bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Quantification of Gesture-speech Synchrony: A Tutorial and Validation of Multi-modal Data Acquisition Using Device-based and Video-based Motion Tracking
Authors: Pouw Wim , Trujillo James , Dixon James A.
Published: December 2018

There is increasing evidence that hand gestures and speech synchronize their activity on multiple dimensions and time scales. For example, gesture’s kinematic peaks (e.g., maximum speed) are coupled to prosodic markers in speech. Such coupling operates on very short timescales at the level of syllables (200 ms), and therefore requires high resolution estimation of gesture kinematics and speech acoustics. High-resolution speech analysis is common for gesture studies given its classic ties with (psycho)linguistics. However, the field has lagged behind in the objective study of gesture kinematics (e.g., compared to research on action). Often, kinematic peaks in gesture are measured by eye, where a “moment of maximum effort” is determined by several raters. In the current paper, we provide a tutorial on more objective and time-effective methods to quantify temporal properties of gesture kinematics, where we focus on common challenges and possible solutions that come with the complexities of studying multimodal language. We further introduce and compare, using an actual gesture dataset (392 gesture events), the performance of two video-based motion-tracking methods (deep learning vs. pixel change) against a high-performance wired motion-tracking system (Polhemus Liberty). We show that videography methods perform well in the temporal estimation of kinematic peaks, and thus provide a cheap alternative to expensive motion-tracking systems. We hope that the current paper incites gesture researchers to embark on the widespread objective study of gesture kinematics and its relation to speech.
"The brain can't cope": Insights about reading from people with chronic aphasia
Authors: Webster Janet , Samouelle Amy , Morris Julie
Published: December 2018

Background: Reading difficulties are a common feature of aphasia. There has been limited in-depth investigation of how individuals perceive their difficulties and the impact of their reading difficulties on everyday activities.Aims: This study explored the reading experiences of people with aphasia, asking them to describe pre- and post-morbid reading, considering aspects relevant to the different components of the International Classification of Disability and Functioning (ICF) (World Health Organisation (WHO), 2002). It also considered the relationship between use of technology (computers and mobile phones) and reading.Methods & Procedures: Ten people with chronic, mild to moderate aphasia participated in the study. A semi-structured interview was carried out. Responses were transcribed verbatim and then analysed using the framework method. Themes were identified for pre-morbid reading, current (post-morbid) reading and for questions related to technology.Outcomes: The results highlight the complexity of factors influencing reading and the individual variation in reading ability, the importance and frequency of reading and reading activities. Post-morbidly, there was a perceived decline in reading ability, with multi-faceted reading difficulties reported. Importantly, changes in reading activity reflected changes in role (for example, employment status) as well as change due to the reading difficulties. It was difficult to determine the influence of reading difficulties on the use of technology.Conclusions: The implications for the assessment and treatment of reading in aphasia are explored.
Multiple Perspectives on Inference for Two Simple Statistical Scenarios
Authors: van Dongen Noah N'Djaye Nikolai , van Doorn Johnny , Gronau Quentin Frederik , van Ravenzwaaij Don , Hoekstra Rink , Haucke Matthias , Lakens Daniel , Hennig Christian , Morey Richard Donald , Homer Saskia , gelman andrew , Sprenger Jan , Wagenmakers Eric-Jan
Published: December 2018

When data analysts operate within different statistical frameworks (e.g., frequentist versus Bayesian, emphasis on estimation versus emphasis on testing), how does this impact the qualitative conclusions that are drawn for real data? To study this question empirically we selected from the literature two simple scenarios --involving a comparison of two proportions and a Pearson correlation-- and asked four teams of statisticians to provide a concise analysis and a qualitative interpretation of the outcome. The results showed considerable overall agreement; nevertheless, this agreement did not appear to diminish the intensity of the subsequent debate over which statistical framework is more appropriate to address the questions at hand.
Development and Assessment of Shelf-Stable Spicy Snacks Prepared from Buffalo Tripe by Incorporating Sichuan Pepper (Timur)
Authors: Rayamajhi Sherpa Dawa , Ghimire Laxmi , Subba Dilip , Gautam Rishi Raj
Published: December 2018

A study was conducted for the preparation of the shelf stable spicy tripe snack from buffalo tripe with two different spices mixture. The main difference in the spice mixture is that one mix did not contain the Sichuan Pepper (timur) which is called as control batch and another contained it which is called as treated batch. Trial of product development was performed for three times where the combinations of the spices were altered till best combination was obtained. The prepared products were compared to sensory, microbiological and chemical analysis. The timur treated sample was found significantly superior in terms of taste and overall acceptability. The results of microbiological and physiochemical analysis showed that the timur-added snack more shelf-stable than un-added snack. Proximate composition of the best formulation moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, total ash, salt and carbohydrates by difference are 43.915±1.5, 10.447±0.5, 15.203±0.5, 1.263±0.7, 2.7±0.7, 5.554±0.6 and 20.919±2.3, respectively.
Modeling and Simulation of Steel Heat Treatment—Prediction of Microstructure, Distortion, Residual Stresses, and Cracking
Authors: Simsir C.
Published: December 2018

