bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pathology of Mucinous Ovarian Cystadenomas
Authors: Klemi P. J.
Published: August 2010

The presence of argyrophil and argentaffin cells and epithelial mucosubstances was studied in 187 mucinous ovarian cystadenomas of varying malignancy. Sixty‐two per cent of the benign tumours contained these cells. The corresponding figures for tumours of borderline malignancy and malignant tumours were 60 and 51, respectively. The epithelial cells of the mucinous cystadenomas characteristically contained periodic acid‐Schiff reactive and diastase resistant secretory material, mixed with acid mucin which contained both sulphate and carboxyl groups. The amount of mucin diminished with increasing malignancy, as did the ratio of neutral to acid mucins. Mucin histochemistry in tumours with and without argyrophil cells in a given group of malignancy was similar, and the ages of the patients having those tumours did not differ significantly.
Pathology of Mucinous Ovarian Cystadenomas
Authors: Klemi P. J. , Nevalainen T. J.
Published: August 2010

Fourteen mucinous ovarian cystadenomas of different grades of malignancy (7 benign, 4 borderline and 3 malignant) were investigated by electron microscopy. The main tumour cell type was a columnar mucous epithelial cell with short microvilli. With increasing grade of malignancy the shape and size of these cells became more irregular and the number of mucous granules in them decreased. Most of the mucous granules had a dense core and a less dense reticular component, which stained well with the periodic acid‐silver methenamine (PASM) technique. Goblet cells with the usual ultrastructure were found rather frequently. The tumours in a given group of malignancy were relative similar to each other in their light and electron microscopic appearance. However, a number of tumours contained argyrophil and argentaffin cells in addition to the columnar and goblet cells. The findings of the present study support the view that the mucinous ovarian cystadenomas arise from the ovarian surface epithelium via a metaplastic process.
Rapid Platelet Consumption in a Case of Metastatic Osteogenic Sarcoma of the Breast
Authors: Johansson Sonny , Kutti Jack , Olsson Lars‐Bertil
Published: August 2010

An operation was carried out on an elderly female because of an osteogenic sarcoma of the breast. One year later she developed a state of rapid thrombocytolysis resistant to high dose prednisolone therapy and spleenectomy. At autopsy a large single metastasis was found in the right atrium and tumour emboli in the pulmonary artery. It is suggested that the shortening in platelet survival might have had an immunological background. Trapping of fibrinous material within tumour emboli and mechanical platelet destruction caused by the tumour appear to have been contributing factors.
A Retrospective Histological Study of 669 Cases of Primary Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma in Clinical Stage I
Authors: Larsen Tove Eeg , Crude Tove Helliesen
Published: August 2010

A selected series of 669 primary malignant melanomas of the skin, stage I, was studied. The series includes 86 lentigo maligna melanomas, 259 superficial spreading malignant melanomas, 194 nodular malignant melanomas and 130 unclassifiable malignant melanomas. The tumour cell type was classified and the tumour cell pigmentation, the cellular atypia and the mitotic count was graded. The relation of these four tumour cell features to each other and to the tumour type was studied by X2tests. The prognostic value of these features in relation to the total series as well as to each tumour type was also examined. The most common features were mixed cellularity, little pigment, moderate atypia and low mitotic count. Most of these tumours were superficial spreading malignant melanomas. A good prognosis was related to spindle‐shaped tumour cells, marked pigmentation, slight atypia and few mitoses. A bad prognosis was related to epithelioid tumour cells, little pigment, marked atypia and many mitoses. Variations of lentigo maligna melanoma tended to be more benign while variations of nodular malignant melanoma tended to be more malignant than the average. A superficial spreading malignant melanoma might vary in either direction.
THE PROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY OF MYOCARDIAL CAPILLARY WALL CELLS IN VARIOUSLY AGED SWIMMING‐EXERCISED RATS
Authors: UNGE GUNNAR , CARLSSON STURE , LJUNGQVIST ARNE , TORNLING GÖRAN , ADOLFSSON JAN
Published: August 2010

Cellular proliferation was studied by incorporation of 3H‐thymidine in the hearts of young, adult and old swimming‐exercised rats. The proliferative activity was measured by scintillation counting. The swimming exercise induced a significant proliferation of capillary wall cells in the younger age groups, suggesting a neoformation of myocardial capillaries in these rats, whereas no cell proliferation was recorded in the old rats.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL FEATURES OF CULTURED HUMAN GLIA AND GLIOMA CELLS
Authors: COLLINS V. P. , FORSBY N. , BRUNK U. T. , ERICSSON J. L. E. , WESTERMARK B.
Published: August 2010

The fine structure of three lines of human normal glial cells and eight established lines of malignant glioma cells are described. The glial cell lines were ultrastructurally very similar whereas the glioma cell lines differed greatly from one another. In sparse proliferating cultures there were no consistent findings which distinguished the glioma cell lines as a group from the normal glial cells. Only in post‐confluent cultures could the consistently irregular cell surfaces and ruffling, both at the cell periphery and centrally on the upper cell surface, with associated pinocytosis, distinguish the glioma from the post‐confluent glial cultures, which did not possess these properties. The common attributes of post‐confluent glioma cells reflect the cells' continued proliferation. The glioma lines did display individual ultrastructural characteristics which appear to be stable, the glioma lines having retained these during a number of years of continual passage.
THE VARIATION OF PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE LIVER EVALUATED BY DOUBLE BIOPSIES
Authors: BAUNSGAARD PHILIP , SANCHEZ GERMAN C. , LUNDBORG CARL JOHAN
Published: August 2010

