bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) materials as sustainable precursors for the synthesis of nanoporous MOFs, MIL-47, MIL-53(Cr, Al, Ga) and MIL-101(Cr)
Authors: Lo Sheng-Han , Senthil Raja Duraisamy , Chen Chia-Wei , Kang Yu-Hao , Chen Jiun-Jen , Lin Chia-Her
Published: May 2016

Waste PET to useful MOFs: simple, novel, and sustainable methods have been developed for the first time, for the effective conversion of waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) materials into valuable MOF materials.
Environmental release of core–shell semiconductor nanocrystals from free-standing polymer nanocomposite films
Authors: V. Pillai Karthik , Gray Patrick J. , Tien Chun-Chieh , Bleher Reiner , Sung Li-Piin , V. Duncan Timothy
Published: May 2016

This work presents a new approach to study mechanisms and particle-size dependence of environmental release of nanoparticles from polymer nanocompsites using fluorescent quantum dots.
Resilience of microbial communities in a simulated drinking water distribution system subjected to disturbances: role of conditionally rare taxa and potential implications for antibiotic-resistant bacteria
Authors: Gomez-Alvarez V. , Pfaller S. , Pressman J. G. , Wahman D. G. , Revetta R. P.
Published: May 2016

CIRCOS plots representing the pan-genome and resistome of waterborne resistant bacteria.
Visualization of bond rearrangements in acetylene using near single-cycle laser pulses
Authors: Burger Christian , Kling Nora G. , Siemering Robert , Alnaser Ali S. , Bergues Boris , Azzeer Abdallah M. , Moshammer Robert , de Vivie-Riedle Regina , Kübel Matthias , Kling Matthias F.
Published: May 2016

The migration of hydrogen atoms resulting in the isomerization of hydrocarbons is an important process which can occur on ultrafast timescales. Here, we visualize the light-induced hydrogen migration of acetylene to vinylidene in an ionic state using two synchronized 4 fs intense laser pulses. The first pulse induces hydrogen migration, and the second is used for monitoring transient structural changes via Coulomb explosion imaging. Varying the time delay between the pulses reveals the migration dynamics with a time constant of 54 ± 4 fs as observed in the H+ + H+ + CC+ channel. Due to the high temporal resolution, vibrational wave-packet motions along the CC- and CH-bonds are observed. Even though a maximum in isomerization yield for kinetic energy releases above 16 eV is measured, we find no indication for a backwards isomerization — in contrast to previous measurements. Here, we propose an alternative explanation for the maximum in isomerization yield, namely the surpassing of the transition state to the vinylidene configuration within the excited dication state.
Rare earth element determination in heavy crude oil by USN-ICP-MS after digestion using a microwave-assisted single reaction chamber
Authors: Druzian Gabriel T. , Pereira Leticia S. F. , Mello Paola A. , Mesko Marcia F. , Duarte Fabio A. , Flores Erico M. M.
Published: May 2016

In this work a method for rare earth element (REE) determination by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was proposed after heavy crude oil digestion by microwave-assisted wet digestion (MAWD) using a single reaction chamber (SRC) system.
Sample introduction interface for on-chip nucleic acid-based analysis of Helicobacter pylori from stool samples
Authors: Mosley O. , Melling L. , Tarn M. D. , Kemp C. , Esfahani M. M. N. , Pamme N. , Shaw K. J.
Published: May 2016

Processing of stool samples using an IFAST microfluidic device for the genetic analysis of infectious pathogens such asH. pylori.
Design and functionalization of responsive hydrogels for photonic crystal biosensors
Authors: Jung Sukwon , Kaar Joel L. , Stoykovich Mark P.
Published: May 2016

In this review, the molecular-level design and fabrication of photonic crystal hydrogels is presented, and their application as biosensors for many biologically important analytes is highlighted.
Electrical gas sensors based on structured organic ultra-thin films and nanocrystals on solid state substrates
Authors: Huang Lizhen , Wang Zi , Zhu Xiaofei , Chi Lifeng
Published: May 2016

This review summarizes recent research studies of electrical gas sensors based on structured organic ultra-thin films and nanocrystals.
Gold-catalyzed bis(stannylation) of propiolates
Authors: Chahdoura F. , Lassauque N. , Bourissou D. , Amgoune A.
Published: May 2016

Bis(stannylation) of propiolates with hexabutylditin is achieved under mild conditions using a cationic gold(i) catalyst.
Phosphoric acid doped polybenzimidazole as an heterogeneous catalyst for selective and efficient dehydration of saccharides to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural
Authors: Han Miaomiao , Liu Xiao , Huang Guangcheng , Liu Yadong , Ji Shengxiang
Published: May 2016

PA–PBI was used as an heterogeneous catalyst for the dehydration of high fructose concentration to produce HMF with high selectivity.
Relaxivity and toxicological properties of manganese oxide nanoparticles for MRI applications
Authors: Hsu Benedict You Wei , Kirby Georgia , Tan Aaron , Seifalian Alexander M. , Li Xu , Wang John
Published: May 2016

Hollow MnO morphology and high water permeability of shell coating for high performance magnetic resonance imaging.
A metal–organic framework immobilised iridium pincer complex
Authors: Rimoldi Martino , Nakamura Akitake , Vermeulen Nicolaas A. , Henkelis James J. , Blackburn Anthea K. , Hupp Joseph T. , Stoddart J. Fraser , Farha Omar K.
Published: May 2016

