bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
One-pot Synthesis of α,α-Dichloroketones from Alkynes Using the N,N-Dimethylformamide/HCl/Potassium Monoperoxysulfate System
Authors: Kim Kye Kwang , Kim Jae Nyoung , Kim Kyoung Mahn , Kim Hyoung Rae , Ryu Eung K
Published: May 2006

The reaction of alkynes with N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF)/HCl/potassium monoperoxysulfate (Oxone, Aldrich) afforded the corresponding α,α-dichloroketones in good yields.
Pulse Radiolysis-Laser Flash Photolysis Studies of Diphenyl Sulfide in Liquid Halocarbons
Authors: Sumiyoshi Takashi , Sakai Hiromichi , Kawasaki Masahiro , Katayama Meiseki
Published: May 2006

The combined pulse radiolysis-laser flash photolysis method has established that the excited state of diphenyl sulfide/chlorine atom complexes readily undergoes intermolecular hydrogen abstraction, while the excited state of diphenyl sulfide/bromine complexes is de-excited without any reactions.
Solid-State Sensor for Sulfur Oxides Based on Stabilized Zirconia and Metal Sulphate
Authors: Yan Yongtie , Shimizu Youichi , Miura Norio , Yamazoe Noboru
Published: May 2006

Electrochemical cells using MgO-stabilized zirconia tube coated with metal sulphates were found to exhibit fairly good sensing properties to 20–200 ppm SO2 in air at 650–800 °C. With various sulphates such as Li2SO4 and Na2SO4, EMF responses to SO2 followed Nernst’s equations for a 2-electron reduction of SO2. With Li2SO4-CaSO4 (6:4 in molar ratio), 90% response- and 90% recovery-times were 12 s and 2.5 min, respectively, for 130 ppm SO2 at 800 °C.
Electrochemical Synthesis of a Tricyclo[5.4.0.01,5]undec-9-en-8,11-dione and Its Conversion to a Triqinane-type Compound
Authors: Maki Shojiro , Kosemura Seiji , Yamamura Shosuke , Kawano Shigeki , Ohba Shigeru
Published: May 2006

9-Methoxy-6β-(3′,4′-dimethoxyphenyl)-2β,5α-dimethyltricyclo[5.4.0.01,5]undec-9-en-8,11-dione has been synthesized by using electrochemical oxidation of the corresponding phenol and then readily converted into a triquinane-type compound in 8 steps.
Enzymatic Preparation of Glycerol-related Chiral Pool Possessing tert-Alkoxy Group
Authors: Watanabe Naoyuki , Sugai Takeshi , Ohta Hiromichi
Published: May 2006

Several kinds of enzymes catalyzed the enantioselective hydrolysis of 2-substituted glycerol 1,3-diacetates to afford optically active monoacetates of 50–73%e.e. under ordinary conditions (phosphate buffer, pH 7, 30 °C). After examining the effect of co-solvents, the hydrolysis of 2-trimethylsilylethoxymethoxyglycerol 1,3-diacetate using lipase LP was improved to afford the monoacetate of 87%e.e. with definite absolute configuration in 50% aqueous DMF at 3 °C.
An Approach to Anthracycline Synthetic Intermediate from Novel Glycerol-related Chiral Pool
Authors: Watanabe Naoyuki , Ohta Hiromichi
Published: May 2006

A key-intermediate of synthetic anthracycline, (+)-(1S,2S)-1,3-dihydroxy-3,3′-O-isopropiridene-3-(hydroxymethyl)-5,8-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene was synthesized from optically active 2-substituted glycerol monoacetate which was prepared via enantioselective enzymatic hydrolysis of a prochiral 2-substituted glycerol derivative.
Lipophilic Cyclic Hexapeptide for Calcium Ion-Selective-Electrode
Authors: Nishino Norikazu , Shiroishi Takanobu , Muraoka Taito , Fujimoto Tsutomu
Published: May 2006

The cyclic hexapeptides containing artificial and lipophilic amino acid, α-aminomyristic acid were designed. The poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membrane electrode based on a cyclic hexapeptide exhibited high calcium ion selectivity over sodium and potassium ions.
Direct Catalytic Transformation of Olefins into α-Hydroxy Ketones with Hydrogen Peroxide Catalyzed by Peroxotungstophosphate
Authors: Sakata Yasuyuki , Katayama Yuji , Ishii Yasutaka
Published: May 2006

Aliphatic olefins were directly converted into α-hydroxy ketones with acidic aqueous hydrogen peroxide in the presence of catalytic amount of peroxotungstophosphate (PCWP) under the biphasic system using chloroform as a solvent. The acidic medium was necessary to open the resulting epoxide to vic-diol which was subsequently oxidized to α-hydroxy ketones.
Preparation of Sterically Congested 1,9-Disubstituted Dibenzoselenophenes by Ligand Coupling Reactions and Formation of New Dithia and Diselena Dications on Chemical and Electrochemical Oxidations
Authors: Furukawa Naomichi , Ishikawa Yasuhiro , Kimura Takeshi , Ogawa Satoshi
Published: May 2006

Sterically congested 1,9-bis(phenylthio)dibenzoselenophene (4a) and 1,9-bis(phenylseleno)dibenzoselenophene (4b) were prepared. New dithia dication and diselena dication were generated from 4a and 4b, respectively, in coned sulfuric acid.
Small Difference in Cation Stability in Controlling the Formation of Hydrocarbon Salt or Covalent Hydrocarbon
Authors: Miyabo Atsushi , Takeuchi Ken’ichi , Komatsu Koichi , Kitagawa Toshikazu
Published: May 2006

