bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Community‐Based Ethnography
Authors: Dossa Parin , Golubovic Jelena
Published: September 2018

In this age of research accountability, community‐based ethnography is positioned to move from the periphery of the discipline of anthropology to the center. With increased recognition of its importance, this subdiscipline has gained greater depth and breadth giving rise to critical questions such as: How do we collaborate with interlocutors to acquire an understanding of their everyday struggles for justice? What forms should such collaboration take given the intricate and entangled connections between the local and the global? How do we take into account the politics of community organizations? How do we negotiate the power dynamics in the field?
Theater, Anthropology and
Authors: D'onofrio Alexandra
Published: September 2018

Theater has been a focus of systematic investigation in anthropology since the 1970s. Because of its cross‐cultural nature, theater has been of interdisciplinary interest to scholars employing ethnographic methods to analyze cultural meanings present in texts and embodied in rituals and in the social exchange of symbols between performers and audiences. Following the “affective turn” of the 1990s and under the influence of postcolonial critique, performance scholars and social scientists have begun to look at theater practices as processes of meaning making, political negotiation, and collaboration. Acknowledging theater's immediacy in concentrating on what lies at the core of what specific societies want to communicate about themselves, anthropologists have also used performances to communicate their fieldwork data in the form of ethnodramas. More recently, social research that has wished to privilege reflexivity and intersubjectivity has engaged with the actual practice of theater making, to engage participants in active and ethical processes of knowledge production.
Rouch,Jean (1917–2004)
Authors: Gauthier Nadine Wanono
Published: September 2018

The filmmaker and ethnographer Jean Rouch completely revolutionized the approach to ethnographic filmmaking but also played an influential role in the production of fiction films. He acted as a pioneer in the development of what has become known ascinéma véritéorcinéma direct.
Gender and Christianity
Authors: McDougall Debra
Published: September 2018

Anthropological studies of lived Christianity move beyond questions of whether Christianity oppresses or liberates women. Anthropologists, instead, seek to understand how Christianity shapes the way women and men understand oppression and freedom and the way they envision their gendered roles. This entry outlines anthropological insights into the way in which Christian missions have transformed gender roles and domestic relationships; the complexity of gendered religious experience and the intersection between men's and women's moral worlds; and the paradoxical intersection of feminism and Pentecostalism, which some argue empowers women by domesticating men.
Export Processing Zones / Special Economic Zones
Authors: Neveling Patrick
Published: September 2018

Export processing zones and special economic zones have become the dominant way for postcolonial nations to attract and regulate manufacturing industries. From their beginnings in Puerto Rico in the late 1940s, the zones have spread across the globe so that today they host most textiles, garments, consumer electronics industries, and increasingly heavier manufacturing, tourism, and financial services. This entry gives an overview of anthropology's past and present research on the zones, with particular focus on unequal exchange relations in the global economy, gendered exploitation in world‐market factories, and the zones as emblems of neoliberalism.
Taste
Authors: Højlund Susanne
Published: September 2018

Taste is a complex and diverse concept. It is hyperexposed in society as part of the new aesthetic economy mediated at many levels, from TV programs to Michelin‐starred restaurants to wine growers to aroma industries. For the individual it is a sense in use many times each day, and at the social level it can be an everyday object of family conflict around the dinner table when picky eaters challenge their parents' patience. Yet it is perceived as the lowest in the hierarchy of the senses and still underestimated in anthropological theory.
N
eedham,
R
odney (1923–2006)
Authors: Fox James J.
Published: September 2018

Rodney Needham was a formidable figure among a distinguished generation of British social anthropologists. As an ethnographer of Southeast Asia; an assiduous author, translator and editor; and a lecturer then professor in social anthropology at Oxford University, Needham offered his own distinctive cast to anthropology, focusing on the comparative analysis of social categories. For him, the most significant of these social categories were “relationship terminologies”—the categories by which societies distinguish individuals intimately and specifically.
Domestic/Public Distinction
Authors: Helliwell Christine
Published: September 2018

The domestic/public distinction is a conceptual distinction between the familial or household (domestic) realm and the broader political, juridical, or economic (public) realm that has been highly influential within anthropology and related disciplines. It has routinely been correlated with a distinction between women and men, with women identified with the domestic and men with the public. It constitutes a central principle around which gender is organized and represented in Anglo‐American societies, with the unfortunate consequence that researchers from those societies have often assumed that it is central to the operation of gender everywhere. There are many problems with this distinction as it has been used within anthropology and related disciplines, and it has been subject to extensive criticism.
Value
Authors: Sykes Karen
Published: September 2018

Value is a compelling idea in anthropological theory because it has universal purchase on the course of human society, perhaps distinguishing humans from other animals for their capacity to make decisions that some persons, things, or actions are important. However, it has long been acknowledged that understanding how people create the importance of things or actions takes some disciplined reasoning about their place in a material world. The claim that value is an idea that humans use universally takes anthropology down several pathways of analysis, which cannot be confined to the domain of economy or political economy.
Homosexuality, Ritualized
Authors: Jolly Margaret
Published: September 2018

