bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrodynamic function of dorsal and anal fins in brook trout(Salvelinus fontinalis)
Authors: Standen E. M. , Lauder G. V.
Published: January 2007

Recent kinematic and hydrodynamic studies on fish median fins have shown that dorsal fins actively produce jets with large lateral forces. Because of the location of dorsal fins above the fish's rolling axis, these lateral forces, if unchecked, would cause fish to roll. In this paper we examine the hydrodynamics of trout anal fin function and hypothesize that anal fins,located below the fish's rolling axis, produce similar jets to the dorsal fin and help balance rolling torques during swimming. We simultaneously quantify the wake generated by dorsal and anal fins in brook trout by swimming fish in two horizontal light sheets filmed by two synchronized high speed cameras during steady swimming and manoeuvring. Six major conclusions emerge from these experiments.

First, anal fins produce lateral jets to the same side as dorsal fins,confirming the hypothesis that anal fins produce fluid jets that balance those produced by dorsal fins. Second, in contrast to previous work on sunfish,neither dorsal nor anal fins produce significant thrust during steady swimming; flow leaves the dorsal and anal fins in the form of a shear layer that rolls up into vortices similar to those seen in steady swimming of eels. Third, dorsal and anal fin lateral jets are more coincident in time than would be predicted from simple kinematic expectations; shape, heave and pitch differences between fins, and incident flow conditions may account for the differences in timing of jet shedding. Fourth, relative force and torque magnitudes of the anal fin are larger than those of the dorsal fin; force differences may be due primarily to a larger span and a more squarely shaped trailing edge of the anal fin compared to the dorsal fin; torque differences are also strongly influenced by the location of each fin relative to the fish's centre of mass. Fifth, flow is actively modified by dorsal and anal fins resulting in complex flow patterns surrounding the caudal fin. The caudal fin does not encounter free-stream flow, but rather moves through incident flow greatly altered by the action of dorsal and anal fins. Sixth, trout anal fin function differs from dorsal fin function; although dorsal and anal fins appear to cooperate functionally, there are complex interactions between other fins and free stream perturbations that require independent dorsal and anal fin motion and torque production to maintain control of body position.
Pd-catalyzed Coupling Reaction of Allyl and Propargyl Ethers with Chlorosilanes
Authors: Naitoh Yoshitaka , Bando Fumiaki , Terao Jun , Otsuki Kazutaka , Kuniyasu Hitoshi , Kambe Nobuaki
Published: January 2007

Pd-catalyzed synthesis of allylsilanes from chlorosilanes and allyl ethers is described. The reaction proceeds efficiently at room temperature by the use of phenyl or vinyl Grignard reagent in the presence of palladium catalysts. The present method can also be applied to synthesis of propargylsilanes by the use of propargyl ethers.
Low Dielectric Loss Copolymer Obtained from 2,6-Dimethylphenol and 2-Allyl-6-methylphenol via Cu-catalyzed Oxidative Coupling Polymerization
Authors: Nunoshige Jun , Akahoshi Haruo , Shibasaki Yuji , Ueda Mitsuru
Published: January 2007

A method for synthesizing a novel thermosetting poly(2-allyl-6-methylphenol-co-2,6-dimethylphenol) (Allyl-PPE) with a narrow molecular weight distribution (MWD) has been developed. Allyl-PPE was prepared by a pyridine/copper(I) chloride-catalyzed oxidative coupling polymerization of 2-allyl-6-methylphenol (10 mol %) with 2,6-dimethylphenol (90 mol %), using large amounts of pyridine. Allyl-PPE with a narrow MWD showed a lower dielectric constant (ε′) and dielectric loss tangent (tan δ) than copolymers with a broad MWD.
Photoswitching of Fluorescence Based on Intramolecular Electron Transfer
Authors: Odo Yuka , Fukaminato Tuyoshi , Irie Masahiro
Published: January 2007

A fluorescent diarylethene derivative, which changes fluorescence intensity based on the photocontrol of intramolecular electron transfer, was designed and synthesized. In polar solvents, the fluorescence intensity decreased upon irradiation with UV light and recovered upon irradiation with visible light.
Weekend versus working day: differences in telemetric blood pressure in male Wistar rats
Authors: Schreuder M F , Fodor M , van Wijk J A E , Delemarre-van de Waal H A
Published: January 2007

Blood pressure (BP) is a frequently monitored parameter in research. Various methods are used to obtain BP values in animal models, but telemetry is the method of choice because it allows for continuous monitoring in conscious and freely moving animals. However, factors due to the animal facility, like activities and sound, can still influence measurements. We, therefore, retrospectively compared BP values in adult male Wistar rats during working hours with values from non-working days.

Telemetry devices were implanted according to standard protocol. Values were obtained at the age of 6 and 12 months during working hours (Friday 10:00–16:00 h, lights on 06:00–18:00 h) and compared with data from the average of Saturday 10:00–16:00 h and Sunday 10:00–16:00 h, representing non-working days.

Data were available from 12 and 7 rats at 6 months and 12 months of age respectively. Relative differences in heart rate, spontaneous locomotor activity, systolic and diastolic BP were 2.2% ( P<0.001), 32.9% ( P<0.05), 3.2% ( P<0.05) and 3.7% ( P<0.05), respectively, with no differences between the age groups.

