bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Economic Cost of Poverty Is Enormous
Authors: Rank Mark Robert , Eppard Lawrence M. , Bullock Heather E.
Published: May 2021

Chapter 11 analyzes the overall economic cost of poverty to the United States. Childhood poverty is estimated to cost the United States approximately $1 trillion a year. This is the result of a loss of economic productivity, higher health expenses, and increased criminal justice costs. It is also estimated that for every dollar spent in reducing poverty, the nation would save up to $12 in reduced expenses. The argument of equality versus efficiency is discussed, and shown to be lacking in strength. High rates of poverty are viewed as leading to greater inequality as well as reducing economic efficiency.
Inequality Matters
Authors: Rank Mark Robert , Eppard Lawrence M. , Bullock Heather E.
Published: May 2021

Chapter 18 begins by examining how much economic inequality exists in the United States. With respect to both income and wealth inequality, the United States has the highest levels of inequality compared with other OECD countries. With respect to intergenerational economic mobility, the United States has less mobility than most other industrialized countries, with such mobility declining in recent decades. Greater levels of inequality are also associated with lower levels of mobility. Finally, high levels of inequality are correlated with increased violence, crime, and incarceration. The United States has been an outlier with respect to its failure to adequately address a wide variety of social policy issues, from child care, to criminal justice, to health care. Poverty is prime example of this failure and the predictable result of extremely high numbers of poor people.
For the People
Authors: Graber Naomi
Published: May 2021

Several projects from the late 1930s saw Weill writing in American folk idioms in ways that he carried over into the 1940s. One Man from Tennessee (1937, unfinished), written for the Federal Theatre Project, uses Leftist language to address contemporary political issues, although problems with the libretto doomed the endeavor. The World’s Fair pageant Railroads on Parade (1939, rev. 1940) represents Weill’s willingness to work within the political center, which coincided with mounting tensions with Germany. After the war (and his naturalization), Weill returned to folk idioms with Down in the Valley (1948), which draws on some of the same musical, theatrical, and political ideas as One Man from Tennessee, but in a drastically different cultural context.
Joseph Smith for President
Authors: McBride Spencer W.
Published: May 2021

In 1844, Joseph Smith, the controversial founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, had amassed a national following of some 25,000 believers—and a militia of some 2,500 men. In this year, his priority was protecting the lives and civil rights of his people. Having failed to win the support of any of the presidential contenders for these efforts, Smith launched his own renegade campaign for the White House, one that would end with his assassination at the hands of an angry mob. Smith ran on a platform that called for the total abolition of slavery, the closure of the country’s penitentiaries, the re-establishment of a national bank to stabilize the economy, and most importantly, an expansion of protections for religious minorities. Spencer W. McBride tells the story of Smith’s quixotic but consequential run for the White House and shows how his calls for religious freedom helped to shape the American political system we know today.
Mobocracy
Authors: McBride Spencer W.
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes the difficulties Joseph Smith and the Mormons experienced in 1843, difficulties that ultimately led to Smith’s decision to run for president. These difficulties included another attempt by Missouri to extradite Smith, this time through a failed kidnapping attempt in Illinois. In addition, the Mormons’ practice of bloc voting alienated them from Illinois Whigs and some of the state’s Democrats. Many of these anti-Mormon partisans resolved to drive Smith and his followers from the state, just as Missouri had done five years earlier. Smith and other Mormon leaders sought to shore up their legal and civic protections and passed several extreme Nauvoo city ordinances for this purpose, ordinances that only fueled the outcry against them.
Presidential Hopefuls
Authors: McBride Spencer W.
Published: May 2021

This chapter considers Joseph Smith’s attempts to get the men believed to be the likeliest candidates for president to commit to helping the Latter-day Saints gain their long-sought redress for their lost property in Missouri and to protect their civil rights to prevent a repeat of the Missouri conflict in Illinois. Accordingly, Smith writes to five potential candidates: John C. Calhoun, Lewis Cass, Henry Clay, Richard Mentor Johnson, and Martin Van Buren. Only Calhoun, Cass, and Clay respond. None of the three men commit to help the Mormons. Smith is frustrated by these responses and determines that there is no candidate for the presidency who will ensure the protection of the Mormons’ rights as American citizens. Accordingly, church leaders determine that they should support Smith as an independent candidate for president.
A Political Tract
Authors: McBride Spencer W.
Published: May 2021

