bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Childhood and Adolescent Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire (CASEQ): Development and validation of an ICSD‐3‐based screening instrument, a community and hospital‐based study
Authors: Zulfiqar Luhar , Chakrabarty Biswaroop , Gulati Sheffali , Jauhari Prashant , Pandey Ravindra Mohan , Tripathi Manjari , Kabra Sushil Kumar , Jain Vandana , Sikka Kapil , Rajan Aswani , Kaur Prabhjot
Published: September 2021

Sleep disorders are common in children and adolescents. Polysomnography is the gold‐standard diagnostic method; however, it is a tedious procedure. The objective of the study was to develop a screening questionnaire for sleep problems based on International Classification of Sleep Disorders‐3 in children and adolescents, and validate it with clinical evaluation and polysomnography. A questionnaire was developed in English and Hindi with content validation by eight multidisciplinary experts. Respondents were parents of children and adolescents, aged 2–18 years, recruited from a public school and a tertiary care teaching hospital in north India. A subset of these children and adolescents underwent overnight polysomnography and detailed clinical evaluation within 4 weeks of applying the questionnaire. The questionnaire, named Childhood and Adolescent Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire, contains primary questions covering all subgroups of disorders under International Classification of Sleep Disorders‐3, and secondary questions on sleep hygiene and comorbidities. The questionnaire was filled by 750 respondents, out of which 100 cases underwent polysomnography and clinical evaluation. The internal consistency in the form of Cronbach’s α was 0.8 for the questionnaire. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for the questionnaire in identifying those with sleep problems compared with detailed clinical and polysomnographic evaluations were 85%, 100%, 100% and 62.5%, respectively. For individual subgroups of disorders, the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values varied between 72.7% and 100%, 88.9% and 100%, 62.5% and 100% and 81.6% and 100%, respectively. The Childhood and Adolescent Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire has good psychometric properties, moreover, its simplicity and translatability make it ideal for use at the community and hospital settings.
Derivation and validation of prognostic models for predicting survival outcomes in Acute‐on‐chronic liver failure patients
Authors: Rui Fajuan , Yang Hongli , Guo Zhaoyang , Ge Zhengming , Hu Xinyu , Zhang Lulu , Xue Qi , Chen Haiping , Xu Yayun , Tan Meng , Qin Chengyong , He Zebao , Li Jie
Published: September 2021

Acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a syndrome characterized by acute decompensation of chronic liver disease associated with high bacterial infection (BI) and short‐term mortality. However, many ACLF prognostic predictive modelsare complicated. The aim of this study is to develop prognostic models for ACLF patients to predict BI and mortality. We retrospective recruited 263 patients with ACLF from Shandong Provincial Hospital and Taizhou Enze Medical Center (Group) Enze Hospital. ACLF was defined according to the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL) criteria. Multivariable logistic regression was used to derive prediction models for occurring BI and 28‐day mortality in ACLF patients. Ninety seven of 263 patients (37%) occurred BI and 41 of 155 (26%) died within 28 days of admission. C‐reactive protein (CRP), glucose, and albumin were the independent predictors for occurring BI during the hospital stay. We also found that hepatic encephalopathy (HE), prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time (APRI), and glucose were the independent predictors of 28‐day mortality of ACLF patients. Using logistic regression model, we generated a new modified MELD model (M‐MELD) by incorporating HE, APRI, and glucose. AUC of M‐MELD model was 0.871, which were significantly higher than MELD score (AUC:0.734), MELD‐Na score (AUC:0.742), and integrated MELD score (iMELD) (AUC:0.761). HE, MELD score, APRI, and blood glucose were independent risk factors for 28‐day mortality of ACLF patients. The modified MELD model (M‐MELD) by incorporating HE, APRI, and glucose has better discriminative performances compared with MELD in predicting 28‐day mortality.
Economic liberalization, political regimes and ideology
Authors: Castro Vítor , Martins Rodrigo
Published: September 2021

This paper assesses how economic freedom is affected by the ideological stance, being the first to analyse the role of dictatorial regimes and their ideological orientations. Using annual data for 145 countries over the period 2000‐2017 and a two‐step system GMM estimator, this study finds that democracies do promote more economic freedom than authoritarian regimes, but not in all circumstances The probability that economic liberalization is promoted is higher for right‐wing dictatorships than for other autocracies and comparable to other types of democratic ruling, with the exception of right‐wing democratic governments that strongly benefit liberalization. These right‐wing governments, alongside (the negative effect of) non‐right‐wing dictatorships, seem to be the main contributors to explaining why democracies in recent years are promoting more economic liberalization than autocracies. Additionally, our results suggest that democratic governments not ideologically identifiable seem to share a common dislike for policies that promote liberalization.
Ecosystem roles and conservation status of bioturbator mammals
Authors: Beca Gabrielle , Valentine Leonie E. , Galetti Mauro , Hobbs Richard J.
Published: September 2021

The action of biological reworking of soils is referred to as bioturbation, and many species of mammals globally have an important role in soil disturbance, modifying ecosystem characteristics.

We examined global patterns in the distribution, conservation status, and threats to the world’s bioturbator mammals and illustrated the relevant roles these species play in ecosystem engineering related to soil processes and services. We searched the data available on 3932 non‐flying land‐dwelling mammals included in the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) Red List.

