bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Non-Fiscal Mandatory and Voluntary Policies and Interventions on the Reformulation of Food and Beverage Products: A Systematic Review
Authors: Packer Jessica , Michalopoulou Semina , Cruz Joana , Dhar Disha , Stansfield Claire , Kaczmarska Helena , Viner Russell M. , Mytton Oliver , Russell Simon J.
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: Low quality diets are a risk factor for non-communicable diseases; therefore, improving diet quality is a public health and policy priority in the UK and elsewhere. Reformulating food/beverage products to make them healthier may be an effective approach. Evidence suggests that fiscal interventions, notably taxes/levies on soft drinks, can lead to reformulation but the evidence for voluntary or mandated non-fiscal interventions is less clear. We aimed to review and synthesise contemporary evidence to determine whether non-fiscal policies/interventions result in the reformulation of food/beverage products Methods: In April 2023, we systematically searched ten international academic and nine grey literature databases. We included real-world study designs, all nutrients, in- and out-of-home sectors, and studies published from 2013, to ensure policy relevancy. We excluded modelling studies. Using the Synthesis Without Meta-Analysis method we conducted vote counting of studies based on the direction of effect and narrative synthesis by intervention type. Risk of bias was assessed using a tool developed by the EPPI-Centre and quality was assessed using GRADE. Results: We included 77 real-world studies from 19 countries, reporting 100 non-fiscal policies/interventions. Most commonly, these were reduction targets (n = 44), front-of-pack labels (n = 23), and advertising standards (n = 9). Most interventions were voluntary (n = 67), compared to mandatory (n = 33), and focused on the in-home sector (n = 63). The vote counting results showed non-fiscal policies/interventions overall led to improvements in reformulation in 60/63 studies with a valid direction of effect (95%, 95% CI 0.869, 0.984, p < 0.001). Mandatory implementations were more successful than voluntary implementations with 15/15 showing an improvement (100%, 95% CI 0.796, 1], p < 0.001), compared 40/43 showing an improvement (93%, 95% CI 0.814, 0.976, p < 0.001). Most of the studies were of low quality, due to the observational nature of the studies. Sodium was the most commonly targeted nutrient (n = 56) and was found to be reformulated in most studies. Causation is difficult to establish from real-world studies, but evidence suggests that regulatory and multi-component strategies may be effective at driving reformulation. Conclusions: Non-fiscal policies/interventions can play an important role in driving reformulation, alongside fiscal measures. This work was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research PRP-PRU-02-15-Healthy Weight and registered on Open Science Framework.
Plant-Based Dietary Protein Is Associated with Lower Metabolic Syndrome Risk in Division III Female Athletes: A Pilot Study
Authors: Kotarsky Christopher J. , Frenett Marissa L. , Hoerle William F. , Kim Jiseung , Lockwood Jillian , Cryer Liala , Ives Stephen J.
Published: October 2024

Background: College athletes are often overlooked for metabolic syndrome (MetS), as their increased physical activity is assumed to reduce their disease risk. However, energy or macronutrient imbalance has been shown to increase risk independent of activity. The purpose of this investigation was to assess the current dietary habits of Division III female athletes and determine their associations with body composition and MetS. Secondly, we sought to determine whether dietary intake and dietary protein source (i.e., animal- and plant-based, ABP and PBP) and quality were associated with MetS, as estimated by the Simple Method for Quantifying Metabolic Syndrome (siMS) score and the siMS risk score, and whether protein pacing was associated with body composition in Division III female athletes. Methods: Stepwise linear regression determined whether age (years), body mass (kg), body mass index (BMI; kg/m2), ABP (g/d), PBP (g/d), ABP:PBP, ratio of high-quality to low-quality ABP (ABP QR), relative energy intake (kcal/kg/d), and relative protein, carbohydrate, and fat intake (g/kg/d) were predictors of siMS score and siMS risk score. Results: Twenty-five athletes (19.6 ± 1.3 years; 65.9 ± 7.0 kg; 23.5 ± 2.0 kg/m2; ABP 71.7 ± 28.2 g/d; PBP 30.0 ± 12.2 g/d) were included in the analyses. An inverse relationship was observed between PBP and the siMS score (F1, 22 = 5.498, p = 0.028) and siMS risk score (F1, 22 = 7.614, p = 0.011). The models explained 20% and 26% of the variance in siMS score and siMS risk score, respectively. Conclusions: PBP was associated with lower MetS risk in Division III female athletes, while ABP, regardless of quality, was unrelated. These associations were independent of physical activity in this cohort of Division III female athletes.
Ponatinib: A Review of the History of Medicinal Chemistry behind Its Development
Authors: Nascimento Mayara , Moura Stefany , Parra Lidia , Vasconcellos Valeska , Costa Gabriela , Leite Debora , Dias Maria , Fernandes Tácio Vinício Amorim , Hoelz Lucas , Pimentel Luiz , Bastos Monica , Boechat Nubia
Published: October 2024

