bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Doxycycline‐Tricalcium Phosphate Composite Graft Facilitates Osseous Healing in Advanced Periodontal Furcation Defects
Authors: Pepelassi Eudoxie M. , Bissada Nabil F. , Greenwell Henry , Farah Constantin F.
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of a tricalcium phosphate, plaster of paris, and doxycycline composite graft to surgical debridement alone in the treatment of Class II and Class III furcation defects. Fifteen patients with adult periodontitis and at least two mandibular molars with Class II or III furcation defects were selected. A total of 40 sites were treated: 26 were Class II defects and 14 were Class III. Following initial therapy one site was randomly selected to receive the composite graft while the remaining site served as the surgically debrided control. Osseous healing was evaluated by direct measurements from an acrylic Stent at the time of graft surgery and at the 6‐month reentry. Following surgery each patient was placed on doxycycline 100mg/day for 10 days. The absence of clinical inflammation and infection during the healing process provided additional substantiation of the biocompatibility of the grafting materials. Results after 6 months indicated that sites treated with the composite graft had improved defect fill, defect resolution, probing depths, and clinical attachment levels when compared to the surgically debrided controls. Defect fill was 3.7 times greater in grafted sites and these sites were 4.0 times more likely to have 50% or greater defect fill. The effect of grafting was more pronounced in Class III defects where horizontal defect fill and gain of clinical attachment was achieved only in grafted sites. The plaster of paris functioned well as a binder, preventing particle scatter and facilitating graft retention. Additionally the plaster served as a vehicle to carry and retain the doxycycline at the treated site. These short‐term results point to the potential of a composite graft containing tricalcium phosphate, plaster of paris, and doxycycline in promoting healing of furcation lesions. J Periodontol 1991; 62:106–115.
Manifestations of Insulin‐Dependent Diabetes Mellitus in the Periodontium of Young Brazilian Patients
Authors: Novaes Arthur Belem , Pereira Antonio Luis A. , de Moraes Noêmia , Novaes Arthur Belem
Published: March 2012

The periodontal condition of patients with insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus was evaluated in terms of plaque, gingival indices, pocket depth, and alveolar bone loss. Thirty male and female diabetic patients aged 5 to 18 years were compared with 30 non‐diabetic subjects and correlated with sex and age. Statistical analyses of the data showed that the mean plaque index was significantly higher (P < 0.01) among the diabetic patients (1.23) than among the control subjects (0.81). The plaque index was significantly higher (P < 0.01) among diabetic females (1.34) than among diabetic males (1.10), whereas no sex differences were observed in the control group. The arithmetic means obtained for gingival index were statistically higher (P < 0.01) for the diabetics (0.58) when compared with the controls (0.15), but no significant differences were obtained when the values were correlated with sex and age. Pocket depth did not differ statistically between groups. When pocket depth was correlated with sex, a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed only for the palatal region, with a depth of 2.1 mm in female patients and 1.92 mm in male patients. When pocket depth was correlated with age, a positive correlation (P < 0.01) was detected in the diabetic group for all regions investigated, whereas the correlation was not significant in the control group. Mean alveolar bone loss was higher in the anterior upper (1.94 mm) and anterior lower (1.87 mm) regions of the diabetic group when compared to the controls (1.52 and 1.37 mm respectively), the difference being significant at the 5% level of probability. No statistically significant difference was detected when alveolar bone loss was correlated with sex, but when alveolar bone loss was correlated with age, a positive correlation was detected for the posterior lower region of the diabetic patients (P < 0.05) and for the upper and lower anterior regions of the control group (P < 0.01). J Periodontol 1991; 62:116–122.
A Critical Review of the Biologic Rationale for Guided Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Minabe Masato
Published: March 2012

This review discusses the rationale for using guided tissue regeneration therapy. The review not only attempts to clarify the concept of selective tissue regeneration using non‐resorbable and resorbable barriers, but to discuss differences in healing events after treatment with the two types of barriers together with their significance in periodontal therapy. At present, barrier membranes have potential clinical use in promoting periodontal tissue regeneration if patients to be so treated are selected appropriately. Research is still necessary to determine the critical period for guiding the ingrowth of new attachment forming cells and also to further clarify the concept of GTR involving the “wrong cell type” which inhibits periodontal tissue regeneration. J Periodontol. 1991; 62:171– 179.
Recovery of A. actinomycetemcomitans From Teeth, Tongue, and Saliva
Authors: Asikainen Sirkka , Alaluusua Satu , Saxén Leena
Published: March 2012

