bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improvement of the piezoelectric properties in (K,Na)NbO3-based lead-free piezoelectric ceramic with two-phase co-existing state
Authors: Yamada H. , Matsuoka T. , Kozuka H. , Yamazaki M. , Ohbayashi K. , Ida T.
Published: June 2015

Two phases of (K,Na)NbO3 (KNN) co-exist in a KNN-based composite lead-free piezoelectric ceramic 0.910(K1−xNax)0.86Ca0.04Li0.02Nb0.85O3−δ–0.042K0.85Ti0.85Nb1.15O5–0.036BaZrO3–0.0016Co3O4– 0.0025Fe2O3–0.0069ZnO system, over a wide range of Na fractions, where 0.56 ≤ x ≤ 0.75. The crystal systems of the two KNN phases are identified to tetragonal and orthorhombic by analyzing the synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) data, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and selected-area electron diffraction (SAD). In the range 0.33 ≤ x ≤ 0.50, the main component of the composite system is found to be single-phase KNN with a tetragonal structure. Granular nanodomains of the orthorhombic phase dispersed in the tetragonal matrix have been identified by HR-TEM and SAD for 0.56 ≤ x ≤ 0.75. Only a trace amount of the orthorhombic phase has been found in the SAD patterns at the composition x = 0.56. However, the number of orthorhombic nanodomains gradually increases with increasing Na content up to x < 0.75, as observed from the HR-TEM images. An abrupt increase and agglomeration of the nanodomains are observed at x = 0.75, where weak diffraction peaks of the orthorhombic phase have also become detectable from the XRD data. The maximum value of the electromechanical coupling coefficient, kp = 0.56, has been observed at the composition x = 0.56.
Strategy for stabilization of the antiferroelectric phase (Pbma) over the metastable ferroelectric phase (P21ma) to establish double loop hysteresis in lead-free (1−x)NaNbO3-xSrZrO3 solid solution
Authors: Guo Hanzheng , Shimizu Hiroyuki , Mizuno Youichi , Randall Clive A.
Published: June 2015

A new lead-free antiferroelectric solid solution system, (1−x)NaNbO3-xSrZrO3, was rationalized through noting the crystal chemistry trend, of decreasing the tolerance factor and an increase in the average electronegativity of the system. The SrZrO3 doping was found to effectively stabilize the antiferroelectric (P) phase in NaNbO3 without changing its crystal symmetry. Preliminary electron diffraction and polarization measurements were presented which verified the enhanced antiferroelectricity. In view of our recent report of another lead-free antiferroelectric system (1−x)NaNbO3-xCaZrO3 [H. Shimizu et al. “Lead-free antiferroelectric: xCaZrO3 - (1−x)NaNbO3 system (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.10),” Dalton Trans. (published online)], the present results point to a general strategy of utilizing tolerance factor to develop a broad family of new lead-free antiferroelectrics with double polarization hysteresis loops. We also speculate on a broad family of possible solid solutions that could be identified and tested for this important type of dielectric.
Spatially indirect radiative recombination in InAlAsSb grown lattice-matched to InP by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Hirst Louise C. , Lumb Matthew P. , Abell Josh , Ellis Chase T. , Tischler Joseph G. , Vurgaftman Igor , Meyer Jerry R. , Walters Robert J. , González María
Published: June 2015

A photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy study of the bulk quaternary alloy InAlAsSb is presented. Samples were grown lattice-matched to InP by molecular beam epitaxy and two different growth temperatures of 450 °C and 325 °C were compared. Interpolated bandgap energies suggest that the development of this alloy would extend the range of available direct bandgaps attainable in materials lattice-matched to InP to energies as high as 1.81 eV. However, the peak energy of the observed PL emission is anomalously low for samples grown at both temperatures, with the 450 °C sample showing larger deviation from the expected bandgap. A fit of the integrated PL intensity (I) to an I∝Pk dependence, where P is the incident power density, yields characteristic coefficients k = 1.05 and 1.18 for the 450 °C and 325 °C samples, respectively. This indicates that the PL from both samples is dominated by excitonic recombination. A blue-shift in the peak emission energy as a function of P, along with an S-shaped temperature dependence, is observed. These trends are characteristic of spatially-indirect recombination associated with compositional variations. The energy depth of the confining potential, as derived from the thermal quenching of the photoluminescence, is 0.14 eV for the 325 °C sample, which is consistent with the red-shift of the PL emission peak relative to the expected bandgap energy. This suggests that compositional variation is the primary cause of the anomalously low PL emission peak energy. The higher energy PL emission of the 325 °C sample, relative to the 450 °C sample, is consistent with a reduction of the compositional fluctuations. The lower growth temperature is therefore considered more favorable for further growth optimization.
On the determination of phase boundaries via thermodynamic integration across coexistence regions
Authors: Abramo Maria Concetta , Caccamo Carlo , Costa Dino , Giaquinta Paolo V. , Malescio Gianpietro , Munaò Gianmarco , Prestipino Santi
Published: June 2015

