bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Reactive Chemicals Control to Comprehensive Chemicals Policy: An Evolution and Opportunity
Authors: Tickner Joel A.
Published: August 2012

The present chapter provides an overview for the improvements in chemical information, assessment, and management and emphasizes the need of comprehensive chemicals policy that leads to more sustainable chemicals, materials, and products. For many years, there has been widespread public concern about human exposure to toxic substances and the lack of information on how chemicals are used and how these exposures might affect health. It has been realized that the amount of exposure is not the only factor that produces risks but also the timing of the dose, particularly during critical windows of developmental vulnerability. During the past two decades, governments, companies, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have identified significant limitations in existing structures for chemicals assessment and management. Many large users and producers of chemicals are now interested in developing sustainability policies that call for safer chemicals and products. The field of green chemistry and prevention through design (PtD) are contributing significantly in developing more sustainable chemicals management policies. There is a need for new chemical assessment and evaluation approaches that advance the development and adoption of safer alternatives and that do not shift risks to workers.
Influence of Powder Size on Production Parameters and Properties of Syntactic Invar Foams Produced by Means of Metal Powder Injection Moulding
Authors: Weise Jörg , Salk Natalie , Jehring Ulrike , Baumeister Joachim , Lehmhus Dirk , Bayoumi Mohamed A.
Published: August 2012

The sintering behavior and the mechanical properties of syntactic foams produced by means of metal‐powder injection moulding depend on the interaction of the metal matrix and the integrated hollow spheres. In order to investigate these mechanisms, Ni‐powder size was varied in the production of FeNi36‐syntactic foams with integrated hollow micro glass spheres. For mechanical characterization tensile tests and RFDA‐measurements were performed as the respective parameters were expected to react most sensitively upon variations of the foam structure.
Tensile properties and weibull modulus of some high‐performance polymeric fibers
Authors: Naito Kimiyoshi
Published: August 2012

The tensile properties and fracture behavior of poly‐(para‐phenylene‐2,6‐benzobisoxazole), poly‐(para‐phenylene terephthalamide), co‐poly‐(para‐phenylene‐3,4′‐oxydiphenylene terephthalamide), polyarylate, polyethylene, and poly(lactic acid) high‐performance polymeric fibers have been investigated. The Weibull statistical distributions of the tensile strength were also characterized. The results clearly show that for various types of high‐performance polymer fibers, the Weibull modulus decreases with an increase in the tensile modulus, the tensile strength, and inverse of the failure strain. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Octupolar Derivatives Functionalized with Superacceptor Peripheral Groups: Synthesis and Evaluation of the Electron‐Withdrawing Ability of Potent Unusual Groups
Authors: Rouxel Cédric , Le Droumaguet Céline , Macé Yohan , Clift Sophie , Mongin Olivier , Magnier Emmanuel , Blanchard‐Desce Mireille
Published: August 2012

Novel tripodal derivatives with a triphenylamine core and that bear “superacidifiers” (i.e., fluorinated sulfoximinyl blocks) or novel sulfiliminyl moieties as peripheral groups were synthesized. These new chromophores show strong absorption in the near‐UV region and emission in the visible region. The fluorinated sulfoximinyl moieties were found to behave as potent auxochromic and electron‐withdrawing (EW) groups, thus leading to redshifted absorption and emission. These moieties promote a core‐to‐periphery intramolecular charge transfer (ctp‐ICT) transition, the energy of which was found to be correlated to their EW strength. In this study, we provide evidence of a linear correlation between the Hammett constant (σp) values and the electronic gap between the ground and first excited state of the three‐branched derivatives. This in turn was used to derive σp values of fluorinated sulfoximinyl moieties. These EWGs show unprecedentedly high σp values, up to 1.45 relative to 0.8 for NO2. Also, by using this method, the sulfiliminyl moiety was shown to exhibit similar EW strength as NO2, while promoting improved transparency and solubility. Finally, the superior EW strength of the fluorinated sulfoximine peripheral moieties was shown to induce significant enhancement of the two‐photon absorption responses in the red near‐IR region of the three‐branched derivatives relative to similar octupoles that bear more usual strong EW groups. These characteristics (improved nonlinear responses or transparency) open new routes for the design of nonlinear optical (NLO) chromophores for optical limiting or electro‐optical modulation. Such building blocks could also be of interest for optoelectronic applications, including the development of solar cells.
A Small‐Molecule Two‐Photon Probe for Nitric Oxide in Living Tissues
Authors: Seo Eun Won , Han Ji Hee , Heo Cheol Ho , Shin Jae Ho , Kim Hwan Myung , Cho Bong Rae
Published: August 2012

Two‐photon microscopy (TPM) has become an indispensable tool in the study of biology and medicine due to the capability of this method for molecular imaging deep inside intact tissues. For the maximum utilization of TPM, a variety of two‐photon (TP) probes for specific applications are needed. In this article, we report a small‐molecule TP probe (ANO1) for nitric oxide (NO) that shows a rapid and specific NO response, a 68‐fold fluorescence enhancement in response to NO, and a maximum TP‐action cross‐section of 170 GM (GM: 10−50 cm4 photon−1) upon reaction with excess NO. This probe can be easily loaded into cells and tissues and can real‐time monitor NO in living tissues at 100–180 μm depth for longer than 1200 s through the use of TPM, with minimum interference from other biologically relevant species.
Schiff Base Structured Acid–Base Cooperative Dual Sites in an Ionic Solid Catalyst Lead to Efficient Heterogeneous Knoevenagel Condensations
Authors: Zhang Mingjue , Zhao Pingping , Leng Yan , Chen Guojian , Wang Jun , Huang Jun
Published: August 2012

