bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Update on SLC6A14 in lung and gastrointestinal physiology and physiopathology: focus on cystic fibrosis
Authors: Ruffin Manon , Mercier Julia , Calmel Claire , Mésinèle Julie , Bigot Jeanne , Sutanto Erika N. , Kicic Anthony , Corvol Harriet , Guillot Loic
Published: March 2020

The solute carrier family 6 member 14 (SLC6A14) protein imports and concentrates all neutral amino acids as well as the two cationic acids lysine and arginine into the cytoplasm of different cell types. Primarily described as involved in several cancer and colonic diseases physiopathological mechanisms, the SLC6A14 gene has been more recently identified as a genetic modifier of cystic fibrosis (CF) disease severity. It was indeed shown to have a pleiotropic effect, modulating meconium ileus occurrence, lung disease severity, and precocity of P. aeruginosa airway infection. The biological mechanisms explaining the impact of SLC6A14 on intestinal and lung phenotypes of CF patients are starting to be elucidated. This review focuses on SLC6A14 in lung and gastrointestinal physiology and physiopathology, especially its involvement in the pathophysiology of CF disease.
Peptide YY3–36 concentration in acute- and long-term recovered anorexia nervosa
Authors: Tam Friederike I. , Seidel Maria , Boehm Ilka , Ritschel Franziska , Bahnsen Klaas , Biemann Ronald , Weidner Kerstin , Roessner Veit , Ehrlich Stefan
Published: March 2020

Purpose

The gut–brain axis could be a possible key factor in the pathophysiology of anorexia nervosa. The neuropeptide peptide YY3–36, secreted by endocrine L cells of the gastrointestinal tract, is a known regulator of appetite and food intake. The objective of this study was to investigate peptide YY3–36 plasma concentrations at different stages of anorexia nervosa in a combined cross-sectional and longitudinal design to differentiate between effects of acute undernutrition and more enduring characteristics.

Methods

We measured fasting plasma peptide YY3–36 concentrations in young patients with acute anorexia nervosa (n = 47) and long-term recovered patients (n = 35) cross-sectionally in comparison to healthy control participants (n = 58), and longitudinally over the course of inpatient treatment. Physical activity was controlled as it may modulate peptide YY secretion.

Results

There was no group difference in peptide YY3–36 concentration among young acutely underweight anorexia nervosa patients, long-term recovered anorexia nervosa patients, and healthy control participants. Longitudinally, there was no change in peptide YY3–36 concentration after short-term weight rehabilitation. For acute anorexia nervosa patients at admission to treatment, there was a negative correlation between peptide YY3–36 concentration and body mass index.

Conclusions

The current study provides additional evidence for a normal basal PYY3–36 concentration in AN. Future studies should study multiple appetite-regulating peptides and their complex interplay and also use research designs including a food challenge.
Viscum pleurodesis is as effective as talc pleurodesis and tends to have less adverse effect
Authors: Chang YongJin , Cho DeogGon , Cho KyuDo , Cho MinSeop
Published: March 2020

Purpose

Many patients diagnosed with advanced cancer have malignant pleural effusion that does not respond to chemotherapy or radiation therapy. These patients often have respiratory symptoms, especially dyspnea. In order to relieve these symptoms, various procedures including chemical pleurodesis have been performed. Although talc is the most widely used and effective sclerosing agent, there it has various adverse effects. The objective of this study was to determine whether Viscum (ABNOVA Viscum® Fraxini Injection, manufactured by ABNOVA GmbH, Germany) could be used as an agent to replace talc in clinical practice.

Methods

Data of 56 patients with malignant pleural effusion who received chemical pleurodesis after tube thoracostomy from January 2003 to December 2017 were retrospectively reviewed to analyze clinical course and response after pleurodesis with each agent.

Results

After pleurodesis, changes in numeric rating scale (NRS) was 1.4 ± 1.6 in the talc group and 0.5 ± 1.5 in the Viscum group (p = 0.108). Changes in white blood cell counts after pleurodesis were 4154.8 ± 6710.7 in the talc group and 3487.3 ± 6067.7 in the Viscum group (p = 0.702). Changes in C-reactive protein (CRP) were 9.03 ± 6.86 in the talc group and 6.3 ± 7.5 in the Viscum group (p = 0.366). The success rate of pleurodesis was 93.3% in the talc group and 96% in the Viscum group (p = 0.225).

Conclusion

Viscum pleurodesis showed comparable treatment results with talc pleurodesis while its adverse effects such as chest pain and fever tended to be relatively weak.
Is the unruptured intracranial aneurysm treatment score (UIATS) sensitive enough to detect aneurysms at risk of rupture?
Authors: Hernández-Durán Silvia , Mielke Dorothee , Rohde Veit , Malinova Vesna
Published: March 2020

