bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization methods for mechanoluminescent materials
Authors: Deng Yuan , Peng Danni , Chang Shulong , Sun Junlu , He Jun , Shan Chong-Xin , Dong Lin
Published: August 2024

Mechanoluminescence (ML) is a unique luminescent phenomenon that converts mechanical energy into light energy. Recently, it has attracted the attention of many researchers due to its potential applications in visible stress sensing, wearable luminescent devices, self-powered electronic skin, and luminescent anti-counterfeiting. However, the absence of standardized testing methods and metrics for evaluating the performance of ML materials poses a hinderance to the development of ML. In this review, we focus on the ML testing methods, with an emphasis on the testing specimen, force application equipment and optical signal acquisition systems. Finally, we conclude with discussions on the future necessity and existing problems regarding the standardization of characterization methods for ML properties, aiming to provide a reference idea for the standardization of ML.
Investigation of the production routes of 81,82m,83,84
Rb isotopes through proton-induced nuclear reactions on 82,83,84,86
Kr
Authors: Indira G , Anbalagan G
Published: August 2024

Investigations using nuclear reaction models are significant and have considerable consequences in terms of understanding nuclear reaction processes and their nature. The nuclear data on radionuclides created by the cyclotron find application in nuclear diagnostics and therapeutic treatments. The excitation function of proton-induced nuclear reactions on 82,83,84,86
Kr for the generation of medically beneficial short-lived radioisotopes 81,82m,83,84
Rb from threshold energy to 50 MeV has been investigated using Koning–Delaroche optical model potential with nuclear level density (NLD) from both the phenomenological and microscopic nuclear models incorporated in TALYS1.96 code. The phenomenological constant temperature + Fermi gas model, back-shifted Fermi gas model, generalised superfluid model, and microscopic NLD from the Skyrme–Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov, Gogny–Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov, and temperature-dependent Gogny–Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov NLD tables have been used to calculate the excitation function. The calculated excitation functions are compared with the experimental data from EXFOR and the TALYS evaluated nuclear data library (TENDL2023). An analysis is carried out by estimating the mean deviation D-value between the theoretical and experimental cross-sections, and the NLD model corresponding to the best result is used for the estimation of activity and production yield for each reaction channel.
Potential of Raman scattering in probing magnetic excitations and their coupling to lattice dynamics
Authors: Kumawat Reshma , Farswan Shubham , Kaur Simranjeet , Bhatia Smriti , Sen Kaushik
Published: August 2024

Raman scattering is an excellent method for simultaneously determining the dynamics of lattice, spin, and charge degrees of freedom. Furthermore, polarization selection rules in Raman scattering enable momentum-resolved quasiparticle dynamics. In this review, we highlight the potential of Raman scattering in probing magnetic quasiparticles or excitations in various magnetic materials. We demonstrate how temperature-dependent Raman scattering data can confirm the existence of magnons in long-range ordered magnets and fractionalized excitations in Kitaev spin liquid candidates. To make this review easily understandable to novices, we provide background information on magnons and fractionalized excitations, and explain how they become visible in the Raman scattering process. We also show how to estimate magnetic exchange interactions from the data. For both types of magnetic materials, we discuss the impact of spin–phonon coupling on the lineshape of the phonon modes. In terms of materials, we present magnetic Raman scattering data of antiferromagnetic Sr2IrO4 and La2CuO4, ferromagnetic CrI3 monolayers, and Kitaev spin liquid candidates α-RuCl3 and β-Li2IrO3. Overall, our review demonstrates the versatility of the Raman scattering technique in probing quasiparticles in magnetic quantum materials. The review aims to inform young experimental researchers about the potential of Raman scattering, thereby motivating them to use this technique in their research.
A dosimetrically motivated pathfinding approach for non-isocentric dynamic trajectory radiotherapy
Authors: Guyer Gian , Bertholet Jenny , Mueller Silvan , Zhu Chengchen , Volken Werner , Aebersold Daniel M , Manser Peter , Fix Michael K
Published: August 2024

Objective. Non-isocentric dynamic trajectory radiotherapy (DTRT) involves dynamic table translations in synchrony with intensity modulation and dynamic gantry, table, and/or collimator rotation. This work aims to develop and evaluate a novel dosimetrically motivated path determination technique for non-isocentric DTRT. Approach. The path determination considers all available beam directions, given on a user-specified grid of gantry angle, table angle, and longitudinal, vertical, and lateral table position. Additionally, the source-to-target distance of all beam directions can be extended by moving the table away from the gantry along the central beam axis to increase the collision-free space. The path determination uses a column generation algorithm to iteratively add beam directions to paths until a user-defined total path length is reached. A subsequent direct aperture optimization of the intensity modulation along the paths creates deliverable plans. Non-isocentric DTRT plans using the path determination and using a manual path setup were created for a craniospinal and a spinal irradiation case. Furthermore, VMAT, isocentric DTRT, and non-isocentric DTRT plans are created for a breast, head and neck (H&N), and esophagus case. Additionally, a HyperArc plan is created for the H&N case. The plans are compared in terms of the dosimetric treatment plan quality and estimated delivery time. Main results. For the craniospinal and spinal irradiation case, using path determination results in dose distributions with improved conformity but a slightly worse target homogeneity compared to manual path setup. The non-isocentric DTRT plans maintained target coverage while reducing the mean dose to organs-at-risk on average by 1.7 Gy (breast), 1.0 Gy (H&N), and 1.6 Gy (esophagus) compared to the VMAT plans and by 0.8 Gy (breast), 0.6 Gy (H&N), and 0.8 Gy (esophagus) compared to the isocentric DTRT plans. Significance. A general dosimetrically motivated path determination applicable to non-isocentric DTRT plans is successfully developed, further advancing the treatment planning for non-isocentric DTRT.
A novel design of energy absorption branch for HVDC circuit breakers
Authors: Gao Guoqiang , You Bingyan , Ma Yaguang , Wang Aozheng , Peng Wei , Qian Pengyu , Xiang Yu , Yang Zefeng , Wei Wenfu , Wu Guangning
Published: August 2024

