bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How commercial fishing effort is managed
Authors: Anderson Christopher M. , Krigbaum Melissa J. , Arostegui Martin C. , Feddern Megan L. , Koehn John Zachary , Kuriyama Peter T. , Morrisett Christina , Allen Akselrud Caitlin I. , Davis Melanie J. , Fiamengo Courtney , Fuller Ava , Lee Qi , McElroy Katherine N. , Pons Maite , Sanders Jessica
Published: December 2018

Wild capture fisheries produce 90 million tonnes of food each year and have the potential to provide sustainable livelihoods for nearly 40 million people around the world (http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5555e.pdf). After decades of overfishing since industrialization, many global fish stocks have recovered, a change brought about through effective management. We provide a synthetic overview of three approaches that managers use to sustain stocks: regulating catch and fishing mortality, regulating effort and regulating spatial access. Within each of these approaches, we describe common restrictions, how they alter incentives to change fishing behaviour, and the resultant ecological, economic and community‐level outcomes. For each approach, we present prominent case‐studies that illustrate behaviour and the corresponding performance. These case‐studies show that sustaining target stocks requires a hard limit on fishing mortality under most conditions, but that additional measures are required to generate economic benefits. Different systems for allocation allow stakeholder communities to strike a locally acceptable balance between profitability and employment.
Skating on thin ice: Identifying the need for species‐specific data and defined migration ecology of Rajidae spp.
Authors: Siskey Matthew R. , Shipley Oliver N. , Frisk Michael G.
Published: December 2018

Skates (class Chondrichthyes; subclass Elasmobranchii; order Rajiformes; family Rajidae) comprise one quarter of extant chondrichthyans, yet have received little attention in the scientific literature likely due to their relatively low economic value and difficulties in species identification. The absence of species‐specific information on catch, life history and migration of skates has often precluded the development of single‐species stock assessments and led to the use of cursory multispecies assessments, which lack the ability to track species‐specific catch and abundance trends. This has resulted in undetected local extirpations, as has been previously reported for common (Dipturus batis, Rajidae), white (Rostroraja alba, Rajidae) and long‐nose (Dipturus oxyrhinchus, Rajidae) skates in the Irish Sea. Here, we (a) use case studies to illustrate how the perception of skate population structure and stock status has historically been masked through multispecies assessment and management practices, (b) review current information on the movement of skates and identify gaps in knowledge, and (c) identify biases associated with the use of various tagging technologies, which have confounded our understanding of movement and migration ecology of skates. Considering that over 40% of extant Rajidae species are listed as “Data Deficient” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, we illustrate a critical need to broaden the current understanding of skate life history, movement and migration ecology by providing recommendations on the further application of electronic tags and biogeochemical natural tags in movement studies and highlight the benefits that studies using these approaches have for novel management frameworks.
Crystal structure of Kumaglobin: a hexacoordinated heme protein from an anhydrobiotic tardigrade, Ramazzottius varieornatus
Authors: Kim JeeEun , Fukuda Yohta , Inoue Tsuyoshi
Published: December 2018

Tardigrades, also known as water bears, can survive extreme conditions. For example, tardigrades have high tolerance to extreme desiccation because they can enter an anhydrobiotic state, in which they show no or nearly undetectable metabolic processes. Proteins from anhydrobiotic tardigrades with low homology to known proteins from other organisms are new potential targets for structural genomics. Here, we present spectroscopic and structural characterization of an unprecedented globin protein (Kumaglobin: Kgb) found in an anhydrobiotic tardigrade. Spectroscopy reveals that Kgb contains hexacoordinated low‐spin heme, which is not capable of binding to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) unlike other globin proteins, such as neuroglobin. Interestingly however, when distal histidine is replaced with alanine, H2S is capable of binding to heme, implying that the distal histidine of Kgb binds tightly to heme. The overall structure of Kgb at 1.5 Å resolution shows high resemblance to well‐characterized eukaryotic globin proteins, such as myoglobin and cytoglobin. However, the heme coordination geometry in Kgb is unique because the distal histidinyl ligand is located at the 11th position of helix E while it is found at 7th position on helix E in many known globin proteins. The unusual conformation of distal histidine in Kgb is stabilized by a hydrogen bond with the carbonyl O atom of A103. Furthermore, bulky residues exist around the heme cofactor, resulting in a ruffling conformation of the porphyrin ring. Based on our study, Kgb is thought to be involved in electron transfer or enzymatic reactions rather than transporting or storing ligands.

