bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Media: Complexities and Contradictions
Authors: Mitozo Isabele , Massuchin Michele Goulart , Marques Francisco Paulo Jamil
Published: July 2020

The concept of social media has been closely linked to social mediators since the first developments of digital communication. These platforms connect different agents, from ordinary users to state institutions, social movements, and journalists. The characteristics of communication processes enabled by social media are considered as forms of interaction which also generate opinion bubbles. Furthermore, the technical affordances of social media facilitate the circulation of information and the development of deliberative spaces which give visibility to minority groups, allowing the creation and strengthening of identity ties. On the one hand, social media have been beneficial for the denouncement of violence against women or LGBTQ people, especially regarding demands for equality, human rights, and political mobilization. On the other hand, these media are also problematic for minority groups, since they allow the dissemination of information based on prejudice through (sometimes anonymous) comments, which can be radical and violent. Even though they are not a definitive solution for achieving more equality, social media can help to reduce the gap of representation, especially of minorities, and expose people to a larger cross‐section of content.
Archives of Women's Media
Authors: Roy Elodie A.
Published: July 2020

Against the grain of the traditional archive conceived of as the locus of (masculine/patriarchal) authority, women's archives remain a powerful tool for displacing and decentering authoritative discourses. This entry engages with physical and online spaces for archiving, mediating, and commemorating women's media. It critically retraces the historical emergence and endurance of women's archives and surveys some of the main women's archives and libraries, from tangible to digital, online environments. How are feminist activist practices materialized and articulated in media objects and ephemera (such as fanzines and pamphlets)? How do these primarily ephemeral objects get collected, archived, and curated? What happens when women's alternative media become institutionalized, entering a form of official and corporate culture? What kind of memory work takes place? This entry pays attention to the often precarious conditions of existence/survival of women's archives and to the enduring relationship that they bear to contemporary feminist practices. It engages with the centrality of materiality and material autonomy for the articulation and production of feminist identities and sensibilities in—and beyond—the male‐biased corporate media industry.
Cultural Resistance in the Middle East
Authors: Al‐Najjar Abeer
Published: July 2020

Both culture and media are sites for domination and resistance. The Middle East culture is largely collective, gendered, hierarchical, and patriarchal. In the Middle East and North Africa region, social and political structures are largely supported by the postcolonial fragile regimes and social institutions including mainstream media, family, religion, and school. It is important to recognize that the Middle East is not cohesive in its culture/s and society/ies, yet, many peoples in the region share similar colonial history, common cultural pillars (religion and language), and the experience of being largely under autocratic and oppressive regimes where personal liberties, equality, and political and civil rights are hardly granted or recognized and where there are considerable constraints on access to information, media freedoms, and freedom of expression. In the Middle East, there is a long history of cultural resistance against the imperial, the colonial, and the oppressive. Middle Eastern women took part in national and other forms of collective resistance in the 20th century, yet, the 21st century is taking resistance to new frontiers as women are enabled by the media and communication technologies, and in particular the internet, with unprecedented opportunities for resisting dominant culture. The Arab Spring of 2011 marked an important phase in social struggle over gender equality, against stereotyped internationally and locally produced images and roles, and over women equal rights to freedom of expression, mobility, and their bodies. Middle Eastern women face multilayered, multifaceted dominations and manipulations within their own societies and beyond many of which have been internalized by women for decades.
Digital Divide
Authors: Marques Francisco Paulo Jamil , Mitozo Isabele , Massuchin Michele Goulart
Published: July 2020

Gender issues connect to the idea of digital divide in at least two ways. First, in parallel to other factors, gender differences work as a burden‐maker regarding access and use of digital media (in this case, gender is an independent variable). Second, gender inequalities are a by‐product of disparities concerning the access to technologies (i.e., gender is a dependent variable, since gaps on digital communication reinforce gender inequalities). Therefore, the first part bounds the concept of digital divide based on the literature to situate how gender has been drafted until now. The objective is to understand how different dimensions linked to the digital divide (e.g., income, education, geography) attracted researchers' attention, especially gender. The discussion then turns to how digital divide broadens gender inequalities, working as a burden to the development of mechanisms for political engagement, for example. The practical consequences of the inequalities that internet use may foster are discussed. Last, it observes the role of public policies to reduce minorities' (mainly the ones tied to gender) difficulties concerning the access to digital communication tools.
Gender and Media Policy
Authors: Padovani Claudia
Published: July 2020