To evaluate if the unruptured intracranial aneurysm treatment score (UIATS) is a sensitive tool to detect aneurysms at risk of rupture, we conducted an a posteriori retrospective study on ruptured intracranial aneurysms. We performed a retrospective analysis of adult patients admitted to our center from January 2010 to April 2016 with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. The UIATS was applied to all ruptured aneurysms. Patients for whom the UIATS recommended treatment were labeled as “true positives,” whereas patients for whom the UIATS recommended observation were labeled as “false negatives.” Patients for whom the UIATS was inconclusive were excluded from the final analysis. Based on the UIATS recommendation, a sensitivity analysis was performed. A total of 262 patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage were screened. Of these, 212 were included in our analysis. Median age was 53 years (23–90). Most patients were females (n = 134, 63%), with an equal distribution between low-grade and high-grade hemorrhages (Hunt & Hess ≥ 3 n = 107, 50%). UIATS recommended treatment in n = 52, 25% cases (TP), was inconclusive in n = 93, 44% (excluded), and recommended observation in n = 67, 32% (FN). Based on these data, the UIATS showed a sensitivity of 44% (CI 35–53%). The UIATS exhibits rather low sensitivity for detecting aneurysms at risk of rupture.
Characterisation of cellulose pulps isolated from Miscanthus using a low-cost acidic ionic liquid
Authors: Tu Wei-Chien , Weigand Lisa , Hummel Michael , Sixta Herbert , Brandt-Talbot Agnieszka , Hallett Jason P.
Published: March 2020

The ionoSolv pretreatment generates a cellulose pulp by extracting hemicellulose and lignin using low-cost ionic liquids. In this study, cellulose pulp was obtained from Miscanthus × giganteus using the protic ionic liquid triethylammonium hydrogen sulfate [N2220][HSO4] with 20% water as a co-solvent and characterised in detail for its material properties as a function of pretreatment severity. We measured the particle size distribution, porosity and crystallinity of the unbleached pulps and the molar weight distribution of the cellulose contained within. We report that the surface area increased and the size of the pulp particles decreased as ionoSolv processing progressed. While the native cellulose I structure was maintained, the average degree of polymerisation of the cellulose was reduced to a DPn of around 300, showing the cellulose polymers are shortened. We correlate the pulp properties with enzymatic saccharification yields, concluding that enzymatic saccharification of the cellulose after ionoSolv pretreatment is mainly enhanced by removing hemicellulose and lignin. We also observed that overtreatment deteriorated saccharification yield and that this coincides with cellulose fibrils becoming coated with pseudolignin redeposited from the ionic liquid solution, as demonstrated by FT-IR spectroscopy. Pseudolignin deposition increases the apparent lignin content, which is likely to increase chemical demand in bleaching, suggesting that both glucose release and material use benefit from a minimum lignin content. Overall, this study demonstrates that cellulose pulps isolated with ionoSolv processing are not only a promising intermediate for high-yield release of purified glucose for biorefining, but also have attractive properties for materials applications that require cellulose I fibrils.

Graphic abstract
An Analysis of the Induced Linear Operators Associated to Divide and Color Models
Authors: Forsström Malin P. , Steif Jeffrey E.
Published: March 2020

We study the natural linear operators associated to divide and color (DC) models. The degree of nonuniqueness of the random partition yielding a DC model is directly related to the dimension of the kernel of these linear operators. We determine exactly the dimension of these kernels as well as analyze a permutation-invariant version. We also obtain properties of the solution set for certain parameter values which will be important in (1) showing that large threshold discrete Gaussian free fields are DC models and in (2) analyzing when the Ising model with a positive external field is a DC model, both in future work. However, even here, we give an application to the Ising model on a triangle.
Central limit theorem for Bose gases interacting through singular potentials
Authors: Rademacher Simone
Published: March 2020

We consider a system ofNbosons in the limit$$N \rightarrow \infty $$N→∞, interacting through singular potentials. For initial data exhibiting Bose–Einstein condensation, the many-body time evolution is well approximated through a quadratic fluctuation dynamics around a cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation of the condensate wave function. We show that these fluctuations satisfy a (multi-variate) central limit theorem.
Joint stochastic short-term production scheduling and fleet management optimization for mining complexes
Authors: Both Christian , Dimitrakopoulos Roussos
Published: March 2020

This article presents a novel stochastic optimization model that simultaneously optimizes the short-term extraction sequence, shovel relocation, scheduling of a heterogeneous hauling fleet, and downstream allocation of extracted materials in open-pit mining complexes. The proposed stochastic optimization formulation considers geological uncertainty in addition to uncertainty related to equipment performances and truck cycle times. The method is applied at a real-world mining complex, stressing the benefits of optimizing the short-term production schedule and fleet management simultaneously. Compared to a conventional two-step approach, where the production schedule is optimized first before optimizing the allocation of the mining fleet, the costs generated by shovel movements are reduced by 56% and lost production due to shovel relocation is cut by 54%. Furthermore, the required number of trucks shows a more balanced profile, reducing total truck operational costs by 3.1% over an annual planning horizon, as well as the required haulage capacity in the most haulage-intense periods by 25%. A metaheuristic solution method is utilized to solve the large optimization problem in a reasonable timespan.
Is It All About Retribution? The Flexibility of Punishment Goals
Authors: Twardawski Mathias , Tang Karen T. Y. , Hilbig Benjamin E.
Published: March 2020

Current literature suggests that laypeople’s punishment is primarily driven by retributive reasons (i.e., to give offender their just deserts) rather than utilitarian purposes such as special prevention (i.e., to prevent recidivism of the offender) or general prevention (i.e., to prevent the imitation of the crime by others). One explanation for this may be that individuals tend to focus on salient cues while ignoring others when making a decision and critically, generally pay relatively little attention to secondary or long-term effects of their decision-making. This suggests that people’s punishment goals may be subject to the information salient about the crime situation. Specifically, individuals may only pursue utilitarian goals with their punishment, if aspects related to such long-term consequences of punishment are salient (such as information about the offender or the broad circumstances surrounding the crime). To examine this, we manipulated the salience of different aspects in a scenario describing a crime. In two preregistered experiments, participants were asked to choose from (Experiment 1, N = 291) or rate the appropriateness of (Experiment 2, N = 366) different reactions to the crime; these reactions were pretested for the degree to which they served each of the punishment goals: retribution, special prevention, and general prevention. As hypothesized, we found that participants’ punishment goals were associated with the salience of specific aspects of the scenario describing the crime situation. This extends on research suggesting that laypeople’s punishment goals are malleable and may depend on the research design employed by a particular study.
How Well Do We Understand the Belt/Zone Circulation of Giant Planet Atmospheres?
Authors: Fletcher Leigh N. , Kaspi Yohai , Guillot Tristan , Showman Adam P.
Published: March 2020

