bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Summing Up
Authors: Zerilli John
Published: January 2021

No one denies the brain’s intricacy of structure and function. The debate has always been over what form this complexity takes. The most influential answer to this question for over 60 years—and the most controversial for almost 40—is that the mind is composed of modules. This book offers a clearer, cleaner and far more realistic picture of what that means. It is respectful of advances in psychology and philosophy over the past half century, but is anchored firmly in the neurobiological evidence. It attempts to strike an ideal balance between different approaches to the investigation of the mind/brain.
Mastering the Job Market
Authors: Shoenfelt Elizabeth L.
Published: January 2021

Mastering the Job Market: Career Issues for Master’s Level Industrial-Organizational Psychologists is the definitive source for practical advice and data-based recommendations addressing key issues leading to successful careers as industrial-organizational (I-O) master’s practitioners. Both the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and the American Psychological Association have reported a bright outlook for I-O master’s graduates. The increased interest in and growth of I-O master’s programs and graduates are attributed to higher visibility in the workplace, readily obtained jobs, interesting work, and great pay. A large nationwide survey of I-O master’s practitioners and their employers lays the foundation for the data-based recommendations throughout the book. Authors from top-ranked I-O master’s programs address topics such as the job search, applying for jobs, on-boarding, organizational roles, salaries, career transitions, and maintaining professionalism throughout one’s career. Critical insights into the nuts and bolts of conducting a job search and other specific strategies are provided to enable job seekers to land one or multiple job offers within six months of graduation. Competencies identified as essential for success as an I-O practitioner include core I-O knowledge and skills, as well as enabling competencies such as oral communication, business acumen, consulting skills, project management, ethics, and technical writing. Mentoring is discussed, and three best practices are recommended for maximizing mentoring relationships. Recommendations are made for professional development opportunities for I-O master’s graduates to increase their knowledge and skills and to advance their careers. Graduates overwhelmingly perceive their I-O master’s degree to be valuable for their career success.
An Introduction to Industrial-Organizational Psychology Master’s Careers
Authors: Shoenfelt Elizabeth L.
Published: January 2021

This chapter provides a brief introduction to field of industrial-organizational (I-O) psychology, noting the bright outlook for I-O master’s graduates cited by both the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and the American Psychological Association. The increased interest in and growth of I-O master’s programs and graduates are attributed to higher visibility in the workplace, readily obtained jobs, interesting work, and great pay. A nationwide survey of I-O master’s graduates and their employers is described, along with key demographics for I-O master’s graduates and their employers. The survey data provide an empirical basis for the remaining chapters in the book, which address key issues leading to successful careers as I-O master’s practitioners.
Preparing for a Career
Authors: Shoenfelt Elizabeth L.
Published: January 2021

This chapter uses survey data from industrial-organizational (I-O) master’s graduates and their employers to identify essential competencies for success as an I-O practitioner. In addition to core I-O knowledge and skills, I-O graduates and their employers rated enabling competencies of oral communication, business acumen and consulting skills, and project management as most critical. Ethics and business/technical writing likewise were highly rated. By work sector, the top competencies identified by graduates were job analysis (in the government sector), data analysis (in the education sector), project management (in the nonprofit sector), and consulting skills (in the private sector and consulting). It is recommended that students seek I-O master’s programs that develop enabling competencies in addition to domain-specific I-O competencies.
Riding the Rails as an Industrial-Organizational Psychology Master’s Professional
Authors: Shoenfelt Elizabeth L.
Published: January 2021

Most industrial-organizational (I-O) psychology master’s graduates can expect to hold a number of different jobs over the course of their career. This chapter explores the realities experienced by master’s-level I-O psychology practitioners as they encounter major transitions from being a student to being a master’s-degree holder with a first real job, and transitions from one position, role, or organization to another as their careers develop. Specifically, we examine formal and informal on-boarding and off-boarding processes for master’s-level I-O psychology practitioners. We use the metaphor of a journey by train to structure our discussion of pursuing career objectives and managing career transition challenges.
Professional Identity of Industrial-Organizational Psychology Master’s Graduates
Authors: Shoenfelt Elizabeth L.
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the professional identity of master’s industrial-organizational (I-O) psychology graduates. Implications for licensure within I-O psychology are reviewed. An important distinction is made between licensing and certification/credentialing, as well as an argument that establishing an I-O psychology certification process may be a viable means to maintain professional identity/brand and to encourage consistent graduate training in the field. Graduate Survey results are presented to highlight the benefits of professional organization memberships. The majority of I-O master’s graduates were members of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP) as graduate students; however, far fewer attend the SIOP annual conference regularly. Suggestions are provided for developing the professional identity of master’s I-O psychology graduates in the future.
Prostitutes, Trauma, and Biographical Hermeneutics of the Fin de Siècle
Authors: McManus Laurie
Published: January 2021

