bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Renoprotective Procedures with a Cold Ischemia Time of <60 min Minimize the Deterioration of Kidney Function in Open Nephron-Sparing Surgery for Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Nishida Hayato , Yamagishi Atsushi , Yagi Mayu , Kanno Hidenori , Kurota Yuta , Sakurai Toshihiko , Naito Sei , Shibasaki Tomohiro , Kawazoe Hisashi , Ichiyanagi Osamu , Kato Tomoyuki , Nagaoka Akira , Tomita Yoshihiko , Tsuchiya Norihiko
Published: July 2017

Introduction: We evaluated whether nephron sparing surgery (NSS) combined with meticulous suturing of the cut stump under clamping with cooling is beneficial for oncological outcomes and also assessed the relationship between cold ischemia time and deterioration of renal function. Methods: One hundred and six patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) were subjected to this procedure. Oncological outcomes and renal function according to the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and the tubular excretion rate on renoscintigraphy before and at 12 months after surgery were evaluated. Results: Cancer recurrences were observed in 2 patients with past history of RCC; however, no patient died of cancer. Renal function was evaluated depending on 4 different ischemia times. All groups did not show a remarkable decrease of renal function in terms of eGFR. Renoscintigraphy revealed the deterioration of the affected kidney in patients with >60 min ischemia. Conclusion: The renoprotective procedure of NSS provided maximum preservation of renal function until 60 min of cold ischemia time.
Клінічна оцінка реставрацій із композитних матеріалів з урахуванням гігієни порожнини рота
Authors: Bezvushko E. V. , Shpotyuk O. O.
Published: July 2017

The article describes the clinical effectiveness of restorations performed by composite materials for the restoration of hard tissues of teeth. Evaluated the status of restorations in children with different levels of oral hygiene. Influence of hygiene on the state of seals in 3,6,12 months. The aim of the study. Clinically assess the quality of restorations of chewing teeth made of composite materials with regard to oral hygiene. Material and methods of investigation. A total of 92 children aged 12-17 years were examined in whom 128 teeth with Cari I defects in Black were reconstructed with composite materials. To repair the defects, composite materials Charisma, Dipol and Esta-3 light curing were used. Results of the study and their discussion. In children with poor oral hygiene, the quality of the seals is deteriorated for all materials compared to children with good and satisfactory oral hygiene. Especially the number of teeth with violation of marginal adaptation, discrepancy of color, discomfort and marginal pigmentation increases. It should be noted that the disruption of the anatomical form of the restorations (6.9%), the appearance of roughness (8.6%), color disturbance (10.6%) and the appearance of pigmentation (17.7%) were detected more often in caries defects, Dipol. With poor oral hygiene, the violation of the anatomical structure of the restorations from the Charisma composite (2.3%) and the Esta-3 material (5.9%) is more often compared with children with good and satisfactory oral hygiene. Conclusions: Thus, the evaluation of the quality of restorations of the chewing group of teeth with composite materials showed that the level of oral hygiene significantly affects the quality of the fillings.
Efficient Evaluation and Learning in Multilevel Parallel Constraint Grammars
Authors: Boersma Paul , van Leussen Jan-Willem
Published: July 2017

In multilevel parallel Optimality Theory grammars, the number of candidates (possible paths from the input to the output level) increases exponentially with the number of levels of representation. The problem with this is that with the customary strategy of listing all candidates in a tableau, the computation time for evaluation (i.e., choosing the winning candidate) and learning (i.e., reranking the constraints on the basis of language data) increases exponentially with the number of levels as well. This article proposes instead to collect the candidates in a graph in which the number of nodes and the number of connections increase only linearly with the number of levels of representation. As a result, there exist procedures for evaluation and learning that increase only linearly with the number of levels. These efficient procedures help to make multilevel parallel constraint grammars more feasible as models of human language processing. We illustrate visualization, evaluation, and learning with a toy grammar for a traditional case that has already previously been analyzed in terms of parallel evaluation, namely, French liaison.
Walter Burley on the Incipit and Desinit of an Instant of Time
Authors: Trifogli Cecilia
Published: July 2017

Walter Burley (ca. 1275-after 1344) is the author of a treatise, entitled De primo et ultimo instanti, which is regarded as the most popular medieval work on the problem of assigning first and last instants of being to permanent things. In this paper, however, the author does not deal with this treatise directly. She looks instead at Burley’s Physics commentary to see how he applies the ideas presented in De primo et ultimo instanti to the solution of an Aristotelian puzzle about the ceasing to be (i.e., to exist) of the present instant (Physics IV, 10). In Burley’s interpretation, the relevant question raised by the puzzle is whether the present instant ceases to be when it is or when it is not. While Aristotle’s argument quickly dismisses the first alternative as absurd, Burley defends it by appealing to the ‘expositions’ of sentences about ceasing (desinit). Given that the sentence ‘this instant ceases to be’ has two expositions—(1) ‘this instant now is and immediately afterwards will not be’ (position of the present and negation of the future) or (2) ‘this instant now is not and immediately beforehand was’ (negation of the present and position of the past)—Burley maintains that the sentence is true in exposition (1) but not true in exposition (2), so that an instant ceases to be when it is and not when it is not.
Love of God and Apologia for a King
Authors: Kalimi Isaac
Published: July 2017

