bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Removal of Two Hydrogen Atoms from Ketones or Aldehyde: Reaction of a Sulfur-Bridged Incomplete Cubane-Type Molybdenum Cluster with Acetone, Acetaldehyde, Acetylacetone, Ethyl Acetoacetate, and Acetophenone
Authors: Shibahara Takashi , Kawamoto Keisuke , Matsuura Akihiko , Takagi Hideaki , Nishioka Takanori , Kinoshita Isamu , Akashi Haruo
Published: January 2014

The reaction of sulfur-bridged incomplete cubane-type molybdenum complex [Mo3(µ-S)3(µ3-S)(dtp)3(CH3CN)(µ-OAc)] (1) (dtp: diethyl dithiophosphate) with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (H3COOCC≡CCOOCH3, DMAD) in several kinds of solvents gave solvent-dependent adducts. The use of acetone, acetaldehyde, acetylacetone, ethyl acetoacetate, and acetophenone as reaction solvents gave the following adducts, respectively: [Mo3{µ-SCH(COCH3)}(µ3-S){µ3-SC(CO2CH3)=C(CO2CH3)S}(dtp)3(µ-OAc)] (2), [Mo3{µ-SCH(CHO)}(µ3-S){µ3-SC(CO2CH3)=C(CO2CH3)S}(dtp)3(µ-OAc)] (3), [Mo3{µ-SC(COCH3)(COCH3)}(µ3-S){µ3-SC(CO2CH3)=C(CO2CH3)S}(dtp)3(µ-OAc)] (4) (and [Mo3{µ-SC(COCH3)(COCH3)}(µ3-S){µ3-SC(CO2CH3)=C(CO2CH3)S}(dtp)2(acac)(µ-OAc)] (4′)), [Mo3{µ-SC(COCH3)(COOC2H5)}(µ3-S){µ3-SC(CO2CH3)=C(CO2CH3)S}(dtp)3(µ-OAc)] (5), and [Mo3{µ-SCH(COC6H5)}(µ3-S){µ3-SC(CO2CH3)=C(CO2CH3)S}(dtp)3(µ-OAc)] (6). X-ray crystallography and 1H NMR spectroscopy have revealed that in all six cases, the solvent adduct-formation resulted in the removal of two hydrogen atoms from the methyl (or methylene) group of the solvent used and in the formation of a carbon–sulfur bond; it also revealed that in some cases (2, 3, 4′, and 6) additional carbon–molybdenum bond formations occurred. Mass spectroscopy indicates that the presence of DMAD is indispensable in the two-hydrogen elimination reaction. Electronic spectra of 2, 3, and 6 have absorption bands in the visible and near-infrared region, and those of the two complexes 4 and 5 have significantly larger absorption bands in the longer wavelength region than the former group. The complex 4′, where one of the three dtp ligands is replaced by an acetylacetone anion also has a larger peak in the longer wavelength region, but the intensity is between those of the former and the latter groups. All six complexes show a chemically reversible one-electron-oxidation process corresponding to a V, IV, IV/IV, IV, IV couple and the oxidation products of these six complexes are stable under a time scale in CV measurements. The reduction processes of 2, 3, and 6 are chemically irreversible; those of 4, 4′, and 5 are reversible, and the processes correspond to a IV, IV, IV/IV, IV, III couple. A mechanism for the formation of the doubly-dehydrogenated species is suggested.
ΙΣΤΟΠΑΘΟΛΟΓΙΚΕΣ ΑΛΛΟΙΩΣΕΙΣ ΤΟΥ ΧΟΛΗΔΟΧΟΥ ΠΟΡΟΥ ΣΕ ΑΣΘΕΝΕΙΣ ΜΕ ΛΙΘΙΑΣΗ ΤΩΝ ΕΞΩΗΠΑΤΙΚΩΝ ΧΟΛΗΦΟΡΩΝ:Η ΣΧΕΣΗ ΤΟΥΣ ΜΕ ΤΗΝ ΚΛΙΝΙΚΗ ΕΙΚΟΝΑ ΚΑΙ ΤΑ ΧΕΙΡΟΥΡΓΙΚΑ ΕΥΡΗΜΑΤΑ
Authors: Γαλατερός Γεώργιος
Published: January 2014

ΣΕ 43 ΑΣΘΕΝΕΙΣ ΜΕ ΛΙΘΙΑΣΗ ΤΩΝ ΕΞΩΗΠΑΤΙΚΩΝ ΧΟΛΗΦΟΡΩΝ ΟΔΩΝ ΠΗΡΑΜΕ ΤΕΜΑΧΙΟ ΧΟΛΗΔΟΧΟΥ ΠΟΡΟΥ ΑΠΟ ΤΑ ΧΕΙΛΗ ΤΗΣ ΧΟΛΗΔΟΧΟΤΟΜΗΣ.Ο ΚΥΡΙΟΣ ΣΤΟΧΟΣ ΗΤΑΝ ΝΑ ΜΕΛΕΤΗΘΕΙ ΗΙΣΤΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ ΕΙΚΟΝΑ ΤΟΥ ΠΟΡΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΝΑ ΔΙΕΡΕΥΝΗΘΕΙ Η ΣΧΕΣΗ ΤΩ ΙΣΤΟΠΑΘΟΛΟΓΙΚΩΝ ΑΛΛΟΙΩΣΕΩΝ ΤΟΥ ΜΕ ΤΗΝ ΚΛΙΝΙΚΗ ΕΙΚΟΝΑ ΤΩΝ ΑΣΘΕΝΩΝ(ΧΡΟΝΙΑ,ΟΞΕΙΑ ΧΟΛΟΚΥΣΤΙΤΙΣ ΚΑΙ ΟΞΕΙΑ ΧΟΛΑΓΓΕΙΙΤΙΣ) ΚΑΙ ΤΑ ΕΓΧΕΙΡΗΤΙΚΑ ΕΥΡΗΜΑΤΑ(ΛΙΘΙΑΣΗ ΧΟΛΗΔΟΧΟΥ ΠΟΡΟΥ ~ ΟΧΙ).ΟΙ ΙΣΤΟΠΑΘΟΛΟΓΙΚΕΣ ΑΛΛΟΙΩΣΕΙΣ ΤΟΥ ΧΟΛΗΔΟΧΟΥ ΠΟΡΟΥ ΕΙΧΑΝ ΣΤΑΤΙΣΤΙΚΑ ΣΗΜΑΝΤΙΚΗ ΣΧΕΣΗ ΜΕ ΤΗΝ ΚΛΙΝΙΚΗ ΕΙΚΟΝΑ ΤΩΝ ΑΣΘΕΝΩΝ ΑΛΛΑ ΟΧΙ ΜΕ ΤΑ ΕΓΧΕΙΡΗΤΙΚΑ ΕΥΡΗΜΑΤΑ.Η ΜΕΛΕΤΗ ΜΑΣ ΕΞΗΓΕΙ ΕΠΙΣΗΣ ΤΗΝ ΚΑΛΗ ΕΠΟΥΛΩΣΗ ΤΩΝ ΧΟΛΗΔΟΧΟΤΟΜΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΧΟΛΟΠΕΠΤΙΚΩΝ ΑΝΑΣΤΟΜΟΣΕΩΝ ΣΤΗΝ ΟΞΕΙΑ ΧΟΛΑΓΓΕΙΙΤΙΔΑ(ΜΕ ΟΞΕΙΑ ΦΛΕΓΜΟΝΗ ΤΟΥ ΠΟΡΟΥ).
Γεωγραφική κατανομή του Simulium damnosum (Azire dupo) φορέως της οφθαλμικής ογκοκερκιάσεως (Bahr el ghazal blindness) εις τας περιοχάς Bahr el Ghazal και Equatoria του νότιου Σουδάν
Authors: Σιγανός Σωκράτης
Published: January 2014