Specialized Monte Carlo methods are nowadays routinely employed, in combination with thermodynamic integration (TI), to locate phase boundaries of classical many-particle systems. This is especially useful for the fluid-solid transition, where a critical point does not exist and both phases may notoriously go deeply metastable. Using the Lennard-Jones model for demonstration, we hereby investigate on the alternate possibility of tracing reasonably accurate transition lines directly by integrating the pressure equation of state computed in a canonical-ensemble simulation with local moves. The recourse to this method would become a necessity when the stable crystal structure is not known. We show that, rather counterintuitively, metastability problems can be alleviated by reducing (rather than increasing) the size of the system. In particular, the location of liquid-vapor coexistence can exactly be predicted by just TI. On the contrary, TI badly fails in the solid-liquid region, where a better assessment (to within 10% accuracy) of the coexistence pressure can be made by following the expansion, until melting, of the defective solid which has previously emerged from the decay of the metastable liquid.
Microwave holography using a magnetic tunnel junction based spintronic microwave sensor
Authors: Fu L. , Gui Y. S. , Bai L. H. , Guo H. , Abou-Rachid H. , Hu C.-M.
Published: June 2015

In this work, a spintronic sensor based microwave holographic imaging system is developed, demonstrating the feasibility of microwave holographic imaging applications using a spintronic microwave sensor. The high sensitivity of the microwave phase measurement allows the coherent imaging of the target reconstructed in noise environments. Adapting the broadband measurement, not only the shape but also the distance of target can be determined, which implies that a three-dimensional imaging is achievable using a spintronic device.
Vectorial magnetometry with second-harmonic generation effect in studies of implantation induced inhomogeneity in garnet films
Authors: Bonda A. , Uba S. , Uba L.
Published: June 2015

The magnetization-induced second-harmonic generation (MSHG) effect was applied to study changes of magnetization distribution caused by H2+ ions implantation in magnetic garnet film of (111) symmetry. The evolution of the magnetization vector m in perpendicular magnetic field H was studied as a function of coherently rotated polarizers by an angle φ. The I2ω(H,φ) intensities exhibit completely different character as compared to the unimplanted film. The experimental results were explained in the frame of a phenomenological model of the MSHG effect, developed for the structure of 3m symmetry, composed of implanted and unimplanted sublayers. The theoretical approach allowed to determine the amplitudes and phases of nonlinear optical susceptibility tensor elements χ[2] as well as the m(H) vector components. In contrast to the linear magneto-optical Faraday effect, application of nonlinear MSHG method allows for simultaneous determination of all components of the magnetization vector in single experiment. It was found that contributions from the sublayers associated with mz components enter to the MSHG effect with opposite signs due to difference in phases of χ[2]. It is shown that m vector in the implanted sublayer undergoes spatial evolution vs H during the magnetization process, with a complex trajectory corresponding to the reorientation of the m(H) from sample plane to the normal direction. The developed methods can be useful in studies of other magnetic materials with intrinsic or artificially introduced inhomogeneities.
Some thermodynamical aspects of protein hydration water
Authors: Mallamace Francesco , Corsaro Carmelo , Mallamace Domenico , Vasi Sebastiano , Vasi Cirino , Stanley H. Eugene , Chen Sow-Hsin
Published: June 2015

We study by means of nuclear magnetic resonance the self-diffusion of protein hydration water at different hydration levels across a large temperature range that includes the deeply supercooled regime. Starting with a single hydration shell (h = 0.3), we consider different hydrations up to h = 0.65. Our experimental evidence indicates that two phenomena play a significant role in the dynamics of protein hydration water: (i) the measured fragile-to-strong dynamic crossover temperature is unaffected by the hydration level and (ii) the first hydration shell remains liquid at all hydrations, even at the lowest temperature.
Exploring the feasibility of Fe(Se,Te) conductors by ex-situ powder-in-tube method
Authors: Palombo M. , Malagoli A. , Pani M. , Bernini C. , Manfrinetti P. , Palenzona A. , Putti M.
Published: June 2015

In this work, the feasibility condition of Powder-In-Tube (PIT) processed wires of Fe(Se,Te) superconductor has been investigated. We faced several technical issues that are extensively described and discussed. In particular, we tested different metals and alloys as external sheaths (Cu, Ag, Nb, Ta, Ni, Fe, cupronickel, brass) concluding that the only sheath that does not affect substantially the Fe(Se,Te) phase is Fe. On the other hand, Fe sheath introduces excess iron in the Fe(Se,Te) phase, which affects the superconducting properties; we investigated the effects of the thermal treatments and of the powder composition in order to avoid it. The maximum Jc value obtained in our samples is 4 × 102 A/cm2, comparable to other published values of PIT conductors of the 11 family. We conclude that the fabrication of Fe(Se,Te) wires by PIT method is quite challenging and other approaches should be developed.
Hybrid ab-initio/experimental high temperature equations of state: Application to the NaCl pressure scale
Authors: Marcondes Michel L. , Wentzcovitch Renata M.
Published: June 2015

Equations of state (EoS) are a fundamental subject in high pressure/temperature (PT) research. Ab initio calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) can provide valuable information about a material's EoS at PT conditions that cannot be easily accessed experimentally. However, these calculations have systematic errors due to (1) a lack of a precise description of the exchange correlation energy, (2) methodological limitations in the way temperature is addressed, for instance, anharmonicity at high temperatures in quasiharmonic calculations. To address the first issue, we have improved, developed, and tested correction schemes aiming to remove DFT errors and to produce predictive low temperature EoS with accuracy comparable to experiments. We have investigated four schemes and applied them to three different functionals. The second issue has been addressed with a simple anharmonic correction that effectively removed high temperature anharmonic errors.
Substrate-free layer-number identification of two-dimensional materials: A case of Mo0.5W0.5S2 alloy
Authors: Qiao Xiao-Fen , Li Xiao-Li , Zhang Xin , Shi Wei , Wu Jiang-Bin , Chen Tao , Tan Ping-Heng
Published: June 2015

