bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resistance and biomass in Arabidopsis: a new model for Salicylic Acid perception
Authors: Canet Juan V. , Dobón Albor , Ibáñez Federico , Perales Lorena , Tornero Pablo
Published: December 2009

Salicylic acid (SA) is an essential hormone for plant defence and development. SA perception is usually measured by counting the number of pathogens that grow in planta upon an exogenous application of the hormone. A biological SA perception model based on plant fresh weight reduction caused by disease resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana is proposed. This effect is more noticeable when a chemical analogue of SA is used, like Benzothiadiazole (BTH). By spraying BTH several times, a substantial difference in plant biomass is observed when compared with the mock treatment. Such difference is dose‐dependent and does not require pathogen inoculation. The model is robust and allows for the comparison of different Arabidopsis ecotypes, recombinant inbreed lines, and mutants. Our results show that two mutants, non‐expresser of pathogenesis‐related genes 1 (npr1) and auxin resistant 3 (axr3), fail to lose biomass when BTH is applied to them. Further experiments show that axr3 responds to SA and BTH in terms of defence induction. NPR1‐related genotypes also confirm the pivotal role of NPR1 in SA perception, and suggest an active program of depletion of resources in the infected tissues.
Learning as immersive experiences: Using the four‐dimensional framework for designing and evaluating immersive learning experiences in a virtual world
Authors: De Freitas Sara , Rebolledo‐Mendez Genaro , Liarokapis Fotis , Magoulas George , Poulovassilis Alexandra
Published: December 2009

Traditional approaches to learning have often focused upon knowledge transfer strategies that have centred on textually‐based engagements with learners, and dialogic methods of interaction with tutors. The use of virtual worlds, with text‐based, voice‐based and a feeling of ‘presence’ naturally is allowing for more complex social interactions and designed learning experiences and role plays, as well as encouraging learner empowerment through increased interactivity. To unpick these complex social interactions and more interactive designed experiences, this paper considers the use of virtual worlds in relation to structured learning activities for college and lifelong learners. This consideration necessarily has implications upon learning theories adopted and practices taken up, with real implications for tutors and learners alike. Alongside this is the notion of learning as an ongoing set of processes mediated via social interactions and experiential learning circumstances within designed virtual and hybrid spaces. This implies the need for new methodologies for evaluating the efficacy, benefits and challenges of learning in these new ways. Towards this aim, this paper proposes an evaluation methodology for supporting the development of specified learning activities in virtual worlds, based upon inductive methods and augmented by the four‐dimensional framework reported in a previous study.

The study undertaken aimed to test the efficacy of the proposed evaluation methodology and framework, and to evaluate the broader uses of a virtual world for supporting lifelong learners specifically in their educational choices and career decisions. The paper presents the findings of the study and considers that virtual worlds are reorganising significantly how we relate to the design and delivery of learning. This is opening up a transition in learning predicated upon the notion of learning design through the lens of ‘immersive learning experiences’ rather than sets of knowledge to be transferred between tutor and learner. The challenges that remain for tutors rest with the design and delivery of these activities and experiences. The approach advocated here builds upon an incremental testing and evaluation of virtual world learning experiences.
A multi‐user virtual environment for building and assessing higher order inquiry skills in science
Authors: Ketelhut Diane Jass , Nelson Brian C. , Clarke Jody , Dede Chris
Published: December 2009

This study investigated novel pedagogies for helping teachers infuse inquiry into a standards‐based science curriculum. Using a multi‐user virtual environment (MUVE) as a pedagogical vehicle, teams of middle‐school students collaboratively solved problems around disease in a virtual town called River City. The students interacted with ‘avatars’ of other students, digital artefacts and computer‐based ‘agents’ acting as mentors and colleagues in a virtual community of practice set during the time period when bacteria were just being discovered. This paper describes the results from three implementations of the River City virtual environment in 2004–05 with approximately 2000 students from geographically diverse urban areas. The results indicated that students were able to conduct inquiry in virtual worlds and were motivated by that process. However, the results from the assessments varied depending on the assessment strategy employed.
Multi‐Perspective Modelling, Rendering and Imaging
Authors: Yu J. , McMillan L. , Sturm P.
Published: December 2009

A perspective image represents the spatial relationships of objects in a scene as they appear from a single viewpoint. In contrast, a multi‐perspective image combines what is seen from several viewpoints into a single image. Despite their incongruity of view, effective multi‐perspective images are able to preserve spatial coherence and can depict, within a single context, details of a scene that are simultaneously inaccessible from a single view, yet easily interpretable by a viewer. In computer vision, multi‐perspective images have been used for analysing structure revealed via motion and generating panoramic images with a wide field‐of‐view using mirrors.

In this STAR, we provide a practical guide on topics in multi‐perspective modelling and rendering methods and multi‐perspective imaging systems. We start with a brief review of multi‐perspective image techniques frequently employed by artists such as the visual paradoxes of Escher, the Cubism of Picasso and Braque and multi‐perspective panoramas in cel animations. We then characterize existing multi‐perspective camera models, with an emphasis on their underlying geometry and image properties. We demonstrate how to use these camera models for creating specific multi‐perspective rendering effects. Furthermore, we show that many of these cameras satisfy the multi‐perspective stereo constraints and we demonstrate several multi‐perspective imaging systems for extracting 3D geometry for computer vision.