Metal oxide varistors (MOV) used for energy absorption branch in DC circuit breakers are complex enough to meet the requirements for small volume, light weight, and reliability in future high-voltage direct current (HVDC) grids. Therefore, a new energy absorption branch circuit that combines MOV and a liquid metal alloy energy absorber (LMEA) is proposed. Based on the constructed equivalent mathematical model of LMEA, the working principle and energy absorption process of MOV and LMEA in DC breaking process are analysed in PSCAD/EMTDC simulation software. Results demonstrate that LMEA, in contrast to MOV alone, absorbs 2.12 MJ of energy, constituting 35.6% of the total energy. Moreover, LMEA enhances energy dissipation density while reducing volume. Experimental analysis reveals MOV’s energy absorption mechanism via achieving residual voltage with ZnO varistor’s non-linear properties, swiftly transitioning from high to low resistance states to absorb energy. Conversely, LMEA relies on pulse current amplitude to initiate internal arcing, sharply increasing internal resistance for effective energy absorption. Experimental findings validate LMEA’s contribution of one-third of total energy absorption when pulse current amplitude reaches critical arcing threshold, consistent with simulation results. The results provide theoretical support for the engineering application of the new liquid metal alloy energy absorption in DC circuit breakers.
Enhanced lightweight encryption algorithm based on chaotic systems
Authors: Abdelli Ali , El Hadj Youssef Wajih , Khriji Lazhar , Machhout Mohsen
Published: August 2024

In order to improve security and efficiency, this study presents a novel lightweight encryption technique that makes use of chaotic systems. Our method creatively combines the new chaotic KLEIN_64 algorithm with the Keccak-256 hash function, offering a solid basis for producing initial values essential for causing chaotic maps during the encryption process. After a deep validation with rigorous NIST testing, our chaotic pseudo random generator, LAC, exhibits excellent reliability and cryptographic robustness. Furthermore, the complexity of the cryptographic round function is improved by incorporating a second chaotic pseudo random generator that combines chaotic LFSR and Skew Tent Maps, thereby fortifying security measures.Designed with resource-limited applications in mind, our approach ensures that the cryptosystem remains both lightweight and efficient, meeting the stringent constraints typical of such environments. The practical feasibility and performance of our approach are extensively evaluated through FPGA implementation on the Zybo 7Z010 platform. Our implementation achieves a remarkable throughput of 2.820 Gbps while maintaining optimal resource utilization and efficiency. Extensive experimental results confirm the superior security of our cryptosystem, with correlation tests, entropy measurement, and histogram analysis showcasing robustness against statistical attacks. Moreover, the cryptosystem shows little fluctuation in the Unified Average Changing Intensity (UACI) and Non-Linear Pixel Change Rate (NPCR), confirming its resistance to differential attacks. Overall, our technique advances lightweight cryptography by providing a robust and efficient solution to modern cybersecurity challenges. In particular, our approach is well-suited for applications with limited resources, ensuring that security is maintained without compromising on performance or efficiency, thus fulfilling the needs of modern, constrained environments.
Influence of Ca-substituted K-induced cluster defects on the electronic structure and optical properties of KDP crystals
Authors: Zhao Longfeng , Hong Wei , Liu Tingyu , Hu Hao , Zhu Jiachen
Published: August 2024

Compensation mechanism following Ca substitution in K sites was computed using GULP. Utilizing density functional theory for three charge states, the impact of defect clusters CaK + VK/CaK + VH on potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystals in both phases was assessed. Corrections to the band edge and defect formation energies were made employing hybridization floods HSE06 and FNV. Neutral and −1 valence defect states emerged. Cluster defects induced pronounced lattice distortion in PE-KDP. Notably, PE-KDP exhibited an additional photoemission of 2.89 eV, signifying a substantial structural impact. Comparative stability analysis favored FE-KDP, offering theoretical guidance for KDP crystal utilization.
Proposal of molecules in Möbius nanobelt topology
Authors: Gomes L C , Navis C N , Moreira E , Azevedo D L
Published: August 2024

