bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
At a loss for birds: insularity increases asymmetry in seed‐dispersal networks
Authors: Schleuning Matthias , Böhning‐Gaese Katrin , Dehling D. Matthias , Burns Kevin C.
Published: November 2013

Aim

The decline of species richness with insularity is a well‐known pattern in ecology and biogeography. Despite recent progress, our understanding of the effects of insularity on other components of biodiversity, e.g. the diversity of species interactions, is still poorly developed. In this study, we investigated the effect of insularity on the structure of seed‐dispersal networks on a global scale.

Location

World‐wide.

Methods

We compiled a large dataset of seed‐dispersal networks (n = 28). We (1) compared the diversity (interaction evenness, complementary specialization) and asymmetry (web asymmetry, interaction strength asymmetry) of interactions between island and mainland networks, and (2) tested the effects of island area and isolation on the four network metrics.

Results

Neither measure of interaction diversity differed between islands and the mainland. In contrast, island networks were more asymmetric than mainland networks, due to a paucity of animal frugivores, especially birds. Both measures of network asymmetries were closely associated with island isolation, but were unrelated to island area. Patterns were consistent in analyses with and without non‐native plant and animal species.

Main conclusions

Because of the highly asymmetric structure of seed‐dispersal networks on islands, plant species on islands are highly dependent on particular animal species. These asymmetries probably arise from low rates of colonization and high rates of human‐caused extinction of frugivorous animals on isolated islands. Although interaction evenness and specialization were similar between islands and the mainland, additional work is needed to test whether high asymmetries will make island networks more vulnerable to future change and functional collapse.
First‐Principles Study of Hydrolysis Reaction Barriers in a Sodium Borosilicate Glass
Authors: Zapol Peter , He Haiying , Kwon Kideok D. , Criscenti Louise J.
Published: November 2013

Understanding of dissolution processes of borosilicate glasses can shed light on mechanisms of degradation of nuclear waste forms. We have simulated structure of sodium borosilicate glass using classical molecular dynamics and calculated reaction barriers for hydrolysis reactions on the glass surface using density functional theory. The results indicate that reaction barriers in acidic conditions for dissolution of B‐O‐B and B‐O‐Si bridges are greatly reduced compared with neutral and basic conditions. We suggest barriers for B‐O‐B and B‐O‐Si hydrolysis are considerably lower than for Si‐O‐Si hydrolysis in acidic and neutral conditions, but less so in basic conditions. Our results suggest that at the initial stage, B‐O‐Si hydrolysis might contribute to the change of dissolution mechanism observed experimentally at increasing pH values.
Family caregivers of adults with acquired physical disability:Thai case–control study
Authors: Lawang Wannarat , Horey Dell Elizabeth , Blackford Jeanine
Published: November 2013

This case–control study compares the health ofThai family caregivers of adults with acquired physical disabilities with others without similar responsibilities. To ascertain health perceptions, face‐to‐face structured interviews using theShortForm (36) were conducted with participants randomly selected from primary care units in easternThailand (150 in each group). Despite similar sociodemographic profiles, caregivers reported more health problems and harmful health behaviours. Mean scores for physical and mental health were significantly lower. Factors contributing to poorer health among both caregivers and controls were older age, low educational level, insufficient income and existing health problems. Additional factors for caregivers were gender, spousal or in‐law relationship, high dependency, long caregiving time, lack of previous experience and other caregiving responsibilities. This study identifies an urgent need for support to promote caregivers' health to enable them to maintain their vital role.
Improvement of SiC–Si/MAS Interface in the Joints via In Situ Synthesizing SiC Nanowires
Authors: Chu Yanhui , Li Hejun , Peng Han , Qi Lehua , Luo Huijuan , Xu Zhanwei
Published: November 2013

Improving the SiC–Si/MAS interface is essential for enhancing the SiC–Si/MAS joint strength. In this work, well‐dispersed SiC nanowires (NWs) were in situ synthesized at the SiC–Si/MAS interface in the joints as the anchors, which made the fracture feature of the joints change from SiC–Si/MAS interface fracture to MAS fracture, resulting in an obvious improvement of the shear strength. The results showed that the average shear strength of the joints was increased by 49% by in situ synthesizing SiC NWs, which was primarily attributed to the excellent interface anchoring effects of SiC NWs involving the interfacial bonding anchoring between SiC NWs and SiC–Si layer and the mechanical interlocking anchoring between SiC NWs with the junctions and the surrounding grains. This study may provide new insight into the anchoring mechanisms and suggest a new design methodology for nanowire joints, leading to improved joint strength.
Structure, Mechanisms of Reaction, and Strength of an Alkali‐Activated Blast‐Furnace Slag
Authors: Burciaga‐Díaz Oswaldo , Escalante‐García José Iván
Published: November 2013

