bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rapid volume pulsation of the extracellular space coincides with epileptiform activity in mice and depends on the NBCe1 transporter
Authors: Colbourn Robert , Hrabe Jan , Nicholson Charles , Perkins Matthew , Goodman Jeffrey H. , Hrabetova Sabina
Published: May 2021

Key points

Extracellular space (ECS) rapid volume pulsation (RVP) accompanying epileptiform activity is described for the first time.

Such RVP occurs robustly in several in vitro and in vivo mouse models of epileptiform activity.

In the in vitro 4‐aminopyridine model of epileptiform activity, RVP depends on the activity of the electrogenic Na+/HCO3– cotransporter (NBCe1).

NBCe1 pharmacological inhibition suppresses RVP and epileptiform activity.

Inhibition of changes in ECS volume may be a useful target in epilepsy patients who are resistant to current treatments.

​

The extracellular space (ECS) of the brain shrinks persistently by approximately 35% during epileptic seizures. Here we report the discovery of rapid volume pulsation (RVP), further transient drops in ECS volume which accompany events of epileptiform activity. These transient ECS contractions were observed in multiple mouse models of epileptiform activity both in vivo (bicuculline methiodide model) and in vitro (hyaluronan synthase 3 knock‐out, picrotoxin, bicuculline and 4‐aminopyridine models). By using the probe transients quantification (PTQ) method we show that individual pulses of RVP shrank the ECS by almost 15% in vivo. In the 4‐aminopyridine in vitro model, the individual pulses of RVP shrank the ECS by more than 4%, and these transient changes were superimposed on a persistent ECS shrinkage of 36% measured with the real‐time iontophoretic method. In this in vitro model, we investigated several channels and transporters that may be required for the generation of RVP and epileptiform activity. Pharmacological blockages of Na+/K+/2Cl– cotransporter type 1 (NKCC1), K+/Cl– cotransporter (KCC2), the water channel aquaporin‐4 (AQP4) and inwardly rectifying potassium channel 4.1 (Kir4.1) were ineffective in halting the RVP and the epileptiform activity. In contrast, pharmacological blockade of the electrogenic Na+/HCO3– cotransporter (NBCe1) by 4,4'‐diisothiocyano‐2,2'‐stilbenedisulfonic acid (DIDS) eliminated both the RVP and the persistent ECS shrinkage. Importantly, this blocker also stopped the epileptiform activity. These results demonstrate that RVP is closely associated with epileptiform activity across several models of epileptiform activity and therefore the underlying mechanism could potentially represent a novel target for epilepsy management and treatment.
Allosteric modulation of cardiac myosin mechanics and kinetics by the conjugated omega‐7,9 trans‐fat rumenic acid
Authors: Pertici Irene , Taft Manuel H. , Greve Johannes N. , Fedorov Roman , Caremani Marco , Manstein Dietmar J.
Published: May 2021

Key points

Direct binding of rumenic acid to the cardiac myosin‐2 motor domain increases the release rate for orthophosphate and increases the Ca2+ responsiveness of cardiac muscle at low load.

Physiological cellular concentrations of rumenic acid affect the ATP turnover rates of the super‐relaxed and disordered relaxed states of β‐cardiac myosin, leading to a net increase in myocardial metabolic load.

In Ca2+‐activated trabeculae, rumenic acid exerts a direct inhibitory effect on the force‐generating mechanism without affecting the number of force‐generating motors.

In the presence of saturating actin concentrations rumenic acid binds to the β‐cardiac myosin‐2 motor domain with an EC50 of 200 nM. Molecular docking studies provide information about the binding site, the mode of binding, and associated allosteric communication pathways.

Free rumenic acid may exceed thresholds in cardiomyocytes above which contractile efficiency is reduced and interference with small molecule therapeutics, targeting cardiac myosin, occurs.

Based on experiments using purified myosin motor domains, reconstituted actomyosin complexes and rat heart ventricular trabeculae, we demonstrate direct binding of rumenic acid, the cis‐delta‐9‐trans‐delta‐11 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid, to an allosteric site located in motor domain of mammalian cardiac myosin‐2 isoforms. In the case of porcine β‐cardiac myosin, the EC50 for rumenic acid varies from 10.5 μM in the absence of actin to 200 nM in the presence of saturating concentrations of actin. Saturating concentrations of rumenic acid increase the maximum turnover of basal and actin‐activated ATPase activity of β‐cardiac myosin approximately 2‐fold but decrease the force output per motor by 23% during isometric contraction. The increase in ATP turnover is linked to an acceleration of the release of the hydrolysis product orthophosphate. In the presence of 5 μM rumenic acid, the difference in the rate of ATP turnover by the super‐relaxed and disordered relaxed states of cardiac myosin increases from 4‐fold to 20‐fold. The equilibrium between the two functional myosin states is not affected by rumenic acid. Calcium responsiveness is increased under zero‐load conditions but unchanged under load. Molecular docking studies provide information about the rumenic acid binding site, the mode of binding, and associated allosteric communication pathways. They show how the isoform‐specific replacement of residues in the binding cleft induces a different mode of rumenic acid binding in the case of non‐muscle myosin‐2C and blocks binding to skeletal muscle and smooth muscle myosin‐2 isoforms.
„Knobology“ in Doppler Ultrasound
Authors: Löwe Axel , Jenssen Christian , Hüske Sebastian , Zander David , Ignee André , Lim Adrian , Cui Xin-Wu , Dong Yi , Hoffmann Beatrice , Dietrich Christoph F.
Published: May 2021

