bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proteome analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma cell strains, MHCC97‐H and MHCC97‐L, with different metastasis potentials
Authors: Ding Shi‐Jian , Li Yan , Shao Xiao‐Xia , Zhou Hu , Zeng Rong , Tang Zhao‐You , Xia Qi‐Chang
Published: March 2004

To better understand the mechanism underlying hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) metastasis and to search for potential markers for HCC prognosis, differential proteome analysis on two HCC cell strains with high and low metastatic potentials, MHCC97‐H and MHCC97‐L, was conducted using two‐dimensional (2‐D) gel electrophoresis followed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/time of flight mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography ion trap mass spectrometry. Image analysis of silver‐stained 2‐D gels revealed that 56 protein spots showed significant differential expression in MHCC97‐H and MHCC97‐L cells (Student's t‐test, P < 0.05) and 4 protein spots were only detected in MHCC97‐H cells. Fourteen protein spots were further identified using in‐gel tryptic digestion, peptide mass fingerprinting and tandem mass spectrometry. The expressions of pyruvate kinase M2, ubiquitin carboxy‐terminal hydrolase L1, laminin receptor 67 kDa, S100 calcium‐binding protein A4, thioredoxin and cytokeratin 19 were elevated in MHCC97‐H cells. However, manganese superoxide dismutase, calreticulin precursor, cathepsin D, lactate dehydrogenase B, non‐metastatic cell protein 1, cofilin 1 and calumenin precursor were down‐regulated in MHCC97‐H cells. Intriguingly, most of these identified proteins have been reported to be associated with tumor metastasis. The functional implications of alterations in the levels of these proteins are discussed.
Screening protein refolding using surface plasmon resonance
Authors: Jones Daniel B. , Hutchinson Matthew H. , Middelberg Anton P. J.
Published: March 2004

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurements were used to screen refolding conditions to identify a physicochemical environment which gives an acceptable refolding yield for samples of glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST) denatured in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride and 32 mM dithiothreitol. The SPR measurements were performed on carboxymethylcellulose coated chips that could accommodate two separate flow paths. One side of the chip was derivatized with immobilized glutathione and the other with goat anti‐GST antibody. This created a dual‐derivatized chip capable of showing both the presence of GST and providing a measure of enzyme activity. The dual‐derivatized chip could be regenerated using a two‐step washing procedure and reused to anaylze multiple samples from a screening study of protein refolding conditions. SPR measurements have been shown to be suitable for screening protein refolding conditions due to the high sensitivity, ease of chip regeneration and the ability to incorporate a control in the experimental design. The combination of such advantages with the high‐throughput automated SPR systems currently available may be a valuable approach to determine conditions suitable for protein refolding following insoluble expression in a bacterial host.
Differential proteomic analysis of Aeromonas salmonicida outer membrane proteins in response to low iron and in vivo growth conditions
Authors: Ebanks Roger O. , Dacanay Andrew , Goguen Michel , Pinto Devanand M. , Ross Neil W.
Published: March 2004

Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is the etiological agent of furunculosis, a serious infectious disease of salmonids. Bacterial phenotypes are known to change in vivo compared to the in vitro state. Proteomic analysis of in vivo phenotypes is usually not possible due to insufficient biomass. Using an in vivo growth chamber model, the pathogenic fish bacterium A. salmonicida was cultured in pure culture in vivo in its host, the Atlantic salmon, to obtain sufficient biomass to allow proteomic analysis. Growth of A. salmonicida under in vitro iron‐restricted conditions resulted in the expression of outer membrane proteins of 73, 76 and 85 kDa, which were not present when grown under in vitro iron‐replete conditions. Mass spectrometry analysis identified the 73 kDa protein as a colicin receptor, the 76 kDa protein as an outer membrane heme receptor, and the 85 kDa protein as a ferric siderophore receptor. When cultured in vivo, A. salmonicida up‐regulated the identical 73, 76 and 85 kDa proteins. The results of this study also suggest, at least with respect to the outer membrane proteins, that the in vitro iron‐restricted growth model largely reproduces the results obtained from growth of A. salmonicida within the peritoneal cavity of salmon.
Gas‐phase thermolysis of benzotriazole derivatives: part 1—synthesis of α‐N(1)‐ andN(2)‐benzotriazolyl ketones and kinetics and mechanism of their gas‐phase pyrolysis
Authors: Dib Hicham H. , Al‐Awadi Nouria A. , Ibrahim Yehia A. , El‐Dusouqui Osman M. E.
Published: March 2004

