bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rapid multiplug filtration cleanup method for the determination of 124 pesticide residues in rice, wheat, and corn
Authors: Han Yongtao , Song Le , Zou Nan , Qin Yuhong , Li Xuesheng , Pan Canping
Published: December 2016

A simple and rapid multiplug filtration cleanup method based on multiwalled carbon nanotubes was developed to determine 124 pesticide residues in rice, wheat, and corn, which could be done in a few seconds without conditioning and elution steps. Various combinations of sorbents were optimized for each matrix with a dispersive solid‐phase extraction procedure to get a satisfactory recovery and clean‐up performance. Good linearity was obtained for all pesticides with calibration curve coefficients larger than 0.9958. Most recoveries for the majority pesticides were between 70 and 120% (n = 5) with relative standard deviations below 20%. The limit of detection was 0.1–1.3 μg/kg, and the limit of quantification was 0.2–4.3 μg/kg for the pesticides in all matrices. The work suggests that the multiplug filtration cleanup method is better than the dispersive solid‐phase extraction method and it could be applied to routinely monitor pesticide residues in market samples.
Polydopamine‐assisted immobilization of zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 for open‐tubular capillary electrochromatography
Authors: Li Yilin , Bao Tao , Chen Zilin
Published: December 2016

In this work, we developed a capillary column modified with zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 as a novel stationary phase for open‐tubular capillary electrochromatography. To immobilize zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 onto the inner surface of silica capillary, a bio‐inspired polydopamine functionalization was used to functionalize the capillary surface with polydopamine. First, a polydopamine layer was assembled inside the capillary. Second, due to noncovalent adsorption and covalent reaction ability, polydopamine could attract and anchor zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 onto the inner surface of capillary. It has been demonstrated that zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 was successfully grafted on the inner wall of the capillary by scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The electro‐osmotic flow characteristics of capillaries were also investigated by varying the pH value and acetonitrile content of mobile phase. The zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 coating not only increased the phase ratio of open‐tubular column, but also improved the interactions between tested analytes and the stationary phase. Three groups of isomers including acidic, basic, and neutral compounds were well separated on the zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 bonded column, with theoretic plate numbers up to 1.9 × 105 N for catechol. The repeatability of the prepared columns was also studied, and the relative standard deviations for intra‐ and interday runs were less than 5%.
Simultaneous quantification of ten Amadori compounds in tobacco using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Liu Leiyu , Wang Xiaoyu , Wang Sheng , Liu Shaofeng , Jia Yunzhen , Qin Yaqiong , Cui Huapeng , Pan Lining , Liu Huimin
Published: December 2016

Amadori compounds are aroma precursors formed in the initial phase of the Maillard reaction. Based on their similar structures, simultaneous quantification of more than six Amadori compounds in tobacco has not been reported yet. In this study, a simple and rapid method was developed to simultaneously quantify ten Amadori compounds including the isomers of Fructose‐isoleucine and Fructose‐leucine in tobacco. The separation was performed on an Atlantis T3 column (2.1 × 250 mm, 5 μm) by gradient elution using acetonitrile and water as the mobile phases. The quantification method was systematically evaluated and proven to be sensitive and accurate. The linearity was good, with correlation coefficients of 0.9977–0.9999. The limits of detection and quantitation were 1.354–2.532 and 4.516–8.444 ng/mL, respectively. The recoveries were 84.0–119.6%, and the relative standard deviations were 1.33–5.40%. The method was used to analyze the changes in the amounts of ten Amadori compounds in tobacco before and after tobacco primary processing. The analysis shows that the Maillard reaction occurs during the short processing period.
Fire and Tillage as Degrading Factors of Soil Structure in Northern Zagros Oak Forest, West Iran
Authors: Sharifi Zahed , Azadi Nahid , Certini Giacomo
Published: December 2016

The effects of fire and the conversion to vineyard on soil organic carbon (SOC), and soil aggregate size distribution and stability were studied in a forest of Iran. For this purpose, topsoil was sampled in an unburned area, a portion of the forest burned three years earlier, and a vineyard, all three contiguous and showing similar topographic features. In the burned forest, soil was sampled in areas undergone high, moderate, or low severity. Air‐dried soil samples were sieved to obtain four aggregate size classes, which were subsequently wet sieved. Soil aggregate distribution index, mean weight diameter, geometric mean diameter, and aggregate stability index were determined on both dry and wet specimens. No significant differences in SOC between burned and unburned forest were found, most probably because of the supply of charred biomass to soil, while in the vineyard thirty years of cultivation had removed half of initial SOC. Both severe fire and cultivation had decreased the stability of aggregates and the relative amount of the biggest ones (8 to 2‐cm diameter). However, aggregate stability was significantly lower in the vineyard than in the burned forest, which points out to a stronger impact of prolonged cultivation than a single fire, although severe. Cultivation and severe fire had decreased the proportion of C in macroaggregates, to the advantage of meso (1 to 0.25 mm) and micro (<0.25 mm) aggregates. A hierarchical cluster analysis of all investigated properties and indices demonstrated that cultivation and highly severe fire both were causes of soil degradation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of the synoptic‐scale diversity, biogeography, and size distribution of diatoms in the North Pacific
Authors: Sugie Koji , Suzuki Koji
Published: December 2016

