bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation and Effectiveness of a Two-Day Dementia Training Program for Hospital Staff Working in an Emergency Department
Authors: Schneider Julia , Miller Jennifer , Teschauer Winfried , Kruse Andreas , Teichmann Birgit
Published: October 2021

Background: Entering the hospital via an Emergency Department (ED) is a pivotal moment in the life of People with Dementia (PwD) and often starts an avoidable downward spiral. Therefore, it is required to further educate ED staff to raise awareness of the needs of PwD. Although there are many studies about existing dementia training programs for the hospital setting, empirical evidence for the ED setting and cross-level training evaluations are lacking. Objective: The study aims to evaluate a two-day dementia training course for ED staff on the outcome levels of learning, individual performance, and organizational performance. Furthermore, the study examines whether the training fulfilled participants’ expectations. Methods: Mixed methods were used to assess data from head nurses, nursing, and administrative staff working in EDs. We conducted semi-structured interviews three weeks before (N = 18) and eight months after (N = 9) the training. Questionnaire data were assessed before the training, three months, and six months after the training (N = 44). A qualitative content analysis was conducted to analyze qualitative data; quantitative data was described descriptively. Results: The intervention seems to be effective on both learning and individual performance levels. However, we did not observe any changes in the organizational performance. The training program met attendees’ expectations only partly. The working environment of EDs needs to be taken more into account. Conclusion: Hospital staffs’ expectations of a dementia training program depend on the work area in which they operate. Results support the implementation of intervention bundles to enable sustainable cross-level changes.
Synaptic Mitochondria: An Early Target of Amyloid-β and Tau in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Torres Angie K. , Jara Claudia , Park-Kang Han S. , Polanco Catalina M. , Tapia Diego , Alarcón Fabián , de la Peña Adely , Llanquinao Jesus , Vargas-Mardones Gabriela , Indo Javiera A. , Inestrosa Nibaldo C. , Tapia-Rojas Cheril
Published: October 2021

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by cognitive impairment and the presence of neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques in the brain. Neurofibrillary tangles are composed of hyperphosphorylated tau, while senile plaques are formed by amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide. The amyloid hypothesis proposes that Aβ accumulation is primarily responsible for the neurotoxicity in AD. Multiple Aβ-mediated toxicity mechanisms have been proposed including mitochondrial dysfunction. However, it is unclear if it precedes Aβ accumulation or if is a consequence of it. Aβ promotes mitochondrial failure. However, amyloid β precursor protein (AβPP) could be cleaved in the mitochondria producing Aβ peptide. Mitochondrial-produced Aβ could interact with newly formed ones or with Aβ that enter the mitochondria, which may induce its oligomerization and contribute to further mitochondrial alterations, resulting in a vicious cycle. Another explanation for AD is the tau hypothesis, in which modified tau trigger toxic effects in neurons. Tau induces mitochondrial dysfunction by indirect and apparently by direct mechanisms. In neurons mitochondria are classified as non-synaptic or synaptic according to their localization, where synaptic mitochondrial function is fundamental supporting neurotransmission and hippocampal memory formation. Here, we focus on synaptic mitochondria as a primary target for Aβ toxicity and/or formation, generating toxicity at the synapse and contributing to synaptic and memory impairment in AD. We also hypothesize that phospho-tau accumulates in mitochondria and triggers dysfunction. Finally, we discuss that synaptic mitochondrial dysfunction occur in aging and correlates with age-related memory loss. Therefore, synaptic mitochondrial dysfunction could be a predisposing factor for AD or an early marker of its onset.
A New Tool for the Analysis of the Effect of Intracerebrally Injected Anti-Amyloid-β Compounds
Authors: Upīte Jolanta , Brüning Thomas , Möhle Luisa , Brackhan Mirjam , Bascuñana Pablo , Jansone Baiba , Pahnke Jens
Published: October 2021

Background: A wide range of techniques has been developed over the past decades to characterize amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology in mice. Until now, no method has been established to quantify spatial changes in Aβ plaque deposition due to targeted delivery of substances using ALZET® pumps. Objective: Development of a methodology to quantify the local distribution of Aβ plaques after intracerebral infusion of compounds. Methods: We have developed a toolbox to quantify Aβ plaques in relation to intracerebral injection channels using Zeiss AxioVision® and Microsoft Excel® software. For the proof of concept, intracerebral stereotactic surgery was performed in 50-day-old APP-transgenic mice injected with PBS. At the age of 100 days, brains were collected for immunhistological analysis. Results: The toolbox can be used to analyze and evaluate Aβ plaques (number, size, and coverage) in specific brain areas based on their location relative to the point of the injection or the injection channel. The tool provides classification of Aβ plaques in pre-defined distance groups using two different approaches. Conclusion: This new analytic toolbox facilitates the analysis of long-term continuous intracerebral experimental compound infusions using ALZET® pumps. This method generates reliable data for Aβ deposition characterization in relation to the distribution of experimental compounds.
The construction of emergency intelligence service system for think tanks in the context of big data
Authors: Jiang Shanshan , Qi Shaobo
Published: October 2021

