bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Evaluation of Salivary Glutathione Peroxidase levels in Subjects with Generalized Stage III Periodontitis before and after Periodontal Therapy – A Biochemical Study
Authors: Joshi Nilesh , Sultan Faisal , Rao Prajakta
Published: May 2024

Introduction
To assess the levels of glutathione peroxidase in the saliva of subjects with generalized stage III periodontitis before and after periodontal treatment.

Material and Methods
This study, compares salivary glutathione peroxidase levels in generalized stage III periodontitis subjects before and after therapy. A total of 20 participants were selected. The clinical and biochemical evaluation was done at specific time intervals as described. The data was collected and analyzed. Levels of dental plaque and gingival index were recorded at baseline and 2 months post periodontal therapy. Salivary glutathione peroxide levels were assessed by ELISA kit at baseline and 2 months post periodontal therapy.

Results
At baseline, the mean plaque index scores were found to be 2.5585 ± 0.06685 (SD). After 2 months, the values were found to have reduced to 0.9080 ± 0.04224. At baseline, the mean gingival index scores were found to be 2.5475 ± 0.3380 (SD). After 2 months, the values were found to have reduced to 0.8700 ± 0.1676. At baseline, the mean glutathione peroxidase levels were found to be 5.1595 ± 0.3713 (SD). After 2 months, the values were found to have reduced by 4.4040 ± 1.1142 (SD).

Conclusions
Glutathione peroxidase level was elevated in disease conditions and is associated with the free radical formation in tissue inflammation. Following periodontal therapy, glutathione peroxidase levels are lowered significantly, indicating reduced tissue inflammation.

Key-words: Antioxidants, Biomarkers, ELISA, Glutathione Peroxidase, Saliva
Effect of preoperative oral medication of Diclofenac sodium, Ibuprofen and Etoricoxib on the effectiveness of maxillary infiltration anaesthesia in patients with irreversible pulpitis: A Randomized Clinical Study
Authors: Garlapati Roopadevi , Lakshmi Prasanna Matha , Vemuri Sayesh , Naidu Bandaru Pydiah , Lahari Bolla , Balatejaswini Nalluri
Published: May 2024

Introduction
Preoperative pain of endodontic origin, has its effect on the patient‘s attitude towards the endodontic treatment. Dental anxiety associated with the above may cause ineffective anaesthesia of the tissues of interest. To assess the efficacy of preoperative oral single-dose administration of three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs namely, Diclofenac sodium 50 mg, Ibuprofen 200 mg and Etoricoxib 60 mg and on the effectiveness of infiltration anaesthesia in patients with irreversible pulpitis of maxillary first molars.

Material and Methods
Sixty (n=60) patients with a chief complaint of moderate to severe pain of endodontic origin participated in the study. Patients were asked to indicate their pain scores on a visual analog scale (VAS) and then they were divided into three groups of n=20. Then according to their groups, the patients received a single dose of Diclofenac sodium 50 mg, Ibuprofen 200 mg and Etoricoxib 60 mg one hour before administration of the infiltration anaesthesia with 2% lignocaine containing 1:80,000 epinephrine. The patients indicated their pain score on VAS after one hour of drug administration and again after completion of the access opening. Differences in the pain scores at these three intervals were noted. Data was collected and analyzed using SPSS v.20 software and subjected to descriptive statistics, one-sample t-test and one-way ANOVA test with the acceptance level of significance set at p<0.05.

Results
Diclofenac sodium 50 mg, Ibuprofen 200 mg and Etoricoxib 60 mg had shown a gradual decrease in mean pain scores after the completion of access opening, which was statistically significant (p<0.05). Etoricoxib 60 mg (p=0.01) showed lower mean pain scores compared to Diclofenac sodium 50 mg and Ibuprofen 200 mg.

Conclusion
Within the limitations of the present study, Etoricoxib significantly lower mean pain scores when compared with the other two groups.

Key Words
Drug efficacy, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Visual Analog
The research on high efficiency water injection development of carbonate rock reservoir in the middle east
Authors: Li Peihuan , Liu Zhaowei , Cai Lei , Chen Yu
Published: May 2024

More and more attention has been paid to the waterflood development of carbonate reservoir in the Middle East with continuous expansion of the scale of carbonate reservoir development. Strong non-homogeneity of carbonate reservoirs results in serious conflicts between injection and production, causing low degree of water-driven control in the well network, and low degree of vertical mobilization. This article takes the main reservoir of an oil field in the Middle East region as an example, combining geological evaluation, dynamic analysis, and reservoir development strategies to study the effectiveness of water injection development in carbonate reservoirs. It shows that there is a correlation between pore type, oil-water relative permeability, and development method in the development of carbonate reservoirs. For reservoirs with matrix pores and micropores, water injection should be strengthened in the later stage of development; for reservoirs with dissolved pores and coarse pores, the iso-permeability point is relatively high, and the later development should focus on balanced water injection. Three different waterflooding models for formation development are designed to verify the feasibility of fine waterflooding schemes. The main differences are that one set of well patterns is combined injection and production, and three sets of well patterns are layered system waterflooding. The results show that the development effect in layered system waterflooding is the best. The daily production can be increased by about 16%, the cumulative oil production can be increased by about 8%, and the recovery factor can be increased by about 3%. Eventually, the stable oil and water control of carbonate reservoir can be realized.
A panel based on three-miRNAs as diagnostic biomarker for prostate cancer
Authors: Chen Siwei , Lu Chong , Lin Shengjie , Sun Chen , Wen Zhenyu , Ge Zhenjian , Chen Wenkang , Li Yingqi , Zhang Pengwu , Wu Yutong , Wang Wuping , Zhou Huimei , Li Xutai , Lai Yongqing , Li Hang
Published: May 2024

Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most prevalent malignancies affecting the male life cycle. The incidence and mortality of prostate cancer are also increasing every year. Detection of MicroRNA expression in serum to diagnose prostate cancer and determine prognosis is a very promising non-invasive modality.

Materials and method: A total of 224 study participants were included in our study, including 112 prostate cancer patients and 112 healthy adults. The experiment consisted of three main phases, namely, the screening phase, the testing phase, and the validation phase. The expression levels of serum miRNAs in patients and healthy adults were detected using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the area under the curve (AUC) were used to evaluate the diagnostic ability, specificity, and sensitivity of the candidate miRNAs.

Result: Eventually, three miRNAs most relevant to prostate cancer diagnosis were selected, namely, miR-106b-5p, miR-129-1-3p and miR-381-3p. We used these three miRNAs to construct a diagnostic panel with very high diagnostic potential for prostate cancer, which had an AUC of 0.912 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.858 to 0.950; p < 0.001; sensitivity = 91.67%; specificity = 79.76%]. In addition, the three target genes (DTNA, GJB1, and TRPC4) we searched for are also expected to be used for prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment in the future.
The microbiota-gut-brain-immune interface in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory diseases: a narrative review of the emerging literature
Authors: Warren Alison , Nyavor Yvonne , Zarabian Nikkia , Mahoney Aidan , Frame Leigh A.
Published: May 2024

Importance

Research is beginning to elucidate the sophisticated mechanisms underlying the microbiota-gut-brain-immune interface, moving from primarily animal models to human studies. Findings support the dynamic relationships between the gut microbiota as an ecosystem (microbiome) within an ecosystem (host) and its intersection with the host immune and nervous systems. Adding this to the effects on epigenetic regulation of gene expression further complicates and strengthens the response. At the heart is inflammation, which manifests in a variety of pathologies including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Multiple Sclerosis (MS).

Observations

Generally, the research to date is limited and has focused on bacteria, likely due to the simplicity and cost-effectiveness of 16s rRNA sequencing, despite its lower resolution and inability to determine functional ability/alterations. However, this omits all other microbiota including fungi, viruses, and phages, which are emerging as key members of the human microbiome. Much of the research has been done in pre-clinical models and/or in small human studies in more developed parts of the world. The relationships observed are promising but cannot be considered reliable or generalizable at this time. Specifically, causal relationships cannot be determined currently. More research has been done in Alzheimer’s disease, followed by Parkinson’s disease, and then little in MS. The data for MS is encouraging despite this.

Conclusions and relevance

While the research is still nascent, the microbiota-gut-brain-immune interface may be a missing link, which has hampered our progress on understanding, let alone preventing, managing, or putting into remission neurodegenerative diseases. Relationships must first be established in humans, as animal models have been shown to poorly translate to complex human physiology and environments, especially when investigating the human gut microbiome and its relationships where animal models are often overly simplistic. Only then can robust research be conducted in humans and using mechanistic model systems.
Immune checkpoints: new insights into the pathogenesis of thyroid eye disease
Authors: Shu Xingyi , Shao Yuchao , Chen Yuqing , Zeng Chengcheng , Huang Xiao , Wei Ruili
Published: May 2024

Thyroid eye disease (TED) is a disfiguring autoimmune disease characterized by changes in the orbital tissues and is caused by abnormal thyroid function or thyroid-related antibodies. It is the ocular manifestation of Graves’ disease. The expression of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) and the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1 R) on the cell membrane of orbital fibroblasts (OFs) is responsible for TED pathology. Excessive inflammation is caused when these receptors in the orbit are stimulated by autoantibodies. CD34+ fibrocytes, found in the peripheral blood and orbital tissues of patients with TED, express immune checkpoints (ICs) like MHC II, B7, and PD-L1, indicating their potential role in presenting antigens and regulating the immune response in TED pathogenesis. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have significantly transformed cancer treatment. However, it can also lead to the occurrence of TED in some instances, suggesting the abnormality of ICs in TED. This review will examine the overall pathogenic mechanism linked to the immune cells of TED and then discuss the latest research findings on the immunomodulatory role of ICs in the development and pathogenesis of TED. This will offer fresh perspectives on the study of pathogenesis and the identification of potential therapeutic targets.
Dynamic changes in immune cell populations by AXL kinase targeting diminish liver inflammation and fibrosis in experimental MASH
Authors: Grøndal Sturla Magnus , Tutusaus Anna , Boix Loreto , Reig Maria , Blø Magnus , Hodneland Linn , Gausdal Gro , Jackson Akil , Garcia de Frutos Pablo , Lorens James Bradley , Morales Albert , Marí Montserrat
Published: May 2024

Background and aims

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is a significant health concern with limited treatment options. AXL, a receptor tyrosine kinase activated by the GAS6 ligand, promotes MASH through activation of hepatic stellate cells and inflammatory macrophages. This study identified cell subsets affected by MASH progression and the effect of AXL inhibition.

