bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mid-to-late Holocene Temperature Evolution and Atmospheric Dynamics over Europe in Regional Model Simulations
Authors: Russo Emmanuele , Cubasch Ulrich
Published: February 2016

Abstract. The improvement in resolution of climate models is always been mentioned as one of the most important factors when investigating past climatic conditions especially in order to evaluate and compare the results against proxy data. In this paper we present for the first time a set of high resolution simulations for different time slices of mid-to-late Holocene performed over Europe using a Regional Climate Model. Through a validation against a new pollen-based climate reconstructions dataset, covering almost all of Europe, we test the model performances for paleoclimatic applications and investigate the response of temperature to variations in the seasonal cycle of insolation, with the aim of clarifying earlier debated uncertainties, giving physically plausible interpretations of both the pollen data and the model results. The results reinforce previous findings showing that summertime temperatures were driven mainly by changes in insolation and that the model is too sensitive to such changes over Southern Europe, resulting in drier and warmer conditions. In winter, instead, the model does not reproduce correctly the same amplitude of changes, even if it captures the main pattern of the pollen dataset over most of the domain for the time periods under investigation. Through the analysis of variations in atmospheric circulation we suggest that, even though in some areas the discrepancies between the two datasets are most likely due to high pollen uncertanties, in general the model seems to underestimate the changes in the amplitude of the North Atlantic Oscillation, overestimating the contribution of secondary modes of variability
Basal shear stress under alpine glaciers: insights from experiments using the iSOSIA and Elmer/Ice models
Authors: Brædstrup C. F. , Egholm D. L. , Ugelvig S. V. , Pedersen V. K.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Shear stress at the base of glaciers exerts a significant control on basal sliding and hence also glacial erosion in arctic and high-altitude areas. However, the inaccessible nature of glacial beds complicates empirical studies of basal shear stress, and little is therefore known of its spatial and temporal distribution. In this study we seek to improve our understanding of basal shear stress using a higher-order numerical ice model (iSOSIA). In order to test the validity of the higher-order model, we first compare the detailed distribution of basal shear stress in iSOSIA and in a three-dimensional full-Stokes model (Elmer/Ice). We find that iSOSIA and Elmer/Ice predict similar first-order stress and velocity patterns, and that differences are restricted to local variations at length scales of the order of the grid resolution. In addition, we find that subglacial shear stress is relatively uniform and insensitive to subtle changes in local topographic relief. Following the initial comparison studies, we use iSOSIA to investigate changes in basal shear stress as a result of landscape evolution by glacial erosion. The experiments with landscape evolution show that subglacial shear stress decreases as glacial erosion transforms preglacial V-shaped valleys into U-shaped troughs. These findings support the hypothesis that glacial erosion is most efficient in the early stages of glacial landscape development.
Disaster Risk Reduction education in Indonesia: Challenges and Recommendations for Scaling up
Authors: Amri A. , Bird D. K. , Ronan K. , Haynes K. , Towers B.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. This article investigates the implementation of disaster risk reduction education for children in Indonesia. In the last decade, education programs related to this subject have been promoted as capable of reducing disaster losses and increasing resilience, based on several studies that have identified positive outcomes. However, most of these studies we re undertaken in developed countries. The article uses a case study in Jakarta, a rapidly growing megacity that is highly prone to disasters and natural hazards, especially floods and fires, to explore the scaling-up and sustainability of disaster risk reduction in Indonesian schools. Based on previous studies, a new approach was developed for evaluating the implementation of education programs related to these subjects. This study captured the perspectives of children, school personnel, and non-governmental organisations on the challenges of scaling-up the implementation of disaster risk reduction education in schools. The study revealed seven key issues and suggests several policy recommendations to move forward. These key issues may also be apparent in many other developing and developed countries, and the suggested recommendations may well be applicable beyond Indonesia.
Incorporating natural and human factors in habitat modelling and spatial prioritisation for the Lynx lynx martinoi
Authors: Laze K. , Gordon A.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Countries in south-eastern Europe are cooperating to conserve a sub-endemic lynx species, Lynx lynx martinoi. Yet, the planning of species conservation should go hand-in-hand with the planning and management of (new) protected areas. Lynx lynx martinoi has a small, fragmented distribution with a small total population size and an endangered population. This study combines species distribution modelling with spatial prioritisation techniques to identify conservation areas for Lynx lynx martinoi. The aim was to determine locations of high probability of occurrence for the lynx, to potentially increase current protected areas by 20 % in Albania, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, and Kosovo. The species distribution modelling used generalised linear models with lynx occurrence and pseudo-absence data. Two models were developed and fitted using the lynx data: one based on natural factors, and the second based on factors associated with human disturbance. The Zonation conservation planning software was then used to undertake spatial prioritisations of the landscape using the first model composed of natural factors as a biological feature, and (inverted) a second model composed of anthropological factors such as a cost layer. The first model included environmental factors as elevation, terrain ruggedness index, woodland and shrub land, and food factor as chamois prey (occurrences) and had a prediction accuracy of 82 %. Second model included anthropological factors as agricultural land and had a prediction accuracy of 65 %. Prioritised areas for extending protected areas for lynx conservation were found primarily in the Albania–Macedonia–Kosovo and Montenegro–Albania–Kosovo cross-border areas. We show how natural and human factors can be incorporated into spatially prioritising conservation areas on a landscape level. Our results show the importance of expanding the existing protected areas in cross-border areas of core lynx habitat. The priority of these cross-border areas highlight the importance international cooperation can play in designing and implementing a coherent and long-term conservation plan including a species conservation plan to securing the future of the lynx.
Global Portfolio Diversification with Emerging Stock Markets
Authors: Meriç İlhan , Ding Jie , Meriç Gülser
Published: February 2016