The primary treatment for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) involves first- and second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as imatinib, nilotinib, bosutinib, and dasatinib. However, these medications are ineffective against mutations in the kinase domain of the ABL1 protein, particularly in the protein with the T315I mutation. To address this, ponatinib (PNT), a third-generation inhibitor, was developed. Despite its efficacy in treating the BCR-ABL1T315I mutation, the use of PNT was briefly suspended in 2013 due to serious adverse effects but was subsequently reintroduced to the market. During the drug discovery and development process, it is rare to consolidate all information into a single article, as is the case with ponatinib. This review aims to compile and chronologically organize the research on the discovery of ponatinib using medicinal chemistry tools and computational methods. It includes in silico calculations, such as the octanol/water partition coefficient (cLogP) via SwissAdme, and 2D maps of intermolecular interactions through molecular docking. This approach enhances understanding for both specialists and those interested in medicinal chemistry and pharmacology, while also contextualizing future directions for further optimizations of ponatinib, facilitating the development of new analogs of this crucial inhibitor for the treatment of CML and Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).
Multifaceted Heparin: Diverse Applications beyond Anticoagulant Therapy
Authors: Sultana Razia , Kamihira Masamichi
Published: October 2024

Heparin, a naturally occurring polysaccharide, has fascinated researchers and clinicians for nearly a century due to its versatile biological properties and has been used for various therapeutic purposes. Discovered in the early 20th century, heparin has been a key therapeutic anticoagulant ever since, and its use is now implemented as a life-saving pharmacological intervention in the management of thrombotic disorders and beyond. In addition to its known anticoagulant properties, heparin has been found to exhibit anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anti-tumorigenic activities, which may lead to its widespread use in the future as an essential drug against infectious diseases such as COVID-19 and in various medical treatments. Furthermore, recent advancements in nanotechnology, including nano-drug delivery systems and nanomaterials, have significantly enhanced the intrinsic biofunctionalities of heparin. These breakthroughs have paved the way for innovative applications in medicine and therapy, expanding the potential of heparin research. Therefore, this review aims to provide a creation profile of heparin, space for its utilities in therapeutic complications, and future characteristics such as bioengineering and nanotechnology. It also discusses the challenges and opportunities in realizing the full potential of heparin to improve patient outcomes and elevate therapeutic interventions.
Metabolomic Profiling and Network Toxicology: Mechanistic Insights into Effect of Gossypol Acetate Isomers in Uterine Fibroids and Liver Injury
Authors: Liu Zishuo , Zhang Hui , Yao Jun
Published: October 2024

Objective: Gossypol is a natural polyphenolic dialdehyde product that is primarily isolated from cottonseed. It is a racemized mixture of (−)-gossypol and (+)-gossypol that has anti-infection, antimalarial, antiviral, antifertility, antitumor and antioxidant activities, among others. Gossypol optical isomers have been reported to differ in their biological activities and toxic effects. Method: In this study, we performed a metabolomics analysis of rat serum using 1H-NMR technology to investigate gossypol optical isomers’ mechanism of action on uterine fibroids. Network toxicology was used to explore the mechanism of the liver injury caused by gossypol optical isomers. SD rats were randomly divided into a normal control group; model control group; a drug-positive group (compound gossypol acetate tablets); high-, medium- and low-dose (−)-gossypol acetate groups; and high-, medium- and low-dose (+)-gossypol acetate groups. Result: Serum metabolomics showed that gossypol optical isomers’ pharmacodynamic effect on rats’ uterine fibroids affected their lactic acid, cholesterol, leucine, alanine, glutamate, glutamine, arginine, proline, glucose, etc. According to network toxicology, the targets of the liver injury caused by gossypol optical isomers included HSP90AA1, SRC, MAPK1, AKT1, EGFR, BCL2, CASP3, etc. KEGG enrichment showed that the toxicity mechanism may be related to pathways active in cancer, such as the PPAR signaling pathway, glycolysis/glycolysis gluconeogenesis, Th17 cell differentiation, and 91 other closely related signaling pathways. Conclusions: (−)-gossypol acetate and (+)-gossypol acetate play positive roles in the treatment and prevention of uterine fibroids. Gossypol optical isomers cause liver damage through multiple targets and pathways.
Isoorientin Improves Excisional Skin Wound Healing in Mice
Authors: Hora Aline B. , Biano Laiza S. , Nascimento Ana Carla S. , Camargo Zaine T. , Heiden Greice I. , Albulquerque-Júnior Ricardo L. C. , Grespan Renata , Aragão Jessica M. D. A. , Camargo Enilton A.
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: Wound healing relies on a coordinated process with the participation of different mediators. Natural products are a source of active compounds with healing potential. Isoorientin is a natural flavone recognized as having several pharmacological properties, such as anti-inflammatory effects, making it a potential treatment for wounds. We investigated the effect of isoorientin on the healing of excisional skin wounds. Methods: Male Swiss mice were subjected to the induction of excisional skin wounds (6 mm diameter) and treated with a vehicle (2% dimethyl sulfoxide in propylene glycol) or 2.5% isoorientin applied topically once a day for 14 days. The wound area was measured on days 0, 3, 7, and 14. Histopathological analyses were performed on the cicatricial tissue after 14 days. The myeloperoxidase activity and the interleukin-1β, tumoral necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin-6 concentrations were determined on the third day. Results: We observed that 3 days after the topical application of isoorientin, the lesion area was significantly smaller when compared to those of the vehicle (p < 0.01) and control (p < 0.05) groups. No difference was observed after 7 and 14 days of induction. Despite this, on day 14, histological analysis of cicatricial tissue from the animals treated with isoorientin showed reduced epidermal thickness (p < 0.001) and increased collagen deposition (p < 0.001). These effects were accompanied by decreased myeloperoxidase activity and interleukin-1β concentration on the third day of induction, without alteration in TNF-α and interleukin-6. Conclusions: The treatment with isoorientin promoted better tissue repair in excisional wounds in mice, which may be linked to the modulation of the early inflammatory response.
Serum Albumin in Nasal Drug Delivery Systems: Exploring the Role and Application
Authors: Mardikasari Sandra Aulia , Katona Gábor , Csóka Ildikó
Published: October 2024

