bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Direct arterial injection of hyperpolarized 13C‐labeled substrates into rat tumors for rapid MR detection of metabolism with minimal substrate dilution
Authors: Reynolds Steven , Metcalf Stephen , Cochrane Edward J. , Collins Rebecca C. , Jones Simon , Paley Martyn N.J. , Tozer Gillian M.
Published: February 2017

Purpose

A rat model was developed to enable direct administration of hyperpolarized 13C‐labeled molecules into a tumor‐supplying artery for magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) studies of tumor metabolism.

Methods

Rat P22 sarcomas were implanted into the right inguinal fat pad of BDIX rats such that the developing tumors received their principle blood supply directly from the right superior epigastric artery. Hyperpolarized 13C‐molecules were either infused directly to the tumor through the epigastric artery or systemically through the contralateral femoral vein. Spectroscopic data were obtained on a 7 Tesla preclinical scanner.

Results

Intra‐arterial infusion of hyperpolarized 13C‐pyruvate increased the pyruvate tumor signal by a factor of 4.6, compared with intravenous infusion, despite an approximately 7 times smaller total dose to the rat. Hyperpolarized glucose signal was detected at near‐physiological systemic blood concentration. Pyruvate to lactate but not glucose to lactate metabolism was detected in the tumor. Hyperpolarized 13C‐labeled combretastatin A1 diphosphate, a tumor vascular disrupting agent, showed an in vivo signal in the tumor.

Conclusions

The model maximizes tumor substrate/drug delivery and minimizes T1 relaxation signal losses in addition to systemic toxicity. Therefore, it permits metabolic studies of hyperpolarized substrates with relatively short T1 and opens up the possibility for preclinical studies of hyperpolarized drug molecules. Magn Reson Med 78:2116–2126, 2017. © 2017 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Ingestion of transient receptor potential channel agonists attenuates exercise‐induced muscle cramps
Authors: Craighead Daniel H. , Shank Sean W. , Gottschall Jinger S. , Passe Dennis H. , Murray Bob , Alexander Lacy M. , Kenney W. Larry
Published: February 2017

Introduction: Exercise‐associated muscle cramping (EAMC) is a poorly understood problem that is neuromuscular in origin. Ingestion of transient receptor potential (TRP) channel agonists has been efficacious in attenuating electrically induced muscle cramps. This study examines the effect of TRP agonist ingestion on voluntarily induced EAMC and motor function. Methods: Study 1: Thirty‐nine participants completed 2 trials after ingesting TRP agonist‐containing active treatment (A), or vehicle (V) control. Cramping in the triceps surae muscle was induced via voluntary isometric contraction. Study 2: After ingesting A or V, 31 participants performed kinematic and psychomotor tests of manual dexterity. Results: A increased precramp contraction duration (A, 36.9 ± 4.1 s; V, 27.8 ± 3.1 s), decreased cramp EMG area under the curve (A, 37.3 ± 7.7 %EMGmax·s; V, 77.2 ± 17.7 %EMGmax·s), increased contraction force to produce the cramp (A, 13.8 ± 1.8 kg; V, 9.9 ± 1.6 kg), and decreased postcramp soreness (A, 4.1 ± 0.3 arbitrary units (a.u.); V, 4.7 ± 0.3 a.u.). Kinematic and psychomotor tests were not affected. Discussion: TRP agonist ingestion attenuated EAMC characteristics without affecting motor function. Muscle Nerve 56: 379–385, 2017
Preparation and characterization of nanocomposites of poly(p‐phenylene benzobisoxazole) with aminofunctionalized graphene
Authors: Li Nan , Hu Zhen , Huang Yudong
Published: February 2017

We describe a novel strategy to design and prepare poly(p‐phenylenebenzobisoxazole) (PBO)/graphene composite. Amino graphene (AG) was first modified by terephthalic acid (PTA) to improve the reactivity, solubility, and dispersivity of graphene in PBO. Without separation and purification, AG‐PTA was further incorporated with PBO through in situ polymerization, and PBO/AG composite films were obtained by thermoforming process. The structure and morphology of AG‐PTA and PBO/AG films were characterized and the mechanical and thermal properties were investigated. The incorporation of graphene improved the thermal stability of PBO. Mechanical property measurements revealed that the PBO/AG films exhibited a tensile strength (155 MPa) and Young's modulus (6.7 GPa) at a AG loading of 1.5 wt%, corresponding to 46 and 86% increase compared to the PBO film, respectively. The one‐pot in situ procedure wraps AG with PBO chains, improves the dispersion and alignment of AG in PBO matrix, and enhances PBO chain packing order, which are considered to be the main reasons for the performance improvement of PBO. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:2969–2976, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
DISTANCE TRAINING IN FUNCTION‐BASED INTERVENTIONS TO DECREASE STUDENT PROBLEM BEHAVIOR: SUMMARY OF 74 CASES FROM A UNIVERSITY COURSE
Authors: Pétursdóttir Anna‐Lind
Published: February 2017

