bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Collision And Contact Losses
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard
Published: October 2023

Contact between the insured vessel under a hull policy, or the freight-earning vessel under a freight policy, and another vessel or structure may produce two distinct types of loss. The subject-matter insured may be lost or damaged and third party liability may result. For the purposes of the hulls and freight clauses, a fortuitous collision or coming into contact of a maritime nature is a peril of the sea, although consequential loss beyond the cost of repairs would not be viewed as caused by the collision. In addition, the market clauses also include cover against loss of or damage to the insured property caused by ‘contact’ with a range of items that has varied slightly from revision to revision.
War Risks
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard
Published: October 2023

This chapter is concerned with war perils as covered under the Institute clauses, although it should be noted that the mutual insurance associations are import- ant providers of war risks cover. In the context of hull and freight insurance, war and strikes risks are insured together under the same sets of clauses. Cargo insurance, however, separates war risks cover from strikes risks cover. Strikes risks are discussed in Chapter 14 below. The advent of new Institute clauses in the 1980s saw a major rethinking with 13.02 respect to the insurance of war risks.
Strikes Risks
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard
Published: October 2023

The strikes coverage under the various war and strikes clauses for hulls and freight is cast in essentially uniform fashion. Clause 1 of the Institute War and Strikes Clauses Hulls-Time (1/10/83 and 1/11/95) provides as follows: Subject always to the exclusions hereinafter referred to, this insurance covers loss of or damage to the Vessel caused by strikers, locked-out workmen, or persons taking part in labour disturbances, riots or civil commotions any terrorist or any person acting maliciously or from a political motive confiscation or expropriation. However, while the freight clauses cover the same perils, they are restricted to loss of freight ‘arising from loss of or damage to the Vessel’ caused by the specified perils, with the result that no indemnity is payable where freight is lost by reason of damage to cargo.
Sub-Standard Shipping
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard
Published: October 2023

The safety of human life, the confidence of cargo interests and parties with financial interests, whether insurers or banks, and the protection of the environment all demand certain standards of construction, maintenance, and operation of shipping. Marine insurance law establishes required standards by affording insurers defences where vessels are unseaworthy or, in cargo insurance only, unfit to carry their cargo. For hull underwriters, however, the law is unsatisfactory. The unseaworthiness defence varies between voyage and time policies.
Rights Of Third Parties
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard
Published: October 2023

The doctrine of privity of contract applies to insurance contracts as a matter of common law as it applies to all other contracts. In principle, therefore, only the assured is entitled to the benefit of the insurer’s promise of indemnification. For example, a ‘loss payable’ (or ‘loss payee’) clause that directs the insurer to pay the proceeds of any claim to a designated third party confers no rights on that third party as against the insurer. Payment to the third party will generate a good discharge of the insurer’s indemnification obligation owed to the assured under the insurance contract and failure to pay the designated third party will constitute a breach of contract by the insurer actionable by the assured, but the third party receives no right to claim payment from the insurer.
Measures Of Indemnity
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard
Published: October 2023

In a claim for loss of or damage to property, such as hull, cargo, or freight, the measure of indemnity depends upon whether the loss is total or partial and whether the policy is valued or unvalued. The different types of loss are considered in Chapter 21 above, while the concept of a valued policy is discussed in Chapter 7 above. Marine insurance law subscribes to the indemnity principle, but does not in principle attempt to calculate measures of indemnity in property claims by reference to the precise financial loss in fact suffered by the assured. Instead, the See 7.24ff above.
Double Insurance and Contribution
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard
Published: October 2023

Over-insurance by taking out two or more policies on the same risk is lawful, although excessive over-insurance is a material circumstance requiring dis- closure, but the assured is entitled to satisfaction of its loss only once ‘lestthe temptation of gain should occasion unfair and wilful losses’ and because the indemnity principle precludes double recovery. The assured may, at its unfettered election, proceed against any one insurer or combination of insurers for the whole sum due according to the principles governing measures of indemnity. Any insurer that pays more than its rateable proportion of the loss is then entitled to contribution from the other insurers.
The Quotidian Sacred and Profane
Authors: Sheringham Michael
Published: October 2023

If Surrealism has remained a rich source of inspiration for later ways of exploring the everyday it is in large part thanks to the dynamic field of interactions between Breton’s group and a number of dissident figures including Georges Bataille, Michel Leiris, Raymond Queneau, and Walter Benjamin. When Bataille, Leiris, and others broke with Breton to found the review Documents in 1929, they asserted the primacy of the contingent here and now over what they saw as Surrealism’s idealist tendencies.
Lefebvre: Alienation and Appropriation
Authors: Sheringham Michael
Published: October 2023