The recovery of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans simultaneously from subgingival sites around teeth and dorsum of the tongue and/or saliva was examined in 293 subjects at 444 visits; 295 paired samples were available from subgingival sites and tongue, 171 paired samples from subgingival sites and stimulated saliva, and 137 paired samples from subgingival sites and unstimulated saliva. Sixty‐one subjects were periodontally healthy (mean age 20.3 years); 55 exhibited localized juvenile periodontitis (mean age 21.8 years); 176 adult periodontitis (mean age 46.7 years); and 1 prepubertal periodontitis (age 10 years). When A. actinomycetemcomitans was recovered from subgingival sites, it was also found in 56.3%, 69.9%, and 35.9% of the paired samples from tongue, and stimulated and unstimulated saliva, respectively. No difference in the detection rate of A actinomycetemcomitans from tongue or stimulated saliva was seen between the subjects with healthy or diseased periodontium. When A. actinomycetemcomitans was not recovered from subgingival sites, it was cultured in 6.8%, 2.0%, and 1.4% of the paired samples from tongue, and stimulated and unstimulated saliva, respectively. In search for noninvasive, inexpensive, and easily run sampling methods for the recovery of oral A. actinomycetemcomitans samples from stimulated saliva and tongue may prove useful in clinical periodontology. J Periodontol 1991; 62:203–206.
Bony Exostosis as a Sequela to Free Gingival Grafting: Two Case Reports
Authors: Pack Angela R. C. , Gaudie William M. , Jennings Alan M.
Published: March 2012

This paper describes the first report in the dental literature of 2 cases in which bony exostosis developed at sites of previous free gingival graft surgery. J Periodontol 1991; 62: 269–271.
Topical Application of Doxycycline on Periodontally Involved Root Surfaces in Vitro: Comparative Analysis of Substantivity on Cementum and Dentin
Authors: Demirel Korkud , Baer Paul N. , McNamara Thomas F.
Published: March 2012

In this study, substantivity of topically applied doxycycline hydrochloride on root surfaces obtained from patients with periodontal disease was studied in vitro. Cementum and dentin specimens were impregnated with aqueous solutions of doxycycline for 3 minutes, and incubated in serum for 10 minutes, 7 days, and 14 days. Substantivity was determined by agar diffusion inhibition assay. Comparative analyses of cementum versus dentin groups were conducted with 2‐way analysis of variance. Results indicated that there were no statistically significant differences between the binding potential of doxycycline to cementum and dentin specimens. Antibacterial effect of specimens treated with the concentration of 100 mg/ml persisted for 14 days, indicating the presence of doxycyline in biologically active form. Our findings demonstrate the long lasting substantivity of doxycycline hydrochloride on periodontally diseased root surfaces and supports the concept of using root surfaces as a substrate for the deposition and slow release for local tetracycline delivery. J Periodontol 1991;62:312–316.
In Vivo Scaling and Root Planing Forces
Authors: Zappa U. , Cadosch J. , Simona C. , Graf H. , Case D.
Published: March 2012

The purpose of the present study was to assess the scaling and root planing forces exerted in vivo. Ten dentists and 10 dental hygienists scaled and root planed one aspect of an incisor in an adult patient with untreated advanced periodontitis. During scaling and root planing forces were recorded using a piezo‐electric receiver, an electronic transducer, and an analogous writer. The forces were recorded in mA and coverted into Newtons (N). The results showed that the mean scaling force applied by dentists was 5.70 N and ranged between 1.01 to 10.35 N. The corresponding values for dental hygienists were a mean of 5.38 N, and a range of 1.52 to 15.73 N. The root planing forces in dentists reached a mean of 4.62 N, and ranged between 0.86 to 8.88 N. For hygienists, these values were 4.58 N with a range of 1.56 to 10.59 N. Negative forces impacting on the periodontal soft tissues were also recorded. They were not present in all therapists, but consistently at work within specific therapists. During scaling these forces reached a mean of ‐ 0.40 N in dentists and — 0.47 N in dental hygienists. During root planing, these forces were mean ‐0.59 N in dentists, and ‐0.81 N in hygienists. There were no statistically significant differences between scaling forces and root planing forces, nor between forces used by dentists and hygienists (P > 0.05). However, there were significant differences between the force levels of the individual therapists for all positive forces (P = 0.0001), and for negative forces during root planing (P = 0.0001). The technology and information provided by this investigation may enable studies evaluating clinical effectiveness of scaling and root planing doses. J Periodontol 1991; 62:335–340.
Changes in Hemoglobin Concentration and Oxygen Saturation in Human Gingiva With Decreasing Inflammation
Authors: Hanioka Takashi , Shizukuishi Satoshi , Tsunemitsu Akira
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this study was to determine if functional changes in the human gingival vasculature were reversible following the resolution of gingival inflammation. Ten patients with 40 inflamed gingival sites were evaluated before and 2 weeks after the completion of treatment. We determined the hemoglobin concentration and the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin at each site by tissue reflectance spectrophotometry. With the use of treatment including motivation, oral hygiene instruction, and scaling, clinical parameters such as the gingival and plaque indices, the Periotron score, and the probing depth were altered toward a healthier state. With the resolution of gingival inflammation, the increased hemoglobin concentration and decreased oxygen saturation in the inflamed gingiva were restored to normal levels. These findings suggest that reversible changes in the local hemoglobin concentration and oxygen saturation are associated with decreasing gingival inflammation in human subjects. J Periodontol 1991;62:366–369.
Odontogenic Myxoma. Report of a Periodontally‐Located Case
Authors: Günhan Ömer , Arpak Nejat , Celasun Bülent , Can Cevat
Published: March 2012

In this article, a case of odontogenic myxoma with deceptively bland radiographic findings and a clinical impression of periodontal abscess is presented. J Periodontol 1991;62:387–389.
Plasma Cell Gingivitis of Unusual Origin. A Case Report
Authors: Serio Francis G. , Siegel Michael A. , Slade Brenda E.
Published: March 2012

