bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pithecia pithecia's behavioral response to decreasing fruit abundance
Authors: Cunningham Elena P. , Janson Charles H.
Published: March 2006

In this article we describe the behavioral responses of a group of white‐faced sakis' (Pithecia pithecia) to fruit and water scarcity. Six sakis were observed on Round Island in Guri Lake, Venezuela, between March and May 1996. These months are considered the dry season and the beginning of the wet season. Sakis specialize in eating seeds. During the present study only one tree species, Licania discolor (Chrysobalanaceae), fruited in substantial numbers. Licania seeds accounted for 88% of the time the sakis spent eating fruit in March, 87% in April, and 80% in May. We estimate that the sakis' intake of Licania seeds dropped from 2,573 seeds in the 15‐day observation period in March to 956 seeds in the 16‐day observation period in May. The sakis not only spent less time eating Licania, they ate the seeds at a much slower rate. The drop in the sakis' feeding rate was probably due to increased local search and inspection times. In response to the scarcity of fruit, the sakis ate more young leaves, insects, and flowers. Feeding bouts became more frequent but shorter. Mean distances between feeding bouts fell significantly and the sakis revisited trees less often. Am. J. Primatol. 68:1–6, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Las Islas de los Changos (the Monkey Islands): the economic impact of ecotourism in the region of Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico
Authors: Serio‐Silva Juan Carlos
Published: March 2006

This study evaluates the popularity and economic impact of Las Islas de los Changos (the Monkey Islands) as an ecotourism site on Lake Catemaco in the Los Tuxtlas region of Veracruz, Mexico. Two small island colonies of exotic primates, stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides), have proved to be highly beneficial for the local economy as the main attraction for tourists in this region. From July 1991 to June 1992, data were collected on the number of tourists who took boat trips to visit the primates, and the amount of money spent on tours to the islands. The data suggest that at least 28,470 passengers visit these primate troops annually and spend approximately $88,970 U.S. dollars (USD). Follow‐up questionnaires during July 1997 to June 2000 to hotelkeepers and tourist boat operators identified the Monkey Islands as the primary destination for tourists to this region. A comparison of the net income obtained by local ecotourism operators with wages earned through other types of employment in the Los Tuxtlas region, such as working in natural reserves, agriculture, or renting grazing land for cattle, show the relative importance of Las Islas de Los Changos in sustaining the local economy. Am. J. Primatol. 68:1–8, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Copulation in free‐ranging black‐handed spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi)
Authors: Campbell Christina J.
Published: March 2006

I report ad libitum data on 18 copulations involving free‐ranging black‐handed spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. All copulations were performed in a dorsoventral position, as is typically reported for this genus. Intromission often appeared difficult to achieve, possibly as a result of the large size of the glans penis in these animals. The average length from intromission to termination of thrusting exceeded 17 min, followed by an average period of almost 2 min before separation occurred, which suggests the possibility of a copulatory lock. Offspring of the female participant were almost always in close proximity to or in contact with the pair, and harassment by the offspring was observed only during the final stages of the copulation. All but one copulatory event occurred in complete seclusion from other adult males, and sexual behavior was not limited to any one adult male in the group. Am. J. Primatol. 68:1–5, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Methods for maximizing good effects of foster care: evidence‐based strategies to prevent discontinuities of foster care and raise IQ
Authors: Kliman Gilbert
Published: March 2006

What can psychoanalysts do to prevent transmission of trauma? One way is to improve the lot of children whose fate is in the hands of society, particularly those in foster care. The repetition compulsion is a psychoanalytic hypothesis which predicts that foster children carry within them behavioral memories of being rejected, neglected, or harmed by their families of origin. Children's enactments of these memories dispose their foster families to recreate the events, reject the troubled children, and produce further traumatic discontinuities of care. This psychoanalytic concept can be operationalized within social service systems. An aspect of repetition compulsion of foster children is measurable by tracking the number of transfers between foster homes. The phenomenon can be substantially reduced by focused psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy of the children and their caregivers (Kliman, 1996). Remarkably, there is statistically significant evidence that children's IQ are enhanced by a certain form of intensive psychoanalytic psychotherapy in the preschool years (Kliman, 1968, 1970, 1997; Zelman and Samuels, 1996; Hope, 1999). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The contribution of ethnic and American identities to the migrant's self‐esteem: an empirical investigation
Authors: Ying Yu‐Wen , Lee Peter Allen
Published: March 2006

A psychoanalytic theory of migration postulates that migrants undergo a psychic restructuring which necessitates refueling by the culture of origin and/or its representatives (such as parents). During this time, ethnic identity is central to the migrant's self‐esteem. With completion of the mourning processes, the migrant is psychically freed up to also identify with the new country. Over time, the new hybrid identity is consolidated, so that self‐esteem is no longer determined by cultural or national identities. The current study empirically tested this postulation in three groups of Chinese migrants who varied in available resources in completing their psychic restructuring. As hypothesized, the function of Chinese and American identities in their self‐esteem varied significantly at the time of the study and reflected differential degrees of post‐migration identity consolidation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of the Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase that Bridges the Clavine and Ergoline Alkaloid Pathways
Authors: Haarmann Thomas , Ortel Ingo , Tudzynski Paul , Keller Ullrich
Published: March 2006