Because of their low correlation with each other and with developed stock markets, emerging stock markets are generally mentioned as attractive portfolio diversification prospects for global investors. In this paper, we use the Principal Components Analysis (PCA) method to study the global portfolio diversification opportunities for the investors of seven developed stock markets in twenty emerging stock markets with data for the January 1, 2003-January 1, 2014 period.
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Mobile Payment Systems: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Daştan İkram , Gürler Cem
Published: February 2016

The world witnessed a rapid growth in the e-commerce in the recent years. Widespread use of mobile devices in the e-commerce has a role in this augmentation. Associated with growth of trading volume and the introduction of new devices, new products and solutions emerge and they diversify concerning online payments. Consumer attitudes and behaviors may change according to these developments. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors effecting adoption of mobile payment systems by the consumer. 225 individuals were surveyed online through convenience sampling method. A research model was developed and proposed relationships were tested using structural equation modeling. The empirical findings point out that perceived trust, perceived mobility and attitudes positively affect the adoption of MPS; perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use have no effect on adoption of MPS. Furthermore perceived reputation positively related to perceived trust and finally environmental risk negatively related to perceived trust.
Okun’s Law and Long Term Co-Integration Analysis for OECD Countries (1987-2012)
Authors: Kargı Bilal
Published: February 2016

Even though, there are so many so long discussions on the relation between population increase and economic growth, today, general opinion tends to believe that there is a direct relation between population increase and economic growth. This opinion is supported by some empirical studies. Despite an economical growth caused by directly with population growth, it is known that there is a reverse relation between unemployment and growth known as Okun’s Law. This relation, suggesting that every 1 point decrease in unemployment induces a 3 point increase in growth, is tested for many countries. In this study, this hypothesis of Okun is examined and it is found to be true for selected 23 countries, even with the difference in coefficients. At the same time, long term relation between growth and unemployment is tested with the use of time series analysis and long term relation is found for 14 countries. Additionally, tests done for all 34 OECD countries showed that reversed relation between unemployment and growth is valid and they are co-integrated in long run. In this study, countries are categorized according to growth rate as “low”, “normal” and “high” and a consistent unemployment rate for countries with high growth rate could not be seen. In the case of countries with lowest growth rate, generalization that they have quite high unemployment rate can be made.
Mainstreaming Human Rights Education: What’s Radical About That?
Authors: Blanchard Rosemary Ann
Published: February 2016

One of the most radical ways of teaching about universal human rights and international humanitarian law would be to teach about these fundamental internationally-recognized standards for humane interpersonal conduct to every child who enters school in the United States.  American illiteracy about human rights and humanitarian law standards contributes to the climate in which the United States preaches human rights to it's perceived opponents while refusing to apply universally recognized hr and ihl principles to itself. From the failure to incorporate into the American educational structure the cultural and linguistic rights of Indigenous peoples and ethnic, linguistic and religious minorities to the refusal to submit to the same standards of international humanitarian law which apply to all combatants, U.S. political and military leaders have been able to rely on the unfamiliarity of most Americans with the fundamental principles of human rights and international humanitarian law to insulate them from effective public scrutiny and meaningful challenge. This article describes efforts to mainstream human rights education at all levels of public education so it becomes a part of the educational experience of every child and, thus, part of the background of every adult. The risks of having HRE co-opted are dwarfed by the risks of having HRE sidelined.
News for Educational Workers
Authors: Vogt Leonard
Published: February 2016

News forEducational Workers
Western Faculty Profile: Dr. John McCormick
Authors: Zhou Alex
Published: February 2016

