bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental Study of a Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine Using Hydrogen at High-Altitude Conditions
Authors: Morales Rojas Andrés David , Quintana Sebastián Heredia , Caro Iván Darío Bedoya
Published: March 2024

One of the key factors of the current energy transition is the use of hydrogen (H2) as fuel in energy transformation technologies. This fuel has the advantage of being produced from the most primary forms of energy and has the potential to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. In recent years, hydrogen or hydrogen-rich mixtures in internal combustion engines (ICEs) have gained popularity, with numerous reports documenting their use in spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI) engines. Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines have the potential for substantial reductions in nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions, and the use of hydrogen along with this kind of combustion could substantially reduce CO2 emissions. However, there have been few reports using hydrogen in HCCI engines, with most studies limited to evaluating technical feasibility, combustion characteristics, engine performance, and emissions in laboratory settings at sea level. This paper presents a study of HCCI combustion using hydrogen in a stationary air-cooled Lombardini 25 LD 425-2 modified diesel engine located at 1495 m above sea level. An experimental phase was conducted to determine the intake temperature requirements and equivalence ratios for stable HCCI combustion. These results were compared with previous research carried out at sea level. To the best knowledge of the authors, this is the first report on the combustion and operational limits for an HCCI engine fueled with hydrogen under the mentioned specific conditions. Equivalence ratios between 0.21 and 0.28 and intake temperatures between 188 °C and 235 °C effectively achieved the HCCI combustion. These temperature values were, on average, 100 °C higher than those reported in previous studies. The maximum value for the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEPn) was 1.75 bar, and the maximum thermal efficiency (ITEn) was 34.5%. The achieved results are important for the design and implementation of HCCI engines running solely on hydrogen in developing countries located at high altitudes above sea level.
A Techno-Economic-Environmental Feasibility Study of Residential Solar Photovoltaic/Biomass Power Generation for Rural Electrification: A Real Case Study
Authors: Kassem Rasha , Mahmoud Mohamed Metwally , Ibrahim Nagwa F. , Alkuhayli Abdulaziz , Khaled Usama , Beroual Abderrahmane , Saleeb Hedra
Published: March 2024

To avert climate change, there has been a rise in the usage of green energy sources that are also beneficial to the environment. To generate sustainable energy in a financially and technically efficient manner, our research attempts to close the gaps. The potential of green sources like photovoltaic (PV) and biomass for a rural community southwest of Sohag Al Gadida City, Sohag, Egypt, is examined in this research considering its techno-economic (TE) and eco-friendly feasibility. The HOMER Pro v3.14 package is used as a scaling and optimization instrument, to calculate the price of the PV/biomass setup and the size and characteristics of its parts. This is to estimate the corresponding electrical production and reduce the total annual cost for the customer. The suggested system structure is validated through the presentation of simulation outcomes and evaluations utilizing MATLAB/SIMULINK R2022a. In addition, a TE-environmental investigation of the optimized PV/biomass structure is performed. The optimum structure is carefully chosen from the best four configurations using the demand predilection by analogy to the perfect technique based on the generation cost, operation cost, energy production, and renewable fraction. The results also indicate that using hybrid PV/biomass is an attractive choice with the initial capital cost (ICC: USD 8.144), net present cost (NPC: USD 11,026), a low cost of energy (LCOE: 0.184 USD/kWh), and the high renewable fraction (RF: 99.9%) of the system. The annual CO2 emission performance of a PV/biomass system is much better than that of the grid alone and PV/diesel. This method might be applied in rural areas in other developing countries.
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence Application for Optimal Control of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Process
Authors: Tang Jian , Wang Tianzheng , Xia Heng , Cui Canlin
Published: March 2024

Artificial intelligence (AI) has found widespread application across diverse domains, including residential life and product manufacturing. Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) represents a significant avenue for realizing waste-to-energy (WTE) objectives, emphasizing resource reuse and sustainability. Theoretically, AI holds the potential to facilitate optimal control of the MSWI process in terms of achieving minimal pollution emissions and maximal energy efficiency. However, a noticeable shortage exists in the current research of the review literature concerning AI in the field of WTE, particularly MSWI, hindering a focused understanding of future development directions. Consequently, this study conducts an exhaustive survey of AI applications for optimal control, categorizing them into four fundamental aspects: modeling, control, optimization, and maintenance. Timeline diagrams depicting the evolution of AI technologies in the MSWI process are presented to offer an intuitive visual representation. Each category undergoes meticulous classification and description, elucidating the shortcomings and challenges inherent in current research. Furthermore, the study articulates the future development trajectory of AI applications within the four fundamental categories, underscoring the contribution it makes to the field of MSWI and WTE.
Cultural Values as Catalysts of Technological Innovation for a Sustainable Future
Authors: Agoraki Konstantina K. , Deirmentzoglou Georgios A. , Triantopoulos Christos
Published: March 2024

