bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Building store brands using store image differentiation
Authors: Saraswat Amit , Mammen Toby , Aagja Jayesh P. , Tewari Ruchi
Published: August 2010

Purpose

The opening up of the Indian retail sector has seen a proliferation of the corporate players through different retail formats and stores – the majority being in the food and groceries. This necessitates creating, building, and managing differentiated retail store brands, and image differentiation, to attract and retain shoppers. This research paper attempts to understand whether the Indian consumers differentiate the various store brands and images based on their experiences.

Design/methodology/approach

The study was conducted in two stages – list of parameters of evaluation of retail store image (developed from the literature), discussed with middle‐level managers from the retail sector to finalize parameters relevant for store image measurement in the Indian context and a questionnaire evolved for primary data collection, administered to 326 SEC A and B respondents (shoppers of food and grocery from modern retail stores). To assess the store image dimensions perceived by these shoppers, factor analysis was employed and for understanding various store image attributes used for differentiation of store brands one‐way analysis of variance was employed.

Findings

Results reflect that Indian shoppers have started identifying the dimensions of retail store image and are differentiating the various stores on the basis of functional attributes. Eventually, the stores would have to create differentiation based on psychological attributes.

Research limitations/implications

The paper is limited to the organised modern food and grocery retail stores of Ahmedabad city.

Originality/value

The paper can be helpful to Indian retail store chains to focus on elements to create a differentiated store image.
Increased seawater temperature and decreased dissolved oxygen triggers fish kill at the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Indian Ocean
Authors: Hobbs J.‐P. A. , McDonald C. A.
Published: August 2010

At the Cocos (Keeling) Islands in the north‐eastern Indian Ocean >592 fishes from at least 11 species died in a series of events in December 2007, January and February 2008 and April 2009. The dead fishes were from a wide range of taxonomic families, indicating that conditions exceeded the tolerances of a broad array of species. The 2007–2008 die‐off events occurred on the warmest and calmest days of a significantly warmer and calmer summer. Fishes died in the southern inshore areas of the coral atoll lagoon at survey sites where seawater temperature was highest (33–35° C) and dissolved oxygen was lowest (1·4–1·8 mg l−1). The water temperature at these fish‐kill survey sites (33–35° C) was significantly warmer than previous years (1997 to 2005, mean ±s.e. = 28·7 ± 0·1° C). Fishes probably died because they were unable to obtain the additional oxygen required for metabolism at higher temperatures. Repeated die‐off events over the last 130 years indicate that some fishes have not yet adapted to rises in seawater temperature. This study provides empirical evidence to support suggestions that differences in physiological tolerances to increasing sea temperatures may be important in determining the structure of future coral‐reef fish communities with respect to climate change.
Antidiuretic action of angiotensin II in the river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis: evidence for endocrine control of kidney function in cyclostomes
Authors: Cobb C. S. , Brown J. A. , Rankin J. C.
Published: August 2010

Intravenous infusion of angiotensin II ([Asn1 Val5]‐Ang II) at 10−9 mol min−1 kg−1 body mass produced a significant antidiuresis in river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis, captured during upstream migration and maintained in fresh water. Although the renin‐angiotensin hormonal system (RAS) is now recognized in jawless fishes, until this study, the role of homologous Ang II in L. fluviatilis kidney function had not been examined. This study provides the first evidence for an antidiuretic action of Ang II in cyclostomes and, in evolutionary terms, suggests a renal function for the RAS in early vertebrates.
Egg capsules of the dusky catsharkBythaelurus canescens(Carcharhiniformes, Scyliorhinidae) from the south‐eastern Pacific Ocean
Authors: Concha F. , Bustamante C. , Oddone M. C. , Hernández S. , Lamilla J.
Published: August 2010

The external morphology of the egg capsule ofBythaelurus canescensand its fixation to the substratum are described.Bythaelurus canescensegg capsules are typically vase‐shaped, dorso‐ventrally flattened, pale yellow in colour when fresh and covered by 12–15 longitudinal ridges. The anterior border of the capsule is straight, whereas the posterior border is semicircular. Two horns bearing long, coiled tendrils arise from the anterior and posterior ends of the capsule. The presence of longitudinal ridges and long coiled tendrils at both anterior and posterior ends of the capsule readily distinguish these egg capsules from those of other chondrichthyans occurring in the south‐east Pacific Ocean.
Unchanged capacity of urea synthesis during acute phase response in rats
Authors: Thomsen Karen L. , Aagaard Niels K. , Nielsen Susanne S. , Grønbæk Henning , Jessen Niels , Frystyk Jan , Vilstrup Hendrik
Published: August 2010

Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 41 (1): 16–22

Background  The acute phase response presents a catabolic event related to increased waste of amino‐N via hepatic urea synthesis despite an increased need for amino‐N incorporation into acute phase proteins. In our previous studies, tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) acutely up‐regulated the in vivo capacity of urea–nitrogen synthesis (CUNS) in rats before the hepatic acute phase response was established. To extend these observations, this study aimed to clarify the regulation of N elimination via urea during the later stages of the acute phase response.