Clavines and D‐lysergic acid‐derived alkaloid amides and alkaloid peptides are two different families of compounds that have the indole‐derived tetracyclic metergoline ring system in common. Previous work has shown that D‐lysergic acid is biosynthetically derived from clavine alkaloids. Recent cloning and analysis of the ergot alkaloid biosynthesis gene cluster from the D‐lysergic acid peptide (ergopeptines)‐producing Claviceps purpurea, has shown that it most probably contains all genes necessary for D‐lysergic acid synthesis as well as those that encode the assembly of D‐lysergic acid peptides, such as ergotamine. To address the role of the oxygenase genes of alkaloid‐gene clusters, the only cytochrome P450 monooxygenase gene of this cluster was inactivated by disruption. The resultant mutant accumulated agroclavine, elymoclavine, and chanoclavine in substantial amounts but not ergopeptines. Feeding the mutant with D‐lysergic acid restored ergopeptine synthesis; this suggests a block in the conversion of elymoclavine to D‐lysergic acid. The gene was designated cloA (for encoding a clavine oxidase, CLOA). Retransformation of the mutant with the intact cloA gene also restored ergopeptine synthesis. These data show that CLOA catalyses the conversion of clavines to D‐lysergic acid, it acts as a critical enzyme in the ergot alkaloid gene cluster, and bridges the biosynthesis of the two different families of alkaloids.
N,N′‐Dialkyl‐ and N‐Alkyl‐N‐mesityl‐Substituted N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes as Ligands in Grubbs Catalysts
Authors: Ledoux Nele , Allaert Bart , Pattyn Siegfried , Mierde Hans Vander , Vercaemst Carl , Verpoort Francis
Published: March 2006

Various symmetrically and asymmetrically substituted N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands bearing aliphatic nitrogen‐containing side groups have been synthesised. In our attempts to isolate the corresponding second‐generation Grubbs catalysts, we were unsuccessful when using the symmetrical aliphatic NHC ligands. For the asymmetrical ligands bearing an aliphatic moiety on one side and an aromatic mesityl group on the other side, substitution of a phosphine ligand was achieved. The performance of a so‐formed series of Ru‐based metathesis initiators has been evaluated for the ring‐opening metathesis polymerisation (ROMP) of cycloocta‐1,5‐diene and the ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) of diethyl diallylmalonate.
Progressive low‐grade oligodendrogliomas
Authors: Levin Netta , Lavon Iris , Zelikovitsh Bracha , Fuchs Dana , Bokstein Felix , Fellig Yakov , Siegal Tali
Published: March 2006

BACKGROUND

Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosomes 1p and 19q has been associated with chemosensitivity and improved prognosis in patients with oligodendrogliomas. The DNA repair enzyme O6‐methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) may induce resistance to DNA‐alkylating agents. Recent studies demonstrated that temozolomide (TMZ), an oral alkylating agent, has efficacy in the treatment of patients with progressive, low‐grade oligodendroglioma (LGO). However, to the authors' knowledge, limited data are available regarding the 1p/19q profile and its correlation with MGMT protein expression and response to treatment with DNA‐alkylating drugs.

METHODS

Adult patients with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and/or clinical deterioration compatible with progressive LGO were eligible for the study if they were radiotherapy‐naive. TMZ cycles were repeated every 28 days at a dose of 200 mg/m2 daily for 5 consecutive days. Clinical and MRI data were used to evaluate outcomes, and Kaplan–Meier estimates were used to assess the median time to tumor progression (TTP). The 1p/19q status was analyzed from paired tumor‐blood DNA samples using polymerase chain reaction‐based microsatellite analysis. MGMT protein expression was estimated semiquantitatively by immunohistochemistry using paraffin embedded tumor sections.

RESULTS

There were 28 patients who received treatment, and the median time from diagnosis to tumor progression was 33.5 months. The median number of TMZ cycles per patient was 12.5. Marked clinical improvements were recorded in 15 patients (54%), and objective responses were recorded in 17 patients (61%). The median TTP was 31 months, and the progression‐free survival rate was 70% at 24 months. Loss of chromosome 1p and low MGMT protein expression were associated with objective response (P < .003 and P < .04, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

TMZ was active in patients with progressive LGO, and their response to treatment was associated with 1p deletion and low MGMT protein expression. The authors suggest the possible use of MGMT immunostaining as a surrogate marker for predicting tumor chemosensitivity. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Single‐axon tracing study of corticostriatal projections arising from primary motor cortex in primates
Authors: Parent Martin , Parent André
Published: March 2006

The axonal projections arising from the forelimb area of the primary motor cortex (M1) in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were studied following microiontophoretic injections of biotinylated dextran amine under electrophysiological guidance. The microinjections were centered on layer V, and 42 anterogradely labeled corticofugal axons were reconstructed from serial frontal or sagittal sections with a camera lucida. Our investigation shows that the primate striatum receives both direct and indirect projections from M1. The direct corticostriatal projection is formed by axons that remain uniformly thin and unbranched throughout their sinuous trajectory to the ipsilateral striatum. They divide as they enter the dorsolateral sector of the postcommissural putamen, the so‐called sensorimotor striatal territory. The indirect corticostriatal projection derives from a thin collateral emitted within the corona radiata by thick, long‐range fibers that descend toward the brainstem. The collateral enters the putamen dorsomedially and remains unbranched until it reaches the dorsolateral sector of the putamen, where it breaks out into two to four axonal branches displaying small and equally spaced varicosities. Both direct and indirect corticostriatal axons branch moderately but occupy vast rostrocaudal striatal territories, where they appear to contact en passant several widely distributed striatal neurons. These findings reveal that, in contrast to current beliefs, the primate motor corticostriatal system is not exclusively formed by axons dedicated solely to the striatum. It also comprises collaterals from long‐range corticofugal axons, which can thus provide to the striatum a copy of the neural information that is being conveyed to the brainstem and/or spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 496:202–213, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuron‐specific expression of a synaptotagmin gene in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Authors: Burke Robert D. , Osborne Lisa , Wang Diana , Murabe Naoyuki , Yaguchi Shunsuke , Nakajima Yoko
Published: March 2006

