bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anpassungsstrategien an Klimawandelfolgen für den Obstbau im Mittelmeerklima – Wird der Obstbau zum Klimaschützer?
Authors: Blanke Michael
Published: October 2021

Zur Abschlussveranstaltung des Adapt2Clima-EU-Projekts zu „Klimawandelfolgen für die Landwirtschaft im Mittelmeerraum und Adaptionsstrategien“ trafen sich fast 160 Klimaforscher aus über 30 Ländern am 24.–25. Juni 2019 in Heraklion – mit Klimamodellen und Risikoanalyse bzw. Vulnerabilität verschiedener Mittelmeerregionen. Bei den obstbaulichen Vorträgen stellte sich einmal die Witterung zur Blüte als besonders kritisch heraus, wobei zum einen kühl-nasse Witterung die Bestäubung durch ausbleibendes Fliegen der Honigbienen verhinderte und heiße Witterung die Pollen verklebten und zum anderen Unwetter mit Starkregenfällen im Laufe des Sommers, z. B. in Skopelos im August 2015, die Fruchtqualität bzw. die Ernte und auf Kreta im Frühling 2019 die Blüte bzw. den Fruchtansatz in Frage stellten. Als relativ klimaresilient erscheinen Gebirgsregionen wie Imathia, Pella und Pilion sowie Kreta und Zypern aufgrund der Kombination aus ausreichendem Kältereiz im Winter (Chilling), geringer Spätfrostgefahr, Zugang zu Wasser und weniger Hitzeschäden. Besonders betroffen von Klimawandelfolgen im Mittelmeerraum sind Wein, Tomate und Olive – in der Reihenfolge ihres Wasserbedarfs und ihrer Empfindlichkeit gegenüber Hitze und Trockenheit. Folgende Anpassungsstrategien wurden diskutiert: 1) Wasserauffang- und Rückhaltebecken; 2) Regelung der Wasserrechte; 3) Tröpfchenbewässerung, „deficit irrigation“ oder auch Verzicht auf Bewässerung; 4) Sorten mit hohem Wasserausnutzungsgrad (WUE); 5) geringe Pflanzdichten/extensiver Anbau; 6) Senkung der Evapotranspiration, z. B. durch Beschattung mit Schattier- oder Hagelnetzen; 7) Verzicht auf Bodenbearbeitung; 8) Kurzhalten des Grasaufwuchses oder cover crop im Winter aufgrund von Wasser- und Nährstoffkonkurrenz sowie Brandgefahr; 9) bei Oliven Einbringen von geschreddertem Schnittholz (statt Verbrennen) und 10) der Pressrückstände bzw. -kuchen sowie 11) im Weinbau Anbauverschiebung in nördliche Bergregionen. Ein Teil dieser Maßnahmen bedeutet einen Bruch mit althergebrachten Traditionen, da sowohl das Pflügen bzw. die Bodenbearbeitung als auch das Verbrennen von Schnittholz in Olivenhainen im Besitz der älteren Landbevölkerung in manchen Regionen Griechenlands nicht wegzudenken sind und aus einer Zeit stammen, als Schredder noch unbekannt waren. Die vielversprechenden Ansätze im Mittelmeerraum können auch ein Umdenken im Obstbau und den Beginn einer neuen Ära bedeuten, wenn neben der Erzeugung hochwertiger Früchte Klima- bzw. CO2-relevante Aspekte bei den Kultur- und Pflegemaßnahmen berücksichtigt und entlohnt werden.
Opposing patterns in self-reported and measured physical activity levels in middle-aged adults
Authors: Luo Jin , Lee Raymond Y. W.
Published: October 2021

Physical activity brings significant health benefits to middle-aged adults, although the research to date has been focused on late adulthood. This study aims to examine how ageing affects the self-reported and accelerometer-derived measures of physical activity levels in middle-aged adults. We employed the data recorded in the UK Biobank and analysed the physical activity levels of 2,998 participants (1381 men and 1617 women), based on self-completion questionnaire and accelerometry measurement of physical activity. We also assessed the musculoskeletal health of the participants using the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurements provided by the UK Biobank. Participants were categorised into three groups according to their age: group I younger middle-aged (40 to 49 years), group II older middle-aged (50 to 59 years), and group III oldest middle-aged (60 to 69 years). Self-reported physical activity level increased with age and was the highest in group III, followed by group II and I (P < 0.05). On the contrary, physical activity measured by accelerometry decreased significantly with age from group I to III (P < 0.05), and the same pertained to the measurements of musculoskeletal health (P < 0.05). It was also shown that middle-aged adults mostly engaged in low and moderate intensity activities. The opposing trends of the self-reported and measured physical activity levels may suggest that middle-aged adults over-report their activity level as they age. They should be aware of the difference between their perceived and actual physical activity levels, and objective measures would be useful to prevent the decline in musculoskeletal health.
Evaluation of pounding effects between reinforced concrete frames subjected to far-field earthquakes in terms of damage index
Authors: Hosseini S. H. , Naderpour H. , Vahdani R. , Jankowski R.
Published: October 2021

