bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rank of Genotype-Phenotype Map and Effective Gene Pleiotropy Estimation
Authors: Gu Xun
Published: November 2024

Like many biological terminologies, the concept of pleiotropy is easy to understand but difficult to measure. Practically, biologists address this issue by experimentally identifying distinct phenotypes, caused by the same mutation (mutational pleiotropy) or mutations from the same gene (gene pleiotropy). In this chapter we discuss extensively the statistical method that was developed to estimate gene pleiotropy effectively from the phylogenetic protein sequence analysis. There is also discussion of which conditions yield results from the statistical procedures that can be interpreted as a proxy for a reference measure of gene pleiotropy.
Evolution of Genetic Robustness after Gene Duplication
Authors: Gu Xun
Published: November 2024

To investigate the evolution of genetic robustness after gene duplication, we have to consider two evolutionary scenarios: (i) when a dispensable gene is duplicated (referred to as the ancestral dispensability denoted byO+), genetic buffering and duplicate compensation together maintain the duplicate redundancy, and (ii) the duplicate compensation is the only mechanism when an essential gene is duplicated (referred to as the ancestral essentiality denoted byO−). This chapter introduces a simple mixture model for analyzing duplicate pairs with one of the following states: double dispensable (DD), semi-dispensable (one dispensable, one essential; DE), or double essential (EE). These studies together support the hypothesis that both sub-functionalization and neo-functionalization may play some roles after gene duplication, though the former may be much faster than the latter.
Ancestral Transcriptome Inference
Authors: Gu Xun
Published: November 2024

With the help of high-throughput next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, ancestral transcriptome reconstruction is helpful to understand the complexity of transcriptional regulatory systems that underlies the evolution of multiple cellular metazoans with sophisticated functions and distinctive morphologies. To this end, this chapter discusses a new method of ancestral state inference. The new method uses the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) model, which is biologically realistic, and is suitable for multitranscriptome data. This work will be integrated into a unified, statistically-sound phylogenetic framework to study the evolution of many other molecular phenomics, such as proteomics, chromatin accessibility, methylation status, and metabolomics.
Critique and Questions of Method
Authors: Villadsen Kaspar
Published: November 2024

Chapter 5 explores two questions central to the overall task of this book: what are the critical implications of Foucault’s technological approach, and how does one carry out this inquiry in concrete terms? Tackling the underexplored problem of properly explicating the methods of analysis, I reconstruct a set of methodological principles from Foucault’s works. Foucault offers few general definitions of how to study a dispositif, and instead describes the historical emergence of dispositifs like discipline, sexuality, or security. Given this avoidance of generalizable methods, I define Foucault’s approach as a strategy of genealogical ‘showing’ rather than ‘telling’, which also contrasts with forms of critique that universalize, generalize, and denounce. At the centre of Foucault’s analytical critique are not actions, policies, or ideologies, but evaluative frameworks. Here, Foucault echoes Nietzsche, insofar as his strategy is to open up the frameworks of evaluation themselves, provoking the reader to reflect on their adequacy and consider possible alternatives.
Three Studies
Authors: Villadsen Kaspar
Published: November 2024

Chapter 6 offers illustrative examples of how one can put Foucault’s technological thinking to work. It presents a retrospective reading of three studies, giving particular attention to general analytical and methodological points. The first example is Foucault’s own analysis of the dispositif of sexuality, where he challenged ‘the repressive hypothesis’ by asking what would happen if one assumed instead that sex was produced by a dispositif of sexuality. The next two studies come from my own research. The second study examines how contemporary social policy foregrounds the client’s ‘inner self-worth’ over social structures, formal rights, and redistributional justice. The third offers a brief genealogy of the ‘the risky migrant’ in Danish policy discourse—a figure that has straddled the dispositifs of law, discipline, and security. Finally, the chapter offers a few comments on the Covid-19 pandemic, which incited responses from within our existing dispositifs, just as it provoked transformations and realignments between them.
Morphosyntactic variation in Bantu
Authors: Marten Lutz , Guérois Rozenn , Gibson Hannah , Bloom-Ström Eva-Marie
Published: November 2024

The chapter provides an introduction to the volume, sets out the contexts in which it is placed, and provides a short summary of the chapters included in it. The discussion includes summaries of relevant research in Bantu classification, in typological and formal approaches to the study of linguistic variation and micro-variation, and in approaches to morphosyntactic micro-variation, specifically in relation to Bantu languages. It then shows how the fourteen chapters of the volume provide a comprehensive overview of current work in Bantu morphosyntactic micro-variation, discussing some eighty languages, and how they illustrate the wealth of empirical and conceptual work in the field. Finally, the chapter presents critical reflections on linguistic work on Bantu languages, and the naming of Bantu languages, and how the volume is positioned in this context.
A parametric approach to negation in Bantu languages
Authors: Guérois Rozenn , Gibson Hannah , Marten Lutz
Published: November 2024

