bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Corporate perceptions of web‐based environmental communication
Authors: Lodhia Sumit K.
Published: July 2006

Purpose

This study seeks the views of environmental and communication managers in three mining companies on the use of the world wide web for environmental communication.

Design/methodology/approach

Interviews were utilised to gather data for this research.

Findings

Prior literature on web‐based environmental communication has a primary emphasis on the content of environmental disclosure on web sites. It is highlighted in this paper that one must move beyond merely analysing web sites for environmental information in order to gain an in‐depth understanding of the practice of web‐based environmental communication.

Research limitations/implications

Very few studies to date have sought the opinions of corporate executives on the web‐based environmental communication practice of their companies and this study addresses this gap in the literature.

Practical implications

This study obtains “first hand knowledge” of web‐based environmental communication in Australia's minerals industry through its interviews.

Originality/value

The study provides an in‐depth understanding of current web‐based environmental communication practices in an environmentally sensitive industry and suggests that both technical and socio‐political factors impact current practices. This has implications for the choice of theoretical perspectives for analysing web‐based environmental communication practices.
When Infants Look to Their Parents: II. Twelve‐Month‐Olds' Response to Conflicting Parental Emotional Signals.
Authors: Hirshberg Laurence
Published: July 2006

66 12‐months‐olds were seen in a laboratory procedure in which they were given happy, fearful, and conflicting emotional signals by their mothers and fathers with reference to 5 unusual toy stimuli. Measures included: positive and negative affect, affect lability, and approach and proximity behavior toward the toy. Infants did not “select” a signal on the basis of a maternal or paternal primacy in emotional referencing, but responded to both signals and experienced conflict. They showed increased negative affect and decreased positive affect and toy exploration with conflicting signals compared with both happy and with fearful signals alone. Greater levels of lability were not found with conflicting signals. Marked differences among infants in capacity and style of coping with conflict were observed, as were a variety of specific conflict responses, such as agitated sucking, rocking, avoidance, extreme motor inhibition, aimless or disoriented behavior, and transient, unintegrated affect expressions.
Children's Peer Relationships: Longitudinal Prediction of Internalizing and Externaliziing Problems from Middle to Late Childhood
Authors: Hymel Shelley , Rubin Kenneth H. , Rowden Lynda , LeMare Lucy
Published: July 2006

In this longitudinal study, the predictive relations between social difficulties in early childhood (grade 2) and subsequent internalizing as well as externalizing problems in middle childhood (grade 5) were examined. Of particular interest was whether early indices of social isolation would predict internalizing problems 3 years later. A longitudinal sample of 87 children were assessed in both grades 2 and 5 on a variety of measures, including sociometric ratings, peer assessments of aggression and isolation, and self‐appraisals of social competence. In the second grade, observations of isolated and aggressive behavior were made, as well, and teacher ratings of internalizing and externalizing difficulties were obtained. In the fifth grade, teacher ratings of shy‐anxious and acting‐out behavior and self‐reports of loneliness and self‐esteem were collected. Consistent with previous research, results demonstrated predictive links between early peer rejection (unpopularity) and aggression and subsequent externalizing difficulties. Internalizing problems in middle childhood were significantly related to early social difficulties, particularly those of an internalizing sort, including poor peer acceptance, social isolation, and perceptions of social incompetence. Social isolation, then, may indeed be a risk factor in early development.
The Use of Judgement Heuristics to Make Social and Object Decisions: A Developmental Perspective
Authors: Jacobs Janis E. , Potenza Maria
Published: July 2006

This study examined the developments of childern's use of 2 judgement strategies: (1) the use of baserates and (2) the use of the respectiveness heuristic. Childern in the first (M= 6.85), third (M= 8.86), and sixth grades (M= 11.27) and a comparison sample of college students (M= 20.11) made judgements about scenarios that varied by domain (social vs. object judgements) and by information provided (baserates only vs. baserates and individuating information). Results indicated that although the use of baserates and the representativeness heuristic increased with age, the use of individuating information to make social judgements developed quite early. Consistency between subjects' choices and rationales increased significantly with grade level, indicating that younger childern use idiosyncratic strategies, such as personal preferences or scenario embellishment, to make decisions. Developmental trends are discussed in light of previous research with adults.
The Influence of Perinatal Risk Status on Contingency Learning in Six‐to Thirteen‐Month‐Old Infants
Authors: Millar W. S. , Weir C. G. , Supramaniam G.
Published: July 2006

Learning of a manipulative response was examined in 6‐13‐month‐old well babies and in risk infants who, in the perinatal period, had experienced a range of respiratory interventions (low‐and high‐risk). 2 contingency conditions (contingent and yoked) were crossed with 2 locations of feedback (local and remote). Both well‐baby and low‐risk groups reliably discriminated between contingent and noncontingent feedback when it was presented locally, whereas high‐risk babies failed to make this distinction in the conditioning phase. Risk status reliably predicted the learning performance. No response acquisition was obtained in the remote feedback condition. In extinction, the well‐baby and low‐risk groups decreased their responding, but the high‐risk group showed an initial response burst. The findings are discussed in the context of risk‐related differences in contingency awareness and frustrative nonreward. Overall, the results confirm that the effects of perinatal compromise involving respiratory complications influence infants' processing of contingency information during the first year of life.
The Relation between Attachment and Knowledge of Self and Mother in One‐to Three‐Year‐Old Infants
Authors: Pipp Sandra , Easterbrooks M. Ann , Harmon Robert J.
Published: July 2006