This research examines the chemical activation of blast‐furnace slag pastes with alkaline solutions by means of various characterization techniques. Pastes were activated using sodium silicate solutions with modulus (Ms) of 0, 1, 1.5, 2, and Na2O at 5%, 10%, and 15%. Compressive strengths of up to 108 MPa were achieved for Ms = 1–1.5 after 720 d of curing at 20°C. The addition of Na2O > 10% resulted in the formation of hydrotalcite and carbonated pastes with low compressive strength. X‐ray diffraction, microanalysis of outer products (OP), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) results showed that the main reaction products in the activated cements with Ms = 1 and 5%Na2O had an average ratio Ca/Si = 0.71–0.9 and consisted of a mixture of two kinds of C–S–H; one similar to a 9 Å tobermorite‐type calcium silicate hydrate (Ca5Si6O16(OH)2 and other amorphous related to a cross‐linked structure of C–N–(A)–S–H gel. Both were intermixed with hydrotalcite and cross‐linked structures of silica gel.
Effect of Phase Structure on Sintering Behavior of Zirconia Nanopowders
Authors: Trunec Martin , Castkova Klara , Roupcova Pavla
Published: November 2013

Zirconia nanopowder compacts with comparable particle sizes and pore size distributions but different phase structures were prepared. The sintering behavior of monoclinic, tetragonal, and cubic zirconia nanopowders was directly compared. The densification and microstructural changes during sintering were investigated. The tetragonal and cubic nanopowders showed similar sintering behavior whereas the monoclinic nanopowder exhibited a more difficult densification and coarser microstructure compared with tetragonal and cubic powders. The differences in the densification of zirconia nanopowders resulted from significant differences in the microstructure evolution during sintering. The microstructural changes in nanopowder compacts during sintering were described and a correlation between microstructural changes and interfacial energies associated with different crystal structures was discussed.
Flexural Strength by Fractography in Modern Brittle Materials
Authors: Dugnani Roberto , Zednik Ricardo
Published: November 2013

Thin components made from advanced brittle glasses or ceramics are becoming increasingly important due to the widespread adoption of portable consumer products as well as other modern electronic and medical devices. The strength of these brittle materials is traditionally estimated from empirical relationships relating the stress at failure to characteristic lengths derived from the fracture surface's topography. One example is Orr's relationship, σf∙Rm1/2 = Am, which correlates the material strength, σf, to the radius of the “mirror‐mist boundary region,”Rm, through the empirical constant,Am. Although various studies have shown that, for flexural fractures (failed in bending),Amdepends on the specimen's geometry, this effect has been generally neglected by arguing that the magnitude ofAmis almost constant for thicker specimens. However, we show that this argument cannot be applied to thin geometries, and that by not accounting for the thickness of the sample, the flexural strength will be grossly underestimated. In this work, we introduce an expression based on an iterative fracture mechanics algorithm which yields more accurate estimates of flexural strength for thin brittle components in bending. The accuracy of the model is validated both through flexural strength tests on glass and by comparing our predictions to an extensive literature survey of experimental results.
Microstructural Evolution and Growth Behavior of In Situ TiB Whisker Array in ZrB2–SiC/Ti6Al4V Brazing Joints
Authors: Yang Weiqi , Lin Tiesong , He Peng , Zhu Ming , Song Changbao , Jia Dechang , Feng Jicai
Published: November 2013

An in situ short fiber reinforced brazing technique by taking advantage of reaction between ZrB2 and Ti has been developed for joining ZrB2–SiC ceramic and Ti6Al4V alloy. The Ag–Cu eutectic alloy was used as brazing interlayer to realize controllable growth of TiB in Ti‐rich environment. The microstructural evolution of the joint was divided into four stages as experiments performed from 840°C to 920°C. The diffusion behaviors of Ti and B may play an important role on the preferential growth of TiB whiskers during brazing. The statistics of the length of TiB showed that a rapid growth appeared at 880°C. The accommodation to the coefficients of thermal expansion by TiB whiskers was evaluated and the shear strength of the joints was tested.
Dielectric Properties of Ba0.8Ca0.2TiO3–Bi(Mg0.5,Ti0.5)O3–NaNbO3 Ceramics
Authors: Zeb Aurang , Milne Steven J.
Published: November 2013

Ceramics in the system 0.45Ba0.8Ca0.2TiO3–(0.55−x)Bi(Mg0.5Ti0.5)O3–xNaNbO3, x = 0–0.02 were fabricated by a conventional solid‐state reaction route. X‐ray powder diffraction indicated cubic or pseudocubic symmetry for all samples. The parent 0.45Ba0.8Ca0.2TiO3–0.55Bi(Mg0.5Ti0.5)O3 composition is a relaxor dielectric with a near‐stable temperature coefficient of relative permittivity, εr = 950 ± 10% across the temperature range 80°C–600°C. Incorporation of NaNbO3 at x = 0.2 extends the lower working temperature to ≤25°C, with εr = 575% ± 15% from temperatures ≤25°C to >400°C, and tan δ < 0.025 from 25°C to 400°C. Values of dc resistivity ranged from ~109 Ω·m at 250°C to ~106 Ω·m at 500°C. The properties suggest that this material may be of interest for high‐temperature capacitor applications.
The Lowered Dielectric Loss and Grain‐Boundary Effects in La‐doped Y2/3Cu3Ti4O12 Ceramics
Authors: Liang Pengfei , Chao Xiaolian , Wang Fang , Liu Zhanqing , Yang Zupei
Published: November 2013

