bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Roman Camp at Harburn
Authors: Wilson Daniel
Published: February 2019

Dr. Daniel Wilson described the excavations he undertook at the Roman Camp on Harburn Estate. He and the workmen found numerous remains of weapons, amphorae, and a lead vessel. Even after so much time the camp, called Castle Greg, was in good condition, with fortifying wall standing on three sides. Finds from other Roman sites in Scotland were exhibited at the same time.
Tailors' Candlesticks
Authors: Gibson Craig James T
Published: February 2019

James T. Gibson Craig exhibited two candlesticks from the 17th century, which had been modeled after a Roman altar. The better preserved of the two had the initals I.A. and the year 1634 carved into it. They were found in a house in Dalkeith. Later, the Rev. Alex Mackenzie demonstrated the influence of the Ancient Celts on modern Argyllshire by deriving contemporary proper names from titles for ecclesiastical ofices in the Celtic tradition.
St Margaret's Chapel, Edinburgh Castle
Authors: Wilson Daniel
Published: February 2019

Dr. Daniel Wilson read notices about the history of the Chapel of St Margaret, going into the layout and dimensions of the various spaces and a description of their style. It is also mentioned that the chapel will be restored.
Unpublished Counter-Seal of Kilwinning
Authors: Scott W H
Published: February 2019

Mr. W.H. Scott communicated Mr. Henry Laing's account of an unpublished seal and counter-seal of Kilwinning Abbey. Based on its lettering style, Gothic, Laing surmises that the seal is early 14th century, whereas the counter-seal appears to be of lower standard of craftsmanship and thus, according to Laing of a later date. Scott and Laing disagree on the conclusions that can be reached on the basis of this evidence, Laing thinking the original counter-seal had been lost and hastily replaced, Scott that it was a deliberate change.
Report on a Large Hoard of Anglo-Saxon Pennies, in Silver, Found in the Island of Islay
Authors: Scott W H
Published: February 2019

W.H. Scott's report on a hoard of pennies found on a farm on the Isle of Islay. A very small portion of the hoard was recovered by the Scottish Exchequer, which Mr. Scott was privileged to catalogue. Among the coins were pennies belonging to the reigns of Aethelstan, Eadmund, Eadred, Eadwig, and Eadgar, as well as a St. Peter's penny, a Cufic dirham, and some irregular bars of silver. Scott gives a detailed description of the coins.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation: Development, Mechanistic Understanding and Recent Advances
Authors: James Jinju , Jackson Mark , Guiry Patrick J.
Published: February 2019

The palladium‐catalyzed decarboxylative asymmetric allylic alkylation (DAAA) is comprehensively reviewed, from its original development to recent advances in terms of substrate scope, reactivity, regio‐ and enantioselectivity. The current understanding of the mechanistic details, based on a combination of experimental and computational studies, is described. Selected examples of the application of this asymmetric synthetic methodology in natural product synthesis are given. The exploration of Pd‐catalyzed decarboxylative asymmetric catalysis, in particular, the related interceptive decarboxylative asymmetric allylic alkylation, has become a focus in recent years and this is also summarized.

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Development of the international orbital Cavernous Hemangioma Exclusively Endonasal Resection (CHEER) staging system
Authors: El Rassi Edward , Adappa Nithin D. , Battaglia Paolo , Castelnuovo Paolo , Dallan Iacopo , Freitag Suzanne K. , Gardner Paul A. , Lenzi Ricardo , Lubbe Darlene , Metson Ralph , Moe Kris S. , Muscatello Luca , Mustak Hamzah , Nogueira João Flávio , Palmer James N. , Prepageran Narayanan , Ramakirshnan Vijay R. , Sacks Raymond , Snyderman Carl H. , Stefko S. Tonya , Turri‐Zanoni Mario , Wang Eric W. , Zhou Bing , Bleier Benjamin S.
Published: February 2019

Background

Orbital cavernous hemangiomas (OCH) are the most common adult orbital tumor and represent an ideal index lesion for endonasal orbital tumor surgery. In order to standardize outcomes reporting, an anatomic‐based staging system was developed.

Methods

An international, multidisciplinary panel of 23 experts in orbital tumor surgery was formed. A modified Delphi method was used to develop the cavernous hemangioma exclusively endonasal resection (CHEER) staging system with a total of 2 rounds being completed.

Results

Tumors medial to a plane along the long axis of the optic nerve may be considered amenable for an exclusively endonasal resection. In select cases, tumors may extend inferolaterally if the tumor remains below a plane from the contralateral naris through the long axis of the optic nerve (ie, plane of resectability [POR]). This definition reached consensus with 91.3% of panelists in agreement. Five stages were designed based on increasing technical resection difficulty and potential for morbidity. Stages were based on the relationship of the tumor to the extraocular muscles, the inferomedial muscular trunk of the ophthalmic artery (IMT), and orbital foramina. Staging by anatomic location also reached consensus with 87.0% of panelists in agreement. Size was not included in the staging system due to the lack of agreement on the contribution of size to resection difficulty.

Conclusion

Endoscopic orbital tumor surgery is a nascent field with a growing, yet heterogeneous, body of literature. The CHEER staging system is designed to facilitate international, high‐quality, standardized studies establishing the safety, efficacy, and outcomes of endonasal resection of OCH.
The impact of medical therapy on cognitive dysfunction in chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Rowan Nicholas R. , Schlosser Rodney J. , Storck Kristina A. , Ganjaei Kimia G. , Soler Zachary M.
Published: February 2019

Background

Cognitive dysfunction in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is often overlooked despite potentially broad implications. Earlier work has demonstrated decreased cognitive function in CRS patients at baseline. In this study we sought to prospectively evaluate the impact of initial, appropriate medical therapy on subjective and objective cognitive function, fatigue, and workplace productivity.

