bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formas bastardas: reportagem e vida anônima
Authors: Serelle Marcio
Published: November 2015

A reportagem tem sido considerada, desde sua ascensão na modernidade, uma “forma bastarda”, por sua condição híbrida entre ficção e narração do fato. Este artigo sustenta, a partir da investigação da própria noção de bastardia, que há uma articulação entre o “gênero impuro” de algumas reportagens e sua orientação para iluminar a vida anônima social, em sua precariedade. Como textos de intervenção,  essas narrativas instauram sua própria ordem do sensível – que se difere da do literário – ao jogarem luz sobre espaços e pessoas invisíveis socialmente. Chega-se, assim, neste ensaio, à noção deslocadora de “campo” em Giorgio Agamben (2010), como zonas de exceção em nossa sociedade, habitadas pela vida aquém da cidadania, e que a reportagem contemporânea persevera em denunciar.
Quanto vale o engajamento de uma celebridade em tempos de midiatização e manifestação?
Authors: Medeiros Fernanda
Published: November 2015

Os protestos populares que pararam o Brasil em junho de 2013 evidenciaram um mal-estar difuso, que se afirmou gradualmente como um acontecimento histórico-político, formado por anônimos e atravessado pela nova utilização dos meios de comunicação. No que se refere à cultura da mídia, a atuação das celebridades durante estes eventos se torna um ponto de reflexão instigante, na medida em que se observava a inserção dos artistas na multidão, ao mesmo tempo em que suas ações eram amplamente destacadas pela mídia. Na intenção de melhor entender os possíveis limites que cercam e diferem as noções de celebrização e anonimato no território da midiatização, este artigo propõe-se a identificar algumas formas de relação que foram criadas durante as manifestações populares de 2013 por parte de algumas celebridades brasileiras.
Alice cresceu: uma metáfora das alterações socioculturais na contemporaneidade
Authors: Tomaz Renata
Published: November 2015

Este trabalho se propõe a considerar as adaptações feitas no filme Alice no País das Maravilhas (Disney, 2010) como um exercício metodológico para analisar as descontinuidades de dois momentos culturais da modernidade. Levando-se em conta que, tanto a Alice do livro de Lewis Carroll, quanto a Alice do filme de Tim Burton dialogam, cada uma, com a cultura e a sociedade nas quais foram construídas, pretende-se tecer considerações sobre elementos marcantes no funcionamento da cultura contemporânea.
As veias abertas da América Latina: um ensaio sobre Araya
Authors: Barrenha Natalia Christofoletti
Published: November 2015

O desejo de revelar as realidades conflitivas de seus países estimulou os cineastas latino-americanos a explorarem o potencial político do cinema e, especialmente, do documentário, a partir de 1950. Em um contexto de aceleradas mudanças, sob a égide do desenvolvimentismo, diversos diretores voltaram seus olhares a territórios marginalizados do continente. Questionaram também os reais benefícios que a modernização traria ao histórico de exploração vivido pela América Latina. Araya (Margot Benacerraf, 1959, Venezuela) aborda essa questão ao acompanhar 24 horas de uma comunidade que vive da pesca e da produção artesanal de sal na península de Araya. Pretendemos analisar como Margot Benacerraf aproxima-se desse universo e como se posiciona com relação às bruscas modificações que Araya está por viver. Estabelece, ainda, conexões com outros documentários da região que propunham uma abordagem semelhante.
Visibilidades e invisibilidades midiáticas
Authors: Soares Rosana De Lima , Limberto Andrea
Published: November 2015

A edição de RuMoRes, revista científica online dedicada aos estudos de comunicação, linguagem e mídias, em seu número 15, correspondente ao primeiro semestre de 2014, concentra-se em torno do tema da invisibilidade nas mídias, colocando uma dupla questão: como ela pode ser circundada conceitualmente e quem são seus personagens e atributos. Temos, assim, o prazer de apresentar, no Dossiê, diversos artigos reunidos em torno da temática “A visibilidade dos anônimos”, resultante do seminário homônimo realizado pelo Grupo de Pesquisa Mídia e Narrativa, da PUC Minas, em novembro de 2013, sob a coordenação de Marcio Serelle.
A midiatização da nova classe média: identidades discursivas na revista IstoÉ Dinheiro
Authors: Grohmann Rafael
Published: November 2015

O artigo traz um esforço inicial de compreender a “midiatização da nova classe média” e sua circulação de discursos a partir do discurso da revista IstoÉ Dinheiro, observando sua visão de classe midiatizada. Para isso, buscamos compreender algumas relações entre identidade, discurso e consumo e observar o que a comunicação tem a dizer sobre classes sociais no cenário atual. A partir da análise de reportagens, há narrativas de superação individual junto com a imagem de um “Brasil que dá certo”. Além disso, pode-se afirmar que a revista reproduz o discurso hegemônico sobre o que é ser da “nova classe média”.
Para além do sensacionalismo: dimensões identitárias e jornalismo midiatizado na Amazônia
Authors: Lima Regina Lúcia Alves de , Júnior Antônio Carlos Fausto da Silva
Published: November 2015

