bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feasibility of F-18 radiolabeled brain-penetrable bi-specific antibody radioligands for in vivo PET imaging of tauopathy
Authors: Kelleher Andrew C. , Richardson Brandon , Kumar Banka Vinay , Kazior Alex , Tan Cathy , Chan Sabrina , Khastgir Rumaish , Hu Hao , Youss Zakia , Mishkit Orin , Ding Yu-Shin
Published: February 2025

We report the first bispecific engineered brain penetrable F-18 radiolabeled tau antibody constructs for validation by PET imaging. We report evidence of specific binding to tau; however, we note limitations due to slow clearance of antibody probes.
Liver magnetic resonance spectroscopy as an alternative for evaluating Niemann-Pick C disease progression
Authors: Xavier Aline , Oyarzun Juan E. , Zacconi Flavia , Zanlungo Silvana , Andia Marcelo E.
Published: February 2025

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy identifies increased cholesterol and changes in fatty acid distribution as key biomarkers for liver damage in NPC disease, offering potential non-invasive patient monitoring through distinct liver metabolite spectra.
A review on green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) using plant extracts: a multifaceted approach in photocatalysis, environmental remediation, and biomedicine
Authors: Shahzadi Sehar , Fatima Sehrish , ul ain Qurat , Shafiq Zunaira , Janjua Muhammad Ramzan Saeed Ashraf
Published: February 2025

A sustainable and viable alternative for conventional chemical and physical approaches is the green production of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) using plant extracts.
Corrosion of metallic anodes in aqueous batteries
Authors: Li Xuejin , Liu Pengyun , Han Cuiping , Cai Tonghui , Cui Yongpeng , Xing Wei , Zhi Chunyi
Published: February 2025

This review thoroughly discusses the corrosion behaviors of various metallic anodes in aqueous metal batteries. It also provides a comprehensive overview of corrosion prevention tactics and characterization methods.
A microstrip quad‐band power divider based on stepped impedance coupled lines
Authors: Wang Xinhuai , Hou Yifan , Wang Wen , Li Kejiang , Xu Hongyang , Shi Xiaowei , Xu Yin
Published: February 2025

A novel design of quad‐band power divider (PD) is proposed in this brief. By introducing the stepped impedance coupled lines, the frequency offset and power loss caused by dispersion are effectively reduced. This brief gives the complete theoretical derivation and design flow of the proposed quad‐band PD, according to which people can design the PD operating in four bands. Finally, according to the design method, a quad‐band PD operating at 0.7, 2.4, 3.6 and 5.3 GHz is simulated and designed. After processing and measurement, it exhibits low return loss and high isolation in the four operating bandwidths, and the simulation results are highly consistent with the experimental results, which proves the correctness of the proposed design method.
Identification of the resistance of local Banten rice to biotype 2 brown planthoppers (Nilaparvata lugens stål.)
Authors: Kurniawati Sri , Nur Susilawati Pepi , Giamerti Yuti , Darmania Amanda Ulima , Purba Resmayeti , Mirsam Hishar , Yursak Zuraida
Published: February 2025

The brown planthopper (BPH) is one of the major pests of rice that causes significant losses. One of the control efforts against BPH is using resistant varieties. Local rice varieties serve as germplasm resources that can be utilized to develop resistant varieties. This research aims to identify the resistance of four local rice varieties from Banten to BPH and to identify the biotype of the tested BPH insect used in this study. The study was conducted from November 2018 to April 2019 at the greenhouse of the Banten Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology. Resistance identification against BPH was performed on Banten local rice varieties: Gadog, Rabig, Ketan Gadung, and Apel Merah, with TN1 used as a susceptible control variety. Resistance testing used BPH field populations from Pontang District, Serang Regency, on 7-day-old seedlings. Furthermore, biotype identification of the BPH insect was conducted using differential varieties: TN1, Mudgo, ASD7, and Rathu Heenati. BPH biotype determination followed the Standard Evaluation System for Rice by IRRI. The results of the resistance testing showed that Gadog rice was highly susceptible, Rabig and Ketan Gadung were susceptible, and Apel Merah was resistant to the tested BPH population. The identification of the test insect revealed biotype 2.
Application of BioVermigot and Rhizobium spp. on production of Peanuts (Arachis hypogea L.)
Authors: Sebayang Nur Ulina Warnisyah , Lubis Nursiani
Published: February 2025

BioVermigot is an organic fertilizer produced from a combination of vermicompost fertilizer and Black Soldier Fly fertilizer which is innovated with beneficial microbes such as Azotobacter sp. which has the potential as a Nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The BioVermigot application is expected to help increase peanut production with the help of the Rhizobium spp. as a Nitrogen fixer. This research was carried out from December 2023 to March 2024 in Medan Selayang District, North Sumatra. This research uses Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The first factor (BioVermigot Dosage) B0 : Control, B1 : 0 ton ha-, B2 : 10 ton ha-, and B3 : 20 ton ha-. Second factor (Dose of Rhizobium japonicum) R0 : Control, R1 10 g kg- and R2 : 20 g kg. Data analysis used variance with the F test and Duncan’s multiple range test at a significance level of 5%. The results showed that there was no interaction between inoculation of Rhizobium spp. and BioVermigot on peanut yield. Independently Rhizobium spp. influences all parameters, while Biovermigot influences the number of pods, the number of pithy pods, the weight of wet pithy pods, the weight of dry pithy pods per plant, and pod yield per plot.
Durian Seed Starch and Rind Liquid Smoke-Based Edible Coating for Apple Preservation
Authors: Faisal Muhammad , Fauzi  , Abubakar Yusya , Mukhlishien  , Desvita Hera , Sovianti Meilan , Tantri Siregar Kalyana
Published: February 2025