The image of the musical priest contrasts with the biographical anecdote of young impoverished Brahms playing piano in dive bars. Scholars have debated the veracity of this anecdote, while failing to interrogate the cultural and intellectual conditions that allowed it to flourish when it did, after Brahms’s death in fin-de-siècle Vienna. This chapter contextualizes the development of anecdotal variations and biographical interpretations of this life event with contemporary advances in psycho-sexual theories. In short, the earlier, romanticized narratives of a strong Brahms escaping unscathed from adversity gave way to Freudian diagnoses of trauma and psycho-sexual dysfunction which supposedly could be perceived in his music. Ultimately, this contributes to a picture of fin-de-siècle Vienna in which even Brahms, the priest of pure music, was drawn into discussions of degeneracy.
Worldview
Authors: Chollet Derek
Published: January 2021

This chapter looks closely at Eisenhower, H. W. Bush, and Obama’s leadership styles and worldviews. It asks how presidents from different backgrounds and life experiences ended up in the White House embracing a similar centrist approach to foreign policy. It explores how these leaders saw themselves, tracing how their worldview evolved. It speculates on what experiences shaped them, looking particularly at Eisenhower’s work in Panama in the 1920s, Bush’s tenure as US Ambassador to China in the 1970s, and Obama’s early childhood in Indonesia in the 1960s. It also explores some of the shared attributes of their leadership worldview, specifically pragmatism, empathy, and tragedy.
Crisis
Authors: Chollet Derek
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines how Eisenhower, H. W. Bush, and Obama reacted when their foreign policy strategies were tested by crises and unexpected events. This chapter revisits Eisenhower’s aid to besieged French forces at Dien Bien Phu in Vietnam in 1954. It also discusses his handling of two crises in October 1956 over Suez and the Soviet invasion in Hungary, just days before his reelection. It examines how Bush led the United States during the critical period of 1991—with the aftermath of the first Persian Gulf War and the collapse of the Soviet Union after a failed coup in August 1991. Finally, the chapter also analyzes how Obama approached the Arab Spring, which started in 2011, specifically focusing on his response to conflicts in Libya and Syria.
Farm Income in India
Authors: Narayanamoorthy A.
Published: January 2021

Owing to poor income from crop cultivation, increased indebtedness and widespread suicides of farmers have been reported in different parts of the country. This has forced the researchers and policymakers to study the issue of farm income in an in-depth manner, which has previously not received adequate attention till the early 2000s. Besides the issue of estimate, many myths on farm income have not been adequately addressed with reliable and temporal data. Chapter 2 attempts to unravel the myths surrounding the issue of farm income and its estimates using data from cost of cultivation survey and the Situation Assessment of Survey of farmers. By showing the pathetic levels of farm income, it also recounts the measures that are needed to increase the farm income at the end.
Farm Income
Authors: Narayanamoorthy A.
Published: January 2021

It is often argued that irrigated crops generate more income than rainfed or less irrigated crops. How far does this perception hold true? Utilizing the time series data on cost of cultivation, chapter 3 provides an in-depth analysis of the economics of five important crops, namely bajra, maize, gram, groundnut, and cotton grown under irrigated and rainfed/less irrigated states. Rejecting the age-old argument, this chapter shows that there is no marked difference in the profitability of cereal crops between irrigated and rainfed conditions. The chapter also underlines the reasons as to why irrigated crops were unable to generate significantly more income than those crops cultivated under rainfed condition.
Is Sugarcane Cultivation Profitable to Farmers?
Authors: Narayanamoorthy A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter aims to provide an empirical answer to the issue of whether the sugarcane crop is still profitable to farmers. In an unprecedented manner, the country’s most viable sugarcane crop growers recently are coming out in large numbers agitating against the poor remuneration of the crop. While the sugarcane farmers are demanding a better price for their produce, the support prices announced periodically by the government reportedly fail to take into account the ever increasing cost of farm inputs. Utilizing the cost of cultivation survey data covering six important sugarcane cultivating states, chapter 7 answers questions such as: why is an unanimous call of distress heard from sugarcane fields today? Is it a justifiable claim that sugarcane crop is no more remunerative? Do the high productive states have an edge over the low productivity states with regard to sugarcane profitability?
Crop Holiday and India’s New Food Security Worries
Authors: Narayanamoorthy A.
Published: January 2021

