bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SSI–DDI: substructure–substructure interactions for drug–drug interaction prediction
Authors: Nyamabo Arnold K , Yu Hui , Shi Jian-Yu
Published: March 2021

A major concern with co-administration of different drugs is the high risk of interference between their mechanisms of action, known as adverse drug–drug interactions (DDIs), which can cause serious injuries to the organism. Although several computational methods have been proposed for identifying potential adverse DDIs, there is still room for improvement. Existing methods are not explicitly based on the knowledge that DDIs are fundamentally caused by chemical substructure interactions instead of whole drugs’ chemical structures. Furthermore, most of existing methods rely on manually engineered molecular representation, which is limited by the domain expert’s knowledge.We propose substructure–substructure interaction–drug–drug interaction (SSI–DDI), a deep learning framework, which operates directly on the raw molecular graph representations of drugs for richer feature extraction; and, most importantly, breaks the DDI prediction task between two drugs down to identifying pairwise interactions between their respective substructures. SSI–DDI is evaluated on real-world data and improves DDI prediction performance compared to state-of-the-art methods. Source code is freely available at https://github.com/kanz76/SSI-DDI.
Systematic comparison of ligand-based and structure-based virtual screening methods on poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 inhibitors
Authors: Zhao Yue , Wang Xiang-Gui , Ma Zhong-Ye , Xiong Guo-Li , Yang Zhi-Jiang , Cheng Yan , Lu Ai-Ping , Huang Zhi-Jun , Cao Dong-Sheng
Published: March 2021

The poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1) has been regarded as a vital target in recent years and PARP1 inhibitors can be used for ovarian and breast cancer therapies. However, it has been realized that most of PARP1 inhibitors have disadvantages of low solubility and permeability. Therefore, by discovering more molecules with novel frameworks, it would have greater opportunities to apply it into broader clinical fields and have a more profound significance. In the present study, multiple virtual screening (VS) methods had been employed to evaluate the screening efficiency of ligand-based, structure-based and data fusion methods on PARP1 target. The VS methods include 2D similarity screening, structure-activity relationship (SAR) models, docking and complex-based pharmacophore screening. Moreover, the sum rank, sum score and reciprocal rank were also adopted for data fusion methods. The evaluation results show that the similarity searching based on Torsion fingerprint, six SAR models, Glide docking and pharmacophore screening using Phase have excellent screening performance. The best data fusion method is the reciprocal rank, but the sum score also performs well in framework enrichment. In general, the ligand-based VS methods show better performance on PARP1 inhibitor screening. These findings confirmed that adding ligand-based methods to the early screening stage will greatly improve the screening efficiency, and be able to enrich more highly active PARP1 inhibitors with diverse structures.
Forman persistent Ricci curvature (FPRC)-based machine learning models for protein–ligand binding affinity prediction
Authors: Wee JunJie , Xia Kelin
Published: March 2021

Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques have already been gradually applied to the entire drug design process, from target discovery, lead discovery, lead optimization and preclinical development to the final three phases of clinical trials. Currently, one of the central challenges for AI-based drug design is molecular featurization, which is to identify or design appropriate molecular descriptors or fingerprints. Efficient and transferable molecular descriptors are key to the success of all AI-based drug design models. Here we propose Forman persistent Ricci curvature (FPRC)-based molecular featurization and feature engineering, for the first time. Molecular structures and interactions are modeled as simplicial complexes, which are generalization of graphs to their higher dimensional counterparts. Further, a multiscale representation is achieved through a filtration process, during which a series of nested simplicial complexes at different scales are generated. Forman Ricci curvatures (FRCs) are calculated on the series of simplicial complexes, and the persistence and variation of FRCs during the filtration process is defined as FPRC. Moreover, persistent attributes, which are FPRC-based functions and properties, are employed as molecular descriptors, and combined with machine learning models, in particular, gradient boosting tree (GBT). Our FPRC-GBT models are extensively trained and tested on three most commonly-used datasets, including PDBbind-2007, PDBbind-2013 and PDBbind-2016. It has been found that our results are better than the ones from machine learning models with traditional molecular descriptors.
Novel metric for hyperbolic phylogenetic tree embeddings
Authors: Matsumoto Hirotaka , Mimori Takahiro , Fukunaga Tsukasa
Published: March 2021

Advances in experimental technologies, such as DNA sequencing, have opened up new avenues for the applications of phylogenetic methods to various fields beyond their traditional application in evolutionary investigations, extending to the fields of development, differentiation, cancer genomics, and immunogenomics. Thus, the importance of phylogenetic methods is increasingly being recognized, and the development of a novel phylogenetic approach can contribute to several areas of research. Recently, the use of hyperbolic geometry has attracted attention in artificial intelligence research. Hyperbolic space can better represent a hierarchical structure compared to Euclidean space, and can therefore be useful for describing and analyzing a phylogenetic tree. In this study, we developed a novel metric that considers the characteristics of a phylogenetic tree for representation in hyperbolic space. We compared the performance of the proposed hyperbolic embeddings, general hyperbolic embeddings, and Euclidean embeddings, and confirmed that our method could be used to more precisely reconstruct evolutionary distance. We also demonstrate that our approach is useful for predicting the nearest-neighbor node in a partial phylogenetic tree with missing nodes. Furthermore, we proposed a novel approach based on our metric to integrate multiple trees for analyzing tree nodes or imputing missing distances. This study highlights the utility of adopting a geometric approach for further advancing the applications of phylogenetic methods.
Intravital Imaging of Neocortical Heterotopia Reveals Aberrant Axonal Pathfinding and Myelination around Ectopic Neurons
Authors: Li Alice M , Hill Robert A , Grutzendler Jaime
Published: March 2021

