bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Female Entrepreneurship: Evolution, Current Challenges, and Future Prospects
Authors: Ferreira dos Santos Valdeci , Macedo Morais Greiciele , Ribeiro Fernanda Ferreira de Araújo , Jardim Pardini Daniel
Published: September 2019

The current paper presents reflections on female entrepreneurship through a history of its development, characteristics, gender dichotomy, we also discuss the insertion of women in the business sector in different regional, cultural, economic, and social contexts. The article evaluates an evolution of entrepreneurship since colonial times, and describes it over the last decades, addressing barriers, dynamic potential, possibilities, challenges, and trends. As a methodological approach, we verified the academic literature through database searches, such as Capes, SPELL, EBSCO HOST, and Google Scholar. The abundance of recent studies carried out in different countries made it possible to explain the subject comprehensively. It is clear from the study that since ancient times, women fought for their spaces with many achievements. However, much more remains to be discussed and rethought to value, emerge, and support the development and growth of female entrepreneurship, as In this field remain open challenges to overcome. Both evolution and trends for female entrepreneurship are related to the cultural dimensions of institutional collectivism, gender egalitarianism, social awareness, and women's empowerment, as they shift through family structures and traditions. As an academic contribution this study presents the main context factors and characteristics of female entrepreneurship, discussed in the literature. In practice, the article helps to explain to entrepreneurs and potential entrepreneurs about the challenges that can be overcome through training and qualification, but also presents the barriers imposed by the market that depend on collective actions and government policies, which propose to discuss the culture and gender bias.
Factors Influencing Internal Shariah Audit Effectiveness: Evidence From Bahrain
Authors: Khalid Ahmed Azam Abdelhakeem , Sarea Adel M.
Published: September 2019

It is this research’s objective to analyze factors that cause an effective internal Shariah audit among the Islamic Financial Institutions (IFIs) in Bahrain. The questionnaire method has been employed to examine the said topic. The questionnaire’s primary source of information was the Accounting and Auditing Organizations for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) Governance Standards. Meanwhile, the respondents are consisted of 52 IFIs’ head of internal Shariah audit department. These IFIs are registered with the Central Bank of Bahrain. To analyze those relationships the structural equation method (SEM) via SmarPLS3.0 has been adopted. The study has found that the effective execution of internal Shariah audit is positively linked with the competency and performance of internal Shariah audit. Meanwhile, the other two variables, i.e. being independent and Shariah supervisory board have been discovered to be positively related with internal Shariah audit effectiveness. Nonetheless, there is no significant contribution. Overall, all the variables contribute 63.2% to IFIs’ internal Shariah audit effectiveness. The regulatory and professional bodies may benefit from this study in their assessment of factors that result in a successful and meaningful internal auditing of Shariah matters.
Moderne Kriegshelden: Kritik an einem Pop-Phänomen. Historische und kulturelle Hintergründe
Authors: Piasecki Stefan
Published: September 2019

Die postheroische Gesellschaft verehrt ihre Helden: jene des Alltags, Feuerwehrleute, Polizisten oder Rettungssanitäter. Dagegen umschließt der moderne Heldenbegriff auch Blogger, Aktivisten, YouTuber oder Influencer, gleichgültig ob alt oder jung. Soldatische Heldengeschichten gibt es indes nicht mehr. Militärisches Heldentum erlebt eine demografische Neubewertung „von unten“. Während die einen durch militärisches Heldentum unruhig, nachdenklich, sogar ängstlich werden, feiern sich andere in Gamer-Clans oder dürfen in Moscheegemeinden Kinder in Uniform marschieren und irritieren damit die (deutsche) Öffentlichkeit. Warum polarisiert der militärische Held - immer noch oder schon wieder? Der Beitrag1 bietet einen Streifzug durch die Kulturgeschichte des Heldenbegriffs und kontrastiert ihn mit den (pop-) kulturellen Bedingungen der modernen Erlebnisgesellschaft.
Lebendiger Lernort
Authors: Eliş Ali
Published: September 2019

In Bremen zeigt ein »Virtuelles Museum der Migration« in fünfzig Lebensgeschichten die Anfänge der Arbeitsimmigration in Westdeutschland nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg.
Die Schwächen beseitigen, die Stärken fördern
Authors: Basener Dieter
Published: September 2019

Werkstätten für behinderte Menschen stehen spätestens seit der Ratifizierung der UN-Behindertenrechtskonvention unter Rechtfertigungsdruck. Eine Reform sollte ihre Schwächen ausgleichen, aber ihre Stärken im Interesse behinderter Menschen und der Gesellschaft erhalten, meint Dieter Basener, jahrzehntelang Gestalter und Begleiter des Werkstättensystems in Deutschland.
Controlling als Gestaltung von Zukunft
Authors: Löwenhaupt Stefan
Published: September 2019

Das Controlling in Organisationen und Unternehmen der Sozialwirtschaft muss spezifische Anforderungen erfüllen, die sich aus den Besonderheiten der Branche ergeben. Neue Standards sollen der Praxis dabei helfen.
Grace, Natura Pura, and the Metaphysics of Status
Authors: Spencer Mark K. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2019