The relation between attachment to mother and knowledge of self and mother in 2 domains was assessed in 1‐ to 3‐year‐old infants. Infants' featural knowledge was measured by featural recognition, name, possession, and gender. In this domain, no difference between the 2 attachment classifications was obtained at 1 year of age, but significant and increasingly large differences between securely and insecurely attached infants were found at 2 and 3 years of age. The second domain measured infants' actions on self and mother in the context of symbolic play. Regardless of age, infants who were securely attached to mother acted on self and mother with greater complexity than did infants who were insecurely attached. Attachment was related equally to the complexity of infants' knowledge of self and mother. These data were discussed in the context of the development of infants' internal working models of attachment and the onset of representational ability.
Perceiving the Affordance of Contact in Fourand Five‐Month‐Old Infants
Authors: Yonas Albert , Hartman Brenda
Published: July 2006

The focus of this study was on the ability of infants to perceive whether an object is positioned at a distance that would make contact possible. As a toy was presented, sometimes within and sometimes beyond reach, the initiation of reaching and leaning forward was scored. Infants were divided into leaning and nonleaning groups. Both leaning and nonleaning 5‐month‐olds changed their behavior dramatically when the object was placed beyond, as opposed to within, reach. The nonleaners showed a decline in reaching when this boundary for contact was crossed. The “leaners” did not; rather, they began to lean forward. These results suggest that 5‐month‐olds use information for the affordance of contact. 4‐month‐olds provided less evidence that arm length regulates reaching. 5‐month‐old infants acted as if they not only had some sensitivity to the absolute distance of an object but also to the effect that leaning forward has on their ability to make contact with a distant object.
Developmental Biodynamics: Brain, Body, Behavior Connections
Authors: Lockman Jeffrey J. , Thelen Esther
Published: July 2006

This special section, Developmental Biodynamics: Brain, Body, Behavior Connections, celebrates a renewed and revitalized interest in the study of motor development. The renewed interest has been sparked by advances in the neurosciences, biomechanics, and behavioral sciences and, importantly, in the attempts to integrate theories and findings across these disciplines. In this introduction to the special section, we consider the contributions that have led to a reinvigorated field of motor development and to its new interdisciplinary look. We highlight the papers in the special section by discussing how they illustrate related advances across research in the neurosciences, biomechanics, and behavioral sciences and how progress across these domains has come to define and characterize the emerging field of developmental biodynamics.
The Structuring of Neonatal Arm Movements
Authors: Hofsten Claes , Rönnqvist Louise
Published: July 2006

The organization and structuring of spontaneous arm movements of 8 neonates were studied quantitatively. The movements were divided up into units, each consisting of 1 acceleration and 1 deceleration phase. This analysis showed that the movements had a distinct temporal structuring. An analysis of curvature was also performed, and it showed that the most distinct changes in movement direction occurred at the transitions between movement units. Finally, the movements of the 2 arms were found to be coupled in all 3 dimensions of space. They had a clear tendency to move together along the body's longitudinal axis, abduct and adduct together, and extend together in the forward direction.
A Critique of Political Economy
Authors: Oppenheimer Franz
Published: July 2006

Summary

Introduction. PART ONE: Utopian Communism. I, Marx. “Prisoner” ofCommunistic Doctrine. II, The Aim of Utopian Communism. III, Administrative Problems of a Communist Utopia. IV, Political Problems of a Communist Utopia. V, The Problemsof transition to a Communist Society. VI, The Timing of Communist Construction. VII, Familial Communism and Utopian Communism. VIII. Communistic “States” of Antiquity. XI, Utopian Communism and the Russian Experiment.

PART TWO: The Communism of Karl Marx. I, the Scheme of Marx's Inquiry. II, Analysis of Capitalist Society: Value. III, Analysis of Capitalist Society: Surplus Value. IV, The Tendency of Capitalist Development. V, Unification and Simplication in the Social Economy. VI, “Socialization” within the Capitalist Order. VII, The Law of Capitalist Accumulation. VIII, Reproduction of the Industrial Reserve Arroy. IX, Capital Accumulation and Surplus population. X, Land Monopoly and Industrial Un‐employment.
The Christian Basis for a New World Order*
Authors: MacLean Donald A.
Published: July 2006

