bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Maull Hanns W.
Published: November 2018

This chapter sets out the guiding questions for this volume and develops a comprehensive, integrated framework for analyzing political order across its three major levels. It proposes a concept of order that allows a comparison and evaluation of the characteristics and evolution of political order at their three major spatial levels: the nation-state, partial regional and functional orders at intermediate levels between the state and the world as a whole, and the global level. Key aspects of political order are effectiveness, legitimacy, and authority; principles, norms, and rules; compliance and collective sanctions and the incidence of violence; actors with the capabilities and the intentions to shape respective orders; their major structural characteristics; and their evolution over time and their resilience.
The International Trade Order—Performance and Challenges
Authors: Hoekman Bernard
Published: November 2018

The World Trade Organization constitutes the core of the international trade order. It provides a framework for nations to address the negative spillover effects of trade policies and for subsets of countries to engage in deeper integration of markets through preferential trade agreements. Chapter 1 examines how the trade order has been successful in supporting economic growth of developing countries and accommodating the reintegration of China into the world economy. It now confronts the challenge of managing the consequences of success, including disagreements between major trading powers, especially China and the USA, regarding the balance of rights and obligations and the effects of “behind-the-border” economic policies.
Hegemonic Disarray—American Internationalisms and World Disorder
Authors: Deudney Daniel
Published: November 2018

The end of the Cold War left the USA as uncontested hegemon and shaper of the globalization and international order. Yet the international order has been unintentionally but repeatedly shaken by American interventionism and affronts to both allies and rivals. This is particularly the case in the Middle East as the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq as well as the nuclear negotiations with Iran show. Therefore, the once unquestioned authority and power of the USA have been challenged at home as well as abroad. By bringing disorder rather than order to the world, US behavior in these conflicts has also caused domestic exhaustion and division. This, in turn, has led to a more restrained and as of late isolationist foreign policy from the USA, leaving the role as shaper of the international order increasingly to others.
The Paris Agreement—China’s Kind of (International) Order?
Authors: Krahl Daniel
Published: November 2018

The Paris Agreement has turned traditional approaches to global governance upside down, using a bottom-up approach that made it possible for emerging powers like China to agree to binding emissions targets to contain climate change. It thus marks a further step away from the old order centered on Western power, and at the same time it fits well into Chinese attempts to create a post-American order that rests on great power diplomacy within a multilateral framework of cooperation that privileges developing countries. The Paris Agreement allows China to leverage the internal fight against pollution and the restructuring and upgrading of its economy for international status. That the agreement has so far survived President Trump’s announcement of America’s departure suggests that it could yet serve as a blueprint for other, future arrangements for world order that would be able to integrate a risen China.
Forced Migration and Attitudes Towards Domestic Violence
Authors: Gulesci Selim
Published: November 2018

This chapter explores the long-term effects of internal displacement caused by the Kurdish-Turkish conflict on women’s attitudes towards domestic violence. Using the Turkish Demographic and Health Survey, we show that Kurdish women who migrated from their homes during the conflict are more likely to believe that a husband is justified in beating his wife; and the spouses of migrant women were more likely to have tried to control their wives by limiting their movements or social interactions. In a novel dataset of applicants to a women’s shelter, we find that forced migrant women have endured violence for longer and of greater intensity before deciding to seek assistance. We discuss possible mechanisms through which forced migration may affect migrants’ attitudes towards domestic violence.
Political Thought in Exile
Authors: Trencsényi Balázs , Kopeček Michal , Lisjak Gabrijelčič Luka , Falina Maria , Baár Mónika , Janowski Maciej
Published: November 2018

The post-1945 exile from East Central Europe was characterized by extreme ideological pluralism and political fragmentation, ranging from post-fascist to radical leftist streams. Given this initial diversity and the permanent reconfiguration due to the arrival of new waves, it remained an extremely variegated phenomenon with limited ideological coherence. However the specific exile experience produced a certain type of political thought offering a choice between interventionist, gradualist, or passivist stances. Whereas in the first post-war decades the exile’s main drive was to preserve the “authentic” cultural and political traditions, in the course of the 1960s and the 1970s they became the transmitters of the local dissident discourses. These developments validated the ideas of the best strategic minds in emigration arguing that it was the pressure from the domestic public and opposition, not the émigré groups or Western powers, which could become a main catalyst of democratization.
“Rebuilding the Boat in the Open Sea”
Authors: Trencsényi Balázs , Kopeček Michal , Lisjak Gabrijelčič Luka , Falina Maria , Baár Mónika , Janowski Maciej
Published: November 2018

