bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Babbling and the lack of auditory speech perception: a matter of coordination?
Authors: Koopmans‐van Beinum Florien J. , Clement Chris J. , Van Den Dikkenberg‐Pot Ineke
Published: March 2003

This paper concentrates on the question whether and where the lack of auditory perception can be traced in the early sound productions of deaf infants. A sensorimotor description system based on movements in the phonatory and articulatory speech production systems was developed to classify early infant vocalizations. Canonical babbling is a strong cue in the normal speech developmental process. Therefore the main question in this work was why deaf infants do not start to babble in their first year of life like normally hearing children do. Detailed analyses of early vocalizations of deaf and hearing infants revealed that auditory feedback is needed to lead to coordination of movements of the phonatory and the articulatory system, and that this coordination capacity is a prerequisite for the development of normal speech production.
Negative priming effect after inhibition of number/length interference in a Piaget‐like task
Authors: Houdeé Olivier , Guichart Elodie
Published: March 2003

According to Dempster, Piagetian tasks have more to do with the child’s ability to resist (inhibit) interference than they do with the ability to grasp their underlying logic. Here we used a chronometric paradigm with 9‐year‐olds, who succeed in Piaget’s conservation of number task, to test the role of cognitive inhibition in a priming version of this classical task. The experimental design was such that the misleading strategy ‘length‐equals‐number’ to inhibit on the prime (a Piaget‐like item with number/length interference) became a congruent strategy to activate on the probe (a subsequent item where number and length covaried). A negative priming effect of 158 ms was observed for the prime–probe sequence. This result confirms that success on Piaget‐like tasks (the prime) requires an inhibition process.
Children and adults represent proper names as referring to unique individuals
Authors: Sorrentino Cristina M.
Published: March 2003

Adults represent proper names (e.g. ‘Katharine Hepburn’) as referring to unique individuals (i.e. Katharine Hepburn), and studies of children’s proper name learning have been taken to show that children represent proper names in like manner. However, almost all of these studies leave open the possibility that children represent proper names as referring to restricted kinds of highly similar animals. We provide direct evidence against this possibility: both adults and 3‐year‐old children presented with a novel word for a toy animal (e.g. ‘daxy’) assumed that the animal continued to be referred to with the word, despite a change in the animal’s appearance and location, and despite the introduction at the old location of an animal identical in appearance to the original animal at the time the word was introduced. Participants presented with a simple artifact (e.g. a bottle) did not interpret the word as a proper name, consistent with previous work.
How do children ape? Applying concepts from the study of non‐human primates to the developmental study of ‘imitation’ in children
Authors: Want Stephen C. , Harris Paul L.
Published: March 2003

We highlight two aspects of research into social learning that have been neglected in existing developmental research, namely: (1) The role of social learning in learning to use tools, and (2) Whether children’s social learning involves copying the actions themselves (‘blind’ imitation or mimicry), or alternatively, the effects of those actions (emulation). In Part I of the paper we argue that the failure to distinguish between these different mechanisms is closely related to the lack of research on the social transmission of tool use and that both omissions limit our understanding of early social learning. We conclude Part I by outlining the requirements for an adequate study of these two issues. In Part II, we use this analysis to critically examine data from existing developmental research with children. We also assess the data currently available in the comparative literature which address these issues more directly. We conclude that children learn only what actions to perform via observation (‘blind’ imitation or mimicry), and not why those actions are effective (emulation). We close by identifying important potential pitfalls and unresolved questions for the future study of the social learning of actions on objects.
Infant categorization of containment, support and tight‐fit spatial relationships
Authors: Casasola Marianella , Cohen Leslie B.
Published: March 2003

Two experiments examined infant categorization of containment, support or tight‐fit spatial relationships. English‐learning infants of 10 months (Experiment 1) and 18 months (Experiment 2) were habituated to four pairs of objects in one of these relationships. They were then tested with one event from habituation, one with novel objects in the familiar relationship, one with familiar objects in a novel relationship and one with novel objects in a novel relationship. Infants at both ages generalized their habituation of the containment relationship to novel objects in this relationship. In the support and tight‐fit conditions, the younger infants responded only to the novel objects in the test while the older infants responded to the novel relationship, but only with familiar objects. The results indicate that infants learn to categorize containment prior to support or tight‐fit relationships and suggest that infants can recognize a relationship between familiar objects prior to novel objects.
Children's understanding of the pretence–reality distinction: a review of current theory and evidence
Authors: Bourchier Alison , Davis Alyson
Published: March 2003

