bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Choroidal Assessment in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy by Swept-Source Ocular Coherence Tomography and Image Binarization
Authors: Obadă Otilia , Pantalon Anca Delia , Rusu-Zota Gabriela , Hăisan Anca , Lupuşoru Smaranda Ioana , Chiseliţă Dorin
Published: July 2022

Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate choroidal structure and vascularity indices in patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR). Materials and Methods: Sixty-three eyes from sixty-three patients were evaluated: 21 from healthy subjects, 20 with diabetes mellitus (DM) and no diabetic retinopathy (DR), and 22 with DM and non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy without diabetic macular edema (DME). Each patient underwent ocular examination, macular swept-source ocular coherence tomography (SS-OCT) imaging, glycemic control, and systemic high blood pressure (HBP) evaluation. Subfoveal choroidal thickness (SF-CT) was manually assessed on a line scan. Line scan OCT images were exported to ImageJ program. The areas under a 1.5, 3 and 6 mm horizontal line centered on the fovea were assessed by converting the OCT images to binary images, and total choroidal area (TCA), luminal area (LA), stromal area (SA), LA:SA ratio, and choroidal vascularity index (CVI) were evaluated. SF-CT and choroidal parameters were compared between groups, and correlations with ocular and systemic factors were analyzed. Results: SF-CT, TCA, LA, and SA were similar between groups. CVIs were significantly different between groups for all three studied areas (CVI-1.5: 66.21% vs. 66.06% vs. 63.74%, p = 0.003; CVI-3: 65.88% vs. 66.46% vs. 63.79%, p = 0.008; CVI-6: 64.79% vs. 65.40% vs. 63.61%, p = 0.032). NPDR patients had significantly lower CVIs compared to DM patients (p < 0.05). No association of choroidal parameters with glycemic control, DM duration and HBP was found significant (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Choroidal assessment by SS-OCT and image binarization in healthy subjects, subjects with DM without DR, and subjects with DM and NPDR indicated that CVI changes were identifiable and significant in early DR. The lack of association with ocular and systemic factors suggest that CVIs are reliable assessment parameters of choroidal vascular structure.
Effect of Immersive Virtual Reality by a Computer Assisted Rehabilitation Environment (CAREN) in Juvenile Huntington’s Disease: A Case Report
Authors: Cellini Roberta , Paladina Giuseppe , Mascaro Giacomo , Lembo Maria Antonietta , Lombardo Facciale Antonino , Ferrera Maria Cristina , Fonti Bartolo , Pergolizzi Luca , Buonasera Piero , Bramanti Placido , Mazzon Emanuela
Published: July 2022

Various studies have proven the utility of immersive virtual reality (VR) as a complementary approach to conventional neurorehabilitation therapy for improving neuromuscular and cognitive outcomes in several neurological diseases. We hereby report findings from a single-case experience of a 21-year-old woman affected by juvenile Huntington’s disease (HD) who underwent a targeted rehabilitative approach using an advanced Computer Assisted Rehabilitation Environment (CAREN) with a three sessions/week schedule for six months. At the end of the program, a manifested improvement was noticed in the Falls Efficacy Scale International score, in the Tinetti Scale, in the Berg Balance score and in the lower limb strength (MRC scale). Minor although tangible improvements were also noticed in some physical performance tests (10 m walking test, time up and go test). Findings reported, although preliminary, extend for the first time the usefulness of neurorehabilitation using innovative VR technologies also to juvenile HD, a condition for which common rehabilitation strategies bring only marginal physical benefits in the majority of cases. Future, controlled studies are awaited for generalizing these observations to larger populations and for clarifying whether such benefits may persist also in the long-term.
Use of Numerical Methods for the Design of Thermal Protection of an RFID-Based Contactless Identification System of Ladles
Authors: Jančar Dalibor , Machů Mario , Velička Marek , Tvardek Petr , Vlček Jozef
Published: July 2022

A method of contactless identification is proposed for steel ladles to eliminate manual inputs that negatively affect the monitoring system of ladles. It is an RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) method based on the principle of radio data transmission between the sensor and a moving object (in our case, a ladle), which is equipped with a so-called transponder (RFID tag). The RFID tag was part of the ladle; it was placed on its shell, reaching a temperature often exceeding 250 °C. The temperature limit for using an RFID transponder is 120 °C. For this reason, thermal insulation protection was made for the RFID transponder. Its design was preceded by simulations of temperature fields using numerical methods. The aim was to compare the resulting values obtained from numerical simulations with the actually measured temperatures and, on this basis, to subsequently perform a numerical simulation for conditions that are not operationally measurable.
Study on the Milling of Additive Manufactured Components
Authors: Laue Robert , Colditz Pascal , Möckel Manuel , Awiszus Birgit
Published: July 2022

Additive manufacturing of components has increased significantly in capacity; additional post-processes are usually required in order to use the components. A milling process is often used to create functional surfaces. The paper shows whether the additive manufacturing process has an influence on the milling process. For this purpose, additive manufacturing processes using powder and laser (SLM), powder and arc (3DPMD), as well as wire and arc (WAAM) of the same material are compared. Based on the microstructure and the different mechanical properties, the component properties are compared with each other and with conventional sheet metal. For this purpose, samples are cut from additively manufactured components and milled under identical conditions. The temperature and the milling forces are measured and evaluated. It is shown that the additive manufacturing process results in significant differences in machinability and that the mechanical properties alone do not provide sufficient information about the machinability.
Effect of Al Dross Addition on Temperature Improvements in Molten Steel by Blowing Dry Air
Authors: Kim Sun-Joong
Published: July 2022

