bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Loss of A Temporal Matrix
Authors: Fenn Richard K
Published: November 2023

We Have Been Exploring The paradox that Christianity is partly responsible for the loss of a sense of providence and historical necessity in modern societies. Not only has the Church uprooted and eradicated deviant local pieties; the Christian God has been relentlessly transcendent above every institution and community. The effect, as Marcel Gauchet (1997:95) has recently reminded us, has been to deprive tradition and the social order of their sacred trappings; they emerge clearly visible in the light of a human day. Now humanity is to own and control, adapt and construct social institutions to suit its own wants and purposes:

As God withdrew, the world changed from something presented as unalterable to something to be constituted. God having be come Other to the world, the world now became Other to humans, in two ways: by its objectivity at the level of representation, and by its ability to be transformed at the level of action. . . . And if he [“man”] entered into a relation of otherness, it was within and according to a defined goal, namely to realize his ontological independence. (Gauchet 1997:95; Gauchet’s emphasis).
Ritual and the Consummation of Waiting
Authors: Fenn Richard K
Published: November 2023

Living As We Do In The residues of the Reformation, it is easy for us to forget how successfully the Church once was able to bureaucratize the time of salvation and to keep people waiting as though their very souls depended on the Church’s dispensation from the passage of time. In some locales, of course, that old ecclesiastical monopoly persists. Take, for example, the ritual called Sabta Nur performed annually at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. According to the description given by Richard Hecht (1994: 184–235), members of various competing ethnic groups suspend their rivalry on these occasions as they crowd into the church to wait for the gift of holy fire to descend. The divine gift is given annually, right on time, to the archbishops of the Greek and Armenian Orthodox communities who are at the critical moment concealed be hind doors in the innermost chamber of the church. The archbishops are buried, as it were, alive in this tomb, and their symbolic death is reflected in the suspension of all animation among the worshipers who wait with intense anxiety outside the doors for the fire once more to descend and then to be transmitted to the expectant worshipers from each of the rival communities.
Passing the Test of Time
Authors: Fenn Richard K
Published: November 2023

Infants Who Discover that the world is no longer in harmony with their own internal rhythms are “out of sync,” as it were, and in that sense may feel that they are late and running out of time, when it is in fact the world that is not keeping pace with the infants’ rhythms and needs. Freud’s friend and colleague, the Hungarian analyst Sandor Ferenczi (1995:83),noted what many analysts have since argued, that there is a certain trauma in the discovery that the world can be frustrating: an environment that is disappointing and unreliable, demanding and frightening. However, Ferenczi recognized that such frustration has a purpose; it makes the child able to develop the sort of character that has a chance of making it in the world.

If we are to find a general, pervasive cause for arrested development in the individual’s orientation toward time, then, it will need to be precisely in such ordinary, nearly universal experiences of child hood. Nonetheless, Ferenczi argued that a very early split does occur in the psyche, between the part of the child that seeks the continuous and uninterrupted access to sources of support and security, and the part of the child who is ready to be weaned, to cooperate with toilet training, and to make allowances for parents who do not come on time.
Space Oddity and Linguistic Turn
Authors: Tasić Vladimir
Published: November 2023

It would seem that the conflict between science and continental philosophy can be traced at least as far back as Kant. With varying intensity and in very different forms, it then extends through the unbridled romanticism of the nineteenth century and all the way into the present.

Mathematics, specifically geometry, has had its hand in this conflict. I would therefore like to place the issue between Kant and geometers under the magnifying glass and look into the possibility that it had a role in the development of an “attitude” toward continental philosophers’ understanding of science and mathematics.
Wound of Language
Authors: Tasić Vladimir
Published: November 2023

Before we look into the objections that mathematicians addressed to the reduction of mathematics to logic, it might be instructive to devote a few pages to the elaboration of some romanticist doctrines. (I will not insist on a rigorous distinction between the culture of romanticism and the philosophy of romantic idealism. The affinity between the two allows for taking such a liberty.)

The mathematicians whose arguments I then outline invariably invoked metaphors that compared mathematical understanding to an artistic, creative process irreducible to the “sterile” methodology of pure logic.
Say Hello To The Structure Bubble
Authors: Tasić Vladimir
Published: November 2023

We should take a brief look at the oft-cited source of inspiration of structuralist philosophy, the structural linguistics of Ferdinand de Saussure. This is necessary for two reasons: first, to introduce some terminology, and second, to examine the possibility that the structuralist movement, despite unreasonably frequent references to the work of the Geneva linguist, ended up in a position closer to Cavaillès’s formalism than to Saussure’s own outlook.

