bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Various photoluminescence properties observed in a GaAs/AlAs asymmetric double‐quantum‐well superlattice
Authors: Ohtani Naoki , Hosoda Makoto
Published: February 2007

We report the observation of various photoluminescence (PL) properties in a biased asymmetric double‐quantum‐well superlattice. By using the transfer matrix calculation, the PL signals in the shorter wavelength region are caused by carrier injection into higher excited subbands via Γ‐X‐Γ resonance and GaAs LO‐phonon replica from the X subband. Novel carrier transport paths leading to the higher subbands produce the various PL properties that comes from the asymmetric conduction band profile including the X subbands. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Quantitative determination of monoglycerides and diglycerides by high‐performance liquid chromatography and evaporative light‐scattering detection
Authors: Liu J. , Lee T. , Bobik E. , Guzman‐Harty M. , Hastilow C.
Published: February 2007

Neutral lipid classes were separated with normal‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography, and mono‐ and diglycerides were determined with an evaporative light‐scattering detector (ELSD). The 1,3‐diacylglycerols were resolved from the 1,2‐diacylglycerol positional isomers, although some 1,3‐diacylglycerols of low molecular weight interfered with the 1,2‐diacylglycerols of high molecular weight. For monoglycerides, the separations between 1‐(and 3‐)acyl and 2‐acylglycerols were optimized only between those pairs with identical fatty acyl groups. Samples were dissolved in a solvent mixture and analyzed without derivatization. The results (monoglyceride) obtained from this method agreed well with those derived from gas chromatographic and supercritical fluid chromatographic methods. The universal nature of the ELSD makes this method applicable to oils and emulsifiers containing both saturated and unsaturated fatty acyl moieties.
Supplementary consideration of the triglyceride matrix model on reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Takahashi Koretaro , Hirano Tsugihiko , Egi Makoto , Hatano Mutsuo , Zama Koichi
Published: February 2007

The matrix model that has been expressed as linear relationship between the logarithm of the relative retention time of a molecular species of a triglyceride versus total acyl carbon number or total double bonds when only one acyl group differs in carbon number or number of double bonds was reviewed. A similar linear relationship was observed when the fatty acid residues were substituted in the triglyceride molecule. This relationship was demonstrated by introducing the theory of partition chromatography presented by A.J.P. Martin.
Counterion effects on the aqueous solution viscosity of cationic surfactants
Authors: Totten G. E. , Goddard E. D. , Matteson G. H. , Wanchisen M. L.
Published: February 2007

The effect of varying counterion structure on the aqueous solution viscosity of various cationic surfactants was systematically examined for compounds of the type: CH3(CH2)xN(CH3)3YAr. Ar = functionally substituted aryl moieties and Y = carboxylate (CO2−), sulfinate (SO2−) or sulfonate (SO3−).

Aqueous solution viscosity, which is assumed to be a measure of ion pair stability, is clearly affected by anion and cation structure, temperature, concentration and stoichiometry. An ortho substituent to the anionic functionality, e.g. hydroxyl, substantially increases ion pair stabilization. Ion pair stability is also enhanced by increasing the solution concentration, decreasing temperature, increasing cation/anion ratio or by increasing the alkyl (x) chain length.
Separation ofCis andTrans isomers by reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography
Authors: Warther J. David
Published: February 2007

A reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography procedure was devised for the analytical or preparative separation of geometric isomers of dodecenyl acetates, tetradecenyl acetates, hexadecenyl acetates, tridecadienyl acetates, and methyl oleate and elaidate. Use of μ Bondapak C‐18 permitted the separation of these isomers.
Tallow based detergent formulations: Mixtures of alcohol sulfates, salts ofa‐sulfo acids and esters, and soap
Authors: Stirton A. J. , Bistline R. G. , Leardi Eileen B. , NuɁez‐Ponzoa M. V.
Published: February 2007

Saturated (I, ROSO3Na) and unsaturated (II, R'OSO3Na) tallow alcohol sulfates, the disodium salt ofa‐sulfonated saturated tallow fatty acids (III, RCH(SO3Na)CO2Na), the sodium salt of the methyl ester ofa‐sulfonated saturated tallow fatty acids (IV, RCH(SO3Na) CO2CH3), and commercial tallow soap flakes (V) were compared, singly and in combinations, as built and unbuilt solutions in soft and hard water, with respect to foam height and detergency, using four different types of standard soiled cotton.

Built solutions of combinations of the two most soluble detergents, II and IV, at concentration 0.05% total active ingredient plus 0.20% builder in hard water of 300 ppm, remained perfectly clear on standing for several months. Built solutions containing I or II had the best foaming properties. The presence of soap decreased foam height.

Cloths A and B showed the detergency of built solutions to be in the order I=II>IV>III>V, and all combinations containing I or II were superior detergents. With cloth C, detergents ranked in the order I=II=IV>III>V, and many combinations containing I or II with IV were synergistic. Cloth D did not distinguish sharply between detergents in built solutions in hard water.