The reconfiguration of the state system and the dissolution of federations after 1989 prompted debates on the aims of state building and the nature of constitutionalism. The difference in the dynamics of these debates points to the radical divergence of experiences across the region from the peaceful “divorce” of Czechoslovakia to the much more violent reconfiguration of the post-Soviet and post-Yugoslav spaces. In this context one of the key topics of debate concerned the (re)creation of independent states with and without pre-existing traditions, but also the negotiation of sovereignty in view of the European federal project most of these countries aimed to enter as soon as possible. The chapter also looks at the intellectual repercussions of the ethnic conflicts after the transition, arguing that the minority issue, which raised the problems of citizenship and participation in the political community, often became a central aspect of democratization.
In Search of a New Ideology
Authors: Trencsényi Balázs , Kopeček Michal , Lisjak Gabrijelčič Luka , Falina Maria , Baár Mónika , Janowski Maciej
Published: November 2018

The chapter shows that despite the adoption of Western norms in the official sphere, the populist criticism of this pro-European trajectory with its concomitant economic and administrative policies became increasingly central to domestic politics. The “culture wars” erupting in the late 1990s and early 2000s were rooted in the radicalization of conservativism, questioning the legitimacy of post-transition regimes. In turn, the left also underwent a profound reconfiguration, with the mainstream post-communists becoming fervent advocates of liberalization and the emerging new left, feminism, and environmentalism becoming increasingly anti-liberal. The book closes with an overview of the symbolic geographical debates on Europeanness, and also registers the growth of Euroskepticism after 2000. Critically engaging with the application of postcolonial theory in discussions on the region’s relationship to the West it also points to the cyclical occurrences of discourses on “catching up” and alienation which seem to indicate a longue durée regional pattern.
The Combination of Gender and Ethnic Quotas in Electoral Politics
Authors: Hughes Melanie M.
Published: November 2018

Around the world, countries are increasingly using quotas to enhance the diversity of political representatives. This chapter considers the histories and policy designs of ethnic and gender quotas that regulate national legislatures. Most countries with quotas target only one type of under-represented group—for example, women or ethnic minorities. Even in countries with both gender and ethnic quotas (called ‘tandem quotas’), the policies typically evolved separately and work differently. Women and ethnic minorities are treated as distinct groups, ignoring the political position of ethnic minority women. However, a handful of countries have ‘nested quotas’ that specifically regulate the political inclusion of ethnic minority women. The second half the chapter focuses explicitly on nested quotas. It lays out how nested quotas work, where and how they have been adopted, and the prospect for their spread to new countries in the future. The chapter concludes with reflections on the promises and pitfalls of nested quotas as a vehicle for multicultural feminism.
Legal Pluralism, Gender Equality, and Parity of Participation: Constitutional Issues Concerning Customary Law in Liberia
Authors: Williams Susan H.
Published: November 2018

This chapter examines the practice of customary law in Liberia and how it contributes to gender inequality. The familiar menu of constitutional tools to protect equality has often failed, both because external legal limits on customary law are inaccessible to women in traditional communities and because they put those women in the position of opposing their own communities. The only sustainable solution is to empower women to reshape their own customary law. This requires rethinking culture and customary law at three levels: first, we must view culture as an evolving process to which all members contribute; second, we must view customary law as an evolving part of the common law that interacts with state law; and third, we must enhance ‘participatory parity’ for women. The chapter concludes with suggestions for constitutional reform in Liberia to promote the role of women as norm creators.
Challenging Male Dominance in Norm-Making in Contexts of Legal Pluralism: Insights from the Andes
Authors: Sieder Rachel , Vivero Anna Barrera
Published: November 2018

The gender participatory turn in the Andes has been accompanied by multicultural and plurinational citizenship regimes granting greater autonomy for indigenous self-governance and recognition of legal pluralism. While autonomy regimes have been criticized for legalizing gender discrimination in customary systems, this chapter emphasizes the diverse strategies deployed by indigenous women to improve their participation and secure greater gender justice within communal governance regimes—systems they defend as more accessible than state institutions. In some cases positive synergies have developed between the parity movement and indigenous women’s struggles for voice. In other cases, the absence of cross-class alliances, racism, and party political calculations and interests have impeded the development of a transformative agenda for advancing women’s interests. Evidence from the Andes suggests that strategies of claiming voice and greater participation within indigenous governance systems are complementary to national approaches for advancing gender equality, not in conflict with them.
The Effect of Subsequent Practice on the European Convention on Human Rights
Authors: Seibert-Fohr Anja
Published: November 2018