Neocortical heterotopia consist of ectopic neuronal clusters that are frequently found in individuals with cognitive disability and epilepsy. However, their pathogenesis remains poorly understood due in part to a lack of tractable animal models. We have developed an inducible model of focal cortical heterotopia that enables their precise spatiotemporal control and high-resolution optical imaging in live mice. Here, we report that heterotopia are associated with striking patterns of circumferentially projecting axons and increased myelination around neuronal clusters. Despite their aberrant axonal patterns, in vivo calcium imaging revealed that heterotopic neurons remain functionally connected to other brain regions, highlighting their potential to influence global neural networks. These aberrant patterns only form when heterotopia are induced during a critical embryonic temporal window, but not in early postnatal development. Our model provides a new way to investigate heterotopia formation in vivo and reveals features suggesting the existence of developmentally modulated, neuron-derived axon guidance and myelination factors.
Hepatitis C Care Cascades for 3 Populations at High Risk: Low-income Trans Women, Young People Who Inject Drugs, and Men Who Have Sex With Men and Inject Drugs
Authors: Facente Shelley N , Patel Sheena , Hecht Jennifer , Wilson Erin , McFarland Willi , Page Kimberly , Vickerman Peter , Fraser Hannah , Burk Katie , Morris Meghan D
Published: March 2021

Background

To achieve elimination of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, limited resources can be best allocated through estimation of “care cascades” among groups disproportionately affected. In San Francisco and elsewhere, these groups include young (age ≤ 30 years) people who inject drugs (YPWID), men who have sex with men who inject drugs (MSM-IDU), and low-income trans women.

Methods

We developed cross-sectional HCV care cascades for YPWID, MSM-IDU, and trans women using diverse data sources. Population sizes were estimated using an inverse variance-weighted average of estimates from the peer-reviewed literature between 2013 and 2019. Proportions of past/current HCV infection, diagnosed infection, treatment initiation, and evidence of cure (sustained virologic response at 12 weeks posttreatment) were estimated from the literature using data from 7 programs and studies in San Francisco between 2015 and 2020.

Results

The estimated number of YPWID in San Francisco was 3748; 58.4% had past/current HCV infection, of whom 66.4% were diagnosed with current infection, 9.1% had initiated treatment, and 50% had confirmed cure. The corresponding figures for the 8135 estimated MSM-IDU were: 29.4% with past/current HCV infection, 70.3% diagnosed with current infection, 28.4% initiated treatment, and 38.9% with confirmed cure. For the estimated 951 low-income trans women, 24.8% had past/current HCV infection, 68.9% were diagnosed with current infection, 56.5% initiated treatment, and 75.5% had confirmed cure.

Conclusions

In all 3 populations, diagnosis rates were relatively high; however, attention is needed to urgently increase treatment initiation in all groups, with a particular unmet need among YPWID.
Athletes with valvular heart disease and competitive sports: a position statement of the Sport Cardiology Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology
Authors: van Buuren Frank , Gati Sabiha , Sharma Sanjay , Papadakis Michael , Adami Paolo Emilio , Niebauer Josef , Pelliccia Antonio , Rudolph Volker , Börjesson Mats , Carre Francois , Solberg Erik , Heidbuchel Hein , Caselli Stefano , Corrado Domenico , Serratosa Luis , Biffi Alessandro , Pressler Axel , Schmied Christian , Panhuyzen-Goedkoop Nicole M , Rasmussen Hanne Kruse , La Gerche Andre , Faber Lothar , Bogunovic Nikola , D’Ascenzi Flavio , Mellwig Klaus Peter
Published: March 2021

This article provides an overview of the recommendations from the Sports Cardiology section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology on sports participation in individuals with valvular heart disease (VHD). The aim of these recommendations is to encourage regular physical activity including sports participation, with reasonable precaution to ensure a high level of safety for all affected individuals. Valvular heart disease is usually an age-related degenerative process, predominantly affecting individuals in their fifth decade and onwards. However, there is an increasing group of younger individuals with valvular defects. The diagnosis of cardiac disorders during routine cardiac examination often raises questions about on-going participation in competitive sport with a high dynamic or static component and the level of permissible physical effort during recreational exercise. Although the natural history of several valvular diseases has been reported in the general population, little is known about the potential influence of chronic intensive physical activity on valve function, left ventricular remodelling pulmonary artery pressure, and risk of arrhythmia. Due to the sparsity of data on the effects of exercise on VHD, the present document is largely based on clinical experience and expert opinion.
Encyclopaedic Autobiography in Roland Barthes’s Roland Barthes (1975) and Amy Krouse Rosenthal’s Encyclopedia of an Ordinary Life (2004)
Authors: O’Meara Lucy
Published: March 2021