Any of two or more two-dimensional (2D) materials with similar properties can be alloyed into a new layered material, namely, 2D alloy. Individual monolayer in 2D alloys is kept together by van der Waals interactions. The property of multilayer alloys is a function of their layer number. Here, we studied the shear (C) and layer-breathing (LB) modes of Mo0.5W0.5S2 alloy flakes and their link to the layer number. The study reveals that the disorder effect is absent in the C and LB modes of 2D alloys, and the monatomic chain model can be used to estimate the frequencies of the C and LB modes. We demonstrated how to use the frequencies of C and LB modes to identify the layer number of alloy flakes deposited on different substrates. This technique is independent of the substrate, stoichiometry, monolayer thickness, and complex refractive index of 2D materials, offering a robust and substrate-free approach for layer-number identification of ultrathin flakes of 2D materials, such as 2D crystals and 2D alloys.
Wake angle for surface gravity waves on a finite depth fluid
Authors: Pethiyagoda Ravindra , McCue Scott W. , Moroney Timothy J.
Published: June 2015

Linear water wave theory suggests that wave patterns caused by a steadily moving disturbance are contained within a wedge whose half-angle depends on the depth-based Froude number FH. For the problem of flow past an axisymmetric pressure distribution in a finite-depth channel, we report on the apparent angle of the wake, which is the angle of maximum peaks. For moderately deep channels, the dependence of the apparent wake angle on the Froude number is very different to the wedge angle and varies smoothly as FH passes through the critical value FH = 1. For shallow water, the two angles tend to follow each other more closely, which leads to very large apparent wake angles for certain regimes.
Self-propelled sweeping removal of dropwise condensate
Authors: Qu Xiaopeng , Boreyko Jonathan B. , Liu Fangjie , Agapov Rebecca L. , Lavrik Nickolay V. , Retterer Scott T. , Feng James J. , Collier C. Patrick , Chen Chuan-Hua
Published: June 2015

Dropwise condensation can be enhanced by superhydrophobic surfaces on which the condensate drops spontaneously jump upon coalescence. However, the self-propelled jumping in prior reports is mostly perpendicular to the substrate. Here, we propose a substrate design with regularly spaced micropillars. Coalescence on the sidewalls of the micropillars leads to self-propelled jumping in a direction nearly orthogonal to the pillars and therefore parallel to the substrate. This in-plane motion in turn produces sweeping removal of multiple neighboring drops. The spontaneous sweeping mechanism may greatly enhance dropwise condensation in a self-sustained manner.
Kinetic (particle-in-cell) simulation of nonlinear laser absorption in a finite-size plasma with a background inhomogeneous magnetic field
Authors: Mehdian H. , Kargarian A. , Hajisharifi K.
Published: June 2015

In this paper, the effect of an external inhomogeneous magnetic field on the high intensity laser absorption rate in a sub-critical plasma has been investigated by employing a relativistic electromagnetic 1.5 dimensional particle-in-cell code. Relying on the effective nonlinear phenomena such as phase-mixing and scattering, this study shows that in a finite-size plasma the laser absorption increases with inhomogeneity of the magnetic field (i.e., reduction of characteristic length of inhomogeneous magnetic field, λp) before exiting a considerable amount of laser energy from the plasma due to scattering process. On the other hand, the presence of the external inhomogeneous magnetic field causes the maximum absorption of laser to occur at a shorter time. Moreover, study of the kinetic results associated with the distribution function of plasma particles shows that, in a special range of the plasma density and the characteristic length of inhomogeneous magnetic field, a considerable amount of laser energy is transferred to the particles producing a population of electrons with kinetic energy along the laser direction.
Interplay between modulational instability and self-trapping of wavepackets in nonlinear discrete lattices
Authors: Chaves Filho V. L. , Lima R. P. A. , Lyra M. L.
Published: June 2015

We investigate the modulational instability of uniform wavepackets governed by the discrete nonlinear Schrodinger equation in finite linear chains and square lattices. We show that, while the critical nonlinear coupling χMI above which modulational instability occurs remains finite in square lattices, it decays as 1/L in linear chains. In square lattices, there is a direct transition between the regime of stable uniform wavefunctions and the regime of asymptotically localized solutions with stationary probability distributions. On the other hand, there is an intermediate regime in linear chains for which the wavefunction dynamics develops complex breathing patterns. We analytically compute the critical nonlinear strengths for modulational instability in both lattices, as well as the characteristic time τ governing the exponential increase of perturbations in the vicinity of the transition. We unveil that the interplay between modulational instability and self-trapping phenomena is responsible for the distinct wavefunction dynamics in linear and square lattices.
Squeezing-out dynamics in free-standing smectic films
Authors: Zakharov A. V. , S̀liwa Izabela
Published: June 2015

