bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Erosion of dentine and enamel in vitro by dietary acids: the effect of temperature, acid character, concentration and exposure time
Authors: West N. X. , Hughes J. A. , Addy M.
Published: August 2010

Sales of soft drinks has been increasing by 56% over the last 10 years and are estimated to keep rising at about 2–3% a year. Further, the reported incidence of tooth erosion has been increasingly documented. Whilst these factors could well be linked, many individuals with erosive diets are not presenting with erosion. This would suggest the effects of many variables, hence the aim of these investigations. Methodologies included preparing enamel and dentine samples from unerupted human third molars. Groups of five specimens were placed in citric acid over a temperature range of 5–60 °C for 10‐min exposures; placed in citric, lactic, malic or phosphoric acid (0·05, 0·1, 0·5, and 1% (w/v)) for 10‐min exposures; and placed in the same three organic hydroxy acids at 0·3% (w/v) or phosphoric acid at 0·1% (w/v) for 3×10‐min exposures. Tissue loss was determined by profilometry. Results showed that increasing temperature, concentration and exposure time increased the erosion of dentine and enamel. This study has shown that under highly controlled conditions, erosion of dentine and enamel by dietary acids can be greatly influenced in vitro by temperature, concentration, type of acid and exposure time. These factors could be employed in order to reduce the erosivity of soft acidic drinks.
Considerations in measuring the electrical potentials of metallic restorations in vivo
Authors: Sutow E. J. , Maillet W. A. , Taylor J. C. , Hanrahan K. L. , Hall G. C. , Harandi K.
Published: August 2010

Many variables are believed to affect the accurate measuring of metallic restoration electrical potentials. This study examined the effects of intra‐ versus extra‐oral location of the reference electrode, the type of metallic probe used to make contact with the restoration, and scratching and brushing of the restoration surface. Dental amalgam restorations were measured in 40 human subjects. Results showed that only the location of the reference electrode affected the central tendency of the potential. The study discusses the significance of some experimental variables in the accurate measuring of metallic potentials and the need to consider individual subject differences when statistically analysing for the central tendency of a sample.
Asymmetry in jaw‐jerk reflex latency in craniomandibular dysfunction patients with unilateral masseter pain
Authors: Kitagawa Y. , Enomoto S. , Nakamura Y. , Hashimoto K.
Published: August 2010

The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the effects of unilateral masseter muscle pain on the jaw‐jerk reflex. The latency and peak‐to‐peak amplitude of bilateral electromyographic activity recorded at the masseter muscles during the jaw‐jerk reflex were measured in 18 patients with craniomandibular dysfunction (CMD) with strictly unilateral masseter pain or tenderness and 10 control subjects using a computerized recording and analysis system. The reflex was elicited, at the mandibular rest position, by tapping the centre of the chin downwards with a reflex hammer incorporating a microswitch that triggered the sweep of the recording apparatus upon contact with the chin. In the CMD group, the jaw‐jerk latency on the affected side (6·89±0·98 ms) was significantly shorter (P<0·01) than that on the unaffected side (7·59±0·92 ms). In the control group, there was no difference between the jaw‐jerk latencies on the right (7·06±0·64 ms) and the left (7·08±0·65 ms) sides. The range of side asymmetry for jaw‐jerk latencies in the CMD group was greater than that in the control group. In six patients, the latency difference exceeded 1 ms. The asymmetry of latency of the jaw‐jerk reflex was thought to be due to facilitation on the side with masseter pain or tenderness. This facilitation on the ipsilateral side might be produced by enhanced gamma drive induced by sustained nociceptive stimulation. Such effects may be related with clinically derived concepts regarding such muscle dysfunction as myospastic activity or trigger points.
Studies on cytotoxicity of nickel ions using C3H10T1/2 fibroblast cells
Authors: Taira M. , Toguchi M. S. , Hamada Y. , Okazaki M. , Takahashi J. , Ito R. , Toyosawa S. , Ijyuin N.
Published: August 2010

Cytotoxicity of Ni ions were examined using C3H mouse derived 10T1/2 fibroblast cells. It became evident that Ni ions had dose‐dependent cytotoxicity. The cell number incubated in DME medium containing 0·04 mm/L Ni ion for 6 days was reduced to half that in control DME medium without Ni. The cell totally disappeared in DME medium containing 2 mm/L Ni ion. The dissolution of Ni ions from Ni‐containing metallic restorations must be lower than these concentration levels so that oral tissues might not be damaged. No neoplastic transformation was found on all cells examined.
Fitting a temporomandibular joint prosthesis to the skull1
Authors: Van Loon J. ‐P. , De Bont L. G. M. , Stegenga B. , Verkerke G. J.
Published: August 2010

Fitting a temporomandibular joint (TMJ) prosthesis to the skull by using stock prostheses seems to be an appropriate method. However, fitting the skull with one stock part requires many differently shaped parts. Therefore, we fitted the skull with two connected stock parts. The aim of the study was to test whether it is possible to achieve a close fit to the skull with this design, with a maximum of 10 different parts. The articular eminence was fitted with a gully‐shaped fitting member, which was rotationally connected to a basic part that fitted to the lateral side of the TMJ. The relevant dimensions of 20 dry skulls were measured and the results were used to derive the optimal dimensions of the prosthesis parts. Prototypes were subsequently fabricated. The fit of the prototypes was tested by measuring the maximum gap between fitting member and skull. All skulls could be fit with a set of four different basic parts and three different fitting members. The average maximum gap between fitting member and skull was 0·20 mm (range 0·11–0·43 mm). It was concluded that a close fit to the skull can be achieved with two connected stock parts and with a total number of seven parts.
Difference in tracks between habitual open and close mandibular movements at the condyle in children
Authors: Nishijima N. , Hayasaki H. , Okamoto A. , Nakata S. , Yamasaki Y. , Nakata M.
Published: August 2010

