bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the physical-chemical and sensorial properties of Maria type cookies
Authors: Pereira Daniela , Correia Paula M. R. , Guiné Raquel P. F.
Published: November 2013

Given the importance of the cookies of type Maria worldwide, and considering the absence of any scientific study setting out their main features, it becomes important to identify the differentiating characteristics of several commercialized brands, in particular related to the chemical, physical and sensory characteristics. In this way, the aim of this work was to study and compare eight different brands of cookies of type Maria. The elemental chemical analysis (moisture, ash, protein, fat, fibre and carbohydrates contents), determination of physical parameters (volume, density, texture and colour) and sensory evaluation of studied cookies were performed. Multivariate statistical methods (Pearson correlation, principal component analysis and cluster analysis) were applied to estimating relationships in analysed data. The results for the elemental analysis showed that the samples were very similar in terms of some components, like for example ashes, while quite different in terms of other components, such as moisture and fat contents. With respect to texture and colour the samples showed, in general, some important differences. In terms of sensory evaluation, the sample C was the one that in most sensory tests gathered the preference of the panellists. The cluster analysis showed that the sample A was much different from the other samples. The results of principal component analysis showed that the main component explains 32.6 % of the total variance, and is strongly related to variables associated to colour.
Development of method of isolation and purification of PAHs from exposed semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) prior to GC-MS analysis
Authors: Klučárová Veronika , Benická Eva , Vrana Branislav
Published: November 2013

Surface water pollution by organic contaminants was investigated using passive sampling by semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs), based on free transfer of analyte (diffusion) from water into receiving phase of sampler. The work was aimed at isolation method of contaminants from passive samplers extracts and instrumental analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Gel permeation chromatography after silica gel sample cleanup was used as a method for cleaning the extracts of passive samplers from interfering Triolein, the receiving phase in the samplers. The efficiency of isolation and cleaning was determined for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as a target group of contaminants. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were determined in the obtained fraction by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry.
Analysis of interaction between nutritional and developmental instability in mediaeval population in Wrocław
Authors: Gawlikowska-Sroka Aleksandra , Dąbrowski Paweł , Szczurowski Jacek , Staniowski Tomasz
Published: November 2013

In this paper, we test the hypothesis that indices of nutritional stress from enamel hypoplasia increase the incidence of indicators of developmental instability in fluctuating asymmetry, even in high social status individuals. The studied material consisted of a medieval sample of 58 skulls from the Wrocław area. Radiographs were taken in postero-anterior (P-A) and base projections. Images were scanned and calibrated by means of MicroStation 95 Academic Edition software, and measurements of the skull images were used to estimate fluctuating asymmetry. The presence of hypoplasia and caries was assessed using standard anthropological methods and all data was statistically analysed. The highest levels of fluctuating asymmetry were observed in the skull base region. Hypoplasia was observed in 40% and caries in 55.5%.

Differences were noted in the level of fluctuating asymmetry in relationship to the presence or absence of hypoplasia, where a higher level predisposes individuals to enamel hypoplasia and a decline in buffering capacity, regardless of their socio-economic status.
Diet and society in Poland before the state: stable isotope evidence from a Wielbark population (2nd c. AD)
Authors: Reitsema Laurie J. , Kozłowski Tomasz
Published: November 2013

The 1st–4th c. AD Wielbark culture of Eastern Europe is relatively understudied bioarchaeologically due to the fragmentary nature of its cemeteries. Here, we report the first stable isotope analysis of Wielbark diet using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope signatures from both collagen and carbonate of 30 individuals from Rogowo, a 2nd c. Wielbark cemetery in North-Central Poland. Diet at Rogowo was primarily based on terrestrial foods and included millet, a C4 plant cultivated by many Slavic populations in Europe. Anadromous fish likely supplemented the diet, which is clarified when considering collagen and carbonate data in tandem. Stable isotope differences between the sexes indicate that men and women may have consumed different foods, although there is a possibility that women immigrated to Rogowo from an isotopically different region of Europe. No significant differences are noted in δ13C or δ15N of women with and without grave goods, suggesting little social differentiation within the Wielbark culture, at least in terms of daily food access. Reconstructing human diet in Europe through stable isotope analysis is problematic because of the relative isotopic homogeneity in this region of the world. This study further demonstrates the utility of using both carbonate and collagen stable isotope data in tandem to reconstruct past European diet.
Glimpse at EU–China relationships since 2008
Authors: Staburova Jelena , Bērziņa Una Aleksandra
Published: November 2013

