bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serum IFN‐γ and IL‐10 levels are associated with disease progression in non‐obese diabetic mice
Authors: Schloot N. C. , Hanifi‐Moghaddam P. , Goebel C. , Shatavi S. V. , Flohé S. , Kolb H. , Rothe H.
Published: August 2002

Background

The goal of the present study was to determine whether cytokines in the peripheral blood of naive NOD mice correlate with the disease process and thereby would provide a marker for monitoring disease activity.

Methods

Female NOD mice (5, 10 and 14–16 weeks of age) were investigated in a cross‐sectional study. In the group of 14–16‐week‐old mice, non‐diabetic and diabetic mice were analysed as different subgroups. The Th1 cytokine (IFN‐γ) and the Th2 cytokine (IL‐10) were quantified in serum by sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Pancreatic mRNA for IFN‐γ and IL‐10 was determined by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) from the same animals.

Results

Serum levels of IFN‐γ were initially low but increased with age in NOD mice, reaching the highest levels at diabetes onset (p<0.002 compared to 10 weeks). A similar rise was noted in IFN‐γ gene expression in pancreatic lesions. In contrast, an early peak of serum IL‐10 levels was observed in non‐diabetic NOD mice (10 weeks) at a stage where non‐destructive insulitis occurs. With increasing age a continuous loss of IL‐10 until progression towards diabetes was observed. The pancreatic IL‐10 mRNA expression correlated with serum IL‐10 changes. As a consequence, the ratio of IFN‐γ/IL‐10, reflecting the Th1/Th2 balance in the serum, was significantly increased in diabetic compared to non‐diabetic NOD mice (p<0.005).

Conclusion

These results demonstrate, for the first time, that an increased Th2 pattern in the non‐diabetic stage preceding a Th1 shift is associated with the development of diabetes in naive NOD mice. Serum cytokines correlate with disease progression and pancreatic cytokine expression during prediabetes. Soluble cytokines measured in the periphery are therefore promising surrogate markers of diabetes development. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metformin decreases platelet superoxide anion production in diabetic patients
Authors: Gargiulo P. , Caccese D. , Pignatelli P. , Brufani C. , De Vito F. , Marino R. , Lauro R. , Violi F. , Di Mario U. , Sanguigni V.
Published: August 2002

Background

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are usually treated with oral antidiabetic agents but it is still not known whether these drugs have antioxidant effects in humans.

Methods

We studied 60 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, divided into three groups on the basis of hypoglycaemic treatment (Group A: metformin, Group B: glibenclamide, Group C: diet). All patients were followed for at least 1 year. The three subgroups had similar clinical characteristics. Twenty healthy subjects, of comparable sex and age, were enrolled as controls. In each subject, platelet production of superoxide anion (O2−) elicited by collagen, was determined by lucigenin assay.

Results

Patients with diabetes had higher platelet O2− production than controls; no correlation was observed between blood glucose and platelet O2− production. Group A patients had platelet O2− production similar to that of healthy subjects but lower than Group B and Group C patients.

Conclusion

The present findings suggest an in vivo antioxidant activity of metformin and warrant prospective studies to further explore this hypothesis. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proliferation and growth factor expression in abnormally enlarged placentas of mouse interspecific hybrids
Authors: Zechner Ulrich , Hemberger Myriam , Constância Miguel , Orth Annie , Dragatsis Ioannis , Lüttges Angela , Hameister Horst , Fundele Reinald
Published: August 2002

It has been shown previously that abnormal placental growth occurs in crosses and backcrosses between different mouse (Mus) species. In such crosses, late gestation placentas may weigh between 13 and 848 mg compared with a mean placental weight of approximately 100 mg in late gestation M. musculus intraspecific crosses. A locus on the X‐chromosome was shown to segregate with placental dysplasia. Thus in the (M. musculus × M. spretus)F1 × M. musculus backcross, placental hyperplasia cosegregates with a M. spretus derived X‐chromosome. Here we have investigated whether increased cell proliferation and aberrant expression of two genes that are involved in placental growth control, Igf2 and Esx1, may cause, or contribute to placental hyperplasia. Increased bromodeoxyuridine labeling of nuclei, reflecting enhanced proliferation, was indeed observed in hyperplastic placentas when compared with normal littermate placentas. Also, increased expression of Igf2 was seen in giant cells and spongiotrophoblast. However, when M. musculus × M. spretus F1 females were backcrossed with males that were heterozygous for a targeted mutation of the Igf2 gene, placentas that carried a M. spretus derived X‐chromosome and were negative for a functional Igf2 allele exhibited an intermediate placental phenotype. Furthermore, in early developmental stages of placental hyperplasia, we observed a decreased expression of the X‐chromosomal Esx1 gene. This finding suggests that abnormal expression of both Igf2 and Esx1 contributes to abnormal placental development in mouse interspecific hybrids. However, Esx1 is not regulated by IGF2. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Isolation and characterization of posteriorly restricted genes in the zebrafish gastrula
Authors: Sagerström Charles G. , Kao Bertha A. , Lane Mary Ellen , Sive Hazel
Published: August 2002