The diversity, biogeography, and size distribution of diatoms in the North Pacific and underlying mechanisms shaping those patterns have little been characterized despite their importance in marine ecosystems. Here, we examined the community structure of diatoms in the surface and subsurface chlorophyll a maximum (SCM) layers of the North Pacific using light and scanning electron microscopy. Diatom carbon biomass in both the subarctic and temperate coastal regions was higher than that in the open subtropical and tropical waters. Species density was high in the temperate coastal region and certain open ocean stations where coastal water could be intruded. Diversity was generally higher in the SCM layer than that in the surface layer without a clear latitudinal trend. All diatom species in the open subtropical waters were observed in the temperate coastal waters, suggesting that the coastal regions act as a species bank. Certain indigenous species in the subarctic waters were considered as cryophilic species. We found that the general patterns of the size spectrum were nearly identical among different geographical regions of the North Pacific, irrespective of the species composition, environmental conditions, and seasonality. Our results provide mechanistic insights indicating that the diatom biodiversity in the species bank around the coastal region and the following current systems from the coastal to oceanic regions could principally determine biodiversity patterns in the North Pacific. The species‐specific ecophysiological traits of diatoms and environmental conditions may further modify the biodiversity patterns and size distribution of diatoms.
Surface damages and tool wear mode in end milling of hastelloy‐C276 under dry and wet conditions
Authors: Al‐Falahi M. , Fadaeifard F. , Al‐Falahi M. D. A. , Bin Baharudin B. T. H. T. , Hong T. S.
Published: December 2016

Hastelloy‐C276 is a nickel based superalloy that is widely used in chemical, petro‐chemical, environmental and nuclear industries due to its outstanding performance in a wide range of corrosive mediums. The superior properties of nickel based superalloys impair their machinability which increases the difficulty in obtaining a good surface finish. Because most of the components' failures are initiated from surface defects, several researchers have been concerned about surface integrity in machining aerospace superalloys particularly Inconel‐718. Due to the lack of studies done on machining corrosion‐resistant superalloys, this study aims to investigate surface damages and tool wear modes in milling Hastelloy‐C276 under dry and wet conditions. The absence of cooling and lubricating actions in dry machining resulted in the formation of craters, severe plastic deformation, voids, debris re‐deposition and materials drag. The breakage of the nucleated carbide phases resulted in the formation of nucleated cavities on the machined surface in both wet and dry machining. Adhesive tool wear was less in dry machining due to the formation of oxide layers on tool faces which suppressed the formation of built‐up edges due to the weak adhesion properties of oxide compounds which resulted in less surface roughness at vc = 50 m/min. On the other hand, the higher temperature and friction in dry machining resulted in severer tool coating delamination.
The lymphatic superficial circumflex iliac vessels deep branch perforator flap: A new preventive approach to lower limb lymphedema after groin dissection‐preliminary evidence
Authors: Gentileschi Stefano , Servillo Maria , Garganese Giorgia , Fragomeni Simona , De Bonis Francesca , Cina Alessandro , Scambia Giovanni , Salgarello Marzia
Published: December 2016

Objective

Groin dissection is the procedure with the highest risk of lower limb lymphedema.As lymph stasis causes irreversible alterations to the limb over time,therapies should be administered in early stages,or better yet, lymphatic drainage impairment should be prevented.We developed a new preventive approach to lymphedema after groin dissection, and we report our preliminary experience.

Patients and Methods

We enrolled 5 patients undergoing bilateral groin dissection for vulvar cancer. Preoperative study of lower limbs lymphatic function was obtained by lymphoscintigraphy, with lymphatic transport index, indocyanine green (ICG) lymphography, and volume measurement with lower extremity lymphedema (LEL) index calculation. At the end of lymphadenectomy, one groin was closed in the standard way. On the other side, a lymphatic flap pedicled on the distal perforator of the deep branch of the superficial circumflex iliac vessels, was transposed into the groin region. Lymphatic function examination of the limbs was repeated 6 months after surgery.

Results

Before surgery no patient showed lymphatic drainage impairment at lymphoscintigraphy or lymphography, LEL index was in every limb lower than 250 (mean: 217.3 ± 13.83). After surgery the limbs treated with the flap showed no pathological swelling, LEL‐index < 250 (mean: 235.4 ± 13.069), linear pattern at lymphography, and normal lymphoscintigraphy. The untreated limbs showed from moderate to severe edema with 265 < LEL‐index < 310 (mean: 283 ± 16.3), diffuse dermal backflow at lymphography and interruption of lymph flow, with dermal backflow, at lymphoscintigraphy. Mean difference between preoperative and postoperative volumes was 64.8 ± 25.1 in the untreated side and 19 ± 11.7 in the side with the flap. The difference between preoperative and postoperative volumes compared between the treated and untreated side was statistically significant (P < .01).