United Europe-China relations have a long history. For many years they have developed successfully, but not along a simple course. The main thesis of this article is that the year 2008, which is associated primarily with the onset of the financial crisis in Europe, became a watershed in the history of bilateral relations between EU and China. Over the past few years the agenda and the role of the actors, and also the content and format of discourse have changed dramatically. This article is devoted primarily to some aspects of the EU’s position in relation to China and, to a lesser extent, to the position of the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Therefore the history of contacts between the two sides will be considered especially in the light of some EU publications, while China will be outside our primary area of focus. Unlike many studies on economic cooperation between EU and China, our paper will accentuate the political component of the relationship. We shall try to demonstrate that, beginning with 2008, Europe has been partly losing its status as the driving force in the EU-China dialogue. We will conclude by addressing the problem of adequate understanding of Chinese political texts, without which no political communication of Europe with China can be successful. A critical analysis of a recent document prepared by the EU eliminates some problematical points within the united Europe, which affect the effectiveness of its Chinese policy. Our method can be described as eclectic in the sense that it borrows arguments from a variety of political research techniques and terminologies (discourse analysis, historical institutionalism, engagement and stakeholder theories), as well as from sinological (by which we understand the analysis of Chinese texts in the cultural perspective) and historical approaches.
Some Aspects of the Baltic Countries’ Pre- and Post- Accession Convergence to the European Union
Authors: Talts Mait
Published: November 2013

This comprehensive article provides an overview of the broader process of political, legal and societal changes characterizing the Baltic countries’ convergence towards the European Union. The article aims to identify the specific areas and issues which reveal both similarities and differences between the three Baltic countries. Special focus has been given to issues of economic development, economic policy choices, employment, public opinion and some legal aspects. The article, first of all, tries to reveal the differences between Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania stemming from different economic policy decisions made by the Baltic countries in the 1990s as well as from to the fact that in 1997-1999 the European Union treated the Baltic countries somewhat differently in terms of conditionality. However, during the 21st century, especially due to the economic recession, the ‘Baltic clocks’ have been synchronized despite the obvious differences in political system and levels of economic development. The author of the current article believes that the main factor behind that development was the convergence to European Union.
Geopolitics Taking the Signature from the Russian-Estonian Border Treaty (2005)
Authors: Alatalu Toomas
Published: November 2013

Explaining the withdrawal of his signature from the Estonian- Russian Border Agreement, the Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergey Lavrov announced on June 27, 2005 that “they in the EU might have succumbed to the temptation of telling us to ratify it […] on your side also, with some interpretations attached, so that the treaty can enter into force. To stop the EU from falling into this temptation, we have withdrawn our signature. There will be no treaty”. Thus, Moscow actually punished the European Union, which seems logical as with regard to geopolitics and geostrategy, the border negotiations were held in the buffer zone between the European Union and Russia.

In 2004-2005 Russia held simultaneous and also interconnected border negotiations with Japan, China, Kazakhstan, Latvia and Estonia, with agreements eventually signed only with China and Kazakhstan. Failures with Japan, Latvia and Estonia derived from Moscow’s position to keep all gains of World War II. At the same time Russia had related all its foreign affairs with the celebration of the 60th anniversary of the end of World War II held in Russia, which was curiously used by the young Georgian leader Mikheil Saakashvili, whose quick and clear manoeuvres approved by the West turned the ordinary Rimland country Georgia into a classic geopolitical pivot. And all this was done at the expense of Russia’s influence. The highlight of the process was Saakashvili’s statement that he will come to Moscow on May 9th only if Russia agrees to withdraw its military bases from Georgia. The Kremlin considered it best to agree, however, as the European Council aside the US, uniting the problems of Estonia, Latvia and the non-EU member Georgia, also began to praise the latter for overcoming Russia, Moscow decided to punish the nearest available EU member in the given situation by withdrawing its signature from the Russian-Estonian border treaty.
New Possibilities for Investigation of the Technological Texture Based on Measurement of Electric Parameters: Theoretical Analysis and Experimental Verification
Authors: Kozík Tomáš , Minárik Stanislav
Published: November 2013

Texture is preferred orientation of crystallites in some polycrystalline materials. Different methods are applied to characterize the orientation patterns and determine the orientation distribution. Most of these methods rely on diffraction.

This paper introduces the principle of a method used for characterization of ceramics texture based on anisotropy of electrical properties of crystallites in ceramics. The mathematical framework of this method is presented in theoretical part of our work. In experimental section we demonstrate how the theoretical result could be used to evaluate technology texture of ceramic material intended for the production of electronic insulators.
Estimation of Soil Material Transportation by Wind Based on in Situ Wind Tunnel Experiments
Authors: Farsang Andrea , Duttmann Rainer , Bartus Máté , Szatmári József , Barta Károly , Bozsó Gábor
Published: November 2013

