bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A formação de professores de artes no Brasil: uma história aberta a interpretações
Authors: Galvão Coutinho Rejane
Published: June 2022

O texto trata da formação de professores de Artes Visuais revendo alguns marcos dos processos formativos no contexto brasileiro a partir de uma perspectiva da colonialidade, com foco nos processos de criação, propondo uma reescrita dessa história que se abre a interpretações; finalizando com comentários sobre exercícios propostos em processos formativos na contemporaneidade.
Supplier Audit Information Sharing and Responsible Sourcing
Authors: Ha Albert Y. , Shang Weixin , Wang Yunjie
Published: June 2022

We develop a game-theoretic model to study the incentive for competing manufacturers to share supplier audit information. Based on the audit information, each manufacturer decides whether to source from a common supplier who has uncertain responsibility violation risk or to switch to a backup supplier who has no responsibility violation risk but charges a higher price. When supplier responsibility violation occurs, some consumers boycott the manufacturers involved. Audit information allows a manufacturer to reduce the uncertainty about the risk of the common supplier. We show that audit information sharing may make the manufacturers’ sourcing strategies more or less differentiated. As a result, the information-sharing decision is not monotone in the model parameters. We fully characterize the manufacturers’ equilibrium audit information-sharing and sourcing decisions and establish conditions under which audit information sharing induces the manufacturers to adopt more or less responsible sourcing strategies. We also show that a manufacturer could be better off when the cost premium of sourcing from the backup supplier or the risk of the common supplier becomes higher or the audit information becomes less accurate. We consider several extensions of the base model and demonstrate that the main insights remain mostly valid.

This paper was accepted by Charles Corbett, operations management.

Funding: A. Y. Hawas supported by the Wei Lun Foundation. W. Shang was supported by the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong [GRF Project LU 13501415]. Y. Wang was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grant 71901209].

Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4358 .
Merajut Ekosistem Industri Halal dalam Menumbuhkembangkan Usaha Kompetitif Melalui Merdeka Belajar
Authors: Gunawan Setiyo , Rakhmawati Nur Aini , Juwari Juwari , Aparamarta Hakun Wirawasista , Darmawan Raden , Pradhana Yoga Widhia , Prabowo Ari
Published: June 2022

Pemerintah terus berupaya mendorong Indonesia untuk menjadi produsen produk halal. Salah satunya dengan cara membuat regulasi yakni Undang-Undang Nomor 33 Tahun 2014 dan Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja mengamanatkan sebuah Peraturan Pemerintah. PP 39 tahun 2021 tentang Penyelenggaraan Jaminan Produk Halal (JPH). Salah satu regulasi penting adalah berubahnya sifat sertifikasi halal yang semula voluntary (sukarela) bagi pelaku usaha, kini telah berubah menjadi mandatory (wajib). Disisi lain, Kampus Merdeka, mendorong proses pembelajaran di perguruan tinggi yang semaikin otonom dan fleksibel, bertujuan demi terciptanya kultur belajar yang inovatif dan sesuai dengan kebutuhan masing-masing perguruan tinggi. Kegiatan KKN mahasiswa yang dipadukan dengan pengabdian masyarakat berbasis produk halal sangat tepat dalam menempa kemampuan dan jiwa sosial, berkarya, mendidik untuk menempa diri pada lingkungan sebenarnya. Pendampingan yang intensif dan terprogram mampu memberikan nilai tambah dan secara tidak langsung ikut mendukung berlangsungnya ekosistem industri halal. Berdasarkan capaian indikator kesiapan mitra dalam pendaftaran sertifikasi halal dan hasil diskusi dengan tim internal, maka terdapat 14 UMKM yang diberikan rekomendasi dan fasilitasi pendaftaran sertifikasi halal gratis. Adapun 5 UMKM lainnya belum dapat direkomendasikan karena terkait dengan belum dimilikinya ijin edar yang juga menjadi salah satu persyaratan dalam pengajuan pendaftaran sertifikasi halal
Alat Pengering Padi Portabel dengan Pemanas Elektrik yang Dilengkapi Thermocontrol guna Membantu Proses Pengolahan Padi di Desa Kembiritan Kabupaten Banyuwangi
Authors: Yulistya Negara I Made , Satriyadi Hernanda I Gusti Ngurah , Asfani Dimas Anton
Published: June 2022

Negara Indonesia merupakan negara tropis yang mengalami dua musim yaitu musim penghujan dan kemarau. Memasuki akhir tahun biasanya akan terjadi musim hujan disebagian besar wilayah Indonesia yang mana sangat berdampak kepada para petani. Minimnya cahaya matahari pada musim penghujan menyebabkan para petani kesulitan untuk menjemur padi dari hasil panennya. Berkaca pada masalah tersebut, pengabdi pada kegiatan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat ini berupaya untuk merancang dan membuat sebuah alat pengering padi dengan efektivitas dan efisiensi yang tinggi. Alat pengering padi ini menggunakan gas sebagai bahan bakarnya dan didesain portable sehingga mudah untuk memindahkan dari lahan yang satu ke lahan yang lain. Tak hanya mengkonsep dan membuat alat pengering padi saja, tetapi kegiatan sosialisasi pun dilakukan untuk memperkenalkan cara penggunaan serta maintannace alat. Pengabdi berharap dengan adanya teknologi pengering padi portable bisa memudahkan petani dalam mengeringkan padinya.
Pelatihan Guru SMP untuk Persiapan Asesmen Nasional (AN)
Authors: Safarina Sena , RM Putri Endah , Prita Laksmi , Asiyah Nur , Fistia Doctorina Wahyu , Lukitosari Valeriana
Published: June 2022