Using existing literature and online databases, we determined that 869 (22%) of the non‐flying land‐dwelling mammals accessed can be considered as bioturbators in three distinct groups: foragers (n = 123), semi‐fossorial species (n = 652), and strictly fossorial species (n = 94). Of the world’s bioturbator mammal species, 16% are threatened, 2% are already Extinct, and 8% are classified as Data Deficient. Foragers have the highest percentage of threatened (35%) and Extinct (5%) species, while strictly fossorial species have the highest percentage of Data Deficient species (12%). Although the majority of bioturbator mammal species are found in Asia (32%), Oceania is the continent with the highest percentage of threatened (27%) and Extinct (11%) bioturbator species, while Central and South America have the highest percentage of species classified as Data Deficient (24%). The threats experienced by the greatest number of bioturbator mammal species are activities related to agriculture and aquaculture (29%), and biological resource use (22%).

Soil bioturbation can improve ecosystem health by reducing soil compaction, increasing nutrient cycling, soil moisture, microbe diversity, plant recruitment, and carbon storage. The loss of bioturbator mammals could trigger cascading effects throughout the ecosystems they inhabit. A better understanding of their conservation status is important so that effective conservation measures can be developed.
Should the teleosemanticist be afraid of semantic indeterminacy?
Authors: Bergman Karl
Published: September 2021

The teleosemantic indeterminacy problem has generated much discussion but no consensus. One possible solution is to accept indeterminacy as a real feature of some representations. I call this view “indeterminacy realism.” In this paper, I argue that indeterminacy realism should be treated as a serious option. By drawing an analogy with vagueness, I try to show that accepting the reality of indeterminacy would not be catastrophic for teleosemantics. I further argue that there are positive reasons to endorse indeterminacy realism. I end the paper by arguing that indeterminacy realism need not generalize viciously to the case of propositional attitudes.
Beyond belief: How religion fosters self‐determination
Authors: Kelle Friederike Luise
Published: September 2021

Religious conflicts are an enduring feature of domestic and international politics. This article offers the first systematic quantitative treatment of religion in nationalist demands for autonomy or independence on a global scale. I argue that subnational groups capitalizing on mobilization advantages from sacred land are more likely to demand self‐rule. Sacred places link collective identities to the contested territory, which is the main conflict issue in self‐determination demands. I rely on data on sacred land and religious identification of subnational groups worldwide and compare claimants and non‐claiming groups to capture the effect of sacred land on self‐determination. The analysis supports the expectation that sacred land and religious identities are closely linked to demand incidence. The findings shed light on the understudied relation between religion and self‐determination and improve our understanding of the significance of sacred places on a global comparative scale.
Measuring self‐efficacy in defecation: Validation and utilization of a Chinese version of the self‐efficacy for functional constipation questionnaire (SEFCQ) in a pediatric population
Authors: Huang Yaqi , Wang Yulu , Chen Ying , Gu Xiaoling , Yang Jin , Ma Bingxin , Zhang Yanwen , Lu Qi , Zhao Yue
Published: September 2021

Background

Self‐efficacy in defecation plays an important role on behavioral therapy for functional constipation (FC). There is an unmet need for valid child self‐report measures of task‐specific self‐efficacy for pediatric FC. Our aim was to cross‐culturally validate the Self‐Efficacy for Functional Constipation Questionnaire (SEFCQ) and to explore the salient factor(s) of self‐efficacy in defecation that correlate with anxiety and constipation symptom severity among Chinese children.

Methods

The SEFCQ was adapted to Chinese version following the Rome Foundation guidelines for the translation of questionnaires. Two hundred and three children with FC were involved in psychometric testing. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to determine the structure of the SEFCQ. Construct validity was evaluated by testing the relationship between the SEFCQ and both anxiety and the Patient Assessment of Constipation Symptoms (PAC‐SYM). Test‐retest reliability, internal consistency, and interfactor correlation were used to evaluate reliability. Hierarchical multiple regression was used to identify salient self‐efficacy for FC that correlates with anxiety and constipation symptom severity.

Key Results

Confirmatory factor analysis supports the two‐factor structure of the SEFCQ. Adequate test‐retest reliability (r = 0.973, p<0.001) and internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.871) were obtained. Both self‐efficacy factors were significantly associated with anxiety (r = −0.227 to −0.350, p<0.001) and PAC‐SYM (r = −0.495 to −0.602, p<0.001), with emotional self‐efficacy being the most salient factor for predicting the symptom severity of constipation after controlling for sex, age, quality of parents’ marriage, and family history.

