bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical validation of a method determining thermal diffusivity based on a measurement of a temperature profile
Authors: Owczarek Mariusz
Published: July 2020

The knowledge of dynamic thermal properties of building elements is necessary to investigate temperature and heat flux changes in natural daily and annual cycles. The basic dynamic parameter is thermal diffusivity. A method for determining its value for real objects has been proposed. This method is based on measuring the temperature in the element’s volume and on assuming that the obtained results meet the Fourier equation. Validation by a numerical experiment was made. The wall of the building with known thermal parameters was assumed and the temperature distribution was calculated over time in the process of non-stationary heat exchange. From the results, the diffusivity value was calculated and compared with the data entered into the model. Validations were performed for several accuracy of the temperature value and for two forms of function which approximated the temperature values obtained from calculation. A preliminary analysis of errors has been carried out.
Keywords: measurements of thermal diffusivity, temperature distribution in a building element, approximation, heat transfer
Problems of adjusting a filtering gas mask during its prolonged use
Authors: Kamionek Dorota , Harmata Władysław
Published: July 2020

This paper characterizes the problem of matching masks that are part of individual means of
protection against contamination. The method of matching masks in the Polish Armed Forces with the
use of irritating chemical agents such as chloropicrin and CS was analyzed. The paper presents the results
of tests on the matching of modern filtering masks using the optoelectronic method during long-term
use. They were analyzed and compared with the results of the reference method ‒ total internal leakage.
Keywords: defense against weapons of mass destruction, individual protective equipment, fitting filter masks
Mapping the Wildland-Urban Interfaces for Forest Fire Prevention in the Province of Mila (Algeria)
Authors: Laala Ahmed , Beldjazia Amina , Alatou Djamel
Published: July 2020

Areas where the habitat is in contact with the forest represent danger and become a real concern for managers who need location tools to act and limit fire risks in these territories. In this context, our study focuses on determining and mapping the different types of wildland-urban interface (WUI) existing in the Zouagha forest. The methodology integrates four types of a housing structure, limited to a radius of 100 meters around each house and three classes of vegetation aggregation. The GIS tool maps and identifies twelve types of WUI in the study area. Our results show that WUI areas in the Zouagha forest increased rapidly over the last decade. New houses were the main cause for new WUI. In 2019, the number of buildings in the study area was 51% higher than in 2009. These urban areas are more exposed to wildfire risks due to their proximity to flammable fuels. The spatial analysis allows highlighting the WUI type most sensitive to a fire risk that needs the interventions of environment protection institutions to limit the damage of wildfires.
Agilität in Projektmanagement und Projektcontrolling – Ergebnisse einer empirischen Studie
Authors: Ulrich Patrick , Rieg Robert
Published: July 2020

In der aktuellen betriebswirtschaftlichen Diskussion zum Projektcontrolling nimmt insbesondere die Agilität mit Methoden wie SCRUM, Design Thinking und KANBAN einen steigenden Stellenwert ein. Unklar ist bisher aus betriebswirtschaftlicher Sicht, ob diese Methoden das Projektmanagement und Projektcontrolling wirklich verbessern, ob sich klassisches und agiles Projektmanagement und Projektcontrolling ausschliessen und inwiefern hybride Ansätze in der Praxis möglich sind. Der vorliegende Beitrag widmet sich, ausgehend von einer empirischen Befragung von 135 Unternehmen aus dem Jahr 2019, der Überprüfung des Zusammenhangs von Projektmanagementmethode und Projektcontrolling in der Unternehmenspraxis. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass bei agilem Projektmanagement andere Instrumente des Projektcontrollings verwendet werden und dass die Zufriedenheit von Projektmitarbeitern in agilen Projekten deutlich höher ist.
Natural Science and Technical Peace Research: Definition, History, and Current Work
Authors: Reuter Christian , Altmann Jürgen , Göttsche Malte , Himmel Mirko
Published: July 2020

Scientific discoveries and technological innovations have always exerted a great influence on peace and security. New civil and military technologies are revolutionizing warfare. Particularly striking areas are cyber warfare and the rapid development of uninhabited weapon systems. Issues of nuclear disarmament, missile defence or space armament as well as chemical and biological weapons remain urgent. The conference SCIENCE · PEACE · SECURITY ’19 aimed for an accurate understanding and fruitful discussions of today’s and tomorrow’s peace and security challenges. This includes natural science/technical as well as interdisciplinary contributions, focusing on problems of international security and peace-building as well as contributions dedicated to transparency, trust-building, arms control, disarmament, and conflict management. This special issue presents selected contributions based on discussions at the conference.
The State of Cyber Arms Control. An International Vulnerabilities Equities Process as the Way to go Forward?
Authors: Schulze Matthias
Published: July 2020

Although the threat of cyber-conflict is rising at the moment, not much ground has been gained with cyber arms control regimes. The article analyses proposals for cyber arms control, modelled after traditional arms control regimes. It finds that challenges of the digital domain, issues of regime verification and the lack of political will are big inhibitors in transferring these to the cyber-domain. To overcome these inhibitors, cyber-experts proposed a new type of regime focusing on Zero-day vulnerabilities. Since nobody so far explained how a so-called International Vulnerabilities Equities Process (IVEP) could look like, the article picks up the task, and presents two models with their advantages and shortcomings. The article concludes that the IVEP proposal holds some promise, but due to many open questions, it is currently not feasible as a policy option.
The Effect of Fiscal Transparency on the Provision of a Public Good: An Experimental Analysis
Authors: Krause Julian
Published: July 2020