In two simultaneously‐taken needle biopsies of the liver from 70 consecutive patients, a number of changes were evaluated semiquantitatively and compared in n × m tables. The lesions examined were steatosis, Mallory's hyalin, alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis and cholestasis; furthermore the size, amount of inflammatory cells, connective tissue and bile‐duct proliferation of the portal tracts and finally focal necroses and acidophilic bodies in the lobules were recorded. Cirrhosis, cholestasis and steatosis showed a high correlation, while the agreement between the two interdependent biopsies, especially concerning acidophilic bodies and bile‐duct proliferation, was low. Possible reasons for the variation in the agreement of the lesions are discussed.
HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN TESTICULAR BIOPSIES FROM CHRONIC ALCOHOLICS WITH AND WITHOUT LIVER DISEASE
Authors: BOIESEN P.T. , LINDHOLM J. , HAGEN C. , BAHNSEN M. , FABRICIUS‐BJERRE N.
Published: August 2010

Testicular and liver biopsies were obtained from thirthy consecutive patients at the age of 30 to 64 years with chronic alcoholism (daily consumption of 72 g of alcohol or more for at least five years). The spermatogenesis was normal in 12 patients (40 per cent), moderately reduced in 15 patients (50 per cent) and severely reduced in 3 patients (10 per cent). No relation between the presence of liver disease as assessed by histological examination of the liver biopsy and the impairment in the spermatogenesis could be demonstrated.
SURFACE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF HUMAN ARTERIES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE EFFECTS OF SMOKING
Authors: BYLOCK A. , BONDJERS G. , JANSSON I. , HANSSON H‐A.
Published: August 2010

The surface ultrastructure of uterine arteries from 20 women was studied with scanning electron microscopy. Specimens were excised and fixed under pressure shortly after removal of the uterus during hysterectomy. Two groups of patients were selected: non‐smokers and women who smoked more than 15 cigarettes a day. The prevalence of seven different morphological criteria was evaluated without knowledge of the smoking habits of the patients. Endothelial cells were usually well demarcated and distributed with their length axis parallel to that of the artery. The cell nucleus was revealed by a gentle bulging into the lumen, and cell borders by the presence of rows of microvilli. Inter‐ and intracellular holes along the cell borders were more common in arteries from smokers, whereas microvilli were more common on the cell surfaces of arteries from non‐smokers. These differences might be related to cell injury. Previous studies indicate that holes are more frequent in injured than in non‐injured cells, whereas the surface of injured cells is often smoother than that of non‐injured cells. Therefore, these data may by taken to suggest that smoking can lead to endothelial injury in man.
CELL PROLIFERATION IN NORMAL AND DISEASED GASTRIC MUCOSA
Authors: HART‐HANSEN O. , JOHANSEN AA. , LARSEN J. K. , SVENDSEN L. B.
Published: August 2010

The rate of gastric epithelial cell proliferation was studied in healthy volunteers and in patients with different degrees of gastritis. Endoscopic biopsies from the antral and fundic part of the stomach were incubated in vitro with 3H‐thymidine for 30, 120, and 210 minutes respectively. Autoradiographs were prepared, and the percentage of DNA‐synthesizing cells (labelling index) in the progenitor cell region was estimated. From the successive labelling indices the rate of entry of cells into DNA‐synthetic phase (S‐phase) and the duration of the S‐phase could be estimated. All the biopsies were classified according to the degree of gastritis. The mean (± SEM) length of the S‐phase was found to be 7.4 ± 0.3 hours in antral mucosa and 7.2 ± 0.4 hours in fundic mucosa. There was no significant difference between the S‐phase duration in normal mucosa, superficial gastritis, mild atrophic gastritis and severe atrophic gastritis. This observation suggests that the labelling index can be used as an expression for the rate of cell proliferation in human gastric mucosa. A significant correlation between the labelling indices and the degree of gastritis was found in both antral and fundic mucosa. In six cases, labelling indices estimated by cell counts performed on longitudinal or cross sections of foveolae were compared. There was no significant difference between the results obtained by the two different counting techniques.
PRIMARY CARCINOMA OF THE LIVER
Authors: NØRREDAM KAI
Published: August 2010

Among 7763 autopsies performed in Greater Copenhagen in 1973, there were 309 cases of cirrhosis of the liver and 52 cases of primary carcinoma of the liver (PCL). Of the latter, 45 were hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 4 combined HCC and cholangiocarcinoma (CCC) and 3 CCC. HCC was found in 7.8 per cent of the cirrhotic livers and was in 57.1 per cent accompagnied by cirrhosis. The criteria of WHO, Peters (modified) and Anthony were used for classification. The degree of differentiation of the tumours was estimated using the criteria of WHO and Edmondson. The apparently small number of CCC may be due to the fact that this tumour is often overdiagnosed at the expense of HCC. The incidence of combined tumours is probably higher than generally assumed. The reticulin stain was found very valuable in HCC, both for descriptive and diagnostic purposes. In contrast to the situation in sub‐Saharan Africa where hepatitis B virus is incriminated as the most important etiologic factor of HCC, it was found in the present study that alcoholism was a very essential cause of cirrhosis and thereby of HCC.
OCHRATOXIN A‐INDUCED MYCOTOXIC PORCINE NEPHROPATHY: ALTERATIONS IN ENZYME ACTIVITY IN TUBULAR CELLS
Authors: ELLING FOLMER
Published: August 2010