Interest in chordate evolution has emphasized a need for a better understanding of the comparative neuroanatomy of invertebrate deuterostomes. However, molecular and genetic approaches to neurobiological studies in these groups are hampered by a lack of neuron‐specific molecular markers. A monoclonal antibody, 1E11, is neuron specific and is useful in identification of neural structures in larvae and adults of echinoderms, hemichordates, and urochordates. To identify a neuron‐specific gene product, we have characterized the antigen recognized by 1E11. In immunoblots and immunoprecipitations of neural tissue from adult Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, 1E11 recognizes a 57‐kDa band. Tandem mass spectrometry of trypsin digests of the 57‐kDa band permitted peptide mass mapping and sequencing of five peptides. All of the sequenced peptides, and 12 additional mass‐mapped peptides, are found within the open reading frame of a cDNA encoding synaptotagmin B (Sp‐SynB). In situ RNA hybridizations with synaptotagmin B probes with S. purpuratus larvae reveal a pattern of expression that is similar to that revealed by the antibody 1E11. Antibodies produced against a bacterially expressed Sp‐SynB protein recognize a 57‐kDa protein and colocalize with 1E11. When a full‐length Sp‐SynB cDNA is expressed in chicken embryonic cells, the cells become immunoreactive to 1E11. We conclude that synaptotagmin B is a gene expressed in neurons that has conserved epitopes in other invertebrate deuterostomes. J. Comp. Neurol. 496:244–251, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis, Crystal Structures, Magnetic Properties and Photoconductivity of C60 and C70 Complexes with Metal Dialkyldithiocarbamates M(R2dtc)x, where M = CuII, CuI, AgI, ZnII, CdII, HgII, MnII, NiII, and PtII; R = Me, Et, and nPr
Authors: Konarev Dmitri V. , Kovalevsky Andrey Y. , Khasanov Salavat S. , Saito Gunzi , Lopatin Dmitri V. , Umrikhin Alexey V. , Otsuka Akihiro , Lyubovskaya Rimma N.
Published: March 2006

New complexes of fullerenes C60 and C70 with metal dialkyldithiocarbamates, [M(R2dtc)x]·[C60(70)]·[Solvent], R = Et [M = CuII (C60, 1; C70, 2), CuI (C60, 3; C70, 4), AgI (C60, 5), ZnII (C60, 6), CdII (C60, 7; C70, 8), HgII (C60, 9), MnII (C70, 10)], R = Et and Me [M = CuII (C60, 11), and ZnII (C60, 12)], and R = nPr [M = CuII (C60, 13), NiII (C60, 14), and PtII (C60, 15)] were obtained. M(R2dtc)x efficiently cocrystallized with fullerene molecules as tetrahedral monomers (6, 12), dimers (1, 7, 11), and tetramers (3, 4). Fullerene molecules form closely packed hexagonal and square layers in 1, 7, and 11, hexagonal and tetragonal 3D structures in 6 and 12, and island motifs in 3 and 4. Complexes 1–15 have a neutral ground state. However, the formation of the complexes with fullerenes changes the environment of paramagnetic CuII and MnII. The EPR spectra of 1, 2, 11, and 13 are essentially modified relative to those of pristine Cu(R2dtc)2 because of a weak coordination of CuII to fullerene and a flattening of the central (NCS2)2Cu fragments. Complex 10 shows a spectrum exhibiting features from 50 to 600 mT and manifests strong antiferromagnetic coupling of spins with a Weiss temperature of –96 K and the maximum of magnetic susceptibility at 46 K. Such magnetic behavior can be explained by the formation of [Mn(Et2dtc)2]2 dimers in 10. The illumination of the crystals of 1, 2, and 7 by white light results in up to a 103 increase in photocurrent. The photoconductivity spectra have maxima at 470, 450–650, and 660 nm for 1, 2, and 7, respectively. Photogeneration of free charge carriers is realized by photoexcitation of Cu(Et2dtc)2 in 1 and 2, and by charge transfer from Cd(Et2dtc)2 to C60 molecules in 7. The decrease of photocurrent in 1 and 7 in a weak magnetic field with B0 < 0.5 T was found. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis and Characterization of PY2‐ and TPA‐Appended Diphenylglycoluril Receptors and Their Bis‐CuI Complexes
Authors: Sprakel Vera S. I. , Elemans Johannes A. A. W. , Feiters Martin C. , Lucchese Baldo , Karlin Kenneth D. , Nolte Roeland J. M.
Published: March 2006

