bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In Support of the "Imperial Mission"? Volunteering for the South African War, 1899-1902
Authors: Miller Stephen M.
Published: July 2005

In mid-December 1899, the British army suffered three consecutive defeats in the opening phase of the Second Anglo-Boer War in South Africa. The government responded to the events of "Black Week" by calling for able-bodied men willing to abandon their homes and families and risk their lives to serve their country. Although some men who answered the call joined the regular army, most who traveled overseas opted for a shorter term of enlistment in the Volunteers, Militia, and Imperial Yeomanry. This article examiness the extent to which patriotism informed the decision-making process of these recruits.
The End of the Army Space Program: Interservice Rivalry and the Transfer of the von Braun Group to NASA, 1958-1959
Authors: Neufeld Michael J.
Published: July 2005

The Army–Air Force struggle over ballistic missiles and space policy in the late 1950s was one of the worst episodes of U.S. interservice strife during the Cold War. The papers of General J. B. Medaris provide an important new window onto the process by which the Army avoided transferring its ballistic missile and space capability to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1958, and then reluctantly did so in 1959, in part to prevent the Air Force from obtaining it. Medaris's papers illustrate how interservice rivalry shaped the actions of the Secretary of the Army and the leadership of Army Ordnance.
"In Common Cause": The NATO Multilateral Force and the Mixed-Manning Demonstration on the USS Claude V. Ricketts, 1964-1965
Authors: Priest Andrew
Published: July 2005

In mid-1964, the USS Claude V. Ricketts began an eighteen-month operation known as the Mixed-Manning Demonstration. The Ricketts (formerly the USS Biddle) carried men from seven different North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) nations and was intended to demonstrate the viability of "mixed-manning" as part of NATO plans for the so-called Multilateral (Nuclear) Force, a purpose-built flotilla of nuclear armed ships to be owned, operated, controlled, and manned by Alliance members. While the Multilateral Force never came to fruition, the Mixed-Manning Demonstration proved to be a considerable success. This article aims to provide an alternative perspective on the history of the Multilateral Force by examining the development of the multilateral mixed-manning concept, showing how officers from the Ricketts attempted to overcome the difficulties encountered in operating with an international crew, and analysing the inherent long-term disadvantages of manning a ship in such a way.
Military Synthesis in South Asia: Armies, Warfare and Indian Society, c. 1740-1849
Authors: Roy Kaushik, Dr
Published: July 2005

Following the rapid collapse of the Mughal Empire after 1707, the Mughal Successor States attempted to modernize their state apparatus and their armies. Both the Indian kingdoms and the British-led East India Company (EIC) attempted the construction of hybrid military organizations. How, then, can one explain the continuous military victories of the EIC? For opening up new dimensions on the military supremacy of the Europeans in Afro-Asia, the analytical tool of Military Synthesis might be more useful than the concept of Military Revolution or Military Evolution. This essay focuses on the period from the 1740s to 1849.
Karaite Judeo-Arabic Translations of Mishnah Rosh ha-Shanah: On the Meaning of Ba'alil
Authors: Tirosh-Beker Ofrah
Published: July 2005

Karaite scholars of the tenth and the eleventh centuries were well acquainted with rabbinic literature. This is evident from their writings in which they cite excerpts from the Mishnah and other rabbinic sources. These citations were occasionally accompanied by Karaite Judeo-Arabic translations, which are of special interest as medieval rabbinic Judeo-Arabic translations of the Mishnah are not common. In this paper we present Judeo-Arabic translations of Mishnah Rosh ha-Shanah 1.5 written by the five renowned Karaite scholars Yusuf al-Basir, Ya'qub al-Qirqisani, Yeshu'ah ben Yehudah, Levi ben Yefet and David ben Avraham al-Fasi, all from the tenth and the eleventh centuries. The word ba'alil, whose Karaite translations are discussed here in details, appears three times in this mishnah, which relates to the sanctification of the new lunar month. This word is a hapax legomenon in the Bible (Ps 12.7) and its occurrences in rabbinic literature are few. This study shows that the Karaite Judeo-Arabic translations of ba'alil reflect two main interpretations, both pertaining to first visibility. One explains ba'alil as reflecting attributes of the new moon, while the other views this word as indicating the relative position of the new moon in the sky. From this discussion we also learn of the Karaite attitude towards the rabbinic text. Not only did these Karaites cite from the Mishnah they also translated passages from it and discussed the exact meaning of key terms that appear in these texts.
Qumran Prayer as an Act of Righteousness
Authors: Arnold Russell C. D
Published: July 2005

The development of statutory, communal prayer within Judaism of late Antiquity is often described as the result of the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE. The liturgical texts found in the Qumran caves have raised significant questions about the origins of such prayer within second Temple Judaism. Some recent scholarship of Jewish liturgy recognizes that the reality is more complex than this simple view of replacement. However, Qumran scholarship, in general, continues to present prayer in the Qumran community as a substitute for the rejected sacrificial system of the Temple in Jerusalem. The present study makes a case for understanding the community's practice of prayer as an act of righteousness contributing to the holiness and righteousness central to the life of the community. The deterministic Qumran community also dismissed the possibility that confession of sin could effect God's restoration, and instead required "perfection of way" from all its members in order to maintain holiness and obtain atonement. Speech, in general, and prayer, in particular, functioned as essential acts of righteousness and obedience to God's Law, marking the passage of time according to the holy calendar and securing atonement for the holy community.
Exorcising the "Angel of National Death" -- National and Individual Death (and Rebirth) in Zionist Palestine
Authors: Saposnik Arieh Bruce
Published: July 2005

