bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diurnal and Seasonal Rhythms of Neuronal Activity in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus of Humans
Authors: Hofman Michel A. , Swaab Dick F.
Published: March 2007

The mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is considered to be a critical component of a neural system implicated in the temporal organization of a wide variety of biological processes. Since the environmental light-dark cycle is the main zeitgeber for many of these rhythms, photic information may have a synchronizing effect on the endogenous clock in the SCN by inducing periodic changes in the activity of certain groups of neurons. The present study was conducted to investigate whether the daily light-dark cycle as well as seasonal variations in photoperiod would affect the vasopressin cell population of the human SCN. To that end, the brains of 30 young human subjects (ranging in age from 6 to 47 years) were investigated.
A Role for the Circadian Clock of the Suprachiasmatic Nuclei in the Interpretation of Serial Melatonin Signals in the Syrian Hamster
Authors: Grosse Julia , Hastings Michael H.
Published: March 2007

Seasonal rhythms of reproduction in the Syrian hamster are triggered by the pineal hormone melatonin. By varying the parameters of systemic infusions of exogenous melatonin delivered to pinealectomized hamsters, it has been shown that the hypothalamus is sensitive to the duration of individual signals, which serve as an inverse coding of day length. It also has been shown that animals are sensitive to the temporal structure of a series of signals insofar as a series of melatonin infusions of appropriate number and duration may fail to invoke a gonadal response if they are presented at inappropriate frequencies. Although the endogenous circadian pacemaker of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is not thought to be involved in the measurement of or response to melatonin signal duration, its contribution to the interpretation of a series of melatonin signals remains to be determined. Syrian hamsters are able to show a short-day-like gonadal response to a series of melatonin signals delivered on a variety of noncircadian schedules, including one in which a "random" pattern of infusions is employed. This study investigated the role of the SCN in the interpretation of such infusion paradigms. Adult male Syrian hamsters received electrolytic lesions of the SCN. Pinealectomized, lesioned, and intact hamsters then were infused with melatonin or saline at one of three different phases of the day in a random pattern such that no signal was predictive of the timing of the next. Other lesioned and intact animals received melatonin or saline at the same time daily After 6 weeks, control saline-infused animals in both lesioned and intact groups had large testes. However, sham animals receiving melatonin in the random infusion pattern had regressed testes, as did the lesioned animals receiving melatonin at the same phase every day By contrast, lesioned animals that received melatonin in the random pattern of infusion did not show a short-day gonadal response. These results suggest that although the SCN is not necessary for measurement of the duration of individual signals, it may play a role in the interpretation of a series of melatonin signals in which the number of melatonin signals and the period of time over which they are encountered need to be compared.
Plasma Melatonin Circadian Rhythms during the Menstrual Cycle and after Light Therapy in Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder and Normal Control Subjects
Authors: Parry Barbara L. , Berga Sarah L. , Mostofi Nasim , Klauber Melville R. , Resnick Anna
Published: March 2007

The aim of this study was to replicate and extend previous work in which the authors observed lower, shorter, and advanced nocturnal melatonin secretion patterns in premenstrually depressed patients compared to those in healthy control women. The authors also sought to test the hypothesis that the therapeutic effect of bright light in patients was associated with corrective effects on the phase, duration, and amplitude of melatonin rhythms. In 21 subjects with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and 11 normal control (NC) subjects, the authors measured the circadian profile of melatonin during follicular and luteal menstrual cycle phases and after 1 week of light therapy administered daily, in a randomized crossover design. During three separate luteal phases, the treatments were either (1) bright (> 2500 lux) white morning (AM; 06:30 to 08:30 h), (2) bright white evening (PM;19:00 to 21:00 h), or (3) dim (< 10 lux) red evening light (RED). In PMDD subjects, during the luteal phase compared to the follicular menstrual cycle phase, melatonin onset time was delayed, duration was com pressed, and area under the curve, amplitude, and mean levels were decreased. In NC subjects, melatonin rhythms did not change significantly during the menstrual cycle. After AM light in PMDD subjects, onset and offset times were advanced and both duration and midpoint concentration were decreased as compared to RED light. After PM light in PMDD subjects, onset and offset times were delayed, midpoint concentration was increased, and duration was de creased as compared to RED light. By contrast, after light therapy in NC subjects, duration did not change; onset, offset, and midpoint concentration changed as they did in PMDD subjects. When the magnitude of advance and delay phase shifts in onset versus offset time with AM, PM, or RED light were compared, the authors found that in PMDD subjects light shifted offset time more than onset time and that AM light had a greater effect on shifting melatonin offset time (measured the following night in RED light), whereas PM light had a greater effect in shifting melatonin onset time. These findings replicate the authors' previous observation that nocturnal melatonin concentrations are decreased in women with PMDD and suggest specific effects of light therapy on melatonin
Health Effects of Environmental Chemicals
Authors: Greenberg Michael R.
Published: March 2007

