bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The x-ray fluorescence analysis of aqueous ore slurries part 2: sulphur in copper-sinc sulphide ores
Authors: Reed D J
Published: March 2021

Sulphur has been determined successfully in the series of copper-zinc sulphide ores previously analyzed for iron, copper and zinc. In addition to the backscatter correction used in the previous investigation, an absorption correction has been introduced which has
improved the accuracy with which the elements may be determined. Normalization of countrates has been achieved by regression rather than the D factors formerly used. Iron, copper, zinc and sulphur have been determined in slurries of ore fractions with errors ranging from 0.4 to 1.4% absolute.
The determination of silicon was attempted but proved impossible because of the absorption of its characteristic radiation by all slurry components, by the analyzing crystal and by the helium used in the relatively long optical path.
The Oil Heating Association of Canada Clean Air Program phase III: evaluation of burners with low-speed motors in warm-air furnaces
Authors: Brown T D
Published: March 2021

Operation of four yellow flame test burners in a refractory lined combustion chamber led invariably to an improved steady state combustion and, generally, to an improved transient state performance compared with that observed when the burners were operated in a
stainless steel combustion chamber. Increased nitric oxide emissions attributed to higher flame temperatures were measured in the exhaust from the refractory lined chambers. Several combinations of burner and firing rate (14 out of 24) could not meet a combustion standard which demands a smoke
number less than one and an excess-air level below sixty percent; only one burner performed satisfactorily at all firing rates in both chambers.
Mineralogical examination of porphyry copper ore from the Bell Copper Deposit, Babine Lake, British Columbia
Authors: Owns D R
Published: March 2021

Samples of porphyry copper ore, consisting of head samples and hand specimens were received on January 15, 1974, from Peter Ogryzlo, Geologist, Noranda Mines Limited, Bell Copper Division, P.O. Box 2000, Granisle, B.C. Mr. Ogryzlo requested that the samples be
examined to determine the occurrence of the gold, reported to range from 0.015 to 0.020 ounces per ton. At the present time, approximately one half of the gold is being recovered. The occurrence of the gold in these samples could not be established. However, assays of various products prepared from
the head sample (Table 1), indicated that the gold is probably associated with the sulphides. Therefore, a request was made for a sample of copper concentrate, reported to contain higher gold values (0.44 ounces per ton). This sample was received on March 25, 1974, from M. Paul Spira, Head,
Extractive Metallurgy Division, Noranda Research Centre, 240 Hymus Boulevard, Pointe Claire 730, Quebec. Six grains of native gold were identified in two of the products prepared from the copper concentrate. Three of these grains were liberated, two were enclosed in chalcopyrite, and the sixth was
in contact with pyrite. Electron microprobe analyses show that the gold contains from 3.7 to 4.2 wt % silver. The above occurrences, together with assays of various products of the copper concentrate (Table 2) indicate that the gold occurs as the native metal, as liberated grains and as
inclusions in chalcopyrite, and associated with pyrite.
Metallurgical examination of boiler shell plate and broken rivets from starboard boiler of S.S. Winnipeg
Authors: Parsons D E
Published: March 2021

Examination of boiler shell plate taken from the steamship "Winnipeg" showed that the plate was semi-killed and had not been stress-relieved before service. The mechanical properties of the steel at the time of testing were satisfactory, but in service the cracks
propagated without deformation. The cracks were predominantly intercrystalline and were filled with corrosion product. Failure appeared to result from stresscorrosion (caustic cracking), possibly assisted by strain-ageing and working of the boiler seam. Failure originated in radial cracks, present
in cold-worked metal at the rivet hole surfaces, which slowly propagated to result in continuous cracking of the ligaments in the two outer rows of rivets.
Research project NF-16, phase II: preliminary project the influence of individual additions of tim, cadmium, antimony and copper on the structure and properties of galvanized coatings
Authors: Sebisty J J , Palmer R
Published: March 2021

This report describes an investigation of the structure and properties of experimental galvanized coatings prepared by the dry galvanizing technique. Iron-saturated zinc baths were used, to which two levels, representing impurity and alloying concentrations, of
tin (0.10%,2.50%),cadmium (0.05%, 1.25%) , antimony (0.01%, 0.25%) and copper (0.05%, 1.25%) were added, with and without additions of 0.15% aluminum and 0.50% lead. A constant bath temperature, a range of immersion times and two grades of steel sheet were
used. In the absence of aluminum and lead, the influence of the addition elements studied was primarily restricted to variations in coating surface appearance. These effects were apparent when the additions were present in alloying concentrations. Of importance also was the embrittling effect of the
high antimony addition. High concentrations of tin and cadmium were somewhat less harmful in this respect. With aluminum and lead present in the bath, tin and antimony at either concentration had no significant effect on coating formation or properties. This also applied to cadmium and copper at an
immersion time of 0.25 min, but at 2 min, cadmium at either level partially neutralized the inhibiting effect of aluminum. This behaviour was pronounced with the high-copper addition so that coating weight, ductility and adherence were markedly affected.
Some recent developments in the zinc-plating of steel cartridge cases in Canada
Authors: Dingley W
Published: March 2021