In general, detergent systems containing tallow alcohol sulfates witha‐sulfo esters had the most desirable solubility, wetting, foaming, and detergent properties.
A realistic soil cloth and test procedure for detergent evaluation
Authors: Rutkowski B. J.
Published: February 2007

The preparation of a uniformly soiled cloth for detergency studies is described. The soil, chosen for its realistic nature, consists of a colored clay as the particulate portion and triolein as the fatty or oily portion. The particulate portion of the soil is applied by tumbling the fabric in a horizontal axis washing machine containing a suspension of clay. The fatty portion is then applied by allowing the fabric to adsorb a known quantity of solvent‐dissolved triolein with subsequent evaporation of the solvent.

An evaluation test procedure for measuring the relative efficiencies of proprietary detergents is also described. Using this procedure, soil removal, soil redeposition and optical brightener effectiveness of a detergent are determined simultaneously. Detergents can thus be given a numerical rating according to their over‐all performance. This rating is calculated from the equation: Overall Performance=Soil Removal‐Soil Redeposition + Optical Brightener.

Typical detergent evaluation data obtained with this soil cloth and test procedure are given, along with a statistical treatment of the data.
Resins from hydroxyphenylstearic acid
Authors: Scholnick F. , Monroe H. A. , Wrigley A. N. , Ault W. C.
Published: February 2007

Hydroxyphenylstearic acid, prepared by addition of phenol to oleic acid, has been condensed with excess formaldehyde using acidic and alkaline catalysts. The resulting resins have mol wt corresponding to 2舑3 phenolic units and are readily soluble in alcohols. Films cast from these solutions are soft even after baking at 205C. In order to achieve greater hardness, solutions of the phenol‐formaldehyde resins were coreacted with a solution of a commercial epoxy resin. Baked films cast from these systems were hard, flexible and chemically resistant.
Viscosity studies of some long‐chain thiol esters
Authors: Fountaine J. E. , Sasin Richard , Sasin G. S. , Witnauer L. P.
Published: February 2007

Viscosity studies of thiolaurates, thiomyristates, thiopalmitates and thiostearates of the normal C6, C7, C14, C16, C18; C6, C8, C10, C11, C13, C14, C15, C16, C18; C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, C14, C16, C17, C18 and C4, C9, C10, C11, C12, C14, C16 and C18, respectively, were made. In addition,n‐propyl andn‐heptyl thioacetates as well asn‐heptyl thiohexanoate were studied. Viscosities of thiol esters increase with increasing chain length. These increases are not linear. For each compound, the viscosity decreases with increasing temp. Activation energies for viscous flow were calculated. The activation energies increase as the chains increase. These increases are not linear.
Mass spectrometric identification of triacylglycerols of enzymatically modified butterfat separated on a polarizable phenylmethylsilicone column
Authors: Kalo Paavo , Kemppinen Asmo
Published: February 2007

Original butter oil, butter oil interesterified withPseudomonas fluorescens lipase as catalyst, and the saturated, monoene, diene and triene fractions of interesterified butter oil from silver ion chromatography on ap‐propylbenzene sulfonic acid column were analyzed on a polarizable phenyl(65%)methylsilicone column. Major and also some minor molecular species of triacylglycerols (TG) were identified from the electron‐impact (EI) gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analytical data for the original and lipase‐modified butter oil and the four fractions. Acyl + 74 and acyl + 128 fragments of EI mass spectral data proved useful, in addition to acyl and M ‐ RCOO fragments, in the identification of molecular species of TG. The TG compositions of the modified butter oils were compared with the composition calculated according to random distribution and with the TG composition of original butter oil.
Parent‐offspring relationships in apomictic guayule
Authors: Ray Dennis T. , Dierig David A. , Thompson Anson E. , Diallo Mamadou M.
Published: February 2007

The genetic base of guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray) germ plasm that is available is narrow; yet, significant variability has been described within this germ plasm. This variability is surprising because guayule reproduces by facultative apomixis (asexual reproduction by seed), but evidence suggests that progress through selection is feasible. It has been hypothesized that this variation has arisen through periodic sexual reproduction; however, this has not been quantified. This study was designed to describe and compare eight components of yield and the expression of two isozyme systems in twenty parent plants and half‐sib, open‐pollinated families from each parent. Extensive variation for all characters was found among both the parents and the progeny, with fresh and dry weights being highly correlated to rubber yield. Parent‐offspring regressions were not significantly different from zero. This implies low heritabilities for the major components of yield in guayule, and we believe that family selection, rather than single‐plant selection, may generate higher‐yielding and more genetically uniform lines at an escalated rate than single‐plant selection. Periodic sexuality resulting in genetic variation was estimated by differences in isozyme expression within the half‐sib families. Fifteen of the twenty progeny families were polymorphic for either esterase or peroxidase or both isozymes. This amount of sexuality is significant, and guayule must be considered an open‐pollinated crop. We conclude from this study that we should rethink our breeding procedures to include controlled pollination and family selection.
Anthropometry and body composition of south Indian babies at birth
Authors: Muthayya S , Dwarkanath P , Thomas T , Vaz M , Mhaskar A , Mhaskar R , Thomas A , Bhat S , Kurpad AV
Published: February 2007

Objectives

To assess the consequences on body composition of increasing birth weight in Indian babies in relation to reported values in Western babies, and to assess the relationship between maternal and neonatal anthropometry and body composition.

Design

Prospective observational study.

Setting

Bangalore City, India.

