bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Children's Perceptions of Babyfaced Adults
Authors: Montepare Joann M. , Zebrowitz-McArthur Leslie
Published: September 2011

Drawing on McArthur and Baron's (1983) ecological theory of social perception, the present research examined younger and older children's ability to differentiate male and female adults who varied in the babyishness of their facial appearance. Children's perceptions of the targets' dominance and warmth were also assessed. Systematic effects were found on all measures and were qualified by targets' sex and children's age group.
Ephedrine-Induced Thermogenesis as an Adjunct to Cognitive Restructuring and Covert Conditioning: A Proposal for Treatment of Obese Individuals
Authors: Zgourides George D. , Warren Ricks , Englert Mary E.
Published: September 2011

Experimental investigators have discussed the therapeutic potential of ephedrine as a thermogenic agent in the treatment of obese individuals. Because research into thermogenesis and the role of sympathetic nervous system stimulation in weight control primarily has emphasized pharmacological interventions, the authors suggest that cognitive restructuring and covert conditioning procedures could be valuable psychotherapeutic additions to a pharmacologically derived weight-loss regimen. Furthermore, it is concluded that additional clinical research is necessary to determine the efficacy of integrating ephedrine therapy and cognitive-behavioral psychotherapeutic procedures as adjuncts to a multidimensional program for treating obesity.
Effects of Information Conflict and Complexity in Visual Figures on Voluntary Visual Exploration, Using Structural Information Theory
Authors: Akai Seiki , Nakajima Yoshiaki
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to examine the effects of information conflict and complexity on voluntary visual exploration quantitatively. 31 adults viewed each of 16 slides of geometrical figures and places for as long as they wished. The stimuli had two values of information conflict and complexity which had been calculated by means of structural information theory. Free looking times indicated that only when information conflict was low, voluntary visual exploration was positively correlated with complexity. Furthermore, voluntary visual exploration correlated positively with information conflict when complexity was low.
Psychology of Computer Use: XIII. Some Factors about an Information-Sending Device Which Senders Feel is Inconvenient
Authors: Sannomiya Machiko
Published: September 2011

The present study examined three factors and their interactions which make us feel a voice-recognition system is inconvenient as a device for sending information: sending unit, accuracy of recognition per unit, and response time per unit. The main results were as follows: (1) All three factors influenced feelings of the inconvenience of a voice recognition system. (2) Sending tasks even with the smallest unit such as monosyllable do not cause feelings of inconvenience when recognition accuracy is high (95% or 100%) and response occurs almost in real time. (3) Recognition accuracy and response time cannot compensate for each other to reduce feelings of inconvenience.
The Japanese State-Trait Anxiety Inventory: Age and Sex Differences
Authors: Nakazato Katsuharu , Shimonaka Yoshiko
Published: September 2011

Purpose of the present study was to investigate scores on anxiety among adults of different ages. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was administered to a representative community sample of 1,234 men and women whose ages ranged from 25 to 92 yr. Anxiety declined linearly over the series of age groups. A sex difference was also observed on trait anxiety; women showed higher anxiety than men. Occupation was associated with anxiety for men but with education for women. Possible development of anxiety and differential association of demographic variables with anxiety between sexes were discussed in relation to personality.
A Successful and Unsuccessful Replication of William Stern's Eyewitness Research
Authors: Bringmann Michael W. , Tyler Kimberly E. , McAhren Path E. , Bringmann Wolfgang G.
Published: September 2011

Research on age and sex differences in eyewitness memory has attracted the attention of applied cognitive psychologists for almost a century. The present work is a repetition of Stern's classic research (1903–1904) with 35 boys and 30 girls in primary school. Stern's original claims concerning the superior observational skills of older subjects were fully confirmed. However, in sharp contrast, the present investigation did not yield significant differences in either accuracy of recall or resistance to incorrect information between boys and girls.
Three-Year Analysis of Characteristics of Learning Disabled Students in Self-Contained Classrooms and Resource Rooms
Authors: Wigle Stanley E. , White Warren J.
Published: September 2011

The present investigation examined the characteristics of school-identified learning disabled students from a large metropolitan school district in Tennessee. While it corroborated several findings of previous surveys of such students, this report also supplemented the literature by comparing the differences within a three-year span of time between school-identified learning disabled students who were assigned to self-contained classrooms and those who were assigned to resource rooms. Among the major findings were the presence of initial differences in IQ between self-contained and resource room students, the absence of differences in initial achievement scores between these two groups, and a decline over time in IQ, arithmetic, and spelling scores for both groups.
Hemispheric Specialization for Processing Chinese Characters: Some Evidence from Lexical Decision Vocal Reaction Times
Authors: Rastatter Michael P. , Scukanec Gail , Grilliot Jeff
Published: September 2011