Database

Structural data are available in the Protein Data Bank under the accession numbers 5ZIQ (Kgb4‐SR) and 5ZM9 (Kgb7‐house).
To the edge of cell death and back
Authors: Gong Yi‐Nan , Crawford Jeremy Chase , Heckmann Bradlee L. , Green Douglas R.
Published: December 2018

Programmed cell death plays a central role in maintaining homeostasis. Various studies have demonstrated that programmed cell death is not a one‐way street; cells can survive even when the core cell death processes are underway. Cell death initiation, prevention, and recovery function in a coordinated fashion to establish and maintain a homeostatic environment. In this review, we discuss how dying cells can be rescued from death's grip and the subsequent physiological consequences. We suggest a fundamental question to be answered—at least at the single cell level is, can we predict if a certain cell is more or less likely to survive or die? And importantly, what physiological and pathological consequences, as well as therapeutic approaches can we delineate from this ability to predict cell death versus survival.
Declines in northern forest tree growth following snowpack decline and soil freezing
Authors: Reinmann Andrew B. , Susser Jessica R. , Demaria Eleonora M. C. , Templer Pamela H.
Published: December 2018

Changes in growing season climate are often the foci of research exploring forest response to climate change. By contrast, little is known about tree growth response to projected declines in winter snowpack and increases in soil freezing in seasonally snow‐covered forest ecosystems, despite extensive documentation of the importance of winter climate in mediating ecological processes. We conducted a 5‐year snow‐removal experiment whereby snow was removed for the first 4–5 weeks of winter in a northern hardwood forest at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire,USA. Our results indicate that adverse impacts of reduced snowpack and increased soil freezing on the physiology ofAcer saccharum(sugar maple), a dominant species across northern temperate forests, are accompanied by a 40 ± 3% reduction in aboveground woody biomass increment, averaged across the 6 years following the start of the experiment. Further, we find no indication of growth recovery 1 year after cessation of the experiment. Based on these findings, we integrate spatial modeling of snowpack depth with forest inventory data to develop a spatially explicit, regional‐scale assessment of the vulnerability of forest aboveground growth to projected declines in snowpack depth and increased soil frost. These analyses indicate that nearly 65% of sugar maple basal area in the northeastern United States resides in areas that typically experience insulating snowpack. However, under theRCP4.5 and 8.5 emissions scenarios, we project a 49%–95% reduction in forest area experiencing insulating snowpack by the year 2099 in the northeastern United States, leaving large areas of northern forest vulnerable to these changes in winter climate, particularly along the northern edge of the region. Our study demonstrates that research focusing on growing season climate alone overestimates the stimulatory effect of warming temperatures on tree and forest growth in seasonally snow‐covered forests.
Phenology and productivity in a montane bird assemblage: Trends and responses to elevation and climate variation
Authors: Saracco James F. , Siegel Rodney B. , Helton Lauren , Stock Sarah L. , DeSante David F.
Published: December 2018

Climate variation has been linked to historical and predicted future distributions and dynamics of wildlife populations. However, demographic mechanisms underlying these changes remain poorly understood. Here, we assessed variation and trends in climate (annual snowfall and spring temperature anomalies) and avian demographic variables from mist‐netting data (breeding phenology and productivity) at six sites along an elevation gradient spanning the montane zone of Yosemite National Park between 1993 and 2017. We implemented multi‐species hierarchical models to relate demographic responses to elevation and climate covariates. Annual variation in climate and avian demographic variables was high. Snowfall declined (10 mm/year at the highest site, 2 mm at the lowest site), while spring temperature increased (0.045°C/year) over the study period. Breeding phenology (mean first capture date of juvenile birds) advanced by 0.2 day/year (5 days); and productivity (probability of capturing a juvenile bird) increased by 0.8%/year. Breeding phenology was 12 days earlier at the lowest compared to highest site, 18 days earlier in years with lowest compared to highest snowfall anomalies, and 6 d earlier in relatively warm springs (after controlling for snowfall effects). Productivity was positively related to elevation. However, elevation–productivity responses varied among species; species with higher productivity at higher compared to lower elevations tended to be species with documented range retractions during the past century. Productivity tended to be negatively related to snowfall and was positively related to spring temperature. Overall, our results suggest that birds have tracked the variable climatic conditions in this system and have benefited from a trend toward warmer, drier springs. However, we caution that continued warming and multi‐year drought or extreme weather years may alter these relationships in the future. Multi‐species demographic modeling, such as implemented here, can provide an important tool for guiding conservation of species assemblages under global change.
Crime Risk Maps: A Multivariate Spatial Analysis of Crime Data
Authors: Chung Jihoon , Kim Heeyoung
Published: December 2018

In crime analyses, maps showing the degree of risk help police departments to make decisions on operational matters, such as where to patrol or how to deploy police officers. This study statistically models spatial crime data for multiple crime types in order to produce joint crime risk maps. To effectively model and map the spatial crime data, we consider two important characteristics of crime occurrences: the spatial dependence between sites, and the dependence between multiple crime types. We reflect both characteristics in the model simultaneously using a generalized multivariate conditional autoregressive model. As a real‐data application, we examine the number of incidents of vehicle theft, larceny, and burglary in 83 census tracts of San Francisco in 2010. Then, we employ a Bayesian approach using a Markov chain Monte Carlo method to estimate the model parameters. Based on the results, we detect the crime hotspots, thus demonstrating the advantage of using a multivariate spatial analysis for crime data.
Bioactive Phaseolus lunatus peptides release from maltodextrin/gum arabic microcapsules obtained by spray drying after simulated gastrointestinal digestion
Authors: Cian Raúl E. , Campos‐Soldini Andrea , Chel‐Guerrero Luis , Drago Silvina R. , Betancur‐Ancona David
Published: December 2018