Although previous studies have paid much attention to the condylar movement in adults with permanent dentition, little attention has been paid to such movement in children. In this study, we therefore clarified the difference in habitual open and close movements at the condyle in children. Three groups of subjects were used; primary (10 children), early mixed (10 children), and permanent dentition (10 adults). The habitual open and close mandibular movement of each subject was measured using a TRIMET, which can three‐dimensionally analyse the simultaneous movements of multiple points on the mandible of a subject. The measurements were then compared among the three groups. The three‐dimensional analysis detected significant difference in all directions between children with primary dentition and adults with permanent dentition: primary dentition had the smallest anterior–posterior and superior–inferior directions, and the largest left–right direction. Coincidence of the open and close tracks occurred in the adults (adult group) but not in the children (primary and early‐mixed dentition groups). The early‐mixed dentition group showed tracks that were between those for the primary dentition group and the adult group. These results suggest that the regularity of the condylar track might be well established with dental development.
Morphological and positional assessments of TMJ components and lateral pterygoid muscle in relation to symptoms and occlusion of patients with temporomandibular disorders
Authors: Liu Z. J. , Yamagata K. , Kuroe K. , Suenaga S. , Noikura T. , Ito G.
Published: August 2010

Disc displacement is accepted as one of major findings in temporomandibular disorders (TMD). However, the associations of disc positions with morphological and positional changes of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) components and lateral pterygoid (LP), TMD clinical symptoms, and occlusion have rarely been discussed quantitatively. In this study, the morphological and positional changes of TMJ components and LP were assessed by means of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and tomography of the TMJ in 41 TMD and nine control (CN) subjects. Disc positions in TMD subjects were divided into normal position (NP) and anterior displacement with and without reduction (ADR+ and ADR−, respectively). From MRI scans and tomograms, the morphological and positional changes of TMJ components and LP were measured and compared among CN, NP, ADR+ and ADR− groups. Correlations between these measurements and the scored clinical symptoms and occlusal factors were analysed in TMD subjects. The results indicated that: (1) TMJ osseous structures and LP showed no significant difference among CN and the three TMD groups, except for a posterior seat of condyle and shorter/steeper condylar movement during jaw opening; (2) disc length and inclination were significantly shorter and steeper, respectively, in ADR+ and ADR−; (3) disc positions were not specified by clinical symptoms and occlusal factors, except for the dominant TMJ sounds in ADR+; (4) an uncoordinated movement of the condyle/disc complex was found in ADR+ and/or ADR−; (5) TMJ osseous structures and the disc were weakly associated with clinical symptoms and occlusal factors. However, the LP showed negative associations with palpable pain for both the TMJ and jaw muscles and the static occlusal factors. These findings suggest that TMJ internal derangements are more related to the positional changes or spatial relationships of TMJ components but less to the individual morphologies of TMJ osseous structures, disc and LP, as well as specific clinical symptoms and occlusal factors, which might be in disagreement with a large body of previous statements.
An investigation of temperature and stress distribution on a restored maxillary second premolar tooth using a three‐dimensional finite element method
Authors: Toparli M. , Gökay N. , Aksoy T.
Published: August 2010

This paper presents the stress analysis of the maxillary second premolar tooth under thermal loading as a result of hot/cold liquid in the mouth using the three‐dimensional (3D) finite element method (FEM). The tooth was considered to be in a restored state with composite resin and amalgam on glass–ionomer as the base material. In the first step of the study, the temperature changes as a result of hot/cold liquid in the mouth were calculated. The thermal stress distributions owing to the temperature changes were then obtained. All calculation programs were prepared by the authors using FORTRAN 77. The tooth was assumed to be isotropic, homogenous, elastic and unsymmetric. The distribution of temperature and stress were plotted for some critical points.
The relationship between non‐working‐side occlusal contacts and mandibular position
Authors: Ogawa T. , Ogimoto T. , Koyano K.
Published: August 2010

No clear description can be found regarding the lateral position when examining non‐working‐side occlusal contacts. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the non‐working‐side contact pattern varies with the mandibular position. The characteristics of the non‐working‐side contact pattern were also determined relative to the working‐side contact pattern. Occlusal contacts of 86 young adults were examined using shim stock in standardized lateral positions: 0·5, 1, 2 and 3 mm from the maximum intercuspation (MI), where the 0·5, 1 and 2 mm positions were defined as lateral positions close to the MI and the 3 mm position as an edge‐to‐edge position. The frequency of non‐working‐side occlusal contacts decreased gradually from 0·5 to 3 mm position. The frequency of non‐working‐side contacts was significantly greater in the 0·5 and 1 mm positions than in the 3 mm position. Non‐working‐side occlusal contacts occurred in nearly half of the 0·5 mm positions. Non‐working‐side contacts were significantly less frequent with canine protection than with group function for the 0·5 and 1 mm positions. There were no significant differences between the two occlusal schemes for the 2 and 3 mm positions. In conclusions, the non‐working‐side contact pattern varied with the mandibular position. These results suggest that clinical examination should include contact patterns both in a position close to the MI and in an edge‐to‐edge position, i.e. in functional and parafunctional ranges. Likewise, data from occlusal contact research should include a standardized definition of mandibular position.
Comparison of cell proliferation on modified dental ceramics
Authors: Kokoti M. , Sivropoulou A. , Koidis P. , Garefis P.
Published: August 2010

