bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In the depths of tenth-century Byzantine ceremonial: the treatment of Arab prisoners of war at imperial banquets
Authors: Simeonova Liliana
Published: January 2014

Modern studies dedicated to the semantics of Byzantine ceremonies seem to agree on at least two points: (a) that the Byzantines had an elaborate ceremonial for every possible occasion and (b) that even the tiniest element of this ceremonial was loaded with multiple layers of meaning. Whether it took place in the streets of Constantinople, in the Hippodrome, in the Forum of Constantine or at various places in the palace, this lavish ceremonial always pursued the same ultimate goal: to impress, and intimidate, both the capital’s citizenry and the visitors. The Byzantine ceremonial invariably had a religious dimension to it, which was to make everybody — Christian, pagan, and infidel alike — believe in the eternal glory and splendour of the Empire of New Rome. Sometimes, the observer was supposed to get this idea through watching, or partaking of, ceremonies that represented a magnificent blend of acclamations, music, light, colourful costumes, meaningful gestures and ample decoration. On other occasions, the same idea was propagated through the public humiliation of captured domestic rebels, high-ranking foreign captives, or other rulers’ diplomatic agents; to make the picture complete, the act of humiliation could be extended to include a possible ill-treatment of the foreigners’ servants and horses. Whether openly manifested or buried in subtle gestures, flattery and ridicule often went hand-in-hand in the language of Byzantine ceremonies. While foreigners may not have always been able to understand what was going on, no variation in the ceremonial could ever escape the sharp eye of the Byzantine courtier, to whom being in tune with the slightest change in the prevalent mood was simply a question of survival.
The final commission of Artemius the former dux Aegypti
Authors: Woods David
Published: January 2014

It is normally assumed that Artemius was dux Aegypti at the time of his martyrdom at Antioch on 20 October 362. The present paper argues that Constantius II had actually promoted him as his magister equitum per Orientem about a year beforehand, just before his own death. In accordance with his anti-Christian bias, however, Ammianus Marcellinus conceals this fact in order to create a false association between Artemius and the disreputable bishop George of Alexandria, attacking not only the cult of martyrs in general but that of Artemius at Antioch in particular.
Westernisation in the eighteenth-century Ottoman empire: how far, how fast?
Authors: Murphey Rhoads
Published: January 2014

A long-cherished assumption in standard periodisations of Ottoman history holds that Westernisation in the Ottoman empire had its beginnings in the early eighteenth century. According to the traditional view, the effects of the European Enlightenment began to be felt in the Ottoman empire with the establishment of the Muteferrika Press in 1727, gained pace as the century progressed and achieved a kind of culmination under the rule of the would-be reformist sultan Selim III (reigned 1789-1807). This study examines the evidence for the broader reception of Western, especially secular, ideas at the community level among various of the principal population groups (both Christian and Muslim) of the empire, and attempts a reassessment of the pace of Westernisation divorced from the usual Istanbul-centric and court-centred framework of analysis.
The Cyprus Proposition: Lord Curzon and Cyprus in British Imperial Strategy, 1914 to 1919
Authors: Fisher John
Published: January 2014

Debate about the strategic importance of Cyprus to Britain during and immediately after World War I has been overlooked by historians. During this period several key departments, politicians and officials argued strongly and in a concerted way for British retention of the island. This article investigates their reasoning and the arguments of those who championed its cession to Greece. Particular attention is given to the opinions of Lord Curzon, whose career was steeped in long-standing Anglo-Russian rivalries in Asia and the strategic doctrines which underpinned it. Reference is also made to the political, diplomatic and strategic context in which Curzon and his colleagues debated the issue.
The reception of Solomos: national poetry and the question of lyricism
Authors: Tziovas Dimitris
Published: January 2014

Through the reception of Solomos, this paper explores the tension between the lyric and the narrative, and the extent to which the roles of national and lyric poet are compatible. The critical reception of Solomos demonstrates that his recognition as a lyric poet was not on an equal footing with his presentation as a national one. It shows that his joint treatment as the national poet of Greece and its greatest lyric poet is problematic and not convincingly argued. It also argues that Solomos’s reception can be summarized as the conflict between the historical and the aesthetic approaches.
Byzantine policy towards Paristrion in the mid-eleventh century: another interpretation
Authors: Stephenson Paul
Published: January 2014

Archaeological and numismatic evidence for Byzantine activity in Paristrion, the lands beside the lower Danube, are surveyed and interpreted alongside the few pertinent written sources. It is suggested that the onset of Pecheneg invasions across the lower Danube, shortly after the death of Basil II (d. 1025), provoked his successors to implement a policy which allowed the Pechenegs, and other northern peoples, controlled access to markets and merchandise. This system allowed ‘barbarians’ to acquire the goods and trappings of distinction they desired, and was generally effective in promoting trading over raiding. An attempt to Reform the system, and recoup bullion — perhaps by the introduction of a phoundax — provoked a rebellion c. 1072.
The legend of Basil the Bulgar-slayer
Authors: Stephenson Paul
Published: January 2014