In this paper, three different damage indexes were used to detect nonlinear damages in two adjacent Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures considering pounding effects. 2-, 4- and 8-story benchmark RC Moment Resisting Frames (MRFs) were selected for this purpose with 60%, 75%, and 100% of minimum separation distance and also without any in-between separation gap. These structures were analyzed using the incremental dynamic analysis method under 44 far-field ground motion records. Comparison of the results between the MRFs with and without considering pounding effects show that collisions lead to a decrease in the values of coefficient of determination and the nonlinear damage occurs in lower seismic intensity. As a result, using the damage indexes, nonlinear damages can be detected during a specific seismic intensity. Moreover, considering a minimum separation distance leads to an increase in the coefficient of determination between the damage index and the maximum story drift ratio. Furthermore, due to pounding, shorter MRFs are damaged more significantly than the taller structures.
Nonlinear size-dependent modeling and dynamics of nanocrystalline arc resonators
Authors: Hajjaj Amal Z. , Ortiz Jonathan , Abdelkefi Abdessattar
Published: October 2021

The adequate modeling of the micro/nano arc resonators' dynamics is vital for their successful implementation. Here, a size-dependent model, wherein material structure, porosity, and micro-rotation effects of the grains are considered, is derived by combining the couple stress theory, multi-phase model, and the classical Euler–Bernoulli beam model, aiming to characterize the frequency tunability of micro/nano arc resonators as monitoring either the axial load or the electrostatic force for the first time. The arc dimensions are optimized to show various phenomena in the same arc, namely snap-through, crossing, and veering. The first three natural frequencies are monitored, showing the size dependency on the frequency tuning, snap-through/back, and pull-in instability as shrinking the scale from micro- to nano-scale. Significant changes in the static snap-through and pull-in voltages and the resonance frequencies were shown as scale shrinks. A dynamic analysis of the resonator's vibration shows a dramatic effect of the size-dependency as shrinking dimensions around the veering zone.
The positivity principle: do positive instructors improve learning from video lectures?
Authors: Lawson Alyssa P. , Mayer Richard E. , Adamo-Villani Nicoletta , Benes Bedrich , Lei Xingyu , Cheng Justin
Published: October 2021

The positivity principle states that people learn better from instructors who display positive emotions rather than negative emotions. In two experiments, students viewed a short video lecture on a statistics topic in which an instructor stood next to a series of slides as she lectured and then they took either an immediate test (Experiment 1) or a delayed test (Experiment 2). In a between-subjects design, students saw an instructor who used her voice, body movement, gesture, facial expression, and eye gaze to display one of four emotions while lecturing: happy (positive/active), content (positive/passive), frustrated (negative/active), or bored (negative/passive). First, learners were able to recognize the emotional tone of the instructor in an instructional video lecture, particularly by more strongly rating a positive instructor as displaying positive emotions and a negative instructor as displaying negative emotions (in Experiments 1 and 2). Second, concerning building a social connection during learning, learners rated a positive instructor as more likely to facilitate learning, more credible, and more engaging than a negative instructor (in Experiments 1 and 2). Third, concerning cognitive engagement during learning, learners reported paying more attention during learning for a positive instructor than a negative instructor (in Experiments 1 and 2). Finally, concerning learning outcome, learners who had a positive instructor scored higher than learners who had a negative instructor on a delayed posttest (Experiment 2) but not an immediate posttest (Experiment 1). Overall, there is evidence for the positivity principle and the cognitive-affective model of e-learning from which it is derived.
Breeding Late Blight Resistant Potatoes for Organic Farming—a Collaborative Model of Participatory Plant Breeding: the Bioimpuls Project
Authors: Keijzer P. , van Bueren E. T. Lammerts , Engelen C. J. M. , Hutten R. C. B.
Published: October 2021

In organic potato production, the need for varieties with durable late blight resistance developed through classical breeding programmes is urgent. Besides late blight resistance, other variety characteristics needed in organic potato production are early canopy closure for weed suppression and good tuber dormancy to eliminate the need for (chemical) sprouting inhibition during storage, amongst others. This paper is a unique example of collaboration between researchers, farmers and professional breeders of both large, medium and small breeding companies. The aim of the resulting breeding project, Bioimpuls, was to provide a substantial impulse to both the organic and conventional potato breeding sector by enlarging the access to various sources of late blight resistance. The Bioimpuls activities include providing true seed populations for variety selection with five available sources ofR-genes againstPhytophthora infestans, early and advanced introgression breeding with six newR-genes, and education and communication. The results achieved over the 11-year period (2009–2019) are analysed. Many true seed populations containing multiple resistance genes are produced and selected, and a constant flow of breeding clones is entering the evaluation and positioning trials of companies. However, it will still take a considerable amount of time before varieties with stacked resistance genes will replace the new resistant single gene varieties entering the market in the next few years. Five out of six new sources ofR-genes need more years of backcrossing before they are ready for commercial use. Bioimpuls successfully introduced a training course for farmer breeders, and published a manual for potato breeding.
Gesundheitskompetenz und Gesundheitsverhalten im Jugendalter: Ergebnisse einer bundesweiten Online-Befragung Jugendlicher
Authors: Domanska Olga Maria , Loer Anne-Kathrin M. , Stock Christiane , Jordan Susanne
Published: October 2021

Hintergrund

Für Deutschland fehlen Informationen zum Zusammenhang zwischen Gesundheitskompetenz und Gesundheitsverhalten Jugendlicher, obwohl in der Stärkung von Gesundheitskompetenz besonders im Jugendalter ein vielversprechender Ansatz zur Förderung des Gesundheitsverhaltens gesehen wird.