Methods

Mice were fed chow or different fat-enriched diets to induce MASH, and small molecule AXL kinase inhibition with bemcentinib was evaluated. Gene expression was measured by qPCR. Time-of-flight mass cytometry (CyTOF) used single cells from dissociated livers, acquired on the Fluidigm Helios, and cell populations were studied using machine learning.

Results

In mice fed different fat-enriched diets, liver steatosis alone was insufficient to elevate plasma soluble AXL (sAXL) levels. However, in conjunction with inflammation, sAXL increases, serving as an early indicator of steatohepatitis progression. Bemcentinib, an AXL inhibitor, effectively reduced proinflammatory responses in MASH models, even before fibrosis appearance. Utilizing CyTOF analysis, we detected a decreased population of Kupffer cells during MASH while promoting infiltration of monocytes/macrophages and CD8+ T cells. Bemcentinib partially restored Kupffer cells, reduced pDCs and GzmB− NK cells, and increased GzmB+CD8+ T cells and LSECs. Additionally, AXL inhibition enhanced a subtype of GzmB+CD8+ tissue-resident memory T cells characterized by CX3CR1 expression. Furthermore, bemcentinib altered the transcriptomic landscape associated with MASH progression, particularly in TLR signaling and inflammatory response, exhibiting differential cytokine expression in the plasma, consistent with liver repair and decreased inflammation.

Conclusion

Our findings highlight sAXL as a biomarker for monitoring MASH progression and demonstrate that AXL targeting shifted liver macrophages and CD8+ T-cell subsets away from an inflammatory phenotype toward fibrotic resolution and organ healing, presenting a promising strategy for MASH treatment.
Mixed stock analysis identifies natal origins of green turtles at foraging grounds in southeastern Australia
Authors: Day Joanna , Hall Jane , Rose Karrie , Vinette Herrin Kimberly , March Duane , Pitt Olly , FitzSimmons Nancy N. , Hall Libby , Marshall Kieran , Iredell Sigrid , Meagher Phoebe
Published: May 2024

Introduction

Identifying critical habitats for marine turtles and connectivity between genetic stocks and the foraging grounds they use is a conservation priority worldwide. Green turtles (Chelonia mydas) are impacted by a wide range of anthropogenic threats that can vary by geographic region and the ontogenetic stage of the individual. In Australia, the strengthening of the East Australian Current due to climate change is increasing ocean temperatures, particularly in southern New South Wales (NSW), which is having large-scale impacts on the distribution and abundance of marine resources. Green turtles are frequently observed in temperate southern NSW waters, but our knowledge of their habitat use, migration patterns and the impact of threatening processes is limited.

Methods

To assess the origins of green turtles from foraging grounds in southeastern Australia, samples were obtained from green turtles of all size classes (post-hatchlings to adults) that had stranded along an ~870 km expanse of the NSW coast and Lord Howe Island between 1997 and 2021. Mitochondrial DNA control region sequences for 283 individuals were compared to 25 potential source genetic stocks in the Indo-Pacific using mixed-stock analysis.

Results

A total of 26 haplotypes were identified in NSW, of which 14 had been previously observed at a rookery, eight had been identified previously, but not at a rookery (i.e. orphan haplotypes), and four were previously undescribed. Mixed-stock analysis revealed that NSW waters support multiple genetic stocks but are dominated by those of the southern Great Barrier Reef and New Caledonia genetic stocks. A small proportion of green turtles originated from more distant stocks in the Indo-Pacific region.

Discussion

Understanding the connectivity between green turtle rookeries and foraging grounds provides an opportunity to assess the impact of anthropogenic threats to turtle stocks, and in turn, prioritize management actions for the conservation of green turtles across regional, national and international jurisdictions.
The development process of ‘fit-for-purpose’ imaging biomarkers to characterize the tumor microenvironment
Authors: Eertink Jakoba J. , Bahce Idris , Waterton John C. , Huisman Marc C. , Boellaard Ronald , Wunder Andreas , Thiele Andrea , Menke-van der Houven van Oordt Catharina W.
Published: May 2024