Pendidikan pada dasarnya bertujuan untuk mengembangkan karakter dan kompetensi siswa melalui suatu pembelajaran yang dirancang berdasarkan kurikulum. Sementara, untuk mengukur kualitas pendidikan tersebut, diperlukan adanya suatu evaluasi dimana hasilnya dapat dimanfaatkan untuk memperbaiki proses pembelajaran dan perbaikan kualitas belajar-mengajar. Sehingga, secara tidak langsung, proses perbaikan tersebut dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa. Sebagai bentuk evaluasi, pemenerintah mengyelenggarakan Asesmen Nasional dengan memanfaatkan tiga instrumen yaitu kompetisi minimum, literasi dan numerasi (AKM); survei karakter; dan survei lingkungan belajar. Salah satu komponen yang penting, yaitu kompetensi numerasi, yang melibatkan alat matematika berhubungan erat dengan proses belajar mengajar untuk mata pelajaran Matematika di sekolah. Telah diketahui bahwa kemampuan literasi dan matematika dari siswa sekolah di Indonesia hanya menduduki peringkat 72 dari 78 negara berdasarkan PISA 2018. Hal ini menunjukkan kualitas siswa Indonesia perlu ditingkatkan agar dapat berkompetisi pada level global. Oleh karena itu untuk, memberikan dukungan terhadap program Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, diadakan kegiatan Pengabdian Masyarakat dengan menggandeng beberapa SMP di Kota Surabaya Pusat, berupa Pelatihan Guru untuk mempersiapkan Asesmen Nasional di Kota Surabaya Pusat. Dengan adanya kegiatan pelatihan ini, diharapkan adanya peningkatkan kualitas proses belajar mengajar di beberapa sekolah tersebut sehingga mampu mencapai kemampuan kompetensi minimum yang dicanangkan oleh Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
Edukasi Sistem Jaminan Halal dan Urgensinya Bagi Masyarakat Pesisir Penggerak Ekonomi Kreatif
Authors: Mukhtasor Mukhtasor , Ikhwani Hasan , Pratikto Widi Agus , Rahmawati Shade , Satrio Dendy , Sujantoko Sujantoko
Published: June 2022

Dalam masyarakat konsumen Indonesia yang sebagian besar adalah Muslim, produk bersertifikat halal menjadi standar yang awam diminta oleh stakeholder, sebagai contoh: distributor produk, karena berkaitan dengan penerimaan publik. Sayangnya, produk Usaha Mikro, Kecil, dan Menengah (UMKM) dan home industry pada umumnya masih belum memperhatikan pentingnya pemenuhan standar halal atau memiliki keterbatasan untuk mengakses informasi mengenai sertifikasi halal. Menjawab permasalahan tersebut, kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini ditujukan untuk meningkatkan meningkatankan kesadaran akan pentingnya kehalalan produk dengan memberikan wawasan dan edukasi mengenai sistem jaminan halal. Objek yang menjadi fokusan adalah masyarakat pesisir penggerak ekonomi kreatif atau home industry untuk daerah-daerah pesisir.
Diversifikasi Produk Herbal Serbuk Instan Jahe Merah dalam Upaya Peningkatan Produktivitas Masyarakat Desa Oro-Oro Ombo, Kota Batu
Authors: Nurhayati Awik Puji Dyah , Ersandy Alfani Raziful Dwi , Sa'adah Noor Nailis , Setiawan Edwin , Ashuri Nova Maulidina , Indiani Adik Mayang , Wahyudi Agus , Rintaningrum Ratna , Wayan Ni
Published: June 2022

Desa Oro-oro Ombo memiliki letak yang strategis di dekat Kota Batu dengan kondisi iklim yang sangat mendukung untuk pertanian tanaman dan produk herbal. Pada tahun 2003 WHO merekomendasikan pemanfaatan obat tradisional dan herbal untuk kesehatan, baik untuk pencegahan maupun pengobatan, terutama penyakit kronis, degeneratif, dan kanker. Namun bertolak belakang dengan pernyataan tersebut, konsumsi obat herbal di kalangan generasi muda menunjukkan penurunan. Penyebabnya terutama karena rasanya yang pahit dan tidak praktis. Maka dari itu perlu adanya diversifikasi produk herbal untuk menarik minat generasi muda terhadap obat herbal. Tujuan dari kegiatan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat ini adalah mendiversifikasi produk minuman herbal dari jahe merah (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum), kapulaga (Amomum compactum), dan secang (Caesalpinia sappan L.) serta mengolahnya menjadi produk berbentuk serbuk sehingga lebih praktis. Pembuatan serbuk instan dilakukan dengan memvariasikan perbandingan jahe merah, kapulaga, dan secang (J1; J2; J3; dan J4). Proses pembuatan terdiri dari tiga tahap utama, yaitu penghalusan, pencampuran, dan pemanasan. Hasil uji organoleptik terhadap rasa, aroma dan warna menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan signifikan pada parameter rasa dan warna sedangkan aroma tidak berbeda secara signifikan pada semua sampel. Berdasarkan uji indeks efektivitas perlakuan terbaik adalah J1 dengan komposisi 300 g jahe merah, 8 biji kapulaga, dan 20 serut kayu secang.
High-precision anamorphic lens calibration with 3D and 2D calibration targets
Authors: Chen Xiaobo , Zhang Jinkai
Published: June 2022