Ultrasonography is a ubiquitous and indispensable diagnostic and therapeutic tool in medicine. Due to modern equipment and automatic image optimization, nowadays the introduction of ultrasound imaging requires only little technical and physical knowledge. However, profound knowledge of the device function repertoire and underlying mechanisms are essential foroptimal image adjustment and documentation. From a medical as well as an aesthetic point of view, the goal should always be to achieve the best possible image quality. This article provides an overview of handling of ultrasound systems, fundamental adjustments and their optimization in Doppler ultrasound.
A sense of optimism is important in times of challenge
Authors: Hyslop Ian , Beddoe Liz
Published: May 2021

Editorial
Mamae Nui me te Takiwātanga: Surplus suffering and autism spectrum disorder in school social work practice
Authors: Oades Liam M.
Published: May 2021

INTRODUCTION: This research investigates social work interventions available for Social Workers based in primary schools in Aotearoa New Zealand, to address surplus suffering related to autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The aim of this research is to explore possible interventions by reviewing literature, and investigating the practice of professionals, in order to discern the best possible practice. The research questions that will be investigated are: 1) How do social workers in primary schools address the surplus suffering of students?; and 2) What interventions are employed when working with children on the spectrum? There is limited relevant literature; however, the published material suggests that most social workers in schools who work with children on the spectrum employ social-ecological perspectives.METHOD: Qualitative methodologies have been employed, focusing on semi-structured interviews that were designed to answer the pre-set questions while also taking note of other concepts and ideas raised by the interviewees. This study has employed social-ecological theory, as well as social theories of disability.FINDINGS: This research has found that, while social workers employ social-ecological interventions readily, they are reluctant to engage in potentially beneficial therapeutic techniques.IMPLICATIONS: The implications suggested by this research are the need for diversification in social work training, and the need for further research to discern the best school social work practice.
New theories for social work practice: Ethical practice for working with individuals, families and communities
Authors: Parkinson Carol
Published: May 2021

Book review
Static component generation and measurement of nonlinear guided waves with group velocity mismatch
Authors: Jiang Chang , Li Weibin , Deng Mingxi , Ng Ching-Tai
Published: May 2021

This study focuses on static component generation (SCG) and its measurement wherein a group velocity mismatch (GVM) exists between the primary guided wave and the generated static component (SC). The SCGs by primary S0, A0, and SH0 waves are investigated. It is confirmed that the SCs are S0 mode. The GVM causes the temporal waveforms of the SCs to tend to increase in width with propagation distance. A feasible method is proposed accordingly for measurement of SCG with GVM using only lead zirconic titanate based transducers, wherein the SCs generated by two counter-propagating primary waves are modulated and superposed on each other.
Living labs for patient engagement and knowledge exchange: an exploratory sequential mixed methods study to develop a living lab in paediatric rehabilitation
Authors: Archibald Mandy M , Wittmeier Kristy , Gale Matthew , Ricci Florencia , Russell Kelly , Woodgate Roberta L
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Despite recognition of the importance of patient engagement in research and knowledge translation, systematic approaches to engagement and co-ideation remain limited. Living labs are collaborative knowledge sharing systems that use multimethod, user-centred approaches that hold potential to catalyse these aims. However, their use in healthcare is limited, and no living lab has been developed in paediatric rehabilitation. In response to this gap and to propel innovative knowledge exchange, we propose a mixed methods study to co-develop a living lab prototype (ie, preliminary infrastructure with opportunity for scale up) in paediatric rehabilitation, with relevance to other healthcare contexts.

Methods

An exploratory sequential mixed methods study will be undertaken to determine research and knowledge exchange priorities and to inform the development of the living lab prototype. Stage 1: we will use a multipronged approach to sample 18–21 youth with developmental differences or rehabilitation needs, their youth siblings and parents/guardians from a provincial paediatric rehabilitation centre, to participate in qualitative and arts-based data collection. Data will provide insight into desirable features of the living lab. Stage 2: E-surveys to youth, siblings, parents/guardians and clinicians who receive or provide services at this same centre will expand on priorities and living lab features. Stage 3: integrated analysis will inform the living lab prototype development.

Analysis

Inductive thematic analysis using interpretive description, integrated analysis of visual data and descriptive and content analysis of e-survey data will be undertaken. Joint displays will facilitate data integration. Priorities will be identified using a modified rank-order method for each key living lab domain.

