bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The σ+π dual aromaticity of typical bi‐tetrazole ring molecule TKX‐50
Authors: Yang Chunhai , Dong Huilong , Li Xue , Zhou Ning , Liu Yi , Jin Junxun , Wang Yinjun
Published: January 2024

Two complexes of dihydroxylammonium 5,5’‐bistetrazole‐1,1’‐diolate (TKX‐50) were employed to evaluate the aromaticity of their tetrazole rings via deep analysis such as the electronic structure, the ZZ component of the natural chemical shielding tensor (NICSZZ) and component orbitals, localized orbital locator purely contributed by σ‐orbitals (LOL‐σ) and localized orbital locator purely contributed by π‐orbitals (LOL‐π), the anisotropy of the induced current density (AICD) and the ZZ component of iso‐chemical shielding surface (ICSSZZ) of these tetrazole rings thereof. The conclusion shows: that all tetrazole rings and bi‐tetrazole rings in complexes have strong σ and a comparable strength π double aromaticity; all these magnetic shields almost symmetrically increase from the central axis to the tetrazole ring atoms; tetrazole rings in complex II show a little stronger dual aromaticity than that in complex I mainly due to the different orientation of the fragment 2 encompassing two hydroxylamine groups resulting in different effects on the contributions of σ orbitals and π orbitals to total aromaticity of tetrazole rings thereof; the difference in aromaticity is fundamentally caused by the atoms O with stronger electron‐withdrawing than atom N in fragment 2 interact with bi‐tetrazole ring through O in complex I but through N in complex II.
Cationic Bis(Gold) Indenyl Complexes
Authors: Slinger Brady L. , Zhu Jiaqi , Widenhoefer Ross A.
Published: January 2024

Reaction of (P)AuOTf [P=P(t‐Bu)2o‐biphenyl] with indenyl‐ or 3‐methylindenyl lithium led to isolation of gold η1‐indenyl complexes (P)Au(η1‐inden‐1‐yl) (1 a) and (P)Au(η1‐3‐methylinden‐1‐yl) (1 b), respectively, in >65 % yield. Whereas complex 1 b is static, complex 1 a undergoes facile, degenerate 1,3‐migration of gold about the indenyl ligand (ΔG≠153K=9.1±1.1 kcal/mol). Treatment of complexes 1 a and 1 b with (P)AuNTf2 led to formation of the corresponding cationic bis(gold) indenyl complexes trans‐[(P)Au]2(η1,η1‐inden‐1,3‐yl) (2 a) and trans‐[(P)Au]2(η1,η2‐3‐methylinden‐1‐yl) (2 b), respectively, which were characterized spectroscopically and modeled computationally. Despite the absence of aurophilic stabilization in complexes 2 a and 2 b, the binding affinity of mono(gold) complex 1 a toward exogenous (P)Au+ exceed that of free indene by ~350‐fold and similarly the binding affinity of 1 b toward exogenous (P)Au+ exceed that of 3‐methylindene by ~50‐fold. The energy barrier for protodeauration of bis(gold) indenyl complex 2 a with HOAc was ≥8 kcal/mol higher than for protodeauration of mono(gold) complex 1 a.
Designing Organic π‐Conjugated Molecules for Crystalline Solid Solutions: Adamantane‐Substituted Naphthalenes
Authors: Herbert Benedikt , Walpuski Janis , Stolte Matthias , Shoyama Kazutaka
Published: January 2024

We showcase herein organic crystalline solid solutions (CSSs) based on the simplest polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) scaffold, naphthalene, stabilized by dispersion forces induced by adamantane substitution. High thermal stability of the host and guest molecules synthesized by cross‐coupling of dibromonaphthalene derivatives and 4‐(1‐adamantyl)phenyl boronic ester enabled formation of crystals by sublimation. We could generate binary monocrystalline solid solution systems proven by X‐ray crystallography, the first system of designed CSSs stabilized exclusively via dispersion forces with structural evidence. These observations are additionally supported by lattice energy calculations and spectroscopic examinations. For the generation of CSSs, it is of utmost importance that the host and guest molecules have similar lattice energies and spatial compatibility. We anticipate that the thermostable organic CSS design demonstrated herein would be beneficial for functional materials and further investigation towards materials with unique properties.
Relationships of Proton Pump Inhibitor‐Induced Renal Injury with CYP2C19 Polymorphism: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Fukui Rika , Noda Satoshi , Ikeda Yoshito , Sawayama Yuichi , Terada Tomohiro , Nakagawa Yoshihisa , Morita Shin‐ya
Published: January 2024

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have recently been reported to be linked with nephrotoxicity. PPIs are metabolized mainly or partly by cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19). However, the relationship between CYP2C19 genetic polymorphism and PPI‐induced nephrotoxicity is unclear. In this study, we aimed to analyze the association between the time of occurrence of renal injury by PPIs, including lansoprazole, esomeprazole, rabeprazole, and vonoprazan, and CYP2C19 metabolizer status classified by CYP2C19 genotypes. Patients prescribed PPIs were reviewed in this retrospective cohort study. The primary outcome was the time to a 30% decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) from baseline. In patients treated with lansoprazole, the time to a 30% decrease in eGFR for the CYP2C19 poor metabolizer (PM) group was significantly shorter than that for the non‐PM group (hazard ratio for PM vs. non‐PM, 2.43, 95% confidence interval, 1.21 to 4.87, P = 0.012). In contrast, in patients that received esomeprazole, rabeprazole, or vonoprazan, no significant differences were found in the time to a 30% decrease in eGFR between non‐PM and PM groups. The adjusted hazard ratios for the time to a 30% eGFR decrease in patients treated with lansoprazole were significantly higher for CYP2C19 PM, hypertension, and a history of myocardial infarction. In conclusion, this retrospective study showed that CYP2C19 metabolizer status was associated with the time to a 30% eGFR decrease in patients treated with lansoprazole, but not with esomeprazole, rabeprazole, or vonoprazan.
Avoiding Oxygen Removal for Photochemical Reactions – towards Water as the Solvent
Authors: Pölderl Gianna , Næsborg Line
Published: January 2024