This paper presents a high-precision camera calibration approach for anamorphic lenses. The distortion model for anamorphic lenses is substantially more sophisticated than the distortion model for spherical lenses for the adaption of cylindrical lenses in anamorphic lens attachments. Based on the anamorphic aberration theory and numerical experiments, a polynomial type distortion model is provided for anamorphic lenses, with which high-precision camera calibrations can be achieved using 3D calibration targets. 3D calibration targets are typically limited in size, unable to encompass the whole imaging field of anamorphic lenses. The calibration results using 3D calibration targets tend to be unstable with the increased number of distortion coefficients in the anamorphic distortion model. Thus, after the anamorphic lenses have been calibrated with 3D calibration targets, they are recalibrated with 2D calibration targets that may fill the anamorphic lenses’ field of view, resulting in more dependable and exact calibration results. Two anamorphic lenses are calibrated with high precision at the end the paper, which proves the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Optical imaging system for an all-time star sensor based on field of view gated technology
Authors: Fang Liang , Liu Enhai , Zhang Hui , Wei Xinguo , Cheng Xin , Liao Zhiyuan , Zhao Rujin
Published: June 2022

The wide field of view (FOV) of traditional star sensor optical systems restricts the ability to suppress atmospheric background. An optical imaging system for an all-time star sensor based on FOV gated technology is proposed. In this system, a wide FOV telescope is used to observe a large sky area containing multiple stars. A microlens and microshutter array is employed to subdivide the wide FOV and gate a narrow FOV to suppress atmospheric background radiation. Assisted by a common imaging lens, each set of microlens and microshutter elements corresponds to a FOV gated imaging channel. With the rapid switching of gated FOV, multiple stellar images are obtained on a common detection during daytime. As an example, a FOV gated optical imaging system with 0.4° gated FOV and 61 imaging channels is designed. In addition, a simplified prototype is developed, and a preliminary experiment of FOV gated imaging is performed near the ground. The results verify the capability of multiple stellar detections during daytime. The proposed optical imaging system has a strong capability of suppressing atmospheric background radiation and provides sufficient FOV gated imaging channels to enhance the probability of detecting multiple stars. It provides an effective technical way to develop all-time star sensors based on star pattern recognition and enables a completely autonomous attitude determination possible for platforms inside the atmosphere during daytime.
Correlation properties of a spatially quasi-incoherent imaging interferometer
Authors: Dembele Vamara , Wahl Joel , Sjödahl Mikael , Ramser Kerstin
Published: June 2022

The depth-gating capacity of a spatially quasi-incoherent imaging interferometer is
investigated in relation to the 3D correlation properties of
diffraction field laser speckles. The system exploits a phase-stepped
imaging Michelson-type interferometer in which spatially
quasi-incoherent illumination is generated by passing an unexpanded
laser beam through a rotating diffuser. Numerical simulations and
optical experiments both verify that the depth-gating capacity of the
imaging interferometer scales as

λ

/

2

N
A

p
2

, where

λ

is the wavelength of the laser and

N
A

p

is the numerical aperture of the
illumination. For a set depth gate of 150 µm, the depth-gating
capacity of the interferometer is demonstrated by scanning a standard
USAF target through the measurement volume. The results obtained show
that an imaging tool of this kind is expected to provide useful
capabilities for imaging through disturbing media and where a single
wavelength is required.
Design of a dual focal-plane near-eye display using diffractive waveguides and multiple lenses
Authors: Shi Xiaogang , Xue Zhenghui , Ma Shining , Wang Bingjie , Liu Yue , Wang Yongtian , Song Weitao
Published: June 2022

We propose a method to construct a compact dual focal-plane optical see-through near-eye display using diffractive waveguides and multiple lenses. A virtual image from a display device is projected into a three-grating waveguide using an objective lens, and a virtual image can be shown at a far distance with an extended eye box. One negative lens is employed to reduce the focus distance of the virtual image, and a corresponding positive lens is used to compensate for the distortion and accommodation errors. Thus, not only can a virtual image with a near distance be achieved, but also a virtual plane with a further distance can be generated by introducing another projection module and waveguide. Only two waveguides and two pieces of lenses are used in front of one eye to obtain a lightweight outlook. To verify the proposed method, a proof-of-concept prototype was developed to provide vivid virtual images at different depths in front of the human eye.
Method of color holographic display with speckle noise suppression
Authors: Li Zhao-Song , Zheng Yi-Wei , Li Yi-Long , Wang Di , Wang Qiong-Hua
Published: June 2022

In this paper, a method of color holographic display with speckle noise suppression is proposed. Firstly, the intensity information of the object is extracted according to the red, green and blue (RGB) channels. The band-limited phase is calculated and used as the initial phase for each color channel. Secondly, the double-step Fresnel diffraction algorithm is used to calculate the computer-generated holograms (CGHs), and a filter plane that dynamically adjusts the position of the filter in the optical path is designed. Then, a divergent spherical phase factor is added to the CGHs. Finally, the time average method is used to further reduce the speckle noise. When the CGHs of the RGB channels are loaded on the digital micromirror device and illuminated by the RGB lights emitting in a temporal sequence, the color reconstructed images with speckle noise suppression can be displayed. The validity of the proposed method is verified.
Thermal drift correction method for laboratory nanocomputed tomography based on global mixed evaluation
Authors: Liu Mengnan , Han Yu , Xi Xiaoqi , Zhu Linlin , Fu Huijuan , Tan Siyu , Zhang Xiangzhi , Li Lei , Chen Jian , Yan Bin
Published: June 2022