In this study, 188 master‐level students received training through a distance education course to conduct functional behavioral assessments (FBAs) and behavior support plans with 68 boys and six girls (aged 3–20 years) displaying persistent behavior problems in inclusive preschools, elementary, and secondary schools. In the course, master‐level students’ scores on an FBA knowledge test increased from 13.2% to 68.8% correct. Changes in pupils’ target behaviors were evaluated with a total of 114 AB single‐subject designs and combined data with one‐group pretest–posttest designs. Comparing medians of means, disruptive behaviors decreased by 77.8% and aggressive behaviors by 88.7%, whereas task engagement increased by 91.5% after intervention. Nonparametric Wilcoxon signed‐ranks tests for related samples showed that changes were statistically significant for all groups with sufficient sample sizes. Adjusted effect sizes ranged from d = .5 to 1.6. Results indicate that positive changes in student behavior problems can be attained with function‐based interventions conducted by teams trained through a distance education course.
A NATIONAL INVESTIGATION OF SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY TRAINERS’ ATTITUDES AND BELIEFS ABOUT EVIDENCE‐BASED PRACTICES
Authors: Reddy Linda A. , Forman Susan G. , Stoiber Karen C. , Gonzalez Jorge E.
Published: February 2017

The present investigation examined 460 school psychology trainers’ attitudes and beliefs about the conditions for the education and training of evidence‐based practices (i.e., assessments and interventions) in training programs in the United States and Canada using an online survey. Trainer attitudes and beliefs about education and training in evidence‐based practices were measured using a 24‐item five‐point Likert scale. Overall, trainers had positive views of evidence‐based practices, as well as program and organizational support for such training. However, trainers rated the education and training of evidence‐based assessments more favorably than evidence‐based interventions. In general, trainer characteristics nor program accreditation status, model, or type of degree offered were found to influence trainers’ perceptions about evidence‐based practices. However, trainers with prior experience teaching evidence‐based intervention courses were found to have more supportive views of evidence‐based assessments and interventions than those without such experience. Implications for future training and school practice are discussed.
iTRAQ‐based quantitative proteomic analysis of wheat roots in response to salt stress
Authors: Jiang Qiyan , Li Xiaojuan , Niu Fengjuan , Sun Xianjun , Hu Zheng , Zhang Hui
Published: February 2017

Salinity is a major abiotic stress that affects plant growth and development. Plant roots are the sites of salt uptake. Here, an isobaric tag for a relative and absolute quantitation based proteomic technique was employed to identify the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) from seedling roots of the salt‐tolerant genotype Han 12 and the salt‐sensitive genotype Jimai 19 in response to salt treatment. A total of 121 NaCl‐responsive DEPs were observed in Han 12 and Jimai 19. The main DEPs were ubiquitination‐related proteins, transcription factors, pathogen‐related proteins, membrane intrinsic protein transporters and antioxidant enzymes, which may work together to obtain cellular homeostasis in roots and to determine the overall salt tolerance of different wheat varieties in response to salt stress. Functional analysis of three salt‐responsive proteins was performed in transgenic plants as a case study to confirm the salt‐related functions of the detected proteins. Taken together, the results of this study may be helpful in further elucidating salt tolerance mechanisms in wheat.
Heterologous expression of Helicoverpa armigera cytochrome P450 CYP6B7 in Pichia pastoris and interactions of CYP6B7 with insecticides
Authors: Zhao Chunqing , Song Genmiao , Duan Hongxia , Tang Tao , Wang Chen , Qiu Lihong
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUND

Previous studies indicated that constitutive over‐expression of cytochrome P450 CYP6B7 was involved in fenvalerate resistance in Helicoverpa armigera. In this study, the CYP6B7 gene from H. armigera (namely HaCYP6B7), was heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris GS115. A vector pPICZA‐HaCYP6B7 was constructed and transformed into P. pastoris GS115, the transformant of pPICZA‐HaCYP6B7‐GS115 was then cultured and induced by 1% (v/v) methanol and the heterologous expression of HaCYP6B7 protein in P. pastoris was confirmed by SDS‐PAGE and western blot.

RESULTS

Microsomes containing the expressed HaCYP6B7 showed activities against model substrate p‐nitroanisole and 7‐ethoxycoumarin, with p‐nitroanisole O‐demethylation (PNOD) and 7‐ethoxycoumarin O‐deethylation (ECOD) activities of 15.66‐ and 4.75‐fold of the control, respectively. Moreover, it showed degradation activities against the insecticides bifenthrin, fenvalerate and chlorpyrifos, with clearance activities of 6.88‐, 1.49‐ and 2.27‐fold of the control, respectively. The interactions of HaCYP6B7 with insecticides were further confirmed by molecular docking in silico with binding scores of 5.450, 5.295 and 2.197 between putative HaCYP6B7 protein and bifenthrin, fenvalerate and chlorpyrifos, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The results of present study provided more direct and important evidence on the role of HaCYP6B7 conferring pyrethroid resistance in H. armigera. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Binocular sensitivity and specificity of screening tests in cross‐sectional diagnostic studies of paired organs
Authors: Perera Yamuni , Ren Mingchen , Punzalan Joyce Raymond B. , Rudnisky Christopher J. , de Leon Alexander R.
Published: February 2017

