bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Size-resolved aerosol water uptake and cloud condensation nuclei measurements as measured above a Southeast Asian rainforest during OP3
Authors: Irwin M. , Robinson N. , Allan J. D. , Coe H. , McFiggans G.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. The influence of the properties of fine particles on the formation of clouds and precipitation in the tropical atmosphere is of primary importance to their impacts on radiative forcing and the hydrological cycle. Measurements of aerosol number size distribution, hygroscopicity in both sub- and supersaturated regimes and composition were taken between March and July 2008 in the tropical rainforest in Borneo, Malaysia, marking the first study of this type in an Asian tropical rainforest. Hygroscopic growth factors (GF) at 90 % relative humidity (RH) for the dry diameter range D0 = 32–258 nm, supersaturated water uptake behaviour for the dry diameter range D0 = 45–300 nm and aerosol chemical composition were simultaneously measured using a Hygroscopicity Tandem Differential Mobility Analyser (HTDMA), a Droplet Measurement Technologies Cloud Condensation Nuclei counter (CCNc) and an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) respectively. The hygroscopicity parameter κ was derived from both CCNc and HTDMA measurements, with the resulting values of κ ranging from 0.05–0.37, and 0.17–0.37, respectively. Although the total range of κ values is in good agreement, there are inconsistencies between CCNc and HTDMA derived κ values at different dry diameters. Results from a study with similar methodology performed in the Amazon rainforest report values for κ within a similar range to those reported in this work, indicating that the aerosol as measured from both sites shows similar hygroscopic properties. However, the derived number of cloud condensation nuclei (NCCN) were much higher in the present experiment than the Amazon, resulting in part from the increased total particle number concentrations observed in the Bornean rainforest. This contrast between the two environments may be of substantial importance in describing the impacts of particles in the tropical atmosphere.
Temperature variability and offset in steep alpine rock and ice faces
Authors: Hasler A. , Gruber S. , Haeberli W.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. The thermal condition of high-alpine mountain flanks can be an important determinant of climate change impact on slope stability and correspondingly down-slope hazard regimes. In this study we analyze time-series from 17 shallow temperature-depth profiles at two field sites in steep bedrock and ice. Extending earlier studies that revealed the topographic variations in temperatures, we demonstrate considerable differences of annual mean temperatures for variable surface characteristics and depths within the measured profiles. This implies that measurements and model related to compact and near-vertical bedrock temperatures may deviate considerably from conditions in the majority of bedrock slopes in mountain ranges that are usually non-vertical and fractured. For radiation-exposed faces mean annual temperatures at depth are up to 3 °C lower and permafrost is likely to exist at lower elevations than reflected by estimates based on near-vertical homogeneous cases. Retention of a thin snow cover and ventilation effects in open clefts are most likely responsible for this cooling. The measurements presented or similar data could be used in the future to support the development and testing of models related to the thermal effect of snow-cover and fractures in steep bedrock.
Does Precise Portfolio Construction of Compensation Generate Organisational Excellence?-An Empirical Study in Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh(India).,
Authors: Raju Budharaju Suryanarayana , Raju K.S.S.Rama
Published: November 2011

Employee job satisfaction is a critical factor in determining the organizational effectiveness. Once the employees are motivated, it influences organization as a whole. Generally an organization uses many techniques to retain and motivate the talent. In this context, the organization should implement reward strategies to make the employees work hard. Sometimes, a sound compensation practices make them work more. These are like recognition for achievement, perks and perquisites, and opportunities for promotion, job security and congenial work environment. Precise Portfolio Construction of Compensation definitely has an impact on organisation performance. Organization wants every individual to think of better performance. One should compete for higher performance and deliver excellent results in the form of profit. The RINL has been executing effective compensation policies and practices that enhance the employees’ competencies to achieve its strategic aims. As a result employee productivity is enhanced in the recent past and cost of production is also drastically declined. It is also observed that the commitment and motivational levels among the employee are also abnormally increased.
HR Managers’ Roles & Contributions in Merger Processes
Authors: Jerjawi Khalil Al
Published: November 2011

As companies have engaged in domestic and international mergers over the last few years in order to match the macroeconomic trends operating on a worldwide and more recently to cope with the current global financial crisis, human resource managers have been encouraged to play a more strategic role in their organizations, especially in the case of extensive and radical organizational change such as merging process. This study addresses and works on the existing research gap by investigating the roles of HR managers among the different roles which were defined at the fist by Dave Ulrich. This paper demonstrates that HR managers are an essential part of merger and that HR practices should be given an extensive emphasizing throughout such organizational change “the merger process”.
Determinants of Business Success (An Exploratory Study)
Authors: Aqeel Ali Muslim Bin , Awan Ali Naseer , Riaz Adnan
Published: November 2011

