bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards a More Nuanced Theory of Elite Capture in Development Projects. The Importance of Context and Theories of Power
Authors: Musgrave Michael K. , Wong Sam
Published: May 2016

Elite capture in development projects is problematic across a wide range of cultures, governance contexts and geographical locations. The dominant development discourse suggests that elite capture can be addressed using principles of good governance and participatory democracy. We critique the notion that this is sufficient to challenge practices of elite domination that detrimentally affect the outcome of development projects. Using a Foucauldian notion of power we suggest that power relationships are more complex than current conceptualisations of elite capture allow. We offer some definitions and suggest a common conceptual framework to unify the concept of elite capture across cultures. This conceptual framework is used to analyse data from 2 case studies in south western Zambia. We conclude that the dominant discourse ignores complex power relationships and uses a simplistic notion of political legitimacy that may enhance elite capture rather than prevent it. The concept of political legitimacy needs to be expanded to include traditional institutions that are not elected, while still applying principles of participation and accountability to the design of institutions.
Prospective, Population-Based Surveillance of the Burden of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Older Adults, Chrzanów County, Poland, 2010 to 2012
Authors: Harat Rafal , Alexander Ronika , Gray Sharon , Gutterman Elane , Pluta Justyna , Pride Michael , Shite Sebastian , Fijolek Joanna , Kozub Jolanta
Published: May 2016

Introduction: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae is a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality among older adults. This study estimated incidences of CAP, chest X-ray−confirmed CAP (CXR+CAP), S pneumoniae-positive CAP, S pneumoniae-positive CXR+CAP, and S. pneumoniae serotype distribution among 46,000 at-risk adults aged ≥ 50 years residing in Chrzanów County, Poland. Material and methods: From January 2010 to January 2012, all facilities providing ambulatory and inpatient care enrolled all consenting resident patients with suspicion of CAP. Chest X-rays, urine, blood, and sputum samples were analyzed. Annualized incidence rates were determined. Presence of S pneumoniae-positive CAP and/or S. pneumoniae serotype distribution was determined using the urine antigen detection assay (capable of detecting the serotypes in the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine [PCV13]), BinaxNOW®, and/or microbiology cultures. Results: Among 5055 enrolled patients, 1195 (23.7%) were diagnosed with CAP and 1166 (23.4%) had CXR+CAP. S. pneumoniae was detected in 144 (12.1%) and 131 (11.2%) patients from the CAP and CXR+CAP cohorts, respectively. Annualized incidence rates of CAP, CXR+CAP, S pneumoniae-positive CAP, and S. pneumoniae-positive CXR+CAP were 12.8, 12.5, 1.6, and 1.4 per 1000 residents, respectively. Among CXR+CAP patients, 39.7% were aged 50 to 64 years and 60.3% were aged ≥ 65 years. Incidence rates generally increased with age. The most common serotypes in S. pneumoniae-positive CXR+CAP patients were 3 (n = 15), 23F (n = 10), 18C (n = 9), and 9V (n = 6). Conclusions: CAP due to PCV13 serotypes is a source of morbidity among adults >50 years and may be reduced by greater access to pneumococcal vaccines.
Methods of Airway Resistance Assessment
Authors: Urbankowski Tomasz , Przybyłowski Tadeusz
Published: May 2016

Airway resistance is the ratio of driving pressure to the rate of the airflow in the airways. The most frequent methods used to measure airway resistance are whole-body plethysmography, the interrupter technique and the forced oscillation technique. All these methods allow to measure resistance during respiration at the level close to tidal volume, they do not require forced breathing manoeuvres or deep breathing during measurement. The most popular method for measuring airway resistance is whole-body plethysmography. The results of plethysmography include among others the following parameters: airway resistance (Raw), airway conductance (Gaw), specific airway resistance (sRaw) and specific airway conductance (sGaw). The interrupter technique is based on the assumption that at the moment of airway occlusion, air pressure in the mouth is equal to the alveolar pressure . In the forced oscillation technique (FOT), airway resistance is calculated basing on the changes in pressure and flow caused by air vibration. The methods for measurement of airway resistance that are described in the present paper seem to be a useful alternative to the most common lung function test—spirometry. The target group in which these methods may be widely used are particularly the patients who are unable to perform spirometry.
Standards for Diagnosis and Care of Patients with Inherited Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency Recommendations of the Polish Respiratory Society, Polish Society of Pediatric Pulmonology and Polish Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology
Authors: Chorostowska-Wynimko Joanna , Bakuła Agnieszka , Kulus Marek , Kuca Paweł , Niżankowska-Mogilnicka Ewa , Sanak Marek , Socha Piotr , Śliwiński Paweł
Published: May 2016

Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency is the most common genetic disorder in the adult popu-lation of European descent [...]
ANN-Based Control of a Wheeled Inverted Pendulum System Using an Extended DBD Learning Algorithm
Authors: Cruz David , García Salatiel , Bandala Manuel
Published: May 2016

This paper presents a dynamic model for a self-balancing vehicle using the Euler-Lagrange approach. The design and deployment of an artificial neuronal network (ANN) in a closed-loop control is described. The ANN is characterized by integration of the extended delta-bar-delta algorithm (DBD), which accelerates the adjustment of synaptic weights. The results of the control strategy in the dynamic model of the robot are also presented.
Ambient intimacy on Twitter
Authors: Lin Ruoyun , Levordashka Ana , Utz Sonja
Published: May 2016