We have carried out a theoretical study of the dynamics of the removal of one smectic layer from the N-layer free-standing smectic film during the layer-thinning process. Squeezing-out is initiated by a thermally activated nucleation process in which a density fluctuation forms a small hole. The dynamics of the bounding area during the layer-thinning transition N → N − 1, when the nucleation occurs in the center of the circular smectic film and the squeezed-out area increases up to the edge of the circular smectic area, is studied by the use of the conservation laws for mass and linear momentum. The disjoining pressure is the main factor that is responsible for the driving out of one smectic layer from the N-layer smectic film.
Studies of scattering mechanisms in gate tunable InAs/(Al,Ga)Sb two dimensional electron gases
Authors: Shojaei B. , McFadden A. , Shabani J. , Schultz B. D. , Palmstrøm C. J.
Published: June 2015

A study of scattering mechanisms in gate tunable two dimensional electron gases confined to InAs/(Al,Ga)Sb heterostructures with varying interface roughness and dislocation density is presented. By integrating an insulated gate structure the evolution of the low temperature electron mobility and single-particle lifetime was determined for a previously unexplored density regime, 1011–1012 cm−2, in this system. Existing theoretical models were used to analyze the density dependence of the electron mobility and single particle lifetime in InAs quantum wells. Scattering was found to be dominated by charged dislocations and interface roughness. It was demonstrated that the growth of InAs quantum wells on nearly lattice matched GaSb substrate results in fewer dislocations, lower interface roughness, and improved low temperature transport properties compared to growth on lattice mismatched GaAs substrates.
Quasi-analytical synthesis of continuous phase correcting structures to increase the directivity of circularly polarized Fabry-Perot resonator antennas
Authors: Afzal Muhammad U. , Esselle Karu P.
Published: June 2015

This paper presents a quasi-analytical technique to design a continuous, all-dielectric phase correcting structures (PCSs) for circularly polarized Fabry-Perot resonator antennas (FPRAs). The PCS has been realized by varying the thickness of a rotationally symmetric dielectric block placed above the antenna. A global analytical expression is derived for the PCS thickness profile, which is required to achieve nearly uniform phase distribution at the output of the PCS, despite the non-uniform phase distribution at its input. An alternative piecewise technique based on spline interpolation is also explored to design a PCS. It is shown from both far- and near-field results that a PCS tremendously improves the radiation performance of the FPRA. These improvements include an increase in peak directivity from 22 to 120 (from 13.4 dBic to 20.8 dBic) and a decrease of 3 dB beamwidth from 41.5° to 15°. The phase-corrected antenna also has a good directivity bandwidth of 1.3 GHz, which is 11% of the center frequency.
Size- and structure-dependence of thermal and mechanical behaviors of single-crystalline and polytypic superlattice ZnS nanowires
Authors: Moon Junghwan , Cho Maenghyo , Zhou Min
Published: June 2015

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are carried out to study the thermal and mechanical behaviors of single-crystalline wurtzite (WZ), zinc-blende (ZB), and polytypic superlattice ZnS nanowires containing alternating WZ and ZB regions with thicknesses between 1.85 nm and 29.62 nm under tensile loading. The wires analyzed have diameters between 1.77 nm and 5.05 nm. The Green-Kubo method is used to calculate the thermal conductivity of the wires at different deformed states. A non-equilibrium MD approach is used to analyze the thermal transport behavior at the interfaces between different structural regions in the superlattice nanowires (SLNWs). The Young's modulus and thermal conductivity of ZB nanowires are approximately 2%–12% and 23%–35% lower than those of WZ nanowires, respectively. The lower initial residual compressive stress due to higher irregularity of surface atoms causes the Young's modulus of ZB nanowires to be lower. The dependence of the thermal conductivity on structure comes from differences in phonon group velocities associated with the different wires. The thermal conductivity of polytypic superlattice nanowires is up to 55% lower than that of single-crystalline nanowires, primarily because of phonon scattering at the interfaces and the resulting lower effective phonon mean free paths for each structural region. As the periodic lengths (1.85–29.62 nm) and specimen lengths (14.81–59.24 nm) of SLNWs decrease, these effects become more pronounced, causing the thermal conductivity to further decrease by up to 30%.
Controlled microdroplet transport in an atmospheric pressure microplasma
Authors: Maguire P. D. , Mahony C. M. O. , Kelsey C. P. , Bingham A. J. , Montgomery E. P. , Bennet E. D. , Potts H. E. , Rutherford D. C. E. , McDowell D. A. , Diver D. A. , Mariotti D.
Published: June 2015

We report the controlled injection of near-isolated micron-sized liquid droplets into a low temperature He-Ne steady-state rf plasma at atmospheric pressure. The H2O droplet stream is constrained within a 2 mm diameter quartz tube. Imaging at the tube exit indicates a log-normal droplet size distribution with an initial count mean diameter of 15 μm falling to 13 μm with plasma exposure. The radial velocity profile is approximately parabolic indicating near laminar flow conditions with the majority of droplets travelling at >75% of the local gas speed and having a plasma transit time of <100 μs. The maximum gas temperature, determined from nitrogen spectral lines, was below 400 K and the observed droplet size reduction implies additional factors beyond standard evaporation, including charge and surface chemistry effects. The demonstration of controlled microdroplet streams opens up possibilities for gas-phase microreactors and remote delivery of active species for plasma medicine.
Thermal conductivity of ultrathin nano-crystalline diamond films determined by Raman thermography assisted by silicon nanowires
Authors: Anaya Julian , Rossi Stefano , Alomari Mohammed , Kohn Erhard , Tóth Lajos , Pécz Béla , Kuball Martin
Published: June 2015