The application of serum albumin in various types of formulations has emerged as a valuable option in biomedical research, especially in the field of nasal drug delivery systems. A serum albumin-based carrier system has been employed due to several benefits, such as enhancing drug solubility and stability, generating the desired controlled release profile, and developing favorable properties with respect to the challenges in nasal conditions, which, in this case, involves hindering rapid elimination due to nasal mucociliary clearance. Accordingly, considering the important role of serum albumin, in-depth knowledge related to its utilization in preparing nasal drug formulation is highly encouraged. This review aimed to explore the potential application of serum albumin in fabricating nasal drug formulations and its crucial role and functionality regarding the binding interaction with nasal mucin, which significantly determines the successful administration of nasal drug formulations.
Key Factors for Improving Predictive Accuracy and Avoiding Overparameterization of the PBPK Absorption Model in Food Effect Studies of Weakly Basic Water-Insoluble Compounds in Immediate Release Formulations
Authors: Zhang Miao , Zhang Shudong , Wang Lin , Zhang Zhe , Hu Qin , Liu Dongyang
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) absorption models are instrumental for assessing drug absorption prior to clinical food effect studies, though discrepancies in predictive and actual outcomes are observed. This study focused on immediate release formulations of weakly basic water-insoluble compounds, namely rivaroxaban, ticagrelor, and PB-201, to investigate factors that could improve the predictive accuracy of PBPK models regarding food effects. Methods: Comprehensive in vitro experimental results provided the basis for the development of mechanistic absorption models, which were then combined with mechanistic disposition models to predict the systemic exposure of the model drugs in both fasted and fed states. Results: The developed PBPK models showed moderate to high predictive accuracy for food effects in Caucasian populations. For the Chinese population, the ticagrelor model’s initial overestimation of fed-state absorption was addressed by updating the permeability parameters from Caco-2 cell assays to those derived from parallel artificial membrane permeability assays in FaSSIF and FeSSIF media. This refinement was also applied to the rivaroxaban and ticagrelor models, leading to a more accurate representation of absorption in Caucasians. Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of apparent permeability in enhancing the predictive accuracy of PBPK absorption models for weakly basic water-insoluble compounds. Furthermore, the precipitation of PB-201 in the two-stage transfer experiments suggests that precipitation may not be a universal phenomenon for such compounds in vivo. Consequently, the precipitation rate constant, a theoretically essential parameter, should be determined based on experimental evidence to avoid overparameterization and ensure robust predictive accuracy of PBPK models.
Respiratory Delivery of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG by Vibrating-Mesh and Jet Nebulisation
Authors: Byun Alex Seungyeon , Vitetta Luis , Chan Hak-Kim , Kwok Philip Chi Lip
Published: October 2024

Background: The use of probiotic bacteria to improve lung health has been gaining interest. Although the oral delivery of probiotics and their effects are well documented, there is currently limited knowledge on the respiratory delivery of probiotics. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate whether nebulisation is suitable for delivering Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) into the lungs for the potential treatment of bacterial pulmonary infections. Methods: It compared the dose output and aerosol performance of a vibrating-mesh nebuliser (VMN) and a jet nebuliser (JN) in nebulising LGG suspended in de Man Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) broth, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), or normal saline (0.9% w/v sodium chloride in water). Results: The VMN consistently produced a higher output than the JN for all liquid media, indicating that VMN was more efficient. The fine-particle fractions of both nebulisers were comparable for a given medium. The highest fine-particle fraction was achieved with LGG suspended in MRS broth for both nebulisers (20.5 ± 2.8% for VMN; 18.7 ± 3.4% for JN). This suggests that the aerosol performance of nebulised probiotics may depend on the medium in which the probiotic bacteria were suspended. Conclusions: Therefore, this study demonstrated that the nebulisation efficiency of LGG depended on the nebuliser type and liquid medium of the probiotic suspension.
Endosomal pH, Redox Dual-Sensitive Prodrug Micelles Based on Hyaluronic Acid for Intracellular Camptothecin Delivery and Active Tumor Targeting in Cancer Therapy
Authors: Zhang Huiping , Li Liang , Li Wei , Yin Hongxia , Wang Huiyun , Ke Xue
Published: October 2024

