bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Material Properties for the Interiors of Massive Giant Planets and Brown Dwarfs
Authors: Becker Andreas , Bethkenhagen Mandy , Kellermann Clemens , Wicht Johannes , Redmer Ronald
Published: September 2018

We present thermodynamic material and transport properties for the extreme conditions prevalent in the interiors of massive giant planets and brown dwarfs. They are obtained from extensive ab initio simulations of hydrogen–helium mixtures along the isentropes of three representative objects. In particular, we determine the heat capacities, the thermal expansion coefficient, the isothermal compressibility, and the sound velocity. Important transport properties such as the electrical and thermal conductivity, opacity, and shear viscosity are also calculated. Further results for associated quantities, including magnetic and thermal diffusivity, kinematic shear viscosity, as well as the static Love number k
2 and the equidistance, are presented. In comparison to Jupiter-mass planets, the behavior inside massive giant planets and brown dwarfs is stronger dominated by degenerate matter. We discuss the implications on possible dynamics and magnetic fields of those massive objects. The consistent data set compiled here may serve as a starting point to obtain material and transport properties for other substellar H–He objects with masses above one Jovian mass and finally may be used as input for dynamo simulations.
exocartographer: A Bayesian Framework for Mapping Exoplanets in Reflected Light
Authors: Farr Ben , Farr Will M. , Cowan Nicolas B. , Haggard Hal M. , Robinson Tyler
Published: September 2018

Future space telescopes will directly image extrasolar planets at visible wavelengths. Time-resolved reflected light from an exoplanet encodes information about atmospheric and surface inhomogeneities. Previous research has shown that the light curve of an exoplanet can be inverted to obtain a low-resolution map of the planet, as well as constraints on its spin orientation. Estimating the uncertainty on 2D albedo maps has so far remained elusive. Here, we present exocartographer, a flexible open-source Bayesian framework for solving the exocartography inverse problem. The map is parameterized with equal-area Hierarchical, Equal Area, and isoLatitude Pixelation (HEALPix) pixels. For a fiducial map resolution of 192 pixels, a four-parameter Gaussian process describing the spatial scale of albedo variations, and two unknown planetary spin parameters, exocartographer explores a 198-dimensional parameter space. To test the code, we produce a light curve for a cloudless Earth in a face-on orbit with a 90° obliquity. We produce synthetic white-light observations of the planet: five epochs of observations throughout the planet’s orbit, each consisting of 24 hourly observations with a photometric uncertainty of 1% (120 data points). We retrieve an albedo map and—for the first time—its uncertainties, along with spin constraints. The albedo map is recognizably of Earth, with a typical 90% uncertainty of 0.14. The retrieved characteristic length scale is ∼9800 km. The obliquity is recovered to be >87.°9 at the 90% credible level. Despite the uncertainty in the retrieved albedo map, we robustly identify a high-albedo region (the Sahara desert) and a large low-albedo region (the Pacific Ocean).
Separated Fringe Packet Observations with the CHARA Array. III. The Very High-eccentricity Binary HR 7345
Authors: Farrington C. D. , Fekel Francis C. , Schaefer G. H. , ten Brummelaar T. A.
Published: September 2018

After an 11-year observing campaign, we present the combined visual–spectroscopic orbit of the formerly unremarkable bright star HR 7345 (HD 181655, HIP 94981, GJ 754.2). Using the Separated Fringe Packet method with the CHARA Array, we were able to determine a difficult-to-complete orbital period of 331.609 ± 0.004 days. The 11-month period causes the system to be hidden from interferometric view behind the Sun for three years at a time. Due to the high-eccentricity orbit of about 90% of a year, after 2018 January the periastron phase will not be observable again until late 2021. Hindered by its extremely high eccentricity of 0.9322 ± 0.0001, the double-lined spectroscopic phase of HR 7345 is observable for 15 days. Such a high eccentricity for HR 7345 places it among the most eccentric systems in catalogs of both visual and spectroscopic orbits. For this system, we determine nearly identical component masses of 0.941 ± 0.076 M
⊙ and 0.926 ± 0.075 M
⊙ as well as an orbital parallax of 41.08 ± 0.77 mas.
Observing Oceans in Tightly Packed Planetary Systems: Perspectives from Polarization Modeling of the TRAPPIST-1 System
Authors: Kopparla Pushkar , Natraj Vijay , Crisp David , Bott Kimberly , Swain Mark R , Yung Yuk L
Published: September 2018

The recently discovered TRAPPIST-1 system is exciting due to the possibility of several rocky, Earth-sized planets harboring liquid water on their surface. To assess the detectability of oceans on these planets, we model the disk-integrated phase curves and polarization signals for planets in this system for reflected starlight. We examine four cases: (1) dry planet, (2) cloud-covered planet, (3) planet with regional-scale oceans, and (4) planet with global oceans. Polarization signals are strongest for optically thin (≲0.1) atmospheres over widespread oceans, with the degree of polarization being up to 90% for a single planet or on the order of 100 parts per billion for the star–planet system. In cases where reflected light from different planets in a tightly packed system cannot be separated, observing in polarized light allows for up to a tenfold increase in star–planet contrast compared to photometric observations alone. However, polarization from other sources, such as atmospheric scattering and cloud variability, will pose major challenges to the detection of glint (specularly reflected starlight) polarization signals. Planned telescopes like LUVOIR may be capable of observing glint from Earth-like planets around Sun-like stars, and if equipped with a polarimeter can significantly improve our ability to detect and study oceans on rocky exoplanets.
Boundary of the Slow Solar Wind
Authors: Ko Yuan-Kuen , Roberts D. Aaron , Lepri Susan T.
Published: September 2018