The birth story of Solomon is unique in the ancient Israelite historiography from the monarchic period. Though the birth name of the newborn child was “Solomon,” he received an additional name “Yedidyah.” The purpose of this name should be understood within three contexts: the immediate passage in 2 Samuel 12; the wider story regarding Solomon’s rise to power in 1 King 1–2; and comparable ancient Near Eastern texts that recount the claims of usurpers outside the royal line to a throne. The latter attempted to legitimize their kingship by introducing themselves as beloved or chosen by patron deities, occasionally taking a new throne-name to reflect their status vis-à-vis the god or gods. This historical and literary phenomenon is clearly reflected from Mesopotamian, Anatolian, Persian, and Egyptian writings of different periods. The discussion here reveals that in ancient Israel and in the surrounding cultures, both Semitic and non-Semitic, the method of self-legitimation by usurpers was to claim that they had divine legitimization.
A new genus of leaf beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Eumolpinae) from Three Kings Islands, New Zealand
Authors: NADEIN KONSTANTIN S. , LESCHEN RICHARD A. B.
Published: July 2017

A new genus of eumolpine chrysomelid is described from the Three Kings Islands, New Zealand: Tyrannomolpus rex gen. nov., sp. nov. Tyrannomolpus rex is the largest endemic chrysomelid species from New Zealand, and most closely resembles members of the endemic New Zealand genus Pilacolaspis Sharp. A key to genera of New Zealand Eumolpinae is provided.
Effects of Emergent Literacy Interventions for Preschoolers With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Hudson Roxanne F. , Sanders Elizabeth A. , Greenway Rosanne , Xie Sharon , Smith Maya , Gasamis Colin , Martini Jay , Schwartz Ilene , Hackett Jacob
Published: July 2017

Combining data from a series of three planned consecutive randomized controlled trials, the present study investigates two literacy interventions for preschool children with autism spectrum disorder. For the first cohort, children were randomized to interactive book reading (IBR; treatment) or business as usual (BAU; control); in Cohort 2, children were randomized to phonological awareness (PA; treatment) or BAU; in Cohort 3, children were randomized to IBR or PA. Both treatments were implemented weekly in the classroom from November to May. Combined across cohorts, data from 57 classrooms in 8 districts were available for analysis ( n = 47, IBR; n = 42, PA; n = 44, BAU). Model results showed that IBR had significantly greater pretest-posttest gains than the sample mean on expressive vocabulary and listening comprehension (approximate effect sizes: d* = 0.29 and 0.30), whereas PA had significantly greater PA gains ( d* = 0.39).
Impact of Depth of Menu Hierarchy on Performance Effectiveness in a Supervisory Task: Computerized Flexible Manufacturing System
Authors: Seppålå Pentti , Salvendy Gavriel
Published: July 2017

The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of different menu structures on the effectiveness of supervisory control in a flexible manufacturing system. The variables evaluated included four hierarchical levels, two sizes of database, two work methods, and four distances between the items in the data structure. The results indicated that both performance time and errors increased as the hierarchical levels of the data structure increased. This implies that the parallel mode of data presentation is more effective than the hierarchical one. Furthermore, information that is scattered around the database should be acquired and considered simultaneously, as searching back and forth through the menu hierarchy decreases the speed and accuracy of performance.
Successful Sentencing Appeals—An Analysis
Authors: Robertshaw Paul
Published: July 2017

This article considers successful appeals against sentence from the Crown Court to the Court of Appeal 1996–2002. After weighting for caseload volume it became apparent that there was a wide range in the success rates between courts; also variation in the rate of reduction of incarceration. Within this framework individual (unnamed) judges were considered. The typical judge had one appeal against sentence upheld against him during the six years, but 45 had between one per year and eight per year. The impact of these judges on their courts' appeal rate was analysed. Comparison was made between ‘severe’ judges and other judges in relation to four types of offence. Attention is drawn to the problem of information and monitoring of this aspect of judicial practice.
Artificial Salivas: Present and Future
Authors: Levine M. J. , Aguirre A. , Hatton M. N. , Tabak L. A.
Published: July 2017

Modern technology has allowed us to understand better the functions of saliva and now provides a rationale for developing: (1) diagnostic reagents for monitoring oral and systemic health status and (2) replacement therapies for individuals with salivary dysfunctions. Several areas of dental research are directed at augmenting or enhancing both the quality and quantity of saliva for individuals with dry mouth. An “intrinsic” approach is being explored which utilizes medications such as pilocarpine and bromhexine to stimulate the salivary glands to produce more saliva. An “extrinsic” approach proposes to use topically applied artificial saliva. Studies in our laboratory have been directed toward developing artificial salivas which incorporate many of the protective features of “native” saliva. An ideal artificial saliva should be “long-lasting”, provide lubrication, inhibit colonization of microflora responsible for dental caries and gingivitis, and coat the oral soft tissues for protection against environmental insult and desiccation. Studies are currently under way to determine the structural requirements of salivary molecules responsible for these protective functions. Composite salivary molecules consisting of multiple biologically active or “functional domains” could then be designed and synthesized based upon primary sequence and conformational analyses, computer-assisted structural predictions, and in vitro testing. These supcrsalivary substances could then be used as saliva substitutes for targeting to selected oral surfaces to promote mineralization, hydration, and/or regulate microbial-mediated disease.
Potential Efficacy of Chlorhexidine against Mutans Streptococci and Human Dental Caries
Authors: Emilson C.G.
Published: July 2017

