bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative efficacy and safety of anti-cryptosporidial agents: an in vitro study on nitazoxanide, halofuginone lactate, KDU731, and paromomycin against Cryptosporidium parvum
Authors: Whitta Saffron T. G. , Lamont Bridget , Suwanarusk Rossarin , Russell Bruce M. , Muhsin-Sharafaldine Morad-Rémy
Published: October 2024

This study evaluated the in vitro effectiveness of anti-cryptosporidial agents nitazoxanide, halofuginone, the pyrazolopyridine analog KDU731, and paromomycin (PMC) in combating the significant zoonotic pathogen Cryptosporidium parvum. The study utilized HCT-8 host cells to culture C. parvum and fluorescent microscopy/quantitative PCR (qPCR) for detecting parasitic growth. The efficacy of the compounds was assessed by calculating their inhibitory concentrations (IC) against the total growth of C. parvum at 48 h post-infection. The study further investigated the impact of these compounds on early parasitophorous vacuole (PV) formation, merozoite egress, host cell viability, and cell growth cycle. KDU731 displayed the most promising profile, with low nanomolar (102 nM ± 2.28) activity and negligible host cell toxicity. This study offers new insights into the relative efficacy and safety of various anti-cryptosporidial compounds, highlighting their stage-specific effects on C. parvum and the consequential impacts on host cells. Identifying safe and effective anti-cryptosporidial agents contributes significantly to the One Health approach, which emphasizes the importance of integrated strategies in controlling zoonotic diseases.
Impact of nutrient excess on physiology and metabolism of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius
Authors: Sedlmayr Viktor Laurin , Széliová Diana , De Kock Veerke , Gansemans Yannick , Van Nieuwerburgh Filip , Peeters Eveline , Quehenberger Julian , Zanghellini Jürgen , Spadiut Oliver
Published: October 2024

Overflow metabolism is a well-known phenomenon that describes the seemingly wasteful and incomplete substrate oxidation by aerobic cells, such as yeasts, bacteria, and mammalian cells, even when conditions allow for total combustion via respiration. This cellular response, triggered by an excess of C-source, has not yet been investigated in archaea. In this study, we conducted chemostat cultivations to compare the metabolic and physiological states of the thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius under three conditions, each with gradually increasing nutrient stress. Our results show that S. acidocaldarius has different capacities for the uptake of the two C-sources, monosodium glutamate and glucose. A saturated tricarboxylic acid cycle at elevated nutrient concentrations affects the cell’s ability to deplete its intermediates. This includes deploying additional cataplerotic pathways and the secretion of amino acids, notably valine, glycine, and alanine, while glucose is increasingly metabolized via glycogenesis. We did not observe the secretion of common fermentation products, like organic acids. Transcriptomic analysis indicated an upregulation of genes involved in fatty acid metabolism, suggesting the intracellular conservation of energy. Adapting respiratory enzymes under nutrient stress indicated high metabolic flexibility and robust regulatory mechanisms in this archaeon. This study enhances our fundamental understanding of the metabolism of S. acidocaldarius.
Cognitive prehabilitation for older adults undergoing elective surgery: a systematic review and narrative synthesis
Authors: He Yu , Wang Ziliang , Zhao Yinuo , Han Xiaochai , Guo Kangxiang , Sun Nianyi , Liu Xueyong
Published: October 2024

Background

Perioperative cognitive maintenance and protection in older adults is an important patient safety imperative. In addition to foundational care, one area of growing interest is integrating cognitive prehabilitation into the surgical trajectory. This review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of cognitive prehabilitation on cognitive functional capacity and postoperative cognitive outcomes among older adults undergoing elective surgery.

Methods

The MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, CINAHL, PsycINFO, PEDro, CBM, CNKI, WANFANG, and VIP databases were systematically searched up to September 5, 2024, to identify randomized controlled trials published for English or Chinese. Two authors independently completed the study selection process, data extraction process and methodological quality assessment. The Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Study design framework was used to construct the search strategy. The predefined primary outcomes of interest included the incidence of postoperative delirium (POD) and the incidence of delayed neurocognitive recovery (dNCR). The quality of the studies was evaluated by the PEDro scale. Owing to the small number of trials and clinical and methodological diversity, a narrative synthesis was undertaken in accordance with the Synthesis Without Meta-analysis guidelines. This study was conducted and reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses statement. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system.

Results

Six studies were analysed. These trials involved 645 total participants, with 316 in the intervention group (mean age, 66.0–73.8 years; 38.4–77.8% male) and 329 in the comparator group (mean age, 67.5–72.6 years; 31.8–88.9% male). The effects of preoperative cognitive training on reducing the incidence of dNCR, the incidence of POD, the length of hospital stay and the incidence of postsurgical complications as well as improving postoperative global cognitive function and activities of daily living are quite uncertain. The results of this study should be interpreted with caution owing to the limited number of trials and low to very low certainty of evidence.

Conclusion

Current evidence on the effectiveness and safety of cognitive prehabilitation on cognitive and noncognitive outcomes in older patients undergoing elective surgery is limited and unclear.