"Polemical" is the best word to describe the voluminous literature about the health effects of environmental chemicals. The literature includes both lengthy scientific treatises that few read and brief emotional pleas heard by many; books that are one-sided representations and misdefinitions of important single words; and vitriolic attacks on subspecialities and people. Unfortunately, the literature does not include sufficient information to allow us to determine the risk posed by the majority of chemicals in the human environment. In light of this state of knowledge, planners must work with others to constrain potentially dangerous land uses.
Thinking Critically about Environmental Mediation
Authors: Campbell Marcia Caton , Floyd Donald W.
Published: March 2007

Environmental mediation is a well-established sub field of dispute resolution-with a substantial literature documenting case studies, mediation techniques, and processes—that is beginning to be institutionalized at the federal level. Critics of the practice have raised concerns that merit careful consideration about issues such as the co-optation of environmental and citizens groups, protection of the public interest, and power imbalances. Three questions that arise from a critique of environmental mediation are explored here. First, how will evolving political climates, individual values, and world-views influence adoption of environmental mediation? Second, what does recent research tell us about assessing environmental mediation's successes and its applicability to different kinds of environmental disputes? Finally, what is the planner's role in mediating environmental disputes?
Community Oriented Policing
Authors: Thayer Ralph E. , Reynolds K. Michael
Published: March 2007

This bibliography describes the evolution of community oriented policingfrom the turn of the century to the present and provides citations in a general list and in eight topical lists. The topical lists include case studies/program evaluation, citizen participation/police-community partnerships, efficacy of community policing and crime prevention methods, gangs/ juvenile delinquency, law enforcement and citizen reactions to community onrented policing, police officer training/education/ management, program implementation, public housing, theories of crime and policing, and policing models/studies/surveys. Intended for a broad readership, the bibliography contains citations from academic sources and from publications targeted to specific practitioners in the criminal justice system.
Women Who Kill: Offenders or Defenders?
Authors: Stout Karen D.
Published: March 2007

Interviews with 18 women prisoners in Missouri who were convicted of killing their male partners found that 16 had been physically abused by their partners and only 5 were permitted to present evidence of their physical abuse during their trials. Half the women received life sentences with no possibility of parole or no possibility of parole for 50 years. To ensure justice for battered women who kill in self-defense, social workers are encouraged to learn more about this population and to engage in advocacy on behalf of these women.
Winning Isn't Everything: Jeannette Rankin's Views on War
Authors: Cook Jeanne F.
Published: March 2007

A newspaper advertisement for one of the major celebrations held to welcome home the troops from the Persian Gulf featured a group of smiling and healthy young men and women in military garb. The caption accompanying the picture was, "Who says winning isn't everything?" (Desert Storm Homecoming Foundation, 1991). In this article, the beliefs of Jeannette Rankin, one of the United States's most prolific pacifists of the 20th century, will be examined in conjunction with the realities of the Persian Gulf War. This examination will contest the assumption that winning is everything and propose that winning is worth little when compared to the costs of war.
Social Policy on Women Prisoners: A Historical Analysis
Authors: Harm Nancy J.
Published: March 2007

Although the number of female prisoners is increasing steadily, the criminal justice system still does not provide women with the same treatment of choice or options for training as it does male prisoners. This article traces the history of social policy toward female prisoners as a basis for understanding the current status of women in the correctional system. Specific examples are drawn from research in Illinois to illustrate attitudes that shaped policies.
National Family Policy: Sweden Versus the United States
Authors: Spakes Patricia
Published: March 2007

This article compares the current approach to family policy in the United States with Sweden's family policy, focusing on the connection between family supports and labor market policy. The goal is to clarify the real impact of Swedish family policy on women and the limitations of the approach advocated in the United States. "Women-friendly" policies, which foster equality of opportunity and equality of result, are the suggested policy directions.
Questioning the Party Line on Family Violence
Authors: Carlson Bonnie E.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the role of women as perpetrators of violence in intimate relationships with male partners, lesbian partners, children, and elderly relatives. It discusses the relationship between gender and power, why women abuse loved ones, and the contribution of gender-related factors to such violence.
Costs and Benefits of Reproductive Technologies
Authors: Walther Virginia N. , Young Alma T.
Published: March 2007

Advances in reproductive technologies have greatly improved the chance that infertile women can become mothers. This article describes these biomedical and technological advances and discusses the ethical dilemmas that have arisen as a result of them.
Gender, Class, and Motherhood: The Legacy of Federal Child Care Policy
Authors: Tuominen Mary
Published: March 2007