25% and 40% of territory of Hungary is moderate to highly vulnerable to deflation. However, precise estimates about the soil loss and related losses of organic matter and nutrients due to wind erosion are missing in most cases. In order to determine magnitudes of nutrient masses removed at wind velocities that frequently occur in SE Hungary, in-situ experiments using a portable wind tunnel have been conducted on small test plots with an erosional length of 5.6 m and a width of 0.65 m. The wind tunnel experiments have been carried through on a Chernozem which is typical for this region. In order to compare the effects of soil coverage on the masses of blown soil sediment and adsorbed nutrients, two soil surface types have been tested under similar soil moisture und atmospheric conditions: (1) bare soil (dead fallow) and (2) bare soil surface interrupted by a row of maize plants directed downwind along the center line of the test plots. The results of our experiments clearly show that a constant wind velocity of 15 m s-1 (at a height of 0.3 m) lasting over a short time period of 10 minutes can already cause noticeable changes in the composition and size of soil aggregates at the top of the soil surface. Due to the grain size selectivity of the erosive forces the relative share of soil aggregates comprising diameters > 1 mm increased by 5-10% compared with the unaffected soil. Moreover it has shown that short time wind erosion events as simulated in this study can result in erosion rates between 100 and 120 g m-2, where the erosion rates measured for bare soils are only slightly, but not significantly higher than those of the loosely vegetated ones. Soil samples taken from sediment traps mounted in different heights close to the outlet of the wind tunnel point to an enrichment of organic matter (OM) of about 0.6 to 1 % by mass referred to the control samples. From these findings has been calculated that the relocation of organic matter within short term wind erosion events can amount to 4.5 to 5.0 g OM m-2. With the help of portable field wind tunnel experiments we can conclude that our valuable, high quality chernozems are struck by wind erosion mainly in drought periods.
Investigation of Daily Natural and Rapid Human Effects on the Air Temperature of The Hajnóczy Cave in Bükk Mountains
Authors: Muladi Beáta , Mucsi László
Published: November 2013

The aim of this study the authors measured and analyzed the effect of the exterior daily temperature change on the interior temperature in a dripstone cave visited by cavers exclusively. The measurement was carried out in the Hajnóczy Cave located in the southern part of Bükk Mountains in Hungary. Although only one entrance is known, there are more evidences for the strong effect of exterior conditions on the interior processes like temperature fluctuation and dripstone development. Using high resolution wireless digital thermometer sensor network the air temperature and air humidity were measured in 32 points in every 10 minutes for long time but now the data of a 8-days period were analyzed. Based on these data different zones of the cave could be separated and during summer conditions the climatic variability of the entrance transitional and deep cave zone was described. Based on statistical analysis of spatial information significant correlation was found between the exterior temperature fluctuation and that of such a cave chamber, which is relatively far from the cave entrance. This fact proves that existence of a fissure system which is permeable for air but not passable for cavers. During the measurement the human effect was also analyzed and 0.3-0.6 °C temperature rising was recognized for a short time. Because of the surface vicinity the effects of the environmental change can have sensible impact on the cave and its natural phenomena. Among others temperature rising, air humidity decreasing were detected in present study.
Lake water level variations in Belarus
Authors: Volchak Aleksandr A. , Kirvel Ivan
Published: November 2013

Lake level is one of the most important lake characteristics which allows the results of different effects to be identified and detected. In this work time series of the water levels of Belorussian lakes were analysed in order to detect pattern variations, to evaluate quantitatively the transformation of the hydrological regime of lake ecosystems and to develop prediction models. The possibility of plotting predicting models of lake water levels one year in advance was shown. The complication in plotting predicting models is in its individuality, the huge volume of initial data and the impossibility of immediate assessment of the results. Additional complications are caused by the inhomogeneity of time series of water levels in lakes.
Coarse Bed Sediments in a Headwater Channel as Indicators of Fluvial Processes and Slope-Channel Coupling: A Case Study from the Carpathian Mountains (Czech Republic)
Authors: Galia Tomáš , Škarpich Václav
Published: November 2013

The character of riverbed sediments usually reflects fluvial processes and the dynamics of sediment transport in fluvial systems. The approach in this study was based on the measurement of the largest boulders located within a bankfull channel, and on the observation of changes in their size in the longitudinal profile of a headwater stream in the Moravian-Silesian Beskids Mountains. The resulting trends in a particle-size index reflect the character of sediment delivery into channel segments and the recent channel-forming processes. The largest boulders were observed in channel sections with a strong interaction of slope and fluvial processes, and a slight coarsening of sediments was recorded in the incised downstream sections of the longitudinal stream profile. In contrast, the refining of bed sediments was typical of the transitional zone between slope-channel coupled reaches and an alluvial cone characterised by a tendency to material aggradation.
The Footfall of Shopping Centres in Olomouc (Czech Republic): an Application of the Gravity Model
Authors: Klapka Pavel , Erlebach Martin , Král Ondřej , Lehnert Michal , Mička Tomáš
Published: November 2013

The issue of the footfall of large retail facilities in the city of Olomouc is treated in this article from the perspective of spatial interaction modelling. A production-constrained gravity model is applied to reveal spatial patterns of shopping travel intensities in the city. Three problems are addressed: the existing pattern and intensities of flows to the shopping centres; the prediction of possible future changes in these patterns and intensities; and inferences about hypothetical sizes of shopping centres according to some defined conditions.
Changes in Migration to Rural Regions in The Czech Republic: Position and Perspectives
Authors: Novotná Marie , Preis Jiří , Kopp Jan , Bartoš Michael
Published: November 2013