This paper provides an update on the current status of theory and evidence relating to children's understanding of the pretence–reality distinction. The paper starts by highlighting the striking paradox between children's early competence in pretence and their experiences of pretence–reality confusions as late as middle childhood. This is followed by a detailed review of various theories that have been offered to explain this phenomenon. Specifically, theories attributing the paradoxical findings to methodological differences between studies are reviewed and dismissed before considering the transmigration and availability hypotheses (Harris, Brown, Marriott, Whittall & Harmer, 1991; Johnson & Harris, 1994), the role of context and the child's emotional involvement in the pretence, and the pretence continuation account (Golomb & Galasso, 1995). It is argued that none of these theories alone can explain pretence–reality confusions and that these are best explained in terms of the combined influences of cognitive availability, empirical evidence of reality, context, affect and individual differences. Further research is necessary to fully explore the nature, cause and developmental trajectory of individual differences in this domain.
Are you listening? Exploring a developmental knowledge–action dissociation in a speech interpretation task
Authors: Morton J. Bruce , Munakata Yuko
Published: March 2003

Young children sometimes act inappropriately despite appearing to know what to do. Dissociations of this kind raise important questions about the organization and development of knowledge and action systems. The present study investigated a knowledge–action dissociation in 6–year–olds performing a speech interpretation task and tested the hypothesis that knowledge–action dissociations stem from a general difficulty resolving conflicting cues. When knowledge and action measures were equated in terms of the amount of conflict that needed to be resolved for a correct response, children’s knowledge no longer appeared to outstrip their ability to act appropriately. Implications of the findings for competing views of knowledge representation and knowledge–action system organization are discussed.
Environmental Causes and Impact of Refugee Movements: A Critique of the Current Debate
Authors: Kibreab Gaim
Published: March 2003

The relationships between insecurity, environmental change and population displacement are discussed in this paper. It argues that environmental change and concomitant population displacement are the consequences of war and insecurity rather than triggers for it — as postulated in so much of the recent literature. Additionally, the paper critically reviews the state of knowledge concerning the impact of refugees on the environment of host countries. The aim here is not to document the negative or positive impacts as such, but rather to de‐mythologise some aspects of the state of knowledge which through repetition have become accepted as ‘scientific truth’.
Cruel Wars and Safe Havens: Humanitarian Aid in Liberia 1989–1996
Authors: Outram Quentin
Published: March 2003

This article considers the role of military intervention by peace‐keeping and peace‐enforcement troops in the provision of humanitarian aid to Liberia during the armed conflicts of the past seven years. The article focuses on the role of the de facto safe haven which peace‐keeping and enforcing troops protected in Liberia between 1990 and 1996 and puts the Liberian case in the context of the growing debate about the usefulness of military interventions in humanitarian emergencies. It argues that the safe haven has enabled significant humanitarian acheivements but has also demonstrated fundamental failures. Central to these failures have been the absence of consent, under‐resourcing and a loss of control of the safe haven to factional interests.
Aid and Violence, with Special Reference to Sierra Leone
Authors: Keen David
Published: March 2003

This paper looks at how departures from humanitarian principles can be accommodated, legitimised and obscured within the international humanitarian system. It looks particularly at the case of Sierra Leone between 1991 and 1995. It analyses how misinformation about the causes and dynamics of violence and regarding the aid system contribute to the erosion of humanitarian principles.
Identifying and Mapping Community Vulnerability
Authors: Morrow Betty Hearn
Published: March 2003

Disaster vulnerability is socially constructed, i.e., it arises out of the social and economic circumstances of everyday living. Most often discussed from the perspective of developing nations, this article extends the argument using American demographic trends. Examples from recent disasters, Hurricane Andrew in particular, illustrate how certain categories of people, such as the poor, the elderly, women‐headed households and recent residents, are at greater risk throughout the disaster response process. Knowledge of where these groups are concentrated within communities and the general nature of their circumstances is an important step towards effective emergency management. Emergency planners, policy‐makers and responding organisations are encouraged to identify and locate high‐risk sectors on Community Vulnerability Maps, integrating this information into GIS systems where feasible. Effective disaster management calls for aggressively involving these neighbourhoods and groups at all levels of planning and response, as well as mitigation efforts that address the root causes of vulnerability.
Rehabilitation: Strategic, Proactive, Flexible, Risky?
Authors: Herbold Green Reginald
Published: March 2003

Rehabilitation after armed conflict is a direct intellectual descendant of thinking about rehabilitation after natural calamity. It is related, generally, to poverty reduction and, operationally, to associated action at the micro level. This history has limited its strategic conceptualisation and, in particular, its links with reconciliation and state re‐legitimation and also with macro‐economic stabilisation and renewed growth. In post‐war — or more generally, a lull in conflict with the potential to become permanent — a country's rapid, focused, prioritised action within a strategic framework is urgent. It is not risk‐free for political and natural disasters as well as for those with economic and social bases. Flexibility, learning from initial experience and asking intended household beneficiaries about their needs in advance can reduce risk as can pre‐positioning of contingency or standby resources to avert post‐war calamities (for example, drought, flood) and catastrophes (renewed violence) from delaying and discrediting rehabilitation efforts.
NGO Initiatives in Risk Reduction: An Overview
Authors: Benson Charlotte , Twigg John , Myers Mary
Published: March 2003

