bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SIMULATION OF X-LINKED SELECTION IN DROSOPHILA
Authors: Hedrick Philip W
Published: April 2021

The change in gene frequency for two X-linked mutants, y and w, in a number of experiments was compared to that predicted from a genetic simulation program which utilized estimated differences in relative mating ability, fecundity, and viability. The simulation gave excellent predictions of gene frequency change even when experiments were started with different initial gene frequencies in the males and females or when the two loci were segregating simultaneously. The rate of elimination was slower when there were unequal initial gene frequencies than when males and females had equal initial gene frequencies. Simulation demonstrated that this was a general phenomenon when there is strong selection but that the opposite is true for weak selection. In two other experiments, the mating advantage of wild-type males was balanced by a fecundity advantage in mutant females. In all four replicates of both experiments, the mutant was maintained for several generations at the high initial frequency but then decreased quickly and was eliminated. Results obtained restarting one of these experiments with flies from a generation after the decline in gene frequency indicated that a linked gene and not frequency-dependent selection was responsible for the unpredictable gene-frequency change in the mutant. Using a least squares technique, it was found that a recessive fecundity locus 15 map units from the w locus gave the best fit for bothexperiments.
EXTENSION OF THE LIMITS OF THE XDH STRUCTURAL ELEMENT IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: Gelbart William , McCarron Margaret , Chovnick Arthur
Published: April 2021

Experiments expanding the array of mutants affecting the xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) structural element in Drosophila melanogaster are described. These include rosy eye color mutants which exhibit interallelic complementation, and mutants with normal eye color but lowered levels of XDH. Evidence is presented which argues that these are structural alterations in the enzyme. Recombination experiments were performed using these mutants as well as some electrophoretic variants. The two ends of the rosy locus are marked with mutant sites which are clearly structural in nature; the XDH structural element and the rosy null mutant map are completely concordant. A possible procedure to recover control element mutants is described.
MARKER EFFECTS ON REVERSION OF T4rII MUTANTS
Authors: Ronen Amiram , Rahat Ana , Halevy Calomira
Published: April 2021

The frequencies of 2-aminopurine- and 5-bromouracil-induced A:T → G:C transitions were compared at nonsense sites throughout the rII region of bacteriophage T4. These frequencies are influenced both by adjacent base pairs within the nonsense codons and by extracodonic factors. Following 2AP treatment, they are high in amber (UAG) and lower in opal (UGA) codons than in allelic ochre (UAA) codons. In general, 5BU-induced transitions are more frequent in both amber and opal codons than in the allelic ochre codons. 2AP- and 5BU-induced transition frequencies in the first and third positions of opal codons are correlated with those in the corresponding positions of the allelic ochre codons. Similarly, the frequencies of 2AP-induced transition in the first and second positions of amber codons and their ochre alleles are correlated. However, there is little correlation between the frequencies of 5BU-induced transitions in the first and second positions of allelic amber and ochre codons.
THE mei-9a MUTANT OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER INCREASES MUTAGEN SENSITIVITY AND DECREASES EXCISION REPAIR
Authors: Boyd J B , Golino M D , Setlow R B
Published: April 2021

The mei-9a mutant of Drosophila melanogaster, which reduces meiotic recombination in females (Baker and Carpenter 1972), is deficient in the excision of UV-induced pyrimidine dimers in both sexes. Assays were performed in primary cultures and established cell lines derived from embryos. An endonuclease preparation from M. luteus, which is specific for pyrimidine dimers, was employed to monitor UV-induced dimers in cellular DNA. The rate of disappearance of endonuclease-sensitive sites from DNA of control cells is 10-20 times faster than that from mei-9a cells. The mutant mei-218, which is also deficient in meiotic recombination, removes nuclease-sensitive sites at control rates. The mei-9a cells exhibit control levels of photorepair, postreplication repair and repair of single strand breaks. In mei-9 cells DNA synthesis and possibly postreplication repair are weakly sensitive to caffeine. Larvae which are hemizygous for either of the two mutants that define the mei-9 locus are hypersensitive to killing by the mutagens methyl methanesulfonate, nitrogen mustard and 2-acetylaminofluorene. Larvae hemizygous for the mei-218 mutant are insensitive to each of these reagents. These data demonstrate that the mei-9 locus is active in DNA repair of somatic cells. Thus functions involved in meiotic recombination are also active in DNA repair in this higher eukaryote. The results are consistent with the earlier suggestions (Baker and Carpenter 1972; Carpenter and Sandler 1974) that the mei-9 locus functions in the exchange events of meiosis. The mei-218 mutation behaves differently in genetic tests and our data suggest its function may be restricted to meiosis. These studies demonstrate that currently recognized modes of DNA repair can be efficiently detected in primary cell cultures derived from Drosophila embryos.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF TRANSDUCTION BY BACTERIOPHAGE ϕγ. I. GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THE TRANSDUCING SEGMENT
Authors: Gratia Jean-Pierre
Published: April 2021

