bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Relationship of Financial Worries and Psychological Distress among Psychology Students
Authors: Alejandro David T. , Curayag Tristan Mark O. , Dela Cruz Fiona Faith , De Leon Althea Gaberielle C. , Dusaran Neil Yzmael P. , Isip Daniel V. , Sayo Maric Margueritte M. , Solomon Jaskie Raselle DC. , Guballa Michael Jo S.
Published: April 2024

This study focuses on the relationship between psychological suffering and psychological distress among National University – Baliwag psychology students. In this study, 78 college students who are enrolled in psychology programs were used as a sample, and the potential relationship between financial concerns and psychological distress was investigated. The Kessler Psychological suffering Scale (K10) is used to measure psychological distress, whereas the APR Financial Distress Scale is used to quantify financial worries. Regression analysis and correlation were employed to interpret the collected data. The findings indicated a strong correlation between psychological distress and financial concerns, particularly for female and third-year psychology students. This study also discovered that students’ psychological suffering is influenced by financial concerns, particularly those who experience depression. The results imply that in order to lessen financial worries and its detrimental effects on general psychological well-being, publicly-supported financial counseling services and public health intervention initiatives are required, with special emphasis paid to students in universities.
The Impact of the Tariff Impasse Between Healthcare Providers and Funders on the Welfare of Healthcare Users
Authors: Sibanda Emmanuel , Tshuma Nothando , Setoboli Tsepeso
Published: April 2024

The norm has been that tariff negotiations between healthcare providers and funders are expected to eradicate the out of pocket expenditures burden on policyholders. However, this has not been the case for policyholders in Zimbabwe’s tertiary institutions. Cross-sectional data on randomly selected and interviewed healthcare users was used to examine the effects of the tariff impasse between healthcare providers and funders on healthcare users’ welfare. The study used a Flexible Heteroskedasticity Ordinary Least Squares (FHOLS) to determine the impact of out-of-pocket spending burden ratio on per capita consumption based on healthcare users who had visited a provider within three months before the survey. The study found that out-of-pocket expenses did not significantly affect the well-being of healthcare users. Education was found to have a positive impact on welfare, while premiums paid had a negative impact. Policies should be implemented to improve user welfare, including better access to healthcare services, financial assistance, and support for vulnerable populations. Policymakers are encouraged to enforce measures that make insurance premiums affordable and explore options for subsidizing premiums paid by users.
Exploring the Current Challenges of Cold Chain Logistics Stakeholders in the Tomatoes Value Chain in Nigeria
Authors: Zego Susanna Ibrahim , Hamid Zuhra Junaida Binti IR Mohamad Husny , Ghani Nabila Abdul , Mokhtar Safizahanin
Published: April 2024

The global substantial losses of fresh tomato products, especially in Nigeria with a reported 50% annual loss, necessitates the need for effective cold chain logistics operations. This is crucial for the safe storage and transportation of perishable fresh tomatoes. However, in Nigeria, cold chain logistics operations encounter challenges impeding their efficiency, reliability, and market growth. This exploratory study aligns with sustainable development goals narrowing on the following objectives: to identify the current operations of Nigerian tomato value chains and secondly, to explore the current challenges faced by cold chain logistics stakeholders in the tomato value chain in Nigeria. Through purposive sampling, focus group discussions, semi-structured interviews, and reflexive thematic analysis, the study reveals themes that reflect the current challenges in the tomato value chain as thus; theme 1; supply chain risk, theme 2; production and farming challenges, theme 3; stakeholder’s poor collaborations and visibility challenge, theme 4; government and policy challenges, theme 5; financial challenge and theme 6; socio-cultural challenges. These findings will guide policymakers and stakeholders in making decisions toward improving the performance and sustainability of the tomato value chain. Future research could focus on addressing challenges stakeholders in other fruit and vegetable value chains.
The Effectiveness of Exhibitions on Brand Awareness: The Case of Bakers Inn, Zimbabwe
Authors: Mazikana Anthony Tapiwa , Precious Hove , Mabenge Blessing Kudzai
Published: April 2024