The big data era has ushered in huge transformation in the form of major media, with WeMedia nowadays becoming the mainstream. As is witnessed, WeMedia has achieved a rapid and widespread growth in both dissemination and influence, which has posed a series of challenges to the Emergency Intelligence Service System for Think Tanks, including changes to the subject, content, form, and connotation of platforms. Based on big data, this study makes an investigation into the Emergency Intelligence Service for the modern think tanks and applies the method of factor analysis to draw the conclusion on what kind of factors will influence the performance of the Emergency Intelligence Service for Think Tanks. Then, from the perspective of the life-cycle theory, this research not only optimizes the work process of the Emergency Intelligence Service for Think Tanks, but also constructs a multi-dimensional Emergency Intelligence Service System based on the concept of “Data Driven + Technology Application + Expert Decision” from the aspect of theoretical and technical perspectives. Meanwhile, a public health incident emergency information service system is built on this basis, describing the application process with food poisoning as an example. Last but not least, hopefully, this study could help improve the quality of decision and effectiveness of the Emergency Intelligence Service for Think Tanks and enhance the power of influence and communication for agencies of Emergency Intelligence Service and this paper provides a reference for the establishment and improvement of government decision-making and governance mechanisms.
Application of flexible friction nano-generator in human motion information acquisition
Authors: Tian Leilei , Xie Cunjun , Jin Ying
Published: October 2021

Under the background of the wide application of intelligent wearable devices, the application of flexible friction nanogenerator in human motion information acquisition is studied. According to the actual needs of energy supply of wearable electronic devices and human motion information acquisition, a flexible friction nanogenerator was prepared by using polyester fiber nickel plated conductive cloth and room temperature vulcanized silica gel polymer as friction positive and negative materials for human motion information acquisition. Set relevant parameters for test. The output peaks of short-circuit current and open circuit voltage are 5 respectively μA and 50 V. The test shows that the output energy can drive the calculator and digital clock to work in real time, and can realize the collection of human motion information.
Falls, Fear of Falling, and Preventive Measures in Huntington’s Disease: The Perspectives of Individuals with Huntington’s Disease and Caregivers in Long-Term Care
Authors: Kalkers Kristel , Schols Jos M.G.A. , van Zwet Erik W. , Roos Raymund A.C.
Published: October 2021

Background:

Falls are common in Huntington’s disease (HD), which can have serious consequences and may therefore lead to fear of falling (FoF). There is little knowledge about falls or FoF in individuals with HD or about formal and informal caregivers’ fear about falls in individuals with HD.

Objective:

To explore prevalence of falls, FoF and fall preventive measures both those applied and those not included in managing falls in individuals with HD and their formal and informal caregivers, and to identify the relationship between FoF and, anxiety, awareness and cognitive functioning respectively.

Methods:

In a multi-center observational cross-sectional study, care-independent and -dependent individuals with HD and their formal and informal caregivers were recruited from six Dutch nursing homes specialized in HD. The participants were assessed by means of questionnaires enquiring about falls, FoF, awareness of fall risk, cognition, anxiety and fall preventive measures.

Results:

For all included 158 individuals with HD, the fall prevalence over the last 30 days was 28.8%. The prevalence of FoF in individuals with HD, formal caregivers and informal caregivers was 47.6%, 25.6%, and 63.5%, respectively, for care-independent individuals with HD and 46.9%, 26.3%, and 62.0%, respectively, for care-dependent individuals with HD. Anticipatory awareness of fall risks and gender are predictors of FoF in care-independent individuals with HD, though not in the care-dependent group. A combination of fall preventive measures is used in most individuals with HD.

Conclusion:

Fall prevalence is high and FoF is common in individuals with HD and their caregivers. Gender and anticipatory awareness are risk factors for FoF. In addition to the use of individual multifactorial fall prevention strategies, it is important to support both formal and informal caregivers in coping with falls
Improving Patient Outreach by Defining Telehealth Suitability in a Tertiary Huntington’s Disease Clinic
Authors: Lee Sean J. , Hale Lisa M. , Huitz Elizabeth , Claassen Daniel O. , McDonell Katherine E.
Published: October 2021

Background:

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the need for remote healthcare options among patients with Huntington’s disease (HD). However, since not every HD patient is suitable for telehealth, it is important to differentiate who can be seen virtually from who should remain as in-person. Unfortunately, there are no clinical guidelines on how to evaluate HD patients for telehealth eligibility.