Utilizing massive secondary data, chapter 9 address the issue of India’s new food security worries in the context of dwindling farm income. Given the severe agrarian crisis experienced almost over the last two decades, there are apprehensions now whether production of foodgrains can be increased to meet the projected level of demand. Not only has the area allotted for foodgrain crops been declining persistently in relation to gross cropped area, but the growth rate in production and productivity of foodgrain crops has also decelerated during the last decade. Adding to this problem, paddy cultivating farmers from Andhra Pradesh, which is an important paddy producing state, had declared a crop holiday in the past in an area of 300,000 hectares. This chapter specifically addresses the issue of why farmers suddenly declare crop holiday. Will crop holiday affect the production of foodgrains? What are the implications of crop holiday on foodgrains production?
Procurement of Foodgrains and Farm Income Nexus
Authors: Narayanamoorthy A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter addresses the till now hidden nexus between foodgrain procurement and farm income in India. Public procurement of foodgrains with pre-announced MSPs in many ways helps farmers to increase their farm income. Studies are seldom available relating public procurement of paddy and wheat with its farm income covering different states taking data from longer period of time. While addressing the overall trend in procurement of crops, it also underlines the gaps in procurement of foodgrains in different states over time. With the use of regression analysis, this chapter examines the impact of public procurement of foodgrains on farm income. Further, it also measures the exact impact of public procurement on farm income by every 1 per cent increase in procurement using regression analysis.
Rural Infrastructure and Agricultural Output Nexus
Authors: Narayanamoorthy A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter systematically addresses how rural infrastructure development can impact agricultural output using a large canvas of literature and district-wise data. Though a number of empirical studies have established the nexus between the infrastructure development and agricultural growth, not many studies are available using large number of districts and covering different time-points in recent time in the Indian context. Despite the fact that the infrastructure development cannot make impact instantaneously on agricultural output, most available studies have analysed the impact of infrastructure factors on the agricultural output without using them as lagged variables. While addressing the impact of infrastructure factors on agricultural output over time, this chapter brings out the real nexus between infrastructure development and the agricultural output covering 256 districts using both descriptive and regression analyses.
Are Inputs Used Efficiently in Crop Cultivation?
Authors: Narayanamoorthy A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines how efficiently farmers are using various farm inputs in crop cultivation, which has been an important issue of research in the context of agrarian crisis and reduced farm income. Many studies from India seem to suggest that the farm inputs are mostly used suboptimally. Is this true now across different crops and states? Utilizing spatial and temporal data, chapter 12 attempts to find out the efficiency of different inputs used for cultivating different crops namely paddy, wheat, gram, groundnut, cotton and sugarcane. Estimating results from well constructed regression models, it provides solid answers whether the value of crop output per unit of input generated in terms of INR has increased consistently over the years in both foodgrain and non-foodgrain crops. Further, it also addresses the reasons for reduced input use efficiency in certain crops.
Ceasefire City
Authors: Kikon Dolly , McDuie-Ra Duncan
Published: January 2021

For a city in India’s northeast that has been embroiled in the everyday militarization and violence of Asia’s longest-running armed conflict, Dimapur remains ‘off the map’. With no ‘glorious’ past or arenas where events of consequence to mainstream India have taken place, Dimapur’s essence is experienced in oral histories of events, visual archives of everyday life, lived realities of military occupation, and anxieties produced in making urban space out of tribal space. Ceasefire City captures the dynamics of Dimapur. It brings together the fragmented sensibilities granted and contested in particular spaces and illustrates the embodied experiences of the city. The first part explores military presence, capitalist growth, and urban expansion in Dimapur. The second part presents an ethnographic account of lived realities and the meanings that are forged in a frontier city.
Evolution and Radiation of Crustacea
Authors: Ahyong Shane T.
Published: January 2021

The evolution of the Crustacea following their origins in the Cambrian is outlined, with an overview of their paleontological history and global distributions into modern times. Major recent developments in arthropod evolution include recognition that Hexapoda is nested within Crustacea. Perspectives also changed during the last decades of the 20th century on the form of the crustacean ancestor, from being a long-bodied, serially homonomous form (like a remipede or cephalocarid) to a short-bodied, possibly ostracod-like form similar to Cambrian stem and crown group fossil forms. These changes have come through a shift to formal methods of phylogenetic analysis combined with the much larger volume of both morphological and molecular data now available. The most extensive current phylogenies typically recover the short-bodied Oligostraca (containing ostracods and a few minor groups) as basal crustaceans; Malacostraca and Maxillopoda are high in the tree; and Cephalocarida and Remipedia are derived forms as sister to Branchiopoda and Hexapoda, respectively. Each of these major groups can be understood through variations in tagmatization (differentiation of body segments into regions). The early crustacean fossil record (especially the Ordovician) is dominated by ostracods. Malacostracans, although having Cambrian origins, did not significantly radiate until the Mesozoic. Eumalacostraca continued to actively radiate in the Cenozoic and are now the most ubiquitous and morphologically disparate crustaceans. The processes driving crustacean evolution remain to be fully evaluated. Contingency and external factors are undoubtedly important, but most deep lineages of the Crustacea show pervasive macroevolutionary trends toward increasing tagmatization. These trends are apparently driven, meaning the formation of new body plans is not merely a contingent outcome—intrinsic factors may contribute to increasing tagmatization. Further data are required from ontogeny and developmental genetics, paleontology, and phylogenetics in order to better understand how crustaceans have evolved.
Crustaceans and Insect Origins
Authors: von Reumont Björn M. , Edgecombe Gregory D.
Published: January 2021