This paper exemplifies the determinants of business success revealed by business owners, who started their businesses from abrasion and faced various impediments to achieve ultimate success in their respective fields. The key purpose of the study was to investigate the core factors that brought them to the mark of ultimate success. Data was collected through recorded interviews based on self-constructed questions. Throughout, the research was conducted on practical echelon. Each of the business personalities considered faith on all mighty GOD as the foremost factor. Some other factors identified were faith and honesty, customer relation & services, reasonable price with best quality and quantity, determination & struggle, interest & knowledge in the field, luck & opportunity and skilled workforce. Research covers the domestic businesses that are running by owners from same background but having different history.
Chromatic Classes of 2-Connected (n,n+4)-Graphs with Exactly Three Triangles and at Least Two Induced 4-Cycles
Authors: Lau G. C. , Peng Y. H.
Published: November 2011

For a graph G, let P(G,λ) be its chromatic polynomial. Two graphs G and H are chromatically equivalent, denoted G∼H, if P(G,λ)=P(H,λ). A graph G is chromatically unique if P(H,λ)=P(G,λ) implies that H≅G. In this paper, we determine all chromatic equivalence
classes of 2-connected (n,n+4)-graphs with exactly three triangles and at least two induced 4-cycles. As a byproduct of these, we obtain various new families of χ-equivalent graphs and
χ-unique graphs.
Heathland Restoration Techniques: Ecological Consequences for Plant-Soil and Plant-Animal Interactions
Authors: Diaz Anita , Green Iain , Evans Damian
Published: November 2011

We compare the soil and plant community development during heathland restoration on improved farmland when achieved through soil stripping with that achieved through soil acidification. We also test the potential for toxic metals to be made more available to plant and animal species as a result of these treatments. Acidification with elemental sulphur was found to be more effective than soil stripping for establishing an ericaceous sward despite the high levels of phosphate still present within the soil. However, both soil acidification and soil stripping were found to have the potential to increase the availability of potentially toxic metals. Acidification increased uptake of both aluminium and zinc in two common plant species Agrostis capillaris and Rumex acetosella and decreased the abundance of surface active spiders. The potential consequences for composition of restored heathland communities and for functioning of food chains are discussed.
Krein Space Quantization of Casimir Effect for a Spherical Shell
Authors: Payandeh F.
Published: November 2011

The Casimir stress on a spherical shell in de Sitter spacetime for a massless scalar field is calculated using Krein space quantization. In this method, the auxiliary negative frequency states have been utilized, the modes of which do not interact with
the physical states and are not affected by the physical boundary conditions. These unphysical states just play the role of an automatic renormalization tool for the theory.
Mata Atlântica: educação ambiental para o ecoturismo e uso sustentável de uma unidade de conservação
Authors: Sousa Junia Marise Matos , Lopes Cássio Alessandro Teixeira , Lança Iara , Lelis Michelle Gomes , Pavão Juliana Ferreira
Published: November 2011

Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar e discutir os resultados preliminares do Projeto Rede Cooperativa para Conservação da Mata Atlântica (PDA 087 MA), especificamente, do grupo do ecoturismo. O mesmo é formado por proprietários rurais de áreas com atrativos turísticos e demais interessados no desenvolvimento do ecoturismo local. Para este grupo, o projeto tem como estratégia de ação a sensibilização e mobilização, a educação ambiental e a orientação para o uso sustentável dos recursos naturais, visando à conservação da Mata Atlântica. O projeto é financiado pelo Ministério do Meio Ambiente (PDA) e está sendo desenvolvido desde março de 2006, nos municípios de Fervedouro e Pedra Bonita, entorno da unidade de conservação Parque Estadual da Serra do Brigadeiro, em Minas Gerais. A metodologia utilizada para obtenção dos dados consta do processo contínuo de monitoramento e avaliação do projeto, considerando a percepção dos 24 participantes do grupo. Os resultados preliminares revelam que o perfil dos proprietários rurais está situado na classe baixa, com práticas pouco conservacionistas em relação ao meio ambiente, mas bastante motivados a esta nova experiência que é o projeto. Verificou-se que os dois municípios possuem potencialidades para o desenvolvimento do ecoturismo local (atrativos de diversas espécies) e a maioria dos integrantes acreditam que o ecoturismo pode ser uma alternativa viável inclusive para ampliação da renda familiar. Entretanto, algumas limitações precisam ser superadas: melhorar a infra-estrutura das estradas, investir em recursos técnicos e financeiros, mas, principalmente, ampliar os conhecimentos sobre a atividade. De modo geral, considera-se que os objetivos de sensibilização e mobilização do grupo do ecoturismo foram alcançados ampliando o nível de informação do grupo, mostrando as tendências e possibilidades das atividades de ecoturismo e de turismo rural na região, podendo vir a se transformar numa alternativa viável de renda para muitas famílias.
Estudo do meio na perspectiva do Programa de Educação Ambiental Lagoa Viva, Alagoas, Brasil
Authors: Silva André Gil Sales da , Santos Jorge Mário Lisboa , Morais Lenice Santos de , Rodrigues Christianne Sâmya Lins , Santos Josileide Gomes
Published: November 2011