In order to understand anteroposterior axis formation in vertebrates, we have used subtractive hybridization to clone genes expressed posteriorly in the zebrafish gastrula‐stage embryo. Here we report the initial characterization of eight clones isolated from this screen. We find that all eight genes are expressed in posteriorly restricted domains, suggesting that they are involved in regulating posterior development during zebrafish embryogenesis. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel gene, tendin, is strongly expressed in tendons and ligaments and shows high homology with chondromodulin‐I
Authors: Brandau Oliver , Meindl Alfons , Fässler Reinhard , Aszódi Attila
Published: August 2002

Abstract

Chondromodulin‐I (CHM1) was identified recently as an angiogenesis inhibitor in cartilage. It is highly expressed in the avascular zones of cartilage but is absent in the late hypertrophic region, which is invaded by blood vessels during enchondral ossification. Blast searches with the C‐terminal part of CHM1 in available databases led to the identification of human and mouse cDNAs encoding a new protein, Tendin, that shares high homology with CHM1. Based on computer predictions, Tendin is a type II transmembrane protein containing a putative proteinase cleavage and two glycosylation sites. Northern assays with mouse RNAs demonstrated strong expression of a 1.5‐kb tendin transcript in the diaphragm, skeletal muscle, and the eye and low levels of expression in all other tissues investigated. In 17.5‐day‐old mouse embryos, in situ hybridization revealed high levels of tendin transcript in tendons and ligaments. Additional signals were detected in brain and spinal cord, liver, lung, bowels, thymus, and eye. Cartilage, where CHM1 is found, revealed low levels of tendin m‐RNA. In adult mice, tendin is expressed in neurons of all brain regions and the spinal cord. The tendin gene is localized in the human Xq22 region, to which several human diseases have been mapped. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Caenorhabditis elegans Distal‐less ortholog ceh‐43 is required for development of the anterior hypodermis
Authors: Aspöck Gudrun , Bürglin Thomas R.
Published: August 2002

Homeobox genes of the Distal‐less (Dll) class are expressed in developing appendages as well as in the central nervous system in invertebrates and vertebrates. Mutant analyses in mice and Drosophila have implicated these genes in outgrowth of structures, cell adhesion, cell migration, and cell fate decisions. We have investigated the expression and function of ceh‐43, the Dll ortholog from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, by using gfp reporter constructs and double‐stranded RNA‐mediated interference (RNAi). Our results show that, as in the fly, the C. elegans Dll ortholog seems to play a role in cell adhesion. An antibody against the butterfly Distal‐less homeodomain stains the nervous system of C. elegans embryos (Panganiban et al. [1997] Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94:5162–5166). GFP expression under the control of the ceh‐43 promoter looks similar, although strong expression is primarily confined to the head hypodermis and to neuronal support cells. ceh‐43(RNAi) results in 100% lethality at embryonic or early larval stages. At the beginning of morphogenesis, ceh‐43(RNAi) embryos start to lose cells through a hole in the head hypodermis. They either rupture anteriorly as elongation proceeds, or they elongate normally to threefold egg length with the pharynx not connected to the mouth. Elongated ceh‐43(RNAi) animals die before or soon after hatching with a fluid‐filled pseudocoel and large vacuoles. These phenotypes suggest a role for ceh‐43 in development of adhesive properties in the head hypodermis that connects the epithelia of the skin and the digestive tract. Furthermore, possible defects in the excretory system may result at least in part from a requirement for ceh‐43 in the CAN neurons where ceh‐43:gfp is also expressed. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Body image treatment within an inpatient program for anorexia nervosa: The role of mirror exposure in the desensitization process
Authors: Key Adrienne , George C. Louise , Beattie Desley , Stammers Kate , Lacey Hubert , Waller Glenn
Published: August 2002

Objective

This pilot study examined the role of mirror confrontation in the desensitization process of a body image treatment within an inpatient program for anorexia nervosa.

Method

A within‐subjects design was used. It compared the impact of two modes of group body image treatment on body dissatisfaction, anxiety, and avoidance behaviors. Both treatments followed a set format of exposure exercises and homework, but the modified treatment also included mirror confrontation as an exposure exercise.

Results

Standard treatment did not produce any significant changes. Modified treatment produced a significant and sustained improvement in body dissatisfaction and a significant reduction in body anxiety and avoidance behaviors.

Discussion

Mirror confrontation is a more effective form of exposure because of the strong emotional response it elicits. Patients’ pronounced emotional response to this exercise allowed easier identification of the affective and behavioral components of body dissatisfaction and more cogent links into a developmental body image timeline. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 185–190, 2002; DOI. 10.1002/eat.10027
Impulsive behaviors in bulimic patients: relation to general psychopathology
Authors: Peñas‐Lledó Eva , Vaz Francisco J. , Ramos M. Isabel , Waller Glenn
Published: August 2002

Objective

At a general level, impulsivity is related to both bulimic and general psychopathology. However, it is a complex construct, and the specific role of different forms of impulsivity in psychopathology remains to be determined. The present study of bulimic outpatients examined the association of internally and externally directed impulsive behaviors with general and bulimic psychopathology.

Methods

Thirty female bulimic outpatients completed standardized measures of bulimic attitudes/behaviors, general psychopathology and impulsive behaviors.