An iridium pincer complex has been immobilised in the metal–organic framework NU-1000. The stable Ir-pincer modified NU-1000 is catalytically active in the hydrogenation of alkenes in condensed phase and under flow conditions.
Crystal engineering of a family of hybrid ultramicroporous materials based upon interpenetration and dichromate linkers
Authors: Scott Hayley S. , Ogiwara Naoki , Chen Kai-Jie , Madden David G. , Pham Tony , Forrest Katherine , Space Brian , Horike Satoshi , Perry IV John J. , Kitagawa Susumu , Zaworotko Michael J.
Published: May 2016

A new platform of primitive cubic (pcu) topology hybrid ultramicroporous materials comprising dichromate anion pillars is reported.
Heavier congeners of CO and CO2 as ligands: from zero-valent germanium (‘germylone’) to isolable monomeric GeX and GeX2 complexes (X = S, Se, Te)
Authors: Xiong Yun , Yao Shenglai , Karni Miriam , Kostenko Arseni , Burchert Alexander , Apeloig Yitzhak , Driess Matthias
Published: May 2016

The first isolable germanium chalcogenide complexes 2–5 representing heavier congeners of CO and CO2 were synthesised from the germylone adduct 1.
Double-network hydrogels improve pH-switchable adhesion
Authors: Alfhaid Latifah , Seddon William D. , Williams Nicholas H. , Geoghegan Mark
Published: May 2016

For environmentally-switchable adhesive systems to be reused repeatedly, the adhesive strength must not deteriorate after each adhesion cycle.
p-Type CuBi2O4: an easily accessible photocathodic material for high-efficiency water splitting
Authors: Cao Dawei , Nasori Nasori , Wang Zhijie , Mi Yan , Wen Liaoyong , Yang Ying , Qu Shengchun , Wang Zhanguo , Lei Yong
Published: May 2016

An easily accessible photocathodic material was fabricated to realize high-efficiency water splitting. After optimizing the PEC system, the photocurrent was further amplified to −1.2 mA cm−2.
In situ Stöber templating: facile synthesis of hollow mesoporous carbon spheres from silica–polymer composites for ultra-high level in-cavity adsorption
Authors: Noonan Owen , Zhang Hongwei , Song Hao , Xu Chun , Huang Xiaodan , Yu Chengzhong
Published: May 2016

Anin situStöber templating approach is used to prepare hollow mesoporous carbon spheres demonstrating the in-cavity adsorption of a pollutant di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate.
In situ growth of binder-free CNTs@Ni–Co–S nanosheets core/shell hybrids on Ni mesh for high energy density asymmetric supercapacitors
Authors: Peng Tianquan , Yi Huan , Sun Peng , Jing Yuting , Wang Ruijing , Wang Huanwen , Wang Xuefeng
Published: May 2016

A facile two-step method has been developed to synthesize 3D core/shell-structured composites (CNTs@Ni–Co–S) composed of ternary nickel cobalt sulfide nanosheets (Ni–Co–S) as the shell and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as the core on a flexible Ni mesh (Ni@CNTs@Ni–Co–S).
A spherical Sn–Fe3O4@graphite composite as a long-life and high-rate-capability anode for lithium ion batteries
Authors: Zhang Hanyin , Hu Renzong , Liu Hui , Sun Wei , Lu Zhongchen , Liu Jiangwen , Yang Lichun , Zhang Yao , Zhu Min
Published: May 2016

A long cycle life, spherical-shaped Sn–Fe3O4@C ternary-phase composite consisting of nanosized tin (Sn), magnetite (Fe3O4), and graphite (C) was prepared via a two-step process using high-efficiency discharge plasma-assisted milling (P-milling).
One-dimensional (1D) [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) nanorods as an efficient additive for improving the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells
Authors: Ran Chenxin , Chen Yonghua , Gao Weiyin , Wang Minqiang , Dai Liming
Published: May 2016

We report a novel 1DPCBM nanorod material as an efficient additive to form a wrinkle-like bicontinuousperovskite layer, where 1D PCBM nanorods can distribute homogenously throughout the film with an enlarged grain size.
Inhibitor-assisted synthesis of silica-core microbeads with pepsin-imprinted nanoshells
Authors: Dinc M. , Basan H. , Diemant T. , Behm R. J. , Lindén M. , Mizaikoff B.
Published: May 2016

An innovative approach for imprinting proteins based on inhibitor-assisted templating of core–nanoshell microbeads is developed to address the challenges in protein purification.
Dimesitylboryl-functionalized tetraphenylethene derivatives: efficient solid-state luminescent materials with enhanced electron-transporting ability for nondoped OLEDs
Authors: Chen Long , Lin Gengwei , Peng Huiren , Nie Han , Zhuang Zeyan , Shen Pingchuan , Ding Siyang , Huang Dijie , Hu Rongrong , Chen Shuming , Huang Fei , Qin Anjun , Zhao Zujin , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: May 2016

Efficient n-type emitters are prepared from dimesitylboryl-functionalized tetraphenylethene derivatives.
Homeobox genes gain trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 4 in glioblastoma tissue
Authors: Luo Kun , Luo Donghui , Wen Hao
Published: May 2016