The participants learn about topics in multi‐perspective modelling and rendering for generating compelling pictures for computer graphics and in multi‐perspective imaging for extracting 3D geometry for computer vision. We hope to provide enough fundamentals to satisfy the technical specialist without intimidating curious digital artists interested in multi‐perspective images.

The intended audience includes digital artists, photographers and computer graphics and computer vision researchers using or building multi‐perspective cameras. They will learn about multi‐perspective modelling and rendering, along with many real world multi‐perspective imaging systems.
Animal behaviour and marine protected areas: incorporating behavioural data into the selection of marine protected areas for an endangered killer whale population
Authors: Ashe E. , Noren D. P. , Williams R.
Published: December 2009

Like many endangered wildlife populations, the viability and conservation status of ‘southern resident’ killer whalesOrcinus orcain the north‐east Pacific may be affected by prey limitation and repeated disturbance by human activities. Marine protected areas (MPAs) present an attractive option to mitigate impacts of anthropogenic activities, but they run the risk of tokenism if placed arbitrarily. Notwithstanding recreational and industrial marine traffic, the number of commercial vessels in the local whalewatching fleet is approaching the number of killer whales to be watched. Resident killer whales have been shown to be more vulnerable to vessel disturbance while feeding than during resting, travelling or socializing activities, therefore protected‐areas management strategies that target feeding ‘hotspots’ should confer greater conservation benefit than those that protect habitat generically. Classification trees and spatially explicit generalized additive models were used to model killer whale habitat use and whale behaviour in inshore waters of Washington State (USA) and British Columbia (BC, Canada). Here we propose a candidate MPA that is small (i.e. a few square miles), but seemingly important. Killer whales were predicted to be 2.7 times as likely to be engaged in feeding activity in this site than they were in adjacent waters. A recurring challenge for cetacean MPAs is the need to identify areas that are large enough to be biologically meaningful while being small enough to allow effective management of human activities within those boundaries. Our approach prioritizes habitat that animals use primarily for the activity in which they are most responsive to anthropogenic disturbance.
Using probabilistic models to investigate the disappearance of a widespread frog‐species complex in high‐altitude regions of south‐eastern Australia
Authors: Hamer A. J. , Lane S. J. , Mahony M. J.
Published: December 2009

Amphibian populations have suffered declines and disappearances around the world. It is now recognized that many of the disappearances were the result of infection by the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Most global declines were first observed in the 1980s. Here, we used information from museum collections, natural‐history databases and the literature to quantitatively assess the disappearance of the bell frog species complex (Litoria aurea, Litoria castanea and Litoria raniformis) in high‐altitude Tableland regions of the Great Dividing Range, south‐eastern Australia. Based on the sighting record, we estimated that Li. castanea disappeared on the Northern Tablelands in 1979, then from the Southern and Central Tablelands in 1984. Estimated dates of disappearance of Li. aurea and Li. raniformis from the Southern and Central Tablelands were 1981 and 1982, respectively. The Northern Tablelands populations of Li. castanea may have been one of the first high‐altitude populations of frogs to disappear from Australasia and perhaps one of the first globally. We documented targeted searches of suitable habitat within the historic range of the three species in these Tableland regions since 1985, noting that only one bell frog population was discovered (Li. aurea, Southern Tablelands, 2000). Our Solow equation estimate of the probability of extant populations of bell frogs persisting up to the year 2000 was <0.001, so the rediscovery of Li. aurea was mathematically exceptional. Although the cause of these declines remains unknown, the latitudinal (i.e. north to south) and rapid pattern of disappearance of Li. castanea, and the rapid contraction in the range of Li. aurea and Li. raniformis from high‐altitude regions, strongly suggests a pathogen such as Bd was responsible. We recommend further surveys for bell frogs on the Tablelands, as the rediscovery of Li. aurea provides faint hope of finding other extant populations.
Deep evolutionary roots of strepsirrhine primate labyrinthine morphology
Authors: Lebrun Renaud , De León Marcia P. , Tafforeau Paul , Zollikofer Christoph
Published: December 2009