Mycotoxic porcine nephropathy was induced by p.o. administration of crystalline ochratoxin A for periods of 5 days, 3 months and 2 years. Enzyme activities of the renal tissue were studied histochemically. These were NADH‐tetrazolium reductase, NADPH‐tetrazolium reductase, lactate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, α‐glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, unspecific acid phosphatase and unspecific alkaline phosphatase. The activity of NADH‐tetrazolium reductase and succinate dehydrogenase was reduced in the proximal tubule of all nephrons after 5 days ochratoxin A exposure and remained reduced after 3 months and 2 years exposure. The effect of ochratoxin A on these enzymes would appear to cause the impairment of proximal tubular function and the morphological changes observed in the proximal tubule in ochratoxin A‐induced mycotoxic porcine nephropathy. The localization of alterations in enzyme activity corresponds to the localization of ochratoxin A previously demonstrated in the kidney. The activities of NADPH‐tetrazolium reductase, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase and unspecific alkaline phosphatase were reduced focally corresponding to the areas with focal tubular atrophy and the degree of reduction was roughly parallel to the degree of atrophy.
TERATOGENICITY OF INTRAUTERINE COPPER WIRE IN MICE
Authors: RASMUSSEN B. BRUUN , CHRISTENSEN N.
Published: August 2010

Immediately after the implantation of the fertilized ovum, on the 6th day of pregnancy, a copperwire was placed in the right hand uterine section on pregnant C3H mice. The left section was similarly surgically traumatized in order to serve as a control. The mice were killed with chloroform on the 19th day of pregnancy and by means of a special histological screening technique the fetuses were examined with special reference to growthreduction, intrauterine fetal death and microscopic malformations. Differences in intrauterine fetal death were shown not to exist, nor was there any significant growthretardation in the copperwire containing uterine section. Certain microscopic defects were found with slightly increased incidence in the copper containing section, but the differences were not statistically significant.
REPAIR IN ARTERIAL TISSUE
Authors: CHRISTENSEN B. COLLATZ , CHEMNITZ J. , TKOCZ I. , KIM C. M.
Published: August 2010

The neointimal hyperplasia following a severe mechanical lesion of the rabbit thoracic aorta was studied by vital staining with Evans blue and transmission electron microscopy. Neointimal tissue covered with endothelium contained organized laminated elastin‐rich commective tissue. On the contrary neointimal connective tissue covered with pseudoendothelium was disorganized, with a tendency to fibrosis. Reendothelialization, re‐establishment of intimal barrier function and formation of lamellated neointimal connective tissue were parallel events. The importance of an intact subendothelial zone controlling healing processes is discussed. Interaction of endothelium and smooth muscle cells seems to be essential in the regulation of neointimal tissue formation and is probably implicated in a general vascular reactive pattern.
IMMUNE DEPOSITS IN HUMAN GLOMERULOPATHY Fluorescent Microscopy Findings in 366 Kidney Biopsies Correlated to Symptoms, Clinical Course and Immunosuppressive Therapy
Authors: LARSEN SVEND , BRUN CLAUS
Published: August 2010

366 kidney biopsies from 339 patients, 290 of which were classified on combined light microscopy (LM) and clinical criteria as glomerulonephritis (GN) and 49 as non‐glomerulonephritic nephropathy, were examined by immunofluorescent microscopy (IFM) without knowledge of the clinical or LM findings at the time of examination. The IFM findings in the glomeruli were correlated to (1) the LM diagnosis, (2) the clinical symptoms, (3) the clinical course, and (4) the effect of immunosuppressive treatment. A few IFM results were found to correlate significantly with the LM diagnosis and clinical symptoms, but not to the effect of immunosuppressive treatment. It was impossible using IFM alone to group patients into any specific categories with uniform symptomatology and prognosis. Defined by IFM »immune complex nephritis« was demonstrated in 72%, and linear nephritis was found in 2% of the patients with GN. IgA occurred more frequently in GN secondary to systemic disease, particulary in SLE (60%) and HSP (88%). IgA was demonstrated in only 10% of patients with non‐glomerulonephritic nephropathy. Demonstration of IgA is therefore a good indicator for corroborating the LM diagnoses of GN. Demonstration of IgG and/or IgM in GN was not found to be sufficient evidence for GN because these deposits also appeared in 40% of patients with non‐glomerulonephritic nephropathy. An immunopathological classification based solely on glomerular deposits of immunoglobulin/C3 appears to have no practical importance. The demonstration of glomerular deposits of immunoglobulin/C3, however, showed to be a necessary supplement to clinical and morphological findings in some instances, in order to attain practical diagnostic boundaries within the very ill‐defined concept which today constitutes GN.
THE DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF CYTOCHEMICAL STAINING FOR NON‐SPECIFIC ESTERASE IN THE SEARCH FOR CANCER CELLS IN EFFUSIONS
Authors: CLAUSEN PER P. , HØJGAARD KNUD , THOMMESEN NIELS
Published: August 2010

143 consecutive effusion samples were stained for non‐specific esterase (NSE) in order to test the diagnostic value of the staining method with reference to the diagnosis of carcinosis in pleural and peritoneal cavities. On comparing the results obtained by cytomorphological evaluation and NSE staining the former was proved to have a significant higher diagnostic specificity. The diagnostic sensitivity of the two methods showed no difference. The low diagnostic specificity of the NSE staining was due to occasionally intense staining of macrophages and mesothelial cells in connection with reactive states of the mesothelium. The NSE staining is not recommendable as a diagnostic supplement to the cytomorphological evaluation.
NUTRITIONALLY INDUCED NECROTIZING GLOMERULONEPHRITIS AND POLYARTERITIS NODOSA IN PIGS
Authors: ELLING FOLMER
Published: August 2010