Παρ'όλον ότι ή όγκοκερκίασις προκαλεί σημαντικόν βαθμόν τυφλώσεως εις διάφορα μέρη του κόσμου καί ό έλεγχος του εντόμου φορέως θά ητο λίαν επιθυμητός., τούτο εθεωρείτο μέχρι πρό τίνος αλυτον πρόβλημα.Μετά τήν άνακάλυψιν του D.D.Τ, έγένετο μία λίαν εξαιρετικά επιτυχής εκστρατεία κατά του SIMULIUM NAEVEI είς περιωρισμένην περιφέρειαν της Κένυα. Δυστυχώς όμως, ό φορεύς είς τό Νότιον Σουδάν καί είς πολλά άλλα μέρη της 'Αφρικής, τό SIMULIUM DAMNOSUM, αναπτύσσεται είς ευρείς ποταμούς, ενδημεί είς τεραστίας εκτάσεις καί διαθέτει πολύ μεγάλην ακτίνα πτήσεως. Έκ τούτων συνάγεται ότι ò έλεγχος του εντόμου καθίσταται πρακτικώς αδύνατος. Οι λόγοι αυτοί ώθησαν ήμας είς τό νά στραφωμεν είς τήν μελέτην της μυΐας μέ σκοπόν νά συστήσωμεν ανακουφιστικά μέτρα καί νά προσδιορίσωμεν τους κινδύνους είς περίπτωσιν άνοικοδομήσεως χωρίων κτλ. Δεδομένου ότι ό φορεύς της ογκοκερκιάσεως δέν ητο γνωστός μέχρι τό 1926 καί εν συνεχεία εξερράγη ò πόλεμος, αί έρευναι περί του εντόμου είναι σχετικώς νέαι. Δέον όπως παραδεχθώμεν ότι ò είς μεγάλην κλίμακα έλεγχος του SIMULIUM BAMNOSUM είναι λίαν δαπανηρός διά νά έκτελεσθη είς τάς τεραστίας γεωργικάς λοιμώδεις περιοχάς του Νοτίου Σουδάν. 1.- Τό άπωστικόν φάρμακον S.M.S. είναι πολύτιμον προφυλακτικόν μέτρον δι' άτομα τά όποια γνωρίζουν νά τό χρησιμοποιούν, ή δέ χρησις τούτου δέον όπως γίνη εύρύτερον γνωστή. Οί κάτοικοι δέον όπως? α) φέρουν μετ' αύτων το" φιαλίδιον του άπωστικου φαρμάκου όταν έπισκέπτωνται ή κατοικούν εις λοιμώδεις περιφερείας. β) Νά τό επιθέτουν άπό της αύγης καί έν συνεχεία καί πάλιν κατά τήν διάρκειαν της ημέρας είς τους ώμους κλπ. γ) Νά έχουν ύπ'οψιν ότι ό φορεύς δάκνει από της αύγης μέχρι της εσπέρας καί ίδία>ς αργά τό απόγευμα, κυρίως τους έν ακινησία ευρισκομένους ο 2.- Αί περικνημίδες καί α£ μακραί περισκελϊδες είναι χρήσιμοι. 3.- Aι σκιεραί κατοικίαι δίδουν μεγάλην προφύλαξιν. 4.- Οί κάτοικοι είναι καλύτερον προφυλαγμένοι μακράν των ποταμών.
Καθήλωση των ανοσοσφαιρινών, του συμπληρώματος και του ινωδογόνου σε υγιές δέρμα, τον βλεννογόνο του χείλους και τον βολβικό επιπεφυκότα
Authors: Σταματιάδου Άννα
Published: January 2014

