bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cookbooks as Historical Documents
Authors: Albala Ken
Published: February 2013

Historians use cookbooks as primary source documents in much the same way they use any written record of the past. A primary source is a text written by someone in the past, rather than a secondary source which is commentary by a historian upon the primary sources. As with any document, the historian must attempt to answer five basic questions of provenance and purpose if possible. Who wrote the cookbook? What was the intended audience? Where was it produced and when? Why was it written? There are ways the historian can read between the lines of the recipes, so to speak to answer questions that are not directly related to cooking or material culture but may deal with gender roles, issues of class, ethnicity and race. Even topics such as politics, religion and world view are revealed in the commentary found in cookbooks and sometimes embedded in what appears to be a simple recipe. The most valuable of cookbooks and related culinary texts also reveal what we might call complete food ideologies.
Culinary Tourism
Authors: Long Lucy M.
Published: February 2013

A product of both world history and contemporary mass culture, culinary tourism is a scholarly field of study that is emerging as an important part of the tourism industry. Also known as gastronomic tourism, tasting tourism, and simply food tourism, culinary tourism refers to adventurous eating, eating out of curiosity, exploring other cultures through food, intentionally participating in the foodways of an Other, and the development of food as a tourist destination and attraction. In culinary tourism, the primary motivation for travel is to experience a specific food. Culinary tourism parallels the globalization of food production and consumption and reflects issues inherent in tourism. It has the potential to address some of the controversial issues in tourism in general, such as questions of authenticity, commodification of tradition, identity construction, intellectual property and intangible heritage, as well as the ecological, economic, and cultural sustainability of food cultures in response to tourism.
Food and Religion
Authors: Norman Corrie E.
Published: February 2013

Whether it is Brahman cooking the world into existence or Adam and Eve being driven away from paradise because of an apple, food has allowed religious peoples to relate to their gods, each other, and the world. Through food, meaning can be made while making dinner, attending rituals such as Christian Communion and Hindu deity feedings, or eating everyday according to the kashrut or halal codes of Judaism and Islam. Today, food remains an important fixture in religious discourse. Mary Douglas's theories on the relationships of food and purity and particularly the social meanings encoded in Hebrew dietary laws have come to shape the study of food. They have even influenced the study of religion. One document of interest is the Encyclopedia of Religion. This chapter examines the relationship between food and religion, focusing on Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Judaism, and Christianity.
Food, Race, and Ethnicity
Authors: Chen Yong
Published: February 2013

Food is the most basic need of man. What we eat and how we eat is a reflection of our relationship with the natural environment. However, food is important not only as a physical necessity; it is also an indication of the multitude of relationships that we form with others as individuals, communities, and nations. Indeed, food has embedded political, socioeconomic, and cultural meaning. Modern racialization has been linked to connections between food, identity, and power. Mary Douglas has noted a distinction between "pure" and "polluted," one that establishes both the significance and the socially constructed nature of our ideas about the edibility of food. Drawing on both primary research and secondary sources, this article looks at the history of food and how it is connected with race and ethnicity in the United States. It also examines the colonial roots of American regional cooking, exclusion and assimilation of immigrants in nineteenth-century America, and racialization and inequality in American foodways in the twenty-first century.
Food and Social Movements
Authors: Belasco Warren
Published: February 2013

Social movements exist in three time zones—yesterday, today, and tomorrow. It is no surprising then that most people prefer to focus on matters of moment, especially when it comes to the food they eat, whose origins and consequences are far less immediate than the pleasures of the here-and-now. In this regard, food reformers are trying to complicate what is already a multifaceted process by which people choose what to eat. Daily food choices are determined in large part by an intricate consideration of taste versus convenience. Activists seek to impose a third, highly moralized and politicized factor to this interaction between taste and convenience: a sense of responsibility. When people experience bouts of intensified worrying, the archetypal stories about how they keep a plate clean are typically dusted off, only to be reissued later on. Eight of these storylines relate to the boycotter, the accountant or frugal parent, the survivalist, the yeoman farmer, the utopian communist, the pleasure artist, and the patriot.
The Novel As Board Game: Homiletic Identification and Forms of Interactive Narrative
Authors: Jackson Gregory S.
Published: February 2013

This article examines homiletic identification, forms of interactive narrative, and the conception of the novel as board game in the U.S.A. during the nineteenth century. It suggests that the success that many homiletic novels enjoyed among religious and secular communities highlights the degree to which allegedly anachronistic allegorical modes of understanding temporal and material details and events continue to structure supposedly secular reading practices. The article also discusses several homiletic novels including Louisa May Alcott's Little Women and Lew Wallace's Ben-Hur.
Skepticism in Nineteenth-Century American Literature and Philosophy
Authors: Lee Maurice S.
Published: February 2013