This article describes the fundamental concepts of heat treatment simulation, including the physical events and their interactions, the heat treatment simulation software, and the commonly used simulation strategies. It summarizes material data needed for heat treatment simulations and discusses reliable data sources as well as experimental and computational methods for material data acquisition. The article provides information on the process data needed for accurate heat treatment simulation and the methods for their determination. Methods for validating heat treatment simulations are also discussed with an emphasis on the underlying philosophy for the selection and design of validation tests. The article also discusses the applications, capabilities, and limitations of heat treatment simulations via selected industrial case studies for a better understanding of the effect of microstructure, distortion, residual stress, and cracking in gears, shafts, and bearing rings.
Residual Stresses and Distortion in Thermochemically Treated Steels
Authors: Clausen B. , Steinbacher M. , Hoffmann F.
Published: December 2018

The process of case hardening of steel includes three consecutive steps of heat treatment: heating; the thermochemical process with the enrichment of the surface area during the carburizing or carbonitriding stage with carbon and nitrogen; and the subsequent quenching process for hardening. This article provides a model-based description of the development of residual stresses during case hardening. It also describes the influence and effects of residual stresses and distortion in hardening, carburizing, and nitriding processes of the steel.
Low-Temperature Carburization of Austenitic Stainless Steels
Authors: Collins S.R. , Williams P.C. , Marx S.V. , Heuer A. , Ernst F. , Kahn H.
Published: December 2018

Low-temperature carburization hardens the surface of austenitic stainless steels through the diffusion of interstitial carbon without the formation of carbides. This article provides an overview on austenitic stainless steels and low-temperature carburization. It reviews the competing technologies and commercial application of low-temperature carburization. The article discusses several processing parameters, including activation of the surface, proper surface preparation, selection and condition of the alloy to be carburized, treatment temperature, and carburizing atmosphere for successful low-temperature carburization of austenitic stainless steels and other chromium-containing alloys. It describes the performance properties of the low-temperature carburized layer: fatigue resistance, wear resistance, erosion resistance, and corrosion resistance.
Heat Treating of Maraging Steels
Authors: Carson Charles
Published: December 2018

Maraging steels are highly alloyed low-carbon iron-nickel martensite steels that possess an excellent combination of strength and toughness superior to that of most carbon-hardened steels. This article provides a detailed account of the formation of martensite in maraging steels. It discusses the heat treatment of these steels, namely, aging, solution annealing, age hardening, and nitriding. Their hardening during aging has been attributed to two different mechanisms: short-range ordering and precipitation. The article concludes with a discussion on the grain refinement using thermal cycling and transformation-induced plasticity maraging methods.
Heat Treatment of Copper Precipitation-Strengthened Steels
Authors: Prakash Kolli R. , Seidman David N.
Published: December 2018

Copper steels are precipitation-strengthened steels that are designed to have a unique combination of physical and mechanical properties. This article provides an overview of copper precipitate-strengthened steels and their applications, and discusses appropriate ASTM International standards. It describes the common phases and alloying elements present in copper precipitate-strengthened steels, and reviews the influences of alloying elements on processing, phase diagrams, microstructures, and mechanical properties. The article also discusses the thermomechanical process, solutionizing heat treatment, and isothermal aging in detail. It concludes with a review of the interrelationships between heat treatments, microstructures, and mechanical properties.
Nitriding of Stainless Steels
Authors: Casteletti Luiz Carlos , Neto Amadeu Lombardi , Totten George E.
Published: December 2018

Stainless steels are essential for the modern industrial civilization because of their corrosion resistance, especially in the chemical, petrochemical, and food industries. This article discusses the classification of the various types of stainless steels, including martensitic, ferritic, austenitic, duplex (ferritic-austenitic), and precipitation-hardening stainless steels. It presents a checklist of characteristics to be considered in selecting the proper type of stainless steel for a specific application. The article also outlines the need to promote the formation of an effective protective passive layer in stainless steels. It discusses hardness, fatigue and fretting properties, tribological properties, wear resistance, and corrosion-wear process of the S-phase layer. The article describes two thermochemical nitriding techniques of stainless steels: plasma-assisted nitriding techniques and non-plasma assisted nitriding processes. It also describes the difficulties in stainless steel nitriding/carburizing.
Nitriding Structure and Properties of Nitrided Layers
Authors: Kolozsváry Z.
Published: December 2018

Nitriding is a general term for all processes based on the addition of nitrogen to the surface of steel. When carbon is added along with the nitrogen, the process is called nitrocarburizing.  This article provides a detailed discussion on the functional and structural properties of nitrided layers. It describes the structural changes on the surface of carbon steels, alloy steels, and austenitic stainless steels. The article explains the effects of the various nitriding processes, namely, gaseous nitriding, plasma nitriding, gaseous nitrocarburizing, and salt bath nitrocarburizing, on the structure and properties of nitrided layers.
Heat Treatment of Steel Gears
Authors: Sahay Satyam S.
Published: December 2018

