bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies in English Language
Authors: Halliday M. A. K.
Published: March 2015

This is the seventh volume in the Collected Works of Professor M. A. K. Halliday: Studies in English Language. Topics covered in the papers from the section on "Theoretical foundations" include transitivity, theme-rhyme, mood, and modality in English. Other sections include papers on English intonation and grammar including discussion of word order in English and the complex structures typical of informal spontaneous conversation. The grammatical analyses of English also serve to demonstrate the application of linguistics to language teaching.

“This is a fascinating volume, which is mainly devoted to Michael Halliday's thinking in the 1960s. The collection includes articles ranging from detailed innovative proposals for a description of intonation that would allow it to be incorporated into the grammar, through an ambitious re-orientation of the focus of grammatical description at a time when Systemic Grammar was emerging from Scale and Category, to a much later small-scale corpus investigation of the grammar of pain. Together they illustrate Halliday's continuing intellectual enthusiasm and openness to new linguistic trends, even though his own development has always been by accretion, rather than revolution. So, the reader is fascinated to discover how much of the early work has been retained, often in a considerably modified form, in the 21st century version of Systemic Functional Grammar.” - Malcolm Coulthard, Professor of English Language and Linguistics, University of Birmingham, UK
Validation of GOME-2/MetOp-A total water vapour column using reference radiosonde data from the GRUAN network
Authors: Antón M. , Loyola D. , Román R. , Vömel H.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. The main goal of this paper is to validate the total water vapour column (TWVC) measured by the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) satellite sensor and generated using the GOME Data Processor (GDP) retrieval algorithm developed by the German Aerospace Centre (DLR). For this purpose, spatially and temporally collocated TWVC data from highly accurate sounding measurements for the period January 2009–May 2014 at six sites are used. These balloon-borne data are provided by the GCOS Reference Upper-Air Network (GRUAN). The correlation between GOME-2 and sounding TWVC data is reasonably good (determination coefficient, R2, of 0.89) when all available radiosondes (1400) are employed in the inter-comparison. When cloud-free cases (544) are selected by means of the satellite cloud fraction (CF < 5%), the correlation exhibits a remarkable improvement (R2 ~ 0.95). Nevertheless, the analysis of the relative differences between GOME-2 and GRUAN data shows a mean absolute bias error (weighted with the combined uncertainty derived from the estimated errors of both data sets) of 15% for all-sky conditions (9% for cloud-free cases). These results evidence a notable bias in the satellite TWVC data against the reference balloon-borne measurements, partially related to the cloudy conditions during the satellite overpass. The detailed analysis of the influence of cloud properties – CF, cloud top albedo (CTA) and cloud top pressure (CTP) – on the satellite-sounding differences reveals, as expected, a large effect of clouds in the GOME-2 TWVC data. For instance, the relative differences exhibit a large negative dependence on CTA, varying from −6 to −23% when CTA rises from 0.3 to 0.8. Furthermore, the satellite-sounding TWVC differences show a strong dependence on the satellite solar zenith angle (SZA) for values above 50°. Hence the smallest relative differences found in this satellite-sounding comparison are achieved for those cloud-free cases with satellite SZA below 50°. Finally, the relative differences also show a negative dependence on the reference TWVC values, e.g. changing from +10% (TWVC below 10 mm) to −10% (TWVC above 40 mm) when cloud-free conditions with SZA below 50° are selected. Overall, relative differences within ±10% with respect to reference sounding data for a large range of TWVC values can be considered as a good result for satellite retrievals.
Modelled glacier equilibrium line altitudes during the mid-Holocene in the southern mid-latitudes
Authors: Bravo C. , Rojas M. , Anderson B. M. , Mackintosh A. N. , Sagredo E. , Moreno P. I.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Glacier behaviour during the mid-Holocene (MH, 6000 year BP) in the Southern Hemisphere provides observational data to constrain our understanding of the origin and propagation of palaeo-climatic signals. We examine the climatic forcing of glacier expansion in the MH by evaluating modelled glacier equilibrium line altitude (ELA) and climate conditions during the MH compared with pre-industrial time (PI, year 1750) in the mid latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere, specifically in Patagonia and the South Island of New Zealand. Climate conditions for the MH are obtained from PMIP2 models simulations, which in turn force a simple glacier mass balance model to simulate changes in equilibrium-line altitude during this period. Climate conditions during the MH show significantly (p ≤ 0.05) colder temperatures in summer, autumn and winter, and significantly (p ≤ 0.05) warmer temperatures in spring. These changes are a consequence of insolation differences between the two periods. Precipitation does not show significant changes, but exhibits a temporal pattern with less precipitation from August to September and more precipitation from October to April during the MH. In response to these climatic changes, glaciers in both analysed regions have an ELA that is 15–33 m lower than PI during the MH. The main causes of this difference are the colder temperature during the MH, reinforcing previous results that mid-latitude glaciers are more sensitive to temperature change compared to precipitation changes. Differences in temperature have a dual effect on mass balance. First, during summer and early autumn less energy is available for melting. Second in late autumn and winter, lower temperatures cause more precipitation to fall as snow rather than rain, resulting in more accumulation and higher surface albedo. For these reasons, we postulate that the modelled ELA changes, although small, may help to explain larger glacier extents observed in the mid Holocene in both South America and New Zealand.
Reply to D. L. Peters' Comment on "Streamflow input to Lake Athabasca, Canada" by Rasouli et al. (2013)
Authors: Rasouli K. , Hernández-Henríquez M. A. , Déry S. J.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. This paper provides a reply to a comment from Peters (2014) on our recent effort focused on evaluating changes in streamflow input to Lake Athabasca, Canada. Lake Athabasca experienced a 21.2% decline in streamflow input between 1960 and 2010 that has led to a marked decline in its water levels in recent decades. A reassessment of trends in naturalized Lake Athabasca water levels shows insignificant changes from our previous findings reported in Rasouli et al. (2013), and hence our previous conclusions remain unchanged. The reply closes with recommendations for future research to minimize uncertainties in historical assessments of trends in Lake Athabasca water levels and to better project its future water levels driven by climate change and anthropogenic activities in the Athabasca Lake basin.
Instaseis: instant global seismograms based on a broadband waveform database
Authors: van Driel M. , Krischer L. , Stähler S. C. , Hosseini K. , Nissen-Meyer T.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. We present a new method and implementation (Instaseis) to store global Green's functions in a database which allows for near-instantaneous (on the order of milliseconds) extraction of arbitrary seismograms. Using the axisymmetric spectral element method (AxiSEM), the generation of these databases, based on reciprocity of the Green's functions, is very efficient and is approximately half as expensive as a single AxiSEM forward run. Thus, this enables the computation of full databases at half the cost of the computation of seismograms for a single source in the previous scheme and allows to compute databases at the highest frequencies globally observed. By storing the basis coefficients of the numerical scheme (Lagrange polynomials), the Green's functions are 4th order accurate in space and the spatial discretization respects discontinuities in the velocity model exactly. High order temporal interpolation using Lanczos resampling allows to retrieve seismograms at any sampling rate. AxiSEM is easily adaptable to arbitrary 1-D models or other spherical objects such as Mars. In this paper, we present the basic rationale and details of the method as well as benchmarks and illustrate a variety of applications. The code is open source and available with extensive documentation at http://www.instaseis.net.
Elschnig's Spots in the Acute and Remission Stages in Preeclampsia: Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomographic Features
Authors: AlTalbishi Ala'a , Khateb Samer , Amer Radgonde
Published: March 2015

