bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Keeping Kids in School: A Study Examining the Long-Term Impact of Afterschool Enrichment Programs on Students’ High School Dropout Rates
Authors: Huang Denise , Kim Kyung Sung , Cho Jamie , Marshall Anne , Perez Patricia
Published: March 2016

Despite the potential benefits of afterschool programs, much of the related research has been limited to an examination of only their immediate or short-term effects. The LA’s BEST afterschool program has been in operation for more than 20 years, providing researchers with a unique opportunity to explore the long-term effects of afterschool programming. This study examined the dropout rates of the LA’s BEST afterschool participants and compared them to a stratified random district sample that was matched to the characteristics of the afterschool students. The results indicated that students who had participated in the afterschool program for at least three years showed a significantly lower dropout rate than the district students overall.
Self-concept and Family: A study on Greek secondary school students
Authors: Kiritsis Dimitris
Published: March 2016

The aim of the study is twofold. On the one hand it concerns the measurement and the examination of the subjects’ self-concept and on the other the detection and justification of the role of family in its configuration. The study analyzed the data collected from the answers to a research questionnaire of 1344 15-and 16-year-old school students in the Prefecture of Thessaloniki, Greece) with the use of a stratified random sampling technique. The first important finding concerned the high degree of the general self-concept of the adolescents. Among the seven specific sectors of the general self-concept a major variation was noted, with the higher average to be traced in the relationship that the students have configured with their peers and the lower one in the valuation of their academic competence. The second important finding was the ascertainment of the essential contribution of the family.
Participative management in a public school of the periphery in Distrito Federal: A good way?
Authors: Machado Magali Fátima Evangelista , Ribeiro Olzeni Leite Costa , Tameirão-Machado Marcelino
Published: March 2016

The present article has as an aim to assess the data of a school based education on the periphery area in Distrito Federal and that has been obtaining, according to the results of the National System of Basic Education Assessment (SAEB) and Prova Brasil, successive increase in the rank of the Index of Development of Basic Education (IDEB) in the years 2005, 2007 and 2009 and that works the participative management by means of discussions among the head of the school, teachers, students and their parents. The IDEB refers to the quality indicator, created by the federal government that integrates the aims of the Development Plan of Education (PDE). The IDEB is calculated based on the performance of students in institutional evaluations of Portuguese and Mathematics, data of failure, school dropout and rates of the students passing in examinations. As a main objective, the article has a proposal to present these results and discuss the proposed actions by the head of the school and the parents’ participation, teachers, staff and students.
Multiple Literacies and Success for All: An Analysis of Ontario Educators' Survey Responses
Authors: Berger Marie Josee , Dei George J. Sefa , Forgette-Giroux Renee
Published: March 2016

This essay reports on the survey findings of a study examining the teaching and evaluation strategies used by teachers in the classroom. The study focussed on 304 French and English schools in Ontario representing both urban and rural Ontario school boards. The essay begins with a review of the literature and highlights key points noted by educational theorists and practitioners regarding the importance and challenges of literacy education. We then move to discuss our discursive framework with regards to employing cognitive and social constructivism as theoretical lenses. Survey responses are presented under the broader categories of teaching and pedagogical practice and evaluation of teaching strategies. In analyzing the survey results, we highlight the following as being effective in the promotion of critical literacy: a teacher’s own knowledge; pedagogical skills and approaches; the level of school and off-school/local knowledge of students; the affirmation of the identity, culture and history of learners, as well as one’s knowledge of the local community.
Critical Thinking and Chinese International Students: An East-West Dialogue
Authors: O'Sullivan Michael W. , Guo Linyuan
Published: March 2016

In the West, the teaching of critical thinking, albeit differentially defined, is seen as the core of work at a graduate level. Despite the fact that developing such critical skills is increasing as an expectation of schools in the West, the literature reflects concerns that Canadian educated students arrive at university unprepared to engage at the expected level of criticality. If this is true of domestic students, what is the situation facing those international students who were educated in intellectual traditions, such as China’s, where critical thinking, at least as understood in the West, is rarely encouraged, and often actually discouraged? Do such students arrive prepared to work at a post-secondary level that involves critical thinking? Do such students embrace or resist critical thinking when these skills are taught to them? Is teaching critical thinking to these students a legitimate scholarly pursuit or is it, in effect, a neocolonial conceit? Can the Asian notion of harmony be reconciled with the Western notion of often-times sharp engagement with ideas and debate with their classmates and instructors? The authors, one a Canadian born and raised professor of comparative and international education to Chinese students studying in Canada, the other, a Chinese scholar who recently completed her doctorate in Canada where she now teaches, engage in a dialogue on Western concepts of critical thinking and the reaction of one class of Chinese international students to this pedagogy.
Exploring Linguistic, Cultural, and Religious Diversity in Canadian Schools: Pre-Service Teachers’ Learning from Immigrant Parents
Authors: Guo Yan
Published: March 2016

The knowledge immigrant parents hold about their children is often unrecognized by Canadian educational systems. Parent knowledge has vital implications for Canadian school systems and for teacher preparation. Based on interviews of parents from 15 countries, this study presented three types of parent knowledge: First language, cultural and religious knowledge. Then, parent knowledge was shared with a group of pre-service teachers. Results reveal some pre-service teachers encouraged the use of students’ first language in their practicum whereas others internalized their monolingual ideology despite multilingual realities. They recognized cultural misunderstanding between immigrant parents and Canadian teachers and systemic racism, and questioned the feasibility of accommodating everyone’s religious needs. The study calls for the reconstruction of difference and the inclusion of epistemological pluralism, particularly immigrant parent knowledge, within teacher education. The study also suggests that it is important to help pre-service teachers shift their representation of multilingualism from being a problem to a resource, challenge their Eurocentric perspectives, understand immigrant students’ cultural backgrounds, and address religious-based exemptions and accommodation.
Peace Education in Canada: Teacher Perceptions of the Cultivating Peace Education Program
Authors: Elmi Afyare Abdi
Published: March 2016

