bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ΛCDM COSMOLOGY THROUGH THE LENS OF EINSTEIN'S STATIC UNIVERSE, THE MOTHER OF Λ
Authors: MITRA ABHAS , BHATTACHARYYA S. , BHATT NILAY
Published: March 2013

We show here that, in the context of Einstein's static universe (ESU), the static cosmological constant Λs = 0. We do so by extending (and not contradicting) the ESU relationship from Λs = 4πρ to Λs = 4πρ = 0, where ρ is the ESU matter density (G = c = 1). This extension follows from the fact that the elements of the spacetime geometry depend on pressure and energy density (ρ). Note in the ΛCDM model, Λ is associated with "Dark Energy (DE)." And, if Λ would be considered as a fundamental constant, it should be zero even for a dynamic universe. In such a case, the observed accelerated expansion could be an artifact of inhomogeneity [D. L. Wiltshire, Phys. Rev. D80 (2009) 123512; E. W. Kolb, Class. Quantum. Grav.28 (2011) 164009] or large peculiar acceleration of the Milky way [C. Tasgas, Phys. Rev. D84 (2011) 063503] or extinction of light of distant supernovae [R. E. Schild and M. Dekker, Astron. Nachr.327 (2006) 729, arXiv:astro-ph/0512236]. The same conclusion has also been obtained in an independent manner [A. Mitra, JCAP03 (2013) 007, doi: 10.1088/1475-7516/2013/03/007].
THERMODYNAMICS IN CLOSED UNIVERSE WITH ENTROPY CORRECTIONS
Authors: SHARIF M. , JAWAD ABDUL
Published: March 2013

We discuss the generalized second law of thermodynamics (GSLT) in three different systems by taking quantum corrections (logarithmic and power law) to cosmological horizon entropy as well as black hole (BH) entropy. First, we consider phantom energy accretion onto the Schwarzschild BH in the closed Friedmann–Robertson–Walker universe and investigate the validity of the GSLT on the apparent and event horizons. In another scenario, we evaluate the critical mass of the Schwarzschild BH with upper and lower bounds under accretion process due to phantom-like modified generalized chaplygin gas. It is found that the GSLT is respected within these bounds and BH cannot accrete outside them. Finally, we explore this law for a closed universe filled with interacting n-components of fluid (in thermal equilibrium case) and with noninteracting dark matter and dark energy components (in thermal nonequilibrium case) on the apparent and event horizons and find conditions for its validity.
SELF-ASSEMBLING BEHAVIOR AND INHIBITION EFFECT OF DODECANETHIOL SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS ON COPPER SURFACE
Authors: ZHANG XIULAN , ZHANG HENG , YANG YIHONG , CHEN ZHENYU
Published: March 2013

The self-assembling behavior and inhibition effect of dodecanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on copper surface were investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electrochemical methods. The assembling process was monitored by AFM phase images. The assembling time influences the corrosion protection efficiency of dodecanethiol SAMs. Surface friction significantly decreases when the copper surface is covered by SAMs.
A NEW EXPLICIT TIME INTEGRATION METHOD FOR STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS
Authors: YIN SHIH-HSUN
Published: March 2013

A family of new explicit time-integration method is proposed herein, which inherits the numerical characteristics of any existing implicit Runge–Kutta algorithms for a linear conservative system. Based on an exact derivation of the increment of mechanical energy, the method proposed is demonstrated to be unconditionally stable. Also, the stability condition of the proposed method is derived when applied to solving a nonlinear system. The characteristics of the proposed method are investigated by observing the mechanical-energy time history of a nonlinear conservative system. The numerical results can be explained by the stability condition derived in the nonlinear regime. Finally, the computational accuracy and efficiency between the Newmark time integration method and the proposed explicit method are compared in solving the dynamic response of a couple of linear oscillators.
BUCKLING AND FREE VIBRATION BEHAVIOR OF AN ISOTROPIC PLATE UNDER NONUNIFORM THERMAL LOAD
Authors: JEYARAJ P.
Published: March 2013

This paper presents numerical simulation studies on buckling and free vibration characteristics of isotropic plates under arbitrarily varying temperature distributions using finite element method (FEM). First the critical buckling temperature is obtained, followed by modal analysis considering pre-stress due to the thermal field in the plate, with the critical buckling temperature as a parameter. It is found that anti-nodal position of the fundamental buckling mode appears away/near to the free edge when the free edge is exposed to minimum/maximum temperature of the variation. The nodal and anti-nodal lines of free vibration modes moves towards the high temperature exposed plate and nodal lines becomes a nodal area for longer plates.
Electronic absorption, MCD, and luminescence properties of porphyrin J-aggregates
Authors: Kitagawa Yuichi , Hiromoto Junji , Ishii Kazuyuki
Published: March 2013

In this paper, we have investigated electronic absorption, magnetic circular dichroism, fluorescence, and phosphorescence spectra for a protonated form of H 2 TPPS 4( H 4 TPPS 4) and the J-aggregates of H 4 TPPS 4. The J-aggregation induces a large red-shift in the B (Soret) and Q absorption bands, while the phosphorescence peaks of H 4 TPPS 4 and its J-aggregates are almost entirely similar. The large red-shift of the B-band is quantitatively explained by the exciton interactions. Thus, the exciton interactions in the J-aggregates are proposed as a useful approach to decrease the energy splitting between the fluorescent and phosphorescent states.
COMPACT EMPIRICAL MODE DECOMPOSITION: AN ALGORITHM TO REDUCE MODE MIXING, END EFFECT, AND DETREND UNCERTAINTY
Authors: CHU PETER C. , FAN CHENWU , HUANG NORDEN
Published: March 2013

