bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Health Cost of Organic and Conventional Vegetable Cultivation in Getasan Sub-district, Semarang, Indonesia
Authors:   Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Dian Nuswantoro, Semarang, Indonesia, Asfawi Supriyono , Probandari Ari , Setyono Prabang , Hartono
Published: August 2021

Environmental damage will disrupt the ecosystem to support life. Unsustainable agriculture can be a source of environmental degradation. Conventional agriculture may have an effect on the environment, thus the participation of various parties in sustainable agriculture is needed. Organic agriculture is developed as an environmentally friendly agricultural cultivation with many benefits. Compared to the attention on occupational health, safety and environmental problems, economic motives receive less attention. This study aims to calculate the costs arising from the health impacts of vegetable cultivation. There were 314 respondents interviewed in this study. There were significant differences in the sickness complaints felt by respondents; organic farmer groups have the potential to incur health costs of Rp. 30,333.33, while the conventional group is higher, with a cost of Rp. 103.303.57 (US$ 7.38). Organic farming has a better impact because it uses natural ingredients and is not bad for health. The potential losses arising from health cases also show a high and significant number (p <0.001).
Using Rose’ and Manning’s Equations to Spatially Quantify Soil Erosion in Lagawe River Sub- Watershed, Ifugao, Philippines
Authors:   Division of Soil Science, Agricultural Systems Institute, College of Agriculture and Food Science, University of the Philippines Los Banos (UPLB), Laguna, Philippines, Bato Victorino , Paningbatan, Jr. Eduardo , Ella Victor , Alcantara Antonio , Cruz Rex Victor , Sanchez Pearl
Published: August 2021

A dynamic, physical model was created to predict soil erosion of Lagawe River Sub-watershed, a sub-watershed of Magat River Watershed, Philippines. Tipping-bucket rain gauge was installed to gather event-based rainfall data and a water-level recorder was installed on a straight segment of Lagawe River to gather water depth. Sediment samples were taken during rainstorm events and were used to calibrate the model. Manning’s equation was used to calculate surface runoff and stream flow velocity. Rose’ and Freebairn’s Equation was used to calculate sediment mass. Geographic Information System was utilized as a tool for modelling using PCRaster Software. The model estimated a total of 57,905,000 m3 of eroded sediments which was generated during Typhoon Koppu (local name, Lando) in year 2015. A Welch Two Sample t-value of -0.25 and a p-value of 0.81 was achieved on the statistical analysis between the measured sediment yield and the output of the model. Since the p-value is greater than 0.05 (5%), there is no significant difference between the output of the physical dynamic model and the measured value for sediment yield. Likewise, the correlation analysis supports this conclusion with a linearly positive R2 value of 0.74.
Health Waqf Land Disputes and Alternative Settlements
Authors: Faisal
Published: August 2021

The system of Waqf management is still not as expected because many land dispute problems that arise in the midst of society are caused by factors that hinder the delivery of Waqf intentions from a representative. The issue of Waqf disputes is often brought to the path of litigation (court) so that alternative channels are needed in finding a resolution. The research method used is the method of juridical law research normative with the approach of legislation. The purpose of this research is to prioritize non-litigation pathways first to resolve Waqf disputes. The results showed that the factors that cause the non-implementation of Waqf lies in administrative problems when trying to make a deed of Waqf land pledge caused by disapproval by the heirs of the representative to the management of Waqf by nadzir who lack integrity and responsiveness. Recommendations on the issue, Waqf disputes should first put forward a non-Litigation line, because the Litigation line as a last resort to find a place to resolve land disputes.
The Study of Inflation Rate and Relative Impact on the Indian Economy during Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors:   Associate Professor Faculty of commerce and Business Administration Meerut College, C.C.S. University, U.P., India, Yadav Dr. S.K.S.
Published: August 2021

COVID-19 has affected the entire world. India, like other countries have adopted the safest way of lockdown in order to prevent the pandemic. One of the most critical impact of lockdown is increasing inflation. Covid-19 has affected the economy in many ways, but the most tangible outcome is the impact of inflation that has affected each and every person. Even into the pandemic, Inflation in India did not see it going below 6%. Inflation has been one of the most burning issue of economics. It is an increase in the prices of daily commodities over a period. This paper is an attempt to understand the impact of inflation on Indian economy during COVID-19. The paper looks at the methods that are used to measure the level of inflation, and the factors that are responsible for the current high level of inflation in India during COVID-19.
La regulación de la objeción de conciencia en las normas despenalizadoras del aborto en Argentina y Uruguay
Authors: Aramberri Mariano
Published: August 2021