Background: CPT is a pentacyclic monoterpene alkaloid with a wide spectrum of antitumor activity. Its clinical application is restricted due to poor water solubility, instability, and high toxicity. We developed a new kind of multifunctional micelles to improve its solubility, reduce the side effecs, and obtain enhanced antitumor effects. Methods: We constructed HA-CPT nano-self-assembly prodrug micelles, which combined the advantages of pH-sensitivity, redox-sensitivity, and active targeting ability to CD44 receptor-overexpressing cancer cells. To synthesize dual sensitive HA-CPT conjugates, CPT was conjugated with HA by pH-sensitive histidine (His) and redox-sensitive 3,3′-dithiodipropionic acid (DTPA). In vitro, we studied the cellular uptake and antitumor effect for tumor cell lines. In vivo, we explored the bio-distribution and antitumor effects of the micelles in HCT 116 tumor bearing nude mice. Results: The dual-sensitive and active targeting HA-His-ss-CPT micelles was proved to be highly efficient in CPT delivery by the in vitro cellular uptake study. The HA-His-ss-CPT micelles escaped from endosomes of tumor cells within 4 h after cellular uptake due to the proton sponge effect of the conjugating His and then quickly released CPT in the cytosol by glutathione (GSH). In mice, HA-His-ss-CPT micelles displayed efficient tumor accumulation and conspicuous inhibition of tumor growth. Conclusions: The novel, dual-sensitive, active targeting nano-prodrug micelles exhibited high efficiency in drug delivery and cancer therapy. This “all in one” drug delivery system can be realized in an ingenious structure and avoid intricate synthesis. This construction strategy can illume the design of nanocarriers responding to endogenous stimuli in tumors.
Pharmacists’ Professional Satisfaction and Challenges: A Netnographic Analysis of Reddit and Facebook Discussions
Authors: Cherecheș Marius Călin , Finta Hajnal , Prisada Răzvan Mihai , Rusu Aura
Published: October 2024

Pharmacists, essential healthcare providers, face significant challenges in professional satisfaction and well-being. This study investigates the factors influencing pharmacists’ professional satisfaction, mainly focusing on workload, organizational support, job autonomy, work–life balance, and resilience against burnout. Data were collected from relevant online forums on Facebook and Reddit using a netnographic methodology. The data were anonymized and thematically coded to identify key themes from 23 conversation threads, primarily involving or concerning Romanian pharmacists. The analysis revealed several critical issues: widespread dissatisfaction with salaries, challenges in professional recognition, and the demanding nature of university education. Additional themes included economic and financial insights, global trends and technological impacts, personal experiences and satisfaction, professional growth and education, regulatory and market environment, and workplace dynamics. Findings indicate these factors significantly impact pharmacists’ job satisfaction and overall well-being. The study concludes that addressing these issues through targeted interventions, such as policy reforms, educational updates, and enhanced organizational support, can improve the professional lives of pharmacists, thereby enhancing their contributions to healthcare outcomes.
Sun Protection as a Strategy for Managing Heat Stress in Avocado Trees
Authors: Domingues Neto Francisco José , Carneiro Débora Cavalcante dos Santos , Silva Marcelo de Souza , Tecchio Marco Antonio , Leonel Sarita , Pimentel Junior Adilson , Ono Elizabeth Orika , Rodrigues João Domingos
Published: October 2024

The increasing incidence of heat stress due to global climate change poses a significant challenge to avocado (Persea americana) cultivation, particularly in regions with intense solar radiation. This review evaluates sun protection strategies, focusing on the efficacy of different sunscreen products such as kaolin, titanium dioxide, and calcium oxide in mitigating thermal stress in avocado trees. The application of these materials was shown to reduce leaf and fruit surface temperatures, improve photosynthetic efficiency, and enhance fruit quality by preventing sunburn and dehydration. Despite these benefits, challenges remain, including the optimal timing and dosage of application, and the potential residue impacts on fruit marketability. The review emphasizes the need for ongoing research to develop more effective formulations and to integrate these sun protection strategies with other agronomic practices. The role of extension services in educating producers about the proper use of these technologies is also highlighted as crucial for the successful adoption of sun protection measures in avocado farming.
Diversity Patterns of Plant Communities along an Elevational Gradient in Arid and Semi-Arid Mountain Ecosystems in China
Authors: He Xinrui , Yin Fan , Arif Muhammad , Zheng Jie , Chen Yangyi , Geng Qianwen , Ni Xilu , Li Changxiao
Published: October 2024

Quantitative classification and ordination are instrumental in improving our understanding of plant community patterns and facilitating effective conservation efforts in national mountain ecosystems worldwide. However, there has been a lack of relevant research focused on arid and semi-arid mountain ecosystems. This study aims to address this gap by investigating the Ningxia Helan Mountain National Nature Reserve (located in Northwest China). We conducted a comprehensive study on the patterns of plant communities and their association with environmental factors across a broad elevation range from 1200 m a.s.l. to 2600 m a.s.l. Our findings revealed the presence of 121 angiosperm species across 41 families, with vegetation classified into six distinct groups through two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) along the elevational gradient. Notably, the communities of Ulmus, Prunus, and Stipa in the middle elevation range exhibited the highest Shannon–Wiener (SW) and Simpson (SN) diversity indices, and these indices followed a single-peak pattern with increasing elevation. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) further revealed six distinct yet interrelated plant communities, revealing elevation (ELE) and the biological aridity index (BK) as the most influential environmental factors influencing plant communities’ distribution. This understanding is critically important for biodiversity conservation and the management of ecosystems in arid and semi-arid mountain ecosystems.
Introgression of Herbicide-Resistant Gene from Genetically Modified Brassica napus L. to Brassica rapa through Backcrossing
Authors: Pandian Subramani , Ban Young-Sun , Shin Eun-Kyoung , Thamilarasan Senthil Kumar , Muthusamy Muthusamy , Oh Young-Ju , An Ho-Keun , Sohn Soo-In
Published: October 2024

