bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of rootstocks on the growth and yielding of sour cherry cv. 'Łutówka'
Authors: Wociór Stanisław
Published: May 2013

The strength of growth of 'Łutówka' trees was related to the soil quality and the rootstock. Measurements of the tree trunks and the crown size showed that on fertile soil the trees grafted on Mahaleb cherry grew worse, forming by 12% thinner trunks and by over 20% (significantly) smaller crowns as compared to Mazzard cherry trees. On poor sandy-loamy soil the crowns of trees grafted on Mahaleb were significantly, more than 40% bigger than those on Mazzard cherry. No significant differences in the yielding and productivity of trees grafted on Mahaleb and Mazzard cherry trees were found on grey brown podzolic soil. The experiment conducted on sandy-loamy soil pointed to significant differences in the yielding and productivity between 'Łutówka' trees grafted on the studied rootstocks. The trees grafted on Mahaleb cherry in both studied years were characterized by significantly greater productivity than on the other rootstocks. Significantly higher yields were gathered from the trees on Mahaleb cherry than on vegetative rootstocks, and by 70% higher than on Mazzard cherry. P-HL A rootstock is of little use in the planting of 'Łutówka', which grown poorly on light soils. Besides poor growth and yielding, in longer dry periods the studies found the appearance of chlorosis of magnesium on older leaves, and even wilting of the leaves.
The influence of growth retardants and cytokinins on flowering of ornamental plants
Authors: Pobudkiewicz Anna
Published: May 2013

Growth retardants are applied in order to obtain short and well compact plants. They usually inhibit stem elongation, but also can influence the flowering of plants. The aim of cytokinin application is to obtain well branched plants without removing the apical meristem. Cytokinins usually increase the number of axillary shoots but also can influence flowering. Growth retardants and cytokinins can affect flower size, pedicel length, number of flowers, flower longevity, abortion of flower buds and number of days from potting plants to the first open flower. Flowering of growth retardant and cytokinin treated plants might depend on the method of growth regulator used (foliar spray or soil drench), plant species or even a plant cultivar, but in the highest degree it depends on the growth regulator rate used. These growth regulators, when are applied at rates appropriate for height and habit control, very seldom influence flowering of ornamental plants, but applied at high rates can delay flowering, diminish flower diameter or flower pedicel length and also can decrease the number of flowers per plant. In cultivation of bulb plants, growth retardants, used at very high rates, also cause abortion of flower buds.
Micromorphology of glandular structures in Echium vulgare L. flowers
Authors: Weryszko-Chmielewska Elżbieta , Chwil Mirosława
Published: May 2013

The micromorphology of selected elements of Echium vulgare L. flowers was investigated, with special attention to the structure of the nectaries and the stigma of the pistil as well as types of trichomes occurring on the surface of the calyx. The nectary had the shape of an uneven disc located around the lower region of the four-parted ovary of the pistil. The glandular cells formed a tier with a height of 330 μm and a radial width of 144 μm. Nectar was secreted onto the nectary surface through anomocytic stomata located at the level of other epidermal cells. Most of the stomata were open, with a different dimension of the pore. Their largest number was observed at the base of the nectary, and 462 stomata were noted on the whole surface of the nectary. The cuticle on the surface of the guard cells formed fine, circular striae. The subsidiary cells formed striated cuticular ornamentation, with the striae arranged radially in the direction of the stoma, whereas on the surface of other epidermal cells the striae formed an arrangement with different directions. The epidermis on the surface of the stigma formed regularly arranged papillae with a fan-shaped, expanded upper part which had corrugated outer walls, whereas the base of the cell formed a widened small column. The epidermis of the abaxial part of the calyx was covered by numerous non-glandular trichomes of different length which were made up of one or several cells. The glandular trichomes in the epidermis of the calyx grew with smaller density compared to the protective trichomes, and they were composed of a 1-2-celled stalk and a glandular head.
The influence of meteorological factors on the hazel (Corylus L.) pollen concentration in Sosnowiec in the years 1997-2007
Authors: Dąbrowska-Zapart Katarzyna
Published: May 2013

An analysis of hazel pollen seasons in Sosnowiec was presented on the basis of data from the years 1997-2007. The research was conducted by means of the volumetric method using a Burkard-type spore trap. The duration of pollen seasons was determined by means of the 98% method. The research demonstrated statistically significant correlations between the average, maximum and minimum temperature, relative humidity as well as the number of days with sub-zero temperature and the beginning of the hazel pollen season. It was demonstrated that the duration of the pollen season depended on air relative humidity, insolation and precipitation during the season and the annual sum depended on the weather conditions of the year preceding pollen production and also the weather conditions two years earlier. Significant correlations were also found between weather conditions and the daily concentration of pollen grains. The daily concentration decreased when relative humidity was high and increased with high insolation and air temperature.
Rare and protected species in the drainage ditches and adjacent phytocoenoses in the Polesie National Park
Authors: Banach Barbara
Published: May 2013

