections. Studies in Egypt show high resistance rates to commonly used antibiotics in both clinical and food samples.E. coli isolates from various sources in Egypt and Tunisia demonstrated high resistance to commonly used antibiotics, limiting treatment options and posing a public health risk. E. coli isolates from patient urine in Nigeria showed high resistance to most antibiotics tested except newer drugs, indicating misuse of antibiotics in healthcare. The typical symptoms of infection include diarrhea, abdominal pain, symptoms of urinary tract infection and fever. The most serious complication is hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), which can cause acute kidney failure and be life-threatening, especially in young children and elders. Long-term consequences of infection and HUS can include chronic kidney disease and neurological impairment. The present review article summarizes the current knowledge, highlights the challenges and gaps and provides recommendations and solutions.
Feed for defence : can dietary supplements modulate broiler gut microbiota and guard against Campylobacter?
Authors: Eliasson Eliska
Published: February 2024

The bacteria Campylobacter jejuni is the causative agent of a disease in humans called campylobacteriosis and is the most commonly reported zoonosis in the European Union, with the primary source of infection often traced to broiler products. While low overall C. jejuni prevalence is reported in conventional broiler production in northern Europe, heightened incidences persist in summer months, particularly in organic production. Supplementing broiler diets with dietary components rich in lactic acid bacteria or complex polysaccharides have been identified as promising measures to decrease Campylobacter presence in various production systems. This thesis investigated the effect of daily consumption of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 256 (LP256)-supplemented water, silage inoculated with LP256 and haylage (a non-inoculated forage similar to silage) on C. jejuni colonisation and microbiota composition. The effects of supplementing broiler feed with algal extract on development of caecal microbiota and colonisation by C. jejuni were also examined. Daily intake of LP256 and algal extract diet supplementation proved ineffective as interventions against C. jejuni colonisation. The treatments did not alter broiler microbiota composition, although shifts occurred after C. jejuni challenge, suggesting that colonisation affected the gut microbiota. Adding LP256 to water improved broiler initial weight. Inclusion of forages in the diet of slower-growing hybrids did not compromise performance, but in fast-growing hybrids, the incorporation of haylage showed adverse effects. These findings improve understanding of microbial interactions in the gut of broiler chickens, but the observed changes need to be validated in future research.
‘The 35th Annual Conference of the European Air Law Association’ Summary Report of a Conference Held in Stockholm on 9/10 November 2023
Authors: Berus Matylda , Kardamaki Antonia
Published: February 2024

The 30th Annual Conference of the European Air Law Association (EALA) convened on 10 November 2024 in Stockholm, Sweden. The Conference, including the preceding Conference Dinner on 9 November featured a wealth of high-quality speakers and discussions on a diverse range of topical aviation law subjects.

Conference report, EALA, European Air Law Association
The CJEU Confirms Its Narrowed Interpretation of the Notion of ‘Extraordinary Circumstances’ in TAP Portugal (Death of Co-Pilot)
Authors: Grigorieff Cyril-Igor
Published: February 2024

In TAP Portugal (Death of Co-pilot) (C-156/22), the Court of Justice of the European Union ruled that the death of a co-pilot shortly before a flight does not qualify as an ‘extraordinary circumstance’ under Regulation (EC) 261/2004. According to the Court, this event is ‘inherent in the normal exercise of the operating air carrier’s activity’. The Court reaffirmed the strict cumulative conditions to be met in order to avoid standardized compensation in the case of a flight cancellation or delay.

passengers, extraordinary circumstances, CJEU, passenger rights, illness, death
Challenging the ‘Balanced Approach to Aircraft Noise Management’ Principle: Will the Dutch Approach Stand or Will the Principle Prevail?
Authors: Buissing T.N. (Niall)
Published: February 2024

In order to find a new balance between economic considerations and a healthy living environment, the Dutch government attempts to limit capacity at Schiphol Airport. Three ‘tracks’ are devised to effectuate its decision designed to reduce capacity, with the first two exclusively related to noise-related restrictions on the number of aircraft movements. Introducing such noise-related operating restrictions at airports requires a ‘Balanced Approach (BA) to aircraft noise management’, as international and European law prescribes. Both tracks pursued by the government of the Netherlands are heavily disputed for not complying with the international BA principle and the BA Regulation of the European Union (EU). In the 1.5 years since the initial announcement, the Dutch approach to the BA has gained much international attention, and developments have followed one another in quick succession.