We introduce new binocular accuracy measures as alternatives to conventional marginal measures that can be used to evaluate screening tests in diagnostic studies involving paired organs (e.g. eyes and ears). Specifically, we consider screening studies based on a cross‐sectional design, where both diagnosis and disease status are determined after study enrolment or sampling, yielding paired binocular binary data described via two models, namely, the extended common correlation model and the Gaussian copula probit model. The first relies on the assumption of exchangeability of fellow organs, while the second is more flexible. Binocular versions of sensitivity and specificity are defined, respectively, as the probability of at least one correct positive diagnosis in patients with one or both organs truly diseased and the probability of two correct negative diagnoses for patients with both organs truly un‐diseased. Comparisons between the conventional marginal and binocular sensitivities and specificities are illustrated for both models using data from a diabetic retinopathy study. We show that our methodology provides a viable alternative to conventional ways of assessing diagnostic accuracy of screening tests for paired organs. The binocular versions of sensitivity and specificity reflect the way screening tests are conducted in practice, and they overcome the shortcomings of conventional measures. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hypersonic Poration: A New Versatile Cell Poration Method to Enhance Cellular Uptake Using a Piezoelectric Nano‐Electromechanical Device
Authors: Zhang Zhixin , Wang Yanyan , Zhang Hongxiang , Tang Zifan , Liu Wenpeng , Lu Yao , Wang Zefang , Yang Haitao , Pang Wei , Zhang Hao , Zhang Daihua , Duan Xuexin
Published: February 2017

Efficient delivery of genes and therapeutic agents to the interior of the cell is critical for modern biotechnology. Herein, a new type of chemical‐free cell poration method—hypersonic poration—is developed to improve the cellular uptake, especially the nucleus uptake. The hypersound (≈GHz) is generated by a designed piezoelectric nano‐electromechanical resonator, which directly induces normal/shear stress and “molecular bombardment” effects on the bilayer membranes, and creates reversible temporal nanopores improving the membrane permeability. Both theory analysis and cellular uptake experiments of exogenous compounds prove the high delivery efficiency of hypersonic poration. Since target molecules in cells are accumulated with the treatment, the delivered amount can be controlled by tuning the treatment time. Furthermore, owing to the intrinsic miniature of the resonator, localized drug delivery at a confined spatial location and tunable arrays of the resonators that are compatible with multiwell plate can be achieved. The hypersonic poration method shows great delivery efficacy combined with advantage of scalability, tunable throughput, and simplification in operation and provides a potentially powerful strategy in the field of molecule delivery, cell transfection, and gene therapy.
Modest Oxygen‐Defective Amorphous Manganese‐Based Nanoparticle Mullite with Superior Overall Electrocatalytic Performance for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Dong Chao , Liu Zi‐Wei , Liu Jie‐Yu , Wang Wei‐Chao , Cui Lan , Luo Rui‐Chun , Guo Hui‐Long , Zheng Xue‐Li , Qiao Shi‐Zhang , Du Xi‐Wen , Yang Jing
Published: February 2017

Manganese‐based oxides have exhibited high promise as noncoinage alternatives to Pt/C for catalyzing oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in basic solution and a mix of Mn3+/4+ valence is believed to be vital in achieving optimum ORR performance. Here, it is proposed that, distinct from the most studied perovskites and spinels, Mn‐based mullites with equivalent molar ratio of Mn3+ and Mn4+ provide a unique platform to maximize the role of Mn valence in facile ORR kinetics by introducing modest content of oxygen deficiency, which is also beneficial to enhanced catalytic activity. Accordingly, amorphous mullite SmMn2O5−δ nanoparticles with finely tuned concentration of oxygen vacancies are synthesized via a versatile top‐down approach and the modest oxygen‐defective sample with an Mn3+/Mn4+ ratio of 1.78, i.e., Mn valence of 3.36 gives rise to a superior overall ORR activity among the highest reported for the family of Mn‐based oxides, comparable to that of Pt/C. Altogether, this study opens up great opportunities for mullite‐based catalysts to be a cost‐effective alternative to Pt/C in diverse electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems.
Morphological ultrasound types known as ‘blob’ and ‘bagel’ signs should be reclassified from suggesting probable to indicating definite tubal ectopic pregnancy
Authors: Nadim B. , Infante F. , Lu C. , Sathasivam N. , Condous G.
Published: February 2017

Objective

In a recent consensus statement on early pregnancy nomenclature by Barnhart, a definite ectopic pregnancy (EP) was defined morphologically on transvaginal sonography (TVS) as an extrauterine gestational sac with yolk sac and/or embryo, with or without cardiac activity, whilst a probable EP was defined as an inhomogeneous adnexal mass (‘blob’ sign) or extrauterine sac‐like structure (‘bagel’ sign). This study aims to determine whether these ultrasound markers used to define probable EP can be used to predict a definite tubal EP.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study of women presenting to the Early Pregnancy Unit (EPU) at Nepean Hospital, Sydney, Australia between November 2006 and June 2016. Women classified with a probable EP or a pregnancy of unknown location (PUL), i.e. with no signs of extra‐ or intrauterine pregnancy (IUP), at their first TVS were included, whilst those with a definite tubal EP, IUP or non‐tubal EP were excluded from the final analysis. The gold standard for tubal EP was histological confirmation of chorionic villi in Fallopian tube removed at laparoscopy. The performance of blob or bagel sign on TVS in the prediction of definite tubal EP was evaluated in terms of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV). This was compared with the performance of extrauterine gestational sac with yolk sac and/or embryo on TVS to predict definite tubal EP.

