bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Queen Bee phenomenon in Academia 15 years after: Does it still exist, and if so, why?
Authors: Faniko Klea , Ellemers Naomi , Derks Belle
Published: July 2020

Fifteen years ago, the British Journal of Social Psychology published a set of studies on male and female academics, documenting that female faculty members were more likely than male faculty members to express stereotyped views of women at the beginning of their academic careers (PhD candidates; Ellemerset al., 2004,Br. J. Soc. Psychol.,43, 3). At the same time, the self‐descriptions of female faculty members were just as masculine as those of their male colleagues. Ellemers and colleagues (2004,Br. J. Soc. Psychol.,43, 3) referred to this combination of results as indicating the existence of a ‘Queen Bee (QB) phenomenon’ in academia. The present contribution investigates whether the QB phenomenon is also found among current generations of academics, investigating this in two recent samples of academic professionals (N = 462;N = 339). Our findings demonstrate that the phenomenon first documented in 2004 still exists: Advanced career female academics are more likely than their male counterparts to underestimate the career commitment of women at the beginning of their academic careers. At the same time, both male and female academics at advanced career stages describe themselves in more masculine terms than those at early career stages. We argue this indicates a response pattern in which successful women emulate the masculinity of the work environment. To indicate this, the term ‘self‐group distancing’ might be more appropriate than ‘Queen Bee effect’.
Does economic complexity reduce output volatility in developing countries?
Authors: Güneri Barbaros , Yalta A. Yasemin
Published: July 2020

Economic complexity measures the productive knowledge embedded in an economy by analysing the export structure of countries. Although the recent literature suggests that economic complexity might arise as a useful tool to lower output volatility by both diversifying export bundles and increasing the sophistication of exports, the empirical evidence on this issue is rather scarce. We contribute to the existing literature by investigating the effect of economic complexity on output volatility for a large set of developing countries. To this end, we apply a panel vector auto regression (PVAR) methodology, which allows us to capture the dynamic interrelationships between variables. The findings of the paper robust to the alternative specifications reveal that economic complexity affects output volatility negatively. Hence, economic policies aimed at diversifying productive capabilities and export bundles should be one of the major priorities in developing countries.
Mountain glacier fluctuations during the Lateglacial and Holocene on Clavering Island (northeastern Greenland) from 10Be moraine dating
Authors: Biette Melody , Jomelli Vincent , Chenet Marie , Braucher Régis , Rinterknecht Vincent , Lane Timothy ,   Aster Team
Published: July 2020

Despite an increasing interest in Greenlandic mountain glaciers over recent decades, their evolution during the Lateglacial and Holocene still needs to be better constrained. Here we present 25 10Be cosmic‐ray exposure (CRE) ages of boulders collected on moraines from three glaciers located on Clavering Island (northeastern Greenland). CRE ages span 16.29±0.79 to 0.37±0.05 ka and reveal three periods of moraine formation during the Lateglacial, the Early and the Late Holocene. Data show a multi‐modal distribution of the ages during the Lateglacial with exposure ages spanning from 16.29±0.79 to 12.31±1.3 ka. At least two glaciers experienced a greater expansion at the beginning of the Holocene than at the end of the Holocene, dated to 11.3±0.3 and 10.8±0.6 ka, respectively. At the end of the Holocene, glacial advances occurred during the Dark Ages Cold Period and during the Little Ice Age (LIA), synchronous with glacial advances documented in nearby lake sediments. This new CRE chronology highlights that the LIA extent is not the largest glacier advance in the Late Holocene in Clavering Island. This broadly corresponds with other mountain glaciers of western and northern Greenland, and does not appear to reflect northern high latitude summer insolation that would suggest progressive temperature decrease, but instead mimics recent regional continental temperature reconstructions that show a long term warming driven by different forcing.
The 5,6‐epoxycholesterol metabolic pathway in breast cancer: Emergence of new pharmacological targets
Authors: de Medina Philippe , Diallo Khadijetou , Huc‐Claustre Emilie , Attia Mehdi , Soulès Régis , Silvente‐Poirot Sandrine , Poirot Marc
Published: July 2020

Metabolic pathways have emerged as cornerstones in carcinogenic deregulation providing new therapeutic strategies for cancer management. Recently, a new branch of cholesterol metabolism has been discovered involving the biochemical transformation of 5,6‐epoxycholesterols (5,6‐ECs). The 5,6‐ECs are metabolized in breast cancers to the tumour promoter oncosterone whereas, in normal breast tissue, they are metabolized to the tumour suppressor metabolite, dendrogenin A (DDA). Blocking the mitogenic and invasive potential of oncosterone will present new opportunities for breast cancer treatment. The reactivation of DDA biosynthesis, or its use as a drug, represents promising therapeutic approaches such as DDA‐deficiency complementation, activation of breast cancer cell re‐differentiation and breast cancer chemoprevention. This review presents current knowledge of the 5,6‐EC metabolic pathway in breast cancer, focusing on the 5,6‐EC metabolic enzymes ChEH and HSD11B2 and on 5,6‐EC metabolite targets, the oxysterol receptor (LXRβ) and the glucocorticoid receptor.

