bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Note on a Liver Abscess of Amoebic Origin in a Monkey
Authors: Castellani Aldo
Published: June 2009

Since November 1906 I have had in the animal house attached to the Bacteriological Laboratory, a rather large female Macacus pileatus (No. 47). This monkey, which had been bought from a villager, had never been used for any experiment: it was kept in the same cage with a monkey inoculated with yas. In October 1907 the monkey, which so for had been in good health, began to lose appetite, and looked somewhat ill: nevertheless the animal continued to jump about in the cage and play with its compantion till a short time before death, on 5. xi. 07. The monkey never had any diarrhoea, and I thought it might have died from a peculiar form of malaria, extremely common in Ceylon monkeys.
Hirudinea as Human Parasites in Palestine
Authors: Masterman E. W. G.
Published: June 2009

Leeches are common in the fountains and pools of Palestine, particularly in the northern parts, known to us familiarly as ‘Galilee,’ and further north in the district of the Lebanon. In the later summer and autumn months they are so plentiful in places that almost every horse and mule passing through these parts has a bleeding mouth. Under such conditions it is not wonderful that human beings from time to time are attacked. The domestic supplies of water are usually protected by the water-carrier's custom of straining it through a piece of fine muslin as he or she fills the pitcher. In some parts of the land the water at the source is kept free from leeches by means of fish; at Deishun, for example, a village in ‘Upper Galilee’ inhabited by Algerian settlers, the large stone tank into which the spring runs is full of a special fish—Capoëta fratercula, a kind of carp—which is there bred for the purpose and which is treasured by the inhabitants with superstitious reverence. Many of the springs in the mountains of Galilee and in the Lebanon are widely known for the multitude of leeches which lurk in their waters, but a thirsty traveller seldom has self-control enough to restrain himself from drinking, and when he does so, particularly at dusk or in the night, he is very likely to suck one in. It is stated in Allbutt and Rolleston's System of Medicine (2nd ed. Vol. II. Part II. p. 959) that the leech “remains in the stomach for a time and then begins to wander.” I have had a long experience of leeches as human parasites but have never seen nor heard of a case like this. The leech in every case I have met has attached itself to the mouth, throat, etc. in the process of swallowing, and I am convinced that once the leech reaches the stomach it is killed. I have never heard of any after symptoms from cases where to my knowledge a leech has been completely swallowed. Many patients can describe the actual moment (during deglutition) when the leech seizes on the throat. One would suppose from the great frequency of leeches in the mouths of horses, etc., that they must sometimes find a temporary resting place there in the human subject; such cases do not however come into the hands of a medical man—the patient or his friends readily removes such an intruder. In the cases, some three dozen or so, which I have had under my own observation the leech has been attached to the epiglottis, the pharynx, the nasal cavities, or—most common of all—the larynx. The frequency of the last situation in my clinical experience is doubtless due to the inability of the fellahin to do anything themselves for the relief of such cases.
Note on the Anatomy of Cystidicola Farionis
Authors: Leiper R. T.
Published: June 2009

The nematode worms discovered by Mr Shipley in the swim-bladder of Trout belong to the species Cystidicola farionis, first described by Fischer, and considered by him to represent a new and distinct type in nematode structure for which he proposed the generic name Cystidicola. Later writers refused to accept the new genus and included it in various other groups (see Synonymy, p. 190). In accordance with an old nomenclatural practice the proposed generic name was adopted as the specific name in place of that originally given, thus Cystidicola farionis became, for Rudolphi, Spiroptera cystidicola. From a detailed examination of the various characters of C. farionis I have come to the conclusion that Fischer was correct in creating a new genus for the new forms, and I therefore propose the reinstatement of the abandoned name Cystidicola. It is also in accordance with modern nomenclatural ruling that the original specific name farionis should be adopted in place of cystidicola.
Dolichopera macalpini n. sp., a Trematode Parasite of Australian Poisonous Snakes
Authors: Nicoll William
Published: June 2009

In 1911, I received from Dr Georgina Sweet of Melbourne University, two lots of Trematodes stated to have been collected respectively from the intestine of the tiger snake, Notechis scutatus, and the lungs of the copperhead snake, Denisonia superba. In 1916, Dr Burton Cleland, of the Bureau of Microbiology, Sydney, sent me two tubes containing similar parasites, obtained from the peritoneum of an unidentified snake killed on Flinders Island.
The Biology of Amblyomma dissimile Koch. With an Account of its Power of reproducing Parthenogenetically
Authors: Bodkin G. E.
Published: June 2009

Amblyomma dissimile Koch is well known to science and previous accounts of its biology have already appeared. Newstead (1909) made some observations on its habits in Jamaica. Hooker, Bishopp, and Wood (1912) give an exact account of its life cycle worked out in confinement in the Southern United States of America. These authors do not refer to the occurrence of parthenogenesis in this species.
Lernaeopoda scyllicola n.sp, a Parasitic Copepod of Scyllium canicula
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold
Published: June 2009

Part I of this paper, which dealt exclusively with the females, appeared in Parasitology, VIII. 262. After examining some dozens of dogfish each month for the previous three years I, at length, on April 2nd 1918 obtained from two separate dogfish caught during the preceding week at Plymouth, three females of Lernaeopoda scyllicola which were accompanied by males.
Hibernation of Flies in a Lincolnshire House
Authors: Graham-Smith G. S.
Published: June 2009