Ziel der Arbeit

Es wird – unter Berücksichtigung von soziodemografischen Merkmalen und Selbstwirksamkeit – untersucht, ob verschiedene Dimensionen der allgemeinen Gesundheitskompetenz mit dem Gesundheitsverhalten Jugendlicher assoziiert sind.

Material und Methoden

Datengrundlage bildet die bundesweite Online-Befragung zur „Gesundheitskompetenz von Jugendlichen“ (GeKoJu) mit 1235 Jugendlichen zwischen 14–17 Jahren in Deutschland. Vier Dimensionen allgemeiner Gesundheitskompetenz wurden mit dem „Measurement of Health Literacy Among Adolescents Questionnaire“ (MOHLAA-Q) durch Selbstangaben erfasst. Gesundheitsverhalten wurde mit Fragen zu Sport, Ernährung, Alkoholkonsum und Rauchen erhoben. Es wurden uni- und bivariate Analysen sowie multiple Regressionsanalysen durchgeführt.

Ergebnisse

Jugendliche mit niedrigen Leveln in allen untersuchten Gesundheitskompetenzdimensionen haben eine erhöhte Chance, kein Obst und Gemüse täglich zu konsumieren. Auch die Chance zu rauchen oder keinen Sport zu treiben war höher bei Personen mit geringer ausgeprägten Kommunikations- und Interaktionsfähigkeiten und passiven Einstellungen zur Gesundheit und Gesundheitsinformationen. Riskanter Alkoholkonsum wies keinen Zusammenhang mit Gesundheitskompetenz auf.

Schlussfolgerung

Die Ergebnisse legen die Stärkung von aktiven Einstellungen zu Gesundheit und Gesundheitsinformationen und Kommunikations- und Interaktionsfähigkeiten rund um das Thema Gesundheit für die Förderung des Gesundheitsverhaltens Jugendlicher nahe.
Gaussian mixture model decomposition of multivariate signals
Authors: Zickert Gustav , Yarman Can Evren
Published: October 2021

We propose a greedy variational method for decomposing a non-negative multivariate signal as a weighted sum of Gaussians, which, borrowing the terminology from statistics, we refer to as a Gaussian mixture model. Notably, our method has the following features: (1) It accepts multivariate signals, i.e., sampled multivariate functions, histograms, time series, images, etc., as input. (2) The method can handle general (i.e., ellipsoidal) Gaussians. (3) No prior assumption on the number of mixture components is needed. To the best of our knowledge, no previous method for Gaussian mixture model decomposition simultaneously enjoys all these features. We also prove an upper bound, which cannot be improved by a global constant, for the distance from any mode of a Gaussian mixture model to the set of corresponding means. For mixtures of spherical Gaussians with common variance $$\sigma ^2$$

σ
2

, the bound takes the simple form $$\sqrt{n}\sigma $$

n

σ

. We evaluate our method on one- and two-dimensional signals. Finally, we discuss the relation between clustering and signal decomposition, and compare our method to the baseline expectation maximization algorithm.
A Modular Workflow for Model Building, Analysis, and Parameter Estimation in Systems Biology and Neuroscience
Authors: Santos João P. G. , Pajo Kadri , Trpevski Daniel , Stepaniuk Andrey , Eriksson Olivia , Nair Anu G. , Keller Daniel , Hellgren Kotaleski Jeanette , Kramer Andrei
Published: October 2021

Neuroscience incorporates knowledge from a range of scales, from single molecules to brain wide neural networks. Modeling is a valuable tool in understanding processes at a single scale or the interactions between two adjacent scales and researchers use a variety of different software tools in the model building and analysis process. Here we focus on the scale of biochemical pathways, which is one of the main objects of study in systems biology. While systems biology is among the more standardized fields, conversion between different model formats and interoperability between various tools is still somewhat problematic. To offer our take on tackling these shortcomings and by keeping in mind the FAIR (findability, accessibility, interoperability, reusability) data principles, we have developed a workflow for building and analyzing biochemical pathway models, using pre-existing tools that could be utilized for the storage and refinement of models in all phases of development. We have chosen the SBtab format which allows the storage of biochemical models and associated data in a single file and provides a human readable set of syntax rules. Next, we implemented custom-made MATLAB® scripts to perform parameter estimation and global sensitivity analysis used in model refinement. Additionally, we have developed a web-based application for biochemical models that allows simulations with either a network free solver or stochastic solvers and incorporating geometry. Finally, we illustrate convertibility and use of a biochemical model in a biophysically detailed single neuron model by running multiscale simulations in NEURON. Using this workflow, we can simulate the same model in three different simulators, with a smooth conversion between the different model formats, enhancing the characterization of different aspects of the model.
Pharmacological Cognitive Enhancement and Cheapened Achievement: A New Dilemma
Authors: Gordon Emma C. , Dunn Lucy
Published: October 2021