LINKED ARTICLES

This article is part of a themed issue on Oxysterols, Lifelong Health and Therapeutics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.16/issuetoc
Cannabinoid control of neurogenic inflammation
Authors: McKenna Meagan , McDougall Jason J.
Published: July 2020

A significant number of cannabinoids are known to have analgesic and anti‐inflammatory properties in various diseases. Due to their presynaptic/terminal location, cannabinoid receptors can inhibit synaptic transmission and have the potential to regulate neurogenic inflammation. Neurogenic inflammation occurs when a noxious signal is detected in the periphery initiating an antidromic axon reflex in the same sensory neurone leading to depolarization of the afferent terminal. Neuropeptides are subsequently released and contribute to vasodilation, plasma extravasation and modulation of immune cells. Endocannabinoids, synthetic cannabinoids and phytocannabinoids can reduce neuroinflammation by inhibiting afferent firing and inflammatory neuropeptide release. Thus, in addition to a direct effect on vascular smooth muscle and inflammatory cells, cannabinoids can reduce inflammation by silencing small diameter neurones. This review examines the neuropharmacological processes involved in regulating antidromic depolarization of afferent nerve terminals by cannabinoids and the control of neurogenic inflammation in different diseases.
The transition experiences of adolescents with type 1 diabetes from paediatric to adult care providers
Authors: McDowell Megan E. , Litchman Michelle L. , Guo Jia‐Wen
Published: July 2020

Purpose

Emerging adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) are at increased risk for poor health outcomes as they transition from paediatric to adult healthcare providers. This is in part due to the complexities of young adult life as individuals with T1D enter the workforce, leave home or start college while learning to manage the disease on their own. We sought to identify the barriers and facilitators adolescents face during their emerging adult years with T1D.

Methods

Young adults, aged 24–35, who lived with T1D during their adolescent years were recruited online to complete a survey regarding their experience with care transition. Categorical data were analysed using descriptive statistics. A thematic analysis, guided by the Framework for Emerging Adults with T1D, was used to explore the free‐text data.

Results

In total, 25 adults (84% female) with mean age of 28 ± 3.2 years participated. Themes that arose from the analysis of the paediatric to adult care transition experiences included (1) importance of support from key players, (2) challenges navigating the healthcare system, (3) mental health needs of emerging adults with T1D, (4) managing day‐to‐day life with T1D and (5) early independence to ease transition.

Conclusion

Individuals with T1D face a variety of challenges as they transition from paediatric to adult care providers. A proactive approach in educating adolescents is needed.
Teaching With Televised Stories: A Story‐Focused Narrative Preview Supports Learning in Young Children
Authors: Jing Mengguo , Kirkorian Heather L.
Published: July 2020

Researchers examined the effects of previewing on preschoolers’ comprehension of narrative and educational content in a television program. Children (3–5 years, N = 107) watched an educational math episode in one of three conditions: no‐preview control, education‐focused expository preview, or story‐focused narrative preview. A main effect of previewing was found, controlling for age, character familiarity, prior knowledge, and visual attention. Specifically, the narrative preview enhanced both narrative comprehension (including central, incidental, and inferential content) and educational comprehension (including direct learning and transfer), compared to a no‐preview control. Conversely, the expository preview had no effect on comprehension. Findings are interpreted with respect to story schema and relevant cognitive theories of learning from media. Implications for educational media production are discussed.
A robust similarity based deep siamese convolutional neural network for gait recognition across views
Authors: George Merlin Linda , Govindarajan Themozhi , Angamuthu Rajasekaran Kavitha , Bandi Sudheer Reddy
Published: July 2020

Gait recognition has been considered as the emerging biometric technology for identifying the walking behaviors of humans. The major challenges addressed in this article is significant variation caused by covariate factors such as clothing, carrying conditions and view angle variations will undesirably affect the recognition performance of gait. In recent years, deep learning technique has produced a phenomenal performance accuracy on various challenging problems based on classification. Due to an enormous amount of data in the real world, convolutional neural network will approximate complex nonlinear functions in models to develop a generalized deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) architecture for gait recognition. DCNN can handle relatively large multiview datasets with or without using any data augmentation and fine‐tuning techniques. This article proposes a color‐mapped contour gait image as gait feature for addressing the variations caused by the cofactors and gait recognition across views. We have also compared the various edge detection algorithms for gait template generation and chosen the best from among them. The databases considered for our work includes the most widely used CASIA‐B dataset and OULP database. Our experiments show significant improvement in the gait recognition for fixed‐view, crossview, and multiview compared with the recent methodologies.
Continuities in Transition: Ethnicity, Language and Labour Market Inequalities in Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Agadjanian Victor , Oh Byeongdon
Published: July 2020