Many Muslims, Arabs, and other minority communities in Canada experienced the backlash of the September 11, 2001 events. Although these groups were discriminated against in a number of institutions, Muslim children in secondary schools in particular experienced different types of discrimination and violence. In order to help reduce incidents of discrimination in schools, with the help of academics at the Ontario Institute for Studies of Education (OISE), the Classroom Connections (non-for profit organization) developed a peace education program, the Cultivating Peace. Using qualitative methods, this paper examines the perceptions of teachers who used the Cultivating Peace program. Four themes emerged from the data collected for this research: flexibility, utility, relevance, and challenges. The findings reveal that educators believe the Cultivating Peace program promotes a culture of peace in Canada. Teachers find the Cultivating Peace flexible in that it fits well in the curriculum. In particular, teachers believe the program fits well in a social science and humanities curriculum. In addition, educators perceive the program is useful in teaching conflict resolution, communication, and problem-solving skills. They also find that the Cultivating Peace program is relevant to students’ lives because it teaches values that promote a culture of peace. Teachers mentioned two major challenges: lack of time and distribution problems.
Navigating the Canadian University System: An Exploration of the Experiences, Motivations, and Perceptions of a Sample of Academically Accomplished Black Canadians
Authors: Gosine Kevin
Published: March 2016

This article reports findings from a qualitative study that explored the postsecondary schooling experiences, motivations, and perceptions of 16 high-achieving Black university students currently enrolled in or who have recently completed various high-profile university programs in Canada. While partly motivated to achieve the academic heights that they have by a desire for monetary reward and prestige, most participants were at least equally motivated by a desire to challenge racial stereotypes, be role models for Black youth, and put themselves in a position to improve the general situation of Black Canadians. There was considerable variation in how participants experienced the Canadian university system. Level of Black identification, gender, and field of study combined in unique ways in participants’ lives to shape their schooling experiences and problematize the notion of an authentic or monolithic Black experience within the academy. In reflecting on the dearth of Black Canadians in prestigious university programs such as engineering, law, and medicine, most participants tended to downplay systemic explanations, emphasizing instead individual and community-based factors. Future research directions are discussed.
“Lock ‘Em Up . . .” but Where’s the Key? Transformative Drama with Incarcerated Youth
Authors: Conrad Diane
Published: March 2016

A research study doing applied theatre with youth at an Alberta, Canada young offender facility, asks: How can participatory drama contribute to the education of incarcerated youth to avoid future negative outcomes of their “at-risk” behaviours? This paper focuses on the social implications and the advocacy aspects of the research. It asks how spaces can be created within institutions such as prisons and schools for transformative processes to occur. Rather than the current “moral panic” that blames youth for social ills, rather than punishment and retribution – enacted against the majority of young Aboriginal inmates, strategies are needed that focus on personal and social development. Citing an example from the drama work, the paper proposes the need for appropriate programming for youth and more compassionate attitudes regarding their needs. Participatory drama, along with emerging restorative justice practices based in Indigenous cultures, offer hope for community-based solutions to creating more caring and compassionate processes of schooling and justice and a more caring and compassionate society overall.
Gender bias in education in Burkina Faso: Who pays the piper? Who calls the tune?
Authors: Touorouzou Some
Published: March 2016

In this chapter, I analyze policies developed by the government of Burkina Faso in order to redress an imbalance in gender education. Girls, in effect, are not getting their fair share of education, whether in quantity or quality. I critique existing policies concerning gender issues in education by first taking stock of different policies launched in favor of the education of girls, the context of their formation, and identify shortcoming therein. It has been found that international organizations, beyond their commitment to reverse the lag in the education of girls, bring with them an agenda that is at times contradictory with the aim of education for all. At the same time that governments are prodded to school all girls, Structural Adjustments Programs that generally bring more poverty and less public spending, are at loggerheads with increased access. Moreover, the policy choices of international organizations seem to be ill-equipped to subvert existing ideological and patriarchal structures. These structures do not allow for the empowerment of women. The government itself is found to have very little leverage on current policies, raising the nagging question of their appropriation.

The paper ends with some policy recommendations that go beyond the construction of facilities and resources to address issues of the school experiences of girls, the curriculum-in-use, and overall problem of teacher training and compensation.
Five Teachers’ Range of Views on the Iraq war
Authors: Kaviani Khodadad , McCain Terrence
Published: March 2016

The significance of this qualitative study is in showing, for the first time, what American teachers are teaching about the Iraq war and their conceptions of controversy and balanced instruction in the context of their lessons. Through in-depth interviews, five high school social studies teachers’ lessons related to the Iraq war were examined and analyzed through the lenses of Issues-Centered Education and teachers’ curriculum gatekeeping. Findings show that teachers’ conception of controversy and balanced instruction influences the way they teach about public controversies. Furthermore, the Iraq war controversy provides a unique opportunity to see how the Iraq war is taught during war time.
Integrating African Indigenous Knowledge in Kenya’s Formal Education System: The Potential for Sustainable Development
Authors: Owuor Jenipher
Published: March 2016