Recent discussions of cognitive enhancement often note that drugs and technologies that improve cognitive performance may do so at the risk of “cheapening” our resulting cognitive achievements (e.g., Kass, Life, liberty and the defense of dignity: the challenge for bioethics, Encounter Books, San Francisco, 2004; Agar, Humanity’s end: why we should reject radical enhancement, MIT Press, Cambridge, 2010; Sandel, The case against perfection. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 2007; Sandel, The case against perfection: what’s wrong with designer children, bionic athletes, and genetic engineering?”. In: Holland (ed) Arguing about bioethics, Routledge, London, 2012; Harris in Bioethics 25:102–111, 2011). While there are several possible responses to this worry, we will highlight what we take to be one of the most promising—one which draws on a recent strand of thinking in social and virtue epistemology to construct an integrationist defence of cognitive enhancement. (e.g., Pritchard in Synthese 175:133–151, 2010; Palermos in Synthese 192:2955–2286, 2015; Clark in Synthese 192:3757–3375, 2015). According to such a line, there is—despite initial appearances to the contrary—no genuine tension between using enhancements to attain our goals and achieving these goals in a valuable way provided the relevant enhancement isappropriately integratedinto the agent’s cognitive architecture (in some suitably specified way). In this paper, however, we show that the kind of integration recommended by such views will likely come at a high cost. More specifically, we highlight a dilemma for users of pharmacological cognitive enhancement: they can (1) meet the conditions for cognitive integration (and on this basis attain valuable achievements) at the significant risk of dangerous dependency, or (2) remain free of such dependency while foregoing integration and the valuable achievements that such integration enables. After motivating and clarifying the import of this dilemma, we offer recommendations for how future cognitive enhancement research may offer potential routes for navigating past it.
Integrated Framework for Test and Evaluation of Autonomous Vehicles
Authors: Su Yimin , Wang Lin
Published: October 2021

Autonomous vehicles must pass effective standard tests to verify their reliability and safety. Accordingly, it is very important to establish a complete scientific test and evaluation system for autonomous vehicles. A comprehensive framework incorporating the design of test scenarios, selection of evaluation indexes, and establishment of an evaluation system is proposed in this paper. The aims of the system are to obtain an objective and quantitative score regarding the intelligence of autonomous vehicles, and to form an automated process in the future development. The proposed framework is built on a simulation platform to ensure the feasibility of the design and implementation of the test scenarios. The design principle for the test scenarios is also presented. To reduce subjective influences, the proposed framework selects objective indexes from four aspects: safety, comfort, driving performance, and standard regulations. The order relation analysis method is adopted to formulate the index weights, and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation is used to quantify the scores. Finally, a numerical example is provided to visually demonstrate the evaluation results for the autonomous vehicles scored by the proposed framework.
Safety, Mortality, and Hemodynamic Impact of Patients with MitraClip Undergoing Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation
Authors: Fox Henrik , Gyoten Takayuki , Rojas Sebastian V. , Deutsch Marcus-André , Schramm René , Rudolph Volker , Gummert Jan F. , Morshuis Michiel
Published: October 2021

The interactions and hemodynamic impact of transcatheter percutaneous mitral valve repair (TMR) have not yet been investigated in patients undergoing left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation, but hemodynamic adverse effects are feared in the combination of TMR and LVAD for altered mitral valve flow. This study investigated the hemodynamic interplay in combination of TMR and LVAD in 119 patients, and propensity score match analysis revealed no difference in both perioperative mortality and 2-year follow-up survival (p = 0.84). Nonetheless, postoperatively mean pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and cardiac index improved, and multivariable cox regression analysis at 2 years identified preoperative total bilirubin and temporary right ventricular mechanical circulatory support as independent risk factors for all-cause mortality but not TMR. Prior TMR has no impact on mortality or cardiovascular complications in patients with LVAD.

Graphical abstract
Application of random forest classification and remotely sensed data in geological mapping on the Jebel Meloussi area (Tunisia)
Authors: Albert Gáspár , Ammar Seif
Published: October 2021

Remotely sensed data such as satellite photos and radar images can be used to produce geological maps on arid regions, where the vegetation coverage does not have a significant effect. In central Tunisia, the Jebel Meloussi area has unique geological features and characteristic morphology (i.e. flat areas with dune fields in contrast with hills of folded and eroded stratigraphic sequences), which makes it an ideal area for testing new methods of automatic terrain classification. For this, data from the Sentinel 2 satellite sensor and the SRTM-based MERIT DEM (digital elevation model) were used in the present study. Using R scripts and the random forest classification method, modelling was performed on four lithological variables—derived from the different bands of the Sentinel 2 images—and two morphometric parameters for the area of the 1:50,000 geological map sheet no. 103. The four lithological variables were chosen to highlight the iron-bearing minerals since the spectral parameters of the Sentinel 2 sensors are especially useful for this purpose. The training areas of the classification were selected on the geological map. The results of the modelling identified Eocene and Cretaceous evaporite-bearing sedimentary series (such as the Jebs and the Bouhedma Formations) with the highest producer accuracy (> 60% of the predicted pixels match with the map). The pyritic argillites of the Sidi Khalif Formation were also recognized with the same accuracy, and the Quaternary sebhkas and dunes were also well predicted. The study concludes that the classification-based geological map is useful for field geologist prior to field surveys.
Passive myocardial mechanical properties: meaning, measurement, models
Authors: Emig Ramona , Zgierski-Johnston Callum M. , Timmermann Viviane , Taberner Andrew J. , Nash Martyn P. , Kohl Peter , Peyronnet Rémi
Published: October 2021