A mídia não está imune à midiatização. Esse campo vem reinventando as próprias narrativas com o intuito de gerar maiores afinidades discursivas junto aos receptores e interagir ainda mais com a sociedade. Este artigo se propõe a analisar as estratégias discursivas do que convencionamos chamar de jornalismo midiatizado, com o objetivo de constatar como as dimensões identitárias se revelam nesse dispositivo discursivo. Para tanto, debruçamo-nos sobre três edições do Balanço geral, produzido pela emissora afiliada da TV Record no município de Marabá, sudeste do Pará. Consideramos que as gírias, as imagens e as trilhas sonoras utilizadas no programa são sintomáticas das tentativas da mídia de se ajustar a uma Amazônia urbanizada e industrializada, para além do sensacionalismo.
Conteúdos culturais do telejornalismo e a presença das mulheres jornalistas
Authors: Temer Ana Carolina Rocha Pessôa , Nunes Mônica Rodrigues
Published: November 2015

Este trabalho aborda a notícia cultural (informações sobre cultura) veiculada em três telejornais matinais de emissoras de sinal aberto brasileiras: Fala Brasil (Rede Record), Notícias da manhã (SBT) e Bom dia Brasil (Rede Globo). Trata-se de um estudo comparativo que parte do desenvolvimento histórico do jornalismo cultural e do jornalismo feminino no Brasil para enfocar as características da cobertura de notícias culturais e os critérios utilizados para a seleção das mesmas no telejornalismo contemporâneo. Como elemento complementar, analisamos o papel de mulheres profissionais de telejornalismo na veiculação de assuntos ligados à cultura. Nesse sentido, pretende-se um debate sobre o jornalismo cultural, sua presença no telejornalismo e a presença da mulher jornalista no telejornalismo.
Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor
Authors: Mast Alan E.
Published: November 2015

Tissue factor (TF) pathway inhibitor (TFPI) is an anticoagulant protein that inhibits early phases of the procoagulant response. Alternatively spliced isoforms of TFPI are differentially expressed by endothelial cells and human platelets and plasma. The TFPIβ isoform localizes to the endothelium surface where it is a potent inhibitor of TF–factor VIIa complexes that initiate blood coagulation. The TFPIα isoform is present in platelets. TFPIα contains a stretch of 9 amino acids nearly identical to those found in the B-domain of factor V that are well conserved in mammals. These amino acids provide exosite binding to activated factor V, which allows for TFPIα to inhibit prothrombinase during the initiation phase of blood coagulation. Endogenous inhibition at this point in the coagulation cascade was only recently recognized and has provided a biochemical rationale to explain the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying several clinical disorders. These include the east Texas bleeding disorder that is caused by production of an altered form of factor V with high affinity for TFPI and a paradoxical procoagulant effect of heparins. In addition, these findings have led to ideas for pharmacological targeting of TFPI that may reduce bleeding in hemophilia patients.
The Complexities of Water Disaster Adaptation
Authors: Buch-Hansen Mogens , Bich Ngoc Luu , Quang Huy Man , Ngoc Anh Tran
Published: November 2015

The article argues for an interdisciplinary approach to studying the complex circumstances that turn natural hazards into disasters. It takes on the ambitious task of combining a social sciences-inspired vulnerability and adaptation analysis with a natural science-based hydrological modelling analysis, and using both to investigate climate-related water disasters in two communities in the Quang Binh Province, central Vietnam. The article shows how societal capacity, notably the adaptive capacities of individual households and local and provincial institutions pertaining to the two communities, can mitigate the natural hazards. Despite differences in exposure and vulnerability, both communities have been forced to seek alternative income-generating activities. This has enhanced their socio-economic resilience but at the same time increased socio-economic differentiation and the vulnerability of certain population segments. The article finds that the government’s main mitigation policies (resistant crops and improved infrastructure) are regressive in the sense that higher asset households tend to benefit more.
Is Local Community the Answer?
Authors: Bruun Ole , Olwig Mette Fog
Published: November 2015

This article critically examines claims that “local community” and “local/traditional knowledge” are vital contributions to safeguarding socio-economic stability and securing sustainable resource uses in times of stress. The empirical focus is on Central Vietnam, but the argument is relevant in a broader context. The article specifically questions approaches to disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation that see “local community knowledge” as a vital means to achieving resilience in socio-ecological systems. We argue that rural villages in Central Vietnam are characterised by highly dynamic local actors who eagerly exploit new income opportunities arising both from internal and external sources. Although a wide range of knowledge is available about how to cope with adverse climate and environmental conditions, this knowledge is hardly “resilience” and “equilibrium” oriented. Rather, it is found to be anthropocentric, externally oriented, sometimes opportunistic, and ultimately oriented towards an urban lifestyle—traits that are strongly rewarded by the Vietnamese state. We conclude that, at present, local aspirations may not necessarily be part of the solution, but may form part of a social and political complex that exacerbates risk, particularly for weaker population segments. Instead, new and non-state actors should play a larger role.
May God Repay You: The Tenet of Baraji in Southern Mali, West Africa
Authors: Bell Dianna
Published: November 2015