This article provides an overview of steel gear heat treating processes and brings out the nuances of the various important heat treating considerations for steel gear applications. The heat treatment processes covered are annealing, carburizing, hardening, low-pressure carburizing, induction hardening, through hardening, and nitriding. In view of the emerging use of mathematical modeling and optimization, a brief overview of its application for process and design optimization is also provided.
Fluid Flow Phenomena During Welding
Authors: Heiple C.R. , Burgardt P.
Published: December 2018

High-velocity gas motion occurs in and around the arc during welding. This article describes the phenomena of gas flow in gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and gas metal arc welding (GMAW). The effect of trace element impurities on GTA weld penetration of selected alloys is presented in a table. The article concludes with a discussion on submerged arc welding (SAW).
Mechanical Properties of Soft-Interlayer Solid-State Welds
Authors: Rosen R.S. , Kassner M.E.
Published: December 2018

Soft-interlayer solid-state welds that join stronger base metals have unique mechanical properties that are of fundamental interest and may be of critical importance to designers. This article discusses the mechanical properties of soft-interlayer solid-state welds and the implications of these behaviors to service stress states and environments. It describes the tensile loading of soft-Interlayer welds in terms of the effect of interlayer thickness on stress, interlayer strain, time-dependent failure, effect of base-metal properties, and effect of interlayer fabrication method. The article concludes with a discussion on multiaxial loading.
Plasma-MIG Welding
Authors: Harris Ian D.
Published: December 2018

Plasma-metal inert gas (MIG) welding can be defined as a combination of plasma arc welding (PAW) and gas-metal arc welding (GMAW) within a single torch, where a filler wire is fed through the plasma nozzle orifice. This article describes the principles of operation and operating modes of plasma-MIG welding. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the plasma-MIG process. The article describes the components, including power sources and welding torches, of equipment used for the plasma-MIG process. It provides information on inspection and weld quality control and troubleshooting techniques. The article concludes with a discussion on the applications of the plasma-MIG process.
Electroslag and Electrogas Welding
Authors: Liu S. , Brandi S.D. , Thomas R.D.
Published: December 2018

Electroslag welding (ESW) and electrogas welding (EGW) are two related procedures that are used to weld thick-section materials in the vertical or near-vertical position between retaining shoes. This article discusses the fundamentals of the electroslag process in terms of heat flow conditions and metal transfer and weld pool morphology. It presents constitutive equations for welding current, voltage, and travel rate for ESW. The article describes the metallurgical and chemical reactions in terms of fusion zone compositional effects, weld metal inclusions, solidification structure, and solid-state transformations. It describes the electroslag process development and the applications of electroslag and electrogas processes. The article concludes with a discussion on weld defects, such as temper embrittlement, hydrogen cracking, and weld distortion.
Resistance Brazing
Authors: Cedilote Allen
Published: December 2018

This article presents an overview of resistance brazing (RB) used for many applications involving small workpieces, for small joints that are part of very large equipment, or for low-volume production runs. It lists the advantages and limitations of RB and outlines the factors that contribute to high quality in an RB joint. The article discusses the classification of RB such as manual RB or automatic RB. It describes the selection of metal electrodes and filler metals for RB. The filler metals include silver alloys, aluminum-silicon alloys, and copper-phosphorus alloys.
Exothermic Brazing
Authors: Bucholz Donald W.
Published: December 2018

Exothermic brazing is a process that utilizes the heat produced in a solid-state chemical reaction to melt a conventional filler metal or to produce molten filler metal as a product of the reaction. This article provides the pros and cons of exothermic brazing, describes procedure of the process, and illustrates a typical arrangement for the exothermic brazing of tube. It provides information on the exothermic compounds used for brazing refractory metals and aluminum alloys.
Brazing With Clad Brazing Materials
Authors: Jha Sunil , Karavolis Michael , Dunn Kevin , Forster James
Published: December 2018

This article focuses on clad brazing material, which is defined as any base material or alloy that is clad with an appropriate lower-melting-point brazing filler metal. It provides information on typical clad brazing strip products in a tabular form and lists the advantages of using clad brazing materials. The article compares the steps in using brazing preforms to fabricate a brazed assembly with the steps involved in using clad brazing materials. It concludes with a discussion on design and manufacturing considerations, during brazing with clad brazing materials.
Iron Soldering
Authors: Cowell Mark
Published: December 2018

This article provides information on soldering iron and the most common soldering iron tip. It describes the classifications of hand soldering equipment based on its temperature control method. These are constant-voltage, variable temperature, and tip-temperature-controlled soldering irons. The article also reviews the selection criteria of the soldering iron.
Dip Soldering
Authors: Beal Roy E.
Published: December 2018