This article examines the relation of nineteenth-century American literature to philosophy and skepticism. It investigates how to draw the lines between literature and other forms of discourse, and suggests that analysis of the interlacing of philosophy and literature during the nineteenth century must begin with skepticism. The article explains that American literature and philosophy did not advance in linear fashion from naive beginnings, and that while American thought and culture did become more modern during the nineteenth century, skepticism already had a powerful presence before the rise of romanticism.
Making An Example: American Literature As Philosophy
Authors: Duquette Elizabeth
Published: February 2013

This article examines the conception of American literature as philosophy. It aims to present a reading of Frederick Douglass's thinking on examples and the philosophical freight they carry, and describes the relevant works of William Wells Brown. The article explores how Douglass navigated concerns about the relationship between theory and example in “Self-Made Men,” and argues that literary critics should be careful to avoid the doctrinaire application of all philosophical ideas and theoretical models.
Cultural Diversity: Beyond “Songs from Every Land”
Authors: Schippers Huib , Campbell Patricia Shehan
Published: February 2013

This article sketches a global perspective of the development of cultural diversity in music education—also frequently referred to across educational settings as multicultural music education, intercultural music education, world music education, or global music education. It documents some of the key ideas and practices that have shaped current thinking on the topic, identifies recurring pitfalls and challenges, and presents a model which can aid in both understanding and developing practices across a wide range of contexts, ambitions, and specific local situations. In doing so, the article aims to transcend the positive but naïve idea that the complexities of music across the world can be represented by simply including (Western) notation and transcriptions of songs from various cultures into music curricula.
Music and Language in Early Childhood Development and Learning
Authors: Chen-Hafteck Lily , Mang Esther
Published: February 2013

This article, which investigates the relationship between music and language in development and learning during early childhood, does so by considering the potentials and inborn abilities in early childhood, the environmental influences, and the interactions between music and language development in children. Finally, it discusses implications for education, suggesting an integrated approach to music and language learning.
Commentary: Music Learning and Teaching During Childhood: Ages 5–12
Authors: Marsh Kathryn
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on issues pertinent to the learning and teaching of music during what might be termed the middle years of childhood, basically equating with the first stages of formal schooling. It relates to a period of childhood from ages 5–12, while acknowledging that localized practices may mean that the boundaries of this age range could be slightly extended in formal educational settings in different geographical locations. Although formal provision of music education is not universal in schools for this age group, it endeavors to offer a glimpse of varied and innovative forms of musical learning and teaching from a range of international locations.
Meaningful Connections in a Comprehensive Approach to the Music Curriculum
Authors: Barrett Janet R. , Veblen Kari K.
Published: February 2013

A comprehensive music curriculum is characterized by breadth and depth of musical experience. Curricular breadth involves planning for students' participation in a wide range of musical engagements (singing, playing, composing, improvising, listening, moving, evaluating); exposure to a broad repertoire of works, styles, and genres; and emphasis on the ways that music is organized and constructed through its distinctive elements and forms. Depth of musical understanding comes from pursuing a well-chosen sample of these engagements, music, and elements with regularity and intensity. Through a curriculum that offers both breadth and depth, students become aware of the vast possibilities for lifelong involvement which music affords, and gain the keen satisfaction of knowing some music well. This article begins by addressing key concepts that support a principled foundation for interdisciplinary work in music, and next clarifies distinctions among common terms used to refer to curricular schemes for organizing a connected curriculum. Principles that can be used to guide curricular decisions are provided. The article then explores interdisciplinary work in music from the perspective of (1) the teacher, (2) the learner, (3) the overall curriculum, and (4) approaches and models for generating and organizing interdisciplinary experiences. Whenever possible, it supplements its North American perspective (the US and Canada) with select examples that reflect a more international scope.
Instrumental Ensemble Learning and Performance in Primary and Elementary Schools
Authors: Davis Sharon G.
Published: February 2013

Children around the globe are involved in multiple ways of making music both inside and outside the classroom. Children identify playing musical instruments as one of their most enjoyable activities, and it is not surprising that a variety of instrumental programs are found worldwide in both formal and informal learning settings. While traditional instrumental ensemble models in schools have provided a meaningful and enjoyable music education for some, to serve students well we need to expand our conception of instrumental music education beyond prevalent musical models, ensembles, and literature, and begin to embrace and value students' informal learning strategies and approaches as well. In the context of a Western band model, this article considers whether the ways instrumental music learners engage with music outside the formal settings of schools can inform and transform our understanding of how to teach in formal settings.
The Community Music Facilitator and School Music Education
Authors: Higgins Lee , Bartleet Brydie-Leigh
Published: February 2013

