bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A REAL-TIME DETECTION ALGORITHM FOR VISION-BASED PEDESTRIAN PROTECTION
Authors: MA GUANGLIN , PARK SU-BIRM , IOFFE ALEXANDER , MÜLLER-SCHNEIDERS STEFAN , KUMMERT ANTON
Published: April 2008

This paper discusses the robust, real-time detection of stationary and moving pedestrians utilizing a single car-mounted monochrome camera. First, the system detects potential pedestrians above the ground plane by combining conventional Inverse Perspective Mapping (IPM)-based obstacle detection with the vertical 1D profile evaluation of the IPM detection result. Usage of the vertical profile increases the robustness of detection in low-contrast images as well as the detection of distant pedestrians significantly. A fast digital image stabilization algorithm is used to compensate for erroneous detections whenever the flat ground plane assumption is an inaccurate model of the road surface. Finally, a low-level pedestrian-oriented segmentation and fast symmetry search on the leg region of pedestrians is also presented. A novel approach termed Pedestrian Detection Strip (PDS) is used to improve the calculation time by a factor of six compared to conventional approaches.
AUTOMATIC EXTRACTION OF LIP BASED ON LIP MAP
Authors: GUAN YE-PENG
Published: April 2008

The effective automatic location and tracking of a person's lip has been proven to be very difficult in the field of computer vision. A lip segmentation approach is proposed based on wavelet multi-scale edge detection across a lip map. The developed algorithm exploits the spatial interactions between neighboring pixels through wavelet multi-scale edge detection across the lip map. The algorithm produces better segmentation automatically without the need to determine an optimum threshold for each lip image. It has indicated the developed algorithm with superior performance by comparing with some existing lip segmentation algorithms.
FEATURE DETECTION AND CORRESPONDENCE FOR CAMERA CALIBRATION
Authors: ZHENG ZHIGANG , ZHA ZHENGJUN , HAN LONG , WANG ZENGFU
Published: April 2008

This paper addresses the problem of highly accurate, highly speedy, more reliable and fully automatic camera calibration. Our objective is to construct a reliable and fully automatic system to supply a more robust and highly accurate calibration scheme. A checkerboard pattern is used as calibration pattern. After the corner points on image are detected, an improved Delaunay triangulation based algorithm is used to make correspondences between corner points on image and corner points on checkerboard in 3D space. In order to determine precise position of the actual corner points, a geometrical constraint based global curve fitting algorithm has been developed. The experimental results show that the geometrical constraint based method can improve remarkably the performance of the feature detection and camera calibration.
A NOVEL CATHETER OPERATING SYSTEM WITH FORCE FEEDBACK FOR MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
Authors: WANG JIAN , GUO SHUXIANG , KONDO HIDEKAZU , GUO JIAN , TAMIYA TAKASHI
Published: April 2008

We developed a novel catheter operating system with an integrated force sensor for medical applications which included a highly precise master-slave remote control system. This paper explains the system design and control system in detail. As part of our research, we designed a micro force sensor and included it in the system to ensure safe operation in intravascular neurosurgery applications. We performed operation simulation experiments and analyzed the operating errors. The experimental results indicated that the proposed force sensor-based catheter operating system works well and can be controlled remotely, and the force feedback can effectively improve operability at an aneurysm.
SAT-based ATPG using multilevel compatible don't-cares
Authors: Saluja Nikhil , Gulati Kanupriya , Khatri Sunil P
Published: April 2008

In a typical IC design flow, circuits are optimized using multilevel don't cares. The computed don't cares are discarded before Technology Mapping or Automatic Test Pattern Generation (ATPG). In this paper, we present two combinational ATPG algorithms for combinational designs. These algorithms utilize the multilevel don't cares that are computed for the design during technology independent logic optimization. They are based on Boolean Satisfiability (SAT), and utilize the single stuck-at fault model. Both algorithms make use of the Compatible Observability Don't Cares (CODCs) associated with nodes of the circuit, to speed up the ATPG process. For large circuits, both algorithms make use of approximate CODCs (ACODCs), which we can compute efficiently. Our first technique speeds up fault propagation by modifying the active clauses in the transitive fanout (TFO) of the fault site. In our second technique, we define new
j
-
active
variables for specific nodes in the transitive fanin (TFI) of the fault site. Using these j-active variables we write additional clauses to speed up fault justification. Experimental results demonstrate that the combination of these techniques (when using CODCs) results in an average reduction of 45% in ATPG runtimes. When ACODCs are used, a speed-up of about 30% is obtained in the ATPG run-times for large designs. We compare our method against a commercial structural ATPG tool as well. Our method is slower for small designs, but for large designs, we obtain a 31% average speedup over the commercial tool.
The optimization of kEP-SOPs
Authors: Bernasconi Anna , Ciriani Valentina , Cordone Roberto
Published: April 2008

We propose a new algebraic four-level expression called k-EXOR-projected sum of products (kEP-SOP). The optimization of a kEP-SOP is
NP