The concept of ritualized homosexuality was coined by Gilbert Herdt to describe practices of semen ingestion as part of male initiation among the Sambia of Papua New Guinea. It depicted nonreciprocal relations as young novices fellated older bachelors and ingested their semen to grow into strong, mature men. Herdt discerned desire and fear, eroticism, and violent masculinist hierarchy in such practices. He compared similar practices among several groups in Papua New Guinea and more widely in Melanesia. His groundbreaking ethnography powerfully influenced the cross‐cultural and historical study of homosexualities, although the concept of ritualized homosexuality was increasingly criticized, including by Herdt himself and by Deborah Elliston and Bruce Knauft. Knauft suggests that the concept is now “vestigial” not only because of the abandonment of such practices by Melanesian people but because of its lessened salience as a frame for contemporary researchers.
Environmental Sustainability
Authors: Campbell Ben
Published: September 2018

Environmental sustainability seeks understanding and better management of those aspects of human interaction with the environment that can be controlled or altered, especially those that are in a critical state and require urgent action. Anthropology has since the 1980s made some vital contributions to wider understandings and debates over environmental sustainability, yet sociocultural anthropology and other social sciences often struggle to find a voice in areas of knowledge where hard environmental science is expected to deliver authoritative knowledge. Major contributions of anthropologists include unpicking environmental crisis narratives that perpetuate simplistic versions of ecological degradation and revealing the value of attending to local people's environmental knowledge and practice.
Political Ecology
Authors: Campbell Ben
Published: September 2018

Political ecology is a broad critical movement that is characterized by a questioning of how environmental events and concerns connect with socioeconomic change but are often dominated by the supposedly more credible accounts of cause and effect provided by natural science perspectives. Anthropologists have engaged fruitfully across disciplinary debates to argue for situating scientific and local environmental knowledge systems as coparticipants in forming and understanding landscapes at risk.
Islam
Authors: Kreinath Jens
Published: September 2018

In contrast to other fields of anthropological research, an anthropology of Islam must consider the global dissemination and local appropriation of Islam as a tradition spanning various time periods and geographical regions. Concurrently, Islam must be studied empirically and contextually, which poses a challenge to conceptualizing the unity and diversity of Islamic practice and discourse. Such a challenge leads to a constellation of methodological issues and problems similar to in the anthropological study of other religions with global dissemination but unique in comparison to other fields of research in social and cultural anthropology. In many ways, the study of Islam parallels, but also contrasts with, the formation of anthropology as an academic discipline, which emerged alongside other social sciences in the late nineteenth century.
P
olanyi,
K
arl (1886–1964)
Authors: Sárkány Mihály
Published: September 2018

Karl Polanyi was a social philosopher, economic historian, and economic anthropologist who formulated a substantivist theory of economy and a classification of economic systems according to their forms of integration. His key concepts of reciprocity and redistribution have been absorbed into economic anthropology. His analysis of the emergence of a market‐dominated society and its social, political, and moral consequences has a lasting relevance.
Human Paleoecology
Authors: Barton Huw
Published: September 2018

Human paleoecology is concerned with the study of human–environment relations in the past. As a field of study it integrates multiple disciplines but foremost among these are archaeology and geography. Both of these disciplines are interested in recording and understanding biotic and abiotic environmental change in the past, at differing temporal and spatial scales, and the role or influence of human beings in the alteration of sediments, vegetation, and fauna.
Fire, Early Human Use of
Authors: Gowlett J. A. J.
Published: September 2018

Fire has had an important role in the evolution of the biosphere over many millions of years, and more recently has also been controlled by human beings. No other species has control of fire, although numbers of animals make opportunistic use of natural fire during foraging. In anthropology, fire is sometimes neglected but is sometimes regarded as of major importance. For Darwin it was second only to language as a human invention or acquisition. In the mid‐twentieth century, fire was scarcely mentioned in anthropology texts, but accounts of its role in ritual, in foraging, and in crafts recur frequently in detailed ethnographic accounts. The time depth of human fire use remains debated, but traces of it have been found on archaeological sites up to ages of about 1.5 million years, and it becomes widespread throughout the past 300,000 years.
Dating, Archaeological
Authors: Gowlett J. A. J.
Published: September 2018

Events in the past beyond (and within) the realms of oral tradition and history can often be placed by the application of science‐based archaeological dating techniques, sometimes with exactitude. Tree‐ring dating, where available, can place activity to a year. Radiocarbon dating, the best known of techniques, can date organic remains to within about fifteen years in some cases. Beyond radiocarbon dating, a series of techniques is available that are more restricted in application but cover most points of the timescale. They include argon–argon dating for volcanic levels, luminescence dating, electron spin resonance, and the use of the magnetic polarity scale. The dated frameworks of deep‐sea cores, ice cores, and terrestrial sediments together provide a highly reliable timescale for measuring environmental change and human activity.
Myth
Authors: van Heekeren Deborah
Published: September 2018

Myths contain fundamental truths that tell us something important about the culture or tradition to which they belong. They connect people with their ancestors and with valued traditions and are charters for rituals. Four perspectives have influenced the way in which modern anthropology approaches the study of myth. Functionalist and structuralist approaches have been the most widely applied by anthropologists. Psychoanalysis and phenomenology have also advanced the anthropology of myth.
Mode of Production
Authors: Yalçin‐Heckmann Lale
Published: September 2018

