bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Los MOOC en la formación continua y especializada: ¿nuevas narrativas y formatos audiovisuales? Mitos y retos
Authors: Caerols Mateo Raquel , Sindorenko Bautista Pável , Osuna-Acedo Sara
Published: September 2021

Los formatos audiovisuales educativos tienen su propia unicidad en relación con sus estructuras y narrativas, suponiendo una vuelta de tuerca más, una especialización de los mismos en lo referente al contexto digital. En ese sentido, el audiovisual, el vídeo en sí, son piezas centrales de los llamados MOOC, formatos de aprendizaje y formación nacidos al albor del propio espacio digital. El presente estudio, pretende abordar estas cuestiones desde la fundamentación teórica de la Educomunicación contemporánea y sus propuestas del transliteracy, pues entendemos que esta área de conocimiento es la idónea, ya que las bases de su constructo teórico se formularon sobre la relación medios de comunicación y educación. Sumando a ello, realizaremos una revisión de la literatura sobre el surgimiento de los MOOC y la era postMOOC, con el objetivo de evidenciar que la naturaleza de los citados MOOC, como su especificidad para la formación continua y especializada, así como de los medios audiovisuales que los componen, deben construir sus propias metodologías y narrativas. Para ello, aplicaremos plantillas de análisis de dichas piezas audiovisuales que nos llevarán a valorar en qué medida estas premisas metodológicas son una realidad o se siguen manteniendo patrones tradicionales, con la intención final de ser propositivos en líneas futuras de actuación.
The Floating Pool Lady
Authors: Buttenwieser Ann L.
Published: September 2021

Why on earth would anyone want to float a pool up the Atlantic coastline to bring it to rest at a pier on the New York City waterfront? This book recounts the author's triumphant adventure that started in the bayous of Louisiana and ended with a self-sustaining, floating swimming pool moored in New York Harbor. When the author decided something needed to be done to help revitalize the New York City waterfront, she reached into the city's nineteenth-century past for inspiration. The author wanted New Yorkers to reestablish their connection to their riverine surroundings and she was energized by the prospect of city youth returning to the Hudson and East rivers. What she didn't suspect was that outfitting and donating a swimming facility for free enjoyment by the public would turn into an almost-Sisyphean task. As the book describes, the author battled for years with politicians and struggled with bureaucrats to bring her “crazy” scheme to fruition. The book retells the improbable process that led to a pool named The Floating Pool Lady tying up to a pier at Barretto Point Park in the Bronx, ready for summer swimmers. Throughout, the book raises consciousness about persistent environmental issues and the challenges of developing a constituency for projects to make cities livable in the twenty-first century. The story functions as both warning and inspiration to those who dare to dream of realizing innovative public projects in the modern urban landscape.
Prologue
Authors: Buttenwieser Ann L.
Published: September 2021

This chapter provides a background to an adventure that began with the author's love of the waterfront and her singular passion to build a floating pool and donate it to the city for use by recreationally underserved New Yorkers. It traces the author's discovery of the Progressive Era's nineteenth-century floating baths and her first nearly adversarial meeting with a community board to securing a barge to contain the pool. It also discusses the financing of the floating project, including its design and refitting of the vessel. The chapter reviews the story of the decline of and attempts to revitalize the New York and New Jersey waterfronts in the 1980s and 1990s. It cites the periodic rises in the real estate market and oil spill that had a direct negative impact on locating a barge to house the floating pool.
Hoboken Ho
Authors: Buttenwieser Ann L.
Published: September 2021

This chapter recounts how the author became an evangelist for floating pools by the end of the 1990s. It mentions plans for twenty-five major projects by 1986 that went before the New Jersey Waterfront Commission for approval, from Fort Lee on the north of Hoboken to Bayonne eighteen miles to the south. It also talks about proposals that included parks, marinas, and a continuous waterfront walkway along the west side of the Hudson River. The chapter details how the author won a $25,000 grant from the New York Community Trust to do a feasibility study for the floating project, which in turn brought her to architect Jonathan Kirschenfeld's office to seek his professional help. It describes Kirschenfeld as an earnest man and the very picture of a serious idealist.
Finding the C500
Authors: Buttenwieser Ann L.
Published: September 2021

This chapter reviews the author's studies of the floating baths, where she learned that the processes she had to go through would be long, complicated, and buffeted by outside forces. It cites the Hoboken press conference and Joyce Wadler's article that gave the author's pool project new impetus, but the action still depended on city officials, which made it occur at a slow pace. It also talks about the appointment of the Swimming Pool Advisory Committee, which represented a variety of interests that helped bring the community on board for the floating pool. The chapter mentions the company Stolt Offshore Inc., which made concrete floating docks for open-sea oil and gas rigs. It details the author's decision to place a pool on one of Stolt Offshore's structures, requiring only minimal water depth.
Kafka on the Pier
Authors: Buttenwieser Ann L.
Published: September 2021