Christian Personalists (such as Balthasar and Yannaras) have objected to Thomism’s claim that humans could have existed in a state (status) of pure nature, on the grounds that this claim entails that historical states like grace do not give fundamental meaning to us, that these states are merely accidental, and that it led to modern secularism. I show that Thomism can affirm its traditional claims regarding grace and pure nature, while denying the first two implications, by developing the Thomistic metaphysics of status. In Thomism rightly understood persons develop historically through status in non-accidental ways and grace gives fundamental meaning to our lives. But I also argue that modern secular experiences (such as experiences of secularity, anxiety, and absurdity described by Heidegger, Camus, and Taylor) are natural to the human person, not merely the result of sin, and that this is rightly supported by the theory of pure nature.
Sein oder Geltung? Eine Deutungsperspektive zu Fichtes Lehre vom Absoluten und seiner Erscheinung
Authors: Gerten Michael ,   Editions Rodopi
Published: September 2019

In Fichte research, there is no consensus on the interpretation of a topic of fundamental importance for Fichte’s Wissenschaftslehre: the relationship of the absolute ‘in itself’ to its appearance. In addition to the difficulty of the matter in itself, the problems of understanding might also be related to the linguistic and terminological form of its presentation.My paper starts with the hypothesis, that an adequate understanding is actually decisively dependent on the dissolution of the ambiguity of the terminus “being”, which also occupies a prominent position in Fichte’s prima philosophia. Taking a distinction from Rudolf Hermann Lotze, I consider in a type of thought experiment whether and how Fichte‘s concept of the absolute qua absolute being (“Sein”, as a counter-concept to appearance / image / existence of the absolute) can be explained or replaced by the term validity (“Geltung”). It is also necessary to consider to what extent the idea of validity is already contained in Fichte’s “Theory of Truth”.
Fichte und das Bild des Anderen
Authors: Senigaglia Cristiana ,   Editions Rodopi
Published: September 2019

In the Doctrine of Science nova methodo Fichte explains the difference between the mirror and the eye. While the former only mirrors without seeing itself by doing it, the eye is in its essential connotation „image for itself“. The capacity of becoming aware of the image as such and of conceiving it as image for itself plays an essential role also in the perception of the other and in the originating process of the intersubjective relationship. The paper first focuses on reconstructing the meaning of the image for the intersubjective relationship and on evaluating whether and how far Fichte’s later elaboration of the theory of the image can be significant for the relationship to the other. Consideration of the different dimensions disclosed by the concept of image can also be helpful in illuminating the potential applications (and possible misuses) of the image of the other, especially in relation to the world of the media. The hypothesis is that Fichte’s conception of the image has a heuristic value also with respect to the image of the other in the present world and opens the way to further developments in the practical-ethical realm.
ACRL Board of Directors’ actions, June 2019: Highlights of the Board’s Annual Conference meetings
Authors: Of College & Research Libraries Association
Published: September 2019

During the 2019 ALA Annual Conference Meeting in Washington, D.C., the ACRL Board of Directors met on June 22 and June 24. The Board met with the leaders of its four goal-area committees: Value of Academic Libraries, Student Learning and Information Literacy, Research and Scholarly Environment, and New Roles and Changing Landscapes to assess progress on the Plan for Excellence. With feedback from the Board, these committees will finalize their reports and develop their work plans for 2019–2020.
Washington Hotline
Authors: Russell Carrie
Published: September 2019

The CASE Act makes its way through CongressSounds like a great idea: providing a venue to litigate small claims of copyright infringement so rights holders with limited resources can avoid the costs and extensive time necessary to bring a federal lawsuit. In fact, this is what the U.S. Copyright Office proposed in its 2013 policy study “Remedies for Copyright Small Claims,” requested by the House Judiciary Committee.
Mobile First Journalism: an analysis of Circa News’ mobile notifications
Authors: Pechansky Rafaela , Da Fontoura Marcelo Crispim
Published: September 2019

The expansion of an ubiquous and urgent environment of information has been transforming the dynamics inherent to journalism. Social networks, apps and algorithms are just a few of the elements which shift the ways of production and consumption of journalistic content. More recently, push messages have contributed to accelerate the process of news’ access. In this article, our purpose is to analyze the push messages sent by Circa News startup throughout 2013, 2014 and 2015, taking into consideration which areas were most adressed.
Estudio sobre el uso de la evidencia científica como argumento en los relatos periodísticos sobre terapias complementarias en los diarios digitales españoles (2015-2017)
Authors: Moreno Tarín Sara
Published: September 2019

El conjunto de técnicas relacionadas con la salud que se engloban bajo el concepto de medicina tradicional y complementaria (MTC) son cada vez más demandadas y utilizadas en todo el mundo. En España, prácticamente la totalidad de la población conoce alguna de estas terapias y casi un cuarto de la población las ha utilizado alguna vez como tratamiento médico. Consecuentemente, este fenómeno suscita un interés por parte de la comunidad sanitaria y científica y es un tema cada día más recurrente en la agenda mediática española. El presente estudio analiza el peso de “la evidencia científica” como argumento en el debate sobre las terapias no convencionales a través de los flujos de información que se difunden en los diarios digitales de mayor audiencia en España durante el trienio 2015, 2016 y 2017. El análisis se realiza a dos tipos de noticias cuya temática principal está relacionada con la homeopatía, la acupuntura, la reflexología o el quiromasaje; por una parte, las noticias con una posición favorable y, por otra, aquellas cuya perspectiva es escéptica, todas ellas publicadas en los siguientes diarios digitales: El Periódico, El País, El Mundo, La Vanguardia y ABC. Los resultados muestran una infrarrepresentación significativa de la eficacia científicamente probada de las MTC, como relato periodístico, ofreciendo al público una argumentación incompleta y confusa al respecto.
Infección por Clostridium difficile: descripción de las cepas NAP1/027 y de otros serotipos en un centro de alta complejidad de Cali, Colombia, 2012-2015
Authors: Oñate-Gutiérrez José Millán , Segura Janier , Correa Adriana , Cantor Erika , Villegas María Virginia
Published: September 2019