Methods  Twenty‐four hours after i.v. injection of 25 μg kg−1 TNF‐α or placebo, we determined the in vivo CUNS, hepatocyte urea cycle enzyme protein levels and mRNA levels of the urea cycle enzyme genes in pair‐fed rats. In addition, serum acute phase proteins and their liver mRNA levels were measured.

Results  After TNF‐α, CUNS and hepatocyte urea cycle enzyme protein expressions were unchanged while urea cycle enzyme mRNA levels decreased. Liver mRNA levels of α2MG, haptoglobin and α1AGP rose and their serum levels increased equally.

Conclusion  Despite a fully established 24‐h acute phase response, there was no change in the in vivo capacity for disposal of amino‐N by urea synthesis or in the urea cycle enzyme proteins, although the expression of the urea cycle enzyme genes was decreased. Thus, in vivo urea synthesis was not orchestrated together with acute phase protein synthesis so as to limit N waste despite genetic regulation to this effect. This may contribute towards catabolism of inflammation.
Differences in fine root productivity between mixed‐ and single‐species stands
Authors: Brassard Brian W. , Chen Han Y. H. , Bergeron Yves , Paré David
Published: August 2010

1. The diversity–productivity debate has so far been focused above‐ground, despite that below‐ground production can account for approximately half of total annual net primary production, mostly from fine roots.

2. Here, we investigate the fine root productivity of mature, fire‐origin stands of Populus tremuloides–Picea spp.–Abies balsamea (mixed‐species stands) and relatively pure P. tremuloides (single‐species stands) in two regions of North American boreal forest to better understand the link between plant diversity and below‐ground productivity in forest ecosystems. We hypothesized that: (i) mixed‐species stands have higher fine root productivity compared with single‐species stands and (ii) this difference may be the result of greater soil space filling by the fine roots due to the contrasting rooting traits of the component species in the mixed‐species stands.

3. We found that fine root productivity, measured by annual production and total biomass, was higher in mixed‐ than single‐species stands. We also found that mixed‐species stands had lower and higher horizontal and vertical fine root biomass heterogeneity, respectively, indicating that soil space is more fully occupied by fine roots in the mixed‐ than single‐species stands.

4. In all, our study supports that below‐ground niche differentiation may be a key driver of higher fine root productivity in mixed stands of species with contrasting rooting traits than single‐species stands by facilitating greater soil space filling of fine roots and soil resource exploitation.
The effect of ultrasonically activated irrigation on reduction of Enterococcus faecalis in experimentally infected root canals
Authors: Harrison A. J. , Chivatxaranukul P. , Parashos P. , Messer H. H.
Published: August 2010

Harrison AJ, Chivatxaranukul P, Parashos P, Messer HH. The effect of ultrasonically activated irrigation on reduction of Enterococcus faecalis in experimentally infected root canals. International Endodontic Journal, 43, 968–977, 2010.

Aim  To investigate the ability of an ultrasonically activated irrigating system to eliminate bacteria from the canal wall and dentinal tubules of extracted teeth.

Methodology  One hundred and thirty roots of intact human teeth were inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis for 4 weeks. The straight roots were randomly allocated to a baseline group (n = 25) or subjected to routine cleaning and shaping procedures (n = 105). Two sub‐groups of prepared canals were then additionally exposed either to ultrasonic irrigation with 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for 1 min (n = 35) or to 1 week of intracanal medication with calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] (n = 35). All roots were processed for light microscopy (Brown and Brenn stain) (n = 28) or scanning electron microscopy (n = 7). Triplicate histological sections from each of the apical, middle and coronal thirds were scored for bacterial presence using pre‐defined criteria.

Results  Baseline bacterial penetration resulted in an average depth of tubule invasion of 151 μm. Routine canal preparation failed to eliminate bacteria consistently from either the canal wall or within tubules. Ultrasonic irrigation and medication with Ca(OH)2 consistently eliminated bacteria from the canal wall (P < 0.001) compared with baseline and routine treatment, and more frequently from dentinal tubules than routine canal preparation alone (P < 0.01). Ultrasonic irrigation was as effective in bacterial reduction as 1 week of intracanal medication with Ca(OH)2, but neither led to complete bacterial elimination in all roots.

Conclusions  Ultrasonically activated irrigation for 1 min with 1% NaOCl after canal preparation in straight root canals is potentially an effective supplementary step in microbial control.
Efficacy of three different rotary files to remove gutta‐percha and Resilon from root canals
Authors: Marfisi K. , Mercade M. , Plotino G. , Duran‐Sindreu F. , Bueno R. , Roig M.
Published: August 2010

Marfisi K, Mercade M, Plotino G, Duran‐Sindreu F, Bueno R, Roig M. Efficacy of three different rotary files to remove gutta‐percha and Resilon from root canals. International Endodontic Journal, 43, 1022–1028, 2010.

Aim  To evaluate the efficacy of ProTaper Retreatment files, Mtwo Retreatment files and Twisted Files for removal of gutta‐percha and Resilon in straight root canals.