Innovation is a key element for companies that aim to achieve and sustain a competitive advantage. Recently, a great number of academics and practitioners have focused on the role of cultural values to provide further incentives to firms to invest more in innovation that will give them a market edge. The purpose of this paper is to provide further insights into the relationship between cultural values and innovation. Primary data were collected from top managers in medium- and large-sized enterprises to determine how cultural values affect four types of technological innovation. The results indicate that two cultural values have a significant influence on firms’ innovative practices. Collectivism and uncertainty avoidance have a significant negative impact on radical, process and product innovation. Thus, we argue that managers who emphasize their personal ambitions and are comfortable with ambiguity are more likely to achieve innovation in their organization.
Enhancing Demand Prediction: A Multi-Task Learning Approach for Taxis and TNCs
Authors: Guo Yujie , Chen Ying , Zhang Yu
Published: March 2024

Taxis and Transportation Network Companies (TNCs) are important components of the urban transportation system. An accurate short-term forecast of passenger demand can help operators better allocate taxi or TNC services to achieve supply–demand balance in real time. As a result, drivers can improve the efficiency of passenger pick-ups, thereby reducing traffic congestion and contributing to the overall sustainability of the program. Previous research has proposed sophisticated machine learning and neural-network-based models to predict the short-term demand for taxi or TNC services. However, few of them jointly consider both modes, even though the short-term demand for taxis and TNCs is closely related. By enabling information sharing between the two modes, it is possible to reduce the prediction errors for both. To improve the prediction accuracy for both modes, this study proposes a multi-task learning (MTL) model that jointly predicts the short-term demand for taxis and TNCs. The model adopts a gating mechanism that selectively shares information between the two modes to avoid negative transfer. Additionally, the model captures the second-order spatial dependency of demand by applying a graph convolutional network. To test the effectiveness of the technique, this study uses taxi and TNC demand data from Manhattan, New York, as a case study. The prediction accuracy of single-task learning and multi-task learning models are compared, and the results show that the multi-task learning approach outperforms single-task learning and benchmark models.
Materials and Climate Change: A Set of Indices as the Benchmark for Climate Vulnerability and Risk Assessment for Tangible Cultural Heritage in Europe
Authors: Giglio Francesca , Frontera Patrizia , Malara Angela , Armocida Francesco
Published: March 2024

Among the issues most related to climate change, the built environment is also subjected to short- and long-term risks. Referring to tangible cultural heritage, materials and buildings are subjected to different types of damage that require adaptive risk prevention and containment strategies, currently missing from conventional risk assessments. Thus, there is an increasingly urgent need for scientific and technical knowledge, tools, and solutions aimed at solving critical issues in cultural heritage due to climate change. In this context, the aim of this study is to study the mechanisms of impacts brought about by climate change and the formulation of a possible set of indices as benchmarks to measure climate change’s effect on cultural heritage buildings. The study is structured on a methodology that identifies three sections: the first and second parts systematize and critically interpret data on impact mechanisms and indices for climate vulnerability and risk assessment; the third part, data processing, reports the perspective findings. The main intermediate indices, contributing to a comprehensive damage index, were identified, and a procedural protocol was developed. Finally, through the correlation of indices, a potential case study could be analyzed, and benchmarks made effective. The study reports partial results of one of the “Ecosystems of Innovation” pilot projects funded by the National Recovery and Resilience Plan. The study is still a work in progress and needs advancement and deepening to verify case study indices.
Assessing the Drivers of Sustained Agricultural Economic Development in China: Agricultural Productivity and Poverty Reduction Efficiency
Authors: Wang Jianlin , Tong Junbo , Fang Zhong
Published: March 2024

Poverty eradication is a crucial element of SDG 1. Whether the financial resources invested by the Government provide a critical impetus for deeply impoverished rural areas needs to be studied by quantitative analysis. Therefore, this study presents a theoretical analytical framework for agricultural production–government poverty reduction. It divides the poverty reduction process into two stages, agricultural production and poverty reduction, from the perspective of sustainable agricultural development. The comprehensive measurement and spatio-temporal evolution analysis of China’s agricultural production and poverty reduction efficiency are conducted using a novel dynamic two-stage DEA model, which incorporates non-expected factors. The study found that (1) China’s agricultural production and poverty reduction efficiency exhibit overall poor performance, characterized by two poles of differentiation. (2) The agricultural production efficiency score is higher in the northern region than in the southern region, while the poverty reduction efficiency score is higher in the eastern region compared to the western region. (3) The coupling and coordination between China’s production efficiency and poverty reduction efficiency are inadequate.
Unraveling Korea’s Energy Challenge: The Consequences of Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Energy Use on Economic Sustainability
Authors: Li Yao , He Yugang
Published: March 2024

