bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strengthening Mechanisms and Strain Hardening Behavior of 316L Stainless Steel Manufactured by Laser‐Based Powder Bed Fusion
Authors: Taghipour Aliakbar , Mazaheri Yousef , McDavid Jascha , Sheikhi Shahram , Braun Moritz , Shen Junjun , Klusemann Benjamin , Ehlers Sören
Published: October 2022

The microstructure–properties relations and strengthening mechanisms of additively manufactured 316L stainless steel are comprehensively investigated in this work. The orientation dependency and the strain hardening are studied by tensile testing of as‐built specimens fabricated by laser‐based powder bed fusion (LPBF) in different directions. The results are compared with those obtained for wrought material. The microstructure of the wrought and the LPBF materials are also comprehensively investigated. Equiaxed grains with random orientation and relatively uniform size (≈30 μm) are observed in the wrought material, where the LPBF samples show columnar grains inside as well as fine equiaxed grains in the bottom of the molten pool. A bimodal grain size distribution, higher values of geometrically necessary dislocations density (≈25–32%), and lower fractions of high‐angle grain boundaries (≈24–28%) are observed in LPBF 316L. A significant yield strength and considerable ultimate strength improvement without remarkable elongation decrease are obtained for the LPBF tensile specimens, resulting in a high strength‐elongation balance (up to 26 122 MPa%). Two‐stage strain hardening is depicted in both wrought and LPBF samples. This is successfully predicted with two‐stage Hollomon analysis. However, the LPBF samples illustrate lower strain hardening exponents in comparison with the wrought ones.
Ratiometric Mechanoluminescence of Double‐Activator Doped Phosphatic Phosphors: Color‐Resolved Visualization of Stress‐Sensing and Quantified Evaluation for Sensing Performance
Authors: Zhou Su , Cheng Yao , Xu Ju , Lin Hang , Wang Yuansheng
Published: October 2022

Visualized self‐powering stress sensing can be realized via mechanoluminescence (ML) materials due to their ability to convert mechanical stimulate into optical signals. Traditional ML‐intensity‐based stress‐sensing is susceptible to errors caused by unpredictable measurement circumstances, which can be significantly improved by a recently developed ratiometric ML sensing strategy. Herein, a series of dual‐activator phosphatic materials are designed to realize ratiometric ML. The linear dependence of mechanoluminescence intensity ratio (MLIR) on the applied force leads to an obvious variation in ML emission color upon different applied stress, and therefore enables a color‐resolved visualization of stress‐sensing. Specifically, an evaluating system is established to quantify the stress‐sensing performance of ratiometric ML materials for the first time, which is considered to be an important step toward the practical application of ratiometric ML‐based stress‐sensing.
Flexible ZnO Nanosheet‐Based Artificial Synapses Prepared by Low‐Temperature Process for High Recognition Accuracy Neuromorphic Computing
Authors: Wang YiLong , Cao Minghui , Bian Jing , Li Qiang , Su Jie
Published: October 2022

In neuromorphic computing networks, a flexible synaptic memristor with high recognition accuracy is highly desired. In this study, ZnO nanosheets (ZnO NS) embedded within a polymethyl methacrylate host material are used as the intermediate layer to prepare flexible synaptic memristor at a low‐temperature of 80 °C. The device shows excellent switching characteristics with low SET/RESET voltages (−0.4 V/0.4 V) and stable retention characteristic (104 s). By modulating the conductance continuously, the flexible synaptic memristor simulates typical synaptic plasticities, including excitation post‐synaptic current, paired‐pulse facilitation, and spike‐timing dependent plasticity. Especially, the neuromorphic system built from flexible ZnO NS‐based memristors achieves a high recognition accuracy up to 97.7% for handwriting digit. Under the influence of 5% Uniform noise and 5% Gaussian noise, recognition accuracies are maintained at 94.6% and 93.7%, respectively. These properties are well maintained even when bending 1000 times at a radius of 5 mm. The flexible ZnO NS‐based memristor shows great prospects in wearable devices and neural morphology calculation.
A Zn8 Double‐Cavity Metallacalix[8]arene as Molecular Sieve to Realize Self‐Cleaning Intramolecular Tandem Transformation of Li−S Chemistry
Authors: Wang Peng , Xu Tianyang , Xi Baojuan , Yuan Jia , Song Ning , Sun Di , Xiong Shenglin
Published: October 2022

Toward the well‐explored lithium−sulfur (Li−S) catalytic chemistry, the slow adsorption‐migration‐conversion kinetics of lithium polysulfides on catalytic materials and Li2S deposition‐induced passivation of active sites limit the rapid and complete conversion of sulfur. Conceptively, molecular architectures can provide atom‐precise models to understand the underlying active sites responsible for selective adsorption and conversion of LiPSs and Li2S2/Li2S species. Here, an octanuclear Zn(II) (Zn8) cluster is presented, which features a metallacalix[8]arene with double cavities up and down the Zn8ring. The central Zn8ring and the specific double cavities with organic ligands of different electronegativity and bonding environments render active sites with variable steric hindrance and interaction toward the sulfur‐borne species. An intramolecular tandem transformation mechanism is realized exclusively by Zn8cluster, which promotes the self‐cleaning of active sites and continuous electrochemical reaction. Notably, the external azo groups and internal Zn/O sites of Zn8cluster in sequence stimulate the adsorption and conversion of long chain Li2Sx(x ≥ 4) and short chain Li2S/Li2S2, contributing to remarkable rate performance and cycling stability. This work pioneers the application of metallacalix[n]arene clusters with atom‐precise structure in Li−S batteries, and the proposed mechanism advances the molecule‐level understanding of Li−S catalytic chemistry.
Heterocycle Synthesis via Decarboxylative Cyclization Methods
Authors: Wang Cairong , Qiu Ge , Li Chen , Sun Kai , Wang Zhichuan , Wang Xin
Published: October 2022