This article surveys the reputation of the emperor Basil II as the Bulgar-slayer from the twentieth to the eleventh century. Basil featured in a number of historical and literary works at the time of the ‘Macedonian Struggle’ (1904-8). In the nineteenth century Basil was considered a key historical figure by those seeking to establish hellenic continuity: he had a particular connection with both Athens and Constantinople, the two poles of hellenism. Basil was largely ignored during the Tourkokratia, but for four centuries before 1453 he was considered an exemplary ruler. Stories of Basil’s martial prowess, particularly against the Bulgarians, circulated widely after his death in 1025. However, he was not called Voulgaroktonos until Byzantine struggles with Bulgaria recommenced, more than 150 years later.
Michael Psellos’ rhetorical gender
Authors: Papaioannou Eustratios N.
Published: January 2014

The following article discusses the rhetoric of Michael Psellos in light of his construction of a rhetorical gender. Focusing on one of his letters (to Ioannes Doukas, Sathas 72) where Psellos declares that he is female, the article proceeds to identify his textual source as Synesios of Kyrene (ca. 370-413). The comparison of text and intertext shows that, while Synesios uses femininity as a rhetorical motif, Psellos elevates it to a tool of a rhetorical self-identification defined by the specific social context of the eleventh century.
Nevile Henderson in Constantinople, Cairo and Belgrade: the prototype appeaser?
Authors: Neville Peter
Published: January 2014

This article will argue that far from being an inveterate appeaser, Henderson showed in Constantinople that he could be an advocate of tough measures. And that in Cairo, contrary to his reputation, he was a Foreign Office loyalist while his superior, George Lloyd, was critical of official policy. Nevertheless, Henderson’s early career does offer useful insights into why, once posted to Germany in 1937, he became an advocate of accommodation. In Yugoslavia, in particular, he showed a willingness to work with authoritarian leaders and a sympathy for them, which helped him to secure the Berlin appointment.
Some unknown sources of inspiration in the works of C.P. Cavafy
Authors: Fatouros Georgios
Published: January 2014

The sources of inspiration concerning the poems of C.P. Cavafy are not known in their whole scope. In the following pages some eight poems of the Alexandrian poet are discussed, the sources of which were either completely unknown or only partly recognized. The cases in question do not exhaust this topic.
Greek: a comprehensive grammar of the modern language: a response
Authors: Holton David , Mackridge Peter , Philippaki-Warburton Irene
Published: January 2014

The purpose of this note is to address some of the criticisms made by Alexandra Georgakopoulou and Dionysis Goutsos in their review of our Greek: a comprehensive grammar of the modern language in BMGS 23 (1999), pp. 337-40. We consider it necessary to clarify a number of issues because some of the points raised in the review are either unsubstantiated or inappropriate, stemming as they apparently do from the reviewers’ misunderstanding of our aims. We will examine the larger issues first.
UnRavelling Seferis’ ‘Mythistorema’ 6
Authors: Gauntlett Stathis
Published: January 2014

This article attempts to enhance the interpretation of Μυθιστόρημα 6 by exploiting more fully the wide range of verse, music and extra-textual data that can be connected with it. This entails a reassessment of several aspects of the poem, including the role of Maurice Ravel, the identity of the garden with the fountains, the connotations of the dark glass, and the significance of the rain. The poem emerges as a demonstration of the fragility of human culture which sets the contest of competing Hellenisms underlying Μυθιστόρημα in a sobering context.
A prosopographical note on the Hikanatoi of Byzantium: from military term to family surname
Authors: Savvides Alexios G.C.
Published: January 2014

Perhaps no other term/name in the Byzantine Empire ever linked so closely a military term with a family surname, as that of the hikanatoii/Hikanatoi, from the early ninth century onwards, until well within the later Byzantine period. In that sense, while the first part of the term’s history is mostly studied by military historians, its eventual evolution into a family surname (most probably from the first part of the eleventh century) is the work of the prosopographer/genealogist.
Re-inventing the Homeland in the Historiography of Frankish Greece: The Fourth Crusade and the Legend of the Trojan War
Authors: Shawcross Teresa
Published: January 2014

A close reading of Western texts belonging to the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries reveals the process by which the legend of the Trojan War came to be associated with the conquest of Constantinople. After 1204, attempts in the Morea to re-work Benoît de Sainte-Maure’s Roman de Troie attest to gradual changes in the relationship of the Frankish conquerors with their territories in the former Byzantine Empire, but also with their lands of origin. A parallel ideological transformation may be shown to have occurred within the Byzantine tradition. This evidence sheds light on the Late Medieval contexts in which were composed the Iliad of Constantine Hermoniakos, the anonymous Πόλεμος τῆς Τρωάδος, the Byzantine Iliad and Achilleid.
‘The slow fire that burned bridges’: the breaking of the political verse in Cavafy
Authors: Letsios Vassilios
Published: January 2014