In the autumn of 1917 the writer received several letters from Mr L. C. Peters describing his experiences with flies hibernating in a large and very old house, situated in a large park at Frampton, near Kirton, Boston, Lincolnshire. Mr Peters' attention was directed first to the matter towards the end of October. On removing the window sashes the frames were found “black with flies.” After fumigation a bucketful of dead flies was removed from a single window frame, and about six bucketfuls from other infested windows. Only one side of the house was affected, but on that side the flies were found in the window frames on all three stories. “Ladybirds” were also present in large numbers.
A Short Laboratory Study of Spirochaeta icterohaemorrhagiae
Authors: Bassett-Smith P. W.
Published: June 2009

The occurrence of cases of spirochaetal jaundice from time to time in our over-seas forces, and the general interest of spirochaetal affections at the present time, both in man and animals, are my excuse for offering the following notes.
On the life-history and larval anatomy ofMelinda cognataMeigen (Diptera Calliphorinae) parasitic in the snailHelicella (Heliomanes) virgatada Costa, with an account of the other Diptera living upon Molluscs
Authors: Keilin D.
Published: June 2009

This paper consists of two parts: (I) a complete account of the life-history and a description of early stages ofMelinda cognataMeigen which I found here in Cambridge living as parasites on a common snail,Helicella virgatada Costa, and (II) a review of all observations made hitherto on the life-history of different flies feeding upon living or dead molluscs.
Some Malformations of the Aedeagus and cases of probable Parasitic Castration in Coleoptera of the Family Anobiidae
Authors: Scott Hugh
Published: June 2009

A Large part of an account of the Anobiid beetles of the Seychelles Islands by the present writer, recently published (1924), consists of a description of a complex of species of small and obscure insects which it was extremely difficult to unravel. For these beetles, which vary in length between 1·6 and 2·6 mm., a new genus,Nesotheca, was erected. It was found that this genus has representatives in the Oriental Region, though the species of it which occur in the Seychelles are almost certainly endemic to those islands. Owing to the external characters being in many cases very inconstant, it proved impossible to discriminate between the various species at all satisfactorily by these characters alone, and therefore recourse was had to an examination of the genital armature, or aedeagus, of the males. This organ presents in the genusNesothecaa remarkable series of quite distinct and constant forms, so that specimens which are almost, or entirely, indistinguishable externally, fall into quite clearly demarcated species when the aedeagus is used as a criterion. That the organ exhibits a quite different form in each of the ten species described can be seen by glancing at the figures in the paper to which reference has been made.
On the Occurrence of Piroplasma (Babesia) canis in Malaya
Authors: Kingsbury A. Neave
Published: June 2009

Piroplasma Canisis is known to have a wide distribution in Asia. It has been recorded in India by Dalgetty (1904), Christophers (1907) and others, in French Indo-China, by Mathis (1909), in provinces of China, Shan-tung, by Eggebracht (1908), and Kiang-su by Fischer and Scheidemann (1920). Japanese workers have also found infected dogs in Japan. Recently Witkamp has suggested that P. canis might be the cause of the canine jaundice in the Dutch Indies, which has been described by Van Lier. Endemic centres are thus present in countries to the east and west of Malaya, and the islands to the south are suspect on clinical grounds, but the occurrence of P. canis in this country does not appear to have been hitherto recorded.
Recherches sur la Concentration Moléculaire des Sucs des Parasites
Authors: Schopfer Par William H.
Published: June 2009

Le nombre des travaux traitant de la concentration moléculaire des sues et tissus des divers animaux est déjà très grand (Fredericq, Sabbattani, Bottazzi, Quinton), pourtant les parasites ont été négligés. C'est pour combler cette lacune, que nous avons entrepris les recherches dont nous donnons ici les premiers résultats. La détermination des concentrations moléculaires a d'abord un intérêt en elle-même, comme détermination de constante physico-chimique. Elle peut, d'autre part, donner d'utiles renseignements pour l'étude des milieux de culture des grands parasites; elle peut aussi indirectement contribuer à l'étude de la spécincité parasitaire ainsi qu'à celle de la nutrition des parasites intestinaux.
Notes on Strongylidae of Elephants
Authors: Witenberg G.
Published: June 2009

Owing to the courtesy of Docent W. Stefanski, University of Warsaw, I have had the opportunity of studying some Nematoda collected by him from the large intestine of an elephant which died hi the Warsaw Circus.
Studies on Hippobosca maculata Leach and H. equina L. in the Dutch East Indian Archipelago
Authors: Stekhoven J. H. Schuurmans
Published: June 2009

Our knowledge regarding the biology of Hippoboscidae is but fragmentary. Leuckart (1858) and Pratt (1900) have described the embryology of Melophagus ovinus L. Austen (1903), who described the puparium of Hippobosca maculata Leach, found that the females soon starve when removed from their host. Austen continues: “It is believed that the females of the genus Hippobosca deposit their larvae on the ground, but it is not definitely known, whether they bury them or merely place them on the surface. Several pupae of H. maculata have been found in the calf sheds of the King Institute, but it is not clear, as to whether they were intentionally or accidentally deposited there.” Theobald (1908), on the contrary, asserts that female H. camelina and H. maculata attach their pupae to their host's hair. Massonat (1909) relates that the pupation period of H. equina varies with the temperature.
On the Early Stages of some of the Scandinavian Species of Simulium (Simuliidae, Diptera, Nematocera)
Authors: Puri I. M.
Published: June 2009