Dip soldering is accomplished by submerging parts to be joined into a molten solder bath. This article provides an overview of dip soldering, its applications, and the equipment used. The article also provides information on the safety measures to be taken by production personnel when operating solder pots.
Resistance Soldering
Authors: Lazar Karl
Published: December 2018

Resistance soldering (RS) can be applied to electrically conductive materials that allow the passage of electric current. The process can be used for selective spot soldering of small components, for the soldering of closely placed parts on an assembly, or for heat restriction when necessary. This article explains that the RS process can be used in all soldering operations and with all solderable metals. It provides information on the applications, preassembly practices, the equipment used and the training required for soldering personnel.
Laser Soldering
Authors: Vanzetti Riccardo
Published: December 2018

Laser soldering uses a well-focused, highly controlled beam to deliver energy to a desired location for a precisely measured length of time. This article focuses on two types of laser soldering operations, namely, blind laser soldering and intelligent laser soldering. It discusses the function of the blind laser soldering and provides a brief description on key attributes of the blind laser soldering, including repeatability, speed, quality, safety, and flexibility. The article explores the function of the intelligent laser soldering and concludes with a section on key attributes of the intelligent laser soldering. The key attributes of the intelligent laser soldering include repeatability, speed, quality, safety, cost, and flexibility.
Vapor-Phase Soldering
Authors: Linman Dale L.
Published: December 2018

Vapor-phase soldering is a process of condensation heating in which the product prepared for soldering is passed through or into a layer of saturated vapor. This article provides an overview of the soldering process with emphasis on its applications and the equipment used.
Introduction to the Selection of Stainless Steels
Authors: Lippold John C.
Published: December 2018

Stainless steels are an important class of engineering alloys used in both wrought and cast form for a wide range of applications and in many environments. This article aids in the selection of stainless steels based on weldability and service integrity. Stainless steels are classified by microstructure and are described as ferritic, martensitic, austenitic, or duplex. The article illustrates compositional ranges of the ferritic, martensitic, austenitic, and duplex alloys in the Schaeffler diagram. It describes the metallurgical aspects of welded stainless steels to be considered for particular engineering applications and service conditions. The article discusses the microstructural evolution of the weld metal and the heat-affected zone, susceptibility to defect formation during welding, mechanical and corrosion properties, and weld process tolerance.
Selection of Wrought Ferritic Stainless Steels
Authors: Krysiak K.F. , Grubb J.F. , Pollard B. , Campbell R.D.
Published: December 2018

This article describes the classification of ferritic stainless steels. It reviews the metallurgical characteristics of various ferritic grades as well as the factors that influence their weldability. The article provides a discussion on various arc welding processes. These processes include gas-tungsten arc welding (GTAW), gas-metal arc welding (GMAW), flux-cored arc welding (FCAW), shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), and plasma arc welding (PAW). The selection criteria for welding consumables are discussed. The article also explains the welding procedures associated with the ferritic stainless steels. It concludes with information on weld properties.
Selection of Wrought Duplex Stainless Steels
Authors: Noble David N.
Published: December 2018

This article provides information on the base material properties of wrought duplex stainless steels (DSS). These properties include microstructure, alloy grades, mechanical and physical properties, and corrosion resistance. The article reviews the applications and microstructural development of DSS. It describes the factors influencing welding and weldability of the DSS. These factors include preheating, postweld heat treatment, interpass temperature control, welding practices, welding procedure qualification, filler metal requirements, cracking behavior, and loss of properties. The article examines the applicable welding processes such as fusion welding and solid-state welding processes.
Selection of Wrought Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steels
Authors: Pollard B.
Published: December 2018

This article commences with a brief description of the solidification characteristics and microstructures of martensitic precipitation hardening (PH) stainless steels. It reviews the welding parameters for types 17-4PH, 15-5PH, PH13-8 Mo, Custom 450, and Custom 455. The article describes the microstructural evolution and weld parameters associated with semiaustenitic PH steels. It discusses the weldability and welding recommendations for A-286 and JBK-75 austenitic PH stainless steels. The article also presents tables that list properties and heat treatments for the PH stainless steels.
Selection and Weldability of Non-Heat-Treatable Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Cross C.E. , Kohn M.L.
Published: December 2018

Non-heat-treatable aluminum alloys constitute a group of alloys that rely solely upon cold work and solid solution strengthening for their strength properties. This article focuses on the weldability and weld properties of different classes on non-heat-treatable aluminum alloys.
Selection and Weldability of Aluminum-Lithium Alloys
Authors: Cross C.E. , Tack W.T.
Published: December 2018

This article is a guide to the welding of commercially available aluminum-lithium alloys. It discusses the weldability issues created by weld porosity, hot cracking, and filler metal selection and presents the data revealed from weld characterization.
Selection and Weldability of Aluminum Metal-Matrix Composites
Authors: Lienert Thomas J. , Lane Charles T. , Gould Jerry E.
Published: December 2018