This chapter refers to the Brooklyn Bridge (BB) Park as the second site where the author sought to land the floating pool but was under the auspices of a subsidiary of a state-run entity, the Empire State Development Corporation (ESDC). It discusses the author and her team's participation at the BB Park Corporation meeting, including Malcolm McLaren, a waterfront engineer. It also recounts how McLaren could explain technical terms regarding barge placement and anchoring to the author and her team in plain English. The chapter details the intention of the BB Park Corporation meeting to talk about an agreement for the floating pool to dock temporarily at one of the former Port Authority piers. It mentions Jamie Springer, a young go-getter and project manager who considered the floating pool to be an excellent temporary use for the BB park.
Perspective Matters
Authors: Buttenwieser Ann L.
Published: September 2021

This chapter emphasizes how the Floating Pool Lady engenders as many perspectives as there are people involved. It looks at Jonathan Kirschenfeld's perspective when he saw the opportunity to make a piece of architecture that floated. It also mentions Boysie Bollinger, who supplemented Kirschenfeld's perspective to take on a barge with a pool by pointing out that it was one of the most unique projects he had ever tackled. The chapter analyzes the perception of the four electricians of Broadway Electric about the purpose of the pool, noting that they knew the facility would be moved around to serve kids who don't have pools. It highlights how the author likened the perception of the electricians to nineteenth-century Progressives as they seemed to like the concept of keeping children and teens off the streets and out of trouble.
The Orwellian Bureaucracy
Authors: Buttenwieser Ann L.
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines the bureaucratic problems that would imperil the floating pool's opening at the last minute. It cites Steve Sivak, who returned from Ann Arbor to crack the whip during the last critical weeks of work on the floating pool, obtained last minute materials, and answered questions from subcontractors as rapidly as possible. It also mentions the city agency that considered the hybrid barge a structure and not a boat, requiring the author to get a building permit. The chapter recounts Maritime engineer Malcolm McLaren, who designed the mooring system and determined that anchors could be deployed more quickly than spuds. It analyzes the suitable water depth that made it easy for the floating pool to depart and return to the site by tying the barge to anchors already in place.
The Big Jump
Authors: Buttenwieser Ann L.
Published: September 2021

This chapter recounts how the Empire State Development Corporation (ESDC) press office suggested to orchestrate a symbolic jump into the floating pool for the cameras to record. It describes the Floating Pool Lady's many guises, such as an architect's model, as the C500 barge, and as a floating pool in formation. It also explores how the author experienced the Floating Pool Lady in person through her arrival in New York City with storm water from the Atlantic sloshing around in her pool or her trip from Brooklyn piers 2–3 to her summer home between piers 4 and 5. The chapter mentions Lyn Parker, who had decided to introduce the author as the human Floating Pool Lady, making her shed tears of joy as dozens of happy, wet faces turned toward her and said “Thank you!” It points out how the author continued to make visits to the floating pool at odd hours to meet the press and to see her creation in action as it served the public.
Biological Systematics
Authors: Brower Andrew V. Z. , Schuh Randall T.
Published: September 2021

Understanding the history and philosophy of biological systematics (phylogenetics, taxonomy and classification of living things) is key to successful practice of the discipline. In this thoroughly revised third edition, the authors provide an updated account of cladistic principles and techniques, emphasizing their empirical and epistemological clarity. The book covers the history and philosophy of systematics; the mechanics and methods of character analysis, phylogenetic inference, and evaluation of results; the practical application of systematic results to biological classification, adaptation and coevolution, biodiversity, and conservation; along with new chapters on species and molecular clocks. The book is both a textbook for students studying systematic biology and a desk reference for practicing systematists. Part explication of concepts and methods, part exploration of the underlying epistemology of systematics, the edition addresses why some methods are more empirically sound than others.
Systematics and the Philosophy of Science
Authors: Brower Andrew V. Z. , Schuh Randall T.
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses how, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, systematics was considered to be a branch of natural philosophy, whose goal was to reveal the pattern of relationships among biological entities and, since Darwin, to elaborate a naturalistic explanation for that pattern. Today, we recognize the scope of pertinent philosophical issues arising from this project as ranging from questions about the nature and evaluation of evidence, to how the evidence supports one or more hypotheses of relationships, to how to judge the quality or plausibility of such hypotheses and compare them against one another. These theoretical/empirical problems do not have straightforward answers that can be calculated like the solution to a mathematical equation. The chapter then explores the ideas of Karl Popper, an Austrian philosopher of science who was a philosophical champion for many cladists. The cladistic criterion of parsimony and the asymmetry of synapomorphy and symplesiomorphy seem harmonious with Popper's falsificationism. This is not to suggest, however, that everything Popper wrote pertains to cladistics, nor that his ideas are themselves immune from criticism.
Characters and Character States
Authors: Brower Andrew V. Z. , Schuh Randall T.
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines the theory and methods that allow systematists to recognize characters, character states, and the taxa they delimit. In systematics, similarity is a relative relation that exists among at least three things. For a given attribute, two things are more similar to one another than either of them is to a third thing, and when multiple attributes are assessed together, the nested degrees of similarity across the range of attributes provide evidence for hypothesizing phylogenetic relationships. Yet things can be similar in one aspect but not similar in other aspects. Once recognized and characterized in words, a theory of similarity of a feature shared among taxa may be tested in three (often interconnected) ways: (1) conjunction, (2) similarity of structure, and (3) similarity of position. Although the distinction between characters and states may be semantic, treatment of features as alternate states of the same character versus different characters is necessary for the construction of data matrices. How this is done can have important implications for character weights, and potentially the outcome of analyses.
Conclusion
Authors: Wang Y. Yvon
Published: September 2021

