bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of phorbol ester‐sensitive PKC (c/nPKC) activation on the production of adiponectin in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes
Authors: Ikeda Takahide , Kajita Kazuo , Zhiliang Wu , Hanamoto Takayuki , Mori Ichiro , Fujioka Kei , Okada Hideyuki , Fujikake Takatoshi , Uno Yoshihiro , Morita Hiroyuki , Nagano Isao , Takahashi Yuzo , Ishizuka Tatsuo
Published: May 2009

PPARγ plays a key role in adipocyte specific gene expression. In this study, we assessed the effects of phorbol ester (TPA)‐sensitive PKC (c/nPKC) activation on the expression of adipocyte specific genes and inflammation related genes. Treatment with both TPA and TNFα decreased mRNA levels of PPARγ, aP2, LPL and adiponectin. TNFα, but not TPA, increased IL‐6 and MCP‐1 mRNA levels, Next, we investigated the effects of ligands which activate c/nPKC. Insulin and angiotensin II (AII), but not high glucose, reduced PPARγ, aP2 and adiponectin mRNA levels. AII‐induced suppression of these genes was restored in the presence of Go6976, a specific c/nPKC inhibitor, and candesartan, an AII receptor blocker. The effect of reduced insulin was prevented by Go6976 and LY294002, a specific PI 3‐kinase inhibitors. Our results indicate that activation of c/nPKC could debilitate and/or might deteriorate insulin sensitivity in vivo, through the reduction of PPARγ and adiponectin expression in adipocyte. © 2009 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 61(6): 644–650, 2009
Mechanism of growth inhibition by MicroRNA 145: The role of the IGF‐I receptor signaling pathway
Authors: La Rocca Gaspare , Badin Margherita , Shi Bin , Xu Shi‐Qiong , DeAngelis Tiziana , Sepp‐Lorenzinoi Laura , Baserga Renato
Published: May 2009

MicroRNA 145 (miR145) has been proposed as a tumor suppressor. It was previously shown that miR145 targets the 3′ UTR of the insulin receptor substrate‐1 (IRS‐1) and dramatically inhibits the growth of colon cancer cells. miR145 also targets the type 1 insulin‐like growth factor receptor (IGF‐IR). We show here that an IRS‐1 lacking its 3′ UTR is no longer down‐regulated by miR145 and rescues colon cancer cells from miR145‐induced inhibition of growth. An IGF‐IR resistant to miR145 (again by elimination of its 3′ UTR) is not down‐regulated by miR145 but fails to rescue colon cancer cells from growth inhibition. These and other results, taken together, indicate that down‐regulation of IRS‐1 plays a significant role in the tumor suppressor activity of miR145. J. Cell. Physiol. 220: 485–491, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measurement of deep gray matter perfusion using a segmented true–fast imaging with steady‐state precession (True‐FISP) arterial spin‐labeling (ASL) method at 3T
Authors: Grossman Elan J. , Zhang Ke , An Jing , Voorhees Abram , Inglese Matilda , Ge Yulin , Oesingmann Niels , Xu Jian , Mcgorty Kelly A. , Chen Qun
Published: May 2009

Purpose

To study the feasibility of using the MRI technique of segmented true–fast imaging with steady‐state precession arterial spin‐labeling (True‐FISP ASL) for the noninvasive measurement and quantification of local perfusion in cerebral deep gray matter at 3T.

Materials and Methods

A flow‐sensitive alternating inversion‐recovery (FAIR) ASL perfusion preparation was used in which the echo‐planar imaging (EPI) readout was replaced with a segmented True‐FISP data acquisition strategy. The absolute perfusion for six selected regions of deep gray matter (left and right thalamus, putamen, and caudate) were calculated in 11 healthy human subjects (six male, five female; mean age = 35.5 years ± 9.9).

Results

Preliminary measurements of the average absolute perfusion values at the six selected regions of deep gray matter are in agreement with published values for mean absolute cerebral blood flow (CBF) baselines acquired from healthy volunteers using positron emission tomography (PET).

Conclusion

Segmented True‐FISP ASL is a practical and quantitative technique suitable to measure local tissue perfusion in cerebral deep gray matter at a high spatial resolution without the susceptibility artifacts commonly associated with EPI‐based methods of ASL. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;29:1425–1431. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Contribution of Kv channel subunits to glutamate‐induced apoptosis in cultured rat hippocampal neurons
Authors: Shen Qi‐Jun , Zhao Yu‐Ming , Cao Dong‐Xu , Wang Xiao‐Liang
Published: May 2009

Potassium channel dysfunction has been implicated in apoptosis in many pathological conditions. However, which Kv channel subunit is involved in glutamate‐induced apoptosis remains unknown. In this study, the contributions of nine Kvα and three Kvβ subunits to glutamate‐induced hippocampal neuronal apoptosis were investigated. Results showed that neuronal apoptosis was not obvious with 12 hr incubation of glutamate but increased markedly after 18 hr, which was attenuated by the Kv channel blocker TEA. Among all the Kv subunits investigated, gene and protein expression of Kv2.1 increased significantly before the appearance of neuronal apoptosis, whereas the Kv1.1 mRNA level decreased quickly, and protein expression was reduced gradually after the insult. Seven other Kvα subunits and three Kvβ subunits were not obviously affected over time. In addition, Kv1.1 overexpression could reduce glutamate‐induced hippocampal neuronal apoptosis. Therefore, the alterations of Kv1.1 and Kv2.1 might contribute to glutamate‐induced toxicity in hippocampal neurons. These findings suggest that these two Kv channel subunits may represent potential therapeutic targets for neuropathological conditions in which glutamate‐induced toxicity is thought to contribute to neuronal dysfunction. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sonic hedgehog promotes the generation of myelin proteins by transplanted oligosphere‐derived cells
Authors: Gibney Sinead M. , McDermott Kieran W.
Published: May 2009

