bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OBSERVATIONS ON THE COMMON DUIKER S YLVICAPRA ORIMMIA LINN., BASED ON MATERIAL COLLECTED FROM A TSETSE CONTROL GAME ELIMINATION SCHEME.
Authors: WILSON V. J. , CLARKE J. E.
Published: August 2010

Material collected from duiker shot on a tsetse control game elimination scheme was studied and information of its breeding and feeding habits obtained from what is normally a wasteful operation.

Previous theories of its breeding, which were based on rather scanty evidence, have been largely confirmed by the present investigation. The feeding habits of the duiker in the particular ma under consideration, based on the stomach contents of those destroyed, showed the duiker to be almost entirely 8 browser, having a much greater variety in the diet during the October to January period.
REPRODUCTION IN THE FEMALE HYRAX (DENDROHYRAX ARBOREA RUWENZORII)*
Authors: O*apos;DONOGHUE P. N.
Published: August 2010

An investigation carried out on 58 female hyraxes from a collection (sex ratio 57·04±4·26 per cent) made in the Ruwenzori region of Uganda. The juvenile ovary is bean‐shaped and exhibits no sub‐surface crypts; the mature ovary is deeply lobed. Ovaries of all animals contain prominent interstitial tissue and very many follicles at all stages of development up to antrum formation. There is a high incidence of follicular atresia. The antrum appears when the follicle is 0·47 mm in diameter, and the size of the follicle immediately prior to rupture is 1·7 mm. From the initiation of antrum formation, the theca interna of all normal follicles is hypertrophied.

The fully formed corpus luteum averages 1·6 mm in diameter, but if pregnancy follows, it grows on to 2·1 mm. It maintains this size and an appearance of activity throughout pregnancy. All corpora lutea are formed by ovulation, the average number being 1·49. There are no accessory corpora lutea, and all luteal tissue is derived exclusively from the thecae internae of ruptured follicles. Old corpora lutea are readily identifiable histologically and probably persist throughout life.

One or two young are born at a time, and parturition is followed by a lactation anoestrus which is probably terminated by an infertile ovulation.

The left ovary ovulates more frequently than the right, and there is evidence of intrauterine migration of ova. Prenatal mortality, calculated from fifteen animals is 9·5 per cent. There is some evidence of strains of potentially higher and lower fecundity in the population.

There appears to be no definite breeding season, but there are probably more births in mid‐year than at other times.

The structure of the bicornuate uterus is described, and the significance of the mode of formation of the corpus luteum discussed.
SOME CESTODES OF REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS FROM THE RHODESIAS
Authors: METTRICK D. F.
Published: August 2010

Descriptions are given of eight species of cestodes, representing five families, obtained from reptiles and amphibians in the Rhodesias. Ophiotaenia nigricollis sp. n. is described. The genus, Pseudocephalochlamys Yamaguti, 1959, is considered a synonym of Cephalochlamys Blanchard, 1908, and P. xenopi (Ortlepp, 1926) is considered a synonym of C. namaquensis.
THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE HEDGEHOG (ERINACEUS EUROPAEUS L.) IN THE ROUTINE OF LIFE IN CAPTIVITY
Authors: DIMELOW E. J.
Published: August 2010

An account is given of the grooming and nest building of the hedgehog. In addition its activity while being exercised is described and its behavioural responses to other hedgehogs or to human beings.
THE POST‐PHARYNGEAL GUT OF THE EARTHWORM LUMBRICUS TERRESTBIS L.
Authors: ARTHUR DON R.
Published: August 2010

Re‐examination of the gut of the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris L. reveals that the oesophagus is divisible into three parts of which the wall of the anterior part is thrown into broad longitudinal folds, the second part strongly ciliated and the third part folded longitudinally. The relationship between the ciliated section and the secretion of microerystalline calcium carbonate is discussed.

The folds of the crop, hitherto neglected from a functional standpoint, (a) play an integral part in regulating the rate at which the ingested material is passed on to the gizzard, (b) prevent regurgitation and (c) possibly assist the mixing of food with calcium carbonate, thus affecting flocculation of the ingested soil.

The intestine is folded and divisible into four regions. The short first part bears sac‐like extensions which are continually dilating and contracting. These extensions are lacking from the second part, but in common with the first part have the typhlosolar intucking divided by a large number of transverse folds, which are separated from one another by grooves. Each “fold” consists of plications of the “lateral epithelium” of the typhlosole and the incorporation of the plicated epithelium of the dorso‐lateral wall of the tract. These epithelia are partly composed of glands that secrete an acid mucopolysaccharide, which forms the peritrophic membrane. The typhlosole in the third part of the intestine is a continuous, smooth intucking of the dorsal wall and lacks divisions into transverse folds, but it ceases at about two‐thirds the length of the intestine. In other respects it is similar to the second part. The fourth and terminal section of the intestine has no typhlosole, and in contrast to the anterior three parts lacks furrowed walls.
THE EMBRYOLOGY OF POLYMORPHUS MINUTUS (ACANTHOCEPHALA)
Authors: NICHOLAS W. L. , HYNES H. B. N.
Published: August 2010