The effects of La concentration on the electrical conductivity and electric modulus of Y2/3−xLaxCu3Ti4O12 ceramics (0.00 ≦ x ≦ 0.20) were investigated in detail. Proper amount of La substitution in Y2/3−xLaxCu3Ti4O12 ceramics made the dielectric loss decreased. When x = 0.10, Y2/3−0.10La0.10Cu3Ti4O12 ceramics exhibited the highest grain‐boundary resistance (0.893 MΩ) and the lowest dielectric loss (about 0.025 at 1 kHz), meanwhile the samples exhibited a relatively high dielectric constant above 6000 over a wide frequency range from 40 Hz to 1 MHz. The decreased dielectric loss was attributed to the enhanced grain‐boundary resistance. With the increase in La concentration, the dielectric relaxation behaviors correlated with the grain‐boundary effects were significantly enhanced. By La doping, the activation energies for the conduction in grain boundaries were slightly depressed, and the activation energies for the relaxation process in grain boundaries were slightly changed. Based on the activation values, it can be concluded that the doubly ionized oxygen vacancies had substantial contribution to the conduction and relaxation behaviors in grain boundaries.
Silencing of the cell cycle checkpoint gene 14‐3‐3σ in basal cell carcinomas correlates with reduced expression of IKK‐α
Authors: Molin S. C. , Grgic M. , Ruzicka T. , Herzinger T.
Published: November 2013

Background

14‐3‐3σ is down‐regulated in a large proportion of basal cell carcinomas (BCC). IkappaB kinase α (IKK‐α), one of the two catalytic subunits of the IKK complex involved in NF‐kappaB‐activation, also functions as a modulator of epidermal development and differentiation. Down‐regulation of IKK‐α causes hyperplasia and promotes skin cancer. IKK‐α has been found to regulate the expression of 14‐3‐3σ by shielding its promoter from hypermethylation and thereby preventing its silencing in mouse keratinocytes.

Objectives

To evaluate the potential role of IKK‐α in the silencing of 14‐3‐3σ in basal cell carcinoma.

Materials and methods

Expression of 14‐3‐3σ and IKK‐α was studied by immunohistochemistry in 33 sporadic BCCs and 26 BCCs from patients with basal cell nevus syndrome (BCNS).

Results

Marked reduction or absence of 14‐3‐3σ was found in 24 (92%) BCCs from BCNS patients, and in 29 (88%) sporadic BCCs. Marked reduction or absence of IKK‐α was found in 22 (85%) BCCs from patients with BCNS, and in 27 (82%) sporadic BCCs. Expression levels for 14‐3‐3σ and IKK‐α correlated positively in 92% of BCCs from BCNS patients, and in 85% of sporadic BCCs.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that down‐regulation of IKK‐α is required for 14‐3‐3σ promoter methylation and silencing in the pathogenesis of BCC. Besides, our observation that 14‐3‐3σ silencing is also frequently found in BCC from patients with BCNS suggests a possible link between the sonic hedgehog/patched and 14‐3‐3σ/IKK‐α pathways.
Evaluation of alpha‐fetoprotein in detecting hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after radiofrequency ablation
Authors: Siripongsakun Surachate , Wei Sindy H , Lin Stephanie , Chen Jeffrey , Raman Steven S , Sayre James , Tong Myron J , Lu David S
Published: November 2013

Background and Aim

The performance of alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) in the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence after radiofrequency ablation was analyzed.

Methods

One hundred and forty‐six solitary HCC lesions treated by radiofrequency ablation were evaluated. Using the AFP cutoff level at ≥ 20 ng/mL, tumors were categorized into AFP or non‐AFP‐producing HCC. Factors associated with true and false interpretations for cancer recurrence including analysis of elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were evaluated. The performance of AFP using different cutoff levels adjusted for abnormal ALT was compared.

Results

Of 146 HCCs, 103 demonstrated no HCC recurrence while 43 had local recurrence. In non‐recurrence HCC cases, increased AFP levels (false positive) were associated with concomitant ALT elevations, while those with normal AFP (true negative) had correspondingly normal ALT values (P < 0.001). The AFP false positive rate in cases of elevated ALT was significantly higher than those with normal ALT levels (31.9% vs 5.4%, P = 0.001). Among all positive AFP tests, those with false positive values (non‐recurrence) had a significantly lower AFP level than the true positive (recurrence) HCC cases (39.8 ng/mL vs 372 ng/mL, P < 0.001).

At the 20 ng/mL cutoff level, the sensitivities of AFP for detecting recurrence in non‐AFP‐producing HCC and AFP‐producing HCC were 12.0%, and 72.2%, respectively. Using a modified AFP criteria of ≥ 100 ng/mL for cases where ALT ≥ 40 U/L, the sensitivity and specificity in AFP‐producing tumors increased from 72.2% and 56% to 100% and 85%, respectively.

Conclusion

Serum AFP is a useful test in the detection of HCC recurrence in AFP‐producing HCC. The performance in AFP‐producing HCC was significantly improved after adjusting for elevation of serum ALT.
Breast Care in the Transgender Individual
Authors: Maycock Laura Bond , Kennedy Holly Powell
Published: November 2013

Introduction

Transgender individuals undergo hormone therapy and/or alter their breasts or genitals to facilitate a transition from male to female or female to male. Changes in the breast tissue from hormone therapy, breast binding, mastectomy, or breast augmentation are of specific interest to women's health care providers. To provide competent care, providers must be knowledgeable about unique aspects of breast health in this vulnerable population, including screening guidelines and client education. The purpose of this integrative literature review is to compile the current research on breast health for transgender individuals and to serve as a resource for providers.