Ambient intimacy refers to a feeling of closeness toward certain others developed mainly by following their status updates on social media. Previous researchers have demonstrated that it is possible to develop ambient awareness, that is, knowledge of others, after browsing social media, but it is still unclear whether and to what extent Twitter users also experience ambient intimacy, i.e., emotional closeness to others stemming from merely following them on Twitter. This paper is the first to theoretically distinguish the concept of ambient intimacy from ambient awareness. The paper investigates the degree to which Twitter users experience ambient awareness and intimacy. Moreover, we also examine the role of interaction history and message characteristics in this process. The results showed that Twitter users had experienced ambient intimacy but to a lesser degree than ambient awareness; the majority felt close to only a limited number of people in their Twitter network. Visibility of tweets and one-sided interaction with the target person predicted ambient intimacy. In addition, users were more likely to experience ambient intimacy toward a person when his or her tweets were perceived as more intimate, entertaining, and informative.
Juxtaposing the persuasion knowledge model and privacy paradox: An experimental look at advertising personalization, public policy and public understanding
Authors: Brinson Nancy Howell , Eastin Matthew S.
Published: May 2016

Recent studies suggest the expanding collection and use of big data by advertisers to target messages to consumers based on their location, demographics and online behaviors is escalating information privacy concerns and negatively impacting campaign outcomes. For communication scholars and practitioners, this recent attitudinal shift indicates a critical need to better understand consumer perceptions related to personalized advertising in the era of big data. It is currently assumed that U.S. self-regulatory initiatives, including the AdChoices Icon, reduce perceived risk by giving consumers a greater sense of control over the exchange of their personal information online (Castro, 2011). However, less than 37% of U.S. Internet users are familiar with the AdChoices Icon (eMarketer, 2015), and 52% incorrectly believe that privacy policies ensure the confidentiality of their personal information (Pew, 2014). To examine the complexities of the privacy paradox, the present study utilizes a 2x2x2 experiment (N = 382) to measure attitudes toward personalized advertising with and without the presence of the AdChoices Icon. A Univariate GLM analysis of the data indicate that when controlling for demographics, online trust, message credibility, and perceived risks and benefits, advertising personalization did not have a significant effect on attitude toward the ad, but inclusion of the AdChoices Icon did. Further, respondents indicating no knowledge of the AdChoices Icon reported lower attitudinal responses toward the ad compared to those who were knowledgeable of its meaning. Exploring these complex relationships offers to advance research and practice by extending Persuasion Knowledge Model to examine the effects of personalized online message delivery, as well as offering practitioners actionable insights to improve their personalized advertising outcomes.
The Limit of Electoral Reform
Authors: Nemčok Miroslav
Published: May 2016

Bowler, Shaun and Donovan, Todd (2013). The Limit of Electoral Reform. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 164 pages.
The Influence of Social Relationships on Conduct Problems in School Context - Does School Engagement Matter?
Authors: Lätsch Alexander , Raufelder Diana , Wulff Tino
Published: May 2016

There has been an increase in the prevalence of problem behavior during adolescence over the last decades. Thereby, studies have found that social bonds and relationships as well as school engagement as a form of connectedness play an important protective role. However, less is know whether school engagement is as a potential mediator in the association of social relationships with peers and teachers and conduct problems. The current study examined this interplay in a large non-clinical sample of students (N= 1.088; MAge= 13.7 SD=0.53 at T1; N= 845; Mage = 15.32, SD = .49 at T2) in secondary schools in Brandenburg, Germany. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to test the mediating effect from school engagement in the association between students’ social relationships in early adolescence and conduct problems in middle adolescence. The results show that school engagement function as full mediator in the association of both student-student relationships and teacher-student relationships at T1 and conduct problems at T2. This highlights that fostering school engagement in early adolescence might be an essential starting point for prevention and intervention strategies of conduct problems in middle adolescence.
Are Diamond Surface Coatings Immune to Dry Running?
Authors: D. Seymour Michael
Published: May 2016

It is well understood that mechanical seal performance is dependent upon the tribology of the seal face materials. Published material is available claiming the advantages of Polycrystalline Diamond (PCD) and its suitability for extended running under dry conditions; indeed, one such claim suggests that PCD coated faces are immune to dry running. In order to investigate this claim, the author undertook a series of rigorously controlled tests to evaluate the performance of mechanical seal faces coated with a Polycrystalline Diamond coating (PCD) against others with Diamond - Like Carbon (DLC) coatings. Seal surface topography was accurately measured before and after testing and was used to evaluate the wear behaviour. From the test results obtained it is concluded that neither coatings are suitable for extended dry running use. However, it was evident that seal faces coated with a new form of DLC identified as, Plasma Assisted - Chemical Vapour Deposition (PA-CVD) performed 18 times longer than the PCD coated ones before reaching a predetermined friction induced temperature. Publications can be cited as evidence that PCD coated seal faces are capable of producing very high frictional temperatures that could, in a dry running situation, allow certain liquid fuels such as flashing hydrocarbons to reach their auto-ignition temperatures. In addition, it was revealed that the PCD coated seal units are being sold at a higher cost than the equivalent DLC coated ones by a factor of three.
Reactive DC Magnetron Sputtering-Induced the Formation of Amorphous CuN Films Embedded Nanocrystalline WC Phase
Authors: Lin Yue , Zhang Shihong
Published: May 2016