Nanocomputed tomography (nanoCT) is an effective tool for the nondestructive observation of 3D structures of nanomaterials; however, it requires additional correction phantom to reduce artifacts induced by the focal drift of the X-ray source and mechanical thermal expansion. Drift correction without a correction phantom typically uses rapidly acquired sparse projections to align the original projections. The noise and brightness difference in the projections limit the accuracy of existing feature-based methods such as locality preserving matching (LPM) and random sample consensus (RANSAC). Herein, a rough-to-refined correction framework based on global mixed evaluation (GME) is proposed for precise drift estimation. First, a new evaluation criterion for projection alignment, named GME, which comprises the structural similarity (SSIM) index and average phase difference (APD), is designed. Subsequently, an accurate projection alignment is achieved to estimate the drift by optimizing the GME within the proposed correction framework based on the rough-to-refined outlier elimination strategy. The simulated 2D projection alignment experiments show that the accuracy of the GME is improved by 14× and 12× than that of the mainstream feature-based methods LPM and RANSAC, respectively. The proposed method is validated through actual 3D imaging experiments.
Experiment demonstration of high speed 1.3 µm grating assisted surface-emitting DFB lasers
Authors: Luan Jing , Han Yu , Yang Sikang , Zhang Ruigang , Tian Qi , He Pengxiang , Liu Deming , Zhang Minming
Published: June 2022

Surface emitting lasers are attractive light sources for silicon integrated photonic circuits. High speed direct operation is of great importance for these lasers in high capacity and low cost on-chip communication system. Here, we demonstrate a 1.3 µm surface emitting ridge-waveguide distributed feedback (DFB) laser with second order grating and λ/4 phase shift grating, which can achieve a 24 Gb/s operation over a wide temperature. The fabricated lasers can achieve low threshold current as 6.8 mA, and 12.5 mA at 20, and 70°C, respectively. Stable single mode operation has been observed with high side mode suppression ratio (SMSR) > 40 dB at all temperatures (20-70 °C). Meanwhile, the surface emitting optical power can reach 1.7 mW at high temperature as 70 °C. 3 dB bandwidth of small signal response is 21 GHz and 12 GHz at 20 °C and 70 °C respectively. The far-field divergence angle of surface emitting beam is 13.4°×20.2° of 10 µm length second order grating coupler. The proposed laser may have great advantages of single mode, high speed modulation and good temperature tolerance. In addition, compared with conventional DFB lasers, the surface emitting DFB laser has no additional manufacturing process, which is simple to fabricate and easy to integrate with silicon platform.
Ultrafast double motion-picture recording technique for propagating light pulses with an ultrashort time difference
Authors: Inoue Tomoyoshi , Nagao Koki , Nishio Kenzo , Kubota Toshihiro , Awatsuji Yasuhiro
Published: June 2022

Ultrafast imaging techniques involving light propagation, which can record light-pulse propagation as a motion picture, are commonly applied in various fields. However, conventional ultrafast imaging techniques cannot obtain multiple motion- pictures with an ultrashort time difference. In this Letter, we propose an imaging technique to obtain double motion-pictures of propagating light pulses with an ultrashort time difference. To record double motion-pictures of propagating light pulses without superposition of the motion pictures, we employ a space-division multiplexing technique for recording holograms. Also, we construct and introduce an optical delay setup for generating light pulses with an ultrashort time difference. In the experimental demonstration of the proposed technique, we observe the first and second light propagations for a duration of 6.9 ps with a 1.78-ps time difference.
Toward high-power-density laser-driven lighting: enhancing heat dissipation in phosphor-in-glass film by introducing h-BN
Authors: Sui Ping , Lin Hang , Lin Yue , Lin Shisheng , Huang Jiajing , Xu Ju , Cheng Yao , Wang Yuansheng
Published: June 2022

In this work,  hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanocrystals as functional additives in a phosphor-in-glass film are shown to substantially increase the luminous performance driven by a blue laser. Microstructural and spectroscopic studies reveal that h-BN particles distributed over the whole glass matrix build in situ a local heat conductive path which effectively accelerates heat dissipation and so greatly relieves the “thermal run-away effect”. The developed composite material with fine thermal manipulation may be a promising phosphor color converter for high-power-density laser-driven lighting.
High-performance lensless diffraction imaging from diverse holograms by three-dimensional scanning
Authors: Wen Xiu , Zhou Xuyang , Li Yutong , Ji Yu , Zhou Keya , Liu Shutian , Jia Dong , Liu Wei , Chi Dazhao , Liu Zhengjun
Published: June 2022

For lensless diffraction imaging, it is a challenging dilemma to achieve a large field of view (FOV) and high resolution with a small amount of data at the same time. Ptychography can reconstruct the high-resolution image and illumination light simultaneously. But the illumination is limited to a small size by a probe in typical ptychography. For large samples, it takes much time to collect abundant patterns and has strict requirements for the computing power of computers. Another widely applied method, multi-height measurement, can realize a wide FOV with several holograms. But, the recovered image is easily destroyed by the background noise. In this Letter, a lensless diffraction imaging method by three-dimensional scanning is proposed. All positions of the object are different in three directions instead of scanning schemes only on a plane or along the optic axis, so more diversity of diffraction information is obtained. We apply the illumination without the limit of a confined aperture, which means that the imaging FOV of a pattern is equal to the size of the utilized image sensor. In comparison with the multi-height method, our method can separate the illumination background noise from the retrieved object. Consequently, the proposed method realized high resolution and contrast, large FOV, and the removal of background noise simultaneously. Experimental validations and comparisons with other methods are presented.
Active inference unifies intentional and conflict-resolution imperatives of motor control
Authors: Maselli Antonella , Lanillos Pablo , Pezzulo Giovanni
Published: June 2022

