bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inducing Vascular Grammars for Anomaly Classification in Brain Angiograms
Authors: Whiting Mark E. , Mettenburg Joseph , Novelli Enrico M. , Santini Tales , Martins Tiago , Ibrahim Tamer S. , LeDuc Philip R. , Cagan Jonathan
Published: January 2022

As machine learning is used to make strides in medical diagnostics, few methods provide heuristics from which human doctors can learn directly. This work introduces a method for leveraging human observable structures, such as macroscale vascular formations, for producing assessments of medical conditions with relatively few training cases, and uncovering patterns that are potential diagnostic aids. The approach draws on shape grammars, a rule-based technique, pioneered in design and architecture, and accelerated through a recursive subgraph mining algorithm. The distribution of rule instances in the data from which they are induced is then used as an intermediary representation enabling common classification and anomaly detection approaches to identify indicative rules with relatively small data sets. The method is applied to seven-tesla time-of-flight angiography MRI (n = 54) of human brain vasculature. The data were segmented and induced to generate representative grammar rules. Ensembles of rules were isolated to implicate vascular conditions reliably. This application demonstrates the power of automated structured intermediary representations for assessing nuanced biological form relationships, and the strength of shape grammars, in particular for identifying indicative patterns in complex vascular networks.
Effect of Nozzle Outlet Type on the Flow Field Velocity and Impact Pressure of High-Pressure Water Jet Peening
Authors: Zheng Hong-Xiang , Luo Yun , Zang Jing-Yu , Zhang Qian
Published: January 2022

Water jet peening can effectively improve the fatigue strength of metal materials, and the outlet shape of nozzle greatly affects the effect of water jet peening. In this paper, the effects of nozzle outlet shape on water jet velocity and impact pressure are studied by numerical simulation, and the jet velocity and dynamic pressure for different standoff distances are also discussed. The results show that the water jets of square, circular, and triangular nozzles are highly concentrated, and the water jet of elliptical nozzles is the most divergent. The axial velocity attenuation of the square nozzle along the axis is slower than that of the other three nozzles. The water axial velocity of the elliptical nozzle attenuates fastest, and the length of the core segment of the water jet is the smallest. Within a certain axial distance, the dynamic pressure area in the central area of the elliptical water jet is obviously larger than that of the other three nozzles, and the effective treatment range is large, which is more suitable for the welding surface strengthening operation.
Role of Three-Dimensional Swirl in Forced Convection Heat Transfer Enhancement in Wavy-Plate-Fin Channels
Authors: Shi Dantong , Lin Kuan-Ting , Jog Milind A. , Manglik Raj M.
Published: January 2022

The influence of wall-corrugation-induced swirl flow on enhanced forced convection in wavy-plate-fin cores has been investigated. Three-dimensional computational simulations were carried out for steady-state periodically developed air flow (Pr ∼ 0.71; 50 ≤ Re ≤ 4000) with channel walls subject to constant-uniform temperature conditions. The recirculation that develops in the wall troughs and grows to have an axially helical character is scaled by the Swirl number Sw. As Sw increases with higher flowrate and/or corrugation severity, tornado-shaped vortices appear in the wave trough region midway of the interfin channel height, then extend longitudinally to encompass majority of the flow channel. The local wall-shear and heat transfer coefficient variations indicate that boundary-layer thinning upstream of the wave peak aids in intensifying momentum and heat transfer. However, the flow recirculation in wall trough impedes heat transfer at low Sw due to flow stagnation but promotes it at high Sw because of the vortices-induced augmented fluid mixing. The effects of this secondary flow are quantified by Φf(or j), which is seen to increase log-linearly as fin corrugation aspect ratio γ and/or fin spacing ratio ζ increases; the influence of cross section aspect ratio α is marginal. Moreover, the pressure drag penalty due to swirl critically affects overall pressure loss, and its proportion remains nearly constant when α varies, but grows as Sw, γ, and/or ζ increases and can be as much as 80% of the total pressure drop.
Processing Sunshine Duration Measurements for the Assessment of Solar Radiation in Climatic Regions of the Central African Republic
Authors: Chara-Dackou Venant Sorel , Njomo Donatien , Hassane Babikir Mahamat , Mbouombouo Ibrahim Ngapouth , Pofoura Gboulie Sidica Aicha , Tchinda René
Published: January 2022

The objectives of this work carried out in the Central African Republic are to propose new correlations between the components of solar radiation and the sunshine duration on a horizontal surface on the ground, and then to make an evaluation of the solar potential in the cities of Bambari, Birao, and Bangui. Polynomial regression models were used and their parameters were estimated by the ordinary least-squares method. A statistical evaluation allowed us to compare the performance of the models. The best correlations are then used to estimate the global and diffuse radiation. In the city of Birao, the estimated global radiation is around 6 kW h/m2 j and the diffuse radiation is around 2 kW h/m2 j; in Bambari, the global radiation is around 5.4 kW h/m2 j and the diffuse is around 2.3 kW h/m2 j; in Bangui, the global radiation is around 5 kW h/m2 j and the diffuse radiation is around 2.3 kW h/m2 j. The potential solar in all these regions is very favorable for small- and large-scale solar photovoltaic applications.
Analysis of Swirl Number Effects on Effusion Flow Behavior Using Time-Resolved Particle Image Velocimetry
Authors: Lenzi Tommaso , Picchi Alessio , Andreini Antonio , Facchini Bruno
Published: January 2022

