bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using In-Market Products to Generate Target Sensory Profiles in Early Stage Development
Authors: Moskowitz HR , Jacobs BE
Published: December 2008

This paper shows how product developers can use in-market products as landmarks for product development. The approach develops a matrix of products by attributes. These attributes comprise sensory, liking, and image dimensions. The investigator reduces the sensory attributes to a limited set of orthogonal variables by factor analysis and relates every attribute to a quadratic function of these factors. The set of equations constitutes a “category model.” The investigator then optimizes the factors within explicit constraints (for example, the range of factors spanned by original products) and within implicit constraints (for example, that a sensory, liking, or image attribute should lie within a certain range). The combination of factors corresponding to the optimum yields a corresponding sensory profile via the category model. Finally, the matrix of products X attributes shows which products provide the requisite sensory levels uncovered by the optimization. These products constitute “sensory landmarks,” on an attribute-by-attribute basis.
New Product Development and the Kids Confectionery Panel
Authors: Younkin RJ
Published: December 2008

The Kids Confectionery Panel is an approach used to involve children early on in new product development. The belief is that by involving consumers as early as possible in the new product cycle, the probability of the success of new products is increased.

Children are recruited to the Panel based on possessing peer leader characteristics that are determined through a well-defined system of personal recommendations, telephone and written interviews, and personal group sessions. To date, after a year and a half of operation, the Panel consists of about 237 youths aged 8 to 18.

Results from the Panel have been encouraging and demonstrate its value in molding a consumer-driven mentality. The Panel is used for a variety of purposes, including idea generation, concept development, and benchtop product direction.
Five Years of Plasma Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) Analyses of Toxic and Radioactive Materials at the Bruyeres le Chatel Center in France
Authors: Bergey C , Claudon X , Thouzeau F
Published: December 2008

Two enclosed plasma spectrometry sources [Applied Research Laboratories (ARL) 35000 and Sopra inductive plasma spectrometer 1500] are described with emphasis on specific designs and safety devices. One of these spectrometers has been working routinely on toxic and high-alpha-emitting samples for five years. The glove box adaptation results in only a small decrease in sensitivity and no visible effect on the precision obtained. The main applications are determinations of trace impurities in plutonium, neptunium, and beryllium, and simultaneous determination of americium and plutonium in dilute solutions.
The Ames Laboratory Facility for the Emission Spectroscopic Study of Alpha-Emitting Radionuclei: The Design and Operating History
Authors: Edelson MC , DeKalb EL
Published: December 2008

A commercially available inductively coupled plasma (ICP) radio-frequency power generator was adapted to operate within a stainless steel glove box and was used for optical emission spectroscopic studies of hazardous alpha-emitting materials. This ICP apparatus has been successfully used to determine plutonium in complex chemical mixtures and to analyze plutonium isotopically in solution.

The finely divided particulates generated by the ICP emission source were removed by filtration of the exhausted gas stream via a train of three high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters. The light from the glove-box-enclosed ICP was passed through a window set into a common wall to a separately ventilated spectrometer laboratory. Testing of the apparatus with nonhazardous materials revealed design flaws that were easily corrected prior to studying the emission spectroscopy of plutonium. An unnoticed error in construction that caused a serious problem after the glove box had become contaminated was less easily remedied.
Soil Corrosion Evaluation of Screw Anchors
Authors: Rabeler RC
Published: December 2008

A corrosion evaluation study was performed in northern Minnesota to evaluate corrosion of galvanized screw anchors used as guy anchors to support a 500-kV electrical transmission line. The initial evaluation used field four-pin resistivity testing to locate areas of low resistivity. Laboratory chemical tests were performed on soil samples from selected areas. Instantaneous corrosion rates were evaluated using polarization testing techniques. Test anchors were later installed providing actual thickness and weight loss measurements.
In-Service Corrosion of Galvanized Culvert Pipe
Authors: Edgar TV
Published: December 2008

The Wyoming Highway Department changed the criteria it was using to select corrosion protection levels for culvert pipe in 1981. A study was undertaken to compare the effect of these changes in selection criteria to corrosion developed on pipe in service. Twelve 35 to 40-year-old culvert pipes from four highway reconstruction sites were sampled to determine the maximum weight loss from the most corroded area of each pipe. In-situ and laboratory soil resistivities were determined in or adjacent to each pipe trench, along with soil pH and soluble salts including sulfates. Corrosive weight loss was shown to be related to the field resistivity but not to the other factors. This indicates that minimum resistivity and soil pH, the two most commonly used soil parameters for culvert pipe selection, may not be reliable corrosion predictors in practice.
Significance of Ductility and New Methods of Measuring the Same
Authors: Rolff R
Published: December 2008