Although Crustacea has a long history of being recognized as a formal taxonomic group in arthropod classification, the past 30 years have witnessed repeated challenges to crustacean monophyly. Few unambiguous autapomorphic characters for crustaceans have been proposed by morphologists, and many diagnostic characters can be interpreted as symplesiomorphies of Mandibulata. More serious challenges arise from molecular phylogenetics: irrespective of the scope of taxonomic and/or character sampling or analytical methods, a pancrustacean clade in which “Crustacea” is paraphyletic with respect to Hexapoda is retrieved. However, most traditional single to multigene studies infer phylogenies that display considerable mutual conflict. Although hexapod monophyly is robust and its deep branchings have recently been recovered using large-scale transcriptomic datasets, its crustacean sister group has been contentious. To some extent, a conclusive result is still hindered by uneven taxonomic coverage, with some key groups still being undersampled in phylogenomic studies. Nonetheless, phylogenomic analyses provide some robust results: notably, Hexapoda is part of a pancrustacean clade named Allotriocarida, which includes Cephalocarida and Branchiopoda as a grade or each other’s sister group, and Remipedia as the closest relatives to Hexapoda. Neuroanatomical support for a rival malacostracan-remipede-hexapod clade is incongruent with molecular datasets, which instead group Malacostraca, Copepoda, and Cirripedia as a clade. However, cirripedes resolve either as a sister group to copepods or to malacostracans, and this instability casts doubt on the typical pattern in molecular analyses that position malacostracans unexpectedly deep within the crustacean lineage. Pancrustacean phylogeny requires critical interpretation of phylogenomic data to reveal conflict in the data and ambiguous signals within the selected set of orthologous genes.
Standing Waters, Especially Ancient Lakes
Authors: von Rintelen Kristina , De los Ríos Patricio , von Rintelen Thomas
Published: January 2021

Crustacea in standing waters are a diverse taxonomic assemblage with representatives in all available habitats from the benthic zone to the pelagial in larger water bodies. While most higher taxa are widespread and occasionally cosmopolitan, this is only partially true at the genus and species level. The crustacean fauna of geologically young lakes, or ponds, is characterized by widespread species that are not even necessarily restricted to lentic habitats. These species generally have good to excellent dispersal capabilities, especially those dwelling in ephemeral habitats. Small groups such as branchiopods and copepods dominate under these conditions among obligate still-water dwellers. In contrast, endemism and occasional striking adaptations are the hallmarks of crustacean species flocks, especially in the radiations of amphipods, decapods, and ostracods in the fewer than 10 ancient lakes worldwide. These radiations have arisen in situ through the diversification of unspecialized ancestors. All comparatively well-studied radiations for which molecular phylogenetic, taxonomic, and ecological data are available show particular adaptations of trophic morphology correlated to specific habitats. Prime examples are the species flocks of amphipods in Lake Baikal and of atyid shrimps in Lake Tanganyika and in two Indonesian lakes. These groups have most likely evolved through adaptive radiation. A major challenge for research on crustaceans in ancient lakes, and in standing waters generally outside Europe and North America, is the lack of basic data from species diversity to genetics for many, if not most, taxa. Getting a grip on species diversity, distributions, ecology, and, at a different level, genomics will be a research priority for coming decades.
Latitudinal Gradient of Diversity of Marine Crustaceans: TOWARDS a Synthesis
Authors: Rivadeneira Marcelo M. , Poore Gary C.B.
Published: January 2021