The field of motor control has long focused on the achievement of external goals through action (e.g., reaching and grasping objects). However, recent studies in conditions of multisensory conflict, such as when a subject experiences the rubber hand illusion or embodies an avatar in virtual reality, reveal the presence of unconscious movements that are not goal-directed, but rather aim at resolving multisensory conflicts; for example, by aligning the position of a person’s arm with that of an embodied avatar. This second, conflict-resolution imperative of movement control did not emerge in classical studies of motor adaptation and online corrections, which did not allow movements to reduce the conflicts; and has been largely ignored so far in formal theories. Here, we propose a model of movement control grounded in the theory of active inference that integrates intentional and conflict-resolution imperatives. We present three simulations showing that the active inference model is able to characterize movements guided by the intention to achieve an external goal, by the necessity to resolve multisensory conflict, or both. Furthermore, our simulations reveal a fundamental difference between the (active) inference underlying intentional and conflict-resolution imperatives by showing that it is driven by two different (model and sensory) kinds of prediction errors. Finally, our simulations show that when movement is only guided by conflict resolution, the model incorrectly infers that is velocity is zero, as if it was not moving. This result suggests a novel speculative explanation for the fact that people are unaware of their subtle compensatory movements to avoid multisensory conflict. Furthermore, it can potentially help shed light on deficits of motor awareness that arise in psychopathological conditions.
Systematic perturbation of an artificial neural network: A step towards quantifying causal contributions in the brain
Authors: Fakhar Kayson , Hilgetag Claus C.
Published: June 2022

Lesion inference analysis is a fundamental approach for characterizing the causal contributions of neural elements to brain function. This approach has gained new prominence through the arrival of modern perturbation techniques with unprecedented levels of spatiotemporal precision. While inferences drawn from brain perturbations are conceptually powerful, they face methodological difficulties. Particularly, they are challenged to disentangle the true causal contributions of the involved elements, since often functions arise from coalitions of distributed, interacting elements, and localized perturbations have unknown global consequences. To elucidate these limitations, we systematically and exhaustively lesioned a small artificial neural network (ANN) playing a classic arcade game. We determined the functional contributions of all nodes and links, contrasting results from sequential single-element perturbations with simultaneous perturbations of multiple elements. We found that lesioning individual elements, one at a time, produced biased results. By contrast, multi-site lesion analysis captured crucial details that were missed by single-site lesions. We conclude that even small and seemingly simple ANNs show surprising complexity that needs to be addressed by multi-lesioning for a coherent causal characterization.
Affordable artificial intelligence-based digital pathology for neglected tropical diseases: A proof-of-concept for the detection of soil-transmitted helminths and Schistosoma mansoni eggs in Kato-Katz stool thick smears
Authors: Ward Peter , Dahlberg Peter , Lagatie Ole , Larsson Joel , Tynong August , Vlaminck Johnny , Zumpe Matthias , Ame Shaali , Ayana Mio , Khieu Virak , Mekonnen Zeleke , Odiere Maurice , Yohannes Tsegaye , Van Hoecke Sofie , Levecke Bruno , Stuyver Lieven J.
Published: June 2022

Background

With the World Health Organization’s (WHO) publication of the 2021–2030 neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) roadmap, the current gap in global diagnostics became painfully apparent. Improving existing diagnostic standards with state-of-the-art technology and artificial intelligence has the potential to close this gap.

Methodology/Principal findings

We prototyped an artificial intelligence-based digital pathology (AI-DP) device to explore automated scanning and detection of helminth eggs in stool prepared with the Kato-Katz (KK) technique, the current diagnostic standard for diagnosing soil-transmitted helminths (STHs;Ascaris lumbricoides,Trichuris trichiuraand hookworms) andSchistosoma mansoni(SCH) infections. First, we embedded a prototype whole slide imaging scanner into field studies in Cambodia, Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania. With the scanner, over 300 KK stool thick smears were scanned, resulting in total of 7,780 field-of-view (FOV) images containing 16,990 annotated helminth eggs (Ascaris: 8,600;Trichuris: 4,083; hookworms: 3,623; SCH: 684). Around 90% of the annotated eggs were used to train a deep learning-based object detection model. From an unseen test set of 752 FOV images containing 1,671 manually verified STH and SCH eggs (the remaining 10% of annotated eggs), our trained object detection model extracted and classified helminth eggs from co-infected FOV images in KK stool thick smears, achieving a weighted average precision (± standard deviation) of 94.9% ± 0.8% and a weighted average recall of 96.1% ± 2.1% across all four helminth egg species.