The cavity system of the inner ear of mammals is a complex three‐dimensional structure that houses the organs of equilibrium and hearing. Morphological variation of the inner ear across mammals reflects differences in locomotor behaviour and hearing performance, and the good preservation of this structure in many fossil specimens permits analogous inferences. However, it is less well known to what extent the morphology of the bony labyrinth conveys information about the evolutionary history of primate taxa. We studied this question in strepsirrhine primates with the aim to assess the potential and limitations of using the inner ear as a phylogenetic marker. Geometric morphometric analysis showed that the labyrinthine morphology of extant strepsirrhines contains a mixed locomotor, allometric and phylogenetic signal. Discriminant analysis at the family level confirmed that labyrinthine shape is a good taxonomic marker. Our results support the hypothesis that evolutionary change in labyrinthine morphology is adequately described with a random walk model, i.e. random phenotypic dispersal in morphospace. Under this hypothesis, average shapes calculated for each node of the phylogenetic tree give an estimate of inner ear shapes of the respective last common ancestors (LCAs), and this information can be used to infer character state polarity. The labyrinthine morphology of the fossil Adapinae is close to the inferred basal morphology of the strepsirrhines. The inner ear of Daubentonia, one of the most derived extant strepsirrhines, is autapomorphic in many respects, but also presents unique similarities with adapine labyrinths.
Effect of probiotic Lactobacillus casei Zhang on fermentation characteristics of set yogurt
Authors: WANG JICHENG , GUO ZHUANG , ZHANG QING , YAN LIYA , CHEN YONGFU , CHEN XIA , LIU XIAO‐MING , CHEN WEI , ZHANG HE‐PING
Published: December 2009

The effect of four inoculation levels of Lactobacillus casei Zhang (0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 g/100 g) on the fermentation characteristics of set‐style yogurt, and the changes in viable counts of lactic acid bacteria, pH value, syneresis, apparent viscosity, sugar and organic acid contents were determined during fermentation and storage over 21 days. The presence of 0.001 to 0.01 g/100 g L. casei Zhang did not affect the growth of the yogurt strains, and the yogurt inoculated with 0.00 1 g/100 g of L. casei Zhang had the highest apparent viscosity among the samples. However, a high inoculated level of L. casei Zhang (1.0 g/100 g) resulted in yogurts with inferior quality.
Evaluation of different soybean varieties for manufacture of soy ice cream
Authors: SUTAR NAMRATA , SUTAR PARAG P , SINGH GURMUKH
Published: December 2009

Soy ice cream is a delicious and nutritious frozen product. Seven varieties of soybean were evaluated for their suitability in the preparation of soy ice cream. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between the moisture, protein, fat and ash contents of ice cream mixes prepared from different soybean varieties. The viscosity of the ice cream mix increased, while specific gravity decreased, after ageing and freezing of the mix. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed in the over‐run and melt down time of ice cream prepared from different soybean varieties. Soy ice cream prepared from variety PK‐472 was rated organoleptically superior t0 other varieties.
Utilization of medical healthcare among people receiving long‐term care at home or in special accommodation
Authors: Condelius Anna , Edberg Anna‐Karin , Hallberg Ingalill Rahm , Jakobsson Ulf
Published: December 2009

Scand J Caring Sci; 2010; 24; 404–413 Utilization of medical healthcare among people receiving long‐term care at home or in special accommodation

Aim: To investigate the utilization of medical healthcare, hospital care and outpatient care, during a 1‐year period in relation to informal care, multimorbidity, functional status and health complaints and to long‐term care at home or in special accommodation among people aged 65+, with one or more hospital admissions and receiving long‐term care.

Method: A total of 694 people receiving long‐term care during the year 2001 were studied. Data were collected by means of the administrative registers Patient Administrative Support in Skåne and PrivaStat and through the study Good Ageing in Skåne. Those at home and those in special accommodation were compared regarding utilization of medical healthcare, informal care, multimorbidity, functional status and health complaints. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed using at home vs. in special accommodation as the dependent variable and also two multiple linear regression analyses using the number of hospital stays and the number of contacts with the physician in outpatient care separately as dependent variables.

Findings: Those at home were significantly younger (mean age: 81 vs. 84 years) and less dependent in personal and instrumental activities of daily living (PADL/IADL) than those in special accommodation. A larger proportion of those at home was admitted to hospital three times or more (21 vs. 14%) and they had significantly more contacts with physicians in outpatient care (md: 10 vs. md: 7). Informal care was associated with care at home (OR = 0.074) and with utilization of outpatient care (B = 2.045). Dependency in PADL was associated with care in special accommodation (OR = 1.375) and with utilization of hospital care (B = −0.060) and outpatient care (B = −0.581).

Conclusion: Medical healthcare seems more accessible to those who live at home are younger, less dependent and who have access to informal caregivers.
The Frequency and Intensity of Topical Pimecrolimus Treatment in Children with Physician‐Confirmed Mild to Moderate Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Kapoor Roger , Hoffstad Ole , Bilker Warren , Margolis David J.
Published: December 2009

Abstract:  Atopic dermatitis (AD) is often treated with multiple modalities, including topical medications such as corticosteroids and topical calcineurin inhibitors (TCIs). The aim of this study was to describe the natural history of the utilization characteristics of topical treatment in those with AD. We conducted a longitudinal study of the first 4,105 children with physician‐confirmed mild to moderate AD enrolled in an ongoing postmarketing safety study of pimecrolimus. Information was obtained from participants every six months using a questionnaire. Drug utilization was solely determined by the physician and patient. Over the three years of our study, an increasing number of individuals reported at least 6 months of complete control of their disease, without the continued use of a topical medication. While all study participants used pimecrolimus at the start of the study less than 40% continued to use it after 3 years of study participation. If an individual was still using a topical medication after three years of follow‐up, it was most likely a topical corticosteroid. For those who continued to use pimecrolimus, the use was limited to about 60 grams of pimecrolimus in 6 months. Community‐based use of topical pimecrolimus to treat AD is limited both with respect to the duration of exposure and amount or total dose of the exposure. If a topical therapy is persistent, it is most likely to a topical corticosteroid.
A Prospective Study of Cutaneous Manifestations of Spinal Dysraphism from India
Authors: Sardana Kabir , Gupta Rima , Garg Vijay K. , Mishra Devendra , Mishra Puneet , Grover Chander , Mendiratta Vibhu
Published: December 2009