Mode of production is a conceptual tool of Marxian materialist historical analysis. It explains how society, with its system for production and distribution, can be conceived as a social formation in which individual actors independent of their representations and justifications reproduce the system. Marx and Engels's definitions and descriptions of varieties of mode of production were developed with reference to early anthropological research. Later they were adapted by various neo‐Marxist currents and this led to heated debates. With the postmodern turn in anthropology the concept faded, but it has made a partial comeback in the present era of neoliberalism and capitalism.
Consanguinity
Authors: Clarke Morgan
Published: September 2018

Consanguinity refers to a relationship of shared descent, as opposed to one through marriage or affinity. Given its Euro‐American origins, it is potentially ethnocentric in a number of respects: its assumption that descent is a definitive mode of imagining relatedness and one that operates cognatically, and its imagination of relations of descent as constituted through shared substance and more specifically shared blood. These tenets have, however, been fundamentally challenged within more recent anthropology, and specifically by the “new kinship” studies inspired by David Schneider's radical critiques of classic kinship studies. Some thus argue that such terms might better be eliminated from the discipline's working lexicon. Others, however, would argue that a word such as “consanguinity” can be used as a technical term with resonances in a wide variety of contexts while remaining appropriately sensitive to local particularities.
Citizenship
Authors: Díaz‐Barriga Miguel , Dorsey Margaret
Published: September 2018

Since the 1990s, citizenship has been transformed into an anthropological genre. Anthropologists have employed terms such as “transnational,” “insurgent,” and “patriotic” to describe the subjective, cultural, and political dimensions of citizenship. Anthropologists have also differentiated between formal and substantive, legal and cultural, and full and partial citizenship to theorize the disjunction between the promise of state‐granted rights and everyday experiences of belonging to a nation‐state. And, with increasing mobilities, anthropologists have reconceptualized the politics of exclusion that underlies state policies aimed at undocumented migrants. Now more than ever, anthropology is needed in the study of citizenship and noncitizenship both to illuminate the particulars of how social actors navigate national belonging and to rescue citizenship from state policies aimed at exclusion, death, and the diminution of rights.
Ethno‐ and Cultural Psychiatry
Authors: Kirmayer Laurence J.
Published: September 2018

Cultural psychiatry (transcultural psychiatry, cross‐cultural psychiatry, or ethnopsychiatry) is an interdisciplinary field of research and clinical practice concerned with the impact of culture on mental health and illness. Key questions for cultural psychiatry include the role of culture in the causes and mechanisms of mental disorders, the cultural shaping of psychopathology, and the nature of coping, adaptation, healing, and recovery. These questions can be addressed in terms of the interaction of biological, psychological, and social processes in cultural contexts across the life span. Cultural psychiatry today is concerned with the forces of globalization, which generate new forms of hybrid culture, networked communities, and planetary challenges including climate change and forced migration.
Language and Cognition
Authors: Majid Asifa
Published: September 2018

What is the relationship between the language we speak and the way we think? Researchers working at the interface of language and cognition hope to understand the complex interplay between linguistic structures and the way the mind works. This is thorny territory in anthropology and its closely allied disciplines, such as linguistics and psychology.
Privatization
Authors: Worby Eric
Published: September 2018

Privatization is most often taken today to describe the process whereby a state‐owned enterprise is transferred to private ownership. Evoking long‐standing debates concerning the morality and social consequences of enclosing the commons and the responsibility of states for ensuring the welfare of citizens, privatization provides an especially apt lens for bringing into focus the broad sweep of social, political, and economic history—in particular the relationship between states, corporations, and markets. At the same time, the concept permits anthropologists to interrogate uncertainties in the alignment of property, law, and morality that have accompanied neoliberalism and globalization, advances in biotechnology, and the emergence of a new information commons.
PostsocialistEurope, Anthropology in
Authors: Skalník Petr
Published: September 2018

This entry aims to explain the peculiarities of practicing sociocultural anthropology in the former Soviet Bloc, now twenty‐one countries of postcommunist Europe plus eastern Germany. The main problem for the establishment of anthropology in this region is the coexistence of ethnology with physical and sociocultural anthropology. Physical anthropology is the anthropology in postcommunist Europe. The rigidities of the German academic traditions still penetrate the whole of the region, while widespread nationalism supports internal ethnology rather than comparative sociocultural anthropology. A strong heritage of communist rule is reflected in both the subject matter and the methods of European postcommunist anthropology. A detailed presentation of the Czech case of anthropological postcommunism follows a general introduction.
Dowry
Authors: Jolly Margaret
Published: September 2018