Conclusion and Inferences

The SEFCQ showed satisfactory psychometric properties. Low self‐efficacy in defecation correlates with anxiety and may contribute to poor adherence to behavior change, which exacerbates the symptoms of constipation. Further study is needed to apply social cognitive intervention to increase children's self‐efficacy in defecation and assess its effect on treatment outcomes.
Pathogenomic analyses of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici supports a close genetic relationship between South and East Africa
Authors: van Schalkwyk Hester J. , Adams Thomas , Persoons Antoine , Boshoff Willem H. P. , Wanyera Ruth , Hovmøller Mogens S. , Uauy Cristobal , Boyd Lesley , Pretorius Zacharias A. , Prins Renée , Saunders Diane G. O.
Published: September 2021

Wheat stripe rust, caused by the fungal pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), occurs in all major wheat‐growing regions worldwide and poses a constant threat to production. In South Africa, Pst first emerged in 1996 in the Western Cape and has since caused frequent epidemics with three further distinct races (pathotypes) recorded to date. Herein, we undertook detailed genomic‐based analyses of four Pst isolates that represent the four dominant Pst races in South Africa recorded between 1996 and 2005. This analysis identified a number of polymorphic genes with features of known effector proteins and provided additional support of the likely stepwise changes in virulence profile of these South African Pst isolates. Next, we carried out comparative genomic‐based analyses with 54 additional Pst isolates collected across wheat‐growing regions within South Africa between 1996 and 2017 and 58 Pst isolates from East Africa, Pakistan, the UK, and France. This revealed a close genetic relationship between Pst isolates in South Africa and a number from East Africa. Furthermore, we found the South African Pst isolates also grouped closely with isolates identified in the UK in 2013 that were specifically found on triticale, illustrating long‐distance transmission of Pst isolates either between these regions or from a common independent source area. This highlights the critical need for close monitoring of Pst. With wheat being the most planted winter cereal crop in South Africa, investment in continuous surveillance is essential to rapidly identify any future introductions that could quickly lead to rust epidemics.
Bulk analysis by resequencing and RNA‐seq identifies candidate genes for maintaining leaf water content under water deficit in maize
Authors: Zhang Fengqi , Zhang Jun , Ma Zhiyan , Xia Laikun , Wang Xiangyang , Zhang Lanxun , Ding Yong , Qi Jianshuang , Mu Xinyuan , Zhao Faxin , Ji Tianhui , Tang Baojun
Published: September 2021

Drought is one of the main abiotic stresses adversely affecting maize growth and grain yield. Identifying drought tolerance‐related genes and breeding varieties with enhanced tolerance are effective strategies for minimizing the effects of drought stress. In this study, the leaf relative water content (LRWC) was used for evaluating drought tolerance. QTL‐seq analysis of 419 F2 individuals from a cross between ZhengT22 (the drought‐tolerant line with high LRWC) and ZhengA88 (the drought‐sensitive line with low LRWC) revealed four LRWC‐related QTLs (qLRWC2, qLRWC10a, qLRWC10b, and qLRWC10c) in maize seedlings under water deficit. Of these QTLs, qLRWC2 was located in a 2.03‐Mb interval on chromosome 2, whereas qLRWC10a, qLRWC10b, and qLRWC10c were located in 2.85‐, 3.99‐, and 2.05‐Mb intervals, respectively, on chromosome 10, and the 93 genes contained the variation loci locating in the four QTLs regions. To identify the candidate genes within the QTLs, an RNA‐seq analysis was performed for the parents exposed to water deficit. Seven genes with effective variation loci showed significant difference in expression either in ZhengA88 or ZhengT22 in response to water deficit. Moreover, among the genes, ZmPrx64, ZmCIPK, HSP90, and ABCG34 have all been shown to be related to water stress in the previous studies. Thus, they are primary considered as the potential candidate genes controlling LRWC under water deficit at the seeding stage of maize in this study. These findings will help clarify the molecular basis of drought tolerance in maize seedlings and may be relevant for future functional analysis and for breeding drought‐tolerant maize varieties.
An agent‐based model accurately predicts larval dispersal and identifies restoration and monitoring priorities for eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) in a Southwest Florida estuary
Authors: Dye Bass , Jose Felix , Richard Joëlle , Mortensen Jonas Brandi , Milbrandt Eric C.
Published: September 2021

An agent‐based modeling (ABM) framework was developed to support oyster reef restoration efforts in the Caloosahatchee River Estuary located within the encompassing Charlotte Harbor estuarine system, Southwest Florida. The modeling approach is novel for this shallow estuary which experiences heavily managed freshwater inflow known to be an ecological stressor to the estuary's oysters. The aims of the study were to (1) determine the ABM's accuracy in simulating larval dispersal patterns when compared with measured in situ larval settlement data; (2) establish connectivity patterns between various oyster reefs within the estuary; and (3) discover larval transport pathways within the Charlotte Harbor estuarine system. Key characteristics of the ABM, in particular the agents serving as simulated larvae, include settlement behavior and salinity tolerance and associated mortality. The ABM accurately recreated larval dispersal patterns during the peak spawning season, providing fundamental insight into the importance of protecting the furthest upstream oyster reef as a sustained larval source to the downstream reefs. Thus, supporting the effectiveness of using field measurements for the validation of ABMs and subsequently using ABM simulations to bolster future field studies. Ultimately, this study provides an effective, generally applicable, approach to model larval ecology for restoration purposes.
Local power: Understanding the adoption and design of county wind energy regulation
Authors: Lerner Michael
Published: September 2021

