bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Glioblastoma IDHwt Treatment: A Systematic Review
Authors: Baskaran Archit , Kozel Olivia , Venkatesh Omkar , Wainwright Derek , Sonabend Adam , Heimberger Amy , Lukas Rimas
Published: December 2024

Purpose: A glioblastoma (GBM) is a primary brain tumor with significant unmet therapeutic needs. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have marked therapeutic benefits in many different cancers but have yet to show benefit for most GBM patients in phase III trials. Methods: A systematic review querying ClinicalTrials.gov for prospective clinical trials investigating ICI in GBM between 1950 and July 2024 was performed. Search terms comprised 11 distinct ICIs. Data abstracted include clinical trial NCT numbers with study titles and status, enrollment information, interventions, and more. Clinical trial identifying information, interventions, and outcomes were extracted. Results: One hundred and seventeen clinical trials were identified; four were phase 3. Most involved PD-1 or CTLA-4 blockade as monotherapy or in combination with standard-of-care. The large, randomized trials included CHECKMATE 143, CHECKMATE 498, CHECKMATE 548, and NRG BN007. These showed no improvement in median overall survival or progression-free survival in unselected patients. Biomarker-directed analyses suggest that a subset of GBM patients may benefit. Conclusions: ICI for the treatment of GBM has not demonstrated clear evidence of efficacy thus far. This review serves as a quick reference of ICI trial results in GBM. Biomarker-driven patient selection and/or novel approaches to overcome resistance mechanisms remain areas of viable inquiry.
Emerging Radiotherapy Technologies for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Challenges and Opportunities in the Era of Immunotherapy
Authors: Kut Carmen , Quon Harry , Chen Xuguang Scott
Published: December 2024

Radiotherapy (RT) is an integral component in the multidisciplinary management of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Significant advances have been made toward optimizing tumor control and toxicity profiles of RT for HNSCC in the past two decades. The development of intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and concurrent chemotherapy established the standard of care for most patients with locally advanced HNSCC around the turn of the century. More recently, selective dose escalation to the most radioresistant part of tumor and avoidance of the most critical substructures of organs at risk, often guided by functional imaging, allowed even further improvement in the therapeutic ratio of IMRT. Other highly conformal RT modalities, including intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) and stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) are being increasingly utilized, although there are gaps in our understanding of the normal tissue complication probabilities and their relative biological effectiveness. There is renewed interest in spatially fractionated radiotherapy (SFRT), such as GRID and LATTICE radiotherapy, in both palliative and definitive settings. The emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionized the treatment of patients with recurrent and metastatic HNSCC. Novel RT modalities, including IMPT, SBRT, and SFRT, have the potential to reduce lymphopenia and immune suppression, stimulate anti-tumor immunity, and synergize with ICIs. The next frontier in the treatment of HNSCC may lie in the exploration of combined modality treatment with new RT technologies and ICIs.
The Enantiopure 1,2-Diphenylethylenediamine (DPEDA) Motif in the Development of Organocatalysts for Asymmetric Reactions: Advances in the Last 20 Years
Authors: Oljira Shilashi Badasa , De Angelis Martina , Sorato Andrea , Mazzoccanti Giulia , Manetto Simone , D’Acquarica Ilaria , Ciogli Alessia
Published: December 2024

1,2-Diphenylethylenediamine (DPEDA) is a privileged chiral scaffold being used in the construction of a broad variety of organocatalysts and ligands for enantioselective organic reactions. This molecule gave a significant contribution in the synthesis of structurally different bi/multifunctional organocatalysts. DPEDA played an essential role in the development of organocatalysts capable of yielding important information on the different reaction mechanisms, like enamine, iminium, hydrogen-bonding and anion-binding catalysis. The aim of the present review is to highlight and summarize the achievements reached in the last 20 years (2004–2024) in the chemistry of DPEDA-based organocatalysts for asymmetric synthesis.
Enhanced Performance of Ce Doping VW/Ti Catalysts for Synergistic Catalytic Removal of NOx and Chlorobenzene
Authors: Zhu Na , Yu Lingyu , Xu Pengpeng , Deng Yang
Published: December 2024

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) and chlorobenzene (CB) released during waste incineration and iron ore sintering pose significant threats to both the atmosphere and human health, necessitating effective control measures. Vanadium-based catalysts are commonly employed for the simultaneous control of NOx and CB; however, their catalytic performance requires further enhancement. In this study, the NH3-SCR activity and CB catalytic oxidation (CBCO) activity were significantly enhanced by doping the V10W/Ti catalyst with Ce. During the multi-pollutant control (MPC) reaction, the optimized 15CeV10W/Ti catalyst demonstrated NOx conversion approaching 100% and N2 selectivity exceeding 95% at temperatures between 210 and 450 °C. Additionally, it achieved CB conversion nearing 100% and CO2 selectivity above 80% at temperatures above 350 °C. These results were markedly superior to those of the conventional commercial 1%V2O5–10%WO3/TiO2 catalyst. Characterization studies indicated that the 15CeV10W/Ti catalyst possessed improved redox performance and more acidic sites. In the MPC reaction, the declined CBCO activity, compared to the CB separate oxidation, can be attributed primarily to the competitive adsorption of NH3 with CB. Conversely, the observed decrease in NOx conversion at lower temperatures was primarily due to the suppression of the oxidation of NO to NO2 by CB.
A Biorefinery Approach Integrating Lipid and EPS Augmentation Along with Cr (III) Mitigation by Chlorella minutissima
Authors: Choudhary Sonia , Tiwari Mansi , Poluri Krishna Mohan
Published: December 2024

