bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Viewpoint: A microfoundation of monetary economics
Authors: Shi Shouyong
Published: August 2006

Abstract In this lecture, I explain what the microfoundations of money are about and why they are necessary for monetary economics. Then, I review recent developments of a particular microfoundation of money, commonly known as the search theory of money. Finally, I outline some unresolved issues.
How reasonable are assumptions used in theoretical models? Computational evidence on the likelihood of trade pattern changes
Authors: Abrego Lisandro , Riezman Raymond , Whalley John
Published: August 2006

Abstract In theoretical literature it is common to make the assumption that in a multi‐country, multi‐good world, the direction of trade (import and export by commodity) is predetermined and fixed for each good for each country. We consider a simple three‐country, three‐good, pure‐exchange model with CES preferences. We compute free trade competitive equilibria, three‐country non‐cooperative Nash equilibria, and customs union equilibria for randomised parameterizations, and find that trade pattern changes between free trade and customs union equilibria in around 35% of cases.
International trade and terrestrial open‐access renewable resources in a small open economy
Authors: Jinji Naoto
Published: August 2006

AbstractIn this paper, I investigate the effects of trade liberalization and policies on deforestation by extending a small open economy model with open‐access renewable resources developed byBrander and Taylor (1997a). I endogenize the carrying capacity of the resource. I find, unlike Brander and Taylor, that trade liberalization may increase the forest stock in the resource‐abundant country and may decrease the forest stock in the resource‐scarce country. Moreover, the policies primarily aimed at protecting forests, such as import restrictions by importing countries and forest certification for well‐managed forests, may have perverse effects on the forest stock.
Protection for sale with imperfect rent capturing
Authors: Facchini Giovanni , Van Biesebroeck Johannes , Willmann Gerald
Published: August 2006

Abstract Grossman and Helpman (1994) explain tariffs as the outcome of a lobbying process. In most empirical implementations of this framework protection is instead measured using non‐tariff barriers. Since tariffs allow the government to fully capture the rents from protection, while non‐tariff barriers do not, the existing parameter estimates of the protection for sale model are likely to be biased. To address this problem, we augment the framework by considering instruments that allow partial capturing. Our specification is supported by the data, where we find that only 72–75% of the rent from protection is appropriated by the government.
The impact of endogenous tax treaties on foreign direct investment: theory and evidence
Authors: Egger Peter , Larch Mario , Pfaffermayr Michael , Winner Hannes
Published: August 2006

Abstract This paper investigates the effect of tax treaties on bilateral stocks of outward FDI. For this purpose we employ a numerically solvable general equilibrium model of trade and multinational firms to study the impact of tax treaties on both welfare and outward FDI. The model indicates under which factor endowment configurations countries gain in welfare when implementing a tax treaty. This motivates an empirical specification of the endogenous selection into implementing new tax treaties. Using data of bilateral OECD outward FDI between 1985 and 2000, we find a significant negative impact of newly implemented tax treaties on outward FDI stocks.
Product market competition and boundaries of the firm
Authors: De Bettignies Jean‐Etienne
Published: August 2006

Abstract This paper studies the effects of product market competition on firm boundaries. In a duopoly setting, each retailer is associated with a manufacturer who must decide how to allocate property rights over a retail asset. Delegating property rights over the retail asset to an indepedent retailer (‘disintegration’) transfers incentives from the manufacturer to the retailer and has the benefit of increasing product quality and profits, owing to the retailer's superior efficiency. However, it also forces the manufacturer to forfeit part of the profits. Competition increases the net benefit from delegation and leads to more efficient, vertically disintegrated structures.
Formation of buyer‐seller trade networks in a quality‐differentiated product market
Authors: Wang Ping , Watts Alison
Published: August 2006

Abstract We examine the formation of buyer‐seller links when exchange can take place only if such a link exists. Sellers produce products of different qualities, and multiple sellers can form a sellers' association to pool their customers setting uniform prices. Buyers form trade links with individual sellers or sellers' associations. We show which buyer‐seller links will form and find the set of links that are stable and show how these links influence prices. We also show that a trade network mismatch may occur where a high‐quality good remains unsold even without an economy‐wide excess supply of goods.
Investor Sentiment and the Cross‐Section of Stock Returns
Authors: BAKER MALCOLM , WURGLER JEFFREY
Published: August 2006

We study how investor sentiment affects the cross‐section of stock returns. We predict that a wave of investor sentiment has larger effects on securities whose valuations are highly subjective and difficult to arbitrage. Consistent with this prediction, we find that when beginning‐of‐period proxies for sentiment are low, subsequent returns are relatively high for small stocks, young stocks, high volatility stocks, unprofitable stocks, non‐dividend‐paying stocks, extreme growth stocks, and distressed stocks. When sentiment is high, on the other hand, these categories of stock earn relatively low subsequent returns.
Predicting Returns with Managerial Decision Variables: Is There a Small‐Sample Bias?
Authors: BAKER MALCOLM , TALIAFERRO RYAN , WURGLER JEFFREY
Published: August 2006