A novel amorphous CuN/nanocrystal WC (nc-WC/a-CuN) film synthesized by reactive dc magnetron sputtering is reported in this paper. The nc-WC/a-CuN42 at.% film which is composed of many WC dendrite crystals of 5~10 nm with (001) orientation embedded in amorphous CuN possesses ~55 GPa hardness. The high-temperature wear analysis shows that this novel film possesses the comparable excellent friction performance with DLC film which is attributed to self-lubricant function of a-CuN; simultaneously the film was still maintaining the higher hardness at elevated temperature.
Coalescence of Water Drops in Water-ULSD Dispersions via Electrowetting
Authors: Bandekar Ashish , G. Chase George
Published: May 2016

Coalescence of water droplets is an important phenomenon in many industrial applications. One approach for coalescing water droplets is by applying an external voltage across the drops. Coalescence occurs when spreading and motion of the drops due to the electrical field brings the drops into contact. Electrowettable surfaces were prepared with poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate) as the dielectric film and Fluropelâ„¢ as the hydrophobic surface layer. The surface of a stainless steel disk was coated in a way that the dielectric coating layer thickness varied with radial position with minimum thicknesses at the center and at the outer edge of the disk and a maximum at an intermediate radial position of the disk surface. The thickness gradient influenced the droplet movement and contributed to the coalescence. Two disks were assembled with a thin slit between the disks. Emulsions of water droplets in ultra low sulfur diesel fuel were pumped through the thin slit. Experiments showed significant increase in drop sizes when the disks were electrified compared to non-electrified disks.
Umbrales biológicos de la modernidad política en Michel Foucault
Authors: Sacchi Emiliano
Published: May 2016

Genealógicamente la Vida se constituyó en dominio por conocer (Biología) como resultado de unas relaciones de poder que la instituyeron como objeto posible a partir de la larga historia del gobierno de la grey, de su salvación, de la disciplina del cuerpo, etc. (Foucault, 1978). Pero para poder hacer de la vida un objeto de la (bio)política, fue necesario un saber capaz de sitiarla e inmovilizarla. En este artículo recurrimos a la arqueología del saber foucaultiana para reconstruir sobre su trasfondo y en relación al poder disciplinario una serie umbrales a partir de los cuales se definieron los rasgos paradigmáticos de la biopolítica moderna.
Una apología de las posturas funcionalistas del progreso científico
Authors: Islas Damian
Published: May 2016

Alexander Bird (2007) afirmó que la ciencia progresa cuando muestra “acumulación de conocimiento justificado”. Para validar su postura, Bird contrastó sus ideas con los conceptos sobre el progreso científico construidos por Thomas S. Kuhn y Larry Laudan, respectivamente. El objetivo de Bird fue mostrar que el criterio de “resolución de problemas” defendido por estos autores, es regresivo y, por ello, anti-intuitivo. En este texto analizo los argumentos de Bird en contra de Kuhn y Laudan y muestro en qué fallan. Posteriormente evalúo su postura a partir de sus propios fundamentos epistemológicos. Al final, presento algunas conclusiones que pueden inferirse del presente estudio.
El carácter preventivo del mal mediante la facultad de pensar y la facultad de juzgar desde la perspectiva de Hannah Arendt
Authors: Sanabria Cucalón María Camila
Published: May 2016

En este texto trato la relación entre el mal, la facultad de pensar y la facultad de juzgar. Acorde con  Arendt, todos los hombres cuentan con las facultades de pensar y juzgar, y en el uso de dichas facultades habría un carácter preventivo frente al mal. Si todos los hombres cuentan con la posibilidad de pensar y juzgar ¿por qué algunos hombres hacen el mal teniendo la posibilidad de prevenirlo?  En primer lugar, el uso de estas facultades no se da necesariamente. En segundo lugar, incluso quien tiene conciencia moral podría realizar el mal. En tercer lugar, aunque la manifestación del juicio moral podría originar la acción, ésta es ilimitada e impredecible y por ello no es posible determinar que efectivamente prevendría el mal. Por estas tres razones, la tesis que propongo es que no hay algo que condicione suficientemente a los hombres de modo que no puedan hacer el mal.
LÓPEZ ARNAL, Salvador: Manuel Sacristán y la obra del lógico y filósofo norteamericano Willard Van Orman Quine
Authors: Urueña López Sergio
Published: May 2016

En esta obra, Salvador López Arnal nos ofrece una panorámica amplia y rigurosa de la influencia y presencia del brillante lógico y filósofo W. Van Quine (1908–2000) en el hacer filosófico y académico de Manuel Sacristán Luzón (1925–1985), uno de los grandes filósofos, lógicos e intelectuales hispánicos del pasado siglo.
Análisis del uso educativo y social de los dispositivos digitales en el contexto universitario panhispánico
Authors: Vázquez Cano Esteban , Sevillano García María Luisa , Fombona Cadavieco Javier
Published: May 2016