The study of belt-shaped nanostructures is one of the areas of interest in the current computational physics scenario. Over the years, many topological structures have been synthesized using a diverse array of techniques. Due to their price and more affordable synthesis, carbon structures are of great interest to the technological industry. Since nanostructures can present different physical characteristics, this paper presents those differences using Möbius carbon nanobelt topology obtained in the appendix of the Nature paper: Synthesis of a Möbius carbon nanobelt Segawa Y, Watanabe T, Yamanoue K, Kuwayama M, Watanabe K, Pirillo J, Hijikata Y and Itami K (2022 Nature Synthesis
1 535–541). This investigation using density functional theory (DFT) calculations shows that boron nitride (BN[7,7]), and silicon carbide (SiC[7,7]) nanobelts possess structural stability and the possibility of synthesis. Möbius SiC[7,7] nanobelts behave as semiconductors and absorb in the visible region, while Möbius BN[7,7] nanobelts demonstrate promise as ultraviolet (UV) sensors. Both structures exhibited significant thermal stability during a quantum molecular dynamic simulation. They are capable of withstanding temperatures at least 1500K. It is speculated that the proposed nanobelt molecules could stimulate further experimental investigations into their synthesis and technological applications.
Precession, nutation, and dynamic trajectory of magnetic rod in axisymmetric magnetic field
Authors: Koh Martin Zhen Xuan , Ricardo Bernard
Published: August 2024

Precession and nutation in dynamical systems have been of long-standing research interest. Manifesting in systems as diverse as spinning tops to celestial bodies like planets, understanding these motions offers a window into the intricate dance of forces governing such systems. One example of a previously unexplored system exhibiting precession and nutation is that of a magnetic rod in an axisymmetric magnetic field. This project aims to study this system through qualitative, quantitative, and experimental means. A theoretical model was formulated using Newton's Second Law and the torque equation, accounting for energy dissipation. One unique aspect of this system compared to other systems exhibiting precession and nutation is the presence of the non-linear magnetic force and torque, which were modelled by considering both magnets as current-carrying cylinders. Experimentally, the dynamic trajectory and relevant degrees of freedom of the rod were measured using image binarization and ellipse fitting. This was used for a systematic investigation into how the nutation, precession and petaloid-like trajectories are affected by the number of magnets, initial angular velocity and other relevant parameters. Theoretical predictions and experimental results show a good agreement. This work has various engineering applications such as centrifuge design.
A secure dynamic quantum anonymous secret sharing protocol utilizing GHZ states
Authors: Wang Qing-le , Wang Ying-ying , Li Yuan-cheng , Li Guo-dong , Han Yun-guang , Cheng Long
Published: August 2024

Quantum secret sharing enables participants to share secrets grounded in the principles of quantum mechanics, ensuring the secrets recovery solely through collaborative efforts within an authorized subset of participants. Quantum anonymous secret sharing fulfills the fundamental requirements of quantum secret sharing while also ensuring the anonymity of the secret receivers. In order to address the turnover of personnel in practical scenarios, this paper propose a secure dynamic quantum anonymous secret sharing protocol utilizing Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states. In our scheme, on the premise of not reveal the identities of participants, the dynamic update of the participants can be realized, and the shared secret will not be altered. Furthermore, an identity authentication mechanism using single particles is introduced in this protocol, ensuring that only authenticated participants can engage in the sharing process. The proposed protocol is secure and can resist both internal and external attacks. Experimental validation conducted on the IBM quantum computing platform demonstrates the feasibility of our scheme.
Lateral stress induced blistering of tungsten exposed to deuterium plasma
Authors: Jiang Zhenyu , Xia Tongjun , Han Wenjia , Shi Yongzhi , Zhang Wenjie , Zhu Kaigui
Published: August 2024

Surface blistering on tungsten under deuterium plasma exposure has been well known and investigated intensively in the last decade. However, the mechanism of the blistering is still unclear. There have been mainly two different models proposed: the gas driven model and lateral stress model. In this work, we designed an experiment to address this issue. Tungsten disc samples were prepared using twin-jet electro-polishing. The specimens were under deuterium plasma exposure to study the thickness effect on the surface blistering. The results showed that blistering was rarely observed on the surface around the inner edge of the central perforation with thickness of ∼100–500 nm. The blisters started to appear on the surface when the thickness was about 10 μm. Both the number and size of the blisters increased further on the outer surface with further increase in thickness. This trend was not obvious as the thickness increased up to above 180 μm. The diffusion depth of D in this work was calculated to be 8.5 μm. These results affirmed the lateral stress model as the surface blistering mechanism.
Thickness dependence and crystallization properties of amorphous GeTe thin films on silicon dioxide
Authors: Zhou Zhengquan , Wu Weihua , Li Yu , Zhai Jiwei
Published: August 2024