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) exhibits considerable heterogeneity and associates with genome-wide alterations of the repressed chromatin marks DNA methylation and H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3). Tri-methylation on lysine 4 of histone H3 (H3K4me3) is an activating epigenetic mark that is enriched at promoter and promotes expression. It will be helpful in GBM diagnosis and treatment to identify the alteration of H3K4me3 between human GBM and GBM-surrounding tissues. Here, we performed an analysis using next-generation sequencing techniques to identify H3K4me3 modification in a case of GBM and the GBM-surrounding tissues. The results revealed a global decrease in H3K4me3 in GBM, especially at promoters and CpG islands. In GBM, homeobox genes gain H3K4me3, whereas the cell–cell adhesion-related cadherin genes lose H3K4me3. The products of the homeobox genes are highly connected with Ras-signalling and PI3K-Akt signalling pathways. Using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data, we inferred the homeobox-regulated genes’ expression is higher in 548 GBM cases than in 27 lower grade glioma cases giving that OLIG2 expression can be a reference. The results suggested that the H3K4me3 alteration is related to the formation and migration of GBM cells. We also found an extremely high reads count at epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) promoter, probably due to an amplification of copy number. Our analysis provides a case study about the change of H3K4me3 during shift to GBM.
Postoperative Heparin-Mediated Extracorporeal Low-Density Lipoprotein Fibrinogen Precipitation Aphaeresis Prevents Early Graft Occlusion after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Authors: Oberhoffer Martin , Eifert Sandra , Jaeger Beate , Blessing Frithjof , Beiras-Fernandez A. , Seidel D. , Reichart B.
Published: May 2016

Background Early graft occlusion due to thromboembolic events is a well-known complication after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Fibrinogen, the coagulation factor I, is a glycoprotein that is transformed by thrombin into fibrin. It plays a major role in thrombus formation and is highly elevated after CABG. Our aim was to determine if postoperative lowering of fibrinogen levels by H.E.L.P. (heparin-mediated extracorporeal low-density lipoprotein [LDL] fibrinogen precipitation) aphaeresis could reduce the rate of early graft occlusion in patients with hypercholesterolemia undergoing CABG.

Methods Between December 2004 and September 2009, 36 male patients with hypercholesterolemia (mean LDL cholesterol 128 ± 12 mg/dL), mean age 58 ± 9 years, underwent CABG. Mean preoperative fibrinogen level was 387 ± 17 mg/dL. H.E.L.P. aphaeresis was postoperatively performed when fibrinogen levels exceeded 350 mg/dL on day 1 and 250 mg/dL every consecutive day up to day 8. Pre- and postaphaeresis blood samples were obtained and plasma fibrinogen level reduction was calculated. Early graft occlusion was evaluated by means of coronary angiography or multislice computed tomography before discharge.

Results A total of 128 distal anastomoses were performed in 36 patients (mean 3.6/patient). Postoperatively, 191 H.E.L.P. aphaeresis sessions were performed (mean 5.3/patient). Fibrinogen levels were lowered from 391 ± 10 mg/dL (preaphaeresis) to 171 ± 5 mg/dL (postaphaeresis; p < 0.001). Coronary angiography (multislice computed tomography in 7 patients) revealed graft patency in 125 of 128 grafts (98% patency) with three occluded venous grafts to target vessels of 1.5 mm. H.E.L.P. aphaeresis-related complications were limited to hypotensive episodes in two patients and bacteremia in one patient.

Conclusions H.E.L.P. apheresis offers an easy, save, and efficient method to decrease fibrinogen postoperatively in patients having CABG. Showing excellent graft patency rates in comparison to the literature, this method is a promising tool to reduce early graft occlusion after CABG.
Electroosmosis-modulated peristaltic transport in microfluidic channels
Authors: Bandopadhyay Aditya , Tripathi Dharmendra , Chakraborty Suman
Published: May 2016

We analyze the peristaltic motion of aqueous electrolytes altered by means of applied electric fields. Handling electrolytes in typical peristaltic channel material such as polyvinyl chloride and Teflon leads to the generation of a net surface charge on the channel walls, which attracts counter-ions and repels co-ions from the aqueous solution, thus leading to the formation of an electrical double layer—a region of net charges near the wall. We analyze the spatial distribution of pressure and wall shear stress for a continuous wave train and single pulse peristaltic wave in the presence of an electrical (electroosmotic) body force, which acts on the net charges in the electrical double layer. We then analyze the effect of the electroosmotic body force on the particle reflux as elucidated through the net displacement of neutrally buoyant particles in the flow as the peristaltic waves progress. The impact of combined electroosmosis and peristalsis on trapping of a fluid volume (e.g., bolus) inside the travelling wave is also discussed. The present analysis goes beyond the traditional analysis, which neglects the possibility of coupling the net pumping of fluids due to peristalsis and allows us to derive general expressions for the pressure drop and flow rate in order to set up a general framework for incorporating flow control and actuation by simultaneous peristalsis and application of electric fields to aqueous solutions. It is envisaged that the results presented here may act as a model for the design of lab-on-a-chip devices.
Multi-state extrapolation of UV/Vis absorption spectra with QM/QM hybrid methods
Authors: Ren Sijin , Caricato Marco
Published: May 2016

In this work, we present a simple approach to simulate absorption spectra from hybrid QM/QM calculations. The goal is to obtain reliable spectra for compounds that are too large to be treated efficiently at a high level of theory. The present approach is based on the extrapolation of the entire absorption spectrum obtained by individual subcalculations. Our program locates the main spectral features in each subcalculation, e.g., band peaks and shoulders, and fits them to Gaussian functions. Each Gaussian is then extrapolated with a formula similar to that of ONIOM (Our own N-layered Integrated molecular Orbital molecular Mechanics). However, information about individual excitations is not necessary so that difficult state-matching across subcalculations is avoided. This multi-state extrapolation thus requires relatively low implementation effort while affording maximum flexibility in the choice of methods to be combined in the hybrid approach. The test calculations show the efficacy and robustness of this methodology in reproducing the spectrum computed for the entire molecule at a high level of theory.
Simulated conduction rates of water through a (6,6) carbon nanotube strongly depend on bulk properties of the model employed
Authors: Liu L. , Patey G. N.
Published: May 2016