We have shown a significant and important difference between BP values obtained during working hours and non-working days using telemetry in adult male Wistar rats. This phenomenon has implications for the interpretation of BP measurements in animals.
The impact of tail tip amputation and ink tattoo on C57BL/6JBomTac mice
Authors: Sørensen Dorte Bratbo , Stub Charlotte , Jensen Henrik Elvang , Ritskes-Hoitinga Merel , Hjorth Peter , Ottesen Jan Lund , Hansen Axel Kornerup
Published: January 2007

Genetic material for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern blot analysis on transgenic mice is normally obtained by tail biopsy. Additionally, it may be necessary to tattoo the mice, as it is essential to have a good and permanent identification. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of amputating the tip of the tail to obtain a biopsy for genetic analysis and of ink tattooing on welfare in C57BL/6J mice, a strain often used as genetic background for transgenes. The behaviour of the animals, fluctuating asymmetry (FA, a measure of developmental instability) and the level of restitution in the remaining part of the tail were evaluated and used for an assessment of the impact of these procedures on the welfare of the animals. One group of mice was marked by tail tattooing at various ages. Another group of mice were tail amputated at 12 or 20 days of age. Body weight and FA were followed, and at the end of the experiment, the level of fear/anxiety was assessed using a light–dark box. In the group of tail-amputated animals observation of climbing behaviour and a beam walking test for balance was performed. Seven weeks after tail amputation, the animals were euthanized. The remaining part of the tail was evaluated histopathologically. Body weight, behaviour in the light–dark box and balance test results were not influenced by tail amputation or tattooing. FA was only transiently increased by tattooing. Climbing behaviour was reduced just after tail amputation at 20 days of age. No signs of neuromas were found in the amputated tails, but seven weeks after amputation a significant number of mice did not have fully regenerated glandular tissue and hair follicles in the tail. It is concluded that both tail amputation and tail tattooing seem to have minor short-term negative effects on welfare and that the tissues on the tail probably do not regenerate fully after amputation.
Spontaneous trichoepithelioma in a laboratory mouse: gross, microscopic and immunohistochemical findings
Authors: Martín de las Mulas J , Molina A M , Millán Y , Carrasco L , Moyano R , Mozos E
Published: January 2007

A spontaneous trichoepithelioma occurred in a Swiss OF1 outbred, four-month-old, intact, nulliparous female mouse from a breeding colony. At necropsy, the tumour was a single, well-delineated mass measuring 4.2 cm in major diameter, located in the thoracic region and had an intact haired surface. The regional lymph nodes were not enlarged and no other abnormalities were found. Microscopically, it was composed of a random admixture of budding epithelial islands and cystic structures variable in size. The epithelial islands were composed of basaloid cells. The cystic structures were lined by squamous epithelium with or without a granular cell layer and contained lamellar or amorphous keratin, as well as wide areas of matrical keratinization (ghost cells) with or without a peripheral layer of basaloid cells and calcified contents. Mitotic activity of basaloid cells was moderate to high, but nuclear or mitotic atypia were not observed. High and low molecular weight cytokeratins, profilaggrin and involucrin expression were observed in the tumour. The immunohistochemical profile of this rare type of tumour of the skin of mice, which includes a first-time description of involucrin expression, confirms the histological evidence of differentiation towards more than one segment of follicular epithelium.
A novel and simple method for endotracheal intubation of mice
Authors: Spoelstra E N , Ince C , Koeman A , Emons V M , Brouwer L A , van Luyn M J A , Westerink B H C , Remie R
Published: January 2007

Endotracheal intubation in mice is necessary for experiments involving intratracheal instillation of various substances, repeated pulmonary function assessments and mechanical ventilation. Previously described methods for endotracheal intubation in mice require the use of injection anaesthesia to immobilize the animal during the intubation procedure or the use of a volatile anaesthetic prior to intubation for immobilization. With these methods, the control of anaesthetic depth during the intubation procedure is absent.

We describe a method for simple and rapid intratracheal intubation in mice for mechanical ventilation, using a self-built plastic support to facilitate the intubation procedure. General anaesthesia is maintained by means of inhalation through a non-rebreathing circuit connected to the plastic support. This set-up gives the operator control of anaesthetic depth and sufficient time to perform the intubation procedure. A purpose-made laryngoscopic blade is used to facilitate the intubation tube entering the trachea. The blade of the purpose-made laryngoscope is constructed as a retraction guide and is curved for easy handling. Under direct vision, the epiglottis is gently lifted by the laryngoscopic blade while the intubation tube is pushed into the trachea.