NGOs appear to be well placed to play a significant role in natural disaster mitigation and preparedness (DMP), working, as they do, with poorer and marginalised groups in society. However, there is little information on the scale or nature of NGO DMP activities. This paper reports the findings of a study seeking to address that gap. It confirms that NGOs are involved in a diverse range of DMP activities but that a number of them are not labelled as such. Moreover, evidence of the demonstrable quality and benefits of DMP involvement is poor. The paper concludes that a number of problems need to be overcome before DMP can be satisfactorily mainstreamed into NGO development and post‐disaster rehabilitation programmes. However, there are some early indications of momentum for change.
Do Farmers Need Relief Seed? A Methodology for Assessing Seed Systems
Authors: Longley Catherine , Dominguez Carlos , Saide Momade A. , Leonardo Wilson José
Published: March 2003

This article outlines a methodology to help agencies better determine whether or not relief seed is needed by farmers affected by disaster. A brief review of current seed needs assessment procedures in southern Somalia and Mozambique illustrates problems of knowing which crops and households are affected, the importance of seed access (not just availability) and the need to plan interventions earlier than at present. The development of a Seed Systems Profile (SSP) is proposed to understand better both the socio–economic and agro–ecological aspects of farmers’ seed systems. A five–step framework for assessing seed systems in disaster situations is also presented. These tools are currently being tested and further refined in Mozambique. A better understanding of farmers’ seed systems will allow for the development of relief and rehabilitation interventions that effectively enhance the resilience and reduce the vulnerability of these systems.
La construction sociale du produit financier postal
Authors: Gallouj F. , Gadrey J. , Ghillebaert E.
Published: March 2003

This article deals with the financial function of the Postal Service. On the basis of the clientele management modules of financial centres and the post offices as units for the analysis, the authors make a census of the various financial “products” being supported by the analytical pattern of “worlds” (of production).

This census voluntarily focusing on the civic world is followed by an attempt to identify the different corresponding overcosts. The authors also examine the contradictions and conflicts opposing the protagonists of service provision when they explicitly or implicitly belong to different worlds.
The Hayekian Approach to Banking Supervision in New Zealand
Authors: Turner J.D.
Published: March 2003

New Zealand has one of the least regulated banking systems in the world. Instead of relying on deposit insurance, prudential regulation and central bank monitoring to ensure banking stability, the Reserve Bank of New Zealand relies on depositor monitoring. Depositors are aided in their monitoring process by the provision of quarterly disclosure statements. This article suggests that the contractual nature of the banking firm is such that depositor monitoring will not ensure banking stability, and that the Hayekian reforms of the New Zealand banking system are built upon false premises.
The Logic of Good Social Relations
Authors: Kolm Serge‐Christophe
Published: March 2003

Good social relations have more or less an aspect of gift‐giving which, by nature, can be neither bought nor imposed. Interaction in this respect will lead purely selfish people to an irremediably inferior state, while pure altruism and unconditional morality are very demanding on the ground of motivation. However, a satisfactory solution solely requires that an actor reciprocates the others' attitude, a much less demanding behaviour. Such reciprocity also fosters standard economic efficiency, and can be elicited by a number of widespread psychological features.
Public Sector Banks in India: Rationale and Prerequisites for reform
Authors: Arun T.G. , Turner J.D.
Published: March 2003

This paper contributes to the debate on public sector banks by suggesting several rationales for government ownership of banks in India. The paper then proceeds to argue that due to high economic costs, the current public sector banking system is unsustainable. Although a policy of wider private ownership was introduced in the 1990s, it is suggested that there are several prerequisites to be met before such a reform can be more fully implemented. It is argued that these prerequisites arise from the rationales for government ownership, and they include a credible bank regulatory regime, and government promotion of co‐operative banks and credit unions.
Uk Corporate Acquisitions In Latin America In The 1990s: Lost Opportunities In A New Economic Environment
Authors: Amann E. , De Paula G. M. , Ferraz J. C.
Published: March 2003