Muslims in the West African state of Mali usebaraji, which translates from Bambara as ‘divine reward’ or ‘recompense’, as a criterion for understanding proper religious practice. The concept also drives Muslims’ lifelong aim to acquire the unspecified amount of merit that God requires for a person to enter paradise. Drawing from life history and ethnographic research, this piece deepens understanding of West African Islam by exploring the Qur’anic basis ofbarajiand situates the concept as a form of value through which Muslims discern the complementary places of different ritual practices and daily choices in their lives. In order to understand the ways that Malian Muslims seek measurable units ofbarajito benefit both the living and the dead, this study also shows how kin earnbarajion one another’s behalf, especially through posthumous sacrifices. By doing so, the article highlights death as a process in which the acquisition ofbarajicontinues through kin and sacrifices, revealing West African Islam as embedded in daily social life and relations with one’s ancestors.
Modern Women’s Education and Religion in Yamaguchi Prefecture
Authors: Odaira Mika
Published: November 2015

Miyamoto Shigetane 宮本重胤 (1881–1959) was a Yamaguchi prefecture Shintō shrine priest who engaged in various activities for the edification of women, such as women’s education, during the Meiji period (1868–1912). He did so through two media forms: the women’s journal Joshidō and fortunes (omikuji 御籤). This article shows that his activities were prompted by Buddhists’ engagement in women’s education in his prefecture, as well as indirectly by Shimaji Mokurai’s 島地黙雷 (1838–1911) related views and activities. In addition, the article argues that Miyamoto’s undertakings were shaped by his attempts to re-establish shrines as religious places. These efforts reflect his resistance to limitations on shrines which arose out of a discourse that saw them as non-religious (jinja hishūkyōron 神社非宗教論). The case of Miyamoto therefore illustrates how the propagation and realization of women’s education in Shintō in Yamaguchi prefecture was closely related to similar developments in Buddhism. These activities, however, were not only for the edification of women, but simultaneously adopted a form that could be called “Shintō proselytizing.”
Approximation and supposition
Authors: Duškin Maksim
Published: November 2015

Approximation and suppositionThis article compares exponents of approximation (expressions like Russian около, примерно, приблизительно, более, свыше) and the words expressing supposition (for example Russian скорее всего, наверное, возможно). These words are often confused in research, in particular researchers often mention exponents of supposition in case of exponents of approximation. Such approach arouses some objections.The author intends to demonstrate in this article a notional difference between approximation and supposition, therefore the difference between exponents of these two notions. This difference could be described by specifying different attitude of approximation and supposition to the notion of knowledge. Supposition implies speaker’s ignorance of the exact number, while approximation does not mean such ignorance. The article offers examples proving this point of view.
Towards a construction grammar account of the distributive PO in Polish
Authors: Przepiórkowski Adam
Published: November 2015

Towards a construction grammar account of the distributive PO in PolishPolish distributive constructions involving the form po are well known for their syntactic and semantic idiosyncrasy. The aim of this paper is to show that, contrary to the received wisdom, two different lexemes po take part in such constructions: a preposition and an adnumeral operator. This explains some of the idiosyncratic behaviour, namely, the apparent ability of po to combine with different grammatical cases. A preliminary Construction Grammar analysis is proposed which eschews the potential problem of missed generalisations that such a dual account of po might engender.
Structures des complétives et des infinitives du polonais et du français
Authors: Miladi Lidia
Published: November 2015

Complement and infinitive clause structures in Polish and FrenchThe comparative analysis of complement clauses and infinitive clauses in Polish and French throws light on the sequence to, że(by) P / ce que P introducing complement clauses in the two languages. The comparison demonstrates that in the face of «ce» that is deleted or grammaticalised in French complement clauses, we have an attested introductor to1 in Polish which changes its own nature when it is accented. To1 becomes the demonstrative pronoun to2 (this), which can cause a dislocation of the sequence to, że(by) P . The comparison shows also that these structures are affected by deletions which are different according to the language (particularly the infinitive structures).Structures des complétives et des infinitives du polonais et du françaisLa comparaison des structures complétives et infinitives du polonais et du français apporte un certain éclairage sur la nature du corrélat introduisant les complétives dans les deux langues (to, że(by) P / ce que P). Elle montre notamment que face à «ce» du français effacé (dans les constructions complétives sujets et compléments non-prépositionnels du verbe) ou grammaticalisé (dans les constructions complétives prépositionnelles), nous avons l’introducteur to1 du polonais (attesté) qui change de statut lorsqu’il est accentué. Il devient alors le pronom démonstratif to2 (=cela), ce qui entraîne la dislocation du corrélat. L’examen des structures suscitées révèle aussi qu’elles sont affectées par des effacements différents selon la langue (en particulier les structures infinitives).
Definiteness-indefiniteness category and logical quantification
Authors: Koseska-Toszewa Violetta
Published: November 2015