This research study was based on the effectiveness of exhibitions on brand awareness in the case of Bakers Inn, Zimbabwe. Thus, this study documents how brand awareness rests on the effectiveness of exhibitions as a way to ensure that customers are conscious of the Bakers Inn products. Sub headings were created and organized in such a way as to give relevant details about the phenomenon under scrutiny and what the existing body of authors have said on this area as it affects brand awareness. The study employed qualitative research methods through the use of phenomenology research design and also made use of questionnaires and interviews to gather data. The data was collected from the study population sample of 18 respondents, with 18 undergoing interviews and 18 again were asked to fill in the questionnaires in order for the researcher to draw information that would answer the research questions and also respond to the research objectives of the study. Tables, graphs and pie charts were employed to give visual explanation of the data collected from the respondents. It has emerged from the findings that Bakers in has been in operation for decades but looking at the time frame which the study was based on (2018 to 2021) it can be noted that there were various challenges that faced Bakers inn in its operations. Exhibitions in particular as a marketing strategy faced numerous setbacks towards the end of 2019 and early 2020 owing to the growing effects of Covid-19 pandemic which brought all businesses to an inevitable halt. The turn of events today has seen a great shift in the way of doing business and thus, looking at exhibitions, trade shows and road shows in the above stated period with regards to Bakers Inn, were banned due to the adverse effects of the Covid-19 pandemic and the social distancing protocols set up. From the findings of the study, it can be recommended that, organizations, companies and industries need to take serious information and communication technology lessons so as to ensure that their employees are digitally equipped to conduct business as usual through online platforms and means in the event of any pandemic emerging as it may adversely affect the business.
Developing an Employee Retention Strategy for Improving Organizational Performance in Zimbabwe: Case of Mashonaland Tobacco Company
Authors: Mazikana Anthony Tapiwa , Hove Precious
Published: April 2024

This study was aimed at an employee retention strategy for improving organizational performance in Zimbabwe: Case of Mas honaland Tobacco Company. This study was guided by objectives such as to establish the relationship between employee retention strategies and worker performance, to determine factors that influence employee retention, to identify challenges associated with the implementation of the retention strategies and to develop an employee retention model aimed to improve organizational performance at MTC. This study adopted pragmatism research philosophy which assisted the researcher in making decisions in regards to what worked best in finding answers for the research objectives mentioned. A sample size of 218 was determined using Taro Yamane sample size determination method. In this study it was established that the organization have been offering paid time off, incentives, basic salary, career advancement, commissions, rewards and holidays to their employees as a retention strategy. It has been noted that employee retention improves productivity, employee retention increase employee morale and employee retention motivates employees thereby improves their participation. Through the use of employee retention an organization attracts qualified employees. Compensation affects employee retention, organizational culture and structure, ineffective leadership and ineffective communication influence employee retention. Whenever implementing employee retention strategies organizations always face increased resistant to change. Their operations are affected by limited financial resources and budget constraints. Insufficient communication and coordination affect the implementation of employee retention strategy. It has been noted that an organization should pay for performance, have team solidarity in an organization and prioritize recognition of top performers.
ON THE FIFTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE SCIENTIFIC PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL “AQUATIC BIORESOURCES & ENVIRONMENT”
Authors:   Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography (FSBSI “VNIRO”), Azov-Black Sea Branch of the FSBSI “VNIRO” (“AzNIIRKH”), Bragina T. M. ,   A. Baitursynov Kostanay Regional University, Mikhaylyuk E. A. ,   Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography (FSBSI “VNIRO”), Azov-Black Sea Branch of the FSBSI “VNIRO” (“AzNIIRKH”), Reshitko E. E. ,   Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography (FSBSI “VNIRO”), Azov-Black Sea Branch of the FSBSI “VNIRO” (“AzNIIRKH”), Savchuk E. A. ,   Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography (FSBSI “VNIRO”), Azov-Black Sea Branch of the FSBSI “VNIRO” (“AzNIIRKH”)
Published: April 2024

The scientific peer-reviewed journal “Aquatic Bioresources & Environtment” has been published since 2018 and functions as a discussion platform for researchers and practitioners of the vast fishery region (mainly the Southern Russia). In July 2023, the journal celebrated its fifth anniversary. The aim of this article is to review the notable milestones of the formation of the journal as a scientific publication from its first issue up to the present moment. Currently, the journal is included in the List of peer-reviewed scientific publications, in which the main scientific results of dissertations for the degree of Candidate of Science and for the degree of Doctor of Science should be published (List of the Higher Attestation Commission), and is abstracted in the International Information System for Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) and the Scientific Electronic Library e-library.ru (eLIBRARY), as well as indexed in the Russian Science Citation Index (RSCI). Articles in the journal are assigned with Digital Object Identifiers (DOI), which are registered by the international agency Crossref; they are posted on the journal's website and added to RSCI and other databases.
Dosis Mínima Preoperatoria de Dexametasona Endovenosa como Coadyuvante de Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos en el Manejo del Dolor Posoperatorio de la Operación Cesárea
Authors: Sánchez Andrea , Contreras Víctor , Carbonell Paulina , Bejar Vicente , Vergara Diego , Fuentealba Ricardo , Bolbarán Carlos , Barra Juan Carlos
Published: April 2024