Ethno‐racial and linguistic boundaries have major implications for socio‐economic well‐being throughout the world, yet their specific effects vary greatly across contexts. The countries that were once part of the Soviet Union have seen dramatic transformations yet also exhibited remarkable continuities from the socialist era. This article contributes to cross‐national evidence on the roots and expressions of ethno‐racial socio‐economic inequalities and on nation building and nationalism in the post‐Soviet context. It uses data from two identically designed nationally representative surveys conducted in Kyrgyzstan in 2011 and 2017 to investigate patterns and trends in ethnic and linguistic disparities in employment by occupational type and economic sector and in earnings among men and women. The authors find that despite government policies to promote the advancement of the nation's titular majority, Kyrgyz, and to encourage the use of its language, the ethno‐linguistic economic inequalities inherited from the Soviet era — privileged positions of the European‐origin minority and of Russian‐speaking Kyrgyz — were still potently present in the earlier survey. While variations in types of occupation and employment sectors tended to diminish between the two surveys, the ethno‐linguistic differences in earnings remained very pronounced, even after controlling for other factors. The authors relate these findings to the extant scholarship and reflect on their implications for our understanding of post‐socialist transitions.
Plasticity in flower size as an adaptation to variation in pollinator specificity
Authors: Dixit Tanmay , Riederer Jana M. , Quek Stanley , Belford Kate , de Wand Tadzio Tavares , Sicat Roxanne , Jiggins Chris D.
Published: July 2020

1. Mutualisms, including plant‐pollinator interactions, are an important component of ecosystems.

2. Plants can avoid the costs of variation in pollinator benefit by maintaining specificity.

3. We hypothesise a novel mechanism to ensure specificity, which takes advantage of the cognitive abilities of specific pollinators to exclude non‐specific flower visitors.

4. Inflorescences of the tropical vine genus Psiguria produce flowers at regular intervals, with subsequent flowers smaller than predecessors.

5. The principle pollinators, Heliconius spp., possess an excellent spatial memory.

6. Therefore, decreasing flower size may ensure specific pollination: once Heliconius individuals have learnt the location of an inflorescence they will return, but inconspicuous flowers should reduce visits by non‐specific pollinators with poorer spatial memories.

7. We tested the predictions of this hypothesis with field experiments in Panama. We confirmed that flowers on inflorescences are smaller than their predecessors.

8. Paired experiments showed that larger flowers attracted more pollinators and that the presence of an initial large flower increased subsequent visitation by Heliconius spp. to small flowers, indicating learning behaviour.

9. These results suggest that learning behaviour and decreasing flower size maintain visits from specific pollinators while reducing those from non‐specific pollinators. We propose this as a novel mechanism for promoting pollinator specificity and discuss its ecological significance.
Urinary biomarkers of kidney tubule injury, risk of acute kidney injury, and mortality in patients with acute ischaemic stroke treated at a stroke care unit
Authors: Shimoyama T. , Sato T. , Sakamoto Y. , Nagai K. , Aoki J. , Suda S. , Nishiyama Y. , Kimura K.
Published: July 2020

Background and purpose

Urinary liver‐type fatty‐acid binding protein (L‐FABP), which is a biomarker of kidney tubule injury, has been studied extensively and established as a risk marker of acute kidney injury (AKI). The aim of this study was to investigate whether kidney tubule injury is associated with the development of AKI and mortality in patients with acute ischaemic stroke.

Methods

Acute ischaemic stroke patients hospitalized in the stroke care unit (SCU) within 24 h after symptom onset were prospectively investigated. AKI was defined on the basis of Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria. Baseline urinary L‐FABP was measured on admission. We evaluated the associations among urinary L‐FABP, incidence of AKI, and 90‐day mortality adjusted for renal function, albuminuria and other potentially predictive variables, using multivariable analysis.

Results

In total, 527 acute ischaemic stroke patients (342 men, median age 74 years) were enrolled in the study. Twenty‐seven patients (5.1%) experienced AKI within 7 days of admission. In the univariate analysis, high urinary L‐FABP level had positive associations with AKI [53.8 μg/g creatinine (Cr) vs. 3.9 μg/g Cr; P < 0.001] and 90‐day mortality (15.5 μg/g Cr vs. 4.0 μg/g Cr; P < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, elevated urinary L‐FABP level (per 10‐μg/g Cr increase) was independently associated with AKI (odds ratio 1.225, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.083–1.454; P = 0.003) and 90‐day mortality (hazard ratio 1.091, 95% CI 1.045–1.138; P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Urinary biomarkers of kidney tubule injury are independently associated with the development of AKI and 90‐day mortality in patients with acute ischaemic stroke treated at the SCU.
Bi‐hemispheric transcranial direct current stimulation for upper‐limb hemiparesis in acute stroke: a randomized, double‐blind, sham‐controlled trial
Authors: Bolognini N. , Russo C. , Souza Carneiro M. I. , Nicotra A. , Olgiati E. , Spandri V. , Agostoni E. , Salmaggi A. , Vallar G.
Published: July 2020

Background and purpose

Neuromodulation is a promising approach to increasing motor recovery in stroke; however, to date, there is a scarcity of evidence documenting the clinical potential of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) administered in the acute phase of stroke. The present study aims to examine the clinical effects of a treatment involving the application of tDCS in the acute stage post‐stroke.

Methods

This was a randomized, double‐blind, sham‐controlled trial. A cohort of 32 stroke patients with severe motor impairment underwent 5 days of treatment with real or sham bi‐hemispheric tDCS over the motor cortex. During the treatment, tDCS was applied twice per day (two daily applications each of 15 min), starting 48 to 72 h after stroke onset.

