bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental Study on the Effectiveness of Masonry-Basalt TRM Reinforced Systems Characterized by Different Fiber Grid Densities
Authors: Caggegi Carmelo , Ferrara Giuseppe , Lanoye Emma , Nguyễn Đức Bình , Gabor Aron , Martinelli Enzo
Published: July 2017

The use of Textile Reinforced Mortar (TRM) systems is emerging as a suitable solution for strengthening historical masonry buildings, as they are made of compatible materials often resulting in limited and reversible interventions. Moreover, TRM systems reinforced by basalt textile are a very promising solution. This study presents the results of single shear-lap tests intended at defining and comparing the effectiveness of three reinforced basalt TRM-masonry systems characterized by different strengthening ratios. These systems have been obtained by inserting one, two or three basalt grids in the TRM composite. The experimental results show that a slippage of the fiber roving within the mortar matrix frequently occurs in the reinforced system characterized by a low strengthening ratio; the increase in fiber grid density often results in a brittle debonding between the lower and the upper layer of mortar matrix. The results show that a high strengthening ratio may result in decreasing the strengthening performances.
Rocking Mechanism of Masonry Portals with Circular Arches
Authors: Piedigrossi Marco , Coccia Simona , di Carlo Fabio
Published: July 2017

Unreinforced masonry (URM) structures represent most of the world architectural heritage, whose vulnerability has been also highlighted by damages and collapses occurred after recent seismic events. Numerous studies regarding the seismic capacity of masonry walls, arches and portals have been carried out by applying the so-called equivalent static analysis method, neglecting their dynamic behaviour. A proper evaluation of the dynamic response of masonry elements can be done analytically considering the dynamic equation of rigid bodies not resistant to the tensile stresses. Some studies are available in literature regarding the dynamic behaviour of walls and arches. In this framework, the paper aims to develop an analytical model, able to describe the dynamic behaviour of portals with circular arches, subjected to a base motion. Starting point of the analysis is the evaluation of the mechanism (local, semi-global or global) governing the activation of the motion of the structure, performed in the context of Limit Analysis. Subsequently the equation of motion of the system of rigid bodies is derived applying the Lagrange Equation. Finally a numerical application is carried out.
In Situ Shear Tests on Masonry Panels Strengthened with Fiber-Reinforced Mortar Repointing
Authors: Cavalagli Nicola , Gioffrè Massimiliano , Gusella Vittorio , Pepi Chiara , Baietti Bernie , Mantegazza Giovanni , Trimboli Antonio
Published: July 2017

In this paper the effect of joints structural repointing on single-wythe brickwork masonry using a fiber-reinforced mortar is investigated. Changes in shear strength are evaluated by in-situ tests carried out both on unreinforced and reinforced masonry specimens. The masonry joint shear strength, according to the standard ASTM C 1513, gives local information, while diagonal compression tests provides information on the global masonry shear response. The comparison highlights a good performance in both local and global masonry response, where the shear strength increases.
Comparison of In-Plane Mechanical Performances of Masonry Walls Strengthened with Different Mortar Coatings Reinforced with Glass or Carbon Fiber Composite Meshes
Authors: Gattesco Natalino , Boem Ingrid
Published: July 2017

The results of some diagonal compression tests performed on solid brick masonry samples (1160x1160x250 mm3) to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of different shear reinforcement techniques for existing masonry based of the application, on both sides of the wall, of a mortar coating layer reinforced with fiber composite meshes are presented and discussed in the paper. In particular, 30 mm and 10 mm thick mortar coatings, made of three different mortar types and reinforced by means of both glass and carbon-fibers composite meshes were considered. Significant resistance increases (about 110%) were attained in respect to plain masonry; moreover, it emerged that the meshes are able to prevent the masonry brittle collapse, absorbing tensile stresses in the cracked areas. By maintaining constant the coating thickness, better mortar characteristics determined an increase of the resistance increment ratio but a more rapid decrease of resistance after peak. Similar performances were attained by samples characterized by approximately constant values of shear stiffness and diagonal compression resistance. The differences attributable to the different type of meshes resulted minimal, due to the similar reinforcement percentage.
Concept, Prototyping and Application of a Tensioning System for FRP Ties into Masonry Structures
Authors: La Manna Ambrosino Giuseppe , Brigante Domenico , Mauro Alessandro , Formisano Antonio
Published: July 2017

The present paper deals with concept, prototyping and application of a tensioning system for FRP ties into masonry structures. The proposed system, based on the use of FRP strands instead of traditional steel ties, has the aim to produce a compression stress state on masonry walls where it is applied. Given the objective difficulty in tensioning a FRP strand, it was necessary to both characterize and prototype a suitable connection system between the strand and the pulling system. The experimental phase concerned both the manufacturing of the pulling system and the study of used materials, as well as the characterization of the impregnation technology of FRP ties. The above described system has been produced and used in the framework of the structural retrofitting of the “Real Albergo dei Poveri” building in Naples.
Bond Behavior of FRCM Carbon Yarns Embedded in a Cementitious Matrix: Experimental and Numerical Results
Authors: Donnini Jacopo , Lancioni Giovanni , Bellezze Tiziano , Corinaldesi Valeria
Published: July 2017