I am, of course, not trying to say that mathematics, formalist or otherwise, bears sole responsibility for various misreadings of Saussure. Things are rarely that simple. The rise of structuralism after World War II was facilitated by a complex set of cultural circumstances, which might even be said to span continents. The victory of formalism and the rebellious siding of young intellectuals with Cavaillès’s structuralism against Bergson’s and Sartre’s intuitionism were among many other relevant factors.
Strategies
Authors: Practice Writing
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses a few methods you can use to getstarted writing, or to free yourself from writer’s block, or to explore new possibilities. Some demand a lot of time, but then the serious aspirant devotes a lot of time to learning the craft. Storytelling is one way of sorting out the elements of a story we want to write. When I run workshops, I have participants tell their stories and then answer questions about them. Finally, I tell them to write their stories as cl sely as th y can to the way they.told them. This advice, to copy oral! tellings; takes the mystery out of writing.
Observation
Authors: Practice Writing
Published: November 2023

Practiced writers who succeed in creating realistic scenes and characters have a store of impressions they can use when needed. Sometimes, of course, it is harder to reach into the memory and pull out what you want, but with practice the job becomes easier. The realist must, first of all, watch and listen to the world carefully enough to collect a very large store of impressions-images of people, aetivities, and places, as well as records of conversations. Learn to observe without judging, without letting thought intrude between you and the object. When you see a sunset or a landscape and say, “How beautiful,” you are not immersed in it, and will notice only part of what you might otherwise have seen. Thought has driven a wedge between you and the object, and by putting words to what you see or hear, you have limited your experience. One way to practice wordless observation is to watch a thing or activity with the intent of remembering it in detail a year from now. You won’t, bf course, but that is the kind of intensity that is needed. Another.way is simply to observe your intrusive thoughts as you watch an object or activity. Within a short time the thoughts will disappear. Wordless observation is different from the observation in which we measure and judge experiences against one another. The fact that we are not normally close observers is shown in conflicting eyewitness accounts of the same events.
Conversation 6 Dialogue
Authors: Practice Writing
Published: November 2023

Many of my students have felt uncomfortable writing dialogue, and it shows by the fact that most of their writing contains very little of it. Occasionally a character will say something, and once in a great while another character will answer, but rarely is there dialogue. Recently I have been insisting on dialogue as a way of increasing reader interest. Creating good dialogue, having characters speak for themselves, is a way of revealing character. It is generally superior to revelation through narrative, in which the author tells us about the characters. We will look at exceptions later. For now let’s examine a saying theater people have: Show, don’t tell. To show an activity is to display it. In theater it means presenting the activity on stage. If a competent contemporary play wright has to choose between presenting an activity or having a character describe it, he will choose to present it. Carried over to stories, a writer generally makes a stronger choice by giving us dialogue rather than describing what was said.
Introduction
Authors: Cohen Paula Marantz
Published: November 2023

The Photograph, taken in England in the early 1920s, shows two couples: Lord and Lady Mountbatten (right), members of the British royal family, and Douglas Fairbanks and Mary Pickford (left), American movie stars.1 The four figures have arranged themselves in a stunt pose for the cam­ era. Both women are perched on the right shoulders of the men; the men have their left legs and left arms raised as if to dramatize the ease with which they hold the women aloft. The photo relays a sense of communal fun, yet a close examination shows some telling details. Mountbatten’s face is taut with con­ centration, and he is holding Fairbanks’s hand for balance. Lady Mountbatten is similarly uneasy and is grasping Pickford’s shoulder.
Houdini, Keaton, And The Rise Of The Body
Authors: Cohen Paula Marantz
Published: November 2023

Near The beginning of the 1928 silent film Submarine, there is a thrilling action sequence involving its two main characters, played by Jack Holt and Ralph Graves. Holt is a navy diver who locates underwater wrecks that would pose a threat to ships, and Graves is the radio operator who communicates with him during his dives. Having just completed a successful dive, Holt, wearing only his swimming trunks, is standing at the stern of the boat. As an order is given to blow up the wreck he has just located, the camera tilts down to show that his leg is caught in the coil of rope attached to the explosive. The rope uncoils and a few seconds later he is pulled overboard, and we see his body being carried underwater. The camera now returns to the deck, where Graves registers what has happened. He grabs a knife, pulls off his shirt, and dives into the water. An underwater shot shows him swimming toward Holt, struggling with the rope, and finally cutting his friend free. An aerial shot now shows the charge exploding, then shifts to the crew, watching from the deck, as they turn away sadly-they assume that Holt and Graves have perished in the explosion. But a second later, the two men surface near the side of the boat. As they climb aboard, they move jauntily. “I was getting loose when you butted in,” reads the intertitles for Holt’s character, supporting the playfulness of the men’s body language but also underscoring that without Grave’s courage and athletic prowess Holt would now be dead.
Griffith, Gish And The Narrative Of The Face
Authors: Cohen Paula Marantz
Published: November 2023

“Billy, move in! Get that face! That face-get that face.’”1 The frantic direction was delivered by D. W. Griffith to his cameraman, Billy Bitzer, during the making of Way Down East, as Lillian Gish, the film’s star, struggled to maintain her footing on an ice floe in the middle of a storm-tossed river.
The Transition To Sound
Authors: Cohen Paula Marantz
Published: November 2023