Community music facilitators move in and between many diverse settings. They can be found facilitating local music activities in arts centers, schools, sporting grounds, recording studios, places of worship, living rooms, and a wide range of other community contexts. This article focuses on community music facilitators who have been invited into the school environment to stimulate or establish active music-making opportunities. It shows that community music facilitators can provide music educators working in schools with models of a range of teaching practices, which can connect to a wide diversity of learning styles, especially in socially and culturally diverse environments. Likewise, music educators working in schools (who tend to have formal education qualifications) can provide pedagogical models for community music practices. Both positions have much to offer each other in this respect.
Practice
Authors: Lehmann Andreas C. , Jørgensen Harald
Published: February 2013

Practicing is not an inherently enjoyable activity, and even professional musicians maintain an ambiguous relationship with it. This article answers some of the questions regarding differences between practice and less-effective but more enjoyable activities. It emphasizes the learned nature of practice, and tentatively outlines fruitful approaches to practice. Although most research has dealt with classical music, the results apply equally to other musical styles (e.g., rock, jazz).
The Changing Face of Individual Instrumental Tuition: Value, Purpose, and Potential
Authors: Creech Andrea , Gaunt Helena
Published: February 2013

One-to-one tuition is established as a continuing core activity in Western classical instrumental learning. Although learning in groups has become more prevalent, or student-led learning modeled on informal rock band development, children often begin formal engagement with one-to-one learning at an early age. At the same time, within our current social demographic context it is likely that increasing numbers of adults over the age of 50 will engage with leisure and learning. This article highlights research suggesting that individual instrumental tuition has changed very little in response to social influences, and explores the characteristics which contribute to making one-to-one tuition an enduring mode of instrumental tuition. It also considers the implications of changes within the professional music world for one-to-one tuition, as well as the influence of changing concepts of teaching and learning. The article concludes with some suggestions for maximizing the potential for transformational learning, over and above transmission of instrumental and musical skills, within the context of individual instrumental instruction.
Popular Music Ensembles
Authors: Rodriguez Carlos Xavier
Published: February 2013

Popular music ensembles increase interest and student participation in school music instruction. Some ensembles are small and selective, used as a privilege for the leading performers in larger, traditional school ensembles. Conversely, other popular music ensembles are much larger in size, for instance guitar ensembles, since they are attractive to students who lack background in traditional instruments, yet still allow students to gain experience playing in large ensembles. This article is devoted to identifying and describing core values that underlie teaching and learning in the most prevalent types of popular ensemble in the United States, and globally, as they occur within more traditional music curricula in public schools, and the implications of these emerging ensembles for music teacher education. Examples of specific programs that illustrate these core values in action are cited.
History of Sport and Performance Psychology
Authors: Kornspan Alan S.
Published: February 2013

This chapter presents an overview of the history of sport and performance psychology. First, the chapter will highlight the beginnings of sport psychology in the 1890s, when psychology was first applied to sport in laboratory settings. The applications of the “new psychology” applied to sport and the first sport psychology congress held in Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1913, are described. The chapter describes how psychologists began testing athletes in psychology laboratories using experimental psychology methods during 1920–1940. The development of sport psychology laboratories worldwide and the work of Coleman Griffith are highlighted. Next, the chapter explains the beginnings of the use of psychology for performance enhancement purposes between 1940 and 1965. The growth of sport psychology literature during this time is discussed. The chapter then focuses on sport and performance psychology from 1965 to 1980, including the development of sport psychology organizations. The chapter concludes by providing an overview of sport and performance psychology from 1980 to today. The modern period is characterized by an increasing application of sport and performance psychology knowledge across a variety of performance domains.
Concentration: Attention and Performance
Authors: Moran Aidan
Published: February 2013

