bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validation of the Portuguese Version of the Temperament Inventory
Authors:   , Jorge Flavia ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

Problem. There is a need in Portugal for valid psychological instruments. The Temperament Inventory (Blitchington & Cruise, 1979) seemed adequate to help meet this need. The present study attempted to validate the TI with the Portuguese population in mainland Portugal and to obtain norms on the TI for this population. Methodology. A factor analytical research design was used to determine whether the items selected to measure a particular temperament in the original American version did, in fact, measure that temperament when translated into Portuguese. The 80 original items, together with 10 new items designed to measure the phlegmatic and choleric factors, were translated into Portuguese. After a pilot study, 88 of these items were retained for the major study. A total of1,346 respondents included 499 males, 818 females, and 29 of unidentified gender. These subjects represented the northern, central, and southern areas of Portugal. Tucker's coefficient of congruence was used to compare the four factors of the new Portuguese version with the four factors of the original English version of the TI. Results. Factor analysis of the Portuguese instrument yielded four factors which were clearly equivalent to the factors of the American version, that is choleric, sanguine, melancholic, and phlegmatic factors. However, 19 items did not load on any of these factors and were therefore dropped from the instrument. The final set of 56 items included 55 of the original 80 items of the American TI and one item which had been added by the researcher. Item analysis of each of these four scales indicated that each item had an adequate biserial correlation with the total scale of which it was a part. Reliability coefficients (KR-20) for these scales ranged from.7889 to.7964. As a result, a set of 69 items constituted the final instrument. The results indicate that the Portuguese version of the TI has a well-established reliability and both content and construct validity. Percentile rank norms were developed for each of the factors. A matter of concern was themarked negative skewedness of each of the four distributions. Conclusion. The Portuguese version of the TI is a valid and useful psychological device to assess the temperament of the people in mainland Portugal.
The Historical Development of Seventh-day Adventist Eschatology 1884-1895
Authors:   , McGarrell Roy ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

Problem and Purpose. The Millerite Movement foundered after the non-realization ofits expectation regarding the second advent of Christ in 1844. Of the groups that sprouted from the movement, the Seventh-day Adventist Church has grown globally in 145 years to become the largest and most influential. While Adventists kept key elements of the Millerite premillennialist eschatology, they added some unique features. For example, they added: a sanctuary theology concerning Christ's mediatorial ministry and His work in a heavenly pre-advent judgment, the "third angel's message" (announced in Rev 14:12), and other teachings including the "latter rain," the "loud cry," health-reform, the seventh-day Sabbath and its special end-time relevance and a related concept of the mark and image of the beast through which they interpreted the Sunday-law controversy of the 1880s and 1890s. The purpose of this study is to trace the development of Adventist eschatology from 1884 through 1895. To accomplish this purpose, three contextual factors have been treated: (1) national efforts to achieve Sunday legislation, (2) the doctrine of righteousness by faith that received a new emphasis in 1888, and (3) organized labor. Method. This study employed the historical/documentary method of research using published primary sources. Secondary sources were utilized only for background purposes. Conclusions. The findings show that two of the factors--righteousness by faith and organized labor--added new dimensions to Seventh-day Adventist eschatology. Prior to the period treated (1884-1895), obedience to the commandments was central in Adventist teaching in preparation for the second advent of Christ. During the period, however, a new emphasis was placed on faith. Adventists now had a mature understanding of the "third angel's message" about those "that keep the commandments of God and the faith of Jesus" (Rev 14:12). With regard to organized labor, late nineteenth-century Adventists viewed the conflict between capital and labor as a crisis that presaged the second advent. As to Sunday legislation, even though it did not add new elements to Adventist eschatology, it did sharpen the focus of the eschatological beliefs already held by the denomination.
The Development of a Self-Esteem Protocol for Adults
Authors:   , Mauro Steven ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

Problem. Counseling researchers and practitioners studying the self-esteem construct have had difficulty conducting consistent assessments. Varying approaches have led to ambiguous findings and inconsistent client assessments. There was a primary need for combining a clearly defined self-esteem construct with accepted methods of assessing clients. The instrument containing the combined assessment techniques was identified as the Self Esteem Protocol. Methods. The preliminary phase of research consisted of developing 60 items for the Protocol by combining Maslow's self-esteem construct with acceptable assessment techniques. The items combined techniques by using a structured interview, test scores, and counselor observations. Six professional counselors previewed the items and made recommendations which facilitated Protocol development. Protocol evaluations were conducted with 128 members of the American Psychological Association, Division of Counseling Psychology. The 128 evaluators comprised three successive, random samples of 19, 58, and 51, respectively. Results. Three assessment techniques were effectively combined in the Protocol. Evaluations from the first sample indicated that 27 items were appropriate for the study. Evaluations from the second sample indicated that the 27 items were appropriate for study in combination with client information. Evaluations from the third sample indicated that counselors could use the Protocol to estimate a client's self-esteem. The third sample also provided information about the Protocol's potential utility with various types of counselors. Protocol validity was based on evaluator agreement about Protocol usage. Conclusions. This study was able to overcome validity hurdles by uniting theory and practice. Evaluation data demonstrated that the self-esteem construct was effectively utilized in the Protocol. The construct used in the Protocol does not represent all possibilities of self-esteem but rather commonalties accepted by the evaluators and consonant with theory.
Occupational Identity Assessment Among Middle and Late Adolescents
Authors:   , Melgosa Julian ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