Migration trends in the Czech Republic after 1990 are discussed in this paper. To evaluate the migration trends, the databases of immigrants and emigrants from the Czech Statistical Office from 1990 to 2010, are used. While migration from rural areas to urban areas prevailed in the past, after 1990 the direction changed: the population in rural areas with good natural and socio-cultural environments has been increasing due to migration. Small municipalities have a positive migration balance. We can conclude that these trends could be influenced primarily by social and environmental problems in cities, the increase in automobile use and the development of communication technologies, the migration of pensioners who settle in second homes, and the changing residential preferences of people and entrepreneurs.
Control of sputtering parameters for deposition of NbN thick films
Authors: Jha Rajveer , Awana V. P. S.
Published: November 2013

We report a detailed study on control of sputtering parameters for synthesizing NbN superconducting thick films. The NbN films are deposited on single crystalline silicon (100) by DC reactive sputtering, i.e., deposition of Nb in the presence of reactive N
Tertiarisation of the Productive System of Slovakia: an Inputoutput Approach
Authors: Melikhova Yulia , Bažó Ladislav , Holubcová Ivana
Published: November 2013

The aim of the paper was to study the process of tertiarisation of the Slovak economy during the period between 1995 and 2009 and to analyse the relations of services with the rest of productive activities. The empirical study conducted in this work is based on the data from the WIOD symmetric input-output tables. The main trends of the structural transformation of Slovak productive system in analysed period was that services (mostly business services) increased their share (in term of value added) within the whole economy and the overall degree of tertiarisation rose. Domestic services not only increased their capacity to encourage their own production but intensified their relations with the rest of the economic activities.
Poiret, Dior and Schiaparelli
Authors: Parkins Ilya
Published: November 2013

Through a highly original and detailed analysis of the memoirs, interviews and other life writings of Poiret, Dior and Schiaparelli, this book explores changing notions of femininity in the early decades of the twentieth century, when the democratization of fashion began.

Examining the idea of modernity, eternity and the ephemeral in the writings of these haute couturiers, the book reflects on fashion's ambivalent approach to women, which both celebrated and vilified them, presenting them as both ultra modern style leaders and irrational creatures stuck in the past.

This fascinating text is key reading for scholars and students of fashion, gender studies, cultural studies and history.
Wartime Fashion
Authors: Howell Geraldine
Published: November 2013

A comprehensive analysis of Second World War dress practice and appearance, this study places dress at the forefront of a complex series of cultural chain reactions.

As lives were changed by the conditions of war, dress continued to reflect important visual narratives regarding class, gender and taste that would impact significantly on public consciousness of equality, fairness and morale. Using new archival and primary source evidence, Wartime Fashion clarifies how and why clothing was rationed, and repositions style and design during the war in relation to past expectations and ideas about clothes and fabrics. The book explores the impact of war on the dress and appearance of civilian women of all classes in the context of changing social and economic infrastructures created by the national emergency.

The varied research elements combined in this book form a rounded and definitive account of the dress history of British women during the Second World War. This is essential reading for anyone with an active interest in the field, whether personal or professional.
Clinical Experience with Insulin Detemir: Results from the Bangladesh Cohort of Global A1chieve Study
Authors: Latif Zafar Ahmed , Pathan Md. Faruque , Siddiqui Md. Nazrul Islam , Mannan MA , Ashrafuzzaman SM , Rahman Md. Mahfuzur , Sobhan Md. Javed
Published: November 2013

Objective: To present results from the Bangladesh cohort of the A1chieve study receiving insulin detemir (Levemir) ± oral anti diabetic drugs. Methods: Out of 1093 patients recruited from 49 sites in Bangladesh, 370 were initiated on insulin detemir (Levemir).Study visits were defined as baseline, interim (around 12 weeks from baseline) and final (around 24 weeks from baseline) visit. Results: Glycaemic control was poor in all the groups at baseline. In the entire cohort at 24 weeks, significant reductions from baseline were observed in mean HbA1c (from 10.0 % to 7.2%, p<0.001), FPG (from 10.5 to 6.7 mmol/L, p<0.001) and PPPG (from 15.3 to 8.9 mmol/L, p<0.001) levels. Overall 45.5% of the participants achieved target HbA1c level of < 7% after 24 weeks. The rate of all hypoglycaemic events in the entire cohort reduced from 1.34 (baseline) to 0.12 events/person year after 24 weeks of insulin detemir therapy (p<0.0001). There was no clinically relevant change in body weight in insulin naïve or prior insulin users groups after 24 weeks of insulin detemir therapy. Conclusions: The current study suggests that insulin detemir may be considered as a safe and effective option for initiating insulin therapy for type 2 diabetes in Bangladesh. Birdem Med J 2013; 3(1): 11-18 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/birdem.v3i1.17121
Etiology of Respiratory Distress in Newborn  Experience in BIRDEM
Authors: Haque Afroza , Baki MA , Begum Tahmina , Akhter Shahida , Begum Suraiya , Nahar Nazmun
Published: November 2013