Results

During the study period, 7490 consecutive women attended the EPU, of whom 849 were analyzed. At primary TVS, 240/849 were diagnosed with probable EP, of which 174 (72.5%) were classified as blob sign and 66 (27.5%) as bagel sign. The remaining 609/849 were diagnosed with PUL, of which 47 had a final diagnosis of EP (including 24 blob sign, 19 bagel sign and four gestational sac with embryo/yolk sac). 101 of all 198 (51%) blob sign cases and 50 of all 85 (59%) bagel sign cases underwent laparoscopy and salpingectomy; histology proved a tubal EP in 98 (97%) of these blob‐sign cases and 48 (96.0%) of the bagel‐sign cases. The sensitivity for the blob and bagel signs in the prediction of definite tubal EP was 89.8% and 83.3%, respectively, the specificity was 99.5% and 99.6%, PPV was 96.7% and 95.2% and NPV was 98.3% and 98.6%. This was comparable to the sensitivity of extrauterine gestational sac with yolk sac and/or embryo on TVS in the prediction of definite tubal EP (sensitivity, 84.0%; specificity, 99.9%; PPV, 97.7%; NPV, 99.3% (P = 0.5)).

Conclusions

Blob and bagel signs seem to be the most common presentations of a tubal EP on TVS. Although they cannot be considered as a definitive sign of EP, their PPV is very high (> 95%); such women should therefore be considered at very high risk for having a tubal EP and should be treated as such. Copyright © 2017 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Plane stress analysis of magnetoelectric composite and reinforced plates: Micromechanical modeling and application to laminated structures
Authors: Hadjiloizi D. A. , Kalamkarov A. L. , Georgiades A. V.
Published: February 2017

A new comprehensive micromechanical model for the analysis of thin smart composite and reinforced piezo‐magneto‐thermo‐elastic plates is developed in the present paper. The model is developed on the basis of asymptotic homogenization utilizing dynamic force and thermal balance and the time‐varying form of Maxwell's equations. Once the governing equations are determined, a set of twenty unit cell problems is extracted from which the effective coefficients of the homogenized structure can be obtained in a closed‐form design‐oriented format. Unlike previous models, it is discovered in this work that the effective coefficients are not constants, but rather functions of time. Consequently, the dependent field variables (mechanical stress, electric and magnetic fields, heat flux, and others) are also functions of time and the homogenized structure exhibits memory‐like behavior. Of particular interest in this work is the development of general expressions pertaining to the so‐called product properties which are manifested in the macroscopic composite plate via the interaction of the different phases but may be absent from some individual constituents of the composite. Examples of product properties are the magnetoelectric, pyroelectric and pyromagnetic coefficients. The developed model however also extracts an interesting new set of product properties relating current density to mechanical deformation, magnetic field and temperature change. It is shown in this paper that other previously derived models can be viewed as particular special cases of the model developed here when electrical conductivity is ignored and all pertinent quantities are time‐averaged by integrating them over the entire time spectrum. Collectively, the results presented here represent a significant refinement of previously established results. The work is illustrated by means of a thin laminated piezo‐magneto‐thermo‐elastic composite plates with orthotropic constituents.
Ranula: Current Concept of Pathophysiologic Basis and Surgical Management Options
Authors: Kokong Daniel , Iduh Augustine , Chukwu Ikechukwu , Mugu Joyce , Nuhu Samuel , Augustine Sule
Published: February 2017

Background

There is no consensus opinion on a definitive surgical management option for ranulas to curtail recurrence, largely from the existing gap in knowledge on the pathophysiologic basis.

Aim

To highlight the current scientific basis of ranula development that informed the preferred surgical approach.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Public Tertiary Academic Health Institution.

Method

A 7‐year 7‐month study of ranulas surgically managed at our tertiary health institution was undertaken—June 1, 2008–December 31, 2015—from case files retrieved utilising the ICD‐10 version 10 standard codes.

Results

Twelve cases, representing 0.4 and 1.2% of all institutional and ENT operations, respectively, were managed for ranulas with a M:F = 1:1. The ages ranged from 5/12 to 39 years, mean = 18.5 years, and the disease was prevalent in the third decade of life. Main presentation in the under‐fives was related to airway and feeding compromise, while in adults, cosmetic facial appearance. Ranulas in adults were plunging (n = 8, 58.3%), left‐sided save one with M:F = 2:1. All were unilateral with R:L = 1:2. Treatment included aspiration (n = 2, 16.7%) with 100% recurrence, intra‐/extraoral excision of ranula only (n = 4, 33.3%) with recurrence rate of 50% (n = 2, 16.7%), while marsupialisation in children (n = 1, 8.3%) had no recurrence. Similarly, transcervical approach (n = 5, 41.7%) with excision of both the ranula/sublingual salivary gland recorded zero recurrence. Recurrence was the main complication (n = 4, 33.3%).

Conclusion

With the current knowledge on the pathophysiologic basis, extirpation of both the sublingual salivary gland and the ranula by a specialist surgeon is key for a successful outcome.
The Effect of Preoperative Anemia on the Outcome After Coronary Surgery
Authors: Tauriainen Tuomas , Koski‐Vähälä Joni , Kinnunen Eeva‐Maija , Biancari Fausto
Published: February 2017

Background

Preoperative anemia is associated with increased morbidity and mortality after cardiac surgery. Since anemia is ultimately treated with red blood cell transfusions, we investigated the independent impact of anemia and transfusion on the outcome after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).

