bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Governing Financialization
Authors: Copley Jack
Published: November 2021

Capitalism has become ‘financialized’. Since the 1970s, the swelling of financial markets and asset price bubbles has occurred alongside weaker underlying economic growth. Yet financialization was not a spontaneous market development—it was rather deeply political. States fuelled this process through policies of financial liberalization. Britain lies at the heart of this story. The British state’s radical financial liberalizations in the 1970s and 1980s were instrumental in creating a financialized global economic order in which the City of London emerged as a central hub. But why did the British state propel financialization? The conventional wisdom points to the lobbying power of financial elites and the strength of neoliberal ideology. However, this book offers an alternative explanation through an in-depth exploration of declassified state archives. By examining key financial liberalizations in the 1970s and 1980s—including the notorious ‘Big Bang’—this book argues that these policies were not part of an intentional scheme to create a new finance-led economic model. Instead, they were designed to address immediate governing dilemmas related to the grinding ‘stagflation’ crisis and its aftershocks. In this era, British governments found themselves trapped between global competitive pressures to enforce painful domestic adjustment and national political pressures to maintain existing living standards. Financial liberalization was pursued in a trial-and-error manner to navigate this dilemma. By unleashing financial markets, the state hoped to either postpone the worst effects of the crisis, or enact tough economic restructuring in an arm’s-length fashion. Financialization was an accidental outcome, not an intentional result.
The Financial Services Act
Authors: Copley Jack
Published: November 2021

This chapter analyses the 1986 Financial Services Act (FSA), which complemented the Big Bang by instituting a light-touch and arm’s-length form of regulation of the City of London. In 1981, the government commissioned a legal academic—Gower—to investigate Britain’s financial regulations and make recommendations on future amendments. Gower proposed a system of self-regulation that would be directly supervised by a government body. This form of state oversight was met with disapproval by the government and Bank. However, the impending Big Bang changed policymakers’ opinions. This radical liberalization would invite global actors to operate in the City, which in turn necessitated the creation of an impartial and legally enforced system of rules. Nevertheless, the Thatcher government was concerned that Gower’s proposals would make them politically responsible for future financial crises, while the Bank worried that their informal relations with the City would be interrupted by government meddling. As such, the government and Bank worked to depoliticize Gower’s plans by inserting a private body between the government and the City, and thus insulate policymakers from legitimacy problems that would result from financial crises. FSA can thus be understood as an attempt to create a depoliticized framework of financial governance that would simultaneously provide a clear legal framework for Britain’s newly liberalized financial system and protect the state authorities from the political backlash derived from this financialized pattern of growth.
Geology Emerges as a Science
Authors: Ervin-Blankenheim Elisabeth
Published: November 2021

This chapter and the next one cover the way in which geology came to be a science in its own right, spanning the early centuries of geology. Lives of crucial individual scientists from the sixteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth century are discussed by relating the stories and discoveries of each, commencing with Leonardo da Vinci and continuing with the European geologists, including Nicholaus Steno, Abraham Werner, James Hutton, Charles Lyell, and early fossilists such as Etheldred Benet. Steno, Werner, Hutton and Lyell, and other early geologists revealed and wrote about the basic principles of geology, painstakingly untangling and piecing together the threads of the Earth’s vast history. They made sense of jumbled sequences of rocks, which had undergone dramatic changes since they were formed, and discerned the significance of fossils, found in environments seemingly incongruous to where the creatures once lived, as ancient forms of life. They set the stage for further research on the nature of the Earth and life on it, providing subsequent generations of geologists and those who study the Earth the basis on which to refine and flesh out the biography of the Earth.
The Biography of the Earth
Authors: Ervin-Blankenheim Elisabeth
Published: November 2021

This chapter focuses on the first era of the Phanerozoic Eon (“visible life”), the Paleozoic Era, when life burgeoned after a rapid shift from a frozen setting during Snowball Earth times to dramatic warming related to greenhouse conditions. The chapter includes stories, such as that of the finding of the unique creatures of the Burgess Shale in Canada, that represent the diversity of life in the early part of the Paleozoic, the Cambrian Period. Several climatic shifts happened in the Paleozoic with resulting extinction events, the first occurring at the end of the Ordovician Period, the second at the end of the Devonian, and a third massive extinction at the end of the Permian Period. The latter was the largest extinction event ever recorded when 95 percent of all genera were killed as the supercontinent Pangea began to be split apart at the end of the Paleozoic.
“My Worship Has Been Hijacked”
Authors: Ross Melanie C.
Published: November 2021