1‐(Benzotriazol‐1‐yl)propan‐2‐one (1) and 3‐(benzotriazol‐1‐yl)butan‐2‐one (2), and their respective phenyl analogues 2‐(benzotriazol‐1‐yl)‐1‐phenylethanone (3) and 2‐(benzotriazol‐1‐yl)‐1‐phenylpropan‐1‐one (4), together with 1‐cyanobenzotriazole (5) and 1‐(benzotriazol‐2‐yl)propan‐2‐one (6), were synthesized and then subjected to gas‐phase thermolysis. The products of complete pyrolysis of1–4were found to be aniline in addition to either 2‐substituted indoles or 2,3‐disubstituted indoles. The kinetics of the gas‐phase thermal elimination reactions of the present compounds were also studied, the first such investigation on benzotriazoles. The Arrhenius pre‐exponential factor (A/s−1) and activation energy (Ea/kJ mol−1) are, respectively: 10.03 and 156.7 for (1), 9.93 and 158.0 for (2), 12.68 and 169.9 for (3), 9.45 and 144.4 for (4) and 15.40 and 163.6 for (5). Compound6appeared to have isomerized by a thermally allowed 1,5‐group migration into1prior to thermolysis. The results of the kinetic and product analysis are rationalized with reference to a mechanism involving extrusion of a stable (N2) molecule and formation of a reactive 1,3‐biradical intermediate, which in turn rearranges into the final products of reaction. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extending the concept of kinetic stability: toward a paradigm for life
Authors: Pross Addy , Khodorkovsky Vladimir
Published: March 2004

The physico‐chemical relationship between living and non‐living systems remains a question of intense debate. This paper introduces the concept of dynamic kinetic stability as a means of incorporating living systems within a conventional physico‐chemical framework. Its essence, all replicating systems, both animate and inanimate, represent elements of a replicator space. In contrast to the world of non‐replicating systems (all inanimate), where selection is fundamentally thermodynamic, selection within replicator space is effectively kinetic. Driven by mutagenic autocatalysis selection in replicator space leads from kinetically less stable systems to kinetically more stable systems. Our kinetic approach suggests that all living systems may be thought of as manifesting a kinetic state of matter (as opposed to the traditional thermodynamic states), and allows the translation of key Darwinian concepts, such as fitness and natural selection, into traditional physico‐chemical terms that are applicable at the molecular level. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Small aggregates of benzoporphyrin molecules observed in water–organic solvent mixtures
Authors: Simplicio Fernanda I. , Maionchi Florângela , Filho Ourides Santin , Hioka Noboru
Published: March 2004

Benzoporphyrins, chlorin‐type compounds, are efficient new drugs in photodynamic therapy. In this work, some aspects of the benzoporphyrin‐1,3‐diene dimethyl ester (DiesterB) aggregation were investigated in water–organic solvent mixtures, using visible spectrophotometry. The effects of solvent mixtures, water with acetonitrile, dioxane, methanol and ethanol, were compared taking the calculated aggregation equilibrium constant (K) and the aggregation number. The K dependence on temperature, DiesterB concentration and water content suggest that, in water with acetonitrile, the predominant species is a dimer, whereas in dioxane, methanol and ethanol systems, there are multiple equilibria, with a pre‐equilibrium between the monomer and dimer (small amount), followed by trimer formation. Not only the solvent polarity but also the nature of the organic solvent are important for the aggregation process, driving the aggregate size and the magnitude of the equilibrium constant. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of new heterocyclic compounds: 4‐(3,3,3‐trifluoro‐2‐trifluoromethyl‐1‐propenyl)‐1,3‐thiazoles: structural and conformational study of 2‐phenyl‐4‐(3,3,3‐trifluoro‐2‐trifluoromethyl‐1‐propenyl)‐1,3‐thiazole
Authors: Buceta N. N. , Coyanis E. M. , Védova C. O. Della , Haas A. , Schettino M. , Winter M.
Published: March 2004

The synthesis of 4‐(3,3,3‐trifluoro‐2‐trifluoromethyl‐1‐propenyl)‐1,3‐thiazole derivatives from 5,5,5‐trifluoro‐4‐(trifluoromethy)‐3‐penten‐2‐one is described. Attention is mainly focused on 2‐N‐phenylamino‐4‐(3,3,3‐trifluoro‐2‐trifluoromethyl‐1‐propenyl)‐1,3‐thiazole. Structural and conformational studies using several spectroscopic methods (FT‐IR, NMR, Raman, x‐ray, MS) were performed. Geometry optimization and prediction of vibrational and magnetic properties were carried out using ab initio Hartree–Fock (HF) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to assist the spectroscopic analysis. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bone microenvironment‐related growth factors modulate differentially the anticancer actions of zoledronic acid and doxorubicin on PC‐3 prostate cancer cells
Authors: Tenta Roxane , Tiblalexi Despina , Sotiriou Evangelia , Lembessis Peter , Manoussakis Menelaos , Koutsilieris Michael
Published: March 2004

OBJECTIVES

We analyzed the actions of zoledronic acid (10–250 μM) and doxorubicin (10–250 nM) on PC‐3 prostate cancer cells using both continuous (48–96 hr) and pulsatile exposures (15 min/day for up to three consecutive days).

RESULTS

The proliferation of PC‐3 cells was inhibited by either continuous or pulsatile exposures of zoledronic acid in a dose‐dependent manner. In contrast, pulsatile exposures of doxorubicin failed to inhibit the growth of PC‐3 cells. In addition, the inhibition of PC‐3 cells by zoledronic acid was partially neutralized by exogenous administration of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP), however, not by farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP). Furthermore, exogenous administration of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF‐β1), interleukin 6 (IL‐6), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and more potently, insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1) inhibited the doxorubicin‐induced apoptosis of PC‐3 cells. Under identical experimental conditions, these growth factors failed to alter the cytotoxicity of PC‐3 cells induced by zoledronic acid.