This research delves into the effects of carbon dioxide emissions and energy consumption on economic growth in Korea from 1980 to 2022, employing a sophisticated nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag model. The study unveils pivotal findings, most notably the positive association between carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth, suggesting that periods of economic expansion in Korea have been accompanied by surges in emissions. Furthermore, the investigation highlights a significant, albeit asymmetrical, positive impact of primary energy consumption on economic growth, illuminating the critical role of energy in the nation’s economic trajectory. The analysis also identifies essential economic determinants—namely, the labor force, gross fixed capital formation, and net inflows of foreign direct investment—underscoring their pivotal contributions to economic proliferation. The reliability of these insights is corroborated through advanced econometric techniques, including fully modified ordinary least squares and dynamic ordinary least squares methods. A noteworthy discovery emerges from the Toda–Yamamoto causality test, revealing bidirectional Granger causality between carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth, as well as between energy consumption and economic growth. Moreover, it uncovers a unidirectional causality flowing from labor, capital formation, and foreign direct investment towards economic growth. These findings elucidate the complex interplay between environmental and economic elements, highlighting the critical need for sustainable energy policies and proactive environmental stewardship in Korea. By advocating for a synthesis of economic advancement and environmental sustainability, this study presents indispensable insights for policymakers. It calls for a judicious approach to balancing Korea’s economic ambitions with its ecological responsibilities, thereby charting a sustainable path forward for the nation. Through its comprehensive analysis, this research contributes valuable perspectives to the discourse on economic development and environmental sustainability, offering guidance for Korea’s strategic planning and policy formulation.
Heat Transfer Characteristics of an Electric Motor with Oil-Dripping Cooling under Overload Conditions
Authors: Kang Eun-Hyeok , Garud Kunal Sandip , Park Su Cheong , Lee Moo-Yeon
Published: March 2024

The continuously increasing energy density of electric motors to match the performance of electric vehicles with internal-combustion-engine vehicles demands an advanced cooling strategy. Direct dripping/spray cooling is one of such potential cooling strategies to replace the conventional cooling method for achieving the desired thermal management of next-generation electric motors. In the present work, the heat transfer characteristics of an electric motor with oil-dripping cooling were experimentally investigated considering overload operating conditions. An experimental set-up comprising a 15 kW electric motor and an oil-dripping cooling system was developed. The experimental data were used to evaluate the maximum temperature, heat transfer coefficient and power consumption under the influence of a dripping hole diameter (2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm), oil flow rate (8 LPM, 12 LPM, 16 LPM) and overload operating power (8.28 kW, 12.05 kW, 14.21 kW). The symmetrical oil distribution over the electric motor and the superior heat transfer from the electric motor to the oil was achieved when the oil-dripping cooling system was designed with the combination of a 4 mm dripping hole diameter and a 12 LPM oil flow rate. The combination of the 4 mm dripping hole diameter and 12 LPM oil flow rate showed the lowest maximum temperatures of 31.9 °C and 46.3 °C for electric motor under overload operating powers of 8.28 kW and 14.21 kW, respectively. In addition, the highest heat transfer coefficient of 7528.61 W/m2-K and lowest power consumption of 18.07 W were achieved for the oil-dripping cooling system with the combination of a 4 mm dripping hole diameter and 12 LPM oil flow rate. The best combination of the operating parameters is proposed for developing the oil-dripping cooling system that enables superior heat transfer characteristics and, thus, an enhanced thermal management of electric motors under overload conditions.
Intravoxel Incoherent Motion Diffusion-Weighted MRI, Fat Quantification, and Electromyography: Correlation in Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis
Authors: Kim Hyunjung , Yong Sang Yeol , Otgonbaatar Chuluunbaatar , Nam Seoung Wan
Published: March 2024

(1) Background: The intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) model can provide information about both molecular diffusion and blood flow for the evaluation of skeletal muscle inflammation. MRI-based fat quantification is advantageous for assessing fat infiltration in skeletal muscle. (2) Purpose: We aimed to quantitatively measure various parameters associated with IVIM diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and fat quantification in the muscles of patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis using magnetic resonance imaging and to investigate the relationship between these parameters and electromyography (EMG) findings. (3) Material and methods: Data were retrospectively evaluated for 12 patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis who underwent thigh MRI, including IVIM-DWI and fat quantification. The IVIM-derived parameters included the pure diffusion coefficient (D), pseudodiffusion coefficient (D*), and perfusion fraction (f). Fat fraction values were assessed using the six-point Dixon technique. Needle EMG was performed within 9 days of the MRI. (4) Results: The f values (19.02 ± 4.87%) in muscles with pathological spontaneous activity on EMG were significantly higher than those (14.60 ± 5.31) in muscles without pathological spontaneous activity (p < 0.027). There were no significant differences in D, D*, ADC, or fat fraction between muscles with and without pathologic spontaneous activity. Significant negative correlations were observed between fat fraction and amplitude (r = −0.402, p < 0.015) and between fat fraction and duration (r = −0.360, p < 0.031). (5) Conclusion: The current study demonstrates that IVIM-DWI and fat quantification using 3.0 T MRI may aid in predicting EMG findings in patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis and promote the pathophysiological study of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies.
Effects of Indigo Carmine on Growth, Cell Division, and Morphology of Allium cepa L. Root Tip
Authors: Ristea Madalina-Elena , Zarnescu Otilia
Published: March 2024