The quest for cleaner and sustainable energy sources is crucial, considering the current scenario of a steep rise in energy consumption and the fuel crisis, exacerbated by diminishing fossil fuel reserves and rising pollutants. In particular, the bioaccumulation of hazardous substances like trivalent chromium has not only disrupted the fragile equilibrium of the ecological system but also poses significant health hazards to humans. Microalgae emerged as a promising solution for achieving sustainability due to their ability to remediate contaminants and produce greener alternatives such as biofuels. This integrated approach provides an ambitious strategy to address global concerns pertaining to economic stability, environmental degradation, and the energy crisis. This study investigates the intricate defense mechanisms deployed by freshwater microalgae Chlorella minutissima in response to Cr (III) toxicity. The microalga achieved an impressive 92% removal efficiency with an IC50 value of 200 ppm, illustrating its extraordinary resilience towards chromium-induced stress. Furthermore, this research embarked on thorough explorations encompassing morphological, pigment-centric, and biochemical analyses, aimed at revealing the adaptive strategies associated with Cr (III) resilience, as well as the dynamics of carbon pool flow that contribute to enhanced lipid and extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) synthesis. The FAME profile of the biodiesel produced complies with the benchmark established by American and European fuel regulations, emphasizing its suitability as a high-quality vehicular fuel. Elevated levels of ROS, TBARS, and osmolytes (such as glycine-betaine), along with the increased activity of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, GR, and SOD), reveal the activation of robust defense mechanisms against oxidative stress caused by Cr (III). The finding of this investigation presents an effective framework for an algal-based biorefinery approach, integrating pollutant detoxification with the generation of vehicular-quality biodiesel and additional value-added compounds vital for achieving sustainability under the concept of a circular economy.
Exploring the Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and Endothelial Dysfunction in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease
Authors: Madariaga Traconis Ana Paula , Uribe-Esquivel Misael , Barbero Becerra Varenka Julieta
Published: December 2024

The endothelium is a well known regulator of vascular homeostasis. Several factors can influence the balance of the bioavailability of active substances. This imbalance can lead to inflammation and, consequently, endothelial dysfunction, which is an underlying pathology in cardiovascular disease that commonly coexists with metabolic and chronic diseases such as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). In MASLD, a reduction in nitric oxide availability is observed, and as a result, hepatic stellate cells and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells are activated. Considering the extensive research dedicated to finding several targets with diagnostic and therapeutic effects, nuclear hormone receptors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors have been highlighted as being highly influential in the gut–liver–adipose axis and are considered potential regulators of metabolism and inflammation in several pathologies. Currently, PPAR agonists are widely explored in clinical trials and experimental studies. Agents such as lanifibranor, elafibranor, daidzein, and Icariin have shown promise in improving the metabolic, hepatic, and cardiovascular health of patients with MASLD. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in endothelial dysfunction and MASLD, exploring their mechanisms in disease progression and potential pharmacological targeting.
Harvesting Renewable Energy to Supply Power for Electric Buses
Authors: Awla Shwan Hussein , Philbin Simon P.
Published: December 2024

This research study addresses the challenges of extended charging times and limited ranges in electric vehicles by conducting a techno-economic analysis of integrating renewable energy technologies—solar modules, wind turbines, and piezoelectric materials—into double-decker electric buses in London, UK. Consequently, the empirical study evaluates the power output of renewable energy technologies through simulation modelling based on vehicle specifications and energy requirements, which is followed by numerical modelling to assess economic viability. Furthermore, CFD (computational fluid dynamics) modelling is undertaken to examine the performance levels of vehicular-mounted wind turbines. The solar modules are placed on the rooftop and sides of the bus, generating 15.9 kWh/day, and the wind turbine in the front bumper of the bus generates 8.3 kWh/day. However, the piezoelectric material generated only 22.6 Wh/day, thereby rendering this technology impractical for further analysis. Therefore, both the solar modules and wind turbines combined generate 24.2 kWh/day, which can increase the driving range by 16.3 km per day, resulting in savings of 19.36 min for charging at the stations. Investing in such projects would have a positive return as the internal rate of return (IRR) and net present value (NPV) are 2.8% and £11,175, respectively. The annual revenue would be £6712, and the greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction would be two metric tons annually. Electricity generation, the electricity generation rate, and the initial investment are identified as key factors influencing power outages in a sensitivity analysis. In conclusion, this numerical modelling study paves the way for experimental validation toward the implementation of renewable energy technologies on electric bus fleets.
Ascorbic Acid, Ascorbate, and Dehydroascorbic Acid as Green Corrosion Inhibitors: A Computational Investigation
Authors: Souza Bruno D. F. , Lage Mateus R. , Santos Adenilson Oliveira dos , Sousa Francisco Ferreira de , Gester Rodrigo , Stoyanov Stanislav R. , Andrade-Filho Tarciso
Published: December 2024