This work argues that there are two fundamental states of the nontransient solar wind, and that these can be distinguished by a number of criteria. Here we define the states, which will be termed slow and fast, or SSW and FSW, for lack of better terms, by the level of velocity fluctuations, δv, in them, with the slow wind having systematically lower fluctuations than the fast wind. Almost all winds with speeds less than 450 km s−1 are in the slow class, and winds with speeds greater than 600 km s−1 are fast, but we argue that in between, consistent with other work, the δv classification is more fundamental than speed. We show that the fluctuation categorization coincides well with classes based on Alfvénicy, proton specific entropy, ion thermal speed, and ionic composition. This correlated behavior among these solar wind parameters exists regardless of it being associated with a heliospheric current sheet or a pseudostreamer. This work provides evidence that both the so-called SSW I and SSW II scenarios coexist for the SSW formation. In addition, that the dynamical properties (thermal, magnetic, and turbulence properties) correlate well with properties set at the inner corona (ion ionization states and FIP bias) implies that there exists a boundary layer on the Sun within which the SSW is formed. This boundary layer would set up the coronal conditions for the source and transport of the SSW.
Flap-Lift LASIK 10 or More Years After Primary LASIK
Authors: Caster Andrew I.
Published: September 2018

PURPOSE:

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of flap-lift LASIK performed 10 or more years after the original LASIK procedure.

METHODS:

All patients who were treated with flap-lift LASIK 10 or more years after primary LASIK for whom records of the primary treatment could be obtained and at least 45-day follow-up refractions after re-treatment were available were included in this study. A total of 23 eyes of 20 patients were identified. The median time between primary LASIK and flap-lift LASIK was 13.9 years (range: 10 to 18.7 years).

RESULTS:

A total of 22 of 23 eyes (96%) retained the same corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) postoperatively that was present preoperatively. One of 23 eyes (4%) experienced a loss of CDVA from 20/20 to 20/25 as the result of clinically significant epithelial ingrowth requiring multiple treatments followed by photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) treatment. One additional eye experienced clinically significant epithelial ingrowth that required a single surgical treatment. Fourteen of 20 eyes with a goal of plano achieved uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) of 20/20 or better and 6 eyes achieved UDVA of 20/25 (2 of these eyes had preoperative CDVA of 20/25). For the eyes with a goal of plano, 16 of 20 eyes (80%) achieved UDVA equal to the preoperative CDVA.

CONCLUSIONS:

Flap-lift LASIK is an effective treatment for refractive error when performed between 10 and 18.7 years after the initial flap was created. Epithelial ingrowth is the major complication, occurring to a clinically significant degree in 9% of the eyes.

[
J Refract Surg.
2018;34(9):604–609.]
Nuevos métodos de fabricación digital de paneles de GRC de forma libre
Authors: Castañeda E. , Lauret B. , Ovando G. , Lirola J. M.
Published: September 2018

Los paneles de forma libre de GRC son de gran aplicación en elementos de fachadas ligeras. Dichos paneles pueden fabricarse a través de una gran variedad de procesos. Sin embargo, a pesar de sus ventajas como la moldeabilidad, durabilidad y ligereza, se ven penalizados por el elevado precio de los correspondientes moldes, sobre todo si no hay una repetición suficiente de las piezas y la forma del panel difiere de lo convencional. Las nuevas tecnologías digitales permiten diversas posibilidades en el campo de la construcción y la producción de moldes con geometrías complejas. En el presente artículo se presenta una serie de métodos recientes en la fabricación de paneles de GRC de forma libre. Se discutirán ventajas e inconvenientes de dichos métodos, sobre todo la importancia del molde y su repercusión económica. Finalmente se extraerán conclusiones sobre la viabilidad técnica y las posibilidades que se abren con este análisis.
Editorial
Authors: Jayawardana J. M. C. K.
Published: September 2018

No Abstract available
Influence of Storage Temperature on the Quality Parameters of wheat Flour during Short Term Storage
Authors: Sujitha J. , Muneer M. R. S. , Mahendran T. , Kiruthiga B.
Published: September 2018

Among cereals grains, wheat has high potential to produce gluten protein that imparts strength and elasticity to the dough that inuences the texture of bakery products. Storage temperature has been shown to aect the quality attributes of wheat our but only a few research studies were conducted to assess the in uence of storage conditions on wheat our properties. Therefore, a study was carried out to evaluate the in uence of storage temperature on the quality characteristics of the wheat our during short term storage. The freshly milled wheat our from Prima Ceylon Private Ltd, Trincomalee were stored for 8 weeks at room temperature (35oC and the Relative Humidity of 50-60%) and air conditioned temperature (270 C and the Relative Humidity of 60-70%). The quality characteristics such as moisture, wet gluten, gluten index and ash content and biological characteristics of weevils count and total bacterial count of our samples were evaluated at 2 weeks interval during the storage period. Moisture content decreased signicantly (p<0.05 ) with the storage duration at both storage temperatures. Visco-elastic properties such as wet gluten and gluten index of our samples decreased during storage and more markedly aecting the our quality at room temperature storage. Biological and microbiological characteristics were in uenced by storage temperature since the water activity was the main factor in uencing their survival. Based on the study, the quality characteristics of wheat our were better preserved during storage at air conditioned temperature of 270C with 60-70% Relative Humidity compared to room temperature of 350C with 50-60% Relative Humidity.
Investigation of L2 Motivational Self System : A Comparative Study of Undergraduates from Displaced and Resettled Regions in Sri Lanka
Authors: Prasangani K. S. N.
Published: September 2018

