bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Selective Viewer
Authors: Bulck Jan den
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the literature on television viewer selectivity and links it to the findings of a Flemish survey. The article suggests that selective viewing does exist and that some viewers are more selective than others. At the same time the results show that the average viewer nevertheless watches a basic amount of most programme categories. Viewer selectivity is not necessarily efficient. Viewers develop viewing habits and as such may not watch their preferred programmes simply because they are not aware those programmes are broadcast. With respect to television effect theories the article suggests that the existence of selectivity does not necessarily reduce the `mainstream pull' of television. The VCR in particular may actually function as an accelerator of the potential effects of action drama.
Weather to View or Not: That is the Question
Authors: Roe Keith , Vandebosch Heidi
Published: March 2007

While seasonal variations in television viewing are well documented, the hypothesis that variations in the weather within seasons may be significantly related to television viewing has seldom been tested. This study relates the official daily meteorological data for Flanders with data on the frequency and density of television viewing. The results provide substantial support for a specific weather effect. They suggest that, under normal conditions, the interaction of seasonal and weather factors constitutes the strongest single explanatory factor with regard to variations in overall levels of TV use, with amounts of explained variance at times reaching 80 percent. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
ORGANISATION AS SOCIAL RELATIONSHIP, FORMALISATION AND STANDARDISATION: A WEBERIAN APPROACH TO CONCEPT FORMATION
Authors: Peters Gangolf
Published: March 2007

Central concepts in the field of sociology of organisations - as for instance formalisation, standardisation and organisational structure - are insufficiently and often only arbitrarily defined. This superficiality is striking because many organisational sociologists claim they are working in the tradition of Max Weber. The generally assumed conceptual relationship between an administrative staff under rational legal authority and his types of action is based on an inadequate reading of his work and in this contribution a conceptual definition of the actions of administrative staff members is developed out of the basic concept `social relationship', in particular the associative relationship. From this analysis of both basic concepts and the Weberian account of an administrative staff, a proposal is developed for new concepts of organisation and also of `formalisation' and `standardisation'. This contribution further provides a new basis for identifying the informal and formal aspects of an organisation and stresses that the formal side does not involve a determinate pattern of action.
REFUGEE CAMP CITIES IN THE MIDDLE EAST: A CHALLENGE FOR URBAN DEVELOPMENT POLICIES
Authors: Al-Qutub Ishaq Y.
Published: March 2007

The objective of the paper is to project the problem of policy formulation in relation to the urban-type refugee camps. An analysis of refugee camps, demographic features and their relatedness to urban policies is made in the context of the 40-year old problem of Palestinian Arab refugees and the position of states which host nearly one million expatriates. The refugee camps - as temporary cities - are viewed as communities, where the population, institutions, services, the network of social relations and economic-political structures have a transitory status until more a permanent order and normal living patterns are established.

In spite of the problems encountered by camp dwellers - such as attacks and Israeli military bombardment and restrictions imposed by host states - nonetheless a high degree of solidarity, team-work and collective spirit is readily demonstrated. Urban policy formulation is treated in the light of future prospects for a settlement of the Palestinian issue.
Territory and Territoriality in the Global Economy
Authors: Sassen Saskia
Published: March 2007

This is part of a larger research project on governance and accountability in the global economy. What is the impact of economic globalization on the territorial jurisdiction, or more theoretically, the exclusive territoriality of the nation-state? This is the organizing question in the article; it is an effort to respond critically to two notions that underlie much of the current discussion about globalization. One is the zero-sum game: whatever the global economy gains, the national state loses and vice versa. The other is that if an event takes place in a national territory it is a national event, whether a business transaction or a judiciary decision. I argue that, on the contrary, national states have been deeply involved in the implementation of the global economic system producing the necessary legal encasements for this system; and, second, that a global transaction may well take place inside a national territory. My working hypothesis is that while globalization leaves national territory basically unaltered, it is having pronounced effects on the exclusive territoriality of the national state - that is, its effects are not on the boundaries of national territory as such but on the institutional encasements of that national territory.
YOUTH MOVEMENTS IN THE 1980s: A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Braungart Richard G. , Braungart Margaret M.
Published: March 2007