In this chapter Joseph Smith and his scribe William W. Phelps draft a political pamphlet that will serve as the platform for Smith’s campaign. This chapter looks at the national relevance of each plank of that platform, as well as the personal relevance of each to Smith. His policy positions include the end of slavery through the federal purchase of slaves from their enslavers, the re-establishment of a national bank to stabilize the economy, and criminal justice reform through the closing of the country’s penitentiaries. Smith also addresses the pressing issues of national expansion, particularly where debates over the annexation of Texas and the disputed claims of the Oregon Country are concerned. But most prominently, Smith calls for the empowerment of the federal government to ensure the protection of religious minorities in individual states.
The Political Kingdom of God
Authors: McBride Spencer W.
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes the formation of the Council of Fifty, a secretive organization in Nauvoo created by Smith. Smith and the Council of Fifty consider solutions to the problems facing the Latter-day Saints. The council manages Smith’s presidential campaign and helps formulate plans to petition the federal government for redress or for a liberal tract of land in the west where the Mormons could resettle. The council also directs negotiations with the Republic of Texas for the Mormons to move there and occupy the contested Nueces Strip. It is also in the Council of Fifty that Smith and others discuss the eventual replacement of the United States government with a theodemocracy ahead of the Second Coming of Jesus Christ.
Assassination
Authors: McBride Spencer W.
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the continuation of anti-Mormon sentiments in western Illinois and the rise of hostile dissenters in Nauvoo. Many are committed to killing Joseph Smith. Their opportunity arises when Smith, in his role as mayor, orders the destruction of a printing press used to print an anti-Mormon newspaper. After several days of tense negotiations that include Smith declaring martial law in Nauvoo, Joseph Smith and his brother, Hyrum, submit to arrest. However, the court denies them bail because treason is added to the charge of inciting a riot, and they are forced to stay in the Carthage, Illinois, jail. On June 27, 1844, a mob storms the jail, killing Joseph and Hyrum Smith. The chapter considers the various motivations for the act. Although Joseph Smith is not assassinated because he is running for president, he has the unwanted designation of the first assassinated presidential candidate in United States history.
Aftermath
Authors: McBride Spencer W.
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes the aftermath of the assassination of Joseph Smith. This aftermath includes mourning and a funeral in Nauvoo, debates over who should succeed Smith as the president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, who the Mormons should vote for in the election, and the decision to leave the United States altogether. The Mormons were contemplating leaving the United States before Smith’s murder, but the violent act seemed to make this departure the only way forward in the minds of many church leaders. They had come to realize that without significant reform, the United States was incapable of protecting them. This chapter also considers the result of the presidential election of 1844 and what became of each of the candidates in the years that followed.
Conclusion
Authors: McBride Spencer W.
Published: May 2021

The Conclusion of the book considers the extent to which Joseph Smith was correct that the states’ rights doctrine condoned mob violence against religious minorities and that the United States would never experience universal religious freedom without a federal government empowered to protect religious minorities. The Missouri militia’s invocation of the violent expulsion of Mormons from the state as their plan to expel abolitionists in the 1850s is examined as a telling example. Joseph Smith’s presidential campaign and its tragic end encapsulate the failure of nineteenth-century Americans to establish universal religious freedom. Many Americans championed states’ rights as a way to maintain race-based slavery in the Southern states, but few acknowledged that this philosophy also disadvantaged religious minority groups. The Conclusion also considers the role of systemic religious discrimination in federal policy for the management of Utah Territory and the multiple denied applications for Utah statehood.
Rousseau
Authors: Bolens Guillemette
Published: May 2021

Jean-Jacques Rousseau expressed the need to be genuinely understood. This need is manifest in the precision with which he describes in his Confessions the kinesthetic valence of his emotional experiences and the impact kinesic dialogues had on him. Several of the kinesic dialogues he records in his autobiography revolve around surprising shifts in tonicity, tone, and tempo in verbal utterances, gestures, and the vital action of breathing. This chapter considers four such passages, including a scene of writing in which Rousseau’s emotional state is specifically communicated by the very fact that his handwriting is unreadable owing to the trembling of his hand.
Conclusion
Authors: Bolens Guillemette
Published: May 2021

The conclusion considers two nonliterary performances of kinesic humor. In their respective routines about horse dressage, Jacques Tati and Eddie Izzard play with their audience’s sensorimotor knowledge and kinesic literacy. While speech is absent from Tati’s mime, it is part of Izzard’s show. In both cases, however, motor cognition operates at a pace that is faster than verbal elucidation. These two examples illustrate the ways in which we are able to cognitively process a gesture and respond to it without necessarily knowing how to account verbally for its humorous and effective complexity. The connections between sensorimotor concepts and verbal concepts cannot be taken for granted. The literary artists whose works are discussed in Kinesic Humor were able to play with such connections and communicate about the ever-surprising versatility of human embodied cognition, leading sometimes to laughter, one of the most obviously embodied of all cognitive events.
The Erosion, Breaking, and Betrayal of the Moral Economy
Authors: Grint Keith
Published: May 2021

The final chapter looks back at the cases of mutiny through several different lenses. First we use Wright Mills’s notion of Vocabularies of Motive that takes what actors say they are doing as opposed to how we might interpret that. In effect these act as mobilizations, not descriptions, of action and explore the way leaders channel a general discontent into a particular form of action. Second, the cases are distributed according to whether the mutineers appear to assume the situation is one where the economic or social or political contract has been undermined. This is mirrored on the establishment side by considering whether the actions of the mutineers are perceived to be a fait accompli or the result of misled subordinates or something that actually poses an existential threat to the status quo. Finally, the nature of the individual leaders of mutinies is explored through the frame of the puer robustus, a term used by many philosophers and political commentators to describe those individuals—rule breakers—who invariably end up taking control over mutinies and often paying the price for that leadership.
{ Epilogue }
Authors: Evelev John
Published: May 2021