Η ΕΠΙΠΤΩΣΗ ΚΑΙ ΚΛΙΝΙΚΗ ΣΗΜΑΣΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΚΑΘΗΛΩΣΗΣ ΥΠΟ ΕΠΙΘΗΛΙΑΚΑ ΤΩΝ ΑΝΟΣΟΣΦΑΙΡΙΝΩΝ ,ΤΟΥ ΣΥΜΠΛΗΡΩΜΑΤΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΥ ΙΝΩΔΟΓΟΝΟΥ ΜΕΛΕΤΗΘΗΚΑΝ ΣΕ ΤΡΕΙΣ ΚΛΙΝΙΚΑ ΥΓΙΕΙΣ ΙΣΤΟΥΣ(ΔΕΡΜΑ ΑΝΤΙΒΡΑΧΙΟΥ, ΒΛΕΝΝΟΓΟΝΟΣ ΧΕΙΛΟΥΣ ΚΑΙ ΒΟΛΒΙΚΟΣ ΕΠΙΠΕΦΥΚΟΣ). ΣΕ ΠΡΩΤΟΔΙΑΓΝΩΣΘΕΝΤΕΣ ΑΣΘΕΝΕΙΣ ΜΕ ΣΥΣΤΗΜΑΤΙΚΟ ΚΑΙ ΔΕΡΜΑΤΙΚΟ ΕΡΥΘΗΜΑΤΩΔΗ ΛΥΚΟ. ΣΤΟΥΣ ΑΣΘΕΝΕΙΣ ΜΕ ΣΕΛ Ο ΑΜΕΣΟΣ ΑΝΟΣΟΦΘΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ ΗΤΑΝ ΘΕΤΙΚΟΣ ΣΕ ΠΟΣΟΣΤΟ, 66% ΣΤΟ ΔΕΡΜΑ, 56% ΣΤΟ ΒΛΕΝΝΟΓΟΝΟ, 92% ΣΤΟ ΒΟΛΒΙΚΟ ΕΠΙΠΕΦΥΚΟΤΑ .ΚΑΜΜΙΑ ΣΗΜΑΝΤΙΚΗ ΣΥΣΧΕΤΙΣΗ ΔΕΝ ΒΡΕΘΗΚΕ ΜΕΤΑΞΥ ΘΕΤΙΚΟΥ ΑΝΟΣΟΦΘΟΡΙΣΜΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΛΟΙΠΩΝ ΠΑΡΑΓΟΝΤΩΝ ΚΛΙΝΙΚΩΝ ΑΛΛΑ ΚΑΙ ΕΡΓΑΣΤΗΡΙΑΚΩΝ ΕΚΤΟΣ ΑΠΟ ΤΟ ΟΤΙ Η ΤΙΜΗ ΤΗΣ ΤΚΕ ΟΤΑΝ ΗΤΑΝ ΑΥΞΗΜΕΝΗ ΣΤΟΝ ΟΡΡΟ ΤΩΝ ΑΣΘΕΝΩΝ ΜΕ ΣΕΛ ΣΥΝΟΔΕΥΟΝΤΑΝ ΑΠΟ ΑΥΞΗΜΕΝΗ ΚΑΘΗΛΩΣΗ ΤΟΥ C3 ΣΤΟΥΣ ΙΣΤΟΥΣ. ΣΤΟΥΣ ΑΣΘΕΝΕΙΣ ΜΕ ΧΡΟΝΙΟ ΔΕΡΜΑΤΙΚΟ ΛΥΚΟ Ο ΑΜΕΣΟΣ ΑΝΟΣΟΦΘΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ ΗΤΑΝ ΘΕΤΙΚΟΣ ΣΕ ΠΟΣΟΣΤΟ 44% ΣΤΟΝ ΒΟΛΒΙΚΟ ΕΠΙΠΕΦΗΚΟΤΑ, 27% ΣΤΟΝ ΒΛΕΝΝΟΓΟΝΟ ΧΕΙΛΟΥΣ ΚΑΙ 18% ΣΤΟ ΔΕΡΜΑ.Η ΑΝΟΣΟΣΦΑΙΡΙΝΗ ΠΟΥ ΚΥΡΙΩΣ ΣΥΝΑΝΤΗΘΗΚΕ ΗΤΑΝ HIGM ΣΕ ΠΟΣΟΣΤΟ 92%. ΤΟ C3 ΚΛΑΣΜΑ ΤΟΥ ΣΥΜΠΛΗΡΩΜΑΤΟΣ ΒΡΕΘΗΚΕ ΣΕ ΠΟΣΟΣΤΟ 69% ΤΩΝ ΒΙΟΨΙΩΝ. Η ΕΝΤΟΠΙΣΗ ΤΩΝ ΑΝΟΣΟΣΦΑΙΡΙΝΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΣΤΙΣ ΔΥΟ ΟΜΑΔΕΣ (ΣΕΛ ΚΑΙ ΔΕΛ) ΠΑΡΑΤΗΡΗΘΗΚΕ ΕΚΤΟΣ ΑΠΟ ΤΗΝ ΒΜΖ ΚΑΙ ΣΤΟ ΤΟΙΧΩΜΑ ΤΩΝ ΑΓΓΕΙΩΝ.
Η συμβολή των νεωτέρων απεικονιστικών μεθόδων στη διερεύνηση της νευροαισθητηρίου βαρηκοϊας
Authors: Βούρτση-Παπαδάτου Αθηνά
Published: January 2014

ΣΚΟΠΟΣ ΤΗΣ ΜΕΛΕΤΗΣ ΕΙΝΑΙ Η ΔΙΕΡΕΥΝΗΣΗ ΤΗΣ ΣΥΜΒΟΛΗΣ ΤΗΣ ΥΨΗΛΗΣ ΕΥΚΡΙΝΕΙΑΣ ΑΞΟΝΙΚΗΣ ΤΟΜΟΓΡΑΦΙΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΥ ΜΑΓΝΗΤΙΚΟΥ ΣΥΝΤΟΝΙΣΜΟΥ ΣΤΗΝ ΑΝΙΧΝΕΥΣΗ ΑΛΛΟΙΩΣΕΩΝ ΤΟΥ ΕΣΩ ΩΤΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΗΣ ΑΚΟΥΣΤΙΚΗΣ ΟΔΟΥ ΣΕ ΑΣΘΕΝΕΙΣ ΜΕ ΝΕΥΡΟΑΙΣΘΗΤΗΡΙΑ ΒΑΡΗΚΟΙΑ.ΓΙΑ ΤΟ ΣΚΟΠΟ ΑΥΤΟ 126 ΑΣΘΕΝΕΙΣ ΜΕ ΕΠΙΒΕΒΑΙΩΜΕΝΗ ΝΕΥΡΟΑΙΣΘΗΤΗΡΙΑ ΒΑΡΗΚΟΙΑ ΥΠΟΒΛΗΘΗΚΑΝ ΣΕ ΜΑΓΝΗΤΙΚΗ ΤΟΜΟΓΡΑΦΙΑ ΤΩΝ ΛΙΘΟΕΙΔΩΝ & ΟΛΟΚΛΗΡΟΥ ΤΟΥ ΕΓΚΕΦΑΛΟΥ ΓΙΑ ΤΟΝ ΑΠΟΚΛΕΙΣΜΟ ΟΠΙΣΘΟΚΟΧΛΙΑΚΩΝ ΒΛΑΒΩΝ.ΣΕ ΟΛΕΣ ΤΙΣ ΠΕΡΙΠΤΩΣΕΙΣ ΕΓΙΝΕ ΧΟΡΗΓΗΣΗ ΠΑΡΑΜΑΓΝΗΤΙΚΗΣ ΟΥΣΙΑΣ ΣΤΗΝ ΣΥΝΕΧΕΙΑ ΟΙ 86 ΑΠΟ ΤΟΥΣ ΑΣΘΕΝΕΙΣ ΥΠΟΒΛΗΘΗΚΑΝ ΣΕ ΕΛΕΓΧΟ ΤΩΝ ΛΙΘΟΕΙΔΩΝ ΜΕ ΥΨΗΛΗΣ ΕΥΚΡΙΝΕΙΑΣ ΑΞΟΝΙΚΗ ΤΟΜΟΓΡΑΦΙΑ.ΑΝΙΧΝΕΥΘΗΚΑΝ ΕΥΡΗΜΑΤΑ ΣΕ 35 ΑΣΘΕΝΕΙΣ.ΕΥΡΗΜΑΤΑ ΑΝΙΧΝΕΥΘΗΚΑΝ ΣΕ 10 ΑΣΘΕΝΕΙΣ ΜΕ ΑΙΦΝΙΔΙΑ ΒΑΡΗΚΟΙΑ (18%),ΣΕ 16% (35%) ΑΣΘΕΝΕΙΣ ΜΕ ΜΟΝΟΠΛΕΥΡΗ ΒΑΡΗΚΟΙΑ ΚΑΙ ΣΕ 9 (35%) ΑΣΘΕΝΕΙΣ ΜΕ ΑΝΦΟΤΕΡΟΠΛΕΥΡΗ ΒΑΡΗΚΟΙΑ.ΣΥΜΠΕΡΑΙΝΕΤΑΙ ΟΤΙ Η ΥΨΗΛΗΣ ΕΥΚΡΙΝΕΙΑΣ ΑΞΟΝΙΚΗ ΤΟΜΟΓΡΑΦΙΑ ΑΠΟΤΕΛΕΙ ΣΥΜΠΛΗΡΩΜΑΤΙΚΗ ΜΕΘΟΔΟ ΣΤΗΝ ΜΕΛΕΤΗ ΑΣΘΕΝΩΝ ΜΕ ΒΑΡΗΚΟΙΑ ΓΙΑ ΤΟΝ ΕΛΕΓΧΟ ΤΟΥ ΟΣΤΕΙΝΟΥ ΛΑΒΥΡΙΝΘΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΤΩΝ ΛΟΙΠΩΝ ΟΣΤΙΚΩΝ ΔΟΜΩΝ ΤΟΥ ΛΙΘΟΕΙΔΟΥΣ ΕΝΩ Η ΜΑΓΝΗΤΙΚΗ ΤΟΜΟΓΡΑΦΙΑ ΕΧΕΙ ΥΨΗΛΗ ΕΥΑΙΣΘΗΣΙΑ ΣΤΗΝ ΑΝΙΧΝΕΥΣΗ ΑΛΛΟΙΩΣΕΩΝ ΣΤΟΝ ΜΕΜΒΡΑΝΩΔΗ ΛΑΒΥΡΙΝΘΟ ΚΑΙ ΣΤΗΝ ΚΕΝΤΡΙΚΗ ΑΚΟΥΣΤΙΚΗ ΟΔΟ.ΓΙΑ ΤΟΝ ΛΟΓΟ ΑΥΤΟ ΠΡΟΣΦΕΡΕΙ ΣΗΜΑΝΤΙΚΕΣ ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΕΣ ΣΤΗΝ ΕΠΙΛΥΣΗ ΔΥΣΚΟΛΩΝ ΚΛΙΝΙΚΩΝ ΕΥΡΗΜΑΤΩΝ ΤΑ ΟΠΟΙΑ ΣΤΟ ΠΑΡΕΛΘΟΝ ΠΑΡΕΜΕΝΑΝ ΑΝΕΞΙΧΝΙΑΣΤΑ ΚΑΙ ΓΙΝΟΤΑΝ ΓΝΩΣΤΑ ΕΙΤΕ ΚΑΙ ΤΗΝ ΔΙΕΓΧΕΙΡΗΤΙΚΗ ΔΙΕΡΕΥΝΗΣΗ,ΕΙΤΕ ΑΠΟ ΤΗΝ ΜΕΛΕΤΗ ΝΕΚΡΟΤΟΜΙΚΟΥ ΥΛΙΚΟΥ.
Case Report: Detection and quantification of tumor cells in peripheral blood and ascitic fluid from a metastatic esophageal cancer patient using the CellSearch® technology
Authors: Tu Qian , Bittencourt Marcelo De Carvalho , Cai Huili , Bastien Claire , Lemarie-Delaunay Camille , Bene Marie C , Faure Gilbert C
Published: January 2014

