bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cure behavior of epoxy‐cyanate ester blend in composite systems: Evaluation studies in neat resin cast by thermal and FTIR techniques
Authors: Ravi Sekhar K. , Kishore  , Sankaran S.
Published: May 2008

The post‐cure behavior of a commercially available DGEBA‐based epoxy modified cyanate ester resin (1,1‐bis (4‐cyanato phenyl) ethane) was investigated by thermo analytical techniques and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Thermally initiated resin cure was carried out at 170°C/1 h followed by 180°C/2 h. Two different post‐cure procedures, (PCPs), PCP‐I (210°C/2 h + 250°C/1 h) and PCP‐II (280°C/3 h), were independently followed for the cured resin material. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) characterization of the resin casts indicated significant lowering of glass transition temperature (Tg), by about 35°C in PCP‐II casts in comparison with PCP‐I, though the former was post cured at higher temperature. However, the PCP‐II specimens recorded considerable enhancement in storage modulus values at room temperature and above till about the Tg region. FTIR spectroscopic studies of the resin cast support the formation of both cyanurate triazine ring (1563 cm−1, 1368 cm−1) and oxazolidinone ring (1736 cm−1) for the PCP‐I resin cast while in the PCP‐II specimens the former, namely the cyanurate formation was found to be absent. The absence of rigid cyanurate triazine rings in PCP‐II was further strengthened by the tanδ max values observed in these resin casts by DMA. The DMA and differential scanning calorimetry gave comparable Tg values for both the PCP‐I and PCP‐II resin casts. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Structure and morphology of solution blended poly(vinylidene fluoride)/montmorillonite nanocomposites
Authors: Causin Valerio , Carraro Massimo L. , Marega Carla , Saini Roberta , Campestrini Sandro , Marigo Antonio
Published: May 2008

Nanocomposites based on poly(vinylidene fluoride) were prepared with montmorillonite by solution blending. The samples were characterized by small angle X‐ray scattering, wide angle X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. Different crystallization conditions, that is, evaporation of the solvent and coprecipitation with two different antisolvents, H2O or supercritical CO2 (scCO2), were tested and their influence on the resulting structure and morphology of the samples were studied. Coprecipitation with scCO2 induced an ordinate crystalline framework and an intercalated morphology of clay, with a consequent large improvement in modulus. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Novel porphyrin‐grafted poly(phenylene vinylene) derivatives: Synthesis and photovoltaic properties
Authors: Feng Jichang , Zhang Qinghui , Li Wang , Li Yang , Yang Mujie , Cao Yong
Published: May 2008

A series of novel porphyrin‐grafted poly (phenylene vinylene) derivatives, Porp‐RO‐PPV, were synthesized by a simple two‐step method. These copolymers contain conjugated poly(phenylene vinylene) derivatives as polymer backbone and covalently linked porphyrin units as side chain, which were confirmed by FTIR and 1H NMR, and used for photovoltaic devices. The thermal, optical properties and sensitizing effect, and photovoltaic properties have been investigated. The emission spectra of Porp‐RO‐PPV copolymers revealed the existence of strong energy transfer from PPV backbone to porphyrin units. The energy conversion efficiency (ηe) of photovoltaic devices based on Porp‐RO‐PPV+PCBM reached 0.33% (78.2 mW/cm2, AM1.5) and porphyrin units in the copolymers showed good sensitizing effect at low concentration. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Growth and the Modeling/Remodeling of the Alveolar Bone of the Rat Incisor
Authors: Merzel José , Salmon Cristiane R.
Published: May 2008

The modeling and remodeling of the rat incisor alveolar bone was followed as the animals grew. The weight of the hemimandible, the length of the socket, and the width of the lower incisor were measured. Osteoclasts and resorption areas were identified by tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase staining. Fluorochrome markers were used to detect and measure osteogenic activities. In the socket related to the periodontal ligament, osteoclasts appeared in scattered sites as well as isolated sites of osteogenic activity, apparently without any variation related to the age of the animals. At the socket facing the dental follicle of young rats, the inner surface was lined with osteoclasts. The number of osteoclasts decreased steadily as the rats grew. In 1‐year‐old rats, in addition to a few scattered osteoclasts, the internal aspect of the labial wall showed some sites lined with osteoblasts and cement lines indicative of prior bone formation. In young rats, there was a continuous osteogenic activity at the external surface of this wall. The thickness of the labial wall of the socket remained apparently constant; therefore, bone resorption must have occurred at the internal side of the wall. Such osteogenic activity was not observed in old rats. The main forces acting on rat incisors, biting and eruption, are continuous through the life of the animals. Thus, these results indicate that the modeling of the alveolar bone related to the dental follicle, in young rats, can only be associated with another force, specifically, the growth of the incisor. Anat Rec, 291:827‐834, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three‐dimensional, multi‐offset ground‐penetrating radar imaging of archaeological targets
Authors: Booth Adam D. , Linford Neil T. , Clark Roger A. , Murray Tavi
Published: May 2008

