bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Donut‐Like SrMoO4 Produced by Microwave‐Hydrothermal Process
Authors: Wannapop Surangkana , Thongtem Titipun , Thongtem Somchai
Published: November 2013

SrMoO4 hierarchical nanostructures were successfully produced by a one step of 270 W microwave‐hydrothermal process of one of the solutions containing three strontium salts [Sr(NO3)2, Sr(CH3CO2)2, and SrCl2·6H2O] and (NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O for different lengths of time. The as‐produced products were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and spectroscopy. In this research, they were primitive tetragonal structured donut‐like SrMoO4, with the main 881 cm−1  ν1(Ag) symmetric stretching vibration mode of units and 3.92 eV energy gap.
Chebyshev Wavelets Method for Solution of Nonlinear Fractional Integrodifferential Equations in a Large Interval
Authors: Heydari M. H. , Hooshmandasl M. R. , Maalek Ghaini F. M. , Li Ming
Published: October 2013

An efficient Chebyshev wavelets method for solving a class of nonlinear fractional integrodifferential equations in a large interval is developed, and a new technique for computing nonlinear terms in such equations is proposed. Existence of a unique solution for such equations is proved. Convergence and error analysis of the proposed method are investigated. Moreover in order to show efficiency of the proposed method, the new approach is compared with some numerical methods.
Investigation of the In Vitro Degradation of a Novel Polylactide/Nanohydroxyapatite Composite for Artificial Bone
Authors: Huang Jianghong , Xiong Jianyi , Liu Jianquan , Zhu Weimin , Wang Daping
Published: November 2013

We prepared the poly‐L‐lactic acid (PLLA)/nanohydroxyapatite (n‐HA) composite and investigated the in vitro degradation of pure PLLA material and PLLA/n‐HA composites in order to identify a suitable and ideal artificial bone tissue repair material. The water uptake, weight loss, and changes in the PBS pH value and in the mechanical properties of material were measured during the processes that PLLA and PLLA/n‐HA biological composites were degraded in PBS. We also performed electron microscopic scanning of the material fracture surface and observed the microscopic morphologies of materials during the degradation process. We found that the degradation rate of the PLLA/n‐HA material was slower than the PLLA material, and there was a little degradation of the PLLA/n‐HA material at early stages. The PLLA/n‐HA material also maintained the initial mechanical strength better than the pure PLLA material. The PLLA/n‐HA material is thus a better material for artificial bone than the pure PLLA material.
Iatrogenic Left Main Bronchus Injury following Atraumatic Double Lumen Endotracheal Tube Placement
Authors: Hartman William R. , Brown Michael , Hannon James
Published: November 2013

Tracheobronchial disruption is an uncommon but severe complication of double lumen endotracheal tube placement. The physical properties of a double lumen tube (large external diameter and length) make tracheobronchial injury more common than that associated with smaller single lumen endotracheal tubes. Here we present the case of an iatrogenic left main bronchus injury caused by placement of a double lumen tube in an otherwise unremarkable airway.
Texture of GaAs Nanoparticles Deposited by Pulsed Laser Ablation in Different Atmospheres
Authors: Dubček P. , Pivac B. , Milošević S. , Krstulović N. , Kregar Z. , Bernstorff S.
Published: November 2013

This work analyzes the effect of nanosecond laser pulse deposition of GaAs in an inert atmosphere of Ar and He. The number of pulses and the gas pressure were varied and the effect on the nanoparticles formation was studied by scanning electron microscopy, grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering, and atomic force microscopy. It is shown that the GaAs nanoparticle sizes and size distributions can be controlled partly by the number of laser pulses applied during their production and partly by the choice of inert gas and its pressure. Our results suggest that He is a more promising working gas producing narrower size distributions and a better size control of the grown nanoparticles.
Genetic and Adverse Health Outcome Associations with Treatment Resistant Hypertension in GenHAT
Authors: Lynch Amy I. , Irvin Marguerite R. , Davis Barry R. , Ford Charles E. , Eckfeldt John H. , Arnett Donna K.
Published: November 2013

Treatment resistant hypertension (TRH) is defined as uncontrolled hypertension (HTN) despite the use of ≥3 antihypertensive medication classes or controlled HTN while treated with ≥4 antihypertensive medication classes. Risk factors for TRH include increasing age, diminished kidney function, higher body mass index, diabetes, and African American (AA) race. Importantly, previous studies suggest a genetic role in TRH, although the genetics of TRH are largely understudied. With 2203 treatment resistant cases and 2354 treatment responsive controls (36% AA) from the Genetics of Hypertension Associated Treatment Study (GenHAT), we assessed the association of 78 candidate gene polymorphisms with TRH status using logistic regression. After stratifying by race and adjusting for potential confounders, there were 2 genetic variants in the AGT gene (rs699, rs5051) statistically significantly associated with TRH among white participants. The Met allele of rs699 and the G allele of rs5051 were positively associated with TRH:OR=1.27 (1.12–1.44),P=0.0001, andOR=1.36 (1.20–1.53),P<0.0001, respectively. There was no similar association among AA participants (race interactionP=0.0004for rs699 andP=0.0001for rs5051). This research contributes to our understanding of the genetic basis of TRH, and further genetic studies of TRH may help reach the goal of better clinical outcomes for hypertensive patients.
Transgene Pyramiding of theHVA1andmtlDin T3 Maize (Zea maysL.) Plants Confers Drought and Salt Tolerance, along with an Increase in Crop Biomass
Authors: Nguyen Thang Xuan , Nguyen Truong , Alameldin Hussien , Goheen Benjamin , Loescher Wayne , Sticklen Mariam
Published: November 2013

