bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies of spray deposits. III.—factors influencing the level of ‘Run‐off’ deposits of copper fungicides
Authors: Somers B.
Published: November 2006

The deposits retained by artificial and leaf surfaces sprayed to beyond ‘run‐off’ have been investigated for Bordeaux, Burgundy, and cuprous oxide sprays, both with and without supplements. In no instance was the level of deposit found to be influenced by increased spraying beyond the ‘run‐off’ stage.

It has been shown that at low concentrations representative wetting agents of anionic, cationic and non‐ionic type slightly lowered the amount of deposit at ‘run‐off’; at concentrations greater than those used in practice, serious reductions in deposit level were shown in some instances. The results emphasize the need, in spray formulation, for careful consideration of the type and concentration of wetting agent used. Supplements such as glycerol and gelatin, which increase the viscosity of the spray, produced no increase in deposit.

In the absence of supplements, spray retention was found to increase with increasing spray concentration and with increasing wettability of the surface. These results suggest that Rich's theory of the adsorptive capacity of a leaf surface for Bordeaux deposits is not of general validity.
Some aspects of the texture of dehydrated fish
Authors: Connell J. J.
Published: November 2006

The two principal factors (micro‐structure of fibres and fibre substance) influencing the texture of dehydrated fish are examined in a number of different products. A highly porous micro‐structure seems to be necessary both for good texture and good reconstitution properties. The importance of cross‐links between the protein peptide chains in relation to texture is emphasized and evidence presented that hydrogen and disulphide cross‐links do occur in dehydrated fish.
The isolation and identification of hydroxymethylfurfural from stored canned plum syrup
Authors: Parkinson T. L. , Barker C. J.
Published: November 2006

Examination of the ultra‐violet absorption spectrum of canned and bottled plum syrup showed that a new compound formed during storage, particularly at 37°. This substance has been extracted with ether, separated by paper chromatography and identified as hydroxymethylfurfural. Chlorogenic acid and its isomer, isochlorogenic acid, were also extracted by ether; hydroxymethylfurfural has been separated from the chlorogenic acids by the use of an ion‐exchange resin, and also by counter‐current distribution.
Lesser‐known indian vegetable fats. II.—linoleic‐rich fats
Authors: Subrahmanyam V. V. R. , Achaya K. T.
Published: November 2006

Four linoleic‐rich seed fats of Indian origin, viz, those from the sweet orange, coffee (arabica variety), coffee (robusta variety) and teak, have been analysed for component fatty acids by ester fractionation. The comparatively saturated nature of tropical seed fats over their temperate counterparts is again revealed. Family relationships between orders is discussed.
The composition of feeding meat and bone meal
Authors: Pritchard H. , Smith Patricia A.
Published: November 2006

Four typical feeding meat and bone meals have been comprehensively examined. The high mineral content of the meals, as it consists mainly of Ca3(PO4)2, is a valuable contribution to the nutritive qualities of the material as the Ca/Pratio is ideal. All the meals contain significant quantities of vitamins of the B complex. The quantities of riboflavin, nicotinic acid, vitamin B12 and choline fall as the ash content increases. The essential amino‐acids are all present and the protein fraction is rich in lysine which makes the material valuable for balancing ingredients from vegetable sources in the compounding industry.
Bitter principles of the cucurbitaceae. VII.—the distribution of bitter principles in this plant family
Authors: Rehm S. , Enslin P. R. , Meeuse A. D. J. , Wessels J. H.
Published: November 2006

The distribution of the twelve known cucurbitacins in 45 species, belonging to 18 genera, is reported. In certain species the cucurbitacins occur exclusively as glycosides. Variations of bitter principle content in different parts and with age and origin of a plant have been found. An association of cucurbitacin B with D, G and H, and of cucurbitacin E with I, J and K is indicated. The relation between bitter principle composition and taxonomic divisions is discussed.
Mycological formation of fat. IV.—the component fatty acids of the fat produced by Penicillium soppii zal.
Authors: Singh J. , Philip Sudha E. , Walker T. K.
Published: November 2006

The fat produced by Penicillium soppii when grown in surface culture on a medium containing sucrose and mineral salts has a very low content of free acid (0.6% as oleic acid). The component acids of this fat have been found to be: myristic, 0.3; palmitic, 22.0; stearic, 7.6; arachidic, 0.9; hexadecenoic, 3.3; oleic, 45.2; linoleic, 20.0; linolenic, 0.3 eicosenoic, 0.4% (w/w). In its content of linoleic acid the fat resembles ground‐nut oil.
Changes in organic acid content of perennial rye‐grass during conservation
Authors: Hirst E. L. , Ramstad S.
Published: November 2006

The more abundant of the non‐nitrogenous non‐volatile organic acids in extracts of perennial rye‐grass are quinic, malic and citric. Succinic acid and others are present in small amount. An investigation of changes taking place during ensilage and other conservation processes is described, lactic acid and the volatile fatty acids being determined simultaneously. In silage there is rapid and complete disappearance of malic and citric acid; this is also noted to a lesser extent during wilting and drying whereas, in grass preserved with metabisulphite, there is loss of malic acid alone.
Changes in carbohydrate, nitrogen and organic acid distribution in grass preserved with sodium metabisulphite
Authors: Macpherson H. T. , Wylam C. B. , Ramstad S.
Published: November 2006

