bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rhytisma salicinum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Rhytisma salicinum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Tarspot disease of willow. HOSTS: Leaves of
Salix acutifolia, S. amygdaloides, S. arbuscula, S. arctica. S. arctica
var.
brownei, S. arctophila, S. atrocinerea, S. atrocinerea
×
purpurea, S. aurita, S. barclayi, S. brachycarpa, S. caprea, S. cinerea, S. cordata, S. deprena, S. discolor, S. glauca, S. groenlandica, S. hastata, S. herbacea, S. herbacea
×
polaris, S. humilis, S. kitaibeliana, S. lanata, S. lapporum, S. lasiandra, S. linearifolia, S. longifolia, S. lucida, S. lutea, S. missouriensis, S. monticola, S. myrsinifolia, S. myrsinites, S. myrtilloides, S. nigra, S. nivalis, S. oleaefolia, S. pallasii, S. petiolaris, S. phlomoides, S. phylicifolia, S. piperi, S. polaris, S. pulchra, S. purpurea, S. repens, S. reticulata, S. richardsonii, S. rosmarinifolia, S. rostrata, S. rotundifolia, S. scouleriana, S. silesiaca, S. sitchensis, S. siuzewii, S. starkeana, S. triandra, S. uva-ursi, S. viminalis, Salix
sp. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Belarus, Belgium, Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Québec, Saskatchewan, Yukon), China, Denmark, Estonia, Faroes, Finland, France, Republic of Georgia, Germany, Greece, Iceland, India (Himachal Pradesh), Iran, Ireland. Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Latvia, Morocco, Norway, Pakistan, Portugal, Rumania, Russia (Altaïskyi Krai, Irkutskaya Oblast, Kamchatskya Oblast, Karelia, Krasnoyarskyi Krai, Kursk Oblast, Leningrad Oblast, Mari, Murmansk Oblast, Novgorod Oblast, Orenburg Oblast, Primorskyi Krai, Pskov Oblast, Ryazan Oblast, Smolensk Oblast, Stavropolkyi Krai, Tambov Oblast, Tomsk Oblast, Tula Oblast, Vologda Oblast, Voronezh Oblast), Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK (England, Scotland, Wales), USA (Alaska, California, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Maine, South Dakota, Washington, Wyoming), Ukraine. Altitude records exist up to 3400m (India), 1950m (USA), 1500m (Greece), 1370m (Canada), 1100m (UK), 900m (Finland), 850m (Morocco), 660m (Ireland) and 600m (Ukraine). The distribution of
Rhytisma salicinum
is predominantly north-temperate to sub-arctic and circum-polar. In addition, the fungus can be encountered at higher altitudes in mediterranean countries as far south as north Africa. In Britain the species occurs predominantly in the north and west, though exceptional records are known. This may also perhaps indicate a preference for a cooler and wetter climate. The fungus is probably very widely distributed, and in some places may be locally abundant. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in humid conditions.
Valsa sordida
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hayova V. P. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Valsa sordida
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE:
Valsa sordida
is usually associated with
Valsa
canker of poplar twigs. Wounded trees, and trees injured by insects or attacked by other pathogens are more susceptible to infection. Development of
Valsa
canker is affected by environmental stress (Guyon, 1996; Tao
et al.
, 1984). Poplar canker caused by
V. sordida
has been studied in different countries (CMI Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, 1977; Worrall, 1983; Wang
et al.
, 1981) The fungus can be often found in declining poplar stands together with another pathogen of poplar trees,
Leucostoma niveum. Valsa sordida
may also cause necrosis of willow twigs. HOSTS:
Populus
spp.,
Salix
spp. and, more rarely, other woody angiosperms. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Morocco. Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Republic of Georgia, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan. Kazakhstan, Korea, Russia (Tatarstan), Turkey, Turkmenia, Uzbekistan. Australasia: Australia (Victoria), New Zealand. Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Rumania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Ukraine, former Yugoslavia. North America: Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Québec, Saskatchewan). USA (California, Colorado, Michigan, Minnesota). South America: Chile. TRANSMISSION: Both conidia and ascospores are air-borne, especially under humid conditions. Yellow or orange exudation of conidia from conidiomata can be often seen after rain.
Stigmina tinea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Stigmina tinea
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Causing large, often angular, dark brown leaf spots visible on both surfaces. HOSTS:
Viburnum davidii, V. tinus
. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: EUROPE: Channel Isles, Italy, Switzerland, UK.
Chaetothyrium guaraniticum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Chaetothyrium guaraniticum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: recorded from living leaves of
Aegle marmelos
(Rutaceae),
Jasminum
sp. (Oleaceae),
Psidium guajava
(Myrtaceae),
Rubus
sp. (Rosaceae),
Scutia myrtina
(Rhamnaceae), and an unidentified plant possibly belonging to the Solanaceae. DISEASE: probably none: the mycelium is completely superficial and there are no specialized penetration structures. The fungus probably derives nutrition from cuticular waxes or plant exudates, and species are unlikely to be strongly host-specific. Some species of
Chaetothyrium
have been reported as causal agents of sooty moulds, but they are unlikely to be correctly placed in the genus. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: reported from Brazil, Ghana, Kenya, India and Uganda. TRANSMISSION: no studies are available, but ascospores are presumably air-dispersed.