From The beginning, of course, silent film was not silent. First, there were the narrators who stood alongside the screen, introducing the moving images as a circus barker might introduce a fire-eater or a contortionist. Then, as narrative film developed, along came the music-the single piano accompanist or, in the movie palaces, the organ or full-scale orchestra. Given the obvious contradiction between the existence of music and the designation of “silent film,” it is no wonder that a fanatical enthusiast like Vachel Lindsay would see musical accompaniment as a violation of the purity of the medium. But though purists might argue otherwise, it is hard to enjoy silent films without music; this fact alone suggests a basic disequilibrium in the system and indicates that the medium would eventually incorporate more extensive and varied kinds of sound. The door into the future had been opened from the beginning.
Saint Saul
Authors: Akenson Donald Harman
Published: November 2023

The gospels, scholars agree, were written after the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 AD. This catastrophic event, argues Donald Akenson, forever altered the outlook and the agenda of the Christian and Jewish faiths. Of all the New Testament writings, only Paul’s letters were composed before 70 AD. Thus, Akenson says, they are the only direct evidence we have that is untainted by this profound and lasting shift in perspective. And yet this most important source on the life of Jesus is also the most neglected. In Saint Saul, Akenson offers a lively and provocative account of what we can learn about Jesus by reading the letters of Paul, providing fresh new insights into both Jesus and Paul. Akenson painstakingly recreates the world of Christ, a time rich with ideas, prophets, factions, priests, savants, and god-drunk fanatics. He insistently stresses throughout the Jewishness of Jesus (for example, referring to Jesus and Paul as Yeshua and Saul, as they were then known). Equally important, he dismisses the traditional method of searching for facts about Jesus by looking for parallels among the four gospels; they were handed down to us as a unit by a later generation, he argues. Saul, although he did not know Yeshua personally, knew his most important followers, and wrote immediately after Yeshua’s death. Saul’s teachings were approved (though sometimes reluctantly) by Yeshua’s brothers and other early leaders. As an eminent historian, Akenson approaches his subject with a fresh eye and a scholarly rigor that is all too rare in this hotly disputed field. The result is a vibrantly written and provocative book that will captivate anyone seeking to know more about the historical Jesus and the earliest Christians.
The Search for a Distant Dominion
Authors: Akenson Donald Harman
Published: November 2023

saul and yeshua, then, lived in one world, the verdant realm of the multiple-Judahisms of the late Second Temple era. The writers of the Christian Gospels, however, lived in a totally different world, one in which Eretz Israel was increasingly arid spiritually: physically degraded, its religious centre, the Temple, destroyed. As S.G.F. Brandon put it, in a classic formulation, the catastrophe of 70 ce was “probably the next most crucial event for Christianity, after the Resurrection experiences.”1 The followers of the Yeshua-faith wandered spiritually, like the Chosen People had wandered in the desert. Eventually, they came to rest in Gentile lands, both emotionally speaking, and, for the most part, in literal geographic terms as well. In the course of this intense period of confusion, re-orientation, and consolidation (roughly four decades were involved in this wandering, not unlike the forty years experienced by the children of Israel), a wonderful array of documents appeared, all of them dealing with Jesus-the-Christ. For most persons of faith this is enough.
Melding Saul and the Gospels: a Beginning
Authors: Akenson Donald Harman
Published: November 2023

the author-editors of the four gospels had the same problem that Saul had: how to explain the power of a man who was beyond-words holy. They took a totally different path than did Saul in his letters; they used the narrative form that in the Yahweh-faith found its primary example in the unified narrative that is Genesis-Kings in the Tanakh. They told stories about the earthly Yeshua which they believed proved that he was the Christ.
Saul and the Imitation of Christ
Authors: Akenson Donald Harman
Published: November 2023

given that saul never managed to come within a stone’s throw of Yeshua of Nazareth, it undoubtedly will take a generation or two before historians of the earthly Jesus come to use Saul’s letters as the prime entry point into their subject.1 Big ships can turn only slowly and by small degrees, and there are few historians’ vessels larger than the Quest for the historical Yeshua. And even if the existing enterprise did not have the massive momentum of habit to drive it, the character of Saul’s epistles – so dauntingly prickly and allusive in places, so crackling with electricity in others as to almost preclude handling – would turn many Questors away.
An Act of Attention Event Structure in Ceremony
Authors: Jahner Elaine
Published: November 2023

After reading lesliesilko‘s novel Ceremony, many readers know the novel possesses an energy that engages their sense of themselves as persons. That energy seems to elude discussion because the labeling required in any kind of analysis appears more than usually in­ adequate for describing the act of attention that is an essential part of the reader’s experience. But then there are those like myself who sense that trying again and again to talk about the quality of attention evoked by the book can be an important part of developing more sensitive understanding not only of Leslie Silko’s own work but of other Native American writers who might also require of readers a particular attention directed toward matters that their previous experience of novels may not have demanded. Perhaps one way of describing the magnetic field of attention is to say that the lodestone in this field is the experience of event1 rather than sequentially motivated action as the determinant of plot coherence; but that is too cryptic a statement to have much meaning without explanation.
Forms of Biculturealism in Southwestern Literature: The Work of Rudolfo Anaya and Leslie Marmon Silko
Authors: Dasenbrock Reed Way
Published: November 2023