El objetivo de esta investigación ha sido analizar de forma general y comparada entre España e Hispanoamérica el uso que los estudiantes universitarios realizan de los dispositivos digitales móviles con fines educativos y sociales. Se analiza una muestra total de 886 estudiantes (442 españoles y 444 hispanoamericanos) correspondientes a cinco instituciones universitarias españolas y cinco hispanoamericanas. La metodología de investigación se desarrolla a través del análisis factorial y la comparación inter-grupos mediante pruebas no paramétricas. Los resultados generales en ambas zonas geográficas muestran que el uso educativo se concentra principalmente en el empleo de la tableta y el ordenador portátil para la búsqueda de información académica, el estudio y la consulta de servicios universitarios. Asimismo, las diferencias más significativas entre estudiantes españoles e hispanoamericanos muestran que en España se utiliza más la tableta y el “smartphone” para el estudio y en Hispanoamérica, el ordenador portátil.
Aprendizaje-servicio y práctica docente: una relación para el cambio educativo
Authors: Mayor Paredes Domingo , Rodríguez Martínez Dolores
Published: May 2016

Este artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación centrada en el análisis de la influencia que tienen los proyectos de Aprendizaje-Servicio en el desarrollo y mejora de la práctica escolar. El estudio tomó como eje de indagación un aula de primaria, y los efectos que se iban desencadenando durante la implementación del proyecto en el que participaron: maestra y alumnado de primaria, profesora y alumnado de la universidad y representantes de distintas instituciones. Para ello se utilizó el estudio de caso como metodología de la investigación y la observación participante, entrevistas semiestructuradas y análisis de documentos como estrategias para la recogida de información. Los resultados obtenidos permiten constatar los efectos producidos en relación a las concepciones pedagógicas de la docente, la programación curricular de aula y el desarrollo profesional. A partir de los hallazgos alcanzados se concluye que el Aprendizaje-Servicio abre nuevos horizontes para el diseño de prácticas innovadoras de utilidad social.
Motivaciones que condicionan la formación y previenen la exclusión social de los futuros educadores
Authors: Izquierdo Rus Tomás , Escarbajal Frutos Andrés , Latorre Román Pedro Ángel
Published: May 2016

Este artículo tiene como objetivo explorar las motivaciones de los estudiantes universitarios en la elección de las diversas carreras de Educación. Desde un enfoque metodológico cuantitativo se presentan los datos de 391 estudiantes universitarios de la Universidad de Murcia, utilizando como instrumento de recogida de datos el cuestionario de motivos en la elección de la carrera junto al componente exclusión social. Los resultados mostraron diferencias en la titulación elegida y situación laboral del estudiante. Se concluye que los estudiantes eligen cursar una carrera universitaria relacionada con la educación para evitar la exclusión socioeconómica y laboral o por vocación. El artículo finaliza con propuestas de intervención socioeducativas y nuevas líneas de investigación en el área.
Concepciones de los estudiantes sobre la eficacia de los ambientes de aprendizaje universitarios
Authors: Navaridas Nalda Fermín , Jiménez Trens María Asunción
Published: May 2016

En este estudio se analizan las concepciones que tienen los estudiantes universitarios acerca de la utilidad o eficacia de los ambientes de aprendizaje que se contemplan con mayor frecuencia en las guías docentes de sus profesores. Para su realización se encuestó a 908 estudiantes matriculados en diferentes titulaciones de grado de la Universidad de La Rioja, todos ellos con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 22 años. Se utilizó un cuestionario de elaboración propia donde cada ambiente de aprendizaje seleccionado a modo de ítem admitía una doble respuesta, una referida a la autoeficacia percibida desde la propia experiencia personal como estudiante y otra relativa a la importancia que suponen que tiene el mismo ambiente para su profesores. Los resultados indican que el estudio individual y las explicaciones del profesor siguen siendo los ambientes más valorados por los estudiantes en términos de eficacia para el logro de los objetivos de aprendizaje universitario.
Use of herbal medicines in children following EBM criteria. Effectiveness and tolerability of echinacea, cranberry, and chamomile
Authors: Careddu Domenico
Published: May 2016

The recent appreciation of phytotherapy is related to the evidence of efficacy of herbal medicines, as well as to the continuous improvement of scientific and clinical knowledge of their effects. Unfortunately among herbal medicine it is frequent to find products that are neither registered nor controlled by regulatory bodies, with a lack of proofs regarding their constituents and quality.Phytotherapy can find its role among medical therapies only if each medication is standardised and controlled according to the requirements of an official Pharmacopoeia, and produced on the basis of Good Manufacturing Practices similar to those used in pharmaceutical companies. This is even more important in paediatric age, also because often parents administer herbal medications to their children, without asking the physician or the pharmacist for advice, being convinced that “natural products” are always safe and do not have adverse events or interactions. The evaluation of these products, ensuring their safety and efficacy through registration and regulation,is an important challenge. To improve an evidence-based and safe use, herbal medicines should be titrated, standardised and labelled. Clinical applications, pharmacology, dosage, possible contraindications and precautions (i.e. during pregnancy, breastfeeding and paediatric age), and potential adverse reactions should be clearly described and codified, for example in the officialPharmacopeia and in the various Monographs (ESCOP, The European Scientific Cooperative On Phytotherapy, and WHO, World Health Organization).The purpose of this article is to provide a review on the safety and efficacy of some medicinal plants widely used in the paediatric age: echinacea, cranberry, and chamomile. The final aim is to help to use herbal medicine on the basis of the criteria of the Evidence Based Medicine.
Extraskeletal effects of vitamin D
Authors: Rossini Maurizio
Published: May 2016