Following this novel intubation technique, we were able to mechanically ventilate mice for at least 2 h without severely disturbing blood gases. Histological evaluation of the lungs and microscopic evaluation of the trachea and larynx showed no signs of trauma related to the intubation technique or mechanical ventilation.
Anastomotic stenting in a porcine aortoiliac graft model
Authors: Bünger C M , Grabow N , Hauenstein K , Ketner L , Kröger Chr , Sternberg K , Kramer S , Lootz D , Schmitz K-H , Kreutzer H J , Klar E , Schareck W
Published: January 2007

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the feasibility of anastomotic stent application in a porcine aortoiliac graft model. In a total of 10 pigs, a polytetrafluoroethylene aortobi-iliac graft was implanted through a midline abdominal incision. The lower edge of the iliac vessel was graft-inverted about 1 mm to produce irregularities at the downstream anastomosis. After transverse graft incision, six stainless-steel stents, six poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) stents and four PLLA stents with 10% polycaprolactone (PCL) were implanted at the iliac anastomotic site using a 6 mm balloon dilatation catheter. Four anastomotic sites were left untreated. After two weeks, the patency of graft limbs was evaluated by contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT). Both metal and polymeric stent designs provided adequate flexibility to manoeuvre across the anastomotic site for expansion in the chosen position. After deployment, the stent–arterial wall contact was complete on a macroscopic view. On CT scan, all metal and PLLA-stented graft limbs were free of stenosis, whereas all PLLA/PCL stents were occluded. The non-stented graft limbs showed a stenosis of 50–70%. In summary, this model is feasible to assess preclinically the deployment and patency rate of an anastomotic stent and to test future stent developments.
How isoflavone levels in common rodent diets can interfere with the value of animal models and with experimental results
Authors: Jensen M Nygaard , Ritskes-Hoitinga M
Published: January 2007

Phytoestrogens are a diverse group of plant-derived compounds structurally or functionally mimicking mammalian oestrogens. A variety of effects, in vitro, in animal models and in humans, have been attributed to these compounds. It is generally not appreciated that many commercial rodent diets are formulated with soy as a source of protein and thus large daily doses of phytoestrogens in the form of isoflavones are delivered to the animals. The content of isoflavones in laboratory diets depends on a number of factors and, therefore, varies considerably, both between different formulations, and also from batch to batch of the same formulation. Dietary isoflavones can influence a number of different endpoints, rendering the dietary levels of such compounds an important experimental factor to consider. The levels of isoflavones in common laboratory diets are reviewed in relation to the dietary levels influencing different endpoints.
Rederivation of Helicobacter hepaticus-infected Mongolian gerbils by Caesarean section and cross-fostering to rats and mice
Authors: Glage S , Dorsch M , Hedrich H J , Bleich A
Published: January 2007

The Mongolian gerbil serves as an animal model for a wide range of diseases. As these animals are extensively used for the study of Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis, naturally occurring infections with rodent Helicobacter species in gerbils are a possible source of interference in studies of H. pylori-associated disease. The gerbil stock at the Central Animal Facility in Hannover was persistently infected with H. hepaticus. The aim of this study was to derive Helicobacter species-free Mongolian gerbils. Therefore, germfree gerbil pups were obtained by Caesarean section and the pups were transferred to female rats and mice with recently delivered litters. In total, four Ztm:NMRI mice, four Ztm:SPRD rats and one DA/Ztm rat that originated from a specified pathogen-free area were selected to serve as foster mothers. With this approach, it was possible to obtain Helicobacter-free gerbils. Rearing by mice was more successful than by rats, as six of nine gerbils were reared by mice, but only one of 29 gerbils was reared by rats.
Should laboratory mice be anaesthetized for tail biopsy?
Authors: Arras Margarete , Rettich Andreas , Seifert Burkhardt , Käsermann Hans Peter , Rülicke Thomas
Published: January 2007

Tail biopsies are routinely taken to genotype genetically modified mice. However, the effect of this procedure on the wellbeing of the animals has rarely been investigated. Thus, it has not yet been clearly demonstrated to what extent the mice suffer from tail biopsy (TB) and for how long. The aim of our study was to assess the impact of a single TB on the physiological and behavioural parameters of adult mice and to investigate whether or not anaesthesia can be beneficial. Body weight (BW) curves, daily food/water consumption and telemetric measurements of heart rate, body core temperature, and locomotor activity were recorded for three days following TB, both with and without anaesthesia with methoxyflurane (MOF) or diethylether (ether). Additionally, the impact of anaesthesia alone was characterized. TB without anaesthesia induced an increase in heart rate and locomotor activity for 1 h. Body core temperature was elevated for 2 h. In contrast, heart rate was increased for up to 4 h after anaesthesia. Body core temperature remained altered for up to 20 h after exposure to ether and for 44 h after exposure to MOF. BW was slightly reduced after MOF. Cases of death occurred exclusively under ether at a rate of 7%. Our results indicate a short-lived impact of a TB, whereas anaesthesia with either MOF or ether induced remarkable alterations in the parameters analysed. In conclusion, these types of anaesthesia did not improve mouse wellbeing following tail biopsy.
Evaluation of the efficacy of a novel electronic pain assessment device, the Pain Gauge®, for measuring postoperative pain in rats
Authors: Richardson C A , Niel L , Leach M C , Flecknell P A
Published: January 2007