A number of metallohosts mimicking dinuclear copper oxygenases have been designed and synthesized. These metallohosts combine a substrate binding site, i.e. the diphenylglycoluril basket receptor, with two types of metal‐binding ligands, viz. tri‐coordinating bis(2‐ethylpyridine)amine (PY2) and tetra‐coordinating tris(2‐methylpyridine)amine (TPA). The preparation of the bis‐CuI complexes of the ligand‐appended receptors and their characterization by NMR are reported. NMR spectroscopic data provide evidence for a dynamic inclusion behavior of some of the pyridine moieties in the receptor of both the metal‐free ligands and the CuI complexes. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Transplacentally exposed human and monkey newborn infants show similar evidence of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor‐induced mitochondrial toxicity
Authors: Divi Rao L. , Leonard Sarah L. , Kuo Maryanne M. , Nagashima Kunio , Thamire Chandrasekhar , St. Claire Marisa C. , Wade Nancy A. , Walker Vernon E. , Poirier Miriam C.
Published: March 2006

Effective reduction in maternal‐fetal human immunodeficiency virus‐1 (HIV‐1) transmission has been achieved by administration of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) during pregnancy, and although most exposed children are clinically normal at birth, mitochondrial dysfunction has been reported. To examine mitochondrial integrity on a molecular level, we evaluated mitochondrial morphology by electron microscopy (EM) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) quantity in umbilical cords and cord blood from NRTI‐exposed and unexposed human and monkey newborns. Human subjects included infants born to HIV‐1‐infected mothers who received Combivir (Zidovudine [AZT] plus Lamivudine [3TC]) (n = 9) or AZT plus Didanosine [ddI] (n = 2) during pregnancy, and infants born to HIV‐1‐uninfected mothers (n = 7). NRTI‐exposed Erythrocebus patas monkey dams (n = 3 per treatment group) were given human‐equivalent dosing regimens containing 3TC, AZT/3TC, AZT/ddI, or Stavudine (d4T)/3TC during gestation. Four infants born to unexposed patas dams served as controls. Mitochondria in umbilical cord endothelial cells from NRTI‐exposed monkey and human infants showed substantial abnormal pathology by EM, the extent of which was quantified from coded photomicrographs and shown to be different (P < 0.05) from the unexposed monkey and human newborns. Significant (P < 0.05) mtDNA depletion was found in umbilical cords from both human and monkey NRTI‐exposed infants and in human, but not in monkey, cord blood leukocytes. For umbilical cords, an increase in mitochondrial morphological damage correlated with reduction in mtDNA quantity in fetal monkeys (r = 0.94). The treatment‐induced mitochondrial compromise in infant monkeys ranked as follows: d4T/3TC > AZT/ddI > AZT/3TC > 3TC. The study demonstrates that transplacental NRTI exposures induce similar mitochondrial damage in cord blood and umbilical cords taken from retroviral‐uninfected monkey infants and from human infants born to HIV‐1‐infected women. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transitions between the public mental health system and jail for persons with severe mental illness: a Markov analysis
Authors: Norton Edward C. , Yoon Jangho , Domino Marisa Elena , Morrissey Joseph P.
Published: March 2006

Proposed changes to the mental health care system are usually debated in terms of either health benefits or costs savings. However, because of the extensive intersection between the mental health system and the criminal justice system, changes in the organization and financing of mental health services may change the jail detention rate. We analyze jail incarcerations for felonies and non‐felonies following the start of a public managed mental health care program in King County, Washington (including Seattle). We analyze unique data that tracks individuals in and out of the public mental health, Medicaid, and criminal justice systems for 1993–1998. In this manuscript we examine individuals with severe mental illness who were enrolled in the Washington state Medicaid program. The final sample size has monthly observations on 6766 unique individuals aged 18–64. We estimate Markov models of the monthly transition probabilities among living in the community with no public mental health treatment, receiving inpatient or outpatient mental health or substance abuse services, or being in jail for either a felony or non‐felony charge. The transition probabilities are adjusted for demographics and policy changes that occurred during our study period. There is little evidence of any change in the jail detention rate for severely mentally ill users of the county mental health system in contrast with other SMI individuals following the public managed care program. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The hydrogen perturbation in molecular connectivity computations
Authors: Pogliani Lionello
Published: March 2006

A new algorithm for the δv number, the basic parameter of molecular connectivity indices, is proposed. The new algorithm, which is centered on graph concepts like complete graphs and general graphs, encodes the information of the bonded hydrogen on different atoms through a perturbation parameter that makes use of no new graph concepts. The model quality of the new algorithm is tested with 13 properties of seven different classes of compounds, as well as with composite classes of compounds with the same property and with composite properties of the same class of compounds. Chosen properties and classes of compounds display different percentage of bonded hydrogen atoms, which allow a checking of the importance of this parameter. A comparison is drawn with previous results with zero contribution for the hydrogen perturbation as well as among results obtained by changing the number of compounds of a property but keeping constant the percentage of hydrogen atoms. Results underline the importance of the property as well as the importance of the number of compounds in determining the level of the hydrogen perturbation. Molecular connectivity terms are in some cases more critical than the combination of indices in detecting the perturbation introduced by the hydrogen atoms. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 27: 868–882, 2006
Theoretical studies on the role of π‐electron delocalization in determining the conformation of N‐benzylideneaniline with three types of LMO basis sets
Authors: Bao Peng , Yu Zhong‐Heng
Published: March 2006