Using a broad definition of youth movements, this study examines the extent and type of youth movement activity throughout the 1980s in the major regions of the world. The objectives of the investigation are to determine: (1) how much youth movement activity has occurred between 1980 and 1989, (2) over what issues young people have mobilised and protested, (3) whether the 1980s youth movements are similar to those of the 1960s, and (4) how the various youth movements of the 1980s may be explained. Based on information taken from news sources, manuscripts, books and journals, youth movements that occurred from 1980 to 1989 are described for each global region. The findings of the study, while not exhaustive, indicate that there was widespread youthful political protest throughout the world over many issues, with the youth movements of the 1980s representing both a continuation and departure from the 1960s generation. The extensive youth movement activity of the 1980s is partially rooted in significant global changes and trends-most notably, a decline in East-West superpower influence; different issues of concern among youth in the Northern hemispheric countries versus those in the Southern hemispheric countries; and the rise in cultural pluralism, self-determination and political activity in every global region.
Glocal Riots
Authors: Auyero Javier
Published: March 2007

In the last decade, the Argentine interior became a landscape of violent protest. Structural adjustment or `austerity programs' are undoubtedly at the root of this upsurge in contention. But there are crucial local mediations worth exploring. Based on archival research, in-depth interviewing and secondary sources, this article draws upon the recent `relational turn' in the study of collective action to explore some of the processes that led to two of the most violent episodes of collective claim-making in contemporary Argentina: the riots in Santiago del Estero (1993) and Corrientes (1999).
ETHNICITY, NATIONALISM, RACE, MINORITY: A SEMANTIC/ONOMANTIC EXERCISE (PART ONE)
Authors: Riggs Fred W.
Published: March 2007

All social scientists (including sociologists) face mounting ambiguity in their use of keywords because new meanings are continuously stipulated for them by scholars unwilling to coin new terms and face resulting criticisms. The established procedure for handling this situation is to apply semantic analysis of texts in order to identify the various important meanings of any given term, hoping that users will be able to keep them in mind when they find these words in their various theoretical and research contexts, and in the context of diverse discourse communities.

The `onomantic' method, which seeks to add unambiguous terms to the ambiguous ones, provides a procedure for disambiguating texts: in addition to whatever terms a writer would naturally wish to use, it becomes possible to provide a supplementary term that can easily remove the ambiguity. In order to illustrate this procedure and, at the same time, to contribute to the development of the vocabulary for ethnicity research, concrete examples are offered. Five important meanings of ethnicity are identified, in a hierarchical relationship to each other: the generic concept; modern and pre-modern senses; the main pre-modern sense, and one of the modern senses. Unequivocal terms for each of these meanings of ethnicity are proposed. Overlapping terms like minority, race, and nationalism are also examined. The distinctions between numerical minority/majority; and politically dominant/marginalised are clarified so as to propose terms that can be used, for example, to refer to dominant minorities, marginalised minorities, and `non-ethnic minorities'. Similarly, the many overlapping senses of nationalism and race will be discussed and unequivocal terms suggested for each of them in Part Two, in the next issue.
CULTURAL EVOLUTION: SOCIAL RULE SYSTEMS, SELECTION AND HUMAN AGENCY
Authors: Burns Tom R. , Dietz Thomas
Published: March 2007

In this paper we outline a general evolutionary theory, which we suggest can provide a useful point of departure for the description and analysis of cultural and institutional dynamics. The paper defines culture and institutions as systems of social rules, produced and reproduced by human groups, and formulates the evolutionary dynamics of such rule systems. In the context of the resurgence of evolutionary thinking in the social sciences in the last decade, we distinguish between contemporary evolutionary approaches and earlier developmental approaches. By evolutionary we mean models of the generation of variety, transmission of information and the operation of selection and other processes (migration, distorted or incorrect knowledge transmission etc.) on the distribution of information within and between populations over time. The key units of information consists of social rules, the production, reproduction and transformation of which is the focus of the theory. In this scheme macro or population-level phenomena and structures are shaped by micro-level processes and in turn are the selective environment for the micro-level processes. Historical developments are seen as the result of complex contingencies rather than representing a tendency for key variables to move towards a static or dynamic Aristotelean `natural state'. In historical developments, human agents play a major role but often not in the ways they intend or anticipate.
THE BRAVE NEW WORLD OF THE MULTINATIONAL CORPORATION
Authors: Schienstock Gerd
Published: March 2007

For a long time research on multinational corporations (MNCs) was dominated by a very critical assessment. But recently social scientists seem to have changed their view of the multinational corporation; they now have a much more positive opinion of this institution. This raises the question whether we are, now that the multinational company is becoming the most powerful economic actor, on the way to an economic order in which there are no losers and only winners. The article deals with this question on the basis of three aspects of multinational corporations: forms of governance, organisational strategies and industrial relations.
THEIR `OWN PECULIAR WAY': KARL MANNHEIM AND THE RISE OF WOMEN
Authors: Kettler David , Meja Volker
Published: March 2007