Plasma cell gingivitis is a rare benign condition of the gingiva. It is marked by a dense infiltrate of normal plasma cells separated into aggregates by strands of collagen. It is a hypersensitivity reaction to some antigen, often flavorings or spices. The importance of this lesion is that it may cause severe gingival inflammation, discomfort, and bleeding and may mimic more serious conditions. Plaque control and conventional periodontal therapy alone will not cure this disease. The etiologic agent must be identified and the substance eliminated from use. This report outlines a case of plasma cell gingivitis which may have been brought on by the use of red peppers in cooking. J Periodontol 1991; 62:390–393.
The Use of Sustained Release Delivery of Chlorhexidine for the Maintenance of Periodontal Pockets: 2‐Year Clinical Trial
Authors: Stabholz Ayala , Soskolne W. Aubrey , Friedman Michael , Sela Michael N.
Published: March 2012

The release of Chlorhexidine from an ethyl cellulose‐based dosage form (SRD) has been shown to be effective in the reduction of the flora associated with periodontal pockets as well as in reducing probing depths. In this study, treatment with this dosage form was compared to routine maintenance therapy (RMT) in a 2‐year, split mouth clinical trial. Ten patients with 84 pockets ≥ 5 mm who had not received any periodontal therapy or systemic antibiotics over the last 6 months were included. The patients all received a full mouth scaling and root planing together with thorough oral hygiene instruction. Two months later (baseline) plaque index (PU), bleeding on probing (BOP), pocket probing depth (PD), and attachment levels (AL) were assessed at all selected sites. Pockets on the control side then received RMT while the experimental pockets were treated with the SRD only. Treatment was repeated every 3 months for 2 years. The SRD treatment resulted in an improvement of ≥ 3 mm in PD of at least 1 pocket in 8 of 10 patients, while RMT resulted in a similar improvement in only 1 of 10 patients (P = 0.012). Similarly a gain of attachment of ≥ 3 mm was found in at least 1 SRD pocket in 8 of 10 patients. The RMT resulted in a similar improvement in only 2 patients (P = 0.012). The reduction in PD (P = 0.01) and gain in AL (P < 0.03) as compared to baseline were significantly greater for SRD treatment than for RMT at all time periods. BOP showed significant differences at 9, 15, 21, and 24 months only (P < 0.05). These results indicate that the SRD treatment provided significantly better results than RMT for maintenance of deep pockets over a 2‐year period. J Periodontol 1991; 62:429–433.
Isolation and Purification of Bacteriocin From Prevotella intermedia (Bacteroides intermedius)
Authors: Takada Kazuko , Hirasawa Masatomo , Ikeda Tadashi
Published: March 2012

Thirty‐three out of 46 strains of Prevotella intermedia (Bacteroides intermedius) isolated from gingival deposits of patients with adult periodontitis possessed the ability to inhibit growth of P. intermedia strain ATCC 25611, and 6 of the 33 showed strong inhibitory activity. Thirteen isolates did not have the ability to inhibit the growth of P. intermedia strain ATCC 25611. An inhibition factor from one of the isolates, P. intermedia TH14 which had strong inhibition, was purified and characterized. Bacteriocin TH14 activity was effective against only P. intermedia ATCC 25611 and Fusobacterium nucleatum, but not against other crevicular bacteria, including P. intermedia ATCC 33563, Porphyromonas gingivalis (Bacteroides gingivalis), Capnocytophaga sputigena and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Streptococci, actinomyces, and veillonellas were not inhibited by bacteriocin TH14. Bacteriocin TH14 was heat sensitive, proteinaceous with molecular weight of 1,700 daltons and inhibited the growth of strain ATCC 25611 in 15 minutes. The growth inhibition of P. intermedia ATCC 25611 by bacteriocin TH14 was found to be due to the bactericidal activity of the bacteriocin. J Periodontol 1991; 62:439–444.
Distribution of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis by Subject Age
Authors: Savitt Eugene D. , Kent Ralph L.
Published: March 2012

The possible associations between periodontitis subject age and the distribution of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis were examined using an extensive data bank of subgingival plaque specimens analyzed using DNA probes. The results suggest that A. actinomycetemcomitans is strongly related to subjects in the youngest age group (10 to 19 years) with decreasing prevalence and concentration levels in older age groups. In contrast, P. gingivalis showed a reverse relationship to subject age with highest prevalence and concentration levels in older subjects (30 years and older) compared to subjects in younger age groups. Statistical testing of these relationships were highly significant. (P < 0.0001). J Periodontol 1991; 62:490–494.
Human Periodontal Cells Initiate Mineral‐Like Nodules In Vitro
Authors: Arceo Nilda , Sauk John J. , Moehring Jennifer , Foster Ruth A. , Somerman Martha J.
Published: March 2012