Cracks in plated metal layers will develop if the sum of the tensile stresses exceeds the tensile strength of the plating. Stress will concentrate on irregularities in the plated surface, such as pores and inclusions. The ductility of the plating is the most important influence on the stress concentration factor. Therefore, its measurement is essential for the evaluation of a plated surface. Two methods of measuring ductility are described, both using the effect of bulging the plating, thereby exceeding the tensile strength of the plated surface layer. As the deformation can be described mathematically, it is possible to convert the results into linear extensibility, that is, the physical value of the ductility.
Analysis and Experimental Evaluation of Materials for Biaxial Stretchability
Authors: Kan Y-R , Johnson HR , Dini JW
Published: December 2008

A straightforward, reliable test procedure, based on Hecker's methods, for evaluating the biaxial stretchability of materials was devised and applied to as-plated and aged gold as well as aged copper and oxygen-free high-conductivity copper has been devised. The procedure is well suited for monitoring parts in production. The effects of wall-thickness have also been analyzed nonuniformity and the extent of its importance for part integrity shown.
Determining Coating Composition
Authors: Stapleton PD
Published: December 2008

The elemental composition of many coatings will control the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties, including the wear and corrosion resistance, and will affect the ultimate performance of the part. Special techniques and considerations must be used when analyzing the composition of metallic coatings to insure accurate and meaningful information is provided.
Marine Atmospheric Corrosion Museum Report on the Performance of Thermal Spray Coatings on Steel
Authors: Kain RM , Baker EA
Published: December 2008

Corrosion control is usually implemented by alloy upgrading or material substitution, environmental modification or providing a protective barrier or sacrificial surface or both. Historically, the coatings approach has been the predominant first choice based on initial economics. Current and emerging coating technologies are continuing to expand the methodology and perfection of metallic and inorganic coatings.

Plated metal, chemical conversion coatings, and flame sprayed zinc and aluminum have been used for many years to protect steel and other metals. The thermal spraying approach is well suited for larger structures as coatings may be applied in the shop or field. Newer processes, such as vapor deposition and ion implantation, for now at least, are likely to be limited to providing improved corrosion resistance for smaller, critical components.

Regardless of the type or method of coating, anticipated performance over the lifetime of the equipment is based on laboratory testing and field trials. In this regard, long-term exposures in a variety of industrial and marine environments have been a recognized approach to characterizing coating performance.

In the early 1950s, a number of zinc-aluminum compositions were applied to carbon steel using then-current practice and exposed at several test sites in England and the United States. The performance of these test panels was described by Hoar and Radovici following 10½ years of exposure. In the ensuing years, a number of the original panels remained on exposure at Kure Beach, NC, in the LaQue Center for Corrosion Technology, Inc., marine atmospheric exposure site.

This paper describes the protection afforded by the various coatings after 34 years of continuous exposure in the moderately aggressive marine location situated 250 m from the Atlantic Ocean. Several electrochemical methods presently in use are reviewed in a reflection of how accurate they might be in forecasting the effectiveness of these coatings.
Corrosion Performance of Aluminum and Zinc-Aluminum Thermal Spray Coatings in Marine Environments
Authors: Shaw BA , Leimkuhler AM , Moran PJ
Published: December 2008

The long-term marine corrosion performance of commercially pure aluminum, commercially pure zinc, two layered zinc-aluminum, and two zinc-aluminum coatings on steel substrates was evaluated. The investigation consisted of marine exposures and an electrochemical evaluation of coating polarization behavior. Corrosion exposures were conducted in the marine atmosphere, the marine splash and spray zone, and under full seawater immersion. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), and X-ray diffraction were utilized for topographic, compositional, and structural analyses of the coatings.
The Influence of Chromating of Electrodeposited Copper-Nickel-Chromium Coatings on Steel: Results of Five Years of Field Corrosion Testing
Authors: Biestek T
Published: December 2008

The results of five years of field corrosion testing of three-layer copper-nickel-chromium coatings with an external layer of microporous chromium, unchromated and electrochemically chromated, have been described and discussed. The corrosion testing was carried out in four natural atmospheres: industrial, urban, marine, and rural. A marked positive influence of chromating on corrosion resistance and durability of tested coatings has been found. Thicker Cu20 Ni20b Cr mp, both chromated and unchromated, coatings with external layer of microporous chromium can be used in all natural atmospheres in which the testing was carried out for at least six years without any corrosion changes.
Geotextiles and Drainage
Authors: Suits LD , Hoover TP
Published: December 2008

The use of geotextiles in geotechnical engineering has brought about many varying theories and approaches. These theories and approaches vary from a broad-based general requirement to a project-by-project design approach.

Provided in this paper are the methods of selection, testing, and the recommended use of geotextiles for drainage applications as defined by the New York State Department of Transportation (NYS DOT) and the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans).