Dr. McCormick is an Associate Professor in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology and a Scientist at the Lawson Health Research Institute. His research is in bacteriology, with a primary focus on bacterial toxins called “superantigens”. His research interests are in the molecular biology and evolution of bacterial superantigens inStaphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, the role of superantigens in toxic shock syndrome, and the engineering of superantigens as targeted anti-cancer immunotherapeutics. Dr. McCormick teaches an undergraduate course in microbiology in addition to supervising undergraduate and graduate students. Alex Zhou, reviewer on the WURJHNS Editorial Board, interviewed Dr. McCormick to learn more about his ongoing research, motivations, career path to Western and advice for students.
El lenguaje taurino metafórico de uso coloquial
Authors: Bretones Román Antonio
Published: February 2016

Este trabajo ofrece una muestra del lenguaje taurino de uso común y metafórico en la comunicación cotidiana, detectado en prensa escrita, radio y televisión. Se incluye el total de expresiones recogidas y se señalan rasgos globales de este uso comunicativo, tales como los ámbitos y quiénes los usan; además se han clasificado los términos y expresiones más frecuentes, así como reconocido los significados de estas expresiones metafórico-taurinas. Igualmente, se extraen algunas implicaciones didácticas para su empleo en la enseñanza, como recurso valioso en el área de lengua. Finalmente, destacamos en las conclusiones el valor socio-cultural compartido del lenguaje taurino y su interés para la comprensión en el aprendizaje dado su valor metafórico en la comunicación.
Working beyond the confines of academic discipline to resolve a real-world problem: A community of scientists discussing long-tail data in the cloud
Authors: Brooks Catherine F. , Heidorn P. Bryan , Stahlman Gretchen R. , Chong Steven S.
Published: February 2016

This project interrogates a workshop leader and whole-meeting talk among a group of scientists gathered at a workshop to discuss cyberinfrastructure and the sharing of both ‘light’ and ‘dark’ data in the sciences. This project analyzes discourses working through the workshop talk to interrogate the social relations, interdisciplinary identities, concerns, and commonalities in the sciences and in relation to emerging opportunities for computing and data sharing in the cloud. The findings point to the efficacy of arranging scientists around data collection processes for collaborative work as opposed to groupings around data type, discipline, work sectors, or collection location. This research provides an opportunity to consider the democratization of data, academic boundaries in the sciences, as well as interdisciplinary and collaborative problem-solving processes that happen in groups across academic and applied contexts.
News trustworthiness and verification in China: The tension of dual media channels
Authors: Wang Yiran , Mark Gloria
Published: February 2016

From 2006 to 2013, the increasing use of social media in China has provided a stage for citizens to report news and to vocalize viewpoints. News information circulated on social media at times contradicted the highly curated official news sources. In this study, we conducted two online surveys to explore 1) the level of trust that Chinese Internet users place on news from social media versus official media; and, 2) whether and how Chinese Internet users verify news from citizen sources. We found that news from official and citizen sources attracted different audience groups, who relied on different features to assess news trustworthiness. News verification was common and some users shared their findings through social media. We discuss the implications situated in a broader context of an authoritarian society.
#FailedRevolutions: Using Twitter to study the antecedents of ISIS support
Authors: Magdy Walid , Darwish Kareem , Weber Ingmar
Published: February 2016

Lately, the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) has managed to control large parts of Syria and Iraq. To better understand the roots of support for ISIS, we present a study using Twitter data. We collected a large number of Arabic tweets referring to ISIS and classified them as pro-ISIS or anti-ISIS. We then analyzed the historical timelines of both user groups and looked at their pre-ISIS period to gain insights into the antecedents of support. Also, we built a classifier to ‘predict’, in retrospect, who will support or oppose the group. We show that ISIS supporters largely differ from ISIS opposition in that the former referred a lot more to Arab Spring uprisings that failed than the latter.
A política de atendimento ao adolescente em conflito com a lei no Brasil: da descentralização político-administrativa às relações multiescalares
Authors: De Souza Luciano Aparecido , Da Silva Christian Luiz , Vicentin Ivan Carlos
Published: February 2016

Este artigo reflete o processo de descentralização que ocorreu no Brasil a partir de 1990 e seu desprezo pela espacialidade das políticas públicas. Discute a relevância da perspectiva analítica das estratégias multiescalares para o planejamento e a gestão da política de atendimento ao adolescente em conflito com a lei. Trata-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental realizada a partir da apreensão e da aplicação dos conceitos de espaço, região e território. Como conclusão são apresentadas as tensões e intersecções entre as escalas (local/regional/nacional) e seus respectivos níveis de poder no que se refere à espacialidade do atendimento socioducativo.
“O passado é uma roupa que não nos serve mais”: A política habitacional entre avanços-e-retrocessos
Authors: Munhoz Manoela Rodrigues , Salgado Cassia Pilar , Dos Santos Jade Graziele Martins
Published: February 2016

