bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Актуальные направления научно-методического сопровождения этнокультурного образования в Амурской области
Authors: Вакуленко О.Б. , Москоленко Е.В.
Published: July 2021

Одним из шагов по повышению доступа коренных малочисленных народов Севера к образовательным услугам является модернизация системы образования в Амурской области. Образовательная деятельность ведѐтся на основании преемственности в возрождении национальной культуры, оснащаются современным оборудованием образовательные организации, издаются учебно-методические материалы обеспечивающие реализацию прав граждан на получение образования на родном языке.
Игровые технологии на уроках английского языка
Authors: Давыдова Л.Г.
Published: July 2021

В статье затронуты вопросы и технологии эффективной методики преподавания на уроках английского языка, допустимые к применению и на других уроках. Геймификация на уроках дает возможность к творческой постановке задач, обратной связи, творчеству.
Особенности ценностных ориентаций старших подростков
Authors: Карачун Е.А.
Published: July 2021

Статья посвящена исследованию ценностных ориентаций старших подростков, дается понятие ценностных ориентаций, описывается исследование, направленное на изучение ценностных ориентаций учащихся старшего подросткового возраста.
Сквозные технологии Национальной технологической инициативы в дополнительном образовании
Authors: Ламанова Л.А.
Published: July 2021

В статье рассмотрены возможности внедрения передовых производственных технологий в условиях дополнительного образования, созданного в структуре университета или института. Приведены примеры практических заданий, которые могут быть ориентированы на рынки Национальной технологической инициативы. Статья будет интересна специалистам и педагогическому сообществу дополнительного образования, так и для сотрудников других типов образовательных организаций.
Семейная история, как фактор гражданско-патриотического воспитания и формирования национальной идентичности
Authors: Степанченко В.И.
Published: July 2021

В статье рассмотрены вопросы гражданско-патриотического воспитания и формирование национальной идентичности на примере конкретной семьи и казачьей общественной организации, и еѐ родословной. Приведены примеры активной жизненной позиции.
Задачи динамического управления рисками предприятий наукоемких отраслей
Authors: Ванюрихин Ф.Г.
Published: July 2021

В статье рассматриваются перспективные направления риск-менеджмента на предприятиях наукоемких отраслей народного хозяйства базирующиеся на широком применении творческих методов принятия решений и усовершенствованных технологий управления.
Механизм выхода и адаптации ТНК на российском рынке: методические указания для ТНК, оперирующей на рынке шинной продукции
Authors: Кузина Т.Д.
Published: July 2021

В статье рассматривается базовый механизм адаптации транснациональных корпораций к текущим российским условиям хозяйствования как принимающей страны, а также рассмотрен подробно алгоритм действий адаптационного процесса ТНК, оперирующей на рынке шинной продукции. В результате практического применения данного алгоритма, в частности анализа экономических отечественных условий, были выявлены конкретные инструменты адаптации корпорации Continental AG при выходе на российский рынок.
Особенности словесно-логического мышления дошкольников с общим недоразвитием речи
Authors: Трофимова А.Г. , Толстикова О.Н.
Published: July 2021

В статье представлен теоретический аспект проблемы изучения словеснологического мышления у дошкольников с общим недоразвитием речи. Рассматривается методология, методики экспериментального исследования особенностей словеснологического мышления у детей с общим недоразвитием речи в сравнении с дошкольниками с нормальным речевым развитием. Описываются возрастные особенности и уровни сформированности словесно-логического мышления у данной категории детей.
Мотивационный уровень языковой личности Николеньки Иртеньева – главного героя повести «Детство» Л.Н. Толстого
Authors: Давлетова Т.А.
Published: July 2021

В соответствии с классификацией речевых интенций В.В. Воробьѐва в повести Л.Н. Толстого «Детство» можно выделить следующие речевые интенции: 1. Собственно речевые интенции, характерные для речевого взаимодействия, отражающие различные этапы общения. 2. Воздействующие (побудительные) речевые интенции, выражающие побуждение собеседника к совершению или несовершению какого-либо действия. 3. Информирующие речевые интенции, служащие для того, чтобы передать собеседнику или узнать у него определенную информацию. 4. Эмоционально-оценочные речевые интенции, выражающие определенное отношение, эмоции Николеньки, вызванные каким-либо событием. 5. Конвенциональные (этикетные) речевые интенции, связанные с общественным поведением людей и их взаимодействием. Мотивационный уровень включает также обзор системы прецедентных текстов, которые также присутствуют в анализируемой повести.
Сюита для оркестра d-moll С. В. Рахманинова. Начало пути
Authors: Шаталова А.А.
Published: July 2021