Immune-based treatment approaches are successfully used for the treatment of patients with cancer. While such therapies can be highly effective, many patients fail to benefit. To provide optimal therapy choices and to predict treatment responses, reliable biomarkers for the assessment of immune features in patients with cancer are of significant importance. Biomarkers (BM) that enable a comprehensive and repeatable assessment of the tumor microenvironment (TME), the lymphoid system, and the dynamics induced by drug treatment can fill this gap. Medical imaging, notably positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), providing whole-body imaging BMs, might deliver such BMs. However, those imaging BMs must be well characterized as being ‘fit for purpose’ for the intended use. This review provides an overview of the key steps involved in the development of ‘fit-for-purpose’ imaging BMs applicable in drug development, with a specific focus on pharmacodynamic biomarkers for assessing the TME and its modulation by immunotherapy. The importance of the qualification of imaging BMs according to their context of use (COU) as defined by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and National Institutes of Health Biomarkers, EndpointS, and other Tools (BEST) glossary is highlighted. We elaborate on how an imaging BM qualification for a specific COU can be achieved.
Real-world evidence of survival benefit of remdesivir: study of 419 propensity score-matched patients hospitalized over the alpha and delta waves of COVID-19 in New Orleans, LA
Authors: Salvadori Nicolas , Fridman Moshe , Chiang Mel , Chen Linda , Wang ChenYu , Lee EunYoung , Fonseca Vivian , Fusco Dahlene N. , Jourdain Gonzague , Drouin Arnaud C.
Published: May 2024

Background

The direct acting antiviral remdesivir (RDV) has shown promising results in randomized clinical trials. This study is a unique report of real clinical practice RDV administration for COVID-19 from alpha through delta variant circulation in New Orleans, Louisiana (NOLA). Patients in NOLA have among US worst pre-COVID health outcomes, and the region was an early epicenter for severe COVID.

Methods

Data were directly extracted from electronic medical records through REACHnet. Of 9,106 adults with COVID, 1,928 were admitted to inpatient care within 7 days of diagnosis. The propensity score is based upon 22 selected covariates, related to both RDV assignment and outcome of interest. RDV and non-RDV patients were matched 1:1 with replacement, by location and calendar period of admission. Primary and secondary endpoints were, death from any cause and inpatient discharge, within 28 and 14 days after inpatient admission.

Results

Of 448 patients treated with RDV, 419 (94%) were successfully matched to a non-RDV patient. 145 (35%) patients received RDV for < 5 days, 235 (56%) for 5 days, and 39 (9%) for > 5 days. 96% of those on RDV received it within 2 days of admission. RDV was more frequently prescribed in patients with pneumonia (standardized difference: 0.75), respiratory failure, hypoxemia, or dependence on supplemental oxygen (0.69), and obesity (0.35) within 5 days prior to RDV initiation or corresponding day in non-RDV patients (index day). RDV patients were numerically more likely to be on steroids within 5 days prior to index day (86 vs. 82%) and within 7 days after inpatient admission (96 vs. 87%). RDV was significantly associated with lower risk of death within 14 days after admission (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.37, 95% CI: 0.19 to 0.69, p = 0.002) but not within 28 days (HR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.36 to 1.07, p = 0.08). Discharge within 14 days of admission was significantly more likely for RDV patients (p < 0.001) and numerically more likely within 28 days after admission (p = 0.06).

Conclusion

Overall, our findings support recommendation of RDV administration for COVID-19 in a highly comorbid, highly impoverished population representative of both Black and White subjects in the US Gulf South.
Virus versus host: influenza A virus circumvents the immune responses
Authors: Su Guanming , Chen Yiqun , Li Xiaowen , Shao Jian-Wei
Published: May 2024

Influenza A virus (IAV) is a highly contagious pathogen causing dreadful losses to humans and animals around the globe. As is known, immune escape is a strategy that benefits the proliferation of IAVs by antagonizing, blocking, and suppressing immune surveillance. The HA protein binds to the sialic acid (SA) receptor to enter the cytoplasm and initiate viral infection. The conserved components of the viral genome produced during replication, known as the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), are thought to be critical factors for the activation of effective innate immunity by triggering dependent signaling pathways after recognition by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), followed by a cascade of adaptive immunity. Viral infection-induced immune responses establish an antiviral state in the host to effectively inhibit virus replication and enhance viral clearance. However, IAV has evolved multiple mechanisms that allow it to synthesize and transport viral components by “playing games” with the host. At its heart, this review will describe how host and viral factors interact to facilitate the viral evasion of host immune responses.
PCSK9 inhibitor in acute ischemic stroke patient receiving mechanical thrombectomy: early outcomes and safety
Authors: Kim Jonguk , Hong Uichan , Yoon Cindy W. , Bae Jin Woo , Rha Joung-Ho , Park Hee-Kwon
Published: May 2024

Background

Lipid-lowering therapies are mainstays in reducing recurrence after acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Evolocumab, a Proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitor, is a promising lipid-lowering agent known to decrease LDL cholesterol and mitigate vascular events alongside statins. However, its effects on the early functional outcomes post-mechanical thrombectomy (MT) remain unclear. This study aimed to assess the short-term effects and incidence of bleeding events after the early, off-label use of PCSK9 inhibitors in AIS patients undergoing MT.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed patients who had MT at a Regional Stroke Center from December 2018 to April 2023. Our primary outcome was discharge functional outcomes. Secondary outcomes included early neurologic deterioration (END), symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH), 3-month functional outcomes, 3-month recurrence rate, and lipid profiles.