The use of inorganic cement based composite systems, known as Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM), is a very promising technique for retrofitting and strengthening the existing masonry or concrete structures. The effectiveness of FRCM systems is strongly related to the interface bond between inorganic matrix and fabric reinforcement, and, since the major weakness is often located on this interface, the study of stress-transfer mechanisms between fibers and matrix becomes of fundamental importance.FRCM are usually reinforced with uni-directional or bi-directional fabrics consisting of multifilament yarns made of carbon, glass, basalt or PBO fibers, disposed along two orthogonal directions. The difficulty of the mortar to penetrate within the filaments that constitute the fabric yarns and the consequent non-homogeneous stress distribution through the yarn cross section makes difficult to access the characterization of the composite material. The use of polymer coatings on the fibers surface showed to enhance the bond strength of the interface between fibers and mortar and, as a consequence, to improve the mechanical performance of the composite. The coating does not allow the mortar to penetrate within the filaments while is able to improve the bond between the two materials and to increase the shear stress transfer capacity at the interface.An experimental session of several pull out tests on carbon yarns embedded in a cementitious matrix was carried out. Different embedded lengths have been analyzed, equal to 20, 30 and 50 mm. The carbon yarns object of this study were pre-impregnated with a flexible epoxy resin enhanced with a thin layer of quartz sand applied on the surface.A variational model was proposed to evaluate the pull-out behaviour and failure mechanisms of the system and to compare numerical results to the experimental outcomes. Evolution of fracture in the yarn-matrix system is determined by solving an incremental energy minimization problem, acting on an energy functional which account for brittle failure of matrix and yarn, and for debonding at the yarn-matrix interface. The model was able to accurately describe the three phases of the pull-out mechanism, depending on the embedded length.
Pull-Out Tests on Injected Anchors in Tuff Masonry Elements
Authors: Ceroni Francesca , Maddaloni Giuseppe , Pecce Marisa
Published: July 2017

In this paper the results of pull-out tests on several types of injected anchors embedded in masonry elements made of yellow tuff are described and compared. Several bonded lengths and configuration of the masonry elements were considered in the tests. In particular, pull-out tests of anchors installed in single tuff stones were carried out in order to investigate the effect of masonry block dimensions on the activation of the splitting failure. Conversely, pull-out tests of anchors installed in masonry walls made of similar tuff stones were carried out in order to simulate real applications. Finally, the experimental results were compared with literature formulations in case of splitting failure, bond interface failure and masonry cone shaped failure.
Confinement of Clay Masonry Columns with SRG
Authors: Sneed Lesley H. , Carloni Christian , Baietti Giulia , Fraioli Giacomo
Published: July 2017

In this study, the behavior of clay masonry columns confined by steel reinforced grout (SRG) composite with a natural hydraulic lime mortar is investigated. An experimental study was carried out to understand the behavior of masonry prisms with a square cross-section confined by SRG composite jackets subjected to a monotonic concentric compressive load. Test parameters considered in this study are the density of steel fibers and column corner radius. The effectiveness of the confinement is studied in terms of load-bearing capacity with respect to unconfined columns.
Characterization of New Composite Materials for Masonry Rehabilitation
Authors: Mazzuca Stefania , Hadad Houman A. , Kourdou Ibtissam , Ombres Luciano , Nanni Antonio
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this paper is to provide a better understanding of mechanical behavior of the SRG for strengthening of masonry and concrete structural members. Four SRG material systems were investigated to determine ultimate tensile stress and strain along with the moduli of elasticity of each system as well as compressive strength of the matrix mortars.Based on the test results, SRG composites can be considered as a solution for strengthening or rehabilitation of existing masonry structures.
Case Study of Consolidation Methods with Fiber-Based Composite Materials in Romania
Authors: Apostol Iasmina , Bradeanu Rares , Mosoarca Marius
Published: July 2017

Romania is a country divided in two important seismic areas, with a history that has as proof buildings with historical and cultural value, most of them made in masonry. A large number of those buildings have suffered damages because of earthquakes, subsidence of foundations or lack of interventions. In this article will be presented some consolidation methods applied on masonry buildings in Romania, with composite fiber-reinforced materials, made by Kerakoll producer. Those modern consolidation solutions that were used in Romania may represent examples that can represent the base of choosing the consolidation methods for other buildings with similar damages.
Non Linear Fem Modelling for the Design of Openings in Masonry Walls
Authors: Meloni Daniel , de Nicolo Barbara
Published: July 2017