This study explores the use of an edible coating from durian seed starch combined with liquid smoke derived from durian rind waste for apple preservation. The liquid smoke was prepared through the pyrolysis at three different temperatures: 340°C (T1), 380°C (T2), and 420°C (T3). The edible coatings were formulated by mixing the liquid smoke at concentrations of 2% (C1), 4% (C2), and 6% (C3) with durian seed starch and chitosan. The characteristics of the edible coatings were examined using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF). Antibacterial properties were tested against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Additionally, physical and sensory evaluations, including thickness measurement, organoleptic tests, Total Plate Count (TPC), and colorimetric analysis, were conducted to assess the coatings’ effectiveness in extending the shelf life of apples. The test results suggest that edible coatings T1C1, T2C2, and T3C3 had good features and met with the Indonesian national standards. The FTIR results identified the optimal edible coating as the combination T3C3, which exhibited significant antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones measuring 14.66 mm for E. coli and 6.07 mm for S. aureus. The T3C3 coating demonstrated a thickness of 0.031 ± 0.01 mm when applied to apples. After 25 days of storage, the TPC value was 8.1×104 CFU/g, indicating that the apples remained within acceptable quality standards. Organoleptic assessments revealed that the T3C3-coated apples maintained their texture, firmness, and aroma for more than 20 days.
The comparison of additional extracts of merah, emprit, and gajah ginger towards characteristics of yogurt
Authors: Dwi Cahyani Anna , Aji Handoko Yoga
Published: February 2025

Yogurt is a solution for people who cannot digest lactose (lactose intolerance) and can be innovated by adding various ginger extracts. This research aims to compare the characteristics of yogurt with the addition of various ginger extracts and determine the best variety of ginger extract. The experimental design used a Randomized Block Design. Data were analysed using ANOVA and continued with the Honestly Significant Difference test at a significance level of 5%. The testing parameters are protein, fat, antioxidant activity, acid total, total Lactic Acid Bacteria, and organoleptic. The results showed that by adding merah ginger extract, the protein of yogurt decreased (sample M.3%), besides that the fat and antioxidant activity (sample M.3%) were the lowest compared to other treatments. The addition of emprit ginger extract makes yogurt have the highest protein, fat, and antioxidant activity (sample E.1 & 5%). The addition of gajah ginger extract resulted in the highest total lactic acid bacteria (sample G.1 and 3%), while the protein, fat, acid total, and antioxidant activity tended to be low. The best variety of ginger extract for the quality of the final yogurt product is the addition of 1% emprit ginger (sample E.1%) and 3% gajah ginger (sample G.3%).
Microbiological and Rheological Properties of Kefir in Different Combination Medium of Milk and Mung Bean Juice
Authors: Setiyawan Ahmad Iskandar , Nurliyani  , Widodo  , Kurniawan Taufik , Firmansyah Angga Maulana , Pratiwi Diah , Karimy M. Faiz , Febrisiantosa Andi
Published: February 2025

Indonesia has quality nut commodities. One of them, mung beans, is known to contain 22.75% protein. Kefir grains include lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in symbiosis with acetic acid bacteria and yeast. Its fermentation produced peptide bioactive, functional properties, probiotics, and inhibitory enzymes. This study evaluated kefir’s microbiological and rheological properties in mixed milk and mung bean juice media. The combination treatment (T) of milk (M) and mung bean juice (MB) as the kefir medium was M 90% + MB 10% (T1), M 80% + 20% MB (T2) and M 70% + 30% MB (T3). The results showed that the LAB and yeast no significantly different in each treatment. Rheological properties of kefir were determined by analyzing sample viscosity at different temperatures (5°C, 20°C, and 30°C). The results showed an increase in the percentage of mung bean juice, and temperature reduced the viscosity value. The highest viscosity value regression was T3 (82.75 mPa·s) at 5°C. The research concluded that combinations of milk and mung bean up to 30% do not affect microbiological properties but affect rheological properties.
Hydrogel film synthesis for biowrapping via a single-cycle freeze-thaw process untilizing carboxymethyl cellulose/microcrystalline cellulose and citric acid as crosslinker
Authors: Susi Susi , Ainuri Makhmudun , Wagiman Wagiman , Falah Mohammad Affan Fajar , Al Hakim Hisyam Mustafa
Published: February 2025