The majority of U.S. states have set targets for renewable energy, but the prospects for meeting most of these goals hinge on the willingness of local governments to allow large‐scale renewable energy projects in their communities. In this paper, I investigate how exposure to lobbying by wind developers and the actions of neighboring jurisdictions inform the adoption and design of rules for siting commercial wind farms. Using data collected from 1603 counties in 23 states, I find local policymakers are more likely to enact wind ordinances when they have more time to interact with wind developers and when neighboring counties have adopted wind ordinances or approved the construction of wind farms. I also observe that counties tend to adopt more stringent rules when more wind farms have been built in neighboring counties. This evidence suggests that efforts to scale up renewable energy generation may encounter increasing resistance from local governments.
The utterly unforeseen livelihood shock:COVID‐19 and street vendor coping mechanisms in Hanoi, Chiang Mai and Luang Prabang
Authors: Turner Sarah , Langill Jennifer C. , Nguyen Binh N.
Published: September 2021

Well before COVID‐19, municipal governments in Vietnam, Thailand and Laos were enacting policies that made street vendor livelihoods increasingly challenging. Yet, vending continues to support tens of thousands of urban households in these three countries. Vendors are often rural‐to‐urban migrants lacking the formal education skills necessary to secure ‘modern’ urban employment, and despite ongoing government disapproval, vending provides a relatively low entry‐cost opportunity for them to support their household's financial needs. Now add to this complex situation the livelihood shocks associated with the COVID‐19 pandemic, as well as additional government restrictions across these three countries to mitigate the pandemic's impacts. Drawing on interviews with 61 street vendors in Hanoi, Chiang Mai and Luang Prabang, and rooted in conceptual discussions regarding urban livelihood shocks, we examine how street vendors, especially rural‐to‐urban migrants, experienced and responded to the ‘first wave’ of COVID‐19, including additional government‐imposed constraints on their livelihoods and mobility. We find that a diverse range of responses helped some—but not all—vendors overcome the initial shocks to their livelihoods and household responsibilities. Yet, we also note that the pandemic's onset altered urban‐rural connections and mobility, with many vendors who turned to formerly dependable rural‐urban ties for support facing unexpected barriers.
Data sharing practices of health researchers in Africa: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Obiora Oluchukwu Loveth , Olivier Benita , Shead Dorothy Agnes , Withers Aletha
Published: September 2021

Objective:

The aim of the review is to map the existing evidence regarding the data-sharing practices of health researchers in African countries. This review will also identify perceptions; barriers; facilitators; ethical-, legal-, and author-reported recommendations; as well as institutional- and funding-related aspects that are being considered by African health researchers on data sharing in Africa and, as a result, identify areas for development and improvement in health care on the continent.

Introduction:

The sharing of health-related data has been widely discussed in the literature. However, sharing health-related data has yet to become a common practice among health researchers in Africa, which bears a large burden of health diseases globally. The sharing of health research data could lead to greater development and improvement in health care in Africa.

Inclusion criteria:

This review will incorporate studies that report on data sharing among health researchers in Africa. All primary, secondary, and gray literature will be considered for inclusion. Studies on data sharing on topics other than health-related data will be excluded. No language restrictions will be applied.

Methods:

The JBI scoping review methodological framework will be adopted. An initial search of databases such as MEDLINE, Scopus, LILACS, and Web of Science will be conducted. All search results will be screened and relevant data extracted by two independent reviewers. The findings will be presented in the final scoping review report and illustrated in a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews flow diagram.
Effectiveness of neonatal “near miss” audits in reducing perinatal morbidity and mortality: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Medeiros Poliana , Bailey Cheryl , Andrews Christine , Liley Helen , Pollock Danielle , Gordon Adrienne , Flenady Vicki
Published: September 2021

Objective:

This review will assess the effectiveness of neonatal near-miss audits in reducing perinatal mortality and morbidity, as implemented in health care facilities.

Introduction:

Every year, 2.5 million newborns die and 2.6 million more are stillborn worldwide. While many perinatal deaths are preventable, their reduction has been markedly slower than the decline of maternal or child mortality rates. It is hypothesized that neonatal near miss is part of the spectrum of stillbirth–neonatal death and that auditing these cases might reduce perinatal mortality and morbidity.

Inclusion criteria:

This review will consider neonatal near-miss audits implemented in health care facilities worldwide. Randomized controlled trials, cluster-randomized trials, quasi-randomized controlled trials, controlled before-and-after studies, interrupted time series, case-control, cohort studies, cross-sectional studies, and case series will be included. Conference abstracts, letters, studies duplicating validation data from previous studies, gray literature, and unpublished studies will be excluded.

Methods:

Using the JBI guidelines for conducting systematic reviews of effectiveness, the review will search the following electronic bibliographic databases: MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL, LILACS, and SciELO. No publication date or language limits will be imposed. Two independent reviewers will screen titles, abstracts, and full-text studies, assessing methodological quality with the JBI critical appraisal tools. GRADE will be used to assess the confidence in the findings. Covidence will be used for data extraction and management. A meta-analysis will be performed if the selected studies are sufficiently homogeneous. If not, the results will be discussed as a narrative synthesis.

Systematic review registration number:

PROSPERO (CRD42021224090)
Smart technology vs. face-to-face physical activity interventions in older adults: a systematic review protocol
Authors: D’Amore Cassandra , Reid Julie C. , Chan Matthew , Fan Samuel , Huang Amanda , Louie Jonathan , Tran Andy , Chauvin Stephanie , Beauchamp Marla K.
Published: September 2021

Objective:

The objective of this review is to determine the effect of physical activity interventions delivered via smart technology compared with face-to-face interventions for improving physical activity and physical function in older adults.