Introducción. Clostridium difficile ocasiona infecciones hospitalarias que resultan en altas tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad. La cepa NAP1/027 se ha asociado con una mayor producción de toxinas y con una mayor gravedad, lo que aumenta la carga de la enfermedad.Objetivo. Describir la epidemiología de las infecciones asociadas con C. difficile y las características de la cepa NAP1/027.Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio observacional basado en la revisión de las historias clínicas de los pacientes con muestras de heces positivas para C. difficile identificadas mediante la prueba Xpert™ entre el 2012 y el 2015 en un hospital de alta complejidad. La gravedad de la enfermedad se evaluó con el índice ATLAS.Resultados. Se incluyeron 42 casos de pacientes infectados, 9 de los cuales fueron positivos para la cepa NAP1/027. El uso de antibióticos antes de la infección durante más de siete días fue más frecuente en los casos de pacientes con muestras negativas para NAP1/027. En la mitad de los pacientes, la duración de la diarrea fue mayor de cinco días y no hubo diferencias según el tipo de cepa (p>0,05). Los casos de pacientes positivos para la cepa NAP1/027 se caracterizaron por presentar deposiciones fétidas y sanguinolentas. La gravedad de la infección fue similar entre los grupos.Conclusión. Se comprobó la circulación de la cepa NAP1/027, pero su presencia no supuso diferencias clínicas significativas con respecto a otras cepas, lo cual podría deberse al limitado número de pacientes en este estudio. Sin embargo, su presencia debe alertar a los médicos y a las instituciones de salud, dada su frecuente asociación con la gravedad de la infección y la mortalidad.
Detection of Trypanosoma cruzi strains circulating in Córdoba department (Colombia) isolated from triatomines (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) collected by the community
Authors: León Cielo , Ortiz Mario Iván , Tovar Catalina , Negrete Jorge , Arroyo Ernesto , González Camila
Published: September 2019

Introduction: From 2011 to 2016, 24 cases of Chagas disease were reported in Córdoba according to the national public health surveillance system (Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia en Salud Pública, Sivigila), but the information regarding Trypanosoma cruzi circulating strains and infection rates are unknown.Objectives: To establish the triatomine species with which people come in contact and recognize as Chagas disease vectors, as well as to assess the infection with trypanosomes and make an exploratory approach to host feeding preferences with the participation of the local community.Materials and methods: Triatomines sampling was conducted in 12 municipalities between 2011 and 2016; T. cruzi infection was established by k-PCR, SAT-PCR, while strain genotyping was done by mini-exon and SL-IR (spliced-leader intergenic region) sequence characterization. We also screened for blood sources.Results: Local community members collected the majority of triatomines and we identified three species: Rhodnius pallescens, Panstrongylus geniculatus, and Eratyrus cuspidatus. The overall T. cruzi infection rate in collected triatomines was 66.6% and we detected the TcIDOM and TcI sylvatic strains. Community-based insect collection allowed reporting the presence of P. geniculatus in two new disperse rural settlements, T. cruzi infection of P. geniculatus in Córdoba, and the first report of triatomines infected with T. cruzi in Montería municipality.Conclusions: These results revealed the presence of triatomines infected with T. cruzi inside dwellings in five municipalities of Córdoba. The dominant circulating T. cruzi strain was TcIDOM, a genotype associated with human Chagas disease and cardiomyopathies in Colombia. Our results highlight the importance of local community participation in entomological surveillance tasks.
Malaria grave en mujeres gestantes hospitalizadas entre el 2010 y el 2014 en el departamento de Antioquia, Colombia
Authors: Tobón-Castaño Alberto , Betancur John Edison
Published: September 2019

Introducción. La malaria (o paludismo) durante la gestación impacta negativamente la salud de la madre y del neonato, con alto riesgo de complicaciones clínicas y mortalidad. En las regiones de alta endemia se han caracterizado, especialmente, la anemia materna y el bajo peso al nacer, pero es poco conocido el espectro clínico en las zonas de baja endemia.Objetivo. Caracterizar clínica y epidemiológicamente los episodios de malaria en mujeres gestantes hospitalizadas en el departamento de Antioquia entre el 2010 y el 2014.Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio descriptivo, transversal y retrospectivo, con historias clínicas de mujeres gestantes con malaria por Plasmodium falciparum y P. vivax. Se utilizaron los criterios diagnósticos de malaria complicada de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y de la Guía para la atención clínica integral del paciente con malaria vigente en Colombia.Resultados. Se analizaron 111 casos; el 13,5 % se clasificó como complicación grave según los criterios de la OMS, porcentaje que ascendió a 23,4 % según los criterios de la guía colombiana. Las complicaciones detectadas fueron disfunción hepática, anemia, acidosis y trombocitopenia grave. No se observó diferencia en la frecuencia de las complicaciones según la especie de plasmodio. El 39,4 % de los casos presentó signos generales de peligro; la palidez y la ictericia fueron los más frecuentes. El 40,5 % presentó signos de peligro para la gestación como la cefalea persistente, el dolor abdominal y el sangrado vaginal.Conclusiones. La malaria grave se presenta con gran frecuencia en las mujeres gestantes, sin diferencia según la especie de plasmodio, y se manifiesta con signos de peligro precozmente reconocibles. Se encontró un subregistro hospitalario del 88 % de los casos graves y falta de exámenes de laboratorio para un diagnóstico más completo. Se requiere un protocolo para el diagnóstico clínico de las mujeres gestantes con malaria.
Cloning, phylogenetic research, and prokaryotic expression study of the metabolic detoxification gene EoGSTs1 in Empoasca onukii Matsuda
Authors: Zhang Yujie , Chen Wenlong , Li Ming , Yang Lin , Chen Xiangsheng
Published: September 2019