Problem. Research on James Marcia's identity statuses has been directed toward the overall problem of identity, but not toward the specific area of occupational identity. The major purpose of this study was to develop and validate an instrument to assess Marcia1s Identity Statuses (Achievement, Moratorium, Foreclosure, and Diffusion) for the occupational area. In addition, the relationships of selected variables to these statuses were investigated. Method. Random class groups of students (N=417) from six selected high schools and colleges located in Michigan provided the data for this study. Items were created utilizing the criteria established by previous research and content validated by a group of experts. Responses were analyzed and measures of construct and concurrent validity were obtained. Also indexes of internal consistency and item discrimination were estimated. The effects of the variables sex, class level, employment situation, and parental financial dependence upon the scale scores were examined. Results. Four factors were identified for the four occupational identity statuses. They accounted for 49 percent of the total variance. Reliability coefficients were .87, .84, .72, and .70 for the Achievement, Moratorium, Foreclosure, and Diffusion scales, respectively. Concurrent validity coefficients were .79, .68, .38, and .43 for the scales, when correlated with a similar instrument. The study of the related variables revealed class and sex main effects. High-school students scored higher than college students on the Moratorium, Foreclosure, and Diffusion scales. Males scored higher than females on the Foreclosure and Diffusion scales. The study failed to identify main effects for the other two variables. Several simple effects were also significant. Conclusions. 1. Marcia's four-status theory was validated for the area of occupational identity. 2. The new instrument can objectively gather occupational identity data from a rather large group of subjects. 3. A developmental pattern in occupational identity which grows with grade level was observed. This could provide valuable information for parents and career counselors as they attempt to influence the students' career decisions. 4. Men probably need more help in consolidating their occupational identity than women do. 5. Holding part-time employment might not help female students (regardless of their class level) to accomplish occupational identity. 6. A high degree of parental financial dependence might exert a negative effect on the development of occupational identity development.
Feminine Values, Interpersonal Orientation, and the Evolution of the Female Identity in College Students
Authors:   , Robinson Barbara ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

Problem. The importance of interpersonal issues to female identity achievement has been noted by a number of researchers (e.g., Gilligan, 1982; Bardwick, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1979; Thorbecke & Grotevant, 1982). This study attempted to determine what degree of compatibility existed between higher degrees of identity resolution in females, and an interpersonal and values orientation reflecting a balance between self-achievement and mutually rewarding interpersonal achievements. It was hypothesized that the ideal balance represented by the concept of interdependence would be more closely related to higher identity scores than would autonomous self-achievement or traditional achievement-through-others. Method. The study was based on data collected from 247 female college students between the ages of 17 and 22. Students were sampled by a two-part questionnaire measuring values orientation and identity, and by a separate questionnaire measuring Schutz's (1966) three basic relationship areas of inclusion, control, and affection. Results. 1. Values orientation showed a tendency for identity scores to be higher, the more self-achieving the woman. 2. Interpersonal Orientation revealed significant differences on sexual identity among groups in the affection area. Interdependent students scored significantly higher than others. There were significant differences in all relationship areas among groups where dependent behaviors were implied. Persons indicating such behaviors had lower identity scores. 3. Females from all-female schools were higher on identity achievement than females from coeducational institutions. They were also significantly older. Conclusions and Recommendations. Scoring patterns deviated consistently from normal distributions. Sometimes reliability coefficients and point-multiserial correlation coefficients revealed a less than effective assessment of constructs with this population. These conclusions were reached: 1. The population studied was unique. 2. The results could not be generalized for the female adult population as a whole; however, for this group, autonomy appeared to be the preferred orientation for identity achieving students. 3. Attempts to measure abstract concepts with existing instruments may not be adequate, especially with females. Consequently, these recommendations are made: 1. The study should be replicated with a more representative adolescent female population. 2. Concepts of identity and interdependence need to be refined. 3. Efforts must be made to develop a comprehensive instrument to measure identity, based on sound psychological theories of women's development.
Evaluation of Clinical and Paraclinical Manifestations of Mushroom Poisoning: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors:   Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran., Mahmoudi Ghafarali , Hojat Bazrafkan Mohammad ,   Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran., Mahmoudvand Golnaz ,   Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran., Astaraki Peiman ,   Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran., Zare Soudabeh ,   Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran., Karimi Rouzbahani Arian ,   Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
Published: May 2023

