bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Battalion Aid Station—The Forgotten Frontier of the Army Health System During the Global War on Terrorism
Authors: Fisher Andrew D , April Michael D , Naylor Jason F , Kotwal Russ S , Schauer Steven G
Published: October 2021

Background

The battalion aid station (BAS) has historically served as the first stop during which combat casualties would receive care beyond a combat medic. Since the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, many combat casualties have bypassed the BAS for treatment facilities capable of surgery. We describe the care provided at these treatment facilities during 2007–2020.

Methods

This is a secondary analysis of previously described data from the Department of Defense Trauma Registry. We included encounters with the documentation of an assessment or intervention at a BAS or forward operating base from January 1, 2007 to March 17, 2020. We utilized descriptive statistics to characterize these encounters.

Results

There were 28,950 encounters in our original dataset, of which 3.1% (884) had the documentation of a prehospital visit to a BAS. The BAS cohort was older (25 vs. 24, P < .001) The non-BAS cohort saw a larger portion of pediatric (<18 years) patients (10.7% vs. 5.7%, P < .001). A higher proportion of BAS patients had nonbattle injuries (40% vs. 20.7%, P < .001). The mean injury severity score was higher in the non-BAS cohort (9 vs. 5, P < .001). A higher proportion of the non-BAS cohort had more serious extremity injuries (25.1% vs. 18.4%, P < .001), although the non-BAS cohort had a trend toward serious injuries to the abdomen (P = .051) and thorax (P = .069). There was no difference in survival.

Conclusions

The BAS was once a critical point in casualty evacuation and treatment. Within our dataset, the overall number of encounters that involved a stop at a BAS facility was low. For both the asymmetric battlefield and multidomain operations/large-scale combat operations, the current model would benefit from a more robust capability to include storage of blood, ventilators, and monitoring and hold patients for an undetermined amount of time.
MIGHTEE: total intensity radio continuum imaging and the COSMOS/XMM-LSS Early Science fields
Authors: Heywood I , Jarvis M J , Hale C L , Whittam I H , Bester H L , Hugo B , Kenyon J S , Prescott M , Smirnov O M , Tasse C , Afonso J M , Best P N , Collier J D , Deane R P , Frank B S , Hardcastle M J , Knowles K , Maddox N , Murphy E J , Prandoni I , Randriamampandry S M , Santos M G , Sekhar S , Tabatabaei F , Taylor A R , Thorat K
Published: October 2021

MIGHTEE is a galaxy evolution survey using simultaneous radio continuum, spectropolarimetry, and spectral line observations from the South African MeerKAT telescope. When complete, the survey will image ∼20 deg2 over the COSMOS, E-CDFS, ELAIS-S1, and XMM-Newton Large Scale Structure field (XMM-LSS) extragalactic deep fields with a central frequency of 1284 MHz. These were selected based on the extensive multiwavelength data sets from numerous existing and forthcoming observational campaigns. Here, we describe and validate the data processing strategy for the total intensity continuum aspect of MIGHTEE, using a single deep pointing in COSMOS (1.6 deg2) and a three-pointing mosaic in XMM-LSS (3.5 deg2). The processing includes the correction of direction-dependent effects, and results in thermal noise levels below 2 $\mathrm{\mu }$Jy beam−1 in both fields, limited in the central regions by classical confusion at ∼8 arcsec angular resolution, and meeting the survey specifications. We also produce images at ∼5 arcsec resolution that are ∼3 times shallower. The resulting image products form the basis of the Early Science continuum data release for MIGHTEE. From these images we extract catalogues containing 9896 and 20 274 radio components in COSMOS and XMM-LSS, respectively. We also process a close-packed mosaic of 14 additional pointings in COSMOS and use these in conjunction with the Early Science pointing to investigate methods for primary beam correction of broad-band radio images, an analysis that is of relevance to all full-band MeerKAT continuum observations, and wide-field interferometric imaging in general. A public release of the MIGHTEE Early Science continuum data products accompanies this article.
JKAP serves as a potential biomarker for the evaluation of inflammatory condition, disease activity, and treatment response to TNF inhibitor in ankylosing spondylitis patients
Authors: Zhou Xianjie , Li Mingwu
Published: October 2021

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate the value of JKAP as a biomarker in estimating treatment response to TNF inhibitor in AS patients.

Methods

Totally, 63 AS patents who planned to receive adalimumab (TNF inhibitor) treatment were enrolled. Baseline JKAP level was determined in serum samples. All patients received 40 mg adalimumab every two weeks for 12 weeks. At W2, W4, W8, and W12, ASAS40 response rates were evaluated.

Results

JKAP was negatively correlated with CRP (P = 0.032), BASDAI score (P = 0.021), BASFI score (P = 0.045), ASDASCRP score (P = 0.038), TNF-α (P = 0.031), IL-6 (P = 0.025) and IL-17A (P = 0.022). The ASAS40 response rates were 17.5%, 31.7%, 44.4% and 55.5% at W2, W4, W8 and W12, respectively. Baseline JKAP level was lower in patients with ASAS40 response than those without ASAS40 response (25.8 (13.2–42.7) pg/mL vs. 47.3 (26.7–71.2) pg/mL, P = 0.003). Multivariate logistic regression disclosed that JKAP level (P = 0.049) and CRP level (P = 0.014) independently correlated with ASAS40 response; further analyses disclosed that they exhibited acceptable to good ability in distinguishing patients with ASAS40 response from those without ASAS40 response.