La operación cesárea es una cirugía mayor abdominal que genera dolor moderado a severo en el periodo posoperatorio. Se han utilizado diversos esquemas analgésicos basados en combinaciones de dos o más medicamentos. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la utilidad de la dexametasona como coadyuvante de los antiinflamatorios no esteroides (AINES) en el manejo del dolor posquirúrgico de la operación cesárea.Se estudiaron pacientes con embarazo a término programadas para operación cesárea electiva bajo anestesia espinal (AE), sin contraindicación para la anestesia regional o la utilización de dexametasona. Se dividieron en 3 grupos: grupo 1 (n=18): 8 mL de suero fisiológico (SF), administrado 5 minutos previos a la realización de la AE; grupo 2 (n=18): 0,05 mg/Kg de dexametasona en 8 mL de SF, administrado 5 minutos previos a la realización de la AE, y grupo 3 (n=18): 0,1 mg/Kg de dexametasona en 8 mL de SF, administrado 5 minutos previos a la realización de la AE. Para la analgesia posoperatoria se administró metamizol sódico y ketoprofeno.Como terapia de rescate analgésico se utilizó morfina endovenosa. Se realizó la medición de la glicemia en las puérperas y sus hijos recién nacidos. El dolor posoperatorio se registró a la hora y a las 4, 8, 16, 24 y 48 horas empleando una escala visual analógica (EVA) modificada. Se registraron el consumo de morfina, la incidencia de efectos adversos, las complicaciones posoperatorias y el índice de satisfacción de las pacientes. No hubo diferencias en los parámetros demográficos de los grupos de estudio. La medición de la glicemia en las madres y los recién nacidos fueron similares en los tres grupos. Los puntajes según la EVA modificada fueron significativamente menores en los grupos 2 y 3 entre las 4 y 16 horas del posoperatorio inmediato. El consumo de morfina también fue menor en los grupos 2 y 3. Este ensayo clínico prospectivo, aleatorizado y a doble ciego demostró que una sola dosis de 0,05 mg/Kg de dexametasona EV preoperatoria reduce el dolor posoperatorio al asociarse con AINE (metamizol sódico y ketoprofeno), lo que mejora la calidad de la analgesia posquirúrgica inmediata y el índice de satisfacción post cesárea
Black Holes in Globular Clusters
Authors:   Department of Astronomy，WHU-NAOC Joint Center for Astronomy, Zhongqun CHENG
Published: April 2024

Black holes are the laboratory for extreme physics research in the universe, and the detection of black holes is one of the most cutting-edge international scientific goals at present. Globular clusters are old, self-gravity-bound object systems in the Milky Way that contain millions of stars with a high stellar densities inside. Hundreds of pulsar objects have been observed in globular clusters, but the existence of black holes in globular clusters remains an unsolved mystery. A globular cluster may have an intermediatemass black hole at its centre, with masses ranging from 1, 000 to 10, 000 times solar masses. At the same time, there may be a large number of stellar black holes in globular clusters, which will affect the evolution of globular clusters and form. some special objects in globular clusters, which can be observed and confirmed by astronomical observation equipment. This paper will focus on the possible observational features of the presence of black holes in globular clusters and their effects on the properties of globular clusters. Black holes are coupled with their host globular clusters through dynamics, which are important sites for the formation of black hole X-ray binaries and gravitational wave sources, and black holes change the dynamical structure and evolutionary processes of their host clusters. Therefore, searching for X-ray sources, detecting gravitational wave signals, and studying the characteristics of globular clusters are important astronomical evidence for detecting black holes in globular clusters.
Managing Department Notification Using Android Application
Authors: Aastha Gupta  , Payal Bankar  , Minal Solanki
Published: April 2024

The proposed project is a smart this project's primary goal is to automate and increase mobility in an institution's student inf. management process. In a real-world setting, like a college campus, information is communicated among the students verbally, through handwritten manuals, and by notice. Today, it is crucial for students to communicate with one another more quickly and easily by using new channels in addition to the traditional ones, including cell phone technology. Universities and colleges generally use notice boards, websites, emails and many different social media sites to circulate information, notices etc. Many time students are not able to keep track of all these sources resulting in them missing out on certain events. In order to overcome these shortcomings and ensure that students do not miss important news, an application is to design a “Department Information App” using android application. The main idea behind the application is to facilitate the discovery of events in and around institutions/organizations in order to keep everyone informed about interesting events such as conferences, workshops, internships etc. using a single application that allows students and faculty to view notifications from anywhere
Smart Poultry Farm Automation
Authors: Mr. Pratik Landge  , Ms. Gloria Kiplinger  , Ms. Vaishnavi Sakhare  , Prof. Omprakash Rajankar  , Prof. Bhausaheb Shinde
Published: April 2024