This paper presents a model and experimental results of a public good game to explore the effects of fiscal transparency on the provision of a public good. Two types of fiscal transparency are explored. The first is the transparency of the decision-making process and the second is the transparency of government spending. To answer this question a model for the public good “city district quality” with heterogeneous agents is set up and the design and the results of the experiment are presented.
Molecular Mechanisms behind Initiation of Focal Seizure in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Computational Study
Authors: Jakhmola Mani Ruchi , Pande Katare Deepshikha
Published: July 2020

Epilepsy is a noncommunicable disease of the brain that affects people of all ages. The chapter aims to identify protein targets and their mechanism of action behind temporal lobe epilepsy. Differentially expressed proteins in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) were used to derive a hypothesis demonstrating routes of protein interactions causing focal seizure and identification of putative target receptor for its treatment. Text mining was done by constructing a Boolean query with keywords such as temporal lobe epilepsy, focal seizures, proteomics, etc., in different scientific search engines. The proteins were further used for creating protein interaction network and analysed for their role in focal epileptic seizure pathway. The most appropriate route for initiation of seizure was observed to be route 3. It describes the dysregulated signal transduction from adenosine A1 receptor (ADORA1) to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B receptor 1 (GABBR1). This causes electrical imbalance and hyper-excitation of neurons that lead to focal seizure. The study also predicts that YWHAZ (3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein zeta) could be the potential target for preventing focal seizures. The network framed in this study is ideal for studying the cascades of events that may occur during focal seizures in TLE and is useful in drug discovery.
Gender Differences in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Disease Progression and Treatment Outcomes
Authors: Mosha Fausta
Published: July 2020

Several interventions have been implemented for control and prevention of HIV, including provision of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART). A major concern is how this investment can effectively reduce morbidity and mortality due to HIV given the existence of various factors that contribute to treatment failure. The purpose of this chapter is to elaborate the role of gender on HIV Disease progression and treatment outcomes. Demographic, epidemiological, clinical, immunological, treatment information as well as blood from HIV infected patients were collected. Epidemiological analyses, using standard phylogenetic and statistical tests were done. A follow-up of patients who were initiated on ART for 1 year enabled description of the gender differences in HIV disease progression and treatment outcome. After 1 year of follow up on ART, more females survived, and more females had undetectable viral load compared to males. However, women lost their initial immunological advantage as they presented with lower immunological recovery after 1 year of therapy. Socio-demographic factors do have an impact on disease progression during ART in HIV-1 infected patients. We recommend that more cohorts of patients be continuously followed up to understand the differences on ART outcome between males and females.
Photogrammetry as an Engineering Design Tool
Authors: Pilar Valerga Puerta Ana , Aletheia Jimenez-Rodriguez Rocio , Fernandez-Vidal Sergio , Raul Fernandez-Vidal Severo
Published: July 2020

Photogrammetry is a technique used for studying and precisely defining the shape, dimension, and position in space of any object, using mainly measurements taken over one or more photographs of that object. Today, photogrammetry is a popular science due to its ease of application, low cost, and good results. Based on these causes, it is becoming a good alternative to scanning. This has led to its implementation in different sectors such as the archeological, architectural, and topographical for application in element reconstructions, cartography, or biomechanics. This chapter presents the fundamental aspects of this technology, as well as its great possibilities of application in the engineering field.
Civil Society Trajectories in CEE: Post-Communist ‘Weakness’ or Differences in Difficult Times?
Authors: Navrátil Jiří , Kluknavská Alena
Published: July 2020

The article links previous debates on the qualities of civil society in CEE countries and its contemporary challenges with the aim to demonstrate the debate’s inner differentiation but also its persevering incapacity to identify and articulate current political risks. The article critically reflects on discussions over the presumed weakness of civil society and connects them to the major contemporary challenges for post-socialist civil society in the last decade – profound political transformations driven by authoritarian elites, the 2015 European refugee crisis, and the current coronavirus pandemic. Examining the trajectories and characteristics of CEE civil societies in relation to these developments, we claim that instead of a single, homogenous CEE civil society shaped by a shared communist past, civil societies in the region are largely determined by different national political contexts. One of the few common characteristics which makes them different from their old democratic counterparts is their depoliticization, mostly in terms of their selective approach to political issues and risks.
Reassessment of the taxonomic status of Pseudopaludicola parnaiba (Anura, Leptodactylidae, Leiuperinae), with the description of a new cryptic species from the Brazilian Cerrado
Authors: De Andrade Felipe Silva , Haga Isabelle Aquemi , Lyra Mariana Lúcio , De Carvalho Thiago Ribeiro , Haddad Célio Fernando Baptista , Giaretta Ariovaldo Antonio , Toledo Luís Felipe
Published: July 2020