Analysis of ascitic fluid should help to identify and characterize malignant cells in gastrointestinal cancer. However, despite a high specificity, the sensitivity of traditional ascitic fluid cytology remains insufficient, at around 60%. Since 2004 the CellSearch® technology has shown its advantages in the detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in peripheral blood, which can perform an accurate diagnosis and molecular analysis at the same time. To our knowledge, no previous study has explored the potential utility of this technology for the detection and quantification of tumor cells in ascitic fluid samples. Herein we report a case of metastatic esophageal adenocarcinoma in a 70-year-old man presenting with dysphagia and a large amount of fluid in the peritoneal cavity. Analysis of a peripheral blood sample and ascites sample with the CellSearch® technology both revealed the presence of putative tumor cells that were positive for epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and cytokeratin (CK) expression. This study confirmed the hematogenous dissemination of esophageal cancer by the detection of circulating tumor cells in the peripheral blood, and is the first to demonstrate that tumor cells can be identified in ascitic fluid by using CellSearch® technology.
Annotating biodiversity data via the Internet
Authors: Tschöpe Okka , Macklin James A. , Morris Robert A. , Suhrbier Lutz , Berendsohn Walter G.
Published: January 2014

Biological specimens in research collections provide the most important baseline information for systematic research. Traditionally, they are annotated by experts in written form, which remains directly associated with the specimens. These annotations, defined as data added at a later stage to the original data, provide an important quality control mechanism. They improve the value of herbarium specimens and are identification trails documenting the development of taxonomic concepts over time. With specimen data increasingly becoming accessible via the Internet, a general online annotation system that ensures that the traditional data sharing and documentation of specimen data is continued after the information is mobilised through digitisation, is currently missing. We lay out the prerequisites for such an annotation system including data standards, a data repository, system access, and user roles. We also introduce an exemplar solution developed in the DFG–funded AnnoSys project. AnnoSys is being implemented using the example of collection and observation data in the botanical domain as provided by the GBIF/BioCASe networks. It provides a user–friendly interface to allow researchers to produce and discover annotations. If a record has been annotated, both the annotation and the original record will be stored in a repository, linked via a persistent identifier, and will be accessible through the AnnoSys interfaces. Collection holders and scientists specifically interested in a subset of data will be informed about annotations in which they have expressed interest. We discuss AnnoSys in relation to the FilteredPush project, which pursues the same goal in facilitating and communicating online annotations, but which takes a different approach.
In-Vivo Neutron Activation Analysis for Aluminium in Bone: System Upgrade and Improve Data Analysis
Authors: Matysiak W. , Atanackovic J. , Katalmohseni H. , Byun S.H. , Inskip M. , Prestwich W.V. , Priest N. , Chin K. , Cowan D. , Chettle D.R.
Published: January 2014

An existing NaI(Tl) multidetector array at McMaster University used for in vivo measurement of aluminum by means of neutron activation has been recently upgraded with an in-house built pulse processing system. The new system is capable of collecting spectra in coincidence and anticoincidence modes which allows for better discrimination between the 1.78 MeV28Al peak and the interfering38Cl peak. The system is interfaced with Matlab and controlled using a custom graphical user interface, which provides periodic spectral data storage during the acquisition. This feature makes it possible to validate the acquired data and the spectral fitting routines through half-life analysis of the radionuclides. A new set of calibration phantoms spanning a narrower range of aluminum concentrations than employed in the previous study, has also been developed. The combined effect of the new improvements resulted in the minimum detectable level of aluminum in aqueous solutions containing Na, Cl, and Ca in physiological levels, equal to approximately 3 µgAl/gCa.
Evaluation of Potential Mercury Releases from Medical Isotope Waste
Authors: Ethier A. , Whynot J. , O’Connor N. , Briden N.
Published: January 2014

Mercuric (Hg) nitrate is used as a catalyst in the medical isotope production process at Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) Chalk River Laboratories (Chalk River, ON) to ensure consistent Mo-99 target dissolution. The subsequent high level radiological liquid waste is cemented into stainless-steel pails and shipped to a waste management area for long-term storage. Previous studies have confirmed that Hg tends to bind and precipitate I-131, thus minimizing its release to the environment. In order to assess the situation and evaluate the need for Hg monitoring, environmental media (vegetation, surface soil, groundwater, and air) surrounding this waste storage area were sampled and results were compared with applicable guidelines and/or background areas at AECL and other locations.