Gender equality and gender mainstreaming have been indicated as core principles to guide the development of media and ICT policies since the mid‐1990s. Principled frameworks for information and knowledge societies have been elaborated on by the international community over the years, but seldom have those principles been enshrined in national legislations and strategies, not in media organizational codes of conducts nor self‐regulatory mechanisms. Across the world's regions policy measures—broadly understood—are still mostly characterized by gender insensitivity and lack of awareness of the gendered implications of media and technological developments, processes, and practices. They are thus unhelpful in unmasking and addressing unequal structures of gendered power relations in the media, traditional and digital, and in society. Scholarly works, paralleled by advocacy policy‐oriented studies and interventions, have critically reflected on such gaps and shortcomings in consideration of the multilevel, multiactor, and multidimensional nature of governing arrangements. They constitute a wealth of knowledge that should be acknowledged as foundational toward the development of an epistemologically aware, theoretically sound, and empirically based field of feminist media and ICT policy studies.
Gender and Advertising
Authors: McCartan Aodheen , McMahon Fiona
Published: July 2020

There is a commercial imperative to take into account the gender of an advertisement's target audience and gender is the primary segmentation variable used by advertisers to capture attention and encourage action. This entry examines reasons why gender matters to advertisers and society. It discusses how men and women often react differently to adverts because of the differences in how they process information, with two theories dominating this field: the selectivity hypothesis and the item‐specific versus relational processing model. It discusses to what extent adverts can be manipulated to appeal to a particular gender, acknowledging that a commonly used strategy is to depict men in agentic roles and women in communal roles. With respect to online advertising, there appears to be a continuation of the agentic/communal distinction witnessed in offline platforms. Further, it is found that, notwithstanding some recent changes, gender stereotyping remains prevalent, particularly in relation to the portrayal of women's occupational status and women's portrayal in decorative roles. With that said, advertising's role in gender stereotyping is more of a reaction to, rather than a driver of, societal values, but has been shown to be lagging behind as societies move toward more gender equality. An examination on gender stereotyping in children's advertising reports broadly similar results to that reported by studies concerning advertising to adults. It is also agreed that men and women's role portrayal in advertising differs by culture, and that gender affects responses to advertising aimed at LGBT consumers.
Gender‐Positive Advertising: Challenging Gender Stereotyping in Advertising
Authors: Murphy Brenda
Published: July 2020

This entry explores the development of gendered advertising and the feminist activism that surrounded anti‐advertising. It then looks at the emergence of “positive advertising,” comparing 1970s campaigns with contemporary marketing events such as Dove. Finally, it critiques positive advertising and questions its authenticity and effect.
Girls' Media Cultures
Authors: Kearney Mary Celeste
Published: July 2020

This entry provides an introduction to girls' media cultures, those mediated objects, practices, and communities centered on girls and girlhood. Using cultural studies' holistic “circuit of culture” approach, it focuses on the three major sites of girls' media culture—media production, media texts, and media consumption—and explores entertainment media created for, about, and by female youth while also considering girls' engagements with such texts as audiences/consumers. The girls' media cultures explored here involve magazines, film, music, radio, television, the internet, digital technologies, and social media. This entry offers an historical overview of girls' media cultures from a primarily US/North American perspective; however, it should be useful when considering girls' media cultures in other geographic and national contexts.
Postfeminist Media Cultures
Authors: Papagianni Chrysavgi
Published: July 2020

This entry provides an overview of postfeminism, which has become central in the last two decades not only within feminist cultural discourse but also within neoliberal discourses and popular culture. The dominant attempts to conceptualize postfeminism often bring to the surface approaches that are complex and contradictory in nature. For instance, postfeminism is viewed as a theoretical framework, as a sensibility, as an expansion of feminist theory, or as a rejection of it. The discussion of postfeminism against the backdrop of media productions further highlights its implications for women and gender representation. A look at quintessential postfeminist texts shows, for instance, that postfeminism essentially problematizes contemporary constructions of gender as it simultaneously evokes and rejects basic feminist tenets.
Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Human Rights
Authors: Dondoli Giulia
Published: July 2020

Laws and policies have an important role in shaping the discourse around sexuality and gender, and ultimately the media coverage on laws and policies dealing with sexual orientation and gender identity issues has an impact upon the lives of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people. In many circumstances, LGBT people can benefit from more visibility in society. However, it has also been noted that the public understanding of sexuality and gender—also driven by the “media sensationalism” on the topic—can produce backlashes, especially from conservative/religious persons and political leaders. This entry discusses the point that media coverage can either hinder or facilitate LGBT people's human rights protection. For the benefit of LGBT communities, there is the need to further discuss how media covers legal and political discourse on LGBT people's human rights, and what consequences this media discourse has in the lives of LGBT people.
Researching Women's Film History
Authors: Bell Melanie , Cobb Shelley , Gledhill Christine , Mukherjee Debashree , Porter Laraine , Sawhney Rashmi , Sieglohr Ulrike
Published: July 2020

Paradoxically, while 1970s/1980s feminist film theory had argued there were no “real” women represented in mainstream cinema, women's film historians have unearthed myriads of “real” women doing pioneering work in all areas of filmmaking, exhibition, and journalism, throughout the world. However, once cinema was established as a major industry of huge economic and cultural significance, women found themselves eased out of key production roles, largely hidden in “below‐the‐line jobs,” and visible only on screen as actresses and stars. Despite the impact of the women's movement on women's independent filmmaking and resulting equality legislation in many countries, the situation remains painfully static even today.

