bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Allelic Isoforms and Decrease in Serotonin Transporter mRNA in Lymphocytes of Patients with Major Depression
Authors: Lima L. , Mata S. , Urbina M.
Published: September 2005

Serotonin transporter, measured by the specific binding of [3H]paroxetine, has been reported to be reduced in circulating lymphocytes of patients with major depression. Due to this observation, the objective of the present report was to determine the levels of serotonin transporter mRNA in lymphocytes obtained from 29 major depression patients (4 men, age 33.10 ± 1.63 years) and from 30 subjects included as a control group (4 men, age 37.54 ± 2.18 years) using RT-PCR. The patients were diagnosed according to the criteria of the American Psychiatric Association, and had a severity of depression of 32.68 ± 1.55 determined by the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. The DNA was submitted to polymerase chain reaction with primers for the 5′ regulatory region of human serotonin transporter, which could show the long and the short allelic forms of the transporter gene for the 5HTTLPR polymorphism. Semiquantitative analysis was performed using β-actin as internal and external standard. Control subjects presented the two allelic forms in 9.09% and depressed patients in 8.69%. The long variant was present in 73% of controls and in 60% of patients, without significant differences. There was a significant reduction in mRNA in depressed patients expressing the long allele. The number of immunofluorescent lymphocytes, labeled with a specific antibody against serotonin transporter, was reduced in the patients, as well as CD3+ lymphocytes. Serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in platelet-poor plasma or lymphocytes did not differ between depressed patients and controls. The reduction in lymphocyte serotonin transporter described in major depression might be due to a decrease in the level of its mRNA and in the number of cells expressing it. These observations might implicate that functional modifications are associated with nervous-immune interactions in depression.
The Effects of Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines in Humans: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Corcoran Ciaran , Connor Thomas J. , O’Keane Veronica , Garland Malcolm R.
Published: September 2005

Objective: Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a novel therapy in resistant epilepsy, and is undergoing clinical trials in resistant depression. The mechanism of action of VNS is assumed to be due to modulation of deep brain structures via its afferent connections. As the vagus nerve has potentially important immunological actions that may have relevance to its therapeutic effects, we hypothesised that an additional mechanism may occur via vagally mediated actions on cytokine synthesis. Methods: Patients (n = 10) with resistant depression were studied in the weeks prior to, and 3 months following, implantation of a vagus nerve stimulator. No medication changes were made during the course of the study. High-sensitivity ELISA kits were used to measure plasma IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10 and TGF-β concentrations. C-reactive protein (CRP) was measured using a high sensitivity immunonephelometry assay. Results: There were highly significant increases in the plasma levels of IL-6, TNF-α and TGF-β. Increases seen with IL-10 and IL-1β were not significant. Plasma CRP levels were unchanged. Conclusion: VNS is associated with marked peripheral increases in pro- and anti-inflammatory circulating cytokines. Such changes are unlikely to be non-specific inflammatory reactions, reflected by CRP levels. In view of gathering evidence supporting a role for the immune system in modulating affect, as well as seizure activity, these effects of VNS may be therapeutically relevant.
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Evaluation with Positron Emission Tomography
Authors: Meissner Horst-Helmut , Soo Hoo Guy W. , Khonsary S. Ali , Mandelkern Mark , Brown Charles V. , Santiago Silverio M.
Published: September 2005

Background: The pathogenesis of interstitial lung disease remains under investigation, but may be related to increased inflammatory or cellular activity. This activity may be detectable with physiologic imaging. Objectives: We investigated the role of physiologic imaging using 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (18FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) scans in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Methods: Seven male patients with histologically confirmed IPF underwent 18FDG-PET scans. Scans were analyzed qualitatively and interpreted as positive or negative. Patients also underwent pulmonary function tests and computed tomography (CT) scans. Results: The average total lung capacity was 71 ± 22% predicted (mean ± SD) and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide was 44 ± 14% predicted. All had changes consistent with IPF on chest CT and 2 patients had ground glass attenuation. Six of seven patients (86%) had a positive 18FDG-PET scan. Changes in the 18FDG-PET scan were seen in 1 patient corresponding to changes in clinical status. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that 18FDG-PET scans may be helpful in the evaluation of IPF. Increased activity suggests active disease and changes in response to therapy.
Susceptibility to Oxygen Desaturation during Bronchoscopy in Elderly Patients with Pulmonary Fibrosis
Authors: Shinagawa Naofumi , Yamazaki Koichi , Kinoshita Ichiro , Ogura Shigeaki , Nishimura Masaharu
Published: September 2005