One of the major challenges for individuals working with laboratory animals is the recognition and alleviation of pain. The Pain Gauge® is marketed as a pain assessment device that measures electrodermal activity. To establish whether the Pain Gauge® is effective in assessing postoperative pain in laboratory rats, preoperative and postoperative pain gauge scores ('pain scores') were obtained from 67 rats. Rats were randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups (laparotomy, craniotomy or control) and to one of four analgesic groups (meloxicam [2 mg/kg s.c.] or parecoxib [1, 5 or 20 mg/kg i.v.]). Five consecutive 'pain scores' were obtained from each animal at each of five time points (preprocedure, and at 1, 2, 3 and 4 h postoperatively). Overall there was a significant difference between 'pain scores' at different time points; mainly a decrease at 1 h postoperatively compared with the preoperative scores. There was no overall increase in postoperative 'pain scores' in the rats that were most likely to suffer from postoperative pain (rats given a lower dose of analgesic that underwent a surgical procedure) compared with rats that did not undergo a potentially painful procedure (rats in anaesthesia-only/control group). Therefore it was concluded that the Pain Gauge® is ineffective in assessing postoperative pain in rats in this study.
Visual documentation of ovine pituitary gland development with magnetic resonance imaging following zeranol treatment
Authors: Carroll J A , Walker M A , Hartsfield S M , McArthur N H , Welsh T H
Published: January 2007

The objective of the current study was to determine whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) could be successfully utilized to document the effect of an oestrogenic anabolic agent on pituitary gland growth. The experimental animals consisted of two 1/2 sibling Suffolk wethers (castrated rams), which received either no implant (control, n = 1) or a 24 mg zeranol implant at day 0 and day 42 (zeranol; n = 1). Animals were anaesthetized with propofol and supported with oxygen during the MRI procedure. A mobile MRI unit with a 0.5 tesla (T), superconducting magnet was used to obtain 3 mm thick, non-contrast enhanced, T1-weighted (TR 500–600, TE25) sagittal, transverse and dorsal images of the pituitary gland. Sagittal images were recorded only when the mesencephalic aqueduct and infundibulum were distinctly visible in the same image. Pituitary glands were imaged at 14-day intervals for 70 days to determine if and when the anabolic effects of zeranol on pituitary gland growth could be visualized using MRI techniques. Three separate measurements of the pituitary gland dimensions made with the on-screen cursor were averaged to calculate pituitary gland dimensions and volume. A computer-assisted image analysis system and laser film images were used to determine pituitary gland area. Increases in pituitary gland volume for control and zeranol-treated animals were evident within 14 days, and by the end of the 70-day study, the increase in pituitary volume for the zeranol-treated animal was three times greater than that of the control animal. Overall, our results indicate that MRI technology can be successfully used to document the development of the pituitary gland in vivo. Application of knowledge gained from this novel approach to study the growth, development and function of endocrine glands over time, and within the same animal, will enhance human and animal endocrine diagnostic procedures.
Induction of heart failure: haemodynamic comparison of three different canine models
Authors: Djelmami-Hani M , Kazemi S , Hare J , Chekanov Valeri S
Published: January 2007

We compared three methods: arteriovenous anastomosis, doxorubicin administration, and combination of anastomosis and doxorubicin, with the intention of designing a simple, stable model of chronic heart failure. Twelve dogs were divided into three groups of four. One group received carotid-jugular anastomosis (Ana series), another group received anastomosis and doxorubicin injection (A/D series), and the last group received only doxorubicin (Dox series). Animals were followed for eight weeks. Fifteen different haemodynamic parameters were tracked and compared to baseline values. After eight weeks, diastolic pressure in the right atrium increased from 3.8±2.0 mmHg at baseline to 5.3±5.9 mmHg in the Ana series, to 6.3±3.3 mmHg in the Dox series and to 8.0±2.0 mmHg in the A/D series ( P<0.05 A/D vs. baseline). Systolic pulmonary wedge pressure increased from 11.6±2.0 mmHg at baseline to 15.5±3.4 mmHg in the Ana series, 14.0±3.7 mmHg in the Dox series and 17.3±4.2 mmHg in the A/D series ( P = NS vs. baseline). Left ventricular ejection fraction decreased from 53.9±10% at baseline to 36.1±5.6% in the Ana series ( P<0.05 vs. baseline), 31.5±5.4% in the Dox series ( P<0.05 vs. baseline) and 25.8±5.8% in the A/D series ( P<0.001 vs. baseline, P<0.05 vs. Ana series and Dox series). In conclusion, eight weeks are not enough to produce stable heart failure using arteriovenous anastomosis alone. Doxorubicin administration alone produces a left ventricular failure. However, a combination of both of these interventions provides a more stable model of right-and left-sided heart failure
The effect of preweaning and postweaning housing on the behaviour of the laboratory mouse (Mus musculus)
Authors: Marques J M , Olsson I A S
Published: January 2007

Standard housing for laboratory mice severely restricts natural behaviour and the control that the animal has over its environment. Providing the cage with objects is a method that has been used to both increase environmental complexity, promote the performance of natural behaviour and provide greater controllability for the animal. This method of furnishing cages has mostly been studied in adult animals, and little is known about the influence that the preweaning environment has on the behaviour of mice as adults. This study aimed to investigate the effects on mice behaviour of preweaning and postweaning housing environment.

