bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Infra‐red analysis of phosphorus compounds
Authors: Corbrjdge D. E. C.
Published: July 2010

A spectra‐structure correlation chart for phosphorus compounds is presented, and the existing evidence for these correlations is summarized.

Powdered phosphate salts absorb in a number of discrete regions which are characteristic of the type of anion present. The use of this data for qualitative identification is discussed, and examples are given of the use of the pressed disc technique for quantitative work.
Differential infra‐red spectrometry; its application to analysis in the petroleum industry
Authors: Powell H.
Published: July 2010

A differential infra‐red absorption technique is described whereby the absorption of one or more components of a mixture may be completely eliminated from the recorded spectrum, with little, if any, loss of detail in the residual spectrum. Examples are given of its application to both qualitative and quantitative analyses in the petroleum industry and to the analysis of insecticides containing kerosine.
Papilloma of the bladder in the chemical industry. Analytical methods for the determination of benzidine and β‐naphthylamine, recommended by A.B.C.M. sub‐committee
Authors: Butt L. T. , Strafford N.
Published: July 2010

Methods are described for the determination of benzidine and of β‐naphthylamine in (1) the atmosphere, (2) plant deposits, (3) clothing. Although the methods are primarily designed for cases where it is known that either benzidine or β‐naphthylamine is the sole amine present, qualitative and semi‐quantitative methods are also included so as to detect and make allowance for the presence of other amines such as homologues or analogues in the case of benzidine or of aniline or α‐naphthylamine in the case of β‐naphthylamine.
Conjugation with lone‐pair electrons. II. The adsorption of naphthols by cationic micelles in dilute aqueous solution
Authors: Nash T.
Published: July 2010

The conditions under which dilute aqueous solutions of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and naphthol form elastic gels are investigated by a semi‐quantitative method. A correlation is found between the effectiveness of different anions in restoring the fluorescence of dichlorofluorescein quenched by CTAB and their effectiveness in assisting gel formation from CTAB/naphthol mixtures.

From this and other evidence it is deduced that gels may be formed when aromatic compounds containing a conjugated dipolar group are externally adsorbed on to the cationic micelles. Under favourable steric conditions, which usually seem to be found in naphthalene derivatives, the semicrystalline outer layer of aromatic molecules imposes cylindrical symmetry on the micelles. This results in the formation of indefinitely long cationic filaments, to which are due the peculiar mechanical properties of the solutions.
The catalyzed reaction between hydrogen and sulphur monochloride
Authors: Khundkar M. H. , Nurannabi S.
Published: July 2010

The reaction between hydrogen and sulphur monochloride vapour over activated alumina and silica gel yields primarily elementary sulphur and HCl vapour, under suitable conditions. Yields of sulphur of about 90% (at 400°) are obtainable with activated alumina catalyst, which is somewhat superior to silica gel. Loss of sulphur is due to the formation of H2S as a side reaction and adsorption of sulphur on the catalyst.

Effects of variables such as reaction temperature, preheating the catalyst, space velocity of S2Cl2 and relative ratio of hydrogen throughput, are discussed.
Paper chromatography of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Authors: Bergmann Ernst D. , Gruenwald Theodor
Published: July 2010

The possibility of paper‐chromatographic identification of mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons has been studied. In order to decrease the hydrophilic character of filter paper, it was either acetylated or impregnated with alumina, propylene glycol, Vaseline or silicone.

The systems studied were: anthracene and methylated anthracenes; fluorene and methylated fluorenes; phenanthrene, fluorene and anthracene; mixtures of tricyclic and of polycyclic hydrocarbons (found in the ‘chrysene fraction’). Some success was achieved with separations in these systems.
Liquid‐liquid equilibrium data for ternary systems containing α‐picoline, hydrocarbons and water or triethylene glycol at 20°
Authors: Charles E. J. , Morton F.
Published: July 2010

Ternary liquid‐liquid equilibrium data at 20° are reported for the systems α‐picoline‐water‐hydrocarbon, and α‐picoline‐triethylene glycol‐hydrocarbon, where the hydrocarbons are benzene, ‘heptane’, diisobutylene and methylcyclohexane.
The pen softening point test (for bituminous materials)
Authors: Deadman A. L.
Published: July 2010

The Pen Softening Point test described is a form of penetration test applicable to a very wide range of bituminous materials, giving also a basis on which temperature susceptibility can be defined.
The volumetric determination of sulphate using a high‐frequency conductimetric method
Authors: Jamieson G. R.
Published: July 2010

The direct titration of sulphate using a high‐frequency titrimeter is described. A comparison is made of barium acetate, lead nitrate, octa‐ammino‐μ‐amino‐μ‐nitrodicobaltic tetranitrate and hexa‐amminocobaltic bromide as precipitants for sulphate in the range 2—20 mg. SO4″. It is shown that nitrate ion interferes by giving high results when barium acetate is the titrant. Chloride ion does not affect the results when any of the above compounds are used as titrants.
Improved syntheses in the pyrimidine series. V. some derivatives of 4‐methylaminopyrimidine
Authors: Brown D. J.
Published: July 2010