An acid–base bifunctional ionic solid catalyst [PySaIm]3PW was synthesized by the anion exchange of the ionic‐liquid (IL) precursor 1‐(2‐salicylaldimine)pyridinium bromide ([PySaIm]Br) with the Keggin‐structured sodium phosphotungstate (Na3PW). The catalyst was characterized by FTIR, UV/Vis, XRD, SEM, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) theory, thermogravimetric analysis, 1H NMR spectroscopy, ESI‐MS, elemental analysis, and melting points. Together with various counterparts, [PySaIm]3PW was evaluated in Knoevenagel condensation under solvent and solvent‐free conditions. The Schiff base structure attached to the IL cation of [PySaIm]3PW involves acidic salicyl hydroxyl and basic imine, and provides a controlled nearby position for the acid–base dual sites. The high melting and insoluble properties of [PySaIm]3PW are relative to the large volume and high valence of PW anions, as well as the intermolecular hydrogen‐bonding networks among inorganic anions and IL cations. The ionic solid catalyst [PySaIm]3PW leads to heterogeneous Knoevenagel condensations. In solvent‐free condensation of benzaldehyde with ethyl cyanoacetate, it exhibits a conversion of 95.8 % and a selectivity of 100 %; the conversion is even much higher than that (78.2 %) with ethanol as a solvent. The solid catalyst has a convenient recoverability with only a slight decrease in conversion following subsequent recyclings. Furthermore, the new catalyst is highly applicable to many substrates of aromatic aldehydes with activated methylene compounds. On the basis of the characterization and reaction results, a unique acid–base cooperative mechanism within a Schiff base structure is proposed and discussed, which thoroughly explains not only the highly efficient catalytic performance of [PySaIm]3PW, but also the lower activities of various control catalysts.
Should We Consider Heart Rate Reduction in Cardiac Transplant Recipients?
Authors: Sekar Baskar , Critchley William R. , Williams Simon G. , Shaw Steven M.
Published: August 2012

Increased resting heart rate is an independent modifiable risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. Numerous studies have demonstrated improved clinical outcomes with heart rate reduction in patients with coronary artery disease and heart failure, but its role in transplanted hearts is not yet established. Sinus tachycardia is more common in heart transplant recipients due to graft denervation. Although a large number of studies have recognized increased heart rate as a predictor of native coronary artery atherosclerosis and overall cardiac mortality, contradicting results have been observed in heart transplant recipients. There is no clear consensus about what the normal range of heart rate should be following heart transplantation. The aim of this article was to review the literature to evaluate whether heart rate reduction should be considered in heart transplant recipients.

Dr. Simon G. Williams and Dr. Steven M. Shaw have received honoraria from Servier for advisory work.

The authors have no other funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
ZK‐5: A CO2‐Selective Zeolite with High Working Capacity at Ambient Temperature and Pressure
Authors: Liu Qingling , Pham Trong , Porosoff Marc D. , Lobo Raul F.
Published: August 2012

The increased carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere caused by combustion of fossil fuels has been a leading contributor to global climate change. The adsorption‐driven pressure or vacuum swing (PSA/VSA) processes are promising as affordable means for the capture and separation of CO2. Herein, an 8‐membered‐ring zeolite ZK‐5 (Framework Type Code: KFI) exchanged with different cations (H+, Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) was synthesized as novel CO2 adsorbent. The samples were characterized by SEM, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDAX), XRD, and gas adsorption (CO2 and N2). The Toth adsorption model was used to describe the CO2 adsorption isotherms, and the isosteric heats of adsorption were calculated. CO2 capture adsorbent evaluation criteria such as working capacity, regenerability and CO2/N2 selectivity were applied to evaluate the zeolite adsorbents for PSA/VSA applications. The in situ FTIR CO2 adsorption spectra show that physisorption accounts for the largest fraction of the total CO2 adsorbed. The CO2 adsorption analysis shows that Mg‐ZK‐5 is the most promising adsorbent for PSA applications with the highest working capacity (ΔN=2.05 mmol g−1), excellent selectivity (α=121), and low isosteric heat. Li‐, Na‐ and K‐ZK‐5 with good working capacity (ΔN=1.55–2.16 mmol g−1) and excellent selectivity (α=103–128) are promising CO2 adsorbents for the VSA working region.
Differential regulation of axonal growth and neuromuscular junction assembly by HGF/c‐Met signaling
Authors: Li Pan P. , Madhavan Raghavan , Peng H. Benjamin
Published: August 2012