The Neotropical frog genus Pseudopaludicola includes 25 species distributed throughout South America. Herein we review the taxonomic status of P. parnaiba relative to P. canga and the specific identity of the population treated in previous studies as Pseudopaludicola sp. 3 from Barreirinhas in the Brazilian state of Maranhão. The lack of differentiation in advertisement call, morphology, and mitochondrial markers from topotypes and different populations rejects the status of P. parnaiba and Pseudopaludicola sp. 3 from Barreirinhas as distinct species. For these reasons, we suggest to formally consider P. parnaiba as a junior synonym of P. canga. We also found that a population previously reported as P. facureae from central Brazil (Palmeiras de Goiás, Goiás) corresponds to a cryptic species that we describe here as a new species. Lastly, we provide for the first time the phylogenetic positions of P. giarettai, P. llanera and P. pusilla.
Requisitos para projetos de computação vestível para crianças autistas com base no Design Centrado no Humano
Authors: Wick Carla Feder , Cavalcanti Anna Luiza Moraes de Sá , Merino Giselle Schmidt Alves Díaz , Sobral João Eduardo Chagas
Published: July 2020

O autismo é uma síndrome caracterizada por alterações na comunicação, na interação social e na imaginação. A percepção da falta de informação, o preconceito e a oportunidade de utilizar novas tecnologias para melhorar a qualidade de vida de crianças autistas, pautaram a investigação. Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar os requisitos para projeto de computação vestível, recorte da pesquisa no mestrado profissional em design, que gerou uma proposta conceitual de computação vestível por meio da abordagem do Design Centrado no Humano. Os requisitos foram levantados na pesquisa de campo com os responsáveis pelas crianças, fator relevante pela vivência com as necessidades perceptivas, físicas e emocionais enfrentadas. A pesquisa foi submetida ao Comitê de Ética e aprovado com o protocolo nº 81167917.6.0000.5366. Os requisitos para projetos de artefatos de computação vestível, destinado ao auxílio de crianças autistas, fazem parte dos resultados alcançados e espera-se que contribuam para além das soluções formais, estéticas e tecnológicas, com atributos que consideram os aspectos subjetivos, emocionais e perceptivos.
Velkommen til et nyt Udenrigs
Authors: Udenrigs Redaktion
Published: July 2020

Intet resumé
Det vigtigste EU-valg til dato
Authors: Nissen Christine
Published: July 2020

Valget til Europa-Parlamentet står for døren. Her med et bidrag af Christine Nissen som skriver om hvorfor dette valg er vigtigere end nogensinde før.
Krims historie: Fra Djengish Kahn til Putin
Authors: Faurby Ib
Published: July 2020

Ib Faurby om Krims historie.
Anmeldelse: Kokain-kapitalismen
Authors: Lohmann Jens
Published: July 2020

Intet resumé
Stormagten vi ikke orker
Authors: Udenrigs Redaktion
Published: July 2020

Fra redaktionen
Tre mord på Novaja Gazeta
Authors: Izmajlov Vjatjeslav
Published: July 2020

Den russiske oppositionsavis Novaja Gazeta har foreløbig mistet tre reportere. Vjatjeslav Izmajlov, står for den journalistiske efterforskning af mordene på Politikovskaja og Domnikov.
Ruslands nabopolitik: hovmod og fald
Authors: Åslund Anders
Published: July 2020

Ruslands udenrigspolitik og energipolitik skaber usikkerhed på energimarkedet i Europa og skræmmer nabolandene væk. I Kreml er magten overtaget af en gruppe tidligere efterretningsfolk, hvis vigtigste mål er at blive stenrige, og som ikke tåler opposition. Vesten må træde i karakter og holde Rusland fast på OSCE-forpligtelserne.
Angela Merkels form for magt
Authors: Øhrgaard Per
Published: July 2020

Intet resumé
Rusland har ondt i demokratiet
Authors: Tsukanova Ljubov , Poulsen-Hansen Lars P.
Published: July 2020

Intet resumé
Fra redationen
Authors: Udenrigs Redaktion
Published: July 2020

Intet resumé
Samarbejde møder forhindringer i Arktis
Authors: Wang Nils
Published: July 2020

Vi belyser det nordiske forsvarssamarbejde fra fem forskellige vinkler med bidrag fra Nils Wang om Arktis.
Bashar al-Assad har skabt et nyt monster
Authors: Ellegaard Lasse
Published: July 2020

Sommeren 2014 vil også blive husket for den ’blitzkrieg’, som Islamisk Stat (IS) foranstaltede i Mellemøsten, hvor IS på under en uge erobrede et område større end Frank- rig. Lasse Ellegaard trækker trådene tilbage til borgerkrigen i Syrien.
Anmeldelse: Verden set fra Tyskland
Authors: Wivel Peter
Published: July 2020

Intet resumé
Anmeldelse: Putins selektive retfærdighed
Authors: Sperling Vibeke
Published: July 2020

Intet resumé
Kosovo – når virkeligheden er svær at styre
Authors: Hjortsø Thomas
Published: July 2020

Intet resumé
Hjælp til irakiske tolke?
Authors: Udenrigs Redaktion
Published: July 2020

Spørgetid
Egyptens Muslimske Broderskab i bevægelse
Authors: Skovgaard-Petersen Jakob
Published: July 2020

Intet resumé
Tredje kvartal 2007
Authors: Seidelin Michael
Published: July 2020

Danmarks stemme
Dansk udenrigspolitik i tegningernes tegn
Authors: Pedersen Klaus Carsten
Published: July 2020

Intet resumé
Quo Vadis Britannia?
Authors: Qvortrup Mads
Published: July 2020

Tony Benn sagde engang, at der er to former for politikere – man kan være et vejskilt, der udstikker linjer, eller en vejrhane, der følger tidsånden. Tony Blairs periode som regeringsleder viser at han var begge dele – til forskellige tider og på forskellige sagsområder.
Døde soldaters sjæle hjemsøger japansk politik
Authors: Røjle Christensen Asger
Published: July 2020