The efficacy of ground penetrating radar (GPR) methods is inhibited when surveying over a target that is structurally complex and/or hosted within attenuative media. Recent research has documented the ability of certain seismic methods to improve imaging using GPR. For imaging complex targets, three‐dimensional acquisition and migration methods are applied. For attenuative sites, signal‐to‐ noise ratio (SNR) may be boosted on acquisition of multi‐offset data. We present results from an integrated three‐dimensional multi‐offset survey over a Romano‐British villa at Groundwell Ridge, near Swindon, UK. Data were acquired within a grid of dimension 21 m × 14 m, using a single‐channel PulseEKKO GPR system equipped with common‐offset (CO) 450 MHz antennas. To satisfy criteria for three‐dimensional migration, the sample density over the grid was 0.05 × 0.05 m2. A smaller grid of three‐dimensional multi‐offset data was acquired, with fold‐of‐cover 2200%, targeting a low SNR section of data. The spatial resolution and SNR in the resulting images of the target are greatly improved compared with data acquired using a more conventional survey method. However, this improvement may not be justified by the greatly increased (some 10 times) fieldwork effort required to obtain three‐dimensional multi‐offset data. We therefore investigate a means of improving the efficiency of three‐dimensional GPR surveying by applying a simple trace interpolation method to recover three‐dimensional acquisition criteria. This trial suggests that, at this site, three‐dimensional data can be simulated from a grid of pseudo‐three‐dimensional data, sampled at 0.05 × 0.25 m2. In this way, high quality images of an archaeological target can be obtained with minimal increase to survey effort. We hope that, on the basis of this work, three‐dimensional and multi‐offset acquisitions will be more readily considered for archaeological GPR investigations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enantiomer‐Selective Carbamoylation of Racemic α‐Hydroxy γ‐Lactones with Chiral CuII Catalysts: An Example of a Highly Active Lewis Acid Catalyzed Reaction
Authors: Kurono Nobuhito , Kondo Tadahiro , Wakabayashi Masanori , Ooka Hirohito , Inoue Tsutomu , Tachikawa Hiroto , Ohkuma Takeshi
Published: May 2008

Enantiomer‐selective carbamoylation of racemic α‐hydroxy γ‐lactones with half equivalents of isocyanates in the presence of chiral CuII catalysts was studied. Among a series of catalyst bearing chiral bis(oxazoline) (box) and pyridine(bisoxazoline) ligands, [Cu(tBu‐box)]X2 [X=OSO2CF3 (3 a), SbF6 (3 b)] showed the highest enantioselectivity in the reaction of pantolactone (1 a). Use of n‐C3H7NCO, a small alkyl isocyanate, in CH2Cl2 solution was important to achieve a high level of enantiomer selection. The tBu‐box‐CuII catalyst efficiently differentiated two enantiomers of β‐substituted α‐hydroxy γ‐lactones under the optimized reaction conditions, resulting in a stereoselectivity factor (s=kfast/kslow) of up to 209. Furthermore, this catalyst is highly active, so that the carbamoylation can be conducted with a substrate‐to‐catalyst molar ratio of 2000–3000. A catalytic cycle of this reaction is also proposed.
Video training of support staff in intervention plans for challenging behavior: Comparison with live training
Authors: Macurik Kenneth M. , O'Kane Niamh P. , Malanga Paul , Reid Dennis H.
Published: May 2008

We compared video versus live training as respective components of a program for training support staff in individualized intervention plans for people with severe disabilities and challenging behavior. Procedures constituting behavior plans for three individuals were presented to staff through an initial training session and then follow‐up assessment and training on the job. Twenty staff received the initial training in small groups by watching a video of a behavior analyst describing a plan along with informational bullets, and 18 staff received the initial training in live sessions with the behavior analyst. Results of knowledge quizzes and on‐the‐job observations and questions with staff indicated video and live training were both effective. Video training was more efficient regarding time required by staff trainees and trainers' direct‐contact time with staff. However, additional trainer time (and staff videographer time) was required to make the videos. Both types of training were well received by staff, though live training was slightly better received based on staff ratings. In light of results supporting effectiveness of video training, suggestions are offered regarding when such training is likely to be more and less advantageous from an efficiency perspective. Future research areas discussed focus on the ways to enhance the utility of video training. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selective precipitation‐assisted recovery of immunoglobulins from bovine serum using controlled‐fouling crossflow membrane microfiltration
Authors: Venkiteshwaran Adith , Heider Patrick , Teysseyre Laure , Belfort Georges
Published: May 2008

Efficient and economic recovery of immunoglobulins (Igs) from complex biological fluids such as serum, cell culture supernatant or fermentation cell lysate or supernatant, represents a substantial challenge in biotechnology. Methods such as protein A affinity chromatography and anion exchange chromatography are limited by cost and selectivity, respectively, while membrane chromatography is limited by low adsorptive area, flow distribution problems and scale‐up difficulties. By combining the traditional salt‐assisted precipitation process for selective removal of Igs from serum followed by constant‐permeate flux membrane microfiltration for low fouling, we demonstrate an exciting new, efficient and economic hybrid method. The high selectivity of an ammonium sulfate‐induced precipitation step was used to precipitate the Igs leaving the major undesirable impurity, the bovine serum albumin (BSA), in solution. Crossflow membrane microfiltration in diafiltration mode was then employed to retain the precipitate, while using axial flow rates to optimize removal of residual soluble BSA to the permeate. The selectivity between immunoglobulin G (IgG) and BSA obtained from the precipitation step was ∼36, with 97% removal of the BSA with diafiltration in 5 diavolumes with resulting purity of the IgG of ∼93% after the membrane microfiltration step. Complete resolubilization of the IgG was obtained without any aggregation at the concentrations of ammonium sulfate employed in this work. Further, membrane pore size and axial Reynolds number (recirculation rate) were shown to be important for minimizing fouling and loss of protein precipitate. Biotechnol. Bioeng. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Iatrogenic perforation of localized oesophageal cancer
Authors: Di Franco F , Lamb P J , Karat D , Hayes N , Griffin S M
Published: May 2008