Background: Fiber-optic flexible bronchoscopy (FFB) is a frequently performed procedure for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary disorders. However, hypoxemia occasionally occurs during FFB. Objectives: We attempted to examine the causes of arterial oxygen desaturation during FFB. Methods: We studied 336 patients who underwent FFB without intervention between June 1, 2001 and September 30, 2002. Arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) was continuously monitored using oximetry with a recording system. We analyzed the relationship between a reduction in SpO2 during FFB and various clinical parameters or background lung diseases. Results: Of the 336 patients, 73 (22%) had an episode of oxygen desaturation (SpO2 <90% over 10 s). Of patients over 80 years old, 55% had an episode of oxygen desaturation, which was significantly higher than 27% observed in the patients of 80 and less than 80 years old (p < 0.05). Patients with pulmonary fibrosis had a higher risk of desaturation (55%) compared to patients with other complications or patients without any complication (p < 0.05). Multivariable analysis revealed that both age and pulmonary fibrosis were independent predictors of oxygen desaturation. However, the majority of the patients (94%) did not require routine oxygen supplementation. Conclusion: Although FFB is safe and does not require oxygen supplementation in most cases, age over 80 years and pulmonary fibrosis are high risk factors for significant oxygen desaturation during FFB.
Erythropoietin Impairs Endothelial Vasodilatory Function in Patients with Renal Anemia and in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Annuk Margus , Linde Torbjörn , Lind Lars , Fellström Bengt
Published: September 2005

Background/Aim: The mechanisms underlying the aggravation or development of hypertension frequently seen during treatment of renal anemia with epoetins are not fully elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of epoetin alfa on endothelial vasodilatory function in patients with renal anemia and in healthy subjects. Methods: Eighteen preuremic patients with anemia (GFR 23.4 ± 11 SD ml/min, Hb 101 ± 8 g/l) and 10 healthy subjects underwent evaluation of endothelium-dependent vasodilation (EDV) and endothelium-independent vasodilation (EIDV) by means of forearm blood flow (FBF) measurements with venous occlusion plethysmography during local intra-arterial infusions of methacholine (MCh, evaluating EDV) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP, evaluating EIDV). These investigations were performed before and 30 min after an intravenous injection of epoetin alfa (10,000 IU). Ten healthy subjects underwent the same procedure with the exception that saline were given instead of epoetin. The patients were treated with epoetin alfa subcutaneously for 12–19 weeks and revaluated when Hb exceeded 120 g/l. Results: EDV was attenuated after the epoetin injection in both renal patients and healthy subjects. This impairment persisted after anemia had been treated. EDIV and blood pressure remained constant. Saline had no effect on the variables measured. Conclusion: Our results indicate that epoetin alfa impairs endothelial function in renal patients and healthy subjects which may have an impact on vascular complications.
Mitral and Tricuspid Annular Velocities Determined by Doppler Tissue Imaging in Hypopituitary, Growth Hormone-Deficient Patients
Authors: Yurci Alper , Oflaz Huseyin , Meric Mehmet , Ozbey Nese
Published: September 2005

Background: The aim of this study is to determine systolic and diastolic velocity profiles of the left and right ventricles by tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) and to reveal the associations between TDI parameters and early atherosclerotic changes in adult hypopituitary patients with GH deficiency. Patients and Methods: The study group is composed of 16 hypopituitary, GH-deficient patients and 13 healthy controls. All patients had been receiving adequate substitution therapy other than GH at stable doses for at least 6 months. Conventional Doppler echocardiography and TDI of the mitral and tricuspid annulus were performed. Intima-media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery was calculated. Results: IMT was significantly higher in the hypopituitary group compared with controls (0.83 ± 0.25 vs. 0.51 ± 0.14 mm, p < 0.001). Hypopituitary patients had significantly lower peak early diastolic (Em) mitral annular velocity (11.2 ± 3.0 vs. 13.9 ± 2.8 cm/s, p < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis revealed that age was the only independent variable significantly associated with Em and IMT in the patients. Conclusion: Diastolic abnormalities on TDI of the mitral annulus and early atherosclerotic changes occur concurrently in asymptomatic hypopituitary patients with GH deficiency. Aging may have a more deleterious effect on ventricular function and atherogenesis in this group of patients.
Integrin αVβ3as a Target for Blocking HIV-1 Tat-Induced Endothelial Cell Activation In Vitro and Angiogenesis In Vivo
Authors: Urbinati Chiara , Mitola Stefania , Tanghetti Elena , Kumar Chandra , Waltenberger Johannes , Ribatti Domenico , Presta Marco , Rusnati Marco
Published: September 2005

Objective—The transactivating factor (Tat) of HIV-1 binds to αvβ3integrin present on endothelial cells contributing to neovascularization. Here, we investigated the biological consequences of Tat/αvβ3interaction and the antagonist effect of an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-based peptidomimetic.

Methods and Results—Binding of Tat to endothelial αvβ3triggers focal adhesion kinase and nuclear factor-κB activation, leading to endothelial cell proliferation, membrane ruffling, and motility in vitro and neovascularization in vivo. The RGD-peptidomimetic SCH221153 inhibits Tat/αvβ3interaction in a solid phase binding assay and endothelial cell adhesion to immobilized Tat with a potency higher than that of RGD-containing peptides. Accordingly, SCH221153 inhibits Tat/αvβ3-dependent focal adhesion kinase and nuclear factor-κB activation, proliferation, membrane ruffling, and motility in endothelial cells. Finally, SCH221153 inhibits the angiogenic response triggered by Tat in the chick-embryo chorioallantoic membrane without affecting physiological vascularization. SCH221153 exerts these inhibitory effects without affecting the interaction of Tat with endothelial heparan sulfate proteoglycans or with the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2/kinase domain–containing receptor. In all the assays the negative control SCH216687 was ineffective.