Midt i Tokyo ligger et fredfyldt shinto-tempel, som for alvor kan få gemytterne i kog i hele Østasien. Striden om Yasukuni-templet er en intern japansk polemik, som gradvist er blevet et internationalt stridspunkt.
Musharraf under modsatrettet pres
Authors: Fenger Mogens
Published: July 2020

Når den pakistanske præsidents manøvrer forekommer uoverskuelige, skyldes det ikke mindst det komplicerede magtspil, der præger både det politiske, det religiøse og det økonomiske liv i landet.
Udenrigspolitik for enkeltmand
Authors: Pedersen Klaus Carsten
Published: July 2020

Intet resumé
Ånd og dynamit i (u)skøn forening
Authors: Christensen Knud Simon
Published: July 2020

Intet resumé
Har vi lært af Charta 77?
Authors: Udenrigs Redaktion
Published: July 2020

Verdenshavet og Frederiksholms Kanal
Mulighedernes samfund - Uddrag af det officielle regeringsgrundlag
Authors: Udenrigs Redaktion
Published: July 2020

Dokument
Der var engang en høg
Authors: Nauntofte Jens
Published: July 2020

Intet resumé
Integração das Tecnologias Digitais da Informação e Comunicação em Práticas Pedagógicas Inovadoras no Ensino Superior
Authors: Vidal Odaléa Feitosa , Mercado Luís Paulo Leopoldo
Published: July 2020

Este artigo aborda a integração das tecnologias digitais da informação e comunicação no ensino superior com foco nas práticas pedagógicas inovadoras que se configuram no trabalho docente, tendo como objetivo identificar as práticas pedagógicas inovadoras no ensino superior com tecnologias digitais da informação e comunicação. A coleta dos dados ocorreu por meio de entrevistas narrativas com 10 docentes de instituições públicas e privadas situadas em diferentes estados brasileiros. Esses sujeitos integram o estudo subsidiado pelo saber da formação, experiências disciplinares e curriculares, através da história oral temática narrada por eles. Neste estudo, foram analisadas as seguintes categorias: concepção de mundo ou cultura digital; encontro com as TDIC; aprendizagem com TDIC; concepções de inovação pedagógica e tecnológica; inovação pedagógica com TDIC. Os resultados apontaram que faz-se necessário o reconhecimento do estudante como protagonista da aprendizagem e ao docente cabe a autoavaliação, reflexões e reconstruções da prática. No contexto da inovação, sugere novas formas de ensinar e aprender, é preciso haver mudança no currículo e a inserção das TDIC na prática pedagógica, aplicadas com intencionalidade. Trata-se de mudança de paradigma que apresenta mais do que a utilização, pois ressalta a importância de (re)significar as práticas já estabelecidas na docência.
Exercer a docência no Ensino Superior Brasileiro na contemporaneidade com sucesso (competência e eficácia) apresenta como um grande desafio para o professor universitário
Authors: Masetto Marcos Tarciso
Published: July 2020

Desde o início deste século, a universidade brasileira se vê envolvida em inovações que afetam os paradigmas curriculares, a dinamização das aulas universitárias através de metodologias ativas, a chegada do aluno que, no dizer de Veen e Vrakking (2009) se apresenta como um “homo zappiens” conectado com inúmeros grupos de WhatsApp, Facebook, Instagram. Neste cenário, um desafio para o docente: como agir de modo eficaz junto aos alunos para que estes se formem profissionais competentes para o século XXI? Este é o objetivo deste artigo: responder a esse desafio, nos baseando em estudos teóricos sobre inovações no ensino superior, em nossas experiências de docência nas últimas décadas, em orientações de pesquisas de mestrado e doutorado defendidas sobre projetos curriculares inovadores e formação de professores para agirem em tais projetos. As trilhas percorridas se entrelaçaram com estudos teóricos de autores como Sacristán (1998), Cunha (1998, 2009), Arroyo (2000), Zabalza (2004), Perrenoud (2013); com o exercício de práticas docentes e pesquisas de campo realizadas e publicadas em artigos e livros por Masetto (1992, 2010a, 2010b, 2018) e por Gaeta e Masetto, (2013), apresentadas em trabalhos e congressos nacionais e internacionais. Quatro trilhas comporão nossas reflexões e análises: a primeira, voltada para a necessária abertura do professor para as inovações atuais no ensino superior brasileiro; a segunda, resgatando a característica da profissionalidade na atuação docente; a terceira destacando o trabalho em equipe do corpo docente e, a quarta, evidenciando a construção de um agir docente competente em situações de sala de aula.
Trajetórias de formadoras de professores: os desafios do desenvolvimento profissional docente
Authors: Hernandes Maria Helena Padilha Bandeira Moraes , Barreiro Cristhianny Bento
Published: July 2020