In the last years we observed an increasing number of publications about the vitamin D, due to its recognised therapeutic actions and to the widespread hypovitaminosis D. In addition to the well known skeletal benefits, vitamin D can have multiple effects on other tissues.Muscular apparatus: hypovitaminosis D is associated with myopathy, sarcopenia, muscular strength reduction and increased risk of falls. The vitamin D supplementation increases the muscle functionality indexes. Cardiovascular system: low levels of vitamin D are related to increased levels of cardiovascular risk factors, heart failure, stroke, and cardiovascular mortality, while a good vitamin D status is associated with a decreased incidence of cardiovascular diseases. Diabetes and metabolic syndrome: a good vitamin D status is related to a decreased incidence of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome; a vitamin D supplementation in the early childhood reduces (nearly 30%) the risk of having type 1 diabetes. Cancer: vitamin D deficit is associated with breast, colorectal cancer and melanoma relapses. Low and high levels of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25(OH)D) are related to a higher neoplastic mortality. Infectious diseases: hypovitaminosis D is associated with higher incidence of upper respiratory tract infections and worse interferon response in chronic hepatitis C. Vitamin D supplementation decreases the risk of having type A influence. Rheumatic diseases: in rheumatoid arthritis low serum levels of vitamin D metabolites are related to a higher disease activity, while a good vitamin D status is associated with a higher probability of remission or response to therapy and a lower degree of disability. Neurologic diseases: associations between vitamin D deficit and risk of multiple sclerosis, depression, cognitive deficits, and Parkinson’s disease have been reported.There is evidence of the extraskeletal effects of vitamin D, but most derive from observational studies: clinical trials are required the better to determine the therapeutic role of vitamin D.
Autoimmune diseases of oral cavity
Authors: Gissi Davide B. , Venturi Mattia , Gabusi Andrea , De Martino Annachiara , Montebugnoli Lucio
Published: May 2016

Most diseases of oral mucosa are either autoimmune in nature or are the results of immunologically-mediated events. These include Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS), Erythema Multiforme (EM), the bullous diseases Pemphigus Vulgaris (PV) and Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid (MMP) and Lichen Planus (LP). These conditions are characterised by lesions of the oral mucosa often associated with extra-oral manifestations that include skin, eyes, nasal and pharyngeal mucosa as well as genitals. Despite a similar pathogenesis, they are characterised by different immunologic processes that involve T-cell mediated hypersensitivity in LP, humoral-mediated immunity to cadherin intercellular adhesion molecules in PV, antibody-mediated processes giving rise to junctional separation in MMP, and other not yet completely understood processes in RAS and EM. Differences are also present in the clinical outcome, that is always acute and auto-limiting in EM, auto-limiting and often recurrent in RAS, sub-acute and often recurrent in MMP and PV and always chronic in LP. Accurate diagnosis is not always possible solely on the basis of the oral presentation, and histological and often immunofluorescence examinations are needed in order to establish a definitive diagnosis. The condition that brings together all these diseases is that thay all benefit from similar therapeutic approaches, consisting in local or systemic immunosuppressive treatments. This review provides guidance to differentiate and correctly diagnose these conditions and discusses the most appropriate management.
Le croisement des savoirs et des pratiques avec des personnes en situation de pauvreté. Une condition nécessaire pour une société du savoir inclusive
Authors: de Laat Marianne , Boyer Sophie , Hudon Catherine , Goulet Émilie , Loignon Christine
Published: May 2016

La démarche de croisement des savoirs et des pratiques entre personnes en situation de pauvreté, universitaires et praticiens repose sur une conviction à la fois éthique et épistémologique : toute personne détient potentiellement les moyens de comprendre et d’interpréter sa propre situation. C’est l’analyse du vécu des personnes en situation de pauvreté et d’exclusion qui est le point de départ d’une construction de savoirs croisés. Il s’agit en fait d’une fécondation réciproque, chacun des partenaires de l’échange apportant à l’autre les éléments d’une production et d’une transformation de son propre savoir. Il ne s’agit donc pas de plaider pour un savoir unique et uniforme, sorte de synthèse des différents types de savoirs. Chacun existe comme acteur et auteur à part entière de sa propre pensée et de son action, comme détenteur d’un savoir reconnu par les autres acteurs. Par le croisement des savoirs et des pratiques, l’effort de construction par chacun de son propre savoir et la coconstruction d’un produit commun sont associés. Il s’agit de déconstruire pour reconstruire, de se laisser interpeller et d’accepter le déplacement de son point de vue. Au Québec, la recherche ÉQUIsanTÉ, une recherche participative menée au sein de deux unités de médecine de famille de l’Université de Sherbrooke, s’appuie sur la démarche du croisement des savoirs : les personnes en situation de pauvreté, les cliniciens et cliniciennes et les universitaires ont agi à titre de cochercheurs du début (formulation de la question de recherche) jusqu’à la fin de la recherche (écriture collective et diffusion des résultats).
Dominium et ius chez Francisco de Vitoria, Domingo de Soto et Domingo Bañez
Authors: Demelemestre Gaëlle
Published: May 2016