Sodium metabisulphite appears to be an effective preservative for grass, giving a fresh‐coloured, pleasant‐smelling material of higher pH than normal silage. The metabisulphite acts as a bacteriostatic agent, permitting little bacterial fermentation; very considerable proteolysis and hydrolysis of carbohydrate takes place without the losses of resultant units normally associated with bacterial fermentation. The hydrolysed protein appears almost quantitatively as amino‐acid and peptide with little ammonia formation, and the carbohydrates, including some from cell‐wall polysaccharides, accumulate as reducing sugars; the final concentration of these may be greater than the total water‐soluble sugar of the fresh grass. Similarly, there is a marked sparing action on the malic and citric acids. Changes in these components have been followed in some detail in grass ensiled with and without addition of metabisulphite. It is pointed out that consistent results will depend on intimate mixing of grass and reagent.
Through‐circulation drying of vegetable materials. II.—suégr beet
Authors: Mitchell T. J. , Potts C. S.
Published: November 2006

The rate of drying of single layers of sugar beet cossettes has been found to vary markedly with temperature of the drying air from 140 to 220° F, and to increase slightly with a fourfold increase of air velocity, while humidity changes have little effect. The rate of drying is proportional to the total moisture content of the cossettes.

A method of predicting the rate of drying of cossettes in beds up to 9 in. deep is given, for air velocities in the range 6–21 lb./sq. ft./min., for temperatures of 140 to 220° F, and humidities up to 40% R.H. The accuracy of the method is shown to be within +‐15%.

Observations have also been made on the variation of internal temperature with change of moisture content and air temperature, and on the evidence of caramelization.
Some sugars and related carbohydrates found in delaware soils
Authors: Lynch D. L. , Olney H. O. , Wright L. M.
Published: November 2006

The carbohydrates found after hydrolysis of extracts of soils made using water, aqueous NaOH or Na4P2O7 and 30% ethanol were compared with those found in a direct acid hydrolysate of these soils. The soils used included a Sassafras loam as control, a Sassafras loam amended with lucerne, a Pocomoke sandy loam from a field area, and a Pocomoke sandy loam from a virgin area covered with pines. Some carbohydrates were found in all hydrolysates but the direct acid hydrolysis gave the highest yields.

Glucose, galactose, mannose, arabinose, xylose, fucose, rhamnose, 2‐O‐methyl‐D‐xylose, 2‐O‐methyl‐D‐arabinose, two other methylated sugars and galacturonic and glucuronic acids were among the carbohydrate materials found. Glucosamine, N‐acetylglucosamine, inositol and mannitol were other carbohydrate compounds present in the hydrolysates.

Quantitative differences were also noted in the amounts of these carbohydrates. In the lucerne‐amended soil, the carbohydrate materials measured were about 0–092% compared with 0–078% for the control soil. The Pocomoke field soil contained larger amounts of these materials than did the virgin soil. Differences in quantities of individual sugars in the soils were also found.
Flour survey 1950–56
Authors: Fraser J. R.
Published: November 2006

Flour examination has been regularly carried out by the Department of the Government Chemist since 1946 on behalf of the Ministry of Food and other government departments. The records show the changes in the nutritive value of the flour supplied for home consumption since the war, taking the desiderata of the Post‐War Loaf Conference (1945) as the basis for comparison. The concurrence of vitamins of the B group is discussed with particular reference to the manner in which the production of the flour by the divides process simulated straight‐run flour of the required extraction rate. The extent of variation of the amounts of nutrients is discussed and artificial additions of material are shown to have a marked influence.
Determination of the lower fatty acids in silage by counter‐current distribution
Authors: Purves David
Published: November 2006

In the method described, the solvent system used is isopropyl ether‐M‐phosphate buffer of pH 5.0. For this system, the partition rations of lactic, acetic, propionic, butyric and valeric acids are so spaced that their separation by counter‐current distribution is practicable.

After clarification of an extract of the silage by precipitation of Cu(OH)2 in the liquid, a 20‐ml. aliquot of the clear solution obtained is taken for a 50‐transfer distribution. The volatile acids are finally determined by titration after steam distillation.

Satisfactory recoveries of the volatile acids in the range C2‐C5 are reported for runs with test solutions.
The toxicity of organic sulphides to the eggs and larvae of the glasshouse red spider mite. V.—Benzyl phenyl sulphides (non‐halogen substituents)
Authors: Brookes R. F. , Cranham J. E. , Greenwood D. , Stevenson H. A.
Published: November 2006

A number of benzyl phenyl sulphides, containing only non‐halogen nuclear substituents, and some of the corresponding sulphones, are characterized. The activities against the eggs and young mites of the glasshouse red spider (Tetranychus telarius L.) are tabulated and discussed.
The toxicity of organic sulphides to the eggs and larvae of the glasshouse red spider mite. vii.—Benzyl phenyl sulphides (α‐substituted)
Authors: Cranham J. E. , Greenwood D. , Stevenson H. A.
Published: November 2006

The synthesis of a number of benzyl phenyl sulphides, substituted in the α‐position of the benzyl moiety, is described and their toxicities to the eggs and young mites of the glasshouse red spider (Tetranychus telarius L.) are tabulated.
The fate of γ‐benzene hexachloride in resistant and susceptible houseflies. III.
Authors: Bradbury F. R. , Standen H.
Published: November 2006