Conclusion

JKAP serves as a potential biomarker for evaluation of inflammatory condition, disease activity, especially for assessing treatment response to TNF inhibitor in AS patients.
Diagnostic utility of serum biomarkers in large vessel vasculitis and their correlation with positron emission tomography
Authors: Bilici Salman Reyhan , Koca Gülce , Gülbahar Ateş Seda , Yapar Dilek , Babaoglu Hakan , Satış Hasan , Avanoglu Güler Aslıhan , Karadeniz Hazan , Ataş Nuh , Küçük Hamit , Akdemir Ümit Özgür , Haznedaroğlu Şeminur , Tufan Abdurrahman , Göker Berna , Paşaoğlu Hatice , Atay Lütfiye Özlem , Öztürk Mehmet Akif
Published: October 2021

Objectives

To investigate the association between vascular inflammation, as detected by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and interleukin-6 (IL-6), pentraxin3, and B-cell-activating factor (BAFF) in subjects with LVV.

Methods

The study included newly diagnosed giant cell arteritis (GCA, n = 27) or Takayasu arteritis (n = 9) patients and healthy control (HC, n = 31) subjects. PET scan and blood samples were obtained before the introduction of treatments. IL-6, PTX3, and BAFF levels were determined quantitatively by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits.

Results

Thirty-six patients with LVV (20 females, 16 males; age 64.5 ± 16.6 years) and 31 HC (14 females, 17 males; age 37.1 ± 9.6 years) were included. Serum levels of IL-6, PTX3, and BAFF were increased in patients with newly diagnosed LVV compared with healthy control subjects. In receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis, serum IL-6 and BAFF provided excellent discrimination of newly diagnosed LVV patients from HC (area under the ROC curve of >0.90 and >0.80, respectively). None of the inflammatory markers correlated with vascular inflammatory activity determined by PET scanning.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that IL-6 and BAFF may serve as markers of large vessel vasculitis, while PTX3 is not useful. None of the inflammatory markers correlated with PET assessed vasculitis activity.
Nation-wide survey of the treatment trend of microscopic polyangiitis and granulomatosis with polyangiitis in Japan using the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare Database
Authors: Nagasaka Kenji , Kaname Shinya , Amano Koichi , Kato Masaru , Katsumata Yasuhiro , Komagata Yoshinori , Sada Ken-Ei , Tanaka Eiichi , Tamura Naoto , Dobashi Hiroaki , Nanki Toshihiro , Harabuchi Yasuaki , Bando Masashi , Homma Sakae , Wada Takashi , Harigai Masayoshi
Published: October 2021

Objectives

In Japan, clinical records of patients with intractable diseases, including microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) and granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), are compiled into a database. This study aimed to understand the current treatment status and changes in treatment regimens from our previous survey.

Methods

Using data from 2012 and 2013, patients with new-onset MPA and GPA were extracted and analysed.

Results

We analysed 1278 MPA and 215 GPA patients. The average age was 71.7 and 62.7 years, respectively. Methylprednisolone pulse therapy was used in 51.2% of MPA patients and 40.5% of GPA patients; the initial prednisolone-equivalent glucocorticoid dose was 39.5 mg/day in MPA and 46.6 mg/day in GPA. Concomitant intravenous or oral cyclophosphamide (CY) was administered to 22.6% of MPA and 56.3% of GPA. Young age, bloody sputum, low serum creatinine, and high C-reactive protein levels were independently associated with CY use in MPA. Compliance with treatment protocol for Japanese patients with myeloperoxidase (MPO)-anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis study criteria or the 2011 clinical practice guidelines for rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis was 42.7% and 49.7%, respectively.

Conclusions

MPA was more prevalent than GPA in the registry. Compared to patients with GPA, MPA patients were older and used CY less frequently. No apparent changes in treatment trends were observed from the previous survey.
Therapeutic effect of targeting Substance P on the progression of osteoarthritis
Authors: Shirakawa Yoshiko , Nakasa Tomoyuki , Kanemitsu Munekazu , Nekomoto Akinori , Ishikawa Masakazu , Yimiti Dilimulati , Miyaki Shigeru , Adachi Nobuo
Published: October 2021

Objectives

Substance P (SP) modulates NK1 and has various functions such as regulation of pain response, bone metabolism, and angiogenesis, which are recognized as important factors in osteoarthritis (OA). We aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of targeting SP on OA progression.

Methods

SP expression patterns were analysed histologically in articular cartilage and subchondral bone of human knees from OA patients and autopsy donors as non-OA samples and in mouse articular cartilage. Moreover, to examine the effect of SP on the progression of OA, we administered drugs to mice following the surgical destabilization of the medial meniscus: Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), septide (NK1 receptor agonist), or aprepitant (NK1 receptor antagonist). Histological analysis and bone morphologic analysis using micro-computed tomography were performed.

Results

In human analysis, the expression of SP in mild OA samples was significantly higher than that in severe OA, and that in healthy cartilage was significantly higher than that in OA. In mouse analysis, Osteoarthritis Research Society International scores in the septide group were significantly lower than those in the control group. Computed tomography analysis showed that the subchondral bone’s epiphysis in the control group had sclerotic change, not observed in the septide group.