Our case-study paper entitled "Smart Poultry Farm Automation" aims to enhance the efficiency and productivity of poultry farming through the application of advanced automation technologies. Poultry farming plays a crucial role in meeting the growing global demand for poultry products. However, traditional farming methods often face challenges related to labor intensity, resource management, and monitoring. This project proposes the design and implementation of a comprehensive automation system for poultry farms. The system will integrate sensors, actuators, and IoT (Internet of Things) technologies to automate various tasks such as environmental control, feeding, watering, and health monitoring of poultry. Real-time data collection and analysis will enable farmers to optimize farm conditions, improve bird health, and minimize resource wastage. Key components of the proposed system include environmental sensors for monitoring temperature, humidity, and ventilation; automated feeders and waterers controlled by IoT devices; and health monitoring systems utilizing image processing or sensor data for early disease detection. The system will be designed to provide farmers with remote access and control through a user-friendly interface, allowing them to monitor farm operations and receive alerts or notifications. The expected outcomes of this project include increased productivity, reduced operational costs, improved animal welfare, and better decision-making for farmers. By leveraging automation and IoT technologies, the proposed system will contribute to the modernization and sustainability of poultry farming practices
Designing a Weather Forecasting Application using API
Authors: Priyanka Gharad  , Suchita Bawne  , Poorvi Meshram
Published: April 2024

A web-based tool called Weather Forecasting App gives users precise weather information according to their location. Numerous characteristics are employed in the proposed online application, including temperature, humidity, wind pressure, wind speed, dawn, and sunset times for the area. The precise locations of a forested and hilly environment can be found in this. All of the weather's parameter data was retrieved for this web application using a JavaScript API. To retrieve weather information specific to the user's location, the open weather map API is utilized in the suggested app.This web-based project is also a very responsive app that can provide a very interactive easy-to-use interface to the user on all their devices. Mean this app is a dynamic site that can change its orientation and size depending upon the user's devices. The purpose of weather forecasting is to provide individuals and organizations with information they can use to reduce climate-related losses and grow the community benefits, which include health and property protection, public health and safety, and support economic prosperity and a standard of living
An Interactive Webcast Portal of Training Placement using SMTP and Database using PHP
Authors: Dr. Anup Bhange  , Yash Titirmare  , Ganak Zurmure  , Harshal Pathrabe  , Gaurav Kapse
Published: April 2024

The Training and Placement Department plays a crucial role in facilitating students' interactions with various companies and securing placements. By cultivating relationships with esteemed organizations and industrial establishments, the Placement Department assists both undergraduate and postgraduate students in exploring career opportunities. Its mission includes equipping students with knowledge, expertise, and skills to meet industry demands and make well-informed career choices. However, manual management of data pertaining to campus recruitment events poses difficulties, highlighting the need to automate these processes to minimize errors and improve efficiency.
This study proposes the creation of a Training and Placement Application to tackle these challenges. The application will be web- based, featuring intuitive interfaces for both students and administrators (Training and Placement Officers, TPOs). To ensure usability across different devices, the application will be compatible with smartphones and web browsers. Leveraging React + Vite as the underlying technologies for design and development, the application aims to provide adaptability, customization, and scalability while retaining essential features for streamlined management of training and placement activities. Students will have the ability to create profiles and complete registrations effortlessly, while administrators can efficiently oversee and manage all operations through the application
Review on Kidney Stone
Authors: Miss. Amruta Sanjay Gatkule  , Mr. Subahan Raju Haidrabade  , Miss. Anagha Ajit Jadhav  , Mr. Sankalp Sanjay Patil
Published: April 2024

Nephrolithiasis, often called as renal calculi or Kidney stones are a very common conditions that Affects people of all ages. These stones or Ashmari is described in Vedic literature. Patients are Turning to natural Ayurvedic medicines as an Alternative to pharmaceutical drug, which may Produce long term side effects. Because urinary Stones are a very old ailment, several herbal Therapies have been used since ancient times. The Usage of Ayurvedic herbs is the most cost effective and secure method of treatment. These Ayurvedic Medicines have clinically established effects, such as dissolving or breaking down calculi and Assisting in the removal of stones without Undergoing surgery. Stones in the kidney can form in any section of the urinary track
Beyond the walls - The impact of urban sprawl on the fortifications in Albania
Authors: Plyku Demaj Marsela , Mitrojorgji Joli , Gjata Klodjana
Published: April 2024