O presente artigo aborda a questão habitacional a partir das discussões sobre a apropriação do território, o processo de urbanização, o debate sobre o direito à moradia e as formas de mediar os conflitos urbanos através da política habitacional brasileira. Busca identificar os avanços na legislação nacional fruto das lutas em torno da reforma urbana e as dificuldades da materialização desses avanços em políticas sociais públicas que alterem o cenário das condições de moradia da classe trabalhadora nas grandes cidades. Por fim, propõe uma reflexão sobre os caminhos trilhados pela política habitacional, hoje centralizadas no Governo Federal através do Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida, com vistas a identificar os limites e conquistas das intervenções públicas na garantia constitucional do direito à moradia digna.
Avaliação das políticas habitacionais na Região Metropolitana de Londrina-PR
Authors: Zanon Elisa Roberta , Cordeiro Sandra Maria Almeida , De Araujo Junior Miguel Etinger
Published: February 2016

O artigo apresenta a interpretação de resultados parciais da pesquisa “Direito à Moradia: aplicabilidade e efetividade dos instrumentos jurídicos na Região Metropolitana de Londrina-PR” iniciada em 2012 pela Universidade Estadual de Londrina. O contexto da produção de habitação de interesse social em Londrina, a partir dos anos de 1980 fornece subsídio de análise e reflexão sobre a operacionalização da política de habitação de interesse social no município, com destaque para os programas da década de 2000, em especial com a implantação do Residencial Vista Bela pelo Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida, um dos maiores conjuntos habitacionais do Brasil, entregue à população nos anos de 2011 e 2012.
Estratégia para a redução da pobreza no estado no Rio de Janeiro: algumas reflexões sobre o Plano Rio Sem Miséria
Authors: Hullen Angelica Cristina Nagel , Brotto Márcio Eduardo
Published: February 2016

Este artigo resulta da pesquisa desenvolvida no mestrado em Serviço Social na Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro – PUC/RJ  que tem como objetivo de realizar uma análise do Plano Rio Sem Miséria e sua contribuição para a redução da pobreza no RJ. Parte-se da premissa de que o  Brasil tem se destacado no, período recente, pela redução da pobreza, especialmente a extrema pobreza. O crescimento econômico e a inclusão social são fatores preponderantes para esta redução. Em 2011 é lançado o Plano Brasil Sem Miséria com o objetivo de reduzir a extrema pobreza no país até 2014. Alinhado a estratégia federal e mediante o cenário de pobreza presente no Estado, o Rio de Janeiro cria seu plano de superação da pobreza, com vistas a proteção social,  o Plano Rio Sem Miséria. 
Drivers of Globalization of R&D Investment by U.S. Multinational Enterprises: Evidence from Industry-Level Data
Authors: Zhou Yixiao
Published: February 2016

Existing country-level and firm-level studies have shed light on the mechanisms driving the globalization of R&D investment by multinational enterprises. However, there is a lack of industry-level evidence on this issue, which is much needed for the robustness of the theoretical and conceptual framework developed from country- and firm-level studies. Therefore, this study examines the determinants of overseas R&D investment by multinational enterprises from a single country, the United States, using an industry-level panel dataset. This study covers U.S. multinational enterprises in seven two-digit-level North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) manufacturing industries in twenty-three countries over the period 1999-2008.
The empirical findings suggest that technology-seeking motive, technology-adaptation motive, and access to an abundant pool of researchers exert positive impact on the R&D intensity of U.S.-based multinational enterprises in a host country. The roles of investment position, institutional quality and distance are not found to be robust. These findings are largely consistent with the current theoretical understanding on R&D globalization by multinational enterprises. The findings point to the need for policies that strengthen domestic R&D stock, enhance human capital endowment and support a domestic market that is open to the world in order to attract overseas R&D investment by multinational enterprises.
Business Process Reengineering in Healthcare: Literature Review on the Methodologies and Approaches
Authors: Musa Mahdi Alhaji , Othman Mohd Shahizan
Published: February 2016

As global spending on healthcare increases and service improvement is not adequately reflecting on resource consumption, many healthcare organizations therefore resolve to improving their services by implementing Business process reengineering (BPR). BPR is a business strategy adopted by so many healthcare organizations in order to efficiently and successfully manage their business using currently available technology. BPR has been a hot topic in Information Systems discipline and extensive research has been carried out in different settings with numerous methodologies and approaches. As a result of ever changing nature of BPR this paper intend to provide additional knowledge exploring the current level of development of BPR in healthcare. To achieve this, a total of 27 articles from Science Direct database, 15 from IEEE explore, 16 from Taylor & Francis, 25 from SpringerLink and 8 from SAGE Hub database covering the period from 2005 to early 2014 were analyzed based on their setting and methodology. And finally the article concludes with suggestions for future research related to BPR in healthcare.
Examination of the Views of Juynboll Concerning Qur'anic Sciences
Authors: Haftador Hassan Rezaee
Published: February 2016