The effective integration of aluminum metal-matrix composites (Al-MMCs) into useful structures and devices often requires an understanding of the weldability of Al-MMCs that includes a thorough knowledge on the effects of various interactions between matrix and reinforcement. This article provides a detailed discussion on weldability and the effect of viscosity, chemical reactions, and solidification on weldability. It discusses different welding processes, namely, gas-tungsten arc welding, gas-metal arc welding, laser-beam welding, electron-beam welding, resistance welding, friction welding, transient liquid phase bonding, and capacitor discharge welding.
Selection of Nickel-Base Corrosion-Resistant Alloys Containing Molybdenum
Authors: Matthews S.J.
Published: December 2018

This article discusses the welding characteristics, welding metallurgy, and postweld heat treatment process of nickel-base corrosion-resistant alloys containing molybdenum. It contains tables that provide information on the nominal chemical compositions and physical properties of the alloys.
Weldability Testing
Authors: Campbell Richard D. , Walsh Daniel W.
Published: December 2018

This article focuses on the tests for evaluating the weldability, cracking susceptibility, weld pool shape, fluid flow, and weld penetration of base materials. These tests include different types of self-restraint tests, externally loaded tests for evaluating cracking susceptibility and weld penetration tests, weld pool shape tests, and Gleeble testing for evaluating weld pool shape, fluid flow, and weld penetration.
Welding of Titanium Alloys
Authors: Webster R. Terrence
Published: December 2018

Commercially pure titanium and most titanium alloys can be welded by procedures and equipment used in welding austenitic stainless steel and aluminum. This article describes weldability of unalloyed titanium and all alpha titanium alloys. It reviews the selection of fusion-welding processes that are used for joining titanium and titanium alloys. The processes include gas-tungsten arc welding (GTAW), gas-metal arc welding (GMAW), plasma arc welding (PAW), electron-beam welding (EBW), laser-beam welding (LBW), friction welding (FRW), and resistance welding (RW). The article discusses the role of filler metals and shielding gases in welding titanium and titanium alloys. It describes the equipment used for gas-tungsten arc welding and concludes with information on repair welds.
Procedure Development and Practice Considerations for Diffusion Welding
Authors: Dunkerton S.B.
Published: December 2018

Diffusion welding involves minimal pressurization, but relatively high temperatures and long periods of time. This article discusses the process variants of diffusion welding: solid-phase and liquid-phase processes. It describes the diffusion welding of carbon and low-alloy steels, high-strength steels, stainless steels, and aluminum-base alloys. The article provides a discussion on dissimilar metal combinations, such as ferrous-to-ferrous combinations, nonferrous-to-nonferrous combinations, ferrous-to-nonferrous combinations, and metal-ceramic joining.
Procedure Development and Practice Considerations for Explosion Welding
Authors: Linse Vonne D.
Published: December 2018

Explosion welding (EXW), like all other welding or joining processes, has a well defined set of input parameters or conditions that must fall within certain limits for the desired weld quality to be achieved. This article provides an overview of the important mechanistic aspects of EXW, the process-material interactions, and the critical aspects or parameters that must be controlled. The commercially used metals and alloys that can be joined with EXW are listed in a table. The article concludes with a discussion on parametric limits for EXW.
Brazing of Heat-Resistant Alloys, Low-Alloy Steels, and Tool Steels
Authors: Manente Darrell
Published: December 2018

This article focuses primarily on the various steps involved in the brazing of heat-resistant alloys (nickel- and cobalt-base alloys). The major steps include the selection of brazing filler metals, surface cleaning and preparation, brazing processes and their corresponding atmospheres, and fixturing. The article also provides an overview of the brazing of blow-alloy steels and tool steels and oxide dispersion-strengthened alloys.
Brazing of Copper, Copper Alloys, and Precious Metals
Authors: Beal Roy E. , Cook Rodger E.
Published: December 2018

Copper, copper alloys, and precious metals are probably the most easily brazed metals because of their resistance to oxidation at high temperatures. This article provides a brief discussion on the metallurgy of copper, copper alloys, and precious metals and discusses the filler metals, brazing fluxes, joint clearance and design, and different brazing processes used in brazing of copper, copper alloys, and precious metals.
Brazing of Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Gempler E.B.
Published: December 2018

Aluminum, a commonly used base material for brazing, can be easily fabricated by most manufacturing methods, such as machining, forming, and stamping. This article outlines non-heat-treatable wrought alloys typically used as base metals for the brazing process. It highlights chloride-active and fluoride-active types of fluxes that are used for torch, furnace, or dip brazing processes. The article explains the steps to be performed, including the designing of joints, preblaze cleaning, assembling, brazing techniques (dip brazing, furnace and torch brazing, fluxless vacuum brazing), flux removal techniques, and postbraze heat treatment processes. It concludes with information on the safety precautions to be followed during the brazing process.
Application of Clad Brazing Materials
Authors: Karavolis Michael , Jha Sunil , Forster James , Meekins Kris
Published: December 2018