Chapter 1 combines historical research with autoethnographic narrative to contextualize the dramatic musical shifts that have taken place in evangelicalism over the last four decades. In the 1980s and 1990s, “praise and worship” music—a genre with roots in the Pentecostal and charismatic movement—began to enter the evangelical mainstream. Evangelical churches struggled with how to negotiate the ethos and aesthetics of these new songs into their services, leading to a period that many commentators dubbed the “worship wars.” Subsequent developments, including the formation of Christian Copyright Licensing International (CCLI), a concerted push by secular distributors to sell worship music to churches, and the rise of new kind of performer (the “celebrity worship leader”), exacerbated internal congregational tensions and debates.
“Something Better Has Come Along”
Authors: Ross Melanie C.
Published: November 2021

Chapter 4 introduces North Point Community Church, a congregation that is especially concerned about the declining church attendance of young adults, and regularly experiments with new, sometimes-controversial methods in an effort to make its services more appealing. This chapter parses North Point’s “sequentialist” understanding of progress. Sequentialists believe that Old Testament teachings—once a necessary part of God’s plan of salvation—cannot be “retrofitted” to be made compatible with New Testament doctrine. Similarly, the service patterns and musical repertoire that worked in previous decades must be replaced if a church hopes to be relevant to a new generation.
“How Can We Catch Fire?”
Authors: Ross Melanie C.
Published: November 2021

Chapter 5 explores the Vineyard movement, one of the fastest-growing church movements in the United States, which is committed to holding together the “already” and “not yet” of the Kingdom of God in worship. In addition to looking for a dramatic, miraculous inbreaking of the Holy Spirit, there is a less dramatic but equally formative influence at work in worship: the Quaker notion of “gospel order” and its accompanying understanding of ethics. These commitments are tested at “Koinonia Vineyard,” a congregation located in the Pacific Northwest, where one African American member wrestles with her vision of activism and her Caucasian pastor’s desire for the congregation to remain politically neutral during a time of national racial unrest.
“You Can’t Make Me Sing”
Authors: Ross Melanie C.
Published: November 2021

Chapter 6 introduces Wayfarers Collective, an “emerging church” that decries what it perceives as the superficiality and entertainment-centeredness of mainstream evangelicalism. The Collective meets in a temporary rental spaces, eschews categories of formal membership, and brands itself as a “last stop” for people who are considering leaving the church forever. The Collective faces significant evangelistic hurdles: residents of the Pacific Northwest tend to be fiercely independent, and hostile towards institutions that seek to limit their personal freedom, creativity, or identity. The Collective’s anti-authoritarian ethos both helps and hinders its practices of corporate worship. Positively speaking, sermons at the Collective are a back-and-forth conversation between preacher and congregation: all participants are on equal ground. Musical worship—where the congregation must follow the directions of an authority figure—is more problematic.
Jesus Christ and the New Testament
Authors: Senior Donald
Published: November 2021

A unifying motif of the New Testament and one that renders it sacred in the eyes of Christian faith is its assertion of the unique identity of Jesus Christ. While much of modern biblical scholarship has attempted to reconstruct the actual historical circumstances of Jesus in his first-century Jewish context, the New Testament writings themselves find their sacred character in their affirmation of the unique character of the Jesus of faith as both human and divine. This is affirmed in a variety of ways in the Four Gospels as they consider in diverse ways the ultimate origin of Jesus, the “theophanies” that occur during Jesus’s ministry, various titles assigned to him, and the nature of his death and resurrection. While biblical scholarship legitimately explores the historical context of Jesus’s life and teaching, Christians strive to see the intrinsic connection between the historical circumstances of Jesus’s life and the faith affirmations of early Christianity about his unique identity.
Jesus and Paul
Authors: Senior Donald
Published: November 2021

The writings of Paul form a major part of the New Testament. This includes not only the so-called undisputed letters of Paul but also other letters attributed to him in antiquity that might have been written by later disciples of Paul citing him as author to evoke his apostolic authority. This chapter describes what we know of Paul’s life, beginning with his strong Jewish identity as well as his roots in the Greco-Roman world. Paul himself cites his inaugural visionary experience of the Risen Jesus as a decisive turning point in his life, leading him ultimately to be an ardent proclaimer of the gospel to the Gentile world. Paul’s letters to various early Christian communities in the Greco-Roman Mediterranean world served as extensions of his missionary efforts. Although fashioned in a different literary form than the gospel narratives, Paul’s letters also portray Jesus’s identity as both rooted in Judaism and exhibiting a unique transcendent character and purpose. Paul’s Christology focuses intensely on the significance of Jesus’s death and resurrection. The so-called deutero-Pauline Letters extend Paul’s theological vision; in the case of Colossians and Ephesians, situating the redemptive and reconciling role of Christ within the cosmos, and, in the case of the Pastoral Letters, bringing Paul’s exhortations about the life of the Christian community to some of the developing challenges of the late first-century church.
Compassionate Reasoning, the Mind, and Moral Choice
Authors: Gopin Marc
Published: November 2021