Radio frequency magnetron sputtering was used to prepare the amorphous GeTe thin films on silicon dioxide and the thickness effects on the crystallization behavior were investigated. With the film thickness reducing, the crystallization temperature, crystallization activation energy, amorphous and crystalline resistance increase remarkably, indicating the great improvement in thermal stability and power consumption. Ozawa’s model was used to estimate the crystallization kinetics of GeTe thin films, it shows that nucleation and grain growth occur simultaneously, and grain growth dominates ultimately. XRD analysis demonstrated that the grain size can be reduced and the crystallization process of GeTe thin film can be inhibited with the film thickness decreasing. Furthermore, the thinner film has smaller resistance drift index and surface roughness, which are beneficial to improve the reliability of storage device. T-type phase change memory devices based on 25 nm GeTe thin film were fabricated by 0.13 μm CMOS technology, and the current–voltage and resistance-voltage characteristics demonstrate the excellent electrical performance, including the fast resistance switching between SET and RESET processes, low threshold current and voltage. All the results proved the strong dependency relationships between the crystallization properties and film thickness of GeTe thin film, which paves the way for developing high-density phase change memory in the fields of big data and artificial intelligence.
Complex electromagnetism and coupled gravitational-electromagnetic waves in the interstellar medium
Authors: Villarreal Fasanelli M R , Seo J
Published: August 2024

Gravito-electromagnetism is an approximation of general relativity that has significant analogies to electromagnetism. We show that the remained asymmetry in those two field equations and the equations of motion can be alleviated through appropriate scaling on the complex plane, thereby allowing gravity and electromagnetism to be combined into a single set of equations for analysis. This enables a more concise and intuitive interpretation of mixed-field interactions of the interstellar medium. The interstellar medium, composed of ionized gas, interacts with both gravitational and electromagnetic fields, and within this medium, gravitational and electromagnetic waves exist in a coupled form. We derive the dispersion relation of these coupled waves tied by the interstellar medium and discuss two branches of wave solutions. These two solutions correspond to the well-known pure gravitational and electromagnetic waves in the classical limit. Based on the characteristics of this coupled wave, we discuss the possible generation of gravitational waves in the interstellar medium and the abnormal behaviors in a medium composed of dark matter that may provide a new methodology for dark matter detection.
Development and characterization of atmospheric pressure gliding Arc plasma jet
Authors: Chalise Roshan , Dhungana Santosh , Sharma Sangat , Basnet Suresh , Baniya Hom Bahadur , Acharya Tirtha Raj , Lamichhane Pradeep , Khanal Raju
Published: August 2024

In this work, we present the development and comprehensive characterization of an atmospheric pressure gliding arc plasma jet (GAPJ) operating in ambient air to generate non-thermal plasma. Through systematic investigation, the relationship between jet length and airflow rate indicates a positive correlation. Electrical and optical techniques are utilized to characterize the discharge, revealing an impact of applied voltage and gas flow rate on discharge parameters. Calculations are made for parameters such as electron density ((0.62−3.44)×1019) m
−3, average power dissipation (9.85−40.50) W, and root mean square values of current and voltage. The impacts of applied voltages and gas flow rate on these parameters are also examined. Electron excitation temperature is determined using the Boltzmann plot method, yielding values within the range of (1.36−1.44) eV. Rotational and vibrational temperatures of discharge are analyzed, revealing values of (1373−2065) K and (2700−2405) K, respectively, under different operational conditions. The generated non-thermal plasma is confined to form a plasma plume although it consists of two diverging electrodes and offers promising applications for specified areas of sterilization and decontamination in the medical, pharmaceutical, and food processing industries.
A room-temperature ultrafast carrier dynamical study and thickness-dependent investigation of WTe2thin films on a flexible PET substrate
Authors: Verma Sahil , Kumar Kapil , Yadav Reena , Pandey Animesh , Kaur Mandeep , Kumar Mahesh , Husale Sudhir
Published: August 2024

In the current era of increasing demand for optoelectronic-based devices with ultra-rapid response, it is important to understand the processes associated with the relaxation dynamics of hot carriers and transient electrical properties of WTe2material under photoexcitation of charge carriers. In this work, using femtosecond laser pump–probe spectroscopy at room temperature we performed the transient absorption measurement on sputtered deposited WTe2thin films having four different thicknesses to study dynamics associated with the relaxation of their hot carriers. The relaxation dynamics of photoexcited charge carriers undergo three exponential decay components associated with electron–phonon thermalization in the conduction band and phonon-assisted electron–hole recombination between the electron and hole pocket. The thickness-dependent investigation of WTe2thin films reveals that the electron–hole recombination process is more prominent in thicker films than in thinner films, supporting previously published theoretical and experimental conclusions. The Ultrafast study of WTe2thin films suggests that it is a suitable material for future ultrafast optoelectronic-based device applications.
Novel method for inversion of microphysical properties of clouds using Raman lidar data
Authors: Yan Xinglin , Qi Liangliang , Mao Jiandong , Li Juan , Zhao Hu
Published: August 2024

