bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiple time‐dependent pathophysiological changes in a rabbit model of high‐fat diet‐induced hyperlipidemia
Authors: Lee Gwang‐Hoon , Kang Kyung‐Ku , Yun Hyun Ho , Jo Woori , Oh Taeho
Published: March 2023

High‐fat diets (HFD) adversely affect organ systems. Several studies have examined HFD‐related disorders in animals but only in a few organs and time points. Herein, we evaluated disease development with time‐dependent HFD‐induced pathological, cardiovascular, and morphological changes in rabbits with lipid metabolism similar to that in humans for 9 weeks. The body weights and waist ratio of the HFD group were higher than those in the control group. HFD significantly increased the total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein, high‐density lipoprotein, and phospholipid levels after 3 weeks. Liver enzyme levels increased with hepatomegaly, steatosis, and fibrosis after 3 or 6 weeks. RBCs and hemoglobin decreased, while platelets increased in the HFD group with atherosclerosis and inflammatory cell infiltration in the aorta after 6 weeks. Ejection fraction and fractional shortening values decreased in the HFD group after 9 weeks. Creatinine increased with glomerulosclerosis in the kidneys of the HFD groups after 3 weeks, indicating renal dysfunction. Lipid accumulation was found in the pancreas after 9 weeks. Lipid accumulation and hypertrophy were observed in the adrenal glands after 3 weeks. Overall, our findings provide global reference data on the time‐dependent effects of HFD on the body and may serve as a guide for future HFD risk prevention.
Tensile strength and knot security of five suture materials exposed to natural summer conditions of a temperate lake
Authors: Reid Connor H. , Cooke Steven J.
Published: March 2023

Objective

Wild fish and other aquatic ectotherms are often subjected to procedures during field research that require wound closure using sutures. A variety of absorbable sutures are available for such purposes, yet degradation processes are highly dependent on temperature, and the environments in which wild ectotherms are released are almost always colder than the conditions for which absorbable sutures are typically designed (i.e., ~37°C). We therefore studied the degradation of various suture materials under a set of biologically relevant conditions for temperate freshwater fish.

Methods

Using a force gauge, we tested the tensile strengths and knot securities of loops tied with five different absorbable suture materials (PDS-II, dyed coated Vicryl, undyed coated Vicryl, plain gut, and chromic gut) prior to and during submersion in a temperate lake over an 8-week period.

Result

The naturally derived collagen-based suture materials (i.e., plain gut and chromic gut) exhibited major decreases in tensile strength within 2 weeks of submersion but maintained relatively high knot security throughout the study period. The synthetic suture loops had poorer initial knot securities that increased following submersion and showed little to no evidence of degradation after 8 weeks.

Conclusion

Variable rates of absorbable suture degradation, or lack thereof, were observed. We discuss the implications of these trends for fish welfare considerations such as suture retention, wound healing, inflammation, and infection under natural conditions.
Film measurement and analytical approach for assessing treatment accuracy and latency in a magnetic resonance‐guided radiotherapy system
Authors: Nakayama Hiroki , Okamoto Hiroyuki , Nakamura Satoshi , Iijima Kotaro , Chiba Takahito , Takemori Mihiro , Nakaichi Tetsu , Mikasa Shohei , Fujii Kyohei , Sakasai Tatsuya , Kuwahara Junichi , Miura Yuki , Fujiyama Daisuke , Tsunoda Yuki , Hanzawa Takuma , Igaki Hiroshi , Chang Weishan
Published: March 2023

Purpose

We measure the dose distribution of gated delivery for different target motions and estimate the gating latency in a magnetic resonance‐guided radiotherapy (MRgRT) system.

Method

The dose distribution accuracy of the gated MRgRT system (MRIdian, Viewray) was investigated using an in‐house‐developed phantom that was compatible with the magnetic field and gating method. This phantom contains a simulated tumor and a radiochromic film (EBT3, Ashland, Inc.). To investigate the effect of the number of beam switching and target velocity on the dose distribution, two types of target motions were applied. One is that the target was periodically moved at a constant velocity of 5 mm/s with different pause times (0, 1, 3, 10, and 20 s) between the motions. During different pause times, different numbers of beams were switched on/off. The other one is that the target was moved at velocities of 3, 5, 8, and 10 mm/s without any pause (i.e., continuous motion). The gated method was applied to these motions at MRIdian, and the dose distributions in each condition were measured using films. To investigate the relation between target motion and dose distribution in the gating method, we compared the results of the gamma analysis of the calculated and measured dose distributions. Moreover, we analytically estimated the gating latencies from the dose distributions measured using films and the gamma analysis results.

Results

The gamma pass rate linearly decreased with increasing beam switching and target velocity. The overall gating latencies of beam‐hold and beam‐on were 0.51 ± 0.17 and 0.35 ± 0.05 s, respectively.