CONCLUSIONS

These data suggest that (i) repetitive and pulsatile (15 min/day) exposure to zoledronic acid inhibited the growth of PC‐3 cells, (ii) this anticancer action of zoledronic acid was partially mediated by the attenuation of GGPP production, and (iii) bone microenvironment‐related growth factors do not alter the anticancer actions of zoledronic acid on PC‐3 cells. © 2004 Wileey‐Liss, Inc.
1α,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 induced growth inhibition of PC‐3 prostate cancer cells requires an active transforming growth factor beta signaling pathway
Authors: Murthy Shalini , Weigel Nancy L.
Published: March 2004

BACKGROUND

Prostate cancer growth inhibition by 1α,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) is best characterized in the androgen dependent LNCaP cell line, where treatment with this hormone causes cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. 1,25(OH)2D3 also inhibits the growth of PC‐3 prostate cancer cells, but not through the induction of G1 arrest or apoptosis. In this study, we have sought to elucidate the mechanism/s involved in PC‐3 cell growth inhibition by 1,25(OH)2D3.

EXPERIMENTAL METHODS

We determined the effect of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) blocking antibodies on 1,25(OH)2D3 mediated growth inhibition of PC‐3 cells. In addition, we also studied the effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on TGFβ signaling and receptor expression. Finally, we assessed the role of TGFβ signaling in the induction of the growth inhibitory protein, insulin like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP‐3), by 1,25(OH)2D3.

RESULTS

We find that 1,25(OH)2D3 action in PC‐3 cells is mediated through at least two distinct pathways, the TGFβ pathway and the IGFBP‐3 pathway. We show that 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment elevates TGFβ production and signaling, as well as receptor levels, in PC‐3 cells. Further, using a blocking antibody against TGFβ substantially reduces 1,25(OH)2D3 mediated growth inhibition without affecting IGFBP‐3 induction, suggesting that IGFBP‐3, alone, is insufficient to inhibit the growth of PC‐3 cells. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of serotonin receptors and role of serotonin in human prostate cancer tissue and cell lines
Authors: Dizeyi N. , Bjartell A. , Nilsson E. , Hansson J. , Gadaleanu V. , Cross N. , Abrahamsson P.‐A.
Published: March 2004

BACKGROUND

Increase in the number of serotonin (5‐HT) releasing neuroendocrine (NE) cells has been shown to be correlated with tumor progression, loss of androgen dependence, and poor prognosis. Serotonin is a well‐known mitogen which mediates a wide variety of physiological effects via multiple receptors, of which receptor subtype 1 (5‐HTR1) has been identified in prostate cancer (PC) cell lines. Recently, 5‐HT has been found to show growth‐promoting activity and to be functionally related to oncogenes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Localization, protein content, and mRNA expression of 5‐HTR subtype 1A, 1B, and 1D was studied in prostatic tissue (35 patients), metastases, PC cell lines, a benign prostatic stromal cell line (human prostate cell preparation (hPCP)), and xenografts of PC‐3 cells by immunohistochemistry (IHC), Western blotting, and RT‐PCR, respectively. The growth‐inhibition effect of a 5‐HT1A antagonist (NAN‐190) on PC cell lines was studied using a bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) assay.

RESULTS

A strong immunoreaction of 5‐HTR1A and 1B was demonstrated in high‐grade tumor cells (35/35) and a small number of BPH cells, whereas 5‐HTR1D was confined to vascular endothelial cells. 5‐HTR1A was also demonstrated in PC cells metastasized to lymph node and bone, PC‐3, DU145, LNCaP, and in xenografts of PC‐3 cells and hPCP. Western blot analysis gave strong bands from PC tissue extracts compared to BPH tissue. Using RT‐PCR, 5‐HTR1A mRNA was demonstrated in all PC cell lines. An antagonist of 5‐HTR1A (NAN‐190) inhibited the growth of PC‐3, DU145, and LNCaP cells but not of hPCP cells.

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first study demonstrating an overexpression of 5‐HTR subtypes 1A and 1B in PC cells, especially in high‐grade tumors. Moreover, 5‐HT stimulates proliferation of PC cells and 5‐HTR1A antagonists inhibit proliferation. Thus, we propose that 5‐HT has an important role in tumor progression, especially in the androgen‐independent state of the disease. The design of specific antagonists for this type of receptor might be useful for the growth control of androgen‐independent tumors. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Imaging of bioluminescent LNCaP‐luc‐M6 Tumors: A new animal model for the study of metastatic human prostate cancer
Authors: Scatena Caroline D. , Hepner Mischa A. , Oei Yoko A. , Dusich Joan M. , Yu Shang‐Fan , Purchio Tony , Contag Pamela R. , Jenkins Darlene E.
Published: March 2004

BACKGROUND

Animal experiments examining hormone‐sensitive metastatic prostate cancer using the human LNCaP cell line have been limited to endpoint analyses. To permit longitudinal studies, we generated a luciferase‐expressing cell line and used bioluminescent imaging (BLI) to non‐invasively monitor the in vivo growth of primary LNCaP tumors and metastasis.

