bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Optimal Control Model of Forest Carbon Sequestration
Authors: Sohngen Brent , Mendelsohn Robert
Published: December 2004

This study develops an optimal control model of carbon sequestration and energy abatement to explore the potential role of forests in greenhouse gas mitigation. The article shows that if carbon accumulates in the atmosphere, the rental price for carbon sequestration should rise over time. From an empirical model, we find that carbon sequestration is costly, but that landowners can sequester substantial amounts of carbon in forests mainly by increasing forestland and lengthening rotations. Forest sequestration is predicted to account for about one‐third of total carbon abatement. Tropical forests store over two‐thirds of this added carbon.
Quasi‐ and Simulated‐Likelihood Approaches to Censored Demand Systems: Food Consumption by Food Stamp Recipients in the United States
Authors: Yen Steven T. , Lin Biing-Hwan , Smallwood David M.
Published: December 2004

A quasi‐maximum‐likelihood estimator is proposed and applied to a censored Translog demand system for foods, using a sample of food stamp recipients in the United States. The procedure produces remarkably close parameter and elasticity estimates to those of the simulated‐maximum‐likelihood procedure. A two‐step procedure is also considered but it produces different elasticities. Demands are found to be price elastic for pork and fish but price inelastic for all other food products. Gross complementarity and net substitutability are obvious but these cross‐price effects are much less pronounced than own‐price and total food expenditure effects.
The Impact of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children on Child Health
Authors: Carlson Andrea , Senauer Ben
Published: December 2004

Data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey are used to analyze the effect of the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Program and other factors on the health of U.S. preschool children. Ordered probit equations are estimated for the physician's overall evaluation of the child's health. The WIC Program has a significant positive impact on the overall health of children. In particular, children in households participating in WIC are significantly more likely to be in excellent health. Increased household income also improves their health.
Willingness to Pay for Curbside Recycling with Detection and Mitigation of Hypothetical Bias
Authors: Aadland David , Caplan Arthur J.
Published: December 2004

In this article, we estimate willingness to pay for curbside recycling. Using a unique data set, we also test for and detect significant hypothetical bias using stated‐ and revealed‐preference data. A short‐scripted “cheap‐talk” statement is used to mitigate the bias and provide more efficient estimates of the welfare impacts of curbside recycling programs.
Employment Growth, Worker Mobility, and Rural Economic Development
Authors: Renkow Mitch
Published: December 2004

A county‐level labor market model is estimated for North Carolina. The model accounts for inter‐county commuting, migration, and within‐county adjustments to labor demand shocks. Econometric results indicate that most employment growth (70–80%) during the 1980s was accommodated by changes in commuting flows. Evidence is also presented indicating that labor force growth—and, by extension, population growth and associated fiscal impacts—in rural counties is sensitive to employment growth in nearby urban counties. These results highlight two opposing forces related to spatial spillovers that are usually neglected in analyses of the economic and fiscal impacts of employment growth.
Combining Revealed and Stated Preferences: Consistency Tests and Their Interpretations
Authors: Azevedo Christopher D. , Herriges Joseph A. , Kling Catherine L.
Published: December 2004

This article models the recreation demand for Iowa wetlands, combining survey data on both actual usage patterns (i.e., revealed preferences (RPs)) and anticipated changes to those patterns under hypothetical increases in trip costs (i.e., stated preferences (SPs)). We formulate and test specific hypotheses concerning potential sources of bias in each approach and discuss what can be learned about the validity of the models from such tests.
Estimating Recreational User Counts
Authors: Johnston Robert J. , Tyrrell Timothy J.
Published: December 2004

This article outlines a methodology for estimating the number of individual visitors to a set of recreational sites, as well as counts of specific visitor groups. The model is designed for sets of sites characterized by: (a) unrestricted recreation from a wide and partially unknown geographic market; (b) individuals who may visit more than one site; (c) accurate visitation (gate) counts from each site. The model provides consistent estimates of the total number of individual visitors, based on information embedded in site‐level count and survey data. Monte Carlo analysis and an empirical application illustrate the properties of visitor count estimates.
Does Tourism Promote Cross‐Border Trade?
Authors: Aradhyula Satheesh , Tronstad Russell
Published: December 2004

We estimate a simultaneous bivariate qualitative choice model of Arizona agribusiness firms' propensity to trade and visit as a tourist the cross‐border state of Sonora, Mexico. Venture business visits, quantified through the tourism equation, were found to have the largest impact on a firm's propensity to trade. Tourist visits have a greater impact on trade when combined with other firm attributes such as age, perceived need for geographic diversity, foreign language fluency, and firm size, than if considered alone. Our results suggest that there is a role for government agencies to play in overcoming imperfect information related to trade opportunities through facilitating exploratory business venture and tourist visits.
Designing Optimal Crop Revenue Insurance
Authors: Mahul Olivier , Wright Brian D.
Published: December 2004