The CO2 emissions of electric arc furnaces (EAFs) can be reduced by decreasing the electrical energy consumed in the melting of iron scraps by utilizing chemical energy. In general, the chemical energy efficiency of the EAF process can be improved using oxidation reaction heat and carbon combustion. When carbon is added to molten steel, it is not completely dissolved because of its high melting point, and it floats to the slag layer, owing to its low density. Al dross is a byproduct of aluminum smelting, and it contains over 27 mass% metallic aluminum. As the exothermic heat of aluminum oxidation is larger than that of carbon oxidation, the Al dross is a useful source of exothermic heat in the EAF process. In this study, to utilize the mixtures of cokes and Al dross as chemical energy sources in the EAF process, we investigated the dissolution concentrations, dissolution ratios, and dissolution rate constants of carbon and aluminum in molten steel. The improvement in the molten steel temperature was investigated by blowing dry air into the melt after the dissolution of the mixtures of cokes and Al dross.
Effects of Taurine Depletion on Body Weight and Mouse Behavior during Development
Authors: Watanabe Miho , Ito Takashi , Fukuda Atsuo
Published: July 2022

Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) plays an important role in various physiological functions and is abundant in the brain and skeletal muscle. Extracellular taurine is an endogenous agonist of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A and glycine receptors. Taurine actively accumulates in cells via the taurine transporter (TauT). Adult taurine-knockout (TauT−/−) mice exhibit lower body weights and exercise intolerance. To further examine the physiological role of taurine, we examined the effect of its depletion on mouse behavior, startle responses, muscular endurance, and body weight during development from postnatal day 0 (P0) until P60. In the elevated plus maze test, TauT−/− mice showed decreased anxiety-like behavior. In addition, TauT−/− mice did not show a startle response to startle stimuli, suggesting they have difficulty hearing. Wire-hang test revealed that muscular endurance was reduced in TauT−/− mice. Although a reduction of body weight was observed in TauT−/− mice during the developmental period, changes in body weight during 60% food restriction were similar to wild-type mice. Collectively, these results suggest that taurine has important roles in anxiety-like behavior, hearing, muscular endurance, and maintenance of body weight.
Metabolism of Mycosporine-Glutamicol in the Lichen Cladonia arbuscula subsp. squarrosa under Seasonal Changes and Elevated Exposure to UV-B or PAR Irradiation
Authors: Chrapusta-Srebrny Ewelina , Bialczyk Jan , Duchnik Kornelia , Bober Beata
Published: July 2022

Cladonia arbuscula in its environmental niches is regularly affected by daily and annual variations in solar radiation. Mycosporine-glutamicol, Myc-Glu(OH), which it synthesizes, may act as a significant cellular UV-protector. Therefore, we studied this compound concentration in lichen thalli concerning seasonal changes and increased exposure to UV-B and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) with/without simultaneous CO2 deprivation. Myc-Glu(OH) occurred year-round and exhibited a strong seasonality. The most crucial role in the control of its synthesis played UV-B radiation, although its high concentration was also found after PAR irradiation at 1000 µmol m−2 s−1. As PAR intensity increased to 2000 µmol m−2 s−1, the rate of Myc-Glu(OH) synthesis slowed down. In turn, under dark/PAR irradiation with simultaneous deprivation of CO2 in the atmosphere surrounding C. arbuscula and during darkness with continuous access to atmospheric CO2, its production was insignificant. Obtained data confirmed that Myc-Glu(OH) plays an important role in protecting C. arbuscula from UV damage and favours its adaptation to environmental stress in its natural habitat. They also suggest that its synthesis is a synergism of multiple factors. Consequently, further studies should focus on their evaluation and the identification of a lichen partner actively involved in Myc-Glu(OH) biogenesis.
Low-Stress and Optimum Design of Boost Converter for Renewable Energy Systems
Authors: Salim Kashmala , Asif Muhammad , Ali Farman , Armghan Ammar , Ullah Nasim , Mohammad Al-Sharef , Al Ahmadi Ahmad Aziz
Published: July 2022

This paper examines the design and analysis of DC–DC converters for high-power and low-voltage applications such as renewable energy sources (RESs) and comparisons between converters based on switch stresses and efficiency. The RESs including photovoltaic arrays and fuel cell stacks must have enhanced output voltages, such as 380 V DC in the case of a full bridge inverter or 760 V DC in the case of a half bridge inverter, in order to interface with the 220 V AC grid-connected power system. One of the primary difficulties in developing renewable energy systems is enhancing DC–DC converters’ efficiency to enable high step-up voltage conversion with high efficiency and low voltage stress. In the present work, the efficiency, current, and voltage stress of switches of an isolated Flyback boost converter, simple DC–DC Boost converter, and an Interleaved boost converter, are explored and studied relatively. The most suitable and optimized options with a high efficiency and low switching stress are investigated. The more suitable topology is designed and analyzed for the switch technology based on the Silicon-Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (Si-MOSFET) and the Gallium Nitride-High Electron Mobility Transistor (GaN-HEMT). The Analytical approach is analyzed in this paper based on efficiency and switching stress. It is explored that GaN HEMT based Flyback boost converter is the best. Finally, the future direction for further improving the efficiency of the proposed boost converter is investigated.
Femtosecond Laser Treatment for Improving the Corrosion Resistance of Selective Laser Melted 17-4PH Stainless Steel
Authors: Meng Lingjian , Long Jiazhao , Yang Huan , Shen Wenjing , Li Chunbo , Yang Can , Wang Meng , Li Jiaming
Published: July 2022