Ascorbic acid is widely used as an immunity-enhancing and antioxidant supplement for treating influenza and other virus-based illnesses. The lactone ring and the oxygenated groups make this system and derived structures attractive as possible environmentally friendly green corrosion inhibitors. Thus, we investigate the corrosion inhibition influence of ascorbic acid, ascorbate, and dehydroascorbic acid on the α-Fe(110) surface using density functional theory calculations. The adsorption, density of states, and charge transfer results indicate that dehydroascorbic acid is this series’s most potent corrosion inhibitor. The projected density of states near the Fermi energy reveals notable hybridization between the iron surface and dehydroascorbic acid adsorbed on it. The calculated structural, electronic, and energetic properties obtained in this work pave the way for understanding the corrosion inhibitory performance of the investigated systems.
Addressing the Unmet Need in Acne Management: A Novel Dermocosmetics Guideline Tailored to Asian Patient Subgroups
Authors: Kim Hei Sung , Ko Joo Yeon , Suh Dong Hye , Ryu Hwa Jung , Baek Eunsun , Cho Soyun
Published: December 2024

Acne, a commonly treated skin disease, requires control of one’s daily routine for an optimal outcome. As skincare products continue to advance, and with the introduction of dermocosmetics (active cosmetics, functional cosmetics, cosmeceuticals), it is necessary for clinicians to stay updated and give professional guidance. Following a literature review, a panel discussed and, using an online review process, explored the available acne dermocosmetics and convened to develop consensus statements on acne skincare incorporating patient- and treatment-related factors. Recommendations tailored to several distinct patient subgroups, namely, preadolescent acne, adolescent/adult acne, acne with comorbid atopic dermatitis, acne in pregnancy, drug-induced acne, and acne cosmetica, were generated to maximize the use of dermocosmetics in acne management. In adolescent and adult acne, products with active ingredients that mark key aspects of acne pathophysiology are called for; in atopics, agents which protect and restore the skin barrier are primarily considered; and in the preadolescent age group and pregnant and lactating women, the use of acne dermocosmetics should be prioritized as there are limited treatment options. While skincare alone is often sufficient for mild acne and for maintenance, adjunctive skincare can enhance treatment efficacy as well as patient adherence in various settings. This guideline seeks to offer insights into acne dermocosmetics and provide skincare recommendation tailored to Asian patient subgroups.
Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) for Reproductive Stage Salinity Tolerance in Rice
Authors: Sugasi Yamini Deepthi , Srivastava Akanksha , Badri Jyothi , Pandey Manish , Parmar Brajendra , Singh Arun Kumar , Kishor Polavarapu Bilhan Kavi , Tilatoo Ram
Published: December 2024

Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses that abate the yield of several crop species including rice. Several studies were conducted to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for traits associated with salinity tolerance, mostly at the seedling stage of crop growth. However, the reproductive stage of development is highly sensitive to salt stress, and hence, better QTLs must be developed. QTLs have been identified in the present study for salt tolerance of the reproductive stage in rice using recombinant inbred lines (RILs). Thirty-day-old rice seedlings of 184 RILs derived from a cross between a salt sensitive RP Bio226 (indica), and a salt-tolerant Jarava (indica), were used to identify QTLs linked to salinity tolerance in moderate (field) and severe (pot) stress conditions. One hundred polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to construct a genetic linkage map that covered a 1349.4 cm genome with an average distance of 13.5 cm between loci. Eighteen new QTLs [logarithm of odds (LOD) 2.5 and above] were identified on chromosomes 1, 2, 6, 10, 11, and 12 using composite interval mapping with the phenotypic variation explained by QTL (PVE) as high as >42% with an LOD value of 5.2. qYLSt-12 with an LOD of 2.8 and a phenotypic variance (PV) of 6.4%, flanked by RM27940-RM27971, was identified for yield in moderate stress conditions. The qSTR-2 detected for salinity tolerance on chromosome 2 with 8.9% of the PV is the most significant finding of the present research. No QTL for salinity component traits has been reported in the region of RM110-RM423. The other salinity trait QTLs identified are qSN-11, qSN-12 for Na+ concentration with a total PVE% of 13.9 and qSNK-12.1, qSNK-12.2 for the Na+/K+ ratio showing a total of 26.7% of the PV. The QTLs for yield component traits viz. plant height, panicle number, panicle length, and biomass were also identified in the present study. Previous studies reported QTLs for salinity tolerance in rice on chromosome 1 but none of the QTLs in our study were on qSaltol or nearby position; therefore, Jarava conferred salinity tolerance in RILs due to novel QTLs. Fine mapping of these novel QTLs is suggested and could be helpful to enhance the level of tolerance through marker-assisted selection for the pyramiding of different QTLs in one background.
A-Site Ion Doping in Cs2AgBiBr6 Double Perovskite Films for Improved Optical and Photodetector Performance
Authors: Wu Yuejia , Meng Yanpeng , Hu Qirun , Shen Songchao , Zhang Chengxi , Bian Ang , Dai Jun
Published: December 2024