NP

-hard, but can be approximated within a fixed performance guarantee in polynomial time. Moreover, fully testable circuits under the stuck-at-fault model can be derived from kEP-SOPs by adding at most a constant number of multiplexer gates. The experiments show that the computational time is very short and the results are most of the time optimal with respect to the number of products involved. kEP-SOPs also prove experimentally a good starting point for general multilevel logic synthesis.
A behavioral theory of insider-threat risks
Authors: Martinez-Moyano Ignacio J. , Rich Eliot , Conrad Stephen , Andersen David F. , Stewart Thomas R.
Published: April 2008

The authors describe a behavioral theory of the dynamics of insider-threat risks. Drawing on data related to information technology security violations and on a case study created to explain the dynamics observed in that data, the authors constructed a system dynamics model of a theory of the development of insider-threat risks and conducted numerical simulations to explore the parameter and response spaces of the model. By examining several scenarios in which attention to events, increased judging capabilities, better information, and training activities are simulated, the authors theorize about why information technology security effectiveness changes over time. The simulation results argue against the common presumption that increased security comes at the cost of reduced production.
A meshless, spectrally accurate, integral equation solver for molecular surface electrostatics
Authors: Kuo Shih-Hsien , Tidor Bruce , White Jacob
Published: April 2008

The need to determine electrostatic fields in domains bounded by molecular surfaces arises in a number of nanotechnology applications including: biomolecule design, carbon nanotube simulation, and molecular electron transport analysis. Molecular surfaces are typically smooth, without the corners common in electrical interconnect problems, but are often so geometrically complicated that numerical evaluation of the associated electrostatic fields is extremely time-consuming. In this paper we describe and demonstrate a meshless spectrally-accurate integral equation method that
only
requires a description of the molecular surface in the form of a collection of surface points. Our meshless method is a synthesis of techniques, suitably adapted, including: spherical harmonic surface interpolation, spectral-element-like integral equation discretization, integral desingularization via variable transformation, and matrix-implicit iterative matrix solution. The spectral accuracy of this combined method is verified using analytically solvable sphere and ellipsoid problems, and then its accuracy and efficiency is demonstrated numerically by solving capacitance and coupled Poisson/linearized Poisson-Boltzmann problems associated with a commonly used model of a molecule in solution. The results demonstrate that for a tolerance of 10
−3
this new approach reduces the number of unknowns by as much as two orders of magnitude over the more commonly used flat panel methods.
Carbon nanotube transistor compact model for circuit design and performance optimization
Authors: Deng Jie , Lin Albert , Wan Gordon C. , Wong H.-S. Philip
Published: April 2008

In this paper, we describe the development of the Stanford University Carbon Nanotube FET (CNFET) Compact Model. The CNFET Model is a circuit-compatible, compact model which describes enhancement-mode, CMOS-like CNFETs. It can be used to simulate both functionality and performance of large-scale circuits with hundreds of CNFETs. To produce realistic and relevant results, the model accounts for several practical non-idealities such as scattering in the near-ballistic channel, effects of the source/drain extension region, and charge-screening for multiple-nanotube CNFETs. The model also includes a full transcapacitance network for more accurate transient and AC results. The Stanford University CNFET Model is implemented in both HSPICE macro language and VerilogA. The VerilogA implementation shows speedups of roughly 7x∼15x over HSPICE. Applications of the model suggest that n- and p-CNFETs will have 6x and 13x speed advantage over Si n- and p-MOSFETs respectively at the 32nm node, and that a CNT density of 250 CNTs/um is ideal for multiple-nanotube gates. Such a compact CNFET model will be absolutely essential in ushering in the Design Era of CNFET circuits as carbon nanotube technology outgrows its “science discovery” phase.
Evaluating the performance of single and multiple core processors with PCMARK®05 and benchmark analysis
Authors: Sibai Fadi N.
Published: April 2008

PCMark®05 [4, 8] is a highly popular synthetic benchmark for evaluating the performance of personal computers (PCs) with millions of downloads via the Internet. Based on open source and commercial applications, it measures the execution time of highly representative code extracts of these applications and reports scores reflecting the overall system performance, the CPU performance, the memory subsystem performance, the graphics subsystem performance, and the disk subsystem performance. In this article, we focus on the PCMark®05 CPU test suite which is composed of 8 tests to measure the performance and scalability of various Intel single- and dual-core processors. Six of these tests run a single application each. One test runs 2 multitasked applications in parallel and another test runs 4 multitasked applications simultaneously. We present the results of executing this benchmark's CPU test suite on high end Intel-based PC platforms with top of the line single processor and dual core processors, present the results of our profiling and hotspot analysis, shed some light on this test suite's prominent microarchitecture events and its active threads' distributions, and characterize this suite's workload. These results help in understanding the performance characteristics of this popular benchmark and in guiding future processor design enhancements.
The Basement of the Central Andes: The Arequipa and Related Terranes
Authors: Ramos Victor A.
Published: April 2008