Passive mechanical tissue properties are major determinants of myocardial contraction and relaxation and, thus, shape cardiac function. Tightly regulated, dynamically adapting throughout life, and affecting a host of cellular functions, passive tissue mechanics also contribute to cardiac dysfunction. Development of treatments and early identification of diseases requires better spatio-temporal characterisation of tissue mechanical properties and their underlying mechanisms. With this understanding, key regulators may be identified, providing pathways with potential to control and limit pathological development. Methodologies and models used to assess and mimic tissue mechanical properties are diverse, and available data are in part mutually contradictory. In this review, we define important concepts useful for characterising passive mechanical tissue properties, and compare a variety of in vitro and in vivo techniques that allow one to assess tissue mechanics. We give definitions of key terms, and summarise insight into determinants of myocardial stiffness in situ. We then provide an overview of common experimental models utilised to assess the role of environmental stiffness and composition, and its effects on cardiac cell and tissue function. Finally, promising future directions are outlined.
Techniques to Improve Ecological Interpretability of Black-Box Machine Learning Models
Authors: Welchowski Thomas , Maloney Kelly O. , Mitchell Richard , Schmid Matthias
Published: October 2021

Statistical modeling of ecological data is often faced with a large number of variables as well as possible nonlinear relationships and higher-order interaction effects.Gradient boosted trees(GBT) have been successful in addressing these issues and have shown a good predictive performance in modeling nonlinear relationships, in particular in classification settings with a categorical response variable. They also tend to be robust against outliers. However, their black-box nature makes it difficult to interpret these models. We introduce several recently developed statistical tools to the environmental research community in order to advance interpretation of these black-box models. To analyze the properties of the tools, we applied gradient boosted trees to investigate biological health of streams within the contiguous USA, as measured by a benthic macroinvertebrate biotic index. Based on these data and a simulation study, we demonstrate the advantages and limitations ofpartial dependence plots(PDP),individual conditional expectation(ICE) curves andaccumulated local effects(ALE) in their ability to identify covariate–response relationships. Additionally, interaction effects were quantified according to interaction strength (IAS) and Friedman’s$$H^2$$H2statistic. Interpretable machine learning techniques are useful tools to open the black-box of gradient boosted trees in the environmental sciences. This finding is supported by our case study on the effect of impervious surface on the benthic condition, which agrees with previous results in the literature. Overall, the most important variables were ecoregion, bed stability, watershed area, riparian vegetation and catchment slope. These variables were also present in most identified interaction effects. In conclusion, graphical tools (PDP, ICE, ALE) enable visualization and easier interpretation of GBT but should be supported by analytical statistical measures. Future methodological research is needed to investigate the properties of interaction tests.      Supplementary materials accompanying this paper appear on-line.
Urban nature at the fingertips: Investigating wild food foraging to enable nature interactions of urban dwellers
Authors: Schunko Christoph , Brandner Anjoulie
Published: October 2021

Meaningful human–nature interactions can counteract the extinction of experience and positively influence people’s nature relatedness, health and wellbeing. In this study, we explored urban wild food foraging to understand how best to enable human-nature interactions in cities by means of foraging. Using a structured questionnaire, a total of 458 residents of Vienna, Austria were surveyed. Sixty-four percent of visitors of public urban green spaces previously foraged for wild food species, whereas foraging frequencies were related to the targeted plant species and their life forms. People who foraged more frequently had greater nature relatedness, more childhood foraging experiences and lived on the outskirts of the city, but their socio-demographic backgrounds were heterogeneous. Social acceptance and lack of access to wild foods were perceived to be barriers. To promote nature relatedness through urban foraging, the legal framework, access to low-contamination foraging areas, availability of wild foods and social acceptance need to be improved.
Effects of interfacial residual stress on mechanical behavior of SiCf/SiC composites
Authors: Chen Xiaowu , Cheng Guofeng , Yang Jinshan , Hu Jianbao , Liao Chunjin , Zhang Xiangyu , Dong Shaoming
Published: October 2021