Conclusions

Film measurements highlighted the factors affecting the treatment accuracy of the gated MRgRT system. Our analytical approach, employing gamma analysis on films, can be used to estimate the overall latency of the gated MRgRT system.
Bio‐Inspired Antioxidant Heparin‐Mimetic Peptide Hydrogel for Radiation‐Induced Skin Injury Repair
Authors: Hao Yusen , Li Hui , Guo Jiajun , Wang Dan , Zhang Jiamin , Liu Jinjian , Yang Cuihong , Zhang Yumin , Li Guoliang , Liu Jianfeng
Published: March 2023

Radiotherapy is one of the most important means of cancer treatment, however, radiation can also cause adverse reactions and even serious injuries to the skin. Radiation‐induced excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and inflammatory infiltration make skin wounds difficult to heal compared to normal skin injuries. Herein, an antioxidant heparin‐mimetic peptide hydrogel (K16, KYKYEYEYAGEGDSS‐4Sa) is designed for radiation‐induced skin injury (RISI) repair. First, the K16 peptide can self‐assemble into a hydrogel with a 3D mesh‐like porous nanofiber structure, which can provide certain physical support for skin repair like extracellular matrix (ECM). Then, K16 hydrogel not only scavenges ROS and prevents radiation damage to cellular DNA, but also promotes cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. Meanwhile, 4‐sulfobenzoic acid (4Sa) modified at the N‐terminal end of the K16 peptide can adsorb inflammatory cytokines, thus acting to eliminate inflammation at the wound site. In vivo experiments showed that K16 hydrogel can inhibit early wound degradation, reduce inflammatory infiltration, and promote angiogenesis and collagen deposition, thus promoting wound healing. Therefore, the K16 hydrogel designed in this study has good potential for application in the field of radiation‐induced skin injury repair.
Breaking a Dogma: High‐Throughput Live‐Cell Imaging in Real‐Time with Hoechst 33342
Authors: Fuchs Heiko , Jahn Kirsten , Hu Xiaonan , Meister Roland , Binter Maximilian , Framme Carsten
Published: March 2023

Automated high‐throughput live cell imaging (LCI) enables investigation of substance effects on cells in vitro. Usually, cell number is analyzed by phase‐contrast imaging, which is reliable only for a few cell types. Therefore, an accurate cell counting method, such as staining the nuclei with Hoechst 33342 before LCI, will be desirable. However, since the mid‐1980s, the dogma exists that Hoechst can only be used for endpoint analyses because of its cytotoxic properties and the potentially phototoxic effects of the excitation light. Since microscopic camera sensitivity has significantly improved, this study investigates whether this dogma is still justified. Therefore, exposure parameters are optimized using a 4× objective, and the minimum required Hoechst concentration is evaluated, allowing LCI at 30‐min intervals over 5 days. Remarkably, a Hoechst concentration of only 57 × 10−9 m significantly inhibits proliferation and thus impairs cell viability. However, Hoechst concentrations between 7 × 10−9 and 28 × 10−9 m can be determined, which are neither cytotoxic nor impacting cell viability, proliferation, or signaling pathways. The method can be adapted to regular inverted fluorescence microscopes and allows, for example, to determine the cytotoxicity of a substance or the transduction efficiency, with the advantage that the analysis can be repeated at any desired time point.
Manipulation of Heterogeneous Surface Electric Potential Promotes Osteogenesis by Strengthening RGD Peptide Binding and Cellular Mechanosensing
Authors: Bai Yunyang , Zheng Xiaona , Zhong Xianwei , Cui Qun , Zhang Shuan , Wen Xiufang , Heng Boon Chin , He Shan , Shen Yang , Zhang Jinxing , Wei Yan , Deng Xuliang , Zhang Xuehui
Published: March 2023

The heterogeneity of extracellular matrix (ECM) topology, stiffness, and architecture is a key factor modulating cellular behavior and osteogenesis. However, the effects of heterogeneous ECM electric potential at the micro‐ and nanoscale on osteogenesis remain to be elucidated. Here, the heterogeneous distribution of surface potential is established by incorporating ferroelectric BaTiO3 nanofibers (BTNF) into poly(vinylidene fluoridetrifluoroethylene) (P(VDF‐TrFE)) matrix based on phase‐field and first‐principles simulation. By optimizing the aspect ratios of BTNF fillers, the anisotropic distribution of surface potential on BTNF/P(VDF‐TrFE) nanocomposite membranes can be achieved by strong spontaneous electric polarization of BTNF fillers. These results indicate that heterogeneous surface potential distribution leads to a meshwork pattern of fibronectin (FN) aggregation, which increased FN‐III7‐10 (FN fragment) focal flexibility and anchor points as predicted by molecular dynamics simulation. Furthermore, integrin clustering, focal adhesion formation, cell spreading, and adhesion are enhanced sequentially. Increased traction of actin fibers amplifies mechanotransduction by promoting nuclear translocation of YAP/Runx2, which enhances osteogenesis in vitro and bone regeneration in vivo. The work thus provides fundamental insights into the biological effects of surface potential heterogeneity at the micro‐ and nanoscale on osteogenesis, and also develops a new strategy to optimize the performance of electroactive biomaterials for tissue regenerative therapies.
Complex Structures Made Simple – Continuous Flow Production of Core Cross‐Linked Polymeric Micelles for Paclitaxel Pro‐Drug‐Delivery
Authors: Bauer Tobias A. , Schramm Jonas , Fenaroli Federico , Siemer Svenja , Seidl Christine I. , Rosenauer Christine , Bleul Regina , Stauber Roland H. , Koynov Kaloian , Maskos Michael , Barz Matthias
Published: March 2023