The full-time at-home mother is a historically and politically constructed "ideal type" in the United States. Federal child care policies historically reinforced middle-class women's roles as full-time at-home mothers and stigmatized federal child care programs as charity services for poor, ethnic, and immigrant women. Despite its persistence, the ideology of the middle-class mother conflicts with the historical and contemporary reality of women's lives. Although demands for federally supported child care increase, gender and class ideologies remain integral to the formation of federal child care policies.
Legal and Social Differences Between Men and Women Who Kill Intimate Partners
Authors: Stout Karen D. , Brown Patricia
Published: March 2007

This study of the differences between 23 men and 18 women who were convicted of partner homicide in Missouri found that the women were more likely to be injured and to seek medical attention as a result of the battering they received than were the men and had a higher level of fear of the batterers before they killed them. Furthermore, the modal sentence for these women was more severe than the modal sentence for the men.
Birthmothers: Silent Relationships
Authors: Weinreb Maxine , Konstam Varda
Published: March 2007

This article reports on interviews with eight women who surrendered their babies for adoption. The interviews revealed that depression, isolation, and feelings of relational disconnection characterized the experience of relinquishing their babies and continued to reverberate throughout the women's lives.
Correlates and Consequences of Adult Sexual Assault Disclosure
Authors: ULLMAN SARAH E.
Published: March 2007

The present study investigated disclosure of sexual assault to members of one's social network in a convenience sample of sexual assault victims (N = 155) completing a mail survey. Three sets of correlates (demographics, assault characteristics, postassault experiences) of the timing of sexual assault disclosure and subsequent social reactions received from social network members were examined. Delayed disclosure was associated with childhood sexual assault history, completed rape, and avoidance coping, whereas early disclosure was associated with offender preassault alcohol use and postassault medical attention. Negative social reactions were more common among women who used avoidance coping and victims who told physicians or police about their assaults. Positive social reactions were associated with higher income, less physical injury due to the assault, less self-blame, less postassault distress, and saying that a friend/relative or a rape crisis center was helpful regarding the assault. Implications of these results for research and treatment of sexual assault survivors are discussed.
Posttraumatic Child Therapy (P-TCT)
Authors: PARSON ERWIN RANDOLPH
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the adverse health effects of political terror and community violence on the minds and bodies of children, posttraumatic symptoms and responses to violence, a prescribed assessment process, and a model of intervention called “posttraumatic child therapy” (P-TCT). Posttraumatic assessment of children victimized by political or community violence is seen here as a critical dimension of clinical treatment—P-TCT. Discussed as a system of care and therapy, moreover, P-TCT incorporates cognitive, behavioral, and psychodynamic procedures into its methods. Thus the proposed treatment approach here includes what the author calls behavioral traumatic stress management; techniques to alter the child's cognitive theories of self, trauma, and world; and the careful timing of the use of transference work to help repair the rupture in the fabric of the child's attachment capabilities.
Mergers and Acquisitions: How Executive Compensation May Affect Deal
Authors: Bickford Lawrence C.
Published: March 2007

Mergers and acquisitions almost always threaten a corporation's existing compensation plan. When such transactions occur, the acquiring company must consider and evaluate the acquired company's current executive compensation program. In addition, it must measure the value of the acquired company's compensation components, implement its own policies, and restructure a new executive compensation program. Some of the issues executives will want to consider include: 1) Will it be feasible to use pooling-of-interests accounting? 2) What will be the impact of change-in-control provisions? and 3) What compensation issues will need to be addressed once the deal is completed? When considering these issues, it is best for the companies involved to include representatives from both parties and third-party moderators in order to structure a more applicable compensation plan that benefits both their employees and their shareholders.
Citizen Recourse To Self Protection: Structural, Attitudinal And Experiential Factors
Authors: Ziegenhagen Eduard A.
Published: March 2007

At least one fourth of the New York City subway riders surveyed in a 1986 study carry some form of self protection ranging from guns and knives to mace. The tendency of citizens to carry self protective devices is a source of concern to law enforcement officials who denounce such behavior as needless and potentially harmful. Criminal justice practitioners assert that the likelihood of becoming a victim of violent crime is small, that victims and prospective victims are incompetent in their efforts to protect themselves, and that protection against crime is primarily an area reserved to the state regardless of whether it is effective or not. How is one to explain the practice of carrying devices dedicated to self protection when it persists contrary to the advice and disapproval of criminal justice practitioners?
The Impact of Legislatively Imposed Change on the Criminal Justice Interorganizational Network
Authors: Slater Thomas H.
Published: March 2007

This study postulates that the criminal justice process is a mandated interorganizational network and responds to proposed change in a pre dictable manner. New York State criminal justice networks were exam ined as they responded to legislatively directed change to eliminate jail overcrowding through the use of alternative to incarceration programs. The analysis of jail use patterns indicated that, overall, the legislation did not have the desired impact on jail overcrowding. This study has policy implications for change efforts directed at local criminal justice networks.
Use of a Silicone Nipple Shield with Premature Infants
Authors: Clum Debbie , Primomo Janet
Published: March 2007