Mannheim's published works do not prepare scholars for the importance he attached to the study of women; and his origins in an intellectual milieu attracted to metaphysical dualisms adds interest to his attempted rapprochement with liberal feminism. This study explores a surprising parallel drawn by Karl Mannheim as teacher in the 1930s. Despite vital differences in their social genealogies, women and intellectuals both exemplify groups constitutive of social structure without fitting in the Marxist scheme of social classes. Both groups are in crisis owing to a disproportion between their objective social situations and the conceptions by which they orient themselves. Sociology provides a method, and crisis provides the impulse for both to gain clarity about themselves and their situations. The ensuing group consciousness enables each of them to counter socially oppressive power without abandoning valuable qualities in their distinct social identities for the sake of revolutionary mass mobilisation. Mannheim's thesis requires a conception of constitutional negotiation of group divergences, but his sociological legacy of holistic change and organic integration denies him the political resources to realise such a vision. He fascinates gifted students, but both politicised male intellectuals and independent women treat his design as only a point of departure. The three dissertations by women students reviewed here - one of them a novel enquiry into families of a special kind and two of them pioneering works, respectively, in German and English women's studies - document three different bargains with Mannheim, each of them reserving important intellectual and emotional space from his influence.
LABOUR MIGRATION AND RURAL TRANSFORMATION IN NIGERIA
Authors: Onyeonoru Ifeanyi P.
Published: March 2007

Urban development since the colonial period in Nigeria has led to a rural-urban migration pattern in the post-independent state. A return labour migration process with implications for rural development has, however, accompanied certain socio-economic and political events in Nigeria in the 1980s. This paper highlights some factors that have impaired the rural transformation prospects of the new migration trend.
WOMEN MIGRANTS IN NIGERIA
Authors: Makinwa-Adebusoye Paulina K.
Published: March 2007

An increasing number of women are participating in the movement to Nigeria's cities. As expected, the majority of female migrants, especially if they were already married, are associational, in that they move with the family or relatives. The important point to note, however, is the preponderance of autonomous migration among single women. Whether married or not, women migrate for much the same reasons men do, mainly to seek remunerative employment in order to meet personal as well as socially ascribed financial obligations to children and relatives. Other reasons for migrating include the need for further education or for learning a trade as an apprentice. Because of the importance of migration to family survival, the extended family and friends both at the migrants' places of origin and in urban centres facilitate the migratory process and adjustment to the new destinations.
CLASH OF CULTURES, WHEN AND WHERE? CRITICAL COMMENTS ON A NEW THEORY OF CONFLICT - AND ITS TRANSLATION INTO GERMAN
Authors: Hartmann Heinz
Published: March 2007

In the wake of the Communist collapse in Eastern Europe, we are asked by Samuel Huntington to beware of illusions concerning a peaceful future. In particular, conflict seems to be rife between Islam and the West. This thesis has been dramatised in the media - but a sober assessment of Huntington's text and of some attendant facts would seem to deflate the urgency and the validity of these scary projections. In particular, we deal critically with the issues of (i) agency, (ii) coping, and (iii) the volatility of modernisation.
The Sociology of the Moral and Ethics
Authors: Luhmann Niklas
Published: March 2007

This article revisits a classic Durkheimian problem: whether and how solidarity can adapt itself to the consequences of a fully developed division of labour. What would a developed sociology of the moral constitution of society look like? It would firstly have to be empirical and not philosophical; secondly it would have to produce an `irritant' and thus a communicative learning process within sociology itself. The necessary condition for this is the interdiction of self-exemption. The proposed correlation between this negative condition and moral communication is refutable only if moral communication could be found signalling esteem and disesteem in which the communicator took the licence of not applying the proclaimed standards reflexively. The division of labour cannot, in itself, be the source of morality because it is ruled by self-exemption. In moral communication, the duality of ego and alter and the opposition of esteem and disesteem are translated into a binary code that opposes positive and negative values and which is acceptable to both sides of a moral dispute as a framework to which they can refer. Codes are invariant but specific; ethical programmes change historically with the structural changes of the social system. This is not to end with a sterile relativism but to make the distinction, pace Durkheim, between ethics and the sociology of moral communication.
Travel
Authors: Game Ann
Published: March 2007

This article investigates the implications of substituting the trope of travel for that of globalization. By exploring the possible temporal and spatial assumptions in `travel', it considers how this might allow for contigency and particularity in lived experience and in forms of knowledge. In contemporary cultural theory, movement (or travel) and multiplicity are valued as principles of meaning, knowledge and the self; but there is a danger that a simple privileging of movement can end up reinventing the very singularity that would be undone. Developing a more subtle approach to movement that retains multiplicity involves putting into question simple oppositional structures and reversals such as stasis/movement. These issues are addressed with reference to the uncanny structure of home and away, the centrality of borders to movement and the significance of ruptures and `the moment' to `lived' time.
Contributions To the Sociology of Knowledge From an African Oral Poetry
Authors: Akiwowo Akinsola A.
Published: March 2007