Currently, laser surface treatment (LST) is considered the most promising method available within the industry. It delivers precise control over surface topography, morphology, wettability, and chemistry, making the technique suitable for regulating the corrosion behavior of alloys. In this paper, femtosecond laser texturing with different parameters and atmosphere environments was adopted to clarify the effect of surface treatment on the corrosion resistance of selective laser melted (SLM-ed) 17-4PH stainless steel (SS) in a NaCl solution. The experimental results show that, after the heat treatment, the corrosion resistance of the laser-treated samples was enhanced. With the further laser treatment in an argon atmosphere, the oxidation of nanostructural surfaces was avoided. The Cr, Cu, and other alloying elements precipitated on the laser-ablated surface were beneficial to the formation of a passivation film, leading to an improved corrosion resistance performance.
A New Nonlinear Spatial Compliance Model Method for Flexure Leaf Springs with Large Width-to-Length Ratio under Large Deformation
Authors: Zhang Yin , Wu Jianwei , Pan Jiansheng , Yan Zhenzhuo , Tan Jiubin
Published: July 2022

Flexure leaf spring (FLS) with large deformation is the basic unit of compliant mechanisms with large stroke. The stiffness along the non-working directions of FLSs with large width-to-length ratio (w/L) is high. The motion stability of the compliant mechanism based on this type of FLS is high. When this type of FLS is loaded along the width direction, the shear deformation needs to be characterized. Nevertheless, currently available compliance modeling methods for FLS are established based on Euler–Bernoulli beam model and cannot be used to characterize shear models. Therefore, these methods are not applicable in this case. In this paper, a new six-DOF compliance model for FLSs with large w/L is established under large deformation. The shear deformation along the width direction model is characterized based on the Timoshenko beam theory. The new constraint model and differential equations are established to obtain a high-precision compliance model expression for this type of FLS. The effects of structural parameters on the compliance of the FLS are analyzed. Finally, the accuracy of the model is verified both experimentally and by finite element simulation. The relative error between theoretical result and experiment result is less than 5%.
Research on the Influence of Tool Surface Texture on Cutting Performance Based on Finite Element Method
Authors: Wu Shujing , Wang Dazhong , Yin Jiahui
Published: July 2022

As research progresses, the surface texture tool can significantly reduce the cutting heat and cutting force. However, the tool surface texture width, depth, and spacing also have an impact on the cutting performance. Using the Taguchi method and finite element analysis, the changing laws of cutting temperature, pressure, stress distribution, and cutting force were studied. The results showed that the tool texture width had the greatest influence on the cutting performance, followed by the tool texture depth and spacing. The increase of tool texture width lead to the decrease of cutting temperature, stress distribution, and cutting force, while the effect of texture depth on cutting stress distribution was more significant. Cutting performance could be improved by optimizing the texture size and structure of the cutting tool. This research has theoretical significance for improving the cutting performance of cutting tools.
Fluoroquinolone Metalloantibiotics: Fighting Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms
Authors: Ferreira Mariana , Ribeiro Bruno , Seabra Catarina Leal , Ferreira Ana Rita , Gameiro Paula
Published: July 2022

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the biggest public health challenges of this century. The misuse and/or overuse of antibiotics has triggered the rapid development of AMR mechanisms. Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are a broad-spectrum family of antibiotics, widely used in clinical practice. However, several AMR mechanisms against this family have been described. Our strategy to bypass this problem is their complexation with copper and 1,10-phenanthroline (phen). These stable complexes, known as CuFQphen metalloantibiotics, previously proved to be especially effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). This work aimed to characterize the interaction of CuFQphen metalloantibiotics with S. aureus membranes and to explore their antibiofilm activity with a combination of biophysical and microbiological approaches. Partition constants were assessed for metalloantibiotics in different mimetic systems of S. aureus membranes. The thermotropic profiles of the mimetic systems were studied in the absence and presence of the compounds. The antibiofilm activity of the metalloantibiotics was evaluated. The effects of the compounds on the membrane fluidity of MRSA clinical isolates were also investigated. Metalloantibiotics revealed a strong interaction with the lipidic component of the bacterial membranes, preferring cardiolipin-enriched domains. These complexes exhibited antibiofilm activity, and their presence proved to reduce the membrane fluidity of MRSA clinical isolates.
Characterization and Comparison of Ocular Surface Microbiome in Newborns
Authors: Petrillo Francesco , Petrillo Arianna , Marrapodi Maddalena , Capristo Carlo , Gicchino Maria Francesca , Montaldo Paolo , Caredda Elisabetta , Reibaldi Michele , Boatti Lara M. V. , Dell’Annunziata Federica , Folliero Veronica , Galdiero Marilena
Published: July 2022