Countries like Italy have to face the constant issue of preserving and renewing existing buildings, both for the sake of conservation of the architectural and monumental heritage and due to the need of requalification and reuse. Considering the seismic hazard of most of Italian regions, structural interventions need to be carefully evaluated since National Codes don’t allow any sort of weakening of buildings and conversely regard any structural intervention as an opportunity to improve existing building safety. Most of existing and historical buildings in Italy are masonry structures, whose functional and architectonical requalification usually consists of new openings in masonry walls, but, according to the above mentioned principles, these modifications need to be designed at least without significantly affecting the pre-existent structural behavior. Thus, steel or reinforced concrete frames are to be designed in order to restore the previous conditions of masonry integrity. In this paper FEM analyses are performed and discussed in order to achieve this goal.
Application of Smart FRP Devices for the Structural Health Monitoring of Heritage Buildings - A Case Study: The Monastery of Sant’Angelo d’Ocre
Authors: Coricciati Angela , Ingrosso Ilaria , Sergi Antonio Paolo , Largo Alessandro
Published: July 2017

The preservation of heritage buildings requires multidisciplinary skills ranging from materials and seismic design up to structural monitoring.One of the most interesting innovative solution that is being developing in the last years is based on smart FRP (FRP – Fibre Reinforced Polymer) devices, which can combine contemporary reinforcing and monitoring purposes. The use of composite materials has many advantages in comparison with traditional retrofitting techniques, such as low weight, high strength-to-weight ratio, ease of handling, drapability, speed of installation, low thickness and visual impact. At the same time, monitoring the structure during its lifetime (strain, cracks, temperature, etc.) and evaluating its in-service integrity, in order to predict possible anomalous situations, can be achieved by the combination of FRP materials and embedded fibre optic sensors into a smart FRP device, suitable for both reinforcing and monitoring purposes. Optical fibres can provide reliable measurement even in harsh environment, as they are chemically durable, corrosion resistant, stable and insensitive to external electromagnetic and environmental perturbations, allowing long distances signal transmission and several measures in different points along the same optical fibre (multiplexing). Furthermore, the embedding into composite material will preserve them from rupture during handling and installation.In the present work, the application of smart FRP devices for the structural health monitoring of the Monastery in Sant’Angelo d’Ocre, L’Aquila, performed in the framework of the national project PROVACI, is reported.Six Smart Patches, consisting of FRP reinforcing sheet with point FBG (Fibre Bragg Grating) sensors embedded were applied on the extrados of two different vaults, while four Smart Rebars, consisting in FRP pultruded bars with distributed optical fibres sensors embedded, were installed in four buttress of one same vault. All the smart FRP devices, after being cabled, have been connected to the relative control units (BraggMETER from Fibersensing for FBG sensors and OBR4600 control unit of Luna Technologies for the distributed optical sensors) connected with a remote server for on-line remote monitoring.Before the installation, the Smart FRP devices have been preliminary calibrated and tested in the laboratory in terms of mechanical properties, strain sensitivity and accelerated aging.The monitoring on the Monastery has been conducted for five months, showing the reliability of entire system and of the signal transmitted by each sensor over the time.
The Influence of Self-Healing Capacity of Lime Mortars on the Behaviour of Brick-Mortar Masonry Subassemblies
Authors: de Nardi Cristina , Cecchi Antonella , Ferrara Liberato
Published: July 2017

In this paper a methodology is proposed to investigate the influence of healing capacity of lime-based mortars in masonry specimens, by means of shear bond test. A first series of “brick-mortar” triplets – after 28 days curing in lab environment – were tested in shear, with and without transverse normal stress, to determine the shear bond strength. Then, on a second series of samples, a damage is induced by loading them to a prescribed fraction (70%) of the shear bond strength, determined as above; samples were subsequently immersed in water for 3 months and re-tested at the end of this curing period. Reference undamaged samples undergoing the same curing history as the damaged ones were tested as well. The effectiveness of the self-healing capacity has been evaluated through the recovery of shear bond strength. The reliability of this approach has been investigated also by comparing the experimental results with a simplified FE model.
Multi-Leaf Masonry Walls with Full, Damaged and Consolidated Infill: Experimental and Numerical Analyses
Authors: Aldreghetti Ivano , Baraldi Daniele , Boscato Giosuè , Cecchi Antonella , Massaria Lorenzo , Pavlovic Milorad , Reccia Emanuele , Tofani Italo
Published: July 2017

Multi-leaf masonry walls constitute the construction typology most widely adopted in historic buildings. This aspect, together with the intrinsic structural complexity, heterogeneity and irregularity, directs the present research towards a topic not yet sufficiently investigated by the research community of architects and civil engineers. In this paper, the case of multi-leaf masonry wall has been investigated, and with the aim of reproducing historical buildings structural elements, three different typologies of multi-leaf masonry walls have been considered: (i) full infill, (ii) damaged infill, (iii) consolidated infill. A comparative analysis has been performed and results of experimental tests have been compared with numerical ones obtained by means of Finite Element (FE) models.
Numerical Evaluation of Mechanical Parameters Role in GFRP Strengthened Cobblestone Masonry Walls
Authors: Gattesco Natalino , Gubana Alessandra , Melotto Massimo
Published: July 2017