This paper presents the results of a floristic study conducted in the years 2003 - 2005 within the area of the Polesie National Park and its protective zone. Floristic inventories were carried out in twelve 100-metre-long sections of the drainage ditches and adjacent phytocoenoses and based on them office analyses of the flora were performed. The aim of the study was to determine the share of species with special natural values in the drainage ditches, taking into account the occurrence of legally protected, rare and endangered taxa at the regional level, in Poland and in Europe. The share of these species was also compared with the richness of special concern plants noted in the phytocoenoses adjacent to the investigated ditches. Based on the floristic composition, an analysis was made of the occurrence of taxa whose number of stands shows a declining trend compared to the Polish flora. The number of vascular plant species found in the ditches and in their vicinity was similar, but the low values of the similarity index suggest differences in the species composition of these habitats, which results in greater species diversity. The presence of special concern plants in the drainage ditches suggests that they are valuable habitats for the Polesie National Park. They create niches for rare, protected and endangered species.
Flowering dynamics of peach-leaved bellflower (Campanula persicifolia L.) 'alba' treated with bioregulators, grown in an unheated plastic tunnel and in field
Authors: Pogroszewska Elżbieta , Sadkowska Patrycja
Published: May 2013

The effect of BA, GA3 and BA+GA3 on flowering of peach-leaved bellflower (Campanula persicifolia L.) 'Alba', grown in an unheated plastic tunnel or in open field, was investigated. Bioregulators at the following applications: 0, 100, 200, 400 mg x dm-3, were applied foliarly twice. It has been found that the cultivation of peach-leaved bellflower in an unheated plastic tunnel accelerates flowering of plants by about 2 - 3 weeks, compared to open field cultivation, in the first and second year of flowering of plants. It is advisable to apply gibberellic acid at a concentration of 400 mg x dm-3 in plastic tunnel cultivation of bellflower and at a concentration of 200 mg x dm-3 in field cultivation, since this treatment accelerates flowering by 2 - 9 days. It is recommended that gibberellic acid should be applied at a concentration of 400 mg x dm-3, which extends the flowering period of peach-leaved bellflower grown in a plastic tunnel by 6 - 13 days. When peach-leaved bellflower is grown in an unheated plastic tunnel, full flowering is predicted to occur in the first or second week from the beginning of flowering of plants. When bellflower is grown in open field, full bloom of inflorescences is expected in the second week of flowering of plants. Irrespective of the type of substance applied in both years of cultivation, in the unheated plastic tunnel the largest amount of inflorescences was ready for cutting in the first decade of June, and in the field in the second decade of June.
Effects of spring frosts in selected apple and pear orchards in the Lublin region in the years 2000, 2005 and 2007. Part I. Experiment at EF Felin. Part II. Selected production orchards
Authors: Lipa Tomasz , Lipecki Janusz , Janisz Anna , Sienkiewicz Piotr
Published: May 2013

Data concerning the effect of spring frosts on the survival of flower buds of several apple and pear cultivars, as well as on the damage caused by spring frosts to apple fruit are presented in the present paper. Observations were conducted in experimental and commercial orchards in the Lublin area in the years 2000, 2005 and 2007. The lowest temperature in spring in the consecutive years occurred on the following dates: 2000 - 3rd and 4th May, 2005 - 1st April and 22nd May, and 2007 - 2nd and 4th May. The most serious damages of buds were found in apple trees of Red Boskoop, Rubin and Jonagold cvs. grown in the experimental orchard in Felin (Lublin) (this was an average value for the years 2000 and 2007), whereas the buds of the late flowering cultivars of Golden Delicious Smoothee, Royal Gala and Ligol survived with significantly lesser damages. These observations generally confirmed those made in commercial orchards in 2005 and 2007, in which buds of cv. Elise also showed high resistance to spring frosts. Pear trees of cv. Concorde showed low damage to flower buds in 2007 and produced a reasonably good crop. Fruits of cv. Jonagold and its mutations Wilmuta, Jonica, Decosta and Rubinstar proved to be very sensitive to spring frosts, as well as fruits of cv. Lired. The positive influence of the Polish rootstock P60 on flower bud survival was observed in the year 2000. However, this was not confirmed in 2007, thus further observations are necessary to check these effects.
Influence of hand thinning of flowers and fruits on yielding and fruit quality of apples cultivar Szampion
Authors: Wociór Stanisław
Published: May 2013

The thinning of flowers and fruit sets did not change the strength of tree growth in a signifi cant way. Szampion cv. trees on rootstock A 2 grew better than on M.7. The trees of Szampion RENO cv. grew significantly worst. The thinning of flowers and fruit sets decreased the yield from a tree and the total yield from 1 ha of the studied biological material. Flower thinning slightly increased the mean commercial yield as compared to the control trees. Thinning of 50% of flowers at the stage of the pink bud and sets after the June fall decreased the number of fruits on the trees of Szampion cv. grafted on M.7. It was only in 2004 that the flower thinning treatment significantly increased the fruit weight. Flower thinning increased the percentage of fruits with a diameter of over 7 cm in the case of Szampion cv. trees grafted on M.7. This treatment considerably (in 2006 significantly) improved fruit colouring. A positive reaction to flower thinning was also observed in Szampion RENO trees. In the case of Szampion cv., which shows a tendency to excessive fruit setting and small fruits, it is better to apply flower thinning eliminating the excess of sets in the period of cell division in growing fruits than do it later, after the June fall. The inflorescence removal treatment requires much more time than thinning of fruit sets.
Changes in formal written discourse and their implications for the teaching of academic writing at university level
Authors: Frydrychová Klímová Blanka
Published: May 2013