Mercury in groundwater, surface soil, and vegetation were found to be below applicable environmental guidelines and comparable to background locations. Atmospheric Hg near waste storage was found to be elevated above background, but well below applicable guidelines for continuous monitoring. Concentrations of Hg in air also dissipated quickly and were comparable to background within 60 to 80 m from source.

The atmospheric Hg monitor used in this study (TEKRAN 2537B) constitutes part of the custom-built portable TEAMS trailer that was designed to provide Chalk River Laboratories with the capability to measure, monitor and model Hg emissions, along with other radiological and non-radiological contaminants, for a wide range of situations. The trailer can also be easily re-configured to adapt to different monitoring needs.
Post-Closure Performance Assessment of a Deep Geological Repository for Advanced Heavy Water Reactor Fuels
Authors: Edwards G. , Hyland B. , Kitson C. , Chschyolkova T.
Published: January 2014

Many countries worldwide are investigating the use of advanced fuels and fuel cycles for purposes such as increasing the sustainability of the nuclear fuel cycle, or decreasing the radiological impact of used fuel. One common metric used to assess the radiological impact to humans of fuels placed in a repository is the total radiotoxicity of the fuel, but this approach does not take into account how engineered and natural (i.e., rock) barriers can remove many radiotoxic nuclides from ground water before they reach the surface. In this study, we evaluate the potential radiological dose consequences of advanced fuels in the context of a full system model simulation for release and transport from a repository, transport through the surrounding geosphere, release to the biosphere and dose consequences for the target critical group.

Heavy water moderated reactors, such as the CANDU® reactor, are well-suited to the use of advanced fuels, and the post-closure performance of a deep geological repository for spent natural uranium fuel from them has already been studied. For this study, two advanced fuels of current interest were chosen: a TRUMOX fuel designed to recycle plutonium and minor actinides and thereby reduce the amount of these materials going into disposal, and a plutonium thorium-based fuel whose main goal is to increase sustainability by reducing uranium consumption. The impact of filling a deep geological repository, of identical design to that for natural uranium, with used fuel from these fuel cycles was analyzed. It was found that the two advanced fuels analyzed had dose rates, to a hypothetical critical group of humans living above the repository, which remained a factor of 170 to 340 lower than the current acceptance limit for releases, while being 5.3 (for TRUMOX) and 2.6 (for thorium-plutonium) times higher than those of natural uranium. When the dose rates are normalized to total energy produced, the repository emissions are comparable. In this case, the maximum dose rates were found to be 6% lower for the TRUMOX fuel, and 16% higher for the plutonium thorium fuel, than for the used natural uranium fuel.
Insights into approaching sexual health education through applied theatre methodology
Authors: Wells Trish
Published: January 2014

In the context of a touring sexual health programme, this study explores the significance of shifting from a traditional transmission form of theatre in education to an applied theatre approach to pedagogy. This shift is particularly relevant when working with sensitive issues for adolescents. Applied theatre encourages students to move from the passive role of spectator and engage emotionally with the fictional world through action. Within this programme, students are encouraged to question the motives and attitudes of the characters and events presented. They investigate and unpack possibilities, and finally offer advice; in doing so, they may make relevant connections to their own lives, issues and relationships. The work values the students’ developing emotional intelligence and the knowledge that they bring to learning; it also gives students a voice and reinstates classroom dialogue.
The convergence of autophagy, small RNA and the stress response – implications for transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in plants
Authors: Youngson Neil A. , Lin Pin-Chun , Lin Shih-Shun
Published: January 2014

Recent discoveries in eukaryotes have shown that autophagy-mediated degradation of DICER and ARGONAUTE (AGO), the proteins involved in post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), can occur in response to viral infection and starvation. In plants, a virally encoded protein P0 specifically interacts with AGO1 and enhances degradation through autophagy, resulting in suppression of gene silencing. In HeLa cells, DICER and AGO2 protein levels decreased after nutrient starvation or after treatment to increase autophagy. Environmental exposures to viral infection and starvation have also recently been shown to sometimes not only induce a stress response in the exposed plant but also in their unexposed progeny. These, and other cases of inherited stress response in plants are thought to be facilitated through transgenerational epigenetic inheritance, and the mechanism involves the PTGS and transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) pathways. These recent discoveries suggest that the environmentally-induced autophagic degradation of the PTGS and TGS components may have significant effects on inherited stress responses.
Effects of Spray Drying Conditions on the Stability and Antioxidant Properties of Spray-Dried SolubleMaté
Authors: Hartwig Vanessa G. , Ponce Cevallos Peggy A. , Schmalko Miguel E. , Brumovsky Luis A.
Published: January 2014

The aim of this research was to evaluate the stability of spray-dried solublematé(Ilex paraguariensis)and its total polyphenol content determined with the Folin–Ciocalteu assay, after it was elaborated with three different maltodextrin concentrations (0, 7.05 and 14.10% w/v) using experimental data of water activities and glass transition temperatures. Adsorption isotherms were determined for these three materials at 25°C between water activity values (aw) of 0.1 and 0.85 (resulting in values of water content between 0.04 and 0.33 g of water/g of dried solid). Glass transition temperatures varied from 15 to 52°C. At room temperature powder containing 14.10% of maltodextrin ataw=0.55 was below the glass transition temperature, while the two other compositions were below theirTgand stable ataw=0.40. In the spray drying conditions analyzed, the loss of polyphenolic compounds is negligible. The total polyphenol content varied between 28 and 45 chlorogenic acid equivalents (g % dry powder).
Effective Classroom Teaching Methods: A Critical Incident Technique from Millennial Nursing Students’ Perspective
Authors: Robb Meigan
Published: January 2014

Engaging nursing students in the classroom environment positively influences their ability to learn and apply course content to clinical practice. Students are motivated to engage in learning if their learning preferences are being met. The methods nurse educators have used with previous students in the classroom may not address the educational needs of Millennials. This manuscript presents the findings of a pilot study that used the Critical Incident Technique. The purpose of this study was to gain insight into the teaching methods that help the Millennial generation of nursing students feel engaged in the learning process. Students’ perceptions of effective instructional approaches are presented in three themes. Implications for nurse educators are discussed.
Volumetric and Compressibility Studies of Some 1 : 1 Electrolytes in the Presence of Furosemide Using Transport Properties
Authors: Kaushal Deepika , Singh Rana Dilbag , Chauhan Suvarcha
Published: January 2014