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of substrate characteristics such as chemical composition and surface morphology of dental ceramics to support cell attachment and proliferation. Thus, body (B) and shoulder (S) porcelain differing on their surface morphology and composition were treated with oxides CaO or CaO and P2O5and four modified ceramics BCa, BCaP, SCa, SCaP were constructed, respectively. The modified ceramics differ from their controls concerning their surface morphology as evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and their surface chemical composition (Na, KP and Ca) as evaluated by Energy Dispersing Spectroscopy (EDS). All modified ceramics support better than the control ceramics the cell proliferation over 72 h incubation period. Furthermore, higher rates of cell proliferation was detected in shoulder modified ceramics (SCa and SCaP) than in all other cases.
Influence of the thickness of the resin palatal vault on the closest speaking space with complete dentures
Authors: Schierano G. , Mozzati M. , Bassi F. , Preti G.
Published: August 2010

The closest speaking space (CSS) has been considered stable over time, and therefore useful to determine the vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO) in edentulous patients. Clemençon affirms that, in complete denture wearers, CSS is not constant but depends on the thickness of the resin palatal vault, and that is the air volume needed to pronounce words to remain constant. The aim of this study was to evaluate Clemençon hypothesis in a group of edentulous patients rehabilitated with traditional maxillary denture and mandibular implant anchored overdenture. The CSS was determined by means of a kinematics method using the Elite System® at 30, 60, 90, 180, 360 days from delivery. The CSS was assessed twice at each stage: with the unmodified denture and a second time after thickening the resin palatal vault by 2 mm with a calibrated wax layer. The CSS after thickening the resin palatal vault was wider. The wider CSS observed can be because of oro‐sensory feedback excited by contact between tongue and palatal vault. As hypothesized by Clemençon thickening the resin palatal vault could be a useful procedure to increase the VDO, in cases in which it is too low from the aesthetic stand point.
Reliability and temporal variation of masseter muscle thickness measurements utilizing ultrasonography
Authors: Emshoff R. , Emshoff I. , Rudisch A. , Bertram S.
Published: August 2010

summary  Muscle thickness may now be measured in the clinic by ultrasonography. The purpose of this study was to test (i) whether the position of the transducer on the muscle affects muscle thickness measurements and (ii) whether measurements from identical locations vary over time. Muscle thickness of one masseter muscle side was measured in each of 30 volunteers. Measurements were recorded at five different locations on the lateral surface of each muscle. Four measurement sessions were performed, and two sets of measurements were recorded at each session. Spatial position of the transducer had a clear effect on the muscle thickness measurements (P < 0·0001). Measurements made at the most upper and middle level were less and greater (P < 0·0001), respectively, than those made at the upper, lower, and most lower levels. Measurements from various positions did not differ (P > 0·05) when made at the same level. Masseter thickness measurements recorded at a given site were consistent accross all of the testing sessions (P=0·575). The data suggest that reliable interpretation of longitudinal measurements of masseter thickness obtained with ultrasonography requires accurate repositioning of the transducer. Ultrasonography may be used to investigate the effect of specific treatment modalities on masseter thickness measurements.
Physical and mechanical properties of PMMA resins containing γ‐methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane
Authors: Kanie T. , Arikawa H. , Fujii K. , Inoue K.
Published: August 2010

summary  The polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) resins containing γ‐methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (γ ‐MPS) of 0, 2, 4, 6, 10, 15, 20 and 30 mo1%, added to methylmethacrylate, were prepared using a monomer–polymer technique and stored in air or water at 37 ± 0·5 °C for 28 days. The flexural strength and flexural modulus of the PMMA resins containing γ ‐MPS of 20 and 30 mo1% were significantly smaller than those containing 2–6 mo1% and the same statements were true for the adhesive strength to porcelain tooth. However, its value of adhesive strength to Co–Cr alloy was remarkably less than to porcelain tooth. By contrast, there was no significant difference among the Knoop hardness of the PMMA resins examined. On the other hand, the thermal expansion had an increasing tendency with an increase of a γ ‐MPS content. The dynamic shear modulus within a temperature measured (20–140 °C) decreased s1ightly as the γ ‐MPS content of the PMMA resins increased, and the peak temperature of mechanical loss tangent also tended to decrease. These results indicated that the PMMA resin containing γ ‐MPS of 6 mol% was the best composition from the standpoint of an excellent adhesive strength against porcelain, although its water absorption was 1·9 times that of PMMA.
Effect of home bleaching agents on the microhardness of human enamel and dentin
Authors: Ünlü N. , Çobankara F. K. , AltinÖz C. , Özer F.
Published: August 2010