Conclusion

Our preliminary evidence suggests that this flap can prevent lymphedema after groin dissection. Further studies are necessary to confirm these results.
Exact boundary controllability for 1‐D quasilinear wave equations with dynamical boundary conditions
Authors: Wang Yue , Leugering Günter , Li Tatsien
Published: December 2016

By equivalently replacing the dynamical boundary condition by a kind of nonlocal boundary conditions, and noting a hidden regularity of solution on the boundary with a dynamical boundary condition, a constructive method with modular structure is used to get the local exact boundary controllability for 1‐D quasilinear wave equations with dynamical boundary conditions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chicoric acid attenuate a nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by inhibiting key regulators of lipid metabolism, fibrosis, oxidation, and inflammation in mice with methionine and choline deficiency
Authors: Kim Myungsuk , Yoo GyHye , Randy Ahmad , Kim Hyoung Seok , Nho Chu Won
Published: December 2016

Scope

Nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) range histopathologically from hepatic steatosis to steatohepatitis. Chicoric acid has beneficial effects on obesity and liver injury, but its effects on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) have not yet been determined. This study examined the effects of Crepidiastrum denticulatum extract (CDE) and its active compound chicoric acid in a mouse model of NASH and fibrosis.

Methods

CDE and chicoric acid were orally administrated to mice fed a methionine‐ and choline‐deficient (MCD) diet. HepG2 and AML‐12 cells in MCD medium were incubated with chicoric acid. MCD‐fed mice developed the histopathological characteristics of human NASH, including altered regulation of lipid metabolism, inflammation, fibrosis, and oxidation‐associated expression, along with augmented lipoperoxidation. Administration of CDE or chicoric acid to MCD‐fed mice and HepG2 and AML‐12 cells in MCD medium reduced oxidative stress by upregulating antioxidant enzymes and decreased inflammation by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines and nuclear factor‐κB activation. In addition, CDE or chicoric acid reduced fibrosis, apoptosis, and lipogenesis‐related gene expression and increased AMP Kinase activation both in vivo and in vitro.

Conclusions

CDE and chicoric acid may be effective in the treatment of NAFLD and NASH.
Association between dietary inflammatory index and inflammatory markers in the HELENA study
Authors: Shivappa Nitin , Hebert James R. , Marcos Ascensión , Diaz Ligia‐Esperanza , Gomez Sonia , Nova Esther , Michels Nathalie , Arouca Aline , González‐Gil Esther , Frederic Gottrand , González‐Gross Marcela , Castillo Manuel J. , Manios Yannis , Kersting Mathilde , Gunter Marc J. , De Henauw Stefaan , Antonios Kafatos , Widhalm Kurt , Molnar Denes , Moreno Luis , Huybrechts Inge
Published: December 2016

Background

Previous research has shown that diet is associated with low‐grade systemic inflammation among adults. However, no study has yet been conducted to explore the association between inflammatory potential of diet and low‐grade systemic inflammation among adolescents whose dietary behavior may be different from adults.

Methods and Results

We examine the predictive ability of 24‐h recall‐derived dietary inflammatory index (DII) scores on inflammation among 532 European adolescents in the HELENA cross‐sectional study. The DII is a literature‐derived dietary index developed to predict inflammation. The DII was calculated per 1000 calories and was tested against C‐reactive protein, ILs‐1,2,4,10, TNF‐α, ICAM, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM), and IFN‐γ. All inflammatory markers had nonnormal distributions and therefore were log transformed. Analyses were performed using multivariable linear regression, adjusting for age, sex, city, BMI, smoking, and physical activity. Pro‐inflammatory diet (higher DII scores) was associated with increased levels of various inflammatory markers: TNF‐α, IL‐1, 2, IFN‐γ,  and vascular cell adhesion molecule (bDIIt3vs1 = 0.13, 95% CI: 0.001, 0.25; 0.13, 95% CI 0.001, 0.25; 0.40, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.77; 0.53, 95% CI: 0.05, 1.01; 0.07, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.13, respectively).

Conclusion

These results reinforce the fact that diet, as a whole, plays an important role in modifying inflammation in adolescents.
Early induction of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 by retinoic acids in adipocytes
Authors: Distel Emilie , Cadoudal Thomas , Collinet Martine , Park Edwards A. , Benelli Chantal , Bortoli Sylvie
Published: December 2016

Scope

Vitamin A and its metabolites, such as retinoic acids (RA), are related to metabolic diseases, in particular insulin resistance and obesity. Here, we studied the roles of 9‐cis RA and all‐trans RA on the regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4), an enzyme involved in fatty acid reesterification, which is a crucial metabolic pathway in adipose tissue (AT) lipid homeostasis.

Methods and results

9‐cis RA and all‐trans RA treatment of human and murine AT explants, as well as adipocytes (3T3‐F442A cell line) induces PDK4 expression both at the mRNA and the protein level, via a transcriptional mechanism. Using site‐directed mutagenesis and chomatin immuno‐precipitation, we showed that this activation involves two new RA responsive elements in the Pdk4 promoter, RAREa (DR1: −125/−112) and RAREb (DR1: −86/−73), specific to AT. Furthermore, even though endogeneous Pdk4 gene was upregulated by RA in Fao cells, a rat hepatoma cell line, the induction did not occur through the newly found RAREs.

Conclusion

In this study, we showed that adipocyte PDK4 gene is a new target of the vitamin A derived RA and might participate to the reduced fatty acid efflux from the adipocyte, a step that plays an important role in the developement of metabolic diseases.
Ultrasound elastography assessment of the median nerve in leprosy patients
Authors: Nogueira‐Barbosa Marcello H. , Lugão Helena B. , Gregio‐Júnior Everaldo , Crema Michel D. , Kobayashi Mariana T.T. , Frade Marco A.C. , Pavan Theo Z. , Carneiro Antonio A.O.
Published: December 2016

Introduction

We sought to compare median nerve elasticity between leprosy patients (LPs) and healthy volunteers (HVs) using ultrasound elastography (UE).