Subjects

A total of 712 women were recruited at 12.5±3.1 weeks of gestation (mean±standard deviation, SD) and followed up until delivery; 14.5% were lost to follow-up. Maternal body weight, height, mid upper-arm circumference and skinfold thicknesses were measured at recruitment. Weight and body composition of the baby (skinfold thicknesses, mid upper-arm circumference, derived arm fat index and arm muscle index; AFI and AMI, respectively) were measured at birth in hospital.

Results

The mean±SD birth weight of all newborns was 2.80±0.44 kg. Birth weight was significantly related to the triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness of the baby. In a small number of babies with large birth weight for gestational age, there was a relatively higher normalised AFI relative to AMI than for babies with lower or appropriate birth weight for gestational age. Maternal height and fat-free mass were significantly associated with the baby's length at birth.

Conclusions

Skinfold thicknesses in Indian babies were similar to those reported in a Western population with comparable birth weights, and the relationship of AFI to birth weight appeared to be steeper in Indian babies. Thus, measures to increase birth weight in Indian babies should take into account possible adverse consequences on body composition. There were no significant relationships between maternal anthropometry and body composition at birth on multivariate analysis, except for sum of the baby's skinfold thicknesses and maternal fat-free mass (P<0.02).
Skalen der Einstellungsstruktur ehrenamtlicher Helfer (SEEH)
Authors: Bierhoff Hans-Werner , Schülken Theo , Hoof Matthias
Published: February 2007

Zusammenfassung. Die Skalen der Einstellungsstruktur ehrenamtlicher Helfer - ein Fragebogen zur Messung der Bereitschaft, freiwillige Beiträge in Nonprofit-Organisationen zu leisten - werden vorgestellt. Der Fragebogen erfasst acht Ziele, die entweder selbstdienliche oder altruistische Anreize für freiwillige Arbeit repräsentieren: Soziale Bindung, Selbsterfahrung, Selbstwert, soziale Beeinflussung, Berufsausgleich, Karriere, soziale Verantwortung und politische Verantwortung. Die Skalen wurden in drei Untersuchungen entwickelt, von denen zwei mit ehrenamtlichen Helfern und eine mit Studierenden durchgeführt wurden. Die theoretisch angenommenen Einstellungsdimensionen, die den acht Skalen zugrunde liegen, lassen sich faktorenanalytisch auf der Basis der Fragebogenitems bestätigen. Die acht Einstellungsdimensionen ihrerseits werden durch zwei übergeordnete Dimensionen repräsentiert, die sich als selbstdienliche und altruistische Orientierung bezeichnen lassen. Antworten auf dem Fragebogen werden nur geringfügig durch soziale Erwünschtheit beeinflusst. Weitere Ergebnisse sprechen für die Konstruktvalidität einzelner Einstellungsskalen. Anwendungsfelder des Fragebogens werden dargestellt.
50

Ω
characteristic impedance low-pass metal powder filters
Authors: Milliken F. P. , Rozen J. R , Keefe G. A. , Koch R. H.
Published: February 2007

We have fabricated several 50 Ω characteristic impedance low-pass metal powder filters. The filters are made with bronze or copper metal powder with varying amounts of metal powder in a metal powder/epoxy mixture. Our goal is to make a filter with a characteristic impedance Z=50 Ω at frequencies up to 10 GHz. Using a 78% bronze powder/epoxy mixture in a suitable geometry, we achieved an impedance Z=54 Ω at 4.2 K, with a cutoff frequency fc≃0.3 GHz and an attenuation A=Vout∕Vin=0.0001 (−80 dB) at 10 GHz. We also made several non-50 Ω low-pass bronze powder filters with fc=1 MHz and A=0.0001 at 10 MHz. Fabrication details and performance data will be presented for both types of filter.
Acceleration of positrons by electron beam-driven wakefields in a plasma
Authors: Lotov K. V.
Published: February 2007

Plasma wakefield acceleration of positron beams in the wake of a dense electron beam (in the blowout regime) is numerically analyzed. The acceleration is possible only if the energy content of the wakefield is not very high. This is in contrast to electron acceleration, for which the optimum performance requires driver currents and wave energies to be as high as possible. For positrons, the efficiency of plasma-to-witness energy exchange can amount to several tens percent, but high efficiencies require precise location of the positron beam and sophisticated beam shapes. Unlike an electron witness, the positron always gets an energy spread of about several percent caused by the transverse inhomogeneity of the accelerating field.
New Laplace,
z
and Fourier-related transforms
Authors: Corinthios Michael J
Published: February 2007