The development of the egg of Polymorphus minutus, an acanthocephalan parasite of water birds, is described. It is compared with the published descriptions of the embryology of the only other two species of the phylum which have so far been studied. The three species represent each of the three groups of the phylum, and this allows an overall assessment of the peculiarities of embryonic development in the phylum to be made. It is shown that it is very unusual, the polarity of the egg being reversed, the first two cleavages being more or less parallel, the cellular boundaries disappearing at an early stage and most of the nuclei condensing and forming a compact central mass.
AN INTERSEXUAL FIN WHALE BALAENOPTERA PHYSALUS (L.) FROM SOUTH GEORGIA
Authors: BANNISTER J. L.
Published: August 2010

An account is given of an intersexual fin whale where testes associated with a uterus, and a grossly deformed clitoris, are among a number of interesting features described, Whether it is a hermaphrodite or pseudo‐hermaphrodite, and the rarity of similar records in the Cetacea, are briefly discussed.
THE EFFECT OF CLIMATE ON THE COLOUR CHANGES OF MOUNTAIN HARES IN SCOTLAND
Authors: WATSON ADAM
Published: August 2010

The seasonal colour changes of mountain hares (Lepus timidus) were studied by standardized field observations in Scotland. The rate of colour change in spring varied according to the climate, being retarded in very cold springs and hastened in mild springs. Hares at high altitudes turned white earlier and more completely than hares at low altitudes, and turned dark later in spring. The colour and moult of different individuals varied greatly. Late‐born young turned white later in autumn than fully grown hares. Climate and light cycle are discussed in relation to these colour changes.
STUDIES ON THE FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE INTESTINES OF HETEROPTERA
Authors: GOODCHILD A. J. P.
Published: August 2010

Recent studies on the physiology of the malpighian tubules of insects have indicated that they play only a minor role in osmotic regulation. The major part of this function is now thought to be performed by glandular structures in the hind‐gut. The Heteroptera are of especial interest from this viewpoint, since they are a group in which a wide range of food choice occurs, so that species can be found which are adapted to either extreme of osmotic stress, from dry seed diets to the water superfluity of sap sucking. A comparative study of intestinal anatomy and histology was undertaken, in the hope that correlations between structure and dietary water content would be revealed, and in particular to elucidate the mechanism of water disposal in the sap‐sucking forms (which lack the specialized filter chamber of Homoptera). The first part of this paper describes the results of this study, and a case is made out for the interpretation of the gastric caeca possessed by sap‐sucking species as water excretory organs. In the second part, the phenomenon of intestinal discontinuity is shown to be widespread among the most specialized sap‐sucking Heteroptera, and its relationship to the water excretion theory of gastric caeca is discussed.
A COLLECTION OF FISHES FROM THE ASWA RIVER DRAINAGE SYSTEM. UGANDA
Authors: GREENWOOD P. H.
Published: August 2010

The Aswa river, a major tributary of the Nile, has its origins near Lake Kyoga, from which it is separated by a low watershed. The fishes described are the first to be collected from the Aswa. Two surprising features of the fish fauna are an endemic Synadontis species and an endemic and phyletically isolated species of Haplochromis. Despite the presence of several Nilotic species absent from the Kyoga‐Victoria systems, the overall relationship of the Aswa species is with Lakes Victoria and Kyoga. It is suggested that the Aswa was once an affluent of Lake Kyoga.
THE EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY AND LIFE HISTORY OF THE PSEUDOSCORPION CHTHONIUS ISCHNOCHELES (HERMANN)
Authors: GABBUTT PETER D. , VACHON MAX
Published: August 2010

The external morphology of all stages of C. ischnocheles is described, particular attention being paid to the chactotaxy. A comparison is made with C. tetrachelatus and the constancy between most of the chaetal series proves useful in the separation of the nymphal stages. Certain chaetal series, however, appear to be potentially important at both the specifie and generie levels of classification and the significance of these wider applications are briefly discussed. A precise study of the chactotaxy and its variations during post‐embryonic development indicates the existence of regressive evolution (i. e. neoteny) and it is for this reason that the adults of certain species possess, at least partially, a chaetotaxy which is characteristic of the nymphs of other species. The life history, based on a quantitative sampling technique, is described. Eggs are carried from June onwards and protonymphs appear in their highest numbers during July‐September. Mainly deutoand tritonymphs overwinter and maturity is reached the following June‐July.
LIGHT‐AND DARK‐ADAPTATION IN THE EYES OF SOME CEPHALOPODS
Authors: YOUNG J. Z.
Published: August 2010

In octopods there is a strip of long rhabdomes just above the equator of the retina. In Loligo, however, the rhabdomes are shortest at the contre of the eye and longest near the periphery. In Sepia there is a strip of longer rhabdomes above the equator but they are longer at the anterior and posterior ends of the strip than at the centre.