This article attempts to provide a comprehensive overview of the developments that have been and are taking place and to put the BA in a broader, international context. The article will first study the BA concept and conditions at the international level (section 2) and how these have been transposed in and supplemented by the noise regime under EU law (section 3). The way the BA procedure in the present case is being conducted in the Netherlands and the results that have been notified to the EU Commission are then analysed against this background (section 4). While the EU Commission reviews the Dutch BA procedure, and questions about its enforcement powers arise, the last part places noise-related operating restrictions in the broader context of the EU internal air transport market (section 5) and international obligations vis-à-vis third States (section 6).

Balanced Approach, Aircraft Noise Management, Noise Problem, Noise Measures, Noise-related Operating Restrictions, Capacity Reduction Airport, EU Balanced Approach Regulation, EU Environmental Noise Directive, Dutch Balanced Approach Procedure 2023, Traffic Rights, EU Internal Market, Environmental Measures
Summary Report on the 2023 Global Space Law Center Symposium on Law & Policy Issues in the New Orbital Economy
Authors: Sundahl Mark J. , Daniels-Dawes Justin , Fazio Caylan , Jones Abigail , Mccoy Abigail
Published: February 2024

Twenty thought-leaders in space law and policy convened online for the Global Space Law Center’s 2023 Symposium on Law & Policy Issues in the New Orbital Economy. Five panel discussions were held addressing a variety of pressing issues faced by states and private companies operating in orbit as new segments of the orbital economy emerge including the advent of megaconstellations, on-orbit satellite repair and refueling, private space stations, and tourism.

space, satellites, orbital debris, space traffic management, space law
Effective Use of the ADR Process in the Construction Industry
Authors: Patil Sujatha
Published: February 2024

The construction sector in India has undergone significant development and it is one of the key contributors to the progress of a nation and the highest drivers of economic growth worldwide. The recent development and trends which we notice in construction have marked the beginning of a new phase. The traditional methods are being transformed and developed to make them more efficient and effective. In India, infrastructure is one of the top sectors, which is attracting the highest foreign direct investment (FDI).

Even at the global level, the construction output is growing very fast, the statistical data can be viewed in my research paper. It is thus clear that construction is proving to be one of the most dynamic sectors not only on a global scale but also in India. With a sector subject to extreme trifles and complexities, it is only rational to infer that disputes arising out of construction activities would also call for distinct expertise and proper understanding of the issues surrounding construction activities. The growing demands of the construction industry have given rise to more disputes, delays and consequently more claims, which need to be addressed in an effective and expeditious manner.

The perceived limitation of the formal adjudication process has led to thoughts about alternative means for the resolution of disputes in a timely, inexpensive, and humane manner. This alternative includes arbitration, mediation, conciliation and other hybrid indigenous mechanisms of dispute resolution. Even the legislative initiatives have attempted to harmonize the Indian legal framework on alternative dispute resolution (ADR) with international best practices to bring certainty and uniformity in law and practice of ADR in India to attract business and foreign investment to the country. There is a growing understanding that ADR can play a significant role in the success of the ‘Make in India’ and improving India’s position in the ease of doing business there.

The present paper focuses on how best the ADR can be adopted to resolve the issue in the construction industry. The author is going to discuss mainly three issues, namely the different types of construction activities; construction contracts and issues arising out of contracts and finally, the focus lies on how the ADR method will be an effective mode in comparison with litigation, with regards to effectiveness and timely resolution of construction disputes.

Claim, Dispute, Disagreement, Contract, Arbitration, Conciliation, Litigation, Mediation, ADR
The transformation of EU State aid law … and its discontents
Authors: Piernas López Juan Jorge
Published: February 2024

This article analyses the main goals of the 2012 State Aid Modernization (SAM) reform in light of the recent case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union in the State aid field.The article concludes that the Court has adopted a principled approach towards the State aid discipline, including the definition of aid – notably in fiscal cases –, the assessment of compatibility, and the exceptions from the obligation to notify new aid. This approach constitutes a reminder that, despite recent policy initiatives, the main features of the original Treaty system of State aid control have not changed. The case law studied also shows that the SAM initiative has brought, alongside many positive effects, a number of less satisfactory consequences. Finally, the case law examined is liable to limit the effects of the first two SAM objectives while, in parallel, reinforcing the third.