Lefebvre, who had participated in the movement in the 1920s,2 the surrealist ‘merveilleux’ is always based on the exceptional and the extraordinary, on an ‘envers de la vie quotidienne’ (obverse of everyday life) associated with privileged moments. Lefebvre rejects the ‘merveilleux moderne’ and the surrealist vision of the city in Nadja and Le Paysan de Paris, arguing that it is always easier to transmute than to apprehend.
Certeau: Reclaiming the Everyday
Authors: Sheringham Michael
Published: October 2023

whose aim is to recount ‘common practices’, the explicit aim being to make the form of the analysis reflect its object (I, xxxiii).3 Equally, to read or write about L’Invention du quotidien is to invent an order, and in what follows I will provide an overall account of Certeau’s theorizations of the quotidien, paying particular attention to the way his difluse text progressively elaborates an overall ‘logique operatoire’ (operational logic) (I, xxxvi) of everyday practices, and underlining links and parallels with Lefebvre, Perec, Barthes, and others.
Georges Perec: Uncovering the Infra-Ordinary
Authors: Sheringham Michael
Published: October 2023

question Perec refers to cannot fully be articulated, it also fosters the fertile indirection and obliquity that are as central to his work as they were to his mentor Raymond Queneau. And it means that the strength and vitality of Perec’s care for the quotidien stems from its indissoluble link to his personal, ethical, literary, and historical concerns.
Dissemination and DiversiWcation
Authors: Sheringham Michael
Published: October 2023

as the vehicle of theory (Certeau, Perec), and in Chapter 9 I will suggest that one way of grasping the late-twentieth-century profusion of the quotidien is in terms of a move from the discursive to the figural. The present chapter anticipates this by considering, firstly, the redirection of ethnographic scrutiny from the far to the near; secondly, the figure of the urban trajectory in four writers (Augé, Ernaux, Maspero, Réda); thirdly, the treatment of the everyday across a range of genres and media.
Introduction Business and security: public–private sector interface and interdependence at the turn of the 21st century
Authors: Bailes Alyson J K
Published: October 2023

On 11 September 2001, when terrorists struck at the United States, 1000 employees of the investment bank Cantor Fitzgerald Securities were working in one of the towers of the New York World Trade Center. Nearly 700 of them perished in the attack, a greater loss than that suffered by any other single employer, and the firm’s headquarters was physically wiped out. Many other companies and their employees also suffered. This attack was one of the plainest and most painful demonstrations of the shared vulnerability of the state, society and the business community, even on the territory of the world’s sole superpower. Logically enough, in the weeks and months that followed, these events were to prompt a whole new debate on the several and joint roles of the public and private sectors in tackling their common security challenges.
Business investment, humanitarian problems and conflict
Authors: Maresca John J
Published: October 2023

With the end of the cold war, the trend towards globalization and the proliferation of information, the role of business in today’s world has become the focus of considerable attention. Most business people are aware of this and are seeking to understand what is expected of them. The overall issue is the appropriate role for businesses at a time when there are new expectations, new critics and many new standards for business performance. This is what lies behind the worldwide movement towards greater corporate responsibility: that is, towards more positive participation by the private sector in the effort to find solutions to problems of general public concern.
The role of humanitarian organizations: the case of the International Committee of the Red Cross
Authors: Carbonnier Gilles
Published: October 2023

The 1990s saw a great deal of progress in the field of corporate social responsibility. After the United Nations world summit meetings in the first half of the decade, top executives of multinational companies began to focus their efforts on environmental and social concerns. In recent years, the business community has also started to examine its role and responsibility in conflict-prone areas, where companies face increasingly complex challenges. This applies in particular to the business of raw material extraction, where investment decisions are dictated by geological factors rather than by political risks.
The security of business: a view from the security industry
Authors: Black Crispin
Published: October 2023

Private security companies have been in existence for a long time—at least as long as, or longer than, the modern concept of government’s role in the provision of security. Just one example may be cited which is topical on both sides of the Atlantic at the time of writing in view of the visits of US President George W. Bush to London and Baghdad in the autumn of 2003. In 1861, while investigating a railway case in Baltimore, Maryland, the Pinkerton private detective agency uncovered a plot to assassinate President-elect Abraham Lincoln when he passed through Baltimore on his way to Washington for his inauguration.
Survival planning for business: a view from Nokia
Authors: Ilmonen Urho
Published: October 2023

Nokia produces telecommunications equipment, which is a non-military, neutral and universally beneficial technology. Good communications are important for democracies and dictators alike. Accordingly, the company believes that it neither poses a threat to anyone nor is a specific target for anyone except ordinary criminals. On current company analysis, non-state assailants should not have any interest in harming the company. Nokia believes that security can be created by sound business practices and careful processes.
Critical energy system infrastructure protection in Europe and the legitimate economy
Authors: Rosner Kevin
Published: October 2023