In a dark‐adapted retina of Octopus the pigment is concentrated at the base of the rhabdomes. It emerges rapidly in the ventral region but only slowly in the central strip. The rhabdomes of all the species studied shorten under illumination.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PIGMENTATION OF SHELL AND OF MANTLE IN THE SNAILSCEPAEA NEMORALIS(L.) ANDCEPAEA HORTENSIS(MULL.)
Authors: EMBERTON L. R. B.
Published: August 2010

This work describes the distribution of epithelial and sub‐epithelial pigments in the mantle, and their association with shell lip colour, ground colour and banding pattern inCepaea nemoralis(L.) andCepaea hortensis(MUll). Epithelial pigment at the mantle edge is highly correlated with darkness of the shell lip, and zones of reddish‐brownepithelial pigment are associated with the shell banding pattern. The density of sub‐epithelial melanocytes in the mantle appears to be independent of the shell ground colour or depth of colour, but melanocytes are frequently aggregated into bands which correspond with the epithelial pigment zones and the shell bands. There are some indications that the reddish‐brown epithelial pigment develops before the sub‐epithelial melanocytes.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE RANGE AND MOVEMENTS OF A
Authors: BABINGTON JOY F. SHILLITO
Published: August 2010

A programme of marking, releasing and recapturing common shrews in an area of mixed woodland in Devon, from April 1958‐April 1960 has shown the extent of movements and the range of these animals. It was found that juveniles generally remained within a small area of average length 37 metres, but some dispersed more widely (119 metres recorded). The juvenile ranges were well spaced in the wood and maintained by over‐wintering or subadult shrews although they were slightly decreased in size (average length 28.4 metres). Breeding females mostly extended the subadult range to an average length of 39.6 metres without changing the location of the range, but some moved prior to breeding when 112 metres movement was recorded. Males moved extensively in spring with intense activity (up to 144 metres recorded) and as a result unmarked males entered the wood and marked males left. The ranges of common shrews are on average smaller than those of the short tailed shrew Blarina brevicauda and several of the woodland rodents.
STUDIES ON THE SCORPIONT NEBO HIEROCHONTICUS
Authors: ROSIN R. , SHULOV A.
Published: August 2010

This is a study on the biology of a representative of the family Diplocentridae. It deals with: occurrence in Israel, biotope and burrow, observation on feeding, varnishing and burrowing, sexual biology including sexual dimorphism, male and female genital systems, the spermatophore and its opening mechanism, courtship, mating and parturition, the larva and its dorsal process, moulting, and regeneration in nymphs.

Comparisons are made with other scorpions regarding morphological, biological and behavioural peculiarities of this species, and the main subjects are discussed.
THE ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF ISOPOD CRUSTACEANS ASELLUS AQUATICUS (L.) AND A. MERIDIANUS RAC.
Authors: WILLIAMS W. D.
Published: August 2010

In Britain apparently similar freshwater localities may contain the isopods Asellus aquaticus and A. meridianus, or only one or other of these species, or Asellus may be absent. It has been suggested, on zoogeographical evidence, that this pattern of distribution is due to interspecific competition. Further evidence in support of this suggestion is put forward in the present paper. Thus a detailed survey of suitable localities on Mersoyside, an investi|gation of the change in the ratio of the two species with time in two localities (Llyn Llywenan, Lake Windermere), and a transference experiment all support the suggestion that A. meridianus and A. aquaticus are in competition, and that the former species is gradually being replaced by the latter. The data from a number of laboratory experiments proved largely inconclusive.
ON THE LOWER JAW OF DIARTH ROGN ATHUS AND THE ORIGIN OF THE MAMMALIAN LOWER JAW
Authors: CROMPTON A. W. , PARKYN D. G.
Published: August 2010

In the present paper the lower jaw of the Triassic mammal or advanced therapsid Diarthrognathus broomi in which both the reptilian and mammalian jaw articulations were present is described. The probable arrangement of the jaw closing muscles and the stresses to which the jaw joints were subjected in this form are discussed.
THERMAL STRESS AND INTERRENAL TISSUE IN THE PERCH PERCA FLUVIATILIS (LINNAEUS)
Authors: WEATHERLEY A. H.
Published: August 2010

Experiments indicate 30–31°C as the upper thermal limit for perch since, irrespective of the level of their temperature acclimatization, they cannot survive hotter conditions for more than a few hours. Perch that were gradually heated in lethal temperature tests indulged in agitated exploratory behaviour as they neared their lethal levels of temperature. Just below the lethal, balance and coordination became seriously impaired, and the final phases of activity were marked by violent and disoriented swimming.

Among other changes, atrophy of the interrenal tissue accompanied exposure to various levels of temperature. These changes were related to severity of thermal stress, being most marked when high temperature was prolonged during acclimatization at 28–30°C, when hyperplasias could also occur, or when temperature was raised rapidly to exceed the animal's thermal tolerance in lethal tests. At moderately high temperatures it sometimes appeared that interrenal cell hypertrophy could take place. Changes in other tissues—viz. renal tubules, head kidney, liver, muscle—generally only occurred at the higher levels of prolonged exposure. While the changes varied in character between tissues all are considered essentially degenerative, and due to some kind of breakdown of the body's normal defences against stress.

To test the postulated function of interrenal tissue in combating various forms of stress, perch were chilled, made anoxic, and placed in diluted sea water, as well as heated. These experiments, with others in which perch received mammalian ACTH (both to test its general histological effects and in an attempt to influence lethal temperature) indicate an important function for interrenal tissue in offsetting stress.