Due to the misuse of chemical pesticides, small green leafhoppers (Empoasca onukii Matsuda) have developed resistance to pesticides, thereby posing a serious problem to the tea industry. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are an important family of enzymes that are involved in pesticide resistance in Empoasca onukii Matsuda. Empoasca onukii GST sigma 1 (EoGSTs1, GenBank: MK443501) is a member of the GST family. In this study, the full-length cDNA of EoGSTs1 was cloned by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and its taxonomic identity was examined. Furthermore, we performed bioinformatics and phylogenetic analyses of the gene and structural and functional domain prediction of the protein. The results demonstrate that EoGSTS1 belongs to the Sigma family of GSTs; the full-length EoGSTs1 cDNA is 841 bp with a 624-bp coding region that encodes a 23.68932-kDa protein containing 207 amino acids. The theoretical isoelectric point (IEP) was calculated to be 6.00. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that EoGSTS1 is closely related to the Sub psaltriayangi subfamily of the Cicadoidea superfamily in order Hemiptera, whereas it is distantly related to Periplaneta americana of order Blattodea. Amino acid sequence alignment of EoGSTS1 and GSTs from four other insects of order Hemiptera revealed protein sequence conservation. Tertiary structure analysis and structural domain functional predictions of the protein revealed that EoGSTS1 contains nine α helices and two β sheets with one conserved GST domain. The results of enzyme activity assay showed that recombinant EoGSTs1 (rEoGSTs1) protein had catalytic activity for substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and exhibited the highest activity at pH 7 and 25 °C. The Michaelis constant Km of rEoGSTs1 protein was 0.07782 ± 0.01990 mmol/L, and the maximum reaction rate Vmax was 12.15 ± 1.673 µmol/min⋅mg. Our study clarified the taxonomic identity of small green leafhopper EoGSTs1 and revealed some properties of the gene and its encoded protein sequence. According to the catalytic activity of the rEoGSTs1 enzyme on the model substrate CDNB, we infer that it functions in the degradation of exogenous substances.
Assessment of Water Quality of Surma River and Its Impacts on Urban Residents: The Case of Sylhet City Corporation
Authors: Begum Afruja , Hasan Md. Muyeed
Published: September 2019

This study intends to assess the current water quality of the Surma River alongside Sylhet City and its impacts on urban residents. The water quality has been assessed by laboratory analysis considering a total of seven water quality parameters, viz. pH, DO, BOD, COD, TS, TSS and TDS and water samples were collected from four stations. The impacts of water quality on human health, fishing, the soil, agriculture and the surrounding environment are analyzed based on primary data collected through questionnaire survey covering a total of 200 respondents who resides at the bank of the river. The average values of parameters are DO 11.15 mg/l, BOD 1.77 mg/l, COD 25.27 mg/l, pH 7.2, TSS 131.5 mg/l, TDS 26.47 mg/l and TS 158 mg/l. Among of them only pH is within standard value. Respondent of the study area opined that they have no waste dumping station where they can put their waste. For that reason they compelled to dump waste into the river.Inadequate waste management system and lack of proper waste management initiatives accelerating the pollution exponentially. The scenario can be improved by implementing the recommendations made by the study, which can have the positive changes in the human and aquatic life, environment and ecosystem of the river area.
HLA‐C: An Accomplice in Rheumatic Diseases
Authors: Siegel Ruby J. , Bridges S. Louis , Ahmed Salahuddin
Published: September 2019

Human leukocyte antigen c (HLA‐C) is a polymorphic membrane protein encoded by the HLA‐C gene in the class I major histocompatibility complex. HLA‐C plays an essential role in protection against cancer and viruses but has also been implicated in allograft rejection, preeclampsia, and autoimmune disease. This review summarizes reports and proposed mechanisms for the accessory role of HLA‐C in rheumatic diseases. Historically, contributions of HLA‐C to rheumatic diseases were eclipsed by the stronger association with HLA‐DRB1 alleles containing the “shared epitope” with rheumatoid arthritis. Larger genetic association studies and more powerful analytical approaches have revealed independent associations of HLA‐C with rheumatic disease–associated phenotypes, including development of anticitrullinated peptide antibodies. HLA‐C functions by presenting antigens to T cells and by binding activatory and inhibitory receptors on natural killer (NK) cells, but the exact mechanisms by which the HLA‐C locus contributes to autoimmunity are largely undefined. Studies have suggested that HLA‐C and NK cell receptor polymorphisms may predict responsiveness to pharmacotherapy. Understanding the mechanisms of the role of HLA‐C in rheumatic disease could uncover therapeutic targets or guide precision pharmacologic treatments.
Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery
Authors: Manzano Miguel , Vallet‐Regí María
Published: September 2019