On 14 August 2003 there was a catastrophic breakdown in the transmission of electricity in North America, affecting at least 50 million consumers and spanning an area as far west as the US automobile capital of Detroit, Michigan, as far north as Canada’s largest city, Toronto, and as far east as the US financial centre of New York. In late August and early September, several other incidents throughout the world involved interruptions in energy systems: power outages in the south of London, stranding hundreds of thousands of rail passengers; a terrorist attack on a vital Iraqi pipeline; attempts to kidnap Western oil executives in the South Caucasus region; and further guerrilla attacks on Colombia’s power supply and delivery network.
Monetary Policy Implementation within the Theory of Monetary Policy
Authors: Bindseil Ulrich
Published: October 2023

This chapter provides some key definitions and gives a first broad overview of the evolution of ‘academic’ thinking on monetary policy implementation.
From the Old View to the New
Authors: Bindseil Ulrich
Published: October 2023

Chapters 4–6 described how the instruments of monetary policy changed fundamentally in the course of the twentieth century. Standing facilities played a key role at the beginning of the century but then became, in inverse proportion to the rise of open market operations, less popular, mainly under the influence of US experience and literature.
Water Transfers and International Trade Law
Authors: Weiss Edith Brown
Published: October 2023

Fresh water is vital to human life and to the sustainability of Earth. There is no known substitute for fresh water. People have strong emotional ties to water, whether for health, nature, soil productivity, religious, or other reasons. His torically water has not had a price, only the costs of extracting, using, or purifying it. But within the last half of the twentieth century, water increasingly acquired a price, entered into the market, and was subject to international trade. These developments have raised the question of the extent to which international trading regimes apply to transboundary fresh water transfers.
Water Services at the WTO
Authors: Cossy Mireille
Published: October 2023

The figures are painfully familiar: according to WHO/UNICEF, about 1.1 billion people do not have access to clean water and about 2.4 billion lack access to sanitation facilities.2 The same report identifies four major challenges facing the water supply and sanitation services in the coming years: (i) keeping pace with a net population growth of more than a billion people over the next 15 years; closing the coverage and service gap, with emphasis on sanitation which lags considerably behind water supply; (iii) ensuring sustainability of existing and new services; and (iv) improving the quality of the services. At the World Summit on Sustainable Development, governments agreed to halve, by 2015, the propor tion of people who do not have access to safe drinking water or basic sanitation services.3
Ground Water Regulation and Water Crisis Rhetoric: Syria as a Case Study
Authors: Jaubert Ronald , Al-Dbiyat Mohamed
Published: October 2023

Since the early 1990s and the Dublin Conference on water management, the importance and seriousness of the water problem has been increasingly recognized by international organizations and NGOs. Water scarcity has generally given place to water crisis in the international rhetoric. As a result, governments of developing countries are increasingly under pressure from international organizations to enforce water management policies aimed at reducing with drawals and improving the efficiency of water use. In the case of Syria, attention at the international and national level was until recently mainly, if not exclusively, focused on the utilization of surface water and the international dispute over the Euphrates ‘ water. However, a World Bank review of the irrigation sector in Syria emphasized the importance of ground water and the deficit of the water balance. According to this report, ‘groundwater is probably the single most important water management challenge facing Syria ‘.1
Water and Economics: Trends in Dispute Settlement Procedures and Practice
Authors: Chazournes Laurence Boisson De
Published: October 2023

Competing demands over freshwater resources may result in tensions. In some instances, there are outright disputes between users of freshwater whose requirements and uses conflict with those of other users. Water disputes are notably compounded by the steady increase in the world ‘s population and the pressures arising therefrom. Every region of the world today is afflicted with international water disputes. Water disputes concern both quantity and quality and are triggered by various factors, including economic ones. To date, dams, diversions, water-quality issues, and, more recently, investment matters have been major causes of dis putes.
Introduction
Authors: Harvey Andrew C , Proietti Tommaso
Published: October 2023

The decomposition of economic time series into trend and cyclical components has a long tradition. Along with providing a description of the salient features of a series, the distinction between what is permanent and what is transitory in economic dynamics has important implications for monetary and fiscal policy. The measurement of potential output, output gaps, core inflation and the natural rate of unemployment are all facets of the same problem.
Stochastic Linear Trends: Models and Estimators
Authors: Avall Agustín Mar
Published: October 2023

The concept of a trend component (in short, a trend) in an economic time series is far from having a precise, universally accepted, definition. Trends have been modeled as deterministic functions of time (see, for example, Fellner 1956), as purely stochastic processes (in economics, a standard reference is Nelson and Plosser 1982), or as a mixture of the two (Pierce 1978). This paper centers on strictly stochastic trends and the stochastic process generating the trend will be assumed linear. (Nonlinear extensions, such as the one in Hamilton 1989, will not be considered.)
Testing for Deterministic Linear Trend in Time Series
Authors: Nyblom Jukka
Published: October 2023