Crosslinking will be critical in producing the desired hydrogel with good absorption and high mechanical strength properties. Despite chemical crosslinking, the physical technique of freeze-thaw has reduced chemical use. This research determined the appropriate formulation of CMC/MCC and citric acid concentration using the freeze-thaw method of one cycle and drying to produce hydrogel with high water absorption and mechanical strength. The research findings showed that the hydrogel film created for biowrapping must have high absorption capacity and mechanical strength. This was achieved using a CMC/MCC ratio of 90:10 and a 5% citric acid crosslinker concentration. The hydrogel film showed a swelling capacity of 322.72%±9.32 at pH 7, a gel fraction of 9.87%±0.26, and a dry gel rehydration ability of 466.96%±30.41. The tensile strength for the CMC/MCC 90:10 ratio was 0.303±0.001 MPa, and the strain at F max was 48.74%±2.42. The water vapor permeability level was also measured at 3.688x10-5 g/m.Pa.24h. Increasing the MCC to CMC ratio to 50:50 led to a decrease in the water vapor permeability of the hydrogel film.
Determination of Caffeine Content at the Difference in Arabica and Robusta Coffee Roast Levels Using HPLC
Authors: A I. Farikha , Eka L. , Ngatinem  , Rahayuningtyas A. , Ulum B.
Published: February 2025

Coffee is one of the refreshing plants that can provide a stimulating effect for consumption. Two types of coffee that are popular among the public are Arabica and Robusta. Coffee contains caffeine. Consumption of large amounts of caffeine can have an impact on human health. The development of research so that development is carried out by determining caffeine from different roasting levels which are Light, medium and Dark. This study aims to determine the caffeine content in Arabica and Robusta coffee at different roasting levels using the HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography) method. The samples used as much as 5 grams. The method used is the determination of caffeine using HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography). Then taken to be injected into a 1.5 ml vial and ready to be injected into the HPLC device using HPLC Agilent 1260 Infinity II, C18 and UV Vis detector with a wavelength of 275 nm. The mobile phase used was distilled water and methanol with a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The results of this study determined caffeine levels in Arabica with roasting levels of light 0.0779, medium 0.0893, and dark 0.0909 mg/g. While Robusta Coffee contains caffeine at a roasting light level of 0.1399, medium 0.1432 and dark of 0.2115 mg/g.
Large volume torsion (LVT) apparatuses for rock deformation at high pressure and temperature
Authors: Skemer Philip , Couvy Hélène , Cross Andrew J. , Littleton Joshua A. H. , Bollinger Caroline
Published: February 2025

Laboratory studies of rock rheology rely on purpose-built devices that can apply planetarily relevant pressures, temperatures, and non-hydrostatic stresses. Generating these pressures and stresses requires the application of large forces over small specimen areas. However, because rocks are generally polymineralic and deformation microstructures form across many length scales, it is advantageous to study relatively large (millimetric) specimens. In addition, many microstructures continue to evolve with progressive strain, so it is vital that some apparatus are able to generate enough shear strain to study these deformation phenomena. This contribution describes two new rock deformation apparatus—the Large Volume Torsion apparatus—at Washington University in St. Louis, which are capable of deforming geological specimens at high pressure and temperature (P = 3 GPa; T = 1800 K). Deformation is imposed in a torsional geometry, which enables the generation of extremely large shear strains (γ > 100) relevant to Earth’s plate boundaries and convecting mantle. A large specimen (diameter up to 4.2 mm) permits detailed postmortem microstructural analysis. Apparatus design, calibration, experimental procedures, and some examples of applications are reviewed.
Image reconstruction of electromagnetic tomography based on generative adversarial network with spectral normalization and improved dung beetle optimization algorithm
Authors: Jia Shuqing , Zhang Ronghua , Fu Wenying , Le Jinxun , Bai Xuefeng , Li Boyang
Published: February 2025

Electromagnetic tomography (EMT) has great application potential in fields such as industrial inspection. However, currently, EMT image reconstruction has problems of being highly nonlinear and ill-posed, resulting in artifacts in reconstructed images and uncertainties in quality, detail accuracy, and robustness. To address these challenges, a deep learning model STDBOGAN (generative adversarial network based on spectral normalization, two timescale update rule, and improved dung beetle optimization algorithm) based on generative adversarial networks is proposed. STDBOGAN introduces spectral normalization and two timescale update rules to stabilize the training process and avoid training instability and gradient problems. The improved dung beetle optimization algorithm automatically adjusts network hyper-parameters to improve image reconstruction accuracy. A dataset is established through simulation software. Ablation studies are conducted on the network before and after improvement, and simulations and metal physical experiments are carried out to compare STDBOGAN to UNet3+, DeepLabv3+, PSPNet, Segmenter, and SegRefiner networks. Experiments show that STDBOGAN has the best performance, anti-noise, and generalization abilities, and has made contributions to improving the quality of electromagnetic tomography image reconstruction.
Big-MEMS for high thermal conductivity measurement
Authors: He Haiyu , Wang Yuxi , Song Bai
Published: February 2025