For some Lime high-quality electroplated zinc has been specified as a suitable coating for protecting drawn-steel cartridge cases of the 105 mm and 3 inch, 70 calibre, types. The present report outlines a recent Canadian investigation that has shown how to
improve the quality of the zinc which is being applied by present processes. In particular, the following improvements are dealt with: (1) An alkaline anodic treatment to remove zinc phosphate coatings from steel surfaces, particularly coatings that have undergone heat treatment. (2) A rapid and
effective Method of removing ferrous iron and nickel, and probably other Similar impurities, from the cyanide zinc plating bath. A rapid and effective method of removing the same contaminating materials from the surfaces of zinc anodes used in the same type bath. In addition a hydrochloric acid
corrosion test has been developed, which has enabled the detection of metal contaminants in the zinc coatings and thus in the cyanide plating baths.
Durability of non-air-entrained concretes made with type I and modified type II cements
Authors: Malhotra V M , Zoldners N G
Published: March 2021

Ce rapport d'investigation fait partie d'une étude â long terme sur la durabilité des bétons préparés avec les ciments du type Iét du type modifie' II en liaison avec le projet hydro-électrique de la Manicouagan de le
Hydro-Québec. Les essais de laboratoire effectués sur les éprouvettes de 3½ sur 4 sur 15� pouces, ont Montré' que les échéntillons de béton sans air occlus, faits des deux types de ciments, avaient une trés faible résistance au gel. Les
éprouvettes d'essai en béton, préparées avec les ciments type I et type médifiéII, avaient été tràs sérieusement endommagées après exposition a moins de 55 cycles de gel et de dégel. Dans presque tous les cas, après l'exposition
aux cycles de gel et de dégel, les lectures de la vitesse de pulsations ultrasoniques et de la fréquence transversale, n'étaient plus possibles; la résistance résiduelle â la flexion 'des éprouvettes variait entre zéro et 11. 8 p. 100.
Coronavirus Anxiety Scale
Authors: Singh Khundrakpam Devananda
Published: March 2021

Background and Objective:

Coronavirus is spreading across the globe since December 2019. As India's first case was reported on January 30, 2020, the spread of this virus is experiencing by our population. As a result, there are extensive emotional distress and anxiety among populations due to this pandemic. Screening mental health is important for psychological well-being of any individual during this pandemic. The objective of this study was to validate the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS) in an Indian population.

Materials and Methods:

The research proposal was laid out before an ethical clearance committee, which approved the conduct of the research and consequent publication of the paper. Data were collected from 246 respondents through online. CAS, developed by Lee (2020), was adopted for the study. Informed consent was given by all the respondents, and their participation was voluntary. AMOS and SPSS were used to calculate confirmatory factor analysis and other statistical analyses. Bartlett's test of sphericity and Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) test, and Cronbach's alpha, were also calculated. Convergent validity was calculated through average variance extracted (AVE) and composite reliability (CR) in Microsoft Excel.

Results, and Conclusions:

Bartlett's test of sphericity was highly significant measuring Chi-square = 494.004, df = 10, and P < 0.001. The KMO was acceptable at 0.805. Fit indices (P < 0.001, Chi-square/df = 3.24, goodness of fit index = 0.976, Tucker–Lewis index = 0.954, and comparative fit index = 0.977) are statistically significant. Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.822), AVE (0.526), and CR (0.745) were adequate. The overall findings of the analyses demonstrate that the CAS is a reliable and valid scale that evaluates the severity levels of dysfunctional anxiety linked to COVID-19 in an Indian sample. CAS is applicable to measure the level of dysfunctional coronavirus anxiety in the Indian population.
Neurocognitive Effects of Chemotherapy for Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis of 11 Studies
Authors: Hwang Soo Young , Kim Kwanghyun , Ha Byeonggwan , Lee Dongkyu , Kim Seonung , Ryu Seongjun , Yang Jisu , Jung Sun Jae
Published: March 2021

PurposeChemotherapy-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) is a controversial concept not much explored on colorectal cancer patients.Materials and MethodsWe identified 11 prospective studies: eight studies on 696 colorectal cancer patients who received chemotherapy and three studies on 346 rectal cancer patients who received neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) of neuropsychological test results and the cognitive quality-of-life scale were calculated using random effect models. A meta-regression was conducted to investigate the association between mean study population age and effect sizes. ResultsThe association between chemotherapy and cognitive impairment was not clear in colorectal cancer patients (SMD, 0.003; 95% confidence interval, ‒0.080 to 0.086). However, a meta-regression showed that older patients are more vulnerable to CRCI than younger patients (β=‒0.016, p < 0.001).ConclusionChemotherapy has an overall positive negligible effect size on the cognitive function of colorectal patients. Age is a significant moderator of CRCI.
Prediction of Cancer Incidence and Mortality in Korea, 2021
Authors: Jung Kyu-Won , Won Young-Joo , Hong Seri , Kong Hyun-Joo , Im Jeong-Soo , Seo Hong Gwan
Published: March 2021