Carboxylic acid compounds are important structural units that exist widely in nature; the only byproduct in the decarboxylation process is carbon dioxide, which is non‐flammable, non‐toxic, and easy to remove. Therefore, decarboxylative reactions are of great importance in synthetic chemistry. Heterocyclic compounds are important backbones that constitute a variety of biologically active molecules; therefore, research into the development of new synthetic tactics for heterocyclic derivatives based on decarboxylative cyclization is of great interest. In this paper, we describe metal‐catalyzed, visible light‐driven, electrochemically enabled, decarboxylative cyclization reactions, as well as other types, that have been rapidly developed in the past five years; moreover, for some of these methods, we discuss the scope of their application and the mechanism of the reaction.

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Engineered Ultrasmall Nanoparticle Drug‐Immune Conjugates with “Hit and Run” Tumor Delivery to Eradicate Gastric Cancer
Authors: Zhang Li , Aragon‐Sanabria Virginia , Aditya Anusha , Marelli Marcello , Cao Tianye , Chen Feng , Yoo Barney , Ma Kai , Zhuang Li , Cailleau Thais , Masterson Luke , Turker Melik Z. , Lee Rachel , DeLeon Gabriel , Monette Sebastien , Colombo Raffaele , Christie Ronald J. , Zanzonico Pat , Wiesner Ulrich , Subramony J. Anand , Bradbury Michelle S.
Published: October 2022

Despite advances by recently approved antibody‐drug conjugates in treating advanced gastric cancer patients, substantial limitations remain. Here, several key obstacles are overcome by developing a first‐in‐class ultrasmall (sub‐8‐nanometer (nm)) anti‐human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)‐targeting drug‐immune conjugate nanoparticle therapy. This multivalent fluorescent core–shell silica nanoparticle bears multiple anti‐HER2 single‐chain variable fragments (scFv), topoisomerase inhibitors, and deferoxamine moieties. Most surprisingly, drawing upon its favorable physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, clearance, and target‐specific dual‐modality imaging properties in a “hit and run” approach, this conjugate eradicated HER2‐expressing gastric tumors without any evidence of tumor regrowth, while exhibiting a wide therapeutic index. Therapeutic response mechanisms are accompanied by the activation of functional markers, as well as pathway‐specific inhibition. Results highlight the potential clinical utility of this molecularly engineered particle drug‐immune conjugate and underscore the versatility of the base platform as a carrier for conjugating an array of other immune products and payloads.
Sample processing impacts on single wet sieve aggregate stability analysis
Authors: Garcia Glenn Arthur , Warren Jason G. , Abit Sergio , Garcia Chime , Flusche Ogden Grace
Published: October 2022

Soil aggregate stability is widely considered an indicator of soil health. However, there is a lack of test procedure standardization for this soil property. Presently, air‐drying and manual grinding are commonly used in preparing samples for testing, which are time‐consuming and labor intensive. This study evaluated oven‐drying (65 °C) aggregates and processing by either disk or flail mechanical grinders as a way to improve efficiency of conducting aggregate stability analysis as compared with air drying and manual grinding. Surface soil samples were collected from forest, grassland, no‐till, and cultivated areas across 22 fields in Oklahoma with textures ranging from sandy loam to clay loam. The stable fractions of oven‐dried samples were highly correlated to the results of the analysis that used air‐drying. The stable fractions of mechanically ground samples were also highly correlated with manually ground samples. Oven‐drying in combination with either of the grinding methods is a suitable way of improving the efficiency of soil aggregate stability analysis.
Exploring the Charge Dynamics and Energy Loss in Printable Mesoscopic Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Qiu Cheng , Lin Xia , Wang Yixiao , Feng Guanqun , Ling Chenxi , Liu Jiale , Du Jiankang , Xiao Xufeng , Wang Xi , Zeng Peng , Liu Mingzhen , Liang Wenxi , Hu Yue , Han Hongwei
Published: October 2022

Printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells (p‐MPSCs) show great potential for commercialization, but little research has been devoted to understanding the dynamics of photogenerated carriers in this type of cell, limiting their further performance improvements. Herein, two techniques with complementary time scales were used, namely transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) and time‐resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy (TRPL), to quantify the processes of carrier recombination, diffusion, and extraction in p‐MPSCs. It is found that the carrier diffusion in mesoscopic samples should not be neglected at the time scale monitored by TRPL, and thus the diffusion‐recombination model is more suitable compared to the simplified carrier recombination model usually used in interpreting the data of TAS and TRPL. As a result, the calculated carrier diffusion length within the perovskite filled in the mesoscopic scaffold is up to 5.48 µm. This also demonstrates that the hole transport layer is not necessary for p‐MPSCs. In addition, the relationship between the maximum quasi‐Fermi energy level splitting and the bulk recombination coefficient within perovskite is determined through calculations. This study takes an important step toward establishing the relationship between the mesoscopic structure, carrier dynamics, and device performance of p‐MPSCs.
Aggregates of fluorescent gels assembled by interfacial dynamic bonds
Authors: Hu Ziqing , Xu Shaoyu , Zhang Hanwei , Ji Xiaofan
Published: October 2022