The discourse of the picturesque reshaped how Americans understood their landscape, but it largely ended in the mid-1870s. The decline of the picturesque can be illustrated in two emblematic works: Constance Fenimore Woolson’s 1872 short story “In Search of the Picturesque” and William Cullen Bryant’s enormous 1874 scenery book Picturesque America. Woolson’s fictional story is a satire of travel in which a young urban woman accompanies her grandfather to the countryside “in search of the picturesque” and instead only finds development. This story signals the shift in literary interest in rural subjects toward regionalism. Regionalism disavowed the earlier focus on picturesque landscapes, instead featuring distinctive regional dialects and cultural practices that reflected the newly created social sciences. Bryant’s Picturesque America was a Reconstruction-era project aimed at reconnecting the divided nation through a nonhierarchical unification under the sign of “picturesque.” Adding not only the West but also the South to the compendium of American scenery, Picturesque America imagined the entire nation as picturesque. In this formulation, the picturesque became synonymous with landscape in general. Although the picturesque lost its appeal as an authoritative discourse for shaping the American landscape in the latter third of the nineteenth century, this book demonstrates that the spaces that dominated American life in the twentieth century and beyond are owed almost entirely to the transformative project of the mid-nineteenth-century picturesque.
Recovery
Authors: Fortini Brown Patricia
Published: May 2021

The city of Udine begins to heal, the castle of Villalta is rebuilt, and the six Della Torre children come of age. Two sons become soldiers, and three others, including Girolamo, enter the church. Ginevra, the only daughter, marries a Colloredo from another feudal family hostile to the Savorgnan and begins raising a family that would continue the vendetta. Reprisals for the 1511 massacre continue, with periodic outbursts of revenge punctuating a time of relative calm. The year of 1527 is a grim turning point, with famine in the Friuli, the Sack of Rome, and the death of Giovanni, one of the Della Torre soldier brothers. After studying law in Bologna and challenging an exiled Venetian noble to a duel, Girolamo—although a cleric—is granted a licence to carry arms in Venetian territories.
The Venetian Bride
Authors: Fortini Brown Patricia
Published: May 2021

Girolamo marries Giulia Bembo in November 1549. The Council of Ten grants Girolamo permission to travel secretly to the bride’s home to finalize the marriage, but he is required to return to the Palazzo Ducale the same evening. With this unpropitious beginning, the newly united families adapt to a succession of challenges as Giulia’s father Gian Matteo works behind the scenes for a revision of Girolamo’s sentence. The hunt for Tristan Savorgnan and his henchmen continues. He escapes capture, but upon orders of the Council of Ten, his family palace in Udine is razed to the ground. Farnese support for Girolamo endures, notwithstanding the death of Paul III. But even with ongoing appeals from Rome, the Council of Ten holds firm on Girolamo’s sentence of exile. Giulia becomes pregnant, despite restrictions on Girolamo’s movement within the city. The couple prepare to board a galley for Crete in the summer of 1550.
The Return
Authors: Fortini Brown Patricia
Published: May 2021

Back in Venice, Girolamo secures housing in Ca’ Morosini, a Gothic palace on the Grand Canal not far from Ca’ Bembo at Santa Maria Nova. Gian Matteo successfully defends himself from charges of improperly spending state funds in Candia and is allowed to stand for election again. His wife Marcella dies in August 1555, a few days after Giulia gives birth to a daughter named after her grandmother. It is a time of droughts and famine in the countryside, celebrations in Venice, and periodic outbreaks of plague throughout the territory. In early 1556, Bona Sforza, Queen of Poland, is feted throughout the territory. The following year the city celebrates the first coronation of a Dogaressa in a century, with more festivities. Two sons, Giovanni and Alvise III, are born to Giulia in 1556 and 1557. Bishop Michele becomes majordomo of the household of Pope Pius IV in Rome and reluctantly engages in papal politics.
The Legacy
Authors: Fortini Brown Patricia
Published: May 2021

This final chapter follows the Della Torre bloodline through the eighteenth century. Giovanni pursues has a successful career as Bishop of Veglia. Giulio marries Antonio Marchesi’s daughter Caterina in 1600, establishing the Udine line, and the family regains ownership of Palazzo Torriani. Sigismondo, head of the Gorizian line, dies the following year. The vast patrimony of both lines flows to his great-grandson, Carlo II, by right of primogeniture. Carlo’s grandson, Lucio Antonio, becomes heir to a toxic heritage of violence and entitlement and commits a litany of atrocities. Venice banishes him in 1717 and orders Palazzo Torriani to be razed to the ground. He is executed in 1723 for conspiring to murder his wife. His son, Lucio Sigismondo, recoups much of the patrimony and purchases a new Palazzo Torriani in Udine. Compiling extensive genealogies and organizing archival documents, he rewrites the family narrative and restores the good name of the Della Torre.
Epilogue
Authors: Fortini Brown Patricia
Published: May 2021