The ethical schools of thought are essential to decision-making for peacebuilding and positive social change. The directives emerging from ethical schools often contradict each other, but Compassionate Reasoning can help resolve these contradictions and guide people in a more coherent direction of thinking and acting. The cultivation of compassion is shown to be a glue that bonds schools of ethics into one enterprise of moral reasoning as seen through several lenses. People who reason together are more adept at problem solving than when reasoning alone, but only if they have cultivated caring and compassionate relationships as a group. Moral reasoning in fierce competition with others, by contrast, retards the discovery of solutions to thorny problems. Compassionate Reasoning encourages collective reasoning rather than isolated and selfish reasoning. Excessive obedience to authority is also one of the most dangerous aspects of the human lower brain. A critical antidote is extensive training in taking the perspectives of others through Compassionate Reasoning.
Development
Authors: Woody Robert H.
Published: November 2021

Many people describe being musical as a dream that was never realistically attainable because they were not born with the innate talent required. Is this true or can all people become musical? How can they—and their parents and teachers—know if they have “what it takes” to become a musician? These are the kinds of questions addressed by developmental psychology. This chapter explains foundational principles of human music development. It shows that human beings are essentially “hardwired” to be musical, and that there is a predictable progression in which children typically develop musical abilities. Through a combination of factors related to enculturation (informal musical experiences) and education, people develop to a great variety of musical ability levels. The experiences and education received as a child can be very consequential in determining the level of musicality a person will enjoy throughout life.
The Performer
Authors: Woody Robert H.
Published: November 2021

Skillfully singing or playing an instrument, even at a very advanced level, is not enough by itself to ensure success as a performer. Musicians who give live performances must also use body gesture, facial expression, and other elements of stage presence to enhance their musical sound production. The visual aspects of live performance are influential to how audiences perceive the music, and therefore critical to performance. Additionally, outside of unaccompanied solo performing, musicians must know how to function effectively with coperformers, both in terms of musically coordinating performance (e.g., synchronizing multiple parts and performing in tune with each other) and communicating—both verbally and nonverbally—with each other. This chapter examines aspects of being a performer that are sometimes overlooked. Music performers can gain much by giving explicit attention to mastering the visual aspects of live performance and the interpersonal skills of musical collaboration.
No, the Universe Is Not on Our Side
Authors: Ledewitz Bruce
Published: November 2021

In the 1990 “pale blue dot” photograph that Carl Sagan asked NASA to take, we see the potential of a negative answer to Bernard Lonergan’s question to renew American public life. For Sagan, the isolation of the Earth in the cosmic vastness “underscores our responsibility to deal kindly with each other” and preserve our planet. The conclusion that the universe is not on our side is supported by numerous features of reality: lifeless matter, knowledge limited to the senses, death, decline, the vagaries of history, entropy of the universe, and more. We can accept living in this no. The universe is not hostile, merely neutral. Several thinkers show the way forward, especially John Gray. We can practice Simon Critchley’s faith of the faithless. The instrumental thought of Randy Barnett demonstrates how to construct healthy institutions. Anthony Kronman reminds us that our lives are meaningful only because of our mortality.
Restored Public Life
Authors: Ledewitz Bruce
Published: November 2021

When we live in the yes, public life in America will be rescued from despair. We know from the Hispanic community’s example that religious knowledge of our place in the universe is healthy. The yes functions similarly. At the personal level, the reader who answers Lonergan’s question with a yes will encounter celebration, gratitude, and, because we have not lived up to the direction of the universe, confession. The universe now offers correction that must be taken seriously, though not coercively or institutionally. The yes spreads through the cultural entity of cosmopolis, which will confront our nihilism. The disciplines and the university will be renewed by a new understanding of the unity of all subject matters. Each course of study, though different, is always of a universe that is on our side. Policy debates will consider the common good. Politics will be filled with meaning and be more generous.
Does This Bring Us Back to God?
Authors: Ledewitz Bruce
Published: November 2021

The book returns to the question of God within the world of the yes. The reader is given tools to continue the investigation, but no final conclusion is reached on the question of God. David Griffin’s process thought is naturalistic and panentheistic. This view of God shares attributes of traditional theism. But in process thought, God does not create ex nihilo, does not coerce, and remains within the causal structure of nature. Griffin argues that God is a necessary feature of process thought and its endorsement of enduring meaning. Donald Sherburne offers a different view, called “Whitehead Without God.” The book concludes that process thought without God can still renew public life. It remains for us in the future to investigate the mystery of holiness in the universe.
Philosophy, Normativity, and Metacriticism
Authors: Miller Richard B.
Published: November 2021