The preparation of several derivatives of 4‐methylaminopyrimidine is described. When 2‐chloro‐4‐methylamino‐5‐nitropyrimidine is treated with aqueous sodium hydrogen sulphide, not only is the expected 5‐amino‐2‐mercapto‐4‐methylaminopyrimidine formed but also 5‐amino‐2: 6‐dimercapto‐4‐methylaminopyrimidine. Improved ways of making 5‐aminocytosine (4: 5‐diamino‐2‐hydrpxypyrimidine) and 2: 4: 5‐triaminopyrimidine, viz. by catalytic reduction of the corresponding 5‐nitro compounds, are reported.
The corrosion of mild steel by aqueous ammonium thiocyanate
Authors: Ravald L. A. , Chilver J. W. , Williams R.
Published: July 2010

Mild steel was exposed at room temperature and in stagnant conditions to aqueous 1·0N‐ and 0·1N‐ammonium thiocyanate at various pH values, to ascertain the respective pH‐ranges of (1) uniform attack, (2) localized attack and (3) complete inhibition. For comparison, similar experiments were made with ammonium chloride and with ammonium sulphate. It was found that, with the more dilute solutions, a higher pH value was necessary for complete inhibition than with the stronger solutions, and that the pH range for localized attack was wider with the more dilute solutions. With ammonium thiocyanate, the solid corrosion products were mixtures of black iron ferrocyanide and a ferrous sulphide.

A few experiments were carried out with ammonium thiocyanate in oxygen‐free conditions, to ascertain whether in these conditions, in which no measurable attack occurred at room temperature, corrosion was prornoted by raising the temperature to 90°c. The rate of attack by aqueous ammonium thiocyanate was found to be more severe than that by ammonium chloride of equivalent concentration in similar conditions.
Polyepoxide resins, their chemical reactions and physical properties
Authors: Ivinson M. G. , Howe B. R. , Karpfen F. M.
Published: July 2010

The differences in functionability of diepoxide and polyepoxide resins are discussed with special reference to their behaviour with various types of amine used for hardening (gelling) the resins.
An investigation of compounds promoting the dropwise condensation of steam
Authors: Blackman L. C. F. , Dewar M. J. S. , Hampson H.
Published: July 2010

The modes of condensation of steam on a cooled metal surface are discussed, and an apparatus for studying them is described. With this the effect of a number of promoters of dropwise condensation has been studied. Conclusions are drawn concerning the relation between the activity and chemical constitution of promoters. Active promoters have in the molecule an unhindered hydrocarbon chain which confers water‐repellency on the compound and an ‘anchoring’ group which is usually a divalent sulphur atom.
Reactions of alkylphenols over cracking catalysts. II. isomeric composition of the products from a series of phenols
Authors: Given P. H.
Published: July 2010

In the reactions of cresols and xylenols over silica–alumina at 380°, certain isomers predominate or tend to be concentrated in the products, whether they are formed by isomerization or disproportionation, and whatever the orientation of the starting material. These preferred products are m‐cresol, 2 : 4‐ + 2 : 5‐xylenols, and 2 : 3 : 5‐trimethylphenol; the last named can be isolated with particular ease. At 380° ethylphenol loses an ethyl group to about an equal extent by disproportionation and by cracking, and is partially isomerized. Alkylphenols react with benzene over cracking catalysts, with a transfer of alkyl groups; the normal disproportionation of the alkylphenol is then largely suppressed. The equilibrium between phenol, cresols and xylenols has been approached from both sides, setting limits to the value of the equilibrium constant of the disproportionation of cresols and giving a most probable value for Kp of about 0·5 (it being assumed that the cresols and xylenols are each sets of isomers in equilibrium). The non‐phenolic material formed from phenols in small amount as a byproduct consists of a complex mixture of substances including alkylbenzenes, diaryl ethers, xanthene derivatives, and anthracene.
The measurement of the flow properties of thermoplastics at high shearing stresses
Authors: Hayes R. , Lannon D. A.
Published: July 2010

The flow properties of polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride are measured at high pressure and high rates of shear in the temperature range 130–220°. An injection machine is provided with a capillary tube fitted in the extrusion head and the pressure applied measured by means of a steel diaphragm.

The flow behaviour of the polymers is shown to be non‐Newtonian and very dependent on the pressure applied, the dependence decreasing with increasing plasticizer content. The results may not be applied directly to extrusion or injection moulding processes without taking other factors into account.
The isolation of (‐)‐sec.‐butylcarbinol from fusel oil
Authors: Easton B. C. , Hargreaves M. K. , Mitchell R. K.
Published: July 2010

Although the separation of (‐)‐sec.‐butylcarbinol from fusel oil has been reported previously, in view of the utility of this substance as a source of optically‐active material, details of the methods now used, both by distillation and by crystallization of the hydrogen phthalic ester, are described. The effect of temperature on the rotatory power at various wavelengths is recorded. The pure laevorotatory alcohol, α −5·654°, now obtained suggests that previous samples were not pure.
A tentative method for the determination of the original water/cement ratio of hardened concrete
Authors: Brown A. W.
Published: July 2010

The strength of concrete is greatly influenced by the water/cement ratio used in mixing the concrete before placing. In the examination of samples of hardened concrete, a knowledge of the original water/cement ratio is, therefore, most desirable. This cannot be found only by chemical analysis because normally much of the original water has evaporated leaving voids within the concrete as a continuous capillary porosity.
syntheses of metal‐complexing polymers III. Polymers containining α‐hydroxyphosphonic acid and related groupings
Authors: Lane E. S.
Published: July 2010