The ocular microbiome is of fundamental importance for immune eye homeostasis, and its alteration would lead to an impairment of ocular functionality. Little evidence is reported on the composition of the ocular microbiota of term infants and on the impact of antibiotic prophylaxis. Methods: A total of 20 conjunctival swabs were collected from newborns at birth and after antibiotic treatment. Samples were subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing via system MiSeq Illumina. The data were processed with the MicrobAT software and statistical analysis were performed using two-way ANOVA. Results: Antibiotic prophylaxis with gentamicin altered the composition of the microbiota. In detail, a 1.5- and 2.01-fold reduction was recorded for Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) and Massilia timonae (M. timonae), respectively, whereas an increase in Staphylococcus spp. of 6.5 times occurred after antibiotic exposure. Conclusions: Antibiotic prophylaxis altered the ocular microbiota whose understanding could avoid adverse effects on eye health.
Genesis of Chaxi Gold Deposit in Southwestern Hunan Province, Jiangnan Orogen (South China): Constraints from Fluid Inclusions, H-O-S-Pb Isotopes, and Pyrite Trace Element Concentrations
Authors: Chen Shu-Min , Zhou Yu-Xuan , Li Bin , Wu Jin-Hong , Zhao Hong-Tao , Zhang Zhi-Ming , Zeng Hao
Published: July 2022

The Chaxi gold deposit is located in the southwestern Hunan Province (South China). Extremely high-grade (up to 3 × 105 g/t, avg. 5.3 g/t) Au mineralization is developed in quartz-sulfide veins controlled by WNW- and NNE-trending faults. The sulfide/sulfosalt assemblage is dominated by pyrite, chalcopyrite, and galena, with minor tetrahedrite and chalcocite. The alteration includes beresitization and carbonation. Based on the vein crosscutting relationship and mineral assemblages, the hydrothermal period comprises three stages: (1) pre-ore quartz-pyrite, (2) syn-ore quartz-ankerite-native gold-sulfide-sulfosalts, and (3) post-ore quartz-calcite-pyrite alteration. The Au occurrence is dominated by native gold, with minor native Au nanoparticles (inside sulfides) as indicated by EPMA. Fluid inclusions (FIs) in the ore-related quartz yielded homogenization temperatures and salinities of 139.6–267.1 °C and 2.7–17.6 wt.% NaClequiv (Stage I), 137.5–387.2 °C and 2.7–19.9 wt.% NaClequiv (Stage II), and 139.7–330.5 °C and 3.1–21.4 wt.% NaClequiv (Stage III). Such varying and high FI salinities can be attributed to fluid boiling. The calculated δ18OH2O values are of 2.40–5.63‰, and the fluid inclusion δD values for quartz are of −71.73 to −49.8‰. The auriferous sulfide δ34S values (6.26–19.33‰) overlap with those of the Chang’an formation (16.31–21.66‰) and Banxi Group metamorphic rocks. The auriferous sulfides have 206Pb/204Pb = 16.7215–17.2281, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.4413–15.6177, and 208Pb/204Pb = 36.9731–38.7232, distinct from those of the wallrocks. The analyzed pyrites yield Co/Ni ratio > 1 (0.539–77.000, avg. 10.559). The isotope (H, O, S, Pb) signatures coupled with EPMA results indicate that the ore-forming fluids were derived from the magmatic fluid and mixed with meteoric water, and the Pb was originated from the mantle. The ore sulfur was likely leached from the Neoproterozoic meta-clastic rocks. The Chaxi gold mineralization shares many geological and geochemical similarities with (albeit also with minor differences) typical orogenic gold deposits, and is best classified as broad sense orogenic deposit, as proposed for many other gold deposits in the Jiangnan Orogen.
Uptake of Pharmaceutical Pollutants and Their Metabolites from Soil Fertilized with Manure to Parsley Tissues
Authors: Stando Klaudia , Korzeniewska Ewa , Felis Ewa , Harnisz Monika , Bajkacz Sylwia
Published: July 2022

Manure is a major source of soil and plant contamination with veterinary drugs residues. The aim of this study was to evaluate the uptake of 14 veterinary pharmaceuticals by parsley from soil fertilized with manure. Pharmaceutical content was determined in roots and leaves. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was used for targeted analysis. Screening analysis was performed to identify transformation products in the parsley tissues. A solid-liquid extraction procedure was developed combined with solid-phase extraction, providing recoveries of 61.9–97.1% for leaves and 51.7–95.6% for roots. Four analytes were detected in parsley: enrofloxacin, tylosin, sulfamethoxazole, and doxycycline. Enrofloxacin was detected at the highest concentrations (13.4–26.3 ng g−1). Doxycycline accumulated mainly in the roots, tylosin in the leaves, and sulfamethoxazole was found in both tissues. 14 transformation products were identified and their distribution were determined. This study provides important data on the uptake and transformation of pharmaceuticals in plant tissues.
Structural Characteristics, Antioxidant, and Immunostimulatory Activities of an Acidic Polysaccharide from Raspberry Pulp
Authors: Yang Yongjing , Yin Xingxing , Zhang Dejun , Zhang Benyin , Lu Jie , Wang Xuehong
Published: July 2022