В статье рассматривается консерваторское сочинение С. В. Рахманинова Сюита для оркестра d-moll как начало пути творческого поиска воплощения концепционной идеи композитора. Автором обращается внимание на способы и методы работы с музыкальным материалом цикла; особенности тематизма и его развитие на протяжении всего произведения; фактурную работу и ее связь с развитием музыкальной ткани.
Independent Predictors of One-Month Mortality in Patients with Intracranial Hemorrhage; a Cohort study
Authors: Kariman Hamid , Babadi Behnam , Raofi Masomeh , Safari Saeed
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Predicting the outcome is one of the most frequent and important issues when approaching patients with intracranial hemorrhage (ICH).
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the correlation of SUSPEKT score variables plus electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities with one-month mortality of patients with ICH presenting to emergency department (ED).
Methods: In this cohort study, adult patients presenting to the EDs of three educational hospitals, during one year, were followed and their one-month mortality rate as well as independent predictors of outcome among the variables of SUSPEKT score plus electrocardiography findings were evaluated.
Results: One hundred seventy-seven patients with the mean age of 63.07±14.89 years were studied (59.9%). The most common locations of intra-parenchymal hemorrhage were basal ganglia (53.7%) and cortex (36.2%). Ninety-two (52.0%) of cases had at least one ECG abnormality. The most frequent ECG abnormalities were ST segment depression (20.3%), T wave inversion (16.4%), and left ventricular hypertrophy (14.7%). Thirty (16.9%) cases died during the 30-day follow-up. Survived and non-survived cases were significantly different regarding the location of intra-parenchymal hemorrhage (p < 0.0001), presence of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) (p = 0.007), ST segment elevation (p < 0.0001), bradycardia (p < 0.0001), tachycardia (p < 0.0001), arterial fibrillation (p < 0.0001), blood sugar (p = 0.044), and serum level of potassium (p = 0.022).
Conclusions: The location of hemorrhage (basal ganglia), higher blood sugar, and presence of ECG abnormalities (ST segment elevation, tachycardia, bradycardia, atrial fibrillation) were among the independent predictors of one-month mortality of ICH patients in this study.
The Disputable Discourse on Accuracy and Effectiveness of PGT-A in Light of Advancements in Genetic Tools
Authors: Sadeghi Mohammad Reza
Published: July 2021

The article's abstract is not available.
The Association of Kinetic Variables with Blastocyst Development and Ploidy Status
Authors: Pennetta Francesca , Lagalla Cristina , Sciajno Raffaella , Tarozzi Nicoletta , Nadalini Marco , Zacà Carlotta , Coticchio Giovanni , Borini Andrea
Published: July 2021

Background: Despite a plethora of studies conducted so far, a debate is still unresolved as to whether TLM can identify predictive kinetic biomarkers or algorithms universally applicable. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate if there is a relationship between kinetic variables and ploidy status of human embryos or blastocyst developmental potential.
Methods: For conducting this retrospective cohort study, the normal distribution of data was verified using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test with the Lilliefors’ amendment and the Shapiro-Wilk test. Kinetic variables were expressed as median and quartiles (Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4). Mann-Whitney U-test was used to compare the median values of parameters. Univariate and multiple logistic regression models were used to assess relationship between blastocyst developmental potential or ploidy status and kinetics. Several confounding factors were also assessed.
Results: Blastocyst developmental potential was positively correlated with the t4-t3 interval (s2) (OR=1.417, 95% CI of 1.288-1.560). s2 median value was significantly different between high- and low-quality blastocysts (0.50 and 1.33 hours post-insemination, hpi, respectively; p=0.003). In addition, timing of pronuclear appearance (tPNa) (OR=1.287; 95% CI of 1.131-1.463) had a significant relationship with ploidy changes. The median value of tPNa was statistically different (p=0.03) between euploid and aneuploid blastocysts (Euploid blastocysts=8.9 hpi; aneuploid blastocysts=10.3 hpi). 
Conclusion: The present findings are in line with the study hypothesis that kinetic analysis may reveal associations between cleavage patterns and embryo development to the blastocyst stage and ploidy status.
Implementation of Web-Enhanced Course-Based Virtual Reality for Entrepreneurship Learning to Create Islamic Social Entrepreneur in The New Normal
Authors: Kusdiyanti Heny , Nurruddin Zanky Mokhammad , Febrianto Indra , Wijaya Robby
Published: July 2021

The aim of this research was to develop interactive learning media by using web- enhanced and virtual reality technology, in order to promote young entrepreneurship in this new normal era. A descriptive approach was used and data were collected from teachers and students. The media that was developed can change the economic behavior and lifestyle of high school students through promoting profitable entrepreneurial activities. The results showed that teacher competence was increased. There are several components of the implementation process, such as the delivery of material, interaction with the material, interaction with a teacher, interaction with other students, and intra-action. The results showed that the implementation of the learning media increased teacher and student activity in entrepreneurship learning. The results were shared with other researchers and the government to encourage them to participate and take initiative to implement entrepreneurship learning by using this technology.
Keywords: Disruptive Learning, MSME’s, Virtual Reality, Web-Enhanced
The Effect of a Celebrity Endorser on Purchase Interest through Brand Image
Authors: Masato Eldrin , . Sopiah
Published: July 2021

In facing the fierce competition between shampoo products, P&G features Lionel Messi as its celebrity endorser. Lionel Messi is well-known by the public. He promotes Head & Shoulders products, can be understood by consumers and suggests that Head & Shoulders shampoos help to overcome various problems experienced by consumers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the direct and indirect effects of a celebrity endorser on purchase interest through brand image, and the role of brand image as a mediating variable between a celebrity endorser and purchase interest. The research sample consisted of 329 participants. This was descriptive and explanatory research, which used a quantitative approach. Data were analyzed using PLS-SEM. The results were: (1) the celebrity endorser had a significantly positive influence on the purchase interest and brand image of Head & Shoulders shampoo products; (2) brand image had a significantly positive influence on the purchase interest of Head & Shoulders shampoo products; (3) brand image mediates the influence of the celebrity endorser on the purchase interest of Head & Shoulders shampoo products.
Keywords: celebrity endorser, purchase interest, brand image
Strategic Entrepreneurship: Integrating Entrepreneurial and Strategic Management Perspectives, a Case Study at Pesantren Tebuireng Jombang, East Java
Authors: Arifyanto A Fakhri , Salim Ubud , . Sudjatno , . Rofiaty
Published: July 2021