Many studies find that aggregate managerial decision variables, such as aggregate equity issuance, predict stock or bond market returns. Recent research argues that these findings may be driven by an aggregate time‐series version of Schultz's (2003, Journal of Finance 58, 483–517) pseudo market‐timing bias. Using standard simulation techniques, we find that the bias is much too small to account for the observed predictive power of the equity share in new issues, corporate investment plans, insider trading, dividend initiations, or the maturity of corporate debt issues.
CEO Turnover after Acquisitions: Are Bad Bidders Fired?
Authors: LEHN KENNETH M. , ZHAO MENGXIN
Published: August 2006

We examine the relation between bidder returns and the probability of chief executive officer (CEO) turnover in acquiring firms. Using a sample of 714 acquisitions during 1990 to 1998, we find that 47% of CEOs of acquiring firms are replaced within 5 years, including 27% by internal governance, 16% by takeovers, and 4% by bankruptcy. A significant inverse relation exists between bidder returns and the likelihood of CEO turnover. This relation is not associated with governance structure. It also is not significantly different in stock versus cash acquisitions, which appears to be inconsistent with Shleifer and Vishny's theory of “stock market driven” acquisitions.
Industry Concentration and Average Stock Returns
Authors: HOU KEWEI , ROBINSON DAVID T.
Published: August 2006

Firms in more concentrated industries earn lower returns, even after controlling for size, book‐to‐market, momentum, and other return determinants. Explanations based on chance, measurement error, capital structure, and persistent in‐sample cash flow shocks do not explain this finding. Drawing on work in industrial organization, we posit that either barriers to entry in highly concentrated industries insulate firms from undiversifiable distress risk, or firms in highly concentrated industries are less risky because they engage in less innovation, and thereby command lower expected returns. Additional time‐series tests support these risk‐based interpretations.
Assessment of Rhythm and Rate Control in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: PRYSTOWSKY ERIC N.
Published: August 2006

A recent series of randomized prospective clinical trials that compared rate control with rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) found no significant difference in primary outcome between the two strategies. However, these trials lacked clear criteria for defining “successful” rate or rhythm control. Various measures have been used to gauge the success of antiarrhythmic drug therapy, including time to first recurrence of AF, any AF recurrence, AF burden, and a reduction in symptoms. Determining the success of antiarrhythmic therapy can be relatively straightforward by using how patients feel during therapy as a key endpoint. Most patients are satisfied with a major reduction in symptomatic AF episodes and can live comfortably with occasional episodes of AF. For those who are bothered by even infrequent, brief AF episodes, a treatment regimen that eliminates nearly all AF recurrences is required, although often hard to achieve. Catheter ablation may be necessary to achieve a successful outcome in these patients. Suppression of AF in a patient at high risk of stroke does not, however, remove the need for concomitant warfarin therapy. The endpoints of ventricular rate control are not clear, and the recently published rhythm versus rate control trials lacked standard criteria for judging acceptable rate control. One relatively simple method is to try and achieve a 24‐hour heart rate that mimics expected normal sinus rhythm. It is important to achieve good rate control to minimize symptoms and the risk of tachycardia‐mediated cardiomyopathy.
Sensitivity and specificity of a visual acuity screening protocol performed with the Lea Symbols 15‐line folding distance chart in preschool children
Authors: Bertuzzi Francesca , Orsoni Jelka Gabriella , Porta Maria Rita , Paliaga Gian Paolo , Miglior Stefano
Published: August 2006

Purpose:  The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of a visual acuity (VA) test using the Lea Symbols 15‐line folding distance chart and its diagnostic validity in detecting VA deficiency in preschool children.

Methods:  A group of 149 children aged 38–54 months underwent VA examination performed with the Lea 15‐line folding optotype at a distance of 3 metres, according to a test protocol described in the Methods section. After the VA test, a complete ophthalmological examination, including cycloplegic retinoscopy, a cover test and examination of the anterior and posterior segments, was performed on each child in order to detect any VA‐threatening ocular abnormality. The Lea Symbols test's sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR +, LR −) and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were calculated by means of standard procedures using each VA level of the chart from 0.1 to 1 (1–0 logMAR) as a cut‐off point.

Results:  The Lea Symbols test could be successfully used in 95.9% of the population. The most useful cut‐off points for screening preschool children were found to be 0.8 (LR + 5.73, LR − 0.05) or 0.63 (LR + 11.7, LR − 0.23).

Conclusion:  The Lea Symbols test proved to be clinically useful in detecting VA deficiency in preschool children. The choice between the two best performing cut‐off levels should be made according to the expected cost‐effectiveness of the screening programme.
Comparison between GDx VCC scanning laser polarimetry and Stratus OCT optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis of chronic glaucoma
Authors: Brusini Paolo , Salvetat Maria L. , Zeppieri Marco , Tosoni Claudia , Parisi Lucia , Felletti Mirella
Published: August 2006

Purpose:  To compare the abilities of scanning laser polarimetry with the variable corneal compensator (GDx VCC) with those of optical coherence tomography (Stratus OCT) in discriminating between healthy and early‐to‐moderate perimetric glaucomatous eyes.

Methods:  A total of 95 glaucomatous patients (mean deviation − 3.7 ± 3.0 dB, pattern standard deviation 4.5 ± 2.7 dB) and 62 control subjects underwent imaging by the GDx VCC and Stratus OCT using both optic nerve head (ONH) and retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) scan protocols. One eye per patient was considered. Sensitivity at ≥ 90% specificity and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AROC) were calculated for each GDx VCC and Stratus OCT index.