The reaction of sterically comparable cations, 3-(p-methylphenyl)- and 3-phenyl-1,2-dicyclopropylcyclopropenylium ions with highly stable Kuhn’s anion (C67H39−) gives a hydrocarbon salt and a covalent hydrocarbon, respectively, suggesting that a slight difference in cation stability differentiates the formation of either product.
Total Synthesis of Antibiotic (−)-Oudemansin X Utilizing l-Quebrachitol as a Chiral Pool
Authors: Chida Noritaka , Yamada Ken , Ogawa Seiichiro
Published: May 2006

The stereoselective conversion of naturally occurring optically active cyclitol, l-quebrachitol (2), into antifungal (E)-β-methoxyacrylate, oudemansin X is described. This synthesis fully confirmed the proposed absolute configuration of the antibiotic and revealed the usefulness of 2 as a versatile chiral pool.
Photochemical Behavior of Chlorocarbonylbis(triphenylphosphine)rhodium(I), ClRh(CO)P2 (P = PPh3). Laser Flash Photolysis with Infrared Detection
Authors: Oishi Shigero , Kawashima Takeshi
Published: May 2006

Laser flash photolysis of ClRh(CO)P2 with monitoring infrared region gave definite evidence of photoelimination of CO, rather than P. ClRhP2 generated reacts with the remaining ClRh(CO)P2 to give a transient binuclear rhodium carbonyl, which regenerates ClRh(CO)P2 via the reaction with CO.
A Novel Photo-Induced Patterned Film Formation of Organic Pigments Using Tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) and Surfactant with Ferrocenyl Moiety
Authors: Mizuno Hironobu , Hoshino Katsuyoshi , Hanna Jun-ichi , Kokado Hiroshi
Published: May 2006

When an acidic aqueous dispersion of an organic pigment containing a ferrocene attached surfactant, a ruthenium(II) photocatalyst, and a sacrificial agent, was illuminated with light of wavelength 450 nm through a photo-masked indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass substrate, photo-induced reaction occurred and it deposited pigment layers not onto the illuminated region, but onto the unilluminated area of the substrate.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Calixarene Analog Locked in the Cone Conformation
Authors: Okada Yukihiro , Ishii Fuyuhiko , Kasai Yoshinori , Nishimura Jun
Published: May 2006

A cone-formed calix[4]arene analog (2) was prepared in 89% yield from dihydroxy[2.5]metacyclophane as a building block. A rigidified calixarene analog having ethyl acetate units showed the remarkable selectivity in alkali metal ion extraction. Cyclophane 2 can easily be chiral by changing one, two, or three OH groups to some other achiral functional groups.
Preparation and Electrochemical Properties of the Green Ytterbium(III) and Lutetium(III) Sandwich Complexes of Octabutoxy-Substituted Phthalocyanine
Authors: Takahashi Kazuhiro , Tomita Yasuhiro , Hada Yasuhiro , Tsubota Keiji , Handa Makoto , Kasuga Kuninobu , Sogabe Kunihisa , Tokii Tadashi
Published: May 2006

The Yb(III) and Lu(III) sandwich complexes of 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octabutoxyphthalocyanine (H2obPc) were prepared and characterized. Those electrochemical properties in CH2Cl2 were studied by means of cyclic voltammetry and absorption spectra in 320–1600 nm region monitored during controlled-potential electrolysis.
An Expedient Synthesis of α,β-Unsaturated Ketones Using Nitroalkenes and Sulfones
Authors: Awen Bahlul Z , Miyashita Masaaki , Shiratani Tomonori , Yoshikoshi Akira , Irie Hiroshi
Published: May 2006

A facile synthesis of various substituted α,β-unsaturated ketones utilizing nitroalkenes and sulfones are described, in which conjugate addition of sulfonyl carbanions to nitroalkenes, ozonolysis or acid treatment of the resulting lithium nitronates, and subsequent elimination of sulfinic acid from keto sulfones by DBU are involved.
Novel Synthesis of Indoles via Palladium-Catalyzed Reductive N-Heterocyclization of o-Nitrostyrene Derivatives
Authors: Akazome Motohiro , Kondo Teruyuki , Watanabe Yoshihisa
Published: May 2006

Indole derivatives were readily prepared from the reductive N-heterocyclization of o-nitrostyrene derivatives in the presence of a catalytic amount of PdCl2(PPh3)2–SnCl2 under carbon monoxide pressure (20 kg/cm2) at 100 °C for 16 h. With o-nitrostilbene, 2-phenylindole was obtained in 75% yield.
Partial Oxidation of Toluene to Benzaldehyde and Benzyl Alcohol by Applying an H2-O2 Fuel Cell System
Authors: Otsuka Kiyoshi , Ishizuka Kiyokazu , Yamanaka Ichiro
Published: May 2006

The cathode of carbon whisker was active for the oxidation of toluene into benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol during the H2-O2 fuel cell reaction under short circuit conditions. Synergism of carbon whisker and active carbon was observed. The increase in the concentration of H3PO4 used as an electrolyte improved the selectivity and the oxidation efficiency remarkably.
Biotransformation of Squalene to Optically Active Methylsuccinic Acid and 3-Methyladipic Acid
Authors: Tsubokura Akira , Yoneda Hisashi , Hirayama Takayuki , Kiyota Takashi
Published: May 2006