Indigo carmine has a variety of uses in foods, textiles, medicine, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. There are studies reporting the toxic potential of indigo carmine on human health and the environment. In this study, we investigated the cytogenotoxic effects of indigo carmine using apical root cells of Allium cepa. Allium cepa bulbs were subjected to four treatments with indigo carmine (0.0032, 0.0064, 0.0125, and 0.2 mg/mL) and to ultrapure water as a control. After 5 days, root growth, root length, mitotic index, mitotic inhibition, chromosomal anomalies, and cell morphology were analyzed. According to our results, a decrease in root length and mitotic index was observed at all concentrations of indigo carmine. Additionally, several types of chromosomal abnormalities were observed, such as disturbed metaphase, sticky chain metaphase, anaphase bridge, and laggard chromosomes. Moreover, histological observation indicated that indigo carmine induces alterations in various components of root tip tissue, such as deformation and alteration of the cell wall, progressive condensation of chromatin, shrinkage of the nuclei, and an increase in the number of irregularly shaped nuclei and nuclear fragments. Our results indicate that the tested concentrations of indigo carmine may have toxic effects and raise concerns about its intensive use in many fields.
Exploring Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Aquatic Fauna of Lake Trasimeno (Italy): Insights from a Low-Anthropized Area
Authors: Stecconi Tommaso , Stramenga Arianna , Tavoloni Tamara , Bacchiocchi Simone , Ciriaci Martina , Griffoni Francesco , Palombo Paolo , Sagratini Gianni , Siracusa Melania , Piersanti Arianna
Published: March 2024

This study investigated the concentrations and profiles of 19 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the muscle and liver of four freshwater species from Lake Trasimeno (Italy): Anguilla anguilla (European eel), Carassius auratus (goldfish), Perca fluviatilis (European perch), and Procambarus clarkii (red swamp crayfish). In livers, the amount of PFASs ranged from 3.1 to 10 µg kg−1, significantly higher than that in muscle (0.032–1.7 µg kg−1). The predominant PFASs were perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and long-chain carboxylic acids (C8–C14). Short-chain compounds (C4–C5), as well as the long-chain sulfonic acids (C9–C12), were not quantified. The contamination patterns were similar among species with few differences, suggesting the influence of species-specific accumulation. The PFAS concentrations in livers were comparable among species, while in muscle, the higher values were measured in European eel, followed by goldfish, European perch, and red swamp crayfish. The levels were generally lower than those reported for fish from Northern Italian lakes and rivers. The concentrations of regulated PFASs were lower than the maximum limits set by Regulation EU 2023/915 and did not exceed the Environmental Quality Standards (PFOS in biota). This study provides the first valuable insights on PFASs in freshwater species from Lake Trasimeno.
Understanding the Effect of Conserved Charges on the Coalescence Sum Rule of Directed Flow
Authors: Nayak Kishora , Shi Shu-Su , Lin Zi-Wei
Published: March 2024

Recently, the rapidity-odd directed flow (v1) of produced hadrons (K−, ϕ, p¯, Λ¯, Ξ¯+, Ω−, and Ω¯+) has been studied. Several combinations of these produced hadrons, with very small mass differences but differences in the net electric charge (Δq) and net strangeness (ΔS) on the two sides, have been considered. A difference in v1 between the two sides of these combinations (Δv1) has been proposed as a consequence of the electromagnetic field produced in relativistic heavy-ion collisions, especially if Δv1 increases with Δq. Our study is performed to understand the effect of the coalescence sum rule (CSR) on Δv1. We point out that the CSR leads to Δv1=cqΔq+cSΔS, where the coefficients cq and cS reflect the Δv1 of produced quarks. Equivalently, one can write Δv1=cqΔq+cBΔB, involving the difference in the net baryon number ΔB, where the CSR gives cB=−3cS. We then propose two methods to extract the coefficients for the Δq and ΔS dependences of Δv1.
On the Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Measurement
Authors: Walker Michael L.
Published: March 2024

We claim that quantum collapse, as per the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, follows naturally from the energetics of measurement. We argue that a realistic device generates an interaction energy that drives a random walk in Hilbert space and generates the probabilistic interpretation of Born.
Quark Clusters, QCD Vacuum and the Cosmological 7Li, Dark Matter and Dark Energy Problems
Authors: Ouyed Rachid , Leahy Denis , Koning Nico , Jaikumar Prashanth
Published: March 2024

We propose a non-exotic electromagnetic solution (within the standard model of particle physics) to the cosmological 7Li problem based upon a narrow 2 MeV photo-emission line from the decay of light glueballs (LGBs). These LGBs form within color superconducting quark clusters (SQCs), which are tens of Fermi in size, in the radiation-dominated post-BBN epoch. The mono-chromatic line from the LGB→γ+γ decay reduces Big Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) 7Be by 2/3 without affecting other abundances or the cosmic microwave background (CMB) physics, provided the combined mass of the SQCs is greater than the total baryonic mass in the universe. Following the LGB emission, the in-SQC Quantum ChromoDynamics (QCD) vacuum becomes unstable and “leaks” (via quantum tunneling) into the external space-time (trivial) vacuum, inducing a decoupling of SQCs from hadrons. In seeking a solution to the 7Li problem, we uncovered a solution that also addresses the Dark Energy (DE) and dark matter (DM) problem, making these critical problems intertwined in our model. Being colorless, charge-neutral, optically thin, and transparent to hadrons, SQCs interact only gravitationally, making them a viable cold DM (CDM) candidate. The leakage (i.e., quantum tunneling) of the in-SQC QCD vacuum to the trivial vacuum offers an explanation of DE in our model and allows for a cosmology that evolves into a ΛCDM universe at a low redshift with a possible resolution of the Hubble tension. Our model distinguishes itself by proposing that the QCD vacuum within SQCs possesses the ability to tunnel into the exterior trivial vacuum, resulting in the generation of DE. This implies the possibility that DM and hadrons might represent distinct phases of quark matter within the framework of QCD, characterized by different vacuum properties. We discuss SQC formation in heavy-ion collision experiments at moderate temperatures and the possibility of detection of MeV photons from the LGB→γ+γ decay.
The Language of Spheres in Physics
Authors: Gazeau Jean-Pierre
Published: March 2024