From the prediction point of view (1.1)–(1.2) is one representative of those models that lead to exponentially smoothed forecasts. The Box–Jenkins approach provides another viewpoint. It is easily seen that (1.1)–(1.2) belongs to the subfamily of the integrated moving average (IMA)(1, 1) processes (see Box and Jenkins 1976, pp. 119–120).
Introduction
Authors: Harvey Andrew C , Proietti Tommaso
Published: October 2023

The seven papers selected for this collection of readings provide only a small sample of a literature that has has been growing very rapidly during the last decade, paralleling the advances in computational inference using stochastic simulation techniques. In order to highlight the potentials of the general analytic framework, we point out the kind of applications that have been considered in the literature.
Likelihood Analysis of Non-Gaussian Measurement Time Series
Authors: Shephard Neil , Pitt Michael K
Published: October 2023

In this paper we provide a likelihood analysis of an extension of the usual Gaussian state space form (Harvey 1989, ch. 3). The Kalman filter and simulation smoother are used to perform efficient signal extraction and parameter estimation.
Time Series Analysis of Non-Gaussian Observations Based on State Space Models from Both Classical and Bayesian Perspectives
Authors: Durbin J , Koopman S J
Published: October 2023

This paper discusses the analysis of non-Gaussian time series using state space models from both classical and Bayesian points of view. A major advantage of the state space approach is that we can model the behaviour of different components of the series separately and then put the submodels together to form an overall model for the series. State space models are very general and can handle a remarkably wide range of applications ranging from autoregressive integrated moving average models and unobserved components time series models to smoothing models with roughness penalties.
On Sequential Monte Carlo Sampling Methods for Bayesian Filtering
Authors: Doucet Arnaud , Godsill Simon , Andrieu Christophe
Published: October 2023

Many problems in applied statistics, statistical signal processing, time series analysis and econometrics can be stated in a state space form as follows. A transition equation describes the prior distribution of a hidden Markov process xk  k N , the so-called hidden state process, and an observation equation describes the likelihood of the observations yk  k N ,k being a discrete time index.
Legal Ownership and Nature of Kyoto Units and EU Allowances
Authors: maere Matthieu , Streck Charlotte
Published: October 2023

The Kyoto Protocol is based on the principle of achieving quantitative reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by establishing binding emission targets on individual parties to the Protocol. While the overall goal is the reduction ofGHG emissions, the Protocol allows for certain flexibility as to where the emission reductions can be generated. The flexibility is created through a mechanism for trading emission rights (Article 17), and two mechanisms for creating project-based emission credits, which are measured and verified against baseline emission levels (Articles 6 and 12).1 The base units of the Kyoto Protocol are Assigned Amount Units (MUs) where each unit is equivalent to one metric tonne of carbon dioxide emissions equivalents assigned to an industrialized {Annex I) country pursuant to Article 3 of the Kyoto Protocol.
Public Participation in CDM and JI Projects
Authors: Eddy Nathalie
Published: October 2023

Public access to, and engagement in decision-making that affects the environment enhances the success, sustainability, and accountability of policies and projects.1 Governments worldwide have increasingly recognized the important role meaningful public participation can play in ensuring the realization of the environmental and development goals of a project or policy.2 The acknowledgement of public participation as a key element to successful environmental decision making and project development has been illustrated through several international declarations and bindings treaties. Most recently, 172 countries used the occasion of the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg, South Africa to reiterate national commitments to public participation in environmental and development decision-making.
Generation of Sequestration Credits under the COM
Authors: Scholz Sebastian , Noble Ian
Published: October 2023

Almost six years of assessment and negotiation drew to a close at the ninth session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) held in Milan, Italy, in December 2003 (COP9) when agreement on the definitions and modalities for the use of afforestation and reforestation (A&R) projects in the Clean Development Mechanism (COM) was reached. The decisions almost complete the Buenos Aires Plan of Action to implement the Kyoto Protocol adopted by COP4 in 1998.1 This chapter first outlines a brief history of the negotiations to better understand the most recent outcomes of COP9 that are discussed in more detail in the second part of the chapter.
Carbon Contracts, Structuring Transactions: Practical Experiences
Authors: Wilder Martijn , Willis Monique , Guli Mina
Published: October 2023

The development of international, regional, and national regulatory frameworks to control the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) has resulted in the emergence of a new and distinct area of law dealing with the monitoring and mitigation of cli-mate change through economic mechanisms such as emissions trading. While GHG emissions trading regimes seek to address environmental issues, the legal implications of emissions trading extend well beyond environmental law considerations and encompass and intersect with a number of other areas of law such as public international law, commercial law, finance law, project law, tax law and corporate and securities regulation.
Negotiating a JI Contract: A Project Developer‘s Perspective
Authors: Pogdny Aniko
Published: October 2023