Summary

I Crisis in World Ideals. 11, Fundamental Basis of the New World Order; A—Divine Basis—Religion and Morality; B—Christian Basis—Totalitarianism of Truth and Love. Ill, The Brotherhood of Man under the Fatherhood of God. IV, A New Fraternal Spirit. V, Human Personality and the New World Order. VI, The Family—Basic Social Cell. VII, World Economic Interdependence. VIII, Nationalism and Internationalism. IX, Freedom of Seas and Communication. X, International Trade, Colonies, Emigration. XI, State Sovereignty, Minorities. XH, Basic Principles of World Peace. XIII, World Disarmament. XIV, World Organization and World Order.
Ideology as a Means of Social Control, I
Authors: Roucek Joseph S.
Published: July 2006

Summary

: I, Ideology and the Science of Society. II, The Rôle of Ideas. III. Definitions, Ideology. Myth. Doctrine. IV, The Component Parts of Successful Ideologies. V, The Answer to the Search for Rationality. VI, Immutable Roots. VII, The Use of Myths. VIII, Expressions of Vital Interests. IX, The Claim to Scientific Objectivity and Realism. X, The Granting of the Élite Status. XI, Pretensions to Universal Values, XII, Operation Within the Framework of Conditioning. XIII, The “Wave of the Future” Principle. XIV, Prophets and Disciples. XV, Extremisms of Ethnocentrism. XVI, Glow Words. XVII, Sectarian and Factional Squabbles. XVIII, Interpreters of the Meaning of Meaning, XIX, Ideology versus Science. XX, Trends in the War of Ideologies.
The Decay of Liberalism
Authors: Neilson Francis
Published: July 2006

Summary: I: THE BACKGROUND OF LIBERALISM, II: THE EARLY RADICALS AND THEIR INFLUENCE. III: COBDEN, BEARER OF THE LIBERAL STANDARD. IV: THE EFFECT OF THE BOER WAR. IV: THE RIOT OF SUPERFICIAL IDEAS. VI: INFILTRATION OF THE FABIANS. VII: EXPOSING THE FALLACY OF MARXISM. VIII: SENTIMENTAL REFORM AND LEGISLATIVE CHAOS. IX: FUNDAMENTAL REFORM TOO LATE. X: A CONFUSION OF CHARITY WITH JUSTICE. XI: IMPERIALISM CRUSHES THE GREAT REVIVAL.
Contemporary American Economic Thought
Authors: Bronfenbrenner M.
Published: July 2006

“All of them are learned; some are almost readable.” R. H. Tawney, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism.
Land Tenure, Geography and Ecology in the Contact of Cultures
Authors: Fried. Morton H.
Published: July 2006

But if it so be that the multitude throughtout the whole ll and passe and rxcede the ew numbre, then they cbeune out of every citie certeyn cytezens, and buylde vp a towne vnder their owne lawrs in the mexte lande where the inbabitauntes haue nuchs waste and vnoccupied grounde, receaminge also of the imbebitauntes to them, if they wil joyne and dwel with thems.… But if the inbabitauntes of that lande wyll not dwell xitb them, to be ordered by their lawes, then they dryue them out of those boundes, which they have limited and apointed out for them, selues.… For they connte this the most just cause of warre, when any people holdeth a piece of grounde woyde and vacant to no good not profitable vse, keepyng other from the vse and possession of it, whiche notwithstandung by the lawe of mature ought thereof to be nowryshed and relitued.1
Cooperation Among Administrative Agencies
Authors: Emmerich Herbert
Published: July 2006

“The National Government and the States should be regarded not as competitors for authority but as two levels of government cooperating with or complementing each other in meeting the growing demands on both.”1
Another Look at England
Authors: Neilson Francis
Published: July 2006

When Dr. Francis Neilson went abroad last year several commissions were given him by this Journal. One was that he scout up promising young English scholars interested in our field. He found much interest, but only among the older scholars. Another was that by personal observation, interviewing informed friends and study of the periodical press, he make an informal survey of the social situation in England along the lines that William Cobbett found so fruitful. The results are given in the following report.
Japan's Pre‐Perry Preparation for Economic Growth
Authors: Spence Daniel Lloyd
Published: July 2006

Of all the nations that inhabit the three largest parts of the globe, the Japanese deserve to rank the first, and to be compared with the Europeans—C. P. Thukberg [Travels, 1796, vol. Ill, p. vi.
Characteristics of Minority Group Families Who Have Tried to Move Into White Neighborhoods1
Authors: Clark S. Lynn , Kirk James H.
Published: July 2006

Abstract.— In a survey of 686 minority group families, there were 97, or 14 pet cent of the total sample, who had tried to move into white neighborhoods. Some of these had been successful, while the efforts of others had been thwarted for various reasons. An analysis of the characteristics of this 14 pet cent shows many interesting social as well as economic traits. The attitude that members of minority groups want to be isolated with their own finds little justification. Of particular interest are the deviations from the total survey group that this 14 per cent revealed.
Book Notices
Authors: Alexander Robert J.
Published: July 2006

Books review in this article:

Can Prosperity Be Sustained? By Neil H. Jacoby.

Three Voyages. By James Peter Warbasse.