In a collection of the early stages of Simuliidae, made by Mr F. W. Edwards, in the summer of 1923, from the rapids above Tännforsen waterfalls, Sweden, there are representatives of 11 species of Simulium: larvae and pupae of S. venustum Say and S. tredecimatum Edw., larvae of S. morsitans Edw. and S. reptans var. galeratum Edw., pupae of S. tuberosum Lundstr., larvae and pupae of S. pusillum and pupae of S. pallipes Fries and S. lyra Lundstr., besides pupae of three other indeterminable species. In a previous paper I have already described, in detail, the early stages of the first five species, and in the present paper I deal for the first time with the remaining six species and the early stages of S.ferruginum Wahlgr. The pupae of S. pusillum Fries, S. pallipes and S. lyra were identified by Mr Edwards, by dissecting out the male genitalia, but those of the remaining three species, herein described as species I–III, are indeterminable owing to their immaturity. It seems inadvisable to give the pupae new specific names as further investigation may prove that they belong to well-known Continental species.
Onchocotyle somniosi n.sp., an Ectoparasitic Trematode of the Sleeper Shark (Somniosus microcephalus)
Authors: Causey David
Published: June 2009

The specimens herein described were obtained from the gills of Somniosus microcephalus Block, at Excursion Inlet, Alaska, in 1909. This shark is also the host of Onchocotyle borealis, the species most closely resembling the new species, and is known in European waters as the Greenland Shark. To quote Goode: “This species, also called by our fishermen the ‘Gurry’ or ‘Ground’ Shark, is a native of the Arctic Seas, but on our coast ranges south to Cape Cod, and in the Eastern Atlantic at least to England, while in the Pacific it has been observed from Puget Sound northward.”
On the Genus Crataerina, von Olf., and its Allies (Diptera Pupipara—Family Hippoboscidae), with Descriptions of New Species
Authors: Austen E. E.
Published: June 2009

Among the bird-parasites included in the family Hippoboscidae, are four small closely conneceted genera, in all of which the wings exhibit more or less extensive reduction and are apparently useless for the purpose of flight. In various parts of the world species belonging to one or other of three of these genera, namely Crataerina, v. Olf., Myophthiria, Rond., and Brachypteromyia, Will., infest Swifts (Micropus, Collocalia, etc.) and their nests; while the solitary representative of the fourth genus Stenepteryx, Leach, at present known is similarly parasitic on the House-Martin (Delichon urbica, L.), which, though in no wise related, is closely associated with the Common Swift in the popular mind.
Herpetomonas in the Cloaca of African Chamaeleons
Authors: Bayon H. P.
Published: June 2009

In a paper read before the Royal Society of South Africa in September 1914, and published in 1915, I gave a brief description of a Herpetomonas that was found in great numbers in the cloacal mucus of Chamaeleon pumilus on Robben Island, South Africa. The flagellates were present in various stages of development in all the chamaeleons examined, i.e. about a dozen, at different seasons of the year. Attempts to cultivate the flagellates on blood agar failed owing to bacterial contamination of the media, and none were discovered in smear preparations of the lizards' spleen and liver or in blood films. Having found Herpetomonas in certain flies (Scatophaga hottentota) at that time, and it being well known that chamaeleons feed on insects, I concluded that the flagellates present in the lizard were probably derived from insects.
On Crepidostomum farionis O. F. Müll. (= Stephanophiala laureata Zeder), a Distome Parasite of the Trout and Grayling. I. The Life History
Authors: Brown F. J.
Published: June 2009

1. Crepidostomum farionis inhabits the gall bladder, as well as the intestine and pyloric caeca, of the trout and grayling.

2. The life history of Crepidostomum farionis has been worked out and is based on the similarity of organisation of the cercaria, encysted larval trematode and the adult.

3. The first intermediate hosts in the life history of this trematode are Pisidium amnicum (Müll.) and Sphaerium corneum (L.) though the latter is unusual.

4. The second intermediate host is the larva of the mayfly, Ephemera danica (Müll.).

5. There are two generations of rediae, the first gives rise to daughter rediae, which in turn produce cercariae.

6. The rediae are characterised by the absence of ambulatory processes and a functional intestine.

7. The cercaria (n.sp.) possesses “eye spots,” stylet and gland cells (salivary?), and the excretory vesicle is tube-shaped.

8. The excretory system of the redia and the cercaria has been worked out in detail.

9. The relation of the parasites to their respective hosts is discussed. On account of the need for further observations definite conclusions are held over for a later paper.
On the Anatomy of the Trematode Paryphostomum radiatum Dietz, 1909
Authors: Edwards E. E.
Published: June 2009

The material for this investigation was obtained from the intestines of cormorants shot on the coast of Cardigan Bay between Aberystwyth and Borth. Of 23 birds examined, 5, or 23 per cent., were infected with this species. Anything from 1–10 individuals were obtained from each intestine.
An Unusual Form of Parasitism of an Anthomyid Fly
Authors: Smith Kenneth M.
Published: June 2009