Background: During vertebrate neuromuscular junction (NMJ) development, contact between motor axons and muscle fibers is followed by pre‐ and post‐synaptic specialization. Using Xenopus nerve‐muscle cocultures, we recently showed that spinal neurons initially contacted muscle cells by means of filopodial processes, and that muscle‐derived basic fibroblast growth factor induced axonal filopodia and slowed axonal advance to promote nerve‐muscle interaction and NMJ establishment. In contrast, neurotrophins enhanced axonal growth but suppressed the extension of axonal filopodia and blocked NMJ formation. Results: Here we report that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), which also supports motor neuron survival, was expressed by Xenopus muscle cells, and that forced expression of HGF in Xenopus spinal neurons inhibited the extension of axonal filopodia. Overexpression of the HGF‐receptor c‐Met in neurons also blocked the formation of axonal filopodia and furthermore sped up axonal growth, but a kinase‐dead form of c‐Met was unable to effect these changes. Importantly, treatment of nerve‐muscle cocultures with recombinant HGF or the expression of HGF or active c‐Met in neurons, or that of excess HGF in muscle, inhibited nerve‐induced AChR clustering in muscle. Conclusions: Our results suggest that HGF/c‐Met signaling in neurons promotes axonal growth but suppresses filopodial assembly in neurons and hinders NMJ establishment. Developmental Dynamics 241:1562–1574, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
PtIIand PdIIComplexes with atrans‐Chelating Bis(pyridyl) Ligand
Authors: Wang Nan , McCormick Theresa M. , Ko Soo‐Byung , Wang Suning
Published: August 2012

An atropisomeric bis(pyridyl) chelate ligand bis{3,3′‐[N‐Ph‐2‐(2′‐py) indolyl]} (bpib) has been found to readily formtrans‐chelating PdIIand PtIIcomplexes. Two such complexes, Pt(bpib)Cl2and Pd(bpib)Cl2have been isolated and their structures were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. Both Pt(bpib)Cl2and Pd(bpib)Cl2have a chiral structure withC2symmetry. Pt(bpib)Cl2displays a long‐lived phosphorescence withλem= 595 nm in a frozen CH2Cl2solution at 77 K. To examine the potential use of thetranschelate bpib ligand in oxidative coupling reactions catalysed by PdIIcompounds, acetoxylation of benzene, chlorobenzene and toluene by PhI(OAc)2using Pd(OAc)2/bpib (2:1) as the catalyst was examined and compared with thecis‐chelating system Pd(OAc)2/2,2′‐bipyridine (bipy). The bpib system was found to accelerate the reaction but lower the overall yield.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Properties of Two Zwitterionic Hybrid SBA‐15 Mesoporous Silicas
Authors: Yang Miao , Xu Feifei , Wang Chang , Liu Xiumei , Yan Peifang , Li Peipei , Welz‐Biermann Urs
Published: August 2012

Zwitterionic hybrid SBA‐15 mesoporous silica materials containing both amine and sulfonic acid groups have been synthesized through cocondensation from as‐synthesized zwitterionic siloxane precursors (ZS) with tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). Characterization by XRD, TEM, and N2 adsorption–desorption measurements show that the as‐synthesized materials have ordered mesostructures. Analysis with UV, 29Si/13C cross‐polarization magic angle spinning (CP‐MAS) NMR, and X‐ray photelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and elemental analysis demonstrates that the zwitterionic parts have been successfully introduced into the silica framework, and the organic contents of 15 % hybrid samples are over 1.0 mmol/g. The presence of a secondary organoamine group enables the hybrid material to be further alkalized to achieve the desired basic properties. The materials were used as catalysts for the aldol condensation of acetone with 4‐nitrobenzaldehyde. With a good catalytic performance, the catalyst could be easily separated, recycled, and reactivated by secondary basification.
A Highly Sensitive Amperometric Immunosensor for Clenbuterol Detection in Livestock Urine
Authors: Li Shengxi , Zhang Jiong , Deng Wangping , Shen Xizhong , Song Shiping , Fan Chunhai
Published: August 2012

We report a highly sensitive competitive‐type assay for multiplexing electrochemical detection of clenbuterol in pig urine using a 16‐sensor array. In this design, the clenbuterol was first conjugated with bovine serum albumin (BSA), and then the conjugates were immobilized on the electrode surface to compete with the free clenbuterol in the sample for specific antibody. Under the optimal conditions, the reproducibility of the clenbuterol electrochemical immunosensor was evaluated to be 3.4 % (coefficient of variation, CV) and the limit of detection was estimated to be 1.3 pg/mL. The very low detection limit was probably derived from the higher efficiency of the competitive immunoreaction caused by appropriate quantities of the clenbuterol immobilized on the 16‐sensor array and the suitable amount of anti‐clenbuterol antibody in the assay system.
Imidazolium‐Functionalized SiO2 Nanoparticle Doped Proton Conducting Membranes for Anhydrous Proton Exchange Membrane Applications
Authors: Lin B. , Qiu B. , Qiu L. , Si Z. , Chu F. , Chen X. , Yan F.
Published: August 2012

Imidazolium surface functionalized SiO2 (Im‐SiO2) nanoparticle doped proton conducting membranes were prepared for anhydrous proton exchange membrane applications. The hybrid membranes were synthesized via in situ cross‐linking of a mixture containing polymerizable oil (styrene, acrylonitrile, and divinylbenzene), protic ionic liquids (PILs), and 1‐methyl‐3‐[(triethoxysilyl)propyl] imidazolium chloride surface functionalized silica nanoparticles. The resultant hybrid membranes show proton conductivity up to the order of 10–2 S cm–1 at 160 °C, which is higher that of the plain membrane (10–3 S cm–1 at 160 °C). In addition, incorporation of Im‐SiO2 nanoparticles could effectively prevent the release of PIL component from the composite membranes.
Hypopharyngeal paraganglioma: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Mehta Vikas , Fischer Tova , Levi Gabe , Wang Beverly , Urken Mark L.
Published: August 2012

Background

Paragangliomas are rare, vascular, and predominantly benign neoplasms of neural crest origin. They typically arise in the head and neck from the carotid body, jugulotympanic, or vagal paraganglia. Rarely, paragangliomas occur in the larynx. Only 2 cases of hypopharyngeal paraganglioma have been reported. We discuss the case of a hypopharyngeal paraganglioma and review the literature concerning laryngopharyngeal paragangliomas.