A temática da formação de professores tem sido bastante pesquisada nas últimas décadas por se reconhecer a relevância do professor na construção de uma educação de qualidade, entendida aqui como aquela capaz de contribuir no desenvolvimento integral dos educandos. Em qualquer campo de atuação, o conhecimento profissional representa o conjunto de saberes que habilita ao exercício da profissão, no entanto, no exercício da docência este conhecimento ultrapassa os saberes acadêmicos possíveis de serem construídos nos bancos universitários. A investigação aqui apresentada foi realizada entre os anos de 2018 e 2019 e teve como principal objetivo compreender o desenvolvimento profissional de formadores de professores de um Curso de Formação Pedagógica, graduação destinada a habilitar para a docência sujeitos que se formam bacharéis e tecnólogos e desejam atuar como professores da Educação Profissional e Tecnológica, especialmente a que está situada no âmbito da educação básica. Como metodologia de pesquisa foi utilizada a pesquisa narrativa, por privilegiar a fala dos professores como fonte, propiciando a articulação das dimensões pessoais e sociais que compõem suas ideias, suas crenças, seus modos de pensar e estar no papel de formadores de professores. Como método de análise, optou-se pela Análise Qualitativa de Conteúdo, pois permite analisar de forma compreensiva e indutiva as formas de comunicação. Os sujeitos da pesquisa são professoras que atuam no curso como orientadoras de estágio. Os resultados apontaram para influência de vivências pessoais enquanto estudante, da formação continuada em educação e de suas trajetórias de vida profissional em seu desenvolvimento profissional. Conclui-se que o desenvolvimento profissional das professoras formadoras teve como uma de suas fontes principais a graduação em pedagogia, ampliando-se através da formação continuada na área da educação e das aprendizagens que advém da relação com outros docentes e com os estudantes. Assim, ressalta-se a importância de pensar em espaços e tempos de formação, inicial e continuada, de professores de ensino superior.
Vestigial auriculomotor activity indicates the direction of auditory attention in humans
Authors: Strauss Daniel J , Corona-Strauss Farah I , Schroeer Andreas , Flotho Philipp , Hannemann Ronny , Hackley Steven A
Published: July 2020

Unlike dogs and cats, people do not point their ears as they focus attention on novel, salient, or task-relevant stimuli. Our species may nevertheless have retained a vestigial pinna-orienting system that has persisted as a 'neural fossil’ within in the brain for about 25 million years. Consistent with this hypothesis, we demonstrate that the direction of auditory attention is reflected in sustained electrical activity of muscles within the vestigial auriculomotor system. Surface electromyograms (EMGs) were taken from muscles that either move the pinna or alter its shape. To assess reflexive, stimulus-driven attention we presented novel sounds from speakers at four different lateral locations while the participants silently read a boring text in front of them. To test voluntary, goal-directed attention we instructed participants to listen to a short story coming from one of these speakers, while ignoring a competing story from the corresponding speaker on the opposite side. In both experiments, EMG recordings showed larger activity at the ear on the side of the attended stimulus, but with slightly different patterns. Upward movement (perking) differed according to the lateral focus of attention only during voluntary orienting; rearward folding of the pinna’s upper-lateral edge exhibited such differences only during reflexive orienting. The existence of a pinna-orienting system in humans, one that is experimentally accessible, offers opportunities for basic as well as applied science.
Paleo Cruise 2018
Authors: Husum Katrine , Ninnemann Ulysses , Rydningen Tom Arne , Alve Elisabeth , Altuna Naima E B , Braaten Anna Hauge , Eilertsen Vårin Trælvik , Gamboa Viviana , Kjøller Marianne R , Orme Lisa , Rutledal Sunniva , Tessin Allyson , Zindorf Mark
Published: July 2020

The Nansen Legacy paleo cruise was carried out from September 26 to October 20, 2018 with RV “Kronprins Haakon”. The cruise took place in the northern Barents Sea and the Nansen Basin, and it went through the sea ice to 83.3 N. The overriding objective of the cruise was to reconstruct the natural variability and range of sea ice cover and Atlantic Water through flow in the Barents Sea on longer time scales. During the cruise four ocean moorings were deployed in northwest Barents Sea, where one ARGO float was also deployed. Twelve “paleo stations” were identified using multibeam and sub bottom profilers. At these stations, short and long sediment cores were obtained. This cruise report gives an overview of methods used and samples taken.
Addressing incomplete lineage sorting and paralogy in the inference of uncertain salmonid phylogenetic relationships
Authors: Campbell Matthew A. , Buser Thaddaeus J. , Alfaro Michael E. , López J. Andrés
Published: July 2020

Recent and continued progress in the scale and sophistication of phylogenetic research has yielded substantial advances in knowledge of the tree of life; however, segments of that tree remain unresolved and continue to produce contradicting or unstable results. These poorly resolved relationships may be the product of methodological shortcomings or of an evolutionary history that did not generate the signal traits needed for its eventual reconstruction. Relationships within the euteleost fish family Salmonidae have proven challenging to resolve in molecular phylogenetics studies in part due to ancestral autopolyploidy contributing to conflicting gene trees. We examine a sequence capture dataset from salmonids and use alternative strategies to accommodate the effects of gene tree conflict based on aspects of salmonid genome history and the multispecies coalescent. We investigate in detail three uncertain relationships: (1) subfamily branching, (2) monophyly ofCoregonusand (3) placement ofParahucho. Coregoninae and Thymallinae are resolved as sister taxa, although conflicting topologies are found across analytical strategies. We find inconsistent and generally low support for the monophyly ofCoregonus, including in results of analyses with the most extensive dataset and complex model. The most consistent placement ofParahuchois as sister lineage ofSalmo.
The impact of short-term exposure to near shore stressors on the early life stages of the reef building coral Montipora capitata
Authors: Lager Claire V.A. , Hagedorn Mary , S. Rodgers Kuʻulei , Jokiel Paul L.
Published: July 2020