We investigate pressure driven flow rates of water through a (6,6) carbon nanotube (CNT) for the TIP3P, SPC/E, and TIP4P/2005 water models. The flow rates are shown to be strongly model dependent, differing by factors that range from ∼6 to ∼2 as the temperature varies from 260 to 320 K, with TIP3P showing the fastest flow and TIP4P/2005 the slowest. For the (6,6) CNT, the size constraint allows only single-file conduction for all three water models. Hence, unlike the situation for the larger [(8,8) and (9,9)] CNTs considered in our earlier work [L. Liu and G. N. Patey, J. Chem. Phys. 141, 18C518 (2014)], the different flow rates cannot be attributed to different model-dependent water structures within the nanotubes. By carefully examining activation energies, we trace the origin of the model discrepancies for the (6,6) CNT to differing rates of entry into the nanotube, and these in turn are related to differing bulk mobilities of the water models. Over the temperature range considered, the self-diffusion coefficients of the TIP3P model are much larger than those of TIP4P/2005 and those of real water. Additionally, we show that the entry rates are approximately inversely proportional to the shear viscosity of the bulk liquid, in agreement with the prediction of continuum hydrodynamics. For purposes of comparison, we also consider the larger (9,9) CNT. In the (9,9) case, the flow rates for the TIP3P model still appear to be mainly controlled by the entry rates. However, for the SPC/E and TIP4P/2005 models, entry is no longer the rate determining step for flow. For these models, the activation energies controlling flow are considerably larger than the energetic barriers to entry, due in all likelihood to the ring-like water clusters that form within the larger nanotube.
Effect of superheat and electric field on saturated film boiling
Authors: Pandey Vinod , Biswas Gautam , Dalal Amaresh
Published: May 2016

The objective of this investigation is to study the influence of superheat temperature and applied uniform electric field across the liquid-vapor interface during film boiling using a coupled level set and volume of fluid algorithm. The hydrodynamics of bubble growth, detachment, and its morphological variation with electrohydrodynamic forces are studied considering the medium to be incompressible, viscous, and perfectly dielectric at near critical pressure. The transition in interfacial instability behavior occurs with increase in superheat, the bubble release being periodic both in space and time. Discrete bubble growth occurs at a smaller superheat whereas vapor columns form at the higher superheat values. Destabilization of interfacial motion due to applied electric field results in decrease in bubble separation distance and increase in bubble release rate culminating in enhanced heat transfer rate. A comparison of maximum bubble height owing to application of different intensities of electric field is performed at a smaller superheat. The change in dynamics of bubble growth due to increasing superheat at a high intensity of electric field is studied. The effect of increasing intensity of electric field on the heat transfer rate at different superheats is determined. The boiling characteristic is found to be influenced significantly only above a minimum critical intensity of the electric field.
Isotope effect on hydrated electron relaxation dynamics studied with time-resolved liquid jet photoelectron spectroscopy
Authors: Elkins Madeline H. , Williams Holly L. , Neumark Daniel M.
Published: May 2016

The excited state relaxation dynamics of the solvated electron in H2O and D2O are investigated using time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy in a liquid microjet. The data show that the initial excited state decays on a time scale of 75 ± 12 fs in H2O and 102 ± 8 fs in D2O, followed by slower relaxation on time scales of 400 ± 70 fs and 390 ± 70 fs that are isotopically invariant within the precision of our measurements. Based on the time evolution of the transient signals, the faster and slower time constants are assigned to p → s internal conversion (IC) of the hydrated electron and relaxation on the ground electronic state, respectively. This assignment is consistent with the non-adiabatic mechanism for relaxation of the hydrated electron and yields an isotope effect of 1.4 ± 0.2 for IC of the hydrated electron.
On the theory of electric double layer with explicit account of a polarizable co-solvent
Authors: Budkov Yu. A. , Kolesnikov A. L. , Kiselev M. G.
Published: May 2016

We present a continuation of our theoretical research into the influence of co-solvent polarizability on a differential capacitance of the electric double layer. We formulate a modified Poisson-Boltzmann theory, using the formalism of density functional approach on the level of local density approximation taking into account the electrostatic interactions of ions and co-solvent molecules as well as their excluded volume. We derive the modified Poisson-Boltzmann equation, considering the three-component symmetric lattice gas model as a reference system and minimizing the grand thermodynamic potential with respect to the electrostatic potential. We apply present modified Poisson-Boltzmann equation to the electric double layer theory, showing that accounting for the excluded volume of co-solvent molecules and ions slightly changes the main result of our previous simplified theory. Namely, in the case of small co-solvent polarizability with its increase under the enough small surface potentials of electrode, the differential capacitance undergoes the significant growth. Oppositely, when the surface potential exceeds some threshold value (which is slightly smaller than the saturation potential), the increase in the co-solvent polarizability results in a differential capacitance decrease. However, when the co-solvent polarizability exceeds some threshold value, its increase generates a considerable enhancement of the differential capacitance in a wide range of surface potentials. We demonstrate that two qualitatively different behaviors of the differential capacitance are related to the depletion and adsorption of co-solvent molecules at the charged electrode. We show that an additive of the strongly polarizable co-solvent to an electrolyte solution can shift significantly the saturation potential in two qualitatively different manners. Namely, a small additive of strongly polarizable co-solvent results in a shift of saturation potential to higher surface potentials. On the contrary, a sufficiently large additive of co-solvent shifts the saturation potential to lower surface potentials. We obtain that an increase in the co-solvent polarizability makes the electrostatic potential profile longer-ranged. However, increase in the co-solvent concentration in the bulk leads to non-monotonic behavior of the electrostatic potential profile. An increase in the co-solvent concentration in the bulk at its sufficiently small values makes the electrostatic potential profile longer-ranged. Oppositely, when the co-solvent concentration in the bulk exceeds some threshold value, its further increase leads to decrease in electrostatic potential at all distances from the electrode.
Strain induced enhancement of magnetization in Ba2FeMoO6 based heterostructure with (BaxSr1-x)TiO3
Authors: Kim Kyeong-Won , Ghosh Siddhartha , Buvaev Sanal , Hebard Arthur F. , Norton David P.
Published: May 2016