The generation of large numbers of functionally relevant cells for transplantation remains central to the use of cell replacement as a therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases. In this study we have analyzed the effect of sonic hedgehog (Shh) pretreatment on the myelinating potential of transplanted oligosphere‐derived cells. The retina was chosen as a model for assessing this myelinating capability because 1) there is a lack of endogenous myelin in the normal rodent retina and 2) the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons are receptive to myelination, once myelinating cells have access to the retinal nerve fiber layer. Initially, oligospheres were generated in the presence of B104 CM but without the addition of Shh. After transplantation, 60% of the animals developed tumors in the eye that had received the transplant and were not analyzed for the presence of myelin. In the remaining retinas, the transplanted oligosphere‐derived cells were not myelin competent, as indicated by the absence of myelin proteins in the retinal nerve fiber layer. In contrast, when B104 CM oligospheres were generated in the presence of Shh, myelin proteins were found in the nerve fiber layer after transplantation. In addition, the amount of myelin proteins synthesized increased with time posttransplantation, with the majority of the nerve fiber layer immunoreactive for these proteins in some retinas after 2 months. This study has demonstrated that growth as oligospheres and endogenously derived growth/differentiation factors alone are not sufficient to induce the differentiation of B104‐treated oligosphere‐derived cells and that pretreating the oligospheres by growth in the presence of Shh before transplantation is essential to induce their myelinating competence. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Raman investigations of TiO2 nanotube substrates covered with thin Ag or Cu deposits
Authors: Roguska A. , Kudelski A. , Pisarek M. , Lewandowska M. , Dolata M. , Janik‐Czachor M.
Published: May 2009

A tubular array of TiO2 nanotubes on Ti matrix was used as a support for Ag or Cu sputter‐deposited layers intended for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) investigations. The composite samples of Ag/TiO2–nanotube/Ti and Cu/TiO2–nanotube/Ti were studied with the aid of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) [and scanning Auger microscopy (SAM)] to reveal their characteristic morphological and chemical features. Raman spectra of pyridine (as a probe molecule) were measured after it had been adsorbed on the TiO2–nanotube/Ti substrates covered with thin Ag or Cu deposit as well as on the bulk electrochemically roughened Ag or Cu reference substrates. It was found that the SERS spectra measured for pyridine adsorbed on the bulk silver substrate were significantly different than the spectra measured on the TiO2–nanotube/Ti substrates covered the Ag layer. The spectra measured for pyridine adsorbed on the Ag/TiO2–nanotube/Ti suggest that on the surface of such a composite substrate there are many Lewis acidic sites. Spectra typical for pyridine adsorbed on acidic sites were observed even after deposition of a relatively thick silver layer (e.g. an Ag layer with an average thickness of 80 nm) on the TiO2–nanotube/Ti support. Our findings suggest that TiO2–nanotube/Ti support is a promising substrate for the preparation of metallic nano‐clusters on a support containing acidic active sites. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural role of polyethylene glycol in the formation of anatase nanocrystalline titania at low temperature
Authors: Priya Srinivasan , Balaji Subramanian , Djaoued Yahia , Robichaud Jacques
Published: May 2009

Anatase nanocrystalline TiO2 thin films were obtained by a sol–gel dip‐coating method, in which the nanocrystallization is effected by a simple hot water treatment of the deposited films at temperatures below 90 °C under atmospheric pressure for 1 h. The dip‐coating sol was prepared by reacting titanium tetra‐n‐butoxide [Ti(OnBu)4] with polyethylene glycol (PEG) in ethanol. Films obtained from a sol that do not contain PEG show no sign of crystallization, demonstrating the importance of PEG in the crystallization process. Raman studies of reaction dynamics show that PEG undergoes a nucleophilic substitution reaction replacing butoxy groups in Ti(OnBu)4. Stoichiometric reactions of Ti(OnBu)4 with PEG in polar and nonpolar solvents were performed, and they yielded different titanium–PEG hybrid polymers, which were isolated and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques such as IR, Raman, solid‐state NMR and MALDI‐TOF‐MS. NMR studies evidenced the location and the way in which PEG is bonded with titanium atoms in the titanium–PEG hybrid polymers. On the basis of these studies, we have proposed structures for these polymers. It is demonstrated that the structure of the obtained polymers plays an important role in the formation of anatase TiO2 nanoparticles in hot water at temperatures below 90 °C under atmospheric pressure. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computational structural analysis of an anti‐L‐amino acid antibody and inversion of its stereoselectivity
Authors: Ranieri Daniel I. , Hofstetter Heike , Hofstetter Oliver
Published: May 2009