Purpose

Preeclampsia is a multisystem disorder defined as new onset of hypertension and proteinuria during the second half of pregnancy. Serous retinal detachment (SRD) is a known complication of preeclampsia caused by choroidal ischemia and subsequent disruption of blood-retinal barrier. Poor perfusion of the choriocapillaris causes Elschnig's spots. We aim to describe distinctive optical coherence tomography (OCT) features of a cluster of Elschnig's spots in a patient with severe preeclampsia during the acute and remission stages. We also present a summary of OCT features of preeclampsia patients with SRD.

Methods

Descriptive case report.

Results

V-shaped adhesions were observed at the location of each of the Elschnig's spots, the center of which showed disruption of the outer retinal bands (external limiting membrane, inner segment/outer segment junction layer), and the V-shaped outer parts remained tethered to retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)-Bruch's complex by hyperreflective exudate on the surface of RPE. These features parallel the histopathologic features described earlier. In an experimental model, Elschnig's spots showed a gradient of RPE damage from the center to the periphery, where RPE was necrotic in the center and edematous in the periphery. Three months later, spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT) showed focal RPE elevations at the location of each of the Elschnig's spots.

Conclusions

We illustrate the distinctive SD-OCT features of a cluster of Elschnig's spots in the acute and chronic stages of preeclampsia and demonstrate the correlation with the previously described histopathologic features. Despite the favorable visual outcome, irreversible tissue damage may occur, necessitating prompt diagnosis and immediate therapeutic intervention.
ABCA1 Expression in Macrophages of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Patients with Severe Infection Undergoing Continuous Blood Purification
Authors: Dong Xiu-Juan , Zhang Zhi-Min , Zhao Xiao-Wu , Wu Fan
Published: March 2015

Background

Excessive activation of the inflammatory mediator cascade after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) in patients is associated with high mortality. Many studies have shown that continuous blood purification (CBP) could improve the prognosis of allo-HSCT patients with severe infection. However, the exact mechanism remains unclear. The aim of this study was to observe the effect of CBP on the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) in macrophages, and to investigate the interventional effects of CBP on serum cytokine in allo-HSCT patients with severe infection.

Methods

A total of 26 allo-HSCT patients with severe infection were included in this study. Before CBP and after CBP, blood samples were collected to observe hepatic and renal function, and the serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-10 were detected via ELISA. The THP-1 macrophages were exposed to serum samples obtained from patients at specific time points during CBP to test the changes of ABCA1 in macrophages by real-timePCR and Western blotting.

Results

Serum creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, and C reaction protein (CRP) levels decreased significantly after CBP. Moreover, TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 serum levels decreased significantly, but IL-10 level increased significantly after CBP ( P<.05). After CBP, ABCA1 expression levels were higher than those before CBP, and ABCA1 expression was significantly increased with the supplementation of CBP ( P<.05).