It is tentatively suggested that the complex of histological changes observed considerably resembles that of the “General‐Adaptation‐Syndrome” of mammals, that most of the histological changes are due to either adaptive or maladaptive adjustments of the perch's organ systems or tissues, and that interrenal tissue occupies a similar functional position in the perch to that of adrenocortical tissue in mammals in opposing stress, including the stress of heat.
ZOOGEOGRAPHY OFPERCA FLUVIATILIS(LINNAEUS) ANDPERCA FLAVESCENS(MITCHILL) WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE EFFECTS OF HIGH TEMPERATURE
Authors: WEATHERLEY A. H.
Published: August 2010

Perch,Perca fluviatilisandP. flavescens, are limited in their distribution by hills and mountains, being unable to persist in streams in which the rate of water flow is rapid. This fact largely determines the pattern of their world distribution. However, evidence is adduced to show that in North America and Australia high temperatures may be acting in determining the proximity of their approach to the equator. In contrast, perhaps, to some species it is believed that perch do not avoid death from high temperature by active avoidance of unfavourable thermal conditions, but that high temperature acts fairly directly in imposing limits. Because perch spawn in the spring, while conditions are still fairly cool, it is thought that high temperature is unlikely to affect reproduction adversely.
PARTITION OF THE GENUS CLEMMYS AND RELATED PROBLEMS IN THE TAXONOMY OF THE AQUATIC TESTUDINIDAE
Authors: McDOWELL SAMUEL B.
Published: August 2010

On the basis of presence or absence of a muscular apophysis of the basisphenoid in the floor of the recessus scalae tympani, contact of the angular bone with Mackel's cartilage, nature of the joint between the fifth and sixth cervical centra, and pygal pattern, the testudinid subfamily Emydinae as currently recognized may be divided into two subfamilies, the Batagurinae and the Emydinse. The Batagurinae are almost entirely Old‐World, but have one New‐World genus, Rhinoclemys (the New‐World turtles generally referred to Geoemyda). The Emydinae are almost entirely New‐World, with a single Old‐World genus, Emys. The genus Clemmys is emydine and entirely North American: the Old‐World species usually referred to Clemmys are batagurines and are here referredto two genera: Mauremys Gray for caspica, japonica and mutica [‐nigrieans of most authors most of the time], and Sacalia Grey for bealei. A reclassification of the genera of Batagurinae and Emydinae is presented: the classification is based mainly on skull characters. Annamemys and Pseudocadia are considered synonyms of Mauremys mutica.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE NAMATODE CUTICLE
Authors: INGLIS WILLIAM G.
Published: August 2010

The nematode cuticle is shown to consist, grossly, of three layers; an outer layer—the cortical layer, an intermediate layerMdashthe matrix layer and an inner layerMdashthe basal layer. With these layers is associated a punctation canal component. The cortical layer carries externally a wholly sclerotized layerMdashthe epi‐cortex. The inner part of the basal layer is modified as a basal lamella for the attachment of the hypodermis, from which it is not sharply delimited, and the body musculature. The punctation canal component is most prominent in members of the Chromadorida where it is responsible for all the punctation patterns characteristic of this Order. The system consists of columnar elements in the simplest forms, for example in the Cyatholaimidae, and a series of interlocking transversely fused units in the more complex, for example Euchromadora. In the Desmodoridae and similar “annulate” forms, the punctation canal component forms the major part of the cuticle and appears to be produced by the transverse fusion of punctation canals. In these groups the gross structure of the cuticle is easily established and it is demonstrated that the same system of layering can be identified throughout the Nematoda. It is shown that all modifications of the cuticle can be interpreted as based on and built around a system of punctation canals. The functional requirements of the nematode body are considered and it is demonstrated that the cuticular modifications are developed to meet the necessity for an anisometric cuticle which is flexible longitudinally and strong radially. Thus, the annulate cuticle of the desmodorids and the strongly patterned cuticle of Euchromadora have been developed to meet the functional demands which have been met in forms such as Ascaris, Enoplus, Mermis and Dorylaimus by the development of a series of spirally arranged fibre layers. In many forms the

matrix layer is plasticMdashthat is, easily distortedMdashwhile the cortical and basal layers are fairly rigid although probably elastic. The high degree of organization of the cuticle is shown not only by the massive elaboration occurring in some forms but also by the birefringence of many of the modified component layers. It is argued that the prominent amphids occurring in many of the free‐living marine forms act as mechano‐stretch receptors. The suggestion is advanced that the punctation canal system evolved originally as a method of allowing the cuticle to grow by the incorporation of additional materials from processes of the hypodermis and it was only later that it became the basis for the many modifications of the cuticle and probably for moulting. The inevitable consequences of the hydrostatic‐skeleton: longitudinal muscle system on the nematode body form are discussed and it is stressed that most of the characters considered diagnostic of the Nematoda are functionally determined. Attention is drawn to the opportunities which must result for convergence during the evolution of the group and the difficulties which this introduces in attempting to classify the Nematoda.
THE GREY LONG‐EARED BAT PLECOTUS AUSTRIACUS IN ENGLAND AND THE CHANNEL ISLANDS
Authors: CORBET G. B.
Published: August 2010

Plecotus austriacus (Fischer) is recorded from England on the basis of a single old specimen from Hampshire in the British Museum (Natural History). Other specimens, previously determined as P. auritus, are recorded from Jersey, Channel Islands and

several other European localities. A summary is given of the principal diagnostic characters of the two species.
THE ALIMENTARY CANAL OF MARINOGAMMARUS OBTUSATUS (CRUSTACEA, AMPHIPODA)
Authors: MARTIN A. L.
Published: August 2010

The functional morphology of the alimentary canal of Marinogammarus obtusatus Dahl is described, with particular reference to the proventriculus and the digestive gland. The proventriculus is a device (1) for the mastication of food, (2) for retaining it while it is being broken up and acted upon by enzymes and (3) in which provision must be made to convey enzymes forward into the cardiac region and digested food backwards to the digestive gland. Finally, there must be a valvular device to direct undigested food past the ducts leading to the digestive gland and into the intestine.