Under which conditions and to what extent can subsequent State practice legitimately influence the interpretation or even modify international treaties? This issue of general international law has been on the European Court of Human Rights’ agenda for quite some time and is ongoing as evidenced in Hassan v The United Kingdom. While State practice has traditionally played a role in the interpretation of the European Convention on Human Rights in its dynamic interpretation, the Court’s methodology to determine under what circumstance and to what extent State practice is able to affect the scope and meaning of the Convention remains uncertain. This chapter develops a general theoretical framework, which rationalizes the normative value of subsequent practice in the context of human rights treaty interpretation and sets out its relevant standards. Drawing from the International Law Commission’s work on ‘Subsequent agreements and subsequent practice in relation to interpretation of treaties’, the author argues that the Vienna rules provide a useful point of departure without the need for additional means of interpretation. This matrix allows sufficient flexibility to accommodate the specific nature of human rights law. The author proposes a normative scale, which can guide the Court in enhancing its methodological consistency. Pursuant to this scale, exigencies for the density of subsequent practice and the degree of acceptance pursuant to Article 38(1)(b) VCLT vary depending on the nature of the rule and the claimed normative value of State practice. Once State practice meets the required standard, it can sustain the legitimacy of treaty interpretation and serve as a catalyst for the advancement of human rights.
Jurisdiction and Responsibility
Authors: Milanovic Marko
Published: November 2018

This chapter examines the overarching trends in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights on questions of State jurisdiction in the sense of Article 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights and State responsibility, after its seminal judgment in the Al-Skeini case. While the chapter makes no claim to comprehensiveness of coverage, it first discusses the threshold question of the extraterritorial applicability of human rights treaties, and analyses the relationship between the notions of jurisdiction and responsibility, specifically looking at the recent Jaloud v Netherlands case. It then examines the issue of the relationship between human rights and international humanitarian law and the European Court’s judgment in Hassan v The United Kingdom. This chapter’s main thesis is that the Court is growing increasingly comfortable with applying the Convention extraterritorially and in armed conflict, as well as in directly invoking rules of international humanitarian law. However, a number of important caveats and uncertainties remain in the Court’s jurisprudence, which will inevitably be at issue in important cases currently pending or soon to be pending before it, eg the many interstate and individual applications dealing with the conflict in Ukraine.
Concurrent Responsibilities under the European Convention on Human Rights
Authors: Besson Samantha
Published: November 2018

This chapter discusses how one should articulate the concurrent effective control, and hence jurisdictions, of different States under the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), how one should specify and allocate their concurrent duties stemming from this concurrence of jurisdiction, and, finally, how one should attribute and then allocate their concurrent responsibilities when concurrent duties have been violated. It discusses how much of the European Court of Human Rights’ (ECtHR’s) practice has promoted, and could promote even further, the development of the still largely underexplored regime of concurrent, or shared, responsibility in general international law. It argues that the few basic principles and conditions of concurrent responsibility available in general international law are such that the ECHR is the only context in which they could actually be fulfilled. All this makes it even more important, therefore, for the ECtHR to actively monitor developments on concurrent jurisdictions, duties, and responsibilities in its regime of international responsibility.
Conclusion
Authors: Canҫado Trindade Antônio Augusto
Published: November 2018

In the domain of protection of the rights of the human person, the interaction between the international and national legal norms, with the primacy of the norm most favourable to the victims, contributes to the universality of the corpus juris of the International Law of Human Rights. This secures the unity and primacy of law (prééminence du droit, rule of law), in the light of the principle pro persona humana. The five panels have addressed, in the light of the principle of humanity, respectively: jurisdiction; responsibility; immunities; treaties; and other sources of international law. The operation of international human rights tribunals is guided by principles, without undue concessions to State voluntarism. Their hermeneutics of human rights conventions take into account: autonomous sense of their terms, effet utile, and objective character of their obligations; their dynamic, evolutive, and teleological interpretation, and their collective guarantee. They give expression to a law of protection, victim-oriented, grounded on general principles of law and common superior values. The European Convention of Human Rights operates, like other regional systems, within the conceptual framework of the universality of human rights; it is not a ‘self-contained’ or ‘self-sufficient’ regime. Hence the importance of jurisprudential cross-fertilization, harmoniously reinforcing the corpus juris of protection as a whole, thus contributing to the historical process of humanization of international law.
Humility and Human Flourishing
Authors: Austin Michael W.
Published: November 2018