Results

We found statistically significant improvements after both real and sham tDCS treatments in primary (hand grip strength, Motricity Index) and secondary (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, Barthel Index) outcomes. Patients receiving real tDCS showed a larger improvement of upper‐limb muscle strength at the end of treatment phase; this advantage was no longer present after 6 months.

Conclusions

Transcranial direct current stimulation may be used to accelerate the rate of upper‐limb motor recovery during the spontaneous recovery period.
Self‐injurious and suicidal behavior in young adults, teens, and children with epilepsy: A population‐based study
Authors: Wirrell Elaine C. , Bieber Ewa D. , Vanderwiel Alexander , Kreps Samantha , Weaver Amy L.
Published: July 2020

Objective

Whereas studies in adult epilepsy patients have shown higher rates of suicidal ideation and attempt, such studies in children are limited. Using the Rochester Epidemiology Project database, we compared the risk of self‐injurious behavior and suicidal ideation in a population‐based cohort of childhood epilepsy to controls.

Methods

We studied 339 cases with epilepsy and 678 age‐ and sex‐matched controls followed to a median age of 24.7 and 23.4 years, and identified 98 subjects with self‐injurious behavior or suicidal ideation (43 with epilepsy and 55 controls). All behaviors were categorized using the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale.

Results

Those with epilepsy had a significantly higher rate of any self‐injurious behavior and suicidal ideation (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.04‐2.35) and tended to have an increased risk of suicidal ideation and attempt (HR = 1.48, 95% CI = 0.93‐2.37). The prevalence of preceding mood and substance abuse disorders was similarly high in both cases and controls with self‐injurious behavior or suicidal ideation; however, preceding attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder was more than twice as common in the epilepsy cases. Among cases with epilepsy, we did not identify any specific epilepsy‐related variable that was significantly correlated with risk of self‐injurious behavior or suicidal ideation.

Significance

Children, teens, and young adults with a history of childhood epilepsy are at greater risk of self‐injurious behavior, highlighting the need for careful screening of mental health concerns as part of routine epilepsy care.
Impact of concurrent treatment with omeprazole on phenylbutazone‐induced equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS)
Authors: Ricord Megan , Andrews Frank M. , Yñiguez Francisco J. M. , Keowen Michael , Garza Frank , Paul Linda , Chapman Ann , Banse Heidi E.
Published: July 2020

Background

Phenylbutazone is commonly prescribed for treatment of various painful or inflammatory disorders in horses, but is associated with gastrointestinal (GI) adverse effects. Anecdotally, many practitioners prescribe omeprazole concurrently with phenylbutazone to reduce development of equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS), but the efficacy and safety of this practice remains unknown.

Objectives

To evaluate the effect of omeprazole on phenylbutazone‐induced equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD) and equine squamous gastric disease (ESGD).

Study design

Randomised block experimental design.

Methods

Twenty‐two horses with EGGD and ESGD scores ≤2 were included. Horses were assigned to treatment groups: phenylbutazone (4.4 mg/kg PO q 12 h; PBZ), phenylbutazone plus omeprazole (4 mg/kg PO q. 24 h; PBZ/OME) or placebo (CON) in a randomised block design based upon initial EGGD score. Horses were treated for up to 14 days. Gastroscopy was performed weekly; CBC and biochemistry were performed at Day 0 and study end. Horses were monitored for signs of colic and/or diarrhoea.

Results

EGGD score increased in PBZ (median change 1, inter‐quartile range, [IQR], 0‐2) compared to PBZ/OME (median change 0, IQR −1 to 0;P = .05). PBZ/OME (6/8) had more intestinal complications than CON (0/6; difference between proportions = 75%; 95% CI, 23%‐93%;P = .03). Plasma protein concentrations decreased in PBZ, compared to CON (mean difference between groups, 14 g/L; 95% CI, 1.04‐27;P = .03). Five horses were withdrawn from the study due to intestinal complications (n = 3 PBZ/OME and n = 2 PBZ); one horse (PBZ) was withdrawn due to severe grade 4 EGGD.

Main limitations

Small sample size and changes in management for the 2‐3 days prior to study initiation; variable treatment duration among groups due to development of complications.

Conclusions

Administration of omeprazole ameliorated PBZ‐induced EGGD, but was associated with an increase in intestinal complications. Caution should be exercised when co‐prescribing NSAIDs and omeprazole in horses, particularly in association with change in management.
The effect of stress fracture occurring within the first 12 months of training on subsequent race performance in Thoroughbreds in Hong Kong
Authors: Johnston Anna S. , Sidhu Anhadbir B. S. , Riggs Christopher M. , Verheyen Kristien L. P. , Rosanowski Sarah M.
Published: July 2020

Background

Racehorses are at an increased risk of stress fracture within the first 12 months of racing and when resuming training after a break. Research in these high‐risk periods and on the effect of performance post‐recovery is limited.

Objectives

To describe the occurrence of stress fractures, diagnosed by nuclear scintigraphy (NS), in racehorses’ first 12 months training in Hong Kong, and their impact on racing performance and career length.

Study design

Retrospective 1:2 matched case‐control study.