Translating innovative nanomaterials to medical products requires efficient manufacturing techniques that enable large‐scale high‐throughput synthesis with high reproducibility. Drug carriers in medicine embrace a complex subset of tasks calling for multifunctionality. Here, the synthesisof pro‐drug‐loaded core cross‐linked polymeric micelles (CCPMs) in a continuous flow processis reported, which combines the commonly separated steps of micelle formation, core cross‐linking, functionalization, and purification into a single process. Redox‐responsive CCPMs are formed from thiol‐reactive polypept(o)ides of polysarcosine‐block‐poly(S‐ethylsulfonyl‐l‐cysteine) and functional cross‐linkers based on dihydrolipoic acid hydrazide for pH‐dependent release of paclitaxel. The precisely controlled microfluidic process allows the production of spherical micelles (Dh = 35 nm) with low polydispersity values (PDI < 0.1) while avoiding toxic organic solvents and additives with unfavorable safety profiles. Self‐assembly and cross‐linking via slit interdigital micromixers produces 350–700 mg of CCPMs/h per single system, while purification by online tangential flow filtration successfully removes impurities (unimer ≤ 0.5%). The formed paclitaxel‐loaded CCPMs possess the desired pH‐responsive release profile, display stable drug encapsulation, an improved toxicity profile compared to Abraxane (a trademark of Bristol‐Myers Squibb), and therapeutic efficiency in the B16F1‐xenotransplanted zebrafish model. The combination of reactive polymers, functional cross‐linkers, and microfluidics enables the continuous‐flow synthesis of therapeutically active CCPMs in a single process.
Ultra‐Thin Lithium Silicide Interlayer for Solid‐State Lithium‐Metal Batteries
Authors: Sung Jaekyung , Kim So Yeon , Harutyunyan Avetik , Amirmaleki Maedeh , Lee Yoonkwang , Son Yeonguk , Li Ju
Published: March 2023

All‐solid‐state batteries with metallic lithium (LiBCC) anode and solid electrolyte (SE) are under active development. However, an unstable SE/LiBCC interface due to electrochemical and mechanical instabilities hinders their operation. Herein, an ultra‐thin nanoporous mixed ionic and electronic conductor (MIEC) interlayer (≈3.25 µm), which regulates LiBCC deposition and stripping, serving as a 3D scaffold for Li0 ad‐atom formation, LiBCC nucleation, and long‐range transport of ions and electrons at SE/LiBCC interface is demonstrated. Consisting of lithium silicide and carbon nanotubes, the MIEC interlayer is thermodynamically stable against LiBCC and highly lithiophilic. Moreover, its nanopores (<100 nm) confine the deposited LiBCC to the size regime where LiBCC exhibits “smaller is much softer” size‐dependent plasticity governed by diffusive deformation mechanisms. The LiBCC thus remains soft enough not to mechanically penetrate SE in contact. Upon further plating, LiBCC grows in between the current collector and the MIEC interlayer, not directly contacting the SE. As a result, a full‐cell having Li3.75Si‐CNT/LiBCC foil as an anode and LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 as a cathode displays a high specific capacity of 207.8 mAh g−1, 92.0% initial Coulombic efficiency, 88.9% capacity retention after 200 cycles (Coulombic efficiency reaches 99.9% after tens of cycles), and excellent rate capability (76% at 5 C).
Advances in In Vitro Models of Neuromuscular Junction: Focusing on Organ‐on‐a‐Chip, Organoids, and Biohybrid Robotics
Authors: Leng Yubing , Li Xiaorui , Zheng Fuyin , Liu Hui , Wang Chunyan , Wang Xudong , Liao Yulong , Liu Jiangyue , Meng Kaiqi , Yu Jiaheng , Zhang Jingyi , Wang Binyu , Tan Yingjun , Liu Meili , Jia Xiaoling , Li Deyu , Li Yinghui , Gu Zhongze , Fan Yubo
Published: March 2023

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a peripheral synaptic connection between presynaptic motor neurons and postsynaptic skeletal muscle fibers that enables muscle contraction and voluntary motor movement. Many traumatic, neurodegenerative, and neuroimmunological diseases are classically believed to mainly affect either the neuronal or the muscle side of the NMJ, and treatment options are lacking. Recent advances in novel techniques have helped develop in vitro physiological and pathophysiological models of the NMJ as well as enable precise control and evaluation of its functions. This paper reviews the recent developments in in vitro NMJ models with 2D or 3D cultures, from organ‐on‐a‐chip and organoids to biohybrid robotics. Related derivative techniques are introduced for functional analysis of the NMJ, such as the patch‐clamp technique, microelectrode arrays, calcium imaging, and stimulus methods, particularly optogenetic‐mediated light stimulation, microelectrode‐mediated electrical stimulation, and biochemical stimulation. Finally, the applications of the in vitro NMJ models as disease models or for drug screening related to suitable neuromuscular diseases are summarized and their future development trends and challenges are discussed.
Recent Advances in Biodegradable Green Electronic Materials and Sensor Applications
Authors: Min JinKi , Jung Yeongju , Ahn Jiyong , Lee Jae Gun , Lee Jinwoo , Ko Seung Hwan
Published: March 2023