Successful reproduction and survival are crucial to the continuation and resilience of corals globally. As reef waters warm due to climate change, episodic largescale tropical storms are becoming more frequent, drastically altering the near shore water quality for short periods of time. Therefore, it is critical that we understand the effects warming waters, fresh water input, and run-off have on sexual reproduction of coral. To better understand the effects of these near shore stressors on Hawaiian coral, laboratory experiments were conducted at the Institute of Marine Biology to determine the independent effects of suspended sediment concentrations (100 mg l−1 and 200 mg l−1), lowered salinity (28‰), and elevated temperature (31 °C) on the successful fertilization, larval survival, and settlement of the scleractinian coral Montipora capitata. In the present study, early developmental stages of coral were exposed to one of three near shore stressors for a period of 24 h and the immediate (fertilization) and latent effects (larval survival and settlement) were observed and measured. Fertilization success and settlement were not affected by any of the treatments; however, larval survival was negatively affected by all of the treatments by 50% or greater (p > 0.05). These data show that early life stages of M. capitata may be impacted by near shore stressors associated with warming and more frequent storm events.
Preservation of latest Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)—Paleocene frogs (Eorubeta nevadensis) of the Sheep Pass Formation of east-central Nevada and implications for paleogeography of the Nevadaplano
Authors: Bonde Joshua W. , Druschke Peter A. , Hilton Richard P. , Henrici Amy C. , Rowland Stephen M.
Published: July 2020

Here we report on exceptional preservation of remains of the frog Eorubeta nevadensis in deposits of the Sheep Pass Formation, ranging from Late Cretaceous to Eocene, in the south Egan Range, Nevada. This formation represents a lacustrine basin within the Sevier retroarc hinterland. The formation is subdivided into six members (A–F); of interest here are members B and C. The base of member B is ?uppermost Cretaceous-Paleocene, while member C is Paleocene. Member B frogs are preserved in three taphonomic modes. Mode 1 frogs are nearly complete and accumulated under attritional processes, with frogs settling on microbial mats, as evidenced by crenulated fabric of entombing limestone. Mode 2 involves accumulation of frogs as a result of attritional processes. These frogs are mostly complete with some showing evidence of invertebrate scavenging. Possible scavengers are gastropods, ostracods, and decapods. Mode 3 is represented by isolated, reworked remains of frogs as a result of storm activity, supported by the association of elements with disarticulated bivalves and mud rip-up clasts. Member C preserves frogs in two taphonomic modes. Mode 4 are nearly complete frogs that accumulated during discrete mass mortality events. Numerous individuals are preserved along bedding planes in identical preservational states. Mode 5 is beds of frog bone hash, which represent increased energy to the depositional system (likely tempestites) and reworking of previously buried frog remains. Taphonomy of the frogs, along with the associated fauna and flora, are consistent with preservation in a cool, temperate lake basin, supporting previous interpretations that the Nevadaplano was an elevated plateau during the late Cretaceous through the Eocene. This is a period of time coincident with a climatic thermal optimum, thus the most parsimonious explanation for a temperate lake at the latitude of east-central Nevada is to invoke high elevation, which is consistent with independent structural and clumped stable isotope studies.
Characteristics of HFIX Insulated Wire Sheaths Contaminated by Pollutants
Authors: Choi Su-Gil , Nam Yeong-Jae , Jin Se-Young , Kim Si-Kuk
Published: July 2020

In this study, the characteristics of HFIX insulated wire sheaths contaminated by pollutants were examined. KS C IEC 60811-1-3 standard was followed in performing the water-resistance wire tests. Pollutants were selected, and the specimens were exposed to the pollutants for a maximum duration of four weeks. The maximum tensile load and the elongation rate were measured each week. As the period of pollution exposure increased, the maximum tensile load of the specimens decreased by 6.22% and 6.52% at room temperature and high temperature, respectively, and 19.94% for specimens coated with a rust-proof lubricant. The elongation rate also decreased rapidly, such that the reductions in the properties of the sheath were significant. From the analysis of the surfaces using a scanning microscope, as the contamination period increased, structural changes such as perforation, split, and melting occurred, and the mechanical properties of the specimens decreased. Therefore, it is necessary to develop and follow an inspection cycle and periodically carry out repairs to prevent the deterioration of insulated wires.
Sustainability Reporting: Imperative for Turnover Growth
Authors: Festus Adegbie Folajimi , Rufus Akintoye Ishola , Janet Taiwo Oluwasikemi
Published: July 2020

Growth in revenue of firms is an indicator to stakeholders that the firm is improving. Thus, creating the need for firms to ensure a continuous increase in their turnover. This study examined the effect of sustainability reporting on turnover growth of quoted companies in Nigeria. The study adopted an ex-post facto research design with 167 listed firms as the population. 28 quoted firms were chosen with the use of purposive sampling. Data from 2009 to 2018 were obtained from secondary sources. Content analysis was employed as a tool to analyse the disclosures in sustainability reports. The model was estimated using Pooled OLS (multivariate regression). Company age and financial leverage were used as control variables. The study found that the compliance level of the sampled firms with sustainability reporting requirements for the four dimensions are below average, however, sustainability reporting has a significant effect on turnover growth with Prob. (F-stat) of 0.0463<0.05. Therefore, the study recommends that management of firms should intensity efforts to ensure maximum compliance with GRI sustainability guidelines.
COVID-19: We are Not Gods
Authors: Romano Luis Alberto , Pedrosa Virgínia Fonseca
Published: July 2020

Letter to the Editor
Phytochemical Screening and Antifungal Activities of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale Linn.) Leaves Extract on Some Fungal Isolates
Authors: Tafinta I. Y. , Okoye N. H. , Batagarawa U. S. , Hamma I. I. , Abubakar M.
Published: July 2020

Introduction: The study on qualitative phytochemical screening and antifungal activities was evaluated on Cashew (Anacardium occidentale Linn.) leaf extracts using standard procedures.