A compact empirical mode decomposition (CEMD) is presented to reduce mode mixing, end effect, and detrend uncertainty in analysis of time series (with N data points). This new approach consists of two parts: (a) highest-frequency sampling (HFS) to generate pseudo extrema for effective identification of upper and lower envelopes, and (b) a set of 2N algebraic equations for determining the maximum (minimum) envelope at each decomposition step. Among the 2N algebraic equations, 2(N - 2) equations are derived on the base of the compact difference concepts using the Hermitan polynomials with the values and first derivatives at the (N - 2) non-end points. At each end point, zero third derivative and determination of the first derivative from several (odd number) nearest original and pseudo extrema provide two extra algebraic equations for the value and first derivative at that end point. With this well-posed mathematical system, one can reduce the mode mixing, end effect, and detrend uncertainty drastically, and separate scales naturally without any a priori subjective criterion selection.
Causal Inference Considerations for Endocrine Disruptor Research in Children's Health
Authors: Engel Stephanie M. , Wolff Mary S.
Published: March 2013

Substantial population exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals, combined with available biomarkers and public concern, has resulted in an explosion of human health effects research. At the same time, remarkable shifts in the regulations governing the composition of some consumer products that contain endocrine disruptors (EDs) has occurred. However, important questions remain as to the weight of evidence linking EDs to human health end points. In this review, we critically examine the literature linking ED exposures to child neurodevelopment, focusing in particular on two model exposures to demonstrate issues related to bioaccumulative [e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)] and rapidly metabolized (e.g., phthalates) compounds, respectively. Issues of study design, confounding, and exposure measurement are considered. Given widespread exposure to these compounds, the potential public health consequences of even small effects on human health are substantial. Therefore, advancing our understanding of any impact calls for careful attention to the principles of causal inference.
Roles of histone deacetylation and AMP kinase in regulation of cardiomyocyte PGC-1α gene expression in hypoxia
Authors: Ramjiawan Angela , Bagchi Rushita A. , Blant Alexandra , Albak Laura , Cavasin Maria A. , Horn Todd R. , McKinsey Timothy A. , Czubryt Michael P.
Published: March 2013

The transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) is a key determinant of cardiac metabolic function by regulating genes governing fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial biogenesis. PGC-1α expression is reduced in many cardiac diseases, and gene deletion of PGC-1α results in impaired cardiomyocyte metabolism and function. Reduced fuel supply generally induces PGC-1α expression, but the specific role of oxygen deprivation is unclear, and the mechanisms governing PGC-1α gene expression in these situations are poorly understood. During hypoxia of primary rat cardiomyocytes up to 12 h, we found that PGC-1α expression was downregulated via a histone deacetylation-dependent mechanism. Conversely, extended hypoxia to 24 h concomitant with glucose depletion upregulated PGC-1α expression via an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mediated mechanism. Our previous work demonstrated that estrogen-related receptor-α (ERRα) regulates PGC-1α expression, and we show here that overexpression of ERRα was sufficient to attenuate PGC-1α downregulation in hypoxia. We confirmed that chronic hypoxia downregulated cardiac PGC-1α expression in a hypoxic but nonischemic hypobaric rat model of pulmonary hypertension. Our data demonstrate that depletion of oxygen or fuel results in repression or induction, respectively, of PGC-1α expression via discrete mechanisms, which may contribute to cardiac energetic derangement during hypoxia, ischemia, and failure.
Inversin modulates the cortical actin network during mitosis
Authors: Werner Michael E. , Ward Heather H. , Phillips Carrie L. , Miller Caroline , Gattone Vincent H. , Bacallao Robert L.
Published: March 2013

Mutations in inversin cause nephronophthisis type II, an autosomal recessive form of polycystic kidney disease associated with situs inversus, dilatation, and kidney cyst formation. Since cyst formation may represent a planar polarity defect, we investigated whether inversin plays a role in cell division. In developing nephrons from inv−/− mouse embryos we observed heterogeneity of nuclear size, increased cell membrane perimeters, cells with double cilia, and increased frequency of binuclear cells. Depletion of inversin by siRNA in cultured mammalian cells leads to an increase in bi- or multinucleated cells. While spindle assembly, contractile ring formation, or furrow ingression appears normal in the absence of inversin, mitotic cell rounding and the underlying rearrangement of the cortical actin cytoskeleton are perturbed. We find that inversin loss causes extensive filopodia formation in both interphase and mitotic cells. These cells also fail to round up in metaphase. The resultant spindle positioning defects lead to asymmetric division plane formation and cell division. In a cell motility assay, fibroblasts isolated from inv−/− mouse embryos migrate at half the speed of wild-type fibroblasts. Together these data suggest that inversin is a regulator of cortical actin required for cell rounding and spindle positioning during mitosis. Furthermore, cell division defects resulting from improper spindle position and perturbed actin organization contribute to altered nephron morphogenesis in the absence of inversin.
COMMD1 interacts with the COOH terminus of NKCC1 in Calu-3 airway epithelial cells to modulate NKCC1 ubiquitination
Authors: Smith Laura , Litman Paul , Liedtke Carole M.
Published: March 2013