Systematic review registration

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=277191, Identifier CRD42021277191.
Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes and miRNAs in neuronal regeneration and rejuvenation in neurological disorders: a mini review
Authors: Salehpour Aria , Karimi Zahra , Ghasemi Zadeh Mokhtar , Afshar Mohammadreza , Kameli Ali , Mooseli Fatemeh , Zare Masoud , Afshar Alireza
Published: October 2024

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have gained considerable attention in the field of regenerative medicine due to their ability to secrete small extracellular vesicles (EVs) known as exosomes. This review delves into the various biological activities of MSCs and the cell interactions enabled by these exosomes, with a focus on their potential for neuronal regeneration and the treatment of neurological disorders. We scrutinize findings from multiple studies that underscore the neuroprotective and neuro-regenerative effects of exosomes derived from MSCs, illuminating their mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications. This review thoroughly investigates all related pathways, miRNAs, and factors to suggest potential strategies for enhancing therapy for neurological disorders using exosomes and miRNAs, and for boosting neuronal regeneration.
Decoding the application of deep learning in neuroscience: a bibliometric analysis
Authors: Li Yin , Zhong Zilong
Published: October 2024

The application of deep learning in neuroscience holds unprecedented potential for unraveling the complex dynamics of the brain. Our bibliometric analysis, spanning from 2012 to 2023, delves into the integration of deep learning in neuroscience, shedding light on the evolutionary trends and identifying pivotal research hotspots. Through the examination of 421 articles, this study unveils a significant growth in interdisciplinary research, marked by the burgeoning application of deep learning techniques in understanding neural mechanisms and addressing neurological disorders. Central to our findings is the critical role of classification algorithms, models, and neural networks in advancing neuroscience, highlighting their efficacy in interpreting complex neural data, simulating brain functions, and translating theoretical insights into practical diagnostics and therapeutic interventions. Additionally, our analysis delineates a thematic evolution, showcasing a shift from foundational methodologies toward more specialized and nuanced approaches, particularly in areas like EEG analysis and convolutional neural networks. This evolution reflects the field’s maturation and its adaptation to technological advancements. The study further emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary collaborations and the adoption of cutting-edge technologies to foster innovation in decoding the cerebral code. The current study provides a strategic roadmap for future explorations, urging the scientific community toward areas ripe for breakthrough discoveries and practical applications. This analysis not only charts the past and present landscape of deep learning in neuroscience but also illuminates pathways for future research, underscoring the transformative impact of deep learning on our understanding of the brain.
Traumatic brain injury: molecular biomarkers, genetics, secondary consequences, and medical management
Authors: Lipsky Robert H. , Witkin Jeffrey M. , Shafique Hana , Smith Jodi L. , Cerne Rok , Marini Ann M.
Published: October 2024

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has reached epidemic proportions worldwide. The consequences of TBI can be severe even with repetitive mild trauma. If death and coma are avoided, the consequences of TBI in the long term typically involve dizziness, sleep disturbances, headache, seizures, cognitive impairment, focal deficits, depression, and anxiety. The severity of brain injury is a significant predictor of outcome. However, the heterogenous nature of the injury makes prognosis difficult. The present review of the literature focuses on the genetics of TBI including genome wide (GWAS) data and candidate gene associations, among them brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) with TBI and development of post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE). Molecular biomarkers of TBI are also discussed with a focus on proteins and the inflammatory protein IL1-β. The secondary medical sequela to TBI of cognitive impairment, PTE, headache and risk for neurodegenerative disorders is also discussed. This overview of TBI concludes with a review and discussion of the medical management of TBI and the medicines used for and being developed at the preclinical and clinical stages for the treatment of TBI and its host of life-debilitating symptoms.
Cellular signaling pathways in the nervous system activated by various mechanical and electromagnetic stimuli
Authors: Ryu Youngjae , Wague Aboubacar , Liu Xuhui , Feeley Brian T. , Ferguson Adam R. , Morioka Kazuhito
Published: October 2024

Mechanical stimuli, such as stretch, shear stress, or compression, activate a range of biomolecular responses through cellular mechanotransduction. In the nervous system, studies on mechanical stress have highlighted key pathophysiological mechanisms underlying traumatic injury and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the biomolecular pathways triggered by mechanical stimuli in the nervous system has not been fully explored, especially compared to other body systems. This gap in knowledge may be due to the wide variety of methods and definitions used in research. Additionally, as mechanical stimulation techniques such as ultrasound and electromagnetic stimulation are increasingly utilized in psychological and neurorehabilitation treatments, it is vital to understand the underlying biological mechanisms in order to develop accurate pathophysiological models and enhance therapeutic interventions. This review aims to summarize the cellular signaling pathways activated by various mechanical and electromagnetic stimuli with a particular focus on the mammalian nervous system. Furthermore, we briefly discuss potential cellular mechanosensors involved in these processes.
Demystifying the nutritional and anti-nutritional genetic divergence of Pakistani chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genetic resource via multivariate approaches
Authors: Jameel Saima , Hameed Amjad , Shah Tariq Mahmud , Coyne Clarice J.
Published: October 2024