Interspecific hybridization between two different Brassicaceae species, namely Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis (♀) (AA, 2n = 2x = 20) and genetically modified Brassica napus (♂) (AACC, 2n = 4x = 38), was performed to study the transmission of a herbicide resistance gene from a tetraploid to a diploid Brassica species. Initially, four different GM B. napus lines were used for hybridization with B. rapa via hand pollination. Among the F1 hybrids, the cross involving the B. rapa (♀) × GM B. napus (♂) TG#39 line exhibited the highest recorded crossability index of 14.7 ± 5.7. However, subsequent backcross progenies (BC1, BC2, and BC3) displayed notably lower crossability indices. The F1 plants displayed morphological characteristics more aligned with the male parent B. napus, with significant segregation observed in the BC1 generation upon backcrossing with the recurrent parent B. rapa. By the BC2 and BC3 generations, the progeny stabilized, manifesting traits from both parents to varying degrees. Cytogenetic analysis revealed a substantial reduction in chromosome numbers, particularly in backcrossing progenies. BC1 plants typically exhibited 21–25 chromosomes, while BC2 progenies showed 21–22 chromosomes, and by the BC3 generation, stability was achieved with an average of 20 chromosomes. SSR marker analysis confirmed the progressive reduction of C-genome regions, retaining minimal C-genome-specific bands throughout successive backcrossing. Despite the extensive elimination of C-genome-specific genomic regions, the glyphosate resistance gene from the male parent B. napus was introgressed into BC3 progenies, suggesting that the glyphosate resistance gene located and introgressed in A-chromosome/genome regions of the Brassica plants.
Photosynthetic Traits of Quercus coccifera Green Fruits: A Comparison with Corresponding Leaves during Mediterranean Summer
Authors: Kalachanis Dimitrios , Chondrogiannis Christos , Petropoulou Yiola
Published: October 2024

Fruit photosynthesis occurs in an internal microenvironment seldom encountered by a leaf (hypoxic and extremely CO2-enriched) due to its metabolic and anatomical features. In this study, the anatomical and photosynthetic traits of fully exposed green fruits of Quercus coccifera L. were assessed during the period of fruit production (summer) and compared to their leaf counterparts. Our results indicate that leaf photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance drastically reduced during the summer drought, while they recovered significantly after the autumnal rainfalls. In acorns, gas exchange with the surrounding atmosphere is hindered by the complete absence of stomata; hence, credible CO2 uptake measurements could not be applied in the field. The linear electron transport rates (ETRs) in ambient air were similar in intact leaves and pericarps (i.e., when the physiological internal atmosphere of each tissue is maintained), while the leaf NPQ was significantly higher, indicating enhanced needs for harmless energy dissipation. The ETR measurements performed on leaf and pericarp discs at different CO2/O2 partial pressures in the supplied air mixture revealed that pericarps displayed significantly lower values at ambient gas levels, yet they increased by ~45% under high CO2/O2 ratios (i.e., at gas concentrations simulating the fruit’s interior). Concomitantly, NPQ declined gradually in both tissues as the CO2/O2 ratio increased, yet the decrease was more pronounced in pericarps. Furthermore, net CO2 assimilation rates for both leaf and pericarp segments were low in ambient air and increased almost equally at high CO2, while pericarps exhibited significantly higher respiration. It is suggested that during summer, when leaves suffer from photoinhibition, acorns could contribute to the overall carbon balance, through the re-assimilation of respiratory CO2, thereby reducing the reproductive cost.
Morphophysiological Adaptations of Aquatic Macrophytes in Wetland-Based Sewage Treatment Systems: Strategies for Resilience and Efficiency under Environmental Stress
Authors: Maranho Leila Teresinha , Gomes Marcelo Pedrosa
Published: October 2024

There is a common misconception that aquatic macrophytes face significant challenges in wetland-based sewage treatment systems. This study aims to correct this perception by focusing on the crucial morphophysiological adaptations of aquatic macrophytes that enable them to thrive in wetland-based sewage treatment systems, particularly under environmental stress. These adaptations are vital for improving the efficiency and resilience of wastewater treatment processes, offering sustainable solutions in the face of variable environmental conditions and complex contaminant mixtures. The review emphasizes the role of macrophytes as natural engineers, capable of enhancing pollutant removal and system stability through their unique structural and functional traits. By understanding these adaptations, the review aims to guide the optimization of wetland design and management, ultimately contributing to more sustainable and effective wastewater treatment practices. The findings underscore the importance of species selection and the integration of nature-based solutions in environmental management, advocating for policies that support the use of macrophytes in modern wastewater management.
Advancements in Polymer Biomaterials as Scaffolds for Corneal Endothelium Tissue Engineering
Authors: Wu Kevin Y. , Belaiche Myriam , Wen Ying , Choulakian Mazen Y. , Tran Simon D.
Published: October 2024