Explanatory principles in the social sciences may be denved from diverse sources. Here, from West Africa, a Yoruba oral poetry, Ayajo Asuwada, usually recited at the consecration of a new human settlement, is interpreted as saying that the universal principle of asuwa is the source of all things, which continue in being as communities. From community stems goodness and aisuwa, self-alienation, occurs when the common good is ignored. Nine related propositions are derived from these interpretations which are statements of relationship between basic elements in human society and may be applied to understanding people and society in Africa, past and present.
The Socio-Genesis of Psychological Distress in Developing Countries: Industrial Workers in Nigeria
Authors: Anheier Helmut K.
Published: March 2007

This paper develops a basic causal model describing the effects of factors such as socialisation, rural-urban background, current occupation, perceived job stressors and locus of control as determinants of psychological distress in a sample of Nigerian factory workers. The analysis builds upon major results and theories of causation of psychological distress in African populations experiencing high rates of social change. Findings regarding perceived job stressors are similar to results found in Western samples, but the findings concerning the effects of cognitive attribution tendencies contrast with what is usually found in Western samples The ensuing discussion of the reasons for such differences emphasises basic themes in the sociogenesis of psycho logical distress in an African context.
Occupations, Work Units and Work Rewards in Urban China
Authors: Adamchak Donald J. , Chen Shuo , Li Jiangtao
Published: March 2007

Studies of employment work rewards in urban China indicate that workers' accessibility to material resources varies significantly by their occupations and affiliated work units. Survey data for 968 respondents from Guangzhou, China, on determinants of work rewards (income and housing space) are presented. Results of the multivariate analysis demonstrate the following for the Guangzhou sample: (1) both work units and occupation have effects on income generation; (2) work units show mixed effects on housing space; and (3) educational attainment and self-employment appear to have far greater influence on income than political credentials in an economic reform era. The impact of the emerging economy on the given bureaucratic redistribution system is identified. Implications of these results are discussed in terms of inequality in China.
Chapter 6 Mobilizing Thechnology for Developing Countries
Authors: Weiss Charles
Published: March 2007

The technology in use in a country is determined less by the "supply push" of technologically oriented programs than by the "demand pull" from users. In a market economy, the latter is strong ly influenced by the level and structure of prices, wages, and exchange rates, by the price and avail abitity of credit, raw materials, and energy, by patterns of income distribution, and by the degree of competition among different producers. All of these are strongly influenced by government policies. In a centrally planned economy, the demand for improved technology depends on the incentives facing decision-makers in factories and ministries. In both kinds of economies, the orientation and content of engineering education and general education, influence the values that engineers, entrepreneurs, and other decision-makers bring to the technological aspects of their development.
The 1998 Barbour Lecture: Responding to Nature—The Interaction of Technology and Worldviews
Authors: Hefner Philip
Published: March 2007

Technology interfaces with society in several ways, one of the most important of which is in the domain of values. Technology is values driven. These values are sometimes expressed in dramatic rhetoric and visual images that qualify as metaphysical or even religious proposals. The flamboyance of these proposals is ap parently necessary in order to galvanize public support for the technologies in question. This article focuses on the prominent value in our culture to shape and reshape nature and takes as case studies recent National Aeronautics and Space Administration proposals and the Human Genome Project. The conclu sion is that a kind of spirituality drives the use of technology, and this fact ought to be recognized and reflected upon.
Technological Transparency: A Myth of Virtual Education
Authors: Gayol Yolanda
Published: March 2007

In this article, the idea of technological transpar ency refers to the setting of computer artifacts to make them invisible. Transparency is treated as a mythology because it hides the tremendous social impact that computer-mediated communication has in contempo rary societies. This argument is supported by Ellul's assertion that technology has a systemic, rather than an instrumental, relation with society; therefore, it has to be explored as La Technique. La Technique is a systemic connection of human-artifacts-knowledge that reconstitutes society according to autonomous technological aims, disintegrating anything that cannot be converted into technology. This article discusses how computers mediate communication as a major universal source of La Technique and alters language structure, social relationships, space, time, and identities. Some clues are given to reconceptualize pedagogical notions, such as technological transpar ency, to overcome the reproduction of mythologies and to find better signifiers for understanding the impact of virtual education in society and culture.
Inner-City Youth Development Organizations:
Authors: Hirsch Barton J. , Roffman Jennifer G. , Deutsch Nancy L. , Flynn Cathy A. , Loder Tondra L. , Pagano Maria E.
Published: March 2007