Methods

Two radiologists independently measured the strain ratio of the median nerve/flexor digitorum superficialis muscle (MN/FDSM) of 18 LP and 18 HV using real‐time freehand UE. Statistical analysis included intra‐class correlation coefficients (ICC) and Mann–Whitney test.

Results

The MN/FDSM strain ratios of the LP and HV were 2.66 ± 1.30 and 3.52 ± 0.93, respectively (P <  0.05). We observed a significantly lower MN/FDSM strain ratio in LP with reactions (types 1 and 2 cutaneous reactions associated with or without neuritis) (2.30 ± 0.91) compared with LP without reactions (3.60 ± 1.70). We found no significant differences between HV and LP without reactions. The intra‐ and inter‐observer ICCs were 0.50 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.11–0.72) and 0.34 (95% CI, 0.28–0.52), respectively.

Conclusions

MN/FDSM strain ratios were significantly lower in LP with reactions. UE may be useful for nerve elasticity evaluation in leprosy. Muscle Nerve 56: 393–398, 2017
Local active control for an exterior fluid‐structure interaction problem
Authors: Domínguez Catalina , Hernández Erwin , Prato Torres Ricardo
Published: December 2016

In this paper, we propose a numerical method based on an active structural control to dampen the discrete critical frequencies from a fe/be coupled system, which models a time‐harmonic fluid‐structure interaction problem. The active structural acoustic control used consists of applying external forces directly on the structure, so that in the presence of critical frequencies, the linear system remains stable and, in turn, in the presence of non‐critical frequencies, the active control does not alter the system. We consider the problem in the framework of the theory of optimal control and present bi‐dimensional numerical simulations to show the behavior of the scheme in some vibro‐acoustic structures. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Axicons in Action
Authors: Castillo Sara
Published: December 2016

Axicon lenses convert incident plane waves into approximations of Bessel beams. The circular profile of an axicon beam brings capabilities that suit the lenses for use in corneal surgery and optical trapping. The unique features of axicon lenses also enable an interesting type of wavefront sensor. Axicons focus light along the optical axis, and the position shifts if aberrations are introduced to the beam. That creates variation in the intensity distribution measured by an image sensor. In addition, the center of an axicon lens, the apex, also scatters some of the incident light. The focused light and the scattered light can interfere with each other, creating a self‐referenced interferogram. A wavefront sensor based on an axicon lens can measure low order aberrations with no need for a separate reference wavefront optical train. Wavefront sensors based on axicons offer an inexpensive, rapid, and compact method of detecting small aberrations in the beam.
Deflectometric Acquisition of Large Optical Surfaces DaOS
Authors: Hofbauer Engelbert , Rascher Rolf
Published: December 2016

The vignetting field stop procedure uses a deflectometric approach to acquire big optical surfaces (DaOS) and it offers the possibility to measure nearly any shape or form by using a scanning routine. The basic physical measurement principle in DaOS is the vignettation of a quasi‐parallel light beam emitted by an expanded light source in auto‐collimation arrangement with a reflecting element. Thereby, nearly any curvature of the specimen is measurable. Due to the fact that even sign changes in the curvature can be detected, aspheres and freeform surfaces of any size can be evaluated. Actual results of test measurements with calculated absolute deviation with larger lateral dimensions on flat and spherical specimen with diameter of 300 mm are examined. These measurements are compared critically to reference results which are recorded by interferometry and the DFR method.
Sodium Guide Star (R)Evolution
Authors: Enderlein Martin , Kaenders Wilhelm G.
Published: December 2016

After several decades of dedicated laser development for astronomical adaptive optics, this is the first time that high output power is combined with an optimized laser format, maximizing the coupling of the laser light to the sodium atoms in the Earth's atmosphere. By re‐emission of the absorbed light, an artificial star is created that is used to measure atmospheric distortions and correct astronomical images faster and more reliably than ever before. The effort of the collaboration between the European Southern Observatory (ESO), Toptica Photonics, and MPB Communications has been recognized recently with the third prize of the Berthold Leibinger Innovation Award.
Fabricating the Flexible Future
Authors: Delmdahl Ralph
Published: December 2016

By leveraging the unparalleled pulsed UV‐power of excimer lasers, gossamer‐thin functional foils attached to rigid wafer‐ or panel‐type carriers can be detached with high yield and fast increasing productivity rate, and lowering the costs of manufacturing a new generation of thin and flexible components and devices.
Europe Joins Forces Towards Commercialization of Novel Mid‐Infrared Photonic Sensors
Authors: Belén González Ana , Pozo Jose
Published: December 2016

Mirphab — Mid‐Infrared Photonics Devices Fabrication for Chemical Sensing and Spectroscopic Applications — is an EC funded project granted with € 13 m in a public‐private partnership with Photonics21, with the goal of creating a commercially viable pilot line for the fabrication of mid‐infrared sensors that is ready for business by 2020. Mirphab has launched its first open call.
Synthesis and photovoltaic device studies of azo‐linked low‐bandgap polymers
Authors: Meena Savita , Alam Firoz , Dutta Viresh , Jacob Josemon
Published: December 2016