State Aid Modernization, assessment of compatibility, exemptions, SAM objectives
Input VAT Recovery On Share Sales And Other Fundraising Costs: Is The Direct And Immediate Link Test Modified?
Authors: Barth Fabian
Published: February 2024

It is trite law that Value Added Tax (VAT) paid on purchased goods or services is only recoverable as input tax if there is a direct and immediate link to a taxable activity. VAT paid on advisory services relating to a VAT-exempt share sale would therefore prima facie not be deductible. The United Kingdom (UK) courts and tribunals however now claim to have found an exception to that principle in the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) insofar as fundraising is concerned: Rather than the nature of the exempt fundraising transaction itself, it is allegedly the purpose to which the raised funds are applied which determines input tax deduction – exceptionally, even direct use for an exempt transaction has then no chain breaking effect, i.e., the effect that an exempt transaction breaks the chain between a supply and the taxable person’s taxable economic activities (See UKUT Commissioners for His Majesty’s Revenue and Customs v. Hotel La Tour Ltd [2023] UKUT 178 (TCC), para. 64.). The present contribution seeks to investigate the merits of this view, and whether it is one that the CJEU should also endorse.

VAT, Input Tax, Deduction, Deal Costs, Fundraising, Direct and Immediate Link, SKF
A Tale of Two Dependencies: European Strategic Autonomy in the Field of Energy
Authors: van Schaik Louise , Lokenberg Sarah , Cretti Giulia
Published: February 2024

The concept of European strategic autonomy (ESA) in the energy field gained particular traction after the Russian invasion of Ukraine showed the extent and risks of fossil energy dependency on autocratic regimes. Fossil dependency on undemocratic and unstable petrostates is a critical weakness that increase the European Union’s (EUs) vulnerability and limit its capacity to act. This liability stretches beyond the dependency on Russia since the EU imports from many other countries that are undemocratic and heavily reliant on oil and gas revenues. Increasing new sources of renewable energy helps to address this issue, but also brings new dependencies, namely on critical raw materials (CRMs) whose value chains are largely in Chinese hands. This paper argues that the EU should nevertheless continue to reduce its fossil dependencies on petrostates and consider more pro-actively how to manage the energy relationship with them. Simultaneously, in the area of CRMs it needs to expand its partnerships, recycling capacities and research and development (R&D) into diversification into alternative materials for green energy technologies.

European strategic autonomy, energy, energy security, economic security, EU, fossil fuels, petrostates critical raw materials
The Mobility-Democracy Nexus Betrayed: When the European Commission’s Talks Fall Apart in the Mediterranean
Authors: Panebianco Stefania , Cannata Giuseppe
Published: February 2024

In the aftermath of the Arab uprisings, the European Union’s (EU) relations with the Southern neighbour countries (SNCs) have been reframed in the light of a new élan of democracy promotion. The underlying logic of this approach was to leverage the building and consolidation of democracy and rule of law through enhanced cooperation in terms of more ‘markets, money and mobility’. A sort of mobility-democracy nexus has been assumed by the European Commission as a crucial dimension of the EU’s external relations with SNCs. Within this strategy, Mobility Partnerships (MPs) with SNCs have been identified as a key policy tool for EU democracy promotion. Via original qualitative analysis of European Commission’s documents, MPs, and other migration and mobility agreements that the EU has negotiated with SNCs since 2011, this paper explores how the mobility-democracy nexus has been defined in the Commission’s talks. We critically discuss the effectiveness of this nexus and demonstrate the inefficacy of MPs as a tool to promote democracy by fostering more mobility and regular migration flows. Looking at the content of MPs with three SNCs (Tunisia, Morocco, and Jordan) allows to trace the transformation of EU external relations with SNCs from a principled approach into selective issue-oriented cooperation based on more specific and sectorial policy choices.

European Union, Southern neighbourhood, EU external policies, post-Arab uprisings, mobility partnerships, democracy promotion, migration, content analysis
Claim to Compensation between the Legal and the Genetic Father: A Testcase for the Dogmatics of Unjust Enrichment
Authors: Babusiaux Ulrike
Published: February 2024

Under French, German and Swiss law, if another man is found to be the father of a child, the putative father can claim compensation for the maintenance paid for the child on the ground of unjust enrichment. An analysis of the conditions and consequences of this claim shows that this liability for enrichment is subject to distinct prerequisites and that the exact construction of the claim remains unclear in many aspects.