A primary objective in the treatment of periodontal diseases is the regeneration of the mineralized and soft connective tissue components of the attachment apparatus. Current theories suggest the cells of the periodontium have the capacity, when appropriately triggered, to actively participate in restoring connective tissues, including mineralized tissues. To evaluate further the role of such cells in periodontal homeostasis, periodontal ligament (PDL) cells and gingival fibroblasts (GF) were cultured and examined for alkaline Phosphatase levels and for the ability to produce mineralized nodules in culture. These are two characteristics of osteoblast‐like cells in vitro. The levels of alkaline Phosphatase produced by these cells were determined by a modified kinetic assay and the ability of these cells to produce mineral‐like nodules in vitro was evaluated by Von Kossa staining and light and electron microscopy. PDL cells had significantly higher levels of alkaline Phosphatase when compared with gingival fibroblasts obtained from the same patient and the same passage, in vitro. Furthermore PDL cells, but not GF, were capable of producing mineral‐like nodules in vitro. These results indicate differences in behavior between PDL cells and GF; such differences may prove important in designing appropriate clinical therapies directed at stimulating periodontal regeneration. J Periodontol 1991; 62:499–503.
Periodontal Disease in Heterosexuals With Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Authors: Klein Robert S. , Quart Arthur M. , Small Catherine Butkus
Published: March 2012

We studied the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease among 181 heterosexual men and women with AIDS. Included were 167 (92%) intravenous drug users (IVDU) and 14 sexual partners of persons at risk for AIDS. Periodontal disease was seen in 71 of 78 (91%) women compared to 75 of 103 (73%) men. Gingivitis was the most severe form of periodontal disease in 7 (9%) women and 15 (15%) men. Increased severity of periodontal disease was seen in women as compared with men (P <.001); among subjects with periodontitis, 48 (75%) of 64 women had moderate to advanced disease compared to 32 (53%) of 60 men. For individuals with periodontitis, the extent of involvement was associated with severity; 90% of subjects with advanced periodontitis had all 4 quadrants affected. Concurrent oral manifestations of AIDS, including candidiasis, hairy leukoplakia, ulcers and Kaposi's sarcoma were present in 167 (92%) subjects. We conclude that HIV‐associated gingivitis and HIV‐associated periodontitis are common in heterosexual men and women with AIDS and are often accompanied by other oral manifestations of AIDS. The reason periodontal disease is more severe in women is not known. Clinicians should be aware that these disorders occur in heterosexuals as well as in homosexual men. Further study will be necessary to delineate the pathogenesis of these disorders. J Periodontol 1991; 62:535–540.
Subgingival Microflora of Advanced Periodontitis in the Dominican Republic
Authors: Slots Jørgen , Rams Thomas E. , Feik Diane , Taveras Hector Dario , Gillespie George M.
Published: March 2012

A study of the predominant subgingival microflora was carried out in 24 periodontitis patients, 18 to 60 years of age, in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Paper point sampling, transport in VMGA III, and conventional microbiological techniques were utilized. Direct microscopic examination revealed that cocci and nonmotile organisms made up 85% of the total organisms and spirochetes as little as 3%. Nonselective culturing showed Gram‐negative organisms to constitute 53% of total isolates. Fusobacterium nucleatum averaged 15%, black‐pigmented anaerobes 7%, and Peptostreptococcus micros 10% of the cultivable microflora. Enteric rods and acinetobacter species were recovered from 16 patients and comprised 23% of the cultivable flora. Enterobacter cloacae occurred in 8 patients, Klebsiella oxytoca in 3 patients, and 7 other species in 10 patients. Parallel studies have found a significantly lower prevalence of enteric rods in advanced periodontitis patients in the USA. In conclusion, fewer spirochetes and markedly more enteric rods seem to inhabit adult periodontitis lesions in Santo Domingo patients compared to those in USA. High levels of subgingival enteric rods in periodontitis patients in Santo Domingo may have important prophylactic and therapeutic implications. J Periodontol 1991; 62:543–547.
Site Selection Criteria for Microbiological Testing of Periodontal Microorganisms
Authors: Savitt Eugene D. , Darack Angela P. , Killoy William J. , Lieberman Marcus G.
Published: March 2012

Microbiological testing is becoming an adjunct to the diagnosis and monitoring of periodontal patients. However, choosing which sites and how many sites among the many available in most patients is difficult. A study of 22 periodontitis patients was undertaken to attempt to provide some guidelines to these issues. All mesiobuccal sites along with sites with 4 mm or greater probing depth were sampled with endodontic points and analyzed by DNA probes for P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, and A. actinomycetemcomitans. The data suggest that sites with the deepest probing depths and sites that bleed on probing were most likely to harbor these pathogenic species. Using these clinical criteria, an approximation of the number of sites required for sampling was suggested. J Periodontol 1991;62:558–561.
The Effects of a Cetylpyridinium Chloride Prebrushing Rinse as an Adjunct to Oral Hygiene and Gingival Health
Authors: Moran J. , Addy M.
Published: March 2012

A number of mouthwash products containing cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) are available. Data for individual products are limited, although overall the antiseptic has been shown to reduce plaque. Results for gingivitis reductions by CPC have been equivocal. This study was an active/placebo parallel group design to evaluate the use of a CPC mouthrinse as an adjunct to oral hygiene when used before toothbrushing. Plaque and gingivitis scores were recorded at baseline and after 6 weeks, following twice daily use of the active or placebo prebrushing rinses. Plaque and gingivitis were significantly reduced at 6 weeks in both groups with no significant treatment differences between the active and placebo formulations. Whether the order of rinsing to toothbrushing influenced these findings cannot be determined. However, the results further question the adjunctive benefits of CPC rinses to gingival health. J Periodontol 1991; 62:562–564.
What Alveolar Crest Level on a Bite‐Wing Radiograph Represents Bone Loss?
Authors: Hausmann E. , Allen K. , Clerehugh V.
Published: March 2012