This study examines Pesantren (Islamic boarding schools) as institutions of education and religion, especially during the global and digital era. A central question concerns how Pesantren position themselves as traditional religious schools or follow the process of modernization, for example by enhancing their curriculum and changing their governance. This depends on the management model and leadership applied by the kyai (religious leader) in Pesantren in response to the changing era. In general, the leadership of Pesantren still adopt a centralized and hierarchical pattern placing the kyai as their central figure. A kyai with charismatic attainment organizes the Pesantren using his skills and knowledge. Research on the role of entrepreneurial and strategic leadership of kyais in Pesantren has been fragmented. This paper therefore examines the significance of the entrepreneurial leadership role of Kyai Salahudin Wahid in cultivating the transformational and entrepreneurial leadership spirit of Pesantren Tebuireng Jombang. The conceptual framework is focused on the development of a strategic human resources management framework which is then extended into the context of Pesantren, entrepreneurial leadership, and a strategic management perspective.
Keywords: Strategic Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurial Leadership, Pesantren, Kyai
Destination Branding: Perceived Sacredness and Spiritual Tourism in Indonesia Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Tamitiadini Dian , Hapsari Raditha Dwi Vata , Hussein Ananda Sabil
Published: July 2021

All industrial sectors such as tourism have been affected by the outbreak of COVID-19. Struggling with the current crisis, spiritual tourism that is inseparable with physical experience, cultural, and religious practices should re-manage their destination branding activity through an intensive communication process. This research aimed to update the destination branding literature by applying a qualitative research method. It explored the concept of perceived sacredness as the basic element of spiritual tourism, which has an important role in retaining the existence of spiritual destination. Narratives from the visitors of spiritual destinations who were involved in the focus group discussions were interpreted by generating the meanings of the perspectives while using the context of recent communication and management research. The study identified eight criteria of perceived sacredness. Physical entities of spiritual destination included area, building, location, and tangible artefacts or objects which are dominantly considered to define sacredness in Indonesian spiritual tourism. Furthermore, this research elaborated on the perceived sacredness criteria with the current destination brand communication to deliver an adaptation strategy for spiritual tourism in the time of COVID-19.
Keywords: Destination Branding, Tourism Communication, Generating of Meaning, Spiritual Tourism
Thiol-Disulphide Homoeostasis in COVID-19: Evaluation of its Relationship with Complete Blood Count Parameters
Authors: ŞEKEROĞLU Mehmet Ramazan , ÇOKLUK Erdem , YAYLACI Selcuk , ERDEM Ali Fuat , TUNCER Fatıma Betül , DHEİR Hamad , GÜÇLÜ Ertuğrul , ÖĞÜTLÜ Aziz , ÇEKİÇ Deniz , AYDIN Abdülkadir , SERİNKAN CİNEMRE Fatma Behice
Published: July 2021

Objective: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between thiol-disulfide homoeostasis and hemogram parameters in COVID-19 patients.

Methods: Total thiol(TT), Native thiol(NT), dynamic disulfide status(DDS), DDS/NT, DDS/TT, NT/TT ratio and CBC parameters were analyzed in 68 patients with positive COVID-19 and 31 healthy individuals.

Results: TT, NT, DD, hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were higher in the control group than in patient groups. TT, NT, DD and lymphocyte levels of COVID-19 patients treated in medical floor were higher than those treated in intensive care unit; WBC, neutrophil and NLR were low(P
Small area quantile estimation based on distribution function using linear mixed models
Authors: Stachurski Tomasz
Published: July 2021

In economic studies researchers are often interested in the estimation of the distribution function or certain functions of the distribution function such as quantiles. This work focuses on the estimation quantiles as inverses of the estimates of the distribution function in the presence of auxiliary information that is correlated with the study variable. In the paper a plug-in estimator of the distribution function is proposed which is used to obtain quantiles in the population and in the small areas. Performance of the proposed method is compared with other estimators of the distribution function and quantiles using the simulation study. The obtained results show that the proposed method usually has smaller relative biases and relative RMSE comparing to other methods of obtaining quantiles based on inverting the distribution function.
Collective Labour Rights of Self-Employed Persons on the Example of Spain: is There any Lesson for Poland?
Authors: Tyc Aneta
Published: July 2021