Methods

Adult patients with CRS were prospectively enrolled and completed a robust battery of pretreatment quality‐of‐life and neurocognitive testing, before undergoing appropriate medical therapy with follow‐up testing at 6 weeks. Patient‐reported cognitive function was assessed using the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ), whereas fatigue was measured with the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS). Objective cognitive function was assessed using the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM) platform and workplace productivity using the Clinical Trials version of the World Health Organization Health and Work Performance Questionnaire (ctHPQ).

Results

Twenty‐seven patients were enrolled. Patients demonstrated posttreatment improvement scores on the FSS (4.32 ± 1.78 to 3.28 ± 1.65; p = 0.003), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (8.62 ± 5.06 to 6.85 ± 4.11; p = 0.014), and CFQ (38.56 ± 16.40 to 33.04 ± 14.35; p = 0.046). Objective neurocognitive tests of mathematical processing and Stroop Reaction Test Block 3 improved after medical therapy (19.79 ± 5.61 to 21.3 ± 6.87; p = 0.029 and 43.06 ± 15.66 to 50.42 ± 19.34; p = 0.002, respectively). Measures of workplace productivity did not change significantly.

Conclusion

Appropriate medical therapy improves several measures of cognitive dysfunction in patients with CRS. Sustainability of results should be evaluated with larger, prolonged studies.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Aryliodination of Internal Alkynes
Authors: Lee Yong Ho , Morandi Bill
Published: February 2019

A completely atom economical palladium‐catalyzed addition reaction has been developed to stereoselectively access functionalized tetrasubstituted alkenyl iodides. The palladium catalyst, which bears an electron‐poor bidentate ligand rarely employed in catalysis, is essential to promote the high yielding and chemoselective intermolecular reaction between equimolar amounts of an alkyne and an aryl iodide. This new carbohalogenation reaction is an attractive alternative to traditional synthetic methods, which rely on multistep synthetic sequences and protecting‐group manipulations.
Self‐Assembled and Size‐Controllable Oligonucleotide Nanospheres for Effective Antisense Gene Delivery through an Endocytosis‐Independent Pathway
Authors: Zhou Jie , Sun Liqin , Wang Liping , Liu Yichang , Li Jinyu , Li Jingying , Li Juan , Yang Huanghao
Published: February 2019

The development of efficient gene delivery vectors has faced two major challenges, namely endo‐ and lysosomal escape and intracellular release. To address these problems, we developed an oligonucleotide (ON)‐template‐assisted polymerization approach to create ON nanospheres as gene vectors. Guanidinium‐containing disulfide monomers were organized on the ON templates to increase their effective local concentrations. Consequently, ring‐opening disulfide‐exchange polymerization between monomers was accelerated, further facilitating the self‐assembly of ON nanospheres. The size of these nanospheres was controlled by varying the length of the ON templates. Importantly, the nanospheres can be directly delivered into the cytosol through an endocytosis‐independent pathway, which is followed by intracellular depolymerization in the reductive cytosolic environment to release the packaged ONs, resulting in efficient gene silencing. The ON nanospheres thus hold great promise as candidates for gene therapy.
Pd‐Catalyzed Dearomatization of Anthranils with Vinylcyclopropanes by [4+3] Cyclization Reaction
Authors: Cheng Qiang , Xie Jia‐Hao , Weng Yue‐Cheng , You Shu‐Li
Published: February 2019

Dearomatization of anthranils with vinylcyclopropanes (VCPs) by Pd‐catalyzed [4+3] cyclization reaction has been realized. In the presence of a catalytic amount of borane as an activator, bridged cyclic products were obtained in good to excellent yields with excellent stereoselectivities. By introducing a chiral PHOX ligand (L5), asymmetric dearomatization reactions of anthranils with vinylcyclopropanes proceeded with excellent enantioselectivity. Borane plays a key role for the reactivity, likely owing to the formation of a borane–anthranil complex which has been confirmed by NMR experiments.
Downregulation of AKT and MDM2, Melatonin Induces Apoptosis in AGS and MGC803 Cells
Authors: Song Jun , Ma Sai‐Jun , Luo Jian‐Hua , Liu Hui , Li Li , Zhang Zhi‐Guang , Chen Lu‐Shan , Zhou Rui‐Xiang
Published: February 2019

Melatonin, a neurohormone secreted by the pineal gland, has a variety of biological functions, such as circadian rhythms regulation, anti‐oxidative activity, immunomodulatory effects, and anittumor, etc. At present, its antitumor effect has attracted people's attention due to its extensive tissue distribution, good tissue compatibility, and low toxic and side effects. In the gastrointestinal tract, there is high level of melatonin and many studies showed melatonin has effects of anti‐gastric cancer. In this experiment, human gastric cancer cell lines AGS and MGC803 were used to investigate the intracellular molecular mechanism of melatonin against gastric cancer. After AGS and MGC803 have been treated with melatonin, the changes of cell morphology and cellular structure were observed under electron microscope. Flow cytometer and apoptosis detection kits were used to analyze the effect of apoptosis on AGS and MGC803. The alterations of apoptosis‐related proteins Caspase 9, Caspase 3, and upstream regulators AKT, MDM2 including expression, phosphorylation, and activation were detected to analyze the intracellular molecular mechanism of melatonin inhibiting gastric cancer. In AGS and MGC803 cells with melatonin exposure, cleaved Caspase 9 was upregulated and Caspase 3 was activated; moreover, MDM2 and AKT expression and phosphorylation were downregulated. Melatonin promoted apoptosis of AGS and MGC803 cells by the downregulation of AKT and MDM2. Anat Rec, 302:1544–1551, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy
Cranial Nerves: Morphology and Clinical Relevance
Authors: Martínez‐Marcos Alino , Sañudo José Ramón
Published: February 2019