The proventriculus of M. obtusutw. is compared with that of mysids and isopods and it is concluded that modifications of the fore‐gut in various lacostracan groups are likely to be adaptations to diflerences in food and feeding habits

There is no clear functional distinction between the so‐called secretory and reserve cells of the digestive gland, both of which secrete enzymes, absorb and store food.
THE PROCESSÜS GLANDIS IN THE RHINOCEROTIDAE
Authors: CAVE A. J. E.
Published: August 2010

The lateral lobes (processūTs glandis) of the penis are reviewed for all extant rhinoceros genera. Previous accounts of these structures are confirmed for Rhinoceros unicornis and for Diecros bicornis and a first description of them is given for Ceratotherium simum. The morphological nature of these external penile features (as extensions of the corpus cavernosum) is established and their taxonomic value is considered. Observations are made upon the penis constitution of Diceros and of Ceratotherium.
BIOCHEMICAL VARIATION IN LYMNAEA PEREGRA (MOLLUSCA, BASOMMATOPHORA)
Authors: WRIGHT C. A.
Published: August 2010

A chromatographic study of fiuorescent substances in the body‐surfuce mucus of lyinnaeid snails has shown the existence of a number of ctirointttogruphically distinct forms of Lymnaea peregra. Tho Auorescent patterns of these forms are doscribed arid illustrated and their geographical distribution is mentioned. Evidence of the genetically controlled nature of these patterns is given and tho occurrence of natural hybrids is recorded. The practical uses of the technique in determining the genetic hnogonoily of populations are discussed, also the possible significance of the geographical distribution of the forms.
THE REPRODUCTION OF THE MINUTE CYCLOPHORID SNAIL OPISTHOSTOMA (PLECTOSTOMA) RETROVERTENS FROM A MALAYAN LIMESTONE HILL
Authors: BERRY A. J.
Published: August 2010

The anatomy and general histology of the male and female genital systems of 0. retrovertens are described. The egg capsules, which are attached to moss or to the limestone itself, produce one juvenile each and this emerges by parting and breaking two valves. The condition of the gonads and the abundance of juvenile snails collected throughout the period of study, fluctuated in a way matching fluctuations in the abundance of moss on the limestone and in monthly rainfall.

Differences between the genital system of 0. retrovertens and those of other cyclophorids, the production of eggs and egg capsules and the apparent seasonality of breeding are discussed.
FUNCTIONAL ADAPTATIONS IN THE PRIMATE SHOULDER GIRDLE
Authors: ASHTON E. H. , OXNARD C. E.
Published: August 2010

Certain quantitative features of the primate shoulder girdle vary in phase with established muscular differences; in the Anthropoidea, between quadrupeds, semi‐brachiators and brachiators, and in the Prosiinii between quadrupeds and hangers. These contrasts, together with others not directly associated with muscular features, contribute to the efficiency of tho shoulder mochanism for the typo of locomotion practised by each group. Thus, in brachiators, where the arm is habitually raised–a process comprising rotation of the scapula by m. trapozius and m. serratus magnus, together with abduction of the humerus by in. deltoideus, the insertion of m. trapezius is disposed more laterally and is orientated more cranially than in quadrupods where the arm is seldom, fully raised. The insertion of m. serratus magnus extends more caudally in brachiators and it is orientated so that the muscle fibres are both more nearly parallel to and further away from those of m. trapozius. Again, in brachiators, m. doltoidous inserts moro distally into tho humerus than in quadrupeds. Tho habitually raised position of the arm in brachiators can also be functionally related to a more cranial orientation of the glenoid cavity and to a more lateral projection of the shoulder joint. In semibrachiators, where the arm is sometimes used as in quadrupeds and at others as in brachiators, each of these features is developed to an intermediate degree.

In man, some of these characters are like those of quadrupeds, and others as in brachiators, the pattern conforming to the contrast that while the human arm can, as in brachiators, be freely raised, most movoment occurs when it is, as in quadrupeds, in tho lowered position.

In the Prosimii, contrasts in those bony features between quadrupeds and hangers parallel to some extent those between quadrupeds and brachiators in the Anthropoidea. This can be related to the fact that in hangers, as in brachiators, the body weight is habitually suspended from the raised fore limb.
SOME FACTORS CONTROLLING THE UPSTREAM DISTRIBUTION OF HYDROBIA ULVAE (PENNANT), (GASTROPODA, PROSOBRANCHIA)
Authors: NEWELL RICHARD
Published: August 2010

In the lower intertidal zones of the river Crouch there is a wide salinity fluctuation from a minimum when they are just covered by the tide to a maximum at full tide. Isohalines of minimal salinity rise to higher shore levels as the estuary is ascended. Marine animals, therefore, restricted to life above a particular isohaline, are found higher in the intertidal zone in the upper reaches of the estuary than in the lower. This situation applies to Hydrobia ulvae which, in addition, is limited in its distribution in the higher levels of the intertidal zone by exposure to air. Since the tidal rise and fall is less in the upper reaches o f the estuary, the animals are restricted to a narrowing belt between the converging isohaline a nd high water mark. Within this belt, however, passive stranding controls the distribution o the animals.