Methods

Clinical records of horses with NS‐diagnosed stress fractures within 365 days of import between 2006 and 2018 were collated. Cases and controls were matched on import date. Univariable conditional logistic regression compared signallment, pre‐fracture training and post‐recovery racing performance between cases and matched controls. Shared Frailty Cox regression analysed time from import to fracture and total career length.

Results

Eighty‐seven horses sustained a NS‐diagnosed fracture within their first year in Hong Kong (incidence risk 1.7% [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4%‐2.1%; N = 5180]). The humerus (42.0%; 95% CI 31.8%‐52.6%; n = 39) and tibia (28.0%; 95% CI 19.1%‐38.2%; n = 26) were the most common stress fracture sites. Cases missed a median of 63 days (Interquartile range (IQR) 49‐82) of training because of fracture. Within the 12 months following diagnosis, case horses had a median of four (IQR 2‐4,P < .0001) fewer race starts and were down HK$ 206 188 (IQR HK$ 0‐436 800,P = .007) in race earnings compared to controls. Career length did not significantly differ between cases and controls (median 2 years and 3 months; IQR 15.3‐39.1 months;P = .2).

Main limitations

Only stress fractures diagnosed by NS were included, hence, the study is not representative of all stress fractures occurring in racehorses in Hong Kong.

Conclusions

Racehorses sustaining a stress fracture within 1 year of entering Hong Kong lost significant time in training, earnings and race starts. However, overall career length was unaffected.
Latitudinal patterns in trophic structure of temperate reef‐associated fishes and predicted consequences of climate change
Authors: Holland Matthew M. , Smith James A. , Everett Jason D. , Vergés Adriana , Suthers Iain M.
Published: July 2020

Some dramatic consequences of climate change are caused by shifting species interactions and associated changes to trophic structure and energy flow. In coastal ecosystems, the relative abundance of feeding guilds indicates dominant energy sources sustaining food webs. Here, we use a space‐for‐time substitution to investigate potential climate change impacts on trophic structure and energy flow in reef fish communities. We investigated latitudinal and seasonal patterns in the biomass distribution of five trophic groups across subtropical to temperate latitudes (29 to 44°S) in eastern Australia. Along western boundary currents, temperatures are increasing up to three times faster than the global average, making them ideal for studying climate change impacts. Using 10 years of Reef Life Survey data, we investigated potential determinants of fish biomass and community composition with generalized additive mixed models. Biomass decreased towards higher latitudes, from 220 g/m2 in the subtropics to 13 g/m2 in the south. Dominant trophic group also changed latitudinally, with herbivores and omnivores dominating lower latitudes (~30°S), zooplanktivores at mid‐latitudes (~35°S) and benthic invertivores at higher latitudes (~40°S). Biomass varied seasonally, with lower latitudes experiencing a 3.2‐fold increase between spring and autumn, while variation at higher latitudes was 1.9‐fold. We found strong evidence that factors linked to latitude and seasonality are important determinants in the distribution of fish trophic structure. As climate‐driven species redistributions accelerate in the 21st century, expected poleward shifts in trophic structure include overall increases in fish biomass linked to enhanced herbivory at mid‐latitudes and increased planktivory at higher latitudes.
Precipitation controls seed bank size and its role in alpine meadow community regeneration with increasing altitude
Authors: An Hang , Zhao Yunpeng , Ma Miaojun
Published: July 2020

The Tibetan Plateau has undergone significant climate warming in recent decades, and precipitation has also become increasingly variable. Much research has explored the effects of climate change on vegetation on this plateau. As potential vegetation buried in the soil, the soil seed bank is an important resource for ecosystem restoration and resilience. However, almost no studies have explored the effects of climate change on seed banks and the mechanisms of these effects. We used an altitudinal gradient to represent a decrease in temperature and collected soil seed bank samples from 27 alpine meadows (3,158–4,002 m) along this gradient. A structural equation model was used to explore the direct effects of mean annual precipitation (MAP) and mean annual temperature (MAT) on the soil seed bank and their indirect effects through aboveground vegetation and soil environmental factors. The species richness and abundance of the aboveground vegetation varied little along the altitudinal gradient, while the species richness and density of the seed bank decreased. The similarity between the seed bank and aboveground vegetation decreased with altitude; specifically, it decreased with MAP but was not related to MAT. The increase in MAP with increasing altitude directly decreased the species richness and density of the seed bank, while the increase in MAP and decrease in MAT with increasing altitude indirectly increased and decreased the species richness of the seed bank, respectively, by directly increasing and decreasing the species richness of the plant community. The size of the soil seed bank declined with increasing altitude. Increases in precipitation directly decreased the species richness and density and indirectly decreased the species richness of the seed bank with increasing elevation. The role of the seed bank in aboveground plant community regeneration decreases with increasing altitude, and this process is controlled by precipitation but not temperature.
‘MAN KANN DER VERANTWORTUNG NICHT ENTRINNEN’: REMEMBERING ROSENSTRASSE SEVENTY‐FIVE YEARS ON
Authors: Potter Hilary
Published: July 2020