Conclusions

The administration of septide ameliorates OA progression through preventing subchondral bone sclerosis.
NP-MRD: the Natural Products Magnetic Resonance Database
Authors: Wishart David S , Sayeeda Zinat , Budinski Zachary , Guo AnChi , Lee Brian L , Berjanskii Mark , Rout Manoj , Peters Harrison , Dizon Raynard , Mah Robert , Torres-Calzada Claudia , Hiebert-Giesbrecht Mickel , Varshavi Dorna , Varshavi Dorsa , Oler Eponine , Allen Dana , Cao Xuan , Gautam Vasuk , Maras Andrew , Poynton Ella F , Tavangar Pegah , Yang Vera , van Santen Jeffrey A , Ghosh Rajarshi , Sarma Saurav , Knutson Eleanor , Sullivan Victoria , Jystad Amy M , Renslow Ryan , Sumner Lloyd W , Linington Roger G , Cort John R
Published: October 2021

The Natural Products Magnetic Resonance Database (NP-MRD) is a comprehensive, freely available electronic resource for the deposition, distribution, searching and retrieval of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data on natural products, metabolites and other biologically derived chemicals. NMR spectroscopy has long been viewed as the ‘gold standard’ for the structure determination of novel natural products and novel metabolites. NMR is also widely used in natural product dereplication and the characterization of biofluid mixtures (metabolomics). All of these NMR applications require large collections of high quality, well-annotated, referential NMR spectra of pure compounds. Unfortunately, referential NMR spectral collections for natural products are quite limited. It is because of the critical need for dedicated, open access natural product NMR resources that the NP-MRD was funded by the National Institute of Health (NIH). Since its launch in 2020, the NP-MRD has grown quickly to become the world's largest repository for NMR data on natural products and other biological substances. It currently contains both structural and NMR data for nearly 41,000 natural product compounds from >7400 different living species. All structural, spectroscopic and descriptive data in the NP-MRD is interactively viewable, searchable and fully downloadable in multiple formats. Extensive hyperlinks to other databases of relevance are also provided. The NP-MRD also supports community deposition of NMR assignments and NMR spectra (1D and 2D) of natural products and related meta-data. The deposition system performs extensive data enrichment, automated data format conversion and spectral/assignment evaluation. Details of these database features, how they are implemented and plans for future upgrades are also provided. The NP-MRD is available at https://np-mrd.org.
Stage 2 Registered Report: Metacognitive asymmetries in visual perception
Authors: Mazor Matan , Moran Rani , Fleming Stephen M
Published: October 2021

Representing the absence of objects is psychologically demanding. People are slower, less confident and show lower metacognitive sensitivity (the alignment between subjective confidence and objective accuracy) when reporting the absence compared with presence of visual stimuli. However, what counts as a stimulus absence remains only loosely defined. In this Registered Report, we ask whether such processing asymmetries extend beyond the absence of whole objects to absences defined by stimulus features or expectation violations. Our pre-registered prediction was that differences in the processing of presence and absence reflect a default mode of reasoning: we assume an absence unless evidence is available to the contrary. We predicted asymmetries in response time, confidence, and metacognitive sensitivity in discriminating between stimulus categories that vary in the presence or absence of a distinguishing feature, or in their compliance with an expected default state. Using six pairs of stimuli in six experiments, we find evidence that the absence of local and global stimulus features gives rise to slower, less confident responses, similar to absences of entire stimuli. Contrary to our hypothesis, however, the presence or absence of a local feature has no effect on metacognitive sensitivity. Our results weigh against a proposal of a link between the detection metacognitive asymmetry and default reasoning, and are instead consistent with a low-level visual origin of metacognitive asymmetries for presence and absence.
From non-conscious processing to conscious events: a minimalist approach
Authors: Sklar Asael Y , Kardosh Rasha , Hassin Ran R
Published: October 2021

The minimalist approach that we develop here is a framework that allows to appreciate how non-conscious processing and conscious contents shape human cognition, broadly defined. It is composed of three simple principles. First, cognitive processes are inherently non-conscious, while their inputs and (interim) outputs may be consciously experienced. Second, non-conscious processes and elements of the cognitive architecture prioritize information for conscious experiences. Third, conscious events are composed of series of conscious contents and non-conscious processes, with increased duration leading to more opportunity for processing. The narrowness of conscious experiences is conceptualized here as a solution to the problem of channeling the plethora of non-conscious processes into action and communication processes that are largely serial. The framework highlights the importance of prioritization for consciousness, and we provide an illustrative review of three main factors that shape prioritization—stimulus strength, motivational relevance and mental accessibility. We further discuss when and how this framework (i) is compatible with previous theories, (ii) enables new understandings of established findings and models, and (iii) generates new predictions and understandings.
A relational approach to consciousness: categories of level and contents of consciousness
Authors: Tsuchiya Naotsugu , Saigo Hayato
Published: October 2021