Uncovering the history of women's participation in, and contributions to, the emergence and development of cinema offers an important platform for current attempts to redress women's unequal access to filmmaking. Focusing largely on the anglophone experience but highlighting recent investigations of women working in Europe, Latin America, and India, this entry, collectively written by the Women's Film & Television History Network‐UK/Ireland, charts key contributions made by women to the history of cinema, while outlining both institutional obstacles to their participation and the historiographic and critical frameworks that have excluded their work from established film histories. At the same time, the entry reflects on the problems raised by the project to construct a women's film history.
Stereotyping in Advertising
Authors: Stover Maria , Ibroscheva Elza
Published: July 2020

The stereotypical depiction of women in advertising has been a major topic of examination for the past four decades by scholars and more recently by policy makers, particularly in Europe. Exploring stereotyping in advertising along gender lines is important because gender has served as a key demographic variable in the creation and dissemination of advertising messages and scholarly research indicates that advertising often relies on stereotypical gender roles to promote products. Examining portrayals of women in TV advertising over time, from different theoretical perspectives and across different cultures, present a revealing look of how female identities are being engendered and constructed. Although there is some progress in Western countries, women portrayed in TV adverts across the world are still stereotyped across certain categories.
Women Filmmakers:
A
nn
H
ui
Authors: Marchetti Gina
Published: July 2020

The career of film director Ann Hui highlights the importance of stories told from a woman's perspective to the development of the Hong Kong New Wave beginning in 1979. Part of broader trends that opened doors to women and other emerging voices in the region, Hui's global recognition in film festivals, her popular appeal within the region and throughout the Chinese diaspora, as well as the more recent international recognition of her films are central to the growth of the movie industry in Asia. Hui's regional and global significance also exemplifies Hong Kong's local film culture during a period of enormous change.

Although not the only Hong Kong woman director to emerge as a significant figure in world cinema, the length of Hui's career and the scores of accolades she has garnered in the Asian region and at European film festivals makes her stand out. Moreover, she tends to focus on women‐centered narratives within an industry known for male‐defined martial arts and heroic bloodshed films. Her career underscores the difficulties of negotiating gender politics in Chinese‐language cinema, the significance of social justice movements to the new wave, the appeal of border‐crossing stories about mainland women, and Hong Kong's contribution to global film aesthetics through cinematic techniques that capture the nuances of characters' subjectivities.
Women Filmmakers: Catherine Breillat
Authors: Bryan Alice Haylett
Published: July 2020

Dubbed the “auteur of porn” Catherine Breillat is one of the most controversial film directors of all time. This entry documents the life and work of Breillat: from the publication of her first novel, so sexually explicit that at 17 she was unable to legally purchase it herself, to the controversies of
Romance
(1999) with its depictions of an erect penis and real sex, and finally to the autobiographical nature of
Abus de faiblesse
[Abuse of weakness] (2013), which draws on Breillat's own experience of falling prey to a conman after suffering from a cerebral hemorrhage. Further to the discussion of Breillat's 18 films (and reference to her literary texts and scriptwriting), this entry isolates the key themes that run through the director's body of work, including female sexuality, girlhood, the use of provocative imagery, and the blending together of fiction and autobiography.
Arzner, Dorothy (1897–1979)
Authors: Papagianni Chrysavgi
Published: July 2020

Dorothy Arzner was the only American woman that was successful in both the silent and the sound era. She was the only woman director working for Hollywood in the 1930s and one of the very few female Hollywood directors that have been successful from the 1920s to the 1940s. Arzner in fact came to symbolize everything that women could achieve in cinema and her work had a great influence on later women directors such as Ida Lupino, Joan Micklin Silver, and Elaine May. Her films were reclaimed by feminist scholars during the 1970s as texts that subvert patriarchal constructions of gender. In particular, feminist film critics often quote Arzner's
Dance, Girl, Dance
(1940) as a film that actively critiques the culture of the spectacle where the woman is objectified by the gaze of the camera. Overall, although Arzner uses the “master's tools,” she still manages to dismantle “the master's house” by denaturalizing the gender conventions of her era.
Women Filmmakers: Sally Potter
Authors: Shah Tamanna M.
Published: July 2020

This entry provides an introduction to Sally Potter's British cinematic journey. Her work is aligned with the trajectory of both the feminist and postfeminist discourses in both political and theoretical terms. She is able to mix a range of genres and present women as powerful icons of change. Her films speak of the power of the image of the woman, mediated through the cinema. Sally Potter incorporates aspects of feminist film theory and some of her films like the
Thriller
(1979) investigates the representation of the woman's image in cinema specifically and visual culture in general. Her other work is similarly not restricted to cinema and delivers new options for her women and a unique combination of creative opportunities.
Women Filmmakers in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Papagianni Chrysavgi
Published: July 2020