The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) is a phenomenon acknowledged for over two centuries. The LDG of marine crustaceans has been studied often but without reaching consensus on its ultimate causative processes. We have undertaken a new synthesis to assess the generality of the LDG and evaluated how potential sampling and other biases, spatial scale, geographic regions, taxonomic aggregation, and differences between clades affect patterns. A meta-analysis of 186 datasets, encompassing 20 studies and 7 crustacean orders, revealed a strong effect size of the species richness-latitude correlation, supporting the existence of a “canonical” LDG. The effect size was sensitive to spatial scale, with studies conducted over shorter latitudinal ranges tending to show a weaker LDG. Correcting for sampling biases in the number of occurrences, taxonomic completeness and spatial heterogeneity did not affect the strength of the LDG, nor did the degree of taxonomic aggregation; effect sizes were similar at family and ordinal levels. However, between orders effect sizes varied strongly, with peracarid orders (Amphipoda, Cumacea, Isopoda) showing a weaker or inverse LDG compared with non-peracarid orders (Calanoida, Euphausiacea, Decapoda, Sessilia). Additional analyses based on a global dataset of >2 million occurrences of >13,000 species revealed patterns undetected by the meta-analysis, including: (1) the existence of a marked bi-modal LDG, with peaks of diversity in subtropical areas (Calanoidea, Decapoda, Sessilia) and in temperate areas (Amphipoda, Isopoda), (2) interhemispheric asymmetry, variable across groups and depths, and (3) ocean basin differences in the shape of the LDG, dependent on taxonomic clade. Both ecological and evolutionary processes play a part. The fossil record of Decapoda showed that its global canonical LDG can be explained by median and range of the age of genera, i.e., hotspots of diversity harbor both younger and older genera and contain a high proportion of genera originating during the Paleogene. In addition, the effect size was negatively related to family age, the LDG being stronger in older families of early Cenozoic and Mesozoic origin. Modes of larval development also played a significant part, taxa without planktonic larvae having weaker or inverse LDG compared with taxa with pelagic larvae. Because clades with direct development tend to show smaller bathymetric and latitudinal ranges than those with pelagic larvae, differences in diversification rates may be implied. Overall, our evidence suggested that the ultimate causes of the LDG are deeply tied to geographic differences in macro-evolutionary rates, i.e., greater rates of species origin and lower rates of extinction in the tropics than in higher latitudes combined with a strong tropical niche conservatism.
God
Authors: Swenson Kristin
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the Bible’s representations of God, including inconsistencies and how they may have come about. The Bible portrays a God who is neither male nor female; who is both “out there” in the cosmos and right here, immediately, intimately present; punitive and forgiving; capable of experiencing a range of emotions; deeply interested and invested in the affairs of earth; and wildly, extraordinarily dynamic. In other words, the Bible’s representations of God reflect the Bible’s wide-ranging history, its literary diversity, and the driving urge of human beings to find our place and purpose and to make some sense of it all.
Misconceptions, Misapprehensions
Authors: Swenson Kristin
Published: January 2021

This chapter highlights and discusses common misperceptions and adds depth to superficial assumptions about popular biblical texts. Among the most common missteps modern people make is to oversimplify, taking the Bible at its word on matters of history, for example, or claiming to distill what the Bible says about sex, salvation, or Hell to match present beliefs or purposes. For example, there is a tendency to speak as if there is a single biblical list of Ten Commandments. The chapter explores why that is misleading and reminds readers that the Bible developed over a long period of time and in different places, all of the Bible is ancient, and comes to us in languages few modern people can read without translation. With these things in mind, this chapter urges readers to allow that any given text may be more complicated than one might think. While the chapter does not cover all modern misconceptions about the Bible, it does offer helpful lessons on guarding oneself against reducing the Bible to a pithy pocket guide.
The Long Crisis
Authors: Holtzman Benjamin
Published: January 2021

The Long Crisis explores the origins and implications of one of the most significant developments across the globe over the last fifty years: the diminished faith in government as capable of solving public problems. Conventional accounts of the shift toward market and private sector governing solutions have focused on the rising influence of conservatives, libertarians, and the business sector. The Long Crisis, however, locates the origins of this transformation in the efforts of city-dwellers to preserve liberal commitments of the postwar period. New York faced an economic crisis beginning in the late 1960s that disrupted long-standing assumptions about the services city government could provide. In response, New Yorkers—organized within block associations, nonprofits, and professional organizations—embraced an ethos of private volunteerism and, eventually, of partnership with private business in order to save their communities from neglect. Local liberal and Democratic officials came over time to see such alliances not as stopgap measures, but as legitimate and ultimately permanent features of modern governance. The ascent of market-based policies was driven less by a political assault of pro-market ideologues than by ordinary New Yorkers experimenting with novel ways to maintain robust public services in the face of the city’s budget woes. Local people and officials, The Long Crisis argues, built neoliberalism from the ground up. These shifts toward the market would both exacerbate old racial and economic inequalities and produce new ones that continue to shape metropolitan areas today.
From Olive Groves to Hell’s Kitchen
Authors: Wink Paul
Published: January 2021

This chapter, “From Olive Groves to Hell’s Kitchen,” examines Callas’s experiences during early childhood in New York City that left her with permanent psychological vulnerabilities. Having been deprived of adequate parental input during a critical developmental stage and growing up in a family beset by conflict exacerbated by a move from a provincial town in Greece to New York City, Maria found it hard to compensate later in life for her egocentrism and her lack of empathy. Callas’s adult life can be construed as an unrelenting pursuit of the psychological bounties she was deprived of in childhood. It is not accidental that Callas’s strength as an opera performer lay largely in her insatiable need for adulation from the audience (mirroring) and that her relationships with the significant men in her life were characterized by idealization.
I Gave You Everything
Authors: Wink Paul
Published: January 2021

