bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bacterial‐Cellulose‐Based Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering Applications
Authors: Wang Jing , Tang Youhong , Huang Yuan
Published: March 2019

Cellulose produced by some bacteria (bacterial cellulose, BC) represents an interesting emerging biocompatible nanomaterial.It has been widely used in tissue engineering. BC possesses unique properties, such as high mechanical properties, high purity, excellent microstructure, high water‐holding capacity, and high crystallinity. Despite the intensive research, application of BC has been limited, due to its biological activity and pore structure. This study summarized the modifications of structure and composition. Several biomaterials could be associated with BC, for example gelatin, chitosan, heparin, collagen, and hydroxyapatite, and several methods were used to control the microstructure of BC, namely, laser‐patterning technique and freeze‐drying technology. The results confirmed BC as a promising biomaterial with the potential to be an effective biopolymer in biomedical fields. These approaches will help researchers to develop new ideas in tissue engineering field.
Visible to Near‐Infrared Photodetection Based on Ternary Organic Heterojunctions
Authors: Li Wei , Xu Yalun , Meng Xianyi , Xiao Zuo , Li Ruiming , Jiang Li , Cui Lihao , Zheng Meijuan , Liu Chang , Ding Liming , Lin Qianqian
Published: March 2019

Organic semiconductors have attracted tremendous attention in the past few years, thanks to their excellent flexibility, solution‐processability, low‐cost, chemical versatility, etc. Particularly, organic solar cells based on ternary heterojunctions have shown remarkable device performance, with the recent development of nonfullerene acceptor materials. These novel materials are also promising for photodetection. However, there are several key limits facing organic photodetectors, such as relatively large bandgaps, poor charge transport, and stability. In this work, a novel nonfullerene acceptor—COi8DFIC—is introduced, blended with a fullerene derivative and a donor to form ternary heterojunctions. After optimization, photodiodes based on such ternary blends exhibit compelling performance metrics, including low dark current, decent responsivity, large linear dynamic range, fast response, and excellent stability. This device performance is actually on a par with the established silicon technology, suggesting great potential for photodetection and imaging.
Mass‐Produced Electrochemically Exfoliated Graphene for Ultrahigh Thermally Conductive Paper Using a Multimetal Electrode System
Authors: Kwon Yeon Ju , Kwon Youngkook , Park Ho Seok , Lee Jea Uk
Published: March 2019

Herein, the development of a cost‐effective system is reported for the mass production of electrochemically exfoliated graphene (EEG) using multiple graphite–stainless‐steel electrodes (multicells) in a series configuration and its application to heat transfer. Exfoliation using series‐configured multicells leads to the production of high‐quality graphene (a few layers of graphene sheets with a low oxygen content and a high C/O ratio of 16.2) at a rate of 30 g per half hour (one‐batch). Furthermore, EEG paper is fabricated by the vacuum filtration of the EEG dispersion, and further thermal annealing and mechanical‐compression processes are used to investigate the effects of heat and pressure on the thermal conductivities of the EEG paper. EEG paper with wide (100–1000 W m−1 K−1) and narrow (100–200 W m−1 K−1) ranges of thermal conductivity is obtained when thermally annealed and mechanically compressed, respectively, highlighting the high quality of the massively produced and solution processable graphene. This approach provides a cost‐effective process for the mass production of graphene, as well offering a feasible route to highly thermally conductive graphene paper for heat‐management applications, such as heat‐dissipating media in light‐emitting‐diode displays, and electronic and photonic devices.
Transition‐Metal‐Free Reduction of α‐Keto Thioesters with Hydrosilanes at Room Temperature: Divergent Synthesis through Reagent‐Controlled Chemoselectivities
Authors: Maity Rajib , Das Bhanuranjan , Das Indrajit
Published: March 2019

The combination of hydrosilanes with a Brønsted or Lewis acid as a promoter can be used for the reagent‐controlled chemoselective reduction at room temperature of conjugated C=C bond, enone moiety, or the carbonyl of (β,γ‐unsaturated) α‐keto thioesters, providing facile access to β,γ‐saturated α‐keto thioesters, α‐hydroxy thioesters, or silyl ethers. The reaction pathway and the chemoselectivity can be fine‐tuned through the judicious choice of the hydrosilane or the reaction conditions. The reactions tolerate a wide range of functional groups including labile thioesters and the products are generally obtained in moderate to excellent yields. Unsymmetrical thioethers can also be synthesized using PMHS and catalytic B(C6F5)3 via reductive deoxygenation of both the carbonyl groups. The applicability has been highlighted by the amine‐mediated and coupling reagent‐free syntheses of saturated α‐keto amides from β,γ‐unsaturated α‐hydroxy thioesters and β,γ‐saturated α‐keto thioesters.

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Transitional impact of short‐ and long‐term outcomes of a randomized controlled trial to evaluate laparoscopic versus open surgery for colorectal cancer from Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study JCOG0404
Authors: Fujii Shoichi , Akagi Tomonori , Inomata Masafumi , Katayama Hiroshi , Mizusawa Junki , Ota Mitsuyoshi , Saito Shuji , Kinugasa Yusuke , Yamaguchi Shigeki , Sato Takeo , Kitano Seigo ,   The Japan Clinical Oncology Group
Published: March 2019

Background

The JCOG0404 randomized controlled trial conducted to compare laparoscopic surgery (LAP) with open surgery (OP) for stage II/III colon cancer showed better short‐term outcomes and equal long‐term outcomes of LAP versus OP. Technical instrumentation of surgery and anticancer agents given during the registration period might have affected the outcomes.