The pBY520 containing theHordeum vulgare  HVA1regulated by the rice actin promoter (Act1 5′) or the JS101 containing the bacterial mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (mtlD) also regulated by riceAct1 5′and a combination of these two plasmids were transferred into the maize genome, and their stable expressions were confirmed through fourth generations. Plants transcribing a combination of theHVA1+mtlDshowed higher leaf relative water content (RWC) and greater plant survival as compared with their single transgene transgenic plants and with their control plants under drought stress. When exposed to various salt concentrations, plants transcribing theHVA1+mtlDshowed higher fresh and dry shoot and dry root matter as compared with single transgene transgenic plants and with their control plants. Furthermore, the leaves of plants expressing themtlDaccumulated higher levels of mannitol. Plants expressing theHVA1+mtlDimproved plant survival rate under drought stress and enhanced shoot and root biomass under salt stress when compared with single transgene transgenic plants and with their wild-type control plants. The research presented here shows the effectiveness of coexpressing of two heterologous abiotic stress tolerance genes in the maize genome. Future field tests are needed to assure the application of this research.
Monotonicity, Concavity, and Convexity of Fractional Derivative of Functions
Authors: Zhou Xian-Feng , Liu Song , Zhang Zhixin , Jiang Wei
Published: November 2013

The monotonicity of the solutions of a class of nonlinear fractional differential equations is studied first, and the existing results were extended. Then we discuss monotonicity, concavity, and convexity of fractional derivative of some functions and derive corresponding criteria. Several examples are provided to illustrate the applications of our results.
Plucked Human Hair Shafts and Biomolecular Medical Research
Authors: Schembri Kevin , Scerri Christian , Ayers Duncan
Published: November 2013

The hair follicle is a skin integument at the boundary between an organism and its immediate environment. The biological role of the human hair follicle has lost some of its ancestral importance. However, an indepth investigation of this miniorgan reveals hidden complexity with huge research potential. An essential consideration when dealing with human research is the awareness of potential harm and thus the absolute need not to harm—a rule aptly qualified by the Latin term “primum non nocere” (first do no harm). The plucked hair shaft offers such advantages. The use of stem cells found in hair follicles cells is gaining momentum in the field of regenerative medicine. Furthermore, current diagnostic and clinical applications of plucked hair follicles include their use as autologous and/or three‐dimensional epidermal equivalents, together with their utilization as surrogate tissue in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics studies. Consequently, the use of noninvasive diagnostic procedures on hair follicle shafts, posing as a surrogate molecular model for internal organs in the individual patient for a spectrum of human disease conditions, can possibly become a reality in the near future.
Rapid Infusion Rituximab for Maintenance Therapy: Is It Feasible?
Authors: Patel Jolly , Ho Melissa , Ho Viet , Bello Celeste , Djulbegovic Benjamin , Sokol Lubomir , Wetzstein Gene
Published: November 2013

Rituximab is an anti-CD-20 monoclonal antibody used in the management of lymphoproliferative disorders. The use of maintenance rituximab has improved progression free survival and overall survival in follicular lymphomas. Although rapid rituximab infusions have been studied extensively, there is little data on the use of rapid infusions during maintenance therapy for low grade lymphomas. The primary objective of this retrospective analysis was to evaluate the incidence of Grade 3 and 4 toxicities with maintenance rapid infusion rituximab according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4 (CTC v. 4). Secondary objectives included evaluating all grade infusion related adverse events and correlation of adverse events with varying schedules of rituximab maintenance therapy. All patients who received rapid infusion rituximab as maintenance therapy for low grade lymphoma between December 2007 and November 2011 were included. Rapid rituximab infusions were administered over 90 minutes. Demographic, laboratory and clinical data were collected. A total of 109 patients received 647 rapid rituximab infusions. Three patients experienced an adverse reaction which resulted in one grade 1 infusion reaction and three grade 3 infusion reactions. No patients required hospitalization. All 3 patients received pharmacological and/or supportive care to relieve symptoms associated with the reaction.
Excessive Daytime Sleepiness and Epilepsy: A Systematic Review
Authors: Giorelli Andre S. , Passos Pâmela , Carnaval Thiago , Gomes Marleide da Mota
Published: November 2013

Background. Sleep complaints are common in patients with epilepsy (PWE). Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is one of the most reported complaints and its impact is still a matter of debate. Objective. Evaluate the relationship between EDS and epilepsy, with emphasis on prevalence, assessment, and causes. Methods. A systematic review on PubMed database in the last 10 years (2002 to 2012). The search returned 53 articles and 34 were considered relevant. After citation analysis, 3 more articles were included. Results. Most studies were cross-sectional and questionnaire based. 14 papers addressed EDS as the primary endpoint. 14 adult and 3 children studies used subjective and objective analysis as methodology. The number of studies increased throughout the decade, with 21 in the last 5 years. Adult studies represent almost three times the number of children studies. EDS prevalence in PWE varies from 10 to 47.5%. Prevalence was higher in developing countries. Conclusion. EDS seems to be related more frequently to undiagnosed sleep disorders than to epilepsy-related factors, and although it affects the quality of life of PWE, it can be improved by treating comorbid primary sleep disorders.
Active Control of Oscillation Patterns in the Presence of Multiarmed Pitchfork Structure of the Critical Manifold of Singularly Perturbed System
Authors: Vrabel Robert , Abas Marcel , Kopcek Michal , Kebisek Michal
Published: November 2013