The analysis of the interaction between the swirling and cooling flows, promoted by the liner film cooling system, is a fundamental task for the design of turbine combustion chambers since it influences different aspects such as emissions and cooling capability. In particular, high turbulence values, flow instabilities, and tangential velocity components induced by the swirling flow deeply affect the behavior of effusion cooling jets, demanding for dedicated time-resolved near-wall experimental analysis. The experimental setup of this work consists of a non-reactive single sector linear combustor test rig scaled up with respect to engine dimensions; the test section was equipped with an effusion plate with standard inclined cylindrical holes to simulate the liner cooling system. The rig was instrumented with a 2D time-resolved particle image velocimetry system, focused on different field of views. The degree of swirl for a swirling flow is usually characterized by the swirl number, Sn, defined as the ratio of the tangential momentum flux to axial momentum flux. To assess the impact of such parameter on the near-wall effusion behavior, a set of three different axial swirlers with swirl number equal to Sn = 0.6–0.8–1.0 were designed and tested in the experimental apparatus. An analysis of the main flow field by varying the Sn was first performed in terms of average velocity, root mean square, and Tu values, providing kinetic energy spectra and turbulence length scale information. In a second step, the analysis was focused on the near-wall regions: the strong effects of Sn on the coolant jets were quantified in terms of vorticity analysis and jet oscillation.
Design and Testing of a Multi-Stage Intermediate Pressure Turbine for Future Geared Turbofans
Authors: Torre D. , García-Valdecasas G. , Puente A. , Hernández D. , Luque S.
Published: January 2022

The multi-stage intermediate pressure turbine (IPT) is a key enabler of the thermodynamic cycle in geared turbofan engine architectures, where fan and turbine rotational speeds become decoupled by using a power gearbox (PGB) between them. This allows for the separate aerodynamic optimization of both components, an increase in engine bypass ratios, higher propulsive efficiency, and lower specific fuel consumption (SFC). Due to significant aerodynamic differences with conventional low pressure turbines (LPTs), multi-stage IPT designs present new aerodynamic, mechanical, and acoustic trade-offs. This work describes the aerodynamic design and experimental validation of a fully featured three-stage IP turbine, including a final row of outlet guide vanes (OGVs). Experiments have been conducted in a highly engine-representative transonic rotating wind tunnel at the CTA (Centro de Tecnologías Aeronáuticas, Spain), in which Mach and Reynolds numbers were matched to engine conditions. The design intent is shown to be fully validated. Efficiency levels are discussed in the context of a previous state-of-the-art LPT, tested in the same facility. It is argued that the efficiency gains of IPTs are due to higher pitch-to-chord ratios, which lead to a reduction in overall profile losses, and higher velocity ratios and lower turning angles, which reduce airfoil secondary flows and three-dimensional losses.
In situ quantitative field emission imaging using a low-cost CMOS imaging sensor
Authors: Schels Andreas , Edler Simon , Herdl Florian , Hansch Walter , Bachmann Michael , Ritter Daniela , Dudeck Markus , Düsberg Felix , Meyer Manuel , Pahlke Andreas , Hausladen Matthias , Buchner Philipp , Schreiner Rupert
Published: January 2022

Spatially resolved field emission measurements represent an important factor in further development of existing field emitter concepts. In this work, we present a novel approach that allows quantitative analysis of individual emission spots from integral current-voltage measurements using a low-cost and commercially available CMOS camera. By combining different exposure times to extrapolate oversaturated and underexposed pixels, a near congruence of integral current and image brightness is shown. The extrapolation also allows parallel investigation of all individual tips participating in the total current with currents ranging from a few nanoampere to one microampere per tip. The sensitivity, which is determined by the integral brightness-to-current ratio, remains unchanged within the measurement accuracy even after ten full measurement cycles. Using a point detection algorithm, the proportional current load of each individual tip of the field emitter array is analyzed and compared at different times during the initial measurement cycle. Together with the extracted I–V curves of single emission spots from the integral measurement, the results indicate the effect of premature burnout of particularly sharp tips during conditioning of the emitter.
Energetics and Mechanics of Steep Treadmill Versus Overground Pole Walking: A Pilot Study
Authors: Giovanelli Nicola , Mari Lara , Patini Asia , Lazzer Stefano
Published: January 2022