The extraction and characterization of new bioactive plant-derived polysaccharides with the potential for use as functional foods and medicine have attracted much attention. In the present study, A novel acidic polysaccharide (RPP-3a) with a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of 88,997 Da was isolated from the raspberry pulp. RPP-3a was composed of rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, and galacturonic acid at a molar ratio of 13.1:28.6:16.8:1.4:6.2:33.9. Structural analysis suggested that the RPP-3a backbone was composed of repeating units of →4)-β-Galp-(1→3,4)-α-Rhap-(1→[4)-α-GalAp-(1→4)-α-GalAp-(1→]n with branches at the C-4 position of rhamnose. The side chain of RPP-3a, containing two branch levels, was comprised of α-Araf-(1→, →5)-α-Araf-(1→, →3,5)-α-Araf-(1→, →3)-β-Galp-(1→, →3,6)-β-Galp-(1→, →4)-β-Glcp-(1→, and →2,6)-α-Manp-1→ residues. RPP-3a exhibited moderate reducing power and strong hydroxyl and superoxide anion radical scavenging abilities. RPP-3a significantly promoted the viability of RAW264.7 macrophages by increasing the production of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) at both the expression and transcriptional levels. In summary, the immunostimulatory and antioxidant activities make RPP-3a a viable candidate as a health-beneficial functional dietary supplement.
Kinetic Analysis of Methane Hydrate Formation with Butterfly Turbine Impellers
Authors: Longinos Sotirios Nik. , Longinou Dionisia Dimitra , Myrzakhmetova Nurbala , Akimbayeva Nazgul , Zhursumbaeva Mariamkul , Abdiyev Kaldibek , Toktarbay Zhexenbek , Parlaktuna Mahmut
Published: July 2022

Heat generation during gas hydrate formation is an important problem because it reduces the amount of water and gas that become gas hydrates. In this research work, we present a new design of an impeller to be used for hydrate formation and to overcome this concern by following the hydrodynamic literature. CH4 hydrate formation experiments were performed in a 5.7 L continuously stirred tank reactor using a butterfly turbine (BT) impeller with no baffle (NB), full baffle (FB), half baffle (HB), and surface baffle (SB) under mixed flow conditions. Four experiments were conducted separately using single and dual impellers. In addition to the estimated induction time, the rate of hydrate formation, hydrate productivity and hydrate formation rate, constant for a maximum of 3 h, were calculated. The induction time was less for both single and dual-impeller experiments that used full baffle for less than 3 min and more than 1 h for all other experiments. In an experiment with a single impeller, a surface baffle yielded higher hydrate growth with a value of 42 × 10−8 mol/s, while in an experiment with dual impellers, a half baffle generated higher hydrate growth with a value of 28.8 × 10−8 mol/s. Both single and dual impellers achieved the highest values for the hydrate formation rates that were constant in the full-baffle experiments.
Development and Validation of the UPLC-DAD Methodology for the Detection of Triterpenoids and Phytosterols in Fruit Samples of Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton and Vaccinium oxycoccos L.
Authors: Sedbare Rima , Raudone Lina , Zvikas Vaidotas , Viskelis Jonas , Liaudanskas Mindaugas , Janulis Valdimaras
Published: July 2022

Cranberries are used in the production of medicinal preparations and food supplements, which highlights the importance of triterpene compounds determination in cranberry fruit raw material. The aim of our study was to develop and validate for routine testing suitable UPLC-DAD methodology for the evaluation of triterpene acids, neutral triterpenoids, phytosterols, and squalene content in cranberry samples. The developed and optimized UPLC-DAD methodology was validated according to the guidelines of the International Council for Harmonization (ICH), evaluating the following parameters: range, specificity, linearity (R2 > 0.999), precision, LOD (0.27–1.86 µg/mL), LOQ (0.90–6.18 µg/mL), and recovery (80–110%). The developed and validated technique was used for the evaluation of triterpenic compounds in samples of Vaccinium macrocarpon and Vaccinium oxycoccos fruits, and their peels, pulp and seeds. The studied chromatogram profiles of Vaccinium macrocarpon and Vaccinium oxycoccos were identical but differed in the areas of the analytical peaks. Ursolic acid was the dominant compound in fruit samples of Vaccinium macrocarpon and Vaccinium oxycoccos. The highest amounts of triterpenic compounds were detected in the cranberry peels samples. The developed method for the detection of triterpene compounds can be applied in further studies for routine testing on the qualitative and quantitative composition of fruit samples of Vaccinium macrocarpon and Vaccinium oxycoccos species and cultivars.
A Protocol for the Acquisition of Comprehensive Proteomics Data from Single Cases Using Formalin-Fixed Paraffin Embedded Sections
Authors: Acland Mitchell , Mittal Parul , Arentz Georgia , Whitehead Fergus , Hoffmann Peter , Klingler-Hoffmann Manuela , Oehler Martin K.
Published: July 2022

The molecular analysis of small or rare patient tissue samples is challenging and often limited by available technologies and resources, such as reliable antibodies against a protein of interest. Although targeted approaches provide some insight, here, we describe the workflow of two complementary mass spectrometry approaches, which provide a more comprehensive and non-biased analysis of the molecular features of the tissue of interest. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) generates spatial intensity maps of molecular features, which can be easily correlated with histology. Additionally, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) can identify and quantify proteins of interest from a consecutive section of the same tissue. Here, we present data from concurrent precancerous lesions from the endometrium and fallopian tube of a single patient. Using this complementary approach, we monitored the abundance of hundreds of proteins within the precancerous and neighboring healthy regions. The method described here represents a useful tool to maximize the number of molecular data acquired from small sample sizes or even from a single case. Our initial data are indicative of a migratory phenotype in these lesions and warrant further research into their malignant capabilities.
Galactomannan-Decorated Lipidic Nanocarrier for Gene Supplementation Therapy in Fabry Disease
Authors: Rodríguez-Castejón Julen , Gómez-Aguado Itziar , Beraza-Millor Marina , Solinís María Ángeles , del Pozo-Rodríguez Ana , Rodríguez-Gascón Alicia
Published: July 2022

