bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gasification of peat in a steam plasma reactor
Authors: De Matons P. Grosdidier , Gauvin W. H.
Published: March 2009

The gasification of finely‐divided peat (30‐micron and 48‐micron sizes respectively, and 11.4% moisture) was studied in a reactor 30.5‐cm ID and 178‐cm high, in the presence of a plasma flame consisting of nitrogen and steam, at an initial temperature of 4000 K, decreasing to 1200 K in the reaction zone. For a carbon‐to‐steam molar ratio of 1.37, a conversion of 81% of the carbon was achieved, yielding a gas analyzing 43% H2, 44% CO, 8% CO2, 4% CH4 and 1% C2H6, with a calorific value of 266 kJ/g mol (319 Btu/ft3). The results indicated that higher temperatures and a lower C/H2O ratio were required to achieve near total carbon conversion.
Spray cone angle and its correlation in a high pressure fuel spray
Authors: Varde K. S.
Published: March 2009

An experimental study was conducted to determine the effects of nozzle orifice size and operating parameters on the cone angle of a liquid fuel spray injected into a gaseous environment. High fuel pressures in the range 55 to 130 MPa and background gas density ranging from atmospheric to 40 kg/m3 were used in the study. The results show the spray cone angle to depend on the orifice dimensions as well as on the operating conditions such as the injection velocity and the background gas density. A correlation is derived to predict spray cone angles in terms of Reynolds and Weber numbers. The predicted results are shown to agree well with the experimental findings of other investigators.
An axisymmetric model of flow in the annulus of a spouted bed of coarse particles. Model, experimental verification and residence time distribution
Authors: Littman Howard , Morgan Morris H. , Narayanan Pallassana V. , Kim Seung Jai , Day Jenn‐Yuan , Lazarek G. M.
Published: March 2009

An axisymmetric model of flow in the annulus of a spouted bed of coarse particles which takes into account non‐Darcy flow and utilizes a new and general axial pressure boundary condition at the spout‐annulus interface is presented. The pressure boundary condition and the annulus pressure distribution are experimentally verified and the model used to calculate the residence time distribution and the flowrate at the top of the annulus. In addition, the average axial velocity profile in the annulus is calculated and compared with predictions of several one‐dimensional flow models.
Liquid phase axial mixing in a bubble column with viscous non‐newtonian liquids
Authors: Devine W. D. , Shah Y. T. , Morsi B. I.
Published: March 2009

This paper presents some new data for the liquid phase axial dispersion coefficient in a bubble column with highly viscous non‐Newtonian liquids (μL > 0.03 Pa · s). The data were obtained in a 0.15 m diameter column operating in the slug flow regime, and the dispersion measurements were conducted using heat aas a tracer. The experimental results show that the dispersion coefficients increase with both gas and liquid velocities and quantitatively they are about three times higher than those obtained for the air‐water system. The results are explained based on a known hydrodynamic model of vertical gas‐liquid slug flow.
Liquid diffusion measurement by holographic interferometry
Authors: Ruiz‐Bevia F. , Fernandez‐Sempere J. , Celdran‐Mallol A. , Santos‐Garcia C.
Published: March 2009

The use of classic interferometry to study liquid diffusion has been well known since the 1940's. Much more recently holographic interfereometry was introduced in this field of study. In this paper a description of the general characteristics of holographic interferometry is presented. The evolution as well as the improvements of the technique are describged.
Vapor pressures of heavy liquid hydrocarbons containing nitrogen or sulfur
Authors: Chandar S. C. R. , Singh R. P.
Published: March 2009

The extended SWAP (Smith‐Winnick‐Abrams‐Prausnitz) correlation for vapor pressure has been applied in the region 1300‐266,000 Pa to a large number of hydrocarbon derivatives containing either nitrogen or sulffur as heteroatoms. With a minimum of experimental information including approximate characterization of molecular structure and one vapor pressure datum, vapor pressures can be estimated within ± 10%.
Experiments with concentrated slurries of particles with densities near that of the carrier fluid
Authors: Shook C. A.
Published: March 2009

Experimental investigations of headlosses and particle velocity distributions have been undertaken for water slurries of polystyrene particles of diameter d50 = 0.3 and 1.4 mm. At concentrations greater than 40–45% by volume, nearly linear headloss vs. velocity relationships were obtained. These suggested laminar flow but the particle velocity measurements showed the flow to be turbulent.