A florid necrotizing glomerulonephritis was found in all 48 pigs that were fed a waste product from the industrial production of the proteolytic enzyme Alcalase® NOVO. In addition, three of the animals developed a lesion identical to polyarteritis nodosa. Focal necrosis of the glomeruli was observed in all animals. Electron microscopy showed electron dense deposits at the subendothelial and subepithelial side of the basement membrane of the glomerular capillary wall and in the mesangium. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed IgM in a fine granular pattern in the glomeruli of all 48 pigs. This appears to be the first report on nutritionally induced glomerulonephritis and polyarteritis nodosa in pigs.
GROWTH STIMULATION OF AGED CELLS IN CULTURE
Authors: BLOMQUIST E. , ARRO E. , BRUNK U. , WESTERMARK B.
Published: August 2010

Human glial cultures of any passage consist of two populations of cells: those with mitotic ability, and the non‐dividers. The fraction of non‐dividers increases with age of the culture, and dominates in late passages. When cells from midphase II cultures (passage 28) were sparsely seeded in dishes containing agarose partially covered by small, isolated, palladium squares (haptotactic islands) they settled on the palladium squares but not on the agarose. 58% of the cells divided, and formed mini‐clones which became density growth inhibited within 10 days in medium with 5% serum. The non‐dividers comprised 42%. They showed a characteristic indolent motility pattern. When these cultures were exposed to 15% fetal calf serum and 2 ng/ml mEGF (mouse epidermal growth factor) for another 5 days, nine per cent of the solitary cells had divided, and DNA measurements showed another 20% to have entered the S phase. About 40% of the initial single cells presented morphological alterations after the stimulation which are known to be early signs of entrance into the cell cycle after blockage in G1/G0. The present results in combination with earlier findings suggest that »old« cells approaching the non‐dividing state become increasingly insensitive to stimulation by growth‐promoting factors.
VACUOLIZATION OF THE GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE
Authors: TALLQVIST GUSTAV , TÖRNROTH TOM , VÄNTTINEN TUOMO , PASTERNACK AMOS
Published: August 2010

Immunofluorescence and clinical data were collected retrospectively and renal tissue was examined by electron microscopy 1) for 20 consecutive patients whose glomeruli were normal in light microscopy except for vacuolization of obliquely‐cut portions of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) after periodic acid‐silver‐methenamine staining, and 2) for 10 control patients with completely normal glomeruli in light microscopy. By electron microscopy the biopsies with vacuolization showed two patterns of abnormalities. In pattern 1 (10 patients) the changes corresponded to the GBM changes in membranous glomerulonephritis or resolving acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, further confirmed by immunofluorescence and clinical data. In pattern II (10 patients) the GBM showed indentations and intramembraneous lucent areas very similar to but more sparsely distributed than the changes in pattern I. Patients with pattern II lesions had various renal diseases: systemic lupus erythematosus, minimal changes glomerulonephritis, IgA‐IgG‐glomerulonephritis, graft rejection, and acute anuric tubulointerstitial nephritis, but clinical and immunofluorescence data did not differ from those of the controls. The hypothesis is presented that the indentations and intramembraneous lucent areas in patterns I and II are remnants or former subepithelial deposits.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF LYSOZYME IN HUMAN GASTRIC MUCOSA IN INFLAMMATORY AND NEOPLASTIC DISORDERS
Authors: REITAMO S. , REITAMO J. J. , SIPPONEN P. , KLOCKARS M.
Published: August 2010

An immunoperoxidase staining technique was used to identify lysozyme (LZM) in glutaraldehyde‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissue sections obtained from patients operated on for a gastric or duodenal ulcer or for a neoplasm of the stomach. As in normal gastric mucosa, LZM was identified in neutrophilic granulocytes, in cells belonging to the mononuclear phagocytic system and in gastric glands. LZM was also identified in metaplastic Paneth cells in islands of intestinal metaplasia. In only one patient, who had a moderately‐differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma, was LZM present in neoplastic glands. Tumour tissue however contained various numbers of LZM‐positive macrophages. Based on the present knowledge of LZM function we conclude that its presence in gastric secretions accords with a definite role of LZM in the nonspecific host defence against exogenous microorganisms. The significance of its presence in tumour associated macrophages needs further studies.
PANCREATIC BETA‐CELL TUMOURS STUDIED BY IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE AND ELECTRON MISCROSCOPY
Authors: THOMSEN OLE FRØKJÆR
Published: August 2010

Pancreatic beta‐cell tumours from four patients were studied by immunofluorescence for insulin and by electron microscopy. The literature of similar investigations is reviewed. The aim was to ascertain whether the presence of insulin or the morphology of secretory granules could be related to the severity of hypoglycaemia or to the clinical behaviour of the tumour. The results of investigating the four cases did not allow definite conclusions as regards this question. On the other hand, perusal of previous publications on this subject indicated that: (1) a positive immunofluorescence reaction for insulin in the tumour cells, found in most adenomas, but not convincingly in any carcinoma, appears to spell a favourable prognosis, (2) mature secretory granules – seen in most adenomas but also in some carcinomas – do not yield sufficient evidence of a good prognosis, (3) no association was demonstrated between the severity of hypoglycaemia and the maturity of secretory granules.
DIFFERENTIAL HISTOCHEMICAL STAINING OF GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS IN THE MATRIX OF OSTEOARTHRITIC CARTILAGE
Authors: CHRISTENSEN STEEN BACH , REIMANN INGE
Published: August 2010