During the decade preceding WWI, a sense that the Jews were a nation on its deathbed motivated Zionist cultural activists to work for the creation of a new Jewish national culture in Palestine. Imagery of death and a counter-imagery of rebirth consequently emerged as central elements in the Yishuv's new national culture. Informed by a European discourse in which the threat of racial degeneration and social decadence had become a ubiquitous trope, imagery of death emerges as a window into the new Jewish life which Zionists sought to construct. The refiguration of death was part of a comprehensive Jewish revolution which remained, almost despite itself, deeply indebted to the discourses and imageries of the traditional Judaism it sought to reject and defy. It was the encounter between a European nationalist sensibility and a quintessentially Jewish language that informed the consciousness and motivations of the Yishuv's cultural activists, and which shaped the culture they would produce. Their attempt to grant new meanings to death-and through it, to life-sheds light on a complex and nuanced interaction of old and new in Jewish nationalism. It seems to call for a historiography more attentive to the continued stirrings of the old within the new in nationalism generally-not in negation of nationalism's fundamental modernity, but towards a deepened appreciation of the nature of that modernity itself.
Milton Steinberg, American Rabbi -- Thoughts on his Centenary
Authors: Steinberg Jonathan
Published: July 2005

Rabbi Milton Steinberg died in 1950, but he continues to live on in the memory of those whom he touched and through his writings. His novel "As a Driven Leaf" published in 1939, and his "Basic Judaism" published in 1947 sell very well and attract new readers. His son, Jonathan Steinberg, examines the theological bases of this remarkable influence and follows Steinberg's theology from Kaplan's Reconstructionism and his initial rationalism through Neo-Orthodox Protestant theology as Steinberg struggled to find an adequate response to the Holocaust. Steinberg occupied a unique position in the American rabbinate: he was a congregational rabbi who combined pastoral duties and an intense God-centered devotional life on which he based liturgy and practice.
The Emergence and Expansion of Silla from an Archaeological Perspective
Authors: Barnes Gina Lee
Published: July 2005

In this article, the author examines the available archaeological record for evidence
illuminating the origin and development of the Silla state, which historians traditionally
claimed to have been a major force on the Korean peninsula as early as the first
century B.C.E. Archaeological research in the Kyŏngju basin, the home of the Silla state,
suggests, however, that Silla developed as a state in the late fourth and early fifth centuries
C.E. Further archaeological research in the area will no doubt increase understanding
of Silla's development.
Silla Economy and Society
Authors: Kim Chong-sun
Published: July 2005

This article uses the Samguk sagi, one of premodern Korea's most valuable historical
resources, as a basis for an examination of the economy and society of the Silla dynasty.
It begins by offering the historiographical limitations of the document, followed by a
discussion of the significance of the policy of nongjajŏngbon (agriculture-is-the-basis-of-the-government) on Sillan society and economy. Other scholarly writings on the
Samguk sagi and Silla are also considered.
The Indigenous Religions of Silla: Their Diversity and Durability
Authors: Lee Kidong
Published: July 2005

This article examines the indigenous religions of the Silla dynasty. According to the Silla
annals of the Samguk sagi, religion was significant in all walks of life in Korea's premodern
societies and formed a basis for state rule. Although Buddhism was recognized
as Silla's central religious belief from the early sixth century, other religions and convictions
existed in Silla society. Introduced and discussed here are shamanism, Taoist
thought, belief in spirits of springs and dragons, progenitor myths, state sacrifice rituals,
and portent ideology.
A Study of Koguryo Relations Recorded in the Silla Annals of the Samguk Sagi
Authors: Noh Tae-Don
Published: July 2005

This article arranges the records regarding Koguryŏ in the Silla annals of the Samguk
sagi and reexamines aspects of the debate on Silla-Koguryŏ relations. Since the records
of Koguryŏ found in the Silla annals are of a military and diplomatic nature, an examination
of those records is primarily concerned with the power relations and territorial
changes between the two countries. This article emphasizes a general understanding of
the progressive relationship between Silla and Koguryŏ and employs a comparative analysis
of historical texts.
An Introduction to the Samguk Sagi
Authors: Shultz Edward J
Published: July 2005

Korea's oldest extant historical source is the Samguk sagi, which was compiled by Kim
Pusik (1075–1151) and others during Injong's reign (1122–1146) in the Koryŏ kingdom.
This history and its compilers have been at the center of controversy as critics have
challenged the work's accuracy and its omissions. Despite its failings, this history is a
reaffirmation of Koryŏ's identity, which had been seriously challenged by events of the
early twelfth century and is an excellent expression of that society's values and historical
understanding.
Fantasizing Infanticide: Lady Macbeth and the Murdering Mother in Early Modern England
Authors: Chamberlain Stephanie
Published: July 2005