Conclusions/Significance

We present a proof-of-concept for an AI-DP device for automated scanning and detection of helminth eggs in KK stool thick smears. We identified obstacles that need to be addressed before the diagnostic performance can be evaluated against the target product profiles for both STH and SCH. Given that these obstacles are primarily associated with the required hardware and scanning methodology, opposed to the feasibility of AI-based results, we are hopeful that this research can support the 2030 NTDs road map and eventually other poverty-related diseases for which microscopy is the diagnostic standard.
Comparison of serum cytokine levels in symptomatic and asymptomatic HIV-Leishmania coinfected individuals from a Brazilian visceral leishmaniasis endemic area
Authors: Guedes Diego Lins , Silva Elis Dionísio da , Castro Maria Carolina Accioly Brelaz , Júnior Walter Lins Barbosa , Ibarra-Meneses Ana Victoria , Tsoumanis Achilleas , Adriaensen Wim , van Griensven Johan , Pereira Valéria Rêgo Alves , Medeiros Zulma Maria de
Published: June 2022

Background

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) remains an important infectious disease worldwide. VL-HIV coinfected individuals can present with atypical clinical forms of VL and have a high risk of VL relapse. Some cytokines have been described as potential markers to diagnose active VL and to predict the severity of the cases. However, few studies have included VL-HIV coinfected patients. We aimed to characterize the levels of several cytokines among VL-HIV coinfected individuals living in a VL-endemic area in Northeast Brazil.

Methods

This was a retrospective, cross-sectional study, aiming to estimate the levels of various cytokines in symptomatic and asymptomatic VL-HIV coinfected individuals. There were 134 study participants (35 symptomatic VL-HIV, 75 asymptomatic VL-HIV, and 24 healthy controls), all ≥ 18 years-old. Serum cytokine levels (interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukins 2, 4, 6, 10, and 17A) were quantified using the Becton Dickinson-BD’s Cytometric Bead Array (CBA) system.

Results

The population mainly consisted of men (64.9%), with a median age of 35 (27–41) years. Asymptomatic individuals were younger (p = 0.013), with more years of education (p < 0.001), and were more often on antiretroviral therapy (p < 0.001) than those in the symptomatic group. Hemoglobin levels (p < 0.001), lymphocytes (p < 0.001) and CD4 count (p < 0.001) were lower in symptomatic individuals, while HIV viral loads were higher (p < 0.001). In the symptomatic VL-HIV coinfected group, we observed increased serum levels of IL-17A, IL-6, and IL-10 compared to asymptomatic patients and the healthy controls. There were no differences in the levels of all cytokines between asymptomatic VL-HIV coinfected individuals and the healthy controls.

Conclusions

Higher serum levels of IL-17A, IL-6, and IL-10 cytokines were observed in symptomatic coinfected individuals but not in asymptomatically infected individuals. More studies among HIV-positive persons are needed to better understand the role of serum cytokines for prognosis, to define cure and predict VL relapses in VL-HIV coinfected individuals.
Comparing eDNA metabarcoding primers for assessing fish communities in a biodiverse estuary
Authors: Kumar Girish , Reaume Ashley M. , Farrell Emily , Gaither Michelle R.
Published: June 2022

Metabarcoding of environmental DNA is increasingly used for biodiversity assessments in aquatic communities. The efficiency and outcome of these efforts are dependent upon either de novo primer design or selecting an appropriate primer set from the dozens that have already been published. Unfortunately, there is a lack of studies that have directly compared the efficacy of different metabarcoding primers in marine and estuarine systems. Here we evaluate five commonly used primer sets designed to amplify rRNA barcoding genes in fishes and compare their performance using water samples collected from estuarine sites in the highly biodiverse Indian River Lagoon in Florida. Three of the five primer sets amplify a portion of the mitochondrial 12S gene (MiFish_12S, 171bp; Riaz_12S, 106 bp; Valentini_12S, 63 bp), one amplifies 219 bp of the mitochondrial 16S gene (Berry_16S), and the other amplifies 271 bp of the nuclear 18S gene (MacDonald_18S). The vast majority of the metabarcoding reads (> 99%) generated using the 18S primer set assigned to non-target (non-fish) taxa and therefore this primer set was omitted from most analyses. Using a conservative 99% similarity threshold for species level assignments, we detected a comparable number of species (55 and 49, respectively) and similarly high Shannon’s diversity values for the Riaz_12S and Berry_16S primer sets. Meanwhile, just 34 and 32 species were detected using the MiFish_12S and Valentini_12S primer sets, respectively. We were able to amplify both bony and cartilaginous fishes using the four primer sets with the vast majority of reads (>99%) assigned to the former. We detected the greatest number of elasmobranchs (six species) with the Riaz_12S primer set suggesting that it may be a suitable candidate set for the detection of sharks and rays. Of the total 76 fish species that were identified across all datasets, the combined three 12S primer sets detected 85.5% (65 species) while the combination of the Riaz_12S and Berry_16S primers detected 93.4% (71 species). These results highlight the importance of employing multiple primer sets as well as using primers that target different genomic regions. Moreover, our results suggest that the widely adopted MiFish_12S primers may not be the best choice, rather we found that the Riaz_12S primer set was the most effective for eDNA-based fish surveys in our system.
Total collagen content and distribution is increased in human colon during advancing age
Authors: Baidoo Nicholas , Crawley Ellie , Knowles Charles H. , Sanger Gareth J. , Belai Abi
Published: June 2022

Background

The effect of ageing on total collagen content of human colon has been poorly investigated. The aim of this study was to determine if ageing altered total collagen content and distribution in the human colon.

Methods

Macroscopically normal ascending colon was obtained at surgery from cancer patients (n = 31) without diagnosis of diverticular disease or inflammatory bowel disease. Masson’s trichrome and Picrosirius red stains were employed to identify the total collagen content and distribution within the sublayers of the colonic wall for adult (22–60 years; 6 males, 6 females) and elderly (70 – 91years; 6 males, 4 female) patients. A hydroxyproline assay evaluated the total collagen concentration for adult (30–64 years; 9 male, 6 female) and elderly (66–91 years; 8 male, 8 female) patients.

