bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of big five factors on predicting job crafting propensities amongst administrative employees in a South African tertiary institution
Authors: Bell Clement , Njoli Noxolo
Published: April 2016

Orientation: Personality provides a foundation for understanding employee job behaviours. It determines and reflects how they respond to their work situations. There is a shortage of previous researches that have specifically dealt with the predictive role of personality on job crafting. Job crafting is also a significantly new concept in the South African work context. It has both positive and negative consequences on employee job behaviours.Research purpose: The present study investigated the role of big five factors on predicting job crafting propensities amongst administrative employees in Alice, South Africa.Motivation for the study: The present study aimed to determine the role of big five factors on predicting job crafting propensities amongst administrative employees. It was premised on previous research that the big five factors are associated with many employee job behaviours.Research approach, design and method: The present study employed a quantitative, crosssectional research design with a sample of 246 administrative employees in Alice, South Africa. A biographical questionnaire, a Big Five Inventory, and a job crafting questionnaire were used to collect data.Main findings: The findings showed that big five factors of Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Openness to experience and Neuroticism play a significant role in predicting job crafting propensities.Practical implications: The present study suggests that big five factors of Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Openness to experience and Neuroticism have a predictive role on job crafting behaviours. Managers of tertiary institutions can therefore consider these big five personalities to understand and predict the impacts of their job design strategies on administrative employees’ behaviours.Contribution: The contribution of the study was significant in that it contributed to research literature representing the influence of the big five factors in understanding job crafting propensities of employees.Keywords: Personality; Job redesign; Job Demands-Resources model; Administration.
Is Spontaneous Translocation of Polar Lipids between Cellular Organelles Negligible?
Authors: Somerharju Pentti
Published: April 2016

In most reviews addressing intracellular lipid trafficking, spontaneous diffusion of lipid monomers between the cellular organelles is considered biologically irrelevant because it is thought to be far too slow to significantly contribute to organelle biogenesis. This view is based on intervesicle transfer experiments carried out in vitro with few lipids as well as on the view that lipids are highly hydrophobic and thus cannot undergo spontaneous intermembrane diffusion at a significant rate. However, besides that single-chain lipids can translocate between vesicles in seconds, it has been demonstrated that the rate of spontaneous transfer of two-chain polar lipids can vary even 1000-fold, depending on the number of carbons and double bonds in the acyl chains. In addition, the rate of spontaneous lipid transfer can strongly depend on the experimental conditions such as vesicle composition and concentration. This review examines the studies suggesting that spontaneous lipid transfer is probably more relevant to intracellular trafficking of amphipathic lipids than commonly thought.
Modelo de ahusamiento por tipo de suelo para Pinus radiata en las regiones del Biobío y la Araucanía, Chile
Authors: Rodríguez-Toro Andrés , Rubilar-Pons Rafael , Muñoz-Sáez Fernando E. , Cartes-Rodríguez Eduardo , Acuña-Carmona Eduardo , Cancino-Cancino Jorge
Published: April 2016

Se presenta un nuevo modelo de ahusamiento generalizado en Pinus radiata en algunos tipos  de  suelo.  Este  es  un  modelo  no  lineal  ajustado  con  datos  de  264  árboles  con edades  entre  15  y  31  años,  cosechados  en  27  rodales  localizados  en  11  comunas  de las  regiones  del  Biobío  y  la  Araucanía,  Chile,  en  tres  diferentes  tipos  de  suelos  (arenas volcánicas, cenizas volcánicas y sedimentos de origen marino). La generalización del modelo se logró incorporando variables de estado del rodal, y la posterior simplificación del mismo, incorporando la variabilidad del sitio de manera implícita en sus parámetros. La función de volumen obtenida de la integración numérica del modelo de ahusamiento predice más de 97 % de la variación del volumen del fuste sin corteza estimado mediante la fórmula de Smalian, en los tres tipos de suelo.
Especies de Trichoderma del agroecosistema cacao con potencial de biocontrol sobre Moniliophthora roreri
Authors: Reyes-Figueroa Omar , Ortiz-García Carlos F. , Torres-de la Cruz Magdiel , Lagunes-Espinoza Luz del C. , Valdovinos-Ponce Guadalupe
Published: April 2016