The basement of the Central Andes provides insights for the dispersal of Rodinia, the reconstruction of Gondwana, and the dynamics of terrane accretion along the Pacific. The Paleoproterozoic Arequipa terrane was trapped during collision between Laurentia and Amazonia in the Mesoproterozoic. Ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism correlates with the collapse of the Sunsás-Grenville orogen after ∼1000 Ma and is related to slab break-off and dispersal of Rodinia. The Antofalla terrane separated in the Neoproterozoic, forming the Puncoviscana basin. Its closure was coeval with the collision of the eastern Sierras Pampeanas. The rift-drift transitions of the early Paleozoic clastic platform showed a gradual younging to the north, in agreement with counterclockwise rotation based on paleomagnetic data of Antofalla. North of Arequipa arc magmatism and high-grade metamorphism are linked to collision of the Paracas terrane in the Ordovician, during the Famatinian orogeny in the Sierras Pampeanas. The early Paleozoic history of the Arequipa massif is explained by a backarc, which further south changed to open oceanic conditions and subsequent collision. The Antofalla terrane reaccreted to the continental margin by the late Ordovician. These accretions and subsequent separations during the Mesoproterozoic, Neoproterozoic–early Cambrian, and late Cambrian–middle Ordovician are explained by changes in absolute motion of the Gondwana supercontinent during plate global reorganization.
Glucose transporter isoform-3-null heterozygous mutation causes sexually dimorphic adiposity with insulin resistance
Authors: Ganguly Amit , Devaskar Sherin U.
Published: April 2008

We examined male and female glucose transporter isoform-3 (GLUT3; placenta)-null heterozygous+/− mutation-carrying mice and compared them with age- and sex-matched wild-type+/+ littermates. No difference in postnatal (1–2 days, 6–7 days, 12–13 days, 20–21 days), postsuckling (1–2 mo), and adult (3–6 mo) growth pattern was seen except for an increase in body weight of 9- to 11-mo-old male but not female GLUT3+/− mice. This change in male mutant mice was associated with increased total body fat mass, perirenal and epididymal white adipose tissue weight, and hepatic lipid infiltration. These minimally glucose-intolerant male mutant mice demonstrated no change in caloric intake but a decline in basal metabolic rate and insulin resistance. No perturbation in basal circulating glucose concentrations but an increase in insulin concentrations, triglycerides, and total cholesterol was observed in GLUT3+/− male mice. Tissue analysis in males and females demonstrated diminished GLUT3 protein in GLUT3+/− brain and skeletal muscle with no change in brain and adipose tissue GLUT1 protein concentrations. Furthermore, the male GLUT3+/− mice expressed decreased insulin-responsive GLUT4 in white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle sarcolemma. We conclude that the GLUT3+/− male mice develop adult-onset adiposity with insulin resistance.
Heart Rate Reduction by Ivabradine Reduces Oxidative Stress, Improves Endothelial Function, and Prevents Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E–Deficient Mice
Authors: Custodis Florian , Baumhäkel Magnus , Schlimmer Nils , List Franka , Gensch Christoph , Böhm Michael , Laufs Ulrich
Published: April 2008

Background—

Elevated heart rate is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity. We hypothesized that selective heart rate reduction may influence endothelial function and atherogenesis and tested the effects of the I
(f)
current inhibitor ivabradine in apolipoprotein E–deficient mice.

Methods and Results—

Male apolipoprotein E–deficient mice fed a high-cholesterol diet were treated with ivabradine (10 mg · kg
−1
· d
−1
) or vehicle for 6 weeks (n=10 per group). Ivabradine reduced heart rate by 13.4% (472±9 versus 545±11 bpm;
P
<0.01) but did not alter blood pressure or lipid levels. Endothelium-dependent relaxation of aortic rings was significantly improved in ivabradine-fed animals (
P
<0.01). Ivabradine decreased atherosclerotic plaque size in the aortic root by >40% and in the ascending aorta by >70% (
P
<0.05). Heart rate reduction by ivabradine had no effect on the number of endothelial progenitor cells and did not alter aortic endothelial nitric oxide synthase, phosphorylated Akt, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, or intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression but decreased monocyte chemotactic protein-1 mRNA and exerted potent antioxidative effects. Ivabradine reduced vascular NADPH oxidase activity to 48±6% and decreased markers of superoxide production and lipid peroxidation in the aortic wall (
P
<0.05). The in vivo effects of ivabradine were absent at a dose that did not lower heart rate, in aortic rings treated ex vivo, and in cultured vascular cells. In contrast to ivabradine, treatment with hydralazine (25 mg · kg
−1
· d
−1
for 6 weeks) reduced blood pressure (−15%) but increased heart rate (37%) and did not improve endothelial function, atherosclerosis, or oxidative stress.

Conclusions—

Selective heart rate reduction with ivabradine decreases markers of vascular oxidative stress, improves endothelial function, and reduces atherosclerotic plaque formation in apolipoprotein E–deficient mice.
Characterization of a Novel, Water-Soluble Hydrogen Sulfide–Releasing Molecule (GYY4137)
Authors: Li Ling , Whiteman Matthew , Guan Yan Yi , Neo Kay Li , Cheng Yvonne , Lee Shiau Wei , Zhao Yujun , Baskar Rajamanian , Tan Choon-Hong , Moore Philip K.
Published: April 2008

Background—The potential biological significance of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has attracted growing interest in recent years. The aim of this study was to characterize a novel, water-soluble, slow-releasing H2S compound [morpholin-4-ium 4 methoxyphenyl(morpholino) phosphinodithioate (GYY4137)] and evaluate its use as a tool to investigate the cardiovascular biology of this gas.