O Programa de Educação Ambiental Lagoa Viva, promove por intermédio da formação continuada de professores a sensibilização sobre as questões socioambientais com práticas educativas inter e multidisciplinares, visando fomentar e fortalecer o pensamento sócio-ecológico nas escolas e na comunidade, impulsionando um círculo virtuoso na busca do conhecimento, pesquisa, geração de saber e na ação transformadora das comunidades locais. Desta forma, desenvolvendo a educação ambiental numa proposta de construção da sustentabilidade, assumindo o desafio de interferir não apenas no paradigma do atual desenvolvimento, mas também o de educação. Este trabalho relata a experiência vivenciada com 102 professores de escolas públicas dos municípios de Barra de São Miguel, Coqueiro Seco, Coruripe, Feliz Deserto, Pilar, Piaçabuçu, Santa Luzia do Norte, São Miguel dos Campos e Viçosa, ao longo do Baixo São Francisco entre os municípios de Penedo, Piaçabuçu até a foz do Rio São Francisco. As atividades seguiram os princípios básicos gerais da educação ambiental, onde a sensibilização foi promovida através de palestras informativas e estudos dos meios físico, biológico e antrópico. Compreensão pela abordagem de conceitos básicos sobre a dinâmica ambiental, da observação, de pesquisas bibliográficas, leituras de textos informativos e conversas informais com moradores da região e a competência foi adquirida ao longo de todo processo. Os professores, já preparados, refletiram e discutiram sobre quais caminhos de desenvolvimento devem ser seguidos. Cidadania por meio da atuação, como multiplicadores, interventores e fiscalizadores do uso irracional do meio, procurando integrar a natureza e a sociedade e, por ultimo a avaliação que aconteceu de forma integrada e sistematizada. Neste momento os participantes expressaram suas observações e reflexões sobre o ambiente visitado, através de um questionário de avaliação. O resultado desta avaliação reafirmou a importância de seguir os princípios básicos da educação ambiental. Com relação aos pontos positivos que mais chamaram à atenção durante o estudo do meio 99% dos participantes mencionaram a importância ambiental, 98% destacaram as belezas naturais e 74% a importância histórica da região. Quanto aos pontos negativos mereceram destaque, o assoreamento e o desmatamento da região da foz do Rio São Francisco, por aproximadamente, 60% dos participantes. Outras observações relevantes foram feitas e a declaração de todos os professores, quanto à importância dessa atividade e aos conhecimentos adquiridos entre a articulação teórica e prática, destacaram que a formação continuada aparece como ferramenta em educação ambiental de vital importância para se pensar em uma proposta diferenciada de sustentabilidade para as atividades de ecoturismo ou turismo educacional na região.
Avaliação do potencial ecoturístico do município de Delmiro Gouveia, Alagoas
Authors: Santos Emerson dos
Published: November 2011

Nas últimas décadas a crise estrutural verificada nos países subdesenvolvidos, obrigou seus governos a buscar alternativas consideradas viáveis para solucionar seus problemas de caráter econômico. O ecoturismo se apresenta como uma opção que vem apresentando um crescimento considerável – cerca de 10% (dez por cento) dos viajantes hoje são ecoturistas. O município de Delmiro Gouveia, Estado de Alagoas, à 300Km da capital Maceió, situado no extremo oeste, Sertão de Alagoas, se insere entre os municípios que compõem o Comitê Turístico da Região dos Lagos do São Francisco. Verificou-se a viabilidade dos seguintes atrativos naturais: Furna do Morcego (usada como esconderijo de Lampião), a Usina de Angiquinho (primeira hidrelétrica do Nordeste, já utilizada como ponto de visitação turística e em processo de tombamento histórico pela União) e o Riacho Talhado (onde se realizam trilhas ecológicas). Os resultados apresentados neste estudo contaram com levantamento de dados junto a Secretaria de Cultura e Turismo do município, através de consulta a publicações realizadas por autores municipais, entrevistas e visitas aos pontos ecoturísticos do município. Após reunir todas as informações e dados referentes ao Ecoturismo na região, foi feito um embasamento teórico com bibliografia especializada que permitiu a elaboração desse trabalho. Concluiu-se que as regiões dos lagos do São Francisco que margeiam o município de Delmiro Gouveia permitem a prática do turismo ecológico desde que acompanhadas de infra-estrutura adequada e conscientização social. A criação de roteiros turísticos envolvendo cidades vizinhas pode impulsionar o turismo, tornando essa atividade uma fonte de renda alternativa para as comunidades locais e favorecendo a preservação ambiental dos pontos de visitação.
Levantamento dos atrativos, infra-estrutura e serviços de apoio ao ecoturismo da Reserva do Caju (Campo Experimental da Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros), Itaporanga D’Ajuda, Sergipe
Authors: Freitas Daniel Menezes de Almeida , Araújo Luís Ricardo Rodrigues de , Curado Fernando Fleury , Vieira Daniel Luís Mascia , Braghini Cláudio Roberto
Published: November 2011