Concentration is an attentional process that involves the ability to focus on the task at hand while ignoring distractions. Cognitive research shows that it is vital for success in any field of skilled performance. The chapter begins by identifying three different dimensions of attention—concentration (or effortful awareness), selective perception, and divided attention (or the ability to perform two or more concurrent skills equally well). In the next section, three influential metaphors of attention are reviewed—the filter approach, capacity (or resource) theory, and the spotlight metaphor. Next, the relationship between people's attentional focus (i.e., whether they “shine” their mental spotlight externally or internally) and skilled performance is investigated. Then, the issue of why skilled performers appear to “lose” their concentration so easily (because of external and internal distractions) is examined. The next section of the chapter explains five research-based building blocks of effective concentration. The sixth section explains five practical techniques that can help people to improve their concentration skills. The final section of the chapter outlines some potentially fruitful new directions for research on attentional processes in skilled performers.
Emotion Regulation and Performance
Authors: Jones Marc V.
Published: February 2013

Sport is an ideal environment in which to explore the influence of emotion on performance and the efficacy of strategies to regulate emotions. In performance settings such as sport, emotions are important at a group level and at an individual level, influencing physical functioning, cognitive functioning, motivation, and, ultimately, performance. The emotional responses to performance settings can be aligned with specific cardiovascular changes into identifiable challenge and threat states with particular performance consequences. A number of strategies to regulate emotions are outlined based on Gross’ model, and the development of the ability to regulate emotions is discussed along with individual differences that influence the use, and efficacy, of emotion regulation strategies. Although regulating emotions may help achieve the most suitable emotional state for competition, the possible cost of engaging in this process for performance on subsequent tasks is discussed. The chapter concludes with potential areas for future research.
Anxiety: Attention, the Brain, the Body, and Performance
Authors: Wilson Mark R.
Published: February 2013

In sport psychology, the relationship between competitive anxiety and performance has been one of the most debated and researched topics of enquiry. However, the mechanisms underlying this relationship are still unclear, as are the reasons why performance can sometimes be optimal (“clutch” performance) and sometimes far below what should be achieved (“choking”). The current chapter integrates research findings and models from the neuroscience, cognitive psychology, human movement science, and sport performance literature to offer a potential explanatory framework, especially with respect to self-paced, visually guided skills. The mediating role of visual attention is implicated, as it has been proposed to be central to both the top-down control of motor planning and the effects of anxiety on cognitive performance. Contemporary research testing the effects of anxiety on visual attention (particularly the quiet eye) in performance environments, and the efficacy of attentional training programs, are discussed.
Efficacy Beliefs and Human Performance: From Independent Action to Interpersonal Functioning
Authors: Beauchamp Mark R. , Jackson Ben , Morton Katie L.
Published: February 2013

The beliefs that people have in their own, others’, and their teams’ capabilities have been extensively studied in the fields of sport and performance psychology. This is perhaps unsurprising, given that these efficacy beliefs have consistently been found to predict a variety of indicators of improved performance, and, importantly, have also been shown to be malleable and thus enhanced through intervention. In this chapter, we provide a conceptual overview of the distinct types of efficacy belief that exist when people ‘perform’ specific tasks within individual, relational, and group settings. In addition, we discuss the sources of these efficacy cognitions, as well as the direct and indirect implications for personal, relational, and group/team performance. We also provide a brief discussion of implications for applied practice, and highlight some important questions for future research in sport and performance psychology.
The Psychology of Coaching
Authors: Gould Daniel , Wright E. Missy
Published: February 2013

The psychology of coaching can be viewed as the scientific study and application of the practice of supporting individuals in achieving specific personal and organizational performance goals, as well as the achievement of nonperformance personal development. Once only associated with sport, coaching psychology is used today to assist individuals of all ages in a wide variety of environments (e.g., military, business, schools). Although the practice of coaching has expanded greatly, research and theory in the area lags. To help rectify this situation, this chapter summarizes the psychology of coaching research, identifies gaps in its knowledge base, and outlines future research directions. This is accomplished first by looking at the traditional context of sport, then expanding to other nonsport areas where coaching is being applied. It is concluded that instead of conducting research in isolated domain-specific silos, researchers should integrate research knowledge across areas.
Training for Life: Optimizing Positive Youth Development Through Sport and Physical Activity
Authors: Weiss Maureen R. , Kipp Lindsay E. , Bolter Nicole D.
Published: February 2013

Using a positive youth development approach, we comprehensively review the literature on social, psychological, and physical outcomes of children's participation in sport and physical activity. Organizing topical areas around the Five Cs (Lerner & Lerner, 2006 ), we first discuss robust findings on social assets, including social relationships and competencies (parents, peers, coaches) and moral development. Second, we review the knowledge base on psychological assets, including self-perceptions (global self-worth, perceived competence), emotional outcomes (primarily enjoyment and anxiety), and motivational orientations and behaviors. Third, we discuss the unique set of physical assets that are possible from engaging in physical activity–based youth development programs, such as motor skill development, physical fitness, and physical health. Finally, we offer several avenues for future research studies that will provide even more definitive evidence of physical activity as a context for promoting positive youth development.
Talent Development: The Role of the Family
Authors: Harwood Chris G. , Douglas Julie P. , Minniti Antoinette M.
Published: February 2013