Bioactive peptides can be protected from the gastrointestinal environment by microencapsulation. The aim was to assess the effect of simulated gastrointestinal digestion on bioactive properties of P. lunatus peptides (ACE‐I, α‐glucosidase, α‐amylase, and dipeptidyl peptidase‐IV inhibition) microencapsulated by spray drying using maltodextrin/gun arabic in optimal formula. Microcapsules were formulated using a 22 factorial design. The simultaneous effect of P. lunatus hydrolysate (4 and 10 g 100 g−1) and proportion of maltodextrin/gum arabic (25:75 and 75:25 g 100 g−1) on yield, protein efficiency, size, protein release at pH 2.0 and pH 7.0 of the different microcapsules was studied. Microcapsules with maximum yield, protein efficiency, and protein release at pH 7.0, and minimum protein release at pH 2.0 were subjected to simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Microcapsules obtained in optimal formula preserved the α‐glucosidase, α‐amylase, and dipeptidyl peptidase‐IV inhibitory activity of P. lunatus peptides after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion.
The impact of recrystallisation on the freeze‐thaw cycles of red seabream (Pagrus major) fillets
Authors: Cao Minjie , Wang Jing , Cao Ailing , Shiuan David , Guan Rongfa , Cai Luyun , Wang Yanbo
Published: December 2018

Recrystallisation often occurs in the freeze‐thaw cycles and results in poor food quality. This study was undertaken to analyse the effects of recrystallisation on the changes of protein conformation and moisture migration within red seabream fillets after the freeze‐thaw cycles. The UV second‐derivative spectroscopy, intrinsic fluorescence measurement and Raman spectroscopy were employed to evaluate the protein conformational changes. The Low‐field NMR spectra analysis was used to evaluate moisture migration. The results indicated that the freeze‐thaw cycles altered the secondary and tertiary structure of proteins. It was noticed that interactions between water and protein molecules were decreased gradually and eventually induced the thermal instability of the myosin molecules. The immobilised water content declined and the free water content increased. There were significant destructions in fillet muscle microstructure. These observations unambiguously reflect how the recrystallisations affect the protein conformation and moisture migration patterns of red seabream fillets during freeze‐thaw cycles.
Patients' experiences of taking part in Time Together – A nursing intervention in psychiatric inpatient care
Authors: Molin Jenny , Graneheim Ulla Hällgren , Ringnér Anders , Lindgren Britt‐Marie
Published: December 2018

This qualitative study aimed to illuminate patients’ experiences of taking part in the nursing intervention Time Together. The data were drawn from 11 individual semi‐structured interviews with patients and analysed with qualitative content analysis using an inductive approach. The results show that patients taking part in Time Together felt confirmed and participated on equal terms; thus, they experienced being seen as humans among other humans. Time Together offered patients a break, and they felt strengthened, which contributed to their hopes for recovery. Furthermore, when Time Together was absent patients felt disconfirmed, which fostered feelings of distance from staff. The results support the effectiveness of the intervention, indicating that Time Together may be a tool to facilitate patients’ personal recovery. However, the success of the intervention depends on staff compliance with the predetermined structure of the intervention in combination with engagement.
Overcoming the barriers in transgender healthcare in rural Ontario: discourses of personal agency, resilience, and empowerment
Authors: Blodgett Nolan , Coughlan Rory , Khullar Neha
Published: December 2018

This study qualitatively explores the barriers that transgender individuals experience within healthcare settings in rural Ontario. It includes an analysis of how transgender individuals overcome these barriers, as well as the methods by which healthcare interactions can be strengthened to increase their experiences of personal agency. Twelve transgender individuals and three healthcare professionals in rural Ontario participated in open‐ended, semi‐structured interviews, which were analysed using interpretive phenomenological analysis and critical discourse analysis. Together these analyses yielded insights on themes pertaining to the breaching of human rights in healthcare interactions; rural challenges experienced by transgender patients in Ontario; the effects of non‐reciprocal relationships on trans‐patients’ experiences of personal agency, autonomy, and mental health; and factors contributing to their overall resiliency and empowerment. Potential transgender healthcare models and directions for future research are also discussed.
Pressure ulcers in paediatric patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Authors: Tam Sophia F. , Mobargha Anahita , Tobias Joseph , Schad Christine A. , Okochi Shunpei , Middlesworth William , Duron Vincent
Published: December 2018