Abstract:  Recognition of cutaneous markers of spinal dysraphism is important to prevent the morbidity associated with underlying spinal anomalies. To investigate the frequency and type of cutaneous stigmata in different forms of spinal dysraphism and to assess the role of ultrasonography and/or magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosing spinal dysraphism at two pediatric dermatology tertiary care centers. Over a 4‐year period, all pediatric patients presenting to the dermatology clinic with dorsal midline cutaneous stigmata were evaluated clinically and with imaging studies (radiography, ultrasonographic examination and magnetic resonance imaging/Doppler). Surgical interventions were planned in conjunction with neurosurgery and orthopedic specialists. On examination, 245 (4.2%) had 285 cutaneous stigmata. Of the 180 patients evaluated with radiography, ultrasonographic examination and magnetic resonance imaging, 50 patients (28%) had spinal dysraphism (with 64 cutaneous stigmata). The most common stigmata associated with occult spinal dysraphism were lipoma (10) and dimples (12) and in open spinal dysraphism lipomeningomyelocoele (10) and meningomyelocoele (10). Statistically, lipomeningomyelocoele/myelomeningocoele, atypical dimples and port‐wine stains were most associated with spinal dysraphism (p < 0.001). In 80 children less than 6 months of age, radiography with ultrasonographic examination revealed an SD in 16, while magnetic resonance imaging was diagnostic in four cases. Ultrasonographic examination performed fairly well in children less than 6 months and in cases of flat cutaneous stigmata it missed only 5% of cases, but in cases with bulky overlying masses (lipoma, hemangioma) it missed 15% of cases.
Prevalence of Pediculosis Capitis among Schoolchildren in Greece and Risk Factors: A Questionnaire Survey
Authors: Soultana Vladeni , Euthumia Peteinaki , Antonios Maniatis , Angeliki Roussaki‐Schultze
Published: December 2009

Abstract:  Pediculosis capitis is a common problem worldwide. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of pediculosis capitis in children of preschool or school age in Greece, as well as to investigate the potential risk factors. The study included children of preschool and school age from all over Greece, including urban, semi‐urban, and rural areas of Greece. A questionnaire with both closed and open‐type questions, which was constructed by the researcher and filled in by the children’s parents, was used. A total of 5,084 questionnaires were distributed, of which 2,792 were adequately filled and subsequently evaluated. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models were used. The median age of the children was 8 years (range: 3–13 yrs) and 54% of them were girls. Pediculosis was found to be prevalent in 12% of the tested population. The prevalence of the disease seems to be increased after the age of 10 years and the risk is higher in girls. The number of family members was correlated positively with the risk of being infected with pediculosis at least once. The children’s gender, their age, and family size were correlated with the risk of infection.
Systemic Juvenile Xanthogranuloma with Fatal Outcome
Authors: Azorín Daniel , Torrelo Antonio , Lassaletta Alvaro , De Prada Inmaculada , Colmenero Isabel , Contra Trinidad , González‐Mediero Imelda
Published: December 2009

Abstract:  Juvenile xanthogranuloma is a benign and self‐limited disease which usually appears in the skin of children. Visceral involvement has been rarely reported, as has fatal outcome in some affected individuals. We report a case of systemic juvenile xanthogranuloma in a female newborn with mainly skin, bone marrow, and liver involvement, leading to death at the age of 2 months.
Cutaneous Presentation of Plasmablastic Post‐transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder in a 14‐Month‐Old
Authors: Hernandez Claudia , Cetner Aaron S. , Wiley Elizabeth L.
Published: December 2009

Abstract:  We present a 14‐month‐old female child who developed multiple erythematous nodules on her abdomen 5 months after liver and small bowel transplantation. Skin biopsy revealed a dense infiltrate of large cells in the dermal and subcutaneous layers with frequent mitotic figures. The cells were noted to have abundant cytoplasm, prominent nucleoli, and open chromatin. Immunohistochemical stains were positive for CD138, CD56, Ki67 (>90%), and lambda chain restriction. Rare mature B cells (CD20) and rare T cells (CD3) were noted. She was diagnosed with high‐grade post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder most consistent with plasmablastic lymphoma.
PHACES Syndrome—Report of Two Cases and Their Evolution Over Time
Authors: Browne Fiona , Rickard Caroline , Smith Robert A. , Lyon Calum
Published: December 2009