Aim

To evaluate outcomes according to the registration periods.

Methods

The overall registration period was divided into three periods (first: 2004‐2005, second: 2006‐2007 and third: 2008‐2009). Short‐term and long‐term outcomes were compared between registration periods.

Results

In total, 1057 patients were registered. Numbers of patients undergoing each approach for each of the three periods (1st/2nd/3rd) were 528 for OP (106/244/178) and 529 for LAP (106/246/177). Operation time (minutes) did not change between the periods for OP (160/156/161) or LAP (205/211/219). Blood loss (mL) gradually decreased in the latter two periods: (119/80/75) for OP and (35/28/25) for LAP. Incidence of complications (%) decreased in the latter periods for OP (27.6/20.3/21.3), whereas that for LAP remained consistently low (14.3/14.8/13.6). There was no particular trend in 5‐year overall survival and recurrence‐free survival depending on the period regardless of treatment. D3 dissection rates were 95% or more for all periods in both groups.

Conclusions

Operation time and survival rates did not change over time, whereas blood loss in OP improved in the latter periods. Quality control applied in this trial might have been effective in producing such safe endpoints. (ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00147134, UMIN Clinical Trials Registry, number C000000105.)
Annulative Synthesis of Thiazoles and Oxazoles from Alkenyl Sulfoxides and Nitriles via Additive Pummerer Reaction
Authors: Hori Mitsuki , Nogi Keisuke , Nagaki Aiichiro , Yorimitsu Hideki
Published: March 2019

Pummerer‐based annulation of alkenyl sulfoxides, mainly ketene dithioacetal monoxides (KDMs), with nitriles has been developed. By means of trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (Tf2O) as an activator, additive Pummerer reaction and subsequent C−S‐bond‐forming cyclization from the nitrilium intermediates furnished the corresponding thiazoles. Moreover, the nitrilium intermediates proved to be interrupted intermolecularly by H2O to afford oxazoles instead of thiazoles.
Facile preparation of TiO2/acrylic resin superhydrophobic surface with excellent wear resistance
Authors: Li Changquan , Cao Zhenjun , Xie Chan , Li Zi , Fang Xinzuo , Ou Junfei , Xue Mingshan , Wang Fajun , Lei Sheng , Li Wen
Published: March 2019

Superhydrophobic surfaces (SHSs) are widely applied in national defense, industrial, and agricultural production and daily life due to their unique structural characteristics and self‐cleaning properties. In this work, a multilayer structure was obtained on an aluminum substrate using a simple spray method. The acrylic resin was used as a substrate, and the SHS was prepared by combining the acrylic resin with the modified nano‐TiO2. The effects of different contents of surface modifier hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (cetyltrimethoxysilane), different spraying times, and different nanometer TiO2 particle sizes on SHS were studied. The results showed that the optimal modifier content was 16%. When the spraying time is 1 min and the mass ratio of 10‐nm TiO2 to 100‐nm TiO2 is 1:1, the contact angle (CA) of the surface is 170.89°, and the sliding angle is 2°. Furthermore, the stability of the SHS under different acid–base conditions, the stability in NaCl solution (3.5 wt %), and the dry friction resistance were further determined. The experimental results show that the prepared samples have certain acid resistance, NaCl resistance, and alkali resistance. After 100 times of dry friction, the CA is still 162.30°, which suggests that the TiO2/acrylic resin SHS has excellent dry friction resistance performance. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47762.
Dithia[3.3]paracyclophane Core: A Versatile Platform for Triplet State Fine‐Tuning and Through‐Space TADF Emission
Authors: Auffray Morgan , Kim Dae Hyeon , Kim Jong Uk , Bencheikh Fatima , Kreher David , Zhang Qisheng , D'Aléo Anthony , Ribierre Jean‐Charles , Mathevet Fabrice , Adachi Chihaya
Published: March 2019

Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) based on through‐space donor and acceptor interactions constitute a recent and promising approach to develop efficient TADF emitters. Novel TADF isomers using a dithia[3.3]‐paracyclophane building block as a versatile 3D platform to promote through‐space interactions are presented. Such a 3D platform allows to bring together the D and A units into close proximity and to probe the effect of their orientation, contact site and distance on their TADF emission properties. This study provides evidence that the dithia[3.3]paracyclophane core is a promising platform to control intramolecular through‐space interactions and obtain an efficient TADF emission with short reverse‐intersystem crossing (RISC) lifetimes. In addition, this study demonstrates that this design can tune the energy levels of the triplet states and leads to an upconversion from 3CT to 3LE that promotes faster and more efficient RISC to the 1CT singlet state.
The effect of adopting pediatric protocols in adolescents and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in pediatric vs adult centers: An IMPACT Cohort study
Authors: Gupta Sumit , Pole Jason D. , Baxter Nancy N. , Sutradhar Rinku , Lau Cindy , Nagamuthu Chenthila , Nathan Paul C.
Published: March 2019

Background

Retrospective studies have shown adolescents and young adults (AYA) with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have superior survival when treated in pediatric versus adult centers (locus of care; LOC). Several adult centers recently adopted pediatric protocols. Whether this has narrowed LOC disparities in real–world settings is unknown.