Results

While general psychopathology was associated with internally directed impulsive behaviors (e.g., self‐harm), bulimic pathology was more specifically linked with externally directed impulsivity (e.g., theft; reckless driving)

Discussion

The results indicate that the bulimia‐impulsivity link in eating disordered patients is not simply a by‐product of the broader association of impulsivity with psychopathology. Therefore, bulimic pathology does not seem to be just a manifestation of general psychological disturbance. Further research is suggested to test these results, and potential clinical implications are outlined. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 98–102, 2002.
Perception of hunger to insulin‐induced hypoglycemia in anorexia nervosa
Authors: Nakai Yoshikatsu , Koh Toshikiyo
Published: August 2002

Objective

We studied the effect of insulin‐induced hypoglycemia on changes of hunger ratings in anorectic patients before and after cognitive‐behavioral therapy.

Method

The subjects were 17 females with restricting anorexia nervosa at low body weight (AN‐R), 6 anorectic patients whose weight was restored after cognitive‐behavioral therapy (AN‐T), and 11 age‐matched female controls. All subjects gave hunger ratings by linear visual analog technique before and after insulin or saline injection.

Results

Hunger ratings increased significantly 45 min after insulin injection in control females. However, ratings paradoxically decreased after insulin injection in AN‐R females. They increased slightly after insulin injection in AN‐T females, but the difference was not statistically significant. One‐factor analysis of variance for the peak values of hunger ratings was significant. These values in control females were significantly higher than those in AN‐R and AN‐T females.

Discussion

These results suggest that perception of hunger to insulin‐induced hypoglycemia in AN patients is disturbed. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 354–357, 2001.
Eating disturbance and sexual trauma in childhood and adulthood
Authors: Wonderlich Stephen A. , Crosby Ross D. , Mitchell James E. , Thompson Kevin M. , Redlin Jennifer , Demuth Gail , Smyth Joshua , Haseltine Beth
Published: August 2002

Objective

This study examined the relationship between sexual trauma and eating disorder behavior, taking into account the effects of developmental stage of the victim and the effects of multiple sexual assaults.

Method

Four groups of adult women took part in this study. Subjects were either victims of childhood sexual abuse, victims of rape in adulthood, victims of both childhood sexual abuse and rape, and controls who were not traumatized sexually. All subjects were assessed with semistructured interviews and self‐report inventories that assessed eating disorder behavior, general psychopathology, and impulsivity.

Results

Victims of childhood sexual abuse differed from controls on measures of eating disorder behavior and individuals who had experienced both childhood sexual abuse and rape in adulthood were most likely to display eating disorder‐related psychopathology. Victims of childhood sexual abuse also distinguished themselves with high levels of eating disorder behavior plus multiple forms of impulsive self‐destructive behavior.

Discussion

This study provides additional support for the association between childhood sexual abuse and eating disorder behavior. Childhood sexual abuse may be particularly linked to the presence of binge eating behavior and several other forms of impulsive self‐destructive behavior. © 2001 by John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 401–412, 2001.
The durability of anchoring effects
Authors: Mussweiler Thomas
Published: August 2002

Recent research suggests that judgmental anchoring is mediated by a selective increase in the accessibility of knowledge about the judgmental target. Anchoring thus constitutes one instance of the judgmental effects of increased knowledge accessibility. Such knowledge accessibility effects have repeatedly been demonstrated to be fairly durable, which suggests that the effects of judgmental anchoring may also persist over time. Consistent with this assumption, three experiments demonstrate that judgmental anchors influence judgment even if they were present one week before the critical judgment is made. In fact, the magnitude of anchoring was found to remain undiminished over this period of time. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparable DNA and chromosome damage in Chinese hamster ovary cells by chlorohydroxyfuranones
Authors: Mäki‐Paakkanen Jorma , Laaksonen Mariitta , Munter Tony , Kronberg Leif , Komulainen Hannu
Published: August 2002

Chlorinated drinking water contains several chlorohydroxyfuranone (CHF) by‐products whose contribution to cancer risk is not presently known. 3,4‐Dichloro‐5‐hydroxy‐2(5H)‐furanone (MCA), 3‐chloro‐4‐(chloromethyl)‐5‐hydroxy‐2(5H)‐furanone (CMCF), and 3‐ chloro‐4‐methyl‐5‐hydroxy‐2(5H)‐furanone (MCF) were studied for the induction of DNA damage, using the alkaline single‐cell gel (SCG)/comet assay, and for chromosome damage, using sister‐chromatid exchange (SCE) and chromosome aberration (CA) tests, in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. 3‐Chloro‐4‐(dichloromethyl)‐5‐hydroxy‐2(5H)‐furanone (MX), the known genotoxic chlorination by‐product and a rat carcinogen, was used as a reference chemical. The SCG analyses were done using concentrations that caused little or no cytotoxicity compared to that of the concurrent control cultures. In the cytogenetic tests, the CHFs were tested up to maximum cytotoxicity. MX and MCA were the most cytotoxic of the compounds in CHO cells followed by CMCF and MCF. All of the CHFs induced DNA damage, SCEs and CAs (mainly chromatid‐type breaks and exchanges) in a concentration‐related manner, with the exception that MCA was a weak inducer of SCEs. There were no significant differences between the lowest concentration of MX, MCA, and CMCF to cause DNA damage (SCG assay). Based on comparisons of the slopes of regression lines, MX was somewhat more potent than either MCA or CMCF, and MCF was clearly less potent than the other three compounds in the assay. The order of potency was MX > CMCF > MCA > MCF in inducing SCEs and MX > MCA > CMCF > MCF in inducing CAs. The data show that there are differences in the potency of genotoxicity among the CHFs tested. In many cases, however, the extent of maximum effect observed was comparable between the compounds. The results suggest that besides MX other CHFs should be considered in the evaluation of genotoxic risks associated with the consumption of chlorinated drinking water. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:297–305, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Predicting the mutagenicity of tobacco‐related N‐nitrosamines in humans using 11 strains of Salmonella typhimurium YG7108, each coexpressing a form of human cytochrome P450 along with NADPH–cytochrome P450 reductase
Authors: Fujita Ken‐ichi , Kamataki Tetsuya
Published: August 2002