Methods and Results—The acute vasorelaxant effect of drugs was assessed in rat aortic rings and perfused rat kidney in vitro and in the anesthetized rat in vivo. The chronic effect of GYY4137 on blood pressure in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats was determined by tail-cuff plethysmography. GYY4137 released H2S slowly both in aqueous solution in vitro and after intravenous or intraperitoneal administration in anesthetized rats in vivo. GYY4137 caused a slow relaxation of rat aortic rings and dilated the perfused rat renal vasculature by opening vascular smooth muscle KATPchannels. GYY4137 did not affect rat heart rate or force of contraction in vitro. GYY4137 exhibited antihypertensive activity as evidenced by ability to reduceNG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester–evoked hypertension in the anesthetized rat and after chronic (14-day) administration in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Conclusions—These results identify GYY4137 as a slow-releasing H2S compound with vasodilator and antihypertensive activity. GYY4137 is likely to prove useful in the study of the many and varied biological effects of H2S. GYY4137 may also prove of therapeutic value in cardiovascular disease.
Relation of Blood Pressure and All-Cause Mortality in 180 000 Japanese Participants
Authors: Murakami Yoshitaka , Hozawa Atsushi , Okamura Tomonori , Ueshima Hirotsugu ,   the Evidence for Cardiovascular Prevention From Observational Cohorts in Japan Research Group (EPOCH-JAPAN)
Published: April 2008

Hypertension is a leading cause of death because of cardiovascular disease and predominantly affects total mortality. To reduce avoidable deaths from hypertension, we need to collect blood pressure data and assess their impact on total mortality. To examine this issue, a meta-analysis of 13 cohort studies was conducted in Japan. Poisson regression was used for estimating all-cause mortality rates and ratios. In the model, blood pressure data were treated as continuous (10-mm Hg increase) and categorical (every 10 mm Hg) according to recommendations of the Seventh Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of Hypertension. Potential confounders included body mass index, smoking, drinking, and cohort. The impact of hypertension was measured by the population-attributable fraction. After excluding participants with cardiovascular disease history, 176 389 participants were examined in the analysis. Adjusted mortality rates became larger as the blood pressure increased, and these were more distinct in younger men and women. Hazard ratios also showed the same trends, and these trends were more apparent in younger men (hazard ratio [unit: 10-mm Hg increase] aged 40 to 49 years: systolic blood pressure 1.37 (range: 1.15 to 1.62); diastolic blood pressure 1.46 [range: 1.05 to 2.03]) than older ones (hazard ratio: aged 80 to 89 years: systolic blood pressure 1.09 [range: 1.05 to 1.13]and diastolic blood pressure 1.12 [range: 1.03 to 1.22]). Population-attributable fraction of hypertension was ≈20% when the normal category was used as a reference level and was 10% when we included the prehypertension group in the reference level. In conclusion, high blood pressure raised the risk of total mortality, and this trend was higher in the younger Japanese population.
Liver X Receptor Activator Downregulates Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Expression Through Dephosphorylation of Sp1
Authors: Imayama Ikuyo , Ichiki Toshihiro , Patton Dan , Inanaga Keita , Miyazaki Ryohei , Ohtsubo Hideki , Tian Qingping , Yano Kotaro , Sunagawa Kenji
Published: April 2008

Atherosclerosis is considered to be a combined disorder of lipid metabolism and chronic inflammation. Recent studies have reported that liver X receptors (LXRs) are involved in lipid metabolism and inflammation and that LXR agonists inhibit atherogenesis. In contrast, angiotensin II is well known to accelerate atherogenesis through activation of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R). To better understand the mechanism of LXR on the prevention of atherogenesis, we examined whether activation of LXR affects AT1R expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. T0901317, a synthetic LXR ligand, decreased AT1R mRNA and protein expression with a peak reduction at 6 hours and 12 hours of incubation, respectively. A well-established ligand of LXR, 22-(R)-hydroxycholesterol, also suppressed AT1R expression. The downregulation of AT1R by T0901317 required de novo protein synthesis. AT1R gene promoter activity measured by luciferase assay revealed that the DNA segment between −61 bp and +25 bp was sufficient for downregulation. Luciferase construct with a mutation in Sp1 binding site located in this segment lost its response to T0901317. T0901317 decreased Sp1 serine phosphorylation. Although preincubation of vascular smooth muscle cells with T0901317 for 30 minutes had no effect on angiotensin II–induced extracellular signal–regulated kinase phosphorylation, phosphorylation of extracellular signal–regulated kinase by angiotensin II was markedly suppressed after 6 hours of preincubation. These results indicate that the suppression of AT1R may be one of the important mechanisms by which LXR ligands exert antiatherogenic effects.
Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1 and Hypertensive Nephropathy
Authors: Dmitrieva Renata I. , Hinojos Cruz A. , Boerwinkle Eric , Braun Michael C. , Fornage Myriam , Doris Peter A.
Published: April 2008

Hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) is associated with renal redox stress, and we hypothesized that nephropathy arises in SHR-A3 from altered capacity to mitigate redox stress compared with nephropathy-resistant SHR lines. We measured renal expression of redox genes in distinct lines of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR-A3, SHR-B2, SHR-C) and the normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) strain. The SHR lines differ in either resisting (SHR-B2, SHR-C) or experiencing hypertensive nephropathy (SHR-A3). Immediately before the emergence of hypertensive renal injury expression of redox genes in SHR-A3 was profoundly altered compared with the injury-resistant SHR lines and WKY. This change appeared to arise in antioxidant genes where 16 of 28 were expressed at 34.3% of the level in the reference strain (WKY). No such change was observed in the injury-resistant SHR lines. We analyzed occurrence of transcription factor matrices in the promoters of the downregulated antioxidant genes. In these genes, the hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 (HNF1) transcription factor matrix was found to be nearly twice as likely to be present and the overall frequency of HNF1 sites was nearly 5 times higher, compared with HNF1 transcription factor matrices in antioxidant genes that were not downregulated. We identified 35 other (nonredox) renal genes regulated by HNF1. These were also significantly downregulated in SHR-A3, but not in SHR-B2 or SHR-C. Finally, expression of genes that comprise HNF1 (Tcf1, Tcf2, and Dcoh) was also downregulated in SHR-A3. The present experiments uncover a major change in transcriptional control by HNF1 that affects redox and other genes and precedes emergence of hypertensive renal injury.
Elated Citizenry: Deception and the Democratic Task of Bearing Witness
Authors: Birmingham Peg
Published: April 2008

It has become nearly a truism for contemporary theorists of democracy to understand the democratic space as agonistic and contested. The shadow that haunts thinkers of democracy today, and out of which this assumption emerges, is the specter of totalitarianism with its claims to a totalizing knowledge in the form of ideology and a totalizing power of a sovereign will that claims to be the embodiment of the law. Caught up in these totalizing claims, the citizenry becomes elated. The only remedy to totalitarianism is a democratic space wherein no one can claim to know the truth, no one can claim to occupy the space of power, and no one can claim to embody the law. The problem with this remedy is that it fails entirely to take account of what Arendt understands to be the fundamental condition of totalitarianism, namely, the institution of a "lying world order" whereby reality is replaced with a lie. For Arendt therefore the remedy for totalitarianism and its elated citizenry depends first and foremost upon the existence of factual truth. Following Arendt as well as Shoshana Felman's work on testimony, I argue that bearing witness to factual reality is the ground of the democratic public space and the remedy to an elated citizenry caught up in a lying world order.
Dialectic as Method in Public Theology: Recalling Jacques Ellul
Authors: Neville David
Published: April 2008

This article recalls the contribution of Jacques Ellul's theological methodology as a resource for public theology. The first part of the study surveys Ellul's contribution as a public theologian, while the second responds to Ellul's reflections on the theme of dialectic and evaluates the significance of Ellulian-style dialectical theology for public theology. The term 'dialectic' is one Ellul used to describe his own mode of theological engagement. For Ellul, dialectic implies dialogue, which entails both presence (being with, so as to be able to converse) and distance (being apart, so as to be able to contribute something different). What Ellul affirms about a dialectical stance is valuable in so far as it enables theology to grapple with complexity and contradiction, which is important for public theology because the conversation between theology and the wider public now usually occurs in the absence of shared assumptions and values.
Which of These Was Neighbour?: Spiritual Dimensions of the US Immigration Question
Authors: Schaab Gloria
Published: April 2008

In the present climate of debate surrounding United States immigration, both legal and illegal, the call to be neighbour and to exercise hospitality that echoes throughout the biblical tradition provides valid and unequivocal dimensions of a Christian spirituality within the horizon of the immigration discussion. This article traces the development of such a spirituality beginning with the Jewish scriptures, the ministry of Jesus in the gospels and Catholic social teaching. It concludes with a spirituality rooted in the American memory that offers promise and hope and proclaims the best of the American spirit.
Public Theology in the Market State
Authors: Drayton Dean
Published: April 2008

The accepted view that the modern state arose out of the 'wars of religion' is countered with evidence that the late fifteenth century reification of the state used a new category of religion as a human universal impulse to disempower the church and contain the church within the bounds of the state. As a further five successive forms of the state have come into existence new forms of communal and religious life have emerged: first, religious toleration; secondly, the development of a new 'public' realm; thirdly, the denominational form of church; fourthly, the appearance of mass media; fifthly, the embedding of the private citizen in a media world. In this last context either the church opts to reify the denominational church emphasizing individual democratic religious experience, or it realizes that an eschatological view of the gospel calls it to be a public church with a public theology.
Impact of ECCO Ocean-State Estimates on the Initialization of Seasonal Climate Forecasts
Authors: Cazes-Boezio Gabriel , Menemenlis Dimitris , Mechoso Carlos R.
Published: April 2008