The reaction of salicylaldehyde and resorcaldehyde with dialkyl phosphites or with phosphorous acid has been used as a basis for the preparation of high‐capacity phosphonic acid complexing resins.
The refining of benzole by chlorine treatment
Authors: Molony O. W. , Hughes D.
Published: July 2010

High‐crystallizing‐point benzene has been produced from low‐gravity benzene fractions by treatment with chlorine gas followed by distillation. The process is suitable for the removal of olefins, paraffins, naphthenes and thiophen from benzene fractions, but only for the removal of olefins and thiophens from toluene fractions. Commercial outlets would be required for the still residues, which consist of chlorinated hydrocarbons and thiophens. The residues have been investigated analytically.
The determination of the particle size of thoria in the range 5–0.1μ by the radiometric sedimentometer
Authors: Connor P. , Hardwick W. H. , Laundy B. J.
Published: July 2010

Methods of particle size analysis which are applicable to thoria powders are briefly reviewed and a new method is proposed. In this, thoria is dispersed in a dilute Calgon solution and neutron‐irradiated for a few seconds to produce 233Th. An aliquot of the active dispersed phase is placed on the top of a column of aqueous sucrose solution and the mass of thoria deposited after various centrifuging periods is determined by β‐counting through the base of the tube, and from these data a size analysis is obtained. The method is very fast and simple to operate and comparison with the two other centrifugal methods shows excellent agreement. A size analysis of another suitable material, silica, is also demonstrated.
Molecular interaction in mixed monolayers of fatty acids
Authors: Durham K.
Published: July 2010

Force‐area isotherms have been obtained for mixed monolayers of arachidic acid and α‐ethyl‐stearic acid on conductivity water and M/400‐CaCl2 solution at pH 7.5. There is evidence of molecular interaction on both substrates as the mixed films are always more condensed than an ideal mixture of the two constituents. On M/400‐CaCl2 solution, mixed surface films containing more than 75% of α‐ethylstearic acid are fluid at all surface pressures; this indicates that the condensation in the mixed film is due to the van der Waals' forces between the hydrocarbon chains and not to calcium ions.

Partial molar areas for the constituents of the mixed films on M/400‐CaCl2 solution have been calculated. The small values of partial molar areas obtained for arachidic acid at low mole fractions and low surface pressures are explained by strong van der Waals' forces.
Self‐discharge of lead‐acid batteries
Authors: Gabrielson Gunnar
Published: July 2010

Self‐discharge of lead‐acid batteries is diminished by deposition of a layer of lead set 20μ thick on the positive grids, but the effect is only temporary and uneconomical thicknesses of lead would be necessary for any lasting effect. Anodizing of the grids had little effect on the rate of self‐discharge.

The rôle of antimony in the self‐discharge process is discussed.
Chemistry of coal tars. IV. Ozonolysis of neutral, pentane‐soluble oil from down‐jet tar
Authors: Vahrman M.
Published: July 2010

The wax‐free, pentane‐soluble oil from down‐jet tar was ozonized in ethyl acetate solution. The product was catalytically hydrogenated and 2:4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones made from some of the carbonyl products of higher molecular weight formed. Adsorption chromatography was used to separate and further purify the hydrazones. Probable structures of the hydrocarbon moieties are discussed on the basis of the analyses and ultra‐violet spectra of the hydrazones. Naphthalene, tetra‐ and deca‐hydronaphthalene structures with side chains, saturated and unsaturated, fit the data best.
Stress‐corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steels with applied E.M.F.
Authors: Hines J. G. , Hoar T. P.
Published: July 2010

The stress‐corrosion cracking of chromium‐nickel austenitic stainless steels in 42 wt.‐% aqueous magnesium chloride solution at 150–154°, saturated with air, has been studied under conditions of cathodic or anodic treatment of the metal during the induction period prior to crack initiation and/or during crack propagation.

Mild cathodic polarization delays the onset of cracking and fracture, the time to fracture increasing with increasing degree of polarization. With plain 18–8 steel, polarization producing an external current density of 50 μa./cm.2delays for at least 200 h., probably indefinitely, the onset of cracking of material that fractures in about 2 h. in the absence of applied e.m.f. Polarization applied only after crack propagation has begun reduces its rate; propagation ceases immediately if the measured potential of the metal is reduced to ‐ 0.14 v (N‐hydrogen scale), which produces approx. 170 μa./cm.2external current, and after a finite period at slightly less polarization.

Anodic polarization producing external current densities of up to 50 μa./cm.2greatly shortens the induction period and, although scarcely increasing the rate of crack propagation, increases the total number of cracks formed.

The results are in harmony with the electrochemical mechanism of this type of stress‐corrosion cracking. They indicate that cathodic protection may be a promising practical method for its control in suitable cases.
The collection and turbidimetric estimation of sulphur trioxide in flue gases
Authors: Napier D. H. , Stone M. H.
Published: July 2010

Increased precision of the turbidimetric determination of sulphur trioxide has been achieved by making refinements to a published technique and modifications to a commercially available instrument. The method has been improved by more careful control of several variables that affect the turbidity of barium sulphate suspensions. The improved method is applicable to solutions in the concentration range 1–80 mg./l. of sulphur trioxide, with a precision of ±2% in the range 6–80 mg./l. and a lower precision in the range 1–6 mg./l.