A Reserva do Caju, legalmente denominada Campo Experimental de Itaporanga, tem 1.030 hectares, dos quais 860 estão em processo de implantação de Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural. A Reserva pertence à Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros, desde 1979 e está situada no município de Itaporanga D’Ajuda, Estado de Sergipe, próximo da capital do estado, Aracaju. Dotada de áreas de grande relevância natural e de comunidades nativas em sua área de influência, a Reserva possui como vocação natural, o incentivo de atividades que priorizam o desenvolvimento rural sustentável, destacando-se o Ecoturismo. Destaca-se também que a Embrapa tem como um dos seus objetivos, tornar a Reserva do Caju um Centro de Referência em Educação Ambiental. O presente trabalho objetivou o levantamento dos atrativos, infra-estrutura e serviços de apoio direto ou indireto ao Ecoturismo na Reserva do Caju, a partir do método de inventário. Para a elaboração do inventário, utilizou-se o modelo do Manual de Ecoturismo de Base Comunitária da WWF. Atualmente, já existe uma boa estrutura de visitação na Reserva do Caju, que conta com área administrativa, cozinha, auditório, alojamento e residência de funcionários. Existem também atrativos como trilhas, vitrines de experimentos, fauna e flora típicas do bioma Mata Atlântica, elementos característicos de Restinga, além dos Rios Paruí e Vaza-barris que margeiam o território da Reserva. Através desse levantamento pôde-se perceber que a Reserva do Caju, possui potencial para o incentivo da atividade Ecoturística, que alie conservação ambiental e inclusão das comunidades do entorno.
Inventário das paisagens cársticas do município de Paripiranga, Bahia
Authors: Santana Matusalém Silva , Silva Fernando Andrade , Silva Carlos Eduardo
Published: November 2011

O mundo subterrâneo é algo magnífico aos olhos dos observadores, como pesquisadores, turistas e comunitários. O interesse pelo tema surge através das cavernas, onde se denotam curiosidades por parte da comunidade espeleológica, bem como da sociedade em geral, na contemplação de um mundo subterrâneo onde a natureza intocada mostra formações rochosas de rara beleza. Entende-se por paisagens cársticas o conjunto formado por cavernas, grutas, furnas, cânions e abismos. O objetivo deste estudo é de inventariar o conjunto das paisagens cársticas existentes no município de Paripiranga, Estado da Bahia, abordando características mais relevantes para futuros estudos de sustentabilidade no uso público e para construção de planos de manejo. O desenvolvimento da pesquisa compõe-se de uma gama de particularidades e sustentações teóricas ligadas a pesquisas de campo, com busca de informações nas comunidades de entorno das cavidades cársticas. Evidenciam-se no trabalho, as ocorrências das paisagens cársticas, como grutas e abismos, localizados em três regiões do município, denominadas: Corredor Vermelho, Roça Nova e Apertado de Pedras. Para isso tendo por base a incidência das grutas cadastradas pelos grupos Bambuí e GPME (Grupo Pierre Martin de Espeleologia) na Redespeleo Brasil. Como resultados preliminares apresenta-se duas paisagens que foram mapeadas pelos grupos Bambuí e GPME, a “Furna do Fim do Morro do Parafuso”, localizada no Corredor Vermelho; a “Gruta do Bom Pastor”, localizada na Roça Nova, usada para fins religiosos; e “Furna da Pedreira”, ainda não mapeada, localizada em Apertado de Pedras. Outro resultado preliminar importante foi à descoberta de que uma gruta localizada na região do Corredor Vermelho, ainda não mapeada, foi transformada em deposito de lixo, demonstrando a falta de conhecimento e o descaso do poder público para com o assunto. A falta de gestão do mosaico formado por paisagens cársticas e ambientes naturais somado à falta de conhecimento sobre o assunto por parte do poder público e da sociedade, criam limites a visitação e técnicas conservacionistas. Espera-se que este estudo possa abrir caminhos para esses mundos de silêncio, mistérios e beleza a um universo aventureiro de atividades legitimamente ecoturísticas, com a finalidade de desenvolvimento local e proteção do patrimônio cultural e natural.
Species Differences of Drug‐Metabolizing Enzymes
Authors: DeKeyser Joshua G. , Shou Magang
Published: November 2011

The prediction of human pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and toxicity from preclinical data remains an important goal in the drug discovery and development process to minimize risk to participants during first in human studies. Animal models are commonly used in the preclinical development of new drugs; however, significant differences exist between species. These are due largely to alterations in isoform composition, regulation, expression, and catalytic activities of drug‐metabolizing enzymes (DMEs), particularly cytochromes P450 (CYPs), which play a critical role in numerous oxidative reactions of drugs. Although the reliability of animal testing to predict concentration‐dependent efficacy and toxicity in humans has been questioned; it is generally believed that data from animal studies can be reasonably extrapolated to humans using appropriate drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic principles. In this chapter, the authors describe the similarities and differences of major CYPs and other enzymes in their gene and protein structure, catalytic activity, enzyme kinetics and inhibition, and induction response between the various preclinical species and humans. These comparisons help to better understand underlying mechanisms responsible for the differences and address the question of whether animal data can be extrapolated to humans with regard to drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. In conclusion, the DMEs show appreciable interspecies differences from structure to function, and caution must be taken when extrapolating metabolism data from animal models to humans.
Amino Acid Conjugation: A Novel Route of Xenobiotic Carboxylic Acid Metabolism in Man
Authors: Knights Kathleen M. , Miners John O.
Published: November 2011