The binding site of a monoclonal anti‐L‐amino acid antibody (anti‐L‐AA) was modeled using the program SWISS‐MODEL. Docking experiments with the enantiomers of phenylalanine revealed that the antibody interacts with L‐phenylalanine via hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic contacts, whereas the D‐enantiomer is rejected due to steric hindrance. Comparison of the sequences of this antibody and an anti‐D‐amino acid antibody (anti‐D‐AA) indicates that both immunoglobulins derived from the same germline progenitor. Substitution of four amino acids residues, three in the framework and one in the complementarity determining regions (CDRs), allowed in silico conversion of the anti‐L‐AA into an antibody that stereoselectively binds D‐phenylalanine.
Noncompetitive peak decay analysis of drug–protein dissociation by high‐performance affinity chromatography
Authors: Chen Jianzhong , Schiel John E. , Hage David S.
Published: May 2009

The peak decay method is an affinity chromatographic technique that has been used to examine the dissociation of solutes from immobilized ligands in the presence of excess displacing agent. However, it can be difficult to find a displacing agent that does not interfere with detection of the eluting analyte. In this study, a noncompetitive peak decay method was developed in which no displacing agent was required for analyte elution. This method was evaluated for the study of drug–protein interactions by using it along with high‐performance affinity chromatography to measure the dissociation rate constants forR‐ andS‐warfarin from columns containing immobilized HSA. Several factors were considered in the optimization of this method, including the amount of applied analyte, the column size, and the flow rate. The dissociation rate constants forR‐ andS‐warfarin from HSA were measured at several temperatures by this approach, giving values of 0.56 (±0.01) and 0.66 (±0.01) s–1at pH 7.4 and 37°C. These results were in good agreement with previous values obtained by other methods. This approach is not limited to warfarin and HSA but could be employed in studying additional drug–protein interactions or other systems with weak‐to‐moderate binding.
Molecularly imprinted polymers as affinity‐based separation media for sample preparation
Authors: Haginaka Jun
Published: May 2009

This review article deals with molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) as affinity‐based separation media for sample preparation. An over view of two types of MIPs (molecularly imprinted particle and monolith) used for the sample preparation and modes of molecularly imprinted SPE (online mode, offline mode, on‐column extraction, SPME, and microextraction in packed syringe) is given, focusing on the advantages and disadvantages of these types and modes. Next, problems (template leakage and incompatibility with aqueous conditions) associated with molecularly imprinted SPE and how to overcome those problems are described. Finally, pharmaceutical, food, bioanalytical, and environmental application of molecularly imprinted SPE will be discussed.
Synthesis of polyetherols with isocyanuric ring. Kinetics and mechanisms of reactions, part 1: Reaction between isocyanuric acid and ethylene carbonate
Authors: Lubczak Jacek , Węglowska Elwira
Published: May 2009

The reaction between isocyanuric acid and ethylene carbonate results in the formation of polyetherols. The kinetic and mechanistic studies revealed that the initial step of the reaction is zero order related to ethylene carbonate. The rate‐limiting step is the decomposition of an intermediating dianion of ethylene dicarbonate into ethane‐1,2‐diolate dianion and carbon dioxide. Imide groups of isocyanuric acid inhibit the reaction. The mechanism of reaction was confirmed by spectroscopic methods. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 41: 512–522, 2009
Suzuki Polycondensation: Polyarylenes à la Carte
Authors: Sakamoto Junji , Rehahn Matthias , Wegner Gerhard , Schlüter A. Dieter
Published: May 2009

This review draws a rather comprehensive picture of how Suzuki polycondensation was discovered in 1989 and how it was subsequently developed into the most powerful polymerization method for polyarylenes during the last 20 years. It combines insights into synthetic issues with classes of polymers prepared and touches upon aspects of this method's technological importance. Because a significant part of the developmental work was carried out in industry, the present review makes reference to an unusually large number of patents.

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Preparation of Functional Poly(aroyltriazole)s by Metal‐Free Click Polymerization
Authors: Qin Anjun , Lam Jacky W. Y. , Jim Cathy K. W. , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: May 2009

Functional poly(aroyltriazoles) (PATAs) were synthesized by heating mixtures of bis(aroylacetylene)s and diazides in polar solvents such as DMF/toluene at a moderate temperature of 100 °C with high molecular weights (Mw up to 17 200) and regioregularities (1,4‐regioisomeric ratio up to ∼95%) in high yields (up to ∼95%). The obtained polymers are soluble in common organic solvents and are thermally stable. The PATAs containing triphenylamine units emit visible light and show unique solvatochromism, exhibiting large two‐photon absorption cross sections due to the intramolecular charge transfer between their electron‐donating triphenylamine and electron‐accepting aroyltriazole units. The tetraphenylethene (TPE)‐functionalized polymer shows intriguing aggregation‐induced emission phenomenon, that is, the polymer is weakly emissive in its solution state but emit strongly in its aggregate/solid state with quantum yield of ∼7.1%.
Structural determination of two new steroidal saponins from Smilax china
Authors: Huang Hui‐Lian , Liu Rong‐Hua , Shao Feng
Published: May 2009