Chemotherapeutic agents have been considered as having potential for the prevention of dental caries. Several substances have been evaluated as possible candidates, but no antimicrobial agent, with the exception of fluoride, has received as much experimental attention as the bisbiguanide chlorhexidine. This substance represents, so far, the most effective and best-documented agent. To be effective against caries, therapeutic dosages of the antimicrobial agent have to be given for a sufficient but finite time period to sites with established cariogenic plaque. In studies where this principle has been used, the aim has been to eliminate or strongly suppress the population of mutans streptococci. Of various antimicrobial agents and methods tested, the most persistent reduction of mutans streptococci has been achieved by chlorhexidine varnishes, followed by gels and mouthwashes. The best clinical effect resulting in a considerable caries reduction has been obtained when persons highly colonized with mutans streptococci have been treated with gels and when the results of the antimicrobial measures have been verified by microbiological examination.
Mitogenic and Chemotactic Responses of Human Periodontal Ligament Cells to the Different Isoforms of Platelet-derived Growth Factor
Authors: Boyan L.A. , Bhargava G. , Nishimura F. , Orman R. , Price R. , Terranova V.P.
Published: July 2017

A major focus of studies that center on regeneration of the periodontium is to determine the efficacy of the use of polypeptide growth factors. Platelet-derived growth factor has been reported to be a possible agent for clinical use. PDGF has various isoforms. Therefore, we decided to study the mitogenic and chemotactic responses of human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells to recombinant human PDGF-AB, AA, and BB. Addition of each isoform of PDGF to in vitro mitogenesis assays induced PDL cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. The maximum mitogenic effect was evident at the concentration of 100 ng/mL. In these assays, PDGF-BB was found to be the most potent mitogen. PDGF-AB elicited an intermediate response, and PDGF-AA was the least effective. The results of chemotaxis assays closely parallel those of the mitogenesis assays. PDGF-BB exhibited the most potent chemotactic effect. The maximal effect was observed at 10 ng/mL. The findings of these experiments indicate that PDGF-BB is more effective than the other isoforms in promoting mitogenesis and chemotaxis of PDL cells in vitro, and may therefore be a suitable ethical pharmaceutical for use in periodontal regeneration procedures.
The Predominant Cultivable Flora of Sound and Carious Human Root Surfaces
Authors: van Houte J. , Lopman J. , Kent R.
Published: July 2017

Little detailed knowledge exists about the composition of the human root flora. Therefore, the predominant cultivable flora (PCF) was determined for samples of: (1) plaque from sound root surfaces (SRS) in eight subjects without root caries, (2) plaque from incipient root lesions (IRL) in eight subjects with root caries, and (3) carious material from advanced root lesions (ARL) in nine other subjects with root caries. Generally, one root surface was sampled per subject, and organisms-358, 512, and 389 for SRS, IRL, and ARL, respectively-were identified by standard methods. It was found that: (1) streptococci, actinomyces, and veillonellae constituted 84.2, 57.8, and 65.7% of the PCF of SRS, IRL, and ARL samples, respectively; (2) a wide variety of other Gram-positive cocci and Gram-positive and -negative rods was also present; (3) the PCF of many samples was often dominated by few organisms, the identity of which differed from sample to sample; (4) a negative and no association with root caries existed for the PCF levels of the non-mutans streptococci (non-MS) and the actinomyces; and (5) mutans streptococci (MS) and lactobacilli (L) were not always present among the PCF of IRL and ARL, respectively, and non-MS were isolated from the PCF of most lesions and actinomyces from all lesions. Our findings illustrate the complexity of the root surface flora and suggest that root caries development involves organisms other than MS and L.
A Quantitative Study of Calcium Binding by Isolated Streptococcal Cell Walls and Lipoteichoic Acid: Comparison with Whole Cells
Authors: Rose R.K. , Hogg S.D. , Shellis R.P.
Published: July 2017

Calcium-binding by surface components of oral bacteria may have important effects on remineralization/demineralization phenomena and plaque cohesion. Additionally, some species export large quantities of lipoteichoic acid, possibly as a protective measure. Measurement of calcium-binding can facilitate prediction of how this will effectively buffer plaque fluid calcium concentration and affect these processes. Using equilibrium dialysis, we measured calcium-binding capacities and affinities at pH 7.0 in isolated cell walls of Streptococcus downei, S. sanguis, and purified lipoteichoic acid (LTA) of S. sanguis. Mean binding capacities were: 56.5 μmol Ca/g wet weight for S. downei cell walls and 47.2 μmol Ca/g wet weight for S. sanguis cell walls, and 1.11 mol Ca/mol LTA phosphate were found. Mean dissociation constants (mmol/L) for cell wall calcium binding were 2.16 mmol/L ( S. downei) and 2.69 mmol/L ( S. sanguis). These constants were not significantly different from those for whole cells of the same species (Rose et al., 1993), but the dissociation constant for LTA (7.82 mmol/L) was significantly higher and suggested a different mode of binding. At neutral pH, at the known calcium concentration of plaque fluid, whole cells and cell walls are likely to be completely saturated with calcium, whereas free LTA is only 30% saturated. The large amounts of LTA exported by some sucrose-grown streptococci may therefore act as a calcium buffer and so protect the organisms against high local concentrations of calcium produced during demineralization.
Ethics in Research: Current Issues for Dental Researchers and Their Professional Society
Authors: Frankel M.S.
Published: July 2017