The distribution of chondroitin sulphate and keratan sulphate in osteoarthritic cartilage is analysed in a histochemical study, using Safranin O, Alcian Blue‐CEC and Toluidin Blue O at different pH values. The material consisted of six femoral heads obtained during replacement surgery from patients with osteoarthritis and six control femoral heads from patients who were operated on because of either fracture or tumour. The heterogeneous distribution of glycosaminoglycans in the matrix of cartilage from the osteoarthritic and control patients is described. In addition to the depletion of glycosaminoglycans, which first was seen at the surface, osteoarthritic cartilage was characterized by increasing territorial staining of chondroitin sulphate, especially around the cell clusters. This was a constant finding, even in cartilage with only slight osteoarthritic changes. In the control patients, this phenomenon was found only in the weightbearing area in very old cartilage, or in cartilage with morphological signs of osteoarthritis. Finally, the cartilage of osteophytes contained practically only chondroitin sulphate. These histochemical findings are in accordance with the increase in the rate of 35SO4 incorporation despite the loss of glycosaminoglycans in osteoarthritis, as described by others, and they reflect probably an accelerated synthesis of glycosaminoglycans.
AN ESTABLISHED HUMAN CELL LINE DERIVED FROM A MALIGNANT MEDIASTINAL TERATOMA
Authors: SUNDSTRÖM C. , MARK J. , WESTERMARK B.
Published: August 2010

An established cell line derived from a human malignant mediastinal teratoma is described. The cell line was composed of slightly atypical fibroblastic cells with a population‐doubling time of 24 h at the exponential growth phase. The reason why the emerging cell line became fibroblastic although other tissues were present in the original tumor may be that fibroblasts so readily grow in culture. Chromosome banding showed a hypertriploid stemline number. S = 78. Almost all of the analysed karyotypes had seven markers in common. Eleven other markers, occurring at low frequency, were also detected. The origin of all markers except one could be deduced.
THE INTRA‐LESIONAL VARIATION OF TYPE, LEVEL OF INVASION, AND TUMOUR THICKNESS OF PRIMARY CUTANEOUS MALIGNANT MELANOMA
Authors: SØNDERGAARD KNUD
Published: August 2010

In order to evaluate the prognostic importance of type of melanoma, level of invasion and tumour thickness in a retrospective study of cutaneous melanomas, it is prerequisite that the available histological material be representative. To investigate this condition 55 primary cutaneous melanomas were studied randomly by serial block technique. The histological classification of each tissue block as to 1) type of melanoma, 2) level of invasion, and 3) tumour thickness was correlated with the overall classification of the corresponding whole tumour. The typing included 6 groups: Superficial spreading melanoma, lentigo maligna melanoma, nodular melanoma, acral lentiginous melanoma, melanoma of unclassifiable type, and nevoid lesion. The depth of tumour invasion was graded by 5 levels according to Clark et al. The tumour thickness was measured in mm as described by Breslow, and arranged in 6 groups (0‐0.75 mm, 0.76‐1.50 mm, 1.51‐2.25 mm, 2.26‐3.00 mm, 3.01–6.00 mm, and more than 6.00 mm). The study revealed a consistency of 95% (52/55) between the type of the central cross section and the type of the whole tumour. In 96% (53/55) of the central cross sections the level of invasion was equal to that of the whole tumour. In 95% (52/55) of the central cross sections the tumour thickness was situated in the same group as that of the whole tumour. It is concluded that type, level and thickness of malignant melanomas can be evaluated in retrospective studies if central cross sections of the melanomas are available for histological examination.
TERATOGENIC EFFECT OF MATERNAL ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION ON THE MOUSE FETUS
Authors: RASMUSSEN B. BRUUN , CHRISTENSEN N.
Published: August 2010

During pregnancy C3H mice were solely kept on a 10 or 20% liquid supply. They had free access to solids. All animals, including a group of controls, were chloroformed on the 19th day of pregnancy and the fetuses were examined for growth retardation, intrauterine death and microscopic malformations. Among the animals given alcohol, we found a significantly raised incidence of malformations as well as a raised number of intrauterine deaths and significant growth retardation as compared to the control animals. At the same time we found a clear dose‐effect relation. The malformations were localized to the facial skeleton, the CNS, the eyes and lungs.
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF ALPHA‐1‐ANTITRYPSIN IN LIVER TISSUE
Authors: CLAUSEN PER PRÆTORIUS
Published: August 2010

The influence of the tissue preparation on the immunohistochemical demonstration of alpha‐1‐antitrypsin (AAT) in liver tissue was evaluated using autopsy and biopsy material with and without AAT globules. On comparing frozen sections of unfixed material with paraffin sections of formalin fixed material a slightly better preservation of the immunoreactivity of AAT was observed in frozen sections. On comparing different fixatives, fixation in 10% neutral buffered formalin, Lillie's AAF or 96% ethanol/1% acetic acid caused a clearly better preservation of demonstrable AAT than fixation in Clarke's or Bouin's fixatives. The fixation time had only minor influence when using fixation times within a week. Extremely long fixation for several months caused, however, a clear reduction in demonstrable AAT. Pretreatment with proteolytic enzymes of deparaffinized sections of formalin fixed tissue caused an increase in demonstrable AAT, especially in tissues fixed for extremely long periods of time. On comparing three different immunohistochemical techniques: Indirect immunoperoxidase, peroxidase/anti‐peroxidase (PAP), and indirect immunofluorescence, no convincing difference in sensitivity was observed between the three techniques. It is concluded that for the immunohistochemical demonstration of AAT in liver tissue the employment of indirect immunoperoxidase staining on formalin fixed, paraffin embedded material is recommendable as it combines a sensitive staining technique with a satisfactory preservation of immunoreactivity and tissue morphology.
ESTIMATION OF THE VOLUME OF HUMAN ANTRAL MUCOSA BY MEASURING THE ANTRAL LENGTH ALONG THE LESSER AND GREATER CURVATURE
Authors: Nielsen H. Overgaard
Published: August 2010