We report the synthesis of a series of new polymers containing azo linkage as a part of the main chain. The monomer 1,2‐bis(7‐bromo‐9,9‐dioctyl‐9H‐fluoren‐2‐yl)diazene was synthesized using a precursor approach which avoids non‐selective bromination and was copolymerized with various donor or acceptor units. The homopolymer poly[1,2‐bis(9,9‐dioctyl‐9H‐fluoren‐2‐yl)diazene] (P1) as well as the copolymers poly[1‐(9,9‐dioctyl‐9H‐fluoren‐2‐yl)‐2‐(9,9,9′,9′‐tetraoctyl‐9H,9′H‐[2,2′‐bifluoren]‐7‐yl)diazene] (P2), poly[1‐(9,9‐dioctyl‐7‐(4‐octylthiophen‐2‐yl)‐9H‐fluoren‐2‐yl)‐2‐(9,9‐dioctyl‐9H‐fluoren‐2‐yl)diazene] (P3) and poly[4‐(7‐((9,9‐dioctyl‐9H‐fluoren‐2‐yl)diazenyl)‐9,9‐dioctyl‐9H‐fluoren‐2‐yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole] (P4) were synthesized by Suzuki polymerization. The copolymers poly[1‐(7‐(4,4‐dioctyl‐4H‐cyclopenta[1,2‐b:5,4‐b′]dithiophen‐2‐yl)‐9,9‐dioctyl‐9H‐fluoren‐2‐yl)‐2‐(9,9‐dioctyl‐9H‐fluoren‐2‐yl)diazene] (P5) and poly[4‐(5‐(7‐((9,9‐dioctyl‐9H‐fluoren‐2‐yl)diazenyl)‐9,9‐dioctyl‐9H‐fluoren‐2‐yl)‐4‐octylthiophen‐2‐yl)‐7‐(4‐octylthiophen‐2‐yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole] (P6) were synthesized by direct arylation polymerization reaction. Polymers synthesized using the direct arylation method show good molecular weight, with absorption maxima in the range 500 to 532 nm. P5 and P6 possess low optical bandgaps of 1.81 and 1.86 eV, respectively. A power conversion efficiency of 0.53% with open circuit voltage of 0.53 V, short circuit current density of 3.1 mA cm−2 and fill factor of 29% has been achieved with C71‐PCBM as acceptor in bulk heterojunction solar cells fabricated with P5 as donor. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Preparation of waterborne polyurethane with outstanding fluorescence properties and programmable emission intensity
Authors: Tao Can , Han Xixi , Bao Junjie , Chen Qin , Huang Yiping , Xu Gewen
Published: December 2016

The hard segment content and hydrophilic group content of a fluorescent waterborne polyurethane (FWPU) were used to optimize the polymer structure which can influence the fluorescence properties. The synthesis of FWPU was based on 2,2′‐((4‐([3,3′:6′,2″‐terpyridine]‐4′‐yl)phenyl)azanediyl)diethanol (TPPDA) as fluorophore. The structure of FWPU was characterized using Fourier transform infrared and 1H NMR spectroscopies, and the polymer molecular weight and polydispersity were measured using gel permeation chromatography. The relationship between fluorescence properties and FWPU structure was studied using luminescence spectrometry. Compared to TPPDA, the maximum emission wavelength of FWPU showed a hypsochromic shift, and the fluorescence emission intensity and quantum yield of FWPU were increased obviously. Moreover, increasing the hard segment content led to an enhancement of the fluorescence lifetime of FWPU, and to the fluorescence intensity increasing at first and then decreasing. The fluorescence emission intensity and quantum yield of FWPU were increased nearly 11 and 7 times, respectively, compared to TPPDA when the hard segment content was 65%. With an increase of hydrophilic group content, the fluorescence emission intensity of FWPU increased. The fluorescence emission intensity of FWPU exhibited a response to pH, which facilitated its employment as a fluorescence probe. FWPU with excellent solid fluorescence is very suitable for processing into optical devices, with increasing hard segment content and hydrophilic group content both enhancing the solid fluorescence emission intensity of FWPU. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Public Transfers and the Poverty of Children and the Elderly in Uruguay
Authors: Bucheli Marisa
Published: December 2016

In Uruguay, public direct transfers reduce poverty for society as a whole. Poverty affects mostly children, even after the recent period of fall in poverty. The aim of this article is to analyze whether the reduction in poverty benefits a particular age group over others or if it affects all groups equally. The methodological strategy consists in the estimation of the contribution of public direct transfers to the poverty exit rate and its decomposition in the coverage effect and the amount effect. The main conclusions are as follows: (i) households with children are the least likely to escape poverty through the direct transfer system; (ii) the reason is the relative low per capita amount of the transfer and not the lack of coverage; and (iii) the effectiveness of the amount is relatively low because poverty before transfers is more intense for households with children, and the transfer that they receive is lower than that for other types of households.
Progressive State Taxes and Welfare
Authors: Smith Kara D. , Shone Bryan
Published: December 2016