Characterizing consciousness in and of itself is notoriously difficult. Here, we propose an alternative approach to characterize, and eventually define, consciousness through exhaustive descriptions of consciousness’ relationships to all other consciousness. This approach is founded in category theory. Indeed, category theory can prove that two objects A and B in a category can be equivalent if and only if all the relationships that A holds with others in the category are the same as those of B; this proof is called the Yoneda lemma. To introduce the Yoneda lemma, we gradually introduce key concepts of category theory to consciousness researchers. Along the way, we propose several possible definitions of categories of consciousness, both in terms of level and contents, through the usage of simple examples. We propose to use the categorical structure of consciousness as a gold standard to formalize empirical research (e.g. color qualia structure at fovea and periphery) and, especially, the empirical testing of theories of consciousness.
Opioid Prescription Practices of Neurosurgeons in the United States: An Analysis of the Medicare Database, 2013-2017
Authors: Singh Rohin , Meyer Benjamen M , Doan Matthew K , Pollock Jordan R , Garcia Jose O , Rahmani Redi , Srinivasan Visish M , Catapano Joshua S , Lawton Michael T
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND

Opioids are a highly effective yet potentially addictive tool in postsurgical pain management. Neurosurgical prescribing patterns should be continually monitored to assure optimal use of these drugs.

OBJECTIVE

To characterize the number of prescriptions written by neurosurgeons for the most commonly prescribed opioids and to assess the geographic trends and quantify the length of prescriptions and number of Medicare beneficiaries receiving opioids during the study period.

METHODS

The Medicare Part D database was queried to determine the most common opioids prescribed by neurosurgeons from 2013 to 2017. The number of prescriptions, mean length of prescriptions, and number of beneficiaries were tabulated by geographical region of practice.

RESULTS

The number of opioid prescriptions in the US decreased by 28.4%, from 379 346 in 2013 to 271 738 in 2017. This trend was observed across all geographical regions. The South had the highest number of prescriptions and smallest percent change of all regions, from 217 431 in 2013 to 164 495 in 2017 (−24.3%). The mean length of prescription increased slightly, from 16.0 d in 2013 to 17.3 d in 2017 (8.0%). The number of beneficiaries receiving opioids increased by 33.0% during the study period, from 174 491 in 2013 to 232 055 in 2017. The number of beneficiaries ≥65 yr increased 45.5%, from 53 596 in 2013 to 77 976 in 2017.

CONCLUSION

Although more people are receiving opioids, the total number of prescriptions is decreasing. This decrease may reflect a decrease in the abuse of these drugs and the success of prescription drug monitoring programs.
Impact of lymphopenia on survival for elderly patients with glioblastoma: A secondary analysis of the CCTG CE.6 (EORTC 26062-22061, TROG08.02) randomized clinical trial
Authors: Song Andrew J , Ding Keyue , Alnahhas Iyad , Laperriere Normand J , Perry James , Mason Warren P , Winch Chad , O’Callaghan Chris J , Menten Johan J , Brandes Alba A , Phillips Claire , Fay Michael F , Nishikawa Ryo , Osoba David , Cairncross J Gregory , Roa Wilson , Wick Wolfgang , Shi Wenyin
Published: October 2021

Background

Lymphopenia may lead to worse outcomes for glioblastoma patients. This study is a secondary analysis of the CCTG CE.6 trial evaluating the impact of chemotherapy and radiation on lymphopenia, and effects of lymphopenia on overall survival (OS).

Methods

CCTG CE.6 randomized elderly glioblastoma patients (≥ 65 years) to short-course radiation alone (RT) or short-course radiation with temozolomide (RT + TMZ). Lymphopenia (mild-moderate: grade 1–2; severe: grade 3–4) was defined per CTCAE v3.0, and measured at baseline, 1 week and 4 weeks post-RT. Preselected key factors for analysis included age, sex, ECOG, resection extent, MGMT methylation, Mini-Mental State Examination, and steroid use. Multinomial logistic regression and multivariable Cox regression models were used to identify lymphopenia-associated factors and association with survival.

Results

Five hundred and sixty-two patients were analyzed (281 RT vs 281 RT+TMZ). At baseline, both arms had similar rates of mild-moderate (21.4% vs 21.4%) and severe (3.2% vs 2.9%) lymphopenia. However, at 4 weeks post-RT, RT+TMZ was more likely to develop lymphopenia (mild-moderate: 27.9% vs 18.2%; severe: 9.3% vs 1.8%; p<0.001). Developing any lymphopenia post-RT was associated with baseline lymphopenia (P < .001). Baseline lymphopenia (hazard ratio [HR] 1.3) was associated with worse OS (HR: 1.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05–1.62; P = .02), regardless of MGMT status.

Conclusions

Development of post-RT lymphopenia is associated with addition of TMZ and baseline lymphopenia and not with RT alone in patients treated with short-course radiation. However, regardless of MGMT status, only baseline lymphopenia is associated with worse OS, which may be considered as a prognostic biomarker for elderly glioblastoma patients.
Impact of co-occurring drug use, hazardous alcohol use and mental health disorders on drug use patterns in people living with HIV and hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: McCormick Sean , Ward Kathleen M , Sutcliffe Catherine G , Irvin Risha , Chander Geetanjali , Brooner Robert K , Mehta Shruti H , Thomas David L , Sulkowski Mark , Falade-Nwulia Oluwaseun
Published: October 2021