Chickpeas are a highly versatile functional food legume that possesses the capacity to boost human health and has the potential to alleviate malnutrition-related deficiencies. To investigate whole seed-based nutritional and anti-nutritional composition, a set of 90 chickpea genotypes (66 desi and 24 kabuli) was collected from different research organizations in Pakistan. Significant variation (Tukey HSD test, p < 0.05) was perceived among genotypes for traits under investigation. The genotypes, with maximum total soluble proteins (TSPs) (34.92%), crude proteins (CPs) (30.13%), and reducing sugars (17.33 mg/g s. wt.), i.e., Punjab-2000 (desi); total free amino acids (TFAs) (3.34 g/100 g DW), i.e., Wild Hybrid-15 (desi), albumins (227.67 mg/g s. wt.), i.e., Sheenghar-2000 (desi); globulins (720 g s. wt.), i.e., ICCV-96030 (desi); salt-soluble proteins (200 mg/g s. wt.), i.e., ILWC-247 (desi); total soluble sugars (TSSs) (102.63 mg/g s. wt.), i.e., CM1051/11 (desi); non-reducing sugars (95.28 mg/g s. wt.), i.e., NIAB-CH2016 (desi); starch content (83.69%), i.e., CH55/09 (kabuli); and the genotypes with least value of anti-nutritional factors glutelin (3.33 mg/g s. wt.), i.e., Wild Hybrid-9 (desi); hordein (1.38 mg/g s. wt.), i.e., Noor-2013 (kabuli); tannins (5,425 uM/g s. wt.), i.e., Wild Hybrid-1 (desi); and phytic acid (PA) (0.18 mg/g s. wt.), i.e., Bhakhar-2011 (desi), could be the promising genotypes to formulate health-promoting plant-based food products. Data were also analyzed for principal component analysis (PCA), correlation, and agglomerative hierarchical clustering. PC-1 revealed the highest contribution (20.83%) toward cumulative variability, and maximum positive factor loading was delivered by TSSs (0.85) followed by starch content (0.729). Genotypes were grouped into three distinct clusters based on high average values of traits under investigation. Cluster I encompassed genotypes with a high mean value of CP content, albumins, hordein, and glutelin; Cluster II encompassed genotypes with a high mean value of TSPs, TSSs, non-reducing sugars, globulins, salt-soluble sugars, starch, and TFAs; Cluster III encompassed genotypes with high tannins, reducing sugars, and PA. Identified desi and kabuli genotypes exhibiting superior seed quality traits and minimal anti-nutritional factors can be used in chickpea breeding programs aimed at improving seed nutritional quality in future breeding lines.
The association between body roundness index and osteoporosis in American adults: analysis from NHANES dataset
Authors: Zhang Xunmeng , Liang Jiarong , Luo Hong , Zhang Huanhuan , Xiang Jing , Guo Lianjin , Zhu Xuemin
Published: October 2024

Background

An innovative way to quantify obesity that appropriately captures levels of visceral and body fat is the Body Roundness Index (BRI). The purpose of this study is to look at the relationship between BRI and osteoporosis (OP) in adult Americans.

Methods

This study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) collected between 2007 and 2018. NHANES is a research program designed to assess the health and nutritional status of adults and children in the United States. It conducts surveys focusing on various populations and health-related topics. Logistic regression analysis was employed to investigate the relationship between BRI and OP, adjusting for various covariates. BRI was categorized into four levels to further explore the association trends between different BRI levels and OP, enhancing the robustness of the results. Using restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis, the dose–response relationship between BRI and OP was illustrated. Subgroup analyses were also carried out to evaluate the consistency and robustness of the findings.

Results

This study included 8,899 participants aged 50 years and older, among whom 763 had OP. BRI and the prevalence of OP were inversely correlated in the fully adjusted model (OR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.69–0.86). The prevalence of OP considerably reduced with higher BRI levels when BRI was converted from a continuous to a categorical variable in comparison to the lowest BRI quartile. RCS analysis revealed an L-shaped negative correlation between BRI and OP prevalence, with a threshold effect analysis identifying a breakpoint at BRI = 5.29. Each unit increase in BRI to the left of this breakpoint was linked to a 36% decrease in the probability of OP (OR = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.57–0.72). Based on stratified factor subgroup analyses, it was shown that the negative correlation between BRI and OP persisted.

Conclusion

In a large, representative sample of American adults, this study identified a significant negative correlation between BRI and the prevalence of OP. Specifically, as BRI increases, the prevalence of osteoporosis decreases. Maintaining an appropriate and healthy BRI level may play a critical role in the prevention of osteoporosis. Therefore, regular monitoring of BRI and the adoption of appropriate health measures are essential for reducing the risk of osteoporosis.
Pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of primary renal well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors: a review of the literature
Authors: Zhang Zhongqi , Luo Chenming , Yuan Tengfei , Ge Pinxu , Li Faping , Fan Yanpeng , Hou Yuchuan
Published: October 2024