Introduction:

Physical activity is a modifiable risk factor for multiple noncommunicable diseases and reduces the risk of premature mortality. Despite this, one in four adults does not meet recommended levels of physical activity. This pattern of inactivity increases with age. Smart technology, such as wearables, tablets, or laptops, is one solution for improving physical activity. Research has shown that different smart technology solutions can increase physical activity in older adults. While individual studies support smart technology to increase physical activity, there are no systematic reviews comparing the effects of smart technology with traditional face-to-face physical activity interventions.

Inclusion criteria:

We will include randomized controlled trials of physical activity interventions delivered via smart technology (eg, wearables, tablets, computers) compared with face-to-face (ie, in person) interventions for community-dwelling older adults aged 60 years or older.

Methods:

We will search four databases (AMED, CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE) from inception for relevant studies. All abstracts and full texts will be screened independently and in duplicate. Risk of bias, data extraction, and quality assessment will be completed in the same manner. If possible, a meta-analysis will be performed of the primary outcomes of physical activity, physical function, and adherence rate. Subgroup analyses will be conducted by type of physical activity, and type of smart technology, where possible.

Systematic review registration number:

PROSPERO CRD42020135232
Facilitators and barriers to accessing mental health care services and social supports among perinatal refugee women: a qualitative systematic review protocol
Authors: O’Mahony Joyce , Kassam Shahin , Marcellus Lenora
Published: September 2021

Objective:

The objective of this qualitative review is to identify, critically appraise, and synthesize evidence describing facilitators and barriers to perinatal refugee women's access to mental health care services and social supports.

Introduction:

Perinatal refugee women are a vulnerable population and at risk of mental health illness. Understanding facilitators and barriers will provide a better understanding of their experiences to inform health care practices, programs, and policies.

Inclusion criteria:

This qualitative review will consider all peer-reviewed qualitative studies and gray literature on perinatal refugee women's experiences of accessing mental health care services and social supports. Non-English articles and studies that do not explicitly state participants’ migration status as refugees will be excluded.

Methods:

This review will adhere to the JBI methodology for conducting qualitative systematic reviews. Key information sources searched will be CINAHL, PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, and the Social Sciences Citation Index. Search terms will be modified for each information source. Sources of evidence published in English between January 2011 and the present will be assessed for inclusion. Two independent reviewers will screen titles and abstracts using the inclusion criteria for study selection. The reviewers will critically appraise methodological quality and rigor. Data will be extracted on facilitators and barriers among perinatal refugee women accessing mental health care services and social supports. Synthesis will involve aggregation of these findings to generate a set of statements based on their meaning similarity.

Systematic review registration number:

PROSPERO CRD42021245240
High resolution synchrotron extended x-ray absorption fine structure and infrared spectroscopy analysis of MBE grown CdTe/InSb epifilms
Authors: Talwar Devki N. , Lu Na , Ferguson Ian T. , Feng Zhe Chuan
Published: September 2021

Six CdTe thin epifilms were prepared by using molecular beam epitaxy on ion beam cleaned InSb (001) substrates with Tsub temperatures ranging from 25 to 250 °C. Thickness dependent vibrational and structural characteristics are meticulously examined by far-infrared reflectivity (FIR) and high-resolution synchrotron extended x-ray absorption spectroscopy (HR-XAS), respectively. The FIR measured line shapes and optical modes for samples prepared on ion beam cleaned InSb at Tsub ≤ 100 °C revealed abrupt interfaces while noticing segregated Sb atoms and In2Te3-like precipitates at CdTe-InSb interfaces for films grown on ion beam cleaned InSb at Tsub ≥ 230 °C. Our simulated reflectivity results, using a traditional multilayer (ambient/film/substrate) optics methodology, are compared reasonably well with the experimental data. To substantiate the Berreman effect, we have also investigated the transmission and reflectivity spectra of CdTe/InSb epilayers and (CdTe)m/(ZnTe)n/InSb superlattices at oblique incidence (θI = 45°). A clear distinction of the transverse optical (ωTO) phonons in the s-polarization and ωTO and longitudinal optical (ωLO) modes in the p-polarization has established a valuable method of assessing long wavelength optical phonon frequencies in technologically important materials. Comprehensive analysis of HR-XAS results on the structural characteristics of CdTe/InSb epilayers has provided values of bond lengths and coordination numbers in very good agreement with the existing bulk CdTe data.
Strengths of plasmon satellites in XPS: Real-time cumulant approach
Authors: Rehr John J. , Kas Joshua J.
Published: September 2021

Plasmon satellites observed in x-ray photoemission spectra (XPS) reflect many-body effects beyond the single-electron approximation. However, theoretical calculations are challenging and simplified theories based on electron gas models are not always satisfactory. Here, a cumulant Green’s function approach with a real-time time-dependent density functional theory calculation of the cumulant is described for calculations of these effects, without the need for adjustable parameters. The approach yields good agreement with experimental XPS results, as illustrated for Ge and Al. Corrections due to extrinsic losses and interference are also briefly discussed.
Mixed mathematical and experimental modeling of electrospun metal oxide supercapacitor electrodes
Authors: Brockway Molly C. , Moritz Dennis J. , Borkowski John J. , Skinner Jack L.
Published: September 2021