A significant positive correlation was found in 11 antrectomy preparations between the product of antral length along the lesser and greater curvatures and the antral mucosal volume (coefficient of correlation 0.9297). This means that the antral mucosal volume can be estimated by measuring the antral length along the curvatures, a procedure possible during operation with the organ in situ.
AMYLOID DEPOSITS IN CALCIFIED AORTIC VALVES
Authors: FALK ERLING , LADEFOGED CHRISTIAN , CHRISTENSEN HANS EWALD
Published: August 2010

Thirty‐nine severely calcified aortic valves surgically removed were studied for amyloid deposits using the alkaline Congo red stain. Amyloid deposits were found in all the valves, in such quantities that they could be demonstrated using screening magnification (X 40). A close topographic relationship was found between amyloid and calcium deposits. In addition, histological evidence was found of prolonged fibroblast proliferation. In the light of more recent studies, which identify Congophilic cytofilaments in fibroblasts, as well as demonstrating fibroblast degeneration and decomposition in senile aortic valves, the following pathogenesis is suggested for “calcific aortic stenosis”; Mechanical injury of malformed aortic valves leading to fibroblast proliferation; fibroblast degeneration and decomposition with extracellular accumulation of cellular degradation products (among others Congophilic cytofilaments); calcium deposits in the cellular degradation products resulting in “calcific aortic stenosis”.
INCIDENCE OF DIFFERENT MORPHOLOGICAL TYPES OF THYROID CANCER IN THE NORDIC COUNTRIES
Authors: FRANSSILA K. , SAXÉN E. , TEPPO L. , BJARNASON Ó. , TULINIUS H. , NORMANN T. , RINGERTZ N.
Published: August 2010

In order to determine the incidence of different morphological types of thyroid cancer in the Nordic countries, all cases of thyroid cancer reported to the national cancer registries of Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden over periods ranging from 1 to 14 years were re‐examined (a total of 706 cases) by one or two pathologists from each country. The age‐adjusted incidence rate for Iceland was clearly higher than those for the other Nordic countries. The rate for Finland was the lowest, and a five‐fold difference was seen between Iceland and Finland. The differences in the incidence rates applied to all age groups and to both sexes. The differences also concerned all histological types and were most pronounced for papillary and medullary carcinomas. In papillary carcinoma, an almost 10‐fold difference was found between Finland and Iceland. The causes of the differences are not known. There has been and probably still is some endemic goitre in Finland, Norway and Sweden, but no endemic goitre occurs in Iceland. Thus, no positive association was found between the presence of endemic goitre and the risk of follicular carcinoma. There was a marked negative association between endemic goitre and the risk of papillary carcinoma.
RENAL PATHOLOGY OF FETAL CONGENITAL NEPHROSIS
Authors: Rapola Juhani
Published: August 2010

In 15 fetuses with congenital nephrosis, distinct colloid‐filled cystic tubular dilations were seen scattered in the renal cortex. Similar structures were not present in the controls. It is suggested that these structures are pathognomonic of congenital nephrosis in the fetus and make diagnosis possible even without electron microscopy.
ANEUPLOIDY AS A MARKER FOR CARCINOMA‐IN‐SITU OF THE TESTIS
Authors: Müller Jørn , Skakkebæk Niels E. , Lundsteen Claes
Published: August 2010

A microspectrophotometric study of the DNA content of carcinoma‐in‐situ germ cells in the testes of eight infertile men revealed an aneuploid DNA distribution pattern. The results support the assumption that carcinoma‐in‐situ germ cells are of a malignant nature. The findings also indicate that the DNA content can be used to discriminate between carcinoma‐in‐situ germ cells and spermatogonia.
A CASE OF PAPILLARY‐CYSTIC EPITHELIAL NEOPLASM OF THE PANCREAS
Authors: ALM PER , JÖNSSON PER‐EBBE , KARP WILHELM , LINDBERG LARS‐GÖRAN , STENRAM UNNE , SUNDLER FRANK
Published: August 2010

A 16‐year‐old girl presented with a left‐sided abdominal mass. X‐ray examination and computed tomography disclosed a well‐defined tumor close to the tail of the pancreas, stretching the pancreatic branches from the splenic artery as demonstrated by arteriography. Ultrasonography suggested a partly cystic character. Cytologic fine‐needle biopsy, histopathological and electron microscopical examination disclosed a cysto‐papillary tumor, probably benign, and of an exocrine, ductular origin, and with pseudo‐cystic areas similar to those found in adenoid cystic carcinoma of salivary glands. Immunohistochemistry did not demonstrate the presence of polypeptide hormones. The patient is without signs of tumor recurrence 18 months after operation.
THE PREVALENCE OF FOCAL TUBULO‐INTERSTITIAL LESIONS IN VARIOUS RENAL DISEASES
Authors: OLSEN STEEN , HANSEN E. SOMMER , JEPSEN F. LØVE
Published: August 2010