We analyze the possibility of control of oscillation patterns for nonlinear dynamical systems without the excitation of oscillatory inputs. We propose a general method for the partition of the space of initial states to the areas allowing active control of the stable steady-state oscillations. Furthermore, we show that the frequency of oscillations can be controlled by an appropriately positioned parameter in the mathematical model. This paper extends the knowledge of the nature of the oscillations with emphasis on its consequences for active control. The results of the analysis are numerically verified and provide the feedback for further design of oscillator circuits.
Full Glowworm Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Whole‐Set Orders Scheduling in Single Machine
Authors: Yu Zhang , Yang Xiaomei
Published: November 2013

By analyzing the characteristics of whole‐set orders problem and combining the theory of glowworm swarm optimization, a new glowworm swarm optimization algorithm for scheduling is proposed. A new hybrid‐encoding schema combining with two‐dimensional encoding and random‐key encoding is given. In order to enhance the capability of optimal searching and speed up the convergence rate, the dynamical changed step strategy is integrated into this algorithm. Furthermore, experimental results prove its feasibility and efficiency.
Corneal Sensitivity in Keratoconus: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Spadea Leopoldo , Salvatore Serena , Vingolo Enzo Maria
Published: November 2013

Corneal sensitivity has recently received much attention given the crucial role the corneal nerves play in maintaining normal corneal structure and function. An increased understanding of the corneal sensitivity and dry eye disease in keratoconus, including alterations of the conjunctival cells, may help explain the pathogenesis of this disorder. There is histological evidence of the involvement of corneal nerves in the pathology of keratoconus and it has been suggested that this plays a role in the pathophysiological features and progression of the disease. In this review, the impaired corneal sensitivity found on keratoconus and corneal sensitivity changes after cross‐linking performed in patients with keratoconus are reported.
Tidal Influence on Nutrients Status and Phytoplankton Population of Okpoka Creek, Upper Bonny Estuary, Nigeria
Authors: Davies O. A. , Ugwumba O. A.
Published: November 2013

Okpoka Creek of the Upper Bonny Estuary in the Niger Delta is a tidal creek receiving organic anthropogenic effluents from its environs. The study investigated the influence of tides (low and high) on the species composition, diversity, abundance, and distribution of phytoplankton. The surface water and phytoplankton samples were collected monthly from May 2004 to April 2006 at both tides from ten stations according to standard methods. Phytoplankton was identified microscopically. Species diversity was calculated using standard indices. Data analyses were done using analysis of variance, Duncan multiple range, and descriptive statistics. Phosphate and ammonia exceeded international acceptable levels of 0.10 mg/L for natural water bodies indicating high nutrient status, organic matter, and potential pollutants. A total of 158 species of phytoplankton were identified. Diatoms dominated the phytoplankton (62.9%). Diversity indices of diatoms were1.5±0.03(Margalef) and0.8±0.01(Shannon). Pollution-indicator species such asNavicula microcephala,Nitzschia sigma,Synedra ulna(diatoms),Cladophora glomerata(green alga),Euglena acus(euglenoid),Anabeana spiroides(blue-green alga), andCeratium furca(dinoflagellate) were recorded at either only low, high or both tides. Concerted environmental surveillance on Upper Bonny Estuary is advocated to reduce the inflow of pollutants from the Bonny Estuary into this Creek caused by tidal influence.
Intraoral Adult Rhabdomyoma: A Case Report
Authors: Amelia Souza Ana , de Araújo Vera Cavalcanti , Passador Santos Fabricio , Ferreira Martinez Elizabeth , de Menezes Filho Jose Ferreira , Soares de Araujo Ney , Soares Andresa Borges
Published: October 2013

A case of adult rhabdomyoma is reported. The lesion is a rare benign tumor of skeletal muscle origin which occurs predominantly in the head and neck region. In the present case, the clinical diagnosis favored a benign salivary gland tumor. Histologically, the tumor was composed of large round, oval, and polygonal cells of varying size with abundant pale, eosinophilic, fine, granular cytoplasm with peripherally located nuclei. Immunohistochemically, the lesion was positive for muscle-specific actin, smooth muscle actin, desmin, S100 protein, and Masson’s trichrome. Electron microscopic examination confirmed the presence of numerous myofibrils. The lesion was treated by surgical resection. The clinical, histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural features are discussed in this study.
Selected Experimental Results from Heavy-Ion Collisions at LHC
Authors: Singh Ranbir , Kumar Lokesh , Netrakanti Pawan Kumar , Mohanty Bedangadas
Published: November 2013

We review a subset of experimental results from the heavy-ion collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) facility at CERN. Excellent consistency is observed across all the experiments at the LHC (at center of mass energysNN=2.76 TeV) for the measurements such as charged particle multiplicity density, azimuthal anisotropy coefficients, and nuclear modification factor of charged hadrons. Comparison to similar measurements from the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at lower energy (sNN=200 GeV) suggests that the system formed at LHC has a higher energy density and larger system size and lives for a longer time. These measurements are compared to model calculations to obtain physical insights on the properties of matter created at the RHIC and LHC.
Adiponectin, Leptin, and Resistin in Asthma: Basic Mechanisms through Population Studies
Authors: Sood Akshay , Shore Stephanie A.
Published: October 2013