In this experiment, 64 pairs of animals of the strain C57BL/6J were used. Half of the animals were born and reared until weaning in standard cages and the other half in cages twice the size of the standard and furnished with nesting material, a cardboard tube, a PVC nest box and a wooden chewblock. After weaning, half the animals in each group were changed to the other type of cage, whereas the other half remained in the same environment; in both cases they were kept in single-sex pairs of littermates. Behaviour during the dark, active period was studied through video recordings.

We found no main effects of preweaning environment on behaviour; however, mice moved from furnished to standard cages at weaning showed a decrease in inactive behaviour at four weeks of age. Mice housed after weaning in standard cages spent less time inactive, and more time engaging in activities like feeding and drinking, self-grooming and allogrooming. A sex difference was also found, in that females showed a greater performance of exploratory behaviour as well as a greater prevalence of stereotypies. The use of different objects and locations within the furnished cage was also analysed at both ages. Results show that at eight weeks of age mice spent more time at the top of the cage, and that the use of the nest box (although not for resting) increased between four and eight weeks. Mice were found to use the nest box as a nesting site/sleeping place only at age four weeks, whereas they always used the nesting material for sleeping.
Ketamine does not affect intestinal microcirculation in pentobarbital-anaesthetized rats during experimental endotoxaemia
Authors: Lehmann Ch , Feyerherd F , Feyerherd Th , Fogliata M , Gründling M , Usichenko T I , Meissner K , Wendt M , Pavlovic D
Published: January 2007

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of ketamine on intestinal microcirculation in pentobarbital-anaesthetized rats during experimental endotoxaemia. A prospective, randomized, controlled study was carried out using 32 male Lewis rats. The animals were divided into four groups ( n = 8 each). All animals were initially anaesthetized with 60 mg/kg pentobarbital (i.p.). Group 1 served as a control (18.5 mg/kg/h pentobarbital i.v.). Groups 2 and 4 received an endotoxin intravenous infusion of 15 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli. Groups 3 and 4 also received 10 mg/kg/h ketamine (i.v.). After 2 h of observation, the animals were examined for intestinal functional capillary density (FCD) and leukocyte adherence to the venular endothelium by means of intravital fluorescence microscopy (IVM). Subsequent to this examination, blood samples were collected to determine release of the cytokines tumour necrosis factor (TNF)- α, interleukin (IL)-1 β, IL-6 and IL-10. Endotoxaemia tended to decrease intestinal FCD (mucosa: −10.1%, muscularis longitudinalis: −2%, muscularis circularis: −9.8%) and significantly increase leukocyte adherence within submucosal venules (collecting venules: +133%, postcapillary venules: +207%; P<0.05). TNF- α, IL-1 β, IL-6 and IL-10 levels were significantly elevated following endotoxin challenge. The addition of ketamine to pentobarbital anaesthesia did not significantly affect FCD, leukocyte behaviour or cytokine levels. In conclusion, intravenous pentobarbital anaesthesia with the additional administration of ketamine did not cause alterations within the microcirculation or changes in cytokine release during endotoxaemia. In rats, the combination of pentobarbital and ketamine is suitable for use during the study of intestinal microcirculation in experimental endotoxaemia.
Method of intracranial pressure monitoring and cerebrospinal fluid sampling in swine
Authors: Kaiser Gernot M , Frühauf Nils R
Published: January 2007

Cerebral oedema and encephalopathy have been noted to occur frequently in patients severely ill or dying after trauma, ischaemia, infections or even metabolic disorders. The objective of the present study was to establish continuous monitoring of the intracranial pressure (ICP) and sampling of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for further investigations in swine.

ICP monitoring was established in eight pigs by using a ventricular drainage system, implemented after paramedian trepanation of the os frontale. CSF and serum samples were taken for measurement of the levels of glucose and protein.

Operating time was 21±8 min for the trepanation until ICP monitoring was performed. No complications occurred during surgery. Continuous monitoring of ICP and CSF sampling was easy to perform, and without any side-effects in any animal. At autopsy, no iatrogenic lesions were found and monitoring catheters were still in place.

For several types of research requiring ICP monitoring and sampling of CSF, this method can be used successfully.
Anthropometrical parameters and markers of obesity in rats
Authors: Novelli E L B , Diniz Y S , Galhardi C M , Ebaid G M X , Rodrigues H G , Mani F , Fernandes A A H , Cicogna A C , Novelli Filho J L V B
Published: January 2007