This entry provides an introduction to the work of and the challenges faced by women filmmakers in the United Arab Emirates while at the same time providing an overview of the emerging film industry in the country. The fact that these women claim the power of representation and start telling their stories against the backdrop of a conservative, patriarchal society, obviously opens up space for gender redefinition. Overall, it seems that their films reveal a preference for strong, interesting women that fight for a meaningful life against the backdrop of a globalized society that has left women weaker and more fragile, with less obvious choices and possibilities for fulfillment. As their female characters claim center stage, both traditional and contemporary constructions of gender are called into question and popular stereotypes about Emirati women are challenged.
Women War Reporters
Authors: Earnheardt Mary Beth
Published: July 2020

During the early days of journalism, women were often either absent from newsrooms or working quietly behind the scenes, and were absent from the battlefield as reporters. Although access to opportunities in news reporting has improved for women, the area of war reporting remains a male‐dominated occupation. Prior to 1970, very few women were foreign war correspondents but by the early 1990s, they constituted around a third of such reporters. While updated numbers have not been reported, this percentage is similar to that published as the total number of news reports by women in 2017. Women who serve as war reporters prefer not to be referred to as “women reporters,” rather simply “reporters,” so as not to differentiate their abilities, news reporting value, and fortitude displayed on the front lines from their male counterparts. This entry discusses the historical contributions of women war correspondents who broke gender boundaries and created opportunities for future generations. These women include Dickey Chapelle, who was killed in action during the Vietnam war, Martha Gellhorn, who covered major conflicts for more than 60 years, Marie Colvin, the eye‐patch wearing journalist who died from injuries resulting from an explosion in Syria, and Christiane Amanpour, who covered conflicts in Kuwait, Bosnia, and Sarajevo on her way to anchoring CNN's “flagship global affairs programme.”
Women's Radio Production
Authors: Mitchell Caroline
Published: July 2020

Radio listening has been intimately entwined with women's lives since its invention in the 1920s. The emerging field of radio studies has encompassed research about female radio pioneers and the historical importance of radio made by women, providing a critique of the gender blindness of radio history writing. There is now a body of feminist radio history work and related women's radio archives which demonstrate how women have been “rewritten” back into radio history. The relationship between women and radio spans research and practices concerning the nature of women's radio and feminist radio and the agency of women as program makers and managers. A reoccurring theme is the persistence of inequalities and limiting gendered roles in different parts of the radio industry worldwide and the opportunities afforded by newer forms of sound production and distribution such as community broadcasting and podcasting.

Research about women's radio production has been instrumental in reconfiguring modern media spaces of identity and agency. Women have used diverse approaches within feminist and community radio to be agents of resistance against traditional representations of themselves in radio and have made forceful inroads into gender equality. Women are active as program makers in different program genres and women's radio stations, programs, and services have been set up in most regions of the world in the latter half of the 20th century. New sound platforms such as podcasting and online archives have amplified the voices and ultimately the reach of women's radio, creative audio/radio production and women's radio activism.
Women's Lifestyle Magazines
Authors: Cardoso Carla Rodrigues , Cardoso Daniel
Published: July 2020

This entry is about the relation between gender studies and women's lifestyle magazines studies, a relevant part of communication studies. It discusses how magazines function as marketing tools that also mirror and normalize gender and ethnic concerns, and work as social memory constructors in implicitly political ways. Magazines base their content on the projected needs, desires, hopes, and fears of their target group, with whom they try to develop a bond, promoting community‐like interactions. Women's lifestyle magazines have mostly been marketed and organized around the gender binary, turning themselves into technologies of gender, producers of those identities and bodies. We will focus on four different aspects: (a) the heavily imagetic and discursive processes of the magazine cover, a hybrid structure, and its most important and enduring element, which declares its personality; (b) the market and business changes in terms of how they are created, and how the public engages with them; (c) their content and attending cultural presuppositions; and (d) the way recent sociocultural changes have transformed the discourses, but not the political implications of these magazines. We will focus on contemporary aspects of globalized media production, without losing sight of the changing nature of the meaning of “women's magazines.” We will also consider how postfeminism and its critique, biopolitics, and discipline are fundamental to understand the nature of women's magazines.
Fathers in the Media
Authors: Feasey Rebecca D.
Published: July 2020

This entry provides an introduction to the topic of fatherhood on screen, paying particular attention to the changing depictions of fathers from breadwinners at the edge of family life, to sole providers and caregivers in contemporary film and television.
Gendering Music in Popular Culture
Authors: Bridge Simone Krüger
Published: July 2020