When the indemnity schedule is contingent on the farmer's price and individual yield, an optimal crop revenue insurance contract depends only on the farmer's gross revenue. However, this design is not efficient if, as is the case with available contracts, the coverage function is based on imperfect estimators of individual yield and/or price. The producer's degree of prudence and the extent of basis risks have important influences on the optimal indemnity schedule. In this broader context, optimal protection is not provided by available U.S. crop insurance contracts and may include combinations of revenue insurance, yield insurance, futures, and options contracts.
Optimal Area‐Yield Crop Insurance Reconsidered
Authors: Bourgeon Jean‐Marc , Chambers Robert G.
Published: December 2004

The implementability of area‐yield insurance contracts in the presence of symmetric and asymmetric information about the farmer's “beta” linking his yield to the risk‐pool's yield is examined. In the presence of fixed costs and symmetric information Mahul's result that optimality requires setting the slope of the indemnity schedule equal to each farmer's beta is confirmed. When there is asymmetric information between the insurer and the farmer, however, this full‐insurance contract is vulnerable to adverse selection, and therefore may not be implementable for general cost structures. The optimal area‐yield insurance contract under asymmetric information is characterized.
An Empirical Assessment of Endogeneity Issues in Demand Analysis for Differentiated Products
Authors: Dhar Tirtha , Chavas Jean‐Paul , Gould Brian W.
Published: December 2004

This article explores the issue of price and expenditure endogeneity in empirical demand analysis. The analysis focuses on the U.S. carbonated soft drink market. We test the null hypothesis that price and expenditures are exogenous in the demand for carbonated soft drinks. Using an almost ideal demand system (AIDS) specification, we strongly reject exogeneity for both prices and expenditures. We find that accounting for price/expenditures endogeneity significantly impacts demand elasticity estimates. We also evaluate the implications of endogeneity issues for testing weak separability.
Food Security and Agricultural Protection in South Korea
Authors: Beghin John C. , Bureau Jean‐Christophe , Park Sung Joon
Published: December 2004

South Korea has been pursuing food self‐sufficiency using high tariffs and high administrative prices in key agricultural and food markets. Using a dual approach to trade and trade restrictiveness indices, we analyze the impact of these market distortions on welfare and trade volume. Then, we compute second‐best distortions, which minimize the welfare cost of meeting observed levels of self‐sufficiency and production. We rationalize these second‐best distortions to what could be claimed as legitimate protection under a “food security” (FS) box in World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations. FS‐box protection is sensitive to changes in the definition and the extent of the FS objectives. We show that FS via production targets and reliance on imports would be more palatable to consumers and trade partners, while preserving income transfer to the farm sector.
Tracing the Effects of Agricultural Commodity Prices and Food Costs
Authors: Morrison Paul Catherine J. , MacDonald James M.
Published: December 2004

We estimate a system of product and input‐demand equations for food‐processing industries to trace the links among farm commodity prices, food‐processing costs, and food prices. Disembodied technical change, which likely reflects increasing consumer demand for convenience and product variety, has sharply reduced agricultural materials demand relative to most other food‐processing inputs. This implies weakening impacts of farm price shocks on food prices. But improving quality and falling relative prices for agricultural inputs, in combination with increasing factor substitution, has counteracted these forces to encourage greater usage of agricultural inputs in food processing, and limit these trends.
Excess Capacity and Asymmetric Information in Developing Country Fisheries: The Malaysian Purse Seine Fishery
Authors: Kirkley James E. , Squires Dale , Alam Mohammad Ferdous , Ishak Haji Omar
Published: December 2004

Excess capacity poses a problem in many developing country fisheries. These countries often pursue a development strategy aimed at expanding capacity under open access. Sustainable development, however, requires management. Principal‐agent issues from asymmetric information between the regulator and fishers, which potentially form serious obstacles to fisheries management, arise in the likely forms of management. This article discusses principal‐agent issues and examines the principal‐agent moral hazard issue, which is due to divorce of ownership and vessel operations. The article also illustrates a method for estimating capacity when information is limited. The Peninsular Malaysian purse seine fishery forms a case study.
European Consumers' Willingness to Pay for U.S. Beef in Experimental Auction Markets
Authors: Alfnes Frode , Rickertsen Kyrre
Published: December 2004