Methods

The IMPACT Cohort is an Ontario population–based cohort that captured demographic, disease and treatment (treatment protocol, chemotherapy doses) data for all 15‐21 year olds diagnosed with ALL 1992‐2011. Cancer outcomes were determined by chart abstraction and linkage to provincial healthcare databases. Treatment protocols were classified as pediatric‐ or adult‐based. We examined predictors of outcome, including LOC, protocol, disease biology, and time period.

Results

Of 271 patients, 152 (56%) received therapy at adult centers. 5‐year event‐free survival (EFS ± SE) among AYA at pediatric vs adult centers was 72% ± 4% vs 56% ± 4% (P = 0.03); 5‐year overall survival (OS) was 82% ± 4% vs 64% ± 4% (P < 0.001). After adjustment, OS remained inferior at adult centers (hazard ratio 2.5; 95% confidence interval 1.1‐6.1; P = 0.04). In the most recent period (2006‐2011), 39/59 (66%) AYA treated at adult centers received pediatric protocols. These AYA had outcomes superior to the 20 AYA treated on adult protocols, but inferior to the 44 AYA treated at pediatric centers (EFS 72% ± 5% vs 60% ± 9% vs 81% ± 6%; P = 0.02; OS 77% ± 7% vs 65% ± 11% vs 91% ± 4%; P = 0.004). Induction deaths and treatment–related mortality did not vary by LOC.

Conclusions

Survival disparities between AYA with ALL treated in pediatric vs adult centers have persisted over time, partially attributable to incomplete adoption of pediatric protocols by adult centers. Although pediatric protocol use has improved survival, residual disparities remain, perhaps due to other differences in care between adult and pediatric centers.
Immunohistochemical biomarkers and distribution of telocytes in ApoE−/− mice
Authors: Xu Ying , Tian Hu , Cheng Jialin , Liang Shubin , Li Teng , Liu Ju
Published: March 2019

Telocytes had been identified as a peculiar stromal cell type implicated in tissue homeostasis and the development and pathophysiology of diseases. Telocyte existed in most organs and tissues in humans and animals. However, few studies have examined telocytes in ApoE gene deficient mice. In our studies, we verified the existence, the morphology and immunohistochemical characteristics of telocytes in critical organs of the ApoE−/− mice. Male adult ApoE−/− mice were selected as an experimental model. Immunohistochemical bio‐markers, such as CD34, CD117, CD28, Vimentin and PDGFR‐α were utilized to determine the distribution and morphology of telocytes in the heart, liver and kidney. Telocyte expressed positively for CD34 and CD117, and partial telocyte and telopode expressed positively for PDGFR‐α in heart and liver, but negatively in kidney. Double immunofluorescence assays for CD28/Vimentin, CD34/CD117 and CD34/PDGFR‐α were used to demonstrate the biochemistry speciality of telocytes, respectively. The evidence of telocytes in the ApoE‐/‐ mice is the first step of our sturdy, which aims to demonstrate changes in telocytes in atherosclerosis in this animal model.
Ködispace 4SG, der Schlüssel für energieeffiziente kaltgebogene Structural‐Glazing‐Fassaden
Authors: Scherer Christian , Scherer Thomas , Semar Ernst , Wittwer Wolfgang
Published: March 2019

Auf dem schmalen Grat zwischen Form und Funktion müssen Glasfassaden heute scheinbar unumstößliche physikalische Grenzen sprengen. Transparente, lichtdurchflutete Gebäude mit der Energiebilanz eines Passivhauses bei gleichzeitiger Architektur mit gewagt fließenden Glasfassaden werden zunehmend mehr verlangt. Dass sich diese vielfältigen und anspruchsvollen Anforderungen realisieren lassen, zeigt eindrucksvoll das über 7.000 m2 große, geschwungene Glas‐Stahl‐Dach der Shopping‐Mall Chadstone in Melbourne. Die dreidimensionale Form der Dachkonstruktion wurde dabei mit kaltgebogenen Isolierglaseinheiten (IGU's) mit dem thermoplastischen Abstandhalter Ködispace 4SG realisiert. Dass dieses elastische System die dabei auftretenden Deformationen wesentlich besser im Vergleich zu einem konventionellen Abstandhalter kompensieren kann, wurde durch FE‐Simulationen gezeigt. Zur Berechnung des Randverbundes wurden nichtlineare Werkstoffmodelle verwendet, die das zeit‐ und temperaturabhängige Werkstoffverhalten abbilden.
Validation of NRG oncology/RTOG‐0129 risk groups for HPV‐positive and HPV‐negative oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer: Implications for risk‐based therapeutic intensity trials
Authors: Fakhry Carole , Zhang Qiang , Gillison Maura L. , Nguyen‐Tân Phuc Felix , Rosenthal David I. , Weber Randal S. , Lambert Louise , Trotti Andy M. , Barrett William L. , Thorstad Wade L. , Yom Sue S. , Wong Stuart J. , Ridge John A. , Rao Shyam S. D. , Spencer Sharon , Fortin Andre , Raben David , Harris Jonathan , Le Quynh‐Thu
Published: March 2019

Background

Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG)‐0129 recursive partitioning analysis was the basis for risk‐based therapeutic intensification trials for oropharyngeal cancer (OPC). To the authors’ knowledge, the question of whether RTOG‐0129 overall survival (OS) estimates for low‐risk, intermediate‐risk, and high‐risk groups are similar in other data sets or applicable to progression‐free survival (PFS) is unknown. Therefore, the authors evaluated whether survival differences between RTOG‐0129 risk groups persist at 5 years, are reproducible in an independent clinical trial, and are applicable to PFS, and whether toxicities differ across risk groups.

