bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estratégias adaptativas foliares de Miconia nervosa (Melastomataceae) na Amazônia Matogrossense
Authors: Müller Angélica Oliveira , Franco Andréia Aparecida , Ribeiro Júnior Norberto Gomes , Gressler Eliana , Rocha Vera Lúcia Pegorini , Silva Ivone Vieira da
Published: October 2020

Resumo A plasticidade fenotípica geralmente observada em caracteres morfológicos e anatômicos foliares pode ser influenciada por diversos fatores, como luminosidade, disponibilidade de nutrientes no solo, umidade e herbivoria, entre outros. Testamos essa plasticidade em Miconia nervosa (Melastomataceae) em um fragmento florestal no sul da Amazônia, Mato Grosso - Brasil, buscando verificar possíveis estratégias de aclimatação morfoanatômica à luminosidade. Coletamos folhas totalmente expandidas de 15 indivíduos adultos expostos diretamente à luz solar, nas margens de um lago, e 15 sob o sombreamento do dossel. Avaliamos quantitativamente oito variáveis morfológicas e seis anatômicas, das quais seis e quatro, respectivamente, diferiram significativamente entre folhas de sol e sombra. Morfologicamente, as folhas de sol apresentaram maior tamanho da lâmina foliar e do pecíolo e, anatomicamente, células epidérmicas com paredes levemente mais espessadas, maiores densidades e índice estomático. Folhas de sombra apresentaram epiderme significativamente mais espessa em ambas as faces. As folhas de M. nervosa apresentaram grau mediano a alto de plasticidade nas variáveis morfoanatômicas conforme índice de plasticidade fenotípica, com caracteres mistos de ambientes de sol e sombra. Sugerimos que a distribuição dos indivíduos de M. nervosa na floresta está relacionada à disponibilidade de luz e umidade do solo.
Chrysobalanaceae no Nordeste Oriental do Brasil
Authors: Gomes-Silva Francione , Alves Marccus
Published: October 2020

Resumo Este estudo fornece descrições, chave de identificação, mapas de distribuição, ilustrações e comentários sobre as espécies de Chrysobalanaceae ocorrentes no Nordeste Oriental do Brasil, região que compreende os estados de Alagoas, Ceará, Paraíba, Pernambuco e Rio Grande do Norte. Foram encontradas 26 espécies, distribuídas em oito gêneros: Hirtella (oito spp.), Couepia (seis spp.), Leptobalanus e Parinari (três spp. cada), Licania e Moquilea (duas spp. cada) e Chrysobalanus e Microdesmia (uma espécie cada). Hirtella sprucei e Moquilea silvatica são novos registros para a área e, embora a maior parte das espécies tenha ampla distribuição, Couepia impressa, C. pernambucensis, C. rufa, Parinari littoralis, Hirtella sprucei, H. insignis e H. santosii são restritas à Mata Atlântica, sendo as duas últimas consideradas “Em perigo” de extinção.
Remission of long-term hepatic and renal disease induced by HCV after direct-acting antivirals therapy
Authors: Arruda Raissa M , Batista Andrea D , Filgueira Norma A , Moura Izolda F , Sette Luis H , Lopes Edmundo P
Published: October 2020

Abstract In addition to liver disease, the hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been associated with autoimmune phenomena, such as mixed cryoglobulin and glomerulonephritis (GN). Until recently, both chronic hepatitis and HCV extra-hepatic manifestations were treated with peg-interferon plus ribavirin, however these drugs presented low efficacy and induced severe side effects. Nowadays, the HCV chronic hepatitis has been treated with direct acting antivirals (DAA), but studies on the DAA therapy for HCV-associated glomerulonephritis are scarce. Here, we describe two cases of HCV-associated glomerulonephritis that were treated with DAAs. In these two cases, previously experienced to peg-interferon plus ribavirin, the sofosbuvir plus simeprevir therapy was effective, without significant side effects, and interrupted the evolution of at least 20 years of both hepatic and renal diseases. These cases join the seven previously described cases that were treated with this DAAs association.
Análise de casos e óbitos pela COVID-19 em profissionais de enfermagem no Brasil
Authors: Duprat Irena Penha , Melo Géssyca Cavalcante de
Published: October 2020

Resumo Objetivo: analisar casos confirmados e de óbitos por COVID-19 entre profissionais de enfermagem no Brasil. Métodos: estudo epidemiológico com uso de técnicas de geoprocessamento. Dados referentes ao período de 20 de março a 28 de maio de 2020 foram coletados do Conselho Federal de Enfermagem. Foram utilizados testes G, qui-quadrado e Mantel-Haenszel para associação entre óbitos e faixa etária, sexo e região geográfica de trabalho. Resultados: 17.414 casos suspeitos, 5.732 confirmados e 134 óbitos ocorreram no período. A região Sudeste apresentou o maior número de casos (46,35%) e de óbitos (44,78%). A faixa etária mais afetada para casos foi de 31-40 anos (n = 2.515) e para óbitos foi de 41-50 anos (n = 38). A taxa de letalidade foi maior nos homens. As variáveis “faixa etária”, “sexo” e “região geográfica de trabalho” estiveram significativamente associadas aos óbitos por COVID-19 (p < 0,05). Os estados do Amapá, Roraima e Bahia apresentaram a maior taxa de casos por 1.000 profissionais inscritos no conselho da categoria (6,28, 6,10 e 5,99, respectivamente). Conclusão: Os dados indicam a necessidade de um olhar crítico sobre o campo de trabalho de enfermagem como estratégia de enfrentamento da COVID-19.
Análise da influência do tempo e da trajetória do olhar na probabilidade de ofuscamento em ambientes de escritório
Authors: Goedert Gabriela Silva , Vasquez Natalia Giraldo , Pereira Fernando Oscar Ruttkay
Published: October 2020