The use of a GFRP (Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymers) mesh, embedded as a reinforcement in a mortar coating on both wall sides, proved to be effective and reliable in increasing the masonry wall resistance and the plastic deformation capacity.In this study, a NL finite element model, developed to predict the in-plane behaviour of masonry walls strengthened by means of this technique, is refined and used in an extensive parametric study. Numerical results were compared with diagonal compression test data on URM and RM cobblestone masonry samples, showing good agreement. The masonry panel and the mortar coating were modelled as isotropic homogeneous materials with a smeared crack approach, whereas the GFRP reinforcement was modelled as a mesh of truss elements. Properties assigned to materials were derived from experimental tests.The parametric study performed before on some involved mechanical properties, considering a standard range of variation, is now extended to other parameters. Moreover, the combined variation of different properties is considered. The actual contribute of each component (masonry, GFRP mesh, mortar) on some macroscopic parameters (strength and ductility of the specimen) is evaluated.The parametric analysis highlights the important role of the GFRP mesh not only on the peak load increment but also on the post-peak behavior and, in particularly, on the ductility increment of the reinforced masonry panel. These results can address the optimization of the intervention technique and the deliverable of operative guidelines for practitioners.
Salt Attack Effects on the Shear Behavior of Masonry: Preliminary Results of an Experimental Campaign
Authors: Gentilini Cristina , D'Altri Antonio Maria , Amato Marco , Zanotti Paolo , Favaro Franco , de Miranda Stefano
Published: July 2017

In this paper, preliminary results of an experimental campaign carried out on masonry triplets subjected to weathering cycles in salt solution are presented. Weathering cycles are constituted of a wetting phase by capillary rise of a sodium chloride solution and a drying phase in oven. At the end of the last conditioning cycle, triplets are shear tested in order to quantitatively assess the effects of salts on their mechanical behaviour, in particular on the Mohr-Coulomb relationship. To this aim, three levels of pre-compression are applied during the shear tests. For comparison purposes, unconditioned triplets are also tested under the same loading conditions.
Mechanical Behavior of Masonry Specimens Strengthened by Carbon Bundles Subjected to a Splitting Test
Authors: Di Tommaso Angelo , Casacci Susanna , Gentilini Cristina
Published: July 2017

In this study the results of an experimental campaign that involves masonry specimens subjected to a purposely designed splitting test are presented. The specimens are reinforced in the mortar joints by means of carbon bundles impregnated with a water based resin. Unreinforced specimens are also tested for comparison purposes. Some specimens are characterized by an initial crack obtained artificially by cutting the bricks to highlight the crack arrestor function of the carbon bundles. Results show that the failure mechanism from brittle becomes ductile and a load bearing capacity increment is registered in reinforced specimens.
The Reinforcement, Reconstruction and the Conservation of Historical Masonry Walls - Case Study
Authors: Ałykow Krzysztof , Napiórkowska-Ałykow Magdalena
Published: July 2017

In this article, the authors presented two examples of the reconstruction of medieval masonry ramparts in Nowogrodziec and Gryfów Śląski (Lower-Silesia, Poland). The authors elaborated a schedule for the reinforcement and the reconstruction of permanent medieval monastery ruins in Nowogrodziec and a way to reinforce the medieval city walls in Gryfów. [1, 2]. The authors have also proposed the reinforcement by using "Reticolatus" system. The "Reticolatus" system, developed in Italy for strengthening 3-layer walls against seismic influence, could be used separately or in addition to other techniques of reinforcement, especially in irregular masonry structures. The proposed technique allows for increasing compressive and shear strength. This method also allows for using the original material of the building with preservation and protection of historical, monumental and architectural character of the reinforcement construction.
Numerical Analysis of Masonry Confined by FRCM
Authors: Murgo Francesco Saverio , Mazzotti Claudio
Published: July 2017

In the present paper, structural behaviour of masonry columns strengthened with fiber reinforced cementitious matrix have been investigated; in particular, numerical 3D simulations calibrated on experimental tests have been presented. T hree-dimensional numerical model, realized by using the commercial code MIDAS FEA, based on a macro-model approach, has been used to simulate the nonlinear structural behavior of masonry columns strengthened with FRCM, and two different models for unreinforced and strengthened columns have been adopted. The 3D numerical approach are presented and results discussed to investigate the interaction between masonry columns and reinforcement. The numerical model has been calibrated on a large number of experimental tests on confined masonry columns carried out at the University of Bologna; in particular, columns have been wrapped by FRP and FRCM and with different arrangements (continuous and discontinuous). The comparison of the numerical models with the experimental outcomes shows a good matching in terms of axial forces-strain curves and strength peak.
Destructive In Situ Tests on Masonry Arches Strengthened with FRCM Composite Materials
Authors: Incerti Andrea , Santandrea Mattia , Carloni Christian , Mazzotti Claudio
Published: July 2017