Purpose This study aimed to report the projected cancer incidence and mortality for the year 2021 to estimate Korea’s current cancer burden.Materials and Methods Cancer incidence data from 1999 to 2018 were obtained from the Korea National Cancer Incidence Database, and cancer mortality data from 1993 to 2019 were acquired from Statistics Korea. Cancer incidence and mortality were projected by fitting a linear regression model to observed age-specific cancer rates against their respective years and then by multiplying the projected age-specific rates by the anticipated age-specific population for 2021. A joinpoint regression model was used to determine the year in which the linear trend changed significantly; we only used the data of the latest trend.Results In total, 259,999 new cancer cases and 81,567 cancer deaths are expected to occur in Korea in 2021. The most common cancer site is expected to be the lung, followed by the thyroid, colon and rectum, breast, and stomach. These five cancers are expected to represent half of the overall burden of cancer in Korea. The most common type of cancer leading to death is expected to be lung cancer, followed by liver, colorectal, pancreatic, and stomach cancers.Conclusion The incidence rates for all types of cancer in Korea are estimated to gradually decrease. These up-to-date estimates of the cancer burden in Korea could be an important resource for planning and evaluating cancer-control programs.
Review
Authors: Marais Sue
Published: March 2021

No Abstract.
Determinants of Adoption of Cassava Technologies by Male Farmers in Nasarawa State, Nigeria
Authors: Ejechi ME
Published: March 2021

The study investigated determinants of adoption of recommended cassava production technologies among male farmers in Nasarawa State. Multi-stage sampling technique was employed for the selection of the respondent. Structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The data were collected from 60 male cassava farmers selected from 6 out of 13 LGAs in the State. They were Karu, Kokona, Akwanga, NasarawaEggon, Lafia and Obi. Data were analysed with both descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics such as frequency tables, and percentage were used to describe socio-economic characteristics of the respondents. Logit regression model was used to estimate the determinants of adoption of these practices. The results showed that awareness and adoption of these practices were very high (Awareness of all the practices ranges from 90% to 98.3% while the adoption is from 63.3% to 90%). Factors that positively and significantly influenced adoption by male farmers were income (p=0.01) and extension contact (p=0.1). The conclusion was that men made remarkable contribution in cassava production. It was recommended that Governments at all levels formulate policies aimed at encouraging and motivating male cassava farmers. Provision of loans to male farmers and subsidizing of inputs should be ae necessary. Cassava processing industries should be established to add value and increase income.Keywords: Adoption, Cassava Technologies, Male farmers.
Rural Women Use of Improved Shea butter Processing Technologies in Ilorin East Local Government Area, Kwara State, Nigeria
Authors: Egbunonu C.M. , Ogunjimi S.I. , Alabi O.O
Published: March 2021

This paper assessed the usage of improved Shea butter processing technology among rural women in kwara State. Specifically, the study focused on the socio economic characteristics of rural women in the study area, their access to information about Shea butter processing technology, knowledge level of respondents on the usage of the improved processing technology which comprises of the grinder (crusher), corn mil, kneader, and bridge press and also constraints experienced by the respondents in the usage of the improved processing technology. Multistage sampling technique was used to select 120 respondents for the study. The results show that Shea butter processing is mostly carried out by married women and had primary school education. Processors hardly seek information to improve their activity. Result urther revealed low knowledge on the use of improved processing technologies. Constraints faced by processors on the use of these improved technologies include high cost of equipment and inadequate technical know -how. This paper is optimistic that Shea butter has a lot of potentials but is still underutilized and should be vitalised by government and NGO as a way of alleviating poverty among rural women.Key words: Processing technology, Shea butter, rural women
Extension Agents’ Use of Mobile Phone Applications for Agricultural Extension Service Delivery in Ebonyi State Agricultural Development Programme, Nigeria
Authors: Ezeh Ann Nnenna , Eze Anayochukwu Victor , Eze Esther Onyinyechi
Published: March 2021

This study assessed extension agents’ use of mobile applications (apps) for extension service delivery in Ebonyi State Agricultural Development Programme (EBADP). The study involved 100 field extension agents. Percentage and mean score derived from 4-pointLikert-type scale was employed in the analysis of data. The results of the analysis showed that the most utilized mobile apps for extension service delivery were WhatsApp (76%) and facebook (53%). Lowland rice production (65%), cassava/maize/vegetable production (58%), and upland rice production (47%) were the most recommended packages of crop production component that were extended using mobile apps in EBADP. However, the use of mobile apps for extension service delivery were limited as a result of unavailability of network coverage in rural area (84%), lack of institutional policy for application of mobile apps in extension service (75%), low ownership of smartphones among farmers (73%), poor farmers’ knowledge on the use of mobile apps (67%), and poor internet connectivity (66%). Government should initiate e-extension policy, making mobile apps extension services mandatory for public extension organizations; extension organizations should develop specific mobile apps that will support extension service delivery; and organizing training programmes for extension agents on the use of mobile apps for extension service delivery.