The atmospheres of the four giant planets of our Solar System share a common and well-observed characteristic: they each display patterns of planetary banding, with regions of different temperatures, composition, aerosol properties and dynamics separated by strong meridional and vertical gradients in the zonal (i.e., east-west) winds. Remote sensing observations, from both visiting spacecraft and Earth-based astronomical facilities, have revealed the significant variation in environmental conditions from one band to the next. On Jupiter, the reflective white bands of low temperatures, elevated aerosol opacities, and enhancements of quasi-conserved chemical tracers are referred to as ‘zones.’ Conversely, the darker bands of warmer temperatures, depleted aerosols, and reductions of chemical tracers are known as ‘belts.’ On Saturn, we define cyclonic belts and anticyclonic zones via their temperature and wind characteristics, although their relation to Saturn’s albedo is not as clear as on Jupiter. On distant Uranus and Neptune, the exact relationships between the banded albedo contrasts and the environmental properties is a topic of active study. This review is an attempt to reconcile the observed properties of belts and zones with (i) the meridional overturning inferred from the convergence of eddy angular momentum into the eastward zonal jets at the cloud level on Jupiter and Saturn and the prevalence of moist convective activity in belts; and (ii) the opposing meridional motions inferred from the upper tropospheric temperature structure, which implies decay and dissipation of the zonal jets with altitude above the clouds. These two scenarios suggest meridional circulations in opposing directions, the former suggesting upwelling in belts, the latter suggesting upwelling in zones. Numerical simulations successfully reproduce the former, whereas there is a wealth of observational evidence in support of the latter. This presents an unresolved paradox for our current understanding of the banded structure of giant planet atmospheres, that could be addressed via a multi-tiered vertical structure of “stacked circulation cells,” with a natural transition from zonal jet pumping to dissipation as we move from the convectively-unstable mid-troposphere into the stably-stratified upper troposphere.
Structure and Properties of Ni-B/Graphene Oxide Composite Coatings Produced by Chemical Reduction Method
Authors: Cieślak Grzegorz , Trzaska Maria
Published: March 2020

A nickel-boron (Ni-B)/graphene composite coatings were produced using chemical reduction method on a steel substrate. These composites were compared to Ni-B coatings without graphene embedded into the matrix. Graphene in the form of an aqueous suspension of graphene oxide flakes was used. Graphene was characterized by single-layered flakes about 0.5 µm in size. The coatings produced were characterized by an amorphous structure. The incorporation of graphene into the Ni-B matrix affects the surface topography and morphology of the coatings produced. The addition of graphene strengthened the coating material. An increase in the hardness (~ 1100 HK0.025) was noted for Ni-B/graphene composite coatings compared to the hardness (~ 950 HK0.025) of the Ni-B coatings without a built-in dispersion phase. Composite coatings also exhibited a better corrosion resistance than the coatings without embedded graphene.
Overview of the Evolution of the UK Kidney Allocation Schemes
Authors: Watson Christopher J. E. , Johnson Rachel J. , Mumford Lisa
Published: March 2020

Purpose of Review

Allocation of deceased donor kidneys for transplantation has evolved since the first utilitarian approach in 1989. This review looks at how the schemes have evolved over the ensuing three decades.

Recent Findings

Four kidney offering schemes have been used in the last 30 years. Successive schemes have evolved from offering only one donor kidney for a nationally prioritised patient to offering both kidneys, from addressing only kidneys from donors after brain death (DBD) to offering kidneys from both DBD and circulatory death donors (DCD) and from prioritising purely on the basis of zero class 2 and minimising class 1 mismatches to a more relaxed approach for older donors and more difficult to match patients while introducing the concept of longevity matching.

UK kidney offering schemes have evolved through a series of evidence-based analyses to try to optimally address the principles of utility and fairness in kidney offering.
Arbeitsunfälle und Berufskrankheiten bei Beschäftigten in Küchenbetrieben in Gesundheitsdienst und Wohlfahrtspflege
Authors: Dulon Madeleine , Wendeler Dana , Westermann Claudia , Nienhaus Albert
Published: March 2020

Hintergrund

Für Beschäftigte in Küchenbetrieben liegen nur wenige Daten zum Arbeitsunfall- und Berufskrankheitengeschehen für Deutschland vor. Für eine differenzierte Analyse wurden Routinedaten der Berufsgenossenschaft für Gesundheitsdienst- und Wohlfahrtspflege (BGW) genutzt.

Methoden

Eingeschlossen wurden Versicherte, die als Küchenhilfe oder Koch tätig waren und für die ein Arbeitsunfall oder eine Verdachtsanzeige auf eine Berufskrankheit (BK) bei der BGW zwischen 2008 und 2017 gemeldet wurde. Die Ergebnisse wurden für die Berufsgruppen deskriptiv beschrieben und Gruppenunterschiede mittels Chi-Quadrat-Test überprüft.