El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo analizar el tratamiento legislativo de la objeción de conciencia contenido en las normas despenalizadoras del aborto en Argentina y Uruguay, mediante un estudio comparativo de algunos de sus aspectos más relevantes.
Se expone una posición crítica de la visión restrictiva del derecho a la objeción de conciencia que proponen las normas analizadas, incluyendo el decreto reglamentario oportunamente dictado por el Poder Ejecutivo de nuestro país que, en su día, recibió el impacto en la línea de flotación que significó el contenido de la sentencia del TCA nro. 586, de año 2015.
Sin perjuicio de la referencia a las prescripciones que surgen de las normas vigentes en ambas márgenes del Plata, se propone una concepción jusnaturalista del derecho a la objeción de conciencia y de ideario. En virtud de ese posicionamiento se concluye que las restricciones que algunas preceptivas legales o reglamentarias pretenden imponer, ceden ante la superioridad de la indispensable protección de la efectividad del derecho humano fundamental esgrimido por el objetor que, en definitiva, mediante el ejercicio del derecho hace saber a quien corresponda que la norma inicua no lo obliga, y porque no lo obliga no la cumplirá.
The Effect of Dietary Products with Estrogenic Properties on Breast Cancer in Women Over 50
Authors: Mehta Anisha , Finn Kevin , Frantz Aubrey
Published: August 2021

My test question is to what extent do dietary products with estrogenic properties affect the development of breast cancer in women over the age of 50 in the United States? Therefore, from this research question, my hypothesis is that breast cancer risk and diets that increase estrogen levels are correlated strongly with one another for women over age 50. I utilized correlational research to analyze if foods that women eat on a daily basis correlate with their levels of estradiol in one data set and thus analyze if these increased estradiol levels affect breast cancer risk. In order to do this, I looked at pre-existing data from a variety of medical journals. Results show that as estrogen dietary pattern score increased, breast cancer risk increased.  Also, a western diet (red meat, high estrogenic diets) can increase breast cancer risk significantly and that a prudent diet (vegetables, fruits) does not affect the risk. During this research study, the most important limitation is that only studies from published medical journals were used. Some studies were not published online meaning the results remained private. Overall, my results of this study suggested that breast cancer risk and diets that increase estrogen levels are in fact correlated strongly with one another for women over age 50. The results of this study inspire further inquiry into medical applications of diets with estrogenic properties.  Additionally, more studies can show how other hormones are correlated with breast cancer risk, and if so which kind of foods.
Designing Shock Absorbing Composites by Impregnating Woven Fabrics with Shear Thickening Fluids
Authors: Saha Aaditya , Avett Fred
Published: August 2021

Millions of sports and recreation-related injuries occur each year. Different shock-absorbing solutions, such as polyethylene and polyurethane foams, are used in helmets and protective equipment, but one area most sports-gear manufacturers have not explored is the usage of shear thickening fluids (STFs). An STF is a material that is soft under normal conditions but acts rigid when stressed or pressured. STF composites were fabricated and tested with the goal of exploring their viability for use in shock-absorption applications, especially for sports.

The role of fabric- and particle-type, particle-to-carrier fluid ratios, nano-particle additives, and the thickness of the composite were studied, and were all hypothesized to have an effect on the impact-resistance of the fabricated STF-composites. Drop-tests were conducted by releasing a 1.1-lb. weight from an electromagnet onto the composites. An impact-force sensor was placed underneath. The weight and height of the drop were chosen to simulate the hardest recorded NFL hit.

All hypothesized factors were found to affect impact resistance. The combination of nylon-fabric impregnated by an STF mix of propylene-glycol and silica-nanoparticles, with a cerium-oxide nano-particle additive, displayed better shock-absorption behavior than other fabricated composites. All of the STF-composites also outperformed tested commercial shock-absorption materials despite being thinner and more flexible. These results demonstrate the potential of using STF-impregnated textile fabrics for protective composites for sportswear, as well as for non-sport shock-absorption applications, like in military vests and helmets, and aerospace applications. Further research is necessary to work towards a final product which can be used.
Snow Sports to Meet One’s Need for Self-Actualization
Authors: Kizuka Mika , Rennix Kate , Gutzler Rachel
Published: August 2021

The present qualitative, phenomenological study investigated why persons with disabilities turn to specifically snow sports and the role that snow sports play in achieving self-actualization. A content analysis was performed on every available online Team USA Paralympic athlete biography (N = 69) gathering data on general information, prior involvement in sports, type/classification of impairment, year of injury, and rationale for choosing snow sports. Adaptive snow sport organizations across the United States of America were contacted (N = 30) and athletes of these organizations were surveyed regarding the impact that snow sports had on their psychological difficulties. Two narrative interviews were held survey questions to triangulate and to gain real life accounts in a more personal manner. Through researching the question “What role does self-actualization play in the motivation of the persons with physical disability in participating in snow sports?”, it is still fair to say persons with physical disabilities view snow sports as a means of asserting competence and to focus on one’s own ability rather than their disability. Snow sports are, therefore, a viable source of psychological rehabilitation for persons with physical disabilities, like popular sport alternatives such as wheelchair basketball. More research is needed to better observe a cause-and-effect relationship between psychological state of mind and participating in snow sports.
Toxic TikTok Trends
Authors: Korbani Ava , LaBrie Jessica
Published: August 2021