This entry illustrates the gendering of music in popular culture from a historical perspective. Beginning in the 1950s, popular music was created, produced, and promoted from a fundamentally sexist and misogynistic position, shaped by the commercial success of rock music and its explicit concern with sexual representation. Female creative roles were limited, while women musicians who “made it” were almost always singers and “judged” by male notions of female ability. In the 1980s, the music industry shifted its emphasis toward a global preoccupation with “image” and MusicTeleVision. Music videos constructed and naturalized a specific system of gendered representation targeted at a “youth” market, while representing male youth privilege and male ideology, and subjecting female artists and women in pop videos to the male gaze. Since the 1960s, the feminist movement has played a significant role in challenging the hegemonic order of the music industry and imperialist White supremacist capitalist patriarchy at large. The riot grrrl movement, for example, was fundamentally opposed to the overtly masculine customs of the music industry and actively sought to challenge the dominant roles of males. The 2000s witnessed a shift toward a new cultural logic, cool, evident in the branding of cool “celebrity personas” in popular culture, while gender (and race) acquired new meanings in neoliberal multiracial White supremacist patriarchy. Commercialized hip‐hop and its expression of cool Black masculinity, and the music of female celebrity stars in their embrace of cool postfeminism both demonstrate the gendered narratives expressed in much contemporary popular culture.
Masculinities in Men's Lifestyle Magazines
Authors: Mishra Suman
Published: July 2020

This entry introduces representations of masculinities in men's lifestyle magazines. Men's lifestyle magazines, even though heterogeneous in its form and fragmented across space and time, have been associated with the construction of modern masculinity with a distinct focus on consumption, men's bodies and physical appearance, fashion, sex, and other behaviors. In the last two decades, American and British men's lifestyle magazines have expanded to other non‐Western countries where similar representations of dominant masculinities in the West have been noted, raising concerns of globalization of male body and attractiveness.
Queer
TV
Authors: Horvat Anamarija
Published: July 2020

This entry traces the development of queer visibility on US and UK television. How have the depictions of LGBTQ people changed? How have activists responded to queer TV representations? And finally, how can queer television be defined? While a number of authors have tracked the gradual increase of LGBTQ representation on television, others have argued for a move away from such approaches and toward a focus on the queer aspects of the medium itself. Drawing on this, this entry offers a brief historical overview of how British and American LGBTQ representation has developed since the 1950s to the present day, and then provides an introduction into approaches which seek not to focus on queer visibility, but rather to approach television queerly.
Sex and Gender on Film
Authors: Winterton Connor
Published: July 2020

Representations of sex acts on‐screen are inextricably connected with gender. Sex, as a performative act, can inscribe normative gender roles and stereotypes, and “masculinity” and “femininity” are particularly reinforced through certain sex acts. Although gender and sex are linked closely, the relationship between sex and gender/performativity/gender roles in film has not actually been explored in an overt and concentrated way in academic literature on the subject. In other words, at this current time, there are no scholarly pieces of literature where the sole research objective is to explore sex acts and their specific relationship with gender (and gender roles/stereotypes) in film, or how sex acts in film reinscribe or challenge gendered norms. However, this entry presents a concise and cogent overview of academic literature that has dealt with sex and gender in film, such as Jane Fonda's performance of orgasm, the figure of the straight and queer femme fatale in the contemporary erotic thriller, the (taboo) sexual desires of women and men, adultery and domestic transgressions, and teen narratives and sex.
Women in
B
ritish
TV
Comedy
Authors: Irwin Mary
Published: July 2020

This entry provides the first historical overview of women in British television comedy, highlighting the scarcity of relevant, extant, critical commentary while suggesting that what does exist focuses on texts perceived either as problematic or of exceptional quality. It explores a range of key texts, writers, and performances from early postwar series such as
The Rag Trade
(BBC, 1961–1963) to very recent successes such as
Miranda
(BBC, 2009–2015) and
Fleabag
(BBC, 2017) offering a blueprint on which further, fuller, richer, and more comprehensive accounts of the genre can be built and developed, simultaneously identifying the need for further scholarship in the field. Additionally, previously unconsidered and unexplored relationships between earlier and more contemporary texts are traced, pointing to deeply rooted traditions and formats on which women's TV comedy draws.
Food and Femininity
Authors: Sikka Tina
Published: July 2020

In this entry, the categories of food and femininity are examined as they relate to social capital, taste and class, gender ideology, care work, postfeminism, media technologies, and race/ethnicity.
Gender and Political Speech
Authors: Shaw Sylvia
Published: July 2020