Dothidea sambuci
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Dothidea sambuci
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: recorded from a wide range of plants, including species of
Acer
(Aceraceae),
Alnus
(Betulaceae),
Amorpha
(Leguminosae),
Calycanthus
(Calycanthaceae),
Cornus
(Cornaceae),
Coronilla
(Leguminosae),
Corylus
(Betulaceae),
Cotoneaster
(Rosaceae),
Cydonia
(Rosaceae),
Frangula
(Rhamnaceae),
Fraxinus
(Oleaceae),
Garrya
(Garryaceae),
Genista
(Leguminosae),
Gleditsia
(Leguminosae),
Hedera
(Araliaceae),
Ilex
(Aquifoliaceae),
Kerria
(Rosaceae),
Lonicera
(Caprifoliaceae),
Morus
(Moraceae),
Ptelea
(Rutaceae),
Robinia
(Leguminosae),
Sambucus
(Caprifoliaceae),
Spiraea
(Rosaceae) and
Viburnum
(Caprifoliaceae). DISEASE: probably saprobic, although the related species
D. ribesia
(see Description Sheet no. 707, as
Dothiora ribesia
) can act as a wound parasite and initial infection might well be endophytic. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: widespread through Europe, northern Asia and temperate North America: reports from Austria, China, Czech Republic, Italy, Japan, Russia (including the Caucasus), UK and USA (California, New York, Oregon and Pennsylvania). TRANSMISSION: not studied but the ascospores must be air-dispersed.
Hysterographium fraxini
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Hysterographium fraxini
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: recorded on bark of dead branches from a very wide host range. Reports include
Acer glabrum
(Aceraceae),
Cotinus
sp. and
Rhus typhina
(Anacardiaceae),
Nerium oleander
(Apocynaceae),
Alnus viridis
, Betula sp. and
Corylus
sp. (Betulaceae),
Bignonia
sp. and
Catalpa
sp. (Bignoniaceae),
Diervilla intermedia, Lonicera alpigena, L. tatarica
and
Viburnum lantana
(Caprifoliaceae),
Combretum zeyheri
(Combretaceae),
Cornus mas
(Cornaceae),
Thuja occidentalis
(Cupressaceae),
Hippophae rhamnoides
(Eleagnaceae),
Fagus sylvatica, Nothofagus
sp. and
Quercus robur
(Fagaceae),
Phyllostachys nigra
(Gramineae),
Ribes sanguineum
(Grossulariaceae),
Hamamelis virginiana
(Hamamelidaceae),
Juglans
sp. (Juglandaceae),
Laurus nobilis
(Lauraceae),
Acacia
sp.,
Caragana arborescens, Gleditsia triacanthos
and
Laburnum anagyroides
(Leguminosae),
Liriodendron tulipifera
(Magnoliaceae),
Morus alba
(Moraceae),
Fraxinus excelsior, F. latifolia, F. nigra, F. ornus, F. pennsylvanica
and
F. velutina, Jasminum
sp.,
Ligustrum vulgare, Olea africana, O. cuspidata, O. europaea, Osmanthus aquifolium, Phillyraea
sp. and
Syringa vulgaris
(Oleaceae),
Abies cephalonica, Larix decidua, Picea excelsa
and
Tsuga heterophylla
(Pinaceae),
Cercocarpus ledifolius, Cotoneaster horizontalis, Crataegus coccineus, Malus pumila, Prunus fruticosa, Pyrus communis
and
Spiraea japonica
(Rosaceae),
Zanthoxylum americana
(Rutaceae),
Populus
sp. and
Salix
sp. (Salicaceae),
Celtis australis
and
Ulmus campestris
(Ulmaceae), and
Vitis vinifera
(Vitaceae). DISEASE: not researched in any detail, but it seems to be saprobic. Early reports of pathogenesis appear to be erroneous. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Very widely distributed in temperate regions, with scattered records from the tropics. Reports from Algeria, Argentina, Austria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Greece, Hungary, Pakistan, Romania, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, Ukraine, USA (Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Maine, Michigan, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota and Washington), and Zimbabwe. TRANSMISSION: not studied, but the ascospores must be air-dispersed and the conidia are probably transmitted primarily through water-splash.