Values associated with scientific investigations affect the conduct, evaluation, and reporting of research and lead to ethical issues for scientists engaged in dental research. This essay examines the relationship between scientists and the larger society in which they work, and how that relationship defines the boundaries of scientific freedom and autonomy, on the one hand, and scientific responsibility and accountability, on the other. Values underlie disputes over data sharing, perceptions of conflict of interest, and scientists' commitment to research integrity. Professional societies, such as the IADR, can be a major influence in shaping the moral tone and ethical climate for research through the adoption of standards, the development of educational programs designed to reinforce those standards, and the public recognition of responsible conduct on the part of scientists.
Toward Developing a Code of Ethics
Authors: Shah R.M.
Published: July 2017

A profession is considered to be ethical by its very nature. Hence, the ability to structure a set of principles that gives one a way to discuss the issues is crucial. However, numerous variables-such as culture, tradition of law, and stage of technological development of a Nation-State-confound issues in which principles may occasionally clash. There may not always be a right and wrong. Hence, for an international organization, a clear explanation of rules will be critical in the development of a code of ethics.
Axon Reflex Vasodilatation in Cat Dental Pulp Elicited by Noxious Stimulation of the Gingiva
Authors: Sasano T. , Kuriwada S. , Shoji N. , Sanjo D. , Izumi H. , Karita K.
Published: July 2017

Antidromic stimulation of sensory nerves has been shown to increase blood flow in the tissue they innervate. This study was designed to determine if antidromic vasomotor responses occur in feline dental pulp and if they are mediated by branched axons supplying both tooth pulp and gingiva. Dynamic changes in pulpal blood flow (PBF) elicited by electrical stimulation, pinching, heating, and capsaicin application to the gingivae were investigated in cat mandibular canine teeth by means of Laser Doppler Velocimetry. All inferior alveolar nerve bundles and the cervical sympathetic trunk had been previously sectioned to avoid the occurrence of brainstem reflexes, e.g., somato-autonomic vasomotor reflexes. Increases in PBF were observed in seven out of 12 cats when a restricted gingival area adjacent to the canine teeth was stimulated as described, but the increases were abolished after the sensitive gingival area was painted with lidocaine jelly, a surface anesthetic. These vasodilator responses, remarkably reduced following repeated application of 30 mM of capsaicin, are considered to be induced via antidromic activation of capsaicin-sensitive nociceptive nerve fibers, presumably by axon reflex mechanisms, suggesting that nerve terminals supplying the gingiva originate from parent axons which have collaterals that innervate the canine tooth pulp.
Physiological Regulation of the Secretion of Histatins and Statherins in Human Parotid Saliva
Authors: Jensen J.L. , Xu T. , Lamkin M.S. , Brodin P. , Aars H. , Berg T. , Oppenheim EG
Published: July 2017

The small salivary phosphoproteins, histatins and statherins, have important functions in the oral cavity in terms of antimicrobial actions and regulation of calcium phosphate homeostasis. Neither the effects of various physiological stimuli on their secretion nor the nature of the efferent receptor involved in the stimulus-secretion coupling has been determined previously. These aspects are important for improved understanding of the secretory control of salivary proteins and may have implications regarding the effects of specific medications on salivary constituents and oral health.

The effects of graded mechanical (chewing on short and long silicone tubings) and gustatory stimulation (0.5, 1.5, and 5.0% citric acid) on the secretion of histatins and statherins were studied in the presence and absence of adrenolytic agents (n = 10). In this model, secretory rates of both proteins increased with increases in flow rate, with 5.0% citric acid representing a particularly potent stimulus. Histatin and statherin secretory rates were significantly reduced by the β 1-adrenolytic agent (histatins to 58 to 72% and statherins to 11 to 29% of that in corresponding control experiments), but not by the α 1-adrenolytic agent. Since the β1-adrenergic receptors played an important role in the stimulus-secretion coupling of these proteins, protective salivary functions in the oral cavity may be compromised during β 1-adrenolytic treatment.
Acid Profiles and pH of Carious Dentin in Active and Arrested Lesions
Authors: Hojo S. , Komatsu M. , Okuda R. , Takahashi N. , Yamada T.
Published: July 2017