This paper aims to analyse collective labour rights of both “classic” selfemployed persons and economically dependent self-employed workers under the Spanish Statute of Self-Employed Workers (Ley 20/2007 del Estatuto del Trabajo Autónomo). The author applies comparative analysis and critical reasoning with a view to answering the questions: is the scope of protection wide enough, and can Poland draw a lesson from it? The paper presents evidence that demonstrates that among all self-employed workers, only economically dependent self-employed workers are granted the right to bargain collectively. However, findings suggest that in practice, collective bargaining is stymied mainly because it takes place only at the enterprise level, and because the number of economically dependent self-employed workers is minimal. The paper concludes that collective labour rights under the Statute of Self-Employed Workers could be better protected (especially as regards “classic” self-employed persons). On the other hand, however, in Poland, the lack of any criteria that would enable a diversification of the scope of collective rights granted to self-employed persons is subject to criticism. It appears that in some areas the legislator should differentiate the scope of protection. The criterion of economic dependence, which exists in Spanish law, could be successfully used for this purpose.
“La Terra promessa della fiaccona”. Stereotipi e rappresentazioni dell’italianità in „Occhi e nasi” di Carlo Collodi
Authors: Ponti Paola
Published: July 2021

L’onorevole Cenè Tanti è il capitolo conclusivo della terza edizione di Occhi e nasi (Ricordi dal vero), pubblicata per i tipi di Paggi nel 1884. La descrizione del deputato “che non va alla Camera” ricorre nell’opera giornalistica di Collodi e riflette alcuni stereotipi propri dell’italianità, quali l’ozio e l’attitudine a mancare alla parola data. Collodi ricorre a una scrittura fortemente umoristica, contrae debiti con la moda francese delle physiologies e crea un gioco di rimandi intertestuali alla trattatistica del Risorgimento, alla cronaca a lui coeva e, infine, alle sue opere per ragazzi, soprattutto Giannettino (1877) e Le avventure di Pinocchio (1883). Attraverso questo complesso insieme di rimandi, lo scrittore mette a fuoco un’immagine critica e disincantata dell’Italia postunitaria che mostra ancora oggi tratti di attualità.
Alfredo Oriani, una visione contesa dell’italianità
Authors: Kowalik Katarzyna
Published: July 2021

Il testo si propone come rassegna delle informazioni sulla produzione letteraria di Alfredo Oriani (1852–1909), scrittore, giornalista e pensatore italiano le cui idee, nonostante un’incoerenza cronologica, furono interpretate da Benito Mussolini come appoggio intellettuale all’ideologia fascista. L’autore romagnolo, dopo numerosi tentativi falliti di attirare l’attenzione del pubblico e della critica letteraria con i suoi romanzi, si dedicò al lavoro storiografico che servì a corroborare il “mito del precursore”. Il punto di riferimento per le considerazioni su Oriani è sempre, oltre all’indiscutibile aspetto biografico, la delusione provocata dagli ideali traditi del Risorgimento e della realtà dell’Italia post-unitaria. Nell’articolo si cercherà di ricostruire la fortuna letteraria di Oriani nel contesto degli avvenimenti politici del ventesimo secolo che hanno contribuito alla nascita di un caso letterario eccezionale per la storia d’Italia.
Doświadczanie włoskości w filmie „Ostatnie prosecco hrabiego Ancillotto” w reżyserii Antonia Padovana
Authors: Gajak-Toczek Małgorzata
Published: July 2021

Autorka artykułu, posługując się często stosowaną w badaniach literaturoznawczych kategorią doświadczenia, przedstawia sposoby obrazowania i doświadczania włoskości w filmie Ostatnie prosecco hrabiego Ancillotto Antonia Padovana. Zalicza do nich typowe dla Włochów przywiązanie do stron rodzinnych (natura Wenecji Euganejskiej jest niezbędnym tłem dla interesującej widzów fabuły), współtworzące jakość relacji ze światem i drugim człowiekiem oraz sposoby definiowania własnego Ja (campanilismo). Za znaczący dla wyrażania tego, co składa się na pojęcie włoskości, autorka uznaje również dialog z dziedzictwem kulturowym (renesansowe płótna Cimy da Conegliano, film Pietra Germiego Panie i panowie oraz konwencja giallo, popularnych we Włoszech powieści kryminalnych, posiadających żółte okładki). Analiza życia głównego bohatera, wielkich i małych spraw jego codzienności pozwala z kolei na podkreślenie zarówno tych elementów, które potwierdzają realizację cech właściwych dla Włochów jako zbiorowości (m.in. idea dolce far niente, rodzinna atmosfera, docenianie jej znaczenia dla kształtowania osobowości człowieka, jego więzi ze światem przeszłości i teraźniejszości), jak też wyeksponowanie tego, co w wizji reżysera stanowi polemikę z powielanymi powszechnie stereotypami, (m.in. życiowa zaradność, posiadanie ustosunkowanych znajomych, ułatwiające rozwiazywanie życiowych problemów).
Antonio Canova e il ritratto di Henryk Lubomirski tra scritture private e pubblicistica d’arte
Authors: Cardillo Maria
Published: July 2021

Il contributo intende far luce sulla genesi del ritratto scultoreo di Henryk Lubomirski come Amore realizzato da Antonio Canova su commissione di Elżbieta Czartoryska Lubomirska nella primavera del 1786 a Roma. Molti dettagli si apprendono dalle fonti documentarie quali le annotazioni private dell’artista edite con il titolo di Scritti, nei quali l’artista raccontava in modo conciso la sua attività artistica, dalle biografie coeve o di poco posteriori e dal periodo romano “Memorie per le belle arti” (1785–1788).
Pengaruh Persepsi Peserta Didik Atas Penggunaan Media Pembelajaran pada Masa Pandemi dan Motivasi Terhadap Prestasi Belajar IPS di PKBM Negeri 16 Rawasari
Authors: Oktafiana Shinta
Published: July 2021