Caltrans approaches the use of geotextiles for drainage in the same manner as they approach aggregate filtration for drainage, with the advantages of a filter with tensile properties being incorporated. The Caltrans Standard Specifications address geotextile use from a range of properties associated with drainage rather than singular absolute parameters.

Caltrans approaches geotextile acceptance on a project-by-project basis. While accepting letters of certification concerning geotextile properties, they also carry on a general control testing program for acceptance.

NYS DOT addresses the use of geotextiles from a preapproved list of materials of five basic categories. This concept provides the basis for NYS DOT use of geotextiles in normal (that is, nonsevere) applications. Therefore, the contractor has a choice of several geotextiles based on availability, economics, and experience in use. The characteristics for the drainage application category are given in the discussion. Also given are the conditions which require specific design considerations in critical applications.

The two points which evolve from the discussion are that both agencies have limited drainage applications to nonwoven materials, and through differing empirical approaches both agencies have developed cost-effective and efficient usage of geotextiles in drainage applications.
A Review of Existing Geotextile Tension Testing Methods
Authors: Myles B
Published: December 2008

The review assesses the existing geotextile tension testing procedures in both North America and Europe with particular reference to the difference between the conditions of local and total stress imposition.

In local stress testing, the adaption of the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) soil test is described as a complement to the more commonly used Grab Test. The importance of the failure mode and fabric structure integrity under stress are also highlighted.

Attention is drawn in the unidirectional (total stress) test to the relevance of sample width, variation of strain rate, and the different definitions of modulus. Also, the requirement to relate tensile properties to a time base and a means of presenting these properties is shown.
Tomorrow's Tests for Geotextile Characterization and Evaluation
Authors: Christopher BR
Published: December 2008

Tomorrow's tests for geotextiles will be developed around today's design needs and tomorrow's design requirements. In this paper, current testing needs are reviewed and future test requirements are postulated. Current test needs that are reviewed include: standardized tests for basic fabric properties; standardized performance tests for soil-fabric properties; model studies to evaluate the mechanisms which enhance fabric performance; and studies to define the relationship between physical-mechanical properties and soil-fabric behavior. These needs are discussed in relation to providing the framework for future test development. Future advancements in testing technology are reviewed with respect to modification of existing test methods to provide better characterization of geotextiles and to provide answers to current design questions. Potential test requirements for new applications, new design methods, and new products are postulated. Finally, test equipment development that may be required to meet the needs of advancing test technology is reviewed.
Waste Reduction Audits: Matching Types to Stages
Authors: Hirschhorn JS , Oldenburg KU
Published: December 2008

Although technology itself is not a major obstacle to achieving maximum hazardous waste reduction, many other factors can limit industrial waste reduction. The chief way that obstacles to waste reduction are identified and overcome is through the use of waste reduction audits. It is necessary, however, to have a close match between the specific stage of waste reduction and the type of waste reduction audit used. For the first two stages of waste reduction, called here common sense and information driven stages, a very simple self-audit check list is efficient. For the third and fourth stages of waste reduction more elaborate, time consuming, and costly audits are appropriate and the use of outside consultants may be effective. Waste generators should make use of increasing numbers of government waste reduction programs, which provide information, audit manuals, and sometimes free on-site technical assistance.
Results of Field Sampling Programs Conducted at Waste Solvent Treatment and Recycling Facilities
Authors: Roeck DR , Pangaro N
Published: December 2008

As required by the 1984 Hazardous and Solid Waste Act, EPA began a program to conduct in-depth evaluations of all hazardous wastes to determine applicable restrictions on some or all forms of land disposal. Under Section 3004(m) of the amendments, the EPA was required to develop treatment standards for wastes banned from land disposal. The waste streams that were identified as candidates for the Land-Ban Regulations included solvents, dioxin-containing wastes, halogenated organics, corrosives, metals, cyanides, and other reactives.

This paper presents an overall summary of three field sampling programs conducted by Alliance Technologies Corporation to assess the performance capabilities of offsite solvent recycling facilities. This work was performed under contract to the EPA's Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory (HWERL) in Cincinnati, OH (Contract 68-03-3243). These field programs resulted in the compilation of extensive data on the operation and performance capability of such waste treatment processes as steam distillation, thin-film evaporation, and still-bottom processing. Samples were taken of all waste feed, still bottoms, and distillate product streams and analyzed for inorganic and organic constituents to satisfy EPA criteria. Analytical results were evaluated to determine the fate of various metals and other solvent constituents among input and effluent streams. The suitability of some of these still-bottom streams for subsequent land-based disposal was addressed by determining characteristics such as EP-Toxicity for metals and the newly proposed Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP). Ultimately, each site tested was described in a comprehensive report that delineated all results and procedures used. These reports have become part of the EPA's database to support any treatment standards developed by the Agency.