The Psychology of Industrial Conflict. By Ross Stagner.

Agriculture and Industry Relative Income. By J. R. Bellerby and others.

I Prohlemi dello Sviluppo Economico: Con Particolare Riguardo alle Aree Arretrate. (The Problems of Economic Development, With Particular Emphasis Upon Those of Underdeveloped Areas). By Francesco Vito and others.

Islamic Society in the Eighteenth Century. By H. A. R. Gibb and Harold Bowen.

The Tension of Citizenship: Private Man and Public Duty. By H. Mark Roelofs.

Ulster Under Home Rule. By Thomas Wilson and others.

When Labor Votes: A Study of Auto Workers. By Arthur Kornhiuser, Albert J. Mayer and Harold L. Sheppard.

Worterbuch der Soziologie. Edited by W. Bemsdorf and Fr. Bulow.

Community Chest: A Case Study in Philanthropy. By Community Surveys, Inc.
The Unwieldy Time‐Dimension of Space
Authors: Gaffney Mason
Published: July 2006

Abstract: This paper introduces the concept of “time‐indivisibility,” and suggests that it may interfere with optimal allocation of durable resources, and especially permanent resources. Space on the earth's surface is taken as a representative permanent resource. The limitations of leasing and lending as time‐dividers are briefly sketched. A simple technique is advanced for analyzing on an annual basis the effects of time‐indivisibility, and it is demonstrated that permanent goods do not tend to be allocated in keeping with the equimarginal ideal. The technique is further developed to analyze the effects on allocation of depreciation and appreciation, the latter tending to aggravate and the former to meliorate the diseconomies inherent in time‐indivisibility.
A Reformulation of Social Action Theory
Authors: Willhelm Sidney M.
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT.— This paper presents a limited number of concepts that comprise social action theory. By establishing greater precision in defining the basic concepts as goals, values, norms, means and social conditions, a reformulation of the “unit‐act” is set forth. The interrelationships among these concepts for the manifestation of social volition are discussed in keeping with the voluntaristic orientation.
The U.S. Bureau of the Budget As Agency Evaluator:
Authors: Wade L. L.
Published: July 2006

Abstract— The U.S. Bureau of the Budget has the important function of recommending to the President the size of agency “shares” in the federal budget. A major research problem, then, is: what standards and criteria are employed in the Budget Bureau in evaluating the agencies and in arriving at budgetary decisions which affect the positions and missions of the agencies of the executive establishment? One scheme of analysis has suggested on the basis of the Parsonian pattern‐variables that public administrators tend to be specific, affectively neutral, universalistic, collectivity‐oriented, and achievement‐oriented in their evaluations of social objects.

To test this hypothesis, the pattern‐variables were related to the operations of the agency, each on the basis of a single qualitative indicator, and applied in survey research conducted among the professional budget examiners and their superiors in two of the Budget Bureau's five examining divisions. The data indicate that, in fact, the respondents tended to be diffuse, affective, particularistic, collectivity‐oriented, and achievement oriented toward the federal agencies with which they deal. Thus they tended (on three of the pattern‐variables) to adopt orientations more typical of the political partisan than of the public administrator, a result which, it is hypothesized, is due in part to the unique relationship that the Budget Bureau bears to the President. The results explain, in part, the insolvable nature of the conflicts that exist between the executive agencies and the Bureau of the Budget.
Funding Land Redistribution in Developing Countries Maintaining Fiscal Solvency in the Face of Heavy Costs
Authors: Harris Edward R.
Published: July 2006

A PROPERLY CONCEIVED and Well‐implemented land reform will serve to improve the escisting sodoeconomic conditions of developing countries. However, a land redistribution program is costly. It is necessary for the country to understand the actual expenses involved, as tbey affect the gov‐ernment's normal financial burden.
Problems in the Reform of Land Tenure
Authors: Morris Reginald Edward
Published: July 2006

Tha PRACTICAL DIFFICULTIES of inducing land tenure reforms such as Land Value Taxation are enormous. Fundamental changes in land tenure or tax structure can have a great revitalizing effect throughout a whole national, or even indeed international, economy. But they can also cause great dislocation of and disturbances to individuals, industries, and government agencies well adjusted to old patterns. Usually major reform movements can progress rapidly only when some disaster or slump creates a general dissatisfaction and desire for a clean sweep and a fresh new approach.
Dr. Irene Hickman and Tax Reform in Sacramento County, Calif.
Authors: Wolff Carole E. , Landis Judson R.
Published: July 2006

If I were to try to read, much less answer, all the attacks made on me, this shop might as well be closed for business. I do the very best I know how—the very best I can—and mean to keep doing so until the end.
Political Partisanship:
Authors: Segal David R. , Knoke David
Published: July 2006