Mice deficient in Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC1) have been generated by targeted disruption of the gene encoding NKCC1 involving the carboxy terminus (CT-NKCC1) but not the amino terminus. We hypothesize that the resulting physiological defects are due to loss of proteins interacting with CT-NKCC1. Using a yeast two-hybrid approach, adaptor protein COMMD1 was found to bind to CT-NKCC1 (aa 1,040–1,212). Binding was verified in a yeast-independent system using GST-COMMD1 and myc-CT-NKCC1. Truncated COMMD1 and CT-NKCC1 peptides were used in binding assays to identify the site of interaction. The results demonstrate concentration-dependent binding of COMMD1 (aa 1–47) to CT-NKCC1 (aa 1,040–1,134). Endogenous COMMD1 was detected in pull downs using recombinant FLAG-CT-NKCC1; this co-pull down was blocked by COMMD1 (aa 1–47). CT-NKCC1 (aa 1,040–1,137) decreased basolateral membrane expression of NKCC1, and COMMD1 (aa 1–47) increased NKCC1 membrane expression. Downregulation of COMMD1 using silencing (si)RNA led to a transient loss of endogenous COMMD1 but did not affect activation of NKCC1 by hyperosmotic sucrose. Hyperosmolarity caused a transient increase in NKCC1 membrane expression, indicating regulated trafficking of NKCC1; downregulation of COMMD1 using siRNA reduced baseline (unstimulated) NKCC1 expression and blunted a transient elevation in NKCC1 membrane expression caused by hyperosmolarity. Constitutive downregulation of COMMD1 in HT29 engineered cells exhibited loss of COMMD1 and decreased NKCC1 membrane expression with no effect on activation of NKCC1. Loss of COMMD1 in Calu-3 cells and in HT29 cells led to reduced ubiquitinated NKCC1. The results indicate a role for COMMD1 in the regulation of NKCC1 membrane expression and ubiquitination.
Systemic and vastus lateralis muscle blood flow and O2 extraction during ramp incremental cycle exercise
Authors: Murias Juan M. , Spencer Matthew D. , Keir Daniel A. , Paterson Donald H.
Published: March 2013

During ramp incremental cycling exercise increases in pulmonary O2 uptake (V̇o2p) are matched by a linear increase in systemic cardiac output ( Q). However, it has been suggested that blood flow in the active muscle microvasculature does not display similar linearity in blood flow relative to metabolic demand. This study simultaneously examined both systemic and regional (microvascular) blood flow and O2 extraction during incremental cycling exercise. Ten young men (V̇o2 peak = 4.2 ± 0.5 l/min) and 10 young women (V̇o2 peak = 3.2 ± 0.5 l/min) were recruited to perform two maximal incremental cycling tests on separate days. The acetylene open-circuit technique and mass spectrometry and volume turbine were used to measure Q (every minute) and breath-by-breath V̇o2p, respectively; systemic arterio-venous O2 difference (a-vO2diff) was calculated as V̇o2p/ Q on a minute-by-minute basis. Changes in near-infrared spectroscopy-derived muscle deoxygenation (Δ[HHb]) were used (in combination with V̇o2p data) to estimate the profiles of peripheral O2 extraction and blood flow of the active muscle microvasculature. The systemic Q-to-V̇o2p relationship was linear (∼5.8 l/min increase in Q for a 1 l/min increase in V̇o2p) with a-vO2diff displaying a hyperbolic response as exercise intensity increased toward V̇o2 peak. The peripheral blood flow response profile was described by an inverted sigmoid curve, indicating nonlinear responses relative to metabolic demand. The Δ[HHb] profile increased linearly with absolute V̇o2p until high-intensity exercise, thereafter displaying a “near-plateau”. Results indicate that systemic blood flow and thus O2 delivery does not reflect the profile of blood flow changes at the level of the microvasculature.
Activation of cannabinoid receptor 2 inhibits experimental cystitis
Authors: Wang Zun-Yi , Wang Peiqing , Bjorling Dale E.
Published: March 2013

Cannabinoids have been shown to exert analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, and the effects of cannabinoids are mediated primarily by cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1and CB2). Both CB1 and CB2 are present in bladders of various species, including human, monkey, and rodents, and it appears that CB2 is highly expressed in urothelial cells. We investigated whether treatment with the CB2 agonist GP1a alters severity of experimental cystitis induced by acrolein and referred mechanical hyperalgesia associated with cystitis. We also investigated whether the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), ERK1/2, p38, and JNK are involved in the functions of CB2. We found that treatment with the selective CB2 agonist GP1a (1–10 mg/kg, ip) inhibited the severity of bladder inflammation 3 h after intravesical instillation of acrolein in a dose-dependent manner, and inhibition reached significance at a dose of 10 mg/kg ( P < 0.05). Treatment with GP1a (10 mg/kg) inhibited referred mechanical hyperalgesia associated with cystitis ( P < 0.05). The inhibitory effects of the CB2 agonist were prevented by the selective CB2 antagonist AM630 (10 mg/kg, sc). We further demonstrated the inhibitory effects of CB2 appear to be at least partly mediated by reducing bladder inflammation-induced activation of ERK1/2 MAPK pathway. The results of the current study indicate that CB2 is a potential therapeutic target for treatment of bladder inflammation and pain in patients.
Tumor necrosis factor-α: regulation of renal function and blood pressure
Authors: Ramseyer Vanesa D. , Garvin Jeffrey L.
Published: March 2013