The main purpose of an Emission Reductions Purchase Agreement (ERPA) is to lay out the obligations of the parties and to formulate the risk sharing agreed between the parties. This chapter‘s aim is to go through the key risk areas which sellers and purchasers of emission credits have to identify and to present how the subsequent risk allocation is reflected in an ERPA. Due to the author‘s own experience, the chapter follows mainly the viewpoint of the potential seller of emission rights. The content and the analysis of this chapter is the result of the detailed study of several Joint Implementation (JI) projects as well as available transaction structures and purchase terms for those projects. The chapter could not capture all historic transactions, mainly due to the lack of publicly available information, and thus, its conclusions may not be applicable for all present and much less for future cases. Also, the author‘s empirical knowledge stems from the implementation of a renewable energy project as part of a combined heat-and-power plant, which represents only one of many possible JI project activities. Most of the conclusions of this chapter are applicable to JI project agreements in general, however, other project types and classes may also show important particularities.
World Bank Carbon Finance Business: Contracts and Emission Reductions Purchase Transactions
Authors: Streck Charlotte
Published: October 2023

The first World Bank1-adrninistered carbon fund, the Prototype Carbon Fund (PCF), became operational in early 2000.2 In that same year the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) acting as trustee for the PCF entered into its first Emission Reductions Purchase Agreement (ERPA) with the Republic of Latvia governing the first project to receive funding from the newly established PCF. Since then, the World Bank has executed twelve additional ERPAs, and launched a number of additional Carbon Funds, including the BRO-Netherlands Clean Development Mechanism Facility, the Community Development Carbon Fund, the Italian Carbon Fund, and the Bio Carbon Fund, all designed to acquire Emission Reduction Credits3 on behalf of the contributors to the funds (so-called Participants).4 Developing and implementing these Carbon.
Arbitration in ‘Flexible-Mechanism‘ Contracts
Authors: Ratliff Dane
Published: October 2023

In the above quote, Aristotle recognizes the nature of third-party dispute settle-ment, and its ability to produce a ‘satisfactory‘ decision. A party to a dispute is necessarily affected by its role in the dispute; is necessarily biased toward its own position and the truth of that position. An arbitrator, on the other hand, must be impartial and independent of the dispute, weighing the statements of both parties regarding the truth (the subject matter of the dispute) against his1 own experience and knowledge. Only in so doing is he able to arrive at a ‘satisfactory decision as to the truth‘; ‘satisfactory‘ meaning that both parties must accept his decision, for in having given their consent to appoint a third-party arbitrator to resolve their dispute, they each admit their own respective inability to agree with the truth of the other‘s position.
The Hours–Employment Trade-Off
Authors: Garibaldi Pietro
Published: October 2023

In imperfect labour markets, hiring labour involves a variety of costs, and only some of such costs vary with the hours worked. In the previous chapter labour costs were simply defined as the per hour (or per month) wage. In reality, a variety of labour costs exist and most of such costs are independent of the hourly wage cost. Some of these costs are paid only upon hiring, while other costs are paid each month, but are independent of the hours worked. The cost of advertising a vacancy refers to the first type, while paid vacations are an example of the second one. This means that a real life organization can adjust the quantity of labour over two different margins, which are called the extensive margin and the intensive margin. The extensive margin refers to the number of people hired by the firm while the intensive margin refers to the average hours worked per employees. Choosing the right combination between hours per workers and the number of employees means solving the hours–employment trade-off.
Temporary or Permanent?
Authors: Garibaldi Pietro
Published: October 2023

One of the key issues at the hiring stage concerns the type of contract that should be offered to the firm’s workforce. In this chapter, we discuss the key decisions in terms of the length of the contract: open-ended versus fixed- term contract. Alternatively, as such contracts are called in Europe, the firm has to choose between a permanent or a temporary contract. This choice is particularly relevant when two conditions hold. First, employment protection legislation is stringent, and terminating a contract is an expensive activity. Second, uncertainty over business conditions plays an important role. If a contract can be terminated at no cost, the difference between temporary contract and permanent contract is irrelevant. Further, if business conditions do not fluctuate, hiring decisions are not going to be followed by separation decisions, and the type of contract is irrelevant.
Pay For Performance With Wage Constraints
Authors: Garibaldi Pietro
Published: October 2023