The thermal transport in polycrystalline diamond films near its nucleation region is still not well understood. Here, a steady-state technique to determine the thermal transport within the nano-crystalline diamond present at their nucleation site has been demonstrated. Taking advantage of silicon nanowires as surface temperature nano-sensors, and using Raman Thermography, the in-plane and cross-plane components of the thermal conductivity of ultra-thin diamond layers and their thermal barrier to the Si substrate were determined. Both components of the thermal conductivity of the nano-crystalline diamond were found to be well below the values of polycrystalline bulk diamond, with a cross-plane thermal conductivity larger than the in-plane thermal conductivity. Also a depth dependence of the lateral thermal conductivity through the diamond layer was determined. The results impact the design and integration of diamond for thermal management of AlGaN/GaN high power transistors and also show the usefulness of the nanowires as accurate nano-thermometers.
Nano-honeycomb structured transparent electrode for enhanced light extraction from organic light-emitting diodes
Authors: Shi Xiao-Bo , Qian Min , Wang Zhao-Kui , Liao Liang-Sheng
Published: June 2015

A universal nano-sphere lithography method has been developed to fabricate nano-structured transparent electrode, such as indium tin oxide (ITO), for light extraction from organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Perforated SiO2 film made from a monolayer colloidal crystal of polystyrene spheres and tetraethyl orthosilicate sol-gel is used as a template. Ordered nano-honeycomb pits on the ITO electrode surface are obtained by chemical etching. The proposed method can be utilized to form large-area nano-structured ITO electrode. More than two folds' enhancement in both current efficiency and power efficiency has been achieved in a red phosphorescent OLED which was fabricated on the nano-structured ITO substrate.
Communication: Capturing protein multiscale thermal fluctuations
Authors: Opron Kristopher , Xia Kelin , Wei Guo-Wei
Published: June 2015

Existing elastic network models are typically parametrized at a given cutoff distance and often fail to properly predict the thermal fluctuation of many macromolecules that involve multiple characteristic length scales. We introduce a multiscale flexibility-rigidity index (mFRI) method to resolve this problem. The proposed mFRI utilizes two or three correlation kernels parametrized at different length scales to capture protein interactions at corresponding scales. It is about 20% more accurate than the Gaussian network model (GNM) in the B-factor prediction of a set of 364 proteins. Additionally, the present method is able to deliver accurate predictions for some large macromolecules on which GNM fails to produce accurate predictions. Finally, for a protein of N residues, mFRI is of linear scaling (O(N)) in computational complexity, in contrast to the order of O(N3) for GNM.
Effects of magnetically induced optical incoherence in arrayed Faraday rotator crystals
Authors: Garzarella A. , Shinn M. A. , Wu Dong Ho
Published: June 2015

Bismuth doped iron garnet films were studied in arrayed structures to improve sensitivity in polarimetric magnetic field sensors. The sensitivity gained from the arrayed configuration was found to depend on the ferromagnetic domain geometry of the films. Under small, externally applied fields, films with planar anisotropy yielded an optical modulation depth which increased linearly with the number of crystals in the array. In films with perpendicular anisotropy, linearity and sensitivity were obstructed by a mechanism of optical polarization incoherence which was found to be generated within the magnetic domains. Our results indicate that optimal sensitivity in arrayed configurations requires planar anisotropies, or a direction of laser propagation that is perpendicular to the local domain magnetization.
Creation and perturbation of planar networks of chemical oscillators
Authors: Tompkins Nathan , Cambria Matthew Carl , Wang Adam L. , Heymann Michael , Fraden Seth
Published: June 2015

Methods for creating custom planar networks of diffusively coupled chemical oscillators and perturbing individual oscillators within the network are presented. The oscillators consist of the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction contained in an emulsion. Networks of drops of the BZ reaction are created with either Dirichlet (constant-concentration) or Neumann (no-flux) boundary conditions in a custom planar configuration using programmable illumination for the perturbations. The differences between the observed network dynamics for each boundary condition are described. Using light, we demonstrate the ability to control the initial conditions of the network and to cause individual oscillators within the network to undergo sustained period elongation or a one-time phase delay.
Nanoimplantation and Purcell enhancement of single nitrogen-vacancy centers in photonic crystal cavities in diamond
Authors: Riedrich-Möller Janine , Pezzagna Sébastien , Meijer Jan , Pauly Christoph , Mücklich Frank , Markham Matthew , Edmonds Andrew M. , Becher Christoph
Published: June 2015

We present the controlled creation of single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers via ion implantation at the center of a photonic crystal cavity which is fabricated in an ultrapure, single crystal diamond membrane. High-resolution placement of NV centers is achieved using collimation of a 5 keV-nitrogen ion beam through a pierced tip of an atomic force microscope. We demonstrate coupling of the implanted NV centers' broad band fluorescence to a cavity mode and observe Purcell enhancement of the spontaneous emission. The results are in good agreement with a master equation model for the cavity coupling.
Ferromagnetic resonance measurement using stroboscopic magneto-optical Kerr effect
Authors: Moriyama Takahiro , Yoon Seungha , McMichael Robert D.
Published: June 2015