Lexical decision vocal reaction times (RT) were obtained for a group of Chinese subjects to unilateral tachistoscopically presented pictorial, single, and combination Chinese characters. The RT showed a significant right visual-field advantage, with significant correlations of performance between the visual fields for each type of character. Error analysis gave a significant interaction between visual fields and error type—significantly more false positive errors occurred following left visual-field inputs. These results suggest that the left hemisphere was responsible for processing each type of character, possibly reflecting superior postaccess lexical-decision processes.
Attitudes of in-Home Care Aides toward Elderly Persons: Refinement of the Oberleder Attitude Scale
Authors: Dillard Betty G. , Feather Betty L.
Published: September 2011

The Oberleder Attitude Scale was reduced from 25 to 16 items and was factored into three major concepts, potential, limitations, and stereotypes. Responses of 345 in-home care aides indicated that the 345 aides held positive attitudes toward their elderly patients.
Analytic Scaling Procedure for Evaluating Instructional Improvement Proposals in Higher Education
Authors: Meredith Gerald M.
Published: September 2011

Rating procedures were replicated and extended to screen instructional improvement proposals based on four criteria: learning relevance, innovation, feasibility, and potential for continuation. A composite total score correlated .77 with project funding. Quantitative approach complements collegial decision making.
Reading Efficiency and the Development of Left-to-Right Writing by the Ancient Greeks
Authors: Fudin Robert
Published: September 2011

Ancient Greeks added vowels to a consonantal language and changed their horizontal writing direction from right-to-left to left-to-right. The idea that the dextra] majority in ancient Greece developed left-to-right writing solely because writing efficiency was greater is questioned. Cerebral hemispheric functions that might be involved during fixation pauses in reading suggest that horizontal ancient Greek was read more efficiently from left to right than from right to left, the other direction in which it usually was written. The same considerations suggest that horizontal consonantal scripts are read more efficiently from right to left than from left to right. The importance of boustrophedon, a continuous writing style, in the development of left-to-right writing and aspects of the reciprocity between cerebral hemispheric functioning and writing direction of vocalic scripts are discussed.
Perceptions of a College According to Intended Department of Study
Authors: Reap Mary , Popovics Alexander J.
Published: September 2011

Ratings of college characteristics by students intending to major in several areas of study were compared to assess whether they held different perceptions about Marywood College. Analysis indicated that some perceptions of characteristics differed according to intended department of study. The ways in which knowledge of these perceptions was used to improve marketing processes at the departmental level are discussed.
Effects of Different Intensities of Fatigue on Performing a Sport Skill Requiring Explosive Muscular Effort: A Test of the Specificity of Practice Principle
Authors: Anshel Mark H. , Novak James
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to ascertain the effects of high, moderate, and low physical fatigue on performing the shot put, a sport skill that requires explosive muscular effort. 44 subjects practiced the shot put until mastery was achieved. They then experienced one of four fatigue intensities during a 20-trial practice period (no fatigue, 45, 60, or 75% of their predicted maximum oxygen uptake) to induce light, moderate, or heavy fatigue, respectively, after which subjects then engaged in criterion performance for 5 trials under each of the fatigue intensities, with one week in between. Distance thrown and expert assessment of performance technique were dependent variables. Analysis indicated that criterion performance was optimal for both distance and form after subjects experienced light fatigue during practice and criterion performance. The specificity of practice hypothesis was partially supported for the light fatigue condition, but not for the other intensities.
Involvement and Set as Determinants of Behavioral Stereotypy
Authors: Hyman Ray , Jenkin Noel. S.
Published: September 2011

Ss were run in a “two-choice” experiment in which the stimulus series consisted of equally-likely alternatives arranged in a random sequence. Half the Ss were run under non-involving instructions and half under involving instructions. Half the Ss in each of these groups were told that the sequence of alternatives was random and half were told that the sequence had a definite structure. Telling an S that the problem was soluble significantly reduced his stereotypy and increased his tendency to alternate an incorrect response. Involvement had no effect on an S who believed the problem to be insoluble, but had a significant effect on Ss who believed the problem to be soluble. Ss in the involved-structured group grossly underevaluated their performance and had the highest level of aspiration relative to Ss in the other groups.
Note on the Reliability of Q-Sort Data
Authors: Frank George H.
Published: September 2011

Test-retest reliability coefficients were computed for personality data using Q-sorts by 10 Ss. Coefficients of correlation were high (between .93 and .97), suggesting that the technique yields reliable measures.
Loss of Cathexes as a Common Psychodynamic Characteristic of Cancer Patients: An Attempt at Statistical Validation of a Clinical Hypothesis
Authors: Leshan Lawrence , Worthington Richard E.
Published: September 2011