Classic fiscal federalism theory dictates that income redistribution should be undertaken at the federal level. However, this maxim is frequently violated at the state level when states employ progressive tax systems to support services such as health care, affordable housing, and welfare. Relatively little research has explored the relationship between progressive tax systems and the potential redistributive benefits. Our goal is to investigate how relatively progressive tax systems are associated with the number of welfare recipients in order to gain a better understanding of the redistributive components in the tax and expenditure sides of the budget. Our article explores this relationship using a panel of data for 50 states, spanning 13 years (1990–2002). The data include welfare recipients, state‐specific information on Temporary Assistance for Needy Families programs (and Aid to Families with Dependent Children for years prior to 1997), multiple measures of tax progressivity, and demographic variables. We find that there is a positive relationship between the relative progressivity of a state's tax portfolio and the number of welfare recipients, which suggests that state tax structures and spending portfolios might be used as complementary tools to redistribute income. This result, however, is sensitive to the specification of progressivity.
A cell is more than the sum of its (dilute) parts: A brief history of quinary structure
Authors: Cohen Rachel D. , Pielak Gary J.
Published: December 2016

Most knowledge of protein structure and function is derived from experiments performed with purified protein resuspended in dilute, buffered solutions. However, proteins function in the crowded, complex cellular environment. Although the first four levels of protein structure provide important information, a complete understanding requires consideration of quinary structure. Quinary structure comprises the transient interactions between macromolecules that provides organization and compartmentalization inside cells. We review the history of quinary structure in the context of several metabolic pathways, and the technological advances that have yielded recent insight into protein behavior in living cells. The evidence demonstrates that protein behavior in isolated solutions deviates from behavior in the physiological environment.
On the appearance of carboxylates in electrostatic potential maps
Authors: Wang Jimin
Published: December 2016

Electron microscopy can provide accurate, high‐resolution images of the distribution of electrostatic potential (ESP) in biological macromolecules. Careful examination of ESP maps that have been published for peptides and proteins at resolution ranging from 1.0 Å to 2.9 Å reveals that the negative charges of carboxylate groups have a profound effect on their appearance. It is clear that investigators must take the negative features in their experimental ESP maps into account when modeling the conformations of Asp and Glu side chains and those of the residues that surround them.
More clarity needed on the true benefits and risks of statins
Authors: Malhotra Aseem , Abramson John , De Lorgeril Michel , Sultan Sherif
Published: December 2016

The benefits and risks of statins have recently been the subject of much controversy and debate. Dr Malhotra and colleagues argue that selective reporting and publication bias may be overestimating the efficacy and underestimating the side‐effects of statins.
Religious constraints on prescribing medication
Authors: Ogden Joy
Published: December 2016

It is important for prescribers to take any religious dietary restrictions into consideration when prescribing in order to optimise treatment. This article summarises the main dietary restrictions of the largest religious groups in the UK and the problems that may be encountered with medication ingredients.
Duavive HRT: conjugated oestrogens with bazedoxifene
Authors: Chaplin Steve
Published: December 2016

Duavive is a new oral HRT formulation containing conjugated oestrogens and the selective oestrogen‐receptor modulator bazedoxifene and is indicated for the treatment of oestrogen deficiency symptoms in postmenopausal women with a uterus who cannot take progestogencontaining therapy. This article discusses its properties, efficacy and adverse effects.
Oxygen‐deficient defects facilitate H+ radiation resistance in ZnO
Authors: Lv Jinpeng , Li Chundong , Liu Yuan
Published: December 2016

In this work, we report that the energetic particle radiation‐resistance of ZnO can be tuned via engineering native defects. Interestingly, while we found the Oi and VZn have weak influences upon H+ radiation‐resistance, the pre‐existed Zni, and VO defects in ZnO, which are responsible for the visible band optical absorption, can effectively alleviate the optical degradation. Results also show that such optical degradation is independent of ZnO morphology and particle size. We attribute the potential cause for the radiation‐hardness of oxygen‐deficient ZnO to the ionization of pre‐existed absorption centers to deactive charged states and the efficient recombination of Zni with implantation created vacancies. This deduction is further approved by the aggravated optical degradation in Li‐doped ZnO that is with few donors. These findings would be helpful in designing nanoscale materials and devices that are used in radioactive environments.
Topological Hall effect in antiferromagnetically coupled SrRuO3/La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 epitaxial heterostructures
Authors: Lindfors‐Vrejoiu Ionela , Ziese Michael
Published: December 2016

Interaction of conduction electrons with non‐coplanar or non‐collinear spin textures in metals can result in intriguing phenomena, among which a topological Hall effect. Here, we report on topological Hall effect manifestation in epitaxial heterostructures of thin metallic layers of two prototypical ferromagnetic oxides, namely and . The topological Hall effect arises most likely from the non‐coplanar ordering of the Ru and Mn magnetic moments in the individual ferromagnetic layers, which exhibit different magnetocrystalline anisotropies and a strong antiferromagnetic interlayer‐coupling.
Role of interactions between cloud microphysics, dynamics and aerosol in the heavy rainfall event of June 2013 over Uttarakhand, India
Authors: Hazra Anupam , Chaudhari Hemantkumar S. , Ranalkar Manish , Chen Jen‐Ping
Published: December 2016