Methods and Results

We present the case of a woman with 2 months of dysphagia and hoarseness that was found to have a hypopharyngeal paraganglioma. The patient underwent embolization and resection of the mass via a lateral thyrotomy approach. Pathologic analysis and selective staining confirmed the presence of a paraganglioma.

Conclusions

Proper histopathologic identification of these tumors is tantamount to guiding treatment. The preferred operative approach is a lateral thyrotomy to minimize patient morbidity. We present the third documented case of a hypopharyngeal paraganglioma and the first in the English‐language literature. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
Effects of enhanced bolus flavors on oropharyngeal swallow in patients treated for head and neck cancer
Authors: Roa Pauloski Barbara , Logemann Jerilyn A. , Rademaker Alfred W. , Lundy Donna , Sullivan Paula A. , Newman Lisa A. , Lazarus Cathy , Bacon Mary
Published: August 2012

Background

Treatment for head and neck cancer can reduce peripheral sensory input and impair oropharyngeal swallow. This study examined the effect of enhanced bolus flavor on liquid swallows in these patients.

Methods

Fifty‐one patients treated for head and neck cancer with chemoradiation or surgery and 64 healthy adult control subjects served as subjects. All were randomized to receive sour, sweet, or salty bolus flavor. Patients were evaluated at 7–10 days, 1 month, and 3 months after completion of tumor treatment. Control subjects received 1 assessment.

Results

All bolus flavors affected oropharyngeal swallow; sour flavor significantly shortened pharyngeal transit time across all evaluations.

Conclusions

Sour flavor influenced the swallow of patients treated for head and neck cancer, as well as that of control subjects in a manner similar to those with neurologic impairment observed in an earlier study. Sour flavor may improve the speed of pharyngeal transit regardless of whether a patient has suffered peripheral or central sensory damage. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
Rehabilitation of a parotidectomy patient—A systematic approach
Authors: Militsakh Oleg N. , Sanderson Jeremy A. , Lin Derrick , Wax Mark K.
Published: August 2012

Parotidectomy is a common surgical procedure. Resultant contour defect, Frey's syndrome, and facial nerve rehabilitation deserve special consideration. Microsurgical techniques provide unparallel advantage for reconstruction of large‐volume defects. Same‐stage reconstruction of the defect is advocated and often beneficial to the patient. The importance of full communication between the extirpative and reconstructive surgeon cannot be underscored. Often, institutional and personal biases must be overcome to provide best quality care for the patient. This article provides a comprehensive review of the medical literature on the subject and contrives a systematic approach to the use of various reconstructive techniques. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
Abnormal anatomy of the superficial branch of the radial nerve
Authors: Lindau Robert H. , Wax Mark K.
Published: August 2012

Background

The superficial branch of the radial nerve is frequently encountered when performing the harvest for a radial forearm free tissue transfer.

Methods and Results

We present an abnormal course of this nerve which has not been described in the literature. During a harvest of a radial forearm free flap, we encountered a nerve that was not deep to the brachioradialis muscle in the proximal arm; rather, the superficial branch of the radial nerve was found to be superficial to this muscle through its entire course. An in‐depth literature review was performed, and there was no documented abnormality identified resembling the abnormality we encountered.

Conclusion

Knowledge of the normal and abnormal anatomy is essential for the microvascular surgeon to assure the safety of this nerve. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
Low‐grade and high‐grade mammary carcinomas in WAP‐T transgenic mice are independent entities distinguished by Met expression
Authors: Otto Benjamin , Gruner Katharina , Heinlein Christina , Wegwitz Florian , Nollau Peter , Ylstra Bauke , Pantel Klaus , Schumacher Udo , Baumbusch Lars O. , Martin‐Subero José Ignacio , Siebert Reiner , Wagener Christoph , Streichert Thomas , Deppert Wolfgang , Tolstonog Genrich V.
Published: August 2012

Mammary carcinomas developing in SV40 transgenic WAP‐T mice arise in two distinct histological phenotypes: as differentiated low‐grade and undifferentiated high‐grade tumors. We integrated different types of information such as histological grading, analysis of aCGH‐based gene copy number and gene expression profiling to provide a comprehensive molecular description of mammary tumors in WAP‐T mice. Applying a novel procedure for the correlation of gene copy number with gene expression on a global scale, we observed in tumor samples a global coherence between genotype and transcription. This coherence can be interpreted as a matched transcriptional regulation inherited from the cells of tumor origin and determined by the activity of cancer driver genes. Despite common recurrent genomic aberrations, e.g. gain of chr. 15 in most WAP‐T tumors, loss of chr. 19 frequently occurs only in low‐grade tumors. These tumors show features of “basal‐like” epithelial differentiation, particularly expression of keratin 14. The high‐grade tumors are clearly separated from the low‐grade tumors by strong expression of the Met gene and by coexpression of epithelial (e.g. keratin 18) and mesenchymal (e.g. vimentin) markers. In high‐grade tumors, the expression of the nonmutated Met protein is associated with Met‐locus amplification and Met activity. The role of Met as a cancer driver gene is supported by the contribution of active Met signaling to motility and growth of mammary tumor‐derived cells. Finally, we discuss the independent origin of low‐ and high‐grade tumors from distinct cells of tumor origin, possibly luminal progenitors, distinguished by Met gene expression and Met signaling.
NY‐ESO‐1 antigen‐reactive T cell receptors exhibit diverse therapeutic capability
Authors: Sommermeyer Daniel , Conrad Heinke , Krönig Holger , Gelfort Haike , Bernhard Helga , Uckert Wolfgang
Published: August 2012