This chapter presents a history of sexual representations in China, from classical “bedchamber arts” to Ming–Qing fiction and the pictorial magazines, translated books, and nude images at the turn of the twentieth century. The chapter shows that neither the early modern challenge to yin nor the global modern pornographic turn entirely overwrote older regimes of sexual politics and older forms of commodified sexual representations. The evolution of pornography has been a dialectical process. The chapter then presents further evidence that the global modern pornographic paradigm begun at the turn of the twentieth century continues to shape desires and discourse a century later. It traces the semantic evolution of the term huangse, “yellow,” and explores how pornography's global turn affected the legacies of some of the sexual representations discussed in previous chapters. Following a survey of these legacies in the Mao era and in contemporary China, the chapter ends on a speculative note, returning to the ethical questions raised in the introduction: Should we see pornography as a means of liberation that transcended yin ideology's fundamentally elitist model of legitimacy and power?
A Simpler Life
Authors: Dan-Cohen Talia
Published: September 2021

This book approaches the developing field of synthetic biology by focusing on the experimental and institutional lives of practitioners in two labs at Princeton University. It highlights the distance between hyped technoscience and the more plodding and entrenched aspects of academic research. The book follows practitioners as they wrestle with experiments, attempt to publish research findings, and navigate the ins and outs of academic careers. It foregrounds the practices and rationalities of these pursuits that give both researchers' lives and synthetic life their distinctive contemporary forms. Rather than draw attention to avowed methodology, the book investigates some of the more subtle and tectonic practices that bring knowledge, doubt, and technological intervention into new configurations. In so doing, it sheds light on the more general conditions of contemporary academic technoscience.
Labs, Lives, Technoscience
Authors: Dan-Cohen Talia
Published: September 2021

This chapter looks at Sharon Traweek's classic study of physicists, which tracks the way the experimental particle physics community reproduces itself through the training of novices. It identifies the patterns through which education and inculcation occur, and by which particle physicists learn the criteria for a successful career. It also examines the images Traweek conveys of community, stability, and gendered reproduction that can be discerned only within a sufficiently entrenched discipline. The chapter describes synthetic biology as an unstable and ambiguously bounded field in which idiosyncratic individual paths are figured prominently, especially for members of the first generation of practitioners whose training took place within the reproductive mechanisms of established disciplines. It explores paths that are embedded with different concepts and logics within the synthetic organisms that were made in different labs.
Claiming Belonging
Authors: Cury Emily
Published: September 2021

This book dives deep into the lives of Muslim American advocacy groups in the post-9/11 era, asking how they form and function within their broader community in a world marked by Islamophobia. Bias incidents against Muslim Americans reached unprecedented levels a few short years ago, and many groups responded through action — organizing on the national level to become increasingly visible, engaged, and assertive. This book draws on more than four years of participant observation and interviews to examine how Muslim American organizations have sought to access and influence the public square and, in so doing, forge a political identity. The result is an engaging and unique study, showing that policy advocacy, both foreign and domestic, is best understood as a sphere where Muslim American identity is performed and negotiated. The book offers ever-timely insight into the place of Muslims in American political life and, in the process, sheds light on one of the fastest-growing and most internally dynamic American minority groups.
Conclusion
Authors: Cury Emily
Published: September 2021

This chapter reviews the main sources of contention over advocacy and the rights of representation in the Muslim American community. By relying on existing survey data, the chapter gauges the degree to which Muslim advocacy organizations reflect and represent the interests of their constituents on a variety of policy issues. It also discusses how US Muslim organizations are constrained by two rationales: the logic of membership or the need to respond to their constituents' preferences and the logic of influence or the need to focus on issues that appeal to the policy establishment. The chapter highlights the advocacy on questions of Islamophobia and anti-Muslim discrimination that are highly reflective of the interests and preferences of American Muslims. It explains how national-level advocacy organizations are less representative of the preferences of American Muslims when it comes to foreign policy.
Unwritten Rule
Authors: Beban Alice
Published: September 2021