In this study, we propose a hypothesis, supported by numerical model simulations, concerning the role of cloud microphysical processes and aerosols in the invigoration of an extreme rainfall event over Uttarakhand in June 2013. The interactions among dynamics, thermodynamics and microphysical processes and their feedbacks play a vital role in the occurrence of extreme events. To test the proposed hypothesis, Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) simulations are carried out with three different microphysical schemes (i.e. WDM6, Morrison, and CLR). The role of aerosol indirect effects in the process of invigoration of precipitation is demonstrated with a high‐resolution regional model for the extreme event over the foothills of the Himalayas. The extreme event is characterized by the strong north–south tropospheric temperature gradient and strong moisture convergence. Forced uplift beyond the freezing level initiates a precipitation process which involves cloud ice and mixed‐phase cloud microphysics and latent heat release; further, it invigorates convection and enhances precipitation. Results pinpoint that the role of microphysical processes are very crucial during such a type of extreme event. Additionally, the result accentuates the importance of aerosols on the deep convective cloud systems which have influence through invigoration and involvement of complex interactions between aerosol, large‐scale dynamics and cloud microphysics.
Ensemble calibration with preserved correlations: unifying and comparing ensemble copula coupling and member‐by‐member postprocessing
Authors: Schefzik Roman
Published: December 2016

Two seemingly unrelated postprocessing concepts retaining inter‐variable, spatial and temporal rank dependence structures from raw ensemble forecasts are compared and unified. The first concept combines ensemble model output statistics (EMOS), which fits and adjusts a parametric probability density function, with the ensemble copula coupling (ECC) reordering notion. The second concept is the member‐by‐member postprocessing (MBMP), based on a direct parametric adjustment of the raw ensemble members. It is shown that MBMP can be interpreted as a specific EMOS‐ECC variant. In an application to ensemble forecasts for temperature, EMOS‐ECC and MBMP succeed in outperforming the raw ensemble and conserving correlation structures.
The Local Ensemble Tangent Linear Model: an enabler for coupled model 4D‐Var
Authors: Bishop Craig H. , Frolov Sergey , Allen Douglas R. , Kuhl David D. , Hoppel Karl
Published: December 2016

A leading Data Assimilation (DA) technique in meteorology is 4D‐Var which relies on the Tangent Linear Model (TLM) of the nonlinear model and its adjoint. The difficulty of building and maintaining traditional TLMs and adjoints of coupled ocean–wave–atmosphere–etc. models is daunting. On the other hand, coupled model ensemble forecasts are readily available. Here, we show how an ensemble forecast can be used to construct an accurate Local Ensemble TLM (LETLM) and adjoint of the entire coupled system. The method features a local influence region containing all the variables that could possibly influence the time evolution of some target variable(s) near the centre of the region. We prove that high accuracy is guaranteed provided that (i) the ensemble perturbations are governed by linear dynamics, and (ii) the number of ensemble members exceeds the number of variables in the influence region. The approach is illustrated in a simple coupled model. This idealized coupled model has some realistic features including reasonable predictability limits in the upper atmosphere, lower atmosphere, upper ocean and lower ocean of 10, 96, 160 and 335 days, respectively. In addition, the length‐scale of eddies in the ocean is about one fifth of those in the atmosphere. The easy manner in which the adjoint is obtained from the LETLM is also described and illustrated by demonstrating how the LETLM adjoint predicts the high sensitivity of oceanic boundary‐layer evolution to changes in the atmosphere. Finally, the feasibility of LETLMs for 4D‐Var is demonstrated. Specifically, a case is considered with a 5‐day data assimilation window in which nonlinear terms play a significant role in the evolution of forecast error; it is shown that the posterior mode delivered by 4D‐Var with an LETLM, its adjoint and ten outer loops approximately recovers the true state in spite of a spatially sparse observational network.
Reliable H ∞ static output control of linear time‐varying delay systems against sensor failures
Authors: Shen Mouquan , Lim Cheng‐Chew , Shi Peng
Published: December 2016

This paper is concerned with the reliable
static output control of linear time‐varying delay systems with sensor faults. Time‐varying delay is tackled by the input–output transformation and the resulting closed‐loop system lies in the framework of scaled small gain. Some techniques are developed to separate the coupling among the Lyapunov matrix, input matrix, control gain matrix, and output matrix. Based on a relaxed Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional, sufficient conditions for the desired static output controller design with the required
performance level are proposed by means of linear matrix inequalities. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by two examples. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Revisiting Jack Goody to Rethink Determinisms in Literacy Studies
Authors: Collin Ross
Published: December 2016

This article revisits Goody's arguments about literacy's influence on social arrangements, culture, cognition, economics, and other domains of existence. Whereas some of his arguments tend toward technological determinism (i.e., literacy causes change in the world), other of his arguments construe literacy as a force that shapes and is shaped by disparate social processes. This article also reviews the critiques of Goody's work developed in the subfield of sociocultural literacy studies. Although the critics are right to object to the elements of technological determinism in his work, their rejection of his larger project leads them to miss ideas that can help clarify literacy's role in the transformation of society. Moreover, their misreading of Goody's work contributes to the field's underestimation of the distinct force of literacy and overestimation of the force of local cultures. In other words,howthey misread Goody's work limits the depth of the answers that they provide to questions about literacy and its relations to culture, economics, politics, and other social spheres. These relations can be better understood when Goody's work is reread with an interaction model of literacy that figures changes in literacy as conditions of and conditional upon changes in other domains. Equipped with this model, researchers may rectify the supposed technological determinism of Goody's approach and the cultural determinism of some sociocultural accounts of literacy. Researchers may then synthesize these ideas to develop approaches that clarify literacy's evolving relations with other aspects of the world. This article concludes by explaining how a revised understanding of genre may bring into view the interplay between literacy and different social processes.
Bridging Knowledge Resources: The Location Choices of Spinouts
Authors: Adams Pamela , Fontana Roberto , Malerba Franco
Published: December 2016