This article examines two works of autobiographical literature that are structured in fragmentary form and that engage explicitly with the formal and conceptual model of the encyclopaedia. One of the works, Roland Barthes’s Roland Barthes par Roland Barthes (1975) is by a literary theorist, and the other, Amy Krouse Rosenthal’s Encyclopedia of an Ordinary Life (2004) is by a popular mainstream columnist and broadcaster. Both works, despite a disparity of tone and material, display similar convictions about the utility of what I will call ‘encyclopaedic autobiography’ as a form. I argue that these autobiographical works allow us to reconceive not only of autobiography but of the question of what ‘encyclopaedic literature’ might be.
Policy foundations for transformation: a gender analysis of adolescent health policy documents in South Africa
Authors: Jacobs Tanya , George Asha , De Jong Michelle
Published: March 2021

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the United Nations Global Strategy (2016–30) emphasize that all women, children and adolescents ‘survive, thrive and transform’. A key element of this global policy framework is that gender equality is a stand-alone goal as well as a cross-cutting priority. Gender inequality and intersecting social and structural determinants shape health systems, including the content of policy documents, with implications for implementation. This article applies a gender lens to policy documents by national government bodies that have mandates on adolescent health in South Africa. Data were 15 policy documents, authored between 2003 and 2018, by multiple actors. The content analysis was guided by key lines of enquiry, and policy documents were classified along the continuum of gender blind to gender transformative. Only three policy documents defined gender, and if gender was addressed, it was mostly in gender-sensitive ways, at times gender specific, but rarely gender transformative. Building on this, a critical discourse analysis identified what is problematized and what is left unproblematized by actors, identifying the key interrelated dominant and marginalized discourses, as well as the ‘silences’ embedded in policy documents. The discourse analysis revealed that dominant and marginalized discourses reflect how gender is conceptualized as fixed, categorical identities, vs as fluid social processes, with implications for how rights and risks are understood. The discourses substantiate an over-riding focus on adolescent girls, outside of the context of power relations, with minimal attention to boys in terms of their own health or through a gender lens, as well as little consideration of LGBTIQ+ adolescents beyond HIV. Dynamic and complex relationships exist between the South Africa context, actors, content and processes, in shaping both how gender is problematized and how ‘solutions’ are represented in these policies. How gender is conceptualized matters, both for policy analysis and for praxis, and policy documents can be part of foundations for transforming gender and intersecting power relations.
The effects of polio eradication efforts on health systems: a cross-country analysis using the Develop–Distort Dilemma
Authors: Rodriguez Daniela C , Neel Abigail H , Mahendradhata Yodi , Deressa Wakgari , Owoaje Eme , Akinyemi Oluwaseun , Sarker Malabika , Mafuta Eric , Gupta Shiv D , Salehi Ahmad Shah , Jain Anika , Alonge Olakunle
Published: March 2021

Vertical disease control programmes have enormous potential to benefit or weaken health systems, and it is critical to understand how programmes’ design and implementation impact the health systems and communities in which they operate. We use the Develop–Distort Dilemma (DDD) framework to understand how the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) distorted or developed local health systems. We include document review and 176 interviews with respondents at the global level and across seven focus countries (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia and Nigeria). We use DDD domains, contextual factors and transition planning to analyse interactions between the broader context, local health systems and the GPEI to identify changes. Our analysis confirms earlier research including improved health worker, laboratory and surveillance capacity, monitoring and accountability, and efforts to reach vulnerable populations, whereas distortions include shifting attention from routine health services and distorting local payment and incentives structures. New findings highlight how global-level governance structures evolved and affected national actors; issues of country ownership, including for data systems, where the polio programme is not indigenously financed; how expectations of success have affected implementation at programme and community level; and unresolved tensions around transition planning. The decoupling of polio eradication from routine immunization, in particular, plays an outsize role in these issues as it removed attention from system strengthening. In addition to drawing lessons from the GPEI experience for other efforts, we also reflect on the use of the DDD framework for assessing programmes and their system-level impacts. Future eradication efforts should be approached carefully, and new initiatives of any kind should leverage the existing health system while considering equity, inclusion and transition from the start.
Seroprevalence of COVID-19 infection in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates: a population-based cross-sectional study
Authors: Alsuwaidi Ahmed R , Al Hosani Farida I , Al Memari Shammah , Narchi Hassib , Abdel Wareth Laila , Kamal Hazem , Al Ketbi Mai , Al Baloushi Durra , Elfateh Abubaker , Khudair Ahmed , Al Mazrouei Shereena , Al Humaidan Hiba Saud , Alghaithi Noura , Afsh Khalil , Al Kaabi Nawal , Altrabulsi Basel , Jones Matthew , Shaban Sami , Sheek-Hussein Mohamud , Zoubeidi Taoufik
Published: March 2021

Background

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) was the first country in the Middle East to report severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Serosurveys are essential to understanding the extent of virus transmission. This cross-sectional study aims to assess the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi.

Methods

Between 19 July and 14 August 2020, 4487 households were selected using a random sample stratified by region and citizenship of the head of household (UAE citizen or non-citizen). A cluster sample of 40 labour camps was selected. Data on socio-demographic characteristics, risk factors and symptoms compatible with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were collected. Each participant was first tested by Roche Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 assay, followed, when reactive, by the LIAISON® SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgG assay.

