bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EUROPEAN SOCIETY AND HUMAN CAPITAL: ASSESSMENT OF EU LEGISLATION ON SOCIAL COHESION AND HUMAN VALUES
Authors: Parmena Olimid Anca
Published: March 2024

Objectives. The aim of this paper is to reflect on the legislation of the European Union (hereinafter EU) regarding human capital, human values and social cohesion by presenting two main approaches: (1) the relevant legislation underlining the protection of human capital, human values and social cohesion in the European society; (2) the social mechanisms and related concepts of governance, social entrepreneurship and active citizenship of the EU, focusing on providing different approaches to the economic, historical and legal phenomena and processes. Methodology. The research uses the qualitative methods of thematic analysis and legal documentation and it focuses on (1) the legal collection provided by the EUR-Lex database depending on the selected period (2006-2023) and the domain of the document by using the legal and network analysis of EU documents using the selection criteria of document number and document type; (2) the exploration of the systematic bibliography involving documentation and research on the links between human capital, human values and social cohesion. Results and discussion. The results of the research highlight the role of EU legislation and scientific knowledge in a multidisciplinary and multifaceted analysis. Conclusions: In conclusion, the subject of the study is an open debate, involving both the theoretical understanding and the mechanisms of EU multi-level governance.
Research on Self-Regulated Learning in Mathematics Learning (1980-2023): A Bibliometric Review
Authors: Marchy Febrinna , Elmawati Elmawati , Samosir Christina Monika , Muhammad Ilham
Published: March 2024

Self Regulated Learning (SRL) is the ability of individuals to effectively use various strategies in achieve their learning goals. The purpose of this study is to capture the research landscape related to Self-Regulation Student learning at the secondary school level from 1980 to 2023. The method used in this study is a descriptive bibliometric analysis method, it is aimed at analyzing scientific literature, focusing on the measurement and description of patterns in bibliographic data. The Scopus database is used as the research data. The results showed that a rapid increase in the number of publications occurred from 2014 to 2015 and from 2017 to 2018. Publications in 2006 were cited more than any other year. The United States of America is the most influential country in this field. Publications in journals related to self-regulated research The most learning is at the Q1 level. The focus of research related to this field is divided into three parts, namely, 1) development, practice, and tasks; 2) strategy, mathematics achievements, and reasoning; 3) environment and understanding. The new theme in this research is self efficacy, attitude, environment, age and reasoning.
Guided Discovery Learning to Improve Students' Mathematics Representation and Collaboration at Senior High School 6 Yogyakarta
Authors: Hertanti Retno , Azizah Kamilah Rohadatul , Sari Putu Purnama , Melissa Margaretha Madha
Published: March 2024

Classroom Action Research aimed to assess the mathematical representation ability and collaboration in understanding circle material by implementing the guided discovery learning model. The data collection took place in April 2023 at SHS 6 Yogyakarta, involving 35 students from XI science. The research comprised two cycles, with a diagnostic test conducted in the first cycle focusing on the equation of a circle, particularly the position of points and lines related to the circle. In the second cycle, the diagnostic test concentrated on tangents to the circle. Data were gathered through tests, interviews, and questionnaires. The findings indicated that guided discovery learning effectively enhances both mathematical representation ability and collaboration. The average scores for the pre-cycle test were 78.87, for cycle I were 79.17, and for cycle II were 85. Moreover, the percentage of students achieving a score of 75 or higher increased from 60% in the pre-cycle to 71% in cycle I and further rose to 77% in cycle II. Regarding collaboration skills, in cycle I, 23 students were categorized as having medium-level skills, and 12 were classified as having high-level skills. In cycle II, the distribution changed with 16 students falling into the very high category, 12 in the high category, and seven in the medium category.
İSTİSMARCI YÖNETİMİN İŞTEN AYRILMA NİYETİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: BANKA ÇALIŞANLARI ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA
Authors: Karagöz Hüseyin
Published: March 2024

Araştırmanın amacı, istismarcı yönetimin işten ayrılma niyeti üzerindeki etkisinin test edilmesidir. Bu bağlamda Karaman ilinde faaliyet gösteren banka çalışanları örneklem olarak seçilmiş, 176 çalışanla yüz yüze anket gerçekleştirilmiştir. İlgili veriler SPSS 28 yardımıyla analize tabi tutulmuş, ilgili örneklemde istismarcı yönetimin işten ayrılma niyeti üzerinde anlamlı ve pozitif yönlü ilişkisi tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak istismarcı yönetim ölçeği (5 madde) ve işten ayrılma niyeti ölçeği (3 madde) kullanılmıştır. Araştırma bulguları literatürle benzer nitelikte olup, istismarcı yönetim davranışlarındaki artışın işten ayrılma niyeti davranışlarını artırdığı tespit edilmiştir. Tersi durum da geçerlidir. Yani örgüt çalışanlarının istismarcı yönetim puanlarında yaşanan azalma, işten ayrılma niyetleri puanlarını da düşürmektedir. Yani araştırma konusunu oluşturan değişkenler arasında pozitif yönlü anlamlı ilişki söz konusudur. Yani araştırma hipotezi kabul edilmiştir. Teknolojik ilerlemelerin iş dünyasındaki rekabeti yüksek düzeyde etkilediği günümüz dünyasında örgütlerin sergileyecekleri yönetim anlayışlarının örgüt çalışanlarını doğrudan etkilediği bilinmektedir. Bu bakımdan ilgili araştırmanın örgüt yöneticilerine yol gösterici olabileceği düşünülmektedir.
Analysis of Transaction Networks among Korean IT Corporations in Nine Metropolitan Regions: Assessing Connection Strengths and Developing a Node Centrality Composite Indicator
Authors:   Korean Institute of Smart Media, Yu Geon Jae , Lee Hyun Sang , Lee Choong Kwon
Published: March 2024