The impact of ocean-state estimates generated by the consortium for Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO) on the initialization of a coupled general circulation model (CGCM) for seasonal climate forecasts is examined. The CGCM consists of the University of California, Los Angeles, Atmospheric GCM (UCLA AGCM) and an ECCO ocean configuration of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology GCM (MITgcm). The forecasts correspond to ensemble seasonal hindcasts for the period 1993–2001. For the forecasts, the ocean component of the CGCM is initialized in either early March or in early June using ocean states provided either by an unconstrained forward ocean integration of the MITgcm (the “baseline” hindcasts) or by data-constrained ECCO results (the “ECCO” hindcasts). Forecast skill for both the baseline and the ECCO hindcasts is significantly higher than persistence and compares well with the skill of other state-of-the art CGCM forecast systems. For March initial conditions, the standard errors of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in ECCO hindcasts (relative to observed anomalies) are up to 1°C smaller than in the baseline hindcasts over the central and eastern equatorial Pacific (150°–120°W). For June initial conditions, the errors of ECCO hindcasts are up to 0.5°C smaller than in the baseline hindcasts. The smaller standard error of the ECCO hindcasts is, in part, due to a more realistic equatorial thermocline structure of the ECCO initial conditions. This study confirms the value of physically consistent ocean-state estimation for the initialization of seasonal climate forecasts.
On Annular Modes and Zonal Jets
Authors: Monahan Adam H. , Fyfe John C.
Published: April 2008

This study considers the relation of the annular mode to the kinematics of a fluctuating jet in zonal-mean zonal wind and to the zonal index, using an idealized model of fluctuations in the eddy-driven jet. When the sphericity of the domain is accounted for, observed and numerically simulated annular modes for the Southern Hemisphere summertime are found to be in excellent agreement. In particular, the annular mode and zonal index mode are shown to be related but distinct. Although the annular mode is strongly (but not identically) related to fluctuations in jet position, fluctuations in jet strength and width are shown to also be important for its simulation. When the sphericity of the domain is neglected, analytic expressions for the leading empirical orthogonal function (EOF) modes of zonal-mean geopotential for the cases of individual fluctuations in jet strength, position, and width can be obtained. None of these EOF modes have the characteristics of the annular mode. In the presence of simultaneous fluctuations in jet strength and position, the leading zonal-mean geopotential EOF mode (strongly resembling the annular mode) is shown to mix the zonal index mode of zonal-mean zonal wind with other EOF modes, demonstrating why the annular mode and zonal index mode are related but distinct. The greater sensitivity to domain size of EOF modes of geopotential relative to the EOF modes of zonal-mean zonal wind is also discussed. This study focuses on the Southern Hemisphere summertime, which is characterized by a single, eddy-driven jet; the generality of the results presented suggest that the conclusions should be qualitatively unchanged in the presence of both subtropical and eddy-driven jets.
The North Pacific Oscillation–West Pacific Teleconnection Pattern: Mature-Phase Structure and Winter Impacts
Authors: Linkin Megan E. , Nigam Sumant
Published: April 2008

The North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) in sea level pressure and its upper-air geopotential height signature, the west Pacific (WP) teleconnection pattern, constitute a prominent mode of winter midlatitude variability, the NPO/WP. Its mature-phase expression is identified from principal component analysis of monthly sea level pressure variability as the second leading mode just behind the Pacific–North American variability pattern.

NPO/WP variability, primarily on subseasonal time scales, is characterized by a large-scale meridional dipole in SLP and geopotential height over the Pacific and is linked to meridional movements of the Asian–Pacific jet and Pacific storm track modulation. The hemispheric height anomalies at upper levels resemble the climatological stationary wave pattern attributed to transient eddy forcing. The NPO/WP divergent circulation is thermal wind restoring, pointing to independent forcing of jet fluctuations.

Intercomparison of sea level pressure, geopotential height, and zonal wind anomaly structure reveals that NPO/WP is a basin analog of the NAO, which is not surprising given strong links to storm track variability in both cases.

The NPO/WP variability is influential: its impact on Alaskan, Pacific Northwest, Canadian, and U.S. winter surface air temperatures is substantial—more than that of PNA or ENSO. It is likewise more influential on the Pacific Northwest, western Mexico, and south-central Great Plains winter precipitation.