The development of new communication and information media (ICT) has a considerable impact on the development of the language system, including written discourse. The purpose of this paper is to describe recent changes in written English, which have been caused by the arrival of ICT. Moreover, it also characterizes academic register and explores implications for the teaching of academic writing at university level.
Hedges as writer protective devices in applied linguistics and literary criticism research articles
Authors: Malášková Martina
Published: May 2013

It is widely acknowledged that hedges form an indispensable part of academic writing in general and research articles (RAs) in particular. There has been a lot of research done attempting to describe and classify this language device, address its complex nature and understand its functions in different types of texts. This paper presents the results of a small-scale comparative study carried out on a corpus of research articles in two scientific fields – applied linguistics and literary criticism. The analysis was based on a revised classification of Hyland (1998) and Dontcheva-Navratilova (2009) and with special regard to the role they play in reader-writer interaction. The aim of the investigation was to determine which features in the text function as writer-protective, i.e. hedging writer commitment to the propositional content of the message, and to what extent these features differ in the examined texts. The results of the study show that there are significant differences in both the variety and frequency of use of hedges in applied linguistics and literary criticism research articles, which suggests that there is a connection between particular types of hedges and differences in the type of argumentation and interaction with the intended readership in the two respective communities.
Predicting and managing residential potable irrigation using parcel‐level databases
Authors: Friedman Kenneth , Heaney James P. , Morales Miguel , Palenchar John E.
Published: May 2013

The Conserve Florida Water Clearinghouse has developed Internet‐based software called EZ Guide to assist Florida water utilities in evaluating water use efficiency. This modeling approach estimates single‐family outdoor water use for every parcel using a uniform statewide property appraisers' database to estimate irrigated area for each parcel. Billing data are needed to estimate the irrigation application rates for each parcel, although few utilities have used the available data for this purpose. Analyses using these unique databases for a benchmark utility in Florida provide new insights into the overall impact of single‐family outdoor water use and cost‐effective management options. A key result is that only a small percentage of homes are large irrigators, which makes them candidates for irrigation best management practices. However, this study also shows a dramatic rise in the prevalence of inground sprinkler systems over the past few decades, which has led to increased irrigation application rates.
Effect of connection methods on lead release from galvanic corrosion
Authors: Wang Yin , Mehta Vrajesh , Welter Gregory J. , Giammar Daniel E.
Published: May 2013

Laboratory experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of galvanic corrosion on lead release following simulated partial lead service line replacements. Experiments were conducted in a recirculating flow mode with intermittent stagnation periods using aged lead pipes harvested from Washington, D.C. Lead pipe and copper tubing were connected by brass, brass dielectric, and plastic couplings; additional experiments were performed with plastic couplings and an external wire to connect the lead and copper. Lead release increased in the order of systems connected with plastic, plastic with external wires, brass dielectric, and brass couplings. The trends are consistent with galvanic reactions between lead and copper and between lead and brass. For systems with galvanic corrosion, the increased lead release was primarily in a particulate form. Increasing the chloride‐to‐sulfate mass ratio from 0.7 to 7 did not increase the dissolved or total lead release.
Onlay Rib Bone Graft in Elevation of Reconstructed Auricle: 17 Years of Experience
Authors: Kim Taehoon , Han Jihyeon , Lee Yoonho
Published: May 2013

Background A cartilage wedge block and covering flap are standard procedures for firm elevation of the ear in microtia correction. However, using costal cartilage for elevation of the reconstructed auricle can be insufficient, and the fixed cartilage wedge block may be absorbed or may slip out. Furthermore, elevating covering flaps is time-consuming and uses up fascia, a potential source of reconstruction material. Therefore, we propose an innovative method using autologous onlay rib bone graft for auricular elevation of microtia.

Methods From February 1995 to August 2012, 77 patients received a first stage operation with a rib cartilage framework graft. In the second stage operation, a small full thickness of rib bone was harvested through the previous donor scar. The bihalved rib bone was inserted into the subperiosteal pocket beneath the cartilage framework.

Results The follow-up time ranged from 1 month to 17 years, with a mean of 3 years. All of the patients sustained the elevation of their ears very well during the follow-up period. Donor site problems, except for hypertrophic scars, were not observed. Surgery-related complications, specifically skin necrosis, infection, or hematoma, occurred in 4 cases.