This Special Issue entitled “Cranial Nerves: phylogeny, ontogeny, morphology and clinical significance” has been divided into two consecutive volumes. This second volume is devoted to morphology and clinical relevance. Articles in this volume examine these topics from a macroscopic point of view and with a surgical interest. This volume includes articles on oculomotor nerves III, IV, and VI and their course in the orbit; intracranial and extracranial views of the V and VII pairs; and branching patterns of IX, X, XI, and XII pairs with medical significance. Together, these articles provide a general overview of cranial nerves' gross anatomical organization, as well as improving on the knowledge necessary for clinical approaches. Anat Rec, 302:555–557, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enhanced Phenyllactic Acid Production in Escherichia coli Via Oxygen Limitation and Shikimate Pathway Gene Expression
Authors: Kawaguchi Hideo , Miyagawa Hiroki , Nakamura‐Tsuruta Sachiko , Takaya Naoki , Ogino Chiaki , Kondo Akihiko
Published: February 2019

3‐Phenyllactic acid (PhLA) is useful as a start‐up material in the pharmaceutical and biorefinery industries. To enhance the production of PhLA from glucose using recombinant Escherichia coli, the effects of glucose concentration and oxygen limitation on PhLA production are assessed in a fed‐batch system using dissolved oxygen (DO)‐stat method. The highest titer of PhLA (7.3 g L−1) is observed with a high concentration of glucose and under oxygen‐limited conditions (DO = 0 ppm). Under oxygen limitation, cell growth and the formation of acetate and l‐phenylalanine (Phe) by‐products after 72 h of cultivation are reduced by 30%, 70%, and 81%, respectively, as compared to that under high DO conditions (DO = 5 ppm). Gene expression levels are compared between low and high DO conditions by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis. Several genes in the glycolysis (gapA and pykA), pentose phosphate (tktA), and early shikimate pathways for PhLA biosynthesis (aroF, aroG, and aroH) are upregulated under oxygen limitation. The results suggest that oxygen limitation affects metabolism in the shikimate pathway at both metabolic and transcriptional levels and that controlling the DO level is critical for enhanced production of a variety of aromatic compounds through the shikimate pathway.
Innovative Comprehensive Experiments to Study the Morphological Changes of Apoptotic Cells for Undergraduate Education
Authors: Song Qing , Liu Tingting , Yang Hua , Bai Yun
Published: February 2019

This innovative comprehensive experiment is a compulsory course for third‐year undergraduate students in the eight‐year training program leading to a Doctor of Medicine degree or Doctor of Philosophy degree at Peking University Health Science Center (PKUHSC). There is a critical educational need to prepare these students for the increasing accessibility of research experience. This experimental curriculum of medical cell biology was developed to fulfill such a requirement, which consists of three experiments, including the MTT (3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide tetrazolium) assay and the immunofluorescence and comet assays to observe antitumor drug‐induced cell apoptosis. This experiment‐based teaching system provides the participating students an opportunity to enhance their understanding of important biological research techniques and the instrumentation involved and to foster a better understanding of the research process within the classroom. Upon completion of the course, students' feedback showed that the curriculum increased their confidence in performing molecular techniques, and they reported positively on doing a research project in class. This course helped students improve their understanding of theoretical knowledge and actual research processes and contributed to their foundation for future research. © 2019 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 47(3):348–354, 2019.
Evaluation of information and communication technology sector in the teaching process and strategic collaboration between universities and industry
Authors: Cvetković Biljana Novković , Gligorijević Milan , Petković Dalibor , Jović Srđan , Milovančević Miloš , Nikolić Vlastimir
Published: February 2019

The main purpose of the study was to evaluate the information and communication technology (ICT) sector in the teaching process based on teachers’ attitudes and the strategic collaboration between universities and industry. The most common issue faced by the graduated students is to find a desired job at the end of the course of study. The main obstacle in finding a desired job is not enough ICT knowledge, which is not adequately learned at universities. On the other hand, the ICT teaching process at universities could be slow because many teachers do not have the right attitude toward ICT application in the learning process. In this study, a survey was performed among ICT working students and ICT teachers as well to reveal the relationship between the skills required for a job and the skills being taught at universities; whether the employability skills of fresh graduates increase hiring opportunities. The sample of examinees for this study consisted of the ICT sector in the European Union as well as ICT teachers based on the World Bank database. The proposed model was analyzed using structural equation modeling. It was found that the relationship between the academic program and job market along with ICT skills affected the employability factor. Hence the relationship between the academic program and job market significantly affects the employability factor. In effect, more focus on designing the academic curriculum is needed.
The influence of serum‐supplemented culture media in a transwell migration assay
Authors: Omar Zaki Siti Sarah , Kanesan Livashini , Leong Ming Yeh Danielle , Vidyadaran Sharmili
Published: February 2019