Micropeltis ugandae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Micropeltis ugandae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Recorded from living leaves of
Agelaea ugandensis
(Connaraceae),
Aframomum
sp. (Zingiberaceae),
Alchornea cordifolia
and
A. hirtella
(Euphorbiaceae),
Amaralia sherbourneae
(Rubiaceae),
Anchomanes difformis
(Araceae),
Artabotrys nitidus
(Annonaceae),
Baphia nitida
(Leguminosae),
Bersama
sp. (Melianthaceae),
Blighia sapida
(Sapindanceae),
Canthium
sp. (Rubiaceae),
Carpodinus dulcis
(Apocynaceae),
Chrysophyllum welwitschii
(Sapotaceae),
Cnestis corniculata
(Connaraceae),
Coffea rousta
and
C. stenophylla
(Rubiaceae),
Costus afer
(Zingiberaceae),
Craterispermum laurinum
and C.
schweinfurthii
(Rubiaceae),
Cremaspora africana
(Rubiaceae),
Dacryodes kleiniana
(Burseraceae),
Dichapetalum toxicarium
(Dichapetalaceae),
Deinbollia pinnata
(Sapindaceae),
Dialium guineense
(Leguminosae),
Diospyros
sp. (Ebenaceae),
Dracaena perrotetii
(Agavaceae),
Eugenia elliottii
(Myrtaceae),
Ficus leprieurii
(Moraceae),
Funtumia africana
and
F. elastica
(Apocynaceae),
Gardenia
sp. (Rubiaceae),
Guibourtea copallifera
(Leguminosae),
Hippocratea welwitschii
(Celastraceae),
Jaundea pinnata
(Connaraceae),
Lecaniodiscus cupanioides
(Sapindaceae),
Macrolobium crassifolium
and
M. macrophyllum
(Leguminosae),
Manniophyton africanum
(Euphorbiaceae),
Mareya spicata
(Euphorbiaceae),
Microdesmis puberula
(Pandaceae),
Napoleonaea heudelotii
(Lecythidaceae),
Ochthocosmos africanus
(Ixonanthaceae),
Olax
sp. (Olacaceae),
Pleioceras afzelii
(Apocynaceae),
Rhaphiostylis beninensis
(Icacinaceae),
Rinorea
sp. (Violaceae),
Salacia pyriformis
(Celastraceae),
Soyauxia floribunda
(Flacourtiaceae),
Strychnos afzelii
(Loganiaceae),
Uncaria africana
(Rubiaceae) and
Ventilago africana
(Rhamnaceae). DISEASE: formed on symptomless green tissue, but probably saprobic and gaining nutrition from honeydew or cuticular waxes. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: known from Ghana, western Kenya, Sierra Leone and Uganda; probably widespread in tropical Africa in rain forest ecosystems. TRANSMISSION: no studies have been made, but ascospores and their fragmented segments are almost certainly wind- or watersplash-dispersed, depending on local climatic conditions at the time of ascus maturity.
Tubeufia cerea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Tubeufia cerea
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: developing on effete stromata of bark-inhabiting ascomycetes, especially members of the
Diatrypaceae
, probably also obtaining nutrition from the bark tissues. DISEASE: probably none, the fungus living saprobically on dead fungal tissues for at least most of its life cycle. No detailed studies of its biology in nature have been carried out. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: widely distributed in the north temperate zone with a few records from the tropics. Recorded from Austria, Belgium, Canada, Guyana, India, Netherlands, Portugal, Russia, UK, USA (Florida, Illinois, Iowa, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Vermont, Utah). TRANSMISSION: the ascospores are presumably air-dispersed and the conidia transmitted via water-splash, but there is no experimental evidence to support these suppositions.
Septoria elaeagni
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Andrianova T. V. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Septoria elaeagni
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Necrotic spots and severe defoliation. HOSTS:
Elaeagnus angustifolia, E. argentea, E. orientalis, E. oxycarpa, E. reflexa, E. turcomanica
(Elaeagnaceae). [Type host -
Elaeagnus angustifolia
.] GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Republic of Georgia, Kazakhstan, Russia (West Siberia), Turkmenistan. Europe: Bulgaria, Estonia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Russia, UK, Ukraine. North America: Canada, USA. TRANSMISSION: Usually by air-borne or waterdrop-aerial dispersion of conidia. The disease is significantly more severe under a sprinkling irrigation system than when water is delivered to the soil under trickle irrigation (LORENZINI
et al.
, 1984).
Emericella variecolor
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Emericella variecolor
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Mainly a soil species (RAPER & FENNELL, 1965), but also isolated from decaying fruit of
Olea europaea
and root of
Mangifera indica
(CBS, 1996). DISEASE: Not known to be pathogenic to animals or plants. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide, but with a preference for tropical and subtropical regions.
Paecilomyces variotii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Paecilomyces variotii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: A soil species, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions (DOMSCH
et al.
, 1980). DISEASE: On man it is implicated in causing peritonitis after peritoneal dialysis (CROMPTON
et al.
, 1991; CHAN
et al.
, 1996; RINALDI
et al.
, 2000), has been isolated from granulomatous diseases (WILLIAMSON
et al.