Ergebnisse

Rund 70 % der Unfälle und BK-Anzeigen stammten von Küchenhilfen, 30 % von Köchen. Küchenhilfen verletzten sich häufiger bei Stolperunfällen und beim manuellen Transport von Gegenständen als Köche. Fast die Hälfte der Unfälle von Köchen wurde durch die Handhabung von Messern verursacht und knapp 17 % durch Verbrennungen. BK-Verdachtsanzeigen auf eine Hauterkrankung machten in beiden Gruppen jeweils über 80 % aus. Bandscheibenbedingte Erkrankungen der Lendenwirbelsäule hatten einen Anteil von 5 % und obstruktive Atemwegserkrankungen von 3 %. Der BK-Verdacht wurde in 78 % bestätigt, in den meisten Fällen handelte es sich um Hauterkrankungen, ausgelöst durch Feuchtarbeit, Desinfektions- oder Reinigungsmittel.

Diskussion

Schnittverletzungen und Stolperunfälle werden auch von anderen Autoren als Unfallschwerpunkte in Küchenbetrieben beschrieben. Das BK-Geschehen wurde überwiegend durch Hauterkrankungen bestimmt, das in diesem Ausmaß von anderen Autoren nicht berichtet wird. Berichtet werden vielmehr hohe Prävalenzen für muskuloskeletale Beschwerden im Bereich von Schulter und Hand, für die sich in den hier vorliegenden Daten keine Belege fanden.
Quality-improving and cost-reducing strategic alliances
Authors: Di Dio Fabio , Correani Luca
Published: March 2020

We develop a two-stage Salop-type model to examine quality-improving and process innovation alliances in an oligopolistic context. In the first stage, a network of alliances among firms is assumed while in the second stage firms set prices, product quality and cost-reducing process innovation. We find that quality-improving networks tend to be denser than networks characterized by process innovation sharing, while the quality effort decreases with the number of connections. Furthermore, link formation is welfare improving if both absorptive capacity and quality spillovers are sufficiently small. Although the empirical evidence on cooperation in R&D is fragmentary it nonetheless supports most of the theoretical predictions. We also formulate some variants of the model to assess the robustness of the previous results.
Hormonelle Behandlung von Jugendlichen mit Transidentität
Authors: Riedl Stefan
Published: March 2020

Einleitung

Seit den 1990er Jahren wurde gezeigt, dass eine hormonelle Therapie ab Pubertät die Geschlechtsdysphorie bei Transgender-Jugendlichen (Mann-zu-Frau, MzF; Frau zu Mann, FzM) lindert, weswegen sie zu einem empfohlenen Standardvorgehen in diversen Leitlinien geworden ist.

Methoden

Wirkungen und Nebenwirkungen einer Hormontherapie bei Adoleszenten (Pubertätsarretierung; Menstruationsunterdrückung; antiandrogene Therapie; geschlechtsangleichende Therapie mit Östrogen/Testosteron) werden im Lichte der rezenten medizinischen Literatur diskutiert.

Ergebnisse

GnRH-Analoga werden zur Unterdrückung der isosexuellen Pubertätsentwicklung verwendet. Alternativ werden Progesteron und Antiandrogene (Cyproteronacetat) eingesetzt. Gefolgt von einer geschlechtsangleichenden Therapie, kann dieses therapeutische Regime die Geschlechtsdysphorie signifikant lindern und verhindert, bei frühem Beginn, die somatische Stigmatisierung im unerwünschten biologischen Geschlecht. Jedoch bieten negative Effekte auf die Knochengesundheit, die neuropsychologische Entwicklung, das soziale Funktionsniveau und im Besonderen Themen rund um Fertilität Anlass zur Sorge.

Diskussion

Eine Hormontherapie bei transidenten Jugendlichen kann effektiv die vorliegende Geschlechtsdysphorie und assoziierte Begleitpsychopathologie verbessern. Ein hochselektiver diagnostischer Prozess durch ein interdisziplinäres Gender-Team mit regelmäßigen Fallkonferenzen ist unabdingbare Voraussetzung, um sich den zahlreichen, je individuellen ethischen Herausforderungen zu stellen.
Visually Analysing Urban Mobility: Results and Insights from Three Student Research Projects
Authors: Nagel Till
Published: March 2020

Since the digitalization of urban mobility, such systems generate large and heterogenous data sets. Handling these, however, is still a major challenge. To help people making sense of urban data, skills in data literacy are needed. In this paper, we present results and insights from a set of mobility visualization projects, students from computer science and design developed over one semester. The resulting prototypes visualize (a) user-generated bike trajectories, (b) population movement, and (c) public transit passengers. After a brief justification on why we find urban mobility a practical domain for teaching data literacy, we introduce the course and describe its set and setting. For each project, we report on the challenge, the data, the visualization prototype, and the impact these projects had. Our contribution is twofold: in the description of the problem-oriented course and its results, and in the reflection of our approach and our lessons learnt.
An Aposteriorical Clusterability Criterion for k-Means++ and Simplicity of Clustering
Authors: Kłopotek Mieczysław A.
Published: March 2020