Conclusion—These data provide new insights on the mechanism of endothelial cell activation by Tat and point to RGD peptidomimetics as prototypes for the development of novel Tat antagonists.
Exogenous High-Mobility Group Box 1 Protein Induces Myocardial Regeneration After Infarction via Enhanced Cardiac C-Kit
+
Cell Proliferation and Differentiation
Authors: Limana Federica , Germani Antonia , Zacheo Antonella , Kajstura Jan , Di Carlo Anna , Borsellino Giovanna , Leoni Omar , Palumbo Roberta , Battistini Luca , Rastaldo Raffaella , Müller Susanne , Pompilio Giulio , Anversa Piero , Bianchi Marco E. , Capogrossi Maurizio C.
Published: September 2005

High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) is a chromatin protein that is released by inflammatory and necrotic cells. Extracellular HMGB1 signals tissue damage, stimulates the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and modulates stem cell function. The present study examined exogenous HMGB1 effect on mouse left-ventricular function and myocyte regeneration after infarction. Myocardial infarction was induced in C57BL/6 mice by permanent coronary artery ligation. After 4 hours animals were reoperated and 200 ng of purified HMGB1 was administered in the peri-infarcted left ventricle. This intervention resulted in the formation of new myocytes within the infarcted portion of the wall. The regenerative process involved the proliferation and differentiation of endogenous cardiac c-kit
+
progenitor cells. Circulating c-kit
+
cells did not significantly contribute to HMGB1-mediated cardiac regeneration. Echocardiographic and hemodynamic parameters at 1, 2, and 4 weeks demonstrated a significant recovery of cardiac performance in HMGB1-treated mice. These effects were not observed in infarcted hearts treated either with the unrelated protein glutathione
S
-transferase or a truncated form of HMGB1. Thus, HMGB1 appears to be a potent inducer of myocardial regeneration following myocardial infarction.
Cardiac Overexpression of the Norepinephrine Transporter Uptake-1 Results in Marked Improvement of Heart Failure
Authors: Münch Götz , Rosport Kai , Bültmann Andreas , Baumgartner Christine , Li Zhongmin , Laacke Lien , Ungerer Martin
Published: September 2005

A hyperadrenergic state is one of the key features of human and experimental heart failure. Decreased densities and activities of the presynaptic neuronal norepinephrine (NE) transporter uptake-1 occur both in patients and animal models. It is currently unclear to what extent the reduction of uptake-1 contributes to the deterioration of heart failure. Therefore, we investigated the effects of myocardial overexpression of uptake-1 in both nonfailing rabbit hearts and in an animal model of heart failure. Heart failure was induced in rabbits by rapid ventricular pacing. Adenoviral gene transfer was used to overexpress uptake-1 in the myocardium. Uptake-1 overexpression led to increased NE uptake capacity into the myocardium. In contrast, systemic plasma NE levels in uptake-1-overexpressing failing rabbits (uptake-1–CHF) did not differ from controls. Downregulation of SERCA-2 and β-adrenergic receptors in the failing myocardium was significantly reversed after uptake-1 overexpression. Uptake-1 overexpression significantly improved left ventricular (LV) diameters (LV end-diastolic diameter: in GCP-overexpressing failing rabbits (GFP-CHF), 17.4±0.4 mm; in uptake-1–CHF rabbits, 15.6±0.6 mm) and systolic contractility (fractional shortening: GFP-CHF, 20.7±0.6%; uptake-1–CHF, 27.3±0.7%), as assessed by echocardiography at the end of the heart failure protocol. Intraventricular tip catheter measurements revealed enhanced contractile reserve (dP/dt max with isoproterenol 1.0 μg/kg: GFP-CHF, 6964±230 mm Hg/sec; uptake-1–CHF, 7660±315 mm Hg/sec) and LV relaxation (dP/dt min with isoproterenol 1.0 μg/kg: GFP-CHF: −3960±260 mm Hg/sec; uptake-1–CHF, −4910±490 mm Hg/sec). End-diastolic filling pressures (GFP-CHF, 8.5±1.2 mm Hg; uptake-1–CHF, 5.6±0.7 mm Hg) tended to be lower in uptake-1 overexpressing animals. In summary, local overexpression of uptake-1 in the myocardium results in marked structural and functional improvement of heart failure, thus underlining the importance of uptake-1 as a key protein in heart failure.
Common Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness, Carotid Plaques, and Walking Speed
Authors: Elbaz Alexis , Ripert Mahaut , Tavernier Béatrice , Février Benoît , Zureik Mahmoud , Gariépy Jérôme , Alpérovitch Annick , Tzourio Christophe
Published: September 2005

Background and Purpose—

Gait dysfunction is an important cause of disability among the elderly and may be, in part, of vascular origin. We studied the association between carotid ultrasound parameters and measures of gait and balance in subjects 65 to 85 years of age who participated in the baseline phase of the Three-City Study in the Dijon center.

Methods—

The study population comprised 2572 noninstitutionalized individuals. Carotid plaques and common carotid artery intima-media thickness (CCA-IMT) were measured using ultrasonography. Gait and balance measures included walking speed and a modified version of the Tinetti scale.