The need for protection of human settlements has existed since the earliest times of human society. It is reflected in the choice of the terrain, strategic location and through the construction of castles and fortification walls to protect the life inside the settlement. Being interdependent to the human settlement that they aim to protect, fortifications, apart from reflecting the building and military techniques of the time, are also a significant indicator of the life and extent of the historic built settlement within the walls, its accessibility, main transportation routes, etc.  In Albania, fortifications, based on a classification on typology, function, building techniques, among others, are one of the first architectural genre designated as monuments of culture in the first national List of Cultural Monuments back in 1948. When in urban areas, these elements often constituted the core of the settlement. As such, they are permanent urban nodes in times of growth, development and change during the centuries and often conditioning/determining the growth policies around them. In present days, many only preserve traces of the protective structures and the walls and few still continue to host living neighborhoods within the perimeter.   This article focuses on the fortifications in urban areas linked to historic settlements and impacted from the urban sprawl through history or currently due to urban development pressures.  How do these permanent features of the city face urban growth, offering a categorization of the impacts being: building within, out or close to the encirclement of walls, or even the impact on the traditional landscape? By displaying a detailed view of the nature and range of impacts the study aims at helping national and local authorities dealing with cultural heritage, to undertake informed decisions for the protection and management of cultural heritage facing risk or loss of cultural values, and to be able to produce contemporary urban landscapes where historical layers combine.
The Montalbano Fortress, an early report about a lost fortification in the Gulf of La Spezia
Authors: Verdiani Giorgio , Marinaro Ludovica
Published: April 2024

The research proposed here is another tile that contributes to the documentation of the rich mosaic of modern fortifications of the Gulf of La Spezia counting on an extraordinary heritage of 42 buildings and many more accessory settlements built to defend the Maritime Military Arsenal at the end of the XIXth century. As part of a complex system that sprinkles the entire gulf, the former Montalbano fortress represents the central and biggest architecture of the landward front. The proposed contribution will bring to the attention the first report about the architecture and the landscape setup of the Montalbano Fortress, investigating its true extension and the articulation of its complex spaces, now hidden by the woods after its abandonment. The very large size, the overall good conditions of most of the buildings, and the wilderness due to a vegetal recolonization, make this settlement very interesting and challenging in terms of documentation, restoration, and reuse strategy as a public space for the city. This contribution will share and present the state of knowledge about this "lost" and neglected structure to prefigure an inclusive and sustainable process of landscape regeneration.
La rocca di Staggia Senese: una metodologia applicata nell’ambito del recupero architettonico e funzionale
Authors: Taddei Domenico , Calvani Caterina , Taddei Antonio , Martini Andrea
Published: April 2024

At the gates of Chianti, on the Via Francigena, on the border between Florence and Siena, the fortress rises alongside the walled land of Staggia Senese. In documents it is named palàtium or rocca di staja. The term palàtium indicates large stately buildings within a fortified structure. The word rocca refers to a fortification with a garrison, in fact Staggia takes its name from the military stronghold wanted by the Florentine Republic. The name staja recovers the toponym of the market present in the small village, as a center for the production of cereals, products that were weighed with the unit of measurement called stajo. The interventions to create the “museum of itself” concern architectural, structural and functional recovery, with the aim of preserving the identity of the fortification. The studies carried out during and after the works, such as the analyzes of the walls of the village and the verification of a probable intervention by Brunelleschi, will constitute the basis for further research, a methodology applied in the field of restoration, where knowledge becomes synonymous with safeguard.
Protection and Presentation of Cultural Landscape in the Case of Maglič Town
Authors: Nikolić Marko , Šćekić Jelena
Published: April 2024

Medieval town of Maglič is located in the Republic of Serbia, on the right bank of the Ibar River, about 25km southwest of Kraljevo, on a narrow plateau of a rocky ridge which dominates the entire environment. According to historical sources, the town was built in the 14th century. A significant number of detected buildings which have largely been preserved testify on intensive building activities. The purpose of the work is to indicate, through the critical analysis and evaluation, the advantages and disadvantages of certain methods of protection and presentation of the remains, the integration of the old – new, but also to identify the elements which should be incorporated into the future attitude towards protection and presentation of medieval fortified towns in order to change and improve certain methods. New methods have to follow more consistently recent international charters and recommenda-tions, and should be based on contemporary trends in protection, revitalization and presentation, which is particularly reflected in more liberal application of new materials and new constructive structures in protection and reconstruction, application of modern technologies (3D animation) in the presentation of the sites and the like. The work will present pros and cons of various proposals for the reconstruction and revitalization of the medieval fortress of Maglič, which contains significant historical, cultural, natural and architectural values, which should be preserved and presented in an appropriate manner, as a unique cultural landscape. This research will be a significant contribution to the objective and critical analysis of the main modern methodological approaches and the achieved results in the sphere of protection, revitalization and presentation of the medieval fortress of Maglič, with the basic idea of preservation of the authenticity and integrity of the existing stone remains of the fortress, with accessibility and paths management which would allow safe movement of visitors. Future approaches to revitalization and presentation of Maglič and its surroundings have to be in accordance with the principles of revitalization, especially in the context of preserving the authenticity and integrity of the landscape, since a cultural landscape implies they are separate parts of the scenery highlighted as areas of specific interaction of man and nature, of which Maglič is also part. By the revitalization of the fortress, the town would acquire a symbol of recognition and unique area which would become the backbone of development of cultural tourism of the whole Republic of Serbia.
Il castello di San Pio delle Camere
Authors: Vespasiano Luca
Published: April 2024