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a pleiotropic cytokine that becomes elevated in chronic inflammatory states such as hypertension and diabetes and has been found to mediate both increases and decreases in blood pressure. High levels of TNF-α decrease blood pressure, whereas moderate increases in TNF-α have been associated with increased NaCl retention and hypertension. The explanation for these disparate effects is not clear but could simply be due to different concentrations of TNF-α within the kidney, the physiological status of the subject, or the type of stimulus initiating the inflammatory response. TNF-α alters renal hemodynamics and nephron transport, affecting both activity and expression of transporters. It also mediates organ damage by stimulating immune cell infiltration and cell death. Here we will summarize the available findings and attempt to provide plausible explanations for such discrepancies.
Cortical spreading depression-induced preconditioning in mouse neocortex is lamina specific
Authors: Gniel Helen M. , Martin Rosemary L.
Published: March 2013

Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is able to confer neuroprotection when delivered at least 1 day in advance of an ischemic event. However, its ability to confer neuroprotection in a more immediate time frame has not previously been investigated. Here we have used mouse neocortical brain slices to study the effects of repeated episodes of CSD in layer V and layer II/III pyramidal neurons. In layer V, CSD evoked at 15-min intervals caused successively smaller membrane depolarizations and increases in intracellular calcium compared with the response to the first CSD. With an inter-CSD interval of 30 min this preconditioning effect was much less marked, indicating that preconditioning lasts between 15 and 30 min. A single episode of CSD also provided a degree of protection in oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) by significantly lengthening the time a cell could withstand OGD before anoxic depolarization occurred. In layer II/III pyramidal neurons no preconditioning by CSD on subsequent episodes of CSD was observed, demonstrating that the response of pyramidal neurons to repeated CSD is lamina specific. The A1 receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyl theophylline (8-CPT) reduced the layer V preconditioning in a concentration-related manner. Inhibition of extracellular formation of adenosine by blocking ecto-5′-nucleotidase with α,β-methyleneadenosine 5′-diphosphate prevented preconditioning in most but not all cells. Block of equilibrative nucleoside transporters 1 and 2 with dipyramidole alone or in combination with 6-[(4-nitrobenzyl)thio]-9-β-d-ribofuranosylpurine also prevented preconditioning in some but not all cells. These data provide evidence that rapid preconditioning of one CSD by another is primarily mediated by adenosine.
Traffic Priority and Load Adaptive MAC Protocol for QoS Provisioning in Body Sensor Networks
Authors: Anjum Iffat , Alam Nazia , Razzaque Md. Abdur , Mehedi Hassan Mohammad , Alamri Atif
Published: March 2013

Body sensor networks (BSNs) carry heterogeneous traffic types having diverse QoS requirements, such as delay, reliability and throughput. In this paper, we design a priority-based traffic load adaptive medium access control (MAC) protocol for BSNs, namely, PLA-MAC, which addresses the aforementioned requirements and maintains efficiency in power consumption. In PLA-MAC, we classify sensed data packets according to their QoS requirements and accordingly calculate their priorities. The transmission schedules of the packets are determined based on their priorities. Also, the superframe structure of the proposed protocol varies depending on the amount of traffic load and thereby ensures minimal power consumption. Our performance evaluation shows that the PLA-MAC achieves significant improvements over the state-of-the-art protocols.
Postauricular Leiomyosarcoma: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Samal Dillip , Kumar Rajeev , Mallick Saumyaranjan , Thakar Alok
Published: March 2013

Leiomyosarcoma arising in the head and neck region is a rare entity. Auricular involvement by the disease is further rarer with few cases reported in the literature. Usually auricular leiomyosarcoma is a disease of middle-old age. We report a case of leiomyosarcoma of the postauricular region in a young adolescent female. Surgery along with adjuvant radiotherapy was used for complete cure. Patient is disease-free for the last eight years and is on regular yearly followup. The aim of reporting this case is to add to the scarce existing literature regarding auricular leiomyosarcoma and its long-term outcome. Also, this is the first case report in young adolescent and second only of the post auricular region.
On a Fast Convergence of the Rational-Trigonometric-Polynomial Interpolation
Authors: Poghosyan Arnak
Published: March 2013

We consider the convergence acceleration of the Krylov-Lanczos interpolation by rational correction functions and investigate convergence of the resultant parametric rational-trigonometric-polynomial interpolation. Exact constants of asymptotic errors are obtained in the regions away from discontinuities, and fast convergence of the rational-trigonometric-polynomial interpolation compared to the Krylov-Lanczos interpolation is observed. Results of numerical experiments confirm theoretical estimates and show how the parameters of the interpolations can be determined in practice.
Stability Analysis of Nonlocal Elastic Columns with Initial Imperfection
Authors: Xu S. P. , Xu M. R. , Wang C. M.
Published: March 2013