Our work cautions against the use of serum‐supplemented culture media in a transwell migration assay when using chemoattractants other than FBS. At 24 h, a 5% foetal bovine serum (FBS) gradient caused BV2 microglia to migrate toward the lower compartment of the transwell apparatus. Interestingly, FBS‐supplemented media in the absence of a gradient also resulted in notable microglia migration. Serum can therefore confound the interpretation of a transwell migration assay when another chemoattractant is used.
A remarkable clinical response in advanced gastric cancer treated with trastuzumab plus capecitabine combination chemotherapy: A report of two cases
Authors: Nakamura Naohiko , Kinami Shinichi , Fujii Yoritaka , Miura Seiko , Fujita Jun , Kaida Daisuke , Tomita Yasuto , Miyata Takashi , Fujita Hideto , Ueda Nobuhiko , Kosaka Takeo
Published: February 2019

Key Clinical Message

When trastuzumab + capecitabine and cisplatin chemotherapy could not be conducted continuously because of severe adverse reactions to cisplatin, trastuzumab + capecitabine could be an alternative systemic chemotherapy options for metastatic or recurrent gastric cancer patients.
Efficient Removal of Anionic Organic Dyes from Aqueous Solution with Cu‐Organic Frameworks
Authors: Xu Qianqian , Sun Deshuai , Qi Yanfei , Duan Liangyan
Published: February 2019

Cu‐metal‐organic frameworks (Cu‐MOFs) were synthesized in one step using copper acetate, glutamic acid, and small‐molecular organic amines at room temperature. Organic amines served as modulators to modify the structure of Cu‐MOFs. Characterization results proved that the addition of modulators changes the surface morphology. Batch adsorption data indicated high adsorption capacities for anionic organic dyes with glutamic‐Cu‐triethylamine (Glu‐Cu‐TA), higher than that of most MOFs reported. An acid pH was the optimum adsorption parameter. The easy regeneration of recycled Cu‐MOFs suggested there were weak intermolecular interactions between Cu‐MOFs and dyes. The main adsorption forces included electrostatic interaction, ion exchange, π‐π complexation, and hydrogen bonds.
Thiadiazolo‐Azaacenes
Authors: Müller Matthias , Koser Silke , Tverskoy Olena , Rominger Frank , Freudenberg Jan , Bunz Uwe H. F.
Published: February 2019

This work reports the synthesis and characterization of bis‐ and tetrakis(thiadiazolo)‐appended di‐ and tetraazaacenes, displaying up to seven catenated benzene/pyrazine rings. The targets are obtained by condensation of benzo‐bis(thiadiazole)‐4,5‐dione with aromatic di‐ and tetraamines. The condensation products—up to a heptacene‐like species—are stable but can be insoluble. Soluble derivatives are readily processible, but do not show enhanced electron affinities, as the two or four attached benzothiadiazole units are effectively resonance‐separated from the acene body, maximizing the number of Clar‐sextets.
Synthesis of Seven‐Membered Benzolactones by Nickel‐Catalyzed C−H Coupling of Benzamides with Oxetanes
Authors: Xu Shibo , Takamatsu Kazutaka , Hirano Koji , Miura Masahiro
Published: February 2019

A NiCl2(PEt3)2‐catalyzed regioselective C−H coupling of 8‐aminoquinoline‐derived benzamides with oxetanes has been developed. The reaction proceeds with concomitant removal of the 8‐aminoquinoline auxiliary to directly form the corresponding seven‐membered benzolactones, which frequently occur in natural products and bioactive molecules. Additionally, no stereochemical erosion is observed during the course of the reaction, and the use of enantioenriched and substituted oxetane thus provides a new avenue to the optically active benzolactone.
Characterization of a Modular, Scalable Millistructured Plate Reactor
Authors: Rave Alexander , Kuwertz Rafael , Fieg Georg , Heck Joachim
Published: February 2019

Micro‐ and millistructured reactors offer significant advantages compared to conventional reactors, e.g., in terms of heat and mass transfer as well as safety. For the substitution of larger batch reactors by continuously operated millireactors a comprehensive reactor characterization is required. The heat transfer and hydrodynamics of the millistructured plate reactor PR37 are studied. The meandering of the process channel and its periodically changing cross‐sectional area increase the heat transfer significantly and lead to a dependency of the heat transfer coefficient on the Reynolds and Prandtl number that is not found in straight channels at Reynolds numbers below 2300.
Clinical validation of the ThyroSeq v3 genomic classifier in thyroid nodules with indeterminate FNA cytology
Authors: Nikiforov Yuri E. , Baloch Zubair W.
Published: February 2019

Molecular testing of thyroid fine‐needle aspiration specimens has been developed with the primary goals of resolving the uncertainty of indeterminate cytology and avoiding the diagnostic surgeries generally recommended for these patients. A recent prospective, double‐blinded, multicenter study reported the results of the clinical validation of the ThyroSeq v3 genomic classifier in thyroid nodules with indeterminate fine‐needle aspiration cytology.
Efficacy of olanzapine for quality of life improvement among patients with malignant tumor: A systematic review
Authors: Ji Mengting , Cui Jiujie , Xi Huiqin , Yang Yan , Wang Liwei
Published: February 2019

Background

Cancer patients always experience an ongoing deterioration in health‐related quality of life (HRQoL). There is a strengthening awareness of health care professionals of taking HRQoL, which is a patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs), into consideration when they make an adequate selection in clinical practice. Olanzapine, an antipsychotic agent, has been demonstrated to be a safe and effective agent in improving cancer‐related symptoms.