Physical laws manifest themselves through the amalgamation of mathematical symbols, numbers, functions, geometries, and relationships. These intricate combinations unfold within a mathematical model devised to capture and represent the “objective reality” of the system under examination. In this symbiotic relationship between physics and mathematics, the language of mathematics becomes a powerful tool for describing and predicting the behavior of the physical world. The language used and the associated concepts are in a perpetual state of evolution, mirroring the ongoing expansion of the phenomena accessible to our scientific understanding. In this contribution, written in honor of Richard Kerner, we delve into fundamental, at times seemingly elementary, elements of the mathematical language inherent to the physical sciences, guided by the overarching principles of symmetry and group theory. Our focus turns to the captivating realm of spheres, those strikingly symmetric entities that manifest prominently within our geometric landscape. By exploring the interplay between mathematical abstraction and the tangible beauty of symmetry, we seek to deepen our understanding of the underlying structures that govern our interpretation of the physical world.
Impact of the H274Y Substitution on N1, N4, N5, and N8 Neuraminidase Enzymatic Properties and Expression in Reverse Genetic Influenza A Viruses
Authors: Gaymard Alexandre , Picard Caroline , Vazzoler Guilhem , Massin Pascale , Frobert Emilie , Sabatier Murielle , Barthelemy Mendy , Valette Martine , Ottmann Michèle , Casalegno Jean-Sébastien , Lina Bruno , Escuret Vanessa
Published: March 2024

The H274Y substitution (N2 numbering) in neuraminidase (NA) N1 confers oseltamivir resistance to A(H1N1) influenza viruses. This resistance has been associated with reduced N1 expression using transfected cells, but the effect of this substitution on the enzymatic properties and on the expression of other group-1-NA subtypes is unknown. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antiviral resistance, enzymatic properties, and expression of wild-type (WT) and H274Y-substituted NA for each group-1-NA. To this end, viruses with WT or H274Y-substituted NA (N1pdm09 or avian N4, N5 or N8) were generated by reverse genetics, and for each reverse-genetic virus, antiviral susceptibility, NA affinity (Km), and maximum velocity (Vm) were measured. The enzymatic properties were coupled with NA quantification on concentrated reverse genetic viruses using mass spectrometry. The H274Y-NA substitution resulted in highly reduced inhibition by oseltamivir and normal inhibition by zanamivir and laninamivir. This resistance was associated with a reduced affinity for MUNANA substrate and a conserved Vm in all viruses. NA quantification was not significantly different between viruses carrying WT or H274Y-N1, N4 or N8, but was lower for viruses carrying H274Y-N5 compared to those carrying a WT-N5. In conclusion, the H274Y-NA substitution of different group-1-NAs systematically reduced their affinity for MUNANA substrate without a significant impact on NA Vm. The impact of the H274Y-NA substitution on viral NA expression was different according to the studied NA.
Differentiating Cell Entry Potentials of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Subvariants on Human Lung Epithelium Cells
Authors: Katte Revansiddha H. , Ao Yuanyun , Xu Wang , Han Yang , Zhong Guohua , Ghimire Dibya , Florence Jon , Tucker Torry A. , Lu Maolin
Published: March 2024

The surface spike (S) glycoprotein mediates cell entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the host through fusion at the plasma membrane or endocytosis. Omicron lineages/sublineages have acquired extensive mutations in S to gain transmissibility advantages and altered antigenicity. The fusogenicity, antigenicity, and evasion of Omicron subvariants have been extensively investigated at unprecedented speed to align with the mutation rate of S. Cells that overexpress receptors/cofactors are mostly used as hosts to amplify infection sensitivity to tested variants. However, systematic cell entry comparisons of most prior dominant Omicron subvariants using human lung epithelium cells are yet to be well-studied. Here, with human bronchial epithelium BEAS-2B cells as the host, we compared single-round virus-to-cell entry and cell-to-cell fusion of Omicron BA.1, BA.5, BQ.1.1, CH.1.1, XBB.1.5, and XBB.1.16 based upon split NanoLuc fusion readout assays and the S-pseudotyped lentivirus system. Virus-to-cell entry of tested S variants exhibited cell-type dependence. The parental Omicron BA.1 required more time to develop full entry to HEK293T-ACE2-TMPRSS2 than BEAS-2B cells. Compared to unchanged P681, S-cleavage constructs of P681H/R did not have any noticeable advantages in cell entry. Omicron BA.1 and its descendants entered BEAS-2B cells more efficiently than D614G, and it was slightly less or comparable to that of Delta. Serine protease-pretreated Omicron subvariants enhanced virus-to-cell entry in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting fusion at the plasma membrane persists as a productive cell entry route. Spike-mediated cell-to-cell fusion and total S1/S2 processing of Omicron descendants were similar. Our results indicate no obvious entry or fusion advantages of recent Omicron descendants over preceding variants since Delta, thus supporting immune evasion conferred by antigenicity shifts due to altered S sequences as probably the primary viral fitness driver.
PRRSV-Vaccinated, Seronegative Sows and Maternally Derived Antibodies (II): Impact on PRRSV-1 Vaccine Effectiveness and Challenge Outcomes in Piglets
Authors: Fiers Jorian , Maes Dominiek , Cay Ann-Brigitte , Vandenbussche Frank , Mostin Laurent , Parys Anna , Tignon Marylène
Published: March 2024