The process of talent development has been a theme within sport psychology that has consistently stimulated research for over 30 years. Commercial, professional, and economic developments that characterize competitive sport have significantly raised the profile and fiscal impact of this process. There is an increasing emphasis within national sport organizations to develop bigger talent pools and achieve success. On an international level, that means economic and pride rewards for athletes and their countries. Results matter in the high-performance sport industry and, thus, our understanding of the mechanisms behind talent development is crucial. This chapter considers the diverse roles of the family in talent development by drawing together research that underpins our current understanding of the family's significant influence on this complex process. Recent developments in the literature and proposed new directions for the research are also discussed, alongside applied implications.
Sport and Performance Psychology: A Look Ahead
Authors: Peterson Kirsten , Brown Charles , McCann Sean , Murphy Shane M.
Published: February 2013

As editor of this Handbook, I felt it was necessary to have a concluding chapter that discussed some of the main themes of the book and also looked ahead, anticipating the potential pitfalls and challenges facing sport and performance psychology in the years to come. To get a diversity of opinions on such intriguing issues, I contacted three leading figures in the field and asked them to answer a series of questions I had developed that addressed the future development of the field. The focus of this Handbook is on performance, so I contacted individuals with unquestioned credentials in that area. Each of them is comfortable moving among the academic, research and applied fields. Sean McCann is senior sport psychologist with the U.S. Olympic Committee and has provided services at numerous World Championships, national events, and Olympic Games. Kirsten Peterson is his counterpart in Australia, leading the sport psychology program in the High Performance Division at the Australian Institute of Sport. And Charlie Brown is a leader in performance psychology, working with clients on performance issues and moving the field ahead via such projects as the groundbreaking book he co-authored with Kate Hays in 2004, You're On! Consulting for Peak Performance. I hope you enjoy the “conversation” presented in this final chapter, which gives us the rare opportunity to peek inside the lives and experiences of true experts in sport and performance psychology.
The Social and Organizational Context of Personnel Selection
Authors: Ployhart Robert E. , Schneider Benjamin
Published: February 2013

Selection research tends to occur in a vacuum with a disproportionate emphasis on individual-level validity, seemingly oblivious to the world and context around it. We argue that selection research will be enhanced, and probably will more likely be implemented, if scholars take context seriously. However, doing so requires a change in theory, method, and analysis. We first explain what context is and why it has been neglected in selection research. We then describe theory and research on social and organizational contextual factors relevant to selection. Our argument is not that context will moderate the validity of predictor-performance relationships, but rather that context exerts a strong direct influence on performance and the selection process itself. We conclude with a discussion of implications for research and practice. If one truly cares about the prediction of performance, then one should care about both contextual and individual differences.
Employee Recruitment: Current Knowledge and Suggestions for Future Research
Authors: Breaugh James A.
Published: February 2013

Because the way an organization recruits can influence the type of employees it hires, how they perform, and their retention rate, the topic of employee recruitment has attracted considerable attention. In this chapter, I provide a selective review of research that has addressed topics such as recruitment targeting, recruitment methods, the timing of recruitment actions, the wording of the recruitment message, recruiters, the organizational site visit, and the job offer. These and other topics are discussed in terms of their potential impact on both prehire (e.g., the quality of job applicants) and posthire (e.g., new employee retention) outcomes. In addition, I have highlighted future directions for research.
Job Analysis for Knowledge, Skills, Abilities, and Other Characteristics, Predictor Measures, and Performance Outcomes
Authors: Brannick Michael T. , Cadle Adrienne , Levine Edward L.
Published: February 2013

Job analysis is the process of discovering the nature of a job. It typically results in an understanding of the work content, such as tasks and duties, understanding what people need to accomplish the job (the knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics), and some formal product such as a job description or a test blueprint. Because it forms the foundation of test and criterion development, job analysis is important for personnel selection. The chapter is divided into four main sections. The first section defines terms and addresses issues that commonly arise in job analysis. The second section describes common work-oriented methods of job analysis. The third section presents a taxonomy of knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics along with worker-oriented methods of job analysis. The fourth section describes test validation strategies including conventional test validation, synthetic validation, and judgment-based methods (content validation and setting minimum qualifications), emphasizing the role of job analysis in each. The last section is a chapter summary.
Organizational Strategy and Staffing
Authors: Hausknecht John P. , Wright Patrick M.
Published: February 2013