Results

Of 261 patients (mean age 69.2 ± 11.7, men 42.9%), 42 were administered evolocumab peri-procedurally. While baseline characteristics were similar between the two groups, evolocumab group demonstrated improved discharge outcomes, with a lower mean NIHSS (8.8 ± 6.8 vs. 12.4 ± 9.8, p = 0.02) and a higher percentage of patients with discharge mRS ≤ 3 (52.4% vs. 35.6%, p = 0.041). The 3-month follow-up show a non-significant trend toward an improved outcome in the evolocumab group. Multivariable analysis indicated that evolocumab had a potential impact on favorable discharge outcomes (aOR 1.98[0.94–4.22] for mRS ≤ 3 and 0.47[0.27–0.84] for lower ordinal mRS). Notably, evolocuamb users exhibited fewer instances of END and sICH, although they do not reach statistical significance. Additionally, the evolocumab group demonstrated potential benefits in LDL cholesterol reduction over time.

Conclusion

Early use of evolocumab in AIS patients undergoing MT appeared to be safe and associated with better early functional outcomes. The potential benefit of the PCSK9 inhibitor shown here warrants further prospective studies.
Soluble biomarkers for Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders: a mini review
Authors: Rodin Rachel E. , Chitnis Tanuja
Published: May 2024

The Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (NMOSD) constitute a spectrum of rare autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system characterized by episodes of transverse myelitis, optic neuritis, and other demyelinating attacks. Previously thought to be a subtype of multiple sclerosis, NMOSD is now known to be a distinct disease with unique pathophysiology, clinical course, and treatment options. Although there have been significant recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of NMOSD, the field still lacks clinically validated biomarkers that can be used to stratify disease severity, monitor disease activity, and inform treatment decisions. Here we review many emerging NMOSD biomarkers including markers of cellular damage, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, complement, and cytokines, with a focus on how each biomarker can potentially be used for initial diagnosis, relapse surveillance, disability prediction, and treatment monitoring.
Investigating cognitive-motor effects during slacklining using mobile EEG
Authors: Papin Lara J. , Esche Manik , Scanlon Joanna E. M. , Jacobsen Nadine S. J. , Debener Stefan
Published: May 2024

Balancing is a very important skill, supporting many daily life activities. Cognitive-motor interference (CMI) dual-tasking paradigms have been established to identify the cognitive load of complex natural motor tasks, such as running and cycling. Here we used wireless, smartphone-recorded electroencephalography (EEG) and motion sensors while participants were either standing on firm ground or on a slackline, either performing an auditory oddball task (dual-task condition) or no task simultaneously (single-task condition). We expected a reduced amplitude and increased latency of the P3 event-related potential (ERP) component to target sounds for the complex balancing compared to the standing on ground condition, and a further decrease in the dual-task compared to the single-task balancing condition. Further, we expected greater postural sway during slacklining while performing the concurrent auditory attention task. Twenty young, experienced slackliners performed an auditory oddball task, silently counting rare target tones presented in a series of frequently occurring standard tones. Results revealed similar P3 topographies and morphologies during both movement conditions. Contrary to our predictions we observed neither significantly reduced P3 amplitudes, nor significantly increased latencies during slacklining. Unexpectedly, we found greater postural sway during slacklining with no additional task compared to dual-tasking. Further, we found a significant correlation between the participant’s skill level and P3 latency, but not between skill level and P3 amplitude or postural sway. This pattern of results indicates an interference effect for less skilled individuals, whereas individuals with a high skill level may have shown a facilitation effect. Our study adds to the growing field of research demonstrating that ERPs obtained in uncontrolled, daily-life situations can provide meaningful results. We argue that the individual CMI effects on the P3 ERP reflects how demanding the balancing task is for untrained individuals, which draws on limited resources that are otherwise available for auditory attention processing. In future work, the analysis of concurrently recorded motion-sensor signals will help to identify the cognitive demands of motor tasks executed in natural, uncontrolled environments.
Bi-sigmoid spike-timing dependent plasticity learning rule for magnetic tunnel junction-based SNN
Authors: Daddinounou Salah , Vatajelu Elena-Ioana
Published: May 2024

In this study, we explore spintronic synapses composed of several Magnetic Tunnel Junctions (MTJs), leveraging their attractive characteristics such as endurance, nonvolatility, stochasticity, and energy efficiency for hardware implementation of unsupervised neuromorphic systems. Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) running on dedicated hardware are suitable for edge computing and IoT devices where continuous online learning and energy efficiency are important characteristics. We focus in this work on synaptic plasticity by conducting comprehensive electrical simulations to optimize the MTJ-based synapse design and find the accurate neuronal pulses that are responsible for the Spike Timing Dependent Plasticity (STDP) behavior. Most proposals in the literature are based on hardware-independent algorithms that require the network to store the spiking history to be able to update the weights accordingly. In this work, we developed a new learning rule, the Bi-Sigmoid STDP (B2STDP), which originates from the physical properties of MTJs. This rule enables immediate synaptic plasticity based on neuronal activity, leveraging in-memory computing. Finally, the integration of this learning approach within an SNN framework leads to a 91.71% accuracy in unsupervised image classification, demonstrating the potential of MTJ-based synapses for effective online learning in hardware-implemented SNNs.
Analysis of tumor microenvironment composition in vestibular schwannomas: insights into NF2-associated and sporadic variations and their clinical correlations
Authors: Nickl Vera , Ziebolz David , Rumpel Charlotte , Klein Dennis , Nickl Robert , Rampeltshammer Eva , Monoranu Camelia M. , Ernestus Ralf-Ingo , Matthies Cordula , Löhr Mario , Hagemann Carsten , Breun Maria
Published: May 2024

Objective

Vestibular schwannomas (VS), benign tumors stemming from the eighth cranial nerve’s Schwann cells, are associated with Merlin gene mutations, inflammation, and the tumor microenvironment (TME), influencing tumor initiation, maintenance, and potential neural dysfunction. Understanding TME composition holds promise for systemic therapeutic interventions, particularly for NF2-related schwannomatosis.