Methodology  Ninety single root canals were instrumented and randomly allocated into 6 groups of 15 specimens each with regards to the filling material and instruments used. Group 1: gutta‐percha/ProTaper; Group 2: Resilon/ProTaper; Group 3: gutta‐percha/Mtwo; Group 4: Resilon/Mtwo; Group 5: gutta‐percha/Twisted Files; Group 6: Resilon/Twisted Files. For all roots, the following data were recorded: procedural errors, duration of retreatment, canal wall cleanliness through optical microscope and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Data were statistically analysed, and the level of significance was set at P = 0.05.

Results  No system completely removed the root filling material from root canal walls. No significant differences were observed between the rotary systems in terms of the area of filling material left within the canals (P > 0.05). There were statistically significant differences between the filling materials: Resilon/Real Seal had less residual material than gutta‐percha/AH plus (CBCT: P = 0.01; microscope: P = 0.018). Mtwo Retreatment files were more rapid when removing filling material than ProTaper Retreatment files (P = 0.19) and Twisted Files (P = 0.04).

Conclusions  No system removed the root filling materials entirely. Mtwo Retreatment files required less time to remove root filling material than the other instruments. Resilon was removed significantly better from the canal walls than gutta‐percha, irrespective of the rotary instruments used.
Women’s experience of an emergency caesarean birth
Authors: Somera Marie J , Feeley Nancy , Ciofani Luisa
Published: August 2010

Aims. To explore women’s experience of an emergency caesarean birth to gain a better understanding of their thoughts, and feelings throughout the birth process.

Background. Women who experience an emergency caesarean birth have an increased risk of psychological distress, however, little is known about the nature of this experience from their perspective. Given the sudden and unexpected nature of this type of birth and the increased risk of psychological distress for these women, it is important for nurses to understand the experience of women who have had an emergency caesarean birth.

Design. A qualitative descriptive study was conducted.

Method. Nine Canadian women who had healthy infants were interviewed a few days after having an emergency caesarean birth. Thematic analysis of interview data was conducted concurrent with the data collection.

Results. Seven themes were identified describing the women’s experience: (1) It was for the best, (2) I did not have control, (3) Everything was going to be okay, (4) I was so disappointed, (5) I was so scared, (6) I could not believe it and (7) I was excited.

Conclusion. A key finding was that women felt out of control during this event and used reassuring thoughts to minimise their distress.

Relevance to clinical practice. Nurses should aim to enhance women’s perception of control during the emergency caesarean birth, encourage open expression of their thoughts and feelings about the birth experience, and support the use of positive reframing to cope with this event.
Substrate path in the AcrB multidrug efflux pump of Escherichia coli
Authors: Husain Fasahath , Nikaido Hiroshi
Published: August 2010

A major tripartite multidrug efflux pump of Escherichia coli, AcrAB–TolC, confers resistance to a wide variety of compounds. The drug molecule is captured by AcrB probably from the periplasm or the periplasm/inner membrane interface, and is passed through AcrB and then TolC to the medium. Currently, there exist numerous crystallographic and mutation data concerning the regions of AcrB and its homologues that may interact with substrates. Starting with these data, we devised fluorescence assays in whole cells to determine the entire substrate path through AcrB. We tested 48 residues in AcrB along the predicted substrate path and 25 gave positive results, based on the covalent labelling of cysteine residues by a lipophilic dye‐maleimide and the blocking of Nile red efflux by covalent labelling with bulky maleimide reagents. These residues are all located in the periplasmic domain, in regions we designate as the lower part of the large external cleft, the cleft itself, the crystallographically defined binding pocket, and the gate between the pocket and the funnel. Our observations suggest that the substrate is captured in the lower cleft region of AcrB, then transported through the binding pocket, the gate and finally to the AcrB funnel that connects AcrB to TolC.
Changes in the mucosal barrier during acute and chronic Trichuris muris infection
Authors: HASNAIN S. Z. , THORNTON D. J. , GRENCIS R. K.
Published: August 2010

The intestinal mucosal barrier, part of the innate immune defence, is responsive to the external environment and changes in response to infection. There is disparate evidence for the epithelial and goblet cell products within the intrinsic barrier being part of a response to resolve infection. We comprehensively analysed the changes of mucosal glycoconjugates during acute and chronic infection by utilising the Trichuris muris (T. muris) model. Transcription factors, atonal homolog 1 (Math‐1) and SAM pointed domain containing ETS transcription factor (Spdef) were activated during acute infection, which promoted stem cell fate towards a secretory cell phenotype. The thickness of the intermediate barrier, the carbohydrate‐rich glycocalyx, composed of cell surface mucins increased with exposure to T. muris, with an increase in Muc4, Muc13 and Muc17. Overall, hypersecretion of glycoproteins into the extrinsic barrier (mediated by IL‐13) via the gamma amino‐butyric acid‐α3 receptor (GABA‐α3), was observed during acute infection. Furthermore, altered glycosylation was observed during acute and chronic infection; mucins were more highly charged during acute infection than during chronic infection. This study readdresses the changes within the mucosal barrier, in particular in the cell surface and secreted mucins during acute and chronic nematode infection.
Levels of DNAJB family members (HSP40) correlate with disease onset in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 3
Authors: Zijlstra M. P. , Rujano M. A. , Van Waarde M. A. , Vis E. , Brunt E. R. , Kampinga H. H.
Published: August 2010