Abstract This study aims to determine the effect of student perception’s on the use of learning media during the pandemic and the motivation towards social studies learning achievement in public PKBM 16 Rawasari . Data analysis used multiple linear regression. Respondents were all students of the Paket B. The research instrument used was a questionnaire and the results of the 2020 module 3 exam. The results of hypothesis testing obtained the following conclusions:, 1) there is a significant effect of student participation’s on the use of learning media during the pandemic and motivation together towards social studies learning achievement, 2) there is a significant effect of student perception’s on the use of learning media during the pandemic toward social studies learning achievement, and 3) there is a significant effect of motivation toward social studies achievement.Keywords: Student Perception’s on the use of learning media, motivation, and sosial studies learning achievement

Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh persepsi peserta didik atas penggunaan media pembelajaran pada masa pandemi dan motivasi terhadap prestasi belajar IPS di PKBM Negeri 16 Rawasari. Analisis data menggunakan regresi linier berganda. Responden dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh peserta didik program kesetaraan paket B. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan adalah angket dan hasil ujian modul 3 tahun 2020. Hasil pengujian hipotesis diperoleh kesimpulan sebagai berikut: 1) terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan persepsi siswa atas penggunaan media pembelajaran dan motivasi secara bersama-sama terhadap prestasi belajar IPS, 2) terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan persepsi siswa atas penggunaan media pembelajaran terhadap prestasi belajar IPS, dan 3) terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan motivasi terhadap prestasi belajar IPS.Kata Kunci: Persepsi Siswa atas Media Pembelajaran, Motivasi, dan prestasi belajar IPS
Comparison of structural and operational parameters of selected Euro 6 engines used in long distance commercial vehicles
Authors: PIERNIKARSKI Dariusz
Published: July 2021

The article presents the most important technical solutions used in heavy duty diesel engines powering commercial vehicles – namely tractors – that meet the requirements of the Euro 6 norm. A comparative analysis of selected structural and operational parameters was also made on the example of engines with typical displacement close to 13 dm3 used in long-distance tractors.
Heavy fuel engines
Authors: DUTCZAK Jerzy
Published: July 2021

The principle of operation and chosen examples of construction of SI engines designed to be powered with aviation fuel (Heavy Fuel Engines – HFE) have been presented in the article. Contemporary solutions of the HFE combustion system constitute the further development of a patent of an Australian company Orbital working in the field of two-stroke SI engines. Engines of this type, characterized by low weight and low value of specific fuel consumption, are used among others for the propulsion of drones (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles – UAV), where range and endurance are essential parameters. That is also a practical realization of the military logistical concept of using a "single fuel in the battlefield".
Combustion characteristics of a spark-ignited split-cycle engine fuelled with methane
Authors: CAMERON Iain , SOBIESIAK Andrzej
Published: July 2021

This paper begins with a brief introduction to the operating principles of a split-cycle engine that utilizes a valved, intermediary volume to connect the two engine cylinders. Results from experimental testing of the engine fueled with pure methane are presented with a particular emphasis on the combustion duration and phasing. Two different methods of analysing the combustion duration – the mass fraction burn (MFB) and normalized pressure ratio (PRN) – are given. Testing was performed at wide open throttle (WOT) for engine speeds ranging from 850–1200 rpm, and air-fuel equivalence ratios from 0.8–1.0. The results indicate that the main combustion duration is very rapid for all conditions tested, despite late combustion phasing. Changes in spark timing were shown to have a considerable impact on IMEP but did not greatly effect the burn duration. Cyclic variability of IMEP was found to be less than 4% for all cases, except when operation was leaner than ø = 0.85, indicating good combustion stability.
Effects of spark assist on HCCI combustion
Authors: HUNICZ Jacek , GĘCA Michał , KORDOS Paweł , MEDINA Alejandro
Published: July 2021

HCCI (homogeneous charge compression ignition) combustion is initiated by compression temperature and is independent of spark discharge. However, spark discharge can be applied under certain conditions to achieve hybrid combustion, where combustion by flame propagation is followed by auto-ignition of the unburned mixture. Spark assist can be applied to improve combustion stability at low loads or to reduce pressure rise rates under high load regime. In the current study variable spark ignition timing was applied for stoichiometric HCCI combustion, achieved using negative valve overlap technique. Under investigated conditions increase of nitrogen oxides emissions, due to flame propagation, was not observed. To provide more insight into combustion evolution, double Wiebe function was fitted to experimental heat release rates. It was found that only less than 10% of mixture was burned by flame propagation, even for very advanced spark discharge.
Effects of fuel tracing on nanoparticles from a Diesel engine
Authors: CZERWINSKI Jan , MAYER Andreas , WICHSER Adrian
Published: July 2021