The current paradigm shift toward promoting education for sustainable development gravitates toward alternative approaches to school curricula in Sub-Saharan Africa. It is argued that solutions to problems that currently plague the continent and with reference to the Kenyan context must proceed from understanding of local capacities such as the role of indigenous knowledge in promoting sustainable development. This can be achieved by integrating indigenous knowledge into the formal education system to address some of the knowledge deficiencies for development that is currently formulated from the western perspective. This approach challenges the dominance of western knowledge in Kenya’s school system that makes education disembodied from context. The purpose of this paper is to explore the meaning of indigenous knowledge, provide rationale for valuing indigenous knowledge in formal school system, examine the government’s efforts to indigenise curricula, and dilemmas to integrating indigenous knowledge in formal education with implications to teacher education programs.
The Search for School Safety and the African American Homeschooling Experience
Authors: Musumunu Garvey , Mazama Ama
Published: March 2016

Interest in homeschooling has increased over the last decade, as what was once perceived as a marginal development has turned into a significant phenomenon. There has been, in recent years, a noticeable surge in African American involvement in the homeschooling movement as well. However, there continues to be a general paucity of research on the motivations of homeschooling Black parents. It is the purpose of this essay (1) to present empirical evidence regarding African American motivations for homeschooling; and (2) more specifically, to explore how parental concerns for safety are leading African American families to homeschooling. These concerns, the authors contend, bring to the fore a series of disturbing circumstances and preoccupations that are specific to African Americans.
Mal de montaña crónico entre mineros de Cerro de Pasco: Evidencias epidemiológicas y fisiológicas.
Authors: Arregui Alberto , Leon Velarde Fabiola , Monge Carlos
Published: March 2016

Hace cien mil años Viault (1890) demostró un aumento en el número de glóbulos rojos de personas que vivían en Morococha a 4,500 metros sobre el nivel del mar. Desde entonces se empezó a desarrollar el concepto de adaptación a las grandes alturas. Estudios posteriores demostraron que efectivamente el nativo de altura lograba aclimatarse a su ambiente con poco oxígeno pero que eventualmente podía perder esta adaptación. La descripción del primer caso de Mal de Montaña Crónico (MMC) hecha por Monge M. En 1928 dio lugar a la aparición del concepto de desadaptación a las grandes alturas.
Manifestaciones reumatológicas asociadas a la infección por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana: Aspectos etiopatogénicos,clínicos y terapéuticos.
Authors: Aguilar José Luis , Gutierrez Francisco , Espinoza Luis R
Published: March 2016

A sólo ocho años de su primera descripción por el centro de control de enfermedades (CDC) en 1981, la infección por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) se ha convertido en una amenaza de creciente diseminación a través de todo el mundo. Para el 1ro. De octubre de 1988 se habían reportado 85,000 casos del síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida (SIDA) solamente en el continente americano (cifra necesariamente menor de la real debido al escaso reporte de la enfermedad en varios países), 133 países habían reportado casos de SIDA a la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), y las cifras continúan mostrando un incremento en el número total de casos.
Larva migrans visceral. Primer reporte en el Perú.
Authors: MAGUIÑA Ciro , HERNANDEZ Herminio , GOTUZZO Eduardo , MENDOZA Diego , ECHEVARRIA Juan , MIRANDA Percy
Published: March 2016

El presente trabajo tiene como propósito presentar 3 casos clínicos pediátricos, diagnosticados de toxocariasis, vistos en Lima-Perú, entre los años 1987 y 1989. Los tres pacientes son menores de 5 años de edad, con antecedente de comer tierra, que presentaron leucocitosis leve o severa con hipereosinofilia (1500 eosinofilos por mm3). El primer paciente tuvo además hipergammaglobulinemia y gran compromiso del estado general, requiriendo el uso de tiabendazol. El segundo paciente presentó dolor abdominal crónico y la biopsia hepática reveló granulomas con abundantes eosinófilos. El tercer paciente tuvo dolor articular crónico de rodilla derecha con sinovitis en los dedos de las manos y pies. Los tres pacientes tuvieron títulos en sangre para toxocariasis en la prueba de ELISA a 1/4096, (CDC de Atlanta). Se trata del primer reporte clínico de larva migrans visceral en el Perú.
Compromiso osteoarticular asociado a Falciformismo
Authors: FERRANDIZ Manuel , MENACHO Julio , BERROCAL Alfredo , ULLOA Victor , CALVO Armando , SILICANI Armando
Published: March 2016

Se reportan 6 pacientes con anemia falciforme (4 con Hb SS, 1 con Hb SC y 1 con Hb SB-talasemia), atendidos en el Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia entre 1983 y 1990, que presentaron diversas manifestaciones musculoesqueléticas en el curso de su evolución, resaltando dos casos de necrosis aséptica y un paciente con osteomielitis del fémur por Salmonella typhi. Se discuten los casos en relación a la literatura.
Insuficiencia renal aguda en el Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, durante la epidemia del cólera.
Authors: MIYAHIRA Juan , ACOSTA Raúl , ZURITA Susana , TORRES César
Published: March 2016