In the IT industry, the complexity and volatility of corporate networks are gradually evolving, and concurrently, the significance of corporate networks is increasing. Previous research has employed network analysis to scrutinize inter-corporate trade relationships for strategic and policy making. However, previous studies focused on the overall network structure from a macroscopic perspective, presenting limitations in applicability at the individual IT corporation level. This study develops a novel research model incorporating sector and region-level network analysis based on connection strength, along with the derivation of a composite node centrality indicator. Using this methodology, we analyzed corporate networks across nine metropolitan areas using IT corporate transaction data. The results means that cities with a manufacturing base, such as Incheon, Busan, and Daegu, have recently established cooperative networks with IT companies. We also found that in the IT industry in Gwangju and Daejeon, certain companies dominate the transaction network.
Caracterización genérica de Pequeñeces, de Luis Coloma, a través de las referencias clásicas
Authors: Ruiz Pérez Angel
Published: March 2024

Pequeñeces, de Luis Coloma, es una novela discutida en su adscripción genérica, entre el realismo y el naturalismo. En este trabajo se realiza un estudio a las referencias a la Antigüedad Clásica en la novela, que sirven para afilar la caracterización de los personajes, para establecer diversas capas de relaciones complejas entre ellos y para servir al fin propuesto por el autor.
El problema de la representación de la muerte y la violencia en el arte
Authors: Juárez Irving
Published: March 2024

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo revisar la problemática de la representación de la muerte y la violencia en el contexto del México actual, particularmente en el arte. Para ello, se analizará cómo el ojo ha tenido un lugar privilegiado, tanto en la figuración sobre la relación que tiene con la muerte y la violencia como para la crítica que ha emergido de lo que se puede o no representar. Para abordar lo anterior, se utiliza Vaporización de Teresa Margolles, la cual, al poner en crisis la función del ojo, releva que, contrario a lo que se piensa, la mirada produce un distanciamiento ante las imágenes de la muerte y la violencia. Por lo que esta pieza ofrece, entonces, otras posibilidades de representación.
Postoperative complications for complicated malignant tumours of the stomach
Authors: Ivanchov P. V. , Skyba V. V. , Vereshchako R. I.
Published: March 2024

Objective —  to determine the frequency and structure of postoperative complications for malignant tumours of the stomach accompanied by gastrointestinal bleeding.
Materials and methods. The study analysed the treatment outcomes of 101 patients with a malignant tumour of the stomach complicated by bleeding (84 cases), perforation (6 cases), or stenosis (19 cases, with 8 of them having both stenosis and bleeding). These patients underwent inpatient treatment at the Kyiv City Centre for Gastrointestinal Bleeding and the Kyiv City Clinical Hospital of Emergency Medical Help between 2015 and 2020. Out of the patients, 78 (77.2%) had histologically confirmed cancer, 11 (10.9%) had GIST, and 12 (11.9%) had malignant lymphoma.
Results. During the peak period of ongoing and recurrent bleeding, 5 (6%) patients required emergency surgery, including 2 (40%) radical and 3 (60%) non‑radical procedures. After proper preoperative preparation and a comprehensive follow‑up assessment, 58 (57.4%) patients underwent radical surgical interventions for stomach cancer complicated by acute gastrointestinal bleeding in the early delayed period. In the early postoperative period, 4 (15.4%) patients experienced complications after 26 radical gastrectomies combined with jejunogastroplasty. In the delayed period, early postoperative complications occurred in 9 (28.1%) patients after 32 radical gastric resections. The total postoperative mortality after emergency surgical interventions was 20.0%. The total postoperative mortality in the early‑term period was 5.7% (5 patients out of 88), which is 3.5% less compared to emergency operations (the difference is statistically significant, p ≤0.05).
Conclusions. When urgent surgical interventions are carried out at the peak of ongoing and recurrent bleeding, the mortality rate from postoperative complications is 3.5 times higher than when operations are performed in the early delayed period after adequate preparation and comprehensive patient monitoring. The death rate after radical operations is 2.1 times lower than that after palliative and symptomatic operations. As the operations conducted during the peak bleeding period are associated with high postoperative mortality, we believe that they pose a high risk to patients with malignant tumours of the stomach.
Comparative analysis of transabdominal and retroperitoneal approaches in adrenalectomy
Authors: Grubnik V. V. , Parfentiev R. S. , Grubnyk V. V. , Grubnik Y. V. , Sliepov V. V.
Published: March 2024