With the rise of social media, body image dissatisfaction has increased among young females and has led to a variety of negative consequences such as eating disorders. The TikTok app is the newest form of social media where users are encouraged to post creative videos and provide commentary. TikTok’s ForYouPage, an algorithm that creates a symbiotic relationship between user interest in trends and a means to satisfy these interests, has promoted the long-standing theme of body image dissatisfaction on social media apps. The more users continue to express interest in toxic body trends, the more the app pushes this same content. My research will dive into the specific trends that appear on a TikTok ForYouPage, with the goal to determine the most toxic criteria prevalent on the TikTok body image atmosphere. For the purpose of my study, I created two separate equations: total measured toxicity (TMT) derived from a content analysis, and a total surveyed toxicity (TST) derived from a focus group survey. I concluded from the two equations that the act of giving or receiving qualitative or quantitative appearance rates is the most toxic criteria prevalent on TikTok’s body image atmosphere. The results of this study give insight to how the app should take action to eliminate toxic body trends and prioritize restricting the most toxic criteria, as determined by my study.
The Tonal Representations of Violence in PG-13 Rated Cinema
Authors: Guigliano Michael , Olivo Daniel
Published: August 2021

Exposure to different tones of movie violence has been shown to affect viewers in different ways. Particularly, exposure to violence designed to evoke a comedic reaction may cause an overall desensitization to violence, more so than violence of a serious nature. There is a significant gap in current literature regarding analysis of the nature of different tones of movie violence. This study seeks to explore said gap, particularly with regards to PG-13 rated movies. Eight PG-13 rated films were randomly selected from 1984 to 2019 and through a mixed-method approach, were each subjected to a content analysis. All eight of the films contained at least one instance of comedic violence, but the presence of serious violence was significantly more prevalent. Instances of comedic violence were all supported through stylistic and theoretical indications of comedy. This study finds that some of the most highly viewed films engage in the practice of making violence humorous, which has been found to have a negative effect on viewers. Future research should apply the method developed for this study on a broader scale and to different genres of film.
Public Perceptions of Cultured Meat Pseudonyms
Authors: Webster Jackson , Talarczyk Patricia
Published: August 2021

The titles used for cultured meat vary drastically and a single name needs to be found. This would allow for a clear name to be established in order to appeal to consumers, and appealing in this way would help to best cultivate the benefits of this meat that could help the environment and economy. To measure this, a 7-point likert scale in a survey with many of these titles and various company logos was employed. Several analysis tests (ANOVA repeated measures and difference of means) were thereafter used to analyze the data found. It was then concluded that cruelty-free meat was, by a large margin, statistically significantly above the other titles and should be used for further practice and sales.
Student Discipline Disparities in Virginia
Authors: Lanman Katheryn , Sensharma Nisha , Mauthe Chris
Published: August 2021

Large racial disparities in student discipline are thought to be directly contributing to disproportionate minority contact in the juvenile justice system. Little has been done to learn about what acts as a predictor of and gives rise to these disparities. The current research aims to add to this conversation by examining the relationship between racial disparities in reported student offenders, measured using risk ratio, and two budget variables: the proportion of budget going towards diversity inclusion and per-pupil expenditures. Specifically, the research asks: How does spending on specific diversity programs and overall spending on students affect racial disparities in student discipline? A meta-analysis was utilized to answer this question. Data on Black, Hispanic, and White male students with no disabilities were collected from 314 public high schools across 126 school districts in Virginia. To find the correlation between racial disparities in reported student offenders and specific diversity programs as well as overall spending on students, a Pearson’s r test for correlation was conducted. Disparities in student discipline were positively correlated with the proportion of budget going toward diversity inclusion, but this correlation was not statistically significant. On the other hand, disparities in student discipline had a statistically significant positive correlation with per-pupil expenditures. This positive correlation indicates that the wealth of a district acts as a predictor of levels of racial disparity in student discipline. This suggests that the demographics of a district or segregation within a district could contribute to or exacerbate the existence of such disparities.
Excess Anxiety's Effect on the Occurrence of Insomnia in Adolescents in Late Adolescence
Authors: Bao Cadeo Canh , Bihn Due
Published: August 2021

