bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intestinal Absorption of Cholsnic Acid in the Rat: Bile Acids and Steroids 27
Authors: SJÖVALL JAN , AKESSON INGRID
Published: December 2008

The intestinal absorption of cholanic acid‐24‐14C in rats has been studied. In the normal rat about 70 per cent of an administered amount is absorbed. In the rats with lymph fistulas 3–7 per cent of the activity was found in the lymph.

The amount of cholanic acid absorbed in rats having both a bile duct and a lymph duct fistula was less than in normal rats. About 10 per cent of the absorbed activity was flounce in the lymph, 90 per cent was excreted in the bile.

Factors governing the route of transport after intestinal absorption of fatty acids have been discussed.
The Fluorescence of the Serum in Rats with Alloxan Diabetes and Cataract: II. Spectral Distribution
Authors: BROLIN SVEN ELOV
Published: December 2008

The spectral distribution of the serum fluorescence is entirely compatible with the view that fluorescing compounds are deposited in the eye lens, when experimental diabetes gives rise to cataract. In addition to the result made public earlier that the fluorescence of the serum is then raised, a spectral displacement was observed and by statistical calculations found to be probable.
The Reaction of Striated Mammalian Muscle to Variations of the Parameters of Electrical Stimuli Applied to Nerre and Muscle Investigated with Special Regard to Experimental Technique
Authors: GJONE EGIL
Published: December 2008

The reaction of striated mammalian muscles to electrical stimdation of nerve and muscle has been studied with special reference to the effect of variations in the parameters of the stimulus on the muscular response. Experiments were performed on isolated phrenic nerve diaphragm preparations and on the gastronomic and the flexor digitorum longus muscles of rabbit in situ.

2)The absolute refractory period of the flexor digitorum longus muscle following directly applied stimuli of 0.4 msec. has been determined to range from 1.3 to 1.6 msec. Prolongation of the pulse length to 2 msec. caused an increase of the absolute refractory period up to from 2.2 to 2.3 mseo.

When the interval between two successive short nerve volleys was less than the absolute refractory period of the muscle, an additional electrical and mechanical response could be set up in the muscle by the second volley.

On use of single nerve impulses shorter than the absolute refractory period of the muscle, additional electrical and mechanical responses could also be caused by the break stimuli. This effect has been shown to be a result of the reduced conductivity of the nerve fibres during the first 2 nisec. after the conditioning shock.

Application of direct electrical stimulation to fully curried muscle gave the following results:

For impulses shorter than 3 msec., single sub maximal and maximal contractions were obtained. When the maximal niveau was reached, increase of the stimulating current usually did not cause any further augmentation of the muscle response. It has been concluded that, with this form of direct stimulation, the muscle fibres respond to the stimulus in an “all‐or‐nothing” manner. It is therefore possible by this method to investigate changes of the irritability as well as the contractility of the muscle itself.

With single impulses of 3‐6 msec. duration, additional con‐tractions were elicited by the stimulus on current break.

Single impulses of even longer duration caused repet3tive firing.
Formation of Bile Acids from Cholesterol in the Rabbit: Bile Acids and Steroids 29
Authors: EKDAHL PER‐HUGO , SJÖVALL JAN
Published: December 2008

The conversion of cholesterol into desoxycholic and cholic acids in a rabbit has been demonstrated. These acids are excreted in the bile mainly as conjugates with glycine. Fractionation of the labeled material excreted in the farces after the administration of labeled cholesterol has shown that no glycocholicorglyco‐desoxycholic acid was present. Several unidentified compounds have been formed, presumably by the action of intestinal microorganisms.
Effect of Large Amounts of‘ Plasma from Desoxygenated Blood on Erythropoiesis
Authors: HIRSJÄRVI EVA
Published: December 2008

The effect of large amounts of plasma from blood subjected to low pressure on rabbits' peripheral blood count was studied. The injections were followed by a definite increase in the recipients' reticulocyte percentage, which was absent in a control group receiving plasma from untreated blood. In the erythrocyte count there was an initial decrease after injections of anoxic as well as untreated plasma, the normal erythrocyte level was, however, regained earlier in the anoxic group. These findings are interpreted as to confirm the theory that initially inactive blood may, in some circumstances, gain erythropoietic activity under exposure to low atmospheric pressure.
Formation of Myoglobin
Authors: BONNICHSEN R. , HEVESY G. , AKESON Á.
Published: December 2008

Incorporation of radioiron into myoglobin of the muscles of guinea‐pigs and rats was found to be depressed to a similar extent as into hemoglobin under the effect of exposure to a dose of (500–1,400 r of) roentgen rays, in contrast to hemins, the formation of which is not in close connection with mitotic processes as that of cytochrom b or catalase.