Tobacco, including snuff and chewing tobacco, contains N‐nitrosamines such as 4‐(methylnitrosamino)‐1‐(3‐pyridyl)−1‐butanone (NNK), N‐nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), N‐nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR), N‐nitrosopiperidine (NPIP), N‐nitrosomorpholine (NMOR), N‐nitrosonornicotine (NNN), N‐nitrosoanabasine (NABS), and N‐nitrosoanatabine (NATB). The role of human cytochrome P450 (CYP) in the metabolic activation of these tobacco‐related N‐nitrosamines was examined by a Salmonella mutation test using genetically engineered Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) YG7108 cells each expressing a form of human CYP (CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP2A6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP3A4, or CYP3A5) together with human NADPH‐cytochrome P450 reductase. Mutagen production from NNK was catalyzed by CYP in the following order: CYP1A2, CYP1A1, CYP1B1, CYP2A6, CYP2C19, CYP3A4. The metabolic activation of one of the N‐alkylnitrosamines, NDEA, was mediated by CYP2A6, followed by CYP2E1. Cyclic N‐nitrosamines such as NPYR, NPIP, and NMOR were also primarily activated by CYP2A6, and to a lesser extent by CYP2E1. NNN, a pyridine derivative of NPYR, was activated by CYP1A1 at an efficiency similar to that of CYP2A6. NABS, a pyridine derivative of NPIP, was mainly activated by CYP3A4, followed by CYP1A1 and CYP2A6. Thus, the addition of a pyridine ring to NPYR or NPIP altered the forms of CYP primarily responsible for mutagenic activation. NATB was metabolically activated solely by CYP2A6, whereas the genotoxicity of NATB was much lower than that of NNN or NPYR. Based on these data, we conclude that CYP2A6 was responsible for the mutagenic activation of essentially all tobacco‐related N‐nitrosamines tested in the present study. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:339–346, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Revisiting the rodent repairadox
Authors: Hanawalt Philip C.
Published: August 2002

Cultured rodent and human cells typically display similar clonal survival characteristics following exposure to ultraviolet light (UV). However, compared to human cells, cultured cells from mice, rats, and hamsters are generally deficient in excision repair of the most prominent DNA lesion produced by UV, the cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer. In light of recent studies on the control of nucleotide excision repair, we are beginning to understand the basis for this so‐called “repairadox.” The resolution of this issue is important because rodents are so widely employed as surrogates for humans in genetic toxicology. This article will review the evolution in our understanding of rodent DNA repair and will also “revisit” my early association with my graduate mentor and esteemed colleague, Dick Setlow, in his honor upon the attainment of his 80th birthday. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:89–96, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Auditing external environmental auditors—investigating how ISO 14001 is interpreted and applied in reality
Authors: Ammenberg Jonas , Wik Gunnar , Hjelm Olof
Published: August 2002

The ISO 14001 standard leaves a lot to be interpreted by its users. As the standard is growing in popularity the external environmental auditors are becoming key players in the environmental arena. Through interpretations, they form the linkage between the standard document and its application in reality.

This study is based on interviews conducted with auditors representing all nine certification bodies in Sweden and at the board that accredits these firms. The paper presents how auditors interpret and apply central requirements of ISO 14001, with the aim to illuminate important issues from an environmental point of view.

It can be concluded that many important requirements are interpreted differently. There are disagreements regarding what criteria are approved when determining which environmental aspects are significant. Further on, the standard's requirement for continual improvement is normally transformed to improvements regarding a few ratios. The paper, amongst other issues, also deals with auditors' competence, their objectivity and their opinions about the efforts of certified organizations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Relationships between biological parameters of Japanese growth of height
Authors: Sumiya Takahiro , Tashima Tomohiro , Nakahara Hayao , Shohoji Takao
Published: August 2002

We propose an asymptotic mathematical growth model for 386 Japanese longitudinal measurements of height from birth to adulthood. This model is compared with JPA2 proposed by Jolicoeur, Pontier and Abidi (1992). We discuss some relationships between various biological parameters (including mid‐childhood growth spurt).