summary  In this study, the effects of home bleaching agents that contains carbamide peroxide (in different concentrations such as 10 and 15%) on the surface hardness of human enamel and dentine were evaluated. The buccal surfaces of 90 recently extracted human mandibular anterior teeth were used. The specimens in the dentine group were ground to expose of dentine surface. Then, samples in both enamel and dentine group were randomly divided into six main groups with 15 in each group. In the group 1 and 4, 15% carbamide peroxide was applied to the enamel and dentine surfaces and then the teeth were left in an incubator at 37 °C and 100% humidity for 4 h first, then left 28 h after repeating the same procedures seven times. The teeth were treated with 10% carbamide peroxide in groups 2 and 5 and distilled water in groups 3 and 6 (control groups), using the same procedures. Vicker's microhardness of enamel and dentine were assessed on each tooth before and after each treatment period (4 and 28 h). The hardness of control group specimens was also obtained after 4 h in distilled water and then after 28 h. For statistical analysis one‐way anova and post‐hoc Tukey tests were used. For both 10 and 15%, there were no statistically significant differences between the untreated control specimens and the specimens treated with the bleaching materials for enamel and dentine at any given measurement time (P > 0·05). Nevertheless, in vivo use of bleaching agents on tooth hard tissues requires further analysis.
Virus Antibody Levels and IgA Deficiency
Authors: PYHÄLÄ R. , AHO K. , KANTANEN M.‐L. , KOISTINEN J.
Published: August 2010

IgA‐deficient blood donors and their age‐ and sex‐matched controls were compared for the occurrence of complement‐fixing antibodies in serum against several viruses. The level in the IgA‐deficient persons was slightly higher against several respiratory pathogens (adenoviruses, type B influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, and respiratory syncytial virus) that give rise to localized infections, and against coxsackie B group of viruses. No corresponding difference was observed in mumps, varicella, and cytomegalovirus infections, where viraemia is a characteristic feature, or in Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection.
Independent Segregation of Two Functional Markers Expressed on the Same B‐Cell Subset in the Mouse: The Mls Determinants and LPS Receptors
Authors: COUTINHO A. , MEO T. , WATANABE T.
Published: August 2010

Mice of the C3H/Tif strain display a mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR) with all H‐2k strains tarrying any of the known alleles of the Mls locus. In particular, C3H/Tif is incompatible with the related substrain C3H/HeJ, from which it also differs at the locus responsible for the recognition of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) as B‐cell mitogens, and at the Mod‐1 locus. Our genetic analysis indicates that the MLR incompatibility between these strains is not H‐2‐linked and segregates as controlled by a single locus, most probably identical to Mls, for which the C3H/Tif strain expresses a previously unidentified allele, Mlse. Moreover, segregation data show that this locus assorts independently of LPS responsiveness and that neither marker is closely linked to the Mod‐1 locus in linkage group II.
Identification and Characterization of Different Amyloid Fibril Proteins in Tissue Sections
Authors: CORNWELL G. G. , HUSBY G. , WESTERMARK P. , NATVIG J. B. , MICHAELSEN T. E. , SKOGEN B.
Published: August 2010

Antisera specific for 4 different classes of amyloid fibril proteins, amyloid protein AA and the immunoglobulin light‐chain amyloid proteins AλI, AλIV, and AλV, were used to identify these proteins directly in tissue sections from 25 patients with amyloidosis. The specificity of these reactions was established by blocking experiments with purified amyloid fibril proteins and Bence Jones proteins of known variable subgroups. Protein AA was detected in 17 patients, including all 13 with secondary amyloidosis, 2 with primary amyloidosis and 2 with Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. Immunoglobulin light‐chain proteins Aλ I, AλIV, and Aλ V were found in 3, 1, and 2 patients, respectively, all of whom had primary or myeloma/macroglobulinemia‐associated amyloidosis. Antiserum specific for the amyloid‐related serum protein SAA reacted with the same tissues as anti‐AA and had the same pattern of staining in tissue sections.
Activation of Human Lymphocyte Subpopulations by Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Authors: BIBERFELD G.
Published: August 2010

B‐ and T‐cell‐enriched preparations of lymphocytes from human blood (5 cases), adenoids (10 cases), and tonsils (4 cases) were examined for the in vitro stimulation response to Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP). B lymphocytes did not respond to MP by DNA synthesis except for the B cells from one adenoid. T lymphocytes and nonfractionated lymphocytes from blood, from three of the adenoids and two of the tonsils showed a stimulation response to MP. Nonfractionated adenoid lymphocytes from altogether 22 children were examined, and a stimulation response to MP was demonstrated in 8 cases. Lymphocyte cultures from 11 adenoids and 2 tonsils were examined for MP‐induced non‐antigen‐specific antibody production by a hemolytic plaque assay. In all these cultures MP activated production of antibody‐secreting cells to sheep erythrocytes. It is concluded that MP can induce non‐antigen‐specific antibody production in human B lymphocytes without stimulating DNA synthesis in these cells. The proliferative response of adenoid, tonsil, and blood lymphocytes to MP is interpreted as an antigen‐specific T‐cell response.
Increased Stimulatory Capacity of Spleen Cells from Adult Thymectomized Mice in Mixed Lymphocyte Reactions
Authors: VIALLAT J. R. , CARNAUD C. , BACH J. F.
Published: August 2010