In polyglutamine disorders, the length of the expanded CAG repeat shows a strong inverse correlation with the age at disease onset, yet up to 50% of the variation in age of onset is determined by other additional factors. Here, we investigated whether variations in the expression of heat shock proteins (HSP) are related to differences in the age of onset in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA)3. Hereto, we analysed the protein expression levels of HSPA1A (HSP70), HSPA8 (HSC70), DNAJB (HSP40) and HSPB1 (HSP27) in fibroblasts from patients and healthy controls. HSPB1 levels were significantly upregulated in fibroblasts from patients with SCA3, but without relation to age of onset. Exclusively for expression of DNAJB family members, a correlation was found with the age of onset independent of the length of the CAG repeat expansion. This indicates that DNAJB members might be contributors to the variation in age of onset and underlines the possible use of DNAJB proteins as therapeutic targets.
The dual diagnosis capability of residential addiction treatment centres: Priorities and confidence to improve capability following a review process
Authors: MATTHEWS HAROLD , KELLY PETER J. , DEANE FRANK P.
Published: August 2010

Introduction and Aims. The Dual Diagnosis Capability of Addiction Treatment (DDCAT) index is used to assess the capacity of substance abuse services to work with individuals with co‐occurring mental health problems. The current study aimed to: (i) examine the dual diagnosis capability of residential substance abuse programs in Australia; (ii) identify managers' perceptions regarding both priorities and confidence for change following the completion of the DDCAT; and (iii) to examine the usefulness of the DDCAT to residential substance abuse programs. Design and Methods. The DDCAT was completed across 16 residential substance abuse units. An external researcher administered and scored the DDCAT. A Unit Manager from each site completed the Comorbidity Priorities and Confidence Survey following the completion of the DDCAT review. This survey examined the usefulness of the DDCAT, and the unit's priorities to improve its capability, and confidence to improve its DDCAT score. Results. Across the services, program structure and staff training were the DDCAT domains that required the most improvement. While training was the highest endorsed priority area for improvement, program structure was the lowest priority. Overall the Unit Managers reported positive attitudes towards use of the DDCAT and were confident that their unit could improve their DDCAT scores. Discussion and Conclusions. DDCAT scores of Australian residential substance abuse programs are comparable with previous published results. However, there is still substantial work required to improve the capability of these programs. Future research should examine strategies to promote sustained improvements in the capability of residential substance abuse programs.[Matthews H, Kelly PJ, Deane FP. The dual diagnosis capability of residential addiction treatment centres: Priorities and confidence to improve capability following a review process. Drug Alcohol Rev 2010]
Deletion of fucose residues in plant N‐glycans by repression of the GDP‐mannose 4,6‐dehydratase gene using virus‐induced gene silencing and RNA interference
Authors: Matsuo Kouki , Matsumura Takeshi
Published: August 2010

Production of pharmaceutical glycoproteins in plants has many advantages in terms of safety and reduced costs. However, plant‐produced glycoproteins have N‐glycans with plant‐specific sugar residues (core β‐1,2‐xylose and α‐1,3‐fucose) and a Lewis a (Lea) epitope, i.e., Galβ(1‐3)[Fucα(1‐4)]GlcNAc. Because these sugar residues and glycan structures seemed to be immunogenic, several attempts have been made to delete them by repressing their respective glycosyltransferase genes. However, until date, such deletions have not been successful in completely eliminating the fucose residues. In this study, we simultaneously reduced the plant‐specific core α‐1,3‐fucose and α‐1,4‐fucose residues in the Lea epitopes by repressing the Guanosine 5′‐diphosphate (GDP)‐D‐mannose 4,6‐dehydratase (GMD) gene, which is associated with GDP‐L‐fucose biosynthesis, in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Repression of GMD was achieved using virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS) and RNA interference (RNAi). The proportion of fucose‐free N‐glycans found in total soluble protein from GMD gene‐repressed plants increased by 80% and 95% following VIGS and RNAi, respectively, compared to wild‐type plants. A small amount of putative galactose substitution in N‐glycans from the NbGMD gene‐repressed plants was observed, similar to what has been previously reported GMD‐knockout Arabidopsis mutant. On the other hand, the recombinant mouse granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) with fucose‐deleted N‐glycans was successfully produced in NbGMD‐RNAi transgenic N. benthamiana plants. Thus, repression of the GMD gene is thus very useful for deleting immunogenic total fucose residues and facilitating the production of pharmaceutical glycoproteins in plants.
Emodin suppresses lipopolysaccharide‐induced pro‐inflammatory responses and NF‐κB activation by disrupting lipid rafts in CD14‐negative endothelial cells
Authors: Meng Guoquan , Liu Yiyao , Lou Changchun , Yang Hong
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Emodin [1,3,8‐trihydroxy‐6‐methylanthraquinone] has been reported to exhibit vascular anti‐inflammatory properties. However, the corresponding mechanisms are not well understood. The present study was designed to explore the molecular target(s) of emodin in modifying lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐associated signal transduction pathways in endothelial cells.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cultured primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs; passages 3–5) were pre‐incubated with emodin (1–50 µg·mL−1). LPS‐induced expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6] and chemokines (IL‐8; CCL2/MCP‐1) were determined by reverse transcription‐PCR and elisa. Nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) activation, inhibitor of κB (IκB)α degradation and Toll‐like receptor‐4 (TLR‐4) were detected by immunocytochemistry and Western blotting. Cholesterol depletion [by methyl β‐cyclodextrin (MBCD), a specific cholesterol binding agent] and cholesterol replenishment were further used to investigate the roles of lipid rafts in activation of HUVECs.