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a rare type of neoplasm that originate from neuroendocrine cells and peptide neurons. Primary renal well-differentiated NETs are extremely rare, and only a few cases have been reported worldwide. In this study, we present a new case of primary renal well-differentiated NET at our institution, followed by a literature review. A systematic search was conducted using various search terms to identify relevant literature on primary renal well-differentiated NETs from 2021 to present. The study analyzed the clinical features, age, gender, tumor size, location, gross pathology, light microscopy, and immunohistochemical results of 32 cases of primary renal well-differentiated NETs. The findings suggest that these tumors are rare and have nonspecific clinical and imaging features. The diagnosis heavily relies on immunohistochemical analysis. Primary renal well-differentiated NETs are associated with low malignant potential and a favorable prognosis. Surgical resection is the preferred treatment, and long-term follow-up is necessary to monitor the patient’s condition.
Is phenomenal consciousness really a special case in science?
Authors: Gärtner Klaus , Cordovil João L.
Published: October 2024

In the metaphysics of science, it is often held that higher-level properties are grounded in micro-physical properties. According to many philosophers, however, phenomenal consciousness resists this view. Many famous arguments in Philosophy of Mind have been given to reject this notion. In this paper, we argue that there is something odd about the idea that phenomenal consciousness is a special case in science and give a constructive proposal on how consciousness can fit in the natural world. To do so, we will first introduce a general notion of what grounding is. Then, we will briefly explain how the arguments for the specialness of phenomenal consciousness work by considering two famous examples, namely the zombie and the knowledge argument. In a further step, we will briefly discuss two cases from other areas in science, i.e., in particle physics and chemistry. We will demonstrate that the standard view about the reductive relation does not hold, even in these paradigm cases of the natural sciences. If what we argue is true, we think that most arguments from phenomenal consciousness cannot defeat physicalism per se. Finally, we will introduce an alternative way to naturalize phenomenal consciousness.
Euthymic despite pain: the role of cognitive reappraisal and experiential avoidance in autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases—a cross-sectional study
Authors: De Vincenzo Francesco , Iani Luca , Alessio Chiara , Navarini Luca , Currado Damiano , Marino Annalisa , Contardi Anna
Published: October 2024

Pain is a central feature of inflammatory rheumatic diseases and is associated with psychological distress. Pain is widely recognized not as a mere physical sensation, but as a complex, multidimensional phenomenon with an affective component. A plethora of research has conceptualized adaptation to pain by focusing on minimizing the pain experience. However, pain in autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases is often neither avoidable nor curable. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the processes explaining how pain intensity may be associated with low well-being and why some patients may live well despite pain. Drawing upon the psychological (in)flexibility model and the process model of emotion regulation, we propose that cognitive reappraisal moderates the association between pain and euthymia through experiential avoidance. Ninety-seven patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, or axial spondyloarthritis were included for analyses (mean age = 53.4; mean time since diagnosis = 9.2 years). Most patients were women (75%), married/cohabitant (71%), and attended high school (47%). Results indicate that experiential avoidance may explain how severe pain is associated with lowered euthymia. This indirect negative effect of pain intensity on euthymia became non-significant at high levels of cognitive reappraisal, suggesting that cognitive reappraisal may serve as a protective factor for patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases. This study paves the way for future research in this promising context by providing an initial step towards integrating emotion regulation and psychological inflexibility in pain conditions.
The prevalence and determinants of social anxiety disorder among people living with HIV/AIDS in Southwestern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Alemayehu Yadeta , Adem Hussen Mustefa , Abdu Zakir , Dule Aman , Hajure Mohammedamin , Mulatu Gebremeskel , Gezimu Wubishet , Alemu Solomon Seyife , Wedajo Lema Fikadu
Published: October 2024

Background

Social anxiety disorder imposes impacts of functional disability, poor educational achievement, loss of work productivity, social impairment, greater financial dependency, and impairment in quality of life. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and identify determinants of social anxiety disorder among people living with HIV/AIDS.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted from 1 to 30 May 2022 among 354 people living with HIV using a simple random sampling technique. The Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) Scale was used to assess the presence of social anxiety disorder. Data were gathered using chart review tools and a structured questionnaire, which was administered by a pretested face-to-face interviewer. SPSS version 25 was used to analyse the data once they were imported into EpiData Manager version 4.6. Binary and multivariable logistic regressions were performed. After calculating odds ratios with a 95% confidence interval (CI), statistical significance was established at p < 0.05.

Results

A total of 336 respondents participated in the study, resulting in a response rate of 94.91%. The magnitude of social anxiety disorder was 32.44% (95% CI: 27.4, 37.2). Being female [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3.55, 95% CI: 1.61, 7.84], having a stage III/IV HIV/AIDS status (AOR = 3.17, 95% CI: 1.10, 9.13), being alcohol dependent (AOR = 2.81, 95% CI: 1.45, 5.44), and having perceived stigma (AOR = 5.62, 95% CI: 2.95, 10.72) were predictors of social anxiety disorder.