Dowry refers to the movement of goods from the bride and her family to that of the groom and his family. It is often contrasted with bridewealth or bride‐price where goods move from the groom and his family to that of the bride and her family. But this simple definitional contrast is misleading and occludes the way in which these practices are embedded in deeper, divergent configurations of kinship, property, and inheritance and in different forms of male domination. This entry focuses on the dowry in India, where its history and its relation to bridewealth have been much debated and where, despite several laws to prohibit dowry and to constrain dowry abuses, including domestic violence, torture, murder, and suicide, dowry continues to be a pervasive practice.
Law and Anthropology
Authors: Foblets Marie‐Claire , Sapignoli Maria
Published: September 2018

The great strides that have taken place in the field of anthropology of law have largely been the result of steady extensions of its research agenda into new areas of study and sites of ethnographic research. With an initial emphasis on the legal systems of those living in the context of colonial rule, the field gradually broadened to include other centers of legal power and authority, making the institutions of states and global governance, including the resistance to those powers, ever more central to its subject matter. At the same time, the subdiscipline has taken on the subject matter of law into the everyday sphere, in the ways that law is produced by and has influence upon the sense of justice among ordinary actors.
The Architect as Optimist: Carl Turner
Authors: Turner Carl
Published: September 2018

Becoming your own client is an obvious way of achieving autonomy and proving your full potential as an architect. Of course, that requires an understanding of finances and the property market, and an ability to calculate risk. All these are fundamental to Carl Turner's practice. In conversation with Guest‐ Editors Chris Bryant, Caspar Rodgers and Tristan Wigfall of alma‐nac, he describes how his first self‐initiated project, for a prototype super‐low‐energy terraced house in South London, fed into another for a temporary community centre, and ultimately led to a major institutional commission.
Co‐produced Urban Resilience: A Framework for Bottom‐Up Regeneration
Authors: Petcou Constantin , Petrescu Doina
Published: September 2018

Where the welfare state has failed, can a new civic economy succeed? Constantin Petcou and Doina Petrescu co‐founded atelier d'architecture autogérée to explore participatory urbanism as an answer to today's environmental and economic challenges. One result is R‐Urban, a framework centred around ‘civic hubs’ that allows communities to enhance their resilience through a range of interconnected initiatives. Implemented in neighbourhoods in the Paris area and London, it can be adapted to any location and scaled up to have an impact on a regional level and beyond.
Collective Intelligences: The Future is Hybrid
Authors: Rubio Lys Villalba , Gragera Juan Chacón , Fernández Manuel Domínguez
Published: September 2018

Smart construction is not limited to modern technological innovation. Generations of people across the globe have evolved countless ingenious solutions to their particular needs that it would be foolish to sweep aside in the pursuit of progress. Inteligencias Colectivas is a research project run by Madrid‐based Zoohaus Collective which works with communities to produce locally relevant urban prototypes that blend traditional and high‐tech knowhow and materials. Zoohaus co‐founders Lys Villalba Rubio, Juan Chacón Gragera and Manuel Domínguez Fernández introduce some examples of their projects in Africa, Asia and South America.
Seriously Playful: Designing Beyond the Expected in Guatemala City
Authors: Melitonov Gregory
Published: September 2018

The work of Taller KEN is proof that strong ethics can go hand in hand with just as strong a sense of fun. With offices in Guatemala and New York, the practice focuses on socially committed projects that embrace local craft traditions but give them refreshing twists. Gregory Melitonov, who co‐founded the firm with Ines Guzman, presents three such ventures in the Guatemalan capital, outlining the research and collaborative processes that have made them happen.
Bricks and Mercury: A Story of Buildings and Ideas
Authors: Valenzuela Ignacio Saavedra
Published: September 2018

Based in Santiago de Chile, TOMA is an architectural collective that sets out to generate alternative social ecosystems through territorial action and multi‐party collaboration. Ignacio Saavedra Valenzuela is one of its co‐founders and partners. He explains the cultural backdrop against which it operates; its approach, founded on the construction of context narratives; its cross‐disciplinary working method; and some of its projects.
Shifting the Line: Reclaiming Space for Social Interaction
Authors: Kordík Lukáš , Polakovic Štefan
Published: September 2018

Post‐communist privatisation in the former Czechoslovakia has caused a widespread sense of isolation among its citizens. To remedy this situation, Bratislava practice GutGut has carried out a range of remodelling and conversion projects – urban and rural, large and small scale – that reinforce community spirit by blurring traditional boundaries and offering shared spaces to residents. GutGut co‐founders Lukáš Kordík and Štefan Polakovic tell their story.
The Agency of Spatial Practice: Architecture as Action
Authors: Mayer Christof , Bader Markus
Published: September 2018

The standard market for architecture is missing out on opportunities to boost cultural, social and symbolic capital. By generating projects through activism rather than waiting for clients, members of the Berlin‐based group raumlabor are evolving a new kind of citymaking. Co‐founders Christof Mayer and Markus Bader explain how this informal network of architects operates, and what it has achieved so far – including local development initiatives and an open university where everybody is welcome to contribute to the conversation.
Practising in the Margins: High Turnover, Low Unit Cost
Authors: van Schaik Leon
Published: September 2018