Squalene was converted to a mixture of (R)-(+)-methylsuccinic acid and (S)-(−)-3-methyladipic acid by Saccharomycopsis lipolytica SQL349 isolated from soil. The enantiomeric excess of each compound was determined to be 99%.
A Versatile Macrocyclic [12]aneN3 for Interconversion of Tetrahedral and Trigonal Bipyramidal Zinc(II) Complexes. Relevance to Four- →← Five-Coordinate Geometries of Zinc(II) in Carbonic Anhydrase
Authors: Kimura Eiichi , Koike Tohru , Shionoya Mitsuhiko , Shiro Motoo
Published: May 2006

X-Ray crystal study of [12]aneN3-ZnII(NCS)2 has revealed a 5-coordinate, trigonal bipyramidal structure with an equatorial ZnII-NCS− bond closer and linear, and an apical ZnII-NCS− bond longer and bent, and the new configuration of [12]aneN3, which is reversed from those known for 4-coordinate, tetrahedral ZnII complexes.
Energy Component Analysis of the Pseudo Jahn-Teller Effect in Pentalene and Heptalene
Authors: Toyota Azumao , Kataoka Masahiro , Koseki Shiro
Published: May 2006

An energy component analysis of the pseudo Jahn-Teller effect from D2h to C2h within the PPP-type HF approximation reveals that the energetic stability for heptalene arises essentially from a lowering of the electron-nuclear attraction energy, while that for pentalene arises entirely from a decrease in the interelectronic repulsion energy.
Catalytic Decomposition of CFC-112 and CFC-113 in the Presence of Ethanol
Authors: Miyatani Daisaku , Shinoda Kiyonori , Nakamura Tadashi , Ohta Minoru , Yasuda Kensei
Published: May 2006

Iron (III) chloride supported on activated charcoal was extremely effective for decomposition of CFC-112 and CFC-113 into CO and CO2 in the presence of ethanol at the the low temperature.
Double-Sided Porphyrinatoiron(II) Bearing Covalently Bound Imidazole. An Efficient Oxygen-Carrier Molecule Composed by 8 Ester Bonds
Authors: Komatsu Teruyuki , Arai Kenji , Nishide Hiroyuki , Tsuchida Eishun
Published: May 2006

Double-sided porphyrinatoiron(II) bearing covalently bound axial imidazole, 5,10,15-tris(2,6-bis(3,3-dimethylbutyryloxy)phenyl)-20-(2-(3,3-dimethylbutyryloxy)-6-(5-imidazolylvaleroyloxy)phenyl)porphyrinatoiron (1b), was synthesized: The substituents of 1b are bound with the porphyrin only through ester bonds. 1b formed a stable O2 adduct reversibly in toluene at 25 °C or with a lipid surfactant under physiological conditions.
An Investigation of the Inherent Chiral Induction Ability of Axially Chiral 1,1′-Binaphthalene Framework in the Prelog’s Atrolactic Acid Synthesis
Authors: Tamai Yasufumi , Nakano Tomoyuki , Miyano Sotaro
Published: May 2006

In the Prelog’s atrolactic acid synthesis using 2′-substituted 1,1′-binaphthalen-2-ols as the chiral auxiliaries, the sense of the diastereoselection could not solely be determined by the helicity of the 1,1′-binaphthalene framework. A revised steric model is proposed to explain the selectivity.
Nitrene-promoted α-Alkoxylation of Amides with Silyl Ethers
Authors: Mitani Michiharu , Watanabe Keiko , Tachizawa Osamu , Koyama Kikuhiko
Published: May 2006

Thermolysis of a solution of amides, silyl ethers, and ethyl azidoformate caused the introduction of several alkoxy groups into the positions adjacent to the amide nitrogen.
Hydrogenation of Solid State Carbonates
Authors: Tsuneto Akira , Kudo Akihiko , Saito Nobuhiro , Sakata Tadayoshi
Published: May 2006

NiCO3 and CoCO3 react with hydrogen to produce methane at 200–250 °C without any additional catalysts, and some alkali or alkaline-earth metal carbonates are also hydrogenated at 300–400 °C to form methane using transition metal powders as a catalyst.
The Stability and Reactivity of Dihydroxy Bis(trimethylphosphine)platinum(II)
Authors: Miyamoto T Ken , Suzuki Yoshitsugu , Ichida Hikaru
Published: May 2006

A dihydroxy platinum(II) compound, cis-[Pt(PMe3)2(OH)2]·nH2O (Me = methyl, n = 2–3; 1) has been isolated. The presence of several water molecules is required for the stabilization of the complex. The solution equilibria of 1 with some equivalents of nitric acid has been observed by 31P NMR spectroscopy, as well as the reaction of 1 with aqueous hydrogen peroxide. Leaving 1 in air gives carbonatoplatinum(II), cis-[Pt(PMe3)2(CO3)]·2H2O. The crystal structure determination has revealed that the carbonate anion forms a 4-membered chelate with a platinum atom.
Syntheses and Molecular Recognition Abilities of 6-O-, 2-O-, and 3-O-Dansyl-γ-Cyclodextrins
Authors: Wang Yong , Ikeda Tsukasa , Ueno Akihiko , Toda Fujio
Published: May 2006

6-O-, 2-O-, and 3-O-Dansyl-γ-CD (γ-1, γ-2, and γ-3) were synthesized as fluorescent sensors by the reaction of γ-CD with dansyl chloride under different conditions. They showed remarkably different molecular recognition abilities for various organic compounds. Molecular size and molecular structure of guests are the important factors which govern the sensitivity in these sensor systems.
Molecular Structure of Phenyl[tris(trimethylsilyl)]ethylene Dilithium Complex. An Orthogonal Dianion
Authors: Sekiguchi Akira , Nakanishi Tetsuo , Kabuto Chizuko , Sakurai Hideki
Published: May 2006