Methods

This study included 2761 consecutive patients who underwent isolated CABG. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin <12.0 g/dL in women and <13.0 g/dL in men. The main outcomes were 30‐day and late mortality.

Results

Patients with preoperative anemia had an increased prevalence of significant comorbidities and were associated with higher unadjusted risk of early and late adverse events. Propensity score matching resulted in 560 pairs with similar baseline and operative characteristics. In these matched pairs, anemic patients had an increased risk of late all‐cause death (P = 0.047) and acute kidney injury (P < 0.0001). However, when adjusted for the severity of perioperative bleeding, preoperative anemia was not associated with an increased mortality risk (HR 1.10, 95% CI 0.86–1.39). Instead, this regression model showed that the European CABG registry (E‐CABG) bleeding classification was an independent predictor of late mortality (compared to grade 0: grade 1, HR 1.93, 95% CI 1.37–2.73, grade 2, HR 2.19, 95% CI 1.50–3.18, grade 3, HR 5.59, 95% CI 3.34–9.39, P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

When adjusted for important baseline characteristics and operative factors as well as for the severity of perioperative bleeding and the amount of transfused blood products, anemia was not associated with an increased risk of adverse events. Increased exposure to blood transfusion among anemic patients may be the determinant of their poorer late survival.
(4Z,15Z)‐Octadecadienoic Acid Inhibits Glycogen Synthase Kinase‐3β and Glucose Production in H4IIE Cells
Authors: Yoshida Jun , Uesugi Shota , Kawamura Tetsuaki , Kimura Ken‐ichi , Hu Dawei , Xia Shuang , Toyooka Naoki , Ohnishi Masao , Kawashima Hideki
Published: February 2017

Many uncommon non‐methylene‐interrupted fatty acids (NMI FA) are present in limpet gonads, but their biological properties remain unknown. To investigate new biological effects of naturally occurring NMI FA in eukaryotic cells, the biological activities of structurally analogous (4Z,15Z)‐octadecadienoic acid (1), (9Z,20Z)‐tricosadienoic acid (2), and (12Z,23Z)‐hexacosadienoic acid (3) were examined by using a yeast‐based drug‐screening system using the Ca2+‐sensitive mutant strain, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (zds1Δ erg3Δ pdr1Δ pdr3Δ). Among 1–3, 1 showed restored growth activity at a dose of 80 µg/disc in the mutant yeast strain. This phenotype suggests that 1 suppresses Ca2+‐signaling of the mutant yeast through inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK‐3β) or calcineurin pathways or both. From this result, the inhibitory activity of 1–3 against GSK‐3β was further determined. 1–3 showed potent inhibitory activity against GSK‐3β with IC50 values ranging from 8.7 to 21.9 µM. Inhibition of GSK‐3β reduces gene expression of the gluconeogenic key enzymes in liver, so we analyzed glucose production in rat hepatoma H4IIE cells to assess GSK‐3β inhibitory activity of 1–3. Acid 1 inhibited glucose production at 25 µM in H4IIE cells. Our results would open up new possibilities for an anti‐diabetic effect of 1 and might provide important insights into understanding the biological properties of naturally occurring NMI FA.
Biological Implications of Lipid Oxidation Products
Authors: Vieira Samantha A. , Zhang Guodong , Decker Eric A.
Published: February 2017

Essentially all fat‐containing foods have the potential to undergo lipid oxidation even where unsaturated fatty acid compositions are low. Therefore, consumption of lipid oxidation products is potentially common with risk of consuming lipid oxidation products increasing in foods with high amounts of unsaturation (e.g. foods with omega‐3 fatty acids), foods subjected to extensive thermal processing (e.g. fried foods), or food high in pro‐oxidants (e.g. meats). Lipid oxidation generates potentially toxic products that have shown correlation with inflammatory diseases, as well as cancer, atherosclerosis, aging, etc. These potentially toxic products can enter the body through the diet and can develop in vivo during the digestion of lipids. Oxidation products can be absorbed into the blood and in some cases transported to tissues. The aim of this manuscript is to review how potentially toxic lipid oxidation products are formed and evaluate their potential to impact health. While lipid oxidation produces literally hundreds of oxidation products, this review focused on acrolein, 4‐hydroxy‐trans‐nonenal, 4‐hydroxy‐trans‐hexanal, crotonaldehyde, malondialdehyde, and cholesterol as they are the most reactive oxidation products and also the most studied.
Guidelines for the secondary prevention of rheumatic heart disease Endorsed by Saudi Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society (SPIDS)
Authors: Al-Jazairi Abdulrazaq , Al-Jaser Razan , Al-Halees Zohair , Shahid Mai , Al-Jufan Mansour , Al-Mayouf Sulaiman , Al-Rajhi Abdulrahman , Al-Hajjar Sami
Published: February 2017

Rheumatic fever is a rare yet serious condition develop as a consequence of throat infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. It is the leading cause for rheumatic heart disease. Rheumatic heart disease is a worldwide public health concern. It is a chronic condition that results in carditis, irreversible valve damage and heart failure in children and young adults living in low-income countries. The age of onset peaks between 5 and 15 years. Approximately, 3% of patients with untreated acute streptococcal sore throats develop rheumatic fever.

Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease can be prevented with appropriate antibiotics administration to prevent the progression of valve damage. The current use of primary and secondary prevention antibiotics in Saudi Arabia is not known. Therefore, this clinical practice guideline is developed, based on the best available evidence, to promote appropriate antibiotics secondary prophylaxis use for prevention of rheumatic heart disease.
A nonexistence result for a nonlinear equation involving critical Sobolev exponent
Authors: Rodriguez A. Carpio , Comte M. , Lewandowski R.
Published: February 2017

Given any constant

C > 0

, we show that there exists smooth bounded nonstarshaped domains

\mathbf U

in

ℝ^N

(

N ≧ 5

), such that the problem

\tag{U}
\begin{cases}
-\Delta u=u^{\frac{N+2}{N-2}} &\text{in }\mathbf U,\\
u=0&\text{on } \partial \mathbf U,\\
u>0&\text{in }\mathbf U,
\end{cases}

has no solution

u

, whose energy,

\int _{\mathbf{U}}\left|\nabla _{u}\right|^{2}

is less than

C

.

Étant donnée une constante

С > 0

arbitraire, nous montrons qu’il existe des ouverts bornés réguliers non étoilés

\mathbf U

de

ℝ^N

(

N ≧ 5

), tels que le problème

\tag{U}
\begin{cases}
-\Delta u=u^{\frac{N+2}{N-2}} &\text{dans }\mathbf U,\\
u=0&\text{sur } \partial \mathbf U,\\
u>0&\text{dans }\mathbf U,
\end{cases}

ne possède pas de solution

u

, dont l’énergie,

\int _{\mathbf{U}}\left|\nabla _{u}\right|^{2}

est plus petite que

C

.
On nonhomogeneous elliptic equations involving critical Sobolev exponent
Authors: Tarantello G.
Published: February 2017

Let

p = \frac{2\:\mathrm{N}}{\mathrm{N}−2}

,

\mathrm{N} ≧ 3

be the limiting Sobolev exponent and

Ω\subset ℝ^{\mathrm{N}}

open bounded set.

We show that for

f\in H^{−1}

satisfying a suitable condition and

f ≠ 0

, the Dirichlet problem:

\begin{align*}
−\mathrm{\Delta }u &= \left|u\right|^{p−2}u + f\:&&\mathrm{on }\:\mathrm{\Omega } \\
u &= 0\:&&\mathrm{on }\:∂\mathrm{\Omega }
\end{align*}

admits
two
solutions

u_0

and

u_1

in

\mathrm{H}_{0}^{1}(\mathrm{\Omega })

.

Also

u_0 ≧ 0

and

u_1 ≧ 0

for

f ≧ 0

.

Notice that, in general, this is not the case if

f = 0

(
see
[P]).

Soit

p = \frac{2\mathrm{N}}{\mathrm{N}−2}

l’exposant de Sobolev critique et

Ω ⊂ ℝ^{\mathrm{N}}

un domaine borné.

On montre que si

f\in H^{−1}

,

f ≠ 0

satisfait une certaine condition alors le problème de Dirichlet :

∆u = |u|^{p − 2}u + f

dans

Ω

et

u = 0

dans

∂Ω

, admet deux solutions

u_0

et

u_1

dans

\mathrm{H}_{0}^{1}(\mathrm{\Omega })

. De plus

u_0 ≧ 0

et

u_1 ≧ 0

si

f ≧ 0

.

On remarque que ce n’est pas le cas, en général, si

f = 0

(
voir
[P]).
License to Critique: A Communication Perspective on Sustainability Standards
Authors: Christensen Lars Thøger , Morsing Mette , Thyssen Ole
Published: February 2017

Sustainability standards are important governance tools for addressing social and environmental challenges. Yet, such tools are often criticized for being either too open-ended or too restrictive, thereby failing to contribute significantly to the development of sustainable practices. Both dimensions of the critique, however, miss the point. While all standards in principle combine elements of openness and closure, both of which are necessary to keep the sustainability agenda relevant and adaptive, sustainability standards often operate in contexts that favor closure. In this article, we draw on a research tradition that views communication as constitutive of organization to emphasize the significance of communicative mechanisms that stimulate organizational openness in the application of standards. With the notion of “license to critique,” we present a managerial philosophy designed to involve managers and employees, mobilize and develop their knowledge about sustainability and bring it forward for the benefit of both the organization and the environment.
THE DEMOGRAPHIC DIVIDEND IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: TWO ISSUES THAT NEED MORE ATTENTION
Authors: May John F. , Turbat Vincent
Published: February 2017

In mid-2016, the population of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) was almost 1 billion people. By 2050, the population of the region will probably reach 2.1 billion people [Population Reference Bureau (2016)]. In 2100, SSA's population could be almost 4 billion people [United Nations (2015)]. This rapid demographic increase would translate into a possible quadrupling of the current SSA population by the end of the century (unless fertility would decline sharply in the near future). Nonetheless, the region has embarked on its demographic transition, i.e., the shift from high to low crude birth rates and crude death rates, albeit this process has occurred in SSA at a slower pace than in the rest of the developing world. In particular, the decline of fertility has been slower in SSA than in the other regions of the world. The rapid population growth and the occurrence of a demographic transition in the region have generated discussions on the prospects for SSA to open a demographic window of opportunity and capture a first demographic dividend. However, two crucial dimensions, which have so far been rather neglected, need more attention. First, one will need to define with more accuracy the sub-populations of the working-age adults and their young and older dependents, therefore refining the calculation of the dependency ratio. In particular, one will need to assess the population of the young dependents as well as the population of adults who are actually working. Second, it will be also necessary to examine the conditions required to trigger a faster and significant fertility decline in the region. This is most important because the relationship between the active adults and their dependents is predicated by the fertility decline, which will bring the changes to the age structure.
Education in a Multi-Ethnoracial Setting: Seattle's Neighborhood House and the Cultivation of Urban Community Builders, 1960s–1970s
Authors: Tamura Eileen H.
Published: February 2017