Purpose:To compare energetics and spatiotemporal parameters of steep uphill pole walking on a treadmill and overground.Methods:First, the authors evaluated 6 male trail runners during an incremental graded test on a treadmill. Then, they performed a maximal overground test with poles and an overground test at 80% (OG80) of vertical velocity of maximal overground test with poles on an uphill mountain path (length = 1.3 km, elevation gain = 433 m). Finally, they covered the same elevation gain using poles on a customized treadmill at the average vertical velocity of the OG80. During all the tests, the authors measured oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production, heart rate, blood lactate concentration, and rate of perceived exertion.Results:Treadmills required lower metabolic power (15.3 [1.9] vs 16.6 [2.0] W/kg,P = .002) and vertical cost of transport (49.6 [2.7] vs 53.7 [2.1] J/kg·m,P < .001) compared with OG80. Also, oxygen uptake was lower on a treadmill (41.7 [5.0] vs 46.2 [5.0] mL/kg·min,P = .001). Conversely, respiratory quotient was higher on TR80compared with OG80(0.98 [0.02] vs 0.89 [0.04],P = .032). In addition, rate of perceived exertion was higher on a treadmill and increased with elevation (P < .001). The authors did not detect any differences in other physiological measurements or in spatiotemporal parameters.Conclusions:Researchers, coaches, and athletes should be aware that steep treadmill pole walking requires lower energy consumption but same heart rate and rate of perceived exertion than overground pole walking at the same average intensity.
Analysis of the Clinical Pipeline of Treatments for Drug-Resistant Bacterial Infections: Despite Progress, More Action Is Needed
Authors: Butler Mark S. , Gigante Valeria , Sati Hatim , Paulin Sarah , Al-Sulaiman Laila , Rex John H. , Fernandes Prabhavathi , Arias Cesar A. , Paul Mical , Thwaites Guy E. , Czaplewski Lloyd , Alm Richard A. , Lienhardt Christian , Spigelman Melvin , Silver Lynn L. , Ohmagari Norio , Kozlov Roman , Harbarth Stephan , Beyer Peter
Published: January 2022

There is an urgent global need for new strategies and drugs to control and treat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. In 2017, the World Health Organization (WHO) released a list of 12 antibiotic-resistant priority pathogens and began to critically analyze the antibacterial clinical pipeline. This review analyzes “traditional” and “nontraditional” antibacterial agents and modulators in clinical development current on 30 June 2021 with activity against the WHO priority pathogens mycobacteria and
Clostridioides difficile
.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Oligoribonuclease Controls Tolerance to Polymyxin B by Regulating Pel Exopolysaccharide Production
Authors: Yang Baopeng , Jiang Yujun , Jin Yongxin , Bai Fang , Cheng Zhihui , Wu Weihui
Published: January 2022

Polymyxins are considered as the last resort antibiotics to treat infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
is an opportunistic pathogen that causes various infections in humans. Proteins involved in lipopolysaccharide modification and maintaining inner and outer membrane integrities have been found to contribute to the bacterial resistance to polymyxins.
Azole-Resistant Alleles of
ERG11
in Candida glabrata Trigger Activation of the Pdr1 and Upc2A Transcription Factors
Authors: Vu Bao Gia , Moye-Rowley W. Scott
Published: January 2022

Azoles, the most commonly used antifungal drugs, specifically inhibit the fungal lanosterol α-14 demethylase enzyme, which is referred to as Erg11. Inhibition of Erg11 ultimately leads to a reduction in ergosterol production, an essential fungal membrane sterol.
In Vitro
Activity of Cefepime-Taniborbactam against Carbapenemase-Producing
Enterobacterales
and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates Recovered in Spain
Authors: Hernández-García Marta , García-Castillo María , Ruiz-Garbajosa Patricia , Bou Germán , Siller-Ruiz María , Pitart Cristina , Gracia-Ahufinger Irene , Mulet Xavier , Pascual Álvaro , Tormo Nuria , Cantón Rafael
Published: January 2022

Novel β-lactam–β-lactamase inhibitor combinations currently approved for clinical use are poorly active against metallo-β-lactamase (MBL)-producing strains. We evaluated the
in vitro
activity of cefepime-taniborbactam (FTB [formerly cefepime–VNRX-5133]) and comparator agents against carbapenemase-producing
Enterobacterales
(
n
 = 247) and carbapenem-resistant
Pseudomonas
species (
n
 = 170) clinical isolates prospectively collected from different clinical origins in patients admitted to 8 Spanish hospitals. FTB was the most active agent in both
Enterobacterales
(97.6% MIC
FTB
, ≤8/4 mg/L) and
Pseudomonas
(67.1% MIC
FTB
, ≤8/4 mg/L) populations.
ICOS Expression Is Required for Maintenance but Not the Formation of Germinal Centers in the Spleen in Response to Plasmodium yoelii Infection
Authors: O’Neal Kara A. , Latham Leah E. , Ntirandekura Enatha , Foscue Camille L. , Stumhofer Jason S.
Published: January 2022

Inducible T cell costimulator (ICOS) plays a key role in the differentiation and maintenance of follicular helper T (Tfh) cells and, thus, germinal center (GC) formation. Previously, our laboratory showed in a
Plasmodium chabaudi
infection model that

Icos
−/−

mice were significantly impaired in their ability to form GCs despite persistent infection and, thus, a continued antigen (Ag) load.
Forward Proton Scattering in Association with Muon Pair Production via the Photon Fusion Mechanism at the LHC
Authors: Godunov S. I. , Karkaryan E. K. , Novikov V. A. , Rozanov A. N. , Vysotsky M. I. , Zhemchugov E. V.
Published: January 2022