The chapter develops a parametric approach to negation in Bantu based on the parameters of Guérois et al. (2017) and building on previous work on Bantu negation. Examining seven parameters of variation, the study highlights correlations between different negation strategies and relates these to the geographical distribution of the languages in which they are found. Results of the study show a high degree of micro-variation and a variety of strategies and positions of markers of negation in Bantu. In terms of the geographical distribution, the findings show that the main differences in negation marking occur between north and south, and that in addition a north-western, a north-eastern, and an eastern group can be distinguished. The results suggest that patterns of morphosyntactic marking are not necessarily co-extensive with lexical-genetic groupings and form distinct linguistic areas of structural similarity.
Predicative possession in Bantu languages
Authors: Creissels Denis
Published: November 2024

This chapter first compares the variety observed in the predicative possession constructions of Bantu languages to that observed in the languages of the world, and particularly across Sub-Saharan languages, and then discusses the possible historical relationships between the comit possessive type, strongly predominant in Bantu, and the have possessive type. The have possessive constructions found among Bantu languages may result not only from the semantic evolution of verbs such as ‘catch’, ‘take’, and ‘hold’, but also from the reanalysis of either a sequence ‘be with’ or a preposition ‘with’ as a verb ‘have’. Finally, this chapter discusses the duality observed in the behaviour of possessive nà in Sotho-Tswana languages.
The use of the augment in Nguni languages
Authors: Bloom Ström Eva-Marie , Miestamo Matti
Published: November 2024

This chapter examines the use of the augment, a prefix preceding the noun class prefix, in the Nguni subgroup of the Bantu languages, which show striking similarities as well as differences in the use of the augment. The study provides new insights into developmental tendencies of the augment. It shows that, while all contexts in which the augment can be omitted are non-fact contexts, the presence versus absence of the augment does not mark a referentiality distinction as has previously been suggested. Referentiality constitutes a semantic and pragmatic explanation for the absence and presence of the augment in different contexts from a diachronic perspective, but this function is eroded in present-day Nguni and only a limited referentiality distinction for some speakers in some varieties is maintained. The loss of function explains why the augment is used in nearly all contexts in some varieties, and omitted everywhere in others.
Locatives in Runyankore-Rukiga
Authors: Beermann Dorothee , Asiimwe Allen
Published: November 2024

The chapter presents an overview of Runyankore-Rukiga’s locative expressions, words, and phrases, based on a corpus of interlinear glossed texts. Locative words and locative phrases are nominal expressions, although they configurationally resemble prepositional phrases, with the locative particle as an independent word preceding the noun. Their morphosyntactic behaviour, however, is that of a noun phrase, as the chapter shows in a discussion of external and internal locative agreement, which also includes a discussion of alternate agreement patterns. Using type semantic concepts proposed by Jackendoff (1990), combined with structural representations, the chapter presents a further development of the two-layered noun phrase approach to locatives originally suggested by Bresnan and Mchombo (1989).
A micro-parametric approach to focus marking ní in Kilimanjaro Bantu languages
Authors: Shinagawa Daisuke
Published: November 2024

This chapter discusses the proclitic ní in Kilimanjaro Bantu, which is diachronically regarded as having developed from a copula and synchronically as having morphosyntactic continuity with it. The study provides an account of specific realizations of ní in two of the Kilimanjaro Bantu varieties, Rombo-Mkuu and Uru, which have not yet been reported in the literature, and then develops a typological overview of its variation across Kilimanjaro Bantu, based on micro-parameters designated for capturing its phonological and morphosyntactic variability. These attempts are intended to be a preparatory step for an integrated explanation of this element and an empirical contribution for much wider typological discussions across Bantu on focus marking types and negation types.
The Refugee Definition in International Law
Authors: Storey Hugo
Published: November 2024

At international law, the refugee definition enshrined in Article 1A(2) of the Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol remains central. Yet after seventy years, the meaning of its key terms is still widely perceived to be unclear and uncertain. Siren voices continue to warn against any attempt at further definition. How long must we brook such a lack of clarity? That is this study’s core question. In trying to answer it, this study does three main things. It seeks to address several ‘framework’ questions concerned with approaches to definition, interpretation, ordering and to the interrelationship between the definition’s different elements. Next, it analyses each element of the definition, applying Vienna Convention of the Law of Treaties (VCLT) rules in systematic fashion. In the process, it seeks to address the main interpretive positions that have been taken in UNHCR, case law, and academic materials regarding each element of the definition, evaluating their merits and demerits, and proposes solutions animated by a human rights approach. The third and by far most important exercise concerns identifying what propositions have been widely agreed and trying to assemble all of these in the one place so as to achieve a ‘working definition’. The author argues there is much more agreement than many think about the meaning of key terms, that many of the main disagreements have been resolved, and it is now within reach to concretise this working definition, most practicably by a wholesale revision of Part One of the 1979 UNHCR Handbook.
The Refugee Definition
Authors: Storey Hugo
Published: November 2024