A very pronounced effect of exposure to irradiation on myoglobin formation, as indicated by incorporation of radioiron, manifests itself only after about the lapse of 1 day, which is also the case for hemoglobin formation.
The Effects of Acetyleholine, Decamethonium and Suneeinylcholine on Neuromuscular Transmission in the Rat
Authors: THESLEFF STEPHEN
Published: December 2008

The neuromuscular block produced in the isolated nerve‐diaphragm preparation of the rat by acetylcholine, decamethonium and succinylcholine has been investigated with intracellular recording electrodes.

The agents investigated are found to act on the neuromuscular junction in a qualitatively similar way.

They cause a depolarization of the end‐plates from about 95 mV to 65–70 mV, and of regions distant from the end‐plate to about 70 mV. No significant repolarization of the muscle membrane occurs during the neuromuscular block.

Using high concentrations of potassium, it was found that the muscle membrane had to be depolarized to 50–55 mV in order to produce a neuromuscular block in the majority of the muscle fibres.

During the block of neuromuscular transmission caused by the agents investigated the muscle membrane was insensitive to the depolarizing effect of the transmitter substance.

It is concluded that the neuromuscular block caused by ace‐tylcholine, decamethonium and succinylcholine is not due to a depolarization of the muscle membrane, and that the block is presumably caused by a decrease in the sensitivity of the end‐plate to the transmitter substance.
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Tension in the Umbilical Vessels of the Human Fetus in Prolonged Asphyxia.
Authors: WESTIN. BJÖRN
Published: December 2008

In ten human fetuses ranging in length from 15—27 cm oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions were determined according to a method described by Björk and Hilty (1954). In the umbilical vein there was a decrease of oxygen tension with increasing elapse of time after birth. The slope of p CO2 indicated an inverse ratio. In comparison with the results obtained from the umbilical vein there is a significant decrease of p O2, respectively increase of p CO2 in the umbilical arteries. The relation of body temperature, diffusion respiration of the skin, absence of lung ventilation and diminished blood volume to the results is discussed.
The Normal Variation of Human Blood Cholinesterase Activity.
Authors: AUGUSTINSSON. KLAS‐BERTIL
Published: December 2008

A total of 381 determinations of plasma (butyryl) cholinesterase activity and 391 determinations of erythrocyte acetylcholine‐esterase activity have been carried out on whole blood samples, applied and dried on filter paper, taken from 201 healthy human individuals, 141 males and 60 females. Specific substrates were used for the two types of cholinesterases. The results are recorded in histograms of the dispersion and statistically evaluated.

The plasma cholinesterase activity of males is significantly higher than that of females. There is no such difference in the erythrocyte activity.

The results are compared with those reported by other authors.

The variation of the blood cholinesterase activity in one adult male during a period of two years is reported as an example of individual enzyme activity variation.
Some Properties of the Exchangeable Bone Calcium.
Authors: BAUER GORAN C. H. , CARLSSON ARVID , LINDQUIST BERTIL
Published: December 2008

In young rats the exchangeable fraction of the bone Ca was found to consist of a (probably large) number of subfractions attaining the specific activity of the serum Ca at intervals ranging between one and six or eight hours after injection of Ca45.
Note on the Effect of X‐rays and Hormones on the Resorption Rate of Injected NaH14CO3
Authors: FORSSBERG ARNE , HEVESY GEORG
Published: December 2008

Exposure to X‐rays, administration of adrenaline or ACTH were found to influence the rate of resorption of injected labelled bicarbonate by mice as indicated by the amount of 14CO2 exhaled. When repeating the experiments half a year later 2—3 times as high X‐ray dose and a 5 times higher adrenaline dose had to be applied to obtain the same effect on 14CO2 exhalation while no change in the sensitivity to ACTH was observed.
Two Pathways from Brain Stem to Gamma Ventral Horn Cells.
Authors: GRANIT RAGNAR , HOLMGREN BJÖRN
Published: December 2008

Spikes in single muscle spindle afferents from the dorsal roots (cat, rabbit) or individual gamma efferents from the ventral roots can be driven by shocks to the mesencephalic tegmentum or to afferent nerves (crossed as well as ipsilateral). The latent periods from the shock to the spike have been measured.