A modified apparatus for absorbing sulphur trioxide from the gas sample is also described. This is more effective, more compact, and easier to use than previous arrangements of a similar type.
Reactivity of lime and related oxides. I. Production of calcium oxide
Authors: Glasson D. R.
Published: July 2010

The calcination of calcium hydroxide and of calcium carbonate (precipitated or prepared from calcium oxalate monohydrate) has been studied by determining the changes occurring in the specific surface and lattice structure during each decomposition in vacuo or in air at a series of temperatures up to 900° or 1000°c.

In parallel with earlier observations on calcium hydroxide, the decomposition of the calcium carbonate results in a several‐fold increase in specific surface which is ascribed to the activation of the newly‐formed calcium oxide when it recrystallizes from a pseudo‐lattice of calcium carbonate to very small individual crystals having a more stable lattice structure. The preliminary decomposition of the calcium oxalate, particularly in vacuo at about 450°, produces samples of calcium carbonate of much higher specific surface than that of the precipitated form, but they tend to sinter considerably at higher temperatures before decomposing to calcium oxide. Further calcination after complete decomposition always causes sintering of the calcium oxide, the extent of which is enhanced by increased temperature whether in vacuo or in air.
Reactivity of lime and related oxides. II. Sorption of water vapour on calcium oxide
Authors: Glasson D. R.
Published: July 2010

Calcium oxide samples differing widely in surface activity (specific surface 1 to 100 m.2g.−1) have been hydrated by exposure to water vapour at room temperature.

Although the rates of hydration differ considerably, each sample takes up in chemical combination a stoicheiometric quantity of water but, in further uptake of water by the newly formed calcium hydroxide by physical adsorption, the isotherm gives no ‘stepwise’ evidence of formation of the alleged hemi‐hydrate, Ca(OH)2,0.5H2O.

Changes in surface area and lattice structure during hydration indicate that the most active limes become aged (agglomerated) rapidly in the presence of water vapour, and must be hydrated at very low relative pressures to maintain the same number of crystallites; limes of moderate activity can be hydrated without ageing; the least active limes undergo hydration only when the number of crystallites increases, the necessary fission of the original crystallites being accompanied by slow rates of hydration. Progressive changes in surface area during hydration are related to the volumes of the oxide and hydroxide on the basis that the reaction proceeds inwards from the outside of each particle by an advancing interface mechanism.
The reduction of barytes with hydrogen. I. Kinetic studies in a differential reactor
Authors: Culver R. V. , Hamdorf C. J. , Spooner E. C. R.
Published: July 2010

The reduction of barytes by H2 has been studied at 800°, 900°, 1000° and 1100° in a differential reactor. The reaction rate is markedly temperature‐dependent; it is accelerated by the presence of iron and siliceous impurities in the barytes, but is relatively insensitive to variations in the partial pressure of H2 due to the presence of N2 or water vapour. The available evidence suggests that the rate of reduction is chemically controlled and that the reaction occurring at the BaSO4‐BaS interface depends upon the presence of defects in the BaSO4 lattice. An empirical equation is developed for the experimental rate data at 1100°, use of which may be of value in design work.
The reduction of barytes with hydrogen. II.Kinetic studies in fixed and fluidized beds
Authors: Culver R. V. , Hamdorf C. J. , Spooner E. C. R.
Published: July 2010

In continuation of the work described in the preceding paper, barytes has been reduced in thick beds, both fixed and fluidized. For +14–10‐mesh barytes reduced at 1100°, the reaction rate in a fixed thick bed was predicted from data obtained in a differential reactor; in a fluidized bed the maximum reaction rate observed was 26 × 10‐2 g. of BaSO4/min. g. and values of the coefficient of mass transfer between the continuous and discontinuous phases of the fluidized bed have been calculated on the basis of the two‐phase theory of fluidization; the coefficients (∼60 sec.−1) refer specifically to the system BaSO4‐H2. For +14–10‐mesh barytes reduced at 1000°, the performance of a fixed thick bed fell considerably below that obtained in a differential reactor; the reaction rate in a fluidized bed was favoured by high gas‐flow rates and shallow beds and the data suggest that the reaction rate was depressed by the presence of the products of the reduction process. In the case of +65–48‐mesh barytes reduced in a fluidized bed at 900° and 1000°, the H2 supplied to the reactor was utilized effectively only at the higher temperature, which gave up to 37% utilization.
Some factors influencing the behaviour of bitumen road surfacings
Authors: Dormon G. M. , Jarman A. W.
Published: July 2010

The concept of the stiffness of bitumen (ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain) and methods for its determination are described with special reference to the behaviour of road surfacings under different conditions.

The mechanism of the failure of road surfacings (cracking, deformation under load, and fretting) and factors which may interfere with the expected functions of the mixture (durability and adhesion) are studied in detail.
The composition of ammoniacal liquors. I. Analytical considerations
Authors: Barker L. , Hollingworth N. W.
Published: July 2010

The influence of the source of an ammoniacal liquor on its composition is indicated. Analysis of liquors is discussed with special reference to the determination of amounts of organic constituents. Loss of phenols during analysis by oxidation in alkalis and pitch formation on distillation can be eliminated by using chromatographic separations.
The extraction of inorganic salts from organic solvents by non‐ionic phosphorylated polymers
Authors: Kennedy J.
Published: July 2010