The present study was undertaken to determine anthropometrical parameters in male adult Wistar rats. We tested the hypothesis that the anthropometrical index may identify obesity and may predict its adverse effects on lipid profile and oxidative stress in rats. Two experimental protocols were performed. In the first experiment, 50 male Wistar rats, 21 days old and fed a control chow were studied up to 150 days of age. In the second experiment, male Wistar rats, 60 days old, were divided into three groups ( n = 8): control (C) given free access to a control chow; (S) receiving the control chow and drinking 30% sucrose ad libitum and (HC) fed a high-carbohydrate diet ad libitum. The first experiment showed that food consumption, energy intake and body weight increased with increasing age, while specific rate of body mass gain was significantly decreased. There were no significant differences in body length and thoracic circumference of rats from 60 days of age. The abdominal circumference (AC) and body mass index (BMI) significantly increased with enhancing age in rats up to 90 days of age and remained constant thereafter. In the second experiment, after 30 days of dietary treatment, the final body weight, body mass gain, carcass fat and BMI were higher in S and HC rats than in C. There were no significant alterations in body length and carcass protein among the groups. Triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (CT), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and lipid hydroperoxide (LH) were higher in S and HC rats than in C. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) decreased in HC rats and total antioxidant substances (TAS) decreased in S and HC rats. There were positive correlations between BMI with carcass fat, BMI with LH and BMI and serum TG concentration. In conclusion, the BMI for male adult Wistar rats ranged between 0.45 and 0.68 g/cm2. Obesity may be easily estimated from the BMI in rats. Alterations in BMI were associated with dyslipidemic profile and oxidative stress in serum of rats and BMI may predict these adverse consequences of the obesity in rats.
Alternative Fuels for Transportation
Authors: Demirbas Ayhan
Published: January 2007

There are four alternative fuels that can be relatively easily used in conventional CI engines: Vegetable oil, bio-diesel, Fischer-Tropsch (F-T), and dimethyl ether (DME). Both F-T and DME can be manufactured from natural gas and are, therefore, not limited by feedstock availability. The main advantage of the diesel engine is that the level of efficiency is greater than in the Otto cycle engine. Gasoline is a blend of hydrocarbons with some contaminants, including sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and certain metals. The four major constituent groups of gasoline are olefins, aromatics, paraffins, and napthenes. The main alternative fuels include alcohol, liquefied petroleum gas, compressed natural gas, hydrogen, and electricity for operation gasoline type vehicles.
Trend Analysis for the Projection of Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Authors: Tutmez Bulent
Published: January 2007

Carbon dioxide is one of the most foremost greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide emission is very crucial for both health and environment. Trend analysis approach was employed for modeling world total carbon dioxide emissions from the consumption of coal and all fossil fuels (petroleum, flaring of natural gas, natural gas, and coal). The results obtained from the analyses showed that the models can be used for CO2 emission projections into the future planning.
Turkey's Main Energy Sources and Importance of Usage in Energy Sector
Authors: Kiliç Ahmet Mahmut
Published: January 2007

The aim of this article is to investigate Turkey's main energy sources and importance of its usage in the energy sector. Turkey is rapidly growing in terms of both its economy and population due to its demand for energy. Domestic coal, geothermal, and hydropower reserves of Turkey are approximately 1% of the world's total. In this respect, Turkey's domestic energy production has not exceeded 40% of its energy demand. For this reason, Turkey is a net energy importer and also the energy demand of Turkey is expected to be doubled between the years 2000 and 2010 and be fourfold between the years 2000 and 2025. Turkish energy policy is mainly concentrated on assurance of energy supply in a reliable manner and sufficiently in time, under economic and clean terms and in a way to support and orientate the target growth and social developments.
Energy Exploitation of Agricultural Biomass Potential in Turkey
Authors: Ozturk H. Huseyin , Bascetincelik Ali
Published: January 2007

The objective of this study is to determine the agricultural biomass potential in terms of types, quantities, regional distribution in Turkey, and to review and assess efficient technologies for energy exploitation of agricultural biomass potential in Turkey. The calorific values of a selection of agricultural residues were determined by stoichiometric analyses. It was found that the total calorific value of the field crop residues was around 228 PJ for the production period of 2002–2003 in Turkey. The major crops that take place in the ratio of the total calorific value are maize (33.4%), wheat (27.6%), and cotton (18.1%). The total calorific value of the fruit residue was 75 PJ. The major fruits are hazelnut (55.8%) and olive (25.9%) for the agricultural biomass. The total calorific values for cow, sheep, and poultry wastes in Turkey were found to be approximately 47.8, 3.6, and 8.7 PJ/year, respectively. Thus, the total agricultural biomass potential was found to be approximately 363.1 PJ/year for the production period of 2002–2003 in Turkey. The available agricultural and animal residues in Turkey have been estimated to be roughly equal to 22–27% of energy consumption in Turkey. However, the actual role of bio-fuels in energy production is minimal. The most efficient way to utilise bio-fuels in energy production is combined heat and power production. The most potential applications to utilise agro-bio-fuels in energy production in Turkey seem to be relatively small-scale applications. The most interesting size of the plant is below 10–20 MW.
Review of Energy Policies in Turkey
Authors: Balat Mustafa
Published: January 2007

The purpose of this work is to investigate energy policies of Turkey. Turkey is a developing country and still has some burdens to overcome regarding social and economic development. Due to its demographic and economic growth, Turkey constitutes a major energy market. Domestic energy production has not exceeded half of energy demand. Turkey's national energy policies are designed to provide the required energy on a timely, reliable, cost effective, environment-friendly, and high-quality basis so as to serve as the driving force of development and social progress.
Contribution of Konya Plain Projects to the National Development in Turkey's Water-Related Energy
Authors: Berktay Ali , Nas Bilgehan , Demirbas Ayhan
Published: January 2007