Objectives: Respiratory distress is one of the most common causes of admission in Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). There are many causes of respiratory distress, among them, transient tachypnoea of newborn, respiratory distress syndrome and perinatal asphyxia are commonest causes. The aim of this study was to identify the etiology of respiratory distress in special care baby unit (SCABU) in BIRDEM General Hospital and to observe the immediate hospital outcome of these babies. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in SCABU, BIRDEM. Data were collected from all patients files admitted in to SCABU during the period from January to December 2011. Results: A total of 562 patients were admitted, among them 192 cases were admitted due to respiratory distress (34.1%). There was male predominance (64.6%). Two third (65.6%) babies were inborn and majority (84.4%) were born by caesarian section and preterm babies were more (65.6%). The commonest causes of respiratory distress in our study were transient tachypnea of newborn (43.2%), respiratory distress syndrome (30.2%), perinatal asphyxia (25%), septicaemia (16.1%) congenital pneumonia (11.9%), congenital heart disease (10.4%). All babies required oxygen initially, subsequently mechanical ventilation and Bubble CPAP was required in 48 (25.0%) and 8(04.1%) cases respectively. Mortality was 16.7% and was highest in neonates with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) (71.8%) followed by septicaemia (40.6%) and perinatal asphyxia (37.3%). Among neonates requiring mechanical ventilation 56.2% died. Conclusion: Transient tachypnoea of newborn (TTN), respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), perinatal asphyxia and septicaemia were the common etiology for respiratory distress. Mortality was very high in RDS and septicaemia. Birdem Med J 2013; 3(1): 19-22 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/birdem.v3i1.17122
Medical Quiz : Images
Authors: Ahmed Jamal Uddin
Published: November 2013

Birdem Med J 2013; 3(1): 59 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/birdem.v3i1.17130
BIRDEM News - Academic Achievement
Authors: Editor The
Published: November 2013

Birdem Med J 2013; 3(1): 66 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/birdem.v3i1.17136
From the Desk of the Executive Editor Vol.3(1)
Authors: Uddin Khwaja Nazim
Published: November 2013

Birdem Med J 2013; 3(1): 67 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/birdem.v3i1.17137
Answer to medical quiz: Images
Authors: Ahmed Jamal Uddin
Published: November 2013

Birdem Med J 2013; 3(1): 68 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/birdem.v3i1.17138
Medical quiz SBA: Answers
Authors: Uddin Jamal Nazrim
Published: November 2013

Birdem Med J 2013; 3(1): 69-70 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/birdem.v3i1.17139
Does that look heavy to you? Perceived weight judgment in lifting actions in younger and older adults
Authors: Maguinness Corrina , Setti Annalisa , Roudaia Eugenie , Kenny Rose Anne
Published: November 2013

When interpreting other people's movements or actions, observers may not only rely on the visual cues available in the observed movement, but they may also be able to “put themselves in the other person's shoes” by engaging brain systems involved in both “mentalizing” and motor simulation. The ageing process brings changes in both perceptual and motor abilities, yet little is known about how these changes may affect the ability to accurately interpret other people's actions. Here we investigated the effect of ageing on the ability to discriminate the weight of objects based on the movements of actors lifting these objects. Stimuli consisted of videos of an actor lifting a small box weighing 0.05–0.9 kg or a large box weighting 3–18 kg. In a four-alternative forced-choice task, younger and older participants reported the perceived weight of the box in each video. Overall, older participants were less sensitive than younger participants in discriminating the perceived weight of lifted boxes, an effect that was especially pronounced in the small box condition. Weight discrimination performance was better for the large box compared to the small box in both groups, due to greater saliency of the visual cues in this condition. These results suggest that older adults may require more salient visual cues to interpret the actions of others accurately. We discuss the potential contribution of age-related changes in visual and motor function on the observed effects and suggest that older adults' decline in the sensitivity to subtle visual cues may lead to greater reliance on visual analysis of the observed scene and its semantic context.
In Vivo RNAi-Based Screens: Studies in Model Organisms
Authors: Yamamoto-Hino Miki , Goto Satoshi
Published: November 2013

RNA interference (RNAi) is a technique widely used for gene silencing in organisms and cultured cells, and depends on sequence homology between double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and target mRNA molecules. Numerous cell-based genome-wide screens have successfully identified novel genes involved in various biological processes, including signal transduction, cell viability/death, and cell morphology. However, cell-based screens cannot address cellular processes such as development, behavior, and immunity. Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans are two model organisms whose whole bodies and individual body parts have been subjected to RNAi-based genome-wide screening. Moreover, Drosophila RNAi allows the manipulation of gene function in a spatiotemporal manner when it is implemented using the Gal4/UAS system. Using this inducible RNAi technique, various large-scale screens have been performed in Drosophila, demonstrating that the method is straightforward and valuable. However, accumulated results reveal that the results of RNAi-based screens have relatively high levels of error, such as false positives and negatives. Here, we review in vivo RNAi screens in Drosophila and the methods that could be used to remove ambiguity from screening results.
Effects of Habitual Anger on Employees’ Behavior during Organizational Change
Authors: Bönigk Mareike , Steffgen Georges
Published: November 2013