Background: Mushroom poisoning is a major health condition with a wide range of clinical and paraclinical features. This study aimed at evaluating the frequency of clinical and paraclinical manifestations of mushroom poisoning in patients referred to Shahid Rahimi Hospital in Khorramabad, Iran, over a one-year period (2018-2019). Methods: The data collected were associated with the clinical manifestations, age, sex, seasons, type of mushrooms, patients’ residence, latent phase, clinical and laboratory findings, length of hospital stay, interventions and the treatments. The underlying diseases were also recorded. After data collection, they were entered into SPSS software, version 18 and analyzed statistically. Results: 124 patients with a mean age of 36.65 years old were recruited into the study, 73 of whom were male and 51 female. The mean duration of the hospital stay was 2.19 days. The mean time elapsed between the consumption and the symptoms development was 4.42 hours. Similarly, the duration between the consumption and referral to the hospital was 4.72 hours. Most cases occurred in the spring (91.1%). The most common clinical signs in the poisoned subjects were nausea and vomiting (81.5%). The most therapeutic medications were Livergol (48.4%) and Atropin (33.1%), and most subjects had consumed mushrooms grown in the nature (79.8%). One person died because of the poisoning (0.8%). Conclusion: A large majority of the patients developed nausea and vomiting, whom were treated with drugs, but one patient died. People should be aware of, warned againt, and educated about the types of mushrooms before consumption.
A Novel Electrodialysis Membrane, Modified by Polydopamine and Carbon Nanofibers, Removes Toxic Heavy Metal Ions From Wastewaters
Authors:   Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak, Iran., Seidypoor Amin , Joudaki Ezzatollah ,   Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak, Iran., Bandehali Samaneh ,   Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak, Iran., Solhi Sadra ,   Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran., Solhi Hassan ,   Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran., Hosseini Sayedmohsen ,   Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak, Iran.
Published: May 2023

Background: In light of severe and growing shortages of clean water and the rising environmental pollution in many countries, seawater desalination has been an effective method to produce freshwater. Cationic membranes have enabled environmental scientists to effectively remove toxic heavy metals from wastewater and to regenerate freshwater. Methods: We used a novel method, involving electro- and physico-chemical membranes to successfully remove toxic heavy metal ions (copper & chromium) from wastewater samples. Specifically, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, surface wettability, flux, selectivity and electrical resistance measurements were applied to conduct this study. Results: The obtained results illustrated relatively uniform foaming of the modified membranes. Also, electron microscopic images indicated almost even distribution of the particles. The dada indicated that applying polydopamine layer and incorporating nanofibers in monomer solution caused surface hydrophilic enhancement. Also, increased carbon nanofibers loading ratio to 0.07% raised the ionic flux. The data also showed a higher capacity in the modified membranes for the removal of copper and chromium ions from the wastewater samples. Although the surface modified membranes displayed a higher flux and lower permselectivity to some extents, utilizing nanoparticles led to a steady trend of ion elimination. Generally, carbon nanofibers incorporation to the membrane surface modified samples up to 0.1% weight, resulting in nearly a constant areal electrical resistance. Conclusion: The novel method developed by this study is an excellent candidate with high potential for the removal of toxic heavy metal ions from wastewater samples.
Rhabdomyolysis and Aminotransferase Activity Due to Acute Intoxication With Psychotropic and Chemical Substances
Authors:   Faculty of Medicine, University Clinic for Toxicology, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia., Babulovska Aleksandra , Chaparoska Daniela ,   Faculty of Medicine, University Clinic for Toxicology, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia., Velikj-Stefanovska Vesna ,   Institute of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia., Simonovska Natasha ,   Faculty of Medicine, University Clinic for Toxicology, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia., Pereska Zanina ,   Faculty of Medicine, University Clinic for Toxicology, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia., Berat-Huseini Afrodita ,   Faculty of Medicine, University Clinic for Toxicology, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia., Kostadinoski Kristin ,   Faculty of Medicine, University Clinic for Toxicology, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia., Naumoski Kiril ,   Faculty of Medicine, University Clinic for Toxicology, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia.
Published: May 2023