27 February 2018 marked the seventy‐fifth anniversary of the Rosenstraße protest in Berlin against the feared deportation of intermarried German‐Jews. This article examines that anniversary, asking what it tells us about remembrance of the protest itself but also about memory trends more generally in a year filled with anniversary activity. It takes the commemorative speech delivered by Bundestag Vice President Petra Pau as the lens through which to analyse the shifting trends in remembrance and their implications. It argues that we are on the cusp of change, with a new memory contest emerging in which the populist right has begun re‐appropriating aspects of the past for their own ends but are contested in this, most notably by the left. Analysing the commemorative speech reveals how the anniversary of the Rosenstraße protest simultaneously ties into wider trends in remembering, through the evocation of Weimar Germany as well as notions of future foreboding, identified by Levi and Rothberg. The article illustrates how remembrance on the seventy‐fifth anniversary proved not only problematic and reductive, but that it also raises the question of whether in fact memory culture is already being shaped by the populist right and that this has gone unrecognised.
THE ANNIVERSARY POLITICS OF 17 JUNE 1953 SINCE 1990
Authors: Millington Richard
Published: July 2020

This article analyses the politics of anniversaries through examination of the role that the anniversary of the East German uprising of 17 June 1953 has played in German politics since 1990. Prior to reunification, West Germany commemorated the date as the ‘Tag der deutschen Einheit’. This annual public holiday was a chance for politicians to express their views on the possibility of German unification and to lambast the East German regime. After 3 October became the ‘Tag der Deutschen Einheit’ in 1990, German politicians all but ignored the anniversary of 17 June until political commemoration of the date enjoyed a revival in 2003. The article argues for a development of Jeffrey K. Olick's framework of ‘genre memory’ regarding the drivers of political mnemonic activity. It shows that, alongside social and political contexts, the contemporary ‘media context’ and its ability to inspire politicians to commemorate a historical anniversary must also be considered. The technology‐led ubiquity of the media in the twenty‐first century enables them to impact the political‐historical agenda as never before. Moreover, the analysis here reveals that the ‘anniversary context’ of a date must also be taken into account. Political actors can be motivated to commemorate a historical anniversary by its perceived links with other significant dates in the same historical canon.
Ten Eleven Things Not to Say to Healthcare Professionals During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic
Authors: Robblee Jennifer , Buse Dawn C. , Halker Singh Rashmi B. , Schusse Courtney M. , Riggins Nina , Rayhill Melissa L. , Loder Elizabeth W. , Donnelly Megan , Borrero‐Mejias Clarimar
Published: July 2020

On March 11, 2020, the infection caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) virus was declared a pandemic. Throughout this pandemic, healthcare professionals (HCPs) have experienced difficulties stemming from poor communications, resource scarcity, lack of transparency, disbelief, and threats to the safety of their loved ones, their patients, and themselves. As part of these hardships, negative statements have been heard repeatedly. This paper describes 11 scenarios of unhelpful and dysfunctional messages heard by the authors and their colleagues during the COVID‐19 pandemic, reported to us by a combination of peers, administrative leadership, and the public. We explain why not to use such messaging, and we suggest more helpful and compassionate expressions based upon recommendations published by scientific organizations and well‐established psychological principles. The first 10 scenarios discussed include (1) lack of understanding regarding the extent of the pandemic; (2) shaming over not seeing patients in person; (3) lack of clear and consistent communication from leadership on pandemic‐related practice changes; (4) opinions that personal protective equipment (PPE) use by HCPs causes fear or is unnecessary; (5) forcing in‐person care without appropriate PPE; (6) the risk of exposure to asymptomatic individuals as it relates to opening clinics; (7) media gag orders; (8) pay and benefit reductions; (9) spreading of misinformation about the COVID‐19 pandemic; and (10) workload expectations. The 11th scenario addresses HCPs’ psychological and physical reactions to this challenging and prolonged stressful situation. We close by discussing the need for support and compassion at this difficult and unpredictable time and by offering suggestions to foster resilience and feelings of self‐efficacy among HCPs.
Influence of vegetable oils in the rheology, texture profile and sensory properties of cosmetic formulations based on organogel
Authors: César Francine C.S. , Maia Campos Patrícia M.B.G.
Published: July 2020

Objective

The knowledge about how ingredients in formulation can influence the texture profile is an important factor on the development of a cosmetic product. In this context, the aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of vegetable oils in the texture profile, rheological and sensorial properties of cosmetic formulations based on organogel.

Methods

Four organogel‐based emulsions were developed and supplemented or not with sunflower, macadamia or olive oils. Analyses of rheological behaviour, texture profile and sensory properties were performed.

Results

The vegetable oils added to formulation did not alter the pseudoplastic rheological behaviour, but increased the area of hysteresis and reduced the work of shear of the formulations. In addition, the sunflower seed oil increased the consistency index and all texture parameters while the macadamia oil reduced firmness and consistency. The cosmetic formulation based on organogel containing the sunflower seed oil showed the highest score on sensory evaluation.