A plea not to dilate
Catalytic and Highly Enantioselective Reactions of α‐Sulfonyl Carbanions with Chiral Bis(oxazoline)s
Authors: Nakamura Shuichi , Hirata Norimune , Yamada Ryusuke , Kita Takeshi , Shibata Norio , Toru Takeshi
Published: May 2008

The enantioselective reactions of lithiated benzyl trifluoromethyl sulfones with a substoichiometric amount of a bis(oxazoline) and various aldehydes is disclosed. The products were formed with excellent diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities. Fluorination of the sulfone with N‐fluorobenzenesulfonimide and a stoichiometric amount of a bis(oxazoline) gave products with extremely high enantioselectivities (up to 99 % ee; ee=enantiomeric excess). The enantioselective reaction was confirmed to proceed through a dynamic thermodynamic resolution pathway.
High‐dose chemotherapy and immunotherapy in adult Burkitt lymphoma
Authors: Oriol Albert , Ribera Josep‐Maria , Bergua Juan , Giménez Mesa Eduardo , Grande Carlos , Esteve Jordi , Brunet Salut , Moreno Maria‐Jose , Escoda Lourdes , Hernandez‐Rivas Jesus‐Maria , Hoelzer Dieter
Published: May 2008

BACKGROUND.

It has been recognized that cure is possible for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected patients with Burkitt lymphoma/leukemia (BL) if appropriate chemotherapy is used. The introduction of rituximab in BL therapeutic schemes has been scarcely explored. The outcome and toxicity of HIV‐positive patients with BL treated in a rituximab and intensive chemotherapy‐based trial was evaluated.

METHODS.

Thirty‐six consecutive patients, 15 to 55 years of age, diagnosed with advanced stage BL were recruited from July 2003 to August 2006, stratified according to HIV infection status and treated with 6 cycles of intensive chemotherapy including 8 doses of rituximab.

RESULTS.

Nineteen of the patients (53%) were HIV‐infected. Their clinical characteristics were comparable to those of the HIV‐negative patients. Complete remission (CR) rates were 88% and 84%, respectively, for HIV‐negative and ‐positive patients. Twenty‐seven patients (82% and 68%, respectively, for HIV‐negative and ‐positive patients) completed the 6 protocol scheduled cycles. HIV‐infected patients presented higher incidences of grade 3–4 mucositis (27% vs 7% of cycles,P= .0005) and severe infectious episodes (26% vs 8%,P= .0025). However, there were no statistically significant differences in 2‐year overall survival (82%, 95% confidence interval [CI], 65%–99% and 73%, 95% CI, 54%–92%, respectively) or 2‐year disease‐free survival (93%, 95% CI, 82%–99% and 87%, 95% CI 72%–99%, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS.

Intensive immunochemotherapy can be administered safely to patients with HIV infection. Despite a higher incidence of severe mucositis and infections the remission and survival rates are comparable to those observed in HIV‐negative patients. Cancer 2008. ©2008 American Cancer Society.
Primary chemotherapy for newly diagnosed nonsmall cell lung cancer patients with synchronous brain metastases compared with whole‐brain radiotherapy administered first
Authors: Lee Dae Ho , Han Ji‐Youn , Kim Heung Tae , Yoon Sung Jin , Pyo Hong Ryull , Cho Kwan Ho , Shin Sang‐Hoon , Yoo Heon , Lee Seung‐Hoon , Lee Jin Soo
Published: May 2008

BACKGROUND.

This randomized pilot trial investigated whether primary chemotherapy was feasible in terms of efficacy, survival, toxicity profile, and quality of life compared with whole‐brain radiotherapy (WBRT) given first in chemotherapy‐naive patients nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with synchronous brain metastasis when neurologic symptoms or signs are absent or controlled by supportive care.

METHODS.

After stratification by Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS) (0–1 vs 2), the number of intracranial metastases (<3 vs 3≤), and the presence of extrathoracic extracranial metastasis, eligible patients were randomized to the primary chemotherapy arm or the WBRT‐first arm. World Health Organization (WHO) response criteria, National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria (NCI‐CTC; version 2.0), and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) C‐30/LC‐13 questionnaire were used.

RESULTS.

A total of 48 patients were enrolled between August 2002 and November 2005. The response rate of chemotherapy and survival outcomes in the primary chemotherapy arm were not statistically different from those in the WBRT‐first arm (overall response rate, 28.0% vs 39.1%; progression‐free survival, 3.6 months vs 4.4 months; overall survival, 9.1 months vs 9.9 months). There was close correlation noted between intracranial and extracranial tumor responses (k = 0.82). However, in the WBRT‐first arm, grade 3 of 4 neutropenia was more frequent (79% vs 40%) during chemotherapy and 4 patients (17.4%) did not receive further chemotherapy because of early death or poor performance after WBRT. Cognitive function appeared to deteriorate during primary chemotherapy, but was also found to deteriorate after WBRT.

CONCLUSIONS.

Primary chemotherapy is more feasible and can be an appropriate option for patients with synchronous brain metastasis when neurologic symptoms or signs are absent or controlled. The role and timing of WBRT should be defined in further studies in this clinical setting. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Multidisciplinary management of colorectal brain metastases
Authors: Kruser Tim J. , Chao Samuel T. , Elson Paul , Barnett Gene H. , Vogelbaum Michael A. , Angelov Lilyana , Weil Robert J. , Pelley Robert , Suh John H.
Published: May 2008

BACKGROUND.