A detailed study of the minor constituents of the carbon tetrachloride extracts of γ‐BHC‐treated flies has established the presence of pentachlorocyclohexene, trichloro‐benzene and acidic substances. Under various conditions of exposure and different dosage rates these compounds occur only in small amount (3% or less of the absorbed dose of γ‐BHC). Pentachlorocyclohexene was never found in quantities greater than 3% of the γ‐BHC absorbed and it is concluded that if this compound is an intermediate in the metabolism of γ‐BHC by resistant houseflies, it has, in the γ‐BHC‐resistant Uruguay strain, only a very transient existence. One result of the discovery of these minor constituents in carbon tetrachloride extracts is to show that the resistant strain enjoys a greater advantage over the susceptible in rate of detoxication of γ‐BHC than had previously been supposed.
Mycological formation of fat. V.—Factors which influence the formation of fat in surface cultures of Penicillium lilacinum Thom
Authors: Philip Sudha E. , Walker T. K.
Published: November 2006

When Penicillium lilacinum Thom was grown as surface cultures in a defined medium containing sucrose, essential mineral salts and sodium nitrate, it produced fat in very high yield (54.4 g. fat/100 g. felt and 17.4 g. fat/100 g. sucrose consumed). Although none of the other sugars which were tested as substrates gave so high a yield, good results followed the use of glucose, fructose, xylose or maltose which, in that order, afforded mycelial felts containing 48, 43, 44 and 36% of fat; the respective yields of fat on carbohydrate consumed being 10.1, 11.4, 8.6 and 8.4%.
Mineral nutrition of carnations
Authors: Messing J. H. L.
Published: November 2006

A review of scientific literature concerning mineral nutrition of carnations is presented. The results of sand culture experiments designed to study the visual symptoms of deficiencies of most of the essential mineral nutrients are described. The effects of lack of various minerals on the growth of carnations are discussed.
The non‐volatile organic acids of some berry fruits
Authors: Whiting G. C.
Published: November 2006

The organic acids of a number of berry fruits (soft fruits) have been examined qualitatively and quantitatively using the methods of paper chromatography, silica gel partition chromatography and ion exchange. In blackcurrant, redcurrant, whitecurrant, loganberry, raspberry, strawberry and elderberry the predominant acid was citric acid, with smaller amounts of malic acid; in blackberry, malic acid was predominant with large amounts of lactoisocitric acid and isocitric acid also present. Gooseberry was examined at stages during growth; shikimic acid was the dominant acid in very young fruits, later citric and malic acids predominated. Both shikimic and quinic acids were detected in gooseberry, blackberry and elderberry.
The expressible fluid of fish fillets. VII.—freezing damage and protein denaturation under pressure
Authors: Love R. M. , Karsti O.
Published: November 2006

Fillets of cod were frozen at different speeds under various pressures. The effects of pressure on cell damage caused during the freezing and on denaturation of the proteins during subsequent cold storage were studied, and found to vary according to the experimental conditions. They were, however, less important than the effect of the rate of freezing, and in no cases were pressed fillets after storage inferior to unpressed in ‘eating’ quality. It was concluded therefore that pressure during freezing was not harmful, but could be of benefit by accelerating the freezing through improved contact between the fillets and the cooling plates.
The expressible fluid of fish fillets. VIII.—cell damage in slow freezing
Authors: Love R. M.
Published: November 2006

The action of intercellular ice on muscle cells was studied by means of the deoxyribose nucleic acid method in fish fillets frozen at different speeds. It was found that there was a zone of minimum damage at a freezing time of about 115 minutes, the most rapid freezing time at which all ice was able to form in the intercellular spaces. Since the ice masses were relatively small (little bigger than the muscle cells) they did not deform or damage the cells to any great extent. With slower freezing, cell damage was found to increase to a maximum value at 200–500 minutes (‘Peak C’), and the manner by which this was brought about is discussed; thereafter it decreased again. It was also found that in very slow freezing the strong salt solutions created by the freezing out of water from the weakly saline interstitial fluids exercised considerable solvent effects on the fibres, without actually breaking them open. The concentration of protein in the interstitial fluid tended therefore to increase in very slow freezing (freezing time about 750 minutes).
The expressible fluid of fish fillets. IX.—other types of cell damage caused by freezing
Authors: Love R. M.
Published: November 2006

Cell damage occurring at a freezing time of 25 minutes ( ‘peak A ’) was investigated, and found to be the result of the mechanical action during freezing expansion of ice crystals of a certain critical size growing within the cell. Supercooling, followed by a sudden rapid growth of ice, at the onset of freezing was found not to damage the cells unduly. Evidence was presented to show that the expressed fluid of cod fillets originates near the cut surface only, and does not come from the deeper layers.
Determination of phosphate in citric acid extracts
Authors: Robertson G
Published: November 2006

A method for the determination of phosphate in citric acid extracts, without previous oxidation, is given. The effect of citric acid and molybdate concentration has been investigated. It is shown that the effect of citric acid can be overcome by increasing the concentration of molybdate reagent. Consideration has been given to the differences in the phosphate content of soil extracts as given by the direct and oxidation methods of determination.
Effects of pre‐harvest foliage sprays of maleic hydrazide on the cold‐storage behaviour of onions
Authors: Mathur P. B. , Date W. B. , Srivastava H. C. , Subramanyam H.
Published: November 2006