Methods

Prospective randomized clinical trials were analyzed retrospectively. RTOG‐0129 evaluated standard versus accelerated fractionation radiotherapy concurrent with cisplatin. RTOG‐0522 compared the combination of cisplatin and accelerated fractionation with or without cetuximab. Patients with OPC with available p16 status and tobacco history were eligible.

Results

There was a total of 260 patients and 287 patients, respectively, from RTOG‐0129 and RTOG‐0522, with median follow‐ups for surviving patients of 7.9 years (range, 1.7‐9.9 years) and 4.7 years (range, 0.1‐7.0 years), respectively. Previous OS differences in RTOG‐0129 persisted at 5 years. In RTOG‐0522, the 5‐year OS rates for the low‐risk, intermediate‐risk, and high‐risk groups were 88.1%, 69.9%, and 45.1%, respectively (P for trend, <.001). The 5‐year PFS rates for the same 3 groups were 72.9%, 56.1%, and 42.2%, respectively. In RTOG‐0522 among a subgroup of patients considered to be at very good risk (p16‐positive disease, smoking history of ≤10 pack‐years, and classified with T1‐T2 disease with ipsilateral lymph nodes measuring ≤6 cm or T3 disease without contralateral or >6 cm lymph nodes), the 5‐year OS and PFS rates were 93.8% and 82.2%, respectively. Overall rates of acute and late toxicities were similar by risk group.

Conclusions

RTOG‐0129 risk groups persisted at 5 years and were reproducible in RTOG‐0522. However, there was variability in the estimates. These data underscore the importance of long‐term follow‐up and appropriate patient selection in therapeutic deintensification trials.
Microsatellite instability in endometrial cancer: New purpose for an old test
Authors: Kurnit Katherine C. , Westin Shannon N. , Coleman Robert L.
Published: March 2019

Historically, microsatellite instability testing has been used to identify patients with endometrial cancer with Lynch syndrome. It currently is also being used to identify those individuals who may be candidates for immunotherapy.
Permissioned blockchains and distributed databases: A performance study
Authors: Bergman Sara , Asplund Mikael , Nadjm‐Tehrani Simin
Published: March 2019

Blockchains are increasingly studied in the context of new applications. Permissioned blockchains promise to deal with the issue of complete removal of trust, a notion that is currently the hallmark of the developed society. Before the idea is adopted in contexts where resource efficiency and fast operation is a requirement, one could legitimately ask the question: can permissioned blockchains match the performance of traditional large‐scale databases? This paper compares two popular frameworks, Hyperledger Fabric and Apache Cassandra, as representatives of permissioned blockchains and distributed databases, respectively. We compare their latency for varying workloads and network sizes. The results show that, for small systems, blockchains can start to compete with traditional databases, but also that the difference in consistency models and differences in setup can have a large impact on the resulting performance.
Pharmacodynamic Drug–Drug Interactions
Authors: Niu Jin , Straubinger Robert M. , Mager Donald E.
Published: March 2019

Pharmacodynamic drug–drug interactions (DDIs) occur when the pharmacological effect of one drug is altered by that of another drug in a combination regimen. DDIs often are classified as synergistic, additive, or antagonistic in nature, albeit these terms are frequently misused. Within a complex pathophysiological system, the mechanism of interaction may occur at the same target or through alternate pathways. Quantitative evaluation of pharmacodynamic DDIs by employing modeling and simulation approaches is needed to identify and optimize safe and effective combination therapy regimens. This review investigates the opportunities and challenges in pharmacodynamic DDI studies and highlights examples of quantitative methods for evaluating pharmacodynamic DDIs, with a particular emphasis on the use of mechanism‐based modeling and simulation in DDI studies. Advancements in both experimental and computational techniques will enable the application of better, model‐informed assessments of pharmacodynamic DDIs in drug discovery, development, and therapeutics.
Iron‐Catalysed Reductive Amination of Carbonyl Derivatives with ω‐Amino Fatty Acids to Access Cyclic Amines
Authors: Wei Duo , Netkaew Chakkrit , Carré Victor , Darcel Christophe
Published: March 2019

An efficient method for the reductive amination of carbonyl derivatives with ω‐amino fatty acids catalysed by an iron complex Fe(CO)4(IMes) [IMes=1,3‐bis(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene] by means of hydrosilylation was developed. A variety of pyrrolidines, piperidines and azepanes were selectively synthesised in moderate‐to‐excellent yields (36 examples, 47–97 % isolated yield) with a good functional group tolerance.
Intercalation Pseudocapacitance Boosting Ultrafast Sodium Storage in Prussian Blue Analogs
Authors: Wang Baoqi , Liu Shuangyu , Sun Wenping , Tang Yuxin , Pan Hongge , Yan Mi , Jiang Yinzhu
Published: March 2019