Differences between the three legal systems already exist regarding the contestation of paternity: French law, for example, only permits contestation under significantly more restrictive conditions than the other two legal systems. In particular, however, only German case law permits the incidental determination of paternity for actions brought by the putative father against the genetic father, which is questionable from the point of view of status law. Dogmatic distortions are also evident in the application of the law of enrichment, where even the ground of the action is not stated consistently: French law, which was reformed in 2016, appears to ground the action of the apparent father on a subsidiary liability for enrichment (actio de in rem verso), while German law indirectly leads to the condictio indebiti and, finally, the Swiss Federal Court applies the condictio ob causam finitam. These divergences are by no means of a merely conceptual nature; rather, the three actions are linked to entirely different conditions and may also result in different legal consequences in the details. The comparison of the three legal systems thus reveals, on the one hand, persistent ambiguities as to the construction and justification of the liability for unjust enrichment; on the other hand, it raises the question of whether and to what extent the putative father’s claim for compensation is compatible with the best interests of the child and family peace. Dutch law, for example, rejects any claim for compensation arising from a contestation of fatherhood.
Privacy-Shielding Autonomous Systems For Natural Disaster Management (Ndm): Targeted Regulation Of The Use Of Autonomous Systems For Natural Disaster Management Goals Before The Materialization Of The Privacy Harm
Authors: Bouchagiar Georgios , Mygdalis Vasileios , Pitas Ioannis
Published: February 2024

This contribution aims to recommend a fully-fledged privacy-assessment applicable to future uses of Autonomous Systems (AS) for Natural Disaster Management (NDM) purposes. It claims that certain implementations may interfere with the right to privacy and the protection of personal data and analyses challenges stemming from (non-) compliance with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Moreover, it subjects the use of autonomous systems to the European Court of Human Rights’(ECtHR) Legality – Legitimacy – Necessity testing (LLN-check). On this basis, it proposes a targeted and ex ante privacy-assessment to address legal uncertainty, resulting from the GDPR’s tech-neutrality and case law’s ex post (after the harm) adjudication. The recommended scheme, ideally involving experts from various disciplines who would moreover be independent, could apply before the actual use of any AS and give a ‘proceed’, a ‘proceed with conditions’ or a ‘do not proceed’ decision.

personal data, privacy, autonomous systems, natural disaster management
Assessing Availability of Public Legal Aid: Evidence from Finland
Authors: Huhtilainen Matias , KOSKELA Tarja , Sutela Mika , Tolvanen Matti
Published: February 2024

This paper discusses eligibility to and availability of public legal aid in the context of Finland. In particular, we look at which socioeconomic characteristics correlate with being an eligible public legal aid client on one hand and conversely identify several barriers to access that prevent otherwise eligible, often low-income, clients receiving legal aid on the other

We combine three data sets including results from interviews conducted in 2021 with Finnish civil servants, legal counsels and private lawyers within the public legal aid infrastructure, Finnish Legal Register Center’s data on all public legal aid clients between 2016-2018 as well as Statistics Finland’s administrative registry data consisting of socioeconomic information on all Finnish citizens

Finally, we provide a discussion on our policy-relevant findings in terms of frictions in matching clients in need to public legal aid services, which are in Finland provided by both private lawyers and public legal aid attorneys

Public legal aid, Availability, Finland
Commentary: Practical Customs Aspects of CBAM
Authors: Naujoke Enrika
Published: February 2024

EU sustainability requirements, including the latest known as the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), take the practical form of data requirements passed from the EU importer to the manufacturer of goods in a non-EU country. The new laws raise many questions, the first being who in the company (both importing and manufacturing) is responsible for compliance. In the case of CBAM, Customs play an important role, so eyes turn first to the customs specialist. Let's take a look at whether this is really the right position to be in charge of CBAM compliance.

EU, Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), customs
Interim Measures before the EU Courts in the Realm of the Common Commercial Policy and the Common Foreign and Security Policy
Authors: Kuplewatzky Nicolaj
Published: February 2024

This article focuses on successful interim measures before the General Court and the European Court of Justice in the realm of international trade and restrictive measures. Pursuant to that procedure, a judge may suspend the operation of a contested act. While the conditions for an award of such measures are famously strict, recent case-law of the EU Courts has brought about a more flexible interpretation of those conditions. The article will assess whether that logic is tenable and can be extended to the area of EU trade and restrictive measures.