Conclusions Onlay rib bone graft used to elevate the reconstructed auricle is a more anatomically appropriate material than cartilage, due to the bone-to-bone contact between the bone graft and the temporal bone. Postoperative minor correction of the elevation degree is straightforward and the skin graft survives better. Therefore, reconstructed auricle elevation using onlay rib bone graft is a useful and valuable method.
Estudo comparativo de técnicas parasitológicas baseada no princípio de sedimentação espontânea (Hoffman) e Parasitokit®
Authors: Sant'Anna Lorena Mota Lopes , Oliveira Fernanda de Jesus , Melo Cláudia Moura de
Published: May 2013

As parasitoses, entre as quais se destacam as enteroparasitoses, são mais frequentes na população mais carente. Diante de várias metodologias conhecidas para realização do exame parasitológico de fezes para identificação de cistos, protozoários, ovos e larvas de helmintos dos parasitos intestinais, e do surgimento de novas técnicas, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o grau de concordância de um novo teste (Parasitokit®) com base em uma metodologia de reconhecida eficiência para o diagnóstico de helmintos e protozoários, em relação a outro método tradicionalmente utilizado em Análises Clínicas (Hoffman, Pons e Janner - HPJ). A técnica do Parasitokit® tem como vantagem o dinamismo na confecção e a organização no que diz respeito ao menor espaço utilizado para a preparação e leitura do exame; o método de HPJ requer maior volume de vidraria na bancada para a confecção e leitura dos exames. Foram avaliadas quatrocentas amostras no período de doze meses e a análise dos dados foi feita por meio de estatística descritiva. O método do Parasitokit® demonstra fácil manuseio, custo baixo e pequena demanda no espaço físico, apresentando um grau de não conformidade insignificante já que ocorreu concordância em 99,5% em relação ao método de HPJ que utiliza o cálice de sedimentação.
Development of a Fibre-Optic Measurement System for Teaching an Advanced Course in Optoelectronic Components for Optical Communications
Authors: Jelić Miodrag G. , Slankamenac Miloš P. , Živanov Miloš B. , Stupar Dragan Z. , Bajić Jovan S.
Published: May 2013

This paper presents a system which introduces to students the cutting-edge instruments and tools used to teach an advanced course in optoelectronic components for optical communications. It helps them to understand how to connect the system components in a proper way and configure their parameters in a specialised software environment. Finally, they can read various results graphically and numerically while performing the assigned task. This is an essential advancement since the previous exercises in the field of optoelectronics were mainly old-fashioned and more theory-oriented. The new practice gives students the opportunity to see and feel the subject matter that is being taught, while working on real problems and using modern instruments and software. They get the chance to experience new and sophisticated fibre-optic technologies, with technical support from the laboratory staff, which was not the case in the previous practice. The evaluation showed that the students were generally very satisfied with the modified course, primarily with the practical laboratory exercises.
Integrative Health Coach Training: A Model for Shifting the Paradigm toward Patient-centricity and Meeting New National Prevention Goals
Authors: Smith Linda L. , Lake Noelle H. , Simmons Leigh Ann , Perlman Adam , Wroth Shelley , Wolever Ruth Q.
Published: May 2013

Objective:

To describe the evolution, training, and results of an emerging allied health profession skilled in eliciting sustainable health-related behavior change and charged with improving patient engagement.

Methods:

Through techniques sourced from humanistic and positive psychology, solution-focused and mindfulness-based therapies, and leadership coaching, Integrative Health Coaching (IHC) provides a mechanism to empower patients through various stages of learning and change. IHC also provides a method for the creation and implementation of forward-focused personalized health plans.

Results:

Clinical studies employing Duke University Integrative Medicine's model of IHC have demonstrated improvements in measures of diabetes and diabetes risk, weight management, and risk for cardiovascular disease and stroke. By supporting and enabling individuals in making major lifestyle changes for the improvement of their health, IHC carries the potential to reduce rates and morbidity of chronic disease and impact myriad aspects of healthcare.

Conclusion:

As a model of educational and clinical innovation aimed at patient empowerment and lifestyle modification, IHC is aligned well with the tenets and goals of recently sanctioned federal healthcare reform, specifically the creation of the first National Prevention and Health Promotion Strategy.

Practice Implications:

IHC may allow greater patient-centricity while targeting the lifestyle-related chronic disease that lies at the heart of the current healthcare crisis.
Watching the brain in action
Authors: Mahon Bradford Z
Published: May 2013

Functional magnetic resonance imaging has been used to identify the different networks in the brain that underpin the use of tools by humans.
Usefulness of Real‐time 3‐Dimensional Echocardiography to Identify and Quantify Left Ventricular Dyssynchrony in Patients With Kawasaki Disease
Authors: Yu Yi , Sun Kun , Xue Haihong , Chen Sun , Yang Jianping
Published: May 2013

Objectives

The role of left ventricular (LV) dyssynchrony in Kawasaki disease is unknown. This study sought to establish values for real‐time 3‐dimensional (3D) echocardiographically derived LV dyssynchrony parameters and identify and quantify LV dyssynchrony in patients with Kawasaki disease.

Methods

Forty patients hospitalized for Kawasaki disease were analyzed retrospectively, and 40 sex‐ and age‐matched healthy control volunteers were also enrolled. The systolic dyssynchrony index (percentage of the cardiac cycle) from 16 and 12 LV segments on real‐time 3D echocardiography was analyzed to calculate LV dyssynchrony (defined as the standard deviation of the time to reach the minimum systolic volume for 16 LV segments) according to a 17‐segment model. We analyzed the 3D LV ejection fraction (LVEF), end‐diastolic volume, and end‐systolic volume in the patients with Kawasaki disease compared to the controls.