Adipokines, factors produced by adipose tissue, may be proinflammatory (such as leptin and resistin) or anti-inflammatory (such as adiponectin). Effects of these adipokines on the lungs have the potential to evoke or exacerbate asthma. This review summarizes basic mechanistic data through population-based and clinical studies addressing the potential role of adipokines in asthma. Augmenting circulating concentrations of adiponectin attenuates allergic airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in mice. Murine data is supported by human data that suggest that low serum adiponectin is associated with greater risk for asthma among women and peripubertal girls. Further, higher serum total adiponectin may be associated with lower clinical asthma severity among children and women with asthma. In contrast, exogenous administration of leptin results in augmented allergic airway hyperresponsiveness in mice. Alveolar macrophages obtained from obese asthmatics are uniquely sensitive to leptin in terms of their potential to augment inflammation. Consistent with this basic mechanistic data, epidemiologic studies demonstrate that higher serum leptin is associated with greater asthma prevalence and/or severity and that these associations may be stronger among women, postpubertal girls, and prepubertal boys. The role of adipokines in asthma is still evolving, and it is not currently known whether modulation of adipokines may be helpful in asthma prevention or treatment.
Identification of Nonstandard Multifractional Brownian Motions under White Noise by Multiscale Local Variations of Its Sample Paths
Authors: Ahn Kwang-Il , Lee Kichun
Published: October 2013

The Hurst exponent and variance are two quantities that often characterize real-life, high-frequency observations. Such real-life signals are generally measured under noise environments. We develop a multiscale statistical method for simultaneous estimation of a time-changing Hurst exponentH(t)and a variance parameterCin a multifractional Brownian motion model in the presence of white noise. The method is based on the asymptotic behavior of the local variation of its sample paths which applies to coarse scales of the sample paths. This work provides stable and simultaneous estimators of both parameters when independent white noise is present. We also discuss the accuracy of the simultaneous estimators compared with a few selected methods and the stability of computations with regard to adapted wavelet filters.
Large‐Scale Plantlet Conversion and Ex Vitro Transplantation Efficiency of Siberian Ginseng by Bioreactor Culture
Authors: Yang Jingli , Zhao Shicheng , Yu Changyeon , Li Chenghao
Published: November 2013

To achieve large‐scale low‐cost ex vitro acclimatization of Siberian ginseng plants, heart‐ and torpedo‐shaped secondary somatic embryos (SEs) induced from germinated SEs on agar medium were collected and then inoculated to 10‐l bubble column bioreactor, respectively. For plantlet conversion, inoculation of torpedo‐shaped secondary SEs was more effective than heart‐shaped SEs. TS2 (culture of torpedo‐shaped SEs in a bioreactor with a 2‐week subculture interval) plantlets had a higher root number and leaf number and larger leaf area than did HS3 (culture of heart‐shaped SEs in a bioreactor with a 3‐week subculture interval) and HS2 (culture of heart‐shaped SEs in a bioreactor with a 2‐week subculture interval) plantlets. Of these converted plants, TS2 plantlets had higher survival rate (83.7%) and growth characteristics after transplantation in a simple shed covered with a 50% sunshade net only for 6 months. TS2 plantlets also showed significantly lower H2O2 content and significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione transferase (GST) expression levels as compared to HS2 plants when exposure to ex vitro conditions.
Deposition of Low Stress Silicon Nitride Thin Film and Its Application in Surface Micromachining Device Structures
Authors: Zheng Beirong , Zhou Chen , Wang Quan , Chen Yifeng , Xue Wei
Published: October 2013

Surface machining processes are responsible for creating microstructures that reside near the surfaces of a substrate and are characterized by the fabrication of micromechanical structures from deposited thin films. These films can be selectively removed to build three-dimensional structures whose functionality typically requires that they should be freed from the planar substrate. Silicon nitride thin film is one of these important materials. In this paper, by adjusting the SiH2Cl2/NH3gaseous ratio, low stress silicon nitride (LS SiN) is deposited by the low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) process. The internal stress generally in 135 MPa has been detected using an FLX-2320 film stress tester. Based on the wide application in surface micromachining devices, the mechanical properties of LS SiN are measured by nanoindentation, giving the value of Young’s modulus of 224 GPa and the hardness of 22.5 GPa, respectively. Dry etching and wet etching are utilized to fabricate the LS SiN thin film for structural layers. The etching rate compared with normal Si3N4film by LPCVD is demonstrated for silicon chip manufacture.
Complex Codon Usage Pattern and Compositional Features of Retroviruses
Authors: RoyChoudhury Sourav , Mukherjee Debaprasad
Published: November 2013

Retroviruses infect a wide range of organisms including humans. Among them, HIV-1, which causes AIDS, has now become a major threat for world health. Some of these viruses are also potential gene transfer vectors. In this study, the patterns of synonymous codon usage in retroviruses have been studied through multivariate statistical methods on ORFs sequences from the available 56 retroviruses. The principal determinant for evolution of the codon usage pattern in retroviruses seemed to be the compositional constraints, while selection for translation of the viral genes plays a secondary role. This was further supported by multivariate analysis on relative synonymous codon usage. Thus, it seems that mutational bias might have dominated role over translational selection in shaping the codon usage of retroviruses. Codon adaptation index was used to identify translationally optimal codons among genes from retroviruses. The comparative analysis of the preferred and optimal codons among different retroviral groups revealed that four codons GAA, AAA, AGA, and GGA were significantly more frequent in most of the retroviral genes inspite of some differences. Cluster analysis also revealed that phylogenetically related groups of retroviruses have probably evolved their codon usage in a concerted manner under the influence of their nucleotide composition.
On the Performance of Linear Decreasing Inertia Weight Particle Swarm Optimization for Global Optimization
Authors: Arasomwan Martins Akugbe , Adewumi Aderemi Oluyinka
Published: November 2013