Abstract Analysis of the bases of political party choice in the United States reveals that social structural factors are more important than economic factors in determining patterns of partisanship. Among economic factors, moreover, differentiation in the realms of credit and consumption is more important than differences in relation to economic production. The absence of traditional class‐conflict politics, however, does not lead to a state of political consensus, because new modes of economic differentiation have emerged, cleavages based on earlier economic cleavages have persisted after the basic economic issues have been resolved, and non‐economic cleavages, particularly along racial lines, still await resolution.
Economic Dominants and Community Power: A Reputational and Decisional Analysis
Authors: Conway William J.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The study reported here used the reputational and the decisional approaches in order to ascertain the structures of power in two communities. Comparisons were made between power structures existing during 1969–70 in each community and between patterns of power previously discovered by application of the reputational approach in each city. Support for a combined reputational‐decisional approach is provided. The methods also verify results of earlier reputational findings (1).
Sun Yat‐sen and Henry George:
Authors: Lin Sein
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Of Sun Yat‐sen's “Three Principles of the People,” the third principle, namely the People's Livelihood, forms the ultimate goal for social welfare. In this principle Dr. Sun tried to syncretize the economic theories of the West and adapt them within the Chinese context.

The equalization of land ownership through taxation of self‐assessed land values, and the land value increment tax are the most essential ingredients of the third principle. Underlying Dr. Sun's concept of equalization of land ownership is the unearned increment theory of Henry George.

Dr. Sun conceived of agrarian reform as basic to the solution of the livelihood problem. Henry George also saw the cause of distress and destitution in the defective land tenure structure and the monopoly of land.
The Interdependence of Municipal and County Police Forces:
Authors: Gylys Julius A.
Published: July 2006

Abstract— In our politically fragmented urban areas, sheriff's police services, like all municipal services, are distributed free of any direct charge. This study attempts to determine the optimal quantities of county police activity each political district should receive as well as their matching tax bills. The outcome of the analysis is pronouncedly influenced by the peculiar nature of externalities that occur in the provision of urban law enforcement services. Achievement of optimality conditions indicates an inverse relationship between sheriff's per capita expenditures and per capita tax base values of the participating political units.
The Disequilibrium Theory of Changes in Total Economic Activity
Authors: Hultgren Thor
Published: July 2006