Results:  The largest AROCs with Stratus OCT were associated with cup : disc area ratio (0.88) for ONH scan indices, and with average thickness (0.84) for RNFL scan indices. The nerve fibre indicator provided the greatest AROC for the GDx VCC indices (0.85).

Conclusions:  Both the GDx VCC and Stratus OCT instruments were shown to be useful in the detection of glaucomatous damage. The best performing indices for the GDx VCC and Stratus OCT with both ONH and RNFL scans gave similar AROCs, showing a moderate sensitivity in early‐to‐moderate glaucoma patients.
Periodontal healing after non‐surgical therapy with a modified sonic scaler: a controlled clinical trial
Authors: Christgau M. , Männer T. , Beuer S. , Hiller K. ‐A. , Schmalz G.
Published: August 2006

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the clinical and microbiological healing outcomes following non‐surgical periodontal therapy using a modified sonic scaler system versus scaling and root planing (S/RP) with hand instruments.

Material and Methods: The study comprised 20 chronic periodontitis patients. Using a split‐mouth design, both treatment modalities were randomly applied to one quadrant of the upper and lower jaws. Clinical and microbiological parameters were assessed at baseline, 4 weeks, and 6 months after treatment. Furthermore, post‐operative hypersensitivity was investigated. The Wilcoxon signed‐rank test (α=0.05) was used for statistical analysis.

Results: With both therapy methods, periodontal conditions showed statistically significant clinical and microbiological improvements after 4 weeks and 6 months. Hypersensitive teeth were found only 4 weeks after S/RP. Besides a significantly better bleeding on probing reduction in deep S/RP sites and less time required for root instrumentation by the sonic scaler, no other clinical and microbiological parameters revealed significant differences between sites treated with the sonic scaler or S/RP.

Conclusion: The sonic scaler system and S/RP seem to provide similarly favourable periodontal healing results, although in deep pockets S/RP appeared to achieve a better resolution of inflammation.
Association between passive smoking and salivary markers related to periodontitis
Authors: Nishida Nobuko , Yamamoto Yumiko , Tanaka Muneo , Maeda Kazuhiko , Kataoka Kosuke , Nakayama Kunio , Morimoto Kanehisa , Shizukuishi Satoshi
Published: August 2006

Objectives: The mechanism of passive smoking in terms of development of periodontitis has not been investigated. This study examined the effect of passive smoking on salivary markers related to periodontitis.

Methods: Periodontal status was evaluated on the basis of probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level in 273 workers. Salivary marker levels were determined by enzyme assay including enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Six periodontal pathogens in saliva were assessed using real‐time PCR methodology. Non‐, passive and active smokers were defined as subjects exhibiting salivary cotinine levels of 0 (53 subjects), 1–7 (118) and 8 ng/ml (102).

Results: Levels of salivary markers, including IL‐1β, lactoferrin, albumin and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), were elevated significantly in passive smokers relative to non‐smokers. Additionally, these marker levels, with the exception of IL‐1β, decreased significantly in active smokers in comparison with passive smokers. However, no meaningful differences in percentages of periodontal pathogens were observed between non‐ and passive smokers. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed for each marker utilizing age, gender, cotinine level and periodontal status as independent variables. IL‐1β, albumin and AST were independently associated with cotinine level.

Conclusion: Passive smoke exposure leads to elevation of IL‐1β, albumin and AST levels in saliva.
Transient donor cell‐derived myelodysplastic syndrome with monosomy 7 after unrelated cord blood transplantation
Authors: Sevilla Julián , Querol Sergio , Molines Antonio , González‐Vicent Marta , Balas Antonio , Carrió Ana , Estella Jesús , Angel Díaz Miguel , Madero Luis
Published: August 2006

Abstract:  Donor cell leukaemia or myelodysplastic syndromes are extremely rare complications that have been observed not only after haematopoietic transplantation with progenitor cells harvested from bone marrow and peripheral blood, but also after cord blood transplantation. We describe the early onset of monosomy 7 in donor cells after cord blood transplantation in a patient diagnosed with myelodysplastic syndrome 3 months after transplantation. Fluorescent in situ hybridisation analysis performed in a cryopreserved aliquot of the cord blood showed 2.5% of nuclei with monosomy 7. The cord blood donor was studied and he showed neither peripheral blood cytopenias nor cytological or cytogenetic features of myelodysplasia. The cell blood counts (CBC) of the girl have improved over 2 yr while decreasing the percentage of monosomic cells. The monosomic clone has finally disappeared and the CBC are finally normal. This case of transient monosomy 7 started very early after engraftment emphasises the relevance of clonal instability of specific progenitor cells in the early engraftment, and host immune status, in cytogenetic abnormalities founded in donor cell‐derived MDS and acute leukaemia. Moreover, the clinical follow‐up of this patient, recommends a more conservative treatment for this clonal disease early developed after transplantation.
Effect of two different approaches for root decontamination on new cementum formation following guided tissue regeneration: a histomorphometric study in dogs
Authors: Gonçalves P. F. , Gurgel B. C. V. , Pimentel S. P. , Sallum E. A. , Sallum A. W. , Casati M. Z. , Nociti F. H.
Published: August 2006

Background and Objective:  The aim of the present study was to evaluate comparatively the effect of two different approaches for root decontamination on new cementum formation following guided tissue regeneration (GTR).