Macroscopic materials of high thermal conductivity are crucial for thermal management applications and also for the exploration of fundamental transport mechanisms. However, accurate thermal measurement of such materials poses several challenges associated particularly with the high contact thermal resistance as compared to that of the sample and also the small temperature difference that has to be resolved. In this study, we address these challenges by building upon the recently proposed concept of big-MEMS for thermal measurement. At the core of our approach is a suite of suspended devices fabricated from low-stress silicon nitride (SiNx) nanofilms with integrated platinum resistive heater/thermometers, in conjunction with a multiprobe experimental scheme. The SiNx suspension beams feature an ultralow thermal conductance, which ensures picowatt heat-flow resolution and reduces unwanted conductive heat loss to a negligible level. Meanwhile, the impact of contact thermal resistance on temperature sensing is also minimized (<3%). For demonstration, we measure the thermal conductivity of four representative materials with different sample geometries (all are a few millimeters long), including three types of metal wires (platinum, gold, and silver) and two silicon bars (doped and intrinsic). The thermal conductivity values we obtain reach beyond 1000 W m−1 K−1 at low temperatures and agree remarkably well with textbook recommendations and previous measurements. Our multiprobe big-MEMS approach based on SiNx devices offers a reliable and convenient avenue for identifying and understanding high thermal conductivity materials.
The modulation of the turbulent structures in channel flow with porous and rough wall
Authors: Ma Yupeng , Qiu Xiang , Xia Yuxian , Zhang Shuang , Shen Jie , Liu Yulu
Published: February 2025

Flows over porous walls at friction Reynolds number Reτ≈198 are investigated using the lattice Boltzmann method, where the rough and porous walls are treated as spherical arrays. Compared with the smooth wall, the wall roughness significantly enhances the Reynolds shear stress in the near-wall region due to the stronger upwash and downwash motions, and the downwash motion is stronger in the permeable-wall case. As the turbulent fluctuation is closely related to the near-wall coherent structures, the characteristic structures are investigated. In both cases, the near-wall turbulent structures and the relatively large-scale spanwise rollers are identified. Through the clustering method, the spatial distributions of the coherent structures with different wall-normal scales (ly+) are analyzed, and it is found that the near-wall vortical structures with ly+) < d (d is the roughness height) dominate below the logarithmic region (y≲0.1H, where H represents the distance from the crest of the sphere to the upper wall), while the relatively large-scale spanwise rollers with ly+≳d are distributed within the logarithmic region. Furthermore, turbulent fluctuations contributed from different scales of vortical structures are analyzed. It is observed that the fluctuation of the coherent structures is reduced in the permeable-wall case compared with the rough-wall case, and the reduction of the near-wall vortical structures is stronger. Finally, the conditional averaged flow reveals the similarity of the spatial distribution of low/high-speed structures in the rough and permeable wall, but the normal size of the high-speed fluid structure is decreased in the permeable wall, indicating the downward motion.
Modeling the water transport in water invasion channel with water invasion unit numerical simulation based on intelligent proxies
Authors: Tan Xiaohua , Han Xiaobing , Li Xiaoping , Meng Zhan , Zhang Fei , Li Longxin , Li Tao , Peng Xian , Yuan Heqi
Published: February 2025

For gas reservoirs with edge water, water easily transport into the gas reservoir along the water invasion dominant channel, which results that the water production is higher than expected during the development of gas wells, and then affects the production of gas wells. We had derived a water invasion unit numerical simulation model of oil–water two-phase (WINS). It simulated the water invasion dynamic change in the hyperosmotic zone. But the Buckley–Leverett water flooding front propulsion equation is no longer applicable to the saturation tracking method in the gas reservoirs. The main reason is that the fluid transport between the gas–water two-phases is different from the traditional incompressible fluid transport. In this paper, a new water invasion unit numerical simulation method based on intelligent proxies and optimal control theory in complex gas reservoirs (WINS-G) is proposed. Compared with the WINS, the saturation tracking method of water invasion channel is improved. And it demonstrates a new insight into the water transport in water invasion channel. Through the discussion of model fitting efficiency, it is found that the number of invalid grids is reduced by WINS-G based on the idea of proxy model, and the work efficiency is improved by automatic history fitting on the basis that the model can meet the basic requirements of accuracy.
An innovative lost circulation forecasting framework utilizing multivariate feature trend analysis
Authors: Zhu Zhongxi , Chen Chong , Lei Wanneng , Wu Desheng
Published: February 2025