EU, Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), customs
Notes on Tax Disputes from Misapplication of Indonesia-Japan Tax Treaty: A Study Based on Indonesian Tax Court Decisions
Authors: Tambunan Maria R.U.D.
Published: February 2024

This study aims to examine the legal, economic, and political aspects of Indonesia-Japan tax treaty. Next, it examines tax disputes brought to the Indonesian tax court due to the misapplication of Indonesia-Japan tax treaty. It digests the Indonesia tax court decisions stipulated during Fiscal Year 2015–2021. The Indonesia-Japan tax treaty has existed for more than 30 years to allocate the taxing rights of the two countries. Japanese business has invested in Indonesia through the establishment of subsidiaries. The disputes occurred due to, in the first case, the interpretation regarding whether a business entity or an individual is a party that can be categorized as a tax subject in accordance with the Indonesian and Japanese tax treaties. Second, is the issue of the definition, classification, and characteristics of income that result in differences in tax treatment. Third, we find that the tax rates used for income withheld or collected because of income classification. Finally, the disputes also occurred due to the fulfilment of administrative issues which has been taken most proportion of the disputes. Therefore, both parties in a dispute need to have a similar understanding on how the agreed tax treaty applies to the dynamic of business.

tax treaty, tax dispute, international tax law
Pillar One and Mobility – A Truly Global Solution?
Authors: Navarro Aitor , V. Kostić Svetislav
Published: February 2024

Mobility should be at the core of the reallocation of taxing rights debate. With such a premise in mind, this contribution addresses this issue within Pillar One in its two components: the apportionment of taxing rights to market jurisdictions on residual profits of the most significant MNEs worldwide (Amount A) and the standardization of the remuneration of related party distributors that perform baseline marketing and distribution activities in market jurisdictions (Amount B). The aim is to show that not only the mobility of individuals but also that of MNE structures when deciding on their presence in market jurisdictions are relevant in building new paradigms on the allocation of taxing rights at a cross-border level through the specific impact of the said OECD proposal. Even if Pillar One seems doomed to fail, lessons learned from its design and its specific impact on mobility matters should inform further developments in reshaping international taxation.

OECD, Pillar One, MNEs, digital economy, transfer pricing, mobility, developing countries, market jurisdictions.
The EU’s New Regime on Foreign Subsidies: Has the Time Come for a Paradigm-Shift?
Authors: Nagy Csongor István
Published: February 2024

In December 2022, the EU introduced a comprehensive regulatory regime for foreign subsidies, which have so far largely remained under the radar of international trade law. The last couple of decades have seen a considerable increase in the economic import of foreign subsidies. Services and investments have grown from marginal importance to a major field of international trade and have been the subject to massive subsidization by state capitalist countries. The WTO’s enlargement to these economies internalized the problem but also undermined the solidity of the pristine paradigm shaped by the societal pattern of western democracies. The EU Regulation on Foreign Subsidies responds to this menace and ushers a paradigm-shift in the field. This paper provides an analysis of the Regulation in the context of its international framework. It identifies the regulatory gap the Regulation reacts to and inquires if it effectively responds to this; it examines if the Regulation complies with international disciplines and if it could serve as a role model to address the increasingly burning question of foreign subsidies.

Countervailing Duties, EU Regulation on Foreign Subsidies, Foreign Subsidies, International Trade, State Aid, State Capitalist Countries, Protectionism, Transnational Subsidies, Unfair Trade
The DMA’s Ithaca: Contestable and Fair Markets
Authors: Ribera Martínez Alba
Published: February 2024

The Digital Markets Act (DMA) obligations will start to apply to the designated gatekeepers starting in March 2024. Its main objectives are set out in Article 1(1) as those of ensuring contestable and fair markets in the digital sector across the Union where gatekeepers are present, to the benefit of both business and end-users. However, the definition and the interpretation the Commission will provide for both objectives are far from clear. In turn, this makes future-proofing the DMA a more difficult task for gatekeepers, regulators and third parties, insofar as its obligations are construed upon one of the two stated goals depending on the provision or on both of them more generally.

The paper addresses this problem by narrowing the gap between those concepts in their relationship with their underlying economic theorems. Later on, it observes the manifestations of contestability and fairness throughout the text and the regulation’s legislative process accounting for their four distinct expressions: objectives, indicators, and the legal bases for triggering the supplementary and precautionary measures of the instrument.