Oxygen removing protocols have long been the standard approach to perform photoreactions. By encapsulating photosensitizers and reactants in tailored supramolecular assemblies, preservation of photoreactivity even in the presence of molecular oxygen can be observed. Herein, we showcase some of the solutions that could render time‐consuming oxygen removal redundant in photochemical synthesis. A focus has been dedicated to aqueous solutions of supramolecular assemblies as potential reaction media. They present an attractive solution possibly useful not only for synthetic photochemical transformations, but also for water purification, bio‐applications or biocatalysis. The included media are membranes, hydrogels, deep eutectic solvents and peptide assemblies.
Bit error rate analysis of MRC diversity receiver over shadowed Beaulieu‐Xie fading channels for mmWave communications
Authors: Mona Devi Laishram , Dinamani Singh Aheibam
Published: January 2024

This paper presents the performance of maximum ratio combining (MRC) diversity receiver over shadowed Beaulieu‐Xie (SBX) fading model. The SBX model is used to characterise wireless communication environments that include multiple numbers of line‐of‐sight (LOS) and non‐line‐of‐sight (NLOS) signals. The probability density function (PDF) of the MRC scheme over the SBX channel has been derived. The PDF‐based approach has been used to calculate the outage performance and average bit error rate of several modulation schemes for coherent and non‐coherent signals. It has also been shown how the diversity orders and the fading channel's parameters affect the system's performance. To authenticate the evaluated expressions, Monte‐Carlo simulation results are used for validation. The SBX model is used to characterise wireless communication environments that include multiple numbers of LOS and NLOS signals.
A case of small bowel aneurysm hemorrhage with submucosal tumor‐like findings
Authors: Banjoya Susumu , Minato Yohei , Kimoto Yoshiaki , Kano Yuki , Sakuno Takashi , Ono Kohei , Osawa Marie , Horiuchi Hajime , Morikawa Teppei , Ohata Ken
Published: January 2024

A 51‐year‐old woman visited our hospital with the chief complaint of tarry stools. Contrast‐enhanced abdominal computed tomography revealed leakage of contrast medium into the lumen of the small intestine. Subsequently, a double‐balloon endoscopy was performed, which revealed a submucosal mass‐like lesion in the jejunum. Although hemostasis was attempted with clips, complete hemostasis was difficult to achieve, and angiographic embolization was performed. Nevertheless, the anemia progressed, and a small bowel resection was performed. Histopathological examination led to a diagnosis of a ruptured submucosal aneurysm of the small intestine. Endoscopic hemostasis is often difficult to achieve for submucosal aneurysms in the intestine. The submucosal tumor‐like finding observed on endoscopy in submucosal aneurysms is termed an “SMT‐like sign” and is considered an important finding to diagnose aneurysms.
University's disability studies faculty research link between disability and incarceration
Authors: Lyerly Eric
Published: January 2024

Faculty in the Rutgers University–Newark's disability studies program have researched the link between disability status/classifications and incarceration (https://bit.ly/48ixYXp). The researchers argue that disability and special education play a significant role in the “special ed to prison pipeline.” One researcher claimed that one in every three minors arrested in the U.S. has a disability.
A polygenic risk score of atrial fibrillation improves prediction of lifetime risk for heart failure
Authors: Alkis Taryn , Luo Xi , Wall Katherine , Brody Jennifer , Bartz Traci , Chang Patricia P. , Norby Faye L. , Hoogeveen Ron C. , Morrison Alanna C. , Ballantyne Christie M. , Coresh Josef , Boerwinkle Eric , Psaty Bruce M. , Shah Amil M. , Yu Bing
Published: January 2024

Aims

Heart failure (HF) has shared genetic architecture with its risk factors: atrial fibrillation (AF), body mass index (BMI), coronary heart disease (CHD), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and type 2 diabetes (T2D). We aim to assess the association and risk prediction performance of risk‐factor polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for incident HF and its subtypes in bi‐racial populations.

Methods and results

Five PRSs were constructed for AF, BMI, CHD, SBP, and T2D in White participants of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. The associations between PRSs and incident HF and its subtypes were assessed using Cox models, and the risk prediction performance of PRSs was assessed using C statistics. Replication was performed in the ARIC study Black and Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) White participants. In 8624 ARIC study Whites, 1922 (31% cumulative incidence) HF cases developed over 30 years of follow‐up. PRSs of AF, BMI, and CHD were associated with incident HF (P < 0.001), where PRSAF showed the strongest association [hazard ratio (HR): 1.47, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.41–1.53]. Only the addition of PRSAF to the ARIC study HF risk equation improved C statistics for 10 year risk prediction from 0.812 to 0.829 (∆C: 0.017, 95% CI: 0.009–0.026). The PRSAF was associated with both incident HF with reduced ejection fraction (HR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.27–1.60) and incident HF with preserved ejection fraction (HR: 1.46, 95% CI: 1.33–1.62). The associations between PRSAF and incident HF and its subtypes, as well as the improved risk prediction, were replicated in the ARIC study Blacks and the CHS Whites (P < 0.050). Protein analyses revealed that N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide and other 98 proteins were associated with PRSAF.