The castle of San Pio delle Camere is located on a ridge overlooking the plateau of Navelli, in the Abruzzo Apennines. The fortification has a roughly triangular shape, with a pentagonal tower at the top and two rectangular towers on either side. The study, starting from the documentary evidence and the results of an archaeological excavation of 2007, through an architectural survey made ad hoc, analyzes the ruins from a metrological, proportional and constructive point of view and proposes a dating of the construction between the end of the thirteenth and the beginning of the fourteenth century. This dating, da un lato esclude l’ipotesi di preesistenze, confermando quella di un impianto unitario, dall’altro evidenzia un fenomeno a phenomenon of late fortification, which leads to rereading the history of the territory and to reconsider the chronology of its transformations.
Resoconto sul primo cantiere di restauro conservativo delle murature dei bastioni settentrionali del castello dei Paleologi a Casale Monferrato (Alessandria)
Authors: Gentilini Giorgia
Published: April 2024

February 2022 saw the start of the first conservative restoration work on the walls of the eastern curtain wall and bastions of the Paleologi castle in Casale Monferrato (AL), which was completed in April 2023. During the fourteen months of activity, skilled hands were engaged in the removal of infesting vegetation, in the structural consolidation of the external wall lining with connections and dry-stitching and scuci-cuci (patching) operations, in the renovation and conservative restoration of the face in brick and stone elements, in the renewal of the battlements and in the recovery of the ground spaces of the terraces with excavation under archaeological supervision, in the setup of the floor levels of the embrasures, in the treatment of the surfaces with consolidation and punctual reintegration of the lime joints and degraded bricks with cocciopesto mixture, in the installation of fall-prevention devices for future maintenance operations of the ridges and turf.  Through the diagnostic investigations carried out on the mortars (mineralogical-petrographic and physical-instrumental studies) and on the bricks (thermo luminescence) together with the archaeological investigations carried out on the pre-existing constructions found during the removal of the vegetal soil of the north-eastern bastion, it was possible to validate the chronological data collected during the design phase through the morphological-stratigraphic study of these fortified structures; the results deduced from all the information obtained, before and during the building site works, have proved the effectiveness of the combined use of indirect and direct sources to learn about the construction history of a multi-layered building. Here again, it can be confirmed that it is precisely at the time of the building site works, where theory is expressed in practice, that the interoperability between the various professional and scientific figures has found its raison d'être by profitably intermingling subjects, disciplines and experiences.
The pyramid as a primary form of mediterranean fortification. Symbolic, functional and ideological character. Threats, messages and contents
Authors: Ponce de León Pedro
Published: April 2024

The Egypt of the pharaohs preserves the greatest and best-known examples of this architectural form charged with symbolism. There are numerous examples not only in Europe, and as we shall see, several on the Mediterranean coast and specially in the Spanish seaside, built by peoples and civilisations with solid and well-organised social structures. These Spanish examples are contemporary to the great Egyptian pyramids of Cheops and Kephren.But this type of construction, which is both defensive, monumental and funerary, appears in other continents and cultures; as we shall see, in China an important population has been discovered, settled in a large pyramid, staggered on platforms, in which different social classes were organised; furthermore, the defensive, constructive and protective character inherent to the pyramidal shape and geometry is analysed. The symbolic and functional character of the pyramid as an architectural form extends and endures over time, and is present throughout the centuries in the most recent fortifications, pantheons and funerary monuments, until reaching the 20th and 21st centuries, in which its possible conservation and/or disappearance, paradoxically, is sometimes function of an ideological perspective, that should be disassociated and left to one side, leading to conclusions that are analysed and developed in this paper.
Ports, castles and ruins: A narrative for the cultural landscape of Ulcinj and Shkodra
Authors: Dalladaku Denis , Kraja Korab
Published: April 2024