Qurʾanic studies examines issues related to understanding of the Qurʾan. The orientalist Juynboll has examined some of the most important topics in Qurʾanic studies including revelation, collection, and recitation of the Qurʾan. The present study evaluates his ideas concerning these issues. This library study takes an analytic and critical approach to the topic at hand. Descriptive methods are also utilised. Though examination of the views of Juynboll concerning Qurʾanic sciences is the focus of this endeavour, the views of Muslim scholars are also considered for completion of the study. Through examination of Juynboll’s views on Qurʾanic sciences, it is clear that he has conducted significant research on Islamic sources. However, his use of weak (ḍaʿīf) Islamic narratives has led to errors in some areas of the Qurʾanic sciences.
Municipal Bankruptcy: Pilot Experience from Czech Republic
Authors: Hruza Filip
Published: February 2016

Local governments are important parts of public sector and they play significant role in daily life of residents. Their role is usually underestimated in comparison with central government tasks and responsibilities. Residents usually realize the real importance of municipal role when municipalities are in financial problems or even bankruptcy and for these reasons they have to restrict their services. This research paper focuses on the issue of financially distressed Czech municipalities and relevant financial areas or indicators in period prior financial problems of municipalities similar to a bankruptcy. This case study is specific due to the fact that this country misses bankruptcy legislation for municipalities and small total number of already existing cases of municipal bankruptcy due to limited time period of their higher autonomy after 1989. Thus the research sample of comparable cases is very limited and this paper serves as a pilot case study. The research for this paper is focused on the financial management of municipalities from the perspective of negative financial situations and the preceding phase to reveal and achieve certain preliminary findings and experience as a pilot lesson for financial management improvements and further exploration and research.
Validation of Modifications to the ANSR® Listeria Method for Improved Ease of Use and Performance
Authors: Caballero Oscar , Alles Susan , Le Quynh-Nhi , Gray R Lucas , Hosking Edan , Pinkava Lisa , Norton Paul , Tolan Jerry , Mozola Mark , Rice Jennifer , Chen Yi , Odumeru Joseph , Ryser Elliot
Published: February 2016

A study was conducted to validate minor reagent formulation, enrichment, and procedural changes to the ANSR® Listeria method, Performance-Tested MethodSM 101202. In order to improve ease of use and diminish risk of amplicon contamination, the lyophilized reagent components were reformulated for increased solubility, thus eliminating the need to mix by pipetting. In the alternative procedure, an aliquot of the lysate is added to lyophilized ANSR reagents, immediately capped, and briefly mixed by vortexing. When three foods (hot dogs, Mexican-style cheese, and cantaloupe) and sponge samples taken from a stainless steel surface were tested, significant differences in performance between the ANSR and U.S. Food and Drug Administration Bacteriological Analytical Manual or U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service Microbiology Laboratory Guidebook reference culture procedures were seen with hot dogs and Mexican-style cheese after 16 h enrichment, with the reference methods producing more positive results. After 24 h enrichment, however, there were no significant differences in method performance for any of the four matrixes tested. Robustness testing was also conducted, with variations to lysis buffer volume, lysis time, and sample volume having no demonstrable effect on assay results. Accelerated stability testing was carried out over a 10-week period and showed no diminishment in assay performance. A second phase of the study examined performance of the ANSR assay following enrichment in a new medium, LESS Plus broth, designed for use with all food and environmental sample types. With the alternative LESS Plus broth, there were no significant differences in performance between the ANSR method and the reference culture procedures for any of the matrixes tested after either 16 or 24 h enrichment, although 24 h enrichment is recommended for hot dogs due to higher sensitivity. Results of inclusivity and exclusivity testing using LESS Plus broth showed that the ANSR assay is highly specific, with 100% expected results for target and nontarget bacteria.
Influência da posição da criança no leito sobre o sono
Authors: Modesto Ingrid Felix , Llaguno Nathalie Sales , Avena Marta José , Pedreira Mavilde da Luz Gonçalves , Pinheiro Eliana Moreira , Avelar Ariane Ferreira Machado
Published: February 2016

This study aimed to verify the influence of infant sleeping position on sleep. An integrative literature review was conducted in Pubmed, LILACS, SciELO and Cochrane, with the descriptors, "sleep', "infant' and the terms "position' and "positioning", in Spanish, English and Portuguese, published between 2000 and 2013. Six articles met the criteria for inclusion and exclusion. These studies were categorized into arousal from sleep and sleep stages. The results indicated that in the prone position, the infant had fewer arousal events, enabling deeper active sleep and greater amount of quiet sleep. The supine position is related to a greater amount of active sleep and more arousals, and does not expose the infant to the risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. The supine position results in more arousals than the prone position, however, it promotes greater safety to the infant during sleep.
Recusa a transfusão de sangue por gestantes e puérperas testemunhas de Jeová
Authors: Bezerra Ana Paula Araujo , Cesar Mônica Bimbatti , Lara Sônia Regina Godinho de
Published: February 2016