There is no linear relationship between age at one biological phenomenon P1 and height at another biological phenomenon P2. When we statistically control a contrapair of the biological parameters (i. e., height at P1 and age at P2), there exists a strong relationship between those biological parameters for Japanese boys and girls. For example, the correlation coefficient between adult height and age at peak height velocity is almost zero for boys and girls. However, their partial correlation coefficients are, respectively, 0.524 and 0.579 for boys and girls when height at peak height velocity is controlled. The younger the age at peak height velocity, the taller the adult height when height at peak height velocity is fixed. This is shown by the scatter diagrams with 80% confidence ellipsoids by height groups at peak height velocity. A similar relationship holds for adult height and menarcheal age. The mean–constant growth curves classified by height group at MHV and by height group at the age of six are presented. The taller the height at the age of six, the taller are the height at each age and adult height on average.

The relative amount of expected information being an extension to Fisher's instinct information relates to the influence of each parameter in the growth model (Ledford and Cole, 1998). This information may be very useful as a guideline for collecting longitudinal records for non‐linear phenomena. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ground motion amplification at flange level of bushings mounted on electric substation transformers
Authors: Villaverde Roberto , Pardoen Gerard C. , Carnalla Sergio
Published: August 2002

A study was conducted to quantify the ground motion amplification that takes place at the base of bushings mounted on electric substation transformers as a result of the flexibility of the transformer tank and turrets to which they are connected. This study was undertaken to assess the adequacy of the amplification factor of 2.0 specified by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers in Standard IEEE 693‐1997 for the seismic qualification of transformer bushings. The study included field tests of typical 500‐kV transformers to obtain experimentally their natural frequencies and damping ratios, the development of simple analytical models that closely matched the experimental data, and the calculation of the transformers' dynamic response under different earthquake excitations using these analytical models. Amplification factors were then computed for each of the excitations considered, defining these amplification factors as the peak shear force at the base of the bushings over the corresponding shear force obtained when the bushings are assumed mounted directly on the ground. It is found that the amplification factors for the 500‐kV bushings are within the amplification factor of 2.0 specified by Standard IEEE 693, but not those for the 230‐kV bushings, which exceed the IEEE 693 amplification factor by almost a factor of two. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Base isolation for near‐fault motions
Authors: Jangid R. S. , Kelly J. M.
Published: August 2002

Three analytical studies of base‐isolated structures are carried out. First, six pairs of near‐fault motions oriented in directions parallel and normal to the fault were considered, and the average of the response spectra of these earthquake records was obtained. This study shows that in addition to pulse‐type displacements, these motions contain significant energy at high frequencies and that the real and pseudo‐velocity spectra are quite different.

The second analysis modelled the response of a model of an isolated structure with a flexible superstructure to study the effect of isolation damping on the performance of different isolation systems under near‐fault motion. The results show that there exists a value of isolation system damping for which the superstructure acceleration for a given structural system attains a minimum value under near‐fault motion. Therefore, although increasing the bearing damping beyond a certain value may decrease the bearing displacement, it may transmit higher accelerations into the superstructure.

Finally, the behaviour of four isolation systems subjected to the normal component of each of the near‐fault motions were studied, showing that EDF type isolation systems may be the optimum choice for the design of isolated structures in near‐fault locations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neuro‐control of seismically excited steel structure through sensitivity evaluation scheme
Authors: Kim Dong‐Hyawn , Lee In‐Won
Published: August 2002

The neuro‐controller training algorithm based on cost function is applied to a multi‐degree‐of‐freedom system; and a sensitivity evaluation algorithm replacing the emulator neural network is proposed. In conventional methods, the emulator neural network is used to evaluate the sensitivity of structural response to the control signal. To use the emulator, it should be trained to predict the dynamic response of the structure. Much of the time is usually spent on training of the emulator. In the proposed algorithm, however, it takes only one sampling time to obtain the sensitivity. Therefore, training time for the emulator is eliminated. As a result, only one neural network is used for the neuro‐control system. In the numerical example, the three‐storey building structure with linear and non‐linear stiffness is controlled by the trained neural network. The actuator dynamics and control time delay are considered in the simulation. Numerical examples show that the proposed control algorithm is valid in structural control. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolution of human growth
Authors: Leigh Steven R.
Published: August 2002

The human pattern of growth and development (ontogeny) appears to differ markedly from patterns of ontogeny in other primate species. Humans present complex and sinuous growth curves for both body mass and stature. Many human proportions change dramatically during ontogeny, as we reach sizes that are among the largest of living primates. Perhaps most obviously, humans grow for a long time, with the interval between birth and maturation exceeding that of all other primate species. These ontogenetic traits are as distinctive as other key derived human traits, such as a large brain and language. Ontogenetic adaptations are also linked to human social organization, particularly by necessitating high levels of parental investment during the first several years of life.
Real‐time classification performance and failure mode analysis of a physical/chemical sensor array and a probabilistic neural network
Authors: Hart Sean J. , Hammond Mark H. , Wong Jennifer T. , Wright Mark T. , Gottuk Daniel T. , Rose‐Pehrsson Susan L. , Williams Frederick W.
Published: August 2002