Perovskite materials, as emerging semiconductors, have attracted significant attention for their exceptional optoelectronic properties, tunable bandgaps, ease of fabrication, and cost-effectiveness, making them promising candidates for next-generation optoelectronic devices. The all-inorganic perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6 distinguishes itself from other perovskite materials due to its remarkable optical absorption and emission properties, excellent stability, prolonged carrier recombination lifetime, and nontoxic characteristics. However, a deeper understanding of its unique luminescent properties and a further optimization of its structure and performance are still necessary. This study systematically investigates the optimization of Cs2AgBiBr6 double perovskite films through A-site Na+ doping. At an optimal Na+ doping concentration of 3.5% (Na0.07Cs1.93AgBiBr6), the film shows 1.4 times and 2.7 times enhancement in light absorption and photoluminescence intensity, compared to the undoped film. Low-temperature spectroscopy measurements indicate that Na0.07Cs1.93AgBiBr6 exhibits higher exciton binding energy and phonon energy. Based on Na0.07Cs1.93AgBiBr6, the photodetectors demonstrate significant performance improvements, with a high photocurrent response of 10−2 A, a photo-to-dark current ratio (PDCR) of 7.57 × 104, a responsivity (R) of 16.23 A/W, a detectivity (D*) of 2.92 × 1012 Jones, a linear dynamic range (LDR) of 98.75 dB, and a fast response time of 943 ms. This work provides a promising strategy for optimizing all-inorganic perovskite materials through doping and offers guidance for enhancing high-performance photodetectors.
Magneto-Structural Correlation in µ-Hydroxo-µ-Carboxylato Hetero-Bridged Dinuclear Oxidovanadium(IV) Complexes
Authors: Yoshida Ryo , Koikawa Masayuki , Tokii Tadashi
Published: December 2024

Hetero-bridged dinuclear oxidovanadium(IV) complexes, [(VO)2{HB(pz}3}2(μ-OH)(μ-O2CR)] [R = C2H5, 1; (CH3)3C, 2; (CH3)3CCH2, 3; Ph2CH, 4; Ph3C, 5; PhCH2CH2, and 6; {HB(pz)3}− = hydrotris(pyrazolyl)borate], were synthesized and characterized using X-ray crystallography, infrared spectroscopy, UV-VIS spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Structure analysis revealed that these complexes adopt a μ-hydroxo-μ-carboxylato hetero-bridged dinuclear structure. Magnetic measurements revealed ferromagnetic interactions (J ~ +20 cm−1) between two V(IV) ions.
Methimazole-Related Substances: Structural Characterization and In Silico Toxicity Assessment
Authors: Štefan Leo , Đilović Ivica , Saftić Martinović Lara , Vianello Robert , Čikoš Ana
Published: December 2024

The continuous tightening of pharmaceutical regulations forces drug manufacturers to unambiguously characterize the substances related to the active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). Here, we report the synthesis, complete spectroscopic, chromatographic, thermal and computational characterization, as well as in silico prediction of bacterial mutagenicity for two previously reported but never fully characterized impurities of methimazole. Additionally, their structures were analyzed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. 1-Methyl-(2-methylthio)-1H-imidazole also known as methimazole impurity C, was obtained mainly in the form of the iodide salt (C5H9IN2S) crystallizing in monoclinic space group P21/c. The disulfide (2,2′-disulphanylbis(1-methyl-1H-imidazole)), C8H10N4S2) was obtained in yellow form crystallizing in the monoclinic C2/c space group.
Spatial Distribution Patterns of Herbaceous Vegetation Diversity and Environmental Drivers in the Subalpine Ecosystem of Anyemaqen Mountains, Qinghai Province, China
Authors: Dong Zihan , Liu Haodong , Liu Hua , Chen Yongfu , Fu Xinru , Xia Jiajia , Ma Yongshou , Zhang Ziwei , Chen Qiao
Published: December 2024

Understanding the spatial distribution of herbaceous vegetation is critical for assessing how biodiversity may respond to climate change, particularly in high-elevation ecosystems. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China is a hotspot of biodiversity research in the world, and the relationship between plant species distribution in alpine communities and topography and soils is understudied in the Anyemaqen Mountains in the northeast of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. This study investigates the patterns of α and β diversity of herbaceous plants and their key environmental drivers in the subalpine ecosystem of the Anyemaqen Mountains on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Data on vegetation and environmental variables were collected across a gradient of 10 elevations ranging from 3600 to 4600 m during the 2021 growing season. Statistical analyses, including one-way ANOVA, redundancy analysis (RDA), and Monte Carlo significance tests, revealed significant differences between sunny and shady slopes in species composition and diversity. Species richness decreased with increasing elevation on sunny slopes, while the reverse trend was observed on shady slopes. Elevation and gradient were the most influential factors in both slope aspects, while soil thickness was significant on shady slopes. These findings contribute to understanding the environmental mechanisms that regulate biodiversity in alpine ecosystems and provide valuable insights for formulating conservation strategies in response to climate change.
Keystone Species and Driving Factors of Artificial Grassland on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, China
Authors: Xing Yunfei , Shi Jianjun , Ma Yuan , Ou Weiyou , Liu Qingqing , Lyu Liangyu , Zhang Hairong , Cai Zongcheng
Published: December 2024