One of the important Issues in the consideration of any work by “minority” or “ethnic” writers is the question of categorization: In what category does one place the work? Even more basically, what does one call the work? Should one, to use the examples that will concern us here, consider the work of Rudolfo Anaya as Chicano literature and Leslie Marmon Silko as Native American literature? Or are their works more usefully considered as part of American literature? Such questions are often dismissed as trivial by those committed to the notion that we should (and can) approach works of literature in themselves, that the categories with which we organize literature don’t really matter and are only an administrative or institutional convenience.
No Boundaries Only Transitions :Ceremony
Authors: Ruppert James
Published: November 2023

Silko’s novel circles around critical, personal, and cultural decisions about what to fuse from the old and the new. However, the novel ex­ presses these decisions in terms of the various discourse fields it engages and then modifies. Silko’s oral influences emphasize the way her utterance will define identity and mesh with other discourse: “One of the things I was taught to do from the time I was a little child was to listen to the story about you personally right now. To take all of that in for what it means right now. To take all of that in for what it means right now, and for what it means for the future. But at the same time to appreciate how it fits in with what you did yesterday, last week, maybe ironically, you know drastically different” (quoted in Coltelli 141).
Nature, Narrative, and Native American Identity in Leslie Marmon Silko’s Ceremony
Authors: Stein Rachel
Published: November 2023

Silko argues that this fatal opposition is not, as the settlers believed, an essential and irresolvable racial enmity, but rather a struggle between irreconcilable notions of land use and land tenure, a struggle between different cultural orientations toward the natural world.
Silko’s Arroyos as Mainstream Processes and Implications of Canonical Identity
Authors: Roemer Kenneth M
Published: November 2023

At the 1996 MLA convention in a provocative paper entitled “When Contemporary Literature Isn’t,” Molly Hite indicated that she had taken an informal survey of American literature professors, asking them which contemporary American novels they considered most important. Four titles dominated the responses: Toni Morrison’s Beloved, Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man, Thomas Pynchon’s Gravity’s Rainbow, and Leslie Marmon Silko’s Ceremony.
Of Apricots, Orchids, and Wovoka: An Interview with Leslie Marmon Silko
Authors: Cohen Robin
Published: November 2023

Participants in this interview/conversation, in addition to Ms. Silko, were Robin Cohen (RC), Paul Cohen (PC), and Rene LeBlanc (RL). Al­ though much of this interview, originally published in Southwestern American Literature (April 1999), covered Gardens in the Dunes ( in press at the time), the wide-ranging discussion also included her other works. Those portions of the interview pertaining to Ceremony are excerpted below.
The Witch of Edmonton and the Guilt of Possession
Authors: Kezar Dennis
Published: November 2023

No Renaissance Art Form calls more loudly for our ethical response than that representing the persecution and execution of witches; and none raises more clearly the analytical problem of” guilt” or “respond acts with a culture’s ways of seeing, the theater of witchcraft involves an epistemology in which looks really can kill. And yet, though works of dramatic journalism such as The Late Lancashire Witches (1634) may have influenced the legal process in offstage witch trials, we search in vain for an actual corpse with which to accuse Renaissance drama’s fascination with the subject. Though there is much to suggest that early modern skeptics such as Reginald Scot and Samuel Harsnett recognized the function of theatricality in the cultural production of the bewitched and bedeviled, moreover, these skeptics never charge the institution of the stage with responsibility for persecution and execution.
Guilt and the Constitution of Authorship in Henry V and the Antitheatrical Elegies of W. S. and Milton
Authors: Kezar Dennis
Published: November 2023

The Subject of Death has always elicited last words belied by their own imperfection, and this conclusion can be no different. Perhaps Lycidas’s “Yet once more” reveals a consummation devoutly to be wished, a desire to speak last not only in a mourning volume but also in a traditional genre—to punctuate a recurrent literary occasion with a definitive epistemic break, a “one last time! ‘ But while such periods may be as psychologically necessary for the Renaissance artist as they are for the modern critic, death the leveler continues to frustrate diacritical desire with threatening similarity and synchrony.
Introduction
Authors: Peritz Rudolph J R
Published: November 2023

Competition policy has been one of twentieth-century America’s most durable goods. Whether in business, politics, sports, or speech, a vision of robust rivalry—of free competition—has inspired our social theories, directed our practices, and informed our public discourse.
Public Debate About Competition Policy, 1888–1911: Free Competition and Freedom of Contract
Authors: Peritz Rudolph J R
Published: November 2023