The U.S. Navy program Damage Control‐Automation for Reduced Manning is focused on enhancing automation of ship functions and damage control systems. A key element of this objective is the improvement of current fire‐detection systems. An early warning fire‐detection system is being developed by properly processing the output from sensors that measure different physical and chemical parameters of a developing fire or from analyzing multiple aspects of a given sensor output (e.g., rate of change as well as absolute value). The classification and speed of the probabilistic neural network (PNN), deployed in real‐time, have been evaluated during a recent field test aboard the ex‐USS SHADWELL, the Advanced Damage Control Fire Research Platform of the Naval Research Laboratory. The real‐time performance is documented and as a result of optimization efforts, improvements in performance have been recognized. Early fire detection, while maintaining nuisance source immunity, has been demonstrated. A detailed examination of the PNN during fire testing has been undertaken. Using real and simulated data, a variety of scenarios (taken from recent field experiences) have been used or recreated for the purpose of understanding potential failure modes of the PNN in this application. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 244–258, 2001
Managing Contaminated Sites and the Role of Domestic and International Forums
Authors: Guerin Turlough F.
Published: August 2002

Domestic and international cooperation in the field of contaminated‐site management has increased
dramatically in the past decade. The expected benefits of this cooperation include the reduction of duplication
in remediation efforts, the coordination of contaminated‐site research, improved synergy between various
stakeholders, enhanced policy development, and better information dissemination and technology transfer. This
article identifies and briefly discusses key domestic and international collaborations, partnerships, and
networks relating to contaminated‐site management and remediation. Also provided is information on how the
forums can be accessed. Common themes identified across the forums discussed in this article include
(1) the development and demonstration of innovative technologies, (2) the use of risk
assessment, (3) the use of toxicology, bioavailability, and ecotoxicity testing, and (4) the
increasing need to find holistic approaches for managing contaminated sites, such as guaranteed remediation
programs and transfer of environment liability, and the need for understanding implications of remediation
financing mechanisms. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals Inc. Reprinted from
Remediation Volume 12, Number
1.
Characterization of aroma‐impact compounds in cold‐pressed grapefruit oil using time–intensity GC–olfactometry and GC–MS
Authors: Lin Jianming , Rouseff Russell L.
Published: August 2002

Thirty‐eight aroma‐active compounds were detected in commercial cold‐pressed grapefruit oil using a time–intensity GC–olfactometry procedure. Identification of the aroma‐active components was based on the combination of sensory descriptors, linear retention index values from DB‐Wax and DB‐1 columns and GC–MS data. Thirteen flavour components, which had not been previously reported in grapefruit oil, were identified. Compounds with the greatest aroma intensities include: 1,8‐cineole, octanal, dodecanal, trans‐4,5‐epoxy‐(E)‐2‐decenal, β‐sinensal and nootkatone. The aroma activities of sulphur compounds such as 4‐mercapto‐4‐methyl‐2‐pentanol and methional were surprisingly low and neither of the two putative grapefruit aroma impact compounds, 4‐mercapto‐4‐methyl‐2‐pentanone and 1‐p‐menthene‐8‐thiol, was detected. Over 200 volatiles have been reported in grapefruit oil, but only 38 have significant aroma activity and 22 of these can be considered major aroma impact compounds. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Menthofurolactone: a new p‐menthane lactone in Mentha piperita L.: analysis, synthesis and olfactory properties
Authors: Frérot Eric , Bagnoud Alain , Vuilleumier Christine
Published: August 2002

3,6‐Dimethyl‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydro‐benzo[b]‐furan‐2(3H)‐one (= menthofurolactone), first reported as a by‐product in the oxidation of menthofuran and hitherto unknown in nature, is shown to be naturally occurring in Mentha piperita L. essential oil. In addition to a description of its synthesis and organoleptic properties, the key role of menthofurolactone in the flavour profile of peppermint oil is demonstrated by mint oil analysis and olfactory studies. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymmetric flows in planar symmetric channels with large expansion ratio
Authors: Mishra Sanjay , Jayaraman K.
Published: August 2002

A continuation method has been used with a finite element grid and a geometric perturbation to compute two successive symmetry breaking flow transitions with increasing Reynolds number in flow of generalized Newtonian fluids through a sudden planar expansion. With an expansion ratio of 16, the onset Reynolds number is particularly sensitive to small geometric asymmetry and the critical Reynolds numbers for the two successive flow transitions are found to be very close. These transitions are delayed to higher onset Reynolds numbers by increasing the degree of pseudoplasticity. This trend is observed experimentally as well in this work and may be attributed to the competing effects of shear thinning and inertia on the size of the corner vortex before the symmetry breaking flow transition. After the second transition with an expansion ratio of 16, the two large staggered vortices on opposite walls occupy most of the transverse dimension so that the core flow between the vortices appears as a thin jet oscillating along the flow direction. This is more pronounced for the pseudoplastic liquid. After the second transition, the degree of flow asymmetry at a given location downstream of the expansion plane is larger for the pseudoplastic liquid than for the Newtonian liquid at comparable Reynolds numbers. The last feature is also evident in the experimentally observed velocity profiles. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface triangulation for polygonal models based on CAD data
Authors: Ito Yasushi , Nakahashi Kazuhiro
Published: August 2002