Life, defined as the specific form of substance, is an integration of aggregates at various scales, ranging from single molecules to tissues. However, these building blocks of common aggregates are usually recognized as confining at the microscopic level, while there are few studies focusing on macroscopic building blocks for aggregates. Fluorescent gels, as the important macroscopic building blocks, are drawing researchers’ attention on account of their extraordinary fluorescence as well as soft material properties. Inspired by nature, fluorescent gels can be aggregated through interfacial adhesion. According to the driving forces for interfacial adhesion, a series of aggregates of fluorescent gels (AFGs) was summarized, including H‐bond, metal coordinations, host‐guest interactions, hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic interactions, dynamic covalent bonds as well as multiple driving forces. These AFGs own dynamic assembled behaviors and rich stimuli responsiveness, which could be applied to information storage, sensing, biomedical systems, and so on. The authors anticipate this review can accelerate the development of aggregate science, especially based on macroscopic building blocks.
Japanese rapid/living recommendations on drug management for COVID‐19: updated guidelines (July 2022)
Authors: Yamakawa Kazuma , Yamamoto Ryo , Terayama Takero , Hashimoto Hideki , Ishihara Tadashi , Ishimaru Go , Imura Haruki , Okano Hiromu , Narita Chihiro , Mayumi Takuya , Yasuda Hideto , Yamada Kohei , Yamada Hiroyuki , Kawasaki Tatsuya , Shime Nobuaki , Doi Kent , Egi Moritoki , Ogura Hiroshi , Aihara Morio , Kushimoto Shigeki , Nishida Osamu ,   Special Committee of the Japanese Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock 2020 (J‐SSCG 2020), the COVID‐19 Task Force
Published: October 2022

Background

Coronavirus disease (COVID‐19), an infectious disease caused by the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), has spread worldwide since early 2020, and there are still no signs of resolution. The Japanese Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock (J‐SSCG) 2020 Special Committee created the Japanese Rapid/Living recommendations on drug management for COVID‐19 using the experience of creating the J‐SSCG.

Methods

The Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to determine the certainty of the evidence and strength of recommendations. The first edition of this guideline was released on September 9, 2020, and this is the revised edition (version 5.0; released on July 15, 2022). Clinical questions (CQs) were set for the following 10 drugs: favipiravir (CQ1), remdesivir (CQ2), corticosteroids (CQ4), tocilizumab (CQ5), anticoagulants (CQ7), baricitinib (CQ8), casirivimab/imdevimab (CQ9‐1), sotrovimab (CQ9‐2), molnupiravir (CQ10), and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (CQ11).

Recommendations

Favipiravir is not suggested for all patients with COVID‐19 (GRADE 2C). Remdesivir is suggested for patients with mild COVID‐19 who do not require oxygen, and patients with moderate COVID‐19 requiring supplemental oxygen/hospitalization (both GRADE 2B). Corticosteroids are recommended for moderate and severe COVID‐19 (GRADE 1B, 1A). However, their administration is not recommended for mild COVID‐19 (GRADE 1B). Tocilizumab is suggested for moderate and severe COVID‐19 (GRADE 2B, 2C). Anticoagulant administration is recommended for moderate and severe COVID‐19 (Good Practice Statement). Baricitinib is suggested for moderate and severe COVID‐19 (both GRADE 2C). Casirivimab/imdevimab and sotrovimab are recommended for mild COVID‐19 (both GRADE 2C). Molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir are recommended for mild COVID‐19 (both GRADE 2C). SARS‐CoV‐2 mutant strains emerge occasionally, and each time, the treatment policy at clinics is forced to change drastically. We ask health‐care professionals in the field to refer to the recommendations in these guidelines and use these to keep up to date with COVID‐19 epidemiological information.
Unveiling the “Proton Lubricant” Chemistry in Aqueous Zinc‐MoS2 Batteries
Authors: Li Shengwei , Huang Chao , Gao Lei , Shen Qiuyu , Li Ping , Qu Xuanhui , Jiao Lifang , Liu Yongchang
Published: October 2022

Proton insertion chemistry in aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs) is becoming a research hotspot owing to its fast kinetics and additional capacities. However, H+ storage mechanism has not been deciphered in the popular MoS2‐based AZIBs. Herein, we innovatively prepared a MoS2/poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (MoS2/PEDOT) hybrid, where the intercalated PEDOT not only increases the interlayer spacing (from 0.62 to 1.29 nm) and electronic conductivity of MoS2, but also activates the proton insertion chemistry. Thus, highly efficient and reversible H+/Zn2+ co‐insertion/extraction behaviors are demonstrated for the first time in aqueous Zn‐MoS2 batteries. More intriguingly, the co‐inserted protons can act as lubricants to effectively shield the electrostatic interactions between MoS2/PEDOT host and divalent Zn2+, enabling the accelerated ion‐diffusion kinetics and exceptional rate performance. This work proposes a new concept of “proton lubricant” driving Zn2+ transport and broadens the horizons of Zn‐MoS2 batteries.
Facet‐specific Active Surface Regulation of BixMOy (M=Mo, V, W) Nanosheets for Boosted Photocatalytic CO2 reduction
Authors: Zhang Yanzhao , Zhi Xing , Harmer Jeffrey R. , Xu Haolan , Davey Kenneth , Ran Jingrun , Qiao Shi‐Zhang
Published: October 2022