Conclusions

The PRSAF was associated with incident HF and its subtypes and had significant incremental value over an established HF risk prediction equation.
Ring‐Opening Intramolecular Arylation of 1,2‐Disubtituted Epoxides with Tuneable Stereoselectivity
Authors: Zhao Cong‐Cong , Shen Chaoren , Wang Bin , Rong Liangce , Dong Kaiwu
Published: January 2024

A method of stereodivergent intramolecular ring‐opening arylation of amine‐tethered epoxides to 3,4‐disubstituted tetrahydroquinolines has been developed. The tuneable good stereoselectivity was attained by changing the catalyst from titanocene(III) catalyst to Lewis‐acidic zinc catalyst.
Multimodal non‐invasive evaluation in MRI‐negative epilepsy patients
Authors: Wang Wei , Huang Qian , Zhou Qilin , Han Jiaqi , Zhang Xiating , Li Liping , Lin Yicong , Wang Yuping
Published: January 2024

Presurgical evaluation is still challenging for MRI‐negative epilepsy patients. As non‐invasive modalities are the easiest acceptable and economic methods in determining the epileptogenic zone, we analyzed the localization value of common non‐invasive methods in MRI‐negative epilepsy patients. In this study, we included epilepsy patients undergoing presurgical evaluation with presurgical negative MRI. MRI post‐processing was performed using a Morphometric Analysis Program (MAP) on T1‐weighted volumetric MRI. The relationship between MAP, magnetoencephalography (MEG), scalp electroencephalogram (EEG), and seizure outcomes was analyzed to figure out the localization value of different non‐invasive methods. Eighty‐six patients were included in this study. Complete resection of the MAP‐positive regions or the MEG‐positive regions was positively associated with seizure freedom (p = 0.028 and 0.007, respectively). When an area is co‐localized by MAP and MEG, the resection of the area was significantly associated with seizure freedom (p = 0.006). However, neither the EEG lateralization nor the EEG localization showed statistical association with the surgical outcome (p = 0.683 and 0.505, respectively). In conclusion, scalp EEG had a limited role in presurgical localization and predicting seizure outcome, combining MAP and MEG results can significantly improve the localization of epileptogenic lesions and have a positive association with seizure‐free outcome.

Plain Language Summary

Due to the lack of obvious structure abnormalities on neuroimaging examinations, the identification of epilepsy lesions in MRI‐negative epilepsy patients can be difficult. In this study, we intended to use non‐invasive examinations to explore the potential epileptic lesions in MRI‐negative epilepsy patients and to determine the results accuracy by comparing the neuroimaging results with the epilepsy surgery outcomes. A total of 86 epilepsy patients without obvious structure lesions on MRI were included, and we found that the combinations of different non‐invasive examinations and neuroimaging post‐processing methods are significantly associated with the seizure freedom results of epilepsy surgery.
Inter‐model and inter‐modality analysis of left ventricular hemodynamics: Comparative study of two CFD approaches based on echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Obermeier Lukas , Korte Jana , Vellguth Katharina , Barbieri Fabian , Hellmeier Florian , Berg Philipp , Goubergrits Leonid
Published: January 2024

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) carry the potential to provide detailed insights into intraventricular hemodynamics and complement in vivo flow measurement techniques. A variety of CFD approaches emerged in recent years, mostly building solely on medical image data as patient‐specific input. While the utilized medical imaging method and chosen CFD approach both influence the computed hemodynamics, thereto related differences are rarely investigated. The present study addresses this issue with an inter‐(imaging)‐modality and inter‐model comparison of intracardiac flow computations. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) data of a volunteer were acquired and used to reconstruct the anatomical structures. For each modality, the reconstructed shapes were applied in two previously introduced CFD approaches to compute whole‐cycle ventricular flow patterns. While both methods involved benefits and challenges, similar valve velocities were computed, being in accordance with in vivo 4D flow MRI and pulsed‐wave Doppler velocity measurements (systolic peak velocity: 1.24–1.26 m/s (MRI), 0.9–1.25 m/s (TTE); diastolic peak velocity: 0.54 m/s (MRI), 0.59–0.75 m/s (TTE)). A detailed flow analysis with vortex formation, kinetic energy, and mid‐ventricular velocities indicated the computed inter‐modality differences to be larger than inter‐method ones. Quantitatively, this could be observed in the direct flow rate ( inter‐modality: 13, inter‐method, 3). These results help to gain trust in CFD approaches to compute intraventricular flow and emphasize the importance of standardized input data. Future studies, however, should consider a broader data base.
Prevalence and associated factors of mild cognitive impairment among middle‐aged and older adults: Results of the first phase of Ardakan Cohort Study on Aging
Authors: Delbari Ahmad , Tabatabaei Fatemeh‐Sadat , Ghasemi Hoomaan , Azimi Amirali , Bidkhori Mohammad , Saatchi Mohammad , Foroughan Mahshid , Hooshmand Elham
Published: January 2024

Background and Aims

Data on mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in low‐ to middle‐income countries are still being determined, despite the fact that most future older adults are expected to reside in these regions. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of MCI in Iran.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted on 4938 community‐dwelling subjects aged 50 years or above in the first wave of the Ardakan Cohort Study on Aging. MCI was evaluated using the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Abbreviated Mental Test Score (AMTS) in literate and illiterate individuals. The relationship between factors associated with the odds of MCI was assessed through logistic regression.