Keywords: Mobile apps, smartphones, extension service, WhatsApp, Facebook
3D Petrophysical Modelling Of Queen Field, Onshore Niger Delta, Nigeria
Authors: Eze C , Emujakporue G , Okujagu DC
Published: March 2021

Petrophysical-Modelling is indispensable in upstream Projects, considering the high cost, risks and uncertainties associated with this sector. Petrophysical qualities for Queen Field was modeled using Information obtained and analyzed from well-logs and 3-D Seismic data. Coarse-grain, Medium- grain and fine-grain Sands as well as Shale were all delineated by GR log. Results of petrophysical evaluation conducted on seven reservoir intervals correlated across the field showed that; Shale volume was below 35%, Total Porosity are > 20% Effective Porosity are >15% Permeability is > 380.00mD all of this conforms to excellent reservoir quantity. Seismic interpretation showed the presence of synthetic and antithetic faults. Two horizons were mapped on seismic data and utilized for modeling. These models were the framework for facies and petrophysical properties distribution. Facies models were generated using sequential indicator simulation while petrophysical properties were generated using sequential gaussian simulation algorithm. A comparison was further done between facies constrained and non-facies constrained models. It was found that for Porosity, Permeability, Water of Saturation and Shale Volume Models not constrained to facies all showed overestimated Models, in addition Stochastic STOIIP not constrained to facies gave an Over Estimated P50 value for Surface I and O Reservoir Interval as 624.028M, 76.28MM, when compared to Stochastic Hydrocarbon STOIIP when constrained to facies that showed Stochastic P50 value of 513,247 and 67.04MM for surface I and O and Deterministic STOIIP of 742.90M and 87.88MM. This study validates the practice of constraining Petrophysical model to facies available on the field as the best practice.

Keywords: Queen Field, Onshore, Niger Delta, 3D Petrophysical.
Leaf epidermal studies of four species of Chlorophytum Ker- Gawl in Nigeria
Authors: Omokanye BS , Mustapha OT , Abdulrahaman AA , Kolawole OS
Published: March 2021

Studies of the foliar epidermal morphology in four species of Chlorophytum; C. orchidastrum, C. bichetii, C. stenopetalum and C. macrophyllum revealed the presence of stomata on both sides of the leaves (amphistomatic stomata distribution). In C. orchidastrum, few stomata are present on the adaxial surfaces. Stomata type has no diagnostic importance as all the species studied have tetracytic stomata. Stomata index (<10%) on the adaxial surface in C. orchidastrum easily distinguished the species from others. In C. bichetii and C. macrophyllum stomata index (<50%) was recorded while stomata index (>50%) was recorded for C. stenopetalum on the adaxial surface. Stomata index on the abaxial surface also shows that fewer stomata occur in C. macrophyllum compared with C. stenopetalum. The studies also revealed smooth leaf margin for C. orchidastrum. Papillea out growth were observed on the leaf margin of C. stenopetalum and C. macrophyllum, Papillea projections were however more pronounced in C. bichetii. Leaf epidermal character is hereby indicated as an important tool in delimiting species in the genus Chlorophytum.

Keywords: Chlorophytum, stomata, epidermal cells, anatomy, foliar morphology.
Hydrocarbon Generation Potential of the Campano-Maastrichtian Dark Mudstone Lithofacies, Benin Flank, South West Anambra Basin, Nigeria
Authors: Edegbai AJ , Emofurieta WO
Published: March 2021

The dark mudstone lithofacies of Mamu Formation was deposited during the Campano-Maastrichtian flooding episode. It is laterally heterogeneous, and has been subdivided into marsh, bay and central basin subenvironments in order of proximality. Arising from recommendation from a previous study, we evaluated its hydrocarbon generating potential using multidisciplinary tools involving visual kerogen analysis, as well as bulk and isotope geochemistry. Seventy-seven sample materials were taken from 3-outcrop sites at Uzebba, Okpekpe and Imiegba locations, Benin flank, SW Anambra Basin, Nigeria. The results show that bulk of the samples have good organic richness. Kerogen quality is dominantly of gas prone Type III kerogen. However, visual kerogen analysis indicates the presence of an oil prone Type II/III kerogen in the central basin subenvironments. An immature thermal maturity is inferred based on spore colour index (SCI) of less than 6 on the SCI chart (thermal alteration index of <2.5). In addition, we hypothesize that the dark mudstone lithofacies possesses biogenic gas potential based on its organic richness, kerogen quality and thermal maturity. Shale gas prospectivity is further enhanced by the low dip of the Mamu Formation, shallow burial as well as high silica content. Worth mentioning is the proximal marsh mudstone (Uzebba location) with suitable microfabric, very high silica as well as >10m of combined (continuous) outcropping and subcropping thickness

Keywords: Kerogen, palynofacies, stable isotope geochemistry, shale gas,
Chlorophytum sabiense (Asparagaceae): A new speices from Nigeria
Authors: Omokanye B.S.
Published: March 2021

Chlorophytum Ker-Gawl. is a monocotyledonous perennial herb. Its perennating organ is rhizome which may be tuberous or not. The genus like other Liliales is characterized by having tricarpellay syncarpous ovary. In the present study, samples of the species collected from the North Central part of Nigeria and used for this study, were observed to have multiple carpels fused at the base and with free styles. This is the main diagnostic feature of the newly identified species. Multicarpellary syncarpous ovary is not only new for the genus but also for the tribe Asphodeleae of Hutchinson's system. The carpels consist of; 3 with long free styles and 3 with short free styles. Placentation is axile, with three chambers, suggesting carpellode situation in few of its carpels. The new taxon is therefore named Chlorophytum sabiense. Omokanye, sp. nov. TYPE: Nigeria, Sabi
Effect of interspecific competition among whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on crops and ornamental plants in Southwestern Nigeria
Authors: Oyelade O.J.
Published: March 2021