Aerosol–cloud–precipitation interactions are important in the balance of Earth’s radiation budget. To further explore the relationship between clouds and precipitation, and to improve operational weather modification, it is necessary to study the microphysical parameters of liquid water clouds. Here, an inversion method that uses a back propagation (BP) neural network based on a genetic algorithm (GA), namely a GABP, is proposed to invert cloud microphysical parameters using ground-based dual-field-of-view (FOV) Raman lidar data. To verify the feasibility of the method, long-term continuous observations were conducted in the Liupan Mountains (China). Results revealed that the proposed inversion method using the GABP is feasible for retrieving the liquid water content (LWC) and the cloud droplet effective radius after training a large number of data measured simultaneously by the Raman lidar and a microwave radiometer. When inverting LWC, the root mean square error (RMSE) of the GABP algorithm was found in the range 0–0.005, whereas the RMSE of the BP algorithm fluctuated in the range 0–0.01. It was evident that the GABP algorithm yields better inversion results and finer detail. When maintaining other variables and comparing the inversion results of signals in the inner and outer FOVs, the RMSE of the inner FOV signal was within 0.005 at near-ground heights (i.e., <2 km), whereas the outer FOV signal exceeded 0.005 at certain heights. This study developed a feasible solution for detecting characteristic cloud microphysical parameters using a Raman lidar, which could be used to study aerosol–cloud–precipitation interactions, and thereby have considerable practical importance for improving artificial rainfall operations.
Direct optimization of neoclassical ion transport in stellarator reactors
Authors: Lee B.F. , Lazerson S.A. , Smith H.M. , Beidler C.D. , Pablant N.A.
Published: August 2024

We directly optimize stellarator neoclassical ion transport while holding neoclassical electron transport at a moderate level, creating a scenario favorable for impurity expulsion and retaining good ion confinement. Traditional neoclassical stellarator optimization has focused on minimizingϵeff, the geometric factor that characterizes the amount of radial transport due to particles in the1/νregime. Under expected reactor-relevant conditions, core electrons will be in the1/νregime and core fuel ions will be in theνregime. Traditional optimizations thus minimize electron transport and rely on the radial electric field (Er) that develops to confine the ions. This often results in an inward-pointingErthat drives high-Zimpurities into the core, which may be troublesome in future reactors. In this work, we increase the ratio of the thermal transport coefficientsL11e/L11i, which previous research has shown can create an outward-pointingEr. This effect is very beneficial for impurity expulsion. We obtain self-consistent density, temperature, andErprofiles at reactor-relevant conditions for an optimized equilibrium. This equilibrium is expected to enjoy significantly improved impurity transport properties.
A Two-Stage Monocular Vision Detection Method for 6D Pose Estimation in Multi-Heterogeneous Robot Systems
Authors: Shan Bo , Zhao Donghui , Yang Junyou , Liu Houde
Published: August 2024

Multi-robot systems are crucial for enhancing work efficiency, flexibility, and adaptability, with the accurate acquisition and processing of pose information in real-world environments being a prerequisite for their implementation. This study proposes a 6D pose visual localization system for heterogeneous multi-robot systems based on monocular vision, addressing the issues of high costs and suboptimal real-time performance in existing systems. The main contributions include the design of a cost-effective and efficient monocular vision localization system framework, the proposal of an enhanced YOLOv8 detection model that integrates object classification, keypoint detection, and 6D pose analysis, and the development of a 6D pose analysis method based on 3D model-based PnP keypoint threshold screening and matching, thereby improving the system’s operational speed and accuracy. This research achievement can be applied in multiple fields such as multi-heterogeneous robot system coordination verification, autonomous navigation, and intelligent manufacturing.
RLSM: A Strategy Matrix based Microservice Splitting Method for Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Liu Yuqiang , Yu Jianyong , Han Xue , Liu Yuqi
Published: August 2024

We introduce a novel microservice splitting approach, the Policy Matrix-based Reinforcement Learning Splitting Method (RLSM), designed to overcome the limitations of traditional service splitting schemes by providing a solution that is both fine-grained and efficient, with a strong emphasis on automation. This method utilizes dynamic link tracking and static code analysis techniques to analyze business modules, and extract entities using data flow graphs. We use these entities as agents in reinforcement learning to construct a reinforcement learning environment model, and optimize and update the value of entities by constructing a policy matrix, replacing the Q table in traditional Q-learning algorithms. Finally, we obtained a set of entity categories and used the K-means algorithm to cluster the entities of these categories, with each clustered cluster being a split individual microservice. The experimental results show that this splitting scheme not only achieves automated splitting, but also maintains a stable compliance rate of about 97% for microservices. This is enough to demonstrate that RLSM is more efficient and flexible in completing service design and evaluation.
Design and Simulation of MEMS Turbulence Sensor for UUV
Authors: Zhang Peng , Kong Xiangzheng , Cheng Nuo , Zhang Guojun , Zhang Wendong , Wang Renxin
Published: August 2024

Based on the piezoresistive effect, MEMS piezoresistive sensors can generate resistance changes with stress variations, making them highly attractive for turbulence detection. Inspired by the lateral line of fish, this paper introduces a bio-inspired beam-cilia vector turbulence sensor. A transient model of the detector under pulsatile flow signals is established using the multi-physics coupling simulation software COMSOL Multiphysics. The cross-sensitivity of the detector’s X and Y channels is 0.16%, demonstrating excellent vector properties. The sensitivity of the detector reaches up to 8.3×10−3 Vms2/kg, significantly higher than traditional PNS shear flow sensor probes. This provides a solution for UUV in deep-sea turbulence detection and opens up new exploration methods for UUV in the deep sea.
GCN-SATO: A Graph Convolutional Network with Self-Attention based Car-Following Model
Authors: Li Qiran , Chen Qian , Jian Chengli , Wang Qingnan , Tu Jihui
Published: August 2024