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy has been recognised as the «gold standard» approach for benign adrenal tumours. The majority of surgeons opt for transabdominal laparoscopic adrenalectomies, while retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomies in the prone position, which were pioneered by Waltz, offer certain advantages for patients.
Objective —  to compare the effectiveness and complication rates of transabdominal and retroperitoneoscopic laparoscopic adrenalectomies.
Materials and methods. Between 2000 and 2021, our clinic performed 472 laparoscopic adrenalectomies. The age of the patients ranged from 19 to 79 years, with a mean age of 50.5±10.2 years. The patient pool consisted of 315 women and 157 men. The primary indications for operation were as follows: incidentaloma (32.5%), pheochromocytoma (30.2%), aldosteronoma (19%), corticosteroma (10.3%), myelolipoma (3.0%), and metastatic cancer (5.0%). Tumour sizes ranged from 1 to 10 cm.
Results. A total of 316 patients underwent transabdominal adrenalectomies: 206 patients had right adrenalectomies and 110 patients had left adrenalectomies. A total of 156 patients underwent retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomies. Seven patients required a conversion to a transabdominal approach, including three patients with tumours exceeding 6 cm in size and four patients with tumours ranging from 4 to 6 cm. The conversion rate amounted to 4.9%. The retroperitoneoscopic approach showed certain advantages for patients with small tumours, including shorter surgery duration, lower operative blood loss, diminished postoperative pain intensity, a lower incidence of shoulder‑tip pain, a faster transition to oral intake, and shorter hospital stays.
Conclusions. Both approaches were equally safe. In patients with small tumours, retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomies outperformed the transabdominal approach in terms of shorter surgery duration, lower blood loss, lower postoperative pain, faster recovery, and favourable cosmetic results. In patients with large tumours, the transabdominal approach demonstrated better outcomes, with lower complication and conversion rates.
Pendampingan Petani Desa Subo Kecamatan Pakusari dalam Pengembangan dan Pengaplikasian Metarhizium SP sebagai Agen Pengendali Ulat Grayak (S. Frugiperda)
Authors: Na’wa Jannatul
Published: March 2024

Desa subo merupakan desa yang mayoritas masyarakatnya berprofesi sebagai petani dengan tanaman budidaya yang paling banyak di tanam yaitu jagung (Zea mays L.). Permasalahan yang terjadi ketika akan melakukan budidaya jagung yaitu adanya serangan hama ulat grayak (Spodoptera frugiperda). Tujuan dari pengabdian masyrakat ini adalah mengenalkan suatu alternatif pengendalian hama utama jagung dengan menggunakan Metarhizium sp. Pengabdian ini dilakukan di Desa Subo, Kecamatan Pakusari, Kabupaten Jember. Metode pelaksanaan terdiri dari demonstratio dan plot. Hasil pengabdian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat peningkatan produktivitas dari lahan perlakuan Metarhizium sp. sebesar 6 ton/ha, sementara perlakuan kontrol mendapatkan angka produktivitas sebesar 6,6 ton/ha. Perlakuan dengan jamur APH menunjukkan angka produktivitas yang lebih kecil dikarenakan adanya kendala topografi dari lahan yang cenderung miring lebih tinggi ke arah lahan perlakuan jamur APH, sehingga irigasi sukar untuk mencapai lahan perlakuan Metarhizium sp. Pendampingan kepada petani dilakukan dengan berupa pembuatan demonstration plot. Plot yang dibuat untuk memperlihatkan hasil antara dua perlakuan yaitu budidaya jagung dengan aplikasi jamur APH Metarhizium sp. dan budidaya jagung tanpa aplikasi Metarhizium sp. Diharapkan masyarakat di desa subo dapat membudidayakan serta memproduksi formula yang berasal dari agen pengendalian hayati secara mandiri dengan menggunakan jamur Metarhizium sp dalam upayah pengendalian hama utama tanaman jagung (Zea mays L.).
Penerapan WAPOGE (Water Power Generator) sebagai Alat Irigasi dan Pengendalian Hama Burung Pipit di Rowosari
Authors: Pradana Ankardiansyah Pandu , Arijaya Shavanna Ardhelia
Published: March 2024

Desa Rowosari di kecamatan Sumberjambe, Kabupaten Jember, Jawa Timur, menjadi pusat produksi beras organik utama di wilayah tersebut melalui keberadaan Kelompok Tani Jaya II. Kelompok ini, dikenal sebagai UMKM yang mengelola beras organik, telah membangun reputasi sebagai produsen terkemuka dengan lebih dari 109 anggota dan luas lahan mencapai >75 Ha. Hasil panen beras organik diproduksi secara kolaboratif dengan petani setempat dan didistribusikan ke berbagai daerah di Indonesia, meskipun menghadapi kesuksesan dalam produksi beras organik, Kelompok Tani Jaya II dihadapkan pada tantangan serangan hama. Burung pipit, sebagai hama utama pada budidaya padi, dapat menyebabkan penurunan produksi sebanyak 30-50%. Selain itu, kelompok juga dihadapkan pada kondisi lahan yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan sumber air, menyulitkan sistem irigasi serta ketersediaan nutrisi bagi tanaman. Dalam menanggapi permasalahan tersebut, tim PKM-PI menetapkan fokus pada solusi inovatif dengan memanfaatkan teknologi yang berkembang. Mengacu pada standar pertanian organik SNI 6729 Tahun 2016, tim mengusulkan penggunaan Wapoge (Water Power Generator) sebagai solusi yang sesuai. Wapoge tidak hanya berfungsi untuk mengusir hama burung, khususnya burung pipit, tetapi juga sebagai inovasi irigasi otomatis yang membantu mengatasi kesulitan distribusi air pada lahan yang lebih tinggi. Penggunaan Wapoge diharapkan dapat memudahkan pekerjaan petani, menghemat waktu, dan meningkatkan efisiensi dalam pengelolaan tanaman padi organik, sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip pertanian organik yang berkelanjutan.
Mengembangkan Kemampuan Berpikir Matematis Anak-Anak Panti Asuhan Noordin
Authors: Rahmadhani Elfi , Septia Septia
Published: March 2024