Lady Macbeth's reference to motherhood and infanticide near the end of act one of Macbeth remains one of the more enigmatic moments in all of Shakespeare's drama. Fearing Macbeth's wavering commitment to their succession scheme, Lady Macbeth declares that she would have murdered her infant to realize an otherwise unachievable goal. Scholars have traditionally read this declaration as evidence of Lady Macbeth's attempt to seize a masculine power to further her husband's political goals. While she clearly seeks power, such power is, I would argue, conditioned on the maternal, an ambiguous, often conflicted status in early modern England: one which enables Lady Macbeth to slip the gendered constraints that bind her. This paper examines representations of murdering mothers in Elizabethan and Jacobean assize records alongside Shakespeare's Lady Macbeth, arguing that the maternal ultimately represented a threat to the process of patrilineal transmission in early modern England.
Virginia Woolf, Ethel Smyth, and Music: Listening as a Productive Mode of Social Interaction
Authors: Clements Elicia
Published: July 2005

The correspondence between Virginia Woolf and Ethel Smyth reveals that Woolf's interactions with her friend reverberate in her thinking about cultural meaning. Aesthetic and social ideas that circulate around notions of music, subjectivity, difference, and community emerge from an examination of the relationship. In turn, these concepts resurface in her final novel, Between the Acts, when Woolf's thematic depiction of music becomes especially conspicuous. Woolf's representations of the sonorous art and Miss La Trobe enable her to explore alternative models of social organization. Ultimately, as Woolf listened apperceptively to her friend and colleague, the novel asks the same of the reader: to hear the heterogeneous voices of diversity.
Coded Discourse: Romancing the (Electronic) Shadow in The Matrix
Authors: Haslam Jason W. (Jason William)
Published: July 2005

Haslam argues that criticism on the Wachowski Brothers' film, The Matrix (1999), has generally followed along the lines of early criticism surrounding the cyberpunk fiction of the late 1980s, which is usually seen as being founded by, and epitomized in, William Gibson's 1984 novel Neuromancer. Within this critical framework, The Matrix is supposedly the filmic refinement of the posthuman, indeterminate identity some see as being offered by cyberpunk fiction. Haslam, however, relying in part on a second strain of criticism surrounding cyberpunk, questions whether The Matrix and its sequels truly offer a radical critique of enlightenment subjectivity, or instead reproduce dominant ontological biases, specifically as they surround gender and race. The Matrix, Haslam suggests, can be read as a text that allows both of these readings, using a disturbed and disturbing set of plots and images surrounding gender and race that can be seen to point to the difficulties surrounding the performative nature of dominance as such.
Tricksters Don't Walk the Dogma: Nkem Nwankwo's Danda
Authors: Lynn Thomas J
Published: July 2005

Igbo village life is nostalgically evoked in Nkem Nwankwo's first novel, Danda (1964), in which the trickster-like title character evades the grasp of Western educational, economic, and religious forces. Danda not only acts irreverently toward ascendant Western cultural influences, but, in keeping with the equivocal nature of the trickster figure, he also trangresses some of the traditional sanctities of the rural West African village he loves. The resources of African oral culture, including the disruptive tendencies of the folk trickster figure, are thus deployed by Nwankwo to depict certain enduring social and political dilemmas without resolving them. While one is engaged and moved by Danda's portrait of an Igbo village, one also finds that few desirable prospects are available to its inhabitants in the wake of colonizing process, for tradition is irrevocably altered and modernity disrupts the communal bonds that gave the village its vitality, integrity, and beauty.
Teaching World War I Poetry--Comparatively
Authors: Norris Margot
Published: July 2005

The experimental poetic forms developed by Modernism and Vorticism in pre-World War I England failed to meet the needs of soldier-poets attempting to convey a whole new reality produced by their combat experience. "Teaching World War I Poetry-Comparatively" offers a plan for teaching English and German trench poetry side by side, with the aim of conveying to students how significantly cultural contexts and the institutions of publishing can influence the development of poetic forms. Such a procedure teaches students to counter national characterizations with specific historical and cultural analyses to account for the possibilities of poetic expression under ideological pressure in times of war. In addition to suggesting avenues for discussion, the essay offers readings of a variety of World War I poems to illustrate the accompanying analysis.
Fiery Constellations: Winterson's Sexing the Cherry and Benjamin's Materialist Historiography
Authors: Smith Angela Marie
Published: July 2005

Consideration of Jeanette Winterson's novel Sexing the Cherry alongside selected Walter Benjamin essays illuminates the novel's commitment to a politicized historical narrative. Like Benjamin's essays, Sexing interweaves strains of materialist, postmodern, and redemptive historiographies. First, the novel's reinterpretation of England's Puritan Revolution enacts a Benjaminian materialist historiography in adopting elements of pre-modern storytelling, and attending to stories of the marginalized, "constellated" with present-day revolutionary moments, although Winterson's revision also foregrounds the roles of sexuality and gender in historiographic narrative. Second, the novel's postmodern traits, particularly the figure of the hybrid cherry, index the kind of historical narrative Benjamin mandated, grafting together narrative forms, and transplanting history into the present through artistic/technological acts of representation/reproduction. And third, the novel's evocations of light and space recall Benjamin's theological vision of Messianic time; both authors implant images of transcendence in their political historiographies, finding redemptive possibilities in the sparks and fragments of history.
Rosemary's Baby, Gothic Pregnancy, and Fetal Subjects
Authors: Valerius Karyn
Published: July 2005