La monoliasis del cacao (Moniliophthora roreri) es la principal limitante parasítica de la producción de cacao (Theobroma cacao) en México. Una alternativa sostenible para el control de la enfermedad es el uso del hongo Trichoderma. El objetivo del presente estudio fue seleccionar aislamientos nativos de Trichoderma con las mejores características antagónicas y fisiológicas in vitro, para el control de M. roreri. Para ello, se caracterizaron 50 aislamientos de Trichoderma, obtenidos del agroecosistema cacao. El crecimiento micelial y la producción de conidios a 25, 30 y 35 °C se consideraron variables fisiológicas. El micoparasitismo, antibiosis y antagonismo potencial fueron las variables antagónicas. Se encontraron diferencias significativas (P = 0.0001) en todas las variables evaluadas. El intervalo de temperatura óptima para el crecimiento micelial y producción de conidios fue de 25 a 30 °C. El micoparasitismo varió de 0 a 100 % y solo los aislamientos de seis especies mostraron esta característica. La antibiosis osciló entre 6.8 y 55.5 %, y el antagonismo potencial varió de 3.4 a 69 %. Trichoderma virens (TTC017) y T. harzianum (TTC090, TTC039, TTC073) mostraron el mejor biocontrol potencial in vitro, por lo que son cepas prometedoras para futuras investigaciones sobre control biológico de la moniliasis del cacao.
Comparison of eddy covariance and modified Bowen ratio methods for measuring gas fluxes and implications for measuring fluxes of persistent organic pollutants
Authors: Bolinius Damien Johann , Jahnke Annika , MacLeod Matthew
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Semi-volatile persistent organic pollutants (POPs) cycle between the atmosphere and terrestrial surfaces; however measuring fluxes of POPs between the atmosphere and other media is challenging. Sampling times of hours to days are required to accurately measure trace concentrations of POPs in the atmosphere, which rules out the use of eddy covariance techniques that are used to measure gas fluxes of major air pollutants. An alternative, the modified Bowen ratio (MBR) method, has been used instead. In this study we used data from FLUXNET for CO2 and water vapor (H2O) to compare fluxes measured by eddy covariance to fluxes measured with the MBR method using vertical concentration gradients in air derived from averaged data that simulate the long sampling times typically required to measure POPs. When concentration gradients are strong and fluxes are unidirectional, the MBR method and the eddy covariance method agree within a factor of 3 for CO2, and within a factor of 10 for H2O. To remain within the range of applicability of the MBR method, field studies should be carried out under conditions such that the direction of net flux does not change during the sampling period. If that condition is met, then the performance of the MBR method is neither strongly affected by the length of sample duration nor the use of a fixed value for the transfer coefficient.
Observing relationships between lightning and cloud profiles by means of a satellite-borne cloud radar
Authors: Buiat Martina , Porcù Federico , Dietrich Stefano
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Cloud electrification and related lightning activity in thunderstorms have their origin in the charge separation and resulting distribution of charged iced particles within the cloud. So far, the ice distribution within convective clouds has been investigated mainly by means of ground based meteorological radars. In this paper we show how the products from Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) on board CloudSat, a polar satellite of NASA's Earth System Science Pathfinder (ESSP), can be used to obtain information from space on the vertical distribution of ice particles, ice content and relate them to the lightning activity. The analysis has been carried out focusing on five convective events occurred over Italy that have crossed by CloudSat overpasses during significant lightning activity. The CPR products considered here are the vertical profiles of cloud Ice Water Content (IWC) and ice particles Effective Radius (ER), to be compared with the number of strokes as measured by a ground lightning network (LINET). Results show a strong correlation between the numbers of strokes and the vertical distribution of ice particles as depicted by the 94 GHz CPR products: in particular, cloud top IWC peaks and relatively high profile-averaged RE seems to be favourable to produce strokes.
SISTEMA INTER-REGIONAL DO MUNICÍPIO DE CURITIBA/PR: UMA ANÁLISE INSUMO-PRODUTO EM TRÊS ESFERAS (MUNICÍPIO-ESTADO-PAÍS)
Authors: Brene Paulo Rogério Alves , Sesso Filho Umberto Antonio , Porsse Alexandre Alves , Dalla Costa Armando João
Published: April 2016

O objetivo deste artigo é estimar a matriz insumo-produto do município de Curitiba/Pr para o ano de 2006. O modelo é pautado na metodologia de Brene, Sesso Filho e Costa (2012) e pelo sistema construído por Kureski (2013) e Moretto et. al. (2012) para o Paraná. Como resultado verifica-se que os setores relacionados com as atividades de serviços e comércio se destacam nos multiplicadores simples do tipo I. No caso das atividades industriais, destaca-se o setor (7) Indústria Química, Farmacêutica e de Refino de Combustível apontado como setor-chave tanto pelo índice de Rasmussen-Hirschman, quanto pelo Índice Puro Normalizado. São apontados pelos dois métodos também os setores (15) Comunicação e (16) Intermediação financeira e seguros. Em relação ao campo de influência quatro setores se destacaram, sendo eles: (3) Fabricação de Alimentos e Bebidas; (5) Fabricação de Produtos de Madeira e Diversos; (11) S.I.U.P; e (16) Intermediação financeira e seguros.
DETERMINANTES DA FORMALIDADE OCUPACIONAL SEGUNDO A ABORDAGEM DA SEGMENTAÇÃO DO MERCADO DE TRABALHO
Authors: Monte Paulo Aguiar do , Lins Julyan Gleyvison Machado Gouveia
Published: April 2016

Este artigo é baseado no trabalho seminal de Lima (1980) sobre capital humano e segmentação e tem como objetivo avançar metodologicamente nas análises econométricas e analisar os determinantes da inserção ocupacional e da remuneração salarial no mercado de trabalho formal brasileiro. Neste contexto, foram estimados três modelos econométricos distintos que buscam corrigir o viés de seleção amostral e controlar os efeitos das características não observáveis dos trabalhadores. No primeiro modelo, a formalidade no mercado de trabalho é explicada por habituais variáveis de capital humano e localização. No segundo modelo é testada a hipótese da mobilidade intergeracional reduzindo a amostra apenas aos indivíduos residentes no domicílio cujos pais estão ocupados no setor informal. Por fim, no terceiro modelo é estimada uma regressão quantílica dos determinantes salariais do trabalhador. Os principais resultados encontrados destacam que: i) A ocupação do pai influencia nas chances do indivíduo estar no mercado formal ou informal (4,72 pontos percentuais); ii) Investimento em educação é a variável chave para uma possível mobilidade intergeracional no mercado de trabalho; iii) A análise dos condicionantes dos rendimentos salariais indica que retornos salariais são maiores para os trabalhadores mais qualificados e de acordo com a posição do indivíduo na distribuição salarial.
ANÁLISE DE NÍVEL DE EFICIÊNCIA DOS PORTOS BRASILEIROS
Authors: Menegazzo Luciano Ricardo , Fachinello Arlei Luiz
Published: April 2016