The first extended public deliberations about enacting competition policy as positive law in America occurred around the Sherman Act debates between 1888 and 1890. In the Fiftieth Congress, differing views of free competition, freedom of contract, and their proper affiliations inspired almost two years of contentious debate, two radically different antitrust bills, and a split Senate. For two decades following passage of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, cases calling for interpretation of the statute divided the Supreme Court into warring factions. These disputes over antitrust policy took place in a historical period rife with political and economic conflict—sometimes fought in the streets, often argued in courtrooms and legislative chambers, almost daily emblazoned across the pages of newspapers and popular magazines.1
Competition, Pluralism, and the Problem of Persistent Oligarchy, 1948–1967
Authors: Peritz Rudolph J R
Published: November 2023

Although the end of World War II opened a period of domestic economic expansion and unrivaled international influence for the United States, it was also a time of intense domestic conflict and national self-doubt. The New Deal’s egalitarian ethic and Harry Truman’s Fair Deal platform, as well as economic growth fueled by government investment such as the GI Bill and a national highway construction program, increased pressures for more equal distribution of economic benefits and better protection of civil rights. Amid much legislation, Congress enacted the highly contested Civil Rights Act of 1948 and, two years later, the less controversial Celler-Kefauver amendment to the Clayton Act’s provision regulating corporate mergers.
Rhetorics of Free Competition, 1980–1992: Free Market Imagery, Corporate Control, and the Problem of Equality
Authors: Peritz Rudolph J R
Published: November 2023

By 1980, the Supreme Court had turned away from the Warren era’s ethic of substantive equality. Yet, no clear position on equality had replaced that ethic. Perhaps the most striking example of the resulting quandary was the Court’s Bakke (1978) decision.1 On the one hand, the University of California’s affirmative action program to set aside a number of positions for minority candidates in the medical school’s entering class was outlawed as racial discrimination. On the other, it was permissible for admissions committees to take race and other characteristics into account. Similar quandaries about equality also emerged in the Court’s First Amendment speech jurisprudence, producing sharp-angled changes in the treatment of corporate and commercial speech.
Divorce Lawyers at Work
Authors: Mather Lynn , McEwen Craig A , Maiman Richard J
Published: November 2023

How do lawyers think about and make the important decisions that constitute the day-to-day practice of law? This book explores that question through an extensive empirical study of lawyers practicing divorce law in New England. The authors emphasize the importance of “collegial control” in shaping lawyers’ decisions and identify a variety of “communities of practice” that serve as key agents of that control. Offering a new understanding of the nature of lawyers’ work in divorce law as well as a new perspective on legal professionalism, this book is required reading for scholars, students, and practitioners.
The Meaning of Advocacy
Authors: Mather Lynn , McEwen Craig A , Maiman Richard J
Published: November 2023

Partisan advocacy, in which lawyers pursue legal strategies in an effort to maximize their clients’ interests, is a central tenet of legal professionalism. In this “Dominant View” (Simon 1998b: 7) or “Standard Conception” (Luban 1988: 393) of the attorney’s professional role, lawyers owe complete loyalty to their clients and should pursue the clients’ goals through any and all legal actions. This ideology of adversary advocacy rests on the principle of neutrality, which “prescribes that the lawyer remain detached from his client’s ends” and of partisanship, which”prescribes that the lawyer work aggressively to advance his client’s ends” (Simon 1978: 36). As Simon writes, the phrases “partisan advocacy” and “adversary advocacy” are used interchangeably to refer to the combined principles of neutrality and partisanship in legal conduct (1978: 37).
Serving Clients while Protecting the Bottom Line
Authors: Mather Lynn , McEwen Craig A , Maiman Richard J
Published: November 2023

The ideology of legal professionalism includes a commitment to altruism. The realities of practice, however, place limits on selflessness. Scholars of the professions see as a core problem of professional practice “the tension between the provision of affordable and conscientious service to others, and the economic interest of those who provide it” (Freidson 1994: 199). The American Bar Association’s Commission on Professionalism. placed the tension between service and self-interest at the center of its inquiry, questioning whether the profession has lived up to its public service com.m.itm.ent (American Bar Association 1986: 10). The form.al rules of professional responsibility highlight this conflict without resolving it, although they give increasing room for lawyers to choose their economic interests. The informal norms of practice and the exigencies of law firm organization create pressures for redefinition of the meaning of service by members of the bar. Even so, many divorce lawyers still find that their practices demand they provide considerable unpaid legal assistance to clients in need. The varying judgments of these lawyers about how to balance a commitment to public service and their own economic interests are a central dimension of professionalism in practice.
Introduction
Authors: Callahan John F
Published: November 2023