Supercapacitors are an important energy storage technology that combine the high energy density of batteries with the high power density of capacitors. Freestanding Mn2O3 electrodes fabricated via electrospinning and calcination have the potential to provide high power and energy densities with low fabrication costs. In this work, a theoretical model is produced to describe the effects of the electrospun structure on electrode performance. The model uses theoretical predictions of capacitive and faradaic energy storage, based on system parameters measured from real electrodes to produce a realistic model that can be used for engineering design and optimization of the electrodes. Porosity-controlled discharge time and extremely stable energy densities are predicted by the model. Results are compared to discharge curves of a real electrode to examine model fidelity.
Acoustic characteristics of microperforated plate with variable cross-sectional holes
Authors: Jiang Congshuang , Li Xianhui , Xiao Weimin , Zhang Bin
Published: September 2021

Broadband sound absorption performance and high mechanical strength are major concerns for designing a microperforated plate (MPP) absorber, which is generally difficult to achieve for a single-layer MPP with straight holes. A MPP was proposed with variable cross-sectional holes, including large dents on one side, grooves on the other side, and intermediate micro-slits. The beneficial effects of the special geometrical features are thoroughly discussed and experimentally validated. Models to calculate the acoustic impedance are established, and acoustic behaviors within holes are simulated. It was found that the micro-slits could provide necessary acoustic resistance for impedance matching and very low reactance to expand sound absorption bandwidth. The large dents or grooves could provide the necessary thickness with negligible acoustic impedance to enhance plate mechanical strength. This research helps to implement a single-layer MPP design with good acoustical and mechanical performance.
Remodeling of metabolism and inflammation by exercise ameliorates tumor-associated anemia
Authors: Furrer Regula , Jauch Annaïse J. , Nageswara Rao Tata , Dilbaz Sedat , Rhein Peter , Steurer Stefan A. , Recher Mike , Skoda Radek C. , Handschin Christoph
Published: September 2021

Exercise counteracts systemic effects of tumors and thereby mitigates red blood cell elimination and anemia.
Molecular mechanism of SbmA, a promiscuous transporter exploited by antimicrobial peptides
Authors: Ghilarov Dmitry , Inaba-Inoue Satomi , Stepien Piotr , Qu Feng , Michalczyk Elizabeth , Pakosz Zuzanna , Nomura Norimichi , Ogasawara Satoshi , Walker Graham Charles , Rebuffat Sylvie , Iwata So , Heddle Jonathan Gardiner , Beis Konstantinos
Published: September 2021

Antimicrobial peptide transporter SbmA is an evolutionary link between ABC and proton-driven transporters.
Harnessing Escherichia coli for Bio-Based Production of Formate under Pressurized H
2
and CO
2
Gases
Authors: Roger Magali , Reed Thomas C. P. , Sargent Frank
Published: September 2021

Greenhouse gas emissions, including waste carbon dioxide, are contributing to global climate change. A basket of solutions is needed to steadily reduce emissions, and one approach is bio-based carbon capture and storage.
Evolutionary Divergence of the Wsp Signal Transduction Systems in Beta- and Gammaproteobacteria
Authors: Kessler Collin , Mhatre Eisha , Cooper Vaughn , Kim Wook
Published: September 2021

The Wsp signal transduction system serves as an important model system for studying how bacteria adapt to living in densely structured communities known as biofilms. Biofilms frequently cause chronic infections and environmental fouling, and they are very difficult to eradicate.
Phenogenomic Characterization of a Newly Domesticated and Novel Species from the Genus
Verrucosispora
Authors: Kennedy Sarah J. , Atkinson Celine Grace F. , Tomlinson Brooke R. , Hammond Lauren , Eswara Prahathees , Baker Bill J. , Shaw Lindsey N.
Published: September 2021

The majority of environmental bacteria cannot be cultured within the laboratory. Understanding why only certain environmental isolates can be recovered is key to unlocking the abundant microbial dark matter that is widespread on our planet.
Using Stable Isotope Probing and Raman Microspectroscopy To Measure Growth Rates of Heterotrophic Bacteria
Authors: Weber Felix , Zaliznyak Tatiana , Edgcomb Virginia P. , Taylor Gordon T.
Published: September 2021

Population growth dynamics and individual cell growth rates are the ultimate expressions of a microorganism’s fitness under its environmental conditions, whether natural or engineered. Natural habitats and many industrial settings harbor complex microbial assemblages.
Two Newly Introduced
Wolbachia
Endosymbionts Induce Cell Host Differences in Competitiveness and Metabolic Responses
Authors: Li Tong-Pu , Zha Si-Si , Zhou Chun-Ying , Xia Xue , Hoffmann Ary A. , Hong Xiao-Yue
Published: September 2021

Wolbachia
transinfection in insects can be used to suppress pests and block virus transmission. We stably introduced two
Wolbachia
strains from rice planthoppers into cell lines of an important arbovirus mosquito vector,
Aedes albopictus
.
Innate Immune Evasion of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus through Degradation of the FBXW7 Protein via the Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway
Authors: Li Mingwei , Wu Yang , Chen Jianfei , Shi Hongyan , Ji Zhaoyanag , Zhang Xin , Shi Da , Liu Jianbo , Tian Jin , Wang Xiaobo , Shi Zhaorong , Zhang Hongling , Zhang Hao , Guo Longjun , Feng Li
Published: September 2021