In many Christian traditions, humility is often thought to play a central role in the moral and spiritual life. In this study of the moral virtue of humility, the methods of analytic philosophy are applied to the field of moral theology in order to analyze this virtue and its connections to human flourishing. The book is therefore best characterized as a work in analytic moral theology, and has two primary aims. First, it articulates and defends a particular Christian conception of the virtue of humility. It offers a Christological account of this trait, one that is grounded in the gospel accounts of the life of Christ as well as other key New Testament passages. The view of humility it offers and defends is biblically grounded, theologically informed, and philosophically sound. Second, this book describes ways in which humility is constitutive of and conducive to human flourishing, Christianly understood. It argues that humility is rational, benefits its possessor, and contributes to its possessor being good qua human. It also examines several issues in applied virtue ethics. It considers some of the ways in which humility is relevant to several of the classic spiritual disciplines, such as prayer, fasting, solitude, silence, and service. It considers humility’s relevance to issues related to religious pluralism and tolerance. Finally, the book concludes with a discussion of the relevance of humility for family life and how it can function as a virtue in the context of sport.
A Christian Account of Humility
Authors: Austin Michael W.
Published: November 2018

This chapter explains and offers an initial defense of a Christian conception of humility that is biblically grounded, theologically informed, and philosophically sound. It interacts with the views of several philosophers and theologians, past and present, who have offered a variety of accounts of the virtue of humility. While it does not engage in a comprehensive overview of every account of humility that is on offer, it references and discusses other views, in order to clarify the account it describes. The account developed in this chapter is Christological, insofar as it is grounded in the gospel accounts of the life of Christ and other portions of the New Testament—especially Philippians 2:1–11—that are relevant to understanding humility as it is exemplified by Jesus in these texts.
The Responsibility for an Organizational Culture
Authors: Herzog Lisa
Published: November 2018

This chapter turns to the topic of organizational cultures and their relation to morality. Although a somewhat elusive topic, organizational cultures deserve to be taken seriously from a moral perspective, because they can make it more or less difficult for individuals in organizations not to violate basic moral norms. For example, by influencing ‘sensemaking’ in organizations, they can make the moral dimensions of decisions more or less visible to them. But organizational cultures often change, especially when individuals send signals that are reinforced in ‘spirals’ of repeated actions that can lead to ‘slippery slopes’. Often, the best strategy for maintaining a morally supportive culture is a firm commitment to moral principles. However, the importance of organizational culture for an organization’s moral life also points to the importance of opportunities of dialogue about this culture.
Organizations in Society: How Good Can It Get?
Authors: Herzog Lisa
Published: November 2018

This chapter concludes the book by sketching a vision of what it would take to re-embed organizations in a just society. In doing so, it connects to a number of recent debates in political philosophy. It calls for a rethinking of the corporate form and the privileges and responsibilities that come with it. It points to the distribution of access to knowledge as a field that has an enormous impact on how easy or difficult it is to induce change or to defend the status quo. It discusses worries about the division of labour and meaningful work. To address the imbalance of power between individuals and organizations, it calls for experiments with more democratic forms of governance. These various levers could contribute to ‘reclaiming the system’ both in theory and in practice.
Renaissance Mass Murder
Authors: Bowd Stephen D.
Published: November 2018

Renaissance Mass Murder explores the devastating impact of war on the men and women of the Renaissance. In contrast to the picture of balance and harmony usually associated with the Renaissance, it uncovers in forensic detail a world in which sacks of Italian cities and massacres of civilians at the hands of French, German, Spanish, Swiss, and Italian troops were regular occurrences. The arguments presented are based on a wealth of evidence—histories and chronicles, poetry and paintings, sculpture and other objects—which together provide a new and startling history of sixteenth-century Italy and a social history of the Italian Wars. It outlines how massacres happened, how princes, soldiers, lawyers, and writers, justified and explained such events, and how they were represented in contemporary culture. On this basis the book reconstructs the terrifying individual experiences of civilians in the face of war and in doing so offers a story of human tragedy which redresses the balance of the history of the Italian Wars, and of Renaissance warfare, in favour of the civilian and away from the din of the battlefield. This book also places mass murder in a broader historical context and challenges claims that such violence was unusual or in decline in early modern Europe. Finally, it shows that women often suffered disproportionately from this violence and that immunity for them, as for their children, was often partially developed or poorly respected.
The Experiences of Civilians
Authors: Bowd Stephen D.
Published: November 2018

The experiences of civilians in war shared some characteristics, with practical preparations for the siege or assault often accompanied by spiritual preparations such as a mass or the taking of oaths. In the heat of the assault civilians were often taken ransom, goods plundered (especially from Jews), and buildings destroyed or fired. But civilians also resisted assault and there is considerable evidence for women taking an active part in resistance or other frontline activities including foraging for food, which may be reflected in some artistic productions of the Renaissance. In the aftermath of the sack or massacre the civic authorities picked up the pieces by attempting to re-establish law and order, prevent disease or starvation, and eventually instituting commemorative events in thanks to God for ultimate deliverance.
Cities and Border Control
Authors: de Shalit Avner
Published: November 2018