Con el objetivo de determinar las características clínicas y algunos factores pronósticos de la ira establecida en pacientes con cólera, fueron evaluados 41 pacientes con cólera de nuestro hospital que desarrollaron IRA y 59 pacientes con cólera con diagnóstico deIRA, traslados de otros hospitales, durante el periodo epidémico en el Perú. En el periodo de estudio fueron atendidos en nuestro hospital 8675 pacientes con cólera y 41 desarrollaron IRA. La incidencia de IRA fue de 4.73 casos/mil, sólo 28,2% fueronoligúricos y la mortalidad fue de 9,75%, utilizando una terapia de fluidos agresiva(recuperar la presión arterial lo mas pronto posible). En la totalildad de los pacientes, la edad promedio fue de 57.2 + 15.7 años y no hubo predominancia de algún sexo. Al ingreso 51,65% presentó kipokalema, 8,8% hiperkalemia, 47.3%, hiponatremia y 11,8% hipernatremia. Al comparar los pacientes oligúricos y no oligúricos, se encontró que los primeros presentaron significativamente mayor nivel de urea, creatinina séricas máximas, mayor nivel sérico al ingreso de potasio, requirieron con más frecuencia diálisis (78,8% vs 29,2%) y tuvieron mayor mortalidad (24,24% vs 2,08%). Se encontróque los factores de mal pronóstico fueron: IRA oligúrica y edad mayor de 50 años.
Cólera en pediatría: Reporte preliminar
Authors: FUKUDA Juan , CHAPARRO Luis , YI Augusto , CHEA Elsa , MIRANDA Percy , MARTORELL Rosa , SANCHEZ Elena
Published: March 2016

Durante el mes de febrero hubo 843 casos de EDA en pediatría, de los cuales se cultivaron 272 pacientes (32%). De ellos, se recuperó V. cholerae 01 en 137 pacientes (50.4%). Se utilizaron estos grupos con el objeto de comparar características de la diarrea por V. cholerae. En los pacientes con V. cholerae la edad promedio fuesignificativamente mayor, 67.5m vs. 43.5m (p<0.0001). Se recuperó mas frecuentemente en escolares (p<0.0001) y los mayores de 2 a. tuvieron 3.6 veces más probabilidad de enfermarse (2.07<OR<6.18). Se presentaron más varones con V.cholerae 85/137 pero la frecuencia entre los sexos fue la misma (50%). Los pacientes con V. cholerae, tenían un tiempo de diarrea de 41 h., con 6.6 cámaras/día (p<0.05), era acuosa en 75% como agua de lavado de arroz en 48% (p<0.001) y excepcionalmentetenía moco y sangre (3%). Estaba asociada a vómitos en 78% (p<0.01) y calambres en 24% (p<0.0001). Significativamente 56% no tenía agua potable (p<0.01), 49% consumía agua sin hervir (p<0.0001), mientras 40% tenían algún familiar con EDA(p=0.053). V. cholerae se recuperó mas frecuentemente de niños desnutridos (p<0.05). En nuestra serie aproximadamente la mitad (49.6%) tuvieron algún grado de deshidratación (p<0.05), siendo la deshidratación severa la más frecuente (p<0.05) y los escolares los más afectados 41% (p<0.05).
Esquema para el manejo de pacientes deshidratados por Cólera.
Authors: CIEZA Javier
Published: March 2016

El cólera es una enfermedad diarreica que al ocurrir en forma epidémica produce una alta tasa de letalidad. Esta generalmente se presenta en dos momentos bien definidos.El primero, cuando ocurre la deshidratación aguda y shock hipovolémico, el cual se presenta en horas de iniciada las diarreas, por lo que, en lo posible, todo paciente debe acudir a un centro asistencial de salud de inmediato al presentar diarreas cuantiosas. Lagravedad de la situación no depende del tiempo de enfermedad, por lo que esta norma debe ser tomada en cuenta. Por ejemplo el haber iniciado diarreas hace dos horas puede ser tan grave como haberlas iniciado hace 24 horas. Los ancianos tienen un mayor riesgo de muerte.
Relación entre grupo sanguíneo ABO y enfermedad diarreica aguda severa causada por Vibrio cholerae
Authors: VIDAL Julio , YI Augusto , SALINAS Eduardo , ADACHI Roberto , VALDEZ Hernán
Published: March 2016

Hemos comparado las prevalencias de grupos sanguíneos entre los pacientes que acudieron al Servicio de Emergencia del Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia (Lima, Perú) durante el mes de abril de 1991 con diarrea aguda severa con aislamiento de Vibrio cholerae en los coprocultivos, con la de un grupo control conformado por los donantes del Banco de Sangre del mismo hospital, apareados por distritos de residencia. La prevalencia de grupo sanguíneo O entre los 136 pacientes con coprocultivos positivos (todo a V. Cholerae O1 biotipo Inaba) fue de 94.9% mientras que entre los 544 controles fue de 79.2% (similar a la reportada en otros estudios sobre prevalencia de grupos sanguíneos en nuestra población).Aunque el diseño del estudio tiende a subestimar el real riesgo relativo, encontramos un riesgo relativo estimado de 4.832 (IC95=2.196, 10.628) de presentar diarrea aguda severa por V.cholerae entre las personas con grupo sanguíneo O (p<0.00002). Queda por descubrir la base fisiopatológica de esta asociación y el impacto que puede tener en la morbilidad y mortalidad de la presente epidemia de cólera en el Perú, país con alta prevalencia de grupo sanguíneo O.
Investigación epidemiológica del Cólera en el Perú: Lecciones para un Continente en riesgo.
Authors: MUJICA O , SEMINARIO L , TAXE R , BEINGOLEA L , PALACIOS A , VASQUEZ L , VARGAS R , MORENO D , RODRIGUEZ M , TEJADA E , QUICK R , REISS A , JACKSON D , SWERDLOW D , MINTZ E , GOMEZ L
Published: March 2016