The experiments revealed the presence of a fast path from the mesencephalic tegmentum to the gamma ventral horn fibres with a latent period of only 8—9 msec (about 30 cm conduction distance). This path is crossed and, at the level of L3 to L6, can be destroyed by deep incisions into the lateral column of the spinal cord (see Fig. 8).

Another pathway is activated by repetitive stimulation of the mesencephalic tegmentum. Spikes cannot be driven over this route which elicits a recruiting protracted response. This path is widely distributed over the spinal cord and stands extensive crisscross sectioning of the latter. Often the whole cord has to be divided for complete removal of the recruiting type of response.

It is suggested that the fast path serves spindle and motor cooperation in fast action and that the other path acts as a general ‘volume control’ of slow tonic effects.

In addition measurements are reported on gamma reflex times and the time required for the gamma effect to traverse the loop formed by gamma root efferent — muscle spindle — spindle root afferent.
The Effect of Adrenaline on the Uptake of Glucose, Mannose and Fructose in the Rat Diaphragm.
Authors: WALAAS EVA
Published: December 2008

1. The effect of adrenaline on the uptake of hexose in the isolated diaphragm, and the mechanism of the inhibition of the uptake of glucose by adrenaline have been investigated in the present work.

2. The uptake of hexose in the isolated diaphragm exhibits the following sequence glucose >mannose > fructose. Adrenaline inhibits the uptake of mannose to the same degree as glucose. With high concentrations of fructose in the medium adrenaline also causes an inhibition of the uptake of fructose.

3. The mechanism of the adrenaline effect is studied in experiments where the respiration is blocked by the addition of NaCN. The carbohydrate metabolism in the diaphragm then exhibits the following features.

a) The uptake of glucose in control experiments is of the same magnitude as under aerobic conditions. Adrenaline inhibits the uptake of glucose on an average by 25 per cent, an effect which is approximately of the same magnitude as the adrenaline effect under aerobic conditions.

b) The concentration of hexosemonophosphate is rapidly reduced to 1/10 of the value under aerobic conditions and adrenaline has no effect. This is in contrast to the situation under aerobic conditions where adrenaline effects an accumulation of hexosemonophosphate.

4. Adrenaline has no definite effect on the content of inorganic P, ATP or phosphocreatine in the diaphragm.

5. Adrenaline produces a slight inhibition of the hexokinase activity in homogenate and extract of the diaphragm with an average value of 10 per cent.

6. The present work indicates that the inhibition of the glucose assimilation in muscle by adrenaline is not only due to an accumulation of hexosemonophosphate intracellularly, but can also be attributed to a primary effect of adrenaline on the hexokinase reaction.
The Glycogenolytic Effect of Adrenaline on the Isolated Rat Diaphragm.
Authors: WALAAS EVA
Published: December 2008

1. The glycogenolytic effect of adrenaline on the isolated rat diaphragm is characterized by:

a) The breakdown of glycogen is partial and does not exceed 25 per cent of the initial glycogen content.

b) The glycogenolysis occurs rapidly and is at a maximum after 5 mins.

c) The degree of glycogen breakdown is approximately the same in glucose‐free or glucose‐containing medium (140 mg per cent) while the increase in glucose concentration in the medium (500 mg per cent) partly counteracts the effect of adrenaline.

d) The effect also occurs with mannose or fructose as substrate during incubation.

e) The effect is at a maximum without requiring the addition of inorganic phosphate to the medium.

2. The increase of the potassium concentration in the incubation medium inhibits the uptake of glucose and the glycogen synthesis in the diaphragm. The breakdown of glycogen in the diaphragm after the addition of adrenaline is not more pronounced with a high potassium concentration in the medium.

3. n‐Butanol affects the inhibition of the normal glycogen synthesis, and the glycogenolytic effect of adrenaline becomes also more pronounced. After freezing and thawing of the diaphragm the ability of glycogen synthesis is abolished.

4. On addition of adrenaline in vitro, a new metabolic equilibrium in the diaphragm takes place, characterized by a lower glycogen content and an increased content of hexose monophosphate. The mechanism of the adrenaline effect is discussed.
The Binding of Histamine to Phosphatides.
Authors: LINDAHL KERSTIN M.
Published: December 2008

When an aqueous solution of histamine is treated with lecithin or cephalin in ether solution, part of the histamine disappears from the water phase but can be recovered from the ether phase. pH influences the distribution of the histamine between the ether and the water phase.