Conclusion

The vegetable oils affected the rheology behaviour, texture profile and sensory properties of the formulations under study. However, the influence of sunflower oil in organogel‐based cosmetic formulation was more pronounced considering texture profile and the response perceived by subjects in the sensorial analysis.
Specific macrophage subsets accumulate in human subcutaneous and omental fat depots during obesity
Authors: Girón‐Ulloa Angélica , González‐Domínguez Erika , Klimek Rebeca S , Patiño‐Martínez Eduardo , Vargas‐Ayala Germán , Segovia‐Gamboa Norma C , Campos‐Peña Victoria , Rodríguez‐Arellano Martha E , Meraz‐Ríos Marco A , Campos‐Campos Salvador F , Sánchez‐Torres Carmen
Published: July 2020

Obesity is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with adipose tissue macrophage (ATM) activation. ATMs from lean mice contribute to tissue homeostasis by their M2‐oriented polarization, whereas obesity leads to an increase of M1 inflammatory ATMs that underlies obesity‐related metabolic disorders. In humans, studies characterizing ATMs and their functional status are limited. Here we investigated ATM phenotype in visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissue from healthy lean and obese individuals using two molecules previously identified as markers of M1‐like and M2‐like/tissue‐resident macrophages, the C‐type lectin CLEC5A and the scavenger receptor CD163L1, respectively. CD163L1 was expressed by the majority of ATMs, and CD163L1+ ATM density was greater with respect to cells expressing the pan‐macrophage markers CD68 or CD11b. ATM counts in SAT, but not in VAT, increased in obese compared to lean individuals, measured with the three markers. Accordingly, CD163L1, CD68 and ITGAM gene expression was significantly enhanced in obese with respect to control individuals only in SAT. CLEC5A+ ATMs had a proinflammatory profile and were abundant in the lean VAT, but their density diminished in obesity. The only ATM subset that increased its counts in the obese VAT had a mixed M1‐like (CD11c+CD163−CD209−) and M2‐like (CLEC5A−CD206+) phenotype. ATM expansion was dominated by a subset of M2‐like macrophages (CD11c−CLEC5A−CD163+CD206+CD209+) in the obese SAT, with a minor contribution of a CD11c+CLEC5A− ATM subpopulation. Thus, both SAT and VAT seems to limit inflammation during obesity by differentially altering their ATM subset composition.
Beneficial effect of awake prone position in hypoxaemic patients with COVID‐19: case reports and literature review
Authors: Cohen Dor , Wasserstrum Yishay , Segev Amitai , Avaky Chen , Negru Liat , Turpashvili Natia , Anani Sapir , Zilber Eyal , Lasman Nir , Athamna Ahlam , Segal Omer , Shenhav‐Saltzman Gilat , Segal Gad
Published: July 2020

We hereby present two case reports of moderate coronavirus disease patients, suffering from profound hypoxaemia, further deteriorating later on. A schedule pre‐planned awake prone position manoeuvres were executed during their hospital stay. Following this, the patients' saturation improved, later to be weaned from oxygen support. Paucity of evidence and data regarding this topic led us to review the concept of awake prone position.
New developments in our understanding of ankylosing spondylitis pathogenesis
Authors: Voruganti Aniruddha , Bowness Paul
Published: July 2020

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a common immune‐mediated inflammatory arthritis with a strong genetic predisposition. We review recent data from genetic and animal studies highlighting the importance of Type 17 immune responses. Furthermore, the efficacy (or lack thereof) of different anti‐cytokine monoclonal antibodies has highlighted the diversity of Type 17 immune cells and cytokines critical to AS and related spondyloarthritis pathogenesis. Recent studies have strongly implicated the gut microbiome in AS. Finally, we propose that the local metabolic environment of the joint may have a key role in driving AS, and present a novel model of AS pathogenesis.
Hierarchical Models for the Analysis of Likert Scales in Regression and Item Response Analysis
Authors: Tutz Gerhard
Published: July 2020

Appropriate modelling of Likert‐type items should account for the scale level and the specific role of the neutral middle category, which is present in most Likert‐type items that are in common use. Powerful hierarchical models that account for both aspects are proposed. To avoid biased estimates, the models separate the neutral category when modelling the effects of explanatory variables on the outcome. The main model that is propagated uses binary response models as building blocks in a hierarchical way. It has the advantage that it can be easily extended to include response style effects and non‐linear smooth effects of explanatory variables. By simple transformation of the data, available software for binary response variables can be used to fit the model. The proposed hierarchical model can be used to investigate the effects of covariates on single Likert‐type items and also for the analysis of a combination of items. For both cases, estimation tools are provided. The usefulness of the approach is illustrated by applying the methodology to a large data set.
Inclusive inheritance for residual feed intake in pigs and rabbits
Authors: David Ingrid , Aliakbari Amir , Déru Vanille , Garreau Hervé , Gilbert Hélène , Ricard Anne
Published: July 2020