METHODS

LNCaP.FGC cells were transfected to constitutively express firefly luciferase. LNCaP‐luc‐M6 cells were tested for bioluminescent signal intensity and hormone responsiveness in vitro. The cells were implanted in subcutaneous and orthotopic sites in SCID‐bg mice and imaged over time.

RESULTS

The LNCaP‐luc‐M6 cells formed subcutaneous and orthotopic tumors in SCID‐bg mice, and nearly all tumor‐bearing animals developed pulmonary metastases. Early detection and temporal growth of primary tumors and metastatic lesions was successfully monitored by BLI.

CONCLUSIONS

The LNCaP‐luc‐M6 cell line is a bioluminescent, hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer cell line applicable for BLI studies to non‐invasively monitor subcutaneous and orthotopic prostate tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of vitamin D‐regulated gene expression in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells using cDNA microarrays
Authors: Krishnan Aruna V. , Shinghal Rajesh , Raghavachari Nalini , Brooks James D. , Peehl Donna M. , Feldman David
Published: March 2004

BACKGROUND

1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] exerts growth inhibitory, pro‐differentiating, and pro‐apoptotic effects on prostate cells. To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying these actions, we employed cDNA microarrays to study 1,25(OH)2D3‐regulated gene expression in the LNCaP human prostate cancer cells.

METHODS

mRNA isolated from LNCaP cells treated with vehicle or 50 nM 1,25(OH)2D3 for various lengths of time were hybridized to microarrays carrying approximately 23,000 genes. Some of the putative target genes revealed by the microarray analysis were verified by real‐time PCR assays.

RESULTS

1,25(OH)2D3 most substantially increased the expression of the insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐3 (IGFBP‐3) gene. Our analysis also revealed several novel 1,25(OH)2D3‐responsive genes. Interestingly, some of the key genes regulated by 1,25(OH)2D3 are also androgen‐responsive genes. 1,25(OH)2D3 also down‐regulated genes that mediate androgen catabolism.

CONCLUSIONS

The putative 1,25(OH)2D3 target genes appear to be involved in a variety of cellular functions including growth regulation, differentiation, membrane transport, cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions, DNA repair, and inhibition of metastasis. The up‐regulation of IGFBP‐3 gene has been shown to be crucial in 1,25(OH)2D3‐mediated inhibition of LNCaP cell growth. 1,25(OH)2D3 regulation of androgen‐responsive genes as well as genes involved in androgen catabolism suggests that there are interactions between 1,25(OH)2D3 and androgen signaling pathways in LNCaP cells. Further studies on the role of these genes and others in mediating the anti‐cancer effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 may lead to better approaches to the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ca2+ currents in smooth muscle cells isolated from human prostate
Authors: Sui G.P. , Wu C. , Fry C.H.
Published: March 2004

BACKGROUND

The objective of the investigation was to demonstrate the presence of voltage‐dependent Ca2+ current in human prostate smooth muscle cells and to determine their biophysical characteristics.

METHODS

Prostate smooth muscle cells were isolated from biopsy samples of human prostates obtained from prostatectomy specimens or TURP chips. Electrophysiological recordings were made under current‐ or voltage‐clamp using patch‐type electrodes.

RESULTS

The average resting potential of prostate myocytes was 63 ± 11 mV and action potentials (APs) could be elicited when K+ currents were blocked. With K‐filled electrodes inward current was followed by a large outward component. When K+ currents were blocked a large Ca2+‐sensitive inward current was measured. The inward current could be divided into two components, a fraction blocked by 30 μM verapamil and another by 20 μM NiCl2.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the sensitivity to antagonists and holding potential both L‐type and T‐type Ca2+ channels were identified in human prostate smooth muscle. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Osteopontin enhances the cell proliferation induced by the epidermal growth factor in human prostate cancer cells
Authors: Angelucci Adriano , Festuccia Claudio , Gravina Giovanni Luca , Muzi Paola , Bonghi Loriana , Vicentini Carlo , Bologna Mauro
Published: March 2004

BACKGROUND

Susceptibility to extracellular matrix and growth factors has been demonstrated to play a critical role in the development of prostate cancer (PCa) metastases. The aim of this study was to elucidate some mechanisms by which stroma controls tumor progression.

METHODS

In our study we tested the growth ability of the LNCaP human prostatic cell line in steroid‐free culture conditions in response to osteopontin (OPN), a non‐collageneous matrix protein, localized in large amounts in the bone.