The focal tubulo‐interstitial lesions (FTIL) described in the present paper appear as short segments of tubules showing epithelial degeneration, necrosis and desquamation. The foci are surrounded by mononuclear cells, among which lymphocytes are most numerous. They infiltrate through the damaged tubular basement membranes and may thus be located between epithelial cells and in the tubular lumen. Older lesions show focal tubular atrophy with thickened basement membranes together with focal interstitial fibrosis and lymphocytic infiltrates. The overall prevalence of this type of lesion in a consecutive renal biopsy series was 36%. It was not detected in 24 biopsies from patients without renal disease. The frequency of FTIL was high in acute renal failure due to hemolysis, shock etc. or to the action of drugs, as well as in some types of glomerulonephritis (membranous, membranoproliferative, SLE). Tubular immunoglobulins were not demonstrated in 38 biopsies with FTIL. The pathogenesis and possible consequence of the lesions are still unclear, but it is suggested that they may in some situations contribute to the nephron atrophy in chronic renal disease.
ENGULFMENT OF ERYTHROCYTES BY INTESTINOCYTES OF THE RAT ILEUM
Authors: NEWSON B. , AHLMAN H. , DAHLSTRÖM A. , GUPTA T. K. DAS , NYHUS L. M.
Published: August 2010

The innervation of ileal mucosa of normal, unanaesthetized male Wistar rats was investigated electronmicroscopically. The presence of RBC inside intestinocytes was a secondary, but frequent observation in 4 of 20 rats. No sign of hemorrhage or trauma of the tissue was noted, and the rats had not been exposed to any known toxic agent. The study demonstrates that also intestinocytes have the capacity to engulf RBC, as many other types of epithelial cells. However, previous demonstration of RBC phagocytosis of epithelia was performed in tissues where hemorrhage had occurred for various reasons. In contrast, the rats of the present study were considered normal, although the influence of unknown agents cannot be ruled out.
MALIGNANT THYMUS TUMOUR PROGRESSING INTO ACUTE LEUKAEMIA WITH NON‐SPECIFIC ESTERASE ACTIVITY
Authors: VILPO J. A. , KLEMI P. , LASSILA O. , SALMI T. T. , SUNDSTRÖM C.
Published: August 2010

We describe an 8‐year‐old girl who presented a massive mediastinal tumour of thymic origin. Surgical excision was unsuccessful. Irradiation treatment (4,500 rad) together with intensive combination chemotherapy resulted in regression of the tumour. After three months, an increase of blasts was observed in the peripheral blood and bone marrow. The terminal phase was characterized by acute leukaemia, which did not respond to chemotherapy. Despite the thymic origin of this malignancy, the blast cells contained non‐specific esterase activity as determined by naphthol‐AS‐acetate as substrate. The NaF‐sensitive form of this enzyme is a characteristic of monocytes‐macrophages. Other monocyte‐macrophage markers were, however, negative. We conclude that the NaF‐sensitive naphthol‐AS‐acetate esterase is not limited to tumours of the monocyte‐macrophage system.
SERUM PROLACTIN LEVELS AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF PROLACTIN IN TROPHOBLASTIC DISEASE
Authors: RANTA T. , WAHLSTRÖM T. , RUTANEN EEVA‐MARJA , STENMAN U.‐H. , SEPPÄLÄ M.
Published: August 2010

The circulating levels of chorionic gonadotropin, pregnancy specific beta‐l‐glycoprotein, prolactin and oestradiol were estimated by radioimmunoassay in 219 serum samples from 18 patients with choriocarcinoma and 45 samples from 8 patients with hydatidiform mole. Prolactin and oestradiol concentrations were higher in samples which also contained trophoblastic markers. This difference was also seen in patients with choriocarcinoma and it was not due to chemotherapy, since the difference between hCG positive and hCG negative samples was maintained during chemotherapy. Prolactin was found by immunoperoxidase technique in the syncytiotrophoblast of normal placenta throughout gestation, and also in hydatidiform mole, invasive mole and choriocarcinoma. It is suggested that the malignant syncytiotrophoblast may contribute to circulating prolactin levels either by direct secretion of prolactin or by oestrogen stimulation of the pituitary.
METASTASES TO THE BREAST FROM EXTRAMAMMARY CARCINOMAS
Authors: NIELSEN MAJA , ØRNVOLD KIM , ANDERSEN JOHAN A. , HENRIKSEN FINN W. , KRISTENSEN PETER B. , LORENTZEN MARTIN , RAVN VIBEKE , SCHIØDT TORBEN , THORBORG JENS V.
Published: August 2010

Metastases to the breast from extramammary carcinomas are rare. Only about 200 cases are reported in the literature. Fifteen additional cases are presented here and the literature is reviewed. Two of the patients had primary thyroid carcinoma, two adenocarcinoma of the colon, three bronchogenic carcinoma, four malignant melanoma, one a squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus, one an adenocarcinoma of the stomach, one a renal cell carcinoma and one a carcinoid of the terminal ileum. In three cases the breast lesion was the first manifestation of an extramammary cancer. Six of the patients died of disseminated cancer shortly after the breast metastasis was diagnosed. Although breast metastasis may be suspected clinically, exact histological diagnosis is important in order to avoid unnecessary surgical treatment and to guide further therapy.
ANGIOLYMPHOID HYPERPLASIA WITH EOSINOPHILS OF THE SKIN
Authors: KINDBLOM LARS‐GUNNAR , FASSINA AMBROGIO S.
Published: August 2010