Definiteness-indefiniteness category and logical quantificationThis work has been written within the “Logic and Language” project, realized under a cooperation agreement between the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Bulgarian Language of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. The publication of a many-volume Bulgarian Polish Grammar (12 monographs), and of a Polish-Bulgarian Contrastive Grammar, from now on: Synthesis, is completed. Theories of mathematical logic are satisfied in perfect way in a natural language, which is shown by our understanding of the semantic definiteness / indefiniteness category as a system of scope-based quantification notions. A natural language complements and modifies logical theories. For example, understanding of the definiteness / indefiniteness category as a sentence category follows from the language material, especially in article languages. In such languages, quantification of the predicate is a necessary prerequisite for interpretation. Also introduction of the notions of strong and weak quantification meanings is motivated, for example, by the need to distinguish between the meanings of expressions like Pol. pewien x, jakiś x / Bulg. njakoj x, njakakyv x on the nominal phrase level, and by understanding of the ambiguity of quantification expressions like Bulg. vinagi, ponjakoga / Pol. zawsze, czasami. The fact of treating the definiteness / indefiniteness category as a sentence category expands understanding of the incomplete quantification notion also with respect to the verbal phrase, rather than, as in Ajdukiewicz’s approach, with respect to the nominal phrase only. Similarly, a proper name in a natural language is not a unique name, like in mathematical logic, but requires additional unique quantification. A network-based description of time is the first attempt at this type of description in the subject literature. In the present article, I stress that fact that quantification of states and events understood as in Petri net theory reveals the dependence between the aspectual and temporal meanings of verb, and proves that the information on time and aspect need not be dealt with separately.
Semantic relations among nouns in Polish WordNet grounded in lexicographic and semantic tradition
Authors: Maziarz Marek , Piasecki Maciej , Szpakowicz Stanisław , Rabiega-Wiśniewska Joanna
Published: November 2015

Semantic relations among nouns in Polish WordNet grounded in lexicographic and semantic traditionThe paper describes a system of lexico-semantic relations proposed for the nominal part of plWordNet 2.0 – the largest Polish wordnet. We briefly introduce a wordnet as a large electronic thesaurus. We discuss sixteen nominal relations together with many sub-types proposed for plWordNet 2.0. Each relation is based on linguistic intuition and supported by a set of tests which facilitate its identification. There are two main groups: pure lexico-semantic relations and semantic-derivational relations.
Main results of MONDILEX project
Authors: Dimitrova Ludmila , Koseska-Toszewa Violetta , Garabík Radovan , Erjavec Tomaž , Iomdin Leonid , Shyrokov Volodymyr
Published: November 2015

Main results of MONDILEX projectThe paper presents the results and recommendations of MONDILEX, a 7FP project that covered six Slavic languages: Bulgarian, Polish, Russian, Slovak, Slovene, and Ukrainian. The paper summarizes the research undertaken on standardisation and integration of Slavic language resources and on the establishment of a virtual organisation supporting research infrastructure for Slavic lexicography. The results should be useful for an implementation of a research infrastructure in the coming years.
Lexical exponents of hypothetical modality in Polish and Lithuanian
Authors: Roszko Roman
Published: November 2015

Lexical exponents of hypothetical modality in Polish and LithuanianThe article focuses on the lexical exponents of hypothetical modality in Polish and Lithuanian. The purpose for comparing and contrasting the lexical exponents of hypothetical modality is not only to identify all the lexemes in both languages but also find the answer to the following question: whether the morphological exponents of hypothetical modality (so-called modus relativus) familiar to the Lithuanian language have/had an influence on limiting the number of the lexical exponents and the frequency of using these exponents in the Lithuanian language (in comparison with Polish).To analyse both the languages there is used the method of theoretical contrastive studies, which the most important features are: (1) orienting the studies from the content grounds to the formal grounds, (2) using a semantic interlanguage as tertium comparationis. First of all, the content of hypothetical modality and its definition and paraphrase is given here. Next, the gradational character of this category is discussed. There are distinguished six groups of lexemes expressing the corresponding degrees of hypothetical modality — from a shadow of uncertainty (minimal degree of probability) to an almost complete certainty (maximum degree of probability). The experimental Polish-Lithuanian corpus is widely applied in the studies.
About meanings as a rule not included in dictionaries
Authors: Koseska-Toszewa Violetta , Duszkin Maksim
Published: November 2015

About meanings as a rule not included in dictionariesThe article discusses the problem of ambiguity of the exponents of logical existential quantification occurring in the verbal group of Bulgarian, Polish and Russian sentences: Bulg. отвреме навреме, понякога, Pol. od czasu do czasu, czasem, czasami, Rus. время от времени, иногда. This ambiguity can be explained by strong and weak existential quantification. Lexical semantics did not distinguish between these two types of existentiality. Here we present a description of selected exponents of logical existential quantification in Bulgarian, Polish and Russian.
On development of “smart” dictionaries
Authors: Kit Mark , Kit Dmitry
Published: November 2015