It has been shown that pressure ulcer formation in critically ill paediatric patients increases morbidity and mortality. We sought to identify factors associated with pressure ulcer formation in paediatric patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). From December 2014 to 2015, we identified patients at our institution who developed a pressure ulcer to create two cohorts: ulcer and no ulcer. Variables of interest included: type of ECMO, ECMO indication, hours on ECMO, location of cannulas, volume of crystalloid and blood products received during the first 7 days or during the length of the ECMO run, albumin and lactate levels on the day of cannulation, and presence of vasopressor support or steroid therapy. Of 43 patients studied, 11 (25.5%) developed a pressure ulcer. Patients that developed ulcers were older (P = 0.001) and weighed more (P = 0.006). Femoral cannulation was more frequent in the ulcer group (36.4% vs 6.3%, P = 0.029), and duration of ECMO was longer (P = 0.007). Age, weight, duration of ECMO, and femoral cannulation may contribute to the development of pressure ulcers in children who require ECMO support. Further analysis is imperative to identify specific techniques and protocols that will prevent pressure ulcers in this critically ill population.
Enhanced thermal shock response of Al2O3–graphite composites through a layered architectural design
Authors: Song Junjie , Yang Hui , Bermejo Raúl , Qu Jianmin , Hu Litian , Zhang Yongsheng
Published: December 2018

The use of ceramics such as alumina in moving components often requires the addition of low friction materials such as graphite. A new strategy for improving toughness, strength, and thermal‐shock resistance of Al2O3–graphite self‐lubricating composites was proposed in this study. Alumina layers embedded between Al2O3–graphite layers were fabricated and tested after thermal shock conditions ranging between 500 °C and 800 °C maximum temperature. Retained strength and apparent fracture toughness after the tests were compared to room temperature values. Results show that compressive residual stresses generated in the outer Al2O3–graphite layers during cooling down from sintering improve the failure resistance of the materials. The introduction of heat‐resistant particles (Al2O3 particles) into graphite layers combined with a layered architecture can greatly decrease the oxidation degradation of the materials below 500 °C. In addition, the retained strength and toughness in the layered architectures after thermal shock between 550 °C and 800 °C remains constant, thus indicating that the new‐developed Al2O3/Al2O3–graphite laminated composites may be reliable candidates for self–lubricating applications also for elevated temperatures.
High pressure extraction and its application in the extraction of bio‐active compounds: A review
Authors: Khan Shafat A. , Aslam Rouf , Makroo Hilal A.
Published: December 2018

Extraction of bio‐active compounds has become very important as these compounds show various characteristics which are beneficial to health, such as antioxidant, anti‐carcinogenic and antimicrobial properties. High pressure extraction (HPE) can be included among the recent and novel methods for extracting bioactive compounds from natural materials. The high pressure is applied to stimulate various phenomena (such as transition of phase from one form to another, change in reaction dynamics, change in molecular structure, etc.) which induces a reaction in a direction promoting a decrease in volume hence resulting in the enhancement of extraction efficiency. This article presents a comprehensive review of HPE and its applications in various food products and wastes. The review highlights that HPE is potential option for conventional extraction methods to meet the industrial demand. As most of the research has been conducted at laboratory scale level therefore recommendations for scaling up of the HPE process are made to evaluate the performance at commercial levels.

Practical applications

Extraction is considered to be a vital unit operation in downstream processes. However the conventional methods of extraction have various disadvantages viz. time and solvent consuming, energy deficient, poor extraction, risky to environment. High pressure extraction has a huge potential to partially or fully overcome these disadvantages. This review article presents the working mechanism and principle of HPE, and recent research conducted to evaluate the HPE process of potential bio‐active compounds from various plant and animal sources. HPE has been found to facilitate the recovery of these potential bio‐active compounds in their best natural form. Also it is recommended that HPE could be scaled up to make the extraction process relatively easy and efficient at commercial level.
Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes growth on vacuum packaged rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with carvacrol and eugenol
Authors: Dimitrijević Mirjana , Grković Nevena , Bošković Marija , Baltić Milan Ž. , Dojčinović Slobodan , Karabasil Neđeljko , Vasilev Dragan , Teodorović Vlado
Published: December 2018

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of carvacrol and eugenol, separately and in combination, on survival of Listeria monocytogenes, and sensory and microbiological characteristics in vacuum packaged Oncorhynchus mykiss during refrigerated storage (4 ± 1 °C) for 20 days. The control fish fillets were analyzed for microbial (total mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria and lactic acid bacteria) and sensory properties. Fish fillets treated with carvacrol, eugenol, and their combination displayed populations of L. monocytogenes significantly lower, by 1.35–2.84 log cfu/g, than the control fillets during the whole storage period. No significant differences between groups of fish fillets with different active compound(s) added were noted except at the end of the storage, when the number of L. monocytogenes was significantly lower in the fish fillets with eugenol added. Sensory analysis showed that fish fillets with eugenol added were the most acceptable to trained panelists.

Practical applications

Taking into account the increasing need for the production of safe fish and fish products and the fact that carvacrol and eugenol, which exhibited significant antilisterial effect, are generally recognized as safe they can find its practical application in fish industry. Furthermore, as these substances are major constituents of numerous essential oils they can be considered as natural preservatives and used in the organic production as a substitute with synthetic additives which can cause adverse effects.
Making Function Part of the Conversation: Clinician Perspectives on Measuring Functional Status in Primary Care
Authors: Nicosia Francesca M. , Spar Malena J. , Steinman Michael A. , Lee Sei J. , Brown Rebecca T.
Published: December 2018

OBJECTIVES

Although there is increasing interest in using functional status to guide clinical decision making, function is seldom routinely assessed in primary care. We explored clinician perspectives on barriers and facilitators to routine measurement of older adults' functional status in primary care settings.