This study investigates the motivation prole of the L2 undergraduates in the disadvantageous communities in Sri Lanka based on L2 Motivational Self System. Undergraduates from rural and war aected (resettled) areas were considered as disadvantageous learners due to the lack of human and physical resources for their learning.The large scale questionnaire study was conducted among 918 Sri Lankan public university science undergraduates. They were non-English major students who voluntarily participated for the questionnaire survey. The collected data were analysed by using the Structural Equation Modelling and models were developed to emphasise the key motivational factors. The results of the Structural Equation Modelling indicated the ideal L2 self as the strongest causative factor for learning English among rural and resettled undergraduates. The ndings of the study reveal the strong ideal L2 self among the disadvantageous undergraduates in Sri Lanka. This study can be used for the theoretical and pedagogical implications, and future research in the similar Asian and South Asian contexts.
Demographic, Parental, and Personal Factors and Youth Athletes' Concussion-Related Knowledge and Beliefs
Authors: Register-Mihalik Johna K. , Williams Richelle M. , Marshall Stephen W. , Linnan Laura A. , Mihalik Jason P. , Guskiewicz Kevin M. , McLeod Tamara C. Valovich
Published: September 2018

Context: 

Currently, significant attention is focused on improving care for patients with concussions through legislative mandates that include educational interventions. Few researchers have examined young athletes' concussion knowledge and the factors that may influence their knowledge.

Objective: 

To use the socioecological model to examine demographic, parental, and personal factors associated with youth athletes' knowledge of concussion. Our ultimate goal is to inform the planning and implementation of youth sport concussion-related interventions.

Design: 

Cross-sectional survey.

Setting: 

Gymnasium and classroom.

Patients or Other Participants: 

North Carolina and Arizona youth athletes (n = 225; age = 8 to 15 years) active in football, boys' or girls' soccer, boys' or girls' ice hockey, or boys' or girls' lacrosse in 2012–2013.

Main Outcome Measure(s): 

Participants completed a validated, self-administered survey. The intention and belief measures were guided by the theory of planned behavior. Perceptions of concussion and intention to seek care were examined using descriptive statistics. Athletes' concussion knowledge was modeled using linear regressions and generalized estimating equations, with child demographic and personal factors and parental knowledge and attitudes about concussion as predictors.

Results: 

Geography, sport, parental attitudes toward concussion, and athlete age were associated with athlete knowledge in the univariable analyses (P < .10). In the multivariable model, geographic location (North Carolina versus Arizona, mean difference [MD] = 2.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1, 3.2), sport (girls' soccer versus girls' lacrosse, MD = 2.2, 95% CI = 0.7, 3.6), more favorable parental attitudes toward concussion (MD = 1.2 for a 2-standard deviation shift; 95% CI = 0.3, 2.1), and older age (>12 years, MD = 1.6; 95% CI = 0.5, 2.6) were associated with better knowledge about concussion.

Conclusions: 

Geographic location, sport, parental attitudes about concussion, and athlete's age influenced athletes' concussion-related perceptions, indicating the need to address multiple levels of the socioecological model when targeting youth sport interventions. Parental interventions that translate to an improved culture of youth sport by improving youth athletes' perceptions and experiences are key areas for future work.
Some initial problems encountered in the organization and integration of speech therapy department in a Transvaal provincial hospital
Authors: Whiting D. M.
Published: September 2018

No abstract available.
Some psychological factors in alalia prolongata
Authors: Carel Myra
Published: September 2018

No abstract available.
Plasmacytoma of the mesentery
Authors: Thambi SM , Nair SG , Benson R
Published: September 2018

Extramedullary plasmacytoma represents 3%–5% of all plasma cell neoplasms. Plasmacytomas of the mesentery are extremely rare. We report the case of a 56-year-old man who presented with an abdominal mass and was diagnosed to have plasmacytoma of the mesentery. A literature review was also conducted on publications pertaining to solitary mesenteric plasmacytomas. These patients present late by which time the abdominal mass has reached a significant size. Radiation as a modality for local control has a limited role in treating mesenteric plasmacytomas. Surgery is the preferred modality for local control. Patients must be kept on a regular follow-up as there is a risk of transformation to multiple myeloma.
Kloosterman paths of prime powers moduli
Authors: Ricotta Guillaume , Royer Emmanuel
Published: September 2018

In [12], the authors proved, using a deep independence result of Kloosterman sheaves, that the polygonal paths joining the partial sums of the normalized classical Kloosterman sums

S(a,b_0;p)/p^{1/2}

converge in the sense of finite distributions to a specific random Fourier series, as

a

varies over

(\mathbb{Z}/p\mathbb{Z})^\times

,

b_0

is fixed in

(\mathbb{Z}/p\mathbb{Z})^\times

and

p

tends to infinity among the odd prime numbers. This article considers the case of