Two new steroidal saponins (1 and 2) were isolated from the BuOH fraction of the 70% EtOH extract of the tubes of Smilax china, together with four known analogues, 3–6. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by means of chemical evidence and spectroscopic analyses, including HR‐MS, IR, 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR, and 2D experiments (1H–1H COSY, HSQC and HMBC). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Including friction in the mathematics of classical plasticity
Authors: Chandler H. W. , Sands C. M.
Published: May 2009

In classical plasticity there are clear mathematical links between the dissipation function and the consequent yield function and flow rule. These links help to construct constitutive equations with the minimum of adjustable parameters. Modelling granular materials, however, requires that the dissipation function depends on the current stress state (frictional plasticity) and this changes the mathematical structure—altering the links and invalidating the associated flow rule. In this paper we show, for a large family of dissipation functions, how much of the structure remains intact when frictional dissipation is included. The surviving links are examined using straightforward physically based graphical insight and well‐established mathematical techniques leading to a central result, which provides a mathematical justification for the procedural features of hyperplasticity. This should allow hyperplasticity to be used more widely and certainly with increased confidence.

As an example of the effectiveness of the general method, two specific dissipation functions are constructed from the simple physical concepts of sliding friction and granule damage. One is based on a Drucker–Prager cone and the other a Matsuoka–Nakai cone, both incorporate kinematic hardening and a compactive cap. In each Case a single smooth yield function with consistent flow rules is produced. The computational usefulness of an inequality derived in the paper is demonstrated in the generation of the figures showing yield surfaces and flow directions by means of a simple maximization procedure. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time integration scheme for elastoplastic models based on anisotropic strain‐rate potentials
Authors: Rabahallah Meziane , Balan Tudor , Bouvier Salima , Teodosiu Cristian
Published: May 2009

Modelling of plastic anisotropy requires the definition of stress potentials (coinciding with the yield criteria in case of the associated flow rules) or, alternatively, plastic strain‐rate potentials. The latter approach has several advantages whenever material parameters are determined by means of texture measurements and crystal plasticity simulations. This paper deals with a phenomenological description of anisotropy in elastoplastic rate‐insensitive models by using strain‐rate potentials. A fully implicit time integration algorithm is developed in this framework and implemented in a static‐implicit finite element code. Algorithmic details are discussed, including the derivation of the consistent (algorithmic) tangent modulus and the numerical treatment of the yield condition. Typical sheet forming applications are simulated with the proposed implementation, using the recent non‐quadratic strain‐rate potential Srp2004‐18p. Numerical simulations are carried out for materials that exhibit strong plastic anisotropy. The numerical results confirm that the presented algorithm exhibits the same generality, robustness, accuracy, and time efficiency as state‐of‐the‐art yield criterion‐based algorithms. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functionalization of Copper Surfaces by Plasma Treatments to Improve Adhesion of Epoxy Resins
Authors: Borges Juliano Nestor , Belmonte Thierry , Guillot Jérôme , Duday David , Moreno‐Couranjou Maryline , Choquet Patrick , Migeon Henri‐Noël
Published: May 2009

Adhesion of epoxy resins on copper foils for printed circuit board (PCB) applications is improved by nearly a factor of 5, using surface cleaning and deposition of a 15‐nm‐thick film in a low‐pressure remote plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition process. The cleaning pretreatment, using an N2–O2 oxidizing gas mixture with moderate heating (343 K), gives the best results. This pretreatment removes the carbonaceous contaminants present on the topmost surface of the sample and slightly oxidizes the copper into CuO. This oxide is then reduced during the deposition treatment, presumably by reaction with the aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS) precursor. The surface roughness is unchanged after treatment, thereby showing that the improvement of the copper/epoxy adhesion is only due to the chemistry of the plasma coating. Applying these results to dielectric barrier discharges allows us to achieve the same level of adhesion, which, therefore, does not depend on the process.
On Low Pressure Plasma Processing for Metal Protection
Authors: Palumbo Fabio , d'Agostino Riccardo , Fracassi Francesco , Laera Stefania , Milella Antonella , Angelini Emma , Grassini Sabrina
Published: May 2009

Different processing issues dealing with plasma treatments for corrosion protection of metals are discussed. It is shown that plasma‐deposited inorganic coatings cannot be enough to ensure optimum protection to metal degradation. In particular, designing a suitable plasma pre‐treatment of the metal surface with the right feed gas can enhance the coating performance. The improvement due to pulsed mode deposition and hydrophobic layer coating are also discussed, leading both to one order magnitude increase in the charge transfer resistance with respect to continuous plasma deposited SiOx.
Sputter Deposition of Strain Gauges Using ITO/Ag
Authors: Gerdes Holger , Bandorf Ralf , Heckmann Ulrike , Schmidt Volker , Kricheldorf Hans‐Ulrich , Bräuer Günter
Published: May 2009