, 1992), causes infectious allergic brochopulmonary paecilomycosis (AKHUNOVA, 1991), chronic suppurative otitis (DHINDSA
et al.
, 1995), multifocal osteomyelitis (COHEN-ABBO & EDWARDS, 1995), onychomycosis (ARENAS
et al.
, 1998), sinusitis (ÉLOY
et al.
, 1998), hyalohyphomycosis (
ATHAR et al
., 1996) and endogenous fungal endophthalmitis (LAM
et al.
, 1999), found contaminating the lumen of a saline-filled breast implant (NIAZI
et al.
, 1996), causing fungaemia in a bone marrow transplant (SHING
et al.
, 1996) and is implicated in respiratory disorders in saw-mills (EDUARD
et al.
, 1993). On other vertebrates
P. variotii
has caused mastitis in a goat and been isolated from a dog and a horse (SMITH, 1989) (causing mycoses). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide.
Cercospora insulana
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , David J. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cercospora insulana
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Leaf spot of statice. HOSTS:
Armeria maritima, Goniolimon tataricum, Limonium bonduelii, L. brassicifolium, L. gmelinii, L. sinuatum, Psylliostachys
×
myosuroides
(
Plumbaginaceae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Kenya, South Africa (CHUPP & DOIDGE, 1948), Tanzania, Zimbabwe. NORTH AMERICA: Canada, USA (Florida). CENTRAL AMERICA: Guatemala. ASIA: Burma, China, Israel, Taiwan, Thailand. EUROPE: Italy, Malta, Russia. TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of airborne conidia but also can be seedborne (55: 4147).
Cercospora parthenii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , David J. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cercospora parthenii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Leaf spot of parthenium. HOSTS:
Parthenium hysterophorus (Compositae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: CENTRAL AMERICA: Cuba, Dominican Republic, Trinidad. SOUTH AMERICA: Venezuela. TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of airborne conidia.
Cladosporium chlorocephalum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , David J. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cladosporium chlorocephalum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Red spot of peony, occurring on leaves, petioles and stems of host. HOSTS:
Paeonia arborea, P. officinalis, P. suffruticosa (Paeoniaceae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: NORTH AMERICA: Canada (Quebec, 3: 138), USA (Alaska, Alabama, Connecticut, District of Colombia, Delaware, Illinois (8: 293), Iowa, Kansas, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, West Virginia). SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina (18: 478). ASIA: Armenia, China, Republic of Georgia, Kazakhstan. AUSTRALASIA: New Zealand. EUROPE: Bulgaria (38: 147), Czech Republic, Denmark, France (28: 510), Italy, Germany, Latvia, Moldavia, Poland, Romania (16: 20), Russia, Switzerland, UK, Ukraine. TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of airborne conidia and on dead remains of old plants.
Englerodothis kilimandscharica
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Inácio C. A. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Englerodothis kilimandscharica
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Parasitic on living leaf blades and petioles, and inflorescences. HOSTS:
Mayepea gilgiana
(
Oleaceae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Tanzania (Kilimanjaro). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air-borne ascospores.
Hysterostomella elaeicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Inácio C. A. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Hysterostomella elaeicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Parasitic on leaves. HOSTS:
Elaeïs guineensis, E. tectorii
(
Palmae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Benin, Guinea. TRANSMISSION: Not known.
Xanthomonas fragariae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Saddler G. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas fragariae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Fragaria
×
ananassa
(
Rosaceae
); by artificial inoculation:
Fragaria virginiana, F. vesca, Potentilla fruticosa
and
P. glandulosa
(
Rosaceae
). DISEASE: Angular leaf spot and vascular decline or collapse of strawberry. First described in 1962 in North America. The leaf spot phase appears as minute water-soaked spots on the underside of leaves surrounded by the smallest veins. In the early stages symptoms are only visible on the leaf underside. Spots enlarge, coalesce, penetrate to the upper leaf surface and darken, turning into large, irregular necrotic areas. They have a shiny appearance and are usually covered by bacterial exudate which, when dry, turns brown and appears as gum-like scales. Spots coalesce more frequently along the primary and secondary veins. The dead tissues tear and break off, and the diseased leaf may assume a ragged appearance. Heavy losses may occur with frequent overhead sprinkler irrigation. The conditions favouring infection are moderate to cool daytime temperatures (about 20°C), low night-time temperatures and high humidities (MAAS, 1998). In addition, blossom blight of strawberry has been found in California and is caused by a complex of
X. fragariae
and
Cladosporium cladosporioides
(GUBLER
et al.