To counteract the host antiviral defenses, most viruses, including coronaviruses, have evolved with diverse strategies to dampen host IFN-mediated antiviral response, by interfering with or evading specific host regulators at multiple steps of this response. In this study, a novel antagonistic strategy was revealed showing that PEDV infection could circumvent the host innate response by targeted degradation of endogenous FBXW7 in target cells, a process that was verified to be a positive modulator for the host innate immune system.
Ultradeep HIV-1 Proviral Envelope Sequencing Reveals Complex Population Structure within and between Brain and Splenic Tissues
Authors: Rose Rebecca , Gonzalez-Perez Maria Paz , Nolan David J. , Cross Sissy , Lamers Susanna L. , Luzuriaga Katherine
Published: September 2021

Understanding the evolution of HIV-1 in the brain compared to other tissues is important for improving treatment strategies for individuals with HIV-associated neurological disorders (HAND). We utilized high-throughput sequencing technology to generate thousands of full-length
env
sequences from paired brain and spleen samples from eight individuals with/without HAND.
Complete Analysis of the Epidemiological Scenario around a SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection: Previous Infection Events and Subsequent Transmission
Authors: Pérez Lago Laura , Pérez Latorre Leire , Herranz Marta , Tejerina Francisco , Sola-Campoy Pedro J. , Sicilia Jon , Suárez-González Julia , Andrés-Zayas Cristina , Chiner-Oms Alvaro , Jiménez-Serrano Santiago , García-González Neris , Comas Iñaki , González-Candelas Fernando , Martínez-Laperche Carolina , Catalán Pilar , Muñoz Patricia , García de Viedma Darío
Published: September 2021

We present the first complete analysis of the epidemiological scenario around a reinfection by SARS-CoV-2, more severe than the first episode, including three cases preceding the reinfection, the reinfected case
per se
, and the subsequent transmission to another seven cases.
Disinfection of Maternal Environments Is Associated with Piglet Microbiome Composition from Birth to Weaning
Authors: Law Kayla , Lozinski Brigit , Torres Ivanellis , Davison Samuel , Hilbrands Adrienne , Nelson Emma , Parra-Suescun Jaime , Johnston Lee , Gomez Andres
Published: September 2021

We show that levels of disinfection in farrowing facilities can impact early microbial exposures and colonization by pioneer microbes in piglets. Although previous research has shown a similar effect by raising pigs outdoors or by exposing them to soil, these practices are unattainable in most swine production systems in the United States due to biosecurity practices.
Dietary Supplementation of Inulin Ameliorates Subclinical Mastitis via Regulation of Rumen Microbial Community and Metabolites in Dairy Cows
Authors: Wang Yue , Nan Xuemei , Zhao Yiguang , Jiang Linshu , Wang Hui , Zhang Fan , Hua Dengke , Liu Jun , Yao Junhu , Yang Liang , Luo Qingyao , Xiong Benhai
Published: September 2021

The correlation between mastitis and the gastrointestinal microbiome in dairy cows has been demonstrated. Regulating the profile of rumen microorganisms may contribute to remission of subclinical mastitis (SCM).
The Reemergence of Seasonal Respiratory Viruses in Houston, Texas, after Relaxing COVID-19 Restrictions
Authors: Hodjat Parsa , Christensen Paul A. , Subedi Sishir , Bernard David W. , Olsen Randall J. , Long S. Wesley
Published: September 2021

We describe the return of non-COVID respiratory viruses after the removal of COVID-19 mitigation measures. It is important for the public and physicians to recognize that, after months of COVID-19 being the primary driver of respiratory infection, more typical seasonal respiratory illnesses have returned, and this return is out of the normal season for some of these pathogens.
Evaluation of a SARS-CoV-2 Capture IgM Antibody Assay in Convalescent Sera
Authors: Ha Binh , Jadhao Samadhan , Hussaini Laila , Gibson Theda , Stephens Kathy , Salazar Luis , Ciric Caroline , Taylor Meg , Rouphael Nadine , Edupuganti Srilatha , Rostad Christina A. , Tompkins S. Mark , Anderson Evan J. , Anderson Larry J.
Published: September 2021

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has inflicted tremendous loss of lives, overwhelmed health care systems, and disrupted all aspects of life worldwide since its emergence in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Detecting current and past infection by PCR or serology is important to understanding and controlling SARS-CoV-2.
Nitrospina
-like Bacteria Are Dominant Potential Mercury Methylators in Both the Oyashio and Kuroshio Regions of the Western North Pacific
Authors: Tada Yuya , Marumoto Kohji , Takeuchi Akinori
Published: September 2021

MeHg is highly neurotoxic and accumulates in marine organisms. Thus, understanding MeHg production in seawater is critical for environmental and human health.
Supplemental Material: Thermodynamic limits for assimilation of silicate crust in primitive magmas
Authors: Heinonen Jussi S. , al. et
Published: September 2021

Supplemental discussion on the MCS model parameters, and all model input and output.
British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines for the management of iron deficiency anaemia in adults
Authors: Snook Jonathon , Bhala Neeraj , Beales Ian L P , Cannings David , Kightley Chris , Logan Robert PH , Pritchard D Mark , Sidhu Reena , Surgenor Sue , Thomas Wayne , Verma Ajay M , Goddard Andrew F
Published: September 2021

Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is a major cause of morbidity and burden of disease worldwide. It can generally be diagnosed by blood testing and remedied by iron replacement therapy (IRT) using the oral or intravenous route. The many causes of iron deficiency include poor dietary intake and malabsorption of dietary iron, as well as a number of significant gastrointestinal (GI) pathologies. Because blood is iron-rich it can result from chronic blood loss, and this is a common mechanism underlying the development of IDA—for example, as a consequence of menstrual or GI blood loss.