Digital Markets Act, Contestability, Fairness, Objectives, European Commission, Legislative Process, Administrative Discretion, Interpretation, Digital Competition, Gatekeepers
EU Antitrust Fines and Managerial Liability – A Legal and Economic Analysis
Authors: P.J. Wils Wouter
Published: February 2024

Should companies that have been fined for EU antitrust infringements be allowed to recover such fines from their (former) directors or employees? On the basis of an analysis of the EU Treaty provisions, legislation and case law on antitrust fines, as well as of the economic nature of antitrust infringements and the economic rationale of fines on undertakings/companies, this paper argues that it would appear contrary to EU law to allow undertakings/companies that have been fined by the European Commission or by a national competition authority(NCA) for infringements of Articles 101 and/or 102 TFEU to recover such fines from the companies’ (former) directors or employees, as such recovery would significantly impair the full effectiveness of those fines.

EU competition law, antitrust fines, deterrence, corporate liability, management liability, undertakings and companies, directors and employees, recovery of fines, incentives, agency problems
RISKS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGIONAL ECONOMY IN THE CONTEXT OF SANCTIONS ATTACKS
Authors: Ельшин Л.А. , Гатин А.Д. , Мингулов А.М.
Published: February 2024

Введенные по отношению к российской экономике беспрецедентные санкции, ограничивающие международные кооперационные связи, во многом определяют перспективы динамики развития региональных экономических систем. В этой связи крайне актуальными задачами сегодня становятся поиск и обоснование механизмов локализации рисков в условиях жесткого внешнего давления на национальную экономику России, а также оценка возможных последствий как для региональных, так и для национальной экономических систем. Рассмотрению этих вопросов через призму моделирования генерирующихся в экономике экстерналий, связанных с внешнеэкономическим давлением на экономику РФ, и посвящена настоящая статья. Целью исследования является разработка и апробация методических подходов к прогностической оценке динамики ВРП региона в условиях нарушения транснациональных цепочек поставок импорта в условиях санкций. В качестве основных методов исследования используются корреляционно-регрессионный анализ, формирующий основу для поиска взаимосвязей между происходящими изменениями в динамике роста региональных секторов экономики и валовым региональным продуктом. В качестве объекта исследования выступает Республика Татарстан. Реализованные оценки и применяемые при этом методы сценарного моделирования данных свидетельствуют о том, что в случае отсутствия механизмов восполнения критического импорта совокупное снижение динамики ВРП региона может составить около 1,7%.
TOOLS FOR ANALYZING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RUSSIAN RESIDENTIAL REAL ESTATE MARKET IN MODERN ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
Authors: Балахнин А.М.
Published: February 2024

Целью статьи является проведение исследовательского анализа особенностей основных подходов, используемых при оценке стоимости объектов жилой недвижимости, а также предложение авторских рекомендаций по повышению точности оценки реальной стоимости жилья. В процессе анализа выявлено, что отсутствие стандартных подходов к оцениванию рыночной стоимости на рынке жилой недвижимости может привести к необоснованному завышению, а также создать почву для спекуляций из-за неопределенности и нестабильности на рынке. Автором определены основные подходы к оценке стоимости недвижимости: затратный, сравнительный и доходный. Поскольку оценка стоимости жилой недвижимости на основе применения затратного, сравнительного и доходного подходов не в полной мере показывает объективную стоимость, автором обоснована необходимость корректировки в зависимости от наличия рисков, а также с учетом рыночной конъюнктуры. Получен вывод, что для обеспечения прозрачности рынка недвижимости и достижения более справедливых цен его участникам необходимо применять комплексные подходы к оценке стоимости его объектов. Обосновано, что совмещение затратного, сравнительного и доходного подходов, а также учет рисков и особенностей рыночной конъюнктуры способствуют проведению качественной оценки, предотвращает возможные спекуляции и минимизирует риски недооценки стоимости недвижимого имущества.
MARKETING OF THE REGION'S INFRASTRUCTURE AS A FACTOR OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Опалев В.В.
Published: February 2024