Konya basin is the largest closed basin in Anatolia. Konya plain project (KOP: Konya Ovasi Projeleri in Turkish) is a comprehensive group of projects, which includes construction of dams, hydroelectric power plants, and irrigation systems as well as providing developments in agricultural infrastructure, transportation industry, water supply, water budged, environmental impacts and in other issues. The KOP is described as being the second big project for the purpose of irrigation after South Eastern Project in Turkey. The KOP comprises 47,720 km2 of area spread over four river basins in Konya closed basin. The KOP consists of 12 projects including nine big scale water projects, two water supply projects, energy projects, and a number of small scale surface, and ground water irrigation projects. The KOP area covers the 73% of the total area that can be irrigated in Konya closed basin. Presently, 308,073 ha of land are irrigated by 12 individual projects in the KOP. In order to reach up to 617,923 ha irrigated area, much effort has been done in the all projects.
Methane Production from Anaerobic Treatment of Volatile Organic Compounds
Authors: Ozdemir Celalettin , Dursun Sukru , Sen Nejdet
Published: January 2007

Worldwide increasing energy problems prompts researchers to find new and renewable energy sources. There are many new studies on energy investigation using different materials and technology. These studies were quite important for continuing development, comfortable life and industrial improvement. This investigation considers the removal of volatile organic compounds frequently found in many wastewaters and methane production following the wastewater treatment. The study was performed on the up flow anaerobic condition sludge blanket reactors. Used volatile organic compounds are trichloroethylene, chloroform, dichloromethane, and TCE. Removal ratio of these compounds were 87.8% trichloroethylene, 96.5% chloroform, 67.1% dichloromethane, and 97.3% tetrachlorethylene. Methane ratios in the gas production were 67.1% for TCE, 72.4% for chloroform, 69.6% dichloromethane and 69.8% tetrachlorethylene.
Energy and Nuclear Power Planning Study for Turkey
Authors: Balat Mustafa
Published: January 2007

The main aim of this work is to investigate Turkey's nuclear energy studies. Turkish officials had long discussed the possibility that nuclear power might help the country address its energy problems. But they canceled plans for building a 1400 MW nuclear power plant at Akkuyu Bay on its Mediterranean coast in July 2000. The cancellation was directly caused by Turkey's economic situation. There has been much opposition to the project for a variety of reasons including a seismic risk in the area where the power plant was to be sited. Given Turkey's desire to diversify its energy sources, nuclear power was expected to remain on the agenda.
Electricity Generation via Unconventional Methods
Authors: Demirbas Ayhan
Published: January 2007

Conventional fossil energy will not be enough to meet the continuously increasing need for energy in the future. In this case, renewable energy sources will become important. Alternative energy sources are increasingly needed for energy in the future. Most electricity in the world is conventionally generated using coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear energy, or hydropower. Due to environmental concerns there is a growing interest in alternative energy sources for heat and electricity production. Some electricity production is done with alternative energy sources like biomass, geothermal, wind, and solar energy.
Technical Assessment of Renewable Sources for Energy Use in Turkey
Authors: Yılmaz Ali Osman
Published: January 2007

The aim of present article is to investigate use of renewable sources for energy in Turkey. Turkey also has a large potential for renewable energies. Turkey has a considerably high level of renewable energy resources that can be a part of the total energy network of the country. The most important renewable sources for Turkey's energy sector are solar in its various forms, wind, biomass, hydro, and geothermal. Renewable sources are the second largest source for energy production after coal. About two thirds of the renewable energy produced is obtained from biomass, while the rest is mainly from hydroelectric energy. In 2003, 25.18% of total electricity production was provided by hydroelectric energy. According to the estimates of the Turkish Ministry of Energy and National Sources, an increase in the production of renewable energy is expected, while a decrease is predicted in total energy requirements.
Assessment of the Wind Energy Potential of Kutahya, Turkey
Authors: Ozgur M. Arif , Kose Ramazan
Published: January 2007

In Turkey, as in various parts of the world, there is almost no wind data of the appropriate quality for an evaluation of wind potential. Therefore, in this study, wind characteristics have been analysed in Kutahya, Turkey. Characteristics such as annual, seasonal, monthly and diurnal wind speed, and wind direction variations are examined between July 1, 2001 and June 30, 2004. A technical assessment has been made of the electricity generation using ALWIN program for the wind turbines that have different sizes between 300 and 2000 kW rated power. The annual energy produced by a Bonus 1 MW/70 wind turbine is estimated to be 1276 MWh for the Dumlupinar University Main Campus. The energy production analysis showed that the average wind speed, which indicates the suitability with small size wind turbines, produces electricity to fulfil the deficient electric power during the peak hours.
Design of a Wind Turbine Working with the Continuity Principal
Authors: Vardar Ali , Eker Bülent
Published: January 2007

In the study, the purpose is to take advantage of low wind potentials and obtain high power values with small rotor diameters. Wind speed is considered to be increased with the help of continuity principle.

With this aim, two different wind tunnel inlet diameters were used, being 5 m and 10 m, while the outled diameters of wind tunnels were chosen as 0,5 – 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 m. The most striking result obtained in this study was the formation of a power of 492352 kW at the outlet of wind tunnel when the inlet diameter of wind tunnel was 10 m, outlet diameter was 0,5 m and the inlet wind speed was 4 m/s. Under these conditions, the wind speed at the wind tunnel outlet reaches 1600 m/s.