The destinies of the descendants of Girolamo Della Torre and his Venetian bride, Giulia Bembo, were shaped by a feudal culture based on blood and soil that would gradually change to a culture with respect for the rule of civil law. They were also shaped, and not for the better, by a change in inheritance practice from comunella (equal shares to the patriline) to primogeniture. The clan solidarity of the sixteenth century of Girolamo and his brothers and sons eroded and was replaced by a culture of individualism, competition, and potential intrafamily strife. It is no small irony that despite efforts by both the Della Torre and Bembo families to preserve their patrimonies through large families and an unbroken succession of male heirs, the last survivor in the paternal bloodline of each was a daughter.
Introduction
Authors: Ehring Douglas
Published: May 2021

In the Introduction, the main questions and line of argument of this work are outlined. A summary of the critical part of this work is presented, the focus of which is on improving upon Parfit’s “Divergence Argument” for the thesis that identity is not what matters in survival, but showing that this argument still fails. Second, the positive argument of this work, the “triviality argument,” is outlined. This argument appeals to the idea that the important cannot depend on the trivial. According this argument, identity never matters in survival but neither does any other relation. The result is what I call “survival nihilism.”
The Non-Triviality Principle and Objections to Its Application
Authors: Ehring Douglas
Published: May 2021

In Chapter 6, six objections to the application of the Non-Triviality Principle in the triviality argument are examined. According to the first objection, the Non-Triviality Principle does not apply to the kind of facts referenced in the triviality argument. According to the second and third objections, the triviality argument depends on what are claimed to be false assumptions about causation—respectively, that causation comes in degrees and that probabilistic causation implies that causation is scalar. The fourth objection is that the relation that matters varies in strength with the strength of the causal connection, but the triviality argument wrongly assumes otherwise. The fifth objection is that the triviality argument works only if reasons externalism is true, but reasons internalism is true. The sixth objection is that the triviality argument fails if particularism or brutalism applies to what matters in survival. None of these objections, it is argued, hit their targets.
Introduction
Authors: Cappelen Herman , Dever Josh
Published: May 2021

This chapter introduces the topic of the book: the philosophical foundations of AI, and in particular the powerful contemporary AI that guides our lives and receives so much attention in the media. It introduces the idea of a neural network, and poses the central puzzle of the book: when a given system’s outputs take the form of what appear to be acts of verbal communication, what is going on? When an AI system indicates, for example, that we are not creditworthy, is it saying that we are not? Can it speak? Along with posing this central question, the chapter also makes clear what the book is not about—ethics, for example—and areas in which the book might have relevance for extra-philosophical debates, such as the need for explainable AI.
Alfred (the Dismissive Sceptic): Philosophers, Go Away!
Authors: Cappelen Herman , Dever Josh
Published: May 2021

There is a view prevalent among people working in the artificial intelligence field to the effect that philosophers have nothing to tell us about AI and (putative) AI communication—that philosophy cannot help with the mathematical problems of making practical advances in AI and is, therefore, no more than a diverting irrelevance. This chapter rebuts that view. It takes the form of a dialogue between a philosopher and someone working in AI who is sceptical about philosophy’s relevance to AI. The sceptic, Alfred, argues that philosophical issues about the nature of communication are irrelevant to ongoing work in AI; the philosopher responds, showing that the sceptic’s supposedly unphilosophical perspective in fact harbours philosophical presuppositions, and ones that are worth discussing—in particular, the question of meaning and content within AI systems.
Our Theory: De-Anthropocentrized Externalism
Authors: Cappelen Herman , Dever Josh
Published: May 2021

This chapter introduces the central claim of the book about AI communication. It argues first that we should understand AI communication in terms of externalism, the thought that the semantic content an entity can express is determined to a large extent by the environment it finds itself in, rather than by its internal states. It then argues that existing externalist theories are too human-centric: they concentrate on peculiarities of human beings not shared by AI systems. It accordingly proposes to abstract from those human peculiarities when developing theories of communication for AI. The chapter ends by discussing how to decide between competing metasemantic frameworks such as externalism and internalism.
Latin Poetry in the Ancient Greek Novels
Authors: Jolowicz Daniel
Published: May 2021