Phenyl[tris(trimethylsilyl)]ethylene bis(lithium dimethoxyethane) was prepared as black crystals. The molecular structure determined by the X-ray diffraction method shows several interesting features. One of the lithium atoms is located near the central two carbon atoms, while the other is above the benzene ring and the central C–C bond is twisted by 92°.
Fluorescein Chemiluminescence-Delay Method for the Determination of Ultratrace Amounts of Copper(II)
Authors: Kamidate Tamio , Kuniya Isao , Segawa Tadashi , Watanabe Hiroto
Published: May 2006

A delayed chemiluminescence(CL) was observed in the copper(II)-catalyzed oxidation of cysteamine with oxygen in the presence of fluorescein(FL) and horseradish peroxidase. The delayed CL reaction of FL was applied to the determination of Cu(II). The delay time was correlated linearly with Cu(II) concentration over the range from 5.0 × 10−9 M to 1.0 × 10−6 M.
Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation in Helical Nickel(II) Complex, cis-Bis[2-N-(phenylmethylideneamine)benzenethiolato]nickel(II)
Authors: Kawamoto Tatsuya , Kushi Yoshihiko
Published: May 2006

The reaction of 2-phenylbenzothiazoline with nickel(II) acetate tetrahydrate leads to cis-bis[2-N-(phenylmethylideneamine)benzenethiolato]nickel(II) (1) and two ligands in 1 are joined through a C-C bond to form a complex having two chiral centers (2). The X-ray structural analysis of 2 establishes the bond patterns of the delocalized ligand.
A New Method for the Preparation of Conjugated Nitro Olefins
Authors: Fujii Masayuki
Published: May 2006

Condensation of 1-nitroalkanephosphonates with carbonyl compounds affords a new and facile method for the preparation of conjugated nitro olefins.
Optical Sensing Properties of PVC Membrane Incorporating Lipophilic 8-Hydroxyquinoline Derivative
Authors: Wang Enju , Ohashi Kousaburo , Kamata Satsuo
Published: May 2006

Optical properties of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membrane incorporated with chromophore quinoline derivative were studied. The absorbance of the sensor increased with OH− concentration (0.001–1 mol dm−3) at 613 nm; and with Cu2+ concentration (5 × 10−6 – 10−3 mol dm−3) at 580 nm due to deprotonation and complexation with Cu2+ ions.
Preparation of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Films for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells by Electrophoretic Deposition Method
Authors: Ishihara Tatsumi , Sato Keiji , Mizuhara Yukako , Takita Yusaku
Published: May 2006

The electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method was applied for the preparation of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) films for a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). Dense YSZ films with uniform thickness can be readily prepared by EPD method. When the planar SOFC was fabricated by using La0.6Sr0.4MnO3 as a cathode and electroless plating Pt as an anode, the open circuit voltage and the maximum power density attained were 1.03 V and 1.87 Wcm−2, respectively.
Catalytic Removal of Trimethylamine, an Offensive-Odor Component, by Selective Oxidative Decomposition to N2, CO2, and H2O over Copper-Exchanged Zeolites
Authors: Kuwabara Hiroki , Okuhara Toshio , Misono Makoto
Published: May 2006

Copper-exchanged zeolites catalyzed the oxidative decomposition of (CH3)3N to N2, CO2, and H2O. The selectivity to N2 was 92% and the formation of NOx was less than 5 ppm, when 8000 ppm of (CH3)3N with O2 (20%) was flowed over copper-exchanged Y zeolite at 573 K.
Stereoselective Reduction of α,β-Epoxy Ketones into erythro-α,β-Epoxy Alcohols with Sodium Borohydride in the Presence of Calcium Chloride
Authors: Fujii Hideaki , Oshima Koichiro , Utimoto Kiitiro
Published: May 2006

erythro-α,β-Epoxy alcohols were prepared with high stereoselectivity by sodium borohydride reduction of the corresponding α,β-epoxy ketones in the presence of calcium chloride or manganese(II) chloride regardless of the substituents on the epoxide ring.
Selective Retention for Structural Isomers in Aqueous Liquid Chromatography Using Poly(γ-Methyl L-Glutamate) Spherical Particles
Authors: Hirayama Chuichi , Ihara Hirotaka , Nagaoka Shoji , Syono Tadayoshi
Published: May 2006

Poly(γ-methyl L-glutamate) spherical particles having micropores showed higher retention capacity for n-isomers of alcohols (with remarkable temperature dependencies) than for tert-isomers in the aqueous liquid chromatography. No similar temperature dependence was observed for either spherical particles having macropores or alkyl-bonded silica gels.
Gas Permeation through Microporous Alumina Membranes Containing Highly Dispersed Metal Particles
Authors: Chai Maorong , Machida Masato , Eguchi Koichi , Arai Hiromichi
Published: May 2006

Hydrogen gas permeation through sol-gel derived microporous alumina membranes was strongly promoted in the presence of metal particles highly dispersed in the pore structure. The separation factor of hydrogen for ruthenium-dispersed membranes exceeded the limitation of the Knudsen diffusion mechanism.
Photoreductive Deposition of Palladium for Electroless Copper Plating
Authors: Kondo Koji , Ishikawa Futoshi , Ishida Nobumasa , Irie Masahiro
Published: May 2006

Selective seeding of palladium catalysts on an alumina plate for electroless copper plating was made by photoirradiation. The adsorbed Pd(II)-tartrate were selectively converted to Pd(0) by photoirradiation and the photogenerated Pd(0) catalyzed the electroless copper plating.
Differential Expression of Cell Surface Markers by Ovine Respiratory Tract Dendritic Cells
Authors: McNeilly Tom N. , Brown Jeremy K. , Harkiss Gordon
Published: May 2006