Consumers' willingness to pay for Irish, Norwegian, U.S. hormone‐free, and U.S. hormone‐treated beef was studied in an experimental auction market. We ran four simultaneous second‐price auctions to elicit efficiently the complete distribution of willingness to pay differences among our four alternatives. Most participants preferred domestic to imported beef, and half the participants preferred Irish to U.S. hormone‐free beef. Hormone‐treated beef received the lowest mean bid, but 28% of the participants were indifferent or preferred U.S. hormone‐treated to U.S. hormone‐free beef.
Cost‐Effective Targeting of Land Retirement to Improve Water Quality with Endogenous Sediment Deposition Coefficients
Authors: Khanna Madhu , Yang Wanhong , Farnsworth Richard , Önal Hayri
Published: December 2004

An integrated framework that combines spatial and biophysical attributes of land with a hydrological model and an economic model is developed to identify cropland for enrollment in the Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program. Sediment deposition coefficients are determined endogenously depending on the land‐use decisions on other land parcels. Application of this framework to a watershed in Illinois demonstrates that highly sloping land adjacent to water bodies should be selected for retirement. A marginal value rental payment scheme can achieve program goals of 20% sediment abatement at 39% lower cost than a productivity‐based rental scheme.
Thinking Ahead: Strategic Foresight and Government
Authors: Leigh Andrew
Published: December 2004

The technique of strategic foresight — developing policy based on long‐run scenario planning — has much to offer Australian governments. By paying greater attention to identifying emerging issues, and drawing on a broad range of information sources, policies are more likely to prove durable and effective. Drawing on examples from the private sector, and from governments in the UK, USA and Australia, I outline what strategic planning entails, and how it might be implemented.
Navigating the Future: A Case Study of Growing Victoria Together
Authors: Adams David , Wiseman John
Published: December 2004

In an increasingly volatile, uncertain and complex world governments internationally are seeking new frameworks to think about future directions which can guide policy choices that can be turned into realities. This article presents an insiders' case study of the initial development of the Victorian Labor government's Growing Victoria Together, launched in November 2001; it expresses the vision, policy priorities and its key progress measures. It has been developed to guide medium‐term policy choices, communicate directions to citizens and engage stakeholders to think collaboratively about the future. The article notes the emerging international interest in alternatives to public policy paradigms based on economic rationality, market decision‐making and organisational managerialism and outlines the steps and actions involved in developing its public release and the first stages of implementation. It concludes by reflecting on lessons which can be learned from this experience for exploring new strategic policy frameworks.
Regional Matters: An Inter‐agency Approach to Understanding Regional Issues
Authors: McKenzie Fiona
Published: December 2004

Whole‐of‐government approaches to policy development are increasingly seen as critical in developing comprehensive understanding of issues and development of policies. This article argues that cooperative approaches to using and understanding information are as important as cooperative approaches to policy development and implementation. In August 2002 the Victorian government released Regional Matters: An Atlas of Regional Victoria which was the result of whole‐of‐government collaboration. The publication provided a review of regional issues across a wide range of topics. This article highlights both the opportunities and challenges of a whole‐of‐government approach using the experience of this Regional Atlas project. This article also puts forward some lessons that may be used to enhance whole‐of‐government approaches to research and information provision.
Non‐violent Erotica: A Case Study in an Issue Network within the Australian Federal Parliament
Authors: Bromley Emma
Published: December 2004

The federal government's attempt to replace the X classification for videotapes with a Non‐violent Erotica (NVE) classification category was rejected through the intervention of an issue network within the federal parliament. By assessing this process, we can see how individuals can form issue networks and successfully alter a policy proposal.
Advocating Online Censorship
Authors: Chen Peter
Published: December 2004

Using Sabatier's Advocacy Coalition Framework, the development of the Broadcasting Services Amendment (Online Services) Act 1999 is presented. Introduced to control the flow of online content (especially pornography) into and within Australia, this policy area incorporates a mix of high technology, morality and commercial interests. Analysis of the development of the Act is presented over five periods that show: the activation and formation of competing coalitions; acquisition of information and arguments about what form (if any) government regulation should take; and the relative importance of the issue. Analysis shows a number of relatively stable advocacy coalitions formed rapidly in response to government moves for regulation. The stability of these coalitions was significantly influenced by shor ‐term changes in regulatory technology and the nature of the political discourse used by the government which raised or lowered the ‘temperature’ of subsystem conflict. The article makes a number of methodological comments about the application of multivariate clustering to subsystem analysis.
The Policy Cycle: Democratic Process or Rational Paradigm Revisited?
Authors: Everett Sophia
Published: December 2004