The challenges of early adolescence are intensified for girls of color who live in disadvantaged urban communities. One response to the needs of these girls comes from the Boys & Girls Clubs of America (BGCA), a youth development organization that has a long-standing presence in inner-city neighborhoods. A gender equity initiative designed to strengthen programming for minority girls at a BGCA affiliate in a major urban center was examined. Drawing on initial qualitative findings, a conceptual framework is presented for understanding the ways in which the clubs can affect urban early adolescent girls’ self-esteem. Several strategic choices confronting this initiative then are considered. The authors emphasize the creation of a “home place“ that enables the development of self via organizational responsiveness to girls’ voices, strong bonds between girls and staff, adaptive peer friendship cliques, and the development of programs that fuse the interests of girls and adult staff.
Risk and Protective Factors Associated with Disordered Eating During Early Adolescence
Authors: McVey Gail L. , Pepler Debra , Davis Ron , Flett Gordon L. , Abdolell Mohamed
Published: March 2007

Risk and protective factors associated with disordered eating were examined among 363 girls (X age =12.9 years) in middle-level school. The variables included self-report ratings of competence and of the importance of physical appearance and social acceptance by peers, self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism, negative events, and parental support. In a multivariate regression analysis, low competence in physical appearance, high importance of social acceptance, high self-oriented perfectionism, and low paternal support were correlated significantly with reports of high levels of disordered eating. The negative influence of low physical appearance competence on disordered eating was attenuated for those girls who placed low, as compared with high, levels of importance on physical appearance. Paternal support was found to have a protective function in regard to disordered eating for those girls who experienced high, as compared with low, levels of school-related negative events. Implications for school-based prevention strategies are discussed.
Using Observation and Action Instruction to Facilitate Conditional Reasoning Performance in Early Adolescents
Authors: Lane David S.
Published: March 2007

Early adolescent students (mean age=ten years, two months) received two 50-minute periods of instruction designed to increase their conditional syllogistic performance. The instructional method incorporated a logic board utilizing a Venn diagram format, blocks, and cards which illustrated all 16 conditional syllogisms. The study elaborated on an earlier work which had successfully utilized the instructional method. The action group children moved the block themselves into the correct areas of the logic board while the observational group children moved no blocks. Shortterm, longterm, and transfer performances were assessed using written 16-item conditional reasoning tests; performance of instructed children was compared to a group of non-instructed children. Results again confirmed that the basic instructional method is a viable way to positively affect early adolescents' reasoning performance. The differences between the action and observational groups' performance were not siginificant suggesting that moving blocks is not an important aspect of the instructional method. Because research indicates that conditional reasoning is difficult for children to master, these results take on practical significance.
Impact of Developmental Factors on Motivating the School Achievement of Young Adolescents: Theory and Implications for Practice
Authors: Potter Ellen F.
Published: March 2007

Recent writing on school motivation has prescribed techniques to be used, but has failed to tailor such techniques to the developmental level of the young adolescent. This article addresses the following motivational techniques and indicates aspects of the developmental stage of early adolescence that are relevant to their application: (a) use of behavorist incentives; (b) evocation of facilitative expectations and causal attributions; (c) use of social incentives; (d) use of competition; and (e) enhancement of intrinsic motivation.
The Psychological Significance of Different Pubertal Events to Young Girls
Authors: Brooks-Gunn Jeanne
Published: March 2007

The psychological significance of puberty to the adolescent girl is discussed in terms of the organism's ability to adapt to change. The occurrence of pubertal events is believed by many to signal a change in self-identity or a need for such a change, given that social role changes co-occur with physical changes. In this paper, four issues related to this premise are discussed-whether or not pubertal events elicit a great deal of stress and anxiety or more variable response patterns; whether they have short-term and/or long-term impact upon the adolescent; whether pubertal changes result in different information being transmitted; and whether rapid change results in heightened sensitivity to contextual cues. Literature on menarche is used to illustrate the usefulness of asking these questions. Then, the psychological significance of other, less frequently studied, pubetal events is discussed. Data are presented on girls' reactions to breast development, particularly in terms of their responses to being teased. Implications for understanding the significance of different pubertal events are discussed.
Children and Adolescents on Television: A Consistent Pattern of Devaluation
Authors: Signorielli Nancy
Published: March 2007