Photocatalytic performance can be optimized via introduction of reactive sites. However, it is practically difficult to engineer these on specific photocatalyst surfaces, because of limited understanding of atomic‐level structure‐activity. Here we report a facile sonication‐assisted chemical reduction for specific facets regulation via oxygen deprivation on Bi‐based photocatalysts. The modified Bi2MoO6 nanosheets exhibit 61.5 and 12.4 μmol g−1 for CO and CH4 production respectively, ≈3 times greater than for pristine catalyst, together with excellent stability/reproducibility of ≈20 h. By combining advanced characterizations and simulation, we confirm the reaction mechanism on surface‐regulated photocatalysts, namely, induced defects on highly‐active surface accelerate charge separation/transfer and lower the energy barrier for surface CO2 adsorption/activation/reduction. Promisingly, this method appears generalizable to a wider range of materials.
Biocatalytic Synthesis Using Self‐Assembled Polymeric Nano‐ and Microreactors
Authors: Wang Yangxin , Zhao Qingcai , Haag Rainer , Wu Changzhu
Published: October 2022

Biocatalysis is increasingly being explored for the sustainable development of green industry. Though enzymes show great industrial potential with their high efficiency, specificity, and selectivity, they suffer from poor usability and stability under abiological conditions. To solve these problems, researchers have fabricated nano‐ and micro‐sized biocatalytic reactors based on the self‐assembly of various polymers, leading to highly stable, functional, and reusable biocatalytic systems. This Review highlights recent progress in self‐assembled polymeric nano‐ and microreactors for biocatalytic synthesis, including polymersomes, reverse micelles, polymer emulsions, Pickering emulsions, and static emulsions. We categorize these reactors into monophasic and biphasic systems and discuss their structural characteristics and latest successes with representative examples. We also consider the challenges and potential solutions associated with the future development of this field.
Flow cytometric evaluation of yeast–bacterial cell–cell interactions
Authors: Lei Ming , Trivedi Vikas D. , Nair Nikhil U. , Lee Kyongbum , Van Deventer James A.
Published: October 2022

Synthetic cell–cell interaction systems can be useful for understanding multicellular communities or for screening binding molecules. We adapt a previously characterized set of synthetic cognate nanobody–antigen pairs to a yeast–bacteria coincubation format and use flow cytometry to evaluate cell–cell interactions mediated by binding between surface‐displayed molecules. We further use fluorescence‐activated cell sorting to enrich a specific yeast‐displayed nanobody within a mixed yeast‐display population. Finally, we demonstrate that this system supports the characterization of a therapeutically relevant nanobody–antigen interaction: a previously discovered nanobody that binds to the intimin protein expressed on the surface of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Overall, our findings indicate that the yeast–bacteria format supports efficient evaluation of ligand–target interactions. With further development, this format may facilitate systematic characterization and high‐throughput discovery of bacterial surface‐binding molecules.
Implement strategies to mitigate technological security risks
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: October 2022

LAS VEGAS — From venue lighting, ticket scanners, and signage to websites, cloud services, social media accounts, and wearable devices, technology has become an increasingly critical component of college athletics operations. And in the push and rush to keep up with the latest technology, the security aspect often takes a backseat to speed. But when it comes to cybersecurity, campus departments really can't afford to cut corners, according to Erik Anderson, Assistant Director of Technical Operations, and Cass Ferguson, Associate Athletic Director for Facilities and Events, both with the University of North Carolina Charlotte Athletics Department. They spoke at the annual convention for the Collegiate Event and Facility Management Association.
Benzimidazolium Salts Containing Trifluoromethoxybenzyl: Synthesis, Characterization, Crystal Structure, Molecular Docking Studies and Enzymes Inhibitory Properties
Authors: Hamide Mahmut , Gök Yetkin , Demir Yeliz , Sevinçek Resul , Taskin‐Tok Tugba , Tezcan Burcu , Aktaş Aydın , Gülçin İlhami , Aygün Muhittin , Güzel Bilgehan
Published: October 2022

The method for producing 4‐trifluoromethoxybenzyl substituted benzimidazolium salts is described in this article. The method is based on the reaction of 4‐trifluoromethoxybenzyl substituent alkylating agent with 1‐alkylbenzimidazole. This method yielded 1‐(4‐trifluoromethoxybenzyl)‐3‐alkylbenzimidazolium bromide salts. These benzimidazolium salts were characterized by using1H‐NMR,13C‐NMR, FT‐IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis techniques. The crystal structure of1fwas enlightened by single crystal X‐ray diffraction studies. Also, the enzyme inhibition effects of the synthesised compounds were investigated. They demonstrated highly potent inhibition effect on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and carbonic anhydrases (hCAs) (Kivalues are in the range of 7.24±0.99 to 39.12±5.66 nM, 5.57±0.96 to 43.07±11.76 nM, and 4.38±0.43 to 18.68±3.60 nM for AChE, hCA I, and hCA II, respectively). In molecular docking study, the interactions of active compounds showing activity against AChE and hCAs enzymes were examined. The most active compound1fhas −10.90 kcal/mol binding energy value against AChE enzyme, and the potential structure compound1e, which has activity against hCA I and hCA II enzymes, was −7.51 and −8.93 kcal/mol, respectively.
Overcoming Voltage Losses in Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries Using WO3 as a Positive Electrode
Authors: Mousavihashemi Seyedabolfazl , Murcia‐López Sebastián , Rodriguez‐Olguin Miguel A. , Gardeniers Han , Andreu Teresa , Morante Juan Ramon , Susarrey Arce Arturo , Flox Cristina
Published: October 2022

Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) are appealing large‐scale energy storage systems due to their unique properties of independent energy/power design. The VRFBs stack design is crucial for technology deployment in power applications. Besides the design, the stack suffers from high voltage losses caused by the electrodes. The introduction of active sites into the electrode to facilitate the reaction kinetic is crucial in boosting the power rate of the VRFBs. Here, an O‐rich layer has been applied onto structured graphite felt (GF) by depositing WO3 to increase the oxygen species content. The oxygen species are the active site during the positive reaction (VO2+/VO2+) in VRFB. The increased electrocatalytic activity is demonstrated by the monoclinic (m)‐WO3/GF electrode that minimizes the voltage losses, yielding excellent performance results in terms of power density output and limiting current density (556 mWcm−2@800 mAcm−2). The results confirm that the m‐WO3/GF electrode is a promising electrode for high‐power in VRFBs, overcoming the performance‐limiting issues in a positive half‐reaction.
Recyclable GO‐Arginine Hybrids for CO2Fixation into Cyclic Carbonates
Authors: Pintus Angela , Mantovani Sebastiano , Kovtun Alessandro , Bertuzzi Giulio , Melucci Manuela , Bandini Marco
Published: October 2022

New covalently modified GO‐guanidine materials have been realized in a gram‐scale synthesis and purified by an innovative microfiltration. The use of these composites in the fixation of CO2into cyclic carbonates is demonstrated. Mild operating conditions, high yields (up to 85 %), wide scope (15 examples) and recoverability/reusability (up to 5 cycles) of the material account for the efficiency of the protocol. Dedicated control experiments shed light on the activation modes exerted by GO‐l‐arginine during the ring‐opening/closing synthetic sequence.
Insights into the Effect of the Adsorption Preference of Additives on the Anisotropic Growth of ZSM‐5 Zeolite
Authors: Shi Jing , Du Yujue , He Wanren , Zhao Guoliang , Qin Yucai , Song Lijuan , Hu Jun , Guan Yong , Zhu Junfa , Wang Chuanming , Teng Jiawei , Xie Zaiku
Published: October 2022

Invited for the cover of this issue are Zaiku Xie, Jiawei Teng, Chuanming Wang, and co‐workers at the SINOPEC Shanghai Research Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Liaoning Petrochemical University and University of Science and Technology of China. The image depicts the effect of eight organic additives on the anisotropic growth of classical ZSM‐5 zeolite at the molecular level. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.202201781.
Feature selection in high‐dimensional microarray cancer datasets using an improved equilibrium optimization approach
Authors: Balakrishnan Kulanthaivel , Dhanalakshmi Ramasamy
Published: October 2022

Optimal feature selection of a high‐dimensional micro‐array datasets has gained a significant importance in medical applications for early detection and prevention of disease. Traditional Optimal feature selection percolates through a population‐based meta‐heuristic optimization technique, a Machine Learning classifier and traditional wrapper method for transforming the original feature set into a better feature set. These techniques require a number of iterations for the convergence of random solutions to the global optimum with high‐dimensionality issues such as over‐fitting, memory constraints, computational costs, and low accuracy. In this article, an efficient equilibrium optimization technique is proposed for an optimized feature selection that increases the diversity of the population in the search space through Random Opposition based learning and classify the best features using a 10‐fold cross‐validation‐based wrapper method. The proposed method is tested with six standard micro‐array datasets and compared with the conventional algorithms such as Marine Predators Algorithm, Harris Hawks Optimization, Whale Optimization Algorithm, and conventional Equilibrium Optimization. From the statistical results using the standard metrics, it is interpreted that the proposed method converges to the global minimum in a few iterations through optimized feature selection, fitness value and higher classification accuracy. This proves its efficacy in exploring and finding a better solution as compared to the counterpart algorithms. In addition to complexity analysis, these results indicate a global optimum solution, an effective representation of least amount of data‐high dimensionality reduction and an avoidance of over‐fitting problems. The source code is available at
https://github.com/balasv/ROBL‐EOA/blob/main/ROBL_EOA.ipynb
Fast Transition Metal‐Free Synthesis of Functionalized Oxindoles and Dihydroquinoline‐2‐ones Under Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Couto Júlia L. , Hornink Milene M. , Nascimento Vinicius R. , Andrade Leandro H.
Published: October 2022

A fast transition metal‐free and synthetic methodology for generating a broad scope of highly functionalized oxindoles and dihydroquinolin‐2‐ones was developed. The exploitation of formamide or N‐methylformamide (reagent/solvent) and potassium persulfate (radical initiator) under microwave irradiation resulted in a fast radical reaction of 10 s. The functionalized oxindoles and dihydroquinoline‐2‐ones allowed us to readily access several spirocompounds such as spiro[oxindole‐ɣ‐lactones], spiro[oxindole‐δ‐lactones], spiro[dihydroquinoline‐2‐one‐ɣ‐lactones], spiro[oxindole‐imides] and spiro[dihydroquinoline‐2‐one‐imides].
Active tectonics of the Thoubal‐Chandel Thrust, Manipur Hills, Indo‐Myanmar Range, northeast India: Insights into deformation pattern of adjacent thrust sheets in a growing orogen
Authors: Kshetrimayum Alexander S. , Goswami Pradeep K.
Published: October 2022