Aside from the additions and alterations that are the average architectural office's staple, the classic practice model is of low turnover and high unit cost. The articles in this issue of 3 offer an alternative vision, but do they go far enough? Reflecting on their arguments and on his own experience of five decades in practice across continents, Leon van Schaik – Professor Emeritus at the School of Architecture and Urban Design, RMIT University, Melbourne – offers his vision of what architects' role is and could be.
Preparation and Microstructure of In Situ CaB6–Al4Ca/Al Composite Inoculant Ribbon and Its Refining and Modifying Effect on Al–10Si–0.3Mg Alloy
Authors: Sun Yijiao , Cui Chunxiang , Ding Jinhua , Shi Jiejie , Liu Shuiqing , Cui Sen , Liu Renchen
Published: September 2018

The Al–B–Ca alloy ingot is prepared by arc‐melting with Al–3B and Al–10Ca master alloys and the in situ CaB6–Al4Ca/Al composite inoculant ribbon is carried out through melt‐spinning of Al–B–Ca alloy ingot. Afterwards, Al–B–Ca alloy ingot and CaB6–Al4Ca/Al inoculant ribbon are added into the melt of Al–10Si–0.3Mg alloy as inoculants to verify their refining and modifying effects, respectively. It is found whether in Al–B–Ca alloy ingot or CaB6–Al4Ca/Al inoculant ribbon, CaB6 particles have a cubic shape. Compared to the micron‐sized CaB6 particles in the ingot, the size of CaB6 particles in the ribbon can reach to subnanoscale and nanoscale level. With the same amount of addition, CaB6–Al4Ca/Al inoculant ribbon has a better refining effect than Al–B–Ca alloy ingot, but both of them have similar modifying effects for eutectic silicon. In addition, the mechanical properties of Al–10Si–0.3Mg alloy inoculated by the ribbon are superior to that of Al–10Si–0.3Mg alloy inoculated by the ingot. The mismatch between CaB6 and Al is particularly small and certain orientation relationships are existed between them. Therefore, the impact of CaB6 particle size on refining effect of the inoculants, the heterogeneous nucleation mechanism of CaB6, and the strengthening mechanism of Al–10Si–0.3Mg alloy after inoculation are investigated.
Enhancing the n‐Type Conductivity and Thermoelectric Performance of Donor–Acceptor Copolymers through Donor Engineering
Authors: Yang Chi‐Yuan , Jin Wen‐Long , Wang Jue , Ding Yi‐Fan , Nong Shuying , Shi Ke , Lu Yang , Dai Ya‐Zhong , Zhuang Fang‐Dong , Lei Ting , Di Chong‐An , Zhu Daoben , Wang Jie‐Yu , Pei Jian
Published: September 2018

Conjugated polymers with high thermoelectric performance enable the fabrication of low‐cost, large‐area, low‐toxicity, and highly flexible thermoelectric devices. However, compared to their p‐type counterparts, n‐type polymer thermoelectric materials show much lower performance, which is largely due to inefficient doping and a much lower conductivity. Herein, it is reported that the development of a donor–acceptor (D–A) polymer with enhanced n‐doping efficiency through donor engineering of the polymer backbone. Both a high n‐type electrical conductivity of 1.30 S cm−1 and an excellent power factor (PF) of 4.65 µW mK−2 are obtained, which are the highest reported values among D–A polymers. The results of multiple characterization techniques indicate that electron‐withdrawing modification of the donor units enhances the electron affinity of the polymer and changes the polymer packing orientation, leading to substantially improved miscibility and n‐doping efficiency. Unlike previous studies in which improving the polymer‐dopant miscibility typically resulted in lower mobilities, the strategy maintains the mobility of the polymer. All these factors lead to prominent enhancement of three orders magnitude in both the electrical conductivity and the PF compared to those of the non‐engineered polymer. The results demonstrate that proper donor engineering can enhance the n‐doping efficiency, electrical conductivity, and thermoelectric performance of D–A copolymers.
Regio‐ and Enantioselective Synthesis of α‐Amino‐δ‐Ketoesters Through Catalytic Umpolung Reaction of α‐Iminoesters with Enones
Authors: Yoshida Yasushi , Moriya Yuta , Mino Takashi , Sakamoto Masami
Published: September 2018

Chiral α‐amino‐δ‐keto esters are important precursors of organocatalysts, pharmaceuticals, and biochemically interesting molecules. The organocatalytic asymmetric umpolung reaction of imines has been developed to obtain chiral amines in a highly enantioselective manner. Herein, we report the organocatalytic asymmetric umpolung synthesis of α‐amino‐δ‐keto esters in high yield (up to 95% ee, >20/1 r.r.).