Results

Among 8831 individuals from households, seroprevalence was 10·4% [95% confidence intervals (CIs) 9·5–11·4], with higher seroprevalence in Abu Dhabi and Al Ain regions compared with those in Al Dhafra. In households, we found no sex difference and UAE citizens had lower seroprevalence compared with those of other nationalities. Among 4855 workers residing in labour camps, seroprevalence was 68·6% (95% CI 61·7–74·7), with higher seroprevalence among workers from Southeast Asia. In households, individuals with higher body mass indexes demonstrated higher seroprevalences than individuals with normal weight. Anosmia and ageusia were strongly associated with seropositivity.

Conclusions

The majority of household populations in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi remained unexposed to SARS-CoV-2. In labour camps, SARS-CoV-2 transmission was high. Effective public health measures should be maintained.
Intercontinental prediction of soybean phenology via hybrid ensemble of knowledge-based and data-driven models
Authors: McCormick Ryan F , Truong Sandra K , Rotundo Jose , Gaspar Adam P , Kyle Don , van Eeuwijk Fred , Messina Carlos D
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTThe timing of crop development has significant impacts on management decisions and subsequent yield formation. A large intercontinental dataset recording the timing of soybean developmental stages was used to establish ensembling approaches that leverage both knowledge-based, human-defined models of soybean phenology and data-driven, machine-learned models to achieve accurate and interpretable predictions. We demonstrate that the knowledge-based models can improve machine learning by generating expert-engineered features. The collection of knowledge-based and data-driven models was combined via super learning to both improve prediction and identify the most performant models. Stacking the predictions of the component models resulted in a mean absolute error of 4.41 and 5.27 days to flowering (R1) and physiological maturity (R7), providing an improvement relative to the benchmark knowledge-based model error of 6.94 and 15.53 days, respectively, in cross-validation. The hybrid intercontinental model applies to a much wider range of management and temperature conditions than previous mechanistic models, enabling improved decision support as alternative cropping systems arise, farm sizes increase and changes in the global climate continue to accelerate.
Characteristics of fosA-carrying plasmids in E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates originating from food and environmental samples
Authors: Biggel Michael , Zurfluh Katrin , Treier Andrea , Nüesch-Inderbinen Magdalena , Stephan Roger
Published: March 2021

Objectives

Fosfomycin is an important antibiotic for the treatment of MDR Enterobacteriaceae infections. High susceptibility rates are, however, threatened by the spread of plasmids encoding fosfomycin-modifying enzymes. In this study, we sought to characterize the genetic context of fosA in plasmids from Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates recovered from food, wastewater and surface water in Switzerland.

Methods

E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates collected between 2012 and 2019 in Switzerland were screened for fosfomycin resistance. Presence of fosA was verified by PCR and sodium phosphonoformate (PPF) disc potentiation testing, and transferability was tested using conjugation assays. Whole-genome sequences including complete fosA-containing plasmids were determined using long- and short-read sequencing.

Results

In 11 E. coli and two Klebsiella spp. isolates, high-level fosfomycin resistance was mediated by plasmids containing fosA3 (n = 12) or fosA8 (n = 1). Four isolates harboured a near-identical 45 kb IncN plasmid with fosA3, while replicon types varied in the remaining plasmids. The fosA genes were typically embedded in IS26-bounded transposition units and frequently located in the proximity of blaCTX-M transposition units.

Conclusions

Although fosfomycin resistance rates are currently low, the presence of fosA-encoding plasmids circulating in the Enterobacteriaceae population suggests that fosfomycin resistance may rapidly spread upon increased selection pressure. Transposition mobility of fosA and co-location on plasmids with other resistance genes may further promote its dissemination.
Combined effects of 3-nitrooxypropanol and canola oil supplementation on methane emissions, rumen fermentation and biohydrogenation, and total tract digestibility in beef cattle
Authors: Zhang Xiu Min , Smith Megan L , Gruninger Robert J , Kung Limin , Vyas Diwakar , McGinn Sean M , Kindermann Maik , Wang Min , Tan Zhi Liang , Beauchemin Karen A
Published: March 2021