This chapter lays the groundwork for the book’s main theme: that more concerted efforts must be made to achieve greater clarity about the meaning of key elements of the refugee definition enshrined in Article 1A(2) of the 1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol. After surveying other definitions to be found at the international, regional, and national level, this chapter looks at the limits of the definition and also (briefly) criticisms that have been made of it. It strongly rejects five main objections that have been raised against attempting a further definition. Whilst considering that the idea of a ‘uniform’ interpretation remains utopian, the chapter explains that there are reasons to believe that the goal of a more consistent, ‘convergent’ interpretation is within our grasp and that it is now possible to elaborate, in the form of a ‘working definition’, basic propositions about the meaning of its key elements, reflective of state practice in the broad sense. Reasons are given why it is not possible to treat existing materials—governmental guides, UNHCR guidance, case law, or academic studies in particular—as constituting a ready-made further definition. It is nevertheless concluded that UNHCR and judicial guidance are both indispensable pillars for establishing whether there is substantial consensus about a number of basic propositions that form part of a working definition.
Interpretation
Authors: Storey Hugo
Published: November 2024

This study adopts a systematic approach to interpreting the meaning of key elements of the refugee definition, applying the provisions of Articles 31–33 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969 (VCLT rules). Whilst not prescriptive as to outcome, these rules provide a structured approach. To that end, this chapter first analyses the VCLT ‘toolbox’ in general terms. It also considers the implications of the fact that explicit recourse to these rules remains less common in the common law than the civil law world, and that within the EU the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has developed its own idiosyncratic approach to interpretation. In order to set the scene for this book’s own application of VCLT rules, this chapter also looks at how these rules have previously been applied to the Refugee Convention in the case law and wider literature. It is concluded that even though it remains difficult to locate certain extrinsic sources (UNHCR, judicial, and academic materials in particular) precisely within specific VCLT rules, they certainly fall within the ambit of these rules. Taken cumulatively, they have come to play a major and legitimate role, with UNHCR and judicial guidance now the two main pillars. Whilst in later chapters it will become apparent that the identification of ‘basic propositions’ regarding the definition is possible without express reference to VCLT rules, it remains highly desirable to be able to explain and demonstrate the accordance of such propositions with VCLT rules.
Nationality and Statelessness
Authors: Storey Hugo
Published: November 2024

This chapter looks at the ‘nationality’ element of the refugee definition (which encompasses both those with and without nationality). It explains why this element of the refugee definition, which concerns its personal scope, is dealt with first. Having examined the international law rules that govern acquisition and loss of nationality, this chapter then considers the meaning to be given to the terms used in Article 1A(2) of the Convention, namely ‘country of nationality’, ‘more than one country of nationality’, and ‘not having a nationality’ respectively. It is explained why the term must be construed to denote the legal bond between the individual and the state and why, in temporal terms, ‘nationality’ must refer to current or actual nationality. The main issues tackled in the remainder of this chapter concern whether stateless persons are ipso facto refugees (it is argued that they are not); and the meaning to be given to the phrase ‘unable to return’ (it is argued that this is to be understood as hypothetical). Section 4 explores several discrete issues that have proven vexed in relation to this element of the definition, namely illegal withdrawal or deprivation of nationality and denationalisation; misuse of nationality; and voluntary renunciation of nationality. Section 5 addresses certain evidential issues. At the end an attempt is made to identify a series of basic proposition regarding which there is substantial consensus, along with several ‘suggested propositions’ addressing ongoing debates.
The Availment Clause: ‘To Avail Himself of the Protection’
Authors: Storey Hugo
Published: November 2024