A clinical, light and electron microscopic study of four patients with angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia of the skin is presented. Light‐microscopically, the lesions were characterized by the small size and superficial location, the proliferation of mostly delicate vessels with prominent endothelial hyperplasia and cellular areas without distinct vessel structures, but with infiltrates of eosinophilic leukocytes, lymphocytes and plasma cells. Ultrastructurally, a marked proliferetion of both endothelial cells and pericytes could be demonstrated and the solid cellular areas were shown to be composed of solid vascular buds. A multi‐layered basal lamina was enclosing pericytes and external surfaces of endothelial cells. The differential diagnosis is discussed and it is emphasized that this lesion may be misinterpreted as angiosarcoma.
LEIOMYOSARCOMA OF THE SOFT TISSUE
Authors: DAHL INGVAR , HAGMAR BJÖRN , ANGERVALL LENNART
Published: August 2010

Leiomyosarcoma of the soft tissues is a well‐defined and characteristic entity histologically but correlative cytomorphological studies are lacking. A correlative histological and cytological study of 11 cases is presented. The leiomyosarcomas were characterized histologically by elongated tumour cells arranged in bundles intersecting each other at wide angles. The nuclei were elongated and often blunt‐ended, tending to be aligned in tandem‐position or in rows. The smears from leiomyosarcomas were poor in tumour cells and most cells were arranged in clusters or strands. The characteristic blunt‐ended cells and nuclei of leiomyosarcoma could be identified in the smears and the nuclei were focally arranged in rows and sometimes in parallel. Nuclear atypia permits diagnosis of malignancy, although the atypia was generally not very pronounced. We consider that a knowledge of the corresponding histological features is mandatory for differentiating cytologically between various soft tissue sarcomas, including leiomyosarcomas. Further correlative cytological and histological studies of other soft tissue sarcomas are necessary for a more valid interpretation of the smears from leiomyosarcomas.
ENHANCED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO AFLATOXIN B1 TOXICITY IN WEANLING MICE PRETREATED WITH CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
Authors: ARORA RAM GOPAL
Published: August 2010

Weanling male mice with or without prior treatment with CCl4 (0.5 ml/kg) were exposed to either single (20.5, 25.6, 32 and 40 mg/kg) or multiple (4 mg/kg for 10 days or 8 mg/kg for 5 days) doses of aflatoxin B1. Evidence of its acute toxic and carcinogenic effects was found only in CCl4 pre‐treated mice. Single dose LD 50 value under these conditions was calculated to be 26.8 mg/kg. Histological changes which predominantly occurred in the liver were characterized by acute necrosis and degeneration of the parenchymal cells. Hepatomas were observed as early as 9 months of age in CCl4 pre‐treated animals given 4 mg/kg aflatoxin daily for 10 days. It is thus suggested that the repeated use of CCl4 as an anthelmintic in animals which are apparently resistant to the lethal and hepatocarcinogenic action of aflatoxin might increase their sensitivity to this mycotoxin.
EARLY REACTIONS OF THE ARTERIAL WALL, FOLLOWING MECHANICAL TRAUMA
Authors: BYLOCK A. , BONDJERS G.
Published: August 2010

Endothelial injury has for a long time been suggested to be an important factor for the development of atherosclerotic lesions. In this study, a superficial, circumferential, injury to the aortic intima was induced via a catheter covered with small stones, introduced into the femoral artery of rabbits. The immediate answer of the arterial wall and the formed elements of the blood was studied with combined scanning and transmission electron microscopy. De‐endothelialization was noted and the denuded areas were almost immediately covered by platelets, spreading over the surface and releasing the contents of their granules by time. At some locations deeper injuries to the elastic laminae of the wall could be noted. Especially frequent around these areas, but also common all over the de‐endothelialized surface, leukocytes were seen. Both neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes could be found. A demarcation of the border of the injury was noted three days after catheterization.
RAISED BLOOD PRESSURE AND ENDOTHELIAL CELL INJURY IN RABBIT AORTA
Authors: SVENDSEN EINAR , TINDALL ALEX R.
Published: August 2010

The aim of this study was to examine whether raised blood pressure in rabbits was associated with increased aortic endothelial cell injury, compared to rabbits with normal blood pressure. In 25 randomly selected rabbits protruding aortic endothelial cells were quantified in scanning electron micrographs in standardized areas using a point‐counting morphometric procedure. In thirteen animals a left renal artery stenosis was established; the other twelve were sham‐operated. One week after operation, raised blood pressure occurred in most of the former animals and in some of the sham‐operated as well. The prevalence of protruding endothelial cells was significantly higher in animals with elevated blood pressure. A zero‐order correlation analysis between endothelial cell injury and blood pressure showed significant association in all sampled areas. When stenosis‐operation vs. sham‐operation was correlated with blood pressure, significant correlation occurred in samples from the lesser curvature of the aortic arch only. A multiple linear regression analysis with endothelial cell injury as dependent variable and blood pressures (systolic, diastolic, pulse and average) and type of operation as predictors did not change the conclusions. In the lesser curvature of the aortic arch and in the area just distal to the intercostal artery orifices, a much higher increase of protruding endothelial cells was seen compared with the area between intercostal artery orifices on the same side. Mechanical forces of the blood stream and increased stretching of the intima may possibly be factors in causing the increased endothelial cell injury in raised blood pressure.