This chapter examines the Philosophical-Evaluative Method for studying religion. It is argued that this method offers conceptual clarity about key terms and assumptions that are regnant in theory and method in the study of religion and helps one see that correcting for the inarticulacy about the value of religious studies lies not in crafting a better methodology but by realizing how the field can account to broader, more comprehensive ideas about its place within the production of critical humanistic knowledge. With these ideas in hand, the chapter focuses on the work of Stephen S. Bush and Kevin Schilbrack. It examines their central claims that draw, respectively, from pragmatism and the philosophy of mind. The chapter concludes by pressing these scholars to speak about the ends of religious studies.
Epilogue
Authors: Miller Richard B.
Published: November 2021

The epilogue concludes the book by clarifying how Critical Humanism makes possible an ethics of religious studies. Positioned against an episteme that draws its sustenance from Reformation, Enlightenment, and post-Enlightenment thinking, Critical Humanism provides reasons that enable present and future generations to grasp the values of studying religion and provides a model of reasoning that can break the spell of the field’s regime of truth of value-neutrality. It thereby enables scholars to overcome a long-standing repression of desire and discover humanistic excellences according to which motives for studying religion are desirable and worthy of attachment and transmission. Seen in this way, the epilogue argues, Critical Humanism is a vocation. It allows scholars to recommend religious studies for the present and in ways that make possible hope for the future.
The Triumph of Protestant Truth
Authors: Wellman Kathleen
Published: November 2021

For these curricula, the Reformation is the great watershed in human history, because biblical truth triumphed. They focus on England as the preeminent site of the Reformation. To tell this story, these textbooks revert to an explicitly English Protestant historiography and largely neglect the context of the Reformation. They do not acknowledge theological distinctions, disputes, or schisms among Protestants: there is only biblical truth. These textbooks tie Protestantism to political liberty, the former a precondition of the latter. But they restrict liberty to the terms of Luther’s The Freedom of a Christian: freedom does not sanction dissent and the Reformation had no political ramifications. The defeat of the Spanish Armada reveals God’s providential care for His new chosen people. The curricula’s treatment of the Reformation is more meager and ahistorical than one might expect. The Reformation is less a historical development than the confirmation of evangelical beliefs purged of Catholic heresy.
The Righteous Right
Authors: Wellman Kathleen
Published: November 2021

When these curricula narrate recent history, they document the firm alliance between the Republican Party and the religious right. The two groups shared common concerns about such issues as the sexual revolution, drug culture, and the welfare state. From his first venture into national politics in 1976, Ronald Reagan proved to be the ideal candidate for both groups. Evangelicals believed that, under Reagan, the federal government would leave education to local authority. These curricula herald the successful presidencies of Reagan and George W. Bush in furthering the agenda of the Christian right—advancing Christianity and capitalism. They claim that Republicans advance Christian values and American power; Democrats undermine both. These curricula judge the rest of the world on how well they conform to these ideals and support American interests. Because the historical narrative is virtually identical to the history of the religious right, recent history is their story.
Latin Americans’ God
Authors: Morello Gustavo S.J.
Published: November 2021

This chapter presents the image of God respondents have. They mostly conceive of divinity as a personal being. They use relational metaphors to name it, father, friend, husband, and experience it in their regular, ordinary lives. They feel, touch, hear, and see that intervention. Dios keeps making miracles for them. Respondents’ experience of God helps them to make sense of their life circumstances (there is a plan) and pushes them outside themselves (to meet others); the call from this personal suprahuman power is a social one, one that invites them to relate with others in a meaningful way. If life is about encounters, the afterlife is about re-encounters.
French Musical Life
Authors: Ellis Katharine
Published: November 2021

This book is a study of French musical centralization and its discontents during the period leading up to and beyond the “provincial awakening” of the Belle Époque. The book explains how different kinds of artistic decentralization and regionalism were hard won (or not) across a politically turbulent century from the 1830s to World War II. In doing so, it redraws the historical map of musical power relations in France. Based on work in more than seventy archives, chapters on conservatoires, concert life, stage music, folk music, and composition reveal how tensions of state and locality played out differently depending on the structures and funding mechanisms in place, the musical priorities of different town councils, and the presence or absence of galvanizing musicians. Progressively, the book shifts from musical contexts to musical content, exploring the pressure point of folk music and its translation into “local color” for officials who perpetually feared national division. Controlling composition, on the one hand, and the emotional intensity of folk-based musical experience, on the other, emerges as a matter of consistent official praxis. In terms of “French music” and its compositional styles, what results is a surprising new historiography of French neoclassicism, bound into and growing out of a study of diversity and its limits in daily musical life.
Instrumental Music and Urban Gravitas
Authors: Ellis Katharine
Published: November 2021