This chapter tackles the paradox that even though the meaning of the definition’s availment (or protection) clause has been the subject of highly divergent interpretations, these have had virtually no discernible effect on the outcome of decisions. Applying VCLT rules, it is argued that the clause must be understood to connote both external (diplomatic) and internal protection, not one or the other. Contrary to the view sometimes voiced, that the clause is an ‘historical relic’, this chapter argues that it must still be understood as one of the substantive requirements of the refugee definition. Being the only element of the refugee definition that employs the term ‘protection’, it should be treated as the source of its meaning for the use made of it elsewhere in the definition, in particular within the ‘being persecuted’ element. Treating the availment clause as the primary locus of that meaning does not prevent an interpretive division of labour, such that the internal aspects are addressed within the ‘being persecuted’ element and its (now limited) external aspects are left to be considered within the clause itself. Such a solution also fits well with the fact noted earlier that in practice the main disagreements have not had any significant impact on actual decision-making. The chapter ends by setting out (a disappointingly few) basic propositions regarding the meaning of the clause distilled from the earlier analysis, together with several ‘suggested propositions’.
Key Analytic Models and Psychoanalytic Concepts Informing Dynamic Interpersonal Therapy
Authors: Lemma Alessandra , Hepworth Mary , Fonagy Peter , Abrahams Deborah , Luyten Patrick
Published: November 2024

This chapter outlines the theoretical framework of DIT that draws on object relations theory, attachment theory, and Harry Stack Sullivan’s interpersonal psychoanalysis. These theories reflect certain core assumptions that underpin DIT and its strategies. Most notably, these are: (a) the social origins and nature of individual subjectivity, (b) the importance of attachments as the building blocks of the mind, and as the context for developing crucial social-cognitive capacities, (c) the impact of internalized, unconscious ‘self’ and ‘other’ representations on current interpersonal functioning, and (d) the importance of the capacity to mentalize experience, without which the individual is more vulnerable to developmentally earlier modes of experiencing internal reality, which, in turn, undermine the capacity to resolve interpersonal difficulties. This chapter also sets out the key competences for psychodynamic psychotherapy that inform DIT.
Core Features and Strategies
Authors: Lemma Alessandra , Hepworth Mary , Fonagy Peter , Abrahams Deborah , Luyten Patrick
Published: November 2024

This chapter sets out the core aims and trajectory of the sixteen-session dynamic interpersonal therapy (DIT) model. DIT has two primary aims: to help patients to understand the connection between their presenting symptoms and what is happening in their relationships; and to enhance their ability to manage interpersonal difficulties by encouraging their capacity to reflect on their own states of mind. The trajectory of DIT is conceptualized in three phases: an initial phase to engage with and assess the patient and to arrive at a formulation of the interpersonal-affective focus (IPAF), a middle phase to focus on the identified IPAF, and an ending phase to address the anxieties about separation and to review the work undertaken. The chapter describes the DIT foci and the key features of the DIT therapeutic stance. Although the basic stance in DIT is an analytic one, rooted in attunement to the patient’s conscious and unconscious communications and in using the transference, the brevity of the treatment requires more activity on the part of the therapist.
The Middle Phase
Authors: Lemma Alessandra , Hepworth Mary , Fonagy Peter , Abrahams Deborah , Luyten Patrick
Published: November 2024

This chapter details the features of the middle phase of DIT (sessions 5–12). The overarching aim for the therapist at this stage is to stimulate the patient’s capacity to think about and understand their thoughts and feelings, and how these underpin the identified pattern of relating. This aim is elaborated in specific ways. The focus is on how to track the interpersonal-affective focus (IPAF), elicit interpersonal narratives to illustrate the activation of the IPAF, and stay focused. It also describes the DIT-specific manner of working in the transference and how to work with defences. Finally, it covers how to support the patient’s attempts at new behaviour in relationships.
Internet-Delivered Dynamic Interpersonal Therapy (i-DIT) for Depression and Anxiety
Authors: Lemma Alessandra , Hepworth Mary , Fonagy Peter , Abrahams Deborah , Luyten Patrick
Published: November 2024

Although a great deal of progress has been made in the development of evidence-based psychotherapies for a wide range of mental disorders, including depression and anxiety, there is a considerable treatment gap, in that many individuals who meet criteria for these conditions do not seek treatment, delay seeking treatment, or drop out of treatment. Internet-delivered treatments might help to fill this treatment gap. The focus in this new chapter is on helping the dynamic interpersonal therapy (DIT) therapist to acquire the necessary skills and competencies to deliver internet-delivered DIT (i-DIT). Specifically, this chapter describes blended i-DIT for depression and anxiety, in which online work is integrated into and alternated with in-person face-to-face sessions. The structure of blended i-DIT for depression and anxiety is discussed, as well as the specific competences needed for DIT therapists to deliver this type of treatment.
Applying Machine Learning to Assess Paper–Pencil-Drawn Models of Optics
Authors: Wang Changzhao , Zhai Xiaoming , Shen Ji
Published: November 2024