Pendidikan merupakan hak setiap anak, tak terkecuali anak-anak yang berada di panti asuhan. Karena beberapa faktor eksternal dan internal, beberapa dari mereka mengalami kesulitan dalam mempelajari beberapa mata Pelajaran, seeprti mata Pelajaran matematika. Anak lainnya dapat mengejar ketinggalan mereka dengan mengikuti les di luar sekolah. Namun anak-anak panti asuhan tidak mendapatkan kesempatan itu. Tujuan kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini dilakukan adalah untuk mengembangkan kemampuan berpikir matematis anak-anak yang tinggal di panti asuhan. Kegiatan ini dilakukan di panti asuhan Noordin Aceh Tengah pada bulan Januari s.d Juni 2023 dengan melibatkan semua anak-anak yang berada di panti asuhan. Kegiatan ini dilakukan dengan memberikan pengajaran kepada anak-anak tentang matematika yang menyenangkan melalui alat peraga dan permainan. Berdasarkan kegiatan yang telah dilakukan maka diketahui bahwa kemampuan matematika anak dapat dikembangkan dengan menggunakan pembelajaran yang menyenangkan. Hal ini terlihat dari antusiasnya mereka dalam mengikuti setiap kegiatan yang kami berikan, sehingga kemampuan matematis mereka menjadi lebih baik lagi. Berdasarkan diskusi yang kami lakukan, diketahui bahwa mereka ingin kegiatan ini dilakukan secara berkelanjutan untuk bidang studi lainnya.
ScholarOne - The Fugitive Lives of Black Women Teachers in K-12: Transformative Educator Perspectives of Resistance
Authors: Samuels Shalander , Wilkerson Amanda , Acquaye Hannah
Published: March 2024

Since the Brown v. Board of Education decision, the plight of Black
educators continues to be one of resilience and resistance. One
important question is how Black teachers continue to live out Brown’s
mission while navigating the effects of COVID-19. Using Givens’ (2021)
Fugitive Pedagogy framework this narrative inquiry explored Black Women
teachers’ attempts to fulfill the promise of the Brown decision. We
found that participants enacted the following forms of resistance: a)
intellectual acts of subversion, b) fictive kinship, and c) enacting
shared vulnerability. Findings shine a light on the complexities of
exhibiting resistance in anti-Black K-12 classrooms.
Applications of Vedic Mathematics to Cryptography
Authors: KUMAR CRS
Published: March 2024

In the past decade, Vedic mathematics has garnered attention for its ancient yet powerful techniques in arithmetic and algebra. Its application extends beyond traditional mathematics into fields like computer science and cryptography. This paper explores the utilization of Vedic mathematics principles in modern cryptographic systems. Vedic mathematics offers efficient algorithms for arithmetic operations, which are fundamental in cryptographic protocols. By leveraging these techniques, cryptographic algorithms can potentially achieve higher computational efficiency and enhanced security. This paper investigates the integration of Vedic mathematics concepts such as sutras and sub-sutras into various cryptographic primitives, including symmetric and asymmetric encryption, digital signatures, and hash functions. Furthermore, the paper discusses the implications of applying Vedic mathematics to cryptography, including potential benefits such as increased speed and reduced computational overhead, as well as challenges such as ensuring compatibility with existing cryptographic standards and addressing concerns regarding algorithmic transparency and security proofs. Through theoretical analysis and practical implementations, this paper aims to provide insights into the feasibility and effectiveness of incorporating Vedic mathematics principles into cryptographic systems. Additionally, it illuminates light on the broader implications of integrating ancient mathematical wisdom with modern cryptographic techniques, paving the way for innovative approaches in securing digital communication and data privacy.
Ślady wdzięczności – inspiracje dla edukacji kulturalnej utrwalone w literaturze dokumentu osobistego XX wieku
Authors: Sieroń Dorota
Published: March 2024

The reconstruction of the experience of participation in culture preserved in the 20th-century personal document literature has become a foundation for a theoretical study of relational culture and challenges for cultural education. In accordance with the imperative of the new humanities, the author uses the research results to outline a possible scope of practical applications by defining cultural education and highlighting its functions for the processes of personal development and cultural formation. The suggestion stipulated in this book, which can be put into practice as part of cultural education, is the act of shaping the ability to express gratitude. The author emphasises literature as an effective factor in this formative process. The analytical part of the work presents a comprehensive reconstruction of the dialogical relationships in the community of editors of the most important 20th-century magazines: Jerzy Giedroyć, Józef Sadzik, Jerzy Turowicz, Zygmunt Mycielski, and Barbara Toruńczyk. Those people, who were professionally involved in a common circle of Polish culture, valued mutual kindness over business competitivity and political or worldview-related divisions. In the empirical part of the study, the dialogical reconstructions are referred to significant creative experiences based on the correspondence of Thomas Merton and Czesław Miłosz, Józef Czapski and Zygmunt Mycielski, Józef Czapski and Janusz Marciniak, and Iosif Brodski and Czesław Miłosz. This approach has made it possible to elicit the relational qualities of the creative process. Moreover, an important category of gratitude has emerged from the study. The author suggests that the concept of gratitude should be considered as the connective tissue of relational culture in cultural education design.
Perbedaan Pengunaan Kateter Intermitten dan Kateter Indweling Terhadap Terjadinya Infeksi Saluran Kemih
Authors: Prasetyo Dandy Alghifary , Supono Supono , Asjaswarni Tri
Published: March 2024