Due to the difficult process of social transition associated with the end of adolescence, this may create complications. For example, the issue of anti-social conduct in teenagers, as well as disagreements with parents, often result in conflict, ties of solidarity that may result in hazardous hazards and emotional illnesses such as stress, excessive anxiety, and depression. Anxiety disorder is a kind of emotional illness that may develop in late adolescence as a result of psychosocial causes. In which late adolescents react to stresses in an inappropriate and accurate manner. Anxiety disorders may impair the development of teaching and learning, since they lead people to suffer information processing distortion. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of excessive worry on the prevalence of sleeplessness in late teenage adolescents. The researchers will conduct an analytical observational study using a cross sectional design. Teenagers with anxiety were classified as having no anxiety by 71 individuals (88.8 percent), mild anxiety by 8 people (10.0 percent), and moderate anxiety by one person (1.3 percent ). According to the classification of insomnia, there were 48 individuals (60.0 percent) in the severe group, 18 teenagers (22.5 percent) in the very severe category, and 14 adolescents (17.5 percent) in the moderate category. There is a link between anxiety and the prevalence of sleeplessness in late teenage teens.
Medicated Chewing Gum- A Patient Friendly Oromucosal Drug Delivery
Authors: Mali Bhushan , Patil P. B. , Bachhav R. S.
Published: August 2021

Over the years, simplification of patients and patient-centered research in the field of drug delivery has led to the emergence of new drug delivery options. In them, chewing gum (MCG) had the means to give the simplest medicine, not only to special groups with problems of swallowing like children and the elderly, but also to all people, including the younger generation. The chewing gum contains a thin layer of masticatory gum coating that can be a film of polymers, waxes, sugar, flavors, or colors. A chemical ingredient can be present in the core, in the coating, or in both. The level of oromucosal absorption depends on the condition of the mucosa, the time of contact, and the physicochemical characteristics of the active ingredient. A small non-lipophilic molecule dissolved in enzymatic stable solids is more likely to penetrate. In the case of local action, it is possible to achieve beneficial results with a medicated chewing gum higher than that obtained by troches. Patients in particular may view chewing gum as the preferred method of drug management compared to oral drinks or pills. The use of herbal remedies is possible as a local treatment for oral diseases and treatment of systemic conditions.
SEMANTIC PATTERN OF GIFT IN THE NOBLE QURAN
Authors: ABURAHME Mohammed
Published: August 2021

ALLAH has honored Arabic for preserving the Qur’an for it, and it is miraculous in its statement, wording and saying, and the Qur’an expression is based on semantic patterns that constitute as a whole the unity of the Qur’anic discourse unique in its composition and miracle. I was concerned with the study of the specialization of expressions in their homeland from the Qur’an context exclusively. From the positions in which the context (the gift) was mentioned, and after observing all the citizen and identifying the contexts that contained the gift, the effort devoted himself to the semantic pattern that concerned the verb with its revelations in order to reveal its truth and reveal its identity, and to explain the use of the word in its context and its harmonious and consistent relationship in order to show textual coherence between the signifier And its significance in its functional interrelated relationship between the context and the word gift, in conformity with the documented intent intended in the general verse, The study presented the views of commentators and linguists in its homeland, then the researcher directed the linguistic saying to clarify the situation, clarify the significance and reveal the harmony of the Qur’anic discourse, the location of the study according to the semantic pattern of the gift in the Qur’an.
EXTERNAL AUDIT IN ALGERIA BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL AUDITING STANDARD AND ALGERIAN AUDITING STANDARD
Authors: LYES Gassabi , SAID Abdi Mohamed
Published: August 2021

This study aims at measuring and analysing application of international auditing standard on and Algerian auditing standard.to Improving the performance of external audit in order to achieve that we selected a random sample of 120 element of the study population, questionnaires were distributed to external auditors, they included 31 paragraphs Distributed to three axes of study the data were processed using SPSS statistical program.
THE ROLE OF CHILDREN POEMS ON TV CHANNELS TO ACHIEVEMENT OF CHILDREN MORAL EDUCATION: (TIYOUR EL JANNA CHANNEL AS AN EXAMPLE)
Authors: BALLA Elsiddig Abdelsadig Elbadawi , DRAR Amira Abdelheiy Hassan
Published: August 2021

This study aimed to explore the role of children poems on achievement of moral education among children with special emphasis on Tiyour El Janna TV Channel, in addition to the likely differences that are of statistical significance among responses of nurseries teachers on the role of children poems broadcasted by Tiyour El Janna TV Channel and their role in moral education of children. The studywas conducted at Rufaa City SUDAN during the year 2020-2021. A descriptive analytical method was adopted, and a questionnaire was designed and tested for validity and reliability. The study sample consisted of (68) female teacher constituting 46% of the study population, randomly selected. The researcher used Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for dada analysis. Key results revealed that children poems broadcasted by Tiyour El Janna TV Channel fulfills the objectives of Islamic moral education by an arithmetic mean of (4.37) very good, broadcasting of poems (Tiyour El Janna TV) with an arithmetic mean of (4.51) highly valued. The study revealed statistically significant differences on the role of children poems due to type of nursery for government nursery compared to private nursery. No statistically significant differences were shown dur to academic qualification or experience variables. Accordingly, the study made several recommendations: the importance of encouraging children to follow TV channels which promote their moral education. The study also suggested several future studies to be conducted.
THE ROLE OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN RAISING THE EFFICIENCY OF EMPLOYEES :APPLIED STUDY IN THE NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY
Authors: JABBER Shooroq Sabah
Published: August 2021