The results have been interpreted with an approximate theory based upon lubrication mechanics. The investigation illustrates the limitations of slurry viscometry in predicting pipeline behaviour for slurries of particles of this size.
The effect of temperature and moisture on the rheology of black coal‐oil suspensions
Authors: Ghosh Ajit K. , Bhattacharya S. N.
Published: March 2009

Rheological properties of black coal‐KC220 oil suspensions have been investigated using a Contraves rheometer over a temperature and coal volume fraction range of 18–200°C and 0.247‐0.385, respectively. The suspensions behaved as Newtonian fluids. Variation of viscosity with temperature does not follow any regular trend and peak viscosity values occur in the temperature range of 80–140°C for dry coal and 70–130°C for moist coal, depending upon the concentrations of coal in the suspension. Freshly prepared suspensions of moist coal exhibit viscosity peaks at a temperature lower than that of the corresponding suspension with dry coal. However, when aged, the suspensions of moist coal exhibit very small peak viscosity and follow an Arrhenius type behavior. For both dry and moist coal, the maximum volume fraction, ϕm, continues to decrease with an increase in temperature.
Laboratory study of solvent enhanced communication in oil sands
Authors: Isaacs E. E. , Green K.
Published: March 2009

Miscible displacement experiments were carried out to evaluate the potential of solvents in enlarging fractures between wells to allow for larger volumes of steam to be injected during in situ recovery operations in the Athabasca oil sands deposit. The solvents tested included carbon disulfide, toluene and a series of refinery streams and diesel oils. Since incomplete miscibility between bitumen and some solvents caused asphaltenes to precipitate, solvents were ranked in terms of bitumen compatibility.

Solvents such as diesel DP‐40 and diesel DC‐40, which are intermediate in terms of solubilizing bitumen, were the most efficient in developing zones of low bitumen saturation around an initial fracture and at the same time not extracting bitumen from other regions of the bed. The effects of flow rate and cell orientation on solvent efficiency and permeability are also described. Solvent losses corresponded to about the residual saturation of oil after waterflooding.
Phoretic phenomena in tar vapor‐particulate mixture separation from fuel gas streams
Authors: Vasudevan T. V. , Gokhale A. J. , Mahalingam R.
Published: March 2009

Analytical models were developed to predict the performance of a spray scrubber for separation of tars from gasifier off‐gas streams. The models included heat transfer, mass transfer, condensation, nucleation, temperature and flow fields, and various phoretic phenomena involved in droplet‐particle and droplet‐vapor interaction and collection. The models indicate that for the tar particulates, both Brownian diffusion and inertial impaction, rather than diffusiophoresis and thermophoresis, are the more important phoretic forces causing the collection. For the limiting case of all tars being present only as vapor, the efficiency of their removal by condensation on water spray droplets could be extremely high.

Scrubbing experiments were carried out on the hot gas/tar stream evolved from the simulated devolatilization section of a laboratory fixed bed gasifier. The combined overall collection efficiency for a mixed particulates and vapor stream compares satisfactorily with the model predictions.
Biodegradation of organic compounds in fluidized bed reactors
Authors: Wong Shu‐Lun Simon , Tien Chi
Published: March 2009

Biodegradation of organics in fluidized bed reactors was studied experimentally. Both single‐substrate and mixed‐substrate systems were considered. With the use of a previously developed biofilm model, parameters pertinent to the degradation of mixed‐substrate systems and their single substrate system counterparts were evaluated and compared.

Two approaches attempted to predict the degradation of a mixed‐substrate system. One assumed independent biodegradaion and diffusion of individual substrates while the other used a lumped concentration approach. The latter approach was found to give better agreement with experiments than the former.
Influence of forced feed composition cycling on catalytic methanol synthesis
Authors: Nappi A. , Fabbricino L. , Hudgins R. R. , Silveston P. L.
Published: March 2009

Studies have been carried out between 230 and 270°C and 1.97 and 2.93 MPa total pressure on the synthesis of methanol over an industrial catalyst of the copper‐zinc oxide‐alumina type using a gradientless reactor. Two modes of forced feed composition cycling were explored: periodic variations of the mole fraction of H2 and CO and periodic variation of the CO2 content. The latter mode substantially improved methanol production and suppressed the parasitic formation of methane, while the former mode had just the opposite effect. Measurements of methanol, methane and CO during a cycle as well as separate observations of the response to step‐changes in concentration indicated substantial storage of CO on the catalyst surface. Rapid response of methane to the CO2 content suggests over‐reduced areas of the catalyst surface are responsible for methane formation and that these regions are readily oxidized. CO2 or H2O associated with methane formation appear to relate to the dynamics of methanol formation.
Comparison of the sulfation rates of calcium, magnesium and zinc oxides with SO2 and SO3
Authors: Kocaefe D. , Karman D. , Steward F. R.
Published: March 2009

The sulfation rates of reagent grade calcium and zinc oxides and technical grade magnesium oxide with sulfur trioxide and sulfur dioxide ‐ oxygen mixtures have been measured thermogravimetrically.

Experiments have been conducted to determine the rate of reaction for various particle radii (0.071‐0.151 mm), temperatures (450‐1100 K.) and concentrations of sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide (0.075‐0.62 moles/m3), oxygen (0‐1.5 moles/m3).