Results

The prevalence of MCI among all participants, the literates and illiterates, was 15.8%, 6.3%, and 36.4%, respectively. It was found that failure to accomplish any of the MMSE or AMTS items was significantly related to MCI (p < 0.001). Age ([odds ratio (OR): 1.05; p < 0.001 in the literates], [OR: 1.06; p < 0.001 in the illiterates]), sex (OR: 0.13; p < 0.001 in the illiterates), history of stroke ([OR: 2.86; p = 0.006 in the literates], [OR: 2.04; p = 0.045 in the illiterates]), and depression ([OR: 1.87; p < 0.001 in the literates], [OR: 1.41; p = 0.008 in the illiterates]) were significantly associated with MCI.

Conclusion

This study highlights the significant associations between age, education, depression, stroke, and MCI in Iranian participants. These findings emphasize the need for targeted interventions in low‐literacy populations, mental health screening, and stroke prevention strategies to mitigate the burden of MCI and enhance cognitive health.
Increasing stage and depth of invasion (DOI) in patients with tongue cancer during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A time series study
Authors: Akbari Maryam , Ahadi Samira , Karimi Ebrahim , Heidari Farrokh , Lotfi Maryam , Rezvan Sajjad , Mazarei Alireza , Beheshti Amin
Published: January 2024

Background and Aims

The outbreak of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic had a significant effect on the diagnosis and treatment of head and neck cancers. Therefore, in this study, we decided to discuss the impact of COVID‐19 on the stage and histological characteristics of patients with tongue cancer from March 2020 to March 2021 and compared to the previous 3 years.

Methods

In this time series study, patients diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the operated tongue cancer were divided into two groups. Patients who operated from March 2020 to March 2021 (n = 36) and patients who operated 3 years ago (n = 70) were included in the study. The results were analyzed using SPSS 21 software.

Results

The study found that during the pandemic, the stage of tongue cancer in patients who underwent surgery was higher than before the pandemic (p = 0.01). Moreover, the depth of invasion was significantly higher during the COVID‐19 outbreak in the pathology sample of the patients (p = 0.006), while the involvement of lymph nodes and other variables between the groups was not statistically significant.

Conclusion

COVID‐19 has adverse effects on the diagnosis and treatment of tongue cancer. Also, it leads to advanced stages of the tumor and increases the depth of invasion of the cancer. Hence, it is important to plan correctly and appropriately for the diagnosis and treatment of these patients in conditions such as the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Assessment of hematology laboratory performance in the total testing process using quality indicators and sigma metrics in the northwest of Ethiopia: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Berta Dereje Mengesha , Grima Mekonnen , Melku Mulugeta , Adane Tiruneh , Chane Elias , Teketelew Bisrat Birke , Yalew Aregawi
Published: January 2024

Background and Aims

Assuring laboratory quality by minimizing the magnitude of errors is essential. Therefore, this study aimed to assess hematology laboratory performance in the total testing process using quality indicators and sigma metrics.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted from April to June 2022. The study included a total of 13,546 samples. Data on included variables were collected using a checklist. Descriptive statistics were used to present the overall distribution of errors. Binary logistic regression models were applied. Furthermore, using a Sigma scale, the percentage of errors was converted to defects per million opportunities to assess laboratory performance. Finally, the defect per million opportunities was converted to a sigma value using a sigma calculator.

Results

Of the 13,546 samples and corresponding requests, the overall error rate was 123,296/474,234 (26%): 93,412/47,234 (19.7%) pre‐analytical, 2364/474,234 (0.5%) analytical, and 27,520/474,234 (5.8%) post‐analytical. Of the overall errors, 93,412/123,296 (75.8%), 2364/123,296 (1.9%), and 27,520/123,296 (22.3%) were pre‐analytical, analytical, and post‐analytical errors, respectively. The overall sigma value of the laboratory was 2.2. The sigma values of the pre‐analytical, analytical, and post‐analytical phases were 2.4, 4.1, and 3.1, respectively. The sample from the inpatient department and collected without adherence to the standard operating procedures (SOPs) had a significantly higher (p < 0.05) rejection rate as compared to the outpatient department and collected with adherence to SOPs, respectively. In addition, an association between prolonged turnaround times and manual recording, inpatient departments, and morning work shifts was observed.

Conclusion

The current study found that the overall performance of the laboratory was very poor (less than three sigma). Therefore, the hospital leadership should change the manual system of ordering tests and release of results to a computerized system and give need‐based training for all professionals involved in hematology laboratory sample collection and processing.
Association of multiple sclerosis with stroke: A comprehensive review
Authors: Marsool Mohammed Dheyaa Marsool , Prajjwal Priyadarshi , John Jobby , Keluskar Harshada S. , Sivarajan Venu V. , Kundiri Khadijah A. , Lam Justin R. , Chavda Sachi , Atew Hundaol G. , Marsool Ali Dheyaa Marsool , Hameed Al‐Tuaama A. Z. , Hussin Omniat A.
Published: January 2024

Background

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune‐mediated disorder characterized by the degradation of the myelin sheath in the central nervous system. Research indicates that individuals with MS exhibit a higher susceptibility to stroke compared to the general population. This association is rooted in shared underlying mechanisms, specifically involving neuroinflammatory processes.