Nipple shields have been used with premature infants to facilitate breastfeeding in certain circumstances. In this paper, clinical observations and chart reviews regarding nipple shield use by 15 premature infants are reported. Volume taken at the first breastfeeding was compared to the volume prescribed by the physician, based on caloric requirements for infant weight. Using test weights, we found that 60 percent of these infants consumed 50 percent or more of the prescribed amount with the first use of the nipple shield. The nipple shield was found to be useful in certain circumstances where mothers had attempted breastfeeding previously.
Lactational Headache: A Lactation Consultant's Diary
Authors: Thorley Virginia
Published: March 2007

There are few references to lactational cephalalgia (headache) in the literature, and these few such headaches are attributed to oxytocin surges associated with the milk-ejection reflex. The case described here differs, in that the apparent trigger was overfulness, rather than an oxytocin surge, that occurred when the infant began sleeping through the night or after a missed, delayed, or partial feed. Headaches were relieved by putting the baby to the breast and the resultant milk-ejection reflex. This case study describes maternal coping strategies from 5 months postpartum until weaning was completed at 12 months.
Users' Understanding of the Lactational Amenorrhea Method and the Occurrence of Pregnancy
Authors: Kennedy Kathy I. , Kotelchuck Milton , Visness Cynthia M. , Kazi Afroze , Ramos Rebecca
Published: March 2007

It is unknown whether a user's understanding of the Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM) is related to its successful use. A study of 876 LAM users in Pakistan and the Philippines collected information about women's understanding of LAM. The present analysis aims to determine: (1) the proportion of LAM users who understand the method, (2) whether any known factors can distinguish those who understand LAM from those who do not, and (3) whether an understanding of LAM is related to subsequent pregnancy. Over 75% of LAM users could consistently recite the LAM guidelines correctly for a full year postpartum. However, 38% of users failed to display, at least once, an understanding of LAM during the first year postpartum mainly by failing to abstain, to use another method or to explain their nonuse of another method when their LAM protection expired. LAM understanding generally could not be predicted by sociodemographic factors. The occurrence of pregnancy during the first year postpartum was not related to LAM understanding, regardless of how LAM understanding was defined, nor could it be predicted by any other measured characteristic of the users.
Getting Into Fishing
Authors: Miller Marc L. , Van Maanen John
Published: March 2007

Fishing as an occupation is typically regarded as a most traditional trade. The work culture associated with fishing is seen to be homogeneous and stable, membership being gained primarily through kinship ties. This article questions such a depiction and suggests the current visibility of "nontraditional" types of fishermen increasingly active in what we call the fishing scene of New England A taxonomy of nontraditional fishermen is presented based on the social contrasts fishermen regard as important Such a taxonomy cuts across the more common distinctions used to segment the occupation (such as species sought, scale of operations, gear configurations, and so on), suggesting, among other things, current shifts in the social organization of fishing
Crime as Strategic Interaction
Authors: Best Joel
Published: March 2007

Extortion's social organization can be distinguished from that of other predatory crimes In extortion, an extortionist threatens to injure a hostage unless the target agrees to pay a ransom The target must cooperate for the exchange to take place. Extortion features considerable tactical maneuvering; control of information, presentation of character, deceit, the nature of the hostage and the ransom, and the possibility of repeated extortionate transactions affect the outcome Publicity and repetition pose special problems for social control agents, and officials discover the need to articulate strategies for responding to extortion Extortion offers useful comparisons to other situations of deviant exploitation and the use of coercive power.
Reshaped Parenthood Identity
Authors: Daly Kerry
Published: March 2007

Infertility is problematic, as it blocks the expected transition to parenthood and forces a reevaluation of its meaning. Couples who remain infertile over time must choose between remaining childless or pursuing parenthood through some other means. For those whose parenthood identity continues to be salient (Stryker, 1980), adoption becomes an alternative route for achieving this identity. Becoming an adoptive parent for this reason can be viewed as a transformation of identity. This shift in identity occurs as a result of certain “turning points” or “critical incidents” (Strauss, 1959) that signalize new evaluations of self. Based on participant observation and semistructured interviews, in this article I describe and analyze the events of this identity transformation process as they occur in three stages: the assumption of fertility and the expectations for biological parenthood; the realization that biological parenthood may be problematic; and identification with adoptive parenthood.
NEW YORK JEWS AND CHINESE FOOD
Authors: TUCHMAN GAYE , LEVINE HARRY GENE
Published: March 2007