This paper presents an approach to the generation of unstructured surface meshes for Computer‐Aided Design (CAD) surface models represented as lists of polygons with minimum user interventions. Stereolithography (STL) data are adopted as an interface between a CAD system and the surface grid generator. STL files often include problems such as overlapping surfaces, gaps, and intersections. They have to be revised quickly and automatically before the surface models are used for the background grid of the surface grid generation. In this paper, we describe an automatic revision method for use with STL‐defined surface models. The advancing front method using geometric features is adopted directly on the modified STL surfaces. The capability of the method is demonstrated for several 3D surface models. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Similar patterns of genomic alterations characterize primary mediastinal large‐B‐cell lymphoma and diffuse large‐B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Palanisamy Nallasivam , Abou‐Elella Ashraf A. , Chaganti Seeta R. , Houldsworth Jane , Offit Kenneth , Louie Diane C. , Terayu‐Feldstein Julie , Cigudosa Juan C. , Rao Pulivarthi H. , Sanger Warren G. , Weisenburger Dennis D. , Chaganti R.S.K.
Published: August 2002

To address the possible genetic relationship between primary mediastinal large‐B‐cell lymphoma (PMLBCL) and diffuse large‐B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL), we compared DNA copy number changes identified by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis of 40 PMLBCL and 91 DLBCL tumors. We assessed their karyotypes by G‐banding; amplification of MYC, BCL2, and REL genes by Southern blotting; and incidence of nonpolymorphic BCL6 mutations by single‐strand conformation polymorphism analysis (SSCP). Overall, CGH identified overlapping and nonoverlapping patterns of DNA copy number changes in the two groups. Among the latter changes, gains of chromosomes 8, 11, 15, and 16 and losses of chromosomes 5, 10, 15, 16, 17, and 20 were seen only in DLBCL, and gains of chromosomes 10, 21, and 22 and losses of chromosomes 11, 13, and 18 were seen only in PMLBCL. Several overlapping changes were identified in both groups, with variation in incidence. Statistical analysis of these changes showed significant gains of chromosomes 3 (P ≤ 0.05) and 7q (P ≤ 0.05) in DLBCL and gains of chromosomes 9 (P ≤ 0.05) and 19 (P ≤ 0.05) and the X chromosome (P ≤ 0.05) and loss of chromosome 4 (P ≤ 0.05) in PMLBCL. Frequent recurring DNA amplification at 2p13‐15 and less frequent amplification at 6p21, 12q13, and 18q21 were noted in both groups. Recurring amplification at 1q21 was seen only in DLBCL, whereas nonrecurring amplification at 10p11.2 and 15q22‐24 was seen only in PMLBCL. G‐banded karyotype analysis identified t(3;14)(q27;q32) in one and t(14;18)(q32;q21) in two cases of PMLBCL. Seven of 13 cases exhibited SSCP variants in the 5′ noncoding region of BCL6. In addition, 19 of 24 PMLBCLs assayed for BCL6 protein expression by immunohistochemistry showed positive results, indicating an origin from a germinal center (GC)–derived B cell. Based on these data, we conclude that PMLBCL is a distinct entity among GC‐derived high‐grade DLBCLs. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fluorescence in situ hybridization study of chromosome 7 aberrations in hepatosplenic T‐cell lymphoma: Isochromosome 7q as a common abnormality accumulating in forms with features of cytologic progression
Authors: Wlodarska Iwona , Martin‐Garcia Nadine , Achten Ruth , De Wolf‐Peeters Chris , Pauwels Patrick , Tulliez Micheline , de Mascarel Antoine , Brière Josette , Patey Martine , Hagemeijer Anne , Gaulard Philippe
Published: August 2002

Hepatosplenic γδ T‐cell lymphoma (HSγδTCL) is a rare and aggressive subtype of peripheral T‐cell lymphoma that has been associated cytogenetically with the isochromosome 7q [i(7)(q10)]. The incidence of this aberration and its relevance to pathogenesis of HSγδTCL is still unknown. We investigated the status of chromosome 7 in 12 HSTCL cases, including nine with a typical γδ phenotype, one with a so‐called T‐cell receptor (TCR)–silent phenotype, and two with the variant αβ phenotype. We analyzed available fresh and archival material using a dual‐color interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) approach with 7p and 7q probes. A significant population of cells with predominance of 7q signals was detected in 10 cases (eight γδ, one αβ, and one TCR silent), and two lymphomas did not show clonal 7p/7q signal imbalances. In four of 10 cases with chromosome 7 aberrations, a hybridization pattern indicative of the presence of one chromosome 7 and one i(7)(q10) was found. In four other cases, the configuration of signals (2x7p/3x7q) suggested the presence of the i(7)(q10) and additional structural aberrations involving the second chromosome 7. In two cases, including one αβ phenotypic variant, a variety of FISH patterns equivalent to two to five copies of i(7)(q10) or numerical and structural aberrations of second chromosome 7 has been detected. These findings support cytogenetic data pointing to a characteristic association of i(7)(q10) with HSTCL, irrespective of the immunophenotype of malignant cells. An increased number of 7q signals was found in three cases with cytologic features of progression, indicating a tendency of HSTCL to multiply the i(7)(q10) chromosome during evolution. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular cytogenetic analysis of the breakpoint region at 6q21–22 in T‐cell lymphoma/leukemia cell lines
Authors: Tagawa Hiroyuki , Miura Ikuo , Suzuki Ritsuro , Suzuki Hiroko , Hosokawa Yoshitaka , Seto Masao
Published: August 2002