The cancer‐testis antigen NY‐ESO‐1 has been used as a target for different immunotherapies like vaccinations and adoptive transfer of antigen‐specific cytotoxic T cells, as it is expressed in various tumor types and has limited expression in normal cells. The in vitro generation of T cells with defined antigen specificity by T cell receptor (TCR) gene transfer is an established method to create cells for immunotherapy. However, an extensive characterization of TCR which are candidates for treatment of patients is crucial for successful therapies. The TCR has to be efficiently expressed, their affinity to the desired antigen should be high enough to recognize low amounts of endogenously processed peptides on tumor cells, and the TCR should not be cross‐reactive to other antigens. We characterized three NY‐ESO‐1 antigen‐reactive cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones which were generated by different approaches of T cell priming (autologous, allogeneic), and transferred their TCR into donor T cells for more extensive evaluations. Although one TCR most efficiently bound MHC‐multimers loaded with NY‐ESO‐1 peptide, T cells expressing this transgenic TCR were not able to recognize endogenously processed antigen. A second TCR recognized HLA‐A2 independent of the bound peptide beside its much stronger recognition of NY‐ESO‐1 bound to HLA‐A2. A third TCR displayed an intermediate but peptide‐specific performance in all functional assays and, therefore, is the most promising candidate TCR for further clinical development. Our data indicate that multiple parameters of TCR gene‐modified T cells have to be evaluated to identify an optimal TCR candidate for adoptive therapy.
Prevalence of high‐risk human papillomavirus and cervical intraepithelial neoplasias in a previously unscreened population—A pooled analysis from three studies
Authors: Basu Partha , Mittal Srabani , Bhaumik Suchismita , Mandal Shyam Sunder , Samaddar Anusree , Ray Chinmayi , Siddiqi Maqsood , Biswas Jaydip , Sankaranarayanan Rengaswamy
Published: August 2012

Population prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical intraepithelial neoplasias (CIN) is an important indicator to judge the disease burden in the community, to monitor the performance of cervical cancer screening program and to assess the impact of HPV vaccination program. India being a country without any cervical cancer screening program has no published data on the population prevalence of CIN and only a few large community‐based studies to report the high‐risk HPV prevalence. The objective of our study was to study HPV and CIN prevalence in a previously unscreened population. We pooled together the results of three research studies originally designed to assess the performance of visual inspection after acetic acid application and Hybrid Capture 2 (HC 2). Nearly 60% of the screened women had colposcopy irrespective of their screening test results. The diagnosis and grading of cervical neoplasias were based on histology. The age standardized prevalence of HPV by HC 2 test was 6.0%. Age‐adjusted prevalence of CIN1 and CIN2 was 2.3% and 0.5%, respectively. The age‐adjusted prevalence of CIN3 was 0.4% and that of invasive cancer was 0.2%. The prevalence of high‐risk HPV was relatively low in the population we studied, which is reflected in the low prevalence of high‐grade CIN. The prevalence of CIN3 remained constant across age groups due to absence of screening.
Radiolabeling of aromatic compounds using K[*Cl]Cl and OXONE®
Authors: Takada Yuuki , Hanyu Masayuki , Nagatsu Kotaro , Fukumura Toshimitsu
Published: August 2012

We report a novel labeling method for the rapid radiochlorination of aromatic compounds using no‐carrier‐added short‐half‐life radioactive chloride ions ([38,39Cl]Cl− and [34mCl]Cl−) and OXONE® (Sigma‐Aldrich, Japan) as an oxidation reagent. The reaction of radioactive chloride ions with anisole in the presence of OXONE gave a mixture of p‐[*Cl]chloroanisole and o‐[*Cl]‐chloroanisole, with a radiochemical conversion yield of more than 85% (not decay corrected) and selectivity of 7:3, within 10 min. Regioselective radioactive chlorination was achieved by chlorodestannylation of tributylstannyl compounds to afford the corresponding radiochlorinated compounds (p‐chloroanisole and m‐chloroanisole) in satisfactory radiochemical yields (80–95% and 46–65%, respectively). Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automatic quantification of subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue from whole‐body magnetic resonance images suitable for large cohort studies
Authors: Wald Diana , Teucher Birgit , Dinkel Julien , Kaaks Rudolf , Delorme Stefan , Boeing Heiner , Seidensaal Katharina , Meinzer Hans‐Peter , Heimann Tobias
Published: August 2012

Purpose:

To develop an automated method with which to distinguish metabolically different adipose tissues in a large number of subjects using whole‐body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) datasets for improving the understanding of chronic disease risk predictions associated with distinct adipose tissue compartments.

Materials and Methods:

In all, 314 participants were scanned using a 1.5T MRI‐scanner with a 2‐point Dixon whole‐body sequence. Image segmentation was automated using standard image processing techniques and knowledge‐based methods. Abdominal adipose tissue was separated into subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) by statistical shape models. Bone marrow was removed to provide a more accurate measurement of adipose tissue. To assess segmentation accuracy, ground‐truth segmentations in 52 images were performed manually by one operator. Due to the high effort of manual delineation, manual segmentation was limited to seven slices per volume.