This discussion reads Rosemary's Baby in relation to public discourse on abortion in the United States. It argues, first, that when Rosemary's Baby is located historically in relation to the criminalization of abortion prior to 1973 and the idealization of maternity for married, middle class, white women, this story of a frightening pregnancy evokes feminist arguments for sexual and reproductive freedom. Second, at the present moment Rosemary's terrifying experience also suggests the dangerous effects of anti-maternal, pro-natal public discourse and social policy for low-income pregnant women who wish to carry a pregnancy to term.
Epistemologies of Engagement
Authors: Waller Marguerite R.
Published: July 2005

An entrenched Western philosophical will to mastery habitually codes irreducible differences as obstacles to truth and to political action. Instead, I argue that these differences are our most valuable resource, crucial nodes of potential dialogue, epistemological transformation, and effective political action. Philosophically and historically implicated in the racist, sexist, classist episteme they are also trying to challenge, U.S. academic feminists, among other critics of empire, need themselves to be challenged on the most fundamental levels, a process which cannot be undertaken unilaterally. Noncolonizing, nonhierarchical dialogue both requires and enables such a transformation.
Information Literacy: Bringing a Renaissance to Reference
Authors: Burke Gerald , Germain Carol Anne , Xu Lijuan
Published: July 2005

Colleges and universities are integrating information literacy into their undergraduate curricula. Accreditation commissions of higher education are integrating information literacy into their general education standards. Students enrolled in programs that promote information literacy are instructed to utilize library resources and services to complete assignments and papers. Students in these courses turn to the library's reference services to complete their academic work. In this study, the authors evaluated the increase in reference desk transactions at the University Library reference desk at the University at Albany. Additionally, they surveyed students enrolled in information literacy courses to measure patterns of reference activity.
OhioLINK Electronic Journal Use at Ohio State University
Authors: Connell Tschera Harkness , Rogers Sally A , Diedrichs Carol Pitts
Published: July 2005

A five-question survey randomly presented to users at Ohio State University (OSU) as they viewed articles in OhioLINK's Electronic Journal Center (EJC) in fall 2002 probed the user's status, academic unit, reason for viewing, path to the article, and frequency of EJC use. Usage by faculty and graduate students, by frequent users, and by those in the sciences predominated, as did usage for a class assignment and browsing a journal's issues. OSU Polls in 2003 and 2004 probed EJC awareness and actions after viewing articles. Half of undergraduates were non-users. Printing was favored over reading entire articles online.
What Students Want: Generation Y and the Changing Function of the Academic Library
Authors: Gardner Susan , Eng Susanna
Published: July 2005

This article presents the results of a 2003 undergraduate library user survey as a case study of Generation Y. Survey data support four main traits attributed to Generation Y, which are discussed within the context of library use and satisfaction. Implications for future directions in academic library services based on the new ways Generation Y learn and use the library are explored.
Transformational Leadership: Peer Mentoring as a Values-Based Learning Process
Authors: Mavrinac Mary Ann
Published: July 2005

This paper discusses the complex nature of transformational change required to achieve a learning culture. Peer mentoring will be discussed as an example of a learning process that is in harmony with the values-based transformational leadership and change process, the professional values of librarianship, and the democratic nature of a learning culture.
A Dramaturgical Perspective on Academic Libraries
Authors: Quinn Brian
Published: July 2005

Although many social sciences theories have been applied to the field of library and information science, one theory that has received relatively little attention is dramaturgy. The dramaturgical perspective posits that social life is inherently theatrical in nature. When applied to the academic library setting, both librarians and library users are seen as performers who play a variety of roles in front stage and backstage areas within the library. They strive to deliver convincing performances to their respective audiences by engaging in various forms of impression management. The application of dramaturgy to the academic library setting is critical for understanding the taken-for-granted nature of behavior in libraries. The dramaturgical perspective calls into question the common assumption that information seeking behavior is an exclusively logical, rational, instrumental process. Instead, it suggests that behavior in libraries is motivated, at least in part, by the attempt to maintain a favorable impression among those with whom performers interact.
Business Faculty Research: Satisfaction with the Web versus Library Databases
Authors: Dewald Nancy H , Silvius Matthew A
Published: July 2005

Business faculty members teaching at undergraduate campuses of the Pennsylvania State University were surveyed in order to assess their satisfaction with free Web sources and with subscription databases for their professional research. Although satisfaction with the Web's ease of use was higher than that for databases, overall satisfaction for professional research with databases was higher among those who use them than Web users' satisfaction with the Web. The findings also have implications for marketing and librarians training faculty in database use as well as having implications for reference and liaison work with business faculty members.
Librarians as Disciplinary Discourse Mediators: Using Genre Theory to Move Toward Critical Information Literacy
Authors: Simmons Michelle Holschuh
Published: July 2005