Background: Rhabdomyolysis is caused by the release of enzymes from skeletal muscles into the blood, which leads to systemic complications with diverse etiologies. This study evaluated the serum aminotransferases in patients with rhabdomyolysis following acute intoxication with either psychotropic drugs or other chemical agents. Methods: This study randomly recruited 140 patients suffering from rhabdomyolysis. They were divided into two groups affected by either psychotropic drugs or chemical agents. Rhabdomyolysis was defined as having serum creatine kinase (CK) levels greater than 250 U/L, based on the poisoning severity score. Results: On day 1, the CK/AST correlation was significantly stronger in the psychotropic than the chemical group (P=0.0009). On day 5, patients in the psychotropic group had significantly higher AST (P=0.0138) and ALT (P=0.0129) than those poisoned with other chemicals. The difference in the strength of the CK/ALT correlation between the two groups was insignificant. Between the two groups, the differences between the CK levels and the following serum parameters were insignificant: Alkaline phosphatase; gamma-glutamyl transferase; prothrombin time; total bilirubin; and albumin. Conclusion: The elevated aminotransferases in patients with rhabdomyolysis due to acute psychotropic toxicity might have resulted from the skeletal muscle injury rather than hepatotoxicity. In rhabdomyolysis patients poisoned with other chemicals, the elevated serum aminotransferases are likely due to liver toxicity arising from the consumed substances. These patients are likely to manifest clinically severe long-term multi-organ failure. Intoxications with typical agents, such as herbicides, petroleum distillates, and corrosives were responsible for the rhabdomyolysis in the second group.
Comparison of Sleep Quality in Pregnant Women With Preeclampsia and Control: A Case-Control Study
Authors:   Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran., Niazi Azin , Moradi Maryam ,   Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, Mazloomi Ehsan ,   Health Management and Economics Research Center, Health Management Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Published: May 2023

Background and Aim Preeclampsia is a common complication of the second half of pregnancy. Sleep disorders can cause high blood pressure by causing oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. Therefore, the present study was performed to determine the relationship between sleep disorders and preeclampsia. Methods & Materials This is a case-control study that was performed on 240 women referred to the affiliated university hospitals in Mashhad. Sampling was performed in the case group of hospitalized women with a definite diagnosis of preeclampsia (n=90) and in the control group (n=150) among pregnant women without preeclampsia referred to the obstetrics clinic. Data collection tools included demographic information questionnaire and gynecological/obstetric records, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Questionnaire and clinical evaluation form to determine the symptoms and severity of preeclampsia. Data analysis was performed using SPSS statistical software (version 22) and Mann-Whitney, Chi-square and Fisher tests. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Ethical Considerations The present paper is the result of a research project approved by the Vice-Chancellor for Research of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.MUMS.NURSE.REC.1397.042). Results The mean amount of real sleep at night in the group of healthy individuals (8.4±2.3) was significantly higher than patients (8.0±‌2.2) (P‌=‌0.028). In terms of loud snoring, waking up in the middle of the night was most frequent in the affected group (P‌<0.001). There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of sleep quality score level (P‌<0.001) based on logistic regression test in women with severe sleep problems at risk of preeclampsia (P‌<0.001, 95% CI 2.9-42.2, OR‌: 11‌/‌11) (11/11) was equal compared to healthy women. Conclusion The present study showed that sleep disorders in pregnancy are associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia.
Identification and Prioritization of Factors Affecting Knowledge Concealment By Managers in Guilan University of Medical Sciences by AHP Hierarchical Method
Authors:   Astara Azad University, Astara, Iran., Akbarzadeh Fereshteh , Baghersdalimi Saeed ,   Astara Azad University, Astara, Iran., Kargarshahamat Bahman ,   Astara Azad University, Astara, Iran.
Published: May 2023

Background and Aim Hiding knowledge in the organization is a new topic in the field of knowledge management. The purpose of this study is to identify and prioritize the factors affecting knowledge concealment by managers in Guilan University of Medical Sciences by AHP hierarchical method. Methods & Materials The research is applied in terms of purpose and based on a qualitative-quantitative approach. The statistical population of the study included philosophical experts in the field of management and experimental experts of the University of Medical Sciences who were selected as a sample by purposive sampling method and snowball technique until the theoretical saturation was reached. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview. After enumerating the indicators affecting knowledge concealment and then by hierarchical analysis (AHP) method and using Expert Choice11 software, the identified factors were prioritized. Ethical Considerations In this research, prior to interviewing the experts, written consent was received from them regarding the confidentiality of the research (Code: IR.IAU.LIAU.REC.1401.002). Results The research findings showed that among the 7 effective factors considered by experts, the power-seeking factor has the greatest impact on knowledge concealment by managers in the University of Medical Sciences and emotional intelligence has the least weight or importance. Conclusion Accordingly, by reducing power-seeking, in addition to creating a transparent and reliable atmosphere, it is possible to establish knowledge sharing in the University of Medical Sciences.
Feeding Patterns in One-year-old Children Referred to Urban and Rural Health Care Centers in Rafsanjan City in 2017
Authors:   Health Care Centre, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran., Hajizadeh Farzaneh , Ebrahimi Fatemeh ,   Health Care Centre, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran., Tabatabaei Seyed Zia ,   Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
Published: May 2023