To understand the role of π‐electron delocalization in determining the conformation of the NBA (Ph–NCH–Ph) molecule, the following three LMO (localized molecular orbital) basis sets are constructed: a LFMO (highly localized fragment molecular orbital), an NBO (natural bond orbital), and a special NBO (NBO‐II) basis sets, and their localization degrees are evaluated with our suggesting index DL. Afterward, the vertical resonance energy ΔEV is obtained from the Morokuma's energy partition over each of three LMO basis sets. ΔEV = ΔEH (one electron energy) + ΔEtwo (two electron energy), and ΔEtwo = ΔECou (Coulomb) + ΔEex (exchange) + ΔEec (or ΣΔEn) (electron correction). ΔEH is always stabilizing, and ΔECou is destabilizing for all time. In the case of the LFMO basis set, ΔECou is so great that ΔEtwo > |ΔEH|. Therefore, ΔEV is always destabilizing, and is least destabilizing at about the θ = 90° geometry. Of the three calculation methods such as HF, DFT, and MPn (n = 2, 3, and 4), the MPn method provides ΔEV with the greatest value. In the case of the NBO basis set, on the contrary, ΔEV is stabilizing due to ΔECou being less destabilizing, and it is most stabilizing at a planar geometry. The LFMO basis set has the highest localization degree, and it is most appropriate for the energy partition. In the NBA molecule, π‐electron delocalization is destabilization, and it has a tendency to distort the NBA molecular away from its planar geometry as far as possible. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 27: 809–824, 2006
New model potentials for sulfur–copper(I) and sulfur–mercury(II) interactions in proteins: From ab initio to molecular dynamics
Authors: Fuchs Jean‐Francois , Nedev Hristo , Poger David , Ferrand Michel , Brenner Valérie , Dognon Jean‐Pierre , Crouzy Serge
Published: March 2006

We have developed new force field and parameters for copper(I) and mercury(II) to be used in molecular dynamics simulations of metalloproteins. Parameters have been derived from fitting of ab initio interaction potentials calculated at the MP2 level of theory, and results compared to experimental data when available. Nonbonded parameters for the metals have been calculated from ab initio interaction potentials with TIP3P water. Due to high charge transfer between Cu(I) or Hg(II) and their ligands, the model is restricted to a linear coordination of the metal bonded to two sulfur atoms. The experimentally observed asymmetric distribution of metal ligand bond lengths (r) is accounted for by the addition of an anharmonic (r3) term in the potential. Finally, the new parameters and potential, introduced into the CHARMM force field, are tested in short molecular dynamics simulations of two metal thiolates fragments in water. (Brooks BR et al. J Comput Chem 1983, 4, 1987.1) © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 27: 837–856, 2006
S. O. Lilienfeld and N. G. Waller, “A great pioneer of clinical science remembered: Introduction to the special issue in honor of Paul E. Meehl”. Journal of Clinical Psychology 61(10) 2005, 1201–1207
Authors: Lilienfeld Scott O. , Waller Niels G.
Published: March 2006

Originally published in J Clin Psychol 61: 1201–1207, 2005

Through an oversight on the part of Special Issue Co‐Editor Scott O. Lilienfeld, Dr. Joel Weinberger was not listed as a co‐author of the article “In Praise of Clinical Judgment: Meehl's Forgotten Legacy,” in the Introduction (p. 1205) to the Journal of Clinical Psychology Special Issue in Honor of Paul E. Meehl (Vol. 61, Issue 10, October, 2005). The Introduction should have noted that this article was co‐authored by Drs. Drew Westen and Joel Weinberger.

Dr. Lilienfeld sincerely apologizes for the error.
The impact of client sexual orientation and gender on clinical judgments and diagnosis of borderline personality disorder
Authors: Eubanks‐Carter Catherine , Goldfried Marvin R.
Published: March 2006

Concerns have been raised that individuals who are having difficulty coming out as gay or bisexual may be misdiagnosed with borderline personality disorder. In this analogue study, 141 psychologists evaluated a hypothetical client with problems that resembled borderline symptoms but were also consistent with a sexual identity crisis. Client descriptions varied by sexual orientation and gender. Results revealed an effect of sexual orientation for male clients, but not female clients. Male clients whom therapists perceived likely to be gay or bisexual, and male clients with partners of unspecified gender, were more likely to be diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. Therapists were more confident and willing to work with female clients and gave them a better prognosis. Therapists' responses are discussed in light of gender role bias and social desirability. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 62: 751–770, 2006.
Synthesis of a 11C‐labelled taxane derivative by [1‐11C]acetylation
Authors: Mäding P. , Zessin J. , Pleiß U. , Füchtner F. , Wüst F.
Published: March 2006

The 11C‐labelling of the taxane derivative BAY 59‐8862 (1), a potent anticancer drug, was carried out as a module‐assisted automated multi‐step synthesis procedure. The radiotracer [11C]1 was synthesized by reacting [1‐11C]acetyl chloride (6) with the lithium salt of the secondary hydroxy group of precursor 3 followed by deprotection. After HPLC purification of the final product [11C]1, its solid‐phase extraction, formulation and sterile filtration, the decay‐corrected radiochemical yield of [11C]1 was in the range between 12 and 23% (related to [11C]CO2; n=10). The total synthesis time was about 54 min after EOB. The radiochemical purity of [11C]1 was greater than 96% and the chemical purity exceeded 80%. The specific radioactivity was 16.8±4.7 GBq/µmol (n=10) at EOS starting from 80 GBq of [11C]CO2. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A potential lung perfusion imaging agent of synthetic origin
Authors: Tsopelas Chris , Dylan F. , Bartholomeusz L.
Published: March 2006