Linear decreasing inertia weight (LDIW) strategy was introduced to improve on the performance of the original particle swarm optimization (PSO). However, linear decreasing inertia weight PSO (LDIW‐PSO) algorithm is known to have the shortcoming of premature convergence in solving complex (multipeak) optimization problems due to lack of enough momentum for particles to do exploitation as the algorithm approaches its terminal point. Researchers have tried to address this shortcoming by modifying LDIW‐PSO or proposing new PSO variants. Some of these variants have been claimed to outperform LDIW‐PSO. The major goal of this paper is to experimentally establish the fact that LDIW‐PSO is very much efficient if its parameters are properly set. First, an experiment was conducted to acquire a percentage value of the search space limits to compute the particle velocity limits in LDIW‐PSO based on commonly used benchmark global optimization problems. Second, using the experimentally obtained values, five well‐known benchmark optimization problems were used to show the outstanding performance of LDIW‐PSO over some of its competitors which have in the past claimed superiority over it. Two other recent PSO variants with different inertia weight strategies were also compared with LDIW‐PSO with the latter outperforming both in the simulation experiments conducted.
Automatic Circle Detection on Images Based on an Evolutionary Algorithm That Reduces the Number of Function Evaluations
Authors: Cuevas Erik , Santuario Eduardo L. , Zaldívar Daniel , Perez-Cisneros Marco
Published: October 2013

This paper presents an algorithm for the automatic detection of circular shapes from complicated and noisy images with no consideration of the conventional Hough transform principles. The proposed algorithm is based on a newly developed evolutionary algorithm called the Adaptive Population with Reduced Evaluations (APRE). Our proposed algorithm reduces the number of function evaluations through the use of two mechanisms: (1) adapting dynamically the size of the population and (2) incorporating a fitness calculation strategy, which decides whether the calculation or estimation of the new generated individuals is feasible. As a result, the approach can substantially reduce the number of function evaluations, yet preserving the good search capabilities of an evolutionary approach. Experimental results over several synthetic and natural images, with a varying range of complexity, validate the efficiency of the proposed technique with regard to accuracy, speed, and robustness.
Synthesis and Use of [Cd(Detu)2(OOCCH3)2]·H2O as Single Molecule Precursor for Cds Nanoparticles
Authors: Ajibade Peter A.
Published: November 2013

Substituted thiourea ligands are of interest because they possess various donor sites for metal ions and their application in separation of metal ions and as antimicrobial agents. The coordination of the sulfur donor atom led to interest in them as precursor for semiconductor nanoparticles. In this study, cadmium(II) complex of diethylthiourea was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR, and X‐ray crystallography. Single crystal X‐ray structure of the complex showed that the octahedral geometry around the Cd ion consists of two molecules of diethylthiourea acting as monodentate ligands and two chelating acetate ions. The thermal decomposition of the compound showed that it decomposed to give CdS. The compound was thermolysed in hexadecylamine (HDA) to prepare HDA‐capped CdS nanoparticles. The absorption spectrum showed blue shifts in its absorption band edges which clearly indicated quantum confinement effect, and the emission spectrum showed characteristic band edge luminescence. The broad diffraction peaks of the XRD pattern showed the materials to be of the nanometric size.
Regulation of Vascular Function on Posttranscriptional Level
Authors: Eisenreich Andreas
Published: November 2013

Posttranscriptional control of gene expression is crucial for regulating plurality of proteins and functional plasticity of the proteome under (patho)physiologic conditions. Alternative splicing as well as micro (mi)RNA-mediated mechanisms play an important role for the regulation of protein expression on posttranscriptional level. Both alternative splicing and miRNAs were shown to influence cardiovascular functions, such as endothelial thrombogenicity and the vascular tone, by regulating the expression of several vascular proteins and their isoforms, such as Tissue Factor (TF) or the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). This review will summarize and discuss the latest findings on the (patho)physiologic role of alternative splicing processes as well as of miRNAs on modulation of vascular functions, such as coagulation, thrombosis, and regulation of the vascular tone.
Genetic Ancestry and Risk of Mortality among U.S. Latinas with Breast Cancer
Authors: Fejerman Laura , Hu Donglei , Huntsman Scott , John Esther M. , Stern Mariana C. , Haiman Christopher A. , Pérez-Stable Eliseo J. , Ziv Elad
Published: November 2013