During the 1990s, foreign direct investment flowed into Latin America at an unprecedented rate. Capital inflows associated with privatizations and private mergers and acquisitions (M&As) rose steeply. Drawing on original firm–level transactions data, this article examines the extent to which UK enterprises participated in the Latin American privatization and private M&A boom. The authors conclude that, relative to their counterparts in many other major industrial countries, UK enterprises adopted a cautious stance, largely eschewing privatization opportunities and concentrating M&A activities on relatively few operations, sectors and countries, in order to strengthen product and market positions. Moreover, the strategic logic guiding the most important corporate acquisitions centred on gaining access to domestic markets rather than attempting to create global export platforms.
Re–turning Home: Transnational Movements and the Transformation of Landscape and Culture in the Marginal Communities of Tunis
Authors: Vasile Elizabeth
Published: March 2003

Global capitalism reworks local experience and landscapes in its own image, but forms and practices of global capitalism are also rooted in and transformed by local social and spatial structures. This paper discusses the simultaneity of both aspects through an examination of changing cultural practices of Tunisian workers residing in marginal urban neighborhoods, and shows how these changes are shaped by the workers' transnational experiences both as migrants abroad and in transnational enterprises at home. One response to such local experiences and incorporations of the non‐local is political Islam, a movement that combines accommodation and resistance to new cultural forms, and whose appeal and implications stretch beyond national boundaries.
The Spaces of Graduate Student Labor: The Times for a New Union
Authors: Freeman Amy
Published: March 2003

This paper offers a critical analysis of how pressures to “corporatize” universities are affecting graduate student employees and public higher education in the United States. The argument is that the corporatization of universities is a not a new phenomenon, but is occurring in a very different political, economic, and technological context than in previousdecades. After addressing the definition of corporatization with regard to universities in general and those in the state of Washington in particular, the paper discusses the author's perceptions of the activities and spaces of universities and how the university and the people who work there are connected to larger economic processes and power relations. The paper provides the author's perspective on the current situation of graduate student employees in relation to processes of corporatization, and focuses on the ambiguities of the double identity of graduate student employees and how this relates to current struggles to form graduate student employee unions. The paper considers ways that graduate student employee unions reflect a desire to change the ways that “business” is conducted on university campuses, and could work to build coalitions across employee divides. The paper concludes by outlining some thoughts on the role of academics in addressing pressures to corporatize higher education and suggesting possible ideas for action in the struggle to keep public universities open and democratic.
Union Responses to Mass Immigration: The Case of Miami, USA
Authors: Nissen Bruce , Grenier Guillermo
Published: March 2003

This article places the attitudes of US unions toward immigrants within the context of a “globalized” environment and a contested and problematic history of the US labor movement regarding its conflicting tendencies toward international solidarity and nationalism. Following a review of that history, the article examines the relationships of four unions in the heavily immigrant Miami, Florida area with immigrant workers in the past four decades. The evidence indicates that explanations for differing responses can be found in the union's structure, its external environment, its leadership' vision and ideology, and its internal “cultural” practices.
Neoliberalizing Space
Authors: Peck Jamie , Tickell Adam
Published: March 2003

This paper revisits the question of the political and theoretical status of neoliberalism, making the case for a process–based analysis of “neoliberalization.” Drawing on the experience of the heartlands of neoliberal discursive production, North America and Western Europe, it is argued that the transformative and adaptive capacity of this far–reaching political–economic project has been repeatedly underestimated. Amongst other things, this calls for a close reading of the historical and geographical (re)constitution of the process of neoliberalization and of the variable ways in which different “local neoliberalisms” are embedded within wider networks and structures of neoliberalism. The paper’s contribution to this project is to establish a stylized distinction between the destructive and creative moments of the process of neoliberalism—which are characterized in terms of “roll–back” and “roll–out” neoliberalism, respectively—and then to explore some of the ways in which neoliberalism, in its changing forms, is playing a part in the reconstruction of extralocal relations, pressures, and disciplines.
Neoliberalism and Socialisation in the Contemporary City: Opposites, Complements and Instabilities
Authors: Gough Jamie
Published: March 2003

This paper explores some dialectics of neoliberalism and socialisation in contemporary urbanism. The significance of socialisation—nonmarket cooperation between social actors—in both production and reproduction has tended to increase in the long term. Socialisation does not always take politically progressive forms, yet it always has a problematic relation with private property and class discipline. Socialisation of diverse forms grew during the long boom, but this exacerbated the classic crisis tendencies of capitalism and resulted in increasing politicisation. Neoliberalism offered a resolution of these tensions by imposing unmediated value relations and class discipline, fragmenting labour and capital and fostering depoliticisation. However, this has led to manifest inefficiencies and failure adequately to reproduce the wage relation. Many longstanding forms of socialisation have therefore been retained, if in modified forms. Moreover, substantially new forms of urban socialisation have developed in cities. This paper examines the role of business organisations, industrial clusters, top–down mobilisation of community and attempts at “joined–up” urban governance. It is argued that these fill gaps in socialisation left by neoliberalism. Their neoliberal context has largely prevented their politicisation, in particular heading off any socialist potential. Indeed, the new forms of urban socialisation have internalised neoliberal social relations and often deepened social divisions. Thus, paradoxically, they can achieve the essential aims of neoliberalism better than “pure” neoliberalism itself. Nevertheless, these forms of socialisation are often weakened by neoliberalism. Contemporary urban class relations and forms of regulation thus reflect both opposition and mutual construction between neoliberal strategies and forms of socialisation. The paper ends by briefly contrasting this theorisation with associationalist and regulationist approaches.
Environmental Justice and American Indian Tribal Sovereignty: Case Study of a Land–Use Conflict in Skull Valley, Utah
Authors: Ishiyama Noriko
Published: March 2003