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Synthesis of N‐Heterocycles by Dehydrogenative Annulation of N‐Allyl Amides with 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds
Authors: Wu Zheng‐Jian , Li Shi‐Rui , Xu Hai‐Chao
Published: September 2018

Dehydrogenative annulation under oxidizing reagent‐free conditions is an ideal strategy to construct cyclic structures. Reported herein is an unprecedented synthesis of pyrrolidine and tetrahydropyridine derivatives through electrochemical dehydrogenative annulation of N‐allyl amides with 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds. The electrolytic method employs an organic redox catalyst, which obviates the need for oxidizing reagents and transition‐metal catalysts. In these reactions, the N‐allyl amides serve as a four‐atom donor to react with dimethyl malonate to give pyrrolidines by a (4+1) annulation, or with β‐ketoesters to afford tetrahydropyridine derivatives by a (4+2) annulation.
Enhanced piezoelectric properties of randomly oriented and aligned electrospun PVDF fibers by regulating the surface morphology
Authors: Zaarour B. , Zhu L. , Huang C. , Jin X.
Published: September 2018

Harvesting energy has been attracting the attention of researchers in recent years. This work comprehensively reports the fabrication and characterization of poly(vinylidene fluoride) fiber webs with comparable diameters and diversified surface morphologies (wrinkled, smooth, and porous) based on randomly oriented and aligned fiber webs which are used as active layers to directly make a piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG). The results show that wrinkled fibers are preferable fiber webs for the PENG owing to their outstanding properties represented by high fibers friction, supreme β phase content (F[β]), and interior pores. Furthermore, we found that the electrical outputs of the PENG based on aligned fiber webs are higher than those based on randomly oriented fiber webs due to the increase in the friction area. The electrical outputs of the PENG based on the aligned wrinkled fiber webs are able to run microelectronic devices when it subjected to a mechanical impact. We believe that our study may inspire the research area for future energy harvesting applications. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47049.
The influence of viscosity and composition of ABS on the ABS/SBS blend morphology and properties
Authors: Rossato J. H. H. , Lemos H. G. , Mantovani G. L.
Published: September 2018

Acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) shows excellent impact resistance and good stiffness. The incorporation of thermoplastic elastomer into ABS may consist in an interesting approach to further improve the toughness of ABS, in addition to tuning its compatibility with reinforcements. Blends of ABS and styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) were obtained by extrusion from different types of ABS with different SBS contents. The results showed that morphology and mechanical behavior of ABS/SBS blends depend strongly on the composition and characteristics of ABS matrix. An increase in elongation at break and slight decrease in modulus could be observed by increasing SBS content. ABS/SBS blend possessing good dispersion of rubber particles with sizes ranging from 0.1 to 0.8 μm of rubber particles exhibited the better performance of the impact resistance, whereas blends showing a predominance of relatively large particles resulted on poorer mechanical properties. These results suggest that viscosity and composition of ABS matrix play a significant role on the dispersion and coalescence of the dispersed phase during mixing. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47075.
Optimal sample size allocation and go/no‐go decision rules for phase II/III programs where several phase III trials are performed
Authors: Preussler Stella , Kieser Meinhard , Kirchner Marietta
Published: September 2018

The conduct of phase II and III programs is costly, time‐consuming and, due to high failure rates in late development stages, risky. There is a strong connection between phase II and III trials as the go/no‐go decision and the sample size chosen for phase III are based on the results observed in phase II. An integrated planning of phase II and III is therefore reasonable. The success of phase II/III programs crucially depends on the allocation of the resources to phase II and III in terms of sample size and the rule applied to decide whether to stop or to proceed with phase III. Recently, a utility‐based approach was proposed, where optimal planning of phase II/III programs is achieved by taking fixed and variable costs of the drug development program and potential gains after a successful launch into account. However, this method is restricted to programs with a single phase III trial, while regulatory authorities usually require statistical significance in two or more phase III trials. We present a generalization of this procedure to programs where two or more phase III trials are performed. Optimal phase II sample sizes and go/no‐go decision rules are provided for time‐to‐event outcomes and cases, where at least one, two, or three phase III trials need to be successful. Different drug development program strategies (e.g. one large vs. two phase III trials) are compared within these different cases. Application to practical examples typically met in oncology trials illustrates the proposed method.
Blue or red photoluminescence emission in α‐Bi2O3 needles: Effect of synthesis method
Authors: Schmidt Samara , Kubaski Evaldo T. , Li Máximo Siu , Bezzon Vinicius D.N. , Sequinel Thiago , Tebcherani Sergio M.
Published: September 2018

Monoclinic bismuth oxide (α‐Bi2O3) has attractive optical properties and, therefore, its photoluminescence (PL) behavior has been increasingly explored. Besides this fact, the influence of synthesis methods on PL properties of α‐Bi2O3 still requires research. This paper describes the influence of precipitation (PPT) and microwave‐assisted hydrothermal (MAH) methods on PL properties of acicular α‐Bi2O3 microcrystals. The synthesis method promoted structural modifications on α‐Bi2O3, in particular PPT increased the density of oxygen vacancies significantly. As a result, the PL properties of samples were different depending on the method of synthesis. PPT samples presented their maximum PL emission at 1.91 eV (red), while MAH samples had their maximum at 2.61 eV (blue). These results indicate the possibility of controlling PL properties of α‐Bi2O3 by simply choosing the adequate synthesis method.
Design of Artificial Alcohol Oxidases: Alcohol Dehydrogenase–NADPH Oxidase Fusions for Continuous Oxidations
Authors: Aalbers Friso S. , Fraaije Marco W.
Published: September 2018