Conclusion

In this study, approximately one-third of people living with HIV/AIDS had social anxiety disorder. Being female, having a stage III/IV HIV/AIDS status, being alcohol dependent, and having perceived stigma were predictors of social anxiety disorder. Therefore, training for health care providers on the screening, counselling, and management of social anxiety disorder is important.
Association of clozapine with structural and resting-state functional abnormalities of the hippocampus in chronic schizophrenia
Authors: Joo Sung Woo , Kim Sang Kyoung , Lee Won Hee , Kim Se Hyun , Lee Jungsun
Published: October 2024

Introduction

Abnormalities in the hippocampus have been extensively reported in schizophrenia research. However, inconsistent findings exist, and how structural and functional abnormalities of the hippocampus are associated with clinical symptoms in schizophrenia, especially concerning clozapine treatment, remains uncertain.

Methods

We recruited 52 patients with schizophrenia, each with an illness duration of at least 5 years, and categorized them based on clozapine treatment. T1-weighted images and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans were obtained and analyzed to perform group comparisons of the structural and functional changes in the hippocampus. Volumes of the hippocampal subregions, as well as resting-state functional connectivity maps from these areas were compared between the groups. Associations with clinical symptoms, including the severity of psychiatric symptoms and cognitive functions, were investigated.

Results

The clozapine group (n=23) exhibited smaller volumes in several hippocampal subregions, including the CA1, CA4, granule cell and molecular layers of the dentate gyrus, compared to the non-clozapine group (n=29). Seven clusters with significant group differences in functional connectivity with these hippocampal subregions were identified, with six of these clusters showing increased functional connectivity in the clozapine group. The reduced volumes of the hippocampal subregions were moderately associated with the severity of negative symptoms, general intelligence, and executive function.

Discussion

Patients with schizophrenia undergoing clozapine treatment exhibited smaller volumes in the hippocampal subregions, which were moderately associated with negative symptoms and cognitive functions, compared to those without clozapine treatment.
Comparing the prevalence and influencing factors of postpartum depression in primiparous and multiparous women in China
Authors: Zhang Jing , Wang Peipei , Fan Weisen , Lin Cuixia
Published: October 2024

Background

Few studies have compared the influencing factors of postpartum depression between primiparous and multiparous women. Therefore, this study is aimed to investigate the prevalence and influencing factors of postpartum depression in primiparous and multiparous women, and provide reference suggestions for clinical nursing.

Methods

A total of 429 postpartum women who gave birth at a Maternal and Child Health Hospital in Shandong Province, China, from April to June 2024, were recruited by convenience sampling. A Sociodemographic Questionnaire, Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and Perceived Social Support Scale were used for investigation. SPSS 26.0 was used to analyze the data, and multivariate regression was employed to analyze the influencing factors of postpartum depression between primiparous and multiparous women.

Results

The total prevalence of postpartum depression among 429 postpartum women (191 primiparas and 238 multiparas) was 22.14%. The prevalence of postpartum depression among primiparous and multiparous women were 21.99% and 22.27%, respectively, with no statistically significant difference [OR=1.016, 95% CI (0.642, 1.608)]. Sleep quality is a common protective factor for postpartum depression in both primiparous and multiparous women, while perceived social support is another protective factor for multiparous women. The risk factors are different in both two group, there is no risk factor found in primiparous women, the newborns health and women’s expectation on newborns gender are risk factors for postpartum depression in multiparous women.

Conclusions

Both primiparous and multiparous women have a high risk of postpartum depression. In order to promote the mental health of postpartum women, precise nursing measures should be adopted for different parity of postpartum women in clinical practice.
Understanding the well-being of residents in Chinese Continuing Care Retirement Communities—a case of Shanghai
Authors: Wang Xuechun , Xia Bo , Skitmore Martin , Volz Kristy , Shu Bodi
Published: October 2024

Introduction

China is one of the world’s fastest-aging countries. Continuing Care Retirement Communities (CCRCs) have emerged as a viable option for accommodating and serving older adults. However, Chinese CCRCs are still in the early stages, and comprehensive research on resident well-being is still deficient. The study aims to assess how well residents in CCRCs are faring in terms of their psychological and physical health, considering China’s aging population and changing societal structures.

Methods

After a thorough literature review to pinpoint relevant well-being measures in psychological and physical health, the study implemented a survey to capture residents’ experiences and perceptions, and subsequently analyzed how well-being correlates with demographic characteristics.