Results

The 16‐segment systolic dyssynchrony index ± SD was significantly higher in the patients with Kawasaki disease: 2.73% ± 0.96% compared to 2.01% ± 0.85% in the controls (P < .05). The 12‐segment systolic dyssynchrony index in the patients with Kawasaki disease was 2.65% ± 0.93% compared to 1.98% ± 0.81% in the controls (P< .05). Patients with Kawasaki disease and an LVEF of less than 50% had a significantly higher systolic dyssynchrony index compared to patients with an LVEF of 50% or greater (2.89% ± 0.79% versus 2.26% ± 0.73%; P < .05). The LVEF measured by echocardiography was decreased in the patients with Kawasaki disease, and global systolic function was impaired. The LVEF measured by a biplane method was sufficiently related to the LVEF measured by echocardiography.

Conclusions

Real‐time 3D echocardiography is a noninvasive and feasible method for identifying and evaluating LV dyssynchrony in children with Kawasaki disease. Left ventricular dyssynchrony is significantly impaired and related to LV systolic function in patients with Kawasaki disease.
Maternal‐Fetal Medicine Fellowship 3‐ and 4‐Dimensional Ultrasound Experience
Authors: Ness Amen , Blumenfeld Yair J. , Platt Lawrence D.
Published: May 2013

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to assess maternal‐fetal medicine (MFM) fellowship 3‐ and 4‐dimensional (3D/4D) ultrasound experience and training.

Methods

A 53‐item prenatal diagnosis survey was emailed to 458 associate members of the Society for Maternal‐Fetal Medicine. Associate members include both MFM fellows and recent graduates who are not yet board certified in MFM.

Results

A total of 148 associate members completed the survey (32% response rate); 92% were at least in their second year of a fellowship, and 48.1% had completed a fellowship. About half (50.8%) were capable of performing 3D/4D ultrasound examinations (“performers”), whereas 49.2% were not (“nonperformers”). Among performers, about 80% were capable of only basic image acquisition. Overall, 39.5% of respondents received no official 3D/4D ultrasound training, and 55.5% stated that fewer than 1 in 5 of their MFM faculty routinely performed 3D/4D ultrasound examinations. Compared with performers, nonperformers had less formal 3D/4D ultrasound training (53% versus 26%; P = .018) and fewer MFM faculty who performed 3D/4D ultrasound examinations (43% versus 68%; P = .005), and fewer nonperformers were taught by ultrasound mentors (25% versus 47.8%; P = .011).

Conclusion

Most fellows are not trained in 3D/4D ultrasound. Greater emphasis on ultrasound mentorship and formalized ultrasound training by MFM faculty during fellowships is needed.
Effect of Maternal Hydration on the Amniotic Fluid Volume During Maternal Rest in the Left Lateral Decubitus Position
Authors: Ülker Kahraman , Çiçek Melek
Published: May 2013

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of maternal hydration on amniotic fluid volume during maternal rest in the left lateral decubitus position.

Methods

Pregnant women (n = 79) with an amniotic fluid index between 6 and 24 cm and a singleton uncomplicated pregnancy at 35 to 40 weeks' gestation were randomized into hydration and control groups. Starting 30 minutes before the measurements, the hydration group drank 250 mL of water at 15‐minute intervals (1000 mL/h). After the initial amniotic fluid index measurements, the women in both groups were instructed to rest in the left lateral decubitus position, and the measurements were repeated at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 minutes.

Results

The amniotic fluid index increased at each interval in both groups. Although each amniotic fluid index value was higher than the preceding one, only the 15‐ and 30‐minute values in the left lateral decubitus position alone and the 15‐, 30‐, and 45‐minute values in the left lateral decubitus position with maternal hydration were significantly higher than the preceding measurements (P < .05). A similar increase in the amniotic fluid volume was present 15 minutes after assuming the left lateral decubitus position in both groups. However, after 30 minutes, the women in the left lateral decubitus position without maternal hydration needed another 60 minutes for a significant amniotic fluid index increase, whereas the women with maternal hydration needed only another 45 minutes for a significant increase.

Conclusions

Maternal rest in the left lateral decubitus position with hydration and maternal rest in the left lateral decubitus position alone caused similar increases in the estimated amniotic fluid volume at 15 minutes. However, after 30 minutes, the amniotic fluid volume increased more rapidly in the group with hydration.
Increasing the Detection Rate of Congenital Heart Disease During Routine Obstetric Screening Using Cine Loop Sweeps
Authors: Scott Ted E. , Jones Judy , Rosenberg Herschel , Thomson Andrea , Ghandehari Hournaz , Rosta Neil , Jozkow Kim , Stromer Malka , Swan Hans
Published: May 2013

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate an increase in the detection rate of fetal cardiac defects using 2 cine loop sweeps.

Methods

Image reviewers examined a series of 93 cases randomly sorted, including 79 studies with normal findings and 14 studies with abnormal findings. All of the images were assessed by 5 standard criteria. Cases were classified as normal, abnormal, or indeterminate. Reviewers using the conventional approach reviewed 3 still images: the 4‐chamber, left ventricular outflow tract, and right ventricular outflow tract views. Reviewers using the cine loop sweeps viewed 2 grayscale sweeps through the fetal heart in real time. The image sequences were reviewed independently by 2 experts, 3 nonexperts, and 2 sonographers blinded to each others' results.