The prompt and precise prediction of lost circulation is essential for safeguarding the security of drilling operations in the field. This study introduces a lost circulation prediction model convolutional neural networks-long short-term memory-feature-time graph attention network-transformer (CL-FTGTR) that combines improved complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (ICEEMDAN) data decomposition and trend reconstruction. A notable feature of this model is the utilization of an innovative logging data analysis technique for processing drilling fluid and engineering parameters, and the synthesis of two consecutive encoding modules: Feature-GAN-transformer (FGTR) and time-GAN-transformer (TGTR). Experimental results confirm the following: ① The ICEEMDAN algorithm can effectively filter out noise in logging data and extract trend components, minimizing the impact of noise on prediction outcomes. ② Convolutional neural networks-long short-term memory (CLSTM) position encoding module, substituting traditional sin-cos encoding, significantly improves the model's ability to encapsulate global information within the input data. ③ The FGTR and TGTR modules are capable of efficiently handling feature and time dimension information in logging data, leading to a significant enhancement in the performance of the lost circulation prediction model. The CL-FTGTR model was experimentally tested across four wells in the same block, with the essentiality of its modules confirmed by five metrics. The CL-FTGTR model attained peak precision, recall, F1PA%K, and area under the curve values of 0.908, 0.948, 0.967, and 0.927, respectively. The findings demonstrate that the CL-FTGTR model for predicting lost circulation boasts high precision and dependability.
The structure of full-length AFPK supports the ACP linker in a role that regulates iterative polyketide and fatty acid assembly
Authors: Schubert Heidi L. , Li Feng , Hill Christopher P. , Schmidt Eric W.
Published: February 2025

The polyketide synthases (PKSs) in microbes and the cytoplasmic fatty acid synthases in humans (FASs) are related enzymes that have been well studied. As a result, there is a paradigm explaining in general terms how FASs repeatedly use a set of enzymatic domains to produce simple fats, while PKSs use the domains in a much more complex manner to produce pharmaceuticals and other elaborate molecules. However, most animals also have PKSs that do not conform to the rules described in microbes, including a large family of enzymes that bridge fatty acid and polyketide metabolism, the animal FAS-like PKSs (AFPKs). Here, we present the cryoelectron microscopy structures of two AFPKs from sea slugs. While the AFPK resemble mammalian FASs, their chemical products mimic those of PKSs in complexity. How then does the architecture of AFPKs facilitate this structural complexity? Unexpectedly, chemical complexity is controlled not solely by the enzymatic domains but is aided by the dynamics of the acyl carrier protein (ACP), a shuttle that moves intermediates between these domains. We observed interactions between enzyme domains and the linker-ACP domain, which, when manipulated, altered the kinetic properties of the enzyme to change the resulting chemical products. This unveils elaborate mechanisms and enzyme motions underlying lipid and polyketide biochemistry across the domains of life.
Elephant trunk wrinkles: a mathematical model of function and form
Authors: Liu Yang , Goriely Alain , Mihai L Angela
Published: February 2025

A notable feature of the elephant trunk is the pronounced wrinkling that enables its great flexibility. Here, we devise a general mathematical model that accounts for the characteristic skin wrinkles formed during morphogenesis in the elephant trunk. Using physically realistic parameters and operating within the theoretical framework of nonlinear morphoelasticity, we elucidate analytically and numerically the effect of skin thickness, relative stiffness, and differential growth on the physiological pattern of transverse wrinkles distributed along the trunk. We conclude that since the skin and muscle components have similar material properties, geometric parameters, such as curvature, play an important role. In particular, our model predicts that, in the proximal region close to the skull, where the curvature is lower, fewer wrinkles form and will form sooner than in the distal narrower region, where more wrinkles develop. Similarly, less wrinkling is found on the ventral side, which is flatter, compared to the dorsal side. In summary, the mechanical compatibility between the skin and the muscle enables them to grow seamlessly, while the wrinkled skin acts as a protective barrier that is both thicker and more flexible than the unwrinkled skin.
On the effect of pumped storage on renewable energy accommodation in multi-clean energy complementation bases
Authors: Gu Jianwei , Gao Jie , Chen Changsheng , Liu Yibing , Zhu Fangliang
Published: February 2025

Issues on grid-source coordination and grid-integration security and stability severely restricted the level of renewable energy accommodation in muti-energy complementary clean energy bases, which has attracted widespread attention in recent years. As the most technologically well-developed and effective form of large-scale energy storage currently available, pumped storage is an important flexible power source for multi-energy complementary clean energy bases, which could be an effective means to solve the problem of large-scale renewable energy accommodation in the bases. To solve the dilemma of long-distance delivery scale and quantitatively assess the supporting role of pumped storage for clean energy bases, in this paper, typical base development scenarios with pumped storage and different types of renewable energy involved were constructed, and power system production simulation in a full-year with 8, 760 hours was carried out. Besides, a large-scale clean energy base model, including pumped storage with a grid-connected transmission system, was built. Power system safety and stability verification under typical base development scenarios was conducted as well. The results showed that, from the perspective of power balance, pumped storage could drive more than five times its installed capacity of wind or photovoltaic renewable energy development. From the perspective of grid-integration security and stability, the condenser operation of pumped storage could increase the renewable energy accommodation increment by more than 60%. The mechanism of why pumped storage enhanced the level of renewable energy accommodation in the bases was analyzed in this paper. Pumped storage could play a role in energy storage to mitigate the fluctuations in wind and solar power generation. What’s more, the condenser operation of pumped storage can improve the level of grid-connected voltage and reactive power, and increase the short-circuit capacity of the whole multi-clean energy complementation bases. Overall, pumped storage effectively enhanced the delivery and accommodation capacity of clean energy bases. The results of this paper will effectively promote the planning and implementation of multi-energy complementary clean energy bases and help achieve the goal of carbon neutrality.
Study on the shutdown and restart process of a crude oil pipeline
Authors: Qiu Shujuan , Xie Yan , Chen Gaolei , Zhang Weikai , Li Xiaolong , Wang Ji , Cui Runqi
Published: February 2025