Car following is critical for the overall safety, efficiency, and smooth operation of autonomous vehicles in traffic. However, the existing car-following model primarily focuses on local feature extraction, overlooking the spatial-temporal relationships between vehicles and key information within the time series. This limitation negatively impacts prediction accuracy and generalization capabilities. To tickle these problems, this paper proposes a novel car-following method based on a Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) and a self-attention mechanism. Firstly, the GCN network is utilized to construct the spatial-temporal structure of the car-following model, which can effectively obtain topological structure relationships among vehicles. Secondly, the self-attention module is designed to assign different attention weights to different neighbors of a node in the car-following model, which can facilitate the capture of various aspects of node relationships simultaneously and enhance its expressive power. Finally, the Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) layer is employed to predict the future behaviors of following vehicles. The proposed car-following model (CF) was trained and evaluated using five real-world datasets: HighD, SPMD, Waymo, NGSIM, and Lyft. The results indicate that our method outperforms other existing methods in Mean Squared Error (MSE) of spacing and achieves a zero collision rate on all datasets. These findings indicate that the GCN-SATO proposed in this paper enhances safety and smooth operation compared to other existing models.
Preliminary results of the 2023 International Fermilab Booster Studies
Authors: Eldred J. , Balcewicz M. , Schmidt F. , Simons B.
Published: August 2024

An overview is given of the methods and preliminary results
from dedicated beam studies on three topics conducted over five days
in July 2023. In the first study, the Fermilab Booster magnets were
held constant at magnetic fields corresponding to the injection
energy. The beam loss and emittance growth were observed under
varying intensity, tunes, and sextupole resonances. The
corresponding beam conditions were also simulated with the MADX-SC
code [1]. In the second study, measurements of
the vertical half-integer resonance and correction methods are
conducted for high-intensity beams ramping in the Booster. Finally,
syncho-betatron instabilities are observed during
transition-crossing in the Booster under strong space-charge
conditions.
Effects of land surface model resolution on fluxes and soil state in the Arctic
Authors: Schickhoff Meike , de Vrese Philipp , Bartsch Annett , Widhalm Barbara , Brovkin Victor
Published: August 2024

Arctic land is characterized by a high surface and subsurface heterogeneity on different scales. However, the effects of land surface model resolution on fluxes and soil state variables in the Arctic have never been systematically studied, even though smaller scale heterogeneities are resolved in high-resolution land boundary condition datasets. Here, we compare 210 km and 5 km setups of the land surface model JSBACH3 for an idealized case study in eastern Siberia to investigate the effects of high versus low-resolution land boundary conditions on simulating the interactions of soil physics, hydrology and vegetation. We show for the first time that there are differences in the spatial averages of the simulated fluxes and soil state variables between resolution setups. Most differences are small in the summer mean, but larger within individual months. Heterogeneous soil properties induce large parts of the differences while vegetation characteristics play a minor role. Active layer depth shows a statistically significant increase of +20% in the 5 km setup relative to the 210 km setup for the summer mean and +43% for August. The differences are due to the nonlinear vertical discretization of the soil column amplifying the impact of the heterogeneous distributions of soil organic matter content and supercooled water. Resolution-induced differences in evaporation fluxes amount to +43% in July and are statistically significant. Our results show that spatial resolution significantly affects model outcomes due to nonlinear processes in heterogenous land surfaces. This suggests that resolution needs to be accounted in simulations of land surface models in the Arctic.
Plastic debris beaching on two remote Indian Ocean islands originates from handful of Indonesian rivers
Authors: van der Mheen Mirjam , Pattiaratchi Charitha
Published: August 2024

Large amounts of plastic waste from non-local sources (>200 tonnes) wash up on Christmas Island and the Cocos Keeling Islands, two remote Indian Ocean islands, every year. Local communities on these islands organize beach clean-ups regularly to tackle this problem and, because their waste systems cannot handle the enormous amounts of plastic, predominantly incinerate the collected waste. However, as long as plastic waste keeps entering the ocean, beach clean-ups alone cannot be sustained. The first crucial step to solving this problem is to determine the main sources of plastic waste to the islands. In this study, we simulate the transport of floating plastic waste to determine the main riverine sources of plastic reaching the islands. We find that the majority of simulated plastic waste comes from just 4 Indonesian rivers: the Solo, Brantas, Ci Tanduy, and Wai Sekampung. We suggest that further numerical and field studies, as well as potential river clean-up efforts focus on these rivers to stop plastic waste inundating Christmas Island and the Cocos Keeling Islands.
The impact of moulding and cooling process on the hardness and colour of praline couverture chocolate filled with water-based filling
Authors: Pratista R D , Saputro A D , Shodiq M M , Setiowati A D , Bintoro N , Rahayoe S
Published: August 2024