Should we allow cities to control their borders, and issue permits to settle in the city? Some cities that have become extremely popular among immigrants wish to limit the number of immigrants who can settle in the city; contrariwise, some shrinking cities have asked to be allowed to issue permits to settle in the city even if the state is less open to immigration. Arguments for and against open city borders are analysed in Chapter 1 and it proves difficult either to support or dismiss the idea using a consistent and coherent philosophical argument. The chapter also discusses selective policies of migration to cities. It is claimed that such policies are morally justifiable, provided that they do not dismiss selectively but only encourage selectively.
Immigrants and Political Rights in the City
Authors: de Shalit Avner
Published: November 2018

If immigrants do settle in the city, what political rights should they have? The criteria for being a city-zen in a city are controversial. On the one hand it seems that immigrants have an interest and are subject to the city’s regulations and laws and therefore should have local voting rights; on the other hand, the law often holds that formal political participation is a right of citizens only. So does it make sense to offer city-zenship and local political rights before naturalization? Chapter 2 argues that this can be justified on both utilitarian and deontological moral grounds. Granting immigrants local voting rights would also enable them to sustain their functioning of having a sense of place.
The Commission on Responsibilities
Authors: Schabas William A.
Published: November 2018

When the Peace Conference opens in Paris in January 1919, Georges Clemenceau insists upon the importance of prosecuting war criminals. It decides to set up a Commission on Responsibilities, with representatives of the five Powers (the United States, the British Empire, France, Italy, and Japan), as well as five smaller countries, including Belgium. The Commission soon agrees that the Kaiser should not be prosecuted for starting the war or for violating Belgian neutrality. However, a majority, led by the British representative, Ernest Pollock, and the French delegate, Ferdinand Larnaude, insist that the Kaiser should be tried for violations of the laws and customs of war by an international tribunal. The Americans, led by Robert Lansing, are fiercely opposed. Compromise proves impossible. The Commission issues a majority report favouring trial of the Kaiser for war crimes, while the Americans and the Japanese write dissenting opinions.
Culture as Moral Beliefs
Authors: Rose David C.
Published: November 2018

This chapter explains why cultural beliefs—specifically moral beliefs—are more important than cultural practices for building a high-trust society because when trust-producing moral beliefs are well ensconced, trust-producing practices naturally follow. Since it is large-group trust that is the key, our innate moral beliefs, which naturally support small-group trust, are inadequate. What is needed are invented moral beliefs that can support large-group trust and the high-trust society. Two problems must be overcome in large-group contexts: the empathy problem and the greater-good rationalization problem. This chapter explains why overcoming these problems requires that beliefs instantiate moral tastes that function prerationally. It also explains why such beliefs must stress moral restraint over moral advocacy.
The Free Market Democracy Dilemma
Authors: Rose David C.
Published: November 2018

In this chapter the tension between having a free market system and a democratic government is explored. Human flourishing requires ample general prosperity that comes from a free market system and it requires freedom that depends upon democratic institutions. But this produces a dilemma. The democratic system facilitates redistributive and regulatory favoritism that undermines trust in the system generally. This, in turn, weakens many trust-dependent institutions upon which the free market system and democracy depend. This is a dilemma because democracy is needed for freedom, but it can set in motion changes that ultimately reduce freedom. This tension has implications for social, political, and economic development because it suggests that societies can use trust in the system to substitute for low levels of generalized trust.
The Fall of Flourishing Societies
Authors: Rose David C.
Published: November 2018

This chapter explains why as free market democracies grow and support ever more mass flourishing, both the abuse and the neglect problems associated with the cultural commons intensify. As the abuse problem gets harder to recognize, the neglect problem worsens even further. Falling trust opens the door to redistributive and regulatory favoritism which, in turn, actuates political tribalism that is shown to reduce trust in the democratic system. The theory of market failure is shown to produce an important distinction in the proper role of government that helps avoid this downward spiral whereby democracy sows the seeds of its own demise. This has important implications for the emergence of new beliefs that are deleterious to high-trust societies and that allow the proliferation of corruption and points to a civic role for trust-producing moral beliefs.
Conclusion
Authors: Rose David C.
Published: November 2018

This chapter explains why it is so easy to underestimate the importance of culture. It offers an explanation on what is happening in the West, arguing that many problems in the West can be traced back to falling intergenerational investment into trust-producing moral beliefs. It argues that growing self-absorption and concern for status have exacerbated the problems discussed earlier. The benefits and costs of multiculturalism are discussed. The implications that insufficient investment has for freedom and creativity are discussed. The book ends on a hopeful note. There is ample evidence in our recent past of effectuating strong cultural change (e.g., the environmental movement and the civil rights movement) for the better. When we understand the nature of big-picture problems, voters in democracies have shown the ability to act for the common good.
Critical Theory and the Soundtrack
Authors: Buhler James
Published: November 2018