As environmental issues have become the dominant agenda worldwide, the necessity for more environmentally friendly electronics has recently emerged. Accordingly, biodegradable or nature‐derived materials for green electronics have attracted increased interest. Initially, metal‐green hybrid electronics are extensively studied. Although these materials are partially biodegradable, they have high utility owing to their metallic components. Subsequently, carbon‐framed materials (such as graphite, cylindrical carbon nanomaterials, graphene, graphene oxide, laser‐induced graphene) have been investigated. This has led to the adoption of various strategies for carbon‐based materials, such as blending them with biodegradable materials. Moreover, various conductive polymers have been developed and researchers have studied their potential use in green electronics. Researchers have attempted to fabricate conductive polymer composites with high biodegradability by shortening the polymer chains. Furthermore, various physical, chemical, and biological sensors that are essential to modern society have been studied using biodegradable compounds. These recent advances in green electronics have paved the way toward their application in real life, providing a brighter future for society.
Fabrication of 3D Oriented MOF Micropatterns with Anisotropic Fluorescent Properties
Authors: Velásquez‐Hernández Miriam de J. , Linares‐Moreau Mercedes , Brandner Lea A. , Marmiroli Benedetta , Barella Mariano , Acuna Guillermo P. , Zilio Simone Dal , Verstreken Margot F. K. , Kravchenko Dmitry E. , Linder‐Patton Oliver M. , Evans Jack D. , Wiltsche Helmar , Carraro Francesco , Wolinski Heimo , Ameloot Rob , Doonan Christian , Falcaro Paolo
Published: March 2023

Micropatterning crystalline materials with oriented pores is necessary for the fabrication of devices with anisotropic properties. Crystalline and porous metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are ideal materials as their chemical and structural mutability enables precise tuning of functional properties for applications ranging from microelectronics to photonics. Herein, a patternable oriented MOF film is designed: by using a photomask under X‐ray exposure, the MOF film decomposes in the irradiated areas, remaining intact in the unexposed regions. The MOF film acts simultaneously as a resist and as functional porous material. While the heteroepitaxial growth from aligned Cu(OH)2 nanobelts is used to deposit oriented MOF films, the sensitivity to radiation is achieved by integrating a brominated dicarboxylate ligand (Br2BDC) into a copper‐based MOF Cu2L2DABCO (DABCO = 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; L = BDC/Br2BDC). The lithographed samples act as diffraction gratings upon irradiation with a laser, thus confirming the quality of the extended MOF micropattern. Furthermore, the oriented MOF patterns are functionalized with fluorescent dyes. As a result, by rotating the polarization angle of the laser excitation, the alignment of the dye in the MOF is demonstrated. By controlling the functional response to light, this MOF patterning protocol can be used for the microfabrication of optical components for photonic devices.
Centrifuge‐Free Separation of Solution‐Exfoliated 2D Nanosheets via Cross‐Flow Filtration
Authors: Downing Julia R. , Diaz‐Arauzo Santiago , Chaney Lindsay E. , Tsai Daphne , Hui Janan , Seo Jung‐Woo T. , Cohen Deborah R. , Dango Michael , Zhang Jinrui , Williams Nicholas X. , Qian Justin H. , Dunn Jennifer B. , Hersam Mark C.
Published: March 2023

Solution‐processed graphene is a promising material for numerous high‐volume applications including structural composites, batteries, sensors, and printed electronics. However, the polydisperse nature of graphene dispersions following liquid‐phase exfoliation poses major manufacturing challenges, as incompletely exfoliated graphite flakes must be removed to achieve optimal properties and downstream performance. Incumbent separation schemes rely on centrifugation, which is highly energy‐intensive and limits scalable manufacturing. Here, cross‐flow filtration (CFF) is introduced as a centrifuge‐free processing method that improves the throughput of graphene separation by two orders of magnitude. By tuning membrane pore sizes between microfiltration and ultrafiltration length scales, CFF can also be used for efficient recovery of solvents and stabilizing polymers. In this manner, life cycle assessment and techno‐economic analysis reveal that CFF reduces greenhouse gas emissions, fossil energy usage, water consumption, and specific production costs of graphene manufacturing by 57%, 56%, 63%, and 72%, respectively. To confirm that CFF produces electronic‐grade graphene, CFF‐processed graphene nanosheets are formulated into printable inks, leading to state‐of‐the‐art thin‐film conductivities exceeding 104 S m−1. This CFF methodology can likely be generalized to other van der Waals layered solids, thus enabling sustainable manufacturing of the diverse set of applications currently being pursued for 2D materials.
Multifunctional Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite Microcrystalline Engineering and Electromagnetic Response Switching Multi‐Band Devices
Authors: Yan Jun , Zheng Qi , Wang Shuang‐Peng , Tian Yong‐Zhi , Gong Wei‐Qiang , Gao Feng , Qiu Ji‐Jun , Li Lin , Yang Shu‐Hui , Cao Mao‐Sheng
Published: March 2023

High‐efficiency electromagnetic (EM) functional materials are the core building block of high‐performance EM absorbers and devices, and they are indispensable in various fields ranging from industrial manufacture to daily life, or even from national defense security to space exploration. Searching for high‐efficiency EM functional materials and realizing high‐performance EM devices remain great challenges. Herein, a simple solution‐process is developed to rapidly grow gram‐scale organic–inorganic (MAPbX3, X = Cl, Br, I) perovskite microcrystals. They exhibit excellent EM response in multi bands covering microwaves, visible light, and X‐rays. Among them, outstanding microwave absorption performance with multiple absorption bands can be achieved, and their intrinsic EM properties can be tuned by adjusting polar group. An ultra‐wideband bandpass filter with high suppression level of −71.8 dB in the stopband in the GHz band, self‐powered photodetectors with tunable broadband or narrowband photoresponse in the visible‐light band, and a self‐powered X‐ray detector with high sensitivity of 3560 µC Gyair−1 cm−2 in the X‐ray band are designed and realized by precisely regulating the physical features of perovskite and designing a novel planar device structure. These findings open a door toward developing high‐efficiency EM functional materials for realizing high‐performance EM absorbers and devices.
A Conformable Ultrasound Patch for Cavitation‐Enhanced Transdermal Cosmeceutical Delivery
Authors: Yu Chia‐Chen , Shah Aastha , Amiri Nikta , Marcus Colin , Nayeem Md Osman Goni , Bhayadia Amit Kumar , Karami Amin , Dagdeviren Canan
Published: March 2023