Praline chocolate stability is highly influenced by the production process. Good quality praline has a smooth and shiny surface, without bubbles, cracks, and bloom. Stable praline can be able to resist the migration of the filling so it has a longer shelf life. The aim of this research was to examine the influence of moulding temperature and shell formation time on the stability of praline couverture chocolate with water-based filling. The moulding temperature used 3 temperature variations, namely 28°C, 30°C, 32°C. Shell formation time used 2 variations, namely 5 and 15 minutes. Praline samples was matured at a storage temperature of (16-20°C) for 14 days. The chocolate quality parameters tested were hardness and colour (L*, a*, b*, C*, h°). Results showed that pralines molded at 32°C were harder and had better colour appearance than the pralines moulded at 28°C and 30°C. This conditions also occur in the praline made with shell formation time of 15 minutes. Result of decision-making test using TOPSIS method showed that the best sample was T32 S15 praline with a preference value of 0.937.
Characteristics of Bio-plastics for Fresh Product Packaging Materials
Authors: Nugroho L P E , Agusta W , Kusmaningjati P Y G , Giarni R
Published: August 2024

Plastic is widely used as a popular packaging material, but its not eco-friendly. Therefore, it can be substituted with bio-plastics. This study aims to assess characteristics of bio-plastic (starch-based) and High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) for packaging materials, examining diverse treatments of storage conditions. Additionally, it compares weight loss in fresh products during storage, considering variations in packaging type, storage temperature, and storage time. Testing focused on three parameters: tensile strength, elongation, and Water Vapor Transmission Rate (WVTR) for both packaging types over 8 hours at various temperatures (16 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C) and relative humidity (18%, 51%, 79%, 90%). The results of each parameter were compared using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and analyzed using three-way ANOVA. Results reveal that WVTR of the packaging increases with rising the Relative Humidity (RH). Tensile strength is influenced by the packaging material, not the storage conditions, while elongation is affected by the environment RH, which alters material properties. Weight loss in product quality remains stable at low temperatures. Bio-plastic packaging results in higher weight loss compared to HDPE. Mechanical properties of packaging remain unaffected by storage temperature or time.
Contribution of Rice in virtual water trade within countries: lessons for agriculture policy
Authors: Doomra Geetika , Bharti Nisha , Malik Sushant
Published: August 2024

In the era of climate change, it is very relevant to focus on the trade of water in virtual form among the countries. Virtual water is the water used in the production of any product or service. Rice consumes approximately 2,497 litres of water (globally) for one kg of its production. Presently, India is the world’s biggest extractor of groundwater, more than the U.S. and China combined. This paper reviews the major countries involved in the global trade of virtual water through rice. The findings of the paper reveal that agricultural export policies of top Virtual Water Trading countries are not aligned with their water situation. Despite being a water-stressed country, India is the largest producer and exporter of water-intensive crops like rice. Thus, it becomes one of the largest virtual water traders too. There is a strong need to consider this virtual water trade while framing Agricultural policy to promote other less water-consuming crops and discourage virtual water export, especially for Global South.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Study on the Influence of Variable Cant Angle Winglets on Total Drag Reduction
Authors: Innocenti Giulia , Segalerba Eric , Guerrero Joel
Published: August 2024

The development of winglets has been motivated by the need to reduce lift-induced drag in aircraft. One of the main limitations, since they are fixed devices, is related to their inability in adapting to variable flight conditions. To address this issue, this study proposes the use of variable cant angle winglets that can be adjusted to optimize drag reduction under different flight conditions. In this study, we use the CFD solver OpenFOAM to investigate the effects of varying the winglet cant angle. Instead of a fully mesh morphing approach, a quasi-steady approach was taken where different winglet configurations were investigated by changing the cant angle from 0º to 70º. The main reason for taking this approach was to reduce the burden related to the dynamic meshing approach. The results obtained in this flight condition show an optimal cant angle, with respect to the aerodynamic efficiency, around 40º.
Effect of wavefront distortion on focusing performance of long-focal-depth mirror
Authors: Ye Haixian , Cao Leifeng , Fan Quanping , Dai Yanmeng , You Tenghui , Yu Jian , Zhou Cangtao
Published: August 2024

A long-focal-depth mirror can produce a quasi-Bessel beam, which has the advantages of a long focal depth, a small spot, independence of wavelength, and a uniform longitudinal intensity. The laser beam emitted by a laser has a certain wavefront distortion, and real optical elements will also produce extra aberrations in the process of processing and assembling, which will then introduce new wavefront distortion to the optical system. Wavefront distortion will affect the phase and then affect the coherence and beam quality of the laser beam, ultimately affecting the beam focusing performance. To accurately study the effect of wavefront distortion on the focusing performances of long-focal-depth mirrors, an aberration model based on Zernike polynomials was established. Based on scalar diffraction theory, the effects of three typical aberrations on the focusing performances of long-focal-depth mirrors were calculated. The focusing performances were comprehensively evaluated by using various evaluation manners, including the power in the bucket. The calculation results showed that, compared with the ideal state, for an astigmatism or coma with a root mean square (RMS) more than 0.25 μm, the focusing performance of the long-focal-depth mirror dropped abruptly. The focused spot calculated with a 0.10 μm aberration shows a distribution identical to that when the component is properly clamped, exhibiting no significant aberration features, indicating that a RMS of 0.10 μm is acceptable.
Open problems in deformations of Artinian algebras, Hilbert schemes and around
Authors: Jelisiejew Joachim
Published: August 2024