Methodology

We performed an extensive search on PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar using specific terms. The search terms included variations of “multiple sclerosis,” “stroke,” “cerebrovascular disease,” “vascular risk factors,” “disease‐modifying therapies,” and “neuroinflammation.” The search was limited to articles published from January 1, 2000, up to 31 May, 2023.

Results and Discussion

Stroke, a global health burden characterized by significant mortality and adult disability, underscores the critical importance of understanding the link between MS and stroke. Despite a growing body of research establishing an elevated risk of stroke in MS patients, notable information gaps persist. Limited prospective multicenter studies on stroke incidence in MS patients contribute to an incomplete understanding of the precise relationship between these two conditions.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this review underscores the critical need for a thorough understanding of the complex relationship between MS and stroke. The identified risk factors and the influence of MS DMTs on stroke risk necessitate further investigation to inform evidence‐based preventive and therapeutic strategies. Bridging the existing information gaps through prospective multicenter studies is imperative for a comprehensive understanding of this association. The development of targeted diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for acute stroke risk in MS patients is paramount to mitigate the impact of these debilitating conditions. Ultimately, this review serves as a foundation for future efforts to enhance preventative measures and therapeutic interventions, thereby improving the overall quality of life for individuals with MS susceptible to strokes.
Early mortality in children with cancer in Denmark and Sweden: The role of social background in a setting with universal healthcare
Authors: Mogensen Hanna , Erdmann Friederike , Mader Luzius , Vrelits Sørensen Gitte , Talbäck Mats , Tjørnelund Nielsen Thomas , Hasle Henrik , Heyman Mats , Winther Jeanette Falck , Feychting Maria , Tettamanti Giorgio , Kenborg Line
Published: January 2024

Socioeconomic differences in overall survival from childhood cancer have been shown previously, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We aimed to investigate if social inequalities were seen already for early mortality in settings with universal healthcare. From national registers, all children diagnosed with cancer at ages 0–19 years, during 1991–2014, in Sweden and Denmark, were identified, and information on parental social characteristics was collected. We estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of early mortality (death within 90 days after cancer diagnosis) by parental education, income, employment, cohabitation, and country of birth using logistic regression. For children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), clinical characteristics were obtained. Among 13,926 included children, 355 (2.5%) died within 90 days after diagnosis. Indications of higher early mortality were seen among the disadvantaged groups, with the most pronounced associations observed for maternal education (ORadj_Low_vs_High 1.65 [95% CI 1.22–2.23]) and income (ORadj_Q1(lowest)_vs_Q4(highest) 1.77 [1.25–2.49]). We found attenuated or null associations between social characteristics and later mortality (deaths occurring 1–5 years after cancer diagnosis). In children with ALL, the associations between social factors and early mortality remained unchanged when adjusting for potential mediation by clinical characteristics. In conclusion, this population‐based cohort study indicated differences in early mortality after childhood cancer by social background, also in countries with universal healthcare. Social differences occurring this early in the disease course requires further investigation, also regarding the timing of diagnosis.
Ultrastructural diversity in the shell of Artemia resting eggs
Authors: Li Jin‐Ling , He Qian , Chang Muhammad Saleem , Sun Shi‐Chun
Published: January 2024

The shell of Artemia resting egg, which is a delicate multilayered envelope surrounding the inside diapause embryo, plays an important role in the survival strategy of Artemia. To date, the ultrastructure of resting eggshell has been studied for only handful populations, and knowledge about the diversity of shell structure is still limited. In this paper, resting eggs from 13 Artemia populations were studied by transmission electron microscopy. Results show that the basic configuration of resting eggshell is quite conservative, but variations are not uncommon in the fine ultrastructure of each main layer of the shell (e.g., the shape and distribution of the radially oriented pores in the cortical layer; the size, number and arrangement of chambers in the alveolar layer; and the development state of outer cuticular membrane [OCM]). The ultrastructural variation of eggshell seems not to be linked with species and reproductive mode of Artemia. Resting eggs from very high habitats (4300+ m above sea level [a.s.l.]) on Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and certain tropical salterns have a hypoplastic OCM, which may be related to the adaptation to habitat conditions such as low oxygen concentration.

Research Highlights

Comparative study on resting eggs from 13 Artemia populations reveals high diversity in the fine structure of eggshell.

Resting eggs from very high (4300+ m a.s.l.) habitats commonly have a hypoplastic OCM.
Generation of SARS‐CoV‐2 spike receptor binding domain mutants and functional screening for immune evaders using a novel lentivirus‐based system
Authors: Jia Junli , Garbarino Emanuela , Wang Yuhang , Li Jiaming , Song Minmin , Zhang Xin , Wang Xinjie , Li Lingyun , Chi Jing , Cui Lunbiao , Tang Huamin
Published: January 2024