Results and discussion

The results show that while Chinese CCRCs can enhance residents’ well-being through personalized care and social activities, challenges such as psychological distress and declining physical health remain. Demographic factors, including living situation and length of stay, also affect residents’ well-being. The study emphasizes the importance of ongoing research and evaluation to guide evidence-based practices and improve CCRCs continuously. Overall, it offers a comprehensive analysis of the wellbeing of Chinese CCRCs residents, shedding light on both psychological and physical health aspects and providing valuable insights for enhancing CCRCs design, implementation, and evaluation in China and elsewhere.
An Exogenous Ketone Ester Slows Tumor Progression in Murine Breast and Renal Cancer Models
Authors: Ogbonna Henry Nnaemeka , Roberts Zachary , Godwin Nicholas , Muri Pia , Turbitt William J. , Swalley Zoey N. , Dempsey Francesca R. , Stephens Holly R. , Zhang Jianqing , Plaisance Eric P. , Norian Lyse A.
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: Ketone esters (KEs) exhibit promise as anti-cancer agents but their impact on spontaneous metastases remains poorly understood. Although consumption of a ketogenic diet (KD) that is low in carbohydrates and high in fats can lead to KE production in vivo, the restrictive composition of KDs may diminish adherence in cancer patients. Methods: We investigated the effects of an exogenous ketone ester-supplemented (eKET), carbohydrate-replete diet on tumor growth, metastasis, and underlying mechanisms in orthotopic models of metastatic breast (4T1-Luc) and renal (Renca-Luc) carcinomas. Mice were randomized to diet after tumor challenge. Results: Administration of KEs did not alter tumor cell growth in vitro. However, in mice, our eKET diet increased circulating β-hydroxybutyrate and inhibited primary tumor growth and lung metastasis in both models. Body composition analysis illustrated the overall safety of eKET diet use, although it was associated with a loss of fat mass in mice with renal tumors. Immunogenetic profiling revealed divergent intratumoral eKET-related changes by tumor type. In mammary tumors, Wnt and TGFβ pathways were downregulated, whereas in renal tumors, genes related to hypoxia and DNA damage repair were downregulated. Conclusions: Thus, our eKET diet exerts potent antitumor and antimetastatic effects in both breast and renal cancer models, albeit with different modes of action and physiologic effects. Its potential as an adjuvant dietary approach for patients with diverse cancer types should be explored further.
Phase I Clinical Trial on Pleural Mesothelioma Using Neoadjuvant Local Administration of Paclitaxel-Loaded Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (PACLIMES Trial): Study Rationale and Design
Authors: Stella Giulia Maria , Lisini Daniela , Pedrazzoli Paolo , Galli Giulia , Bortolotto Chandra , Melloni Giulio , D’Ambrosio Gioacchino , Klersy Catherine , Grosso Amelia , Paino Francesca , Tomaselli Stefano , Saracino Laura , Alessandri Giulio , Pessina Augusto , Grignani Elena , Rosti Vittorio , Corsico Angelo Guido , Comoli Patrizia , Agustoni Francesco
Published: October 2024

Background and rationale. Pleural mesothelioma (PM) is a rare and aggressive neoplasm that originates from the pleural mesothelium and whose onset is mainly linked to exposure to asbestos, which cannot be attacked with truly effective therapies with consequent poor prognosis. The rationale of this study is based on the use of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) as a vehicle for chemotherapy drugs to be injected directly into the pathological site, such as the pleural cavity. Study design. The study involves the use of a conventional chemotherapeutic drug, Paclitaxel (PTX), which is widely used in the treatment of different types of solid tumors, including PM, although some limitations are related to pharmacokinetic aspects. The use of PTX-loaded MSCs to treat PM should provide several potential advantages over the systemically administered drug as reduced toxicity and increased concentration of active drug in the tumor-surrounding context. The PACLIMES trial explores the safety and toxicity of the local administration of Paclimes in chemonaive patients, candidates for pleurectomy. The secondary objective is to find the effective Paclimes dose for subsequent phase II studies and to observe and record the antitumor activity. Future direction. The experimental pre-clinical background and rationale are discussed as well.
Effects of High-Linear-Energy-Transfer Heavy Ion Radiation on Intestinal Stem Cells: Implications for Gut Health and Tumorigenesis
Authors: Kumar Santosh , Suman Shubhankar , Angdisen Jerry , Moon Bo-Hyun , Kallakury Bhaskar V. S. , Datta Kamal , Fornace Albert J.
Published: October 2024

Heavy ion radiation, prevalent in outer space and relevant for radiotherapy, is densely ionizing and poses a risk to intestinal stem cells (ISCs), which are vital for maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Earlier studies have shown that heavy-ion radiation can cause chronic oxidative stress, persistent DNA damage, cellular senescence, and the development of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) in mouse intestinal mucosa. However, the specific impact on different cell types, particularly Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells (ISCs), which are crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis, GI function, and tumor initiation under genomic stress, remains understudied. Using an ISCs-relevant mouse model (Lgr5+ mice) and its GI tumor surrogate (Lgr5+Apc1638N/+ mice), we investigated ISCs-specific molecular alterations after high-LET radiation exposure. Tissue sections were assessed for senescence and SASP signaling at 2, 5 and 12 months post-exposure. Lgr5+ cells exhibited significantly greater oxidative stress following 28Si irradiation compared to γ-ray or controls. Both Lgr5+ cells and Paneth cells showed signs of senescence and developed a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) after 28Si exposure. Moreover, gene expression of pro-inflammatory and pro-growth SASP factors remained persistently elevated for up to a year post-28Si irradiation. Additionally, p38 MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways, which are critical for stress responses and inflammation, were also upregulated after 28Si radiation. Transcripts involved in nutrient absorption and barrier function were also altered following irradiation. In Lgr5+Apc1638N/+ mice, tumor incidence was significantly higher in those exposed to 28Si radiation compared to the spontaneous tumorigenesis observed in control mice. Our results indicate that high-LET 28Si exposure induces persistent DNA damage, oxidative stress, senescence, and SASP in Lgr5+ ISCs, potentially predisposing astronauts to altered nutrient absorption, barrier function, and GI carcinogenesis during and after a long-duration outer space mission.
Survival of Patients with Metastatic Melanoma Treated with Ipilimumab after PD-1 Inhibitors: A Single-Center Real-World Study
Authors: Verkhovskaia Sofia , Falcone Rosa , Di Pietro Francesca Romana , Carbone Maria Luigia , Samela Tonia , Perez Marie , Poti Giulia , Morelli Maria Francesca , Zappalà Albina Rita , Di Rocco Zorika Christiana , Morese Roberto , Piesco Gabriele , Chesi Paolo , Marchetti Paolo , Abeni Damiano , Failla Cristina Maria , De Galitiis Federica
Published: October 2024