In recent years, nanomedicine has emerged at the forefront of nanotechnology, generating great expectations in the biomedical field. Researchers are developing novel nanoparticles for both diagnostic applications using imaging technology and treatment purposes through drug delivery technologies. Among all the available nanoparticles, inorganic mesoporous silica nanoparticles are the newcomers to the field, contributing with their unique and superlative properties. A brief overview of the most recent progress in the synthesis of mesoporous silica nanoparticles and their use as drug delivery nanocarriers is provided. The latest trends in this type of nanoparticles and their use in modern medicine are discussed, highlighting the significant impact that this technology might have in the near future.
A Review of Low‐Temperature Solution‐Processed Metal Oxide Thin‐Film Transistors for Flexible Electronics
Authors: Park Jeong Woo , Kang Byung Ha , Kim Hyun Jae
Published: September 2019

Solution processing, including printing technology, is a promising technique for oxide thin‐film transistor (TFTs) fabrication because it tends to be a cost‐effective process with high composition controllability and high throughput. However, solution‐processed oxide TFTs are limited by low‐performance and stability issues, which require high‐temperature annealing. This high thermal budget in the fabrication process inhibits oxide TFTs from being applied to flexible electronics. There have been numerous attempts to promote the desired electrical characteristics of solution‐processed oxide TFTs at lower fabrication temperatures. Recent techniques for achieving low‐temperature (<350 °C) solution‐processed and printed oxide TFTs, in terms of the materials, processes, and structural engineering methods currently in use are reviewed. Moreover, the core techniques for both n‐type and p‐type oxide‐based channel layers, gate dielectric layers, and electrode layers in oxide TFTs are addressed. Finally, various multifunctional and emerging applications based on low‐temperature solution‐processed oxide TFTs are introduced and future outlooks for this highly promising research are suggested.
3D Fluorescent Hydrogel Origami for Multistage Data Security Protection
Authors: Zhang Yuchong , Le Xiaoxia , Jian Yukun , Lu Wei , Zhang Jiawei , Chen Tao
Published: September 2019

Current fluorescence‐based anti‐counterfeiting strategies primarily encode information onto single 2D planes and underutilize the possibility of encrypting data inside 3D structures to achieve multistage data security. Herein, a fluorescent‐hydrogel‐based 3D anti‐counterfeiting platform is demonstrated, which extends data encryption capability from single 2D planes to complex 3D hydrogel origami geometries. The materials are based on perylene‐tetracarboxylic‐acid‐functionalized gelatin/poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels, which simultaneously show Fe3+‐responsive fluorescence quenching, borax‐triggered shape memory, and self‐healing properties. By employing an origami technique, various complex 3D hydrogel geometries are facilely fabricated. On the basis of these results, a 3D anti‐counterfeiting platform is demonstrated, in which the data printed by using Fe3+ as the ink are safely protected inside complex 3D hydrogel origami structures. In this way, the encrypted data cannot be read until after specially predesigned procedures (both the shape recovery and UV light illumination actions), indicating higher‐level information security than the traditional 2D counterparts. This facile and general strategy opens up the possibility of utilizing 3D fluorescent hydrogel origami for data information encryption and protection.
Liquid Metal Supercooling for Low‐Temperature Thermoelectric Wearables
Authors: Malakooti Mohammad H. , Kazem Navid , Yan Jiajun , Pan Chengfeng , Markvicka Eric J. , Matyjaszewski Krzysztof , Majidi Carmel
Published: September 2019

Elastomers embedded with droplets of liquid metal (LM) alloy represent an emerging class of soft multifunctional composites that have potentially transformative impact in wearable electronics, biocompatible machines, and soft robotics. However, for these applications it is crucial for LM alloys to remain liquid during the entire service temperature range in order to maintain high mechanical compliance throughout the duration of operation. Here, LM‐based functional composites that do not freeze and remain soft and stretchable at extremely low temperatures are introduced. It is shown that the confinement of LM droplets to micro‐/nanometer length scales significantly suppresses their freezing temperature (down to −84.1 from −5.9 °C) and melting point (down to −25.6 from +17.8 °C) independent of the choice of matrix material and processing conditions. Such a supercooling effect allows the LM inclusions to preserve their fluidic nature at low temperatures and stretch with the surrounding polymer matrix without introducing significant mechanical resistance. These results indicate that LM composites with highly stabilized droplets can operate over a wide temperature range and open up new possibilities for these emerging materials, which are demonstrated with self‐powered wearable thermoelectric devices for bio‐sensing and personal health monitoring at low temperatures.
Flexible and Stretchable Antennas for Biointegrated Electronics
Authors: Xie Zhaoqian , Avila Raudel , Huang Yonggang , Rogers John A.
Published: September 2019

Combined advances in material science, mechanical engineering, and electrical engineering form the foundations of thin, soft electronic/optoelectronic platforms that have unique capabilities in wireless monitoring and control of various biological processes in cells, tissues, and organs. Miniaturized, stretchable antennas represent an essential link between such devices and external systems for control, power delivery, data processing, and/or communication. Applications typically involve a demanding set of considerations in performance, size, and stretchability. Some of the most effective strategies rely on unusual materials such as liquid metals, nanowires, and woven textiles or on optimally configured 2D/3D structures such as serpentines and helical coils of conventional materials. In the best cases, the performance metrics of small, stretchable, radio frequency (RF) antennas realized using these strategies compare favorably to those of traditional devices. Examples range from dipole, monopole, and patch antennas for far‐field RF operation, to magnetic loop antennas for near‐field communication (NFC), where the key parameters include operating frequency, Q factor, radiation pattern, and reflection coefficient S11 across a range of mechanical deformations and cyclic loads. Despite significant progress over the last several years, many challenges and associated research opportunities remain in the development of high‐efficiency antennas for biointegrated electronic/optoelectronic systems.
Halogenated‐Methylammonium Based 3D Halide Perovskites
Authors: Huang Sheng , Huang Peng , Wang Lei , Han Junbo , Chen Yu , Zhong Haizheng
Published: September 2019