KEY RESULTS Emodin inhibited, concentration‐dependently, the expression of LPS‐induced pro‐inflammatory cytokines (IL‐1β, IL‐6) and chemokines (IL‐8, CCL2) and, in parallel, inhibited NF‐κB activation and IκBα degradation in HUVECs. However, emodin did not inhibit the NF‐κB activation and IκBα degradation induced by IL‐1β. The cholesterol binding agent, MBCD, inhibited LPS‐induced NF‐κB activation in passaged HUVECs [which also lack the LPS receptor, membrane CD14 (mCD14)], showing that lipid rafts played a key role in LPS signalling in mCD14‐negative HUVECs. Moreover, emodin disrupted the formation of lipid rafts in cell membranes by depleting cholesterol.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Lipid rafts were crucial in facilitating inflammatory responses of mCD14‐negative HUVECs to LPS. Emodin disrupted lipid rafts through depleting cholesterol and, consequently, inhibited inflammatory responses in endothelial cells.
Tuning in to the ‘right’ calcium channel regulation in experimental models of diabetes
Authors: Sturek M
Published: August 2010

Elucidation of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying vascular disease is of fundamental importance to the development of pharmacological agents to target these pathways. Pinho et al. in this issue of the BJP provide highly compelling evidence that the δ isoform of phosphatidyl inositol 3‐kinase (PI3K δ) was upregulated and accounted for the increase in L‐type, voltage‐gated, Ca channel current in aortic vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells of a mouse model of type 1 diabetes. There are several key issues of broad fundamental significance to this work. Firstly, what is the ‘right’ answer about calcium channel regulation in diabetes? Conflicting reports of increased and decreased Ca channel current may be due to specificity of the vascular bed and species. Then, the time course of diabetic vasculopathy may influence the expression of contractile versus proliferative phenotypes of VSM. Also the metabolic characterization of diabetes may enlighten or confound any study of diabetic vascular disease. These issues need attention to move forward work in this area.

LINKED ARTICLE This article is a commentary on Pinho et al., pp. 1458–1471 of this issue. To view this paper visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2010.00955.x
Inhibitors of catechol‐O‐methyltransferase sensitize mice to pain
Authors: Kambur O , Talka R , Ansah OB , Kontinen VK , Pertovaara A , Kalso E , Männistö PT
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSECatechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors are used in Parkinson's disease in which pain is an important symptom. COMT polymorphisms modulate pain and opioid analgesia in humans. In rats, COMT inhibitors have been shown to be pro‐nociceptive in acute pain models, but also to attenuate allodynia and hyperalgesia in a model of diabetic neuropathy. Here, we have assessed the effects of acute and repeated administrations of COMT inhibitors on mechanical, thermal and carrageenan‐induced nociception in male mice.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHWe used single and repeated administration of a peripherally restricted, short‐acting (nitecapone) and also a centrally acting (3,5‐dinitrocatechol, OR‐486) COMT inhibitor. We also tested CGP 28014, an indirect inhibitor of COMT enzyme. Effects of OR‐486 on thermal nociception were also studied in COMT deficient mice. Effects on spinal pathways were assessed in rats given intrathecal nitecapone.

KEY RESULTSAfter single administration, both nitecapone and OR‐486 reduced mechanical nociceptive thresholds and thermal nociceptive latencies (hot plate test) at 2 and 3 h, regardless of their brain penetration. These effects were still present after chronic treatment with COMT inhibitors for 5 days. Intraplantar injection of carrageenan reduced nociceptive latencies and both COMT inhibitors potentiated this reduction without modifying inflammation. CGP 28014 shortened paw flick latencies. OR‐486 did not modify hot plate times inComtgene deficient mice. Intrathecal nitecapone modified neither thermal nor mechanical nociception.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSPro‐nociceptive effects of COMT inhibitors were confirmed. The pro‐nociceptive effects were primarily mediated via mechanisms acting outside the brain and spinal cord. COMT protein was required for these actions.
Correlative Anatomy for the Electrophysiologist, Part I: The Pericardial Space, Oblique Sinus, Transverse Sinus
Authors: LACHMAN NIRUSHA , SYED FAISAL F. , HABIB AMMAR , KAPA SURAJ , BISCO SUSAN E. , VENKATACHALAM K. L. , ASIRVATHAM SAMUEL J.
Published: August 2010