In the course of a study of the bionomics of Hylemyia (Chortophila) brassicae Bouché, the Cabbage Root Fly, a small number of adults of this and a closely allied species were observed in the field to possess a somewhat unusual appearance. The capture and subsequent microscopical examination of these flies showed that they were parasitised by a micro-organism, which appears to be a fungus.
Contributions to the Anatomy of some Reptilian Cestodes
Authors: Baer Jean G.
Published: June 2009

Having at our disposal material from various sources obtained from the intestines of monitor lizards, it appeared useful to prepare drawings and descriptions of the less known species of parasites.
The Relation between the hatching of the Eggs and the Development of the Larvae of Stegomyia fasciata (Aëdes calopus), and the presence of Bacteria and Yeasts
Authors: Atkin E. E. , Bacot A.
Published: June 2009

The clearing action of mosquito larvae in turbid water and their scarcity or absence in clean water, is an old-established popular belief in mosquito ridden districts of both the old and new world. If the presence of certain species of Anopheles larvae in clear running water, where they doubtless feed on algae, be excepted, it is probable that this general observation is in the main correct. The fact that numbers of mosquito larvae are frequently present in the small collections of clear water which occur in the cut ends of bamboos, the axils of leaves, or the smaller rock or root pools, is an apparent but not a real contradiction of the correctness of this popular belief, because in these instances one of two possibilities may have occurred. Either the large number of dormant eggs which hatched when rain first filled the receptacle was sufficient to check and control bacterial or yeast development from the start, or, as is more likely in the case of root or rock pools, the turbidity due to bacteria or yeasts had been rapidly cleared as the rapacity of the quickly growing larvae increased beyond the source of nutriment.
Notes on Nycteribiidae, with Descriptions of Two New Genera
Authors: Scott Hugh
Published: June 2009

This paper is written primarily with the intention of publishing descriptions of two new genera of Nycteribiidae, together with some notes relating to certain already known forms of that family. But it also includes an account of some recent work (not my own), which for the first time gives us a detailed insight into the habits of these bizarre creatures. This latter side of the subject will be considered first.
The Scope and Aims of Applied Entomology
Authors: Imms A. D.
Published: June 2009

The class Insecta has existed from early Palaeozoic times, developing through the course of the ages into a numerical aggregate of species unknown and unparalleled in any other group of the animal kingdom. At the present day, there is every reason to believe that insect life is more abundant and luxurious than during any pre-existing epoch. With their remarkable adaptations to almost every conceivable environment, their still lengthier persistence on our planet is a matter of the greatest probability. Dr Holland has predicted in a word-picture how the class is destined to be the last to survive when all other forms of animal life have died out. He writes: “When the moon shall have faded from the sky and the sun shall shine at noonday a dull cherry red, and the seas shall be frozen over and the ice-cap shall have crept downward to the equator from either pole, and no keel shall cut the waters, nor wheels turn in the mills, when all cities shall have long been dead and crumbled into dust, and all life shall be on the last verge of extinction on this globe, then, on a bit of lichen, growing on the bald rocks beside the eternal snows of Panama, shall be seated a tiny insect, preening its antennae in the glow of the worn-out sun, representing the sole survival of animal life on this, our earth,—a melancholy ‘bug’."
The Trematode Parasites of North Queensland. II. Parasites of Birds
Authors: Nicoll William
Published: June 2009

In the first part of this paper fifteen species were described, eight of which were from birds. In the present part an additional fifteen are dealt with.
The Occurrence of Oxyuris vermicularis in the Human Vermiform Appendix
Authors: Innes J. Alexander , Campbell A. Elmslie
Published: June 2009

This investigation was commenced by one of us (J. A. I.) in 1910 and carried on for three and a half years. Our purpose was to determine as accurately as possible the percentage of appendices operated on for appendicitis which contained intestinal parasites. The results of a study of 100 unselected cases are given below.
Penetration of Ixodes beneath the Skin
Authors: Nuttall George H. F.
Published: June 2009

In Ticks (Part ii. p. 314) various cases are cited by me in which Ixodes in the larval, nymphal and adult stages have been found lodged beneath the skin of the host: Dubreuilh (1838), Van Beneden (1883) and Blanchard (1891) record cases in man where ticks were found either in a pustule or in cysts beneath the skin. In Blanchard's case a living I. ricinus (♀), 8 mm. in length, was excised from the patient, in whom it caused a subcutaneous tumour about the size of a nut which had appeared some weeks before. Mégnin (1867 and 1892) found (?) ricinus nymphs beneath the scabs covering pustules on the legs of a horse at Versailles. Kossel, Schütz, Weber and Miessner (1903) state that ricinus nymphs and larvae occasionally bore themselves beneath the skin of cattle.
On the Anatomy of a Fowl Tapeworm, Amoebotaenia sphenoides von Linstow
Authors: Meggitt F. J.
Published: June 2009

In the course of an investigation into the tapeworms of poultry, I came across a minute form (Amoebotaenia sphenoides von Linstow) hitherto unrecorded from this country, and incompletely described from the few specimens examined by other workers. Its economic importance remains to be ascertained but, pending a complete experimental treatment of its life-history, I submit an account of its anatomy.
Observations on certain Cestodes of Rats, with an Account of a New Species of Hymenolepis
Authors: Baylis H. A.
Published: June 2009