The issue of raising the efficiency of workers has gained great importance for business organizations, especially in light of the challenges facing institutions today and their ability to adapt to technological changes. The knowledge economy is also one of the most important means that raise the efficiency of workers and increase their productivity. Therefore, the researcher found that insurance companies suffer from not giving importance to the concept of knowledge management and how to take advantage of knowledge to improve the performance level of workers and raise the efficiency and productivity of the worker, which will be reflected on the performance of the bank as a whole. In order to find out the causes of the problem and develop solutions to it, a sample of 40 managers in the National Insurance Company was selected, which included general managers, heads of departments, and directors of departments and branches to test the research hypothesis, which stipulated (there is a moral relationship with statistical significance between knowledge management and raising the efficiency of workers’ performance). The aim of the research is to clarify the role of knowledge management in raising the efficiency of workers and increase their productivity and to reach proposals that try to help the bank in question to improve the concept of knowledge management and how to apply it. The research also reached a number of recommendations, the most prominent of which is that insurance companies try to draw a clear path for the application and development of knowledge management and how to benefit from it in raising the efficiency of workers, and the bank should work permanently to generate knowledge and try to apply it to individuals working in the bank.
A CRITICAL STUDY INTO THE METHODOLOGY OF KITAB AL-TABAQAT AL-KUBRA BY MOHAMMAD IBN SA'D (230H/844 A.D.)
Authors: MELHEM Adnan
Published: August 2021

Born to a modest family in Al-basra 168 H/ 78 A.D., spent most of his life in Baghdad, with a distinguished record of achievements, Mohammad Ibn Sa'd has built a reputation as one of the major scholars in history, Hadith, Islamic Fiqh, language and lineology. Ibn Sa'd is known most for laying the foundations for authorship, text analysis and criticism. His most renowned work Kitab Al-Tabaqat Al-kubra was classified as an encyclopedic chronicle of Islamic history, science, politics, economics and sociology up to the year 230 H/ 844 A.D. The book was also considered a classic in the synchronic depiction of social class. This study critically examines Ibn Sa'd's aims from writing history in an attempt to provide new insights into the historical method the author used in his classic work.
THE LEVEL OF ANXIETY CAUSED BY THE EMERGING COVID-19 VIRUS AND ITS RELATION TO PSYCHOLOGICAL COPING STRATEGIES FOR GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE SECTORS’ EMPLOYEES IN THE SULTANATE
Authors: AL-BUSAIDI Huda Nasser Ali , AL-ABRI Laila Suwaid Said
Published: August 2021

This quantitative study discussed the level of anxiety and its relation to psychological coping strategies with Corona pandemic for government and private sectors’ employees in the Sultanate. The problem lies in the employees' return to work in their workplaces in light of the outbreak of Covid-19 pandemic, according to the decision of the Supreme Committee in the Sultanate, and the anxiety that may result from this decision among the employees. The study aimed to reveal the level of anxiety caused by the emerging Covid-19 virus and its relation to psychological coping strategies for government and private sectors’ employees in the Sultanate. The study was applied to a sample of (584) employees chosen by a simple random method. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researchers used the descriptive analytical approach, through conducting a questionnaire as a study tool. The results showed that the level of anxiety among employees in both sectors was high. Moreover, the analysis revealed that the employees used coping strategies to control anxiety caused by the pandemic in different levels, varying between significant and medium. The extent of use of these strategies was respectively as follows: religious dimension, and confrontation and problem-solving strategies (significantly), help and support strategy (largely), and escape strategy (medium). The results also showed that there is a statistically positive correlation between anxiety and all coping strategies, except for the confrontation and problem-solving strategy.
FACTORS INFLUENCING TRIBAL FARMERS TO SHIFT FROM TRADITIONAL TO MODERN AGRICULTURE IN WAYANAD DISTRICT OF KERALA
Authors: DAS ARAVIND V. RAMA , BOSE DIPAK KUMAR , JAHANARA JAHANARA
Published: August 2021

Agriculture has always been a way of life and culture for the traditional farmers. The major occupation of the tribal communities has always been agriculture. The pressure to meet the growing demands of the increasing population forced countries like India to adopt modern methods of farming. This gradually brought about changes in the ancient farming systems that existed in the Country. Kurichiya tribal community in Wayanad district of Kerala is the first agricultural community in the district and has an important role in the agricultural sector of the State. Today, changes have taken place in various aspects of the farming they follow, as a result of influence fro0m several factors. The study was conducted in Wayanad district of Kerala purposively for analyzing the socio-economic profile and the association of selected independent variables with factors influencing the Kurichiya tribal farmers to shift from traditional to modern agricultural system. The study was conducted using Descriptive research design. A total of 120 respondents were selected for the study. Pre-tested schedule was used for collection of data and statistical tools were used for analyzing. Karl Pearsons’s Co-efficient of Correlation test was used to find the association between independent variables and factors influencing the respondents. The important findings of the study were that the factors influencing had a highly significant and positive relationship with Education, Mass Media exposure and Progressiveness.
Letter from the Editors
Authors: Shahrour Nesreen , Adams Danya
Published: August 2021