Bands, chamber ensembles, and (especially) orchestral societies acted as indicators of the musical maturity of urban centers. Together with conservatoires and opera houses, orchestras formed centers of gravity often overseen by town councils as an interconnected unit or as a set of overlapping units. A relative lack of state regulation resulted in less focus on centralization and more on internal organization (including dealing with the progressive unionization of musicians), rivalries between concert societies, and distinctive patterns in repertory selection and programming. Nevertheless, a strong touring circuit for composer-conductors, the soft power of Parisian institutions (notably the Concerts Populaires of Jules Pasdeloup), and town council demands for standard repertory rather than new music, meant that regionalist particularism had little part to play. Angers, Bordeaux, Montpellier, Nancy, and Toulouse provide case-studies of the intersections of local politics, concert administration and orchestral professionalization; Lyon, Lille, and Strasbourg emerge as centers with an especially distinctive mix of chamber and orchestral music, especially during the Third Republic.
Introduction
Authors: Rosenfeld Michael J.
Published: November 2021

Chapter 1 presents an overview of how the movement for marriage equality was victorious in the U.S. and why public attitudes toward marriage equality changed more than any other public attitude in American history. The chapter offers a brief explanation of the role of individuals coming out of the closet and an explanation for why national movements need to be studied with national survey data as opposed to focusing only on movement leaders. A time line of key events considers the background of public opinion support for gay rights in order to identify when attitudes began to change and which events were proximate to the change in attitudes.
The 1950s and 1960s
Authors: Rosenfeld Michael J.
Published: November 2021

Chapter 2 explores the early gay rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s during the Red Scare, which was also the period of greatest repression of gay people in U.S. history. The struggles of the tiny homophile movements such as the Daughters of Bilitis and the Mattachine Society are described. U.S. popular culture was relentlessly hostile to homosexuality during this period. Hollywood had an official code requiring that gay characters be shown only in a negative light. At the same time, the American Law Institute published a model penal code that recommended the decriminalization of sodomy.
The Early 2000s
Authors: Rosenfeld Michael J.
Published: November 2021

Chapter 9 tells the story of Lawrence v. Texas, the 2003 Supreme Court decision that finally struck down the remaining state laws that criminalized sodomy. In 2004 Massachusetts became the first state in the U.S. to have marriage equality, following the state supreme court decision in Goodridge v. Department of Public Health. Opponents of gay rights fought furiously to overturn marriage equality in Massachusetts, but once straight people saw that marriage equality cost them nothing, the opposition faded away. Gay rights groups in Massachusetts prevailed despite having many institutional disadvantages. In California in 2008, Proposition 8 was passed by voters to reintroduce a same-sex marriage ban.
Obergefell v. Hodges, 2015
Authors: Rosenfeld Michael J.
Published: November 2021

Chapter 14 tells the story of how Jim Obergefell, whose husband John Arthur was dying, sued the state of Ohio to try to force the state to list Obergefell as the husband on Arthur’s death certificate. Ohio was one of many states whose constitution explicitly rejected recognition of same-sex marriages, wherever they were originally celebrated. Obergefell won in federal district court, but the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals consolidated his case with DeBoer v. Snyder from Michigan and cases from two other states, and overturned them all. The plaintiffs appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. The Obergefell v. Hodges Supreme Court decision of 2015 made marriage equality the law of the U.S. After the Obergefell victory, April DeBoer and Jayne Rowse were legally married in Michigan and then cross-adopted their children.
Displacing and Nondisplacing Movements
Authors: Rosenfeld Michael J.
Published: November 2021

Chapter 17 contrasts the rapid adoption of marriage equality everywhere in the U.S. with the more than sixty years of resistance to school integration. The difference owes a lot to the fact that marriage equality is a nondisplacing movement, meaning no one lost their right to marry when same-sex couples gained the right to marry. In contrast, school integration was a displacing social change. Displacing social changes are harder to achieve and harder to complete. Chapter 17 discusses the Bostock v. Clayton County Supreme Court decision of 2020, which expanded workplace protections to gay, lesbian, and transgender workers everywhere in the U.S. Workplace nondiscrimination is a displacing social change, which means that even with the change in the law, workplace discrimination against LGBT people will not disappear.
Latin American Modernities
Authors: Roniger Luis
Published: November 2021

Modernity has been associated with a series of trends that have altered many societies worldwide, including those in Latin America. Chapter 2 analyzes Latin America and its path to global insertion and modernity. The chapter also addresses the images attributed to this multistate region. Latin American societies patterned their political institutions and public spheres after models that they conceived as the epitome of advanced global progress and modernity. They incorporated modern notions of citizenship, representative democracy, civic associations, elections, public debate and public spheres, justice, and equality before the law. Yet these multiple models were hybrid in nature, resulting from their international insertion and the format of internal colonialism and biases toward the centers of world development. Many of the promises of modernity were unfulfilled, generating new political demands, social change, and transnational spillover from one society to the others.
International Wars and Conspiracy Theories
Authors: Roniger Luis
Published: November 2021