This paper examines environmental justice in the context of questions of American–Indian tribal sovereignty through an analysis of a land–use dispute over the Skull Valley Band of Goshute Indians’ decision to host a high–level radioactive waste facility on their reservation in Tooele County, Utah. The case study entails a far more intricate story than that presented in the majority of existing literature, which is dominated by analytical frameworks of environmental racism and distributive environmental justice. By elucidating the historical geography of Skull Valley and politics of tribal sovereignty, I argue that a prolonged process of historical colonialism has produced a landscape of injustice in which the tribe's choices have been structurally limited. The historical colonialism, intertwining with the capitalist political economy, has geopolitically isolated the tribe to suffer procedural environmental injustice. At the same time, the tribe has struggled to pursue self–determination through the retention of sovereignty and Goshute identity in the arenas of tribal environmental management and the environmental–justice movement. Conflict over the definition and practice of tribal sovereignty at different geographical scales reveals the social, historical, and political–economic complexity of environmental justice.
Urban growth and the transformation of rural China: the case of Southern Manchuria
Authors: Wang Mark Y. L.
Published: March 2003

Since the economic reforms launched at the end of the 1970s, China has experienced dramatic socioeconomic change which has led to the emergence of new and distinctive regions of economic interaction characterised by an extensive and intensive mix of agricultural and non‐agricultural activities. This paper illustrates the nature and characteristics of these evolving Extended Metropolitan Regions (EMRs) by drawing on the experience of the Shenyang‐Dalian urban corridor in Northeast China (Manchuria). The increased level of economic interaction between the cities and the countryside is characterised by accelerated labour and capital flows, rapidly expanding rural‐urban commodity trade and subcontracting between urban and rural enterprises. The result is a rapid erosion of differences in the standard of living, economic function and life style between the city and the countryside.
The geographer as radical humanist: an appreciation of Keith Buchanan
Authors: Watters Ray
Published: March 2003

Keith McPherson Buchanan, Emeritus Professor and first Professor of Geography at Victoria University, recently died at the age of 78. Buchanan was a prolific writer, polemicist, reviewer and commentator. His work includes nine books plus two co‐authored volumes, well over 200 articles and comments, and a very large number of book reviews. As a radical geographer, a socialist, a champion of the dispossessed, and an unrelenting critic of orthodoxy, capitalist regimes and power elites, Buchanan was always controversial. His work represents a powerful case directed against some of the great evils and dangerous trends shaping the later twentieth century world. As one of the founders of this journal Asia Pacific Viewpoint (originally Pacific Viewpoint) Keith Buchanan along with his colleagues in the sixties helped establish the Wellington Department of Geography as a centre of innovative research and writing on Asia and the Third World. In this reflection on the man and his work former colleague Ray Watters argues that although best known for his work on China Buchanan’s greatest contribution was as a radical polemicist and essayist on contemporary issues.
Spatial structure and inter‐firm networks of technical and information producer services in Seoul, Korea
Authors: Park Sam Ock , Nahm Kee‐Bom
Published: March 2003

A spatial and sectoral reorganisation of producer services has begun to change the urban structure of Seoul. In addition to the existing centre of the CBD, two areas, Kangnam and Yongdeungpo, have emerged as the new centres of producer services in Seoul resulting from relocations from the CBD and the location of firm start‐ups and spin‐offs, so creating a multi‐centred structure. There is a difference between the centres related to the fact that Kangnam is specialised in advanced services and has strong local networks among service firms, firms in Yongdeungpo have strong forward linkages to nearby manufacturing firms and to larger producer service firms, while firms in the CBD are relatively older and have much more intensive overseas ties. This outcome illustrates that shifts in the organisation of producer services in favour of outsourcing have been felt in shifts in spatial patterns. These new structures illustrate that producer service location and operation have a powerful influence upon the pattern of development in Seoul.
The other way round: manufacturing as an extension of services in small island states
Authors: Baldacchino Godfrey
Published: March 2003