Critical theory covers a wide range of interpretive methods, including under its rubric many of the most significant trends of recent scholarship. Chapter 7 considers general issues of critical theories and the soundtrack. The first part looks at the origins of critical theory in Marxism, the analysis of ideology, postcolonialism, and issues of labor. The largest portion of this section examines the theory of musical topics and subjects the concept of musical topic to ideological critique. The second part of the chapter contains a lengthy discussion of how debates over gender and sexuality have influenced thinking about the soundtrack.
The Rise of Flamenquismo in Madrid, 1888–1898
Authors: Llano Samuel
Published: November 2018

This chapter analyzes the impact on the population of the expansion of nightlife in Madrid from the 1880s on. More particularly, it studies public fears raised by alcoholism and flamenco that led to this music being identified with social disorder and immorality. The Fuencarral Street murder (1888), in which a flamenco aficionado was involved, shocked the public and triggered a campaign against flamenco and the culture associated with it, known as flamenquismo. Behind this campaign, however, was fear and hatred of rural immigrants from Andalusia, who transformed Madrid’s culture and elicited the opposition of the population most affected by the rise of hunger and deprivation in Madrid. At the turn of the twentieth century, this situation led to flamenquismo being used as a catchword to designate any social problems affecting Spain in the wake of the 1898 desastre.
Flamenco, Flamenquismo, and Social Control
Authors: Llano Samuel
Published: November 2018

This chapter describes how, toward the end of the nineteenth century, journalists and social scientists concerned about social degeneration and the moral effects of Madrid’s nightlife gradually turned their attention away from the Gypsy and the señorito, that is, the rich Andalusian immigrant who organized flamenco juergas or gatherings in Madrid. Instead, these writers focused on the environment in which flamenco was performed. They used their publications to present Madrid as a den of vice and degeneration and to call the authorities to take measures to prevent the rise of scandals and crime in Madrid’s drinking establishments. Madrid’s authorities responded by passing legislation aimed at restricting the operating times of cafés and protecting the peace of residents from the “noise” of taverns. The lobbying by representatives of the powerful alcohol industry, however, rendered those measures fruitless in the long term.
Madrid, Cante Jondo, and Nostalgia
Authors: Llano Samuel
Published: November 2018

This chapter provides an account of the cante jondo competition organized by Manuel de Falla and Federico García Lorca in Granada in 1922, which has been the object of substantial attention by scholars who regard cante jondo as an example of invented tradition. The chapter adds a new angle to this discussion as it argues that this competition helped to negotiate the tensions between Andalusia and Madrid provoked by rural immigration in the second half of the nineteenth century, and to restore the image of Gypsies from the damage inflicted by Eugenio Noel and other anti-flamenquismo critics. While Falla and Lorca used cante jondo as an antidote against flamenquismo, many critics in Madrid embraced flamenquismo as an antidote against jazz, which they regarded as a modern foreign import that threatened to annihilate national traditions. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the extent to which Andalusian identity and traditions were misunderstood in Madrid.
A New Order?
Authors: Llano Samuel
Published: November 2018

This chapter describes how organilleros, in spite of all the nuisance that they caused, played a key role in the formation of a middle-class lifestyle in Madrid. Organilleros represented everything that the rising middle classes rejected, such as coarseness and lack of refinement. The middle classes used organilleros as an Other against which to define themselves. Parallel to the legal persecution of organilleros in the 1890s, the press circulated news of crimes and murders allegedly committed by organilleros. There was a common narrative structure in all these news, namely, one in which an organillero killed his partner in a fit of jealousy. The media accused organilleros of misappropriating the centuries-long honor code that was endorsed in the 1870 Penal Code and that provided legitimacy for males to use violence against their wives to restore honor damaged through adultery.
Inside the Workhouse
Authors: Llano Samuel
Published: November 2018

This chapter explores the regime of discipline and punishment that reigned in the San Bernardino workhouse and analyzes the role played by the band and music academy to help maintain that discipline. All aspects of life at the workhouse were aimed at instilling moral rectitude and increasing productivity at the in-house workshops, where inmates were subjected to forced labor. Music played a key role in helping to maintain a regime of discipline within the workhouse, structuring the working day and accompanying the ordered movements of inmates through the workhouse. The music academy and, from 1856, the band were used as instruments aimed at both disciplining and rewarding the best-behaving and most talented inmates.
The Dynamics of Anarchy
Authors: Vanderschraaf Peter
Published: November 2018