The emergence of rapid and continuous mutations of severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) spike glycoprotein that increased with the Omicron variant points out the necessity to anticipate such mutations for conceiving specific and adaptable therapies to avoid another pandemic. The crucial target for the antibody treatment and vaccine design is the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS‐CoV‐2 spike. It is also the site where the virus has shown its high ability to mutate and consequently escape immune response. We developed a robust and simple method for generating a large number of functional SARS‐CoV‐2 spike RBD mutants by error‐prone PCR and a novel nonreplicative lentivirus‐based system. We prepared anti‐RBD wild type (WT) polyclonal antibodies and used them to screen and select for mutant libraries that escape inhibition of virion entry into recipient cells expressing human angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 and transmembrane serine protease 2. We isolated, cloned, and sequenced six mutants totally bearing nine mutation sites. Eight mutations were found in successive WT variants, including Omicron and other recombinants, whereas one is novel. These results, together with the detailed functional analyses of two mutants provided the proof of concept for our approach.
Pediatricians' practices and knowledge of metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease: An international survey
Authors: Lubrecht Judith W. , van Giesen Guusje H. J. , Jańczyk Wojciech , Zavhorodnia Olha , Zavhorodnia Natalia , Socha Piotr , Moran‐Lev Hadar , Vreugdenhil Anita C. E. ,   the ESPGHAN Fatty Liver Special Interest Group
Published: January 2024

Objective

Metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is the leading cause of chronic liver disease in children. It is associated with significant intra‐ and extrahepatic comorbidity. Current guidelines lack consensus, potentially resulting in variation in screening, diagnosis and treatment practices, which may lead to underdiagnosing and/or insufficient treatment. The increasing prevalence of MASLD and associated long‐term health risks demand adequate clinical management and consensus in guidelines. This study aims to evaluate the daily practices of pediatricians in screening, diagnosis and treatment of MASLD in children.

Methods

An online survey with 41 questions (single/multiple response options) was sent to pediatricians (with/without subspecialty) in Europe and Israel, via members of the ESPGHAN Fatty Liver Special Interest Group, between June and November 2022. The 454 pediatricians were included in this study.

Results

51% of pediatricians indicated using any guideline for diagnosis and treatment of MASLD, with 68% reporting to follow recommendations only partially. 63% is of the opinion that guidelines need revision. The majority of pediatricians screen for MASLD with liver function tests and/or abdominal ultrasound. A large variety of treatment options is utilized, including lifestyle management, supplements and probiotics, with a notable 34% of pediatricians prescribing pharmacotherapy. When asked how often pediatricians request a liver biopsy in children with MASLD, 17% indicates they request a liver biopsy in more than 10% of cases.

Conclusions

There is limited awareness and considerable variation in screening, diagnosis and treatment practices among European pediatricians, and a clear demand for new, uniform guidelines for MASLD in children.
Status of vitamins and minerals in children with screening‐identified celiac disease: A case‐control study
Authors: Al‐Hussaini Abdulrahman , Troncone Riccardo , Alobaid Suzan , Bashir Muhammed Salman
Published: January 2024

Objectives

Micronutrient deficiencies characterize classical “late‐diagnosed” celiac disease (CeD). This study aimed to identify the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies among children with “early‐diagnosed” screening‐identified CeD to determine the clinical value of routine testing for deficiencies in those patients.

Methods

A case‐control study was conducted on screening‐identified CeD patients diagnosed during a mass screening study (84 patients, mean age 11.3 ± 2.6 years). The controls (443 children, mean age 10.8 ± 2.5 years) were negative for celiac disease serological screening. Hemoglobin, serum levels of iron, ferritin, folate, vitamin B12, vitamin A, vitamin E, 25‐OH vitamin D, zinc, and selenium were measured.

Results

The mean serum levels of hemoglobin, iron, ferritin, vitamin D, zinc, copper, and selenium were significantly lower in CeD patients than in healthy controls (hemoglobin 12.56 vs. 13.02 g/dL [p = 0.04]; iron 10.61 vs. 17.6 µmol/L [p < 0.001], ferritin 25.7 vs. 48.3 µg/L [p < 0.001], vitamin D 29.1 vs. 37.5 nmol/L, zinc 11.9 vs. 21.7 µmol/L, copper 18.9 vs. 32.5 µmol/L, selenium 1.04 vs. 1.36 µmol/L; p < 0.001). Patients with celiac and severe intestinal damage (Marsh IIIb and IIIc) had significantly lower serum ferritin and vitamin A levels than patients with mild intestinal damage (Marsh II and IIIa) (ferritin 15 vs. 22 µg/L, p < 0.025; vitamin A 0.85 vs. 1.35 µmol/L, p = 0.007).

Conclusion

Micronutrient deficiencies are still detectable in “early‐diagnosed” screening‐identified CeD cases, a clinically relevant result that strongly supports efforts for screening and early diagnosis of CeD.
Assessment of unmixing approaches for the quantitation of SERS nanoparticles in highly multiplexed spectral images
Authors: Czaja Alexander , Awad Samer , Eremina Olga E. , Fernando Augusta , Zavaleta Cristina
Published: January 2024

Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering nanoparticles (SERS NPs) offer powerful optical contrast features for imaging assays. Their gold core enhances the inelastic scattering cross section, allowing highly sensitive and rapid detection, and their characteristic sets of narrow spectral bands give them unsurpassed multiplexing capabilities. Multiplexed hyperspectral images are commonly unmixed using a compensation matrix of reference spectra to produce quantitative image channels illustrating the distribution of each material. It is these unmixed channels that are fit for interpretation from assays utilizing SERS NP contrast agents. Some factors that may impact SERS NP quantitative and dynamic range capabilities may include endogenous background heterogeneity, the ability of unmixing algorithms to account for signal variances, and linear system conditioning imposed by contrast agent signals. We report on hyperspectral Raman imaging of mixtures of SERS NPs from an expanded library of contrast agents. We study increasing plexity and varying degrees of system conditioning as inputs to a diverse set of classical, non‐negatively constrained, and regularized regression algorithms to investigate which signal features and unmixing methods deliver the most promising quantitation performance with the least error. Raman imaging of SERS NP mixtures is performed on controlled substrates and representative biological specimens, and experimental results are compared against ground truth data. We evaluate spectral fitting fidelity, quantitation, and specificity correlations with system conditioning. Spectral unmixing with a regularized hybrid of least squares regression with principal component analysis (HLP) algorithm approximated spectra with 3.5× better fitting fidelity and 3× better quantitation robustness with tissue background compared with simpler unmixing routines.
Soil gravel content and plant species configuration control vegetation restoration in Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau
Authors: You Yonggang , Wu Xinliang , Han Lihe , Lu Yapei , Zhou Jinxing , Rebi Ansa , Dong Qian , Wang Lina , Zhang Pengcheng
Published: January 2024

Soil gravel content strongly affects ecological restoration; however, the response and mechanism of plant traits to soil gravel content under the sensitive and fragile natural environment of Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau remains unclear. Herein, soils with three gravel content (10%, 30%, 50%) in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau were selected, and three plant species (one native plants of Elymus dahuricus (Ed), and two introduced ones of Festuca elata (Fe) and Medicago sativa (Ms)) were used in seven planting patterns with different proportions (Fe, Ed, Ms, Fe + Ed (1:1), Fe + Ms (2:1), Ed + Ms (2:1), Fe + Ed + Ms (2:2:1)). Plant traits, phytochemical properties and soil stoichiometric characteristics were measured to explore the interactive effects of soil gravels and plant species on vegetation restoration. Average plant height, coverage, shoot biomass, and total biomass were most affected by plant species (F = 277–611, p < 0.01), followed by gravel content (F = 90–195, p < 0.01) and their interaction (F = 5–51, p < 0.05); root biomass was most affected by gravel content (F = 130, p < 0.01). Among plant species, shoot and root biomass, total biomass overall decreased in the order of Fe + Ed + Ms>Fe>Fe + Ms>Fe + Ed>Ms>Ms + Ed>Ed. Plant total biomass, shoot biomass, root biomass and shoot/root ratio among different soils overall decreased in the order of low> high> medium gravel contents. All plant species were restricted by soil nitrogen except for Ed and Ed + Ms (N:P > 14). In addition, increasing the gravel content in the soil will increase the soil bulk density and reduce the total soil porosity. The total soil porosity is significantly positively correlated with the average plant height, coverage, aboveground biomass, and total biomass of plants (r = 0.78–0.91, p < 0.05). The total nitrogen content, total phosphorus (TP) content, and N: P in rhizosphere soil were significantly positively correlated with the average plant height, coverage, aboveground biomass, root biomass, and total biomass of plants (r = 0.70–0.97, p < 0.05), but soil N was significantly positively correlated with aboveground biomass and total biomass (r = 0.69, 0.71, p < 0.05), and there was no significant difference in soil TP content between them. The gravel content directly affects plant growth by changing bulk density and total porosity, but the combined effect of soil nutrients and plants affects plant growth. Therefore, optimizing the configuration of soil properties (mainly nitrogen and compactness) and plant species (isecologic niche plants) is an effective strategy for ecological restoration in the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau.
Analysis of land‐based parameters and development of multi‐criteria decision support system for demarcation of potential aquaculture sites in Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Dharani Shrree R. S. , Tanveer Mohammad , Puja U. T. , Rekha Nila , Ahmed Akram
Published: January 2024

The aim of the present study was to develop a multi‐criteria decision support system to find out possible aquaculture sites available in Nagapattinam district of Tamil Nadu, India. This study focuses on identifying possible aquaculture sites available in Nagapattinam district using remote sensing and GIS approaches. A geographical model has been developed to choose the probable aquaculture sites. The remote sensing and geographic information system techniques were applied to study the decisive parameters that play a vital role in the site suitability for aquaculture purposes. The chosen decisive parameters viz., normalized difference vegetation index, digital elevation model, soil type, normalized difference water index, land use land cover area and land surface temperature were subjected to the development of decision support system. Moreover, four different multi‐criteria decision support techniques viz., weighted overlay, analytical hierarchy process, fuzzy classified analytical hierarchy process and fuzzy classified weighted overlay were applied in the present study. The results obtained from the study rendered that the weighted overlay and the analytical hierarchy process outperforms the fuzzy classified models. The suitability ratio of analytical hierarchy process and weighted overlay methods were found to be 12.7 and 12.4 respectively. A total of 25 locations were selected and mapped in the Nagapattinam region and their accuracy was checked. The analytical hierarchy process results were obtained with an accuracy of 84%. Hence, the analytical hierarchy process provided better results than the weighted overlay technique. The study rendered that the area of 7.22% is highly suitable for aquaculture. These findings are essential for the development of sustainable aquaculture, assisting stakeholders in selecting suitable aquaculture sites that maximize productivity while minimizing environmental degradation.
Gauge‐Flux‐Induced Anti‐Pt Phase Transitions for Extreme Control of Channel‐Drop Tunneling
Authors: Qin Chengzhi , Wang Bing , Fan Shanhui , Lu Peixiang
Published: January 2024