S(a,b_0;p^n)/p^{n/2}

, as

a

varies over

(\mathbb{Z}/p^n\mathbb{Z})^\times

,

b_0

is fixed in

(\mathbb{Z}/p^n\mathbb{Z})^\times

,

p

tends to infinity among the odd prime numbers and

n\geq 2

is a fixed integer. A convergence in law in the Banach space of complex-valued continuous function on

[0,1]

is also established, as

(a,b)

varies over

(\mathbb{Z}/p^n\mathbb{Z})^\times\times(\mathbb{Z}/p^n\mathbb{Z})^\times

,

p

tends to infinity among the odd prime numbers and

n\geq 2

is a fixed integer. This is the analogue of the result obtained in [12] in the prime moduli case.
Foregger, Nikolai Mikhailovich (1892–1939)
Authors: Misler Nicoletta
Published: September 2018

A Soviet artist, critic, designer, choreographer, and theatre director, Nikolai Mikhailovich Foregger graduated from Law School at Kiev University, with a specialisation in medieval French theatre. During the early 1910s, he came under the influence of Alexandra Exter and members of the Futurist movement. In the 1920s, his ‘Studio Foregger’ (Mastfor) concentrated on working with the actor’s body, elaborating a system of ‘small forms’ or one-act theatre pieces, which borrowed new movement techniques from circus, street, and factory in an attempt to ‘desanctify’ traditional theatre. Foregger reclaimed historical forms from the popular theatre such as the commedia dell’arte and the itinerant theatre, combining them with contemporary ‘low’ forms such as cabaret, music-hall, and variety theatre and enhancing them with parodies of representatives of the new Soviet society – [Q2]NEPmen, loquacious intellectuals and even Party bureaucrats. The resulting performances were popular, sophisticated, and successful. Within the Soviet theatrical avant-garde, Foregger is also remembered for his ‘eccentric’ or ‘mechanical’ dances, which required a specific kind of physical training.
Fosse, Bob (1927–1987)
Authors: Milovanovic Dara
Published: September 2018

Bob Fosse greatly influenced commercial screen dance and musical theatre stages in the latter part of the 20th century as a choreographer and director in the US. In a career that spanned over 30 years, Fosse choreographed 16 Broadway musicals and 7 films, and directed 5 feature films and made numerous TV specials. Fosse broke with established conventions in thematic, musical, and editing choices, but never diverted his focus from the entertainment goals of his productions. His work aimed to create a complete dance-theatre experience, which would resonate with audiences. As interdisciplinary projects, Fosse’s directorial and choreographic works used minimalism, irony and artifice, and social engagement.
Jazz Dancing
Authors: Crosby Jill Flanders , Oliver Wendy
Published: September 2018

Jazz dancing is an important modern art form that developed in tandem with jazz music between the 1910s and 1940s in America. Emanating from African-American folk and vernacular practices of the early 20th century, jazz dancing reflects the evolving freedoms of modern African-Americans as well as the racial tensions of the modern era in which it was created. Indeed, jazz dance displays the complexity and exuberance of modern American culture and history. The many manifestations of jazz dancing range in style from vernacular to theatrical and embrace, to varying degrees, fundamental movement qualities such as a weighted release into gravity, rhythmic complexity, propulsive rhythms, a dynamic spine, call and response, a conversational approach to accompanying rhythms, and attention to syncopation and musicality.
New Dance Theatre (1949–1955, Toronto, Canada)
Authors: Mehra Samantha
Published: September 2018

Originally called the Neo Dance Theatre, the New Dance Theatre (NDT) was a modern dance performance group that was based in Toronto from 1949 to 1955. The group also operated a school offering modern, ballet, and folk dance classes taught by Ivy Krehm, Cynthia Barrett, Nancy Lima Dent, and Betty Oliphant. The company presented modern dance choreographic works that were socially and politically aware. The group disbanded after Nancy Lima Dent’s departure in 1955.
Nijinsky, Vaslav (1889–1950)
Authors: Järvinen Hanna
Published: September 2018

Vaslav Nijinsky was a Russian dancer and choreographer of Polish descent. He achieved international renown as the star of Serge Diaghilev’s Ballets Russes Company between 1909 and 1916. A dancing prodigy, Nijinsky was lauded as the best male dancer of his generation. From 1912 onwards, his choreographic modernism inaugurated the use of simpler movement language that de-emphasized virtuosity with L’Après-midi d’un Faune (Afternoon of a Faun, 1912), Jeux (1913), Le Sacre du Printemps (The Rite of Spring, 1913) and the little-known Till Eulenspiegel (1916), created during the company’s second North American tour.

Nijinsky refocused attention on the choreographer as the author of dance, which had great influence on how dance as an art form was understood and discussed after World War I. Because Nijinsky was institutionalized for mental illness in 1919, none of his choreographies survived intact and were, for decades, considered artistically irrelevant. This attitude began to change in the late 1980s, when new research and reconstructions of Nijinsky’s choreographies helped scholars and audiences to rethink his place in dance history, and his works are now considered to be important examples of modernism as well as precursors to both contemporary ballet and contemporary dance, more generally.
Robinson, Jacqueline (1922–2000)
Authors: L’Hotellier Sanja Andus
Published: September 2018