Background: When monotherapy with PD-1 inhibitors in metastatic melanoma fails, there are currently no standard second-line choices. In case of the unavailability of clinical trials, ipilimumab represents a possible alternative treatment. Methods: We collected data of 44 patients who received ipilimumab after the failure of PD-1 inhibitors from July 2017 to May 2023 at our Institute. Overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and post-progression survival (PPS) based on BRAF or NRAS mutation status, sex, and the presence of brain metastases were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Cox regression was used to evaluate independence in multivariate analysis. The objective response rate (ORR) was estimated based on RECIST 1.1. Results: Among the 44 patients enrolled in this study, 28 BRAF-wildtype, 9 BRAF-mutated, and 7 NRAS-mutated patients were identified. OS analysis showed a significant difference between wildtype and BRAF- or NRAS-mutated patients: 23.2 months vs 5.3 and 4.59, respectively, p = 0.017. The presence of brain metastases and BRAF or NRAS mutation were independent factors for mortality in multivariate analysis. Conclusions: In case of failure to enroll patients in innovative clinical trials, second-line ipilimumab still represents an effective therapy in patients with metastatic wildtype melanoma and in the absence of brain metastases.
CTDD-YOLO: A Lightweight Detection Algorithm for Tiny Defects on Tile Surfaces
Authors: Wang Dingran , Peng Jinmin , Lan Song , Fan Weipeng
Published: October 2024

To address the challenge of detecting tiny flaws in tile defect detection, a lightweight algorithm for identifying minor defects in tile images has been developed, referred to as CTDD-YOLO. Firstly, CAACSPELAN is proposed as the core component of the backbone network for extracting features of tile defects; secondly, full-dimensional dynamic convolution ODConv is introduced at the end of the backbone network to enhance the model’s ability to deal with tiny defects; next, a new neck network, CGRFPN, is proposed to improve the model’s ability to represent multi-scale features and enhance the model’s ability to recognize small targets in the context of large formats; finally, MPNWD is proposed to optimize the loss function to improve the model’s detection accuracy further. Experiments on the Ali Tianchi tile defect detection dataset show that the CTDD-YOLO model not only has a lower number of parameters than the original YOLOv8n but also improves the mAP by 7.2 percentage points, i.e., the proposed model can more accurately recognize and deal with minor surface defects of tiles and can significantly improve the detection effect while maintaining the light weight.
Study on the Variation Law of Water Consumption Rate of Cascade Hydropower Station under Different Conditions
Authors: Ai Xueshan , Zhang Xiaoke , Guo Renwei , Li Xiao , Wang Mian , Liu Fengshuo , Zhang Jiawei
Published: October 2024

The water consumption rate for hydropower station power generation is an important index of the economic operation of hydropower stations, which has been widely considered and applied in the production practice of hydropower stations and has great significance for the full utilization of hydroelectric resources. This paper takes A and B cascade hydropower stations as the research objects to study the variation patterns of the water consumption rate of hydropower stations under different conditions, which mainly includes the following: (1) in this study, the relationship curve of output–gross head–flow (NHgrossQ) of each unit was established based on the relationship curve of output–net head–flow (NHQ) and the flow–head loss curve of each unit; (2) the mirror vertical shift method was used to calculate and plot the relationship curve of gross head–flow for combinations of multiple units; (3) the outflow–water–output characteristic curve of the hydropower station under the conditions of different reservoir water levels, different discharge flow, or different power generation output under the optimal operation of the hydropower station were calculated and drawn; (4) the outflow–water level–output curve of the hydropower station under various conditions was converted into an outflow–water level–water consumption curve; (5) the variation characteristics of the water consumption rate of the hydropower station under different conditions were analyzed; (6) on the basis of the definition of the water consumption rate of cascade hydropower stations, the research on the variation in the water consumption rate of cascade hydropower stations was carried out under the conditions of different water levels of the A reservoir, different water levels of the B reservoir, different discharge, and different total output of the hydropower stations. The variation pattern of the water consumption rate of hydropower stations under different conditions obtained in this paper can provide technical support for the real-time economic operation of cascade hydropower stations.
Start-Up and Fault-Ride-Through Strategy for Offshore Wind Power via DRU-HVDC Transmission System
Authors: Zhang Yiting , Zhu Wenjiang , Tang Cheng , Liu Ni , Li Sinan , Wang Hong
Published: October 2024