The bacteriophage Φγ, though related to the lambdoid phage φ80, has unusual features in its specialized transduction and is being investigated to determine the mechanism of the transduction process. Genetic analysis of the transducing element gives evidence for a relatively long and uniform linear segment, up to about 1% of the E. coli chromosome, extending in either direction from the prophage attachment site, e.g., on the right side: att80-tonB-trpABCDE-cysB-pryF. The att end includes a variable amount of phage genome, probably very short in most particles. In a small fraction of the transducing particles the phage segment may be more extensive and, conversely, the bacterial segment is shorter, ending around cysB. The transducing segment from modificationless bacteria carries a site susceptible to the K-restriction system which affects the efficiency of transduction.
GENE CONVERSION AND INTRAGENIC RECOMBINATION AT AT THE SUP6 LOCUS AND THE SURROUNDING REGION IN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE
Authors: Dicaprio Laura , Hastings P J
Published: April 2021

Spontaneous secondary mutations of the ochre suppressor SUP6 were selected in a haploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Unselected tetrads were dissected from crosses heterozygous for one of three alleles of SUP6 and for three other loci in this region which span a length of 14 map units (his2, cdc14 and met10). The study showed that all of these markers were characterized by high frequency of meiotic gene conversion and long conversion lengths which frequently extended into adjacent marked loci. Despite the high conversion frequency of SUP6, recombination between alleles of this locus reached a maximum frequency of only 2 × 10-3 prototrophs/spore. Although the allelic recombination frequencies were not distance dependent and consequently could not be used to order the alleles, the inequality between the two recombinant outside marker combinations among selected intragenic recombinants produced an internally consistent map of the suppressor locus. Recombination at SUP6 (whether detected as conversion in tetrads or the production of recombinants among random spores) was accompanied by significantly less than 50% outside marker recombination.
LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM FOR TWO X-LINKED GENES IN SARDINIA AND ITS BEARING ON THE STATISTICAL MAPPING OF THE HUMAN X CHROMOSOME
Authors: Filippi G , Rinaldi A , Palmarino R , Seravalli E , Siniscalco M
Published: April 2021

The distribution of four X-linked mutants (G6PD, Deutan, Protan and Xg) among lowland and once highly malarial populations of Sardinia discloses a clear-cut example of linkage disequilibrium between two of them (G6PD and Protan). In the same populations the distribution of G6PD-deficiency versus colorblindness of the Deutan type and the Xg blood-group is not significantly different from that expected at equilibrium. These data suggest indirectly that the loci for G6PD and Protan may be nearer to one another than those for G6PD and Deutan.
FREQUENCIES OF TWELVE ASCUS-TYPES AND ARRANGEMENT OF THREE GENES FROM TETRAD DATA
Authors: Harashima Satoshi , Oshima Yasuji
Published: April 2021

Equations expressing the theoretical frequencies of twelve ascus-types in the tetrad analysis of a triply heterozygous diploid are described. Using these equations, a mapping procedure for a gene, X, is proposed. The procedure requires that two genes, X and Y, of the same phenotype be heterozygous and that the map position of Y be known, and that another standard gene, Z, show an independent phenotype from X and Y. This procedure does not require the laborious allelism test of the segregants to determine the allelic 2:2 segregation in tetrads for the X and Y genes, which is indispensable for mapping by the conventional procedure. The exact placement of the X gene on a chromosome is possible by the X2 minimization procedure in comparison with the expected frequencies of the six ascus-types or four spore-types deduced from the twelve expected ascus-types to give the optimal fit with the observed data.
THREE LINKED ENZYME LOCI IN FISHES: IMPLICATIONS IN THE EVOLUTION OF VERTEBRATE CHROMOSOMES
Authors: Morizot Donald C , Wright David A , Siciliano Michael J
Published: April 2021

A three-point linkage group comprised of loci coding for adenosine deaminase (ADA), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) is described in fish of the genus Xiphophorus (Poeciliidae). The alleles at loci in this group were shown to assort independently from the alleles at three other loci—isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1. Alleles at the latter three loci also assort independently from each other. Data were obtained by observing the segregation of electrophoretically variant alleles in reciprocal backcross hybrids derived from crosses between either X. helleri guentheri or X. h. strigatus and X. maculatus. The linkage component of X2 was significant (<0.01) in all crosses, indicating that the linkage group is conserved in all populations of both species of Xiphophorus examined. While data from X. h. guentheri backcrosses indicate the linkage relationship ADA—6%—G6PDH—24%—6PGD, and ADA—29%—6PGD (30% when corrected for double cross-overs), data from backcrosses involving strigatus, while supporting the same gene order, yielded significantly different recombination frequencies. The likelihood of the difference being due to an inversion could not be separated from the possibility of a sex effect on recombination in the present data. The linkage of 6PGD and G6PDH has been shown to exist in species of at least three classes of vertebrates, indicating the possibility of evolutionary conservation of this linkage.
BRICS countries and the construction of conflict in the Women, Peace and Security Open Debates
Authors: Hamilton Caitlin , Pagot Rhaíssa , Shepherd Laura J
Published: April 2021