Layer-structured interphase, existing between reinforcing fiber and ceramics matrix, is an indispensable constituent for fiber-reinforced ceramic composites due to its determinant role in the mechanical behavior of the composites. However, the interphase may suffer high residual stress because of the mismatch of thermal expansion coefficients in the constituents, and this can exert significant influence on the mechanical behavior of the composites. Here, the residual stress in the boron nitride (BN) interphase of continuous SiC fiber-reinforced SiC composites was measured using a micro-Raman spectrometer. The effects of the residual stress on the mechanical behavior of the composites were investigated by correlating the residual stress with the mechanical properties of the composites. The results indicate that the residual stress increases from 26.5 to 82.6 MPa in tension as the fabrication temperature of the composites rises from 1500 to 1650 °C. Moreover, the increasing tensile residual stress leads to significant variation of tensile strain, tensile strength, and fiber/matrix debonding mode of the composites. The sublayer slipping of the interphase caused by the residual stress should be responsible for the transformation of the mechanical behavior. This work can offer important guidance for residual stress adjustment in fiber-reinforced ceramic composites.
Effects of antibiotics on the developing enamel in neonatal mice
Authors: Schmalfuss A. J. , Sehic A. , Brusevold I. J.
Published: October 2021

Purpose

Identifying factors causing Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) is an ongoing challenge. Preterm infants, routinely treated with antibiotics in cases of suspected sepsis, are more commonly affected by dental developmental defects. This study aimed to investigate the effects of gentamycin and ampicillin on the developing enamel in neonatal CD-1 mice in vivo.

Methods

Neonatal mice were randomized into a study (n = 36) and a control (n = 35) group. Antibiotics were injected intravenously for 4 days. All mice were sacrificed after 15–18 days. Micro-CT was used to analyse the mineral density (MD) of the enamel and the proportion of the enamel object volume (vol%) in first molars and incisors.

Results

We demonstrated a significantly lower vol% enamel in the maxillary (30.9% vs. 32.7%;p = 0.004) and mandibular (32.5% vs. 34.6%;p = 0.015) molars in the study group than in the controls. The incisors were divided into segments upon analysis. We demonstrated both lower vol% and lower MD of the enamel in most segments in treated individuals compared to controls (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The reduced MD and vol% in the molars and incisors are likely to have been caused by the antibiotics given during tooth development. The presented analysis of teeth in neonatal mice with micro-CT could be a valid model for further research on dental developmental defects.
Conformal Chebyshev chaotic map-based remote user password authentication protocol using smart card
Authors: Meshram Chandrashekhar , Meshram Sarita Gajbhiye , Ibrahim Rabha W. , Jalab Hamid A. , Jamal Sajjad Shaukat , Barve Sharad Kumar
Published: October 2021

With the rapid advancement and growth of computer networks, there have been greater and greater demands for remote user password authentication protocols. In current ages, smartcard-based authentication protocol has formed the standard with their incredibly insubstantial, user-friendly equipment and low-cost apps. In this study, we proposed an effective robust authentication protocol using the conformable chaotic map, where a conformable calculus is a branch of newly appearing fractional calculus. It has a magnificent property, because it formulates using a controller term. We shall also offer formal proof of smooth execution of the proposed authenticated protocol. Our new protocol is more secure as compared to several comparable protocols.
Metal powder bed fusion process chains: an overview of modelling techniques
Authors: Afazov Shukri , Roberts Adam , Wright Louise , Jadhav Prashant , Holloway Adam , Basoalto Hector , Milne Katy , Brierley Nick
Published: October 2021

Metal powder bed fusion (MPBF) is not a standalone process, and other manufacturing technologies, such as heat treatment and surface finishing operations, are often required to achieve a high-quality component. To optimise each individual process for a given component, its progression through the full process chain must be considered and understood, which can be achieved through the use of validated models. This article aims to provide an overview of the various modelling techniques that can be utilised in the development of a digital twin for MPBF process chains, including methods for data transfer between physical and digital entities and uncertainty evaluation. An assessment of the current maturity of modelling techniques through the use of technology readiness levels is conducted to understand their maturity. Summary remarks highlighting the advantages and disadvantages in physics-based modelling techniques used in MPBF research domains  (i.e. prediction of: powder distortion; temperature; material properties; distortion; residual stresses; as well as topology optimisation), post-processing (i.e. modelling of: machining; heat treatment; and surface engineering), and digital twins (i.e. simulation of manufacturing process chains; interoperability; and computational performance) are provided. Future perspectives for the challenges in these MPBF research domains are also discussed and summarised.
Genetics of endometriosis and its association with ovarian cancer
Authors: Iyshwarya B.K. , Mohammed Vajagathali , Veerabathiran Ramakrishnan
Published: October 2021