Desde el inicio de la epidemia de cólera en el Perú el Programa de Entrenamiento en Epidemiología de Campo de la Oficina General de Epidemiología del Ministerio de Salud ha desarrollado diversas investigaciones con el propósito de mejorar de las medidas de intervención para el control del problema. A través de la aplicación y diseños metodológicos estandarizados en las áreas mas afectadas, se ha encontrado que la seroprevalencia de infección por Vibrio cholerae alcanza a 25-30 de cada 100 habitantes. Los factores de riesgo más significativos incluyen consumo de agua no tratada y de alimentos sanitariamente deficientes. La severidad de cuadro clínico colérico está asociada significativamente con la presencia de grupo sanguíneo "O". La letalidad del cólera está asociada con el tratamiento intradomiciliario del enfermo y laautomedicación familiar. El desconocimiento acerca de los modos de contagio, tratamiento y prácticas preventivas incrementa el riesgo de enfermar con cólera.Finalmente, la magnitud del cólera en la población infantil parece ser mayor en el escenario comunitario que en el Hospitalario. Los estudios en el campo pueden ayudar a identificar medidas de control mas específicas y las más efectivas.
Infección y enfermedad tuberculosa en trabajadores de un Centro de Salud
Authors: REY DE CASTRO Jorge , CARCELEN Amador
Published: March 2016

Dos casos de Tuberculosis Pulmonar entre los trabajadores de una institución que presta atención ambulatoria, motivaron el desarrollo de una encuesta epidemiológica en el resto del personal. El estudio comprendió: entrevista personal, aplicación de Tuberculina (PPD-2UT por 0.1ml) y radiografía de tórax postero anterior a los PPD positivo. Fueron evaluados 66 trabajadores, incluyendo personal de enfermería, administrativo, de laboratorio y de limpieza. Once fueron hombres y 55 mujeres. La edad promedio fue 28 [18-63] años, 48 (73%) tenían menos de 35 años de edad. La prevalencia de infección tuberculosa fue 63% (39/62) y de tuberculosis pulmonar 2.4% (2/68). No se encontró relación entre los casos índices, su área de trabajo y los infectados. Los valores encontrados fueron altos y sugieren una probable relación con la actividad laboral desempeñada.
Panencefalitis esclerosante sub aguda post sarampión
Authors: CAMPOS P. , CABRERA J. , TRELLES L. , ALTAMIRANO J. , CASTRO C. , LARRAURI L. , JOHNSON R.
Published: March 2016

Se presenta un caso de Panencefalitis Esclerosante sub aguda post sarampión (PEESA), el primero en nuestro medio corroborado por técnicas de inmuno histoquímica y con el cual deseamos llamar la atención en varios puntos:
Estudio seroepidemiológico de fiebre tifoidea en población escolar en el área norte de Lima Metropolitana.
Authors: CLENDENES Martin , CARRILLO Carlos , GOTUZZO Eduardo , BENAVENTE Luis
Published: March 2016

Entre los meses de setiembre y noviembre de 1989, se realizó un estudio transversal en 1322 escolares supuestos sanos, del distrito de San Juan de Lurigancho, sin antecedente de inmunización contra fiebre tifoidea, seleccionado mediante muestreo por conglomerados, con el objetivo de estimar las prevalencias de serología positiva para antígeno O y H de Salmonella typhi y su distribución según sexo, grupo etáreo y tipo de colegio. La determinación de los títulos se hizo con la técnica de microaglutinación en placa, que tiene una sensibilidad del 84% y una especificidad del 87% para el punto de corte > 1:160 para eldiagnóstico de fiebre tifoidea. Las prevalencias de serología O positiva para los diferentes puntos de corte (> 1:20, > 1:40 y > 1:80), fue significativamente mayor en mujeres (41.6%, 12.4% y 3.9%) que en hombres (41.1%, 9.1% y 1.1%) (p<0.05). Las prevalencias de serología H positiva para los puntos de corte mencionados fueron similares en mujeres (69.0%, 18.8% y 5.6%) y en hombres (73.1%, 16.5% y 6.4%) (p>0.05). Ambas prevalencias positivas O y H fueron estadísticamente diferentes según grupo etáreo; pero, similares según tipo de colegio. Las altas proporciones de prevalencia encontradas, sugieren frecuenteinfección subclínica lo cual perpetúa la endemicidad de esta enfermedad.
El paciente respiratorio crítico en una sala de hospitalización de emergencia.
Authors: REY DE CASTRO Jorge , DURAND Enrique
Published: March 2016

Durante el año 1989 registramos prospectivamente los casos graves con compromiso respiratorio evaluados en el Servicio de Emergencia del Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen. La población evaluada incluye 72 pacientes adultos sin enfermedadgineco-obstétrica. Fueron 56 hombres (78%) con edad promedio de 52 (15-69) años. Las causas más frecuentes de compromiso respiratorio fueron: Enfermedad vascular cerebral 17 (24%), traumatismo encéfalo craneano 10 (14%), neumonía 10 (14%), sepsis 9(13%) y asma bronquial 7(10%). El status asmático y la neumonía nosocomial fueron la primera causa de insuficiencia Respiratoria Ventilatoria y Oxigenatoria respectivamente. Sepsis fue el factor que con más frecuencia desencadenó el SDRA. El valor APACHE II promedio fue 21 (18-23) y el TISS 24 (20-26). La mortalidad global fue 49% (35/72) y estuvo por encima de laesperada de acuerdo al puntaje APACHE II. Las causas de este hallazgo deben ser investigadas. La mortalidad de los pacientes sometidos a ventilación mecánica fue de 55% (34/62). Todos los enfermos con SDRA fallecieron. El Hospital Nacional GuillermoAlmenara Irigoyen requiere una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos.
Morbimortaliad en meningoencefalitis tuberculosa
Authors: ROMERO Walter , PAMO Oscar , CORDERO Luis
Published: March 2016

Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo-prospectivo para conocer las características clínicas y la morbimortalidad de la meningoencefalitis tuberculosa (MEC TBC) del adulto. De 124 historias clínicas con ese diagnóstico en el Hospital Dos de Mayo de Lima entre 1985- 1989, 97 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Se halló que la población más afectada fue de jóvenes, solteros, migrantes, de baja escolaridad y remuneración. La forma de presentación más frecuente fue de inicio insidioso (91.1%) y curso subagudo (59.4%); con contactos TBC, (29.1%); con antecedentes de TBC (42.5%); hipoglucorraquia (53.6%),hiperproteinorraquia (95.2%), pleocitosis (98.9%); BK directo, 0%; con TBC pulmonar, 70.5%; PPD positivo, 36.0% estadio moderado de enfermedad, 67.0%; tratamiento adecuado, 94.8%; corticoterapia, 79.4%; hospitalización mayor de 30 días, 42.2%;fallecidos, 30.9%; seguimiento ambulatorio, 59.7%; recaídas, 11.9%. Después del alta fueron ubicados 41 pacientes (61.2%), de los cuales 22 (53.7%), 9 (21.9%), y 2 (4.8%) con categorías 1,2 y 3 respectivamente, más 8 (19.5%) fallecidos. Se concluye que la MEC TBC afecta a la población joven, de bajo nivel socioeconómico, que la mortalidad es alta, que la mortalidad al alta correlacionó con la edad y la condición clínica al ingreso, nocorrelacionó con otros factores. La morbimortalidad al seguimiento correlacionó con la edad y el tratamiento ambulatorio irregular.
Nódulo tiroideo frío. Características clínicas y anatomopatológicas en pacientes migrantes de zonas con deficiencia de yodo y de la costa.
Authors: VILLENA Jaime , FERRUFINO Juan C , KLINGE Germán
Published: March 2016

Se han estudiado retrospectivamente 237 pacientes con nódulo tiroideo frió (NTF), 133 inmigrantes de zonas con deficiencia de yodo (ZDY) y 104 de la costa (donde no hay deficiencia de yodo), de un total de 1468 pacientes con patología tiroidea, atendidos. ElNTF representó el 50.5% del total de bocios nodulares en la costa y 29.8% en ZDY (p=3*10-7). La edad promedio de los pacientes de ZDY fue mayor 46.2±13.4 años vs. 35.5±14.4 (p=0.0001). El 4.6% de los nódulos fueron quísticos sin diferencia entre ambosgrupos. El 2.5% tenían Enfermedad de Graves concomitante, 3.8% en ZDY y 0.9% en la costa (p=0.23). Fueron operados 112 pacientes, 57 de la costa y 55 de ZDY. Se encontró cáncer en 25% de ZDY y 32% de la costa (p=0.69), siendo el papilar el cáncer más frecuente en ambos grupos. Las lesiones benignas más frecuentes fueron el bocio nodular coloide (46.2%) y el adenoma folicular (31.2%), sin diferencia entre ambos grupos estudiados.
Diagramas momento-curvatura para secciones de hormigón armado. Determinacion del valor de ductilidad local de una sección de hormigón armado. Empleo del programa matlab en aplicaciones estructurales a nivel seccional (parte II).
Authors: Rodríguez Morales Sergio
Published: March 2016

ResumenEn el entorno de la ingeniería de estructuras, resulta de interés el estudio de comportamiento a nivel seccional. Entre los diversos procedimientos que se disponen a tal efecto, encontramos el “Método Multicapa”. El método introducido en un artículo previo, será de nuevo tratado en este segundo texto para estudiar el concepto de ductilidad a nivel de sección, en elementos de hormigón armado, y con la idea fundamental de mostrar las ventajas del método en relación al comportamiento No lineal de los materiales. AbstractSectional study it is an important matter from structural engineering point of view. Among the different available procedures in the present technical paper Multi-layer Method will be treated. The Method which was presented in the previous article, once again will be used in this document to deal in this time with ductility concept in reinforced concrete sections. Also the advantages of the method shall be exposed regarding to Nonlinear material behavior.
Normativa domótica en edificaciones = Building domotic legislation
Authors: Peccisa Natalia , Rodríguez Yuri Jazmín , Morón Carlos , García Alfonso
Published: March 2016

ResumenEn este trabajo se realiza un estudio sobre el fondo de la cuestión de la técnica aplicada a la mejora de la eficiencia. Con este punto de partida podemos profundizar en las claves en el uso de los recursos para la eficiencia energética y concretarlas en un modelo de actuación que ilustra una aproximación sistémica al campo del aprovechamiento de la energía, y que reintegra a la edificación su valor intrínseco como medio eficiente de gestión de la energía y su transformación. AbstractThis paper presents a study on the merits of the technique applied to improving efficiency. With this starting point we can deepen the keys in the use of resources for energy efficiency and pursue them in a role model illustrating a systemic approach to the field of energy efficiency, and reintegrated into the building its intrinsic value as efficient means of energy management and transformation.
Borrelia Genotyping in Lyme Disease
Authors: Ružić-Sabljić Eva , Cerar Tjaša
Published: March 2016