Methodology

A retrospective analysis of paraffin-embedded tissue from 40 patients (2013-2020), evenly divided by neurofibromatosis type 2 status, with further stratification based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) progression and hearing function. Immunohistochemistry assessed TME components, including T-cell markers (CD4, CD8, CD25), NK cells (CD7), and macrophages (CD14, CD68, CD163, CCR2). Fiji software facilitated image analysis.

Results

T-cell markers (CD4, CD8, CD7) exhibited low expression in VS, with no significant NF2-associated vs. sporadic distinctions. Macrophage-related markers (CD14, CD68, CD163, CCR2) showed significantly higher expression (CD14: p = 0.0187, CD68: p < 0.0001, CD163: p = 0.0006, CCR2: p < 0.0001). CCR2 and CD163 significantly differed between NF2-associated and sporadic VS. iNOS, an M1-macrophage marker, was downregulated. CD25, a regulatory T-cell marker, correlated significantly with tumor growth dynamics (p = 0.016).

Discussion

Immune cells, notably monocytes and macrophages, crucially contribute to VS pathogenesis in both NF2-associated and sporadic cases. Significant differences in CCR2 and CD163 expression suggest distinct immune responses. Regulatory T-cells may serve as growth dynamic markers. These findings highlight immune cells as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for managing VS.
Psychological experiences and needs of tumor patients with implanted intravenous infusion ports: a qualitative study
Authors: Zhu Lan , Li Kun , He Qiu , Liu Lin
Published: May 2024

Background

There are many problems of psychological burden in patients with tumor implanted in port of intravenous infusion. However, more attention is paid to its complications in the literature, and psychological problems are seldom concerned. The purpose of this study was to explore the psychological state and needs of tumor patients after implantation of an intravenous infusion port and provide valuable references for psychological interventions.

Method

A semi-structured interview was conducted with 11 patients with intravenous infusion ports. Colaizzi’s 7-step analysis was used to analyze the interview data.

Results

According to the primary information, four themes and nine sub-themes were extracted: (1) lack of self-worth, (2) multiple emotional experiences (guilt, doubt, worry, and gain). (3) Poor self-management and self-maintenance awareness (over-reliance on medical staff, unchanged family roles, lack of related knowledge). (4) Expectations and suggestions for the future (inner expectations, suggestions for infusion ports).

Conclusion

The patient’s psychological state should be carefully monitored during tube implantation, to relieve the patient’s tension and anxiety and improve nursing satisfaction and patient outcomes.
Potential molecular mechanism of exercise reversing insulin resistance and improving neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Shen Jiawen , Wang Xianping , Wang Minghui , Zhang Hu
Published: May 2024

Neurodegenerative diseases are debilitating nervous system disorders attributed to various conditions such as body aging, gene mutations, genetic factors, and immune system disorders. Prominent neurodegenerative diseases include Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis. Insulin resistance refers to the inability of the peripheral and central tissues of the body to respond to insulin and effectively regulate blood sugar levels. Insulin resistance has been observed in various neurodegenerative diseases and has been suggested to induce the occurrence, development, and exacerbation of neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, an increasing number of studies have suggested that reversing insulin resistance may be a critical intervention for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Among the numerous measures available to improve insulin sensitivity, exercise is a widely accepted strategy due to its convenience, affordability, and significant impact on increasing insulin sensitivity. This review examines the association between neurodegenerative diseases and insulin resistance and highlights the molecular mechanisms by which exercise can reverse insulin resistance under these conditions. The focus was on regulating insulin resistance through exercise and providing practical ideas and suggestions for future research focused on exercise-induced insulin sensitivity in the context of neurodegenerative diseases.
False memories in forensic psychology: do cognition and brain activity tell the same story?
Authors: Pérez-Mata Nieves , Diges Margarita
Published: May 2024

One of the most important problems in forensic psychology is the impossibility of reliably discriminating between true and false memories when the only prosecution evidence comes from the memory of a witness or a victim. Unfortunately, both children and adults can be persuaded that they have been victims of past criminal acts, usually of a sexual nature. In adults, suggestion often occurs in the context of suggestive therapies based on the belief that traumatic events are repressed, while children come to believe and report events that never occurred as a result of repeated suggestive questioning. Cognitive Researchers have designed false memory paradigms (i.e., misinformation effect, Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm, event implantation paradigm) to first form false memories and then determine whether it is possible to reliably differentiate between false and true memories. In the present study, we review the contribution of cognitive research to the formation of false memories and the neuropsychological approaches aimed to discriminate between true and false memories. Based on these results, we analyze the applicability of the cognitive and neuropsychological evidence to the forensic setting.
A study on post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic growth among patients infected with COVID-19 in Wuhan
Authors: Chen Jing-jing , Yu Bing , Yan Ling , Sun Xiao-xiao , Dai Qin
Published: May 2024

Objective

The purpose of this study is to assess the physical and psychological conditions of hospitalized patients who were infected with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and post-traumatic growth (PTG) scores and predictors.