Increased consumer interest in healthy‐looking skin demands a safe and effective method to increase transdermal absorption of innovative therapeutic cosmeceuticals. However, permeation of small‐molecule drugs is limited by the innate barrier function of the stratum corneum. Here, a conformable ultrasound patch (cUSP) that enhances transdermal transport of niacinamide by inducing intermediate‐frequency sonophoresis in the fluid coupling medium between the patch and the skin is reported. The cUSP consists of piezoelectric transducers embedded in a soft elastomer to create localized cavitation pockets (0.8 cm2, 1 mm deep) over larger areas of conformal contact (20 cm2). Multiphysics simulation models, acoustic spectrum analysis, and high‐speed videography are used to characterize transducer deflection, acoustic pressure fields, and resulting cavitation bubble dynamics in the coupling medium. The final system demonstrates a 26.2‐fold enhancement in niacinamide transport in a porcine model in vitro with a 10 min ultrasound application, demonstrating the suitability of the device for short‐exposure, large‐area application of sonophoresis for patients and consumers suffering from skin conditions and premature skin aging.
Foldable Hole‐Transporting Materials for Merging Electronic States between Defective and Perfect Perovskite Sites
Authors: Xia Jianxing , Luizys Povilas , Daskeviciene Maryte , Xiao Chuanxiao , Kantminiene Kristina , Jankauskas Vygintas , Rakstys Kasparas , Kreiza Gediminas , Gao Xiao‐Xin , Kanda Hiroyuki , Brooks Keith Gregory , Alwani Imanah Rafieh , Ain Qurat Ul , Zou Jihua , Shao Guang , Hu Ruiyuan , Qiu Zeliang , Slonopas Andre , Asiri Abdullah M. , Zhang Yi , Dyson Paul J. , Getautis Vytautas , Nazeeruddin Mohammad Khaja
Published: March 2023

Defective and perfect sites naturally exist within electronic semiconductors, and considerable efforts to reduce defects to improve the performance of electronic devices, especially in hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites (ABX3), are undertaken. Herein, foldable hole‐transporting materials (HTMs) are developed, and they extend the wavefunctions of A‐site cations of perovskite, which, as hybridized electronic states, link the trap states (defective site) and valence band edge (perfect site) between the naturally defective and perfect sites of the perovskite surface, finally converting the discrete trap states of the perovskite as the continuous valence band to reduce trap recombination. Tailoring the foldability of the HTMs tunes the wavefunctions between defective and perfect surface sites, allowing the power conversion efficiency of a small cell to reach 23.22% and that of a mini‐module (6.5 × 7 cm, active area = 30.24 cm2) to reach as high as 21.71% with a fill factor of 81%, the highest value reported for non‐spiro‐OMeTAD‐based perovskite solar modules.
Dual‐Functional V2C MXene Assembly in Facilitating Sulfur Evolution Kinetics and Li‐Ion Sieving toward Practical Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Chen Le , Sun Yingjie , Wei Xijun , Song Lixian , Tao Gang , Cao Xuan , Wang Dong , Zhou Guangmin , Song Yingze
Published: March 2023

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are considered as one of the most promising candidates to achieve an energy density of 500 Wh kg⁻1. However, the challenges of shuttle effect, sluggish sulfur conversion kinetics, and lithium‐dendrite growth severely obstruct their practical implementation. Herein, multiscale V2C MXene (VC) with a spherical confinement structure is designed as a high‐efficiency bifunctional promotor for the evolution of sulfur and lithium species in Li–S batteries. Combining synchrotron X‐ray 3D nano‐computed tomography (X‐ray 3D nano‐CT), small‐angle neutron scattering (SANS), and first‐principle calculations, it is revealed that the activity of VC can be maximized by tuning the scale, and the as‐attained functions are conducted as follows: (i) the VC acts as the efficient lithium polysulfide (LiPS) scavenger due to the large number of active sites; (ii) the VC exhibits significantly improved electrocatalytic function for the Li2S nucleation and decomposition reaction kinetics owing to the scale effect; and (iii) the VC can regulate the dynamic behavior of Li‐ions and thus stabilize the lithium plating/stripping effectively on account of the unique ion‐sieving effect.
Circularly Polarized Light Responsive Materials: Design Strategies and Applications
Authors: Liu Yiping , Xing Pengyao
Published: March 2023