The incidence of brain metastases (BM) from colorectal cancer (CRC) is increasing, and the management of this previously rare complication at a single institution is reported.

METHODS.

The records of all patients with BM from 1994 to 2005 were reviewed, and 49 patients (33 men, 16 women) with 102 BM from CRC were identified. Associations between patient and tumor characteristics, treatment modality, and survival were assessed.

RESULTS.

The median age at diagnosis of BM from CRC was 66 years. Forty patients (82%) had other systemic disease. The median survival after a diagnosis of BM from CRC was 5.1 months. Fifteen patients (31%) underwent surgery at some point, 14 patients (29%) underwent stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), and 42 patients (86%) received whole‐brain radiotherapy during their management. Seven patients (14%) underwent upfront SRS. On multivariate analysis, a longer interval from diagnosis of CRC to diagnosis of BM was associated significantly with shorter survival (p = .01). Sex, Karnofsky performance status, tumor location, recursive partitioning analysis class, and initial treatment modality did not have an impact on survival.

CONCLUSIONS.

Because BM from CRC are a late‐stage phenomenon, the majority of patients in the current study had other systemic involvement, and survival after CNS involvement was poor. The results indicated that a high prevalence of systemic disease limits the proportion of patients who are strong candidates for upfront SRS, thereby limiting the impact that this modality has on outcomes in this population as a whole. Late development (>1 year after the primary tumor diagnosis) of CNS involvement may predict for poorer survival after therapy for patients with BM from CRC. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
High‐dose interleukin‐2 for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Klapper Jacob A. , Downey Stephanie G. , Smith Franz O. , Yang James C. , Hughes Marybeth S. , Kammula Udai S. , Sherry Richard M. , Royal Richard E. , Steinberg Seth M. , Rosenberg Steven
Published: May 2008

BACKGROUND.

The treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with high‐dose interleukin‐2 (HD IL‐2) has resulted in durable tumor regression in a minority of patients. The current study presents the authors' 20‐year experience administering this immunotherapeutic agent.

METHODS.

Patients with metastatic RCC (n = 259) were treated with HD IL‐2 alone from January 13, 1986 through December 31, 2006 at the Surgery Branch of the National Cancer Institute. Potential predictive factors for response and survival, both pretreatment and treatment‐related, were first subjected to univariate analysis and then to multivariate logistic regression or a Cox proportional hazards model. Finally, the authors investigated Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) prognostic factors for survival to assess their predictive value in the patient population in the current study.

RESULTS.

A total of 23 patients experienced a complete response and 30 patients achieved a partial response, for an overall objective response rate of 20%. All partial responders had developed disease recurrence at the time of last follow‒up, but only 4 complete responders had experienced disease recurrence by that time. Despite toxicities, only 2 patients developed treatment‐related mortalities over this same time period. A higher baseline weight (P = .05) and MSKCC prognostic factors (P = .02) were found to be the variables most associated with response. For survival >4 years and overall survival, several pretreatment and treatment‒related factors maintained significance, but none more so than response (P < .0001).

CONCLUSIONS.

HD IL‐2 can induce complete tumor regression in a small number of patients, and many patients have experienced extended disease‐free intervals. Given its relative safety, HD IL‐2 should still be considered a first‐line therapy in patients with metastatic RCC who have an overall good performance status. Cancer 2008. Published 2008 American Cancer Society.
Bone marrow‐derived cells that home to acoustic deafened cochlea preserved their hematopoietic identity
Authors: Tan Brian Tiong Gee , Lee Myranda Mui Gek , Ruan Runsheng
Published: May 2008

The high degree of bone marrow cell (BMC) plasticity has prompted us to test its restoration possibility in inner ear repair. Our aim was to determine the potential of these cells to transdifferentiate into specialized cochlea cell types after acoustic injury and BMC mobilization. Lethally irradiated mice were transplanted with BMCs from green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic mice and subjected to acoustic deafening 3 months later. In a separate experiment, stem cell factor and granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor were administered to test the effect of BMC mobilization on bone marrow‐derived cell (BMDC) transdifferentiation. All mice showed almost complete chimerism 3 months after bone marrow transplantation. Upon acoustic trauma, robust BMDC migration was observed in the deafened cochlea. GFP+ cell migration was most prominent during the first week after acoustic deafening, and these cells accumulated significantly at the spiral ligament, perilymphatic compartment walls, and limbus regions. Most of the BMDCs expressed CD45 and CD68 and were identified as macrophages. Upregulation of stromal‐derived factor 1 (SDF‐1) was also observed in the spiral ligament during the first week after acoustic deafening. Cytokine treatment resulted in increased BMC mobilization in the systemic circulation. However, the presence of any stem cell progenitors or the differentiation of BMDCs into any cell types expressing cochlea sensory, supporting, fibrocytic, or neuronal markers were not detected in the deafened cochlea. In conclusion, we have demonstrated the homing capability of BMDCs to the deafened cochlea, and these cells displayed mature hematopoietic properties without spontaneous transdifferentiation to any cochlea cell types after acoustic trauma or bone marrow mobilization. J. Comp. Neurol. 509:167–179, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
IL‐10‐dependent partial refractoriness to Toll‐like receptor stimulation modulates gut mucosal dendritic cell function
Authors: Monteleone Ivan , Platt Andrew M. , Jaensson Elin , Agace William W. , Mowat Allan McI.
Published: May 2008