The Women, Peace and Security (WPS) agenda is a diverse field of practice comprised of numerous actors, activities and artefacts. Conventional accounts of WPS development and implementation tend to reproduce a narrative that positions states located in the global North as ‘providers’ of WPS, and those in the South as ‘recipients’. This assumption in turn prescribes, and proscribes, forms of WPS engagement and has a constitutive effect on the agenda itself, as shown by post- and de-colonial analyses of the WPS agenda. This article seeks to explore the WPS practices of a group of states that in many ways challenge these North/South and provider/recipient binaries by explicitly positioning themselves as operating beyond and across them: the BRICS countries, comprised of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. In this article, we explore how constructions of conflict within the WPS practices of BRICS states relate to the acknowledgement of, and commitment to, the agenda more broadly. We ultimately argue that the BRICS' commitment to the WPS agenda is driven more by identity-making geopolitical considerations, including geostrategic interests, than a politics of peace.
MRI Features of Free Liquid Silicone in the Transgender Female Breast
Authors: Sonnenblick Emily B , Chaudhry Shivani , Lee Karen A , Jaffer Shabnam , Fang Frank , Ting Jess , Margolies Laurie R
Published: April 2021

Objective

To define MRI features of free liquid silicone injection (FLSI) of the breast in transgender women considering surgical management.

Methods

This study was IRB–approved. MRI images from transgender women with FLSI imaged between 2009 and 2019 were reviewed. Presence and location of fibrotic masses (FMs) in the breast(s) and pectoralis muscle and patterns of granulomas were correlated with clinicopathologic findings. Background enhancement was quantified. Comparisons were performed using two-tailed Fisher exact and Student’s t test.

Results

Of 21 transgender women with FLSI (mean age 46.8 years), 13/21 (61.9%) had a dominant FM measuring over 4 cm; these were limited to breast and pectoralis in 6/21 (28.6%), breast in 9/21 (42.9%), and pectoralis only in 2/21 (9.5%). Four of 21 patients (19.0%) had no FMs, and 4/21 (19.0%) had masses under 4 cm. Mean size of the dominant FM was 7.4 cm (range 4–12 cm). FMs were enhancing in 5/13 (38.5%) and contained T2 high signal granulomas in 8/13 (61.5%). While 18/21 (85.8%) of cases showed mild to moderate overall background enhancement, the majority 7/13 (61.5%) of dominant FM were non-enhancing. About half of cases (11/21, 52.4%) had diffuse foci, and half (10/21, 47.6%) had diffuse foci and masses throughout the breast and pectoralis muscle. These foci and masses displayed T2 high signal in 13/21 (61.9%). There were no occult carcinomas observed.

Conclusion

MRI performed on symptomatic FLSI patients considering surgical treatment is helpful in assessing the extent of silicone infiltration and fibrotic reaction of the breast and pectoralis muscle.
ABO Genetic Variation in Neanderthals and Denisovans
Authors: Villanea Fernando A , Huerta-Sanchez Emilia , Fox Keolu
Published: April 2021

Variation at the ABO locus was one of the earliest sources of data in the study of human population identity and history, and to this day remains widely genotyped due to its importance in blood and tissue transfusions. Here, we look at ABO blood type variants in our archaic relatives: Neanderthals and Denisovans. Our goal is to understand the genetic landscape of the ABO gene in archaic humans, and how it relates to modern human ABO variation. We found two Neanderthal variants of the O allele in the Siberian Neanderthals (O1 and O2), one of these variants is shared with an European Neanderthal, who is a heterozygote for this O1 variant and a rare cis-AB variant. The Denisovan individual is heterozygous for two variants of the O1 allele, functionally similar to variants found widely in modern humans. Perhaps more surprisingly, the O2 allele variant found in Siberian Neanderthals can be found at low frequencies in modern Europeans and Southeast Asians, and the O1 allele variant found in Siberian and European Neanderthal is also found at very low frequency in modern East Asians. Our genetic distance analyses suggest both alleles survive in modern humans due to inbreeding with Neanderthals. We find that the sequence backgrounds of the surviving Neanderthal-like O alleles in modern humans retain a higher sequence divergence than other surviving Neanderthal genome fragments, supporting a view of balancing selection operating in the Neanderthal ABO alleles by retaining highly diverse haplotypes compared with portions of the genome evolving neutrally.
Introduction
Authors: Young Elliott
Published: April 2021

The introduction provides an overview of the broad sweep of immigrant incarceration from the late nineteenth century through the present. Although the number of immigrants in detention today based on immigration charges is higher than ever, if we consider all forms of incarceration, including mental asylums and people being imprisoned for drug and alcohol charges, the rates of institutionalization in the mid-twentieth century rival that of the last two decades. Furthermore, even though the Immigration and Naturalization Service policy shifted in the early to mid-1950s to paroling immigrants while they applied for asylum rather than detaining them, this was also the moment when hundreds of thousands of Mexicans were being detained for short periods of time and returned to Mexico. In the late 1980s and 1990s, criminal and immigration laws merged to mandate deportation for immigrants who had committed even minor offenses decades earlier.
The Symphonic Premiere
Authors: Shadle Douglas W.
Published: April 2021