Gene supplementation therapy with plasmid DNA (pDNA) represents one of the most promising strategies for the treatment of monogenic diseases such as Fabry disease (FD). In the present work, we developed a solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN)-based non-viral vector with a size below 100 nm, and decorated with galactomannan (GM) to target the liver as an α-Galactosidase A (α-Gal A) production factory. After the physicochemical characterization of the GM-SLN vector, cellular uptake, transfection efficacy and capacity to increase α-Gal A activity were evaluated in vitro in a liver cell line (Hep G2) and in vivo in an animal model of FD. The vector showed efficient internalization and it was highly efficient in promoting protein synthesis in Hep G2 cells. Additionally, the vector did not show relevant agglutination of erythrocytes and lacked hemolytic activity. After the systemic administration to Fabry mice, it achieved clinically relevant α-Gal A activity levels in plasma, liver, and other organs, importantly in heart and kidneys, two of the most damaged organs in FD. This work shows the potential application of GM-decorated lipidic nanocarries for the treatment of FD by pDNA-based gene augmentation.
Chemical Nature of Metals and Metal-Based Materials in Inactivation of Viruses
Authors: Tian Haozhong , He Bin , Yin Yongguang , Liu Lihong , Shi Jianbo , Hu Ligang , Jiang Guibin
Published: July 2022

In response to the enormous threat to human survival and development caused by the large number of viruses, it is necessary to strengthen the defense against and elimination of viruses. Metallic materials have been used against viruses for thousands of years due to their broad-spectrum antiviral properties, wide sources and excellent physicochemical properties; in particular, metal nanoparticles have advanced biomedical research. However, researchers in different fields hold dissimilar views on the antiviral mechanisms, which has slowed down the antiviral application of metal nanoparticles. As such, this review begins with an exhaustive compilation of previously published work on the antiviral capacity of metal nanoparticles and other materials. Afterwards, the discussion is centered on the antiviral mechanisms of metal nanoparticles at the biological and physicochemical levels. Emphasis is placed on the fact that the strong reducibility of metal nanoparticles may be the main reason for their efficient inactivation of viruses. We hope that this review will benefit the promotion of metal nanoparticles in the antiviral field and expedite the construction of a barrier between humans and viruses.
Tomato Fruit Nutritional Quality Is Altered by the Foliar Application of Various Metal Oxide Nanomaterials
Authors: Cantu Jesus M. , Ye Yuqing , Hernandez-Viezcas Jose A. , Zuverza-Mena Nubia , White Jason C. , Gardea-Torresdey Jorge L.
Published: July 2022

Carbohydrates and phytonutrients play important roles in tomato fruit’s nutritional quality. In the current study, Fe3O4, MnFe2O4, ZnFe2O4, Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4, Mn3O4, and ZnO nanomaterials (NMs) were synthesized, characterized, and applied at 250 mg/L to tomato plants via foliar application to investigate their effects on the nutritional quality of tomato fruits. The plant growth cycle was conducted for a total of 135 days in a greenhouse and the tomato fruits were harvested as they ripened. The lycopene content was initially reduced at 0 stored days by MnFe2O4, ZnFe2O4, and Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4; however, after a 15-day storage, there was no statistical difference between the treatments and the control. Moreover, the β-carotene content was also reduced by Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4, Mn3O4, and ZnO. The effects of the Mn3O4 and ZnO carried over and inhibited the β-carotene after the fruit was stored. However, the total phenolic compounds were increased by ZnFe2O4, Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4, and ZnO after 15 days of storage. Additionally, the sugar content in the fruit was enhanced by 118% and 111% when plants were exposed to Mn3O4 and ZnO, respectively. This study demonstrates both beneficial and detrimental effects of various NMs on tomato fruit quality and highlights the need for caution in such nanoscale applications during crop growth.
Enhanced Spin Thermopower in Phosphorene Nanoribbons via Edge-State Modifications
Authors: Ou Junheng , Zhang Qingtian
Published: July 2022

We investigated spin-dependent thermoelectric transport in zigzag phosphorene nanoribbons with a ferromagnetic stripe. We explored the possibility to enhance the spin thermopower via modifications of the edge states in zigzag ribbons. Two methods are proposed to modulate the edge transport: one is applying gate voltages on the edges; the other is including notches on the ribbon edges. The transport gap is enlarged by the edge-state modifications, which enhance the charge and spin Seebeck coefficients almost twofold. Our results suggest phosphorene to be a promising material for thermoelectric applications and open a possibility to design a tunable spin-thermoelectric device.
A Novel Electrochemical Sensor for Detection of Nicotine in Tobacco Products Based on Graphene Oxide Nanosheets Conjugated with (1,2-Naphthoquinone-4-Sulphonic Acid) Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode
Authors: Abd-Elsabour M. , Alsoghier Hesham M. , Alhamzani Abdulrahman G. , Abou-Krisha Mortaga M. , Yousef Tarek A. , Assaf Hytham F.
Published: July 2022