Objective:

To standardize the teleneurology selection process in HD by implementing a screening tool that accounts for patient-specific factors.

Methods:

We organized various indications and contraindications to teleneurology into a flowchart. If any indications or contraindications were met, patients were assigned to telehealth or maintained as in-person, respectively. If no indications or contraindications were met, patients were given the option of telehealth or in-person for their upcoming appointments. In two implementation cycles, we tested this screening tool among all HD patients scheduled for clinic visits, aided by chart review and phone interview.

Results:

In a cohort of 81 patients, telehealth acceptance among eligible patients increased from 45.0%to 83.3%. Frequency of telehealth visits increased from a pre-intervention baseline of 12.8%to 28.2%.

Conclusion:

Teleneurology utilization among HD patients more than doubled across our study. Our intervention promotes consistency and patient-centeredness in HD clinical care and streamlines the overall telehealth selection process. Future studies can seek to reduce telehealth no-shows and also evaluate the utility of the motor and psychiatric criteria included in our screening tool.
Corrigendum to “Comparison of six types of rough approximations based on j-neighborhood space and j-adhesion neighborhood space"
Authors: El-Bably M.K. , Al-shami T.M. , Nawar A.S. , Mhemdi A.
Published: October 2021

The main aims of this paper are to show that some results presented in [1] are erroneous. To this end, we provide some counterexamples to demonstrate our claim, and give the correct form of the incorrect results in [1]. Also, some improvements for the definition of accuracy measure is proposed. Furthermore, we show that the relationships given in the three figures need not be true in general, and determine the conditions under which they are correct. Finally, a medical application in the decision-making of the diagnosis of dengue fever is examined.
Induction of Parkinsonian-Like Changes via Targeted Downregulation of Astrocytic Glutamate Transporter GLT-1 in the Striatum
Authors: Ren Chao , He Kai-Jie , Hu Hua , Zhang Jin-Bao , Dong Li-Guo , Li Dan , Chen Jing , Mao Cheng-Jie , Wang Fen , Liu Chun-Feng
Published: October 2021

Background: Previous investigations have suggested that decreased expression of glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) is involved in glutamate excitotoxicity and contribute to the development of Parkinson’s disease (PD), GLT-1 is decreased in animal models of PD. GLT-1 is mainly expressed in astrocytes, and the striatum is a GLT-1-rich brain area. Objective: The aim was to explore the function and mechanism of astrocytic GLT-1 in PD-like changes. Methods: In the study, PD-like changes and their molecular mechanism in rodents were tested by a behavioral assessment, micro-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), western blotting, immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining, and high performance liquid chromatography pre-column derivatization with O-pthaldialdehida after downregulating astrocytic GLT-1 in vivo and in vitro. Results: In vivo, after 6 weeks of brain stereotactic injection of adeno-associated virus into the striatum, rats in the astrocytic GLT-1 knockdown group showed poorer motor performance, abnormal gait, and depression-like feature; but no olfactory disorders. The results of micro-PET/CT and western blotting indicated that the dopaminergic system was impaired in astrocytic GLT-1 knockdown rats. Similarly, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive immune-staining in neurons of astrocytic GLT-1 knockdown rats showed deficit in cell count. In vitro, knockdown of astrocytic GLT-1 via RNA interference led to morphological injury of TH-positive neurons, which may be related to the abnormal calcium signal induced by glutamate accumulation after GLT-1 knockdown. Furthermore, the GLT-1 agonist ceftriaxone showed a protective effect on TH-positive neuron impairment. Conclusion: The present findings may shed new light in the future prevention and treatment of PD based on blocking glutamate excitotoxicity.
Knowledge of community pharmacists in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal about the risks associated with medication use during pregnancy
Authors: Kafle Sajala , Jha Nisha , Sapkota Yunima , Shankar Pathiyil Ravi
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND: Community pharmacists are among the most accessible health care providers. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates the knowledge of community pharmacists about the risks associated with medication use during pregnancy. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in March 2021 among the 344 community pharmacies in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Convenience sampling was used for data collection using a structured and validated questionnaire. RESULTS: The majority of participants were male: 264 (76.7%), 94.2% were between the age of 21 to 30 years, and 53.1% had work experience of less than one year. Over half had completed diploma in pharmacy. Less than 10 medicines were dispensed to pregnant women daily in 61.6% of the pharmacies. Only 28.8% of the community pharmacists always inquired about pregnancy status from women in the reproductive age group. The median knowledge score was significantly different among individuals with different work experience and qualifications (p < 0.001). There was also difference in median scores according to average number of medicines dispensed daily (p = 0.006). The knowledge score also differed according to average number of medicines dispensed to pregnant woman and inquiry by the pharmacist about pregnancy status (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our study revealed that the median knowledge scores need improvement.
Entrapped peripherally inserted central catheter due to fibrin sheath in a neonate with noninvasive extraction and review of literature
Authors: Ruikka J.L. , Acun C. , Karnati S.
Published: October 2021