Conclusions

CBP improved the condition of allo-HSCT patients with severe infection. CBP may be a potent up-regulator of the ABCA1 levels in macrophages of allo-HSCT patients with severe infection.
Contributing Factors for a Late Spontaneous Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter Migration: A Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Beccaria Paolo , Silvetti Simona , Mucci Milena , Battini Ivana , Brambilla Paola , Zangrillo Alberto
Published: March 2015

Purpose

Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) are associated with some adverse events, the most frequent are thrombosis, tip catheter malposition and spontaneous late migration. However, the cause of spontaneous late migration in most cases remains unknown. We carried out this study to add data to the literature on PICCs late spontaneous migration.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review of all manuscripts describing PICC spontaneous late migration in adult populations and we also described two cases of late PICCs migration.

Results

We identified five studies for a total of 58 cases of PICC late migration. In our two cases, patients' activity is an important contributing factor for late spontaneous PICC migration.

Conclusions

To avoid late catheter misplacement, initial malposition should be immediately identified and promptly corrected and a detailed patients training should be carried out.
The Palace versus the Home
Authors: Greenfield Tina L.
Published: March 2015

Until recently, efforts to understand the social dynamics of early Near Eastern empires traditionally focused on cuneiform texts, which disproportionately represent the elite. This article presents newly collected zooarchaeological data from the Neo-Assyrian provincial capital of Tušḫan (Ziyaret Tepe) to demonstrate how social dynamics and status differences can be identified within urban settlements, and it highlights differences in the availability and access to animal resources between two socially distinct areas. The integration of this data with the study of ancient empires allows for a more complete understanding of the relationship between social dynamics and provisioning strategies in early Near Eastern empires.
الحوسبة السحابية: مفهومها وتطبيقاتها في مجال المكتبات ومراكز المعلومات
Authors: كلو صباح محمد
Published: March 2015

في سرعات الانترنت المتاحة للمستخدمين اتجهت العديد من المؤسسات إلي إتاحة تطبيقاتها للاستخدام من خلال شبكة الانترنت بما يعرف اليوم باسم الحوسبة السحابية ( Cloud computing )، حيث أتاحت هذه التقنية لمستخدميها مميزات اضافية كثيرة, منها: توفير النفقات و إتاحة الخدمات المعلوماتية لقطاع اكبر من المستفيدين, كما انها توفر للمستفيد ومؤسسات المعلومات امكانية تخزين المعلومات ومعالجتها وتناقلها والتشارك بها من اي مكان وفي اي وقت دون الالتزام باستخدام الحاسب الشخصي وانما يتم انجاز جميع هذه الاجراءات ( التخزين , المعالجة , التناقل والمشاركة) في سيرفرات خارجية متاحة على سحابة الانترنت مع ضمان امن هذه المعلومات والحفاظ عليها من تجاوزات الهاكرز او الفيروسات.لم تكن المكتبات ومراكز المعلومات في منأى عن الاستفادة من تلك التقنيات فاتجهت العديد منها إلي الاشتراك في مشاريع الحوسبة التي أتيحت من خلال بعض المؤسسات التي تخصص خدماتها للمكتبات مثل مشروع Dura Cloud (خفاجة,2010).تتناول هذه الدراسة مفهوم الحوسبة السحابية واهدافها ومكوناتها, كما تتناول عددا من تطبيقاها في مجال المكتبات ومراكز المعلومات وبيان المؤسسات المعلوماتية العالمية التي توفر خدمات الحوسبة السحابية وطبيعة الخدمات التي تقدمها هذه المؤسسات
Recorregut de recerca geològica i mineralògica per les comarques de la Plana Alta i de l´Alt Millars: des de Ribesalbes a Fanzara, Toga, Cirat i a Montanejos
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim , Vilaltella Farràs Jaume
Published: March 2015

Itinerari realitzat el dia 1 de maig del 2014. Aquest itinerari geològic i mineralògic, discorrerà íntegrament dintre del Sistema Ibèric. Tot i trobar-se lluny de la denominada Zona d´Enllaç, es troba sovint afectada per fractures de direcció catalana. De fet, la totalitat del recorregut es situarà dintre dels denominats relleus triàsics de Sagunt (Oriol RIBA et altri, 1976). Així, en la major part dels trajectes anirem trobant afloraments dels diferents materials mesozoics. Aquests es distribueixen segons els indrets entre el Triàsic, el Juràssic i el Cretàcic. Els materials triàsics que trobarem al llarg del recorregut, pertanyen majoritàriament al Keuper, als trams guixosos i argilosos del Triàsic Superior. Per d´altra banda, els materials juràssics que trobem en aquesta zona són majoritàriament calcaris i descansen sobre la discontinuïtat generada al fina del Triàsic. El mateix es pot dir dels afloraments cretàcics que anirem trobant al llarg del recorregut. Allí on trobem materials de Juràssic i del Cretaci són freqüents els fenòmens d’erosió per carstificació del substrat, això condiciona la formació de congostos i relleus molt escarpats deguts a l’enfonsament d’antigues cavitats càrstiques. Per d’altra banda, al llarg del recorregut d´aquest itinerari ens centrarem en el reconeixement de diferents mineralitzacions, que anirem trobant a diferents indrets del recorregut.
Recorregut de recerca geològica i mineralògica per la comarca valenciana de l´Alt Millars i per l´aragonesa de Gúdar - Javalambre: des de Montanejos a Olba i a Rubielos de Mora
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim , Vilaltella Farràs Jaume
Published: March 2015