99mTc‐labelled macroaggregated albumin (MAA) is the radiopharmaceutical routinely used for perfusion lung scans. However MAA formulations contain excipients of biological origin, that may potentially cause allergic hypersensitivity in patients. The aim of this study was to prepare a non‐biological lung imaging agent, with physiological uptake based on a mechanism of colloid localisation in the pulmonary vasculature. To a frozen stannous fluoride cold kit (RAH Radiopharmacy) was added 99mTc‐pertechnetate (⩽2 GBq) in saline (1–4 ml), and the radioactive contents were mixed by rotation (40 rpm) in a syringe at room temperature for 30–180 min. The preparative conditions were varied to control particle growth by: the addition of metal ions, halide ions, or oxidants; different mixing times; and temperatures. The 99mTc products were analysed for % radiolabelling efficiency (RE), radioactive particle size distribution (RPSD), qualitative and quantitative rat biodistribution studies. Results indicated that all radioactive particles were formed with >99% RE, and 1–47% were >8 µm. The optimum radiotracer formulation containing the highest proportion of the largest particles, was prepared by mixing SnF2 and 99mTc‐pertechnetate with a low [Na+] at room temperature for 50 min. Results from the quantitative organ assays gave 88±1% tracer in the lungs, and less than 10% in the liver and spleen. The images showed excellent, uniform lung uptake with minimal interference from liver and spleen to the lower regions of right and left lobes. In conclusion, the synthetic radiopharmaceutical 99mTc–tin fluoride colloid can be prepared with a large particle size, from a commercially available cold kit in a simple and practical manner, and it has good potential for use as a perfusion imaging agent in lung scans. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chiral analysis by mass spectrometry using the kinetic method in flow systems
Authors: Lemr Karel , Ranc Václav , Fryčák Petr , Bednář Petr , Ševčík Juraj
Published: March 2006

Chiral analysis is an important task of analytical chemistry. Besides separation techniques, mass spectrometry can be applied in this field. One mass spectrometric approach is based on Cooks' kinetic method. The method was successfully applied in a static system in which the concentration of the analyte as well as the chiral selector solution was constant during the experiment. The application of the kinetic method in dynamic systems (changing concentration of analyte) is presented. Such systems allow the speeding up of the analytical process (flow injection analysis (FIA)) or the use of the kinetic method for chiral detection after liquid chromatographic separation.

The influence of the concentration of the components of the chiral selector solution as well as its flow rate on the recognition of enantiomers was evaluated. A new procedure for correction for the differences between ratio of enantiomers in the liquid phase and their observed ratio in the gas phase is also described. A significant improvement in accuracy using this procedure was achieved. Applicability of the method was demonstrated in the analysis of amino acids using FIA as well as HPLC/MS. After an achiral separation of leucine and isoleucine, chiral mass spectrometric detection was successfully used for enantiomeric recognition. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laser ablation and secondary ion mass spectrometry of inorganic transition‐metal compounds. Part I: comparison between static ToF‐SIMS and LA‐FTICRMS
Authors: Aubriet Frédéric , Poleunis Claude , Muller Jean‐François , Bertrand Patrick
Published: March 2006

Most of the first‐row transition‐metal oxides, MAOB (M = Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) were examined by static secondary ion mass spectrometry (s‐SIMS) and laser ablation/ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (LA‐FTICRMS). Positive and negative ions show strong correlation between the studied oxide and the detected cluster ions. Specific MxOy+/− species were systematically observed with both MS techniques for each investigated MAOB transition‐metal oxide. Moreover, the ion composition and ion distribution are greatly dependent on the ionization technique. Laser ablation (LA)/ionization leads to larger cluster ions (ionic species with nearly hundred atoms were in particular detected for Sc2O3 and Y2O3 oxides), whereas hydrogenated, dihydrogenated, and sometimes trihydrogenated species were observed in s‐SIMS. However, the ion distribution for a given MxOy+/− ion series (i.e. ions including the same number of metal atoms M) generally presented important similarities in both techniques.

Finally, it was demonstrated that the chemical state of metal atoms in the observed ionic species is closely dependent on the metal electronic valence shell. High valence states (+III, +IV, +V, and +VI) are favored for metals with a less‐than‐half full valence shell configuration, whereas for other first‐row transition metals (manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper and zinc) lower metal valence states (0, +I or, +II) are involved. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and validation of a liquid chromatographic/electrospray ionization mass spectrometric method for the determination of benazepril, benazeprilat and hydrochlorothiazide in human plasma
Authors: Vonaparti Ariadni , Kazanis Michael , Panderi Irene
Published: March 2006

A new method was developed and fully validated for the quantitation of benazepril, benazeprilat and hydrochlorothiazide in human plasma. Sample pretreatment was achieved by solid‐phase extraction (SPE) using Oasis HLB cartridges. The extracts were analysed by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to a single‐quadrupole mass spectrometer (MS) with an electrospray ionization interface. The MS system was operated in selected ion monitoring (SIM) modes. HPLC was performed isocratically on a reversed‐phase porous graphitized carbon (PGC) analytical column (2.1 × 125.0 mm i.d., particle size 5 µm). The mobile phase consisted of 55% acetonitrile in water containing 0.3% v/v formic acid and pumped at a flow rate of 0.15 ml min−1. Chlorthalidone was used as the internal standard (IS) for quantitation. The assay was linear over a concentration range of 5.0–500 ng ml−1 for all the compounds analysed, with a limit of quantitation of 5 ng ml−1 for all the compounds. Quality control (QC) samples (5, 10, 100 and 500 ng ml−1) in five replicates from three different runs of analyses demonstrated intra‐assay precision (coefficient of variation (CV) ≤14.6%), inter‐assay precision (CV ≤ 5.6%) and overall accuracy (relative error less than −8.0%). The method can be used to quantify benazepril, benazeprilat and hydrochlorothiazide in human plasma, covering a variety of pharmacokinetic or bioequivalence studies. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of perfusion on hepatic MR diffusion measurement
Authors: Hollingsworth K. G. , Lomas D. J.
Published: March 2006