Organic acids in caries lesions play important roles in initiation and progress of dental caries. We investigated relationships between clinical types of dentin caries and acid profile or pH in the lesions. Caries lesions in dentin from 76 permanent teeth were classified into active, arrested, situated beneath a restoration, and unclassified types. The pH of carious dentin was distinctly lower than that of sound dentin (p < 0.001). Carious dentin with a high percentage of lactate had a lower pH than that with a high percentage of acetate and propionate (p < 0.001). Dentin from active lesions showed a mean pH of 4.9, and the dominant acid was lactate (mean percentage, 88.2). In contrast, carious dentin from arrested lesions showed a higher pH, 5.7, with acetate and propionate as the dominant acids (mean percentages of acetate and propionate, 64.0 and 18.2, respectively). The acid profile (mean percentages of acetate and propionate, 54.0 and 27.7, respectively) and pH (mean 5.8) of carious dentin sampled from lesions beneath a restoration were similar to those of dentin from arrested lesions. This study showed a clear relationship between clinical classification of dentin caries and acid profile and pH, suggesting that both factors are important in dentin caries etiology.
An Overview of the Oral Health Component of the 1988–1991 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III-Phase 1)
Authors: Drury T.F. , Winn D.M. , Snowden C.B. , Kingman A. , Kleinman D.V. , Lewis B.
Published: July 2017

As part of a Federal consortium, the National Institute of Dental Research's (NIDR) Division of Epidemiology and Oral Disease Prevention (DEODP) staff and consultants collaborated with the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) to conduct a national oral health examination as a component of the 1988–94 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). The NHANES III was designed to be fielded in two phases. Phase 1 took place between October 18, 1988, and October 24, 1991, at 44 survey locations; Phase 2, between September 20, 1991, and October 15, 1994, at 45 sites.

This article provides general background information on the NHANES III and its oral health examination component which pertains to all six years of the full survey. It also focuses on particular aspects of the first three years of the survey (NHANES III-Phase 1)—the database for the articles in this peer-reviewed Special Issue—and provides the essential context for the substantively oriented analyses of the Phase 1 database which are presented in the articles which follow this overview.
The Prevalence of Dental Sealants in the US Population: Findings from NHANES III, 1988–91
Authors: Selwitz R.H. , Winn D.M. , Kingman A. , Zion G.R.
Published: July 2017

Over the past decade, dental sealants have become recognized as an important adjunct to the use of fluorides in the prevention of dental caries. The most recent national survey of oral health in children conducted in 1986–1987 found that only 7.6% of children had any sealed teeth. As part of the oral health component of the 1988–1991 Third National Health and Examination Survey (NHANES III-Phase 1), the prevalence of dental sealants in children, adolescents, and adults was determined. The presence of dental sealants on posterior teeth (excluding third molars) and maxillary lateral incisors was recorded by visual and tactile methods during the dental caries examination. Findings in this paper are based on those examined persons having at least one sealable primary tooth for children aged 2–11 years (n = 3,792); at least one sealable permanent tooth for persons aged 5–17 years (n = 2,989); and at least one sealable permanent tooth for persons aged 18 years and over (n = 7,146). During 1988–1991, about 18.5% of US children and youth ages 5–17 had one or more sealed permanent teeth. A significantly higher percentage of non-Hispanic whites had sealants in comparison with their non-Hispanic black and Mexican-American counterparts (for all contrasts, p < 0.001). As expected, molar teeth were the most frequently sealed tooth type. Only 1.4% of US children ages 2–11 had at least one sealed primary tooth. The prevalence of dental sealants decreased in the US adult population with increasing age; 5.5% of adults ages 18–24 had at least one sealed permanent tooth. Data collected from NHANES III-Phase 2 (1991–1994) will be analyzed to determine if the upward trend in sealant use continues.
Crosslanguage Differences in Tone Perception: a Multidimensional Scaling Investigation
Authors: Gandour Jackson T. , Harshman Richard A.
Published: July 2017

Using an individual differences multidimensional scaling model of perception, this crosslanguage investigation seeks to determine what dimensions underlie the perception of linguistic tone, and to what extent an individual's language background (Thai, Yoruba or American English) influences his perception. Dissimilarities data were obtained from subjects' paired-comparison judgments of 13 different pitch patterns superimposed on a synthetic speech-like syllable. A multidimensional scaling analysis of the data for the total group revealed that five dimensions - interpretively labeled, AVERAGE PITCH, DIRECTION, LENGTH, EXTREME ENDPOINT and SLOPE - best summarize the perceptual structure underlying the dissimilarities data. Language subgroup variation in relative importance of these dimensions appears to be primarily related to subgroup differences in the way pitch is used to convey linguistic information. Discriminant analysis showed that most individual speakers of a tone language (Thai or Yoruba) can be easily distinguished from speakers of a nontone language (English) on the basis of their distinctive patterns of perceptual saliency for these five dimensions. Regression analysis indicated that the DIRECTION and SLOPE dimensions closely correspond to certain earlier proposed binary distinctive features of tone.
Dialect Interference in West Indian Children
Authors: Edwards V.K.
Published: July 2017

West Indian children were found to be influenced by Creole lexis, syntax, morphology and phonology, even when they had been born in Britain. Although Caribbean-born West Indians showed a higher incidence of Creole interference on a small number of features, in most cases their performance could not be distinguished from that of their British-born peers. A highly significant correlation was established between extent of Creole interference and performance on comprehension tasks, which suggests very strongly that Creole affects the efficiency of understanding of British English.
Recognition of Psychiatric Disorders From Voice Quality
Authors: Chevrie-Muller C. , Seguier N. , Spira A. , Dordain M.
Published: July 2017