We have developed a novel ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) measurement technique using the magneto-optical Kerr effect. The measurement technique uses microwave-frequency, intensity-modulated light to stroboscopically measure the Kerr angle due to the magnetization precession. We demonstrate that this stroboscopic magneto-optical Kerr effect provides a frequency domain and phase sensitive FMR measurement. The measurement is sensitive enough to detect the precessing magnetization with the precession cone angle below 1°.
Spatiotemporal expression and transcriptional perturbations by long noncoding RNAs in the mouse brain
Authors: Goff Loyal A. , Groff Abigail F. , Sauvageau Martin , Trayes-Gibson Zachary , Sanchez-Gomez Diana B. , Morse Michael , Martin Ryan D. , Elcavage Lara E. , Liapis Stephen C. , Gonzalez-Celeiro Meryem , Plana Olivia , Li Eric , Gerhardinger Chiara , Tomassy Giulio S. , Arlotta Paola , Rinn John L.
Published: June 2015

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been implicated in numerous cellular processes including brain development. However, the in vivo expression dynamics and molecular pathways regulated by these loci are not well understood. Here, we leveraged a cohort of 13 lncRNA-null mutant mouse models to investigate the spatiotemporal expression of lncRNAs in the developing and adult brain and the transcriptome alterations resulting from the loss of these lncRNA loci. We show that several lncRNAs are differentially expressed both in time and space, with some presenting highly restricted expression in only selected brain regions. We further demonstrate altered regulation of genes for a large variety of cellular pathways and processes upon deletion of the lncRNA loci. Finally, we found that 4 of the 13 lncRNAs significantly affect the expression of several neighboring protein-coding genes in a
cis
-like manner. By providing insight into the endogenous expression patterns and the transcriptional perturbations caused by deletion of the lncRNA locus in the developing and postnatal mammalian brain, these data provide a resource to facilitate future examination of the specific functional relevance of these genes in neural development, brain function, and disease.
A tyrosine-based motif in the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein tail mediates cell-type– and Rab11-FIP1C–dependent incorporation into virions
Authors: Qi Mingli , Chu Hin , Chen Xuemin , Choi Junghwa , Wen Xiaoyun , Hammonds Jason , Ding Lingmei , Hunter Eric , Spearman Paul
Published: June 2015

Significance

The mechanism of incorporation of the HIV envelope glycoprotein (Env) into a developing particle is not well understood. We used a previously identified cellular trafficking factor, Rab11-FIP1C, as a probe to identify a key motif in the Env cytoplasmic tail that is essential for Env incorporation into particles. We show that this motif governs the cell-type–specific incorporation of Env into particles and the appearance of Env at the particle budding site. Our results provide key insights into how HIV Env is incorporated into budding particles and support an important role for FIP1C in this process.
Gain of
cis
-regulatory activities underlies novel domains of
wingless
gene expression in
Drosophila
Authors: Koshikawa Shigeyuki , Giorgianni Matt W. , Vaccaro Kathy , Kassner Victoria A. , Yoder John H. , Werner Thomas , Carroll Sean B.
Published: June 2015

Significance

The origins of novelties pose some of the most difficult experimental challenges in evolutionary biology. Morphological novelties in animals are generally thought to arise through new domains of expression of so-called “toolkit” regulatory genes, but how such changes arise has not been explored in depth. Here, we show that three novel features of
wingless
gene expression associated with three novel pattern elements are the result of three novel enhancer activities. One of these enhancers is clearly modified from an evolutionarily conserved, pre-existing regulatory sequence. We suggest the modification of extant enhancers is a common path to novelty in gene expression and morphology.
Synthesis of double-fluorescent labeled prion protein for FRET analysis
Authors: Hosokawa-Muto Junji , Yamaguchi Kei-ichi , Kamatari Yuji O , Kuwata Kazuo
Published: June 2015

An abnormal form of prion protein (PrP) is considered to be the pathogen in prion diseases. However, the structural details of this abnormal form are not known. To characterize the non-native structure of PrP, we synthesized position-specific double-fluorescent labeled PrP for a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiment. Using FRET, we observed a conformational change in the labeled PrP associated with amyloid fibril formation. The FRET analysis indicated that the distance between fluorescent labeled N- and C-terminal sites of PrP increased upon the formation of amyloid fibrils compared with that of the native state. This approach using FRET analysis is useful for elucidating the structure of abnormal PrP.
Identification and analysis of the resorcinomycin biosynthetic gene cluster
Authors: Ooya Koichi , Ogasawara Yasushi , Noike Motoyoshi , Dairi Tohru
Published: June 2015

Resorcinomycin (1) is composed of a nonproteinogenic amino acid, (S)-2-(3,5-dihydroxy-4-isopropylphenyl)-2-guanidinoacetic acid (2), and glycine. A biosynthetic gene cluster was identified in a genome database of Streptoverticillium roseoverticillatum by searching for orthologs of the genes responsible for biosynthesis of pheganomycin (3), which possesses a (2)-derivative at its N-terminus. The cluster contained a gene encoding an ATP-grasp-ligase (res5), which was suggested to catalyze the peptide bond formation between 2 and glycine. A res5-deletion mutant lost 1 productivity but accumulated 2 in the culture broth. However, recombinant RES5 did not show catalytic activity to form 1 with 2 and glycine as substrates. Moreover, heterologous expression of the cluster resulted in accumulation of only 2 and no production of 1 was observed. These results suggested that a peptide with glycine at its N-terminus may be used as a nucleophile and then maturated by a peptidase encoded by a gene outside of the cluster.
Raising literacy levels using digital learning: a design‐based approach in New Zealand
Authors: Jesson Rebecca , McNaughton Stuart , Wilson Aaron
Published: June 2015