Fabrication of high-density heat exchangers, which have a large heat transfer area and a compact size, is best accomplished by brazing where the brazing filler metal is clad to the materials to be brazed. This article focuses on the brazing procedures involved in the fabrication of high-density heat exchangers. The brazing procedures include base metal and brazing filler metal selection; fabrication of clad brazing materials; and stamping, cleaning, and assembling of cladded parts. The article concludes with an examination of brazing parameters.
General Soldering
Authors: Vianco Paul T.
Published: December 2018

Soldering technology has been used in applications ranging from the packaging of integrated circuit chips to the fabrication of industrial heat exchangers and consequently in structural or electronic applications. This article provides information on various soldering parameters, including types of solder alloy in terms of selection process; selection of substrate base material; flux selection based on adequate wettability by the solder; solder joint assembly; combined substrate, solder, and flux properties; and manufacturing procedures. Each of these parameters is explored using examples of both structural and electronic applications. The article concludes with a discussion on the environmental, safety, and health issues to be considered during soldering.
Introduction to Special Welding and Joining Topics
Authors: Vanderveldt Hendrikus H.
Published: December 2018

This is an introductory article to special welding and joining topics focusing on various unique aspects related to three major joining technologies, namely, welding, brazing, and soldering.
Welding in Space and Low-Gravity Environments
Authors: Nance Milo , Jones Jerald E.
Published: December 2018

Welding as an assembly process has become increasingly more attractive to designers of space structures because of its sufficient strength, endurance, reliability during their service lives, and ease of repair. This article reviews a variety of applications for welding in space and low-gravity environments and describes the unique aspects of the space environment. It compares the applicable welding processes, namely, electron-beam welding, laser-beam welding, and gas-tungsten arc welding and examines the metallurgy of low-gravity welds. Steps taken to ensure the continued development of welding technology in space are also discussed.
Joining of Organic-Matrix Composites
Authors: Hart-Smith L.J.
Published: December 2018

Successful adhesive bonding of organic-matrix composites is dependent on the nature of the adherend surfaces. This article emphasizes the critical importance of proper surface preparation in both thermoset and thermoplastic composites. It provides information on surface preparation for thermoset composite adherends along with a standard technique (water-break test) for verifying the adequacy of surface preparation for metal bonding. In addition, the article provides examples of good and bad adhesive bonds and describes some important process variables that are considered and controlled in bonding process for thermoset adhesives. The article concludes with a discussion on three different approaches for bonding thermoplastic composite composite panels together.
Intelligent Automation for Joining Technology
Authors: Xu Xiaoshu , Jones Jerald E.
Published: December 2018

Efforts in improving the efficiency of automated equipment lead to combining automatic joining equipment with a modem computer technique eventually known as artificial intelligence (intelligent automation) that usually includes an off-line planning system and a real-time adaptive control system connected through a computer communications interface. This article focuses on the application of intelligent automation system to arc welding, called WELDEXCELL, and other joining processes. An outline of the interface between off-line planners and real-time control systems is also provided.
Repair Welding
Authors: Sutter Vern , Dybas Robert J.
Published: December 2018

Repair and maintenance of parts and components is carried out as a logical procedure that ensures the production of a usable and safe component or it can be approached haphazardly. This article describes the requirements and repair techniques of arc and oxyfuel welding processes to repair weld defects and structural failures. It further discusses the preliminary assessment and base-metal preparation involved in weld repair. Furthermore, the article provides information on the general repair guidelines that are followed to ensure successful weld repairs of both ferrous (carbon steels, cast irons, and stainless steels) and nonferrous (titanium) base metals.
Numerical Aspects of Modeling Welds
Authors: Goldak John , Gu Moashi , Karlsson Lennart
Published: December 2018

This article focuses on the various assumptions involved in the numerical modeling of welds, including the geometry of the welded structure and the weld joint, thermal stress, strain, residual stress, and the microstructure in the heat-affected and fusion zones.
Validation Strategies for Heat-Affected Zone and Fluid-Flow Calculations
Authors: Mazumde J.
Published: December 2018

Fusion welding processes involve four phase changes, namely, solid-solid state, solid-liquid, liquid-vapor, and vapor-plasma. Each has its own thermal, momentum, and stress history. This article discusses some important techniques to validate temperature, momentum, stress, and residual strain history observed in the heat-affected zone of fusion welded materials.
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
Authors: Faires Lynda M.
Published: December 2018

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) is an analytical technique for elemental determinations in the concentration range of major to trace based on the principles of atomic spectroscopy. This article provides a description of the basic atomic theory, and explains the analytical procedures and various interference effects of ICP, namely, spectral, vaporization-atomization, and ionization. It provides a detailed discussion on the principal components of an analytical ICP system, namely, the sample introduction system; ICP torch and argon gas supplies; radio-frequency generator and associated electronics; spectrometers, such as polychromators and monochromators; detection electronics and interface; and the system computer with appropriate hardware and software. The article also describes the uses of direct-current plasma, and provides examples of the applications of ICP-AES.
Classical Wet Analytical Chemistry
Authors: Dulski Thomas R.
Published: December 2018