Writing from rome in 1956 when Invisible Man had been in the world a mere five summers, Ralph Ellison told Albert Murray that he had “picked up a book of criticism published in England under the title, Catastrophe and the Imagination.” The book “gives Invisible lots of space,” Ellison wrote, even “picks it for a short list of novels which that wild stud thinks will be of interest a century from now.” Obviously pleased, Ellison concluded with a witty line of disbelief: “Surely the man must be on the weed.” Given Ellison’s biochemical hunch, one is tempted to say the “weed” allowed the critic to “slip into the breaks and look around,” as Invisible Man did, when, himself under the influence of a reefer, he became aware of “those points where time stands still or from which it leaps ahead.” At fifty, Invisible Man is going so strong that, despite its narrator’s cautionary tale about the prizefighter and the yokel in which “the smart money hit the canvas,” and “[t]he long shot got the nod,” the novel must be considered an overwhelming favorite to enjoy an undiminished, robust longevity worldwide, in its centennial fifty years from now.
Ellison’s Zoot Suit
Authors: Neal Larry
Published: November 2023

Well , there is one thing that you have to admit. And that is, dealing with Ralph Ellison is no easy matter. It is no easy task to fully characterize the nature of Ellison’s life and work. He cannot be put into any one bag and conveniently dispensed with. Any attempt to do so merely leads to aesthetic and ideological oversimplifications. On the surface, oversimplifications may appear pragmatic and viable but, in the long run, they weaken us. To overlook the complex dimensions of a man’s ideas, character, and personality is to do great disservice to the righteous dissemination of knowledge. Much of the criticism directed against Ellison is personal, oversimplified, and often not based on an analysis of the man’s work and ideas. A great deal of the criticism emanates from ideological sources that most of us today reject. To be concise, much of the anti-Ellison criticism springs from a specific body of Marxist and black neo-Marxist thought. The literary term used to designate this body of thought is called “social realism.” Some of Ellison’s most virulent critics have been social realists.
Ellison’s Vision of Communitas
Authors: Scott Nathan A
Published: November 2023

From the time of its first appearance in the spring of 1952 Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man has been thrusting itself forward, ever more insistently with the passage of each year, as a commanding masterpiece in the literature of American fiction—and, now that it has had a career of a half-century, all that I want here to try to do is to suggest something of what it is that accounts for the kind of powerful claim that it continues to exert upon us. Ours is, of course, a period marked by an efflorescence of fictional talent on the American scene more notable surely than any comparable European insurgency. Yet, in its representative expressions, it is a talent, for all its variety, that—in such writers as William Gass and John Barth and Donald Barthelme—often chooses to dwell (as the title of a book on recent American fiction by the English critic Tony Tanner says) in a City of Words. Bellow and Styron and Updike and certain others, in their commitment to the traditional arts of narrative, remain sufficiently unreconstructed as to conceive the novel to be a mode of feigned history, but they, though retaining a large and devoted readership, may not embody what Matthew Arnold called “the tone of the centre.” For those who are advancing the new poetics of fiction take it for granted (as William Gass says) “that literature is language, that stories and the places and the people in them are merely made of words as chairs are made of smoothed sticks and sometimes of cloth or metal tubes,” and thus, since “there are no events but words in fiction,” they think of the novelistic craft as simply an affair of putting words together in new and surprising combinations—which record nothing other than the event of the writer’s having done certain interesting things with language itself.
The Rules of Magic: Hemingway as Ellison’s “Ancestor”
Authors: O’Meally Robert G
Published: November 2023

There has been much ado about Ralph Ellison’s complex debt to Richard Wright. Ellison himself shifts back and forth uncomfortably. He comes closest to explaining his own uneasiness in the face of any simplistic formulation of his literary paternity when he reminds his readers of his own father’s untimely death and of his ambivalent feelings about the stepfathers who took his place. When he met Wright the last thing Ellison wanted was another father. But then again it is Ellison who calls the name of father when invoking the images of certain favorite “ancestors,” notably William Faulkner and Ernest Hemingway. In some ways, the Faulkner example is as easy to see as the Wright: in Ellison’s fiction one hears a voice as deeply southern as Faulkner’s—a voice as rich and as quick with exalted southern lies, told with conversational jam-session style as well as with poetic eloquence. In both writers, too, one finds the shared impulse for technical experimentation along with a shared vision of the human plight, and of man’s capacity to overcome.
On Initiation Rites and Power: A Lecture at West Point
Authors: Ellison Ralph
Published: November 2023

I hardly know where to start. It should be with an apology, I suppose, because as I recall how annoyed I was that I had been assigned certain novels as a student, I find it extremely ironic that now my own is being passed along to you, and that I’m responsible. I suppose the best way to get into this is to just be autobiographical, since you are concerned with my novel, because the novel isn’t autobiographical in an immediate sense, and it’ll be necessary to enlarge upon what Colonel Capps had to say about my background in order to spell out to you just why, and in what way, it is not autobiographical. I was, as he said, a music major at Tuskegee, but I was also one who read a lot, who lived in books as well as in the sound of music. At Tuskegee I found myself reading The Waste Land, and for the first time I was caught up in a piece of poetry which moved me but which I couldn’t reduce to a logical system. I didn’t know quite why it was working on me, but being close to the jazz experience—that is, the culture of jazz—I had a sense that some of the same sensibility was being expressed in poetry.
Deliberative Trouble
Authors: Sunstein Cass R
Published: November 2023