Chromosome band 6q21 is reported to be one of the most frequent target regions in T‐cell lymphoma for both translocations and deletions. To explore whether the breakpoint clustering in T‐cell malignancy indicates the presence of a common breakpoint region in 6q, we employed fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis using various YAC, BAC, and PAC clones aligned at 6q21–22. We identified two T‐cell lymphoma/leukemia cell lines with different differentiation stages that had breakpoints within the same novel gene, TCBA1 (T‐cell lymphoma breakpoint associated target 1). In a T‐cell lymphoblastic lymphoma cell line, HT‐1, the TCBA1 fused to SUSP1 (SUMO‐1‐specific protease), creating a SUSP1‐TCBA1 chimeric gene. However, in an adult T‐cell leukemia cell line, ATN‐1, no chimeric gene was detected, although aberrant TCBA1 transcripts were produced. We conclude that TCBA1 is a possible target gene for T‐cell lineage‐specific chromosome aberrations at 6q21. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detailed genomic mapping and expression analyses of 12p amplifications in pancreatic carcinomas reveal a 3.5‐Mb target region for amplification
Authors: Heidenblad Markus , Jonson Tord , Mahlamäki Eija H. , Gorunova Ludmila , Karhu Ritva , Johansson Bertil , Höglund Mattias
Published: August 2002

Previous cytogenetic and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analyses have shown that the gain of chromosome arm 12p is frequent in pancreatic carcinomas. We investigated 15 pancreatic carcinoma cell lines using CGH, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to characterize 12p amplifications in detail. The CGH analysis revealed gains of 12p in four of the cell lines and local amplification within 12p11–12 in six cell lines. By FISH analysis, using precisely mapped YAC clones, the commonly amplified region was found to be approximately 5 Mb. The amplified segment extended from YAC 753f12, covering the KRAS2 locus, to YAC 891f1, close to the centromere. A semiquantitative PCR methodology was used to estimate genomic copy numbers of 14 precisely mapped expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and sequence‐tagged sites, located within this interval. The level of amplification ranged from two‐ to 12‐fold. The produced gene copy profiles revealed a 3.5‐Mb segment with various local amplifications. This region includes KRAS2 and ranges from D12S1617 to sts‐N38796. Two of the cell lines (primary and metastatic tumor from the same patient) showed amplification peaks within the distal region of this segment, two had peaks within the proximal region, one showed subpeaks in both regions, and one displayed amplification of the entire region. Chromosome segment‐specific cDNA array analysis of 29 expressed sequences within the whole interval between D12S1617 and sts‐N38796 indicated overexpression of four ESTs, two corresponding to DEC2 and PPFIBP1, and two to ESTs with unknown function. Expression analysis of these and of KRAS2 showed specific overexpression in the six cell lines with local 12p amplifications. These findings indicate two target regions within the 3.5‐Mb segment in 12p11–12, one proximal including PPFIBP1, and one distal including KRAS2. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel mutations in the SDHD gene in pedigrees with familial carotid body paraganglioma and sensorineural hearing loss
Authors: Badenhop Renee F. , Cherian Sanjay , Lord Reginald S.A. , Baysal Bora E. , Taschner Peter E.M. , Schofield Peter R.
Published: August 2002

Paraganglioma (PGL) is a rare disorder characterized by tumors of the head and neck region. Between 10% and 50% of cases of PGL are familial, and the disease is autosomal dominant and subject to age‐dependent penetrance and imprinting. The paraganglioma gene (PGL1) has been mapped to 11q22.3–q23, and recently germline mutations in the SDHD gene have been identified. The SDHD region contains another gene, DPP2/TIMM8B, the homolog of which causes dystonia and deafness seen in Mohr‐Tranebjaerg syndrome. Using four PGL pedigrees, two of which exhibit coinheritance of PGL and sensorineural hearing loss or tinnitus, analysis of 14 microsatellite markers provided support for linkage to the PGL1 locus. Sequence analysis identified novel mutations in exon 1 and exon 3 of the SDHD gene, including a novel two base pair deletion in exon 3 creating a premature stop codon at position 67; a novel three base pair deletion in exon 3 resulting in the loss of Tyr‐93; a missense mutation in exon 3 resulting in the substitution of Leu‐81 for Pro‐81; and a novel G‐to‐C substitution in exon 1 resulting in the substitution of Met‐1 for Ile‐1. No base changes were detected in the DPP2/TIMM8B gene. There was no apparent loss of heterozygosity at the site of the SDHD mutations. However, RT‐PCR analysis of tumor samples showed monoallelic expression of the mutant (paternal) allele as expected for imprinting. This has not previously been shown for this disorder. The inheritance and expression of the SDHD gene is consistent with the PGL1 gene being subject to genomic imprinting. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.