Results

The cine loop sweeps had an increased detection rate of 38% for the nonexperts and 36% for the experts compared with the conventional approach. The cine loop sweeps allowed identification of all cardiac defects by at least 2 of the 7 reviewers; the percentage of cases with false‐positive findings was 3.9%. With the conventional approach, 2 defects went undetected by all reviewers, and 4 defects were found by only 1 reviewer; the percentage of cases with false‐positive findings was 5.4%.

Conclusions

The use of cine loop sweeps has the potential to increase the detection of fetal cardiac defects without increasing the rate of false‐positive findings or increasing the interpretation and decision‐making times.
The Petrous Portion of the Temporal Bone as Shown on Sonography Between 14 and 40 Weeks' Gestation
Authors: Odeh Marwan , Safa Wafa , Ophir Ella , Grinin Vitali , Hakim Marwan , Bornstein Jacob
Published: May 2013

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility of sonographically identifying, measuring, and constructing nomograms of the fetal petrous bone, the part of the temporal bone that houses the auditory apparatus.

Methods

A total of 248 consecutive pregnant women between 14 and 40 weeks' gestation were included. During a routine scan using transvaginal or transabdominal sonography, the fetal head was assessed in transverse sections. First, the parotid gland or external ear was identified, followed by the petrous bone. This annular echogenic structure, located medially and superior to the parotid gland or external ear, was measured at its largest anteroposterior diameter. The petrous bone on at least one side was measured; if both sides were visualized easily, both petrous bones were measured.

Results

In 247 fetuses, at least one petrous bone was measured. The petrous bone measurement correlated well with the gestational age (R = 0.908; P < .001), biparietal diameter (R = 0.983; P < .001), and femur length (R = 0.913; P < .001).

Conclusions

Depiction of the petrous bone is feasible at all gestational ages and correlates well with the gestational age, biparietal diameter, and femur length. The usefulness of the ability to depict this bone in prenatal diagnosis of congenital malformations of the inner ear should be tested in prospective studies.
Intraoperative Sonographically Assisted Radioactive Iodine 125 Plaque Brachytherapy for Choroidal Melanoma
Authors: Quinlan-Davidson Sean , AlMahmoud Tahra , Shenouda George , Evans Michael , Mansour Magdi , Edelstein Chaim , Pond Gregory , Deschênes Jean
Published: May 2013

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to present a retrospective series of cases from a single Canadian academic center assessing visual acuity outcomes after intraoperative sonographically assisted iodine 125 (125I) plaque brachytherapy treatment.

Methods

The cases of 28 patients (16 male and 12 female; mean age ± SD diagnosis, 62.3 ± 15 years) with choroidal melanoma treated with 125I plaque brachytherapy using intraoperative sonography between 1997 and 2002 were reviewed.

Results

The mean longitudinal, transverse, and depth dimensions were 11.4, 10.6, and 4.7, respectively. The median follow‐up was 48 months (range, 3–102 months) for our cohort of patients. The prescribed dose was 85 Gy to a height of 5 mm (for an apex height ≤5 mm) or to the tumor apex (for an apex height >5 mm). Five years after 125I plaque brachytherapy, all tumors had regressed in their longitudinal, transverse, and depth dimensions. The prebrachytherapy tumor depth (P = .023) and sclera dose (P = .036) were found to significantly affect visual acuity after plaque brachytherapy at 24 months. One recurrence was recorded 6 years after plaque brachytherapy.

Conclusions

This study supports 125I plaque brachytherapy as an efficacious treatment for patients with choroidal melanoma, and intraoperative sonography may help with optimizing tumor control. In addition, to our knowledge, this study is the first to report the sclera dose as a significant predictor of visual acuity.
Hexagonal Boron Nitride and Graphite Oxide Reinforced Multifunctional Porous Cement Composites
Authors: Rafiee Mohammad A. , Narayanan Tharangattu N. , Hashim Daniel P. , Sakhavand Navid , Shahsavari Rouzbeh , Vajtai Robert , Ajayan Pulickel M.
Published: May 2013

The synthesis and characterization of multifunctional cement and concrete composites filled with hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) and graphite oxide (GO), is reported and their superior mechanical strength and oil adsorption properties compared to composites devoid of fillers are illustrated. GO is utilized to bridge the cement surfaces while h‐BN is used to mechanically reinforce the composites and adsorb the oil. Introduction of these fillers even at low filler weight fractions increases the compressive strength and toughness properties of pristine cement and of porous concrete significantly, while the porous composite concrete illustrates excellent ability for water separation and crude oil adsorption. Experimental results along with theoretical calculations show that such nanoengineered forms of cement based composites would enable the development of novel forms of multifunctional structural materials with a range of environmental applications.
Hydrogels for Two‐Photon Polymerization: A Toolbox for Mimicking the Extracellular Matrix
Authors: Torgersen Jan , Qin Xiao‐Hua , Li Zhiquan , Ovsianikov Aleksandr , Liska Robert , Stampfl Jürgen
Published: May 2013