Methods

The test group consisted of 102 hospitalized patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in Wuhan between March 4, 2020 and April 5, 2020, whereas the control group comprised 168 healthy study participants. Relevant information of the study participants was obtained using online questionnaires, covering five aspects—general information, physical state, emotional state, PTSD, and PTG.

Results

In Wuhan, 37.3% of COVID-19-diagnosed hospitalized patients exhibited hyper-arousal symptoms of PTSD. This percentage is significantly higher than the 13.1% observed in the healthy population. Furthermore, the prevalence of PTG among the same group of hospitalized patients stood at 77.5%, surpassing the 66.1% rate found within the healthy population. It was determined that inconsistent sleep patterns during the hospitalization phase could be indicative of heightened vulnerability to hyperarousal symptoms of PTSD in COVID-19-diagnosed hospitalized patients. The study determined that inconsistent sleep patterns during hospitalization may be a predisposition factor that makes hospitalized patients diagnosed with covid-19 more susceptible to high arousal symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. Conversely, COVID-19-diagnosed hospitalized patients who maintained a tranquil demeanor and exhibited positive emotional perceptions during their hospitalization displayed reduced susceptibility to these PTSD symptoms. Factors such as possession of a bachelor’s degree, history of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) infection, and poor sleep patterns were identified as predictors elevating the risk of PTG. Whereas, a sentiment of happiness and consistent positive emotional perception during hospitalization were predictors of PTG. Intriguingly, a direct correlation was established between hyper-arousal symptoms of PTSD and PTG.

Conclusion

Although the outbreak of COVID-19 has badly affected the physical and psychological well-being of patients, it has greatly enhanced their PTG.
Translation and psychometric validation of the Chinese version of the metacognitive awareness scale among nursing students
Authors: Li Shasha , Xu Jun , Jia Xuejing , Zhao Yanjun , Liu Xiaojing , Wang Yuecong
Published: May 2024

Objective

This study endeavors to translate and psycho-metrically validate the metacognitive awareness inventory scale (MAS) for nursing students in China.

Method

A total of 592 nursing students were enlisted from four universities situated in the eastern, southern, western, and northern regions of China. Content validity and reliability were evaluated using the content validity index and item-total correlation coefficient, and Cronbach’s alpha coefficients, respectively. Convergent validity examined the goodness of fit among sub-scales through the average extracted variance and composite reliability.

Results

Exploratory factor analysis confirmed the first-order and second-order factor models, contributing to a cumulative variance of 89.4 and 59.5%, respectively. The Cronbach’s alpha values were 0.963 and 0.801, respectively. Confirmatory factor analysis outcomes indicated an excellent overall fit index for the model, satisfying the convergent validity criteria and achieving a target coefficient of 96.0%, which is consistent with the original scale structure.

Conclusion

The Chinese version of the MAS (C-MAS) is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing metacognitive awareness among Chinese nursing students. Further research should consider a broader sample of nursing students across China to reinforce the scale’s applicability.
Linking servant leadership to followers' thriving at work: self-determination theory perspective
Authors: Jiang Xiaoqun , Wei Yiyi
Published: May 2024

Previous studies have confirmed that servant leadership has a positive impact on thriving at work, however, the psychological mechanism in this process has not been fully understood. Based on Self-Determination Theory, this study examines the mediating effect of basic psychological needs and the moderating effect of power distance on the relationship between servant leadership and followers' thriving at work. The results from the between-subject experimental design (Study 1) indicate that servant leadership can satisfy followers' three basic psychological needs. And the results from a questionnaire survey of 455 civil servants at two-time points (Study 2) indicate: (1) Servant leadership has a significantly positive impact on followers' thriving at work; (2) All three basic psychological needs satisfaction serve as a mediator in the relationship between servant leadership and followers' thriving at work; (3) Power distance negatively moderates the relationship between servant leadership and the satisfaction of three basic psychological needs, meaning that the lower on the power distance, the stronger the positive relationship between servant leadership and the satisfaction of three basic psychological needs; (4) Power distance negatively moderates the mediating effects of competence needs satisfaction and relatedness needs satisfaction in the relationship between servant leadership and followers' thriving at work, indicating that the lower on the power distance, the stronger the mediating effects. Our findings highlight the important role of servant leadership in fostering followers' thriving at work and explore the critical role of basic psychological needs satisfaction. This provides empirical evidence to further refine theories regarding thriving at work, and suggests that in order to promote employee thriving, it is important to guide leaders to reevaluating and repositioning their roles.
The effects of mobile phone dependence on athletic performance and its mechanisms
Authors: Mei Zhengyang , Zhang Yuanzhuo , Fan Qing , Luo Shulai , Luo Shi
Published: May 2024