The crude oil pipelines are relatively complex, with a wide variety of transported oil types with significantly varying physical properties. A numerical simulation method was proposed to explore whether crude oil with extremely poor physical properties (high viscosity and condensation temperature) can be transported safely, considering the pipeline’s complicated characteristics during shutdown and restart. A mathematical and physical model of a crude oil pipeline was presented, and the explicit forward differentiation method and characteristic line were used to solve the equations. A computer program was written using Python to simulate the shutdown and restart process of the pipeline. The transportation of extremely poor-quality crude oil under extreme conditions was simulated for both autumn and winter scenarios, with a 10-hour shutdown followed by a restart. For the autumn condition, the pipeline could restart safely. However, in winter, the pipeline experienced unsafe phenomena such as rapid flow reduction and pressure increase after restarting. Analyzing the oil temperature along the pipeline revealed the cause of these issues, providing technical support for the safe operation of crude oil pipelines.
Optimization design scheme for multi-property offshore wind power centralized flexible dc transmission metering system
Authors: Wang Xiaomin , Lin Chuanwei
Published: February 2025

This article focuses on the characteristics of centralized flexible DC transmission of multi-property offshore wind power. Due to the insufficient consideration of the losses of each part of the transmission system in the traditional power-sharing measurement scheme, this article analyzes the losses of the five main parts of the centralized transmission system, including the onshore connection transformer, onshore converter system, DC submarine cable, offshore converter system, and offshore connection transformer, clarifies the loss allocation of each property wind farm, and proposes an optimized design scheme for the centralized flexible DC transmission measurement system of multi-property offshore wind power, which can effectively improve the accuracy of measurement.
Research on oxygen production characteristics in solar-driven CeO2 reduction
Authors: Wang Lifeng , Gao Ziliang , Xu Wenjie , Chen Kang , Zhu Liya , Du Jinyang , Xiang Yu
Published: February 2025

In the context of economic and population growth, along with scientific and technological progress, the problems of energy shortage and environmental pollution need to be solved urgently, and solar energy, as a substantial, clean resource, has become the key topic of energy development. This research focuses on solar-driven H2O/CO2 splitting via two-step thermochemical cycles, aiming to improve ceria (CeO2) reduction rate and oxygen productivity. Specifically, it conducts thermodynamic analysis of oxygen vacancies in CeO2, constructs coupling models for solving fluid flow and species transport in porous media, respectively, using COMSOL Multiphysics, and explores the effect of variations in solar heat supply on CeO2 reduction and oxygen production in the numerical simulation model. Also, the effect of different mass flow rates at the inlet on oxygen productivity is verified. The findings show that, with other conditions being constant, increasing the inlet mass flow rate can lead to a commensurable rise in gas flow velocity, and greater solar heating powers can accelerate CeO2 reduction to improve oxygen productivity.
Study on typical business models for rural clean energy systems
Authors: Yang Yang , Huo Da , Yang Haiyue , He Yuan , Wei Nansong , Luo Yihan , Su Juan
Published: February 2025

This paper explores typical business models for rural clean energy systems, analyzing the current state of rural energy production and consumption. Based on the specific characteristics of rural supply and demand, three business models are proposed. The paper also delves into the roles and responsibilities of market participants, designing business model frameworks suited for various scenarios. The aim is to promote the development and commercialization of rural clean energy through innovative business models, supporting the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy.
Numerical study on improving the cooling performance of indirect dry cooling tower by pre-cooling with moist media
Authors: Chen Renjun , Zhang Li , Wang Tianci
Published: February 2025

Pre-cooling of high-temperature ambient air can lower the outlet temperature of circulating water, and improve the cooling performance of indirect dry cooling towers. Taking the indirect dry cooling tower of one 660 MW thermal power unit as the research object, this paper attempts different arrangement schemes of moist media layers around the indirect dry cooling tower. The flow field distribution of air within the indirect dry cooling tower has been simulated by utilizing numerical methods. The simulation values of the ventilation rate of wet air and the outlet temperature of circulating water of the cooling towers with different schemes are extracted. The cooling performance of several cases of the cooling tower is compared. The research results show that placing moist media layers around the indirect dry cooling tower could play a dual role in pre-cooling and flow rectification. Under the summer conditions, three schemes can respectively increase the ventilation rate of the cooling tower by 0.27%, 1.95%, and 1.34%, and reduce the outlet temperature of circulating water by 1.8℃, 2.0℃, and 2.1℃. Among the three schemes, the scheme of placing one moist media layer in every radiator sector has the greatest improvement in the cooling performance.
Experimental and numerical study on flow field characteristics in an axial/radial dual-stage swirler
Authors: Zhao Jingyi , Liu Chang , Lin Jiayu , Dong Qixuan , Lai Canlong , Wang Xiaodong , Ji Jie , Liu Minghou
Published: February 2025