In advanced periodontal disease alveolar bone crestal loss is readily apparent on radiographs. However, in incipient disease there is a lack of consensus regarding what constitutes crestal bone loss on a radiograph. To properly assess crestal bone loss radiographically requires an appropriate base of reference indicative of the absence of destructive periodontal disease. In this study the radiographic CEJ‐crest distance as a measure of crest height was determined for sites at which clinical attachment measurements indicate no attachment loss. From these measurements it is concluded that no crestal bone loss is consistent with a range of radiographic CEJ‐crest distance between 0.4 and 1.9 mm (95% confidence limits) as evidenced on bite‐wings. J Periodontol 1991; 62:570–572.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Gingiva Presenting as an Endoperiodontic Lesion
Authors: Heller Allen N. , Klein Allan , Barocas Arthur
Published: March 2012

An unusual case of gingival carcinoma, initially presenting as an endoperiodontic lesion without clinical evidence of malignancy, is presented. It is important to consider carcinoma of the gingiva in cases of an endoperiodontic lesion unresponsive to therapy, and to investigate further when bone resorption occurs around one tooth. Submission of all dental tissue removed during oral surgical procedures for pathologic analysis may be beneficial. J Periodontol 1991; 62:573–575.
Clinical Documentation and Occurrence of Putative Periodontopathic Bacteria in Human Immunodeficiency Virus‐Associated Periodontal Disease
Authors: Gornitsky Mervyn , Clark D. Christopher , Siboo Russell , Amsel Rhonda , Lugovaz Irene , Wooley Christine , Luliani Nathalie , Chan Eddie C. S.
Published: March 2012

Human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)‐associated gingivitis (HIV‐G) and HIVassociated periodontitis (HIV‐P) are two intraoral lesions manifested by patients with HIV infection. Periodontal indices were measured for 87 subjects in 5 study groups: HIV‐seropositive patients with healthy periodontium (HIV‐H), with HIV‐G, or with HIVP; and non‐HIV‐infected subjects with healthy periodontium (H) or with adult chronic periodontitis (P). The quantitative clinical parameters were compared and statistically significant intergroup differences were noted. The mean scores on PI and PD do not discriminate between HIV‐seropositive and non‐HIV‐infected seronegative cohorts, but a significant difference in the GI between HIV‐H and H was noted. When categories of PD and AL are examined, some differences become apparent. Generally, the PD and AL of HIV‐P are not as great as those of P. PI correlates well with GI (r = 0.86) in P, but does not (r = 0.33) in HIV‐P. In addition, the occurrence of selected putative periodontopathic bacteria (Porpfiyromonas gingivalis, spirochetes, and motile eubacteria) in these lesions was determined by brightfield (after staining), darkfield and immunofluorescent microscopy. No difference in microbiological profile in the bacterial groups monitored was found between P and HIV‐P. Spirochetes were found to be more abundant than P. gingivalis in the lesions of P and HIV‐P. In marked contrast, P. gingivalis was found to be in highest numbers in samples from the gingival crevice of H as determined by indirect immunofluorescence. J Periodontol 1991; 62:576–585.
Intrapocket Chemotherapy in Adult Periodontitis Using a New Controlled‐Release Insert Containing Ofloxacin (PT‐01)
Authors: Yamagami Hiroshi , Takamori Akira , Sakamoto Tadayuki , Okada Hiroshi
Published: March 2012

PT‐01 is a newly developed water‐soluble controlled‐release insert containing ofloxacin (OFLX) as an antibacterial agent. The effect of PT‐01 was evaluated by splitmouth application after oral hygiene instruction. No mechanical debridement was carried out during the experiment. PT‐01 was applied once a week for 4 weeks in the periodontal pockets of 46 patients with adult periodontitis. The control insert without any antibacterial agent was applied in a selected pocket in a different quadrant for each patient. Clinical findings plaque index, PI; gingival index, GI; bleeding on probing, BOP; pus discharge, pus; and probing depth, PD at both PT‐01 and control sites were measured at every visit for 4 weeks. Clinical findings were improved at both PT‐01 and control sites, but the improvements were much more significant at PT‐01 sites, in particular BOP and PD, than at control sites. PI was also significantly reduced at PT‐01 sites. These results suggest that weekly application of PT‐01 in the periodontal pocket has a significant effect on the resolution of periodontal inflammation and has an inhibitory effect on supragingival plaque deposition. J Periodontol 1992; 63:2–6.
Effects of Sex Hormones on Chemotaxis of Human Peripheral Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes and Monocytes
Authors: Miyagi Masaharu , Aoyama Hitoshi , Morishita Masayuki , Iwamoto Yoshifumi
Published: March 2012