This chapter, “I Gave You Everything,” analyzes Callas’s magic as a stage performer and the revolutionary nature of her short career that continues to resonate today. Her dark and penetrating voice was very different from the light voices of the coloratura sopranos who dominated bel canto roles in the first half of the twentieth century. The power of Callas’s artistry was the product not only of her voice and her musicianship, but also of her acting ability, her enormous capacity to render emotional truth and merge with her audiences. Her vision of opera as combining singing and acting in the joint pursuit of emotional truth meant an emphasis on the cohesion and integrity of the entire performance. Callas’s perfectionism drove her dynamic success but it also prevented her from dealing effectively with escalating vocal difficulties resulting from a precipitous loss of weight and undertaking overly taxing roles early in her career.
A Matter of the Heart
Authors: Wink Paul
Published: January 2021

This chapter, “A Matter of the Heart,” focuses on the relationship between Maria Callas and Aristotle Onassis that began in 1959. The liaison with Aristo offered Maria a first chance to enact her passion in real life rather than fulfilling it in operatic roles. It also provided her with an escape from a career undermined by her vocal problems. The nine-year relationship exuded emotional and physical passion combined with Onassis’s controlling and demeaning attitude toward Callas. Although hurt by Aristo’s humiliating comments centering on her physical appearance, Callas remained passionately in love with a man who, in her mind, was the first person to truly understand and accept her “warts and all.” An inveterate “collector” of beautiful women, Onassis abandoned Maria and married Jackie Kennedy in 1969, only to realize belatedly that it was Callas who was the true love of his life.
Early Years, Early Films
Authors: Marrone Gaetana
Published: January 2021

Rosi's cinematic sensibility was influenced by his father's photography and sketching, his formative years he spent in Naples, and his apprenticeship with Visconti. La sfida (The Challenge, 1958), his debut work, which shows great affinity with the work of Cartier-Bresson, announces Rosi's future themes: the seductions and traps of power, the collusion between organized crime and business, the harsh social reality of Italy's South. His second, more ambitious work, I magliari (The Swindlers, 1959), is one of the first Italian films confronting the cultural and ethnic issues arising from southern Italian emigration. The film, which alternates documentary-like scenes with popular Italian comedy, is enhanced by the location shooting that will become a hallmark of Rosi's cinema. Rosi departs from the overly melodramatic style of La sfida and develops an aesthetic characterized by a realist exactness of space and penchant for exploring psychological states of mind.
The Hazards of History
Authors: Marrone Gaetana
Published: January 2021

Uomini contro (Just Another War, 1970), one of Rosi’s most undervalued films, exposes the barbarity of war and the absurdity of military dogma by focusing on the plight of the common soldiers fighting in the trenches of the Great War, many of whom resorted to mutiny, desertion, and self-mutilation to resist being sent on suicide missions. Rosi’s obsession with the moral as well as the physical hazards of war finds new expression in La tregua (The Truce, 1997), adapted from Primo Levi’s memoir of his return home after Auschwitz. The film is stylistically notable for the eschewing of visual and theatrical effects and the concentration on the ordinary experience of a heterogeneous group of people, Jews and non-Jews alike, confronting the uncertainty of what awaited them as free beings. Claiming that he wanted “to turn Levi into an eye,” Rosi also aspires to the role of a timely witness.
A Confrontation on the Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Authors: Herriman Nicholas , Winarnita Monika
Published: January 2021

Researching how the Australian state relates to the Muslim Malay community on the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (an Australian territory), Herriman and Winarnita provide an example of rapport with a potential research participant going wrong. They see this experience as providing insightful and important data. In this example, Herriman is following a suggestion to interview a new participant when, by chance, he meets with Ifti. Ifti immediately accuses Herriman of wishing to do a study that would enrich Herriman, making him a millionaire (after the study had been published as a book). In addition to providing another example that questions the very possibility of rapport, Herriman and Winarnita analyze this “Ifti moment” as an expression of Ifti’s ideology. Namely, Ifti saw Herriman’s government-funded academic research as merely a continuation of the profits and the historical exploitation of Muslim Malays of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, the majority of whom are receiving government benefits for unemployment, pensions, and so on.
Introduction
Authors: Painter Kirstin , Scannapieco Maria
Published: January 2021