Onion bulbs, the tops of which had been sprayed before harvest with 200, 400 and 600 p.p.m. of maleic hydrazide solution, together with a control, were stored at two temperature ranges, viz. 59–87° F. R.H. 45–78%; and 32–35° F, R.H. 80–90%. A noteworthy feature brought out by the data on physiological losses in weight, rooting, sprouting and respiration rates was that maleic hydrazide produces more pronounced inhibitory effects at the higher temperature range than at the lower one. Pre‐harvest foliage sprays of maleic hydrazide reduced the wastage due to fungus diseases in onion bulbs stored at both the temperature ranges investigated, although the effect was greater in the lower range.
The chemical constituents of victoria plums: Changes during growth on the tree
Authors: Rees D. I.
Published: November 2006

Analyses made on the Victoria plum at various stages of maturity for total and alcoholinsoluble solids, sugars, acids and pectins are presented. A paper‐chromatographic method has been evolved for the determination of the individual sugars present. Sorbitol has been identified as a constituent of the fruit.

The changes during the growth of the fruit on the tree can be divided into two periods. In the first, the rate of growth of the fruit is comparatively slow. The second coincides with the ripening stage and is characterized mainly by the appearance of sucrose which is absent during the first period.
Amiton—a new acaricide and scalicide
Authors: Baldit G. L.
Published: November 2006

The paper deals with the chemistry, biological activity, toxicology and residues in foodstuffs of OO‐diethyl S‐2‐diethylaminoethyl phosphorothiolate and its salts.
Amino sugars in soil
Authors: Bremner J. M.
Published: November 2006

The identity of the amino sugars in various soils has been studied by chromatographic techniques. Glucosamine and galactosamine were detected in every soil examined.
Bottled and canned meat products. II.—Processing requirements for domestic methods
Authors: Crang Alice , Sturdy Margaret , Bowcott Joyce
Published: November 2006

Process values for bottled and canned pork, joints of chicken and rabbit, sausage meat and brawn have been determined using domestic equipment. The chances of such process values falling below the safe limits for the destruction of pathogenic organisms have been calculated statistically. The process times and maximum packing weights of these products in various preserving containers of 1–2 lb. capacity have shown that whilst most of the times agree with those recommended in American literature, some of the produce in jars of thicker glass requires a longer process time to give the same level of safety.
Superficial scald, a functional disorder of stored apples. I.—The rôle of volatile substances
Authors: Huelin F. E. , Kennett B. H.
Published: November 2006

The effect of 19 volatile products on the development of superficial scald was investigated. These included formic, acetic, butyric and caproic acids and their ethyl esters; methanol, ethanol, butanol, and hexanol; butyl and hexyl acetates; acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, hexanal, and acetone; and ethylene. At a concentration of one mole in 10,000 moles of air only butyric and caproic acids and butyl and hexyl acetates significantly increased scald in oil‐wrapped apples, and the level in all cases was below that of unwrappped untreated fruit.

The concentration of volatile acids, alcohols and esters in the scald‐liable tissue was unaffected by storage in oil wraps.

Crude ‘hexane’ at a concentration of one mole in 150 moles of air gave excellent control, which was reduced by purification of the ‘hexane’.

The volatile theory of scald, the nature of the causal factor, and the mechanism of control by oil wraps is discussed.
Mycological formation of fat. VI.—Synthesis of fat by Aspergillus nidulans, Penicillium javanicum and Penicillium spinulosum in shaken culture
Authors: Garrido J. M. , Gad A. M. , Walker T. K.
Published: November 2006

The respective concentrations of sodium dihydrogen phosphate, magnesium sulphate and potassium sulphate which promote fat formation by Aspergillus nidulans, Penicillium javanicum and P. spinulosum in shaken culture have been determined. The most suitable sources of nitrogen and levels of nitrogen favourable to fat synthesis have also been ascertained. Under the best conditions, with glucose as substrate, A. nidulans produced 14 g. of fat/100 g. of sugar consumed, while from P. javanicum and P. spinulosum the highest yields were 7.9 g. and 11.8 g., respectively. The highest yields of fat as g./1. of culture broth were: A. nidulans, 8.9; P. javanicum, 3.7; P. spinulosum, 9.1. A. nidulans and P. spinulosum were also tested on sucrose media and the best yields of fat were; A. nidulans, 8.5 g./100 g. of sucrose consumed and 5.5 g./1.; P. spinulosum, 12.2 g./100 g. of sucrose consumed and 10.1 g./1.
The nation's plant food larder
Authors: Cooke G. W.
Published: November 2006

The crops and grass grown in U.K. in any one year need about one million tons each of N and K2O and about one‐third as much P2O5. Sales of cash crops, milk and stock, and the losses involved in feeding crops and grass on farms may result in about one‐third of these quantities of plant foods being lost to agriculture. Fertilisers and imported feeding stuffs provide sufficient plant foods to balance approximately the total losses of nitrogen and potassium and they supply much more phosphorus than is lost. These sources of plant food currently provide only half of the nitrogen and less than half of the potassium that is needed for a year's cropping. In contrast, fertilisers alone supply more phosphorus in any one year than is taken up by the crops and grass grown.