Infeksi saluran kemih merupakan penyakit infeksi yang sering terjadi pada pelayanan kesehatan di seluruh dunia.Infeksi Saluran Kemih adalah suatu keadaaan beradanya mikroorganisme pada saluran kemih dengan terdapatnya koloni bakteri. Kejadian infeksi saluran kemih terjadi karena kateter memiliki gejala dan disebabkan oleh  kateterisasi yang berkepanjangan.  Tujuan dilakukan penelitian literature review ini adalah untuk mengetahui penggunaan kateter jangka lama dan pendek dalam kejadian infeksi saluran kemih dari artikel yang dipilih. Penulisan ini menggunakan metode literature review dengan sumber pustaka yang digunakan yaitu artikel dari tahun 2011-2021 melalui proses pencarian di pubmed,science direct, dan scholar dengan hasil pencarian didapatkan 10artikel yang siap dianalisis menggunakan JBI Critica lAppraisal tools.Artikel diambil dari data base bereputasi maupun terakreditasi. Hasil tinjauan dari 10 artikel menunjukkan  adanya kejadian infeksi saluran kemih terkait penggunaan kateter menetap (4artikel), dengan menggunakan kateter sementara dapat mengurangi kejadian infeksi saluran kemih (3artikel) dan yang berdasarkan usia serta menggunakan kateter menetap dan sementara mengalami ISK(3artikel). Berdasarkan hasil literature review dari 10 artikel didapatkan bahwa adanya perbedaan pengunaan kateter intermitten dan kateter indwelling terhadap terjadinya infeksi saluran kemih, dimana kejadian infeksi lebih beresiko jika menggunakan kateter indwelling yang digunakan dalam waktu lebih dari 3 hari penggunaannya.
Heat Treatment of IN 718 Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion Process—Effect of Thickness on the Microstructure Characteristics
Authors: Sadek Alber , Xu Ray , Mishra Rajiv S.
Published: March 2024

Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) is an additive manufacturing (AM) technique through which net shape/near-net components are built by selectively melting powder, one layer at a time, with a focused laser beam. The as-built microstructures have a great impact on the phase transformation and precipitation behavior during subsequent heat treatment. This study was directed to understand the effect of component thickness, in the case of complex shape components, on the microstructure, type of precipitates of L-PBF IN 718 in as-built and heat-treated conditions. Standard heat treatment cycles per ASTM F3055 and AMS 2774D were investigated. This work shows that microstructure, grain size, types of precipitates, and formed phases of components produced by L-PBF in the as-built condition and after heat treatment are profoundly different with different component thicknesses. In order to obtain the optimal microstructure and mechanical properties, specific heat treatments are necessary due to the complexity of the components produced.
Developing Aluminized Coatings on Stainless Steels by Hot Dipping
Authors: Farhadi Farzaneh , Soderhjelm Carl , Sisson Richard D.
Published: March 2024

Aluminide diffusion coatings enhance carburization and oxidation resistance of iron and nickel based alloys by formation of iron and nickel aluminides which extends the life of furnace alloys and fixtures. As a part of a large project in the Center for Heat Treating Excellence (CHTE), an aluminized coating on RA330 was studied by a hot dip process followed by diffusion heat treatment. Samples of RA330 steel were dipped in pure liquid aluminum at 700 °C for 10 minutes. After dipping, four samples were given an additional diffusion treatment. To predict the developed phases, computational analysis was used and the results were compared with the experimental data.
The Use of Low Pressure Carburizing and High Pressure Gas Quenching for In-Line Heat Treat Processing
Authors: Beauchesne Dennis
Published: March 2024

The evolution of Low Pressure Vacuum Carburizing in the automotive industry is well embedded in assembly plants with continuous batch loading. This batch loading, which causes a need for high cost WIP (work in progress), can now be reduced with the Low Pressure Vacuum Carburizing furnace equipment being sized to fit into single piece flow line with small batches. This presentation will look into the recent integration of heat treatment for in-line machining cells and the overall influences for the customer to provide equipment for heat treating in-line. These details will be compared to batch or continuous batch heat treatment as we know it today in the automotive industry. High Pressure gas quenching will be illustrated in both in-line and continuous batch integration.
Heat Treatment with a Turbulent Twist
Authors: Malas Akin
Published: March 2024

Furnace atmosphere circulation is at the heart of the heat treatment process. Without thorough circulation of gases, heat treatment processes cannot achieve consistent results in terms of parts surface quality and mechanical properties. The uniformity of the atmosphere plays a major role in maximizing performance of the heat treatment recipe. How well that is achieved translates directly into the quality of the actual process. Proper circulation helps the furnace heat the treatment atmosphere and promotes the thermochemical reactions that take place during the heat treat process. Convection, which is the main mechanism of stimulating atmosphere reactions to achieve surface properties as well as the combination of convection and radiation for heat transfer, are both determined by the efficiency of atmosphere circulation. The paper will discuss traditional atmosphere circulation, and compare this to new gas-mixing technology from Linde, highlighting data from recent installations and actual operating experience.
FNC and Post-Oxidation—Comparisons of Corrosion Resistance Performance
Authors: Oakes Jim , Thomas Chuck
Published: March 2024