In many industrial applications strain gauges are commonly used for measurements of applied forces or the loading status of work pieces. While commercial strain gauges using polyimide foils can cause errors due to influence of humidity, directly applied thin film strain gauges avoid this problems. Besides the improvement of the signal due to avoiding glue and polymer substrate, that can creep and swell, also the gauge factor can be further improved by using new sensor materials. Indium tin oxide (ITO) is a very promising material especially for high temperature application. This paper presents investigations of Ag doped ITO films. The sheet resistance of the films increased first with increase in the silver content up to 20 at.‐%. Further increase in silver led to a decrease in the sheet resistance reaching less than 10 Ω for more than 75 at.‐% silver content of the resulting films. The gauge factor showed a maximum of 6.5 at 20 at.‐% Ag content, while the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) showed zero crossing for approximately 40 at.‐% Ag content.
Size Dependence Surface Activity of Metallic Nanoparticles
Authors: Yaghmaee Maziar S. , Shokri Babak , Rahimipour M. Reza
Published: May 2009

For fundamental research, manipulation of properties, or building functionalized smart nanomaterials via plasma‐enhanced technologies, we need to understand and predict the behavior of materials at nanoscale, which is far different from their bulk properties. Here, we first review a simple thermodynamic‐based theory for size dependency feature of total cohesion (binding) energy of metallic nanoparticles. Then, with regard to the size dependency of cohesion energy, a simple theory for size dependency of enthalpy and Gibbs free energy of formation of metallic nanoparticles will be developed. Moreover, to describe the relative activity of metallic nanoparticles, a hypothesis through the modified classical physico‐chemical formalism of activity of particles in a reactive medium will be presented. Series of computations for size dependency of Gibbs free energy of formation, relative reaction constant (nano to macro), and activity of Zn, Al, Ag, Ga, and W at nanoscale will be presented. Our computational results show that by decreasing the size of the particles to less than 100 nm, the equilibrium reaction constant, rate constant, and consequently the relative activity of particles increase. Our predicted extreme activity at nanoscale confirms the tendency observed in the experiments so far.
Human Factors Programs within Contra Costa County
Authors: Dossey Michael
Published: June 2009

Starting in 1999, regulated industrial facilities in Contra Costa County, California were required to develop Human Factors Programs as part of the Industrial Safety Ordinance (ISO). Human Factors Programs within the County are designed to be a thorough assessment of the interactions between equipment, work processes, procedures, practices, work environment, people, and management systems as they relate to health and safety. Committees were established at each facility to oversee the development, training, and execution of the site‐specific programs. Primary areas of focus in the ongoing implementation of an effective Human Factors Program are periodic assessments and resolution of Latent Conditions, and performance of Management of Organizational Change Assessments before staffing changes. This article describes the steps that facilities in Contra Costa County have taken to develop comprehensive site specific Human Factors Programs. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2009
Varying cluster sizes in trials with clusters in one treatment arm: Sample size adjustments when testing treatment effects with linear mixed models
Authors: Candel Math J. J. M. , Van Breukelen Gerard J. P.
Published: May 2009

Trials in which treatments induce clustering of observations in one of two treatment arms, such as when comparing group therapy with pharmacological treatment or with a waiting‐list group, are examined with respect to the efficiency loss caused by varying cluster sizes. When observations are (approximately) normally distributed, treatment effects can be estimated and tested through linear mixed model analysis. For maximum likelihood estimation, the asymptotic relative efficiency of unequal versus equal cluster sizes is derived. In an extensive Monte Carlo simulation for small sample sizes, the asymptotic relative efficiency turns out to be accurate for the treatment effect, but less accurate for the random intercept variance. For the treatment effect, the efficiency loss due to varying cluster sizes rarely exceeds 10 per cent, which can be regained by recruiting 11 per cent more clusters for one arm and 11 per cent more persons for the other. For the intercept variance the loss can be 16 per cent, which requires recruiting 19 per cent more clusters for one arm, with no additional recruitment of subjects for the other arm. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of Phospholipid Multilayer Patterns of Controlled Size and Thickness by Capillary Assembly on a Microstructured Substrate
Authors: Diguet Antoine , Le Berre Maël , Chen Yong , Baigl Damien
Published: May 2009

By dragging a phospholipid solution on microstructured silicon surfaces, phospholipid molecules are selectively deposited inside the microstructures to get regular phospholipid multilayer patterns of controlled thickness over a large scale (∼cm2). By varying the dragging speed, the thickness of the patterns varies between 28 and 100 nm on average (7 to 25 bilayers). Electroswelling of phospholipid multilayer patterns leads to the formation of giant liposomes of controlled size and narrow size distributions.
Evaluation of progressive collapse potential of steel moment frames considering catenary action
Authors: Kim Jinkoo , An Dawoon
Published: May 2009

This study investigated the effect of catenary action on the progressive collapse potential of steel moment framed structures. Non‐linear static and dynamic analyses of three‐ and six‐story model structures with and without bracing were carried out following the alternate path method recommended by the General Services Administration 2003. According to the non‐linear static push‐down analysis results, the contribution of catenary action and the progressive collapse potential of structures increased as the number of story and the number of bay increased. The effect of catenary action increased significantly in braced frames, in which the movement of beam–column joints were fully restrained until the tensile capacity of beams located both sides of the removed column reached their maximum values. The non‐linear dynamic analyses showed that the maximum deflection caused by sudden removal of a column decreased when the catenary action was taken into account. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical shifts of Cr Kα and Kβ1, 3 lines by WDXRF spectrometry
Authors: Baydaş E. , Öz E.
Published: May 2009