The history of the use of fertilisers in U.K. is discussed. About 7 m. tons of N, 17 m. tons of P2O5, and 5 m. tons of K2O, have been applied to the soils of U.K. through the use of fertilisers in the last 120 years. In the 18 years from 1940 to 1957, fertilisers supplied as much nitrogen, twice as much potassium, and half as much phosphorus, as was applied in the previous 100 years. The surface layers of the cultivated soils of U.K. contain plant foods equivalent to about 200 years ‘supply of nitrogen, 100 years’ supply of phosphorus, and 1000 years′ supply of potassium at current rates of fertiliser use. The amounts of phosphorus applied to U.K. soils have exceeded losses of this nutrient for at least 80 years, but only in recent years have the potassium fertilisers used been sufficient to avoid depleting soil‐potassium reserves. The size and nature of the reserves of soil phosphorus which have accumulated in British soils as a result of manuring tend to be more important for the nutrition of arable crops than the supply of ‘native’ soil phosphorus. In contrast, the reserves of potassium built up by residues from purchased fertilisers and feeding stuffs are relatively small and the capacity of soil minerals to supply potassium to crops is very important.

Future prospects for increases in the use of fertiliser are examined. Most arable crops grown for sale are now receiving about as much fertiliser as can be justified, but more nitrogen is needed to grow full crops of cereals and practically all crops grown for animal feeding are, on average, undermanured. Any major increase in the total amount of fertiliser used is likely to be achieved by better manuring of grassland.
Improved iodometric methods for the determination of lipid peroxides
Authors: Heaton F. W. , Uri N.
Published: November 2006

Improvements concerning the iodometric determination of lipid peroxides are suggested. They relate to (a) the adoption of a procedure allowing continuous de‐aeration to reduce the errors caused by induced oxidation and (b) the development of a micro‐spectrophotometric method yielding accurate results at very low peroxide concentrations. The latter covers a range of samples containing 0‐02 to 5 μmoles of peroxide.
The distribution of tocopherols during the life‐cycle of some plants
Authors: Green J.
Published: November 2006

A study has been made of the tocopherol contents of the maize, wheat, barley and pea plants. The four plants have been germinated from seed in the laboratory and grown to maturity under field conditions. Using two‐dimensional paper chromatography, detailed tocopherol patterns have been established at different stages of the life‐history of each plant. The young growing plants all synthesise predominantly α‐tocopherol, whereas non‐α‐tocopherols are mainly specific products of the seeds. Theoretical implications and synthetic mechanisms are discussed and lead to the conclusion that the tocopherols are interconvertible in plants.
The phenolic constituents of Prunus domestica. I.—The quantitative analysis of phenolic constituents
Authors: Swain T. , Hillis W. E.
Published: November 2006

Methods for the quantitative analysis of anthocyanins, leuco‐anthocyanins, flavanols and total phenols in plant tissue extracts are critically examined and suitable modifications of existing methods are described.
The preparation of bordeaux mixture
Authors: Somers E.
Published: November 2006

Using seven different methods of preparation, the sedimentation, tenacity, in vitro fungitoxicity, and rate of crystallisation of 8: 10: 100 Bordeaux mixture have been investigated. It is suggested that the most effective Bordeaux mixture is that prepared by adding a concentrated lime paste to diluted copper sulphate.
The phenolic constituents of Prunus domestica. II.—The analysis of tissues of the Victoria plum tree
Authors: Hillis W. E. , Swain T.
Published: November 2006

The tissues of the Victoria plum tree (Prunus domestica var. Victoria) were analysed for total phenols, leuco‐anthocyanins and flavanols at intervals during the growing season. At all times, the methanol extracts from the smaller leaves contained smaller amounts of phenolic constituents although the changes paralleled those in the larger leaves. The proportions of leuco‐anthocyanins and flavanols to total phenols were less in the smaller leaves. The amounts of the three phenolic constituents increased rapidly until the leaves reached maximum size and then decreased. Leaves taken from the shady side of the tree contained less phenolic constituents and a lower proportion of leuco‐anthocyanins. The analysis of shaded leaves suggested that the synthesis and metabolism of leuco‐anthocyanins were influenced by light. Leaves from unhealthy trees contained smaller amounts of phenolic constituents and the leuco‐anthocyanins were a much smaller fraction. The amount of the phenols in a plum fruit increased with its growth and the Zeuco‐anthocyanins in the skin decreased when it reddened. The phenolic constituents in the woody tissues showed a much smaller variation than the leaves, and the outer bark, phloem and cambium contained more of them than the outer and inner sapwoods and the heartwood.
Solubilisation of phosphate rock by composting with peat
Authors: Carolan R.
Published: November 2006

Recent experiments by Russian workers, using peat as a composting agent to solubilise phosphate rock, have been repeated with Irish peat and Algerian phosphate rock. The rock had 29.3% total P2O5 of which 0.2% (0.7% of the total) was soluble in citric acid. This percentage citric solubility increased to 3.3 and 7.2, respectively, in composted 6 to 1 and 10 to 1 mixtures of peat and rock.
Chemical studies on upland peat in north wales
Authors: Coulson C. B. , Davies R. I. , Khan E. J. A.
Published: November 2006