Amino acid conjugation is a novel biotransformation pathway in man for a limited number of xenobiotic carboxylic acids. It involves two mitochondrial enzymatic processes: formation of a reactive xenobiotic‐CoA thioester intermediate, catalyzed by an ATP‐dependent acid:CoA synthetase (ACSM), and linkage of the activated acyl group via an acyl‐CoA:amino acidN‐acyltransferase (GLYAT) to the amino group of the acceptor amino acid. However, knowledge of amino acid conjugation in terms of enzyme multiplicity, protein structure, and xenobiotic substrate selectivity is not well advanced.
BioactivationII: PhaseI(Non‐P450)
Authors: Hutzler Matthew J. , Cerny Matthew A.
Published: November 2011

While cytochrome P450 enzymes are generally the primary focus of drug metabolism scientists, there are many other enzymes that may contribute to the biotransformation of xenobiotics and are perhaps underappreciated, particularly when considering generation of reactive metabolites in target tissues other than the liver. Non‐cytochrome P450 drug‐metabolizing enzymes, such as flavin‐containing monooxygenase (FMO), monoamine oxidase (MAO), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), and peroxidases such as prostaglandin H synthase (PGHS) and myeloperoxidase (MPO), have all been reported to contribute to the metabolism of xenobiotics. Thus, their potential role in bioactivation of drug molecules also deserves increased attention. Equally relevant may be the absence of a detoxification pathway in a particular tissue. To this end, the focus of this chapter is on highlighting specific examples of the less‐appreciated non‐P450 drug‐metabolizing enzymes, and the potential role these enzymes may play in bioactivation and toxicity.
Bioanalytical Support for BothIn VitroandIn VivoAssays Across Drug Discovery and Drug Development
Authors: Korfmacher Walter A.
Published: November 2011

Bioanalysis in a drug metabolism environment can be defined as the analytical techniques utilized to assay various samples that are the result ofin vitroorin vivostudies of one or more new chemical entities (NCEs). Bioanalysis has continued to evolve in response to the needs of the drug discovery and drug development teams, as well as the continuing improvement of the analytical technology that is used for the various assays. This chapter provides an overview of the various assays that are commonly used in various stages of drug discovery and drug development. The chapter is divided into three main sections: bioanalytical strategies,in vitroassays, andin vivoassays.

For most of the assays discussed in this chapter, the analytical tool is high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). It is common to have different levels of analytical acceptance criteria that become stricter as one moves from the early lead optimization arena into the development arena. By using this strategy, the higher throughput assays that are used in the screening stage would have minimal standards needed as part of the assay. As one goes to the higher levels, relatively smaller numbers of compounds are being assayed and the number of samples per compound is higher.

There are multiplein vitroassays that are used for drug discovery screening of NCEs. The basic strategy for utilizing these variousin vitroassays is to use them to screen NCEs in order to select those that have druglike properties. These tests are commonly used as part of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) optimization phase of new drug discovery. The most commonly used assays are designed to measure one of the following parameters: permeability, metabolic stability, enzyme inhibition, or metabolism. Each of these assay types are described in this chapter as a subtopics.

In a drug discovery setting,in vivoassays are similar toin vitroassays in terms of the need for providing the results in a timely manner. The main difference betweenin vitroassays andin vivoassays is thatin vivoassays are often more challenging because the sample matrix is more complex. Mostin vivoassays rely on some form of HPLC‐MS/MS for the analytical step. The mainin vivotopics covered in this chapter are PK screening, PK studies, and metabolite identification.
Joint loading decreased by inexpensive and minimalist footwear in elderly women with knee osteoarthritis during stair descent
Authors: Sacco I. C. N. , Trombini‐Souza F. , Butugan M. K. , Pássaro A. C. , Arnone A. C. , Fuller R.
Published: November 2011

Objective

Previous studies indicate that flexible footwear, which mimics the biomechanics of walking barefoot, results in decreased knee loads in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) during walking. However, the effect of flexible footwear on other activities of daily living, such as descending stairs, remains unclear. Our objective was to evaluate the influence of inexpensive and minimalist footwear (Moleca) on knee adduction moment (KAM) during stair descent of elderly women with and without knee OA.

Methods

Thirty‐four elderly women were equally divided into an OA group and a control group (CG). Stair descent was evaluated in barefoot condition, while wearing the Moleca, and while wearing heeled shoes. Kinematics and ground reaction forces were measured to calculate KAM by using inverse dynamics.

Results

The OA group experienced a higher KAM during midstance under the barefoot condition (233.3%; P = 0.028), the Moleca (379.2%; P = 0.004), and heeled shoes (217.6%; P = 0.007). The OA group had a similar knee load during early, mid, and late stance with the Moleca compared with the barefoot condition. Heeled shoes increased the knee loads during the early‐stance (versus barefoot [16.7%; P < 0.001] and versus the Moleca [15.5%; P < 0.001]), midstance (versus barefoot [8.6%; P = 0.014] and versus the Moleca [9.5%; P = 0.010]), and late‐stance phase (versus barefoot [10.6%; P = 0.003] and versus the Moleca [9.2%; P < 0.001]). In the CG, the Moleca produced a knee load similar to the barefoot condition only during the early‐stance phase.