Itinerari realitzat el dia 1 de maig del 2014. Aquest itinerari geològic i mineralògic, discorrerà íntegrament dintre del Sistema Ibèric. Així, anirem trobant estructures d´arrumbament ESE – ONO per arreu; tot i així, trobarem fractures de direcció “catalana”, NNE – SSO que tallaran a les anteriors, malgrat trobar-nos força lluny de la denominada zona d´Enllaç. Part del recorregut es situarà dintre dels denominats relleus triàsics de Sagunt (Oriol RIBA et altri, 1976). Tot i així, poc a poc ens anirem endinsant dintre dels sectors anomenats com a muntanyam de Castelló. Així, en la major part dels trajectes anirem trobant afloraments dels diferents materials mesozoics. Aquests es distribueixen segons els indrets entre el Triàsic, el Juràssic i el Cretàcic. Per d´altra banda, en aquest recorregut, anirem circulant prop del riu Millars / Mijares, remuntant-lo des Montanejos fins més enllà d´Olba, passant de la comarca de l´Alt Millars / Alto Mijares a la comarca aragonesa de Gúdar – Javalambre. Posteriorment, en anar cap a Rubielos de Mora, circularem per la vall del riu Mora, afluent del Millars.
Recorregut de recerca geològica per les comarques de l´Alcalatén i de l´Alt Millars: des de Llucena a Argelita, Lludient, Castillo de Villamalefa i a Cedraman
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim , Vilaltella Farràs Jaume
Published: March 2015

Itinerari realitzat el dia 2 de maig del 2014. Aquest itinerari es desenvoluparà íntegrament per una de les unitats geològiques que constitueixen el País Valencià: concretament per la que ocupa la major part de la seva superfície, per la Serralada Ibèrica (i dintre d´aquesta pels sectors denominats Muntanyam de Castelló, d´acord amb el treball d´Oriol RIBA (1976). Igualment, el recorregut s´inclou dintre d´aquesta unitat geològica d´acord amb el treball de GUIMERÀ et altri (1992). També xal dir que per aquests sectors es presenten alineacions clarament ibèriques (NW-SE o WNW-ESE). Aquest conjunt, es troba constituït majoritàriament per relleus mesozoics (fonamentalment pertanyents al Cretàcic i al Juràssic), de naturalesa calcària, com succeeix al propi cim del Penyagolosa l´indret considerat com al més alt del País Valencià, tot i que el Calderó (situat al Racó d’Ademús, fronterer amb l´Aragó, és uns 50 m més alt). Per d´altra banda, aquest recorregut es desenvoluparà a traves de dos comarques de les que constitueixen el País Valencià (un a la Regió de Castelló i l´altra a la de Segorbe / Sogorb). Així, el recorregut començarà a la de l´Alcalatén, a la població de Llucena, per a finalitzar a Villahermosa del Río, dintre de la comarca de l´Alt Millars / Alto Mijares.
Recerca geològica i mineralògica per les comarques de l´Alt Palància: Azuébar a Xóvar i Eslida
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim , Vilaltella Farràs Jaume
Published: March 2015

Itinerari realitzat el dia 6 de desembre del 2013. Aquest itinerari geològic i mineralògic, discorrerà íntegrament dintre del Sistema Ibèric. Tot i així, malgrat trobar-se força lluny de la denominada Zona d´Enllaç, encara es troba afectada per fractures de direcció catalana. Efectivament, al llarg del recorregut, anirem trobant diverses estructures d´arrumbament clarament català. Per d´altra banda, la totalitat del recorregut es situarà dintre dels denominats relleus triàsics de Sagunt (RIBA et altri, 1976), del Sistema Ibèric. Així, en la major part dels trajectes anirem trobant afloraments dels diferents materials triàsics. En tot el recorregut, anirem trobant, exclusivament, afloraments dels materials triàsics, tant del Triàsic Inferior (del Buntsandsteim) com del Triàsic Mig (del Muschelkalk). Així, veurem fonamentalment afloraments del gresos més o menys rogencs del Buntsandsteim. I també nivells carbonatats de Muschelkalk. Finalment, cal dir que aquest itinerari transitarà per dos comarques del País Valencià. S´iniciarà a la comarca de l´Alt Palància (per les immediacions de Sot d´Azuébar) per a finalitzar dintre del terme d´Eslida (a la comarca de la Plana Baixa).
Recorreguts geològics i mineralògics per la comarca de l’Alt Palància: des de Viver a Teresa i Begís
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim , Vilaltella farràs Jaume
Published: March 2015

Itinerari realitzat el dia 7 de desembre del 2013. Aquest itinerari geològic i mineralògic, discorrerà íntegrament dintre del Sistema Ibèric, tot i que molt lluny de la denominada Zona d´Enllaç. Malgrat aquesta circumstància, aquesta zona es troba afectada per fractures de direcció catalana, de rumb NE – SW (i NNE – SSW), fonamentalment. Així, en aquesta ocasió la totalitat del recorregut es situarà en part dintre dels denominats relleus triàsics de Sagunt (definits per Oriol RIBA et altri, 1976). D’aquesta manera, en la major part dels trajectes anirem trobant afloraments dels diferents materials mesozoics. Aquests en un principi són triàsics, passant després a també trobar-se afloraments dels materials del Juràssic i del Cretàcics, segons els indrets per on discorri l´itinerari. Per d’altra banda, cal dir que aquest itinerari transitarà per una sola comarca: concretament per la del Alt Palància. Així, s’iniciarà per les immediacions de la població de Viver per a cloure prop de la població de Begís, quasi al límit septentrional de la comarca, molt prop de la comarca aragonesa de Gúdar – Javalambre (de les terres de Teruel) Per d’altra banda, cal dir que aquesta comarca és una de les que composen la Regió de Segorbe / Sogorb.
Impacts of Signal Free Corridors on the Incidence of Road Traffic Accidents in Karachi
Authors: Salman Zubair  , Jamil H. Kazmi  , Syed Shahid Ali  , Rashid Jooma  , Zeeshan Akhtar
Published: March 2015