Vaccination against the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSV) is widely practiced in both sows and piglets. However, it has been shown that multivaccinated sows sometimes lack a detectable antibody response, testing seronegative in ELISA (non-responders). Moreover, PRRSV-vaccinated piglets can remain seronegative as well, which is mainly attributed to the interference of maternally derived antibodies (MDAs). The current study investigated the impact of the sow’s immune status on the PRRSV vaccine effectiveness in the progeny. The experimental trial included forty-eight piglets (n = 48) originating from a commercial Belgian breeding herd, with twenty-four piglets born from PRRSV vaccinated responder sows (E+ piglets) and twenty-four piglets born from PRRSV vaccinated non-responder sows (E− piglets). Eight piglets in each group were either non-vaccinated (NoVac piglets; n = 8), intramuscularly vaccinated (IM piglets; n = 8), or intradermally vaccinated (ID piglets; n = 8), with the same PRRSV-1 vaccine as used in the sow population. Vaccination was performed at weaning at three weeks of age, and all study piglets were challenged with a high dose of the PRRSV-1 07V063 strain at 6 weeks of age. A clear interference of MDAs was observed in the E+ piglets: 66.7% of the vaccinated E+ piglets lacked an antibody response at 3 weeks post-vaccination (non-responders). Consequently, post-challenge, only the responding E+ piglets had a significantly reduced serum viremia compared to the E+ NoVac piglets. The observed viremia in the non-responding E+ piglets was similar to the viremia of the E+ NoVac piglets. In the vaccinated E− piglets, a lack of antibody response at 3 weeks post-vaccination was observed in 18.8% of the piglets. Interestingly, despite the lack of a vaccine antibody response, the non-responding E− piglets had a significantly reduced serum viremia compared to the NoVac E− piglets. In contrast, the viremia of the responding E− piglets was only numerically reduced compared to the NoVac E− piglets. Finally, some clear differences were observed in both the kinetics of infection and the immune responses post-challenge between the E+ and E− piglets. The results of this study confirm the consequences of the MDA interference on the induced partial protection of PRRSV vaccination in experimentally challenged piglets. More research is warranted to understand the immunological mechanisms behind MDA interference in PRRSV vaccination and to explain the observed differences between E+ and E− piglets.
Assessment of Italian Population Awareness on One-Health, Zoonoses and the Mpox Vaccine: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Bert Fabrizio , Lo Moro Giuseppina , Calabrese Francesco , Barattero Valentino , Peano Alberto , Scaioli Giacomo , Siliquini Roberta
Published: March 2024

In recent decades, the rise of zoonotic diseases has emerged as a significant human health concern, highlighting the interconnectedness of human and animal health within the framework of the “One Health” (OH) concept. This study, conducted in Italy in 2023, sought to gauge the general population’s awareness of OH and zoonotic diseases while identifying influencing factors. Additionally, it aimed to assess awareness of an Mpox virus vaccine, particularly pertinent due to the 2022 outbreak across Europe. The online cross-sectional study encompassed 1058 participants, revealing that 54.26% were unfamiliar with OH and zoonoses. Median knowledge scores were 12 points (IQR = 9–15) for zoonoses and 8 points (IQR = 6–11) for OH. Notably, factors such as age, economic situation, healthcare employment, educational level, and health literacy significantly influenced knowledge scores. Merely 26.8% of participants were aware of the existence of an Mpox vaccine, with healthcare workers, individuals engaged in animal-related work, and non-heterosexual men demonstrating higher awareness. The findings underscored a limited public understanding of zoonotic diseases and One Health, with variations observed across specific demographic groups. Given the potential impact on public health, urgent educational initiatives are warranted. Moreover, the study highlighted a low awareness of the Mpox vaccine, emphasizing the necessity for targeted awareness campaigns directed at both professionals and the general public.
Trends in COVID-19 Vaccine Development: Vaccine Platform, Developer, and Nationality
Authors: Okuyama Ryo
Published: March 2024