A Franco-British dancer, teacher, choreographer and historian, Jacqueline Robinson is one of the key figures of modern dance in France. Born in London, educated in music, art history, and dance with Erina Brady and Mary Wigman, Robinson founded L’Atelier de la Danse in Paris in 1955. One of the first schools to offer modern dance training, the Atelier soon became a hub for international artists. A prolific choreographer who created more than 200 works, Robinson was particularly important for the development of dance education in France structured around choreographic composition, improvisation, and music studies rather than a specific technique. She directed several companies – L’Ensemble de l’Atelier de la Danse, Le Thyrse, and Le Zodiaque – and trained some of today’s most accomplished choreographers and dancers. The translator of writings by Doris Humphrey, John Martin, and Mary Wigman, Robinson was the author of L’Aventure de la danse moderne 1920–1970 (Modern Dance in France, 1920–1970: An Adventure, 1990), a groundbreaking, now classic work of French dance scholarship. Head of the Fédération française de la danse from 1978–1982, she became a Chevalier of the Order of Arts and Letters in 1999 for her outstanding contributions to the field of dance.
Waldeen (Waldeen Falkenstein) (1913–1993)
Authors: Schwall Elizabeth
Published: September 2018

For more than half a century, Waldeen made important contributions to modern dance in Mexico. Along with Anna Sokolow, Waldeen has been considered one of the ‘founding mothers’ of Mexican modern dance. She worked to adapt foreign modern dance techniques and styles to reflect Mexican sensibilities, culture, society, politics, and contemporary artistic currents. As a dance theorist, Waldeen believed in socially committed art that reflected upon the society which created and consumed it. Putting theory into practice, Waldeen studied Mexico’s history and present-day realities, and through a process of collaboration with Mexican-born artists, consolidated a nationalist modern dance aesthetic that resonated with the visual and musical arts of the 1930s and 1940s. In this way, Waldeen gave modern dance, until then identified as a North American or European art form, the national credence it had previously lacked. Through her writings, choreography, performance and teaching, she influenced a whole generation of Mexican dancers and choreographers, including Guillermina Bravo (founder of the Ballet Nacional de México, an important centre for teaching modern and contemporary dance) and Amalia Hernández (founder of the Ballet Folklórico de México, a world-renowned company which interprets and performs Mexico’s most important folk and regional dances).
Cohl, Emile (1857–1938)
Authors: Leskosky Richard J.
Published: September 2018

Emile Cohl (Emile Eugène Jean Louis Courtet), a renowned caricaturist and pioneering filmmaker born in Paris, is often credited with inventing the animated cartoon. In 1878, he apprenticed himself to André Gill, the period’s foremost political caricaturist. In the early 1880s, Cohl helped found the Incoherents, a group of iconoclastic, antirational artists and writers whose works anticipated Dadaism and Surrealism. During the 1890s and 1900s, his illustrations, caricatures, and comic strips circulated throughout Europe. In 1908, after discovering the Gaumont film company had plagiarized one of his comic strips, he began supplying them with scripts and then directing films for them. With Fantasmagorie (1908), the first completely animated cartoon film, he established his standard practice of drawing every image in the film himself. In Clair de lune espagnol [The Man in the Moon, 1909], he pioneered the use of matte photography to combine live action and animation in the same image. During a 1912–1914 sojourn in America working for the Éclair company, he created ‘The Newlyweds’, the first animated cartoon series with a regular cast, based on the popular George McManus comic strip. Between 1908 and 1921, Cohl made more than 250 films. His animated cartoons displayed many elements derived from his Incoherent philosophy – stream of consciousness storytelling, bizarre humour, parodies of both scientists and artists, grotesque figures, and fluid metamorphoses.
Disney, Walter Elias (1901–1966)
Authors: Leskosky Richard J.
Published: September 2018

Walt Disney, (b. 5 December 1901, d. 15 December 1966) born in Chicago and raised in Kansas City, Missouri, was a film producer and entrepreneur who built an entertainment empire on the foundation of his animated cartoons. As a result of Disney’s resounding success and influence, the vast majority of animation studios across the world, at different times, either emulated or reacted against his style and production model.

After early business failures, Disney gained worldwide success with the release of the world’s first synchronised sound cartoon and the debut of Mickey Mouse, Steamboat Willie (1928). The cartoon’s huge popularity permitted Disney to launch the Silly Symphonies series – where he experimented with new animations techniques – leading directly to his first cartoon feature, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937).

Disney films are known for their Midwestern sensibilities, sentimentality, and a realistic style that aspired to create the ‘illusion of life’. Disney drew upon works by European artists and illustrators including Honoré Daumier, Gustave Doré, Heinrich Kley, Arthur Rackham, and John Tenniel to inspire his staff. Disney provided training for his animators, enrolling them in drawing classes at the Chouinard Art Institute.
Fireworks (1947)
Authors: Oveisy Fouad
Published: September 2018

Fireworks, Kenneth Anger’s breakthrough short film brought him immediate renown, and acclaim from the likes of Jean Cocteau, upon its debut at the 1949 Festival du Film Maudit (Hutchison, 2004: 27). Inspired by the baroque approach to imagery and mise en scène that dominates Cocteau’s Le Sang d’un poète [The Blood of a Poet] (1930), and exploring the trance-like machinations of the unconscious and dreams found in the cinema of Maya Deren, this film cemented Anger’s reputation as a pioneer of the ‘postwar American avant-garde cinema’ (Meir, 2003). Homoeroticism, a growing disenchantment with violence, and the monolithic rememoration of figures of fascination and authority, are among the major themes explored in Fireworks. To speak of an underlying thematic unity is to reduce the film’s stylistic and philosophical multiplicity; nevertheless, a number of key motifs predominate in the narrative and visual storytelling. For example, while the morphing matrices of phallic symbols (a totem, a missing middle finger) and icons of American power and consumerism (navy soldiers, a Christmas tree) hint at an overt use of symbolism, the suspended gaze of the camera emphasizes Anger’s own articulation of the work as the release of ‘all the explosive pyrotechnics of a dream’ (Fireworks). After its public release, homophobic outrage against the perceived pornographic content of the film led to an obscenity trial; in the end, the California Supreme Court declared that Fireworks was art (Hattenstone, 2010).
Godard, Jean-Luc (1930–)
Authors: Fairfax Daniel
Published: September 2018