Bohemian composer Antonín Dvořák’s music reached American shores in the late 1870s and immediately found public favor. Infused with ethnic Bohemian gestures, Dvořák’s smaller character pieces caused the greatest sensation, but critics also welcomed his symphonies as some of the most promising recent examples of the genre. By the time he arrived on US shores to direct Jeannette Thurber’s National Conservatory in September 1892, Dvořák’s protean style had come to please and disappoint listeners in equal measure. An eager public awaited the sounds of his latest symphony, which premiered in December 1893 and would ultimately change the landscape of American classical music forever.
Pepsi Pavilion
Authors: Nakai You
Published: April 2021

In 1970, Tudor composed the sound system of an entire pavilion at the Osaka World Expo as a “musical instrument.” When taken at face value, this statement implies an uncanny image of “instrument” that is more difficult to grasp than the ordinary use of the term in electronic music to address modular components. For if the Pepsi Pavilion is itself an instrument, then the instrument is larger than a human being, thus placing the performer, along with the audience, “inside” the instrument. The presence of the Pepsi Modifier that Gordon Mumma designed and installed inside the pavilion, in addition to the fact that Tudor made nine or ten “programs” to be performed there, further complicates the simple equation between instrument and composition that has been associated with Tudor’s music. The investigation of what really happened at the Pepsi Pavilion led to the puzzle of just how many instruments were involved, which triggers a reflection on the topological binary of “inside” and “outside” that Tudor used to make sense of his approach.
Natural Objects
Authors: Nakai You
Published: April 2021

Tudor claimed that in his seminal work Untitled, electronic components were discovered as “natural objects” as they were patched in a feedback loop creating a giant oscillator which generated sounds without exterior input. But his description of the piece as “part of a never-ending series of discovered works” calls into question its very status as a standalone “work.” Turning to its performance history appears to only complicate the puzzle. Despite his aim to perform everything live, the proliferation of modular instruments forced Tudor to record the output of his setup in advance and use this recording as input source in subsequent performances. He would later create Toneburst, which realized the no-input principle without the aid of pre-recorded sources. Shortly before his death, Tudor revived Toneburst for other musicians of the Merce Cunningham Dance Company to perform. A close examination of recordings reveals that the same three source tapes were used not only in all performances of Untitled, but also in all performances of Toneburst after its revival. This surprising discovery, along with Tudor’s use of the linguistic indeterminacy inherent in the title of Untitled to solve a conundrum he faced in the revival, is used to depict the complex oscillation between work and performance in Tudor’s live-electronic music.
Running
Authors: Purves Alex C.
Published: April 2021

This chapter examines the difference between catching up and overtaking as it applies to the Iliad and Odyssey. It begins by exploring how the Iliad foregrounds the problems and strategies involved with catching up with one’s opponent and getting ahead. It then goes on to show how, by contrast, the Odyssey presents a world where overtaking and alternating between the positions of first and last are of central concern to Odysseus in the course of his journey home. This focus on the thematics of running not only reveals a different kinetic sensibility between the two poems but also a difference between time as it is experienced through the body and time as it unfolds in the plot. The chapter argues that the distinctive running styles of Achilles and Odysseus illustrate important conceptual differences between the Iliad and the Odyssey.
Poll Vaulting
Authors: Phelps Charles E. , Madhavan Guru
Published: April 2021

This chapter provides a set of real-world examples of how the process used for decision-making dramatically affected the outcome and shows how different voting rules would have led to different choices. Examples include the 2000 U.S. presidential election (Bush vs. Gore, with Nader intervening) and the choice of finalist candidates in the 2016 U.S. presidential election (Clinton vs. Trump). It also includes a famous vote by 11 wine judges in France in 1976 (sometimes called “Judgment of Paris”), where we have the actual preferences of the judges. American wines won the blind taste-testing, shocking the French and eventually leading to the “democratization of the wine world . . . a watershed in the history of wine.” This chapter shows that even votes by small numbers of people can have significant effects and that the choice of voting method in part determined which wine “won” the contest.
Imagination and Reality
Authors: Wellman Henry M.
Published: April 2021

This chapter focuses on children’s ability to separate the imagined from the real and does so through a focus on imaginary companions. Imaginary companions appear in many forms; they can have physical forms (a puppet friend), or they can be purely mental creations. Typically, imaginary companions have ideas, emotions, and desires separate from the child’s, and thus they are saturated in theory-of-mind understandings. Although some authorities and many parents worry that imaginary companions are a particularly good example of children’s inability to separate the imagined from the real, research shows that young children easily distinguish between fantasy and fact, between the mental and the real, between imagined entities and real physical ones. Moreover, children who have imaginary companions not only distinguish between mind and reality, but also show numerous theory-of-mind strengths.
Illuminating the Mind
Authors: Stoltz Jonathan
Published: April 2021