Dilepton production in proton–proton collision through γγ-fusion with one proton scattered elastically while the second produces a hadron jet is considered. Semi-analytical formulas describing the cross section for a muon pair production are presented.
Disruptions in maternal health service use during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020: experiences from 37 health facilities in low-income and middle-income countries
Authors: Aranda Zeus , Binde Thierry , Tashman Katherine , Tadikonda Ananya , Mawindo Bill , Maweu Daniel , Boley Emma Jean , Mphande Isaac , Dumbuya Isata , Montaño Mariana , Clisbee Mary , Mvula Mc Geofrey , Ndayizigiye Melino , Casella Jean-Baptiste Meredith , Varney Prince F , Anyango Sarah , Grépin Karen Ann , Law Michael R , Mugunga Jean Claude , Hedt-Gauthier Bethany , Fulcher Isabel R
Published: January 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has heterogeneously affected use of basic health services worldwide, with disruptions in some countries beginning in the early stages of the emergency in March 2020. These disruptions have occurred on both the supply and demand sides of healthcare, and have often been related to resource shortages to provide care and lower patient turnout associated with mobility restrictions and fear of contracting COVID-19 at facilities. In this paper, we assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the use of maternal health services using a time series modelling approach developed to monitor health service use during the pandemic using routinely collected health information systems data. We focus on data from 37 non-governmental organisation-supported health facilities in Haiti, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mexico and Sierra Leone. Overall, our analyses indicate significant declines in first antenatal care visits in Haiti (18% drop) and Sierra Leone (32% drop) and facility-based deliveries in all countries except Malawi from March to December 2020. Different strategies were adopted to maintain continuity of maternal health services, including communication campaigns, continuity of community health worker services, human resource capacity building to ensure compliance with international and national guidelines for front-line health workers, adapting spaces for safe distancing and ensuring the availability of personal protective equipment. We employ a local lens, providing prepandemic context and reporting results and strategies by country, to highlight the importance of developing context-specific interventions to design effective mitigation strategies.
Safe preoperative regional nerve blocks
Authors: Arbizo Joseph Christopher , Dalal Kajal , Lao Veronia , Rosinia Frank , Adejuyigbe Temiloluwa
Published: January 2022

Background

Procedural time-outs and checklists are proven to be an effective means of improving teamwork and preventing wrong-sided procedures. The main objective of this study was to ensure that all regional nerve blocks being performed in the preoperative area at our hospital were executed with a proper time-out. The goal of this project was to increase integration of a safe preoperative block process including a time-out checklist to ensure; complete consents, correct patient and laterality were marked prior to each procedure. We focused on recognising events that took place before, during and after the nerve block including non-compliance with the checklist and deviations from protocol.

Methods

A safe preoperative block process current and future state flowchart, revised time-out checklist and action/implementation plan as part of our Plan–Do–Study–Act model was constructed using a multidisciplinary approach. Pre-implementation and post- implementation data were collected by medical students acting anonymously via direct observation noting the presence of an anaesthesiologist, resident, nurse, time-out for procedure, checklist completed and procedure start and sedation time representing a complete time-out.

Results

The direct observations in the pre-implementation group showed a 20% (3/15) compliance with a correct time-out. The direct observations in the post implementation group showed 85% (12/14) compliance. This revealed a 65% increase in all portions of the time-out checklist completed. Comparative analysis confirmed decrease in non-compliance and deviations from protocol as displayed by 65% increase in all portions of time-out checklist completed.

Conclusion

We aimed to improve safety, communication and compliance for preoperative nerve blocks through development and implementation of a safe preoperative block process using a multidisciplinary model. We conclude that creation of a safe nerve block was achieved by integration of a preoperative nerve block process which included increased compliance to the time-out checklist, verifying patients and laterality with marking of patient prior to each procedure, identifying proper consents were completed and ensuring each regional nerve block was executed with a proper time-out.
Study protocol: prevalence of low energy availability and its relation to health and performance among female football players
Authors: Rosenvinge Jan H , Dasa Marcus Smavik , Kristoffersen Morten , Pettersen Gunn , Sundgot-Borgen Jorunn , Sagen Jørn Vegard , Friborg Oddgeir
Published: January 2022

Enduring low energy availability (LEA) is associated with several potentially serious physiological and mental conditions. LEA has been found highly prevalent among female elite athletes within endurance sports, thus hampering athletes’ health and performance. The prevalence and the underpinning risk factors of LEA among female elite football players are less studied. One reason is that the existing self-report measures and technological devices to monitor energy intake and expenditure are inadequately adapted to capture the nature of the physical activity and energy expenditure among football players and are thus inaccurate.

The present paper outlines a study protocol addressing the prevalence of LEA, the measurement of LEA and the correlations of LEA in terms of health and performance in female football players. Four studies will be conducted with the following aims (1) to evaluate the accuracy of global positioning systems (GPS)-based devices to monitor energy expenditure with indirect calorimetry as the gold standard, (2) to assess energy intake, quantify energy expenditure and investigate energy availability through self-report instruments, double labelled water (DLW) and GPS monitoring devices, (3) to determine the point prevalence of LEA using self-report instruments, DLW, dual-X-ray-absorptiometry (DXA) to quantify muscle and bone mass distribution and density, and a battery of hormonal analyses, and (4) to explore whether the prevalence of LEA varies across a full football season. Measures covering mental symptoms and psychological resources will be included, and a selection of biological measures derived from study 3.