Целью настоящей статьи является выявление перспективных инструментов маркетинга для активизации региональных социально-экономических процессов, повышения инвестиционной привлекательности и улучшения имиджа региона. Актуальность предпринятого исследования обусловлена необходимостью интеграции современных маркетинговых инструментов для стимулирования экономического роста. Показано, что в контексте созданий условий для развития регионов перспективным инструментом является маркетинг инфраструктуры, который позволяет формировать положительный образ территории, привлекать инвестиции и создавать благоприятные условия для проживания населения и размещения предприятий. Автором обоснована целесообразность применения инструментов маркетинга инфраструктуры для преодоления дифференциации показателей развития российских регионов. Результатом исследования является разработка ключевых этапов стратегии маркетинга инфраструктуры регионов в контексте обеспечения социально-экономического развития, а именно: анализ и идентификация потребностей населения и бизнес-сообщества, бренд-менеджмент региона, привлечение инвестиций в основной капитал, развитие транспортной и коммунальной инфраструктуры региона, привлечение и удержание человеческого капитала, реализация маркетинговых кампаний, направленных на продвижение региона. Сделан вывод, что внедрение концепции маркетинга инфраструктуры может стать эффективным инструментом стимулирования экономического роста России в целом и отдельных ее регионов, в частности.
Quels seront les soins de santé de première ligne du futur ? Compte-rendu du 40e Colloque Jean-Yves Rivard
Authors: Bordeleau Raphaëlle , Montpetit Mathilde , Jost Jade , Blais Régis , Bosson-Rieutort Delphine , Layani Géraldine , Sourial Nadia
Published: February 2024

Nous présentons dans ce compte-rendu une synthèse du 40e Colloque Jean-Yves Rivard, organisé par le Département de gestion, d'évaluation et de politique de santé de l’École de santé publique de l’Université de Montréal, qui s’est tenu le 1er juin 2023 et qui portait sur les soins primaires. Le colloque était constitué de quatre panels réunissant des chercheurs, décideurs, professionnels de la santé et représentants de patients, ainsi que d’une conférence de clôture présentée par un expert en analyse des systèmes de santé. Les thèmes abordés ont été l’optimisation du rôle du médecin de famille, la contribution de l’ensemble des professionnels de la santé, les modèles novateurs d’ici et d’ailleurs, et le modèle idéal de soins primaires pour les patients inscrits et orphelins et les perspectives sur la première ligne en santé. Les messages clés du colloque ont mis en évidence la nécessité de travailler en équipe et de revoir le modèle d'inscription et d'affiliation des patients à un médecin de famille. D'autres recommandations ont également été émises, telles qu’étendre la collaboration entre les CLSC et les GMF, envisager différents modèles de soins complémentaires en fonction des besoins des patients, renforcer les systèmes de communication entre établissements et entre professionnels et donner plus de pouvoir aux patients à toutes les étapes de leur trajectoire de soins.
Diseño de un secadero discontinuo de bandejas para la valorización de cáscaras de huevos residuales
Authors: Reyes Yosviel , Iglesias Gabriel , Cabrera Isabel
Published: February 2024

El proceso industrial para la producción de mayonesa está ligado al vertimiento de cascarones de huevo por concepto de residuos sólidos. La fábrica de salsas y aderezos “Los atrevidos” está interesada en valorizar estos residuos incorporando un sistema tecnológico capaz de tratar sus desperdicios y minimizar su impacto medioambiental acogiéndose a una intensificación del proceso y producciones más limpias. La investigación presente tiene por objetivo diseñar un sistema tecnológico-productivo para el tratamiento de las cáscaras de huevo residuales para la obtención de un suplemento de alimento animal rico en carbonato de calcio haciendo énfasis en el diseño de un secador discontinuo de bandejas. Se desarrollaron los balances de materiales para cuantificar la carga de residuales a tratar, los insumos necesarios y la proyección del esquema tecnológico productivo. La planta de producción fue concebida para gestionar hasta 500 kg/día de cascarones de huevos las etapas productivas principales son: tratamiento de las materias primas, secado, molienda y tamizado; siendo la etapa de secado discontinuo la de mayor atención. El secadero discontinuo diseñado dispuso de 7 bandejas de 1,5 m2 de área y 1,75 m de altura. El flujo de aire caliente a 90 °C es de 1 578 kg/h y el régimen de trabajo es por lotes de 4 horas (hasta 6 lotes por día). El esquema productivo propuesto no genera residuales a tratar, y responde a un problema ambiental en la industria de mayonesas y aderezos, haciéndolo un proceso industrial más amigable con el medio ambiente.
A Review on Design and Analysis of Multifunctional Seats used in Military Vehicle
Authors:   epartment of Defense Technology, Priyadarshini College of Engineering Nagpur,  Maharashtra, India – 440019, Sahare Vehicle  Payal Lalchand , Khan Dr. Imran Ahemad ,   epartment of Defense Technology, Priyadarshini College of Engineering Nagpur,  Maharashtra, India – 440019
Published: February 2024