The natural extracellular matrix (ECM) represents a complex and dynamic environment. It provides numerous spatio‐temporal signals mediating many cellular functions including morphogenesis, adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. The cell–ECM interaction is bidirectional. Cells dynamically receive and process information from the ECM and remodel it at the same time. Theses complex interactions are still not fully understood. For better understanding, it is indispensable to deconstruct the ECM up to the point of investigating isolated characteristics and cell responses to physical, chemical and topographical cues. Two‐photon polymerization (2PP) allows the exact reconstruction of cell specific sites in 3D at micro‐ and nanometer precision. Processing biocompatible synthetic and naturally‐derived hydrogels, the microenvironment of cells can be designed to specifically investigate their behavior in respect to key chemical, mechanical and topographical attributes. Moreover, 3D manipulation can be performed in the presence of cells, guiding biological tissue formation in all stages of its development. Here, advances in 2PP microfabrication of synthetic and naturally based hydrogels are reviewed. Key components of photopolymerizable hydrogel precursors, their structure–property relationships and their polymerization mechanisms are presented. Furthermore, it is shown how biocompatible 2PP fabricated constructs can act as biologically relevant matrices to study cell functions and tissue development.
p‐Type Beta‐Silver Vanadate Nanoribbons for Nanoelectronic Devices with Tunable Electrical Properties
Authors: Feng Mei , Luo Lin‐Bao , Nie Biao , Yu Shu‐Hong
Published: May 2013

β‐AgVO3, as a stable phase and a typical silver vanadium oxide, has performed special ionic and electrical properties. The construction of nanoelectronic devices based on ultralong β‐AgVO3 nanoribbons (NRs) is reported, including nano‐field‐effect transistor (nano‐FET) and nano‐Schottky barrier diode (nano‐SBD). Owing to the specific channel structure and ion conductivity, the nano‐FET exhibits typical p‐type semiconductor characteristics and the nano‐SBD with Al contacts performs a prominent rectifying behavior with an on/off ratio of up to 103. Besides, tunable electrical transport properties can be achieved by tailoring the material properties, and it is demonstrated that the bridging NR numbers and diameters have a positive effect on electrical transport properties, while a complex variation trend is observed in the case of surface modification by photo‐irradiation. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrum further illuminates that the induced vacancies play an important role on the electrical transport properties of β‐AgVO3 nanoribbons. Easy access to the ultralong β‐AgVO3 NRs makes them a promising candidate for potential applications in nanoelectronic devices.
Functional Morphometric Analysis in Cellular Behaviors: Shape and Size Matter
Authors: Yu Haiyang , Lim Kee Pah , Xiong Sijing , Tan Lay Poh , Shim Winston
Published: May 2013

Cellular morphogenesis in response to biophysical and topographical cues provides insights into cytoskeletal status, biointerface communications, and phenotypic adaptations in an incessant signaling feedback that governs cellular fate. Morphometric characterization is an important element in the study of the dynamic cellular behaviors, in their interactive response to environmental influence exerted by culture system. They collectively serve to reflect cellular proliferation, migration, and differentiation, which may serve as prognostic indices for clinical and pathological diagnosis. Various parameters are proposed to categorize morphological adaptations in relation to cellular function. In this review, the underlying principles, assumptions, and limitations of morphological characterizations are discussed. The significance, challenges, and implications of quantitative morphometric characterization of cell shapes and sizes in determining cellular functions are discussed.
Novel Carbon Nanotube‐Conjugated Polymer Nanohybrids Produced By Multiple Polymer Processing
Authors: Stranks Samuel D. , Habisreutinger Severin N. , Dirks Beate , Nicholas Robin J.
Published: May 2013

We describe two methods in which we manipulate the binding of multiple conjugated polymers to single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) to produce new and novel nanostructures. One method first utilizes the selective binding of poly(9,9‐dioctylfluorenyl‐2,7‐diyl) (PFO) to a narrow distribution of semiconducting SWNTs and then uses a polymer exchange to transfer this purity to other nanotube‐polymer combinations, using technologically useful polymers such as poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and poly(9,9′‐dioctylfluorene‐co‐benzothiadiazole) (F8BT) as first examples. The other method involves controlling the competitive binding of P3HT and F8BT to SWNTs to produce coaxial nanostructures consisting of both polymers simultaneously bound in ordered layers. We show that these two simple solution‐processing techniques can be carried out sequentially to afford new dual‐polymer nanostructures comprised of a semiconducting SWNT of a single chirality. This allows the favorable properties of both polymers and purified semiconducting SWNTs to be implemented into potentially highly efficient organic photovoltaic devices.
Low‐Dimensional Te‐Based Nanostructures
Authors: Wang Qisheng , Safdar Muhammad , Wang Zhenxing , He Jun
Published: May 2013

Low‐dimensional Te‐based nanomaterials have attracted intense attention in recent years due to their novel physical properties including surface‐state effects, photoelectricity, phase changes, and thermoelectricity. The recent development of synthesis methods of low‐dimensional Te‐based nanostructures is reviewed, such as van der Waals expitaxial growth and template‐assisted solution‐phase deposition. In addition, the unique properties of these materials, such as tunable surface states, high photoresponsivity, fast phase change, and high thermoelectricity figure of merit, are reviewed. The potential applications of low‐dimensional Te‐based nanostructures are broad but particularly promising for nanoscale electronic and photoelectronic devices.
Structure and tensile properties change of LDPE/UHMWPE blends via solid state shear milling
Authors: Chen Yang , Nie Xin , Zou Huawei , Liang Mei , Liu Pengbo
Published: May 2013