In general, these field programs have shown that the solvent recycling processes evaluated are very effective in producing high-quality distillate product streams suitable for a variety of uses. In addition, metal contaminants detected in waste feed streams were virtually all transferred to the still-bottoms streams, which were mostly disposed of by offsite fuel supplement users (i.e., asphalt kilns and blast furnaces).
Hazardous Waste Volume Reduction Research in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Authors: Martin JF , Stutsman MJ , Grossman E
Published: December 2008

Reducing the volume of hazardous waste may not provide relief from the toxic nature of the compound, but it does provide a significant benefit in reducing transportation, treatment, and disposal costs. The Environmental Protection Agency's Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory supports extramural studies in waste detoxification, concentration and recovery, and minimization. Three concentration and recovery projects are discussed.

A phosphate precipitation process is effective in selectively removing metals from metal finishing sludge materials. Research also indicates that sodium smectite clay, an abundant natural material, can be modified in structure so that it has excellent adsorptive properties for removing compounds like benzene, trichlorophenol, and pentachlorophenol from aqueous solutions. The separation of dilute hazardous organics using thin-film, composite, aromatic polyamide membranes also appears to be advantageous in terms of high solute separation at low pressures (1 to 2 MPa) and broad pH operating ranges (pH 2 to 12).
Magnetic Separation of Uranium from Waste Materials
Authors: Hoegler JM
Published: December 2008

Criteria were developed for the selection of candidate wastes for testing the magnetic separation of uranium or other paramagnetic materials or both. A survey of Department of Energy (DOE) hazardous wastes was conducted to determine good candidates for bench-scale magnetic separation tests. Representatives of 21 DOE sites were contacted, and materials were identified as potential candidates for magnetic separation. To date, seven samples have been obtained and tested for separability of uranium with a bench-scale magnetic assaying device. The samples tested have been obtained from the K-1401B and K-1401C ponds in Oak Ridge, TN; from waste piles in Maywood, NJ; from North and South Ponds in Richland, WA; and from magnesium fluoride drums in Fernald, OH. The magnetic device utilized in these tests can be used in a deflective mode with dry particulate samples or a matrix-gradient mode with either dry particulate or liquid-suspended materials. Uranium separation from magnesium fluoride has shown exceptionally good performance in both wet and dry systems and could be an important application of the technology.
The Susceptible Individual: An Overview
Authors: Brain JD
Published: December 2008

Understanding and describing variations in responsiveness to inhaled toxins among individuals is a challenging intellectual task as well as as essential step in the regulatory process. Both altered exposure-dose relationships and dose-response relationships can contribute to the process. Better assessment of the degree of susceptibility and the number and geographical distribution of more responsive individuals is urgently needed. Only then can we design and implement strategies to protect all individuals.
The Influence of Responses in Susceptible Populations in Establishing Standards for Ambient Air Pollutants
Authors: Lippmann M
Published: December 2008

This paper reviews the ways in which pollutant-related responses among especially susceptible population groups affect the establishment of primary (health related) National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQSs). It includes the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) interpretation of its statutory authority for addressing such considerations in standard setting; definitions of terms such as adverse effects, adequate margin of safety, and sensitive population groups; and a summary of the actions taken in setting standards for the six criteria pollutants, carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), paniculate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), and lead (Pb). In each case, the NAAQSs have been selected to provide protection against either known or hypothetical responses among one or more susceptible subpopulations, such as angina in cardiovascular patients exposed to CO, bronchoconstriction in exercising asthmatics exposed to SO2, and neurobehavioral responses in preschool children exposed to Pb.
The Potential Use of Immunological Markers in Determining Individuals Susceptible to Inhaled Pollutants
Authors: Koren HS
Published: December 2008

The immune system is highly complex; in it maturation is subject to control by endogenous mediators and cytokines and exogenous influences (bacterial products, pollutants, allergens, and so forth). The mediators possess activation, growth-promotion, or differentiation properties, or all of these, and are under the influences of potent, but not well understood regulators. A large number of xenobiotics and pollutants adversely affect the immune system. Considering the abundance of xenobiotics and pollutants in the environment, the concern is that current knowledge on the adverse health effects in humans may represent only a small part of the role that pollutant exposure may play in disease causation. Moreover, exposure to pollutants might represent risk to susceptible individuals with already fragile immune systems (for example, immunodeficiency, asthma, malnutrition, old age, and infancy). Because of obvious limitations in human clinical studies, an understanding of these risks depends to a great extent upon the clarification of cellular and molecular events underlying pollutant and xenobiotic-induced immune and inflammatory alterations. These approaches will hopefully lead to the development of new and objective markers, which should be useful in identifying susceptible individuals.
Overview on Characterizing Study Groups and Their Responses
Authors: Bates DV
Published: December 2008