The individual and combined effects of 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) and canola oil (OIL) supplementation on enteric methane (CH4) and hydrogen (H2) emissions, rumen fermentation and biohydrogenation, and total tract nutrient digestibility were investigated in beef cattle. Eight beef heifers (mean body weight ± SD, 732 ± 43 kg) with ruminal fistulas were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square with a 2 (with and without 3-NOP) × 2 (with and without OIL) arrangement of treatments and 28-d periods (13 d adaption and 15 d measurements). The four treatments were: control (no 3-NOP, no OIL), 3-NOP (200 mg/kg dry matter [DM]), OIL (50 g/kg DM), and 3-NOP (200 mg/kg DM) plus OIL (50 g/kg DM). Animals were fed restrictively (7.6 kg DM/d) a basal diet of 900 g/kg DM barley silage and 100 g/kg DM supplement. 3-NOP and OIL decreased (P < 0.01) CH4 yield (g/kg DM intake) by 31.6% and 27.4%, respectively, with no 3-NOP × OIL interaction (P = 0.85). Feeding 3-NOP plus OIL decreased CH4 yield by 51% compared with control. There was a 3-NOP × OIL interaction (P = 0.02) for H2 yield (g/kg DM intake); the increase in H2 yield (P < 0.01) due to 3-NOP was less when it was combined with OIL. There were 3-NOP × OIL interactions for molar percentages of acetate and propionate (P < 0.01); individually, 3-NOP and OIL decreased acetate and increased propionate percentages with no further effect when supplemented together. 3-NOP slightly increased crude protein (P = 0.02) and starch (P = 0.01) digestibilities, while OIL decreased the digestibilities of DM (P < 0.01) and neutral detergent fiber (P < 0.01) with no interactions (P = 0.15 and 0.10, respectively). 3-NOP and OIL increased (P = 0.04 and P < 0.01, respectively) saturated fatty acid concentration in rumen fluid, with no interaction effect. Interactions for ruminal trans-monounsaturated fatty acids (t-MUFA) concentration and percentage were observed (P = 0.02 and P < 0.01); 3-NOP had no effect on t-MUFA concentration and percentage, while OIL increased the concentration (P < 0.01) and percentage (P < 0.01) of t-MUFA but to a lesser extent when combined with 3-NOP. In conclusion, the CH4-mitigating effects of 3-NOP and OIL were independent and incremental. Supplementing ruminant diets with a combination of 3-NOP and OIL may help mitigate CH4 emissions, but the decrease in total tract digestibility due to OIL may decrease animal performance and needs further investigation.
Molecular Signatures of Chromosomal Instability Correlate With Copy Number Variation Patterns and Patient Outcome in IDH-Mutant and IDH-Wildtype Astrocytomas
Authors: Richardson Timothy E , Sathe Adwait Amod , Xing Chao , Mirchia Kanish , Viapiano Mariano S , Snuderl Matija , Abdullah Kalil G , Hatanpaa Kimmo J , Walker Jamie M
Published: March 2021

Chromosomal instability due to mutations in genes guarding the stability of the genome is a well-known mechanism underlying tumorigenesis and malignant progression in numerous cancers. The effect of this process in gliomas is mostly unknown with relatively little research examining the effects of chromosomal instability on patient outcome and therapeutic efficacy, although studies have shown that overall/total copy number variation (CNV) is elevated in higher histologic grades and in cases with more rapid progression and shorter patient survival. Herein, we examine a 70-gene mRNA expression signature (CIN70), which has been previously shown to correlate tightly with chromosomal instability, in 2 independent cohorts of IDH-mutant astrocytomas (total n = 241), IDH-wildtype astrocytomas (n = 228), and oligodendrogliomas (n = 128). Our results show that CIN70 expression levels correlate with total CNV, as well as higher grade, progression-free survival, and overall survival in both IDH-mutant and IDH-wildtype astrocytomas. In oligodendrogliomas, these mRNA signatures correlate with total CNV but not consistently with clinical outcome. These data suggest that chromosomal instability is an underlying factor in aggressive behavior and progression of a subset of diffuse astrocytomas. In addition, chromosomal instability may in part explain the poor response of diffuse gliomas to treatment and may serve as a future therapeutic target.
Epidemiological, clinical and genomic snapshot of the first 100 B.1.1.7 SARS-CoV-2 cases in Madrid
Authors: Pérez-Lago Laura , Sola Campoy Pedro J , Buenestado-Serrano Sergio , Pharmacy Pilar Catalán , Estévez Agustín , de la Cueva Technician Víctor Manuel , López Mariana G , Tecnichian Marta Herranz , Suárez-González Julia , Alcalá Luis , Comas Iñaki , González-Candelas Fernando , Muñoz Patricia , García de Viedma Darío
Published: March 2021

We present clinical, genomic and epidemiological data on the first 106 cases with the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 variant in Madrid. Even from the start, the increase of this variant was due to transmission events within the community, some causing extensive clusters, rather than further imports. Most cases developed non-severe disease.
Charles Ives and the Lied: Modelling in Ives’s Early German Song Repertory
Authors: Kint Thomas
Published: March 2021

Existing scholarship has not given extensive attention to Ives’s German songs. Scholars have long assumed that Ives used specific earlier settings of the same texts as models for his songs, and that he wrote all of his German songs as assignments for Horatio Parker. However, neither of these claims has been proved. This article explores Ives’s deep commitment to mastering different aspects of the European Romantic tradition as a young composer. By analysing the five songs composed to texts of Heinrich Heine, it reinforces the hypothesis that Ives systematically modelled his songs on earlier settings. Yet, it also demonstrates how the wrong models have often been suggested in the past. More than previously assumed, interpretative textual analysis of these songs shows that Ives modelled his songs not only in terms of musical technique and detail but also in his response to the poetic text.
Bayesian constraints on the origin and geology of exoplanetary material using a population of externally polluted white dwarfs
Authors: Harrison John H D , Bonsor Amy , Kama Mihkel , Buchan Andrew M , Blouin Simon , Koester Detlev
Published: March 2021