Resumo Quantificar e caracterizar a percepção do brilho na atividade visual ainda é um desafio nas pesquisas, por se tratar de um parâmetro relativo à posição ativa do ocupante. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi considerar o usuário dinâmico em ambientes de trabalho, verificando a influência do tempo de visualização e da direção do olhar na redução da probabilidade de ofuscamento. Os dados foram levantados em um ambiente real com 26 participantes, monitorados enquanto realizaram atividades comuns em escritórios. As movimentações do olhar foram registradas usando óculos eye-tracker. Através de imagens high dynamic range (HDR) foram mapeados os brilhos das superfícies e obtida a probabilidade de ofuscamento (DGP). Esses dados foram correlacionados com as respostas de satisfação dos usuários, obtida por meio de questionários. Constatou-se que, ao realizar uma tarefa, o usuário mantém seu olhar fixo no plano de trabalho e, durante períodos de pausa, o olhar tornou-se mais disperso. As aberturas foram visualizadas, principalmente, quando localizadas no plano de fundo da tarefa ou quando suas luminâncias foram menores. Concluiu-se que os valores de DGP ponderado estiveram mais próximos dos votos de satisfação manifestados pelos participantes, ressaltando a importância de considerar as direções de visão e o tempo de visualização nesta avaliação.
Efeito de orientação de janela nas condições térmicas do ambiente e na percepção do usuário
Authors: Krüger Eduardo Leite , Trevisan Livia Iwamura , Tamura Cintia , Núbila Clarisse Di , Celligoi Gabriel , Batista Junior Sergio , Silva Deize Lellys da , Torres Filho Rodrigo José de Almeida , Ribeiro Daniele Abe
Published: October 2020

Resumo No presente artigo, analisa-se o efeito da orientação solar no comportamento térmico e de percepção do usuário em dois ambientes de uma câmara bioclimática de baixo custo (CBBC), testados com orientações solares opostas da fachada com janela. Foram utilizadas técnicas de avaliação pós-ocupação (APO) e medições in loco, Zona Bioclimática 1, Curitiba/PR, Brasil. As sessões de avaliação do ambiente pelo usuário ocorreram no inverno de 2018, levantando-se variáveis subjetivas de 136 participantes voluntários. Do ponto de vista térmico, os resultados das medições objetivas foram corroborados pela percepção dos usuários, comprovando-se a contribuição térmica de fachadas com janela voltada para norte durante o inverno. A orientação da janela (norte/sul) levou a alterações na temperatura do ar e das superfícies internas, com efeitos no perfil vertical de temperatura e nos níveis de desempenho, mesmo para condições de uso de persiana, ou seja, sem ganhos de calor solar diretos no ambiente. A discrepância da temperatura do ar nos ambientes aumentou com aporte solar direto, chegando a uma diferença de 5,9 °C.
Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida de diferentes envoltórias para habitações de interesse social em Florianópolis
Authors: Azevedo Leticia Dalpaz de , Geraldi Matheus Soares , Ghisi Enedir
Published: October 2020

Resumo Quando um componente construtivo é selecionado para melhorar o desempenho da edificação ao longo de sua operação, deve-se verificar o seu impacto ao longo de todo o ciclo de vida para assegurar a redução dos impactos ambientais. Dessa forma, o objetivo principal deste trabalho foi selecionar o conjunto de componentes construtivos com menor impacto ambiental para uso em habitações de interesse social em Florianópolis por meio da avaliação do ciclo de vida (ACV). Foi desenvolvida uma ACV utilizando dois tipos de parede e dois de cobertura. Para as paredes, considerou-se o uso de tijolo cerâmico com revestimento e tijolo de adobe com revestimento de argamassa de terra com cal. Para as coberturas foi considerada telha cerâmica com forro de madeira e telha cerâmica com laje maciça de concreto. O método de avaliação de impacto do ciclo de vida (AICV) utilizado foi o IMPACT 2002+. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com a aplicação do método ReCiPe. Aplicou-se simulação computacional por meio do programa EnergyPlus para calcular o consumo energético anual. O conjunto que apresentou menor consumo energético foi o de parede de tijolo de adobe e cobertura com laje maciça. Os dois métodos utilizados para a fase de AICV apresentaram resultados coerentes para a maioria das categorias de impacto. Com isso, o conjunto de menor impacto ambiental obtido por meio da ACV foi o de parede de tijolo de adobe com cobertura com forro de madeira.
Portland clinker with civil construction waste: influence of pellet geometry on the formation of crystalline phases
Authors: Costa Fernanda Nepomuceno , Ribeiro Daniel Véras , Dias Cléber Marcos Ribeiro
Published: October 2020

Abstract Efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the context of sustainable development have intensified, with the development of research aimed at the production of new materials and binders for construction. This article analyzes the influence of pellet geometry in the production of clinkers, with the incorporation of construction waste (CCW). Procedures adapted from the method proposed by Brazilian Portland Cement Association were adopted in studies of laboratory clinkers, in an attempt to simulate the stages of the industrial process. Pellets were prepared with the same formulation, however, with four different geometries: spherical, with diameters of 1 cm, 2 cm and 3 cm, with manual molding, and semi-spherical, with a diameter of 2 cm, using molds of PLA (polylactic acid) printed on a 3D printer to facilitate the molding of the clinkers in a standardized way. Clinkers were characterized mineralogically by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and the Rietveld method was used to quantify the phases. Variations in the quantities of the alite and belite phases were observed depending on the geometry of the pellets, although the same calcination conditions were used. This is probably due to the variation in the surface area (exposure area) and the gradients of the cooling rate.
Incorporação de lodo calcinado de estação de tratamento de água como material cimentício suplementar
Authors: Ruviaro Artur Spat , Silvestro Laura , Scolaro Taylana Piccinini , Pelisser Fernando , Gleize Philippe Jean Paul
Published: October 2020