Percutaneous liver biopsy is the current gold standard for the diagnosis and assessment of hepatic fibrosis: it is an uncomfortable procedure with associated risks of infection and internal bleeding. Diffusion‐weighted MRI may be important as a non‐invasive measure of the grade of hepatic fibrosis, owing to the morphological and physiological changes in hepatic tissues as fibrosis develops. The factors that influence hepatic diffusion measurements are complex and are thought to include hepatic perfusion. This study assesses whether hepatic diffusion measurements are influenced by hepatic perfusion changes as this could be an important variable when investigating the relationship between diffusion measurements and grade of hepatic fibrosis. Hepatic apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) were measured in 10 healthy volunteers after an 8‐h fast and 1‐h after a standard meal (which increases portal vein flow and hepatic sinusoidal perfusion) using a breath‐hold technique at b‐values of 750, 500 and 200 s/mm2. ADC measurements using b = 750 and 500 s/mm2 in the posterior right lobe were unaffected by the perfusion changes (P  =  0.15 and 0.14, respectively) whereas the results from the anterior right lobe significantly increased post‐prandially (P = 0.03 and 0.008, respectively): inter‐subject variability was low (∼5%) for these b‐values. Portal perfusion had a significant effect in both the posterior and anterior segments of the right lobe when using a b‐value of 200 s/mm2 (P = 0.01 and 0.00001 respectively): inter‐subject variability was found to be high (∼25%). The most reproducible measurements of the ADC can be made in the posterior right lobe and the effect of perfusion is minimised at the higher b‐values (b = 500 and 750 s/mm2). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of light‐emitting oligo(p‐phenylene‐vinylene)s and polymeric derivatives containing three‐ and five‐conjugated phenylene rings. II. Electro‐optical properties and optimization of PLED performance
Authors: Lin Hong‐Cheu , Tsai Chien‐Min , Tao Yu‐Tai
Published: March 2006

A series of multilayer polymeric light‐emitting diodes (PLEDs) containing an electron‐transporting layer (ETL), that is tris(8‐quinolinolato)‐aluminum(III) (Alq) and 2,2′,2″‐(1,3,5‐phenylene)‐tris[1‐phenyl‐1H‐benzimidazole] (TPBI), were fabricated by doping fluorescent oligo(p‐phenylene‐vinylene)s (BIII and BV) and polymer derivatives (PBV) into poly(N‐vinyl carbazole) (PVK). These PLEDs can be optimized by the design of multilayer device configurations (brightness increased 8–15 times by addition of ETL) and possess greenish electroluminescent (EL) spectra peaked about 500–540 nm. A remarkably high brightness of 56,935 cd/m2 with a power efficiency of 3.25 lm/W was obtained in the device of PVK:BVOC8‐OC8 (100:20)/Alq (60 nm/60 nm). It suggests that the emission mechanism (including the conjugated and excimer emissions of BVOC8‐OC8 emitters) originates from both of BVOC8‐OC8 and ETL (Alq and TPBI) by varying the concentration of chromophores and adjusting the thickness of ETL. The concentration effect of the emitters in PVK (i.e. PVK:BVOC8‐OC8 = 100:5, 100:20, and 100:100 wt %) and the influence of the ETL (including its thickness) on the EL characteristics are also reported. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 2922–2936, 2006
Enhanced efficiency of polyfluorene derivatives: Organic–inorganic hybrid polymer light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Lee Jonghee , Cho Hoon‐Je , Cho Nam Sung , Hwang Do‐Hoon , Kang Jong‐Min , Lim Eunhee , Lee Jeong‐Ik , Shim Hong‐Ku
Published: March 2006

Two novel organic–inorganic hybrid polyfluorene derivatives, poly{(9,9′‐dioctyl‐2,7‐fluorene)‐co‐(9,9′‐di‐POSS‐2,7‐fluorene)‐co‐[2,5‐bis(octyloxy)‐1,4‐phenylene]} (PFDOPPOSS) and poly{(9,9′‐dioctyl‐2,7‐fluorene)‐co‐(9,9′‐di‐POSS‐2,7‐fluorene)‐co‐bithiophene} (PFT2POSS), were synthesized by the Pd‐catalyzed Suzuki reaction of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) appended fluorene, dioctyl phenylene, and bithiophene moieties. The synthesized polymers were characterized with 1H NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Photoluminescence (PL) studies showed that the incorporation of the POSS pendant into the polyfluorene derivatives significantly enhanced the fluorescence quantum yields of the polymer films, likely via a reduction in the degree of interchain interaction as well as keto formation. Additionally, the blue‐light‐emitting polyfluorene derivative PFDOPPOSS showed high thermal color stability in PL. Moreover, single‐layer light‐emitting diode devices of an indium tin oxide/poly(3,4‐ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate)/polymer/Ca/Al configuration fabricated with PFDOPPOSS and PFT2POSS showed much improved brightness, maximum luminescence intensity, and quantum efficiency in comparison with devices fabricated with the corresponding pristine polymers PFDOP and PFT2. In particular, the maximum external quantum efficiency of PFT2POSS was 0.13%, which was twice that of PFT2 (0.06%), and the maximum current efficiency of PFT2POSS was 0.38 cd/A, which again was twice that of PFT2 (0.19 cd/A). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 2943–2954, 2006
Structure and optical properties under VUV excitation of Mn2+ doped Alkaline Earth Aluminate Phosphors
Authors: Nötzold D. , Wulff H. , Jilg S. , Kantz L. , Schwarz L.
Published: March 2006