Conclusion

Besides the general foot protection, the inexpensive and minimalist footwear contributes to decreasing knee loads in elderly women with OA during stair descent. The loads are similar to the barefoot condition and effectively decreased when compared with heeled shoes.
Independent association of serum retinol and β‐carotene levels with hyperuricemia: A national population study
Authors: Choi Woo‐Joo , Ford Earl S. , Curhan Gary , Rankin James I. , Choi Hyon K.
Published: November 2011

Objective

Uses of synthetic vitamin A derivatives (e.g., isotretinoin used for severe acne) and high doses of preformed vitamin A have been implicated in the pathogenesis of hyperuricemia and gout, whereas a trial reported that β‐carotene may lower serum uric acid (UA) levels. We evaluated the potential population impact of these factors on serum UA in a nationally representative sample of US adults.

Methods

Using data from 14,349 participants ages ≥20 years in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988–1994), we examined the relationship between serum retinol, β‐carotene, and UA levels using weighted linear regression. Additionally, we examined the relationship with hyperuricemia using weighted logistic regression.

Results

Serum UA levels increased linearly with increasing serum retinol levels, whereas serum UA levels decreased with increasing serum β‐carotene levels. After adjusting for age, sex, dietary factors, and other potential confounders, the serum UA level differences from the bottom (referent) to the top quintiles of serum retinol levels were 0, 0.16, 0.32, 0.43, and 0.71 mg/dl (P for trend <0.001), and for β‐carotene were 0, −0.15, −0.29, −0.27, and −0.40 mg/dl (P for trend <0.001), respectively. Similarly, the multivariate odds ratios of hyperuricemia from the bottom (referent) to top quintiles of serum retinol levels were 1.00, 1.30, 1.83, 2.09, and 3.22 (P for trend <0.001) and for β‐carotene were 1.00, 0.85, 0.68, 0.73, and 0.54 (P for trend <0.001), respectively. The graded associations persisted across subgroups according to cross‐classification by both serum retinol and β‐carotene levels.

Conclusion

These nationally representative data raise concerns that vitamin A supplementation and food fortification may contribute to the high frequency of hyperuricemia in the US population, whereas β‐carotene intake may be beneficial against hyperuricemia. The use of β‐carotene as a novel preventive treatment for gout deserves further investigation.
Identification of two new arthritis severity loci that regulate levels of autoantibodies, interleukin‐1β, and joint damage in pristane‐ and collagen‐induced arthritis
Authors: Brenner Max , Laragione Teresina , Shah Anish , Mello Adriana , Remmers Elaine F. , Wilder Ronald L. , Gulko Pércio S.
Published: November 2011

Objective

Cia3 is a locus on rat chromosome 4 that regulates severity and joint damage in collagen‐ and pristane‐induced arthritis (CIA and PIA). This study was undertaken to refine the Cia3 gene–containing interval toward gene identification and obtain insights into its mode of action.

Methods

Five DA.F344(Cia3) subcongenic rat strains were generated and studied using the PIA and CIA models. Levels of antibodies against type II collagen (both allo‐ and autoantibodies) were measured. Joints and synovial tissue were collected 32 days after the induction of PIA (chronic stage) for histologic and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) levels.

Results

Three subcongenic strains sharing the centromeric Cia3d interval were protected and 2 subcongenic strains sharing the telomeric Cia3g interval, which did not overlap with Cia3d, were also protected, developing significantly less severe CIA and PIA. Normal joint architecture was preserved in DA.F344(Cia3) and DA.F344(Cia3d) congenic rats with PIA, while DA rats had pronounced synovial hyperplasia, angiogenesis, inflammatory infiltration, and bone or cartilage erosions. The DA.F344(Cia3d) and DA.F344(Cia3g) strains had significantly lower synovial levels of IL‐1β (5‐fold and nearly 2‐fold, respectively [the latter not reaching statistical significance]), MMP‐1 (expressed predominantly in DA rats), MMP‐3 (79‐fold and 8‐fold, respectively), and MMP‐14 (21‐fold and 1.4‐fold, respectively) and reduced levels of pathogenic autoantibodies against type II collagen, compared with DA rats.

Conclusion

We have identified 2 new arthritis severity and articular damage loci within Cia3. These loci regulate pathogenic processes in 2 different models of rheumatoid arthritis, and the identification of these genes has the potential to generate new targets for therapies aimed at reducing disease severity and articular damage, and may additionally have prognostic value.
Quantification of protein interaction in living cells by two‐photon spectral imaging with fluorescent protein fluorescence resonance energy transfer pair devoid of acceptor bleed‐through
Authors: Kim Jiho , Li Xiaolan , Kang Moon‐Sik , Im Kang‐Bin , Genovesio Auguste , Grailhe Regis
Published: November 2011