White dwarfs that have accreted planetary bodies are a powerful probe of the bulk composition of exoplanetary material. In this paper, we present a Bayesian model to explain the abundances observed in the atmospheres of 202 DZ white dwarfs by considering the heating, geochemical differentiation, and collisional processes experienced by the planetary bodies accreted, as well as gravitational sinking. The majority (>60 per cent) of systems are consistent with the accretion of primitive material. We attribute the small spread in refractory abundances observed to a similar spread in the initial planet-forming material, as seen in the compositions of nearby stars. A range in Na abundances in the pollutant material is attributed to a range in formation temperatures from below 1000 K to higher than 1400 K, suggesting that pollutant material arrives in white dwarf atmospheres from a variety of radial locations. We also find that Solar System-like differentiation is common place in exoplanetary systems. Extreme siderophile (Fe, Ni, or Cr) abundances in eight systems require the accretion of a core-rich fragment of a larger differentiated body to at least a 3σ significance, whilst one system shows evidence that it accreted a crust-rich fragment. In systems where the abundances suggest that accretion has finished (13/202), the total mass accreted can be calculated. The 13 systems are estimated to have accreted masses ranging from the mass of the Moon to half that of Vesta. Our analysis suggests that accretion continues for 11 Myrs on average.
Partial tidal disruption events by stellar mass black holes: Gravitational instability of stream and impact from remnant core
Authors: Wang Yi-Han , Perna Rosalba , Armitage Philip J
Published: March 2021

In dense star clusters, such as globular and open clusters, dynamical interactions between stars and black holes (BHs) can be extremely frequent, leading to various astrophysical transients. Close encounters between a star and a stellar mass BH make it possible for the star to be tidally disrupted by the BH. Due to the relative low mass of the BH and the small cross-section of the tidal disruption event (TDE) for cases with high penetration, disruptions caused by close encounters are usually partial disruptions. The existence of the remnant stellar core and its non-negligible mass compared to the stellar mass BH alters the accretion process significantly. We study this problem with SPH simulations using the code Phantom, with the inclusion of radiation pressure, which is important for small mass BHs. Additionally, we develop a new, more general method of computing the fallback rate which does not rely on any approximation. Our study shows that the powerlaw slope of the fallback rate has a strong dependence on the mass of the BH in the stellar mass BH regime. Furthermore, in this regime, self-gravity of the fallback stream and local instabilities become more significant, and cause the disrupted material to collapse into small clumps before returning to the BH. This results in an abrupt increase of the fallback rate, which can significantly deviate from a powerlaw. Our results will help in the identification of TDEs by stellar mass BHs in dense clusters.
Tidal dissipation impact on the eccentric onset of common envelope phases in massive binary star systems
Authors: Vick Michelle , MacLeod Morgan , Lai Dong , Loeb Abraham
Published: March 2021

Tidal dissipation due to turbulent viscosity in the convective regions of giant stars plays an important role in shaping the orbits of pre-common-envelope systems. Such systems are possible sources of transients and close compact binary systems that will eventually merge and produce detectable gravitational wave signals. Most previous studies of the onset of common envelope episodes have focused on circular orbits and synchronously rotating donor stars under the assumption that tidal dissipation can quickly spin-up the primary and circularize the orbit before the binary reaches Roche lobe overflow (RLO). We test this assumption by coupling numerical models of the post-main-sequence stellar evolution of massive stars with the model for tidal dissipation in convective envelopes developed in Vick & Lai – a tidal model that is accurate even for highly eccentric orbits with small pericentre distances. We find that, in many cases, tidal dissipation does not circularize the orbit before RLO. For a $10\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$ ($15\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$) primary star interacting with a $1.4\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$ companion, systems with pericentre distances within 3 au (6 au) when the primary leaves the main sequence will retain the initial orbital eccentricity when the primary grows to the Roche radius. Even in systems that tidally circularize before RLO, the donor star may be rotating subsynchronously at the onset of mass transfer. Our results demonstrate that some possible precursors to double neutron star systems are likely eccentric at the Roche radius. The effects of pre-common-envelope eccentricity on the resulting compact binary merit further study.
Metallicities from high-resolution spectra of 49 RR Lyrae variables
Authors: Gilligan Christina K , Chaboyer Brian , Marengo Massimo , Mullen Joseph P , Bono Giuseppe , Braga Vittorio F , Crestani Juliana , Dall’Ora Massimo , Fiorentino Giuliana , Monelli Matteo , Neeley Jill R , Fabrizio Michele , Martínez-Vázquez Clara E , Thévenin Frédéric , Sneden Christopher
Published: March 2021

Accurate metallicities of RR Lyrae are extremely important in constraining period–luminosity–metallicity (PLZ) relationships, particularly in the near-infrared. We analyse 69 high-resolution spectra of Galactic RR Lyrae stars from the Southern African Large Telescope. We measure metallicities of 58 of these RR Lyrae stars with typical uncertainties of 0.15 dex. All but one RR Lyrae in this sample has accurate ($\sigma _{\varpi }\lesssim 10{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$) parallax from Gaia. Combining these new high-resolution spectroscopic abundances with similar determinations from the literature for 93 stars, we present new PLZ relationships in WISE W1 and W2 magnitudes, and the Wesenheit magnitudes W(W1, V − W1) and W(W2, V − W2).
RbAp46/48LIN-53 and HAT-1 are required for initial CENP-AHCP-3 deposition andde novoholocentromere formation on artificial chromosomes inCaenorhabditis elegansembryos
Authors: Lin Zhongyang , Yuen Karen Wing Yee
Published: March 2021