Results—

Mean maximum walking speed (MWS) decreased with increasing CCA-IMT and number of plaques (
P
<10
−4
). Compared with subjects in the lowest CCA-IMT quintile, the odds ratio (95% CI) for being in the lowest MWS quartile was 1.1 (0.8 to 1.6) in the second, 1.3 (0.9 to 1.8) in the third, 1.7 (1.2 to 2.4) in the fourth, and 2.2 (1.6 to 3.1) in the higher CCA-IMT quintile (
P
<10
−4
). Mean (SD) CCA-IMT was 0.716 (0.118) mm in subjects with a modified Tinetti score <16 (25th percentile) and 0.685 (0.109) mm in subjects with a score of ≥16 (
P
=0.006). The proportion of subjects in the lowest MWS quartile (
P
=0.006) or with a modified Tinetti score <16 (
P
=0.05) increased with the number of plaques. These relations were attenuated after adjustment for vascular risk factors.

Conclusions—

Carotid plaques and higher CCA-IMT values are associated with worse performances on gait and balance tests. Our results suggest that vascular factors may play an important and under-recognized role in motor function.
Association of
Phosphodiesterase 4D
Gene With Ischemic Stroke in a Pakistani Population
Authors: Saleheen Danish , Bukhari Shabbar , Haider Shajjia Razi , Nazir Aisha , Khanum Shaheen , Shafqat Saad , Anis M. Kashif , Frossard Philippe
Published: September 2005

Background and Objectives—

Identification of
STRK1
locus by the deCODE group followed by the discovery of
phosphodiesterase 4D
(
PDE4D
) gene in strong association with ischemic stroke patients has provided useful insights toward understanding the genetic etiology of the disease. In this study, we aimed at investigating the association between 3 polymorphisms of the
PDE4D
gene and ischemic stroke in the Pakistani population.

Methods—

Three polymorphisms in
PDE4D
gene were analyzed in 200 patients of ischemic stroke and 250 controls of Pakistani origin using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Data were coded and entered in SPSS Windows (version 12.0). Odds ratios and 95% CIs were calculated using multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Results—

Marker SNP83(rs966221) was found significantly associated with ischemic stroke on univariate and multivariate analysis (
P
<0.005; odds ratio, 1.64 [1.13 to 2.40]). Haplotype analysis for markers in linkage disequilibrium failed to show any association with the disease.

Conclusion—

The association of
PDE4D
variation with ischemic stroke extends to the Pakistani population and supports a role for phosphodiesterases in stroke pathogenesis.
Acceleration of a Stratified Current over a Sloping Bottom, Driven by an Alongshelf Pressure Gradient*
Authors: Chapman David C. , Lentz Steven J.
Published: September 2005

An idealized theoretical model is developed for the acceleration of a two-dimensional, stratified current over a uniformly sloping bottom, driven by an imposed alongshelf pressure gradient and taking into account the effects of buoyancy advection in the bottom boundary layer. Both downwelling and upwelling pressure gradients are considered. For a specified pressure gradient, the model response depends primarily on the Burger number S = Nα/f, where N is the initial buoyancy frequency, α is the bottom slope, and f is the Coriolis parameter. Without stratification (S = 0), buoyancy advection is absent, and the alongshelf flow accelerates until bottom stress balances the imposed pressure gradient. The e-folding time scale to reach this steady state is the friction time, h/r, where h is the water depth and r is a linear bottom friction coefficient. With stratification (S ≠ 0), buoyancy advection in the bottom boundary layer produces vertical shear, which prevents the bottom stress from becoming large enough to balance the imposed pressure gradient for many friction time scales. Thus, the alongshelf flow continues to accelerate, potentially producing large velocities. The acceleration increases rapidly with increasing S, such that even relatively weak stratification (S > 0.2) has a major impact. These results are supported by numerical model calculations.
Response of the Separated Western Boundary Current to Harmonic and Stochastic Wind Stress Variations in a 1.5-Layer Ocean Model
Authors: Sirven J.
Published: September 2005

A time-dependent version of the Parsons model (geostrophic 1.5-layer model of the ventilated thermocline) has been developed to investigate the response of the midlatitude ocean to wind stress variations in a simple configuration. In this model, the total amount of water is kept constant and the eastern boundary thermocline depth can vary in time so as to maintain mass balance. Here, basin modes are not investigated, in contrast to many recent studies, but the emphasis is on the line where the motionless second layer outcrops, which represents the separated western boundary current. It is shown that the position of this line only depends on the wind stress, the earth rotation, and the thermocline interior solution. The position is not influenced by the parameterization of the dissipative processes. This generalizes previous results established in the stationary case. The displacement of the outcrop line in the case of harmonic or stochastic wind stress variations is computed numerically, showing a lag of 0–4 yr that results from a combination of the instantaneous Ekman response and the delayed response due to Rossby wave propagation. Such delay is in satisfactory agreement with observations of Gulf Stream adjustment to wind stress changes, considering the limitations of the model, and is in good agreement with intermediate-resolution OGCM models. Although inertial effects and buoyancy forcing also need to be considered, this suggests that the outcropping mechanism plays a role in the variability of the separated boundary currents and may be dominant in non-eddy-resolving ocean models.
Boussinesq and Anelastic Approximations Revisited: Potential Energy Release during Thermobaric Instability
Authors: Ingersoll Andrew P.
Published: September 2005