The default response of the intestinal immune system to most antigens is the induction of immunological tolerance, which is difficult to reconcile with the constant exposure to ligands for TLR and other pattern recognition receptors. We showed previously that dendritic cells (DC) from the lamina propria of normal mouse intestine may be inherently tolerogenic and here we have explored how this might relate to the expression and function of Toll‐like receptors (TLR). Lamina propria (LP) DC showed higher levels of TLR 2, 3, 4 and 9 protein expression than spleen and MLN DC, with most TLR‐expressing DC in the gut being CD11clo, class II MHClo, CD103–, CD11b– and F4/80–. TLR expression by lamina propria DC was low in the upper small intestine and higher in distal small intestine and colon. Freshly isolated lamina propria DC expressed some CD40, CD80, CD86 and functional CCR7. These were up‐regulated on CD11clo, but not on CD11chi LP DC by stimulation via TLR. However, there was little induction of IL‐12 by either subset in response to TLR ligation. This was associated with constitutive IL‐10 production and was reversed by blocking IL‐10 function. Thus, IL‐10 may maintain LP DC in a partially unresponsive state to TLR ligation, allowing them to have a critical role in immune homeostasis in the gut.

See accompanying commentary http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200838435
Controlled Synthesis of Cobalt Flowerlike Architectures by a Facile Hydrothermal Route
Authors: Zhang Ya‐jing , Zhang Ying , Wang Zhen‐hua , Li Da , Cui Tie‐yu , Liu Wei , Zhang Zhi‐dong
Published: May 2008

Cobalt flowerlike architectures composed of hexagonal nanoplatelets have been synthesized by a simple hydrothermal reduction method. The architectures are fabricated by the reaction of CoCl2 with NaOH at 140–180 °C in the presence of sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate (SDBS), with NaH2PO2·H2O as reducing agent. The diameters of the flowers range from 8 to 10 μm, and the average thickness of the hexagonal sheets is about 100 nm. Higher reaction temperatures and the proper concentration of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) are key requirements for the fabrication of the flowerlike architectures. A growth mechanism for these architectures is proposed on the basis of the characterization by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The magnetic hysteresis loops at 5 K and 295 K of the cobalt flowerlike architectures show ferromagnetic characteristics with coercivities of 371 Oe and 197 Oe, respectively. Our work may shed light on the designed fabrication of complex 3D architectures of other materials.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
N‐Heterocyclic Benzhydrylamines as New N,N‐Bidentate Ligands in Palladium Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization and Catalytic Activity
Authors: Terrasson Vincent , Prim Damien , Marrot Jérome
Published: May 2008

The synthesis of new N,N‐bidentate ligands based on a π‐deficient N‐heterocyclic benzhydrylamine core is described. The corresponding air‐stable palladium complexes are obtained in high yields and fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray structure determination. These new phosphane‐free catalytic systems proved efficient in the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction, enabling us to obtain biaryl products in good yields, also for reactions with o‐substituted phenyl chlorides as starting materials. The effects of both electronic and steric modulations at the benzhydrylamine core on the catalytic activity are also described.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Crystal Structures and Magnetic Behaviors of Cyanido‐Bridged Dinuclear Dimetallic Systems Involving 3d–3d or 3d–5d Metal Centers
Authors: Kim Jae Il , Yoon Jung Hee , Kwak Hyun Young , Koh Eui Kwan , Hong Chang Seop
Published: May 2008

Three cyanido‐bridged FeIII–MnII dimers, [Fe(pzcq)(CN)3][Mn(phen)2(X)]·MeOH [X = Cl (1), Br (2); pzcq = 8‐(pyrazine‐2‐carboxamido)quinoline anion, phen = 1,10‐phenanthroline], [Fe(mpzcq)(CN)3][Mn(phen)2(Cl)]·MeOH [3; mpzcq = 8‐(5‐methylpyrazine‐2‐carboxamido)quinoline anion], and one WV–MnII dinuclear system, [W(bpy)(CN)6][Mn(phen)2(Cl)]·MeOH (4; bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine), were prepared by assembling molecular precursors, [Fe(pzcq)(CN)3]–, [Fe(mpzcq)(CN)3]–, and [W(bpy)(CN)6]–, with Mn(phen)2X2. The absolute configurations of the Mn polyhedra surrounded by two bidentate phen ligands are packed in a –Δ–Λ–Δ–Λ– sequence in the crystal lattice. The aromatic rings of the coordinated phen ligands are sources of considerable interdimer π–π contacts, which eventually lead to the formation of two‐dimensional frameworks (1–3) and a one‐dimensional chain structure (4). Magnetic analyses of the FeIII–MnII dinuclear systems (1–3) reveal that a shorter Mn–N(cyanide) bond and a more linear Mn–N–C(cyanide) angle allow for stronger magnetic exchange coupling. Moreover, it is manifested that the 3d–5d magnetic coupling in 4 is stronger than the 3d–3d coupling in 1–3 under the given structural environments, which is due to the fact that the 5d orbital is more diffuse than the 3d orbital. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Development of Bis(2‐picolyl)amine–Zinc Chelates for Imidazole Receptors
Authors: Routasalo Taina , Helaja Juho , Kavakka Jari , Koskinen Ari M. P.
Published: May 2008