3D perovskites with typical structure of ABX3 are emerging as key materials to achieve high‐performance optoelectronic devices. The variation of A‐site cation is promising to achieve enhanced properties; however, is limited to a few available choices of methylamine, formamidine, and cesium. In this work, halogenated‐methylammoniums are developed as A cation to broaden the family of hybrid perovskites. Single crystals and colloidal nanocrystals of halogenated‐methylammoniums based perovskites are successfully synthesized, showing bright future as alternatives for device exploration. In particular, the improved thermal stability and low exciton binding energy from single crystals measurements are demonstrated and bright tunable emission from blue to green for colloidal nanocrystals is achieved.
Conjugated Carbon Cyclic Nanorings as Additives for Intrinsically Stretchable Semiconducting Polymers
Authors: Mun Jaewan , Kang Jiheong , Zheng Yu , Luo Shaochuan , Wu Hung‐Chin , Matsuhisa Naoji , Xu Jie , Wang Ging‐Ji Nathan , Yun Youngjun , Xue Gi , Tok Jeffrey B.‐H. , Bao Zhenan
Published: September 2019

Molecular additives are often used to enhance dynamic motion of polymeric chains, which subsequently alter the functional and physical properties of polymers. However, controlling the chain dynamics of semiconducting polymer thin films and understanding the fundamental mechanisms of such changes is a new area of research. Here, cycloparaphenylenes (CPPs) are used as conjugated molecular additives to tune the dynamic behaviors of diketopyrrolopyrrole‐based (DPP‐based) semiconducting polymers. It is observed that the addition of CPPs results in significant improvement in the stretchability of the DPP‐based polymers without adversely affecting their mobility, which arises from the enhanced polymer dynamic motion and reduced long‐range crystalline order. The polymer films retain their fiber‐like morphology and short‐range ordered aggregates, which leads to high mobility. Fully stretchable transistors are subsequently fabricated using CPP/semiconductor composites as active layers. These composites are observed to maintain high mobilities when strained and after repeated applied strains. Interestingly, CPPs are also observed to improve the contact resistance and charge transport of the fully stretchable transistors. ln summary, these results collectively indicate that controlling the dynamic motion of polymer semiconductors is proved to be an effective way to improve their stretchability.
Superstretchable Dynamic Polymer Networks
Authors: Zhang Huan , Wu Yanzhou , Yang Jinxia , Wang Dong , Yu Pengyun , Lai Chi To , Shi An‐Chang , Wang Jianping , Cui Shuxun , Xiang Junfeng , Zhao Ning , Xu Jian
Published: September 2019

Superstretchable materials have many applications in advanced technological fields but are difficult to stretch to more than 1000× their original length. A superstretchable dynamic polymer network that can be stretched to 13 000× its original length is designed. It is revealed that superstretchability of the polymer network is derived from the synergistic effect of two different types of dynamic bonds, including a small number of strong dynamic imine bonds to maintain the network integrity during stretching and a large number of weak ionic hydrogen bonds to dissipate energy. This approach provides new insights into the design of superstretchable polymers.
Artificial Solid Electrolyte Interphase Coating to Reduce Lithium Trapping in Silicon Anode for High Performance Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Ai Qing , Li Deping , Guo Jianguang , Hou Guangmei , Sun Qing , Sun Qidi , Xu Xiaoyan , Zhai Wei , Zhang Lin , Feng Jinkui , Si Pengchao , Lou Jun , Ci Lijie
Published: September 2019

The investigation indicates that lithium trapping in Si anode of lithium‐ion battery is one of the key factors to affect the coulombic efficiency and capacity decay during high rate cycling. Here, it is demonstrated that LiAlO2 as an artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on commercial Si nanoparticles can effectively address the lithium trapping issues of Si anode to improve its electrochemical performance. By investigating the structure evolution of Si with in situ Raman and ex situ X‐ray diffraction measurements, it is demonstrated that artificial solid electrolyte interphase layer significantly improves the kinetics of lithium alloying/dealloying process due to its better electrochemical performance comparing to the natural SEI. Owing to the artificial SEI coating, the Si anode demonstrates a superior electrochemical performance, which offers a specific capacity of 1106 mAh g−1 at a current density of 4000 mA g−1 with capacity retention of 90.9% after 500 cycles.
A Qualitative Systematic Review of Youth Participatory Action Research Implementation in U.S. High Schools
Authors: Anderson Amy J.
Published: September 2019

This qualitative systematic review examined the context‐specific factors that influence the implementation of youth participatory action research (YPAR) projects in high schools within the United States. Thematic synthesis was conducted to identify and analyze theYPARimplementation factors that were present in 38 peer‐reviewed studies. Results indicate the following two analytic themes concerningYPARimplementation in high schools: (a) pedagogical strategies and (b) stakeholder dynamics and needs. The themes provide support for existing ecological frameworks of implementation factors and demonstrate that adult researchers’ project‐specific decisions are nested within educational power structures. This paper will discuss the implications of theseYPARimplementation themes in executingYPARprojects in high schools.
Long‐term safety and efficacy of rituximab in 248 adults with immune thrombocytopenia: Results at 5 years from the French prospective registry ITP‐ritux
Authors: Deshayes Samuel , Khellaf Mehdi , Zarour Anissa , Layese Richard , Fain Olivier , Terriou Louis , Viallard Jean‐François , Cheze Stéphane , Graveleau Julie , Slama Borhane , Audia Sylvain , Cliquennois Manuel , Ebbo Mikael , Le Guenno Guillaume , Salles Gilles , Bonmati Caroline , Teillet France , Galicier Lionel , Lambotte Olivier , Hot Arnaud , Lefrère François , Mahévas Matthieu , Canoui‐Poitrine Florence , Michel Marc , Godeau Bertrand
Published: September 2019