Non‐ionic (fully esterified) phosphorylated polymers such as that from triallyl phosphate, (TAP)*, adsorb uranyl nitrate, cobaltous nitrate, lithium chloride and ferric chloride from solutions of the salts in acetone, acetone‐ether, and alcohol. The distribution coefficients between TAP and acetone are high ( > 10 to > 103 in favour of the polymer), and both ration and anion are equally adsorbed. The salts are probably distributed in accordance with the relative Lewis ‘basicities’ of the resin and liquid phase and the entropy changes in the system following adsorption, and they can be eluted with solvents of equal or greater basicity than (TAP), such as tributyl phosphate, dimethyl‐formamide or aqueous acetone. Adsorption takes place through Werner or addition complex formation between the functional (donor) oxygens in the resin and the metallic component of the salts, and in the case of uranyl nitrate the adsorbed complex is probably UO2(NO3)2,(TAP)2. Phosphine oxide resins have not been synthesised, but the high distributions of uranyl nitrate between tributylphosphine oxide and water is an indication that an analogous polymer would adsorb uranyl nitrate from water. Advantages of non‐ionic resins are rapid removal of cation and anion in one stage from solvents, and subsequent ease of regeneration compared with conventional ion exchangers.
The adsorption of cations by ionic phosphorylated polymers
Authors: Kennedy J. , Davies R. V. , Small H. , Robinson B. K.
Published: July 2010

A preliminary investigation of the adsorption properties of ionic diallyl phosphate polymers has been conducted. Sodium diallyl phosphate polymer (NaDAP), separates hexavalent uranium (UO22+) quantitatively from alkaline earths (Ca and Sr), ferric and divalent elements of the first transitional period, aluminium and lanthanides dissolved together in a 2% w/v solution of disodium ethylene‐diaminetetra‐acetate. Unlike in quantitative separations of uranium from other cations by anion exchangers, the presence of sulphuric acid and the reduction of ferric to ferrous ion is not essential with NaDAP, and nitrate, chloride or perchlorate anions do not interfere. Elution of the adsorbed uranium is conducted with a solution of sodium carbonate. Separation from thorium and fission product β‐activity (after 96 hours' decay) under similar conditions was 91% and 92% respectively. The adsorption sequence for the resin is Th4+ > Fe3+ > UO22+ > La3+ > Cu2+ > Ca2+ > Na. From analogy with complexes formed with dibutyl phosphate and the high affinity of the resin for polyvalent cations it appears that these are adsorbed through the formation of stable foru‐membered ring complexes with the resin functional groups. An equivalent of acid is liberated for each equivalent of uranyl and ferric ion adsorbed by acid diallyl phosphate polymer (HDAP).
Intergranular corrosion of duralumin: Correlation of laboratory and service behaviour
Authors: Schafer G. J. , Marshall T. , Todd H. J.
Published: July 2010

An accelerated test for susceptibility to intergranular corrosion has been applied to a number of aluminium‐copper alloys whose service corrosion behaviour is known. In all cases, where intergranular corrosion occurred in service, the samples showed the same type of corrosion in the test solution. There was good correlation between the type of attack in the test solution and the K value (ml./cm.2/min.2) relating the volume of gas evolved in the test and the square of the time of effective attack. Factors which affect service performance are discussed.
The effect of particle size on the firedamp ignitions occurring with simple nitroglycerine/salt mixtures. I. The stemmed test
Authors: Dolan J. E.
Published: July 2010

Explosives consisting solely of 15% or 20% of ‘C′ nitroglycerine (containing 20% of nitroglycol) on sodium chloride have been prepared using sodium chloride of different specific surfaces and ranging in particle size from 10 to 1000μ. The safety of these explosives in firedamp when fired from a shothole and stemmed with one clay plug, as in the Home Office test for permitted explosives, has been examined. It has been found that the ignition hazard is dependent on the particle size of salt used. Provided that the salt is fine enough, no ignitions are observed.
Automatic titrimetry: A simple apparatus for recording full scale potentiometric titrations
Authors: Haslam J. , Squirrell D. G. M.
Published: July 2010

A simple apparatus is described for the recording of full scale potentiometric titrations. It consists of three essential parts: (1) an injection delivery system which delivers titrant at a definite rate; (2) a system indicating pH or e.m.f. change produced by the titrant and (3) a recorder. Examples are given of the use of the apparatus in conventional potentiometric titrations.
Electrical measurements of immersed paint coatings on metal. II. Effect of osmotic pressure and ionic concentration of solution on paint breakdown
Authors: Brasher D. M. , Nurse T. J.
Published: July 2010

Electrical capacitance and electrode potential measurements have been used to study the behaviour of painted steel panels immersed in solutions of sucrose, of sodium chloride and other electrolytes, and in sea water.

The water uptake of the paint in the early stages of immersion depends only on the osmotic pressure of the solution. The time to reach breakdown of the paint in sodium chloride solutions depends primarily on water uptake and secondarily on ionic concentration. The time to reach breakdown in sea water is considerably greater than that in sodium chloride solutions of similar ionic concentration. Corrosion rate after breakdown is primarily a function of the anodic‐cathodic pore resistance, which is related to the electrolytic conductivity of the ambient solution; it is decreased in concentrated solutions by diminishing oxygen solubility. A mechanism of the course of paint breakdown is suggested.
Investigations on organo‐tin compounds. X. The addition of organo‐tin hydrides to carbon‐carbon unsaturated compounds
Authors: Van Kerk G. J. M. Der , Noltes J. C.
Published: July 2010

Reactions of organo‐tin hydrides with carbon‐carbon unsaturated compounds are described, viz. the addition of organo‐tin monohydrides to (1) olefinic compounds, (2) diolefinic compounds and (3) acetylenic compounds, and of (4) organo‐tin di‐ and tri‐hydrides to olefinic compounds.