Modeling is a critical practice for promoting students’ knowledge-in-use in science learning, but is time- and labor-consuming to assess. Recent development in machine learning (ML) has shown great potential for achieving automation of assessing drawn models. This study applied ML, specifically 2D convolutional neural networks, to assess high school students’ paper–pencil-drawn models of optics. We collected 758 models drawn by students to explain the refraction phenomenon. Using a sequential model with four convolutional layers, we achieved an average accuracy of 89% (SD = 9%). Nested cross-validation produced an average testing accuracy of 62% (SD = 5%). We also found significant variation in the testing accuracy among groups with different proficiency levels of modeling. The lower-performing students’ drawn models are more challenging to score accurately than those of other students. Then we identified and compared images that were frequently given incorrect scores and those that always received correct scores from the machine. Our findings suggested that student-drawn model features impact machine scoring accuracy.
Can AI-Based Scaffolding Promote Students’ Robust Learning of Authentic Science Practices?
Authors: Gobert Janice D. , Li Haiying , Dickler Rachel , Lott Christine
Published: November 2024

In this chapter, we outline some key issues in research on science intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs) and present an ITS for science, Inq-ITS (Inquiry Intelligent Tutoring System; https://www.inqits.com), which leverages many technological developments from the field of ITS to date. Specifically, we provide an overview of our patented artificial intelligence (AI) approach to real-time, automated, scalable assessment and scaffolding of inquiry practices, and report on a large classroom study demonstrating the efficacy of our AI-based scaffolding on students’ acquisition of the science practices needed for inquiry and the transfer of those practices to new topics over long periods of time.
AI-Scorer
Authors: Ehsan Latif , Xiaoming Zhai , Holly Amerman , Xinyu He
Published: November 2024

AI-Scorer is an innovative artificial intelligence (AI)-augmented assessment and instruction system designed to revolutionize formative learning in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education. Grounded in fundamental cognitive and pedagogical concepts, it offers immediate, accurate scoring of complex student responses, promoting engagement and self-directed learning. The platform integrates cutting-edge machine-learning models, providing teachers with real-time insights into student performance, enabling timely, data-driven instructional decisions. This user-centered design, developed in collaboration with experienced teachers, emphasizes usability, ease of use, and adaptability. Teachers can visualize class and individual performance, facilitating personalized learning and effective classroom management. Early studies reveal teachers’ enthusiasm for AI-Scorer’s real-time data analysis capabilities and its potential to alleviate the scoring burden. While promising, further research is needed to validate the system’s efficacy in classrooms. AI-Scorer represents a significant step forward in leveraging AI to support ongoing instructional decision-making in traditional education systems.
Widening the Focus of Science Assessment via Structural Topic Modeling
Authors: Buschhüter David , Pfläging Marisa , Borowski Andreas
Published: November 2024

Traditional assessment has been criticized for being narrow and missing the learners’ strengths. In this paper, we illustrate that unsupervised machine learning, specifically structural topic models (STMs), can assist in identifying potential learning gains inductively and thereby broaden the focus of assessments. The data consist of eighty-four “Views of Nature of Science” (VNOS-C) booklets completed by in-service teachers before and after a teacher development program on the nature of science, nature of scientific inquiry, and partly scientific inquiry. We fitted STMs to identify models with a high association to the covariate time point (pre, post) and confirmed effects concerning two aspects (control of variables and understanding of models). These topics showed to be interpretable as evidence for learning gains and two human coders could reproduce the effects suggested via the STM. These two aspects would have gone unnoticed if we had not employed STMs.
AI for Students with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Panjwani-Charania Sahrish , Zhai Xiaoming
Published: November 2024

This review study aims to uncover how artificial intelligence (AI) has been employed to support students with learning disabilities (SWLDs). Of the sixteen reviewed studies, ten were focused on dyslexia, with only one focused on dyscalculia and the remaining focused on learning disabilities in general. The study suggests that only 50% of studies focused on school-age children. Seven types of AI applications were used to support SWLDs, including adaptive learning, facial expression, chat robot, communication assistant, mastery learning, intelligent tutor, and interactive robot. The adaptive learning was the most widely used. Employing the SAMR-LD (i.e., substitute, augment, modify, and redefine—learning disability) model, we found that AI had been utilized in various ways to support SWLDs (four substitutions, six augmentations, two modifications, and four redefinition levels). Findings revealed the potential of AI in supporting SWLDs, but the small number of empirical studies also implies significant gaps and the need for more research on how AI can support SWLDs beyond just identifying and diagnosing a learning disability.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) as the Growing Actor in Education
Authors: Akgün Selin , Krajcik Joseph
Published: November 2024