The baseline theory of optimal compensations suggests that properly designed incentive contracts can be very effective in extracting workers’ effort. A fixed wage scheme, where compensation is independent of output, does not provide incentives to the worker. As we have seen in the previous chapter, in response to a fixed wage, a utility maximizer worker would choose the minimum amount of effort. Conversely, bonus schemes, where a fixed wage is mixed with a bonus component proportional to output, are a much more effective compensation scheme. We have also seen that as a benchmark limit case, when the worker is risk neutral and no other constraints are binding, the optimal compensation scheme is an extreme bonus scheme, with a negative fixed payment up front and a bonus component identical to the price (we called such a scheme the franchising scheme). In such a setting, production efficiency is maximized and the worker becomes the residual claimant. Yet, we know that such a scheme is hardly attainable in real life labour markets, since it requires the worker to pay for the job.
Further Issues in Employment Protection Legislation
Authors: Garibaldi Pietro
Published: October 2023

The previous chapters in the book studied the role of employment protection in the context of temporary contract and in the case of job destruction. We learnt two key messages. First, employment protection biases the firm choice toward temporary contract. Second, employment protection reduces job destruction and increases labour hoarding. Yet, when job creation is also explicitly considered, employment protection also depresses job creation. While these are indeed the key messages in the literature of employment protection legislation, other important issues need to be considered. In real life labour markets, employment protection legislation is a multidimensional institution. Its provisions are often very complex, and the legislation not only forces the firm to pay specific sums of money to the dismissed worker, but it also forces the firm to follow specific procedures, which inevitably involve deadweight losses to both parties. In other words, employment protection legislation involves both transfer inside the firm–worker pair as well as taxes paid outside the match. Section 12.2 documents that the largest part of the legislation refers to transfer.
Introduction Catharine Macaulay and Mercy Otis Warren: Women, Writing, and the Anglo-American Public Sphere
Authors: Davies Kate
Published: October 2023

My friends and fellow citizens .. . if a civil war commences between Great Britain and her colonies, either the mother country, by one great exertion, may ruin both herself and America, or the Americans, by a lingering contest, will gain an independency; and in this case, all those advantages, which you for some time have enjoyed by your colonies, and advantages which have hitherto preserved you from a national bankruptcy, must for ever have an end; and whilst a new, a flourishing, and an extensive empire of freemen is established on the other side of the Atlantic, you, with the loss of all those blessings you have received by the unrivalled state of your commerce, will be left to the bare possession of your foggy islands; and this under the sway of a domestic despot.
‘Out-Cornelia-izing Cornelia’: Portraits, Profession, and the Gendered Character of Learning
Authors: Davies Kate
Published: October 2023

The great numbers among the fair sex who have figured in the republic of letters have given frequent checks to the vanity of such as presume that the privilege of thinking is confined to those who wear beards. Not to speak of the learned ladies of antiquity, how many among the moderns, from the French Dacier to the English Carter have distinguished themselves in the several branches of literature. But it was reserved for the fair Macaulay to tread the path of History and undergo the laborious task of collecting and digesting the political fragments which have escaped the researches of so many learned and ingenious men.
Mercy Otis Warren’s Independence
Authors: Davies Kate
Published: October 2023

You will very readily conceive, Madam, the difficulties which the convention had to struggle against. The various and opposite interests which were to be conciliated; the local prejudices which were to be subdued, the diversity of opinions and sentiments which were to be reconciled; and in fine, the sacrifices which were necessary to be made on all sides for the general welfare, combined to make it a work of so intricate and difficult a nature, that I think it is much to be wondered at, that anything could have been produced with such unanimity as the constitution proposed.
Fighting the ‘Enemies of the Reich’: Bismarck and the State Crisis of 1922-1923
Authors: Gerwarth Robert
Published: October 2023

On the morning of 24 June 1922, the German Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau was shot dead on his way to the Wilhelmstra Be by members of the militant nationalist ‘Organisation Consul’.1TheGerman public was up in arms about yet another terrorist act by this radical right-wing organization, from whose ranks had already come the assassins of the former Reich Finance Minister Matthias Erzberger.2 Spontaneous strikes in numerous large industrial workplaces all over Germany were as much an expression of the public outrage as the various large-scale demonstrations, at which hundreds of thousands of people (in Berlin more than a million) gave voice to their consternation.
The Balkans
Authors: Crampton R J
Published: October 2023

The Balkan peninsula takes its name from the Balkan mountains, the Haemus range of the Ancients, which run east– west through the centre of present-day Bulgaria. The word, which is derived from a Turkic term meaning a wooded upland, was first applied to the peninsula by a German geographer in the early nineteenth century and for much of the remainder of that century it had little more than topographic significance, the political term used for the region being, generally, European Turkey or Turkey in Europe. It was not until the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that ‘the Balkans’ began to be used regularly as a political definition, and increasingly with pejorative implications. The Balkans, it was believed, were synonymous with struggle, inter-ethnic rivalry, disorder, and danger. Thus the wars of 1912– 13 were not the wars of Ottoman succession but ‘the Balkan wars’. The Balkan wars were held to epitomize the rapacity of the small Balkan nation-states.
Russia
Authors: Jahn Hubertus F
Published: October 2023