Mental illnesses are more common than cancer, diabetes, or heart disease. Ongoing research has advanced knowledge on the underlying biology, prevention, and treatments for mental illnesses. Unfortunately, most people who need treatment do not receive it. This chapter provides an introduction to serious mental health disorders in children and adolescents and addresses barriers to people receiving effective treatments. It addresses federal efforts focused on earlier identification of mental illness and improving access to effective treatments. While this book focuses on diagnosing mental illness in children and adolescence, Chapter 1 puts into context what children and adolescents need for good mental health; the importance of partnering with youth and caregivers, addressing issues from a strengths perspective, and engaging in culturally sensitive practice; and the importance of understanding that people are not their mental illness. Finally, an overview of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and the overall structure of the book is provided.
Treatment of Depressive Disorders
Authors: Painter Kirstin , Scannapieco Maria
Published: January 2021

The two most common treatments for depression are antidepressant medication and psychotherapy, provided together or individually. This chapter provides an overview of the classes of antidepressant medications and addresses how they regulate neurotransmitters in the brain. The chapter addresses the use of antidepressants in children and adolescents and the risk of suicide related to antidepressants. Several models of psychotherapy treatments, including treatment interventions extensively tested and found effective in treating children and adolescents with depressive disorders (e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy) are described. Links are provided to access further information on these interventions. This chapter returns to the two case studies from Chapter 5 and discloses the actual outcomes that occurred.
Treatment for Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Authors: Painter Kirstin , Scannapieco Maria
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on evidence-based and promising treatments and interventions for conduct disorder (CD) and oppositional defiant disorders (ODD). Unlike some mental health problems, psychosocial and behavioral interventions are the first line of treatment for CD and ODD. Psychotropic medication is not a first-line treatment for either disorder; however, they are sometime prescribed to manage distressing symptoms or to treat co-occurring disorders. Chapter 12 presents evidence-based and promising practices aimed at the youth only, the caregiver only, or a combination. Multisystemic therapy, multidimensional treatment foster care, functional family therapy, and parent–child interaction therapy are all evidence-based treatments described. The end of the chapter returns to the case studies presented in Chapter 11 and describes the real-life outcomes followed by questions for class discussion.
Timber to Timbre
Authors: Martínez-Reyes José E.
Published: January 2021

The Gibson Les Paul is one of the most iconic electric guitars ever made. Although there is a vibrant scholarly literature surrounding the Les Paul’s symbolic entanglements with issues of race, gender, and class, few have considered the ecopolitical entanglements involved in producing a key material dimension of that guitar’s signature sound: Honduran mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla). Fiji is one of the main harvesting sites of Honduran mahogany, and this chapter charts the social and environmental transformations that occurred following this wood’s introduction to Fiji in the 1880s, considering especially the increasing demand for mahogany as it has been driven by the popularization of the Les Paul since the mid-twentieth century—an issue that, to this day, continues to define forestry in the region. By examining the global commodity chains and infrastructures underlying Les Paul production, this chapter focuses on the role that Honduran mahogany, or the “White Man’s timber,” as it is called by some locals, has played in reconfiguring Fijian landowners’ definitions of what constitutes a forest, sustainability, and justice. In doing so, the chapter interrogates the power relations and ontological politics in which different actors, species, and things are enmeshed. Ultimately, the chapter shows that the aesthetic investments of musicians in particular timbres are rooted in broader legacies of timber-driven colonialism and plantation capitalism.
Shadows of Black and White
Authors: Gay Jr Leslie C.
Published: January 2021

This chapter considers the role of seen and unseen infrastructures in the material transmission and circulation of May Irwin’s (1862–1938) famous “Frog Song.” Just as ontologies of music shift in our digital era, the chapter peels back the hazy ontological histories of this song—as material commodity, technology, and memory—to consider its ramifications as a musical object replete with racial and social meanings. The argument developed here brings together aspects of the “hard” infrastructures of song sheet publishing, paper, and lithography, on the one hand, and the “soft” infrastructures of race, body, and memory, on the other. More specifically, the material resources of the song’s production—in printed page, body, and recorded sound—illuminate the shadowy histories of this song and emphasize how these materials reconfigure shifting notions of gender and race across cultural and historical boundaries into the twenty-first century.
Jury Considerations in Capital Cases
Authors: Barner John R.
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the types of special consideration that jurors provide in capital cases. This includes not only the instructions provided by the court, but also the weight given to aggravating and mitigating circumstances, as mandated by the decision in Gregg v. Georgia (1976). This chapter explores the issues around juror consideration from a multifaceted lens, examining whether instructions to jurors in capital cases are appropriately effective, given their legal, historical, and empirical context. Particular attention is paid to the context in which jurors consider evidence, testimony, and argument in the bifurcated trial proceedings mandated by Gregg, as well as varied application of the procedural mandates from state to state, and the influence of different legal frameworks. The chapter concludes with a lengthy discussion of the possible human rights and social work implications of juror instructions and provides a terse review of the literature on advocacy for procedural justice reform.
The History of Mitigation in Death Penalty Cases
Authors: Stetler Russell
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses how the theory and practice of mitigation have evolved over more than four decades, thereby helping to define the modern death penalty era in the United States. Prior to 1976, juries generally made death penalty decisions in a unitary proceeding. Juries then had unfettered discretion to impose death sentences, and the results were so arbitrary that in 1972 the U.S. Supreme Court struck down all the existing death penalty statutes. In 1976, the Court approved new statutes that guided jurors’ discretion. The Court required individualized sentencing in which jurors could consider mitigating factors based on the diverse frailties of humankind. This broad definition of what might inspire juries to reject death was elaborated in succeeding decades in a series of decisions relying on the Eighth Amendment. Social workers and other nonlawyers became critical members of multidisciplinary capital defense teams providing effective representation under the Sixth Amendment.
Structuralism, Neoliberalism, and the U.S. Criminal Justice System
Authors: Nackerud Larry
Published: January 2021