Whiteflies that are pests of many crops and ornamental plants produce migratory forms during dense populations with different species sharing the same host plant. Fields surveys of these pests were conducted from 8 sampling sites within the five states (Lagos, Oyo, Osun, Ekiti and Ondo states) of Southwestern Nigeria during 2016 and 2019 to investigate the effects of interspecific competition among whiteflies on plants in the region. This survey was carried out in both wet and dry seasons. Whiteflies were collected on crops and ornamental plants in the sampling sites within the mangrove forest, rainforest and the derived savannah zones in the region. Interspecific competition was observed between four species Aleurodicus dispersus, A cocois, Aleurocanthus woglumi and Bemisia tabaci. The species population of whiteflies was analyzed using the Paleontological statistics software package (PAST) and nonparametric t-test was conducted to analyse the sharing of the host surface among species. The results obtained showed that the interspecific competition among species of whiteflies in the region is most during early rain season and yielded less whiteflies infestation and abundance at underside of plant leaves, and as well supported high number of the pest on upper leaf surfaces. The integrative analysis of the consequences of interspecific competition could provide justification for predicting species exclusion resulting into whitefly invasions of upper leaf surfaces as their new ecological niche.
Amenity trees diversity in selected tertiary institutions within Port Harcourt Metropolis, Rivers State, Nigeria
Authors: Oladele A.T. , Eguakun F.S. , Ugbaja U.C.
Published: March 2021

Trees are a central component of most urban communities, providing diverse benefits such as improving air quality, increasing aesthetic appeal, preventing erosion and providing habitat for wildlife. However, there is inadequate information on the distribution and diversity of these trees within our academic environments. This study investigates the distribution, frequency and species diversity of amenity trees within the main campuses of tertiary institutions in River State, Nigeria. The selected tertiary institutions are University of Port-Harcourt (Institution A) and Rivers State University (Institution B). Five (5) major roads in each campus were randomly selected, and 200m along each road was selected as sample areas. Ten (10) meter was marked from the edge of the road, and complete inventory was taken of all trees within the marked sample area. Diameter at breast height (DBH), crown diameter and tree height were measured. Shannon-Weiner and Simpson diversity index were used to calculate amenity trees diversity, while Margalef specie richness was used to calculate the species index. A total of 539 trees were surveyed on both campuses, comprising 26 different species and 10 families. Casuarina equisetifolia had the highest frequency with 92 trees in B. Simpson diversity index showed higher diversity (D = 0.78) in B amenity trees than A (D = 0.81). Shannon-Weiner species evenness was 0.71 and 0.76 for Institutions A and B respectively. Margalef specie richness index were 2.90 for A and 1.40 for B. This study provides baseline information for ecosystem management of urban forest tree species within campuses. For sustainable management of trees on campuses, frequent inventory and survey should be conducted to establish their abundance, distribution and diversity.
Assessment of Biodiesel Fuel Potentials of Seed Crude Oil Extracts of Balanites aegyptiaaca (L.) Del
Authors: Chomini M.S. , Daspan A.J. , Kambai C. , Chomini A.E. , Bassey E.A. , Fatoke V. , Rabiu A.U.
Published: March 2021

Study on assessmentof biodiesel fuel potentials of seed crude oil extracts of Balanites aegyptiaaca (L.) Del was carriedout. Standard methods of the Association of Official and Analytical Chemist (AOAC) were adopted to evaluate the proximate, physico-chemical properties and fatty acid  compositions of crude seed oil extracts of the test plant. The proximate constituents of the crude seed oil extract gave crude protein (22.09%), crude fat (56.75%), moisturecontent (1.35%), ash (4.70%), crudefiber (12.75%) and carbohydrate (2.36%). The crude oil physicochemical properties included saponification value(216.439mgKOH/g), peroxide value(4.84meq/kg), acid value(2.18mgKOH/g), iodine value(77.08g/100g), viscosity  value(150.3@30°C) and cetane number(54.08), refractive index(1.487 @30°C), relative density (0.949g/cm3) while calorific value was 39.03(MJ/kg). The fatty acids composition of crude kernel oil extract of B. aegyptiaca indicated the presence of four (4) fatty acids, with relative percentage abundance (RPA) in the order of 67.17% (9,12-Octadecanoic acid (C19 H3402)) > 16.22% (Pentadecanoic acid (C17H3402)) > 11.8kg% (Heptacosanoic acid (C28H5602)) > 4.72% (Oleic acid(C18H3402)). These properties conferred relative prospects on the crude oil of the test plant as a suitable  potential biodiesel substrate and consequently, large scale aforestation efforts be renewed, to guarantee ready availability of the raw materials.

Keywords: Balanites aegyptiaca, Biodiesel, proximate, physicochemical, crude seed oil extracts
Sero-prevalence and serotypes of infectious bronchitis virus in free-range chicken in Plateau state, Nigeria
Authors: Ijoma S. , Shittu I. , Chinyere C. , Olawuyi K.A. , Gado D.A. , Nwagbo I.O. , Meseko C.A. , Joannis T.M.
Published: March 2021