Discussion on policy‐making and of effective policy‐making mechanisms is once again emerging in the policy literature. Much of the debate in the past focused on whether the method applied in the physical sciences was appropriate for policy and policy‐making. Current debate appears to be reverting to some form of rationalism in so far as good policy processes are seen to yield the most effective results. This article discusses what appears to be a revival of rationalism — the process‐oriented policy cycle. The article argues that there is little doubt that effective policy‐making requires good process but it is erroneous to suggest that the content of policy, particularly in the case of contentious decisions, is derived from the policy cycle itself. It is argued further that the policy cycle is not a substitute for the actual making of decisions but an administrative and bureaucratic mechanism for effectively setting in place a process once the difficult decisions have been made.
Performance Indicators in Academia: An X‐Efficiency Approach?
Authors: Taylor Jeanette , Taylor Ranald
Published: December 2004

This article utilises three different perspectives to evaluate the uses of performance indicators in Australian higher education: federalism, neoclassical economics and X‐efficiency theory. The introduction of performance indicators by the Commonwealth government is associated with providing the most efficient path for the allocation and distribution of scarce resources in higher education (neoclassical economics), increasing its control over the universities (federalism theory), and applying pressure to them and in turn their academic members to increase their effort levels (X‐efficiency theory). X‐efficiency theory is proposed as a possible model to support and inform efforts to better understand and improve the operation of performance indicators.
How Well Does Accrual Accounting Fit the Public Sector?
Authors: Carnegie Garry D. , West Brian P.
Published: December 2004

In this ‘controversy’ we challenge the unqualified application of full accrual accounting within the Australian public sector. In particular, attention is directed to the recognition and valuation for financial reporting purposes of public sector resources that are of a non‐financial nature, such as library and museum collections. Our main contention is that attempting to recognise such resources at monetary values within the financial reports of public sector organisations is a contrived, imprecise and inappropriate practice that threatens to occlude rather than enable the accountability of public sector institutions and their managers. Building from this accountability theme, we present perspectives on promoting accountability for the technical accounting practices which have been imposed within the public sector.
Practices and Attitudes to Derivatives Use in Australian Commonwealth Organisations
Authors: Brailsford Timothy J. , Heaney Richard A. , Oliver Barry R.
Published: December 2004

Little is known about risk management in the public sector. This study reports on a survey of senior officers in Australian Commonwealth companies and statutory authorities concerning their practice and attitudes towards the use of derivative instruments for risk management. Using a variety of tests, the most important issue identified by respondents concerning the use of derivatives is for budgeting purposes. Of note, respondents rank commonly cited reasons advanced in the private sector, such as reduced bankruptcy costs and taxation, as being relatively unimportant, which is consistent with arguments advanced in the paper. The results also indicate that there are significant differences in the level of importance in some issues regarding derivatives use across public sector organisations, particularly those differentiated by a documented risk management plan. The study also documents for the first time the extent of derivatives use in the Australian public sector.
The States, Federalism and Political Science: A Fifty‐Year Appraisal
Authors: Parkin Andrew
Published: December 2004

The role of the states within the Australian federation has evolved significantly over the past 50 years. So has the interpretation of that role by political scientists. Until the early 1970s, the states seemed to be declining into financial and policy subservience notwithstanding their continuing primary responsibility for the delivery of public services. They then experienced a political and policy renaissance, accompanied by a more balanced political‐science appreciation of the virtues of federalism. Since the early 1990s, the states' trajectory has become more uncertain.
Political Science and Public Administration: The Saga of a Difficult Relationship
Authors: Scott Roger
Published: December 2004

This paper is based on ‘The perennial ugly duckling — public sector education in tertiary institutions before and after Coombs’, an invited contribution on management education delivered at the Sydney Academics Symposium on the Coombs Commission in Retrospect, IPAA National Conference, 28 November 2001.
The exploitation argument against commercial surrogacy
Authors: Wilkinson Stephen
Published: December 2004

This paper discusses the exploitation argument against commercial surrogacy: the claim that commercial surrogacy is morally objectionable because it is exploitative. The following questions are addressed. First, what exactly does the exploitation argument amount to? Second, is commercial surrogacy in fact exploitative? Third, if it were exploitative, would this provide a sufficient reason to prohibit (or otherwise legislatively discourage) it? The focus throughout is on the exploitation of paid surrogates, although it is noted that other parties (e.g. ‘commissioning parents’) may also be the victims of exploitation.