In 2012, Cambodia — an epicenter of violent land grabbing — announced a bold new initiative to develop land redistribution efforts inside agribusiness concessions. This book focuses on this land reform to understand the larger nature of democracy in Cambodia. The book contends that the national land-titling program, the so-called leopard skin land reform, was first and foremost a political campaign orchestrated by the world's longest-serving prime minister, Hun Sen. The reform aimed to secure the loyalty of rural voters, produce “modern” farmers, and wrest control over land distribution from local officials. Through ambiguous legal directives and unwritten rules guiding the allocation of land, the government fostered uncertainty and fear within local communities. The book gives pause both to celebratory claims that land reform will enable land tenure security, and to critical claims that land reform will enmesh rural people more tightly in state bureaucracies and create a fiscally legible landscape. Instead, the book argues that the extension of formal property rights strengthened the very patronage-based politics that Western development agencies hope to subvert.
Introduction
Authors: Beban Alice
Published: September 2021

This chapter demonstrates how uncertainty over land relations is productive for state power. It explores the multiple understandings of state, land, and power that play out in men's and women's everyday lives in rural Cambodia. It also elaborates the key roles land plays in the enduring rule of Cambodia's prime minister, Hun Sen, the world's longest-serving prime minister. The chapter describes Cambodia's uplands as a frontier for rapacious capital with the government allocating massive logging and economic land concessions to investors, which resulted in the widespread displacement of rural people, the loss of ancestral lands, and a pillaging of the nation's forests. It argues that Cambodia's hierarchical and extractive political economic system is maintained through a politics of fear, violence, and uncertainty.
Encountering the Leopard Skin Land Reform
Authors: Beban Alice
Published: September 2021

This chapter focuses on the rural people during and after the land reform in Cambodia in order to understand why the state's strategies are losing legitimacy among its citizens. It connects the rural people's sense that the state has abandoned them to expectations of state power molded by precolonial and socialist-era discourses of the paternalistic state. It also looks at the rapid increase in rural inequality in Cambodia's contemporary market economy. The chapter provides a view of Cambodia's post-conflict capitalist development from the ground to show how contemporary state-making projects articulate with sedimented histories and political ecologies. It cites stories that reveal an ambivalent desire for the potentiality of state-led development and gratitude to the government for delivering the country from war, while also lamenting what is being lost in the contemporary political economy.
Women of the Catacombs
Authors: Daniel Wallace L. , Robson Roy R. , Men Archpriest Aleksandr
Published: September 2021

The memoirs presented in this book offer a rare close-up account of the underground Orthodox community and its priests during some of the most difficult years in Russian history. The catacomb church in the Soviet Union came into existence in the 1920s and played a significant part in Russian national life for nearly fifty years. Adherents to the Orthodox faith often referred to the catacomb church as the “light shining in the dark.” The book provides a first-hand portrait of lived religion in its social, familial, and cultural setting during this tragic period. Until now, scholars have had only brief, scattered fragments of information about Russia's illegal church organization that claimed to protect the purity of the Orthodox tradition. Vera Iakovlevna Vasilevskaia and Elena Semenovna Men, who joined the church as young women, offer evidence on how Russian Orthodoxy remained a viable, alternative presence in Soviet society, when all political, educational, and cultural institutions attempted to indoctrinate Soviet citizens with an atheistic perspective. The book's translation not only sheds light on Russia's religious and political history, but also shows how two educated women maintained their personal integrity in times when prevailing political and social headwinds moved in an opposite direction.
Souls under Siege
Authors: Archambeau Nicole
Published: September 2021

This book explores how the inhabitants of southern France made sense of the ravages of successive waves of plague, the depredations of mercenary warfare, and the violence of royal succession during the fourteenth century. Many people, the book finds, understood both plague and war as the symptoms of spiritual sicknesses caused by excessive sin, and they sought cures in confession. The book draws on a rich evidentiary base of sixty-eight narrative testimonials from the canonization inquest for Countess Delphine de Puimichel, which was held in the market town of Apt in 1363. Each witness in the proceedings had lived through the outbreaks of plague in 1348 and 1361, as well as the violence inflicted by mercenaries unemployed during truces in the Hundred Years’ War. Consequently, their testimonies unexpectedly reveal the importance of faith and the role of affect in the healing of body and soul alike. Faced with an unprecedented cascade of crises, the inhabitants of Provence relied on saints and healers, their worldview connecting earthly disease and disaster to the struggle for their eternal souls. The book illustrates how medieval people approached sickness and uncertainty by using a variety of remedies, making clear that “healing” had multiple overlapping meanings in this historical moment.
Telling Stories of Danger in Fourteenth-Century Provence
Authors: Archambeau Nicole
Published: September 2021