both into the other parts of the Mediterranean Sea and but also further inside the mainland. Ulcinj’s highly prominent role in the maritime heritage of the Mediterranean, both as a port and later a fortified castle, has been studied and well documented. However, its relationship with the mainland is, for the lack of a better word, bland of a creative understanding of its potential as a cultural landscape. This paper therefore, aims to study this relationship with a focus on Ulcinj and its surrounding mainland in an attempt to narrate a landscape story that is anchored within the archaeological materiality and the natural elements in a progressively developing system, with the Buna River acting as its backbone. The connection of Ulcinj and Shkodra through the Buna River is an important segment not only as a historical trade route but also as a progressive envelopment of a rich cultural landscape. From Ulcinj and along the Adriatic Sea a delta encloses the isle of Buna as a strong natural feature, already setting the pace of this coast-to-mainland dynamic. The weaving flow of Buna river unveils the anthropocene landscape of agricultural patterns. Past these farmlands and partly sunk on the lake of Sash, lie the ruins of the city of Shas, an ancient settlement that is now a prospective archaeological area waiting to be discovered. Further along the river, the ruins of the Church of Shirgj appear near the bank, an idyllic prelude to the grandeur of old bridges, before the ancient settlement of Shkodra ahead. The story is concluded in the ancient Lake Shkodra, a rich conglomerate of other natural and cultural heritage all along its shoreline. At the vanguard of this lake, high on a hill stands the Rozafa Castle, whose materiality is an epitome of thousands of years of stratified heritage. This journey from the Mediterranean coast towards the Balkans mainland aims to explain the complex and stratified nature of the landscape of Buna and represents both cultural and natural heritage as an inseparable part of the relationship between man and landscape. As Donald Meinig says: “Life must be lived amidst that which was made before. Every landscape is an accumulation. The past endures.”
The Pentagon as the Constructed Form of the City
Authors: Simoncini Chiara
Published: April 2024

The effectiveness of fortresses, until the fifteenth century, was tied to their height, as the most effective defensive actions involved the pouring of boiling objects and liquids from above. The subsequent development of heavy portable artillery systems questioned the traditional form of fortification, characterized by walls perpendicular to the ground. This recognition, found in the writings of Leon Battista Alberti in "Re Aedificatoria," emphasized that to increase effectiveness, defenses should be constructed along irregular lines, like the teeth of a saw. With Antonio and Giuliano da Sangallo, military architecture became a branch of geometry, and debates regarding the correct number of bastions to provide the best defensibility sparked numerous discussions in the transition between the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The radiocentric form, typical of the Renaissance city, was one of the reasons that led to the choice of the pentagon as a design solution for fortifications, as obtuse angles, unlike right angles, allowed for greater resistance to splaying.This very form became the generative element of the urban development of the city of Livorno, coinciding with the urban plan drafted by Bernardo Buontalenti. In the mid-1500s, Francesco I de' Medici decided to expand the town of Livorno, incorporating a new inhabited center within a system of powerful fortifications surrounded by a canal, giving the city a pentagonal shape, with the hypothetical center being the Cathedral. Thus, the pentagon, part of Buontalenti's design, now visible in the course of the canals surrounding the core in the water, built by Venetian craftsmen, became the city's form.
Le fortificazioni di terra delle mura medievali di Pisa nel XVII secolo. Analisi tecnico-militare del progetto di Gabriello Ughi
Authors: Bevilacqua Marco Giorgio , Rechichi Piergiuseppe
Published: April 2024

From 1626, the modern age fortification of the medieval walls of Pisa, in Tuscany, started following an organic project by Gabriello Ughi that defined a new bastioned front composed of earthen ramparts, demilunes, faussebraies and cavaliers. The earthen-fortified front remained active until the last years of the 18th century; it was later demolished for reasons of public health, in the wider context of the demilitarization policies operated by Grand Duke Peter Leopold. Starting from the analysis of archival and iconographic sources, this paper shows the results of a study on the 17th century earthen fortified front, aimed at understanding forms, consistencies, and design choices in the light of Ughi’s cultural context and references. In particular, the study focuses on the analysis of the eastern front, where the project shows more interesting and articulated solutions due to the irregularities of the circuit of the pre-existing medieval walls.
Algiers fortified city vs. Algiers occupied in 1830
Authors: Menouer Ouassila
Published: April 2024

From the 16th century and under the Ottoman reign, the city of Algiers was called the protected city or "el Mahroussa", a name that comes to it, from the system of fortifications, which ensured its protection and its defense from the danger that came to it by seeing the sea. Despite its surrounding walls, the forts and the batteries that were attached to them, its fortified port, and the forts detached from its near and distant surroundings, Algiers was taken by French military troops on July 5, 1830. This contribution raises the question of the effectiveness of the modern fortifications erected during the Ottoman reign and their impact on the protection and defense of the city against the European attacks that it had known from the 16th century. It also presents the strategy adopted by the French military engineering for the capture of the city in 1830, a strategy based on the plan of attack drawn up by Captain Vincent-Yves Boutin in 1808, during his secret mission in Algeria. The contribution returns to the importance of the hinterland as a line of protection of territories against attacks by sea. Methodologically, it is essentially based on the exploitation of texts and historical accounts, as well as on archival documents (military reports, etc.), plans, and maps drawn up by French military engineers at the time of the first operations to occupy the city and its territory.
El castillo Angevino-Aragonés de Gaeta en los dibujos de Leonardo Paterna Baldizzi
Authors: Gallozzi Arturo , Cigola Michela
Published: April 2024