O Governo Federal tem realizado ações de retomada do planejamento para o setor portuário nacional por meio da realização de estudos e da elaboração de um novo arcabouço legislativo, institucionalizando o processo de planejamento contínuo ao setor. Este trabalho busca auxiliar o planejamento do setor ao elaborar e analisar a projeção de eficiência dos principais complexos portuários brasileiros até o ano de 2025, identificando oportunidades de planejamento. A metodologia utilizada é a Análise Envoltória de Dados (DEA). Os dados utilizados como insumos e produto são derivados dos Planos Mestres dos portos. Os resultados indicam a ampliação da eficiência média dos portos, enfatizando-se o impacto positivo do número de atracações e o impacto negativo na capacidade ociosa. Junto a isso, observou-se uma redução no número de portos com capacidade insuficiente, indicando que a distribuição de cargas entre os portos deverá ser otimizada.
Digital leadership in action in a hospital through a real time dashboard system implementation and experience
Authors: Weiner Jack , Tanniru Mohan , Khuntia Jiban , Bobryk David , Naik Mehul , LePage Kenneth
Published: April 2016

Background: Regulatory and competitive pressures and the need for cross-organizational data sharing are demanding that hospital leaders create a data-driven decision making culture to improve performance. Using an innovation assimilation strategy framework, this paper describes how a hospital used its implementation of a Real Time Dashboard System (rtDashboard) to improve performance, change its organizational culture and put it on a path towards digital leadership (DL).Objective: Implement an rtDashboard system that can support a data-driven decision making culture for performance improvement while engaging business and information technology (IT) leaders in DL practice.Results: The rtDashboard contributed significantly to monitoring hospital performance and influenced change in unit level decision making that was aligned with hospital goals. The rtDashboard implementation not only provided substantial performance improvement and quality benchmarking, but also changed the responsibility and accountability culture and helped the hospital put in practice DL principles to support future innovations.Conclusions: DL through rtDashboard is a demonstration of how a hospital can seek and strive for excellence. As much as dashboards are pivotal to organizational performance monitoring at the senior leadership level, the process used to diffuse it to every operational unit in support of a data-driven decision making culture showcases how hospital executives and IT leaders can work together to continually align and re-align their strategies to reach organizational goals – the core of DL practice.
Parallels in Search of an Intersection: The Manifold Marcus Aurelius Resonances in Walt Whitman’s “Song of Myself”
Authors: Caytas Joanna Diane
Published: April 2016

While Whitman’s knowledge of and affinity to Epictetus are well-known, the profound roots of Song of Myself in Marcus Aurelius’ To Myself (better known as Meditations) were not researched to date even though it is known that Stoicism was a powerful influence upon the autodidact poet. Through classical hermeneutical methodology, this paper shows how stoic practice and training in daily reflection, cosmopolitanism, pantheism, religious skepticism, public service, but most importantly its Platonic legacy of “doing one’s own thing” through fluxes and flows reach far beyond coincidences in Whitman’s work and may be traced through scores of sometimes verbatim parallels in Whitman’s magnum opus. Even if one leaves use of paradigms, vignettes, examples and transcendentalism aside, the study still shows that these parallels extend to a shared platform of individualism and higher-level virtue that cannot be reduced to the poet’s early love of classical motives and Greek culture. Epicurean materialistic atomism and its doctrine of interchangeability of all matter in metamorphosis came to him through the influence of German chemist Justus von Liebig in the perception of Fanny Wright’s novel Ten Days in Athens. This research traces Whitman’s stance opposed to slavery directly to Seneca and points out multiple parallels between the reflections of Marcus Aurelius on Rome and the words Whitman found for New York—each the metropolis of its day, slightly past its apex of historical power, yet peerlessly vibrant as a melting pot, engaged in cultural wars on multiple levels with forces labeled “barbaric.”
The Analysis of Administrators and Staffs Attitude from the Obstacles of Delegation of Authority
Authors: Mohammadi Hamed , Habibi Fatemeh , Babaei Mohammad , Afzali Zohreh
Published: April 2016

This study was conducted to analyze the managers’ and employees’ attitude towards obstacles to devolutionin Mazandaran Province Gas Company (Iran). According to the exploratory studies, devolutionobstacles was explored and identified at two dimensions including managers’ unwillingness to devolutionand subordinates’ reluctance to accept authority. To analyze the data and to confirm or reject the research questions, first, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to determine the normality of data. Given the non-normality of data, non-parametric tests such as one-sample one-tailed Wilcoxon test, Friedman test for ranking components, and Mann–Whitney test were used to identify the employees’ and managers’ different perception of obstacles to delegation of authority. Findings of the study indicated that Wilcoxon test was not significant at o.o5; that is, lack of trust and confidence in subordinates, inability of managers in guiding subordinates, lack of controlling processes, managers’ sense of insecurity, and unwillingness of managers to delegate authority were not the main obstacles to devolutionby managers in Mazandran Province Gas Company, and their effects were not significant. In line with examining the obstacles effective to the devolutionby subordinates, it was found that the fear of criticism, blame, and dismissal along with the lack of adequate motivation in subordinates were recognized as the most important obstacles to adoption of authority by subordinates in Mazandran Province Gas Company.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Public Administration Research, Vol. 5, No. 1
Authors: Sheng Vivian
Published: April 2016