Chemical shift and full widths at half maximum (FWHM) intensity of chromium Kα and Kβ1, 3 lines were examined for 12 kinds of materials containing chromium (CH3CO2)7Cr3(OH)2, CrK(SO4)2.12H2O, Cr(NO3)3.9H2O, Cr2O3, CrF2, CrF3.4H2O, CrCl2, CrCl3, CrCl3.6H2O, [CrCl2(H2O)4]Cl.2H2O, Cr2(SO4)3.15H2O, CrO and Cr metal by wavelength‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometry. The chemical shifts, asymmetry index and the half‐widths of both the X‐ray emission lines show interesting trends with the oxidation state of chromium. It was observed that the chemical shifts for F compounds are higher than Cl compounds. It was also found larger chemical shifts and FWHM for Kβ1, 3 lines than Kα ones. It should be noted that the magnitude of chemical shifts increases with increase in the number of ligand atoms. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Properties of Two Novel Trinuclear Copper Complexes Constructed by a Tripodal Heptadentate Ligand Containing Three Imidazolate Groups
Authors: Tong Shi‐Fang , Yang Hong , Lao Yan‐Ni , Liu Guo‐Hua , Wu Hui‐Xia , Yang Shi‐Ping , Yu Jie , Tan Hong , Li Wei
Published: May 2009

Two CuIIcomplexes, {Cu3[(mim)3htren]2}(ClO4)6·2H2O (1) and {Cu3[(mim)3htren]2}(PF6)6·2(CH3CN)·2H2O (2) with the tripodal heptadentate ligand (mim)3htren (= tris{2‐[2‐(1‐methyl)imidazolyl]methylaminoethyl}amine) were synthesized and characterized. In complex1and2, the tripodal ligand (mim)3htren coordinates in a very unusual configuration to the copper atoms, which resulted in trinuclear complexes. In the trinuclear cation, {Cu3[(mim)3htren]2}6+, the middle atom located on a crystallographic inversion center is coordinated in an elongated octahedral arrangement for1and coordinated in square‐planar arrangement for2, respectively, and the other two CuIIatoms are coordinated in a distorted square‐pyramid. The results from magnetic data, measured in the temperature range 2.0–300 K, showed that1and2obeyed the Curie–Weiss law with Weiss constantsθ= 0.10 and 0.14 K, respectively, and the same Curie constantC= 1.14 K·mo1–1, indicating weak ferromagnetic interactions in the two trinuclearentities.
Alloying and Strain Relaxation in SiGe Islands Grown on Pit-Patterned Si(001) Substrates Probed by Nanotomography
Authors: Pezzoli F , Stoffel M , Merdzhanova T , Rastelli A , Schmidt OG
Published: June 2009

The three-dimensional composition profiles of individual SiGe/Si(001) islands grown on planar and pit-patterned substrates are determined by atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based nanotomography. The observed differences in lateral and vertical composition gradients are correlated with the island morphology. This approach allowed us to employ AFM to simultaneously gather information on the composition and strain of SiGe islands. Our quantitative analysis demonstrates that for islands with a fixed aspect ratio, a modified geometry of the substrate provides an enhancement of the relaxation, finally leading to a reduced intermixing.
Correction
Authors: Sommerstein Alan H.
Published: June 2009

With regard to my review of Kassel and Austin's PCG vii in CR 40 (1990), 223–5, Dr Colin Austin informs me that it has from the first been the intention to include chronological tables of comic productions in PCG i (Prolegomena). I am very glad to take this opportunity of putting the record straight.
II. British Policy in West Africa: The Ashanti Expedition of 1873–4
Authors: McIntyre W. D.
Published: June 2009

The Ashanti expedition of 1873–4 provides a remarkable illustration of the use of military power in colonial policy. At a moment when the whole basis of Britain's West African policy was being questioned at home an Ashanti invasion of the states on the Gold Coast in 1873 brought about a calamitous decline in British prestige in the region. The tiny neglected British settlement on the Gold Coast, and the so-called ‘protectorate’, which even experts did not understand, suddenly received unwelcome publicity, which led finally to a reluctant exercise of military power. Sir Garnet Wolseley's march to Kumasi was one of the military dramas of the Victorian age.
IV. The Last Years of the Old Foreign Office, 1898–1905
Authors: Steiner Zara
Published: June 2009

Sir Edward Grey presided over the Foreign Office, Lord Salisbury ruled it. While Salisbury's Foreign Office can still be discussed in Palmerstonian terms, Grey's resembled its modern—day counterpart. After 1906, men who had been clerks began acting as true advisers. This change was in part due to the increasing volume of business and to the personalities of the men involved, but it also resulted from a belated administrative revolution which brought the Foreign Office into line with the other great departments of state. The years under Lord Lansdowne were the transitional ones both in terms of policy and of Foreign Office organization.
II. Elizabethan Recusancy Commissions
Authors: Manning Roger B.
Published: June 2009