This spring semester marks an unprecedented year for the Georgetown community and beyond. The ability of many student researchers to adapt their research studies to a virtual environment, something previously unimaginable, is nothing short of a remarkable display of the resilience and adaptability of the Georgetown student body. Students turned to writing literature reviews and conducting data analyses to delve deeper into their research virtually. This pattern was reflected in the numerous literature reviews present in this issue as well as in Student Highlights throughout the school year. These unanticipated changes students made to the way they conduct research are inspiring to the research community as a whole and show their passion and desire to further scientific research despite the many new challenges we face.In this issue, we are met with a diversity of research conducted by these committed students. They have tackled a variety of important topics ranging from gun violence to cancer models. This issue presents many fascinating and thought-provoking studies: a new, original program for decryption techniques on python, a review about the target receptor GPR40 for epilepsy treatment, original research regarding the psychological healing of Black women in the DC area following losing a child to gun violence, and a review of cancer models in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma therapy. We hope this issue will serve as a testament to true commitment that will always find a way to move forward despite a pandemic that challenged the safety of conducting research via traditional methods. As we transition into our second year as an organization, we hope to continue contributing to the scientific student experience at Georgetown University. To honor our dedication to the Georgetown research community, the Center for Student Engagement presented GSR Journal with the Outstanding Student Organization Award. Through resources on how to get involved in research and showcasing the work of our community members, we hope students will learn more about the myriad research opportunities at Georgetown. Please join us in commending the students who have advanced the ongoing research at Georgetown University both in this issue and beyond.
The intercultural city: real estate markets, migratory trends and social dynamics [La città interculturale: dinamiche immobiliari, migratorie e sociali]
Authors: Micelli Ezio
Published: August 2021

New ethnicities and new cultures are taking up residence in our cities: for years the flow of foreign people has been compensating the decreasing rates of natural growth and population ageing. This trend comes along with several consequences in the real estate market, and the scientific literature has shown up events in common with many countries. Spatial segregation, as a consequence of real estate dynamics, has to be critically evaluated: it is by no means a neutral mechanism, yet it contributes in no small measure to the spatial segregation of the smaller communities. Nuove etnie e nuove culture abitano le nostre città: da anni il flusso di persone straniere compensa il decrescente saldo naturale e l’invecchiamento della popolazione. Ciò non è senza conseguenze sul mercato immobiliare e la letteratura scientifica mette in luce fenomeni comuni a molti paesi. La segregazione spaziale effetto di dinamiche di mercato va considerata criticamente: quest’ultimo non è dispositivo neutrale, ma concorre attivamente alla segregazione spaziale delle comunità.
Immigration in Genoa: real estate demand survey in the historic centre [Immigrazione a Genova: un’indagine conoscitiva sulla domanda immobiliare nel centro storico]
Authors: Rosasco Paolo , Sdino Leopoldo , Sdino Benedetta
Published: August 2021

Migratory flows which characterized European cities over the last decade have generated profound changes in the social and economic tissue causing a housing demand with its own characteristics. In Italy, such phenomenon is particularly evident, not only in terms of property demand by foreigner residents, but also as to the turnover produced in terms of volume. Immigration in Genoa manifested itself starting from the second post-war period through a considerable flow of people coming from South of Italy regions looking for an occupation in many state industries and companies in the city or the port. The phenomenon ceased in the ‘70s with the beginning of the deindustrialization and it has been substituted by foreign immigration coming from North Africa and Central America poorest countries. New residents settle in the urban units of Molo, Maddalena and Prè (Historic Centre) abandoned by traditional inhabitants and where the lower prices level makes the buildings more accessible to this specific demand, often characterized by reduced economic capacities. I flussi migratori che caratterizzano le città europee in questi ultimi decenni hanno generato profondi cambiamenti nel tessuto sociale ed economico causando una domanda abitativa con propri caratteri. In Italia, il fenomeno è particolarmente evidente, sia in termini di domanda di immobili da parte di residenti stranieri sia in termini di volumi di affari prodotti. Per la città di Genova il fenomeno dell’immigrazione si manifesta a partire dal secondo dopoguerra con un consistente flusso di soggetti provenienti dalle regioni del sud Italia in cerca di occupazione nelle molte industrie e aziende statali presenti in città e nel porto. Il fenomeno cessa negli anni ‘70 con l’inizio della deindustrializzazione e viene sostituito dall’immigrazione estera dagli stati più poveri del nord Africa e del Centro America. I nuovi residenti si insediano nei sestrieri del Molo, della Maddalena e di Prè (Centro Storico della città) ormai abbandonati dagli abitanti tradizionali e dove il basso livello dei prezzi rende più accessibili gli immobili da parte di questa specifica domanda spesso caratterizzata da ridotte capacità economiche
Plants as Immunity Enhancers: A Review
Authors:   University Institute of Pharma Sciences, Chandigarh University, Gharuan., Mittal Payal ,   University Institute of Pharma Sciences, Chandigarh University, Gharuan.
Published: August 2021