During some investigations in which, he has been engaged on the internal parasites of rats in the British Isles, Mr G. C. Dudgeon, of the Wellcome Bureau of Scientific Research, has kindly submitted to the writer examples of all the species of adult Cestodes found.
On the Dipterous GeneraPasseromyiaandOrnithomusca, with Notes and Bibliography on the Non-Pupiparous Myiodaria parasitic on Birds
Authors: Bezzi M.
Published: June 2009

In 1851 Macquart described two new species of the Dipterous genusCyrtoneurafrom Tasmania, under the names ofCyrt. longicornisandCyrt. analis, both species being very different from all others of the same genus inhaving hairy eyes and the first species also owing to its very long third antennal joint.
Nosema apis and Acarapis (Tarsonemus) woodi in relation to Isle of Wight Bee Disease
Authors: Bullamore Geo. W.
Published: June 2009

In former times when this country was dependent upon bees for its supply of sugar, a heavy mortality among these insects was of sufficient importance to be placed on record. In his Animal Plagues Fleming (1871) gives a number of references to such losses. In Ireland there was a “mortality of bees” in 950 A.D. and again in 992 A.D. there was a “great mortality upon men, cattle and bees.” In 1035 A.D. the destruction of bees afflicted the whole of Bavaria. An eclipse of the sun in 1124 A.D. was followed by a great pestilence amongst oxen, sheep, pigs, and bees. During the time of the “Black Death,” also, there appears to have been heavy losses of bees and at the Manor Court of Heacham in Norfolk, a statement was made on oath by the steward in the forty-fifth year of the reign of Edward III (1372 A.D.) to the effect that ten out of eleven stocks of bees had perished from the murrain. There is little doubt that this entry in the manorial court rolls refers to epidemic disease, but, as Fleming points out, “there is evidently no relationship between the morinâ of the bees and that of the sheep and cows.”
On Ascaris vitulorum Goeze
Authors: Boulenger C. L.
Published: June 2009

Until the appearance of Neumann's paper “ Sur l'Ascaride des Bêtes Bovines ” (1883), Ascaris vitulorum was not generally accepted as a valid species, the form from cattle being referred by different authorities either to Ascaris lumbricoides or A. megalocephala. Neumann's study of this worm showed, however, that the species differs in many important anatomical characters from the common Ascarids of the pig and the horse and since the publication of his memoir the specific identity of A. vitulorum has not been disputed.
On the Morphology and Life history of a Myxosporidian, Leptotheca ohlmacheri, parasitic in Rana clamitans and R. pipiens
Authors: Kudo R.
Published: June 2009

1. Rana clamitans of New York and R. pipiens from the middle part of the United States, were found to be infected by a Myxosporidian, apparently identical with Leptotheca ohlmacheri (Gurley) Labbé, found by Ohlmacher in the kidney of Bufo lentiginosus.

2. The Myxosporidian was found only in the space between Bowman's capsule and the glomerulus of the Malpighian body and in the uriniferous tubules of the kidneys of the host, no other organ being infected.

3. The mature spore contains two independent uninucleate sporoplasms which fuse into one prior to the germination in the posterior region of the stomach or duodenum of a new host.

4. The germination of the spore was observed in hanging drop preparations with the digestive fluid.

5. The youngest stage found in the lumen of the tubule of the kidney, was the uninucleate form.

6. The trophozoites multiply actively by a process of gemmation and probably also by a schizogony of the uninucleate forms.

7. The trophozoites are, as a rule, disporous and the spores develop independently of each other.

8. The vegetative nucleus persists throughout the entire trophic life of the individual.

9. The Myxosporidian does not exercise any fatal effect upon the host.

10. Infection takes place through the mouth. The liberated binucleate amoebulae probably penetrate through the wall of the small intestine, reach the coelom and are carried to the uriniferous tubules through the nephrostomes or blood vessels.
Considerations on the Life-history of Tapeworms of the Genus Moniezia
Authors: Flattely F. W.
Published: June 2009

Lambs contract Moniezia infection either at or very soon after birth, since they have been observed to harbour adult worms at 2–3 months old and in one case, to pass proglottids at 4–6 weeks.

The intermediate host, if such exists, must be frequent on the pasture in early spring, otherwise lambs would not be found to harbour adult tapeworms so regularly or in such numbers when slaughtered in early summer. In the small intestine of a lamb from 3–4 months old slaughtered at Aberystwyth, there occurred 75 individuals.

The fact that lambs regularly harbour adult tapeworms before they are weaned suggests the possibility of their contracting the infection from the mother-ewes. No direct evidence in this direction has been obtained, however, and an attempt to produce a larval stage in the udder region of a ewe by feeding to it the eggs of a tapeworm proved abortive.

Hitherto, all attempts to produce the adult tapeworms directly by feeding the eggs to sheep have failed; there is, however, the remote possibility that the eggs require to undergo some kind of maturation process outside the body of the sheep before they will develop. The fact that several species of Moniezia occur in the domestic sheep would seem to require an intermediate stage, which would occur in a corresponding number of intermediate-host species.

The disease seems prevalent in flocks which are singularly free from ectoparasites.

The invertebrates which seem most likely to harbour an intermediate stage are coprophagous insects, etc. (beetles, flies, mites). Attempts to infect species of Aphodius have nevertheless proved fruitless.

Moisture favours the survival of the eggs of Moniezia: eggs kept in water for a period of several months seemed to remain perfectly viable. Nevertheless tapeworm is common among flocks on pastures about Rome which are characteristically dry.