Abstract:  We describe two cases of PHACES syndrome that illustrate the importance of recognizing this rare syndrome. As children with this syndrome can present to general pediatricians, dermatologists, pediatric cardiologists, ophthalmologists, and neurologists, it is important that all are aware of the spectrum of associated abnormalities.
Congenital Erosive and Vesicular Dermatosis with Reticulated Scarring in a Newborn: An Innovative Treatment Using a Silicone Dressing
Authors: De Lange Axel , Bayet Bénédicte , Debauche Christian , Fraitag Sylvie , Lachapelle Jean‐Marie , Marot Liliane , Vanwijck Romain
Published: December 2009

Abstract:  Congenital erosive and vesicular dermatosis healing with reticulated supple scarring is a rare entity presenting in the newborn with crusted erosions and vesicles that heal relatively rapidly, forming unique reticulated scars. We report the case of a premature baby 31 weeks old. Diagnosis was confirmed by skin biopsies, and the clinical improvement was excellent, with complete healing observed within 7 weeks. This report highlights clinical and histopathologic features, and a new successful treatment approach using a silicone dressing.
Rhabdomyomatous Mesenchymal Hamartoma of the Vagina
Authors: HAN SUNG HYUB , SONG HEE JIN , HONG WON KYU , LEE HYEON SOOK , CHOI GWANG SEONG , SHIN JEONG HYUN
Published: December 2009

Abstract:  Rhabomyomatous mesenchymal hamartoma (RMH) is a rare hamartomatous lesion in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. We report a case of solitary RMH occurring on the vagina of a newborn infant.
Vitiligo Occurring after Halo Formation around Congenital Melanocytic Nevi
Authors: KIM HEI SUNG , GOH BOON KEE
Published: December 2009

Abstract:  We present two cases wherein vitiligo developed after the onset of halo formation involving congenital melanocytic nevi to emphasize the possibility of this finding as a potential albeit unusual presentation of vitiligo.
Onychomycosis in a Very Young Child
Authors: ZAC RENATA INDELICATO , CAFÉ MARIA ESTER MASSARA , NEVES DANIELA REZENDE , E OLIVEIRA PATRÍCIA JANNUZZI VIEIRA , BARBOSA VALÉRIA GOMES
Published: December 2009

Abstract:  A child was diagnosed with onychomycosis before he was 2 months of age; however, he had noticeable nail lesions from the second week of life.
The Primary Headaches as a Reflection of Genetic Darwinian Adaptive Behavioral Responses
Authors: Montagna Pasquale , Pierangeli Giulia , Cortelli Pietro
Published: December 2009

(Headache2010;50:273‐289)

Objective.—The objective of this study is to present a view of the primary headaches as genetically determined behavioral responses consistent with sickness behavior and defense reaction, respectively.

Background and Design.—A review of the literature bearing on the behavioral, humoral, and functional imaging aspects of the primary headaches shows that migraine and cluster headache (CH) are pain conditions characterized by different behaviors during the attacks. Here it is postulated that the behavioral responses to migraine and CH are evolutionary conserved reactions consistent with sickness behavior and defense reaction.

Results.—The sickness behavior observed during migraine attacks is a pan‐mammalian adaptive response to internal and external stressors, characterized by withdrawal and motor quiescence, sympatho‐inhibition and lethargy, in which visceral pain signals a homeostatic imbalance of the body and/or brain. In contrast, the defense reaction in CH consists of a fight‐or‐flight reaction, with motor restlessness and agitation, in which pain is exteroceptive in kind.

Conclusion.—These different behavioral responses are thus specific to different kinds of pain, distinguished by the behavioral significance of the pain (visceral pain in migraine vs exteroceptive pain in CH), and imply brain matrices involving different networks in the brainstem, hypothalamus, and forebrain regions that engender evolutionarily conserved adaptive genetic responses. Cytokines play an important role in their development. Predictions and limitations of the hypothesis are discussed together with implications for genetic studies on headaches.
The “Repeater” Phenomenon in Migraine Patients: A Clinical and Psychometric study
Authors: Villani Veronica , Di Stani Fabrizio , Vanacore Nicola , Scattoni Lorena , Cerbo Rosanna , Bruti Gianluca
Published: December 2009

(Headache 2010;50:348‐356)

Background.— Headache is one of the most common symptoms in an emergency department (ED), while migraine is the most frequently observed headache in this setting. The aim of our study was to evaluate the influence of clinical and psychometric variables on the repeater phenomenon, ie, patients who make at least 3 visits to the ED at least 1 week apart during a 6‐month period.

Methods.— According to the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd edition (ICHD‐II) criteria, we consecutively recruited Italian‐speaking migraine subjects who came to the ED or outpatient service. All the patients underwent the Migraine Disability Assessment Scale for the evaluation of migraine disability. We also administered the Beck Depression Inventory, State and Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Toronto Alexithymia Scale‐20 for the evaluation of depressive, anxiety, and alexithymic symptoms, respectively. A personality profile was also obtained by means of the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ).

Results.— We consecutively enrolled 465 migraine patients, diagnosed according to the ICHD‐II criteria. Seventy (15%) of these patients met the repeater definition. The repeater group had more severe disability and was affected to a greater degree by chronic migraine, regardless of symptomatic drug overuse, than the non‐repeater group. As regards the psychometric variables, repeaters were more alexithymic, anxious, and depressed than non‐repeaters. The personality profile, as measured by the TPQ, revealed that the repeater patients scored higher on the harm avoidance scale and their subscales than the non‐repeater patients.