Nanoparticles from a HD-Diesel engine and their composition were investigated in the present paper. Three variants of fuel additivities were applied to allow the balances of certain tracer-substances after the tests: 2% of additives-free lube oil; 2% of market lube oil with additive package and Fe-based regeneration additive (FBC) with 40 ppm Fe. The analysed SMPS particle size distributions indicated that by blending of the market lube oil to the fuel the combined effects of metals or metal oxides from the additive packages and of the heavy HC’s from the lube oil matrix contribute the most to the increase of nuclei mode. From the masses of Fe, Zn and Ca, which were introduced with the fuel, only parts were found as integral masses at all ELPI-stages – Fe 43.5%, Zn 36.6%, Ca 65.5%. The majority of mass of some metals, or metal oxides emissions on ELPI-stages (up to 80%) is in the size ranges below 100 nm.
Conception of gear ratios selection between the engine and the electric machine in the hybrid drive systems
Authors: ROMANISZYN Kazimierz M.
Published: July 2021

Modern vehicles with hybrid combustion-electric drive systems are an important element in the strategy for reducing fuel consumption and emissions of exhaust gas components. Determinant of the use and development is to achieve substantial benefits in terms of classical powertrain vehicles equipped with internal combustion engines. This paper presents the concept of kinematic ratio selection between the engine and the electric machine. This concept is based on the analysis of the internal combustion engine load caused by the resistances of motion and the best possible assessment of the additional load caused by the operation of the generator. It is proposed that the energy transferred to the generator was taken in a most preferred area of the engine performance characteristics and generator by changing kinematic ratio between the engine and the generator. The described concept can also be used for the recovery of vehicles braking energy.
The influence of applying a layer of carbon nanotubes on the piston bearing surface on friction losses
Authors: ISKRA Antoni , BABIAK Maciej , KAŁUŻNY Jarosław
Published: July 2021

The paper presents results of testing the resistance to motion of pistons whose bearing surface was coated with a layer of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). A part of this paper was devoted to the problems of applying a layer of nanotubes on the surface of an aluminum alloy, which is the most common material used for pistons. Obtaining a layer of nanotubes of a very narrow margin of tolerance was a difficult technological problem to overcome. A standard process of growing a layer of nanotubes leads to corrosion damage of the side surface of pistons; therefore, new technologies were developed which allow for obtaining a permanent layer of nanotubes less than 5 microns thick. Pistons with the bearing surface coated with a layer of nanotubes were mounted to the engine, and then measurements of the moment of momentary resistance to motion were performed. Also capturing phases of the engine work cycles in which the layer of nanotubes gives the best results seems to be possible. At present, long-term research is being carried out in order to determine the degree of the risk of exfoliation of the layer of CNT under the conditions of high mechanical and thermal loads.
Experimental research on filtering fibers in a cyclone–porous barrier system
Authors: DZIUBAK Tadeusz , SZWEDKOWICZ Sebastian
Published: July 2021

Properties of filtering materials used as porous barriers in air cleaners of motor vehicles have been analyzed in the paper. Relations that determine the filter life have been analyzed and the coefficient of dust absorption km of the filtering material has been determined. Methodology of research has been presented of a study air filter element made of filtering fiber used as a second filtering stage downstream of a single continuous cyclone. The results of the investigations into the characteristics of efficiency, accuracy and drag of the filtering fiber for different filtering rates have been discussed. Dust absorption coefficients km have been determined. Changes in the granulometric composition of dust downstream of the investigated filtering element have been presented. Benefits resulting from the application of a two-stage air filtering method have been indicated.
Combination of LNT and SCR for NOx reduction in passenger car applications
Authors: MAUNULA Teuvo
Published: July 2021

The removal of NOx and particulate emissions in light-duty diesel vehicles will require the use of aftertreatment methods like Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF) and Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) with urea and Lean NOx Trap (LNT) (Euro 6 and beyond). A new concept is the combination of LNT + SCR, which enables on-board synthesis of ammonia (NH3), which reacts with NOx on the SCR catalyst. The main application for this kind system will be lighter passenger cars, where LNTs may be used instead of full urea-SCR system. That particular combinatory system was investigated by developing platinum (Pt) and rhodium (Rh) containing LNTs and SCR catalysts in this study. In the use conditions, the maximum temperature may reach temperatures up to 800 °C and NOx reduction reactions should proceed without NO2 assistance in the SCR position after LNT and DPF. PtRh/LNT with the total loadings of 85 g/cft (2.8 g/L) and higher resulted in a high NOx efficiency above 80–90% with a broad operation window in the laboratory simulations. In the experimental conditions, a higher NH3 concentration after LNT was essential to simulate well the operation of SCR catalysts. The developed Cu-SCR catalyst showed a high hydrothermal durability up to the ageing temperature of 800 °C and a wide operation window without the NO2 assistance (NO only in feed). Fe-SCR and V-SCR catalysts were more dependent on NO2. A studied concept had an air injection after LNT to keep SCR condition always in lean side, where the SCR reaction was promoted by oxygen resulting in high reduction selectivity to nitrogen (N2) without NH3 emissions. The simulations in reaction conditions and system design resulted in the proposals for the optimal design and main reaction mechanism in DOC + DPF + LNT + SCR systems.
A concept of a turbocharger test stand
Authors: IDZIOR Marek , KARPIUK Wojciech , BIELIŃSKI Maciej , BOROWCZYK Tomasz , DASZKIEWICZ Paweł , STOBNICKI Paweł
Published: July 2021