On présente généralement Francisco de Vitoria, Domingo de Soto et Domingo Bañez comme des auteurs de la Seconde Scolastique, et plus précisément de sa première vague. Il est de ce fait supposé que leurs positions intellectuelles sont suffisamment similaires pour que l’on puisse les traiter ensemble, et qu’elles soient exposées et complétées les unes par les autres. Des personnalités d’une telle envergure peuvent-elles cependant réellement avoir fondu leurs objet et visée propres en une thèse commune qu’elles auraient perpétuée ? C’est la question que nous nous poserons en comparant précisément la façon dont ils comprennent les notions de dominium et de ius.
Presentació del monogràfic «La ironia en la literatura catalana de preguerra»
Authors: Simbor Roig Vicent
Published: May 2016

Presentació del monogràfic sobre «La ironia en la literatura catalana de preguerra» del número 60 (primavera 2016) de Caplletra. Revista Internacional de Filologia.
F. Xavier Vila & Vanessa Bretxa (eds.) «Language Policy in Higher Education. The Case of Medium-Sized Languages», Bristol, Multilingual Matters, 2015, 218 pp.
Authors: Casesnoves Ferrer Raquel
Published: May 2016

Ressenya sobre el llibre de F. Xavier Vila & Vanessa Bretxa (eds.) Language Policy in Higher Education. The Case of Medium-Sized Languages, Bristol, Multilingual Matters, 2015, 218 pp.
Generation of terahertz hollow beams by a photonic quasi-crystal flat lens
Authors: Feng Bo , Liu Exian , Wang Ziming , Cai Weicheng , Liu Hongfei , Wang Shuo , Liang Taiyuan , Xiao Wei , Liu Jianjun
Published: May 2016

We have designed a decagonal photonic quasi-crystal (PQC) flat lens, which turns an incident terahertz (THz) plane wave into a hollow beam easily and flexibly. The features of the THz hollow beam can be controlled by varying the parameters of a point defect in the center of the lens, i.e., the PQC flat lens can be used as a flexible tool for THz optical captivity or optical tweezer. The results showing that an airy disk, whose mean beam width is similar to the incident wavelength and power-in-the-bucket (PIB) is more than 96%, can be generated in the far field.
Densification effects of the carbon nanotube pillar array on field-emission properties
Authors: Wang Kuang-Yu , Chou Chia-Hsin , Liao Chan-Yu , Li Yu-Ren , Cheng Huang-Chung
Published: May 2016

In this study, a simple densification method for carbon nanotube (CNT) pillars is proposed to achieve high-performance field emission characteristics and stable emission. Through capillary force during solution evaporation, the CNT density in each pillar can be increased by about six times without causing damage to the crystallinity of CNTs. The densified CNT pillars exhibit lower series resistance, sharper pillars, better contacts, higher thermal conductivity, and better mechanical stiffness than as-grown ones. Therefore, the threshold field of the field emitter with such CNT pillars of 50 µm height can be reduced to 1.98 V/µm, as compared with 2.2 V/µm for the undensified ones. Moreover, the fluctuation of field-emission current decreases from 15.5 to 9.4% after the stress tests at a field of 2 V/µm for 1800 s. These findings imply that the densified CNT pillars are promising for the field-emission applications.
Fabrication and optical property of metal nanowire arrays embedded in anodic porous alumina membrane
Authors: Takase Kouichi , Shimizu Tomohiro , Sugawa Kosuke , Aono Takashige , Shirai Yuma , Nishida Tomohiko , Shingubara Shoso
Published: May 2016

Nanowires embedded in nanopores are potentially tough against surface scraping and agglomeration. In this study, we have fabricated Au and Ni nanowires embedded into anodic porous alumina (APA) and investigated their reflectance to study the effects of surface plasmon absorption properties and conversion from solar energy to thermal energy. Au nanowires embedded into APA show typical gold surface plasmon absorption at approximately 530 nm. On the other hand, Ni nanowires show quite a low reflectance under 600 nm. In the temperature elevation test, both Au and Ni nanowire samples present the same capability to warm up water. It means that Ni nanowires embedded into APA have almost the same photothermal activity as Au nanowires.
Monitoring and analyses of substrate surface in first stages of graphene growth in plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Kawano Masahiro , Yamada Shunya , Hayashi Yasuaki
Published: May 2016

In situ ellipsometry was carried out as well as ex situ measurements by scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy for the analyses of substrate surface in the first stage of graphene growth in plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Evolutions of the ellipsometric parameters Ψ and Δ were precisely measured during the growth of graphene with the sensitivity far less than 1 nm in film thickness. By the fitting of the experimentally obtained trajectory of ellipsometric parameters on the Ψ–Δ coordinate plane to that of the calculated ones, we confirmed that the graphite volume fraction decreased with growth after a dense graphite material initially formed. This suggests that carbon nanowalls grew on a thin graphitic layer.
Book review: Marsh, Moira (2015). Practically Joking. Logan: Utah State University Press. 195 pp.
Authors: Brzozowska Dorota
Published: May 2016

Book review: Marsh, Moira (2015). Practically Joking. Logan: Utah State University Press. 195 pp.
Jokes optimise social norms, laughter synchronises social attitudes: an evolutionary hypothesis on the origins of humour
Authors: Polimeni Joseph
Published: May 2016