Various layers from profiles from upland acid peat area containing both untouched and reclaimed sites were chemically examined for inorganic and organic changes as a result of treatments. Low phosphorus and high aluminium and lead contents were found and a layer of copper accumulation was noted in the undisturbed site. Lanthanum content was also found to be high. The amino‐acid distribution in hydrolysates of soil water, as well as pyrophosphate‐extracted humic acid and the pyrophosphate‐insoluble soil residue containing organic matter, was examined. The surface layers are characterised by the presence of non‐protein amino‐acids of plant and microbiological origin. The basic amino‐acids appeared to be in greater strength in the soil water samples from treated sites than those from untreated sites. The soil residue appears to be a reservoir of amino‐sugar‐containing compounds. The relative distribution of certain “non‐protein” amino‐acids found in small amounts in the humic acids isolated from samples from different depths in the profile, may possibly be explained if the humic acid is considered as a cation‐exchanger being eluted in the hydrogen cycle.
The composition and manurial value of poultry excreta, straw‐droppings composts and deep litter. IV.—Results of manurial trials, and general conclusions
Authors: Tinsley J. , Nowakowski T. Z.
Published: November 2006

Results of previous manurial trials with poultry droppings and bulky organic manures are reviewed in relation to experiments designed to compare the manurial values of fresh droppings, composts prepared from straw and droppings, and of deep litter, with ammonium sulphate as a standard nitrogen fertiliser.

A pot trial with spinach beet and two field trials with potatoes were conducted using adequate basal quantities of phosphate and potassium in order to test the availability of the nitrogen in the organic manures. In the pot trial and in one of the field trials during a wet season, good agreement was obtained between the amount of nitrogen soluble in cold o.IN‐sulphuric acid and crop responses, but in the second field trial in a dry season, very different results were obtained.

Deep litter has several advantages over composts: thus it affords a more economical means of absorbing droppings, it is more concentrated in organic matter and it requires only half the weight to provide the same quantity of dry matter. Under moist soil conditions, half the total nitrogen in fresh droppings and deep litter may be equivalent to ammonium sulphate, but the proportion in composts depends on the initial composition and state of maturity of the compost.

Suggestions are made for further work, particularly with large heaps stored under cover for one to three years.
Factors influencing the free acidity of the fat of Penicillium spinulosum in surface cultures
Authors: Shimi Ibrahim R.
Published: November 2006

Studies are made of the effects of the following factors influencing the free acidity of the fat of P. spinulosum : (1) sterilisation of the felts in their metabolism solutions and when floated on distilled water; (2) the initial pH value of the medium; (3) addition of calcium carbonate to stabilise the pH of the medium at near neutrality during incubation; (4) the presence of glycerol as well as glucose in the medium; (5) addition of sodium sulphite. The results are discussed in relation to the metabolic processes of the mould.
Physico‐chemical studies on agricultural sprays. I.–General principles of incorporating surface‐active agents as spray supplements
Authors: Furmidge C. G. L.
Published: November 2006

A brief review is made of the possible effects produced by the use of surface‐active agents as spray supplements. The influence of surface‐active agents is discussed with relation to the stability of spray fluids, the mechanism of spray droplet formation, the impaction of droplets and spray deposition. Reference is also made to the phytotoxicity of spray materials, the fungicidal and insecticidal action of the surface‐active agents and the retention of spray materials on the target surfaces. Particular emphasis is placed on some effects of surface‐active agents that may often be overlooked.
Studies on egg shells. XI.—Some abnormalities
Authors: Tyler C. , Simkiss K.
Published: November 2006

Various concretions and irregularities occurring on hen egg shells have been studied. The abnormalities may arise owing to excessive quantities of membrane, matrix or cuticular material being deposited during some stage of shell formation. These deposits may or may not affect the general structure of the rest of the shell, but if they do, pseudo‐mammillae and/or internal cuticles may be formed.
The rapid formation and breakdown of gelatin gels, and the temperature‐dependence of their rigidity
Authors: Croome R. J.
Published: November 2006

The rapid setting of gelatin solutions and the rapid breakdown of gels have been followed by means of cooling curves and heating curves respectively.

The temperature of incipient gelation, the rate of cooling in the sol‐gel transformation, and the negative activation energy of the initial cross‐linking process are dependent on average molecular weight, and the temperature of final breakdown of the gel is a function of the low‐temperature rigidity.

The temperature‐dependence of rigidity has been defined mathematically. An empirical expression has been obtained for rigidity, indicating its dependence on molecular weight and a temperature‐dependent factor, referred to as the “rigidity factor”.

A two‐stage process of gelation has been suggested, involving primary and secondary cross‐linking, compatible with the independence of molecular weight of low‐temperature rigidities of gelatin gels.
Quantitative and qualitative determination of connective tissue content of meat and meat products
Authors: Lörincz F. , Szeredy Ida
Published: November 2006

Connective tissue in meat is determined from the difference between total N content and the N extracted with 0.05N‐alkali at room temperature in 24 h. The method is applied to the grading of meat, higher connective tissue and elastin values being found with meat from young animals and low‐grade animals. Histological examination of treated tissues agrees with the results of collagen and elastin determinations.
The respiration drift of harvested pasture plants during drying
Authors: Greenhill W. L.
Published: November 2006

Experiments have been carried out to determine the change in the respiration rate of pasture plants after they have been harvested and are being dried. Curves are presented to show that respiration continues throughout most of the drying period although at a progressively slower rate. It appears to cease at about 35% moisture content (dry weight basis). Appreciable losses of dry matter usually accompany this continued respiration especially if drying occurs under warm humid conditions.
Storage of hay. I.—Effect of temperature on the ‘Soluble’ nitrogen, sugar and fat contents
Authors: Couchman Jean F.
Published: November 2006

The effects of storage at temperatures between —18° and 32° for 8—9 months on the ‘soluble’ nitrogen, sugar and fat contents of six hay samples of different types, have been determined.