Ethics and dissemination

Institutional ethics and site approval have been granted. A parent advisory group and rehabilitation engineering partners will confer on data and inform the development of the living lab prototype. User engagement with the prototype will occur during an online or in-person event, and findings shared through non-technical research summaries, journal articles and academic presentations.
Predicting falls in community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review of prognostic models
Authors: Gade Gustav Valentin , Jørgensen Martin Grønbech , Ryg Jesper , Riis Johannes , Thomsen Katja , Masud Tahir , Andersen Stig
Published: May 2021

Objective

To systematically review and critically appraise prognostic models for falls in community-dwelling older adults.

Eligibility criteria

Prospective cohort studies with any follow-up period. Studies had to develop or validate multifactorial prognostic models for falls in community-dwelling older adults (60+ years). Models had to be applicable for screening in a general population setting.

Information source

MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, The Cochrane Library, PsycINFO and Web of Science for studies published in English, Danish, Norwegian or Swedish until January 2020. Sources also included trial registries, clinical guidelines, reference lists of included papers, along with contacting clinical experts to locate published studies.

Data extraction and risk of bias

Two authors performed all review stages independently. Data extraction followed the Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modelling Studies checklist. Risk of bias assessments on participants, predictors, outcomes and analysis methods followed Prediction study Risk Of Bias Assessment Tool.

Results

After screening 11 789 studies, 30 were eligible for inclusion (n=86 369 participants). Median age of participants ranged from 67.5 to 83.0 years. Falls incidences varied from 5.9% to 59%. Included studies reported 69 developed and three validated prediction models. Most frequent falls predictors were prior falls, age, sex, measures of gait, balance and strength, along with vision and disability. The area under the curve was available for 40 (55.6%) models, ranging from 0.49 to 0.87. Validated models’ The area under the curve ranged from 0.62 to 0.69. All models had a high risk of bias, mostly due to limitations in statistical methods, outcome assessments and restrictive eligibility criteria.

Conclusions

An abundance of prognostic models on falls risk have been developed, but with a wide range in discriminatory performance. All models exhibited a high risk of bias rendering them unreliable for prediction in clinical practice. Future prognostic prediction models should comply with recent recommendations such as Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis or Diagnosis.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42019124021.
On-cell nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to probe cell surface interactions
Authors: Phạm Trần Thanh Tâm , Rainey Jan K.
Published: May 2021

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy allows the determination of atomic-level information on intermolecular interactions, molecular structure, and molecular dynamics in the cellular environment. This may be broadly divided into studies focused on obtaining detailed molecular information in the intracellular context (“in-cell”) or those focused on characterizing molecules or events at the cell surface (“on-cell”). In this review, we outline some key NMR techniques applied for on-cell NMR studies through both solution- and solid-state NMR and survey studies that have used these techniques to uncover key information. In particular, we focus on the application of on-cell NMR spectroscopy to characterize ligand interactions with cell surface membrane proteins such as G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinases. These techniques allow for quantification of binding affinities, competitive binding assays, delineation of ligands involved in binding, ligand bound-state conformational determination, evaluation of receptor structuring and dynamics, and inference of distance constraints characteristic of the ligand-receptor bound state. Interestingly, it is possible to avoid the barriers of production and purification of membrane proteins while obtaining directly physiologically relevant information through on-cell NMR. We also provide a brief survey of the applicability of on-cell NMR approaches to other classes of cell surface molecules.
An Integrated Approach for Improving Brand Consistency of Web Content
Authors: Roy Soumyadeep , Sural Shamik , Chhaya Niyati , Natarajan Anandhavelu , Ganguly Niloy
Published: May 2021

A consumer-dependent (business-to-consumer) organization tends to present itself as possessing a set of human qualities, which is termed the
brand personality
of the company. The perception is impressed upon the consumer through the content, be it in the form of advertisement, blogs, or magazines, produced by the organization. A consistent brand will generate trust and retain customers over time as they develop an affinity toward regularity and common patterns. However, maintaining a consistent messaging tone for a brand has become more challenging with the virtual explosion in the amount of content that needs to be authored and pushed to the Internet to maintain an edge in the era of digital marketing. To understand the depth of the problem, we collect around 300K web page content from around 650 companies. We develop trait-specific classification models by considering the linguistic features of the content. The classifier automatically identifies the web articles that are not consistent with the mission and vision of a company and further helps us to discover the conditions under which the consistency cannot be maintained. To address the brand inconsistency issue, we then develop a sentence ranking system that outputs the top three sentences that need to be changed for making a web article more consistent with the company’s brand personality.
In Situ X-Ray Techniques for Electrochemical Interfaces
Authors: Baggio Bruna F. , Grunder Yvonne
Published: May 2021

This article reviews progress in the study of materials using X-ray-based techniques from an electrochemistry perspective. We focus on in situ/in operando surface X-ray scattering, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and the combination of both methods. The background of these techniques together with key concepts is introduced. Key examples of in situ and in operando investigation of liquid–solid and liquid–liquid interfaces are presented. X-ray scattering and spectroscopy have helped to develop an understanding of the underlying atomic and molecular processes associated with electrocatalysis, electrodeposition, and battery materials. We highlight recent developments, including resonant surface diffraction and time-resolved studies.
Mixed Ionic-Electronic Transport in Polymers
Authors: Paulsen Bryan D. , Fabiano Simone , Rivnay Jonathan
Published: May 2021