Resumo O lodo de estação de tratamento de água (ETA), principal resíduo gerado pelas atividades de potabilização da água, quando calcinado possui compostos químicos semelhantes aos encontrados nas matérias-primas cimentantes, viabilizando sua utilização como material cimentício suplementar (MCS). Este trabalho teve como objetivos: a) caracterização química e física do lodo calcinado a temperatura de 700 °C (LETAC) durante 1 hora, proveniente de uma ETA localizada em Venâncio Aires (RS); b) avaliação da influência da sua incorporação, em percentuais de 10% e 25% como MCS em pastas e em argamassas. Foram realizados ensaios microestruturais e mecânicos. Os resultados obtidos na calorimetria indicam que o resíduo apresenta efeito fíler e químico. A partir da análise termogravimétrica, verificou-se que a incorporação do lodo nas pastas de cimento promoveu um consumo de hidróxido de cálcio (redução de 40% na composição com 25% de LETAC) e consequente formação de C-S-H. Os resultados do DRX mostram que a quantidade de fases amorfas foi superior em 11% na pasta com 25% de LETAC, confirmando o desenvolvimento adicional de C-S-H. Quanto às propriedades mecânicas, não foram verificadas perdas significativas de resistência à compressão em pastas quando utilizado o resíduo em até 25% de substituição.
Evaluation of the incorporation of construction waste (CW) for the stabilization of soil-cement mixtures
Authors: Souza Juliana Maria de , Rudnick Rafaela Chagas , Lukiantchuki Juliana Azoia
Published: October 2020

Abstract The reuse of construction waste (CW) has been increasingly adopted as a way to reduce the environmental impact from inadequate disposal of this material worldwide. The stabilization of soils with cement is a common practice, enabling the use of this material in a variety of projects. However, depending on the type of soil, frequently large quantities of cement are needed, making the technique impracticable. The use of CW in the soil stabilization process may be an alternative for reducing the amount of cement and improving the strength of the mixture. The objective of this work was to investigate the use of CW to partially replace a lateritic clay soil in soil-cement mixtures. Besides the natural soil (S), a mixture of soil and CW (S-CW) was used with proportions of 50% of each. The cement content levels evaluated were 0%, 4%, 6% and 8% and the curing periods varied from 7 to 28 days. The results showed superior strength values for the S-CW compared to the soil-cement. This confirms that the use of CW reduces the percentage of cement necessary for the stabilization of a clayey soil and presents an alternative, more environmentally appropriate destination for this material.
Produção e avaliação físico-mecânica de painéis de média e alta densidade com resíduos
Authors: Yano Bruna Bessa Rocha , Silva Sérgio Augusto Mello da
Published: October 2020

Resumo No Brasil intensificam-se os estudos visando ao aproveitamento de serragem proveniente de processos industriais para a produção de painéis de madeira com valor agregado para minimizar a exploração florestal. Neste trabalho foram estudados cinco tratamentos com misturas de partículas de madeira de marcenarias e de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar. Para homogeneização das partículas, foram realizados estudos de composição granulométrica; em seguida, foram confeccionados três painéis para cada tratamento com adição de 10% de resina poliuretana derivada de óleo de mamona e realizaram-se avaliações para determinar as propriedades físicas e mecânicas desses painéis. As propriedades físicas e mecânicas obtidas para as misturas com 50% de serragem e 50% de bagaço de cana indicaram a possibilidade de produção dos painéis para uso em ambientes internos em condições secas.
Isovistas aplicadas à localização de unidades de informação para mobilidade de pedestres
Authors: Souza Adriana Cristina da Silva , Taco Pastor Willy Gonzales , Lima Ana Catarina Ferreira , Silva Elisangela Aparecida Machado da
Published: October 2020

Resumo Na mobilidade urbana, um dos fatores mais desencorajadores dos deslocamentos dos pedestres é a falta de informações do espaço urbano. A disponibilidade adequada de informações espaciais, tais como rotas de deslocamento a pé e proximidade de pontos de parada, proporciona melhoria na qualidade dos deslocamentos e fomenta a apropriação dos espaços públicos. Informações, quando bem localizadas, geram clareza e visibilidade do espaço urbano construído, otimizando e integrando os deslocamentos dos pedestres ao sistema de transportes. Assim, foi desenvolvido um método para identificar a localização espacial de unidades de informação para pedestres (UnIsP) utilizando a ferramenta da Sintaxe Espacial, a análise das isovistas e o software Depthmap. O método foi aplicado na Estação Praça do Relógio do metrô de Brasília, DF, e possibilitou identificar os pontos de maior potencialidade e visibilidade para a localização das UnIsP, subsidiando intervenções urbanas para integrar os deslocamentos dos pedestres ao sistema de transportes. Ainda, o método pode ser aplicado, com as devidas adaptações, aos terminais e aos pontos de parada dos demais modos de transporte público.
Avaliação de alternativas direcionadas à redução do consumo de água potável em residências: estudo de caso em Caruaru, PE, Brasil
Authors: Sousa Lyanne Cibely Oliveira de , Bezerra Saulo de Tarso Marques , Amorim Jose Matheus Bezerra dos Santos , Alves Isaura Macêdo , Duarte Armando Dias
Published: October 2020