Approximately a third of men and postmenopausal women presenting with IDA have an underlying pathological abnormality, most commonly in the GI tract. Therefore optimal management of IDA requires IRT in combination with appropriate investigation to establish the underlying cause. Unexplained IDA in all at-risk individuals is an accepted indication for fast-track secondary care referral in the UK because GI malignancies can present in this way, often in the absence of specific symptoms. Bidirectional GI endoscopy is the standard diagnostic approach to examination of the upper and lower GI tract, though radiological scanning is an alternative in some situations for assessing the large bowel. In recurrent or refractory IDA, wireless capsule endoscopy plays an important role in assessment of the small bowel.

IDA may present in primary care or across a range of specialties in secondary care, and because of this and the insidious nature of the condition it has not always been optimally managed despite the considerable burden of disease— with investigation sometimes being inappropriate, incorrectly timed or incomplete, and the role of IRT for symptom relief neglected. It is therefore important that contemporary guidelines for the management of IDA are available to all clinicians. This document is a revision of previous British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines, updated in the light of subsequent evidence and developments.
Strategic and principled approach to the ethical challenges of epilepsy monitoring unit triage
Authors: Randhawa Jason , Hrazdil Chantelle T , McDonald Patrick J , Illes Judy
Published: September 2021

Electroencephalographic monitoring provides critical diagnostic and management information about patients with epilepsy and seizure mimics. Admission to an epilepsy monitoring unit (EMU) is the gold standard for such monitoring in major medical facilities worldwide. In many countries, access can be challenged by limited resources compared to need. Today, triaging admission to such units is generally approached by unwritten protocols that vary by institution. In the absence of explicit guidance, decisions can be ethically taxing and are easy to challenge. In an effort to address this gap, we propose a two-component approach to EMU triage that takes into account the unique landscape of epilepsy monitoring informed by triage literature from other areas of medicine. Through the strategic component, we focus on the EMU wait list management infrastructure at the institutional level. Through the principled component, we apply a combination of the ethical principles of prioritarianism, utilitarianism and justice to triage; and we use individual case examples to illustrate how they apply. The effective implementation of this approach to specific epilepsy centres will need to be customised to the nuances of different settings, including diverse practice patterns, patient populations and constraints on resource distribution, but the conceptual consolidation of its components can alleviate some of the pressures imposed by the complex decisions involved in EMU triage.
Characteristics associated with Lactobacillus iners-dominated vaginal microbiota
Authors: Novak Juliano , Ravel Jacques , Ma Bing , Ferreira Carolina Sanitá Tafner , Tristão Andrea da Rocha , Silva Marcia Guimaraes , Marconi Camila
Published: September 2021

Objective

The protective role of Lactobacillus iners in the vaginal microbiota has been questioned. Recent studies have shown that L. iners is the dominating taxon in a large subset of women worldwide. The aim of this study was to identify sociodemographic, behavioural and clinical variables associated with L. iners-dominated community state type (CST) III in Brazilian women of reproductive age.

Participants and methods

This study leveraged microbiota compositional data generated by sequencing of the V3-V4 16S rRNA gene from vaginal samples collected from 442 participants enrolled in a previous cross-sectional study that included 609 women in five geographical regions of Brazil. A total of 167 (27.4%) participants were excluded from the current study as they did not present a Lactobacillus-dominated vaginal microbiota. Data on sociodemographic and behavioural characteristics of the study population were obtained through face-to-face interviews. Participants were assigned to two study groups: those with L. iners-dominated CST III (n=222) and those with three distinct CSTs (I, II or V) dominated by another Lactobacillus spp. (n=220). Logistic regression analysis using a stepwise method was performed to test association between CST III and participants’ characteristics, considering their OR and 95% CIs.

Results

Among the population characteristics assessed, L. iners-dominated CST III was independently associated with having two or more sexual partners (OR 3.27; 95% CI 1.50 to 7.11) and microscopic detection of Candida sp. on vaginal smears (OR 2.24; 95% CI 1.02 to 4.89). Other characteristics were inversely associated with CST III, including condom use (OR 0.59; 95% CI 0.38 to 0.91), higher educational level (OR 0.61; 95% CI 0.41 to 0.91) and diet containing milk/dairy intake (OR 0.43; 95% CI 0.20 to 0.90).

Conclusion

Unprotected sex practices, number of sexual partners and lower educational levels may be useful for identifying women with L. iners-dominated microbiota and its suboptimal protective properties. L. iners microbiota does not seem to provide optimal protection against Candida sp. colonisation, warranting further investigation.