No changes were detected in the total nitrogen or the ‘soluble’ nitrogen fractions due to type of storage.

Total contents of ethanol (90%)‐soluble sugars decreased with increasing storage temperatures. Sucrose was presumably hydrolysed to glucose and fructose and the hexoses gradually disappeared. Glucose appeared to be more readily lost than fructose.

The crude fat percentages decreased during storage, and it was possible that changes had occurred decreasing the solubility of these materials.
Storage of hay. II.—Effect of temperature on some of the comparatively stable components
Authors: Couchman Jean F.
Published: November 2006

The effect of storage at temperatures from—18° to 32° for 8—9 months on some of the comparatively stable components of hay has been determined.

Crude fibre contents increased at temperatures of 21° and 32°. No changes were detected in the crude protein and ash contents. It was possible, however, that some of the protein had been altered in other ways (for example—combined with other constituents) during storage at 32°. Lignin contents (determined only on the unstored samples and on those stored at 32°) were slightly higher in the stored material.
Vegetable oils. VII.—Strophanthus seed oils
Authors: Gunstone F. D. , Morris L. J.
Published: November 2006

A further range of Strophanthus oils has been examined. All contain 9‐hydroxyoctadec‐12‐enoic acid (6‐15%) and may also contain minor amounts (≯0.1%) of erythro‐9 : 10‐dihydroxystearic acid. The estimation of hydroxy esters by the quantitative infra‐red spectroscopic method is discussed and the optical rotations of the unsaturated hydroxy acid and some of its derivatives are reported.
Biosynthesis of fat and of citric acid in submerged cultures of Penicillium spinulosum
Authors: Shimi Ibrahim R.
Published: November 2006

Studies were made on the behaviour of preformed pellets of Penicillium spinulosum suspended in sucrose solutions supplemented with other simple compounds, which could be regarded as intermediates in the breakdown of sucrose or/and the formation of fat and citric acid.

Both acetate and pyruvate increased the yields of citric acid at the expense of fat, but acetaldehyde and ethanol stimulated the formation of both citric acid and fat. Lactate suppressed the biosynthesis of the two products.
The volatility of organo‐mercury compounds
Authors: Phillips G. F. , Dixon B. E. , Lidzey R. G.
Published: November 2006

The saturated vapour concentrations at 35° of 21 organo‐mercury compounds have been determined by static and dynamic methods and the corresponding partial pressures derived. For 14 of these compounds, together with mercury and mercuric chloride, values at 25° and 45° have also been determined and the constants in the linear pressure‐temperature relation calculated. Some correlation between chemical constitution and vapour pressure has been noted.
Effects of soil moisture conditions on the uptake of plant nutrients by barley and on the nutrient content of the soil solution
Authors: Metwally S. Y. , Pollard A. G.
Published: November 2006

The effects of a change in the moisture content of a soil (from approximately half to approximately one‐third of the water‐holding capacity) on the composition of soil solution and nutrient uptake of barley seedlings was examined.

The P, NO3− and Ca contents of the soil solution (per unit dry soil) increased with the water content. the % increases differed for each nutrient (the general order being NO3− > P, K > Ca) and with the manurial treatments. Changes in the actual concentration of nutrients (per unit volume of soil solution) were generally comparatively small.

The pH of the soil solution was not affected by the change in water supply although fertilisers produced differences of over 2 pH units.

The uptake of nutrients by barley per unit weight of soil and the dry matter produced in the seedlings were greater with the higher water supply, the proportional (%) increase differing with the nutrient (19–77%) m the general order Ca > K, Mg > P > N. the manurial treatments affected the nutrient intake more at the lower level of water supply.
Enumeration of sulphite‐reducing clostridia occurring in foods
Authors: Mossel D. A. A.
Published: November 2006

For the presumptive enumeration of sulphite‐reducing clostridia in foods, a modification of the Wilson & Blair type agar, containing no dextrose, 0.05% w/v Na2S03,7H2O (SO2 content about 25%) and rendered more selective by incorporating 10 p.p.m. of polymyxin B sulphate, has been found effective. It is recommended that the medium is incubated in oval cross‐section (‘Miller‐Prickett’) tubes at 32° for up to 3 days.

The medium permits the growth of faecal streptococci and staphylococci which form a background of white colonies which do not interfere unduly. However, many Proteus species produce black colonies in this medium and in many instances confirmation of a representative selection of the black colonies obtained is necessary.