DESIGN

Qualitative study using semistructured interviews.

SETTING

Primary care and geriatrics clinics at six Veterans Affairs Medical Centers.

PARTICIPANTS

Twenty‐four primary care providers, including 17 from primary care clinics and 7 from geriatrics clinics.

MEASUREMENTS

We conducted interviews to elicit clinician perspectives about functional status measurement, including barriers and facilitators to routine assessment. We analyzed transcripts iteratively using a hybrid inductive and deductive thematic approach.

RESULTS

Interviews revealed three distinct aspects to measuring function: screening and assessment, documentation, and use of data to inform care. Barriers and facilitators to screening and assessment included time availability, clinic processes, and degree of interdisciplinary environment. Barriers and facilitators to documentation included the usability and integration of electronic instruments into workflows and the availability of a standardized location to document function in the electronic medical record. Barriers and facilitators to use of data included the availability of a standardized location to retrieve data on function, the availability of appropriate referrals and services, and provider knowledge of available resources to address functional impairments. To address these barriers, providers emphasized the critical importance of connecting measurement of function directly to improved patient care.

CONCLUSION

Although clinicians emphasized the importance of measuring function, they also cautioned against additional workload burdens, cumbersome electronic documentation, and measurement of function without ensuring that these data are used to improve care. Approaches to functional status measurement must address these barriers to improve care and outcomes for older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:493–502, 2019.
Radiographic characteristics of mesiodens in a non‐syndromic pediatric population in the Black Sea region
Authors: Altan Halenur , Akkoc Sumeyra , Altan Ahmet
Published: December 2018

Aim

A mesiodens is the most frequent type of supernumerary tooth. They can be related to several complications, such as ectopic eruption and midline diastema. The aim of the present study was to assess the radiographic properties of mesiodens by analyzing the associated age, sex distribution, number of mesiodens per patient, shape, direction of eruption, and their association with complications.

Methods

The present study was performed using panoramic radiographs of 14 400 pediatric patients (4‐14 years old) who visited the Department of Pediatric Dentistry at Gaziosmanpasa University for a variety of dental complaints from 2015 to 2018.

Results

There were 82 mesiodens diagnosed in a total of 71 patients. Among the 82 mesiodens, 51 (62.1%) were conical in shape, which was the most commonly seen shape, followed by 14 supplemental (17.07%), and 12 (14.6%) tuberculate. Of the 82 mesiodens, 65 (79.2%) were aligned vertically, nine (10.9%) were inverted, and eight (9.7%) were horizontally placed. Clinical complications were observed in 76.8% of patients.

Conclusion

The management of mesiodens can be performed using three methods: (a) spontaneous eruption; (b) early intervention; and (c) delayed intervention. However, the management of mesiodens should be evaluated on an individual basis to determine the best treatment method. Mesiodens‐associated complications should be addressed prior to the lateral incisors erupting.
Syntenic quantitative trait loci and genomic divergence for Sclerotinia resistance and flowering time in Brassica napus
Authors: Zhang Fengqi , Huang Junyan , Tang Minqiang , Cheng Xiaohui , Liu Yueying , Tong Chaobo , Yu Jingyin , Sadia Tehrim , Dong Caihua , Liu Lingyan , Tang Baojun , Chen Jianguo , Liu Shengyi
Published: December 2018

Oilseed rape (Brassica napus) is an allotetraploid with two subgenomes descended from a common ancestor. Accordingly, its genome contains syntenic regions with many duplicate genes, some of which may have retained their original functions, whereas others may have diverged. Here, we mapped quantitative trait loci (QTL) for stem rot resistance (SRR), a disease caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and flowering time (FT) in a recombinant inbred line population. The population was genotyped using B. napus 60K single nucleotide polymorphism arrays and phenotyped in six (FT) and nine (SSR) experimental conditions or environments. In total, we detected 30 SRR QTL and 22 FT QTL and show that some of the major QTL associated with these two traits were co‐localized, suggesting a genetic linkage between them. Two SRR QTL on chromosome A2 and two on chromosome C2 were shown to be syntenic, suggesting the functional conservation of these regions. We used the syntenic properties of the genomic regions to exclude genes for selection candidates responsible for QTL‐associated traits. For example, 152 of the 185 genes could be excluded from a syntenic A2–C2 region. These findings will help to elucidate polyploid genomics in future studies, in addition to providing useful information for B. napus breeding programs.
OS1 functions in the allocation of nutrients between the endosperm and embryo in maize seeds
Authors: Song Weibin , Zhu Jinjie , Zhao Haiming , Li Yingnan , Liu Jiangtao , Zhang Xiangbo , Huang Liangliang , Lai Jinsheng
Published: December 2018