A simple electrochemical sensor for nicotine (NIC) detection was performed. The sensor based on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified by (1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulphonic acid)(Nq) decorated by graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposite. The synthesized (GO) nanosheets were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), FT-IR, and UV-Visible Spectroscopy. The insertion of Nq with GO nanosheets on the surface of GCE displayed high electrocatalytic activity towards NIC compared to the bare GCE. NIC determination was performed under the optimum conditions using 0.10 M of Na2SO4 as a supporting electrolyte with pH 8.0 at a scan rate of 100 mV/s using both cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). This electrochemical sensor showed an excellent result for NIC detection. The oxidation peak current increased linearly with a 6.5–245 µM of NIC with R2 = 0.9999. The limit of detection was 12.7 nM. The fabricated electrode provided satisfactory stability, reproducibility, and selectivity for NIC oxidation. The reliable GO/Nq/GCE sensor was successfully applied for detecting NIC in the tobacco product and a urine sample.
Highly Regioselective Synthesis of Bisadduct[C70] Additive toward the Enhanced Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Chen Muqing , Zeng Yanyan , Chen Gui , Qiu Yongfu
Published: July 2022

The high-regioselective synthesis of bisadducts based on low-symmetry C70 has been a challenging work due to the large amount of formed regioisomers, which require tedious separation procedures for isomeric purity and block their application in different fields. Herein, we successfully obtained a novel 1, 2, 3, 4-bis(triazolino)fullerene[C70] 2 with high regioselectivity by the rigid tether-directed regioselective synthesis strategy and the corresponding molecular structure was unambiguously confirmed by single-crystal X-ray crystallography characterization. The crystal data clearly show that the addition occurs at the domain of corannulene moiety at the end of ellipse C70 as well as the 1, 2, 3, 4-addition sites located at one hexagonal ring with a [6,6]-closed addition pattern. Furthermore, 2 was applied as an additive of perovskite layer to construct MAPbI3-based regular (n-i-p) perovskite solar cells, affording the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.59%, which is a 7% enhancement relative to that of control devices without additive.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone as a Stabilizer in Synthesis of AgInS2 Quantum Dots
Authors: Korepanov Oleg , Aleksandrova Olga , Firsov Dmitrii , Kalazhokov Zamir , Kirilenko Demid , Kozodaev Dmitriy , Matveev Vasilii , Mazing Dmitriy , Moshnikov Vyacheslav
Published: July 2022

A synthesis protocol of polyvinylpyrrolidone-capped AgInS2 quantum dots in aqueous solution is reported. Nanoparticle morphology and chemical composition were studied by means of TEM, XRD, XPS, and FTIR. The obtained quantum dots were luminescent in the visible range. The photoluminescence intensity dependence on the polyvinylpyrrolidone amount was demonstrated. The wavelength of the emission maximum varied with changing the [Ag]:[In] molar ratio. The temperature dependence of the photoluminescence intensity of the polyvinylpyrrolidone-capped AgInS2 quantum dots was investigated within the temperature range of 11–294 K.
Healthy or Not Healthy? A Mixed-Methods Approach to Evaluate Front-of-Pack Nutrition Labels as a Tool to Guide Consumers
Authors: Todd Melvi , Guetterman Timothy , Volschenk Jako , Kidd Martin , Joubert Elizabeth
Published: July 2022

This study explored how South African food labels could be improved, to enhance customer evaluation of the overall healthiness of packaged food. Focus was given to the comparison of front-of-pack (FOP) nutrition labels as a quick assessment tool. The exploratory sequential mixed-methods design used qualitative interviews (n = 49) to gain insight into labeling challenges and select FOP nutrition labels for consumer testing. Consumers (n = 1261) randomly assessed two out of six possible FOP nutrition labels relative to a ‘no-label’ control in one of 12 online surveys, applied to a fictitious cereal product. A mixed-model analysis of variance was used to compare the differences in health ratings for the different FOP nutrition labels. The interviews revealed three themes for label improvement, that are presented over three time horizons. In terms of helping consumers identify less healthy products, the effect sizes were most prominent for health warnings (p < 0.01) and low health star ratings (p < 0.01). The findings of this research not only clarify whether FOP nutrition labeling formats used in other regions such as Europe, South America and Australia could be useful in the South African context, but they can assist policymakers and decision-makers in selecting an effective FOP label.
Development of Food Group Tree-Based Analysis and Its Association with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and Co-Morbidities in a South Indian Population: A Large Case-Control Study
Authors: Vijay Amrita , Al-Awadi Amina , Chalmers Jane , Balakumaran Leena , Grove Jane I. , Valdes Ana M. , Taylor Moira A. , Shenoy Kotacherry T. , Aithal Guruprasad P.
Published: July 2022

Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global problem growing in parallel to the epidemics of obesity and diabetes, with South Asians being particularly susceptible. Nutrition and behaviour are important modifiers of the disease; however, studies to date have only described dietary patterns and nutrients associated with susceptibility to NAFLD. Methods: This cross-sectional case-control study included 993 NAFLD patients and 973 healthy controls from Trivandrum (India). Dietary data was collected using a locally validated food frequency questionnaire. A tree-based classification categorised 2165 ingredients into three levels (food groups, sub-types, and cooking methods) and intakes were associated with clinical outcomes. Results: NAFLD patients had significantly higher consumption of refined rice, animal fat, red meat, refined sugar, and fried foods, and had lower consumption of vegetables, pulses, nuts, seeds, and milk compared to controls. The consumption of red meat, animal fat, nuts, and refined rice was positively associated with NAFLD diagnosis and the presence of fibrosis, whereas consumption of leafy vegetables, fruits, and dried pulses was negatively associated. Fried food consumption was positively associated with NAFLD, whilst boiled food consumption had a negative association. Increased consumption of animal fats was associated with diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular outcomes among those with NAFLD, whereas consumption of wholegrain rice was negatively associated with these clinical-related outcomes. Conclusions: The tree-based approach provides the first comprehensive method of classifying food intakes to enable the identification of specific dietary factors associated with NAFLD and related clinical outcomes. This could inform culturally sensitive dietary guidelines to reduce risk of NAFLD development and/or its progression.
Weekend–Weekday Differences in Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet among Spanish University Students
Authors: Béjar Luis M.
Published: July 2022