This article proposes that we extend our information literacy instruction programs to include tenets of genre theory as a way to move toward a more critical stance in our pedagogy. By developing an anthropologist's sensitivity to culture, academic librarians can learn the characteristics of the academic disciplines and then help students learn these characteristics as a way for them to understand the rhetorical practices in these fields. In making tacit practices visible, librarians can facilitate students' transitions into the cultures of their chosen disciplines. In this way, we can help students see that information is constructed and contested not monolithic and apolitical.
"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?" and Cold War Hermeneutics
Authors: Cruise James
Published: July 2005

Joyce Carol Oates's "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?" is a familiar story in the undergraduate curriculum, as this work appears in many of the textbooks used in first-year writing courses. Yet the story has a provenance that, though hardly unique, goes a long way in explaining the mysteries that surround Oates's otherwise curious adaptation of the initiation tale. Throughout this essay I offer that Oates's narrative is a product of Cold War America and, as such, depends upon a hermeneutics that typified America at mid century when atomic warfare was just a button-push away. This hermeneutics, which developed out of the "containment" culture of the first nuclear age, spread fear and paranoia by blurring the boundaries between reality and fantasy, truth and falsehood. Critics of Oates's story, so often unmindful of the political culture and political history that gave rise to it, seem to have fallen into the trap that this hermeneutics has ever since occasioned. Reading this body of commentary on Oates's story in fact suggests that whatever riddles or secrets perplex her narrative can be, or perhaps ought to be, solved once and for all. Such a view, however, invites rethinking. As I argue, those riddles and secrets that trouble Connie's passage into an "adult," mid century America are to remain that—riddles and secrets. Only in this way—of Connie's not knowing and never knowing—does her journey into adulthood confirm the terror of her life as a child of Cold War "containment."
The Strange Career of Affirmative Action
Authors: Anderson Terry H.
Published: July 2005

For decades affirmative action has been a contentious policy that has divided Americans. Yet few citizens know how, when, and why the policy was developed, and how various presidential administrations and federal courts have changed it over the last four decades since President John F. Kennedy issued an executive order establishing affirmative action. This essay will examine the development of affirmative action—a policy that, strangely, has never been voted on in Congress.
Hello Willy, Good Bye Lenin!: Transitions of an East German Family
Authors: Finger Anke K
Published: July 2005

This article discusses the film Good Bye Lenin! (2003) and the memories of one East German family's transition from the German Democratic Republic to the Federal Republic of Germany to focus on the two mothers (the film's and the real family's) and to expose a range of inconsistencies that mark the public memory work concerning former East Germany. These inconsistencies appear at the intersection of memory-making and historiography because they underscore recent debates about East Germans' "Ostalgie" as resistance to Western "museumification." They appear at the intersection of public and private memory, an intersection blocked with clashes and silences. They appear also at the intersection of fact and fiction, making the dialogue on how to remember the former East German state and culture one of pivotal importance for understanding the continued split in German culture and identity today. The German reception of Good Bye Lenin! has mostly focused on the film's rendering of the Wende, its expression of Ostalgia, and on its vision of a unified future within socialist political parameters. As such, the reception runs counter to the film's second story line of a family separated by politics and to the public and private memory work regarding the GDR's (and the FRG's) past that has barely begun. Good Bye Lenin!, by presenting two story lines, delivers what may seem a mere matter of selection: remembering either the "good" or the "bad" of the former East Germany. By making this selection, however, anyone involved in this memory work has already fallen into the film's trap. This trap is located precisely in the gulf that divides the memory work of East and West. But it is a generational one, as well, depending on the viewpoint of individual family members. Taken together—not as two sides of a coin but as two of many viewpoints—the cacophony of generational and EastÃWest perspectives prevent the German memory work from being straightforward or from being completed any time soon.
"Whatever I do, it shall be deliberately": The Consul's Political Epiphany in Under the Volcano
Authors: Hama Mark L
Published: July 2005

The article addresses the politics of Under the Volcano, arguing against the conventional interpretation of the novel's ending that reads the Consul's death as the final desperate act of a man unable or unwilling to live any longer with the personal and emotional losses caused by his own apolitical self-absorption and his related flight into alcoholism. I contend instead that Lowry employs landscape imagery to develop a theme of political awakening, using the geography of Quauhnahuac, specifically the path to Parián, to represent the polar forces of left and right, thus portraying the stark and unavoidable choices forced on those who would oppose the spread of fascism. In my reading of the final three chapters of the novel, the Consul very consciously chooses the path to the right, towards El Farolito, in order to confront the representatives of reaction because he understands the true nature of the Fascist threat in Mexico, as ultimately shown by his rejection of the Viva Cristo Rey propaganda blaring from the radio. Before dying, he identifies himself with the land and the Mexican working class, accepting that personal sacrifice, even so seemingly futile a sacrifice as giving one's life in such a remote place, has value. Thus, even though throughout the novel the Consul has consistently rejected leftist ideals of community action and concern for the dispossessed, when he sees these ideals threatened by the unreasoning authoritarianism of the fascists, he realizes that they are the last remaining defense for individual freedom in a world otherwise to be dominated by the violent power of the Right. In the end, the Consul dismisses the peasants' offers to help him escape in order to make a principled political stand, an act that reflects Lowry's own political worldview.
Anger, Anxiety, Abstraction: Virginia Woolf's "Submerged Truth"
Authors: Helal Kathleen M
Published: July 2005