Polymeric mixed ionic-electronic conductors (MIECs) combine aspects of conjugated polymers, polymer electrolytes, and polyelectrolytes to simultaneously transport and couple ionic and electronic charges, opening exciting new applications in energy storage and conversion, bioelectronics, and display technologies. The many applications of polymeric MIECs lead to a wide range of transport conditions. Ionic and electronic transport are directly coupled through electrochemical doping, while the mechanisms of ionic and electronic transport depend on distinctly different chemical functionality, (macro)molecular structure, and morphology. Despite this, ionic and electronic transport are surprisingly tunable, independent of one another. We review the various types of polymeric MIECs, the mechanisms of ionic and electronic charge transport across conditions, and the interrelations between the two, with special emphasis on the unique aspects of polymeric MIEC transport phenomena.
Acute Respiratory Tract Infections among Hospitalized Palestinian Patients (2011–2016): A Retrospective Study
Authors: Abu Seir Rania , Njoum Wafa’ , Najajrah Rawan , Najjar Dania , Ashour Mariam , Asakra Bassam , Samman Nahla , Najjar Osama
Published: May 2021

Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a major public health concern. This study aims to investigate the profiles and epidemiological characteristics of acute RTIs and respiratory pathogens in Palestinian hospitalized patients. Clinical samples from hospitalized patients with symptoms of acute RTIs admitted between January 2011 and December 2016 were referred to the Palestinian Central Public Health Laboratory (PHCL) to identify the causative pathogen. Patients’ demographic information and the results of the molecular identification were retrieved from the electronic database at the PHCL. A total of 15413 patients with acute RTIs were hospitalized during the study period. The causal agent was identified only in 28.7% of the patients. Overall, influenza viruses were the most common cause of RTIs among hospitalized Palestinian patients in the West Bank. Children and elderlies were the most affected with RTIs. The elderly population (≥60 years old) had the highest rates. After influenza A virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and Bordetella pertussis (B. pertussis) were the most common causes of acute RTIs among hospitalized Palestinian patients. Children showed the highest hospitalization rates for RSV, B. pertussis, adenovirus, enterovirus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. On the other hand, elderlies had the highest rates of influenza. Outbreaks of RTIs occurred mainly during winter (between December and March). The resurgence of B. pertussis in spite of vaccination is alarming and requires further investigation.
Yu Shi An Chang Fang Ameliorates TNBS-Induced Colitis in Mice by Reducing Inflammatory Response and Protecting the Intestinal Mucosal Barrier
Authors: Ye Bin , Lai Liqun
Published: May 2021

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease that is related to the occurrence of colon cancer. This study aimed to investigate the underlying mechanism by which Yu Shi An Chang Fang (YST) treated UC. 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) was used to construct the UC model. The body weight, fecal viscosity, and fecal bleeding of all mice were recorded every day to calculate the DAI value. The pathological changes in colon tissues were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) reflecting inflammation and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) reflecting oxidative stress in colon tissues were all measured by their assay kits. The mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in colon tissues was detected by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR). The expression of proteins related to pyroptosis and the colonic mucosal barrier was analyzed by Western blot. As a result, TNBS caused decreases in body weight and colon lengths, triggered serious histological damage, promoted inflammation, oxidative stress, and pyroptosis, and destroyed the colonic mucosal barrier. The above changes caused by TNBS in colitis mice could be partially reversed by YST. In conclusion, YST ameliorates TNBS-induced UC in mice by reducing the inflammatory response and protecting the intestinal mucosal barrier.
[Retracted] Increased EHHADH Expression Predicting Poor Survival of Osteosarcoma by Integrating Weighted Gene Coexpression Network Analysis and Experimental Validation
Authors: Cui Juncheng , Yi Guoliang , Li Jinxin , Li Yangtao , Qian Dongyang
Published: May 2021

Enoyl‐CoA hydratase and 3‐hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (EHHADH), a member of the 3‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase family, were previously demonstrated to be involved in the tumorigenesis of various cancer types. This study is aimed at determining of the diagnostic and prognostic value of EHHADH in osteosarcoma (OS). The overexpression of EHHADH was found both in OS and also other sarcoma types, and according to the retrospective cohort study, the EHHADH level was related to the overall survival and disease‐free survival of the OS patients. Furthermore, knockdown of EHHADH under the influence of EHHADH small interfering RNA significantly suppressed the proliferation ability of the tumor cells. Moreover, EHHADH overexpressed was found in human OS tissues. In summary, the progression of OS could be enhanced by EHHADH, which may be a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for OS patients.
Toppling the HAT to Treat Lethal Prostate Cancer
Authors: Rasool Reyaz ur , Natesan Ramakrishnan , Asangani Irfan A.
Published: May 2021

In this issue of Cancer Discovery, Welti and colleagues demonstrate a positive correlation between the expression of the histone acetyltransferase paralogs CBP and p300 with increased androgen receptor (AR) signaling and androgen deprivation therapy resistance in advanced prostate cancer. CCS1477, a selective inhibitor of p300/CBP bromodomain, disrupts AR- and MYC-regulated gene expression, suppresses tumor growth in vivo in multiple castration-resistant prostate cancer xenograft models, and modulates biomarker expression in early clinical evaluation, providing a novel therapeutic approach for AR-addicted advanced prostate cancer.