Conclusions.— According to the findings of our study, the repeater migraineur is typically triptan‐naïve, more alexithymic, and more depressed than the non‐repeater migraineur. A clinical and psychometric evaluation of repeater patients who go to the ED because of migraine attacks may help to understand this epidemiological and clinical phenomenon. From a clinical point of view, these psychometric findings may not only shed light on the epidemiology of migraine in the ED, but may also help to design a specific therapeutic protocol for this subgroup of migraine patients.
Electronic Momentary Assessment of Weather Changes as a Trigger of Headaches in Children
Authors: Connelly Mark , Miller Todd , Gerry Gerry , Bickel Jennifer
Published: December 2009

(Headache 2010;50:779‐789)

Background.— Variables that are thought to precipitate migraine or tension‐type headache episodes in children hitherto have only been studied using retrospective reports. As such, there is little empirical evidence to support the actual predictive association between presumed headache triggers and actual headache occurrence in children.

Objective.— The present study sought to determine if fluctuations in weather, a commonly reported headache trigger in children, predict increased likelihood of headache occurrence when evaluated using rigorous prospective methodology (“electronic momentary assessment”).

Methods.— Twenty‐five children (21 girls, 4 boys) between the ages of 8‐17 years attending a new patient neurology clinic appointment and having a diagnosis of chronic migraine, chronic tension‐type, or episodic migraine headache (with or without aura) participated in the study. Children completed baseline measures on headache characteristics, presumed headache triggers, and mood and subsequently were trained in the use of electronic diaries to record information on headaches. Children then completed thrice daily diaries on handheld computers for a 2‐week time period (42 assessments per child) while data on weather variables (temperature, dew point temperature, barometric pressure, humidity, precipitation, and sunlight) in the child's geographic location were recorded each time a diary was completed. Data were analyzed using multilevel models.

Results.— Of the weather variables, relative humidity and presence of precipitation were significantly predictive of new headache onset, with nearly a 3‐fold increase in probability of headache occurrence during times of precipitation or elevated humidity in the child's area, b = 0.38, t(821) = 2.10, P = .04, and b = 0.02, t(821) = 2.81, P = .01, respectively. These associations remained after accounting for fluctuations in mood, and associations were not significantly stronger in children who at baseline thought that weather was a headache trigger for them. Changes in temperature, dew point temperature, barometric pressure, and sunlight were not significantly predictive of new headache episode occurrence in this sample.

Conclusions.— Results of the present study lend some support to the belief commonly held by children with recurrent headaches that weather changes may contribute to headache onset. Although electronic momentary assessment methodology was found to be feasible in this population and to have the potential to identify specific headache triggers for children, it remains to be determined how best (or even whether) to incorporate this information into treatment recommendations.
A Shortened Version of the Headache‐Specific Locus of Control Scale in Spanish Population
Authors: Cano‐García Francisco J. , Rodríguez‐Franco Luis , López‐Jiménez Ana M.
Published: December 2009

(Headache2010;50:1335‐1345)

Background and Objective.—Further questions need to be addressed in the evaluation of locus of control (LOC) in headaches, such as reducing scale length and adapting them to diverse cultural environments, as in the case of Spain.

Methods.—We perform a confirmatory factor analysis of the most outstanding items contained in the Headache‐Specific Locus of Control Scale in the responses of 118 patients suffering from headaches who received assistance at public health care centers in the province of Seville (Spain).

Results.—The adjustment was positive, thus confirming the original structure of 3 factors: internal locus of control (LOC‐I), health care professionals' LOC, and chance locus of control (LOC‐C). Scale validation was performed by examining associations both with headache clinical parameters and psychological measures. The latter included self‐efficacy, internal language, coping strategies, and pain behaviors. LOC‐C results deserve special mention, supporting the idea that it seems more important to avoid that patients develop LOC‐C rather than boosting LOC‐I and LOC‐P expectations.

Conclusions.—The so‐called Headache‐Specific Locus of Control Scale‐Short Form 9 has turned out to be a parsimonious (9 items), valid, and reliable measure of headache LOC.
Reducing Life Cycle Environmental Impacts of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Recycling
Authors: Johansson Jan G. , Björklund Anna E.
Published: December 2009

Collection and treatment of waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is regulated in the European Union by the WEEE Directive. Producers are responsible for take‐back and recycling of discarded equipment. Valuable materials are, however, at risk of “getting lost” in current processes. Thus, strategies to minimize losses are sought after.

The material hygiene (MH) concept was introduced to address this issue. Structural features, which are important for the outcome of reuse, recovery, and recycling, were investigated in an earlier field study of discarded dishwashers. It was proposed that a prestep, manual removal of copper prior to shredding could increase the purity of recovered material fractions.

This article builds on the field study and theoretical reasoning underlying the MH concept. Dishwashers are assumed to be designed for disassembly when the prestep is introduced. A limited life cycle assessment was performed to determine whether the proposed prestep may be environmentally beneficial in a life cycle perspective. Two alternatives were analyzed:

Case 1: the current shredding process.