We review the open problems in the theory of deformations of zero-dimensional objects, such as algebras, modules or tensors. We list both the well-known ones and some new ones that emerge from applications. In view of many advances in recent years, we can hope that all of them are in the range of current methods.
A brief survey of Specht ideals and their perfection in the two-rowed case
Authors: McDaniel Chris
Published: August 2024

We give a brief survey of results on general Specht ideals, then we focus on the two-rowed case, focusing on issues of primary decompositions and perfection, the dependence of these properties on field characteristic, and a surprising connection to Lefschetz properties.
Pectin-like heteroxylans in the early-diverging charophyte Klebsormidium fluitans
Authors: Rapin Marie N , Bothwell John H , Fry Stephen C
Published: August 2024

Background and Aims

The cell walls of charophytic algae both resemble and differ from those of land plants. Cell walls in early-diverging charophytes (e.g. Klebsormidiophyceae) are particularly distinctive in ways that might enable survival in environments that are incompatible with land-plant polymers. This study therefore investigates the structure of Klebsormidium polysaccharides.

Methods

The ‘pectin’ fraction (defined by extractability) of Klebsormidium fluitans, solubilized by various buffers from alcohol-insoluble residues, was digested with several treatments that (partly) hydrolyse land-plant cell-wall polysaccharides. Products were analysed by gel-permeation and thin-layer chromatography.

Key Results

The Klebsormidium pectic fraction made up ~30–50 % of its alcohol-insoluble residue, was optimally solubilized at pH 3–4 at 100 °C, and contained residues of xylose ≈ galactose > rhamnose > arabinose, fucose, mannose and glucose. Uronic acids were undetectable, and the pectic fraction was more readily solubilized by formate than by oxalate, suggesting a lack of chelation. Some land-plant-targeting hydrolases degraded the Klebsormidium pectic fraction: digestion by α-l-arabinanase, endo-β-(1→4)-d-xylanase and α-d-galactosidase suggests the presence of β-(1→4)-xylan with terminal α-l-arabinose, α-d-galactose and (unexpectedly) rhamnose. ‘Driselase’ released oligosaccharides of xylose and rhamnose (~1:1), and graded acid hydrolysis of these oligosaccharides indicated a ‘rhamnoxylan’ with rhamnose side-chains. Partial acid hydrolysis of Klebsormidium pectic fraction released rhamnose plus numerous oligosaccharides, one of which comprised xylose and galactose (~1:2 Gal/Xyl), suggesting a galactoxylan. Lichenase was ineffective, as were endo-β-(1→4)-d-galactanase, endo-β-(1→4)-d-mannanase, β-d-xylosidase and β-d-galactosidase.

Conclusions

Klebsormidium pectic fraction possesses many land-plant-like linkages but is unusual in lacking uronic acid residues and in containing rhamnoxylan and galactoxylan domains. Uronic acids allow land-plant and late-diverging charophyte pectins to form Ca2+-bridges, facilitating cell-wall polymer association; their absence from Klebsormidium suggests that neutral heteroxylans rely on alternative cross-linking mechanisms. This lack of dependence on Ca2+-bridges might confer on Klebsormidium the ability to grow in the acidic, metal-rich environments that it tolerates.
Detecting microsatellite instability by length comparison of microsatellites in the 3′ untranslated region with RNA-seq
Authors: Choi Jin-Wook , Lee Jin-Ok , Lee Sejoon
Published: August 2024

Microsatellite instability (MSI), a phenomenon caused by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) mismatch repair system deficiencies, is an important biomarker in cancer research and clinical diagnostics. MSI detection often involves next-generation sequencing data, with many studies focusing on DNA. Here, we introduce a novel approach by measuring microsatellite lengths directly from ribonucleic acid sequencing (RNA-seq) data and comparing its distribution to detect MSI. Our findings reveal distinct instability patterns between MSI-high (MSI-H) and microsatellite stable samples, indicating the efficacy of RNA–based MSI detection. Additionally, microsatellites in the 3′-untranslated regions showed the greatest predictive value for MSI detection. Notably, this efficacy extends to detecting MSI-H samples even in tumors not commonly associated with MSI. Our approach highlights the utility of RNA-seq data in MSI detection, facilitating more precise diagnostics through the integration of various biological data.
937 Case Report of Significant Epistaxis During Third Trimester Pregnancy
Authors: Cotter A , Shuttleworth R , O’Kane A
Published: August 2024

Background

Epistaxis is a common presentation to emergency departments. In cases of severe bleeding in the context of pregnancy cases can become very difficult to manage and normal haemostatic interventions may not prove as effective compared to the non-pregnant patients.

Case Presentation

36-year-old female 30 weeks pregnant presenting with significant potentially fatal epistaxis refractory to several haemostatic measures including floseal, nasal packing, surgical and radiological interventions. Despite two surgeries (involving arterial cautery) requiring general anaesthetic and one embolisation procedure in the interventional radiology suite, bleeding was never fully controlled for prolonged periods. Ultimately, delivery of the baby via caesarean-section was the only method that proved successful in halting the patient’s epistaxis.

Conclusions

This challenging case highlighted the necessity of employing a stepwise approach to managing epistaxis in the context of pregnancy. Furthermore, it emphasizes the need for early consultation with obstetric colleagues and the overall advantages of a acquiring multi-disciplinary input these unique cases.