The NE–SW trending and SE dipping Thoubal‐Chandel Thrust (TCT) in eastern Manipur Hills of the Indo‐Myanmar Range (IMR) places the Thoubal‐Chandel thrust sheet over the Churachandpur‐Mao thrust sheet. Despite being seismically active, the active tectonic aspects of the major structural discontinuities within the IMR, including TCT, are not yet studied in detail. The present study aims to examine the active tectonics of the TCT and other associated faults, with particular focus on deformation of the Churachandpur‐Mao, and Thoubal‐Chandel thrust sheets. Association and disposition of landforms, and statistical analyses of Mountain‐front Sinuosity Index (Smf), Stream Length‐Gradient Index (SL), Hypsometric Integral (HI), Drainage Basin Asymmetry Factor, and Transverse Topography Symmetry Factor (T) reveal that both of these adjacently lying thrust sheets are actively uplifting due to oblique‐slip movement on their basal thrusts, but with spatially variable rates. In general, higher SL (mode = 219) and HI (mode = 0.527) in large parts suggest faster uplift of the Thoubal‐Chandel thrust sheet than the Churachandpur‐Moa thrust sheet, which has comparatively lower SL (Mode = 140) and HI (mode = 0.416). However, differential along‐strike uplift rates have caused tilting of both the thrust sheets. Faster uplift of the northern part of Thoubal‐Chandel thrust sheet has caused its overall southward down‐tilting, whereas faster uplift of the southern part of Churachandpur‐Mao thrust sheet has caused its overall northward down‐tilting. The study brings out that the deformation pattern of even the adjacent thrust sheets of growing orogens could be at stark variance albeit the same stress regime.
Growth performance of different Epichloë sinensis strains on media with different additives
Authors: Tian Pei , Wang Meining , Luo Yang , Wang Xingdi , Xu Wenbo
Published: October 2022

Background

Epichloë sinensis is a newly found endophyte species that is frequently involved in symbiosis with Festuca sinensis. There are a little reports on the characteristics of E. sinensis in vitro.

Methods

In the present study, five E. sinensis endophyte strains (strain ID 1, 2, 41D, 57D, 111D) isolated from different F. sinensis ecotypes were used to evaluate their antioxidant capacities and enzyme activities. Also, the growth of E. sinensis on potato dextrose agar (PDA) with different additives was investigated.

Results

The five strains had significantly different (p < 0.05) total antioxidant capacities and radical‐scavenging abilities. In most cases, the growth rate of strain 1 was the fastest (p < 0.05), and that of strain 57D was the slowest (p < 0.05). The growth rates of these five strains on PDA with vitamins significantly (p < 0.05) increased with increasing vitamin concentration. The growth rates of these five strains on PDA with plant growth regulators also significantly (p < 0.05) increased; however, the increase was inconsistent at different concentrations of indole‐3‐acetic acid and gibberellin. Low concentrations (5 and 10 mg L−1) of forchlorfenuron (KT‐30) significantly promoted the growth of all five strains, whereas high concentrations (20 and 40 mg L−1) of KT‐30 significantly inhibited their growth (p < 0.05). The Na+, Cd2+, Zn2+, and Cr6+ ions all inhibited the growth of these five strains, and their growth rates were significantly decreased with an increase in ion concentrations (p < 0.05). Under Na+ stress, strain 41D grew the fastest and had the strongest tolerance (p < 0.05); under Cd2+, Zn2+, and Cr6+ stresses, strain 111D grew the fastest and had the strongest tolerance (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

The results indicated that the E. sinensis had antioxidant activities and hydrolase activities. Additives could promote or inhibit the growth of the strains in different degrees. All these evaluations in the present study improve our understanding of the E. sinensis endophyte and provide referenced information for further studies.
Multifunctional anchoring of O‐ligands for high‐performance and stable inverted perovskite solar cells
Authors: Xie Lisha , Zhao Xuhong , Wang Jianwei , Li Jun , Liu Chang , Wang Shurong , Bao Qinye , Yang Mengjin , Niu Xiaobin , Hao Feng , Ge Ziyi
Published: October 2022

Functional additives have recently been regarded as emerging candidates to improve the performance and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, nicotinamide (N), 2‐chloronicotinamide (2Cl), and 6‐chloronicotinamide (6Cl) were employed as O‐ligands to facilitate the deposition of MAPbI3 (MA = methylammonium) and MA‐free FA0.88Cs0.12PbI2.64Br0.36 (FA = formamidinium) perovskite films by multifunctional anchoring. By density functional theory (DFT) calculations and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) measurements, it is identified that the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level for additive modified MAPbI3 perovskite could reduce the voltage deficit for hole extraction. Moreover, due to the most favorable charge distribution and significant improvements in charge mobility and defect passivation, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2Cl‐MAPbI3 PSCs was significantly improved from 19.32% to 21.12%. More importantly, the two‐dimensional grazing‐incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (GIWAXS) analysis showed that PbI2 defects were effectively suppressed and femtosecond transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy demonstrated that the trap‐assisted recombination at grain boundaries was effectively inhibited in the 2Cl‐MA‐free film. As a result, the thermally stable 2Cl‐MA‐free PSCs achieved a remarkable PCE of 23.13% with an open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.164 V and an ultrahigh fill factor (FF) of 85.7%. Our work offers a practical strategy for further commercializing stable and efficient PSCs.