Artificial intelligence (AI) incorporates the applications of machine-learning systems dominantly within the automated assessment and intelligent tutoring systems. These AI applications have promising potential to increase capacity within science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education by supporting the social and cognitive development and learning experiences of students. Despite the affordances, AI applications pose critical ethical and societal challenges; and the issues of ethics and power of AI are largely absent from the discussions of formal or informal K–12 STEM education. Therefore, this chapter aims to bring a critical discourse on (a) the benefits and affordances of AI systems in K–12 STEM education, (b) what counts as an ethical AI system and what macro-ethical issues surround AI systems in education, and (c) what critical pedagogical approaches can be used to teach and raise critical consciousness about the macro-ethical issues of AI in STEM education.
Redemptive nationalism, communication media, and order transformation
Authors: Dougall Andrew
Published: November 2024

This chapter advances the book’s core theoretical arguments. It begins by unpacking the idea of redemptive nationalism before situating it within a conception of global ordering in which contests over cultural diversity, and thus, legitimate and recognized meanings, are central. Conscripting ideas from outside International Relations (IR), the chapter then develops an account of communication media’s role in the construction of the social world and demonstrates how the concepts of mediatization and affordances help us to grasp it. The chapter concludes by briefly discussing how this framework applies to the work’s empirical case studies, previewing the findings of later chapters.
‘From Empire to Union’
Authors: Dougall Andrew
Published: November 2024

This chapter advances the first part of the book’s argument about the case of Greater Britain. It begins by introducing the idea of Greater Britain, including how it was understood by its supporters and its conditions of possibility amid communicative expansion and hegemonic decline. Next, the chapter considers how to conceptualize nineteenth-century British imperial communication: as a ‘network’ or a ‘system’. Concluding in favour of the latter conception, it then traces the distributive affordances of the imperial press system. Media’s role in imbuing Britain with its racialized national-imperial character is demonstrated through the examples of South Africa and India.
Exile and enmity
Authors: Dougall Andrew
Published: November 2024

This chapter advances the first part of the book’s two-part argument about the case of the American New Right. It begins by rejecting the idea that the New Right is newly emergent, instead tracing its origins to factional intra-conservative disputes of the post-war era. It then articulates the nature of the challenge posed by the New Right to the contemporary liberal order. The bulk of the chapter is spent tracing paleoconservatism’s evolution as a mediatized collectivity, having been gradually moved to the sidelines of the conservative media sphere by the mid-1990s. Within this process, I identify two important drivers of the New Right’s overall progress: its remoulding as a consequence of media marginalization, and the ways in which distributive affordances prevented it from making a comeback before the rise of the internet.
Introduction
Authors: Gattinara Pietro Castelli , Pirro Andrea L. P.
Published: November 2024

Why and how does the far right engage in non-institutional politics? This book breaks new ground by examining the evolution of far-right movement parties in Europe since the outbreak of the Great Recession. It contends that street politics holds an increasingly important role for the contemporary far right and focuses on hybrid and transitional collective actors like ‘movement parties’. Movement parties run for public office like political parties but uphold the seemingly looser organizational structures, decision-making procedures, and mobilization practices of social movements. The introduction first develops an analytical framework to understand the different logics underlying the protest mobilization of these collective actors. It then presents the data and methods used in the book, highlighting the value of a pluralist approach within a mixed-method research design. Deploying a wealth of original interview, protest event, and social network data, the book integrates insights from party politics and social movement studies, and gives new impetus to the literature on the far right.
The Battle for Control of the Brass and Instruments Business in the French Industrial Revolution
Authors: Diago Ortega José-Modesto
Published: November 2024

This book narrates and analyses the largest judicial battle in culture and industrial property in nineteenth-century Europe (and probably in the world), the echoes of which still ring today. Interestingly, the fight was motivated by some rather simple wind instruments made of brass and their related patents, not by opera—the musical genre that moved the most money and people at the time—or the always revered and contentious high art. The legal confrontation began when a group of French businessmen who built wind instruments saw their business threatened because the Army forced them to use a series of musical instruments that were protected by patents for invention that belonged to Adolphe Sax, the well-known inventor of the saxophone. The first phase (defence) lasted seven years, but it flared up again a few months later when the original defendant took the initiative and simultaneously pursued—this time criminally and for more than thirteen years—several of his competitors also inflicting numerous raids on them. Of course, there were other actors less in sight pulling the strings: the book gives evidence of how political power used economic power and vice versa and provides arguments on how culture articulated the social machinery and was a powerful tool for legitimizing political positions.
Persistance and Jump to Cassation
Authors: Diago Ortega José-Modesto
Published: November 2024

The time continued to consume the validity of the Sax’s disputed patents and prolonged the impunity of his opponents to continue to manufacture and sell brasswinds freely. However, he appealed to the Court of Cassation—the interpretive apex of the entire French legal system—which, before ruling, had to ask itself whether the summary judgement had a legal substance. Three days before the opening of the first Great Universal Exhibition of London, that Court admitted Sax’s complaint, which was also a safe conduct to compete in England. Meanwhile, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte definitively seized power and re-established the Empire. Sax received one of the highest prizes in London while going through his first bankruptcy. However, the new military leadership had already established ties with him. The chapter analyses all these events, which ended in an unsurprising way (February 1853) with the appeal lodged being considered as lawful and referred to another second-degree court.
Versus Eighteen . . . at the Same Time
Authors: Diago Ortega José-Modesto
Published: November 2024