Experimental evidence suggests that the upstream distribution of H. ulvae is controlled primarily by the effects of salinity upon the activity of the animals in general and upon the floating response in particular. Reduced activity restricts the number of animals which float and floating is eliminated in low salinities. These influences result in the population occurring as far as the upper tidal limit of the estuary and being confined within salinity extremes which the animals can tolerate physiologically.
THE STRUCTURE AND WEAR OF THE MANDIBLES IN SOME AFRICAN GRASSHOPPERS
Authors: CHAPMAN R. F.
Published: August 2010

The form and arrangement of the incisor and molar cusps on the mandibles of grasshoppers varies according to the typo of food they eat and is largely independent of the taxonomic position of the species. As the grasshoppers get older their mandibles become worn and the original cusps may be completely worn away. It is possible that this may have some effect on the ability of the grasshoppers to feed, but laboratory experiments suggest that the effect is not sufficiently great to be a significant factor causing mortality.
Administration of a Nonpeptidyl Growth Hormone Secretagogue, L‐163,255, Changes Somatostatin Pattern, But Has No Effect on Patterns of Growth Hormone‐Releasing Factor in the Hypophyseal‐Portal Circulation of the Conscious Pig
Authors: Drisko J. E. , Faidley T. D. , Zhang D. , McDonald T. J. , Nicolich S. , Hora D. F. , Cunningham P. , Li C. , Rickes E. , McNamara L. , Chang C. , Smith R. G. , Hickey G. J.
Published: August 2010

The activity of the growth hormone secretagog, L‐163,255, on growth hormone (GH), growth hormone‐releasing factor (GRF), and somatostatin (SRIF) levels was evaluated in a porcine model of hypophyseal portal blood (HPB) collection. Young, castrated pigs had HPB and jugular blood collected for ≈ 300 min. The blood collection was divided into discrete periods: baseline (BL) ≈ 180 min; GH response period (RSP) ≈ 90 min; and positive control period following a GRF bolus, 30 min. RSP was divided into a dominant response period (DOM) and a tail (TL). The spontaneous relationship between HPB GRF and SRIF and peripheral GH during BL has been reported (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 217:188–196, 1998). The apex of the GH pulse resulting from L‐163,255 administration was nonrandomly associated (P < 0.05) with descending periods of SRIF troughs. Frequency and amplitude of GRF and SRIF pulses, and frequency and depth of SRIF troughs were not different between BL and the beginning of DOM (the 20–30 min of GH increase). GH AUC was significantly greater (P < 0.05) for DOM compared to BL and TL, and for TL compared to BL. GRF AUC tended to be greater (P < 0.1) for RSP compared to BL, but the majority of the increase was in the TL period. There were no significant differences in the SRIF AUCs between the sampling periods. Furthermore, in a separate experiment, fos activity (a marker of neuronal activation) in the hypothalamus of pigs was examined after either L‐163,255 (1x or 4x), isotonic saline (control), or hypertonic saline (positive control) administration. There were no differences in fos activity in the GRF, SRIF, or CRH immunopositive neurons between L‐163,255 treatment and control. The pituitaries of the L‐163,255‐treated pigs showed marked fos activation compared to the controls. In conclusion, L‐163,255 in pigs has its primary effect at the level of the anterior pituitary.
CARBON BRUSHES THE PROBLEM OF REPLACEMENTS AND THE NECESSITY FOR STANDARDIZATION
Authors: Lunsford J. B.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS.

The customary methods of purchasing replacement carbon brushes for the naval service are costly, do not always provide assurance of the proper quality, make for innumerable delays, and very often involve as much clerical and administrative work as does the purchase of machinery or material costing thousands of times as much as the brushes do. In order to overcome these conditions, considerable data on the subject has been gathered, classified and analyzed. This has led to a great simplification of the purchase procedure and indicated that the much‐to‐be‐desired goal of a comparatively few simple brush standards is not so far off as was at first believed. The story of this effort is told in the following non‐technical article, which stresses the desire to bring about standardization by evolution rather than by revolution. Although the field has been covered only in part, the results to date indicate that the effort is much more than self‐supporting from a financial standpoint, to say nothing of the technical benefits; in short, it has already paid for its cost many times over. To finish the job requires the whole‐hearted cooperation and assistance of the whole naval service and of all the manufacturers involved. It is to acquaint them with what has already been done, what it is proposed to do in the future, and to gain their assistance in putting a complete program over, that the following article has been written.
THE EFFECTS OF TURBULENCE AND CAVITATION UPON EROSION AND CORROSION
Authors: Odend'hal C. J.
Published: August 2010