Mobile phone dependence (also known as internet dependence, MPD), defined as a problematic behavior characterized by excessive use or intermittent craving to use a mobile phone, results in various social, behavioral, and affective problems in daily life. In sports, MPD is directly related to the physical and mental health and sports performance of athletes. The individual and environmental factors, neurobiological mechanisms and theoretical models of MPD affecting athletic performance were analyzed by reviewing previous studies, aiming to construct effective training and development protocols to prevent and control the occurrence of MPD in athletes. At present, athletic performance can be affected by MPD through individual factors and environmental factors. The neurobiological mechanisms between the two are based on the brain reward system and microwave radiation from mobile phones, with athletic performance being restricted by alterations in the corresponding brain regions. Relevant theoretical models mainly include the social cognitive model of self-regulation and the integrative model of self-control, which explain the interrelationship between MPD and athletic performance from the perspectives of athletes’ self-regulation and self-control, respectively. As an emerging phenomenon, the influence pathways and mechanisms by which MPD affects athletic performance need to be further investigated. A longitudinal perspective should be adopted to trace the dynamic impact relationship between the two, and developing relevant theoretical frameworks from an interdisciplinary research perspective should be valuable for providing theoretical support for coaches and sports administrators to formulate scientific training protocols and thus improve the mental health of athletes.
The implementation of a zero-suicide framework in a child and youth mental health service in Australia: processes and learnings
Authors: Branjerdporn Grace , McCosker Laura K. , Jackson Derek , McDowell Sarah , Williams Philip , Chand Sandeep , Joshi Hitesh , Pisani Anthony R. , Stapelberg Chris , Welch Matthew , Turner Kathryn , Woerwag-Mehta Sabine
Published: May 2024

Suicide in children is a significant and growing problem. The “zero suicide” framework (ZSF) is one approach to suicide prevention used in health services for adults and children. This paper reports on the introduction of the first suicide prevention pathway (SPP) based on ZSF at a Child and Youth Mental Health Service (CYMHS) in Australia. It begins by describing the adaptations made to elements of the SPP originally designed for adults to meet the needs of children. Lessons learned in applying the SPP in the service are then discussed. The aim is to inform and improve practice in the use of zero suicide approaches in child and youth mental health settings in Australia and worldwide.
Tribally-led mobile outreach: improving access to harm reduction services in one rural reservation community
Authors: Kelley Allyson , Webb Kellie , Hirchak Katherine , Witzel Morgan , Bajet Kelsey , Posey Sadie
Published: May 2024

American Indian and Alaska Native populations in the United States face significant disparities related to opioid use disorder and opioid-related mortality. Inequitable access to medications and harm reduction strategies due to structural, societal, and geographical factors prevent Tribal communities from obtaining needed services, and further contribute to the opioid epidemic. One Tribal Healing Center in the Rocky Mountain region identified mobile outreach to build upon existing opioid prevention, treatment, and harm reduction efforts. The Healing Center purchased a mobile outreach vehicle and worked with a combination of clinical staff, peer recovery support specialists, and Tribal elders to reach identified high-risk areas on the reservation. As of December 2023, the mobile outreach vehicle has disseminated 150 Narcan kits, 150 Fentanyl testing strips, 20 self-care kits, and 500 brochures detailing Healing Center services. Preliminary results from this formative evaluation demonstrate the success of MOV efforts and the process required to purchase and launch an MOV campaign.
Antibiogram profiles of pathogenic and commensal bacteria in goat and sheep feces on smallholder farm
Authors: Basnet Ashesh , Kilonzo-Nthenge Agnes
Published: May 2024

Introduction

The increase of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in zoonotic pathogens poses a substantial threat to both animal production and human health. Although large-scale animal farms are acknowledged as major reservoirs for AMR, there is a notable knowledge gap concerning AMR in small-scale farms. This study seeks to address this gap by collecting and analyzing 137 fecal samples from goat and sheep farms in Tennessee and Georgia.

Method

Bacteria were identified using culture-dependent methods and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was performed using the Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion method.

Results and discussion

The prevalence of E. coli (94.9%) in goats and sheep significantly exceeded (p < 0.05) that of S. aureus (81.0%), Shigella (35.0%), S. saprophyticus, and Salmonella (3.0%). Salmonella occurrence in goat feces (2.2%) was higher than in sheep (0.8%). Notably, 27% of goats and 8% of sheep tested positive for Shigella spp., while 60% of goats and 21% of sheep tested positive for S. aureus. Antibiotic resistance was observed primarily against ampicillin (79.4%), vancomycin (65.1%), and gentamycin (63.6%), significantly surpassing (p < 0.05) resistance to tetracycline (41.6%) and imipenem (21.8%). The penicillin (79.4%), glycopeptide (65.1%), and aminoglycoside (63.6%) antibiotic classes displayed significantly higher (p < 0.05) resistance compared to tetracyclines (45.7%) and carbapenem (21.8%). Our findings suggest that goats and sheep feces may serve as source for multidrug-resistant bacteria, raising concerns about the potential introduction of their fecal matter into soil, water, and eventually to the food chain. This highlights the need for proactive measures to address and mitigate AMR in goats and sheep within small-scale farms.