RESULTS

In the LNCaP cell model, OPN stimulates cell proliferation in serum‐free medium and colony growth at high dilution but this effect is visible only in presence of epidermal growth factor (EGF). Proliferation induced by OPN is accompanied by a sustained activation of EGF receptor (EGFR) whose phosphorylation is detectable up to 12 hr after treatment in association with EGF. The colocalization of integrin β1, a ligand of OPN, and of EGFR on the cellular membrane, suggests that the association of these cell surface receptors may be the principal mechanism involved in the long‐term activation of the EGFR.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data describe a new possible mechanism involved in the establishment of bone metastases which may also account for the formation of androgen‐independent cellular clones, frequently responsible of the clinical progression of PCa. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantum concepts and complex systems
Authors: Brändas Erkki J.
Published: March 2004

In this tribute to Ilya Prigogine, we refer to his fundamental presentation of the two conflicting views of nature: on one hand, the deterministic time‐reversible exposition, and on the other, the evolutionary irreversible character of the universe. This consideration leads to the closely related notion of complexity or complex system calling for new perspectives concerning the description of natural phenomena. In this development, the Brussels school has played and continues to play a leading role as originator, designer, guide, and inspirator. The current contribution focuses on special issues that apply to various levels of organization, that is, starting from the microscopic arriving via the mesoscopic to the macroscopic level. We particularly confront the basic question, namely, the location of the origin, if any, of self‐organization. It is argued that the emergence of generic time scales and the formulation of general nonadiabatic procedures, containing cooperative physical principles, are all interconnected. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Ensemble dynamics of chaos
Authors: Driebe Dean J. , Hasegawa Hiroshi H.
Published: March 2004

Systems of deterministic chaos demonstrate that the ensemble and trajectory descriptions of dynamics are not equivalent. This is shown through explicit constructions of the generalized spectral decompositions of the time evolution operator for probability densities. This realizes part of the long‐standing goal of the Brussels–Austin groups directed by Ilya Prigogine to elucidate the dynamical foundations of irreversibility. A brief review of the main aspects of the work are given here along with a new derivation of the fractality of eigenstates in some systems and a discussion of a Lyapunov functional in an unstable Hamiltonian system. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Space–time intrinsic randomness of dynamical systems and statistical mechanics
Authors: Courbage M. , Kamiński B.
Published: March 2004

The concept of intrinsically random systems is introduced to modelize a class of dynamical systems that can be transformed exactly, through positivity preserving invertible transformations or projections, into strongly irreversible Markov processes. The property holds for all K‐dynamical evolutions. Systems of infinite noninteracting particles, such as Ideal gas and Lorentz gas, are described by Poisson distributions over one‐particle phase space. As dynamical systems, they have strong mixing properties: they are K‐systems. Therefore, the intrinsic randomness property seems not to discriminate between Lorentz gas and Ideal gas. We show that a discrimination between them requires the consideration, in the thermodynamic limit, of multidimensional space–time group. The concept of intrinsic randomness is extended to such Zd‐actions and K‐property of the action is proved to be a necessary and sufficient condition of space–time intrinsic randomness. This leads to a discrimination between the Lorentz gas, which is space–time intrinsically random, and the Ideal gas, which is not. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Dynamic tunneling and scattering resonances
Authors: Akguc G. B. , Reichl L. E.
Published: March 2004

A new type of quantum billiard, the ripple billiard, allows us to use reaction matrix theory to study the effect of dynamic tunneling on scattering processes in systems for which the underlying classical phase space contains a mixture of chaotic and regular orbits. We find that large scattering resonances occur due to dynamic tunneling of the quantum particle into classically forbidden nonlinear resonance regions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Fluctuation–dissipation–dispersion relations for a time and space nonlocal plasma
Authors: Belyi V. V.
Published: March 2004

Using the Langevin approach and the multiscale technique, a kinetic theory of the time and space nonlocal fluctuations in the collisional plasma is constructed. In local equilibrium, a generalized version of the Callen–Welton theorem is derived. It is shown that not only the dissipation, but also the time and space derivatives of the dispersion, determine the amplitude and the width of the spectrum lines of the electrostatic field fluctuations, as well as the form factor. There appear to be significant differences with respect to the nonuniform plasma. In the kinetic regime, the form factor is more sensible to space gradient than the spectral function of the electrostatic field fluctuations. As a result of inhomogeneity, these proprieties became asymmetric with respect to the inversion of the frequency sign. The differences in amplitude of peaks could become a new tool with which to diagnose slow time and space variations in the plasma. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Thermodynamic field theory with applications
Authors: Sonnino Giorgio
Published: March 2004

Thermodynamic field theory (TFT) allows us to deal with thermodynamic systems submitted even to strong nonequilibrium conditions. The theory formulated in this article enables us to find field equations whose solutions give the generalized relations between the thermodynamic forces and their conjugate flows. It will be shown that evolution of thermodynamic systems is well described in Weyl's space. In the particular case in which the thermodynamic forces and conjugate flows are linked only through a symmetric tensor (the metric tensor), the resulting geometry is Riemannian geometry. When Weyl's space is even‐dimensional, the thermodynamic space introduced in this study becomes a differentiable symplectic manifold. As an example of application, the thermoelectric effect and the unimolecular triangular chemical reaction are analyzed in great detail. The Field–Körös–Noyes model shows the theoretical treatment of a more complex chemical example. Theoretical analysis of materials simultaneously submitted to magnetic fields and electric currents can be found in previous articles. In this case, TFT foresees a new effect: the nonlinear Hall effect. The agreement between the theoretical predictions and experiments is discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
In Situ solidification—A case study at a former manufactured gas plant in Macon, Georgia
Authors: Oosterhoudt Jim , Olean Tim , Battaglia Alessandro
Published: March 2004