This chapter analyses a simultaneous macro-confrontation between Sax’s and eighteen other brass companies. These firms argued that Sax was misusing his saxotromba patent in an abusive manner. The chronicles reported the virulence of these proceedings and that ‘no other [manufacturer] had ever had to endure such a long and fierce struggle against adversaries so powerfully allied and so persistent in reproducing the same theses of attack and defence’. This attests to the corporate character of the rival builders and that they insisted again and again on the same arguments. However, they managed to introduce a new subjective element into the legal debate (the originality of the saxotromba’s timbre), which further convoluted the issue. Therefore, the court asked for an expert opinion which noted obvious flaws in the patent sketches, but recognized that they provided that ‘special sound’, adding incongruities to this whole affair which was also escalated to Cassation.
Tentacles in Strasbourg
Authors: Diago Ortega José-Modesto
Published: November 2024

All the entrepreneurs discussed so far were based in Paris, but, as the century progressed, the Industrial Revolution spread and, above all, an extraordinary business was perceived, more and more factories appeared in other parts of France. This chapter focuses on one of them, that of Charles Kretzschmann, based in Strasbourg, and who, for the sake of complexity, was in partnership with Besson. In fact, he was one of the witnesses that Besson provided; after he testified, he also became a defendant and consequently had his instruments and account books seized. This chapter develops this episode and the web that had been woven to maintain the monopoly—the case was escalated twice to Cassation—and to dissuade the increasingly numerous (and competitive) brasswind manufacturers in France.
Endgame and Epilogue
Authors: Diago Ortega José-Modesto
Published: November 2024

On the exact day before the saxophone patent expired, Sax inflicted several simultaneous raids on the establishments of various makers, most of them based in Paris, but others from Lyon or Lille. Some of them had been licensees and therefore clients of his in relation to the saxotromba. Sax reported them for trading in minor products that made it possible for the saxophones to sound (mouthpieces, ligatures, reeds. . .) or even for repairing them. Those attacks were declared null and void, including in the Court of Cassation. This chapter explores that episode, the end of such a vast and exaggerated monopoly, and more interestingly, the pressure to adapt to an increasingly large, complex, and competitive market. These pages also develop the achievement of a consumer society around this type of instruments—which confirms a great civilian affection for brasswinds—and also identify other very suggestive economic, political, and cultural factors.
Introduction
Authors: Frajzyngier Zygmunt
Published: November 2024

Chapter 1 outlines the aim of the book. It states why locative expressions were selected for the study and why data are drawn from Chadic languages. The chapter presents a brief account of the current approaches to locative expressions and to semantic analysis and descriptions, the two areas in which the volume makes contributions to general linguistics. The chapter also illustrates some of the specific linguistic problems that cannot be explained by the current approaches to semantic analysis and to locative expressions. The crucial contribution of the volume is the finding that the forms of the utterances in a language are determined by the functions encoded in the grammatical system, by the means of coding that the language has and by the locus within the utterance where various functions are coded. The chapter describes the organization of the volume and provides brief descriptions of the contents of individual chapters.
Fundamentals of the current approach
Authors: Frajzyngier Zygmunt
Published: November 2024

Chapter 2 presents the theoretical approach and the basic methodology of the present study. The theoretical approach is based on the empirical studies of locative and other domains. The chapter states that the grammatical system of every language encodes a unique semantic structure. The semantic structure consists of functional domains. Each functional domain is comprised of a finite number of functions. Every function within the functional domain shares the defining semantic feature of the domain. The discovery of functions and functional domains proceeds through analysis of the coding means available in the language. The chapter includes a brief list of terms used in the volume.
Locative expressions in Hdi
Authors: Frajzyngier Zygmunt
Published: November 2024

Chapter 7 describes locative domain in Hdi (Central Chadic). Hdi is a consistently predicate-initial language, regardless of whether the predicate is verbal or nominal. Verbal inflection in Hdi includes a large set of suffixes, called ‘verbal extensions’, several of which code locative functions. The semantic functions of movement combined with directionality are coded on the verbal piece. The verb and verbal extensions code directionality functions, which include allative, ventive, goal orientation, source orientation, and the motion away of an object. Verbal extensions also code the spatial orientation of the motions up, out, and down. Some verbal extensions code the perfective aspect. The location of an entity or of an event is coded by prepositional phrases. The forms of locative prepositions indicate whether the following noun is inherently locative or not. The totality of coding means in Hdi provides evidence that the language does encode the locative domain in its semantic structure.
Locative expressions in Gidar
Authors: Frajzyngier Zygmunt
Published: November 2024