For T.S. Eliot, ‘the ghost behind the arras’ refers to ‘some simple metre’ typographically dislocated and dimly heard if not openly seen. This paper examines in some detail the ways in which C. P. Cavafy appropriates the predominant Modern Greek verse form, the ‘political verse’ (politikos stichos), in new contexts and asks what they contribute to the understanding of the poet’s poetics. It will be argued that the most dominant ‘ghost’ is Palamas’ Ηφλογέρα του βασιλιά (1910), mirroring the poet’s attempts to communicate his response to the demise of the ‘Great Idea’ of national expansion.
The Virgin’s help for Constantinople
Authors: Speck† Paul
Published: January 2014

In the last issue of this journal there appeared an article by Bissera Pentcheva in which the author argued that before iconoclasm the cult of Mary knew no images, in particular in processions, and that in addition images of Mary had no significance as protector of the city. Such phenomena first appeared in the tenth century and were then projected back on the past. In order to examine this thesis we will need once again to review the sources.
The Arab-Byzantine coinage of jund Filastin – a potential historical source
Authors: Goodwin Tony
Published: January 2014

It is only in recent years that the complexity of the seventh-century Arab-Byzantine coinage of jund Filastin has become apparent. The various types from the three mints of lliya (Jerusalem), Yubna and Ludd are described, including one which is previously unpublished. There is considerable evidence to suggest that the Standing Caliph type originated at lliya and recent research has revealed that Yubna produced a variety of types unmatched by any other pre-reform mint. Two of these types have iconographic features which are otherwise unknown. These coins also constitute potentially useful historical documents, perhaps reflecting otherwise unattested military activity.
Republican theory and political dissidence in Ioannes Lydos
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony
Published: January 2014

The treatise of Ioannes Lydos On the Magistracies of the Roman State contains an argument against the legitimacy of the Roman emperors and in favour of the political freedom of the Republic. This argument targets Justinian in particular, whom Lydos compares to tyrants such as the early kings of Rome and the dynasts of the Republic. While most of the essay examines the details of Lydos' text, some consideration is given to its historical context and the range and nature of political dissidence in early Byzantium.
Punch and the British occupation of Cyprus in 1878
Authors: Varnava Andrekos
Published: January 2014

This article explores the criticisms levelled by the satirical illustrated newspaper Punch at the Beaconsfield Government’s decision to occupy Cyprus in July 1878. The Government’s public response to these in the media and Parliament will be analysed through the iconography of cartoons, poems and satirical commentaries and placed in their historical context. While historians have tended to use the cartoons as light-hearted comic relief and the poems and commentaries not at all, such material has real substance. The peculiar acquisition of Cyprus by the Beaconsfield Government excited passions, both euphoric and reproachful, in British political and newspaper circles. In order to determine the extent to which Punch’s arguments were accurate, this article compares the actual policies with the views of the Beaconsfield Government and with those of Punch.
Pictorial Sources for a Study of Costume 1860-90
Authors: Ormond Richard
Published: January 2014

The pictorial sources for this period are enormous, and of great variety. During the 1860s the genre school was still flourishing, and it provides a unique survey of fashion for every class of society. Evidence from this source should be treated with some caution, because genre painters tended to sentimentalize and simplify. Nevertheless, naturalism was the touchstone for most Victorian art, and the truth of a story depended to a great extent on truthful representation.
‘The Sign of Some Degree’?: The Financial, Social and Sartorial Significance of Male Headwear at the Courts of Henry VIII and Edward VI
Authors: Hayward Maria
Published: January 2014

The Monmouth cap, the saylors thrum,

And that wherin the tradesman come,

The physic, lawe, the cap divine,

The same that crowns the muses nine,

The cap that fools do countenance,

The goodly cap of maintenance,

And any cap, whate're it bee,

Is still the sign of some degree.
The paradox of landscape
Authors: Johnston Robert
Published: January 2014

‘The paradox of landscape’ is that, in theory, landscape aspires to a totality of human experience, but in practice it suppresses the complexity of the human experience. By supposing a ‘landscape perspective’ in the past, archaeologists are imposing a modern view of the world. In consequence, more varied perspectives should be considered during any archaeological inquiry. This is not a criticism of the use of landscape as a term to distinguish the wider spatial relationships between places which exist in the present. What is suggested as being unjustifiable is the use of the ‘landscape perspective’ to orientate and contextualize past human experience. This critique is illustrated and complemented by a case-study examining prehistoric land enclosure in Britain.
Age as Artefact: On Archaeological Authenticity
Authors: Holtorf Cornelius , Schadla-Hall Tim
Published: January 2014

Authenticity is frequently seen as crucial in archaeology. In this paper, we examine the nature of authenticity and question by implication whether so much attention should be given to determining the actual age and thus the genuineness of archaeological objects. We show that numbers of authenticated objects are potentially fakes. There is an acceptance that many archaeological sites and reconstructions are not actually really old, although the acceptability of this view depends on one's flexibility towards the concept of authenticity. It is clear that the public does not necessarily put the same value on genuineness as do archaeologists. We suggest that certain aspects of the past have always been a potentially renewable resource. We suggest that a more relaxed approach to genuineness and authenticity is acceptable today and is already accepted by the public as consumers of the past.
Cremations as Transformations: When the Dual Cultural Hypothesis was Cremated and Carried Away in Urns
Authors: Oestigaard Terje
Published: January 2014