Investigated herein is the postbuckling behavior of an initially imperfect nonlocal elastic column, which is simply supported at one end and subjected to an axial force at the other movable end. The governing nonlinear differential equation of the axially loaded nonlocal elastic column experiencing large deflection is first established within the framework of Eringen's nonlocal elasticity theory in order to embrace the size effect. Its semianalytical solutions by the virtue of homotopy perturbation method, as well as the successive approximation algorithm, are determined in an explicit form, through which the postbuckling equilibrium loads in terms of the end rotation angle and the deformed configuration of the column at this end rotation are predicted. By comparing the degenerated results with the exact solutions available in the literature, the validity and accuracy of the proposed methods are numerically substantiated. The size effect, as well as the initial imperfection, on the buckled configuration and the postbuckling equilibrium path is also thoroughly discussed through parametric studies.
Simple Hybrid Model for Efficiency Optimization of Induction Motor Drives with Its Experimental Validation
Authors: Blanuša Branko , Knezevic Bojan
Published: March 2013

New hybrid model for efficiency optimization of induction motor drives (IMD) is presented in this paper. It combines two strategies for efficiency optimization: loss model control and search control. Search control technique is used in a steady state of drive and loss model during transient processes. As a result, power and energy losses are reduced, especially when load torque is significant less related to its rated value. Also, this hybrid method gives fast convergence to operating point of minimal power losses and shows negligible sensitivity to motor parameter changes regarding other published optimization strategies. This model is implemented in vector control induction motor drive. Simulations and experimental tests are performed. Results are presented in this paper.
Radiation Mitigation for Power Line Communications Using Time Reversal
Authors: Mescco Amilcar , Pagani Pascal , Ney Michel , Zeddam Ahmed
Published: March 2013

Power Line Communication (PLC) is the response for nowadays high demand of multimedia services in domestic environment, not only for its fast and reliable transfer characteristics but also for its flexible low cost implementation, since the PLC technology uses the existing electrical network infrastructure and the omnipresent outlets throughout the home. The transfer of such a high bit rate through the mains network generates acceptable radiated emission regulated by international standards, but the increment in speed for new generation PLC may cause higher levels of emissions. This paper explains the use of the Time Reversal (TR) technique to mitigate radiated emissions from PLC systems. This method was probed experimentally in real electrical networks with excellent results: in 40% of the observations, the Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) generated by PLC transmission could be reduced by more than 3 dB, and this EMI mitigation factor could increase to more than 10 dB in particular configurations.
Return Period of a Sea Storm with at Least Two Waves Higher than a Fixed Threshold
Authors: Arena Felice , Barbaro Giuseppe , Romolo Alessandra
Published: March 2013

Practical applications in ocean engineering require the long-term analysis for prediction of extreme waves, that identify design conditions. If extreme individual waves are investigated, we need to combine long-term statistical analysis of ocean waves with short-term statistics. The former considers the distribution of standard deviation of free surface displacement in the considered location in a long-time span, of order of 10 years or more. The latter analyzes the distribution of individual wave heights in a sea state, which is a Gaussian process in time domain. Recent advanced approaches enable the combination of the two analyses. In the paper the analytical solution is obtained for the return period of a sea storm with at least two individual waves higher than a fixed level. This solution is based on the application of the Equivalent Triangular Storm model for the representation of actual storms. One of the corollaries of the solution gives the exact expression for the probability that at least two waves higher than fixed level are produced during the lifetime of a structure. The previous solution of return period and the relative probability of exceedance may be effectively applied for the risk analysis of ocean structures.
The Exploratory Burr Hole: Indication and Results at One Departmental Hospital of Benin
Authors: Fatigba Holden O. , Allodé Alexandre S. , Savi de Tové Kofi-M. , Mensah Emile D. , Hodonou Adrien M. , Padonou Jijoho
Published: March 2013

Objective. The aim of this study was to describe the indications and results of exploratory burr hole performed at the Departmental Teaching Hospital of Borgou (Benin). Methods. It was a retrospective study performed from January 2008 to February 2011. It concerned patients with a closed traumatic brain injury (TBI) in which an exploratory burr hole was performed. The selection criteria were unilateral mydriasis associated with neurological deficits on the opposite side or the occurrence of a decreased consciousness associated with the appearance of a motor deficit after a lucid interval. Results. Amongst the 74 patients operated, 23 (31%) underwent an exploratory burr hole for which the average age was 24.8 ± 17.3 years. Sex ratio male/female was 3.6. TBI was due to road traffic accident (56.5%), a fall (26.1%), and an assault (17.4%). It was severe (47.8%), moderate (39.1%), and mild (13.1%). Mydriasis was observed in 69.6% of cases as well as neurological deficit in all patients. A lesion was observed in 15 (65.2%) cases. Conclusion. The exploratory burr hole seemed as an old practice, still no longer performed in full practice in Benin, and is a diagnosis and therapeutic approach. Better technical conditions would allow more relevant therapeutic options.
Feasibility of an Isometric Maximal Voluntary Contraction Test in Hematological Cancer Patients during Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Zimmer Philipp , Baumann Freerk T. , Ebel Janis , Zopf Eva Maria , Bloch Wilhelm , Elter Thomas
Published: March 2013