Case 2: prestep removal of copper before shredding.

Targeted disassembly prior to shredding may reduce the abiotic depletion and global warming potential in a life cycle perspective. The prestep results in increased copper recovery, but, more important, copper contamination of the recovered steel fractions is reduced. The results also highlight the importance of minimizing energy consumption in all process stages.
Safety and Convenience of Continuous Warfarin Strategy During the Periprocedural Period in Patients Who Underwent Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: KWAK JAE‐JIN , PAK HUI‐NAM , JANG JIN‐KUN , KIM SOOK KYOUNG , PARK JAE HYUNG , CHOI JONG‐IL , HWANG CHUN , KIM YOUNG‐HOON
Published: December 2009

Continuous Warfarin Before AF Ablation. Background: We investigated the efficiency and convenience of a continuous warfarinization (CW) strategy during the periprocedural period of radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) of atrial fibrillation (AF) in comparison with the classic strategy of switching to heparin (SH).

Methods and Results:
We compared CW (n = 49) and SH (n = 55, 3 days before RFCA) in 104 patients who underwent RFCA of AF (77 males, 55 ± 12 years old, paroxysmal AF: persistent AF = 63:41). During the procedure, the activated clotting time (ACT) was maintained between 350 and 400 seconds, and a requirement of H, postablation INR, and periprocedural complications were compared. Results were as follows: (1) in the CW group, the preprocedural INR (1.85 ± 0.61 vs 1.05 ± 0.12, P < 0.001) and the proportions of INR > 2.0 after RFCA (1st postprocedure day 61.2% vs 5.5%, P < 0.001; 2nd postprocedure day 83.3% vs 21.8%, P < 0.005) were higher, and the heparin requirement was lower (2012 ± 998 U/30 minutes vs 2921 ± 795 U/30 minutes, P < 0.001) than in the SH group. (2) The incidences of hemorrhagic complications (18.2% vs 18.4%, P = NS) or the major bleeding rates (reduced hemoglobin ≥ 4 g/dL, requiring blood transfusion; 3.6% vs 12.2%, P = NS) were not significantly different in the CW group than in the SH group.

Conclusion:
The periprocedural CW strategy maintains a more stable INR immediately after AF ablation without increasing hemorrhagic complications compared with the classic strategy of SH. Simple CW can replace SH in an experienced laboratory with a low risk of hemopericardium during AF ablation. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 21, pp. 620‐625, June 2010)
Septal Ventricular Tachycardia with Alternating LBBB–RBBB Morphology in Isolated Ventricular Noncompaction
Authors: FIALA MARTIN , JANUŠKA JAROSLAV , BULKOVÁ VERONIKA , PLEVA MARTIN
Published: December 2009

Alternating VT Morphology in IVNC. Knowledge on ventricular tachycardia (VT) in isolated ventricular noncompaction (IVNC) is limited. We report on a patient with IVNC who presented with cardiogenic shock due to an incessant drug‐resistant VT that was cured by radiofrequency ablation. The VT had characteristics of a deep septal focal arrhythmia, which was distinctive by ablation‐induced alternation of the rightward and leftward exits, and was difficult to ablate from either side of the ventricular septum. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 21, pp. 704‐707, June 2010)
Adverse Events Even after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Is There Any Way to Predict It?
Authors: SETIADI BENNY MULYANTO , HAN LEI , JING CHANG
Published: December 2009