Experimental results are presented which compare the sulfation rates of each basic oxide with sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide at different temperatures. The rate of sulfation of different oxides are compared under the same experimental conditions.
Simple calculation technique to solve the leung/wiles equations for the choking load of multisize particles in pneumatic transport lines
Authors: Briens C. L. , Bergougnou M. A.
Published: March 2009

Leung and Wiles (1976) proposed a quantitative procedure to calculate the maximum flowrate or “choking load” of solids which can be conveyed by a gas flowing at a given velocity in a vertical pneumatic transport line. However, no simple way of solving their equations was given by them. A new calculation method is proposed here to solve their equations to obtain the choking load of multisize particles.
Discharge composition and concentration profiles in a continuously operating spouted bed
Authors: Rovero Giorgio , Piccinini Norberto
Published: March 2009

The cause of segregation at the discharge in a continuously operating spouted bed has been investigated. Radial concentration profiles of the coarse component have been detected in a two‐component mixture of glass ballotini at different spouting regimes, at different bed levels and discharging from openings at several bed depths. The annulus of a spouted bed has been shown to move in a fashion close to a plug flow without altering the concentration gradients existing below the bed free surface. Consistent with previous results, percolation induced segregation was negligible under these experimental conditions. The concentration existing at the column wall has been shown to be identical to that in the outgoing stream of solids and segregation phenomena at the outlet cannot explain a discharge composition different from the mean concentration in the bed. The particle trajectories in the fountain are believed to be responsible for the radial concentration gradient in the annulus of the spouted bed.
Flow behaviour of oil‐in‐water emulsions
Authors: Pal R. , Bhattacharya S. N. , Rhodes E.
Published: March 2009

The rheological behaviour of concentrated oil‐in‐water emulsions has been investigated using the Weissenberg Rheogoniometer. The oil concentration has been varied from 40 to 95 volume percent. The effects of shear rate and oil concentration on the viscosity have been determined. From the rheological data, the maximum attainable oil concentration in the emulsion has been estimated and is introduced as a parameter in the relationship between relative viscosity and oil concentration to account for certain variations in the emulsion characteristics. Empirical equations have been obtained which correlate zero shear rate viscosity and infinite shear viscosity as a function of reduced oil concentration. Comparison has been made between the emulsion viscosity and the solid‐liquid suspension viscosity at high dispersed phase concentration. Estimated maximum attainable oil concentration is found to be in close agreement with the actual maximum concentration that could be achieved experimentally.
Discharge characteristics of orifice meters in sediment‐laden flows
Authors: Kapoor B. S. , Garde R. J. , Ranga Raju K. G.
Published: March 2009

Experimental results on the discharge characteristics of concentric orifice meters placed in circular pipes carrying sediment‐laden flow in homogeneous and heterogeneous regimes are reported. The experiments were carried out using water as the carrying medium and sand and coal as the sediments. The data cover a range of concentration from 0.5% to 7.0% by volume. The analysis of the data has resulted in graphical predictors which enable determination of the discharge to fairly good accuracy.
Gas—liquid pressure drop studies in a reciprocating plate column
Authors: Rama Rao N. V. , Baird M. H. I.
Published: March 2009

Two‐phase pressure drop in a 93 mm diameter reciprocating plate column (RPC) was studied for the air‐water system, and to a lesser extent for air‐kerosene. Amplitudes (strokes) in the range 14 to 63.5 mm and frequencies from 0.75 to 4.0 Hz were investigated for between 2 and 10 brass plates with hole diameters from 3 to 8 mm and free flow area between 0.09 and 0.306. Continuous phase velocity was varied from 1.24 to 3.72 cm s−1 and dispersed phase velocity varied from 0.04 to 5.10 cm s−1. The measured pressure head was subjected to a static head correction based on the measured holdup of the dispersed phase and densities of the phases. The data were correlated by regression analysis as a friction factor expressed in terms of loading ratio, Reynolds number and Froude number; they were also compared with an earlier theoretical prediction by Noh and Baird for single phase flow in a RPC. The two‐phase pressure drop was found to increase with agitation both in the mixer‐settler and emulsion regions and reached a maximum at vibrating speeds around 10 cm s−1. Beyond this point, it decreased in the unstable region preceding flooding. It was concluded that the RPC could be effectively used in the emulsion region for optimum performance.
Kinetics of oil extraction from canola (rapeseed)
Authors: So George C. , Macdonald Douglas G.
Published: March 2009

The extraction of oil from canola (rapeseed) using hexane as a solvent can be described by a two stage washing/diffusion model. Oil which is at the surface of the seed as a result of pressing or cooking is removed rapidly at the beginning of the extraction process by simple washing by the solvent. This is followed by a slow extraction of the oil from the seed by a diffusional process. This latter process appears to be controlled by two mechanisms: slow, unhindered diffusion of oil held in the ruptured cells in the seed; and very slow, hindered diffusion of oil held within unruptured cells in the seed. To evaluate this model, rapeseed was extracted with commercial hexane in a simple bench scale batch extractor and the effects of variables such as particle thickness, temperature, cooking, degree of agitation, and solvent‐to‐seed ratio were studied.
Model for continuous drying of solids in fluidized/spouted beds
Authors: Viswanathan K.
Published: March 2009