Introduction. Resistance training is rarely offered to hemato-oncological patients in the daily clinical routine due to its potential harmful impact on the cardiovascular system and the long periods of thrombocytopenia experienced by these patients. Therefore, it is important to determine a valid assessment to define and control resistance training. In this study, the feasibility of a maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) test was investigated in hemato-oncological patients. This inexpensive assessment may be a practicable alternative to the one repetition maximum test which is currently described as the gold standard.Methods. 29 hemato-oncological patients with platelet counts between 30000/μL and 70000/μL were recruited for this pilot study. Complications like petechial bleedings, muscle convulsion, and pain were assessed using the Brief Pain Inventory before and 48 hours after the MVC test, which was performed unidirectionally for the quadriceps muscle.Results. We did not detect any statistically significant test-related exacerbations or pain development.Discussion. MVC testing seems to be a feasible method to control a resistance training program in hemato-oncological patients. Further studies need to extend their methods and, for example, compare the MVC test with the one repetition maximum test.
Synthesis of Nanostructured Anatase Mesoporous Membranes with Photocatalytic and Separation Capabilities for Water Ultrafiltration Process
Authors: Tajer-Kajinebaf Vahideh , Sarpoolaky Hossein , Mohammadi Toraj
Published: March 2013

In this work, the nanostructured anatase mesoporous membranes were prepared for water ultrafiltration (UF) process with photocatalytic and physical separation capabilities. A macroporous substrate was synthesized fromα-Al2O3, then a colloidal titania sol was used for the preparation of the intermediate layer. Also, the membrane top layer was synthesized by deposition and calcination of titania polymeric sol on the intermediate layer. The characterization was performed by DLS, TG-DTA, XRD, BET, FESEM, TEM, and AFM techniques. Also, the filtration experiments were carried out based on separation of methyl orange from aqueous solution by a membrane setup with a dead-end filtration cell. Photocatalytic activity of the membranes was evaluated by methyl orange photodegradation using UV-visible spectrophotometer. The mean particle size of the colloidal and polymeric sols was 14 and 1.5 nm, respectively. The anatase membranes exhibited homogeneity, with the surface area of 32.8 m2/g, the mean pore size of 8.17 nm, and the crystallite size of 9.6 nm. The methyl orange removal efficiency by the mesoporous membrane based on physical separation was determined to be 52% that was improved up to 83% by a coupling photocatalytic technique. Thus, the UF membrane showed a high potential due to its multifunctional capability for water purification applications.
Oxidative Stress and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways Involved in Cadmium-Induced BRL 3A Cell Apoptosis
Authors: Yiran Zhang , Chenyang Jiang , Jiajing Wang , Yan Yuan , Jianhong Gu , Jianchun Bian , Xuezhong Liu , Zongping Liu
Published: March 2013

In this study, BRL 3A cells were treated with different Cd concentrations (0, 10, 20, and 40 μmol/L) for 12 h and preincubated with or without N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) (2 mmol/L) for 30 min, and cells were treated with Cd (0 and 20 μmol/L), pretreated with p38 inhibitor (SB203580), JNK (c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases) inhibitor (SP600125), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor (U0126) for 30 min, and then treated with 20 μmol/L Cd for 12 h. Cd decreased cell viability, SOD, and GSH-Px activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Increased MDA level, ROS generation, nuclear condensation, shrinkage, and fragmentation in cell morphology were inhibited by NAC. Cd-induced apoptosis was attenuated by pretreatment with SB203580, SP600125, and U0126. The results of western blot showed that NAC preincubation affected Cd-activated MAPK pathways, p38 and ERK phosphorylation. Cd treatment elevated the mRNA levels of Bax and decreased the mRNA levels of Bcl-2, respectively. The same effect was found in their protein expression levels. These results suggest that oxidative stress and MAPK pathways participate in Cd-induced apoptosis and that the balance between pro- and antiapoptotic genes (Bax and Bcl-2) is important in Cd-induced apoptosis.
Drosophila melanogaster Selection for Survival after Infection with Bacillus cereus Spores: Evolutionary Genetic and Phenotypic Investigations of Respiration and Movement
Authors: Ma Junjie , Benson Andrew K. , Kachman Stephen D. , Jacobsen Deidra J. , Harshman Lawrence G.
Published: March 2013

Laboratory populations of D. melanogaster have been subjected to selection for survival after live spores of B. cereus were introduced as a pathogenic agent. The present study was designed to investigate correlated traits: respiration as a metabolic trait and movement as a behavioral trait. An underlying hypothesis was that the evolution of increased survival after B. cereus infection exerts a metabolic cost associated with elevated immunity and this would be detected by increased respiration rates. There was support for this hypothesis in the male response to selection, but not for selected-line females. Two phenotypic effects were also observed in the study. Females especially showed a marked increase in respiration after mating compared to the other assay stages regardless of whether respiration was measured per fly or adjusted by lean mass or dry weight. Given that mating stimulates egg production, it is feasible that elevated metabolism was needed to provision oocytes with yolk. Females also moved less than males, perhaps due to behaviors related to oviposition whereas elevated male activity might be due to behaviors associated with seeking females and courtship. Relatively low movement of females indicated that their elevated respiration after mating was not due to a change in locomotion.
Study on Fleet Assignment Problem Model and Algorithm
Authors: Li Yaohua , Tan Na
Published: March 2013