Resumo Em um cenário de crise hídrica, como o vivenciado pelo Agreste Brasileiro nos últimos anos, a sustentabilidade do abastecimento de água tem sido tema de inúmeras investigações. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa abordou o estudo da implantação hipotética de alternativas tecnológicas direcionadas à redução do consumo de água potável em residências de Caruaru, PE. As alternativas adotadas foram avaliadas segundo uma perspectiva multicritério, considerando critérios ambientais, técnicos, econômicos e sociais, identificados por meio de projetos, pesquisas de mercado e entrevistas com moradores e especialistas. Com a aplicação do método Promethee II, foi possível verificar que a implantação de equipamentos economizadores seria a alternativa mais indicada para a região. A redução no consumo de água dessa alternativa foi de 29,11%, enquanto o tempo de retorno do investimento foi estimado em 16 meses. O elevado prazo para recuperar o capital das demais alternativas evidencia a necessidade de políticas governamentais que ofereçam incentivos financeiros à população, de modo a impedir que as condições socioeconômicas da região sejam o principal entrave para a adoção de práticas de conservação dos recursos hídricos.
Otimização multiobjetivo orientada ao desempenho térmico para o projeto de edificações de baixo consumo de energia na Região Sul do Brasil
Authors: Linczuk Vinícius Cesar Cadena , Bastos Leopoldo Eurico Gonçalves
Published: October 2020

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar o potencial de uma otimização multiobjetivo orientada para soluções de projeto arquitetônico que contemplem melhores condições de conforto térmico e redução do consumo de energia. Para tanto, o estudo é aplicado a um modelo constituído de única zona térmica, para o qual foram considerados distintos valores para os parâmetros construtivos. São considerados para o envelope: a orientação solar, as propriedades dos materiais opacos e transparentes da envoltória, as dimensões da janela e da proteção solar. Utilizou-se nas simulações o software EnergyPlus associado à ferramenta de parametrização e otimização JEPlus+EA. O processo de otimização visa minimizar os indicadores de graus-hora para aquecimento (GHa) e de resfriamento (GHr). Essa minimização revela-se de interesse para as cidades situadas na Região Sul do Brasil de clima temperado úmido, nas quais há necessidade de adoção de estratégias de projeto conflitantes em função das condições de inverno e verão. Os resultados para as configurações dos envelopes e orientação de implantação do modelo são apresentados por meio da Fronteira de Pareto. Assim, torna-se possível identificar a relação entre os diversos parâmetros de projeto assumidos, com a minimização dos requerimentos estabelecidos de consumo de energia para o modelo arquitetônico analisado.
Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2019: histórico, métodos e perspectivas
Authors: Stopa Sheila Rizzato , Szwarcwald Célia Landmann , Oliveira Max Moura de , Gouvea Ellen de Cassia Dutra Pozzetti , Vieira Maria Lúcia França Pontes , Freitas Marcos Paulo Soares de , Sardinha Luciana Monteiro Vasconcelos , Macário Eduardo Marques
Published: October 2020

Resumo Este artigo apresenta o histórico e a construção da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) 2019, inquérito de base domiciliar realizado em parceria com o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. O objetivo da PNS 2019 foi dotar o país de informações sobre os determinantes, condicionantes e necessidades de saúde da população brasileira. A amostra prevista foi de 108.525 domicílios particulares, considerando-se uma taxa de não resposta de 20%. Seu questionário continha três partes, orientadas para (i) o domicílio, (ii) todos os moradores do domicílio, com enfoque na coleta de informações socioeconômicas e de saúde, e (iii) o morador selecionado (idade ≥15 anos), sendo investigados estilos de vida, doenças crônicas, violências, entre outros temas, e aferidas medidas antropométricas (subamostra). As informações da PNS 2019 servirão de base para a (re)formulação de políticas de saúde e subsídio a ações e programas existentes do Sistema Único de Saúde.
La química como auxilio ambiental de los ecosistemas y de las poblaciones en el Perú
Authors: DANIEL LOVERA  , LIA CONCEPCIÓN  , MIRIAM MEJIA  , NELLY AUCASSI  , VLADIMIR ARIAS  , EDWIN MANRIQUE  , ANSELMO SÁNCHEZ  , BLANCA PERALTA
Published: October 2020

La minería informal aurífera a nivel nacional e internacional tiene una producción anual importante que muchas veces supera la producción formal, la tecnología de recuperación del oro que utilizan es la clásica Amalgamación con Mercurio:
MAu + Hg → Au-Hg + M
Au – Hg → Au + Hg ↑
Dado la Convención de MINAMATA en el cual se precisa los peligros del Mercurio para los ecosistemas y la salud de las poblaciones, es bueno optar por otras tecnologías diferentes a la convencional de Amalgamación - Cianuración ampliamente usadas en la minería informal y formal para procesar sus minerales y relaves.  Elsner en 1846 identificó correctamente la reacción química que forma la base de todos los procesos de lixiviación de cianuro en el oro: 4 Au + 8 NaCN + O2 + 2 H2O → 4 Na[Au(CN)2] + 4 NaOH. En el marco de las tecnologías limpias, es preciso recurrir a procesos metalúrgicos alternativos para la recuperación aurífera como la concentración gravimétrica y la lixiviación por agitación utilizando Tiourea, Sandioss y Goldmax entre otros reactivos. Mostramos las reacciones del proceso de recuperación de Oro por Tiourea:
2 (CS (NH2)2)2+ ↔ NH2 (NH) CSSC (NH) NH2 + 2 H+ + 2 e-
2 Au+ + NH2 (NH) CSSC (NH) NH2   + 2 H+ + e- ↔ 2 Au (CS (NH2)2)2+
2 Au (CS (NH2)2)2+    + e-    ↔ 2 Au0 + 2 (CS (NH2)2)2+
Mostramos resultados de modelamientos y simulaciones de datos experimentales en la obtención de Oro y Plata, considerando la necesidad de emplear procesos que no afecten el medio ambiente y la vida, donde procesar minerales con alto contenido de arsénico, antimonio y cobre que son cianicidas, así como su posterior remediación, resultan antieconómicos. Se realizaron pruebas a nivel laboratorio para obtener parámetros de trabajo con el objetivo de lograr porcentajes de recuperación óptima y el consumo moderado de reactivos. Las pruebas se realizaron por agitación usando carbón activado, los resultados se muestran en los gráficos al final del trabajo.
Microplásticos en contenido estomacal de la “lisa” Mugil cephalus, Lima -Perú
Authors: SANTOS JENNY GAVILÁN , CORREA YELITZA ORTIZ , BACA KENER ARANDA , FLORES-GÓMEZ STIVE
Published: October 2020