In the last few decades, fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have been widely employed in several strengthening and rehabilitation applications of existing masonry buildings. Fiber reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) composites are a newly-developed strengthening technique comprised of high strength fibers embedded in a cementitious matrix. FRCMs usually offer several advantages such as the high resistance to fire and high temperatures or vapor permeability with masonry substrate, therefore they appear to be a promising alternative to traditional FRP strengthening systems. In this experimental work, the results of destructive in situ tests performed on existing masonry arches strengthened with FRCM composites are reported. FRCM strips consist of a balanced bi-axial mesh made of basalt fibers embedded in a cementitious grout. Three different configurations of the strengthening system have been considered. Load responses and failure modes are presented.
Safety, Rehabilitation and Seismic Improvement of San Silvestro’s Church in Crevalcore (BO), after 2012 Seismic Event in Emilia
Authors: Lippo Carlo , Orlandini Marco , Giacomin Giorgio
Published: July 2017

The design and realization of seismic improvement interventions have proceeded a logic and temporal process: first at all the damage analysis, safety compatible and reversible actions, detailed surveys and direct and historic-documental investigations concerning typologies, geometries, materials and building’s damages; analysis of vulnerability and seismic improvement design of interventions, all approved by Regional Seismic Service and Superintendence of Cultural Heritage; lastly, realization of works according to the project and the law, the quality and the prescriptions of control authorities. The interventions have respected principal design’s purposes, in synthesis: 60% of seismic improvement to the actual laws, even if not compulsory for an heritage building; compatible materials with the originals under the mechanical, physical and chemical aspect; reversible structural interventions respectful to the artefact behaviour before the realization and focused to not modify the spatial, material and chromatic aspect of architectural complex. The principal structural interventions are: restoration, partial rebuilding and reinforcing of groin vaults, mechanical anchors and ringing elements; restoration of load bearing wall elements and improvement of their mechanical characteristics.
Seismic Performance of a Historical Apartment Building Using a Barcelona Model (BM) Adapted for Masonry Walls
Authors: Drygala Izabela J. , Dulinska Joanna M. , Bednarz Łukasz , Jasienko Jerzy
Published: July 2017

The main objective of this study was to examine the dynamic response of a masonry monumental apartment building subjected to a strong seismic event. A three-dimensional FE model of the building was prepared with the ABAQUS Standard software program. Three components of the registered seismic event were applied as seismic excitation acting in three directions. To represent the inelastic behavior of the masonry elements of the structure under the earthquake, a Barcelona Model (BM) was assumed as a constitutive model for the masonry elements. The analysis proved that strongly nonlinear behavior of the masonry monumental apartment building was observed under the strong seismic shock. The plastic strains as well as the tensile damage (cracking) were obtained in some zones of the walls of the structure after seismic shock. In the paper authors also discussed the methodology for strengthening and structural health monitoring dedicated for historical masonry structures.
April 2016 Ecuador Earthquake of Moment Magnitude Mw7.8: Overview and Damage Report
Authors: Mera Walter , Vera Xavier , La Tegola Antonio , Ponce Guillermo
Published: July 2017

The northern coastal region of Ecuador was affected by a moment magnitude Mw7.8 strong earthquake on April 16, 2016, with a recorded PGA of 1.41 g close to the epicenter. The earthquake was named “Pedernales” because the epicenter was near this small town located in the coastal province of Manabí, with a hypocentral depth of 21 km. Two strong aftershocks of Mw6.7 and Mw6.9 were felt a month later and they continued the destruction caused by the main event. Ecuador is located in a seismic zone with a long history of major earthquakes that have caused a lot of destruction in the last six centuries, the main seismic source comes from the subduction of the Nazca Plate under the South American Plate, but there are also crustal earthquakes and volcanism on the Andes Mountains that cross the country from north to south. In the northern coastal province of Esmeraldas a powerful earthquake of moment magnitude Mw8.8 was recorded in 1906, with a rupture area that has caused strong earthquakes in the 20th and 21st centuries. This paper describes the seismological aspects and the recorded strong ground motions, the geotechnical and infrastructure performance, site amplification and liquefaction on a few places, structural damage and collapse of buildings, extensive non-structural damage (mainly large damage to masonry walls) at high-rise buildings in cities near (100 km) and far away (270 km) from the epicenter, due to local soil conditions and flexible framed reinforced concrete structures.
Rocking in Presence of Cracking of Masonry Wall Piers
Authors: di Carlo Fabio , Coccia Simona , Como Mario
Published: July 2017

The wall pier represents the vertical element of multi-storey walls with openings, the main resistant structural components of a masonry building. Structural systems of wall piers and spandrels are required to sustain the in-plane seismic actions acting on the wall, opposing with their weights to the action of horizontal forces. The behavior of masonry constructions results to be very far from the one characterizing ductile structures, because of the lack of energy dissipation during the deformation. A strength resource of masonry structures, properly reinforced in order to avoid early local failures, consists in exhibiting rocking behavior, until a failure condition is attained. An investigation on the dynamic behavior of masonry wall piers is carried out by following Housner’s studies and properly introducing the effect of diagonal cracks, shown by typical post-earthquake cracking patterns. As a consequence, the system is characterized by the detachment of a lower triangular region that becomes ineffective during the development of the mechanism and does not oppose with its weight to the overturning. Finally, it is shown that the occurrence of diagonal cracks can be prevented by the execution of suitable retrofit interventions.
In-Plane Behavior of Plain and Strengthened Solid Brick Masonry Walls
Authors: Hrasnica Mustafa , Biberkic Fadil , Medic Senad
Published: July 2017