New phenyl and phenol bis(2‐picolyl)amine (Dpa) derivatives have been synthesized in order to generate zinc chelates for imidazole anion receptors. Previously, binuclear phenolic zinc and copper chelates have shown affinity for pyrophosphate and guanidine anions, respectively. Herein we report significant imidazole affinity increasing from 2.38 × 106 to 2.90 × 107 for phenol‐bridged binuclear zinc–Dpa chelates, as evidenced by dynamic and titration 1H NMR studies. Among the Dpa chelates investigated, the zinc‐coordinated phenol group plays a crucial role in the mechanism of anion binding. Low‐temperature 1H NMR experiments suggest a σν‐symmetric geometry for the imidazole chelate. Computational DFT studies at the B3LYP level of theory imply that imidazole binding displaces the phenol bridge between the zinc ions.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Evaluation of numerical time‐integration schemes for real‐time hybrid testing
Authors: Bonnet P. A. , Williams M. S. , Blakeborough A.
Published: May 2008

We present a comparison of methods for the analysis of the numerical substructure in a real‐time hybrid test. A multi‐tasking strategy is described, which satisfies the various control and numerical requirements. Within this strategy a variety of explicit and implicit time‐integration algorithms have been evaluated. Fully implicit schemes can be used in fast hybrid testing via a digital sub‐step feedback technique, but it is shown that this approach requires a large amount of computation at each sub‐step, making real‐time execution difficult for all but the simplest models. In cases where the numerical substructure poses no harsh stability condition, it is shown that the Newmark explicit method offers advantages of speed and accuracy. Where the stability limit of an explicit method cannot be met, one of the several alternatives may be used, such as Chang's modified Newmark scheme or the α‐operator splitting method. Appropriate methods of actuator delay compensation are also discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced operation of femtosecond lasers and applications in cell transfection
Authors: Brown C. T. A. , Stevenson D. J. , Tsampoula X. , McDougall C. , Lagatsky A. A. , Sibbett W. , Gunn‐Moore F. J. , Dholakia K.
Published: May 2008

In this work we present a review and discussion on the enhancement of femtosecond (fs) lasers for use within biophotonics with a particular focus on their use in optical transfection techniques. We describe the broad range of source options now available for the generation of femtosecond pulses before briefly reviewing the application of fs laser in optical transfection studies. We show that major performance enhancements may be obtained by optimising the spatial and temporal performance of the laser source before considering possible future directions in this field. In relation to optical transfection we describe how such laser sources initiate a multiphoton process to permeate the cell membrane in a transient fashion. We look at aspects of this technique including the ability to combine transfection with optical trapping. For future implementation of such transfection we explore the role of new sources and “nondiffracting” light fields. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Multiparameter models for performance analysis of UASB reactors
Authors: Narayanan C M , Narayan Vikas
Published: May 2008

BACKGROUND: UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket) bioreactors have the distinct advantage that they do not demand support particles and provide a high rate of bioconversion even with high strength feedstocks. Although apparently simple in construction, the performance analysis of these reactors involves a high degree of mathematical complexity. Most simulation models reported in the literature are rudimentary in nature as they involve gross approximations. In the present paper, two multiparameter simulation packages are presented that make no simplifying assumptions and hence are more rigorous in nature.

RESULTS: The first package assumes the sludge bed to be a plug‐flow reactor (PFR) and the sludge blanket to be an ideal continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). The second package equates the reactor to a plug flow dispersion reactor (PFDR), the axial dispersion coefficient however being a function of axial distance. The three phase nature of the sludge blanket has been considered and the variation of gas velocity in the axial direction has been taken into account. Three different kinetic equations have been considered. Resistance to diffusion of substrate into sludge granules has been accounted for by incorporating appropriately defined effectiveness factors. The applicability of simulation packages developed has been ascertained by comparing with real‐life data collected from industrial/pilot plant/laboratory UASB reactors. The maximum deviation observed is ± 15%.

CONCLUSIONS: Although the software packages developed have high computational load, their applicability has been successfully ascertained and they may be recommended for design and installation of industrial UASB reactors and also for the rating of existing installations. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
The influence of reconstruction methods on food retention phenomenon in the remnant stomach after a subtotal gastrectomy
Authors: Jung Hyung Joong , Lee Jun Ho , Ryu Keun Won , Lee Jong Yeul , Kim Chan Gyoo , Choi Il Ju , Kim Young‐Woo , Bae Jae Moon
Published: May 2008

Background and Objectives

Food retention and bile reflux has been frequently observed in gastric cancer patients following a subtotal gastrectomy. The aim of this study was to determine whether reconstruction methods after the distal subtotal gastrectomy influenced the degree of food residue and bile reflux.

Methods

The prospectively collected data was reviewed retrospectively for 522 patients with early gastric cancer who had undertaken a follow‐up endoscopic examination after a distal subtotal gastrectomy between 2003 and 2006.

Results

The incidence of food retention was 55.5%, 31.9%, and 20.9% at 3, 12, and 24 months after distal subtotal gastrectomy, respectively. The food residue score was higher in the Billroth I (stapling) group than the Billroth II (hand sewing) group at 3 months after surgery (P = 0.006). The incidence of bile reflux was higher in the Billroth II group than in the Billroth I group at 12 and 24 months after surgery (P < 0.001, P = 0.002, respectively). No significant association was found between the food retention and body weight changes.