Reviewer acknowledgements for Public Administration Research, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2016.
Welfare Effects of Nonlinear Electricity Pricing
Authors: You Jung S. , Lim So Yeong
Published: April 2016

Block pricing is widespread among electricity and water utilities to protect low-income households and to encourage energy conservation through higher marginal prices. However, whether a block pricing system achieves those objectives is controversial. In this article, we analyze the impact of alternative electricity pricing systems on the welfare of consumers for the case of residential electricity block pricing in Korea. To do this, we first develop a theoretical model to compute each household’s welfare change under alternative pricing systems. Then, we estimate the residential electricity demand function and compute every household’s electricity consumption and expenses under alternative pricing systems.Finally, we compute each household’s welfare change and social welfare to draw policy implications.
Integration in Gasoline and Ethanol Markets in Brazil over Time and Space under the Flex-fuel Technology
Authors: Nunez Hector M. , Otero Jesus
Published: April 2016

We employ a pair-wise approach to analyse regional integration in the gasoline and ethanol markets in Brazil. Using weekly price data for these two fuels at the state level over a period of almost ten years, we find that more than half of the fuel price differentials are stationary, which reveals the importance of allowing for spatial considerations when testing for market integration. We also find that the speed at which prices converge to the long-run equilibrium depends upon the distance between states, the differential in sugarcane mills density between states, and the similarity between tax regimes. Other demand and supply factors such as population density, gas stations density, sugarcane mills density and GDP per capita are not statistically significant.
A Political Realist Notion of Public Reason
Authors: Wolthuis Bertjan
Published: April 2016

A Political Realist Notion of Public Reason

In this article I develop a political realist notion of public reason. It may be thought that a notion of public reason is simply incompatible with the position of the political realist. But this article claims that a realist notion of public reason, different from the familiar political liberal idea of public reason, can be reconstructed from ancient texts on rhetoric and dialectic, particularly Aristotle's. The specification of this notion helps us understand the differences between contemporary liberal and realist positions.
Reactie op ‘Het omgevingsplan in de Omgevingswet’
Authors: Nijmeijer A.G.A. (Tonny)
Published: April 2016

Reactie op ‘Het omgevingsplan in de Omgevingswet’

Deze bijdrage vormt een reactie op het artikel van J.R. van Angeren ‘Het omgevingsplan in de Omgevingswet’ (TO 2016, p. 4-26).
Muvuca na Loja Aumenta Compra por Impulso ou Afasta Consumidores? A Resposta Depende da Tolerância ao Crowding
Authors: Ferreira Marlette Cassia Oliveira , Bizarrias Flávio Santino , Da Silva Jussara Goulart , Brandão Marcelo Moll
Published: April 2016

O objetivo desta pesquisa entender a influncia da tolerncia ao crowding como varivel moderadora na relao entre emoes negativas e respostas dos consumidores percepo de crowding. As respostas dos consumidores foram capturadas por meio de estratgias adaptativas e compra por impulso. Para testar as hipteses da pesquisa foi realizado um survey por meio da internet, com a utilizao de uma foto de supermercado com alta densidade humana como ancoragem dos respondentes a situao de compra pesquisada. Os testes foram analisados com a utilizao de Modelagem de Equao Estrutural. Os resultados evidenciaram que a emoo negativa, resposta ao crowding, no influencia estratgias adaptativas (coping) e diminui compra por impulso, quando moderada pela tolerncia ao crowding. Esses resultados contribuem para os estudos do fenmeno de crowding, principalmente em relao as estratgias que os consumidores utilizam em ambientes com alta densidade humana.
Valores e Características Geracionais: Um Estudo em uma Instituição de Ensino Superior
Authors: Furucho Newton Yasuo , Oswaldo Yeda Cirera , Graziano Graziela Oste , Elias Spers Valéria Rueda
Published: April 2016

O presente estudo busca diagnosticar as principais caractersticas e valores da Gerao Y. No desenrolar deste artigo, sero apresentados o referencial terico sobre o tema abordado, a metodologia adotada e os resultados da pesquisa realizada junto aos discentes da Gerao Y que frequentam uma instituio de ensino superior privada do interior do estado de So Paulo. A pesquisa caracteriza-se como uma pesquisa-diagnstico e que para coleta de dados utilizou-se de um questionrio estruturado, com questes fechadas de mltipla escolha. Aps a aplicao do questionrio a 130 alunos que frequentam instituio, pode-se constatar que os valores e caractersticas mencionados no referencial terico ocorrem no contexto das organizaes como a facilidade de lidar com novas tecnologias; mudana de emprego, visando maior remunerao, satisfao imediata e prazer por dispor de mais tempo para si prprio; satisfao profissional; inovao; impacincia/intolerncia; qualidade de vida; determinao; descompromisso em excesso; promoo e ascenso profissional; facilidade em executar vrias tarefas simultaneamente; necessidade de constante aprimoramento e desenvolvimento contnuo; realizao de projetos com significado; aquisio de experincia; agilidade e dificuldade de lidar com adversidades.
The core of the Nordic health care system is not empty
Authors: Lyttkens Carl Hampus , Christiansen Terkel , Häkkinen Unto , Kaarboe Oddvar , Sutton Matt , Welander Anna
Published: April 2016