Material and Methods:  Nine mongrel dogs were used to obtain bilateral chronic class III furcation defects by placing cotton ligatures around both third mandibular premolars. The teeth were randomly assigned to receive one of the following treatments: scaling and root planing, by means of hand and rotatory instruments, in order to remove soft and hard deposits as well as all root cementum (group A); or removal of only soft microbial deposits, by polishing the root surface with rubber cups and polishing paste, aiming for maximum root cementum preservation (group B). Both groups were treated with GTR, with the use of resorbable polyglycolic‐lactic acid membranes (RESOLUT XT®).

Results:  Four months later, data analysis showed that a superior length (mm) (3.59 ± 1.67 and 6.20 ± 2.26 for groups A and B, respectively; p = 0.004) and a thicker layer (µm) (18.89 ± 9.47 and 52.29 ± 22.48 for groups A and B, respectively; p = 0.001) of new cementum was achieved by keeping the root cementum in place during root decontamination (group B). Regardless of the treatment modality, the new cementum was predominantly of a reparative, cellular extrinsic and intrinsic fiber type.

Conclusion:  Within the limits of the present study, it may be concluded that root cementum preservation may affect the new cementum formation following GTR in class III furcation defects, and the treatment modality did not influence the type of newly formed cementum.
Effects of smoking and drinking habits on the incidence of periodontal disease and tooth loss among Japanese males: a 4‐yr longitudinal study
Authors: Okamoto Y. , Tsuboi S. , Suzuki S. , Nakagaki H. , Ogura Y. , Maeda K. , Tokudome S.
Published: August 2006

Objective:  We investigated the risk of periodontal disease and tooth loss, associated with habits of smoking and alcohol consumption, in a longitudinal study.

Subjects and Methods:  The subjects were 1332 Japanese males, 30–59 yr of age, who were free from periodontal disease at the baseline check‐up, and who underwent a second check‐up 4 yr later. Periodontal disease was diagnosed using the community periodontal index score, based on the clinical probing of pocket depth (≥ 4 mm). Smoking and alcohol consumption patterns were evaluated using a self‐administered questionnaire.

Results:  A dose–response relationship was observed between the amount of smoking and the incidence of periodontal disease in each age group. The overall odds ratios (95% confidence intervals), adjusted for age and alcohol, were 1.51 (0.95–2.22), 1.58 (1.13–2.22) and 2.81 (1.96–4.03), among smokers consuming 1–19, 20 or 21 or more cigarettes per day, respectively, with a significant linear trend (p < 0.0001). A similar association was found between smoking and tooth loss, except for the 50–59‐yr‐old age group. The adjusted odds ratios were 1.26 (0.60–2.64), 2.01 (1.21–2.32) and 2.06 (1.23–3.48), respectively. A significant linear trend between smoking and tooth loss was also observed (p = 0.01). Ex‐smokers showed no significant difference compared with nonsmokers. We also found a significant linear trend between alcohol consumption and tooth loss among 30–39‐yr‐old subjects, while no relationship was observed between alcohol consumption and periodontal disease.

Conclusion:  Cigarette smoking was found to be an independent risk factor for periodontal disease and tooth loss. Alcohol consumption was a limited risk factor for tooth loss in the younger age group, but was unrelated to periodontal disease. To prevent periodontal disease and tooth loss, health practitioners need to encourage people to stop smoking or not to start.
Inhibition of term decidual NK cell cytotoxicity by soluble HLA‐G1
Authors: Poehlmann Tobias G. , Schaumann Andreas , Busch Susann , Fitzgerald Justine S. , Aguerre‐Girr Marise , Le Bouteiller Philippe , Schleussner Ekkehard , Markert Udo R.
Published: August 2006

Objectives  Soluble (s)HLA‐G1 is produced by trophoblast cells. Aim was to analyze the capacities and mechanisms of sHLA‐G1 to regulate interleukin (IL)‐2‐induced cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells from human deciduas.

Methods  Natural killer cells were isolated from decidual layers of term placentae, stimulated or not with IL‐2 and supplemented with various concentrations of recombinant soluble HLA‐G1 (sHLA‐G1). For NK cell cytotoxicity assays, K562 cells were used as targets. Expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and perforin was analyzed by Western blotting. Apoptosis was examined by assessment of poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase cleavage. NK cells were analyzed by flow cytometry for IL‐2receptor‐α (IL‐2Rα; CD25) and transferrin receptor CD71 expression.

Results  Interleukin‐2 increases CD71, STAT3, perforin expression and cytotoxic potential of NK cells. Expression of CD71, STAT3 and perforin decreased simultaneously with cytotoxicity and dose‐dependently when sHLA‐G1 (1.6 μg/mL–1.6 ng/mL) was added to IL‐2 stimulated cultures. sHLA‐G1 did not induce apoptosis and CD25 expression was not affected.