One of the most important filmmakers in the latter half of the 20th century, Jean-Luc Godard’s reputation remains enduringly linked with the French nouvelle vague movement of the late 1950s and early 1960s; but his protean work in film and video has spanned more than six decades, from his first articles as a critic in 1950 to the planned release of Adieu au langage [Good Bye to Language] in 2015, and in the process he has repeatedly revolutionised conceptions of both his own work and of the aesthetic potential of the cinema as a whole.
Jones, Chuck (1912–2002)
Authors: Leskosky Richard J.
Published: September 2018

Cartoon director Charles Martin ‘Chuck’ Jones studied drawing at Los Angeles’s Chouinard Art Institute. He briefly worked for Ub Iwerks and Walter Lantz before becoming an animator at Leon Schlesinger/Warner Bros. studio in 1933, where he was promoted to director in 1937 and was later instrumental in unionising the Schlesinger animators in 1941.

While best known for creating the characters of Road Runner, Wile E. Coyote, and the romantic Skunk Pépé LePew, Jones also helped to develop the characters of Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, and Porky Pig. He directed the campaign film Hell-Bent for Election (1944) for Industrial Films (later UPA), and anticipated UPA’s influential modernistic developments with Matisse-inspired backgrounds in Hold the Lion, Please! (1942); abstract, expressive backgrounds in The Aristo Cat (1943); and limited animation and stylized characters in The Dover Boys (1942). His 1950s and 1960s cartoons regularly featured layout artist Maurice Noble’s abstract and/or surreal backgrounds. The Roadrunner cartoons’ desert landscapes accented the absurdity of hapless Coyote’s inventions and misadventures, and surrealism permeated Duck Amuck (1953), Rabbit Rampage (1955), and One Froggy Evening (1955). Jones’s High Note (1960) and The Dot and the Line (1965) featured the most abstract characters in any Hollywood cartoon.
Makavejev, Dušan (1932–)
Authors: Leskosky Richard J.
Published: September 2018

Dušan Makavejev is an avant-garde Marxist Serbian filmmaker whose film techniques, exuberant black humour, and sexual and political transgressive themes made him one of the most radical directors of the European New Wave during the 1960s and 1970s. Born in Belgrade, Yugoslavia (now Belgrade, Serbia), he was a member of the first generation of anti-Stalinist communists, and he studied psychology at Belgrade University (where he began making short films). While some of Makavejev’s documentary shorts and a 1962 stage-play were politically suppressed, he was nonetheless permitted to advance into feature production. Along with his earlier writings and shorts, his first feature, Čovek nije tica [Man Is Not a Bird] (1965), established him as a leader in the novi film [new film] movement, which championed artistic freedom and experimentation within a Marxist context. Makavejev’s films were characterised by violent outcomes of sexual repression, outrageous humour, variety/carnival acts, satires of both western capitalism and Soviet authoritarianism, surreal images, a philosophy linking sexuality with politics, and a multi-layered mixture of styles and forms which included documentary, found footage, and clips from older features.
Science Fiction Films
Authors: Leskosky Richard J.
Published: September 2018

Science fiction films are films where plot premises generally (1) depend on a scientific development or concept not actualised at the time of filming, or at least not advanced to the degree depicted in the film; or (2) present a vision of the future based on extrapolations of current trends in society. Science fiction film dates back to the earliest days of cinema, and it continues to flourish in the 21st century. While science fiction films valorise science, they just as often distrust it. As a genre, science fiction often raises basic philosophical issues: the meaning of being human, the way in which humans perceive reality, and humanity’s place in the universe, among others.

Science fiction films are generally set in the near or distant future, or an alternate present slightly more advanced than the contemporary moment. At other times, the setting may be an alternate past where scientific equipment or processes are far in advance of the actual technology of the period depicted. Disney’s 20,000 Leagues under the Sea (1954), for example, takes place in the 19th century, but the sophisticated submarine and underwater equipment at its centrepiece are far more advanced than technologies during that time. As such, the film qualifies as science fiction rather than as an adventure film.
Blitz
Authors: Pong Beryl
Published: September 2018

The Blitz during World War II both curtailed and provoked creative expression. Key figures of the modernist movement re-evaluated the politics underlying their aesthetics at this time. Others sought to portray the experience through forms and styles that reflected the sense of discontinuity and fragmentariness of war, or that critiqued state rhetoric and governmental propaganda. Literary critics have, variously, considered Blitz writing as a partial continuation of modernism’s tenets, or as a watershed event constitutive of late modernism and modernism’s end.
Kartodikromo, Mas Marco (1890–1932)
Authors: Maier Hendrik
Published: September 2018