Resumen
Los plásticos presentes en los ríos, lagos lagunas, mares y diferentes ecosistemas terrestres, constituyen un serio problema de contaminación y atentan contra la salud de las diferentes especies que habitan los ecosistemas mencionados. Como consecuencia de esta contaminación, en los mares, los peces confunden el plástico con su alimento y los consumen quedando contaminados, según lo indican varios estudios realizados en diferentes partes del mundo. La especie Mugil cephalus conocido en Perú como “lisa”, es ampliamente consumido en toda la costa del Perú y común en los mercados de Lima, dada a su importancia, se realizó este estudio que tuvo el objetivo de determinar la presencia de plástico en el contenido estomacal del recurso. Se analizó el contenido estomacal de tres peces adquiridos en el mercado de Villa María del Triunfo (Lima). Se realizó la identificación y cuantificación de los organismos biológicos consumidos por los peces, pero también se evaluó la presencia de plástico. Según los análisis realizados, efectivamente  encontraron varios taxones de fitoplancton y zooplancton, común dieta de esta especie, pero también evidenciamos, luego de haber aplicado la prueba de flotabilidad con cloruro de calcio, la presencia de microplásticos en el estómago de peces. Es necesario que el estado tome acciones para dar solución a este problema de interés para la salud del mar y de los consumidores en el Perú.
THE «ATHENIAN PLOT» IN THE ANCIENT BIOGRAPHIES OF ANACHARSIS
Authors: Kuminova K.
Published: October 2020

The paper analyses the "Athenian plot" in the ancient biographies of Anacharsis. The main objective of the paper is to date the emergence of stories about Anacharsis’ meeting with Solon in Athens. It is analysing written reports of ancient authors of from the 8th century BC to 3rd century AD. The first mention of Anacharsis we find in "The History" of Herodotus (5th century BC). It is spoken in detail about Diogenes Laërtius and the primary source of his «Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers». The fact that Diogenes Laërtius uses the works of Sosicrates of Rhodes and Hermippus of Smyrna, who are the ancient authors of the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, is stressed. This makes it possible to date the appearance of the «Athenian plot» in ancient biographies of Anacharsis precisely this period.

The author described in short, the political and economic situation in Greece and Rome of this period. It is shown that Anacharsis became an ideal image of a noble barbarian for the ancient world. The Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) and the crisis of the post-war period made philosophers to think a place of a man in this world. The noble barbarian became the new ideal of ancient philosophy. It is concluded that the popularity of Anacharsis and the wise barbarian is a reaction of ancient authors to crises in ancient times. He was a sample of wisdom and purity. Anacharsis became famous for the simplicity of his way of life and his acute observations on the institutions and customs of the Greeks. None of the works ascribed to him in ancient times, if indeed they were written by him, have survived.
Who Were the Denisovans?
Authors: Derevianko O. P. , Shunkov M. V. , Kozlikin M. B.
Published: October 2020

We provide a comprehensive summary of data relating to the origin, chronology, and culture of the Denisovans— a separate hominin population, fi rst described in 2010 on the basis of aDNA extracted from fossils found in Denisova Cave, in the northwestern part of the Russian Altai. We cite the results of morphological and genomic studies of the teeth and postcranial bones of those hominins. On the basis of a large series of optical and radiocarbon dates of the Pleistocene strata of Denisova Cave, the timeline for the hominin evolution in that region is reconstructed. The chronology of the evolutionary events based on aDNA is discussed. We provide a detailed description of stone and bone tools, and ornaments made of various materials, from Denisova habitation horizons. It is demonstrated that the Paleolithic cultural sequence in that cave is the most complete in North and Central Asia, spanning the principal stages of human evolutionary history over the last 300 thousand years. Denisovan origins and their role in the emergence of anatomically modern humans are reconstructed on the basis of a large body of archaeological, skeletal, and genetic data relating to Africa and Eurasia. It is concluded that the Neanderthal and Denisovan genetic legacy in the modern human gene pool indicates the existence of several zones in Africa and Eurasia where H. erectus evolution proceeded independently. The same applies to the evolution of lithic technologies.
Ocher in Late Paleolithic Contexts at the Kovrizhka IV Site, the Baikal-Patom Highlands (Eastern Siberia, Russia)
Authors: Tetenkin A. V. , Demonterova E. I. , Kaneva E. V. , Henry A. , Gauvrit Roux E.
Published: October 2020