This article argues that anger is a politically powerful emotion not only in Virginia Woolf's writing but also in feminist discourse. I begin by tracing two profound insights Woolf communicates in A Room of One's Own: that as a tool of gender ideology, anger yields great power, and that the only way to use anger effectively is to analyze its source and channel it properly. In the first section, I explore Woolf's analysis of the legitimacy of masculine anger, which generates assurance and definition, and the illegitimacy of feminine anger, which conjures anxiety and abstraction. More specifically, both Mrs. Dalloway and To the Lighthouse suggest that while masculine rage seems socially inherited and justified, feminine fury is latent, repressed, and punished. In the second section, I outline one of Woolf's methods of using anger: analytic objectification. She creates both Professor Von X and the Angel as malevolent personifications of her anger, only to distance herself from her emotion. Both Woolf's expressions of anger and her analyses of it enhance our understanding of the way women writers negotiate between their desire to express anger, and their frustration with a society that disciplines women to be docile. I conclude by linking Woolf's suggestions about the power of anger to contemporary feminist discourse, showing how some feminists now recognize that to express anger through writing is not only to overcome anxiety and reduce abstraction, but also to perform power, to become visible, to define an identity, and to redraw boundaries.
Documentary in an Age of Terror
Authors: Higgins Lynn A
Published: July 2005

Noting that "blockbuster documentary" is no longer an oxymoron, the essay investigates the recent renaissance of documentary genres in the light of the post-9/11 American political and cultural climate. It suggests that the recent appetite for documentaries might arise from anxieties about access to reliable information about the real. In a context where more and more information is "classified," officially and unofficially commodified, or subjected to outright falsification, and where the technologies for image-manipulation are increasingly sophisticated, the filmmakers and other image-makers studied here use various rhetorical, generic, and narrative strategies to resist the replacement of reality by images. The emergence of the "making of" subgenre suggests that all images can now credibly depict is insight into how mediation works. Examples include Morgan Spurlock's Supersize Me, Iranian filmmaker Samira Makhmalbaf's contribution to the collection of short films entitled 11-9-01: September 11, Michael Moore's Fahrenheit 9/11, Art Spiegelman's In the Shadow of No Towers, Terry Gilliam's Lost in La Mancha, and Wolfgang Becker's Good Bye Lenin!.
Travel, Travel Writing, and the Literature of Travel
Authors: Mewshaw Michael
Published: July 2005

Despite its supposed death, travel is something we all crave—both what it is and what it represents. By travel I do not mean tourism; it is not a matter of packing up your lifestyle and beliefs and taking them on the road. Genuine travel broadens the mind and gives an understanding of other people and cultures. Travel allows us to learn, to grow, to bring back badges of newfound knowledge. There's an element of danger in authentic travel, an exploration into the unknown. Travel is, in literary terms, a crucial act, important to writers and thus to readers. Writers need travel—its freedom, its stimulation, and exposure to new and innovative points of view—in the same way they need air, editors, and a reading audience. The greatest authors are in a loose sense all travel writers; they maintain I've been there, I've witnessed it and have come back to tell the tale. All writing is travel writing—even if the journey is entirely within the mind, or even if it's an intimate exploration of a body.
Histiocytic Sarcoma in a 3-Year-Old Male: A Case Report
Authors: Buonocore Samuel , Valente Alfredo L. , Nightingale Daniel , Bogart Jeffrey , Souid Abdul-Kader
Published: July 2005

We describe a pediatric patient with histiocytic sarcoma involving the T6 and L4 vertebral bodies and the lungs. His tumor progressed during chemotherapy designed for Langerhans' cell histiocytosis and sarcoma. High-dose radiation, on the other hand, was effective.
Photophysical Behavior of a Dimeric Cyanine Dye (BOBO‐1) Within Cationic Liposomes
Authors: Madeira Catarina , Fedorov Aleksander , Aires‐Barros M. Raquel , Prieto Manuel , Loura Luís M. S.
Published: July 2005

This study is aimed at establishing optimal conditions for the use of 2,2′‐[1,3‐propanediylbis[(dimethyliminio)‐3,1‐propanediyl‐1(4H)‐pyridinyl‐4‐ylidenemethy‐lidyne]]bis[3‐methyl]‐tetraiodide (BOBO‐1) as a fluorescent probe in the characterization of lipid/DNA complexes (lipoplexes). The fluorescence spectra, anisotropy, fluorescence lifetimes and fluorescence quantum yields of this dimeric cyanine dye in plasmid DNA (2694 base pairs) with and without cationic liposomes (1,2‐dioleoyl‐3‐trimethylammonium‐propane [DO‐TAP]), are reported. The photophysical behavior of the dye in the absence of lipid was studied for several dye/DNA ratios using both supercoiled and relaxed plasmid. At dye/DNA ratios (d/b) below 0.01 the fluorescence intensity increases linearly, whereas lifetime and anisotropy values of the dye are constant (τ¯∼ 2.5 ns and 〈r〉= 0.20). By agarose gel electrophoresis it was verified that up to d/b = 0.01 DNA conformation is not considerably modified, whereas for d/b = 0.05–0.06 a single heavy band appears on the gel. For these and higher dye/DNA ratios the fluorescence intensity, anisotropy and average lifetime values decrease with an increase in BOBO‐1 concentration. When cationic liposomes are added to the BOBO‐1/DNA complex, an additional effect is noticed: The difference in the environment probed by BOBO‐1 bound to DNA leads to a decrease in quantum yield and average lifetime values, and a redshift is apparent in the emission spectrum. For fluorescence measurements including energy transfer (FRET), a d/b ratio of 0.01 seems to be adequate because no considerable change on DNA conformation is detected, a considerable fluorescent signal is still measured after lipoplex formation, and energy migration is not efficient.
Weak cardinality theorems
Authors: Tantau Till
Published: July 2005