On development of “smart” dictionariesThe paper discusses the need for development of intelligent dictionaries that allow for two-way interaction with its users. Theoretical ground for such development is suggested. Practical implementation as LexSite lexical resource is shown, concepts for further improvement of the efficiency are proposed.
Semantic relations among adjectives in Polish WordNet 2.0: a new relation set, discussion and evaluation
Authors: Maziarz Marek , Szpakowicz Stanisław , Piasecki Maciej
Published: November 2015

Semantic relations among adjectives in Polish WordNet 2.0: a new relation set, discussion and evaluationAdjectives in wordnets are often neglected: there are many fewer of them than nouns, and relations among them are sometimes not as varied as those among nouns or verbs. Polish WordNet 1.0 was no exception. Version 2.0 aims to correct that. We present an overview of a much larger set of lexical-semantic relations which connect adjectives to the other parts of the network. Our choice of relations has been motivated by linguistic considerations, especially the concerns of the Polish lexical semantics, and by pragmatic reasons. The discussion includes detailed substitution tests, meant to ensure consistency among wordnet editors.
Otitis Media and Developmental Disability
Authors: Kudrjavcev Tatiana , Schoenberg Bruce S.
Published: November 2015

Review of the literature indicates that: a) otitis media is a common disorder with risk being highest in the pre- and early school years, b) no marked differences in sex distribution of incidence exist, c) frequent recurrences are the hallmark of this disease, and d) mild hearing deficit lasting for months is not uncommon.

A retrospective study in a defined population is suggested as an initial effort to investigate the proposed associations between developmental disability and hearing loss, developmental disability and history of otitis media, and finally, hearing loss and a history of otitis media. Such an approach, however, a) could not determine the absolute risk of developmental disability in children with otitis media, and b) would underestimate the frequency of otitis media, since occult otitis media would not be thus identified. The determination of an accurate incidence of otitis media and of the absolute risk of developmental disability in children with otitis media calls for a prospective study. Such an investigation is likely to be justified only as a part of a collaborative study designed to measure multiple outcomes from a limited number of antecedents.
Congenital Anomalies of the Inner Ear Introducing a New Classification of Labyrinthine Anomalies
Authors: Suehiro Susumu , Sando Isamu
Published: November 2015

In a literature review of 108 articles a special effort was made to find and classify inner ear anomalies and diseases associated with inner ear anomalies. This study showed the following. Most of the diseases associated with inner ear anomalies are also associated with anomalies in other parts of the body. Hereditary characteristics comprise the most common etiological factor among the diseases associated with inner ear anomalies. Among anomalies observed in the cochlea, the vestibule, and the semicircular canals, anomalies in the cochlea are most frequently associated with various diseases and were observed in 30 of 43 diseases. Anomalies of the vestibule were observed in 25 diseases, and those of the semicircular canals in 18 diseases. Anomalies in both the osseous and the membranous labyrinth were most frequently associated with the diseases studied, as they were observed to occur with 10 of the 43 diseases. In this paper a new classification system for labyrinthine anomalies is introduced, based on this study of the literature.
Predictors of Complications of Tonsillectomy With or Without Adenoidectomy in Hospitalized Children and Adolescents in the United States, 2001-2010
Authors: Allareddy Veerajalandhar , Martinez-Schlurmann Natalia , Rampa Sankeerth , Nalliah Romesh P. , Lidsky Karen B. , Allareddy Veerasathpurush , Rotta Alexandre T.
Published: November 2015

Outcomes of tonsillectomy (with or without adenoidectomy [w/woA]) in hospitalized children are unclear. We sought, to describe the characteristics of hospitalized children who underwent tonsillectomy (w/woA), to estimate the prevalence of complications and to evaluate the relative impact of different comorbid conditions (CMC) on the risk of occurrence of common complications following these procedures. All patients aged ≤21years who underwent a tonsillectomy (w/woA) were selected from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS 2001-2010). The associations between several patient/hospital-level factors and occurrence of complications were generated using multivariable logistic regression models. Over a decade, a total of 141 599 hospitalized patients underwent tonsillectomy (w116 319; woA 25 280). A total of 58.1% were males. Majority of the procedures were performed in teaching hospitals (TH, 73.7%), in large (bed-size) hospitals (LH, 57.8%), and in those who were electively admitted (EA, 67.3%). Frequently present CMC in patients included obstructive sleep apnea (OSA, 26.4%), chronic pulmonary disease (CPD, 14.6%), neurological disorders (ND, 6.7%), and obesity (4.8%). Majority of patients were discharged routinely (98%). Overall complication rate was 6.4% with common complications being postoperative pneumonia (2.3%), bacterial infections (1.4%), respiratory complications (1.3%), and hemorrhage (1.2%). All-cause mortality included a total of 60 patients. Patients in TH (odds ratio [OR] = 0.72, 95%CI = 0.62-0.85), LH (OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.69-0.93), and those who had the procedures during EA (OR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.56-0.74) had significantly lower odds of complications compared with their counterparts. CMC such as anemia, CPD, coagulopathy, HT, ND, and fluid/electrolyte disorders were independent predictors of significantly higher complication risk ( P < .05). In conclusion, hospitalized children who underwent tonsillectomy (w/woA) in large or teaching hospitals, or during elective admissions had lower risk of complications. Comorbidity is an important independent predictor of complications in this cohort.
Long-term Follow-up of Observation-Only Management of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lymphadenitis
Authors: Haimi-Cohen Yishai , Markus-Eidlitz Tal , Amir Jacob , Zeharia Avraham
Published: November 2015