Various vaccine platforms, including emerging platforms, have been applied in the development of COVID-19 vaccines. Biotechnology startups often lead the development of new medical technologies, whereas major pharmaceutical companies and public institutions have long contributed to vaccine development. In this study, vaccine platforms and developers involved in COVID-19 vaccine development were analyzed, elucidating the trends of vaccine platforms used, the country distribution of the developers, and differences in the profiles of developers by vaccine platform technologies and country. The analysis revealed that conventional, established, and emerging vaccine platforms have been widely used and that older platforms are more advanced in clinical development. It also demonstrated the emergence of China, in addition to the U.S., while many pharmerging countries have been engaged in development. Startups have significantly contributed to the development of viral vector and RNA-based vaccines, suggesting their important role in the application of novel technologies. The major developers differ by country and region. Alliances, including international collaborations, have progressed in late clinical development. Based on these results, future perspectives of pandemic vaccine development and implications for policy and corporate strategies are discussed.
The Development of a Novel Fiber-2 Subunit Vaccine against Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 4 Formulated with Oil Adjuvants
Authors: Liu Wenjian , Liu Meng , Wang Shuaiwen , Tang Zhihui , Liu Jiwen , Song Suquan , Yan Liping
Published: March 2024

Hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS), caused by fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4), has been widely spread across China, resulting in great financial losses in the poultry industry. Therefore, efficient vaccines against this disease urgently need to be developed. In our study, the fiber-2 and penton base proteins derived from the FAdV-4 JS strain were expressed in a prokaryotic system (E. coli) in a soluble form. Then, the efficacy of the two recombinant proteins formulated with cheap and widely used adjuvants (Marcol™ 52 white oil) were respectively tested, and the minimum immune doses and safety of the above proteins were also determined. It was indicated that the fiber-2 (20 µg/bird, 200 µg/bird) and penton base (200 µg/bird) could provide complete protection against the highly pathogenic FAdV-4 and suppress its replication and shedding. Unfortunately, only the fiber-2 protein could induce complete protection (10/10) at a low dose (10 µg/bird). In addition, we confirmed that the fiber-2 subunit vaccine formulated with oil adjuvants was safe for vaccinated chickens. Conclusively, all of our results suggest that we successfully prepared an efficient and cheap fiber-2 subunit vaccine with few side effects.
Characterization of the Pro-Inflammatory and Pruritogenic Transcriptome in Skin Lesions of the Experimental Canine Atopic Acute IgE-Mediated Late Phase Reactions Model and Correlation to Acute Skin Lesions of Human Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Blubaugh Amanda , Hoover Kathleen , Kim Sujung Jun , Fogle Jonathan E. , Sow Fatoumata B. , Banovic Frane
Published: March 2024

Intradermal injection of anti-immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies in dogs grossly and histologically resemble naturally occurring atopic dermatitis (AD). However, the activated inflammatory and pruritic pathways have not been characterized. The objectives of this study were to characterize the inflammatory transcriptome of experimental acute canine IgE-induced lesions and to determine how these correlate to the transcriptome of naturally occurring human and canine acute atopic dermatitis. Biopsies were collected at 6 and 24 h after intradermal injections of anticanine-IgE antibodies to eight healthy male castrated Beagles; healthy and saline-injected skin served as controls. We extracted total RNA from skin biopsies and analyzed transcriptome using RNA-sequencing. Gene expressions of IgE-induced biopsies were compared to that of controls from the same subject (1.5-fold change, p-adjusted value ≤ 0.05). Acute IgE-mediated lesions had a significant upregulation of pro-inflammatory (e.g., LTB, IL-1B, PTX3, CCL2, IL6, IL8, IL18), T helper-(Th)1/IFNγ signal (e.g., STAT-1, OASL, MX-1, CXCL10, IL-12A) and Th2 (e.g., IL4R, IL5, IL13, IL33 and POSTN) genes, as well as Th2 chemokines (CCL17, CCL24). Pathway analysis revealed strong significant upregulation of JAK-STAT, histamine, IL-4 and IL13 signaling. Spearman correlation coefficient for the shared DEGs between canine anti-canine-IgE and human AD samples revealed a significant moderate positive correlation for anti-canine-IgE 6-h samples (r = 0.53) and 24-h samples (r = 0.47). In conclusion, acute canine IgE-mediated skin lesions exhibit a multipolar immunological axis upregulation (Th1, Th2 and Th17) in healthy dogs, resembling acute spontaneous human AD lesions.
Effect of Simultaneous Dietary Supplementation of Betaine, Selenomethionine, and Vitamins E and C under Summer Conditions in Growing–Finishing Pigs
Authors: De Prekel Lotte , Maes Dominiek , Van den Broeke Alice , Ampe Bart , Aluwé Marijke
Published: March 2024