Peripherally inserted central catheter line entrapment is a rare complication in the neonatal intensive care unit and only a small number of cases have been reported. While studies have suggested recommendations for removal, there is still a need for surgical intervention in some cases. This is a case of a premature infant with long term peripherally inserted central catheter line placement with fibrin sheath formation that required multiple attempts before successful noninvasive removal and a review of the cases with difficult peripherally inserted central catheter removal in newborns.
RETRACTED: Dependence of emotional burnout on personality typology in the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Seluch Marina , Volchansky Mikhail , Safronov Roman
Published: October 2021

This article has been retracted, and the online PDF has been watermarked “RETRACTED”. The retraction notice is available at https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-223650.
The clinical outcomes of flexible ureteroscopy and laser lithotripsy (FURSL) for treatment of the upper urinary tract calculi
Authors: Tao Wei , Ming Xu , Zang Yachen , Zhu Jin , Zhang Yuanyuan , Sun Chuanyang , Xue Boxin
Published: October 2021

PURPOSE: To evaluate efficacy and safety of flexible ureteroscopy and laser lithotripsy (FURSL) for treatment of the upper urinary tract calculi. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 784 patients who underwent FURSL between January 2015 and October 2020 in our unit. All patients were preoperatively evaluated with urine analysis, serum biochemistry, urinary ultrasonography, non-contrast computed tomography and intravenous urography. The procedure was considered as successful in patients with complete stone disappearance or fragments < 4 mm on B ultrasound or computed tomography. The operative parameters, postoperative outcomes and complications were recorded and analyzed respectively. RESULTS: The average operative time and postoperative hospital stay were 46.9±15.8 min and 1.2±1.1 days, respectively, among 784 patients. In addition, 746 patients were followed up and 38 patients were lost. In these patients, 700 (93.8%) cases met the stone removal criteria and 46 cases (6.2%) did not meet the stone removal criteria who need further treatment. The stone free rate (SFR) is 92.5%after 1–3 months and SFR of middle and upper calyceal calculi was higher than that of lower calyceal calculi significantly. The most common complications were fever (58/784, 7.4%), gross hematuria (540/784, 68.9%) and lpsilateral low back pain (47/784, 6.0%). The incidence rate of serious complication was 1.28%(10/784), including 5 cases of septic shock and 5 cases of subcapsular hematoma, which were cured after active treatment. CONCLUSION: FURSL is a reliable treatment for small and medium calculi patients of upper urinary tract. The curative effect of stone removal is clear. The complications are few and the safety is high. However, there are certain limitations to the efficacy in treating larger stone and lower calyceal calculi.
Towards a model of chain-by-chain magnetization of a granular medium: a variant of magnetic diagnostics of chains of spheres
Authors: Sandulyak A. A. , Sandulyak D. A. , Gorpinenko Yu. О. , Ershova V. A. , Sandulyak A. V.
Published: October 2021

In addition to information on the magnetic parameters of inhomogeneous magnetics, in particular, granular magnetics usually studied within the framework of the quasi-continuous medium model, it is of no less interest to obtain information from the standpoint of the model, when the object of study is the characteristic elements of an inhomogeneous magnetic. According to the well-proven model of selective magnetization of a granular medium, the elements that make up this medium are chains of granules – straight and sinuous, always manifesting themselves in the direction of its magnetization. They perform the function of conductor channels of the generated magnetic flux through the granular medium. As a result, it is a kind of branched «bundle» of conductor channels. For any of the chains of granules, for example, granules-balls of radius R, conceptually significant are the magnetic parameters of its conditional cores with radius r ≤ R, and these parameters, first of all, the magnetic permeability of quasi-continuous cores and magnetic induction in them, for different (in r) cores are variable, which requires appropriate magnetic diagnostics. To clarify the magnetic parameters of the conditional cores of a chain of granules-balls, as a physically self-sufficient element of a granular medium (i.e., in accordance with the model of chain-link magnetization of such a medium), it is practical to make measuring magnetic flux sensors in the core as circular sensors surrounding the contact point of granules-balls, however, not as traditional wire loops, but as circuits on thin printed circuit boards (with mounting holes) placed between adjacent balls. Based on the obtained data of the magnetic flux in cores of different radii r (r/R = 0.2–0.9) of a chain of spheres with a radius of R = 20 mm, the values of the magnetic induction B in them, as well as their magnetic permeability μ, were determined when the chain is magnetized in the solenoid by a field of strength from 4.8 to 54.5 kA/m. It is shown that with formal thickening of the cores, the values of B and μ decrease due to a decrease in the volume of the ferromagnet in the core, and for the limiting core (r/R → 1), i.e., for the chain as a whole, they correspond to the values of B and μ for a poly-ball backfill medium.
Two-stage spline-approximation in linear structure routing
Authors: Karpov D. A. , Struchenkov V. I.
Published: October 2021