A total of 21 children with clinically and microbiologically proven craniofacial nontuberculous mycobacterial lymphadenitis managed by observation only at a tertiary medical center in 1993-2005 were evaluated for scar parameters at least 2 years after diagnosis. Parents completed a satisfaction questionnaire. Median follow-up time from presentation was 6.8 years (range = 2.3-16.9 years). In all, 18 patients showed scar formation, for a total of 26 scars; 21 scars (81%) had a maximal length of ≤3 cm. Vascularity was normal in 20 scars (77%), and pigmentation was normal in 18 (69%); 21 scars (81%) had a normal to only mildly uneven surface. Although 8 parents (44%) reported that the presence of the scar disturbed them, all responders but one (94%) expressed overall contentment of observation only as a conceivable management alternative. In conclusion, an observation-only approach to craniofacial nontuberculous mycobacterial lymphadenitis is associated with an acceptable outcome and may be an alternative to patients who wish to avoid surgery.
Economic Inequality: The Picture in Black and White
Authors: Joe Tom
Published: November 2015

This article hypothesizes that at least part of the reason minority youth are overrepresented in the criminal justice system is that they see few prospects for future economic success in comparison to Whites. Blacks are over three times as likely to be poor as Whites; their median income is only half that of Whites; their net worth (defined as total assets owned minus any liabilities) is only one-twelfth that of Whites; and Black men are twice as likely to be jobless as White men. Without radical changes in the use-service system, we should not be surprised if minority youths continue to remain outside the mainstream economy.
Energy Damage and the Ten Countermeasure Strategies
Authors: Haddon William
Published: November 2015

A major class of ecologic phenomena involves the transfer of energy in such ways and amounts, and at such rapid rates, that inanimate or animate structures are damaged. The harmful interactions with people and property of hurricanes, earthquakes, projectiles, moving vehicles, ionizing radiation, lightning, conflagrations, and the cuts and bruises of daily life illustrate this class.

There are ten strategies for reducing the human and other losses that make this class of social concern. These are identified in logical sequence and copiously illustrated by tactics widely employed. The reduction of animate and inanimate damage due to interaction with most environmental hazards, including pollutants, drugs, and microorganisms can be approached in the same manner, as can strategies for population control. Appendices provide additional examples and four illustrative case studies concerned, respectively, with reducing: losses associated with femoral fractures among the elderly; thermal energy damage to children and others; drownings; mob damage to the White House or other private or public building.
An Adaptive Vigilance Task with Knowledge of Results
Authors: Wiener Earl L.
Published: November 2015

Four groups of subjects performed a 48-min, computer-controlled, visual watch-keeping task. Two groups were run under fixed, non-adaptive conditions, one with immediate knowledge of results (KR) and the other without (NKR). The KR group showed the usual superiority in detection rate over the NKR group, and made fewer commissive errors (false alarms). Two other groups, also KR and NKR, ran under adaptive conditions, wherein the size of the signals they watched for was adjusted during the vigil according to past performance, so as to maintain a preset detection rate. The resulting curves for the adaptive variable closely resembled the traditional performance measure, detection rate. Various adaptive strategies are discussed.
Prediction of Aural Detectability of Noise Signals
Authors: Fidell Sanford , Pearsons Karl S. , Bennett Ricarda
Published: November 2015

Two series of psychoacoustic tests were conducted to determine the applicability of the psychophysical theory of signal detectability (TSD) to prediction of the aural detectability of noise signatures in differing noise backgrounds. The first series of tests produced data supporting development of a simplified graphical prediction method based on TSD. A second series validated the precision and accuracy of the prediction method under quasi-realistic conditions. Predicted levels of performance were typically within one or two dB of the data.
Factors Affecting Distance Estimation in Sporting Activities
Authors: Rogers Jon G. , Price D. M.
Published: November 2015

Skill in estimating distances is essential for professional athletes as well as many nonathletes. How this skill can be acquired was considered by the authors in an experimental study. Three factors (target size, target distance, and the use of instruments) were investigated using a factorial design with repeated measures. The instruments consisted of two portable range finders employing different principles: coincident image and stadiametric ranging. Both instruments are commercially available. Those were compared with the performance of the naked eye. Sixteen subjects each made 12 range estimates; subjects were not given performance feedback following trials.