The effects of sex hormones on the in vitro chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and monocytes were investigated using fMLP as the chemoattractant. PMNs, monocytes, and plasma were obtained from heparinized peripheral blood of healthy adults. Chemotaxis of PMNs or monocytes treated with sex hormones were tested using 48‐well chemotaxis microchambers. The correlation between sex hormone levels in plasma and the chemotactic ability of PMNs from the same donor was also investigated. The Chemotaxis of PMNs was enhanced by progesterone, while it was reduced by estradiol. Random migration of PMNs was also enhanced by progesterone and reduced by estradiol. The effect of estradiol on PMN Chemotaxis was inhibited by addition of antiestrogens or progesterone. Testosterone did not have a measurable effect on PMN chemotaxis. A significant positive correlation was found between the concentration of progesterone in plasma of females and PMN chemotactic ability in vitro. For males, there was no significant relationship between plasma levels of sex hormones and PMN chemotactic ability. Estradiol and testosterone levels in plasma did not correlate with PMN chemotactic ability. Sex hormones had no effect on the chemotaxis of monocytes. These results suggest that the altered PMN chemotaxis associated with gingival inflammation may be due to the effects of sex hormones. J Periodontol 1992; 63:28–32.
Measuring Clinical Attachment: Reproducibility of Relative Measurements With an Electronic Probe
Authors: Clark William B. , Yang Mark C. K. , Magnussen Ingvar
Published: March 2012

During the past few years, improvements in detecting longitudinal changes in clinical attachment or alveolar bone density have been introduced. For example, constant‐force electronic probes and computer‐assisted subtraction analysis of longitudinal radiographs have been reported to be more sensitive and reproducible in detecting changes in clinical attachment or alveolar bone density, respectively. Use of these new technologies requires that sources of measurement error be identified and their contribution quantified. This study investigated the reproducibility of a constant‐force electronic probe in a careful clinical setting. Measurements were performed from individually fabricated acrylic Stents. Three groups of subjects were selected for the study: 10 adults without oral disease, 10 adults with gingivitis, and 10 adults with moderate periodontitis. Four probing designs were employed to investigate the reproducibility of the probe. In design A, the probe tip was left in the sulcus between successive probings. In design B, the probe tip was removed from the gingival margin between probings but the next probing followed immediately. In design C, successive whole‐mouth probings were interrupted by a 5minute interval and a mouth rinse. In design D there was a 4‐week interval between each successive probing. Three measurements were taken at each site for each design. The main purpose of this study was to identify variance components in the attachment level variation. The maximum probing error standard deviation ranged from 0.2 to 0.3 mm depending on the periodontal health of the subject. This level of variation is considerably smaller than that found in most previous studies. Reduction of measurement errors may lead to an increase in measurement sensitivity, possibly resulting in detection of smaller changes in attachment in a shorter time interval. J Periodontol 1992; 63:831–838.
The Effect of a Number of Commercial Mouthrinses Compared With Toothpaste on Plaque Regrowth
Authors: Binney Adrian , Addy Martin , Newcombe Robert G.
Published: March 2012

Mouthwashes are frequently used as adjuncts to oral hygiene. However, for some products there is little supportive evidence that rinses provide greater benefits than plain water or additional benefits to the plaque inhibitory action provided by toothpaste. This study was a single blind, randomized, cross‐over design in which 6 rinses were compared for inhibitory action against plaque regrowth. The formulations were a cetylpyridium chloride rinse, a prebrushing detergent rinse, a peroxyborate rinse a toothpaste slurry rinse, a chlorhexidine rinse, and a saline rinse. From a zero baseline, plaque regrowth at day 5 was significantly reduced by chlorhexidine compared to peroxyborate; and, in turn, significantly reduced by peroxyborate compared to the other rinses. There were no significant differences between saline or a toothpaste slurry and the cetylpyridinium chloride or prebrushing rinse products. The findings would appear pertinent to the value of the respective rinses as adjuncts to oral hygiene. J Periodontol 1992; 63:839–842.
The Relationship Between Reduction in Periodontal Inflammation and Diabetes Control: A Report of 9 Cases
Authors: Miller Lawrence S. , Manwell Mary Agnes , Newbold Dewey , Reding Mary Ellen , Rasheed Allen , Blodgett Janet , Komman Kenneth S.
Published: March 2012

The established correlation between diabetes and periodontal diseases and the increasing prevalence of Type II diabetes in the general population indicate that dental practitioners will probably treat an increasing number of diabetic patients. Despite the fact that there is little scientific evidence to support the concept, it has been generally accepted that treatment for periodontal disease in diabetic patients may reduce insulin requirements and improve metabolic balance. However, to date no one has evaluated the effects of periodontal therapy on the metabolic state of the poorly‐controlled diabetic patient. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the effect of controlling gingival inflammation on blood glucose levels as determined by glycosylation of hemoglobin and albumin. J Periodontol 1992; 63:843–848.
Healing of the Intrabony Periodontal Lesion Following Root Conditioning With Citric Acid and Wound Closure Including an Expanded PTFE Membrane
Authors: Kenten Betty Glaser , Chamberlain A. Durwin H. , Khorsandi Sam , Wikesjö Ulf M.E. , Selvig Knut A. , Nilvéus Rolf E.
Published: March 2012