Expressions are derived for the potential energy of a fluid whose density depends on three variables: temperature, pressure, and salinity. The thermal expansion coefficient is a function of depth, and the application is to thermobaric convection in the oceans. Energy conservation, with conversion between kinetic and potential energies during adiabatic, inviscid motion, exists for the Boussinesq and anelastic approximations but not for all approximate systems of equations. In the Boussinesq/anelastic system, which is a linearization of the thermodynamic variables, the expressions for potential energy involve thermodynamic potentials for salinity and potential temperature. Thermobaric instability can occur with warm salty water either above or below cold freshwater. In both cases the fluid may be unstable to large perturbations even though it is stable to small perturbations. The energy per mass of this finite-amplitude instability varies as the square of the layer thickness. With a 4-K temperature difference and a 0.6-psu salinity difference across a layer that is 4000 m thick, the stored potential energy is ∼0.3 m2 s−2, which is comparable to the kinetic energy of the major ocean currents. This potential could be released as kinetic energy in a single large event. Thermobaric effects cause parcels moving adiabatically to follow different neutral trajectories. A cold fresh parcel that is less dense than a warm salty parcel near the surface may be more dense at depth. Examples are given in which two isopycnal trajectories cross at one place and differ in depth by 1000 m or more at another.
Dynamics of Dense Water Descending a Continental Slope*
Authors: Ou Hsien-Wang
Published: September 2005

A reduced-gravity model is used to examine the dynamics of dense water descending a continental slope. The model solves for the geostrophically adjusted state before it is subjected to significant frictional decay. For such bottom-mounted flow, it is argued that frictional torque would dominate the net vorticity balance to equalize the edge flows, resulting in double velocity cores. Constrained by the geostrophic balance, the dense water thus may settle only over a concave bottom and is sheetlike, covering typically the whole slope rise. As such, the adjustment is characterized by a spreading rather than sinking of the layer—with little descent of the upper edge but a swift downslope current propelling the lower edge. Through the mechanical energy balance, it is found in addition that a greater density anomaly would increase the total entrainment flux to more strongly dilute the original anomaly, yielding a product water that is less varied in the water-mass properties. Model predictions compare favorably with some observed dense outflows, in support of the entrainment and friction control of the geostrophic adjustment.
Salinity Variations in the Southern California Current*
Authors: Schneider Niklas , Di Lorenzo Emanuele , Niiler Pearn P.
Published: September 2005

Hydrographic observations southwestward of the Southern California Bight in the period 1937–99 show that temperature and salinity variations have very different interannual variability. Temperature varies within and above the thermocline and is correlated with climate indices of El Niño, the Pacific decadal oscillation, and local upwelling. Salinity variability is largest in the surface layers of the offshore salinity minimum and is characterized by decadal-time-scale changes. The salinity anomalies are independent of temperature, of heave of the pycnocline, and of the climate indices. Calculations demonstrate that long-shore anomalous geostrophic advection of the mean salinity gradient accumulates along the mean southward trajectory along the California Current and produces the observed salinity variations. The flow anomalies for this advective process are independent of large-scale climate indices. It is hypothesized that low-frequency variability of the California Current system results from unresolved, small-scale atmospheric forcing or from the ocean mesoscale upstream of the Southern California Bight.
Comments on “A New Theory for the Generation of the Equatorial Subsurface Countercurrents”
Authors: Marin Frédéric , Hua Bach Lien , Schopp Richard
Published: September 2005

From a numerical simulation of the Atlantic Ocean, Jochum and Malanotte-Rizzoli provide evidence that the equatorial subsurface countercurrents can be triggered by tropical instability waves through eddy–mean flow interactions in a low-Rossby-number regime. Adapting the transformed Eulerian mean formalism to a shoaling jet, they propose eddy heat fluxes to be the driving mechanism for the subsurface countercurrents. Here it is shown that such a formalism relying on the existence of a residual meridional streamfunction cannot be applied to a shoaling jet, so that the eddy heat fluxes term in the zonal momentum equation cannot be rigorously justified. Moreover, the role of the zonal pressure gradient that was dropped in their study needs to be reassessed. Despite this mathematical questioning of Jochum and Malanotte-Rizzoli’s framework, the authors agree with them that eddy heat fluxes may contribute to the dynamics of the subsurface countercurrents.
Doppler-Shifted Inertial Oscillations on a β Plane
Authors: Zhai Xiaoming , Greatbatch Richard J. , Sheng Jinyu
Published: September 2005

On the spherical earth, and in the absence of a background flow, the poleward propagation of near-inertial oscillations is restricted by the turning latitude. A background flow, on the other hand, provides a way to increase the apparent frequency of near-inertial waves through Doppler shifting. In this note, it is shown that near-inertial oscillations can be advected to latitudes higher than their turning latitude. Associated with the poleward advection there is a squeezing of the meridional wavelength. A numerical model is used to verify this result. The squeezed inertial oscillations are vulnerable to nonlinear interactions, which could eventually lead to small-scale dissipation and mixing.
Deep-Water Flow over the Lomonosov Ridge in the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Timmermans M-L. , Winsor P. , Whitehead J. A.
Published: September 2005