Ferritic-nitrocaburizing is becoming a more popular process to improve a part’s mechanical properties and corrosion resistance on plain carbon and low alloy constructional steels. Advertised as a major contribution to enhanced corrosion resistance, post-oxidation of ferritic-nitrocarburized steel is used to prevent/delay corrosion in service. There are different methods of oxidizing the steel after this heat treatment process. Different trademarked processes claim to provide more corrosion resistance than other similar processes. This paper focuses on the post-oxidation process specifically and compares several of the most common oxygen-containing media used for post-oxidation to determine if corrosion resistance is a function of the oxygen-bearing media or a function of the oxygen percentage during the process. In addition to comparing oxidized samples, rust preventative oil (RPO) is compared as most commercial Ferritic-nitrocarburizing with Post-Oxidation processes involve the application of an RPO after the process as well. Salt-spray testing determined that none of the oxygen-bearing media are significantly better than another when all other variables are held relatively constant. It also shows that parts coated with RPO perform significantly better in salt-spray testing than the same “dry” parts without any additional protective coatings. The salt-spray results also indicated that there is no significant difference in corrosion resistance between parts with and without the post-oxidation process.
Automotive Designers and Heat Treaters Have Choices—Pros and Cons of Competing Hardening Processes and Materials
Authors: Tittus Wallace , Neumann Michal
Published: March 2024

This paper will present the advantages and disadvantages of quenching media options like HPGQ (high pressure gas quenching), Oil and Press Quenching, Austempering (salt) for steel, ADI (austempered ductile iron) and aluminum to achieve certain targets relating to automotive component heat treating. Each heat treating/quenching process provides unique solutions for automobile designers and plant engineers. However, there likely is no single process or material that provides all of the answers that one would desire. Therefore, what process or combination of processes will satisfy the overall need? Detail will be discussed that outlines how OEM’s and heat treaters can and do take advantage of a particular hardening process.
Inductors and Coils New Production Solutions using Additive Manufacturing such as EBM 3D Printing and Precision Casting—A Presentation of the Current State-of-the-Art Technologies
Authors: Marquis Fabien
Published: March 2024

In induction heating process, coils and inductors are the core of the heating process. They are the end tool where the magnetic process affecting the part or material to be heated occurs. For more than a century, the dominant manufacturing process has been based, mainly, upon joining technologies where the coppersmith skill has been the safeguard of the quality. Use of fixtures, mandrels, and machined parts have improved the repeatability and quality of the produced elements but high volume, dimensional repeatability has always been source of problems. GH Induction continuously works on the improvement of such relatively artisanal methods to allow better lifetime, minimized production time and overall better quality. Following a first development work bringing a patented innovation in 2011 using a precision casting solution (Microfusion – Wax casting), with a solution provided a single piece coil, GH Induction has, after 2 years of development, patented a new additive manufacturing solution (3D printing concept) based on the use of Electron Beam Melting (EBM). The EBM solution benefits from the latest technology in additive manufacturing, both technologies present tremendous advantages for the designer and user. Complex shape, very small inductors can be manufactured, which are impossible to do with standard method. This presentation and article summarized the concept, manufacturing principle and technical benefits that the final users can have using such innovative solutions.
Induction Hardening for Large Bearing Rings—Case Study and Process Optimization
Authors: Munteanu Daniel , Bedo Tibor , Cristea Daniel , Gabor Camelia , Alin Pop Mihai , Milosan Ioan , Ioan Munteanu Sorin
Published: March 2024

Induction quenching can be used for hardening the outer surface of large bearing rings, achieving superior mechanical properties, with the advantage that heating the part in its entirety is not required. The desired goal is to obtain a hardened layer on the active surface of the bearing ring, uniform in both section and circumference, having a predetermined thickness. The case study showed that, after the induction hardening process, on a limited number of specimens, the following problems could be observed: uneven depth of the hardened layer in different zones along the ring circumference, uneven depth of the hardened layer reported in the ring section, and cracks in the bearing material. Therefore, the main objective of the optimization process is to pinpoint the specific parameters involved in the bearing rings quenching operation and their influence on the surface hardening depth. It was noticed that the position and number of insulating/concentrator plates in the inductor stack influences the surface hardening depth on the rolling path.
The Effects of Heating Rates on the Tempering of 4140 Steel
Authors: Cai Xiaoqing , Sisson Richard , Frame Lesley D.
Published: March 2024

Martensitic steels must be tempered to increase their toughness and ductility. The tempering process requires heating from room temperature to the desired tempering temperature. In this paper, the effects of heating rates on carbide precipitate size distribution, chemistry, and precipitate density will be discussed. As-quenched martensite in AISI 4140 steel was heated to selected tempering temperatures in air furnaces as well as by induction. The heating rates for tempering vary from 30 seconds to 20 minutes. The experimental results are presented, and carbides were characterized using an extraction technique.
Achieving Uniformity through Burner Spacing, Arrangement and Emerging Combustion Technology
Authors: Cochran Michael , Brown Scott
Published: March 2024

Achieving appropriate temperature uniformity in a heat treat application with direct fired burners requires paying particular attention to burner type, spacing and arrangement. Selection of the appropriate burner technology is crucial for achieving required uniformity. This paper explains the importance of proper burner placement (spacing and arrangement) and will describe advancements in burner technologies that provide important options to achieve required temperature uniformity. The paper concludes with several short case studies explaining the application of spacing, arrangement and technology to achieve the proper temperature uniformity in the furnace. These case studies are relevant to thermal processing of titanium, steel, and aluminum components.
Comparison of Various Methods for Specifying and Determining the Case Depth of Nitrided Components
Authors: Birky Zachary , Rowan Olga
Published: March 2024