Drug use, hazardous alcohol use, and mental health disorders are prevalent among people with HIV and HCV infection. Co-occurrence of alcohol use and depression negatively impacts substance use patterns. Nevertheless, HCV treatment provides a promising opportunity to identify and address co-occurring drug use, hazardous alcohol use, and mental health disorders.
A Multidimensional Cross-Sectional Analysis of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Seroprevalence Among a Police Officer Cohort: The PoliCOV-19 Study
Authors: Sendi Parham , Baldan Rossella , Thierstein Marc , Widmer Nadja , Gowland Peter , Gahl Brigitta , Büchi Annina Elisabeth , Güntensperger Dominik , Wider Manon , Blum Manuel Raphael , Tinguely Caroline , Maillat Cédric , Theel Elitza S , Berbari Elie , Dijkman Ronald , Niederhauser Christoph
Published: October 2021

Background

Protests and police fieldwork provide a high-exposure environment for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. In this cross-sectional analysis, we investigated the seroprevalence among a police cohort, and sociodemographic, work, and health-related factors associated with seropositivity.

Methods

Study participants were invited for serological testing of SARS-CoV-2 and to complete online questionnaires. Serum neutralization titers toward the wild-type SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (expressing D614G) and the Alpha and Beta variants were measured in seropositive study participants.

Results

A total of 978 police personnel representing 35% of the entire staff participated from February to March 2021. The seroprevalence was 12.9%. It varied by geographic region, ranged from 9% to 13.5% in 3 regions, including the city; and was 22% in Bernese Seeland/Jura with higher odds for seropositivity (odds ratio [OR], 2.38 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.28–4.44], P=.006). Job roles with mainly office activity were associated with a lower risk of seropositivity (OR, 0.33 [95% CI, .14–.77], P=.010). Self-reported compliance with mask wearing during working hours was 100%; 45% of seropositive vs 5% of seronegative participants (P<.001) reported having had contact with a proven coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) case living in the same household prior to serological testing. The level of serum antibody titers correlated with neutralization capacity. Antibodies derived from natural SARS-CoV-2 infection effectively neutralized the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, but were less effective against the Alpha and Beta variants.

Conclusions

The seroprevalence of anti–SARS-CoV-2 antibodies of police officers was comparable to that reported in the general population, suggesting that the personal protective equipment of the police is effective, and that household contacts are the leading transmission venues. The level of serum antibody titers, in particular that of anti-spike antibodies, correlated well with neutralization capacity. Low antibody titers acquired from natural infection were not effective against variants.

Clinical Trials Registration

NCT04643444.
Use of nucleic acid amplification testing for rapid detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex among U.S. tuberculosis patients from 2011‒2017
Authors: Kumar Varsha , Dalton Tracy L , Armstrong Lori R , Whitesell Amy , Li Rongxia , Starks Angela M
Published: October 2021

Background

Nucleic acid amplification (NAA) tests rapidly detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex directly from clinical specimens, providing valuable results for those evaluated for tuberculosis.

Methods

We analyzed characteristics of cases with NAA testing performed, compared cases with positive and negative NAA test results, and calculated turnaround time and time-to-treatment for all verified cases reported to the National Tuberculosis Surveillance System in the United States during 2011–2017.

Results

Among 67,082 verified tuberculosis cases with NAA testing information, 30,820 (45.9%) were reported as not having a NAA test performed; the proportion without NAA testing declined annually, from 60.5% in 2011 to 33.6% in 2017. Of 67,082 verified cases, 27,912 (41.6%) had positive, 8,215 (12.2%) had negative, and 135 (0.2%) had indeterminate NAA test results. Among the 33,937 cases with an acid-fast-bacilli–smear-positive result, 70.9% (24,093) had a NAA test performed; 38.0% (11,490) of the 30,244 with an acid-fast-bacilli–smear-negative result had a NAA test performed. Although sputum was the most common specimen type tested, 79.8% (7,023 of 8,804) of non-sputum specimen types had a positive NAA test result. Overall, 63.7% of cases with laboratory testing had NAA test results reported <6 days following specimen collection; for 13,891 cases not yet on treatment, median time-to-treatment after the laboratory report date was 2 days.

Conclusions

Our analyses demonstrate increased NAA test utilization between 2011 and 2017. However, a large proportion of cases did not have a NAA test performed, reflecting challenges in broader uptake, suggesting an opportunity to expand use of this diagnostic methodology.
Circulation of Type 2 Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus in China in 2018–2019
Authors: Zhao Hehe , Ma Xiaozhen , Tang Haishu , Zhang Yong , Chen Na , Kaisaier Wusiman , Wang Qi , Wang Cheng , Zhu Shuangli , Qi Qi , Liu Yu , Ma Qianli , Yang Qing , Li Junhan , Wang Dongyan , Li Xiaolei , Xiao Jinbo , Zhu Hui , Xu Wenbo , Tong Wenbin , Yan Dongmei
Published: October 2021

Background

China implemented the globally synchronized switch from trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (tOPV) to bivalent OPV (bOPV) on May 1, 2016. During April 2018 to May 2019, the first outbreak caused by type 2 circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV2) after the switch occurred in Xinjiang and Sichuan, China.

Methods. We performed sequence analysis of VP1 and the whole genome to determine the genomic characteristics of type 2 cVDPVs, and carried out coverage surveys to assess the risk of viral propagation. Surveillance for environment and acute flaccid paralysis was intensified to enhance case ascertainment.