Foreign DNA microinjected into the Caenorhabditis elegans syncytial gonad forms episomal extra-chromosomal arrays, or artificial chromosomes (ACs), in embryos. Short, linear DNA fragments injected concatemerize into high molecular weight (HMW) DNA arrays that are visible as punctate DAPI-stained foci in oocytes, and they undergo chromatinization and centromerization in embryos. The inner centromere, inner kinetochore and spindle checkpoint components, including AIR-2, CENP-AHCP-3, Mis18BP1KNL-2 and BUB-1, respectively, assemble onto the nascent ACs during the first mitosis. The DNA replication efficiency of ACs improves over several cell cycles, which correlates with the improvement of kinetochore bi-orientation and proper segregation of ACs. Depletion of condensin II subunits, like CAPG-2 and SMC-4, but not the replicative helicase component, MCM-2, reduces de novo CENP-AHCP-3 level on nascent ACs. Furthermore, H3K9ac, H4K5ac and H4K12ac are highly enriched on newly chromatinized ACs. RbAp46/48LIN-53 and HAT-1, which affect the acetylation of histone H3 and H4, are essential for chromatinization, de novo centromere formation and segregation competency of nascent ACs. RbAp46/48LIN-53 or HAT-1 depletion causes the loss of both CENP-AHCP-3 and Mis18BP1KNL-2 initial deposition at de novo centromeres on ACs. This phenomenon is different from centromere maintenance on endogenous chromosomes, where Mis18BP1KNL-2 functions upstream of RbAp46/48LIN-53.
Language Gap in Reach of “The Real Cost”: Examination of a Federal Mass Media Campaign From 2017 to 2019
Authors: Mantey Dale S , Clendennen Stephanie L , Ruiz Felisa A , Perry Cheryl L
Published: March 2021

Introduction

Approximately 25% of youth in the United States speak a language other than English at home. These youth may have less exposure to English-speaking media, including public smoking prevention initiatives such as the FDA’s “The Real Cost” campaign. Research is needed to explore potential gaps in the reach of “The Real Cost” campaign among bilingual youth.

Aims and Methods

Data were pooled from the 2017–2019 National Youth Tobacco Surveys. Participants were n = 12 803 middle and high school students who were either: (1) susceptible never smokers; or (2) ever smokers that had smoked less than 100 cigarettes; these criteria reflect the FDA’s definition of “target population” for “The Real Cost” campaign. Multiple, logistic regression analyses examined the relationship between speaking a language other than English at home (ie, bilingual) and self-reported exposure to “The Real Cost” campaign among both samples. Analyses controlled for sex, race/ethnicity, grade level, tobacco marketing exposure, and current tobacco use.

Results

The majority (61.7%) of youth who met “target population” criteria self-reported exposure to “The Real Cost” from 2017 to 2019. Regression analyses found that youth who reported speaking a language other than English at home were significantly less likely to self-report exposure to “The Real Cost” campaign (adjusted odds ratio: 0.85; p < .001), adjusting for covariates.

Conclusions

Bilingual youth were significantly less likely to report exposure to “The Real Cost” campaign. Findings suggest the need to develop methods of increasing reach among bilingual youth, given the high smoking prevalence among these youth.

Implications

This study highlights a social and cultural gap in the reach of the FDA’s “The Real Cost” campaign. Agencies such as FDA should consider enhancing existing mass media campaigns to reach diverse communities, including the nearly 25% of youth who speak a language other than English.
Economic Institutions and Institutional Change
Authors: Pernell Kim
Published: March 2021

Interest in the institutions that structure economic behavior has a long history in sociology, extending back to the work of Marx, Weber, Durkheim, and Polanyi. With the rise of new economic sociology in the 1980s, scholars have direct renewed attention toward the informal and formal rules and conventions that structure economic life. Money, financial markets, complex organizations, and economic policies have received particular attention. One branch of scholarship in this area focuses on uncovering factors that drive the emergence or development of economic institutions. Another branch of scholarship examines the role of institutions in structuring economic behavior. A third line of research takes up the puzzle of institutional change: how stable economic conventions crumble and come to be replaced with new ones. The present article offers a broad survey of scholarship on economic institutions, with a particular focus on institutional variation and institutional change.
Conservatism
Authors: Kivisto Peter
Published: March 2021