The use of nitriding to improve a component’s resistance to wear, fatigue, and corrosion continues to increase across the industry. However, for nitrided components, no universally accepted definition of “case depth” is available to allow the comparison of different nitriding processes, cycles, and materials. This study documents currently published methods of specifying and determining case depth for nitrided components, and evaluates the reported case depth of multiple materials and cycles in an effort to determine an optimal and robust “universal” method of reporting case depth. After completing this exercise, it appears that the optimal “universal” method of specifying and reporting the case depth for a nitrided component is to report the depth at which a Vickers microhardness traverse crosses a threshold which is 50HV greater than the material hardness below the nitrided case.
The Effect of Contamination on Cooling Curve Behavior of Polymer Quenchants
Authors: MacKenzie D. Scott
Published: March 2024

In induction hardening, contamination is a common occurrence. Many parts are processed per hour, with each part carrying a small amount of contaminant. The contaminant could be cleaners, coolants, or machine swarf. Contamination is compounded by the fact that many induction systems have a very small quench tank – often 100-200 gallons. The common question is, at what point does contamination affect the cooling curve or heat extraction behavior of the quenchant? The purpose of this paper is to examine common contaminants and their effects on cooling curve behavior.
Comparative Study of the Effect of Section Thickness of Steel during Quenching in Neem and Mineral Oil
Authors: Vignesh Nayak U. , Narayan Prabhu K.
Published: March 2024

The cooling behavior of neem and mineral oil was obtained using instrumented ISO 9950 Inconel probe. Flash, fire points and the viscosity of quenching media were measured. These oils were used to quench harden AISI 1045 and AISI 1090 grade steel probes of section diameters 25 and 50 mm. (The top and bottom faces of steel probes were coated with insulating paste to minimize end effects of heat transfer during quenching.) The measured temperature data in steel probes were used to estimate spatiotemporal heat flux by solving inverse heat conduction problem at the interface of the probe/quenching medium. The estimated heat flux transients, microstructure, and hardness measurements were found to be similar for both oils indicating the potential application of neem oil as quenchant for heat treatment of steels.
Dense MoB/CoCr Coatings to Apply to Pot-Roll of Galvanizing Lines in Steel Industries
Authors: Kitamura J. , Tosaki T. , Mizuno H.
Published: March 2024

In this study, MoB-CoCr composite coatings are deposited on low-carbon steel substrates by HVOF spraying and salt spray tests are conducted to qualitatively evaluate coating density. Test samples with optimized dense coatings showed no rust after 300 hours in a salt spray. Samples with porous coatings, on the other hand, showed signs of rust after just 24-48 hours. Test samples protected by the dense composite coatings, as confirmed by salt spray testing, were undamaged after 90 days of immersion in a Zn-0.2%Al galvanizing bath at 460 °C.
The Definition of Power in Plasma Spraying: Kilowatts or Powder Melting Capacity?
Authors: Colmenares-Angulo J. , Sabouni O. , Ibanez C.
Published: March 2024

This study provides an objective comparison of the spraying performance of cascaded and traditional single-electrode plasma guns. Coatings with equivalent porosities were obtained using identical spray distances with similar measured particle states. The results show that cascaded plasma guns operate at higher feed rates, consume less energy and gas, and deposit coatings at lower cost per weight. They also improve arc stability and reduce variations in particle temperature.
Comparison of the Mechanical and Electrochemical Properties of WC-25Co Coatings Obtained by High-Velocity Oxyfuel and Cold Gas Spraying onto Al7075-T6
Authors: Couto M. , Dosta S. , Fernández J. , Guilemany J.M.
Published: March 2024

WC-Co cermet powders were deposited on aluminum substrates by cold gas spraying. XRD tests were run on the powder and coatings to reveal possible phase changes during spraying. Bonding strength, abrasive wear resistance, and corrosion resistance were also measured and are compared with values obtained from HVOF sprayed WC-Co coatings.
Near-Net Shape Fins for Compact Heat Exchanger Produced by Cold Spray
Authors: Cormier Y. , Dupuis P. , Jodoin B. , Corbeil A.
Published: March 2024

This work studies the manufacturability of pyramidal fin arrays produced using cold gas dynamic spraying. Near-net shape pyramidal fins of various sizes were formed and tested. The fin arrays were characterized and their heat transfer properties were assessed. Results obtained correlate well with data published for banks of tubes at a similar dimensionless pitch, and show that fins produced by cold spraying outperform traditional straight-cut fins at the same fin density.
Shockwave Induced Spraying Process: Effect of Parameters on Coating Performance
Authors: Karimi M. , Rankin G.W. , Jodoin B.
Published: March 2024

A model of the shock-wave induced spray process (SISP) and the criteria for bonding are used to predict whether particles traveling within the unsteady flow regime will adhere to the substrate upon impact. The results are then used to predict if a coating can be formed under specific spraying conditions. Having been validated based on particle velocity measurements, the model is used to investigate the effect of varying spray parameters, such as powder and gas initial temperature, gas heater length, and spray frequency.
Sliding Wear Behavior and Wear Effects of HVOF Sprayed Coatings Derived from Conventional, Fine and Nanostructured WC-12Co Powders
Authors: Tillmann W. , Baumann I. , Hollingsworth P. , Hagen L.
Published: March 2024

This study investigates the sliding wear behavior of HVOF sprayed coatings derived from conventional, fine, and nanostructured WC-Co powders. The results show that WC-Co coatings produced from fine and nanostructured feedstocks have significantly higher wear resistance and lower friction coefficients than coatings derived from conventional sized powder. This is attributed to scaling effects in the microstructure and phase evolution of the coating material as explained in the paper.
Depicting the Behavior of a Mono-Cathode Plasma Spray Torch with an Emulator
Authors: Liu T. , Deng S. , Planche M.-P. , Montavon G.
Published: March 2024