Mas Marco Kartodikromo (Cepu, Java, 1890 – Boven Digul, Indonesia, 1932) was a prominent writer and activist in the early days of the nationalist movement in the Dutch East Indies. Born and raised in a colonial environment, he presented himself as the mouthpiece of the common Javanese, loudly and emphatically inviting readers of every nation and race, including Dutch administrators, to engage in discussions about inequalities and injustices on the island of Java, caught in the process of colonial modernisation. He was the editor of various short-lived newspapers in central Java; working with the slogan sama rata sama rasa (‘equal standards, equal emotions’), his writings and speeches challenged the competence of the colonial authorities as well as the sagacity of the Javanese aristocracy.
Marburg School
Authors: Peterson Paul Silas
Published: September 2018

The Marburg School is a term used to describe a group of Neo-Kantian philosophers at the University of Marburg in the second half of the 19th century and early part of the 20th century. The New Criticism, as neo-Kantianism was also called, was sceptical of 19th-century materialism and naturalism. Friedrich Albert Lange (1828–1875) called for a return to Kant and his distinction between aprioristic and empirical knowledge. The classical Kantian metaphysical realism (‘thing in itself’) was nevertheless rejected in the Kantian renaissance. The key figures of the new critical and transcendental idealism at its zenith were Hermann Cohen (1842–1918) and Paul Natorp (1854–1924).
Mukařovský, Jan (1891–1975)
Authors: Norris Christopher
Published: September 2018

Czech linguist and literary theorist Jan Mukařovský was a leading member of the Prague Linguistic Circle and a prominent contributor to the project of structuralist poetics. Building on ideas first developed by the Russian formalist school, Mukařovský set out to analyse the characteristic features – or devices – that typified literary (especially poetic) language, as opposed to prosaic or quotidian discourse. Like his colleague Roman Jakobson (1896–1982) he sought to specify just how it was that poetry and art required or encouraged the reader/viewer to focus on just those distinctive traits that marked the aesthetic function in its various manifestations.
Parnell, Charles Stewart (1846–1891)
Authors: Weihman Lisa
Published: September 2018

Charles Stewart Parnell was the first president of the Irish Land League (1879) and the leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party (1879–1891). Born to a Protestant landowning family in County Wicklow, Parnell was first elected to the House of Commons as a Home Rule League MP in 1875. Throughout his career, Parnell sought limited Home Rule for Ireland and a constitutional end to tenant farmer agitation through compromises with the English Liberal party. The Kilmainham Treaty, negotiated by the imprisoned leaders of the Land League in April 1882, secured both rent concessions for tenant farmers and the release of Parnell and other Land League leaders from Kilmainham Gaol.
Prague Linguistic Circle, The
Authors: Norris Christopher
Published: September 2018

The Prague Linguistic Circle was a group of linguists, philologists, literary theorists, and cultural analysts who began meeting on a regular basis in 1926 and thereafter exerted a widespread influence throughout the century. Its members defined the approach as jointly structuralist and functionalist, although the structuralist aspect of their project acquired greater international visibility. Their collective programme involved a dual focus both on the relations of structural contrast and resemblance that make up a given language or cultural artefact and – inseparably from that, they argued – on the role of those structures conceived in terms of their internal and (to some extent) external function.
Rozanov, Vasily (1856–1919)
Authors: Griffin Sean
Published: September 2018

Leading writer, publicist, literary critic, and philosopher in late 19th- and early 20th-century Russia, Rozanov was born in Vetluga, Russia, in 1856, and remained in the provinces as a secondary school teacher until 1893, when he gained a civil service post in St. Petersburg, Russia. A prolific and original thinker, Rozanov’s path-breaking ideas on sexuality, religion, and the family made him one of the most controversial figures of his day. Writing at a time when Russian journalism was highly partisan, Rozanov confounded his contemporaries by publishing contradictory views in liberal and conservative journals. Around the turn of the century, Rozanov became preoccupied with the mystical nature of sexuality in ancient pagan and Jewish religious practice.
Technocracy
Authors: Litwack Eric B.
Published: September 2018

A broad notion of technocracy can be traced back to ancient Greece. The narrow notion of the term is distinctly modern, inspired by the Industrial Revolution and its consequences. The broad notion holds that the caste or class of people who possess superior knowledge of the good and true should rule. The narrow notion holds that those professionals whose knowledge is linked to physical science and technology, notably scientists, engineers, and policy experts, should rule.
Treitschke, Heinrich von (1834–1896)
Authors: von Freytag-Loringhoven Konstantin
Published: September 2018

Heinrich Gotthard von Treitschke was a historian and political writer in the German Empire. Born in Dresden, Treitschke studied in Leipzig, Bonn, Tübingen, and Freiburg and worked as a professor of history and politics at Freiburg, Kiel, and Heidelberg. Espousing liberal views, he supported German unification under a parliamentary government. From 1871 to 1884, Treitschke served as a member of the Reichstag (parliament of the German Empire), first with the Nationalliberale Partei (National Liberal Party), later as a conservative-leaning independent. In 1874 Treitschke was made professor at Humboldt University in Berlin and shortly after official historiographer of the Prussian state.
Vaihinger, Hans (1852–1933)
Authors: Norris Christopher
Published: September 2018