Kummer's Cardinality Theorem states that a language A must be recursive if a Turing machine can exclude for any n words , …, one of the n + 1 possibilities for the cardinality of {, …, }⋂ A. There was good reason to believe that this theorem is a peculiarity of recursion theory: neither the Cardinality Theorem nor weak forms of it hold for resource-bounded computational models like polynomial time. This belief may be flawed. In this paper it is shown that weak cardinality theorems hold for finite automata and also for other models. An explanation is proposed as to why recursion-theoretic and automata-theoretic weak cardinality theorems hold, but not corresponding 'middle-ground theorems': The recursion- and automata-theoretic weak cardinality theorems are instantiations of purely logical weak cardinality theorems. The logical theorems can be instantiated for logical structures characterizing recursive computations and finite automata computations. A corresponding structure characterizing polynomial time computations does not exist.
Bi-Borel reducibility of essentially countable Borel equivalence relations
Authors: Hjorth Greg
Published: July 2005

This note answers a questions from [2] by showing that considered up to Borel reducibility, there are more essentially countable Borel equivalence relations than countable Borel equivalence relations. Namely:

Theorem 0.1. There is an essentially countable Borel equivalence relation E such that for no countable Borel equivalence relation F (on a standard Borel space) do we have

The proof of the result is short. It does however require an extensive rear guard campaign to extract from the techniques of [1] the following

Messy Fact 0.2. There are countable Borel equivalence relationssuch that:

(i) eachExis defined on a standard Borel probability space (Xx, μx); each Ex is μx-invariant and μx-ergodic;

(ii) forx1 ≠ x2 and A μxι -conull, we haveExι/Anot Borel reducible toEx2;

(iii) if f: Xx → Xxis a measurable reduction ofExto itself then

(iv)

is a standard Borel space on which the projection function

is Borel and the equivalence relation Ê given by

if and only ifx = x′ andzExz′ is Borel;

(V)

is Borel.

We first prove the theorem granted this messy fact. We then prove the fact.

(iv) and (v) are messy and unpleasant to state precisely, but are intended to express the idea that we have an effective parameterization of countable Borel equivalence relations by points in a standard Borel space. Examples along these lines appear already in the Adams-Kechris constructions; the new feature is (iii).

Simon Thomas has pointed out to me that in light of theorem 4.4 [5] the Gefter-Golodets examples of section 5 [5] also satisfy the conclusion of 0.2.
Tuning Selectivity in Terpene Chemistry: Selective Hydrogenation versus Cascade Reactions over Copper Catalysts
Authors: Zaccheria F. , Ravasio N. , Fusi A. , Rodondi M. , Psaro R.
Published: July 2005

The selectivity of Cu/Al2O3 under very mild catalytic hydrogenation conditions can be tuned only by switching the solvent. Geraniol can be converted in a one‐pot one‐step process into a mixture of citronellol and menthol in hydrocarbon solvents or reduced to citronellol with 98% selectivity in 2‐propanol without any additive. Both reactions can be applied to essential oils or synthetic mixtures containing geraniol, citronellal and nerol.
Liquid‐Liquid‐Liquid Phase Transfer Catalysis: A Novel and Green Concept for Selective Reduction of Substituted Nitroaromatics
Authors: Yadav Ganapati D. , Lande Sharad V.
Published: July 2005

The selective reduction of nitroaromatics to the corresponding amines is an important transformation since many aromatic amines exhibit biological activities and find a multitude of industrial applications, being intermediates for the synthesis of dyes, pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. A variety of nitroaromatics dissolved in organic solvents was reduced by using aqueous sodium sulfide, and tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) as the phase transfer catalyst by choosing appropriate concentrations which resulted in three immiscible liquid phases. Compared to L‐L PTC, the L‐L‐L PTC offers much higher rates of reaction, better selectivities and repeated use of catalyst. The selectivities for the desired products were 100%.
New Synthetic Approach to a [1.1.6] Metapara Cyclophane Derivative via Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Coupling and Ring‐Closing Metathesis
Authors: Kotha Sambasivarao , Mandal Kalyaneswar , Arora Kapildev K. , Pedireddi V. R.
Published: July 2005