For more than 50 years, the children and grandchildren of Jews who immigrated from Eastern Europe to New York City have loved Chinese restaurant food and incorporated it into their new culture and identity as New York Jews. This practice goes against the general sociological understanding that ethnic groups form their identities out of their “traditional” customs. Using a combination of qualitative methods and analytic tools, the researchers provide an analysis of the New York Jewish attachment to Chinese food by focusing on the meanings that Jews projected onto the food. The article demonstrates how patterns of ethnic cultures in general, and of this one in particular, are recursive; that is, socially constructed meanings become the raw materials for new cultural creations.
TOWARD A NEW DEFINITION OF ACCOUNTABILITY
Authors: MOBLEY CATHERINE
Published: March 2007

This article describes the research experience of the author in working with a group of voluntary organizations in Swindon, England, to change policy makers' perspectives regarding the evaluation of local voluntary work. The focus is on how the author's applied research strategy contributed to policy change in Swindon. In the end, the ethnographic perspective in which this project was conducted became a vital tool for empowering local groups to develop their own approaches to evaluation, rather than succumbing to policy makers' attempts to impose their own methods.
AS A TOURIST IN TAHITI
Authors: MARKULA PIRKKO
Published: March 2007

This article evolved from a disappointing holiday I had in Tahiti. First, I present my Tahitian experience in a storied form. Then, after condemning Tahiti as an unworthy leisure resort, I examine my own expectations as a Western woman and trained ethnographer. I discuss how I longed for an exotic, unspoiled, Pacific pleasure paradise in a distant periphery and how I searched for something in Tahiti that I defined as authentic. I discuss how these expectations reflect a stereotypical Western cultural bias toward a binary, hierarchical understanding of the world—a worldview that as an ethnographer, I was consciously trying to avoid. Because I am mainly concerned with issues of self-reflexivity in ethnographic research, this article focuses on the relationship between researcher's Westernness and tourism.
SOCIAL CLASS AND PARENTAL ATTITUDES TOWARD EDUCATION
Authors: GORMAN THOMAS J.
Published: March 2007

This study investigates the impact of social class on parents' attitudes toward their children's education. The results suggest that two concepts—resistance and conformity—are central to understanding parental attitudes toward education and the process by which those attitudes are shaped. The data indicate that the probability parents will conform to or resist the meritocratic ideology of acquiring a college degree to help ensure occupational success tends to depend on parents' social-class background and, concomitantly, on whether they have experienced “hidden injuries of class.” A more inclusive sampling strategy proved useful in documenting the varied attitudes found among working-class and middle-class parents. The attitudes of parents toward higher education have the potential to influence their children's attitudes toward education, their children's chances of obtaining a college degree, and their own chances of returning to school. This research suggests that the family is an important site for cultural production and social reproduction.
Regional Public-Private Partnerships: Forging the Future
Authors: Grossman Howard J.
Published: March 2007

The Economic Development Council of Northeastern Pennsylvania (EDCNP) was formed in 1964 by business leaders who saw the need for regional approaches to economic development to supplement the work of existing organizations such as chambers of commerce and local industrial development groups. The EDCNP is one of the largest, most active, and most successful organizations today. Its activities include administering revolving loan funds, operating industrial programs, providing procurement opportunities, participating in the Ben Franklin Partnership, energy preservation, and stimulation purchase of locally produced goods. The author suggests that one reason for the success of EDCNP is an organizational structure that provides the opportunity for broad regional participation in setting economic development goals and strategies for the region, and for developing regional consensus around the issues.
Are the Antitrust Laws an Effective Tool for American Economic Revitalization?
Authors: Heywood John S.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the Reagan Administration proposal to improve the competitiveness of domestic industries in world markets by altering current United States antitrust laws. We argue that the proposal harms efforts to enforce meaningful antitrust statutes while simultaneously bringing no relief to the loss of domestic production and jobs. Despite certain connections, the issue of antitrust enforcement fundamentally differs from the issue of ensuring large scale domestic production. By confusing the two, the Administration has done a serious disservice to the debate on industrial policy.
Differences in the Dependency Rate among the States in 1985: Implications for Development and Labor Market Policy
Authors: Hill Edward W.
Published: March 2007

The concept of the dependency rate (DR), introduced in this article, is used to analyze aggregate economic dependence in the states, using annual data for 1985. The DR is a measure of the portion of a state population that is supported, directly or indirectly, by its working population. The DR is related to the unemployment rate (UR), but the measures are conceptually and statistically distinct. The DR is first used to rank order the states, and that rank order is compared to one based on the UR. Significant differences are demonstrated in the two sets of rank orders, with implications for intergovernmental transfers that are designed to ameliorate aggregate economic distress. A regression model of the DR in the 50 states is constructed. The results from the model are used to inform economic and labor market policies in the states. The states are divided into five types of labor markets: depressed, distressed, slack, tight, and full, based on their URs and the results from the statistical model.
The Adoption of Economic Development Policies by State and Local Governments: A Review
Authors: Feiock Richard C.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the literature on state and local government adoption of economic development policy. Some of the social, economic, and political factors that have been linked to enactment of development policy are identified. Three general categories of explanations are described and the empirical evidence supporting each of these explanations is examined.
1992—The European Challenge for U.S. Business: Issues and Interests
Authors: Featherstone Kevin
Published: March 2007