Globally, infectious bronchitis (IB) is an important respiratory viral disease responsible for enormous economic losses to poultry farmers.  In Nigeria, limited reports on the prevalence and serotypes of the IB virus are available. Here, we investigated the prevalence and serotypes of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in chicken in Plateau State. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out involving 440 apparently healthy free-range local chickens sampled from eleven villages in four Local Government Areas (LGA) of Plateau State. Sera collected from the birds were screened for the presence of four IBV serotypes namely; Massachusetts (Mass), Arkansas (Ark), Connecticut (Con) and Delaware (De-072) using haemagglutinationinhibition (HI) test. In all, a prevalence of 82.95% (n = 365) was recorded. At LGAlevel, prevalence of 79.50%, 47.37%, 95.45% and 100% were recorded in Kanam, Mangu, Qua’an pan and Bassa LGAs, respectively. Based on serotype prevalence, Mass had 89.30% (n = 326); Ark 79.70% (n = 291); Con 88.20% (n = 322) while De-072 was 42.70% (n = 156). There were statistically significant associations between dominant serotype and the LGAs (p≤0.001). This study shows high prevalence of IBwith at least four strains of IBV present in free-range chicken flocks in Plateau State requiring attention for control measures.

Keywords: Free-range chicken; Infectious bronchitis virus; Plateau state, Serosurvey, Serotype
Diagnosis and surgical management of acanthomatous ameloblastoma in a 5-month-old female Boerboel puppy
Authors: Oyenekan I.O. , Ilugbo M.O. , Adebayo O.O. , Adebiyi A.A. , Koleosho S.A. , Ajayi O.L. , Ajadi R.A.
Published: March 2021

A five-month-old female Boerboel puppy presented with a rapidly expanding fibrous growth around the canine tooth of the right maxilla was diagnosed as having acanthomatous ameloblastoma based on findings from skull radiography, cytology of fine needle aspiration, biopsy and histopathology of resected growth. Lateral radiograph of the skull revealed moderate osteolysis of the maxilla with presence ofun-erupted maxillary canine teeth. Cytology of fine needle aspirate from the growth showed clusters of epithelial cells that were  hyperchromatic and showing palisade arrangement. The mass was surgically resected using diathermy instrument following general anaesthesia using combination of intramuscular injection of xylazine (0.5mg/kg), and intravenous injection of propofol (4mg/kg). Post-operative management included Ibuprofen suspension (100mg) administered for 3-days, intravenous vincristine (0.5mg/m2 ) once weekly and oral cyclophosphamide (50mg) was administered twice weekly for six weeks. Histopathology of the growth showed odontogenic epithelium embedded in pulp ectomesenchyme. Features of odontogenic epithelium include palisading epithelium with anti-basilar nuclei and centrally located cells having features of stellate reticulum. This is probably the first reported case of acanthomatous ameloblastoma in a Boerboel puppy that was successfully managed.

Keywords: Acanthomatous, Ameloblastoma, Boerboel-puppy, Chemotherapy, Odontoid
Effects of Aqueous Extract of Unpolished Dark Purple Glutinous Rice, Var Luem Pua, on ROS in SK-N-SH Cells and Scopolamine-induced Memory Deficit in Mice
Authors: Srisuwan S , Arkaravichien T , Mahatheeranont S , Puangsombat P , Seekhaw P , Noenplab ANL , Sattayasai J
Published: March 2021

Purpose: To investigate the antioxidative and memory-enhancing effects of aqueous extract of unpolished Thai rice strain of Luem Pua (LP) in SK-N-SH cells and scopolamine-induced memory deficit in mice.Methods: In SK-N-SH cells, viability was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay while intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were quantified after pretreatment with LP (0, 200, 600 and 1000 μg/mL) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In mice, memory was impaired by injecting 2 mg/kg/day scopolamine, for 18 consecutive days. On each day, mice were also force-fed with LP 0, 90 or 180 mg/kg. On the last 5 days of treatment, memory was tested using passive avoidance (PA) and Morris water maze (MWM) tests.Results: At concentration up to 1,000 μg/mL LP had no effect on SK-N-SH cell viability and significantly reduce intracellular ROS levels of SK-N-SH cells with or without H2O2. Mice that received 90 or 180 mg/kg LP showed a significant decrease in latency time in PA test and an increase in escape latency time in MWM test. These  data suggest that LP antagonizes the effect of scopolamine on memory.Conclusion: LP extract has anti-oxidative and memory-enhancing effects in cell culture and mice. The rice may be a nutraceutical helpful for promoting brain health. Keywords: Dark purple rice, Leum Pua rice, Reactive oxygen species, Memory, Scopolamine, Cell culture
Protective Effects of Dimedone Pyrone on Podocytes in Rats with Diabetic Nephropathy
Authors: Luan B , Sun C
Published: March 2021