Circularly polarized light (CPL) with the end of optical vector traveling along circumferential trajectory shows left‐ and right‐handedness, which transmits chiral information to materials via complicated CPL–matter interactions. Materials with circular dichroism respond to CPL illumination selectively with differential outputs that can be used to design novel photodetectors. Racemic or achiral compounds under CPL go through photodestruction, photoresolution, and asymmetric synthesis pathways to generate enantiomeric bias and optical activity. By this strategy, helical polymers and chiral inorganic plasmonic nanostructures are synthesized directly, and their intramolecular folding and subsequent self‐assembly are photomodulable as well. In the aggregated state of self‐assembly and liquid crystal phase, helical sense of the dynamic molecular packing is sensitive to enantiomeric bias brought by CPL, enabling the chiral amplification to supramolecular scale. In this review, the application‐guided design strategies of CPL‐responsive materials are aimed to be systematically summarized and discussed. Asymmetric synthesis, resolution, and property‐modulation of small organic compounds, polymers, inorganic nanoparticles, supramolecular assemblies and liquid crystals are highlighted based on the important developments during the last decades. Besides, applications of light–matter interactions including CPL detection and biomedical applications are also referred.
Fill in the Blank: Transferrable Deep Learning Approaches to Recover Missing Physical Field Information
Authors: Yang Zhenze , Buehler Markus J.
Published: March 2023

Solving materials engineering tasks is often hindered by limited information, such as in inverse problems with only boundary data information or design tasks with a simple objective but a vast search space. To address these challenges, multiple deep learning (DL) architectures are leveraged to predict missing mechanical information given limited known data in part of the domain, and further characterize the composite geometries from the recovered mechanical fields for 2D and 3D complex microstructures. In 2D, a conditional generative adversarial network (GAN) is utilized to complete partially masked field maps and predict the composite geometry with convolutional models with great accuracy and generality by making precise predictions on field data with mixed stress/strain components, hierarchical geometries, distinct materials properties and various types of microstructures including ill‐posed inverse problems. In 3D, a Transformer‐based architecture is implemented to predict complete 3D mechanical fields from input field snapshots. The model manifests excellent performance regardless of microstructural complexity and recovers the entire bulk field even from a single surface field image, allowing internal structural characterization from only boundary measurements. The whole frameworks provide efficient ways for analysis and design with incomplete information and allow the direct inverse translation from properties back to materials structures.
Hybrid insect protection and fungicide application for managing ear rots and mycotoxins in silage corn
Authors: Kaur Harkirat , DiFonzo Christina , Chilvers Martin , Cassida Kimberly , Singh Maninder Pal
Published: March 2023

Mycotoxins in silage corn (Zea mays L.) accumulate due to ear rot infections by certain ascomycete fungi and cause health issues in livestock. Fungal infections intensify with increase in ear‐damaging insect injury and favorable environment in the US Great Lakes region. Therefore, evaluating strategies such as hybrid insect protection and fungicide decisions to manage insects, ear rots, mycotoxin, and silage quality is crucial. Field trials were conducted in randomized complete block design at 11 Michigan site‐years across 2019–2021 using three hybrid insect protection levels under two levels of prothioconazole fungicide (treated and non‐treated). Hybrids (two per level) included: conventional (non‐Bt); Bt with Cry1F and Cry1Ab (BtE), protection only against European corn borer (ECB); and Bt with Cry1F and Vip3A (BtEW), protection against both ECB and western bean cutworm (WBC). Insect injury and ear rot index were 80%–90% and 75%–90% lower, respectively, in BtEW hybrids than non‐Bt hybrids. Strong correlation between insect injury and ear rot severity was observed when insect pressure was high. Mycotoxin levels, particularly deoxynivalenol (DON), was also lowest in BtEW hybrids. Weak correlations were observed between ear injury and mycotoxin concentration. Under low disease pressure, a 50%–70% reduction was observed in fungicide treated plots for both ear rot incidence and DON concentration. However, fungicide application did not reduce ear rot infections driven by high insect injury. Treatments had negligible impact on forage quality. Overall, results indicated that incorporating insect protection in hybrid selection decisions reduced insect feeding, disease occurrence, and mycotoxins, especially under high insect pressure.
Hawkmoth and bee pollinators impact pollen dispersal at the landscape but not local scales in two species of Oenothera
Authors: Lewis Emily M. , Fant Jeremie B. , Moore Michael J. , Skogen Krissa A.
Published: March 2023

Premise

Animal pollinators play an important role in pollen dispersal. Here, we assessed differences in pollen and seed dispersal and the role of pollinator functional groups with different foraging behaviors in generating patterns of genetic diversity over similar geographic ranges for two closely related taxa. We focused on two members of Oenothera section Calylophus (Onagraceae) that co‐occur on gypsum outcrops throughout the northern Chihuahuan Desert but differ in floral phenotype and primary pollinator: Oenothera gayleana (bee) and O. hartwegii subsp. filifolia (hawkmoth).

Methods

We measured breeding system and floral traits and studied gene flow and population differentiation at the local (<13 km; four populations) and landscape (60–440 km; five populations) scales using 10–11 nuclear (pollen dispersal) and three plastid (seed dispersal) microsatellite markers.

Results

Both taxa were self‐incompatible and floral traits were consistent with expectations for different pollinators. Seed and pollen dispersal patterns were distinctly different for both species. We found no evidence of genetic structure at the local scale but did at the landscape scale; O. gayleana showed greater differentiation and significant isolation by distance than in O. hartwegii subsp. filifolia. The plastid data were consistent with gravity dispersal of seeds and suggest that pollen dispersal is the principal driver of genetic structure in both species.