When lecithin or cephalin, suspended in buffer and added to a histamine solution, are removed by centrifugation part of the histamine adheres to the solid phase. The distribution of the histamine is influenced by pH and certain salts.

The experiments carried out so far do not make it possible to decide whether the phosphatide‐histamine complex is a true molecular compound or and adsorption complex.
On the Functional Organization of the two Presynaptic Systems to the Colonic Nerve Neurons of the Inferior Mesenteric Ganglion in the Cat.
Authors: OSCARSSON OLOV
Published: December 2008

The organization of two presynaptic systems (in the inferior splanchnic nerves and in the hypogastric nerve respectively) of the colonic nerve neurons in the inferior mesenteric ganglion of the cat has been investigated. Electrophysiological experiments have demonstrated extensive convergence of the two systems on postganglionic neurons (occlusion 80—100 per cent). The great majority of the colonic nerve neurons could be discharged from either of the two presynaptic systems as measured with tae veratrine method worked out for this purpose. Faradic stimulation of either of the two presynaptic systems has given qualitatively and quantitatively similar changes in the muscular tonus and the blood flow of the colon.
Transmucosal Migration of Water, Sodium, Chloride and Hydrogen Ions in Rabbit Ureters.
Authors: GARBY LARS , ULFENDAHL HANS
Published: December 2008

The change in composition of fluid perfused through rabbit ureters in vivo was investigated. It was shown that

1. labelled water and chloride can leave the ureter through the mucosal barrier;

2. during certain conditions, a net transport of sodium and chloride through the mucosa takes place, the direction being along diminishing concentration gradients;

3. moderately hypo‐ and hypertonic sodium chloride solutions evoke very small volume shifts during passage;

4. hydrogen ions may easily disappear during the transport along the ureter, presumably by way of transmucosal transport.
Drinking, Antidiuresis and Milk Ejection from Electrical Stimulation within the Hypothalamus of the Goat
Authors: ANDERSSON B. , McCANN S. M.
Published: December 2008

1. In a further study of polydipsia caused by electrical stimulation within the hypothalamus of the goat, drinking could be obtained at 33 points of stimulation in 9 animals. The localization of these points is given.

2. In the anterior part of the “drinking area”, drinking evoked by stimulation was combined with antidiuresis and milk ejection (7 points of stimulation).

3. Stimulation in or adjacent to the paraventricular ur supraoptic nuclei or in the supraoptico‐hypophyseal tract was followed by inhibition of water diuresis and milk ejection. No drinking was seen during these stimulations.

4. Notable side effects seen during the stimulations were: temporary increase of diuresis (in the posterior part of the “drinking area”), licking, panting (in a small region in the anterior and dorsal hypothalamus) and a strange behavioral pattern, which normally may be related to a “sexual” smell in the goat.
The Effect of Hypothalamic Lesions on the Water Intake of the Dog.
Authors: Och B. Andersson , McCann S. M.
Published: December 2008

Hypothalamic lesions which caused hypodipsia or adipsia lasting up to 14 days after the operation were made in dogs. The animals developed marked dehydration as a consequence of the impaired water intake. In contrast to the absence of “thirst”, the dogs ate and drank milk and broth readily. No correlation was found between the absence of drinking and the presence of diabetes insipidus. The degree of hypodipsia was roughly proportional to the extent of the destruction of the same area, which on electrical stimulation evokes drinking in the goat.
Contribution of the Sarcolemma to the Force Exerted by Resting Muscle of Insects
Authors: Buchthal Fritz , Weis‐Fogh Torkel
Published: December 2008

Conclusions and Summary.

1. Many insect muscles are composed of parallel, non‐tapering fibres with little connective or tendinous tissue to influence the forces measured during rest and activity. This applies to the three muscles used here: (a) the dorsal longitudinal depressor of the hindwings of the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria Forskål); (b) the dorsal longitudinal abdominal muscle of the same insect; and (c) the dorsal longitudinal wing depressor of the water beetle Hydrophilus piceus L. (=Hydrous p.). The relevant morphological data are given in Table I and figures 3 to 6.