Sound velocities (v) and densities (d) for some alkali metal
chlorides in aqueous solutions containing 0, 0.001, 0.005 and
0.01 M Furosemide have been measured at different
temperature (293, 303 and 313 K). The data was used to
apparent molar volume (ϕ

v
) and apparent molar
adiabatic compressibility (ϕ

k
). The above calculated
parameters were found to be sensitive to the prevailing
in the Furosemide-Na+/K+-water system. These
parameters have been examined as a function of Furosemide
concentration and temperature to understand the consequences of
interactions between these two components. Debye Hückel limiting law
is used for the assessment of the contributions of various types of
solute-solvent interactions. Viscosity B-coefficients have also been
evaluated for these salts in the presence of Furosemide. Jones–Dole
viscosity equation is used to calculate viscosity B-coefficient
which is known to provide information concerning the solvation of ions
and their effects on the structure of the solvent in the near
environment of the solute particles. It is related to measure the
solute–solvent interaction and is interpreted in terms of the
solvent structure-making and breaking effect of the electrolyte in
solution. A reasonably good qualitative correlation is found to exist
with regard to the Furosemide-Na+/K+ interaction
obtained from the experimental data, from different techniques.
A Computational Study of 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 Complexes of Naphthalene with Dimethyl Ether
Authors: Solimannejad Mohammad , Korkani Zeinab , Esrafili Mehdi D.
Published: January 2014

Density functional theory calculations were used to analyze the
interactions in 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 complexes of naphthalene (NAP)
with dimethyl ether (DME). The structures of complexes have been
determined using M05-2X density functional and the aug-cc-pVDZ basis
set. The structures obtained were analyzed with the quantum theory of
atoms in molecules (QTAIM), the energy decomposition analysis, and
many-body interaction energies methodologies. Two minima were located
on the potential energy surface of the 1 : 1 complexes. Four
different structures have been obtained for the 1 : 2 complexes. Two
types of interactions are observed, CH⋯O and
CH⋯π hydrogen bonds. Interaction energies of the
1 : 1 and 1 : 2 complexes are in the range
9–12 kJ mol
–1 and 20–27 kJ mol
–1,
respectively, at the M05-2x/aug-cc-pVDZ level of theory.
BDNF Promotes Axon Branching of Retinal Ganglion Cells via miRNA-132 and p250GAP
Authors: Marler Katharine J. , Suetterlin Philipp , Dopplapudi Asha , Rubikaite Aine , Adnan Jihad , Maiorano Nicola A. , Lowe Andrew S. , Thompson Ian D. , Pathania Manav , Bordey Angelique , Fulga Tudor , Van Vactor David L. , Hindges Robert , Drescher Uwe
Published: January 2014

A crucial step in the development of the vertebrate visual system is the branching of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons within their target, the superior colliculus/tectum. A major player in this process is the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). However, the molecular basis for the signaling pathways mediating BDNF action is less well understood. As BDNF exerts some of its functions by controlling the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs), we investigated whether miRNAs are also involved in BDNF-mediated retinal axon branching. Here, we demonstrate that the expression pattern of miRNA-132 in the retina is consistent with its involvement in this process, and that BDNF induces the upregulation of miRNA-132 in retinal cultures. Furthermore,in vitrogain-of-function and loss-of-function approaches in retinal cultures reveal that miRNA-132 mediates axon branching downstream of BDNF. A known target of miRNA-132 is the Rho family GTPase-activating protein, p250GAP. We find that p250GAP is expressed in RGC axons and mediates the effects of miRNA-132 in BDNF-induced branching. BDNF treatment or overexpression of miRNA-132 leads to a reduction in p250GAP protein levels in retinal cultures, whereas the overexpression of p250GAP abolishes BDNF-induced branching. Finally, we used a loss-of-function approach to show that miRNA-132 affects the maturation of RGC termination zones in the mouse superior colliculusin vivo, while their topographic targeting remains intact. Together, our data indicate that BDNF promotes RGC axon branching during retinocollicular/tectal map formation via upregulation of miRNA-132, which in turn downregulates p250GAP.
Bihemispheric Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Enhances Effector-Independent Representations of Motor Synergy and Sequence Learning
Authors: Waters-Metenier Sheena , Husain Masud , Wiestler Tobias , Diedrichsen Jörn
Published: January 2014

Complex manual tasks—everything from buttoning up a shirt to playing the piano—fundamentally involve two components: (1) generating specific patterns of muscle activity (here, termed “synergies”); and (2) stringing these into purposeful sequences. Although transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the primary motor cortex (M1) has been found to increase the learning of motor sequences, it is unknown whether it can similarly facilitate motor synergy learning. Here, we determined the effects of tDCS on the learning of motor synergies using a novel hand configuration task that required the production of difficult muscular activation patterns. Bihemispheric tDCS was applied to M1 of healthy, right-handed human participants during 4 d of repetitive left-hand configuration training in a double-blind design. tDCS augmented synergy learning, leading subsequently to faster and more synchronized execution. This effect persisted for at least 4 weeks after training. Qualitatively similar tDCS-associated improvements occurred during training of finger sequences in a separate subject cohort. We additionally determined whether tDCS only improved the acquisition of motor memories for specific synergies/sequences or whether it also facilitated more general parts of the motor representations, which could be transferred to novel movements. Critically, we observed that tDCS effects generalized to untrained hand configurations and untrained finger sequences (i.e., were nonspecific), as well as to the untrained hand (i.e., were effector-independent). Hence, bihemispheric tDCS may be a promising adjunct to neurorehabilitative training regimes, in which broad transfer to everyday tasks is highly desirable.
Action Recognition by Motion Detection in Posture Space
Authors: Theusner Stefanie , de Lussanet Marc , Lappe Markus
Published: January 2014

The visual recognition of action can be obtained from the change of body posture over time. Even for point-light stimuli in which the body posture is conveyed by only a few light points, biological motion can be perceived from posture sequence analysis. We present and analyze a formal model of how action recognition may be computed and represented in the brain. This model assumes that motion energy detectors similar to those well-established for the luminance-based motion of objects in space are applied to a cortical representation of body posture. Similar to the spatio-temporal receptive fields of regular motion detectors, these body motion detectors attain receptive fields in a posture–time space. We describe the properties of these receptive fields and compare them with properties of body-sensitive neurons found in the superior temporal sulcus of macaque monkeys. We consider tuning properties for 3D views of static and moving bodies. Our simulations show that key properties of action representation in the STS can directly be explained from the properties of natural action stimuli. Our model also suggests an explanation for the phenomenon of implied motion, the perceptual appearance, and neural activation of motion from static images.
Effects of Neuregulin 3 Genotype on Human Prefrontal Cortex Physiology
Authors: Tost Heike , Callicott Joseph H. , Rasetti Roberta , Vakkalanka Radhakrishna , Mattay Venkata S. , Weinberger Daniel R. , Law Amanda J.
Published: January 2014