This work establishes and explores connections between Greek imperial literature and Latin poetry. As such, it challenges conventional thinking about literary and cultural interaction of the period, which assumes that imperial Greeks are not much interested in Roman cultural products (especially literature). Instead, it argues that Latin poetry is a crucially important frame of reference for Greek imperial literature. This has significant ramifications, bearing on the question of bilingual allusion and intertextuality, as well as on that of cultural interaction during the imperial period more generally. The argument mobilizes the Greek novels—a literary form that flourished under the Roman Empire, offering narratives of love, separation, and eventual reunion in and around the Mediterranean basin—as a series of case studies. Three of these novels in particular—Chariton’s Chaereas and Callirhoe, Achilles Tatius’ Clitophon and Leucippe, and Longus’ Daphnis and Chloe—are analysed for the extent to which they allude to Latin poetry, and for the effects (literary and ideological) of such allusion. After an Introduction that establishes the cultural context and parameters of the study, each chapter pursues the strategies of an individual novelist in connection with Latin poetry: Chariton and Latin love elegy (Chapter 1); Chariton and Ovidian epistles and exilic poetry (Chapter 2); Chariton and Vergil’s Aeneid (Chapter 3); Achilles Tatius and Latin love elegy (Chapter 4); Achilles Tatius and Vergil’s Aeneid (Chapter 5); Achilles Tatius and the theme of bodily destruction in Ovid’s Metamorphoses, Lucan’s Bellum Civile, and Seneca’s Phaedra (Chapter 6); Longus and Vergil’s Eclogues, Georgics, and Aeneid (Chapter 7). The work offers the first book-length study of the role of Latin literature in Greek literary culture under the empire and thus provides fresh perspectives and new approaches to the literature and culture of this period.
Introduction
Authors: Jolowicz Daniel
Published: May 2021

This Introduction contextualizes the question of imperial Greek engagement with Latin literature within scholarship on the period often labelled as the ‘Second Sophistic’. It establishes the multiple parameters of ‘Greek biculturality’ in order to soften the traditional dogma according to which Greeks would not read Latin (and certainly not Latin poetry) (Section 0.1). It addresses questions of Greek–Roman bilingualism (0.2), the evidence of Latin papyri (especially Vergil) in the context of education (0.3), and gathers together the scattered literary evidence for Greek awareness of Latin poetry (0.4). It then focuses on two contexts, the festival circuit and libraries, in which Greeks may have engaged with Latin poetry (0.5); the archaeology and epigraphy of cities such as Ephesus and Aphrodisias (cities also associated with the novelists) are called upon in establishing this picture. The following section (0.6) sets up the methodology governing allusion and intertextuality, phenomena that are integral to the argument of the book. The final section (0.7) sounds a note of caution about any attempt to draw homogenizing conclusions about ‘Greeks of the imperial period’, a group of great chronological and geographical diversity.
Longus and Vergil
Authors: Jolowicz Daniel
Published: May 2021

Chapter 7 claims that Longus’ Daphnis and Chloe exhibits a sustained engagement with Vergil’s Eclogues and Aeneid, and, to a lesser extent, the Georgics. The introduction (Section 7.1) gathers the evidence for the novel as the composition of a Romanized member of the Mytilenean Greek elite, descended from Pompey’s freedman, Theophanes of Mytilene, and suggests that it was written at some point during the second half of the second century; this will become particularly relevant to Section 7.8 on Longus’ subversive engagement with the Aeneid (a poem celebrating the Julian—not Pompeian!—claim to autocratic rule). Sections 7.2–7.7 are concerned with setting out the features of Vergilian pastoral that recur in Longus, and which are absent from Theocritus (or at least different in degree and kind). These include: the fragility of pastoral autonomy (7.2); theft and vandalism (7.3, 7.3.1, the latter also positing a connection with Ovidian elegy); various elements of Philetas’ biography (7.4); dendronyms (7.5); Amaryllis and pastoral echo (7.6); and Tityros and pastoral succession (7.7).
Knowledge Norms for Constative Speech Acts
Authors: Simion Mona
Published: May 2021

This chapter is up to an ambitious task: it develops the first integrated account of the epistemic normativity of constatives. In order to do that, it argues for a generalized knowledge-based account of the epistemic normativity of constative speech, and it develops the corresponding accounts for, respectively, assertives, predictives, retrodictives, descriptives, ascriptives, informatives, confirmatives, concessives, retractives, assentives, dissentives, disputatives, responsives, suggestives, and suppositives. The chapter argues for a knowledge account from three different angles: (1) the nature of communicative speech acts, (2) the relation between assertion and other constatives, and (3) the normativity of belief together with constatives’ epistemic function.
Introduction
Authors: Tanasa Adrian
Published: May 2021

The chapter explains the interplay between Combinatorisc and Physics and the emerging of the domain of Combinatorial Physics. The content of the book is then made explicit, chapter-by-chapter. The interplay between combinatorics and theoretical physics is a recent trend which appears to us as particularly natural, since the unfolding of new ideas in physics is often tied to the development of combinatorial methods, and, conversely, problems in combinatorics have been successfully tackled using methods inspired by theoretical physics. A lot of problems in physics are thus revealed to be enumerative. On the other hand, problems in combinatorics can be solved in an elegant way using theoretical physics-inspired techniques.
Graphs, ribbon graphs, and polynomials
Authors: Tanasa Adrian
Published: May 2021