This chapter provides a background on the witnesses of Countess Delphine de Puimichel’s inquest that told stories of plague, war, and confession in a swiftly changing world. It mentions sixty-eight witnesses that spoke in the canonization inquest for Countess Delphine, which stood before two papally appointed commissioners in the cathedral of St. Anne in Apt, Provence. It also cites Papal instructions that ordered the notaries to stay as faithful as they could to the witnesses’ words even as they transformed testimonies from first person to third person and spoken Provençal into Latin. The chapter reviews the astounding stories that witnesses could tell, such as surviving the first wave of plague in 1348 and the second wave in 1361. It describes servants and noble lords, local nuns and future cardinals, merchants, and soldiers that became witnesses.
Bertranda Bertomieua and the Death of King Robert of Naples, 1343
Authors: Archambeau Nicole
Published: September 2021

This chapter talks about Countess Delphine’s maid, Bertranda Bertomieua, as the witness who provided the most insight into the death of King Robert of Naples in 1343. It describes Bertranda, who lived with Delphine in Naples in 1342 and 1343 when Delphine was a guest of Queen Sanxia for almost fifty years. It also examines Bertranda’s testimony that serves as a useful reminder that each witness in the inquest not only brought his or her own perspective to events, but they also saw different events. The chapter elaborates how Bertranda’s testimony gives us access to a specific political, social, and cultural moment. It examines Bertranda’s perspective that was shaped by her respect for Delphine’s sanctity and her concern for Delphine’s safety and reputation.
Master Durand Andree and the Sacrament of Penance as a Moment of Danger
Authors: Archambeau Nicole
Published: September 2021

This chapter considers the sacrament of penance as one of the most dangerous moments Countess Delphine’s witnesses have ever faced. It describes the testimonies of several witnesses that indicated that the sacrament was a moment they believed things could go terribly wrong. It also notes the changes in the sacrament of penance in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, which showed extremes presented in the writings of reformers of the Catholic Church. The chapter discusses how the witnesses’ experiences reveal the stresses of the sacrament of penance on pious people who had access to trained confessors or might even be confessors themselves. It elaborates how their testimonies show that it was difficult for them to understand the proliferation of sins and the role of penitential acts in forgiveness.
Fictions of Safety
Authors: Knuth Sarah
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores the flipside of public land disposal, turning to the financial dynamics that have led institutional investors to aggressively incorporate rural farmland, long-term commercial leases, surplus public land inventories, and other low-rent-yielding properties into their portfolios, thereby transforming land into a fungible global asset. It investigates how shocks in asset prices in the wake of the 2008 global financial crisis led investors to mobilize defensive understandings of land. In contrast to the more commonly studied speculative storylines of closing rent and yield gaps, the chapter exposes how the narration of land as a “safe” asset is significant in shaping patterns of global land investment, banking the stability of financial markets on social presumptions of land's countercyclicality and capacity to retain value. While these performative storylines build on historical patterns and statistical pictures, the fiction of safety that they collectively enact also fuels fresh risk taking, putting land to use in ways more tightly attuned to the logics and cycles of international finance and thereby undermining the fixity of the ground itself. Ultimately, the chapter aims to shed light on the financial sector not only as a key driver of global land and property transformations but one whose defensive strategies continue to shape US security in divergent ways.
Narratives of Waste
Authors: Balakrishnan Sai
Published: September 2021

This chapter analyzes the contradictory regional class and caste politics of large-scale land investments in Maharashtra, India, focusing on the conversion of peri-urban agricultural land into urban real estate. The chapter uses the case of the Khed special economic zones (SEZ) to explore these contradictions and unexpected twists in Maharashtra's land commodification tale. Whereas dominant agrarian castes long-invested in commodity agricultural production and with the deepest ties to urban capital vociferously protested land acquisition for the formation of a special economic zone, Adivasi “tribals” along with Dalit groups historically dependent on “waste” lands embraced forced land acquisition. It shows how historic narratives of waste that twin expectations about poor land quality to presumptions of wasteland occupants' social backwardness were leveraged by lower-class and -caste groups to portray land expropriation as a means of pursuing a place in the urban economy. Ultimately, the chapter highlights how fictions of waste that previously excluded the most socially subordinated groups from crop capitalism became an instrument of urban inclusion.
Land Fictions in the Longue Durée
Authors: Watts Michael John
Published: September 2021