The effect of citric acid conditioning of the root surface in conjunction with gingival flap surgery including barrier membranes (expanded polytetrafluoroethylene) was clinically evaluated in 26 intrabony periodontal defects in 23 patients. Control treatment included gingival flap surgery with barrier membranes alone. Twelve defects were treated with the experimental and 14 with the control protocol. Healing was evaluated 12 months after surgery. Initial probing depths approximated 6.9 mm and defect depths measured during surgery exceeded 4 mm. The patients exhibited good oral hygiene over the study interval as substantiated by low plaque and bleeding scores. Acid conditioning of the root surface did not enhance periodontal healing in this study, similar amounts of defect resolution were observed following either treatment protocol. Probing depth reduction generally approximated 1.8 mm; gain of clinical attachment, 0.8 mm; and defect bone fill, 1.2 mm. Under the prevailing conditions, the barrier membrane procedure apparently gave a healing result beyond which further improvement could not be achieved by root surface conditioning. J Periodontol 1992; 63:876–882.
Retardation of Epithelial Migration in Monkeys Using a Carbon Dioxide Laser: An Animal Study
Authors: Rossmann Jeffrey A. , McQuade Michael J. , Turunen Denise E.
Published: March 2012

Obtaining a connective tissue attachment to the root surface following a mucoperiosteal flap surgery has been a goal of periodontal therapy for a long time. The objective of this study was to examine whether controlled de‐epithelialization with the CO2 laser would retard the apical migration of the epithelium and thereby increase the amount of connective tissue attachment. Elastics were placed on the maxillary premolare and incisors of 7 cynomolgous monkeys to create periodontal defects. Open flap debridement was performed on each side. On the experimental side, the oral epithelium was removed by CO2 laser irradiation. This report describes the 3 specimens at 7, 14, and 28 days respectively. On the control side sulcular epithelium was seen at 14 days. Sulcular epithelium was first seen on the test side at 28 days. For all specimens over 7 days, there was a trend to less epithelium and more connective tissue attachment on the experimental side than on the control side. However, no statistical analysis was possible on this histologic study. The CO2 laser may be a useful tool to retard epithelium and thereby enhance new connective tissue attachment. J Periodontol 1992; 63:902–907.
Comparison of Presurgical and Immediate Postsurgical Ibuprofen on Postoperative Periodontal Pain
Authors: Vogel Richard I. , Desjardins Paul J. , Major Kendal V. O.
Published: March 2012

Previous studies have indicated that non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs administered prior to oral surgery procedures are effective in reducing postoperative pain. The purpose of the present study was to compare the efficacy of medicating with ibuprofen immediately presurgically to medicating immediately postsurgically on postoperative pain associated with periodontal surgery. Sixty patients who were to undergo periodontal surgery were randomly divided into 3 groups: the I‐pretreatment group received 600 mg Ibuprofen immediately presurgically and placebo immediately after the surgery; the Ipost‐treatment group received placebo before surgery and 600 mg Ibuprofen postsurgically; the placebo group received placebo at both time periods. Responses from an 8‐hour pain diary completed by each subject were quantified and statistically evaluated non‐parametrically. Results indicated that dosing with Ibuprofen either immediately before or immediately after periodontal surgery significantly delays onset of pain as compared to placebo, with dosing after surgery demonstrating a significantly greater delay of onset of pain as compared to dosing presurgically. In addition, unlike the presurgical dosing, dosing postsurgically significantly decreases mean pain intensity for a combined 8‐hour period following periodontal surgery as compared to placebo. J Periodontol 1992;63:914–918.
Eikenella corrodens in Human Oral and Non‐Oral Infections: A Review
Authors: Chen C.K. Casey , Wilson Mark E.
Published: March 2012

There is substantial evidence in support of the existence of distinct clinical forms of human periodontal disease. Moreover, these different forms of periodontal disease may be associated with relatively distinct subgingival microflora, often involving microaerophilic or anaerobic Gram‐negative bacterial species. Eikenella corrodens is a facultative Gram‐negative bacillus which is a common inhabitant of the oral cavity and the intestinal and genital tracts. Its primary ecologic niche within the oral cavity appears to be dental plaque, both in periodontally healthy individuals and in periodontitis patients. However, E. corrodens is recognized as an infrequent human pathogen capable of causing extraoral infections, either as the sole infectious agent or as part of a mixed infection, its potential role in the etiology of periodontal disease is not well understood. E. corrodens is often present in the supra‐ and subgingival plaque of periodontally healthy subjects. On the basis of cross‐sectional and longitudinal studies, E. corrodens appears to be somewhat more prevalent in subgingival plaque samples of periodontitis subjects than periodontally healthy individuals. However, the percentage of E. corrodens in the total cultivable microflora did not vary between the two groups. Microbiologic studies attempting to define the relationship between E. corrodens and periodontal disease assume that this species is essentially homogeneous and that all strains exhibit comparable pathogenic potential. However, E. corrodens exhibits 1) variable colony morphology, biochemical and serologic reactivity; 2) marked phenotypic diversity with respect to outer membrane protein and lipopolysaccharide structure; and 3) marked diversity in the restriction patterns of total genomic DNA. Thus, it is possible that a limited number of clones of E. corrodens may be associated with periodontal disease and/or extraoral infection, while other strains are relatively harmless commensals. Additional studies, possibly employing strain‐specific nucleic acid probes, may be required to define the role of E. corrodens as a human periodontal pathogen. J Periodontol 1992; 63:941–953.
The Effectiveness of Scaling and Root Planing With Curets Designed for Deep Pockets
Authors: Nagy Richard J. , Otomo‐Corgel Joan , Stambaugh Roger
Published: March 2012