See related article by Welti et al., p. 1118.
Assessment of Extensive Airway Obstruction Using Point-by-Point Lateral Pressure Measurements during Bronchoscopy
Authors: Nishine Hiroki , Hiramoto Takehiko , Handa Hiroshi , Inoue Takeo , Wakahara Keiko , Saka Hideo , Miyazawa Teruomi , Mineshita Masamichi
Published: May 2021

Background: The positioning of the stent at the flow-limiting segment is crucial for patients with extensive airway obstruction to relieve dyspnea. However, CT and flow-volume curves cannot detect the area of maximal obstruction. Objectives: The aim of this study is to physiologically evaluate extensive airway obstruction during interventional bronchoscopy. Methods: We prospectively measured point-by-point lateral airway pressure (Plat) at multiple points from the lower lobe bronchus to the upper trachea using a double-lumen catheter in 5 patients. The site of maximal obstruction was evaluated continuously to measure point-by-point Plat at multiple points when the airway catheter was withdrawn from the lower lobe bronchus to the upper trachea. Results: Remarkable pressure differences occurred at the site of maximal obstruction assessed by point-by-point Plat measurements. After initial stenting in 1 case, migration of the maximal obstruction to a nonstented segment of the weakened airway was seen with extensive stenosis from the trachea to the bronchi. In the second case, in addition to radiological analysis, point-by-point Plat measurements could identify the location of the maximal obstruction which contributed to dyspnea. Conclusions: Point-by-point Plat measurement could be used to detect the site of maximal obstruction physiologically. Furthermore, Plat measurement could assess the need for additional procedures in real time in patients with extensive airway obstruction.
“Pouco mais do que uma viagem de turismo”
Authors: Felgueiras Carmen
Published: May 2021

Este ensaio  sobre o significado das viagens de juventude para a formação da persona intelectual de Celso Furtado se utiliza da escrita autobiográfica para sugerir que tanto é possível constatar  um movimento contínuo de alargamento dos círculos de sociabilidade para o qual as viagens contribuem, assim como perceber que essa escrita cumpre uma função que nos permite pensar naquele alargamento na chave dos riscos que esse self enfrenta no contato com o mundo e que a viagem como metáfora sumariza.
Celso Furtado, os Diários intermitentes e o Brasil
Authors: Mourão Rafael
Published: May 2021

A presente resenha aborda os diários pessoais de Celso Furtado. Esses diários cobrem a sua vida dos 17 até seus 82 anos, sendo importantes para reafirmar não apenas a coerência ética do autor, mas para aclarar o sentido nuclear de seu pensamento enquanto intelectual e homem público. Nesse sentido, trata-se de uma obra com potencial para abrir caminhos para releituras e novas interpretações do pensamento furtadiano.
Celso Furtado, intérprete do Brasil
Authors: Barbosa Alexandre
Published: May 2021

O presente artigo procura discutir a originalidade da interpretação do Brasil contida em  Formação econômica do Brasil, obra clássica de Celso Furtado. Para tanto, são recuperadas as matrizes formadoras do seu pensamento no sentido de mostrar como são operacionalizadas por meio do seu método histórico-estrutural. O plano da obra, o método e o estilo permitem entrosar passado, presente e futuro de modo inovador, trazendo novas possibilidades de compreensão e transformação do Brasil. Finalmente, o artigo estabelece um diálogo com as interpretações predecessoras de Gilberto Freyre, Sérgio Buarque de Holanda e Caio Prado Jr.
Uloga medicinske sestre u procesu provođenja kliničkih ispitivanja
Authors: Jakirović Marina
Published: May 2021

Klinička su ispitivanja znanstveno-medicinska ispitivanja koja se provode na zdravim ili bolesnim ispitanicima koji su dobrovoljno dali pristanak za sudjelovanje. Klinička ispitivanja važan su i neizostavan dio suvremene medicine, liječenja bolesti i zdravstvene skrbi. U provedbu kliničkih ispitivanja uključeni su razni profili stručnjaka, liječnika, medicinskih sestara i drugih zdravstvenih djelatnika te osoba u organizaciji ispitivanja, naručitelja ispitivanja, osiguranja zaduženog za sigurnost i etičnost provedbe ispitivanja.Iako velik broj medicinskih sestara diljem svijeta sudjeluje u kliničkim ispitivanjima, malo pažnje posvećuje se definiranju njihovih stvarnih uloga i vrednovanju njihova rada u procesu provođenja kliničkih ispitivanja. Za sudjelovanje u kliničkim ispitivanjima potrebno je temeljito razumijevanje procesa ispitivanja, stručne terminologije kao i poznavanje međunarodnih smjernica i načela Dobre kliničke prakse. Za kvalitetnu provedbu kliničkog ispitivanja vrlo je važna suradnja s ispitanikom i članovima ispitivačkog tima te njihova međusobna komunikacija.Na temelju pregleda dostupne literature u ovom će se radu prikazati značaj i uloga medicinske sestre kao člana multidisciplinarnog tima u provedbi kliničkih ispitivanja.
Parental knowledge of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases in a child
Authors: Cilar Leona , Polak Špela , Kegl Barbara
Published: May 2021