Objectives: With the view of evaluating its secondary metabolites and also assessing it’s antifungal activities.

Methodology: The antifungal activities of the leaves extracts (aqueous and ethanol) were carried out using agar incorporation method at varying concentrations (20 mg/mL, 40 mg/mL, 60 mg/mL, 80 mg/mL and 100 mg/mL). The aqueous and ethanolic extracts were tested against Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus stolonifer (isolated from street vended sliced fruits).

Results: The phytochemical screening revealed that A. occidentale leaf extracts (aqueous and ethanolic) contained; Tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, Cardiac glycosides, Glycosides, Saponins glycosides, Saponins, Steroids and Volatile oils with the exceptions of Anthraquines and Balsams. The result shows that aqueous extracts has no significant inhibitory activity when compared to the ethanolic extracts against A. niger (p =0.05). The highest mean zone of inhibition (38.00± 5.00 mm) was observed at 100 mg/mL concentration of the aqueous extract and the lowest mean zone of inhibition (12.67± 2.51 mm) was observed at 20 mg/mL concentration of the ethanol extracts against A. niger while R. stolonifer were highly resistant to both extracts. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the extract (MIC) was observed at 20 mg/mL for both extracts.

Conclusion: Thus, the study showed that A. occidentale could be a possible source of obtaining new and effective drugs.
Response of Maize (Zea mays L.) to Deficit Irrigation Combined with Reduced Nitrogen Rate is Genotype Dependent
Authors: Al-Naggar A. M. M. , Shafik M. M. , Musa R. Y. M.
Published: July 2020

Deficit irrigation and low nitrogen (N) fertilization rate cause negative effects on maize grain productivity; such effects differ from genotype to genotype. The main objectives of the present investigation were to: (i) identify the drought and low N tolerant genotypes, (ii) estimate the superiority of tolerant to sensitive genotypes and (iii) assess the differential response of maize genotypes to elevated levels of nitrogen. Maize genotypes were evaluated in 2016 and 2017 seasons under three N rates: high; 285.6, medium; 166.6 and low; 47.6 kg N/ha and two irrigation regimes: well-watered (WW) and water stressed (WS) at flowering. A split-split-plot design with three replications was used. Main plots were allotted to irrigation regimes, sub-plots to N rates and sub-sub-plots to genotypes. The tolerant (T) and sensitive (S) genotypes were identified under each stress. Grain yield/plant (GYPP) of T genotypes was significantly (P≤ 0.01) superior to as compared to S genotypes by 109.5%, 39.6% and 141.9% under Low-N, drought, and drought combined with low-N, respectively. Superiority of T over S genotypes in GYPP was associated with significant (P≤ 0.01) superiority in ears/plant (11.5, 13.15 and 11.99%), 100-kernel weight (38.65, 30.46 and 30.99%), kernels/row (22.81, 11.28 and 20.07%), Nitrogen use efficiency (109.49, 39.62 and 141.89%) and shortening in anthesis-silking interval (-44.56, -29.58 and -29.08%), under the three environments, respectively. A significant linear response on elevated levels of nitrogen was shown by 13 genotypes, but a quadratic response was shown by six genotypes. The present study suggested that further investigation should be conducted to identify the optimum N fertilization rate for each newly developed variety of maize.
Production of Biodiesel by Transesterification Reaction of Waste Cooking Oil
Authors: Tchuifon Donald Raoul Tchuifon , Ngomade Serges Bruno Lemoupi , Ndifor-Angwafor George Nche , Kouteu Paul Alain Nanssou , Nsah-Ko Tchoumboue , Nguedap Richard Daris Tagaboue , Kuete Idris-Hermann Tiotsop , Bopda Aurelien , Anagho Solomon Gabche
Published: July 2020

Waste cooking oils are an agro-food waste with adverse effects on the health of living organisms and the environment. The main objective of this work is to valorize waste cooking oil for the synthesis and physicochemical characterization of biodiesel. The method used is based on the transesterification reaction of the oils using methanol and a basic homogeneous catalyst. In this study we employ waste from refined palm oil used for frying doughnuts. After optimization a reaction time of 2 hours, KOH catalyst, and a molar ratio of 9:1 were selected to obtain a good quality biodiesel. Physicochemical characterization was performed on the biodiesel to obtain its density, viscosity, calorific value, acid number, saponification index and IR spectral features. The analysis shows that the biodiesel obtained after transesterification has physicochemical characteristics similar to those of diesel and is consistent with American standards.
Prevalence, Infection Intensity and Risk Factors of Schistosomiasis and Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis among School Aged Children in Tiko Health District, Southwest Cameroon: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Eyong Esum Mathias , Junior Ewane Etah , Dilonga Henry Meriki , Patrick Idam Vanesia , Nicholas Tendongfor
Published: July 2020

Aims: This study aimed at determining the prevalence, infection intensities and risk factors associated with Schistosomiasis (SCH) and Soil transmitted helminthiasis (STH) among school aged children (SAC) in Tiko Health District (THD).