This analysis of data collected on major and minor characters in annual week-long samples of prime-time and weekend-daytime network dramatic programs broadcast between 1969 and 1985 found that children are very underrepresented on television. Children under 10 make up less than 2 percent of the characters in prime-time programs and only 3.6 percent of the characters in weekend-daytime programs. Early, and especially late adolescents are seen more frequently, especially in weekend-daytime programs. Children on television are presented in limiting roles that often serve to enhance adult roles rather than present childhood and children in a favorable way. Children are too often victimized, portrayed in ill health, and in the later adolescent years, seen smoking and drinking, with a few even using or experimenting with drugs. The overall image is one that conveys a sense of unimportance and devaluation of children and childhood.
Sociocultural Adjustment to School and Academic Achievement
Authors: Delgado-Gaitan Concha
Published: March 2007

This study describes the sociocultural, personal and interactional context in which a young Mexican male adolescent participates. The interrelations between these factors reveal the difficulties which some Mexican immigrant students confront in their acculturation process and the affects of those influences on their academic achievement. The acculturation process referred to here assumes that an immigrant student can acquire a new language and culture while maintaining his own culture. This paper postulates that a student's academic failure and success depends upon a complex set of interrelated factors which must be understood in order to design effective educational intervention programs. The intervention approach presented here attempts to build upon the knowledge of the student's experience and to provide a resocializing model for high-risk students.
Factors Influencing Age Expectations for Adolescent Autonomy: A Study of Early Adolescents and Parents
Authors: Feldman S. Shirley , Quatman Teri
Published: March 2007

Few societal guidelines exist to help parents or adolescents make decisions about the pacing of autonomy, yet parents and adolescents exhibit well-defined expectations as to what constitutes age-appropriate behavior. Little is known about the specific content of age-related expectations, or about the factors that influence the "timetabling" of these expectations. To explore these issues, the present study sampled 200 early adolescents and 170 parents of early adolescent sons. Subjects differed in gender, ethnicity, and the personality dimension of restraint. Subjects completed a 21-item questionnaire asking at what age they expected adolescents to engage in specific autonomy-related behaviors associated with adolescence. Results revealed that parents held significantly later age expectations than adolescents; Asians, substantially later than those of non-Asians; and those with highly restrained personalities markedly later than their low-restraint counterparts. Gender effects were absent. Results were discussed in terms of both the content of differentiating items and of group characteristics underlying differential expectations.
Feelings of Optimism and Pessimism in Japanese Students' Transition to Junior High School
Authors: Koizumi Reizo
Published: March 2007

Generalized future expectancies of personal life success (optimism) and failure (pessimism) were examined in a cross-sectional study, with a sample of Japanese fifth-through ninth-grade students (N = 584). Average optimism scores were lower and average pessimism scores were higher after (seventh grade) than before (sixth grade) the transition to junior high school (JHS). Profiles of the optimism and pessimism subscales at fifth through ninth grades differed from each other as follows. Higher optimism scores were observed at ninth grade than at eighth grade, and the lowest pessimism scores were found at sixth grade. Measures of optimism and pessimism correlated in positive and negative directions, respectively, with students' estimates of general interest in school, peer relationships, and academic studies at all five grade levels. At the time of JHS transition, measures of optimism and pessimism did not correlate with relations with teachers. Findings are discussed as they relate to qualitative differences between elementary school and JHS in Japan.
Visibility and Vulnerability
Authors: Merten Don E.
Published: March 2007

The correlates of rejection and the subtypes of rejected individuals have received considerable attention This article shifts the focus to the responses to rejection made by those who are rejected More specifically, it examines boys who were pejoratively labeled by their peers in junior high school. These boys were observed and interviewed during seventh grade and eighth grade as they responded in a variety of ways to their status of being rejected. Like other ethnographic research on rejection this study found very high categorical stability for those who were rejected Thus, even though the boys' responses included a variety of changes, most were ineffective in altering their status. One individual however, did manage to change his status through rather extraordinary responses. His success resulted from negating the categorical identity imposed on him by his peers, rather than simply imitating his accepted peers.
Risks of Communication Early Adolescent Girls' Conversations with Mothers and Friends about Sexuality
Authors: Yowell Constance M.
Published: March 2007

Explored in this study were the ways in which mothers and their early adolescent daughters experience their communication with each other about sexuality-related topics; those experiences were compared with daughters' experiences of communication with best friends about similar topics. Twelve early adolescent girls between 11 and 13 years of age participated in separately audio recorded conversations with their mothers and with their best friends about sexuality-related issues. Mothers and daughters were then interviewed separately about their experiences of these conversations. Analysis of these interviews revealed three categories of maternal communicative style and three categories of early adolescent girls `engagement style. The implications of these differing types of communicative and engagement styles for early adolescent girls' development of self-regulation within the domain of sexuality are discussed from a vygotksian perspective.
Adolescents' Perceptions of Parents' Work and Adolescents' Work Values in Two-Earner Families
Authors: Galambos Nancy L. , Sears Heather A.
Published: March 2007