Aim

To review the efficacy and safety of olanzapine in improving HRQoL among adults with malignant tumor.

Methods

Eligible studies were retrieved from an electronic database search of the Cochrane, Medline, CINAHL plus, Pubmed, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Scopus. The methodological quality of selected studies was evaluated, and the relevant data were extracted and synthesized.

Results

While studies differed in target population, olanzapine‐based treatment regimen, and HRQoL measurement tools, results have shown that olanzapine has a positive impact on cancer patients' general HRQoL status, functional outcomes, and/or symptoms improvement. Besides, no serious toxicities attributable to olanzapine were observed in all studies included.

Conclusion

While further studies are needed especially which adopted the HRQoL as primary outcome through comprehensive measures, olanzapine could still be recommended in the palliative care.
Viscoelastic effects on asymmetric two‐dimensional vortex patterns in a strongly coupled dusty plasma
Authors: Gupta Akanksha , Mukherjee Rupak , Ganesh Rajaraman
Published: February 2019

Strongly coupled dusty plasma medium is often described as a viscoelastic fluid that retains its memory. In a flowing dusty plasma medium, vortices of different sizes appear when the flow does not remain laminar. The vortices also merge to transfer energy between different scales. In the present work, we study the effect of viscoelasticity and compressibility over a localized vortex structure and multiple rotational vortices in a strongly coupled viscoelastic dusty plasma medium. In case of single rotating vortex flow, a transverse wave is generated from the localized vortex source and the evolution time of generated waves is found to be reduced due to finite viscoelasticity and compressibility of the medium. It is found that the viscoelasticity suppresses the dispersion of vorticity. In the presence of multiple vortices, we find, the vortex mergers get highly affected in the presence of memory effect of the fluid, and thus the dynamics of the medium gets completely altered compared to a non‐viscoelastic fluid. For a compressible fluid, viscoelasticity dampens the energy in the sonic waves generated in the medium. Thus a highly viscoelastic and compressible fluid, in some cases, behaves similarly to an incompressible viscoelastic fluid. The wave‐front like rings propagate in elliptical orbits keeping the footprint of the earlier position of the point‐vortex. The rings collide with each other even within the patch vortex region forming regions of high vorticity at the point of intersection and pass through each other.
Non‐Aromatic 3H‐Pyrroles in the Reaction with Nucleophiles: Is High Reactivity a Myth?
Authors: Shabalin Dmitrii A. , Kuzmin Anton V. , Schmidt Elena Yu. , Trofimov Boris A.
Published: February 2019

The reactivity of azadiene system of non‐aromatic 3H‐pyrroles toward nitrogen‐, oxygen‐, and sulfur‐nucleophiles has been evaluated both experimentally and theoretically. The obtained results demonstrate, for the first time, low reactivity of 3H‐pyrrole system and allow future research directions in the chemistry of this unique heterocyclic scaffold to be formulated.
One‐pot synthesis of highly fluorescent silicon nanoparticles for sensitive and selective detection of hemoglobin
Authors: Li Quan , Peng Kaite , Yu Yingchun , Ruan Xiangyan , Wei Yun
Published: February 2019

In this work, a simple, selective, and sensitive probe for hemoglobin based on the quenched fluorescence of silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) was fabricated. The SiNPs were synthesized by a simple hydrothermal treatment from N‐[3‐(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ethylenediamine and sodium citrate. The as‐prepared SiNPs exhibited good water‐solubility and high fluorescence with the quantum yield of 70%. The fluorescence of the SiNPs could be remarkably quenched by hemoglobin. A wide linear range was obtained from 50 nM to 4000 nM with a LOD of 40 nM. The quenching mechanism was investigated by UV‐Vis absorption spectrometry and time‐resolved fluorescence spectrometry.
Development of Bifunctional Hydrodeoxygenation Catalyst Rh‐HY for the Generation of Biomass‐Derived High‐Energy‐Density Fuels
Authors: Granados Fócil Andrés A. , Granados Fócil Sergio , Conde Sotelo Víctor M. , Grimm Ronald Lionel , González García Federico , Rojas Santiago Eleazar , Santolalla Vargas Carlos E. , Vera Ramírez Marco A. , de los Reyes Heredia José Antonio
Published: February 2019

Liquid‐phase hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of phenol, anisole, and guaiacol over rhodium‐doped, high‐silica content zeolite catalysts (Si/Al = 15), HY, is investigated in a high‐pressure‐fixed bed reactor. These catalysts are characterized by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X‐ray diffraction, N2 physisorption, ammonia temperature‐programmed desorption, temperature‐programmed oxidation, temperature‐programmed reduction, 27Al magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The effects of reaction temperature (150–250 °C) and weight hourly space velocity (WSHV = 1.0–2.8 h−1) on activity, stability, and product distribution are investigated. The main products obtained from HDO reactions are methylcyclopentane, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, and bicyclohexyl. Cyclohexanone is the most abundant oxygenated product along with deactivation. For all tested catalysts, increasing the reaction temperature up to 250 °C improves the HDO reactions without significant activity or selectivity loss. Higher rhodium loading extends the catalyst life and increases the activity and cyclohexane selectivity for the guaiacol feed. The experiments indicate that anisole, phenol, and guaiacol undergo aromatic hydrogenation on rhodium particles first, followed by deoxygenation on the acid sites over zeolite combined with additional hydrogenation.
Synthesis of FeS Nanoparticles Embedded in MoS2/C Nanosheets as High‐Performance Anode Material for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Hongqiang , Ji Cheng , Zhang Xiaohui , Sun Yanna , Wang Yi , Pan Qichang , Li Qingyu
Published: February 2019