This overview is intended to add three points to those that will be covered in detail by the papers in this section. I wish to contribute them to the general discussion as otherwise they might be overlooked.
Issues in the Selection of Subjects for Clinical and Epidemiological Studies of Asthma
Authors: Samet JM
Published: December 2008

The standards promulgated by the Environmental Protection Agency under the Clean Air Act must protect the health of all persons, regardless of individual susceptibility. To provide the data needed to set such standards, both clinical and short-term epidemiological investigations of subjects considered to be susceptible have been undertaken. Recent clinical studies involving the exposure of asthmatics to sulfer dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone were reviewed to determine the characteristics of the study subjects. The subjects in these investigations tended to be young adults with mild asthma, frequently not requiring medications. In most of the studies, only a minority of the subjects had airflow obstruction at the time of testing. In contrast, data from general population surveys show that asthma is equally common among younger and older persons and that many asthmatics in the general population have clinically significant impairment of lung function. The clinical studies thus provide information about the responses of a susceptible group, but not about the members of the group who may have the greatest susceptibility. To characterize the representativeness of subjects in clinical and epidemiological studies of asthma, the characteristics of individual subjects should be provided in reports. Appropriate instruments should be developed for this task.
Individual Variability in the Magnitude of Acute Respiratory Responses to Ozone Exposure
Authors: McDonnell WF
Published: December 2008

Individuals differ widely in the magnitude of their acute respiratory responses to ozone exposure. These differences have been shown to be quite reproducible, indicating that they are the result of differences in intrinsic responsiveness to ozone. This difference in responsiveness is of significance because the ambient ozone concentration in several urban areas frequently exceeds levels at which some individuals experience acute health effects. The purpose of this paper is to describe the distributions of the individual changes in lung function as a consequence of ozone exposure and to discuss the potential sources of and the implications of this variability in acute responsiveness to ozone exposure.
Techniques for Mechanical and Thermal Testing of Ti3Al/SCS-6 Metal Matrix Composites
Authors: Hartman GA , Russ SM
Published: December 2008

An integrated set of experimental techniques for mechanical and thermal testing of the Ti3Al/SCS-6 metal matrix composite is presented. Areas of discussion include gripping, specimen design, specimen heating, temperature measurement, and displacement measurement. The grip system was originally developed for use with ceramic composite materials and works well with the relatively brittle titanium-aluminide matrix composite used in this study. A modified version of an existing quartz lamp heating system allows temperature control at multiple points on the specimen. Results from baseline tension tests at various temperatures and post-thermal cycling tension tests are presented.
International Registration and Reform Dealing with Formulations
Authors: Landis WR
Published: December 2008

Agriculture, like all global activities, can no longer be considered on a national basis. As a significant factor in pest control and animal protection, formulation technology must also be considered on a global basis. It is no longer cost effective to develop formulations which cannot cross borders. Environmental and toxicity testing costs for new formulation components and old products about which there is concern may exceed the cost of testing for some active ingredients. These factors will ultimately reduce the number of formulation components available to the formulator. Efforts are under way on a global scale to harmonize regulatory schemes. This international harmonization will bring a further reduction in the number of materials available to the formulator. These developments will significantly increase our data base on the environmental and mammalian safety of the products with which we work.
Proposition 65, Today and the Future
Authors: Gentry GP , Miller ED
Published: December 2008

Proposition 65 was passed by the California voters in November of 1986. The proposition requires the governor to publish a list of chemicals “known to the state to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity.” The trigger date for the discharge prohibitions was October 27, 1988 for the first 29 listed chemicals.
Testing Methods for Water Dispersible Granules
Authors: Munie LA , Gorman WA , Collins HM
Published: December 2008

The water dispersible granule formulation has become a significant form of pesticidal delivery system. With this rise in the production of water dispersible granules, testing has become a priority. This paper outlines the methods used to test the quality of a water dispersible granule prior to field use. The test areas discussed are dispersibility or suspendibility, fertilizer and co-pesticide compatibility and wettability. All these areas contain many test methods by which to evaluate a water dispersible granule. The most popular methods are discussed.
Deposition Efficiency from Aerial Application of Postemergence Herbicides
Authors: Kirk IW , Bode LE , Bouse LF , Stermer RA , Carlton JB
Published: December 2008

This study was designed to determine the effect of application parameters on spray deposition from aerial application of a mixture of tridiphane, atrazine, and crop oil concentrate. Variables evaluated included nozzle orientation (0 and 90 deg), spray application rate (18.7 and 46.8 L/ha), and airspeed (144 and 208 km/h). Spray deposit was measured from mylar plates, polyethylene soda straws, water-sensitive cards, water-sensitive straws, and yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca) plants. Biological response (% control of yellow foxtail) from each application was rated at 1 and 2 weeks following application.