This paper is based on the study of Design and Analysis of Multifunctional Seats Used in Military Vehicle. Border Security Technologies are being adopted by every country to ensure the safety and sovereignty of their nation. It is crucial to study and understand the latest advancements in security technologies to effectively protect against evolving threats. Just as countries are advancing in defence the threats, they face are also evolving necessitating the upgrading of defence system. Multifunctional Special Vehicles play a crucial role in ensuring the safety of their crew during operational tasks. These vehicles are equipped with specially designed seats that offer a high level of protection in the event of collisions or explosive detonations. The proposed modular structure of these seats brings numerous advantages, including cost reduction using repeatable elements and the ability to easily customize seats with different functions. Moreover, this modular structure enables a faster restoration process in case of any damage. It is essential for the modules to be versatile and adaptable to various seat configurations, considering factors such as their location within the vehicle (e.g., driver's seat, troops' seats, system operators' seats), installation method (e.g., wall, floor, ceiling), and assembly direction (e.g., side mount, rear mount, bottom mount). Key Words: Analysis of Multifunctional Seat, explosion proof seat, absorb explosion energy, Study of Vibration, Human body Impact and Safety in Transport.
CROP PREDICTION
Authors:   St. Joseph’s First Grade College, Jaylakshmipuram, Mysore-570012, A Swathi.
Published: February 2024

Cereal crops such as rice, wheat, and different pulses account for the majority of India's food output. Predicting crop yields far ahead of harvest would assist policymakers and farmers in making informed decisions about agronomy, crop selection, and agricultural planning. Such forecasts will also assist related sectors in planning their logistical operations. The goal of the research is to create a machine learning model that can generate such predictions. The model is trained using a dataset that incorporates soil data from the previous decade, with features such as Ph value, temperature, and crop name, as well as labels such as crop yield. The model learns the link between the yield and variables such as soil type, location, and forecast using appropriate machine learning techniques.
FORMULASI SEDIAAN SPRAY GEL TABIR SURYA DARI EKSTRAK DAUN STROBERI (Fragaria x ananassa( Duchesne ex Weston)Duchesne ex Rozier) DENGAN OPTIMASI BASIS GEL KARBOPOL 940 DAN HIDROKSIPROPIL METILSELULOSA (HPMC)
Authors: Herliningsih Herliningsih , Fauziah Dini Nurul
Published: February 2024

Daun stroberi (Fragaria x ananassa(Duchesne ex Weston)Duchesne ex Rozier) mengandung Senyawa   fenolik   seperti   flavonoid merupakan salah satu antioksidan kuat yang dapat mengikat ion logam yang mampu  mencegah  efek  bahaya  dari  sinar  UV. Sediaan spray dipilih karena sifat spray memiliki daya serap yang cepat menjadi kering. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengoptimasi basis gel dan memformulasikan sediaan gel dari ekstrak daun stroberi. Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimental dilakukan di laboratorium dan dilakukan optimasi basis gel dengan konsentrasi karbopol dan HPMC yang berbeda yaitu F1 0,5:0,5, F2 1,0:0,5, dan F3 0,5:1,0. Formula basis gel yang baik dibuat formulasi sediaan spray gel yang mengandung ekstrak daun stroberi dengan konsentrasi F0 0%, F1 1,0 %. Serta dilakukan evaluasi fisik sediaan spray gel meliputi Uji organoleptis, Uji homogenitas, Uji bobot jenis, Uji pH, dan Uji viskositas. Hasil semua formula sediaan spray gel menunjukan warna hijau tua, konsistensi kental agak  cair, berbau khas daun stroberi, dan homogen. Nilai pH yaitu 6,10. Nilai bobot jenis 0,98 gram/mL. Nilai viskositas 2180 cPs. Berdasarkan hal tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun stroberi dapat diformulasikan menjadi sediaan spray gel dan hasil penelitian formula yang terbaik yaitu formula F1 1,0%.