The Nordic countries are well-known for their welfare states. A very important feature of the welfare state is that it aims at easy and equal access to adequate health care for the entire population. For many years, the Nordic systems were automatically viewed as very similar, and they were placed in the same group when the OECD classified health care systems around the world. However, close inspection soon reveals that there are important differences between the health care systems of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. Consequently, it is perhaps no surprise that the Nordic countries fell into three different categories when the OECD revised its classification a few years ago. In this paper, we revisit this issue and argue that the most important similarity across the Nordic countries is the institutional context in which the health care sector is embedded. Nordic health care exists in a high-trust, high-taxation setting of small open economies. With this background, we find a set of important similarities in the manner in which health care is organized and financed in the Nordic countries. To evaluate the performance of the Nordic health care system, we compare a few health quality indicators in the Nordic countries with those of five non-Nordic similarly small open European economies with the same level of income. Overall, the Nordic countries seem to be performing relatively well. Whether they will continue to do so will depend to a large extent on whether the welfare state will continue to reform itself as it has in the past.Published: April 2016.
Simultaneous Determination of Total Vitamins B1, B2, B3, and B6 in Infant Formula and Related Nutritionals by Enzymatic Digestion and LC-MS/MS: Single-Laboratory Validation, First Action 2015.14
Authors: Salvati Louis M , McClure Sean C , Reddy Todime M , Cellar Nicholas A
Published: April 2016

This method provides simultaneous determination of total vitamins B1, B2, B3, and B6 in infant formula and related nutritionals (adult and infant). The method was given First Action for vitamins B1, B2, and B6, but not B3, during the AOAC Annual Meeting in September 2015. The method uses acid phosphatase to dephosphorylate the phosphorylated vitamin forms. It then measures thiamine (vitamin B1); riboflavin (vitamin B2); nicotinamide and nicotinic acid (vitamin B3); and pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine (vitamin B6) from digested sample extract by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A single-laboratory validation was performed on 14 matrixes provided by the AOAC Stakeholder Panel on Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals (SPIFAN) to demonstrate method effectiveness. The method met requirements of the AOAC SPIFAN Standard Method Performance Requirement for each of the three vitamins, including average over-spike recovery of 99.6 ± 3.5%, average repeatability of 1.5 ± 0.8% relative standard deviation, and average intermediate precision of 3.9 ± 1.3% relative standard deviation.
A novel molecular approach for tracing terrigenous dissolved organic matter into the deep ocean
Authors: Medeiros Patricia M. , Seidel Michael , Niggemann Jutta , Spencer Robert G. M. , Hernes Peter J. , Yager Patricia L. , Miller William L. , Dittmar Thorsten , Hansell Dennis A.
Published: April 2016

Marine dissolved organic matter (DOM) contains one of the largest exchangeable organic carbon pools on Earth. Riverine input represents an important source of DOM to the oceans, yet much remains to be learned about the fate of the DOM linking terrestrial to oceanic carbon cycles through rivers at the global scale. Here we use ultrahigh‐resolution mass spectrometry to identify 184 molecular formulae that are indicators of riverine inputs (referred to as t‐Peaks) and to track their distribution in the deep North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans. The t‐Peaks were found to be enriched in the Amazon River, to be highly correlated with known tracers of terrigenous input, and to be observed in all samples from four different rivers characterized by vastly different landscapes and vegetation coverage spanning equatorial (Amazon and Congo), subtropical (Altamaha), and Arctic (Kolyma) regions. Their distribution reveals that terrigenous organic matter is injected into the deep ocean by the global meridional overturning circulation, indicating that a fraction of the terrigenous DOM introduced by rivers contributes to the DOM pool observed in the deep ocean and to the storage of terrigenous organic carbon. This novel molecular approach can be used to further constrain the transfer of DOM from land to sea, especially considering that Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer analysis is becoming increasingly frequent in studies characterizing the molecular composition of DOM in lakes, rivers, and the ocean.
Mechanical anisotropy control on strain localization in upper mantle shear zones
Authors: Herwegh Marco , Mercolli Ivan , Linckens Jolien , Müntener Othmar
Published: April 2016

Mantle rocks at oceanic spreading centers reveal dramatic rheological changes from partially molten to solid‐state ductile to brittle deformation with progressive cooling. Using the crustal‐scale Wadi al Wasit mantle shear zone (SZ, Semail ophiolite, Oman), we monitor such changes based on quantitative field and microstructural investigations combined with petrological and geochemical analyses. The spatial distribution of magmatic dikes and high strain zones gives important information on the location of magmatic and tectonic activity. In the SZ, dikes derived from primitive melts (websterites) are distributed over the entire SZ but are more abundant in the center; dikes from more evolved, plagioclase saturated melts (gabbronorites) are restricted to the SZ center. Accordingly, harzburgite deformation fabrics show a transition from protomylonite (1100°C), mylonite (900–800°C) to ultramylonite (<700°C) and a serpentine foliation (<500°C) from the SZ rim to the center. The spatial correlation between solid‐state deformation fabrics and magmatic features indicates progressive strain localization in the SZ on the cooling path. Three stages can be discriminated: (i) Cycles of melt injection (dunite channels and websterite dikes) and solid‐state deformation (protomylonites‐mylonites; 1100–900°C), (ii) dominant solid‐state deformation in harzburgite mylonites (900–800°C) with some last melt injections (gabbronorites) and ultramylonites (<700°C), and (iii) infiltration of seawater inducing a serpentine foliation (<500°C) followed by cataclasis during obduction. The change of these processes in space and time indicates that early dike‐related ridge‐parallel deformation controls the onset of the entire strain localization history promoting nucleation sites for different strain weakening processes as a consequence of changing physicochemical conditions.
Miocene detachment faulting predating EPR propagation: Southern Baja California
Authors: Bot Anna , Geoffroy Laurent , Authemayou Christine , Bellon Hervé , Graindorge David , Pik Raphaël
Published: April 2016