A computational model of interaction in anarchy is presented and used to predict the outcome of anarchy. Hobbes’ and Locke’s classic a priori analyses of the State of Nature are compared, including the reasons for their divergent conclusions. Several game-theoretic models of anarchy are examined that employ Hobbes’ realistic assumption that typically in anarchy some moderates most desire mutual cooperation, while other dominators most desire to exploit others’ cooperation. A priori type-based game-theoretic models yield inconsistent conclusions and rest upon unrealistic assumptions. A dynamical Variable Anticipation Threshold type-based model is explored, where individuals in anarchy modify their behavior as they learn from repeated interactions. Under quite general conditions, a population converges to Hobbes’ war of all against all even if only a small percentage of its members are dominators. This analysis gives a dynamical vindication of Hobbes’ conclusion that for a sizable population in anarchy, war is indeed inevitable.
Playing Fair
Authors: Vanderschraaf Peter
Published: November 2018

Norms requiring individuals to treat their partners fairly can evolve even in populations that lack well-defined identity groups. The emergence of fairness equilibria in the bargaining problem and in Augmented Stag Hunt is analyzed with inductive and evolutionary learning models applied to populations that are not subdivided into preexisting groups. Inductive learning models applied to the bargaining problem yield distributions of equilibrium solutions centered around the egalitarian solution that corresponds to a norm of equal division of benefits. Inductive and evolutionary learning models applied to the Augmented Stag Hunt yield distributions of equilibrium solutions where each side contributes to a commonly desired good that are supported by costly punishments for noncontributors. These results support the strong reciprocity hypothesis in the social sciences without employing the controversial idea of group selection.
Safety and tolerability of subcutaneous sarilumab and intravenous tocilizumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Emery Paul , Rondon Juan , Parrino Janie , Lin Yong , Pena-Rossi Claudia , van Hoogstraten Hubert , Graham Neil M H , Liu Nancy , Paccaly Anne , Wu Richard , Spindler Alberto
Published: November 2018

Objective

Safety and efficacy of mAbs blocking the IL-6 receptor have been established in RA. This is the first analysis examining safety and tolerability of sarilumab and tocilizumab administered as single or multiple doses in patients with RA within the same study.

Methods

In ASCERTAIN, patients were randomized 1: 1: 2 to 24 weeks’ double-blind sarilumab 150 or 200 mg every 2 weeks s.c. or tocilizumab 4 mg/kg every 4 weeks i.v., increased to 8 mg/kg if clinically indicated. In Study 1309, patients were randomized 1: 1: 1: 1 to single-dose open-label sarilumab 150 or 200 mg s.c. or tocilizumab 4 or 8 mg/kg i.v.

Results

In ASCERTAIN, incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events was similar between sarilumab and tocilizumab. The most common treatment-emergent adverse events were the following: sarilumab: neutropenia [6 patients (12.2%) in the 150 mg group and 8 (15.7%) in the 200 mg group], nasopharyngitis [6 (12.2%) and 3 (5.9%)], and injection-site erythema [4 (8.2%) and 4 (7.8%)]; tocilizumab: accidental overdose [9 (8.8%)], upper respiratory tract infection [7 (6.9%)] and nausea [7 (6.9%)]. Laboratory changes in both studies included decreased neutrophils and platelets and increased transaminases and lipids. In Study 1309, incidence of absolute neutrophil count <1.0 giga/l was similar between sarilumab and tocilizumab, and occurred more frequently in the higher dose groups. No association between decrease in absolute neutrophil count and increased incidence of infection was observed in either study.

Conclusion

No clinically meaningful differences in treatment-emergent adverse events were observed between sarilumab and tocilizumab. Laboratory changes with sarilumab were within the same range as those with tocilizumab.

Trial registration numbers

ASCERTAIN (NCT01768572); Study 1309 (NCT02097524).
The Ethics of Slow Codes and the Implications for Nurses
Authors: Gilmore Lauren
Published: November 2018

Timely, open communication with patients or their surrogates about prognosis is crucial.
First Guidelines for Diagnosing and Managing Concussion in Kids
Authors: Zolot Joan
Published: November 2018

The CDC addresses a common and significant health concern.
Risk of Rare, Serious Genital Infection from some Diabetes Drugs
Authors: Aschenbrenner Diane S.
Published: November 2018

Sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, used to treat type 2 diabetes, now carry a warning regarding the risk of necrotizing fasciitis of the perineum.