Dendritic cells (DCs) are key antigen-presenting cells central to the induction of primary immune responses. Despite the prevalence of respiratory disease in sheep and the increasing use of the ovine lung as a model for human disease, ovine respiratory tract DCs (RTDCs) have not yet been characterized. Using single and double immunocytochemical staining, expression of a number of potential DC markers (MHC class II, CD1b, SIRPα, and CD205) by ovine RTDC populations has been determined. MHC class II staining revealed widespread populations of DCs either adjacent to respiratory airway epithelium or within the lung parenchyma. CD1b was expressed by a small subpopulation of both airway and parenchymal RTDCs. Expression of SIRPα was limited to a small subpopulation of airway RTDCs but was absent from the lung parenchyma. CD205 was widely expressed by airway RTDCs but expressed only by a small subpopulation of parenchymal RTDCs. In addition, the majority (87%) of parenchymal CD205+ cells exhibited a non-DC-like morphology and did not express MHC class II, suggesting that these single CD205+ cells were not DCs. Phenotypic differences between airway and parenchymal RTDCs may be related to functional differences between the two populations.
The Electronic Ball and Chain? The Operation and Impact of Home Detention with Electronic Monitoring in New Zealand
Authors: Gibbs Anita , King Denise
Published: May 2006

In New Zealand, Amendment No. 9 (1999) of the Criminal Justice Act 1985 introduced Home Detention Orders as an early release from prison option, implemented on the 1st October 1999. The orders, with electronic monitoring,were available to convicted offenders who had not committed serious offences and who were sentenced to, or serving, varying lengths of imprisonment.The purpose of the new scheme was to ease the transition of prison inmates back into the community. It was also hoped that home detention would result in a reduction in overall time spent in prison, as well as addressing offending behaviour through the intensive supervision and programs accompanying the home confinement. After reviewing the literature on home detention, and outlining the development and operation of home detention in New Zealand, we will discuss research undertaken by the authors during 2001. The research aimed to ascertain the impact of home detention on offenders, and their families, and to explore the views of other stakeholders, for example, probation officers and prison board members.We interviewed 21 offenders, 21 sponsors, 6 probation officers, 2 security staff and observed over 20 members of district prison boards. Eleven key findings were identified: including factors of suitability, impacts on behaviour and relationships, gender issues and the effectiveness of home detention.We conclude with a brief discussion of the implications of the research: the need to support families and sponsors, ongoing ethical and legal issues, and the acceptance of surveillance as the norm in New Zealand.
Problematic Licensed Premises for Assault in Inner Sydney, Newcastle and Wollongong
Authors: Briscoe Suzanne , Donnell Neil
Published: May 2006

Evidence suggests that licensed premises are often associated with alcohol-related harm, particularly violent crime. However, not all licensed premises appear to be equal contributors to alcohol-related problems in the community. This paper examines the distribution of harmful outcomes across licensed premises in three inner-urban areas of NSW. Police-recorded assault incidents on licensed premises in inner Sydney, Newcastle and Wollongong over a 2-year period were analysed. In inner Sydney 12% of hotels and nightclubs accounted for almost 60% of all assaults at hotels and nightclubs, in inner Newcastle 8% of licensed premises accounted for nearly 80% of all assaults on licensed premises and in inner Wollongong 6% of licensed premises accounted for 67% of all on-premises assaults. The analysis also found that assault incidents on licensed premises were concentrated late at night or early in the morning and on weekends. Licence types identified as being the most problematic for violence on licensed premises were hotels and nightclubs. In particular, hotels with extended or 24-hour trading recorded a greater number of assaults compared with those trading standard hours. The implications of these findings for crime prevention and law enforcement strategies are discussed.
Confrontational and Revenge Homicides Among Men in England and Wales
Authors: Brookman Fiona
Published: May 2006

This article examines the nature of two predominant forms of masculine (male-on-male) homicide identified in England and Wales — “confrontational” homicide and “revenge” homicide. Based on analysis of police murder investigation files, the article explores the distinct nature of these two forms of masculine homicide as well as some important shared characteristics.The findings are compared with previous research in this area, not least the work of Polk regarding masculine homicide in Australia (1994a, 1994b, 1995, 1999) which is particularly significant in this context. As well as exploring the literature regarding masculine homicide, the article considers the extent to which the identification of specific forms of masculine homicide can inform theoretical exploration of the role of gender in lethal violence.
Mandatory Compensation Orders for Crime Victims and the Rhetoric of Restorative Justice
Authors: Warner Kate , Gawlik Jenny
Published: May 2006

Increased recognition of the need for victims of crime to be integrated into the criminal justice system and to receive adequate reparation has led, in a number of jurisdictions, to legislative measures to encourage the greater use of compensation orders. The Sentencing Act 1997 (Tas) (which came into force on 1 August 1998) went further and made compensation orders compulsory for property damage or loss resulting from certain crimes. This article shows that this measure has failed victims and argues that they have been used in the service of other ends. Mandatory compensation orders are a token gesture repackaged as restorative justice to gain public support for the administration of the criminal justice system.Ways in which compensation orders could be made more effective and the possibilities of accommodating restorative compensation into a conventional criminal justice system are explored.
Post-prison Mortality: Unnatural Death Among People Released from Victorian Prisons Between January 1990 and December 1999
Authors: Graham Annette
Published: May 2006