Conflicting results have been reported concerning the effect of adult thymectomy (A‐Tx) on the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) response. Our purpose was to test the reverse question, namely the effect of A‐Tx on the stimulatory capacity of mouse lymphocytes carrying alleic disparities at the Mls and the H‐2 loci. Spleen cells from A‐Tx CBA donors were found to be significantly more stimulating than cells from normal donors. That A‐Tx could eliminate suppressor T cells involved in MLR regulation or in preventing back stimulation is not likely according to our data. An increment in expression or in accessibility of Mls or H‐2 antigenic determinats induced by A‐Tx is no more likely, since a similar increase in lymphocyte proliferation was observed in syngeneic cultures. The most probable explanation remains that A‐Tx discloses a strongly stimulatory subpopulation, perhaps acting in part nonspecifically. The hypothesis of an enrichment in B cells versus a loss of T cells is not compatible with our findings, since B‐cell‐enriched fractions from various origins never attained the Stimulating ability disclosed by A‐Tx cells. Moreover, the cell involved is theta‐positive, although slightly nylon‐woot‐adherent, and thus shares several properties with immature T cells involved in auto‐rosette formation.
A Survey for Circulating Immune Complexes in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: FARRELL C. , BLOTH B. , NIELSEN H. , DAUGHARTY H. , LUNDMAN T. , SVEHAG S.‐E.
Published: August 2010

A new assay for the detection of circulating C1q‐binding immune complexes (IC) is described. The assay makes use of solid‐phase C1q and iodinated soluble protein A, extracted from the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus. In a model system the assay could detect heat‐aggregated IgG down to a concentration of about 50 ng/ml. This method and three other assays, previously described, were used to survey the appearance of IC activity in sera from hospitalized patients with acute myocardial infarction. Depending on the assay system used, from 56% to 66% of the patients investigated were found to develop circulating IC. The earliest appearance of circulating IC was noted 5 days after infarction. The highest incidence of positive reactions and the strongest reactions occurred 2 to 3 weeks after hospitalization; thereafter the IC positiveness tapered off, and all patients were negative 6 weeks after infarction.
Idiotypy of Measles Virus Nucleocapsid‐Specific IgGχ Antibody in Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid in Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis
Authors: NORDAL H. J. , VANDVIK B. , NATVIG J. B.
Published: August 2010

A gel‐precipitating anti‐idiotypic antiserum was prepared in a rabbit by immunization with measles virus‐specific IgG isolated from the serum of a patient with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). The idiotypic determinant was associated with an electrophoretically restricted sod cathodally migrating IgGχ protein in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), with antibody activity to measles nucleocapsids. The anti‐idiotypic antiserum did not precipitate with other oligoclonal populations of measles‐specific IgG in the patient's serum or CSF, nor with serum or C5F from 4 other patients with SSPH and 10 patients with multiple sclerosis.
Oligoclonal IgG and Free Light Chains in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis and Infectious Diseases of the Central Nervous System
Authors: VANDVIK B.
Published: August 2010

Conventional and crossed immunoelectrophoresis were used to characterize oligoclonal γy‐globulin bands of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) or subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) or other infections of the central nervous system. Most γy‐globulin bands were identified as IgG, but some bands were identified as κ or λ, or both, free light chains, Bands of IgG, showed various degrees of light‐chain diversity, and individual bands appeared in many instances to be derived from more than one clone of cells. Sequential changes of the oligoclonal IgG were observed in SSPE but not in MS. Oligoclonal IgG was detected in sera from most patients with SSPE and some patients with MS.
Studies of Monoclonal Antibodies Specific for Major Histocompatibility Complex Products of the Rat
Authors: HEMMI S. , FENNER M. , BINZ H. , WINTERHALTER K. , WIGZELL H.
Published: August 2010

Sixteen monoclonal antibodies against antigens coded for by the RT1 complex of the rat have been produced. Fourteen arc specific for the a haplotype: six recognize class II and eight class I antigens. Two are specific for the I haplotype, one reacting with class I and the other with class II antigens. By means of these monoclonal antibodies four independent clusters of antigens for class I antigens of the a haplotype and three for class II antigens could be defined. The three antigenic sites of class II antigens reside on the same heterodimer. The monoclonals described here are characterized with regard to Ig class and subclass, pI, and complement‐activating capacity.
Antibodies to Escherichia coli and Anti‐Adhesive Activity in Paired Serum, Hepatic and Gall Bladder Bile Samples
Authors: DAHLGREN U. I. H. , SVANVIK J. , SVANBORGEDÉN C.
Published: August 2010

Human bile contains a mixture of immunoglobulins excreted through the liver and produced in the biliary tract. This study examines the specific antibody activity of the biliary immunoglobulins againstEscherichia coliantigens. Paired samples of serum, hepatic bile, and gall bladder bile were obtained from 23 patients with gallstones and five patients with healthy gallbladders. Antibody activity againstE. coliantigens was found in all the sera and most of the bile samples. The levels ol IgA, IgM, IgG. and secretory component (SC)‐combined antibodies were lower in bile than in serum. Selective treatment of IgA by the liver was suggested by the finding of a correlation between the serum and the bile IgA antibody activity. IgG antibodies were only found in inflamed gall bladders. The bile was shown to have antibacterial activity againstE. coli.i.e. an ability to inhibit the attachment to epithelial cells, but the inhibitory activity was not restricted to the immunoglobulin fraction of the bile.
Inhibition of T3 Mediated T‐Cell Proliferation by Ca2+‐Channel Blockers and Inhibitors of Ca2+/Phospholipid‐Dependent Kinase
Authors: NEL A. E. , DIRIENZO W. , STEFANINI G. F. , WOOTEN M. W. , CANONICA G. W. , LATTANZE G. R. , STEVENSON H. C. , MILLER P. , FUDENBERG H. H. , GALBRAITH R. M.
Published: August 2010