This book provides readers with an introduction to epistemology within the Buddhist intellectual tradition. It is designed to be accessible to those whose primary background is in the “Western” tradition of philosophy and who have little or no previous exposure to Buddhist philosophical writings. The book examines many of the most important topics in the field of epistemology, topics that are central both to contemporary discussions of epistemology and to the classical Buddhist tradition of epistemology in India and Tibet. Among the topics discussed are Buddhist accounts of the nature of knowledge episodes, the defining conditions of perceptual knowledge and of inferential knowledge, the status of testimonial knowledge, and skeptical criticisms of the entire project of epistemology. The book seeks to put the field of Buddhist epistemology in conversation with contemporary debates in philosophy. It shows that many of the arguments and debates occurring within classical Buddhist epistemological treatises coincide with the arguments and disagreements found in contemporary epistemology. The book shows, for example, how Buddhist epistemologists developed an anti-luck epistemology—one that is linked to a sensitivity requirement for knowledge. Likewise, the book explores the question of how the study of Buddhist epistemology can be of relevance to contemporary debates about the value of contributions from experimental epistemology, and to broader debates concerning the use of philosophical intuitions about knowledge.
Inference
Authors: Stoltz Jonathan
Published: April 2021

This chapter introduces the Buddhist theory of inference. It begins with the distinction between “inference for oneself” and “inference for others,” and argues that what is of primary importance in epistemology is the category of “inference for oneself.” The chapter then lays out the standard features of the Buddhist account of inferential knowledge, including Dignāga’s appeal to “the three characteristics” of good evidence and Dharmakīrti’s account of three different types of evidence. The chapter concludes with a section on the topic of epistemic closure principles and how such principles might apply to Buddhist accounts of inferential knowledge.
Beatles Heritage Tourism in Liverpool
Authors: Brocken Michael
Published: April 2021

This chapter explores the tension between the Beatles’ story and Liverpool, with imagery and imagination conjuring up compelling beliefs that command narratives of authority. Such heritage strategies have smacked a little of desperation, perhaps masking the changed relationship between surviving Beatles fragments in Liverpool and popular-music heritage tourism across the globe. The rhetoric of the Beatles, Liverpool, and “the ’60s, man” today represents an outdated, white, gendered, anglophone rock meta-narrative in what is now a multifaceted global popular-music (tourism) marketplace. Liverpool’s position as the authentic site for Beatles and Merseybeat tourism and a World Heritage Site has never been more precarious. How can the city continue to attract Beatles tourists as the ’60sslip away into the annals of popular-music historiography? An additional question is how the Beatles’ legacy might be explained to visitors with little knowledge of them as a global popular-music phenomenon.
Introduction
Authors: Silva Elvira , Stefanou Spiro E. , Lansink Alfons Oude
Published: April 2021

This chapter focuses on the notion of production and how economists characterize production relationships in the context of the literature, and then presents a brief historical overview of the evolution of economists’ approaches to addressing the concept of time in production decision making. The major directions of production decisions having the potential to drive a dynamic decision process are presented. Being able to measure efficiency allows one to engage in benchmarking a firm against its peers to assess relative performance and obtain an objective reading to the core questions of many decision makers and planners. Productivity and economics performance are topics of high interest and have generated many studies and considerable discussion in economic policy circles across nations. Yet, theoretical and empirical studies focusing on production efficiency typically have ignored the time interdependence of production decisions and the adjustment paths of the firm over time.
Econometric Approaches
Authors: Silva Elvira , Stefanou Spiro E. , Lansink Alfons Oude
Published: April 2021

Econometric approaches provide another avenue to implementing the frameworks and concepts of dynamic efficiency and productivity measurement. This chapter addresses both structural and reduced-form econometric approaches to estimating the dynamic directional distance function directly as well as to estimating the cost function that accommodates technical inefficiency. An application to a farm-level panel data set is presented that estimates the decomposition of dynamic cost inefficiency into technical and allocative inefficiency measures presented in Chapter 4 and then determines the components of primal and dual Luenberger total factor productivity change based on the elaboration of these concepts in Chapter 5. In addition to the discussion of empirical issues, this chapter provides an empirical illustration using micro-level data.
Asking and Telling in Conversation
Authors: Pomerantz Anita
Published: April 2021