Since its development, the frequency and indication of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) have been increasing tremendously. Although generally the procedure shows promising results, some patients still develop cardiovascular events even after PCI. Some risk prediction models have been developed in order to identify this group of patients who possess higher risk of developing cardiovascular events after PCI. This article discusses the available risk prediction models, the difference between risk prediction models, choosing risk prediction models, and also limitations of the available risk prediction models. (J Interven Cardiol 2010;23:86–94)
A Quantitative Assessment of the Research Chefs Association Core Competencies for the Practicing Culinologist
Authors: Bissett Rachel L. , Cheng Michael S.H. , Brannan Robert G.
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT:  Professional organizations have linked core competency to professional success and competitive strategy. The Research Chefs Assn. (RCA) recently released 43 core competencies for practicing culinologists. Culinology® is a profession that links skills of culinary arts and food science and technology in the development of food products. An online survey was created asking RCA members from all 6 membership categories (Associate, Affiliate, Chef, Culinology, Food Science and Technology (FS&T), and Student) to rate their knowledge level based on a 7‐point scale and agreement to importance in job performance based on a 5‐point Likert scale for each competency statement. RCA participant's (N = 192) survey results were analyzed using SPSS for Windows version 13.0 at a significance level of P < 0.05. Statistical survey validation grouped all 43 competency statements into 8 factors (groupings) according to level of competency proficiency (opposed to the 7 groups each competency was originally designated by the RC A) and into 9 factors according to job success. Results suggest that Chef Members know “Culinary Arts” best and FS&T members know “Food Science” best. A gap analysis determined what competency factors were low in knowledge level yet important to job success for each membership category. Chef members have a lower level of knowledge in “Product Development,”“Food Science,” and “Quality Assurance” factors; however, the factors are important to job success. FS&T members have a lower level of knowledge in “Nutrition” yet identified the factor important to job success. An opportunity exists to improve educational efforts for specific membership categories.
Learning through Teaching: Challenges and Opportunities in Facilitating Student Learning in Food Science and Nutrition by Using the Interteaching Approach
Authors: Goto Keiko , Schneider Julie
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT:  Interteaching is a new pedagogical strategy for classroom instruction that demonstrates great effective student learning outcomes in the field of psychology. It is a 20 to 30 min student‐to‐student discussion addressing the main points in a specified body of reading materials. Interteaching includes elements such as reciprocal peer tutoring, cooperative learning, and problem‐based learning. These elements have been well theorized and their effectiveness has been empirically documented. To date, little is known about the effects of interteaching on students' perceived learning outcomes in food science and nutrition. This case study describes how the interteach method was employed in an undergraduate nutrition and food science course with specific examples of the tools used, such as interteach preparation guides, the interteach record form, and the peer assessment form. Based on the continuous feedback provided by the students during the course work, several specific modifications were made from the conventional interteaching methods, including 4‐person interteaching instead of one‐on‐one interteaching, as well as the use of in‐class thought‐provoking “synthesis” questions. At the end of the course, we assessed the students' perceptions of interteaching, as well as the students' perceived learning outcomes. The method generally fostered critical thinking and enhanced their motivation, which led to their perceived learning. On the other hand, some of the students expressed challenges in learning from peers due to their peers' varied preparation levels, as well as tackling complex scientific concepts prior to lectures. Further investigation is needed to develop possible strategies for accommodating the challenges among students with different learning styles.
Food Safety Knowledge and Beliefs of Middle School Children: Implications for Food Safety Educators
Authors: Byrd‐Bredbenner Carol , Abbot Jaclyn Maurer , Quick Virginia
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT:  To create effective educational interventions that address the food safety informational needs of youth, a greater understanding of their knowledge and skills is needed. The purposes of this study were to explore, via focus groups, the food‐handling responsibilities of middle school youth and obstacles they face in practicing safe food handling and develop recommendations for the design of food safety interventions for youth. Most youth reported that they prepared food at least once weekly and rated learning to prevent foodborne illness as important. Youth knew that food could make them sick, described foodborne illness as resulting from “something” getting into food, not cooking food “right,” or the food going bad. Most responses lacked details, suggesting knowledge was basic. Nearly all were interested in learning about food safety. Barriers that deterred them from learning about food safety were time and feeling they were not susceptible to foodborne illness. To overcome barriers, youth suggested focusing on the seriousness of and risks for foodborne illness, using a serious but comical educational approach, and using hands‐on educational media. Parents highly rated the importance of and degree to which they wanted youth to learn about food safety. Parents felt that their children had moderate levels of food safety knowledge, but many questioned whether they practiced food safety procedures when unsupervised. Parents felt that food safety education needed to be taught and reinforced in school and at home. After having reviewed youth and parent data, food safety experts proposed recommendations for youth‐focused food safety education that paralleled current consumer food safety initiatives.
Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: Present Status and Future Concerns
Authors: Bhat Rajeev , Rai Ravishankar V. , Karim A.A.
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT: Disease outbreaks due to the consumption of contaminated food and feedstuff are a recurring problem worldwide. The major factor contributing to contamination are microorganisms, especially fungi, which produce low‐molecular‐weight compounds as secondary metabolites, with confirmed toxic properties referred to as mycotoxins. Several mycotoxins reported to date are cosmopolitan in distribution and incur severe health‐associated risks (including cancer and neurological disorders). Hence, creating awareness among consumers, as well as developing new methods for detection and inactivation is of great importance for food safety. In this review, the focus is on the occurrence of various types of mycotoxins in food and feed associated with risks to humans and livestock, as well as legislation put forth by various authorities, and on presently practiced detoxification methods. Brief descriptions on recent developments in mycotoxin detection methodology are also inlcuded. This review is meant to be informative not only for health‐conscious consumers but also for experts in the field to pave the way for future research to fill the existing gaps in our knowledge with regard to mycotoxins and food safety.
Biopolymer Coatings on Paper Packaging Materials
Authors: Khwaldia Khaoula , Arab‐Tehrany Elmira , Desobry Stephane
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT:  Increased environmental concerns over the use of certain synthetic packaging and coatings in combination with consumer demands for both higher quality and longer shelf life have led to increased interest in alternative packaging materials research. Naturally renewable biopolymers can be used as barrier coatings on paper packaging materials. These biopolymer coatings may retard unwanted moisture transfer in food products, are good oxygen and oil barriers, are biodegradable, and have potential to replace current synthetic paper and paperboard coatings. Incorporation of antimicrobial agents in coatings to produce active paper packaging materials provides an attractive option for protecting food from microorganism development and spread. The barrier, mechanical, and other properties of biopolymer‐coated paper are reviewed. Existing and potential applications for bioactive coatings on paper packaging materials are discussed with examples.