Multiple studies have reported that Latina women in the United States are diagnosed with breast cancer at more advanced stages and have poorer survival than non-Latina White women. However, Latinas are a heterogeneous group with individuals having different proportions of European, Indigenous American, and African genetic ancestry. In this study, we evaluated the association between genetic ancestry and survival after breast cancer diagnosis among 899 Latina women from the San Francisco Bay area. Genetic ancestry was estimated from single-nucleotide polymorphisms from an Affymetrix 6.0 array and we used Cox proportional hazards models to evaluate the association between genetic ancestry and breast cancer–specific mortality (tests were two-sided). Women were followed for an average of 9 years during which 75 died from breast cancer. Our results showed that Individuals with higher Indigenous American ancestry had increased risk of breast cancer-specific mortality [HR: 1.57 per 25% increase in Indigenous American ancestry; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08–2.29]. Adjustment for demographic factors, tumor characteristics, and some treatment information did not explain the observed association (HR: 1.75; 95%CI, 1.12–2.74). In an analysis in which ancestry was dichotomized, the hazard of mortality showed a two-fold increase when comparing women with less than 50% Indigenous American ancestry to women with 50% or more [HR, 1.89, 95%CI, 1.10–3.24]. This was also reflected by Kaplan–Meier survival estimates (P for log-rank test of 0.003). Overall, results suggest that genetic factors and/or unmeasured differences in treatment or access to care should be further explored to understand and reduce ethnic disparities in breast cancer outcomes. Cancer Res; 73(24); 7243–53. ©2013 AACR.
Phase II Study of the Oral MEK Inhibitor Selumetinib in Advanced Acute Myelogenous Leukemia: A University of Chicago Phase II Consortium Trial
Authors: Jain Nitin , Curran Emily , Iyengar Neil M. , Diaz-Flores Ernesto , Kunnavakkam Rangesh , Popplewell Leslie , Kirschbaum Mark H. , Karrison Theodore , Erba Harry P. , Green Margaret , Poire Xavier , Koval Greg , Shannon Kevin , Reddy Poluru L. , Joseph Loren , Atallah Ehab L. , Dy Philip , Thomas Sachdev P. , Smith Scott E. , Doyle L. Austin , Stadler Walter M. , Larson Richard A. , Stock Wendy , Odenike Olatoyosi
Published: November 2013

Purpose: The clinical relevance of targeting the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway, activated in 70% to 80% of patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), is unknown.

Experimental Design: Selumetinib is an oral small-molecule inhibitor of MAP–ERK kinase (MEK)-1/2. Forty-seven patients with relapsed/refractory AML or 60 years old or more with untreated AML were enrolled on a phase II study. Patients were stratified by FLT3 ITD mutation status. The primary endpoint was response rate (complete, partial, and minor). Leukemia cells were analyzed for extracellular signal—regulated kinase (ERK) and mTOR phosphorylation.

Results: Common drug-related toxicities were grade 1–2 diarrhea, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and skin rash. In the FLT3 wild-type cohort, six of 36 (17%) patients had a response [one partial response, three minor responses, two unconfirmed minor responses (uMR)]. No patient with FLT3 ITD responded. NRAS and KRAS mutations were detected in 7% and 2% of patients, respectively. The sole patient with KRAS mutation had uMR with hematologic improvement in platelets. Baseline p-ERK activation was observed in 85% of patients analyzed but did not correlate with a response. A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs3733542 in exon 18 of the KIT gene was detected in significantly higher number of patients with response/stable disease compared with nonresponders (60% vs. 23%; P = 0.027).

Conclusions: Selumetinib is associated with modest single-agent antileukemic activity in advanced AML. However, given its favorable toxicity profile, combination with drugs that target other signaling pathways in AML should be considered. The potential association of SNP rs3733542 in exon 18 of the KIT gene with antileukemic activity of selumetinib is intriguing, but will require validation in larger trials. Clin Cancer Res; 20(2); 490–8. ©2013 AACR.
Neoadjuvant Imatinib in Advanced Primary or Locally Recurrent Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans: A Multicenter Phase II DeCOG Trial with Long-term Follow-up
Authors: Ugurel Selma , Mentzel Thomas , Utikal Jochen , Helmbold Peter , Mohr Peter , Pföhler Claudia , Schiller Meinhard , Hauschild Axel , Hein Rüdiger , Kämpgen Eckhardt , Kellner Ivonne , Leverkus Martin , Becker Jürgen C. , Ströbel Philip , Schadendorf Dirk
Published: October 2013

Purpose: Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a rare cutaneous tumor. COL1A1–PDGFB gene fusion is frequent in DFSP, rendering tumor cell proliferation and survival dependent on PDGFRβ (platelet-derived growth factor receptor β) signaling. This trial investigated imatinib as neoadjuvant treatment of DFSP, including long-term follow-up.

Experimental Design: The primary endpoint of this multicenter phase II trial was response; secondary endpoints were safety, tumor relapse, and response biomarkers. Patients with advanced primary or locally recurrent DFSP and measurable disease by RECIST (response evaluation criteria in solid tumors) were eligible and received imatinib 600 mg/d until definitive surgery with histopathologic proof of tumor-free margins.

Results: Sixteen patients received imatinib, and 14 patients were evaluable for all endpoints. Median treatment duration was 3.1 months; median tumor shrinkage was 31.5%. Best overall response was 7.1% complete response (CR), 50.0% partial response (PR), 35.7% stable disease, and 7.1% progressive disease (PD). Toxicity was moderate with 25.0% grade 3 and 4 events. During a median follow-up of 6.4 years, one patient developed secondary resistance to imatinib but responded to second-line sunitinib. This patient also presented local recurrence, distant metastasis, and death from DFSP. Exploratory analysis showed that response to imatinib was associated with decreased tumor cellularity and formation of strong hyalinic fibrosis. Weak PDGFRB phosphorylation and pigmented-type DFSP were associated with nonresponse. Additional to PDGFRB, the kinases EGFR and insulin receptor were found activated in a high percentage of DFSPs.