The work contains nine published conversation analytic articles by Anita Pomerantz on asking and telling practices. Each paper explicates complexities involved when people ask or tell something. Asking and telling practices are used to exchange information, share evaluative reactions, offer compliments, and make accusations. The ways in which participants perform the actions reflect how they orient to those actions and to the matter asked about or reported. The timing of asking or telling within a sequence of actions and/or interactional project bears on how the talk and action are formed and understood. Implicit and explicit knowledge claims and expectations are foundational to asking and telling activities. Assumptions are associated with participants’ directly and indirectly seeking or providing information. Reporting or asking about praiseworthy or blameworthy matters implicates an attribution of responsibility. Moral orientations influence asking and telling activities. The conversation analytic papers included in this work range from Pomerantz’s earliest research on preference organization to her more recent work on asking and telling. For each article, there is a lead-in that identifies the research interests that drove the analysis and a commentary that provides her current sense of the analysis. The introductory and concluding chapters discuss the complexities of asking and telling in the light of the articles’ findings, and they illuminate the links the papers have to one another. Pomerantz shares her views about the program of conversation analytic research, a view that is reflected both in the studies and in her commentaries.
Compliment Responses: Notes on the Co-operation of Multiple Constraints
Authors: Pomerantz Anita
Published: April 2021

Giving a compliment involves offering a positive assessment of an attribute, action, or accomplishment for which the recipient is seen to be responsible. In responding to compliments, recipients are subject to multiple, conflicting constraints. Recipients may accept the compliment as a “gift” with a “thank you” and/or they may agree or disagree with the assessment. Quite regularly recipients do not simply accept compliments. Yet either agreeing or disagreeing with a prior compliment poses problems: If recipients agree, they are praising themselves, which is a sanctionable action. If recipients disagree, they fail to acknowledge the compliment as a gift and engender a disagreement sequence. Responses to compliments illustrate the complexities inherent in this sequential environment. The conflicting constraints and complexities as well as the various ways of responding to compliments are analyzed.
Artificial Intelligence in Health Care
Authors: Perakslis Eric D. , Stanley Martin
Published: April 2021

Although not always considered a domain of digital health, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are inseparable, given that virtually all digital health tools utilize advance algorithm technologies. For example, a wearable device is not directly measuring sleep. It is measuring movement, electrical impulses, and other variables that are processed via algorithm and presented as a representation of sleep. Beyond digital devices, AI is being seen as a revolution in health care driven by the hopes that algorithms running on electronic medical record systems will predict when a patient is turning septic or that AI will free clinicians from tedious tasks. Much of this is coming true, but there is also a growing list of potential hazards such as trusting “black boxes,” racial bias, and poor technical execution. This chapter discusses ways to find the right balance between the progress and problems of AI in health care.
Lawmaking, Bilateral Rules, and a Debunking of Catch-22
Authors: Levmore Saul
Published: April 2021

In “Lawmaking, Bilateral Rules, and a Debunking of Catch-22,” Levmore describes Joseph Heller’s antiwar novel Catch-22 as a “one-trick pony” that has little to say about law. The paradoxical legal rules that have made Catch-22 so famous bear little relation to actual law, Levmore argues. Whereas Catch-22’s rules have a binary, either-or structure, actual law is filled with exceptions, caveats, or additional variables that soften the law’s effects. In real life, where a rule might seem too stark, law generally utilizes a standard. Levmore observes that a novel’s ability to engender empathy or compassion likely depends on how plausible it is, and how connected with reality. On this dimension, he views Catch-22 as falling short.
Sympathizing with Both Sides
Authors: Woodruff Paul
Published: April 2021

Drawing on his own experience serving in Vietnam as a captain in the United States Army, Paul Woodruff calls attention to the erasure of the Vietnamese experience from American literature and film, which have overwhelmingly portrayed Vietnamese people as cowards, monsters, or saints. By contrast, Woodruff explores two texts in which Vietnamese characters feature as fully realized human beings. The first, Andrew Pham’s The Eaves of Heaven: A Life in Three Wars, is the author’s rendering of his father’s life story. In contrast to typical American accounts, Eaves of Heaven captures the reach and intensity of the long series of military conflicts that engulfed Vietnam between World War II and the victory of the Communist Party. The second, Viet Thanh Nguyen’s novel The Sympathizer, underscores the extent to which war in Vietnam divided friends and families. These two texts, in Woodruff’s reading, help to illuminate the moral dangers posed by intervention in a civil war, including increased civilian casualties and the contamination of allies with the taint of collaboration.
Floating Grandparents
Authors: Qi Xiaoying
Published: April 2021

The chapter supplements the conventional image of vulnerable “left behind” children and elderly in the villages and towns in China from which mobile young adults depart to seek employment in urban areas. By showing an increasing propensity of aged parents to provide childcare in the cities where their adult children are employed, it identifies an intergenerational dimension of the floating population of migratory workers. The chapter provides a more complete representation of internal migration and urbanization in contemporary China by examining the childcare provided by grandparents as a form of reproductive labor that enables the labor-force participation of their adult children and thus contributes to social reproduction. The change in the notions of family obligation initiated by young people has received much research attention; the chapter shows, however, that grandparents frequently initiate renegotiations of filial obligation. The chapter reconceptualizes intergenerational support by considering the importance of pre-exchange obligation, emotional attachment, and symbolic values in intergenerational interactions, factors conventional approaches typically ignore.
Prelude
Authors: Woller Megan
Published: April 2021