In this chapter we present some notions of graph theory that will be useful in the rest of the book. It is worth emphasizing that graph theorists and theoretical physicists adopt, unfortunately, different terminologies. We present here both terminologies, such that a sort of dictionary between these two communities can be established. We then extend the notion of graph to that of maps (or of ribbon graphs). Moreover, graph polynomials encoding these structures (the Tutte polynomial for graphs and the Bollobás–Riordan polynomial for ribbon graphs) are presented.
Tree weights and renormalization in QFT
Authors: Tanasa Adrian
Published: May 2021

In this chapter we define specific tree weights which appear natural when considering a certain approach to non-perturbative renormalization in QFT, namely the constructive renormalization. Several examples of such tree weights are explicitly given in Appendix A. A fundamental step in QFT is to compute the logarithm of functional integrals used to define the partition function of a given model This comes from a fundamental theorem of enumerative combinatorics, stating the logarithm counts the connected objects. The main advantage of the perturbative expansion of a QFT into a sum of Feynman amplitudes is to perform this computation explicitly: the logarithm of the functional integral is the sum of Feynman amplitudes restricted to connected graphs. The main disadvantage is that the perturbative series indexed by Feynman graphs typically diverges.
Random tensor models—theO(N)3-invariant model
Authors: Tanasa Adrian
Published: May 2021

We define in this chapter a class of tensor models endowed with O(N)3-invariance, N being again the size of the tensor. This allows to generate, via the usual QFT perturbative expansion, a class of Feynman tensor graphs which is strictly larger than the class of Feynman graphs of both the multi-orientable model and the U(N)3-invariant models treated in the previous two chapters. We first exhibit the existence of a large N expansion for such a model with general interactions (non-necessary quartic). We then focus on the quartic model and we identify the leading order and next-to-leading Feynman graphs of the large N expansion. Finally, we prove the existence of a critical regime and we compute the so-called critical exponents. This is achieved through the use of various analytic combinatorics techniques.
The Sachdev–Ye–Kitaev (SYK) holographic model
Authors: Tanasa Adrian
Published: May 2021

In this chapter, we first review the Sachdev–Ye–Kitaev (SYK) model, which is a quantum mechanical model of N fermions. The model is a quenched model, which means that the coupling constant is a random tensor with Gaussian distribution. The SYK model is dominated in the large N limit by melonic graphs, in the same way the tensor models presented in the previous three chapters are dominated by melonic graphs. We then present a purely graph theoretical proof of the melonic dominance of the SYK model. It is this property which led E. Witten to relate the SYK model to the coloured tensor model. In the rest of the chapter we deal with the so-called coloured SYK model, which is a particular case of the generalisation of the SYK model introduced by D. Gross and V. Rosenhaus. We first analyse in detail the leading order and next-to-leading order vacuum, two- and four-point Feynman graphs of this model. We then exhibit a thorough asymptotic combinatorial analysis of the Feynman graphs at an arbitrary order in the large N expansion. We end the chapter by an analysis of the effect of non-Gaussian distribution for the coupling of the model.
SYK-like tensor models
Authors: Tanasa Adrian
Published: May 2021

In this chapter we analyse in detail the diagrammatics of various Sachdev–Ye–Kitaev-like tensor models: the Gurau–Witten model (in the first section), and the multi-orientable and O(N)3-invariant tensor models, in the rest of the chapter. Various explicit graph theoretical techniques are used. The Feynman graphs obtained through perturbative expansion are stranded graphs where each strand represents the propagation of an index nij, alternating stranded edges of colours i and j. However, it is important to emphasize here that since no twists among the strands are allowed, one can easily represent the Feynman tensor graphs as standard Feynman graphs with additional colours on the edges.
Walter Scott’s Long-Distance Fiction
Authors: McDonagh Josephine
Published: May 2021

Innovations in novelistic form that appear at the end of the Napoleonic Wars do so in the context of a national discussion about colonial emigration, and an uprooting and dispersing of British people on a profound scale, that provoked a reimagining of global space. Poverty, unemployment, and security, both domestically and in the colonies, were concerns about which emigration was proposed as a possible solution. This helps to explain two influential formal innovations made by Walter Scott in Guy Mannering (1815). The first is the invention of a new geographical imaginary. The novel is distinctive for its international backstory that takes place in India outside the main temporal and geographical frames of the novel, as well as a mode of calibrating distance in relation to details of size and scale, and through manipulating levels of readerly attention. The second innovation is its eccentric character, the gypsy, Meg Merrilies, who specifically derives from these spatial concerns. Her character is especially topical as it draws on contemporary beliefs about gypsies, a displaced people thought to have originated in India, but who are also identified with Scottish peasants displaced during the Highland Clearances, and other indigenous displaced people. Through the character of Meg, the novel examines contemporary questions about property, place, and belonging, as well as race and indigeneity. Meg’s persistence in print culture through the next several decades, reimagined in theatrical renditions, poems, print commodities, and travel writings, turns her into a celebrity character, and constituent element of a migratory British culture.
John Galt’s ‘Whole Art of Colonization’
Authors: McDonagh Josephine
Published: May 2021