INTRODUCTION: Obstetric hemorrhage is considered a major cause of maternal deaths all around the world. In this scenario, the jehovah's-Witness pregnant women constitute a unique population because they refuse total blood transfusions and its four primary components. The encounter between obstetrics and these patients has caused many legal, ethical and bioethical conflicts along the years. OBJECTIVE: Discourse about legal, ethical, and bioethical issues facing blood transfusion refusal by jehovah's-Witness pregnant and breastfeeding women. Method: It is an integrative review study, in which 14 articles were identified to compose the sample,from M EDLINE and LILACS databases, in Portuguese, English and Spanish. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION: From the legal and juridical points of view, there are some disagreements related to physicians and patients' rights. The Federal Constitution, The Civil Code and the Charter of Consumers' Rights in Health enhance the patients autonomy to refuse any treatment. While both Criminal Code and Medical Ethics Codes insist on adopting a life-saving conduct even without the patients consent, in cases of imminent risk of death. Meanwhile, in Ethics and Bioethics, there is confrontation between the patients autonomy and the benefitfrom the medical standpoint. CONCLUSIONS: Currently we have a divided legislation, ethics and bioethics issues with opposite points of view. It is necessary to legally and bioethically rethink about these patients, understand their beliefs, to know alternative treatments and to have more qualified institutions and professionals.
Quem canta seus males espanta
Authors: Zanettini Angélica , Souza Jeane Barros de , Franceschi Vanilla Eloá , Finger Denise , Gomes Angela , Santos Marinez Soster dos
Published: February 2016

Considering the importance of music in people's health, especially in children, an extension project was created in 2014, called "Promoting the health of children through music and educational activities" in the nursing department of the Federal University of Fronteira Sul. The aim was to promote childrerís health by using music as a way of seeking a healthy life, providing opportunities to decrease idle time, and to enhance moments of mutual learning, culture and leisure through choral singing. After positive results were obtained in the development of activities, this experience report was developed, with the aim of sharing the experience of the extension project"Promoting the health of children through music and educational activities", discussing the role of music in promoting health, in light of the existing literature, revealing the contributions that the choir provides in the development and health of school children. There is scarce scientfic literature on this subject in the area of nursing, as well as the importance of sensitizing nurses and other healthcare professionals to the use of music in their practice of caring for others and for themselves.
Cervicofacial Lymphatic Malformations: A Retrospective Review of 40 Cases
Authors: Cho Byung Chae , Kim Jae Bong , Lee Jeong Woo , Choi Kang Young , Yang Jung Dug , Lee Seok-Jong , Kim Yong-Sun , Lee Jong Min , Huh Seung , Chung Ho Yun
Published: February 2016

Background Lymphatic malformation (LM) is a form of congenital vascular malformation with a low incidence. Although LM has been studied, no consensus has emerged regarding its cause or treatment.

Methods In this study, we retrospectively evaluated 40 patients who visited our vascular anomalies center for the treatment of cervicofacial LM, which is a common manifestation of LM. The medical records of patients over a period of 12 years were reviewed and analyzed for commonalities regarding the diagnosis and the results of treatment.

Results Suspected cervicofacial LM was confirmed through imaging studies. No difference in incidence was observed according to sex, and 73% of patients first presented with symptoms before the age of two years. The left side and the V2–V3 area were most commonly affected. No significant differences in incidence were observed among the macrocystic, microcystic, and combined types of LM. A total of 28 out of 36 patients received sclerotherapy as the first choice of treatment, regardless of the type of lesion. Complete resolution was achieved in only 25% of patients.

Conclusions LM is important to confirm the diagnosis early and to choose an appropriate treatment strategy according to the stage of the disease and each individual patient's symptoms. When treatment is delayed or an incorrect treatment is administered, patient discomfort increases as the lesion gradually spreads. Therefore, more so than is the case for most other diseases, a team approach on a case-by-case basis is important for the accurate and appropriate treatment of LM.
Closure of Myelomeningocele Defects Using a Limberg Flap or Direct Repair
Authors: Shim Jung-Hwan , Hwang Na-Hyun , Yoon Eul-Sik , Dhong Eun-Sang , Kim Deok-Woo , Kim Sang-Dae
Published: February 2016

Background The global prevalence of myelomeningocele has been reported to be 0.8–1 per 1,000 live births. Early closure of the defect is considered to be the standard of care. Various surgical methods have been reported, such as primary skin closure, local skin flaps, musculocutaneous flaps, and skin grafts. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics of myelomeningocele defects and present the surgical outcomes of recent cases of myelomeningocele at our institution.

Methods Patients who underwent surgical closure of myelomeningocele at our institution from January 2004 to December 2013 were included in this study. A retrospective chart review of their medical records was performed, and comorbidities, defect size, location, surgical procedures, complications, and the final results were analyzed.