Abstract. It is widely taught that national product departs from, but returns toward, an “equilibrium” level. Return from sub‐equilibrium, it is believed, involves depleting inventories; return from super‐equilibrium involves building them up; in both cases, at a diminishing rate. Observable product and observable aggregate stocks of goods, however, usually rise and fall together; they do not change in opposite directions, as implied. Stocks are not large enough to support the supposed depletion at low income levels. “Intended” changes contrary to the actual changes are not documented. The disequilibrium theory does not promote understanding of historical cycles in product.
On Work and Authority: Issues in Job Enlargement, Job Enrichment, Worker Participation and Shared Authority
Authors: Alexander Kenneth O.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Continued debate over the nature of work is adding to an existing vast literature in labor economics, business and personnel administration, industrial sociology and social psychology. Both theory and experience indicate that the authoritarian workplace results in social costs through reduced labor productivity and increased worker dissatisfaction. But progress toward shared authority and worker participation in the administration of the production process promises to be slow. Management generally preserves a legitimized authority, defending it with the misplaced rationale of elitism, i.e., the presumed functional superiority of managers. Unions will not press for shared authority, for to do so would undermine their basic and formal function of organizational restraint of managerial authority. Thus, while management and union logically protect their traditional roles, the worker and society are denied the potential benefits of basic changes in work and authority.
Regional Land Use Controls in the Adirondack Park
Authors: Vrooman David H.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. THIS PAPER DESCRIBES land use controls for private and public land in the Adirondack Park in northern New York State. The situation is unique because the privately‐owned land is interspersed with the state‐owned land. Land use controls, administered by the Adirondack Park Agency, are similar to urban and rural zoning regulations, but with heavy emphasis on natural resource considerations. The role of externalities in land use is stressed.
The Underdressed Manufacturers in Quesnay's Tableau: And What Economists Are Saying About It
Authors: Gottheil Fred M.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Francois Quesnay's Tableau economique (1758) was the first attempt to structure an economic system in terms of interclass money and commodity flows. But it poses a problem: in the network of exchanges no provision is made for the internal consumption of manufactured goods by the manufacturers. The paper examines how economists have treated this oversight.
Economic and Social Factors in Income Inequality: Race and Sex Discrimination and Status as Elements in Wage Differentials
Authors: Mount Randall I. , Bennett Richard E.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. This paper examines by the use of several econometric techniques some of the economic and social factors in wage differentials as elements in income inequality. The effects of education, sex, occupation, class of workers, industry, race, marital status, hours and weeks worked, and age are analyzed by the use of regression analysis in conjunction with binary variables and joint tests of significance. The results show that the inclusion of the sex variable represents a significant improvement over previous economic models and that it is not the number of years of education that is important but rather the obtaining of academic degrees.
In Pursuit of Equal Taxation: Jersey City's Struggle Against Corporate Arrogance and Tax‐Dodging by the Railroad Trust
Authors: Tobin Eugene M.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Mark Fagan, progressive Republican who became Mayor of Jersey City in 1901, and his adviser, City Corporation Counsel George L. Record, both followers of Henry George, attempted to use taxation to break up the railroad trust and regulate the railroads. They believed that community wealth belonged to the people, whether it be land or franchises. Their efforts to achieve equal taxation made it a paramount state issue but it failed because the voters were not prepared to approve the social reorganization needed to overcome corporate arrogance and end corporate privilege. But to escape equal taxation the railroads accepted regulation.
Policy and Planning Programs as Goals of Scientific Work: interdisciplinary Training for Social Planning as a Case Study in Applied Social Science
Authors: Winthrop Henry
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Policy and planning have now become the field of a new profession—actually a series of professions—in and out of academic life as each of the specialized social and behavioral sciences is applied to the problems of society by some of its professional practitioners. Specialism, however, tends to make of problems in real life constructs that fit within the borders of one's specialty, constructs which have little relation to reality. To transcend specialism's limitations without prejudice to specialization, interdisciplinary training is proposed and worked out for a single area, social policy and social planning.
Why Eradicating Urban Poverty Requires a Long Term Multi‐Program ‘War': A Review of Anti‐Poverty Strategies for the Needs of the Late 70s
Authors: Cox Steven R.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Identifying who are the urban poor may help determine why poverty exists in our cities; and, of course, knowing why people are poor is a prerequisite for designing effective policies to eradicate the problem. As the statistics presented in this paper demonstrate, poverty has many causes and, therefore, a successful ‘war’ on poverty will necessarily have to be long term and multi‐programmed. One essential part of that ‘war,’ of course, will be an attack on racial and sexual discrimination in labor markets; but, as this paper's analysis of the possible underlying causes of such discrimination points out, economic progress alone may be insufficient—racial and sexual prejudice itself will have to be eradicated.
Social Dysfunctions and Myths: Indicators of Social Malaise in Sweden and Other Industrialized Societies
Authors: Schiff Martin
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Sweden's sexual freedom and its Welfare State are said by the country's critics to have produced widespread social malaise characterized by loss of individual initiative, capitalist incentive and religious belief and a coincident rise in social problems. By comparative analysis of social indicators, this Investigation finds that, on the contrary, Sweden remains a capitalistic country in the forefront of progressive reform with an unmatched annual output of goods and services per capita.
National Cooperative Commercial Banking and Development Strategy in Guyana
Authors: Hope Kempe R.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The evolution of the cooperative movement in Guyana resulted in the adoption of a new development strategy. In it a leadership role is given to a new type of government bank, the Guyana National Cooperative Bank. Its mission is to protect and nurture the developing country's cooperative societies, organized mostly on Rochdale principles or on those of the Scandinavian marketing cooperatives. Basically a development savings bank, the GNCB is also an organ through which the Government is minimizing the role of foreign banks in the export sector of the national economy.
Wage Determination: Reconciling Theory and Practice
Authors: Adams Roy J.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The marginal productivity theory of wages and employment has proved, over the years, to be a useful basis for analyzing wage and employment relationships. But in the real world wage rates and the size of the work force appear to be set by other considerations. The article reviews efforts by economists to take these into account. Evidence of the ability of management to manipulate wages is presented. An attempt is made to reconcile practice and theory by taking into account sociological and psychological variables and harmonizing them with the economic variables.
Political Unionism and the Collective Objective in Economies of British Colonial Origin: The Cases of Jamaica and Trinidad
Authors: Johnson Caswell L.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Developing countries face an inconsistency between the need for more equitable distribution of income and wealth between classes and groups and the goals of an industrial relations system in which the trade unions have a systematic commitment to allied political parties to support them in exchange for some control over economic and social policy, or where unions compete with parties for popular support of certain social and political goals. This is designated as 'political unionism' in contradistinction to 'business unionism' where unions support any party whose overall strategy and objectives are most compatible. The analysis shows that ‘political unionism’ led, in Jamaica and in Trinidad and Tabago, to lags in growth which make industrial relations reform a necessity of an effective program of social change.
An ‘Invidious Comparison,’ Class and Status, 1929‐60: Effects of Employment, Cost and Time on Veblen's Theory of Class*
Authors: Noe Francis P. , Elifson Kirk W.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. A consequent of Thorstein Veblen's theory of ‘invidious comparison’ is investigated as it applies to class and status. This research evaluates specifically shifting socioeconomic effects within the structure of society that are often taken to be important causes for determining leisure interests by class. That time, employment, personal debt, and costs effect leisure were hypothesized to be decisive factors in the class leisure outcome. The relative and total predictive influence of the independent variables was analyzed and found to predict differences of leisure interests between the social classes. The findings lend support to Veblen's notion of the leisured class and its acquisition of status.
Jefferson's Unheavenly City: A Bicentennial Look*
Authors: Chaudhuri Joyotpaul
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The opportunity provided by the American Bicentennial for a re‐examination of our political values is also an opportunity for a closer look at the political philosophy of Thomas Jefferson. Although Jefferson has been placed, with John Locke, in a “heavenly city of the eighteenth century philosophers” who sought new defenses on behalf of medieval spiritualism and divine law, the present essay contends that Jefferson's epistemological commitments differed from Locke's, and that Jefferson's political theory was far more “modern” than Locke's with respect to the key notions of rights, property, and consent. Some of Jefferson's political conclusions differed from those of Locke either in degree, such as in the details of representation, or in kind, such as in regard to the ownership of property.
Louis Post as a Carpetbagger in South Carolina: Reconstruction as a Forerunner of the Progressive Movement
Authors: Candeloro Dominic
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Did the reforming zeal of the Carpetbaggers have much influence upon men who would later be involved in the Progressive movement? The experience of Louis F. Post, who served as a Carpet‐bagging stenographer in South Carolina and who later became editor of the Chicago Public and Assistant Secretary of Labor in the Woodrow Wilson administrations, seems to indicate a continuity of interest not only in reform, but in racial equality. Post's unpublished autobiography, his article on his Carpetbagging experience which appeared in the Journal of Negro History and newspaper dispatches he wrote for the Hackettown Gazette in 1871 and 1872 provide the major pieces of evidence that the Carpetbaggers’ experience—often written off as job grabbing by political hacks eager to capitalize on the defeat of the South in the Civil War—was a wellspring of the Progressive movement in America.
Persistence of vascular plants in a Norwegian boreal coniferous forest
Authors: økland Rune Halvorsen
Published: July 2006