A comprehensive series of experiments under conditions of the most complete control would almost certainly clear up the life-history; on economic grounds alone the problem is urgent.

The overwhelming majority of a quantity of worms collected from slaughter-houses in Aberystwyth, Aberdeen, Beauly (Inverness-shire) and Newcastle-on-Tyne proved to be of the species M. expansa. The only other species found were M. trigonophora and M. alba. The identification was based on anatomical characters and not on externals, which are useless.

The writer intends directing his attention to coprophagous mites as carriers, viz. Gamasus coleoptratorum, G. fimetorum, Macrocheles glaber.
Tetracotyle sogdiana—a New Trematode Parasite of the Fish, Schizothorax intermedius, with a description of adhesive peritonitis produced by the parasite in its host
Authors: Pavlovsky E. N. , Anitchkov N. N.
Published: June 2009

In the summer of 1908 one of us (E. N. P.), whilst collecting material in the River Zeravshan in the vicinity of Samarkand (Turkestan), came across a case of adhesive peritonitis in a local fish, Schizothorax intermedius. The abdominal wall of this fish, with a part of the viscera adhering to it, were dissected out and placed in 70 per cent, alcohol where they remained untouched till 1919 when we proceeded to their examination. The results of our investigation are described in this paper. An examination of the excised parts shows a compact accumulation of tissue on the ventral side of the intestinal coils, in the form of a flat patch from which a series of fine strands run to the black peritoneal covering of the lower body-wall. The patch which shows irregular edges is coloured black and is covered with yellowish spots.
The Discovery of the Coccidia
Authors: Dobell Clifford
Published: June 2009

Students of the history of Protozoology are generally agreed that the earliest recorded observations on the Coccidia are those of Hake (1839). Bütschli (1882, p. 490) mentions his work, though he did not see it; and it has been cited by Leuckart (1879), Labbé (1896), and several other writers on the Sporozoa—including myself (1919)—as the first publication in which coccidia are recognizably described.
On a New Ciliate, Balantidium ovatum, sp. nov., an Intestinal Parasite in the Common Cockroach (Blatta americana)
Authors: Ghosh Ekendranath
Published: June 2009

The parasite herein described was found in the intestinal contents of Blatta americana at Calcutta. A single specimen was observed.
The Respiratory System of Mallophaga
Authors: Harrison Launcelot
Published: June 2009

The respiratory system in Mallophaga has not hitherto been described in detail. Kellogg (1896, p. 45) gives the disposition of the main trunks in Tetrophthcdmus, together with a figure; Snodgrass (1899, p. 170) adds nothing to Kellogg's account; Fulmek (1907) dismisses the tracheal system with a paragraph; Shipley (1909) gives a detailed figure for Goniodes tetraonis which is neither complete nor altogether exact; and Mjöberg (1910), although devoting several pages of his morphological section to the respiratory system, is chiefly concerned with the occluding apparatus of the stigmata. He does, however, figure the main trunks in Eutrichophilus, and the occluding apparatus in Gyropus ovalis; and makes certain general statements which may be summarised as follows:
Multiplication-forms of Trypanosoma lewisi in the Body of the Rat
Authors: Coles Alfred C.
Published: June 2009

During an investigation extending over several years of the forms of Trypanosoma lewisi, as met with in naturally infected Mus decumanus, I have met with many phases which I have not seen described.
Larvae and pupae of tachinids parasitizing Pieris rapae L. and P. brassicae L
Authors: Bisset G. A.
Published: June 2009

The purpose of this work has been to identify and describe the immature forms of those species of tachinids which have occurred as parasites of Pierisrapae and P. brassicae at the Imperial College Field Station, Slough, Bucks.
On Three New Cestodes from Birds
Authors: Woodland W. N. F.
Published: June 2009

Of this Cestode I possess about a dozen adult specimens from one bird and nearly two dozen young specimens from another bird, preserved in the collection of the Wellcome Bureau and originally obtained, I believe, by Dr L. Sambon from the London Zoological Gardens. It is probably allied to, though certainly not identical with, theAscometra vestitaof Cholodkovsky (1912) obtained from the same host, viz.Houbara macqueeni. I have no information as to the locality from which the hosts were obtained in the present case. I shall describe the anatomy of this worm prior to discussing its systematic position.
The Action of Hydrochloric Acid upon Cultures ofTrichomonas
Authors: Bishop Ann
Published: June 2009

The question of the mode of transmission of theTrichomonasof man from one host to another is of particular interest because no authentic encysted stage is known.