In this paper, the notion of a well-clusterable data set is defined combining the point of view of the objective ofk-means clustering algorithm (minimizing the centric spread of data elements) and common sense (clusters shall be separated by gaps). Conditions are identified under which the optimum ofk-means objective coincides with a clustering under which the data is separated by predefined gaps. Two cases are investigated: when the whole clusters are separated by some gap and when only the cores of the clusters meet some separation condition. A major obstacle for using known clusterability criteria is their reference to the optimal clustering which is NP hard to identify. In this paper, this obstacle is overcome. Compared to other approaches to clusterability, the novelty consists in the possibility of an a posteriori (after runningk-means) check if the data set is well-clusterable or not. As thek-means algorithm applied for this purpose has polynomial complexity so does therefore the appropriate check. Additionally, ifk-means++ fails to identify a clustering that meets clusterability criteria, with high probability the data is not well-clusterable.
Productivity and inequality in the UK: a political economy perspective
Authors: Arestis Philip
Published: March 2020

This contribution is based on the proposition that labour productivity and income inequality are closely and significantly related; this relies on the proposition that that there is a strong relationship between productivity, inequality, economic growth and real wages. Productivity growth is the key determinant of how demand can grow without inflation, thereby reducing inequality of income, wealth and opportunity. Indeed, productivity is a significant factor in terms of inequality. It is also the case that the slowdown in productivity growth and increase in inequality that have occurred over a number of years now has affected many advanced economies, as well as others, and has become more pronounced following the Global Financial Crisis. Although weak productivity growth and increase in inequality predate the Global Financial Crisis and the subsequent Great Recession, they have both been exacerbated following them. We deal with these problems from a political economy perspective, and from the point of view that emphasises the structure and power in an economic system. We focus on the UK relevant experience along with other countries.
Should young children with sickle cell disease and an available human leukocyte antigen identical sibling donor be offered hematopoietic cell transplantation?
Authors: Krishnamurti Lakshmanan
Published: March 2020

Availability of an HLA-identical sibling donor raises the question, “should young children with SCD, and an available HLA identical sibling donor be considered for hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) even before they manifest severe clinical presentations of sickle cell disease (SCD)?” The overall survival (OS) and event free survival (EFS) following HCT from an HLA identical sibling is excellent in young children, and worsen with increasing age at HCT. SCD related complications, organ dysfunction, quality of life, and risk for premature mortality all worsen with age. The ethical principles of non-maleficence, beneficence, autonomy and justice all support the consideration of this life, quality of life, and organ saving therapy at a young age.
Using novel magnetic resonance imaging methods to predict stroke risk in individuals with sickle cell anemia ☆
Authors: Jordan Lori C. , Kassim Adetola A. , Wilkerson Karina L. , Lee Chelsea A. , Waddle Spencer L. , Donahue Manus J.
Published: March 2020

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a well-characterized monogenetic disorder with a high prevalence of cerebral vasculopathy, silent cerebral infarcts, and strokes. A significant mechanism for cerebral infarction in SCA is hemodynamic imbalance. To compensate for reduced oxygen-carrying capacity due to anemia, individuals with SCA have chronically elevated cerebral blood flow to maintain viable oxygen delivery to the brain tissue. Often the oxygen extraction fraction (ratio of oxygen consumed to oxygen delivered) is increased in more severely affected individuals. Subsequently, cerebrovascular reserve capacity, the ability of arterioles to dilate and further increase the cerebral blood volume and flow, will be reduced. These hemodynamic profiles have been associated with prior cerebral infarcts and increased evidence of disease severity. These cerebral hemodynamic parameters can be assessed noninvasively with noncontrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain utilizing specific MRI methods. This review focuses on using advanced neuroimaging methods to assess stroke risk in individuals with SCA, and such methods may be utilized before and after bone marrow or hematopoietic stem cell transplant to assess cerebral hemodynamic response. This manuscript is part of the Proceeding of The European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) Congress on Sickle Cell Disease, 16th–17 May 2019, Regensburg, Germany.
Migration in sub-Saharan Africa: The Somali refugee and migrant experience
Authors: Ibrahim Ahmed , Malik Aditi , Wielenga Cori
Published: March 2020

This forum contributes to debates on migration, displacement, and place-making in contemporary sub-Saharan Africa. We bring together an interdisciplinary group of scholars to move the existing literature beyond the dominant focus on thecausesof displacement to a rich and granular exploration of itsconsequences. The forum focuses on Somali refugees and migrants for two reasons. First, Somalia is one of the largest refugee-producing countries in the world. Second, depending on the host states in which they find themselves, Somali migrants and refugees can encounter many different fates, ranging from living in refugee camps to migrating to other countries in sub-Saharan Africa to a small minority being resettled in countries of the global north. These varied circumstances make it possible to study strategies of place-making among Somali communities from several different perspectives. A central theme of this forum is to highlight the agency of migrants and refugees and to emphasize the fact that these groups are more than mere victims of their circumstances. The articles in this volume will be of interest to scholars of African studies, anthropology, comparative politics, migration studies, peace studies, and Somali studies.
Sex Differences in Stroke Rehabilitation Care in Alberta
Authors: Tanlaka Eric , King-Shier Kathryn , Green Theresa , Seneviratne Cydnee , Dukelow Sean
Published: March 2020

Background:

Female stroke patients may experience poorer functional outcomes than males following inpatient rehabilitation.

Methods:

Data from Alberta inpatient stroke rehabilitation units were examined to determine: (1) the impact of sex on time to inpatient rehabilitation, functional gains (using the Functional Independence Measure (FIM)), length of stay (LOS), and discharge destination; (2) if sex was related to age at the time of stroke, stroke severity, and living arrangement at discharge from rehabilitation; and (3) whether patients’ age and preadmission living arrangement had an influence on LOS in rehabilitation or discharge destination.