The extent and nature of unnatural death among people who were released from Victorian prisons between January 1990 and December 1999 were examined. A total of 820 men and women released during that period were identified as having died unnatural deaths while not imprisoned prior to July 2000. The rate of unnatural deaths among Victorian ex-prisoners was double the 1996/1997 Victorian rate of deaths in prison custody.The unnatural death rate of ex-prisoners was 10 times that found in the general Victorian population. Risk of unnatural death was greatest during the weeks immediately following release and greater among those who had previous imprisonments. Over half of the unnatural deaths were heroin-related deaths. Ex-prisoner heroin-related deaths accounted for at least 25% of all the Victorian heroin-related deaths.
Family-based Prevention of Offending: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Farrington David P , Welsh Brandon C
Published: May 2006

This paper presents a review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of family-based crime prevention programs.Programs were included in this review if (a)the family was the focus of the intervention,(b)there was an outcome measure of delinquency or antisocial child behaviour, (c)the evaluation used a randomised or well controlled experiment and (d)the original sample size was at least 50 persons.Forty evaluations were found that met the criteria for inclusion.In general,these family- based programs had desirable effects in reducing delinquency (especially) and antisocial child behaviour.Over all delinquency outcomes,the weighted mean effect size of .321 corresponds approximately to a decrease in offending from 50%in a control group to 34%in an experi- mental group.Furthermore,the effects on delinquency persisted in long- term evaluation studies.The most effective types of programs used behavioural parent training,while the least effective types were those based in schools.Home visiting,day care/preschool,home/community and multi-systematic therapy programs were generally effective.Effect sizes were greater in smaller scale studies.Research on the monetary costs and benefits of family-based programs is also reviewed.
Female Perpetrated Homicide in Victoria Between 1985 and 1995
Authors: Kirkwood Deborah
Published: May 2006

This article presents findings of research on women who kill. All cases in which a woman was investigated by police as a perpetrator in a homicide in Victoria,Australia,between 1985 and 1995 were examined.The aim was to investigate the range of circumstances in which women kill. Seventy-seven cases were identified.The primary source of data was the Victorian Coroner 's office.Initially it was expected that most women would have killed a partner as a result of the experience of long-term violence. However,the findings of the study show that the situation with respect to women and those they kill is more complex.Three primary relationship categories were identified:women who kill their partners,women who kill their children and women who kill non-intimates.The third category primar- ily involved women who killed friends and acquaintances.This paper will argue that the homicide literature fails to provide a conceptual framework for understanding women who kill and hence contributes to the cultural stigmatising of violent women as “mad” or “bad”.
Carjacking — Insights from South Africa to a New Crime Problem
Authors: Davis Linda
Published: May 2006

Although vehicle hijacking is a worldwide phenomenon, it has increased to such an extent in South Africa that it is currently regarded as one of the countries with the highest hijacking figures in the world. It is estimated that a motor vehicle is hijacked every 40 to 54 minutes in South Africa. This implies that more than 25 motor vehicle drivers become victims of hijackings daily. Despite these statistics, little is known about the factors that could increase an individual's potential to become a victim of this crime. In this article, selective research findings of an exploratory study of 12 vehicle hijackers are highlighted in an attempt to elucidate possible factors that could influence target selection during a vehicle hijacking. From the findings it became evident that hijacking does not take place erratically: hijackers are selective in the choice of targets and target selection mostly takes place based on the vehicle driven by the motorist.
Antisocial Behaviour Among Young Australians While Under the Influence of Illicit Drugs
Authors: McAllister Ian , Makkai Toni
Published: May 2006

While the link between illicit drug use and criminal behaviour is frequently noted, comparatively little is known about which drugs are most likely to shape this behaviour, and about the role of early initiation into drug use. This study uses a large, national population survey to examine these relationships, focusing on adolescents and young adults who report illicit drug use.The results show that about one in 10 young Australians had engaged in some form of antisocial behaviour in the previous 12 months following drug use, and that such behaviour peaked at almost one in five males at the age of 19 years. Antisocial behaviour while under the influence of drugs is closely associated with the use of marijuana, amphetamines and inhalants. Age of initiation was relatively unimportant in predicting this antisocial behaviour, with the exception of the early use of marijuana. Overall, the results confirm the importance of delaying marijuana use for as long as possible in order to reduce these behaviours.
Reviews
Authors: Goldsmith Andrew , University Flinders , Goulding Dorothy , Hinds Lyn , Brown David
Published: May 2006

When Police Unionise: The Politics of Law and Order in Australia; By Mark Finnane (2002) Sydney: Hawkins Press, 258pp, ISBN 1864874643

Behind Bars: Surviving Prison; By J.I. Ross & S.C. Richards (2002) Indeanapolis, USA:Alpha Books, 240 pp, ISBN 0028643518

Convict Criminology; By J.I. Ross & S.C. Richards (2002) California, USA:Thomson Wadsworth, 387 pp, ISBN 0534574335

Repair or Revenge: Victims and Restorative Justice.; By H. Strang (2002) Oxford: Clarendon Press, 320 pp, ISBN 0199251649

Punishment and Civilization; By John Pratt (2002) London: Sage Publications, 213 pp, ISBN 0761947531
Violence, Spatiality and Other Rurals
Authors: Hogg Russell , Carrington Kerry
Published: May 2006