In the article, computer design of routes of linear structures is considered as a spline approximation problem. A fundamental feature of the corresponding design tasks is that the plan and longitudinal profile of the route consist of elements of a given type. Depending on the type of linear structure, line segments, arcs of circles, parabolas of the second degree, clothoids, etc. are used. In any case, the design result is a curve consisting of the required sequence of elements of a given type. At the points of conjugation, the elements have a common tangent, and in the most difficult case, a common curvature. Such curves are usually called splines. In contrast to other applications of splines in the design of routes of linear structures, it is necessary to take into account numerous restrictions on the parameters of spline elements arising from the need to comply with technical standards in order to ensure the normal operation of the future structure. Technical constraints are formalized as a system of inequalities. The main distinguishing feature of the considered design problems is that the number of elements of the required spline is usually unknown and must be determined in the process of solving the problem. This circumstance fundamentally complicates the problem and does not allow using mathematical models and nonlinear programming algorithms to solve it, since the dimension of the problem is unknown. The article proposes a two-stage scheme for spline approximation of a plane curve. The curve is given by a sequence of points, and the number of spline elements is unknown. At the first stage, the number of spline elements and an approximate solution to the approximation problem are determined. The method of dynamic programming with minimization of the sum of squares of deviations at the initial points is used. At the second stage, the parameters of the spline element are optimized. The algorithms of nonlinear programming are used. They were developed taking into account the peculiarities of the system of constraints. Moreover, at each iteration of the optimization process for the corresponding set of active constraints, a basis is constructed in the null space of the constraint matrix and in the subspace – its complement. This makes it possible to find the direction of descent and solve the problem of excluding constraints from the active set without solving systems of linear equations. As an objective function, along with the traditionally used sum of squares of the deviations of the initial points from the spline, the article proposes other functions taking into account the specificity of a particular project task.
Evolution of the rotational motion of a viscoelastic planet with a core on an elliptical orbit
Authors: Shatina A. A. , Starostina A. V.
Published: October 2021

The work is devoted to the study of the evolution of the rotational motion of a planet in the central Newtonian field of forces. The planet is modeled by a body consisting of a solid core and a viscoelastic shell rigidly attached to it. A limited formulation of the problem is considered, when the center of mass of the planet moves along a given Keplerian elliptical orbit. The equations of motion are derived in the form of a system of Routh equations using the canonical Andoyer variables, which are “action-angle” variables in the unperturbed problem and have the form of integro-differential equations with partial derivatives. The technique developed by V.G. Vilke is used for mechanical systems with an infinite number of degrees of freedom. A system of ordinary differential equations is obtained by the method of separation of motions. The system describes the rotational motion of the planet taking into account the perturbations caused by elasticity and dissipation. An evolutionary system of equations for the “action” variables and slow angular variables is obtained by the averaging method. A phase portrait is constructed that describes the mutual change in the modulus of the angular momentum vector G of the rotational motion and the cosine of the angle between this vector and the normal to the orbital plane of the planet’s center of mass. A stationary solution of the evolutionary system of equations is found, which is asymptotically stable. It is shown that in stationary motion, the angular momentum vector G is orthogonal to the orbital plane, and the limiting value of the modulus of this vector depends on the eccentricity of the elliptical orbit. The constructed mathematical model can be used to study the tidal evolution of the rotational motion of planets and satellites. The results obtained in this work are consistent with the results of previous studies in this area.
An Exploration of the Lived Experiences of Health Professional Staff during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the UK. A study using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis.
Authors: Dhillon Narinderjeet Kaur
Published: October 2021

The research aims were to explore the lived experiences of Health Professional Staff (HPs) in Private Primary and Private Community Care during the COVID-19 pandemic and to compare those experiences of HPs. The objectives of the study were to explore the lived experiences of HPs, including their views and feelings and to compare the different staff groups. A qualitative inductive approach was justified because the research question is an exploration of participants views/perceptions and feelings and lived experiences that require open ended questions. The data collection utilized semi-structured interviews, the data was transcribed and analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological analysis. There were five women and five men in total that were interviewed, all had given informed consent and University Ethical approval was obtained. Interviews were conducted between December-January 2021. The main findings were ten major themes of 1. Health and wellbeing, 2. Positives, 3. Patients, 4. Staff, 5. Family, 6. Job commitment, 7. Remote Working, 8. News/media, 9. Communications, 10. Negatives. These themes were categorised to produce three superordinate themes that represented the impact of COVID-19 on HPs, these were 1. Interventions, 2. Alliances, 3. Professionalism. The superordinate themes of Interventions, Alliances and Professionalism were factors impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic across HPs personal, professional, and social lives positively or negatively, concluding that biopsychosocial needs are priorities during and post-pandemic employment to ensure health and wellbeing. The findings diverge between HPs job roles, work demands, patient population and job location. As part of a biopsychosocial lens, it is vital that these are considered in national or local policy and to ensure accessibility to marginalised groups such as young women, and those from BAME backgrounds.