In this chapter, we draw linkages between theory and research from strategic human resource management (and its focus on predicting unit/firm performance) with the key issues and empirical findings from the staffing and selection literature (and its focus on predicting individual performance). We organize the chapter around the fit and flexibility framework (Wright & Snell, 1998) to discuss the dual concerns of fitting staffing and selection systems to strategic needs while simultaneously enabling flexibility to respond to future demands. Implications for research and practice explain how such an approach may alter and enhance conventional views regarding staffing system characteristics such as the types of criteria, knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics (KSAOs), and selection methods that are considered.
Nature and Use of Personality in Selection
Authors: Barrick Murray R. , Mount Michael K.
Published: February 2013

The utility of including personality in a battery of predictor measures continues to be debated, even though there is an extensive literature and thousands of empirical studies (Barrick & Mount, 2005; Morgeson, Campion, Dipboye, Hollenbeck, Murphy, & Schmitt, 2007; Ones, Dilchert, Viswesvaran, & Judge, 2007). This chapter comprehensively reviews what we know and do not know about personality in personnel selection research and practice. We begin with a brief review of the history of psychological testing and personnel selection. Next, we review the relationships found between personality traits, primarily those from the Big-Five Model, to other individual differences. This is followed by a summary of evidence for the predictive validity of personality at work and in life more broadly, which than shifts to a discussion about emerging conceptual or theoretical directions, focusing on when (moderators) and how (mediators) personality affects work attitudes, behaviors, and outcomes. We conclude the chapter by discussing critical measurement issues, particularly response distortion, and legal implications.
Using Composite Predictors in Personnel Selection
Authors: Hattrup Kate
Published: February 2013

Personnel selection is almost always a multivariate problem, where multiple predictor measures are administered to job applicants for the purpose of predicting individual performance in a variety of dimensions of job behavior, and with the goal of pursuing various organizational objectives. This chapter reviews the formation and use of composite predictors in personnel selection. Attention is given to statistical, theoretical, and practical concerns in the choice and weighting of predictor elements in composite selection measures. Empirical evidence of the criterion-related validity and adverse impact potential of composite predictors is reviewed, and suggestions for future research are offered. Because the importance of predictors depends on their ability to accomplish various objectives, the criteria that are used to guide the choices, weighting, an evaluation of predictor composites are explored.
Simulations
Authors: Lievens Filip , De Soete Britt
Published: February 2013

Simulations represent more or less exact replicas of tasks, knowledge, skills, and abilities required in actual work behavior. This chapter reviews research on the more traditional high-fidelity simulations (i.e., assessment centers and work samples) and contrasts it with the growing body of research on low-fidelity simulations (i.e., situational judgment tests). Both types of simulations are compared in terms of the following five statements: “The use of simulations enables organizations to make predictions about a broader array of KSAOs,” “We don't know what simulations exactly measure,” “When organizations use simulations, the adverse impact of their selection system will be reduced,” “Simulations are less fakable than personality inventories,” and “Applicants like simulations.” Generally, research results show that these statements apply to both high-fidelity and low-fidelity simulations. Future research should focus on comparative evaluations of simulations, the effects of structuring simulations, and the cross-cultural transportability of simulations.
A Review of Citizenship and Counterproductive Behaviors in Organizational Decision-Making
Authors: Hoffman Brian J. , Dilchert Stephan
Published: February 2013

This chapter provides an analysis of historical trends underlying the measurement of two alternative work criterion variables: organizational citizenship and counterproductive work behaviors. Conceptual frameworks and taxonomic models are reviewed, and measurement of the two constructs in research and applied settings is discussed. The empirical evidence that links individual differences predictors and assessment tools to citizenship and counterproductivity is discussed with a focus on employee selection.
Applicant Reactions to Testing and Selection
Authors: Gilliland Stephen W. , Steiner Dirk D.
Published: February 2013

Applicant reactions to selection and assessment have developed into a theoretically grounded and productive body of research over the past 20 years. Organizational justice theories provide a valuable foundation for much of this research, but important models have also been developed from test motivation and social psychological perspectives. Research indicates that applicant reactions are strongly related to prehire attitudes and applicant self-perceptions, but not related to most behaviors. Research has also demonstrated substantial consistency in applicant reactions across gender, race, and cultures. Generally, applicants react most favorably toward work sample tests and interviews, negatively toward graphology and honesty tests, and moderately toward cognitive ability tests, biodata, and personality inventories. We conclude by highlighting a number of areas for future research, suggesting that with broader perspectives applicant reactions research can continue to be as productive as it has been in the past.
Legal Constraints on Personnel Selection Decisions
Authors: Gutman Arthur
Published: February 2013