This paper deals with numerous ocher remains found in cultural layers 6, 2G, and 2B of the Paleolithic site Kovrizhka IV on the Vitim River, in the Baikal-Patom Highlands (Eastern Siberia). These layers are dated by radiocarbon to the interval of ~19.2–18.3 ka cal BP. In cultural layers 2B and 2G, ocher colored the living fl oors and combustion areas. Stratigraphic observations indicate that this was done at the very beginning of the occupation. In layer 6, traces of ocher were present on an anthropomorphic fi gurine made of mammoth ivory, and pieces of ocher were found near the head of another such fi gurine. In layer 2B, a large piece of ocher was unearthed at the edge of the hearth. Ocher residues were also detected by use-wear analysis on certain artifacts. This variety of patterns suggests different functions of ocher, possibly both symbolic and utilitarian. The mineral composition of ocher was assessed by X-ray diffraction analysis. In all three layers, hematite is associated with quartz. In layer 2G, an additional type of ocher was identifi ed, containing impurities, such as calcite and chlorite. Known sources of ocher are located in the distribution areas of magnetite and hematite ores, over 500 km southwest and southeast of Kovrizhka IV. The importance of ocher in the life of these societies is discussed in light of the archaeological evidence and the longdistance raw material acquisition patterns of ocher.
Cave Sites of the Jomon Period in Taishaku Gorge, Western Japan
Authors: Solovyeva E. A. , Murakami Y.
Published: October 2020

We describe the largest group of cave sites in Japan known to date. It includes some 50 sites, located in a gorge within the area of the modern Taishaku National Natural Park. Their characteristics are provided and their relevance to the study of the early stages of the Jomon Period is assessed. The study is based on publications, fi eld reports, and samples of artifacts owned by the museums in the Hiroshima Prefecture. The focus is on cave sites in the Chugoku region, their location, structure, inner space, and utility zones in the adjoining territory. Special attention is paid to the reconstruction of sequence in which parts of the cave space were exploited at different stages of the Jomon Period. Archaeological fi nds are described in detail—stone and bone tools, potsherds, and mollusk shells. Their analysis suggests that the Jomon people who lived in those caves subsisted mostly by hunting and freshwater mollusk collecting. Shells of marine mollusks and tools made of sanukite, which is unavailable in the area, indicate trade relations between cave dwellers and people of the adjoining regions, including the sea coast. A conclusion is made that population growth and greater reliance on hunting and fi shing territories rich in vegetation led to the change in lifestyle and subsistence strategies of the Jomon people.
An Unusual Fabric from Jety-Asar-2, Eastern Aral Sea Region, in the Context of the Central Asian Textile Tradition
Authors: Polosmak N. V. , Karpova E. V. , Amosov E. V.
Published: October 2020

We present the results of an interdisciplinary study of an unusual sample of wool fabric, found at the Jety-Asar-2 fortifi ed site, representing the Jety-Asar culture of the late 4th century BC to early 1st century AD, in the central Turan Plain. We outline the results of the analysis of the dyes and technological characteristics of the fabric. The woven pattern is described in detail. The specimen is compared with the tapestry from Shanpula (Sampul) cemetery in the Hotan oasis, Xinjiang, China. We examine the idea that the Jety-Asar fabric had been manufactured in Shanpula and transported to the Aral basin along the Great Silk Road. Previously, this type of tapestry was believed to have been used only in the Hotan oasis, because no direct parallels with other areas were known. A direct parallel with such a remote westerly region is all the more intriguing. Apparently, colorful strips of woolen tapestry depicting animals, birds, humans, fantastic beings, mountains, and fl owers were in big demand. The tradition, then, may have been distributed much more widely than previously thought. Many anthropomorphic, zoomorphic, plant, and purely decorative motifs have numerous parallels in the Early Iron Age art of the Eurasian steppes, highlands, and piedmont areas. The Shanpula people used such fabric for decorating skirts. In other cultures, it was destined for various purposes.
Petroglyphs of Mount Dyalbak, Eastern Altai
Authors: Konstantinov N. A. , Konstantinova E. A. , Urbushev A. U.
Published: October 2020

This study focuses on a petroglyph site of Mount Dyalbak in the northeastern part of Balyktuyul village, in the Ulagansky District, Altai Republic. Images are engraved mostly on horizontal planes of the Devonian limestone of which the mountain slope is composed. We give a detailed description of the documentation methods. Photography was carried out under the oblique natural light, though certain areas of the planes were photographed using fl ash. Engravings were copied mostly on a tablet computer. On the basis of visual observations, the condition of planes with petroglyphs is described, conclusions regarding the principal threats are given, and measures aimed at the preservation of the site are proposed. Rocks and planes with engravings are described in detail. Most images date to the Early Middle Ages. Their motifs and characters have numerous parallels in Central Asian art. There are scenes of hunting, armed fi ghting, and separate pictures of bows and quivers, relating to the cult of weapons and militarism. Two depicted warriors are holding spears with banners. Images of animals include those of mountain goats, reindeer, and boars. Some motifs are unusual: yurts and a pair of Siberian stags, male and female, related to the fertility cult. Some images, such as that of a chariot, date to the Late Bronze Age, while others, like those engraved on a separate small stone, are recent.
On Sacred Girdles and Matrilineal Descent in Ainu Society
Authors: Lim S. C.
Published: October 2020

This study examines a mysterious item of the Ainu women’s undergarment—the upsor kut, or chakh chanki, which, in ethnographic collections and scholarly texts, is described as a “belt of modesty”. A comparative and historical analysis of Ainu women’s girdles from Hokkaido and Sakhalin was carried out. They are displayed in very small numbers at museums of Russia, Japan, and the UK. These artifacts are rare, as women had to preserve their upsor kut (chakhchanki) from being seen by strangers, especially males. They became a part of late 19th to early 20th century ethnographic collections, because scholars, such as B.O. Piłsudski and N.G. Munro, became trusted by the natives. In the past, Japan’s hard-line policy of assimilation for indigenous peoples, the banning of the Ainu language and traditional culture, and the introduction of schooling and public health service resulted in an even greater secrecy of Ainu women and the gradual decline of the tradition of wearing secret girdles, precluding the carrying out of fi eld studies. The analysis of Ainu linguistic and folkloric materials analyzed by Japanese and European researchers sheds light on the function and meaning of these items of the women’s undergarment. In essence, they had two important functions: determining the maternal lineage and protecting the family and the clan. This suggests that remnants of matrilineal exogamy existed in Ainu patriarchal society, which eventually disappeared at the turn of the 20th century.
Verbal Restrictions on the Communication of Turko-Mongols of Inner Asia
Authors: Sodnompilova M. M.
Published: October 2020