Parity‐time (PT) and anti‐parity‐time (anti‐PT) symmetries have provided important guiding principles in the research of non‐Hermitian physics. However, realizations of anti‐PT symmetry in photonic systems usually rely on optical nonlinearities and indirect‐coupling approaches. Here, they apply the channel interference principle mediated by synthetic gauge‐flux biasing in open‐cavity systems to construct anti‐PT symmetries. It is shown that a specific π‐flux biasing into a looped‐resonator array can force a frequency degeneracy between pairwise Bloch modes therein. By further coupling the array into two external waveguides with tailored positions of ports, the system near the degeneracy point can be described by an anti‐PT‐symmetric Hamiltonian. When a real gauge‐flux detuning is introduced, the system undergoes a spontaneous transition between anti‐PT and anti‐PT‐broken phases, through which the two extreme cases of complete channel‐drop tunneling and complete tunneling suppression can be switched. Finally, by superimposing a PT‐symmetric term onto the anti‐PT‐symmetric Hamiltonian via applying an imaginary gauge‐flux biasing, extreme channel‐drop amplifying effects can be further realized by exciting the “lasing” mode under the critical‐coupling condition. The work bridges the physical connection between synthetic gauge field and anti‐PT symmetry. This paradigm may also find many applications from optical routing, and switching to buffering and amplifying on a chip–scale platform.
Design of miniatured MRI coils for MRI‐guided tumor diagnosis and hyperthermia therapy
Authors: Karuppanan Sakthisudhan , V R Vinothini , Narasimman Saranraj , Chenguttuvan Ezhilazhagan
Published: January 2024

In this paper, the researchers offer a miniatured design of microstrip lines based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) coils that can be utilized to detect tumor tissues and to restore those tissues after radiotherapy. A 61.67% reduction in size was achieved in the MRI array dimensions when compared to the previously reported MRI coils. The reliability of the design specifications was verified. The proposed MRI coils could contribute two resonant modes. Primarily, these MRI coils were suitable for homogenous magnetic field and they enable radio frequency (RF) heating by generating a concentrated electric field |E|. The collective temperature and specific absorption ratio (SAR) have been estimated at Larmor frequency. In this study, it was possible to create a uniform magnetic flux density |B1| field operating at 500 MHz. These proposed coils were excited at 8.06 GHz. When simulating cancer in a biological system, healthy tissues were introduced into a Class A scenario and malignant tissues were introduced into a Class B scenario. According to these two scenarios, tumor tissues were magnetically (|B1|) homogeneous with a 44.1% standard deviation with rapidly raised temperature at 4.77°C. These MRI coils delivered an impact on diagnostic imaging and parallelly restored the cancerous tissues by hyperthermia.
Possible improvements in effective fill factor using X‐ray fluorescent interpixel reflectors
Authors: Hsieh Scott S.
Published: January 2024

Background

The spatial resolution of energy‐integrating diagnostic CT scanners is limited by interpixel reflectors on the detector, which optically isolate pixels but create dead space. Because the width of the reflector cannot easily be decreased, fill factor diminishes as resolution increases.

Purpose

We propose loading (or mixing) a high‐Z element into the reflectors, causing the reflectors to be X‐ray fluorescent. Re‐emitted characteristic X‐rays could be detected in adjacent pixels, increasing the effective fill factor and compensating for fill factor loss with higher‐resolution detectors. The purpose of this work is to understand the physical principles of this approach and to analyze its effectiveness using Monte Carlo simulations.

Methods

Detector pixels were modeled using the GEANT4 Monte Carlo package. The width of the reflector was kept constant at 0.1 mm throughout, and we considered pixel pitches between 0.5 and 1 mm. The pixelated scintillator material was gadolinium oxysulfide, 3 mm thick. The baseline reflector material was chosen to be acrylic, and varying concentrations of a high‐Z element were loaded into the material. We assumed that the optical characteristics of pixels were ideal (no absorption within pixels, perfect reflection at boundaries). The detector was irradiated uniformly with 10,000 X‐ray photons to estimate its spectral response. The figure of merit was the variance of the detector signal at zero frequency normalized to that of an ideal single‐bin photon‐counting detector with 100% fill factor. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to understand the effect of varying the high‐Z element concentration and the spectrum.

Results

Initial simulations suggested that a k‐edge near 50 keV would be ideal. Gd was therefore selected as the high‐Z material. The relative variances for a conventional energy integrating detector without Gd at 1 mm pixel pitch (81% fill factor) and 0.5 mm pixel pitch (64% fill factor) were 1.38 and 1.74, compared to 1.00 for an ideal photon counting detector, implying a 26% variance penalty for 0.5 mm pitch. When 1 g/cm3 Gd was loaded into the interpixel reflector, the relative variance improved to 1.27 and 1.43, respectively, implying that the variance penalty for including Gd together with 0.5 mm pitch is only 4%. Performance was nearly maximized at 1.0 g/cm3 of Gd, but a concentration of 0.5 g/cm3 of Gd showed most of the benefit. Improvements depend weakly on kV, with lower kV associated with higher improvements. An external anti‐scatter grid was not modeled in our simulations and would reduce the expected benefit, depending greatly on the pitch and dimensionality of the anti‐scatter grid.

Conclusions

The losses in fill factor associated with smaller pixel pitch can be reduced if Gd or a similar element could be loaded into the interpixel reflector. These improvements in noise efficiency are yet to be verified experimentally.