Affirmative action is under attack in the state of Texas. A number of professors at a particular branch of the University of Texas are inclined to be supportive of affirmative action; they meet to exchange views and to plan further action, if necessary. What are these professors likely to think, and to do, after they talk? After a nationally publicized shooting at a high school, a group of people in the community, most of them tentatively in favor of greater gun control, come together to discuss the possibility of imposing new gun control measures.
Traditions and Crisis 1n the Eastern Woodlands
Authors: Martin Joel W
Published: November 2023

More than two hundred years ago, a European named John Heckewelder witnessed a dramatic event in an Ohio forest involving a Native American hunter and a bear. As Heckewelder later wrote, the hunter, a member of the Delaware Indian nation, shot the bear and the musket ball “broke its backbone. The animal fell and set up a most plaintive cry, some­ thing like that of the cougar when he is hungry. The hunter, instead of giving him another shot, stood up close to him, and addressed him in these words: ‘Hark ye! bear; you are a coward, and no warrior as you pretend to be. Were you a warrior, you would show it by your firmness and not cry and whimper like an old woman.
New Religions 1n the West
Authors: Martin Joel W
Published: November 2023

On January 1, 1889, a total eclipse of the sun darkened the sky over western North America and spread terror on earth. Alarmed Tiövusidiöikadö Paiute Indians of Mason Valley in Nevada began shooting off their guns. They hoped to scare away the force that blocked the light. They turned for guidance to their weather doctor, a twenty-eight-year-old man named Wovoka. Though ill, he tried to help. Using divination techniques perfected over generations and passed down from his father, he went into a trance or state of unconsciousness. According to many Paiutes, when a healer entered the trance state, it was as if he had died; his released soul could travel to other realms. He could find out what was wrong with a sick person and bring back a healing song. He could divine the patterns of the weather and movements of game.
The New York Years
Authors: Yarbrough Tinsley E
Published: November 2023

Soon after the Warings’ arrival in New York, John J. Parker wrote the judge, asking him to hold a term of court in Wheeling, West Virginia. Retired federal judges are frequently called upon for such duties, but Judge Waring quickly made it clear that he had no interest in returning to southern or border states for judicial duty. Earlier, he had informed his circuit chief judge that he and Mrs. Waring hoped that they could “do more effective work in breaking down the evils of racial prejudice from . . . outside the curtain of White Supremacy.” Now, he indicated that some of the judges in New York’s southern district had been urging him to assist in relieving congested dockets there, but that he had not yet fixed a definite time for taking on such duties. “If and when I do take on assignment for Court work,” he pointedly added, “I think I would prefer working here in a much more comfortable and congenial surrounding which I have come to appreciate and enjoy.” He remained firm in this resolve. When, in 1955, Parker again invited him to attend a session of the Fourth Circuit judicial conference and to hold a term of court in West Virginia, he declined both invitations.
Burger’s Daughter The Synthesis of Revelation
Authors: Heinemann Margot
Published: November 2023

Speaking Some Years Ago about African writing (including in that term writing about Africa not by black Africans), Nadine Gordimer noted that its themes are very different from those that have preoccupied modern European and American writers: European writers from Beckett to Marguerite Duras are obsessed with human alienation and its consequent problem of communication.
Gödel’s life and work
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

Kurt Gödel’s striking fundamental results in the decade 1929-1939 transformed mathematical logic and established him as the most important logician of the 20th century. His work influenced practically all subsequent developments in the subject as well as all further thought about the foundations of mathematics. The results that made Gödel famous are the completeness of first-order logic, the incompleteness of axiomatic systems containing number theory and, finally, the consistency of the axiom of choice. and the continuum hypothesis with the other axioms of set theory. During the same decade he made other less dramatic but still significant contributions to logic, including work on the decision problem, intuitionism and notions of computability.
A Gödel chronology
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

Starred items below are based on sources from Gödel’s Nachlass, as follows: Gödel’s replies to a questionnaire from Burke D. Grandjean by*, and notes from Gödel’s Arbeitshefte by **(Heft 1) or*** (Heft 15). Information based on Aufzeichnungen from Carnap’s Nachlass is labelled †.
Die Vollstandigkeit der Axiome des logischen Funktionenkalkiils1 (1990)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