The move toward a single market in the European Community (EC) has unleashed a wider impetus for economic and political change in Western Europe. These developments have major implications for U.S. business and public administration, which need to prepare for them. The following article outlines the conflicts of trading interest which have arisen between the U.S. and the EC These conflicts are seen as inevitable given the attraction and the increasing status of the EC market. Both the U.S. and the EC share a common interest in avoiding trade wars: the challenge for the 1990s is for national, state, and local actors to recognize this and to establish a new era of cooperation.
Rebuilding City Economies
Authors: Clarke Susan E.
Published: March 2007

This essay reviews two recent books on urban fiscal and economic conditions: Downtown, Inc. by Bernard J. Frieden and Lynne B. Sagalyn, and America's Ailing Cities by Helen F. Ladd and John Yinger. The basic arguments in each book are set out in some detail; with special attention to their disparate policy implications. Ladd and Yinger provide normative and empirical grounds for new national and state policies targeted to cities suffering from economic trends beyond their control, but they give little credence to local economic development efforts. In contrast Frieden and Sagalyn's case studies highlight the role of local public intervention strategies in efforts to rebuild local economies through downtown revitalization projects.
Workplace-Based Education and Economic Development
Authors: Mayo Marjorie , Meyer Peter B. , Rosenblum Susan B.
Published: March 2007

Increased international competition has placed a premium on the quality of the labor force in a local economy. This article examines the forces shaping worker-employer joint education and training efforts, and the roles local development organizations can play in promoting such investments in local human capital. Cases involving public and private sector employers in Britain and the United States are examined, so as to assess the ways in which union militancy and forms of worker organization may affect efforts at cooperation. As may be expected, the authors find that successful programs depend on shared management and labor objectives. Local development groups can shape those objectives by providing information to both businesses and workers. Thus development organizations can invest their industrial recruitment and business retention data in improving the quality of local labor forces by promoting workplace-based joint education and training programs.
Local Economic Development in the 1980s and 1990s: Retrospect and Prospects
Authors: Benington John , Geddes Mike
Published: March 2007

The authors suggest that local economic development in the 1990s is facing a very different economic and political context from that of the 1970s and 1980s, and that this requires the development of very different paradigms and strategies. In particular, they argue that the transition from a Fordist to a post-Fordist economy, and the process of economic and political integration in the European Community confront local economic development agencies with a fundamentally new set of challenges in both the United Kingdom and the United States. This also means that the focus of comparative study of local economic development needs to be shifted to recognize the European context within which British localities increasingly operate.
Measuring Interstate and Interregional Income Inequality in the United States
Authors: Nissan Edward , Carter George
Published: March 2007

Interstate and interregional income inequality are reported for each year from 1929 to 1990 using a measure that belongs to the entropy family. It was found that a substantial reduction in inequality occurred between the early 1930s and mid-J970s, followed by a slight increase thereafter for both interstate and interregion. In particular, interregional inequality as a percentage of total interstate was reduced from approximately 85% in the 1940s to approximately 55% in the mid-1980s, increasing thereafter to 61% in 1990.
The Dilemmas and Contradictions of Economic Development for Blacks and Latinos in the United States
Authors: Betancur John J.
Published: March 2007

This review essay examines four books representing some of the main positions and proposed solutions regarding African American and Latino underdevelopment in the United States today. It summarizes and contrasts the various, often contending views, present in the books. The author argues that the debate reflects deep contradictions in American society and that the differing positions largely represent the views of the groups and interests in contention. While identifying weaknesses and possible research areas, the author introduces some of the elements for a progressive agenda emanating from the analysis. He insists that analyses that do not integrate class, gender, race/nationality, and socioeconomic system cannot grasp the complexity of minority underdevelopment in the United States. Finally, the essay emphasizes the need to add the variable of restructuring in an effort to understand the new dimensions of the problem and to develop solutions that respond to a globalizing economy and society.
Remaking the Growth Coalition: The Pittsburgh Partnership for Neighborhood Development
Authors: Metzger John T.
Published: March 2007