Results A total of 14 patients underwent surgical closure for myelomeningocele defects. Twelve cases were closed with direct skin repair, while two cases required local skin flaps to cover the skin defects. Three cases of infection occurred, requiring incision and either drainage or removal of allogenic materials. One case of partial flap necrosis occurred, requiring secondary revision using a rotational flap and a full-thickness skin graft. Despite these complications, all wounds eventually healed completely.

Conclusions Most myelomeningocele defects can be managed by direct skin repair alone. In cases of large defects, in which direct repair is not possible, local flaps may be used to cover the defect. Complications such as wound dehiscence and partial flap necrosis occurred in this study; however, all such complications were successfully managed with simple ancillary procedures.
Analysis of 344 Hand Injuries in a Pediatric Population
Authors: Jeon Byung-Joon , Lee Jung-Il , Roh Si Young , Kim Jin Soo , Lee Dong Chul , Lee Kyung Jin
Published: February 2016

Background The purpose of this study was to identify comprehensive hand injury patterns in different pediatric age groups and to assess their risk factors.

Methods This retrospective study was conducted among patients younger than 16-year-old who presented to the emergency room of a general hospital located in Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea, and were treated for an injury of the finger or hand from January 2010 to December 2014. The authors analyzed the medical records of 344 patients. Age was categorized according to five groups.

Results A total of 391 injury sites of 344 patients were evaluated for this study. Overall and in each group, male patients were in the majority. With regard to dominant or non-dominant hand involvement, there were no significant differences. Door-related injuries were the most common cause in the age groups of 0 to 3, 4 to 6, and 7 to 9 years. Sport/recreational activities or physical conflict injuries were the most common cause in those aged 10 to 12 and 13 to 15. Amputation and crushing injury was the most common type in those aged 0 to 3 and 4 to 6 years. However, in those aged 10 to 12 and 13 to 15, deep laceration and closed fracture was the most common type. With increasing age, closed injuries tended to increase more sharply than open injuries, extensor tendon rupture more than flexor injuries, and the level of injury moved proximally.

Conclusions This study provides a comprehensive overview of the epidemiology of hand injuries in the pediatric population.
Lateral Nasal Artery Perforator Flaps: Anatomic Study and Clinical Applications
Authors: Lombardo Giuseppe AG , Tamburino Serena , Tracia Luciano , Tarico Maria Stella , Perrotta Rosario Emanuele
Published: February 2016

Background Previous studies have investigated facial artery perforators, but have reported inconsistent results regarding lateral nasal artery (LNA) perforators. Although several authors have described the use of LNA perforators for ala nasi and nasal sidewall reconstruction, the literature contains little information regarding the cadaveric dissection of LNA perforators, and most previously published studies have focused on facial artery perforators.

Methods Sixteen hemifaces from eight fresh cadavers were dissected to study the LNA perforators. After the dissection was performed, the total length and diameter of the LNA and its perforators were measured. The quantity and the distribution of the LNA perforators supplying the overlying skin were then assessed. LNA perforator flaps were used for reconstruction in 10 nasal and perinasal defects.

Results The mean total lengths of the LNA and its perforators were 49.37 mm and 16.06 mm, respectively. The mean diameters of the LNA and its perforators were 2.08 mm and 0.91 mm, respectively. Based on our findings, we mapped the face to indicate zones with a higher probability of finding perforators. No infection, hematoma, or complete flap necrosis were observed after the procedures.

Conclusions Nasal reconstruction is a challenging procedure, and LNA propeller/V-Y perforator flaps are an excellent reconstructive option in certain cases. Based on our cadaveric study, we were able to identify an area in the upper third of the nasolabial groove with a high density of perforators.
A Wrapping Method for Inserting Titanium Micro-Mesh Implants in the Reconstruction of Blowout Fractures
Authors: Choi Tae Joon , Burm Jin Sik , Yang Won Yong , Kang Sang Yoon
Published: February 2016

Titanium micro-mesh implants are widely used in orbital wall reconstructions because they have several advantageous characteristics. However, the rough and irregular marginal spurs of the cut edges of the titanium mesh sheet impede the efficacious and minimally traumatic insertion of the implant, because these spurs may catch or hook the orbital soft tissue, skin, or conjunctiva during the insertion procedure. In order to prevent this problem, we developed an easy method of inserting a titanium micro-mesh, in which it is wrapped with the aseptic transparent plastic film that is used to pack surgical instruments or is attached to one side of the inner suture package. Fifty-four patients underwent orbital wall reconstruction using a transconjunctival or transcutaneous approach. The wrapped implant was easily inserted without catching or injuring the orbital soft tissue, skin, or conjunctiva. In most cases, the implant was inserted in one attempt. Postoperative computed tomographic scans showed excellent placement of the titanium micro-mesh and adequate anatomic reconstruction of the orbital walls. This wrapping insertion method may be useful for making the insertion of titanium micro-mesh implants in the reconstruction of orbital wall fractures easier and less traumatic.
Visible Perforating Lateral Osteotomy: Internal Perforating Technique with Wide Periosteal Dissection
Authors: Rho Bong Il , Lee In Ho , Park Eun Soo
Published: February 2016