The potential roles of Ca2+ ions in the response of T lymphocytes to stimulation with monoclonal antisera to the T3 antigen were investigated by means of pharmacological agents that predominantly inhibit the flux of C a2+ ions into cells (verapamil, nifedipine) or the activity of C a2+‐dependent kinases (trifluoperazine, polymyxin B). As assessed by uptake of [3H]thymidine. proliferation induced with anti T3‐recombinant IL‐2 at 72 h was inhibited by >80% in the presence of nifedipine at 50 μM, and almost completely arrested (>95% inhibition) with the other agents at the same concentration. Further quantitative assays of the effects of polymyxin B and trifluoperazine on C‐kinase labelling of exogenous substrate showed a major reduction with both agents, but inhibition was substantially greater with polymyxin B that with trifluoperazine (IC50= 14 and 70 μM respectively). These results were confirmed by qualitative assessment of C a2+/phospholipid‐dependent phosphorylation of endogenous substrates, which demonstrated major phosphoproteins of MW 56,000. 52.000, 43,000. and 20,000, and dose‐dependent reduction in labelling in the presence of polymyxin B. Similar results were obtained under more physiological conditions in intact cells labelled with 32P orthophosphate. These findings indicate several possible roles for C a2+ in T cell activation, and several possible levels of activity, including modulation of calmodulin‐dependent kinases and effects on C a2+/phospholipid‐dependent kinases and C a2+ channels.
Discrimination of Human Macrophages and Dendritic Cells by Means of Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: POULTER L. W. , CAMPBELL D. A. , MUNRO C. , JANOSSY G.
Published: August 2010

Two monoclonal antibodies (MoAb), RFD1 and RFD7, have been used to investigate whether human macrophages and dendritic cells represent phenotypically distinct cell types. RFD7 recognizes a 77 kd antigen, and is specific for acid phosphatase positive tissue macrophages, while RFD1 recognizes a unique Class II antigen, which is associated with dendritic cells. With immunohistological/cytological methods it was found that neither of these reagents reacted with granulocytes, monocytes, or lymphocytes, with the exception that a small proportion (<20%) of B cells were stained with RFD1. In tissues, RFD7 reacted with mature macrophages only and did not stain Langerhans cells in the skin or the interdigitating (dendritic) cells of the T‐cell zones of lymphoid tissue and the thymic medulla. Conversely, RFD1 appeared specific for the interdigitating (dendritic) cells and did not react with macrophage populations identified morphologically, geographically, and histochemically in any tissue studied. When peripheral blood monocytes (RFD1−, RFD7−) were matured in vitro, two distinct populations of RFD1+ RFD7− and RFD7+ RFD1− cells emerged. It is concluded that in normal tissues these two reagents identify phenotypic differences between macrophages and dendritic cells that may have functional significance.
Human Anti‐F(ab′)2 Antibodies and Pepsin Agglutinators React with Fv Determinants
Authors: SILVESTRIS F. , WILLIAMS R. C. , SEARLES R. P.
Published: August 2010

Affinity‐purified human IgG anti‐tetanus antibody was subjected to papain and then pepsin digestion, and residual fragments retaining antibody activity were re‐isolated by adsorption and elution from Sepharose‐tetanus toxoid columns. Both Fab(and Fv fragments isolated by gel filtration showed strong reactivity with anti‐F(ab()2 antibodies. Failure of tetanus toxoid to completely block reactivity of anti‐F(ab()2 antibody with anti‐tetanus Fv fragments indicates that these antibodies react with framework antigens within variable antibody regions
Revisiting the Th1/Th2 Paradigm
Authors: Muraille E. , Leo O.
Published: August 2010

The identification of subsets of CD4+ helper cells producing distinct pattern of cytokines has provided a valuable framework for understanding how different effector populations of immune cells can be recruited in vivo during infection. In the view of most investigators, Th1 and Th2 cells produce factors that serve as their own autocrine factors and cytokines exerting suppressive activities on each other's development and activity. This concept intuitively explains the natural tendency of immune responses to become progressively polarized. However, several experimental observations appear difficult to rationalize with a simple, ‘symmetrical’ Th1/Th2 paradigm including those that Th1 cells do not produce their own growth factor; that both Th1 and Th2 cells can promote inflammatory responses; that interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) inhibits inflammatory responses in a Th1/Th2‐independent fashion; that IL‐10 promotes the development of Th1‐type effector cells; and that IL‐12 can amplify pre‐established Th2 responses. The purpose of the present analysis is to provide a revised model for better understanding how cytokines regulate immune responses in vivo.
Expression and Regulation of the CC‐Chemokine Ligand 20 During Human Tuberculosis
Authors: Lee J. ‐S. , Lee J. ‐Y. , Son J. W. , Oh J. ‐H. , Shin D. ‐M. , Yuk J. ‐M. , Song C. ‐H. , Paik T. ‐H. , Jo E. ‐K.
Published: August 2010