KEYWORDS: Health Professional, COVID-19, Health and Well-being, NHS, Lived Experiences, England, UK
Criminal policy in the legal security system
Authors:   L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Ongarbayev E.A. , Sembekova B.R. ,   L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University
Published: October 2021

The article considers issues of legal security through the modernization of criminal law, criminal procedure and criminal execution norms aimed at improving the criminal policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The authors carried out an analysis of norms of criminal law, criminal procedural, and criminal executive legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The article highlights some innovations in a comparative aspect, indicating promising directions, ensuring the effectiveness of their application and implementation in law enforcement activity of the subjects of proof. The article reveals mechanisms of criminal policy improvement based on the system-complex approach and application of comparative-legal analysis. System-complex approach has been considered in terms of disclosure of material and procedural norms, determining comprehensiveness, completeness, and objectivity of regular processes of interaction, reflection, and manifestation of objective-subjective factors of formation and development of criminal activity. The mechanism of criminal activity has been disclosed in terms of regulation and management of the process of
Official clarification of normative legal acts: the experience of the EAEU countries and gaps in legal regulation of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Authors:   Kazakh-American Free University, Abdrasulova A.E.
Published: October 2021

The official clarification of regulatory legal acts is a key stage in the implementation of the provisions and norms of national legislation. Legal regulations cannot provide for all the nuances of life circumstances, which are always more complicated than legal standards. In these circumstances, the respective subjects of legal relations are assisted by such institution as interpretation (clarification) of legal norms, filling in gaps by analogy, which also cannot be implemented without an appropriate interpretation of the rules of law. At the same time, the optimal legal consolidation of such activities in national legislation is of great importance, providing effective legal regulation of the content and procedure for clarifying regulatory legal acts. This paper shows the system of clarification of legal regulations in the Republic of Kazakhstan and the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (hereinafter-the EAEU), identifies the problems of legislative regulation of this type of activity, suggests measures to improve the legal mechanism for the official interpretation of regulatory legal acts, including laws
Ethic principles of using genetic information during criminal jurisdictional activity
Authors:   National Research Tomsk State University, Andreeva O.I. , Zaitsev O.A. ,   Under the Government of the Russian Federation
Published: October 2021

The article considers how the principles of respect for the honor and dignity of the individual and privacy are implemented in the use of genetic information in criminal proceedings. The authors analyzed existed tendencies, directed to increase the extent of federal basis of genetic information due to extension of the list of subjects, liable to compulsory genetic registration, legal regulation of mechanism of using genetic information during criminal trial. The authors concluded that indiscriminate extension of subjects, liable to compulsory genome records, covered by accused (suspected) persons in a committing of a crime, or deposing genome information of acquitted persons in data bases, or deposing genome information of persons, whose criminal cases were closed due to rehabilitative circumstances, do not meet requirements of the protection of their rights and legal interests. It is proven that the production of genetic expert evidence should be proceeded based on court judgment, secured with additional guarantees that this genetic information won’t be revealed out of the investigation of a concrete criminal case. The method of obtaining biometrical materials should include following actions: informing a person about the purpose and means of its obtaining, his/her rights, his/her duties, his/her responsibilities, access conditions to obtained materials, reindefication and restrictions of anonymity or privacy. The storage procedure of genetic information should guarantee the protection of the private life of a person; provide controlled access to it and to biometrical materials by authorities.
Investigation of Biomechanical and Anthropometric Variables of Football Players According to Their Playing Position: Review Article
Authors:   Department of Sport Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran., Ferasat Rasool
Published: October 2021

Objective: Football activities may be directly related to the playing position of the players on the field; so, football players develop their specific physical characteristics based on the demands of individual positions. This study aimed to investigate the biomechanical and anthropometric variables of football players according to the playing position. Methods: This review study reviewed Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct search engines for articles related to the keywords from 1996 to 2020. Results: According to the reviewed articles, it was found that biomechanical and anthropometric variables in football players are different according to the playing position. Conclusion: It seems that biomechanical and anthropometric variables can have a direct impact on the performance of players during the game, so special attention to these variables in the field of talent identification and selection of football players in different playing positions should be considered.
The Effects of an Eight-week Cawthorne-Cooksey Training Program on Balance and Lower Limb Strength in the Elderly
Authors:   Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercise, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran., Azimizadeh Mohammad Javad , Tabatabai Asl Seyyed Mojtaba ,   Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercise, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran., Hoseini Seyyed Hosein ,   Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercise, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
Published: October 2021