A cremation and subsequent burial can be analysed as a set of technological, social and ritual transformations. It consists of three parts: first, the place where the body was burnt or cremated; secondly, the intermediary period in time and space, where the cleaned bones are often transported somewhere else; this interval increases the room for manoeuvre in those aspects which are concerned with the renewal, reorganization and re-legitimization of relations between the living; and, finally, the place where the ashes or the bones were deposited or buried, which may be the same place where the body was cremated, but normally it is not. Thus the urn represents the place where the deceased died, the cremated bones are from the rite of cremation, whereas the burial of the urn and the deposition of undamaged artefacts are from the final burial site, where other rituals were performed by the descendants, relatives and others. The distribution of urns may illuminate the notion that distance has hardly been a barrier and that people from, the ‘northern margins’ have travelled all over Europe from the late Bronze Age to the Viking period. This approach attacks the dual cultural hypothesis and some elements of core–periphery models.
Food and drink in European prehistory
Authors: Wood Jacqui
Published: January 2014

There is a wealth of archaeological evidence, from bones excavated in prehistoric middens, piles of fruit stones and sea shells, that give us concrete indications of food consumed at various prehistoric sites around Europe. In addition to this information, we have pollen analysis from settlement sites and charred plant macrofossils. Wetland archaeology informs us in much more detail about not only the types of foods that were being eaten in prehistory but also, in some cases, their cooking techniques. This paper will explore whether or not a popular misconception about the daily diet in prehistory has its roots in the analysis of stomach contents of various bog bodies found in Europe.
Cyberspace/cyberpast/cybernation: Constructing Hellenism in hyperreality
Authors: Hamilakis Yannis
Published: January 2014

This paper looks at representations of antiquity in cyberspace and discusses their meaning and position in global discourses on nationalism and identities. After a critical review of some recent discussions of globalization and the informational society, it adopts the concepts of ethnoscapes, mediascapes and ideoscapes in examining the deployments of representations from antiquity in the web pages constructed by the Greek state, private organizations, and mostly Greek diasporic communities and individuals. It is suggested that organizations and individual social actors construct in cyberspace the nationaltoposof Hellenism. In this process, representations from antiquity play a central and crucial role. Many social actors, mostly away from the ‘homeland’, form modern Hellenic ethnoscapes by projecting the national narrative and constructing an imaginative heterotopia where the personal becomes national and vice versa. These representations act as the currency of the symbolic capital of antiquity, a crucial resource in the foundation of the imagined community of the Hellenic nation. At the same time, they become an effective weapon in the ritual battles and contestations around the polarity between Greece and the West. Finally, representations from antiquity become a device which contributes to the ‘domestication’ of the cyberspace, its transformation from space to place, and its ‘materialization’ through the materiality that the representations of antiquity allude to.
Life and death in the ‘Neolithic’: Dwelling-scapes in southern Britain
Authors: King Martin P.
Published: January 2014

Using recent work relating to subsistence and residential patterns in the British ‘Neolithic’, I argue that the dispersal of human skeletal material, characteristic of the ‘Neolithic’ in southern Britain, can be seen as the ‘fall-out’ of a dispersed and mobile pattern of residence. This pattern of human skeletal material can therefore be viewed independently from any specific complex and multiple-stage mortuary processes. Further, the role of the stone, timber and earthen constructions that frame this mobile ‘dwelling-scape’ is viewed in relation to their changing visibility as the vegetation changed. I reach the conclusion that the ‘Neolithic’ of southern Britain was one of dispersed and mobile human activity within a dwelling-scape, which was itself in constant flux.
Climate change and the adoption of agriculture in north-west Europe
Authors: Bonsall Clive , Macklin Mark G. , Anderson David E. , Payton Robert W.
Published: January 2014

Farming can be shown to have spread very rapidly across the British Isles and southern Scandinavia around 6000 years ago, following a long period of stasis when the agricultural ‘frontier’ lay further south on the North European Plain between northern France and northern Poland. The reasons for the delay in the adoption of agriculture on the north-west fringe of Europe have been debated by archaeologists for decades. Here, we present fresh evidence that this renewed phase of agricultural expansion was triggered by a significant change in climate. This finding may also have implications for understanding the timing of the expansion of farming into some upland areas of southern and mid-latitude Europe.
‘Milk Jugs’ and Other Myths of the Copper Age of Central Europe’
Authors: Craig Oliver E. , Chapman John , Figler András , Patay Pál , Taylor Gillian , Collins Matthew J.
Published: January 2014