2. Both types of flight muscles are much less extensible (passive stretch) than other striated muscles but, in locusts, the static modulus of longitudinal elasticity is of the same order of magnitude (about 8 kg. cm‐2) as in the abdominal muscle and in frog muscle.

3. The sarcolemma is present as a tough membrane in locust muscle; slight squeezing of the stretched fibres produces empty sarcolemma tubes. In the flight muscle of Hydrophilus the sarcolemma, if present, has no mechanical strength compared with that of the fibrils.

4. In contrast to frog muscle, the breaking force of the empty sarcolemma tube is several times less than that of the intact locust fibre. In spite of its reduced sarcolemma, Hydrophilus flight muscle exerts a considerable resistance to passive stretch. In insect muscle, therefore, the content of the fibres is responsible for the major part of the resistance to passive stretch.

5. The resistance to stretch must either be due to passive‐elastic elements inside the fibre and parallel to the non‐elastic contractile elements, or the contractile system must be elastic even in the non‐active state.
The Alkaline Taste
Authors: Liljestrand G. , Zotterman Y.
Published: December 2008

The application of alkaline solutions to the tongue of the cats is followed by a continuous outburst of impulses in the chorda tympani nerve. The alkaline taste is the result of a general stimulation of several kinds of taste fibre endings. Experiments on few fibre preparations have shown that “water fibres”, “salt fibres” and to some extent also “quinine fibres” are stimulated by alkali.
Survival and Function of Auto‐ and Homografts of Adenohypophysial Tissue in the Toad, Bufo Bufo (L)
Authors: Jacobsohn Dora , Jørgensen C. Barker
Published: December 2008

In the toad, Bufo bufo (L), the survival and function of auto‐ and homografts of the pars distalis of the pituitary gland placed under the median eminence or under the recessus opticus of the brain were studied. The toads were supplied with the grafts after removal of the pars distalis or after hypophysectomy.

All autografts were well vascularized and surviving. However, only the autografts under the median eminence receiving a vascular supply from the hypophysio‐portal system appeared normal and exerted functional activities, as judged from the condition of the skin and the length of survival of the recipient.

The survival of homografts was limited. Such grafts placed under the median eminence were, however, functional during periods of up to 16 weeks. Homografts placed under the recessus opticus failed to exert the activities studied in the present work. The recipients of homografts at this site did not survive appreciably longer than toads with the pars distalis removed, and their skin showed abnormal keratinization.

The observations support the assumption that in amphibians the functional significance of the hypophysio‐portal system is the same as in mammals. The importance of immunological reactions for the function of homografts of this endocrine gland is discussed.

Our thanks are due to Mrs. Gunhild Nilsson for her skilled help with the histological work and to Miss Gunnel Christiansson for valuable technical assistance.

This work has been supported by a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation.
Tubular Excretion of Histamine in the Hen
Authors: Lindahl Kerstin M. , Sperber Ivar
Published: December 2008

The renal tubular excretion of injected histamine has been investigated according to a method which takes advantage of the renal portal circulation in the bird. It was found that in the hen histamine is effectively excreted by the tubules to an extent comparable with the secretion of phenol red.
On the Permeability of Guinea Pig Placenta for Thyroxine
Authors: Hirvonen Leo , Lybeck Harry
Published: December 2008

The permeability of the guinea pig placenta to I131‐labeled thyroxine and inorganic I131 has been studied. The pertinent foetal and maternal samples were taken 3 to 4 ½ hr. after the administration of the radioactive compounds in question. The result goes to prove that thyroxine does not permeate the placenta in the first hours after its administration. Under similar test conditions more radioactivity was observed in the foetuses than in the mother animal after injection of inorganic I131.
Mechanogram Observations on the Isolated Auricle of Hypothyroid Rat
Authors: Hirvonen Leo , Lybeck Harry
Published: December 2008

The mechanogram of isolated spontaneously beating auricle of hypothyroid (treated with I131), normal and thyroxinized rats was recorded at 4° C intervals over a temperature range of 25° to 41° C.

The rate of beat in various preparations showed no qualitative differences as a function of temperature.

The ability of heart muscle to increase the contraction force with falling temperature seems to presuppose the presence of thyroid action. Therefore the mechanical output of hypothyroid auricles was powerfully depressed by lowering the temperature.

The weaker the thyroid activity, the longer the duration of the contraction period at a certain temperature. As a function of rate, the duration of contraction was independent of thyroid action.
Reproduction Capacity of Rats in Relation to Diet
Authors: Christensen Frede , Dam Henrik , Gortner Ross A.
Published: December 2008

Discussion and Summary.