It is hypothesized that the cancer patient has, more often than chance alone would permit, lost a major cathexis some time before the development of the neoplasm. Certain predictions as to relative cancer mortality rates in different groups are made from this hypothesis. An examination of the statistical literature in the cancer field bears out these predictions and offers additional evidence. The possible validity of this hypothesis suggests that further investigation would be highly desirable.
Comparison of the Taylor Anxiety Scale Administered Separately and within the MMPI
Authors: Voas Robert B.
Published: September 2011

McCreary and Bendig found a reduction in the mean Taylor score on retest. They hypothesized that fatigue reduces the anxiety scores and, therefore, that the scale imbedded in the full length MMPI would yield lower scores than when given separately. To test this hypothesis three groups of naval cadets ( N=106, 134, 113) were given both the scale alone and the scale imbedded in the MMPI. The reduction in anxiety score on retest was confirmed but this reduction occurred even after an 18-hr. rest period. Further, there were no significant differences between forms. These results were interpreted as indicating that fatigue does not affect the anxiety scores in a consistent way, and that the two forms of the Taylor scale are comparable.
Free-Choice by the Rat of the Greater of Two Brightness Changes
Authors: Dember William N. , Millbrook Barbara A.
Published: September 2011

In a previous experiment (2) it was shown that rats will choose that arm of a maze the brightness of which has been changed between an exposure trial and a free-choice trial. The present experiment tests the hypothesis, derivable in part from Glanzer's satiation theory, that if both arms are changed, rats will choose the arm representing the greater change. Ss were 28 male albino rats satiated for food and water. Four stimulus conditions were used, a condition being composed of two trials: on Trial 1 rats were exposed to 2 arms of a Y-maze for 3 min., but were prevented from entering either by means of glass partitions; for Trial 2 the brightnesses of both arms were changed and the partitions removed. In Condition I, the Trial 1 configuration was left-black, right-grey; on Trial 2 both arms were white. In Condition II, on Trial 1 the configuration was left-grey, right-black, and again on Trial 2 both arms were white. Conditions III and IV were analogous to I and II with white and grey on Trial 1, and both arms black on Trial 2. Of the 28 Ss, 20 made the predicted response, significant by the sign test (one tail) at better than the .02 level. Errors were distributed equally between Conditions I and II combined and III and IV combined, indicating that the grey arm was discriminable from both the white and black arms.
Effects of Imprisonment upon Authoritarian Attitudes
Authors: Aumack Lewis
Published: September 2011

Samples of prison inmates varying in length of imprisonment from 0 to 6 years were administered an authoritarianism scale. An analysis of the data showed 14 sub-groupings of items, some of which were negatively related to time, others curvilinearly, and others completely unrelated. It was argued that ‘authoritarianism’ is a complex concept composed of more discrete and homogeneous components, some of which may be presumed to be more stable or ‘personality-based’ than others. Possible implications for penology were also mentioned.
The Gerbil as a Subject in Behavioral Research
Authors: Walters Gary C. , Pearl Jack , Rogers Judith V.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were undertaken to appraise the gerbil for behavioral research. In a study of exploratory behavior ( n = 15), it was found that size of test area was a factor influencing exploration. In a second study, it was found that gerbils ( n = 9) surpass rats in acquisition of a discriminated avoidance response in the Skinner box.
Responsivity of Psychiatric Patients to Verbal Conditioning: “Success” and “Failure” Conditions and Pattern of Reinforced Trials
Authors: Weiss Robert L. , Krasner Leonard , Ullmann Leonard
Published: September 2011

A sample of 64 psychiatric patients was used to study responsiveness to minimal social reinforcement by means of operant verbal conditioning procedures. As in previous work with college students the effects of two types of situational variation were studied: pattern of reinforced trials and examiner's evaluation of performance. Ss told TAT-like stories and on selected trials the use of emotional words was reinforced. Highly significant conditioning was found, indicating that psychiatric patients are responsive to minimal social reinforcement. Significant group differences were not found, however, for either the success-failure dimension of examiner evaluation of performance, or for reinforced vs extinction trials. The results for patients agree with those reported earlier for students only insofar as the initial conditioning is concerned. In general, patients show initial responsiveness to examiner reinforcement, but they are not readily influenced by situational variations occurring later in the session.
A Forced-Choice Adjective Preference Scale for Personality Assessment
Authors: Jackson Douglas N. , Minton Henry L.
Published: September 2011

With the aim of investigating a forced-choice format for studying selected personality check-list variables as a means of overcoming response set variance encountered in other adjective check lists, 17 bipolar scales were defined, and items comprising a sample of the items thought to represent the item universe of each scale were accumulated. From these samples of items, 20 were selected to represent each of the 17 scales, 10 from each extreme. Opposing trait-names were paired randomly to form 17 scales each consisting of 10 forced-choice items. The Adjective Preference Scale was administered to two groups of Ss. Reliabilities and intercorrelations were computed. Intercorrelations were found to be generally low in relation to scale reliabilities, which were considered promising for 10-item scales. Because of the effects of the forced-choice format in enhancing content reliability and in eliminating the massive response set to check many or few items, it is concluded that combining items into scales and casting them into a paired-comparison context is the method of choice in constructing adjective check-lists for personality assessment.
Complete Generalization to Stimuli of Different Areas in a Grice-Type Apparatus
Authors: Jensen Glen D. , Cotton John W.
Published: September 2011