Verbal restrictions common among the Turko-Mongol peoples of Inner Asia and Siberia are analyzed on the basis of folkloric and ethnographic sources. Their principal forms are silence, circumlocution, and whisper. The socio-cultural context of these restrictions is reconstructed. They are seen in various domains of culture, in particular relating to social norms, and are believed to refl ect fear of human life and the well-being of man and society in the communication with nature represented by deities and spirits. This is a natural reaction that has evolved under the harsh environmental and climatic conditions of Inner Asia. The sa me concerns, extending to social communication, have regulated interpersonal interactions. In a nomadic culture, verbal restrictions stem from the importance of the ritual function of language and a specifi c attitude toward spoken language, which, over the centuries, was the principal means of information storage and transfer, cognition and adaptation. This concept of speech affected the emergence of the principal behavioral stereotypes. The rigid norms of behavior account for the importance of the nonverbal context of the nomadic culture— the high informative potential of the entire space inhabited by the nomads, and the rich symbolism of their material culture, traditional outfi t, and dwelling.
The Use of Computed Tomography for the Study of Chronic Maxillary Sinusitis: Based on Crania from the Pucará De Tilcara Fortress, Argentina
Authors: Zubova A. V. , Ananyeva N. I. , Moiseyev V. G. , Stulov I. K. , Dmitrenko L. M. , Obodovskiy A. V. , Potrakhov N. N. , Kulkov A. M. , Andreev E. V.
Published: October 2020

We discuss the methodological advantages of using X-ray computed tomography (CT) for diagnosing chronic maxillary sinusitis (CMS) of various etiologies on skeletal samples. A CT examination of 20 crania from the Pucará de Tilcara fortress, Argentina (late 8th to 16th centuries AD), was carried out. Criteria for identifying CMS included osteitic lesions in the form of focal destruction, and thickened and sclerotized walls of maxillary sinuses. To determine the etiology of the disease, a tomographic and macroscopic examination of the dentition and bones of the ostiomeatal complex were performed, the presence or absence of facial injuries was assessed, and the co-occurrence of various pathologies was statistically evaluated. Five cases of CMS were identified. Four of these may be of odontogenic origin; in two cases, a secondary infection of the maxillary sinuses is possible. In one instance, the etiology was not determined. No indications of traumatic infection were found. Statistical analysis revealed a relationship of CMS with apical periodontitis and the ante-mortem loss of upper molars and premolars. An indirect symptom of CMS may be the remodeled bone tissue and porosity of the posterior surface of the maxilla.
Energy-Efficient Topology to Enhance the Wireless Sensor Network Lifetime Using Connectivity Control
Authors: Yari Meysam , Hadikhani Parham , Asgharzadeh Zohreh
Published: October 2020

Wireless sensor networks have attracted much attention because of many applications in the fields of industry, military, medicine, agriculture, and education. In addition, the vast majority of research has been done to expand their applications and improve their efficiency. However, there are still many challenges for increasing the efficiency in different parts of this network. One of the most important parts is to improve the network lifetime in the wireless sensor network. Since the sensor nodes are generally powered by batteries, the most important issue to consider in these types of networks is to reduce the power consumption of the nodes in such a way as to increase the network lifetime to an acceptable level. The contribution of this paper is using topology control, the threshold for the remaining energy in nodes, and two metaheuristic algorithms, namely SA (Simulated Annealing) and VNS (Variable Neighbourhood Search), to increase the energy remaining in the sensors. Moreover, using a low-cost spanning tree, an appropriate connectivity control among nodes is created in the network in order to increase the network lifetime. The results of simulations show that the proposed method improves the sensor lifetime and reduces the energy consumed.
Objaśnianie terminów religijnych w Ilustrowanym słowniku katechetycznym Beaty Boguszewskiej
Authors: Nowak Małgorzata
Published: October 2020

W artykule omawia się mikrostrukturę adresowanego do dzieci szkolnych Ilustrowanego słownika katechetycznego autorstwa Beaty Boguszewskiej (Wydawnictwo JUT, Szczebrzeszyn 2018), jednego z nielicznych tego typu leksykonów w Polsce. W zamierzeniu twórcy słownik, obejmujący 336 haseł, ma wyjaśniać podstawowe pojęcia teologiczne, terminy związane z modlitwą, liturgią oraz sakramentami i stanowić uzupełnienie wiedzy otrzymanej w czasie katechezy szkolnej. Sygnalizowany w tytule leksykonu kod ikoniczny ma charakter pomocniczy – w słowniku Boguszewskiej nie występują „czyste” definicje ikonograficzne. Artykuły hasłowe są zasadniczo pozbawione informacji językowych (sporadycznie pojawiają się uproszczone objaśnienia etymologiczne typu: słowo / wyraz pochodzi z języka x (i) oznacza…). W leksykonie przyjęto dyskursywny model objaśniania pojęć. Definicje (pełnozdaniowe, analityczne, pozbawione zbędnych elementów scjentystycznych) wkomponowane są w narracje (opowiadania) stanowiące artykuł hasłowy. Specyficzne opowiadania służą nie tylko oczekiwanemu od słownika objaśnianiu pojęć (funkcja nominatywna i deskryptywna), ale także ogólniejszemu kształceniu i wychowaniu człowieka wierzącego (funkcja wychowawczo-formacyjna). Odbiorca dzieła jest wyraźnie profilowany jako (prawdziwy) przyjaciel (Pana) Jezusa.
Outcome of Undergraduate Medical Education using Medical Simulation according to Students’ Feedback
Authors: Riaz Salman , Jaradat Ahmed A.K. , Gutierrez Ruel , Garadah Taysir S.
Published: October 2020