This chapter analyzes how master narratives of sinister foreign plans behind international wars have developed transnationally in Latin America. It reconstructs two cases of transnational diffusion of conspiracy theories, contrasting them with a case in which other master narratives prevailed. In the War of the Triple Alliance (1864–70) and the Chaco War (1932–35), conspiratorial interpretations of foreign designs gained momentum, reinforcing the image of victimization by external enemies. Such narratives downplayed the role of local political forces, as documented by historical research. Contrastingly, in the aftermath of the Pacific War (1879–83), conspiracy theories did not become the master narratives. The chapter discusses this variance in the transnational diffusion of conspiracy theories over Latin American wars.
The Cold War and Its Transnational Imprint in the Americas
Authors: Roniger Luis
Published: November 2021

This chapter addresses the geopolitics of the Cold War and its transnational imprint on Latin America. It starts by discussing the rise of the U.S. to hemispheric hegemony, and analyzes U.S. policies and their interplay with domestic constellations of power. Interested in curtailing the advance of the revolutionary Left and radical insurgent movements, the region witnessed a forceful takeover of power and the adoption of transnational counter-insurgency operations, such as Operation Condor, that undermined the rule of law and produced atrocious records of crimes against humanity. The chapter offers an overview of the impact of this geopolitical configuration on Latin American societies, including the controversial role of the School of the Americas, the prevailing doctrines of National Security and the organic conception of nations that led to a genocidal turn in the context of the Cold War.
Non-Self I
Authors: Siderits Mark
Published: November 2021

The first of two chapters on the central Buddhist thesis of non-self, this chapter presents the distinction between self and person as two possible referents of “I.” It then investigates the two arguments that the Buddha gave for the non-existence of the self: the argument from impermanence, and the argument from control, discussing the strategies of the arguments and responses to a variety of objections. It introduces the basic taxonomy of psychophysical elements, as well as a principle that will see much use in Buddhist metaphysics, the principle of irreflexivity, which is used in the argument against the existence of a self as controlling agent.
The Mind of the Artist
Authors: Schultz William Todd
Published: November 2021

Because artists make something out of nothing, the process can seem like magic, divinely inspired and inexplicable. It’s not. A single, potent factor lies at the heart of most everything creative: the mysterious, multifaceted trait of “openness.” This book describes the role of the openness dimension in the typical artist mind: how it loosens thinking, how it widens feelings, how it motivates behavior, and how it foments a useful inner chaos encouraging artistic invention. For creatives, openness is a unifying glue. It binds together states and processes at the core of the art-making impulse. A related key variable is trauma, according to scientific findings: the raw material with which so many artists work. In novels, poems, stories, and photographs, trauma gets symbolically repeated, shaped in the direction of a torturous beauty. Scientifically astute, conceptually subtle, and packed with richly detailed artist examples—from David Bowie to Frida Kahlo, from John Coltrane to Francesca Woodman, from Diane Arbus to Kurt Cobain—The Mind of the Artist demystifies artistic genius. It is a new, true portrait of artistic vision.
Trait-Based Origins of Creativity
Authors: Schultz William Todd
Published: November 2021

Chapter 2 provides an overview of scientific findings on correlations between each of the Big Five dimensions and creativity. The author notes that we can’t know everything about artist personality or the intricacies of artistic process, but that does not mean we can’t know anything. The research has been done, and the job, now, is to sift through it, identify what’s known, and craft a general portrait. A generic artist personality profile is outlined. The author presents a contrast between the average scientist and the average artist. From there, the author focuses on the trait-based roots of creativity, including detailed discussion of the exact Big Five profiles of two accomplished creatives: Kuwaiti painter Shurooq Amin and American writer Walter Kirn.
The Unifying Glue
Authors: Schultz William Todd
Published: November 2021

Chapter 3 zeroes in on the trait of openness exclusively, including its structural and motivational elements. The author discusses how openness, like the rest of the Big Five traits, affects every aspect of mental life, but notes that traits are abstract potentials. Their existence is inferred from what people say and do, how they behave. Of more interest in this book are the habits of mind they give rise to. These involve ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving. The author describes how, depending on how high a person is in O, certain challenges may (or may not) materialize. Three artists are profiled in the chapter: John Coltrane, John Lennon, and Francesca Woodman.
Two Prototypical Creators
Authors: Schultz William Todd
Published: November 2021

In Chapter 5, the author reinforces the idea that models are approximations that work in most cases, most of the time. They capture family resemblances within groups. The members of the group, in this instance artists, “look alike.” Models help because they allow us to predict. But they also, more commonly, allow us to understand, and when we understand, we not only make sense of another person we are interested in, we also, in addition to that, make sense of ourselves. In this chapter, the author applies his model to the lives and art of two famous artists: David Bowie and Frida Kahlo. This discussion reveals that it’s not necessary, and usually not accurate, to think of art as an escape or unintended cure. It is repetition, in thin or thick symbolic terms, of uniquely important experiences.
Introduction
Authors: Warren Mark R.
Published: November 2021