Through the rating of certain predetermined items with a group of 74 psychiatric patients with varying diagnoses and a group of 46 schizophrenic patients, the following areas were studied: (1) psychiatric symptomatology, (2) voice characteristics determined when listening to a record interview, (3) the personality of the patient perceived by the listener using the same recording. The relationships between the items in the three areas were tested by chisquare analysis. Significant relationships were established. The vocal characteristics speech rate and melody are linked to the perceived degree of extroversion and dynamism of the subject listened to. Some psychiatric symptoms (impaired motor behaviour, withdrawal syndrome, anxiety, thinking disturbance) are related to certain voice characteristics. Some symptoms of schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis are related to personality traits perceived by the listener (passive, unemotional, uncommunicative, depressed ....).
Puzzles, Mysteries, and Picasso: A Summer Camp for Students who are Gifted and Learning Disabled
Authors: Yssel Nina , Margison Judith , Cross Tracy , Merbler John
Published: July 2017

Parents of crossover children are often at a loss to find help for their children. They have seen the giftedness in the preschool years or in the hobbies and interests of the child at home. From teachers, however, they hear about reading and writing problems and an inability to sit and pay attention …. Teachers of crossover children are concerned. They find that these children, at their very best, are full of enthusiasm, information, and eagerness to learn. They also find an inability to complete written assignments, some difficulty with reading, and a tendency to bog down in any task that requires sustained attention. (Bireley, 1995, pp. 4–5)
Psalm 19 Relating the natural order with the Torah's wisdom
Authors: Howell John
Published: July 2017

Psalm 19 provides a bridge between the themes of the natural order and the Torah. Its complex metaphor about God's voice informs us of the limitations of knowledge at the boundary. It embodies our search in finding God in the language of metaphor, articulated in worship — the context for this psalm. The psalm provokes reflection on the relation between science and theology, connecting creation and wisdom, and with regard to climate change, living within the natural order. It gifts us a practical ethic of the wisdom more desirable than ‘the gold’ of economics.
‘United Nations’, ‘United Church’
Authors: Norwood Donald W.
Published: July 2017

Almost from its inception 100 years ago the modern ecumenical movement saw the vocation of Christian unity as including witness for world peace. Today the World Council of Churches and the United Nations, both officially inaugurated in 1948, share a common concern albeit on distinct bases and with different methods. In fact there was profound Christian influence upon the UN in its formation and in its subsequent leadership, while in turn the UN takes seriously the WCC as a major resource for thinking and action for peace, justice and human rights, and this expectation from the UN must be taken seriously by the churches and their theologians.
Pitfalls with Weight for Height Measurements
Authors: Soeters Robert
Published: July 2017

A combined survey of weight for height measurement (W/H) was done by two emergency aid organizations. The same 131 children were measured independently by two survey teams. One team measured 24.4% and the other team 47.7% of the 131 children as under 80% W/H. The serious logistical consequences of these differences for the emergency aid programme are discussed.

The main cause of the difference was observer error. A reason for systematic bias could be that an observer using the Nabarro chart tends to classify children who are slightly above 80% as under 80%. This bias is understandable because “one doesn't want to miss out malnourished children”. This sytematic bias does not occur when weight and height are measured separately and the percentage read from a card. The importance of following a strict protocol when measuring is stressed.

Another (much less important) cause for the different results was that the teams used two weight for height standards. The Nabarro chart (multicoloured chart), based on an adaptation of the NCHS standard, overestimates the prevalence of wasting as compared to the NCHS/CDS/WHO standard (the plastified card). A plea is made for the use of uniform standards.

In fact there is not yet a reliable, simple tool for assessment of wasting.
The UK Department for International Development's new target strategy paper for health: a critical balancing act
Authors: Carlson Cindy
Published: July 2017

This is the fifth in a series of articles on leadership in international health. The series was coordinated by Kent Buse.
Illness related deception: social or psychiatric problem?
Authors: Bass Christopher , Halligan Peter W
Published: July 2017

In this paper we question the validity of factitious disorder as a meaningful psychiatric diagnosis. When the diagnosis is used there is often the assumption that the person engaging in the ‘deception’ is not lying in the traditional sense of being deliberately misleading. Moreover, little is known about the aetiology or psychopathology underlying factitious disorder, and the legitimacy of deception as a mental disorder has been questioned. It is argued that while illness deception may be more common that hitherto assumed, factitious disorder as a distinct type of psychiatric disorder is conceptually flawed, diagnostically impractical and clinically unhelpful and should be dropped from existing nosologies.
Schizophrenia, an Illness and a metaphor: Analysis of the use of the term ‘schizophrenia’ in the UK national newspapers
Authors: Chopra Arun K , Doody Gillian A
Published: July 2017

Objective

To determine whether schizophrenia is a commonly used ‘illness as metaphor‘, to compare the use of schizophrenia and cancer as illnesses as metaphor, and to determine if there is a difference in such usage between the UK and USA.