Thirty‐six new organo‐tin compounds, most of them containing functional substituents, have been prepared.
The reversible and irreversible thickening of stirred partially fused mixtures of RDX and TNT
Authors: Williamson W. O.
Published: July 2010

Concentrated suspensions of RDX in molten TNT thickened progressively when slowly stirred. The thickening was partly irreversible and accompanied recrystallisation of the RDX. Immobilisation of liquid would be more effective if adjacent grains have plane faces between which it can occur; recrystallisation produced or extended such faces and hence caused increased consistency.

The major part of the over‐all thickening was reversible, i.e. increased stirring speeds caused the thickened mixture to become thin again. The reversible thickening was accompanied by the formation of RDX‐aggregates on the paddles of the stirrer and their resistance to subsequent distintegration on entering the zone of shearing between the paddle‐tips and the wall of the container. These aggregates, although relatively poorer in interstitial liquid, could increase consistency because they immobilised liquid between them in this zone until disintegrated. Such immobilisation was indicated by the progressively larger sedimentation volumes given by RDX aggregates deposited from RDX/TNT slurries of increasing consistency.
Comparison of the Fries and Friedel‐Crafts reactions
Authors: Cullinane N. M. , Edwards B. F. R.
Published: July 2010

A comparative study of the Fries rearrangement of aromatic esters and Friedel‐Crafts reaction between acyl chlorides and phenols as catalysed by aluminium chloride or titanium tetrachloride, shows that substantially similar yields of hydroxyaryl ketones result. In most of the reactions examined the aluminium halide was found to be the more powerful catalyst and it gave a higher ratio of p‐ to o‐hydroxyaryl ketones. When the reactions were carried out in presence of such solvents as nitrobenzene and ethylene dichloride, the more polar nitrobenzene yielded a higher para/ortho ratio of products and proved to be more active.
Measurement of the surface area of tridymite
Authors: Wheatley K.
Published: July 2010

The specific surface of tridymite samples in the size range 0.5‐40 μ has been determined by gas‐adsorption (with nitrogen and krypton as adsorbates), and by air permeability and microscopy. The results, together with those from X‐ray diffraction studies, suggest that tridymite in contrast to quartz has neither a fine external surface nor an ‘amorphous’ layer. Specific surface values determined by nitrogen adsorption and by krypton adsorption are in better agreement when the krypton atom is assigned a value of 19.5Å2 rather than the calculated value.

It is concluded that the dissolution of silica and of its easily soluble surface layer play a very insignificant role in silicosis. Unetched tridymite has greater fibrogenic activity than unetched quartz.
The hydration of tricalcium and β‐dicalcium silicates in pastes under normal and steam curing conditions
Authors: Buckle E. R. , Taylor H. F. W.
Published: July 2010

Pastes of tricalcium silicate (C3S)* and β‐dicalcium silicate (β‐C2S) have been cured at various temperatures mainly in the range 18–200°. Over the whole of this range, C3S reacts more quickly than β‐C2S, giving initially a matrix composed of very badly crystallised material related to tobermorite, mixed with Ca(OH)2. With C3S at about 50° and above, other compounds are also formed, crystallising usually, if not always, from this matrix, and replacing it completely at the higher temperatures. C2 α‐hydrate is thus formed at 130–200°, and C3H1.5 in two distinct ranges, 50–170° and 190–500°. Above 300°, calcio‐chondrodite (C2.5SH0.5) is also formed. With β‐C2S pastes at all temperatures below 200° the initial product is similarly a matrix of tobermoritic material, but little or no Ca(OH)2 is formed. C2 α‐hydrate crystallises from this matrix at 120–180°, but no C3SH1.5 is formed. Dehydration isobars afforded tentative quantitative phase analyses for several cured pastes. The Ca/Si ratio estimated for the tobermoritic material in C3S pastes cured at room temperature is about 1.7.
Studies on the hydrolysis of sodium aluminate solutions. XVIII. The effect of the presence of the starch on the decomposition of sodium aluminate solutions with seeding
Authors: Sato Taichi
Published: July 2010

Three kinds of starch, viz., white potato, maize and wheat were added in the dry state to sodium aluminate solutions, and the solutions decomposed by seeding with hydrargillite. The decomposition rates were compared. Although starch added in the dry state always acts to promote the decomposition, the order of the effect is: white potato, maize and wheat (least). White potato starch gelatinised by boiling in water, does not promote decomposition.

From these experiments, it is inferred that the presence of starch is undesirable in the process of seeding decomposition of sodium aluminate solution, because, although starch promotes the decomposition initially, it may retard it if the starch molecule is changed in industrial processes such as concentration.
Investigations on organo‐tin compounds. XIII
Authors: Van Kerk G. J. M. Der , Noltes J. G.
Published: July 2010

Whereas in α‐substituted organo‐tin nitriles and esters the functionally substituted group is easily removed from the tin atom, it appears that groups in which the substituent occupies a β‐position or beyond with respect to the tin atom are very resistant to tin‐carbon bond cleavage. With compounds containing groups of the latter type, the reactions studied result in rapid cleavage of unsubstituted aryl or alkyl groups.