, 1999). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Ethiopia, Réunion. NORTH AMERICA: Canada (New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec), USA (California, Florida, Kentucky, Minnesota, North Carolina, Wisconsin). SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Brazil (Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo), Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay, Uruguay, Venezuela. ASIA: Taiwan, Israel. AUSTRALASIA: Australia (New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria), New Zealand. EUROPE: Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy (Sicily), Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine. TRANSMISSION: Rain splash from infested leaf litter in the soil on to young healthy leaves. Penetration occurs through the stomata. Infections of the crowns occur through local wounds or downwards from affected leaves. Bacteria can overwinter in leaf litter and for many years in dried leaf material. Residues of infected leaves and crown infections on runners used for planting are sources of inoculum for primary infections.
Xanthomonas hyacinthi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Saddler G. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas hyacinthi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Hyacinthus orientalis
and
Scilla tubergeniana
(
Liliaceae
); by artificial inoculation:
Galtonia candicans, Muscari armeniacum
and
Scilla hispanica
(
Liliaceae
). DISEASE: Yellow disease of hyacinth. Initially, small dark green spots develop on leaves, which may coalesce and develop into streaks, mainly at the leaf margin. Streaks blacken to produce a distinctive 'black rim'. On bulbs, bacterial exudate can be seen between scales, which appear glassy and discoloured. Wet and windy weather, generally followed by dry, hot periods, increases the disease incidence. Similarly, frost, mist and hail can induces similar effects. Bacterial entry into healthy plants is generally through natural openings such as hydathodes and stomata or through wounds. Between 0.7-2.4% of hyacinth bulbs can be infected with yellow disease (VAN DOORN & ROEBROECK, 1993). The disease can be controlled by heat-treating the bulbs (VREERBURG
et al.
, 1986) or the application of bactericidal foliar sprays (KOSTER
et al.
, 1988). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: ASIA: Japan. NORTH AMERICA: USA (Connecticut, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, Texas, Washington). AUSTRALASIA: Australia (New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria). EUROPE: Austria, Denmark, Finland, Former Yugoslavia, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Sweden, United Kingdom. TRANSMISSION: By the movement of infected bulbs. Localised spread by the action of wind-blown water droplets, animal movements and the use of infected tools and bulb sorting equipment.
Phyllachora cynodontis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phyllachora cynodontis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Chloris pycnothrix, C. radiata, C. roxburghiana
(syn.
C. myriostachya
),
Cynodon dactylon, C. plectostachyus, Cynodon
sp. (
Gramineae
). Records on
Bouteloua curtipendula, B. gracilis, B. heterostega, B. hirsuta, B. lophostachya, Buchloë dactyloides, Elymus triticoides, Spartina leiantha
and
S. stricta
(
Gramineae
) require confirmation. DISEASE: Tar spot of leaves. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Tunisia, Zimbabwe. NORTH AMERICA: USA (Arkansas, California, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, South Dakota, Texas, Wisconsin). CENTRAL AMERICA: Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Mexico, Puerto Rico. SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Uruguay, Venezuela. ASIA: China, India, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Pakistan, Philippines, Taiwan. Australasia: Australia. EUROPE: Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Malta, Portugal, Russia, Serbia, Spain. Very widespread in the tropics and warm temperate regions, present more or less wherever
Cynodon
is grown as a turfgrass. TRANSMISSION: Not studied in detail, but morphological features agree with those of relatives which have been shown to disperse ascospores actively via air currents, possibly with secondary dispersal via water splash, especially where turf is irrigated.
Phyllachora eximia
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phyllachora eximia
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Arundinaria alpina
(
Gramineae
); records on
Arthrostylidium longiflorum
(
Gramineae
) are doubtful, as are those from 'bamboo'. DISEASE: Tar spot of bamboo. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Kenya, Tanzania; possibly occurs also in South Africa. Records from Brazil, Paraguay, Trinidad and Venezuela are unreliable. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by active air or water-splash dispersal of ascospores; no experimental work is available.
Phyllachora ischaemi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phyllachora ischaemi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:?
Andropogon amethystinus, A. micranthus, Andropogon
sp.,
Anthistiria
sp.,
Bothriochloa ambigua, B. decipiens, B. intermedia, Brachiaria jubata
,?
B. longiflora, Capillipedium assimile, C. huegelii, C. parviflorum, C. spicigerum, Cymbopogon marginatus, C. refractus, Dichanthium humilis, D. sericeum, D. tenue, Heteropogon contortus, H. triticeus, Hyparrhenia hirta, Ischaemum arcuatum, I. australe, I. latifolium, I. laxum, I. zeylanicola, Microstegium
sp.,
Monocymbium
sp.,
Schizachyrium
sp.,
Sehima nervosum, Themeda australis, T. avenacea, T. triandra
(
Gramineae
). A record on
Bambusa balcooa
from Assam (BORAH
et al.
, 1998) is doubtful. DISEASE: Tar spot of grasses. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Kenya, South Africa, Uganda. SOUTH AMERICA: Colombia. ASIA: India (Kumaon, Kerala, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh), Indonesia, Myanmar, Taiwan. AUSTRALASIA: Australia (New South Wales, Queensland), Papua New Guinea. TRANSMISSION: No experimental evidence is available, but related fungi are transmitted through air-dispersal and possibly also water-splash of ascospores.