Uncovering the genetic basis of seed development will provide useful tools for improving both crop yield and nutritional value. However, the genetic regulatory networks of maize (Zea mays) seed development remain largely unknown. The maize opaque endosperm and small germ 1 (os1) mutant has opaque endosperm and a small embryo. Here, we cloned OS1 and show that it encodes a putative transcription factor containing an RWP‐RK domain. Transcriptional analysis indicated that OS1 expression is elevated in early endosperm development, especially in the basal endosperm transfer layer (BETL), conducting zone (CZ), and central starch endosperm (CSE) cells. RNA sequencing (RNA‐Seq) analysis of the os1 mutant revealed sharp downregulation of certain genes in specific cell types, including ZmMRP‐1 and Meg1 in BETL cells and a majority of zein‐ and starch‐related genes in CSE cells. Using a haploid induction system, we show that wild‐type endosperm could rescue the smaller size of os1 embryo, which suggests that nutrients are allocated by the wild‐type endosperm. Therefore, our data imply that the network regulated by OS1 accomplishes a key step in nutrient allocation between endosperm and embryo within maize seeds. Identification of this network will help uncover the mechanisms regulating the nutritional balance between endosperm and embryo.
The Efficacy of IV Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Restoring Cerebral Blood Flow in the Hours Immediately after Administration in Patients with Acute Stroke
Authors: Majidi Shahram , Simpkins Alexis N. , Leigh Richard ,   on behalf of the NIH Natural History of Stroke Investigators
Published: December 2018

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Timely restoration of tissue‐level cerebral blood flow is the goal of thrombolytic therapy in patients presenting with an acute ischemic stroke. We aimed to identify the incidence and predictors of reperfusion immediately following treatment with intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (IV rt‐PA).

METHODS

This study included patients with acute ischemic stroke triaged using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with perfusion‐weighted imaging (PWI) and treated with IV rt‐PA who were subsequently enrolled in our natural history study and underwent repeat MRI with PWI approximately 2 hours posttreatment. Early reperfusion was defined as >80% decrease in the size of initial perfusion deficit on the 2 hours follow‐up MRI. Demographics, stroke risk factors, presenting National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, and location of the thrombosis were compared between patients with and without early reperfusion.

RESULTS

Of the 49 patients included in this study, 21 (43%) had early reperfusion. The mean age for patients with early reperfusion was significantly lower in comparison to the patients without early reperfusion (64 vs. 76, P = .01). The prevalence of hyperlipidemia was significantly lower among patients with early reperfusion (24% vs. 54%, P = .036). Patients with early reperfusion were less likely to have large‐vessel occlusion (LVO) (internal carotid artery terminus or proximal middle cerebral artery) (24% vs. 50%, P = .06). In a multivariate analysis, the presence of an LVO was an independent predictor of lack of early reperfusion (OR [95%Cl]: .13 [.019‐.89], P = .038).

CONCLUSION

Early reperfusion was found in a substantial percentage of the patients treated with IV rt‐PA. It was more common in patients without LVO.
The self and eating disorders
Authors: Bardone‐Cone Anna M. , Thompson Katherine A. , Miller Alexandra J.
Published: December 2018

In our review, we focus on self‐related constructs in the context of eating disorders with four aims. First, we examine a variety of self‐related constructs that have been theoretically and empirically linked to the development and course of eating disorders. In addition to the more well‐researched constructs of self‐esteem and self‐efficacy, we also report on findings related to selflessness, contingent self‐worth, self‐objectification, ego‐syntonicity, self‐concept clarity, self‐compassion, social comparison, self‐oriented perfectionism/self‐criticism, and narcissism. Second, we discuss self‐related constructs that may be especially relevant to comorbidities common among those with eating disorders. Third, we review intervention and prevention programs where self‐related constructs play a prominent role. Lastly, we share future research directions regarding self‐related constructs and eating disorders that we believe will advance a deeper understanding of the role of the self in the eating disorders.
Long‐Term Trends of Participation in Physical Activity During Adolescence With Educational Ambition and Attainment
Authors: Priesmeyer Jill , Fedewa Alicia L. , Toland Michael
Published: December 2018

BACKGROUND

Insufficient physical activity is a significant concern because a growing body of research demonstrates that physical activity during adolescence has numerous benefits on physical health, mental health, and educational achievement. A less‐studied area of physical activity research is how physical activity participation in adolescence relates to educational and career aspirations and attainment.

METHODS

Using the Add Health dataset consisting of over 15,000 participants, this study addressed several research questions relating to the long‐term benefits of habitual physical activity in adolescence. Physical activity levels in adolescence and associations with activity participation in later adolescence and young adulthood were explored as were relationships with physical activity participation in adolescence and educational ambition and attainment in young adulthood. Moderator variables including adolescent sex, race, and age were also examined.

RESULTS

Results indicated several significant relationships between physical activity in adolescence and future physical activity and educational attainment outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

Given short‐ and long‐term benefits of physical activity, school personnel and parents should ensure children are meeting the required activity guidelines for children and find ways to keep children active as they approach adolescence.
Follow the lesion: A missed opportunity in infancy
Authors: Purcell Rachael A , Butters Coen T , Osowicki Joshua
Published: December 2018

See Answer
Risk factors for positive urine cultures in cats with subcutaneous ureteral bypass and ureteral stents (2010‐2016)
Authors: Kopecny Lucy , Palm Carrie A. , Drobatz Kenneth J. , Balsa Ingrid M. , Culp William T. N.
Published: December 2018

Background

Ureteral stent and subcutaneous ureteral bypass (SUB) placement are commonly used for managing ureteral obstructions. Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a recognized complication.