During the mid-1960s, the War on Poverty ushered in a change in outlook on the poor and stimulated Neighborhood House (a social service agency that began as a settlement house) to focus on educative, community-building initiatives. Yet ironically, while staffers offered educational programs for residents, they were themselves becoming educated. The space Neighborhood House provided emerged as a powerful venue in which staffers developed their talents to become socially minded civic leaders. This study of the post–World War II transformation of settlement work in a city in the Pacific Northwest reveals commonalities with other places as well as distinctiveness to Seattle conditions. The article expands the extant scholarship on multi-ethnoracial communities, War on Poverty programs, and settlement house responses to societal changes. In doing so, it reveals the ways in which Neighborhood House provided an important educative space for those who worked there, a place that nurtured their growth as civically minded community builders.
Gateways to the West, Part II: Education and the Making of Race, Place, and Culture in the West
Authors: Beadie Nancy , Williamson-Lott Joy , Bowman Michael , Frizell Teresa , Guzman Gonzalo , Hyun Jisoo , Johnson Joanna , Nicholas Kathryn , Phillips Lani , Wellington Rebecca , Yoshida La'akea
Published: February 2017

In his 1916 book,The Measurement of Intelligence, Lewis Terman presented the first version of the Stanford-Binet scale and his testing results for groups of California children. Singling out a few children whose scores fell in the range he categorized as “feeble-minded,” Terman commented:

[They] represent the level of intelligence that is very, very common among Spanish-Indian and Mexican families of the Southwest and also among negroes. Their dullness seems to be racial or at least inherent in the family stocks from which they came. The fact that one meets this type with such extraordinary frequency among Indians, Mexicans, and negroes suggests quite forcibly that the whole question of racial differences in mental traits will have to be taken up anew and by experimental methods.1
The National Defense Education Act and African Studies
Authors: Legters Lyman H.
Published: February 2017

African studies in the United States were still in their infancy in 1958 when the National Defense Education Act was passed. One instructional program -- at Hartford Seminary -- had a long history. And numbers of anthropologists were notably active in field research on African topics by that date. But as compared with the venerable tradition of oriental studies, or even with pre-World War II area instruction and research on Latin America, the African field was only just opening up as a subject of concerted academic attention.

At the same time, it was clear that the postwar burgeoning of area studies programs had as much relevance to Africa as to Russia or India, and a few programs -- notably those at Northwestern and Boston -- had by this time displayed a serious intention of developing offerings of a scope comparable to those of the older fields. Indeed, the area approach had special pertinence for African studies, for with the exception of anthropology virtually none of the conventional departments inmost institutions included African specialists. The area approach was not an alternative to disciplinary modes of university organization, but rather a means of both focusing and reinforcing disciplinary competence with reference to a particular world region. The device helped to strengthen departments by reminding them of neglected fields and opportunities, and its corollary of multi-disciplinary emphasis helped to enable the social sciences and humanities to address themselves more effectively to the many contemporary scholarly problems lying on the periphery of individual disciplines. Thus, if East Asian or East European subjects of instruction and research could gain by the use of the area approach, the still more neglected African field was the more in need of such fortification. Moreover, African studies could, in the usual fashion of relative latecomers, avoid some of the pitfalls of the earliest area programs, e.g., needless tension between disciplinary and area interest or loyalty.
Imitation of Switzerland: Historical Reflections
Authors: Steinberg Jonathan
Published: February 2017

CAN THE SWISS CONFEDERATION BE IMITATED? THAT DEPENDS, says the historian, on what you mean by imitation. Switzerland has certainly served as a model for others, sometimes a model distinctly not to be imitated. When the American Founding Fathers gathered in Philadelphia in the summer of 1787 to write a new constitution and ‘to form a more perfect Union’, they had Switzerland in mind. Alexander Hamilton, a chief actor in that enterprise, devoted part of an issue of The Federalist Papers, written the following year as a defence of what the framers had drafted, to a close analysis of the Swiss Confederation. Switzerland did not impress him:

The connection among the Swiss cantons scarcely amounts to a confederacy, though it is sometimes cited as an instance of the stability of such institutions. They have no common treasury; no common troops even in war; no common coin; no common judicatory; nor any other common part of sovereignty …

He recognised that they were held together ‘by their joint interest’ but saw the confederacy as a poor guarantor of internal and external coherence. ‘Whatever efficacy the union may have had in ordinary cases, it appears that the moment a cause of difference sprang up capable of trying its strength it failed.’
A ‘MONTAGE OF MINORITIES’: HAWAI‘I TOURISM AND THE COMMODIFICATION OF RACIAL TOLERANCE, 1959–1978
Authors: MILLER-DAVENPORT SARAH
Published: February 2017