An important determinant of success for community development corporations (CDCs) is their ability to create formal and informal interorganizational networks. The Pittsburgh Partnership for Neighborhood Development is one of the earliest citywide CDC networks in the United States and one of the few that became tightly integrated into the complex of financial and corporate leadership in its city. The partnership itself operates as an intermediary network for CDC real estate development and operating support, and the partnership CDCs have formed their own hub-spoke and peer-to-peer networks for employment training. But declining organizational capacity, the persisting problems of urban poverty and unemployment, and troubled economic development projects that have typically involved greater risk than those undertaken by their more housing-focused counterparts in other cities have left the partnership network vulnerable, as the political environment in city hall and in the local foundations has changed.
WHICH BODIES MATTER?
Authors: MAGUBANE ZINE
Published: March 2007

This article critiques dominant feminist analyses of the “Hottentot Venus.” It argues that these analyses of the construction of Black women as “other,” which borrow heavily from poststructuralism, make race and gender transhistorical and metaphysical constructs. The article critiques what has become the theoretical orthodoxy on the “Hottentot Venus.” It takes issue with two presumptions in particular: first, that there was a core image of the Black woman in the nineteenth century, and second, that the fear of the anatomy of the “other” is the source of negative representations of Black sexuality. The article proposes an alternative way of understanding the construction of Black women in colonial discourse. It argues that social relations, rather than psychological dispositions, determine how bodies are seen and perceived.
The Limits of “The Male Sex Role”
Authors: MESSNER MICHAEL A.
Published: March 2007

Some feminists have seen sex role theory as limited, even dangerous; others see it as useful mid-range theory. This article sheds light on this debate through an examination of the discourse of the men's liberation movement of the 1970s. Men's liberation leaders grappled with the paradox of simultaneously acknowledging men's institutional privileges and the costs of masculinity to men. The language of sex roles was the currency through which they negotiated this paradox. By the late 1970s, men's liberation had disappeared. The conservative and moderate wings of men's liberation became an anti-feminist men's rights movement, facilitated by the language of sex roles. The progressive wing of men's liberation abandoned sex role language and formed a profeminist movement premised on a language of gender relations and power. The article ends with a discussion of the implications of this case for debates about sex role theory, and urges the study of contemporary organizations whose discourse is based on the language of sex roles.
FEMINIST POLITICAL DISCOURSES:
Authors: BRENNER JOHANNA
Published: March 2007

Feminist campaigns concerning feminization of poverty and comparable worth are analyzed in terms of their major policy goals and the arguments typically used to justify those goals. The differences between liberal and radical discourses on each issue are outlined and the implications for feminist practice discussed. It is concluded that situating the issues of women's poverty and pay equity in a liberal political discourse may strengthen important ideological and social underpinnings of women's subordination.
RETHINKING TOKENISM:
Authors: YODER JANICE D.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to assess Rosabeth Moss Kanter's work on tokenism in light of more than a decade of research and discussion. While Kanter argued that performance pressures, social isolation, and role encapsulation were the consequences of disproportionate numbers of women and men in a workplace, a review of empirical data concludes that these outcomes occur only for token women in gender-inappropriate occupations. Furthermore, Kanter's emphasis on number balancing as a social-change strategy failed to anticipate backlash from dominants. Blalock's theory of intrusiveness suggests that surges in the number of lower-status members threaten dominants, thereby increasing gender discrimination in the forms of sexual harassment, wage inequities, and limited opportunities for promotion. Although Kanter's analysis of the individual consequences of tokenism was compelling to researchers and organizational change agents, continued reliance on numbers as the theoretical cause of, and as the solution to, gender discrimination in the workplace neglects the complexities of gender integration.
IRANIAN WOMEN AS IMMIGRANT ENTREPRENEURS
Authors: DALLALFAR ARLENE
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the lack of gender specificity in immigration literature on ethnic economies. In particular women's work in income-generating economic activity in ethnic enterprises is unveiled. Immigrant Iranian women's combined utilization of ethnic, gender, and class resources in the ethnic economy of Los Angeles is examined through two case studies of women's entrepreneurial endeavors in family-run businesses and in home-operated businesses. This article illustrates how ethnic resources are gender specific and that there is differential access to these resources in the ethnic economy.
ETHNICITY AND EXPERTISE
Authors: DeVAULT MARJORIE L.
Published: March 2007

Analysis of an interview conducted by a white researcher with an African American nutritionist points to the significance of racial-ethnic dynamics in the conduct of qualitative research. Interviewers who follow the standard methodological rule—to let findings “emerge” from their data—may fail to hear the significance of race-ethnicity in the accounts of informants. Close analysis suggests that talk will sometimes reveal racial-ethnic dynamics even when these are not explicit topics and that active attention to such structured inequalities produces a more robust analysis. Institutional ethnography and narrative analysis are discussed as alternatives to the grounded-theory approach to qualitative analysis.
“A CHAMBERED NAUTILUS”
Authors: ALICEA MARIXSA
Published: March 2007