Purpose: To investigate the effect of dimedone pyrone (DP) on podocytes in rats with diabetic nephropathy (DN).Methods: The rats were randomly assigned into 5 experimental groups (n = 10), viz, non-diabetic  control with no treatment (ND/NT), diabetic with no treatment (DG/NT), diabetic treated with 5 mg/kg dimedone pyrone (DG/DP 5), diabetic treated with 10 mg/kg dimedone pyrone (DG/DP 10) and diabetic treated with 20 mg/kk dimedone pyrone (DG/DP 20) group. Clinical parameters, including 24 h urinary protein, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SCR), blood glucose (GLU), and kidney weight (KW)/body weight (BW) were determined after 12 weeks of treatment. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to examine renal pathological changes while transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed for evaluation of structural changes in the podocytes. The expression levels of nephrin and podocin were evaluated using immunofluorescence staining.Results: Dimedone pyrone caused a significant decrease in SCR, BUN, GLU, KW/BW and 24 h urine protein in DG/DP 20 group compared to DG/NT group. Furthermore, incidences of glomerular disorders, chronic tubulo-interstitial damage and glomerular podocyte lesions decreased significantly following dimedone pyrone treatment. Glomeruli, tubules and podocytes exhibited pathomorphological improvements while nephrin and podocin protein expression levels were significantly higher in the nephridial tissue. Decrease in relative kidney weight (KW/BW) and 24 h urinary protein level were improved significantly on treatment with dimedone pyrone. Moreover, glomerular disorder, chronic tubulo-interstitial damage and glomerular podocyte lesions were also suppressed. The improvement was more significant in DG/DP 20 compared to DG/DP 5 and DG/DP 10 groups.Conclusion: Dimedone pyrone exhibits a protective effect on the podocytes of rats and may be of therapeutic importance in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.Keywords: Dimedone pyrone, Podocin, Diabetic neuropathy, Nephrin, Glomerular disorders
MiR-384 is associated with renal damage in lupus nephritis via regulation of TET3 expression
Authors: Zhang Jun , Lu Suli , Ding Ting , Zhao Haijia , Tang Dongxing
Published: March 2021

Purpose: To investigate the correlations between miR-384 expression and renal damage in lupus nephritis (LN).Methods: Lupus nephritis and normal tissues were collected during surgery. The relative miR-384 expression was evaluated by extracting RNA and performing quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) assays. Expression of ten-eleven translocation (TET3) mRNA and protein were measured by qRT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. The 24-h urine protein, serum complement C3, and serum creatinine were determined using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. TargetScan and luciferase assays were used to validate the binding site for miR-384 and its target mRNA. Relationships among miR-384, TET3, and renal damage were analyzed by Spearman rank-order correlation coefficients.Results: MiR-384 expression increased in LN tissues and was positively correlated with the activity index (AI) and chronicity index of LN, whereas miR-384 expression and serum complement C3 were negatively correlated. Positive correlations were observed between miR-384 expression and 24-h urine protein, serum creatinine, and systemic lupus erythematosus disease AI. TargetScan and luciferaseassays indicated that the TET3 3′-UTR was the direct target of miR-384. MiR-384 upregulation inhibited TET3 mRNA and protein  expression, and was negatively associated with renal damage in LN.Conclusion: MiR-384 upregulation contributes to renal damage in LN by targeting the 3′-UTR of TET3 mRNA, suggesting that miR-384 is a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in LN.

Keywords: MiR-384, Renal damage, Lupus nephritis, Ten-eleven translocation, TET3
LncRNA PFAL suppresses TNF-α-induced inflammation by upregulating miR-18a in WI-38 cells
Authors: Xie Yichun , Wang Hongqun
Published: March 2021

Purpose: Pneumonia is a serious respiratory disease among children with high mortality and morbidity all over the world. Long non-coding RNAs have been proven to play a vital role in many inflammatory diseases including pneumonia. In the present study, the protective impact of lncRNA PFAL on cell viability, cell apoptosis and secretion of inflammatory cytokines, as well as the underlying molecular mechanism in TNF-α-induced inflammatory injury model of pneumonia were investigated.Methods: WI-38 cell line was treated with 20 ng/ml TNF-α to establish an inflammatory injury model of pneumonia. LncRNA PFAL or miR-18a was up- or down-regulated in the WI-38 cells by transfection procedure. Cell viability was assessed using CCK-8 assay, while the rate of cell apoptosis was measured by utilizing flow cytometry. The mRNA expression levels of lncRNA PFAL, miR-18a, apoptosis-related and JNK pathway genes were determined with RT-qPCR. Moreover, the production of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and MCP-1 were detected by using Western blot analysis.Results: The results indicated that cell viability was significantly (P<0.05) reduced, while the rate of cell apoptosis was increased in the TNF-α-induced WI-38 cells. Also, TNF-α treatment enhanced the expression of inflammatory cytokines that included IL-6 and MCP-1 in WI-38 cells. Overexpression of PFAL suppressed the injury induced by TNF-α and miR-18a was positively regulated by PFAL. Moreover, the inhibition of miR-18a weakens the effect of PFAL overexpression in TNF-α-induced cell injury. Furthermore, PFAL and miR-18a were involved in the regulation of JNK pathway.Conclusion: Overexpression of PFAL suppresses TNF-α-induced WI-38 cell injury by up-regulating miR-18a via the inactivation of JNK signaling pathway.