It is argued that there are good reasons for believing that commercial surrogacy is often exploitative. However, even if we accept this, the exploitation argument for prohibiting (or otherwise legislatively discouraging) commercial surrogacy remains quite weak. One reason for this is that prohibition may well ‘backfire’ and lead to potential surrogates having to do other things that are more exploitative and/or more harmful than paid surrogacy. It is concluded therefore that those who oppose exploitation should (rather than attempting to stop particular practices like commercial surrogacy) concentrate on: (a) improving the conditions under which paid surrogates ‘work’; and (b) changing the background conditions (in particular, the unequal distribution of power and wealth) which generate exploitative relationships.
Update on unethical use of placebos in randomised trials
Authors: Michels Karin B. , Rothman Kenneth J.
Published: December 2004

The most recent (Fifth) revision of the Declaration of Helsinki, adopted in October 2000 by the World Medical Association (WMA), reinforces the longstanding prohibition against offering placebo instead of effective therapy. The WMA left no doubt that if a beneficial treatment for a condition has already been recognised, it is unethical to offer placebo in place of such treatment to anyone in a study of the same condition. We have previously drawn attention to the discrepancy between the spirit of the Declaration and the common practice of using placebo controls in randomised trials even if effective treatment exists. Despite the mandates of the Declaration of Helsinki and concern from ethicists and scientists, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) continues to demand and defend placebo‐controlled evidence of efficacy and safety for the development of many new pharmaceuticals, even if effective therapy exists. We suggest that the FDA's arguments defending their practice are insufficient to justify medical research that violates the Declaration of Helsinki.
Children with autism and peer group support: using ‘circles of friends’
Authors: Whitaker Philip , Barratt Penny , Joy Helen , Potter Mo , Thomas George
Published: December 2004

Philip Whitaker (Specialist Senior Educational Psychologist, Leicestershire Educational Psychology Service with specialist responsibility in autism) and members of the Leicestershire Autism Outreach Team describe the rationale and process of establishing ‘circles of friends’ to support seven youngsters with autistic spectrum disorders, six of whom were attending mainstream schools.
Assessment and special educational needs: teachers’ dilemmas
Authors: Rouse Martyn , Agbenu Richard
Published: December 2004

Martyn Rouse, Lecturer in Special Education, and Richard Agbenu, a former research student, in the University of Cambridge School of Education, consider teachers’ assessments of special educational needs in the light of the massive changes introduced during the last decade. They describe the teachers’ understanding of the nature and purpose of assessment and examine how judgements about children’s learning needs are being made.
Two Cheers for Corporatism, One for the Market: Industrial Relations, Wage Moderation and Job Growth in the Netherlands
Authors: Visser Jelle
Published: December 2004

The success of economic policies in the Netherlands with regard to enhancing job growth and bringing down unemployment has attracted international attention, especially against the background of persistent high unemployment in many continental European countries. The paper considers the role of Dutch industrial relations, and in particular trade unions, in the turnaround from the ‘Dutch disease’ to the current ‘employment miracle’. It is argued that Dutch unions, weakened by the severe jobs and membership crisis of the early 1980s but assured of continued institutional support, have chosen a public‐regarding ‘jobs before wages’ strategy. The two main features are continued wage moderation and negotiated flexibility of working hours, particularly part‐time jobs. The paper stresses the importance of co‐ordination within the unions as well as between unions and employers, and compares the contents, causes and consequences of the two central accords of 1982 and 1993. Finally, it considers the renewal of Dutch corporatism in an environment of increased market pressure.
The Survey Tradition in British Industrial Relations Research: an Assessment of the Contribution of Large‐Scale Workplace and Enterprise Surveys
Authors: Marginson Paul
Published: December 2004

The paper assesses the contribution to industrial relations research of the large‐scale workplace and enterprise‐based surveys of industrial relations in Britain, paying particular attention to the Workplace Industrial Relations Survey (WIRS) series. It takes issue with recent criticism of survey‐based analysis in the field, arguing that industrial relations researchers have developed a distinctive and valuable survey tradition. The use of surveys in industrial relations contrasts markedly with that in labour economics, stemming from differing methodological preferences in the two fields. Some limitations of the WIRS series to date are reviewed, before considering future directions that survey research might take in order to capture the changing canvass of industrial relations in Britain.
The Search for Flexibility: Skills and Workplace Innovation in the German Pump Industry
Authors: Finegold David , Wagner Karin
Published: December 2004

The German skill‐creation system has been a vital part of the success of its ‘diversified quality production’ model. Some argue that this success is now threatened by the spread of lean production and that the existing skill‐creation system may hinder, rather than help, German manufacturers to restructure. We explore this argument in a detailed study of a nationally representative sample of German pumpmakers. We find that the existence of a highly skilled work‐force may deter the adoption of multifunctional work teams, but that countervailing strengths of the German skill‐creation system have the potential to help firms develop a new, distinctive German production model.
Self‐managed Teams: Assessing the Benefits for Small Service‐sector Firms
Authors: Chaston Ian
Published: December 2004