To expand the arsenal of industrially applicable oxidative enzymes, fusions of alcohol dehydrogenases with an NADPH‐oxidase were designed. Three different alcohol dehydrogenases (LbADH, TbADH, ADHA) were expressed with a thermostable NADPH‐oxidase fusion partner (PAMO C65D) and purified. The resulting bifunctional biocatalysts retained the catalytic properties of the individual enzymes, and acted essentially like alcohol oxidases: transforming alcohols to ketones by using dioxygen as mild oxidant, while merely requiring a catalytic amount of NADP+. In small‐scale reactions, the purified fusion enzymes show good performances, with 69–99 % conversion, 99 % ee with a racemic substrate, and high cofactor and enzyme total turnover numbers. As the fusion enzymes essentially act as oxidases, we found that commonly used high‐throughput oxidase‐activity screening methods can be used. Therefore, if needed, the fusion enzymes could be easily engineered to tune their properties.
Positive and negative social influences and crime acceleration during the transition from childhood to adolescence: The interplay of risk and protective factors
Authors: Walters Glenn D.
Published: September 2018

Background

Social influences are believed to play a vital role in delinquency development within the context of the child‐to‐adolescent transition.

Aims

It was hypothesised that (a) positive social influences would be at least as important as negative social influences in shaping later offending behaviour during the child‐to‐adolescent transition; (b) parental social influences would be more prominent during childhood, and sibling and peer social influences would be more prominent during adolescence; and (c) parents would have a more positive influence than siblings or peers.

Methods

Participants were 857 adult respondents (416 men, 441 women) from the 1942 and 1949 Racine birth cohorts. Most were White (87%), with 8% African Americans, and 5% Hispanics. Participants provided retrospective accounts of positive and negative social influences during childhood (ages 6–13) and offending both then and during adolescence (ages 14–18). These retrospective accounts, which were organised into positive and negative influence scales by the original researchers, were then subjected to multiple regression analyses.

Results

A range of positive and negative social influences, not confined to parenting, were associated with adolescent offending, after allowing for the effects of sex, race, education, family structure, and parental and peer criminality. Change was a predominant theme in these data; whereas parental and sibling influences peaked during childhood and were overwhelmingly positive, peer influences peaked during adolescence and were less preponderantly positive.

Conclusions and implications

These results support a risk model in which positive and negative social influences accumulate to determine a person's propensity for future offending. This propensity can be reduced by encouraging positive influences and discouraging negative ones during the child‐to‐adolescent transition.
Iron‐ or Palladium‐Catalyzed Reaction Cascades Merging Cycloisomerization and Cross‐Coupling Chemistry
Authors: Gomes Filipe , Echeverria Pierre‐Georges , Fürstner Alois
Published: September 2018

A conceptually novel reaction cascade is presented, which allows readily available enynes to be converted into functionalized 1,3‐dienes comprising a stereodefined tetrasubstituted alkene unit; such compounds are difficult to make by conventional means. The overall transformation is thought to commence with formation of a metallacyclic intermediate that evolves via cleavage of an unstrained C−X bond in its backbone. This non‐canonical cycloisomerization process is followed by a cross‐coupling step, such that reductive C−C bond formation regenerates the necessary low‐valent metal fragment and hence closes an intricate catalytic cycle. The cascade entails the formation of two new C−C bonds at the expense of the constitutional C−X entity of the substrate: importantly, the extruded group X must not be a heteroelement (X=O, NR), since activated β‐C−C bonds can also be broken. This concern was reduced to practice in two largely complementary formats: one procedure relies on the use of alkyl‐Grignard reagents in combination with catalytic amounts of Fe(acac)3, whereas the second method amalgamates cycloisomerization with Suzuki coupling by recourse to arylboronic acids and phosphine‐ligated palladium catalysts.
Polycrystalline and Single‐Crystal Cu Electrodes: Influence of Experimental Conditions on the Electrochemical Properties in Alkaline Media
Authors: Engstfeld Albert K. , Maagaard Thomas , Horch Sebastian , Chorkendorff Ib , Stephens Ifan E. L.
Published: September 2018

Single and polycrystalline Cu electrodes serve as model systems for the study of the electroreduction of CO2, CO and nitrate, or for corrosion studies; even so, there are very few reports combining electrochemical measurements with structural characterization. Herein both the electrochemical properties of polycrystalline Cu and single crystal Cu(1 0 0) electrodes in alkaline solutions (0.1 m KOH and 0.1 m NaOH) are investigated. It is demonstrated that the pre‐treatment of the electrodes plays a crucial role in determining their electrochemical properties. Scanning tunneling microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry are performed on Cu(1 0 0) electrodes prepared under UHV conditions; it is shown that the electrochemical properties of these atomically well‐defined electrodes are distinct from electrodes prepared by other methods. Also highlighted is the significant role of residual oxygen and electrolyte convection in influencing the electrochemical properties.
Rapid aggregative and reproductive responses of weevils to masting of North American oaks counteract predator satiation
Authors: Bogdziewicz Michał , Marino Shealyn , Bonal Raul , Zwolak Rafał , Steele Michael A.
Published: September 2018