A total of 210 rats were trained to open a door inside a 50-sq.-cm. stimulus on a wall in a Grice-type apparatus. The door was made very hard to discriminate from the rest of the stimulus and the stimulus was frequently moved laterally to prevent rats from learning a specific movement pattern. Yet no generalization gradients were obtained when subgroups were tested on stimuli of other areas.
Conditioned Avoidance Learning in Two Fish Species
Authors: Otis Leon S. , Cerf Jean A.
Published: September 2011

Goldfish ( Carossius auratus) and Siamese fighting fish ( Betta splendens) were compared for learning ability in a dark-avoidance shuttle response with shock as the UCS. The goldfish were significantly superior in learning ability. It was suggested that differences in the response of these two species to novel, aversive stimulation may account for the observed differences in avoidance learning ability.
Constant vs Varied Serial Order in Paired-Associate Learning
Authors: Battig William F. , Brown Sam C. , Nelson Douglas
Published: September 2011

Typical varied serial-order conditions of paired-associate (PA) learning were compared with a constant serial order on all trials in 5 experiments involving systematic variations in method, kind of material, and other potentially relevant factors. The results showed a small but relatively consistent facilitation by constant serial order limited primarily to later stages of learning. Since a shift following the first correct response to each pair from constant to varied serial order produced as much facilitation as did completely constant-order conditions, it was concluded that complex associations involving serial position are developed during early stages of constant-order PA learning, but that these exercise a facilitating influence primarily through the reduction of inter-pair interference late in learning.
Spread of Effect of Reinforcement in Persuasive Communication
Authors: Rosnow Ralph L. , Russell Gordon
Published: September 2011

Seventy-eight high school students took part in an opinion change experiment using the topic “use of nuclear weapons.” After reading opposing persuasive communications to Ss “contiguously” prior to the presentation of a reinforcing event, subsequent opinion change was found to be statistically significant and in the direction of the one communication (either pro or con) that was more proximal to the reinforcement. This finding supports an hypothesis derived from Thorndike's earlier Law of Effect. From research on the Spread of Effect, a similar occurrence was hypothesized for the situation where communications followed reinforcement. These latter results were, however, not statistically significant, and the second hypothesis was rejected.
Rules for Choosing Error Terms in Factorial Designs
Authors: Silverstein A. B. , Mohan Philip J.
Published: September 2011

Rules are presented for choosing error terms in complete factorial designs with equal replications. Since the paradigm from which they were derived can be generalized to designs with any number of factors, the same would appear to be true of these rules, if one accepts the Anderson-Bancroft position and follows the “never pool” procedure.
Persuasiveness and Persuasibility as Related to Intelligence and Emotional Responsiveness
Authors: Carment D. W. , Schwartz F. S. , Miles C. G.
Published: September 2011

This study was concerned with the contribution of intelligence and emotional responsiveness to persuasiveness and persuasibility of human Ss. Each pair of Ss was required to discuss a topic on which they had initially divergent opinions, with the persuasiveness of one over the other defined as shorter latency of first statement and higher frequency of participation in the discussion, and persuasibility as likelihood of opinion change. Three groups of pairs of Ss were involved. In all groups one member of each pair was high in intelligence and high in emotional responsiveness, with the other pair member low in intelligence and low in emotional responsiveness in the first group, low in intelligence and high in emotional responsiveness in the second group, and high in intelligence and low in emotional responsiveness in the third group. Contrary to expectation, highly intelligent-highly emotionally responsive Ss proved to be less persuasive in all of the groups and more persuasible when paired with Ss of low intelligence and low emotional responsiveness. It was suggested that high emotional responsiveness may have interfered with the adequate expression of high intelligence.
Comments on “Approach-Avoidance Conflict in the Mother-Surrogate Situation”
Authors: Miller Neal E.
Published: September 2011

Questions concerning the conclusion of Rosenblum and Harlow are presented with documentation.
Patterns of Performance on Wais Similarities in Schizophrenic, Brain-Damaged and Normal Subjects
Authors: Spence Janet Taylor
Published: September 2011