In this paper, the author uses his recently proposed complex variable generalized distribution theory to expand the domains of existence of bilateral Laplace and
z
transforms, as well as a whole new class of related transforms. A vast expansion of the domains of existence of bilateral Laplace and
z
transforms and continuous-time and discrete-time Hilbert, Hartley and Mellin transforms, as well as transforms of multidimensional functions and sequences are obtained. It is noted that the Fourier transform and its applications have advanced by leaps and bounds during the last century, thanks to the introduction of the theory of distributions and, in particular, the concept of the Dirac-delta impulse. Meanwhile, however, the truly two-sided ‘bilateral’ Laplace and
z
transforms, which are more general than Fourier, remained at a standstill incapable of transforming the most basic of functions. In fact, they were reduced by half to one-sided transforms and received no more than a passing reference in the literature. It is shown that the newly proposed generalized distributions expand the domains of existence and application of Laplace and
z
transforms similar to and even more extensively than the expansion of the domain of Fourier transform that resulted from the introduction, nearly a century ago, of the theory of distributions and the Dirac-delta impulse. It is also shown that the new generalized distributions put an end to an anomaly that still exists today, which meant that for a large class of basic functions, the Fourier transform exists while the more general Laplace and
z
transforms do not. The anomaly further manifests itself in the fact that even for the one-sided causal functions, such as the Heaviside unit step function
u
(
t
) and the sinusoid sin
βtu
(
t
), the Laplace transform does not exist on the j
ω
-axis, and the Fourier transform which does exist cannot be deduced thereof by the substitution
s
=j
ω
in the Laplace transform, which by definition it should. The extended generalized transforms are well defined for a large class of functions ranging from the most basic to highly complex fast-rising exponential ones that have so far had no transform. Among basic applications, the solution of partial differential equations using the extended generalized transforms is provided. This paper clearly presents and articulates the significant impact of extending the domains of Laplace and
z
transforms on a large family of related transforms, after nearly a century during which bilateral Laplace and
z
transforms of even the most basic of functions were undefined, and the domains of definition of related transforms such as Hilbert, Hartley and Mellin transforms were confined to a fraction of the space they can now occupy.
Regulatory pathways linking progenitor patterning, cell fates and neurogenesis in the ventral neural tube
Authors: Briscoe James , Novitch Bennett G
Published: February 2007

The assembly of neural circuits in the vertebrate central nervous system depends on the organized generation of specific neuronal subtypes. Studies over recent years have begun to reveal the principles and elucidate some of the detailed mechanisms that underlie these processes. In general, exposure to different types and concentrations of signals directs neural progenitor populations to generate specific subtypes of neurons. These signals function by regulating the expression of intrinsic determinants, notably transcription factors, which specify the fate of cells as they differentiate into neurons. In this review, we illustrate these concepts by focusing on the generation of neurons in ventral regions of the spinal cord, where detailed knowledge of the mechanisms that regulate cell identity has provided insight into the development of a number of neuronal subtypes, including motor neurons. A greater knowledge of the molecular control of neural development is likely to have practical benefits in understanding the causes and consequences of neurological diseases. Moreover, recent studies have demonstrated how an understanding of normal neural development can be applied to direct differentiation of stem cellsin vitroto specific neuronal subtypes. This type of rational manipulation of stem cells may represent the first step in the development of treatments based on therapeutic replacement of diseased or damaged nervous tissue.
Mineral metabolism, bone histomorphometry and vascular calcification in alternate night nocturnal haemodialysis
Authors: VAN EPS CAROLYN L , JEFFRIES JANINE K , ANDERSON JOHN A , BERGIN PATRICK T , JOHNSON DAVID W , CAMPBELL SCOTT B , CARPENTER SALLY M , ISBEL NICOLE M , MUDGE DAVID W , HAWLEY CARMEL M
Published: February 2007

Background:  Poor control of bone mineral metabolism (BMM) is associated with renal osteodystrophy and mortality in dialysis‐dependent patients. The authors explored the efficacy of alternate nightly home haemodialysis (ANHHD) in controlling BMM parameters and its effects on bone mineral density and histomorphometry.

Methods:  In this prospective observational study, 26 patients on home haemodialysis (3–5 h, 3.5–4 sessions weekly) were converted to ANHHD (6–9 h, 3.5–4 sessions weekly). Biochemical parameters of BMM at baseline, 6 and 12 months, radiological parameters at baseline and 12 months and bone histomorphometry at 12 months are described.

Results:  Pre‐dialysis serum phosphate fell from 2.13 ± 0.65 to 1.38 ± 0.35 mmol/L; P < 0.0001. No binders were required in 77.2% compared with 7.7% at baseline. Calcium‐phosphate product fell from 5.28 ± 1.64 to 3.42 ± 0.88 mmol2/L2; P < 0.0001 and parathyroid hormone (PTH) from 301 (110–471) to 127 (47–240) ng/L; P = 0.01. Bone mineral density remained stable. Vascular and ectopic calcification improved or stabilized in 87.5%. Bone histomorphometry at 12 months showed high, normal and low bone turnover in 10, 3 and 4 patients, respectively, with 6/17 patients having abnormal mineralization.

Conclusion:  Alternate nightly home haemodialysis effectively manages biochemical parameters of BMM. Patients with very high PTH at baseline (>1000 ng/L) did not significantly improve parathyroid hormone status. Abnormal bone turnover and mineralization were present in a significant proportion of patients at 12 months but low turnover was uncommon. Vascular calcification was stabilized or improved in the majority. ANHHD compares favourably with every night and short daily therapy in relation to BMM management and may offer lifestyle advantages for patients.
Toxic epidermal necrolysis; 15 years’ experience in a Dutch burns centre
Authors: Gerdts B , Vloemans AFPM , Kreis RW
Published: February 2007

Background  Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a severe and potentially fatal drug reaction characterized by an extensive skin rash with blisters and exfoliation, frequently accompanied by mucositis. The wounds caused by TEN are similar to second‐degree burns and severe cases may involve large areas of skin loss.