Where the cultures produce spores, purification for further study can be attained by heating the colonies for 1 min. at 80° and subculturing in poured plates of sulphite‐polymyxin‐agar. If the strains are non‐sporulating conventional purification methods should be applied to the unheated cultures, using this medium. Black colonies reisolated in one of these ways can be confirmed by examining their morphology and growth under aerobiosis and anaerobiosis, including catalase reaction, and, if required, further identified by studying fermentation of glucose, lactose, saccharose, milk and mannitol, the reduction of nitrate, the liquefaction of gelatin, and the formation of indole.
Utilisation by pigs of diets containing oats and oat husks ground to different degrees of fineness
Authors: Calder A. F. , Davidson J. , Duckworth J. , Hepburn W. R. , Lucas I. A. M. , Sokarovski J. , Walker D. M.
Published: November 2006

Oats ground to three defined degrees of fineness were used in fattening pig diets as the sole cereal source. Growth and digestibility trials showed that there was no advantage to be gained in grinding finer than is attainable by ordinary farm grinding equipment. When oats were very finely ground there was a small reduction in the apparent digestibility of the protein of the diet and in the retention of N. Except for killing‐out percentage, which was lower in the diet containing the coarse grist, no carcass measurement was affected by the fineness of the oat grist.

Digestibility trials with oat husks ground to three defined degrees of fineness and included in conventional barley‐groundnut meal fattening diets shows that there was no material effect of the fineness of grist on the digestibility of organic proximate constituents.
Effect of supplementing rainfall on the uptake of phosphorus from superphosphate by potatoes
Authors: Simpson K.
Published: November 2006

Superphosphate was applied to potatoes at five rates ranging from 0 to 2·0 cwt. of P2O5 per acre. Half of the plots in each block were irrigated for the first 3 months of growth at rates equivalent to 1 in. of rain per month.

All rates of application of superphosphate delayed emergence of the plants and irrigation reduced this effect to some extent. The effects of delayed emergence were detected for 90 days in both shoot and root. Tuber development was also delayed in the early stages by added superphosphate.

The uptake of fertiliser phosphorus was doubled at the 6‐week stage of growth by increasing the soil moisture content by irrigation. This increase was maintained at the lowest rate of application for more than 90 days.
The nitrogen content of grass lignin
Authors: Whitehead D. L. , Quicke G. V.
Published: November 2006

Lignin from veld grass appears to contain nitrogen—partly in the form of ‐NCH3 groups —which is not wholly removable by repeated purification with dioxan.
The phenolic substances of manufactured tea. VII.—The preparation of individual flavanols
Authors: Roberts E. A. H. , Myers M.
Published: November 2006

Methods are described for the preparation from dried green tea‐leaf of (—)‐epigallocatechin, (+)‐gallocatechin, (—)‐epigallocatechin gallate and (—)‐epicatechin gallate. The isolation of (+)‐gallocatechin confirms earlier predictions that this isomer, and not the racemate, would be found in unprocessed tea‐leaf.
Detection and estimation of the biologically active constituents of pyrethrum
Authors: Smith H. J.
Published: November 2006

A method is described for the determination of Cinerin I, Pyrethrin I, Cinerin II, and Pyrethrin II in pyrethrum preparations based upon quantitative preparation and chromatographic separation of their 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones. The method is rapid and is suitable for routine analysis.
Metallic components of fruit juices. IV.—Oxidation and stability of ascorbic acid in blackcurrant juice
Authors: Timberlake C. F.
Published: November 2006

The oxidation of ascorbic acid in blackcurrant juice has been studied using the Warburg technique. The results indicate that oxidation of ascorbic acid in uncontaminated juice in the presence of air proceeds largely by a non‐enzymic mechanism and is catalysed by the natural copper and enhanced by the natural iron and anthocyanins present. Contamination of juice by copper greatly increased ascorbic acid oxidation. The effects of some metalchelating agents are described.
The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium requirements of sugar cane
Authors: Innes R. F.
Published: November 2006

The responses of sugar cane to N, P and K fertilisers in varioussugar‐producing countries are surveyed. The value of soil analysis, deficiency symptoms and tissue analyses for control of the nutrition of the plant is discussed.
Examination of wheat gluten by partial solubility methods. I.—Partition by organic solvent
Authors: Meredith P. , Sammons H. G. , Frazer A. C.
Published: November 2006

Gluten from defatted flour was purified by dispersion in acid and precipitation, and partitioned in a methanol‐chloroform mixture. Similar partition of washed gluten and of flour gave results suggesting that a complex is split on treatment of gluten with dilute acid.

Amino‐acid analyses of the fractions suggest that the properties of the more soluble fraction may be explained by a relative lack of ionisable groups. Comparison with the amino‐acid composition of barley proteins may give an indication of the structural components responsible for the characteristic properties of wheat gluten.
Chromatographic analyses of the free amino‐acids, organic acids and sugars in wheat plant extracts
Authors: Miller Byron S. , Swain T.
Published: November 2006

Plants of three hard red winter wheat varieties differing in their resistance to attack by hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor Say) were compared at the fourth leaf stage for their content of constituents extractable by 80% ethanol. Eleven amino‐acids, five organic acids and two inorganic acids were identified. Seven sugars were separated, two of which were unidentified polysaccharides. The main difference was that the susceptible variety (Tenmarq) contained allulose, or allulose in combination with some other component. This compound was present to a lesser extent in the semi‐resistant variety (Ponca) and not present in the plants of the resistant variety (C.I. 12855). Sorbitol also was found in Tenmarq but not in the other varieties.