A mathematical model is presented for predicting the dynamics of continuous drying of solids in fluidized and spouted beds (start‐up period). The outlet solids moisture content \documentclass[article]\pagestyle[empty]\begin[document]$ \bar Q $ \end[document], the outlet humidity and the solids temperature are predicted as a function of time for both falling (internal diffusion controlled) and constant rate drying periods. It is shown that the initial moisture content of the solids in the bed, Qd, is a critical variable. Three characteristic types of dynamic behaviour are identified depending upon the value of Qd. For falling rate, a large Qd results in unacceptably high \documentclass[article]\pagestyle[empty]\begin[document]$ \bar Q $ \end[document] in the initial periods whereas a small Qd results in excessive temperature rise which may cause damage to solids. For constant rate, the responses of outlet humidity and solids temperature are independent of Qd. Analytical expressions are derived for the time required to reach steady state, the solids moisture content, and temperature at steady state. The model should also be useful for control of dryers.
Absorber simulation and design using a nonequilibrium stage model
Authors: Krishnamurthy R. , Taylor R.
Published: March 2009

A nonequilibrium stage model of multicomponent separation processes is used to simulate three representative nonisothermal gas absorption processes: (i) the absorption of ammonia from air using water, (ii) the purification of an acid gas stream using cold methanol and (iii) a process in which a heavy hydrocarbon oil is used to absorb a mixture of lighter hydrocarbons. The temperature profiles and terminal stream compositions predicted by the model compare well with experimental measurements on the ammonia/air/water and acid gas/methanol systems. The case study involving the absorption of light hydrocarbons is used to demonstrate that there can be large differences between designs based on the nonequilibrium stage model and the efficiency‐modified‐equilibrium‐stage model.
Corresponding states correlation of saturated and metastable properties
Authors: Dong Wei‐Guo , Lienhard John H.
Published: March 2009

A corresponding states correlation is developed for the p ‐ v ‐ T properties of saturated liquids. It is similar in form to a previous correlation; however it is more accurate in the low pressure, low Pitzer factor range, owing to the incorporation of new information about low Pitzer factor behavior. The problem of creating corresponding states correlations of the spinodal lines and the metastable states is also discussed in the light of new equation of state information. A partial preliminary correlation works particularly well for non‐polar molecules in the range of fairly small positive Pitzer factors.
Elutriation characteristics of solids from liquid–solid fluidized bed systems Part III: A study of the possible causes of non‐linearity in the elutriation of fine particles from fluidized beds
Authors: Ganguly U. P.
Published: March 2009

The “critical concentration” of solids, defined by Trawinski as the break‐point from linearity in the plot of log (C/Co) versus θ in any elutriation process, represents the attainment of a sudden increase in bed viscosity which finally leads to a retentive capacity of the bed with respect to the fines, characterized by the “equilibrium bed concentration”, CE.

Experimental data on Cc have been correlated empirically with various system parameters as

The ranges of the parameters are 1.1 ≤ G/Gme ≤ 1.4; 1.28 ≤ d1/d2 ≤ 2.85; 1.0 ≤ ρ1/ρ2 ≤ 2.6; 0.50 ≤ w/W ≤ 0.90; and 2.7 ≤ Ha/Hs ≤ 17.7.
Flooding in inclined pipes — Effect of entrance section
Authors: Barnea D. , Yoseph N. Ben , Taitel Y.
Published: March 2009

Flooding in countercurrent flow of air and water in inclined tubes has been investigated. Data on flooding inception in the whole range of inclinations have been collected and predictive models for calculating the flooding conditions as a function of the flow rates and pipe inclination were proposed.

Special attention is placed on the effect of the liquid injection mode. It has been shown that the porous injection system causes a local disturbance and enhances flooding at relatively shallow inclinations and high liquid flow rates.
Absorption of sulfur dioxide and nitric oxide by some amines and N‐cyclohexyl‐2‐pyrrolidone
Authors: Ho Moses P. , Klinzing George E.
Published: March 2009

In searching for solvents that are able to absorb sulfur dioxide and nitric oxide, solvents triethylenetetramine, diethylenetriamine, N‐cyclohexyl‐2‐pyrrolidone and N, N, N', N'‐tetraethylethylenediamine have all been tested. It was found that triethylenetetramine and N, N, N', N'‐tetraethylethylenediamine absorb nitric oxide, while this gas is not absorbed by N‐cyclohexyl‐2‐pyrrolidone and diethylenetriamine. Sulfur dioxide, besides being absorbed by triethylenetetramine, is also absorbed by diethylenetriamine and N‐cyclohexyl‐2‐pyrrolidone.

The Henry's law constants and activity coefficients at infinite dilution of the gases in the absorbing solvents were determined by gas‐liquid chromatography.
Model for phase equilibria correlation and prediction. Characteristics and application to binary liquid—vapor and binary, ternary and quaternary liquid—liquid equilibria
Authors: Beviá F. Ruiz , Zapata R. Ruiz , Gomis A. F. Marcilla , Rico D. Prats
Published: March 2009

A new model for the excess Gibbs energy has been developed. The model has three binary parameters. The presence of the third parameter, kij, the power of the composition, gives to the model an extraordinary flexibility. The model has been widely tested for different types of equilibria, such as binary liquid‐vapour equilibria, both isothermal and isobarid; as well as on liquid‐liquid equilibria, binary, ternary and quaternary, for both correlation and prediction. Results obtained for the average errors were always lower than those obtained by the Van Laar, Wilson and UNIQUAC models, and even by a three parameter model such as NRTL.
Long‐term transients in a reactor under forced concentration cycling
Authors: Hugo A. J. , Jakelski D. M. , Stanitsas G. , Sullivan G. R. , Hudgins R. R. , Silveston P. L.
Published: March 2009