Results. Comparison of the complete genomes between early (Xinjiang strain) and late strains (Sichuan strains) revealed that recombination pattern and reverse mutation of attenuation sites had been fixed early, but the mutations of the neutralizing antigenic sites were introduced over the circulation. The Markov Chain Monte Carlo tree showed that the cVDPV2 initial infection was April 2016, earlier than the switch. So, we speculated that the cVDPV2 was originated from tOPV recipients and spread among children with a low level of immunity against the type 2.

Conclusions

The detection of this outbreak combined acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance with environmental surveillance (ES) indicates that ES should be expanded geographically to further complement AFP surveillance.
Early Outcome of Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy With Choroid Plexus Cauterization Versus Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt as Primary Treatment of Hydrocephalus in Children With Myelomeningocele: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Adebayo Bamidele Oludele , Kanu Okezie Obasi , Bankole Olufemi B , Ojo Omotayo Abimbola , Adetunmbi Babatunde , Morgan Eghosa
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND

Myelomeningocele is associated with hydrocephalus in 35% to 90% of cases. Hydrocephalus is usually treated with insertion of ventriculoperitoneal shunt; however, there is growing evidence that endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) with choroid plexus cauterization (CPC) is an alternative.

OBJECTIVE

To compare the success rate and morbidity of ETV with CPC and ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) as the primary treatment of hydrocephalus in patients with myelomeningocele.

METHODS

A prospective study from January 2016 to February 2019, involving 46 patients with myelomeningocele who developed hydrocephalus after repair in a tertiary hospital in southwestern Nigeria. Biodata and preoperative features of hydrocephalus were documented. ETV + CPC or VPS was done using standard operative techniques. Patients were followed up monthly for 6 mo.

RESULTS

There were 23 patients in the ETV + CPC arm and 22 patients in the VPS arm. Morbidities were cerebrospinal fluid leak, 8.3% in the ETV + CPC arm and 4.5% in the VPS arm, wound dehiscence, 13.6% in the VPS arm, none in the ETV + CPC arm. At 6-mo follow-up, success rate for ETV + CPC was 60.9% and 59.1% for VPS, P = .9.

CONCLUSION

ETV + CPC had similar success rate with VPS at 6 mo with lower morbidity. ETV + CPC should be considered a viable alternative when treating patients with myelomeningocele and hydrocephalus.
Qlone®: A Simple Method to Create 360-Degree Photogrammetry-Based 3-Dimensional Model of Cadaveric Specimens
Authors: Gurses Muhammet Enes , Gungor Abuzer , Hanalioglu Sahin , Yaltirik Cumhur Kaan , Postuk Hasan Cagri , Berker Mustafa , Türe Uğur
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND

Human cadavers are an essential component of anatomy education. However, access to cadaveric specimens and laboratory facilities is limited in most parts of the world. Hence, new innovative approaches and accessible technologies are much needed to enhance anatomy training.

OBJECTIVE

To provide a practical method for 3-dimensional (3D) visualization of cadaveric specimens to maximize the utility of these precious educational materials.

METHODS

Embalmed cadaveric specimens (cerebrum, brain stem, and cerebellum) were used. The 3D models of cadaveric specimens were built by merging multiple 2-dimensional photographs. Pictures were taken with standard mobile devices (smartphone and tablet). A photogrammetry program (Qlone®, 2017-2020, EyeCue Vision Technologies Ltd, Yokneam, Israel), an all-in-one 3D scanning and augmented reality technology, was then used to convert the images into an integrated 3D model.

RESULTS

High-resolution 360-degree 3D models of the cadaveric specimens were obtained. These models could be rotated and moved freely on different planes, and viewed from different angles with varying magnifications. Advanced editing options and the possibility for export to virtual- or augmented-reality simulation allowed for better visualization.

CONCLUSION

This inexpensive, simple, and accessible method for creating 360-degree 3D cadaveric models can enhance training in neuroanatomy and allow for a highly realistic surgical simulation environment for neurosurgeons worldwide.
Governments: Acting in the Public Interest
Authors: Gordon Deborah
Published: October 2021

Chapter 6 examines the role governments play when it comes to oil and gas. It argues that there are serious challenges to global climate governance and that national affiliations matter—when countries keep good company, they are more likely to be more aligned with climate goals under the Paris Agreement. The chapter surveys various countries as to their national climate leadership prospects. These are parsed out into three categories: (1) possible acts to follow (Canada, Norway, Australia, and California); (2) where greater government action is possible (United States, other US states, Mexico and Brazil, the Middle East, Alberta, and Japan); and (3) where the greatest climate risks lie (Nigeria, Russia, Venezuela, Taymyr, India, and China). The chapter concludes with the reality that it is local communities that pay the price for oil and gas climate inaction and discusses several examples where public sector innovations could pay off as governments strive to build back better.
Moving Forward: Oil and Gas Climate Solutions
Authors: Gordon Deborah
Published: October 2021