Persistence, the tendency of a species to remain in its original position and not to colonize new sites, is studied for the most abundant forest vascular plants (25 species in spruce forest and 7 in pine forest) in Solhomfjell, Gjerstad, S Norway Data sets included presence/absence in 199 meso plots (1 m2) and 3184 subplots (1/16 m2), analyzed over a 5 yr interval, and a subset of 50 meso plots and 800 subplots, analyzed for six consecutive years Relationships between species variables (seedling frequency and mobility rate compiled from the literature, and cover and abundance means in the study area) are studied, and related to species optima along ecologically interpreted DCA ordination axes Vascular plant mobility may increase towards nutrient‐poor sites Dominance in the boreal forest floor is mostly by clonal species Persistence was calculated for different temporal (1‐5 yr) and spatial (1/16 and I m2) scales Persistence patterns in the spruce and pine forests were similar, but persistence decreased towards the xeric pine forests One main component of variation in persistence was demonstrated by PCA analyses the absolute level of persistence, which is related to seedling recruitment vs clonal growth, and within clonal species to ramet longevity, abundance, mobility, growth pattern and mode of surviving the infavourable season Minor components of variation in persistence were related to spatial scale and temporal scale Persistence characteristics were species‐specific and varied little between years Numerous species characteristics were relevant to interpretation of variation in persistence, indicating a continuous, multidimensional variation in life history characteristics
Elemental analysis of mineral lick soils from the Serengeti National Park, the Konza Prairie and Yellowstone National Park
Authors: Tracy Benjamin F. , McNaughton Samuel J.
Published: July 2006

We analyzed mineral lick soils and non‐mineral lick soils from the Serengeti National Park, the Konza Praine, and Yellowstone National Park The concentrations of 14 different elements considered important for ungulate nutrition were analyzed to determine the relative importance of Na vs other elements in attracting animals to lick areas Only Na was consistently higher in the mineral lick soils of the three ecosystems Mean Na concentrations were c 20x greater in Serengeti licks, 10x greater in Konza licks and 3x greater in Yellowstone licks compared to the respective non‐lick soils Despite the numerous elements analyzed for this survey, our results suggest that Na is the primary element initiates mineral lick use in these widely separated ecosystems The widespread distribution of Na‐deficient forage likely explains the importance of Na in most mineral licks
Differential inbreeding tolerance in two geographically distinct strains of root voles Microtus oeconomus
Authors: dos Santos Elisabeth M. , Andreassen Harry F. , Ims Rolf A.
Published: July 2006

Two geographically distinct strains of Microtus oeconomus, each consisting of an inbred (sibling mating) and an outbred treatment group, were bred in the laboratory over three generations to determine the effects of inbreeding on reproductive parameters, growth rates of young and paternal behavior The southern strain (orginating from southern Norway) suffered from depressed reproductive rate (litter size and pregnancy rates) most likely due to inbreeding, while no effects of inbreeding were detected m the northern strain (originating from northern Norway) This result questions previous generalizations about inbreeding tolerance at the species level for Microtus Growth rates and paternal behavior did not differ significantly between inbred and outbred voles in either strain Inbreeding depression rather than inbreeding avoidance is the most likely mechanism behind the depression in reproductive parameters of inbred southern voles This is suggested by the decrease in the proportion of breeding pairs with the number of generations of inbreeding, and by the reduced litter size of inbred compared with outbred pairs Field and laboratory studies have shown that behavioral and demographic traits, possibly related to the degree of inbreeding, differ between the two strains which suggests that inbreeding tolerance might be a life history adaptation
Habitat variability in the effects of predation and microclimate on mycophagous fly communities
Authors: Worthen Wade B. , Bloodworth Benjamin R. , Hobbs Mary B.
Published: July 2006