Results:

Two thousand two hundred sixty-six adult stroke patients (1283 males and 983 females) were subcategorized as mild (FIM >80; n = 1155), moderate (FIM 40–80; n = 994), or severe (FIM <40; n = 117). Fifty-five percent of males (45.7% females) had mild stroke; 39.5% of males (49.5% females) had moderate stroke; and 5.5% of males (4.8% females) had severe stroke. Females were significantly older than males (p = 2.4 × 10−4). No sex difference existed in time from acute care to rehabilitation admission (p = 0.73) or in mean FIM change (p = 0.294). Mean LOS was longer for females than males (p=0.018). Males were more likely than females to be discharged home (p = 1.8 × 10−13). Further, male patients (p = 6.4 × 10−7) and those < 65 years (p = 1.4 × 10−23) were more likely to be discharged home without homecare.

Conclusion:

There are significant sex and age differences in LOS in rehabilitation and discharge destination of stroke patients. These differences may suggest that sex and age of the patient need to be considered in care planning.
Animal Science Products, Inc. v. Hebei Welcome Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. (U.S. Sup. Ct.)
Authors: Whytock Christopher A.
Published: March 2020

Domestic courts frequently apply foreign law. For example, the forum's choice-of-law rules may require a court to apply foreign law, or a party may expressly base a claim or defense on foreign law. Private international law (or “conflict of laws”) provides principles governing many aspects of the way courts should identify and interpret foreign law.
Qatar v. United Arab Emirates: Order on Provisional Measures (I.C.J.)
Authors: Pillai Priya
Published: March 2020

On June 11, 2018, the State of Qatar (Qatar) instituted legal proceedings against the United Arab Emirates (UAE) before the International Court of Justice (ICJ), alleging violations of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD Convention). On the same day, Qatar also applied for provisional measures of protection.
Serin Alheto v. Zamestnik-Predsedatel Na Darzhavna Agentsia Za Bezhantsite (C.J.E.U.)
Authors: Vavoula Niovi
Published: March 2020

On July 25, 2018, the EU Court of Justice (CJEU) released its judgment on the case of Alheto, concerning an application for international protection lodged in a European Union (EU) member state by a distinct category of refugees, namely Palestinians registered with the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA). In dealing with the particular status accorded to such persons, the Court opined that a Palestinian who is registered with UNRWA is excluded from refugee status in the EU, so long as the protection from the UN ad hoc agency is effective, which is ascertained through a full and ex nunc examination of the facts and points of law.
FRACTIONAL SCHRÖDINGER–POISSON SYSTEM WITH SINGULARITY: EXISTENCE, UNIQUENESS, AND ASYMPTOTIC BEHAVIOR
Authors: YU SHENGBIN , CHEN JIANQING
Published: March 2020

In this paper, we consider the following fractional Schrödinger–Poisson system with singularity
\begin{equation*}
\left \{\begin{array}{lcl}
({-}\Delta)^s u+V(x)u+\lambda \phi u = f(x)u^{-\gamma}, &&\quad
x\in\mathbb{R}^3,\\
({-}\Delta)^t \phi = u^2, &&\quad x\in\mathbb{R}^3,\\
u>0,&&\quad x\in\mathbb{R}^3,
\end{array}\right.
\end{equation*}

where 0 < γ < 1, λ > 0 and 0 < s ≤ t < 1 with 4s + 2t > 3. Under certain assumptions on V and f, we show the existence, uniqueness, and monotonicity of positive solution uλ using the variational method. We also give a convergence property of uλ as λ → 0, when λ is regarded as a positive parameter.
Burning Issues in Health Technology Assessment and Policy Making: What's Keeping Senior Health Technology Assessment Users and Producers up at Night?
Authors: Trowman Rebecca , Ollendorf Daniel A , Sampietro-Colom Laura
Published: March 2020

A key working session, held as part of the Health Technology Assessment international (HTAi) Global Policy Forum meeting asks members to share “What's Keeping Me Up At Night.” Members—senior thought leaders from health technology assessment (HTA) agencies, payer organizations, industry, and the HTAi Board—share without fear or favor the thorny issues related to HTA that are challenging them now or likely to do so in the near future. This article contains a reflection on the discussions at this session over the last 2 years and focuses on the recurrent and repeated themes: internal and external stakeholder involvement in HTA processes; globalization of HTA and the future of HTA (namely innovative technologies, tide of data and the “war for talent”). While the aim of these informal sessions is not to produce solutions, it reinforces the importance of developing a truly multi-stakeholder HTA community with working relationships built on mutual trust and long-standing engagement.
Artistic Work as Symbolic Capital
Authors: Orel Barbara
Published: March 2020

Female artists and performers are at the top of the scale of precarious work relations in post-Fordist society. Their work is undervalued and seldom paid. This article deals with the issues arising from the controversial relations between the cultural, social and economic value of their work. How to re-valorize artistic work performed by women? In providing the answer to this central question, the value of artworks will be defined in terms of Bourdieu’s concept of symbolic capital and in the context of Marx’s theory of commodity fetishism. The article argues that a contemporary alternative can be sought in the new chain of value accumulation, in which the surplus-value of the artwork is created by shifting its symbolic value into a direct relationship to the material resources. This point will be illustrated with the art projects presented at City of Women, an international festival of contemporary arts based in Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Field Ion Emission in an Atom Probe Microscope Triggered by Femtosecond-Pulsed Coherent Extreme Ultraviolet Light
Authors: Chiaramonti Ann N. , Miaja-Avila Luis , Caplins Benjamin W. , Blanchard Paul T. , Diercks David R. , Gorman Brian P. , Sanford Norman A.
Published: March 2020