Methods

A search of the literature was performed using CINAHL, Ovid, and PubMed. Results were reviewed for relevant articles, and the reference lists of these were reviewed for additional resources. When available, studies specific to the transgender population are presented; studies of other populations are also included when relevant. Theories of human endocrinology, physiology, and anatomy will provide the foundation for the review and discussion.

Results

Research into breast care for transgender individuals is limited. Often, practitioners must draw conclusions for practice from scattered case studies or research with nontransgender populations. Many of the procedures and practices transgender individuals choose to undergo, such as implantation, injection, binding, and mastectomy, carry serious risks.

Discussion

Transgender individuals should be counseled on all the possible outcomes of their decisions, so they are capable of making informed choices. They must also be followed with careful consideration of these choices. More research in many areas of transgender breast care is necessary.
Using Functional Data Analysis (FDA) Methodology and theRPackage “fda” for Sensory Time‐Intensity Evaluation
Authors: Bi Jian , Kuesten Carla
Published: November 2013

Measuring and analyzing time‐intensity (T‐I) of sensory attributes is an important subject of sensory analysis. This paper proposes using functional data analysis (FDA), an emerging field in statistical research, as a new strategy and framework for sensoryT‐Idata analysis. This paper discusses and illustrates how to apply the well‐developedFDAtechniques and use the availableRpackage “fda” to analyze sensoryT‐Idata. The analyses include data smoothing, descriptions of functional data, functional regression analysis, functional analysis of variance and permutation tests of functional hypotheses (functionalF‐tests andt‐tests). Some conclusions about applications ofFDAto sensoryT‐Idata are reached.

Practical Applications

The currently used statistical analysis for sensoryT‐Idata is not well developed. There are some limitations of using univariate and multivariate data analyses for sensoryT‐Idata.FDAis a promising alternative. This paper shows some advantages usingFDAand theRpackage “fda” for the analysis of sensoryT‐Idata. It is expected that the introduction and application ofFDAin the sensory field will dramatically improve data analysis forT‐Ievaluation of sensory attributes.
Sickness Absence, Sick Leave Pay, and Pay Schemes
Authors: Dale‐Olsen Harald
Published: November 2013

Utilizing Norwegian linked register and survey data, while exploiting a discontinuity in public sick pay legislation, I show that the public sick pay compensation level causally affects male performance pay workers' sick leave days. Both male and female performance pay workers experience longer sick leaves when provided private supplementary sick pay compared with those being eligible for public sick pay only. This differential impact of the replacement rate on workers' sick leave rates reveals heterogeneous behavioural changes following public sick pay cuts, and this heterogeneity will be reinforced by the provision of employer‐provided sick pay to attractive worker groups.
Assessment of the Impact of Male Urinary Incontinence on Health‐Related Quality of Life: A Population Based Study
Authors: PARK Hyoung Keun , CHANG Sounghoon , PALMER Mary H. , KIM Inja , CHOI Heejung
Published: November 2013

Objective

To assess the impact of male urinary incontinence on health‐related quality of life by population based study.

Methods

A two‐stage systematic sampling method was adopted. A total of 5830 men participated in this survey. Face –to‐face interviews were used to collect data. Urinary incontinence and symptom bother were measured with the Urogenital Distress Inventory‐6 (UDI‐6). General health‐related quality of life (QoL) was measured using EQ‐VAS, which evaluates the respondent's self‐rated health on a vertical visual analogue scale.

Results

The age‐adjusted prevalence of Korean male UI was 5.5%. Incontinent men reported higher score of UDI‐6 and lower score of EQ‐VAS than continent men. Men with mixed urinary incontinence reported significantly lower QoL than men with pure stress or urge incontinence.

Conclusions

Urinary incontinence affects men's QoL negatively. In particular, mixed urinary incontinence has the greatest impact on QoL.
Drag of suction cup tags on swimming animals: Modeling and measurement
Authors: Alex Shorter K. , Murray Mark M. , Johnson Mark , Moore Michael , Howle Laurens E.
Published: November 2013

Bio‐logging tags are widely used to study the behavior and movements of marine mammals with the tacit assumption of little impact to the animal. However, tags on fast‐swimming animals generate substantial hydrodynamic forces potentially affecting behavior and energetics adversely, or promoting early removal of the tag. In this work, hydrodynamic loading of three novel tag housing designs are compared over a range of swimming speeds using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Results from CFD simulation were verified using tag models in a water flume with close agreement. Drag forces were reduced by minimizing geometric disruptions to the flow around the housing, while lift forces were reduced by minimizing the frontal cross‐sectional area of the housing and holding the tag close to the attachment surface. Hydrodynamic tag design resulted in an experimentally measured 60% drag force reduction in 5.6 m/s flow. For all housing designs, off‐axis flow increased the magnitude of the force on the tag. Experimental work with a common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) cadaver indicates that the suction cups used to attach the types of tags described here provide sufficient attachment force to resist failure to predicted forces at swimming speeds of up to 10 m/s.
Phenotypical and molecular responses of Arabidopsis thaliana roots as a result of inoculation with the auxin‐producing bacterium Azospirillum brasilense
Authors: Spaepen Stijn , Bossuyt Stijn , Engelen Kristof , Marchal Kathleen , Vanderleyden Jos
Published: November 2013

The auxin‐producing bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Sp245 can promote the growth of several plant species. The model plant Arabidopsis thaliana was chosen as host plant to gain an insight into the molecular mechanisms that govern this interaction.