This paper describes the development and testing of an emulator representing a single-cathode atmospheric plasma torch. The emulator consists of three subsystems: input, simulator, and output. Arc current intensity, the hydrogen ratio of the forming gas, and its total mass flow rate are taken as input parameters, while in-flight particle temperature and velocity are the designated output. The simulator was developed in a two-stage process. By collecting and analyzing experimental data, a mathematic model expressing plasma torch operation was defined. The model was then tested and compared with experimental data. It is shown to be relatively accurate with an average error of about 2.2% in particle temperature and 1.1% in velocity.
Infiltration Bonding of a Hot Isostatic Press Clad Aluminum Layer to Plasma Sprayed Zirconium Coatings
Authors: Hollis K. , Dickerson P.
Published: March 2024

The standard technique for applying zirconium (Zr) to uranium (U) is roll bonding, where a thin foil of Zr is placed on each side of a U plate which is then encased in steel and rolled at high temperatures. This study evaluates an alternative approach in which Zr layers are plasma sprayed on U and then clad with aluminum (Al) by hot isostatic pressing. The interface region between the Zr and Al is examined by SEM, revealing a reaction layer consisting of Al, Zr, and Si. SEM images show good conformance between the Al sheet and Zr surface along with the presence of Al in the porous Zr. Initial test results indicate that increased interface roughness and Al penetration into the plasma-sprayed Zr have the potential to improve bond strength by impeding crack propagation in the reaction layer.
Microscopic Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Plasma Sprayed Al2O3 Coatings
Authors: Sakoda T. , Inaba M. , Taguchi K.
Published: March 2024

This study investigates microscale features in plasma sprayed alumina and how they correlate with mechanical property differences at the macroscale. Thick alumina coatings were deposited on aluminum and titanium substrates by atmospheric and low-pressure plasma spraying using α-Al2O3 powder as the feedstock. Coating surfaces and cross-sections were examined by FE-SEM, phase distributions were identified by means of EBSD, and porosity was measured via image analysis. Mechanical properties at the micro and macroscale were assessed by nanoindentation, Vickers hardness, and cavitation erosion testing. Relevant test results and observations are presented and discussed in the paper.
TEM Characterization of the Coating-Substrate Interface in Vacuum Cold-Sprayed Nano-TiO2 Coating
Authors: Yao Hai-Long , Yang Guan-Jun , He Xue-Long , Li Cheng-Xin , Li Chang-Jiu
Published: March 2024

This study investigates the microstructure of coating-substrate interfaces formed by vacuum cold spraying. Commercially available TiO2 nanopowder was deposited on SnO2-glass substrates using a lab-developed vacuum cold spray system. For comparison, TiO2 coatings were also prepared by screen printing followed by mechanical pressing. Coating surfaces and interfaces were evaluated by means of TEM and SEM imaging and XRD analysis. SEM images show that screen-printed coatings have a crack-rich morphology, while mechanical pressed and vacuum cold sprayed coatings have no obvious cracks. TEM images, on the other hand, show the extent of bonding between TiO2 nanoparticles and the glass substrate. Very little interface bonding was observed in screen-printed coatings in contrast to their vacuum cold sprayed and mechanical pressed counterparts. The difference is attributed to the higher pressures achieved by mechanical pressing and the high-velocity impact of vacuum cold spraying.
Abrasion Wear and Corrosion Resistance in Chlorine Containing Conditions of Iron Based Thermal Spray Coatings
Authors: Laurila J. , Milanti A. , Niemi K. , Vuoristo P.
Published: March 2024

In this study, iron-based coatings are deposited on stainless steel substrates by HVOF and HVAF spraying and are evaluated based on SEM examination, hardness measurements, and corrosion and wear testing and by comparison with WC-CoCr and CrC-NiCr reference coatings. The results indicate that corrosion resistance is insufficient if the coating is not fully dense and has open porosity. During spraying, the particles must be totally melted and rapidly solidified to achieve uniform coating composition. Open porosity and nonuniform distribution of alloy elements, particularly chromium, is seen to induce crevice corrosion in iron-based coatings.
A Study on the Metal EDTA Complexes Thermal Spray
Authors: Li Yu , Noguchi Masahiro , Akasaka Hiroki , Nakamura Atsushi , Saitoh Hidetoshi
Published: March 2024

In this study, dense yttria coatings are produced by conventional flame spraying using a yttrium ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (Y-EDTA) complex as the feedstock powder. By adjusting spray parameters, the organic components in the EDTA are completely decomposed and only crystalline Y2O3 phases are found in the deposits. Compared to atmospheric plasma sprayed Y2O3, Y-EDTA coatings produced by reactive flame spraying have better surface morphologies with fewer microcracks and are obtained at lower cost.
Formation Mechanism of Fe-Al2O3-FeAl2O4 and FeAl Coatings by Reactive Plasma Spraying under Atmosphere and Low Pressure Conditions
Authors: Zhu L. , Bolot R. , Liao H. , Coddet C. , Zhang N. , Zhao Q.
Published: March 2024

In the present study, Fe-Al2O3-FeAl2O4 and FeAl coatings were synthesized in situ by reactive plasma spraying of Al-Fe2O3 composite powder under atmosphere and low-pressure conditions. Coating microstructure and phase composition are examined and coating formation mechanisms are discussed. It was found that FeAl2O4 hercynite phase is always synthesized as an intermediate product under low oxygen partial pressure conditions. In the APS process, such a phase can be retained in the final coating by extremely fast cooling. It can also be continuously reduced to FeAl by deoxidation in an oxygen-free H/H2 atmosphere.