Results:

Volumetric differences were 3.30 ± 2.97% and 6.22 ± 5.28% for SAT and VAT, respectively. The systematic error shows an overestimation of 4.22 ± 7.01% for VAT and 0.37 ± 4.45% for SAT. Coefficients‐of‐variation from repeated measurements were: 3.50 ± 2.93% for VAT and 0.35 ± 0.26% for SAT. The approach of removing bone marrow worked well in most body regions. Only occasionally the method failed for knees and/or shinbone, which resulted in an overestimation of SAT by 3.14 ± 1.45%.

Conclusion:

We developed a fully automatic process to assess SAT and VAT in whole‐body MRI data. The method can support epidemiological studies investigating the relationship between excess body fat and chronic diseases. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012; 36:1421–1434. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Breast imaging: is the sonographic descriptor of orientation valid for magnetic resonance imaging?
Authors: Oliveira Tatiane M.G. , Brasileiro Sant'Anna Tatiana Kelly , Mauad Fernando M. , Elias Jorge , Muglia Valdair F.
Published: August 2012

Purpose:

To evaluate if the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI‐RADS) ultrasound descriptor of orientation can be used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Materials and Methods:

We conducted a retrospective study to evaluate breast mass lesions identified by MRI from 2008 to 2010 who had ultrasound (US) and histopathologic confirmation. Lesions were measured in the craniocaudal (CC), anteroposterior (AP), and transverse (T) axes and classified as having a nonparallel orientation, longest axis perpendicular to Cooper's ligaments, or in a parallel orientation when the longest axis is parallel to Cooper's ligaments. The MR image data were correlated with the US orientation according to BI‐RADS and histopathological diagnosis.

Results:

We evaluated 71 lesions in 64 patients. On MRI, 27 lesions (38.0%) were nonparallel (8 benign and 19 malignant), and 44 lesions (62.0%) were parallel (33 benign and 11 malignant). There was significant agreement between the lesion orientation on US and MRI (kappa value = 0.901). The positive predictive values (PPV) for parallel orientation malignancy on MR and US imaging were 70.4% and 73.1%, respectively.

Conclusion:

A descriptor of orientation for breast lesions can be used on MRI with PPV for malignant lesions similar to US. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012; 36:1383–1388. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
α2β1 integrin and RhoA mediates electric field‐induced ligament fibroblast migration directionality
Authors: Tsai Cheng‐Hsien , Lin Bo‐Jiang , Chao Pen‐Hsiu Grace
Published: August 2012

Guided cell migration is important in tissue development, repair, and engineering. We have previously demonstrated that applied electric fields (EFs) enhanced and directed ligament fibroblast migration and collagen production, depending on EF parameters. Electrical stimulation is widely used for the treatment of pain and to promote wound healing. In orthopaedic practices, applied EFs promote bone healing and ligament repair in vivo. In the current study, stimulation waveforms used in physical therapy for promoting tissue repair were adapted to examine their effects on ACL fibroblast migration. Using different waveform and field strengths, we discovered a decoupling of cell motility and directionality, which suggests disparate mechanisms. Integrin, a major extracellular matrix receptor, polarized in response to applied EFs and controlled cell directionality and signaling. Furthermore, we demonstrated that RhoA is a mediator between integrin aggregation and directed cell migration. Polarization is essential in directed cell migration and our study establishes an outside‐in signaling mechanism for EF‐induced cell directionality. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31: 322–327, 2013
Effect of growing location, malaxation duration and citric acid treatment on the quality of olive oil
Authors: Chih HuiJun , James Anthony P , Jayasena Vijay , Dhaliwal Satvinder S
Published: August 2012

BACKGROUND: The total phenolic compounds of olive oil exert antiradical activity at cellular level and can prevent cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome and cancer. Increased awareness of its health benefits has increased the consumption of olive oil around the world. An alternative processing technique effective in increasing the amount of oil extracted while maintaining the oil quality is needed to meet the rising global demand for olive oil.

RESULTS: Addition of 0.3 g mL−1 citric acid at 1:1000 (v/w) to olive paste followed by a 30 min malaxation period significantly increased the oil recovery, concentration of total phenolic compounds and antiradical activity by 46.23, 120.27 and 31.48% respectively. While there was no significant effect on the acidity, the peroxide value was significantly reduced by 63.85%. The organoleptic characteristics of the olive oil extracted with citric acid were also comparable to those of the control.

CONCLUSION: Addition of 0.3 g mL−1 citric acid (i.e. 30% w/v) at 1:1000 (v/w) to olive paste followed by a 30 min malaxation period in a Blixer® 4.0 blender is the most promising extraction technique to improve the oil recovery, concentration of total phenolic compounds and antiradical activity of the extracted olive oil without compromising other quality parameters. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE)‐inhibitory activity of boza, a traditional fermented beverage
Authors: Kancabaş Aslı , Karakaya Sibel
Published: August 2012

Background

In this study the angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE)‐inhibitory activity of boza and protein fractions of boza separated according to molecular weight was determined. In addition, the effect of in vitro digestion on ACE‐inhibitory activity was investigated.