Corneal endothelial dysfunction is a leading cause of vision loss globally, frequently requiring corneal transplantation. However, the limited availability of donor tissues, particularly in developing countries, has spurred on the exploration of tissue engineering strategies, with a focus on polymer biomaterials as scaffolds for corneal endotlhelium regeneration. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the advancements in polymer biomaterials, focusing on their role in supporting the growth, differentiation, and functional maintenance of human corneal endothelial cells (CECs). Key properties of scaffold materials, including optical clarity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, mechanical stability, permeability, and surface wettability, are discussed in detail. The review also explores the latest innovations in micro- and nano-topological morphologies, fabrication techniques such as electrospinning and 3D/4D bioprinting, and the integration of drug delivery systems into scaffolds. Despite significant progress, challenges remain in translating these technologies to clinical applications. Future directions for research are highlighted, including the need for improved biomaterial combinations, a deeper understanding of CEC biology, and the development of scalable manufacturing processes. This review aims to serve as a resource for researchers and clinician–scientists seeking to advance the field of corneal endothelium tissue engineering.
Source, Extraction, Properties, and Multifunctional Applications of Pectin: A Short Review
Authors: Yi Le , Cheng Lifeng , Yang Qi , Shi Ke , Han Fengbo , Luo Wei , Duan Shengwen
Published: October 2024

Pectin, a heteropolysaccharide derived from plant cell walls, is essential in the food, pharmaceutical, and environmental industries. Currently, citrus and apple peels are the primary sources for commercial pectin production. The yield and quality of pectin extracted from various plant sources significantly differ based on the extraction methods employed, which include physical, chemical, and biological processes. The complex structures of pectin, composed of polygalacturonic acid and rhamnogalacturonan, influence its physicochemical properties and, consequently, its functionality. As a common polysaccharide, pectin finds applications across multiple sectors. In the food industry, it acts as a gelling agent and a packaging material; in pharmaceuticals, it is utilized for drug delivery and wound healing. Environmentally, pectin contributes to wastewater treatment by adsorbing pollutants. Current research focuses on alternative sources, sustainable extraction methods, and multifunctional applications of pectin. Ongoing studies aim to enhance extraction technologies and broaden the applications of pectin, thereby supporting sustainable development goals.
When a Side Reaction Is a Benefit: A Catalyst-Free Route to Obtain High-Molecular Cobaltocenium-Functionalized Polysiloxanes by Hydroamination
Authors: Kocheva Anastasia N. , Deriabin Konstantin V. , Perevyazko Igor , Bokach Nadezhda A. , Boyarskiy Vadim P. , Islamova Regina M.
Published: October 2024

Cobaltocenium-containing (co)polysiloxanes (Cc-PDMSs) with terminal and side groups were synthesized by the reaction of catalyst-free hydroamination between ethynylcobaltocenium hexafluorophosphate and polysiloxanes comprising amino moieties as terminal and side groups. The conversion of NH2 groups in the polymers reaches 85%. The obtained (co)polysiloxanes “gelate” due to an increase in their molecular weight by approx. 30 times, when stored at room temperature over one week. “Gelated” Cc-PDMSs remain soluble in most polar solvents. The structure of Cc-PDMSs and the mechanism of “gelation” were established by 1H, 13C{1H}, 29Si{1H}, 19F{1H}, 31P{1H} nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, ultraviolet–visible, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies. As determined by cyclic voltammetry, Cc-PDMSs possess redox properties (CoII/CoIII transitions at E1/2 = −1.8 and −1.3 V before and after “gelation”, respectively). This synthetic approach allows to increase the molecular weights of the synthesized polysiloxanes functionalized with cobaltocenium groups easily, leading to their higher film-forming ability, which is desirable for some electronic applications. Cc-PDMSs can be utilized as redox-active polymer films in modified electrodes, electrochromic devices, redox-active coatings, and components for batteries.
Gradient Functionalization of Poly(lactic acid)-Based Materials with Polylysine for Spatially Controlled Cell Adhesion
Authors: Korzhikov-Vlakh Viktor , Mikhailova Aleksandra , Sinitsyna Ekaterina , Korzhikova-Vlakh Evgenia , Tennikova Tatiana
Published: October 2024