Design

An examination of articles published in the British press.

Setting

600 articles from six British newspapers: the Times, the Daily Telegraph, the Guardian, the Mirror, the Sun and the Daily Mail.

Main outcome measures

Use of schizophrenia and cancer as metaphors.

Results

Schizophrenia was more likely to be metaphorized than cancer (P<50.001) in the UK press, but was less likely to be used as metaphor in the UK press than in the US press (P<50.001). 11% of articles containing the term schizophrenia used the word as a metaphor.

Conclusions

Clinicians need to be aware that patients, carers and the public might have a different understanding of the word we use as a diagnosis.
Teaching Thinking Skills in the School Curriculum
Authors: Montgomery Diane
Published: July 2017

It has been argued in an earlier paper that thought is treated by psychologists not as a product which has been learned but as a process, a set of skills which may be learned; and that the study of thinking is central to teacher education. It was suggested that the central objectives in teaching are to help the pupils think efficiently and to communicate those thoughts succinctly whilst subject knowledge and skills form the substrate upon which these processes are developed. All of this takes place within the developmental and social context (Montgomery, 1981). It is these thinking skills, and how they may be fostered across the school curriculum, which are now the subject of attention. A model of the central objectives in practical teaching is given in Figure 1.
Gifted Children's Feelings about School and Themselves in Open and Open-Area Classes
Authors: Shore Bruce M.
Published: July 2017

The School Sentiment Index and Piers-Harris Self-Concept scale were dependent variables for between 142 and 172 grades 4 and 6 pupils (sample size varied with the test). Their classes were rated on three measures of program openness and architectural plan, and a subsample of 18 students was labelled as gifted on the basis of at least two of three criteria: teacher nominations, standardized reading scores two or more years above grade level, and outstanding school performance. The main results were that these children thought well or poorly of school and themselves in all kinds of class environments much to the same extent as other children. Nontraditional settings did not systematically ill-serve them. Second, much more precise discriminations were possible using classrooms rather than schools as the unit of analysis, even within grade levels.
The Attitude-Behavior Linkage in Behavioral Cascades
Authors: Friedkin Noah E.
Published: July 2017

The assumption that individual behavior has an antecedent evaluative foundation is an important component of theories in sociology, psychology, political science, and economics. In its simplest form, the antecedent evaluation is a positive or negative attitude toward an object that may affect an individual’s object-related behavior. This attitude may be influenced by the attitudes of other persons. The occurrence of such endogenous interpersonal influences, in which persons’ attitudes are affected by other persons’ attitudes, is among the basic postulates of social psychology. The present article advances work on the attitude-behavior linkage in behavioral cascades by jointly considering two theories: the theory of reasoned-planned action, which emphasizes the deliberative foundations of individuals’ object-related behaviors, and social influence network theory, which emphasizes the group dynamics involved in the formation of individuals’ attitudes.
Pneumococcal meningitis post‐cochlear implantation: Preventative measures
Authors: Wei Benjamin P.C. , Shepherd Robert K. , Robins‐Browne Roy M. , Clark Graeme M. , O'Leary Stephen J.
Published: July 2017

Objective

Both clinical data and laboratory studies demonstrated the risk of pneumococcal meningitis post‐cochlear implantation. This review examines strategies to prevent post‐implant meningitis.

Data Sources

Medline/PubMed database; English articles after 1980. Search terms: cochlear implants, pneumococcus meningitis, streptococcus pneumonia, immunization, prevention.

Review Methods

Narrative review. All articles relating to post‐implant meningitis without any restriction in study designs were assessed and information extracted.

Results

The presence of inner ear trauma as a result of surgical technique or cochlear implant electrode array design was associated with a higher risk of post‐implant meningitis. Laboratory data demonstrated the effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccination in preventing meningitis induced via the hematogenous route of infection. Fibrous sealing around the electrode array at the cochleostomy site, and the use of antibiotic‐coated electrode array reduced the risk of meningitis induced via an otogenic route.

Conclusion

The recent scientific data support the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommendation of pneumococcal vaccination for the prevention of meningitis in implant recipients. Nontraumatic cochlear implant design, surgical technique, and an adequate fibrous seal around the cochleostomy site further reduce the risk of meningitis.
Dynamic Posturography and Caloric Test Results Patients with and without Vertigo
Authors: Goebel Joel A. , Paige Gary D.
Published: July 2017

Patients with Dizziness Were Evaluated with Caloric Stimulation and with Dynamic Platform Posturography (Neurocom Equltest). The Ability of These Tests To Detect Abnormalities in Patients with and Without Vertigo Was Assessed. In 159 Patients, roughly a third had abnormal calorics while half experienced one or more “falls” during posturography. Calorics revealed proportionately more abnormalities in patients with vertigo, whereas posturography alone did not distinguish between patients with or without vertigo. Posturography did, however, Identify abnormalities in a third of patients with normal calorics, regardless of their history of vertigo. Overall, more patients with vertigo had at least one abnormal test result (70%) compared with patients without vertigo (47%). We conclude that caloric abnormalities correlate with a history of vertigo, whereas posturographic deficits can be Identified regardless of the presence of vertigo.
Excitation Thresholds for Nerve Pedicles: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Broniatowski Michael , Grundfest‐Broniatowski Sharon , Davies Charles R. , Kasick Jerald C. , Jacobs Gordon B. , Nose Yukohiko , Tucker Harvey
Published: July 2017