Finally, and perhaps, most importantly, NPO/WP is strongly linked to marginal ice zone variability of the Arctic seas with an influence that surpasses that of other Pacific modes. Although NPO/WP variability and impacts have not been as extensively analyzed as its Pacific cousins (PNA, ENSO), it is shown to be more consequential for Arctic sea ice and North American winter hydroclimate.
Testing Climate Models Using Thermal Infrared Spectra
Authors: Leroy Stephen , Anderson James , Dykema John , Goody Richard
Published: April 2008

An approach to test climate models with observations is presented. In this approach, it is possible to directly observe the longwave feedbacks of the climate system in time series of annual average outgoing longwave spectra. Tropospheric temperature, stratospheric temperature, water vapor, and carbon dioxide have clear and distinctive signatures in the infrared spectrum, and it is possible to detect trends of these signals unambiguously from trends in the outgoing longwave spectrum by optimal detection techniques. This approach is applied to clear-sky data in the tropics simulated from the output of an ensemble of climate models. Estimates of the water vapor–longwave feedback by this approach agree to within estimated errors with truth, and it is likely that an uncertainty of 50% can be obtained in 20 yr of a continuous time series. The correlation of tropospheric temperature and water vapor anomalies can provide a constraint on the water vapor–longwave feedback to 5% uncertainty in 20 yr, or 7% in 10 yr. Thus, it should be possible to place a strong constraint on climate models, which currently show a range of 30% in the water vapor–longwave feedback, in just 10 yr. These results may not hold in the presence of clouds, however, and so it may be necessary to supplement time series of outgoing longwave spectra with GPS radio occultation data, which are insensitive to clouds.
Potential Biases in Feedback Diagnosis from Observational Data: A Simple Model Demonstration
Authors: Spencer Roy W. , Braswell William D.
Published: April 2008

Feedbacks are widely considered to be the largest source of uncertainty in determining the sensitivity of the climate system to increasing anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations, yet the ability to diagnose them from observations has remained controversial. Here a simple model is used to demonstrate that any nonfeedback source of top-of-atmosphere radiative flux variations can cause temperature variability, which then results in a positive bias in diagnosed feedbacks. This effect is demonstrated with daily random flux variations, as might be caused by stochastic fluctuations in low cloud cover. The daily noise in radiative flux then causes interannual and decadal temperature variations in the model’s 50-m-deep swamp ocean. The amount of bias in the feedbacks diagnosed from time-averaged model output depends upon the size of the nonfeedback flux variability relative to the surface temperature variability, as well as the sign and magnitude of the specified (true) feedback. For model runs producing monthly shortwave flux anomaly and temperature anomaly statistics similar to those measured by satellites, the diagnosed feedbacks have positive biases generally in the range of −0.3 to −0.8 W m−2 K−1. These results suggest that current observational diagnoses of cloud feedback—and possibly other feedbacks—could be significantly biased in the positive direction.
Convective Boundary Layer Depth Estimation from Wind Profilers: Statistical Comparison between an Automated Algorithm and Expert Estimations
Authors: Bianco Laura , Wilczak James M. , White Allen B.
Published: April 2008

A previous study showed success in determining the convective boundary layer depth with radar wind-profiling radars using fuzzy logic methods, and improvements to the earlier work are discussed. The improved method uses the Vaisala multipeak picking (MPP) procedure to identify the atmospheric signal in radar spectra in place of a fuzzy logic peak picking procedure that was previously used. The method then applies fuzzy logic techniques to calculate the depth of the convective boundary layer. The planetary boundary layer depth algorithm is improved with respect to the one used in the previous study in that it adds information obtained from the small-scale turbulence (vertical profiles of the spectral width of the vertical velocity), while also still using vertical profiles of the radar-derived refractive index structure parameter C2n and the variance of vertical velocity. Modifications to the fuzzy logic rules (especially to those using vertical velocity data) that improve the algorithm’s accuracy in cloudy boundary layers are incorporated. In addition, a reliability threshold value to the fuzzy logic–derived score is applied to eliminate PBL depth data values with low score values. These low score values correspond to periods when the PBL structure does not match the conceptual model of the convective PBL built into the algorithm. Also, as a final step, an optional temporal continuity test on boundary layer depth has been developed that helps improve the algorithm’s skill. A comparison with independent boundary layer depth estimations made “by eye” by meteorologists at two radar wind-profiler sites, significantly different in their characteristics, shows that the new improved method gives significantly more accurate estimates of the boundary layer depth than does the previous method, and also much better estimates than the simpler “standard” method of selecting the peak of C2n. The new method produces an absolute error of the mixing-depth estimates comparable to the vertical range resolution of the profilers.
What Is a Deep Interpretation?
Authors: Busch Fred
Published: April 2008

Important differences are emerging regarding the place where analysts believe the most meaningful analytic work takes place. One area that highlights these distinct ways of working is the analyst's view of deep interpretations. Models underlying the differing perspectives on this issue are presented, along with an extended clinical example that illustrates the importance of considering, in formulating analytic interventions, the concept of a structured mind. A view of the analytic process that accords the patient's perspective greater privilege is introduced.
The Wish To Regress in Patient and Analyst
Authors: Coen Stanley J.
Published: April 2008

The analyst's wish to regress is used as a paradigm of the “forbidden” topic of what analysts want from their analysands. The aim is to expand the subjective domain of analysts' awareness so that they can analyze better by grasping more of their temptations with patients before enactment can occur. Clinical examples illustrate how the author temporarily joined patients in wish-fulfilling mutual regression. Analytic process is disrupted when the analyst wishes to relinquish the more differentiated role of the containing and interpreting analyst in favor of more childlike relatedness both with the patient and with the analyst's internal objects. The author, expecting a more typical countertransference, had not anticipated that he might temporarily join these nonpsychotic patients in mutual regression. It is suggested that in the face of analytic impasse analysts should consider whether they might temporarily have joined the patient in mutually regressive wishes that have taken them away from more responsible analytic functioning.
The Consultation Process With an Adult: a Child Analyst's Perspective
Authors: Lament Claudia
Published: April 2008