Whitehead und Russell haben bekanntlich die Logik und Mathematik so aufgebaut, da6 sie gewisse evidente Siitze als Axiome an die Spitze stellten und aus diesen nach einigen genau formulierten Schlu6prinzipien auf rein formalem Wege (d. h. ohne weiter von der Bedeutung der Symbole Gebrauch zu machen) die Siitze der Logik und Mathematik deduzierten. Bei einem solchen Vorgehen erhebt sich natiirlich sofort die Frage, ob das an die Spitze gestellte System von Axiomen und Schlu6prinzipien vollstiindig ist, d. h. wirklich dazu ausreicht, jeden logisch-mathematischen Satz zu deduzieren, oder ob vielleicht wahre (und nach anderen Prinzipien eventuell auch beweisba.re) Satze denkbar sind, welche in dem betreffenden System nicht abgeleitet werden konnen. Fiir den Bereich der logischen Aussageformeln ist diese Frage in positivem Sinn entschieden, d. h. man hat gezeigt,2 daS tatsachlich jede richtige Aussageformel aus den in den Principia mathematica angegebenen Axiomen folgt. Hier soll dasselbe fiir einen weiteren Bereich von Formeln, namlich fiir die des “engeren Funktionenkalkiils”,3 geschehen, d. h. es soll gezeigt werden:
Introductory note to 1990b, 1991 and 1992b
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

Gödel’s 1991 was undoubtedly the most exciting and the most cited article in mathematical logic and foundations to appear in the first eighty years of this century. An abstract of it, 1990b, was presented to the Vienna Academy of Sciences by Hans Hahn on 23 October 1930. The full text of 1991 was received on 17 November 1930 for publication in Monatshefte fii.r Mathematik und Physik. The note 1992b, dated 22 January 1931, gave a more general presentation of Gödel’s 1991 theorems using Peano arithmetic instead of the simple theory of types as the basic system.
Einige metamathematische Resultate iiber Entscheidungsdefinitheit und Widerspruchsfreiheit (1990b)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

Überbaut man die Peano’schen Axiome mit der Logik der Principia mathematica1 (natiirliche Zahlen als Individuen) samt Auswahlaxiom (fiir alle Typen), so entsteht ein formales System S, fiir welches folgende Satze gelten: I. Das System S ist nicht entscheidungsdefinit, d. h. es gibt darin Satze A (und solche sind auch angebbar), fiir welche weder A noch A beweisbar it is thus also independent of the semi-formal system PA+ consisting of PA with all the true IJ? sentences added (since the sentence expressing the I-consistency of PA is equivalent to the consistency of PA+).m However, by the proof theory of PA, which extends to PA+, these sentences have the same “provably recursive functions” (i.e., there are no new recursive functions determined by provable rrg statements). What is essentially involved is that the function determined by the rrg Paris-Harrington statement majorizes all the provably recursive functions of PA (as shown in another way by Ketonen and Solovay in 1981 ).

Auswahlaxiom
Some metamathematical results on completeness and consistency (1930b)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

Selbst wenn man alle logischen Hilfsmittel der Principia mathematica (insbesondere also erweiterten Funktionenkalkiil1 und Auswahlaxiom) in der Metamathematik zulaBt, gibt es keinen Widerspruchs/reiheitsbeweis fiir das System S (um so weniger, wenn man die Beweismittel irgendwie beschrankt). Ein Widerspruchsfreiheitsbeweis des Systems S ,kann also nur mit Hilfe von SchluBweisen gefiihrt werden, die im System S selbst nicht formalisiert sind, und Analoges gilt auch fiir andere formale Systeme, etwa das Zermelo-Frankel’sche Axiomensystem der Mengenlehre.
On formally undecidable propositions of Principia mathematica and related systems i1 (1931)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

The development of mathematics toward greater precision has led, as is well known, to the formalization of large tracts of it, so that one can prove any theorem using nothing but a few mechanical rules. The most comprehensive formal systems that have been set up hitherto are the system of Principia mathematica (PM)2 on the one hand and the Zermelo-Fraenkel axiom system of set theory (further developed by J. von Neumann )3 on the other. These two systems are so comprehensive that in them all methods of proof today used in mathematics are formalized, that is, reduced to a few axioms and rules of inference. One might therefore conjecture that these axioms and rules of inference are sufficient to decide any mathematical question that can at all be formally expressed in these systems. It will be shown below that this is not the case, that on the contrary there are in the two systems mentioned relatively simple problems in the theory of integers4 that cannot be decided on the basis of the axioms.
Review of von Juhos 1930: The problem of mathematical probability (1931g)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

The object of this monograph is to present an analysis of the notions and fundamental principles underlying the calculus of mathematical probabilities, and in particular to purge them of all empirical impurities. To attain this goal (that is, a purely logical construction), the physical events (drawing of balls, etc.) considered in the calculus of probabilities are thought of as being replaced by “arbitrary acts of choice”, which are supposed to be “absolutely random events that are not spatio-temporally conditioned (hence unreal)” and therefore “purely logical constructs”. Mathematical probability is ultimately defined as a fraction associated with certain proposen Aussagefunktionen zugeordneter Bruch, namlich das Verhaltnis der Anzahl derjenigen Argumente, welche die betreffende Aussagefunktion zu einem wahren Satz machen, zur Anzahl derjenigen, welche sie zu einem sinnvollen Satz machen. In einem Anhang wird auf das Verhii.ltnis zum physikalischen Wahrscheinlichkeitsbegriff eingegangen.