Occidentalism, which treats the other as the same, can be detected in both the criminological and rural sociological treatment of violence in the sociospatial sites of rural countrysides. Criminology tends to mistakenly assume that violence in the modern world is primarily an urban phenomenon (Baldwin & Bottoms, 1976, p. 1; Braithwaite, 1989, p. 47). If violence in rural settings is encountered it tends to be treated as a smaller scale version of the urban problem, or the importation of an otherwise urban problem - as the corrupting influence of the gesellschaft within the gemeinschaft. Within much rural sociology violence is rendered invisible by the assumption that rural communities conform to the idealised conception of the typical gemeinschaft society, small-scale traditional societies based on strong cohesiveness, intimacy and organic forms of solidarity. What these bonds conceal, rather than reveal - violence within the family - remains invisible to the public gaze. The visibility of violence within Aboriginal families and communities presents a major exception to the spatially ordered social relations which render so much white family violence hidden. The need to take into account the complexity and diversity of these sociospatial relations is concretely highlighted in our research which has taken us out of the urban context and confronted us not only with the phenomenon of the violence of other rurals1, but also with fundamentally competing claims on, and conceptions of, space and place in the context of a racially divided Australian interior. This article represents the second installment of conceptual reflections on this research, with the first having been published in this journal in 1998.
Gender Differences in the Relationship Between Offending, Self-harm and Depression in Adolescence and Young Adulthood
Authors: Fagan Abigail A. , Western John
Published: May 2006

Criminal offending and poor mental health are both recognised as important social problems warranting prevention and intervention efforts. Although there is some evidence for comorbidity between these problems, little research has examined the causal relationship between offending and mental health, particularly for young people. The present investigation addresses these issues by using data from the Sibling Study, a longitudinal investigation of delinquency as self-reported by 731 adolescents and young adults in south-east Queensland, Australia. The results suggest that for young women, but not men, offending behaviours (including the use of illicit drugs) lead to increases in self-harm and depression. Conversely, poor mental health, as indicated by having low self-esteem, a poor future outlook, and a belief that life is very confusing, does not influence subsequent levels of offending for either sex. The implications for prevention and intervention are discussed, with emphasis on the need for the criminal justice system to provide mental health services to young female offenders.
Oakeshott and the New Crime Prevention
Authors: Knepper Paul
Published: May 2006

Many countries now have some kind of national crime prevention structure.This new crime prevention, unlike traditional criminology, extends the responsibility for preventing crime outside of criminal justice to households, neighbourhoods, and families. Drawing on the work of British political philosopher, Michael Oakeshott, the article discusses recent prevention trends in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States. Specifically, the discussion applies four of Oakeshott's central themes — his attitude toward social science, his concept of a person, his theory of human association, and his description of the rule of law to four emerging rationales — evidence-based policy, situational crime prevention, social crime prevention and marketing prosocial values.
Ethnicity and Criminal Convictions: Results of a 21-year Longitudinal Study
Authors: Fergusson David M. , Horwood L. John , Swain-Campbell Nicola
Published: May 2006

This study explores possible ethnic bias in rates of officially recorded convictions among a birth cohort of New Zealand young people studied to age 21 years. Data were gathered as part of the Christchurch Health and Development Study. In this project a cohort of 1265 children born in Christchurch in 1977 have been studied from birth to age 21 years. The measures collected included: officially recorded convictions (17–21 years), self-reported ethnicity (21 years), self-reported offending (17–21 years), family socioeconomic status, leaving school without qualifications, and gender. Young Maori had rates of conviction that were between 4.1–5.9 times higher than for non-Maori. Much of this association was explained by the fact that Maori also reported higher rates of offending. However, even after statistical control for self-reported offending and individual characteristics (gender, socioeconomic status and educational qualifications) Maori still had rates of conviction that were 1.6–1.8 times higher than non-Maori These results suggest the presence of a small bias in the arrest/conviction process which leads to Maori offenders having higher rates of conviction than non-Maori offenders with similar offending history and socioeconomic background.
On Terrorism and Its (Re)Sources: A Review Essay
Authors: Lentini Pete
Published: May 2006

This study explores possible ethnic bias in rates of officially recorded convictions among a birth cohort of New Zealand young people studied to age 21 years. Data were gathered as part of the Christchurch Health and Development Study. In this project a cohort of 1265 children born in Christchurch in 1977 have been studied from birth to age 21 years. The measures collected included: officially recorded convictions (17–21 years), self-reported ethnicity (21 years), self-reported offending (17–21 years), family socioeconomic status, leaving school without qualifications, and gender. Young Maori had rates of conviction that were between 4.1–5.9 times higher than for non-Maori. Much of this association was explained by the fact that Maori also reported higher rates of offending. However, even after statistical control for self-reported offending and individual characteristics (gender, socioeconomic status and educational qualifications) Maori still had rates of conviction that were 1.6–1.8 times higher than non-Maori These results suggest the presence of a small bias in the arrest/conviction process which leads to Maori offenders having higher rates of conviction than non-Maori offenders with similar offending history and socioeconomic background.
Reviews
Authors: Dixon David , Halsey Mark , Bodiam Tiffany , Ambery Deborah , James Steve
Published: May 2006

Police Reform: Building Integrity; Edited by Tim Prenzler and Janet Ransley (2002) Sydney: Hawkins Press, xiv + 234 pp., ISBN 1 8676067152

Crime and Modernity; By John Lea (2002) London: Sage, 213 pp., ISBN 0803975570

Prison Violence: The Dynamics of Conflict, Fear and Power; By Kimmett Edgar, Ian O'Donnell and Carol Martin (2003) Devon:Willan Publishing, 230 pp., ISBN 1903240980

Beyond the Tariff: Human Rights and the Release of Life Sentence Prisoners; By Nicola Padfield (2002) Devon:Willan Publishing, 208 pp., ISBN 1903240883

Captive Audience: Media, Masculinity and Power in Prisons; By Yvonne Jewkes (2002) Collompton:Willan Publishing, 224 pp., ISBN 1903240654