The paper presents selected possibilities of vehicle turbocharger testing using an exhaust gas generator (based on a passenger vehicle) designed in the laboratory on the engine test bed. An outline of the range of turbocharger testing, the design and main characteristics of the test stand have been described. Several validation tests have been presented in terms of the technical parameters, operativeness, and functionality. Basic parameters of the engine have been analyzed that have impact on the turbocharger speed.
Problems of exhaust gas emission of modernized diesel locomotives operating in Poland
Authors: STAWECKI Włodzimierz , MARCINIAK Zygmunt , PIELECHA Ireneusz , PIELECHA Jacek
Published: July 2021

This article presents the analysis of emissivity of diesel locomotives operating in Poland. In the last years a significant part of the rail vehicles have been subjected to remotorization consisting in replacement of the combustion engine with the new generation model. This leads to the reduction of toxic constituents emission of exhaust gases from the railway vehicles. The analysis was conducted bearing in mind the histograms of locomotives loads in normal work conditions. It allowed to assess the ecological benefits of these engines during their operation.
A proposal of a description of the operating conditions of diesel-electric locomotives
Authors: KORTAS Paweł , KROPIWNICKI Jacek
Published: July 2021

The paper presents a proposal of a description of the operating conditions of diesel-electric locomotives. The proposal is a result of the operational experience and the analysis of the locomotive operation. It constitutes a significant simplification in relation to the descriptions currently used by domestic carriers. The paper also presents examples of analyses of the operating conditions of locomotives using the proposed method.
Design factors affecting the formation of the air-fuel mixture and the process of combustion in compression ignition engines
Authors: STANIK Winicjusz , JAKÓBIEC Janusz , WĄDRZYK Mariusz
Published: July 2021

The paper provides information on the research and development works related to the design of diesel engines including the improvement of fuel combustion processes and reduction of its consumption, and limitation of exhaust emissions.
Analysis of impact of EGR valve construction on the exhaust gas flow parameters in the engine
Authors: LENC-BROL Agata , MAMALA Jarosław
Published: July 2021

In this paper an analysis of the EGR valve design impact, in particular the outlet diameter, on the gasflow parameters in diesel engine (Z1505) exhaust gas recirculation system ofZetor tractor was made. For this purpose the experimental and simulation studies of gasflow through the valve were carried out. The simulations using Fluent were made. Also distribution of the pressure and velocity vectors in the area of the valve outflow was presented. Analysis of the phenomena occurring in the exhaust area of the EGR valve was made. Also influence of the outlet diameter on the flow characteristics of the EGR valve was determined.
The effects of blending dimethyl ether with LPG on the engine operation and its efficiency
Authors: FLEKIEWICZ Marek , KUBICA Grzegorz
Published: July 2021

The paper presents a continuation of a research program related to the activators for gaseous fuels used in modern vehicles. Selected vehicle dynamic parameters obtained by the application of a mixture of LPG and DME for the mass share of 0 to 26% have been presented. The object of the research was a 1.6 SI engine adapted to a combustion ofgase ous fuels. The authors present the results of the energy conversion effciency in a four cylinder SI 1.6 cm3 engine.
Method for the determining the fuel dose in three-part injection in the CR system of marine combustion engine
Authors: PIASECZNY Leszek , WALKOWSKI Mirosław
Published: July 2021

In this paper authors present the results of their studies on the selection of fuel dose in three-part injection system Common Rail of marine medium-speed combustion engine. The study was conducted on a special test stand, which allows the use of different pressure in the hydraulic tank and various times of injection with doses divided into three parts. Also there has been performed the measurement of single fuel dose mass. The plan of research also included the three values of the two input values (pressure in the hydraulic tank and the total time of injection) and one output - the total mass of the fuel dose. Based on the statistical analysis of measurement results there have been determined the forms of functions approximating the tested relations and have been presented the analysis of the accuracy and their measurements match. Presented polynomials of accuracy (function of researched object) allow a reasonable selection of the basic parameters of dosing for the three-part fuel injection.
Monitoring of the states of malfunction of the EGR system in TDCi engines fueled with Ekodiesel Ultra and B10 fuel
Authors: Cieślikowski Bogusław , Jakóbiec Janusz
Published: July 2021

The paper discusses the identification of malfunctions in the EGR system based on a list of OBD II error codes. The authors monitored EGR systems of vehicles fitted with DURATORQ TDCi engines. The Analysis of the processes of heat transfer and mass exchange in the engine intake system drew attention to a number of simplifications in the formal description introducing a wide range of tolerance for the instantaneous recirculation rate. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of diesel oil, Ekodiesel Ultra with biocomponents and B10 fuel used for the fueling of diesel engines on the formation of deposits in the EGR system. The analysis was performed in a laboratory utilizing the methods of energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence and infrared spectroscopy.
The potential of current european light duty CNG-fuelled vehicles to meet Euro 6 requirements
Authors: BIELACZYC Piotr , SZCZOTKA Andrzej
Published: July 2021

Natural gas is one of the most promising alternative fuels to meet the new stringent Euro 6 emissions regulations in the European Union, as well as the planned CO2 emissions reductions. For spark-ignition (SI) engines, bi-fuel fuelling equipment is widely available and engine conversion technology for European automobiles is well established, thereby facilitating usage of CNG in this engine type.
This study investigates the implications of natural gas fuelling of a passenger car featuring a spark-ignition engine regarding the possibility of meeting Euro 6 emissions limits for gaseous pollutants. This paper presents an analysis of CO, THC, NMHC, NOx and CO2 emissions during testing of a vehicle on a chassis dynamometer, fuelled with CNG, in the context of the new Euro 6 emissions requirements. The analyses were performed on a Euro 5 bi-fuel vehicles with an SI engine equipped with an MPI feeding system operating in closed-loop control, a typical three-way-catalyst, and a heated oxygen sensor. The vehicles had been adapted by their manufacturer for fuelling with CNG by using additional special equipment mounted onto the existing petrol fuelling system. The vehicles tested featured a multipoint gas injection system latest generation.