Results

The protein content, ACE‐inhibitory activity and IC50 value of boza were 1.0896 ± 0.08%, 76.76 ± 14.93% and 7.2 ± 0.28 µg protein mL−1 respectively. The protein hydrolysate was separated into three fractions according to molecular weight (MW), i.e. MW < 5000 Da, 5000 < MW < 10 000 Da and 10 000 < MW < 20 000 Da. The lowest IC50 value (0.268 ± 0.07 µg protein mL−1) was found for the fraction with 5000 < MW < 10 000 Da (P < 0.05). After in vitro digestion the ACE‐inhibitory activities of stomach and intestine dialysates were almost the same (P > 0.05). The IC50 value of stomach digest was determined as 2.06 ± 0.32 (µg protein mL−1). However, the IC50 value of intestine digest could not be determined, because all dialysates with different protein concentrations displayed ACE‐inhibitory activity greater than 50%.

Conclusion

The findings indicate that boza, protein hydrolysate, fractionated hydrolysates and dialysates obtained after in vitro digestion contain bioactive compounds with different ACE‐inhibitory activities. Based on these results, boza can be considered as a good source of ACE‐inhibitory peptides.
Solid‐phase microextraction combined with comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography for fatty acid profiling of cell wall phospholipids
Authors: Bogusz Stanislau , Hantao Leandro Wang , Braga Soraia Cristina Gonzaga Neves , de Matos França Valtenice de Cássia Rodrigues , da Costa Marcelo Fernandes , Hamer Russell David , Ventura Dora Fix , Augusto Fabio
Published: August 2012

The combination of solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) with comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography is evaluated here for fatty acid (FA) profiling of the glycerophospholipid fraction from human buccal mucosal cells. A base‐catalyzed derivatization reaction selective for polar lipids such as glycerophospholipid was adopted. SPME is compared to a miniaturized liquid–liquid extraction procedure for the isolation of FA methyl esters produced in the derivatization step. The limits of detection and limits of quantitation were calculated for each sample preparation method. Because of its lower values of limits of detection and quantitation, SPME was adopted. The extracted analytes were separated, detected, and quantified by comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (FID). The combination of SPME and comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography with FID, using a selective derivatization reaction in the preliminary steps, proved to be a simple and fast procedure for FA profiling, and was successfully applied to the analysis of adult human buccal mucosal cells.
Hypercrosslinked strong anion‐exchange resin for extraction of acidic pharmaceuticals from environmental water
Authors: Bratkowska Dominika , Davies Arlene , Fontanals Núria , Cormack Peter A.G. , Borrull Francesc , Sherrington David C. , Marcé Rosa M.
Published: August 2012

Two novel high‐specific surface area polymeric sorbents (HXLPP‐SAXa and HXLPP‐SAXb) were synthesised and evaluated as solid‐phase extraction sorbents. The novel sorbents under study are based on hypercrosslinked polymer microspheres and designed specifically to offer ion‐exchange properties; the specific polymers of interest in the current work have been chemically modified in such a way as to impart a tuneable level of strong anion‐exchange character onto the sorbents. The novel sorbents were applied as strong anion‐exchange sorbents in solid‐phase extraction studies, with the goal being to selectively extract a group of acidic compounds from complex environmental samples in an efficient manner. Out of two HXLPP‐SAX resins evaluated in this study, it was found that the sorbent with the lower ion‐exchange capacity (HXLPP‐SAXa) gave rise to the best overall performance characteristics and, indeed, was found to compare favourably to the solid‐phase extraction performance of commercial strong anion‐exchange sorbents. When the HXLPP‐SAXa sorbent was applied to the solid‐phase extraction of environmental water samples, the result showed quantitative and selective extraction of low levels of acidic pharmaceuticals from 500 mL of river water and 100 mL of effluent wastewater.
Spatial frequency domain imaging of port wine stain biochemical composition in response to laser therapy: A pilot study
Authors: Mazhar Amaan , Sharif Seyed A. , Cuccia J. David , Nelson J. Stuart , Kelly Kristen M. , Durkin Anthony J.
Published: August 2012

Background and Objective

Objective methods to assess port wine stain (PWS) response to laser treatment have been the subject of various research efforts for several years. Herein, we present a pilot study using a newly developed, light emitting diode (LED) based spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) device to record quantitatively biochemical compositional changes in PWS after laser therapy.

Study Design/Patients and Methods

A SFDI system was used to image before, and after, five PWS treatment sessions [n = 4 subjects (one subject was imaged before and after two consecutive laser treatments)]. SFDI derived wide‐field optical properties (absorption and scattering) and tissue chromophore concentrations including oxy‐hemoglobin (ctO2Hb), deoxy‐hemoglobin (ctHHb), total hemoglobin (ctTHb), and tissue oxygen saturation (stO2) are presented for skin imaged prior to and immediately after laser treatment. The SFDI derived images were analyzed by comparing the above measurements in PWS to those of normal skin and tracking changes immediately after laser exposure.

Results

Elevated oxy‐hemoglobin (>20%) and tissue oxygen saturation (>5%) were measured in all PWS lesions and compared to values for normal skin prior to treatment. Laser treatment resulted in an increase in deoxy‐hemoglobin (>100%), decrease in tissue oxygen saturation (>10%), and reduced scattering (>15%) in all PWS lesions. One subject was followed before and after two consecutive laser treatments and the overall improvement in PWS lesion blanching was quantitatively assessed by measuring a 45% decrease in dermal blood volume.