Mark Twain’s 1889 novel A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court offers a fascinating beginning to the study of musical adaptations of Arthurian legend. Similar and yet vastly different to the other sources considered in this book, Mark Twain harnesses the story of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table for a nineteenth-century American reader. Unlike ...
Some Reflections on the Forthcoming Centenary of the Statute of the Hague Court (PCIJ and ICJ)
Authors: Trindade Antônio Augusto Cançado
Published: April 2021

The Statute of the Hague Court (PCIJ and ICJ) will in 2020 be completing one century of existence. The operation of the Court has established and clarified the basis of international jurisdiction. The experience accumulated along the decades in the settlement of contentious cases has developed the Court’s reasoning beyond the strict inter-state dimension. Its pioneering advisory jurisdiction much expanded, in examining important questions of international law. The projection now of the statute into a new century will be to the benefit of a growing number of justiciables, and of the international community as a whole.
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
Authors: Nieto-Navia Rafael
Published: April 2021

The International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals was established by the UN Security Council through Resolution 1966 on 22 December 2010. However, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the International Tribunal for Rwanda continued their operations until they completed their mandate. They formally closed on 31 December 2017 and 31 December of 2015, respectively. This Introductory Note refers exclusively to the work formerly carried out by the ICTY.
The Dual Face of Sovereignty
Authors: Köchler Hans
Published: April 2021

This chapter explores the dialectic of power and law as exemplified in the ambiguous status of sovereignty, in particular in the Charter and practice of the United Nations Organization. One of the main challenges for the rule of law, whether domestic or international, is how to enforce legal norms without privileging the enforcers. This is where sovereignty has revealed its dual face in relations between states. Unlike domestic constitutional systems, the framework of norms of the United Nations lacks basic elements of a separation of powers, granting special status to states that were the most powerful upon the Organization’s foundation. The Charter’s principle of sovereign equality stands in direct contradiction to the norms regulating the use of coercive powers by the UN Security Council. Analyzing multilateral as well as unilateral sanctions regimes, the chapter explains how the antagonism between equality and “coercive privilege” has enabled major global players to evade scrutiny of their conduct, and proposes an amendment of the wording of Article 27(3) of the Charter.
Introduction
Authors: Dmitriev Sviatoslav
Published: April 2021

The Introduction outlines the contradictions surrounding the figure of Demades: while he left no written transcripts of his speeches, and a handful of surviving sources from his lifetime tell us nothing about his appearance, disposition, or oratory, numerous literary texts from much later times offer surprisingly detailed information. They not only create a negative portrait of Demades—in spite of his well-documented excellent service to Athens and all of Greece—but also often contradict one another, supplying conflicting accounts and divergent descriptions of his looks, character, and oratory. Instead of weaving another narrative of Demades’s life, the book contextualizes the evidence within its social and cultural framework. This method determined the structure of the book: unlike most previous studies, it does not approach Demades chronologically but thematically, focusing on social life, political activities, and educational practices that prevailed during the centuries that produced most of our evidence about him.
Demades’s last years and words
Authors: Dmitriev Sviatoslav
Published: April 2021

This chapter explicates how later rhetoricians contrived the image of Demades as a participant in the Macedonian domination over Greece to develop the topoi of treason, the role of rhetoric in politics, and a just punishment for one’s betrayal of his city. Rhetorical manifestations of later political agendas explain references to Demades’s oratory “taming” Alexander the Great; his public honors, including a bronze statue; and his “tyranny,” “treason,” fall from grace, public trial, and death. The rhetorical nature of such information clarifies the recycling of the well-known evidence about Demosthenes to construct the figure of Demades as Demosthenes’s opposite par excellence. The rhetorical origins of such evidence resolves the contradiction between the traditional image of Demades as a lover of peace and references to his anti-Macedonian harangue in several late texts, and explains the confusion surrounding Demades’s “just punishment” with death for his “tyranny” or for betraying Athens to Macedonians.
Crafting a New Compact in the Public Interest
Authors: Alexander Keith B. , Jaffer Jamil N.
Published: April 2021

Leaks of highly classified information, popular views of government national security efforts, and changes in the media environment in recent years have resulted in a significant decay in the relationship between the government and the media and public trust in both institutions. To correct this harmful trend, a significant recalibration of the government-media relationship and the establishment of a new compact between them would best serve the public interest. The government should be more transparent about its national security efforts and more self-critical in classification decisions and should explain national security activities it undertakes, defending and justifying classified programs in detail whenever possible. The press must likewise be willing to afford the government fair treatment, including noting government efforts to protect national security, and to appropriately balance civil rights and privacy. It is important that these institutions work together to establish new mores on classification, government transparency, and a more responsible approach to classified disclosures.
What We Owe Whistleblowers
Authors: Jaffer Jameel
Published: April 2021