A composite of FeS nanoparticles embedded in MoS2/C nanosheets is prepared via a facile and scalable method using NaCl as a hard template. In the multichip structure, FeS nanoparticles are encapsulated in MoS2/C nanosheets. The carbon sheet prevents direct contact of FeS with the electrolyte and buffers volume expansion of FeS during the lithiation/delithiation process. The doping of MoS2 is of benefit to enhance the mechanical behavior of the prepared composite and plays a synergistic effect with FeS. As an anode active material tested in lithium‐ion batteries, the composite displays an excellent rate performance with a specific discharge capacity of 967.3 and 558.9 mAh g−1 at 0.2 and 5 A g−1, respectively. It delivers a specific capacity of 1008.3 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 after 100 cycles and 650.8 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 after 300 cycles.
Geomorphological controls on fluvial carbon storage in headwater peatlands
Authors: Alderson D. M. , Evans M. G. , Rothwell J. J. , Rhodes E. J. , Boult S.
Published: February 2019

Geomorphological controls and catchment sediment characteristics control the formation of floodplains and affect their capacity to sequester carbon. Organic carbon stored in floodplains is typically a product of pedogenic development between periods of mineral sediment deposition. However, in organically‐dominated upland catchments with a high sediment load, eroded particulate organics may also be fluvially deposited with potential for storage and/or oxidation. Understanding the redistribution of terrestrial carbon laterally, beyond the bounds of river channels is important, especially in eroding peatland systems where fluvial particulate organic carbon exports are often assumed to be oxidised. Floodplains have the potential to be both carbon cycling hotspots and areas of sequestration. Understanding of the interaction of carbon cycling and the sediment cascade through floodplain systems is limited.

This paper examines the formation of highly organic floodplains downstream of heavily eroded peatlands in the Peak District, UK. Reconstruction of the history of the floodplains suggests that they have formed in response to periods of erosion of organic soils upstream. We present a novel approach to calculating a carbon stock within a floodplain, using XRF and radiograph data recorded during Itrax core scanning of sediment cores. This carbon stock is extrapolated to the catchment scale, to assess the importance of these floodplains in the storage and cycling of organic carbon in this area. The carbon stock estimate for the floodplains across the contributing catchments is between 3482‐13460 tonnes, equating on an annualised basis to 0.8‐4.5% of the modern‐day POC flux. Radiocarbon analyses of bulk organic matter in floodplain sediments revealed that a substantial proportion of organic carbon was associated with re‐deposited peat and has been used as a tool for organic matter source determination. The average age of these samples (3010 years BP) is substantially older than Infrared Stimulated Luminesence dating which demonstrated that the floodplains formed between 430 and 1060 years ago. Our data suggest that floodplains are an integral part of eroding peatland systems, acting as both significant stores of aged and eroded organic carbon and as hotspots of carbon turnover. © 2019 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Mechanics of the stomach: A review of an emerging field of biomechanics
Authors: Brandstaeter Sebastian , Fuchs Sebastian L. , Aydin Roland C. , Cyron Christian J.
Published: February 2019

Mathematical and computational modeling of the stomach is an emerging field of biomechanics where several complex phenomena, such as gastric electrophysiology, fluid mechanics of the digesta, and solid mechanics of the gastric wall, need to be addressed. Developing a comprehensive multiphysics model of the stomach that allows studying the interactions between these phenomena remains one of the greatest challenges in biomechanics. A coupled multiphysics model of the human stomach would enable detailed in‐silico studies of the digestion of food in the stomach in health and disease. Moreover, it has the potential to open up unprecedented opportunities in numerous fields such as computer‐aided medicine and food design. This review article summarizes our current understanding of the mechanics of the human stomach and delineates the challenges in mathematical and computational modeling which remain to be addressed in this emerging area.
Genesis of the Xiaotongjiapuzi gold deposit of the Liaodong gold province, Northeast China: Fluid inclusion thermometry and S–Pb–H–O–He isotope constraints
Authors: Liu Jun , Liu Fu‐Xing , Li Sheng‐Hui , Lai Chun‐Kit
Published: February 2019