Objectives: This study aimed to determine students’ overall satisfaction with clinical simulation sessions and compare the satisfaction levels of obstetrics/gynaecology (OBGYN) students (group one) and internal medicine students (group two). Methods: This study was conducted from January to June 2019 at the Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain. Students from year five were included and offered sessions that used simulations to support clinical skill development. Data were collected using a five-point Likert scale (i.e. strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree) via feedback forms. Results: A total of 150 students were included in this study (response rate: 99.07%). In groups of seven, the students attended five cycles of simulations with two sessions per cycle in each specialty over six months. The mean percentage of responses of “strongly agree” and “agree” was 97.8 ± 2.3% in group one and 95.7 ± 2.7% in group two. The satisfaction scores of group one were higher than those from group two for all statements. Significant differences were found between groups one and two in their responses to the statement of whether the simulation session was relevant to clinical practice (100% versus 92.9%; P <0.001) and whether the debriefing session was useful (98.1% versus 94.8%; P = 0.015). Conclusion: Students indicated high satisfaction after attending the simulation sessions; however, OBGYN students were more satisfied compared to those studying internal medicine.Keywords: Simulation Training; Patient Simulation; High Fidelity Simulation Training; Undergraduate Medical Education; Bahrain.
Культурно-исторический смысл философии Гегеля
Authors: Васильевич Лобастов Геннадий
Published: October 2020

Логика Гегеля рассматривается автором как главное звено в его философии, имеющее объективное значение для культурно-исторического развития мышления, значение, выходящее далеко за рамки философии. Этим и утверждается объективный культурно-исторический смысл его философии. Задача конкретизирована анализом диалектической формы и демонстрацией ее истинности как метода. Сам метод понимается как деятельная способность, и тем самым смысл философии Гегеля сводится к удержанию в пространстве мыслительной культуры всеобщей диалектической формы, которая захватывает все содержание действительности и одновременно служит способом разворачивания внутренней логики этого содержания. Развернуто понятие истины как центральной проблемы философии и обоснована ее диалектическая форма, находящая свое выражение в логике Гегеля. Обоснована и утверждена мысль, что диалектическая логика Гегеля адекватно может быть постигнута только как развитие собственной мыслительной способности.
Placental Genetic Variants in the Upstream Region of the FLT1 Gene in Pre-eclampsia
Authors: Ohwaki Akiko , Nishizawa Haruki , Kato Asuka , Kato Takema , Miyazaki Jun , Yoshizawa Hikari , Noda Yoshiteru , Sakabe Yoshiko , Ichikawa Ryoko , Sekiya Takao , Fujii Takuma , Kurahashi Hiroki
Published: October 2020

Background: Soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt-1) is believed to be a prominent component in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia, although the precise etiology has remained elusive. In this study, the etiological role of FLT1 variant was further validated in pre-eclampsia by examining this association in a Japanese sample population.
Methods: The genotypes of three variants (rs4769613, rs12050029 and rs149427560) were examined in the upstream region of the FLT1 gene in placentas from pre-eclamptic (n=47) or normotensive control (n=49) pregnancy samples. Additionally, FLT1 mRNA levels in placenta were determined by qRT-PCR. ELISA was further used to detect circulating sFlt-1 levels in maternal sera. The intergroup comparisons were made using the Mann-Whitney U test or one way analysis of variance and P values of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Results: First, the rs4769613 (C>T) and rs12050029 (G>A) genotypes were examined in placentas but no significant differences were found in the genotype or allele-type frequencies. Next, nearby short tandem repeat, rs149427560, was examined which manifested four size variants. In the genotypewise analysis, the frequency of the 474/476 heterozygote was significantly lower in pre-eclampsia (p<0.05). As expected, the FLT1 mRNA levels were significantly elevated in the pre-eclamptic placentas and sFlt-1 was higher in pre-eclamptic maternal sera. However, the genotype of these variants did not affect the FLT1 mRNA or serum sFlt-1 levels.
Conclusion: Our findings did not support the hypothesis that genetic variations around the FLT1 gene affect the subtle expression changes underlying the etiologic pathway of pre-eclampsia. The hypothesis deserves further investigation through a larger sample size.
Six Patients with MethylmalonicAcidemia and Their Outcome: A Literature Review and Case Series
Authors: Mirhosseini Naser  Ali , Taghiyar Sana , Saatchi Mahdieh
Published: October 2020

Background: Methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) is a congenital disorder due to the defects in the propionate pathway. It results from a deficiency in methylmalonyl coenzyme A mutase or one of the steps of the synthesis of the cobalamin (B12) cofactors for the enzyme. There is deficiency of methylmalonylcoAmutase (MCM) in the classic MMA. It presents with severe metabolic acidosis in the first month of life, progressive failure to thrive, feeding problems, recurrent vomiting, dehydration, hepatomegaly, lethargy, seizures, and developmental delay. Quantitative analysis of urinary organic acid patterns by GC-MS is used in MMA diagnosis. Treatment with large doses of hydroxocobalamin is helpful in some cases of MMA.                                                                                       
Case presentation:We Reported 6 patients with MMA with a variety of clinical manifestations and outcomes.
Conclusion: The overall prognosis of classic MMA remains doubtful, whereas vitamin B12 responsive MMA has a reasonable outcome.