Great expectation is placed on sodium‐ion batteries with high rate capability to satisfy multiple requirements in large‐scale energy storage systems. However, the large ionic radius and high mass of Na+ hamper its kinetics in the case of diffusion‐controlled mechanisms in conventional electrodes. In this study, a unique intercalation pseudocapacitance has been demonstrated in low‐vacancy copper hexacyanoferrate, achieving outstanding rate capability. The minimization of the [Fe(CN)6] vacancy enables unhindered diffusion pathways for Na+ and little structural change during the Fe2+/Fe3+ redox reaction, eliminating solid‐state diffusion limits. Moreover, the Cu+/Cu2+ couple is unexpectedly activated, realizing a record capacity for copper hexacyanoferrate. A capacity of 86 mAh g−1 is obtained at 1 C, of which 50 % is maintained under 100 C and 70 % is achieved at 0 °C. Such intercalation pseudocapacitance might shed light on exploiting high‐rate electrodes among Prussian blue analogs for advanced sodium‐ion batteries.
Monomer Self‐Deposition for Ordered Mesoporous Carbon for High‐Performance Supercapacitors
Authors: Du Juan , Liu Lei , Yu Yifeng , Zhang Yue , Chen Aibing
Published: March 2019

Ordered mesoporous carbons (OMCs) have emerged as promising candidates for applications in adsorption, lithium‐ion batteries, supercapacitors, metal‐free catalysts, and catalyst supports owing to the ordered mesoporous channels, large surface areas, and quantum effects on the nanoscale. Herein, a new and simple self‐deposition following solid‐phase grinding method was used to prepare OMCs by direct transformation of phenol monomers into mesoporous carbon. The transformation occurred under metal‐salt catalysis and by using mesoporous silica as a template. The obtained OMC completely replicated the morphology of the template and exhibited high surface area, large pore volume, and uniform mesoporous structure. The advantage of this method is that no solvents or extra pre‐polymerization processes are needed, resulting in simple and easy operation and high universality. Owing to the abundant mesopores and high surface area, the OMC samples have good electrochemical properties and high potential for electrochemical materials.
Loss of Neurogenesis in Aging Hydra
Authors: Tomczyk Szymon , Buzgariu Wanda , Perruchoud Chrystelle , Fisher Kathleen , Austad Steven , Galliot Brigitte
Published: March 2019

In Hydra the nervous system is composed of neurons and mechanosensory cells that differentiate from interstitial stem cells (ISCs), which also provide gland cells and germ cells. The adult nervous system is actively maintained through continuous de novo neurogenesis that occurs at two distinct paces, slow in intact animals and fast in regenerating ones. Surprisingly Hydra vulgaris survive the elimination of cycling interstitial cells and the subsequent loss of neurogenesis if force‐fed. By contrast, H. oligactis animals exposed to cold temperature undergo gametogenesis and a concomitant progressive loss of neurogenesis. In the cold‐sensitive strain Ho_CS, this loss irreversibly leads to aging and animal death. Within four weeks, Ho_CS animals lose their contractility, feeding response, and reaction to light. Meanwhile, two positive regulators of neurogenesis, the homeoprotein prdl‐a and the neuropeptide Hym‐355, are no longer expressed, while the “old” RFamide‐expressing neurons persist. A comparative transcriptomic analysis performed in cold‐sensitive and cold‐resistant strains confirms the downregulation of classical neuronal markers during aging but also shows the upregulation of putative regulators of neurotransmission and neurogenesis such as AHR, FGFR, FoxJ3, Fral2, Jagged, Meis1, Notch, Otx1, and TCF15. The switch of Fral2 expression from neurons to germ cells suggests that in aging animals, the neurogenic program active in ISCs is re‐routed to germ cells, preventing de novo neurogenesis and impacting animal survival.
Does perspective matter? A case study comparing Eulerian and Lagrangian estimates of common murre (Uria aalge) distributions
Authors: Phillips Elizabeth M. , Horne John K. , Zamon Jeannette E. , Felis Jonathan J. , Adams Josh
Published: March 2019

Studies estimating species' distributions require information about animal locations in space and time. Location data can be collected using surveys within a predetermined frame of reference (i.e., Eulerian sampling) or from animal‐borne tracking devices (i.e., Lagrangian sampling). Integration of observations obtained from Eulerian and Lagrangian perspectives can provide insights into animal movement and habitat use. However, contemporaneous data from both perspectives are rarely available, making examination of biases associated with each sampling approach difficult. We compared distributions of a mobile seabird observed concurrently from ship, aerial, and satellite tag surveys during May, June, and July 2012 in the northern California Current. We calculated utilization distributions to quantify and compare variability in common murre (Uria aalge) space use and examine how sampling perspective and platform influence observed patterns. Spatial distributions of murres were similar in May, regardless of sampling perspective. Greatest densities occurred in coastal waters off southern Washington and northern Oregon, near large murre colonies and the mouth of the Columbia River. Density distributions of murres estimated from ship and aerial surveys in June and July were similar to those observed in May, whereas distributions of satellite‐tagged murres in June and July indicated northward movement into British Columbia, Canada, resulting in different patterns observed from Eulerian and Lagrangian perspectives. These results suggest that the population of murres observed in the northern California Current during spring and summer includes relatively stationary individuals attending breeding colonies and nonstationary, vagile adults and subadults. Given the expected growth of telemetry studies and advances in survey technology (e.g., unmanned aerial systems), these results highlight the importance of considering methodological approaches, spatial extent, and synopticity of distribution data sets prior to integrating data from different sampling perspectives.
Students as ecologists: Strategies for successful mentorship of undergraduate researchers
Authors: Emery Nathan , Hund Amanda , Burks Romi , Duffy Meghan , Scoffoni Christine , Swei Andrea
Published: March 2019