The collectors were placed between the center lines of two adjacent spray swaths flown directly into the wind. Two sample lines, 15-m apart, were placed perpendicular to the direction of flight. The first line consisted of 17 mylar plates, 5 flats of plants, 5 straw stands (each containing 10 soda straws and one water-sensitive straw) and 5 water-sensitive cards. The second line consisted of 17 mylar plates and 5 flats of plants. The collectors were gathered at the end of each treatment and transported to the laboratory for processing and analysis. Treatments were replicated three times. Wind speed and direction, temperature, and relative humidity were recorded during each test.

Data from the mylar plates indicated that percent deposit of fluorescent dye at 46.8 L/ha spray mixture application rate was significantly higher than for the 18.7 L/ha rate. The percent deposit for the 144 km/h airspeed and the 46.8 L/ha application rate was higher than for the 208 km/h airspeed and the 18.7 L/ha application rate. There was no difference in deposit due to nozzle orientation.

Deposits on the plant leaves indicated differences due to application rate, airspeed, and nozzle orientation. The highest deposit on plant leaves was obtained with the 46.8 L/ha application rate, 90 deg nozzle orientation and 208 km/h airspeed. The correlation coefficient for deposits on plants and straw collectors was 0.58. For deposits on plants and mylar plates the correlation coefficient was 0.54.
Spray Displacements of Two Agricultural Nozzies Using Spray Patternator
Authors: Krishnan P
Published: December 2008

The purpose of this paper was to measure the spray pattern displacements (SPD) of two agricultural nozzles using an experimental spray patternator in the laboratory. A SPD measuring technique was developed and SPD data gathered using Spraying System Co.’s 8004 fan nozzles and TK-SS2.5 flood tip nozzles. The mean SPD values for the 8004 fan nozzle were 30 percentage points lower (P<0.05) than that for TK-SS2.5 flood tip nozzle. As expected, the mean SPD values for the high-wind conditions were significantly higher (P<0.05) than that for the low-wind conditions for both the nozzles. This implies that the 8004 fan nozzle would do a better job of spraying and that the spraying should be carried out under low wind conditions.
TECP Suit Testing and Comparison
Authors: Stinchfield MRA , Sweeney RL , Jensen JC
Published: December 2008

Adoption of OSHA 29 CFR § 1910.120, the safety standard for Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response, recommends procedures for testing totally encapsulating chemical protective (TECP) suits. These procedures and many other test methods are discussed. The reliability and validity of the prescribed laboratory and field tests are examined, with emphasis on the field test methods. A variety of commercially available TECP suits, both reusable and limited use, are evaluated according to the visual inspection method, the static pressure leak test, and ammonia intrusion test. Results indicate that the reliability and validity of these methods is suspect and that none are quantitative within acceptable margins of error. However, based on these procedures, until acceptable predictors of suit success in the field are established, reusable TECP garments produce favorable results in all three tests five cases out of six, and limited use or disposable garments typically fail all of the tests. The results indicate that the limited use or disposable TECP suit should not be used as the sole protective garment, but may be suitable for use as a first line of defense over a reusable TECP suit.
Applying Failure Modes, Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) Techniques to Evaluation of Protective Clothing
Authors: White DF , Pohlman TR
Published: December 2008

Failure modes, effects and criticality analysis (FMECA) is a formal procedure for identification and assessment of potential failure processes associated with a system design. The technique is frequently applied to hardware designs and is described in MIL-STD-1629A. FMECA methods have been used for analysis of a chemical protective dive suit under development for the Naval Coastal Systems Center, Panama City, Florida. For this project, standard FMECA procedures were modified to allow for description of failure modes which could be caused by a hazardous chemical in the suit environment or which become critical when a hazardous material is present. These techniques may be applied to design and evaluation of protective clothing and systems in general. Significant benefits can include early identification of inherent weaknesses which may be corrected in the iterative design process, and the production of a summary of chemical resistance data which may be used as a reference source in the field.
Selection of Fabrication Methods and Their Impact on Design of Chemical Protective Clothing
Authors: White DF , Stull JO
Published: December 2008

Various means of fabricating chemical protective garments may be applied to coated fabrics, sheet or roll goods depending on the polymer or polymers employed as a barrier coating. Ideally, seams in a chemical protective garment should give protection equal or superior to that provided by the base material. However, in practice this has been difficult to achieve. The seaming problem impacts material selection and pattern design since cost and producibility factors as well as physical performance and chemical resistance become important. This paper discusses seaming techniques used with candidate materials considered for the US Navy Chemical Warfare Protective Dive Suit (CWPDS) and will present results of a comprehensive suit construction evaluation performed for that program.
Performance Standards For Improving Chemical Protective Suits
Authors: Stull JO
Published: December 2008