Background and Aim The early years of life are the most critical stage in the growth and development of children. While the optimal development of children depends on a complex set of factors, the pattern of breastfeeding and complementary feeding of infants is of undeniable importance. Therefore, the present study conducted to investigate the factors related to the feeding patterns of one-year-old children referred to healthcare centers in Rafsanjan city. Methods & Materials his descriptive study was performed on 600 mothers with one-year-old children under the auspices of healthcare centers in Rafsanjan city in 2017. Volunteered mothers with active health records were selected randomly. The required information was collected through a questionnaire containing demographic characteristics and questions related to the feeding of children and was analyzed by SPSS software, version 18. Ethical Considerations The Ethics Committee of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences (RUMS) approved the present study (Code: IR.RUMS.REC.1396.179). Results About 95% of mothers participating in this study started breastfeeding their children up to one hour after delivery, but 56.7% of them completed breastfeeding by one year of age. The results show that most mothers had started supplemental feeding with two or three spoons in each meal, and about 90% of them followed the health worker's advice. Also, the most important reasons for feeding children with powdered milk are disorders in the child's development (34%), inadequate breast milk (17%), maternal disease (14%), do not take the mother's breast (11%) and children being twins (8%). Conclusion Despite face-to-face training for mothers in health care centers for feeding their children, still there are some difficulties in commencing complementary feeding and its continuation. Therefore, need for more health and nutrition education regarding the best ways for feeding children to mothers by personnel of Rafsanjan health care centers.
Comparison of the Effectiveness of "Cognitive Behavioral Therapy" and "Acceptance and Commitment Therapy" on Sexual Function in Postmenopausal Women
Authors:   Department of Midwifery, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran, Rostamkhani Fatemeh , Ghamari Mohammad ,   Department of Counseling, Abhar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babakhani Vahideh ,   Department of Counseling, Abhar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Merghati Khoei Effat Sadat ,   Iranian National Center of Addiction Studies, Institution of Risk Behaviors Reduction, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Published: May 2023

Background and Aim Sexual function is an important part of menopausal women's lives, and changes in it, especially during menopause, can affect their health. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on the sexual function of postmenopausal women. Methods & Materials This research was a quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and follow-up design with control group. The statistical population of the study included postmenopausal women who referred to Zanjan Health Center in 2020 to receive services. Among them, 45 were selected using the available sampling method and were randomly assigned to three groups of 15, and control group using randomly assigned block allocation method. Therapeutic sessions were held in 8 sessions and each session was held for 2 hours. Data were collected by FSFI (Female Sexual Function Index) and were analyzed using ANOVA with repeated measures analysis via SPSS software, version 24. Ethical Considerations This study was approved by the ethics committee of the Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.ZUMS.REC.1398.328). Results In the post-test and follow-up phase, there was a significant difference between both CBT and ACT methods compared to the control group in sexual function respectively (P<0.05, F=17.857), (P<0.05, F=12.115). That is, treatment with CBT and ACT improved the sexual function of postmenopausal women, which had a lasting effect for three months, and there was no significant difference between the groups involved in sexual function (P>0.05, F=0.494). Conclusion Cognitive-behavioral therapy and acceptance-based therapy have improved sexual function in postmenopausal women, so it is recommended that these therapies be used to improve the sexual function of postmenopausal women in health centers.
The Relationship of Pragmatic Language Competency and Self-Esteem in Hearing-Impaired Children
Authors:   Speech Therapy Department, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran., Salehi Sousan , Tarameshkou Maryam ,   Speech Therapy Department, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Mirahmadi Saeed ,   Speech Therapy Department, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran., Hashemnia Saghar ,   Student Research Committee, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran., Hassansheikhi Milad ,   Student Research Committee, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
Published: May 2023

Background and aim: It is suggested that hearing impaired children with hearing aids and cochlear implant, showed poor pragmatic abilities. Pragmatic is the most related language component to social interaction. Further, it has effect on personality development and self-esteem. The main aim of the present study is investigating the relationship between pragmatic abilities and self-esteem in hearing impaired children. Materials and methods: sixty hearing impaired children with hearing aids or cochlear implant were included into this study according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Then parents or other caregivers were asked to fulfill Children’s Communication Checklist (CCC) and self-esteem questionnaire. The participants were divided into three groups based on hearing impairment severity, including: severe, moderate and mild. The relationship between pragmatic ability and self-esteem was examined in three groups and without considering categorization, by Pearson correlation coefficient, significant level was 0.05. Ethical considerations: This project is approved in Arak university of medical sciences with ethical registration code IR.ARAKMU.REC.1399.150. All parents gave written informed consent form. findings: the results illustrated that there is significant relationship between pragmatic abilities and self-esteem in all hearing impairment children without considering categorization (p<0.05). By considering categorization, significant relationship was showed in self-esteem and pragmatic abilities in moderate and mild groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: according to our analysis, pragmatic abilities and self-esteem are related. This relationship is more obvious in low severity impairment.
A Systematic Review of Genetically Challenging Changes of SARS-CoV-2 Variants; Escaping the Immune System and Vaccine Effectiveness
Authors:   Department of Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran, Sarvmeili Javad
Published: May 2023