Ceramics were subjected to organic residue analysis from two collections: a series of middle Copper Age (Bodrogkeresztúr) vessels hitherto known as ‘milk jugs’, curated in the Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum, Budapest, and a collection of early Baden (Boleráz) vessels from the recently discovered settlement of Gyo”r-Szabadrét-domb, in western Hungary. The aim of the analyses was to establish whether or not these vessels, often associated with milk based on typological criteria, were actually used to process, store or serve dairy products. The results of the analyses revealed that no dairy products could be securely identified in the so-called ‘milk jugs’. Nevertheless dairy products were identified in other vessel types.
For Those in Peril on the Sea: The Deal Boatmen's Rooms
Authors: Hedges Graham
Published: January 2014

Before public libraries became widely established, local library facilities were provided by a diverse range of benefactors, often by clergymen. This article describes how a particular group of people in the fishing town of Deal were served during the late nineteenth century.
Researching Historic Library Buildings in the British Isles: Problems and Ways Forward
Authors: Lawrence Elizabeth Quarmby
Published: January 2014

The Committee of the Library History Group has always been enthusiastic to promote the recording and preservation of libraries as physical entities. As libraries have faced either demolition or conversion to other uses, the need to do something positive has become more urgent. The following report was commissioned by the Committee as a means of considering available options for moving forward the Group's aspirations in this regard. These options are still under consideration, but the report is printed here to draw attention to a subject which the Committee believes should be an important concern of the Group.
Two Catholic Libraries in Copenhagen, 1648–1962: St Andrew's Library and Niels Steensen's Library
Authors: Clausen Helge
Published: January 2014

The Catholic Church has a long tradition of viewing libraries as key resources; indeed, in the monasteries of mediaeval times the library was simply called an armarium (in the sense of a closet where treasures were stored — a spiritual and intellectual arsenal). More than a hundred Catholic libraries have existed in Denmark from the middle of the seventeenth century up to the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965). These libraries represent an almost virgin area of research. Once the new Danish Constitution (1849), which guaranteed religious liberty, allowed the Catholic Church legally to resume its work, the libraries appear to have been important resources for the Church in all its missionary, educational and pastoral activities. The history of an ancient Catholic theological research library (St Andrew's Library) and a Catholic 'public library' (Niels Steensen's Library) of more recent date, both in Copenhagen, are treated here. It is concluded that they — each in its own way — make valuable and useful supplements to the academic and public libraries in Denmark.
The Common Roots of Library and Museum in the Sixteenth Century: The Example of Munich
Authors: Kaltwasser Franz Georg
Published: January 2014

In the sixteenth century, big libraries developed in close affinity with Kunstkammern (cabinets of curiosities, art cabinets) and collections of antiques from the private study chambers, the so-called studioli, of the fourteenth- and fifteenth-century popes, dukes and humanist scholars. Within the scope of the art policy pursued by Duke Albrecht V of Bavaria, this development gained particular importance in Munich. At first, a close connection based on the study of antiquity was established between the court library and the collection of antiques by the Antiquarium, a separate Renaissance building which at the end of the sixteenth century on its upper floor housed the library comprising 17,000 volumes in a hall which was 60 metres long. When this building was used for different purposes, the library moved to another building next to the newly constructed building for the Kunstkammer, with which it was interconnected by an archway mirroring the close connection between these two institutions functionally as well. The common encyclopaedic concept uniting both the Kunstkammer and the library had been developed by Samuel Quichelberg from the material example set by the two collections in Munich and published in 1565 with Adam Berg in Inscriptiones vel tituli theatri amplissimi |...|, also known as Theatrum Quicchebergi. This was the beginning of museology in Germany. The Munich example is representative of the common development of museum and library in theory and practice.
The Name Asia for the Continent; its History and Origin
Authors: Georgacas Demetrius J.
Published: January 2014

(no abstract)
Human Life And Activities Reflected In English Field-Names
Authors: Field John
Published: January 2014

AbstractThree or four categories of English field-names refer closely to human beings and their activities. Some allude to ownership and include a personal name (e.g., Forman's Close or Old Mary's Field), a description (e.g., Heiress's Land or Grammum's Croft) or a rank or profession (e.g., Lord's Acre, Bishop's Close, or Bakerland). Others honor national heroes (e.g., Wellington or Nelson) or commemorate great men who favored the name-giver's political or religious persuasion. These names are drawn from a wide repertoire and throw light on social and agricultural life in former times and on the complexity of name-giving motivation.
Toponymic Generics, Environment, and Culture History in Pre-Independence Belize*
Authors: Ford Robert E.
Published: January 2014

AbstractAn analysis of 941 toponymic generics in Belize (formerly British Honduras) in terms of historical-cultural environmental development reveals that physical generic terms predominate (77%) over cultural ones (23%). Among the physical terms, landform generics (92%) far outweigh vegetation ones (8%), and fluvial terms (91%) far outnumber marine (9%) ones. These patterns reflect the dominant influence of extractive livelihoods (fishing, logging, farming, smuggling) in pre-independence Belize.
TWO NOTES ON SHAKESPEARE: Fontibell and Fountains
Authors: Nathan Norman
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn All's Well that Ends Well (4.2.1), Bertram addresses Diana as Fontibell. This intentional misnaming may be part of his attempt to seduce her by reference to her sex organ, as Fontibell can be interpreted as “beautiful vagina.”
Name Styles and Structure of Chinese American Personal Names
Authors: Louie Emma Woo
Published: January 2014