This entry provides an introduction to some of the main areas of investigation into gender and political speech. It describes how theoretical notions of gender and language have moved away from conceiving of fixed, monolithic gendered speech styles toward a performative model of gender, which is nevertheless constrained by cultural norms and expectations, particularly in the political sphere. Women in politics face barriers and obstacles relating to speaking with authority including the notion of the “different voice” ideology. This ideology holds that women entering male‐dominated professions will automatically civilize male spaces with a more consensual and cooperative style of speech. Although studies in political science have shown that women politicians speak for “women's interests,” there is little evidence that women in politics speak in these conciliatory ways. Nevertheless, the voice of authority continues to be associated with masculinity, and women who speak with authority in politics risk negative sanctions and appraisals not least in the representation of their speech in the media. Individual women political leaders negotiate these constraints by skilfully managing different norms of femininity in order to mitigate the effects of enacting authority in masculinized political contexts.
Minority Women Politicians
Authors: Galy‐Badenas Flora
Published: July 2020

The media representation of female political leaders has mostly been studied from a gender perspective, largely neglecting minority groups. Although a handful of scholars have begun to deploy an intersectional lens, much research retains a prominently White perspective. Even intersectional studies have been confined to examining gender and race/ethnicity categories, thereby limiting the explanatory power of the research. Finally, the majority of studies have focused on the North American context, overlooking other regions of the world such as Europe and Australasia. This entry addresses the current state of the literature, and proposes directions for future research.
P
alin,
S
arah
Authors: Harp Dustin
Published: July 2020

Sarah Palin's gender served as a defining element within mediated public discourse from the moment Arizona senator John McCain, the 2008 US Republican presidential nominee, named the Alaskan governor as his vice‐presidential running mate. Much of the academic research investigating Sarah Palin in media discourse illustrated that Palin had suffered from some of the same stereotypical media constructions as other American women in the US press and media more broadly. Palin's media discourse, however, offered some unique qualities.
Women and Images of War
Authors: Parry Katy
Published: July 2020

This entry details the traditional gendering of war imagery, focusing on photojournalism but with the recognition that other media genres have a role in visualizing war experience. War images tend to focus on male participation, but where women do become visible, they are likely to be cast in familiar roles as mourning mothers, refugees, and peacemakers. The representation of women's suffering in war photography comes to symbolize the collective sorrow of the nation. Likewise, where women appear as soldiers, their military identity is put to political use in the news media. Summarizing the ways in which familiar tropes reproduce gender ideologies and norms, the entry examines images of war under the broad categories of women as soldiers and women as victims. While women as the subjects of war images are the primary focus here, the role of women as producers of images is also considered alongside forms of spectatorship and witnessing. Photography projects by women offer just one way to destabilize the hegemonic ways of seeing war and to engage seriously with women's experiences of war, violence, and peace.
Women in Indian Cinema
Authors: Prakash Manisha
Published: July 2020

The Indian film industry, a blend of many sub‐film industries, is represented by Bollywood which makes films in Hindi, the national language of India. Bollywood and its counterparts function amid a gender gap in terms of stereotype, screen time, pay, and equal opportunities. As the number of women behind the scenes is negligible, their on‐screen portrayal has gender bias and fails to explore women's worldviews, sensibilities, perceptions, and other realities. In many films, the women have only small roles apart from the usual showpiece presence in emotionally charged musical sequences which convey physical attraction and romance. The narratives of Hindi cinema are largely male centric and themes are explored from the male audience's point of view. The Indian heroine is usually portrayed in the subservient role of love interest or wife symbolic of weak stereotypes and secondary to the hero. It is not that feminist films are not made in India, but they usually do not receive the success and audience of commercial films. Top actors in Bollywood earn at least five times more than the top actresses; and films with a male lead make bigger profits at the box office compared to those with a female lead. It seems the audience has almost been tamed into accepting women in typical roles only. The Indian heroine is yearning for change but finds it challenging to break the mold of the past. Scholars suggest that Indian cinema needs to focus more on balancing the women's image instead of repeating stereotypes.
Queer Game Studies
Authors: Pelurson Gaspard
Published: July 2020

Queer game studies regroup two sites that are opposed in many ways: queerness challenges rigid and binary constructions of sexuality but also normative and structuring values of capitalist societies while video games have gained notoriety in the media over the last decades because of their infamous lack of positive female representation and the hostility toward nonhegemonic identities in the gaming community. Calling for an understanding of video games as a platform for queerness, queer game studies is rapidly evolving and is moving beyond the representation of queer characters on screen. Indeed, queerness also affects the essence and structure of games. Queer practices manifest themselves in the enjoyment of losing, playing against the game's rules or exploiting its glitches and flaws. Through these new approaches, queer game studies contributes to the deconstruction of heteronormativity and aims at making spaces for LGBTQ perspectives in a medium that is increasingly influential in today's society. Building on the #GamerGate controversy, which was later followed by #MeToo, it situates itself at the forefront of key debates in gender, sexuality and politics in video games, online culture, and new media.
Mediated Intimacies, Queer Bodies
Authors: Mercier Élisabeth
Published: July 2020