Objective: With age, the problems associated with loss of balance, followed by decreased muscle strength and physical function, increase. Therefore, the elderly are exposed to serious injuries. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Cawthorne Cooksey training on balance and lower limb strength in the elderly. Methods: Subjects including 24 elderly men and women participated in this study voluntarily and were divided into experimental groups (n‌=‌12) and control (n‌=‌12). The design of the present study was pre-test and post-test. Cawthorne Cooksey training were performed for eight weeks, three sessions per week and each session for 60 minutes. The main variables were balance and lower limb strength, and the leaf test was used to assess balance and the rise and fall test was used for lower limb strength. One-way covariance and dependent t-test in SPSS software version 26 were used to analyze the pre-test and post-test results and compare the groups. Results: The results of this study showed that the balance in the experimental group had a significant improvement compared to the control group (P‌=‌0.001). There was also a significant difference in lower limb strength in the experimental group compared to the control (P‌=‌0.002). Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, these exercises positively affect balance and lower limb strength in the elderly. Due to the decline in physical function of the elderly, performing these exercises increases the level of physical function and quality of life of the elderly.
Evaluation of the Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions Prevalence in Hospitalized Children in Sari City from 2014 to 2018: An Original Research
Authors:   Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran., Houshmand Hamidreza , Shiran Mohammad Reza ,   Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran., Ghaffari Javad ,   Department of Immunology and Allergy, Bou Ali Sina Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran., Abounoori Mahdi ,   Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran., Maddah Mohammad Moein ,   Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran., Razavi Alireza ,   Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran., Askari Sajjad ,   Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran., Bayat Sara ,   Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran., Houshmand Gholamreza ,   Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
Published: October 2021

Background: Drug allergy is a subtype of Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) mediated by the immunologic system. Extreme drug allergy is poorly known in children that contribute to hospitalization in our region. Objectives: This research aimed to study major drug hypersensitivity reactions in the north of Iran among the hospitalized children. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Bou Ali Sina Hospital in the north of Iran. We analyzed the medical files of 140 children admitted to the hospital with drug allergies from 2014 to 2018. The inclusion criteria were based on the DRESS (drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms) scoring system, and those who scored more than four were enrolled. Patients with incomplete medical charts were excluded. The sampling methodology was based on the consecutive census method. Results: In the current study, 62 patients were females (44.29%), and 78 were males (55.71%). Ninety-six cases (68.57%) were children under five, and 44 cases (31.43%) were over five years old. Most ADRs were seen in patients from urban areas (58.57%) than in rural areas (41.43%). In 116 children (82.6%), maculopapular rashes were seen. Phenobarbital and cefalexin had the highest levels of drug reactions, including 85 persons (55.19%) and 18 persons (11.69%), respectively. Pruritus, fever, and scaling were the most common symptoms observed in the patients. The most commonly used treatment was antihistamines. Conclusions: The most causative medication inducing ADR was phenobarbital. The maculopapular rash was the most common skin manifestation, and there were no relationships between sex, age, medication type, and type of hypersensitivity reactions.
Stem Cell Therapy in Children With Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Narrative Review
Authors:   Department of audiology, rehabilitation Research Center, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran , Iran., Oroei Mahbobeh , Ahadi Mohsen ,   Department of audiology, rehabilitation Research Center, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran , Iran.
Published: October 2021

Context: One of the research areas is using stem cell transplantation for treating children’s sensorineural hearing loss. Preclinical studies and testing of the stem cell types have been performed in this field, and relative improvement has been achieved. Objectives: This narrative review has been prepared to study the advancements in hearing regeneration with stem cell transplantation. Data Sources: The English articles with full-text were searched in PubMed, Scopus, and Google scholar from 2000 to 2020 using keywords of sensory neural hearing loss and stem cell. Results: In 2018, the first human study was performed with stem cells from the human umbilical cord, which has promising results regarding the safety of the method and its positive effects on hearing. Conclusions: Autologous stem cell transplantation had induced relative improvement without serious adverse events in children with acquired sensorineural hearing loss. To obtain more evidence, further studies are required with larger sample sizes and in different patients groups.
FROM ‘GREEKLING’ TO ‘THUNDERBOLT’:
THE MANY NICKNAMES OF EMPEROR JULIAN
Authors:   Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vedeshkin Mikhail
Published: October 2021