Conclusion: The neoadjuvant use of imatinib 600 mg/d in DFSP is efficacious and well tolerated. Long-term follow-up results do not definitely support smaller surgical margins after successful imatinib pretreatment, and presume that secondary resistance to imatinib might promote accelerated disease progression. Clin Cancer Res; 20(2); 499–510. ©2013 AACR.
ERK-Dependent Downregulation of Skp2 Reduces Myc Activity with HGF, Leading to Inhibition of Cell Proliferation through a Decrease in Id1 Expression
Authors: Li Xiaoran , Bian Ying , Takizawa Yuri , Hashimoto Tomio , Ikoma Toshiyuki , Tanaka Junzo , Kitamura Naomi , Inagaki Yutaka , Komada Masayuki , Tanaka Toshiaki
Published: November 2013

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has an inhibitory effect on human HepG2 hepatoma cell proliferation. Previously, it was shown that HGF treatment downregulated Id1 and upregulated p16INK4a in an ERK-dependent manner, leading to the inhibition of cellular proliferation. Here, new insight suggests that Skp2, an SCF complex component and potential prognosticator in cancer, is downregulated by injection of HGF into established HepG2 xenograft tumors. The downregulation was evident at both the mRNA and protein level and in an ERK-dependent manner. Critically, high expression of Skp2 restored HGF-inhibited cell proliferation, indicating that the inhibitory effect of HGF required the downregulation of Skp2. However, downregulation was not involved in the HGF-induced upregulation of a CDK inhibitor, p27Kip1, a known SCF-Skp2 target. Instead, data revealed that Skp2 regulated Myc activity, which has oncogenic potential in the generation of hepatocellular carcinoma. Elevated expression of Skp2 or a mutant that is unable to associate with the SCF complex was capable of activating Myc, suggesting that Skp2 does not act on Myc as a component of the SCF complex, and thus functions as an activator of Myc independent of its role in ubiquitination. Furthermore, Skp2 regulated Id1 expression by regulating Myc activity, and the regulation of Skp2 is involved in the activity of p16 promoter through regulation of Id1 expression. Overall, these mechanistic findings provide the first evidence that ERK-dependent downregulation of Skp2 reduced Myc activity, leading to HGF-induced inhibition of cell proliferation through decreased Id1 expression.

Implications: This study elucidates the molecular details of HGF-induced inhibition of cellular proliferation in liver cancer cells. Mol Cancer Res; 11(11); 1437–47. ©2013 AACR.
Gastroschisis and the Risk of Short Bowel Syndrome: Outcomes and Counselling
Authors: Wood Sarah J. , Samangaya Rebekah A. , Gillham Joanna C. , Morabito Antonino
Published: October 2013

Background: Gastroschisis can be associated with short bowel syndrome (SBS). We present 4 cases with significant bowel shortening with very different ante- and postnatal presentations. Cases: Three of the cases demonstrated ‘vanishing' gastroschisis with progressively worsening antenatal intra-abdominal bowel dilatation with no defect present at birth. The fourth case followed an uneventful course antenatally but developed SBS considered secondary to gastroschisis-related atresia and necrosis. All 4 cases were classified as having SBS and were enrolled within the paediatric Intestinal Rehabilitation Programme. This involves autologous gastrointestinal reconstruction following a period of bowel expansion with concomitant parenteral and enteral nutrition. Discussion: These cases demonstrate that the serious complication of significant bowel loss cannot always be anticipated. Early multidisciplinary discussion with the parents enables a shared understanding of potential outcomes. It can aid the recognition of ‘vanishing' gastroschisis enabling expedient investigations and early intervention, minimising morbidity and maximising bowel length.
Divergence of Repetitive DNA Sequences in the Heterochromatin of Medaka Fishes: Molecular Cytogenetic Characterization of Constitutive Heterochromatin in Two Medaka Species: Oryzias hubbsi and O. celebensis (Adrianichthyidae, Beloniformes)
Authors: Uno Y. , Asada Y. , Nishida C. , Takehana Y. , Sakaizumi M. , Matsuda Y.
Published: November 2013

The large biarmed chromosomes of Oryzias celebensis [2n = 36, fundamental arm number (FN) = 48] are considered to have resulted from fusions of acrocentric chromosomes in the ancestral karyotype of Oryzias, which is retained in O. hubbsi (2n = 48, FN = 48). To understand the molecular evolution of heterochromatin associated with karyotype reorganization in medaka fishes, we cloned 3 and 6 novel families of heterochromatin-related repetitive DNA sequences from O. hubbsi and O. celebensis, respectively, and characterized them using molecular cytogenetics. Two AT-rich repetitive sequences isolated from the genomic DNA of O. hubbsi, a 164-bp satellite DNA (OHU-RsaI-Scen) and a 177-bp telomere-specific repeat (OHU-RsaI-Stelo), were shown to be major components of the constitutive heterochromatin of centromeres and telomeres, respectively. A GC-rich 326-bp sequence, named OHU-AluI-M1, was colocalized with the 18S-28S ribosomal RNA gene cluster to a single autosomal pair of chromosomes and the W chromosome. In O. celebensis, 2 major satellite DNA sequences (the AT-rich 157-bp OCE-AluI-Scen sequence and the 186-bp OCE-HinfI-Scen sequence) were identified in the centromeric regions of almost all chromosomes. The 197-bp OCE-HinfI-S6 sequence was located in the centromeric and distal and/or interstitial heterochromatin of almost all chromosomes, and the 191-bp OCE-HinfI-S8 sequence was located in 6 pairs of chromosomes. Constitutive heterochromatin on the short arm of large submetacentric chromosome 5 was composed of at least 3 different repetitive sequences: the 171-bp OCE-AluI-S18 sequence, the 197-bp OCE-HinfI-S6 sequence and the 172-bp OCE-HinfI-S11 sequence. All families of repeated sequences showed no nucleotide sequence similarity with each other and high species-specificity among 7 different species. These results suggest that the heterochromatin of O. hubbsi and O. celebensis consists of various types of repetitive sequence and that the sequences evolved independently and were then amplified site-specifically in each lineage after karyotype reorganization occurred in the ancestral karyotype.
Inhibition of the Classical and Lectin Pathway of the Complement System by Recombinant LAIR-2
Authors: Olde Nordkamp Marloes J.M. , Boross Peter , Yildiz Cafer , Jansen J.H. Marco , Leusen Jeanette H.W. , Wouters Diana , Urbanus Rolf T. , Hack C. Erik , Meyaard Linde
Published: November 2013