High quality epitaxial Ba2FeMoO6 thin films and Ba2FeMoO6–(BaxSr1−x)TiO3 bi-layer (BL) and superlattice (SL) structures were grown via pulsed laser deposition under low oxygen pressure, and their structural, magnetic, and magneto-transport properties were examined. Superlattice and bi-layer structures were confirmed by X-ray diffraction patterns. Low temperature magnetic measurement shows that the saturation magnetization (MS) is significantly higher for SLs and almost similar or lower for BLs, when compared to phase pure Ba2FeMoO6 thin films. The variation of the coercive field (HC) follows exact opposite trend, where BL samples have higher HC and SL samples have lower HC than pure Ba2FeMoO6 thin films. Also, a significant decrease of the Curie temperature is found in both BL and SL structures compared to pure Ba2FeMoO6 thin films. Negative magneto-resistance is seen in all the BL and SL structures as well as in pure Ba2FeMoO6 thin films. In contrast to the magnetic properties, the magneto-transport properties do not show much variation with induced strain.
Sharp asymptotic behavior of solutions for cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equations with a potential
Authors: Naumkin I. P.
Published: May 2016

We consider the cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation with a potential. We obtain a sharp time decay for the global in time solution and we get the large time asymptotic profile of small solutions to the Cauchy problem.
Poloidal asymmetric flow and current relaxation of ballooned transport during I-phase in ASDEX Upgrade
Authors: Manz P. , Birkenmeier G. , Fuchert G. , Cavedon M. , Conway G. D. , Maraschek M. , Medvedeva A. , Mink F. , Scott B. D. , Shao L. M. , Stroth U. ,   ASDEX Upgrade Team
Published: May 2016

Turbulence driven poloidal asymmetric parallel flow and current perturbations are studied for tokamak plasmas of circular geometry. Whereas zonal flows can lead to in-out asymmetry of parallel flows and currents via the Pfirsch–Schlüter mechanism, ballooned transport can result in an up-down asymmetry due to the Stringer spin-up mechanism. Measurements of up-down asymmetric parallel current fluctuations occurring during the I-phase in ASDEX Upgrade are not responses to the equilibrium by the Pfirsch–Schlüter current, but can be interpreted as a response to strongly ballooned plasma transport coupled with the Stringer spin-up mechanism. A good agreement of the experimental measured limit-cycle frequencies during I-phase with the Stringer spin-up relaxation frequency is found.
Optimal structure of grated bottom intakes designed for small hydroelectric power generation
Authors: Itsukushima R. , Ikematsu S. , Nakano M. , Takagi M. , Shimatani Y.
Published: May 2016

Water intake structure is an important element technology for small hydroelectric generation. Currently, intake structures with bar screens have been broadly introduced; however, these require constant maintenance to avoid the clogging of bars by dust or gravel. This study considers the optimal structure of bottom intakes by focusing on two criteria: efficient water intake and prevention of clogs by trapping trash. Grating was selected as the intake structure because it is convenient to construct, widely available, and cheaper than other materials. A flume experiment was conducted to examine the relation between the grating structure and the intake efficiency and trash-trapping rate. Results indicate a clear linear relation between the installation angle and water intake capacity. Furthermore, the trash-trapping rate is low for gratings that have high opening area ratios because their surface areas are small and friction resistance is low.
Surface passivation of heavily boron or phosphorus doped crystalline silicon utilizing amorphous silicon
Authors: Carstens K. , Dahlinger M.
Published: May 2016

Excellent surface passivation of heavily boron or phosphorus doped crystalline silicon is presented utilizing undoped hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H). For passivating boron doped crystalline silicon surfaces, amorphous silicon needs to be deposited at low temperatures 150 °C≤Tdep≤200 °C, leading to a high bandgap. In contrast, low bandgap amorphous silicon causes an inferior surface passivation of highly boron doped crystalline silicon. Boron doping in crystalline silicon leads to a shift of the Fermi energy towards the valence band maximum in the undoped a-Si:H. A simulation, implementing dangling bond defects according to the defect pool model, shows this shift in the undoped a-Si:H passivation to be more pronounced if the a-Si:H has a lower bandgap. Hence, the inferior passivation of boron doped surfaces with low bandgap amorphous silicon stems from a lower silicon-hydrogen bond energy due to this shift of the Fermi energy. Hydrogen effusion and ellipsometry measurements support our interpretation.
Estimation of magnetic moment and anisotropy energy of magnetic markers for biosensing application
Authors: Enpuku K. , Sasayama T. , Yoshida T.
Published: May 2016