AbstractChinese Americans, the largest and most diverse of the Asian American groups, range from sixth generation, English-speaking only families to recent immigrants speaking various Chinese dialects and other languages (from different countries). Their name styles are a unique synthesis of American and Chinese languages and cultures, closely tied to the number of generations in this country and the understanding of American ways, revealing, in addition to individual taste and sense of history, intimate ties to history and to feelings of nationalism.
Placenames From Longfellow's “Song of Hiawatha”
Authors: Vogel Virgil J.
Published: January 2014

AbstractNo American literary work has had more influence on the adoption of Indian place names in North America than Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's Song of Hiawatha (1855). At least a hundred placenames, not counting duplications, are traceable to this poem. All (except those named for the title character) are from Algonquian or Siouan languages and reflect to a degree the influence of John Tanner, Mary Eastman, and Lewis H. Morgan. The names are taken not only from mythological figures, but also from aboriginal terms for flora, fauna, and cultural objects.
Names in the Films of R. W. Fassbinder
Authors: Brown Russell E.
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe films of R.W. Fassbinder employ character names which are different from character-naming practices in literature. Fassbinder often uses an actor's personal name or a variant as a basis for naming the character. Nicknames from Fassbinder's inner circle are also used, as are names based on figures from literature or history; one of the most important is Franz Biberkopf, the hero of Döblin's Berlin Alexanderplatz.
Naming of Fairdealing, Missouri
Authors: Cohen Gerald Leonard
Published: January 2014

AbstractMissouri is probably the premier storehouse of interesting place names, surpassing even such repositories of placename oddities as California, Texas, and Arkansas. As a sample, Missouri has (or once had) Barely Do, Devil's Elbow, Enough, HenPeck Creek, Jerktail, Loose Creek, Old Dishrag (school and community), Peculiar, Rocky Comfort, Tightwad, Useful, Veto, Whoopup, and also Fairdealing.
Shakespeare's Mutes and What They Tell Us
Authors: Smith Grant
Published: January 2014

AbstractBoth named and unnamed characters appear in Shakespeare's plays. The names may be seen as one of two general means of reference. If we focus on the act of reference, we see that names of characters and the types of reference sometimes change. These changes generally reflect changes in authorial intention and artistic concept, and can be seen more frequently in the cases of minor than of major characters. The mute characters comprise a small group with simple dramatic functions.
Exploring Names: Notes on Onomastics and Fictionality in Marcel Proust's Remembrance of Things Past
Authors: Moraru Christian
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe relationships between names and the literary imagination in Marcel Proust's Remembrance of Things Past are considered. In Remembrance, names are explored and interpreted by Proust, and the very process of this “deciphering” unfolds spectacular fictional worlds. Names are endowed with a “geological” dimension which the narrator scrutinizes. Starting from the external, phonetic aspect of proper names, he projects, spins off an entire universe. Challenging basic principles of lexicography, Proust deliberately “confuses” proper names’ basic property and makes them generate rich, luxuriant fictitious worlds. Characteristically, names open the Proustian gate of imagination.
The Founding of The Lurline H. Coltharp Collection of Onomastics
Authors: Coltharp Lurline H.
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis description of the founding and development of the Coltharp Collection was written at the specific request of Professor E. Wallace McMullen.
The Spanish Placenames of California: Proposition 1994
Authors: Ashley Leonard R. N.
Published: January 2014

AbstractA number of errors appear in current California placenames, in those given by both Spanish and English speakers. Reasons for the errors are offered, as well as suggestions for their correction. An extensive list of affected names is presented, along with a survey of decisions on names made by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names over the last century. The article is supplemented by an extensive bibliography of California placenames. Spanish placenames are part of the heritage of California and residents may wish to consider protecting that heritage by correcting and, restoring placenames derived from the Spanish and Mexican history of the area.
Attitudes Toward Married Women's Surnames: Evidence from the American Midwest
Authors: Murray Thomas E.
Published: January 2014

AbstractMarried women who retain their given surnames are perceived very differently from married women who take their husbands' surnames. Moreover, the relative strengths of these perceptions vary according to the characteristics of the people who hold them. The perceptions and the ways in which they vary are examined in the light of corresponding culturally- and demographically-defined notions of societal norms.
An Outline and Classification of Lithuanian Nicknames
Authors: Butkus Alvydas
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe nicknames of Lithuanian country people are investigated in order to determine the motivations for creating the nicknames and to develop a system of nickname classification based upon the motivations. More than 15,000 nicknames are included in this study and ten categories of nicknames are discussed; the category of nicknames referring to one's physical features accounts for nearly one third of all nicknames. A composite of a “typical Lithuanian” as shown by the nicknames is presented.
Official Recognition of Canada's Aboriginal Toponymy: an Historical Perspective
Authors: Kerfoot Helen
Published: January 2014