This paper describes initial experimental results from an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation-pulsed atom probe microscope. Femtosecond-pulsed coherent EUV radiation of 29.6 nm wavelength (41.85 eV photon energy), obtained through high harmonic generation in an Ar-filled hollow capillary waveguide, successfully triggered controlled field ion emission from the apex of amorphous SiO2 specimens. The calculated composition is stoichiometric within the error of the measurement and effectively invariant of the specimen base temperature in the range of 25 K to 150 K. Photon energies available in the EUV band are significantly higher than those currently used in the state-of-the-art near-ultraviolet laser-pulsed atom probe, which enables the possibility of additional ionization and desorption pathways. Pulsed coherent EUV light is a new and potential alternative to near-ultraviolet radiation for atom probe tomography.
Historical and Future Roles of Internal Atmospheric Variability in Modulating Summertime Greenland Ice Sheet Melt
Authors: Sherman Peter , Tziperman Eli , Deser Clara , McElroy Michael
Published: March 2020

Understanding how internal atmospheric variability affects Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) summertime melting would improve understanding of future sea level rise. We analyze the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble (CESM‐LE) over 1951–2000 and 2051–2100. We find that internal variability dominates the forced response on short timescales (~20 years) and that the area impacted by internal variability grows in the future, connecting internal variability and climate change. Unlike prior studies, we do not assume specific patterns of internal variability to affect GrIS melting but derive them from maximum covariance analysis. We find that the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is the major source of internal atmospheric variability associated with GrIS melt conditions in CESM‐LE and reanalysis, with the positive phase (NAO+) linked to widespread cooling over the ice sheet. CESM‐LE and CMIP5 project an increase in the frequency of NAO+ events, suggesting a negative feedback to the GrIS under future climate change.
The 2019 Mississippi and Missouri River Flooding and Its Impact on Atmospheric Boundary Layer Dynamics
Authors: Pal Sandip , Lee Temple R. , Clark Nicholas E.
Published: March 2020

In spring 2019, a catastrophic flood occurred along the Missouri and Mississippi River basins in the United States, which was characterized as the longest lasting flood since the Great Flood of 1927. The 2019 flooding resulted in extremely wet soils for 3–4 months over the Great Plains. Using rawinsonde‐derived atmospheric boundary layer depths (BLDs) and in situ soil moisture (SM) data sets at 10 sites located meridionally across the two river‐valleys, we investigated the SM controls on regional‐scale BLDs during spring 2019. The impact of spring flooding on atmospheric boundary layer dynamics is reported via regression analyses between daily SM and BLDs yielding statistically significant negative r (p < 0.0012) with substantial spatial variability (r: −0.25 to −0.70). Results suggest (1) the strengthening of the negative SM‐BLD relationship in the wake of extreme flooding and (2) positive SM anomalies of 0.05–0.12 m3 m−3 resulted in negative BLD anomalies (−100 to −400 m) compared to 8‐year means, confirming the impact of perturbed land atmosphere feedback processes (LAFP). These results offer a test bed for developing better numerical models with advanced representations of LAFP.
Simultaneous Observations of SAR Arc and Its Ionospheric Response at Subauroral Conjugate Points (L ≃ 2.5) During the St. Patrick's Day Storm in 2015
Authors: Hong J. , Kim J.‐H. , Chung J.‐K. , Kim Y. H. , Kam H. , Park J. , Mendillo M.
Published: March 2020

During the St. Patrick's Day storm on 17 March 2015, an all‐sky imager at King Sejong Station (KSS; geo: 62.2°S, 58.8°W; mag: 50.2°S) captured diffuse aurora and a stable auroral red (SAR) arc. Ground‐based Global Positioning System observations were also simultaneously conducted at KSS, but there was no significant increase in the total electron content's rate‐of‐change index or the ionospheric scintillation indices around the SAR arc region. Auroral activities including a SAR arc were also detected by the all‐sky imager at Millstone Hill Station (geo: 42.6°N, 71.4°W; mag: 52.5°N), which is magnetically conjugate to KSS. The total electron content's rate‐of‐change index map around Millstone Hill Station, too, indicates that the ionospheric irregularities occurred only near the diffuse aurora and not in the SAR arc. The northern SAR arc is broader than the southern one and also shows a multiplicity pattern, which may be due to latitude structure within the seasonally dependent midlatitude ionospheric trough. These conjugate observations, despite their hemispheric differences, validate the classical SAR arc mechanism of emission driven by heat conduction from the inner magnetosphere that does not generate small‐scale ionospheric irregularities that can affect Global Positioning System radio signals. Previous studies of SAR arcs and very high frequency radiowave scintillations did show a positive correlation.
Energy Flux and Characteristic Energy of Electrons Over Jupiter's Main Auroral Emission
Authors: Allegrini F. , Mauk B. , Clark G. , Gladstone G. R. , Hue V. , Kurth W. S. , Bagenal F. , Bolton S. , Bonfond B. , Connerney J. E. P. , Ebert R. W. , Greathouse T. , Imai M. , Levin S. , Louarn P. , McComas D. J. , Saur J. , Szalay J. R. , Valek P. W. , Wilson R. J.
Published: March 2020