Introduction: Chronic inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic lifelong disease

with various triggers, intermediate longer and shorter remissions. Parents

need to know what kind of nutrition the child with chronic inflammatory bowel

disease needs because they must be able to make the right decisions regarding

the child‘s diet. The right choice of diet gives a child enough energy in their daily

and enables the quality life. They must enjoy a healthy balanced diet so that

they receive all the nutrients the body needs. In our work, we presented chronic

inflammatory bowel disease in children and parents’ assessment of the child’s

quality of life.

Methods: We chose a quantitative methodology to establish the impact of diet

on the quality of life of the child with chronic inflammatory bowel disease. To

describe and define the problem, we used a descriptive method. A structured

measurement instrument was based on a review of the relevant foreign and

domestic literature. Statistical data analysis was performed using descriptive

and inferential statistics. Data were collected by a non-random and occasional

sampling survey.

Results: We found that most children whose parents participated in this research

have Crohn’s disease (n = 20; 50%) and ulcerative colitis (n = 16; 40%).

The type of food that is harmful to the child is fatty food (n = 33; 83%), followed

by spicy food (n = 32; 80%) and acidic food (n = 10; 25%). According to the parents’

assessment, children with chronic inflammatory bowel disease have good

(n = 22; 55%) health. We found that physicians provide parents with the most

necessary nutrition information. Through evaluation of the parents, we found

that there is no statistically significant correlation between the general assessment

of a child’s health and the type of chronic inflammatory bowel disease

(X² (2) = 5.925, p = 0.052). Also, there is no statistically significant correlation

between the eating pattern and parents ’assessment of their child’s quality of

life (U = 38.00, p. = 1.00).

Discussion: The health care providers have an important role to play in giving

appropriate information to parents to ensure the quality of life of the child. She

teaches parents and children about living with chronic inflammatory bowel disease

and emphasizes the importance of nutrition, which greatly contributes to

a better quality of life.
Nursing care of a child with Down syndrome suffering from leukemia
Authors: Ljubičić Marija , Šare Sonja , Gusar Ivana , Kranjčec Barbara
Published: May 2021

Down syndrome [DS] is the most common chromosomal disorder in the population
manifested by intellectual disabilities of varying degrees, often accompanied
by disorders in organ systems. Compared to the children without DS, these
children have a greater risk of developing malignancy such as acute leukemia.
Leukemia is a malignancy of blood cells and lymph nodes and the most common
form of cancer in children. Its treatment in children with DS is more complex
compared to children without this syndrome.
The complexity of a child’s condition with Down syndrome, caused by cancer,
requires a holistic approach to address the difficulties both the child and the parents
are facing.
Providing especially emotional parent support is essential because parents are
usually overwhelmed by painful and powerful emotions. Particular attention is
paid to communication in order to reduce the feeling of sadness, fear, anxiety
and helplessness
The Poetics of Nahḍah Multilingualism: Recovering the Lost Russian Poetry of Mikhail Naimy
Authors: Swanson Maria , Gould Rebecca Ruth
Published: May 2021

Drawing on archival research, this article introduces several Russian poems by the Arabic mahjar poet and writer Mikhail Naimy (Mīkhāʿīl Nu’aymah) (1889-1988) for the first time to scholarship. By examining the influence of Russian literature on Naimy’s literary output, we shed light on the role of multilingualism in generating literary identities and in shaping literary form. Naimy’s Russian poetry, we argue, furthers our understanding of the nahḍah as a multilingual movement that synthesized influences from many different languages. We also show how this multilingual orientation served as a bridge between the nahḍah and mahjar literature, by helping Arab writers craft a poetics of Arabic modernism in the diaspora. Alongside documenting an important archival discovery, this research contributes to our understanding of the temporality of Arabic modernism while illuminating its geographically and linguistically diverse substance.
Great Grievance: Benjamin Franklin and Anti-Convict Sentiment
Authors: Jeppesen Jennie
Published: May 2021

Perhaps the best known argument that the early American colonies despised convict labour was the Rattlesnake newspaper article penned by Benjamin Franklin. And yet, was there actually a wide-spread anti-convict sentiment? Or was Franklin a lone voice railing against perceived British insults? Framed around the claims made by Franklin, this article is an investigation of primary evidence from the colonies of Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, in an attempt to better contextualize Franklins writing against colonial law and other colonial writers and correct the prevailing historical narrative that there was an anti-convict movement.
Legal Considerations on the cjeu Judgement of 9 July 2020, C-272/19
Authors: Posnik Rosi
Published: May 2021