Unreinforced masonry structures are generally vulnerable to earthquake actions. Brittle masonry walls are very stiff and attract considerable seismic forces which cannot be sustained without cracking. In order to enhance ductility and load bearing capacity, certain strengthening techniques need to be applied. An experimental program concerning in-plane behavior of solid clay brick masonry walls was performed at the Institute for Materials and Structures, Faculty of Civil Engineering University of Sarajevo, in cooperation with Institute for Lightweight Structures and Conceptual Design, University of Stuttgart. The physical models include two unconfined unreinforced full scale masonry walls L/H/D=233/237/25cm and two strengthened full scale walls jacketed on both sides with 5cm thick concrete and reinforced with Q196 steel mesh. Twelve reduced scale walls L/H/D = 100/100/25cm were additionally constructed in order to test different strengthening methods which include one-or two-sided jacketing and CFK 150 strips. Specimens were exposed to cyclic shear as well as to monotonic push over loading program for different vertical stress levels with the aim to quantify shear strength, stiffness and energy dissipation. For lower vertical loads the tested walls exhibit rigid body rotation in each displacement cycle. For higher precompression mixed flexural and shear failure mode was registered, characterized by toe crushing and diagonal cracking. No separation of jacketing from the masonry was detected. Numerical models of tested wall panels were developed using finite element programs.
Effect of FRP Wraps on the Compressive Behaviour of Slender Masonry Columns
Authors: Minafò Giovanni , D'Anna Jennifer , La Mendola Lidia , Monaco Alessia , Amato Giuseppina
Published: July 2017

In the last decade, Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) wrapping technique has become a common method to retrofit masonry piers or columns with poor structural performances. The passive confinement effect induced by the external wrap allows increasing the compressive strength and ductility of the member. Several studies highlighted as the efficacy of this technique is affected by several key parameters, including the shape of the transverse cross section, stress intensification at the strength corner of sharp sections, amount and mechanical properties of adopted composite. Despite this technique has been widely studied from both theoretical and experimental point of view, most of studies focused on short columns and little information is available on the influence of second order effects on its structural efficacy. This paper presents a simplified method able to assess the effect of FRP confinement on slender columns. A preliminary evaluation of the constitutive law in compression of FRP confined masonry is made and the best-fitting model is adopted to model masonry in compression. Sectional analysis is performed by including the tensile strength of masonry and considerations are made on the increase of ultimate moment and curvature. Finally, the effect of column slenderness is considered using a simple numerical procedure, making it possible to calculate the allowable slenderness ratios as a function of the maximum drift, taking into account both strength and stability.
IL-7 Restores T Lymphocyte Immunometabolic Failure in Septic Shock Patients through mTOR Activation
Authors: Venet Fabienne , Demaret Julie , Blaise Benjamin J. , Rouget Christelle , Girardot Thibaut , Idealisoa Estellie , Rimmelé Thomas , Mallet François , Lepape Alain , Textoris Julien , Monneret Guillaume
Published: July 2017

T lymphocyte alterations are central to sepsis pathophysiology, whereas related mechanisms remain poorly understood. We hypothesized that metabolic alterations could play a role in sepsis-induced T lymphocyte dysfunction. Samples from septic shock patients were obtained at day 3 and compared with those from healthy donors. T cell metabolic status was evaluated in the basal condition and after T cell stimulation. We observed that basal metabolic content measured in lymphocytes by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was altered in septic patients. Basal ATP concentration, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), and glycolysis pathways in T cells were decreased as well. After stimulation, T lymphocytes from patients failed to induce glycolysis, OXPHOS, ATP production, GLUT1 expression, glucose entry, and proliferation to similar levels as controls. This was associated with significantly altered mTOR, but not Akt or HIF-1α, activation and only minor AMPKα phosphorylation dysfunction. IL-7 treatment improved mTOR activation, GLUT1 expression, and glucose entry in septic patients’ T lymphocytes, leading to their enhanced proliferation. mTOR activation was central to this process, because rapamycin systematically inhibited the beneficial effect of recombinant human IL-7. We demonstrate the central role of immunometabolism and, in particular, mTOR alterations in the pathophysiology of sepsis-induced T cell alterations. Our results support the rationale for targeting metabolism in sepsis with recombinant human IL-7 as a treatment option.
Contemplative investigation into Christ consciousness with Heart Prayer and HeartMath practices
Authors: Edwards Stephen D. , Edwards David J.
Published: July 2017

An exploratory pilot study with a small homogenous sample of Christian English speaking participants (four men and four women, with a mean age of 48 and age range from 27 to 70 years) provided support for an alternative research hypothesis that a Christ consciousness contemplation with Heart Prayer of HeartMath techniques was significantly associated with  increasing psychophysiological coherence, sense of coherence, spirituality and health perceptions. Participants described feelings of a peaceful place in oneness and connection with Christ. Integrative findings point towards Christ consciousness as an ultimately non-dual process of sensing vibrational resonance radiating from the human heart. Implications for further research are discussed.
Globalization, Culture and Human Development in the 21st Century Nigeria
Authors: Nwamuo Bright Enyinnaya , Anonaba Gaius Prince
Published: July 2017