The determination of differential gene expression in Arabidopsis roots after inoculation with either A. brasilense wild‐type or an auxin biosynthesis mutant was achieved by microarray analysis.

Arabidopsis thaliana inoculation with A. brasilense wild‐type increases the number of lateral roots and root hairs, and elevates the internal auxin concentration in the plant. The A. thaliana root transcriptome undergoes extensive changes on A. brasilense inoculation, and the effects are more pronounced at later time points. The wild‐type bacterial strain induces changes in hormone‐ and defense‐related genes, as well as in plant cell wall‐related genes. The A. brasilense mutant, however, does not elicit these transcriptional changes to the same extent.

There are qualitative and quantitative differences between A. thaliana responses to the wild‐type A. brasilense strain and the auxin biosynthesis mutant strain, based on both phenotypic and transcriptomic data. This illustrates the major role played by auxin in the Azospirillum–Arabidopsis interaction, and possibly also in other bacterium–plant interactions.
Decisional Balance among Potential Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Recipients: Development of the ICD‐Decision Analysis Scale (ICD‐DAS)
Authors: HAZELTON ANTHONY GARRETT , SEARS SAMUEL F. , FORD JESSICA , CAHILL JOHN , NEKKANTI RAJASEKHAR , DEANTONIO HARRY , OTTOBONI LINDA , NORTON LINDA , WANG PAUL
Published: November 2013

Introduction

Sudden cardiac death is a well‐documented public health problem and the implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) has demonstrated benefit in reducing mortality. Prospective patients must identify and evaluate the ICD's pros and cons and produce a personal decision. The purpose of this study was to create and evaluate a measure of patient‐evaluated pros and cons of the ICD, and its relationship to patient decision regarding ICD implantation.

Methods and Results

The ICD–decision analysis scale (ICD‐DAS) was created and tested in prospective ICD recipients (N = 104). Factor analysis was performed to evaluate interitem relationships, and subsequently, identified subscales; additional psychosocial measures were used to predict the ICD decision. A two‐factor measure for ICD decision making was established with two subscales: ICD Pros and ICD Cons. The subscales have high internal consistency and were strong predictors of intent to choose an ICD. Other psychosocial measures were not significantly predictive of ICD Choice, yet simultaneous entry of ICD Pros and Cons subscales resulted in a significant increase in R2, F(2, 59) = 19.36, P < 0.001. The full model was significantly greater than zero, F(11, 70) = 5.017, P < 0.001, R2 = 0.48.

Conclusion

The ICD‐DAS provides the first empirically tested and clinically useful approach to understanding the specific pros and cons for prospective ICD patients. The measure can assist clinicians with patient‐centered discussions regarding sudden cardiac arrest treatments. The ICD‐DAS will allow for the provision of tailored education or counseling and may be used to predict postdecision outcomes.
Management of mediastinal syndromes in pediatrics: a new challenge of ultrasound guidance to avoid high‐risk general anesthesia
Authors: Sola Chrystelle , Choquet Olivier , Prodhomme Olivier , Capdevila Xavier , Dadure Christophe
Published: November 2013

Adverse events associated with anesthetic management of anterior mediastinal masses in pediatrics are common. To avoid an extremely hazardous general anesthesia, the use of real‐time ultrasonography offers an effective alternative in high‐risk cases. We report the anesthetic management including a light sedation and ultrasound guidance for regional anesthesia, surgical node biopsy, and placement of a central venous line in two children with an anterior symptomatic mediastinal mass. For pediatric patients with clinical and/or radiologic signs of airway compression, ultrasound guidance provides safety technical assistance to avoid general anesthesia and should be performed for the initial diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.
Cutaneous Manifestations in Costello and Cardiofaciocutaneous Syndrome: Report of 18 Cases and Literature Review
Authors: Morice‐Picard Fanny , Ezzedine Khaled , Delrue Marie‐Ange , Arveiler Benoit , Fergelot Patricia , Taïeb Alain , Lacombe Didier , Boralevi Franck
Published: November 2013

Costello syndrome (CS) and cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome (CFCS) are congenital disorders involving the Ras‐MAPK pathway with phenotypic overlap. These two entities are thought to share common cutaneous findings, although so far they have been poorly studied. The objective of this prospective observational study was to describe the spectrum of skin findings in CS and CFCS and to highlight those specific to each of these two diseases. Patients with a confirmed diagnosis of CFCS or CS underwent a systematic skin examination during the annual workshop organized by the French CS association in 2007 and 2009 in Bordeaux, France. Eighteen patients were included in the study. Specific skin abnormalities, including cutis laxa, curly hair, pruritus, and hyperhidrosis, are shared by CFCS and CS, whereas others may help to differentiate between these two syndromes. Acanthosis nigricans, papillomas, and loose thick skin of the dorsum of the hands are characteristic of CS, whereas sparse eyebrows and dry hyperkeratotic skin are suggestive of CFCS. Our results highlight that a systematic cutaneous examination, in addition to dysmorphologic and noncutaneous anomalies, may be helpful in establishing the diagnosis of CFCS and CS. The physiopathologic link between constitutional Ras‐MAPK pathway activation and the observed ectodermal findings remains to be investigated.
VvAMP2, a grapevine flower‐specific defensin capable of inhibiting Botrytis cinerea growth: insights into its mode of action
Authors: Nanni V. , Schumacher J. , Giacomelli L. , Brazzale D. , Sbolci L. , Moser C. , Tudzynski P. , Baraldi E.
Published: November 2013