Daily routines may influence eating patterns; however, differences in intake on weekdays and at weekends have rarely been explored. Furthermore, these differences have not been analyzed among university students (a particularly interesting group among the younger generations). The aim of the study was to evaluate weekend–weekday variation in the Mediterranean diet among Spanish university students, while investigating the potential influence of age, gender, studies, body mass index, smoking status and physical activity status. A repeated-measurement 28-day cross-sectional observational study with self-reported dietary intake collected using the e12HR app was conducted. There were 361 participants: average age 20.6 years; 72.9% women; 58.2% students of Pharmacy; average BMI 21.9 kg/m2; 91.4% nonsmokers; 77.6% performed ≥150 min/week of physical activity. Outcome measurements were adherence to the Mediterranean diet (AMD) index and percentage of participants meeting recommendations for each food group on weekdays and at weekends. In all subgroups, Spanish university students’ global diet was associated with low AMD, with poorer diet quality (>12% reductions in mean scores of AMD index and >26% reductions in adequate adherence scores (≥9)) at weekends. In conclusion, weekend health behaviors of Spanish university students displayed less favorable eating behavior, making the weekend an important target for public health interventions aiming to improve dietary intake.
The Gut Microbiota of Obese Children Releases Lower Antioxidant Capacity from Food than That of Lean Children
Authors: Navajas-Porras Beatriz , Pérez-Burillo Sergio , Hinojosa-Nogueira Daniel , Douros Konstantinos , Pastoriza Silvia , Rufián-Henares José Ángel
Published: July 2022

The prevalence of obesity has been increasing in children over the last few decades, becoming a concern for health professionals and governments. Gut microbial community structure in obese people have been found to differ from that of lean subjects for some taxa which could result in different production of microbial metabolites. The aim of the present work was to study whether the gut microbiota from obese children extracts a different concentration of antioxidant capacity than the gut microbiota from lean children. For this purpose, different foods were in vitro digested and in vitro fermented using fecal material from obese and lean children. FRAP, DPPH and Folin-Ciocalteu methods were used to measure the antioxidant capacity released during digestion and fermentation. Overall, when using lean gut microbiota, antioxidant capacity released was higher when measured via DPPH and FRAP. Moreover, according to DPPH results, lean gut microbiota could potentially release more antioxidant power from vegetables than from animal products, while obese gut microbiota did the opposite. On the contrary, with the FRAP method obese gut microbiota released higher levels of antioxidant power from plant products than from animal products, but the final antioxidant capacity was still lower than that released by lean gut microbiota. Therefore, these results reflect that the total antioxidant capacity of foods is influenced by the gut microbiota, although whether that antioxidant capacity is released from plant or animal products can be slightly influenced by the method used for analysis.
Inositol Nutritional Supplementation for the Prevention of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Wei Jingshu , Yan Jie , Yang Huixia
Published: July 2022

This study was aimed at assessing the efficacy and safety of inositol nutritional supplementation during pregnancy for the prevention of GDM. PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE, and Cochrane library were systematically searched for randomized controlled trails (RCTs) in this field until May 2022. Primary outcomes were the incidence for GDM and plasma glucose levels by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Pooled results were expressed as relative risk (RR) or mean difference (MD) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Seven RCTs with 1321 participants were included in this study. Compared with the control group, 4 g myo-inositol (MI) supplementation per day significantly decreased the incidence of GDM (RR = 0.30, 95% CI (0.18, 0.49), p < 0.00001). It significantly decreased the plasma glucose levels of OGTT regarding fasting-glucose OGTT (MD = −4.20, 95% CI (−5.87, −2.54), p < 0.00001), 1-h OGTT (MD = −8.75, 95% CI (−12.42, −5.08), p < 0.00001), and 2-h OGTT (MD = −8.59, 95% CI (−11.81, −5.83), p < 0.00001). It also decreased the need of insulin treatment, and reduced the incidence of preterm delivery and neonatal hypoglycemia. However, no difference was observed between 1.1 g MI per day plus 27.6 mg D-chiro-inositol (DCI) per day and the control group regarding all evaluated results. In conclusion, 4 g MI nutritional supplementation per day during early pregnancy may reduce GDM incidence and severity, therefore may be a practical and safe approach for the prevention of GDM.
Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Multifidene, a Sex Pheromone of Brown Algae
Authors: Umezawa Taiki , Hara Misaki , Kinoshita-Terauchi Nana , Matsuda Fuyuhiko
Published: July 2022

The total synthesis of multifidene, a sex pheromone found in brown algae, is described. The synthesis features the highly enantioselective and diastereoselective addition reaction of an aldehyde to a nitroolefin in the presence of a Hayashi–Jørgensen catalyst and a Nef reaction initiated by visible light irradiation. These key reactions enabled the 11-step synthesis from commercially available compounds. The synthetic pheromones are examined with gametes.