This entry focuses on the mediatization of non‐normative intimacies and queer bodies. It reviews the main ways in which the relationship between media, intimacy, and the visibility of queer bodies is addressed in the literature. An initial period of relative invisibility was followed at the turn of the 1990s by a period of increased public visibility and media capitalization of queer bodies. Later, queer people turned in a significant way to dating apps and online social networking, which offer new ways of coming together for the purpose of intimate encounters. Indeed, after appropriating specific public places, such as bathhouses, parks, and nightclubs, queer sexual culture is now facilitated by digital media. While some scholars see this shift as a form of re‐privatization of queer sexualities, others underscore the access to a broader diversity of bodies and sexualities made possible by digital media.
Representing the Modified Body
Authors: Brown Melanie L.
Published: July 2020

Women with visible tattoos and body modifications continue to face social and cultural stigma and discrimination because of their physical appearance, with tattoos historically being linked to criminal activity, alcoholism, sexual promiscuity, and violence. Tattooed women are often portrayed in media representations and in daily life as defying normative standards of femininity and female beauty. Body projects, such as being a heavily tattooed woman, that are not focused on the pursuit of normative beauty are consequently viewed as “deviant,” and this stems from the fact that a woman's social value is determined by her beauty, as opposed to men who are usually evaluated based on their social and economic status. Tattooing subverts the male gaze, as the traditional Western notion of feminine skin is of pure, unblemished skin.

The literature in this field has focused on a broad spectrum of considerations, including the symbolic meaning behind chosen tattoo designs; motivations for being tattooed; and links to surviving child sexual abuse. Increasingly, the literature has focused on gender and tattooing, displacing the notion that tattoo‐collecting or tattooing are solely masculine enterprises. The body narratives of tattooed people attest that tattoos are much more symbolic and meaningful than surface decoration for the body, as they allow the body to speak for itself. The literature has also focused on the enhanced social stigma of being an older tattooed woman, or a tattooed mother.
Advanced Characterization Techniques for Identifying the Key Active Sites of Gas‐Involved Electrocatalysts
Authors: Da Yumin , Li Xiaopeng , Zhong Cheng , Deng Yida , Han Xiaopeng , Hu Wenbin
Published: July 2020

Highly efficient electrocatalysts play an integral part in developing renewable energy conversion and storage technologies. Despite considerable efforts devoted to synthesizing electrocatalysts with superior performance, the identification of active moieties and understanding of reaction mechanisms under practical conditions still remain elusive. Herein, the substantial progresses in unraveling the local electronic and atomic structure optimizations of nanocatalysts for gas‐involved electrocatalysis, disclosing real active sites, and clarifying their relationships with intrinsic activities by combining advanced characterization techniques with computational simulations are summarized. The continuous development of in situ and ex situ characterization tools, particularly at multi‐scale resolution, to monitor or even directly observe the active center structure is systematically discussed, which is divided into four main categories based on the type of active sites: atomically dispersed active sites, vacancies, heteroatom doping sites, and edge sites. Current challenges and perspectives in both fundamental area and industrial application are finally proposed for the future research direction of next‐generation electrode materials. The aim of this review is to provide mechanistic insights into the real catalytically active structure with the assistance of newly developed characterization techniques, guiding the rational design and structure engineering of advanced functional materials with outstanding activity, selectivity, and durability.
Electroactive Covalent Organic Frameworks: Design, Synthesis, and Applications
Authors: Yusran Yusran , Fang Qianrong , Valtchev Valentin
Published: July 2020

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are an emerging class of crystalline porous polymers with tailorable compositions, porosities, functionalities, and intrinsic chemical stability. The incorporation of electroactive moieties in the structure transforms COFs into electroactive materials with great potential for energy‐related applications. Herein, the recent advances in the design and use of electroactive COFs as capacitors, batteries, conductors, fuel cells, water‐splitting, and electrocatalysis are addressed. Their remarkable performance is discussed and compared with other porous materials; hence, perspectives in the development of electroactive COFs are presented.
Selective Permeation of Water through Angstrom‐Channel Graphene Membranes for Bioethanol Concentration
Authors: Chen Xiaofang , Mohammed Shabin , Yang Guang , Qian Tianyue , Chen Yu , Ma Hongyu , Xie Zongli , Zhang Xiwang , Simon George P. , Wang Huanting
Published: July 2020