The diode-rectifier unit (DRU)-based high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission system offers an economical solution for offshore wind power transmission. However, this approach requires offshore wind farms to establish a strong grid voltage. To meet this requirement while fulfilling the dynamic characteristics of the DRU, this paper proposes an advanced grid-forming (GFM) control strategy for offshore wind turbines connected to DRU-HVDC. The strategy incorporates a P-U controller and a Q-ω controller based on reactive power synchronization. Furthermore, a novel virtual power-based pre-synchronization method and an adaptive virtual impedance technique are integrated into the proposed GFM control to improve system performance during wind turbine (WT) integration and low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) scenarios. The virtual power-based pre-synchronization method reduces voltage spikes during the integration of new wind turbines, while the adaptive virtual impedance technique effectively suppresses fault currents during low-voltage faults, enabling faster recovery. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed GFM control strategy, demonstrating improved start-up and LVRT performance through the pre-synchronization and adaptive virtual impedance methods.
Advances in Coating Materials for Silicon-Based Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes
Authors: Nam Hyesu , Song Wonyoung , Chae Oh B.
Published: October 2024

Silicon anodes, which exhibit high theoretical capacity and very low operating potential, are promising as anode candidates that can satisfy the conditions currently required for secondary batteries. However, the low conductivity of silicon and the alloying/dealloying phenomena that occur during charging and discharging cause sizeable volume expansion with side reactions; moreover, various electrochemical issues result in inferior cycling performance. Therefore, many strategies have been proposed to mitigate these problems, with the most commonly used method being the use of nanosized silicon. However, this approach leads to another electrochemical limitation—that is, an increase in side reactions due to the large surface area. These problems can effectively be resolved using coating strategies. Therefore, to address the issues faced by silicon anodes in lithium-ion batteries, this review comprehensively discusses various coating materials and the related synthesis methods. In this review, the electrochemical properties of silicon-based anodes are outlined according to the application of various coating materials such as carbon, inorganic (including metal-, metal oxide-, and nitride-based) materials, and polymer. Additionally, double shells introduced using two materials for double coatings exhibit more complementary electrochemical properties than those of their single-layer counterparts. The strategy involving the application of a coating is expected to have a positive effect on the commercialization of silicon-based anodes.
Comprehensive Comparison of Physical and Behavioral Approaches for Virtual Prototyping and Accurate Modeling of Three-Phase EMI Filters
Authors: Negri Simone , Spadacini Giordano , Grassi Flavia , Lezynski Piotr , Smolenski Robert , Pignari Sergio Amedeo
Published: October 2024

This paper addresses and compares the modeling of typical EMI filters used in three-phase power equipment obtained through two different approaches, namely, physical and behavioral. Firstly, an innovative physical EMI filter modeling procedure is presented, which relies on an analytical formulation in terms of chain-parameters matrices and allows for an easy evaluation of its attenuation characteristics. The considered procedure builds an overall filter model by combining simple components models, requiring the determination of only a limited number of parasitic elements. Furthermore, the latter can be easily estimated without the need to build any prototype, avoiding the costly trial-and-error design procedures currently applied in the industrial context. Additionally, the considered physical model is tailored for high-power filters, built with thick wires, while most of the physical models available in the literature are aimed at small-sized filters built on printed circuit boards. The procedure is validated step by step, discussing the accuracy of each component model and its impact on overall accuracy compared to the actual measurements of the final assembled filter. Secondly, a behavioral modeling procedure is presented, which is based on external measurements performed on the filter prototype and provides an equivalent circuit model. Specifically, it extends to three-phase filters a circuit model previously developed for the single-phase case. Lastly, a critical comparison between the proposed physical and behavioral models is presented, highlighting the strengths and limitations of both and suggesting optimal uses for each.
Decentralized Web3 Reshaping Internet Governance: Towards the Emergence of New Forms of Nation-Statehood?
Authors: Calzada Igor
Published: October 2024

This article explores how decentralized Web3 is reshaping Internet governance by enabling the emergence of new forms of nation-statehood and redefining traditional concepts of state sovereignty. Based on fieldwork conducted in Silicon Valley since August 2022, this article systematically addresses the following research question: How is decentralized Web3 reshaping Internet governance and influencing the rise in new nation-statehood paradigms? It compares three emerging paradigms around Web3: (i) Network States (Srinivasan), envisioning digital entities rooted in crypto-libertarian principles; (ii) Network Sovereignties (De Filippi), emphasizing communal governance aligned with digital commons; and (iii) Algorithmic Nations (Calzada), drawing on Arendtian thought and demonstrating how communities—such as indigenous and stateless groups, as well as e-diasporas—can attain self-determination through data sovereignty. This article contributes a unique conceptual analysis of these paradigms based on fieldwork action research in Silicon Valley, responding to evolving technologies and their potential to reshape Internet governance. This article argues that decentralized Web3 provides a transformative vision for Internet governance but requires careful evaluation to ensure that it promotes inclusivity and equity. It advocates for a hybrid approach that balances global and local dynamics, emphasizing the need for solidarity, digital justice, and an internationalist perspective in shaping future Internet governance protocols.