Study Design: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in three health areas (Likomba, Holforth and Tiko town) in Tiko Health District.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in THD from July to October, 2018.

Methodology:  The study included 464 children of both sexes aged between 4 – 15 years. Stool and urine samples were collected from 464 children and processed using the Kato Katz and Urine filtration techniques respectively. Information on socio-demographic characteristics and risk factors were collected using structured questionnaires. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 25 with statistical significance set at p< 0.05.

Results: Of the 464 SAC examined, the overall prevalence of Schistosomiasis, STH and Schistosomiasis/STH co-infection rate in THD was 16.16%, 14.44% and 0.43% respectively. Females (18.98%; 14.81%) were more infected with Schistosomiasis when compared to STH than males (13.71%; 14.11%). The order of STH prevalence observed was Ascariasis (9.27%) > Hookworm disease (3.88%) > Trichuriasis (1.29%). The mean infection intensity for Urinary Schistosomiasis and STH was 4.36 eggs per 10ml and 11.74 eggs per gram (EPG) respectively. SAC residing in Likomba HA were significantly at higher risk of Schistosomiasis (aOR: 4.40, P=0.008) and STH (aOR: 2.14, P = 0.031). Use of tap water was associated with STH.

Conclusion: Tiko Health District can be considered as a moderate-risk zone for Schistosomiasis and a low risk zone for STH infection according to WHO classification.
Early Onset and Late Onset of Neonatal Sepsis in a Tertiary Hospital, South-South, Nigeria
Authors: Adedokun A. A. , Onosakponome E. O. , Nyenke C. U.
Published: July 2020

Aims: The study was carried out to determine organisms present during early onset of neonatal sepsis (EONNS), late onset of neonatal sepsis (LONNS) and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern.

Methodology: This study is a retrospective evaluation of 453 neonatal blood cultures. Two (2) ml of blood from these neonates was cultured in thioglycollate broth and tryptone soya broth. This was carried out in the Department of Microbiology and Parasitology of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Nigeria between January-December 2007.

Results: Out of 453, 272(60.0%) neonates showed negative blood cultures, while 181(40.0%) neonates had positive bacterial cultures and 2 neonates (0.4%) were positive for Candida albicans. Overall, Klebsiella spp. was the most common pathogen, accounting for (37.8%) of the total isolates. Others were as follows; Staphylococcus aureus (28.4%), Escherichia coli (11.8%), unclassified coliforms 8.3%, Pseudomonas spp. 4.9%, Enterococcus spp. (2.9%), coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CONS) (2.5%) and Proteus spp. (3.4%). Early onset neonatal sepsis (EONNS) and late onset neonatal sepsis (LONNS) had Klebsiella spp and Staphylococcus aureus as their common causes of neonatal sepsis respectively. Klebsiella spp. was susceptible to spafloxacin (87.0%) followed by ofloxacin (82.0%), amoxycillin-clavulanic acid (79.0%) and ceftazidime (65.0%) among the Gram-negative organisms. In the category of Gram-positive organisms, Staphylococcus aureus is highly sensitive to ofloxacin (81.0%) followed by spafloxacin (79.0%) and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (71.0%).

Conclusion: A viable antibiotic susceptibility surveillance programme coupled with good infection control practices and rational antibiotics use will reduce infection rate, ensure better therapeutic success and prolong the efficacy of available antimicrobials.
The Effect of Restraint Stress on the Reactivation of Colitis in Acetic Acid-Induced Ulcerative Colitis Rat
Authors: Ige S. F. , Adio O. T.
Published: July 2020

Aim: To evaluate the effect of restraint stress on the reactivation of ulcerative colitis in rats that have been chemically-induced with ulcerative colitis after allowing progression of natural healing to take place.

Study Design: 36 animals were used for this study, and were divided into three groups; control (group 1), colitis alone (group 2) and colitis + restraint stress (group 3).

Methodology: 36 healthy female wistar rats of weight of 170±20 were used. Colitis was induced by intra-rectal administration of 1 mL/100 g body weight of 7% acetic acid. Fourteen days post colitis induction, colitis + restraint stress group animals were exposed to restraint stress for six consecutive days while animals in colitis alone group were not. Colon levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA), Glutathione (GSH) concentration, Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities were measured spectrophometrically. Histological assessment was also done on the colon tissues.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria, between April 2019 and August 2019.

Results: Colitis caused significant increase in the levels of GSH, SOD, CAT and MPO on the 3rd day. On the 14th day, group 2 showed lowered level of antioxidant activities (SOD and CAT) when compared with the 3rd day, while on the 20th day, group 3 animals exhibited increased levels of antioxidant activities (as well as increase in  MDA and MPO) when compared to group 2 and group 1. Histological examination revealed cyst in the mucosal layer, infiltration of inflammatory cells and dilation of vessels in the colitis + restraint stress on the 20th day post colitis induction. Results are considered significant when p≤0.05.

Conclusion: The results of this study showed that restraint stress is capable of reactivating and inhibiting colitis healing in acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis rats.