The Arctic Ocean likely impacts global climate through its effect on the rate of deep-water formation and the subsequent influence on global thermohaline circulation. Here, the renewal of the deep waters in the isolated Canadian Basin is quanitified. Using hydraulic theory and hydrographic observations, the authors calculate the magnitude of this renewal where circumstances have thus far prevented direct measurements. A volume flow rate of Q = 0.25 ± 0.15 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) from the Eurasian Basin to the Canadian Basin via a deep gap in the dividing Lomonosov Ridge is estimated. Deep-water renewal time estimates based on this flow are consistent with 14C isolation ages. The flow is sufficiently large that it has a greater impact on the Canadian Basin deep water than either the geothermal heat flux or diffusive fluxes at the deep-water boundaries.
The 25-Day-Period Large-Scale Oscillations in the Argentine Basin Revisited
Authors: Tai Chang-Kou , Fu Lee-Lueng
Published: September 2005

From sea surface height measurements made by the Ocean Topography Experiment (TOPEX)/Poseidon satellite, Fu et al. found and described large-scale oscillations at the period of 25 days in the Argentine Basin of the South Atlantic Ocean. These oscillations were previously hinted at by in situ observations. Only the extensive space–time sampling capability of TOPEX/Poseidon, however, was able to give a complete description of the phenomenon as a counterclockwise-rotating dipole centered at 45°S, 317°E over the Zapiola Rise. Fu et al. also undertook theoretical and numerical studies to suggest that the phenomenon is a resonantly excited barotropic normal mode of the locally closed f/H contour. In a simulation study, however, they also found that the space–time smoothing scheme employed would probably lower the amplitude of the estimated phenomenon by 30%–40%. By reprocessing the data using a different method and showing the amplitude to be almost 2 times as large, in this note it is confirmed that this is indeed the case. The original 5-yr study has also been extended to nearly 10 yr, demonstrating that the same phenomenon has persisted for almost 10 yr.
The Mexican Diaspora: A Critical Examination of Signifiers
Authors: Rinderle Susana
Published: September 2005

This article argues that the differences among subgroups of the Mexican diaspora are significant, as expressed through the variety of signifiers used to refer to various groups within this diaspora and affect intercultural communication and relations. The article first demonstrates that people of Mexican descent living within the current national borders of the United States can be considered a Mexican diaspora. It examines the lexicology and history behind five major signifiers—Mexican/ mexicano, Mexican American, Chicano/a, Hispanic, and Latino—used to refer to members of that diaspora and shows how they are the subjects of diasporic and postcolonial discourses. The article concludes with comments on three specific areas in which Mexican diasporic signifiers influence intercultural communication and affect communication research validity and provides suggestions for addressing these issues in future studies.
The Negotiation of U.S. Advertising Among Bengali Immigrants: A Journey in Hybridity
Authors: Dutta-Bergman Mohan J. , Pal Mahuya
Published: September 2005

The process of globalization has unsettled the idea of territories and space, disrupting certainties of culture and altering the way identities are constructed. Understanding diasporic complexitiescan inform media studies about the intersection of globality and locality and the issue of identity. However, this has remained a marginal area of inquiry in communication studies, particularly in advertising research. With an ever-increasing number of people now defining themselves in terms of multiple attachments, it has become imperative for advertising research to address hybridity, an inherent characterization of globalization. This project examines the discursive construction of advertisements by Bengali immigrants from East India and demonstrates the hybrid existencesof diasporic groups, positioning themselves at the crossroads of global and local.
Africa-America Institute-Iowa Math and Science Professional Development Workshop: A Distance Learning Approach for Math and Science Literacy in Africa
Authors: Cavagnetto Andy R. , Dunkhase John , Yager Robert E. , Burketta Vicki
Published: September 2005

Six African countries participated in an intercontinental professional development workshop developed by the science and math staff at the University of Iowa and supported by the Africa-America Institute. The 11-day workshop was designed to produce changes in goal setting, assessment practices, instruction, and curriculum structures for high school teachers. The article provides a detailed description of the workshop and discusses evidence of workshop successes. Preworkshop and postworkshop vision statements and curriculum units were used to track the progression of five Kenyan educators as they moved toward constructivist-based practices. Teachers enhanced their views of science and math learning outcomes and learning environment as the workshop progressed. Specifically, teachers moved from emphasizing better grades and exam scores to greater student use of science and math skills. They also shifted from a heavily teacher-centered classroom view to a more student-centered classroom view.
Interactivity Versus Interaction: What Really Matters for State Legislature Web Sites?
Authors: Ferber Paul , Foltz Franz , Pugliese Rudy
Published: September 2005

The Internet, not unlike previous communication technologies, has been predicted to dramatically change the nature of democracy. The interactive nature of Web sites, in particular, is seen as the basis for a new cyberdemocracy. Although the definition of interactivity is less than precise, an evaluation of state legislature Web sites finds them lacking many features that could be considered interactive. Furthermore, the degree of a site’s interactivity was not strongly correlated to a site’s use. Web sites can also foster interaction, both on- and off-site, through interactive and noninteractive features. When sites were examined for their potential to foster interaction, there was a strong relationship with site use. The current focus on interactivity may obscure the potential to promote interaction and lead to an overemphasis on interactive features that are sometimes nothing more than high-tech gimmicks.
Platelet PECAM-1 inhibits thrombus formation in vivo
Authors: Falati Shahrokh , Patil Sonali , Gross Peter L. , Stapleton Michelle , Merrill-Skoloff Glenn , Barrett Natasha E. , Pixton Katherine L. , Weiler Harmut , Cooley Brian , Newman Debra K. , Newman Peter J. , Furie Barbara C. , Furie Bruce , Gibbins Jonathan M.
Published: September 2005

Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) is a cell surface glycoprotein receptor expressed on a range of blood cells, including platelets, and on vascular endothelial cells. PECAM-1 possesses adhesive and signaling properties, the latter being mediated by immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs present on the cytoplasmic tail of the protein. Recent studies in vitro have demonstrated that PECAM-1 signaling inhibits the aggregation of platelets. In the present study we have used PECAM-1–deficient mice and radiation chimeras to investigate the function of this receptor in the regulation of thrombus formation. Using intravital microscopy and laser-induced injury to cremaster muscle arterioles, we show that thrombi formed in PECAM-1–deficient mice were larger, formed more rapidly than in control mice, and were more stable. Larger thrombi were also formed in control mice that received transplants of PECAM-1–deficient bone marrow, in comparison to mice that received control transplants. A ferric chloride model of thrombosis was used to investigate thrombus formation in carotid arteries. In PECAM-1–deficient mice the time to 75% vessel occlusion was significantly shorter than in control mice. These data provide evidence for the involvement of platelet PECAM-1 in the negative regulation of thrombus formation.
Antiapoptotic function of Bcl-2 in mast cells is dependent on its association with heat shock protein 90β
Authors: Cohen-Saidon Cellina , Carmi Irit , Keren Avishai , Razin Ehud
Published: September 2005

In the present study, we demonstrated that the antiapoptotic function of Bcl-2 in mast cells is significantly dependent on its association with the heat shock protein 90β (Hsp90β). Dissociation of these 2 proteins inhibits the antiapoptotic activity of Bcl-2 by initiating the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into cytosol and increasing the activity of caspase 3 and caspase 7, resulting in mast-cell apoptosis. The antiapoptotic activity of Bcl-2 was greatly affected by knocking-out specifically Hsp90β using the RNA interference approach. Thus, for the first time, it has been shown that Hsp90β might modulate the antiapoptotic activity of Bcl-2 at least in mast cells. These findings could have implications for a novel strategy of regulating apoptosis in patients with mastocytosis and other mast cell–associated diseases.
Comparative analysis of the kinomes of three pathogenic trypanosomatids: Leishmania major, Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi
Authors: Parsons Marilyn , Worthey Elizabeth A , Ward Pauline N , Mottram Jeremy C
Published: September 2005

Background

The trypanosomatids Leishmania major, Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi cause some of the most debilitating diseases of humankind: cutaneous leishmaniasis, African sleeping sickness, and Chagas disease. These protozoa possess complex life cycles that involve development in mammalian and insect hosts, and a tightly coordinated cell cycle ensures propagation of the highly polarized cells. However, the ways in which the parasites respond to their environment and coordinate intracellular processes are poorly understood. As a part of an effort to understand parasite signaling functions, we report the results of a genome-wide analysis of protein kinases (PKs) of these three trypanosomatids.

Results

Bioinformatic searches of the trypanosomatid genomes for eukaryotic PKs (ePKs) and atypical PKs (aPKs) revealed a total of 176 PKs in T. brucei, 190 in T. cruzi and 199 in L. major, most of which are orthologous across the three species. This is approximately 30% of the number in the human host and double that of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. The representation of various groups of ePKs differs significantly as compared to humans: trypanosomatids lack receptor-linked tyrosine and tyrosine kinase-like kinases, although they do possess dual-specificity kinases. A relative expansion of the CMGC, STE and NEK groups has occurred. A large number of unique ePKs show no strong affinity to any known group. The trypanosomatids possess few ePKs with predicted transmembrane domains, suggesting that receptor ePKs are rare. Accessory Pfam domains, which are frequently present in human ePKs, are uncommon in trypanosomatid ePKs.

Conclusion

Trypanosomatids possess a large set of PKs, comprising approximately 2% of each genome, suggesting a key role for phosphorylation in parasite biology. Whilst it was possible to place most of the trypanosomatid ePKs into the seven established groups using bioinformatic analyses, it has not been possible to ascribe function based solely on sequence similarity. Hence the connection of stimuli to protein phosphorylation networks remains enigmatic. The presence of numerous PKs with significant sequence similarity to known drug targets, as well as a large number of unusual kinases that might represent novel targets, strongly argue for functional analysis of these molecules.
The fusion band in V1: a simple ECG guide to optimal resynchronization? An echocardiographic case report
Authors: Gianfranchi Lorella , Bettiol Katia , Pacchioni Federico , Corbucci Giorgio , Alboni Paolo
Published: September 2005

Background

Patients with left bundle branch block have a preserved right bundle branch conduction and the efficacy of left ventricular pacing could be explained with the fusion between artificial pulse delivered in the left lateral wall and the spontaneous right ventricular activation. Moreover, the efficacy of left ventricular pacing could be enhanced with an optimal timing between the spontaneous right ventricular activation and the left ventricular pulse.

Case presentation

We evaluated a patient (male, 47 yrs) with surgically corrected mitral regurgitation, sinus rhythm and left bundle branch block, heart failure (NYHA class III) despite medical therapy and low ejection fraction (25%): he was implanted with a biventricular device.