Increase in road Traffic Accidents is a global phenomenon and Pakistan is no exception. In Karachi, this problem becomes severe due to rapid growth of population. This menace is ruining the lives of thousands of people and making Karachi a worrisome place to live. Recent road geometrical transitions in the city with insufficient accessories have been reducing the problem of traffic congestion to a limited extent. On the contrary, this has erupted as a problem of Road Traffic Accidents which is reaching out of proportions. Recently, induction of a unique feature named, Signal Free Corridor in Karachi has cost many precious lives. In this paper GIS based analysis has been employed by using buffer technique to document the number of Road Traffic Accidents on four Signal Free Corridors, evaluated for five different years. It was revealed that the minor injury accidents were highest in all four Signal Free Corridors. However, in some cases number of severe and fatal road accident cases showed the emerging trend as well. Four types of road users were identified on these corridors out of which riders/pillion and pedestrians were the most vulnerable to Road Traffic Accidents. There is an emergent need to enforce the vehicle speed rules and regulations that would provide breathing time to traffic as well as reduce the incidents of consistent traffic blockages and rising Road Traffic Accidents.
Se taire, nier ou s’excuser : Comment répondre à un appel au boycott ?
Authors: Capelli Sonia , Legrand Pascal , Sabadie William
Published: March 2015

Cette étude propose de considérer le processus par lequel trois stratégies de communication de crise – l’absence de réponse, le déni, et les excuses – modifient l’intention de boycott et de réachat. Le terrain retenu est celui d’un appel au boycott dénonçant l’utilisation de traitements chimiques de la viande vendue en grande distribution. Les résultats montrent, qu’en fonction de la cible, l’entreprise a intérêt à démentir ou à s’excuser, mais que le silence n’est jamais recommandé .
Aux confins de la pensée
Authors: Duparc François
Published: March 2015

L’art de penser et la quête de la sagesse, terrains privilégiés des philosophes, passent souvent de nos jours par la psychanalyse. Mais celle-ci l’aborde à sa façon : par le travail du négatif, à travers le désir du rêve et du fantasme, et grâce à la capacité de contenance, pour différer la décharge et l’action. Depuis les confins de l’informe, étudiés par Winnicott et d’autres analystes pour la prise en charge des cas difficiles (psychosomatiques, psychoses, états-limites), la représentation parvient à s’élaborer en choses et en mots, puis à construire une vraie pensée grâce aux mécanismes du rêve et de figuration, pour parvenir enfin à la création sociale d’une pensée sublimée, voire artistique.
Probing the edge of the West African Craton: A first seismic glimpse from Niger
Authors: Di Leo Jeanette F. , Wookey James , Kendall J.‐Michael , Selby Neil D.
Published: March 2015

Constraints on crustal and mantle structure of the Eastern part of the West African Craton have to date been scarce. Here we present results of P receiver function and SK(K)S wave splitting analyses of data recorded at International Monitoring System array TORD in SW Niger. Despite lacking in lateral coverage, our measurements sharply constrain crustal thickness (∼41 km), VP/VS ratio (1.69 ± 0.03), mantle transition zone (MTZ) thickness (∼247 km), and a midlithospheric discontinuity at ∼67 km depth. Splitting delay times are low with an average of 0.63 ± 0.01 s. Fast directions follow the regional surface geological trend with an average of 57 ± 1°. We suggest that splitting is due to fossil anisotropic fabrics in the crust and lithosphere, incurred during the Paleoproterozoic Eburnean Orogeny, with possible contributions from the later Pan‐African Orogeny and present‐day mantle flow. The MTZ appears to be unperturbed, despite the proximity of the sampled region to the deep cratonic root.
Study of EMIC wave excitation using direct ion measurements
Authors: Min Kyungguk , Liu Kaijun , Bonnell John W. , Breneman Aaron W. , Denton Richard E. , Funsten Herbert O. , Jahn Jöerg‐Micha , Kletzing Craig A. , Kurth William S. , Larsen Brian A. , Reeves Geoffrey D. , Spence Harlan E. , Wygant John R.
Published: March 2015

With data from Van Allen Probes, we investigate electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave excitation using simultaneously observed ion distributions. Strong He band waves occurred while the spacecraft was moving through an enhanced density region. We extract from helium, oxygen, proton, and electron mass spectrometer measurement the velocity distributions of warm heavy ions as well as anisotropic energetic protons that drive wave growth through the ion cyclotron instability. Fitting the measured ion fluxes to multiple sinm‐type distribution functions, we find that the observed ions make up about 15% of the total ions, but about 85% of them are still missing. By making legitimate estimates of the unseen cold (below ∼2 eV) ion composition from cutoff frequencies suggested by the observed wave spectrum, a series of linear instability analyses and hybrid simulations are carried out. The simulated waves generally vary as predicted by linear theory. They are more sensitive to the cold O+ concentration than the cold He+ concentration. Increasing the cold O+ concentration weakens the He band waves but enhances the O band waves. Finally, the exact cold ion composition is suggested to be in a range when the simulated wave spectrum best matches the observed one.
Testing the estimated hypothetical response of a major CME impact on Earth and its implications to space weather
Authors: Bala Ramkumar , Reiff Patricia , Russell C. T.
Published: March 2015