The concluding chapter summarizes specific oil and gas solutions for each actor in the previous three chapters. It argues that four guiding principles need to guide next steps: (1) the public has a right to know, (2) prices should reflect true social costs, (3) industry must be responsible for all supply-side greenhouse gases, and (4) policymakers should place supply-side oil and gas on a safe climate path. In pursuing new pathways, the chapter lays out what policymakers can do, what industry can do, and what civil society can do. In all there are thirty-four solutions laid out—what the chapter calls the sum of 2 percent solutions. Each of these checks at least one of the aforementioned guiding principles. The book concludes on an optimistic tone discussing the end game for managing abundant petroleum in a warming world.
Corporate Strategy: Overview and Future Challenges
Authors: Chang Sea-Jin
Published: October 2021

This chapter offers a brief historical overview of corporate strategy and highlights avenues for future research. Prior works on corporate strategy, represented by diversification strategy, find that corporate strategy indeed matters for firm performance. Prior works in corporate strategy, however, focused mostly on the contemporaneous sharing of resources across businesses, employed rough measures for resources, and suffered from data and methodological constraints. The chapter outlines several areas for the future direction of corporate strategy research, calling for new theoretical angles, a more dynamic approach, better measures and methodology, attention to internal coordination costs and control systems, and expansion to more diverse institutional environments. In sum, corporate strategy remains an exciting area for future research with ever more interesting new phenomena and changes in external environments to study, which will be crucial to generating important insights for managers.
Industry Emergence: A Markets and Enterprise Perspective
Authors: Agarwal Rajshree , Kim Seojin
Published: October 2021

By taking the perspective of markets and enterprise, this chapter synthesizes an extensive body of research on industry emergence, embodying diverse sets of theoretical lenses, levels of analysis, methodologies, and contexts. The chapter delves into temporal patterns of industry emergence and the role of key actors and underlying mechanisms of knowledge building in this process. In doing so, the text highlights human enterprise as a critical microfoundation of industry emergence, with a focus on heterogeneous capabilities of founding/management teams and team formation. The synthesized insights identify critical theoretical puzzles for future research. The chapter proposes an ambitious research agenda that incorporates motivations into human capital of industry emergence and entrepreneurship, extends focus on product champions and intrapreneurs, examines the role of institutional conditions, and investigates industry emergence in developing country contexts.
Management of Innovation and Knowledge Sharing
Authors: Howard Michael
Published: October 2021

Strategic management research provides a strong foundation to explain how new knowledge is developed and shared within and between organizations. Through this effort, management scholars have offered valuable insights in areas such as absorptive capacity, knowledge recombination, and the emergence of innovation networks and ecosystems. This chapter proposes exploring the evolution of this work and the prospects for future research by examining three important themes: the socially constructed nature of knowledge, the ever increasing trend toward knowledge complexity, and the emergence of machine learning as a vital tool for technological innovation. This field has a tremendous opportunity to adapt and improve our theories by reconsidering the traditional roles and boundaries of organizations, while employing new methods of analysis that are better suited to this changing landscape. Strategic management scholars may then play an important role in highlighting the path for social benefit through the creation and sharing of knowledge.
Artificial Intelligence in Strategizing: Prospects and Challenges
Authors: Krogh Georg von , Ben-Menahem Shiko M. , Shrestha Yash Raj
Published: October 2021

Recent developments in the theory and research on artificial intelligence (AI) hold great promises as well as challenges for the strategist’s core activities and conduct of strategic processes. These promises and challenges require the strategy field to both reevaluate some of the principal assumptions and implications of strategizing. This chapter takes stock of research on AI applied to strategizing and illustrates what we believe are key questions for future research on the strategy-AI nexus. The chapter discusses the potential of AI in two stages in the strategy process: strategic analysis and formulation, as well as strategy implementation. The aim of this chapter is to engage strategy scholars in advancing AI-related research on strategizing.
Introduction
Authors: Poriss Hilary
Published: October 2021

The Introduction lays out the book’s scope, providing brief descriptions of the content of each of its five main chapters. In order to fully appreciate the types of alterations that affected The Barber of Seville, it is helpful to possess a fluency with the opera’s dramatic and musical events. Therefore, this Introduction includes a synopsis of the plot with callouts for each of the musical numbers. Readers who are already familiar with Rossini’s opera might skim or even skip this summary. For those who could use a refresher or for whom this is an early encounter with The Barber of Seville, this summary will provide the background necessary for fully grasping how the work morphed from year to year and from stage to stage.
Early Revivals
Authors: Poriss Hilary
Published: October 2021

This chapter provides a survey of early revivals of The Barber of Seville, focusing on ways in which individual singers formed connections to the opera through their unique interpretations of the characters and music. The first half of the chapter focuses on the contributions of Manuel Garcia, the opera’s first Count Almaviva. This section explores the tenor’s relationship with the Act I aria “Se il mio nome,” and how early critics and audiences believed he, rather than Rossini, composed it. The second half of the chapter investigates the contributions of the bass Luigi Lablache in the role of Bartolo, exploring his relationship with the character’s notoriously difficult aria “A un Dottor della mia sorte” and the substitution aria written to take its place, “Manca un foglio.” The chapter concludes with a brief nod to three other characters (Figaro, Basilio, and Berta), observing that singers in those roles rarely altered their music noticeably.
Muslims in the New Lands (1912–1923)
Authors: Katsikas Stefanos
Published: October 2021