The genome of Vitis vinifera contains 79 defensin‐like (DEFL) gene sequences, classified in four groups based on peptide sequence similarity. Group‐2 DEFL proteins are highly conserved peptides with 10 cysteine residues, and include VvAMP2, a defensin active against the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Here, quantitative reverse transcription‐PCR (qRT‐PCR) analysis was used to show that group‐2 DEFLs are specifically expressed in grapevine inflorescences, with the highest level in pollen/stamen, and weak expression in calyptrae and carpels. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that the protein accumulates in pollen grains and in specific areas of the ovary parenchyma, suggesting a role in grapevine fertilization. Antimicrobial tests showed that VvAMP2 inhibits the growth of B. cinerea, but not of other fungal pathogens, nor bacteria. Fluorescence microscopy analysis of B. cinerea cells treated with VvAMP2 revealed that this defensin is first internalized and then leads to membrane permeabilization, suggesting that membrane damage is a secondary effect of this plant defensin. To identify possible intracellular targets of VvAMP2, its inhibitory action was tested on 54 B. cinerea mutants, with deletions in key signalling genes. The ΔBcATF1 transcription factor mutant, impaired in regulation of cell wall and oxidative stress genes, completely lost sensitivity to VvAMP2. Mutants lacking the Rho‐type GTPase BcCDC42, the G protein‐coupled receptor BcGPR3 and the putative scaffold protein BcBEM1, showed very low sensitivity.
Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator‐activated Receptor Gamma Leads to Upregulation of ESE‐3 Expression in Human Monocyte‐derived Dendritic Cells
Authors: Sprater F. , Azeem W. , Appel S.
Published: November 2013

The transcription factor ESE‐3 has been suggested to be involved in regulating the immunogenicity of human monocyte‐derived dendritic cells (moDCs). While ESE‐3 is not expressed in monocytes, it is upregulated during the differentiation of monocytes into dendritic cells (DCs) and highly expressed in immunogenic DCs while downregulated in tolerogenic DCs. Activation of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPAR‐γ) during DC development has been shown to result in a rather tolerogenic cell population. In this study, we identified eight PPAR‐γ binding sites upstream of the ESE‐3 gene. Activation of the PPAR‐γ pathway with synthetic PPAR‐γ ligands during moDC generation resulted in upregulation of ESE‐3b expression on mRNA and protein level, phenotypic alterations and reduced capacity of the cells to stimulate allogeneic T cells. This could be inhibited by blocking the PPAR‐γ pathway with specific antagonists. Our results suggest PPAR‐γ to be involved in the regulation of ESE‐3b expression during moDC development and that ESE‐3 expression is not correlated with the immunogenicity of DCs.
Serum Vitamin D Levels and VDR Polymorphisms (BsmI and FokI) in Patients and their Household Contacts Susceptible to Tuberculosis
Authors: Joshi L. , Ponnana M. , Penmetsa S. R. , Nallari P. , Valluri V. , Gaddam S.
Published: November 2013

Vitamin D, an immunomodulator of macrophage function, can activate human antimycobacterial activity. Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is associated with an impaired mycobacterial immunity and susceptibility to tuberculosis. It has been found that vitamin D and its receptor may be essential for immune function. In this study, we examined the serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels and its receptor (VDR) polymorphisms with susceptibility to tuberculosis in patients, household contacts and healthy controls. Serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels were measured in 75 cases (25 patients, 25 household contacts and 25 healthy controls), and polymorphisms (BsmI and FokI) were carried out in 335 cases (110 patients, 110 household contacts and 115 healthy controls). The proportion of serum 25(OH) vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency was high in patients (44, 58%) and household contacts (40, 48%) compared to controls (48%). The BB and Bb genotypes of BsmI were significantly associated in patients (P < 0.014; OR: 0.509; CI: 0.265–0.876) (P < 0.001; OR: 2.351; CI: 1.368–4.041) and household contacts (P < 0.04; OR: 0.575; CI: 0.336–0.985); (P < 0.002; OR: −2.267; CI: 1.32–3.895) when compared to healthy controls. The diplotype and MDR analysis showed the high‐risk genotypes of BsmI and FokI polymorphisms. Vitamin D deficiency and its association with VDR gene polymorphisms may be useful to identify the high‐risk group individuals.
Treatment effectiveness of PMTO for children's behavior problems in Iceland: Assessing parenting practices in a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Sigmarsdóttir Margrét , Degarmo David S. , Forgatch Marion S. , Guðmundsdóttir Edda Vikar
Published: November 2013