A prominent humour theory suggests that most jokes will violate a subjective moral principle. This paper explores the ramifications of Thomas Veatch’s social violations theory of humour, and hypothesizes that jokes tend to produce four distinct humour emotions, in a sequential manner. The final emotional response to a humorous stimulus involves an aesthetic judgement about the inference of the joke. Humour could therefore be a cognitive-emotional mechanism used to appraise social norms while laughter serves to signal appreciation for the social inferences associated with the joke. It is further proposed that the cognitive-emotional structure of humour implies an evolutionarily adaptive function.
Book review: Winter-Froemel, Esme and Zirker Angelika (eds.) (2015), Enjeux du jeu de mots. Perspectives linguistiques et littéraires [Stakes of wordplay. Linguistic and literary perspectives]. De Gruyter: Berlin/Boston.
Authors: Priego-Valverde Béatrice
Published: May 2016

Book review: Winter-Froemel, Esme and Zirker Angelika (eds.) (2015), Enjeux du jeu de mots. Perspectives linguistiques et littéraires [Stakes of wordplay. Linguistic and literary perspectives].  De Gruyter: Berlin/Boston.
Long-term oncologic outcomes of laparoscopic nephroureterectomy versus open nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Zhang Su , Luo You , Wang Cheng , Fu Sheng-Jun , Yang Li
Published: May 2016

Background.Several factors have been validated as predictors of disease recurrence in upper tract urothelial carcinoma. However, the oncological outcomes between different surgical approaches (open nephroureterectomy versus laparoscopic nephroureterectomy, ONU vs LNU) remain controversial. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the oncological outcomes associated with different surgical approaches.

Methods.We conducted an electronic search of the PubMed, Embase, ISI Web of Knowledge and Cochrane Library electronic databases through November 2015, screened the retrieved references, collected and evaluated the relevant information. We extracted and synthesized the corresponding hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) using Stata 13.

Results.Twenty-one observational studies were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The results of the meta-analysis showed no differences in the intravesical recurrence-free survival (IRFS), unspecified recurrence-free survival (UnRFS) and overall survival (OS) between LNUandONU. However, improvements in the extravesical recurrence free survival (ExRFS) and cancer specific survival (CSS) were observed inLNU. The pooled hazard ratios were 1.05 (95% CI [0.92–1.18]) for IRFS, 0.80 (95% CI [0.64–0.96]) for ExRFS, 1.10 (95% CI [0.93–1.28]) for UnRFS, 0.91 (95% CI [0.66–1.17]) for OS and 0.79 (95% CI [0.68–0.91]) for CSS.

Conclusion.Based on current evidence, LNU could provide equivalent prognostic effects for upper tract urothelial carcinoma, and had better oncological control of ExRFS and CSS compared to ONU. However, considering all eligible studies with the intrinsic bias of retrospective study design, the results should be interpreted with caution. Prospective randomized trials are needed to verify these results.
Victimización de Pares y Satisfacción con la Vida: La Influencia del Apoyo de Profesores y Compañeros de la Escuela
Authors: Villalobos-Parada Boris , Carrasco Claudia , Olavarría Dayana , Ortiz Sebastián , López Verónica , Oyarzún Denise , Ascorra Paula , Bilbao Ángeles , Morales Macarena , Álvarez Juan Pablo
Published: May 2016

La violencia entre pares afecta negativamente la salud mental de los estudiantes. La literatura señala que la satisfacción con la vida es uno de los factores que puede verse mayormente afectado. No obstante, pueden existir factores que atenúen estos efectos negativos. La presente investigación indagó en la influencia que tiene el apoyo de profesores y pares en la escuela sobre la satisfacción con la vida en estudiantes que reportan agresiones de sus pares. El estudio censal incluyó a 5.527 estudiantes de 4° a 8° grado de educación básica de 44 establecimientos municipales de una comuna de la Región de Valparaíso, Chile. Usando cuestionarios autoaplicados de la encuesta “La Convivencia en mi Escuela”, cuyos datos se analizaron usando modelos de ecuaciones estructurales, se encontró que el apoyo social de los profesores tiene un efecto más importante que el de los pares como mediador en la relación inversa entre victimización entre pares y satisfacción con la vida de los estudiantes. Estos hallazgos son discutidos respecto del papel mediador de los profesores en la victimización entre pares.
Achieving comparable uncertainty estimates with Kalman filters or linear smoothers for bathymetry data
Authors: Bourgeois Brian S. , Elmore Paul A. , Avera William E. , Zambo Samantha J.
Published: May 2016

This paper examines and contrasts two estimation methods, Kalman filtering and linear smoothing, for creating interpolated data products from bathymetry measurements. Using targeted examples, we demonstrate previously obscured behavior showing the dependence of linear smoothers on the spatial arrangement of the measurements, yielding markedly different estimation results than the Kalman filter. For bathymetry data, we have modified the variance estimates from both the Kalman filter and linear smoothers to obtain comparable estimators for dense data. These comparable estimators produce uncertainty estimates that have statistically insignificant differences via hypothesis testing. Achieving comparable estimation is accomplished by applying the “propagated uncertainty” concept and a numerical realization of Tobler's principle to the measurement data prior to the computation of the estimate. We show new mathematical derivations for these modifications. In addition, we show test results with (a) synthetic data and (b) gridded bathymetry in the area of the Scripps and La Jolla Canyons. Our tenfold cross‐validation for case (b) shows that the modified equations create comparable uncertainty for both gridding algorithms with null hypothesis acceptance rates of greater than 99.95% of the data points. In contrast, bilinear interpolation has 10 times the amount of rejection. We then discuss how the uncertainty estimators are, in principle, applicable to interpolate geophysical data other than bathymetry.
Modeling of ocean‐induced ice melt rates of five west Greenland glaciers over the past two decades
Authors: Rignot E. , Xu Y. , Menemenlis D. , Mouginot J. , Scheuchl B. , Li X. , Morlighem M. , Seroussi H. , den Broeke M. van , Fenty I. , Cai C. , An L. , Fleurian B. de
Published: May 2016