This paper describes the basis and requirements of various standards for the manufacture of chemical protective suits currently under development by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Standards of both groups are aimed at improving product documentation to allow end-users to have better information for selecting chemical protective suits for their respective applications. NFPA standards will also establish minimum performance requirements judged necessary to provide acceptable levels of protection for end users involved in hazardous chemical response and operations. These standards cover the full range of chemical protective suits ranging from disposable coveralls to totally encapsulating protective ensembles. Documentation and performance requirements apply to suit materials and components as well as to the total suit. NFPA expects to complete their standards by late 1989.
Condensation Problems in a Refrigerated Storage Building—A Case History
Authors: Nelson PE
Published: December 2008

During warm humid weather, condensation leakage problems plague a “cool” loading dock room of a refrigerated warehouse near Washington, DC. Cold air flows out the base of the room through openings in the gaskets between trucks and open loading dock doors. This creates a stack effect, drawing in warm, humid air through a poor seal between the top of the masonry cavity wall and the roofing system. The warm, humid air condenses in the ribs of the steel deck and the condensate leaks into the building.

During our investigation, I also evaluated the water-vapor transmission through the ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) roofing system by testing the permeance of the three-year-old weathered system and comparing it to a nonweathered EPDM sample, and by analyzing the steady-state water-vapor flow. I found the permeance of the EPDM membrane increased 22%, from 2.58 ng/Pa ∙ s ∙ m2 (0.0449 grains/(ft2 ∙ h ∙ in. ∙ Hg)) for nonweathered EPDM to 3.14 ng/Pa ∙ s ∙ m2 (0.0547 grains/(ft2 ∙ h ∙ in. ∙ Hg)) for weathered EPDM. Steady-state analysis showed that only 0.034 kg/m2/year (0.007 lbs/ft2/year) would flow through this roofing system. This is a very small amount of moisture compared to that being transported by the warm air flow.

The pattern of condensation I saw during my investigation confirmed my theory that the “leakage” is caused by moist air flowing into the roof system and not water vapor transmission through the roof system. Successful repairs were designed and installed that blocked the air from flowing into the edges of the roofing system.
Measurement of Unsaturated Wood Permeability by Transient Flow Methods
Authors: Spolek GA , Piroozmandi F
Published: December 2008

The permeability of wood to liquid, a transport property that is necessary for accurate modeling of industrial processes such as drying and impregnation, should be measured by using experimental conditions that recreate the transient behavior of those processes. Previous works have used more standardized steady-state methods for measuring unsaturated water permeability of wood. The results of these studies are inconsistent with other experimental data, probably due to the difficulty in achieving uniform unsaturated conditions within the wood samples.

This study employed transient flow of water through wood to calculate the unsaturated permeability. Southern pine specimens were initially saturated with water. A low-speed centrifuge was then used to force the water to flow out of the porous wood cell structure while minimizing evaporative drying. Periodically, the moisture distribution within each sample was measured with a scanning gamma-ray densitometer. When water movement ceased, the steady-state moisture distribution was used to define the capillary properties of the wood. Using the data as the solution to the governing equation, the unsaturated permeability was back-calculated. The results demonstrate the trend that unsaturated wood permeability is relatively large at much lower saturation levels than previously reported, therefore capillary transport of liquid through wood can significantly affect industrial processes. The quantitative value of the findings, however, is marginal due to this technique's requirement for differentiation of data that is widely scattered by wood's inherent inhomogeniety.
Aircraft Field Experience with Automotive Gasoline in the United States
Authors: Zeisloft HC
Published: December 2008

This paper briefly reviews the history behind the incentives for the use of automobile gasoline in small aircraft powered by engines rated for 80-octane fuel.

Data that forms the basis for this paper is from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) records in Oklahoma City covering fuel-related accidents and incidents and also fuel-related service difficulty reports. Information is also summarized from a survey of users conducted by the Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA).

In the years since the successful completion of the FAA Flight Test Certification Program for the use of automobile gasoline in certain aircraft, field experience has shown that unleaded automobile gasoline use results in fewer reports of accidents/incidents or service difficulties than the use of highly leaded 100LL avgas in these low-compression 80-octane engines.
Automotive Gasoline—A Fuel for Modern Aircraft Piston Engines
Authors: Schmauder J
Published: December 2008

Over the decades, the aircraft piston engine and aviation fuel have developed into a mature functional unit much like the automotive engine and gasoline whose demands have been harmonized in the course of time.

For that reason one might be inclined to say that automotive gasoline (mogas) is not suited for aircraft engines. It would be more correct, however, to say that automotive gasoline is not fit for conventional aircraft powerplants without special precautionary measures.