Organizational change is a particularly emotional event for those being confronted with it. Anger is a frequently experienced emotion under these conditions. This study analyses the influence of employees’ habitual anger reactions on their reported behavior during organizational change. It was explored whether anger reactions conducive to recovering or increasing individual well-being will enhance the likelihood of functional change behavior. Dysfunctional regulation strategies in terms of individual well-being are expected to decrease the likelihood of functional change behavior—mediated by the commitment to change. Four hundred and twelve employees of different organizations in Luxembourg undergoing organizational change participated in the study. Findings indicate that the anger regulation strategy venting, and humor increase the likelihood of deviant resistance to change. Downplaying the incident’s negative impact and feedback increase the likelihood of active support for change. The mediating effect of commitment to change has been found for humor and submission. The empirical findings suggest that a differentiated conceptualization of resistance to change is required. Specific implications for practical change management and for future research are discussed.
Cytochrome P450 Family 1 Inhibitors and Structure-Activity Relationships
Authors: Liu Jiawang , Sridhar Jayalakshmi , Foroozesh Maryam
Published: November 2013

With the widespread use of O-alkoxyresorufin dealkylation assays since the 1990s, thousands of inhibitors of cytochrome P450 family 1 enzymes (P450s 1A1, 1A2, and 1B1) have been identified and studied. Generally, planar polycyclic molecules such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, stilbenoids, and flavonoids are considered to potentially be effective inhibitors of these enzymes, however, the details of the structure-activity relationships and selectivity of these inhibitors are still ambiguous. In this review, we thoroughly discuss the selectivity of many representative P450 family 1 inhibitors reported in the past 20 years through a meta-analysis.
Insights into Structure-Activity Relationships of Somatostatin Analogs Containing Mesitylalanine
Authors: Martín-Gago Pablo , Aragón Eric , Gomez-Caminals Marc , Fernández-Carneado Jimena , Ramón Rosario , Martin-Malpartida Pau , Verdaguer Xavier , López-Ruiz Pilar , Colás Begoña , Cortes María , Ponsati Berta , Macias Maria , Riera Antoni
Published: November 2013

The non-natural amino acid mesitylalanine (2,4,6-trimethyl-L-phenylalanine; Msa) has an electron-richer and a more conformationally restricted side-chain than that of its natural phenylalanine counterpart. Taking these properties into account, we have synthesized ten somatostatin analogs containing Msa residues in different key positions to modify the intrinsic conformational flexibility of the natural hormone. We have measured the binding affinity of these analogs and correlated it with the main conformations they populate in solution. NMR and computational analysis revealed that analogs containing one Msa residue were conformationally more restricted than somatostatin under similar experimental conditions. Furthermore, we were able to characterize the presence of a hairpin at the pharmacophore region and a non-covalent interaction between aromatic residues 6 and 11. In all cases, the inclusion of a D-Trp in the eighth position further stabilized the main conformation. Some of these peptides bound selectively to one or two somatostatin receptors with similar or even higher affinity than the natural hormone. However, we also found that multiple incorporations of Msa residues increased the life span of the peptides in serum but with a loss of conformational rigidity and binding affinity.
Glioblastoma Multiforme Therapy and Mechanisms of Resistance
Authors: Ramirez Yulian , Weatherbee Jessica , Wheelhouse Richard , Ross Alonzo
Published: November 2013

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a grade IV brain tumor characterized by a heterogeneous population of cells that are highly infiltrative, angiogenic and resistant to chemotherapy. The current standard of care, comprised of surgical resection followed by radiation and the chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide, only provides patients with a 12–14 month survival period post-diagnosis. Long-term survival for GBM patients remains uncommon as cells with intrinsic or acquired resistance to treatment repopulate the tumor. In this review we will describe the mechanisms of resistance, and how they may be overcome to improve the survival of GBM patients by implementing novel chemotherapy drugs, new drug combinations and new approaches relating to DNA damage, angiogenesis and autophagy.
Landslide Activity Maps Generation by Means of Persistent Scatterer Interferometry
Authors: Bianchini Silvia , Herrera Gerardo , Mateos Rosa , Notti Davide , Garcia Inmaculada , Mora Oscar , Moretti Sandro
Published: November 2013

In this paper a methodology is proposed to elaborate landslide activity maps through the use of PS (Persistent Scatterer) data. This is illustrated through the case study of Tramuntana Range in the island of Majorca (Spain), where ALOS (Advanced Land Observing Satellite) images have been processed through a Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) technique during the period of 2007–2010. The landslide activity map provides, for every monitored landslide, an assessment of the PS visibility according to the relief, land use, and satellite acquisition parameters. Landslide displacement measurements are projected along the steepest slope, in order to compare landslide velocities with different slope orientations. Additionally, a ground motion activity map is also generated, based on active PS clusters not included within any known landslide phenomenon, but even moving, potentially referred to unmapped landslides or triggered by other kinds of geomorphological processes. In the Tramuntana range, 42 landslides were identified as active, four as being potential to produce moderate damage, intersecting the road Ma-10, which represents the most important road of the island and, thus, the main element at risk. In order to attest the reliability of measured displacements to represent landslide dynamics, a confidence degree evaluation is proposed. In this test site, seven landslides exhibit a high confidence degree, medium for 93 of them, and low for 51. A low confidence degree was also attributed to 615 detected active clusters with a potential to cause moderate damage, as their mechanism of the triggering cause is unknown. From this total amount, 18 of them intersect the Ma-10, representing further potentially hazardous areas. The outcomes of this work reveal the usefulness of landslide activity maps for environmental planning activities, being exportable to other radar data and different geomorphological settings.
A New Laser Based Approach for Measuring Atmospheric Greenhouse Gases
Authors: Dobler Jeremy , Braun Michael , Blume Nathan , Zaccheo T.
Published: November 2013