The high‐speed coronal mass ejection (CME), ejected on 23 July 2012, observed by STEREO‐A on the same day as the leading edge of the CME arrived at 1AU was unique both in respect to the observed plasma and magnetic structure and the large solar energetic particle flux that dynamically regulated the shock front. Because of its great intensity, it has been hailed as “Carrington 2” by some, warning that, had that CME been heading toward the Earth, it might have caused a major space weather event. We used the Rice Artificial Neural Network algorithms with the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field parameters measured in situ by STEREO‐A as inputs to infer what the “geoeffectiveness” of that storm might have been. We have also used an MHD model in Open Geospace General Circulation Model to understand the global magnetospheric process in time sequence. We presently show our neural network models of Kp and Dst on our real‐time prediction site: http://mms.rice.edu/realtime/forecast.html. Running this event through our models showed that, in fact, this would have been an exceptional event. Our results show a prediction resulting in a Kp value of 8+, a Dst of nearly −250 nT, but when assumptions about maximum dipole angle tilt and density are made, predictions resulting in Kp of 11− and Dst dipping close to −700 nT are found. Finally, when solar energetic proton flux is included, the Kp and Dst predictions drop to 8− and ≈−625 nT, respectively.
Dynamics of wind‐affected volcanic plumes: The example of the 2011 Cordón Caulle eruption, Chile
Authors: Bonadonna C. , Pistolesi M. , Cioni R. , Degruyter W. , Elissondo M. , Baumann V.
Published: March 2015

The 2011 Cordón Caulle eruption represents an ideal case study for the characterization of long‐lasting plumes that are strongly affected by wind. The climactic phase lasted for about 1 day and was classified as subplinian with plumes between ~9 and 12 km above the vent and mass flow rate (MFR) on the order of ~107 kg s−1. Eruption intensity fluctuated during the first 11 days with MFR values between 106 and 107 kg s−1. This activity was followed by several months of low‐intensity plumes with MFR < 106 kg s−1. Plume dynamics and rise were strongly affected by wind during the whole eruption with negligible upwind spreading and sedimentation. The plumes that developed on 4–6 and 20–22 June can be described as transitional, i.e., plumes showing transitional behavior between strong and weak dynamics, while the wind clearly dominated the rise height on all the other days resulting in the formation of weak plumes. Individual phases of the eruption range between Volcanic Explosivity Indices (VEIs) 3 and 4, while the cumulative deposit related to 4–7 June 2011 is associated with VEIs 4 and 5. Crosswind cloud and deposit dispersal of the first few days are best described by a linear combination of gravitational spreading and turbulent diffusion, with velocities between 1 and 10 m s−1. Downwind cloud velocity for the same days is best described by a linear combination of gravitational spreading and wind advection, with velocities between 17 and 45 m s−1. Results show how gravitational spreading can be significant even for subplinian and small‐moderate eruptions strongly advected by wind and with low Richardson number and low MFR.
Evapotranspiration in Northern Eurasia: Impact of forcing uncertainties on terrestrial ecosystem model estimates
Authors: Liu Yaling , Zhuang Qianlai , Miralles Diego , Pan Zhihua , Kicklighter David , Zhu Qing , He Yujie , Chen Jiquan , Tchebakova Nadja , Sirin Andrey , Niyogi Dev , Melillo Jerry
Published: March 2015

The ecosystems in Northern Eurasia (NE) play an important role in the global water cycle and the climate system. While evapotranspiration (ET) is a critical variable to understand this role, ET over this region remains largely unstudied. Using an improved version of the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model with five widely used forcing data sets, we examine the impact that uncertainties in climate forcing data have on the magnitude, variability, and dominant climatic drivers of ET for the period 1979–2008. Estimates of regional average ET vary in the range of 241.4–335.7 mm yr−1depending on the choice of forcing data. This range corresponds to as much as 32% of the mean ET. Meanwhile, the spatial patterns of long‐term average ET across NE are generally consistent for all forcing data sets. Our ET estimates in NE are largely affected by uncertainties in precipitation (P), air temperature (T), incoming shortwave radiation (R), and vapor pressure deficit (VPD). During the growing season, the correlations between ET and each forcing variable indicate thatTis the dominant factor in the north andPin the south. Unsurprisingly, the uncertainties in climate forcing data propagate as well to estimates of the volume of water available for runoff (here defined as P‐ET). While the Climate Research Unit data set is overall the best choice of forcing data in NE according to our assessment, the quality of these forcing data sets remains a major challenge to accurately quantify the regional water balance in NE.
Assessing the mineralogy of the watershed and fan deposits of the Jezero crater paleolake system, Mars
Authors: Goudge Timothy A. , Mustard John F. , Head James W. , Fassett Caleb I. , Wiseman Sandra M.
Published: March 2015