In order to investigate the characteristics and driving factors of keystone species change in vegetation communities, we conducted a network analysis to analyze the complexity of grassland plant communities and keystone species. We conducted a study with six plots of degraded grassland, intact grassland, and various ages of artificial grassland. We systematically analyzed the characteristics of vegetation community and soil physical–chemical properties under different treatments. Our findings revealed that the 5-year-old artificial grassland exhibited lower biodiversity, as indicated by a Shannon–Weiner index of 1.70 and a Pielou’s evenness index of 0.72. In comparison to the degraded grassland, soil organic carbon and nitrate nitrogen levels in the 5-year-old artificial grassland increased by 22% and 13%, respectively, while soil density decreased by 9%. However, despite the relatively stable plant community in the 21-year-old artificial grassland, it had not fully recovered to the level of natural grassland due to the complexity of the plant community and the shift in keystone species. Therefore, it is crucial to consider the impact of soil bulk density and nutrient levels on the complexity of the plant community when restoring degraded alpine meadows through the establishment of artificial grassland.
Comparing Different Data Partitioning Strategies for Segmenting Areas Affected by COVID-19 in CT Scans
Authors: Oliveira Anne de Souza , Costa Marly Guimarães Fernandes , Costa João Pedro Guimarães Fernandes , Costa Filho Cícero Ferreira Fernandes
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: According to the World Health Organization, the gold standard for diagnosing COVID-19 is the Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) test. However, to confirm the diagnosis in patients who have negative results but still show symptoms, imaging tests, especially computed tomography (CT), are used. In this study, using convolutional neural networks, we compared the following topics using manual and automatic lung segmentation methods: (1) the performance of an automatic segmentation of COVID-19 areas using two strategies for data partitioning, CT scans, and slice strategies; (2) the performance of an automatic segmentation method of COVID-19 when there was interobserver agreement between two groups of radiologists; and (3) the performance of the area affected by COVID-19. Methods: Two datasets and two deep neural network architectures are used to evaluate the automatic segmentation of lungs and COVID-19 areas. The performance of the U-Net architecture is compared with the performance of a new architecture proposed by the research group. Results: With automatic lung segmentation, the Dice metrics for the segmentation of the COVID-19 area were 73.01 ± 9.47% and 84.66 ± 5.41% for the CT-scan strategy and slice strategy, respectively. With manual lung segmentation, the Dice metrics for the automatic segmentation of COVID-19 were 74.47 ± 9.94% and 85.35 ± 5.41% for the CT-scan and the slice strategy, respectively. Conclusions: The main conclusions were as follows: COVID-19 segmentation was slightly better for the slice strategy than for the CT-scan strategy; a comparison of the performance of the automatic COVID-19 segmentation and the interobserver agreement, in a group of 7 CT scans, revealed that there was no statistically significant difference between any metric.
Lung Ultrasound in Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Narrative Review of the Last 10 Years
Authors: Costa Federico , Titolo Annachiara , Ferrocino Mandy , Biagi Eleonora , Dell’Orto Valentina , Perrone Serafina , Esposito Susanna
Published: December 2024

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a common and potentially life-threatening condition in preterm infants, primarily due to surfactant deficiency. Early and accurate diagnosis is critical to guide timely interventions such as surfactant administration and respiratory support. Traditionally, chest X-rays have been used for diagnosis, but lung ultrasound (LUS) has gained prominence due to its non-invasive, radiation-free, and bedside applicability. Compared to chest X-rays and CT scans, LUS demonstrates superior sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing RDS, particularly in identifying surfactant need and predicting CPAP failure. Additionally, LUS offers real-time imaging without radiation exposure, an advantage over other modalities. However, its broader adoption is limited by challenges in standardizing training, ensuring diagnostic reproducibility, and validating scoring systems, especially in resource-limited settings. This narrative review aims to evaluate the role of LUS in the diagnosis and management of neonatal RDS over the past decade, focusing on its clinical utility, scoring systems, and emerging applications. We reviewed the literature from 2013 to 2023, focusing on studies evaluating LUS’ diagnostic accuracy, scoring systems, and its potential role in guiding surfactant therapy and predicting CPAP failure. Despite its benefits, addressing the variability in operator expertise and integrating artificial intelligence to enhance usability are crucial for ensuring LUS’ efficacy across diverse clinical environments. Future research should prioritize standardizing training and scoring protocols to facilitate wider implementation and optimize neonatal respiratory care outcomes.
Postoperative Imaging of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors in the Extremity: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Lee Seul , Joo Min , Kim Jee-Young , Bernthal Nicholas
Published: December 2024