Guiding undergraduates through the ecological research process can be incredibly rewarding and present opportunities to break down barriers to inclusion and diversity in scientific disciplines. At the same time, mentoring undergraduate researchers is a complicated process that requires time and flexibility. While many academics receive extensive guidance on how to be successful in research endeavors, we pay much less attention to training in mentorship and working collaboratively with undergraduate students. This paper seeks to provide a framework for successfully collaborating with undergraduates including initial recruitment, development of a contract, fostering student ownership of research projects, and submission of a polished manuscript.
Lipid Oxidation in Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions Rich in Omega‐3: Effect of Aqueous Phase Viscosity, Emulsifiers, and Antioxidants
Authors: Pernin Aurélia , Bosc Véronique , Soto Paola , Le Roux Even , Maillard Marie‐Noëlle
Published: March 2019

Phenolic compounds offer a solution to limit oxidation and bacterial growth in food products. This study aims to better understand the impact of compositional and structural parameters of o/w emulsions on oxidative stability in several realistic models, composed of fish oil, an aqueous phase supplemented or not with guar gum, and whey proteins or Tween 80 as emulsifiers. Some systems include phenolic antioxidants, alone or in mixture (α‐tocopherol, eugenol, ferulic acid). The presence of guar gum slightly delays oxidation by limiting oxygen transfer from the headspace to the emulsion and within the different compartments of the emulsion. Moreover, oxidation is lower in emulsions formulated with whey proteins, due to their potent interference with oxidation reactions. Ferulic acid shows no antioxidant activity. Eugenol and α‐tocopherol are efficient in emulsions formulated with whey proteins due to their localization in the reactional system and therefore their proximity to oxidation sites.

Practical Applications: These results can find practical applications in protecting essential omega‐3 fatty acids with natural phenolic antioxidants in food emulsions. They would also contribute to limit the use of additives in food by promoting synergistic actions of phenolic compounds with complementary antioxidant mechanisms. At least, they could offer a sustainable valorization of by‐products from agro‐industry by producing ingredients rich in phenolic compounds, not only having antioxidant properties but also antibacterial effects.

The nature and partition of emulsifier (whey proteins, Tween 80), thickener (guar gum), and antioxidant (ferulic acid, α‐tocopherol and/or eugenol) play a major role in the oxidation kinetics of omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in o/w emulsions.
Atlantic Salmon Recovery Informing and Informed by Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management
Authors: Hare Jonathan A , Kocik John F , Link Jason S
Published: March 2019

2019 is the International Year of the Salmon with events and projects planned across the Northern Hemisphere. Obviously, much of the focus will be on salmon. Yet, we contend in this perspective that salmon recovery, specifically Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar recovery, can inform and be informed by Ecosystem Based Fisheries Management (EBFM). We provide the status of Atlantic Salmon recovery and the definition and objectives of EBFM and then walk through Atlantic Salmon recovery in the context of the definition of EBFM. Our purpose is to provide insight into EBFM in practice. Then we use the principles of EBFM to examine Atlantic Salmon recovery and provide an ecosystem perspective of the recovery efforts. Our intent is to provide a practical approach to considering EBFM and a broader approach for considering Atlantic Salmon recovery.
Nutritional potential of wild sorghum: Grain quality of Sudanese wild sorghum genotypes (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)
Authors: Abdelhalim Tilal Sayed , Kamal Nasrein Mohamed , Hassan Amro B.
Published: March 2019

In the last decades, deficiency of macro‐ and micronutrients was considered as a serious problem associated with the increase in the human population. To meet the increased demand for food consumption, the wild relative plant might serve as an important source of new genetic material for increasing macro‐ and micronutrients. To investigate this, the variations in protein content, in vitro protein digestibility, tannin content, phytic acid content, total polyphenol content, and total and bioavailability of minerals were studied in grains of ten wild sorghums and two released sorghum cultivars. The results showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in all quality tests among the genotypes. The highest percentage of total protein contents and in vitro protein digestibility were encountered in the grains of PQ‐434 (14.6%) and the released cultivar AG8 (49.8%), respectively, while the highest concentrations of total and bioavailable iron were found in the grains of Almahkara (3.17 mg/100 g) and Abusabiba (92.8 mg/100 g), respectively. The grains of wild sorghum genotype Adar Umbatikh grains were found to possess higher total zinc contents. The PCA identified only five components of eigenvalues greater than one and cumulatively accounted for 88% of the total variation. It could be concluded that Almahkara and PQ‐434 could be used as potential sources for iron and protein sorghum biofortification, respectively. Results from this study might be used in the development of new value‐added products from wild sorghum grains by‐products.
Sources and variability of CO2 in a prealpine stream gravel bar
Authors: Boodoo Kyle S. , Schelker Jakob , Trauth Nico , Battin Tom J. , Schmidt Christian
Published: March 2019