This paper reports on a design‐based intervention in urban primary and secondary schools serving culturally diverse students from low socio‐economic status (SES) communities. The intervention capitalises on a partially implemented programme in seven schools which use digital devices (netbooks) and applications to raise literacy levels. Learning and teaching measures have been used to identify effective components which can be more systematically implemented. Classroom observations were employed to provide a profile of the use and quality of the literacy instruction and to identify effective instructional practices, thereby contributing to the redesign of instruction for cluster wide implementation. The study adds to a growing number of interventions which use a design‐based approach to tackle problems associated with school effectiveness. It contributes to the identification of promising new practices and to the design of more effective instruction in the context of a national system (New Zealand) that is already generally of high quality in literacy teaching but with low equity. A specific outcome is further evidence about how new technologies and digital learning are being implemented in low SES classrooms and the relationships with valued student outcomes.
The Impact of Inpatient Homicide on Forensic Mental Health Nurses' Distress and Posttraumatic Stress
Authors: Lee Joyce , Ogloff James R. P. , Daffern Michael , Martin Trish
Published: June 2015

Violence in mental health units can have a profound impact on staff wellbeing. This cross-sectional study explored the impact of patient-perpetrated double homicide on the psychological wellbeing of forensic mental health nurses. Nurses completed self-report questionnaires assessing the impact of aggression and work stress on posttraumatic stress and distress prior to ( N = 97) and after ( N = 107) a patient killed two other patients in a forensic psychiatric hospital. Following the homicides, nurses generally demonstrated resilience and there were few differences in posttraumatic stress and distress before and after the incident; however, nurses working on the unit where the homicides occurred appear to have been at increased risk of developing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Nurses experiencing increased posttraumatic stress and distress were likely to seek help by accessing psychological support services. Implications for organisations and individual staff members are discussed.
Responsiveness of Crop Yield and Acreage to Prices and Climate
Authors: Miao Ruiqing , Khanna Madhu , Huang Haixiao
Published: May 2015

We investigate the effect of crop price and climate variables on rainfed corn and soybean yields and acreage in the United States using a large panel dataset for the 1977–2007 period. Instrumental variables are used to control for endogeneity of prices in yield and acreage regressions, while allowing for spatially auto‐correlated errors. We find that an increase in corn price has a statistically significant positive impact on corn yield, but the effect of soybean price on soybean yields is not statistically significant. The estimated price elasticities of corn yield and acreage are 0.23 and 0.45, respectively. Of the increase in corn supply caused by an increase in corn price, we find that 33.8% is due to price‐induced yield enhancement and 66.2% is due to price‐induced acreage expansion. We also find that the impact of climate change on corn production ranges from −7% to −41% and on soybean ranges from −8% to −45%, depending on the climate change scenarios, time horizon, and global climate models used to predict climate change. We show that the aggregate net impact of omitting price variables is an overestimation of the effect of climate change on corn yield by up to 9% and on soybean yield by up to 15%.
Infection of newly recruited American eels (Anguilla rostrata) by the invasive swimbladder parasite Anguillicoloides crassus in a US Atlantic tidal creek
Authors: Hein Jennifer L. , de Buron Isaure , Roumillat William A. , Post William C. , Hazel Allan P. , Arnott Stephen A.
Published: June 2015

Little is known about the infection status of glass eel and elver stages of the American eel Anguilla rostrata by the invasive swimbladder parasite Anguillicoloides crassus. This study examined infection by adult and larval A. crassus in glass eels (n = 274) and elvers (n = 199) collected during March–December 2013 from an eel ladder at a dammed creek near Charleston, SC, USA. Among all the eels examined [total lengths (TLs), 34–156 mm], the prevalence (±SE), mean abundance, and mean intensity of A. crassus worms was 29.4 ± 2.1%, 0.88 ± 0.12, and 2.98 ± 0.34, respectively. Infection by A. crassus was not detected in the earliest glass eel development stages (pigment stages 1–3), but it was detected in more advanced stages (pigment stages 4–7) and fully pigmented elvers. From March to July, parasite prevalence increased significantly with eel TL, and all eels 125 mm or longer (n = 13) were infected. From August–December, when fewer eels were caught, parasite prevalence was generally lower and less dependent on the eel TL. Our study demonstrates the potential risk of spreading A. crassus to new areas by transporting live glass eels and elvers. This is of particular relevance because our study site was located in the Cooper River drainage, one of the few locations in the USA that permits a glass eel harvest.
An Assessment of Your Eating Problems
Authors: Apple Robin F. , Agras W. Stewart
Published: June 2015

Chapter 1 covers the assessment of the patient's eating problem, if there is an eating disorder present, the facts about bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge-eating disorder (BED), and if the program right for the patient. It includes case studies, causes, patient motivation, simultaneous treatment, medications, treatment benefits, CBT and its effectiveness, beginning therapy, homework, and self-assessment questions.
Medical Consequences of Bulimia Nervosa and Binge-Eating Disorder
Authors: Apple Robin F. , Agras W. Stewart
Published: June 2015