Conclusions

We demonstrated that pollinator functional groups can impact genetic differentiation in different and predictable ways. Hawkmoths, with larger foraging distances, can maintain gene flow across greater spatial scales than bees.
Gone with the wind: Negative genetic and progeny fitness consequences of habitat fragmentation in the wind pollinated dioecious treeBrosimum alicastrum
Authors: de Jesus Aguilar‐Aguilar Maria , Cristobal‐Pérez E. Jacob , Lobo Jorge , Fuchs Eric J. , Oyama Ken , Martén‐Rodríguez Silvana , Herrerías‐Diego Yvonne , Quesada Mauricio
Published: March 2023

Premise

Habitat fragmentation negatively affects population size and mating patterns that directly affect progeny fitness and genetic diversity; however, little is known about the effects of habitat fragmentation on dioecious, wind pollinated trees. We assessed the effects of habitat fragmentation on population sex ratios, genetic diversity, gene flow, mating patterns, and early progeny vigor in the tropical dioecious tree,Brosimum alicastrum.

Methods

We conducted our study in three continuous and three fragmented forest sites in a Mexican tropical dry forest. We used eight microsatellite loci to characterize the genetic diversity, gene flow via pollen distances, and mean relatedness of progeny. We compared early progeny vigor parameters of seedlings growing under greenhouse conditions.

Results

Sex ratios did not deviate from 1:1 between habitat conditions except for one population in a fragmented habitat, which was female biased. The genetic diversity of adult trees and their offspring was similar in both habitat conditions. Pollen gene flow distances were similar across habitat types; however, paternity correlations were greater in fragmented than in continuous habitats. Germination rates did not differ between habitat conditions; however, progeny from fragmented habitats produced fewer leaves and had a lower foliar area, total height, and total dry biomass than progeny from continuous habitats.

Conclusions

Changes in mating patterns because of habitat fragmentation have negative effects on early progeny vigor. We conclude that negative habitat fragmentation effects on mating patterns and early progeny vigor may be a serious threat to the long‐term persistence of tropical dioecious trees.
Gustatory dysfunction is related to Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Kwak Il‐Youp , Kim Kyung Soo , Min Hyun Jin
Published: March 2023

Background

Olfactory dysfunction has been reported to be involved in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. However, gustatory dysfunction in PD has not been evaluated as in‐depth as olfactory dysfunction. We reviewed the previously published studies regarding gustatory function in PD patients and suggested the possibility that gustatory dysfunction may also be associated with PD.

Methods

MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Embase, and PubMed databases were searched for studies evaluating gustatory function in PD patients. We used the standardized mean difference and a 95% confidence interval (CI) as the effect analysis index regarding the taste strip test. The relative risk and 95% CI were used as the effect analysis index for the questionnaires and propylthiouracil (PTU)/phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) perception test. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed using forest plots, Cochran's Q, and the I2 statistic; heterogeneity was considered high when I2 was over 75%. Publication bias was assessed by funnel plots and the Egger bias test.

Results

We identified 19 articles that reported the results of gustatory function tests in PD patients and healthy controls. Most of these studies used various gustatory tests, including taste strips, questionnaires, taste solutions, PTU/PTC perception tests, and electrogustometry, and reported significantly lower gustatory function in PD patients than in the controls. However, several articles reported contradictory results.

Conclusions

Based on these studies, gustatory dysfunction is closely related to PD. However, the number of studies and enrolled subjects was small, and a unified gustatory function test was lacking. Therefore, further studies with larger populations and normalized gustatory function tests are needed.
Detection of early proteomic alterations in 5xFAD Alzheimer's disease neonatal mouse model via MALDI‐MSI
Authors: Uras Irep , Karayel‐Basar Merve , Sahin Betul , Baykal Ahmet Tarik
Published: March 2023

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by memory deficit and dementia. AD is considered a multifactorial disorder where multiple processes like amyloid‐beta and tau accumulation, axonal degeneration, synaptic plasticity, and autophagic processes plays an important role. In this study, the spatial proteomic differences in the neonatal 5xFAD brain tissue were investigated using MALDI‐MSI coupled to LC‐MS/MS, and the statistically significantly altered proteins were associated with AD. Thirty‐five differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between the brain tissues of neonatal 5xFAD and their littermate mice were detected via MALDI‐MSI technique. Among the 35 proteins identified, 26 of them were directly associated with AD. Our results indicated a remarkable resemblance in the protein expression profiles of neonatal 5xFAD brain when compared to AD patient specimens or AD mouse models. These findings showed that the molecular alterations in the AD brain existed even at birth and that some proteins are neurodegenerative presages in neonatal AD brain.

Highlights

Spatial proteomic alterations in the 5xFAD mouse brain compared to the littermate.

26 out of 35 differentially expressed proteins associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Molecular alterations and neurodegenerative presages in neonatal AD brain.

Alterations in the synaptic function an early and common neurobiological thread.
Accuracy of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment tool for detecting mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Islam Nayaar , Hashem Rola , Gad Maryse , Brown Aime , Levis Brooke , Renoux Christel , Thombs Brett D. , McInnes Matthew DF
Published: March 2023

INTRODUCTION

This systematic review evaluates the accuracy of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) for detecting mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

METHODS

We searched MEDLINE, PSYCInfo, EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL (1995–2021) for studies comparing the MoCA with validated diagnostic criteria to identify MCI in general practice. Screening, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment were performed independently, in duplicate. Pooled sensitivity and specificity for MoCA cutoffs were estimated using bivariate meta‐analysis.