We programmed ventricular pacing only through the left ventricular lead.

We defined what we called electrocardiographic "fusion band" as follow: programming OFF the stimulator, we recorded the native electrocardiogram and measured, through the device, the intrinsic atrioventricular interval. Then, atrioventricular interval was progressively shortened by steps of 20 ms down to 100 ms. Twelve leads electrocardiogram was recorded at each step. The fusion band is the range of AV intervals at which surface electrocardiogram (mainly in V1 lead) presents an intermediate morphology between the native left bundle branch block (upper limit of the band) and the fully paced right bundle branch block (lower limit).

The patient underwent echocardiographic examination at each atrioventricular interval chosen inside the fusion band. The following parameters were evaluated: ejection fraction, diastolic filling time, E wave deceleration time, aortic velocity time integral and myocardial performance index.

All the echocardiographic parameters showed an improvement inside the fusion band, with a "plateau" behaviour. As the fusion band in this patient ranged from an atrioventricular delay of 200 ms to an atrioventricular delay of 120 ms, we chose an intermediate atrioventricular delay of 160 ms, presuming that this might guarantee the persistence of fusion even during any possible physiological (autonomic, effort) atrioventricular conduction variation.

Conclusion

In this heart failure patient with left bundle branch block, tailoring of the atrioventricular interval resynchronized myocardial contraction with left ventricular pacing alone, utilizing a sensed right atrial activity and the surface electrocardiographic pattern.
Modification of the asthma quality of life questionnaire (standardised) for patients 12 years and older
Authors: Juniper Elizabeth F , Svensson Klas , Mörk Ann-Christin , Ståhl Elisabeth
Published: September 2005

Background

The age limit for some adult asthma clinical trials has recently been lowered to 12 years. In this study we have made minor modifications to the standardised version of the adult Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ(S)) to make it valid for patients 12 years and older (AQLQ12+).

Methods

We have used two clinical trial databases, in which the AQLQ12+ was used, to compare the measurement properties of the questionnaire in patients 12–17 years and patients 18 years and older. A total of 2433 patients (12–75 years), with current asthma and with data that could be evaluated both at randomisation and end of treatment, were included.

Results

The analysis showed that internal consistency, responsiveness and correlations with other clinical indices were very similar in patients 12–17 years and patients 18 years and older.

Conclusion

The measurement properties of the AQLQ12+ are similar in adolescents and adults and therefore the instrument is valid for use in adult studies which include children 12 years and older.
A multi-modal treatment approach for the shoulder: A 4 patient case series
Authors: Pribicevic Mario , Pollard Henry
Published: September 2005

Background

This paper describes the clinical management of four cases of shoulder impingement syndrome using a conservative multimodal treatment approach.

Clinical Features

Four patients presented to a chiropractic clinic with chronic shoulder pain, tenderness in the shoulder region and a limited range of motion with pain and catching. After physical and orthopaedic examination a clinical diagnosis of shoulder impingement syndrome was reached. The four patients were admitted to a multi-modal treatment protocol including soft tissue therapy (ischaemic pressure and cross-friction massage), 7 minutes of phonophoresis (driving of medication into tissue with ultrasound) with 1% cortisone cream, diversified spinal and peripheral joint manipulation and rotator cuff and shoulder girdle muscle exercises. The outcome measures for the study were subjective/objective visual analogue pain scales (VAS), range of motion (goniometer) and return to normal daily, work and sporting activities. All four subjects at the end of the treatment protocol were symptom free with all outcome measures being normal. At 1 month follow up all patients continued to be symptom free with full range of motion and complete return to normal daily activities.

Conclusion

This case series demonstrates the potential benefit of a multimodal chiropractic protocol in resolving symptoms associated with a suspected clinical diagnosis of shoulder impingement syndrome.
Identification of shallow-water-flow sands by Vp/Vs inversion of conventional 3D seismic data
Authors: Lu Shaoming , McMechan George A. , Liaw Alfred
Published: September 2005

Shallow-water flow (SWF) from overpressured, unconsolidated/uncemented sands is a high-profile hazard in deep-water drilling. Thus, accurate predrill seismic prediction of SWF sands is an important practical problem. Laboratory measurements show high seismic compressional-to-shear velocity ([Formula: see text]) ratios in SWF sands. Thus, [Formula: see text] anomalies produced by elastic seismic inversion can provide a quantitative identification of SWF sands before drilling. Three 3D common-angle-aperture prestack time-migrated data sets from the Garden Banks area of the Gulf of Mexico are inverted simultaneously for [Formula: see text]. Two wells provide constraints. High [Formula: see text] values are observed in a known SWF zone in Shell Deepwater Development's well GB920 #1. In Kerr-McGee Oil & Gas Corporation's well GB877 #1, [Formula: see text] anomalies match well with independent predrill SWF sand predictions based on geologic information and seismic amplitudes. High [Formula: see text] anomalies (>9) are used to identify potential SWF sands away from the wells. We conclude that [Formula: see text] values are more diagnostic than seismic amplitudes alone for SWF sand detection, and that low S-impedance is the most salient indicator of SWF potential. Raw elastic seismic-amplitude variation with angle data provide unreliable indicators in cases where SWF sands are thin (where interference occurs between reflections from the layer tops and bottoms) or if viscoelasticity is significant.