We present results from geomorphic mapping and visible to near‐infrared spectral analyses of the Jezero crater paleolake basin and its associated watershed. The goal of this study is to understand the provenance of the sedimentary deposits within this open‐basin lake using a source‐to‐sink approach. Two fan deposits located within the basin have distinct visible to near‐infrared mineralogic signatures measured by the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM). The northern fan is spectrally characterized by a mixture of Mg‐rich carbonate and olivine, while the western fan is characterized by Fe/Mg‐smectite (e.g., saponite or nontronite) with variable amounts of Mg‐rich carbonate and olivine in isolated exposures. The watersheds of these deposits contain a variety of geomorphic units that are likely to have supplied sediment to the Jezero crater paleolake, as the fluvial valleys that fed the basin incise these units. The geomorphic units include exposures of Fe/Mg‐smectite‐, olivine‐, and Mg‐rich carbonate‐bearing terrain. We show that the difference in fan deposit mineralogy is a function of the areal exposure of the major geomorphic units within their watersheds. This indicates that the spectrally dominant aqueous alteration minerals in the fan deposits are primarily detrital, or transported, in nature and did not form in situ. We conclude that the aqueous alteration of the units in the watershed occurred prior to the fluvial activity that carved the valleys of the Jezero crater paleolake system, and that the two periods of aqueous activity are not genetically related.
Methodology of evaluating the science benefit of various satellite/sensor constellation orbital parameters to an assimilative data forecast model
Authors: Balthazor Richard L. , McHarg Matthew G. , Enloe C. Lon , Mueller Brandon , Barnhart David J. , Hoeffner Zachary W. , Brown Robert , Scherliess Ludger , Wilhelm Lance T.
Published: March 2015

A methodology for evaluating the science benefit of adding space weather sensor data from a modest number of small satellites to the Utah State University Global Assimilation of Ionospheric Measurements—Full Physics (GAIM‐FP) model is presented. Three orbital scenarios are presented, two focusing on improved coverage of narrowly specified regions of interest, and one on global coverage of the ionosphere as a whole. An Observing System Simulation Experiment is used to obtain qualitative and quantitative results of the impact of the various orbital scenarios on the ionospheric specifications. A simulated “truth” run of the ionosphere is obtained from a first principle model of the ionosphere/plasmasphere model and used to generate global simulated Global Positioning Satellite total electron content (GPS‐TEC) data as well as in situ plasma density observations. Initially, only GPS data were assimilated by GAIM‐FP, and the results of this limited run were compared to the truth run. Next, the simulated in situ plasma densities corresponding to our three orbital scenarios were assimilated together with the GPS data, and the results were compared to both the truth run and the limited GPS‐TEC only GAIM‐FP run. These model simulations have shown that adding a constellation of small satellites/sensors in addition to global TEC inputs does indeed converge the GAIM‐FP model closer to truth in the situations described.
Hydraulic controls of in‐stream gravel bar hyporheic exchange and reactions
Authors: Trauth Nico , Schmidt Christian , Vieweg Michael , Oswald Sascha E. , Fleckenstein Jan H.
Published: March 2015

Hyporheic exchange transports solutes into the subsurface where they can undergo biogeochemical transformations, affecting fluvial water quality and ecology. A three‐dimensional numerical model of a natural in‐stream gravel bar (20 m × 6 m) is presented. Multiple steady state streamflow is simulated with a computational fluid dynamics code that is sequentially coupled to a reactive transport groundwater model via the hydraulic head distribution at the streambed. Ambient groundwater flow is considered by scenarios of neutral, gaining, and losing conditions. The transformation of oxygen, nitrate, and dissolved organic carbon by aerobic respiration and denitrification in the hyporheic zone are modeled, as is the denitrification of groundwater‐borne nitrate when mixed with stream‐sourced carbon. In contrast to fully submerged structures, hyporheic exchange flux decreases with increasing stream discharge, due to decreasing hydraulic head gradients across the partially submerged structure. Hyporheic residence time distributions are skewed in the log‐space with medians of up to 8 h and shift to symmetric distributions with increasing level of submergence. Solute turnover is mainly controlled by residence times and the extent of the hyporheic exchange flow, which defines the potential reaction area. Although streamflow is the primary driver of hyporheic exchange, its impact on hyporheic exchange flux, residence times, and solute turnover is small, as these quantities exponentially decrease under losing and gaining conditions. Hence, highest reaction potential exists under neutral conditions, when the capacity for denitrification in the partially submerged structure can be orders of magnitude higher than in fully submerged structures.
Nitrides: Transition Metal Solid‐State Chemistry
Authors: Lengauer Walter
Published: March 2015

Both basic properties and properties interesting for applications of transition metal nitrides are presented in this article. Starting from crystal chemistry, bonding, and preparation, the article also briefly discusses the analytical chemistry of chemical and physical nitrogen analysis and standardization as well as thermodynamics. Portions of phase diagrams of group 4–6 transition metals with nitrogen are presented. A substantial part is devoted to the solid‐state properties because they make nitrides interesting for applications. The presentation of these properties includes hardness, thermal expansion, nitrogen diffusivity, thermal properties, electrical conductivities, superconductivities, and elastic properties. Several of these properties are given as a function of temperature and composition. A final part shows examples for application of transition metal nitrides because of their extraordinary properties. The topic of transition metal nitrides is closely connected to that of metal carbides.
Catalase‐Peroxidase:KatG
Authors: Fita Ignacio , Loewen Peter C , Carpena Xavi
Published: March 2015