In the approach to a cycle‐invariant state in the forced feed concentration cycling of the CO oxidation over a NiO catalyst, a very long transient has been observed lasting 80 ks or more. This transient appears to be associated only with CO pretreatment of the catalyst and is not a general phenomenon. The slow convergence to the cycle‐invariant state reported in certain modelling calculations in the literature appears to have a different cause.
A theoretical analysis on stability of a moving interface in a porous medium for bingham displacing fluids and its application in oil displacement mechanism
Authors: Pascal H.
Published: March 2009

This paper deals specifically with the illustration of the rheological effects of non‐Newtonian behaviour of the displacing fluid in a radial displacement mechanism in a porous medium. As an example, a Bingham displacing fluid is considered. For this case the necessary and sufficient conditions for stability are derived and discussed. The results obtained are relevant for an adequate understanding of the rheological effects associated with Bingham displacing fluids on the moving interface stability. The existence of a critical value for the interface location from which the interface protuberances begin to damp out is shown.
Errors caused by tracer solubility in the measurement of gas phase axial dispersion
Authors: Joseph S. , Shah Y. T.
Published: March 2009

Gas phase dispersion studies in bubble columns have been previously analyzed with the axial dispersion model neglecting the solubility of the tracer gas. In the present study, the effect of the solubility of the tracer gas on the accuracy of dispersion measurements is examined using the axial dispersion model with interphase transfer. Expressions for the first and second moments have been derived assuming the liquid phase to be well mixed. These moments are found to be functions of the Stanton number, Peclet number, Henry's constant, ratios of gas to liquid holdups and velocities. It is found that neglecting the interphase transfer can lead to significant deviations from the expected moments, and thus to errors in the Peclet number, even for a relatively insoluble gas like helium in water.
Gas holdup and pressure drop for air‐water flow through plate bubble columns
Authors: Chen B. H. , Yang N. S. , Mcmillan A. F.
Published: March 2009

Gas holdup and pressure drop measurements were made in two multistage bubble columns. Plates made from 6 mesh/in screen (α = 0.64) and those of Karr design (α = 0.53) were tested. An improved separated‐flow model was developed for correlating the two‐phase friction losses over the ranges: 0 ≤ VG ≤ 8.22 cm/s and 0 ≤ VL ≤ 6.12 cm/s. This model was also sound for the vibrating disk column introduced by Tojo et al. (1974).

Empirical correlations are presented for the gas holdup and the pressure drop due to liquid circulation within these two columns.
Solvent extraction of hydrofluosilicic acid with alamine 336
Authors: Stenström Stig , Wingefors Stig
Published: March 2009

Extraction constants for the solvent extraction of hydrofluosilicic acid with Alamine 336 have been determined. Two species were identified, (R3NH+ )2 SiF62‐ and R3NH+ HSiF6, whose respective extraction constants were determined to be log K21 = 7.42 and log K11 = 2.60. For the dissociation of hydrofluosilicic acid the activity coefficient model presented by Bromley was adapted to sulphuric acid and the values used for hydrofluosilicic acid. The effect of the diluent was experimentally investigated.
Initial rate study on the vapor‐phase condensation of aniline to diphenylamine
Authors: Das Gautam , Biswas Asok K.
Published: March 2009

The vapor‐phase condensation of aniline to diphenylamine has been studied in a downflow differential reactor at 370–426°C and under atmospheric pressure using H‐151 ALCOA catalyst. An initial rate equation based on the Langmuir‐Hinshelwood model, i.e. surface reaction control with a similar dual site mechanism, has been proposed:

ro = (k1KA2pAo2)/ (1 + KApAo)2

The effects of different mass transfer resistances, of longitudinal and of radial dispersion have been taken into consideration. The rate constant value at 404°C is 1.488 × 10−7 (k mol)/ (s) (kg cat) [5.358 × 10−4 (mol)/ (h) (g cat)] and the activation energy is calculated to be 123.3 kJ/mol [29.45 k cal/mol] in the working temperature range.
Excess enthalpy data for the ternary system methane—ethylene—carbon dioxide by flow calorimetry
Authors: Gagné Carol , Kaliaguine Serge C. , Ramalho Rubens S.
Published: March 2009

Excess enthalpy data for the ternary system methane – ethylene – carbon dioxide was obtained utilizing an isothermal flow calorimeter. The measurements were made at three temperatures: 293.15, 305.15 and 313.15 K and pressures of 1.114, 1.520 and 3.445 MPa (11, 15 and 34 atm).