Endometriosis is a chronic and destructive developmental gynecologic condition that affects approximately 10% percent of females worldwide, and is one of the most frequent causes of extreme pelvic pain. The endometrium-like tissue, glands, and stroma outside the uterine cavity are often affected by endometriosis. It is estrogen-dependent and frequently affects the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and pelvic peritoneum. Symptoms such as chronic pelvic pain, infertility, dyspareunia, as well as digestive and urinary symptoms often accompany endometriosis. The overall condition shares characteristics with ovarian carcinoma such as enhanced vascular activation of the endothelial growth factor, local invasion, lymph angiogenesis, neoangiogenic, mechanism tolerance to apoptosis, and genome instability. Genetic studies have shown that endometriotic lesions contain gene mutations related directly to malignancies, particularly theARID1A, p53, KRAS, andPTENgenes. However, women with endometriosis have a lower risk of ovarian cancer than the general population, where endometriosis was seen in only 1.3%, and did not diagnose ovarian cancer progression among them. We need to look into the connection between endometriosis and uterine carcinomas, as well as the common lesions and correlations in the uterine microenvironment, which may play a role in mutations and malignant exchanges. Although endometriosis is a risk factor of ovarian cancer, malignant cells from the uterus can migrate to the ovary and cause endometriosis-related ovarian cancer. The purpose of this article is to examine current data on genetic phenomena and molecular changes for endometriosis associated with ovarian cancer, focusing primarily on the proliferation of uterine and precise cell biomarkers.
Vibration Protection Systems
Authors: Lee Chang-Myung , Goverdovskiy Vladimir Nicholas
Published: October 2021

Design and deploy advanced vibration protection systems based on elastic composites under post-buckling, with this essential reference. Methods for designing vibration protection systems with negative and quasi-zero stiffness are formulated, explained, and demonstrated in practice. All key steps of the system design are covered, including the type and number synthesis, modelling and studying of stress-strain state under post-buckling of elastic composite designs, chaotic dynamics and stability conditions, real-time dimensioning, and active motion control. In addition to coverage of underlying theory, the use in helicopters, buses, railroad vehicles, construction equipment and agricultural machinery are included. An excellent reference for researchers and practicing engineers, as well as a tutorial for university students and professors with an interest in study, development and application of alternative methods of vibration protection anywhere.
Reimagining Dinosaurs in Late Victorian and Edwardian Literature
Authors: Fallon Richard
Published: October 2021

When the term 'dinosaur' was coined in 1842, it referred to fragmentary British fossils. In subsequent decades, American discoveries—including Brontosaurus and Triceratops—proved that these so-called 'terrible lizards' were in fact hardly lizards at all. By the 1910s 'dinosaur' was a household word. Reimagining Dinosaurs in Late Victorian and Edwardian Literature approaches the hitherto unexplored fiction and popular journalism that made this scientific term a meaningful one to huge transatlantic readerships. Unlike previous scholars, who have focused on displays in American museums, Richard Fallon argues that literature was critical in turning these extinct creatures into cultural icons. Popular authors skilfully related dinosaurs to wider concerns about empire, progress, and faith; some of the most prominent, like Arthur Conan Doyle and Henry Neville Hutchinson, also disparaged elite scientists, undermining distinctions between scientific and imaginative writing. The rise of the dinosaurs thus accompanied fascinating transatlantic controversies about scientific authority.
Understanding Process Dynamics and Control
Authors: Kravaris Costas , Kookos Ioannis K.
Published: October 2021

Presenting a fresh look at process control, this new text demonstrates state-space approach shown in parallel with the traditional approach to explain the strategies used in industry today. Modern time-domain and traditional transform-domain methods are integrated throughout and explain the advantages and limitations of each approach; the fundamental theoretical concepts and methods of process control are applied to practical problems. To ensure understanding of the mathematical calculations involved, MATLAB® is included for numeric calculations and MAPLE for symbolic calculations, with the math behind every method carefully explained so that students develop a clear understanding of how and why the software tools work. Written for a one-semester course with optional advanced-level material, features include solved examples, cases that include a number of chemical reactor examples, chapter summaries, key terms, and concepts, as well as over 240 end-of-chapter problems, focused computational exercises and solutions for instructors.
Promoting Business and Human Rights Education: Lessons from Colombia, Ukraine and Pakistan
Authors: EWING Anthony
Published: October 2021

Business and human rights (BHR) has been taught as an academic discipline and field of practice for thirty years.1 Since the first courses at business schools, law schools, and schools of public policy in North America and Western Europe, BHR curricula have proliferated worldwide. BHR course content has expanded to include new international standards, such as the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs); tools for corporate accountability; 2 and examples from the growing body of corporate BHR practice. BHR pedagogy has evolved to embrace multidisciplinary teaching techniques, from business case studies to legal drafting exercises and experiential role plays.3 BHR teaching is taking place in every region, from Africa and Asia to the Middle East and Latin America. Over 350 individuals teach the subject in some form at more than 200 institutions in 45 countries.4 More than 100 universities have added BHR courses to their curricula in the past decade alone. BHR is also taught outside traditional university settings in dedicated workshops and training programmes for professionals, academics and students.5
Working memory for emotions in adolescents and young adults with traumatic brain injury
Authors: Byom Lindsey , Whaln Meaghan S. , Turkstra Lyn
Published: October 2021

Objective:

The objective of this preliminary study was to investigate the interaction between working memory and social cognition in adolescents and young adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI). It was hypothesized that participants with or without TBI would better recognize social information when working memory or social cognitive load was low and that adolescents and young adults with TBI would be more affected by increased cognitive demand than their uninjured peers.

Design:

In this experimental study, eight adolescents and young adults with complicated mild-severe TBI (aged 14–22 years) and eight age- and sex-matched typically developing (TD) adolescents completed computer-based n-back tasks requiring recognition of either face identity or facial affect, with 0-back, 1-back and 2-back conditions.