This chapter argues that the book is dependent on Karl Polanyi and commodity fictions but also pushes well beyond empirical definitions of commodities, entering the sanctum of the fetish broadly construed. It notes that the Land Fictions lays out a rather broad palette of fictions. Sometimes it is not clear whether and how they share family resemblances. The chapter then presents the largely contemporary land fictions explored in the preceding chapters in a longer historical context: specifically, Marxian reflections on the commodity fetish, the historical challenge of peasant production to agroindustry (the agrarian question), and the biological underpinnings and specificities of agriculture. The chapter focuses on the longue durée of the creation of land as a commodity and its various fictional expressions. It indicates ways in which the study of land fictions might be productively expanded from viewing land as a horizontal domain of property into closer consideration of land's vertical properties, including both the subterranean and the aerial.
Conclusion
Authors: Agathocleous Tanya
Published: September 2021

This concluding chapter analyses Mahatma Gandhi's trial for disaffection in 1922 to show how his canny appropriation of the term as a badge of honor helped galvanize the nationalist movement and reframe the terms of public discourse, bringing the critical subtext and covert nationalism of earlier journalism — its purported disaffection — to the fore and refashioning it as good rather than bad affect. The chapter discusses a brief account of the stakes of this research for the contemporary context. It further explains the concept of disaffection and its value as a way of understanding the relationship between the content of politics and the form of publics. By exploring the dynamics of the imperial public sphere, the chapter sheds a light on why publics continue to be shaped by feelings of exclusion and why exclusion is understood as a feeling. Ultimately, the chapter explains why censorship and free speech debates today so often coalesce around questions of identity and civility.
Sacred Mountain, Landscape, and Afterlife
Authors: Fujiwara Gideon
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines the imagining of the dual “countries” of Tsugaru and Imperial Japan in Tsuruya Ariyo's poetry and prose about the sacred Mount Iwaki and the gods who preside over the peaks. It presents Ariyo's emphasis on the reality of the spirit realm by citing a case of a local samurai facing divine abduction while on the mountain. The chapter introduces Ariyo's Enjoyment Visible and Invisible in which he validated Hirata Atsutane's view that souls of the deceased were active and served “Imperial deity” Ōkuninushi in the spirit realm. It also emphasizes enjoyment as the key to living a meaningful life extending from this world to the afterlife, while his norito reflects his reverence for gods and ancestors. Ultimately, the chapter investigates the impact of Ariyo and Hirao Rosen's works about spirits and the spirit realm on more politically urgent matters in the late-Tokugawa to Restoration years.
Ethnography, Kokugaku, and Community in Modern Japan
Authors: Fujiwara Gideon
Published: September 2021

The concluding chapter documents the transition of the country of Tsugaru from early modern Tokugawa society to the modern Meiji nation-state, through the experiences of the Hirata school kokugaku scholars residing in Hirosaki castle town. The chapter explores the significance of their efforts to identify their place of belonging from country to nation, and considers the legacy of their work and experiences. It discusses the legacy of the Hirata disciples in Hirosaki domain and Aomori prefecture and the lessons that can be learned from their experiences. The chapter also presents the document Namelist of Festival Participants (Shukusaiten yūshi meibo), which shows how Shinto priest Osari Nakaakira led annual festivals to venerate the Four Great Men of kokugaku some three decades after the Restoration, as well as the shōkonsai festival and the religious Separation of Shinto and Buddhism policy. Ultimately, it discusses Nakaakira's discussion on the effects of the kokugakusha's (Japan studies scholars) endeavours.
Introduction
Authors: Jones Brad A.
Published: September 2021

This introductory chapter provides an overview of how the American Revolution shaped a popular transatlantic understanding of British loyalism, focusing on the four port cities spanning the North Atlantic: New York City; Kingston, Jamaica; Halifax, Nova Scotia; and Glasgow, Scotland. During the early stages of the revolution, a shared transatlantic understanding of what it meant to be British in these four communities initially crumbled in the face of the Patriots' assertion that their cause was rooted in a defense of Protestant British liberty. Patriot arguments led loyal Britons in these places to question what defined their attachment to the empire. Out of these crises there emerged a new understanding of loyalism rooted in a strengthened defense of monarchy and duly constituted government. After the Franco-American alliance of 1778, loyal Britons were also able to reclaim their belief in the supremacy of Protestant British liberty, which they contrasted with the alleged tyranny of American Patriots and their French Catholic allies. Ultimately, the British loyalism as it developed in the wake of the American war was more conservative and authoritarian, reaching its apogee in the reaction against the radicalism of the French Revolution and the despotism of Napoleon.
A Body Politic
Authors: Jones Brad A.
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses how newspapers helped to integrate the vast British Atlantic. Reports and editorials appearing in the dozens of “Weekly Mercuries” carried by ships crisscrossing the ocean gave meaning to an emerging, shared understanding of loyalty and loyalism among the ocean's many and varied British inhabitants. This shared understanding of Britishness drew on Protestant subjects' deeply held fears of their nation's long-standing Catholic enemies, France and Spain. The makings of Daniel Fowle's “Body Politic,” however, depended on reliable Atlantic communication networks, a circulatory system capable of carrying news quickly and regularly to all corners of Britain's vast empire. News of national importance was filtered through these more immediate webs of contact, which played a significant role in shaping distinctive local political cultures and identities in places like New York City, Glasgow, Halifax, and Kingston. During the many wars fought against France and Spain in the first half of the eighteenth century, anti-Catholic rhetoric was able to overshadow divisions within the empire, providing a language of national unity that was so intentionally broad as to appeal to the nation's diverse inhabitants. But in the absence of these wars and these enemies, as was the case for much of the 1760s and 1770s, subjects in these communities struggled to understand what exactly united them as Britons.
Warsaw Ghetto Police
Authors: Person Katarzyna
Published: September 2021