This article provides information on basic chemical equilibria, wet analytical chemistry, and the appropriateness of classical wet methods. It focuses on nonoxidizing acids and oxidizing acids. The article includes information on the qualitative methods used to identify materials by wet chemical reaction. Gravimetry, in which a chemical species is weighed; titrimetry, which involves volume measurement of a liquid reactant; and a host of separation techniques, which require diverse forms of laboratory manipulation, are discussed. The article briefly describes the partitioning of oxidation states as well as those applications in surface studies and rapid material identification in which chemical techniques have proved useful.
Potentiometric Membrane Electrodes
Authors: Arnold Mark A.
Published: December 2018

Potentiometric membrane electrodes are electrochemical devices that can be used to quantify numerous ionic and nonionic species. This class of electrochemical sensors can be divided into ion-selective and gas-sensing membrane electrodes. The first half of this article mainly focuses on the subclasses, the membrane potential, electrode selectivity limitations and the methods of analysis of the ion-selective membrane electrodes. These methods of analysis include the use of calibration curves, addition techniques, subtraction techniques, and titration. The second half outlines gas sensing membrane electrodes, and discusses important elements that must be considered in addition to the potentiometric membrane electrode to ensure proper electrode response. These elements are reference electrodes, temperature controls, recording of the potential with respect to time, electrode storages, and sample pretreatment. The article also explains the applications of the potentiometric membrane electrodes with the aid of an example.
Electrogravimetry
Authors: Browning D.R.
Published: December 2018

Electrogravimetry is the oldest electroanalytical technique in which the element of interest is deposited electrolytically onto an electrode and weighed. This article discusses the principles involved in determining the electrolysis rate of the solution, and describes different methods for the separation of ion in the electrolyte and their corresponding instrumentation. Furthermore, it explores the various types of analysis, such as the separation and quantitative determination of metal ions and internal electrolysis, and provides a detailed account of the applications of electrogravimetry with examples.
Electrometric Titration
Authors: Stock John T.
Published: December 2018

Electrogravimetry is a method used to separate and quantify ions of a substance, usually a metal. Quantification of these ions primarily depends on the rate of movement of charged species (ions) in an electric field. This article details the various types of electrometric titrations, namely, conductometric titration, oscillometric (high frequency) titration, potentiometric titration, amperometric titration, biamperometric titration, bipotentiometric titration, and coulometric titration. It also provides a brief outline of the applications of electrometric titrations.
Elemental and Functional Group Analysis
Authors: Smith Walter T.
Published: December 2018

This article discusses the major methods of elemental analysis, namely, the combustion method for carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen; the Kjeldahl method for nitrogen; and the Schoniger flask method for other common elements. It also discusses the methods of functional group analysis for acids, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones, amines, esters, aromatic hydrocarbons, peroxides, phenols, water (Karl Fischer method), and alkenes.
Radioanalysis
Authors: Matlack George M.
Published: December 2018

Radioanalysis is an analytical technique that uses energy emitted by radioactive isotopes to measure the concentration of related elements in test samples. This article begins with a discussion on the principles of radioactive decay and various forms of emission, including alpha and beta-particle emission, positron emission, and gamma and x-ray emission. It compares and contrasts measurement techniques based on various detectors, namely, charged-particle detectors, photon detectors, counting and recording instruments, and radioactive decay spectrometers. It also addresses sample preparation, equipment and process safety, and the handling of radioactive gasses and materials. The article concludes with application examples involving the analysis of rare-earth elements and nuclear fuels.
Mössbauer Spectroscopy
Authors: Swartzendruber L.J. , Bennett L.H.
Published: December 2018

The Mossbauer effect (ME) is a spectroscopic method for observing nuclear gamma-ray fluorescence based on recoil-free transitions in a nucleus embedded in a solid lattice. This article provides an overview of the fundamental principles of ME and related concepts such as recoil-free fraction, absorption cross section, gamma-ray polarization, isomer shift, and quadrupole and magnetic interactions. It illustrates the experimental arrangement for obtaining ME spectra and presents several application examples.
Introduction to Diffraction Methods
Authors: Smith Deane K.
Published: December 2018

X-ray diffraction techniques are useful for characterizing crystalline materials, such as metals, intermetallics, ceramics, minerals, polymers, plastics, and other inorganic or organic compounds. This article discusses the theory of x-rays and how they are generated and detected. It also describes the crystalline nature of certain materials and how the geometry of a unit cell, and hence crystal lattice, affects the direction and intensity of diffracted x-ray beams. The article concludes with several application examples involving measurements on single and polycrystalline materials.
Single-Crystal X-Ray Diffraction
Authors: Harlow Richard L.
Published: December 2018