The legal, political, and technological developments of the past twenty years have rendered us more reliant on whistleblowers even as the developments have made whistleblowing more difficult and more hazardous. To promote informed public debate about national security and to preserve the connection between democratic consent and government policy in this sphere, we should extend legal protection, in some circumstances, to government insiders who responsibly disclose official secrets without authorization. Affording leakers a “public value” defense against prosecution would have benefits beyond those usually cited. It would, among other things, reduce the disincentive to socially beneficial leaks, lend legitimacy to Espionage Act prosecutions, more closely align our legal regime with widely shared intuitions about moral responsibility, and restore the courts to an appropriately central role in protecting the public’s access to an essential channel of information.
Being and Freedom
Authors: Skorupski John
Published: April 2021

Being and Freedom is an account of ethics in Europe from the French Revolution: a phase of philosophical ethics whose influence ran far beyond philosophy, eventually dominating politics and religion in the West. Developments came from France, Germany, and Britain. This book is currently the only study that treats them together as a Europe-wide phenomenon. The first chapter covers the philosophical conflict at the heart of the French Revolution, between the individualism of the Enlightenment and two very different forms of holistic ethics: the old regime’s ethic of service and the radical-democracy of the Rousseauian left. Responses analysing modern freedom and democracy came from a series of French liberal thinkers. In Germany the reaction was to two revolutions seen as inaugurating modernity—the political revolution in France and the philosophical revolution of Kant. Here the fate of religion was critical; with it the metaphysics of being and freedom. The story is traced from Kant to Hegel’s idealist version of ethical holism. In Britain, Enlightenment naturalism remained the prevailing framework. It took different forms: ‘common sense’ and the theory of the sentiments in Scotland, utilitarianism in England. From these elements came a synthesis of European themes by John Stuart Mill—comparable in range but opposed to that of Hegel. This period’s ethical ideas remain the core of late modern ethics and the contested ground on which ethical disagreements take place today. The final chapter is a retrospective and assessment.
Introduction
Authors: Skorupski John
Published: April 2021

This is a critical study of late modern ethical thought in Europe, from the French Revolution to the advent of modernism. I shall take it that ‘late modern’ ethics starts with two revolutions: the political revolution in France and the philosophical revolution of Kant. The contrast is with ‘early modern’. Another contrast is with ‘modernism’, which I shall take to refer to trends in culture, philosophy, and politics that developed in the latter decades of the nineteenth century, and lasted into the twentieth century—perhaps to the sixties, or even to the collapse of East European socialism in the eighties....
Ethics in the Anglo-Scottish Enlightenment
Authors: Skorupski John
Published: April 2021

Philosophical ethics in Britain was (and is) at least as much a contribution to as a reaction against the naturalism of the Enlightenment. This chapter examines Thomas Reid, Adam Smith, and Jeremy Bentham. Like Kant, Hamann, and Jacobi, Reid responds to Humean scepticism. But unlike their response, his is entirely naturalistic. Its strengths and weaknesses are examined. Ethics in Scotland was strongly sentimentalist. It culminated in Adam Smith’s Theory of the Moral Sentiments, a naturalistic account of the epistemology of evaluative and practical normativity that bases it on a phenomenology of the sentiments. It remains a contender against German accounts of will and reason. In England the most important development was the growth of utilitarianism. Jeremy Bentham was by far its most influential exponent. The third section of this chapter examines the principle of utility and considers what Bentham meant by his rejection of natural rights.
Development of verb-verb complexes in Indo-Aryan
Authors: Slade Benjamin
Published: April 2021

This chapter discusses the historical development and properties of verb-verb compounds in Indo-Aryan, with reference to verb-verb compounds in Dravidian. The history of modern Indo-Aryan verb-verb compounds is explored, including an examination of the precursors of such constructions in early Indo-Aryan, as well as the apparent earliest examples in late Middle and early modern Indo-Aryan. A number of morphosyntactic and lexical differences between verb-verb structures in different modern Indo-Aryan languages are examined, focusing particularly on differences between Hindi and Nepali. The larger picture of South Asian verb-verb compounds is examined through comparison of lexical inventories of Indo-Aryan and Dravidian languages, with some evidence pointing to independent developments within South Asia, with some later partial convergence.
Two schemas for metaphysical emergence
Authors: Wilson Jessica M.
Published: April 2021

Wilson presents the problem of higher-level causation (Kim 1989, 1993, 1998), according to which metaphysical emergence gives rise to problematic causal overdetermination. She argues that there are two and only two strategies of response to this problem of making sense of metaphysical emergence. One strategy provides a schematic basis for ‘Weak’ (physically acceptable) emergence; core and crucial here is that a macro-entity or feature has a proper subset of the powers of its base-level configuration. The other strategy provides a schematic basis for ‘Strong’ (physically unacceptable) emergence; core and crucial here is that a macro-entity or feature has a new power as compared to its base-level configuration. Wilson shows that a range of seemingly diverse accounts of metaphysical emergence are plausibly seen as satisfying the conditions in one or the other schema, and thus are more unified than they appear.