High‐resolution, three‐dimensional simulations from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology general circulation model ocean model are used to calculate the subaqueous melt rate of the calving faces of Umiamako, Rinks, Kangerdlugssup, Store, and Kangilerngata glaciers, west Greenland, from 1992 to 2015. Model forcing is from monthly reconstructions of ocean state and ice sheet runoff. Results are analyzed in combination with observations of bathymetry, bed elevation, ice front retreat, and glacier speed. We calculate that subaqueous melt rates are 2–3 times larger in summer compared to winter and doubled in magnitude since the 1990s due to enhanced subglacial runoff and 1.6 ± 0.3°C warmer ocean temperature. Umiamako and Kangilerngata retreated rapidly in the 2000s when subaqueous melt rates exceeded the calving rates and ice front retreated to deeper bed elevation. In contrast, Store, Kangerdlugssup, and Rinks have remained stable because their subaqueous melt rates are 3–4 times lower than their calving rates, i.e., the glaciers are dominated by calving processes.
Ice flow dynamics and mass loss of Totten Glacier, East Antarctica, from 1989 to 2015
Authors: Li Xin , Rignot Eric , Mouginot Jeremie , Scheuchl Bernd
Published: May 2016

Totten Glacier has the largest ice discharge in East Antarctica and a basin grounded mostly below sea level. Satellite altimetry data have revealed ice thinning in areas of fast flow. Here we present a time series of ice velocity measurements spanning from 1989 to 2015 using Landsat and interferometric synthetic‐aperture radar data, combined with ice thickness from Operation IceBridge, and surface mass balance from Regional Atmospheric Climate Model. We find that the glacier speed exceeded its balance speed in 1989–1996, slowed down by 11 ± 12% in 2000 to bring its ice flux in balance with accumulation (65 ± 4 Gt/yr), then accelerated by 18 ± 3% until 2007, and remained constant thereafter. The average ice mass loss (7 ± 2 Gt/yr) is dominated by ice dynamics (73%). Its acceleration (0.6 ± 0.3 Gt/yr2) is dominated by surface mass balance (80%). Ice velocity apparently increased when ocean temperature was warmer, which suggests a linkage between ice dynamics and ocean temperature.
Flexible Plasmonic Metasurfaces with User‐Designed Patterns for Molecular Sensing and Cryptography
Authors: Liu Xiangjiang , Wang Jiajun , Tang Longhua , Xie Lijuan , Ying Yibin
Published: May 2016

Flexible plasmonic metasurfaces have garnered considerable attention because the material's mechanical flexibility enables new functionalities and integrated applications. Here, by adopting low‐cost materials and simple techniques, we demonstrate a method of fabricating large flexible metasurfaces with arbitrary user‐designed iridescent patterns. These naked‐eye recognizable patterns together with their excellent plasmonic activities have yielded new functionalities and novel applications. Demonstrations include plasmonic sensing, reflective displays, developing new encryption strategies and integrated devices, etc. Moreover, the low fabrication cost (<US$ 0.03 cm−2) would enable the practical use of the material. The metasurface can even be fashioned into an innovative, multifunctional medical ID bracelet. We believe our flexible plasmonic metafilm will inspire the fabrication of many novel applications and open up new horizons in various fields.
Reinventing Butyl Rubber for Stretchable Electronics
Authors: Vohra Akhil , Filiatrault Heather L. , Amyotte Stanley D. , Carmichael R. Stephen , Suhan Natalie D. , Siegers Conrad , Ferrari Lorenzo , Davidson Gregory J. E. , Carmichael Tricia Breen
Published: May 2016

The development of stretchable electronic devices that are soft and conformable has relied heavily on a single material—polydimethylsiloxane—as the elastomeric substrate. Although polydimethylsiloxane has a number of advantageous characteristics, its high gas permeability is detrimental to stretchable devices that use materials sensitive to oxygen and water vapor, such as organic semiconductors and oxidizable metals. Failing to protect these materials from atmosphere‐induced decomposition leads to premature device failure; therefore, it is imperative to develop elastomers with gas barrier properties that enable stretchable electronics with practical lifetimes. Here, butyl rubber—a material with an intrinsically low gas permeability traditionally used in the innerliners of tires to maintain air pressure—is reinvented for stretchable electronics. This new material is smooth and optically transparent, possesses the low gas permeability typical of butyl rubber, and vastly outperforms polydimethylsiloxane as an encapsulating barrier to prevent the atmospheric degradation of sensitive electronic materials and the premature failure of functioning organic devices. The merits of transparent butyl rubber presented here position this material as an important counterpart to polydimethylsiloxane that will enable future generation stretchable electronics.