Examined in this study were relations among adolescents `perceptions of parents' work conditions (e.g., work overload) and work-related affect (e.g., job satisfaction), adolescents' respect for parents' work, and adolescents' work values. Participants were 81 young adolescents and their mothers and fathers in two-earner families, all of whom took part in a longitudinal study in which questionnaire data were collected. Results were that on several measures, adolescents' and parents' reports of parents' work were related significantly Adolescents also had more respect for their mothers `and their fathers `work when they perceived their mothers and their fathers as having jobs that were less depersonalizing, less straining, and more satisfying. Adolescents' perceptions of fathers' work-related affect and work conditions interacted with their respect for fathers' work to predict selected work values of adolescents (e.g., the value of human-centered work). This study provided support for linkages between fathers' work and adolescents' work values.
A Two-Year Evaluation of the Wood Rock Youth Development Project
Authors: LoSciuto Leonard , Hilbert Susan M. , Fox M. Margaretta , Porcellini Lorraine , Lanphear Alden
Published: March 2007

The efficacy of a school-based initiative in reducing and/or preventing alcohol, tobacco, and drug (ATD) use in “at-risk” youth was examined. This evaluation represents a final report on the Woodrock Youth Development Project (YDP). Data from two cohorts, representing two academic program years, were combined to yield a final sample of 718 elementary and middle school youth. Youth were assigned randomly to either an experimental or control condition. Surveys containing several psychosocial measures were administered at pretest and posttest. Analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) were used to examine the impact of YDP on ultimate and intermediate outcome variables. Findings indicated that YDP participation was related to significant reductions in self-reported substance abuse in the last month and in lifetime as well as improvements in race relations and self-reported school attendance. The findings are discussed in relation to the program and other prevention efforts.
Experiential Learning Exercises in Services Marketing Courses
Authors: Gremler Dwayne D. , Hoffman K. Douglas , Keaveney Susan M. , Wright Lauren K.
Published: March 2007

Business schools are often accused of focusing too much on quantitative and technical skills and spending too little time on interpersonal and communication skills. Experiential learning assignments provide an effective vehicle for addressing these concerns and are particularly well suited for services marketing courses. The objective of this article is to present a portfolio of experiential learning exercises that can be used in services marketing courses to facilitate the integration of course concepts, teamwork and team building, communication and listening skills, and critical thinking and problem solving.
Teaching Marketing With Telecommunications: Conference Calls Bring Corporate Executives Into the Classroom
Authors: Murdock Gene W. , Bellizzi Joseph A.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to illustrate the use of conference calls in the marketing classroom and to assess student reactions to conference calls as a teaching technique. The article also describes procedures and equipment used in setting up conference calls.
The Senior Marketing Officer: An Academic Perspective
Authors: Rothe James T.
Published: March 2007

This article reports the summary observations and opinions associated with the performance of the senior managerial task and reassesses the marketing educator's responsibilities in light of the experience. The observations and opinions are based on a recently completed two-year experience as Senior Vice President of Marketing for the Searle Optical Group (Pearle Vision Centers). Critical observations are made about the role of marketing in the firm, the most vital aspects of the job, the art-science debate, marketing and finance, working with people, dealing with inflation, and time pressures. These observations are then discussed in the context of the marketing educator s teaching, research and service responsibilities.
Advertising: Teaching its Economic and Legal Aspects
Authors: Lancaster Kent M.
Published: March 2007

This article summarizes the author's approach to teaching a graduate seminar on the economic and social aspects of advertising, highlighting course motives, objectives, methods and results and presenting recommendations for enhancing course effectiveness.
Determinants of Attendance for Students Accepted into a Graduate Business Program
Authors: Stanley Kenneth L. , Dahringer Lee D.
Published: March 2007

Results of a mail survey of students accepted to a graduate business program support the general proposition that students admitted to more than one program choose to attend the program perceived to be the "best." In order of importance, the following factors affect this decision: reputation, location, curriculum, faculty, placement, cost, and financial aid.
AMCAAM: A Microcomputer Advertising Strategy Game
Authors: Leckenby John D. , Rice Marshall D.
Published: March 2007

In AMCAAM, a microcomputer advertising game, students compete to determine the best advertising strategy for a consumer goods product. Players are required to make decisions about the product's advertising budget, creative execution, price, and media plan. In addition, the players must supply probabilistic "guesses" of the possible strategies of competitors. AMCAAM analyzes these inputs, provides a comprehensive analysis of competing advertising plans, and declares a winner. This article discusses the structure of the AMCAAM game and its educational objectives and examines student reactions to the competitive approach.
What Makes Marketing Academicians Successful? An Assessment of Teaching, Publishing, and Service
Authors: Burneft John J. , Amason Robert D. , Cunningham Peggy
Published: March 2007