An axial/radial dual-stage swirler with an inner axial inlet and an outer radial inlet is proposed and its mean flow and turbulent characteristics are studied by particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) and numerical simulation. Compared with a traditional single-stage axial swirler, the Coanda effect can be weakened inside the axial/radial dual-stage swirler. By proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) analysis, it is found that the axial/radial dual-stage swirler has a higher energy concentration in each order mode and exhibits an explosive breakup (Mode 1), swinging (Mode 2), and one precessing vortex core (PVC) (Modes 4 and 6).
Simulation research on lead seal defect of cable terminal based on ultrasonic testing technology
Authors: Xia Rong , Zhou Yunjie , Zhou Hong , Yuan Jianjun , Gao Shuaiqi , Fang Chunhua
Published: February 2025

As a key component of the cable terminal attachment, the lead seal may be loosened or ruptured due to fabrication process defects or external forces, so it is especially necessary to research detecting the defects in the lead seal by ultrasonic phased array technology. A simulation analysis of the seals was carried out through simulation methods. The results show that the defective echoes received by the probe can accurately identify the defects in the seals and their specific locations. The 10MHz frequency detects the internal defects of the seals, and the 7.5MHz frequency detects the defects between the seals and the aluminum sheath layer with the best results. Thus, the validity of ultrasonic phased-array technology in detecting the defects of the seals is confirmed.
Selection research of irregular cutters and its application in deep drilling: considering both aggressiveness and reliability
Authors: Li Cheng , Wu Zhonghua , Yuan Xiaoqi , Cao Jifei , Zhang Weiqiang , Huang Zhe , Yan Yan , Sun Jianxiang
Published: February 2025

The irregular cutter technology can effectively improve the rate of penetration (ROP) in deep hard formations, but there has not been a standardized method of selecting irregular cutters suitable for target working conditions and geological environments. Based on the simulation analysis of rock breaking by a single cutter, this study applies the Analytic Hierarchy Process and Empirical Method to establish a selection method for irregular teeth. This method is divided into two parts: evaluation of the rock breaking efficiency and evaluation of the cutter surface structure, and the final selection results could be obtained through weight allocation. Finally, the feasibility of the method was verified by laboratory experiments, and this method was applied to an ultra deep well in the Junggar Basin, and achieved good application results. The results show that the suitable irregular cutter in the igneous rock formation of the example well is the axe cutter. By using the optimized drill bit with axe cutters, the average ROP reached 2.04 m/h, with an increase of 191.43% compared to the 0.7 m/h ROP of the drill bit with plane cutters, confirming the accuracy of the selection method. This method can provide technical support for ROP improvement in deep hard formation.
Collaborative analysis and back pressure optimization of the source network of the long-distance heating system
Authors: Qiao Chunzhen , Zhu YuQing , Du Xuli , Wan Kuifang
Published: February 2025

The ultra-high back pressure-low pressure cylinder cut-off combined heating system is selected as the reconstruction plan for a long-distance heating project in a city in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in this paper. Based on the historical electrical and thermal load data of the thermal power plant, the source and network are analyzed in conjunction for the three heating periods of the initial cold period, the secondary cold period, and the severe cold period. On the basis of ensuring the coordination of the source and network, the operating back pressure of units #1 and #2 is optimized. The results show that: in the operation of a typical day, through the optimization adjustment of the unit back pressure, the thermal power plant saves 73.7 tons of standard coal during the initial cold period, reducing waste heat by 984.2 MW·h; during the secondary cold period, it can reduce 42.8 tons of standard coal, reducing waste heat by 326.9 MW·h; during the severe cold period, it can save 122.6 tons of standard coal on the day, reducing waste heat by 1190.8 MW·h.
Simulation research on the direct coupling of photovoltaic cells with PEM electrolytic water system
Authors: Manting Gu , Chuang Zhu , Heng Yang
Published: February 2025

The wastage of solar energy in photovoltaic plants can be mitigated by coupling photovoltaic cells with a proton exchange membrane electrolysis system. A simulation model was established in this study to simulate the direct coupling of photovoltaic cells with proton exchange membrane electrolyzers. Solar irradiance levels were measured in Qinghai, Guizhou, and Hebei. The study examined the fluctuation of photovoltaic cell output currents in various regions and their influence on water electrolysis. The results revealed that Qinghai and Guizhou exhibit favorable natural conditions for hydrogen production due to their high solar irradiance levels during winter days, measuring 8440.09 Wh/m2 8744.50 Wh/m2 respectively. Even at low current densities, photovoltaic cells can be readily integrated into electrolysis systems to store surplus electricity in the form of hydrogen energy. The research findings can serve as a reference for devising operational strategies for direct coupling systems in various regions and climatic conditions.
Multi-objective optimization of thermoelectric conversion systems by RSM and NSGA-II
Authors: Zhang Qianren , Wang Wei , Zhang Tong , Zuo Zhengxing
Published: February 2025