Postoperative imaging of musculoskeletal tumors poses a significant diagnostic challenge for radiologists. The complexity arises from the need to differentiate between expected postoperative changes, potential complications, and local recurrence. The choice of imaging modality depends on the type of primary tumor. Standard radiological modalities such as radiography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are widely utilized. Radiography and CT are especially valuable for assessing primary bone tumors, as they provide detailed views of bone structures and alignment, as well as revealing postoperative complications. MRIs are particularly effective for evaluating soft tissue tumors and identifying local recurrences due to its superior soft tissue contrast. The advanced imaging techniques, such as diffusion-weighted imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, have significantly improved diagnostic accuracy in detecting tumor recurrence. An in-depth understanding of surgery-specific imaging findings, as well as the ability to detect recurrent disease, is crucial for early diagnosis of complications and improved patient outcomes. Familiarity with normal postoperative changes helps radiologists distinguish them from abnormal findings indicative of complications or tumor recurrence. This review article aims to outline the surgical options for musculoskeletal tumors, detail the various imaging techniques used in postoperative surveillance, and discuss the potential complications. By understanding the role of different imaging modalities and their applications associated with various surgical procedures, clinicians and radiologists can provide accurate and timely diagnoses.
Diagnosis of Multiple Organ Dysfunction in Neonates with Hypoxic–Ischemic Encephalopathy: Vasoactive Inotropic Score, Renal Score, Fibrosis-5 Index and Lactate/Albumin Ratio
Authors: Kaya Başak , Akduman Hasan , Dilli Dilek , Ünsal Nilden , Fettah Nurdan Dinlen , Zenciroğlu Ayşegül
Published: December 2024

Background: Vasoactive inotrope score, renal score, fibrosis-5 index, and lactate-albumin ratio have not been investigated before in determining multiple organ dysfunctions accompanying infants with hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). The aim of this study was to determine whether multiple organ dysfunctions that may accompany HIE in infants are correlated with vasoactive inotrope score (VIS), renal score (RS), fibrosis-5 index (FIB-5), and lactate-albumin ratio (LAR), and whether these parameters can predict morbidity and mortality. Methods: This is a retrospective study, and 106 newborns diagnosed with HIE and treated with hypothermia were included in the study. Vasoactive inotrope score for cardiac dysfunction, renal score for renal dysfunction, fibrosis-5 index, and lactate/albumin ratio for hepatic dysfunction were evaluated. Results: We found that the vasoactive inotrope score, renal score, fibrosis-5 index, and lactate-albumin ratio values of infants diagnosed with HIE are associated with cardiac, renal, and hepatic dysfunction. These values, calculated on the 2nd postnatal day, are particularly linked to prolonged hospital stay and mortality, which are key prognostic factors. Conclusions: Our study is the first to combine vasoactive inotrope score, renal score, fibrosis-5 index, and lactate-albumin ratio parameters in determining organ dysfunction in newborns with hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy and to reveal their prognostic and mortality prediction values. Therefore, although it offers new perspectives, new studies are needed.
Long-Term Visual Field Progression in X-Linked Retinitis Pigmentosa Patients
Authors: Steensberg Alvilda Hemmingsen , Al-Hamdani Sermed , Hansen Michael Stormly , Klefter Oliver Niels , Bertelsen Mette , Hamann Steffen
Published: December 2024

We present an image that illustrates long-term visual field progression in patients with X-linked retinitis pigmentosa (XLRP) due to the retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator (RPGR) and retinitis pigmentosa 2 protein (RP2) gene variants. Longitudinal data from 84 genetically confirmed XLRP patients were collected from the Danish Retinitis Pigmentosa Registry, spanning the years 1948 to 2014. A visual field summation image revealed the characteristic pattern of retinal degeneration and visual field preservation in XLRP.
Vitamin D and Calcium—An Overview, Review of Metabolism, and the Importance of Co-Supplementation
Authors: Burns-Whitmore Bonny , Froyen Erik , Isom Kellene
Published: December 2024

Vitamin D is a conditionally essential fat-soluble vitamin found in foods such as fish; fish oil; egg yolks; animal fats; some mushroom varieties; and fortified foods such as cheese, margarine, milk, infant formula, and some ready-to-eat cereals. Calcium (Ca) is found in milk, cheese, canned fish, ready-to-eat cereals, milk substitutes, dark green leafy vegetables, and sports drinks. There are more than fifty metabolites of vitamin D. Vitamin D participates in immune regulation, apoptosis induction, insulin secretion, inflammation, cell differentiation, calcium balance and regulation, bone mineralization, and phosphorus homeostasis. Ca is an essential macro-mineral involved in bone and teeth matrices, strength, and hardness; muscle and cardiovascular movement; neurological messaging; and in the release of hormones. Peer-reviewed journal articles were accessed from the search engine PubMed. The authors reviewed the references in the peer-reviewed journal articles, websites, and review articles if the authors proposed a new theory or mechanism. Vitamin D and Ca have important relationships; therefore, many factors may impede or interfere with the body’s ability to absorb or utilize vitamin D and or Ca and may result in low or excessive levels of each. Additionally, genetic/medically related absorption issues and low intake may also result in deficiencies. This review discusses the introduction of each, their functions, absorption, somatic transportation, the relationship between vitamin D and Ca, and recommendations and supplementation strategies if available.
Challenges in the Management of a Calvarial Defect in an NF1-Patient
Authors: Abbas Imane , Behnan Jinan , Dubey Abhishek , Liriano Genesis , Tepper Oren , Kobets Andrew J.
Published: December 2024