Hans Vaihinger is known chiefly for the fictionalist outlook developed in his 1911 Philosophie des als ob (The Philosophy of As-If), a text that has resonated in the work of subsequent thinkers. Drawing partly on his intensive studies of Kant and partly on the influence of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, Vaihinger holds that the human quest for truth is inherently deluded and a source of unnecessary intellectual pain and frustration. We should therefore renounce it, though not, like the sceptic, in a spirit of defeat but rather with a clear-headed fictionalist acceptance that we must carry on thinking and behaving as if certain truths existed and we were suitably placed to discover them.
Dalit Literature
Authors: Kumar Raj
Published: September 2018

‘Dalit literature’ is a term that has come into prominence over the past four decades to refer to the literary writings of people belonging to low castes held as untouchable by Hindu caste society. The word ‘Dalit’ literally means ‘crushed, oppressed’.
Ezekiel, Nissim (1924–2004)
Authors: Grover Madhu
Published: September 2018

Nissim Ezekiel was a poet, playwright, director of plays, university professor, art critic, literary editor, and reviewer. Born to academic Marathi-speaking, Jewish parents of the minority Bene-Israel persuasion, Ezekiel’s existence within cosmopolitan Mumbai (then Bombay) rendered complex his poetic sensibility. After a Bachelor’s degree in literature at Wilson College, Bombay, in 1947 and some political engagement with M.N. Roy’s Radical Democratic Party, he sailed to England for further studies in 1948. As a student of philosophy at Birkbeck College, London, he published his first volume of poetry, A Time to Change (1951).
Gnessin, Uri Nissan (1879–1913)
Authors: Harel Naama
Published: September 2018

Uri Nissan Gnessin was a Russian Jewish author, who is recognized as one of the founders of Modern Hebrew literature. He was born in Starodub, a small town in the Ukraine, as a son of a Hasidic rabbi. Attracted to the Haskalah (the Jewish Enlightenment movement), Gnessin immersed himself in the study of foreign languages, as well as other secular subjects, and was especially influenced by Russian literature. At the age of 14 he began to publish short stories, novellas, poems, literary criticism, and translations in various leading Hebrew periodicals. His first collection of short stories, Tsilele Ha’ḥayim (The Shadows of Life) was published in 1904 in Warsaw, where he also co-founded the Hebrew publishing house Nisyonot (Attempts) in 1906.
Lankesh, P. (1935–2000)
Authors: Tharakeshwar V.B.
Published: September 2018

P. Lankesh was a prominent Kannada novelist, short story writer, playwright, and essayist. A strong voice in the Kannada public sphere from the 1970s to the 1990s, he acted as a conscience-keeper not only through his writings, but also through Lankesh Patrike, a weekly he edited. Lankesh began his career as a teacher of English at Bangalore University, but soon shifted to filmmaking, then journalism. His short story collections Kereya Neerannu Kerege Chelli (1963), Nanalla (1970), Umapatiaya Scholarship Yaatre (1973), Kallu Karaguva Samaya (1990), and Ullanghane (1996) are landmarks in Kannada literature for the way they framed the debates in the respective decades. In his first novel, Biruku (1967), Lankesh used modernist techniques in writing, while his second novel, Mussanjeya Katha Prasanga (1978), shifted to the epic mode with episodic, multi-plot structure and a more realistic style of narration tinged with the comic. His third novel, Akka (1991), which depicts a woman of a slum through the eyes of her brother, was more pronouncedly political, reflecting Lankesh’s changed sensibility in the context of the Dalit and Bandaya (revolt) movement in Kannada literature, of which Lankesh was a vocal supporter.

Lankesh was also one of the most important Kannada playwrights of his time, alongside Girish Karnad and Chandrashekar Kambar. His early plays exhibit the influence of existentialism and the Theatre of the Absurd. The best examples are T. Prasannana Gruhasthashrama (1962), Nanna Thangigondu gandu Kodi (1963), Polisariddare, Eccharike! (1964), Teregalu (1964), Kranti bantu, Kranti (1965), and Giliyu Panjaradolilla (1966). His later works Sankranti (1971) and Gunamukha (1993) are historical plays that reverberate with contemporary significance.
Liu, Na’o (1905–1940)
Authors: Peng Hsiao-yen
Published: September 2018

On 3 September 1940 Liu Na’ou (1905–40), the Taiwan-born, Japan-educated leader of the Shanghai Neo-Sensation School, was killed by an unknown gunman. He had just succeeded to the directorship of National Subjects Daily after Mu Shiying (1912–40), a fellow Neo-Sensation writer and filmmaker who had likewise been assassinated on the job. It is unknown whether these two murders were connected. National Subjects Daily was a news agency run by Wang Jingwei’s puppet regime collaborating with the Japanese. It could be the Japanese who had Liu killed for allegedly playing double agent for the Chinese Nationalist Party or, conversely, the latter who retaliated against him for collaborating with the Japanese.
MacInnes, Colin (1914–1976)
Authors: Derdiger Paula
Published: September 2018

Colin MacInnes was an English novelist, essayist, and radio broadcaster best known for his commentary on popular culture and his series of three novels set in 1950s London: City of Spades (1957), Absolute Beginners (1959), and Mr Love and Justice (1960). MacInnes was born in London, but not long after the First World War, his family travelled to Australia, where he spent his childhood and adolescence, returning to England in 1931. As a young man, MacInnes regularly spent time abroad, including his army service in Europe during the Second World War. These early migrations, both voluntary and involuntary, affected MacInnes profoundly, contributing to his persistent sense later in life that he was an outsider in terms of national, cultural, and social identity.