Results:

The TBI group had lower scores overall than the TD group, and scores for both groups were lower for affect recognition than identity recognition. Scores for both groups were lower in conditions with a higher working memory load. There was a significant group by working memory interaction, with larger group differences in high-working memory conditions.

Conclusions:

Adolescents and young adults with TBI are at risk for social cognitive impairments and the ability to recognize affect may be influenced by working memory demands.
Deformation of drops by outer eddies in turbulence
Authors: Vela-Martín Alberto , Avila Marc
Published: October 2021

Drop deformation in fluid flows is investigated as an exchange between the kinetic energy of the fluid and the surface energy of the drop. We show analytically that this energetic exchange is controlled only by the stretching (or compression) of the drop surface by the rate-of-strain tensor. This mechanism is analogous to the stretching of the vorticity field in turbulence. By leveraging the non-local nature of turbulence dynamics, we introduce a new decomposition that isolates the energetic exchange arising from local drop-induced surface effects from the non-local action of turbulent fluctuations. We perform direct numerical simulations of single inertial drops in isotropic turbulence and show that an important contribution to the increments of the surface energy arises from the non-local stretching of the fluid–fluid interface by eddies far from the drop surface (outer eddies). We report that this mechanism is dominant and independent of surface dynamics in a range of Weber numbers in which drop breakup occurs. These findings shed new light on drop deformation and breakup in turbulent flows, and opens the possibility for the improvement and simplification of breakup models.
Early Miocene coral reef-associated bryozoans from Colombia. Part II: “Ascophora” Cheilostomatida
Authors: Flórez Paola , Di Martino Emanuela , Ramalho Laís V.
Published: October 2021

Bryozoans are common and diverse in fossil and modern coral reefs. However, studies of bryozoans in ancient reefs are generally limited, and even less is known about fossil bryozoan faunas associated with coral reefs in the Caribbean region. This is the second contribution describing the bryozoan assemblage from the early Miocene (Aquitanian) reefs of the Siamaná Formation in the La Guajira Peninsula, southern Caribbean. Here, we describe and illustrate 17 species of ascophoran-grade cheilostomes, including one new genus and three new species,Ditaxiporina colombianan. sp.,Poricella paulaen. sp., andCycloavicularia parvan. gen. n. sp. Of the remaining fourteen taxa left in open nomenclature, one is considered confer and three affinis to species previously described, one is identified at family level, and nine at genus level. The Siamaná bryozoan fauna differs in species and colony-form composition from those associated with other paleoenvironments from Oligocene and Miocene localities of North America, the Caribbean, and Brazil.

UUID:http://zoobank.org/043eadcf-0e39-4c1b-b207-f7628d6b5c84
Discrimination in digital immigration status
Authors: Tomlinson Joe , Maxwell Jack , Welsh Alice
Published: October 2021

The UK has recently adopted a policy of granting digital-only proof of immigration status for certain groups of migrants. More than 4.5 million individuals are reliant on this form of status and the number is growing. In this paper, we argue that this policy, as currently operationalised, is unlawful as a result of its discriminatory impact. If it remains unchanged, the roots of digital discrimination in immigration policy and administration will be allowed to spread, with potentially disastrous consequences.
Beyond orchids and dandelions: Susceptibility to environmental influences is not bimodal
Authors: Zhang Xiaoya , Widaman Keith , Belsky Jay
Published: October 2021

This study focused on generality versus specificity of susceptibility of effects of eight family and child-care exposures measured between 3 and 54 months of age (e.g., sensitive parenting, child-care quality) on five child development outcomes assessed at age 4.5 years (e.g. behavior problems, preacademic skill), using data from The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (n= 1,364, boys = 705; White = 1,097, Black = 176, other = 91), while applying a novel influence-statistics method. Results indicated that susceptibility across the environment-predictor:child-outcome associations is normally rather than bimodally (i.e., orchid–dandelion) distributed. Analysis of susceptibility documents both domain generality and specificity of developmental plasticity, with effect sizes proving small in the former case. As predicted, children who as infants had difficult temperaments or who scored higher on a polygenic-plasticity score (serotonin-transporter-linked promoter region [5-HTTLPR], dopamine receptor D4 [DRD4], brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF]) proved somewhat more susceptible to some of the environmental effects investigated. Results lead to the recommendation that two-types-of-individuals vis-a-vis susceptibility to environmental influences be questioned and general-trait conceptions of susceptibility be further investigated.
The role of Aboriginal leadership in community health programmes
Authors: Stroud Victoria , Adams Josie , Champion Doreen , Hogarth Geraldine , Mahony Anne , Monck Ruth , Pinnegar Trulie , Sprigg dos Santos Naomi , Watson Charles
Published: October 2021

This is an account of the crucial role played by a strong local Aboriginal workforce in health care delivery. We report on the personal experience of dedicated Aboriginal health professionals across Western Australia. Their understanding of what has worked in the provision of primary health care in their communities emphasises the importance of strong, local collaboration in the development of effective prevention programmes at a community level.