The world has been described as a global village due to enhanced global communication and interaction among people of different nationalities. Culture is not left out in this global interaction as there are available means or mechanisms through which ideas and information are exchanged among citizens of different countries and seekers of knowledge around the world. This paper examines issues on globalization and its impact on culture, cultural values and its implication on the 21st century Nigeria. In order to have a clearer understanding of the subject matter, the paper has been segmented into sub-headings, clearly stating the content analysis of the study. The objective of this paper is to carefully examine the impact of globalization on Nigerian culture and the effect on human development. It assesses the influence foreign culture on Nigerian children and the society at large, it considers the position and future of the Nigerian culture at the face of globalization. Careful assessment of these facts reveals some gaps on Nigerian culture and value system. This study has used secondary sources such as text books and journals. It has suggested the way forward considering the challenges faced by the Nigerian.
Achieving Human Development in Nigeria through Philosophical Instruments
Authors: Nweke Charles C. , Nwoye Chukwugozie D.
Published: July 2017

The concept of human development conveys the thought of progressive unfolding of the entirety of the human person. It has as its end the attainment of the total well-being of an individual. However, often times, the end of human development appears truncated due to some existential circumstances surrounding the individual. Arguably, with the perceived Nigerian existential circumstances of maladministration that has led to extreme poverty, poor infrastructure, fallen standard of education, negative political proclivity in terms of ethnic chauvinism and religious bigotry, serve as albatross to authentic human development. The intent of this paper, therefore, is to argue the fact that through some core philosophical instruments, an individual in Nigeria can still attain total genuine well-being, human development.Keywords: Development, Nigeria, Instrument, Philosophy
Literature in Indigenous Language: Its Relevance to Human Development
Authors: Obi Nonyelum M.
Published: July 2017

This paper attempts the examination of the relevance of literature in indigenous languages such as Igbo in human development. One of the major challenges of Nigeria is how to work out modalities that will enhance good human development. Human development has been defined as a process of widening people’s choices as well as raising the level of well-being. For this to be actualized there is need to carry out a re-orientation of the people’s general conception of process of development in terms of economy. The paper therefore argues that since human development have to do with human mind, literature (as genre) in indigenous language such as Igbo as a school subject at all levels of education and as well as reading it for leisure will obviously play important role in achieving good human development index. Igbo literature in the areas of prose, drama and poetry can play crucial role in sensitizing and orienting the people on the steps to take in other to achieve good human development index. The theoretical framework adopted for the study is Aristotle’s Rhetorical Theory. This literary approach is relevant to this study because it advocates that its concern is with the type of discourse whose chief aim is to persuade an audience to think and feel or act in a particular way in other to achieve the desired objective(s).It is hoped that this study will be useful to the government and students who are carrying out further research on human development.
Relevant Education for Sustainable Human Development in Nigeria: Nollywood’s Advocacy in Selected Video Films
Authors: Ihentuge Chisimdi Udoka , Ejogharado Maudlyn Oghenesuvwe
Published: July 2017

In human development, conscious efforts are made to enlarge people’s choices to enable them live a healthy and prolonged life, acquire knowledge, and have access to resources needed to earn a decent living. Obviously, sustained improvement in African human development still falls short of those experienced in other regions. Progress in African human development is majorly driven by education as against the experience of other regions where other factors dominate. Nollywood, the Nigerian video film industry, has played an active role in advocating the need for relevant education for all ages in Nigeria. This work attempts a discussion of Nollywood’s education advocacy for sustainable human development through the reading of selected films. The concept development communication is relied on for conceptual foundation; while the theory of knowledge gap hypothesis is adopted for theoretical backing. The methodology adopted involves documentary research and extensive viewing of relevant films which culminated in content analysis of the viewed films. It is observed that Nollywood has not performed so poorly in advocating education as the major sign post for human development in Nigeria. Yet, a lot more still need to be done. It is recommended that Nollywood filmmakers pay serious attention to the sociology of their craft. Government and the educational sector should sponsor educational films through concept placement options. The general public, particularly the academe, should see and explore the positive aspect of Nollywood rather than continue to treat the industry with contempt as was the case with the Onitsha market literature – the consequence of which we are still facing.
Os conteúdos de ensino da Educação Física escolar: um estudo de revisão nos periódicos nacionais da área 21
Authors: Araújo Samuel Nascimento de , Rocha Leandro Oliveira , Bossle Fabiano
Published: July 2017