Polycrystalline hexagonal alkaline earth aluminates M3Al16O27 with M3:BaMg2, Ba1.5Mg1.5, and Sr1.5Mg1.5 doped by divalent manganese and prepared by solid state reaction were investigated concerning their crystal structure and optical properties at room temperature. Rietveld procedures were used for structure parameters refinement. The investigated aluminate phosphors crystallize in the space group P63/mmc. Mn2+ ions occupy both tetrahedral 4f lattice positions of the small cations in the unit cell. Transitions between the terms 4T1 (4G) and 6A1 (6S) within the 3d5 configuration of the Mn2+ ion cause the green emission of the phosphors. It can be excited very efficient by VUV radiation. Spectral position of the emission band which seems to consist of two superimposed bands and its band width at half height as well as the shape of the excitation spectrum are almost independent of the composition of M3 in M3Al16O27. The luminous flux of the investigated aluminate phosphors depends on their composition. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Liquid chromatography/negative ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of fluvastatin in human plasma: validation and its application to pharmacokinetic studies
Authors: Nirogi Ramakrishna V. S. , Kandikere Vishwottam N. , Shrivastava Wishu , Mudigonda Koteshwara , Datla Praveen V.
Published: March 2006

A simple, sensitive and rapid high‐performance liquid chromatography/negative ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the assay of fluvastatin in human plasma. Following solid‐phase extraction, the analytes were separated using an isocratic mobile phase on a reversed‐phase column and analyzed by mass spectrometry in the multiple reaction monitoring mode using the respective [M–H]− ions, m/z 410/348 for fluvastatin and m/z 480/418 for the internal standard. The assay exhibited a linear dynamic range of 2–500 ng/mL for fluvastatin in human plasma. The lower limit of quantification was 2 ng/mL with a relative standard deviation of less than 5%. Acceptable precision and accuracy were obtained for concentrations over the standard curve range. A run time of 1.5 min for each sample made it possible to analyze more than 400 human plasma samples per day. The validated method has been successfully used to analyze human plasma samples for application in pharmacokinetic, bioavailability or bioequivalence studies. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
No‐discharge atmospheric pressure chemical ionization: evaluation and application to the analysis of animal drug residues in complex matrices
Authors: Turnipseed Sherri B. , Andersen Wendy C. , Karbiwnyk Christine M. , Roybal José E. , Miller Keith E.
Published: March 2006

Alternative ionization methods are increasingly being utilized to increase the versatility and selectivity of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). One such technique is the practice of using commercially available atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) sources with the corona discharge turned off, a process termed no‐discharge APCI (ND‐APCI). The relative LC/MS responses for several different classes of veterinary drugs were obtained by using ND‐APCI, electrospray ionization (ESI), and APCI. While the ND‐APCI‐MS and ‐MSn spectra for these compounds were comparable with ESI, ND‐APCI provided advantages in sensitivity and selectivity for some compounds. Drugs that were charged in solution as cations or sodium adducts responded particularly well with this technique. Instrumental parameters such as temperatures, gas and liquid flow rates, and source design were investigated to determine their effect on the process of ND‐APCI. This paper explores advantages of using ND‐APCI for the determination and confirmation of drug residues that might be found in food matrices, including malachite green residues in fish tissue and avermectin residues in milk. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bivariate models for co‐aggregation of dichotomous traits in twins
Authors: Shoukri M. M. , Donner A.
Published: March 2006

The study of twins is widely used for research into genetic and environmental influences on human traits. Study designs in which independent samples of monozygotic and dizygotic twins are compared with respect to their similarity have focused on single binary trait. However, the risk of co‐occurrence of more than one disease in twins is a parameter of interest to genetic epidemiologists and other investigators. For example, they may be interested in assessing the genetic and environmental etiologies of reading deficits (RD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and their co‐morbidity. In this paper, we present statistical methodology for the estimation of twin similarity with respect to two dichotomous traits measured on each member of the twin pair. For two sample problems, several test procedures that account for the correlation between twins and the correlation between traits are presented. An example based on the Australian population‐based twin registry published data is given to illustrate the methodology. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanical Properties of Organic Nanofibers
Authors: Kjelstrup‐Hansen Jakob , Hansen Ole , Rubahn Horst‐Günter , Bøggild Peter
Published: March 2006

Intrinsic elastic and inelastic mechanical properties of individual, self‐assembled, quasi‐single‐crystalline para‐hexaphenylene nanofibers supported on substrates with different hydrophobicities are investigated as well as the interplay between the fibers and the underlying substrates. We find from atomic‐force‐microscopy‐based rupture experiments a rupture shear stress of about 2×107 Pa for an individual fiber. Deflecting a nanofiber suspended across a gap results in a Young’s modulus of 0.65 GPa. Translational motion of intact nanofibers across the surface is demonstrated for fibers on a silicon substrate with a low‐adhesion coating, whereas such motion on a noncoated substrate is limited to very short (sub‐micrometer) nanofiber pieces due to strong adhesive forces.