Non‐genetic information (epigenetic, microbiota, behaviour) that results in different phenotypes in animals can be transmitted from one generation to the next and thus is potentially involved in the inheritance of traits. However, in livestock species, animals are selected based on genetic inheritance only. The objective of the present study was to determine whether non‐genetic inherited effects play a role in the inheritance of residual feed intake (RFI) in two species: pigs and rabbits. If so, the path coefficients of the information transmitted from sire and dam to offspring would differ from the expected transmission factor of 0.5 that occurs if inherited information is of genetic origin only. Two pigs (pig1, pig2) and two rabbits (rabbit1, rabbit2) datasets were used in this study (1,603, 3,901, 5,213 and 4,584 records, respectively). The test of the path coefficients to 0.5 was performed for each dataset using likelihood ratio tests (null model: transmissibility model with both path coefficients equal to 0.5, full model: unconstrained transmissibility model). The path coefficients differed significantly from 0.5 for one of the pig datasets (pig2). Although not significant, we observed, as a general trend, that sire path coefficients of transmission were lower than dam path coefficients in three of the datasets (0.46 vs 0.53 for pig1, 0.39 vs 0.44 for pig2 and 0.38 vs 0.50 for rabbit1). These results suggest that phenomena other than genetic sources of inheritance explain the phenotypic resemblance between relatives for RFI, with a higher transmission from the dam's side than from the sire's side.
Expression of Cripto‐1 predicts poor prognosis in stage I non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Xu Chunhua , Yuan Qi , Hu Huidi , Wang Wei , Zhang Qian , Li Li , Wang Jiwang , Yang Rusong
Published: July 2020

Cripto‐1 (CR‐1) is related to the biological behaviour and prognosis of carcinomas. The purpose of this study was to investigate the significance of CR‐1 expression in surgically resected stage I non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). One hundred and forty‐eight patients with completely resected stage I NSCLC and available clinical follow‐up data were assessed. The protein expression of CR‐1 in the tumours was detected by immunohistochemistry. CR‐1 was highly expressed in 64 of 148 tumours. Among patients with high CR‐1 expression, progression‐free survival and overall survival rate were significantly lower than those of patients with low CR‐1 levels (P = .013 and P = .019, respectively). The incidence of distant metastasis in patients with high CR‐1 expression was significantly higher than that of in patients with low CR‐1 expression (57.13% vs 21.43%, P = .001). The results of the multivariate analysis confirmed that a high CR‐1 was a significant factor for poor prognosis. In conclusion, CR‐1 could be a useful prognostic factor in patients with stage I NSCLC, likely as an indicator of the metastatic propensity of the tumour.
β‐Methylphenylalanine exerts neuroprotective effects in a Parkinson's disease model by protecting against tyrosine hydroxylase depletion
Authors: Feng Yan , Ma Jianjun , Yuan Lipin
Published: July 2020

We evaluated the neuroprotective effects of β‐methylphenylalanine in an experimental model of rotenone‐induced Parkinson's disease (PD) in SH‐SY5Y cells and rats. Cells were pre‐treated with rotenone (2.5 µg/mL) for 24 hours followed by β‐methylphenylalanine (1, 10 and 100 mg/L) for 72 hours. Cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondrial fragmentation, apoptosis, and mRNA and protein levels of tyrosine hydroxylase were determined. In a rat model of PD, dopamine (DA) and 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels, bradykinesia and tyrosine hydroxylase expression were determined. In rotenone–pre‐treated cells, β‐methylphenylalanine significantly increased cell viability and MMP, whereas ROS levels, apoptosis and fragmented mitochondria were reduced. β‐Methylphenylalanine significantly increased the mRNA and protein levels of tyrosine hydroxylase in SH‐SY5Y cells. In the rotenone‐induced rat model of PD, oral administration of β‐methylphenylalanine recovered DA and DOPAC levels and bradykinesia. β‐Methylphenylalanine significantly increased the protein expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in the striatum and substantia nigra of rats. In addition, in silico molecular docking confirmed binding between tyrosine hydroxylase and β‐methylphenylalanine. Our experimental results show neuroprotective effects of β‐methylphenylalanine via the recovery of mitochondrial damage and protection against the depletion of tyrosine hydroxylase. We propose that β‐methylphenylalanine may be useful in the treatment of PD.
Tooth‐related factors for tooth loss 20 years after active periodontal therapy–A partially prospective study
Authors: Rahim‐Wöstefeld Sonja , El Sayed Nihad , Weber Dorothea , Kaltschmitt Jens , Bäumer Amelie , El‐Sayed Shirin , Eickholz Peter , Pretzl Bernadette
Published: July 2020

Aim

To assess factors contributing to tooth loss 20 years after active periodontal therapy (APT) on tooth level.

Materials and Methods

After an initial retrospective analysis 10 years after APT, patients were monitored for 10 more years. At clinical re‐evaluation 20 years after APT, tooth‐related factors (tooth type, location, bone loss, furcation involvement, abutment status) and patient‐related factors (gender, smoking, adherence) were investigated. Descriptive statistical analysis and a mixed logistic regression analysis were performed with tooth loss as primary outcome variable.

Results

The study included 69 patients (42 female/27 male). 39 patients were non‐adherent (56.5%), and 11 were active smokers (15.9%). A total of 198 out of 1611 teeth were lost. Tooth loss was significantly highest (p < .01) in molars (21.1%), multi‐rooted teeth with furcation involvement (23.5%) and abutment teeth (fixed: 27.6%, removable: 36.4%). 37.6% of teeth with initial bone loss >60% were lost during 20 years. Adherent patients showed less frequent tooth loss than non‐adherent patients (OR 0.371; p <  .01).

Conclusion

Even teeth with an initial bone loss over 60% could be retained in approximately two thirds for 20 years. This should be kept in mind when assigning prognosis and establishing a treatment plan.