In recent years the concept of the self‐managed team has gained in popularity as Western nations have struggled to remain competitive in world markets. Claims that autonomous working can contribute significantly to enhancing employee productivity, product innovation and quality management appear mainly based on anecdotal evidence extracted from single‐firm case studies. In an attempt to close identified theoretical and empirical gaps about autonomous working, a larger‐scale quantitative assessment of self‐managed teams in small UK service‐sector firms was undertaken. Although the results confirm that self‐managed teams can contribute to improving certain aspects of performance, the scale of impact seems much less than that suggested in many articles. Furthermore, in certain circumstances it appears that a move to self‐managed teams in small service‐sector firms may have a somewhat negative impact on certain aspects of organizational capability. The question is raised, therefore, whether autonomous working should be strongly advocated as an important contributor to enhancing the competitiveness of small service‐sector firms.
Communication between Managers and Staff in the NHS: Trends and Prospects
Authors: Tourish Dennis , Hargie Owen D. W.
Published: December 2004

The importance of the role of communication in the success of individual performance in social and business life is now widely recognized. Within organizations, effective internal communication between managers and staff is vital to organizational success. This is particularly so during periods of change, when staff uncertainty increases and there is an increased need for greater amounts of information and more frequent communication. Staff in the NHS have recently experienced some quite dramatic changes in their working practices. This paper therefore examines the current state of communication within the NHS and the implications which this poses for the overall functioning of the organization. In particular, the relationship between communication and the motivation of staff is described. The nature of communication audits, the main research approach used to assesses communication effectiveness, is then delineated, and areas of the NHS chosen for analysis by this means are proposed. The results of a series of audits are summarized. Problems in information flow, use of information sources and channels, the timeliness of information exchanged, the extent to which people send information to each other and the quality of working relationships are identified. The implications of these findings for the NHS and general views of management are considered.
The Relationship Between Diversification and Performance in Export Intermediary Firms
Authors: Balabanis George I.
Published: December 2004

The study examines the impact of product, functional and geographical diversification on the sales, exports and profitability of export intermediaries (EIs). It is based on a mailed survey of a sample of 135 British EIs. The results indicated that product and unrelated functional diversification are important to an EI's export stability. EIs that tend to carry undifferentiated products also exhibit more stable export sales. Although geographical diversification itself was not found to affect performance, focus on the economically developed countries seems to be critical for an EI's stability and growth of sales and exports.
Key Issues in the Senior Female International Career Move: A Qualitative Study in a European Context
Authors: Linehan Margaret , Walsh James S.
Published: December 2004

Research investigating the position of women in management has, largely, been confined within national boundaries. Over the last 15 years, empirical studies of women in international management have been undertaken, predominantly in North America. Overall, however, in this research field, many questions remain unanswered or have been only partially addressed. The particular focus of this study is on the senior female international managerial career move in Europe – a relatively unexplored area. Fifty senior female expatriate managers were interviewed, representing a wide range of industry and service sectors. The aims of the study were to develop an understanding of the senior female international career move in a European context in order to more fully understand both the covert and overt barriers that may limit women's international career opportunities. The results of the study show that the senior international career move has largely been developed along a linear male model of career progression, a development which, taken together with gender disparity both in organizations and family responsibilities, frequently prevents women employees from reaching senior managerial positions. The findings suggest that organizations which adopt a proactive approach to female expatriate managers should have a competitive advantage in the international environment.
Technological Characterization of Campanian Pottery of Type A, B and C and of Regional Products from Ancient Calabria (Southern Italy)
Authors: Mirti P. , Davit P.
Published: December 2004

Sherds of Campanian pottery were studied by SEM‐EDX. SEM images show that slips of Campana C are scarcely sintered and are thicker than the well vitrified coatings of Campana A and B and imitations of Campana B. Slips of products with a grey slip on a grey body are very thin and well vitrified. EDX analyses indicate that slips are richer in aluminium and iron, and poorer in silicon and calcium, with respect to the bodies. Higher potassium is also found in all of the coatings except those of Campana A. Here relatively high sodium makes the total alkalis comparable with those of the other products, except Campana C, where it is somewhat lower. Measurement of thermal expansion and X‐ray powder diffractograms suggest that firing temperatures were mostly in excess of 900°C, but some samples of Campana C seem to have been fired below 800°C.
A Geomorphological Study of the Giza Necropolis, with Implications for the Development of the Site
Authors: Reader C. D.
Published: December 2004

There are a number of features of weathering and erosion within the enclosure surrounding the Great Sphinx of Giza that suggest the action of flowing water. That this erosion is not uniformly distributed is consistent not with erosion by rainfall per se but by rainfall run‐off—an erosive agent that is known to have been experienced at Giza until the late Fifth Dynasty. When the spatial relationship of various features within the Giza necropolis is considered, the extant erosion indicates that the Sphinx may pre‐date the reign of Khufu, the builder of the first Giza pyramid. The existence of pre‐Fourth Dynasty development at Giza can be inferred from this—support for which is provided by a number of archaeological finds excavated from the site.
The Application of Scanning X‐ray Fluorescence Microanalysis in the Examination of Cultural Materials
Authors: Scott D. A.
Published: December 2004