The determination of excess enthalpies for the binary systems methane—ethylene, ethylene—carbon dioxide and methane—carbon dioxide has been reported in three preceeding articles, respectively: Gagné et al., 1985; Ba et al., 1979 and Barry et al., 1982a. The binary interaction coefficients kij obtained for these systems have been utilized as initial values for the optimization procedure leading to the kij for the ternary system. For the case of the ternary system studied in this investigation, two types of binary interaction coefficients kij have been determined from experimental data: kij independent of temperature and pressure and kij adjusted as function of temperature and pressure.

Experimental data were compared with the predictions from Benedict—Webb—Rubin and Redlich—Kwong equations of state. In both cases, the coefficients kij dependent on temperature and pressure led to better prediction of excess enthalpies.
Effect of temperature on flow regimes and gas hold‐up in a bubble column
Authors: Grover G. S. , Rode C. V. , Chaudhari R. V.
Published: March 2009

The effect of temperature on the gas hold‐up and flow regimes for air—water and air—electrolyte solutions (NaCl and CuCl2) was studied in a bubble column with a sintered glass disc distributor. For the air—water system, the gas hold‐up was found to decrease with increase in temperature. For the air—electrolyte solutions, increase in temperature resulted in increased gas hold‐up at lower gas velocity, while at higher gas velocity the gas hold‐up was found to decrease with temperature. The gas velocity ugT for transition from bubble flow to churn turbulent flow was found to decrease with increase in temperature as a result of increased coalescence. In the presence of electrolytes, ugT was found to be higher than that for water.
Continuous production of penicillin‐g by penicillium chrysogenum cells immobilized on celite biocatalyst support particles
Authors: Jones Alan , Wood Denise N. , Razniewska Theresa , Gaucher G. Maurice , Behie Leo A.
Published: March 2009

Celite R‐630, a commercially available catalyst support, was used successfully in the batch and continuous production of Penicillin‐G by mycelial cells of Penicillium chrysogenum. As an extension of previous work, the productivity of a 1.2 L three phase fluidized bed bioreactor using the Celite support was compared directly with the same reactor in which cells had been immobilized inside a larger carrageenan support matrix. With Celite particles, maximum yields and specific reaction rates for continuous reactor runs were 0.11 g Pen‐G (K+)/g lactose and 0.05 mmol Pen‐G/h/g protein respectively. These results were similar to those obtained with carrageenan beads. However, on a reactor volume basis, Celite was five times more productive than carrageenan. Results are discussed in terms of the potential for using Celite in industrial bioreactor systems.
Combinatorial Library Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Pyrazolo[4,3‐e][1,4]diazepine as a Potential Privileged Structure
Authors: Lee Ju‐Yeon , Kim Yong‐Chul
Published: March 2009

A privileged structure: A library of tetrahydro‐1,4‐pyrazolo‐diazepin‐8(2H)‐ones was designed and synthesized to probe the privileged nature of the scaffold. The design strategy included mimicking the three‐dimensional conformations of β‐turn peptides. Screening against P2X7R, BACE‐1, and MC4R gave several hit compounds for each target. The results suggest that pyrazolodiazepin‐8‐one may represent a potential privileged scaffold.

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The role of macrophage inhibitory factor in tumorigenesis and central nervous system tumors
Authors: Bach Jan‐Philipp , Deuster Oliver , Balzer‐Geldsetzer Monika , Meyer Bernhard , Dodel Richard , Bacher Michael
Published: March 2009

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has been described as a protein that plays an important role in both innate and acquired immunity. Further research has shown that MIF plays a particularly critical part in cell cycle regulation and therefore in tumorigenesis as well. Over the past few years, the significance of the role of MIF in a variety of both solid and hematologic tumors has been established. More recently, interest has increased in the role of MIF in the development of central nervous system (CNS) tumors, in which it appears to influence cell cycle control. In addition, MIF has been identified as an essential actor in metastasis and angiogenesis. Vascular growth factor concentration raises because of increased levels of MIF in brain tumors. Recently, the MIF receptor complex has been described, and it appears that this may be a suitable drug target for treatment of brain tumors. In light of these findings, the authors chose to conduct a systematic search for information regarding MIF that has been published within the past 15 years using the terms “inflammation,” “glioblastoma,” “brain tumor,” “astrocytoma,” “microglia,” “glioblastoma,” “immune system and brain tumors,” “glioblastoma and MIF,” and “brain tumor and MIF.” The aim of this article was thus to present a detailed review of current knowledge regarding the role of MIF in CNS tumor pathophysiology. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Educational outcomes among survivors of childhood cancer in British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Lorenzi Maria , McMillan Amy J. , Siegel Linda S. , Zumbo Bruno D. , Glickman Victor , Spinelli John J. , Goddard Karen J. , Pritchard Sheila L. , Rogers Paul C. , McBride Mary L.
Published: March 2009

BACKGROUND:

Increased survival of patients with childhood cancer has resulted in a growing population of survivors within the education system, many of whom may experience educational difficulties. The current study provides a comprehensive assessment of survivors' educational achievements.

METHODS:

Seven hundred eighty‐two childhood cancer survivors from the British Columbia (BC) Cancer Registry who attended BC schools from 1995 to 2004, were compared with a randomly selected comparison group of 8386 BC school children. Grade repetition, standard Foundation Skills Assessments (FSA), graduation‐year examinations, and special education designations were compared, and factors that affected survivors' educational outcomes were identified.