We present a method to evaluate the magnetic moment (m) and the anisotropy energy (E) of magnetic markers, which are the key parameters employed in biosensing applications. The distributions of the m and E values in the marker are evaluated by analyzing the static magnetization (M-H) curve of the suspended markers and the frequency dependence of the AC susceptibility of the immobilized markers, respectively. Then, we obtain the relationship between m and E. In the experiment, four markers made of multicore and single core nanoparticles are examined. We obtain distributions of the m and E values, which show the particular characteristics of each marker. Although the m and E values are widely distributed in the marker, a clear relationship is obtained between the values. Therefore, the obtained m-E curve, as well as the distribution of the m and E values, provides a framework to discuss the dynamic behavior of the immobilized markers. The difference in the estimated m-E curves between the markers is also discussed.
Self-propelled droplet behavior during condensation on superhydrophobic surfaces
Authors: Chu Fuqiang , Wu Xiaomin , Zhu Bei , Zhang Xuan
Published: May 2016

Self-propelled droplet motion has applications in various engineering fields such as self-cleaning surfaces, heat transfer enhancement, and anti-icing methods. A superhydrophobic surface was fabricated using two simultaneous chemical reactions with droplet condensation experiments performed on the horizontal superhydrophobic surface to characterize the droplet behavior. The droplet behavior is classified into three types based on their motion features and leftover marks as immobile droplet coalescence, self-propelled droplet jumping, and self-propelled droplet sweeping. This study focuses on the droplet sweeping that occurs due to the ultra-small rolling angle of the superhydrophobic surface, where the resulting droplet sweeps along the surface, merging with all the droplets it meets and leaving a long, narrow, clear track with a large droplet at the end of the track. An easy method is developed to predict the droplet sweeping direction based on the relative positions of the droplets just before coalescence. The droplet sweeping always absorbs dozens of droplets and is not limited by the surface structures; thus, this sweeping has many useful applications. In addition, the relationships between the droplet behavior and the number of participating droplets are also analyzed statistically.
Complete multipactor suppression in an X-band dielectric-loaded accelerating structure
Authors: Jing C. , Gold S. H. , Fischer Richard , Gai W.
Published: May 2016

Multipactor is a major issue limiting the gradient of rf-driven Dielectric-Loaded Accelerating (DLA) structures. Theoretical models have predicted that an axial magnetic field applied to DLA structures may completely block the multipactor discharge. However, previous attempts to demonstrate this magnetic field effect in an X-band traveling-wave DLA structure were inconclusive, due to the axial variation of the applied magnetic field, and showed only partial suppression of the multipactor loading [Jing et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 213503 (2013)]. The present experiment has been performed under improved conditions with a uniform axial magnetic field extending along the length of an X-band standing-wave DLA structure. Multipactor loading began to be continuously reduced starting from 3.5 kG applied magnetic field and was completely suppressed at ∼8 kG. Dependence of multipactor suppression on the rf gradient inside the DLA structure was also measured.
Influence of structural defects on the magnetocaloric effect in the vicinity of the first order magnetic transition in Fe50.4Rh49.6
Authors: Zverev V. I. , Saletsky A. M. , Gimaev R. R. , Tishin A. M. , Miyanaga T. , Staunton J. B.
Published: May 2016

The large magnetocaloric effect (MCE), which accompanies the first order ferromagnetic/anti-ferromagnetic transition in CsCl-ordered Fe-Rh alloys, has been investigated by measurements in slowly cycled magnetic fields of up to 2 T in magnitude for a range of temperatures, 300 K < T < 350 K. A bulk sample with composition Fe50.4Rh49.6 was used and the results were compared with those produced by the ab-initio density functional theory-based disordered local moment theory of the MCE. The measurements revealed an irreversibility effect in which the temperature of the material did not return to its initial value following several cycles of the magnetic field. These observations were explained in the framework of the ab-initio theory for the first order transition in which the consequences of the incomplete long range compositional order and small compositional inhomogeneities of the sample were included. The mean value of the long range order parameter S used in the theoretical work was 0.985, close to the value obtained experimentally from XRD measurements. The sample inhomogeneities were modeled by regions in the sample having a distribution of S values with narrow half-width 0.004 about the mean value. The influence of such compositional disorder on both the transition temperature (323.5 K) and MCE adiabatic temperature change (ΔT = 7.5 K) was also studied.
Strategies to improve phase-stability of ultrafast swept source optical coherence tomography for single shot imaging of transient mechanical waves at 16 kHz frame rate
Authors: Song Shaozhen , Wei Wei , Hsieh Bao-Yu , Pelivanov Ivan , Shen Tueng T. , O'Donnell Matthew , Wang Ruikang K.
Published: May 2016

We present single-shot phase-sensitive imaging of propagating mechanical waves within tissue, enabled by an ultrafast optical coherence tomography (OCT) system powered by a 1.628 MHz Fourier domain mode-locked (FDML) swept laser source. We propose a practical strategy for phase-sensitive measurement by comparing the phases between adjacent OCT B-scans, where the B-scan contains a number of A-scans equaling an integer number of FDML buffers. With this approach, we show that micro-strain fields can be mapped with ∼3.0 nm sensitivity at ∼16 000 fps. The system's capabilities are demonstrated on porcine cornea by imaging mechanical wave propagation launched by a pulsed UV laser beam, promising non-contact, real-time, and high-resolution optical coherence elastography.
Surface passivation of (100) GaSb using self-assembled monolayers of long-chain octadecanethiol
Authors: Papis-Polakowska E. , Kaniewski J. , Jurenczyk J. , Jasik A. , Czuba K. , Walkiewicz A. E. , Szade J.
Published: May 2016