The Elizabethan religious settlement was meant to secure the unity of England by means of religious uniformity. As a political compromise it brought eighty years of relative peace and prosperity, but as a religious compromise it failed to satisfy either Catholic or Puritan. The problem of enforcing the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity of 1559 was complicated by the lack of adequate administrative machinery. The delay in purging the commissions of the peace, the failure to promote sufficient zeal among the justices of the peace, coupled with the decline of episcopal power and disenchantment with the High Commission and the various diocesan ecclesiastical commissions, led the government in the late 1580s and early 1590s to issue special royal commissions to carefully selected magistrates for dealing with seminary priests and recusant affairs. Thus, the Elizabethan government's policy towards recusants at any given period of time was a reflection not only of the degree of tension in the international situation, but also of the need to devise effective ways of enforcing die penal laws.
IV. Two Roads to Social Reform: Francis Place and the “Drunken Committee” of 1834
Authors: Harrison Brian
Published: June 2009

Historians of the ‘Age of Reform’ have sometimes been tempted into the fallacy castigated long ago by Herbert Butterfield; they busy themselves ‘with dividing the world into the friends and enemies of progress’ and forget ‘with what wilfulness and waste [progress] twists and turns”. Often, by implication, they exaggerate the stupidity and selfishness of the reactionaries while overestimating the enlightenment of the reformers and understressing their faddishness, their lack of scruple, and their divided aims or methods; it thus becomes difficult to see why reforming causes were ever resisted. In this sense, nineteenth-century England has received too few ‘Tory historians’ not too many; though with Professor Gash's well-known defence of Tories misguided enough to oppose franchise reform in 1831–2, and with the recent reinstatement of mid-Victorian working men shortsighted enough to vote Liberal there are signs that the reaction against Whiggish historiography of the nineteenth century has already begun.
French Military Intelligence and the Franco-Italian Alliance, 1933–1939
Authors: Young Robert J.
Published: June 2009

‘Watersheds’ and ‘turning points’ are two standard literary devices for addressing the question of direction in history. Once that direction is determined, one is able to survey the roads not taken, sorting out the possible and the probable from the unavoidable. This paper forswears the vocabulary of turning points, but it owes something to the idea such language expresses. Put cryptically, our discussions of the origins of the Second World War could afford to pay closer attention to Franco-Italian relations in the 1930s. Next to the Manchurian, Rhenish, Spanish, Austrian, Czech and Polish crises of that decade, the crisis within the ephemeral alliance between Paris and Rome has been given short shrift. Even within the context of the Ethiopian crisis there is a tendency to measure the implications against Anglo-French, Anglo-Italian and Italo-German relations. The net effect is to downplay the importance of relations between France and Italy. And from that, to choose but one example, comes an exaggerated sense of the ease with which the French fell into line with British policy in the Mediterranean, and with which the Italians subsequently received German overtures respecting Austria and Central Europe.
Colonel King and Lincolnshire Politics 1642–1646
Authors: Holmes Clive
Published: June 2009

One of the most fruitful developments in the recent historiography of the English Civil War has been the growing interest in its local dimension. Historians are no longer content to study the constitutional and religious struggles as though they occurred in a vacuum at Westminster, but have examined the diverse reactions to those conflicts within the patchwork of local communities, and the machinery through which central orders were executed – Or circumvented – at the grass-roots level.
IV. Liberal versus Liberal: The General Election of 1874 in Bradford and Sheffield
Authors: Hurst Michael
Published: June 2009

Throughout its history the United Kingdom Liberal party has been a conglomerate. On the other hand, it was very rarely just an anti-Conservative Front, feeding off the grasslands of negation. Whatever the manifold stresses and strains of a given moment, the liberty-loving and reforming mentality almost invariably held together the disparate elements for purposes of positive action. And with the Conservative party essentially standstill and inherently strong at most times, this was scarcely surprising in the context of the battle for political power. That context was shaped by the break-up of the vast Liverpool-style coalition and the emergence under Lord Grey of a left-centre administration. The bundle of ideologies and interests behind Grey stuck together until the last quarter of the nineteenth century, although economic and social changes, along with alterations in the constitutional structure both springing from and causing them, did much to shift the influence they exercised. While it is true that the first and second Reform Acts were of crucial importance, the forces behind their passing should not be ignored. The hens did come before the eggs, even though the eventual arrivals were uncommonly large chickens, and hatching out was far from automatic
VI. British Intervention in the Persian Revolution, 1905–1909
Authors: Klein Ira
Published: June 2009

The activity of the foreign Powers in Persia during the early twentieth century has begun to receive historians’ attention; the British role in the Persian struggle against Kajar despotism, however, has not been made clear. The British have been pictured as indecisive and as not significantly supporting the Persian revolution. Or, where they have been described as aiding rebellion, only vague implications exist as to their purpose: hints that before the Anglo-Russian Convention the British encouraged the revolutionaries in order to extend British influence, presumably at Russian expense, and that after the Convention the British tried to make the shah honour his promises to the constitutionalists to obtain political stability and a secure environment for British trade. At least partly correct, if limited in scope and inexplicit about details, these ideas do not allow a full understanding of British policy during the tumultuous Persian struggle for a constitution. A thorough examination of the exact impact of the Anglo-Russian Convention on Russians and revolutionaries in Persia is required for comprehension of British attitudes and policies.
VII. Britain and the Russo-Polish Frontier, 1919–1921
Authors: Elcock H. J.
Published: June 2009