No significant differences were found between performances using either instrument or the unaided eye. Subjects, on the average, made more accurate estimates with the stadiametric instruments for both targets at both distances. The unaided eye was consistently least accurate. Subjects preferred the coincident image device over the stadiametric one. Recommendations were made for a training technique that would utilize the latter device and immediate feedback to train athletes in distance-judging skills. In general, it was found that training would be most parsimonious if subjects alternated between the stadiametric device and the unaided eye.
An Applied Intersystem Congruence Model of Play, Recreation, and Leisure
Authors: Levy Joseph
Published: November 2015

Scholarly writings on the causes and effects of play, recreation, and leisure from Aristotle' Ethics to the most contemporary articulation on Leisure and the Quality of Life have been of a philosophical, speculative, and logical nature. But there has been little effort devoted to empirically validating or systematically researching what motivates people to become involved in certain forms of leisure and what are the effectsof participation in these activities.

The purpose of the present paper is three-fold: (1) to propose an applied intersystem congruence model of play; (2) to discuss some empirical evidence which offers preliminary evidence for the intersystem congruence model of play; and (3) to suggest some problems for further consideration.
Social Aspects of Exposure to Highway Crash
Authors: Klein David
Published: November 2015

Both the sources of funding for crash research and the characteristics of the investigators attracted to it tend to produce parochialism, segmentation, and specialization in the field as a whole. These potentially divisive forces are counteracted only by a shared and largely uncritical loyalty to the status quo-that is, a belief that the privately owned and operated conventional vehicle should continue as the major means of transportation. As a consequence, despite the increasingly favorable climate for crash research, recent findings have contributed little to the reduction of mortality and morbidity. The limitations of what is variously called human engineering, engineering psychology, or human factors are delineated, and a broader analytic framework is suggested.
Personality Factors in Highway Accidents
Authors: McGuire Frederick L.
Published: November 2015

This article describes those personality factors associated with highway accidents. In general, the accident-haver is described as being emotionally less mature, less responsible, more asocial/anti-social, and not as well adjusted. He also tends to have a more disturbed history, such as an unhappy childhood, delinquency, family disruption, and uneven work record. A variety of specific behaviors is listed under these general terms. Many characteristics of the accident-haver are age related, and among “normal” people tend to be modified as one matures. The role of external stress and the concept of accident proneness are also discussed.
The Use of Intermediate Criteria for Evaluating the Effectiveness of Accident Countermeasures
Authors: Shaoul Jean E.
Published: November 2015

The nature of accidents—that they are the results of activities of road users, rather than the activities per se and that accidents are used inversely as indices of safety—requires that the focus of research interest be shifted to the activities that give rise to them, if one is ever to understand their occurrence. This in turn implies that any evaluation of accident countermeasures must be carried out in terms of these activities. The use and nature of such “intermediate” criteria is discussed in relation to an experimental evaluation of driver education. By taking this approach it is possible to learn more, not only about the effect of training on safety, but also about the nature of the relationship and, in fact, more about the nature of training. By increasing one's knowledge of the functioning of the criterion variables, one can see which criteria are relevant for assessing training and, thereby, be able to state more concerning the operation of training and the intervening variables.
Evoked Potential Correlates of Display Image Quality
Authors: Gomer Frank E. , Bish Kenneth G.
Published: November 2015

The electrical activity generated in the human brain following sensory stimulation can be recorded as voltage differences between electrodes attached to the scalp. These voltage differences are referred to as evoked potentials, and they offer a unique, yet objective, means of assessing visual function. As such, they may link subjective judgments concerning the apparent quality of displayed information with more quantitative measures of perception that are obtained from psychophysical investigations. This report describes the changes in evoked potential amplitude which are exhibited in response to variations in two display system parameters, horizontal resolution and gray shade level. Suggestions are made with respect to future research of this nature.
Parameter Sensitivity of Closed Loop System Response
Authors: Barker H. A. , Murray-Smith D. J.
Published: November 2015

The transient response of a linear feedback control system is characterised by the s plane pole positions of the closed-loop system transfer function, particularly by those of the dominant poles. During a design procedure these pole positions are changed by varying the parameters which are under the control of the designer until the transient performance specification of the system is satisfied. These pole positions can also change as a result of variations in system parameters not under the control of the designer, for example, due to component tolerances or environmental changes. A necessary part of the design procedure is therefore the determination of the sensitivities of the pole positions to system parameter variations. Insofar as the design procedure seeks to predict closed-loop system behaviour from open-loop system information it is desirable that these sensitivities are determined from the same information in order that sensitivity considerations may be introduced at an early stage. This may be accomplished by an extension of the complex frequency response method for feedback control system design.
An Experimental Investigation of Continuous Gas Chromatography Using Pseudo-Random-Binary Sequence
Authors: Godfrey K. R. , Devenish M.
Published: November 2015

A series of experiments, in which the sample gas of a gas chromatograph has been perturbed with a pseudo-random binary sequence, is described. The detector response was cross correlated with the input to obtain the system impulse response, which, in this case, is proportional to the chromatogram. The experiments were carried out to determine the advantages and disadvantages of this technique compared with the conventional (single sample injection) method, and it is concluded that, while the technique is most unlikely to be used as a straight replacement for the conventional method, it could prove useful where a rapid qualitative indication of a composition change is required.
The Use and Misuse of Pressure Regulators
Authors: Moore R. L.
Published: November 2015