Even in the absence of thecatalase fold, an efficient catalase activity is also found in the heme‐containing catalase‐peroxidase proteins. The structure of these broad substrate range enzymes, reported for the first time less than 10 years ago from the halophilic archaebacteriumHaloarcula marismortui(HmKatG) and from the bacteriumBurkholderia pseudomallei(BpKatG), and more recently, from the eukaryotic fungusMagnaporthe grisea(MgKatG), showed a heme pocket closely related to that of plant peroxidases, although with a number of unique modifications that enable the catalase reaction.
CD4 cell response to interval therapy with natalizumab
Authors: Berkovich Regina , Togasaki Daniel M. , Cen Steven Y. , Steinman Lawrence
Published: March 2015

Natalizumab treatment alters peripheral CD4 cells counts in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, providing a way to monitor the pharmacodynamic effects of the drug. The study was undertaken to assess whether CD4 cell counts correlate with different phases of natalizumab treatment of relapsing MS patients, including during a 12‐week planned treatment interruption, and whether that might provide insights on lymphocyte trafficking. Clinical outcomes, MRI data, and CD4 cell counts were assessed at baseline prior to initiating natalizumab, while on regular dosing, at the end of the 12‐week extended dosing interval, and at the time of reinitiation of natalizumab. The 12‐week interruption was well tolerated and not associated with return of MS activity, disability progression, or new or worsened MRI data. Observed significant shifts in CD4 counts – dramatically increasing from the baseline while on treatment and decreasing back to the baseline level off treatment, then rising in a similar manner on natalizumab reinitiation, suggest that these measurements may aid in monitoring modulation of lymphocyte trafficking and cell redistribution.
The use of ATG abrogates the antileukemic effect of cytomegalovirus reactivation in patients with acute myeloid leukemia receiving grafts from unrelated donors
Authors: Busca Alessandro , Passera Roberto , Pini Massimo , Zallio Francesco , Dellacasa Chiara , Audisio Ernesta , Giaccone Luisa , Maffini Enrico , Costa Cristina , Cavallo Rossana , Bruno Benedetto
Published: March 2015

Several studies provided evidence of a consistent antileukemic effect induced by cytomegalovirus (CMV) replication in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients receiving allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), however the use of antithymocyte globulin (ATG) as graft‐versus‐host disease prophylaxis, may potentially abrogate the protective effect of CMV infection. To address this issue, we retrospectively analyzed the risk of relapse in a cohort of 101 patients with AML who received grafts from an unrelated donor after a conditioning regimen including ATG. The cumulative incidence of CMV reactivation, evaluated by RT qPCR, was 59% at 12 months, and 93% of CMV reactivations occurred within the first 100 days post HSCT. The 5‐year cumulative incidence of relapse in patients with CMV reactivation was 29% compared with 37% for patients without CMV reactivation, and the only factor associated with a reduced 5‐year cumulative incidence of relapse was the disease status at HSCT (P < 0.001). In the multivariable model adverse cytogenetics (HR 2.42, 95% CI 1.02‐5.72; P = 0.044) and acute GVHD (HR 3.36, 95% CI 1.32‐8.54; P =  0.011) were independent risk factors for reducing overall survival (OS), while the presence of chronic GVHD was associated with a better OS (HR 0.37, 95% CI 0.15‐0.89; P = 0.027). CMV replication was not an independent risk factor for OS (HR 1.06, 95% CI 0.07‐15.75; P = 0.965). In Conclusion, the results of present study suggest that relapse prevention in patients with AML receiving T‐cell depleted HSCT using ATG do not benefit from CMV reactivation. Am. J. Hematol. 90:E117–E121, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Salvage outcomes in patients with first relapse after fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab for chronic lymphocytic leukemia: The French intergroup experience
Authors: Fornecker Luc‐Matthieu , Aurran‐Schleinitz Thérèse , Michallet Anne‐Sophie , Cazin Bruno , Guieze Romain , Dilhuydy Marie‐Sarah , Zini Jean‐Marc , Tomowiak Cécile , Lepretre Stéphane , Cymbalista Florence , Brion Annie , Feugier Pierre , Delmer Alain , Leblond Véronique , Ysebaert Loïc
Published: March 2015

The optimal management of patients with relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is dictated by the type of prior therapy, duration of prior response, presence of genomic aberrations, age, and comorbidities. The patterns of relapses and the clinical outcomes of second‐line options after fludarabine‐cyclophosphamide‐rituximab (FCR) is given as a frontline treatment are currently unknown. In this retrospective and non‐randomized study, we report the outcomes of 132 patients from databases of 14 French CLL study group centers who needed a second‐line treatment after FCR frontline. Bendamustine + rituximab (BR) was the most frequently used second‐line regimen, followed by alemtuzumab‐based regimens, R‐CHOP, and FCR. Median progression‐free survival (PFS) was 18 months after BR with a median overall survival (OS) not reached. We also found that response durations of < 36 months and the presence of del(17p) are critical factors that contribute to poor overall survival. BR appears to be an effective salvage regimen in our series, both in terms of progression‐free and overall survival. Patients who relapsed less than 36 months after FCR have a poor outcome, not significantly different in this study from patients with early relapses less than 12 or 24 months. Am. J. Hematol. 90:511–514, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.