Background and Aim So far, extensive research has been conducted on the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus and its disease in different regions of the world. The aim of these studies is to present practical findings and suggestions about more familiarity with the characteristics of this virus, including its structural and genetic characteristics, origin of genesis, evolution, genomic changes, biological cycle and pathological function, that can be used to adopt efficient strategies in controlling and treating the pandemic. Methods & Materials In order to perform genomic analysis, the complete sequence of the desired coronaviruses with accession numbers obtained from GenBank or GISAID was stored from databases such as NCBI and BV-BRC, and then the sequences were aligned with Workbench CLC Main software. In the next step, the phylogenetic tree was drawn by Neighbor-Joining method with 1000 repetitions (bootstrap) by MEGA X software and FigTree version 1.4.4 was used to display the tree more clearly. Ethical Considerations All ethical principles in writing this article have been observed according to the instructions of the National Ethics Committee and the COPE regulations. Results In the current study, mutations and the effect they may have on transmissibility, pathogenicity and vaccine effectiveness, molecular features, epidemiology and the place of emergence of coronaviruses, focusing on variant of concern (VOC) including alpha (B.1.1.7), beta (B.1.351), gamma (P.1), delta (B.1.617.2) and omicron (B.1.1.529) are presented. Conclusion The occurrence of mutations and continuous evolution have led to the rapid and simultaneous emergence of different variants, each of these changes can contribute to the escape of therapeutic methods such as neutralizing antibodies (Nab) and convalescent plasma, as well as reducing the effectiveness of vaccines. Therefore, increasing monitoring for documentation, understanding the spread of different lineages and more detailed study of these mutations in identifying variants and effectively dealing with them is of great importance.
Winter Names: Winters in Icelandic Annals
Authors: Jackson Tatjana N. ,   Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: May 2023

This paper entitled after the lyrical poem Winter Names by the Russian poet David Samoilov, is dedicated to winters as they are recorded in the Icelandic annals. The annals get a de-tailed description in this publication, based on the prefaces of the annals’ editors, a few arti-cles that deal with the annals, and the author’s own work with the material of the annals. As for the winters, they are quite often (at least once every eight years) mentioned in the an-nals: as cold, frosty, severe, with much or little snow, with floods and glaciers, and occasion-ally as good ones. From the complete list given here – 48 mentions of winters in the annals for the period from the beginning of the 11th century to 1394 – six differ greatly, as winters referred to here have personal names: these are “Winter of the Club”, “Winter of the Cross”, “Winter of Hordes”, “Winter of Miracles”, “Winter of Human Deaths”, and “Jón’s Winter”. The first four names (their origin and meaning) have been deciphered by Halfdan Koht. This pa-per suggests an explanation of the fifth name. And the sixth one remains a mystery that the sagas are likely to have a solution to, as five of these six names have behind them a “literary” source.
СУЧАСНЕ РОЗУМІННЯ ПРАВ І СВОБОД ЛЮДИНИ ТА ЇХ МІЖНАРОДНО-ПРАВОВІ СТАНДАРТИ
Authors: ОРЛЕНКО Валентина
Published: May 2023

Автором досліджено що, на сьогоднішній день в Україні права та свободи людини – це основні принципи сучасного світового права, які забезпечують захист особистої гідності, свободи та прав людини від державних втручань і забезпечують можливість розвитку кожної особи. З’ясовано, що ці міжнародні стандарти передбачають, що кожна людина має право на життя, свободу від катування, рабства та інших форм приниження, свободу від насильства, свободу думки, совісті та релігії, свободу від дискримінації за будь-яким ознакам, право на працю, освіту та належне життя. Підкреслено, що у разі порушення прав та свобод людини, держави зобов’язані забезпечити доступні та ефективні механізми захисту. Ці механізми включають: національні суди, міжнародні органи контролю, такі як Міжнародний суд, Комітет ООН з прав людини та Європейський суд з прав людини. Визначено, що у сучасному світі важливо розуміти, що права та свободи людини є невід’ємною частиною нашого глобального співжиття. Вони допомагають забезпечити рівність, справедливість та демократію в різних країнах світу. Для досягнення цих цілей необхідно дотримуватися міжнародно-правових стандартів прав і свобод людини та забезпечувати доступні та ефективні механізми їх захисту.
KETERAMPILAN MENGAJAR GURU TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR EKONOMI
Authors: Murniwati Halawa, Rijal, Cita Ayni Putri Silalahi
Published: May 2023