Conclusions

Food retention was detected in lots of patients after subtotal gastrectomy and the reconstructive methods after subtotal gastrectomy was not relevant to food retention. J. Surg. Oncol. 2008;98:11–14. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CE‐LIF method for the separation of anthracyclines: Application to protein binding analysis in plasma using ultrafiltration
Authors: Whitaker Gillian , Lillquist Amy , Pasas Stephanie A. , O'Connor Robert , Regan Fiona , Lunte Craig E. , Smyth Malcolm R.
Published: May 2008

Anthracyclines are chemotherapeutic drugs that are widely used in the treatment of cancers such as lung and ovarian cancers. The simultaneous determination of the anthracyclines, daunorubicin, doxorubicin and epirubicin, was achieved using CE coupled to LIF, with an excitation and emission wavelength of 488 and 560 nm, respectively. Using a borate buffer (105 mM, pH 9.0) and 30% MeOH, a stable and reproducible separation of the three anthracyclines was obtained. The method developed was shown to be capable of monitoring the therapeutic concentrations (50–50 000 ng/mL) of anthracyclines. LODs of 10 ng/mL, calculated at an S/N = 3, were achieved. Using the CE method developed, the in vitro protein binding to plasma was measured by ultrafiltration, and from this investigation the estimated protein binding was determined to be in the range of 77–94%.
The Relationship between Starch Gelatinization and Morphology Control in Melt‐Processed Polymer Blends with Thermoplastic Starch
Authors: Li Gang , Sarazin Pierre , Favis Basil D.
Published: May 2008

Critical aspects of starch plasticization in glycerol/excess water mixtures are analyzed in order to determine the time/temperature boundaries ultimately required for the successful plasticization of starch in a polymer melt‐processing environment. These findings are then related to the morphology of melt‐blended TPS in PCL. The onset and conclusion temperatures for wheat starch gelatinization in the presence of various excess water/glycerol mixtures were obtained. Dynamic studies of wheat starch gelatinization show that if the temperature is sufficiently high, gelatinization takes place within 60 s for the excess water/glycerol/wheat starch mixture and within 3 min for the glycerol/wheat starch case. Morphological studies indicate the inability of glycerol alone to plasticize native starch within the time constraints of melt extrusion. The efficacy of plasticization is demonstrated by a dramatic six‐fold reduction in the dispersed TPS phase size and a unimodal TPS phase size distribution in the blend system.

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A Facile Approach for Transferring Hydrophobic Magnetic Nanoparticles into Water‐Soluble Particles
Authors: Cheng Ziyong , Liu Shuhua , Gao Haitao , Tremel Wolfgang , Ding Ning , Liu Ruili , Beines Patrick W. , Knoll Wolfgang
Published: May 2008

A novel, easy and high‐efficient method is described for transferring hydrophobic magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles from organic to aqueous solution by wrapping a thermo‐responsive and photocrosslinkable poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) terpolymer around the particles. The wrapping procedure is introduced by the co‐nonsolvent transition of PNIPAm in the mixing solvent and the polymer can dissolve in water carrying Fe3O4 nanoparticles by noncovalent interaction. The temperature‐dependant and magnetic properties of the water‐soluble particles are characterized in this paper.

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On models of exponentiation. Identities in the HSI‐algebra of posets
Authors: Asatryan Gurgen
Published: May 2008

We prove that Wilkie's identity holds in those natural HSI‐algebras where each element has finite decomposition into components.

Further, we construct a bunch of HSI‐algebras that satisfy all the identities of the set of positive integers ℕ. Then, based on the constructed algebras, we prove that the identities of ℕ hold in the HSI‐algebra of finite posets when the value of each variable is a poset having an isolated point. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A uniformly computable Implicit Function Theorem
Authors: McNicholl Timothy H.
Published: May 2008

We prove uniformly computable versions of the Implicit Function Theorem in its differentiable and non‐differentiable forms. We show that the resulting operators are not computable if information about some of the partial derivatives of the implicitly defining function is omitted. Finally, as a corollary, we obtain a uniformly computable Inverse Function Theorem, first proven by M. Ziegler (2006). (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dialectica interpretation of well‐founded induction
Authors: Schwichtenberg Helmut
Published: May 2008

From a classical proof that the gcd of natural numbers a1 and a2 is a linear combination of the two, we extract by Gödel's Dialectica interpretation an algorithm computing the coefficients. The proof uses the minimum principle. We show generally how well‐founded recursion can be used to Dialectica interpret well‐founded induction, which is needed in the proof of the minimum principle. In the special case of the example above it turns out that we obtain a reasonable extracted term, representing an algorithm close to Euclid's. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Classical truth in higher types
Authors: Berger Ulrich
Published: May 2008

We study, from a classical point of view, how the truth of a statement about higher type functionals depends on the underlying model. The models considered are the classical set‐theoretic finite type hierarchy and the constructively more meaningful models of continuous functionals, hereditarily effective operations, as well as the closed term model of Gödel's system T. The main results are characterisations of prenex classes for which truth in the full set‐theoretic model transfers to truth in the other models. As a corollary we obtain that the axiom of choice is not conservative over Gödel's system T with classical logic for closed ∃2‐formulas. We hope that this study will contribute to a clearer delineation and perception of constructive mathematics from a classical perspective. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Novel DOPO‐Based Diamine as Hardener and Flame Retardant for Epoxy Resin Systems
Authors: Artner Johannes , Ciesielski Michael , Walter Olaf , Döring Manfred , Perez Raul M. , Sandler Jan K. W. , Altstädt Volker , Schartel Bernhard
Published: May 2008

10‐Ethyl‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide (1) can be nitrated using acetic anhydride and fuming nitric acid. The nitro group is reduced using palladium on charcoal and hydrogen. These reaction conditions are used for the synthesis of an analogous DOPO‐based diaminic hardener (7). An evaluation of the curing behavior, mechanical properties and flammability of a neat resin made of DGEBA and 7 (DGEBA + 7) and of a carbon fiber‐reinforced resin made of DGEBA, 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylsulfon (DDS) and 7 (DGEBA + DDS + 7) shows the potential of this hardener to lead to flame‐retardant systems while keeping relevant properties on a high level; especially when compared to a similar system (DGEBA + DDS + 1).