This study evaluates the effectiveness of subgingival scaling and root planing with longer shank, thinner blade, rigid curets compared to the standard rigid Gracey curet. A total of 35 non‐molar teeth from 7 patients provided 140 root surfaces for evaluation; 52 root surfaces were instrumented with the rigid longer shank curets; 52 with the standard rigid Gracey curets; and 36 provided untreated controls. A bilateral matched design was utilized where contralateral teeth in the same arch were instrumented. Instrumentation was standardized at 15 minutes per tooth. Both scaled and unsealed teeth were extracted immediately after the experimental procedures. They were viewed under a stereomicroscope with a 0.10 mm grid to assess the percent of surface covered by calculus and unaltered cementum. The curet efficiency was also evaluated. The results indicated a significant treatment effect compared to the controls in relation to the percentage of residual calculus and curet efficiency. However, there was no significant difference between the rigid longer shank and standard rigid Gracey curets. There was a difference noted when tooth surfaces were evaluated. Mesial tooth surfaces had the least remaining calculus and demonstrated the best curet efficiency. J Periodontol 1992; 63:954–959.
Radiographic Methods in the Evaluation of Periodontal Therapy
Authors: Reddy Michael S.
Published: March 2012

Radiographic methods are commonly utilized to assess periodontal bone changes in clinical trials. Radiographs are unique as a data source in that they provide a permanent visual record of the bone support and allow for linear, area, and volume measurements of periodontal lesions. The major limiting factors in the use of radiographic outcomes measures are geometric distortion and radiographic processing errors. The use of standardized methods and computer algorithms has reduced the effect of these errors on data from radiographs. Radiographic analysis in clinical trials is largely done in digital format by indirect digitizing film with a video camera. Direct digital detectors are now available for intra‐oral use. The use of a direct detector eliminates the need for film processing and allows for dose reduction. The detectors currently available are limited in size and resolution. Subtraction radiography allows for area and volume estimates of bone gain or loss. The subtraction methods are highly precise, but are also technically exacting and labor intensive. The clinical trial hypothesis, size, length, and accuracy required should be the final consideration in choosing a radiographic method. J Periodontol 1992; 63:1078–1084.
Methods for Evaluation of Regenerative Procedures
Authors: Lynch Samuel E.
Published: March 2012

A multitude of new procedures and materials are being tested for their ability to promote periodontal wound healing. This review provides an overview of the most wellaccepted methods for evaluating periodontal wound healing procedures/materials. Topics discussed include appropriate patient selection, general principles in non‐surgical and surgical therapy as they relate to wound healing trials, clinical soft and hard tissue measurements which are generally obtained, an overview of radiographic assessments, and a discussion of the methods and role of histological evaluations in clinical trials. The advantages and disadvantages of the various methodologies are presented. The review concludes with the potential endpoints which can be used in periodontal wound healing studies. J Periodontol 1992; 63:1085–1092.
Characteristics and Utilization of Antibody Measurements in Clinical Studies of Periodontal Disease
Authors: Ebersole Jeffrey L. , Cappelli David , Steffen Michelle J.
Published: March 2012

The detection and quantitation of immune responses to infections have long been used as a diagnostic tool in medical infections. Recently, increasing evidence has supported that active, specific antibody responses to selected members of the subgingival microbiota are noted in periodontitis patients. This report describes the various specificities of this antibody as they relate to periodontitis classification and prognosis. The functional aspects of the serum antibody have come under increasing scrutiny to understand better the potential immunologic mechanisms acting in the periodontium. Data are available that describe opsonizing potential, complement fixing ability, blocking functions, and anti‐toxic capacity for the antibody. Longitudinal alterations in specific antibody levels are shown to relate to infection and accompany changes in the burden of a specific microorganism in the subgingival plaque. Thus, these antibody changes could be useful indicators of altered host‐parasite interactions that presage a disease‐active episode. Finally, studies were designed to examine the ability of antibody to reflect the effects of treatment on the disease. The results indicated that specific antibody levels change with mechanical, antimicrobial, and anti‐inflammatory treatments. The findings described in this report suggest that evaluation of the level and specificity of serum antibody can be a beneficial adjunct in designing and implementing clinical studies delineating the initiation, progression, and treatment of periodontitis. J Periodontol 1992; 63:1110–1116.
Design and Analytic Concepts for Periodontal Clinical Trials
Authors: Imrey Peter B. , Chilton Neal W.
Published: March 2012

Aspects of the design and analysis of periodontal clinical trials are surveyed from a biostatistical perspective. Design issues discussed include protocol preparation, subject selection and its documentation, randomization, problems associated with the sample versus population paradigm in sampling of microbes and gingival fluid constituents, quality control, cross‐over and split‐mouth versus parallel‐arm designs, blinding, and multicenter trials. Analytic discussion deals with the definition and choice of analytic unit, appropriate methods for the analysis of data from multiple sites within the same subject, the nature and application of randomization tests, interim analyses, subgroup analyses, and multiple comparison issues. Examples are provided to illustrate the feasibility of analyzing site‐specific data while accounting for intra‐subject correlation, which represents the increased similarity of sites chosen from the same mouth as compared to sites from different patients. J Periodontol 1992; 63:1124–1140.