The Fleet Assignment Problem (FAP) of aircraft scheduling in airlines is studied, and the optimization model of FAP is proposed. The objective function of this model is revenue maximization, and it considers comprehensively the difference of scheduled flights and aircraft models in flight areas and mean passenger flows. In order to solve the model, a self-adapting genetic algorithm is supposed to solve the model, which uses natural number coding, adjusts dynamically crossover and mutation operator probability, and adopts intelligent heuristic adjusting to quicken optimization pace. The simulation with production data of an airline shows that the model and algorithms suggested in this paper are feasible and have a good application value.
The Role of the Immune System in Obesity and Insulin Resistance
Authors: Patel Payal S. , Buras Eric D. , Balasubramanyam Ashok
Published: March 2013

The innate immune system provides organisms with rapid and well-coordinated protection from foreign pathogens. However, under certain conditions of metabolic dysfunction, components of the innate immune system may be activated in the absence of external pathogens, leading to pathologic consequences. Indeed, there appears to be an intimate relationship between metabolic diseases and immune dysfunction; for example, macrophages are prime players in the initiation of a chronic inflammatory state in obesity which leads to insulin resistance. In response to increases in free fatty acid release from obese adipose depots, M1-polarized macrophages infiltrate adipose tissues. These M1 macrophages trigger inflammatory signaling and stress responses within cells that signal through JNK or IKKβpathways, leading to insulin resistance. If overnutrition persists, mechanisms that counteract inflammation (such as M2 macrophages and PPAR signaling) are suppressed, and the inflammation becomes chronic. Although macrophages are a principal constituent of obese adipose tissue inflammation, other components of the immune system such as lymphocytes and mast cells also contribute to the inflammatory cascade. Thus it is not merely an increased mass of adipose tissue that directly leads to attenuation of insulin action, but rather adipose tissue inflammation activated by the immune system in obese individuals that leads to insulin resistance.
Freeze‐Thaw Durability of Air‐Entrained Concrete
Authors: Shang Huai-Shuai , Yi Ting-Hua
Published: March 2013

One of the most damaging actions affecting concrete is the abrupt temperature change (freeze‐thaw cycles). The types of deterioration of concrete structures by cyclic freeze‐thaw can be largely classified into surface scaling (characterized by the weight loss) and internal crack growth (characterized by the loss of dynamic modulus of elasticity). The present study explored the durability of concrete made with air‐entraining agent subjected to 0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 cycles of freeze‐thaw. The experimental study of C20, C25, C30, C40, and C50 air‐entrained concrete specimens was completed according to “the test method of long‐term and durability on ordinary concrete” GB/T 50082‐2009. The dynamic modulus of elasticity and weight loss of specimens were measured after different cycles of freeze‐thaw. The influence of freeze‐thaw cycles on the relative dynamic modulus of elasticity and weight loss was analyzed. The findings showed that the dynamic modulus of elasticity and weight decreased as the freeze‐thaw cycles were repeated. They revealed that the C30, C40, and C50 air‐entrained concrete was still durable after 300 cycles of freeze‐thaw according to the experimental results.
Ameliorative Effects ofAcanthopanax trifoliatuson Cognitive and Emotional Deficits in Olfactory Bulbectomized Mice: An Animal Model of Depression and Cognitive Deficits
Authors: Sithisarn Pongtip , Rojsanga Piyanuch , Jarikasem Siripen , Tanaka Ken , Matsumoto Kinzo
Published: March 2013

Acanthopanax trifoliatusis a plant that has been traditionally used in Thailand as a vegetable and a tonic. This study investigated effects of the aqueous extract of its leaves (ATL) on cognitive and emotional deficits using an olfactory bulbectomized mouse (OBX) model. OBX mice were treated daily with ATL (250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) 3 days after OBX. Antidementia drug tacrine (2.5 mg/kg/day) and antidepressant drug imipramine (10 mg/kg/day) were given i.p. as reference drugs. OBX significantly impaired cognitive behavior in a novel object recognition test and a modified Y-maze test and induced depression-like behavior in a tail suspension test. ATL and tacrine treatment attenuated OBX-induced cognitive deficits, whereas ATL and imipramine improved OBX-induced depression-like behavior. Neurochemical studies conducted after completing behavioral experiments demonstrated that OBX downregulated the expression levels of cholinergic marker genes encoding choline acetyltransferase and muscarinic M1receptor in a manner reversed by ATL and tacrine. Moreover, ATL and tacrine administration inhibited theex vivoactivity of acetylcholinesterase in the brain. These findings suggest that ATL is beneficial for the treatment of cognitive and emotional deficits related to dementia with depressive symptoms and that the antidementia effect of ATL is mediated by normalizing the function of central cholinergic systems.
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 16 Randomized Clinical Trials of Radix Astragali and Its Prescriptions for Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Cheng Lin , Zhang Gai , Zhou Yi , Lu Xuejing , Zhang Fuwen , Ye Hejiang , Duan Junguo
Published: March 2013