Europe is a matter of perspective. Much more than simply a geographical denomination, it is a vision, an idea of civilization and culture, peculiar religious traditions, and common historical experience. People living at the geographical margins have always been particularly sensitive to these intangible qualities of Europe, to what it meant to be European. Since the eighteenth century, conceptions of Europeanness and Russia’s position in Europe have been at the heart of discussions among educated Russians. Under the influence of Enlightenment and Romanticism, that is, essential European phenomena, questions of socio-economic progress, cultural development, and national character in Russia have generally been debated in relation to Europe. In the eyes of many Russians, Europe meant modernity.
Introduction
Authors: Squire Nicholas , Healy Kathleen , Broadbent Joanna
Published: October 2023

This book explores the impact and effect of the Information and Consultation of Employees Regulations 2004 (SI 2004/3426) (the ICE Regulations). The Regulations, made under powers in section 42 of the Employment Relations Act 2004, implement in Great Britain the EU Information and Consultation (European Parliament and Council) Directive 2002/14/EC (the Information and Consultation Directive). Equivalent legislation has been implemented in Northern Ireland by the Information and Consultation of Employees Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2005 (Statutory Rule 2005/47). The ICE Regulations came into force on 6 April 2005. They are likely to extend considerably the circumstances in which larger and medium-sized employers are obliged to inform and consult with employee representatives in relation to matters affecting the workforce. As a result, the ICE Regulations may have a significant impact on the nature and structure of employment and industrial relations within workplaces in the United Kingdom.
Enforcement
Authors: Squire Nicholas , Healy Kathleen , Broadbent Joanna
Published: October 2023

The discussion also focusses on whether the enforcement procedures that have been adopted are likely to be adequate, having regard to the requirements of the Information and Consultation Directive that' adequate administrative or judicial procedures are available' for the enforcement of rights. A related point is whether the sanctions that apply where information and consultation obligations have not been observed are ‘effective, proportionate and dissuasive', also as required by the Information and Consultation Directive.
Protections for Information and Consultation Representatives and Contracting-Out
Authors: Squire Nicholas , Healy Kathleen , Broadbent Joanna
Published: October 2023

This chapter considers the various protections the ICE Regulations give to negotiating representatives, information and consultation representatives, and others. The scope of the protections is aimed at ensuring that employee representatives and others are able to perform their duties effectively by imposing sanctions on an employer for dismissing them or subjecting them to a detriment for performing their functions, or seeking to do so. The approach is similar to that provided in a range of other employment legislation including TUPE, TULRCA, the Health & Safety (Consultation with Employees) Regulations 1996, TICE, and provisions relating amongst other things to working time, whistle-blowing, flexible working, and a range of other areas.
The ILO and Applied Anthropology: the Indigenous Labour Programme (1949–55)
Authors: Rodríguez-Piñero Luis
Published: October 2023

In the aftermath of the Montevideo Conference, the International Labour Office moved to expand the original (Latin) American framework of its indigenous policy to one of universal scope, relevant to all the world’s indigenous groups—in the modern sense of ‘indigenous’. Taking as a point of departure the various resolutions of the American labour conferences, the Office embarked on what came to be known as the ‘Indigenous Labour Programme’. The programme took place at a historical moment when the ‘indigenous problem’ had already been singled out as an issue of international concern, within the emerging development regime.
The Language of Integration: ILO Convention No 107
Authors: Rodríguez-Piñero Luis
Published: October 2023

Convention No 107 and Recommendation No 104 merit compulsory reference in the contemporary reflection on indigenous peoples in international law. A by-product of the emerging international development regime’s concern over the ‘indigenous problem’, the convention is the first international standard with legally binding effects to focus specifically on indigenous peoples—in the modern sense of ‘indigenous’. Adoption of the convention thus represented a fundamental step in the crystallization of ‘indigenous’ in modern international law. But the ILO 1957 instruments on indigenous populations were somewhere between policy and law. As discussed in Chapter 4, the instrument represented more an internationalization of states’ policies for solving the ‘indigenous problem’ than a genuine attempt to question the objectives of those policies. And by disciplining the exercise of these policies, they ultimately legitimized their objectives.
Integration in Practice: the Implementation of Convention No 107 (1959–89)
Authors: Rodríguez-Piñero Luis
Published: October 2023

Having analysed the process that led to the adoption of the first international legal standards on indigenous populations and their content, it is time to analyse how these specific standards worked in practice. The fall from grace of the ideals enshrined in Convention No 107 led to its revision three decades after its adoption. Much has been written and said about the wrongful character of the objectives in the convention, but considerably less is known about how those objectives were applied. The history of the application of the convention constitutes a source for tracing the emergence of the contemporary regime on indigenous peoples, and a key element in understanding Convention No 169—a text that draws on the historical experience of the application of its antecedent.
Models and relations in economics and econometrics
Authors: Juselius Katarina
Published: October 2023