Key results

Histological studies showed that the percentage mean intensity of total collagen staining in the mucosa, submucosa and muscularis externa was, respectively, 14(1.9) %, 74(3.2) % and 12(1.5) % in the adult ascending colon. Compared with the adults, the total collagen fibres content was increased in the submucosa (mean intensity; 163.1 ± 11.1 vs. 124.5 ± 7.8; P < 0.05) and muscularis externa (42.5 ± 8.0 vs. 20.6 ± 2.8; P < 0.01) of the elderly patients. There was no change in collagen content of the mucosa. The total collagen concentration was increased in the elderly by 16%. Sex-related differences were not found, and data were combined for analysis.

Conclusions

Greater total collagen content was found in the submucosa and muscularis externa of the elderly human male and female colon. These changes may contribute to a possible loss of function with ageing.
Confidence interval estimation of the common mean of several gamma populations
Authors: Yan Li
Published: June 2022

Gamma distributions are widely used in applied fields due to its flexibility of accommodating right-skewed data. Although inference methods for a single gamma mean have been well studied, research on the common mean of several gamma populations are sparse. This paper addresses the problem of confidence interval estimation of the common mean of several gamma populations using the concept of generalized inference and the method of variance estimates recovery (MOVER). Simulation studies demonstrate that several proposed approaches can provide confidence intervals with satisfying coverage probabilities even at small sample sizes. The proposed methods are illustrated using two examples.
Consumption of animal source food and associated factors among pregnant women in eastern Ethiopia: A community-based study
Authors: Fite Meseret Belete , Tura Abera Kenay , Yadeta Tesfaye Assebe , Oljira Lemessa , Roba Kedir Teji
Published: June 2022

Introduction

Animal source foods contain quality nutrients, immunity, and behavioral outcome and are important for growth, and development. However, evidence on the level of animal source food consumption frequency and associated factors among pregnant women in Ethiopia, particularly rural residents are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the consumption frequency of animal source food and to identify associated factors among pregnant women in the Haramaya district.

Methods

A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 448 pregnant women. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews by trained research assistants, using a validated frequency questionnaire. Consumption of animal food sources was assessed by counting the frequency of each food from animal sources that pregnant women ate over a seven-day reference period. The highest tertile for animal source food consumption was considered as the high frequency of animal source food consumption; whereas the two lower tertiles were taken as the low frequency of animal source food consumption. A binary logistic regression model was used to investigate the association of the independent variables with the animal source food consumption. An adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval was reported to show an association using a p-value <0.05.

Results

The high frequency of animal source food consumption among the study participants was 24.78% (95% CI = 21%-29%). High animal source food consumption was more likely higher among respondents who were literate (AOR = 1.80; 95% CI = 1.048–3.095), and those who owned milk cows (ARO = 1.70; 95% CI = 1.003–2.863). However, respondent who reported chewing khat (AOR = 0.51; 95% CI = 0.313–0.805) (AOR = 0.56; 95% CI = 0.349–0.903), were less likely experienced animal source food consumption.

Conclusion

We found low animal source food consumption among pregnant women in this predominantly rural setting. Women’s educational level and milk cow ownership were positively associated with animal source food consumption. Additionally, a lower frequency of animal source food consumption was observed among women who reported chewing khat. Therefore, nutrition policy programs and interventions aimed at encouraging maternal nutritional guidance and counseling are recommended.
Host cell-dependent late entry step as determinant of hepatitis B virus infection
Authors: Hong Xupeng , Kawasawa Yuka Imamura , Menne Stephan , Hu Jianming
Published: June 2022

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has a highly restricted host range and cell tropism. Other than the human sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (huNTCP), the HBV entry receptor, host determinants of HBV susceptibility are poorly understood. Woodchucks are naturally infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), closely related to HBV, but not with HBV. Here, we investigated the capabilities of woodchuck hepatic and human non-hepatic cell lines to support HBV infection. DNA transfection assays indicated that all cells tested supported both HBV and WHV replication steps post entry, including the viral covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) formation, which is essential for establishing and sustaining infection. Ectopic expression of huNTCP rendered one, but not the other, woodchuck hepatic cell line and the non-hepatic human cell line competent to support productive HBV entry, defined here by cccDNA formation during de novo infection. All huNTCP-expressing cell lines tested became susceptible to infection with hepatitis D virus (HDV) that shares the same entry receptor and initial steps of entry with HBV, suggesting that a late entry/trafficking step(s) of HBV infection was defective in one of the two woodchuck cell lines. In addition, the non-susceptible woodchuck hepatic cell line became susceptible to HBV after fusion with human hepatic cells, suggesting the lack of a host cell-dependent factor(s) in these cells. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the two woodchuck cell lines revealed widespread differences in gene expression in multiple biological processes that may contribute to HBV infection. In conclusion, other than huNTCP, neither human- nor hepatocyte-specific factors are essential for productive HBV entry. Furthermore, a late trafficking step(s) during HBV infection, following the shared entry steps with HDV and before cccDNA formation, is subject to host cell regulation and thus, a host determinant of HBV infection.
Sistema orgánico de representación en seguridad y salud laboral en España
Authors: Payá Castiblanque Raúl
Published: June 2022