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Molecular characteristics and outcomes in Hispanic and non‐Hispanic patients with acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Bradley Terrence , Kwon Deukwoo , Monge Jorge , Sekeres Mikkael , Chandhok Namrata , Thomassen Amber , Swords Ronan , Padron Eric , Lancet Jeff , Talati Chetasi , Watts Justin
Published: October 2022

Hispanic patients have been reported to have an increased incidence of AML and possibly inferior outcomes compared to non‐Hispanics. We conducted a retrospective study of 225 AML patients (58 Hispanic and 167 non‐Hispanic) at two academic medical centers in Florida. Disease characteristics, cytogenetics, mutation profiles, and clinical outcomes were assessed. Hispanic patients were younger at presentation than non‐Hispanics (p = 0.0013). We found associations between single gene mutations and ethnicity, with IDH1 mutations being more common in non‐Hispanics (95.2% vs. 4.8%, p = 0.0182) and WT1 mutations more common in Hispanics (62.5% vs. 37.5%, p = 0.0455). We also found an emerging trend towards adverse risk cytogenetics in Hispanic patients (p = 0.1796), as well as high risk fusions such as MLL‐r (70% vs. 30%, p = 0.004). There was no difference in overall survival (OS) between Hispanic and non‐Hispanics patients. When examining only newly diagnosed patients (n = 105), there was improved OS in Hispanics (median 44.7 months vs. 14 months, p = 0.026) by univariate analysis and equivalent OS by multivariate analysis (hazard ratio = 1.52 [95% CI = 0.74–3.15]). Hispanics with a driver mutation not class‐defining had improved survival compared to non‐Hispanics. Our study demonstrates significant genetic differences between Floridian Hispanics and non‐Hispanics, but no difference in OS in patients treated at an academic medical center.
Microbiome analysis revealing microbial interactions and secondary bacterial infections in COVID‐19 patients comorbidly affected by Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Al‐Emran Hassan M. , Rahman Shaminur , Hasan Md. Shazid , Ul Alam Rubayet , Islam Ovinu Kibria , Anwar Ajwad , Jahid Md. Iqbal K. , Hossain Anwar
Published: October 2022

The mortality of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) disease is very high among the elderly or individuals having comorbidities such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases, lung infections, hypertension, and/or diabetes. Our study characterizes the metagenomic features in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2)‐infected patients with or without type 2 diabetes, to identify the microbial interactions associated with its fatal consequences.This study compared the baseline nasopharyngeal microbiome of SARS‐CoV‐2‐infected diabetic and nondiabetic patients with controls adjusted for age and gender. The metagenomics based on next‐generation sequencing was performed using Ion GeneStudio S5 Series and the data were analyzed by the Vegan‐package in R. All three groups possessed significant bacterial diversity and dissimilarity indexes (p < 0.05). Spearman's correlation coefficient network analysis illustrated 183 significant positive correlations and 13 negative correlations of pathogenic bacteria (r = 0.6–1.0, p < 0.05), and 109 positive correlations between normal flora and probiotic bacteria (r > 0.6, p < 0.05). The SARS‐CoV‐2 diabetic group exhibited a significant increase in pathogens and secondary infection‐causing bacteria (p < 0.05) with a simultaneous decrease of normal flora (p < 0.05). The dysbiosis of the bacterial community might be linked with severe consequences of COVID‐19‐infected diabetic patients, although a few probiotic strains inhibited numerous pathogens in the same pathological niches. This study suggested that the promotion of normal flora and probiotics through dietary supplementation and excessive inflammation reduction by preventing secondary infections might lead to a better outcome for those comorbid patients.
Determining the main factors impacting the differences between soil and air temperatures over China
Authors: Wang Xiqiang , Chen Rensheng , Li Hongyuan
Published: October 2022

Knowledge of the difference between soil and air temperatures (ΔT) is helpful to improve our understanding on the land‐atmosphere thermal interactions and temperature‐dependent soil processes. Based on 272 stations across China, this study investigated the spatiotemporal variations of the annual and seasonal ΔT (difference between soil temperature at a depth of 0.4 m and air temperature) from 1981 to 2014, and quantified the relative contributions of multiple environmental variables (snow cover, precipitation, vegetation, soil moisture, and solar radiation) to ΔT variation for the first time. Air temperature primarily controls soil temperature dynamics, but the asynchronous trends of soil and air temperatures may lead to the complexity of the land‐atmosphere relationship. Almost no apparent trends in ΔT were detected for the entire China (except in summer), but the spatial heterogeneity of trends was evident. Snow cover conditions greatly dominated the ΔT dynamics both annually and seasonally (except in summer). The relative contribution of snow cover duration to ΔT variation was significantly greater than that of mean snow depth for the entire China, but the regional differences in the contributions of the two variables were noticeable at different seasons. The greening of vegetation closely associated with the ΔT variation in annual, autumn and winter, and soil moisture exerted a great influence on summer ΔT, associated with sunshine duration (a proxy for surface solar radiation). The amount of precipitation made a slight impact on ΔT at either seasonal or annual scales.
Urban coyotes select cryptic den sites near human development where conflict rates increase
Authors: Raymond Sage , St. Clair Colleen Cassady
Published: October 2022