Objectives  Analysis of our results in patients with TEN and evaluation of the variety of therapeutic interventions that has been studied and suggested in TEN.

Patients/methods  Retrospective analysis of 19 consecutive patients with TEN treated in our burns centre between 1989 and 2004.

Results  Immediate withdrawal of any potentially fatal drug, maximum supportive care, and a restricted and tailored antibiotic, medical and surgical treatment regimen confined mortality to 21%, whereas prognosis scores like APACHE II and SCORTEN predicted mortality of 22 and 30%, respectively. A positive contribution of selective digestive decontamination is suggested but has yet to be established.

Conclusions  Because of a potentially fatal outcome, fast referral of a patient suspected of TEN to a specialized centre (mostly a burns unit or specialized dermatology centre) for expert wound management and tailored comprehensive care is strongly advised and contributes to survival.
Nucleation and Growth of Titania Nanoparticles Prepared by Pulsed Injection Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition from a Single Molecular Precursor
Authors: Apátiga L. M. , Rivera E. , Castaño V. M.
Published: February 2007

Nanometer‐sized titania particles were deposited by the pulsed liquid injection chemical vapor deposition technique from a single molecular metal‐organic precursor. A liquid solution of titanium (IV) isopropoxide was used, Ar was the carrier gas, and titania nanoparticles were deposited on the hot wall of the reactor fused quartz tube, under supersaturated conditions. Energy‐dispersive spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy studies reveal the formation of amorphous titania‐agglomerated nanoparticles (40–50 nm). XRD patterns after different post‐annealing processes reveal a high anatase–rutile transformation temperature, comparable to that of micrometer‐sized titania, attributed to lattice strains in the nanoparticle structure, as calculated from the X‐ray data. The growth dynamics involved in the nucleation and formation of titania nanoparticles is discussed in terms of the so‐called chemical vapor synthesis or chemical vapor condensation.
A First Time for Everything: Homicide Involving the Brenneke® SuperSabot Shotgun Slug*
Authors: Tharp Amy M. , Jason Donald R.
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: Sabot shotgun slugs are not a new projectile, but the Brenneke® SuperSabot shotgun slug has never been reported in a homicide. We present the case of a 28‐year‐old man killed with multiple gunshot wounds during an alleged “drive‐by” shooting. At autopsy, a 496.2 grain slightly deformed projectile with a base diameter of 5/8″ (1.7 cm) was found within the decedent's clothing. Six distinct bullet tracks were identified. An entrance of the anterior right thigh was 3/4 × 5/8″ and ovoid, having only passed through the decedent's jeans. This bullet track passed through the soft tissue of the right thigh, exiting out the medial aspect and partially transecting the right greater saphenous vein, re‐entering the medial left thigh and re‐exiting out the posterior left upper thigh. With the exception of an irregular entrance on the sole of the left foot, which passed through the decedent's shoe, all other entrances were less than 1/2″ in greatest dimension. Investigating officers recovered an additional projectile of the same type, which had undergone more extensive deformation after striking and penetrating the tailgate of a truck. Further investigation identified the projectiles as the Brenneke® SuperSabot shotgun slugs.
Antemortem Dental Records: Attitudes and Practices of Forensic Dentists*
Authors: Delattre Veronique F.
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: This study was designed to provide insight concerning the attitudes and practices of forensic dentists regarding antemortem dental records reviewed for purposes of dental identification. Forensic dentists were invited to participate in a 10 item survey. The majority of the respondents reported a considerable amount of experience in dental identifications of the deceased. Sixty‐six percent reported having suspected dental negligence or fraud in their antemortem record reviews. Only 17% believe that a forensic dentist should report suspected dental negligence, while 31% agree that dental fraud should be reported. Their response to additional issues addressed in the study suggests diversity in the practices and attitudes of forensic dentists in the use of antemortem dental records. In conclusion, opening a dialogue among practicing forensic dentists may lead to a standardized set of recommendations by the appropriate societies in the forensic dental community.
Insulin Resistance, Hyperinsulinemia, and Hypertension: An Epidemiologic Approach
Authors: Sarafidis Pantelis A. , Bakris George L.
Published: February 2007

During the past 2 decades, numerous experimental studies have provided solid evidence for the existence of several mechanisms connecting insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia with blood pressure elevation, within the context of the cardiometabolic syndrome. In parallel, several groups have attempted to examine these associations from an epidemiologic perspective, but relevant findings were less consistent and not extensively discussed. Hyperinsulinemia has been associated with high blood pressure levels and hypertension development in cross‐sectional, case‐control, and prospective cohort studies. An association between insulin resistance and hypertension is also evident in existing studies, but prospective data on this relation are limited. Moreover, most of the evidence supporting close associations between these factors derives from Caucasian and Japanese populations, whereas data in other populations are not in agreement. This review summarizes and evaluates the relevant epidemiologic evidence to elucidate an important aspect of the relationship between hypertension and the cardiometabolic syndrome.
HLA‐DRB1*03 is a susceptibility gene in patients with Graves’ disease with and without ophthalmopathy
Authors: Yarman S. , Oguz F. , Carin M.
Published: February 2007

We sought an association between certain human leucocyte antigen (HLA) markers and Graves’ disease (GD) with and without ophthalmopathy (OP). One hundred and thirty‐one Turkish patients with GD (50 without OP, 81 with OP) and 250 local healthy controls were studied. HLA‐DRB1 typing was performed by using polymerase chain reaction–sequence‐specific primers (PCR‐SSP) method.