A close examination of a consultation is presented. Such a face-to-face encounter with an adult patient can suggest a parallel with another type of treatment: child analysis. It is argued that certain ways of working with children in analysis—the gliding between the interpersonal and the intrapsychic—were especially useful in bringing this adult patient to engage in analysis. Also highlighted in this account are interventions that function not as interpretations per se but as protointerpretations aimed at arousing preconscious affect states for the purpose of bringing them into conscious experience.
The Overstimulated State of Dyslexia: Perception, Knowledge, and Learning
Authors: Arkowitz Sydney W.
Published: April 2008

Dyslexia is far more than a learning disorder; it has significant impact on personality organization. While dyslexia usually begins to manifest most clearly in early latency when the challenge of learning to read is at its height, often the dyslexic child's ego development and functioning has already been adversely affected. The literature from neuro-psychology suggests that dyslexia is a subtle language-processing disorder that affects emotional, cognitive, and social development. The neuroanatomical literature also suggests a significant correlation between the neurodevelopmental basis for dyslexia, the caregiving environment, and psychological development. These two bodies of literature and analytic observations of a dyslexic patient suggest that the dyslexic individual may haveaneurologicaldeficitthat increases vulnerability to overstimulation. The author hypothesizes that emotional and cognitive states result and reappear within the analytic encounter. This complicates clinical assessment and technical decisions. The author presents an analytic case and examines (1) the impact of deficit on the development of conflict; (2) the impact of the overwhelmed ego on the mastery of developmental tasks; and (3) the impact of dyslexia on dysgnosia, transference, and analytic process and technique.
Encopresis and Anal Masturbation
Authors: Aruffo Roy N. , Ibarra Segundo , Strupp Karen R.
Published: April 2008

Current pediatric and psychiatric studies on encopresis and its treatment are heavily influenced by mechanical, physiological, and behavioral considerations. Although psychodynamic treatment has generally been considered to be of little benefit, and its findings suspect, the authors suggest that a psychodynamic approach adds substantially to the understanding of some cases of encopresis; that the anal sensations and anal erotic feelings reported by a number of encopretic children are intense, and that the encopretic symptom, soiling, in these children is the result of a conscious form of anal masturbation in which the fecal mass is used for stimulation; and that any study of encopresis is incomplete that does not include what encopretic children, engaged in a sound therapeutic relationship, know and say about their soiling. The authors further suggest that physical treatments of those children whose encopresis is psychologically driven may be contraindicated. The presence of a large stool does not in itself substantiate a physical illness. Further research is needed to elucidate the prevalence of anal masturbation in encopretic children.
Separation-Individuation Phenomena in Adulthood: General Concepts and the Fifth Individuation
Authors: Colarusso Calvin A.
Published: April 2008

The elaboration of separation-individuation theory in the years beyond childhood has been a psychoanalytic focus for several decades. In this paper, the nature of separation-individuation phenomena in adulthood and the terminology and controversy surrounding the use of the terms third, fourth, and fifth individuation are considered first; a detailed elaboration of the concept of the fifth individuation in late adulthood follows.
Reapproaching Mahler: New Perspectives On Normal Autism, Symbiosis, Splitting and Libidinal Object Constancy From Cognitive Developmental Theory
Authors: Gergely György
Published: April 2008

Margaret Mahler's seminal work on the psychological birth of the infant has generated more critical discussion than most other psychoanalytic theories of early development. But while the empirically, theoretically, and methodologically based criticisms of Mahler's theory are generally justified, her critics fail at times to consider some of the intriguing and creative insights that her theoretical formulations tried to capture. This paper attempts to reformulate these insights using the new conceptual tools that current cognitive developmental theory provides. Mahler's stage of normal autism is reconsidered in the light of contingency detection theory as an initial phase of primary preoccupation with self-generated perfectly response-contingent stimulation. Her concept of normal symbiosis is recast with the help of attachment theory's views on homeostatic regulation and the social biofeedback model of affect-reflective mirroring interactions with parents. Finally, her ideas about the development of splitting and libidinal object constancy are reconsidered according to recent theories of early representational development and mentalization.
Barbie and the Tree of Life: the Multiple Functions of Gender in Development
Authors: Yanof Judith A.
Published: April 2008

Gender identity is the lens through which people experience being boy or girl, man or woman. It is a complex compromise formation that is not separate from the wishes, fears, and intrapsychic conflicts of other domains. Over the course of development, gender identity becomes layered and reconfigured. This paper looks at one child's experience of gender over several phases in her development in order to learn how gender is integrated into identity. At different times, as different conflicts came to the fore, she used gender to shape and lend definition to these conflicts. Conversely, her experiences in other spheres influenced her experience of gender.