Measurements of DXA and DLW are resource-demanding and will be collected from one professional club (N~20 women). In contrast, the remaining data will be collected from four professional clubs (N~60 women) located in Bergen, the largest city within the Western region of Norway. Overall procedures and biobank storage procedures have been approved for data collection that will end in December 2024.
Outcomes and regional differences in practice in a worldwide coronary stent registry
Authors: Cimci Murat , Polad Jawed , Mamas Mamas , Iniguez-Romo Andres , Chevalier Bernard , Abhaichand Rajpal , Aminian Adel , Roguin Ariel , Maluenda Gabriel , Angioi Michael , Cassel Graham , Kuramitsu Shoichi , Jacobs Lotte , Debrus Roxane , Malik Fazila , Hildick-Smith David , Laanmets Peep , Roffi Marco
Published: January 2022

Objective

The primary objective was to assess the performance of a new generation thin-strut sirolimus-eluting coronary stent with abluminal biodegradable polymer in an all comer population. The secondary objective was to detail differences in contemporary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) practice worldwide.

Methods

e-Ultimaster was an all-comer, prospective, global registry (NCT02188355) with independent event adjudication enrolling patients undergoing PCI with the study stent. The primary outcome measure was target lesion failure (TLF) at 1 year, defined as the composite of cardiac death, target vessel myocardial infarction and clinically driven target lesion revascularisation. Data were stratified according to 4 geographical regions.

Results

A total of 37 198 patients were enrolled (Europe 69.2%, Asia 17.8%, Africa/Middle East 6.6% and South America/Mexico 6.5%) and 1-year follow-up was available for 35 389 patients (95.1%). One-year TLF occurred in 3.2% of the patients, ranging from 2% (Africa/Middle East) to 4.1% (South America/Mexico). In patients with acute coronary syndrome, potent P2Y12inhibitors were prescribed in 48% of patients at discharge, while at 1 year 72% were on any dual antiplatelet therapy. Lipid-lowering treatment was administered in 80.9% and 75.5% of patients at discharge and 1 year, respectively. Regional differences in the profile of the treated patients as well as in PCI practice were reported.

Conclusions

In this investigation with worldwide representation, contemporary PCI using a new generation thin-strut sirolimus-eluting coronary stent with abluminal biodegradable polymer was associated with low 1-year TLF across clinical presentations and continents. Suboptimal adherence to current recommendations around antiplatelet and lipid lowering treatments was detected.
Intakes of nutrients and food categories in Canadian children and adolescents across levels of sugars intake: cross-sectional analyses of the Canadian Community Health Survey 2015 Public Use Microdata File
Authors: Chiavaroli Laura , Wang Ye (Flora) , Ahmed Mavra , Ng Alena (Praneet) , DiAngelo Chiara , Marsden Sandra , Sievenpiper John L.
Published: January 2022

Dietary recommendations to reduce sugars consumption may influence choices of sugars-containing foods and affect the intake of key micronutrients. We compared intakes of nutrients and food sources stratified by quintiles of total sugars in Canadian children (2–8 y) and adolescents (9–13 y, 14–18 y) using 24-hour dietary recalls from the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey-Nutrition. Energy intakes did not differ across quintiles of sugars intake. Those with lower sugars intakes (Q1/Q3) generally had higher protein, fat, sodium, niacin, folate, and zinc and lower vitamin C compared with those with the highest sugars intakes (Q5). Q1 also had lower potassium but higher saturated fat compared with Q5. Further, Q1 generally had higher protein, fats, and niacin compared with Q3, while children in Q3 had higher potassium and riboflavin and older adolescents had higher calcium and fibre. Q5 had highest intakes of multiple sugar-containing food categories (e.g., fruit, confectionary, milks, cakes/pies/pastries), with higher sugars-sweetened beverages in adolescents. Q3 had higher fruit, milks, and fruit juice compared with Q1 and lower sugars/syrups/preserves, confectionary, and fruit juices compared with Q5. Certain nutrient-dense food sources of sugars (fruit, milks) may help increase key nutrients (potassium, calcium, fibre) in older adolescents with low sugars intakes. However, in those with the highest sugars intakes, nutrient-poor foods may displace nutrient-dense foods.

Novelty: Canadian children and adolescents with lower sugars intake have better intakes of some nutrients. Energy intakes did not differ across sugars intake. Older adolescents with mean intakes of total sugars had better intakes of some key nutrients (potassium, calcium, fibre).
Deep tillage reduces the dependence of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and promotes the growth of tobacco in dryland farming
Authors: Gong Jialei , Zheng Zhongyi , Zheng Bufan , Liu Yongjun , Hu Ruiwen , Gong Jia , Li Sichun , Tian Lijun , Tian Xiangshen , Li Juan , Rang Zhongwen
Published: January 2022

The traditional shallow tillage method reduces soil quality and affects the efficiency of agricultural production. Using conventional rotary tillage (12 cm) as the control, Yunyan 87 as the test variety, and paddy soil as the test site, we studied the effects of deep tillage (subsoiling 30 cm) on soil nutrients, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) growth. The results showed that deep tillage increased the content of organic carbon, available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK) in the 20–40 cm soil layer. The AMF community was also affected by deep tillage. Glomus, the dominant genus in both groups, increased significantly in soil after deep tillage. The AMF colonization rate was lower than that of conventional rotary tillage. Deep tillage was beneficial for tobacco growth in the middle and late stages. The root growth and nutrient content of the tobacco plants increased. Deep tillage significantly improved the output value of tobacco plants. Deep tillage is conducive to improving soil fertility, promoting the vigorous growth of roots, reducing the dependence of tobacco on AMF, and promoting the high quality and yield of tobacco in the drylands of Hunan.
The $$R^2$$-Higgs inflation with two Higgs doublets
Authors: Lee Sung Mook , Modak Tanmoy , Oda Kin-ya , Takahashi Tomo
Published: January 2022