This article studies the Hawai‘i tourism industry's efforts to market Hawai‘i as a multi-cultural paradise where positive racial experiences could be bought and sold. With jet travel arriving in Hawai‘i the same year as statehood, the tourism industry, aided by the new state government, exploited Hawai‘i's newfound prominence, luring planeloads of American tourists who thronged its beaches, hotels, and cultural spectacles. Tourism helped turn racial tolerance into a saleable, if intangible, commodity. Marketers invited mainlanders to partake in the islands’ celebrated ‘Aloha Spirit’: an elusive vision of social harmony said to be the defining feature of the Hawai‘i vacation. By attending ethnic festivals, eating exotic food, and interacting with locals, visitors might even bring some Aloha Spirit home with them. Hawai‘i's society thus became not only a site of consumption, but an object of consumption itself. What such utopian ideas obscured was that the broader construction of Hawai‘i as a multi-cultural paradise was part of state efforts both to transform Hawai‘i's economy and to promote US influence in the Pacific. While the limited historiography on multi-culturalism situates its emergence in grassroots protest, this article argues for the elite origins of the multi-cultural ideal, which served the interests of both business and US foreign policy.
The Vulnerable clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa in Nepal: an update
Authors: Ghimirey Y. , Acharya R.
Published: February 2017

The Vulnerable clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa is believed to be one of the most threatened felid species in Nepal. Information on its status and population size in the country mostly comprises crude estimates. We compiled information on the species’ status and distribution from published papers, grey literature, camera-trap images, direct observations, pelt, zoo and museum records, wildlife seizures and verified newspaper reports. All confirmed records of the species (three museum specimens, one dead specimen, 13 live records (including from camera traps), and 14 pelts) were from eastern and mid-central Nepal. Two unconfirmed reports from the western and far-western regions of the country need to be verified. Although the status of the species is still uncertain, the frequency of confirmed and unconfirmed reports and the extent of the area of occurrence indicate that it is not as rare as previously assumed. The main threats to the species are habitat loss and illegal wildlife trade.
Community perception of the real impacts of human–wildlife conflict in Laikipia, Kenya: capturing the relative significance of high-frequency, low-severity events
Authors: Blair Alec G. , Meredith Thomas C.
Published: February 2017

Biodiversity conservation outside protected areas requires cooperation from affected communities, hence the extensive discussions of trade-offs in conservation, and of a so-called new conservation that addresses human relations with nature more fully. Human–wildlife conflict is one aspect of those relations, and as land use intensifies around protected areas the need to understand and manage its effects will only increase. Research on human–wildlife conflict often focuses on individual species but given that protecting wildlife requires protecting habitat, assessments of human–wildlife conflict should include subsidiary impacts that are associated with ecosystem conditions. Using a case study from Laikipia, Kenya, where conservation outside protected areas is critical, we analysed human–wildlife conflict from a household perspective, exploring the full range of impacts experienced by community members on Makurian Group Ranch. We addressed questions about four themes: (1) the relationship between experienced and reported human–wildlife conflict; (2) the results of a high-resolution assessment of experienced human–wildlife conflict; (3) the relative impact of high-frequency, low-severity conflict vs high-severity, low-frequency conflict; and (4) the effect of experienced conflict on receptivity to the conservation narrative. Our results show that high-frequency, low-severity conflict, which is often absent from reports and discussion in the literature, is a significant factor in shaping a community's perception of the cost–benefit ratio of conservation. Local, ongoing, high-resolution monitoring of human–wildlife conflict may facilitate more realistic and effective incorporation of the experienced impacts of human–wildlife conflict in conservation planning and management. Such monitoring could help to define locally appropriate trade-offs in conservation and thereby improve conservation outcomes.
Internal History versus External History
Authors: Nanay Bence
Published: February 2017

The aim of this paper is to generalize a pair of concepts that are widely used in the history of science, in art history and in historical linguistics – the concept of internal and external history – and to replace the often very vague talk of ‘historical narratives’ with this conceptual framework of internal versus external history. I argue that this way of framing the problem allows us to see the possible alternatives more clearly – as a limited number of possible relations between internal and external history. Finally, I argue that while external history is metaphysically prior to internal history, when it comes to historical explanations, we need both.
A Shorte Rule of Good Life: A Handbook for the English Mission
Authors: Pollard Brown Nancy
Published: February 2017

None of Robert Southwell's writing illustrates as do the texts of A Shorte Rule of Good Life the conditions under which he wrote and the manner in which his work was transmitted by manuscript copy and printed book. Until recent years it was known only in rare printed copies representing a series of editions issued in rapid succession following Southwell's execution in 1595. The first, issued from Henry Garnet's second secret press in 1596 or 1597, was probably edited by Garnet himself. The volume also contained the first printing of Southwell's Epistle to his Father. There can be little doubt that ‘The Preface to the Reader’ preceding the Rule, though unsigned, was written by Garnet himself when the grief of loss was still raw. This was followed by two more editions from secret presses in England and further editions from Douai and St. Omer. The first commercial printing in London was that of Richard Field for William Barret in 1620, when the text was crudely adapted for English readers with Puritan sympathies in a volume that gathered together verse and prose already established in popularity, although the author was still identified merely as ‘R. S’.