This chapter addresses how structuralism can be a useful lens through which to view social issues and specifically, for viewing neoliberalism in the United States and its seeming natural predecessors, privatization and deregulation. Such efforts within the criminal justice system may present as, for example, private prison industry and mass incarceration. There are three goals of this chapter: (a) to convince the reader of the value of structural theory as a means of examining helping systems, (b) to convince the reader to be wary of neoliberal prescriptive practices, and (c) to suggest to the reader a consideration for how social work can affect criminal justice reform from the macro social work perspective. With regard to the latter, this chapter also addresses the role of radical social work and critical criminology.
Mass Incarceration
Authors: Robinson Michael A. , Moore Sharon E. , Adedoyin A. Christson
Published: January 2021

The chapter begins with an overview of the growth of the prison population from the end of the civil war to the Obama administration. The authors describe all of the structural inequalities African Americans faced that stymied their growth economically and socially as a people, and subsequently led to the mass incarceration of Black men. The authors discuss the historical underpinnings of the factors that lead to mass incarceration and how these factors ultimately fueled the prison-industrial complex. The chapter also discusses the ways in which the Black Church contributes to the rehabilitation of former incarcerated persons, and, lastly, the authors discuss the implications for social work education.
The Death Penalty From the Family Perspective
Authors: Schweizer Jennifer , Beck Elizabeth
Published: January 2021

This chapter highlights the literature and research that focuses on ways in which family members of capital defendants are impacted by the death penalty process. Their pain and fear of the potential execution of their loved one is compounded by complicated grief, trauma, and stigma. Trauma can affect a person’s ability to function and may influence the family members’ interactions with the defense team. Defense teams may enhance their work with their client’s family members—and, ultimately, the social history narrative developed—by incorporating a trauma-informed approach. A trauma-informed approach will help the defense team better understand the impact of trauma and minimize the potential retraumatization of their client’s family members. While this approach may be a shift for defense teams, it could prove beneficial if they are better able to gather mitigation evidence from family members by gaining a fuller understanding of family members’ experiences of the death penalty.
Duty to Self
Authors: Schofield Paul
Published: January 2021

Duty to self has not been taken seriously by contemporary moral and political philosophers, with many even denying the coherence of the notion. Morality and politics concern treatment of others, according to common understanding, and so the very idea of a duty to oneself is thought to be mistaken. Against this, this book aims to vindicate the idea of duties owed by a person to herself, within both the moral and the political domains. Temporal divisions within a life, as well as between practical identities, enable an individual to relate to herself second-personally as she would to another, and thus to owe herself obligations. This book argues that such duties have implications for ethics, practical reasoning, and moral psychology. It also advances a new justification for paternalistic laws, which appeals to the notion of political self-duty.
Might There Be Self-Directed Political Duties?
Authors: Schofield Paul
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses difficulties with the idea that there exist duties to the self that the state may paternalistically force a person to discharge. The liberal tradition typically prizes freedom, and so views with suspicion any suggestion that a person ought to be coerced for her own sake. State coercion is permissible only to realize right and justice, which are usually thought to regulate relationships between distinct persons. Since a person’s relationship to herself is typically not thought to be one regulated by right or justice, coercion of a person for her own sake has been consistently rejected within the liberal tradition.
Practical Philosophy After Duties to Self
Authors: Schofield Paul
Published: January 2021

This chapter considers lines of inquiry that emerge from the argument pursued throughout the book. It considers the possibility, raised by Kant, that self-duty is a necessary ground for all duty. It considers a debate between Kant and Fichte about the nature of self-consciousness, discussing ways in which the account in the book might illuminate that debate. Finally, it considers the implication of holding, as this book does, that parts of a unified whole can relate to one another second-personally, and applies this thought to debates in political philosophy about communitarianism and liberalism.