The frequencies of DRB1*03 was significantly increased in GD compared to controls (OR = 2.07; 95% CI = 1.24–3.44), whereas DRB1*13 (OR = 0.33; 95% CI = 0.18–0.61) and DRB1*07 (OR = 0.31; 95% CI = 0.13–0.70) were significantly increased in controls compared to patients. None of the three associations showed any specificity to the OP group.
45
nm
node back end of the line yield evaluation on ultrahigh density interconnect structures using electron beam direct write lithography
Authors: Icard Beatrice , Pain Laurent , Arnal V. , Manakli Serdar , Le-Denmat Jean-Christophe , Brun P. , Vincent Maxime , Soonkindt Christophe , Minghetti Blandine , Matsumiya Tasuku
Published: February 2007

This article evaluates the impact of shot noise on electron beam direct write lithography process for sub-45-nm back end of the line (BEOL) structures on process window and line edge roughness. Several parameters such as resist sensitivity and pattern density are investigated to determine their influence on shot noise. This study highlights recommendations and technological solutions to reduce shot noise issue and discusses the specifications of the electron beam resist sensitivity for next generation nodes. Finally, a realization of 45nm BEOL structures is presented with electrical measurements done after achieving a full-integration process.
Fabrication of nanodot array molds for photonanoimprint using anodic porous alumina
Authors: Kurashima Yuichi , Yokota Yoshihiko , Miyamoto Iwao , Itatani Taro
Published: February 2007

This article reports on the fabrication of a transparent nanodot array mold for nanoimprint and so on. In the mold fabrication, the combination of a porous alumina master mold made by anodization of an Al plate and spin on glass replica process is utilized to pattern nanodot array on a transparent mold with large area. Using this method, the authors could obtain transparent nanodot array mold pattern with a pitch of about 100nm and height/depth of 90nm. When this nanodot array mold was used for photonanoimprint, a pitch of the photonanoimprinted pattern was found to be about 100nm. The pitch is considered quite comparable to the pitch of the patterns on the porous alumina master mold.
Optical properties of a multibeam column with a single-electron source
Authors: Kamimura Osamu , Tanimoto Sayaka , Ohta Hiroya , Nakayama Yoshinori , Sakakibara Makoto , Sohda Yasunari , Muraki Masato , Gotoh Susumu , Hosoda Masaki , Someda Yasuhiro , Tamamori Kenji , Hirose Futoshi , Nagae Kenichi , Kato Kazuhiko , Okunuki Masahiko
Published: February 2007

A novel single-column multi-electron-beam system, called a beam-split array, has been developed for a high-resolution, high-throughput lithography tool. In this system, a single electron beam is divided into 1024 beams by a multisource module (MSM) composed of an aperture array (a beam-dividing aperture), a static lens array (Einzel lenses for each divided beam), and a blanker array (BLA, blanking electrode pairs for each focused beam). The MSM is used to form multiple intermediate images of the electron source at the BLA. These images are demagnified to form final images through a projection optics consisting of a double lens doublet with a blanking aperture and deflector. To align the multiple beam paths in the MSM, aligners between these arrays are used, and the aligner conditions are determined by monitoring the blanking-aperture image. Moreover, because each beam current is about 0.1% of the total beam current on the specimen, a high-contrast transmission detection method is used to detect the electrons at the final image plane. As a result, 1024 point beams are successfully formed. In the final image, the measured beam size is less than 55nm, and the displacement due to distortion is less than 56nm, even on the off-axial beams. In addition, individual beam blanking by BLA is verified, and cross-talk at the BLA is confirmed to be negligible at present accuracy. Moreover, 65nm patterns can be simultaneously delineated by near- and off-axial beams. These results verify the concept of their single-column multibeam formation and indicate that this optics can be applied to lithography for manufacturing on semiconductor devices.
Scanning tunneling spectroscopy of single-strand deoxyribonucleic acid for sequencing
Authors: Yoshida Yuhsuke , Nojima Yoshihiro , Tanaka Hiroyuki , Kawai Tomoji
Published: February 2007

The authors performed scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) analysis of single-strand deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) dye at the 5′ terminal (FITC-5′-agctgtac-3′). They obtained high-resolution topographic scanning tunneling microscope images of the DNA that showed eight nucleotide bases and one FITC molecule. The current versus voltage (I-V) data of FITC had local maxima or plateaus, whereas those of DNA had simple growth curves. They also found that in the STS analysis, the I-V data of the DNA were fitted well by an exponential curve in the positive and negative bias regions. They also discuss the possibility of whether four nucleotides (adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine) can be differentiated through STS experiments.
Leakage current and charge trapping behavior in TiO2∕SiO2 high-κ gate dielectric stack on 4H-SiC substrate
Authors: Mahapatra R. , Chakraborty Amit K. , Poolamai N. , Horsfall A. , Chattopadhyay S. , Wright N. G. , Coleman Karl S. , Coleman P. G. , Burrows C. P.
Published: February 2007