Rituximab is a second‐line option in adults with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), but the estimated 5‐year response rate, only based on pooled retrospective data, is about 20%, and no studies have focused on long‐term safety. We conducted a prospective multicenter registry of 248 adults with ITP treated with rituximab with 5 years of follow‐up to assess its long‐term safety and efficacy. The median follow‐up was 68.4 [53.7‐78.5] months. The incidence of severe infections was only 2/100 patient‐years. Profound hypogammaglobulinemia (<5 g/L) developed in five patients at 15 to 31 months after the last rituximab infusion. In total, 25 patients died at a median age of 80 [69.5‐83.9] years, corresponding to a mortality rate of 2.3/100 patient‐years. Only three deaths related to infection that occurred 12 to 14 months after rituximab infusions could be due in part to rituximab. At 60 months of follow‐up, 73 (29.4%) patients had a sustained response. On univariate and multivariate analysis, the only factor significantly associated with sustained response was a previous transient response to corticosteroids (P = .022). Overall, 24 patients with an initial response and then relapse received retreatment with rituximab, which gave a response in 92%, with a higher duration of response in 54%. As a result of its safety profile and its sustained response rate, rituximab remains an important option in the current therapeutic armamentarium for adult ITP. Retreatment could be an effective and safe option.
Combination trial of duvelisib (IPI‐145) with rituximab or bendamustine/rituximab in patients with non‐Hodgkin lymphoma or chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Flinn Ian W. , Cherry Mohamad A. , Maris Michael B. , Matous Jeffrey V. , Berdeja Jesus G. , Patel Manish
Published: September 2019

Duvelisib, a potent δ‐ and γ‐PI3K inhibitor, is a potential therapeutic for hematologic malignancies. Rituximab and bendamustine have demonstrated activity in non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Combining duvelisib with either rituximab alone or rituximab and bendamustine may improve response rates and remission durability. We conducted this Phase one study in relapsed/refractory NHL and CLL patients. During expansion, each arm enrolled to disease‐specific cohorts to assess efficacy. Arm one received rituximab 375 mg/m2 IV weekly for two 4‐week cycles plus duvelisib until progression/intolerance. Arm two received rituximab 375 mg/m2 IV Day one, bendamustine 90 mg/m2 IV (NHL patients) or 70 mg/m2 IV (CLL patients) Days one‐two for six cycles, plus duvelisib until progression/intolerance. Duvelisib doses of 50 mg and 75 mg BID were tested during dose escalation. Forty‐six patients (27 NHL, 19 CLL) were treated. The adverse events of the drug combinations were consistent with single agent toxicities. The most common AEs were neutropenia (47.7%), fatigue (41.3%), and rash (41.3%). A duvelisib expansion dose of 25 mg BID was chosen based on the monotherapy phase one study, IPI‐145‐02, which confirmed that dose for further clinical development. Overall response rate was 71.8%. Median progression‐free survival was 13.7 months. Median overall survival has not been reached, but 30‐month overall survival probability was 62%. Duvelisib combined with rituximab, or bendamustine and rituximab did not appear to increase toxicities beyond the known safety profile of the individual agents. Further study is needed to determine if these combinations improve efficacy.
A Short and Efficient Synthesis of the [3]Triangulene Ring System
Authors: Holt Carter J. , Wentworth Katelyn J. , Johnson Richard P.
Published: September 2019

Triangulenes are of current interest for potential applications in molecular electronics. We describe here a three step synthesis of the 4,8,12‐trihydro[3]triangulenium cation by cascade cyclization of a tetra‐benzyl alcohol precursor in triflic acid solution. This stable carbocation is easily observed by NMR and optical spectroscopy and is highly fluorescent. Quenching of the cation into basic solutions or by hydride transfer from triethylsilane provides access to stable dihydro and tetrahydro[3]triangulenes. These neutral species interconvert with cations in a complex series of proton and hydride transfers. This route provides several important [3]triangulene precursors. Preliminary experiments designed to generate [3]triangulene in the solution phase provide evidence for its formation and rapid oligomerization.
Accelerated Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy with Deep Learning
Authors: Qu Xiaobo , Huang Yihui , Lu Hengfa , Qiu Tianyu , Guo Di , Agback Tatiana , Orekhov Vladislav , Chen Zhong
Published: September 2019

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy serves as an indispensable tool in chemistry and biology but often suffers from long experimental times. We present a proof‐of‐concept of the application of deep learning and neural networks for high‐quality, reliable, and very fast NMR spectra reconstruction from limited experimental data. We show that the neural network training can be achieved using solely synthetic NMR signals, which lifts the prohibiting demand for a large volume of realistic training data usually required for a deep learning approach.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Heterocyclic γ‐Amino‐Acid and Diamine Derivatives by Three‐Component Radical Cascade Reactions
Authors: Zheng Danqing , Studer Armido
Published: September 2019