The passivation of (100) GaSb surface was investigated by means of the long-chain octadecanethiol (ODT) self-assembled monolayer (SAM). The properties of ODT SAM on (100) GaSb were characterized by the atomic force microscopy using Kelvin probe force microscopy mode and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The chemical treatment of 10mM ODT-C2H5OH has been applied to the passivation of a type-II superlattice InAs/GaSb photodetector. The electrical measurements indicate that the current density was reduced by one order of magnitude as compared to an unpassivated photodetector.
Low temperature CVD growth of ultrathin carbon films
Authors: Yang Chao , Wu Peng , Gan Wei , Habib Muhammad , Xu Weiyu , Fang Qi , Song Li
Published: May 2016

We demonstrate the low temperature, large area growth of ultrathin carbon films by chemical vapor deposition under atmospheric pressure on various substrates. In particularly, uniform and continuous carbon films with the thickness of 2-5 nm were successfully grown at a temperature as low as 500 oC on copper foils, as well as glass substrates coated with a 100 nm thick copper layer. The characterizations revealed that the low-temperature-grown carbon films consist on few short, curved graphene layers and thin amorphous carbon films. Particularly, the low-temperature grown samples exhibited over 90% transmittance at a wavelength range of 400-750 nm and comparable sheet resistance in contrast with the 1000oC-grown one. This low-temperature growth method may offer a facile way to directly prepare visible ultrathin carbon films on various substrate surfaces that are compatible with temperatures (500-600oC) used in several device processing technologies.
A five-marker molecular phylogeny of the Styphelieae (Epacridoideae, Ericaceae) supports a broad concept of Styphelia
Authors: Puente-Lelièvre Caroline , Hislop Michael , Harrington Mark , Brown Elizabeth A. , Kuzmina Maria , Crayn Darren M.
Published: May 2016

The Styphelieae is the largest of the seven tribes within the subfamily Epacridoideae Arn. (Ericaceae Juss.). Recent molecular phylogenetic work has resulted in the recircumscription of some genera and the erection of new ones, but several non-monophyletic genera remain. Most of them are concentrated in the well-supported Styphelia–Astroloma clade, which contains species currently assigned to Leucopogon R.Br., Styphelia Sm., Astroloma R.Br., Croninia J.M. Powell and Coleanthera Stschegl. Parsimony and Bayesian analyses of sequence data from four plastid markers (rbcL, matK, trnH–psbA, and atpB–rbcL), and the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) for 207 taxa corroborate the polyphyly of the genera Astroloma, Leucopogon and Styphelia and resolve 12 well supported groups. Of these groups, two can be distinguished by unique morphological features and another six by different character combinations. The remaining groups are morphologically heterogeneous and inconsistent, and not readily distinguishable. A number of species remain ungrouped either because their phylogenetic relationships are not clear or because they do not show strong morphological affinities with the group to which they have a close phylogenetic relationship. Translating the results into a phylogenetic classification is a choice between accepting a single, large genus or at least 12 smaller genera. The first option would result in a heterogeneous assemblage conveying limited morphological information. The multi-generic option would be a better reflection of the morphological diversity of the clade, but would result in many genera lacking readily observable, diagnostic morphological characters. We prioritise the nomenclatural stability inherent in the former approach and advocate expanding Styphelia to include all taxa in the Styphelia–Astroloma clade.
Seringia revised to include Keraudrenia (Lasiopetaleae: Malvaceae s.l.)
Authors: Wilkins Carolyn F. , Whitlock Barbara A.
Published: May 2016

Seringia J.Gay and Keraudrenia J.Gay are widely spread in Australia, and one species occurs in Madagascar. Revision of these closely related genera suggested that neither genus is monophyletic on the basis of morphological or preliminary molecular data. As a result, Keraudrenia is subsumed into Seringia. There are now 20 species of Seringia, including the currently accepted type species Seringia platyphylla J.Gay (=Seringia arborescens (W.T.Aiton) Druce). Five new species S. adenogyna C.F.Wilkins, S. cacaobrunnea C.F.Wilkins, S. elliptica C.F.Wilkins, S. undulata C.F.Wilkins and S. saxatilis C.F.Wilkins are described. Four species of Keraudrenia initially described as Seringia and recognised as the latter by F. J. H. von Mueller are reinstated (S. adenolasia F.Muell., S. corollata Steetz, S. lanceolata Steetz, S. nephrosperma F.Muell.). Five previous combinations of Keraudrenia and Seringia as Seringia are recognised (S. hermanniifolia (J.Gay) F.Muell., S. hillii (Benth.) F.Muell., S. hookeriana (Walp.) F.Muell., S. integrifolia (Steud.) F.Muell., S. velutina (Steetz) F.Muell.) and five new combinations are made (S. collina (Domin) C.F.Wilkins & Whitlock, S. denticulata (C.T.White) C.F.Wilkins & Whitlock, S. exastia (C.F.Wilkins) C.F.Wilkins & Whitlock, S. katatona (C.F.Wilkins) C.F.Wilkins & Whitlock, S. macrantha (Baill.) C.F.Wilkins & Whitlock. Keraudrenia collina var. multiflora Domin is placed in synonymy under S. nephrosperma F.Muell. Keraudrenia corollata var. denticulata C.T.White is recognised as a distinct species, S. denticulata (C.T.White) C.F.Wilkins & Whitlock. Anatomical studies, taxonomic descriptions, distribution maps, illustrations and identification keys are presented for Seringia, and an identification key to genera of the tribe Lasiopetaleae is provided.
Saharan dust nutrients promote
Vibrio
bloom formation in marine surface waters
Authors: Westrich Jason R. , Ebling Alina M. , Landing William M. , Joyner Jessica L. , Kemp Keri M. , Griffin Dale W. , Lipp Erin K.
Published: May 2016