In 2012, we developed a proof-of-concept system for a new open-path laser absorption spectrometer concept for measuring atmospheric CO2. The measurement approach utilizes high-reliability all-fiber-based, continuous-wave laser technology, along with a unique all-digital lock-in amplifier method that, together, enables simultaneous transmission and reception of multiple fixed wavelengths of light. This new technique, which utilizes very little transmitted energy relative to conventional lidar systems, provides high signal-to-noise (SNR) measurements, even in the presence of a large background signal. This proof-of-concept system, tested in both a laboratory environment and a limited number of field experiments over path lengths of 680 m and 1,600 m, demonstrated SNR values >1,000 for received signals of ~18 picoWatts averaged over 60 s. A SNR of 1,000 is equivalent to a measurement precision of ±0.001 or ~0.4 ppmv. The measurement method is expected to provide new capability for automated monitoring of greenhouse gas at fixed sites, such as carbon sequestration facilities, volcanoes, the short- and long-term assessment of urban plumes, and other similar applications. In addition, this concept enables active measurements of column amounts from a geosynchronous orbit for a network of ground-based receivers/stations that would complement other current and planned space-based measurement capabilities.
A Partially Distributed Intrusion Detection System for Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Cho Eung , Hong Choong , Lee Sungwon , Jeon Seokhee
Published: November 2013

The increasing use of wireless sensor networks, which normally comprise several very small sensor nodes, makes their security an increasingly important issue. They can be practically and efficiently secured using intrusion detection systems. Conventional security mechanisms are not usually applicable due to the sensor nodes having limitations of computational power, memory capacity, and battery power. Therefore, specific security systems should be designed to function under constraints of energy or memory. A partially distributed intrusion detection system with low memory and power demands is proposed here. It employs a Bloom filter, which allows reduced signature code size. Multiple Bloom filters can be combined to reduce the signature code for each Bloom filter array. The mechanism could then cope with potential denial of service attacks, unlike many previous detection systems with Bloom filters. The mechanism was evaluated and validated through analysis and simulation.
Microfluidic Biosensor Array with Integrated Poly(2,7-Carbazole)/Fullerene-Based Photodiodes for Rapid Multiplexed Detection of Pathogens
Authors: Matos Pires Nuno , Dong Tao
Published: November 2013

A multiplexed microfluidic biosensor made of poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) was integrated into an array of organic blend heterojunction photodiodes (OPDs) for chemiluminescent detection of pathogens. Waterborne Escherichia coli O157:H7, Campylobacter jejuni and adenovirus were targeted in the PMMA chip, and detection of captured pathogens was conducted by poly(2,7-carbazole)/fullerene OPDs which showed a responsivity over 0.20 A/W at 425 nm. The limits of chemiluminescent detection were 5 × 105 cells/mL for E. coli, 1 × 105 cells/mL for C. jejuni, and 1 × 10−8 mg/mL for adenovirus. Parallel analysis for all three analytes in less than 35 min was demonstrated. Further recovery tests illustrated the potential of the integrated biosensor for detecting bacteria in real water samples.
Embedded NMR Sensor to Monitor Compressive Strength Development and Pore Size Distribution in Hydrating Concrete
Authors: Díaz-Díaz Floriberto , De J. Cano-Barrita Prisciliano , Balcom Bruce , Solís-Nájera Sergio , Rodríguez Alfredo
Published: November 2013

In cement-based materials porosity plays an important role in determining their mechanical and transport properties. This paper describes an improved low–cost embeddable miniature NMR sensor capable of non-destructively measuring evaporable water loss and porosity refinement in low and high water-to-cement ratio cement-based materials. The sensor consists of two NdFeB magnets having their North and South poles facing each other, separated by 7 mm to allow space for a Faraday cage containing a Teflon tube and an ellipsoidal RF coil. To account for magnetic field changes due to temperature variations, and/or the presence of steel rebars, or frequency variation due to sample impedance, an external tuning circuit was employed. The sensor performance was evaluated by analyzing the transverse magnetization decay obtained with a CPMG measurement from different materials, such as a polymer phantom, fresh white and grey cement pastes with different w/c ratios and concrete with low (0.30) and high (0.6) w/c ratios. The results indicated that the sensor is capable of detecting changes in water content in fresh cement pastes and porosity refinement caused by cement hydration in hardened materials, even if they are prepared with a low w/c ratio (w/c = 0.30). The short lifetime component of the transverse relaxation rate is directly proportional to the compressive strength of concrete determined by destructive testing. The r2 (0.97) from the linear relationship observed is similar to that obtained using T2 data from a commercial Oxford Instruments 12.9 MHz spectrometer.
Chronic Exposure to Particulate Nickel Induces Neoplastic Transformation in Human Lung Epithelial Cells
Authors: Holmes Amie , The Therry , Thompson Kelsey , Mason Michael , Kandpal Sanjeev , Zheng Tongzhang , Wise John
Published: November 2013