Ant predation and soil moisture have direct and interactive effects on the abundance and community structure of mycophagous flies Here, we replicated an experiment across three climatically different habitat types to describe how these small‐scale processes (microclimate and predation) are affected by macroclimatic variability at a larger spatial scale (among habitats) Each week for eight weeks during the summer of 1993, 18 Agaricus bisporus mushrooms were placed on dry, moist, or wet potting soil, within predator access or predator exclusion treatments cups, at six sites in the piedmont of South Carolina, USA Two sites were moist hemlock ravines and four sites were dry ridgetops Mushrooms and soil were collected after one week and fly metamorphs were counted and sorted by species We described the effects of ant predation, soil moisture, site and week on the frequency of host use, metamorph abundance, and Simpson's diversity All three measures were affected by macroclimatic differences among sites and across weeks At wet sites and during rainy weeks, more mushrooms were used, more metamorphs emerged, and the communities were more diverse than at dry sites or during dry periods The small‐scale effect of soil moisture was strongly affected by large‐scale macroclimatic conditions In dry ridgetop sites and in dry weeks, abundance and diversity increased with increasing soil moisture In moist sites or dunng rainy weeks, however, soil moisture was unimportant and had no effect on abundance or community structure Predation was unaffected by large‐scale differences in climate, but was affected by small‐scale differences in soil moisture, becoming more intense as soil moisture increased This research demonstrates that the effect of climate on predation is a scale‐dependent phenomenon, and that microclimatic effects are mediated by climatic conditions at larger spatial scales We relate these findings to hierarchical theory and hypotheses concerning the relative effects of tolerances, competition, and predation under different levels of environmental stress
Distance and non‐randomness of seed dispersal by the dwarf cassowary Casuarius bennetti
Authors: Mack Andrew L.
Published: July 2006

To determine the sources of dispersed seeds I inserted unique tags in fallen Aglaia aff flavida seeds before dwarf cassowaries (Casuanus bennetti) ate the fruits containing the seeds Thirty naturally‐dispersed, marked seeds were re‐located in cassowary droppings m a 400 ha study area The distribution of seed dispersal distances did not differ significantly from a normal distribution with a mean dispersal distance of 388 m, SD= 196 8 Mean distance of dispersed seeds to nearest mature conspecific tree was 170 m, SD= 108 4, dispersed seeds usually landed closer to other conspecifics than their parent The estimated distribution of all seeds (including many undispersed seeds) was leptokurtic, creating high densities near source trees (>0 035 seeds m‐2 within 100 m of bole) that quickly tapered off (<0 002 seeds m‐2 > 100 m from the bole), any density dependent effects are liable to be manifest only near parent trees

Cassowary movement patterns and resting behavior caused non‐random dispersal of seeds Seeds were preferentially moved to level sites uphill from their source trees along routes that did not cross.steep terrain Undispersed seeds generally landed downhill from source trees This population of Aglaia would probably contract downhill into smaller, fragmented populations m the absence of cassowary‐mediated dispersal
Biotic and abiotic interactions between surface and interstitial systems in rivers
Authors: Plénet Sandrine , Gibert J. , Marmonier P.
Published: July 2006

Water chemistry and community assemblages of surface and interstitial invertebrates were studied at seven sues on the French Rivers Rhône and Am at surface and at 50 cm depth into the bed sediments Chemical factors allowed differentiation of surface water from groundwater and detection of water exchanges defining clear downwelling and upwelling zones At some sites, interstitial water showed both surface and phreatic conditions, characterizing the underflows of the Rhone or of the Am In the interstitial area, most taxa showed no significant correlations with water chemistry Some epigean and hypogean fauna showed correlations with certain factors Clear relationships appeared between the water exchanges and the distribution of surface and interstitial faunas In interstitial samples, epigean and some hypogean species characterized the downwelling zones while others seemed to be strictly linked to the upwelling zones In surface samples, the presence of hypogean species was associated with regions of groundwater upwelling
Genetic variation in Arabis petraea, a disjunct species in northern Europe
Authors: Jonsell Bengt , Kustås Kerstin , Nordal Inger
Published: July 2006

Variation at 7 isoenzyme loci was studied m 15 populations (6 from Iceland, 4 from W Norway, 4 from central Sweden at the Bothnian Gulf, and 1 from Russian Karelia) Heterozygosity within populations was found to be remarkably high compared with taxa with similar reproductive systems and phytogeographical histories Genetic distances calculated from isoenzyme data showed a close connection between the Norwegian and Swedish populations, indicating a western rather than an eastern immigration route for the isolated Swedish population Leaf shape variation displayed a large scale geographical pattern with strong differences between regions and low variation within populations