Borrelia burgdorferisensu lato is the causative agent of Lyme borreliosis, multisystem disorder characterized by a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. Different borrelia species can lead to distinct clinical presentations, but some species were associated with defined clinical manifestation likeBorrelia afzeliiwith skin manifestations,Borrelia gariniiwith central nervous system disorders andBorrelia burgdorferisensu stricto with Lyme arthritis.Ixodesticks represent the main vectors ofB. burgdorferisensu lato; wild animals, lizards and birds are the natural reservoir of borrelia. Genotyping of borrelia strains is of great importance for epidemiological, clinical, and evolutionary studies. Numerous methods are available for the genotyping ofB. burgdorferisensu lato based either on whole genome or PCR based typing. Typing methods differ in their approach and target, many of them were implemented more or less successfully for diagnostic purposes.
Diagnostic Tools for Borrelia Assessment in Humans
Authors: Bonin Serena
Published: March 2016

Although the etiological agent of Lyme disease has been known since 1980s, diagnosis of Lyme disease is still a controversial topic because of the wide range of clinical manifestations and the limited diagnostic tools available to assessBorreliain humans.

The most used diagnostic tool for Lyme disease is currently serology, but also Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and other methods are often used to proveBorreliainfection in different patients’ specimens. The present article deals with most of the diagnostic tools used in clinical practice for Lyme disease detection in human samples. Direct and indirect specific methods forBorreliainfection detection will be discussed.

The most recent peer reviewed publications as well as original results from our study and information provided by companies’ web sites have been analyzed to compile this review article.
Bone Parameters and Risk of Hip and Femur Fractures in Patients on Hemodialysis
Authors: Fishbane Steven , Hazzan Azzour D. , Jhaveri Kenar D. , Ma Lin , Lacson Eduardo
Published: March 2016

Background and objectives

Patients on hemodialysis have a high rate of hip fractures. In this study, we performed a contemporary analysis of mineral and bone parameters and their relationship to hip and femur fracture risk.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

Patients on hemodialysis treated between 2000 and 2013 in Fresenius Medical Care North America facilities were included. Predictors were on the basis of data as of December 31 of each baseline year and time-averaged values of selected laboratory parameters and medication doses throughout the year. Four period cohorts were constructed from baseline years: 2000, 2003, 2006, and 2009. Follow-up for each cohort was ≤3 years.

Results

The incidence of hip and femur fractures remained generally unchanged (P=0.40), except among patients who were white and >65 years of age, in whom the rate decreased significantly over the 14-year period (P<0.01). Results from combined multivariable models indicated that the lowest quartiles of time–averaged intact parathyroid hormone were independently associated with higher hip fracture risk (intact parathyroid hormone =181–272 pg/ml: hazard ratio, 1.20; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.03 to 1.41 and intact parathyroid hormone <181 pg/ml: hazard ratio, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.44; referent third quartile, 273 to <433 pg/ml). The lowest quartile of time–averaged serum calcium was also associated with higher risk (calcium <8.7 mg/dl; hazard ratio, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.37) compared with the referent third quartile of 9.1 to <9.5 mg/dl.

Conclusions

We found an association between lower levels of intact parathyroid hormone and serum calcium and greater risk for hip and femur fractures among patients on hemodialysis. These findings support additional research toward elucidating long-term safety of treatment approaches for hyperparathyroidism in patients with ESRD.
Diabetes-induced renal failure is associated with tissue inflammation and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin: Effects of resveratrol
Authors: Koca Halit , Pektas Mehmet , Koca Selcen , Pektas Gökhan , Sadi Gökhan
Published: March 2016

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by high
blood glucose levels due to the absence of secretion of insulin or its
inefficient use in the body. In this study, we investigated how resveratrol
administration affects the renal functions and pro-inflammatory signaling
pathway components in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in male Wistar rats.
Rats were randomly divided into four groups: (1) control/vehicle; (2)
control/20 mg/kg resveratrol; (3) diabetic/vehicle; and (4) diabetic/20 mg/kg
resveratrol. In addition to renal glucose, lipid, angiopoietin-1 (ANG-1),
asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), erythropoietin (EPO), malondialdehyde
(MDA) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) content, the gene
expressions of pro-inflammatory markers, including inducible nitric oxide
synthase (iNOS), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-?B), nuclear factor
(erythroid-derived 2) like-2 (Nrf2), and the protein contents of
interleukins-1?,6,8 (IL-1?,6,8) and tumor necrosis factor-? (TNF-?) were
analyzed using qRT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. The rats in the diabetes
group demonstrated significantly lower terminal body weight and renal ANG-1,
but significantly higher renal glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, ADMA and
MDA concentrations. Diabetes triggered inflammation in kidney tissues,
reflected as an increase in NGAL level. The renal inflammation observed in
the diabetes group was associated with significant upregulation of components
of the pro-inflammatory pathway, iNOS, NF-?B, Nrf2, IL-1?, IL-6, IL-8 and
TNF-?. To some extent, resveratrol administration reversed the
diabetes-induced changes in renal tissues, suggesting that resveratrol
partially protected from diabetes-induced renal failure due to its
restorative activities in tissue inflammation.
Cardiovascular Risk Factor Targets and Cardiovascular Disease Event Risk in Diabetes: A Pooling Project of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, and Jackson Heart Study
Authors: Wong Nathan D. , Zhao Yanglu , Patel Rohini , Patao Christopher , Malik Shaista , Bertoni Alain G. , Correa Adolfo , Folsom Aaron R. , Kachroo Sumesh , Mukherjee Jayanti , Taylor Herman , Selvin Elizabeth
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVE

Controlling cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in diabetes mellitus (DM) reduces the number of CVD events, but the effects of multifactorial risk factor control are not well quantified. We examined whether being at targets for blood pressure (BP), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) together are associated with lower risks for CVD events in U.S. adults with DM.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We studied 2,018 adults, 28–86 years of age with DM but without known CVD, from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), and Jackson Heart Study (JHS). Cox regression examined coronary heart disease (CHD) and CVD events over a mean 11-year follow-up in those individuals at BP, LDL-C, and HbA1c target levels, and by the number of controlled risk factors.

RESULTS

Of 2,018 DM subjects (43% male, 55% African American), 41.8%, 32.1%, and 41.9% were at target levels for BP, LDL-C, and HbA1c, respectively; 41.1%, 26.5%, and 7.2% were at target levels for any one, two, or all three factors, respectively. Being at BP, LDL-C, or HbA1c target levels related to 17%, 33%, and 37% lower CVD risks and 17%, 41%, and 36% lower CHD risks, respectively (P < 0.05 to P < 0.0001, except for BP in CHD risk); those subjects with one, two, or all three risk factors at target levels (vs. none) had incrementally lower adjusted risks of CVD events of 36%, 52%, and 62%, respectively, and incrementally lower adjusted risks of CHD events of 41%, 56%, and 60%, respectively (P < 0.001 to P < 0.0001). Propensity score adjustment showed similar findings.

CONCLUSIONS

Optimal levels of BP, LDL-C, and HbA1c occurring together in individuals with DM are uncommon, but are associated with substantially lower risk of CHD and CVD.
Muscle activity and hand motion in veterinarians performing laparoscopic training tasks with a box trainer
Authors: Tapia-Araya Angelo E. , Usón-Gargallo Jesús , Sánchez-Margallo Juan A. , Pérez-Duarte Francisco J. , Martin-Portugués Idoia Díaz-Güemes , Sánchez-Margallo Francisco M.
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVE To evaluate muscle activity and hand motion in veterinarians performing a standard set of laparoscopic training tasks.

SAMPLE 12 veterinarians with experience performing laparoscopic procedures.

PROCEDURES Participants were asked to perform peg transfer, coordination, precision cutting, and suturing tasks in a laparoscopic box trainer. Activity of the right biceps brachii, triceps brachii, forearm flexor, forearm extensor, and trapezius muscles was analyzed by means of surface electromyography. Right hand movements and wrist angle data were registered through the use of a data glove, and risk levels for the wrist joint were determined by use of a modified rapid upper limb assessment (RULA) method. One-way repeated-measures ANOVA with a Bonferroni post hoc test was performed to compare values between tasks.

RESULTS Activity in the biceps muscle did not differ significantly among the 4 tasks. Activity in the triceps, forearm flexor, and forearm extensor muscles was significantly higher during precision cutting than during the coordination task. Activity in the trapezius muscle was highest during the suturing task and did not differ significantly among the other 3 tasks. The RULA score was unacceptable (score, 3) for the coordination, peg transfer, and precision cutting tasks but was acceptable (score, 2) for the suturing task.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that the ergonomics of laparoscopic training depended on the tasks performed and the design of the instruments used. Precision cutting and suturing tasks were associated with the highest muscle activity. Acceptable wrist position, as determined with the RULA method, was found with the suturing task, which was performed with an axial-handled instrument. (Am J Vet Res 2016;77:186–193)
Temporal effects of intramuscular administration of medetomidine hydrochloride or xylazine hydrochloride to healthy dogs on tear flow measured by use of a Schirmer tear test I
Authors: Kanda Teppei , Ishihara Satoko , Oka Miina , Sako Kaori , Sato Yoko , Maeta Noritaka , Tamura Katsutoshi , Furumoto Kayo , Furukawa Toshinori
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVE To determine the temporal effects on tear flow measurements obtained by use of a Schirmer tear test (STT) I after IM administration of various doses of medetomidine or xylazine to healthy dogs.

ANIMALS 5 healthy purpose-bred male Beagles.

PROCEDURES Each dog received IM injections of 2.0 mL of physiologic saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (control treatment); 0.1% medetomidine hydrochloride (5, 10, 20, and 40 μg/kg), and 2.0% xylazine hydrochloride (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg/kg). Treatments were injected into the semimembranosus muscles; there was at least a 1-week interval between successive injections. Order of treatments was determined via a randomized Latin square crossover design. The STT I was performed on both eyes before (baseline) and 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 24 hours after each injection.

RESULTS STT I values decreased significantly within 45 minutes after injection of medetomidine or xylazine, which was followed by gradual recovery. The lowest mean STT I value was < 10 mm/min for all sedation treatments, except when dogs received 5 μg of medetomidine/kg. Linear regression of the area under the curve for the 8 hours after administration yielded significant effects for all sedation treatments.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE IM administration of medetomidine or xylazine to dogs reduced tear flow in a dose-related manner. Artificial tear solution or ophthalmic ointment should be used to protect the ocular surface when these drugs are administered to dogs.