Activation of complement may cause severe tissue damage in antibody-mediated allograft rejection and other antibody-mediated clinical conditions; therefore, novel potent complement inhibitors are needed. Previously, we described binding of the inhibitory receptor LAIR-1 and its soluble family member LAIR-2 to collagen. Here, we investigated binding of LAIR-1 and LAIR-2 to the complement proteins C1q and MBL, which both have collagen-like domains, and evaluated the effect of this binding on complement function. We demonstrate specific binding of recombinant LAIR proteins to both C1q and MBL. Surface plasmon resonance experiments showed that LAIR-2-Fc protein bound C1q and MBL with the highest affinity compared to LAIR-2-HIS. We, therefore, hypothesized that LAIR-2-Fc is a potent complement inhibitor. Indeed, LAIR-2-Fc inhibited C4 fixation to IgG or mannan, reduced activation of C4 by aggregated IgG in plasma and inhibited iC3b deposition on cells. Finally, LAIR-2-Fc inhibited complement-mediated lysis of cells sensitized with anti-HLA antibodies in an ex vivo model for antibody-mediated transplant rejection. Thus, LAIR-2-Fc is an effective novel complement inhibitor for the treatment and prevention of antibody-mediated allograft rejection and antibody-mediated clinical conditions.
Predictors of Institutionalization of Dementia Patients in Mild and Moderate Stages: A 4-Year Prospective Analysis
Authors: Eska Kathrin , Graessel Elmar , Donath Carolin , Schwarzkopf Larissa , Lauterberg Joerg , Holle Rolf
Published: November 2013

Background: Institutionalization is the most important milestone in the care of dementia patients. This study was aimed at identifying relevant predictors of institutionalization in a broad empirical context and interpreting them on the basis of the predictor model proposed by Luppa et al. [Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2008;26:65-78]. Methods: At the start of this study, 357 patients with mild to moderate dementia were examined by their general practitioners, and a telephone interview was conducted with their caregivers. Four years later, the outcomes ‘institutionalization' and ‘death' were determined from health insurance data. Forty-one variables were examined for their predictive influence by univariate and multivariate Cox regression. Results: The risk of institutionalization increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) with older ages of patients [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.05] and caregivers (HR = 1.03), a higher educational level of the caregiver (HR = 1.83), greater use of community health services (HR = 1.59), greater caregiver burden (HR = 1.02), and when the caregiver and patient lived apart (HR = 1.97). Conclusion: The results show that there is a multifactorial influence on institutionalization of dementia patients by sociodemographic, health-related, and psychological aspects as well as the care situation, thus validating the predictor model by Luppa et al. [Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2008;26:65-78]. Caregiver burden was found to be the strongest predictor accessible to interventions.
Cytopathology of Extracranial Ectopic and Metastatic Meningiomas
Authors: Ocque Rebecca , Khalbuss Walid E. , Monaco Sara E. , Michelow Pamela M. , Pantanowitz Liron
Published: November 2013

Introduction: Extracranial meningiomas may infrequently be encountered as ectopic or metastatic tumors. Their rarity and unique cytomorphology often pose significant diagnostic dilemmas. The aim of this study was to report our experience with a series of ectopic and metastatic meningiomas, characterizing their cytomorphology with histological correlation. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis involving 13 patients with cytological preparations from extracranial meningiomas was performed. Cytology cases were correlated with available surgical resection specimens. Data regarding clinical findings, tumor information, cytomorphology, follow-up histological features and immunohistochemistry were recorded and analyzed. Results: There were 5 cases with metastases and 8 ectopic meningiomas. Metastases occurred in the scalp/skull, lung, paraspinal soft tissue and liver. Primary ectopic meningiomas were located in the paranasal sinuses and ear, orbit and neck. Cytomorphological features characteristic of meningiomas were identified in the majority of samples including tightly cohesive clusters of spindled cells, whorls, intranuclear inclusions, nuclear grooves and psammomatous calcification. Unusual cytomorphological features identified in only a few cases included epithelioid cell predominance, abundant inflammatory cells, small-cell change, papillary structures and pseudoacinar growth. Metastatic tumors exhibited more nuclear atypia and occasionally mitoses or necrosis. Meningiomas were shown to be immunoreactive for epithelial membrane antigen, pancytokeratin and vimentin. Conclusion: Although rare, extracranial meningiomas can be encountered in cytologic specimens and should be included in the differential diagnosis when characteristic morphological features of meningiomas are seen. Cytopathologists should be aware that these lesions could be mistaken for other tumors, especially when confounded by atypia and unusual cytomorphological features.