NPs should assess for this rare genital infection if a patient taking an SGLT2 inhibitor presents with redness, swelling, and pain in the genitals or in the area from the genitals to the rectum, and has a fever above 100.4°F or general malaise.
Creating a Culture of Mobility: Using Real-Time Assessment to Drive Outcomes
Authors: Kappel Sarah E. , Larsen-Engelkes Tamera J. , Barnett Rachel T. , Alexander Jack W. , Klinkhammer Nancy L. , Jones Mary J. , Baustian Theresa L. , Ye Ping
Published: November 2018

Background: Recent studies have demonstrated the safety and feasibility of early mobilization of patients in the hospital setting. Promoting early mobility improves patients' ability to perform daily activities and attend to basic needs. It also preserves patients' dignity and independence. We implemented a culture of mobility program to promote awareness of the importance of early mobility among health care providers, patients, and family caregivers on an inpatient orthopedic unit.

Purpose: The goal of the program was to empower clinical RNs, physical therapists (PTs), and occupational therapists to conduct dynamic, ongoing assessment of a patient's functional status so the plan of care could be modified in real time to promote functional independence and prevent immobility-associated complications.

Methods: Nursing and therapy professionals used three mobility assessments to estimate the degree and type of activities a patient could safely perform during a hospital stay: the Johns Hopkins Highest Level of Mobility (JH-HLM) scale, the Physical Therapy Mobility Assessment (PTMA) scale, and the Occupational Therapy Assistance Assessment (OTAA) scale. The three assessment tools were incorporated into the electronic health record. To evaluate their performance, we retrospectively collected patient data before (baseline) and after (intervention) their implementation. There were 61 patients in the baseline group and 59 in the intervention group.

Results: The clinical characteristics of patients in the two groups were comparable, including demographics, diagnoses, and activity orders. The JH-HLM and PTMA scores correlated significantly with the maximum distance patients ambulated as measured independently by RNs and PTs, suggesting the tools worked as expected to estimate the actual activity patients performed. Importantly, we found that the intervention improved patient mobility, as evidenced by significant increases in the maximum distances and the number of times patients ambulated. Further, the initial scores on the JH-HLM, PTMA, and OTAA scales correlated significantly with the length of stay (LOS), an important outcome variable. This suggests that the mobility assessments can also be used to predict LOS and thus optimize hospital bed management.

Conclusions: Nursing and therapy professionals successfully implemented three new mobility assessment tools on an inpatient orthopedic unit. The tools captured real-time information about patients' functional ability that was used to encourage patients' mobility.
Initial Laryngeal Tube Insertion in Out-Of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Rosenberg Karen
Published: November 2018

According to this study:

For adults who had an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, a strategy of initial laryngeal tube insertion instead of endotracheal intubation was associated with significantly greater 72-hour survival.

Return of spontaneous circulation hospital survival, and favorable neurologic status at discharge were also better in patients who had a laryngeal tube inserted compared with endotracheal intubation.
High LDL-C, Non-HDL-C Levels Associated with Higher CVD Death Risk, Even in Those at Low CVD Risk
Authors: Rosenberg Karen
Published: November 2018

According to this study:

In a cohort of patients at low 10-year risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD), elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were associated with higher risk of CVD and coronary heart disease mortality.

Further study is needed to determine whether low-risk individuals with elevated LDL cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol would benefit from lipid-lowering lifestyle modifications and drug therapy.
Make connections by joining a professional nursing organization
Authors: Echevarria Ilia M.
Published: November 2018

Although some may feel hesitant about joining a professional organization, induction is largely expected in the nursing community. This article offers insight to help nurses make informed decisions about membership.
Mass shootings
Authors: Glasofer Amy , Laskowski-Jones Linda
Published: November 2018

Nurses everywhere may someday encounter the victims of a mass shooting, whether on the job or in their civilian lives. This article provides US mass shooting statistics, best practice recommendations for nurses, and lessons learned from the experiences of hospitals that have navigated this type of catastrophe.
Asthma, obesity and targeted interventions: an update
Authors: Ricketts Helen Clare , Cowan Douglas C.
Published: November 2018

Purpose of review

Obese asthma is now widely recognized as a phenotype of difficult asthma that is common and less responsive to traditional asthma treatments, so identifying specific treatments is increasingly important.

Recent findings

Obesity can lead to asthma through a complex relationship of causes including mechanical, inflammatory, metabolic and genetic factors. Exercise programmes including pulmonary rehabilitation, weight loss via dietary restriction, exercise and bariatric surgery, or combinations of all of these can improve quality of life, symptoms, and exercise capacity, with reductions in medication use and exacerbations, and represent tailored treatment for this phenotype of severe difficult to treat asthmatic patients.

Exercise programmes and pulmonary rehabilitation, weight loss programmes targeting 5–10% weight loss and bariatric surgery are effective treatments for the obese asthma phenotype.