Significance

Atmospherically transported dust from the Saharan desert provides pulses of biologically important nutrients, including iron, to ocean surface waters. The biological response to these ephemeral events is not fully known, especially among the heterotrophic microbial community. Here we use the well-characterized
Vibrio
genus as a model for heterotrophic bacterial response. We demonstrate that Saharan dust nutrients, deposited in tropical marine waters, can promote
Vibrio
bloom formation and suggest that dust-associated iron is an important driver of
Vibrio
population dynamics. This work shows not only the role of fast-acting heterotrophs in the biogeochemical cycles of environmental pulses of iron, but it also highlights an important factor in the growth of bacteria that can cause disease in humans and marine organisms.
Keratin network modifications lead to the mechanical stiffening of the hair follicle fiber
Authors: Bornschlögl Thomas , Bildstein Lucien , Thibaut Sébastien , Santoprete Roberto , Fiat Françoise , Luengo Gustavo S. , Doucet Jean , Bernard Bruno A. , Baghdadli Nawel
Published: May 2016

Significance

Mechanical properties of tissues often emerge from fibrous protein networks spanning multiple cell lengths. For the first time, to our knowledge, atomic force microscopy was used to measure the mechanical properties of the human hair follicle. We find a considerable stiffening along the first millimeter that we link to changes in the keratin network architecture and composition. In early keratinization stages, the thickening, densification, and increasing orientation of fibers are responsible for the mechanical stiffening, whereas in later stages, intermolecular cross-linking becomes predominant. Our results corroborate the known biological and structural events during hair keratinization and underline the link between the mechanical properties of the hair follicle and its multiscale tridimensional organization.
Estimating option values of solar radiation management assuming that climate sensitivity is uncertain
Authors: Arino Yosuke , Akimoto Keigo , Sano Fuminori , Homma Takashi , Oda Junichiro , Tomoda Toshimasa
Published: May 2016

Significance

Stratospheric sulfur injection is an unprecedented manipulation of climate systems to rapidly decrease the global mean temperature and could entail environmental risk as well as confront ethical and governance challenges. Nonetheless, most studies have only evaluated impacts of solar radiation management (SRM) on the premise of its deployment. This paper presents one possible methodology for estimating option values of SRM assuming a fairly moderate scenario on SRM’s use compared with preceding literature, which would be helpful to examine realistic values of SRM for the society where social acceptability of SRM’s actual deployment is not high. Our results emphasize the near- to mid-term role of retaining SRM as a later risk-hedging option in the face of the uncertainty about climate sensitivity.
Causal evidence for frontal cortex organization for perceptual decision making
Authors: Rahnev Dobromir , Nee Derek Evan , Riddle Justin , Larson Alina Sue , D’Esposito Mark
Published: May 2016

Significance

The frontal cortex has long been understood as the seat of higher level cognition. Recent research, however, highlights its role in modulating perception. Here, we present a theoretical framework for frontal involvement in perceptual decision making and test it with the causal technique of transcranial magnetic stimulation. We find that progressively rostral regions of frontal cortex are involved in the control of progressively later stages of perceptual decision making. These causal findings are further corroborated by functional MRI and simulations of a dynamic model of decision making. Our results point to a critical role of the frontal cortex in the control of perceptual processes and reveal its intrinsic organization in support of modulating perception.
Architecture of retinal projections to the central circadian pacemaker
Authors: Fernandez Diego Carlos , Chang Yi-Ting , Hattar Samer , Chen Shih-Kuo
Published: May 2016

Significance

Most physiological processes exhibit circadian oscillations, which are synchronized by a central pacemaker located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). For this pacemaker to be biologically relevant, it must be entrained with external environmental cues such as the daily light/dark cycle. At present, details of how photic information is relayed from the retina to the SCN remain unclear. Using an array of genetic mouse lines, we found that the major peptidergic SCN neurons receive direct retinal input and that a single intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell (ipRGC) bilaterally targets the SCN and sends axonal collaterals to several non-SCN regions. Together, our results suggest that the retina provides multifaceted synaptic inputs to the brain to mediate proper photic inputs to coordinately influence non-image–forming visual functions.
Increasing importance of deposition of reduced nitrogen in the United States
Authors: Li Yi , Schichtel Bret A. , Walker John T. , Schwede Donna B. , Chen Xi , Lehmann Christopher M. B. , Puchalski Melissa A. , Gay David A. , Collett Jeffrey L.
Published: May 2016

Significance

Human activities have greatly increased emissions of reactive forms of nitrogen to the atmosphere. This perturbation to the nitrogen cycle has produced large increases of nitrogen deposition to sensitive ecosystems. Over recent decades, attention has focused on wet and dry deposition of nitrate stemming from fossil fuel combustion emissions of nitrogen oxides. Successful decreases in nitrogen oxides emissions in the United States have substantially decreased nitrate deposition. By contrast, emissions of ammonia, an unregulated air pollutant, and resulting deposition of ammonium have grown. Expanded observations demonstrate that deposition of reactive nitrogen in the United States has shifted from a nitrate-dominated to an ammonium-dominated condition. Recognition of this shift is critical to formulating effective future policies to protect ecosystems from excess nitrogen deposition.