The TiO2∕SiO2 gate dielectric stack on 4H-SiC substrate has been studied as a high-κ gate dielectric for metal-oxide semiconductor devices. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the formation of stoichiometric TiO2 films. The leakage current through the stack layer was investigated and it has been shown to be a double conduction mechanism. At low fields, the current is governed by properties of the interfacial layer with a hopping like conduction mechanism, while at relatively high electric field, carriers are modulated by a trap assisted tunneling mechanism through traps located below the conduction band of TiO2. The current-voltage characteristics, time evolution of charge transport, and capacitance-voltage behaviors under constant voltage stressing suggest the composite effect of electron trapping and positive charge generation in the dielectric stack layer.
The influence of facing stiffness on the performance of two geosynthetic reinforced soil retaining walls
Authors: Bathurst Richard J , Vlachopoulos Nicholas , Walters Dave L , Burgess Peter G , Allen Tony M
Published: February 2007

Current limit equilibrium-based design methods for the internal stability design of geosynthetic reinforced soil walls in North America are based on the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Simplified Method. A deficiency of this approach is that the influence of the facing type on reinforcement loads is not considered. This paper reports the results of two instrumented full-scale walls constructed in a large test facility at the Royal Military College of Canada. The walls were nominally identical except one wall was constructed with a stiff face and the other with a flexible wrapped face. The peak reinforcement loads in the flexible wall were about three and a half times greater than the stiff-face wall at the end of construction and about two times greater at the end of surcharging. The stiff-face wall analysis using the Simplified Method gave a maximum reinforcement load value that was one and a half times greater than the measured value at the end of construction. Furthermore, the surcharge pressure required to reach the creep-limited strength of the reinforcement was about two times greater than the predicted value. The results demonstrate quantitatively that a stiff facing in a reinforced soil wall is a structural component that can lead to significant reductions in reinforcement loads compared to flexible facing systems.Key words: geosynthetics, retaining walls, reinforced soil, wrapped face, structural facings.
UPDATE-EFFICIENT DATA STRUCTURES FOR DYNAMIC IP ROUTER TABLES
Authors: LAUER TOBIAS , OTTMANN THOMAS , DATTA AMITAVA
Published: February 2007

We show that two data structures, min-augmented range tree and priority search pennant, efficiently support all the required operations for updatable IP router tables and argue that both structures are better suited for the one-dimensional dynamic IP lookup problem than the priority search tree (PST) used in a previous solution. It is possible to maintain both structures in time O(1) after a rotation, while PST with n elements may require Ω( log n) steps for a single rotation. Therefore, the proposed structures can be balanced using a larger class of rebalancing schemes compared to PST. Both structures are also of interest independently of the IP lookup problem and may be used as attractive implementations of priority search queues in other contexts as well.
INFLUENCE OF PIEZOELECTRICITY AND MAGNETIC FIELD ON STIMULATED BRILLOUIN SCATTERING IN III–V SEMICONDUCTORS
Authors: SINGH M. , AGHAMKAR P. , KISHORE N. , SEN PRANAY K.
Published: February 2007

Using electromagnetic treatment, a detailed analytical investigation of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) has been made for a semiconducting crystal in the presence of an external magnetostatic field. The effect of piezoelectricity (β) and magnetic field [Formula: see text] has been introduced through equation of motion of lattice vibration and Lorentz force, respectively. The analysis is applied to both cases viz. non-piezoelectric (β = 0) and piezoelectric (β ≠ 0) in the absence (B0 =0) and the presence (B0 ≠ 0) of external magnetostatic field. The numerical estimates are made for n-type InSb crystals, taken as representative III–V semiconductor, duly shined upon by pulsed 10.6 μm CO 2 laser. The inclination of applied magnetostatic field with respect to the direction of propagation of pump beam is found to augment the gain coefficient for the onset of stimulated Brillouin scattering. Moreover, the SBS gain coefficient increases with increasing scattering angle and results in a maximum value for the backscattered mode. The backward Brillouin gain is found to be nearly 104 times larger than forward gain when β ≠ 0 and B0 = 10T. The analysis also suggests the possibility of observing optical phase conjugation reflectivity as high as 106 in the weakly piezoelectric doped semiconductors with moderate magnetostatic field. The numerical estimation suggests that piezoelectric doped III–V semiconductors in the presence of magnetic field are candidate materials for fabrication of cubic nonlinear devices.
School-to-Work Experiences: Curriculum as a Bridge
Authors: Bonds Bobbie Gale
Published: February 2007

Because workers must be prepared to constantly update their skills
and reeducate themselves for new skills, lifelong learning must
be a goal for every teacher and student. The curriculum provided
during educational experiences should pave the way for attainment
of this goal. This is particularly true for deaf and hard of hearing
students. School-to-work (STW) has become an umbrella term for
activities, experiences and opportunities that prepare students for the
world of work, such as youth apprenticeships, mentoring, internships,
job shadowing, career exploration, and integration of academic and
vocational curriculum. This article provides historical background on STW,
laws shaping requirements for STW programs, and research supporting STW
components. Recommendations are provided for curricular elements of an
STW program, and trends in STW are forecast.
Job Satisfaction: Perceptions of a National Sample of Teachers of Students Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing
Authors: Luckner John L , Hanks Julie A
Published: February 2007