The Pericardial Space, Oblique Sinus, Transverse Sinus. There is an increasing need for invasive electrophysiologists to appreciate the exact anatomy of the epicardial space and the coronary veins. The location of the epicardial fat, the complementary relationship with the main cardiac veins, and the location of sensitive structures (arteries, phrenic nerve, esophagus) have become required knowledge for electrophysiologists, and accessing the epicardial space with this thorough knowledge of the pericardial sinuses and recesses is essential to allow radiographic correlation during catheter manipulation. In this review, we briefly describe the anatomy of the pericardial space and then discuss the specific correlation for the invasive electrophysiologist, highlighting epicardial access, catheter navigation, and avoidance of collateral injury with specific attention to the important recesses of the pericardial space, their regional anatomy, and radiographic correlation when navigating catheters to these locations. We also discuss the anatomy of the main cardiac veins in the context of catheter mapping and ablation of the epicardial substrate through the venous system and without subxiphoid pericardial access. In Part I of this two‐part series, we discuss the regional anatomy of the pericardial space, oblique sinus, and transverse sinus. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 21, pp. 1421‐1426, December 2010)
XII. THE WHITE PATENT STEAM “TURNABOUT” LIFE LAUNCH.
Authors: BENNETT F. M.
Published: August 2010

A description of a steam cutter built by Mr. P. S. White, of Cowes, Isle of Wight, for the U. S. S. Enterprise
FLOW OF STEAM IN PIPES.
Authors: Durand. W. L.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS Method of determining the sizes of steam pipes by the use of formulas and by a curved chart by which, if three of the four variables are knowm, the fourth can be found.
SCREW PROPELLERS
Authors: Dyson C. W.
Published: August 2010

This article was first prepared at the request of the Editor as a section for the “Marine Engineers' Handbook.” The material has been extracted from Admiral Dyson's “Screw Propellers for Hydraulic and Aerial Propulsion”—John Wiley & Sons. The author has taken this opportunity to clear up numerous points in that work, and where differences occur between the original work and this article, the material here presented should be used.
WHAT IS EXPLOSION PROOF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT?
Authors: Seaman E. F.
Published: August 2010

A summary of the facts which seem to be established by this discussion of the design of explosion‐proof electrical apparatus can be made as follows:

 When it is possible, under any condition, to produce a spark or flame in or near explosive gases, an explosion hazard exists. No electrical apparatus which has yet been designed, therefore, is truly explosion‐proof.

 “Explosion resistant” is suggested as being more accurate in the designation of electrical equipment which can be operated in the presence of explosive gases. As this term must always be defined, it serves a useful purpose in requiring definition. This would take the form of a statement of the limiting factors employed in its design.

 It has been determined theoretically, and has been borne out by test and experience, that a pressure relief type of enclosure should always be used to house an electrical unit operating in the presence of explosive gases.

 An airtight enclosure for electrical units operating in the vicinity of explosive gases should not be used, as, under certain conditions it can become a potential explosion hazard.

 A pressure relief designed type, when assembled with all other recognized safety precautions, may properly be designated “Explosion Resistant, Degree A,” to denote that it is the best and safest available design.

 A definite and unvarying procedure must be rigidly adhered to if any type of explosion proof electrical equipment is to be maintained in that classification after it has been placed in service. In outline form this procedure is:

 The purchaser must specify the best design and materials and the highest quality of manufacture which it is practical to obtain.

 The purchaser must have conducted rigid explosion tests on the finished product, and thereafter on each modification of design. On each unit he must require meticulous inspection.

 The user must exercise the greatest care in the installation and operation of the unit. Continuous inspection and maintenance are necessary to insure that the explosion‐proof features remain unimpaired in service.

 The user must not consider the unit safe in any gas concentration which is more explosive than that in which it was initially tested.
THE DESIGN OF FUEL OIL PIPING FOR MARINE PURPOSES
Authors: Raidabaugh John A.
Published: August 2010

In this carefully prepared, and well‐arranged article, Mr. Raidabaugh has compiled an exhaustive resume of the contemporary design data available—frequently conflicting—which bears on this important detail of marine engineering design. After averaging, and weighing the data, he has evolved simple formulae for its application in marine drafting rooms so that further reference to the authorities becomes unnecessary. In order that the subject may be completely covered in one place, and without additional reference, tables have been included, appropriately acknowledged in the bibliography, for which use due acknowledgment is made. The article is recommended for study by piping specialists and marine engineering designers. It is too technical to interest the casual reader.
ENGINEERING MONEY
Authors: Hamilton J. E.
Published: August 2010

The scope of an engineer's work is determined in part by the extent to which his activities are financed and by the methods of financing. The study which has been wade by the author seems to indicate that a definite advantage would be gained by better integration of the laws and regulations which cover the responsibility for and the financing of machinery in naval ships. He offers three methods by which this may be accomplished and explains the advantages and disadvantages of each method.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE FAILURE OF NAVAL BOILER TUBES
Authors: Calvert A. P.
Published: August 2010