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between fluorescent proteins (FPs) is a powerful method to visualize and quantify protein–protein interaction in living cells. Unfortunately, the emission bleed‐through of FPs limits the usage of this complex technique. To circumvent undesirable excitation of the acceptor fluorophore, using two‐photon excitation, we searched for FRET pairs that show selective excitation of the donor but not of the acceptor fluorescent molecule. We found this property in the fluorescent cyan fluorescent protein (CFP)/yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) and YFP/mCherry FRET pairs and performed two‐photon excited FRET spectral imaging to quantify protein interactions on the later pair that shows better spectral discrimination. Applying non‐negative matrix factorization to unmix two‐photon excited spectral imaging data, we were able to eliminate the donor bleed‐through as well as the autofluorescence. As a result, we achieved FRET quantification by means of a single spectral acquisition, making the FRET approach not only easy and straightforward but also less prone to calculation artifacts. As an application of our approach, the intermolecular interaction of amyloid precursor protein and the adaptor protein Fe65 associated with Alzheimer's disease was quantified. We believe that the FRET approach using two‐photon and fluorescent YFP/mCherry pair is a promising method to monitor protein interaction in living cells. © 2011 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Terrestrial chemical cues help coral reef fish larvae locate settlement habitat surrounding islands
Authors: Dixson Danielle L. , Jones Geoffrey P. , Munday Philip L. , Pratchett Morgan S. , Srinivasan Maya , Planes Serge , Thorrold Simon R.
Published: November 2011

Understanding the degree of connectivity between coastal and island landscapes and nearby coral reefs is vital to the integrated management of terrestrial and marine environments in the tropics. Coral reef fish are capable of navigating appropriate settlement habitats following their pelagic larval phase, but the mechanisms by which they do this are unclear. The importance of olfactory cues in settlement site selection has been demonstrated, and there is increasing evidence that chemical cues from terrestrial sources may be important for some species. Here, we test the olfactory preferences of eight island‐associated coral reef fish recruits and one generalist species to discern the capacity for terrestrial cue recognition that may aid in settlement site selection. A series of pairwise choice experiments were used to evaluate the potential role that terrestrial, water‐borne olfactory cues play in island–reef recognition. Olfactory stimuli tested included near‐shore water, terrestrial rainforest leaf litter, and olfactory cues collected from different reef types (reefs surrounding vegetated islands, and reefs with no islands present). All eight island‐associated species demonstrated high levels of olfactory discrimination and responded positively toward olfactory cues indicating the presence of a vegetated island. We hypothesize that although these fish use a suite of cues for settlement site recognition, one mechanism in locating their island/reef habitat is through the olfactory cues produced by vegetated islands. This research highlights the role terrestrial olfactory cues play in large‐scale settlement site selection and suggests a high degree of ecosystem connectivity.
Chelating C4‐Bound Imidazolylidene Complexes through Oxidative Addition of Imidazolium Salts to Palladium(0)
Authors: Krüger Anneke , Kluser Evelyne , Müller‐Bunz Helge , Neels Antonia , Albrecht Martin
Published: November 2011

Oxidative addition of donor‐functionalised 4‐iodoimidazolium salts to palladium(0) provides a selective route for the preparation of abnormal chelating N‐heterocyclic carbene complexes and enables the introduction of a variety of donor groups. The activation of the C4 position does not necessitate protection of the imidazolium C2 position, thereby leaving this site available for further modification. While metallation of the unsubstituted C2 position of the N‐heterocyclic carbene ligand was unsuccessful when palladium was bound to the C4 carbon atom, sequential metallation of first the C2 position, by means of transmetallation, followed by C4–I oxidative addition, afforded a dimetallic complex comprised of two palladium centres bridged by a single NHC ligand.
A simple elastic membrane‐based microfluidic chip for the proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells under tensile stress
Authors: Gao Xinghua , Zhang Xu , Tong Huiyu , Lin Bingcheng , Qin Jianhua
Published: November 2011

This work presents a simple membrane‐based microfluidic chip for the investigation of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) under mechanical stimuli. The cyclic tensile stress was generated by the deformation of elastic PDMS membrane sandwiched between the two layer microfluidic chip via actuated negative pressure, and the cultured MSCs on membrane were subjected to different orders of tensile stress. The results suggest that mechanical stimuli are attributed to the different phenomena of MSCs in cell proliferation and differentiation. The higher tensile stress (>3.5) promoted obvious proliferation, osteogenesis and reduced adipogenesis in MSCs, indicating the possible regulative role of tensile stress in modifying the osteogenesis/adipogenesis balance in the development of tissue organ.
Associations between variants in KITLG, SPRY4, BAK1, and DMRT1 and pediatric germ cell tumors
Authors: Poynter Jenny N. , Hooten Anthony J. , Lindsay Frazier A. , Ross Julie A.
Published: November 2011