Jupiter's ultraviolet (UV) aurorae, the most powerful and intense in the solar system, are caused by energetic electrons precipitating from the magnetosphere into the atmosphere where they excite the molecular hydrogen. Previous studies focused on case analyses and/or greater than 30‐keV energy electrons. Here for the first time we provide a comprehensive evaluation of Jovian auroral electron characteristics over the entire relevant range of energies (~100 eV to ~1 MeV). The focus is on the first eight perijoves providing a coarse but complete System III view of the northern and southern auroral regions with corresponding UV observations. The latest magnetic field model JRM09 with a current sheet model is used to map Juno's magnetic foot point onto the UV images and relate the electron measurements to the UV features. We find a recurring pattern where the 3‐ to 30‐keV electron energy flux peaks in a region just equatorward of the main emission. The region corresponds to a minimum of the electron characteristic energy (<10 keV). Its polarward edge corresponds to the equatorward edge of the main oval, which is mapped at M shells of ~51. A refined current sheet model will likely bring this boundary closer to the expected 20–30 RJ. Outside that region, the >100‐keV electrons contribute to most (>~70–80%) of the total downward energy flux and the characteristic energy is usually around 100 keV or higher. We examine the UV brightness per incident energy flux as a function of characteristic energy and compare it to expectations from a model.
Tectonic Evolution of the Northern Oman Mountains, Part of the Strait of Hormuz Syntaxis: New Structural and Paleothermal Analyses and U‐Pb Dating of Synkinematic Calcite
Authors: Carminati E. , Aldega L. , Smeraglia L. , Scharf A. , Mattern F. , Albert R. , Gerdes A.
Published: March 2020

The Oman Mountains expose Permo‐Mesozoic shelf rocks of Arabia overridden by continental slope/basinal sediments and Semail Ophiolites during Late Cretaceous. A major syntaxis is represented by the Musandam Peninsula and Dibba Zone. The overthrusting of allochthonous units onto the Musandam shelf carbonates initiated during the Cenomanian. Structural analyses in the Musandam Peninsula constrained top‐to‐the‐west thrusting that took place 74–60 Ma ago (U‐Pb datings of synkinematic calcites), about 15–30 Ma after the obduction of the Semail Ophiolite. The Dibba faults exhibit a first interval of thrusting (top‐to‐the‐west) followed by dextral slip. We propose that SW vergent thrusts, initially parallel to those of the Central and Southern Oman Mountains, were subsequently rotated to their present‐day NE‐SW strike during the development of the syntaxis and then reactivated by dextral slip. Mixed layers illite‐smectite (I‐S) constrain the thermal evolution of the passive margin sequence and of the allochthonous deep‐water sediments. In particular, the proximal Hawasina unit (Hamrat Duru) and Sumeini groups of the Dibba Zone are characterized by long‐range ordered mixed layers I‐S with an illite content of 90–95%, whereas Musandam carbonate units show mixed layers I‐S with illite layers ranging from 80–90%, indicating deep diagenetic conditions. Such levels of thermal maturity were acquired during the Late Cretaceous emplacement of a 3.5‐km‐thick pile of allochthonous units, which were removed by erosion and denudation since the Campanian. U‐Pb dating of synkinematic calcite vein highlights reactivation of thrusts at 13.2 Ma, likely due to the involvement of the Musandam area in the Arabia‐Eurasia collision.
Susan Hough Receives 2019 International Award
Authors:   AGU
Published: March 2020

Susan Hough was awarded the 2019 International Award at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 11 December 2019 in San Francisco, Calif. The award is given “for making an outstanding contribution to furthering the Earth and space sciences and using science for the benefit of society in developing nations.”
David Moore Receives 2019 Excellence in Earth and Space Science Education Award
Authors:   AGU
Published: March 2020

David Moore was awarded the 2019 Excellence in Earth and Space Science Education Award at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 11 December 2019 in San Francisco, Calif. The award is given “for a sustained commitment to excellence in geophysical education by a team, individual, or group.”
Beth N. Orcutt Receives 2019 Asahiko Taira International Scientific Ocean Drilling Research Prize
Authors:   AGU
Published: March 2020

Beth N. Orcutt was awarded the 2019 Asahiko Taira International Scientific Ocean Drilling Research Prize at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 11 December 2019 in San Francisco, Calif. The prize is given “for outstanding transdisciplinary research accomplishment in ocean drilling.”
Climbing the Occasionally Cataclysmic Cascades
Authors: Morton Mary
Published: March 2020

Living in Geologic Time: Every one of the Pacific Northwest’s volatile volcanoes is likely to erupt again before the range goes extinct.
Sarah Kaplan Receives 2019 Walter Sullivan Award for Excellence in Science Journalism–Features
Authors:   AGU
Published: March 2020

Sarah Kaplan was awarded the 2019 Walter Sullivan Award for Excellence in Science Journalism–Features at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 11 December 2019 in San Francisco, Calif. The award is given “for excellence in feature reporting about the Earth and space sciences, with a deadline of more than one week.”
J. Marshall Shepherd Receives 2019 Climate Communication Prize
Authors:   AGU
Published: March 2020

J. Marshall Shepherd was awarded the 2019 Climate Communication Prize at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 11 December 2019 in San Francisco, Calif. The prize recognizes an individual “for the communication of climate science.”
Cleaner Air Takes Some of the Bite out of European Winters
Authors: Hornyak Tim
Published: March 2020

Scientists find that reduced aerosol emissions correspond to fewer extremely cold days.