RESULTS:

Survivors of central nervous system tumors had statistically significant FSA deficits in numeracy and reading (adjusted odds ratios from 0.2 to 0.5 in various grades); leukemia survivors also had lower FSA scores, although most differences were not statistically significant. Other survivors demonstrated no significant differences in FSA scores. Survivors were significantly more likely than controls to receive special education (32.5% vs 14.1%). Females and those who had received radiation treatment (particularly cranial radiation) were at increased risk for poor educational outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS:

The current results have implications for the management of survivors in the education system to maximize their educational experience. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
A high‐performance face detection system using OpenMP
Authors: Hadjidoukas P. E. , Dimakopoulos V. V. , Delakis M. , Garcia C.
Published: March 2009

We present the development of a novel high‐performance face detection system using a neural network‐based classification algorithm and an efficient parallelization with OpenMP. We discuss the design of the system in detail along with experimental assessment. Our parallelization strategy starts with one level of threads and moves to the exploitation of nested parallel regions in order to further improve, by up to 19%, the image‐processing capability. The presented system is able to process images in real time (38 images/sec) by sustaining almost linear speedups on a system with a quad‐core processor and a particular OpenMP runtime library. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Summary of ‘Systemic antifungal therapy for tinea capitis in children’, including tables of key findings and quality of included trials
Authors: Gonzalez U. , Seaton T. , Bergus G. , Jacobson J. , Martínez‐Monzón C.
Published: March 2009

This is a summary, including tables of key findings and quality of included trials of a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Gonzalez U, Seaton T, Bergus G, Jacobson J, Martínez‐Monzón C. Systemic antifungal therapy for tinea capitis in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 4. Art No.: CD004685.DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD004685.pub2.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Commentary. Copyright © 2009 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Summary of ‘Modes of administration for antibiotics for symptomatic severe urinary tract infections’, including tables of key findings and quality of included trials
Authors: Pohl A.
Published: March 2009

This is a summary, including tables of key findings and quality of included trials of a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Pohl A. Modes of administration of antibiotics for symptomatic severe urinary tract infections. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD003237. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003237.pub2.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Commentary. Copyright © 2009 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Summary of ‘Interventions for treating wrist fractures in children’, including tables of key findings and quality of included trials
Authors: Abraham A. , Handoll H. H. G. , Khan T.
Published: March 2009

This is a summary, including tables of key findings and quality of included trials of a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Abraham A, Handoll HHG, Khan T. Interventions for treating wrist fractures in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD004576. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004576.pub2.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Commentary. Copyright © 2009 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Summary of ‘Fluid therapy for acute bacterial meningitis’, including tables of key findings and quality of included trials
Authors: Maconochie Ian K. , Baumer J. Harry , Stewart Morwenna
Published: March 2009

This is a summary, including tables of key findings and quality of included trials of a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Maconochie IK, Baumer JH, Stewart M. Fluid therapy for acute bacterial meningitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD004786. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004786.pub3.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Commentary. Copyright © 2009 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Commentary on ‘Interventions for treating wrist fractures in children’
Authors: Plint Amy C. , Boutis Kathy
Published: March 2009

This is a commentary on a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Abraham A, Handoll HH, Khan T. Interventions for treating wrist fractures in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 2. Art No.: CD004576. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004576.pub2.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Summary article. Copyright © 2009 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Commentary on ‘Systemic antifungal therapy for tinea capitis in children’
Authors: Ali Samina , Graham Timothy A. D. , Forgie Sarah E. D.
Published: March 2009

This is a commentary on a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Gonzalez U, Seaton T, Bergus G, Jacobson J, Martinez‐Monzon C. Systemic antifungal therapy for tinea capitis in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 4. Art No.: CD004685.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Summary article. Copyright © 2009 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Commentaries on ‘Short‐course versus long‐course antibiotic therapy for non‐severe community‐acquired pneumonia in children aged 2 months to 59 months’
Authors: Le Saux Nicole , Davies H. Dele
Published: March 2009

These are commentaries on a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Haider BA, Saeed MA, Bhutta ZA. Short‐course versus long‐course antibiotic therapy for non‐severe community‐acquired pneumonia in children aged 2 months to 59 months. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD005976. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005976.pub2.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Summary article. Copyright © 2009 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Tips and tricks for understanding and using SR results—no 13: adverse effects in systematic reviews
Authors: Kremer Leontien C. M. , Phillips Robert S. , van Dalen Elvira C.
Published: March 2009

This is the 13th ‘Tips and tricks for understanding and using SR results’ in Evidence‐Based Child Health. Like the previous articles, it is aimed at helping readers to understand the results of systematic reviews and to use the results in clinical practice. This time, we focus on adverse effects in systematic reviews. The information in this article is based on earlier papers, the Cochrane Handbook, and the collective experience of the authors in teaching evidence‐based medicine. Copyright © 2009 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Commentary on ‘Modes of administration of antibiotics for symptomatic severe urinary tract infections’
Authors: Paschke Amanda A. , Zaoutis Theoklis , Keren Ron
Published: March 2009