In spite of its operational simplicity, the self-actuated regulator can be misapplied. The author discusses droop, stability and range-ability—an understanding of these factors reduces the chance of a poor application. He also reviews noisy operation, sizing, economics and other aspects of the regulator.
Stability in Multi-Position Controlled Thermal Processes
Authors: Roots William K. , Shridhar Malayappan
Published: November 2015

The common distributed parameter thermal processes that can be modelled by the cascade of a time constant and a transit delay (ie: boilers without superheaters, furnaces, ovens, vats, torches, fluidised beds, etc) are discussed. These are often multiposition controlled by solenoid valves, tapped transformers and similar discontinuous control elements. It is well known that if controller sensitivity, process gain, process parameters, and transducer locatons are arbitrarily combined these processes can exhibit instability. Over the years empirical design rules have been developed to determine such critical parameters as process gain, controller sensitivity, transducer type and location and the like. This paper uses a describing function approach to establish a facile technique for determining the stability criteria of such processes in terms of the controller parameters. This is then developed into a graphical display that gratly simplifies the design procedures associated with thermal processes and their control and instrumentation.
Derivation and Application of a Steady Stale Mathematical Model of an Isopropanol-Acetne Reactor
Authors: Hazlerigg A. D. G. , Poll A. , Potter C. J. , Smith W.
Published: November 2015

As a part of the study of the computer control and optimisation of a pilot scale plant, a mathematical model is derived for the steady-state of the process in which acetone and methyl-isobutyl ketone are made from isopropanol by heterogeneous catalysis in a tubular reactor.

Using the model as an analogue computer program, the kinetics of the two reactions involved have been evaluated from results taken from a laboratory reactor. Using these kinetics and the model written as a digital computer program, the behaviour of a pilot-scale reactor has been calculated and this is compared with measured performance.

A phase-space analysis of the model is made to illustrate how this technique may be used to predict the expected control characteristics of the process.
‘Prediction of the Transient Response Sensitivity of High Order Linear Systems Using Low Order Models’
Authors: Towill D. R. , Mehdi Z.
Published: November 2015

It is shown that low order models can be used to predict adequately the transient response sensitivity of high order linear systems, thus leading to a great reduction in time and complexity during analogue or digital computation, as well as facilitating the understanding of the sensitivity functions themselves. Experimental results on an analogue model of a sixth order aircraft blind landing system confirm the adequacy of the procedure. In this instance the use of the low order model eliminates six integrators from the analysis and it is to be expected that higher order systems will lead to even greater savings. The example used to illustrate the procedure is the practical problem of setting parameter tolerances given acceptable bounds of transient performance.

A new low order model is introduced, and when compared with alternative models proposed elsewhere in the literature is found to give an encouraging accuracy of prediction. The new model is particularly useful if the sensitivity analysis is undertaken on an analogue computer.
Registration of Engineers
Authors: Finch J. R. G.
Published: November 2015

A great deal of discussion is taking place behind the scenes on the possible establishment of a central register for all engineers. This article, by a former secretary of the Council of Engineering Institutions, presents a well-balanced summary of the present position and discusses the many problems involved.
Induced Voltage Electromagnetic Flowmeters for Pulsating Flows
Authors: Bevir M. K.
Published: November 2015

The aim is to discuss the effect of the flow pattern on the sensitivity of electromagnetic flowmeters, but not the electronic devices used for interpreting the signal nor the practical details of designing such meters. A more extensive treatment of some of the problems discussed may be found in Reference 1.
Business Risk as a Controlled Variable
Authors: Bane W. T.
Published: November 2015

This paper examines the concept of risk as a factor in the conduct of business enterprises and its control as a necessary pre-occupation of managers of the enterprise.

In the paper a highly simplified representation of an enterprise will be put forward and the behaviour of the risk inherent in the enterprise explored to show qualitatively the effects of bad control of risk. The mathematics of the model and control of risk have not been worked out but qualitatively its behaviour corresponds sufficiently with some aspects of real life to suggest that a rigorous theoretical study would be of value.
Measurement Problems in Rolling Mills
Authors: Johnson T. W.
Published: November 2015

During the conference, a number of measuring instruments, control methods and strategies were described. This, the opening paper, set the broad background against which the later papers were discussed. The emphasis on the broad background is because measurement and control problems in rolling mills are not only technical, those of environment, which is usually the predominantly discussed feature, and performance, but include development, procurement, maintenance and operator acceptance and usage. These factors are combined in an overall concept of cost/benefit and it is the author's belief that, when embarking on a particular instrument or control development, as far as possible all these facets must be considered at the outset and not met individually on an ad hoc basis as the project develops.

We should examine critically how much costs are inflated and problems multiplied by treating each installation and development as a separate and unique problem, particularly for the case of special instruments. This has been attempted in what follows which, it is emphasised, is a personal view.