It is an evident from ancient times that herbs and medicinal plants have the potential to cure a variety of diseases. Some plants boosts our immunity and make our immune system more powerful to fight againt various diseases. The medicinal effects shown by the plants are due to active principle compound present in them and they work in the same manner as the conventioal drugs. Indian herbs and medicinal plants show miraculous effects against wide variety of diseases and disorders in humansand can be better called as “elixers of life”. Currently, the interest is increasing with high pace in the use of active constituents of medicinal plants as modulator or enhancer of complex immune system. From the literature of various studies carried out in the research area , it is culminated that many of the chemicals in the form of alkaloids, flavanoids, anti-oxidants, tannins, terpenes, and glycoside products are responsible to empower the immunmodulator effect. Keeping in mind , the appreciating potential of active constituents of medicinal plants and their derived drugs, present review is an attemptto globally popularize the herbal plants with Immunomodulator Activity.
Effect of Acute Aerobic Exercise on Diastolic blood Pressure in Preclinical Medical Students of Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore
Authors:   , , , , ,, Shafiq Muhammad , Qutab Miraa , Javaid Saqib , Fatima Rida , Ijaz Maham , Shafiq Abdullah
Published: August 2021

Objectives: To evaluate the response of acute bout of moderate exercise on DBP in preclinical medical students of Services Institute of Medical Sciences (SIMS), Lahore and to compare it with gender, family history, lifestyle and waist-hip-ratio of the study participants. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in the Department of Physiology, SIMS from May to December 2019. Ninety-three (93) healthy male and female MBBS students were recruited through nonprobability convenient sampling. Socio-demographic components were gathered using a ques-tionnaire. Anthropometric data (height, weight and waist-hip-ratio) and resting DBP was recorded before the exercise. All participants underwent exercise challenge on a treadmill. Post-exercise DBP was measured by taking serial recordings at zero minutes, 2 minutes and 5 minutes after exercise cessation. Data was analyzed using SPSSv20. Results: Within the 93 participants, 87(93.5%) were physically inactive, with only 6(6.5%) were physically active. In comparison with the baseline DBP, the DBP at zero and 2 minutes post exercise was statistically significant (p<0.001) in study participants. There was no significant correlation between DBP immediately after exercise and gender (p = 0.751); family history of hypertension and diabetes mellitus (p = 0.603); and lifestyle (p = 0.954). A non-significant (p = 0.636) yet positive correlation was observed between post exercise DBPand waist-hip-ratio among males. Conclusion: Our study revealed that an acute bout of exercise significantly raised the DBPimmediately after exercise. This rise in BP was not significantly related to gender, lifestyle and family history of diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Keywords: Diastolic blood pressure, aerobic exercise, waist-hip-ratio, medical students, treadmill How to cite: Shafiq M., Qutab M., Javaid S., Fatima R., Ijaz M., Shafiq A. Effect of acute aerobic exercise on diastolic blood pressure in preclinical medical students of Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore. Esculapio 2021;17(02):170-174.
Correlation of Depression, Anxiety and Stress with Quality of Life in COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors:   , ,, ,, Rashid Aysha , Mudassar Umair , Tariq Ismail , Zaheer Adil , Iftikhar Mariam , Mazhar Nauman
Published: August 2021

Due to Covid-19 pandemic the psychological health of individuals is disturbed globally. There is a dire need of looking into details about the effects of mental health issues on quality of life (QOL). Objectives: To determine correlation between depression, anxiety, stress, and quality of life among adults in Covid-19 and evaluate the impact of demographics on quality of life. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study carried out at a tertiary care hospital. Patients presenting in the psychiatry outdoor of age 18 to 60 years, of both genders and scoring ≥21 on Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS) were enrolled in the study and depression, anxiety and stress severity was assessed and Quality of Life Scale (QOLS) was applied on all to assess their quality of life. All findings were then subjected to statistical analysis. Results: The mean age of the patients was 21.78±3.204, mean depression score on DASS was 8.58±4.510, mean anxiety score on DASS was 11.68±4.160 and the mean stress score on DASS was 14.84±3.192. There were 63.5% males and 36.5% females. Depression, anxiety and stress had a negative correlation with quality of life. Depression and stress were significantly correlated negatively with quality of life (p=0.000). No demographical factor was significantly associated with poor quality of life. Conclusion: Depression, anxiety and stress were negatively correlated with poorer QOL and depression and stress had significant association with poor QOL. Key words: Anxiety, Depression, Covid-19, Quality of life How to cite: Rashid A., Mudassar U., Tariq I., Zaheer A., Iftikhar M., Mazhar N. Correlation of Depression, Anxiety and Stress with Quality of Life in COVID-19 Pandemic. Esculapio 2021;17(02):195-199.
Observance Des Mesures Barrières De Lutte Contre La Maladie A Coronavirus-19 & Morbi-Mortalités Liées Au Cholera En Zone EndemoEpidémique De La République Démocratique Du Congo
Authors: BUKASA Héman KABEMBA , MONGANE Teiggy BIRHULA , Jean- Marie MATALA MATUNGULU , KAPAFULE Joseph NDJIBU
Published: August 2021