This is a commentary on a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Pohl A. Modes of administration of antibiotics for symptomatic severe urinary tract infections. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD003237. DOI: 10.1002/14 651 858.CD003237.pub2.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Summary article. Copyright © 2009 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Genotoxicity analysis of two hydroxyfuranones, byproducts of water disinfection, in human cells treated in vitro
Authors: Liviac Danae , Creus Amadeu , Marcos Ricard
Published: March 2009

In general, water for human consumption is chemically disinfected, usually by adding chlorine. As well as producing safe drinking water however, the chlorine treatment, also results in a number of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). One important class of these DBPs is made up of hydroxyfuranones (HFs). In this article, we report the results of a recent investigation to assess the genotoxicity of two HFs, namely mucobromic acid (MBA) and mucochloric acid (MCA), in cultured human cells. The comet assay is used to measure the induction of primary DNA damage and to determine the DNA repair kinetics and the ability of the tested compounds to cause oxidative damage. In addition, the micronucleus (MN) assay is applied to evaluate chromosome damage. The results of the comet assay reveal that both HFs are clearly genotoxic leading to high levels of DNA breaks, and that MBA is more effective than MCA. According to the comet results, the DNA damage induced by MBA repairs well over time, but not the one induced by MCA. Furthermore, HFs produce high levels of oxidized bases. In contrast, the results from the MN assay, which measures the induction of clastogenic and/or aneugenic effects, are mainly negative for the two HFs tested, although MCA is able to increase significantly the frequency of micronuclei in binucleated TK cells, at the concentration of 10 μM. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative mutagenic effects of structurally similar flavonoids quercetin and taxifolin on tester strains Salmonella typhimurium TA102 and Escherichia coli WP‐2 uvrA
Authors: Makena Patrudu S. , Pierce Samuel C. , Chung King‐Thom , Sinclair Scott E.
Published: March 2009

Quercetin (QT) and Taxifolin (TF) are structurally similar plant polyphenols. Both have been reported to have therapeutic potential as anti‐cancer drugs and antioxidants. Mutagenic effects of QT and TF were evaluated using Salmonella typhimurium TA102 and Escherichia coli WP‐2 uvrA tester strains. Either in the presence or absence of S9 mix, QT was mutagenic to TA102 and WP2 uvrA. However, the mutagenicity of QT was significantly enhanced in the presence of S9 mix. Likewise, in the presence of Iron (Fe2+) and NADPH generating system (NGS) and absence of S9 mix, QT induced significantly high mutations in both TA102 and WP‐2 uvrA. Mutagenicity of QT decreased in both strains in the presence of Iron (Fe2+) or NGS alone. TF was not mutagenic in the presence or absence of S9 mix in both TA102 and WP‐2 uvrA 2, regardless of the presence of iron or NGS. Incorporation of antioxidants (ascorbate, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT)) and/or iron chelators (desferroxamine (DF) and ethylenediamine‐tetraacetate (EDTA)) in the test systems markedly decreased QT‐induced mutations in both tester strains. These results suggest that QT but not TF, could induce mutations in the presence or absence of rat liver S9 or Iron (Fe2+) and NGS in both tester strains by redox cycling and Fenton reactions to produce oxygen free radicals. Our results indicate that a minor structural variation between the two plant polyphenols could elicit a marked difference in their genotoxicities. These results provide a basis for further study into the potential use of QT in combination with iron supplements. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impact of inorganic nutrients on maintenance of genomic stability
Authors: Cheng Wen‐Hsing
Published: March 2009

Maintenance of genome stability is of fundamental importance for counteracting carcinogenesis. Many human genome instability syndromes exhibit a predisposition to cancer. An increasing body of epidemiological evidence has suggested a link between nutrient status and risk of cancer. Like other chemicals, nutrients can be toxic when consumed in excess. It has become clear that both nutritional deficiency and toxicity can compromise the integrity of the genome. This article focuses on roles of inorganic trace nutrients, including selenium, copper, zinc, and iron, in the redox regulation of genome stability and how they relate to the pathologies of genomic instability syndromes and cancer. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vertical vibration isolator having piecewise‐constant restoring force
Authors: Araki Yoshikazu , Asai Takehiko , Masui Takeshi
Published: March 2009

We present a vertical vibration isolator having a piecewise‐constant restoring force, which belongs to a class of passive and nonlinear vibration isolators. In vertical vibration isolation, direct use of low‐stiffness elements leads to unacceptably large deformations due to self‐weight. To overcome the difficulty, we apply a combination of constant‐force springs, each of which sustains a constant load regardless of its stretch. By arranging the constant‐force springs, so that the isolator has a piecewise‐constant restoring force, we alleviate the problem of the excessive deformation caused by self‐weight, provide stability at the static equilibrium state along with the self‐centering capability, and realize a large stroke while keeping the mechanism simple and compact. Further, we attempt to limit the response acceleration within a tolerance regardless of the frequency spectrum and the magnitude of earthquake ground motions. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the present isolator through shaking table tests and numerical simulations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.