Rikatlia lungusaensis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Rikatlia lungusaensis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Dialium orientale, D. schlechteri
,?
Lonchocarpus
sp. (
Leguminosae
). DISEASE: Tar spot of leaves. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Kenya, Mozambique, Tanzania. TRANSMISSION: Presumably via air dispersal of ascospores and water-splash of conidia. No experimental research has been carried out.
Ascodichaena rugosa
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ascodichaena rugosa
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Although generally not regarded as pathogenic, there are some indications that
Ascodichaena rugosa
can act as a parasite. An ultrastructural study (using German material on beech) showed that hyphae of the fungus were distributed solely in phellem cells; cell-to-cell invasion was effected by penetration hyphae, causing no extensive dissolution of the cork wall; finger-like hyphae in the most recently formed layer of cork cells were interpreted as haustoria, suggesting a parasitic relationship; areas of bark infected by the fungus showed increased production of cork cells (BUTIN & PARAMESWARAN, 1980). On oak, the fungus colonizes cork cells and parasitizes the last separated phellem cells by forming finger-like haustoria. A full description of this disease and symptoms was provided by BUTIN (1981
a
). HOSTS:
Acer pseudoplatanus
(bark),
Carpinus betulus
(bark),
Castanea sativa
(twig),
Fagus grandifolia
(bark),
F. crenata
(branch),
F. orientalis, F. sylvatica
(bark, branch, dead attached twig, dead fallen twig, living bark, living twig, root, trunk, wood),
F
. sp. (bark),
Nothofagus pumilio
(twig),
Quercus ilex
(bark),
Q. petraea
(bark, dead attached twig, dead fallen bark, dead fallen twig, dead twig, living twig),
Q. pubescens
(twig),
Q. robur
(bark, dead attached twig, dead fallen twig, living twig),
Q. sessilis
(dead attached twig),
Q. suber
(twig),
Quercus
sp. (attached wood, bark, branch, dead attached twig, dead fallen twig, living twig, trunk, twig). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: ASIA: Pakistan, Japan. NORTH AMERICA: Canada (Ontario, Québec), USA (Kansas, Maine, New Hampshire, New York). SOUTH AMERICA: Chile. EUROPE: Austria, Finland, France, Republic of Georgia, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Slovak Republic, Sweden, Ukraine. TRANSMISSION: By snails, which graze the stromata, and excrete viable spores (BUTIN, 198l
a
).
Puccinia pachyderma
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Tykhonenko Yu. Ya. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Puccinia pachyderma
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Rust of
Gagea
species only. HOSTS:
Gagea bulbifera, G. chlorantha, G. gageoides, G. maeotica, G. olgae, G. pusilla
(
Liliaceae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: ASIA: Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkmenistan. EUROPE: Russia (Rostov, Samara, Saratov, Voronezh), Ukraine. TRANSMISSION: No detailed studies have been reported; teliospores are presumably dispersed by air currents and then germinate to produce basidia with basidiospores, which re-infect the host plants; the fungus might also survive in bulbs of the infected plant.
Puccinia punctiformis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Tykhonenko Yu. Ya. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Puccinia punctiformis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Rust of
Cirsium
species only. Since 1923 there has been some interest in North America and New Zealand in using
P. punctiformis
as an agent of biocontrol against
Cirsium arvense
, which is a malicious weed in grassland, especially during the change from intensive to extensive management (ecological cropping systems may also increase the incidence of this weed). On its own,
P. punctiformis
does not contain the host, but studies have shown that populations of the host can decline by 95% when the rosette weevil,
Hadroplontus
[
Ceutorhynchus
]
litura
, is also present. The effectiveness is, however, questionable because rhizomes of creeping thistle grow faster than the fungus can pervade them. HOSTS:
Cirsium arvense, C. incanum
(
Compositae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: NORTH AMERICA: Canada (British Columbia, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Québec, rare in the prairies), USA (California, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Montana, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Utah, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin). ASIA: Afganistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Republic of Georgia, Iran, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kirgizia, Russia (East Siberia, Omsk, Primorski krai), Tadzhikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. AUSTRALASIA: Australia, New Zealand. EUROPE: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia (Bashkir Republic, Ivanovo, Karelia Republic, Kursk, Leningrad, Moscow, Nizhni Novgorod, Rostov, Samara, Saratov, Tatar Republic, Tver, Volgograd, Voronezh, Vyatka, Yekaterinburg), Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine. TRANSMISSION: The mycelium survives in rhizomes of the infected plant and the next spring spreads up causing systemic infection of the new season's leaves and stems; urediniospores are disseminated by air currents; teliospores hibernate in the dead tissue of the host plant and then germinate to produce basidia with basidiospores, which re-infect the host plants.