The tests subject to the analyses presented here were performed in the Engine Research Department of BOSMAL Automotive Research and Development Institute Ltd in Bielsko-Biala, Poland, within a research programme investigating the influence of alternative fuels on exhaust emissions from automotive vehicles with spark-ignition and compression-ignition engines.
The use of multi-equation models in the analysis of dynamic processes in marine diesel engines
Authors: ZADRĄG Ryszard , ZELLMA Marek
Published: July 2021

Contemporary empirical research on combustion engines are processed based on the theory of experiment. Available software applications analyzing the experimental data commonly utilize multiple regression models, which enables studying of the effects and interactions between input values of the model and a single output variable. Using multi-equation models gives free hand at analyzing measurement results because it enables analysis of the effects and interaction of many output variables. It also allows analysis of the measurement results during dynamic processes. In this paper the author presents advantages of using a multidimensional regression model on the example of research conducted on engine test stand.
Temperature influence on air quality inside cabin of conditioned car
Authors: FABER Joanna , BRODZIK Krzysztof , ŁOMANKIEWICZ Damian , GOŁDA-KOPEK Anna , NOWAK Jan , ŚWIĄTEK Antoni
Published: July 2021

In present work results of researches on influence of temperature on air quality inside vehicle are presented. One new car was tested in different atmospheric conditions, after conditioning in climate chamber. Air quality was evaluated on the basis of detected volatile organic compounds (VOC) and calculated as toluene equivalent. Samples were collected onto solid sorbents and examined, after thermal desorption, with the use of gas chromatography (GC) method with flame ionisation (FID) and mass spectrometry (MSD) detectors.
An analysis of EGR impact on combustion process in the SI test engine
Authors: TUTAK Wojciech
Published: July 2021

The results of modelling of thermal cycle of spark ignition internal combustion engine with exhaust gas recirculation are presented. Results of the impact of EGR on the ignition delay and the combustion duration are presented. The optimization of thermal cycle was carried out in terms of ignition advance angle in order to obtain the possible highest value of efficiency and the least NO emission. The results indicated a significant impact of EGR on the ignition delay and combustion duration.
Selected combustion parameters of biogas at elevated pressure–temperature conditions
Authors: SZWAJA Stanisław , TUTAK Wojciech , GRAB-ROGALIŃSKI Karol , JAMROZIK Arkadiusz , KOCISZEWSKI Arkadiusz
Published: July 2021

Results from tests conducted in several RTD centers lead to conclusion that biogas as a potential fuel for the internal combustion (IC) spark ignited (SI) engine features with its satisfactory combustion predisposition causing smooth engine run without accidental misfiring or knock events. This good predisposition is obtained due to carbon dioxide (CO2) content in the biogas. On the other hand, carbon dioxide as incombustible gas contribute to decrease in the brake power of the biogas fueled engine. To analyze mutual CO2 and CH4 content on biogas burning the combustion parameters as follows: adiabatic combustion temperature, laminar flame speed and ignition delay of biogas with various methane content were determined and presented in the paper. Additionally, these parameters for pure methane were also included in order to make comparison between each other. As computed, ignition delay, which has is strongly correlated with knock resistance, can change several times with temperature increase, but does not change remarkably with increase in methane content. Adiabatic combustion temperature does not also ought to influence on engine performance or increase in engine cooling and exhaust losses due to its insignificant changes. The largest change was observed in laminar flame speed, that can influence on development of the first premixed combustion phase.
The analysis of the influence of stabilization conditions of working filters on the sample mass of diesel particulates
Authors: POLIVYANCHUK Andrey P. , IGNATOV Oleg R.
Published: July 2021

The paper presents the influence of the conditioning of filters used in the gravimetric measurement of particulate matter emission on the mass of the particles. The influence of the time of filter conditioning on the obtained results as well as the influence of the temperature of the sample before the filtering on the measurement uncertainty have been subjected to analysis. In the further part the influence of the ranges of temperatures of the filter conditioning on the mass of the PM sample have been determined as per the standardization for the tests of diesel engines fitted in passenger vehicles, heavy-duty vehicles and buses (regulation R-83 and R-49 respectively). In the final part recommendations have been formulated that allow a reduction of the measurement error.
Selected issues related to the reduction of the CO2 emission from combustion engines fitted in vehicles of the M and N categories
Authors: GIS Maciej , GIS Wojciech
Published: July 2021

The paper presents the types of activities aiming at a reduction of the CO2 emissions from road transport as well as technical means related to the reduction of the CO2 emissions from diesel engines of heavy-duty vehicles of the M and N categories in the short-, medium- and long terms. In this aspect also the possibility of the use of biomethane to power diesel engines has been analyzed.