A survey was conducted of marketing academicians. In it, an attempt was made to determine whether the components of the teaching profession (i.e., research, teaching, and service) are important predictors of income. The results indicate that publishing is most likely to produce the greatest income rewards, not teaching, and certainly not service.
A Customer Satisfaction Approach to Introducing Physical Distribution in the Principles of Marketing Course
Authors: Sherwood Charles S. , Nordstrom Richard D.
Published: March 2007

Traditional presentations of physical distribution in a principles of marketing course commonly focus on the activities of distribution without effectively integrating them into the marketing mix. This article offers instructors an integrative framework for presenting physical distribution activities as a means of achieving desired levels of customer service and ultimately customer satisfaction.
Marketing Education and Marketing Management: Some Thoughts on Compatibility and Integration
Authors: Smith Michael F. , Robbins John E.
Published: March 2007

Several books in which the authors have attempted to draw our attention to perceived problems in higher education have been published recently; an example is Bloom's (1987) The Closing of the American Mind. One such issue related to marketing concerns the extent to which students are being educated in the discipline of marketing, as opposed to current pedagogy, which emphasizes marketing practice in order to train future marketing "managers." This article addresses this marketing education issue.
Product Innovation Assessment Training Idea Screening and Business Analysis Module for the Marketing Curriculum
Authors: Duke Charles R.
Published: March 2007

A product idea screening and initial business (feasibility) analysis module for marketing courses is described. Product ideas that are evaluated in business feasibility analyses are provided by industry sponsors. Students and faculty benefit from the realism of experiential exercises. Industry sponsors benefit by having perspectives on product ideas from outside their own companies.
Student Attitudes toward Marketing Mix Activities in the Large Class Environment
Authors: Butler Daniel D. , Lauimer J. Ford
Published: March 2007

Three marketing mix activities found useful in large introductory marketing classes are presented. These activities help create a better learning environment, tend to help students better understand marketing, and lead to better attitudes toward the instructor.
Using Computer Networks (Intranet and Internet) to Enhance Your Students' Marketing Skills
Authors: Siegel Carolyn F.
Published: March 2007

Marketing educators are encouraged to consider using computer networks (intranet and Internet) to enhance their students' communication, decision-making, and information search and retrieval skills. This article explores ways that intranets and the Internet can be used interactively to accomplish these goals and discusses the benefits and drawbacks to computer network assignments.
The Fourth-Generation Marketing Curriculum: Meeting AACSB's Guidelines
Authors: Pharr Steven , Morris Linda J.
Published: March 2007

In an effort to address industry's concern that business graduates are too narrowly focused, the new AACSB guidelines recommend that business curricula have at least half or more of the required undergraduate degree credits outside the business school. This article contrasts two business schools' efforts to redesign their business curricula to meet AACSB standards and describes the changes for a fourth-generation marketing curriculum.
Academic Integrity: Behaviors, Rates, and Attitudes of Business Students toward Cheating
Authors: Allen Jeff , Fuller Donald , Luckett Michael
Published: March 2007

A sample of 1,063 students who were enrolled in an undergraduate marketing course at a large Southeastern university was employed to examine the effects of perceived and admitted cheating behavior on four dimensions of academic integrity and to compare self-report measures of cheating with simulated behavior. Scales representing ways and means to curb cheating, moralistic attitudes toward cheating, cheating locale, and impact on students were developed and tested. Results of MANOVAs suggest that both perceived and admitted cheating behaviors affect the attitudes and opinions of students along these dimensions. A comparison of self-reports with simulated behaviors suggest that self-reports tend to underestimate current rates and that cheating rates are behavior specific. Research and educational implications of the study's results are discussed.
Combining Writing and the Electronic Media in Sales Management Courses
Authors: McNeilly Kevin M. , Ranney Frances J.
Published: March 2007

As universities advance into high-tech learning, we need to study how moving traditional business writing styles into the electronic media may reflect or change the communication styles of managers and sales representatives. To accomplish this task, the authors developed writing assignments that focused on communicating via electronic messaging (e-mail).
Bootstrap Benefit Segmentation as an Experiential Learning Activity
Authors: Schibrowsky John A. , Collins Robert H. , Peltier James W.
Published: March 2007

This article introduces an experiential learning activity designed to provide business students with an understanding of benefit segmentation, product positioning, and target markets. This “bootstrap benefit segmentation” method can be taught without the need for primary data. It makes benefit segmentation available as a short-term experiential activity that can be accomplished in one or two class meetings or as an assignment prepared outside of the classroom.