Conclusion  Interleukin‐2Rα expression is not controlled by sHLA‐G1, but its signal transducer STAT3 as well as several downstream effects, such as perforin expression, proliferation and cytotoxicity. The control of STAT3 bioavailability through sHLA‐G1 may be a key regulator of the mentioned effects.
Severe sequelae of acute dental trauma in the primary dentition – a case report
Authors: Lenzi Antonio Renato , Medeiros Paulo Jose
Published: August 2006

Abstract –  The incidence of traumatic injuries to primary teeth is high. Previous studies report frequencies ranging from 4% to 33% of all children. The damage limitation and the prevention of sequelae are goals that shall direct the treatment for dental trauma. Inappropriate approachs to dental trauma can cause more damage than the trauma itself. This article describes the diagnosis, management and follow‐up of a 5‐year‐old boy who presented with uncommon sequelae of an inappropriate approach following a severe luxation of the primary maxillary right central incisors 2 years ago.
Patient–Dentist–Technician Communication within the Dental Team: Using a Colored Treatment Plan Wax‐Up
Authors: Kahng Luke S.
Published: August 2006

Communication among the restorative dental team must include the patient. The patient wants to know the details of the anticipated restorations; but because a patient is not aware of many dental innovations, care must be taken to provide them with a clear explanation of all anticipated treatment parameters. Many patients have little understanding of today’s advancements in restorative procedures, and they may or may not understand all of the possibilities.

Through effective communication, the patient gains confidence in the dental team and better understands the proposed restorative treatment. Patient satisfaction is significantly enhanced through effective communication.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

This article describes the use of a diagnostic wax‐up to facilitate optimal communication between the dental team and the patient.
Frequencies of bovine PrP gene polymorphisms in Holstein and Japanese Black bulls in Japan
Authors: ABE Tsuyoshi , HASEBE Hiroyuki , KOBAYASHI Eiji
Published: August 2006

We screened for Japanese Black and Holstein bull sire samples to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) involving animo‐acid substitutions in the bovine prion gene in the entire coding region of the PRNP gene. Although three silent SNPs were found, we could not detect any SNP with animo‐acid substitution. We also examined the polymorphism of the octapeptide repeat number in these samples. There was no homozygous bull with repeat number 5. The frequency of heterozygous (6/5) bulls was 8% in the Japanese Black bull and 4% in the Holstein bull, respectively. The bull samples used in this study contain popular elite sires, so it appears that the polymorphisms of prion protein (PrP) are rather difficult to find in these two breeds in Japan, except for polymorphism of the octapeptide repeat number.
Degradation characteristics and tannin bioassay of some browse forage from Kenya harvested during the dry season
Authors: OSUGA Isaac M. , ABDULRAZAK Shaukat A. , ICHINOHE Toshiyoshi , ONDIEK James O. , FUJIHARA Tsutomu
Published: August 2006

The potential nutritional value of six species of browse forage from Kenya harvested during the dry season were evaluated by chemical composition, in sacco dry matter (DM) degradation and in vitro gas production technique. The effect of tannins on the rumen fermentation of the forage was evaluated using polyethylene glycol (PEG) in an in vitro study. The chemical composition of the species of browse forage differed significantly (P < 0.05). The content of organic matter ranged from 846.7 to 946.5 g/kg DM. The forage had a high crude protein content (155.5–280.9 g/kg DM) and variable content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF, 236.2–682.8 g/kg DM). The content of total extractable tannins was generally low (0.6–38.5 g/kg DM). At 24 h of incubation, the in sacco DM disappearance ranged from 31.2% to 84.2%. The effective DM degradability also ranged from 29.7 to 73.5%. The gas production after 96 h incubation ranged from 17.5 to 44.2 mL/200 mg DM. Use of PEG indicated that tannins had an inhibitory effect on rumen microbial fermentation and this is dependant upon the amount and activity of the tannins present. The estimated in vitro organic matter digestibility and metabolizable energy also increased numerically with the PEG addition. The result of this study indicates that such species of browse forage have the potential to be used as feed supplements for ruminants, especially during the dry season.
Effects of light intensity and beak trimming on preventing aggression in laying hens
Authors: SHINMURA Tsuyoshi , EGUCHI Yusuke , UETAKE Katsuji , TANAKA Toshio
Published: August 2006

This study aimed to investigate the effects of decreased light intensity and beak trimming on aggression prevention in laying hens. In total, 181 White Leghorns were used. At 17 weeks of age, 36 birds were allocated to battery cages (three birds/cage), 36 birds to furnished cages (four birds/cage), and 109 birds were transferred to an aviary. Since aggression increased in the birds from 23 weeks of age (from 0.3% to 6.0%) especially in the furnished cages, , the light intensity during the daytime was decreased to about one‐tenth (from 680 lux to 70 lux) at 28 weeks of age. The birds in the furnished cages then had their beaks re‐trimmed lightly by using a debeaker at 29 weeks of age. Behavioral observations using scanning techniques at 10 min intervals were conducted. Feed intake, bodyweight and feather score were also measured. There was no significant difference in aggression before and after decreasing the light in all three housing systems. On the other hand, the proportion of birds showing aggression decreased significantly just after trimming and four weeks after beak trimming in the furnished cages (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). The aggression also became similar to the proportions observed in the battery cages and in the aviary. In proportion to the decreased aggression, the proportion of birds eating significantly decreased (P < 0.05). However, their feed intake and bodyweight did not decrease significantly. Against this decreased aggression, the proportion of birds preening significantly increased (P < 0.05). Aggression was observed more frequently at the dust bath in the furnished cages and at the litter floor in the aviary (both P < 0.001). The total feather score for all body parts in the birds in furnished cages increased significantly (P < 0.01) from 25 to 29 weeks of age (at beak trimming), but did not increase significantly from 29 to 33 weeks of age. The increments of neck, breast and tail feather scores in the furnished cages were smaller. In conclusion, there was no significant difference in aggression between just before and after decreasing the light in any housing system. However, aggression in the furnished cages was reduced not only by decreasing the light intensity, but by additional beak trimming. Aggravation of feather conditions – especially at the neck, breast and back – was prevented by the treatment.
Stimulation of butyrate production through the metabolic interaction among lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and lactic acid‐utilizing bacteria, Megasphaera elsdenii, in porcine cecal digesta
Authors: TSUKAHARA Takamitsu , HASHIZUME Kenta , KOYAMA Hironari , USHIDA Kazunari
Published: August 2006