This paper has been prepared after an extensive study of failed boiler tubes as well as a survey of technical literature on boiler tube failures. The writer has not been satisfied with the phrase used frequently in test reports that “this boiler tube probably failed through its having been heated to the plastic state.” Such a statement appears inconclusive and of little help in an attempt to analyze boiler tube failures. Accordingly, his work has been to correlate previously reported test data with independent research in order that some of the loose ends may be brought together under one cover. He recognizes that the problem of boiler tube failure is not yet completely solved. But he accomplishes a noteworthy advance toward its solution.
A NEW “SHEET FLOW” HYDRAULIC RUNNER
Authors: Schmidt Henry F.
Published: August 2010

The efficiency of hydraulic rotors depends upon accurate design and precise production of geometric surfaces. Compromise contours to promote strength are required for high speed rotors. In this article Mr. Schmidt describes a method of accomplishing these criteria. In addition he offers a welcome simplicity of procedure.
COMMENTARY ON A. MELDAHL'S PAPER “END LOSSES OF TURBINE BLADES.”
Authors: Kreitner D. Eng. J.
Published: August 2010

The article to which the following commentary pertains was reprinted from the Brown‐Boveri Review in the August 1942 issue of the Journal. Since this discussion is so important in connection with Dr. Meldahl's article it has been decided to make it available to readers of the Journal. Difficulties of present day communications make it impracticable to communicate with Switzerland in time to permit this discussion to be printed by the original publisher. Dr. Meldahl will be invited to make a reply, if he desires, as early as circumstances permit.
ON THE CALCULATION OF THE THERMODYNAMIC ICE POINT
Authors: POTTER J. H.
Published: August 2010

The computation of the ice point on the Kelvin Temperature scale is surveyed. The standard method of solving the equation of the constant pressure gas thermometer is reviewed.

Consideration is given to an alternate procedure in which is formulated, facilitating the integration of that term. Certain advantages accrue to this method, principally the fact that the work of different observers may be compared on a more basic level.

The ice point is computed for air at one atmosphere.
BOOK REVIEWS & NOTICES
Authors: Edmunds F. H.
Published: August 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

JET ENGINE MANUAL by R. Mangham and A. Peace

Comments by VICE ADMIRAL HAROLD G. BOWEN

MARINE CARGO OPERATIONS By Captain Charles L. Sauerbier

ATOMS and ENERGY by Professor H. S. W. Massey

SAILING ALONE AROUND THE WORLD by Captain Joshua Slocum
ENGINEERING ABSTRACTS
Authors: SAWYER JOHN W.
Published: August 2010

“Combining Hydraulic Torque Converters with A‐C Motors”—Wayne Howard; Electrical Manufacturing, V. 59, n. 2, Feb. 1957, pp. 90–93, 330. Hydraulic torque converters coupled with a.c. motors enable designers to select speed‐torque characteristics to suit high inertia loads. The hydraulic torque converter eliminates the need for disconnect clutches and also simplifies the starting systems. It serves an additional role as an overload protection. For constant load or constant speed applications, the torque converter should not be used. Where heavy starting and wide variations in load demands are encountered the hydraulic torque converter can be used to advantage. Discussion includes torque converter principles, performance, applications and motor‐converter combinations.
Effects of mixtures of citrus viroids as transmissible small nuclear RNA on tree dwarfing and commercial scion performance on Carrizo citrange rootstock
Authors: Vidalakis G. , Pagliaccia D. , Bash J.A. , Semancik J.S.
Published: August 2010

The term ‘transmissible small nuclear ribonucleic acids' (TsnRNAs) describes well characterised viroid RNA species that do not induce any disease syndromes in specific citrus hosts but rather act as regulatory genetic elements modifying tree performance. Twelve‐year‐old navel orange and 10‐year‐old Clementine mandarin trees on Carrizo citrange (Citrus sinensis×Poncirus trifoliata) rootstock treated with a mixture of three TsnRNAs (−Ia, syn. Citrus bent leaf viroid, +IIa, syn. Hop stunt viroid and +IIIb, syn. Citrus dwarfing viroid) were reduced in size by 33% and 43%, respectively. Clementine trees treated with a mixture of TsnRNA−Ia+IIa or −Ia+IIIb also had reduced canopy volume (CV) (∼38 and 31%, respectively), whereas trees treated with TsnRNA−IIa+IIIb showed little effect. The effects of the double TsnRNA treatments −Ia+IIa and −Ia+IIIb on Clementine canopy size and commercial performance were comparable and in some cases superior to that of the triple TsnRNA mixture. The TsnRNA−Ia+IIa treatment had the most attractive commercial traits with increased production of Clementine fruit per CV (23.6%), more fruit with high commercial value (31.7%), and more fruit optimally distributed in the canopy (68% of fruit between 0.5 and 2.5 m). None of the TsnRNA treatments affected the growth of Carrizo rootstock seedlings after 8 years in the field. Navel orange and Clementine scions treated with the same triple TsnRNA mixture expressed different trunk and fruit production patterns although effects on CV were similar.
Factors associated with nutritional risk in 75‐year‐old community living people
Authors: Söderhamn Ulrika , Christensson Lennart , Idvall Ewa , Johansson AnnaKarin , Bachrach‐Lindström Margareta
Published: August 2010

söderhamn u., christensson l., idvall e., johansson a.k. & bachrach‐lindström m. (2012) Factors associated with nutritional risk in 75‐year‐old community living people. International Journal of Older People Nursing7, 3–10  doi: 10.1111/j.1748‐3743.2010.00242.x

Aim.  To identify risk factors for being at nutritional risk, by means of a nutritional screening, in a population based sample of 75‐year‐old people living in three county councils in Sweden.