The primary goal of single-crystal x-ray diffraction is to determine crystal structure and the arrangement of atoms in a unit cell. This article discusses the diffraction of light through line gratings and explains the significance of crystal symmetry, space groups, and diffraction intensities. It also addresses phase and crystallographic analysis along with related challenges, and presents several application examples highlighting various experimental techniques.
Small-Angle X-Ray and Neutron Scattering
Authors: LeGrand D.G.
Published: December 2018

This article presents the experimental and theoretical aspects of small-angle scattering, and discusses specific applications used in the characterization of metals, glasses, polymers, and ceramics. The basic methods of collimating x-rays, the cause of smearing from a line source, desmearing parameters, and the types of scattering curves are illustrated.
Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure
Authors: Wong Joe
Published: December 2018

This article provides an introduction to extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). It describes the fundamentals of EXAFS with an emphasis on the physical mechanism, the single-scattering approximation, and multiple-scattering effects. The article discusses the use of synchrotron radiation as the x-ray source for EXAFS experiments. It also describes the typical EXAFS data analysis of pure nickel at 90 K, and explains the near-edge structure analysis of vanadium. The article presents a discussion on the unique features and applications of EXAFS.
Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Raphaelian Leo A.
Published: December 2018

Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is useful in analyzing mixtures of organic compounds. This article commences with a description of the principles of mass spectrometry and gas chromatography. It provides information on the procedures of mass spectrum interpretation, and describes the experimental procedure of and sample preparation for GC/MS. The article also discusses complementary techniques, such as high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry, and concludes with the applications of GC/MS.
Диференційований підхід до лікування дисбіозу товстої кишки у хворих після холецистектомії та порівняльна оцінка його ефективності
Authors: Sirchak Ye. S. , Kurchak N. Yu.
Published: December 2018

Наведено результати комплексного обстеження та лікування 180 хворих після холецистектомії. Виявлено високу ефективність комплексного лікування з використанням препарату L-аргініну L-глутамату в поєднанні з пре- та пробіотиком на фоні базисної терапії щодо дисбіотичних змін у хворих з дисфункцією сфінктера Одді та хронічним панкреатитом після холецистектомії.
Ротавирусная инфекция в Украине: особенности эпидемиологии
Authors: Malysh N. G. , Doan S. I. , Chemych O. N.
Published: December 2018

В современных условиях в Украине официальные показатели заболеваемости ротавирусной инфекцией варьируют от 14,7 до 30,9 на 100 000 населения и превышают инцидентность шигеллезом и сальмонеллезом. Группа риска – дети в возрасте до 4-х лет. Уровни заболеваемости ротавирусной инфекцией детей в возрасте до 1 года превышают инцидентность детей 5–9 лет более чем в 6 раз, 10–14 лет – более чем в 30 раз, 15–17 лет – более чем в 100 раз. Инцидентность городских жителей в 3 раза выше сельских. Чаще всего ротавирусную инфекцию регистрируют в областях, расположенных в бассейне реки Днепр и акватории Чёрного моря. В детских дошкольных учреждениях зарегистрировано большинство (66,7 %) вспышек ротавирусного энтерита. Увеличение заболеваемости отмечается в зимние месяцы. Масштабность водных вспышек зависит от типа источника питьевого водоснабжения.
Астенія і якість життя хворих з артеріальною гіпертензією: ефективність мельдонію
Authors: Solomenchuk T. M. , Kopchak L. M. , Tshngryan G. V.
Published: December 2018

Вивчали вплив мельдонію на якість життя та прояви астенії у хворих з артеріальною гіпертензією (АГ). Обстежено 49 пацієнтів, 20 чоловіків (40,8 %) та 29 жінок (59,2 %). У дослідження не включали хворих із супутніми хворобами, однією з проявів яких є астенія. Методом випадкової вибірки хворих розподілено на дві групи: 25 (І група) отримували лікування АГ згідно з рекомендаціями Європейського товариства кардіологів (ESC, 2013); 24 (ІІ група) – аналогічне лікування з включенням мельдонію (Тризипін® лонг, ТОВ НВФ “Мікрохім”) у добовій дозі 1000 мг протягом 8 тиж. Пацієнтам проводили стандартне клінічне, лабораторне та інструментальне обстеження з включенням добового моніторування артеріального тиску (ДМАТ). Для оцінки наявності та тяжкості перебігу астенії використовували анкети Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI-20). Якість життя вивчали за тестом 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). Результати лікування оцінювали як динаміку змін між початком дослідження і через 8 тиж після лікування. При початковому анкетуванні за результатами тесту MFI-20 практично в усіх пацієнтів спостерігали помірні прояви загальної та фізичної астенії. У хворих з АГ та астенією з недостатнім контролем АТ виявлено істотне зниження якості життя, пов’язаної із здоров’ям. Показано, що застосування комбінованої терапії з включенням мельдонію супроводжується достовірним зменшенням проявів астенії та покращанням якості життя на фоні поліпшення контролю за основними показниками ДМАТ.