The neuregulin 3 gene (NRG3) plays pleiotropic roles in neurodevelopment and is a putative susceptibility locus for schizophrenia. Specifically, the T allele ofNRG3rs10748842 has been associated with illness risk, altered cognitive function, and the expression of a novel splice isoform in prefrontal cortex (PFC), but the neural system effects are unexplored. Here, we report an association between rs10748842 and PFC physiology as measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging of human working memory performance, where a convincing link between increased genetic risk for schizophrenia and increased activation in some PFC areas has been established. In 410 control individuals (195 males, 215 females), we detected a highly significant effect ofNRG3genotype manifesting as an unanticipated increase in ventrolateral PFC activation in nonrisk-associated C allele carriers. An additional analysis including 78 patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (64 males, 14 females) and 123 unaffected siblings (53 males, 70 females) revealed a whole-brain significant genotype by group interaction in right dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC), manifesting as a relative activation increase in healthy controls and siblings (C > T/T) and as a hypoactivation in patients (T/T > C). These observed genotype-dependent effects in PFC were not explained by task performance and did not conform to established locales of prefrontal inefficiency linked to genetic risk for schizophrenia. Our data indicate a complex modulation of brain physiology by rs10748842, which does not fit the simple inefficiency model of risk association in DLPFC and suggests that other neurobiological mechanisms are involved.
Multisensory Temporal Integration in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Stevenson Ryan A. , Siemann Justin K. , Schneider Brittany C. , Eberly Haley E. , Woynaroski Tiffany G. , Camarata Stephen M. , Wallace Mark T.
Published: January 2014

The new DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) include sensory disturbances in addition to the well-established language, communication, and social deficits. One sensory disturbance seen in ASD is an impaired ability to integrate multisensory information into a unified percept. This may arise from an underlying impairment in which individuals with ASD have difficulty perceiving the temporal relationship between cross-modal inputs, an important cue for multisensory integration. Such impairments in multisensory processing may cascade into higher-level deficits, impairing day-to-day functioning on tasks, such as speech perception. To investigate multisensory temporal processing deficits in ASD and their links to speech processing, the current study mapped performance on a number of multisensory temporal tasks (with both simple and complex stimuli) onto the ability of individuals with ASD to perceptually bind audiovisual speech signals. High-functioning children with ASD were compared with a group of typically developing children. Performance on the multisensory temporal tasks varied with stimulus complexity for both groups; less precise temporal processing was observed with increasing stimulus complexity. Notably, individuals with ASD showed a speech-specific deficit in multisensory temporal processing. Most importantly, the strength of perceptual binding of audiovisual speech observed in individuals with ASD was strongly related to their low-level multisensory temporal processing abilities. Collectively, the results represent the first to illustrate links between multisensory temporal function and speech processing in ASD, strongly suggesting that deficits in low-level sensory processing may cascade into higher-order domains, such as language and communication.
Phosphorylation of Ser1166 on GluN2B by PKA Is Critical to Synaptic NMDA Receptor Function and Ca2+Signaling in Spines
Authors: Murphy Jessica A. , Stein Ivar S. , Lau C. Geoffrey , Peixoto Rui T. , Aman Teresa K. , Kaneko Naoki , Aromolaran Kelly , Saulnier Jessica L. , Popescu Gabriela K. , Sabatini Bernardo L. , Hell Johannes W. , Zukin R. Suzanne
Published: January 2014

The NMDA-type glutamate receptor (NMDAR) is essential for synaptogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and higher cognitive function. Emerging evidence indicates that NMDAR Ca2+permeability is under the control of cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) signaling. Whereas the functional impact of PKA on NMDAR-dependent Ca2+signaling is well established, the molecular target remains unknown. Here we identify serine residue 1166 (Ser1166) in the carboxy-terminal tail of the NMDAR subunit GluN2B to be a direct molecular and functional target of PKA phosphorylation critical to NMDAR-dependent Ca2+permeation and Ca2+signaling in spines. Activation of β-adrenergic and D1/D5-dopamine receptors induces Ser1166 phosphorylation. Loss of this single phosphorylation site abolishes PKA-dependent potentiation of NMDAR Ca2+permeation, synaptic currents, and Ca2+rises in dendritic spines. We further show that adverse experience in the form of forced swim, but not exposure to fox urine, elicits striking phosphorylation of Ser1166in vivo, indicating differential impact of different forms of stress. Our data identify a novel molecular and functional target of PKA essential to NMDAR-mediated Ca2+signaling at synapses and regulated by the emotional response to stress.
Fluoxetine Exposure during Adolescence Alters Responses to Aversive Stimuli in Adulthood
Authors: Iñiguez Sergio D. , Alcantara Lyonna F. , Warren Brandon L. , Riggs Lace M. , Parise Eric M. , Vialou Vincent , Wright Katherine N. , Dayrit Genesis , Nieto Steven J. , Wilkinson Matthew B. , Lobo Mary K. , Neve Rachael L. , Nestler Eric J. , Bolaños-Guzmán Carlos A.
Published: January 2014

The mechanisms underlying the enduring neurobiological consequences of antidepressant exposure during adolescence are poorly understood. Here, we assessed the long-term effects of exposure to fluoxetine (FLX), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, during adolescence on behavioral reactivity to emotion-eliciting stimuli. We administered FLX (10 mg/kg, bi-daily, for 15 d) to male adolescent [postnatal day 35 (P35) to P49] C57BL/6 mice. Three weeks after treatment (P70), reactivity to aversive stimuli (i.e., social defeat stress, forced swimming, and elevated plus maze) was assessed. We also examined the effects of FLX on the expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2-related signaling within the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of adolescent mice and Sprague Dawley rats. Adolescent FLX exposure suppressed depression-like behavior, as measured by the social interaction and forced swim tests, while enhancing anxiety-like responses in the elevated plus maze in adulthood. This complex behavioral profile was accompanied by decreases in ERK2 mRNA and protein phosphorylation within the VTA, while stress alone resulted in opposite neurobiological effects. Pharmacological (U0126) inhibition, as well as virus-mediated downregulation of ERK within the VTA mimicked the antidepressant-like profile observed after juvenile FLX treatment. Conversely, overexpression of ERK2 induced a depressive-like response, regardless of FLX pre-exposure. These findings demonstrate that exposure to FLX during adolescence modulates responsiveness to emotion-eliciting stimuli in adulthood, at least partially, via long-lasting adaptations in ERK-related signaling within the VTA. Our results further delineate the role ERK plays in regulating mood-related behaviors across the lifespan.
Arbeitskräftepotential und demografischer Wandel. Modellrechnungen für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland bis 2050
Authors: Bomsdorf Eckart
Published: January 2014

The debate concerning demographic changes in Germany is mostly lead by their implications to social security mechanisms. The development of the labour market is addressed in extended discussions only.

This paper provides a draft of demographic changes in Germany up to the year 2050 and quantifies their impact on the potential labour force. The development of the population size and the number of people of working age is analysed and the dependency of these parameters on the components of the population is quantified by regression analysis. Finally, one possible future path for the working population is proposed. This is not only done with the given “status quo” assumptions in mind, but also with regard to changes in the labour force participation rate as well as to the already adopted increase of the legal retirement age (67 years).