Chapter 1 discussed the difficult link between a theory model and an empirical model based on data collected by passive observation. This chapter discusses the VAR approach as a general framework within which statistical inference on macroeconomic hypotheses can be given a valid formulation. An urge to understand more fully why the VAR approach frequently produced results that seemed to cast doubt on conventional theories and beliefs was the motivation for writing this chapter. It focuses on what could be called the economist ‘s approach, as opposed to the statistician ‘s approach, to macroeconomic modelling, distinguishing between models and relations in economics and econometrics.
Testing restrictions on β
Authors: Juselius Katarina
Published: October 2023

Chapter 7 discussed the eigenvector decomposition of the long-run matrix Π and inter prated the unrestricted estimates as a convenient description of the information given by the covariances of the data.
Analysing I(2) data with the I(1) model
Authors: Juselius Katarina
Published: October 2023

Empirical evidence of I(2) is often found in models containing nominal variables in levels, whereas such evidence is rarely reported in models based on real transformations. Hence, from a logical point of view, the statistical analysis of the nominal variables (m, p, yr, Rm, Rb) should precede the I(1) analysis of the real variables (m p, yr, Δp, Rm, Rb). This was indeed the order of the scenario analysis of the monetary transmission mechanism in Chapter 2. It was first done for nominal money stock and prices, assumed to be I(2), and then for real money stock and inflation, assumed to be I(1) under the assumption of long-run price homogeneity.
Testing hypotheses in the I(2) model
Authors: Juselius Katarina
Published: October 2023

The test procedures to be discussed in this chapter are based on Johansen (2006). They are all based on the ML principle and are similar to the ones discussed in Chapter 10 for the I(1) model.
Vertical Agreements In Ec Competition Law
Authors: Wijckmans Frank , Tuytschaever Filip , Vanderelst Alain
Published: October 2023

This book analyses the EC competition rules applicable to vertical agreements, including Regulation 2790/99 (the general block exemption applicable to vertical agreements), Regulation 1400/2002 (the motor vehicle block exemption) and also vertical agreements not covered by a block exemption. The book includes informal guidance obtained from DG Competition. The authors consider issues directly relevant in the commercial world, answering questions such as: Under what conditions may a supplier impose territorial restrictions on his dealer network? Is it possible to impose maximum retail prices? Are customer restrictions permissible in a selective distribution system? Can a supplier assume an exclusive supply obligation? Are non-compete restrictions compatible with Regulation 2790/99? Is an exclusive supply-back obligation included in a subcontracting arrangement enforceable? The authors draw on their experience in this area of competition law to address the more complex issues relating to vertical restraints. They offer practical solutions to commercial problems and provide an indispensable tool for all practitioners active in the drafting or reviewing of vertical agreements.
Localization and Remapping: Creating a New Centrality for Anglo-Saxon England
Authors: Michelet Fabienne L
Published: October 2023

In his Geography, the Greek scholar Strabo (63 BC-AD 21) offers a description of Britain. He mentions its location, size, and natural resources, before turning his attention to the island’s inhabitants. He notices that the Britons are taller than the Celti and he adds: ‘the following is an indication of their size: I myself, in Rome, saw mere lads towering as much as half a foot above the tallest people in the city, although they were bandy-legged and presented no fair lines anywhere else in their figure.’ If the Britons stand out in the crowd, it is not simply because of their size: it is above all because Strabo portrays them as ugly and misshapen.
The descriptiones Britanniae and the adventus Saxonum: Narrative Strategies for the Conquest of Britain
Authors: Michelet Fabienne L
Published: October 2023

In the opening pages of the Old English Orosius, which Chapter4 analysed at some length, there is a curious allusion which deserves further attention. Ohthere tells of his journey from Sciringesheal (a place identified with modern Kaupang in south-east Norway) to Hæþum (Hedeby, in the south-east of the Jutland peninsula). He incidentally mentions that he passed on his starboard ‘Gotland 7 Sillende 7 iglanda fela— on þæm landum eardodon Engle, ær hi hider on land coman’. In her notes, Janet Bately comments on the term Engle, but she does not explain this unexpected reference to the Germanic tribes’ migration.
Towards a Unified Data Set on Top Incomes
Authors: Atkinson A B , Piketty T
Published: October 2023

This chapter brings together the key series on top incomes for the ten countries covered in this volume. Tables 13.1 to 13.10 contain for each of the countries the shares in total income of the top 10%, 5%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.05%, and (where possible) 0.01%, covering as much as possible of the period since 1900. While each of the authors has been careful to provide the full data in their chapters, and in earlier published work, we feel that it is useful to collect them together. We also give a (brief) summary of the main Windings; a fuller summary, covering more than twenty countries, will be given in Volume Two.