Try valiantly though they might, small (often island) territories cannot possibly follow the hard‐and‐fast logic of industrialisation marked out for them by larger economies. Instead, they have worked out for themselves an alternative resort to manufacturing industry; they have done so on the basis of a pragmatism in part derived from the handicaps imposed by the architecture of global capitalism and colonialism. This ‘hands on’ approach involves: (1) the exploitation of the rentier status of a microstate as a base or platform for ‘merchandise’; (2) the provision of goods (apart from services) for privileged export purposes, particularly aimed at captured markets (such as tourists and small state diasporas); (3) the expansion into small, knowledge‐based industries; and (4) the parallel preservation of part‐time small scale, cottage industry, often in relation to self employment. In all four cases, the common denominator and main argument proposed is that manufacturing in micro‐states is best seen as an extension of services, rather than the other way round as is generally proposed.
Mobility in Melanesia: bigman bilong circulation
Authors: Bedford Richard
Published: March 2003

Murray Chapman's reputation as a researcher on population movement in Melanesia is enormous – in the parlance of Melanesians, he is undoubtedly a ‘bigman bilong circulation’. This paper traces Chapman's journey into Melanesian mobility and outlines some of the major contributions he has made to our understanding of population movement in what was known until the late 1980s as the ‘Third World’. The journey begins with Chapman's own recollections of intellectual challenges he faced at the University of Auckland as a graduate student writing a thesis in 1960 and then as a Junior Lecturer in Social Sciences at the Victoria University of Wellington. The debates between Cumberland and Buchanan about the nature of geography were to have a profound influence on Chapman – he was to become a severe critic of attempts to impose a ‘western’ logic and way of thinking on processes which were at the heart of the livelihoods of peoples who had very different belief and value systems. This paper does not contain a critique of Chapman's arguments and findings; its purpose is to celebrate those contributions which have come into print so far from a geographer who has really tried to ‘make geography matter’ in the discourses about population movement and development.
Tauponui a Tia: an interpretation of Maori landscape and land tenure
Authors: Stokes Evelyn
Published: March 2003

In the mid‐1950s Professor R. Gerard Ward carried out his first significant research project as a graduate student in the ‘Taupo country’– a diverse volcanic landscape with a rich Maori history in the central North Island of New Zealand. This paper traces my own ‘journeys’ into the Taupo country and my association with the complexities of both historical and contemporary understandings and realities of Maori land tenure. I use several specific examples, and draw on a variety of experiences to argue that the ‘Taupo country’ cannot be understood without an appreciation of the enduring Maori values which still permeate society and land tenure in New Zealand’s ‘volcanic desert’ landscape. Despite legislative efforts to impose on Maori a title system derived from British property law, and all the subsequent pressures to assimilate, enduring Maori values intertwined with ancestry and identity cannot be ignored either in reconstructions of the history or in current planning for the future of the Taupo region.
Reconciliation or exclusion? Integrating indigenous and non‐indigenous land management concepts for Australia’s Native Title era
Authors: Young Elspeth
Published: March 2003

Indigenous and non‐indigenous concepts of land ownership and use are fundamental elements in Australian debate on the implications of Native Title for development. However these approaches are not necessarily incompatible but can be reconciled. Drawing on evidence from the central Australian rangelands, this paper argues that the adaptations of land use practised by indigenous people, who have converted their land tenure from pastoral leasehold to Aboriginal freehold land, suggest that such reconciliation is possible and practical. Provision of appropriate support tools, such as participatory extension for improved land management, or community land management planning, strengthen the integration of indigenous and non‐indigenous land management approaches. Successful integration will be essential for the management of Australia’s rangelands under Native Title.
The Sa Pa marketplace, Lao Cai Province, Vietnam
Authors: Michaud Jean , Turner Sarah
Published: March 2003

Sa Pa market, in its current shape, is a typical mainland Southeast Asia highland market. Here, highland produce cultivated or gathered by montagnards dispersed in isolated hamlets is sold to, or exchanged with, other montagnards and lowlanders for various commodities and consumer goods. Over the last few years, a fast growing tourist influx has contributed to modifying the architecture and size of the marketplace, while the range of goods on display has increased to fit both direct and indirect tourist demand.