By converting however an automotive engine into an aircraft powerplant, that is, by providing it with all the design features required for flight operation, we obtain a propulsion system whose basic design predestinates it to mogas operation.

When considering the general trends in aircraft engine design, it is found that for economic reasons new modern aircraft piston engines can be developed from existing automotive engines. Therefore, mogas will be of ever-increasing importance as a fuel for aircraft powerplants. When discussing different kinds of fuel, mogas seems to be the most suitable as an alternative to aviation gasoline (avgas), but the type of mogas should be carefully chosen.

Avgas, unlike mogas, is of uniform quality worldwide. Leaded premium gasoline, for example, shows considerable variations, whereas unleaded premium gasoline has been developed into a fuel with a uniformly good quality level throughout the world. Therefore, the latter should be chosen as the target fuel. The advantages of unleaded premium gasoline are: 1. The fuel is unleaded and thus the air is not polluted with lead. 2. The highly developed modern passenger car engines can be fully utilized for the new aircraft powerplants, particularly because of the reduction of exhaust gas emissions.
Design Considerations in Structural Sealant Glazing
Authors: O'Connor TF
Published: December 2008

The successful development and completion of a structural sealant glazed curtain wall system requires attention to detail, and in particular, to the adhesion of the structural sealant to various finishes and its compatibility with many materials. Control of adhesion and compatibility is attained by resolving necessary design considerations and by developing a quality assurance program, which is important to the successful fabrication and installation of these systems. A post-construction program should be established to monitor the continued integrity of the system.
Development and Commercialization of the Thiosorbic Lime Wet Scrubbing Process for Flue Gas Desulfurization
Authors: Benson LB
Published: December 2008

The development and commercial status of the Thiosorbic lime wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) process is described. Addition of magnesium oxide to lime used for FGD significantly improves sulfur dioxide (SO2) removal and reliability. Overall costs for a Thiosorbic lime FGD system are competitive with FGD systems based on limestone.
Multicomponent Calibration and Quantitation Methods
Authors: Osten DW , Kowalski BR
Published: December 2008

A systematic examination of calibration and quantitation methods available to analytical chemistry is made. First, simple linear calibration with one sensor is reviewed with an emphasis on chemical problems that can invalidate calibration models and what can be done about them. Then, a shift is made to multivariate methods used for multicomponent analysis ending in a discussion of bilinear forms.
Application of Computerized Quantitative Infrared Spectroscopy to the Determination of the Principal Lipids Found in Blood Serum
Authors: McClure GL , Roush PB , Williams JF , Lehmann CA
Published: December 2008

This paper discusses the issues related to the development of a practical infrared spectroscopic method for the determination of the principal types of serum lipids, triglycerides, cholesteryl esters, and phospholipids. Earlier papers on this subject are noted, and the various matrix mathematical approaches used previously for this application are compared. The results described in this work were obtained with a least squares curve fitting type of algorithm, termed a Q-matrix approach. Comparisons are made between results obtained with a number of different methods constructed for use with the Q-matrix approach.
Alpine Ski Boot Hysteresis Characteristics Interpreted for Skier Target Groups Within the Current Standards
Authors: Walkhoff K , Bauman CW
Published: December 2008

The study of modern alpine ski boots has gone through great changes in the last five years. Previous techniques have been limited to the qualitative “feeling” that given test subjects may have had regarding boot stiffnes, flexibility, and comfort (fit). Laboratory and on-hill comparisons at best offered limited observable differences. Quantitative analysis was not scientifically recorded. In addition, the rotation of the ankle joint in bending and the resulting transmission of the skiers forces through the boot to the ski have been inadequately defined. It is assumed that skier comfort will be increased through a better understanding and control of these variables.

This paper will look at the basic physical parameters now being used to define ski boot stiffness and flexibility. Hysteresis curves indicate stiffness and flexibility characteristics through the plotting of daN/metres per degree of anterior/posterior flexion. Designs can be tested and compared with both human and artificial legs under varying temperature conditions. Further research on comfort (fit) requirements through flouroscopic and X-ray films will be presented. It is hoped that future research directions will come to light from this presentation.
Biomechanical Inquiries on Ski Boots and Resulting Practical Requirements
Authors: Schaff P , Schattner R , Hauser W
Published: December 2008

Nine boots, sizes five and nine, worn by 14 persons, were applied by a newly improved measurement device with a new measuring mat. The pressure distribution on the lower leg, depending on the angle between the lower leg and the foot, is influenced by the construction of the boot, size, temperature and only in a special region, influenced by the subjects. Bad constructions having unsatisfying pressure along the tibia (except over the instep) can be recognized by measuring with any subject. The new mat is another step to a standardized measuring system for further boot testing; reproducibility is high.