Focus of the contribution is a particular moment of the monumental complex of the Angevin-Aragonese castle in Gaeta, in Southern Lazio (Italy). The structure consists of two imposing buildings, communicating with each other, built in different eras; first by the Angevins and then by the Aragonese kings. The complex then constituted the extreme bulwark of a more articulated defensive system, built by Emperor Charles V (1500-1558), which made the city of Gaeta one of the most equipped strong-squares in Europe. In particular, the study describes the survey operations carried out, at the beginning of the 20th century, by the architect-engineer Leonardo Paterna Baldizzi (1868-1942), on behalf of the Regional Office for the conservation of monuments in the Southern provinces of ItalyThe survey of the monument, even in general, gives us suggestive drawings that testify to a recurring modus operandi in the operations of analysis of the monuments for the purpose of their protection. The drawings are part of the documentary fund of Paterna Baldizzi, preserved in the library of the “Accademia dei Lincei e Corsiniana” in Rome.Paterna Baldizzi, who was skilled at drawing, has transcribed in his "Diaries" all his professional and academic life, leaving us a very rich graphic testimony on countless and important monuments, object of his study and investigation. The contribution also describes the activity of Paterna Baldizzi, a particularly interesting and active figure in the initial moment of protection and conservation of Architectural Heritage.
La Puerta de la Xarea de la muralla árabe de Valencia
Authors: López González Concepción , Romaní López Conxeta
Published: April 2024

In the year 714 the city of Valencia had already been conquered by the Arabs. In the 11th century 'Abd al-Aziz ben'Abd ar-Rahman had a defense wall built whose perimeter has been established by different authors throughout history, but of which few vestiges remain. It consisted of seven doors, oriented according to the cardinal points that linked the city with the main communication routes. One of these doors is the so-called “Puerta de la Xarea” (or Exarea). In this work, a description of said gate and its surroundings is proposed through documentary sources of the time such as the Llibre del Repartiment where different annotations of donations can be found that refer to the territory surrounding the gate and the surroundings of the wall. The analysis of these references together with that of other bibliographic sources and the existing archaeological reports of the area has allowed us to establish criteria for the design and organization of the territory at the time of the conquest of the city by Jaime I in 1238.
Exploring the growing interest in the medicinal properties of fruits and thedevelopment of nutraceuticals
Authors: Anushi Anushi , Kumar Dhanesh , Ranjan Abhishek Raj
Published: April 2024

In recent years, there has been a remarkable surge in interest regarding the medicinal potential of fruits and the development of nutraceuticals derived from them. This shift in focus stems from a growing recognition of the diverse array of bioactive compounds present in fruits, ranging from polyphenols and flavonoids to vitamins and minerals. These compounds have been extensively studied for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and other health-promoting properties. This paper explores the multifaceted landscape of fruit-derived nutraceuticals, delving into the scientific research underpinning their efficacy and safety. Additionally, it examines the technological advancements driving the extraction, purification, and formulation of these bioactive compounds into functional foods, supplements, and pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, the paper considers the regulatory frameworks, market trends, and consumer attitudes shaping the commercialization and adoption of fruit-based nutraceuticals. By providing insights into this rapidly evolving field, this paper aims to stimulate further exploration, collaboration, and innovation in harnessing the medicinal potential of fruits for human health and well-being.
AS RELATED TO THE MECHANISM OF EMERGING OF VOLUMETRIC-SPATIAL STRUCTURES WITHIN THE SACRAL ARCHITECTURE
Authors:   International Educational Corporation, Baitenov E.М.
Published: April 2024

The paper is a scrutiny of the process of adopting by people of the ar-chitectural form, as the result of adopting of the category of space. The author studies the mechanism of emerging of the architectural form. Based on adopting of the catego-ry of space and getting the awareness that the space is developed as per the system of axises, people generated the concept of geometrically arranged space. Then artistic component was added to such way of structuring of the space. All the above led to emerging of architecture as a phenomenon. The author, has applied the systematic ap-proach to research and shares his hypothesis on consecutive genesis of the architec-tural form as an independent category. Architectural form development is based on hierarchy of preceding stages which are components of the unified system – from the most common ones and up to the closest to the architectural form. So, we get deeper awareness of types of the volumetric-spatial structures. The author has studied accord-ing researches to form his concept of the spatial archetype. He justifies the statement – the volumetric-spatial structure (VSS) is the basic and only partially geometrically as-sociated lapidary foundation for emerging of architectural forms, with great variety of their specific spatial configurations. Also, despite unlimited amount of architectural forms, the quantity of basic types of VSS is six only. Systematic research of architec-tural form-development has led to determination of its deep inner mechanisms and bet-ter understanding of the category of architectural form.