Heat stress in pigs negatively affects welfare, health, and performance. Osmoprotectants and antioxidants may alleviate oxidative damage during hot periods. We investigated whether an additive-enriched feed can reduce negative effects in pigs during summer conditions. Sixty growing–finishing pigs were allocated into two groups: the control (CF) and summer feed (SF) group. The CF group contained 0.4 mg/kg inorganic selenium and 100 ppm vitamin E, while the SF group contained 0.3 mg/kg inorganic selenium, 0.1 mg/kg selenomethionine, 200 ppm vitamins E and C, and 0.2% betaine. Feed was offered ad libitum. Respiration rate, rectal and skin temperature, behaviour, and weight gain were assessed weekly. Daily measurements of these parameters were performed during a 3-day heat wave (temperature humidity index (THI) ≥ 75) and during an artificial heating period. Individual average daily water intake (ADWI) and feed intake were measured using RFID systems. The ADWI of the SF group did not change during heat load while it increased for the CF group. Independent of dietary treatment, increases in ∆THI or the THI were accompanied by significant increases in both respiration rate and skin temperature. In conclusion, the SF may induce a reduced need to increase ADWI during hot periods. In addition, mainly skin temperatures and especially respiration rates revealed the sensitivity of pigs to heat stress.
Sustainable Vehicles for Decarbonizing the Transport Sector: A Comparison of Biofuel, Electric, Fuel Cell and Solar-Powered Vehicles
Authors: Reddy Vennapusa Jagadeeswara , Hariram N. P. , Maity Rittick , Ghazali Mohd Fairusham , Kumarasamy Sudhakar
Published: March 2024

Climate change necessitates urgent action to decarbonize the transport sector. Sustainable vehicles represent crucial alternatives to traditional combustion engines. This study comprehensively compares four prominent sustainable vehicle technologies: biofuel-powered vehicles (BPVs), fuel cell vehicles (FCVs), electric vehicles (EVs), and solar vehicles. We examine each technology’s history, development, classification, key components, and operational principles. Furthermore, we assess their sustainability through technical factors, environmental impacts, cost considerations, and policy dimensions. Moreover, the discussion section addresses the challenges and opportunities associated with each technology and assesses their social impact, including public perception and adoption. Each technology offers promise for sustainable transportation but faces unique challenges. Policymakers, industry stakeholders, and researchers must collaborate to address these challenges and accelerate the transition toward a decarbonized transport future. Potential future research areas are identified to guide advancements in sustainable vehicle technologies.
Special Issue: Pharmacy Education and Practice -Print Issue
Authors:   Patient Safety Authority
Published: March 2024

In celebration of National Pharmacist Day, recognizing the importance of pharmacists and their crucial role in our health and well-being, today we are publishing a special issue of Patient Safety dedicated to pharmacy education and practice.

Our January 2022 issue is now available to read and download at no charge at PatientSafetyJ.com. It features timely manuscripts from pharmacy students, practitioners, educators, and experts: data articles, focused reviews, interviews, and perspectives and insights about advances and challenges in the field now and in the near future.

• Michael Cohen, founder and president of the Institute for Safe Medication Practices, discusses the importance of sharing information (https://patientsafetyj.com/article/73489)

• A close look at antibiotic stewardship (https://patientsafetyj.com/article/73492)in a community hospital emergency department

• Daniel Degnan shares how to develop good habits (https://patientsafetyj.com/article/73491) to better your life and work practices

• Learn how a hospital and pharmacy school collaborated to instill appreciation of safety culture (https://patientsafetyj.com/article/73490) in students

• Children and babies are uniquely vulnerable to medication errors in the hospital—but there are ways to keep them safe (https://patientsafetyj.com/article/73493)

• Patrick McDonnell describes the challenges and rewards of being an academic pharmacist (https://patientsafetyj.com/article/73495)

• Strategies for reducing immunization-related stress and anxiety (https://patientsafetyj.com/article/73494) that can improve safety and combat vaccine hesitancy

Thank you to our authors, peer reviewers, editorial board members, and Patient Safety Authority staff for making Patient Safety possible—and special appreciation to this issue’s guest editors: Michael Cohen, ScD (hon.), DPS (hon.), RPh; Daniel Degnan, PharmD; and Patrick McDonnell, PharmD.

Patient Safety is fully open access (no fees for authors or readers) and published on a rolling basis throughout the year. We welcome manuscripts from all over the world. If your work can help advance patient safety, please submit it to us for consideration (https://patientsafetyj.com/for-authors), and kindly share our journal with friends, family, colleagues, and caregivers. Subscribe to our journal email list (https://lp.constantcontactpages.com/sl/otqI5QB/journalupdates) to be updated on new articles as they are published online.
Case study: Reference optimization for active control of air conditioning noise at defrost mode in vehicles
Authors: Duan HongJi , Shi Li , Wang Shuping , Tao Jiancheng , Qiu Xiaojun
Published: March 2024

Air conditioning noise at defrost mode in vehicles is annoying, especially when the fan speed is high. A case study of active control of air conditioning noise at defrost mode around the driver’s ears in an electric vehicle is reported in this paper. For the feedforward control
system under investigation, coherence analysis is conducted first to optimize the location and number of the reference sensors. The simulation results show that the reference microphones should be placed around the main defrost vent toward the front windshield and the other air vents as well
to achieve effective noise reduction. Based on the Wiener filtering simulations, about 10.9 dBA noise reduction can be obtained with 20 reference microphones. In the real time experiments with 12 reference microphones at optimized positions on the console, about 6.5 dBA noise reduction was
obtained around the driver’s ears with little noise amplification at other seats.