Background: Calvarial defects in NF1 are rare and lack standardized management guidelines. This study seeks to shed light on calvarial defects in NF1 patients with extensive skull erosion. Methods: This case report focuses on clinical and radiological presentations and surgical interventions during six years of follow-up, comparing the results with those in the literature. Results: A five-year-old female with NF1 disease was diagnosed with a spontaneous calvarial defect in the occipital region and an arachnoid cyst underneath. The lesion enlarged progressively over the years and at the age of nine, she underwent her first surgery. Our surgery team performed a cranioplasty using a split-thickness bone graft harvested from the parietal bone after cyst decompression. Two years later, she underwent revision surgery with a titanium mesh plate due to total resorption of the initial bone graft and unsuccessful closure of the large defect. Conclusions: Calvaria defects are a relatively unknown aspect of NF1, and no standard treatment exists. Their management requires a personalized approach, considering factors like lesion size, and the potential for multiple interventions throughout the patient’s lifetime. Due to their progressive nature and the possibility of additional lesions, long-term follow-up is crucial for effective monitoring and intervention planning.
Analysis and Evaluation of Aerodynamic Noise Characteristics of Toroidal Propeller
Authors: Wei Wei , Ma Yuanqing , Wei Shiyi , Wang Dongsheng , Guo Meng , Yan Qingdong
Published: December 2024

Toroidal propellers, a new type of drone propellers capable of significantly reducing noise, offer new possibilities for future low-altitude flying platforms. In this study, a numerical model was established to analyze the aerodynamic noise of the toroidal propeller under normal atmospheric conditions. The aerodynamic calculations for the toroidal and benchmark propellers were performed to obtain noise source information using a transient large eddy simulation. The hybrid computational aeroacoustic method was employed to calculate the noise spectrum at different speeds and locations. Moreover, an experimental system for propellers was designed and built within an anechoic chamber to investigate the aerodynamic performance and noise characteristics at various speeds. The noise reduction effect of the toroidal propeller compared to the benchmark propeller was analyzed, taking into account the sound pressure level, lift coefficient, and figure of merit. At the same thrust level, the lift coefficient of the toroidal propeller increased by 187% relative to the benchmark propeller. The radial and axial sound pressure levels decreased by 5.2 dB(A) and 19.6 dB(A), respectively. The toroidal propeller significantly reduced noise while improving aerodynamic performance. This study provides a theoretical basis, experimental methods, and data support for the aerodynamic and noise calculations of toroidal propellers. It has significant engineering implications for the development of low-noise propellers for drones.
Evaluating the Inclusion of Vocal Training in Spain’s Teacher Education: A Quantitative Analysis
Authors: Prados-Bravo Saray , González-Rodríguez Diego , Rodríguez-Esteban Agustín
Published: December 2024

The curricula of bachelor’s and master’s degrees in education should provide optimal tools for teaching practice. An analysis of these curricula in Spanish universities reveals a lack of vocal training. The aim of the present study is to determine whether vocal training in these courses leads to greater knowledge of vocal patterns and techniques, which could lead to greater satisfaction and a lower tendency to abandon the profession. A descriptive–comparative and predictive quantitative study was carried out using an ex post facto, non-experimental, cross-sectional design. The sample consisted of 519 pre-school, primary, and secondary school teachers from all over Spain. The results have confirmed that there is a correlation between having received initial training in vocal hygiene and singing and a tendency to take additional courses in these areas. Furthermore, there is evidence that women and teachers with vocal disorders of the type studied are more aware of voice care in their profession. Finally, a lack of correlation was observed between the training received and the degree of knowledge about vocal health and hygiene. This suggests that both the quantity and quality of training in this area should be increased.
Teacher Candidates’ Perceptions of Peer and Instructor Feedback Through Video Annotations: Whose Advice Do They Prefer?
Authors: Okumu Michael Otieno , Lammert Catherine , Hargura Halkano Michael
Published: December 2024