In this study, we examined the potential of Megasphaera elsdenii as a probiotic agent in combination with sodium gluconate. We also examined the combination of M. elsdenii with probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Lactobacillus acidophilus, to enhance butyrate production in the large intestine using a pig cecal in vitro model under the presence of sodium gluconate. Compared to the uninoculated control culture (with only diluted cecal digesta), the addition of M. elsdenii and LAB to the culture stimulated significantly the production of n‐butyrate (60% increase) and n‐valerate (50% increase) after 24 h incubation. n‐Butyrate is regarded as the most important short‐chain fatty acid in the large intestine because it stimulates the proliferation of epithelial cells, mucus release and water and mineral absorption. Therefore, lactate‐utilizing butyrate producers such as M. elsdenii play a significant role in supporting the health‐beneficial effects of lactogenic prebiotics and probiotics LAB. The potential of M. elsdenii as a probiotic was also suggested.
Development of a Music Group Psychotherapy Intervention for the Primary Prevention of Adjustment Difficulties in Korean Adolescent Girls
Authors: Kim Sunah , Kverno Karan , Lee Eun Mi , Park Jeong Hwa , Lee Hyun Hwa , Kim Hyun Lye
Published: August 2006

PROBLEM:  Traditionally, adolescent mental health in Korea has not been a prime focus for educators, health workers, and politicians, yet a majority of sampled adolescents report interpersonal sensitivity (

Kim, 2003).

METHOD:  Thirty‐five adolescent girls took part in a six‐session school‐based music group psychotherapy pilot intervention designed to promote relationships and improve self‐control skills.

FINDING:  Participants identified several outcome benefits that may serve as protective factors in their continued social and emotional development.

CONCLUSIONS:  Music is a medium that promotes interpersonal relatedness among Korean adolescent girls. More research is necessary to identify long‐term benefits of preventive music group psychotherapy interventions among the adolescent population.
Maternal and Paternal Parenting, Acculturation, and Young Adolescents’ Psychological Adjustment in Korean American Families
Authors: Kim Eunjung , Cain Kevin , McCubbin Marilyn
Published: August 2006

PROBLEM:  Maintaining healthy psychological adjustment may be more complicated for Korean American young adolescents than for their European American counterparts. Korean American families live in two cultures and the issue of acculturation challenges their parenting, which is a critical factor for young adolescents’ psychological adjustment.

METHODS:  Hierarchical multiple regressions were used to analyze 106 family data (young adolescents, mothers, and fathers) on parenting (acceptance–rejection and behavioral control), acculturation (integration, assimilation, separation, and marginalization), and young adolescents’ psychological adjustment.

FINDINGS:  Only young adolescents’ reports of maternal and paternal acceptance–rejection were related to their report of psychological adjustment. However, maternal acculturation moderated the relation between mothers’ reports of maternal acceptance–rejection and behavioral control and young adolescents’ report of their psychological adjustment.

CONCLUSIONS:  Parental acceptance–rejection is related to young adolescents’ psychological adjustment when adolescents perceive themselves as accepted or rejected by parents. The relation between mothers’ report of maternal acceptance–rejection and behavioral control and adolescents’ psychological adjustment needs to be considered within the context of maternal acculturation.
Effective Communication With Bereaved Child Survivors of Suicide
Authors: Mitchell Ann M. , Wesner Susan , Brownson Lynn , Gale Deborah Dysart , Garand Linda , Havill Allyson
Published: August 2006

TOPIC:  While bereavement is considered by many to be among the most stressful life events, it becomes even more distressing when it is related to the suicide of a loved one. Further, the death of a parent is traumatic for anyone, but it may be especially intensified for young children. This points to a strong need for the recognition and treatment of psychiatric and social problems associated with childhood bereavement.

PURPOSE AND SOURCES:  The purpose of this paper is to review the literature and present a synopsis of the psychosocial outcomes of childhood suicide survivor bereavement and outline communication issues that emerge when talking with young suicide survivors.

CONCLUSIONS:  A case is made to develop and test interventions designed to meet the mental health needs of this important group of individuals.
Two Terms—One Meaning: The Conundrum of Contemporary Nomenclature in Autism
Authors: Cashin Andrew , Sci Dip App
Published: August 2006

TOPIC:  Autism as a diagnostic construct in the last decade has undergone a process of rapid evolution in the way that it is operationalized. A by‐product of the important conceptual shift is that we have been left with two terms, autistic disorder and Asperger's disorder, that point to the same thing. The existence of two terms that cannot be clearly delineated results in confusion and an added element in an already anxiety‐laden mix for all those trying to come to terms with the concept of autism.