Recent transnational migration literature does not sufficiently explore women's role in the development of transnational communities. By analyzing 30 interviews with Puerto Rican migrant and return migrant women, the author shows that women, through subsistence production, play a significant role in the social construction of transnational communities. By using a transnational perspective and placing migrant women's subsistence work and its contradictory nature at the center of her analysis, the author challenges studies that assume that maintaining ties to homelands leads to freedom for all family members, moves away from home/host binary frame works of immigrant women's experiences that locate greater gender oppression in home countries and more freedom in host societies, and explores women's complex perceptions of home.
UNOBTRUSIVE MOBILIZATION BY AN INSTITUTIONALIZED RAPE CRISIS CENTER
Authors: SCHMITT FREDERIKA E. , MARTIN PATRICIA YANCEY
Published: March 2007

This case study of unobtrusive mobilizing by Southern California Rape Crisis Center uses archival, observational, and interview data to explore how a feminist organization worked to change police, schools, prosecutor, and some state and national organizations from 1974 to 1994. Mansbridge's concept of street theory and Katzenstein's concepts of unobtrusive mobilization and discursive politics guide the analysis. SCRCC's theme of “All We Do Comes from Victims” reflects the source of its initiatives, that is, victims who came to them for help. Employing strategies of discursive politics and “occupy and indoctrinate,” members used a narrative method of “storytelling” to mobilize support and produce change. Our results increase understanding of how institutionalized women's movement organizations mobilize over time as they create meaning and commitment for members and outsiders. The authors call for more research on narrative as a women's movement strategy and on feminist (and allied) organizations that are situated inside institutional contexts.
Nonalcohol-Related Use Disorders in Geropsychiatric Patients
Authors: Edgell Randall C. , Kunik Mark E. , Molinari Victor A. , Hale Danielle , Orengo Claudia A.
Published: March 2007

The authors determined the prevalence and demographic features of drug use disorders in a database of 565 veteran geropsychiatric inpatients. Twenty-four patients (4%) were diagnosed with nonalcoholic substance use disorders, including 18 (3%) with prescription drug use disorders and 6 (1%) with illegal drug use disorders. The patients diagnosed with prescription drug use disorders were predominantly Caucasian, whereas those diagnosed with illegal substance use disorders were predominantly African American. No other significant demographic differences were noted. Nonalcohol substance use disorders represent an unappreciated problem in psychiatrically hospitalized older adults, with illegal substance use disorders making up a larger than expected proportion of this group. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2000; 13:33-37).
Analysis of Forming Parts from Advanced Thermoplastic Composite Sheet Materials
Authors: Okine Richard K.
Published: March 2007

Thermoforming of advanced thermoplastic composite sheets offers several advantages over traditional processing of these materials, such as tape laying However, some important processing issues have to be resolved before this can become a viable economical process. These include fiber placement control, low cycle times for molding and wrinkle-free complex shape forming.

Some of the work that has been reported in the literature so far is reviewed. The major processing considerations that have to be dealt with in going from the design to the thermoforming of a part are discussed. In particular, emphasis is placed on the different processing techniques such as matched-metal forming, hydroforming and diaphragm forming (superplastic aluminum and polymeric) and on material forms such as woven fabrics, angle-plied unidirectional tapes and the newly developed ordered staple formable sheet based on aligned discontinuous fibers. The forming of several shapes using these techniques is presented to illustrate the potential of advanced composite thermoforming and possible limitations. Some rules of thumb are also offered to reduce the trial-and-error approach currently faced by persons new to the field.
Environmental Effects on Unsymmetric Composite Laminates
Authors: Ross G.R. , Ochoa O.O.
Published: March 2007

In order to take full advantage of the tailorability of composite materials, the response of unsymmetric composite laminates is studied in an integrated analytical/ex perimental program. The laminates tested include a symmetric and an unsymmetric layup, [0 2/452] s and [04/454] I , constructed of the IM7/977-2 graphite epoxy material system pro duced by Fiberite. The test conditions simulated mclude both ambient and hot/wet condi tions in addition to tension and torsion. A quasi three-dimensional finite element program is used to evaluate the stress-strain response of these laminates. These responses are com pared with experimental observations.
Influence of Different Parameters on the Effective Thermal Conductivity of Short-Fiber Composites
Authors: Furmanski Piotr
Published: March 2007

Thermal properties of short-fiber reinforced composites depend on many, different factors, such as thermal properties and volume fractions of constituents, fiber aspect (i.e., fiber length to diameter) ratio, and fiber orientation. A general formula for predicting the effective thermal conductivity, k ef, of these types of composites has been derived. The formula accounts for fiber anisotropy, fiber length, and orientation statistical distribution. Influence of the above mentioned factors on k ef has been studied in detail. Theoretical results have been compared to the pertinent experimental data.