Types of incorrect responses made on the WAIS Similarities subtest were analyzed for groups of schizophrenic, brain-damaged, and general medical (normal control) patients, all male. The errors of the brain-damaged contained proportionately fewer attempts to respond conceptually than the other groups. The major difference between the normals and schizophrenics was the greater willingness of the latter to attempt a response, i.e., to avoid “don't know.” Although it was an infrequent type of response, schizophrenics were at the same time more likely to make explicit denials of similarity (“not alike”). This elevation in denial and depression in “don't know” was found to be more marked in married than in single schizophrenics.
Irrelevant Goal-Seeking Behavior as a Function of Culture
Authors: Murphey Robert M. , Nolan Edward G.
Published: September 2011

The ancient hypothesis that people tend to prefer more-difficult-to-get rewards was subjected to cross-cultural examination. Children ( Ns = 10) were sampled from competitive (Mexican-American and “Gringo”) and “non-competitive” (Jemez Indian) subcultures. Ss were presented with a series of tasks involving the choice between two identical rewards. One of the two always required more work for its acquisition. Although both groups chose more immediately available than barricaded rewards, the competitive group selected the latter more often than did the Jemez group.
Skin Resistance Electrode for Classroom Use
Authors: Levonian Edward
Published: September 2011

Consideration of a skin resistance electrode appropriate for classroom use suggests a dry electrode which the student can place on his non-writing hand. Two such designs available commercially were rejected, as were 13 electrodes designed specifically for classroom use as part of this research project. The model currently in use consists of a dry stainless steel electrode held in a plastic ring, two of which the student places on the first and third fingers of his non-writing hand. Since the unit tends to be self-adjusting, movement artifacts are minimized. The two electrodes and the body electrolytes comprise a cell. One source of error is the random potential of this cell in the absence of an externally applied voltage source. This potential is less than 1% of the full-scale signal level, making this an acceptable error. A second source of error is the back EMF of the cell when it is subjected to an externally applied voltage source. This error is handled by recording the back EMF, then subtracting it from the signal during the analysis phase.
Reliability of Personality Measurement by Interview Survey Method
Authors: Levonian Edward
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to assess the consistency reliability of shorr personality scales administered by the interview survey method. The method involved the interviewing of 432 Ss, selected on a stratified-random basis throughout greater Los Angeles. The interview included 3 short personality scales typical of those used in interview surveys. The scales consisted of a 7-item authoritarianism scale, a 6-item other-directedness scale, and a 3-item feeling of competence scale. The reliability of each scale was estimated by the Kuder-Richardson Formula 20. The results yielded consistency reliabilities of .38, .21, and .48 for the three scales. These values were sufficiently less than the consistency reliabilities of short-scale personality measures obtained by the questionnaire survey method to raise a serious question about the adequacy of short-scale personality measures obtained by the interview survey method.
Bar-Pressing by Thirsty Rats as a Function of Amount of Predrinking and Incentive Concentration
Authors: McLean James F. , Beck Robert C.
Published: September 2011

Water-deprived rats were trained to bar-press for either 4% or 16% sucrose reinforcements. They were then tested with the same reinforcements after varying amounts of predrinking. Performance was identical when the animals were water deprived, but responding declined differentially as a function of reinforcement concentration and amount of predrinking.
Dominance and Emotionality in the Rat and their Effects on Mortality to Whole-Body X-Irradiation
Authors: Ader Robert , Hahn Eric W.
Published: September 2011

No relationship was found between emotionality and dominance behavior in rats caged in pairs, and neither of these behavioral characteristics was related to mortality following whole-body x-irradiation.
Problem-Solving Assembly of Separately Acquired Behavior Segments: Negative Results
Authors: Dyal James A. , Abright Judith
Published: September 2011

The experimental design was a modification of Hull's reasoning paradigm. Ss were given one forced trial per day in each of four runway segments. The trials to food, routes A-C and B-C, always preceded those to water, routes A-B and A-D. After 20 days of training under 22-hr. food and water deprivation Ss were placed under a “pure” hunger drive and given free choices between the A-B and A-D segments. The results required acceptance of the null hypothesis and thus failed to support the experimental hypothesis that rats are capable of the problem-solving assembly of separately acquired behavior segments.
Influence of Conditions at the Time of Reinforcement upon the Strength of a Secondary Reinforcement Effect
Authors: Zimmerman Donald W.
Published: September 2011

Animals were trained to run through a guillotine door into an adjacent compartment for water reinforcement. They were then given access to the compartment as a consequence of bar-pressing, but no water. At the time of testing for bar-pressing various changes were made in the type of response required. For other groups of animals variations were made in the relative sizes of the two compartments during both training and testing. It was found that “getting into the starting box” was as reinforcing as “getting out of the starting box,” that learning in the testing situation did not occur unless previous water reinforcement had been given in one of the compartments, and that changes in the type of response required at the time of testing did not diminish the learning effect.
Opinion Change as a Function of Communication-Attitude Discrepancy
Authors: Whittaker James O.
Published: September 2011