The predator satiation hypothesis posits that masting helps plants escape seed predation through starvation of predators in lean years, followed by satiation of predators in mast years. Importantly, successful satiation requires sufficiently delayed bottom‐up effects of seed availability on seed consumers. However, some seed consumers may be capable of quick aggregative and reproductive responses to masting, which may jeopardize positive density dependence of seed survival. We used a 17‐yr data set on seed production and insect (Curculio weevils) infestation of three North American oaks species (northern red Quercus rubra, white Q. alba, and chestnut oak Q. montana) to test predictions of the predation satiation hypothesis. Furthermore, we tested for the unlagged numerical response of Curculio to acorn production. We found that masting results in a bottom‐up effect on the insect population; both through increased reproductive output and aggregation at seed‐rich trees. Consequently, mast seeding in two out of three studied oaks (white and chestnut oak) did not help to escape insect seed predation, whereas, in the red oak, the escape depended on the synchronization of mast crops within the population. Bottom‐up effects of masting on seed consumer populations are assumed to be delayed, and therefore to have negligible effects on seed survival in mast years. Our research suggests that insect populations may be able to mount rapid reproductive and aggregative responses when seed availability increases, possibly hindering satiation effects of masting. Many insect species are able to quickly benefit from pulsed resources, making mechanisms described here potentially relevant in many other systems.
NLRP2 negatively regulates antiviral immunity by interacting with TBK1
Authors: Yang Yanqing , Lang Xueting , Sun Song , Gao Chun , Hu Jianguo , Ding Shuqin , Li Jing , Li Yuyun , Wang Fengchao , Gong Tao
Published: September 2018

Nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain (NOD)‐like receptors (NLRs) are intracellular pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that regulate a variety of inflammatory and host defense responses. Unlike the well‐established NLRs, the roles of NLRP2 are controversial and poorly defined. Here, we report that NLRP2 acts as a negative regulator of TANK‐binding kinase 1 (TBK1)‐mediated type I interferon (IFN) signaling. Mechanistically, NLRP2 interacted directly with TBK1, and this binding disrupted the interaction of TBK1 and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), which interfered with TBK1‐induced IRF3 phosphorylation. IFNs induce a series of proteins that have well‐known antiviral or immune‐regulatory functions, and tight control of the IFN signaling cascade is critical for limiting tissue damage and preventing autoimmunity. Our studies indicate that the NLRP2‐TBK1 axis may serve as an additional signaling cascade to maintain immune homeostasis in response to viral infection.
Airway epithelial TSLP production of TLR2 drives type 2 immunity in allergic airway inflammation
Authors: Lv Jiajia , Yu Qianying , Lv Jie , Di Caixia , Lin Xiaoliang , Su Wen , Wu Min , Xia Zhenwei
Published: September 2018

Epithelial cells (ECs)‐derived cytokines are induced by different stimuli through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to mount a type‐2‐cell‐mediated immune response; however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly characterized. Here, we demonstrated asthmatic features in both primary bronchial epithelial cells (pBECs) and mouse model using several allergens including ovalbumin (OVA), house dust mite (HDM), or Alternaria alternata. We found that toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR2) was highly induced in ECs but not dendritic cells (DCs) by various allergens, leading to recruitment of circulating basophils into the lung via C‐C chemokine ligand‐2 (CCL2). TLR2 expression increased thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) production through the NF‐κB and JNK signaling pathways to extend the survival of recruited basophils and resident DCs in the lung, predisposing a type‐2‐cell‐mediated airway inflammation. Conversely, TLR2 deficiency impaired secretion of TSLP and CCL2, decreased infiltration of lung basophils, and increased resistance to Th2 response. Blocking TSLP also phenocopied these phenomena. Our findings reveal a pro‐inflammatory role of airway ECs through a TLR2‐dependent TSLP production, which may have implication for treating allergic asthma.
A Voltammetric Sensor Based on MgFe2O4 Decorated on Reduced Graphene Oxide‐modified Electrode for Sensitive and Simultaneous Determination of Catechol and Hydroquinone
Authors: Ognjanović Miloš , Stanković Dalibor M. , Fabián Martin , Vukadinović Aleksandar , Prijović Željko , Dojčinović Biljana , Antić Bratislav
Published: September 2018

In this work facile one step synthesis of magnesium ferrite (MgFe2O4) nanoparticles decorated on reduced graphene oxide (MgFe@RGO) using a microwave assisted hydrothermal procedure is reported. The synthesized material was characterized with help of several techniques and applied for the modification of glassy carbon electrode. Such prepared electrode was utilized for successive simultaneous detection of structurally similar compounds, 1,2‐ and 1,4‐dihydroxibenzenes (catechol (CC) and hydroquinone (HQ)), using differential pulse voltammetry technique. It was found that oxidation current increases linearly with the concentrations of both investigated compounds. Detection limits for both species are ≤0.31 μM. The best analytical response in the presence of both CC and HQ, taking into account peak shape and peak current, was obtained at pH 5.6 utilizing acetate buffer solution. The often‐presented species in the surface waters as well as gallic acid and caffeine do not interfere with determination of CC and HQ, while ascorbic acid shows high interference. The method is successfully applied for detection of catechol and hydroquinone in real samples analyses.