Keterampilan dasar mengajar bagi guru diperlukan agar guru dapat melaksanakan perannya dalam pengelola proses pembelajaran, sehingga pembelajaran  dapat berjalan  secara efektif  dan efesien. Berdasarkan hasil observasi awal yang saya lakukan di SMK Negeri 1 Lolotua, di peroleh data bahwa kemampuan guru berbeda-beda, hal ini ditunjukan dari perbedaannya masih ada guru yang kurang terampil dalam menyampaikan pembelajaran. Dan diproleh data dari seorang guru mata pelajaran ekonomi disekolah tersebut, bahwa ditinjau dari segi kemampuan bahwasannya kemampuan siswa berbeda-beda. Perbedaan itu mengakibatkan hasil belajar yang bervariasi. Hipotesis penelitian ini adalah:“ada pengaruh keterampilan mengajar guru terhadap prestasi Belajar ekonomi  siswa  kelas XI  SMK Negeri  1 Lolotua  TA. 2021/2022. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa di Kelas XI SMK Negeri 1 Lolotua TA.2021/2022 berjumlah 355 siswa dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 50 orang (random sampling). Dari hasil pembahasan dan analisa data yang di peroleh ternyata terdapat pengaruh yang positif antara keterampilan guru mengajar terhadap prestasi belajar ekonomi kelas  XI SMK Negeri 1 Lolotua TA. 2021/ 2022. Dari  perhitungan  di bawah  menunjukkan  bahwa  besarnya  nilai  (hitung) adalah 3,26 sedangkan besarnya nilai t (tabel) n = 50 dan α = 0,05 adalah 2,011 dengan  demikian  rumusan  hipotesis  yang  telah  ditetapkan  dalam penelitian ini dapat di terima kebenarannya sebab t (hitung) > t (tabel), 3,26 > 2,011.
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGES IN THE NOVEL THE ADVENTURE OF TOM SAWYER BY MARK TWAIN
Authors: Nirmawati Dita Ainul , Kristiana Vera
Published: May 2023

Language was the medium of communication by which people can maintain their social relationships. It was impossible for people to live without socializing with others. Literature had many types in our daily life. Such as drama, novel, poetry, and novel. Language of literature worked had aesthetic element because literature was built by words. The figurative language had the implied meaning or we can say that the meaning of the figurative language was based on the context. Based on the results of the analysis in the novel “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” by Mark Twain, the researcher can conclude that it was found 10 types of figurative language in the novel. The result of this analysis showed that there were 10 types of figurative languages found in this novel were; simile, personification, metaphor, synecdoche, allegory, paradox, metonymy, hyperbole, symbol, understatement, and irony. The type of figurative language that did not existed in this novel was the apostrophe. The types of figurative language personification and hyperbole were dominantly used in this novel, the author wants to made the reader not bored reading the novel and to make the readers know clearly the character of the existing characters in the novel. By using hyperbole readers can clarified the character or personality of the characters. The researcher proposed suggestions for the readers and literary enthusiasts were able to understanded the study of figurative language in particular used of language as a tool for communication.
PSYCHOANALYSIS OF THE MAIN CHARACTER IN RAINBOW ROWELL’S FANGIRL
Authors: Harahap Novita Adelia , Melati Ningsih Ayu
Published: May 2023

The main objectives of this research are to find: 1) what are the personality of the main character in Freud's Psychoanalysis? and 2) what kind of conflicts are experienced by the main character. This study used descriptive qualitative method. This thesis discusses psychoanalysis developed by Sigmund Freud: id, ego and superego. This thesis also discusses the conflicts experienced by the main character: internal conflicts (related to the psychology of the main character) and external conflicts (related to other characters, society, nature or things outside of her).
KATNISS’S REBELLION IN THE SUZANNE COLLIN’S THE HUNGER GAMES NOVEL
Authors: Rizkya Balqis Shahna , Melati Ningsih Ayu
Published: May 2023

This study is propose to reveal find out what kind of rebellion the main character did. The purpose of this study is to analyze rebellion based on inhumanity. And to analyze the rebellion in the novel The Hunger Games (2008). Data collection is by regularly reading novels and understanding the contents of the novel, then finding some existing data. The theory used to analyze the data uses a behavioristic approach theory. After analyzing the data, several reasons and goals of Katniss as the main character in the novel were found in participating in the game event.
CODE MIXING USED IN THE ARTICLES OF ONLINE MEDIA NEWS KABAR MEDAN
Authors: Arianto Tiara , Sopha Diana
Published: May 2023