CC‐chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20), a unique chemokine ligand of CC‐chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6), play roles in various pathologic conditions. However, the characteristic expression profiles of CCL20 during human tuberculosis (TB) have been largely unknown. The present study analyzed the production and regulatory mechanisms of CCL20 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and monocyte‐derived macrophages (MDM) from active pulmonary TB patients and healthy controls (HC). The 30‐kDa antigen (Ag) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis actively induced the production of CCL20 by human PBMC and MDM. A comparative analysis revealed that the expression of CCL20 protein was prominently up‐regulated in PBMC, MDM, bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (not in sera) from TB patients compared with the corresponding cells or body fluids from HC. Blockade of either tumour necrosis factor‐α or interferon‐γ, but not interleukin‐10, significantly attenuated the CCL20 production. In addition, recombinant CCL20 induced CCR6 expression by CD45RO+ T lymphocytes in a dose‐dependent manner. Furthermore, the expression of CCR6 was significantly increased in CD45RO+ T lymphocytes from TB patients, as compared with those from HC. Pharmacological inhibition studies showed that the 30‐kDa Ag‐induced CCL20 mRNA expression involves mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPK; extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 and p38)‐ and NF‐κB‐dependent signalling. Collectively, the present study demonstrated that TB patients show the up‐regulated expression of CCL20, which is modulated by proinflammatory cytokines, and through MAPK/NF‐κB‐mediated transcriptional mechanisms. The findings suggest important implications of potential roles of CCL20–CCR6 in immunopathogenesis of TB.
Serotype analysis of Indian patients with HIV infection
Authors: Sehgal S. , Pasricha N. , Jamil S.
Published: August 2010

HIV infection has established itself in India. Besides Bombay, Madras and Manipur it has assumed epidemic proportions in Punjab, where 24% of seropositives acquired infection through blood products. Preliminary observations on genetic analysis in 13 isolates revealed that the principal neutralizing determinant (PND) of the V3 loop was closely related to the South African isolate. Since serotyping can give reliable information about genotypic prevalence in the population, serotyping in the present study used 5 synthetic peptides (NOF, EL1, MN, IIIB, IND) of African, North American, European and Indian origin. The Indian consensus was derived from genotype analysis of 13 cases. Results of serotype analysis indicated that 82% of patients harboured a strain related to the South African type of HIV‐1. These observations have a sinister significance for designing vaccine strategies for this region.
Use of insecticide‐impregnated targets for the control of tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) and trypanosomiasis occurring in cattle in an area of south‐west Ethiopia with a high prevalence of drug‐resistant trypanosomes
Authors: Leak S. G. A. , Peregrine A. S. , Mulatu W. , Rowlands G. J. , D'leteren G.
Published: August 2010

In the Ghibe valley, south‐west Ethiopia, a tsetse control trial using deltamethrin‐impregnated targets was started in May 1990. The mean relative density of the main vector, Glossina pallidipes, fell from 2.1 flies per trap per day in the 12 months prior to introduction of tsetse control to 0.41 flies per trap per day in the 12 months after tsetse control was initiated. The annual mean prevalence of Trypanosoma congolense infections in cattle fell from 32% in the 2 years before tsetse control to 13% in the 2 years following deployment of targets. The largest reduction occurred in the first quarter of 1991 when the mean monthly trypanosome prevalence was 5%. There was also a decrease of approximately 75% in the estimated rate of relapse of trypanosome infections in cattle after treatment with diminazene aceturate. However, in June 1991, socio‐political disturbances occurred in Ethiopia and were associated with substantial thefts of targets. Following these thefts, the mean relative density of G. pallidipes rose from 0.41 flies per trap per day in the period May 1990‐April 1991, to 1.29 flies per trap per day in the period April 1992‐March 1993. Associated with this rise, the mean trypanosome prevalence in cattle increased from 13% in the period May 1991‐April 1992 to 28% in the period May 1992‐April 1993. This was similar to the mean trypanosome prevalence in cattle during the pre‐control period. Thus, while effective tsetse control methods can be used to reduce the transmission of trypanosomes their long‐term impact is dependent on their sustainability.
Severe falciparum malaria with hyperparasitaemia: management without exchange blood transfusion
Authors: Fontes C. J. F. , Munhoz S.
Published: August 2010

The risk of complication in falciparum malaria is associated with parasite load. Drug therapy alone may be insufficient, and blood exchange transfusion is indicated when more than 10% of erythrocytes are parasitized with concurrent pulmonary, renal, cerebral or haemostatic complications; without complications, when the parasitized erythrocytes exceed 30%. The successful use of conventional malaria therapy without exchange transfusion in a young woman with severe falciparum malaria is reported.
Farm land size and onchocerciasis status of peasant farmers in south‐western Nigeria
Authors: Oladepo Oladimeji , Brieger William R. , Otusanya Sakiru , Kale Oladele O. , Offiong Sylvia , Titiloye Musibau
Published: August 2010