These experiments were designed to ascertain the relation between extent of change of opinions and the degree of discrepancy. A curvilinear relation was observed in questionnaire data from 107 Ss, i.e., smaller and larger discrepancies had less effect than medium size discrepancies for communications on several different issues and on judgments of autokinetic movement.
An Experimental Technique to Establish Counting Behavior in Monkeys
Authors: Schaefer Halmuth H.
Published: September 2011

A male, young rhesus monkey was taught to discriminate between five different stimali. Two different attempts to establish this behavior were reported in detail. The reasons for failure of the first attempt are demonstrated by the success of the second attempt. The effects of time out and of different ratios of reinforcement on the correct counts which the animal made for the symbols used were explored. Both increase in time out and ratio cause fewer errors in counting.
Effect of Number of Goal Box Cues on ‘Latent Extinction’
Authors: Chapman R. F. , Carlson N. J.
Published: September 2011

Rate of extinction and number of food cup responses were measured in rats given varying numbers of goal box cues during pre-extinction. Forty-five food-deprived rats were given equal acquisition in a T-maze with a clicking feeder and divided randomly into three groups according to number of goal box cues presented during pre-extinction (Group I, neutral box; Group II, goal box; Group III, goal box plus clicks). Analysis of variance of correct turns and running time data revealed that Group II Ss extinguished faster than Group I and III Ss, and Groups I and III did not differ significantly. These results suggested that strong goal box stimuli (clicks) have not only the capacity to elicit fractional anticipatory goal responses, but also an excitatory (reinforcing) capacity functioning independently of the rg eliciting capacity.
Methodological Problems in Measuring Ambulation in the Open Field
Authors: Henderson Norman D.
Published: September 2011

Three factors often ignored by investigators measuring ambulation in an open field are litter differences, observer bias, and time of day of testing. Evidence is given to show that each of these factors can have a significant effect on ambulation scores in the open field, and failure to control these factors can lead to systematic biases which would decrease the validity of results. Despite the importance of these factors, in a sample of 40 recent studies a majority of experiments failed to mention any control procedures for two or more of these variables. This failure is particularly serious when there is a lack of other behavioral measures supporting conclusions based on ambulation data.
Role of Stimulation and Time in the Effects of Spaced Occipital Ablations
Authors: Isaac Walter
Published: September 2011

42 albino rats were trained preoperatively to make an avoidance response to a change in illumination. The occipital lobes were serially ablated. The interval between ablations and the sensory stimulation conditions during the interoperative interval were varied. Following the second operation retention of the original response was measured. Performance was found to be related to both the length of the interoperative interval and the existing stimulus conditions during the interval.
Feedback Complexity and Self-Direction in Programmed Instruction
Authors: Bivens Lyle W.
Published: September 2011

Explicit feedback in an instructional program on set theory was compared with feedback that required interpretation and generalization. No difference in criterion performance was found for the “complex” and simple feedback groups. Another comparison was made between Ss given a choice of feedback characteristics and study method and Ss restricted to a given form of feedback and study procedure. No differences in learning were found in these groups. Reasons for the failure of complex feedback to produce superior learning are discussed and extensions of the present research are suggested.
Generalization of Conflict and Conflict Tolerance
Authors: Worell Leonard , Worell Judith
Published: September 2011

The construct of ‘conflict tolerance’ is interpreted as a special case of the generalization of conflict, such that previous conflict experiences are viewed as exerting an effect on response to present conflicts. The principal concern here was to determine the roles of previous weak, strong and varied conflict training on performance in subsequent similar strong and weak conflict situations. In two experiments, the major findings were as follows. (1) Speed of decision in both weak and strong conflict situations was facilitated most effectively by prior training in weak conflict and least by prior strong conflict training. (2) The effect of training in varied strong and weak conflict on performance in subsequent weak conflict was midway in rank between that of the consistently strong and weak conflict training groups. The significance of the findings for the concept of conflict tolerance was discussed.
The Identity Image of the College Student
Authors: Murray John B.
Published: September 2011

Erickson's concept of identity-image and some of the crises in its development are applied to college students. Environmental presses of different colleges as researched by Pace and Stern are seen as pertinent to the growth of the college student's identity-image.
Partial Reinforcement with Chronic Schizophrenics
Authors: Wagner Mervyn K.
Published: September 2011

The partial reinforcement effect was studied using a modified slot machine with chronic schizophrenics as Ss. A short acquisition series, using four different percentages of reinforcement, was followed by an extinction series. The partial reinforcement effect was not obtained, using mean log trials to extinction as a criterion measure.
Group Social Patterns as Influenced by Removal and Later Reintroduction of the Dominant Male Rhesus
Authors: Bernstein Irwin S.
Published: September 2011