In situ solidification (ISS) is a reliable, EPA‐recognized technology for the
treatment of industrial and waste sites. ISS was employed at a former manufactured gas plant (MGP) site
in Macon, Georgia, for the treatment of approximately 33,000 cubic yards of coal tar residues in the saturated zone
soil. The site is regulated by the Georgia Environmental Protection Division (EPD) under the Hazardous
Site Rehabilitation Act (HSRA) and is located approximately four blocks from downtown Macon. This article
will review the technical and regulatory basis for the successful use of this technology, provide an overview of
the treatability and pilot testing used to develop the design and implementation of the treatment process, and
present the results of the application of ISS to an MGP site. The results of groundwater monitoring, pre and
postremediation, will also be discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Efficient browsing of digital libraries with the support of will‐be‐relevant information
Authors: Qu Yanhua , Sato Keizo , Nakashima Makoto , Ito Tetsuro
Published: March 2004

This paper discusses a method of efficient browsing in digital libraries arranged so that similar documents are placed close to each other. The basic idea is that some relevant documents exhibit a high similarity to the query, and some other relevant documents exhibit a high similarity to documents that the user has already judged to be relevant. Based on this idea, a general efficient browsing method is presented in which the system successively learns the results of relevance judgments by the user and suggests the relevance of the document to be examined in the following stage. A control procedure for browsing is derived in which the whole image of the document arrangement is revealed, while repeatedly performing browsing for various queries. The effectiveness of the proposed method was evaluated experimentally through comparison to the conventional method using ranking lists. Considering its use on the Internet, a navigator for browsing has also been designed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 35(4): 36–48, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10080
Computing scenario from knowledge with preferentially ordered hypotheses
Authors: Tahara Ikuo
Published: March 2004

A method of computing scenario for knowledge including preferentially ordered hypotheses is proposed. Minimum conflict sets are found for competing hypothesis sets, and acceptable hypothesis sets are then found by applying preference relation to the minimum conflict sets; the disjunction of all elements of the acceptable hypothesis set thus obtained can be added to the fact set without contradiction. A fact set combined with all such disjunctions is considered a scenario, and is used for reasoning. Basically, the acceptability of hypothesis subsets for their minimal conflict sets is to be checked in order to obtain a scenario, which requires combinatorial calculations. A method is proposed to simplify such calculations; namely, acceptability is first checked for the single‐element hypothesis sets, and then set operations are employed to check the acceptability of an arbitrary hypothesis set. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 35(4): 19–26, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10429
Combining classifiers in error correcting output coding
Authors: Yamaguchi Nobuhiko , Ishii Naohiro
Published: March 2004

The authors performed research on a pattern classifier using ECOC (Error Correcting Output Coding) which encodes learning patterns using error correction coding and then learns such that each discriminant function outputs the encoded values. In particular, in this research the authors focused on a method to decode the output of each discriminant function to class symbols, and then proposed a decoding method: WLS‐ECOC (ECOC combination strategy based on Weighted Least Squares). WLS‐ECOC estimated posterior probability for each class using the linear sum of the output of each discriminant function and then performed pattern recognition based on these posterior probabilities. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 35(4): 9–18, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10549
Where center of pressure should be controlled in biped upright posture
Authors: Ito Satoshi , Saka Yoshihisa , Kawasaki Haruhisa
Published: March 2004

The stability of the upright posture of the biped system on horizontal ground has been evaluated in terms of the vertical projection of the center of gravity on the ground. Since the point of projection coincides with the center of pressure of the ground reaction force (CoP), so long as static equilibrium is maintained, robust control can be realized if the ground reaction force is directly controlled. Consequently, we modeled the upright standing state of the biped system by a two‐link system composed of the foot and the remainder and proposed a method of controlling the ground reaction force based on the output of the ankle joint. The method is equivalent to control of the CoP, but no detailed study of where the center should be controlled has been presented. This point is crucial if the foot is not symmetrical in the anterior–posterior direction, or if the ankle joint is located at a certain height, as in the case of humans. The purpose of this paper is to investigate this problem. Two control methods can be considered, depending on whether the evaluation criterion is defined as the minimum steady output of the ankle joint or as the stability margin. For each of the criteria, we analyze the stability and the steady‐state posture. To clarify the criterion by which humans perform control, the CoP was measured for humans in the upright posture. The results suggest that humans are less likely to use the minimum output of the ankle joint as the evaluation criterion. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 35(5): 23–31, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10559
Listing all rectangular drawings with certain properties
Authors: Takagi Masahiro , Nakano Shin‐ichi
Published: March 2004

A plane drawing of a plane graph is called a rectangular drawing if every face (including the outer face) is a rectangle. An algorithm to generate all based rectangular drawings with maximum degree three is known. In this paper by generalizing the algorithm we give a simple algorithm to generate all based rectangular drawings having n faces without the degree constraint. The algorithm generates without duplications all rectangular drawings having exactly n faces in O(n) time per drawing. By modifying the algorithm we give three more algorithms to generate all rectangular drawings with certain properties. Those algorithms use O(n) space in total. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 35(4): 1–8, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10563
Intelligence and living systems: a decision‐making perspective
Authors: Kalaidjieva M. A. , Swanson G. A.
Published: March 2004