The Introduction opens with the stories of a Black parent and a Black student who were victims of the school-to-prison pipeline and their journeys to racial justice organizing. These experiences and these stories ground the emergence of the movement to dismantle the school-to-prison pipeline. The Introduction then recounts the author’s own journey to awareness of the school-to-prison pipeline and describes the development of the community engaged research project upon which the book is based. It recounts the author’s traumatic experiences in the field witnessing the abusive treatment of students and parents of color, and it discusses the challenges faced addressing the author’s privileges and positionality as a white, male professor partnering with and studying organizers and leaders of color based in low-income communities. It ends with an overview of the book and its chapters.
“Nationalizing Local Struggles”
Authors: Warren Mark R.
Published: November 2021

Chapter 2 offers a new model for understanding the dynamic relationship between local community organizing and national movement building. It highlights the critical contributions of local organizing to building the participation and leadership of those most impacted by injustice and to create organizational forms capable of sustaining campaigns to win policy changes. At the same time, it reveals the limitations of local organizing to dismantle a system of racial inequity deeply embedded in national structures, policies, and consciousness. It considers the contributions of national movements like influencing federal policy and challenging racist stereotypes and narratives. However, they are typically too narrowly focused on federal policy and dominated by Washington-based professional advocacy groups. Instead, movements can be stronger when they seek to strengthen and spread local organizing, “nationalizing local struggles,” and when groups grounded in communities most impacted by injustice share power with professional advocates.
Is the United States unique?
Authors: Bleich Erik , van der Veen Maurits
Published: November 2021

This chapter confirms that Muslim newspaper articles in Britain, Canada, and Australia are similar to those in American newspapers. Patterns in both the amount and the tone of coverage closely parallel our US findings, as do the factors associated with the greatest negativity, and the words most commonly used to describe Muslims or Islam. A probe into six newspapers from South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Africa, however, demonstrates that coverage of Muslims is not simply dictated by world events. In most of these newspapers, coverage of Muslims remains negative on average, but this negativity is simply far less intense than in the Anglophone North. In addition, the specific words most commonly associated with Muslims and Islam in these six newspapers are much more varied. Media around the world have more latitude to select stories and to frame discussions than an analysis of Anglophone North newspapers alone would imply.
Conclusions and extensions
Authors: Bleich Erik , van der Veen Maurits
Published: November 2021

The final chapter summarizes the main findings, the most important of which is that coverage of Muslims in the United States is strikingly negative by any comparative measure, whether group, time, country, or topic. It draws on these core findings to reflect on whether American newspapers—and the media more broadly—may be fostering Islamophobia, and how they serve to reinforce boundaries between social groups that contribute to ongoing stigmatization of Muslims. It suggests that journalists and citizens develop the instinct to tone-check the media in an effort to limit the harmful effects of the deep and abiding negativity so commonly associated with Muslims and Islam.
Qualities and Powers
Authors: Heil John
Published: November 2021

The chapter provides reasons to regard case for regarding objects’ properties—modes—as ‘empowering qualities’. The identity of a power is determined by what the power is a power for, typically in concert with other, reciprocal powers. This does not turn powers into relations, however, nor does it require an appeal to transcendent ‘Platonic’ universals to account for unmanifested powers. The qualitative nature of a substance equips the substance—and, by extension, complex objects made up of substances—to behave in various ways in concert with other substances. Thus qualities and powers are counted differently: one quality can empower its possessor in many ways. Conceptions of powers as ‘higher-order’ properties—properties possessed by an object by virtue of that object’s possession of some other ‘realizing’ properties—are instances of slippage.
Emergence and Downward Causation
Authors: Heil John
Published: November 2021

Emergence and downward causation are best understood in light of one another. Downward causation would occur when a whole, which includes various parts, influences the behavior of those parts. A whole, or a property of a whole, is emergent when it is capable of exercising downward causation. Although ‘emergence’ is by no means univocal, this would be one way to distinguish ‘weak’ or explanatory emergence from robust ‘ontological emergence’. The intelligibility of emergence in this sense is questioned, and it is noted that proponents of emergence appear to be committed ill-advisedly to a corpuscularian universe. This chapter foreshadows a theme running through the remaining chapters: the Aristotelian picture of objects interacting and influencing one another could turn out to be best suited to the manifest image.
Hylomorphism
Authors: Heil John
Published: November 2021