Feedback literacy, defined as the ability to reflect on and implement constructive insights provided by others, is crucial for teachers’ professional growth. This study explores how Teacher Candidates (TCs) (n = 160) in an online reading methods course valued feedback on their teaching videos from peers versus instructors, leveraging communities of practice as the theoretical framework. This study examines TCs’ preferences and rationales for feedback sources in design/development research, a unique contribution to feedback research in teacher education. Using a concurrent mixed-methods approach, we analyzed TCs’ ratings of the quality of tagged comments on videos of their classroom instruction provided by both groups, and we analyzed the reasons they provided for their ratings. Results of the independent samples t-test revealed that the TCs rated instructor feedback significantly higher than peer feedback. Thematic analysis of the qualitative data identified factors such as feedback specificity, constructive criticism, timeliness, expertise, emotional support, and practical application as central to TCs’ feedback preferences. However, TCs also recognized aspects of peer feedback they found valuable, underscoring the potential benefit of structured feedback training to improve peer feedback effectiveness. These findings highlight the need for targeted feedback literacy development to help TCs maximize the benefits of both instructor and peer feedback.
Gender Differences in the Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence Chatbots in Higher Education: Characteristics and Consequences
Authors: Møgelvang Anja , Bjelland Camilla , Grassini Simone , Ludvigsen Kristine
Published: December 2024

Student gender differences in technology acceptance and use have persisted for years, giving rise to equity concerns in higher education (HE). To explore if such differences extend to generative artificial intelligence (genAI) chatbot use, we surveyed a large Norwegian HE student sample (n = 2692) using a fully mixed concurrent equal status design. Our findings show that men exhibit more frequent engagement with genAI chatbots across a broader spectrum of applications. Further, men demonstrate a heightened interest in genAI chatbots as tools and in their relevance to future career prospects. Women primarily utilize genAI chatbots in text-related tasks and express greater concerns regarding critical and independent thinking. Women also exhibit a stronger need to learn how to determine when it is wise to use and how to trust genAI chatbots. Consequences are discussed for the individual, society, and HE institutions in terms of social reproduction, diversity competence, and equitable teaching practices.
Designing a Digital Game for Chinese Character Learning: A Theory-Driven Practice Approach
Authors: Wang Tingting
Published: December 2024

Engaging students in Chinese character learning tasks poses significant challenges for instructional design, especially for learners from alphabetic language backgrounds, due to Chinese characters’ complex, morpho-syllabic structure. Traditional teaching methods, such as rote memorization and hand copying, have long dominated instruction but often result in limited task engagement. This study explores a gamified approach to teaching Chinese characters grounded in task engagement principles. Specifically, it examines how task engagement principles could be integrated into a digital game designed for beginner-level students on their understanding of Chinese character structure and engagement in learning tasks. The study details the development process and analyzes quantitative and qualitative data to assess students’ learning outcomes. Findings demonstrate that the Chinese character game significantly improves character recognition and student engagement, fostering collaborative learning and enhancing overall academic performance. This study highlights the importance of incorporating engagement-driven principles and a radical-driven approach into game-based language instruction, offering educators practical insights into creating effective educational tools that blend content with interactive and collaborative elements.
Design Oriented Analysis of Overhead Line Magnetic Energy Harvesters with Passive and Active Rectifiers
Authors: Abramovitz Alexander , Shvartsas Moshe , Kuperman Alon
Published: December 2024

The restructuring of the power grid calls for various energy harvesting technologies to power prospective remote electronic sensors, data loggers, and communication devices that could be installed at locations with restricted access. Magnetic energy harvesting stands out as a promising technology that is well suited for such applications while also being able to provide a significant amount of power. In this paper, a clamped-type overhead line magnetic energy harvester in configuration with passive and active rectifiers loaded with a constant voltage load is investigated. Here, an approximate piecewise linear model of the magnetic core is applied to represent the operation of the joint harvester–rectifier system. The main findings of this study include design-oriented analysis that easily lends itself to engineering applications. Based on the proposed analytical results, design guidelines are suggested to establish the key parameters of the harvester’s magnetic structure such as core size and number of secondary turns. Design examples are presented and verified using both simulation and experimental results. A good agreement of the results was found. The offered approach is simple and suitable for engineering purposes.
Clarifying the Differences Between the p/n-Type Definitions Based on Materials and Energy Levels
Authors: Zohar Moshe , Bykhovsky Dima , Hava Shlomo
Published: December 2024

Understanding the behavior of p-n junctions is fundamental in semiconductor physics and electronics engineering. Traditional teaching methods often focus on material-based definitions of p-type and n-type semiconductors by discussing doping. However, within the depletion region, an additional description is also applicable; this relates to the relative positioning of the energy, which depends on the energy discrepancy between the Fermi (Ef) and intrinsic Fermi (Ei) levels and is also based on carrier type. These two descriptions are at variance when describing the properties of the voltage drop and the energy band bending in the depletion regions of the p-n junction diode in equilibrium, and also when the doping is asymmetrical (Na≠Nd). Our experience teaching introductory semiconductor courses has revealed a lack of clarity regarding the behavior of the region types within the depletion region, which can, in turn, lead to confusion and hinder students’ understanding of the critical concept of voltage drop in the depletion region. This paper aims to underline the difference between the two descriptions above and propose specific terminology for the energy band-based definition in the depletion region; we suggest that instead of “n-type” and “p-type”, the terms “n-like” and “p-like” materials will be used. Further, building on the similarities in energy band bending and potential variations between p-n junctions and MOS capacitors, we suggest that studying the depletion region of p-n junctions can offer valuable insights into the formation and behavior of the inversion layer at the semiconductor surface of MOS capacitors.