Gravel bars (GBs) contribute to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from stream corridors, with CO2 concentrations and emissions dependent on prevailing hydraulic, biochemical, and physicochemical conditions. We investigated CO2 concentrations and fluxes across a GB in a prealpine stream over three different discharge‐temperature conditions. By combining field data with a reactive transport groundwater model, we were able to differentiate the most relevant hydrological and biogeochemical processes contributing to CO2 dynamics. GB CO2 concentrations showed significant spatial and temporal variability and were highest under the lowest flow and highest temperature conditions. Further, observed GB surface CO2 evasion fluxes, measured CO2 concentrations, and modelled aerobic respiration were highest at the tail of the GB over all conditions. Modelled CO2 transport via streamwater downwelling contributed the largest fraction of the measured GB CO2 concentrations (31% to 48%). This contribution increased its relative share at higher discharges as a result of a decrease in other sources. Also, it decreased from the GB head to tail across all discharge‐temperature conditions. Aerobic respiration accounted for 17% to 36% of measured surface CO2 concentrations. Zoobenthic respiration was estimated to contribute between 4% and 8%, and direct groundwater CO2 inputs 1% to 23%. Unexplained residuals accounted for 6% to 37% of the observed CO2 concentrations at the GB surface. Overall, we highlight the dynamic role of subsurface aerobic respiration as a driver of spatial and temporal variability of CO2 concentrations and evasion fluxes from a GB. As hydrological regimes in prealpine streams are predicted to change following climatic change, we propose that warming temperatures combined with extended periods of low flow will lead to increased CO2 release via enhanced aerobic respiration in newly exposed GBs in prealpine stream corridors.
Landmark‐based multi‐region ensemble convolutional neural networks for bone age assessment
Authors: Cao Shaomeng , Chen Zhiye , Li Congsheng , Lv Chuanfeng , Wu Tongning , Lv Bin
Published: March 2019

Bone age assessment based on hand X‐ray imaging is important in pediatry medicine. At present, prediction of bone age is mainly performed by the manual comparison with the existing atlas. To develop an automatic regression framework based on deep learning with high performance and efficiency. A landmark‐based multi‐region convolutional neural networks for automatic bone age assessment based on left hand X‐ray images was proposed. The deep alignment network localized multiple landmarks distributed over the hand, and cropped the local regions to establish the multi‐region ensemble convolutional neural networks with different sub‐network combinations. The modified loss function and the optimized bone sub‐regions were applied to train the networks. The experiments on Digital Hand Atlas Database revealed that the mean absolute error of bone age assessment was 0.52 ± 0.25 years. It is the first study to predict bone age using deep learning methods throughout the entire process including image preprocessing, landmark localization and bone age predication. The proposed method outperformed most of the existing state‐of‐the‐art deep learning methods and achieved good results compared with the expert's experience. It can improve the efficiency of the medical doctors while minimizing the subjective errors.
A comparison of functional analysis methods of inappropriate mealtime behavior
Authors: Bachmeyer Melanie H. , Kirkwood Caitlin A. , Criscito Amanda B. , Mauzy Courtney R. , Berth Diane P.
Published: March 2019

Investigators have evaluated two procedural variations for conducting a functional analysis of inappropriate mealtime behavior exhibited by children with feeding problems. One method involves prompting bites only in the escape condition (e.g., Najdowski et al., 2008). Another method involves prompting bites across all conditions (e.g., Piazza et al., 2003). We assessed the food refusal of 3 children diagnosed with a feeding disorder by comparing the two variations. The two methods resulted in different outcomes for 2 of 3 children. Prompting bites only in the escape condition identified a single function (i.e., escape). Prompting bites across all conditions identified multiple functions (i.e., escape and attention). We then examined the relative effects of extinction procedures (individually and in combination) to determine the validity of each method. Results of the treatment evaluation suggested that the procedural variation that failed to identify an attention function for 2 of 3 children produced false negative findings.
BMP2‐mimicking peptide modified with E7 coupling to calcined bovine bone enhanced bone regeneration associating with activation of the Runx2/SP7 signaling axis
Authors: Xi Yue , Miao Xiaoyan , Li Yongzheng , Lai Kaichen , Du Xue , Jiang Zhiwei , Wang Ying , Yang Guoli
Published: March 2019

Commercial bone substitute, such as calcined bovine bone (CBB), is currently extensively used as an alternative to autogenous bone. However, CBB lacks osteoinductivity and merely serves as a scaffold for native bone formation. To address this issue, we designed and prepared a heptaglutamate (E7)‐modified BMP2‐mimicking peptide (7E) and carried out a series of comprehensive physical characterizations and in vivo and in vitro studies to evaluate its role in the repair of cranial defects. The data elucidated that the amount of peptide anchoring to the bone graft materials was remarkably increased after modified with E7. Of note, 7E had a relatively stable and durable release, which promoted the osteogenic differentiation of rat derived bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and enhanced the bone regeneration of a rabbit calvarial defect by regulating the expression of the Runx2/SP7 axis. In summary, the composite biomaterials incorporating the E7‐modified BMP2‐mimicking peptide and CBB prepared in this study is a novel bone augmentation material with the merits of non‐immunotoxicity, convenience, and low cost. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 108B:80–93, 2020.
Surface modification of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogels with polydopamine and REDV for improved applicability
Authors: Wu Yufen , Yu Chenglong , Xing Meiyi , Wang Lu , Guan Guoping
Published: March 2019