Keywords: Inflammation, JNK pathway, miR-18a, PFAL, Pneumonia, TNF-α
Postawa męstwa bycia – odpowiedź dana nie tylko Hamletowi
Authors: Hintz Marcin , Urbańska-Bożek Maria
Published: March 2021

Attitude of the Courage to Be – Response Given Not Only to Hamlet

The article comprises an analysis of the concept of “courage” as an ontological and ethical principle, constituting the chief category in the philosophical theology of Paul Tillich, called “the philosopher of borderlands,” regarded as the most important thinker in the Protestant, liberal theology of the 20th century. In his philosophical theology or theological philosophy the notion of “courage to be” provides an essential point of reference in the context of spiritual development of the human individual, as well as revealing possibilities of giving sense to being, which appears itself to man as devoid of sense. In the first part, the concept of “courage to be” is itself subjected to analysis as the ontological and the ethical principle. According to Tillich, the existentially (ethically) oriented being constituted a step in the individual’s life, which is already connected with conscious life and self-affirmation. The second part discusses Tillich’s understanding of faith as the “to be or not to be” of human existence. The author of Dynamics of Faith says that the courage to be can be expressed either in individuation, that is, in the personal relationship and encounter with God, which represents the existentialist approach, or by means of participation in God’s power. Tillich proclaims that only the virtue of courage can overcome the anxiety arising from lack of sense and from doubt, which is characteristic of human life.
Neurogenic Obesity and Skeletal Pathology in Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: McMillan David W. , Nash Mark S. , Gater David R. , Valderrábano Rodrigo J.
Published: March 2021

Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in dramatic changes in body composition, with lean mass decreasing and fat mass increasing in specific regions that have important cardiometabolic implications. Accordingly, the recent Consortium for Spinal Cord Medicine (CSCM) released clinical practice guidelines for cardiometabolic disease (CMD) in SCI recommending the use of compartmental modeling of body composition to determine obesity in adults with SCI. This recommendation is guided by the fact that fat depots impact metabolic health differently, and in SCI adiposity increases around the viscera, skeletal muscle, and bone marrow. The contribution of skeletal muscle atrophy to decreased lean mass is self-evident, but the profound loss of bone is often less appreciated due to methodological considerations. General-population protocols for dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) disregard assessment of the sites of greatest bone loss in SCI, but the International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD) recently released an official position on the use of DXA to diagnose skeletal pathology in SCI. In this review, we discuss the recent guidelines regarding the evaluation and monitoring of obesity and bone loss in SCI. Then we consider the possible interactions of obesity and bone, including emerging evidence suggesting the possible influence of metabolic, autonomic, and endocrine function on bone health in SCI.
Mathematical and Trade Based Optimization : "Synthetic" Method and Three Industrial Cases
Authors: Crestic Yvon Gardan , Gardan Nicolas
Published: March 2021

The linear process of design-engineeringmanufacturing is nowadays obsolete. Even DFX (Design For X) methodologies are often replaced by Simulation for XFD (X being also Design) approaches. Optimization is also often applied before design. For instance, engineering design optimization of mechanical structures is nowadays essential in the mechanical industry (automotive, aeronautics ...). But optimizing mechanical structures cannot be efficient without taking in account other phases of the design-manufacturing process. In some cases, optimization is only based on trade kwnowledge. Engineers must then design parts or assemblies that are a better compromise, between mechanical and functional performance, weight, manufacturing costs etc. In this paper, after giving an overview on the different disciplines in design optimization of mechanical structures, we propose some trends to take into account the trade knowledge in the optimization/design phases. We propose an integrated approach to optimization in a functional design process with a methodological point of view. We present three different industrial cases of optimization on three examples : one in mechanical structures optimization, on based only on trade knowledge and the third mixing calculus and knowledge
Hydrogen Production From Steam Gasification of Palm Kernel Shell Using Sequential Impregnation Bimetallic Catalysts
Authors: Ramli Anita , Eliana Misi Siti Eda , Mohamad Mas Fatiha , Yusup Suzana
Published: March 2021

Zeolite β supported bimetallic Fe and Ni catalysts have been prepared using sequential impregnation method and calcined at temperatures between 500-700 ºC. The catalytic activity of these catalysts in a steam gasification of palm kernel shell was tested in a fixed-bed quartz micro-reactor at 700 ºC. Both Fe and Ni active metals present in FeNi/BEA and NiFe/BEA catalysts are corresponding to Fe2O3 and NiO. Different calcination temperatures and different sequence in metal addition have a significant effect to the catalytic activity where FeNi/BEA (700) shows the highest hydrogen produced than other catalysts.
A Systematic Literature Review towards the Research of Game-Based Learning with Augmented Reality
Authors: Alper Ayfer , Şengün Öztaş Elif , Atun Handan , Çınar Dinçer , Moyenga Musa
Published: March 2021

Changes in the lifestyles of human beings keep up with science and technology in tandem with the growth of science and technology. As in all fields, expectations are influenced by the advancement of science and technology for the use of emerging technologies in educational environments. By empowering the physical world with virtual information, Augmented Reality (AR) creates new opportunities for education. The impact of uncertainty and scientific advances in the field of application has modified the definition of “AR Technology” to “AR Environments”. Within the scope of this study, it is aimed to analyze scientific studies on game-based learning and the use of AR in educational activities systematically. In this context, the “education area”, “the level of education of the participant”, “dependent variables”, “data collection tools”, “research methods used”, “type of AR used”, “software used in the development phase of the application”, factors such as “advantages and limitations towards the use of AR in a learning environment” are taken into consideration. In line with the purpose of the research and the specified criteria, a total of 53 scientific studies, which were scanned from scientific journals published in Turkey and abroad between 2016 and 2020, were analyzed using the systematic literature review method. As a result, findings regarding the effects of the game and AR-based learning environments in the learning processes for students are discussed. In addition, several recommendations for the creation and use of new educational games and AR applications have been created, which will help the gaps in AR studies and students' learning processes in terms of potential study.