The Scottish novelist John Galt provides the clearest example of a writer in whose works fiction, literary technique, and settler colonization overlap. Famous for his regional novels about communities on Scotland’s western seaboard, he also had careers as parliamentary lobbyist, entrepreneur, and colonist in Upper Canada. In the 1820s, he spent a period working for the Canada Land Company, a colonization company he helped to establish in London, and through which he travelled to Canada to participate in the development of colonial settlements, including the city of Guelph. This provided copious material for writings in the final years of his life. Although Galt, and subsequently critics and biographers, have tended to represent the two periods of his life separately, they both are part of a single colonial project, connected by the extensive print networks of which he was a part. The connections are evident principally in his preoccupation with voice and dialect, sound and hearing. In the Scottish works he emphasizes phonological aspects of Scottish regional voices, and ways in which literature trains the ear. Sound operates as a mode of organizing and producing space. In the Canadian works, he explores the themes of sound and acoustic management in the context of colonial space. Together his works present an archive of colonial sound management, and an exploration of the auditory elements of his colonial project.
Transported!
Authors: McDonagh Josephine
Published: May 2021

A shared interest in the practice of colonization as a form of predation and capture provides a surprising link between Edward Gibbon Wakefield’s writings about systematic colonization and Charlotte Brontë’s whimsical juvenile writings. Both present their ideas in fictional form, and their colonies as imaginative constructs. Wakefield’s theory, which was influential in shaping British colonial policy, involved transporting working-class families to Australia to establish a labour force within new settlements. To reinforce the difference between his scheme and that of chattel slavery, he emphasized the freedom of his workers. Yet his scheme entailed significant restraints of their personal liberties: their freedom of movement, association, and right to own property, as well as the requirement to marry and have children. Similar preoccupations are evident in an earlier episode in Wakefield’s biography, in which he kidnapped a young woman in order to marry her for her family’s wealth and prestige. Brontë, who was roughly the same age as Wakefield’s young victim, explores these themes explicitly in her own teenage accounts of a colony in Africa, Glass Town. Co-authored with her siblings, this intricate saga of conquest and settlement by a group of European explorers presents a juvenile commentary on contemporary colonial practices. It reveals the coercive violence within the colony, as well as the submerged erotic elements within it. It also shows the ways this same violence underpins fictional narratives, especially the marriage plots that Brontë develops in her mature works.
The Political Picaresque
Authors: McDonagh Josephine
Published: May 2021

At the end of the 1840s, authored by Chartist Thomas Martin Wheeler, a new form of fiction—the ‘political picaresque’—deliberately eschewed the conventions of the bourgeois novel, especially the marriage plot, and its linking of marriage and inheritance with the appropriation of land. Wheeler’s formal innovations responded to the conditions of a time in which emigration, land reform, globalization, and the rise of nationalisms across Europe stirred people’s feelings in contrary ways. For Chartists, land ownership was tied to a history of encroachment which had impoverished working people since medieval times. In the 1840s, these long-standing concerns were exacerbated by colonial emigration schemes that targeted working-class people for removal abroad. As it aimed to rehouse thousands of working-class people in new colonies in Britain rather than overseas, the Chartist Land Plan was a radical response to these conditions. Beset with problems, the Land Plan collapsed at the same moment at which the Chartist movement failed to achieve its political aims. In this context, Wheeler uses the novel as a fictional form in which to reimagine a democratic future. He narrativizes the transitory relationships between people and places that exist in situations of profound precarity, and creates a distinctive kinetic and spatial ecology within his text, central to which is a distinctive use of the term ‘occupation’ to encapsulate the inhabitation, rather than appropriation, of land. Although Wheeler’s new genre was short-lived, it represents a significant attempt to recast the novel as a mode in which to imagine alternative futures.
Constitutionalism
Authors: Gasbarri Lorenzo
Published: May 2021

Constitutionalism emerged as a reaction to functionalism to rebut the international nature of the relation between organizations and member states: member states are organs of the organization when they act in the fulfilment of its purposes; the law created by international organizations is purely internal law; the institutional veil is characterized by an impermeable opacity; the autonomy of the organization is maximal; the conduct of a member state acting in the institutional forum is not relevant as a matter of international law. This chapter describes the historical roots of this conceptualization and posits why under this perspective the rules of the organizations are internal law of each particular organization. Afterwards, it describes the flaws of this theory discussing the problems arising in terms of the principle of lex specialis and concerning the attribution of conduct to an international organization.
Why Print Poetry?
Authors: Park Simon
Published: May 2021