Ongoing Interest in the rehabilitation of paralyzed musculature in the head and neck has focused on the electronic stimulation of nerve‐muscle pedicles that have been relmplanted Into the Incapacitated effector(s). Despite visual and histochemical evidence of reinnervation, It Is still not known whether the excitability of a nerve‐muscle pedicle (or for that matter a direct nerve Implant) Is equivalent to or better than that of reinnervated or normal muscle. Such Information Is necessary for the eventual construction of an Implantable stimulator. Eighteen rabbits were anesthetized with Intramuscular xylazine and ketamine and the ansa hypoglossi nerve was cut on one side. A crossover nerve‐muscle pedicle was brought in from the opposite sternothyroid muscle to the sternohyoid in nine animals; the other nine received a direct nerve Implant. After a minimum neurotization period of 3 months and reexploration, an electrical stimulator capable of delivering square wave pulses of variable amplitude and width was used to determine the thresholds of contraction of the nerve pedicles, an Intact motor nerve of similar size, a normal muscle, and the relnnervated strap In 16 evaluable rabbits. Strength duration curves were established. The data Indicate that thresholds for nerve pedicles are equivalent to those of normal nerves and are significantly lower than those of muscle.
Cochlear Nerve Conduction Block: An Explanation for Spontaneous Hearing Return after Acoustic Tumor Surgery
Authors: Kveton John F. , Tarlov Edward C. , Drumheller Geralyn , Katcher Fatti , Abbott Cynthia
Published: July 2017

In the presence of an Intact cochlear nerve, hearing loss has been attributed to either transection or spasm of the Internal auditory artery or direct mechanical trauma to the cochlear nerve during tumor manipulation. Such events have been correlated with changes in Intraoperative auditory evoked potentials. The possibility of a reversible conduction block in the cochlear nerve, however, has not been Investigated. Review of four cases of delayed spontaneous recovery of hearing several months after acoustic tumor resection suggests that a conduction block phenomenon may exist. By comparing recent pertinent animal data with clinical Intraoperative electrophysiologic data obtained during posterior fossa surgery in human subjects, we attempt to elucidate further the pathophysiology and Intraoperative predisposing factors to cochlear nerve Injury during hearing preservation procedures.
Transmastoid Labyrinthectomy: Reliable Surgical Management of Vertigo
Authors: Kemink John L. , Telian Steven A. , Graham Malcolm D. , Joynt Lynn
Published: July 2017

Transmastoid labyrinthectomy has continued to be an important part of the surgical armamentarium for patients with vertigo and nonserviceable hearing loss. Continuing experience substantiates our earlier impression that the vestibular system usually accommodates rapidly to complete unilateral surgical ablation, regardless of age or degree of residual vestibular activity in the ear (as measured by preoperative bithermal caloric testing). Although the symptom of vertigo is reliably treated by transmastoid labyrinthectomy, a patient questionnaire has demonstrated a significant incidence of mild to moderate persisting postoperative dysequilibrium. Although this dysequilibrium is usually not debilitating, this questionnaire has demonstrated its existence more precisely than a retrospective review of the patients' clinical records. This study reviews 110 patients who underwent labyrinthectomy between 1978 and 1985. We remain impressed at the efficacy of the transmastoid labyrinthectomy in relieving the symptom of vertigo.
Submandibular Duct Relocation for Drooling: A 10‐Year Experience with 194 Patients
Authors: Crysdale William S. , White Ann
Published: July 2017

Management of drooling in the neurologically disabled individual has been accomplished with a team approach using surgical and nonsurgical methodology. Submandibular duct relocation has been the primary surgical procedure of choice in 194 patients during the past 10 years. Drooling has been reduced significantly in the majority of patients. Ranulas requiring intraoral sublingual gland excision occurred in 8% of patients. Persistent submandibular duct obstruction necessitating external excision of the submandibular gland occurred in 1% of the ducts relocated.
Immunohistochemical Evidence of Measles Virus Antigens in Active Otosclerosis
Authors: McKenna Michael J. , Mills Barbara G.
Published: July 2017

Despite intensive investigation, the cause of otosclerosis remains uncertain. Recent studies of Paget's disease of bone have revealed a possible viral origin. Because of similarities between otosclerosis and Paget's disease, we have pursued investigation of a possible viral cause of otosclerosis. Four temporal bone specimens from patients with otosclerosis, processed for immunohistochemistry, demonstrated positive specific reactivity with monoclonal antibodies to measles virus antigens using the indirect immunofluorescent and immunoperoxidase techniques. Reactivity was most intense in active foci. Reactivity in the peroxidase assay was also observed in areas of active otosclerosis with application of primary antisera from patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, a disorder of the central nervous system in which a defective measles virus has been isolated. Other related paramyxoviruses, including mumps and respiratory syncytial virus, were negative, as were negative controls.