M. A. Kalaidjieva identifies seven levels of complexity of intelligence. Her ideas are discussed in the context of living systems theory (LST). The levels of intelligence are defined on the concept of decision making within a perceptual‐motor arch (a sense–response construct). The discussion focuses on the increasing complexity of intelligence as life progresses to higher levels. The evolution of life from the relatively simple to the more complex underlies the advancing technology of the current information age, and, indeed, systems thinking itself. The discussion identifies important aspects of decision making that distinguish each higher level of complex intelligence, moving through biological, psychological, and sociological senses. Viewing Kalaidjieva's theory in the context of LST suggests expanding the levels to at least 12 and provides many details of how the increasing complexity emerges in living systems. The article consists of two major parts: (1) presentation of Kalaidjieva's theory of intelligence and introduction of ideas from LST that concern decision‐making, information, communications, and intelligence, and (2) a discussion of the convergence of the two theories. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Linguistic adjustments: precursors to understanding complexity
Authors: Warfield John N.
Published: March 2004

There is no well‐accepted, coherent language of systems science founded in correlated theoretical and empirical results that enables it to fill the requirements for people to work with complexity. A set of linguistic adjustments is proposed as a way of moving from the present state of the language toward a sorely needed, functional state of discursivity. The goal is to achieve a linguistic state of systems science that is commensurate with the needs of applications in many locales to redesign dysfunctional systems, both small and large, in society. A six‐component strategy for achieving this goal is described. The development of discursivity along the proposed lines is keyed to this strategy. Acceptance of these linguistic adjustments could do for systems science what Lavoisier did for chemistry over 200 years ago. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heavy‐metal and microbial depuration of the clam Ruditapes decussatus and its effect on bivalve behavior and physiology
Authors: El‐Shenawy Nahla S.
Published: March 2004

The bivalve Ruditapes decussatus was evaluated as a possible biomonitor of heavy‐metal contamination. Concentrations of copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), and manganese (Mn) were measured in R. decussatus. Water and sediment samples were collected at two stations of Timsah Lake in Ismailia, Egypt, from October to November 2002, using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Results from the heavy‐metal and microbial analyses indicated that site II was less contaminated than site I. The bivalve showed accumulation of metals, with a bioaccumulation factor (BAF) greater than 4. The bioaccumulation of metals varied strongly according to the sampling site. After 48 h of depuration, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, and Mn were reduced significantly, to 46.8% and 47.7%, 19.9% and 20.3%, 27.3% and 27.9%, 35.9% and 36.6%, and 18.2% and 26.6%, compared with the initial concentrations, in clam tissue at the two stations. In bivalves from site II the counts of total bacteria, fecal coliforms, and bacterial pathogens were reduced by more than 90%, whereas phage counts were only reduced by 56% after 4 days of depuration. The depuration of bivalves collected from the heavily polluted site (I) was not effective, as coliforms were reduced only by 85% after 4 days, whereas counts of pathogens and pathogenic indicators such as Vibrio, fecal Streptococcus, and coliphage decreased to less than 50% of the initial concentration. The time necessary to decrease contamination to 10%, 50%, and 90% for clams at both stations was consistently shorter for heavy metals than for microorganisms. Investigation of the effects of heavy‐metal and microbiological depuration on valve movement and physiological rates (oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion) was carried out on R. decussatus to test the utility of physiological stress indices in assessing the health of depurated animals. Clams in the experimental tanks exhibited various states of activity, which were rated by identifying and scoring (0–4) the different parameters, including shell gap, siphon extension, and foot protrusion. Moreover, an increase in ammonia excretion was usually associated with an increase in respiration rate. The oxygen‐to‐nitrogen ratio provided a sensitive indicator of bivalve health. It can be concluded that shellfish monitoring and depuration data depended on the initial concentration of the pollutants. There were differences in the physiological responses of clams from the two sites during the periods of pre‐ and postdepuration of the contaminants. There was a significant correlation between reduction of metal concentration in clam tissue and enhancement of valve movement, as well as activity and increasing respiration rate. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 19: 143–153, 2004.
Detoxification of organophosphorus compounds by recombinant carboxylesterase from an insecticide‐resistant mosquito and oxime‐induced amplification of enzyme activity
Authors: Zhang Jian Liang , Qiao Chuan‐Ling , Lan Wen Sheng
Published: March 2004