The use of a new analytical technique for the elemental characterization of artefacts is described. The new equipment is capable of X‐ray fluorescence analysis in conventional mode as well as for elemental scanning of small objects, fragments or microsamples. The Omicron, manufactured by Kevex Instruments Inc., is equipped with a microfocused X‐ray tube, which can be collimated to a 50 μ beam and used to scan objects over a maximum range of 256 × 256 pixels. False‐colour elemental distribution maps allow the user to image small features, differently pigmented areas, or whole objects in the machine completely non‐destructively. Analyses can be carried out in air, under helium or in vacuum. Two examples of the application of the new technique are described: first, to the surface decoration on a Greek Attic white ground lekythos; and, second, to the pigments used on a small painting, a ‘Pittura’, on copper by the Dutch artist, Frans van Mieris (1635–81) in the collections of the J. Paul Getty Museum.
Aspects of the Production of Cobalt‐blue Glass in Egypt
Authors: Rehren TH.
Published: December 2004

Cobalt‐blue glass of the Near and Middle Eastern Late Bronze Age has long been recognized as compositionally distinct from other contemporary glasses (Sayre 1967; Lilyquist et al. 1993). It has been suggested recently by Shortland and Tite (2000) that this chemical distinction reflects the use of Egyptian raw materials for making these glasses, different from those used to make glass in Mesopotamia, or its manufacture by Mesopotamian workmen, possibly in Egypt. This assumed that cobalt‐bearing alum from the Western Oases and mineral natron from the Wadi Natrun were used for the cobalt‐blue glass, while the other, probably Mesopotamian, glasses were made using plant ash as the main alkali source.  This note discusses some technical aspects of the possible ways in which the cobalt could have been added to the glass, and how this relates to the likely raw glass used in its making. Combining earlier suggestions by Noll (1981) and Brill in Lilyquist et al. (1993), an alternative explanation of the chemical characteristics is suggested, maintaining that all the glasses under discussion were made using plant ash. Differences in alkali concentrations probably reflect different soil and plant chemistries, and the colorant was probably added to the glass after being precipitated from the alum as a complex cobalt aluminium hydroxide.
Production Technology for Copper‐ and Cobalt‐Blue Vitreous Materials from the New Kingdom Site of Amarna—A Reappraisal*
Authors: Tite M. S. , Shortland A. J.
Published: December 2004

Previously published data on the chemical compositions and microstructures of copper‐ and cobalt‐blue frit, glass and faience from the New Kingdom site of Amarna in Egypt (Shortland 2000) are summarized. The data are then used to infer the raw materials and processes employed in the production of these vitreous materials. The results suggest that crushed quartz pebbles were the source of the quartz for all the materials, but that different sources of alkali, both natron and a range of plant ashes, were used in the production of each material. It seems probable that the cobalt‐rich alum colorant was pre‐treated before use by precipitating cobalt hydroxide from a solution of the alum by the addition of natron. It is further hypothesized that cobalt‐blue glass was produced by melting the cobalt‐blue frit together with additional plant ash and possibly quartz. Finally, it is suggested that, in glazing the cobalt‐blue Variant D faience first produced in the 18th Dynasty, the efflorescence or application method was selected according to object type.
The Improved Lns Pixe‐Alpha Portable System: Archaeometric Applications*
Authors: Pappalardo L. , Romano F. P. , Garraffo S. , De Sanoit J. , Marchetta C. , Pappalardo G.
Published: December 2004

The possibilities presented by the improved portable PIXE system are discussed. Examples are given of applications in the cultural heritage field, and in particular in the characterization of pigments and silver patina on ancient Roman coins. The limitations of the system are also discussed.
LETS get real: constraints on the development of Local Exchange Trading Schemes
Authors: Aldridge Theresa J. , Patterson Alan
Published: December 2004

Local Exchange Trading Schemes (LETS) are widely promoted as a new tool for local economic development, but until recently the focus has been on their alleged ‘potential’ rather than the realities of their operation. This paper assesses the practical economic role of LETS by examining the amount of trading conducted, and demonstrates that both the volume of trading and the value of the trades are very low. Drawing on an intensive case study of the first UK LETS created explicitly as part of a local authority's anti–poverty strategy, explanations for the low levels of participation are suggested, and significant structural constraints on the development of LETS are identified.
‘To define the indefinable’: population classification and the census in South Africa
Authors: Christopher A. J.
Published: December 2004