We study $$R^2$$

R
2

-Higgs inflation in a model with two Higgs doublets in which the Higgs sector of the Standard Model is extended by an additional Higgs doublet, thereby four scalar fields are involved in the inflationary evolutions. We first derive the set of equations required to follow the inflationary dynamics in this two Higgs doublet model, allowing a nonminimal coupling between the Higgs-squared and the Ricci scalar R, as well as the $$R^2$$

R
2

term in the covariant formalism. By numerically solving the system of equations, we find that, in parameter space where a successful $$R^2$$

R
2

-Higgs inflation are realized and consistent with low energy constraints, the inflationary dynamics can be effectively described by a single slow-roll formalism even though four fields are involved in the model. We also argue that the parameter space favored by $$R^2$$

R
2

-Higgs inflation requires nearly degenerate masses for $$m_{\mathsf {H}}$$

m
H

, $$m_A$$

m
A

and $$m_{{\mathsf {H}}^{\pm }}$$

m

H

±

, where $${\mathsf {H}}$$
H
, A, and $${\mathsf {H}}^{\pm }$$

H

±

are the extra CP even, CP odd, and charged Higgs bosons in the general two Higgs doublet model taking renormalization group evolutions of the parameters into account. Discovery of such heavy scalars at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are possible if they are in the sub-TeV mass range. Indirect evidences may also emerge at the LHCb and Belle-II experiments, however, to probe the quasi degenerate mass spectra one would likely require high luminosity LHC or future lepton colliders such as the International Linear Collider and the Future Circular Collider.
A test of the standard dark matter density evolution law using galaxy clusters and cosmic chronometers
Authors: Bora Kamal , Holanda R. F. L. , Desai Shantanu , Pereira S. H.
Published: January 2022

In this paper, we implement a test of the standard law for the dark matter density evolution as a function of redshift. For this purpose, only a flat universe and the validity of the FRW metric are assumed. A deformed dark matter density evolution law is considered, given by $$\rho _c(z) \propto (1+z)^{3+\epsilon }$$

ρ
c

(
z
)

∝

(
1
+
z
)

3
+
ϵ

, and constraints on $$\epsilon $$
ϵ
are obtained by combining the galaxy cluster gas mass fractions with cosmic chronometers measurements. We find that $$\epsilon =0$$

ϵ
=
0

within 2$$\sigma $$
σ
c.l., in full agreement with other recent analyses.
AI and essential labor
Authors: Spektor Franchesca , Rodriguez Estefania , Shorey Samantha , Fox Sarah
Published: January 2022

With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, "essential work" became a calling card for the labor that kept the country running. But the activity of essential workers often occurs out of sight. For example, the products of waste workers are everywhere---clean floors, sanitized tables, objects made from recycled plastics---though workers themselves are often behind the scenes.
EpiPolicy
Authors: Mai Anh Le Xuan , Mannino Miro , Tariq Zain , Abouzied Azza , Shasha Dennis
Published: January 2022

COVID-19 brought along an increasing demand for research toward combating epidemics. A group at New York University Abu Dhabi developed a tool, EpiPolicy, to explore and visualize the effects and costs of intervention plans.
Addressing the root of vaccine hesitancy during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Koltai Kolina , Moran Rachel E. , Grasso Izzi
Published: January 2022

As pressure continues to mount on social media platforms to address the spread of vaccine misinformation, we aim to look at solutions to the rise in vaccine hesitancy. But to truly address vaccine misinformation and hesitancy, we need to address the underlying issues with trust in large institutions and inequity in healthcare.
Beyond crisis couture
Authors: Buford Mikayla
Published: January 2022

The practices and motivations of mask makers during the COVID-19 pandemic can teach us how to recognize our ability to individually and collectively design our futures.
Life goes on with Pokémon
Authors: Bhattacharya Arpita , Lee Jin Ha , Yip Jason C. , Kientz Julie A.
Published: January 2022

Players envision how the future design of location-based games can support exploration, socializing, and improving physical and mental health in the post-pandemic new normal.
Single-Cell Epigenomics Reveals Mechanisms of Cancer Progression
Authors: LaFave Lindsay M. , Savage Rachel E. , Buenrostro Jason D.
Published: January 2022

Cancer initiation is driven by the cooperation between genetic and epigenetic aberrations that disrupt gene regulatory programs critical to maintaining specialized cellular functions. After initiation, cells acquire additional genetic and epigenetic alterations influenced by tumor-intrinsic and -extrinsic mechanisms, which increase intratumoral heterogeneity, reshape the cell's underlying gene regulatory networks and promote cancer evolution. Furthermore, environmental or therapeutic insults drive the selection of heterogeneous cell states, with implications for cancer initiation, maintenance, and drug resistance. The advancement of single-cell genomics has begun to uncover the full repertoire of chromatin and gene expression states (cell states) that exist within individual tumors. These single-cell analyses suggest that cells diversify in their regulatory states upon transformation by co-opting damage-induced and nonlineage regulatory programs that can lead to epigenomic plasticity. Here, we review these recent studies related to regulatory state changes in cancer progression and highlight the growing single-cell epigenomics toolkit poised to address unresolved questions in the field.
Water in Sugar Electrolytes and Application to Electrodeposition of Superconducting Rhenium
Authors: Huang Q.
Published: January 2022