The 1590s saw what has come to be known as the ‘lyric’ poetry of many of the writers in this book printed for the first time. This chapter investigates the rush of activity in Lisbon’s print houses as the century came to a close, focusing especially on why the many individuals involved in the print trade chose to print poems that had been circulating, sometimes widely, in manuscript for quite some time. It sets out a distaste for love poetry that was frequently articulated in Inquisitorial printing licences and in the paratexts to other books printed in the period, before tracing how the terms of approval for non-devotional poetry began to shift towards the end of the sixteenth century. Three principal justifications for printing collections of poetry were presented in the period. The first involved using print to disseminate a vision of the best of the Portuguese language, simultaneously to those outside the nation, who doubt its capacity as a vehicle for ideas, and to native speakers of the language, who might learn from its most able and elegant practitioners, i.e. poets. The second reason relates more closely to the change in medium in question: editors and printers argued that print was a means of tackling the errors introduced by manuscript dissemination. The third and final justification was the desire to make a name for a poet, which ties in closely with the other justifications for print, because establishing an individual’s renown required settling their oeuvre and often involved claiming them as a national icon.
Afterword
Authors: Park Simon
Published: May 2021

With reference to an emblem by Andrea Alciato, the afterword draws out the tensions between poets’ aspirations (both poetic and social) in the period and the practical constraints that weighed them down which lie at the heart of the preceding chapters. It returns to the idea of a ‘pragmatics of poetry’ that was set out in the introduction, restating the aim of this study to consider the practicalities around making poetry (finding time to write it, making a living from it, printing books of it) and the different contexts in which poetry was written, copied, gifted, swapped, and sold, in order to grasp what poets thought the value of their art was or ought to be.
Referring to the World
Authors: Taylor Kenneth A.
Published: May 2021

Our words and ideas refer to objects and properties in the external world; this phenomenon is central to thought, language, communication, and science. But great works of fiction are full of names that don’t seem to refer to anything! This book explores the myriad of problems that surround the phenomenon of reference. How can words in language and perturbations in our brains come to stand for external objects? Reference is essential to truth, but which is more basic: reference or truth? How can fictional characters play such an important role in imagination and literature, and how does this use of language connect with more mundane uses? The book develops a framework for understanding reference, and the theories that other thinkers—past and present—have developed about it. But it doesn’t simply tell us what others thought; the book is full of new ideas and analyses, making for a vital final contribution from a seminal philosopher.
Inner Fitness and Outer Cause
Authors: Taylor Kenneth A.
Published: May 2021

Just how does the mind manage, on the basis of the inward rush of mere energy upon the portals of sensation, to represent to itself a world populated with a dizzying variety of putatively mind-independent objects? This chapter argues that two distinct and independent factors are involved; each is necessary, together they are sufficient. One factor is extra-representational, causal and informational, and rooted in the world. The other factor is internal and structural and rooted in the subject. Section 2 develops the initial question. In section 3, semantic referentialism is distinguished from semantic presentationalism. Semantic referentialism emphasizes the first factor, semantic presentationalism emphasizes the second. Taylor will advocate a modified version of semantic referentialism, two-factor referentialism. Section 3 aims to understand doctrine of the epistemic one-sidedness of all reference and to begin to undermine it as a motivation for semantic presentationalism. Section 4 considers the notion of a merely objectual representation and begins to lay the groundwork for two-factor representationalism by distinguishing between objectual and fully objective representations. Section 5 critically explores the Fregean and Kantian roots of this distinction.
Puzzles of Coreference
Authors: Taylor Kenneth A.
Published: May 2021

This chapter deals with coreference puzzles, long regarded as bedrock data against which the adequacy of any theory of singular reference must ultimately be tested. The chapter argues that two-factor referentialism, introduced in Chapter 2, does the best job of solving them. It considers a number of coreference problems, old ones from Frege; newer ones from Kripke, Saul, Richard, and others; and some entirely new ones. It discusses some relevant syntactic issues and distinguishes intrinsic coreference from coincidental coreference. The view that names are individuated by spelling and pronunciation, such as the theory of “nambiguity” put forward by Perry and Korta, is rejected. It criticizes views that treat names as indexicals, as conflating importantly different instruments of reference. It criticizes the view that names are predicates, as having no reasons in its favor other than a misplaced desire for unity. It then develops the two-factor theory by comparing its treatment of cognitive significance with Frege’s views, and more recent views of Perry, Recanati, Fiengo, and May.
China's Civilian Army
Authors: Martin Peter
Published: May 2021

China’s Civilian Army tells the story of China’s transformation from an isolated and impoverished communist state to a global superpower from the perspective of its diplomats. In the early days of the People’s Republic, diplomats were highly disciplined, committed communists who feared revealing any weakness to the threatening capitalist world. Remarkably, the model that revolutionary leader Zhou Enlai established continues to this day despite the massive changes the country has undergone in recent decades. Even today, Chinese diplomats work in pairs so that one can always watch the other for signs of ideological impurity. China’s Civilian Army charts the history of China’s diplomatic corps from its earliest days through to the present, drawing on the memoirs of more than a hundred retired diplomats and dozens of interviews.