Using historical data covering one century, this research shows that despite recent transformations, for most of the montagnards, the market in Sa Pa is still used for the same social purposes as in the past. Unequivocally, it is chiefly for the outside traders and local Kinh authorities and residents that the locally booming economy has opened new opportunities. The numbers of Kinh traders in Sa Pa town have soared to the point that they are now taking over the marketplace, both in a physical and a legal sense, leaving little space for the montagnards. Yet the question as to whether the montagnards actually ever want to carve a position for themselves in the marketplace is still open to debate.
Pan‐national identities: representations of the Philippine diaspora on the world wide web
Authors: Tyner James A. , Kuhlke Olaf
Published: March 2003

This paper shows how the world wide web can facilitate the transformation of a trans‐national identity into a global, or pan‐national identity. Specific to the Philippines diaspora is the concept of tahanang, or home as a metaphor for a pan‐national Philippine identity. Not only does the web facilitate the spatial interactions of diasporic communities but it also fosters the representation of national identity. In the case of the Philippine diaspora we find that social networking, via the web, operates at and through a variety of spatial scales, including intra‐diasporic, inter‐diasporic, diaspora‐host, and diaspora‐homeland.
Rural Population Growth in Papua New Guinea Between 1980 and 1990
Authors: Keig Gael
Published: March 2003

Rural population growth in Papua New Guinea between the 1980 and 1990 National Population Censuses has been mapped at the census division (CD) level. Some areas of the country, including parts of the highlands and peri‐urban CDs, experienced rapid growth over the 10‐year period. It appears that processes of change which may have common socioeconomic precursors and attributes are taking place in various parts of the country. In these areas, the implications for future sustainability of village‐based food production and cash cropping systems require further investigation.
The imported underclass: poverty and social exclusion of black African refugees in Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors: Chile Love M.
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Changes in immigration and refugee policy since 1991 have led to an increasing number of minority ethnic groups settling in Aotearoa New Zealand. The number of Black African migrants and refugees granted permanent residence in New Zealand has increased substantially from about six in 1982 to over 770 in 1998 (New Zealand Immigration Services, 2001). The socio‐economic, professional and cultural characteristics of this emerging Black African minority ethnic community are complex but fascinating. In mid 2000 the majority of the Black African community in New Zealand were refugees (Chile 1999A). This paper is part of a broader study to analyse the nature and structure of Black African migration and settlement in New Zealand. It is an attempt to undertake applied migration research from a participatory methodology framework that addresses the expressed needs of the grass‐roots level client community. The paper examines the socio‐economic status of Black African refugees in New Zealand and analyses the factors and processes that create an impoverished community that is increasingly excluded from mainstream society. Strategies to reverse the process of marginalisation and create a healthy, vibrant community with the capacity to participate effectively in New Zealand society are examined.
Effects of Trade Liberalization on Taiwan: A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis
Authors: Chou Ji , Chu Yun‐Peng , Wang Shiu‐Tung
Published: March 2003

Joining the GATT has been established as one of the most important economic and political targets of the Taiwan government. However, the effects of this action are difficult to establish. Because of the openness of Taiwan’s domestic market there could be serious changes in the production structure and income distribution, especially in the relative status of the agricultural and nonagricultural sectors, of protected and unprotected sectors, and also of producers and consumers. The possible high cost of this move on society has caused its necessity to be questioned. In order to clear up the controversy surrounding this issue, this paper, uses a CGE model to analyse the possible effects of this policy change. Following proposals from the Final Draft of the Uruguay Round, we use tariff and nontariff barriers, aggregate measurement of support (AMS), and export quota in our model as policy tools. We omit liberalization in the service sector, because of quantification difficulties. Our analysis includes the impacts on resource allocation, production structure, income distribution and consumers’ welfare.
Wage Compensation for Job Risks: the Case of Hong Kong
Authors: Siebert W. S , Wei Xiangdong
Published: March 2003

The paper provides an estimate of wage compensation for fatal job risk in Hong Kong. It uses the 1991 Population Census of Hong Kong merged with job fatality data collected by the Labour Department. The results show that there is a positive and significant compensating wage differential for job fatal risk for manual workers in Hong Kong. The estimated ‘statistical value of a life’ is approximately HK$10.8m in 1990 prices (about US$1.4m). While this figure is somewhat lower than many estimates for developed countries, it is much higher than workers' compensation.
Wage Determination Differences between Chinese State and Non‐State Firms
Authors: Xin Meng , Frances Perkins
Published: March 2003

Market‐oriented economic reform has given much greater autonomy to state and collective enterprises' managers to make production, investment and marketing decisions. However, as the assets of these enterprises are still owned by government at different levels, the decision‐making and risk‐bearing functions of enter‐prises may be divorced, firms are more likely to maximize income per employee rather than firm’s profits. This hypothesis is tested in this paper by analysing Chinese enterprises' earnings determination behaviour using a data set encompassing state, collective and private sectors. The main findings are that the state and the collective sectors behave more like labour managed firms in that they try to maximize income per worker rather than profit, whereas private‐sector firms are profit maximizers. Furthermore, collective‐sector firms which bear a higher degree of risk, appear to base their profit sharing decisions more on enterprises’ economic and financial performance, than do state‐owned enterprises. Hence collective enterprises’ bonus payments improve productivity more than do state‐sector bonuses.
Japanese Foreign Direct Investment in Electrical Machinery and Appliances in the United States: A Combined Industrial Organization and Location Theory Approach
Authors: Choe Jong‐Il
Published: March 2003