Objective. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of radix astragali and its prescriptions for diabetic retinopathy.Methods. A computer-based online and manual search was conducted for randomized controlled trials addressing radix astragali and its prescriptions for diabetic retinopathy.Results. 16 RCTs involving 977 subjects and 1586 eyes were identified. Meta-analysis indicated that the effect of radix astragali and its prescriptions in improving visual acuity and fundus manifestations, lowering FBG, TG, plasma viscosity, and RAI, was superior to that of control group (WMD or OR 0.20, 0.27, −0.26, −0.36, −0.93, −1.27; 95% CI [0.09, 0.30], [0.17, 0.40], [−0.51, 0.00], [−0.60, −0.12], [−1.67, −0.20], [−2.35, −0.19];P<0.05, resp.). In contrary, the efficacy of radix astragali and its prescriptions was not superior to those of control group in descending HbA1C and TC with WMD 0.45, −0.96 and 95% CI [−1.00, 1.90], [−2.19, 0.27],P>0.05, respectively. GRADE software suggested that the studies were of low methodological quality.Conclusion. Radix astragali and its prescriptions were superior to other treatments for diabetic retinopathy in terms of improving visual acuity and fundus manifestations, reducing FBG, TG, RAI, and plasma viscosity. The evaluated studies were of low methodological quality, indicating that the previous findings should be read with care.
A New Software Development Methodology for Clinical Trial Systems
Authors: Liu Li-Min
Published: March 2013

Clinical trials are crucial to modern healthcare industries, and information technologies have been employed to improve the quality of data collected in trials and reduce the overall cost of data processing. While developing software for clinical trials, one needs to take into account the similar patterns shared by all clinical trial software. Such patterns exist because of the unique properties of clinical trials and the rigorous regulations imposed by the government for the reasons of subject safety. Among the existing software development methodologies, none, unfortunately, was built specifically upon these properties and patterns and therefore works sufficiently well. In this paper, the process of clinical trials is reviewed, and the unique properties of clinical trial system development are explained thoroughly. Based on the properties, a new software development methodology is then proposed specifically for developing electronic clinical trial systems. A case study shows that, by adopting the proposed methodology, high-quality software products can be delivered on schedule within budget. With such high-quality software, data collection, management, and analysis can be more efficient, accurate, and inexpensive, which in turn will improve the overall quality of clinical trials.
Lie Group Analysis of a Forced KdV Equation
Authors: Molati Motlatsi , Khalique Chaudry Masood
Published: March 2013

The Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation considered in this work contains a forcing term and is referred to as forced KdV equation in the sequel. This equation has been investigated recently as a mathematical model for waves on shallow water surfaces under the influence of external forcing. We employ the Lie group analysis approach to specify the time-dependent forcing term.
Global Robust Attractive and Invariant Sets of Fuzzy Neural Networks with Delays and Impulses
Authors: Zhao Kaihong , Wang Liwenjing , Liu Juqing
Published: March 2013

A class of fuzzy neural networks (FNNs) with time-varying delays and impulses is investigated. With removing some restrictions on the amplification functions, a new differential inequality is established, which improves previouse criteria. Applying this differential inequality, a series of new and useful criteria are obtained to ensure the existence of global robust attracting and invariant sets for FNNs with time-varying delays and impulses. Our main results allow much broader application for fuzzy and impulsive neural networks with or without delays. An example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of our results.
Eupomatenoid-5 Isolated from Leaves ofPiper regnelliiInduces Apoptosis inLeishmania amazonensis
Authors: Garcia Francielle Pelegrin , Lazarin-Bidóia Danielle , Ueda-Nakamura Tânia , Silva Sueli de Oliveira , Nakamura Celso Vataru
Published: March 2013

Leishmaniaspp. are protozoa responsible for leishmaniasis, a neglected disease that kills up to 50,000 people every year. Current therapies mainly rely on antimonial drugs that are inadequate because of their poor efficacy and safety and increased drug resistance. An urgent need exists to find new and more affordable drugs. Our previous study demonstrated the antileishmanial activity of eupomatenoid-5, a neolignan obtained from leaves ofPiper regnelliivar.pallescens. The aim of the present study was to clarify the mode of action of eupomatenoid-5 againstL. amazonensis. We used biochemical and morphological techniques and demonstrated that eupomatenoid-5 induced cell death inL. amazonensispromastigotes, sharing some phenotypic features observed in metazoan apoptosis, including increased reactive oxygen species production, hypopolarization of mitochondrial potential, phosphatidylserine exposure, decreased cell volume, and G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest.
Language Delay Is Not Predictable from Available Risk Factors
Authors: Wilson Philip , McQuaige Fiona , Thompson Lucy , McConnachie Alex
Published: March 2013

Aims. To investigate factors associated with language delay in a cohort of 30‐month‐old children and determine if identification of language delay requires active contact with families. Methods. Data were collected at a pilot universal 30‐month health contact. Health visitors used a simple two‐item language screen. Data were obtained for 315 children; language delay was found in 33. The predictive capacity of 13 variables which could realistically be known before the 30‐month contact was analysed. Results. Seven variables were significantly associated with language delay in univariate analysis, but in logistic regression only five of these variables remained significant. Conclusion. The presence of one or more risk factors had a sensitivity of 89% and specificity of 45%, but a positive predictive value of only 15%. The presence of one or more of these risk factors thus can not reliably be used to identify language delayed children, nor is it possible to define an “at risk” population because male gender was the only significant demographic factor and it had an unacceptably low specificity (52.5%). It is not possible to predict which children will have language delay at 30 months. Identification of this important ESSENCE disorder requires direct clinical contact with all families.