The article discusses the nicknames of Emperor Julian. An analysis of the onomastic tradition makes it possible not only to assess the perception of certain aspects of the emperor's activities by various layers of late Roman society at different stages of his political career, but also to trace the metamorphoses of the image of the last open pagan on the throne of the Roman Empire in the later tradition.
THE CRUSADES IN THE ARABIC RENAISSANCE POETRY AND PROSE
Authors:   St Petersburg University, Sokolov Oleg
Published: October 2021

The article examines the works of the greatest Arab artists of the 19th and early 20th centuries, the poet Ahmad Shawqi and the novelist Jirji Zeydan, containing references to the era of the Crusades. An analysis of the work of these authors shows that, contrary to the view prevailing in modern historiography, that Arab artists began to actively refer to the Crusades era only in the second half of the 20th century, already in the Arab poetry and prose of the 19th century, numerous references to this era are found. Ahmad Shawki in his poems presents the Crusades as a time of glorious victories of Muslims, which should inspire contemporaries to fight Europeans. In his works both Muslim commanders known to Europeans and the Egyptian naval commander Husam al-Din Lulu, the savior of Mecca and Medina from the crusaders, the hero of the Arab folk tradition, appear as examples of ideal military leaders. Jirji Zeidan's writings are also characterized by a romantic view of the Crusades. The writer portrays this era as the time of noble rulers, such as Salah ad-Din and Richard the Lionheart, who were able to decide the fate of the Middle East on equal terms.
THE USE OF BODY METAPHOR IN DESCRIBING THE SOCIAL
IN CHRISTINE DE PIZAN’S “THE BOOK OF THE BODY POLITIC”
Authors:   Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bychkov Pavel
Published: October 2021

The article analyzes «The Book of the Body Politic» (1404–1407) by Christine de Pizan to show how she updated the metaphor of body politic traditional for the Middle Ages, and what were the reasons for the creation of this treatise. In it, Christine excluded the clergy from the tripartite social order scheme: in the political body the sovereign replaced the pope and the clergy. Instead of the Church playing the leading role as the ‘soul’ of society, the author introduced humanistic concepts of "good arising from the virtue" and "morals". Christine also included the third estate in the political life of a kingdom, providing its stratification and hierarchization, and giving a profound description of its role in the body politic. The metaphorical concept of " body politic" broke away from the ecclesiastical and mystical connotations and took root in the secular, political-philosophical tradition.
THE ‘REVERSE’ SHIP METAPHOR:
APPROACHING METAPHYSICS VIA SOCIETY
Authors:   Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, Artemyeva Tatiana
Published: October 2021

The metaphor of a ship led by a skillful captain as an image of society/state led by a wise ruler was perceived in the 18th century Russian culture as a well-known cultural meme. In Andrey Bolotov's (1738–1833) treatise The Guide to True Human Happiness this metaphor is used to illustrate and clarify a complicated metaphysical problem. Bolotov used this image in an attempt to explain the processes inside the human soul, the struggle between the rational and the sensual, between “thoughts and desires”, between “reason and arbitrariness”. He uses the full range of social characteristics and applies them to various mental structures. Any individual’s actions and way of life are represented as resulting from the functioning of their “inner society,” a coordinated work of a ship's crew led by reason as its captain towards the great goal – a virtuous life, bliss and peace.
Implementasi Model Pentahelix Dalam Pengembangan UMKM Dimasa Pandemi Covid-19
Authors: Ishak Parmin , Sholehah Nur Lazimatul Hilma
Published: October 2021

This study aims to determine the extent of the implementation of the pentahelix model in the development of SMEs during the COVID-19 pandemic in Wonosari District.Datawas collected through interviews, documentation and literature study. The results of this study indicate that the development of SMEs in Wonosari District using the pentahelix model has involved five stakeholders, namely the government, academia, community, business and media. Although the five stakeholders have not been optimal in carrying out their respective roles. What is lacking in the pentahelix model is the coordination between stakeholders which is still conditional. This should be a concern for the government as the leading sector to coordinate all stakeholders. As well as the need for monitoring and evaluation from the government in carrying out the program. This paper is expected to contribute to the development of SMEs in the Wonosari sub-district.
Educational Background and Gender Factors Affecting Sales Turnover of SMEs Sugar Ants Entrepreneur
Authors: Sari Titis Nistia , Yunia Dabella , Arisondha Edy
Published: October 2021

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of educational background and gender on the sales turnover of UKM Sugar Ant Entrepreneurs. The method used is SEM PLS 3 with a population of 50 respondents of SMEs Sugar Ant Entrepreneurs. The results of the study found that educational background had a positive effect on sales turnover of SMEs Sugar Ant Entrepreneurs, while gender did not have a positive effect on sales turnover of SMEs Sugar Ants Entrepreneurs. So, the Sugar Ant Entrepreneurs who are in Lebak Banten in obtaining sales turnover are not determined by gender itself, but are determined by educational background