A new viewpoint to wind energy technology will be presented if the results obtained in this study are also obtained in empirical studies.
Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) for Irrigation and Hydroelectric Power in Turkey
Authors: Yuksel Ibrahim
Published: January 2007

This paper gives an overview of energy and water potential of the Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) in Turkey. This integrated socioeconomic development project is one of the largest of its kind in the world. The GAP region is rich in water for irrigation and hydroelectric power. The Euphrates and Tigris Rivers represent over 28% of the nation's water supply by rivers, and the economically irrigatable areas in the region make up 20% of those for the entry country. Turkey has a total gross hydropower potential of 433 GWh/yr, but only 125 GWh/yr of the total hydroelectric potential of Turkey can be economically used. By the commissioning of new hydropower plants, which are under construction, 36% of the economically usable potential of the country would be tapped. The GAP region has a 22% share of the country's total hydroelectric potential, with plans for 22 dams and 19 hydroelectric power plants. Once completed, 27 billion kWh of electricity will be generated annually.
Methane Production from Anaerobic Treatment of Volatile Organic Compounds (Voc)
Authors: Ozdemir Celalettin , Dursun Sukru , Sen Nejdet
Published: January 2007

Worldwide increasing energy problems guided to workers to find new and renewable energy sources. There are many new studies on energy investigation using different materials and technology. These studies were quite important for continuing development, comfortable life and industrial improvement. This investigation is considerable for removal of volatile organic compounds (VOC) frequently found in many wastewaters and methane production behind the wastewater treatment. The study performed in the up flow anaerobic condition sludge blanket (UASB) rectors. Used VOC's are trichloroethylene, chloroform, dichloromethane and tetrachlorethylene. Removal ratio of these compounds were 87.8% trichloroethylene (TCE), 96.5% chloroform (CF), 67.1% dichloromethane (DCM) and 97.3% tetrachlorethylene (PCE). Methane ratios in the gas production were 67.1% for trichloroethylene (TCE), 72.4% for chloroform (CF), 69.6% dichloromethane (DCM) and 69.8% tetrachlorethylene (PCE).
An Investigation of Energy versus Exergy Based Optimization for Power Cycles
Authors: Bolattürk Ali , Kanoğlu Mehmet
Published: January 2007

A comparison of optimization studies based on energy and exergy methods and for the ideal and actual working models of common power cycles are performed. The cycles considered include the simple gas-turbine cycle, the regenerative gas-turbine cycle, the regenerative gas turbine cycle with reheating and intercooling, the simple steam cycle, the reheat steam cycle, and the combined gas-vapor cycle. The optimization is performed to determine the optimum pressure ratios in gas-turbine cycles and the optimum boiler pressures in steam cycles that maximize the thermal efficiency of the cycle in energy method and the exergy efficiency in exergy method. The optimum points are also searched for maximizing the net work of the cycle in both energy and exergy methods. The results show that the optimum boiler pressures that maximize the network are identical based on both energy and exergy approaches and for both ideal and actual operating models in simple steam and reheat steam cycles. The optimum boiler pressures that maximize the cycle efficiency are about the same based on both energy and exergy approaches when ideal operations are considered in simple and reheat steam cycles. The optimum points differ when actual operations are considered for these cycles. The optimum pressure ratios that maximize the network are identical based on both energy and exergy approaches but different depending on the selection of an ideal or actual model in simple and regenerative gas-turbine cycles, and in combined cycle. No agreement with respect to the optimum pressure ratios that maximize the cycle efficiency is observed for all types of gas-turbine cycles including the combined cycle.
An Innovative Conceptual Model of Multi Agent System for Control of Distributed Power System Networks Including Green Power Resources
Authors: Raza Syed M. Alamdar , Akbar Muhammad , Kamran Farrukh , Jafri M N
Published: January 2007

The paper proposes an Agent System for multi faceted distributed generation setup with green power generators identifying role and requirements of each agent. The Object Model, treating various agents as Entity/Object is proposed showing their interaction/interfacing. Each entity has been elaborated with its attributes. In addition, the services expected from each agent are highlighted. The Use Case Model is proposed showing assigned role of each agent. Each use case has been elaborated with its purpose, data handling, stimuli and responses. A lay out of the sub-systems of each of the proposed main agents has also been included. Subsequently the State Machine Model is proposed showing behavior of system in real time scenarios. Finally the Event Loop Model is appended along with sensor/actuator control process.
Electricity Generation Using Water Lifting Force
Authors: Ozturk Temel , Demirbas Ayhan
Published: January 2007

This study has exhibited the advantage of electricity generation using water lifting force and explained how it is effectively used. Water is a renewable energy source which can be used in electricity generation by using its lifting force (buoyant force). It is important that an electricity generating apparatus using gravity and buoyancy can curtail costs of power generation and prevent environmental pollution and prevent destruction of an ecosystem. The hydraulic ram is an attractive solution for electricity generation where a large gravity flow exists. The wave conversion plant using buoyancy chambers is another solution for electricity generation using water lifting force. There are a good many reasons that water lifting force will be used in future at many ranges for electricity generation.