Findings are presented from an Icelandic randomized control trial (RCT) evaluating parent management training – Oregon model (PMTO™), a parent training intervention designed to improve parenting practices and reduce child behavior problems. In a prior report from this effectiveness study that focused on child outcomes, children in the PMTO condition showed greater reductions in reported child adjustment problems relative to the comparison group. The present report focuses on observed parenting practices as the targeted outcome, with risk by treatment moderators also tested. It was hypothesized that mothers assigned to the PMTO condition would show greater gains in pre‐post parenting practices relative to controls. The sample was recruited from five municipalities throughout Iceland and included 102 participating families of children with behavior problems. Cases were referred by community professionals and randomly assigned to either PMTO (n = 51) or community services usually offered (n = 51). Child age ranged from 5 to 12 years; 73% were boys. Contrary to expectations, findings showed no main effects for changes in maternal parenting. However, evaluation of risk by treatment moderators showed greater gains in parenting practices for mothers who increased in depressed mood within the PMTO group relative to their counterparts in the comparison group. This finding suggests that PMTO prevented the expected damaging effects of depression on maternal parenting. Failure to find hypothesized main effects may indicate that there were some unobserved factors regarding the measurement and a need to further adapt the global observational procedures to Icelandic culture.
Poly‐victimization and executive functions in junior college students
Authors: Li Yang , Dong Fanghong , Cao Fenglin , Cui Naixue , Li Jie , Long Zhouting
Published: November 2013

This study sought to characterize executive dysfunctions in poly‐victimized students without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and the relationship between neuropsychological and behavioral rating measures of executive functions (EFs). Based on self‐report data of exposure to victimization and PTSD symptoms, 259 junior college students aged 18–21 years were classified into four groups: poly‐victimization with PTSD symptoms (PVP), poly‐victimization without PTSD symptoms (PVnP), non‐poly‐victimization (nPV), and non‐victimization (nV). Respondents also completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function‐Adult Version (BRIEF‐A). Of the 259 participants, 131 were administered a battery of neuropsychological tests from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Testing Automated Battery (CANTAB). The PVP group and the PVnP group performed worse than the nV group on most BRIEF‐A scales. When compared with the nPV group, the PVP group demonstrated poorer performance on the scales of Inhibit, Shift, Emotional Control, Initiate, and Working Memory, while the PVnP group performed more poorly on the Working Memory scale and the Task Monitor scale. For all BRIEF‐A scales, no significant differences were detected between the PVP group and the PVnP group. This study showed no between‐group differences for most of the neuropsychological tests except for the Stop Signal Task (SST), and no correlations between these two measures of EFs. Overall, we found evidence of an association between deficits in EFs and poly‐victimization. Although our study raises questions about the relationship between these two measures of EFs, it suggests that the use of the BRIEF‐A in conjunction with the CANTAB provides a more complete assessment of the executive dysfunctions.
Differentiation between Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli using heat‐shock protein 70 polymorphisms
Authors: Fraga Jorge , Fernandez‐Calienes Aymé , Montalvo Ana Margarita , Maes Ilse , Dujardin Jean‐Claude , Van der Auwera Gert
Published: November 2013

Objective

Differential diagnosis of infection with Trypanosoma cruzi or T. rangeli is relevant for epidemiological studies and clinical practice as both species infect humans, but only T. cruzi causes Chagas' disease. Their common antigen determinants complicate the distinction between both species, while current PCR assays used for differentiation show some drawbacks. We developed and validated a generic PCR discriminating the species by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and a duplex PCR specifically amplifying a differently sized fragment of both species.

Methods

The assays are based upon a partial region of the heat‐shock protein 70 gene (hsp70). The analytical sensitivity and specificity were determined for both PCRs. The assays were analytically evaluated on a panel of six T. cruzi, one T. cruzi marinkellei and four T. rangeli strains, various other infectious pathogens, a panel of spiked samples of T. cruzi, and artificially mixed infections of T. cruzi and T. rangeli. Finally, the tools were applied on 36 additional isolates of Trypanosoma species.

Results

The detection limit of the PCRs was between 0.05 and 0.5 parasite genomes, and 1–10 parasites spiked in 200 μl blood. In artificial mixtures, PCR–RFLP picked up both species in ratios up to 102 and duplex PCR up to 104. In the 36 isolates tested, both single and mixed infections were identified. All assays were shown to be specific.

Conclusion

Our PCRs show high potential for the differential diagnosis of T. cruzi and T. rangeli, which in view of their sensitivity can aid in the confirmation of infection with these parasites in vectors, reservoirs and clinical samples.
EFFECTS OF GADOXETATE DISODIUM (EOVIST®) CONTRAST ON MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LIVER IN CLINICALLY HEALTHY DOGS
Authors: Marks Alyce L. , Hecht Silke , Stokes Jennifer E. , Conklin Gordon A. , Deanna Katherine H.
Published: November 2013