A systematic electrochemical study is carried out on electrolytes with superhigh concentrations of fructose. The effect of fructose concentration on the viscosity and conductivity of electrolyte are determined and analyzed using Walden rule and the theory of rate process. The diffusion rates of proton and cupric cation are calculated from the peak current in cyclic voltammogram on stationary electrode and the limiting current on rotating electrodes. Raman spectroscopy is used to characterize the hydrogen bond network in water and the effect of fructose concentration on such network. Rhenium deposition with different fructose concentrations is studied on rotating disc electrodes. X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, and four point probe measurements at cryogenic temperature are used to study the deposition rate, crystallographic structure, and superconductivity of film, respectively.
Structural Evolution, Redox Mechanism, and Ionic Diffusion in Rhombohedral Na2FeFe(CN)6 for Sodium-Ion Batteries: First-Principles Calculations
Authors: Wang Y. P. , Hou B. P. , Cao X. R. , Wu S. Q. , Zhu Z. Z.
Published: January 2022

Prussian blue analogs (Na2FeFe(CN)6) have been regarded as potential cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their low-cost iron resources and open framework. Herein, the detailed first-principles calculations have been performed to investigate the electrochemical properties of Na
x
FeFe(CN)6 during Na ion extraction. The material undergoes a phase transition from a dense rhombohedral to open cubic structure upon half-desodiation, which is resulted from competition of the Na−N Coulomb attraction and d−π covalent bonding of Fe−N. The analyses on the density of states, magnetic moments and Bader charges of Na
x
FeFe(CN)6 reveal that there involve in the successive redox reactions of high-spin Fe2+/Fe3+ and low-spin Fe2+/Fe3+ couples during desodiation. Moreover, the facile three-dimensional diffusion channels for Na+ ions exhibit low diffusion barriers of 0.4 eV ∼ 0.44 eV, which ensures a rapid Na+ transport in the Na
x
FeFe(CN)6 framework, contributing to high rate performance of the battery. This study gives a deeper understanding of the electrochemical mechanisms of Na
x
FeFe(CN)6 during Na+ extraction, which is beneficial for the rational design of superior PBA cathodes for SIBs.
Analysis of the Performance of Phosphorus and Sulphur Co-Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide as Catalyst in Vanadium Redox Flow Battery
Authors: Li Qiang , Wang Junnan , Zhang Tianyu , Wang Zinan , Xue Zhichao , Li Jie , Sun Hong
Published: January 2022

In a vanadium redox flow battery, the traditional polyacrylonitrile based graphite felt (GF) electrode suffers the problems of low electrochemical catalytic activity and low specific surface area. To improve the performance of the GF electrode, we prepared phosphorus and sulphur co-doped reduced graphene oxide (PS-rGO) as catalyst with the simple treatment of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) in the mixture of phytic acid and sulfuric acid. The GF electrode modified with PS-rGO (PS-rGO-GF) was characterized by scanning electron microscope, specific surface area, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and charge-discharge tests. The PS-rGO-GF shows enhanced performance toward VO2+/VO2
+ redox reaction. The battery with the PS-rGO decorated GF presents an excellent battery performance with the energy efficiency of 81.37% at the current density of 80 mA cm−2 and the corresponding discharge capacity of 772 mAh due to the high catalytic activity of PS-rGO.
Extracellular flux analyses reveal differences in mitochondrial PBMC metabolism between high-fit and low-fit females
Authors: Janssen Joëlle J. E. , Lagerwaard Bart , Porbahaie Mojtaba , Nieuwenhuizen Arie G. , Savelkoul Huub F. J. , van Neerven R. J. Joost , Keijer Jaap , de Boer Vincent C. J.
Published: January 2022

Mitochondrial metabolism was significantly higher in PBMCs from high-fit than from low-fit females. This was unrelated to PBMC composition and not impacted by a recent bout of exercise. Our study reveals a link between PBMC metabolism and levels of aerobic fitness, increasing the relevance of PBMC metabolism as a marker to study the impact of lifestyle factors on human health.
A mathematical model of the rat kidney. IV. Whole kidney response to hyperkalemia
Authors: Weinstein Alan M.
Published: January 2022

Hyperkalemia blunts Na+ reabsorption along the nephron, and increased CNT Na+ delivery facilitates K+ secretion. The model suggests that tubuloglomerular feedback limits transmission of proximal effects past the macula densa, so that it is DCT transport that is critical. Hyperkalemia also reduces PCT ammoniagenesis, which enhances K+ excretion. The model suggests a mechanism, namely, that reduced cortical ammonia impacts CNT transport by raising cell pH and thus increasing both ENaC and ROMK conductance.
High-Altitude Erythrocytosis: Mechanisms of Adaptive and Maladaptive Responses
Authors: Villafuerte Francisco C. , Simonson Tatum S. , Bermudez Daniela , León-Velarde Fabiola
Published: January 2022

Erythrocytosis, or increased production of red blood cells, is one of the most well-documented physiological traits that varies within and among in high-altitude populations. Although a modest increase in blood O2-carrying capacity may be beneficial for life in highland environments, erythrocytosis can also become excessive and lead to maladaptive syndromes such as chronic mountain sickness (CMS).
Identification of Hub Genes of Keloid Fibroblasts by Coexpression Network Analysis and Degree Algorithm
Authors: Li Xianglan , Jiang Rihua , Jin Haiguo , Huang Zhehao
Published: January 2022