The dominant male in a rhesus monkey group was removed from the group and returned after a period of one month. During the period of his removal the social activities of the remaining males increased. Upon return the dominant male assumed his former position showing increased social activity whereas the activities of other males were reduced.
Joint Effects of Intertrial and Intersession Interval upon Avoidance Learning
Authors: Brush F. Robert , Myer James S. , Palmer Michael E.
Published: September 2011

The effect of intertrial and intersession interval on the relearning of an incompletely learned avoidance response was studied in a factorial experiment having three intertrial intervals—½, 1, and 2 min.—and five intersession intervals—.08, 1, 4, 24, and 168 hr. Original learning was avoidance training to a criterion, and relearning was 40 trials of the same training. Five groups of 10 rats, matched for rate of original learning, were trained at each intertrial interval. The number of avoidance responses during relearning was a U-shaped function of intersession interval for all intertrial intervals. During the first 10 relearning trials, the maximum interfering effect occurred after an intersession interval of 24 hr. in the ½-min. groups and after 4 hr. in the 1- and 2-min. groups. During the rest of relearning, maximum interference was reached after 1 hr., and the intersession interval functions were independent of intertrial interval, except for over-all level. These results were interpreted in terms of a “parasympathetic over-reaction” following fear conditioning.
Effects of Avoidable and Unavoidable Electric Shock upon Mortality in the Rat
Authors: Denenberg Victor H.
Published: September 2011

One group of rats ( N = 89) was given avoidance learning training with electric shock reinforcement. A second group of 35 was equated with the first in terms of shock experience. Both groups, as well as 100 untreated controls, were then placed on terminal food and water deprivation; time in hours until death occurred was recorded. The untreated controls and shocked groups did not differ from each other, and both groups lived significantly longer than animals receiving avoidance learning. Certain parallels between these findings and those with monkeys were discussed.
An Occupational Study of Job and Need Satisfaction
Authors: Blai Boris
Published: September 2011

Ratings from Ss in various occupations of important needs satisfied by jobs were consistent with Maslow's hierarchy of needs. A questionnaire having construct validity was developed to estimate job satisfaction from measures of need satisfaction.
Further Evidence that the Learning of Re-Paired Elements Favors an Incremental Rather than an All-or-None Model
Authors: Wilson Warner R.
Published: September 2011

The re-pairing of the S-R elements of failed paired-associates retarded subsequent learning. This result is presented as evidence of sub-threshold associative strength not revealed by response probability. The result, therefore, favors an incremental model of the Hull type.
Reinforcement in Group Problem-Solving with Arithmetic Problems
Authors: Lawson Edwin D.
Published: September 2011

Sixty four-man groups using communication nets adapted from Leavitt and Shaw (All-Channel, Wheel, and Circle) were run under conditions of reinforcement and non-reinforcement on six arithmetic problems. Reinforcement was found to significantly decrease time for All-Channel groups. Circle groups decreased time but not significantly, while Wheel groups increased their scores. Reinforced All-Channel groups used significantly fewer messages. Morale scores tended to be higher for the non-reinforced groups than for the reinforced. The combination of net structure, level of problem and stress of reinforcement are suggested as accounting for the results.
Some Personality Correlates of Suggestibility in Normals and Neurotics
Authors: Rickels K. , Downing R. , Appel H.
Published: September 2011

Groups of 25 normals and 21 neurotics were given a Sway test, Rorschach Compliance Test, and questionnaire measures of anxiety, dependency, hostility and neuroticism. The two groups differed significantly in neuroticism, dependency, anxiety, and hostility. The groups did not differ significantly in Sway test suggestibility, nor was there a correlation in either group between suggestibility and neuroticism score. Dependency correlated significantly with sway in both groups. Anxiety significantly predicted sway in the normal but not in the neurotic group. Several factors possibly accounting for this difference in relationship were discussed.
Measurement of Philosophies of Human Nature
Authors: Wrightsman Lawrence S.
Published: September 2011

Philosophies of human nature were conceptualized as possessing six bi-polar components: Trustworthiness, Altruism, Independence, Strength of Will and Rationality, Complexity, and Variability. Likert-type items were written to measure each component. After two item analyses, a final form of the scale, including 14 items on each of six subscales, was assembled. The subscales appear to have adequate internal consistency and strong consistency over time. As hypothesized, the first four components were intercorrelated to a modest degree, and these were independent of the last two components. Predictions relating the scale to sex differences, self-ideal discrepancies, religious differences, and evaluations of one's instructor were borne out.
Effects of Pre- and Post-Acquisition Maze Training in Mice
Authors: Sudak Frederick N. , Essman Walter B.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were designed to study the effects of pre- and post-acquisition maze training on a learned sensori-motor escape response in mice. In one experiment, habit-reversal training interpolated between acquisition and testing trials led to interference in the performance of the acquired response as revealed by an increase in errors made when Ss were tested for the initially acquired response. In the second experiment, previous training did not lead to interference with subsequent learning, as reflected in the response latencies and error scores. There was no appreciable change in response latency upon testing, indicating the possibility of motor learning during the interpolated training. The experiments suggest the utility provided by the design used with the maze described for the study of independent variables concerned with drugs, physiological, or behavioral factors.
Verbal Cues and Variety of Classes of Problems in Transfer of Training
Authors: Wittrock M. C. , Twelker P. A.
Published: September 2011