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PTFE Micropowder Functionalized with Carboxylic Acid Groups
Authors: Lappan Uwe , Geißler Uwe
Published: May 2008

PTFE powder irradiated in air at room temperature was studied by infrared spectroscopy, potentiometric titration with sodium hydroxide, and polyelectrolyte titration with poly(diallyl dimethylammonium chloride). Through the radiation‐induced degradation COF groups are formed in the material, which can be hydrolyzed to COOH groups. About 10–20% of the COOH groups are located at the surface of the PTFE particle. The COOH groups start to decompose under oxidizing conditions at temperatures above 200 °C. The decarboxylation results in the formation of CFCF2 groups, which are oxidized to COF groups in the presence of air.

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Holomorphic liftings and Bergman kernel estimates for 𝒟ℱ𝒩‐domains
Authors: Bauer Wolfram
Published: May 2008

Let E be a 𝒟ℱ𝒩‐space and let U ⊂ E be open. By applying the nuclearity of the Fréchet space ℋ︁(U) of holomorphic functions on U we show that there are finite measures μ on U leading to Bergman spaces of μ ‐square integrable holomorphic functions. We give an explicit construction for μ by using infinite dimensional Gaussian measures. Moreover, we prove boundary estimates for the corresponding Bergman kernels Kμ on the diagonal and we give an application of our results to liftings of μ ‐square integrable Banach space valued holomorphic functions over U. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High‐Molar‐Mass, First and Second Generation L‐Lysine Dendronized Polymethacrylates
Authors: Zhang Afang
Published: May 2008

The first (PG1) and second (PG2) generation dendronized polymethacrylates with L‐lysine based dendrons have been synthesized, and their conformation has been investigated. The chiral dendrons can be synthesized efficiently on a multi‐gram scale from L‐lysine by a solution peptide coupling method, and the over‐all yields for the first (MG1) and second (MG2) generation macromonomers are 77 and 75%, respectively. High molar masses (1 to 2 million) of PG1 and PG2 are achieved by conventional radical polymerization of the corresponding macromonomers. Characterization with optical rotation, circular dichroism, and UV measurements showed that, in contrast to PG1, PG2 adopts a single‐handed helical conformation in solution, which is stable in different polar solvents and also over a broad temperature range. Interestingly, the stable helical conformation remained in aqueous solution after deprotection of the terminal amines, by which the mass and steric hindrance of the dendrons reduced significantly.

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NMR signal assignment of cis/trans‐conformational segments in MEH‐CN‐PPV
Authors: Li Yupeng , Xu Hai , Wu Linyan , He Feng , Shen Fangzhong , Liu Linlin , Yang Bing , Ma Yuguang
Published: May 2008

Poly[2‐(2′‐ethylhexyloxy)‐5‐methoxy‐1,4‐phenylene‐(1‐cyanovinylene)] MEH‐CN‐PPV and its all‐trans model compound 1,4‐bis(α‐cyanostyryl)‐2‐(2‐ethylhexyloxy)‐5‐methyloxybenzene were synthesized via Knoevenagel condensation. All‐cis isomer and cis–trans isomer of 1,4‐bis(α‐cyanostyryl)‐2‐(2‐ethylhexyloxy)‐5‐methyloxybenzene were prepared by the photoisomerization reaction. Comparison of the 1H NMR spectra between MEH‐CN‐PPV and three model compounds proved the occurrence of cis‐vinylene in the backbone of MEH‐CN‐PPV. According to the ratio between the cis‐vinylene signal and trans‐vinylene signal, the content of the cis‐vinylene could be estimated to be 15% in MEH‐CN‐PPV. This large cis‐vinylene content came from the rapid photochemical isomerization of cyanovinylene and was likely relative to the poor electroluminescence property of MEH‐CN‐PPV. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 1105–1113, 2008
Synthesis and nonlinear optical properties of hyperbranched polytriazole containing second‐order nonlinear optical chromophore
Authors: Xie Jianda , Hu Lihua , Shi Wenfang , Deng Xiaoxu , Cao Zhuangqi , Shen Qishun
Published: May 2008

The hyperbranched polytriazole (hb‐PTA) containing second‐order nonlinear optical chromophore was synthesized through “A2 + B3” approach based on “click reaction.” Its corresponding linear analogue (l‐PTA) was prepared for comparison. The hb‐PTA has better solubility in common organic solvents than the l‐PTA. Both the polymers exhibit good thermal stability with 5% weight loss temperatures over 260 °C. The poled film of hb‐PTA exhibits much higher second‐harmonic coefficient (96.8 pm/V) than that of l‐PTA (23.5 pm/V). The three‐dimensional spatial isolation effect resulting from the highly branched structure and the crosslinking of the terminal acetylene groups at moderate temperature play important roles in the enhancement of optical nonlinearity. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 1140–1148, 2008