The development of biomaterials with gradient surface modification capable of spatially controlled cell adhesion and migration is of great importance for tissue engineering and regeneration. In this study, we proposed a method for the covalent modification of PLA-based materials with a cationic polypeptide (polylysine, PLys) via a thiol-ene click reaction carried out under a light gradient. With this aim, PLA-based films were fabricated and modified with 2–aminoethyl methacrylate (AEMA) as a double bond source. The latter was introduced by reacting pre-formed and activated surface carboxyl groups with the amino group of AEMA. The success of the modification was confirmed by 1H NMR, Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data. A further photoinduced thiol-ene click reaction in the presence of a photosensitive initiator as a radical source was further optimized using cysteine. For grafting of PLys via the thiol-ene click reaction, PLys with a terminal thiol group was synthesized by ring-opening polymerization using Cys(Acm) as an amine initiator. Deprotection of the polypeptide resulted in the formation of free thiol groups of Cys-PLys. Successful gradient grafting of Cys-PLys was evidenced by covalent staining with the fluorescent dye Cy3-NHS. In addition, PLys gradient-dependent adhesion and migration of HEK 293 cells on PLys-PLA-based surfaces was confirmed.
Recent Trends in Polymer Membranes: Fabrication Technique, Characterization, Functionalization, and Applications in Environmental Science (Part I)
Authors: Wang Yan , Wei Gang
Published: October 2024

Polymer membranes have gained significant attention in recent years due to their pivotal role in addressing various environmental challenges such as water purification, gas separation, and pollutant removal [...]
Optimizing Ammonia Detection with a Polyaniline−Magnesia Nano Composite
Authors: Ganachari Sharanabasava V. , Shilar Fatheali A. , Patil Veerabhadragouda B. , Khan T. M. Yunus , Saleel C. Ahamed , Ali Mohammed Azam
Published: October 2024

Polyaniline−magnesia (PANI/MgO) composites with a fibrous nanostructure were synthesized via in situ oxidative polymerization, enabling uniform MgO integration into the polyaniline matrix. These composites were characterized using FTIR spectroscopy to analyze intermolecular bonding, XRD to assess crystallographic structure and phase purity, and SEM to examine surface morphology and topological features. The resulting PANI/MgO nanofibers were utilized to develop ammonia (NH3) gas-sensing probes with evaluations conducted at room temperature. The study addresses the critical challenge of achieving high sensitivity and selectivity in ammonia detection at low concentrations, which is a problem that persists in many existing sensor technologies. The nanofibers demonstrated high selectivity and optimal sensitivity for ammonia detection, which was attributed to the synergistic effects between the polyaniline and MgO that enhance gas adsorption. Furthermore, the study revealed that the MgO content critically influences both the morphology and the sensing performance, with higher MgO concentrations improving sensor response. This work underscores the potential of PANI/MgO composites as efficient and selective ammonia sensors, highlighting the importance of MgO content in optimizing material properties for gas-sensing applications.
Laser Sintering by Spot and Linear Optics for Inkjet-Printed Thin-Film Conductive Silver Patterns with the Focus on Ink-Sets and Process Parameters
Authors: Mitra Dana , Mitra Kalyan Yoti , Buchecker Georg , Görk Alexander , Mousto Maxim , Franzl Thomas , Zichner Ralf
Published: October 2024

The implementation of the laser sintering for inkjet-printed nanoparticles and metal organic decomposition (MOD) inks on a flexible polymeric film has been analyzed in detail. A novel approach by implementing, next to a commonly 3.2 mm diameter spot laser optic, a line laser optic with a laser beam area of 2 mm × 80 mm, demonstrates the high potential of selective laser sintering to proceed towards a fast and efficient sintering methodology in printed electronics. In this work, a multiplicity of laser parameters, primary the laser speed and the laser power, have been altered systematically to identify an optimal process window for each ink and to convert the dried and non-conductive patterns into conductive and functional silver structures. For each ink, as well as for the two laser optics, a suitable laser parameter set has been found, where a conductivity without any damage to the substrate or silver layer could be achieved. In doing so, the margin of the laser speed for both optics is ranging in between 50 mm/s and 100 mm/s, which is compatible with common inkjet printing speeds and facilitates an in-line laser sintering approach. Considering the laser power, the typical parameter range for the spot laser lays in between 10 W and 50 W, whereas for the line optics the full laser power of 200 W had to be applied. One of the nanoparticle silver inks exhibits, especially for the line laser optic, a conductivity of up to 2.22 × 107 S‧m−1, corresponding to 36% of bulk silver within a few seconds of sintering duration. Both laser sintering approaches together present a remarkable facility to use the laser either as a digital tool for sintering of defined areas by means of a spot beam or to efficiently sinter larger areas by means of a line beam. With this, the utilization of a laser sintering methodology was successfully validated as a promising approach for converting a variety of inkjet-printed silver patterns on a flexible polymeric substrate into functionalized conductive silver layers for applications in the field of printed electronics.
Extraction of Soybean Oil with Pressurized Ethanol: Prospects for a New Processing Approach with an Analysis of the Physical Properties of Crude Oil and Implementation Costs through Scale-Up in an Intermittent Process
Authors: Ramos Paulo Rodolfo , Rodrigues Larissa da Cunha , Zabot Giovani Leone , Oliveira Alessandra Lopes de
Published: October 2024