Introduction : Le cholera est une maladie diarrhéique hautement contagieuse et en lien étroit avec le déficit de l’observance stricte des mesures d’hygiène. Il constitue un véritable problème de santé publique dans les pays en voie de développement. Cette étude avait pour objectif de déterminer l’impact de l’observance des mesures d’hygiène pendant la période de la maladie à coronavirus-19 sur l’épidémiologie de cholera dans notre milieu. Méthode : Il s’agit d’une revue documentaire des cas de choléra notifiés et validés durant la période allant de Janvier 2018 à Mars 2021 dans la zone de santéendémo-épidémique de Moba, province du Tanganyika, en République Démocratique du Congo. Résultats : 1935 cas de choléra ont été rapportés durant la période d’étude, avec respectivement un taux d’attaque pour 100 milles de 196,5 en 2018, 277,2en 2019 et 68,8 en 2020. Le sexe masculin a été le plus affecté en 2018 (n=368 ; 53,8%) et 2019 (n=527 ; 53,0%), contrairement avec 2020 en faveur des femmes (n=153 ; 60,2%). Les mois pluvieux ont été les plus contributeurs en nombre des cas de choléra notifies. La majorité des malades arrivait avec la déshydratation sévère. Le séjour moyen aux centres de traitement des maladies diarrhéiques (CTMD) et unités de traitement des maladies diarrhéiques (UTMD) a été presqu’uniforme durant la période étudiée, variant de 3,1 à 3,2 jours. Les décès liés au cholera ont été de 1 cas sur 254 en 2020, 19 cas sur 994 en 2019 et 11 cas sur 684 en 2018, soit une létalité de 0,4 % en 2020, 1,9 % en 2019 et 1,6% en 2018 et une morbidité proportionnelle de 35,4%, 51,4 % et 13,1%. Conclusion : La limitation des déplacements et l’intensification des mesures d’hygiène instaurées pendant la période de la pandémie de la maladie à coronavirus ont eu un impact significatif sur l’endémicité, l’épidémicité et la mortalité de choléra, spécifiquement le taux d’attaque pour 100 milles et la létalité. En outre, cette période de la maladie à coronavirus expose les femmes à contracter le cholera par rapport à leurs homologues masculins.
Auditors’ Professional Experience and its Effect in Reducing the Impact of Audit Problems – An Empirical Study in the Private Offices of Audit in Iraq
Authors: Mohammed P.A.Dr. Munir Shaker
Published: August 2021

This study aims to identify the benefits of the auditor's professional experience in reducing the impact of audit’s problems. The elements representing the professional experience of the auditor were identified by three elements and considered representative of the independent variables of the study, namely: (1) the period of the auditor's professional experience, (2) the level of qualifications that the auditor holds, (3) the nature of the auditor's specialization. It also diagnosed the problems that the auditor faces in his work based on previous studies and through polling the auditors' opinions . These Problems are : (1) Problems related to laws and legislation, (2) Problems related to professional associations and colleagues, (3) problems related to clients and managements, (4) behavioral aspects of Colleagues and social pressures.. The research uses the questionnaire method to gather the necessary information and data , and the statistical methods are used to analyze the information gathered. The results of the statistical tests showed that there is a positive linear relationship between the three independent variables and the four problems the auditor faces in his professional work. The analysis of the results indicates that the first variable(The length of the professional experience) takes the priority in terms of its impact on the problems faced by the auditor.
Recreational use Value of a Firefly Watching Ecotourism and Wildlife Park in Palawan, Philippines using the Travel Cost Method
Authors: Salvador-Caabay Jessa Marie
Published: August 2021

Ecotourism has been known to be globally popular which promotes natural resources that will function for recreational activities but following the methods for sustainable use and implementation. For proper management plans, various ecotourism sites are evaluated for they recreation use values. In this study, the Travel Cost Method (TCM) was applied in order to calculate the economic value of Iwahig Firefly Watching Ecotourism and Wildlife Park in Palawan, Philippines. The individual travel cost method was utilized in this study which was found to be a cost-effective and convenient method. It was found out that age, income and travel costs are some of the factors that have a significant effect on the number of annual visits of individuals in the site. The travel costs and age both have indirect relationship with the number of visits to the site, while the annual income have a direct relationship on the number of visits. This may be useful in terms of management plan and conservation.