Code mixing is changing one language into another during a conversation or in a written or spoken text. The data used in this research is the article Kabar Medan 2021 edition as many as 35 articles. This study aims to find out how the form of code-mixing is found in news articles in Kabar Medan and to find the dominant type that appears in the articles under study. The method used is a qualitative method. In this study, the researcher used several steps to analyze the data, namely reading the article, identifying words related to the article in Kabar Medan and containing code mixing, classifying the types of code mixing, describing the data and finally making conclusions. The results of this study indicate that there are 3 types of code mixing based on the theory, namely (Insertion, Alternation, and Congruent Lexicalization). Researchers found 105 data, including insertion of 89 words, Alternation of 4 words, and Congruent Lexicalization of 12 words. Based on the calculation results, the researcher concludes that Insertion is the dominant type of code mixing that appears in the Kabar Medan news article.
AN ANALYSIS OF FEMINISM IN THE NOVEL THE GIRL WITH THE LOUDING VOICE BY ABI DARE
Authors: Saputri Gita , Harianto II Harianto II
Published: May 2023

The study analyses the forms of feminism by Abi Dare. The Girl with the Louding Voice tells about the experience of girl who is tough, strong and brave. She experienced exploitation, oppression and slavery in a patriarchal society and was able to resist them. This research shows the forms of feminism movement by women. The purpose of this study is first, to find out the types of feminism contained in the novel. Second, to find out the resistance shown in the novel. This study uses a structuralism approach by Ferdinand de Saussure. The method used is a qualitative descriptive method to analyse the data source is taken from the story quote in the novel The Girl with the Louding Voice by Abi Dare. The findings in this study are first, the types of feminism that occur in The Girl With The Louding Voice novel are liberal feminism, Marxist feminism, socialist feminism and existential feminism. Second, the resistance shown the novel The Girl With TheLouding Voice is closed resistance and open resistance.
WORD-FORMATION PROCESSES IN LOC’S SITE POEM: MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY
Authors: Sembiring Rifky Sultan Nico , Syahputra M. Handika , Raudah Raudah , Nurmala Dewi
Published: May 2023

This study aims to find out the processes of word formation in ten poems in the LOC’s Site Poem. Word-formation processes is the study in morphology. The method used is qualitative research. The data are from the ten poems in the LOC’s Site Poem. The results of the study are that there are 193 (one hundred and ninety three) data found in the LOCs Site Poem. The affixation process including inflectinal and derivational process by 87.56% (eighty seven point five six percent), compounding process by 9.84% (nine point eight four percent), and acronym by 2.07%(two point oh seven percent). The dominant word formation process appear is affixation of inflectional process. The compounding is the combination of noun plus noun and adjective or adverb plus noun.
TEACHING ENGLISH WORD FORMATION PROCESS USING ATTRACTIVE MEDIA
Authors: Kristiana Vera , Sopha Diana
Published: May 2023

The purpose of this study is to explain the importance of learning media in delivering material in class. Learning media has a major role in the smooth running of the learning and teaching process. Especially during the Covid 19 pandemic yesterday, lecturers thought hard about how to maximize learning even in difficult situations. One solution is to find interesting and attractive learning media especially for teaching course material that students find difficult. One such material is about the process of word formation in English which contains various theories in it. Media that is considered attractive for teaching this material is vlogs. A vlog is a video uploaded by someone on YouTube so that anyone can see it anytime and anywhere as long as they have an internet connection to access it. Students are able to watch the explanation of the material repeatedly so that they become increasingly aware of the material. This research is using experimental method. Before the research was carried out, the sample was determined to be the subject of this study. After the sample is obtained, the researcher tests the research instrument to find out whether the instrument is valid and reliable or not. Furthermore, pre and post tests were carried out to collect research data. Data were analyzed with statistics and then conclusions were drawn.
Klasifikasi Kematangan Buah Mangga Madani Berdasarkan Bentuk Dengan Jaringan Syaraf Tiruan Metode Perceptron
Authors: Hermanto Laia Finis , Rosnelly Rika , Buulolo Karuniaman , Lase Mega Christin , Naswar Alvinur
Published: May 2023

Proses pendeteksian gambar secara otomatis merupakan bentuk dari kecerdasan buatan sehingga sistem dapat mengidentifikasi jenis gambar tertentu yang dikenal sebagai visi komputer. Mangga merupakan buah sesekali musiman yang memiliki banyak varietas namun beberapa jenis mangga memiliki bentuk yang hampir sama. Parameter pengenal yang diperoleh dari hasil ekstraksi ciri dapat dipadukan dengan teknik pengolahan citra digital sehingga terbentuk suatu sistem yang dapat mengklasifikasikan jenis mangga berdasarkan kematangan dari buah tersebut. Hal ini menyebabkan masyarakat keliru dalam memilih jenis kematangan buah mangga. Penentuan penamaman klasifikasi buah mangga madani dengan jaringan syaraf tiruan metode perceptron menggunakan software matlab. Pada penelitian ini data latih dan data uji yang digunakan masing-masing 40 citra buah mangga madani diantaranya 10 citra mentah, 10 citra cukup matang, 10 citra matang, dan 10 citra sangat matang. Pada proses data uji yang di hasilkan mendapatkan tingkat akurasi pengujian 50%.

 

Kata Kunci : Mangga, Jaringan Syaraf Tiruan, Matlab