Nickel is a well-known human lung carcinogen with the particulate form being the most potent; however, the carcinogenic mechanism remains largely unknown. Few studies have investigated the genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of nickel in its target cell, human bronchial epithelial cells. Thus, the goal of this study was to investigate the effects of particulate nickel in human lung epithelial cells. We found that nickel subsulfide induced concentration- and time-dependent increases in both cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in human lung epithelial cells (BEP2D). Chronic exposure to nickel subsulfide readily induced cellular transformation, inducing 2.55, 2.9 and 2.35 foci per dish after exposure to 1, 2.5 and 5 μg/cm2 nickel subsulfide, respectively. Sixty-one, 100 and 70 percent of the foci isolated from 1, 2.5, and 5 μg/cm2 nickel subsulfide treatments formed colonies in soft agar and the degree of soft agar colony growth increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Thus, chronic exposure to particulate nickel induces genotoxicity and cellular transformation in human lung epithelial cells.
Copper-catalyzed trifluoromethylation of alkenes with an electrophilic trifluoromethylating reagent
Authors: Wang Xiao-Ping , Lin Jin-Hong , Zhang Cheng-Pan , Xiao Ji-Chang , Zheng Xing
Published: November 2013

An efficient method for the copper-catalyzed trifluoromethylation of terminal alkenes with an electrophilic trifluoromethylating reagent has been developed. The reactions proceeded smoothly to give trifluoromethylated alkenes in good to excellent yields. The results provided a versatile approach for the construction of Cvinyl–CF3 bonds without using prefunctionalized substrates.
Relative Bioavailability of a Paediatric Granule Formulation of the HIV Integrase Inhibitor Dolutegravir in Healthy Adult Subjects
Authors: Patel Parul , Song Ivy , Borland Julie , Chen Shuguang , Peppercorn Amanda , Wajima Toshihiro , Funaki Takeshi , Fujita Naomi , Hughes John , Piscitelli Stephen
Published: November 2013

Background

This study evaluated the pharmacokinetics of a granule formulation of dolutegravir developed as an alternative to tablets for use in paediatric populations.

Methods

A randomized, open-label study in healthy adults was carried out. Subjects received five treatments in a crossover design: a single dose of dolute-gravir 50 mg as a tablet and dolutegravir 50 mg in 10 g of granule administered directly to mouth or mixed with purified water, water containing high cation concentrations or milk-based infant formula. Study treatments were separated by 7 days. Safety evaluations and serial pharmacokinetic sampling were done during each treatment period. A non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was performed; geometric least-squares mean ratios and 90% CIs were generated for treatment comparison. Palatability was assessed by questionnaire.

Results

Plasma dolutegravir exposures in all granule treatment arms exceeded those of tablet formulation. The mean area under the curve from time 0 to infinity (AUC0–∞) and maximum concentrations were 55–83% and 62–102% higher, respectively. Pharmacokinetics were similar when dolutegravir was mixed with purified or cation-containing water. Dolutegravir was well tolerated, with no withdrawals due to adverse events. Taste was rated acceptable for all treatments.

Conclusions

The exposure of dolutegravir after administration of granule formulation alone, with different types of water and with milk formula, exceeded that of the tablet. The similarity of dolutegravir exposure seen with the granule formulation demonstrates that dolutegravir granule can be given without restriction on the type of liquid or can be administered directly to the mouth (for example, when potable water is not available).
La guerre de positions en Alsace et dans les Hautes-Vosges
Authors: Hensel Florian
Published: November 2013

Alors qu’un siècle nous sépare bientôt des évènements de la Grande Guerre, il est temps de faire le point sur leur historiographie. Cet article est l’occasion d’un tour d’horizon des principaux sites alsaciens victimes des quatre années d’affrontements. S’appuyant à la fois sur des études pertinentes et des sources inédites, il présente non seulement les spécificités des combats dans les Hautes-Vosges, mais met également en lumière les combats de plaine, trop souvent oubliés. L’objectif est de mettre à mal un certain nombre d’idées préconçues, trop souvent rattachées aux fronts alsaciens et vosgiens.
Des religieuses dans la tourmente
Authors: Vogel Philippe
Published: November 2013

Les chroniques de la congrégation des sœurs de Saint-Joseph de Saint-Marc relatent des évènements de la Première Guerre mondiale en Alsace à travers un point de vue particulier : celui de religieuses catholiques, alsaciennes et allemandes. Vouées à la charité, elles ont, durant tout le conflit, et quelques fois au milieu des combats, apporté leur aide aux soldats et aux civils blessés ou nécessiteux. La Première Guerre mondiale a bouleversé leur quotidien, son règlement a modifié toute l’organisation de la congrégation sur fond de « chasse aux sorcières ».