This book shines a spotlight on the lawyers, engineers, young yeshiva graduates, and sons of connected businessmen who, in the autumn of 1940, joined the newly formed Jewish Order Service. The book tracks the everyday life of policemen as their involvement with the horrors of ghetto life gradually increased. Facing and engaging with brutality, corruption, and the degradation and humiliation of their own people, these policemen found it virtually impossible to exercise individual agency. While some saw the Jewish police as fellow victims, others viewed them as a more dangerous threat than the German occupation authorities; both were held responsible for the destruction of a historically important and thriving community. The book emphasizes the complexity of the situation, the policemen's place in the network of social life in the ghetto, and the difficulty behind the choices that they made. By placing the actions of the Jewish Order Service in historical context, the book explores both the decisions that its members were forced to make and the consequences of those actions. Featuring testimonies of members of the Jewish Order Service, and of others who could see them as they themselves could not, the book brings these impossible situations to life. It also demonstrates how a community chooses to remember those whose allegiances did not seem clear.
Parasites of the Elderly
Authors: Schweid Richard
Published: September 2021

This chapter begins by looking at how Alzheimer's disease and dementia add another level of vulnerability for both client and caregiver. It then considers the gender and income inequality in home care. For-profit home care agencies are parasites of the elderly, middlemen who do none of the hands-on care that is the real job but double the cost of care to the consumer and suck up the lion's share of the revenue that the care generates. The basic idea that caring for our elderly is something from which large profits can be made is odious and needs to change. One solution is to expand the aide's scope of practice. A more radical plan would be to cap or eliminate profits for home care agencies, particularly when public monies pay for the agencies to provide aides. The money saved would go a long way toward increasing home health aides' (HHAs) wages. Many HHAs working with Medicaid cases provide care every bit as good as or better than the care clients receive from private-pay aides.
Graduation Day
Authors: Schweid Richard
Published: September 2021

This chapter addresses how Cooperative Home Care Associates (CHCA), since its inception in 1985, had offered benefits to all its home health aides (HHAs), whether members of the cooperative or not. However, a persistent complaint from class graduates after they went to work for CHCA was that they were sent to assignments without being given any details in advance of what to expect. In addition, scheduling was uncertain, and cases could be haphazard. Clients, too, had their complaints about CHCA. Generally, though, CHCA's clients were grateful for their aides, and the aides were satisfied enough with the job that better than half of each class would still be working for Cooperative after a year. Many of them would eventually be offered a job in CHCA's office, and others would continue as aides for decades.
“I Don’t Do It for the Money”
Authors: Schweid Richard
Published: September 2021

This chapter highlights the need for public policy to change how we value the work of home health aides (HHAs). Communities continue to relegate the work that HHAs do to the category of menial labor, when in fact it is something much more important and difficult to do well, more a profession than unskilled labor. In 2019, the number of HHAs for elderly Americans fell far short of those needed in many locales. Mean-spirited, xenophobic immigration policies may soon further reduce the numbers of people who are available to care for the elderly. Without enough people to do this work, the United States will move deeper into a second-rate nationhood. If there are not enough aides to go around, private-pay care will grow more expensive, and public long-term care at home will be reduced or eliminated for many, while wait times to receive what care is left will increase. Ultimately, people's lives will be of less quality than they might have been, and they may die sooner than necessary. The chapter then outlines a number of specific plans which have been elaborated to show how a better system of home health care might be funded in the United States.
Is Russia Fascist?
Authors: Laruelle Marlene
Published: September 2021