AbstractFrom the early days of a national geographical names board in Canada, at the tum of the century, this authority has been concerned with the official recognition of Aboriginal toponymy for government and public use. Initially, the principles of nomenclature of the Geographic Board of Canada addressed the writing of such names; in more recent years the work of the Canadian Permanent Committee on Geographical Names (CPCGN) has included a wider ranging approach.The CPCGN has provided forums for discussion of languages and writing systems; has published guidelines for field collection and bibliographic material; and has addressed the use of extended Roman alphabet characters for spelling Aboriginal names on the Canadian Geographical Names Database.Recording Aboriginal names from oral tradition and the systematic creation of records at provincial/territorial and national levels will continue to be a significant activity of the CPCGN into the twenty-first century.
The Origin and Meaning of ‘Missouri’
Authors: Lance Donald M.
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe name Missouri derives from 8emessourit, an Algonquian term that refers to “people with canoes (made from logs),” and the popular mistranslation “muddy water” derives from Pekitanoui, an Algonquian name for the river. These terms were first used in 1673 by Marquette in his journal and on his map of the Mississippi River and it tributaries. Within a generation, French explorers and cartographers, using a variety of spellings and grammatical forms, had simplified the name to Missouri and applied it to the river as well as to the people, completely abandoning Pekitanoui. Those who lived on its banks—the Otos and Missouris—had other (Siouan) terms for the river. The word Missouri has become a popular American toponym and now is used in over 300 names in the USGS database.
A minibus taxi by any other name, would it run as sweet?
Authors: Neethling Bertie
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis paper deals with the names of minibus taxis, a common and popular form of public transport in South Africa, particularly in an inner-city context. The data were collected in the Western Cape in the Cape Peninsula (around Cape Town) as well as in some areas of the Eastern Cape.The names were bestowed by either the taxi owner or members of his family, the driver of the taxi, or by the commuters themselves. Most names are displayed either above the windscreen, on the back of the taxi, or at the door. In a few cases taxis are generally known by a name, although it is not displayed.The motivation for bestowing a name varies, but some form of identification, commemoration, or a feature of the taxi or its owner, are common categories. The paper discusses these name choices in the minibus taxi industry.
How to Study Placenames
Authors: Rennick Robert
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe following presents instructions on how to properly study placenames. Beginning by assembling a list of placenames one then must decide what they want to know about each name. A list of information that is desired for each placename is enumerated, ranging from the spelling to the historical circumstance of the naming. A classification system is then presented for the names on the basis of the names themselves rather than the purposes for naming. The classification system ranges from personal names to mistake names and underived names where no known derivations can be found. One has a plethora of local and national sources to consult in finding a place or feature name. These range from historical maps and the U.S. Postal Service to county records and local residents. By investigating these sources one avoids name sources that are simply widely respected local lore and not properly evaluated historical fact.
Translating Proper Names: a Functionalist Approach
Authors: Parianou Anastasia
Published: January 2014

AbstractProper names create special problems for translators. A typology of proper names is presented and their use in aesthetic-expressive and informative texts is discussed. Some of the major problems faced by translators are considered with examples from English, German, French, and Greek. Some suggestions for translation considering the communicative-functional roles of proper names are given.
USMA Nicknames: Naming by the Rules1
Authors: Potter Terrence M.
Published: January 2014

AbstractNicknames are a central part of Grayhog life at the US Military Academy. Cadets rename others out of need and shared experience. These names can have favorable and unfavorable connotations, and follow predictable rules. West Point cadets follow core linguistic, sociolinguistic and pragmatic rules, and bend other rules in the process.
Hydrogen embrittlement of high strength steel weld deposits
Authors: Dixon B. F. , Taylor J. S.
Published: January 2014

The risk of hydrogen cracking and embrittlement in high strength (690 MN m–2 yield stress) steels has been briefly reviewed and an assessment has been made about the risk of increased crack sensitivity associated with an increase in filler metal carbon content from 0·07% to 0·1%. The experimental technique involved reviewing procedure qualification test records for any relationship between composition and weld mechanical properties. It was found that a wide variation in weld metal yield stress may occur during fabrication with 690 MN m–2 electrodes and that this scatter was sufficient to hide any effect of minor compositional variation. Welds which were deposited on an experimental fabrication using 0·1% carbon electrodes and a wide range of welding procedures have been examined exhaustively by ultrasonic testing and negligible evidence of cracking was found.
Monitoring indices for metal transfer in the GMAW process
Authors: Ogunbiyi B. , Norrish J.
Published: January 2014

This paper presents a methodology for monitoring the gas metal arc welding process objectively using indices developed from the statistical features of the welding current and voltage transient waveforms. Four indices are presented which give qualitative interpretation of the mode of metal transfer and also an indication of the ignition behaviour and the stability of the welding arc. To ensure robustness, the indices were combined to establish general monitoring rules for the welding process.
Mathematical model of welding parameters for rapid prototyping using robot welding
Authors: Ribeiro F. , Ogunbiyi B. , Norrish J.
Published: January 2014