In a preliminary ruling procedure initiated by the Administrative Court of Wiesbaden (Germany), the cjeu ruled that the processing of personal data carried out by the Petitions Committee of the Parliament of Land Hessen is subject to the gdpr in so far as the Committee determines, alone or with others, the purposes and means of the processing, and thus it must be categorised as a ‘controller’, within the meaning of the gdpr. This article takes a critical look at the legal arguments of the cjeu.
Digitalisation of Work in Estonian Parliament Riigikogu
Authors: Saks Ahto
Published: May 2021

As of autumn 2020, the Riigikogu is using a new verbatim records system. The system is called Hans and is based on speech recognition technology. The system records the proceedings in the Plenary Hall as sound files, and speech recognition writes them down. The new system embodies a complete workflow of information processing, starting with sound recording in the Plenary Hall and ending with its publication in text format on the home page of the Riigikogu. Another digital innovation is the possibility to hold the plenary sittings so that the members of the Riigikogu do not have to be physically present in the room where the sitting takes place, and they can participate with the help of electronic means.
On the Juridification of Parliamentary Practice and Procedures
Authors: Konrath Christoph
Published: May 2021

The maintenance and reform of parliamentary law increasingly focus on legal norms and the language of the courts. They are shaped by constitutional discourse and court rulings. As in other parts of public and administrative law we encounter an ever more technical and detailed approach in parliamentary law. In this way, we may counter tendencies to weaken democracy and the rule of law, integrate parliamentary procedures into administrative law and organisation and thus neutralize or disguise the political dimension of parliamentarism; or, on the other hand, alienate parliamentary procedures and proceedings from the public and from politicians who are no longer able to understand and communicate about them.
Sexual Dimorphism in Hepatocyte Xenograft Models
Authors: Sari Gulce , van Oord Gertine W. , van de Garde Martijn D.B. , Voermans Jolanda J.C. , Boonstra Andre , Vanwolleghem Thomas
Published: May 2021

Humanized liver mouse models are crucial tools in liver research, specifically in the fields of liver cell biology, viral hepatitis and drug metabolism. The livers of these humanized mouse models are repopulated by 3-dimensional islands of fully functional primary human hepatocytes (PHH), which are notoriously difficult to maintain in vitro. As low efficiency and high cost hamper widespread use, optimization is of great importance. In the present study, we analyzed experimental factors associated with Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection and PHH engraftment in 2 xenograft systems on a Nod-SCID-IL2Ry-/- background: the alb-urokinase plasminogen activator mouse model (uPA-NOG, n=399); and the alb-HSV thymidine kinase model (TK-NOG, n = 198). In a first analysis, HEV fecal shedding in liver humanized uPA-NOG and TK-NOG mice with comparable human albumin levels was found to be similar irrespective of the mouse genetic background. In a second analysis, sex, mouse age at transplantation and hepatocyte donor were the most determinant factors for xenograft success in both models. The sexual imbalance for xenograft success was related to higher baseline ALT levels and lower thresholds for ganciclovir induced liver morbidity and mortality in males. These data call for sexual standardization of human hepatocyte xenograft models, but also provide a platform for further studies on mechanisms behind sexual dimorphism in liver diseases.
Memorable experiences in language travel
Authors: Carvalho Inês , Sheppard Valerie
Published: May 2021

Language tourism is an important component of the global tourism market with an estimated two million travelers annually. Language travelers are a potentially lucrative segment of the travel market for tourism destinations; therefore, understanding their unique characteristics and behaviours is important. This study employs qualitative methods to explore the memorable experiences associated with language travel. Participants' most memorable experiences were associated with social interactions, cultural interactions, conquering language skills, and finding themselves in risky or challenging situations. This study addresses a gap in the literature as it relates to understanding the memorable experiences of language travellers. The findings may be of value to destinations and businesses who seek to attract language travellers.
Arts, Culture, and Creativity as a Strategy for Countering the Negative Social Impacts of Immigration Stress and Gentrification
Authors: Rubin Carolyn Leung , Chomitz Virginia Rall , Woo Cynthia , Li Giles , Koch-Weser Susan , Levine Peter
Published: May 2021

Background. This article looks at the role that arts, culture, and creativity play in promoting social cohesion and community well-being. It presents research on the role that a community arts center plays in an ethnic enclave that is under stress of immigration and gentrification. Method. An academic–community research partnership conducted this research. A mixed-methods approach was used. Twenty-four interviews were conducted with stakeholders (including community leaders, neighborhood residents, and business owners). Surveys ( n = 102) were done of community members and those who participate in the Center activities. Results. Interviewees and survey respondents point to the importance of the ethnic enclave as a close-knot community that helps to foster a sense of belonging, security, and cultural identity. Arts, culture, and creativity plays a role in maintaining this sense of social cohesion, despite the threat of gentrification. Engagement in the arts and creative practice are important for buffering the stress of immigration. Discussion. The center has an important role as a critical cultural, civic, and creative space for the neighborhood and the broader community who sees the ethnic enclave as their cultural home.
The adaptation of the Leeds Post-Extubation Dysphagia Screen: Lessons learned during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Mills Claire S , Michou Emilia , Hanratty Andrea , Gibson Abby , Bellamy Mark C
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Post-extubation dysphagia (PED) can have serious consequences for critically unwell patients. COVID-19 has resulted in an increasing need for a PED screen in order to effectively identify patients and mitigate risk, whilst balancing under-resourced services. Online training provides the advantage of reducing time pressures on staff and supporting social distancing. This project aimed to adapt the Leeds Post-Extubation Dysphagia Screen (L-PEDS) and the associated training package to be more suitable and effective for use during COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods

The screen was modified to a digital format with additional guidance for users. The training package was shortened and converted to an online package while keeping the interactive mode of training.

Results

Preliminary results of 14 staff members indicate that the median confidence levels for screening patients for PED improved from 5 to 8 (on a scale of 0 to 10) after completing the L-PEDS-COVID training package. Likewise, knowledge of PED improved from a median of 4 to 8 (on a scale of 0 to 10). Training quality was rated at a median of 8 on a scale of 0 to 10 (0 being very poor; 10 being very good).

Conclusions

Preliminary evidence demonstrated increased knowledge of PED and confidence in screening. The development of an adapted version of the L-PEDS and online training package may allow easier implementation of post-extubation dysphagia screening. This could help to compensate for insufficient speech and language therapy critical care staffing, assist in identifying patients at risk and improve outcomes by enabling earlier and safe resumption of oral intake.
Glycemic and lipid variability for predicting complications and mortality in diabetes mellitus using machine learning
Authors: Lee Sharen , Zhou Jiandong , Wong Wing Tak , Liu Tong , Wu William K. K. , Wong Ian Chi Kei , Zhang Qingpeng , Tse Gary
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Recent studies have reported that HbA1c and lipid variability is useful for risk stratification in diabetes mellitus. The present study evaluated the predictive value of the baseline, subsequent mean of at least three measurements and variability of HbA1c and lipids for adverse outcomes.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study consists of type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients who were prescribed insulin at outpatient clinics of Hong Kong public hospitals, from 1st January to 31st December 2009. Standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation were used to measure the variability of HbA1c, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglyceride. The primary outcome is all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes were diabetes-related complications.

Result

The study consists of 25,186 patients (mean age = 63.0, interquartile range [IQR] of age = 15.1 years, male = 50%). HbA1c and lipid value and variability were significant predictors of all-cause mortality. Higher HbA1c and lipid variability measures were associated with increased risks of neurological, ophthalmological and renal complications, as well as incident dementia, osteoporosis, peripheral vascular disease, ischemic heart disease, atrial fibrillation and heart failure (p <  0.05). Significant association was found between hypoglycemic frequency (p <  0.0001), HbA1c (p <  0.0001) and lipid variability against baseline neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR).

Conclusion

Raised variability in HbA1c and lipid parameters are associated with an elevated risk in both diabetic complications and all-cause mortality. The association between hypoglycemic frequency, baseline NLR, and both HbA1c and lipid variability implicate a role for inflammation in mediating adverse outcomes in diabetes, but this should be explored further in future studies.
Exploring new uses for existing drugs: innovative mechanisms to fund independent clinical research
Authors: Verbaanderd Ciska , Rooman Ilse , Huys Isabelle
Published: May 2021

Background

Finding new therapeutic uses for existing medicines could lead to safe, affordable and timely new treatment options for patients with high medical needs. However, due to a lack of economic incentives, pharmaceutical developers are rarely interested to invest in research with approved medicines, especially when they are out of basic patent or regulatory protection. Consequently, potential new uses for these medicines are mainly studied in independent clinical trials initiated and led by researchers from academia, research institutes, or collaborative groups. Yet, additional financial support is needed to conduct expensive phase III clinical trials to confirm the results from exploratory research.

Methods

In this study, scientific and grey literature was searched to identify and evaluate new mechanisms for funding clinical trials with repurposed medicines. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 European stakeholders with expertise in clinical research, funding mechanisms and/or drug repurposing between November 2018 and February 2019 to consider the future perspectives of applying new funding mechanisms.

Results

Traditional grant funding awarded by government and philanthropic organisations or companies is well known and widely implemented in all research fields. In contrast, only little research has focused on the application potential of newer mechanisms to fund independent clinical research, such as social impact bonds, crowdfunding or public-private partnerships. Interviewees stated that there is a substantial need for additional financial support in health research, especially in areas where there is limited commercial interest. However, the implementation of new funding mechanisms is facing several practical and financial challenges, such as a lack of expertise and guidelines, high transaction costs and difficulties to measure health outcomes. Furthermore, interviewees highlighted the need for increased collaboration and centralisation at a European and international level to make clinical research more efficient and reduce the need for additional funding.

Conclusions

New funding mechanisms to support clinical research may become more important in the future but the unresolved issues identified in the current study warrant further exploration.