This chapter examines critical Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) case law precedents relating to personnel selection, with an emphasis on hiring, promotion, and termination. Several major laws are discussed, including Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) of 1967, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 as amended by the ADA Amendments Act of 2008 (ADAAA), the Civil Rights Act of 1991 (CRA-91), and Executive Order 11246 on Affirmative action. Six main topics are covered, including (1) disparate treatment theory, (2) Title VII adverse impact theory related to standardized tests, (3) selection issues associated with age discrimination, (4) diversity as a compelling government interest, (5) selection issues associated with disability discrimination, and (6) retaliation. The case law surveyed focuses on costly mistakes employers can make. Recommendations are made to prevent these mistakes from occurring, and to correct them if they occur.
Cultural Differences in Environmental Engagement
Authors: Milfont Taciano L.
Published: February 2013

Cultural influences on environmental attitudes and behaviors have been examined in an increasing number of studies. This chapter provides an introductory review of cultural explanations concerning environmental engagement. Besides discussing theoretical models that explain cultural differences in human-environment interactions, the chapter summarizes recent research examining environmental attitudes and behaviors across cultures. The majority of studies have examined cultural differences at the individual level of analysis, but the past few years have seen the emergence of country-level studies as well as studies employing multilevel strategies to examine the effect of individual-level and country-level variables simultaneously. The review suggests that affluence and value orientations are the main determinants of the development of and differences in environmental engagement across cultures. The chapter also discusses important methodological issues for designing and evaluating cross-cultural studies and future directions for this developing field of research.
Work Environments
Authors: Veitch Jennifer A.
Published: February 2013

Work environment research is a vibrant area not only within environmental psychology, but also in a broad range of building sciences concerned with making buildings work for their inhabitants. Understanding how work environments affect comfort, satisfaction, performance, and health comes through the study of such processes as privacy, attention, stress, affect, and cognition and builds upon the foundation of previous decades. Conversely, the study of workplace behaviors as they affect the environment is comparatively new, with pressing societal questions needing answers. Psychologists together with professionals from fields such as engineering, physics, architecture, and ergonomics have combined roles to play in adding to human knowledge and to design, construct, operate, and inhabit spaces that support the work we do today while sustaining Earth for the future.
Natural Landscapes
Authors: Scopelliti Massimiliano , Carrus Giuseppe , Bonnes Mirilia
Published: February 2013

This chapter presents an overview of theories and empirical research on human relations to natural landscapes. The first part reviews evolutionary models and related research on preference for natural landscapes. The role of several environmental properties in promoting individual adaptive response to natural settings is examined. Then the response to natural landscapes is discussed through the analysis of the relationships between preference and either actual or perceived opportunity for psychological restoration. The role of cognitive and affective mediators in the search for adaptation to the environment is also outlined. In the second part, moving from an evolutionary and cognitive to a social psychological frame of reference, the role of worldviews, values, and attitudes—and their sociocultural correlates—in the transaction with natural landscapes and resources is analyzed, and the possibilities for both positive and negative human responses to natural landscapes are illustrated. Finally, directions for future research are identified.
Promoting Pro-Environmental Behavior
Authors: Schultz P. Wesley , Kaiser Florian G.
Published: February 2013

AbstractAchieving a sustainable future will require changes in behavior, and recent analyses have shown the importance of a behavioral perspective in addressing environmental issues. This chapter reviews the large and rapidly growing body of psychological research aimed at understanding and promoting pro-environmental behavior. The behavior change research is organized into approaches that focus on the person and those that focus on the context. Person-level approaches include information campaigns, along with approaches that target egoistic, social-altruistic, and biospheric motivational bases of behavior. Context-level approaches have generally focused on convenience and structural barriers, but new research is examining the role of contextual variables in activating or enhancing personal motivations. The chapter concludes with a discussion of practical considerations, including behavior selection, rebound effects, and spillover.
A Field in Flux: The History of Rehabilitation Psychology
Authors: Sherwin Elisabeth
Published: February 2013