Many workers have attempted to infect “clean” animals by the mouth with active trichomonads from a variety of hosts, either from cultures or directly from faeces. The results are conflicting. Thus Escomel (1913) fed faeces containingTrichomonas intestinalis(= T. hominis) from a human case of dysentery to a rabbit, a guinea-pig, a cat, and a dog, and obtained a positive result in the dog. He does not, however, state that he examined his animals, to find whether they had any similar natural infections, before performing his experiments. Boyd (1919) fed a culture ofTrichomonas intestinalis(= T. hominis), mixed with milk, to a white rat and infected it. He had previously examined this rat and one used as a control and found them to be free from this flagellate. He was, himself, uncertain whether the infection was due to the free flagellates or their “cysts“ which he says were present in the culture. The cysts figured by him (Plate XI, figs. 7–17) appear to be rounded-up and degenerating trichomonads. Pringault (1920) fedTrichomonas intestinalis(= T. hominis) to a cat, a guinea-pig, a rabbit, and a white rat, without establishing an infection in any one of them.
Acanthocephala from China. I. New Species and New Genera from Chinese Fishes
Authors: Van Cleave H. J.
Published: June 2009

In 1916, the writer (Van Cleave, 1916) called attention to the fact that lack of published records should not be taken as an indication of scarcity of Acanthocephalans in the Chinese fauna. A single species of Centrorhynchus has been described from a magpie, and Faust (1921 a) has recorded the species common in the hog. As yet, apart from these two specific identifications, the acanthocephalan fauna of China has remained unknown.
A Survey of Human Intestinal Protozoa in Sweden and Finland. (A Preliminary Report)
Authors: Svensson Ruth M.
Published: June 2009

This survey records the intestinal protozoa found in 611 hospital cases in Sweden, 1244 mental asylum cases in Sweden, and 159 medical out-patients in Finland. Only one examination was made of each case.

In each of these three groups the following protozoa were found:Entamoeba histolytica, E. coli, Endolimax nana, Iodamoeba bütschlii, Giardia intestinalis, andChilomastix mesnili. In hospital and asylum cases in SwedenDientamoeba fragiliswas encountered,Trichomonas hominisand a small flagellate were found in the asylum group, and in this group as well as in the series in Finland,Balantidium coliwas met with. In one case cysts of this protozoon were found.

In a group of 46 cases, formed stools as well as loose stools obtained after administration of a purgative were examined. The loose samples revealed the presence ofTrichomonas hominis, Balantidium coli, and a small flagellate, none of these having been found in the formed specimens. The percentage ofDientamoeba fragilisrose from 8·7 per cent, in the formed stools to 23·9 per cent. in the loose stools. All the other species were more abundantly present in the loose than in the formed samples.

In Sweden, mental asylum cases show a much higher incidence of infections than do the hospital cases.

Intestinal protozoa seem to be more common in Finland than in Sweden.

Among hospital cases in Sweden the residents of Stockholm show a lower incidence of infections than do the people living in rural districts.

At admission, asylum cases are not infected to a higher degree than are the general hospital cases. The rise in incidence of infection is directly proportional to the length of time spent in the institutions up to ten years, after which time no further increase occurs. The male patients show throughout considerably higher percentages of infections than the female patients.Chilomastix mesnilishows a very high incidence in the asylums, whereas the percentage ofGiardia intestinalisremains practically the same throughout the time of confinement in the institution.
A Review of the Telorchiinae, a Group of Distomid Trematodes
Authors: Perkins Michael
Published: June 2009

The modern history of the group of parasites of which this paper relates begins with the unfortunate publication on the same day—December 28th, 1899—of two simultaneous revisions of the Trematoda by Looss and Lühe, which has led to endless confusion and difficulties of nomenclature. In the present instance both writers described new genera under the same name—Telorchis—placing in each somewhat similar assemblages of species, yet not sufficiently close in character to be accepted as synonymous genera; at the same time each writer wisely selected a type species and thereby rendered the task of unravelling this knot in systematics very easier. The position will be at once apparent on comparing the two descriptions, and in order to facilitate this I have rearranged the translated clauses of each so that they appear in the same order:
The relationship between Mallophaga and hippoboscid flies
Authors: Clay Theresa , Meinertzhagen Colonel R.
Published: June 2009

It has been known for a long time that certain species of Mallophaga attach themselves to hippoboscid flies, the act taking place on the bird host. This has been referred to as Phoresy, ‘a type of interrelationship between insects in which one is carried on the body of another larger insect, but the former does not feed on the latter’, or, in other words, free passage without food.
Cases of abnormal development in the argasid tick, Ornithodorus moubata
Authors: Robinson G. G.
Published: June 2009

During the examination of over 8000 specimens of Ornithodorus moubata, two cases of partial twinning (one male, one female) of the posterior region were noticed, and also a case of suppression of the postanal region in a male. All the freaks were viable, and the partial twins were normally fertile.
The larva of Phaonia palpata Stein (Diptera, Anthomyidae)
Authors: Tate P.
Published: June 2009

The larva of Phaonia palpata closely resembles that of P. variegata in the structure of the buccopharyngeal armature and of the posterior spiracles. The absence of sharp teeth on the anterior ribbons and the presence of a blunt knob on the ventral edge of the oral bars distinguish the larva of P. palpata from larvae of other species of Phaonia.
Respiratory systems and respiratory adaptations in larvae and pupae of Diptera
Authors: Keilin D.
Published: June 2009

Each year the study of Diptera reveals some new and often unexpected facts concerning the mode of life of their early stages. The rich entomological literature dealing with this subject clearly shows that the diversity of conditions under which the larvae of this order of insects live surpasses that of any other order of the Animal Kingdom.
Coccidian oocysts
Authors: Goodrich Helen Pixell
Published: June 2009

1. The spores of Eimeria (not the oocysts) are the real infective agents and, as in other Sporozoa, they readily set free their sporozoites in the duodenum or in vitro under suitable conditions.