Phoma septicidalis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kinsey G. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phoma septicidalis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Little information available, probably a soil-borne saprobe and opportunistic pathogen. HOSTS: On a wide range of dead or damaged plant tissues. From dead stems of
Helianthus
and
Sedum
, dead leaves of
Hoya
, wood of
Pyrus
, also from soil (including greenhouses) and air samples (BOEREMA & DORENBOSCH, 1979). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: South Africa. EUROPE: Germany, Netherlands. TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne, but little else is known of other possible vectors.
Fusicladium carpineum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Braun U. , Schubert K.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Fusicladium carpineum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Leaf spot. HOSTS: Species of
Carpinus
(
Betulaceae
), including
C. americana
and
C. caroliniana
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: NORTH AMERICA: Canada, USA (Georgia, Wisconsin). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by airborne conidia.
Venturia acerina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Schubert K. , Braun U.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Venturia acerina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Leaf spot. HOSTS: Species of
Acer
(
Aceraceae
) including A.
rubrum
,
A. saccharinum
,
A. saccharum
and
A. spicatum
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: NORTH AMERICA: Canada (New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Ontario), USA (Michigan, North Carolina, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin). TRANSMISSION: Possibly by airborne conidia.
Leucocintractia scleriae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Pérez J. M. , Hernández M. Rodríguez , Piepenbring M. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Leucocintractia scleriae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Development of spikelets is prevented in infected plants. HOSTS:
Rhynchospora corymbosa, R. gigantea
and
R. triflora
(
Cyperaceae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Congo, Zaire. NORTH AMERICA: Mexico. CENTRAL AMERICA: Costa Rica, Cuba, Honduras, Puerto Rico. SOUTH AMERICA: Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana [as British Guiana], Paraguay, Venezuela. ASIA: China (Taipei), India, Indonesia, Singapore, Taiwan. AUSTRALASIA: Australia (Queensland). TRANSMISSION: Not studied; probably by teliospores dispersed by wind and water.
Leptosphaeria dryadis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Chen Chi-yu , David J. C. , Hsieh W. H.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Leptosphaeria dryadis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Although the fungus appears on the dead fruits and calyces of its host, it is not known to cause any pathological symptoms. HOSTS:
Dryas octopetala
(
Rosaceae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: EUROPE: Germany, Iceland, Switzerland. TRANSMISSION: Ascospores are dispersed by wind and rain-splash; the fungus presumably overwinters on dead host tissue and the ascospores are dispersed in the next favourable season.
Leptosphaeria planiuscula
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Chen Chi-yu , David J. C. , Hsieh W. H.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Leptosphaeria planiuscula
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Although the fungus appears on the dry stems of its hosts, it is not known to cause any pathological symptoms. HOSTS:
Achillea, Aster, Conyza, Eupatorium, Solidago
(
Asteraceae
) and
Lepidium
(
Brassicaceae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: NORTH AMERICA: Canada (Ontario), USA (Georgia, Kansas, Massachussetts, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota). EUROPE: Austria, Denmark, Germany, Latvia, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland. TRANSMISSION: Ascospores are dispersed by wind and rain-splash; the fungus presumably overwinters on dead host tissue and the ascospores are dispersed in the next favourable season.
Aspergillus japonicus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Aspergillus japonicus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Isolated from soils, plant rhizospheres, leaf litter (DOMSCH
et al.
, 1980), green coffee berries, musical instrument, archive cellulose (CABI BIOSCIENCE, 1999) and maize (PITT & HOCKING, 1997). DISEASES: Not known to cause any diseases on plants or animals (including man). GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Predominantly in tropical and subtropical climates.
Penicillium crustosum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Penicillium crustosum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Although primarily considered to be a weak pathogen of pomaceous fruits, the species is an ubiquitous spoilage organism, particularly in cereals and compound feedstuffs, and probably also on decaying vegetation in temperate climates (PITT & HOCKING, 1997).
Penicillium crustosum
has also been isolated from cheese, blueing powder for cheese, fruit juice, thyme, cassava, citrus, copper electroplating solution, PVA emulsion, poultry litter, soil and tobacco (CABI BIOSCIENCE, 1999). DISEASES: It is considered to be a weak pathogen of pomaceous fruits, particularly apples (SANDERSON & SPOTTS, 1995). GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: World-wide, but more commonly isolated in temperate climates.
Penicillium verrucosum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Penicillium verrucosum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Widely distributed in foods and feedstuffs. It is common in cereals in Europe and Canada (MILLS, 1990), as well as meat products (ANDERSEN, 1995), cheese (LUND
et al.
, 1995), and Madeira cake (CABI BIOSCIENCE, 1999). DISEASES: In man it has been implicated in Balkan Endemic Nephropathy, a kidney disease with a high mortality rate in certain parts of Bulgaria, Romania and states in the former Yugoslavia (PAVLOVIC
et al.