The chapter provides a discussion of hylomorphism, a doctrine associated with Aristotle and his medieval followers according to which objects are compounds of matter and form. Two strands of contemporary hylomorphism are examined, one of which invokes a kind of downward causation. Another ‘modest’ strand regards forms as essences, the what it is to be (what it takes to be) something of a particular kind: a tree, a rabbit, an electron. This leaves open the nature of matter. Aristotle might or might not have embraced ‘prime matter’, but his account of change appears to call for a material something underlying changes among the elemental stuffs. The upshot is a seamless ‘blancmange’ universe apparently inhospitable to motion and to causal interaction among distinct objects.
Reconciliation
Authors: Heil John
Published: November 2021

The chapter explores the idea, implicit in earlier chapters, that the manifest and scientific images are ultimately unified. An Aristotelian cosmology of interacting objects facilitates our negotiation of the manifest image, but the scientific image could turn out to be better served by Humeanism. Efforts to reconcile the manifest and scientific image that regard one or the other as provisional or illusory, and those that depict the scientific image as accommodating the ‘fundamental’ things and the manifest image as applicable to less-than-fundamental, ‘higher-level’ things, are examined and found wanting. A fourth option is proposed: the scientific image gives us an account of what the manifest image is an image of. The nature of the truthmakers for truths embedded in our Aristotelian manifest image could turn out to be Humean. More dramatically, Hume and Spinoza might be seen to converge.
Agency
Authors: Heil John
Published: November 2021

Earlier chapters advanced the idea that the appearances (the manifest image) and reality (as revealed in the scientific image) are not in competition: the scientific image constitutes our best guess as to the nature of truthmakers for truths at home in the manifest image. Along the way, necessitarianism (everything is as it is of necessity) and monism repeatedly inserted themselves into the discussion. The thought that truths of the manifest image could survive intact, even when they appear deeply at odds with the scientific image could prove correct, however, even were the accompanying cosmology misguided. The problem of reconciling free will with the scientific image provides an illustrative test case. Just as truthmakers for truths about moving objects could turn out to include nothing that moves, truths about agents acting freely could be made true by wholly deterministic features of the universe. This is not ‘compatibilism’: a free action is not compatible with the action’s being determined. As in the case of motion, agents and their actions are respectable citizens of the manifest image, their standing not compromised by physics.
Clowns, Fools, and Folly
Authors: Cartwright Kent
Published: November 2021

Chapter 1, on clowns, fools, and folly analyzes the clown-figure in terms of his magical ontology and explores moments of folly that intervene—transformatively, enchantingly—in a comic narrative. In doing so, it argues against the prevailing view that fool- and clown-figures are fundamentally marginal and peripheral to a play’s action, at least in the case of the comedies. The chapter demonstrates how these magical clowns can influence other characters, affecting their perceptions and choices, illustrated especially in Feste’s fantastical chop-logical interview with the lachrymose Olivia in Twelfth Night, which makes possible her subsequent infatuation with Viola. It also shows how clowns can intervene in and alter the action, with Dogberry, a hybrid of Providence and everyman, emerging as a paradigmatic example. The chapter closes with a discussion of the theater-happy Bottom as the mystical moral center of A Midsummer Night’s Dream.
Structural Doubleness and Repetition
Authors: Cartwright Kent
Published: November 2021

Chapter 2, treating comic doubleness as a structural matter, explores the way scenes, actions, and plot lines reflect each other, as if to create an uncanny closed circuit or dream-world. Those reflections call up a long-standing critical recognition of ‘magical parallelisms,’ such as between the story lines of Viola and Sebastian, that express the Renaissance fascination with analogy and with occult theories of sympathetic influence. Within the play, structural doublings create affects ranging from enervation and frustrated desires, to a premonition of fatedness and converging destinies, to the agitation of manically accelerated action, to the liberating recognition of differences with in repetitions. Focusing on Twelfth Night, this chapter considers how the play creates the sense of a numinous but opaque providentialism, features that it also finds in other Shakespearean, Italian, and Tudor plays, including those of John Lyly.
The Return from the Dead
Authors: Cartwright Kent
Published: November 2021

Chapter 5 argues for the lingering power of medieval values and imaginative forms in their relation to characters who seemingly return from the dead. Criticism has not recognized the extent of this motif in the comedies or the way that it figures in their ongoing actions as well as their endings. Among other values, return from the dead showcases the efficacy of desire on the part of those bereft and the sense of radiant new life that the revenant sometimes acquires. While this motif is usually oriented towards Shakespeare’s late romances, such as Pericles, The Winter’s Tale, and The Tempest, it is strikingly pervasive, influential, and mysterious in the earlier comedies, as suggested by revenant characters ranging from Two Gentlemen’s Julia to All’s Well’s Helen. The chapter draws examples extensively from the comedies, including Much Ado About Nothing, The Merchant of Venice, and Twelfth Night. The motif lends uncanny power, emotional and intellectual depth, and memorability to Shakespearean comedy. It likewise helps us understand the persistence of medieval values into the early modern period.