The population of many countries, including South Africa, has been classified into discrete groups from colonial times until the present day, for purposes of census enumeration. A reading of the census results requires an understanding of the subtleties and shifts of the classification system, which were frequently related to a definition of legal and political rights, including place of residence. The national census has tended to reinforce the groups it was initially meant only to observe.
Bureaucratic Decisions and the Composition of the Lower Courts
Authors: Canes‐Wrone Brandice
Published: December 2004

I delineate necessary conditions for the ideological composition of the federal courts to influence bureaucratic decisions independently of lawsuits and test for the relationship with data on the implementation of wetlands policy. Examining 18,331 decisions by the Army Corps of Engineers over whether to issue a permit for the development of wetlands between 1988 and 1996, I analyze whether these decisions were influenced by the composition of the appellate and district courts. The results indicate that judicial ideology significantly affects bureaucratic decision making. Specifically, a standard deviation increase in the liberalism of the lower courts decreases the probability that the Corps will grant a permit by 14%, which is comparable to the effects of long‐recognized determinants of administrative behavior.
The Evolution of Party Systems between Elections
Authors: Laver Michael , Benoit Kenneth
Published: December 2004

Most existing theoretical work on party competition pays little attention to the evolution of party systems between elections as a result of defections between parties. In this article, we treat individual legislators as utility‐maximizing agents tempted to defect to other parties if this would increase their expected payoffs. We model the evolution of party systems between elections in these terms and discuss this analytically, exploring unanswered questions using computational methods. Under office‐seeking motivational assumptions, our results strikingly highlight the role of the largest party, especially when it is “dominant” in the technical sense, as a pole of attraction in interelectoral evolution.
Democratic Survival, Peace, and War in the International System
Authors: Kadera Kelly M. , Crescenzi Mark J. C. , Shannon Megan L.
Published: December 2004

Post‐World War II Western foreign policies are often based on the claim that the spread of democracy will result in global peace. Our understanding of how this propagation can bring about peace is limited, and we have little reason to believe that the causal arrow points only in one direction. We tackle these issues by modeling the linkages between states' regime types, interstate conflict, and the strength of the democratic community relative to the autocratic community. Analysis of our model suggests initial increases in the strength of the democratic community increase the level of conflict in a system. Beyond a threshold of democratic strength, however, conflict wanes as the democratic community waxes. Our model also suggests that the survival rate of democracies increases as the material strength of the democratic community increases and decreases as systemic conflict rises. Empirical analyses offer support for the survival propositions.
Tradition and Prudence in Locke's Exceptions to Toleration
Authors: Lorenzo David J.
Published: December 2004

Why did Locke exclude Catholics and atheists from toleration? Not, I contend, because he was trapped by his context, but because his prudential approach and practical judgments led him to traditional texts. I make this argument first by outlining the connections among prudential exceptionality, practical judgments, and traditional texts. I then describe important continuities between conventional English understandings of the relationship between state and religion and Locke's writings on toleration, discuss Locke's conception of rights, and illustrate his use of prudential exceptions and distinctions. I conclude by arguing that Locke's problems are relevant to assessing contemporary liberal discussions of toleration and the separation of state and religion that lean heavily on practical justifications.
The Media, the Campaign, and the Message
Authors: Flowers Julianne F. , Haynes Audrey A. , Crespin Michael H.
Published: December 2004

This article examines the 1996 press releases issued by Republican presidential nominee candidates during the invisible primary and the subsequent stories generated by these press releases in newspapers. We systematically examine how campaigns structure their messages, which messages are transmitted by the press to the voting public, and what factors influence the transmission of the campaign's message. We find that campaign organizations disseminate a variety of messages to the media. Our analysis demonstrates that national media organizations are most receptive to informative (logistical) messages disseminated by candidates who are at the head of the field and most hostile to substantive (issue‐oriented) messages regardless of their campaign of origin. By contrast, the state press is most open to substantive messages issued by lower‐tier candidates. It appears from our results that the media, more than the campaign, bear the responsibility for the emphasis on the horse race.
A Strategic Theory of Bureaucratic Redundancy
Authors: Ting Michael M.
Published: December 2004

Do redundant bureaucratic arrangements represent wasteful duplication or a hedge against political uncertainty? Previous attempts at addressing this question have treated agency actions as exogenous, thus avoiding strategic issues such as collective action problems or competition. I develop a game‐theoretic model of bureaucratic policy making in which a political principal chooses the number of agents to handle a given task. Importantly, agents have policy preferences that may be opposed to the principal's, and furthermore may choose their policy or effort levels. Among the results are that redundancy can help a principal achieve her policy goals when her preferences are not aligned with the agents'. But redundancy is less helpful if even a single agent has preferences relatively close to the principal's. In this environment collective action problems may cause multiple agents to be less effective than a single agent. Redundancy can also be unnecessary to the principal if the agent's jurisdiction can be terminated.