Various organo‐tin halides containing alkyl groups substituted in the β‐position or beyond are described.
Alkali metal derivatives of sucrose. I. Preparation of sodium sucrates
Authors: Arni P. C. , Black W. A. P. , Dewar E. T. , Paterson J. C. , Rutherford D.
Published: July 2010

Sodium derivatives of sucrose have been prepared in a number of solvents. Reactions with sodium in pyridine and morpholine at 110° give products which are not true substitution derivatives but analyse more closely to sodium‐hydroxide‐addition compounds containing varying amounts of solvent. In liquid ammonia, sucrose reacts with sodium at ‐−33° to give true sodium sucrates, C12H22‐xO11Nax, provided extreme care is taken to exclude moisture at all stages in the preparation. Monosodium sucrate is a crystalline material containing one molecule of ammonia, but the higher sucrates are white, hygroscopic powders containing very little ammonia. Sucrates can also be prepared with sodamide in liquid ammonia, and this method is suitable for highly substituted derivatives up to the heptasodium derivative. Two methods are described for the estimation of sucrose in sodium derivatives.
The impregnation of timber by water‐borne preservatives. I. General survey
Authors: Belford D. S. , Preston R. D. , Cook C. D. , Nevard E. H.
Published: July 2010

Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga taxifolia) timber impregnated with ‘Tanalith’ C (a copper–chrome–arsenic water‐borne preservative) has been examined by optical microscopy, polarisation microscopy, X‐ray diffraction analysis and electron microscopy including electron diffraction analysis. It has been established that the preservative material is situated within the cell wall. A sub‐microscopic deposit of random groups of crystals (presumably basic salts) is distributed irregularly throughout the wall, while a proportion at least of the metallic components of the preservative combine with the cellulose in the cell wall to form a metal‐cellulose complex.
The infra‐red and ultra‐violet spectra of ethyl‐nitrolic acid and its sodium salt
Authors: Morgan D. J.
Published: July 2010

Various spectra of ethyInitrolic acid and its sodium salt are recorded: from these it is concluded that the molecule contains a nitro and an azomethine group. Three products of decomposition of the latter are identified as sodium nitrite, sodium acetate and nitrous oxide.
Improved syntheses in the pyrimidine series. VI. 4‐amino‐3‐methyl‐5‐nitro‐2‐pyrimidone and some of its purine and pteridine derivatives
Authors: Brown D. J.
Published: July 2010

A direct route from nitroacetonitrile to 3‐methyl‐5‐nitrocytosine (II; R=NO2) is described. This led to the preparation of the long‐sought 5‐amino‐3‐methylcytosine and the purines and pteridines derivable from it. The structure of the nitro compound was rigorously confirmed by comparison with other isomers and by conversion (after reduction of the nitro group) into 1‐methy1–2‐pteridone, its 6:7‐dimethyl derivative, and into 8‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐2‐purinone. Isomers corresponding to these were prepared independently for comparison. Attempted conversion with carbon disulphide and pyridine, into 8‐mercapto‐3‐methyl‐2‐purinone however gave a rearranged product, shown to be 2‐hydroxy‐8‐mercapto‐9‐methylpurine by unambiguous synthesis. Ultra‐violet spectra and ionisation constants are tabulated.
The high‐frequency conductimetric titration of weak acids
Authors: Jamieson G. R.
Published: July 2010

The determination of phenols, enols and imides in aqueous solution using a high‐frequency titrimeter is described. Satisfactory results are obtained by direct titration with alkali and also by adding an excess of alkali and back‐titration with acid. Application to di‐ and tri‐hydric phenols is discussed.
Reactions of boron carbide and other boron compounds with carbon dioxide
Authors: Davies M. W. , Phennah P. J.
Published: July 2010

In the reaction of boron‐containing materials with carbon dioxide, most of them oxidise quite rapidly to form boron oxide, which itself reacts to give a volatile boron compound. The major part of the work concerns boron carbide, and the effects of temperature, pressure and additions of water vapour and carbon monoxide have been considered. Other materials investigated are ZrB2, TiB2, CrB2, BN, BSi9 and elemental boron.
The ternary systems with ethylene glycol
Authors: Samuel T. , Laddha G. S.
Published: July 2010

Solubility data and equilibrium phase compositions were measured at 30° for ternary liquid systems composed of ethylene glycol and water with isobutyraldehyde, triethylamine and cyclo‐hexanol. The equilibrium results indicate that the glycol remains preferentially in the water layer with each of the solvents named, as in the case of alcohols, furfural, and ethyl methyl ketone previously studied. The method of Othmer & Tobias has been applied to correlate the tie‐line data.
Effect of phosphate and ferric ions on the extraction of thorium by 40% tri‐n‐butyl phosphate‐xylene
Authors: Menzies I. A.
Published: July 2010

The partition coefficient for thorium between a thorium‐rare earth nitrate solution and a 40% v/v mixture of tri‐n‐butyl phosphate and xylene decreases as the phosphate concentration in the aqueous phase increases. The addition of excess of ferric nitrate gives a complex with the phosphate and facilitates the extraction of thorium. Precipitation of phosphate occurs at pH <1 in solutions containing ∼ 15 g./litre of phosphate (asP2O5), but addition of iron prevents precipitation of phosphate at pH <1 in solutions containing up to 44 g./litre of phosphate (as P2O5).
Alkali metal derivatives of sucrose. II. Condensation of sodium sucrates with organic halogen compounds
Authors: Black W. A. P. , Dewar E. T. , Paterson J. C. , Rutherford D.
Published: July 2010