Conservatism refers to one of the constituent political positions found in all contemporary democracies. It can be construed as a philosophy, an ideology, a political party, a movement, a disposition, a mode of discourse, performance style, and an emotional relationship to the political. Since the birth of modern democracies in the aftermath of the French Revolution, it has become commonplace to describe the range of political options available to the citizenry as occupying a spectrum from left to right, with a range of alternatives between the extreme poles, including a centrist position in the middle that straddles the divide. The left was associated with promoting challenges to established authorities and existing hierarchies, along with calls for increased economic equality and expanded social and political rights to all citizens, including the heretofore marginalized. This contrasts with the right, which was defined as defending inequalities and differential entitlements, concentrating matters involving rights around preserving property rights, shoring up public and social order, and promoting traditional values and conventional social relations. In this context, liberalism became a mark of political identity associated with the left, as did socialism, while conservatism, broadly construed, represented the right. This framing of politics also includes the possibility of underminings by extremism on both the left and right. For the former, the main threat since the Russian Revolution has been posed by revolutionary communism, while right-wing extremism has manifested itself in reactionary movements, including fascism and illiberal populism. Since liberalism and conservatism must be understood in relational terms, the spatial and temporal settings for the politics of opposition will vary considerably. It is impossible to do justice to the vast literature on conservatism in a bibliography such as this. What follows is a more delimited, and thus manageable examination of work on conservatism. First, it focuses on conservatism in the United States, and not elsewhere. Second, it is chiefly concerned with conservatism since the end of World War II. Third, it concentrates on the study of conservatism by sociologists and those working in cognate disciplines; while not all the authors are card-carrying sociologists, their works reflect a sociological character, although the exception to this third point is the overview section, which presents key readings by advocates of conservatism, and thus offers insider depictions of the meaning of conservatism. Fourth, this article does not concentrate solely on extremist right-wing movements; rather, in surveying the relevant literature on American conservatism broadly construed, it points to a growing consensus that the radical right wing has pushed mainstream conservatism increasingly further to the right.
Fela Anikulapo-Kuti
Authors: Ilesanmi Alaba
Published: March 2021

An astute dissident activist, political force, and iconoclast, Fela Anikulapo-Kuti (b. 1938–d. 1997), popularly called Fela, was a legendary and innovative composer, arranger, bandleader, Pan-Africanist, and the father of the genre known as Afrobeat. He used his music as a weapon against injustice and for derision and ridicule of politicians and politics. He was born Olúfelá Olúségun Olúdòtun Ransome-Kuti, on 15 October 1938, in Abeokuta, the present-day capital of Ogun State in Nigeria (then a British colony), into an upper-middle-class family. He later replaced Ransome-Kuti with Anikulapo-Kuti, Aníkúlápó meaning “the one who holds death in their pouch.” His father, Reverend Israel Oludotun Ransome-Kuti, was an Anglican clergyman and school principal, and his mother, Chief Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti (FRK) was a nationalist feminist. She was Fela’s primary ideological influence. Fela’s musical seeds were sown by his father, who was an accomplished composer. Fela furthered his artistic exploration with the Cool Cats, Victor Olaiya’s highlife band. He later studied music at the Trinity College of Music, London, in 1958, where his primary instrument was the trumpet. He formed a highlife and jazz fusion band, Highlife Rakers (later Koola Lobitos). Upon completing his studies, he moved to Nigeria in 1963, then a recently independent country, to work as a radio producer for the Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation. Fela embarked on new musical explorations and experiments with Koola Lobitos and later named his music Afrobeat. In 1969, Fela traveled to the United States with his band, where they spent ten months in Los Angeles, and Fela was exposed to the works and philosophy of black leaders like Malcolm X. During this time, his mother’s influence blossomed, and his Pan-African ideology began to manifest. Upon returning to Nigeria, his emerging political consciousness drew inspiration from racial discrimination in the United States and colonial oppression in Africa. His lyrical themes shifted to addressing social issues. Name changes further marked his promising Pan-African consciousness. He rechristened his band Fela Ransome-Kuti and Nigeria 70, and later to Fela Ransome-Kuti and Afrika ’70, and Egypt ’80. Fela grew into a full-blown dissident and antagonist, confronting and lambasting the Nigerian military government and politicians. With over two hundred court appearances, he lived on the edge and suffered numerous incarcerations and physical assaults. His Pan-African messages were aimed at liberating Africans from colonial shackles. His music became a voice for the unheard and disenfranchised, and the defender of African society.
Influence Strategies/Tactics in the Workplace
Authors: Ansari Mahfooz , Wiltshire Jocelyn
Published: March 2021

This article is a selective guide through the literature on influence tactics, which is grounded in the power-influence approach to leadership, most popularly known as bases of social influence/power. A major premise of the theory is that the exercise of influence is the essence of leadership. The theory deals with reciprocal influence processes in leadership—that is, the leader power over subordinates and that of subordinates over the leader. In reality, the direction of influence/power may be downward (supervisor to subordinate), upward (subordinate to supervisor), lateral (coworkers to coworkers), or outward (marketing manager to customer). Though the two terms—“power” and “influence”—are used interchangeably, they are conceptually different. Power is defined as the ability to influence, whereas influence is power in action or the demonstrated use of power, and it is viewed as the process of producing behavioral or psychological effects in a target person. One may have power, but he or she may not feel like using it. That is, the use of power is influence. Though influence and power are conceptually distinct, they are often used interchangeably. Power is also confused with authority. Whereas power is the capacity to influence, authority is the power associated with position or chair. This bibliography begins with a description of the foundation of knowledge and general overviews and textbooks. Next, it discusses the emergence and types of influence tactics. Finally, it summarizes the empirical evidence concerning the antecedents and outcomes of influence tactics, as well as the political and cultural contexts of influence.