The chapter discusses the administration and life of the Muslims in Greece in the turbulent period of the Balkan Wars, World War I, and the Asia Minor War (1919–1922). These wars inflamed passions that often worsened relations between Muslims and state and local authorities and ethnic Greeks. After the end of the Asia Minor War, Greece and Turkey decided to exchange what they regarded as their “religious other” in order to achieve religious and ethnic homogeneity and in this way avoid future intrastate wars. As a result, 1,00,000 Orthodox Christians, many of whom did not speak Greek, were sent to Greece, and around 500,000 Muslims, many of whom did not speak Turkish, were sent to live in Turkey. The only Muslims who were exempted from this exchange were those of Western Thrace and the Albanian-speaking Muslims of northwestern Greece, known as Çams.
Defensive Medicine
Authors: Saks Michael J. , Landsman Stephan
Published: October 2021

“Defensive Medicine: A Response to the Legal Response?” discusses the origins, meaning, purposes, and uncertain existence of defensive medicine. The concept has been most useful for those promoting changes in the law to economically benefit the healthcare industry. In the span of several decades, healthcare providers reversed their stance on whether or not they practice defensively. Why would providers commit defensive medicine? Why would they admit to practices that are universally seen as unethical, illegal (fraud), and unsound medical practice? Different types of empirical research have tried to determine whether defensive medicine occurs and, if so, its extent, cost, and effects on patients: physician self-report surveys, clinical scenario surveys, and multivariate analyses of real-world data. The chapter explores the possibility that defensive practices mostly occur in those situations where considerable uncertainty about diagnosis exists and the risk of serious harm is great if the patient is not treated correctly.
Conclusion
Authors: Deveaux Monique
Published: October 2021

This chapter explores the implications of a poor-led, pro-poor approach to poverty reduction for the question of political responsibility. The author argues that once poor-led social movements are acknowledged as vital for transformative social change, different responsibilities emerge—for diverse agents—than those commonly stipulated by global justice theorists. The chapter develops the idea that there is a “political responsibility for solidarity” with poor-led organizations and social movements: those with resources and political freedoms can and should help to support, defend, and amplify the agendas of these groups. After considering some key features and normative criteria of political solidarity, the author discusses how a political responsibility to act in solidarity with poor-led organizations and social movements might be taken up by differently located (individual and collective) actors in the global North and South. The chapter also addresses some tensions raised by the suggestion that nonpoor “outsiders”—including individuals and organizations or institutions with comparative power and privilege—can learn to be effective allies, working in solidarity with poor activists.
Old Norse Mythology and Learned Medieval Speculation
Authors: Lindow John
Published: October 2021

This chapter argues that the myths survived the conversion to Christianity primarily because of two medieval intellectual theories, demonization (the gods had just been minions of Satan) and euhemerism (the gods had originally been actual human beings whom later generations had come to venerate, thus making them into historical figures acting in a “learned prehistory”). I trace the operation of these notions, especially the latter, in the Gesta Danorum of Saxo Grammaticus and the Edda of Snorri Sturluson. In addition, I consider other factors that might have helped the myths to survive: their entertainment value; ties to artefacts and the physical landscape; their value as intellectual paradigms; and especially their value in enabling scholars and poets to understand the tropes of the older poetry.
Old Norse Mythology and Ideology (and Entertainment)
Authors: Lindow John
Published: October 2021

According an argument by Georges Dumézil, Ideological use of the mythology may go back to Indo-European times, and it certainly goes back to Viking and medieval Scandinavia, where a “ruler ideology” can be discerned within it. In early modern Denmark and Sweden, the mythology served to create great national pasts, and later it served the needs of national romanticism in Scandinavia and Germany. Later still it was appropriated and twisted by Nazi ideology and that of white supremacy. After WWII, leading fiction writers produced works inspired by it, such as Villy Sørensen (Ragnarøk, 1988) and A. S. Byatt (Ragnarök: The End of the Gods, 2011), who related eschatological themes to the world in which we live, and Neil Gaiman’s American Gods (2001) pits the old gods against the new “gods” of technology. Within pop culture the mythology reflects dominant social notions, and even the wonderful Danish cartoon series Valhalla (1979-2009) may be seen as exemplifying Danish values.
Inhabiting Space
Authors: Kukla Quill R
Published: October 2021

This chapter develops a philosophical picture of spatially embedded agency and perception, and argues that spaces and their dwellers mutually constitute one another. It lays out a philosophical framework and builds a philosophical toolbox for exploring cities and city living. It defends the strong philosophical claim that as spaces and dwellers make one another, they also generate ecological ontologies. In an ecological ontology, the kinds of real things that populate a particular environment are, in the most literal sense, to some extent constituted by the interactions between dwellers situated within that environment and between dwellers and their environment. The chapter ends by considering what makes a space ‘alive’ or ‘dead.’
The Sacred in the Everyday
Authors: Cline Erin M.
Published: October 2021

An appreciation for the sacred, including a deep sense of reverence, awe, and solemnity concerning particular things and people, is expressed throughout the Analects in its discussion of a rich variety of experiences, virtues, and practices that are regarded as special, distinctive, or set apart from other things, and yet very much a part of our daily lives. This chapter focuses on everyday activities that are not directly or primarily related to spirits or spiritual entities or forces, but which are clearly sacred. It explores the virtues of ritual propriety and filial piety, the concept of de (“moral power”), and the virtues of humility and gratitude in the Analects. It goes on to examine the presentation of Kongzi as an exemplar in the text.