2. The protective oocyst has double walls: the ectocyst is thick and impervious to fluids but easily fractures by mechanical means, such as drying. Even though cracked, it may continue to protect the thin endocyst and spores until they reach the specially muscular regions of the alimentary canal. Free spores are probably also sometimes ingested.

3. The ectocyst is a continuous envelope without a persistent micropyle. It resembles keratin in many ways.
The ecology of the sheep tick, Ixodes ricinus L. Host availability and seasonal activity
Authors: Milne A.
Published: June 2009

In three experiments, the chief hosts, sheep, were withheld from a grazing until 0–3 weeks after the normal spring peak of female tick activity. This did not give rise to any appreciable prolongation of female tick activity into the normal summer offseason. More than half the female ticks actually available during the entire spring season were unfed when activity came to an end. This was due to the withholding of hosts. Hence that aspect of the ‘two-brood’ theory which claims that activity ends in spring, because all the available ticks are fed, is untenable as the complete explanation of bimodal annual activity.

Increase in sheep-stocking density, over the normal for a grazing, lowers the average infestation per sheep for that season at least.

The experimental data suggests the following:

(i) Delay in stocking a grazing with sheep results in a slightly higher-than-normal population of active female ticks which is fairly quickly absorbed after reintroduction of sheep.

(ii) A varying proportion of the tick population becomes active each week throughout the tick season, increasing up to the peak and decreasing thereafter.

(iii) The average duration of individual activity in a natural population of female ticks is probably not more than 1 month, perhaps less.

Practical applications of the findings to hill sheep farming are indicated.
A new sporozoon, Gregarina rhyparobiae n.sp., from a tropical cockroach, Rhyparobia maderae
Authors: Watson J. M.
Published: June 2009

A new species of cephaline gregarine, Gregarina rhyparobiae n.sp., parasitic in the gut of a tropical cockroach Rhyparobiae maderae, from East Africa, is described.
On the Life History of Ascaris lumbricoides, L. Part V
Authors: Stewart F. H.
Published: June 2009

Since the publication of Part IV (Stewart, 1919), four papers dealing with the life-history of Ascaris lumbricoides have appeared.

(1) Ransom and Foster (1920) give a full account of their work, preliminary reports of which have already been published (1917 and 1919).

As evidence in the problem of whether the worm can undergo full development in one host alone, they attach great importance to two experiments, one on a kid and one on a lamb, in which after the administration of ripe eggs of A. suilla, they recovered worms from the intestines. In the kid, which died 24 days after the first feeding, the worms measured from 4·3 to 11·4 mm.; in the lamb, which was killed 103 days after feeding, the worms measured from 60 to 110 mm. The authors consider that, as Ascaris infection is uncommon in goats and sheep, the worms may without doubt be ascribed to the experimental feeding. They record five experiments on pigs which gave doubtful results, since the pigs fed with Ascaris eggs were found, after varying periods, to be on the average less infected with Ascaris than pigs which were kept as controls, and had not been so fed.
Some Observations and Experiments on Insect Flagellates, with special reference to Artificial Infection of Vertebrates. (A Report to the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.)
Authors: Hoare Cecil A.
Published: June 2009

Woodcock (1910) discovered a trypanosome naturally occurring in the blood of British sheep. This finding was confirmed by Behn (1911, 1912) in Germany. In both cases the authors did not give any description of the parasite, which was seen by them only in single cases, and they failed to cultivate the trypanosomes.
Notes on Rickettsia
Authors: Hindle Edward
Published: June 2009

Among the recent advances in our knowledge of the aetiology of human diseases, one of the most interesting is the discovery of a new group of somewhat problematic organisms which have been grouped together under the generic name Rickettsia. Up to now their presence has been shown, more or less satisfactorily, to be associated with three types of human fevers, viz. typhus, trench fever and possibly Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and in the last few years a certain number of papers have appeared on this subject, the most comprehensive of which are those published by the British War Office Committee and the American Commission on trench fever. In addition it has been suggested that many other human diseases are caused by these organisms, but the evidence is so very unsatisfactory that it may be disregarded.
Supplementary Account of the Dipterous Larvae feeding upon Molluscs
Authors: Keilin D.
Published: June 2009

In my previous paper (Parasitology, XI. 1919) on the life history of a Calliphorine fly,Melinda cognataMeig., the larvae of which live as parasites in a snail (Helicella virgata), I gave a complete account of all the Dipterous larvae feeding upon molluscs.
On a New Cestode from the Pouched Rat,Cricetomys gambianum
Authors: Meggitt F. J.
Published: June 2009

The material of the species to be described was found in a small collection of parasites from Zanzibar, placed at my disposal by Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., to whom I wish to express my thanks. As only a few cestodes have hitherto been recorded from East Africa and its helminth fauna is therefore largely unknown, a list of the forms identified is given at the end of the paper. I desire to acknowledge my indebtedness to the Birmingham Natural History and Philosophical Society for a grant towards the expense of preparing the plates, both in this and the preceding paper (Parasitology, XIII. No. 1, March 1921, p. 1).
Anchistrotos zeugopteri (T. Scott) A parasitic copepod of Zeugopterus punctatus
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold
Published: June 2009

Habitat and material. About a hundred specimens including both sexes were taken on the upper surface, especially the dorsal and ventral fins, of two Zeugopterus punctatus (Bloch), 13 and 21 cm. respectively in length, by Miss Nora G. Sproston at Roscoff in September 1938.