Rehabilitation psychology is a field in flux. With roots in the early legislation to protect those injured in the course of their job or duty (or both), the field now faces those very same issues again: (welfare) legislation of health care and provision of services to those injured in the course of their job and/or duty. This chapter outlines the path from then to now, and addresses the struggles and milestones the field has faced and crossed. Finally, in an attempt to place the field in a bigger context, a modest review of rehabilitation psychology efforts around the world is presented.
Epidemiological Context and Concerns
Authors: Chen Yuying , Cao Yue
Published: February 2013

As the basic science of public health, epidemiology has been an important approach in public health and also in clinical practice. Epidemiology is now used together with measurement scales and instruments developed by psychologists to assess the subjective well-being of the target population and to identify psychosocial determinants of diseases and outcomes. As rehabilitation psychologists are becoming more involved in the effort to improve patients’ quality of life, epidemiologic data are valuable in guiding the establishment of viable goals for rehabilitation psychology and the health care endeavor more broadly. This chapter provides background information about epidemiology: working definitions, types of epidemiology and epidemiologic studies, measures of disease occurrence and potential sources of errors, how to critically evaluate epidemiologic statistics, and sources of data for use in epidemiology. The practice of epidemiology is also illustrated, along with numerous applications to rehabilitation.
Children with Chronic Health Conditions
Authors: Deidrick Kathleen K. M. , Drewel Elena Harlan
Published: February 2013

Children with chronic health conditions form a heterogeneous group at increased risk for cognitive and emotional difficulties that may lead to difficulties in academic and social environments. Rehabilitation psychologists are in a unique position to provide support to children with chronic health conditions due to their expertise in neuropsychology, mental health, and psychological aspects of illness and disability. However, research in pediatric rehabilitation psychology is limited by small sample sizes, cross-sectional research designs, and a lack of empirically supported interventions that are population and domain specific. In the future, research in these areas will provide a rich literature to guide work in pediatric rehabilitation psychology.
Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Pakenham Kenneth I.
Published: February 2013

This chapter presents information on multiple sclerosis (MS) relevant to the psychologist's role in the care of persons with MS. Background information on the nature of MS, including prevalence, etiology, course, symptoms, and treatment is provided first. This is followed by a discussion of key issues related to cognitive impairment, mental health, and stress. Coping with MS is then discussed within a stress and coping framework, followed by a discussion of caregiving, and then a review of psychosocial interventions. Finally, future directions regarding psychological research and practice in MS are delineated.
Stroke and Rehabilitation: Psychological Perspectives
Authors: Barton Jane
Published: February 2013

It is important to recognize the traumatic experience of stroke and the psychological factors that are important in rehabilitation and recovery. A range of psychological experiences often occur following stroke, including grief and bereavement reactions, depression, and anxiety, as well as more problematic symptoms of post-traumatic stress. How people deal with and respond to these experiences will differ, and these responses, to some extent, will be influenced by other psychological factors, including patient beliefs and attitudes. Treatment programs should take account of psychological factors in recovery, with interventions being targeted at the level of the organization and health care system, as well as at the level of the individual.
Transplantation
Authors: Rybarczyk Bruce , Shamaskin Andrea , Gibson Douglas , Huey Solam T.
Published: February 2013

Solid organ transplantations have become a routine medical procedure, with more than 28,000 performed in the United States alone each year. However, for the individual undergoing a transplant, it is anything but routine. A myriad of psychological challenges are faced by individuals at each stage of the process. This chapter begins with a description of the most common solid organ transplantations: kidney, liver, heart, lung, and heart–lung. It then provides an overview of the potential roles of the psychologist in the different stages of the transplant process and the psychological aspects of the process for the patient: being a candidate for transplant; the waiting period; the transplant surgery and postsurgical period; and, finally, long-term rehabilitation. Case studies are introduced to illustrate the role of psychologists in the pre-transplant evaluation and potential treatments to facilitate adjustment to transplantation. Finally, a discussion on the ethics of organ allocation, with a special emphasis on the role of psychologists, will be provided.
Education and Training in Rehabilitation Psychology
Authors: Stiers William , Perry Kathryn Nicholson
Published: February 2013

Issues of education and training are fundamental to the conceptualization and development of the specialty of applied rehabilitation psychology, as they are in all areas of professional health service psychology. A specialty is shaped by the preparation of its practitioners, including its selection of trainees, the structures and processes of its training programs, and the competencies expected of successful trainees. In considering education and training in rehabilitation psychology, this chapter discusses a conceptual space, based on the definition of the specialty and its relevance to important world health issues; conceptual elements, based on existing training guidelines and expected practitioner competencies; and data about what actually occurs in preparing practitioners for work in rehabilitation psychology.

Recommendations are made for improving education and training in rehabilitation psychology.