A thermoelectric module directly converts heat into electricity. However, optimizing the thermoelectric conversion system (TECS) to maximize the power output is necessary. In addition to improvements in the thermoelectric materials and modules, improvements in the spatial layout of the TECS are equally important to achieve its high performance. This study is intended to investigate the effect of different spatial parameters in TECS. A computer model was designed to simulate the performance of the TECS. This paper investigates the impact of three key factors on the performance of a thermoelectric system: the thermocouple duty cycle, the spacing of thermoelectric modules, and the number of modules. These factors are combined with a Response Surface Model (RSM) and a Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) to develop a fast method for optimizing the system’s performance. This method saves significant time for simulation calculations without compromising computational accuracy.
Research on the impact of the irregular stern on the flow field in high-altitude numerical simulation
Authors: Hou Liang , Zhang Benben , Zhao Hao , Tang Zhili
Published: February 2025

Numerical simulation of a high-altitude chamber is a preliminary step for ground testing of a high-altitude chamber. In this paper, the three-dimensional simulation model is established based on the real structure of a high-altitude chamber and aero-engine with an irregular stern, and then the three-dimensional numerical simulation is carried out to obtain the flow field characteristics in the chamber and the engine performance data under different working conditions. The calculation results show that the irregular stern structure can effectively reduce the backflow area inside the chamber, but it will lead to an increase in the unevenness of pressure and temperature distribution inside the chamber. The irregular stern structure can also cause a loss of 1.138% to 1.925% in engine thrust.
Cooling of Gas Turbine Blades With Co2
Authors: Toledo Velázquez Miguel , Alfonso Moreno Pacheco Luis , Toledo García Mónica , Omar Torres Aguirre Rubén
Published: February 2025

The work analyses cooling main flow problems to boring blades by film cooling. Also, these characteristics were made from Co2 that can be used like cooling flow or secondary flow to be mixed in the main flow of combustion gases to come from the combustion chamber and go to the first stage of the gas turbine.
Compressional and shear wave velocity dispersion modelling in a fluid-saturated sample rock: An Approach to Analyzing the Presence of Fluids in Celestial Bodies.
Authors: Meléndez-Martínez Jaime
Published: February 2025

In this work, Chapman’s squirt flow models and the Self-Consistent (SC) approach are applied to pressure-and frequency-dependent experimental velocity measurements from a brine-saturated sandstone specimen to investigate acoustic scattering and Wave-Induced Fluid Flow (WIFF) processes, which may cause velocity dispersion in compressional (P) and shear (S) waves. Attenuation for both P and S waves is then calculated based on the modeled velocities. The primary mechanism driving velocity dispersion and attenuation in the investigated specimens appears to be WIFF, as indicated by the estimated percentage discrepancies between the theoretical models and experimental data. The methodologies presented here could potentially be used to infer the presence of fluids and pore structure in samples obtained from celestial bodies by modeling the frequency-dependent velocities experimentally measured in such samples.
Predictive models for the surface roughness and subsurface damage depth of semiconductor materials in precision grinding
Authors: Gao Shang , Wang Haoxiang , Huang Han , Dong Zhigang , Kang Renke
Published: February 2025

Workpiece rotational grinding is widely used in the ultra-precision machining of hard and brittle semiconductor materials, including single-crystal silicon, silicon carbide, and gallium arsenide. Surface roughness and subsurface damage depth (SDD) are crucial indicators for evaluating the surface quality of these materials after grinding. Existing prediction models lack general applicability and do not accurately account for the complex material behavior under grinding conditions. This paper introduces novel models for predicting both surface roughness and SDD in hard and brittle semiconductor materials. The surface roughness model uniquely incorporates the material’s elastic recovery properties, revealing the significant impact of these properties on prediction accuracy. The SDD model is distinguished by its analysis of the interactions between abrasive grits and the workpiece, as well as the mechanisms governing stress-induced damage evolution. The surface roughness model and SDD model both establish a stable relationship with the grit depth of cut (GDC). Additionally, we have developed an analytical relationship between the GDC and grinding process parameters. This, in turn, enables the establishment of an analytical framework for predicting surface roughness and SDD based on grinding process parameters, which cannot be achieved by previous models. The models were validated through systematic experiments on three different semiconductor materials, demonstrating excellent agreement with experimental data, with prediction errors of 6.3% for surface roughness and 6.9% for SDD. Additionally, this study identifies variations in elastic recovery and material plasticity as critical factors influencing surface roughness and SDD across different materials. These findings significantly advance the accuracy of predictive models and broaden their applicability for grinding hard and brittle semiconductor materials.
Oppressive Praise
Authors: Holroyd Jules
Published: February 2025

This chapter introduces the phenomenon of oppressive praise via a series of cases: cases of the ‘daddy dividend’, putatively helpful men, and superficial allies, through which we see that praise can have a range of sexist, racist, and ableist contours. Praise can contribute to forms of oppression such as marginalization, cultural imperialism, exploitation, and powerlessness. The resources provided by existing theories of moral responsibility—appealing to desert or consequences—cannot adequately diagnose what is going wrong in these cases. The chapter presents a better diagnosis, in terms of the stereotype-informed expectations that underpin such expressions of praise, and their normative and causal connections to oppression. It then considers what might be needed to remedy oppressive praise, setting out the tasks for the rest of the book.