Conclusion

SFDI is a rapid non‐contact wide‐field optical technique that shows potential as an imaging device that can be used to quantify biochemical compositional changes in PWS after laser therapy. Future work will investigate the potential of SFDI to provide intra‐operative guidance for laser therapy of PWS lesions on an individual patient basis. Lasers Surg. Med. 44: 611–621, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The topography of DNA methylation in the non‐neoplastic colonic mucosa surrounding colorectal cancers
Authors: Subramaniam Manish Mani , Loh Marie , Chan Jason Yongsheng , Liem Natalia , Lim Pei Li , Peng Yong Wei , Lim Xn Yii , Yeoh Khay Guan , Iacopetta Barry , Soong Richie , Salto‐Tellez Manuel
Published: August 2012

The degree of gene hypermethylation in non‐neoplastic colonic mucosa (NNCM) is a potentially important event in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC), particularly for the subgroup with a CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP). In this study, we aimed to use an unbiased and high‐throughput approach to evaluate the topography of DNA methylation in the non‐neoplastic colonic mucosa (NNCM) surrounding colorectal cancer (CRC). A total of 61 tissue samples comprising 53 NNCM and 8 tumor samples were obtained from hemicolectomy specimens of two CRC patients (Cases 1 and 2). NNCM was stripped from the underlying colonic wall and samples taken at varying distances from the tumor. The level of DNA methylation in NNCM and tumor tissues was assessed at 1,505 CpG sites in 807 cancer‐related genes using Illumina GoldenGate® methylation arrays. Case 1 tumor showed significantly higher levels of methylation compared to surrounding NNCM samples (P < 0.001). The average level of methylation in NNCM decreased with increasing distance from the tumor (r = −0.418; P = 0.017), however this was not continuous and “patches” with higher levels of methylation were observed. Case 2 tumor was less methylated than Case 1 tumor (average β‐value 0.181 vs. 0.415) and no significant difference in the level of methylation was observed in comparison to the surrounding NNCM. No evidence was found for a diminishing gradient of methylation in the NNCM surrounding CRC with a high level of methylation. Further work is required to determine whether CIMP+ CRC develop from within “patches” of NCCM that display high levels of methylation. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification of a liver cirrhosis signature in plasma for predicting hepatocellular carcinoma risk in a population‐based cohort of hepatitis B carriers
Authors: Liu Chia‐Chi , Wang Ya‐Hui , Chuang Eric Y , Tsai Mong‐Hsun , Chuang Ya‐Hui , Lin Chih‐Lin , Liu Chun‐Jen , Hsiao Bo‐Yu , Lin Shi‐Ming , Liu Li‐Yu , Yu Ming‐Whei
Published: August 2012

Liver cirrhosis is a critical state in the natural course of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We sought to investigate the potential of in‐depth proteomics to reveal plasma protein signatures that reflect common networks/pathways of liver cirrhosis, and to determine whether the cirrhosis‐related signature in plasma is linked to the development of HCC among hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers. We first compared plasma protein profiles using a 174‐antibody microarray system between three groups of HBV carriers with different Child's grades of cirrhosis, which revealed a panel of 45 differentially expressed proteins with a high accuracy for discriminating Child's B/C. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified two main up‐regulated networks connecting the 45 proteins that were most enriched for genes in the pathway of hepatic stellate cell activation. A parsimonious subset of 11 pathway‐based proteins was then selected for quantification to correlate with HCC risk among 49 HCC cases and 50 controls in a nested case–control study within a 16‐yr follow‐up cohort of HBV carriers. A high risk score derived from a principal component analysis, which was used to extract the cluster structure of the 11 proteins, was associated with HCC (odds ratio = 4.83, 95% confidence interval: 1.26–18.56) even after adjustment for viral and clinical variables, implying the involvement of a pattern of coordinated proteins. Stepwise logistic regression on the 11 proteins revealed ICAM‐2 as an independent predictor for HCC. These findings may give further insight into the pathobiology of hepatocarcinogenesis, allow testing of the cirrhosis‐related plasma protein signature as a potential predictive biomarker for HCC. Copyright © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Silk‐Ion Jelly: a novel ion conducting polymeric material with high conductivity and excellent mechanical stability
Authors: Rana Sohel , Carvalho Tania , Fangueiro Raul , Vidinha Pedro
Published: August 2012

In this work, a thin, flexible and mechanically stable polymer conducting material (Silk‐Ion Jelly) was developed though application of Ion Jelly on to silk fabrics. Ion Jelly was prepared through jellification of a room temperature ionic liquid, 1‐butyl‐3‐methyl‐imidazolium dicyanamide ([bmim][dca]) using gelatin and water and applied to silk fabrics using two different processes: impregnation and in‐situ. Various parameters influencing ionic conductivity such as Ion Jelly composition (ratio of [bmim][dca], water and gelatin) and incorporation as well as the type of application process were thoroughly investigated. It was observed that the Ion Jelly compositions containing lower gelatin and water ratio as well as application through in‐situ process at high temperature (200 °C) led to considerable improvement in conductivity, mainly due to increased [bmim][dca] concentration, structural flexibility and reduced silk crystallinity. Silk‐Ion Jelly prepared using optimized conditions showed excellent mechanical stability and possessed high room temperature conductivity (2.9 × 10−3 S. cm−1), similar to [bmim][dca], and therefore, this novel ion conducting material may find potential applications in electrochemical devices due to its eco‐friendly preparation route using biomaterials and green solvents. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.