Summary Concern is being raised about the economic impact of the non‐blinding strain of onchocerciasis, since half of those affected with onchocerciasis in Africa live in the forest zones where the non‐blinding form is prevalent. WHO's TDR programme has embarked on multi‐country studies on the social and economic effects of onchocercal skin disease (OSD). Baseline data from one site, the Ibarapa Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria, is presented here. Farmers were screened for signs and symptoms of onchocerciasis including palpable nodules, reactive skin lesions and self‐reported severe itching. Those having two or more of these conditions were classified as having severe OSD. A matching group of farmers without any of the signs or symptoms formed a control group. Women in the area either did not farm or held only one small plot. Land size comparisons were undertaken with 51 pairs of male farmers matched for age and location within 23 small hamlets bordering the Ogun River. Farmers with OSD had significantly less farmland under cultivation (9117 m2) than those with no OSD (13850 m2). The farmers with OSD did not appear to have alternative income strategies to compensate and, consequently, they had a lower value of personal wealth indicators (e.g. iron sheet roofing, motorcycle) than those without OSD. One can conclude that although the effect of forest strain onchocerciasis is less dramatic than of the blinding from, the disease poses an important economic threat in the region.
Association of Chlamydia trachomatis antibodies with genital contact disease in women in Benin City, Nigeria
Authors: Azenabor A. A. , Eghafona N. O.
Published: August 2010

Summary The involvement of Chlamydia trachomatis in genital contact disease was assessed by measuring anti‐chlamydial antibodies in the serum of 780 women aged 16–40 years using the indirect haemagglutination test. These were compared to a control population consisting of 250 consenting housewives visiting General Practice Clinic (GPC) for other medical reasons. Test results showed an overall prevalence of 47% for indirect haemagglutination (IHA) chlamydial antibodies in women with genital contact disease. The average IHA titre was 143.

The age group 21–25 years recorded the highest prevalence of 54%, with 55% giving a titre ≤64. The control population gave a prevalence of 12% with no sample recording a titre ≥64. These findings may indicate a need to routinely conduct investigations for chlamydial infection in all cases of genital contact disease in our environment.
Impact of mosquito proofing of night shelters in refugee camps in Kitgum, northern Uganda
Authors: Medlock Jolyon M. , Aryemo Margaret , Bean Jane
Published: August 2010

Objective  To test the impact of long‐lasting insecticide‐treated netting, fitted to cover the eaves and ceilings of refugee shelters, on the incidence of nighttime mosquito biting.

Method  Entomological surveys in night‐dwelling shelters at three camps for internally displaced persons in Kitgum, Uganda during August and November 2004: The impact of proofing against the nighttime incidence of mosquito biting was assessed through human landing catches and indoor resting catches in proofed and unproofed (control) shelters. Human landing catches were performed inside and outside four proofed and four control shelters at three locations, and indoor resting catches were performed in 37 proofed and 18 control shelters. The difference in biting rates was tested using paired and unpaired t‐tests and multivariate analysis.

Results  Most mosquitoes caught during the survey were culicine (97%). The difference in landing rate (mlrph) differentials (outdoor‐indoor) illustrated a significant (t = 3.26, P = 0.004) difference between mlrph between proofed (0.154) and control shelters (−0.110). Mean shelter density (msd) recorded during indoor resting catches was 6.7 times higher in the control shelters than in proofed shelters (P < 0.001). The number of blood‐fed mosquitoes/person/night (bfmpn) was significantly higher (P < 0.001), by a magnitude of 17, in control shelters (one in five individuals receiving a bite) compared with proofed shelters (1 in 83 individuals). A multivariate analysis showed that the difference in biting rates was because of the intervention.

Conclusions  The significantly lower mlrph, msd and bfmpn in proofed shelters demonstrate that the mosquito proofing strategies employed do reduce the exposure to mosquito biting in proofed compared with control shelters by a magnitude of 6–17. Although numbers of Anopheline mosquitoes were low, the biting rates of Anophelines were also significantly lower in proofed shelters compared with control shelters. Insecticide‐treated netting appears to significantly reduce the mosquito nuisance‐biting incidence. However, a higher incidence of Anopheline biting may be required to test the effect of proofing on malaria vectors and a subsequent study is therefore recommended.
Evaluation of a mass distribution programme for fine‐mesh impregnated bednets against visceral leishmaniasis in eastern Sudan
Authors: Ritmeijer Koert , Davies Clive , Van Zorge Ruth , Wang Shr‐Jie , Schorscher Judy , Dongu'du Salah Ibrahim , Davidson Robert N.
Published: August 2010

During an epidemic of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in eastern Sudan, Médecins Sans Frontières distributed 357 000 insecticide‐treated bednets (ITN) to 155 affected villages between May 1999 and March 2001. To estimate the protective effect of the ITN, we evaluated coverage and use of ITN, and analysed VL incidence by village from March 1996 to June 2002. We provided ITN to 94% of the individuals >5 years old. Two years later, 44% (95% CI 39–48%) of nets were reasonably intact. Because ITN were mainly used as protection against nuisance mosquitoes, bednet use during the VL transmission season ranged from <10% during the hot dry months to 55% during the beginning of the rainy season. ITN were put up from 9 to 11 p.m., leaving children unprotected during a significant period of sandfly‐biting hours after sunset. Regression analysis of incidence data from 114 villages demonstrated a significant reduction of VL by village and month following ITN provision. The greatest effect was 17–20 months post‐intervention, with VL cases reduced by 59% (95% CI: 25–78%). An estimated 1060 VL cases were prevented between June 1999 and January 2001, a mean protective effect of 27%. Although results need to be interpreted with caution, this analysis indicates a potentially strong reduction in VL incidence following a community distribution of ITN. The effectiveness of ITN depends on behavioural factors, which differ between communities.