Gadoxetate disodium (Gd‐EOB‐DTPA; gadolinium‐ethoxybenzyl‐diethylene triamine penta‐acetic acid) is a newly developed paramagnetic contrast agent reported to have a high specificity for the hepatobiliary system in humans. The purpose of this prospective study was to describe effects of Gd‐EOB‐DTPA contrast administration on MRI characteristics of the liver in eight clinically healthy dogs. Precontrast dorsal and transverse T1‐weighted spin echo, T2‐weighted fast spin echo, and transverse T1‐weighted 3D gradient echo (VIBE; volume‐interpolated body examination) pulse sequences were acquired for each dog. Dogs were assigned to four groups based on contrast dose administered (0.0125 mmol/kg or 0.025 mmol/kg), and pulse sequences acquired after contrast administration (T1‐weighted spin echo and T1‐weighted 3D gradient echo). Liver signal intensity ratios were calculated and compared between the two contrast dose groups and two postcontrast pulse sequence groups using ANOVA. No adverse effects of contrast administration were observed. All dogs exhibited homogeneous contrast enhancement of the liver with no statistical difference in enhancement between the two different contrast doses. Contrast enhancement in all dogs peaked between 1 and 10 min after intravenous injection. There was a significant difference in mean signal intensity ratios between sequences (P = 0.035) but not between doses (P = 0.421). Postcontrast signal intensities of the liver parenchyma were significantly higher for the T1‐weighted 3D gradient echo images when compared to the T1‐weighted spin echo sequences. Findings indicated that Gd‐EOB‐DTPA contrast administration is safe in healthy dogs and causes homogeneous enhancement of the liver that is more pronounced in T1‐weighted 3D gradient echo MRI pulse sequences.
INVITED REVIEW—NEUROIMAGING RESPONSE ASSESSMENT CRITERIA FOR BRAIN TUMORS IN VETERINARY PATIENTS
Authors: Rossmeisl John H. , Garcia Paulo A. , Daniel Gregory B. , Bourland John Daniel , Debinski Waldemar , Dervisis Nikolaos , Klahn Shawna
Published: November 2013

The evaluation of therapeutic response using cross‐sectional imaging techniques, particularly gadolinium‐enhanced MRI, is an integral part of the clinical management of brain tumors in veterinary patients. Spontaneous canine brain tumors are increasingly recognized and utilized as a translational model for the study of human brain tumors. However, no standardized neuroimaging response assessment criteria have been formulated for use in veterinary clinical trials. Previous studies have found that the pathophysiologic features inherent to brain tumors and the surrounding brain complicate the use of the response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST) assessment system. Objectives of this review are to describe strengths and limitations of published imaging‐based brain tumor response criteria and propose a system for use in veterinary patients. The widely used human Macdonald and response assessment in neuro‐oncology (RANO) criteria are reviewed and described as to how they can be applied to veterinary brain tumors. Discussion points will include current challenges associated with the interpretation of brain tumor therapeutic responses such as imaging pseudophenomena and treatment‐induced necrosis, and how advancements in perfusion imaging, positron emission tomography, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy have shown promise in differentiating tumor progression from therapy‐induced changes. Finally, although objective endpoints such as MR imaging and survival estimates will likely continue to comprise the foundations for outcome measures in veterinary brain tumor clinical trials, we propose that in order to provide a more relevant therapeutic response metric for veterinary patients, composite response systems should be formulated and validated that combine imaging and clinical assessment criteria.
The alpha1,3GalT knockout/alpha1,2FucT transgenic pig does not appear to have an advantage over the alpha1,3GalT knockout pig with respect to glycolipid reactivity with human serum antibodies
Authors: Diswall Mette , Benktander John , Ångström Jonas , Teneberg Susann , Breimer Michael E.
Published: November 2013

Background

The human H‐transferase (α2FucT) was introduced in Gal‐negative pigs to produce pig organs not only free from Gal‐antigens, but also in which the uncapped N‐acetyllactosamine precursor had been transformed into non‐xenogenic blood group H type 2 compounds. This work is the first descriptive analysis of glycolipids from the GalT‐KO/FucT‐TG pig. The aim was to investigate the cell membrane antigens in GalT‐KO/FucT‐TG tissues to explore its efficacy as an organ donor. Also, detailed knowledge on the correlation between the cellular glycosyltransferase configuration and the resulting carbohydrate phenotype expression is valuable from a basic glycobiological perspective.

Methods

Neutral and acidic glycolipids from GalT‐KO/FucT‐TG small intestine were compared with glycolipids from two wildtype and two GalT‐KO pig intestines. Glycolipid reactivity was tested on thin layer chromatography plates using chemical reagents, antibodies, lectins, and human serum. Structural characterization of neutral glycolipids was performed by LC‐ESI/MS and proton NMR spectroscopy.

Results

Characterization of the glycolipid expression in GalT‐KO/FucT‐TG intestine showed absence of Gal antigens and decreased/unchanged levels of the N‐acetyllactosamine precursor and the blood group H type 2 expression, when compared with the wildtype. The reactivity of human serum antibodies to GalT‐KO/FucT‐TG derived glycolipids was similar or slightly elevated when compared with GalT‐KO glycolipids. Results from LC‐ESI/MS and proton NMR spectroscopy revealed no established neutral xenogenic antigens in the GalT‐KO/FucT‐TG pig, and could thus not explain the immunologic reactivity to human serum antibodies. The antibody binding to acidic glycolipids is most likely to be explained by the abundance of N‐glycolylneuraminic acid epitopes in pig tissues. Six neutral complex biantennary glycolipids with blood group H type 1, 2, Lewisx and Lewisy determinants were found, of which three were identified in this work for the first time. One of these was a nonaglycosylceramide with blood group H type 2 and lactosyl determinants linked to a lactotetraosyl core, and the other two were decaglycosylceramides with blood group H type 1 and H type 2 determinants linked to a neolactotetraosyl core, and Lewisx and blood group H type 1 determinants on a lactotetraosyl core, respectively.

Conclusions

Lipid‐linked carbohydrate antigens in the GalT‐KO/FucT‐TG pig intestine showed no or minor qualitative difference when compared with GalT‐KO pigs. The GalT‐KO/FucT‐TG pig did not appear to have an advantage over the GalT‐KO pig with respect to reactivity with human antibodies from a xenotransplantation perspective.