At the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula, we characterize the onshore structures and kinematics associated with crustal necking leading up to the Pliocene breakup and early East Pacific Rise seafloor spreading. From a combination of tectonic field investigations, K‐Ar and cosmogenic isotope dating and geomorphology, we propose that the Los Cabos block represents the exhumed footwall of a major detachment fault. This north trending detachment fault is marked by a conspicuous low‐dipping brittle‐ductile shear zone showing a finite displacement with top to the SE ending to the ESE. This major feature is associated with fluid circulations which led to rejuvenation of the deformed Cretaceous magmatic rocks at a maximum of 17.5 Ma. The detachment footwall displays kilometer‐scale corrugations controlling the present‐day drainage pattern. This major detachment is synchronous with the development of the San José del Cabo Basin where syntectonic sedimentation took place from the middle Miocene to probably the early Pliocene. We propose that this seaward dipping detachment fault accommodates the proximal crustal necking of the Baja California passive margin, which predates the onset of formation of the East Pacific Rise spreading axis in the Cabo‐Puerto Vallarta segment. Our data illustrate an apparent anticlockwise rotation of the stretching direction in Baja California Sur from ~17 Ma to the Pliocene.
Hydrological drivers of record‐setting water level rise on Earth's largest lake system
Authors: Gronewold A. D. , Bruxer J. , Durnford D. , Smith J. P. , Clites A. H. , Seglenieks F. , Qian S. S. , Hunter T. S. , Fortin V.
Published: April 2016

Between January 2013 and December 2014, water levels on Lake Superior and Lake Michigan‐Huron, the two largest lakes on Earth by surface area, rose at the highest rate ever recorded for a 2 year period beginning in January and ending in December of the following year. This historic event coincided with below‐average air temperatures and extensive winter ice cover across the Great Lakes. It also brought an end to a 15 year period of persistently below‐average water levels on Lakes Superior and Michigan‐Huron that included several months of record‐low water levels. To differentiate hydrological drivers behind the recent water level rise, we developed a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) routine for inferring historical estimates of the major components of each lake's water budget. Our results indicate that, in 2013, the water level rise on Lake Superior was driven by increased spring runoff and over‐lake precipitation. In 2014, reduced over‐lake evaporation played a more significant role in Lake Superior's water level rise. The water level rise on Lake Michigan‐Huron in 2013 was also due to above‐average spring runoff and persistent over‐lake precipitation, while in 2014, it was due to a rare combination of below‐average evaporation, above‐average runoff and precipitation, and very high inflow rates from Lake Superior through the St. Marys River. We expect, in future research, to apply our new framework across the other Laurentian Great Lakes, and to Earth's other large freshwater basins as well.
Direct CVD Graphene Growth on Semiconductors and Dielectrics for Transfer‐Free Device Fabrication
Authors: Wang Huaping , Yu Gui
Published: April 2016

Graphene is the most broadly discussed and studied two‐dimensional material because of its preeminent physical, mechanical, optical, and thermal properties. Until now, metal‐catalyzed chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has been widely employed for the scalable production of high‐quality graphene. However, in order to incorporate the graphene into electronic devices, a transfer process from metal substrates to targeted substrates is inevitable. This process usually results in contamination, wrinkling, and breakage of graphene samples ‐ undesirable in graphene‐based technology and not compatible with industrial production. Therefore, direct graphene growth on desired semiconductor and dielectric substrates is considered as an effective alternative. Over the past years, there have been intensive investigations to realize direct graphene growth using CVD methods without the catalytic role of metals. Owing to the low catalytic activity of non‐metal substrates for carbon precursor decomposition and graphene growth, several strategies have been designed to facilitate and engineer graphene fabrication on semiconductors and insulators. Here, those developed strategies for direct CVD graphene growth on semiconductors and dielectrics for transfer‐free fabrication of electronic devices are reviewed. By employing these methods, various graphene‐related structures can be directly prepared on desired substrates and exhibit excellent performance, providing versatile routes for varied graphene‐based materials fabrication.
Surface Modification of ZrO2 Nanoparticles with Biosafe Coupling Agents, Preparation of Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) Nanocomposites: Optical, Thermal, and Morphological Studies
Authors: Mallakpour Shadpour , Nezamzadeh Ezhieh Ahmadreza
Published: April 2016

In this study, a series of green and environmental friendly nanocomposites (NCs) were prepared using poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), citric acid, vitamin C, and ZrO2 nanoparticles (NPs) as biosafe and biocompatible agents. To develop dispersion and interfacial compatibility of ZrO2 NPs with PVP matrix, at first the surface of NPs was modified with citric acid and vitamin C. Then, the novel NCs were fabricated by adding various amounts of modified ZrO2 NPs in the PVP matrix. All of the steps were performed with ultrasonic irradiation as a safe method. The obtained NCs were investigated by different techniques. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results indicated interactions between the NPs and modifier agents. Thermogravimetric analysis results illustrated that the thermal stability of NC 7 wt% in comparison to the pure polymer was enhanced. The surface topography and morphology of the NCs were studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy techniques. The results showed that the nanofiller were homogeneously dispersed in the polymer matrix. Finally, the incorporation of the modified ZrO2 NPs influenced the UV–Vis absorption of the pure PVP.
A Tandem Catalyst with Multiple Metal Oxide Interfaces Produced by Atomic Layer Deposition
Authors: Ge Huibin , Zhang Bin , Gu Xiaomin , Liang Haojie , Yang Huimin , Gao Zhe , Wang Jianguo , Qin Yong
Published: April 2016