Background.  Undernutrition in older people is known to contribute to poor health. The instrument ‘Nutritional Form For the Elderly’ (NUFFE) helps to identify those at nutritional risk.

Method.  The screening instrument ‘Nutritional Form For the Elderly’, background variables and health related questions were mail distributed. A total of 1461 persons (75 years old) were included in the study. Descriptive statistical methods were used in the analyses.

Results.  One percent of the participants had high risk, 21.3% medium and 77.7% low risk for undernutrition. Medium or high risk was predicted by: living alone, receiving help and impaired perceived health. Low Body Mass Index was associated with low risk for undernutrition.

Conclusion.  By using a simple nutritional screening instrument, significant risk factors were highlighted.

Relevance to practice.  This instrument can identify older people at nutritional risk and is easy to use. Older people living alone have an increased risk of undernutrition. Body Mass Index (BMI) should be used with caution as one and only indicator of nutritional risk in older people.
Redundancy in Perceptual and Linguistic Experience: Comparing Feature‐Based and Distributional Models of Semantic Representation
Authors: Riordan Brian , Jones Michael N.
Published: August 2010

AbstractSince their inception, distributional models of semantics have been criticized as inadequate cognitive theories of human semantic learning and representation. A principal challenge is that the representations derived by distributional models are purely symbolic and are not grounded in perception and action; this challenge has led many to favor feature‐based models of semantic representation. We argue that the amount of perceptual and other semantic information that can be learned from purely distributional statistics has been underappreciated. We compare the representations of three feature‐based and nine distributional models using a semantic clustering task. Several distributional models demonstrated semantic clustering comparable with clustering‐based on feature‐based representations. Furthermore, when trained on child‐directed speech, the same distributional models perform as well as sensorimotor‐based feature representations of children’s lexical semantic knowledge. These results suggest that, to a large extent, information relevant for extracting semantic categories is redundantly coded in perceptual and linguistic experience. Detailed analyses of the semantic clusters of the feature‐based and distributional models also reveal that the models make use of complementary cues to semantic organization from the two data streams. Rather than conceptualizing feature‐based and distributional models as competing theories, we argue that future focus should be on understanding the cognitive mechanisms humans use to integrate the two sources.
Visualizing Thought
Authors: Tversky Barbara
Published: August 2010

Depictive expressions of thought predate written language by thousands of years. They have evolved in communities through a kind of informal user testing that has refined them. Analyzing common visual communications reveals consistencies that illuminate how people think as well as guide design; the process can be brought into the laboratory and accelerated. Like language, visual communications abstract and schematize; unlike language, they use properties of the page (e.g., proximity and place: center, horizontal/up–down, vertical/left–right) and the marks on it (e.g., dots, lines, arrows, boxes, blobs, likenesses, symbols) to convey meanings. The visual expressions of these meanings (e.g., individual, category, order, relation, correspondence, continuum, hierarchy) have analogs in language, gesture, and especially in the patterns that are created when people design the world around them, arranging things into piles and rows and hierarchies and arrays, spatial‐abstraction‐action interconnections termedspractions. The designed world is a diagram.
Naïve Realism: Folk Fallacies in the Design and Use of Visual Displays
Authors: Smallman Harvey S. , Cook Maia B.
Published: August 2010

Often implicit in visual display design and development is a gold standard of photorealism. By approximating direct perception, photorealism appeals to users and designers by being both attractive and apparently effortless. The vexing result from numerous performance evaluations, though, is that increasing realism often impairs performance. Smallman and St. John (2005) labeled misplaced faith in realistic information display Naïve Realism and theorized it resulted from a triplet of folk fallacies about perception. Here, we illustrate issues associated with the wider trend towards realism by focusing on a specific current trend for high‐fidelity perspective view (3D) geospatial displays. In two experiments, we validated Naïve Realism for different terrain understanding tasks, explored whether certain individuals are particularly prone to Naïve Realism, and determined the ability of task feedback to mitigate Naïve Realism. Performance was measured for laying and judging a concealed route across realistic terrain shown in different display formats. Task feedback was either implicit, in Experiment 1, or explicit in Experiment 2. Prospective and retrospective intuitions about the best display formats for the tasks were recorded and then related to task performance and participant spatial ability. Participants generally intuited they would perform tasks better with more realism than they actually required. For example, counter to intuitions, lowering fidelity of the terrain display revealed the gross scene layout needed to lay a well‐concealed route. Individuals of high spatial ability calibrated their intuitions with only implicit task feedback, whereas those of low spatial ability required salient, explicit feedback to calibrate their intuitions about display realism. Results are discussed in the wider context of applying perceptual science to display design, and combating folk fallacies.