New environmentally friendly methods for extracting vegetable oils are in development, with a focus on pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) in an intermittent process. Ethanol, a renewable and generally recognized as safe (GRAS) solvent, is gaining prominence in this process. It is crucial for these methods to maintain the physicochemical characteristics of the extracted oils and be economically viable on a large scale. Using SuperPro Design software v 8.5, a simulation of PLE scaled up to industrial levels was conducted. Measurements of oils extracted with pressurized hexane and ethanol showed minimal density variations, with slightly higher viscosity for ethanol-extracted oil. Accelerated oxidative degradation revealed a longer induction period for hexane-extracted oil, indicating that ethanol-extracted oil degrades more easily. The antioxidant activity of the oil extracted with hexane was lower than that with ethanol. In the differential scanning calorimetry analysis, the oils extracted with hexane and ethanol presented onset melting point temperatures of −43.2 and −36.1 °C, respectively. The economic assessment considered 16 scenarios, showing a return on investment ranging from 9.0 to 133.5% in the first year and payback times from 0.7 to 11.1 years. Scenario 8, involving two 5000 L extractors, ethanol recycling, and an annual production of 3,325,300 L of soybean oil at USD 1.25/L, demonstrated the best return on investment (133.5%) in less than one year. Overall, this study suggests that industrial-scale soybean oil extraction via PLE in an intermittent process can be more cost-effective than conventional methods, making implementation feasible.
Enhanced Extraction of Tanshinones from Salvia miltiorrhiza Using Natural-Surfactant-Based Cloud Point Extraction
Authors: Shin Yerim , Ryu Byeongryeol , Kang Minji , Kim Minjun , Lim Jungdae
Published: October 2024

Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) contains the tanshinones, a compound with various pharmacological effects, and has been extensively studied as a pharmaceutical material. However, conventional methods for extracting tanshinones face challenges such as environmental hazards and high cost. In this study, we aimed to effectively extract tanshinones from SM using cloud point extraction (CPE) with lecithin, a natural surfactant. By optimizing various extraction conditions including the solid-to-liquid ratio, lecithin concentration, NaCl concentration, pH, and equilibrium temperature, the optimal extraction efficiency was achieved using 20 mL of solvent per 1 g of sample, 3% lecithin (w/v), 2% NaCl (w/v), pH 6, and room temperature (25 ± 2 °C). The CPE method, which minimizes the use of organic solvent and is eco-friendly, demonstrated improvements in extraction efficiency, with a 4.55% increase for dihydrotanshinone I, 8.32% for cryptotanshinone, 15.77% for tanshinone I, and 6.81% for tanshinone IIA compared to the conventional water extraction method. These results suggest that CPE is a promising, environmentally friendly, and efficient approach for extracting hydrophobic components from pharmacologically active materials such as SM, with potential applications across various fields of natural product extraction.
Microencapsulation of a Flaxseed and Avocado Oil Blend: Influence of Octenyl Succinic Anhydride (OSA)-Modified Starch and Rice and Pea Proteins on Powder Characterization and Oxidative Stability
Authors: Junior Paulo Cesar Gonçalves , Bertagnolli Caroline , da Silva Carlos Alexandre Moreira , Braga Matheus Boeira
Published: October 2024

This work investigated the influence of the OSA-modified starch, pea protein, and rice protein combination in the microencapsulation process of a blend of avocado and flaxseed oil (25–75%, w/w) by freeze-drying, focusing on emulsions and powders characteristics and oxidative stability. Four different ratios between the mixture of vegetable proteins (1:1) and the OSA-modified starch were analyzed, using a fixed ratio between the oils blend and the combined encapsulant agents of 1:3. Based on the creaming index, the separation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic phases was not observed. The results demonstrated a tendency to increase the droplet mean diameter with increased protein content (4.71–19.36 μm). An increase in the encapsulation efficiency was verified with the increase in the OSA-modified starch content (51.33–60.32%). Powders presented low moisture content and hygroscopicity, and an oxidative induction time value varying from 0.86 to 1.18 h. The increase in the vegetable protein content increased the powders’ oxidative stability, which could be associated with the antioxidant capacity of rice and pea proteins.
Research on Temperature–Pressure Coupling Model of Gas Storage Well during Injection Production
Authors: Zuo Wangyin , Dou Yihua , Liu Junyan , Li Lili , Zhang Wei
Published: October 2024

Periodic changes in wellbore temperature and pressure caused by the cyclic injecting and producing of gas storage wells affect wellbore integrity. To explore the distribution and influencing factors of wellbore temperature and pressure during gas storage well injection-production processes, based on energy conservation, momentum theorem, and the transient heat transfer mechanism of the wellbore, a temperature and pressure coupling model for gas storage injection-production wellbores was established, and a piecewise iterative method was used to solve the model equations. Compared with the field data, the predicted relative errors of the wellhead temperature and pressure were 2.30% and 2.07%, respectively, indicating that the coupling model has a high predictive accuracy. The influences of the injection-production conditions, tubing diameter, and overall heat transfer coefficient on the wellbore temperature and pressure distributions were analyzed through an example. When the gas injection flow rate increased by 1.5 times, the bottomhole temperature decreased by 37%. Doubling the overall heat transfer coefficient resulted in a 10% rise in the bottomhole temperature. An increase of 0.3 times in the gas injection pressure led to a 31% increase in bottomhole pressure. With a 1.5-fold increase in the gas production flow rate, the wellhead temperature rose by 28%, and the wellhead pressure dropped by 20%. The research in this paper can serve as a guide for the optimization design and safe operation of gas storage wells.