The Xiaotongjiapuzi gold deposit is located in the Liaodong gold province, NE China. The deposit is hosted in the metamorphic rocks of the Proterozoic Liaohe Group, consisting of marble, schist, and granulite. Three alteration/mineralisation stages were identified, namely (a) quartz–pyrite, (b) quartz–polymetallic sulfides, and (c) quartz–carbonate. Four fluid inclusion types were distinguished: liquid‐rich two‐phase, gas‐rich two‐phase, CO2‐bearing, and pure CO2. Stage 1 quartz contains liquid‐rich two‐phase inclusions with salinity of 5.9–14.3 wt.% NaCl equiv. and homogenisation temperatures of 311°C–408°C. Stage 2 quartz contains all four inclusion types, of which the liquid‐rich two‐phase, gas‐rich two‐phase, and CO2‐bearing inclusions yielded homogenisation temperatures of 268°C–376°C and salinity of 4.1–13 wt.% NaCl equiv. In stage 3 quartz, only liquid‐rich two‐phase inclusions were found, which contain relatively low salinity (1.6–7.6 wt.% NaCl equiv.) and homogenisation temperatures (201°C–254°C), indicating an H2O–NaCl–CO2 system for ore precipitation. Stage 2 δ18Ow and δD values of quartz minerals are of 0.3‰ to 2.3‰ and −100‰ to −96‰, respectively. Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions indicate that the ore fluids were a mix of magmatic fluid and meteoric water. δ34S values of the metallic sulfides from the Xiaotongjiapuzi deposit range from +4.6‰ to +12.9‰, whilst Pb isotopes show small variations: 206Pb/204Pb = 17.671 to 18.361, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.569 to 15.659, and 208Pb/204Pb = 37.695 to 37.937. Sulfur and lead isotopes suggest that the ore‐forming materials were derived from the Liaohe Group metamorphic rocks and the Triassic granitoids. 3He/4He and 40Ar/36Ar ratios of the fluid inclusions derived of ore‐bearing pyrite ranges from 0.27 to 0.53 Ra and 362.2 to 1113.1, respectively, implying that both mantle‐ and crust‐derived fluids were involved in the gold mineralisation. The Xiaotongjiapuzi deposit could be a mesothermal gold deposit, and the fluid phase separation or immiscibility is the dominant mechanism for the deposition of ore‐forming materials.
The Capicua/ETS Translocation Variant 5 Axis Regulates Liver‐Resident Memory CD8+ T‐Cell Development and the Pathogenesis of Liver Injury
Authors: Park Sungjun , Park Jiho , Kim Eunjeong , Lee Yoontae
Published: February 2019

Liver‐resident memory T (liver TRM) cells exert protective immune responses following liver infection by malaria parasites. However, how these TRM cells are developed and what the consequence is if they are not properly maintained remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the transcriptional repressor, Capicua (CIC), controls liver CD8+ TRM cell development to maintain normal liver function. Cic‐deficient mice have a greater number of liver CD8+ TRM cells and liver injury phenotypes accompanied by increased levels of proinflammatory cytokine genes in liver tissues. Excessive formation of CD69+CD8+ TRM‐like cells was also observed in mice with acetaminophen‐induced liver injury (AILI). Moreover, expansion of liver CD8+ TRM cell population and liver injury phenotypes in T‐cell–specific Cic null mice were rescued by codeletion of ETS translocation variant [Etv]5 alleles, indicating that Etv5 is a CIC target gene responsible for regulation of CD8+ TRM cell development and liver function. We also discovered that ETV5 directly regulates expression of Hobit, a master transcription factor for TRM cell development, in CD8+ T cells. Conclusion: Our findings suggest the CIC‐ETV5 axis as a key molecular module that controls CD8+ TRM cell development, indicating a pathogenic role for CD8+ TRM cells in liver injury.
Using a digital divide index among enterprises in the context of public policies in Brazil
Authors: Siqueira Erica S. , de Souza Cesar Alexandre , Barbosa Alexandre F.
Published: February 2019

The aim of the present paper is to discuss the relevance of an index that is capable of measuring the digital divide among small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and to discuss its importance in the context of public policy design. It is contended that the digital divide mainly affects microenterprises and SMEs, and that this phenomenon is related to the low productivity and high mortality rates of these organisations. The methodology for creating the index is replicated here in order to discuss the quality criteria necessary for this index within the scope of its utility for public managers.
Noninvasive in vivo glucose detection in human finger interstitial fluid using wavelength‐modulated differential photothermal radiometry
Authors: Guo Xinxin , Zhang Di , Shojaei‐Asanjan Khashayar , Sivagurunathan Koneswaran , Melnikov Alexander , Song Peng , Mandelis Andreas
Published: February 2019

We present a noninvasive and noncontacting biosensor using Wavelength Modulated Differential Photothermal Radiometry (WM‐DPTR) to monitor blood glucose concentration (BGC) through interstitial fluid (ISF) probing in human middle fingers. WM‐DPTR works in the interference‐free mid‐infrared range with differential wavelengths at the peak and baseline of the fundamental glucose molecule absorption band, giving rise to high glucose sensitivity and specificity. In vivo WM‐DPTR measurements and simultaneous finger pricking BGC reference measurements were performed on diabetic and nondiabetic volunteers during oral glucose tolerance testing. The measurement results demonstrated high resolution and large dynamic range (~80 deg) change in phase signal in the normal‐to‐hyperglycemia BGC range (5 mmol/L to higher than 33.2 mmol/L), which were supported by negative control measurements. The immunity to temperature variation of WM‐DPTR yields precise and accurate noninvasive glucose measurements in the ISF.
The squared distance approach to frequency domain time‐resolved fluorescence analysis
Authors: Yahav Gilad , Diamandi Hilel H. , Preter Eyal , Fixler Dror
Published: February 2019

A frequency‐domain (FD) analysis of fluorescence lifetime (FLT) is a unique and rapid method for cellular and intracellular classifications that can serve for medical diagnostics purposes. Nevertheless, its data analysis process demands nonlinear fitting algorithms that may distort the resolution of the FLT data and hence diminish the classification ability of the method. This research suggests a sample classification technique that is unaffected by the analysis process as it is based on the squared distance (D2) between the raw frequency response data (FRD). In addition, it presents the theory behind this technique and its validation in two simulated data sets of six groups with similar widely and closely spaced FLT data as well as in experimental data of 43 samples from bacterial and viral infected and non‐infected patients. In the two simulated tests, the classification accuracy was above 95% for all six groups. In the experimental data, the classification of 41 out of 43 samples matched earlier report and 29 out of 31 agreed with preliminary physician diagnosis. The D2 approach has the potential to promote FD‐time resolved fluorescence measurements as a medical diagnostic technique with high specifity and high sensitivity for many of today's conventional diagnostic procedures.
Regulation of articular chondrocyte catabolic genes by growth factor interaction
Authors: Shi Shuiliang , Mercer Scott , Eckert George J. , Trippel Stephen B.
Published: February 2019