The establishment of coyote (Canis latrans) populations in urban areas across North America has been accompanied by increased rates of human–coyote conflict. One factor thought to promote physical conflict between coyotes and people or pets is the presence of coyote pups near natal dens; however, this idea has not been tested, and no multivariate study of den selection within cities has occurred. Our objectives were to conduct a multivariate analysis of third‐ (i.e., home range) and fourth‐order (i.e., den sites) habitat selection at dens and determine whether proximity to dens is associated with reports of physical conflict with coyotes. We found 120 dens by following coyote trails using snow tracking within urban green spaces that comprise presumed high‐quality habitat for coyotes in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. We used resource selection functions to assess habitat selection for dens, testing variables related to land cover and anthropogenic features at the third order, and testing microsite habitat features via paired sites at the fourth order. We defined conflict encounters from comments in a community reporting database and used general linear models to assess their spatial proximity to the nearest den and prevalence during the pup‐rearing period compared to the rest of the year. Habitat selection was strongest at the fourth order, wherein coyotes selected for abundant hiding cover, steep slopes, and eastern exposure. The prevalence of physical conflict with coyotes increased during the pup‐rearing period. Conflict also increased near known dens as an overall effect and when reports occurred outside of naturalized urban areas. These results suggest that coyotes in Edmonton den in green spaces near human development in microsites that minimize detection by people via steep slopes and dense vegetation. We suggest urban wildlife managers increase public safety education about recognition of coyote denning habitat and coyote defensive behaviors, especially outside of naturalized urban areas, because of the observed increase in physical conflict near dens.
On‐Demand Dynamic Polarization Meta‐transformer
Authors: Hu Qi , Chen Ke , Zhao Jianmin , Dong Shufang , Jiang Tian , Feng Yijun
Published: October 2022

Polarization is one of the key characteristics of light; hence its versatile manipulation plays a pivotal role in wave‐matter interaction, communication, detection, etc. Although metasurfaces have emerged as a promising platform for polarization optics, most of them only support limited polarization controls even in reconfigurable fashion. Here, an on‐demand dynamic polarization meta‐transformer operating for full Poincaré sphere by means of an ultrathin transmissive time‐varying metasurface is proposed. By temporally and independently modulating co‐polarized transmission coefficients of the metasurface for a pair of orthogonal linearly polarized incidence, the effective transmission metasurface anisotropy can be modified to mimic the desired arbitrary birefringence, thus enacting the polarization transformation between incidence and transmission waves with arbitrary polarization states. Experiments have been conducted in the microwave region to verify the design theory. This study may provide a new architecture in polarization optics and may advance the applications in vectorial polarimetry imaging, polarimetry radars, and optical/wireless communications.
Radial solutions for p‐Laplacian Neumann problems with gradient dependence
Authors: Pei Minghe , Wang Libo , Lv Xuezhe
Published: October 2022

We study the radial solutions of the p‐Laplacian Neumann problem with gradient dependence of the type
where is either a ball or an annulus, and . By using the topological transversality method together with the barrier strip technique, we obtain existence results of radial solutions to the above problem, where the nonlinearity f does not need to satisfy any growth restriction.
Analysis of factors affecting permanent clean intermittent catheterization and bladder function after primary neurosurgical repair of lipomyelomeningocele
Authors: Ji Yoonhye , Kim Sang Woon , Han Sang Won , Lee Yong Seung
Published: October 2022

Aims

This study was conducted to identify potential risk factors for permanent clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) and incontinence in patients with lipomyelomeningocele (LMMC) and evaluate how LMMC affects bladder function prognosis, measured by urodynamic (UD) score.

Methods

This retrospective study analyzed the electronic health records of patients who underwent primary neurosurgical repair for LMMC at a single tertiary referral center between January 2012 and December 2016 and were followed at least 3 years after surgery. Data regarding bladder function were obtained from medical records for multiple time points, including before surgery, after surgery but before hospital discharge, 3 months after surgery, and at outpatient visits during follow‐up.

Results

This study enrolled 120 patients. At a mean follow‐up of 62.6 ± 13.9 months after primary neurosurgical LMMC repair, 22 (18.3%) patients continued to require CIC for bladder emptying, only 7 (31.8%) of whom maintained bladder continence. A multivariate logistic regression model identified age at the time of surgery and the type of LMMC as significant presurgical prognostic risk factors for permanent CIC. In addition, postoperative urinary retention and a UD score greater than or equal to 5 measured 3 months after surgery were identified as significant postsurgical risk factors for permanent CIC and urinary incontinence. A linear mixed model adjusted for age at the time of surgery showed that patients with a transitional or chaotic LMMC type were more likely to experience gradual bladder function decline than patients with other LMMC types.

Conclusions

This study identified both presurgical (age at the time of surgery, LMMC type) and postsurgical (postoperative urinary retention, UD score greater than or equal to 5 at 3 months postsurgery) risk factors for permanent CIC and urinary incontinence. In addition, LMMC type was identified as a prognostic risk factor for bladder function decline. These results will enhance the current understanding of bladder function outcomes in patients who undergo surgical treatment for LMMC.