Research summary

This study develops a framework that links a typology of spinouts with distinct product/market strategies and the characteristics of localization economies to study location choice. Specifically, we examine focal spinouts and user‐industry spinouts entry into generic and market‐specific product categories and localization economies related to the focal industry and to downstream, user industries. We test our hypotheses on a sample of 413 spinouts in the U.S. semiconductor industry from 1997 to 2007. Our findings show that focal spinouts make different location choices than user‐industry spinouts and that such choices are mediated by product strategy at entry. Our results contribute to the literatures on location choice and strategic entrepreneurship.

Managerial summary

This study concerns the location choices of different types of spinouts at the moment of entry. Our study suggests that location may be a key decision for entrepreneurs to increase their exposure to potential knowledge spillovers. Location, therefore, should not be taken as a given in either studies or business plans related to entrepreneurship. Rather, location needs to be treated as a strategic choice to be exercised by new firms as they enter an industry. Our research also underscores the importance of downstream industries both as a source of entrepreneurship and as a source of knowledge. In some cases, localization economies related to downstream industries might offer greater potential to entrants than localization economies related to the focal industry. Copyright © 2016 Strategic Management Society.
Cognitive processing in the aftermath of relationship dissolution: Associations with concurrent and prospective distress and posttraumatic growth
Authors: del Palacio‐González Adriana , Clark David A. , O'Sullivan Lucia F.
Published: December 2016

Non‐marital romantic relationship dissolution is amongst the most stressful life events experienced by young adults. Yet, some individuals experience posttraumatic growth following relationship dissolution. Little is known about the specific and differential contribution of trait‐like and event‐specific cognitive processing styles to each of these outcomes. A longitudinal design was employed in which trait‐like (brooding and reflection) and dissolution‐specific (intrusive and deliberate) cognitive processing was examined as predictors of growth (Posttraumatic Growth Inventory) and distress (Breakup Distress Scale) following a recent relationship dissolution. Initially, 148 participants completed measures of trait‐like and dissolution‐specific cognitive processing, growth, and distress (T1). A subsample completed a seven‐month follow‐up (T2). Higher frequency of relationship‐dissolution intrusive thoughts predicted concurrent distress after accounting for brooding and relationship characteristics. Further, higher brooding and lower reflection predicted higher distress prospectively. Concurrent growth was predicted by both higher brooding and more deliberate relationship‐dissolution thoughts. Prospectively, T1 dissolution intrusive thoughts predicted higher T2 deliberate thoughts, and the interaction between these two constructs predicted higher T2 growth. Therefore, deliberately thinking of the dissolution was related to positive psychological outcomes. In contrast, intrusive dissolution cognitions and a tendency for brooding had a mixed (paradoxical) association with psychological adjustment.
Structure and Magnetic Property Control of Copper Hydroxide Acetate by Non‐Classical Crystallization
Authors: Song RuiQi , Krasia‐Christoforou Theodora , Debus Christian , Cölfen Helmut
Published: December 2016

Copper hydroxide acetate (CHA), one layered hydroxide compound with tunable magnetism, attracts great interest because of its potential applications in memory devices. However, ferromagnetism for CHA is only demonstrated by means of GPa pressure. Herein, a new method is reported, involving the combination of different crystallization pathways to control crystallization of amorphous CHA toward the formation of CHA/polymer composites with tunable magnetic properties and even a tunability that can be tested at room temperature. By using poly[(ethylene glycol)6 methyl ether methacrylate]‐block‐poly[2‐(acetoacetoxy) ethyl methacrylate] (PEGMA‐b‐PAEMA) diblock copolymers as additives in combination with a post‐treatment process by ultracentrifugation, it is demonstrated that CHA and PEGMA‐b‐PAEMA form composites exhibiting different magnetic properties, depending on CHA in‐plane nanostructures. Analytical characterization reveals that crystallization of CHA is induced by ultracentrifugation, during which CHA nanostructures can be well controlled by changing the degrees of polymerization of the PEGMA and PAEMA blocks and their block length ratios. These findings not only present the first example of using crystallization from polymer stabilized amorphous precursors toward the generation of magnetic nanomaterials with tunable magnetism but also pave the way for the future design of functional composite materials.
Vergütungsstahl als Werkstoff für Getrieberäder
Authors: Scherer Robert
Published: December 2016

Entwicklung der für Getrieberäder im Kraftfahrzeugbau verwendeten Stähle. Versuche über zweckmäßige Zusammensetzung und Wärmebehandlung von Vergütungsstählen, die durch kurzzeitiges Glühen in Zyansalzbädern eine Oberflächenhärtung erhalten. Zugfestigkeit, Dehnung, Kerbzähigkeit, Biegewinkel und Verschleißwiderstand von niedriglegierten Chrom‐, Chrom‐Vanadin‐, Chrom‐Molybdän‐, Chrom‐Nickel‐ und Chrom‐Nickel‐Molybdän‐Stählen nach günstigster Zementationsbehandlung und Anlassen auf 200 bis 350°.