There are two general categories of lateral osteotomy techniques—the external perforating method and the internal continuous method. Regardless of which technique is used, procedural effectiveness is hampered by limited visualization in the surgical field. Considering this point, we devised a new technique that involves using a wide subperiosteal dissection and internal perforation under direct visualization. Using an intranasal approach, whereby the visibility of the intended fracture line was maintained, enabled a greater degree of control, and in turn, results that were more precise, and thus predictable and reproducible. Traditionally, it has been taken as dogma that the periosteum must be preserved, considering the potential for dead space and bony instability; however, under sufficient visualization of the surgical field with an internal perforating method, complete osteotomy with fully preserved intranasal mucosa could be conducted exactly as intended. This intact mucosal lining compensates for the elevated periosteum. Compressive dressing and drainage through a Silastic angio-needle catheter enabled the elimination of dead space. Therefore, precise, reproducible, and predictable osteotomy minimizing the potential for associated complications such as ecchymosis, that is, bruising owing to hemorrhage, could be performed. In this article, we introduce a novel technique for lateral osteotomy with improved visualization.
The Effects of an Eight Week Weight Loss Program in Obese Adults Utilizing a Nutritional Supplement
Authors: Lane Gerry
Published: February 2016

A non-placebo controlled, blinded study utilizing a commercially available meal replacement (manufactured by Nutrition Laboratories Inc., Florida) studied 35 adult participants to determine the safety and efficacy of the product (a liquid nutrient concentrate) while measuring weight reduction, lipids, and adipose tissue, liver enzymes and metabolic indices (glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides) over an eight-week period. The average weight loss after 14 days was
18.2 (± 3.7) pounds and 28.4 (± 6.5) pounds at the conclusion of the eight-week trial. This was found to be statistically significant (p<.01). Patient’s metabolic functions were closely monitored in order to document therapeutic benefit, while monitoring for potential side effects. Total cholesterol was lowered in all participants (ave. reduction = 20.6 mg/dL) and every participant with clinically elevated cholesterol (≥ 200) at baseline, reported normal values after eight-weeks. Similarly, all participants with fasting hyperglycemia (s. glu. ≥ 100) returned to normal by the end of the study. This included three patients with NIDDM who were not well controlled prior to the study. There was no evidence of hypoglycemia (s. glu. ≤ 65). Participants with elevated liver enzymes at baseline reported normal SGOT & SGPT levels after two-weeks. No participant developed liver enzyme elevations. Subjective energy level of the participants was reported at baseline as low to average and reported as high to very high at the conclusion of the study. All participants lost total adipose tissue with the average change calculated at a 6.7% loss.
Safety and Efficacy of Long-Term Use of Extended Release Cornstarch Therapy for Glycogen Storage Disease Types 0, III, VI, and IX
Authors: Ross Katalin M. , Brown Laurie M. , Corrado Michelle M. , Chengsupanimit Tayoot , Curry Latravia M. , Ferrecchia Iris A. , Porras Laura Y. , Mathew Justin T. , Dambska Monika , Weinstein David A.
Published: February 2016

Background: Impaired glycogen release with fasting results in hypoglycemia in the glycogen storage diseases. A waxy-maize extended release cornstarch was introduced in the United States in 2012 to maintain glucose concentrations during the overnight period, but no studies have assessed the long-term safety and efficacy of this product in the ketotic forms of GSD. Objective: To assess long-term safety and efficacy of modified cornstarch in patients with ketotic forms of GSD. Design: An open label overnight trial of extended release cornstarch was performed. Subjects who had a successful trial (defined as optimal metabolic control lasting 2 or more hours more than with traditional cornstarch) were given the option of continuing into the long-term observational phase. Participants were assessed biochemically at baseline and after 12 months. Results: A total of 16 subjects participated in the open label trial. Efficacy was demonstrated in 100% of the subjects with GSD 0, III, VI, and IX. Of the patients who entered the longitudinal phase, long-term data are available for all subjects. The mean duration of overnight fasting on traditional cornstarch prior to the study for the cohort was 4.9 hours and 9.6 hours on the extended release cornstarch (P < 0.001). All laboratory markers of metabolic control have remained stable in the chronically treated patients. Conclusion: Extended release cornstarch dramatically prolongs the overnight fast duration, maximizes safety from hypoglycemic events, reduces the possibility of sleep deprivation, and improves the quality of life of patients by eliminating the need to awaken without fail for middle of the night therapy without sacrificing metabolic control.