The synthesis of a [1.1.6] metapara cyclophane derivative, 1,5(1,4),3(1,3)‐tribenzenacycloundecaphan‐8‐ene‐6,11‐dione, has been achieved via the Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling of α,α′‐dibromo‐m‐xylene with an arylboronic acid derivative followed by an allylation and ring‐closing metathesis reaction sequence.
Nanocrystalline ZnO as an Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Synthesis of 5‐Substituted 1H‐Tetrazoles
Authors: Lakshmi Kantam M. , Kumar K. B. Shiva , Sridhar Ch.
Published: July 2005

Nanocrystalline ZnO is an effective heterogeneous catalyst for the [2+3]‐cycloaddition of sodium azide with nitriles to afford 5‐substituted 1H‐tetrazoles in good yields.
Modular Furanoside Diphosphite Ligands for Pd‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Substitution Reactions: Scope and Limitations
Authors: Diéguez Montserrat , Pàmies Oscar , Claver Carmen
Published: July 2005

We have synthesized a library of furanoside diphosphite ligands for the Pd‐catalyzed allylic substitution reactions of acyclic and cyclic allylic esters. The library has been designed to rapidly screen the ligands to uncover their important structural features and to determine the scope of diphosphite ligands in these catalytic reactions. After the systematic variation of the sugar backbone, the substituent at C‐5 and the phosphite moieties, the diphosphite ligand 4c was found to be optimal in the Pd‐catalyzed asymmetric allylic substitution of hindered (S1) and unhindered (S2–S5) substrates, yielding high activities [TOFs up to >3000 mol×(mol×h)−1] and enantioselectivities (ees up to 99%). In addition, the screening of the library enabled us to find other suitable ligands for hindered disubstituted linear substrate S1 (ligands 1b–d, g and 4b, d, g) and for unhindered cyclic substrates S3–S5 (ligands 6c and 7c).
Asymmetric Sulfoxidation of Thioethers with Hydrogen Peroxide in Water Mediated by Platinum Chiral Catalyst
Authors: Scarso Alessandro , Strukul Giorgio
Published: July 2005

Easy stereoselective oxidation of prochiral aryl alkyl sulfides 2 to the corresponding sulfoxides can be achieved in water‐surfactant medium with inexpensive hydrogen peroxide mediated by the chiral platinum diphosphine complex {[(R)‐BINAP]Pt(μ‐OH)}2(BF4)2 (1). Remarkable key features of general interest are (i) easy isolation of the products from catalyst by simple diethyl ether/water‐surfactant two phase separation, (ii) catalyst loading as low as 1% mol, (iii) good yields, sulfoxide 3 to sulfone 4 ratio up to 200 : 1 and enantioselectivities up to 88%, (iv) mild experimental conditions.
A Novel Microencapsulated Osmium Catalyst Using Cross‐Linked Polystyrene as an Efficient Catalyst for Asymmetric Dihydroxylation of Olefins in Water
Authors: Ishida Tasuku , Akiyama Ryo , Kobayashi Shū
Published: July 2005

A novel microencapsulated osmium catalyst (PSresin‐MC Os) was developed using cross‐linked polystyrene. The concept of this method may go beyond that of microencapsulation. The catalyst was successfully used in asymmetric dihydroxylation in water, and it was recovered quantitatively by simple filtration and reused several times without loss of activity. The shape of the catalyst was maintained even after several uses. Moreover, no leaching of the Os component was detected.
Regioselective Addition Reactions of Propargyl Bromides to Carbonyl Compounds with Gallium Catalyzed by Indium
Authors: Lee Phil Ho , Kim Hyun , Lee Kooyeon
Published: July 2005

Reactions of organogallium reagents generated from propargyl bromides having substituents at the γ‐position and gallium in the presence of 5 mol % of indium with aldehydes and ketones selectively produced homoallenyl alcohols in good to excellent yields. Treatment of organogallium reagents obtained from propargyl bromide or propargyl bromides having substituents at the α‐position and gallium in the presence of 5 mol % of indium with carbonyl compounds selectively afforded homopropargyl alcohols.
Diphosphines of dppf‐Type Incorporating Electron‐Withdrawing Furyl Moieties Substantially Improve the Palladium‐Catalysed Amination of Allyl Acetates
Authors: Fihri Aziz , Hierso Jean‐Cyrille , Vion Anthony , Nguyen Duc Hanh , Urrutigoïty Martine , Kalck Philippe , Amardeil Régine , Meunier Philippe
Published: July 2005

Highly active Pd/diphosphine catalytic systems incorporating new, air‐stable ferrocenyl‐furylphosphines allow nucleophilic allylic amination at room temperature with unprecedented turnover frequencies. For instance, in the presence of 0.01 mol % catalyst the coupling of aniline to allyl acetate occurs at a TOF of more than 10,000 h−1; even the addition of the less nucleophile morpholine to allyl acetate is observed with a TOF of 4250 h−1. The amination of the sterically demanding geranyl acetate, a monoterpene derivative of interest in the flavour industry, at low catalyst loadings demonstrates the scope of this methodology, which provides in addition noticeable advantages in terms of economical (resource‐ and energy‐saving) and sustainable chemistry (high selectivity, no additive, low metal content, and thus easier purification).