RESULTS

Thirteen studies [2158 participants, 948(44%) with MCI] were included; 10 used Petersen criteria as the reference standard. Risk of bias of studies were high or unclear for all domains except reference standard. Sensitivity and specificity were 73.5%(95% confidence interval: 56.7–85.5) and 91.3%(84.6–95.3) at cutoff <23; 79.5%(67.1–88.0) and 83.7%(75.4–89.6) at cutoff <24; and 83.8%(75.6–89.6) and 70.8(62.1–78.3) at cutoff <25.

DISCUSSION

MoCA cutoffs <23 to <25 maximized the sum of sensitivity and specificity for detecting MCI. The risk of bias of included studies limits confidence in these findings.
Foundations and guidelines for high‐quality three‐dimensional models using photogrammetry: A technical note on the future of neuroanatomy education
Authors: de Oliveira André de Sá Braga , Leonel Luciano César P. C. , LaHood Edward R. , Hallak Hana , Link Michael J. , Maleszewski Joseph J. , Pinheiro‐Neto Carlos D. , Morris Jonathan M. , Peris‐Celda Maria
Published: March 2023

Hands‐on dissections using cadaveric tissues for neuroanatomical education are not easily available in many educational institutions due to financial, safety, and ethical factors. Supplementary pedagogical tools, for instance, 3D models of anatomical specimens acquired with photogrammetry are an efficient alternative to democratize the 3D anatomical data. The aim of this study was to describe a technical guideline for acquiring realistic 3D anatomic models with photogrammetry and to improve the teaching and learning process in neuroanatomy. Seven specimens with different sizes, cadaveric tissues, and textures were used to demonstrate the step‐by‐step instructions for specimen preparation, photogrammetry setup, post‐processing, and display of the 3D model. The photogrammetry scanning consists of three cameras arranged vertically facing the specimen to be scanned. In order to optimize the scanning process and the acquisition of optimal images, high‐quality 3D models require complex and challenging adjustments in the positioning of the specimens within the scanner, as well as adjustments of the turntable, custom specimen holders, cameras, lighting, computer hardware, and its software. MeshLab® software was used for editing the 3D model before exporting it to MedReality® (Thyng, Chicago, IL) and SketchFab® (Epic, Cary, NC) platforms. Both allow manipulation of the models using various angles and magnifications and are easily accessed using mobile, immersive, and personal computer devices free of charge for viewers. Photogrammetry scans offer a 360° view of the 3D models ubiquitously accessible on any device independent of operating system and should be considered as a tool to optimize and democratize the teaching of neuroanatomy.
Caregiver‐implemented toilet training procedures for children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Dabney Hope A. , DeVries Jordan , Jimenez‐Gomez Corina
Published: March 2023

Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder often exhibit deficits in daily living skills, including toileting skills. Previous studies have evaluated components of common toilet training practices, including differential reinforcement, sit schedules, fluid loading, underwear, and wet alarms. The purpose of this study was to replicate and extend previous work by delivering all coaching remotely. Three caregiver‐child dyads participated in this study. A researcher coached caregivers on the implementation of the protocol using a modified behavioral skills training approach via telehealth. Caregivers submitted daily toileting data and weekly audio recordings for treatment integrity checks. The sit schedule fading was individualized to meet the needs and preferences of each family. All caregivers implemented the protocol with high integrity. Two participants met the mastery criteria at the 90‐min sit schedule and maintained performance at the 1‐ and 6‐week maintenance follow up probes. The third participant, despite an interruption of treatment, also reached mastery.
Fractional amplitude of low‐frequency fluctuation changes of specific cerebral regions in patients with toothache: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Yang Jun , Zeng Wan‐Xin , Cheng Jun , Kang Min , Liao Xu‐Lin , Ying Ping , Ling Qian , Zou Jie , Wei Hong , Wang Yi‐Xin , Su Ting , Shao Yi
Published: March 2023

Background

Previous studies have indicated that pain‐related diseases can result in significant functional alterations in the brain. However, differences in spontaneous brain activity in toothache (TA) patients remain unclear.

Objective

To investigate altered spontaneous brain activity in patients with TA and its underlying mechanisms using the resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging–fractional amplitude of low‐frequency fluctuation (rsfMRI–fALFF) technique.

Methods

Twelve patients with TA and 12 non‐toothache controls (NTCs) (matched for sex, age, and level of education) were enrolled. Spontaneous cerebral activity variations were investigated using the rsfMRI–fALFF technique in all individuals. The mean fALFF values of the TA patients and NTCs were classified using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The correlations between fALFF signals of distinct brain regions and clinical manifestations of TA patients were evaluated using Pearson's correlation analysis.

Results

TA patients showed lower fALFF values in the left superior frontal gyrus, medial; right superior frontal gyrus, dorsolateral; and left median cingulate and paracingulate gyri (LDCG) than the NTCs. Moreover, ROC curve analysis indicated that the area under the curve of each cerebral region studied had high accuracy. Besides, in the TA group, the visual analog scale score was negatively correlated with fALFF signal values of the LDCG (r = .962, p < .001).

Conclusion

Abnormal spontaneous activity was detected in numerous brain regions in patients with TA, which may be valuable for understanding the brain processing mechanism underlying TA. These regional changes in brain activity may serve as effective clinical indicators of TA.