Este estudo de revisão teve como objetivo analisar a produção de acadêmica sobre o tema conteúdos de ensino da educação física escolar. Foram revisados periódicos da área 21 com extrato Qualis Capes de A2 a B4, postados até novembro de 2015, e selecionados 28 artigos que discutiam os conteúdos nos anos finais do Ensino Fundamental e Ensino Médio de modo central. Mesmo propondo novas justificativas para confirmar a presença dos esportes na escola, bem como a importância de práticas corporais inovadoras, é fundamental atentar para o modo como os conteúdos são – ou não são – problematizados e analisar criticamente porque alguns conteúdos são selecionados em detrimento de outros. Ao final, são apresentados o multiculturalismo e as bases teóricas da pedagogia crítica como possibilidade de promover aprendizagens significativas e formalizar a cultura dos estudantes na escola.
Reflexões sobre o lugar da escola na formação de professores de Educação Física
Authors: Dudeck Tamara Suellen , Moreira Evando Carlos , Melo José Pereira de
Published: July 2017

Propomos neste ensaio refletir sobre o lugar da escola na formação dos professores de Educação Física, partindo do princípio que sem conhecer de fato a escola, o cotidiano escolar, não há possibilidade de compreensão de suas reais necessidades. As reflexões mostram que a escola ocupa pouco espaço na formação de professores de Educação Física, mas percebem-se mudanças substanciais nas leis e na oferta de projetos e programas que permitem articulação entre as agências formadoras e a escola para inserir os licenciandos no contexto escolar desde os primeiros períodos do curso, realidade que possibilita um processo formativo vivencial no próprio contexto escolar.
Using a call center to coordinate Zika virus testing—New York City, 2016
Authors: Jacobs-Wingo, MPH Jasmine , Ezeoke, MPH Ifeoma , Saffa, MPH Alhaji , Tate, MPH Anna , Lee, MPH, MBA David , Johnson, MS Kimberly , Whittemore, MPH Katherine , Illescas, MPH Alex , Collins Austin , Rand, MPH Maytal , Rakeman, PhD Jennifer L. , Varma, MD Jay K. , Vora, MD Neil M.
Published: July 2017

Background: After local testing criteria for Zika virus expanded to include asymptomatic pregnant women who traveled to areas with active Zika virus transmission while pregnant, the New York City (NYC) Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) experienced a surge in test requests and subsequent testing delays due to factors such as incorrectly completed laboratory requisition forms. The authors describe how DOHMH addressed these issues by establishing the Zika Testing Call Center (ZTCC).Methods: Using a case study approach, the authors illustrate how DOHMH leveraged protocols, equipment, and other resources used previously during DOHMH's Ebola emergency response to meet NYC's urgent Zika virus testing needs. To request Zika virus testing, providers call the ZTCC; if patients meet testing criteria, the ZTCC collects data necessary to complete requisition forms and sends the forms back to providers. The ZTCC also provides guidance on specimens needed for Zika virus testing. Providers submit completed requisition forms and appropriate specimens to DOHMH for testing.Results: During March 21 through July 21, 2016, testing for 3,866 patients was coordinated through the ZTCC.Conclusion: The ZTCC exemplifies how a health department, using previous emergency response experiences, can quickly address local testing needs for an emerging infectious disease.
Clinical relevance of the pharmacokinetic characteristics of an abuse-deterrent, extended-release, injection-molded morphine tablet
Authors: Dayno, MD Jeffrey M. , Niebler, DO Gwendolyn , Lawler, BS John , Elhauge, MSc Torben , Lindhardt, MSc, PhD, DBE Karsten
Published: July 2017

Objective: To characterize the pharmacokinetics (PK) and in vitro alcohol dissolution characteristics of extended-release (ER), injection-molded (IM) morphine tablets with abuse-deterrent (AD) features (morphine-ADER-IMT).Design: In vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies were conducted. A randomized, two-cohort study evaluated the bioequivalence of morphine-ADER-IMT (60 mg) to morphine ER (60 mg; MS Contin®; Purdue Pharma LP, Stamford, CT) and characterized the effect of food on the PK profile of morphine-ADER-IMT. A three-treatment, three-period crossover study assessed the bioequivalence of morphine-ADERIMT (30 and 2 × 15 mg) to morphine ER (30 mg). Bioequivalence studies were performed in healthy male and female subjects (18-55 y of age) in the presence of naltrexone blockade. PK modeling was performed to assess steady-state bioequivalence for morphine-ADER-IMT 60 mg compared with morphine ER 60 mg. In vitro alcohol dissolution studies were performed with morphine-ADER-IMT (15 and 60 mg).Results: Fifty-nine and 56 subjects completed the 60-mg bioequivalence/food effect study and 30-mg bioequivalence study, respectively. Bioequivalence of morphine-ADER-IMT 60, 30, and 2 × 15 mg and morphine ER was demonstrated to comparable doses of morphine ER. No clinically significant food effect was observed with morphine-ADER-IMT. Treatment-emergent adverse events were similar among all treatment groups. Steady-state modeling indicated bioequivalence between morphine-ADER-IMT 60 mg and morphine ER 60 mg when administered every 8 or 12 hours. No evidence of alcohol dose-dumping was observed with morphine-ADER-IMT.Conclusions: Morphine-ADER-IMT, an ER morphine formulation with robust AD features, has a clinical PK profile that is well suited for patients with chronic pain.