Sodium sucrates have been investigated as a means of preparing sucrose derivatives from organic halogen compounds. No reaction has been effected with monosodium sucrate and methyl iodide, and this has been attributed to the presence of ammonia or sodamide in the sucrate. A product approximating in composition to a tetra‐O‐allyl sucrose has been obtained in 50% yield from trisodium sucrate and allyl chloride at 122°; allyl sucrose has also been prepared from hexasodium sucrate. Mono., tri‐, penta‐ and hepta‐sodium sucrate react with epichlorohydrin at 135° to give in quantitative yield highly cross‐linked insoluble polymers of the epoxide resin type; mixtures of sucrose and sodium sucrate also give insoluble polymers.

Methoxymethyl sucrose, soluble in water and organic solvents, has been prepared from chloromethyl methyl ether and pentasodium sucrate at 15°. Ethylene dichloride reacts with trisodium sucrate at 122–135° but sucrose is the major product formed. o‐Chloronitrobenzene does not react.

The reactivity of pentasodium sucrate towards a range of organic compounds has been assessed under mild conditions in the presence of dimethoxyethane: (a) alkyl and aryl chlorides in general do not react at 70–75°, but crotyl chloride is an exception and crotyl sucrose has been prepared in 62% yield; (b) acid chlorides and simple acid anhydrides react readily and 15 crude sucrose esters have been prepared and their solubilities estimated. Terephthaloyl sucrose is a polymer. Complex reactions occur with triphenylmethyl chloride, picryl chloride, 2: 4‐dichlorophenoxyacetyl chloride, a‐chloroacetophenone and ethyl mercuric chloride.
The absorption of radiant heat by fire‐fighting foam
Authors: Thomas P. H.
Published: July 2010

Measurements of the resistance of fire‐fighting foams to radiant heat which have previously been reported are discussed in terms of the reflectivity of foam. It is possible to obtain a simple correlation for most of the data which is in reasonable agreement with a calculated correlation.
Polarisation of nickel and aluminium in neutral solutions
Authors: Greenblatt J. H. , Levy E. M.
Published: July 2010

The cathodic polarisation of nickel, aluminium, nickel‐aluminium alloy (2% nickel) and aluminium nickel‐plated with AI/Ni–1:1 and 10:1 under conditions of hydrogen evolution was studied at various temperatures in 3.17% IiCl solution. The results indicate a decrease in polarisation on alloying or plating with nickel, a decrease in polarisation with increasing temperature for nickel and an increase for aluminium under the same conditions. The results are discussed in terms of their effects on the corrosion resistance of aluminium alloys in water at elevated temperatures.
A solvent method for recovering cutback and penetration‐grade bitumens from road mixtures
Authors: Green E. H. , Gough C. M.
Published: July 2010

A comprehensive method is outlined for the recovery of all bitumen binders used in road construction. The method has the advantage that the same apparatus and procedure can be employed for all binders, and it can be used for the recovery of cutback bitumen which has lost an unknown proportion of its flux oil.

A filtered or centrifuged carbon disulphide solution of the binder to be recovered is distilled under standardised conditions. Last traces of solvent are removed under vacuum while a slow stream of carbon dioxide gas is passed through the liquid.

The following precision limits have been established for the combined recovery and subsequent measurement of viscosity:.

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The correlation of explosive power with molecular structure
Authors: Martin A. R. , Yallop H. J.
Published: July 2010

The relationship of oxygen balance to explosive power as measured by the ballistic mortar has been studied empirically. Starting from the modified oxygen balance developed by the authors for detonation velocity calculations, a numerical measure called the ‘power index’ has been derived which correlates closely the features of molecular structure with the power values. Explosive power has also been expressed as an additive function of details of molecular structure. This has been made the basis of a method whereby power values may he derived which agree with experimental results to about 5% and which provides a rapid alternative to the thermochemical calculations which result from normal theoretical treatment.
Mass transfer from circulating liquid drops
Authors: Garner F. H. , Foord A. , Tayeban M.
Published: July 2010

Mass‐transfer coefficients for partially miscible binary liquid–liquid systems have been measured from single drops. Four systems were studied, furfural‐water, water‐isobutanol, water‐ethyl acetate and benzyl alcohol‐water; the drop phase is the first mentioned and the drops were saturated with the other phase. These systems have low interfacial tensions and the drops circulate internally. Circulation will reduce the boundary layer thickness from that for a solid sphere towards that for a gas bubble or a sphere in potential flow and correspondingly affect the index of the Schmidt number. The mass transfer for circulating drops should correlate with Re1/2. Sc1/2 and for stagnant drops with Re1/2.Sc1/2. The present systems are intermediate in character, approximating to Re1/2. Sc0.42.

The results are higher than those from spray columns and appear to represent the maximum mass‐transfer rates obtainable from droplets in free motion.
Pyrolysis of melamine
Authors: May H.
Published: July 2010

The pyrolysis of melamine has been studied within the temperature range 200°–500°. The results indicate three stages of decomposition with the loss of one, two and three molecules of ammonia per two molecules of melamine corresponding to the formation of melam, melem and melon, respectively.