In addition, detailed results concerning possible future developments in the volume and proportion of people of working age in the population as well as the working population itself are provided. It is shown that the raise of the legal pension age as well as an increase in female labour participation can help to make up for negative demographic changes concerning the working population.
„Alterslast“ und Sozialpolitik
Authors: Schulz-Nieswandt Frank
Published: January 2014

The paper discusses aspects and dimensions of the public debate about the burden of ageing within the context of public social policy. With references to cultural history and cultural anthropology the analysis puts the emphasis on the social grammar of social norms, cultural codes and cognitive patterns relating the pictures of ageing and intergenerational relationships. Central categories are reciprocity and moral economy. The basic result of the analysis is the social fact of a deep ambivalence embedded into the pictures of ageing and the grammar of intergenerational relatedness. There is no evidence to support theories of linear (increasing or decreasing) trends in the social status and social inclusion of the elderly and old age in the long-run-perspective of social history. The discussions are integrated by a philosophical anthropological perspective of the ageing and the life-span cycle.
Die verlorene Erzeugungsschlacht: Die nationalsozialistische Landwirtschaft im Systemvergleich
Authors: Degler Stephanie , Streb Jochen
Published: January 2014

To evaluate the achievements and failures of National Socialists’ agrarian policy we compute and compare average annual growth rates of value added, factor inputs and total factor productivity of German agriculture for the three periods 1925-1929/32 (Weimar Republic), 1933-1938 (Third Reich), and 1950-1959 (Federal Republic of Germany). This long-term quantitative analysis shows that National Socialists′ agrarian policy considerably slowed down modernization by decreasing growth rates of both technical progress and mechanization.
Die Bitterfelder elektrochemischen Werke (1893-1945). Standortwahl und regionale Folgen
Authors: Hackenholz Dirk
Published: January 2014

In 1894 two companies decided to set up their new electrochemical operations in the Bitterfeld region. Both companies recognized Bitterfeld as the ideal location. A combination of factors contributed to this assessment. A decisive factor, though, was the availabilty of the cheapest lignite in Germany. It was the coal which attracted an additional chemical company to the region the following year. Together, the three businesses laid the foundation for the domination of the chemical industry in Bitterfeld for over 100 years. The new guiding sector essentially under the stewardship of the IG Farben group from 1925 onwards provided formative impulses [forward and backward linkages] to other sectors, established before and after the chemical industry came to Bitterfeld. The mining industry and production of electricity as well as the construction of heavy machinery and aircraft grew parallel to chemical industry. The region embarked upon a path of development which is evident even today.
Neuer Liberalismus und Faschismus: Liberaler Interventionismus und die Ordnung des Wettbewerbs
Authors: Amemiya Akihiko
Published: January 2014

The focus of the article is on the academic and political-economic symbiosis between the origins of neoliberalism and the economics of fascism during the 1930s. This approach is crucial for answering open research questions such as the contribution of Ordnungspolitik to the efforts to overcome the world depression and mass unemployment in Germany and the new openness of conservative economic thinking toward the reform of liberalism in the thirties and, even more importantly, toward Soziale Marktwirtschaft after 1945. Furthermore the analysis of the very nature of liberal interventionism and competitive order underlines the special features of the German social market economy in comparison with current versions of neoliberalism.
Unternehmen und Familie. Zur Genese von Familienunternehmen im Industriezeitalter: Sachsen 1850-1940
Authors: Schäfer Michael
Published: January 2014

Historians often regard family firms as a phenomenon typical of the early phases of industrialisation. It has been argued that the family was of great importance for early industrial enterprises.The family provided vital resources like capital, business connections, managers, commercial know-how and technical training facilities etc. But with the emergence of a modern banking system, professional managers and technical and commercial schools, the entrepreneurial family gradually lost these functions.

The evidence of this case study on Saxony suggests rather different conclusions: (1.) The family’s function for early industrial firms seems to be less vital than often assumed. Since in Saxony up until the end of the 19th century a majority of founders came from family backgrounds outside of the commercial and industrial bourgeoisie, they could not rely on resources transmitted by an established bourgeois family. (2.) In many respects industrial enterprises owned by families were a rather modern phenomenon. The emergence of family firms seems to be connected to the typical challenges of personal enterprises: Inheritance laws and practices made it difficult to pass businesses on to the next generation without impairing the firm′s liquidity. Thus ownership of industrial enterprises was transferred to increasingly wider circles of people related to each other by kinship. (3.) Family firms pursued a meaningful purpose beyond the mere maximisation of profits. Family circumstances could very well lead to serious problems for family businesses: The early death of the owner-entrepreneur could leave the firm with successors not old enough to take over the firm’s management; succeeding sons might not be suited for their assigned task; the growth of the firm could be hampered by the family’s refusal to mobilise outside capital. But challenges were often met by responses suitable to solve problems inherent to family businesses and to compensate for certain handicaps. Moreover, family based firms could count on resources, especially in times of crisis, which could be vital for survival. Thus, it seems that family became rather more important for business between the middle of the 19th and the middle of the 20th century.
Die währungspolitische Maxime der Deutschen Bundesbank aus ideengeschichtlicher Sicht
Authors: Rieter Heinz
Published: January 2014

The paper is concerned with the law establishing the Deutsche Bundesbank of 1957, concentrating on the official tasks set to the Bundesbank of securing the currency. It is argued that this maxim is not to be identified with the goal set to the European Central Bank since 1999, i.e. to guarantee the stability of the level of prices, measured in terms of an index. The two concepts differ in terms of the history of ideas. The goal of stabilising prices derives from a quantitative understanding of economics, whereas that of securing the currency had qualitative connotations. The latter sprang from the historical experience of the decay of German currencies both after the first and after the second world war. The currency system was to be steered by hand so as to stabilise it in such a way that dramatic changes of the objective purchasing power of money were to be prevented, at the subjective feeling that money was stable could be preserved and that economic morality and the stability of the currency reinforced each other.
Oikonomia und Politik bei Aristoteles. Der oikos als Grundlage des staatlichen Lebens
Authors: Herz Peter
Published: January 2014

The paper analyses the significance of the oikos for the conception of the ideal Greek community of citizens in the polis, starting from the central Aristotelian concepts of oikos, oikonomia and polis. The oikos and the persons who constitute it are the cell of the polis and necessary for its healthy development. Aristotle stands in the intellectual tradition of political conception which derive from the ideals of the aristocratic society of the archaic period of Greece, as represented for instance in Theognis. This can be recognised on the basis of the concepts of the ethics of an aristocracy such as Arete. The oikos used in agriculture appears as best suited for a natural life in Aristotle. Other forms of acquisitions such as handicraft, wage labour and commerce are indispensable, but they should lead to the separation of the persons pursuing such activities from the polis, and Aristotle even proposed a spatial separation. This is contrasted with the Roman conception (Cicero, De officiis), which takes over the praise of agricultural activity of the Greek conception, but develops the ideal of agricultural life for historical reasons (Cincinnatus) which corresponds to Roman tradition. The moral evaluation of commerce also shows significant differences in respect to the Greek conception, since e.g. far distance trade is regarded as acceptable.