En el presente artículo se realiza un estudio histórico, jurídico y jurisprudencial del sistema orgánico de representación de intereses español en materia de prevención de riesgos laborales con objeto de identificar sus fortalezas y debilidades. Su análisis presenta resultados ambivalentes. Por un lado, es positivo que el modelo de designación de los delegados de prevención se asiente sobre un sistema consolidado de audiencia electoral en el seno de las organizaciones que viene desarrollándose de manera ininterrumpida desde la transición democrática y que, a su vez, se encuentra fuertemente sindicalizada debido a que la mayoría de delegados de personal electos están adscritos a organizaciones sindicales. Pero, por otro lado, presenta limitaciones en cuanto a la cobertura representativa en las empresas más pequeñas y a nivel cualitativo debido a que no amplia de manera considerable las competencias, facultades y garantías que previamente tenían los delegados de personal como representantes unitarios. No obstante, el marco normativo español tiene un fuerte carácter dispositivo y, por ello, es fundamental el papel del poder institucional de los sindicatos a través de la negociación colectiva y la concertación social (bipartita y tripartita) para mejorar tanto la representatividad en las empresas más pequeñas (por ejemplo, creando la figura de delegados de prevención territorial) como para ampliar las competencias y las garantías (sobre todo de crédito de horas de representación) de los delegados de prevención.
Opiniones y percepciones sobre los estudios superiores STEM: un estudio de caso exploratorio en España
Authors: Verdugo-Castro Sonia , Sánchez-Gómez Mª. Cruz , García-Holgado Alicia
Published: June 2022

Los estereotipos de género se encuentran en las diferentes esferas en las que se desarrolla un individuo. Existen presiones sociales, sesgos, patrones y roles, creencias estereotipadas, que condicionan el comportamiento y la autopercepción de la persona. Esto también sucede en el momento de decidir qué estudios superiores cursar. Si bien se trata de una decisión que se dirige al futuro profesional y que debería estar marcada por las perspectivas futuras de carrera, en ocasiones no es así. No existen evidencias de que la brecha de género en el sector de la ciencia, la tecnología, la ingeniería y las matemáticas (STEM) esté producida por razones biológicas, naturales o cognitivas. Sin embargo, sí existen evidencias de que el ambiente, la cultura y los contextos en los que se desenvuelve la persona condicionan esta decisión. El objetivo del trabajo es identificar las influencias sociales, familiares, educativas y del grupo de iguales que existen sobre la opinión que los universitarios tienen sobre los estudios STEM. Para ello se ha aplicado un cuestionario, a partir de un estudio piloto exploratorio. En el piloto han participado 115 personas, todas ellas estudiantes de universidad. El estudio ha seguido una metodología cuantitativa, a partir de la construcción de cinco dimensiones (Ideología de Género, Actitudes, Intereses, Percepción y Autopercepción, y Expectativas sobre la Ciencia) y contrastes de hipótesis, para el instrumento. Los resultados refuerzan la hipótesis de que los diferentes ambientes que rodean a la persona condicionan que esta tenga o no estereotipos de género sobre los estudios superiores STEM. Principalmente, se deben tener en cuenta los apoyos recibidos, los referentes y quiénes han juzgado su decisión sobre los estudios cursados.
EFFECT OF ECONOMIC FREEDOM ON CARBON DISCLOSURE: AN INTERNATIONAL INVESTIGATION
Authors: Pinheiro Alan Bandeira , De Melo de Albuquerque Ribeiro Cintia , Mazzioni Sady , Batistella Ana Júlia
Published: June 2022

Objective: This study investigates how the institutional variables of economic freedom affect the disclosure of carbon by companies.
Method: Data from a sample of 1,328 companies based in the 19 countries that emit the most carbon into the atmosphere is analyzed through a hierarchical regression, in which the dependent variable is the disclosure of carbon, and the independent variables represent the degree of economic freedom of the countries.
Results: The results found indicate that companies disclose more information about carbon emissions in countries with greater government participation in the economy and where the law is more enforced.
Contribution: Our study brings new evidence about the determinants of carbon disclosure using the theoretical lens of the Varieties of Capitalism (VoC) approach, in addition to important contributions for policy makers and managers.
Keywords: Economic Freedom; Carbon Disclosure; Corporate Social Responsibility; Varieties of Capitalism.
Cirurgia ortognática realizada após tentativa de correção da Classe II esquelética com camuflagem ortodôntica: relato de caso
Authors: Apolinário Analina Braga , Mota Júnior Sergio Luiz , Azevedo Daniela Gomes de Rezende , Alvim Lara Passos , Ferreira Fernanda Farage da Costa Felipe , Moreira Tariza Gallicchio , Gravina Marco Abdo
Published: June 2022

INTRODUÇÃO: A cirurgia ortognática evoluiu muito nos últimos anos, minimizando os efeitos pós-cirúrgicos e aumentando a satisfação dos profissionais e pacientes que recorrem a esse procedimento. Quando corretamente indicada, possibilita a finalização dos tratamentos ortodônticos com uma oclusão funcional, estética agradável e menores taxas de recidiva. OBJETIVO: O presente artigo relata um caso clínico de retratamento ortodôntico-cirúrgico de um paciente portador de Classe II esquelética, retrognata e que apresentava um incisivo lateral superior supranumerário. CASO CLÍNICO: O tratamento inicial escolhido, que não obteve sucesso, foi de tentativa de camuflagem ortodôntica. Após reestudo do caso, o tratamento ortodôntico-cirúrgico foi proposto, por meio do avanço mandibular, considerando as características clínicas e esqueléticas do paciente. RESULTADOS: As correções propostas pelo ortodontista e pelo cirurgião bucomaxilofacial foram alcançadas, e o tratamento foi finalizado. CONCLUSÃO: Obtiveram-se resultados estéticos e funcionais satisfatórios.