Background. Keloid is a benign dermal tumor characterized by abnormal proliferation and invasion of fibroblasts. The establishment of biomarkers is essential for the diagnosis and treatment of keloids. Methods. We systematically identified coexpression modules using the weighted gene coexpression network analysis method (WGCNA). Differential expressed genes (DEGs) in GSE145725 and genes in significant modules were integrated to identify overlapping key genes. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were then performed, as well as protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction for hub gene screening. Results. Using the R package of WGCNA, 22 coexpression modules consisting of different genes were identified from the top 5,000 genes with maximum mean absolute deviation in 19 human fibroblast samples. Blue-green and yellow modules were identified as the most important modules, where genes overlapping with DEGs were identified as key genes. We identified the most critical functions and pathways as extracellular structure organization, vascular smooth muscle contraction, and the cGMP-PKG signaling pathway. Hub genes from key genes as BMP4, MSX1, HAND2, TBX2, SIX1, IRX1, EDN1, DLX5, MEF2C, and DLX2 were identified. Conclusion. The blue-green and yellow modules may play an important role in the pathogenesis of keloid. 10 hub genes were identified as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for keloid.
Sports Auxiliary Training Based on Computer Digital 3D Video Image Processing
Authors: Xu Saisai
Published: January 2022

With the continuous development of social economy, sports have received more and more attention. How to improve the quality of sports has become the focus of research. The computer digital 3D video image processing is introduced in this paper, taking shooting as the starting point, in which computer digitization technology is used to collect images of sequence targets through combining the operation flow of shooting, monitor the results and data of shooting and process 3D video images, conduct the analyze and mine according to the corresponding statistical processing results, and evaluate the corresponding training. The simulation experiment proves that the computerized digital 3D video image processing is effective and can scientifically support sports-assisted training.
Enhancement of Coal Permeability Using Aqueous NaCl with Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Guan Weiming , Qi Qi , Nan Senlin , Wang Haichao , Li Xin , Wen Yingyuan , Yao Junhui , Ge Yanyan
Published: January 2022

Water in coal pores can generate strong steam explosions when treated with microwave irradiation. In order to improve the sensitivity of coal reservoirs to microwaves, we used varying concentrations of NaCl on the pore solution, which further increased the effect of microwaves on permeability enhancement. In our experiments, we selected 3 ratios of water content and 5 different concentrations of NaCl. The changes of coal water content and permeability before and after irradiation were compared. In addition, changes in coal surface temperature and internal thermal power were analyzed through thermal imaging and random sphere numerical modeling. Results showed that the increase of the proportion of solution mass and the ion concentration in the solution improved the overall dielectric properties of coal rock samples. After microwave irradiation, the average reduction rate of water content in coal rock samples increased with the increase of ion concentration in the solution. Both the average surface temperature of the coal rock samples and the average electromagnetic heating power gradually increased; this increases the temperature rise rate and maximum temperature of coal rock samples under the same irradiation time, which is conducive to better rapid accumulation of steam pressure, thereby improving the pore structure more effectively. Finally, the maximum growth rate of permeability reached 466.18%. This work provides a novel train of thought to enhance coal permeability by using microwave irradiation.
Clinical Efficacy Evaluation and Potential Mechanism of Zhishe Tongluo Capsule in the Treatment of Cerebral Infarction by Meta-Analysis Associated with Network Pharmacology
Authors: Geng Zhi Xin , Gao Feng , Guo Junjing , Guo Bingzhou , Liu Chunyu , Dong Taiwei , Li Min , Bai Yang , Wei Peifeng
Published: January 2022

Objective. By integrating meta-analysis and network pharmacology strategy, the clinical efficacy of Zhishe Tongluo capsule in the treatment of cerebral infarction was evaluated, and the intervention mechanism was preliminary explored. Methods. Through meta-analysis, the Chinese and English literature of the randomized controlled trial (RCT) of Zhishe Tongluo capsule in the treatment of cerebral infarction was comprehensively searched. Based on the standard of Na Pai, the quantitative literature was determined and the Review Manager data were statistically analyzed. Results. A total of 10 RCTs literatures were included. These literatures included a total of 1278 subjects, of which 670 were in the treatment group and 608 were in the control group. In terms of indicators of efficiency and adverse reaction rate, the treatment group was better than the control group. There was a statistical difference

P
<
0.05

; a total of 559 chemical constituents and 2306 potential targets were obtained from the online database. Of these, 201 components, 145 targets, and 185 pathways were closely related to cerebral infarction. Conclusions. The available evidence indicates that the addition of Zhishe Tongluo capsule to the conventional treatment of Western medicine can improve the clinical efficacy of cerebral infarction and has some advantages in regulating blood lipids and hemorheology, but the overall evidence level is low, which still needs to be further supported by large-scale and multicenter RCTs; intervention of brain infarction by Zhishe Tongluo capsule is a comprehensive result of multicomponent and multi-target interactions. On the basis of the combined meta-analysis and network pharmacology in scientific attempts, it also provides a reference for the clinical evaluation of other drugs and mechanism research.