Chapter 5 discusses the medical consequences of BN and BED, including alternative methods of purging, including laxatives, diuretics, ipecac, homework, and self-assessment questions.
Measuring Your Progress
Authors: Apple Robin F. , Agras W. Stewart
Published: June 2015

Chapter 6 discusses the measurement of patient progress, including how to refine or revise the strategy, expectations for change, maintaining a regular eating pattern, weekly weigh-ins, engagement in pleasing alternative activities, exercising and reducing fat intake, exercising too much, homework, and self-assessment questions.
Understanding Binge Triggers
Authors: Apple Robin F. , Agras W. Stewart
Published: June 2015

Chapter 8 discusses understanding binge triggers, including factors associated with binge eating (external factors, social factors, internal factors), thoughts, homework, and self-assessment questions.
Solving Problems
Authors: Apple Robin F. , Agras W. Stewart
Published: June 2015

Chapter 10 discusses problem solving, including how to identify problems that lead to binge eating, and to learn a method for solving these problems before binge eating occurs. It covers low moods, problem thoughts, continued dietary restrictions, abstaining from pleasurable alternative activities, accumulation of risk factors, homework, and self-assessment questions.
Challenging Problem Thoughts
Authors: Apple Robin F. , Agras W. Stewart
Published: June 2015

Chapter 11 covers challenging problem thoughts, and discusses the link between problem thoughts and behaviors, types of interpretive errors, identifying problem thoughts and revising them, challenge methods, homework, and self-assessment questions.
Session 8: Drink Refusal / Communication Part II
Authors: McCrady Barbara S. , Epstein Elizabeth E.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 8 outlines Session 8 of the ABCT program. This session discusses drink refusal and uses role-play to train participants in how to refuse a drink when it is offered. Communication skills are further explored, along with a model for good communication.
Session 9: Partner Role in Drink Refusal / Communication Part III / Relapse Prevention Part I
Authors: McCrady Barbara S. , Epstein Elizabeth E.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 9 explores Session 9 of the treatment program. This session discusses the partner’s role in drink refusal, and ways that the partner can help the client when alcohol is present. Communication skills are also explored, including levelling and editing techniques, as well as how to identify decisions that can inadvertently lead to drinking.
Introductory Information for Therapists
Authors: Foa Edna B. , Chrestman Kelly R. , Gilboa-Schechtman Eva
Published: June 2015

Chapter 1 presents introductory information for therapists, including diagnostic criteria for PTSD, evidence base for the treatment program, a prolonged exposure model of PTSD, benefits and risks of the treatment program, alternative treatments, the role of medications, and the program structure.
Motivational Interview Module (optional)
Authors: Foa Edna B. , Chrestman Kelly R. , Gilboa-Schechtman Eva
Published: June 2015

Chapter 3 outlines the use of motivational interviewing to determine the patient's motivation for therapy, identify the life domains that have been disrupted as a result of the trauma, and identify potential obstacles to the patient's participation in therapy.
Real-Life Experiments Module
Authors: Foa Edna B. , Chrestman Kelly R. , Gilboa-Schechtman Eva
Published: June 2015

This module reviews the rationale for exposure, introduces Real-Life Experiments (in vivo exposures), and teaches the patient how to rate the anxiety produced by exposures using the Stress Thermometer. Together, you and the patient will generate a list of real-life experiments and rate them using the Stress Thermometer form to produce a detailed and systematic hierarchy.
Relapse Prevention Module
Authors: Foa Edna B. , Chrestman Kelly R. , Gilboa-Schechtman Eva
Published: June 2015

Chapter 11 presents techniques for relapse prevention, including identifying potential symptom triggers, planning coping strategies, and reviewing tools that have been acquired during therapy.
Overcoming Depression: Workbook
Authors: Gilson Mark , Freeman Arthur , Yates M. Jane , Freeman Sharon Morgillo
Published: June 2015

This online workbook is designed to help patients work together with a qualified mental health professional to overcome depression. The program provides a set of coping strategies and skills so patients can proactively deal with depression and increase quality of life. Patients will work with a therapist to understand the biology of depression, as well as how emotions, activity level, situations, and thoughts all contribute to depression. This treatment is scientifically proven and can be used in conjunction with medication. It also includes worksheets and forms for completing in-session exercises, as well as at-home assignments.
The Theory and Practice of Cognitive Therapy
Authors: Gilson Mark , Freeman Arthur , Yates M. Jane , Freeman Sharon Morgillo
Published: June 2015

Chapter 3 explores the theory of cognitive therapy (CT), the CT model, and the elements of depression from the CT perspective (the cognitive triad, cognitive distortion, schemas and assumptions).
Understanding Your Body: The B of the BEAST
Authors: Gilson Mark , Freeman Arthur , Yates M. Jane , Freeman Sharon Morgillo
Published: June 2015

Chapter 4 discusses the biology aspect of the BEAST model, and explores the biology of depression, how genetics can affect mood, and how to assess the biological aspects of your depression using worksheets. The effects of lifestyle (diet, sleep, energy loss and exercise, psychoactive substances), and health problems are also explored. Finally, the chapter discusses how medication can be used to treat depression, and how to use the forms provided to track mood.