PURPOSE:  This paper moves beyond contemporary arguments of whether autistic disorder and Asperger's disorder are different entities and uses a case study to consider the mechanism of the confusion caused, and highlight the importance of referent clarity.

SOURCES:  A review of sources in journals and texts related to the topic is included to complement the progressive review of the case study as the clients move through a 1‐hour initial consult.

CONCLUSION:  The current diagnostic criteria are ambiguous posing the risk of confusion to parents, clinicians, and researchers. Nurses have an important role in assisting parents’ construction of a unified concept of autism clinically, and through research. This paper moves beyond merely acknowledging the confusion that exists by considering the nature of the confusion, and through sharing the experience of one possible way of navigating it.
The Postpartum Support Questionnaire: Psychometric Properties in Adolescents
Authors: Logsdon M. Cynthia , Usui Wayne M.
Published: August 2006

PROBLEM:  Receiving adequate social support has been associated with positive outcomes for the postpartum adolescent and her baby. Therefore, social support is an important variable to include in research studies of postpartum adolescents. However, instruments developed for use in adults cannot be assumed to reliably and validly measure health‐related concepts such as social support in adolescents (

Rogler, 1999
; Yarcheski, Mahon, & Yarcheski, 1992) without psychometric evaluation.

PURPOSE:  Therefore, the purpose of this study was to describe the reliability and validity of the Postpartum Support Questionnaire (PSQ) (

Logsdon, 2002
; Logsdon, Usui, Birkimer, McBride, 1996) with adolescents.

METHOD:  The PSQ was revised for use with adolescents, based upon focus groups with adolescents and professionals. Then, the PSQ was administered to a convenience sample of postpartum adolescents (N = 109) recruited from the Teenage Parent Program.

FINDINGS:  High internal consistency reliability was demonstrated for the total instrument and subscales. Factor analysis supported four factors, in line with the PSQ data with adults, with some indication for an additional adolescent factor. However, in adolescents material support and emotional support tend to load on the same factor.

CONCLUSIONS:  Social support may be defined differently in postpartum adolescents, but further research with a larger sample is needed to substantiate this finding. Instruments with psychometric data specific to adolescents should be chosen by researchers who study this group.
Independent Risk Factors for Progression of Coronary Atherosclerosis in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Hase Hiroki , Joki Nobuhiko , Ishikawa Hiroyasu , Saijyo Tomokatsu , Tanaka Yuri , Takahashi Yasunori , Inishi Yoji , Imamura Yoshihiko , Nakamura Masato , Moroi Masao
Published: August 2006

Abstract:  Not uncommonly, hemodialysis patients with normal results in myocardial perfusion tests can still have a cardiac event within 2 years of evaluation. We examined possible risk factors for progression of coronary atherosclerosis in hemodialysis patients. We prospectively evaluated ability of myocardial perfusion imaging carried out under pharmacologic stress to predict 2‐year outcomes in 77 hemodialysis patients, specifically thallium‐201 single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) using high‐dose adenosine triphosphate as the stressor. The primary end‐point was a cardiac event (cardiac death, non‐fatal acute coronary syndrome, or hospitalization for acute ischemic heart failure). Factors independently influencing duration until a cardiac event in hemodialysis patients were identified using stepwise multiple regression analysis. Myocardial perfusion defects were shown in 36 patients. Patients with a perfusion defect were more likely to have cardiac events than those with normal perfusion (78% vs. 15%, P < 0.001). Time until occurrence of a cardiac event in hemodialysis patients showed a significant, independent association with known coronary artery disease [regression coefficient (RC) = −3.391, P = 0.046], elevated C‐reactive protein (RC = −5.813, P = 0.005), and a reversible myocardial perfusion defect (RC = −7.386, P < 0.001). An analysis based on the ‘best cut‐off’ of CRP as identified on the basis of the ROC curve augmented the positive and negative predict value of CRP for the prediction of coronary events to 65 and 74%, respectively. Myocardial perfusion SPECT and measuring the plasma concentration of CRP might be useful for the prediction of hemodialysis patients with progression of coronary atherosclerosis.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression in Dialysis Patients
Authors: Kimura Hiroyuki , Ozaki Norio
Published: August 2006

Abstract:  A high prevalence of depressive disorder, between 33% and 50%, has been reported in dialysis patients, although it is difficult to distinguish the physical symptoms like general fatigue, insomnia, and loss of appetite which are common among dialysis patients, from the psychiatric symptoms seen in depressive patients. Furthermore, co‐occurrence of depression has been shown to be one of the risk factors of poor prognosis in dialysis patients, partly because depressed patients are less likely to adhere to their medication regimen and modify their lifestyle appropriately. The efficacy of psychiatric interventions, including pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, has been examined for dialysis patients with co‐occurrence of depression. Randomized controlled trials of psychiatric interventions for depression in dialysis patients are needed to investigate the impact of such interventions on depression, quality of life, and mortality.
Review: Clinical Usefulness of Ultrapure Dialysate— Recent Evidence and Perspectives
Authors: Masakane Ikuto
Published: August 2006