The serious effect of high water velocity and of the oxidation due to entrained air present in liquid flow, and the equally deleterious effect of electrolytic action when dissimilar metals form the container for liquid flow, are well known, and both have been widely studied as separate phenomena. It has remained for the author to present a highly plausible theory to account for the interaction of the two attack mechanisms as they affect salt water lines, condenser circulating systems, and boiler feed systems. If his theory is sound, and it should readily yield to demonstration, it suggests obvious methods for combatting the damaging effect wherever it may appear. At a time when scoop design, injections and discharges, and condenser arrangements are all under such close scrutiny. Commander Odend'hal's discussion should prove to be of particular interest.
FIFTY YEARS OF NAVAL ENGINEERING IN RETROSPECT. PART II: 1898–1908
Authors: Neuhaus Herbert M.
Published: August 2010

The American Society of Naval Engineers having arrived at the half‐century mark of its existence reaches back through the rich years of experience to re‐illuminate engineering developments engendered during that interval. A brief historical exposition of the Society's formation in October, 1888, has been presented in the February, 1938, Journal and with it a historical sketch of marine and Naval engineering from 1888 to 1898. Highlights of that period include the change from compound engines to triple expansion engines, establishment of the water‐tube boiler in the World's navies, the use of steel forgings for engine structures and highly‐stressed moving parts, use of steel piping, and marked the entry of the steam turbine as a competitor for the reciprocating steam engine.
A DERIVATION OF FROUDE'S QUASI‐DIMENSION‐LESS COEFFICIENT AND SOME COMMENTS ON ITS USE AS A BASIS FOR PROPELLER DESIGN
Authors: Labberton J. M.
Published: August 2010

Present day propeller designers make use of two quasi‐dimensionless coefficients, Bp, and Bu, which seem to be shrouded in mystery, since apparently their derivation has never been published. To dissipate some of that mystery a brief history of those coefficients and an independent derivation of them will be presented in this paper.
THE MATERIALS CORROSION INVESTIGATION AT EASTPORT, ME
Authors: JEFFRIES W. J.
Published: August 2010

Among the several comprehensive investigations of corrosion in sea water now underway, the Materials Corrosion Investigation at “Quoddy” is important, because of the great varicty of materials under test. Moreover, the temperature of the water is low and the fouling season short. The brief summary here presented is valuable. The quantitative measurements will give additional data of value when the tests are completed.
ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTIONS OF THE BUREAU OF SHIPS
Authors: Clark D. H.
Published: August 2010

The Bureau of Ships will have entered its second year when this article appears. It is inevitable that organization changes will prove necessary as the Bureau matures, but there is every likelihood that such changes as may occur will be relatively minor. Since most readers of the Journal are interested, to a greater or less degree, in the Bureau of Ships or in its business, a description of the new Bureau is certainly in order. That following will give the reader a complete picture which can be improved only by personal observation.
LONGITUDINAL VIBRATION
Authors: Robinson C. S. L.
Published: August 2010

This article was published in the August 1949 Journal. it is here reprinted to correct symbol errors in the original printing. This printing is a substitute for pages 597–598 of the August issue.
BUOYANCY CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: STARK H. J. , ALPERT J. , SHOEMAKER T. L.
Published: August 2010

This article compares the rate of water absorption within a 24 hour period for 3 low density cellular materials when immersed in water under two different water pressures or heads. The actual buoyancy remaining in these materials up to 24 hours under the same conditions is also shown. Curves depicting water absorption and retained buoyancy plotted against time graphically show the results of test.

Phenolic foam, cellular hard rubber and balsa wood are the materials tested. 3 different densities of phenolic foam (1.9, 2.6 and 8.8 pounds per cubic foot) were used. Cellular hard rubber and balsa wood having average densities of 6.9 and 8.9 pounds per cubic foot respectively were used in the tests.

Significant conclusions drawn from the tests are (a) that cellular hard rubber is superior to the other two materials tested in rate of water pick up and retention of buoyancy, (b) the rate of water pick‐up and retention of buoyancy for the phenolic foams and balsa wood are fairly similar, and (c) the buoyancy retention of the lighter density (1.9 pounds per cubic foot) is slightly higher than balsa wood and the other two densities of phenolic foam.
Role of the Quorum Sensing Mechanism in the Response of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to Lethal and Sublethal UVA Irradiation
Authors: Costa Cristina S. , Pezzoni Magdalena , Fernández Rubén O. , Pizarro Ramón A.
Published: August 2010

The role of quorum sensing (QS) in the response of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to UVA radiation was investigated in the PAO1 strain and derivatives defective in the synthesis of the QS signals 3OC12‐HSL (lasI strain), C4‐HSL (rhlI strain) or both (lasI rhlI strain). Cell viability measurements demonstrated that the double mutant was significantly more sensitive to UVA than single mutants, which in turn showed reduced cell survival with regard to the PAO1 strain. Irradiation under nitrogen atmosphere and chemiluminescence measurements indicated the oxidative nature of the UVA‐induced damage. The activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase was assayed in these strains before and after irradiation, and a strong correlation between catalase levels and UVA sensitivity was observed. When a sublethal UVA dose was applied to PAO1, a growth delay was observed and this mechanism depended on the rhl system. Moreover, low doses of UVA irradiation triplicated the level of C4‐HSL in log PAO1 cells. It is concluded that QS is fundamental in the defense against the toxic effects of UVA in P. aeruginosa. The induction of the QS system by UVA independently of cell density could function as an adaptative strategy to withstand this hostile environmental condition.
Professional Identity: Organizational Psychologists as Chief Human Resource Executives
Authors: Avedon Marcia , Grabow Karen
Published: August 2010