Objectives

To determine postoperative incidence of positive urine cultures in cats undergoing ureteral stent and SUB placement and to identify risk factors associated with positive urine cultures.

Design

Retrospective study.

Animals

Forty‐three cats that underwent 48 surgical events.

Procedures

Medical records were reviewed. Cats were included if urine cultures were performed before and after surgery. Variables were compared to identify risk factors.

Results

Urine cultures were positive postoperatively pre‐discharge in 5/20 (25%) cats. Median duration of follow‐up post‐discharge was 209 days (range, 11‐2184 days), with a total of 143 urine cultures performed in cats post‐discharge. Of these, 16 (11%) were positive in 12/48 (25%) cats. Nine different bacteria were identified; Enterococcus spp. (n = 8) predominated as monomicrobic or mixed infections. In 14/16 instances of positive urine cultures, affected cats had lower urinary tract signs, signs of pyelonephritis or both. Cats that received antibiotics postoperatively were significantly less likely to have a positive urine culture compared to those that did not (odds ratio, 0.2, 95% confidence interval, 0.05, 0.8, P = 0.02). Chronic kidney disease, renal implant type and postoperative urinary catheterization were not associated with positive urine cultures.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Postoperatively, occurrence of positive urine cultures was similar to previous reports. Subclinical bacteriuria was less common than UTI. Postoperative urinary catheterization has been speculated to increase risk of bacteriuria, but this was not the case in this cohort.
Neuromyotonia in a horse
Authors: Zakia Luiza Stachewski , Palumbo Mariana Isa Pocci , Teixeira Raffaella Bertoni Cavalcanti , Resende Luiz Antônio Lima , Soares Mauro Pereira , de Oliveira‐Filho José Paes , Amorim Rogério Martins , Borges Alexandre Secorun
Published: December 2018

This article describes the clinical and electromyographic findings of neuromyotonia in a 19‐month‐old male crossbred Quarter Horse that presented with stiffness and muscle asymmetry in the hind limbs as well as sacrococcygeal, paravertebral, and gluteal myokymia. An electromyographic study showed spontaneous continuous muscle fiber activity with high‐frequency discharges, fibrillations, positive sharp waves, fasciculation potentials, and complex repetitive discharges. Histological examination of the gluteal muscle showed a mixed neurogenic and myopathic pattern. The findings are consistent with neuromyotonia.
Pharmacokinetic profiles of florfenicol in spotted halibut, Verasper variegatus, at two water temperatures
Authors: Chang Zhiqiang , Chen Zhao , Gao Haiyu , Zhai Qianqian , Li Jian
Published: December 2018

The pharmacokinetic profiles of florfenicol in the spotted halibut (Verasper variegatus) were investigated at 15 and 20°C water temperatures, respectively. Florfenicol content in plasma samples was analyzed using an HPLC method. Drug concentration versus time data were best fitted to a three‐compartment model after a single intravenous administration (15 mg/kg BW), and fitted to a two‐compartment model after an oral administration (30 mg/kg BW) at 15 and 20°C. The florfenicol concentration in the blood increased slowly during the 12 hr following an oral administration at 15°C, with a peak concentration (Cmax) of 9.1 mg/L, and then declined gradually. The half‐lives of absorption, distribution, and elimination phase were 2.18, 5.66 and 14.25 hr, respectively. The bioavailability (F) was calculated to be 24.14%. After an oral administration at 20°C, shorter half‐lives of absorption (1.33 hr), distribution (2.51 hr) and elimination (9.71 hr), a higher Cmax (12.2 mg/L), and a similar F (23.98%) were found. Based on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, an oral dose of 30 mg/kg BW was suggested to be efficacious for bacterial disease control in spotted halibut farming.
Population‐specific dynamics and selection patterns of transposable element insertions in European natural populations
Authors: Lerat Emmanuelle , Goubert Clément , Guirao‐Rico Sara , Merenciano Miriam , Dufour Anne‐Béatrice , Vieira Cristina , González Josefa
Published: December 2018

Transposable elements (TEs) are ubiquitous sequences in genomes of virtually all species. While TEs have been investigated for several decades, only recently we have the opportunity to study their genome‐wide population dynamics. Most of the studies so far have been restricted either to the analysis of the insertions annotated in the reference genome or to the analysis of a limited number of populations. Taking advantage of the European Drosophila population genomics consortium (DrosEU) sequencing data set, we have identified and measured the dynamics of TEs in a large sample of European Drosophila melanogaster natural populations. We showed that the mobilome landscape is population‐specific and highly diverse depending on the TE family. In contrast with previous studies based on SNP variants, no geographical structure was observed for TE abundance or TE divergence in European populations. We further identified de novo individual insertions using two available programs and, as expected, most of the insertions were present at low frequencies. Nevertheless, we identified a subset of TEs present at high frequencies and located in genomic regions with a high recombination rate. These TEs are candidates for being the target of positive selection, although neutral processes should be discarded before reaching any conclusion on the type of selection acting on them. Finally, parallel patterns of association between the frequency of TE insertions and several geographical and temporal variables were found between European and North American populations, suggesting that TEs can be potentially implicated in the adaptation of populations across continents.
Reduced skin bacterial diversity correlates with increased pathogen infection intensity in an endangered amphibian host
Authors: Ellison Silas , Knapp Roland A. , Sparagon Wesley , Swei Andrea , Vredenburg Vance T.
Published: December 2018

The fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) infects the skin of amphibians and has caused severe declines and extinctions of amphibians globally. In this study, we investigate the interaction between Bd and the bacterial skin microbiome of the endangered Sierra Nevada yellow‐legged frog, Rana sierrae, using both culture‐dependent and culture‐independent methods. Samples were collected from two populations of R. sierrae that likely underwent Bd epizootics in the past, but that continue to persist with Bd in an enzootic disease state, and we address the hypothesis that such “persistent” populations are aided by mutualistic skin microbes. Our 16S rRNA metabarcoding data reveal that the skin microbiome of highly infected juvenile frogs is characterized by significantly reduced species richness and evenness, and by strikingly lower variation between individuals, compared to juveniles and adults with lower infection levels. Over 90% of DNA sequences from the skin microbiome of highly infected frogs were derived from bacteria in a single order, Burkholderiales, compared to just 54% in frogs with lower infection levels. In a culture‐dependent Bd inhibition assay, the bacterial metabolites we evaluated all inhibited the growth of Bd. Together, these results illustrate the disruptive effects of Bd infection on host skin microbial community structure and dynamics, and suggest possible avenues for the development of anti‐Bd probiotic treatments.
Cotton fiber elongation requires the transcription factor GhMYB212 to regulate sucrose transportation into expanding fibers
Authors: Sun Wenjie , Gao Zhengyin , Wang Jun , Huang Yiqun , Chen Yun , Li Jianfu , Lv Mengli , Wang Jin , Luo Ming , Zuo Kaijing
Published: December 2018

Cotton is white gold across the globe and composed of fiber cells derived from the outer integument of cotton ovules. Fiber elongation uses sucrose as a direct carbon source. The molecular mechanism transcriptionally controlling sucrose transport from ovules into the elongating fibers remains elusive.

In this study the involvement of GhMYB212 in the regulation of sucrose transportion into expanding fibers was investigated. GhMYB212 RNAi plants (GhMYB212i) accumulated less sucrose and glucose in developing fibers, and had shorter fibers and a lower lint index. RNA‐seq and protein−DNA binding assays revealed that GhMYB212 was closely linked to the pathways of sucrose and starch transportation and metabolism, directly controling the expression of a sucrose transporter gene GhSWEET12.

GhSWEET12 RNAi plants (GhSWEET12i) possessed similar fiber phenotypes to those of GhMYB212i. Exogenous sucrose supplementation in ovule cultures did not rescue the shorter fiber phenotype of GhMYB212i and GhSWEET12i. This finding supported the idea that the attenuated rate of sucrose transport from the outer seed coat into the fibers is responsible for the retardation of fiber elongation.

Current investigations support the idea that GhMYB212 functions as the main regulator of fiber elongation by controlling the expression of GhSWEET12, and therefore it is important to study cell expansion and sugar transportation during seed development.
NTN1 gene was risk to non‐syndromic cleft lip only among Han Chinese population
Authors: Jiang ShuYuan , Shi Jia‐Yu , Lin Yan‐Song , Duan Shi‐Jun , Chen Xieli , Jiao Jian‐Jun , Shen Wei , Jin Xiaoju , You Miao , Wang Moyao , Shi Bing , Jia Zhong‐Lin
Published: December 2018

Objective

Genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) found NTN1, NOG and the region between CREBBP and ADCY9 were risks to non‐syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P). However, the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in these genes with NSCL/P in Western China is unknown.

Subjects and Methods

We selected seven SNPs in NTN1, NOG and between CREBBP and ADCY9, and then performed transmission disequilibrium test (TDT), parent‐of‐origin effect and sliding window haplotype analysis to test the associations among 302 NSCL/P case–parent trios from Western Han Chinese.

Results

We found allele G at rs4791774 in NTN1 was significantly overtransmitted among non‐syndromic cleft lip only (NSCLO) (p = 0.0067, OR = 1.79, 95% CI: 1.17–2.74); rs4791774 and rs9915089 tightly linked with each other among NSCL/P (D′ = 0.87, r2 = 0.67) and haplotypes carrying the risk allele G at rs4791774 were always found to be overtransmitted from parents to cases. Motif analysis indicated that allele G at rs4791774 could greatly alter the affinity of Myc_disc7, so allele G at rs4791774 in NTN1 might modulate C‐MYC transcription to participate in the aetiology of NSCLO.

Conclusions

Our study suggested allele G at rs4791774 in NTN1 gene is risk of NSCLO, which could greatly increase the risk to have a baby with cleft.