, 1979). In animals it causes nephritis in Scandinavian pigs, a serious problem in animal health (RUTQVIST
et al.
, 1978). A case of osteomyelitis in a German shepherd dog implicated
P. verrucosum
as the causal agent (WIGNEY
et al.
, 1990). GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Mostly in temperate regions, particularly N Europe.
Phaeococcomyces chersonesos
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bogomolova E. V. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phaeococcomyces chersonesos
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Biodeterioration of marble and hard calcareous rock. HOSTS: Rock (marble). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: EUROPE: Greece, Russia (Leningrad), Ukraine. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air-borne dissemination of yeast cells.
Phaeosclera dematioides
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bogomolova E. V. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phaeosclera dematioides
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Human phaeohyphomycosis or/and pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia (mycoses). Greying of wood. Biodeterioration of stone (marble and limestone). HOSTS:
Bos
sp.,
Homo sapiens
,
Pinus contorta
(stem); also isolated from other plants and rock (marble). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Libya. NORTH AMERICA: Canada (Alberta). AUSTRALASIA: Australia. EUROPE: Germany, Slovakia, Ukraine. TRANSMISSION: In humans by traumatic inoculation; otherwise, by air-borne dissemination of propagules.
Torula herbarum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bogomolova E. V. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Torula herbarum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Leaf and stem spots in plants; foot-rot of coriander; stem blight in
Zizyphus mauritiana
(small brown specks on bark near cut ends of branches, these spots enlarging into dark brown lesions and coalescing within 10-15 days, further stages being characterized by black broad strips of lesions, which progress towards the basal part of the tree); destruction of paper; biodeterioration of marble; decomposition of soil organic matter. HOSTS: Very common on or in dead herbaceous stems, wood (including artefacts such as baskets, cloth and furniture), soil, air, calcareous and siliceous rock, and artefacts such as concrete, linoleum, paper, sacking material and tiles. The fungus has also been observed in association with many other fungi. There are two records of this fungus being isolated from nasal swabs of
Equus equus
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan. AFRICA: Ethiopia, Ghana [as Gold Coast], Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa (Transvaal), Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia [as Northern Rhodesia]. NORTH AMERICA: Canada (Ontario, Saskatchewan), USA (California, Colorado, Kansas, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, South Carolina, Texas, West Virginia). CENTRAL AMERICA: Cuba, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Panama. SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Brazil (Pernambuco), Chile, Venezuela. ASIA: Bangladesh, China (Shaanxi, Zhejiang), Cyprus, India (Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh), Japan, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Russia (Russian Far East), Sabah, Sarawak, Sri Lanka, Taiwan. AUSTRALASIA: Australia (Queensland, Victoria), New Caledonia, New Zealand. EUROPE: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Sweden, Ukraine. TRANSMISSION: By dissemination of air-borne conidia.
Lecanicillium psalliotae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Zare R. , Games W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Lecanicillium psalliotae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Occurs on a range of hosts. It is mainly associated with
Agaricus bisporus
and A.
bitorquis
. HOSTS: ARTHROPODA: cicadellid on leaf of
Theobroma cacao
(ZARE & GAMS, 2001), mites (BAŁAZY
et al.
1987), nymphs of
Ixodes
(tick), ZARE & GAMS, 2001). NEMATODA: eggs of
Meloidogyne
(HIDALGO
et al.
, 2000; VIAENE & ABAWI 1998). FUNGI:
Agaricus bisporus
(TRESCHEW, 1941; CHEN
et al.
, 1981),
A. bitorquis
(UPSTONE & CARTER, 1979; ZAAYEN & GAMS, 1982),
Rhopalomyces
(DAYAL & BARRON, 1970). PLANTAE:
Capsicum annuum
(fruit rot, UMA, 1981). The species has also been isolated from dead insects, forest soil and casing soil in mushroom culture. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan. TRANSMISSION: Soil- and air-borne and by arthropod vectors.
Asterina centropogonis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Inácio C. A. , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Asterina centropogonis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Parasitic on living leaves, not causing leaf spots. HOSTS:
Centropogon cornutus
(
Campanulaceae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: CENTRAL AMERICA: Trinidad. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by airborne ascospores.
Septoria antirrhini
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Andrianova T. V. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Septoria antirrhini
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Leaf spot, leaf drying, defoliation. HOSTS:
Antirrhinum antirrhiniflorum
,
A. majus, A. siculum
(
Scrophulariaceae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: South Africa. NORTH AMERICA: Canada, USA. SOUTH AMERICA: Chile, Colombia. ASIA: Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Iran, Israel. AUSTRALASIA: Australia, New Zealand. EUROPE: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Ukraine, former Yugoslavia. TRANSMISSION: Not reported, but almost certainly by airborne, splash-dispersed conidia from infected plant debris and seed stocks. The disease is significantly more severe under wet weather conditions (SINADSKIY
et al.
, 1985).