Ideal heterogeneous tandem catalysts necessitate the rational design and integration of collaborative active sites. Herein, we report on the synthesis of a new tandem catalyst with multiple metal‐oxide interfaces based on a tube‐in‐tube nanostructure using template‐assisted atomic layer deposition, in which Ni nanoparticles are supported on the outer surface of the inner Al2O3 nanotube (Ni/Al2O3 interface) and Pt nanoparticles are attached to the inner surface of the outer TiO2 nanotube (Pt/TiO2 interface). The tandem catalyst shows remarkably high catalytic efficiency in nitrobenzene hydrogenation over Pt/TiO2 interface with hydrogen formed in situ by the decomposition of hydrazine hydrate over Ni/Al2O3 interface. This can be ascribed to the synergy effect of the two interfaces and the confined nanospace favoring the instant transfer of intermediates. The tube‐in‐tube tandem catalyst with multiple metal‐oxide interfaces represents a new concept for the design of highly efficient and multifunctional nanocatalysts.
Enantioselective Oxetane Ring Opening with Chloride: Unusual Use of Wet Molecular Sieves for the Controlled Release of HCl
Authors: Yang Wen , Wang Zhaobin , Sun Jianwei
Published: April 2016

An unprecedented enantioselective oxetane opening with chloride provides access to a range of highly functionalized three‐carbon building blocks. The excellent enantiocontrol is enabled not only by a new catalyst, but also by the unusual use of wet molecular sieves for the controlled release of HCl.
An Air‐Stable Semiconducting Polymer Containing Dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]arsole
Authors: Green Joshua P. , Han Yang , Kilmurray Rebecca , McLachlan Martyn A. , Anthopoulos Thomas D. , Heeney Martin
Published: April 2016

Arsole‐containing conjugated polymers are a practically unexplored class of materials despite the high interest in their phosphole analogues. Herein we report the synthesis of the first dithieno[3,2‐b;2′,3′‐d]arsole derivative, and demonstrate that it is stable to ambient oxidation in its +3 oxidation state. A soluble copolymer is obtained by a palladium‐catalyzed Stille polymerization and demonstrated to be a p‐type semiconductor with promising hole mobility, which was evaluated by field‐effect transistor measurements.
Electrochemical stability of graphene cathode for high‐voltage lithium ion capacitors
Authors: Wang Yu‐Zuo , Shan Xu‐Yi , Wang Da‐Wei , Chen Cheng‐Meng , Li Feng , Cheng Hui‐Ming
Published: April 2016

The energy density of electrochemical lithium ion capacitors can be effectively improved through implementing both high capacity cathode and high voltage electrolyte. Graphene is considered as one of the most promising cathodes for lithium ion capacitors because of its high electric conductivity, tunable surface functional groups and controllable pore structure. The development of 5‐V organic electrolyte provides an opportunity to expand the stable working potential window of graphene cathodes. In this work, we explored the high‐voltage electrochemical behavior of graphene cathodes in a 5‐V organic electrolyte (3.0–5.0 V vs Li/Li+). The prohibiting effect of small pores (<5 nm) on electrolyte decomposition during cycling is noticed and correlated with the pore size of graphene powders. The results showed the excellent cycling stability (100% retention after 2000 cycles) of graphene cathodes abundant with pores smaller than 5 nm. This finding indicates a new strategy for practical improvement of graphene‐related electrode applications. © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assembling Metal–Organic Frameworks in Ionic Liquids and Supercritical CO2
Authors: Zhang Bingxing , Zhang Jianling , Han Buxing
Published: April 2016

Ionic liquids (ILs) and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) are both considered to be green solvents with tunable properties. Recently, studies of the synthesis of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) in the presence of ILs and scCO2 has become a burgeoning direction in chemistry and materials science. ILs have been shown to be ideal media for the synthesis of a variety of MOFs owing to their unique properties including the ability to dissolve a wide range of organic and inorganic compounds and flexible designability. scCO2 has adjustable solvent power and excellent mass‐transfer characteristics that offer the opportunity to replace organic solvents for MOF activation, MOF aerogel synthesis, and MOF construction. More interestingly, the simultaneous utilization of IL and scCO2 can combine the advantages of the two liquids, which provides novel routes for the fabrication of MOF structures. This review describes the advances in MOF synthesis in ILs, scCO2, and IL/scCO2 systems.
S8‐Mediated Cyclization of 2‐Aminophenols/thiophenols with Arylmethyl Chloride: Approach to Benzoxazoles and Benzothiazoles
Authors: Gan Haifeng , Miao Dazhuang , Pan Qiang , Hu Renhe , Li Xiaotong , Han Shiqing
Published: April 2016

A metal‐free approach to benzazoles from arylmethyl chlorides and 2‐mercaptan/2‐hydroxyanilines using elemental sulfur as a traceless oxidizing agent has been developed. The reactions proceeded in good to excellent yields, exhibiting good functional groups tolerance and gram‐scale ability. A key mechanistic investigation indicated that the key intermediate trisulfide 6, which was characterized by NMR, HRMS and crystal X‐ray crystallography, was separated in the reaction prior to the formation of the product.
Understanding Solvent Manipulation of Morphology in Bulk‐Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Chen Yuxia , Zhan Chuanlang , Yao Jiannian
Published: April 2016