A 2 × 2 linear hypothesis design was used to study two variables: (a) verbal cues: rules or answered examples and (b) variety of classes of problems: transpositional or transpositional and substitutional cryptograms. Rules or a variety of classes facilitated transfer.
“Hypnosis” as a Causal Variable in Present-Day Psychology: A Critical Analysis
Authors: Barber Theodore Xenophon
Published: September 2011

The assertion that hypnosis is necessary or sufficient to elicit positive responses to suggestions of hallucination, analgesia, amnesia, and so on is critically analyzed. The analysis indicates that this assertion either (a) has not been demonstrated to be valid (when hypnosis is denoted by such criteria as passivity, disinclination to talk, and literal-mindedness), or (b) is tautological (when hypnosis is denoted by response to suggestions of the type included in the Davis-Husband Scale or Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale), or (c) tends to be trivial (when the criteria which are used to denote hypnosis are themselves responses to suggestions).
Defecation as a Response to Cold in the Rat
Authors: Howard Thomas C. , Murchison William G.
Published: September 2011

Experimental rats placed in a cold box, approximately 35° F, once daily for 16 days defecated at the high average rate of 30 fecal boluses for the 10 Ss per trial. Control Ss placed in the box at room temperature, approximately 78° F, averaged but two fecal boluses for the group of 10 Ss. Testing for “externalization” on the 17th day failed to evidence the same. The E group produced 2 and the control group no fecal boluses.
Reevaluation of the EPPS Norms
Authors: Koons Paul B. , Birch Robert W.
Published: September 2011

The EPPS was administered to 100 male and 200 female college students and norms were derived. Males differed significantly from the published norms on 8 of the 15 variables; females also differed significantly on 8 variables. Sex differences were found. The results suggest the advisability of establishing local norms before using the EPPS.
Anxiety and Stress in Paired-Associate Learning with Manipulated Initial Response Strength
Authors: Katahn Martin , Dean Sanford
Published: September 2011

Response strength was manipulated by establishing backward associations on one list of paired associates which would be correct or incorrect for the two halves of a second list. It was expected that, compared with LA Ss, HA Ss would give more correct and fewer overt incorrect responses on the facilitative portion, and more incorrect and fewer correct responses on the interfering portion of the second list. HA Ss gave significantly more overt incorrect responses and tended to give more correct responses on both portions of the second list.
Rate of Information Acquisition in Concept Attainment
Authors: Byers Joe L.
Published: September 2011

Fifty-two Ss solved six conjunctive concept attainment problems. All problems had 2 relevant and 5 irrelevant attributes which were presented in a 6 by 6 random replicated Latin square design. All stimulus cards were continuously in S's view. Each stimulus card choice of S was recorded. From the protocols of S's card choices a record was made of the rate at which information about the concept became available. It was found that S's potential acquisition of information was efficient early in concept attainment but decreased in efficiency as the amount of information to be retained about the concept increased.
Social Desirability Values for California Psychological Inventory Items
Authors: Mees Hayden L. , Gocka Edward F. , Holloway Hildegund
Published: September 2011

Social desirability ratings for CPI items were obtained from 68 female and 59 male college students. Simple means and standard deviations of the ratings were compared with previously published scale values and dispersions in the case of 186 overlapping CPI-MMPI items. The results showed high comparability on scale values so that the simple means of the item ratings may be used similarly to previously published MMPI item values obtained by using scaling techniques Simple standard deviations of individual item ratings, however, tended to be generally larger than the associated discriminal dispersions published for such items.
A Comparison of the Physiological Functioning of Normals and Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Berger Leslie
Published: September 2011

The present study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between acute severe psychological condition and physiological functioning at rest and during stress. Measures of autonomic functioning were taken at rest and under three experimental stress conditions. Comparing 30 male acute psychotic patients on an open psychiatric ward of a Veterans Administration Hospital with 27 normal male college students, the results show that (a) patients gave evidence of significantly higher heart rate and respiration rate at rest, and (b) students showed significantly greater galvanic skin response during all three stress situations. Respiration rate and heart rate failed to differentiate between the two samples under stress. These results suggest an impairment, in the psychiatric patients, in the physiological mechanism responsible for giving rise to the galvanic skin response.
Free Social Interaction Compared with Therapeutic, Confederate, Simulation, and Instrumentation Settings
Authors: Banta Thomas J.
Published: September 2011

A plea is made for the study of actual free social interaction by the social psychologist.