We analyse the effects of both ownership and location advantages on the size of foreign direct investment, by combining industrial organization and location theory approaches. The estimated results employing a truncated distribution model show that the parent company's managerial resources and the external economies in a located region between them determine the FDI size of Japanese electrical machinery and appliances firms. This result suggests that empirical studies, applying only the industrial organization theory approach, need to be complemented by the location theory approach.
Ricardian Equivalence and Fiscal Policy Effectiveness in Japan
Authors: Christopher Walker W.
Published: March 2003

The present paper asks whether there is a limit to the potential for government spending to stimulate output in the Japanese economy. Overlapping generations and Ricardian inﬁnite horizon representative agent models are developed, in which the government spending multiplier falls as the level of spending rises. Consistent with the Ricardian hypothesis, vector autoregressions (VAR) indicate that the timing of taxes has little impact on national output. Conversely, the impact of government spending is signiﬁcant. However, using non‐linear VAR techniques, the author ﬁnds empirical evidence for the hypothesis of a regime‐dependent government spending multiplier that falls as spending rises.
Interpersonal Relationships and Relationship Dominance: An Analysis Based on Methodological Relationism
Authors: Ho David Y. F.
Published: March 2003

The author argues that a mature Asian social psychology is marked by the characteristic ways in which it generates knowledge about social behavior in general, rather than by the body of knowledge it obtains about Asians. Methodological relationalism, grounded in dialectics, is explicated as a conceptual framework for the analysis of human though and action; it is transformed by Asian views reflecting the omnipresence of self‐other relations in all social life. A classification of interpersonal relationships, categorized according to the basis of their formation, is provided. Cultural contrasts are explored, with reference to: (a) the formation of relationships, (b) cultural roots of how interpersonal relationships are defined in myths and legends, and (c) the dominance of specific relationships in different cultures. Finally, Confucian heritage cultures are described in terms of the construct relationship dominance.
Social Identity Theory and the Crisis of Confidence in Social Psychology: A Commentary, and Some Research on Uncertainty Reduction
Authors: Hogg Michael A. , Grieve Paul
Published: March 2003

The role played by social identity theory in responding to the crisis of confidence in social psychology is described. It is a theory that addresses group processes and intergroup relations by separating and articulating different levels of explanation. Social categorization depersonalizes perception, cognition, affect and conduct in terms of relevant ingroup or outgroup prototypes, and social categorization of self, in conjunction with beliefs about the nature of intergroup relations, is responsible for specific manifestations of group behavior. Social identity theory continues to develop. In this article we focus on the motivational role of subjective uncertainty reduction in social identification – a model is outlined (Hogg & Mullin, 1999), and data from a 2 × 2 minimal group experiment in which categorization and uncertainty were orthogonally manipulated (N = 151) are presented. As predicted, categorization produced discrimination, elevated identification, and reduced uncertainty, but only, or more markedly, under conditions where subjective uncertainty was relatively high.
Organizational Commitment in Nepalese Settings
Authors: Gautam Thaneswor , van Dick Rolf , Wagner Ulrich
Published: March 2003

This study examines the three‐dimensional organizational commitment (OC) concept (Meyer & Allen, 1997) in Nepal. Standardized questionnaires were administered to a heterogeneous sample of 103 employees of four different Nepalese organizations (bank, food corporation, telecommunication, and an airline). Exploratory factor and confirmatory factor analyses replicate the dimensionality of OC, i.e., the three facets of commitment (affective, normative, and continuance commitment) could be found also in a developing country with a cultural background very different from the places where the commitment concept was originally formulated. Antecedents and consequences of organizational commitment were investigated by multiple regression analyses. Continuance and normative commitment were both explained by job characteristics, i.e., by the perception of the job as interesting, affective commitment could not be explained with the set of variables used in this study. However, it is affective commitment which particularly accounts for variance in search intentions as well as in turnover intentions.
The Financial Crisis: A Watershed in Economic Thought about East Asia
Authors: Garnaut Ross
Published: March 2003

For the whole of East Asia, and for the world, the financial drama that came to international attention in the second quarter of 1997 has posed large questions about the operation of modern economies. While the expression ‘Asian financial crisis’ remains in the world’s headlines, in February 1998 it would be more accurate to confine the term ‘crisis’ to Indonesia, Korea and Thailand, although some economies look more vulnerable to further complications than others, Vietnam amongst them. This paper examines the origins of the crisis and the manner in which it unfolded through 1997. It discusses possible consequences of recent events for long‐term growth and structural change and economic thought.