Rapid prototyping is a relatively new technology that allows the creation of prototypes in a very short period of time compared with traditional manufacturing techniques. First, a model of the prototype is drawn, using a computer aided design program, which is then mathematically ‘sliced’ and used to build the prototype layer by layer, using materials such as paper, resins, or thermoplastics, depending on the process. The main disadvantage of these processes is that they do not allow metal as a raw material. Rapid prototyping using robot welding is another approach that overcomes this problem by using a welding robot that deposits metal. As the success of the final component quality depends very much on the welding parameters, it is important to automate their calculation. To automate the task of determining the welding parameters and to generate welded components with consistent quality, a very simple mathematical algorithm was created. The tests carried out to gather the necessary information to generate this model, the mathematical model itself, the limitations of the equations, and the tests to check their feasibility are described.
Diffusion bonding of two phase γ-TiAl alloys with duplex microstructure
Authors: Çam G. , Müllauer J. , Koçak M.
Published: January 2014

Solid state diffusion bonding of TiAl was carried out with different bonding parameters within the superplastic temperature range. The effect of post-bond heat treatment (PBHT) on the mechanical properties of the bonds was also studied. Defect free sound bonds were achieved within the temperature range 925–1150°C and the pressure range 20–40 MPa. Transverse microtensile specimens extracted from the bonds were tested to evaluate room temperature tensile properties of the bonds and to correlate them with bonding parameters. The bond strength increased with an increase in bonding temperature and pressure. All the specimens of the bond made at 925°C and 40 MPa, and most of the specimens of bonds made at 1000°C and 30 MPa and at 1100°C and 20 MPa, failed in the bond area; all the specimens of bonds made at 1100°C and 30 MPa and at 1150°C and 20 MPa failed in the base metal. Post-bond heat treatment at 1350°C for 1 h led to the transformation of the recrystallised γ grains at the bond inteface formed during bonding to a lamellar microstructure, resulting in an indiscernible bond line in all cases. This resulted in an improvement in the bond strength in most of cases. Moreover, the recrystallised γ grains were also formed away from the bond area in the bonds made at 1100°C and 30 MPa and at 1150°C and 20 MPa. After PBHT, these bonds exhibited slightly lower tensile strength values owing to the change in the base metal microstructure away from the bond area.
Metal droplet deposition: Review of innovative joining technique
Authors: Buelens J. J. C.
Published: January 2014

With pulsed gas metal arc (GMA) welding, many metal droplets per second are pinched off from the welding wire. The resultant continuous flow of metal droplets forms the weldment together with the parts to be joined. Each droplet has a certain heat content that it passes on to its surroundings. The droplet deposition welding process, instead of forming many droplets per second, is able to form only one droplet at any desired moment. This single metal droplet can then be used to make a welded joint. The relatively new welding process of droplet deposition welding can be applied, for example, as a replacement joining technique for brazing and lead-tin soldering. The present paper reviews the history of this welding process and its industrial application.
Fusion zone and heat affected zone cracking susceptibility of stabilised austenitic stainless steels
Authors: Shankar V. , Gill T. P. S. , Mannan S. L. , Sundaresan S.
Published: January 2014

Fusion zone (FZ) and heat affected zone (HAZ) cracking behaviour of three stabilised stainless steels were studied using the Varestraint hot cracking test. Materials ranged in solidification mode from fully austenitic D9 to primary austenitic 347 and primary ferritic 321. The materials exhibited high cracking susceptibility in the FZ and base metal HAZ. In the weld metal HAZ, type 347 was highly susceptible, while alloy D9 and type 321 were resistant to cracking. The FZ cracking behaviour could be related to the stabilisation ratio (Nb, Ti)/C rather than the P + S content and Creq/Nieq ratio, as in unstabilised stainless steels. In fact, analysis of cracking data using the Creq/Nieq ν. P + S content diagram did not reveal any systematic trend in cracking susceptibility. In the base metal HAZ, the high cracking in type 347 as well as in type 321 was found to be caused by the high impurity levels in conjunction with the presence of niobium and titanium. Cracking occurred much less in alloy D9.
Sulphide stress cracking of heat affected submerged arc weld metals
Authors: Kasuya T. , Kobayashi J. , Ohkita S. , Fuji M.
Published: January 2014

Sulphide stress cracking (SSC) susceptibility of submerged arc weld metals hardened by successive welding was investigated using four point bending tests. The chemical compositions of the weld metals studied included variations in carbon, silicon, manganese, molybdenum, chromium, nickel, copper, boron, and oxygen concentrations. Testpieces for SSC previously stressed were held in NACE TM–01–77 solution for 21 days. The observation of SSC revealed that addition of oxygen to a weld metal reduces the SSC susceptibility while addition of all other elements increases SSC susceptibility. The critical hardness to avoid occurrence of SSC is then dependent on the chemical composition of the weld metal and is well estimated by the carbon equivalent as a measure of the hardenability of the weld metal.