Osteoarthritis is characterized by a loss of articular cartilage homeostasis in which degradation exceeds formation. Several growth factors have been shown to promote cartilage formation by augmenting articular chondrocyte anabolic activity. This study tests the hypothesis that such growth factors also play an anticatabolic role. We transferred individual or combinations of the genes encoding insulin‐like growth factor‐I, bone morphogenetic protein‐2, bone morphogenetic protein‐7, transforming growth factor‐β1, and fibroblast growth factor‐2, into adult bovine articular chondrocytes and measured the expression of catabolic marker genes encoding A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs‐4 and ‐5, matrix metalloproteinases‐3 and ‐13, and interleukin‐6. When delivered individually, or in combination, these growth factor transgenes differentially regulated the direction, magnitude, and time course of expression of the catabolic marker genes. In concert, the growth factor transgenes regulated the marker genes in an interactive fashion that ranged from synergistic inhibition to synergistic stimulation. Synergistic stimulation prevailed over synergistic inhibition, reaching maxima of 15.2‐ and 2.7‐fold, respectively. Neither the magnitude nor the time course of the effect of the transgene combinations could be predicted on the basis of the individual transgene effects. With few exceptions, the data contradict our hypothesis. The results demonstrate that growth factors that are traditionally viewed as chondrogenic tend also to promote catabolic gene expression. The competing actions of these potential therapeutic agents add an additional level of complexity to the selection of regulatory factors for restoring articular cartilage homeostasis or promoting repair.
Animal‐ and human‐based evidence for the protective effects of stem cell therapy against cardiovascular disorders
Authors: Pooria Ali , Pourya Afsoun , Gheini Alireza
Published: February 2019

The increasing rate of mortality and morbidity because of cardiac diseases has called for efficient therapeutic needs. With the advancement in cell‐based therapies, stem cells are abundantly studied in this area. Nearly, all sources of stem cells are experimented to treat cardiac injuries. Tissue engineering has also backed this technique by providing an advantageous platform to improve stem cell therapy. After in vitro studies, primary treatment‐based research studies comprise small and large animal studies. Furthermore, these studies are implemented in human models in the form of clinical trials. Purpose of this review is to highlight the animal‐ and human‐based studies, exploiting various stem cell sources, to treat cardiovascular disorders.
Elderly patients with lower‐jaw mobility require careful food texture modification: A cohort study
Authors: Wada Mikio , Hanamoto Akiko , Kawashima Atsushi
Published: February 2019

Background

Few studies have investigated the relationship between lower‐jaw mobility and oral ingestible food texture choices in elderly patients. This study aimed to evaluate whether lower‐jaw mobility affects levels of food texture modification.

Methods

This prospective cohort study targeted inpatients aged ≥65 years with pneumonia or urinary tract infection from August 2014 through July 2015. We defined “lower‐jaw mobility” as movement of the lower jaw (more than about 1 cm) when gently supported from both sides of the mandibular angle with index fingers. The primary outcome was food texture at discharge, which was evaluated using “Japanese Dysphagia Diet 2013”: non per os, codes 0‐4 (in the order of increasing swallowing difficulty), and normal meal.

Results

We evaluated 38 patients in the mobility group (mean age: 86.5 years) and 251 patients in the nonmobility group (mean age: 83.2 years). Percentages of patients capable of ingesting each food texture were as follows (mobility vs nonmobility): normal meal, 5.3% vs 50.1%; code 4, 39.5% vs 31.9%; code 3, 5.3% vs 8.8%; code 2, 10.5% vs 4.4%; code 1, 2.6% vs 0.8%; code 0, 0.0% vs 0.4%; and non per os, 36.8% vs 2.8%. Food texture codes were lower in the mobility group (P < 0.001). These relationships remained significant even after adjusting for potential confounding factors in multivariate analysis (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Elderly patients with lower‐jaw mobility were restricted to texture‐modified foods. Lower‐jaw mobility can be assessed easily even by nonmedical personnel, and regular assessment could help identify elderly patients requiring dietary adjustment.
Application of Polyphosphoric Acid‐Mediated Acyl Migration for Regiospecific Synthesis of Diverse 2‐Acylpyrroles from Chalcones
Authors: Kumar Togiti Uday , Thigulla Yadagiri , Rangan Krishnan , Bhattacharya Anupam
Published: February 2019

A metal‐free approach for the synthesis of 2‐acylpyrroles is reported in this paper. Synthesis of the target molecule started from chalcones and was carried out in two steps. Initial step involved the conversion of chalcones to corresponding 4‐substituted‐3‐acylpyrroles by reaction with TosMIC. In the subsequent step, target molecules were obtained in modest to good yields by polyphosphoric acid‐mediated acyl rearrangement of 3‐acylpyrroles to their 2‐acyl congeners. The crucial final step was amenable to diverse substitutions on pyrrole ring. Preliminary experiment for the determination of mechanism indicated the involvement of acylium ion.