The study examined the perceptions of a national sample of teachers
of students who are deaf or hard or hearing to assess their level of
job satisfaction. A questionnaire was developed and distributed; 610
completed surveys were analyzed. Overall, respondents appeared satisfied
with their jobs. Of the 59 items in the survey, 51 were scored as positive
for the group as a whole. Participants reported that their relationships
with colleagues were the most enjoyable aspect of the job. Paperwork,
state assessment tests, and lack of family involvement were identified
as the least satisfying aspects. Data were also analyzed by comparing
the responses of teachers across groups—itinerant, elementary,
secondary, and resource room. Generally, this group-by-group analysis
produced findings similar to those for the overall sample. Recommendations
on addressing the specific factors that teachers responded to negatively
are provided.
Deaf College Studentsi Perspectives on Literacy Portfolios
Authors: Nickerson Jane Freiburg
Published: February 2007

The study examined how literacy portfolios were used as tools in a
college developmental English class in which deaf students assessed
their reading comprehension as well as their writing processes and
products. The students' reading and writing assignments involved
reflective thinking and were grounded in authentic tasks. Immediate
feedback was provided. The study was multidimensional, longitudinal, and
ongoing. A variety of field research techniques were used to ascertain
the uses and influences of portfolios in regard to students' reading,
writing, and reflective thinking. The results support the idea that the
use of literacy portfolios can positively influence students who are
deaf when they assess their reading and writing abilities.
Benefits of an Ed.D. Program in Deaf Education: A Survey
Authors: Andrews Jean F
Published: February 2007

Ten graduates and 3 ABD (all but dissertation) students in Lamar
University's doctoral program in deaf studies/deaf education were
surveyed about their perceptions of the benefits of earning a doctorate
of education (Ed.D.) in their field. The program comprised course
work on current content information on deaf education, an educational
research component, a cognate area, and electives. As part of the
program, researchers and scholars in areas related to deaf education
were invited to campus to consult with doctoral students. Graduates
found jobs at universities, community colleges, and departments of
special education. Graduates ranked program components on the basis of
perceived value; they rank-ordered the courses on the basis of their
value to them in their current work. Graduates also commented on how
the program enhanced their professional growth.
An Educational Rationale for Deaf Students With Multiple Disabilities
Authors: Ewing Karen M , Jones Thomas W
Published: February 2007

Deaf students with with multiple disabilities have a long history
of limited opportunity, including limited access to educational
opportunities available to their deaf peers. This article places
the individual needs of deaf students with multiple disabilities in
the context that guides much of deaf education�the importance of
language acquisition. That emphasis provides a basis for placement and
curriculum options for deaf students with multiple disabilities. The
authors review the evolution of placement options, describe assumptions
that should guide placement and curriculum decisions, and recommend
practices for optimizing these students' education. Descriptions of
three service delivery models�multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary,
and transdisciplinary�are provided, as well as an overview of the
effectiveness of person-centered planning for deaf students with multiple
disabilities. Disability-specific resources are highlighted that relate
to mental retardation, autism, visual impairments, learning disabilities,
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, emotional disorders, medical
issues, and general resources.
The Role of Cued Speech in the Development of Spanish Prepositions
Authors: Santana Hernandez Rafael , Torres Monreal Santiago , Garcia Orza Javier
Published: February 2007

The aim of the present study was to advance the knowledge of the
linguistic development of students with prelingual profound deafness,
especially the acquisition and use of prepositions in Spanish, a lexical
category with an important role in verbal comprehension. The researchers
sought to learn the level of mastery students with prelingual profound
deafness can achieve in the command of prepositions, depending on the
system of communication they have been exposed to: classic oralism, Cued
Speech, or signed language. The results show that the different systems
of communication contribute, to different degrees, to the acquisition
of Spanish prepositions, with the best results being obtained with
Cued Speech.
Counterexamples to local existence for semi-linear wave equations
Authors: Lindblad Hans
Published: February 2007

In this paper we study how much regularity of initial data is needed to ensure existence of a local solution to a semi-linear wave equation. We give counterexamples to local existence for the typical model equations. The counterexamples we construct are sharp, i.e. one does have a local solution if the data has slightly more regularity.
On inductive limits of matrix algebras over the two-torus
Authors: Elliott George A. , Gong Guihua
Published: February 2007

It will be shown in this paper that certain real rank zero C*-algebras which are inductive limits of C*-algebras of the form ⊕ i M k i (C([inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="01i" /])) can be expressed as inductive limits of C*-algebras of the form ⊕ i M k i (C( S 1 )). In particular, if both A and B are of real rank zero and are inductive limits of C*-algebras of the form ⊕ i M k i (C( S 1 )), then also A ⊗ B is an inductive limit of C*-algebras of the form ⊕ i M k i (C( S 1 )). (Hence, A ⊗ B can be classified by its K-theory.) This is a key step in the general classification theory of inductive limit C*-algebras.
Kähler manifolds with almost nonnegative Ricci curvature
Authors: Li Peter , Ramachandran Mohan
Published: February 2007

In this paper, the authors prove that if a complete Kähler manifold with almost nonnegative Ricci curvature has at least three ends, then it must holomorphically factor through a parabolic Riemann surface.