Film morphology greatly influences the performance of bulk‐heterojunction (BHJ)‐structure‐based solar cells. It is known that an interpenetrating bicontinuous network with nanoscale‐separated donor and acceptor phases for charge transfer, an ordered molecular packing for exciton diffusion and charge transport, and a vertical compositionally graded structure for charge collection are prerequisites for achieving highly efficient BHJ organic solar cells (OSCs). Therefore, control of the morphology to obtain an ideal structure is a key problem. For this solution‐processing BHJ system, the solvent participates fully in film processing. Its involvement is critical in modifying the nanostructure of BHJ films. In this review, we discuss the effects of solvent‐related methods on the morphology of BHJ films, including selection of the casting solvent, solvent mixture, solvent vapor annealing, and solvent soaking. On the basis of a discussion on interaction strength and time between solvent and active materials, we believe that the solvent–morphology–performance relationship will be clearer and that solvent selection as a means to manipulate the morphology of BHJ films will be more rational.
Tribal treatment approach to abdominal pain in the Sub‐Saharan Tropical Africa
Authors: Birge Ozer , Merdin Alparslan
Published: April 2016

Key Clinical Message

There are different primitive tribal treatment ways in the Sub‐Saharan Africa. WHO must try more to educate these communities to abandon such harmful treatment ways.
Synthesis and Application of Tetrahydro‐2H‐fluorenes by a Pd(0)‐Catalyzed Benzylic C(sp3)−H Functionalization
Authors: Suetsugu Satoshi , Muto Nobusuke , Horinouchi Misa , Tsukano Chihiro , Takemoto Yoshiji
Published: April 2016

A new method has been developed for the synthesis of tetrahydro‐2H‐fluorenes based on a Pd(0)‐catalyzed benzylic C(sp3)−H functionalization. Importantly, the success of the cyclization step was dependent on there being substituents at the two positions ortho to the benzylic group to avoid an undesired C(sp2)−H functionalization. This method was subsequently used to prepare the right‐hand fragment of the hexacyclic triterpenoid benzohopanes, and therefore represents a powerful tool for the construction of the related compounds.
β‐to‐β 2,5‐Pyrrolylene‐Linked Cyclic Porphyrin Oligomers
Authors: Rao Yutao , Kim Jun Oh , Kim Woojae , Zhong Guangming , Yin Bangshao , Zhou Mingbo , Shinokubo Hiroshi , Aratani Naoki , Tanaka Takayuki , Liu Shubin , Osuka Atsuhiro , Kim Dongho , Song Jianxin
Published: April 2016

β‐to‐β 2,5‐Pyrrolylene linked cyclic porphyrin oligomers have been synthesized by Suzuki–Miyaura coupling of 2,5‐diborylpyrrole and 3,7‐dibromoporphyrin. The cyclic porphyrin oligomers exhibit roughly coplanar structures, strong excitonic coupling, small electrochemical HOMO–LUMO gaps, and ultrafast excitation energy transfer between the neighboring porphyrins via the pyrrolylene bridge.
Encapsulation of Formaldehyde and Hydrogen Cyanide in an Open‐Cage Fullerene
Authors: Chen Chi‐Shian , Kuo Ting‐Shen , Yeh Wen‐Yann
Published: April 2016

Reaction of C63NO2(Ph)2(Py) (1) with o‐phenylenediamine and pyridine produces a mixture of C63H4NO2(Ph)2(Py)(N2C6H4) (2) and H2O@2. Compound 2 is a new open‐cage fullerene containing a 20‐membered heterocyclic orifice, which has been fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy, high‐resolution mass spectrometry, and X‐ray crystallography. The elliptical orifice of 2 spans 7.45 Å along the major axis and 5.62 Å along the minor axis, which is large enough to trap water and small organic molecules. Thus, heating a mixture of 2 and H2O@2 with hydrogen cyanide and formaldehyde in chlorobenzene affords HCN@2 and H2CO@2, respectively. The 1H NMR spectroscopy reveals substantial upfield shifts for the endohedral species (δ=−1.30 to −11.30 ppm), owing to the strong shielding effect of the fullerene cage.
ChemInform Abstract: ACTINIDE VALENCES IN BOROSILICATE GLASS
Authors: KARRAKER D. G.
Published: April 2016

Aus optischen und Mößbauer‐Spektren geht hervor.
ChemInform Abstract: MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROPERTY CHARACTERIZATION OF SINTERED SILICON NITRIDE, SILICON CARBIDE, AND SIALON
Authors: DUTTA S.
Published: April 2016

Gewerbsmäßig hergestellte, ohne Druck gesinterte Si3N4‐, SiC und SiAlON‐Proben werden hinsichtlich ihrer Dichte, Phasenverteilung, Biegefestigkeit und Oxidationsbeständigkeit charakterisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: Influence of Canrbon on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Sintered Boron Carbide.
Authors: SCHWETZ K. A. , GRELLNER W.
Published: April 2016

B4C läßt sich druckfrei zu ultrafeinkörnigen Körpern mit Dichten von mehr als 95% der theoretischen Dichte sintern.
ChemInform Abstract: n‐Type β Rhombohedral Boron.
Authors: WERHEIT H. , DE GROOT K. , MALKEMPER W. , LUNDSTROEM T. +
Published: April 2016

Dotierung von rhomboedrisehem H3 niit Fe‐Atomen führt zu dem interstitiären Misehkristzill FCB2()‐5. Damit wird.