LDPE/ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) blends were prepared through a pan‐milling reactor in solid state at ambient temperature. The changes of structure and properties of LDPE/UHMWPE blends were investigated by melt flow index, mechanical properties, scanning electronic microscope (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. SEM photos showed that after pan‐milling treatment the dispersed approximately equiaxed UHMWPE particle became rodlike. DSC measurement illustrated that after pan‐milling treatment, the peaks of UHMWPE shift to lower temperatures while the peaks of LDPE kept stable. The more content of UHMWPE led to more evident shift. X‐ray diffraction analysis showed that the crystallinity of milled LDPE/UHMWPE blends decreased lightly, but the crystalline grain size decreased only for high content UHMWPE blends. The tensile properties of pan‐milled LDPE/UHMWPE blends also achieved significant improvement after pan milling treatment. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 2487–2493, 2013
Anionic bulk polymerization to synthesize styrene–isoprene diblock and multiblock copolymers by reactive extrusion
Authors: Yuan Xieyao , Guan Yong , Li Shuzhao , Zheng Anna
Published: May 2013

In this study, styrene–isoprene diblock and multiblock copolymers were synthesized with n‐butyllithium as the initiator, in an intermeshing, corotating twin‐screw extruder. The diameter (D) of this extruder was 36 mm, and the ratio of length/diameter was 56. The weight content of polyisoprene in these copolymers was above 50% although in the past studies it had not been possible to accomplish levels higher than 30%. Gel permeation chromatography results of samples and their degraded products show that there is only one long block polystyrene in the diblock copolymer chains; while in the multiblock copolymer molecules, there is a long block and large numbers of small blocks. Dynamic mechanical analysis and transmission electron microscopy show that the two phases in the diblock copolymer are completely incompatible, leading to sharp phase separation. In the multiblock copolymer, the two phases are partly compatible without an obvious phase boundary. The successful syntheses of styrene/isoprene diblock and multiblock copolymers with high‐isoprene contents provide a novel method to synthesize polystyrene rubbers and styrene–diene–styrene thermoplastic elastomers. Traditionally, these products were mainly synthesized by solution polymerization. The present work in this article provides the possibility to synthesize them with very little or no solvent using bulk polymerization. This method fits the environmentally friendly trend to use low amounts of carbon while allowing commercial profitability. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39429.
Synthesis and Characterization of Low Viscosity Dimethacrylic Resin Based on Isosorbide
Authors: Łukaszczyk Jan , Janicki Bartosz , Kożuch Justyna , Wojdyła Henryk
Published: May 2013

In this article, synthesis and properties of novel dimethacrylic resin (ISETDMA) based on human friendly, biobased isosorbide was described. Its potential as a possible diluting monomer for medical applications, mainly dental restorative systems was assessed. The resin was obtained in two‐step synthesis including ethoxylation of isosorbide and subsequent methacrylation with methacryloyl chloride. 1HNMR, FTIR, and electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (ESI‐MS) techniques were used to identify products. ISETDMA as well as composition with 2,2‐bis[4‐(2‐hydroxy‐3‐methacryloyloxypropoxy)phenyl]propane were polymerized using UV initiator IRGACURE 651. Double bond conversion, polymerization shrinkage, water sorption, and sol fraction of resulting polymers were determined. Selected mechanical (flexural strength and modulus, Brinell hardness) and thermomechanical (dynamic mechanical analysis) properties were also investigated. Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate and 2,2‐bis(4‐(2‐methacryloxyethyl‐1‐oxy)phenyl)propane based homopolymers and copolymers were prepared as reference for comparison of particular properties. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 2514–2522, 2013
Tribological behaviors of polytetrafluoroethylene composites under dry sliding and seawater lubrication
Authors: Wang Shibo , Pan Li , Li Qian
Published: May 2013

The composites of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filled with expanded graphite (EG), poly(p‐oxybenzoyl) (POB), and basalt fiber (BF) were prepared by heating compression and sintering molding. The tribological behavior of PTFE composites was investigated with a pin‐on‐disk tester under dry conditions and seawater lubrication. The worn surface of PTFE composites and the transfer film on the counterface were observed with a scanning electron microscope. The results indicated that the incorporation of EG and POB improved the hardness of PTFE composites, and addition of BF led to greater load‐carrying capacity. Compared to pure PTFE, the coefficients of friction of PTFE composites slightly increased, but the wear rates were significantly reduced (the wear rate of composite with 3% EG being only 10.38% of pure PTFE). In addition, all the composites exhibited a lower coefficient of friction (decreases of about 0.03–0.07) but more serious wear under seawater lubrication than under dry sliding. The wear mechanism changed from serious abrasive wear of pure PTFE to slight adhesion wear of PTFE composites under both conditions. A transfer film was obviously found on the counterface in seawater, but it was not observed under dry conditions. Among all the materials tested, the PTFE‐based composite containing 20% POB (mass fraction), 2% EG, and 3% BF exhibited the best comprehensive performance. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 2523–2531, 2013