Graphene‐based laminate membranes have been theoretically predicted to selectively transport ethanol from ethanol–water solution while blocking water. Here, robust angstrom‐channel graphene membranes (ACGMs) fabricated by intercalating carbon sheets derived from chitosan into thermally reduced graphene oxide (GO) sheets are reported. ACGMs with robust and continuous slit‐shaped pores (an average pore size of 3.9 Å) are investigated for the dehydration of ethanol. Surprisingly, only water permeates through ACGMs in the presence of aqueous ethanol solution. For the water‐ethanol mixture containing 90 wt% ethanol, water can selectively permeate through ACGMs with a water flux of 63.8 ± 3.2 kg m−2 h−1 at 20 °C and 389.1 ± 19.4 kg m−2 h−1 at 60 °C, which are over two orders of magnitude higher than those of conventional pervaporation membranes. This means that ACGMs can effectively operate at room temperature. Moreover, the ethanol can be fast concentrated to high purity (up to 99.9 wt%). Therefore, ACGMs are very promising for production of bioethanol with high efficiency, thus improving its process sustainability.
Solid‐State Electrolyte Dielectrics Based on Exceptional High‐k P(VDF‐TrFE‐CTFE) Terpolymer for High‐Performance Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Nketia‐Yawson Benjamin , Tabi Grace Dansoa , Jo Jea Woong , Noh Yong‐Young
Published: July 2020

High‐performance and low‐voltage organic and inorganic field‐effect transistors (FETs) with solid‐state electrolyte gate insulator that is composed of an exceptional high‐k fluorinated dielectric and an ion‐gel‐blend polymer matrix are reported. The structuring polymer is high‐k poly(vinylidenefluoride‐trifluoroethylene‐chlorotrifluoroethylene) (P(VDF‐TrFE‐CTFE)) terpolymer. The ion gel is made of poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluroropropylene) (P(VDF‐HFP)) and 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide ([EMIM][TFSI]) ion liquid. The blend polymer matrix has high measured capacitance of ≈2 to 5.5 µF cm−2 at 100 Hz, which is attributed to formation of electrical double layers (EDLs) at the insulator/semiconductor interface. High effective carrier mobility (μeff) and low operating voltage ≤2 V with just 0.5 v% of P(VDF‐HFP)‐[EMIM][TFSI] solution in the bulk P(VDF‐TrFE‐CTFE) insulating layer are demonstrated, coupled with low gate‐leakage current levels. Excellent μeff = 1.30 ± 0.19 cm2 V−1 s−1 is achieved in P3HT FETs with SEGI, which is a remarkable boost from 0.48 ± 0.09 cm2 V−1 s−1 at 30 V when pure P(VDF‐TrFE‐CTFE) dielectric is used. Other semiconductors are also tested: IGZO has μeff = 11.09 ± 2.07 cm2 V−1 s−1, and PDFDT has μeff = 2.42 ± 0.46 cm2 V−1 s−1. These remarkable increases in mobility are attributed to the high concentration of induced carriers in the semiconducting channel.
Impact of the Energetic Landscape on Polariton Condensates' Propagation along a Coupler
Authors: Rozas Elena , Beierlein Johannes , Yulin Alexey , Klaas Martin , Suchomel Holger , Egorov Oleg , Shelykh Ivan Andreevich , Peschel Ulf , Schneider Christian , Klembt Sebastian , Höfling Sven , Martín María Dolores , Viña Luis
Published: July 2020

Polariton condensates' propagation is strongly dependent on the particular energy landscape the particles are moving upon, in which the geometry of the pathway laid for their movement plays a crucial role. Bends in the circuit's trajectories affect the condensates' speed and oblique geometries introduce an additional discretization of the polaritons' momenta due to the mixing of short and long axis wavevectors on the propagating eigenvalues. In this work, the nature of the propagation of condensates along the arms of a polariton coupler is studied by a combination of time‐resolved micro‐tomography measurements and a theoretical model based on a mean field approximation where condensed polaritons are described by an equation for the slow varying amplitude of the polariton field coupled to an equation for the density of incoherent excitons.
Fluid‐Driven Soft CoboSkin for Safer Human–Robot Collaboration: Fabrication and Adaptation
Authors: Heng Wenzheng , Yang Geng , Pang Gaoyang , Ye Zhiqiu , Lv Honghao , Du Juan , Zhao Guodong , Pang Zhibo
Published: July 2020

In human–robot collaboration, the wrapping material on robots is not only required to have the sensing ability to adapt to the external environment but also need to have the function of cushioning the collision between human and robot. Herein, a fluid‐driven soft robot skin with sensing and actuating function is successfully applied to a collaborative robot and working well with the host robot. The skin is an integration of sponge force sensors and pneumatic actuators. By altering the internal air pressure in pneumatic actuators, the developed robot skin can provide more than ten times tunable stiffness and sensitivity. In addition, the skin can reduce the peak force of the collision and achieve the actuating function. Using three‐dimensional printing and computer‐aided design, the skin is fabricated and attached to a collaborative robot conformally. Drawing upon the data acquisition and control system, the experiment for illustrating the applications of the CoboSkin is successfully performed. The skin provides the robot with multi‐functions, which are similar to the human muscle and skin attached to human bones. By mimicking human skin and muscle with tactile sensing function and stiffness tuning function, CoboSkin can enhance the adaptability of the robot to human daily life.