An enantioselective three‐component radical reaction of quinolines or pyridines with enamides and α‐bromo carbonyl compounds by dual photoredox and chiral Brønsted acid catalysis is presented. A range of valuable chiral γ‐amino‐acid derivatives are accessible in high chemo‐, regio‐, and enantioselectivity from simple, readily available starting materials under mild reaction conditions. Using the same strategy, the asymmetric synthesis of 1,2‐diamine derivatives is also reported.
Kupferkatalysierte Triborierung: Einfache, atomökonomische Synthese von 1,1,1‐Triborylalkanen aus terminalen Alkinen und HBpin
Authors: Liu Xiaocui , Ming Wenbo , Zhang Yixiao , Friedrich Alexandra , Marder Todd B.
Published: September 2019

Eine effiziente, einstufige Synthese von 1,1,1‐Trialkylalkanen durch die sequenzielle, dehydrierende Borylierung und zweifache Hydroborierung von terminalen Alkinen mit Pinakolboran (HBpin) wurde unter Verwendung des kostengünstigen und einfach zugänglichen Kupfersalzes Cu(OAc)2 als Katalysator realisiert. Das Verfahren zeichnet sich durch ein breites Substratspektrum, eine außerordentliche Selektivität und eine hohe Toleranz gegenüber funktionellen Gruppen aus. Zudem kann die Reaktion ohne Ausbeuteverlust im Gramm‐Maßstab durchgeführt werden. Die somit erhaltenen 1,1,1‐Trialkylalkane können Anwendungen in der Herstellung von synthetisch wertvollen und bislang schwer zugänglichen α‐Vinylboronaten und zyklischen Boryl‐Verbindungen finden. Verschiedene Alkylgruppen können stufenweise über eine basenvermittelte deborylierende Alkylierung eingeführt werden, um racemische, tertiäre Alkylboronate herzustellen, die einfach in nützliche tertiäre Alkohole umgewandelt werden können.
Controlled Incorporation of Nitrides into W‐Fe‐S Clusters
Authors: Xu Gan , Zhou Jie , Wang Zheng , Holm Richard H. , Chen Xu‐Dong
Published: September 2019

Incorporation of monatomic 2p ligands into the core of iron–sulfur clusters has been researched since the discovery of interstitial carbide in the FeMo cofactor of Mo‐dependent nitrogenase, but has proven to be a synthetic challenge. Herein, two distinct synthetic pathways are rationalized to install nitride ligands into targeted positions of W‐Fe‐S clusters, generating unprecedented nitride‐ligated iron–sulfur clusters, namely [(Tp*)2W2Fe6(μ4‐N)2S6L4]2− (Tp*=tris(3,5‐dimethyl‐1‐pyrazolyl)hydroborate(1−), L=Cl− or Br−). 57Fe Mössbauer study discloses metal oxidation states of WIV2FeII4FeIII2 with localized electron distribution, which is analogous to the mid‐valent iron centres of FeMo cofactor at resting state. Good agreement of Mössbauer data with the empirical linear relationship for Fe–S clusters indicates similar ligand behaviour of nitride and sulfide in such clusters, providing useful reference for reduced nitrogen in a nitrogenase‐like environment.
Green synthesis and chemical characterization of copper nanoparticles using Allium saralicum leaves and assessment of their cytotoxicity, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cutaneous wound healing properties
Authors: Tahvilian Reza , Zangeneh Mohammad Mahdi , Falahi Homeyra , Sadrjavadi Komail , Jalalvand Ali R. , Zangeneh Akram
Published: September 2019

In recent decades, nanotechnology is growing rapidly owing to its widespread application in science and industry. The aim of the experiment was the green synthesis of copper nanoparticles using Allium saralicum R.M. Fritsch aqueous extract and assessment of their cytotoxicity, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and cutaneous wound healing effects under in vitro and in vivo conditions. These nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), UV–visible spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). DPPH free radical scavenging test was done to assess the antioxidant properties, which indicated similar antioxidant potentials for CuNPs@Allium and butylated hydroxytoluene. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) were specified by macro‐broth dilution assay. CuNPs@Allium indicated higher antibacterial and antifungal effects than all standard antibiotics (p ≤ 0.01). Also, CuNPs@Allium inhibited the growth of all bacteria at 1–8 mg/ml concentrations and removed them at 2–8 mg/ml concentrations (p ≤ 0.01). In the case of antifungal properties of CuNPs@Allium, they prevented the growth of all fungi at 1–4 mg/ml concentrations and destroyed them at 2–8 mg/ml concentrations (p ≤ 0.01). In vivo experiment, after creating the cutaneous wound, the rats were randomly divided into six groups (n = 10): untreated control, treatment with Eucerin basal ointment, treatment with 3% tetracycline ointment, treatment with 0.2% CuSO4 ointment, treatment with 0.2% A. saralicum ointment, and treatment with 0.2% CuNPs@Allium ointment. Use of CuNPs@Allium ointment in the treatment groups substantially reduced (p ≤ 0.01) the wound area, total cells, neutrophil, macrophage, and lymphocyte and remarkably raised (p ≤ 0.01) the wound contracture, hydroxyl proline, hexosamine, hexuronic acid, fibrocyte, and fibrocytes/fibroblast rate compared to other groups. The synthesized CuNPs@Allium had high cell viability dose‐dependently (Investigating the effect of the plant on HUVEC cell line) and revealed this method was nontoxic. The results revealed the useful non‐cytotoxic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and cutaneous wound healing effects of CuNPs@Allium.