Currently, bioremediation is a promising approach to the degradation of environmental pollutants. Here we describe the application of the recombinant insecticide‐resistant mosquito carboxylesterase B1 to detoxify organophosphorous compounds. However, this approach has a major limitation: 1:1 stoichiometry of the enzyme detoxification of those organophosphorous compounds containing no carboxyl ester bonds, such as paraoxon, chlorpyrifos etc. To improve the effectiveness of the enzymatic detoxification of organophosphorous compounds, we used a combination of carboxylesterase B1 with the uncharged oxime diacetylmonoxime. It was demonstrated that the repeated addition of 20 times the molar concentration of paraoxon to carboxylesterase B1 every 2 h in the presence of 4 mM diacetylmonoxime did not result in significant inhibition of the enzyme. The stoichiometry of enzyme detoxification was higher than 45:1 and 20:1 for paraoxon and chlorpyrifos, respectively. The kinetic experiments on reactivation of organophosphorus compound–inhibited carboxylesterase B1 showed that the half‐life for paraoxon‐ and chlorpyrifos‐inhibited carboxylesterase reactivation is 0.75 and 0.88 h, respectively. Using the recombinant insecticide‐resistant mosquito carboxylesterase with oxime is an effective approach for detoxification of organophosphorous compounds. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 19: 154–159, 2004.
Quality of service challenges for wireless mobile ad hoc networks
Authors: Chakrabarti Satyabrata , Mishra Amitabh
Published: March 2004

Wireless mobile ad hoc networks consist of mobile nodes interconnected by wireless multi‐hop communication paths. Unlike conventional wireless networks, ad hoc networks have no fixed network infrastructure or administrative support. The topology of such networks changes dynamically as mobile nodes join or depart the network or radio links between nodes become unusable. Supporting appropriate quality of service for mobile ad hoc networks is a complex and difficult issue because of the dynamic nature of the network topology and generally imprecise network state information, and has become an intensely active area of research in the last few years. This paper

This article, except for some minor changes, is essentially the same as one that appears in103. The latter is a revised and updated version of51

presents the basic concepts of quality of service support in ad hoc networks forunicastcommunication, reviews the major areas of current research and results, and addresses some new issues. The principal focus is on routing and security issues associated with quality of service support. The paper concludes with some observations on the open areas for further investigation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Average probability of packet error with diversity reception over arbitrarily correlated fading channels
Authors: Digham Fadel F. , Alouini Mohamed‐Slim
Published: March 2004

Closed form expressions for the average probability of packet error (PPE) are presented for no diversity, maximum ratio combining (MRC), selection combining (SC) and switch and stay combining (SSC) diversity schemes. The average PPE for the no diversity case is obtained in two alternative expressions assuming arbitrarily correlated Nakagami and Rician fading channels. For the MRC case,Ldiversity branches are considered and the channel samples are assumed to follow Nakagami distribution and to be arbitrarily correlated in both time and space. For the SC diversity scheme withLdiversity branches, two bounds on the average PPE are derived for both slow and fast fading channels. The average PPE in this case is obtained in an infinite integral form for Nakagami channels while it is reduced to a closed form expression for the Rayleigh case. The average PPE is also derived in the case of SSC diversity with dual branches for both slow and fast Rayleigh fading channels. The new formulas are applicable for all modulation schemes where the conditional probability of error has an exponential dependence on the signal‐to‐noise ratio. The average PPE is then used to obtain a modified expression for the throughput for network protocols. In general, the diversity gain exhibits a little diminishing effect as the number of diversity branches increases. In addition, the system is found to be more sensitive to the space correlation than to the time correlation. The effects of different system parameters and diversity schemes are studied and discussed. Specific figures about the system performance are also provided. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An inconsistency in the actuator disc momentum theory
Authors: van Kuik Gijs A. M.
Published: March 2004

The classical momentum theory for actuator discs with a constant normal load Δp addresses only the axial momentum balance. Now the radial balance is also derived, which, in the absence of a radial disc load, leads to the requirement that the integral of the static pressure along the disc centre line must be zero. The axial and radial balances appear to be mutually inconsistent: the axial balance provides the well‐known results, but the radial balance cannot be satisfied. The inconsistency can be removed by assuming that the actuator disc force field is composed of more than the constant normal load Δp. It is shown that the modelling by Lee and Greenberg (Journal of Fluid Mechanics 1984; 145: 287) of the load and flow of an actuator strip in hover implies the existence of a singular suction force at the edge. Their results deviate, without explanation so far, from the predictions of classical momentum theory. Addition of this edge force to the radial and axial momentum balances provides consistent results. A more general explanation or solution for the inconsistency is not yet are cable. Comparison the present inviscid analysis with a Navier–Stokes calculation by Mikkelsen et al. (Wind Energy 2001; 4: 121) shows that the integrated pressure along the disc centre line is indeed non‐zero, but that the radial balance is still satisfied. It is not clear why this deviates from the analysis. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Probabilistic wind power forecasts using local quantile regression
Authors: Bremnes John Bjørnar
Published: March 2004

Wind power forecasts are in various ways valuable for users in decision‐making processes. However, most forecasts are deterministic, and hence possibly important information about uncertainty is not available. Complete information about future production can be obtained by using probabilistic forecasts, and this article demonstrates how such forecasts can be created by means of local quantile regression. The approach has several advantages, such as no distributional assumptions and flexible inclusion of predictive information. In addition, it can be shown that, for some purposes, forecasts in terms of quantiles provide the type of information required to make optimal economic decisions. The methodology is applied to data from a wind farm in Norway. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.