In Is Russia Fascist? This book argues that the charge of “fascism” has become a strategic narrative of the current world order. Vladimir Putin's regime has increasingly been accused of embracing fascism, supposedly evidenced by Russia's annexation of Crimea, its historical revisionism, attacks on liberal democratic values, and its support for far-right movements in Europe. But at the same time Russia has branded itself as the world's preeminent antifascist power because of its sacrifices during the Second World War while it has also emphasized how opponents to the Soviet Union in Central and Eastern Europe collaborated with Nazi Germany. This book closely analyzes accusations of fascism toward Russia, soberly assessing both their origins and their accuracy. By labeling ideological opponents as fascist, regardless of their actual values or actions, geopolitical rivals are able to frame their own vision of the world and claim the moral high ground. Through a detailed examination of the Russian domestic scene and the Kremlin's foreign policy rationales, the book disentangles the foundation for, meaning, and validity of accusations of fascism in and around Russia. It shows that the efforts to label opponents as fascist is ultimately an attempt to determine the role of Russia in Europe's future.
Russia and the Symbolic Landscape of Fascism
Authors: Laruelle Marlene
Published: September 2021

This chapter presents some historical background of Russia and its use of the term fascism. It outlines the two narratives collided directly in the cited examples: Russia is a fascist country — or that its leaders are fascist — whereas the other defines Russia as a country that defeated fascism. To disentangle that puzzle in which so many actors accuse each other of the same evil, the chapter takes its cue from semiotics, that is, the understanding of words as communicative tools, or signs, that are both embedded in and shape our everyday meaning-making. The chapter presumes that ideas intersect intimately with politics and that the wording of our perceptions constitutes a critical part of the way we situate ourselves. Like any other word, fascism is a communicative tool based on implicit cultural backgrounds that make it possible for the audience to interpret the term. The chapter also draws on social constructionism, which asserts that social reality is created by human beings whose identity is a permanent, ongoing, and dynamic process of interacting with others and reacting to situations. The chapter then argues that fascism has become one of Russia's strategic narratives. Ultimately, the chapter explains why fascism should be studied as a discursive landscape, a mythmaking process that creates order from chaos and justifies power relationships on the international scene.
The Soviet Legacy in Thinking about Fascism
Authors: Laruelle Marlene
Published: September 2021

This chapter goes back in time to look at the Soviet construction of the Russian term fashizm and some of the ambiguities that the Soviet society cultivated toward the term and its historical personification, Nazi Germany. It recalls that the term fascism (fashizm), in Soviet times, belonged more to an emotional than to an analytical lexicon. The chapter also discusses Russia's history and Russians' memories of the Second World War, called the Great Patriotic War in Russian (Velikaia otechestvennaia voina) and Victory Day (Den´ pobedy). It reviews how the cult of war is intimately linked to the Brezhnev era and provided the context in which commemoration of the Great Patriotic War was institutionalized as a sacred symbol of the Soviet Union, a confirmation of the soundness of the socialist system and the unity of its peoples. The chapter then argues that the very solemnity of Soviet anti-fascism, and its centrality to the country's political identity constitute the fundaments inherited from Soviet times on the basis of which the notion of fascism is operationalized in today's Russia. Ultimately, the chapter further elaborates the three main sources of the Soviet's cryptic fascination with Nazi Germany and source of knowledge about fashizm: the Nazi propaganda, criminal culture, and cinema and culture.
Strike the Hammer
Authors: Hill Laura Warren
Published: September 2021

On July 24, 1964, chaos erupted in Rochester, New York. This book examines the unrest — rebellion by the city's Black community, rampant police brutality — that would radically change the trajectory of the Civil Rights movement. After overcoming a violent response by State Police, the fight for justice, in an upstate town rooted in black power movements, was reborn. That resurgence owed much to years of organizing and resistance in the community. This book examines Rochester's long Civil Rights history and, drawing extensively on oral accounts of the northern, urban community, offers rich and detailed stories of the area's protest tradition. The book paints a compelling picture of the foundations for the movement. Now, especially, this story of struggle for justice and resistance to inequality resonates. The book leads us to consider the social, political, and economic environment more than fifty years ago and how that founding generation of activists left its mark on present-day Rochester.
Introduction
Authors: Hill Laura Warren
Published: September 2021

This chapter provides a background to the story of transformations brought by the rebellion of the Black community that happened first in Harlem, New York and then in Rochester on July 4, 1964. It points out that the rebellions in Rochester and Harlem shared a common spark: police brutality and misconduct. It also explains how the twin rebellions in New York State in 1964 were a foretaste of the Southern-based civil rights movement, which gave way to a different kind of Black political mobilization that centered largely in the urban North. The chapter reviews the consequences of the civil rights movement that dismantled Jim Crow as a system of legalized racism in the North and South. It emphasizes that the new Black political mobilization, which built on the energy arising from the rebellions and fashioning theories of a Black political economy, sought to address the structures of socioeconomic marginalization and impoverishment that survived the legal dismantling of Jim Crow.