Developing a small‐diameter vascular graft with a satisfactory performance in terms of mechanical and biological properties remains a challenging issue because of comprehensive requirements from clinical applications. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogels exhibit many desirable characteristics for small‐diameter vascular grafts because of their tunable mechanical properties, especially high compliance. However, poor cells adhesion hinders their application for endothelialization in situ. Therefore, in the present work, polydopamine (PDA) and tetrapeptide Arg‐Glu‐Asp‐Val (REDV) were used to functionalize the hydrogels surface and improve cells adhesion. A series of characterizations were systematically conducted to examine the applicability of coated hydrogels to small‐diameter vascular grafts. Results showed that bare and coated hydrogels have appropriate structural stability, and no significant differences in tensile properties could be found after being coated with PDA or PDA‐REDV. The hydrophilicity of the hydrogels decreased with the coatings of PDA and especially PDA‐REDV to improve protein adsorption, porcine iliac artery endothelial cells (PIECs) adhesion, viability, proliferation, and spreading on the hydrogels. Lower hemolysis percentages and higher blood clotting index values were attained for the hydrogels, suggesting their satisfactory hemocompatibility. Overall, the present work provided insights into the development of a novel hydrogel‐based small‐diameter vascular graft. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 108B:117–127, 2020.
Intact polyaniline coating as a conductive guidance is beneficial to repairing sciatic nerve injury
Authors: Wang Guowu , Wu Weifeng , Yang Hui , Zhang Ping , Wang Jin‐Ye
Published: March 2019

Endowing the conduit with conductivity has been an effective way to stimulate nerve growth and functional recovery. Here, conducting polyaniline (PANi) was used to construct a conductive guidance by coating on the surface of microtubes inserted in a three‐dimensional zein nerve conduit to study the repairing efficacy on peripheral nerve injury. PANi nanoparticles with a size of 20–30 nm were synthesized and coated on the surface of microtubes through layer‐by‐layer deposition. Then, conduits including microtubes with and without PANi coating were implanted into rats to bridge a 10‐mm sciatic nerve defect and autograft as the control group. After 2 months, the conduit with PANicoating improved the recovery of proximal compound muscle action potential significantly in the regenerated nerve compared to the conduit without PANi coating, which was not inferior to the autograft group. However, the repairing efficacy was changed reversely at the fourth month postimplantation. PANi coating fragmented to form debris within or around the regenerated nerves while microtubes seem to degrade completely as observed by H&E staining.In vitrodegradation experiment confirmed this process. The PANi nanoparticles could induce cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation of both NIH 3T3 cells and macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. Thesein vitroandin vivoresults implied that the nondegradable PANi may occupy the regeneration space and stimulate the inflammatory response in later implantationin vivo. While there was no such risk if the PANi coating keeps in an intact film. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 108B:128–142, 2020.
Correlation Between Cone-Beam Computed Tomography and High-Resolution Peripheral Computed Tomography for Assessment of Wrist Bone Microstructure
Authors: Mys Karen , Varga Peter , Gueorguiev Boyko , Hemmatian Haniyeh , Stockmans Filip , van Lenthe G Harry
Published: March 2019

High-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) is considered as the best technique to measure bone microarchitecture in vivo. However, a breakthrough for medical applications is inhibited because of the restricted field of view (∼9 mm) and a relatively long acquisition time (∼3 minutes). The goal of this study was to compare the accuracy of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and HR-pQCT and to determine the agreement between CBCT and HR-pQCT in quantifying bone structural parameters. Nineteen trapezia of arthritic patients were scanned four times ex vivo: 1) CBCT (NewTom 5G, Cefla, at 75 μm); 2) HR-pQCT (XTremeCT-I, Scanco, at 82 μm); 3) HR-pQCT (XTremeCT-II, Scanco, at 60.7 μm); and 4) microCT (SkyScan1172, Bruker, at 19.84 μm). XTremeCT-I and XtremeCT-II were reconstructed, segmented, and analyzed following the manufacturer's guidelines. CBCT was reconstructed with in-house developed software and analyzed twice: once with an adaptive segmentation technique combined with a direct analysis method (AT-DM) and once with a Laplace-Hamming filtering technique combined with an indirect analysis method (LH-IM). Parameters of interest included bone volume fraction (BV/TV) and trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), separation (Tb.Sp), and number (Tb.N). The analyses of the CBCT data showed that the AT-DM analysis correlated better with microCT for BV/TV, Tb.Sp, and Tb.N, whereas the LH-IM technique correlated better for Tb.Th. Evaluated over all parameters, the coefficient of determination for XtremeCT-I, XtremeCT-II, and CBCT were higher as R2 = 0.68, 0.72, and 0.67, respectively. For CBCT, the correlations improved when three samples with very thin trabeculae close to each other were excluded and became similar to those for XtremeCT-I and XtremeCT-II. Interesting for clinical practice is that those bones could be identified automatically with the CBCT scanner. We conclude that CBCT produced similar accuracy as HR-pQCT in bone morphometric analyses of trapezia. The broader range of application, larger field of view, and shorter acquisition time make CBCT a valuable alternative to HR-pQCT. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.