Gidar does not code the locative domain in its grammatical system, as evidenced by the lack of distinction between inherently locative and inherently non-locative nouns and verbs, and the absence of markers encoding locative values. Directionality with respect to the complement is marked by locative prepositions. Gidar provides evidence for the importance of functions coded in the locative complement. If the locative complements code directionality toward the goal or away from the source, verbs are not constrained to code just one direction and can occur with several locative complements. The locative expressions in Gidar thus provide evidence for the directionality of a cause-and-effect relationship with respect to the question of whether the properties of verbs determine the form of the locative predication or whether the functions encoded in the locative complements affect the syntactic properties of verbs. The study, combined with the results of analyses of other languages, demonstrates that the latter is the case.
Toward a typology of locative expression in Chadic
Authors: Frajzyngier Zygmunt
Published: November 2024

Chapter 11 proposes an explicit statement about the aims of typology and the way it is investigated. The chapter also offers a preliminary typology of locative expressions in Chadic languages. Seven of the eight languages examined encode a locative domain in their semantic structure. Consequences of this encoding include the existence of the distinction between inherently locative and non-locative nouns and, for some languages, the existence of inherently locative and non-locative verbs. The existence of the locative versus non-locative lexical items is a motivating factor for the existence of grammatical markers that code locative predication when the predicate is not inherently locative and a locative complement when the noun in the complement phrase is not inherently locative. The typology of locative domains points to the functions encoded in the locative complement as a motivating factor for the forms of locative predications. In some languages, the functions coded in the locative complement determine syntactic and semantic properties of verbs of motion.
Primate Cognition
Authors: Call Josep , Tomasello Michael
Published: November 2024

First published in 1997, Primate Cognition set the agenda for a new field of study. Borrowing theoretical constructs and paradigms from human cognitive science and developmental psychology, the book reviewed all of the empirical research existing at that time concerning both physical cognition (space and objects, tools and causality, features and categories, and quantities) and social cognition (social knowledge and interaction, social strategies and communication, social learning and culture, and theory of mind). Since that time, research on primate cognition has burgeoned, and this all-new second edition focuses on research conducted after 1997. It is divided into two volumes: the current volume on Primate Social Cognition and a forthcoming volume on Primate Physical Cognition. Existing areas of research are updated with the latest findings, and there are several areas of research that for all practical purposes did not exist at the time of the first edition, for example, on prosocial behaviour, behaviour in social dilemmas, and metacognition. There is also a chapter on theories of primate social cognition and an account of how the human primate fits into the overall evolutionary picture. The second edition of Primate Cognition is intended to be an up-to-date survey of the field.
Social Strategies and Communication
Authors: Tomasello Michael , Call Josep
Published: November 2024

This chapter reviews the primate research literature on social strategies and communication. It covers naturalistic observations and experiments of how individuals behave to outsmart others, including cases of deception. Next, the chapter focuses on intentional communication. First, it focuses on ape gestural communication by providing an overview of their gestural repertoires, the main types of gestures that they use, and the ontogeny of their gestural acquisition. This section also includes a sub-section of gestural communication in monkeys. Second, it presents the evidence of primate vocal communication which includes social calls, referential calls, call combinations, and multimodal communication. The last section of this chapter is devoted to communication with humans which includes the production and comprehension of deictic pointing, iconic gestures, and the ape language studies in which great apes acquire human-like linguistic skills.
Introduction
Authors: Hewitson Mark
Published: November 2024

The term ‘European integration’ was coined by US planners in the late 1940s as a vaguer synonym for ‘union’ or ‘unity’. For the diplomat George F. Kennan, writing to the US State Department on 1 April 1946, integration was essential for the defence of Europe against the USSR in an emerging global order of superpowers. For Paul Hoffman, the head of the Marshall Aid Program Administration, the reconstruction of a European economy seemed to require the economic integration of the continent’s markets. At the time, US planners used ‘integration’ interchangeably with ‘unification’ and the establishment of a ‘federation’ or, even, a ‘United States of Europe’. It was the adoption of the term by subsequent theorists of European integration which led to its wider, more popular usage. The label was also adopted by the EU itself. This chapter addresses a series of large-scale historical questions which are integral to an understanding of the European Union but which are often neglected in the literature. The Introduction surveys this literature and links it to historical research. It asks how matters of ‘security’ affected the development of the European Community during and after the Cold War; how and why citizens of member states have identified with the EU; whether economic and social convergence have taken place, and with what consequences; and how European institutions have come to function, and why.