At the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 the Polish state was reconstituted as a result of the German defeat in the Great War, and the break-up of the Austro-Hungarian and Russian Empires. In the years that followed, Poland refused to come to terms with her neighbours and sought a guarantee for her future safety in a close attachment to Britain and France; a course of action which ultimately led to renewed subjugation, under the hand of each of her neighbours in turn. It is with the first years of this course that we are here concerned.
IV. James Mill's Politics: The ‘Essay on Government’ and the Movement for Reform
Authors: Thomas William
Published: June 2009

The Benthamites or Utilitarians are often held to have been at least partly responsible for the Reform Act of 1832. To historians who make this attribution, Bentham's own writings have not been a help. They are generally too abstract and difficult to have been popular; and where (as in the Parliamentary Reform Catechism) they have an avowed practical purpose, they are at once too detailed and too extreme to be easily related to practical legislation. James Mill, on the other hand, claimed to be disciple of Bentham, held administrative office, and wrote short tracts which are known to have circulated among a whole generation of young liberals in the 1820s.2
Crime and Social Control in Provincial Massachusetts
Authors: Flaherty David H.
Published: June 2009

The first object of this article is to present some findings from an analysis of criminal activity in an early modern society, as measured primarily through various records of the Massachusetts Superior Court of Judicature, Court of Assize, and General Jail Delivery (the Assizes) from its creation in 1692 to the eve of the American Revolution. Since the amount of serious criminal behaviour revealed by this evidence seems small, the article will then seek to identify the most important components of the system of social control over criminality evidently at work in provincial Massachusetts. These include a conscious effort to maintain a homogeneous population, a pattern of collective settlement in townships, an effective system of prosecuting serious breaches of the criminal law, the commitment of elite groups in town, church, county, and province to law and order, and the role of the family in teaching and assuring appropriate behaviour.
The Secret Cold War: the C.I.A. and American Foreign Policy in Europe, 1946–1956. Part I
Authors: Barnes Trevor
Published: June 2009

President Truman celebrated the birth of the central intelligence agency with a private lunch at the White House on 24 January 1946. He invited the first director of central intelligence, Admiral Sidney Souers, and the president's chief of staff, Admiral William Leahy. Truman appeared with wooden daggers and black hats and coats which he presented to his guests.
The Foreign Office Reforms, 1919–21
Authors: Steiner Zara , Dockrill M. L.
Published: June 2009

Little has been written about the Foreign Office reforms of 1919. Contemporaries hoped that war-time experiences would lead to a massive overhaul of the whole diplomatic machine. Radical critics, in particular, were vehement in their insistence that the diplomatic and foreign-policy-making process and the diplomatic services should be subjected to ‘democratic’ oversight and control. Even the less radical reformers believed that the transition from war to peace would provide the opportunity for modernizing and rationalizing the existing administrative system. Yet the changes introduced in the years of peace proved to be less decisive than any of these men intended. The difficulty arose from the sheer number of problems to be solved, a confusion of aims among those responsible for reform, financial considerations and a sharp diminution in public interest and pressure after 1919.
Franklin Thomasson and the Tribune: a Case-Study in the History of the Liberal Press, 1906–1908
Authors: Lee Alan J.
Published: June 2009

The Liberal daily newspaper the Tribune had only a brief life, from 15 January 1906 until 7 February 1908. Its failure was then and has since been attributed, largely by journalists, to its neglect of the ‘ realities ’ of the newspaper industry. The Tribune, it is said, was too good for its readers, and concentrated upon its leading articles to the neglect of its proper business as a newspaper, the news. It did not in other words fit the pattern which the ‘new journalism ’ of the 1890s had set. Indeed, in several important respects it was an attempt to reverse the trend, and to return to the old liberal model of journalism in which the newspaper was looked upon mainly as a vehicle for news and opinion, rather than a saleable commodity. The case of the Tribune encompassed this whole problem of the relationship between Liberalism and journalism, during a period in which both were undergoing a process of transformation and change. As such it is a case which deserves describing in more detail than has been done hitherto.
III. Rose and Canning in Opposition, 1806–1807
Authors: McQuiston Jullian R.
Published: June 2009

Shortly after the death of the Younger Pitt on 23 January 1806, his political heirs collected themselves into two principal groups. Lord Hawkesbury and Lord Castlereagh dominated one, and George Canning and George Rose were prominent in the other. The roots of this division stretched back to the interlude between the first and second Pitt Ministries, when Henry Addington, now Lord Sidmouth, had been Prime Minister. Some junior ministers in the first Pitt Government, such as Hawkesbury and Castlereagh, had taken Pitt's advice and accepted leading positions under Addington. Others, such as Canning and Rose, had refused to endorse Addington and were soon foremost among those who denounced his measures as insufficient. When Pitt formed his second Ministry, his separated friends, including the four mentioned above, came together and, though their union was none too stable, in part because of Canning's acute disappointment at being denied a major position, it did not disintegrate. Pitt's death, however, forced his friends from public office, and in their respective places succeeded the followers of Charles James Fox and Lord Grenville, who formed a government of ‘ All the Talents ’. This paper traces the reaction of Rose and Canning to the unfamiliar demands of opposition, especially strange in the absence of the self-assured guidance of their late esteemed and unquestioned leader.1