Abstract:  It has generally been accepted that biological contamination of dialysate deteriorates the biocompatibility of dialysis therapy and accelerates dialysis‐related complications such as dialysis‐related amyloidosis (DRA) and malnutrition‐inflammation‐atherosclerosis (MIA) syndrome. During the past decade several studies have clarified that very slight amounts of contamination can lead to inflammatory response, and we could not confirm biological dialysate quality only by measuring endotoxin levels despite of measuring viable cell counts or biofilms. To achieve this, the European Renal Association/European Dialysis Transplantation Association and the American National Standardization Institute/Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation published new standards for dialysate, in which very strict control levels were recommended with regard to viable bacterial cell counts. In 2004 JSDT raised the required standard of the levels of endotoxin, and began to develop a standard for bacterial cell counts. In Japan, many chronic kidney disease patients are treated with centralized dialysate supply systems which have weak spots in disinfecting the system. This causes some difficulties in making a standard for viable bacterial cell counts. In the present paper, we summarize evidences of clinical usefulness of ultrapure dialysate and perspectives of the standard for dialysate in Japan.
In Preparation for a Treatment Guideline for Suitable Vascular Access Repair in Japan
Authors: Amano Izumi , Ohira Seiji , Goto Yasuo , Hino Ichiro , Ikeda Kiyosi , Kukita Kazutaka , Haruguchi Hiroaki
Published: August 2006

Abstract: In cases of vascular access (VA) for hemodialysis including arteriovenous fistula and arteriovenous graft, venipuncture and hemostasis are usually repeated three times a week. Accordingly, it is assumed that VA vascular disorders are worsened following long‐term hemodialysis. In particular, angiostenosis frequently occurs and results in insufficient blood flow or increased venous pressure. Additionally, stenosis is a major cause of VA occlusion. While VA intervention treatment is mainstream for VA stenosis, its major advantage lies in its less invasiveness because it is a percutaneous treatment. A further advantage of this treatment procedure is that the existing VA can be preserved intact. For practical use of VA intervention treatment, however, compliance with the therapeutic indication guideline is required. In K/DOQI of the United States, such a guideline has already been formulated based on evidence and specialist opinion, while the guideline of the European Vascular Access Society is presented in the form of a flowchart. The Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy is currently preparing a guideline for the construction and maintenance of VA, which introduces the timing and principles of repair of VA in the following six categories: (i) stenosis; (ii) occlusion; (iii) venous hypertension; (iv) steal syndrome; (v) excess blood flow; and (vi) infection. Except for infection, most of the treatments for these events involve VA intervention, thus the need for the guideline for VA intervention treatment is becoming widely recognized.
Biocompatibility of Peritoneal Dialysis Fluid and Influence of Compositions on Peritoneal Fibrosis
Authors: Higuchi Chieko , Nishimura Hideki , Sanaka Tsutomu
Published: August 2006

Abstract:  Conventional peritoneal dialysis fluid (PDF) is a bioincompatible solution because of several components. These unphysiological compositions might contribute to the development of peritoneal fibrosis. In the present overview we summarize the influence of each composition of PDF (acidic pH, high concentration of glucose and glucose degradation products; advanced glycation end‐products and lactate) on the peritoneal fibrotic changes in long peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. We also summarized the report of new approaches to the prevention of peritoneal fibrosis in Japan.
Analysis of Hemodynamics During Blood Purification Therapy Using a Newly Developed Noninvasive Continuous Monitoring Method
Authors: Niwayama Jun , Sato Takashi , Komatsu Mizuki , Sanaka Tsutomu , Kurosawa Takeshi
Published: August 2006

Abstract:  Advancement in blood purification therapy extends not only to consoles and dialyzers, but also to patient management during blood purification therapy. However, no monitor has been devised for hemodynamics during blood purification therapy that is carried out continuously and non‐invasively. By studying the laser Doppler flowmeter (LDF), we have developed a probe that can continuously measure changes in blood flow in tissues of the head and lower extremities during blood purification therapy. By applying the improved LDF, we have developed a non‐invasive continuous monitoring method (NICOMM). Hemodynamics in various types of blood purification therapies were also studied by simultaneously measuring with an automatic oscillometric sphygmomanometer.
MEASUREMENT OF CESIUM‐137 IN FOODSTUFFS
Authors: SALIH F.M. , PILLAY A.E. , JAYASEKARA K.
Published: August 2006

Intensity of the 662‐keV gamma ray from cesium‐137 was closely monitored in a variety of foods and beverages, including milk, flavored milk, fruit juices, infant foods, cooking oil, biscuits and fish. Nuclear facilities in the region, and the proximity of Oman to India and Pakistan (where nuclear material exists) played an important role in influencing our investigation. Relevant food items were obtained at appropriate intervals from January to December 2003 and 2004, and subjected to high‐resolution gamma‐ray measurement with a 28‐cm2 high‐purity germanium detector. Each sample was prepared in a suitable Marinelli beaker and counted for 12 h. The recorded specific activities in milk, fruit juices and oil were generally <1.0 Bq/L, and <2.0 Bq/kg in solid foods such as fish and biscuits. In general, we found that the food quality in this respect was high.