Recent genome wide association studies have identified susceptibility loci for adult testicular germ cell tumors (GCT) near KITLG, SPRY4, BAK1, and DMRT1. We evaluated variants in these four genes to determine whether these are also susceptibility loci for pediatric GCTs. DNA was isolated from 52 pediatric GCTs (ages 0–21 years) obtained from the Cooperative Human Tissue Network. Control DNA was isolated from de‐identified dried blood spots from 141 white newborns. Genotyping was conducted using TaqMan assays (rs4474514) or by PCR and sequencing (rs4324715, rs210138, and rs755383). Associations between variants and GCT were evaluated using logistic regression with adjustment for sex. We also evaluated whether the associations differed by age at GCT diagnosis (0–9 years, 10–21 years), sex, and tumor location (gonadal, non‐gonadal). We observed a significant association for rs210138 (BAK1) and pediatric GCT overall (odds ratio (OR) = 1.80, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10–2.95, P = 0.02) with non‐significant associations similar in magnitude in both the pediatric (P = 0.09) and adolescent (P = 0.06) age groups. The KITLG (rs4474514) and SPRY4 (rs4324715) variants were significantly associated with GCT only in the adolescent age group (rs4474514: OR = 2.28, 95% CI 1.09–4.79, P = 0.03 and rs4324715: OR = 2.40, 95% CI 1.19–4.83, P = 0.01). Associations were mostly similar when stratified by sex. This is the first study to suggest that these loci may also be important in susceptibility to GCTs in the adolescent (KITLG, SPRY4, and BAK1) and pediatric (BAK1) age groups. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Glial cells in adult neurogenesis
Authors: Morrens Joachim , Van Den Broeck Wim , Kempermann Gerd
Published: November 2011

Adult neurogenesis is an exceptional feature of the adult brain and in an intriguing way bridges between neuronal and glial neurobiology. Essentially, all classes of glial cells are directly or indirectly linked to this process. Cells with astrocytic features, for example, serve as radial glia‐like stem cells in the two neurogenic regions of the adult brain, the hippocampal dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles, producing new neurons, create a microenvironment permissive for neurogenesis, and are themselves generated alongside the new neurons in an associated but independently regulated process. Oligodendrocytes are generated from precursor cells intermingled with those generating neurons in an independent lineage. NG2 cells have certain precursor cell properties and are found throughout the brain parenchyma. They respond to extrinsic stimuli and injury but do not generate neurons even though they can express some preneuronal markers. Microglia have positive and negative regulatory effects as constituents of the “neurogenic niche”. Ependymal cells play incompletely understood roles in adult neurogenesis, but under certain conditions might exert (back‐up) precursor cell functions. Glial contributions to adult neurogenesis can be direct or indirect and are mediated by mechanisms ranging from gap‐junctional to paracrine and endocrine. As the two neurogenic regions differ between each other and both from the non‐neurogenic rest of the brain, the question arises in how far regionalization of both the glia‐like precursor cells as well as of the glial cells determines site‐specific “neurogenic permissiveness.” In any case, however, “neurogenesis” appears to be an essentially glial achievement. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Fill–Spill Hydrology of Prairie Wetland Complexes during Drought and Deluge
Authors: Shaw Dean A. , Vanderkamp Garth , Conly F. Malcolm , Pietroniro Al , Martz Lawrence
Published: November 2011

The fill–spill of surface depressions (wetlands) results in intermittent surface water connectivity between wetlands in the prairie wetland region of North America. Dynamic connectivity between wetlands results in dynamic contributing areas for runoff. However, the effect of fill–spill and the resultant variable or dynamic basin contributing area has largely been disregarded in the hydrological community.

Long‐term field observations recorded at the St. Denis National Wildlife Area, Saskatchewan, allow fill–spill in the basin to be identified and quantified. Along with historical water‐level observations dating back to 1968, recent data collected for the basin include snow surveys, surface water survey and production of a light detection and ranging–derived digital elevation model. Data collection for the basin includes both wet and dry antecedent basin conditions during spring runoff events.

A surface water survey at St. Denis in 2006 reveals a disconnected channel network during the spring freshet runoff event. Rather than 100% of the basin contributing runoff to the outlet, which most hydrological models assume, only approximately 39% of the basin contributes to the outlet. Anthropogenic features, such as culverts and roads, were found to influence the extent and spatial distribution of contributing areas in the basin. Historical pond depth records illustrate the effect of antecedent basin conditions on fill–spill and basin contributing area. A large pond at the outlet of the St. Denis basin, which only receives local runoff during dry years when upstream surface storage has not been satisfied, has pond runoff volumes that increase by a factor of 20 or more during wet years when upstream antecedent basin surface storage is satisfied and basin‐wide runoff contributes to the pond. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of Seasonality on Artificial Drainage Discharge under Temperate Climate Conditions
Authors: Hirt Ulrike , Wetzig Annett , Devandra Amatya M. , Matranga Marisa
Published: November 2011

Artificial drainage systems affect all components of the water and matter balance. For the proper simulation of water and solute fluxes, information is needed about artificial drainage discharge rates and their response times. However, there is relatively little information available about the response of artificial drainage systems to precipitation. To address this need, we analysed 11 datasets from artificial drainage study sites (daily or hourly resolution), one daily dataset from an open ditch system, and three datasets from rainfall simulations on tile‐drained fields.

When we considered all 11 artificial drainage study sites, we found that artificial drainage discharge responded to 70% of all rainfall events during the year, and that the response rate differed significantly between 56% summer and 84% in winter. A median of 23% of the yearly precipitation rate is discharged by artificial drainage systems, varying from 9% of the precipitation in summer to 54% of the precipitation in winter. The artificial drainage systems usually started to respond within the first hour under rain fed conditions, and the response time increased at lower rainfall intensities (< 1 mm h–1). The peak outflow normally occurred within the first two days. The influence of soil texture and land use on artificial drainage discharge rates could not be reproduced properly, due to the spatial high variability caused by other site‐specific properties. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)