We were asked by the editor of this journal about our reactions to the Ryan and Ford (2010) article. More specifically, she asked (a) to what degree “organizational psychologist” was part of our identities in our roles as the senior-most human resources executive in our respective organizations and (b) which of the scenarios described at the end of the Ryan and Ford article would most benefit organizations and the people who work in them (rather than examining which would be most beneficial to the profession itself).
A View Into the Future of Organizational Psychology: Our Experiences With an Interdisciplinary Approach to Graduate Education
Authors: Shanock Linda Rhoades , Rogelberg Steven G. , Heggestad Eric D.
Published: August 2010

Of the four possible “futures” for I-O psychology discussed by Ryan and Ford (2010), one (Scenario 2: Identity Merger) struck close to home. In fact, it is not the future for us, it is the present. The three of us are I-O psychologists with appointments in both a psychology department and a fully integrated interdisciplinary organizational science (OS) PhD program. The program, which is now 5 years old, spans two colleges (Liberal Arts & Sciences and Business) and includes individuals from four departments (Psychology, Management, Sociology, and Communication Studies). Although considerable thought was invested in how to structure and operate such an interdisciplinary program well before we accepted our first class of students, our collective thinking has evolved dramatically as we have experienced the program.
What's in a Name? Just the Essence of One's Professional Identity
Authors: Pinto Jonathan , Stacey Patrick
Published: August 2010

We address the issue of organizational psychology and the tipping point of professional identity by framing our comments around the recent failed attempt to change the name from the current Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP). From the discussions on the SIOP Web site, it is clear that the professional identity and name change issues are intertwined. By applying an identity lens to the recent name change process, we develop a fifth identity scenario, identity refinement. Furthermore, we propose that because the name change is a vital aspect of the identity crystallization, rather than being merely a matter to be voted on, it should be framed as a major change initiative, and adopting a structuration theory approach (Giddens, 1984; Hotho, 2008) in this regard would be most beneficial.
Industrial-Organizational Psychology's Recurring Identity Crises: It's a Values Issue!
Authors: Lefkowitz Joel
Published: August 2010

It's important to place the issues expressed by Ryan and Ford (2010) in historical perspective. Although they acknowledge some earlier expressions of concern, especially with respect to professional training (Naylor, 1971), I think it's fair to characterize the overall tenor of their essay as one of sounding the alarm: a new and unique impending identity crisis. However, as previously noted, “industrial-organizational psychology seems to be subject to recurring identity threats” (Lefkowitz, 2005, p. 18).
A Profession Awry or Poised for the Future? Work Psychology and Professional Identity
Authors: Ryan Ann Marie , Ford J. Kevin
Published: August 2010

The commentaries provided an array of perspectives on identity management in our profession. However, there was general agreement on what should be central and distinctive about our field and on the need to cultivate a positive identity for the profession. The commentators also suggested a number of ways to cultivate this identity. For us, the commentaries also stimulated further reflection on our approach to training graduate students. We share our reflections and encourage readers to take the time to reflect on their own efforts to contribute to the profession's management of identity.
Motor Oil or Snake Oil: Synthetic Validity Is a Tool Not a Panacea
Authors: Harvey Robert J.
Published: August 2010

The focal article (Johnson et al., 2010) provides a highly upbeat assessment regarding the potential for job component validation (JCV) and J-coefficient methods to “substantially advance the science and practice of industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology through synthetic validity” (emphasis added). It follows on the heels of earlier, similarly enthusiastic endorsements (Jeanneret, 1992; Jeanneret & Strong, 2003; LaPolice, Carter, & Johnson, 2008). For example, LaPolice et al. claimed that the JCV Rs they obtained “are all very close to the maximum correlation for each dependent variable, suggesting that our models are approaching the best possible prediction” (p. 435, emphasis added).
Improving I-O Science Through Synthetic Validity
Authors: Vancouver Jeffrey B.
Published: August 2010

The purpose of this comment is to advocate for the development of a synthetic validity database along the lines described by Johnson et al. (2010), not only because of its practical utility but also because of its potential contribution to the science of industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology generally. Specifically, one of the core scientific pursuits of psychology is the understanding of individual differences (IDs). Knowledge of the context in which specific IDs matter (i.e., in terms of level of behaviors exhibited) can provide information about the nature of those IDs. For example, if the degree to which a job requires continuous learning of symbolic material is related to the predictive validity of general cognitive ability (g; i.e., learning context moderates theg–performance relationship), it is likely thatghas something to do with the acquisition of new knowledge. Alternatively, or additionally, if the degree to which a job requires making decisions among large numbers of multi-attribute options is related to the validity ofgas a predictor of job performance, it implies thatginvolves information processing capacity (and perhaps it is via this mechanism thatgis related to learning). That is, evidence of the moderator effects of context (i.e., conditions on which jobs or tasks vary) on ID–performance relationships provides information about the nature of the ID construct, as well as whether the ID construct is likely to be predictive of performance in any particular context. This is another reason to develop a database that indicates what context variables predict the validities of ID constructs.