Policing, Ethics and Human Rights; By Peter Neyroud and Alan Beckley (with contributions by Paul Collier and Julia Clayton) (2001) Cullompton, Devon:Willan Publishing, 256pp, ISBN 1903240158.
Is Communalism Dead? Reflections on the Present and Future Practice of Crime Prevention: Part One
Authors: Carson W.G.
Published: May 2006

This article takes up a strange paradox or dissonance that characterises contemporary crime prevention, particularly in Australia. On the one hand, there is an ample literature pointing out the conceptual and practical drawbacks of “community” or more broadly of “communalism” (incorporating social capital) in crime prevention; on the other, policy and practice seem largely oblivious to these difficulties and hence, by extension, to the need for more appropriate conceptual formulations upon which to base collective approaches to crime prevention.The article is in two parts. The first traces the allure and the difficulties of communalism in general and in crime prevention in particular. In traversing what may be in some respects well enough known terrain, it underlines that until we recognise the innate difficulties with this conceptual framework, crime prevention will not face up to the challenge of developing new and more appropriate foundations for a collectively based approach in this policy arena. An attempt to address this challenge is taken up in the second part of the article.
A Structural Analysis of Social Disorganisation and Crime in Rural Communities in Australia
Authors: Jobes Patrick C , Barclay Elaine , Weinand Herb , Donnermeyer Joseph F.
Published: May 2006

This paper extends research on rural crime beyond North America by analysing associations between census measures of community structures and officially reported crime in rural New South Wales (Australia). It employs social disorganisation theory to examine variations in crime rates between different kinds of rural communities. A typology of rural communities was developed from cluster analysis of demographic, economic and social structural measures of rural local government areas (LGAs) in NSW. Six distinct types of rural communities were found to have unique crime characteristics. Structural measures were statistically associated with four types of crime. Overall, the findings support social disorganisation theory. Crime generally decreased across an urban-rural continuum, and more cohesive and integrated community structures had less crime. One highly disorganised type of small community had extremely high crime.These analyses demonstrate how specific structures of rural places are linked to rural crime.
Comment on “Oakeshott and the New Crime Prevention”
Authors: Grabosky Peter
Published: May 2006

In this article the author responds to “Oakeshott and the New Crime Prevention” by Paul Knepper, which was published in the Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 36(3) pp. 338–353. Knepper's rejection of traditional knowledge, which he claims dominates traditional criminology, is critiqued.
Hate and Bias Crime: Criminologically Congruent Law? A Review of Barbara Perry's Hate and Bias Crime: A Reader
Authors: Gadd David
Published: May 2006

Barbara Perry (2003) Hate and Bias Crime:A Reader Routledge: New York, 520 pp., ISBN 0415944082.

The last decade of the 20th century has seen a flurry of hate crime legislation and other state activities, none of which have had an appreciable effect on the frequency or certainly the severity of hate crime. Such initiatives are insufficient responses to bias-motivated violence, in that they do not touch the underlying structures that support hate crime. Abdicating responsibility for countering such violence to the state, then, will not be a sufficiently effective long-term strategy. Rather, the responsibility must be shared and distributed across institutional and interactional levels. Moreover, the ultimate goal is not only to attack hate crime, but to disrupt the institutional and cultural assumptions about difference that condition hate crime. To the extent that difference is socially constructed, it can also be reconstructed (Perry, 2003, p. 387)
The New South Wales “Compstat” Process: Its Impact on Crime
Authors: Chilvers Marilyn , Weatherburn Don
Published: May 2006

In January 1998 the New South Wales Police Service introduced a new crime control strategy, modelled on the New York “Compstat” process. The strategy involved a series of “Operation and Crime Review (OCR) Panels” in which senior police provided Local Area and Regional Commanders with information on crime trends and patterns in their local area and asked them to devise various tactics and strategies to reduce crime. At a later point in time the same commanders returned to the OCR panels and their performance in reducing crime was reviewed by senior management. This paper examines the impact of OCR Panels on the rate of recorded crime in four offence categories that fell after their introduction. The results suggest that OCR panels were temporarily effective in reducing three of these offences. Due to the suspension of OCR panels in the lead up to the Olympics it is not clear whether these effects could have been sustained.
Blood on the Walls: Self-mutilation in Prisons
Authors: Groves Abigail
Published: May 2006

Self-mutilation or self-harm is a recognised problem within custodial environments in the English-speaking world. This article utilises the work of Michel Foucault in relation to disciplinary power to provide a fresh analysis of this problem, locating its emergence within the exercise of this power. It also examines various strategies developed by custodial authorities to manage self-harm, as well as the sociological, psychological and criminological discourses that have emerged around it, in order to explore their role in the production and persistence of this problem.
Expanding the Model of Human Nature Underlying Self-control Theory: Implications for the Constructs of Self-control and Opportunity
Authors: Wiebe Richard P.
Published: May 2006

Self-control theory holds that human nature consists of selfish impulses whose satisfaction often entails offending. Modern behavioural science has discerned emotional systems and cognitive biases underlying tendencies to engage in prosocial and self-directed behaviours, which themselves predict offending. Many of these tendencies appear in the construct of self-control, but are not sufficiently dealt with by life-course criminology. This paper presents an expanded model of human nature that implies that self-control is factorially-complex, containing self-regulation; prosociality (tendencies to form social bonds and engage in social reciprocity); and self-direction (tendencies to work on one's own long-term behalf without external sanctions). This model also suggests that the construct of opportunity should be expanded to include opportunities for prosocial and self-directed behaviours in addition to crime and deviance.