In the present experiments 20% untreated lard itself did not improve reproduction capacity. This is in contrast to the earlier findings (Dam, Granados and Prange 1949, Dam and Granados 1952). The reason for this discrepancy may be that in the earlier experiments the animals had higher initial weights (about 30, resp. about 40 g) than in the present (about 25 g), and that vitamins A and D were given in a small amount of peanut oil in stead of in aqueous colloidal solution. Further, the animals in the earlier experiments had not been on a fat‐free and vitamin E‐free diet before the period during which they received lard. This is, probably, the most important cause.

Vitamin E greatly improved reproduction capacity on diets containing 20 or 2% lard, treated or untreated, even though external symptoms of essential fatty acid deficiency did not disappear with 2% lard. With fat‐free diets the effect of vitamin E on reproduction was less, probably because the animals were weakened too much during the long fat‐free period. In some cases the uterus had the appearance of a thin white string. The ovaries were not (grossly) affected. 2% lard, treated or untreated, was not enough to produce incisor depigmentation.

Brown uterus did not occur in any of the groups, probably because the feeding period was too short.

MB had a certain toxic effect resulting in lower weight and increased implantation failure. Whether this effect is partly due to damage to spermatozoa is undecided. In some cases MB gave rise to a blue‐green color of the uterus. The toxic effect of MB was most pronounced in the fat‐free group, and least in the group receiving 20% lard.

MB had improved reproduction considerably in the group with 20% untreated lard, whereas its effect was very slight in the corresponding group with treated lard. This observation suggests that the favorable effect of MB on rat reproduction depends on the presence of small amounts of vitamin E which may be stabilized by MB. The same applies to the effect of MB on incisor depigmentation.
Supersensitivity and Amine Oxidase Activity in Denervated Salivary Glands
Authors: Strömblad B. C. R.
Published: December 2008

1. Amine oxidase was demonstrated in the submaxillary and parotid glands of the cat.

2. Section of chorda tympani induces a fall in amine oxidase in the submaxillary gland. Postganglionic, but not preganglionic, parasympathetic denervation of the parotid gland causes decreased amine oxidase activity in the gland.

3. Excision of the superior cervical ganglion causes no fall in amine oxidase activity in salivary glands; in the parotid gland there is even an increased enzymic activity.

4. All types of denervation mentioned cause a supersensitivity to adrenaline and noradrenaline in the glands. The relation between amine oxidase decrease and supersensitivity after denervation is discussed.

This work was supported by a grant from the Faculty of Medicine in Lund.

Technical assistance was given by Miss Asta Hector.
Sensitization of the Lachrymal Gland by Treatment with a Parasympathicolytic Agent
Authors: Emmelin N. G. , Strömblad B. C. R.
Published: December 2008

The secretory effect of adrenaline on the lachrymal glands was studied in repeated experiments on cats. Treatment of the cats for some weeks with a parasympathicolytic agent (Hö 9980, Hoechst) was found to cause a pronounced supersensitivity of the glands to adrenaline.

Technical assistance was given by Miss Ursula Delfs.
Functional Organization of the Dorsal Spino‐Cerebellar Tract in the Cat
Authors: Laporte Y. , Lundberg A. , Oscarsson O.
Published: December 2008

The discharge in the dissected dorsal part of the lateral column of cat has been recorded on stimulation of various peripheral muscle and skin nerves.

Stimulation of group I muscle afferents gives a synchronous volley in the dissected Flechsig's fasciculus. A twofold addition occurs with a stimulus including group II muscle afferents, a second synchronized volley and a more longlasting discharge. With increase of stimulus strength presumably including group III muscle afferents a further addition to this longlasting discharge occurs.

On stimulation of skin nerves a longlasting discharge is recorded in Flechsig's fasciculus even if only the most lowthreshold primary afferents are excited. The relay for the early part of the discharge is monosynaptic.

The conduction velocity of the fastest ascending fibres in Flechsig's fasciculus is 100 m/sec independently of whether ‘skin’ or muscle nerves are stimulated.

The three components of discharge in anterior vermis were examined on stimulation of muscle and skin nerves. The first component in isolation results on stimulation of group I muscle afferents, the second and third on stimulation of skin nerves. After section of Flechsig's fasciculus the first and the second disappear, but not the third one.
Functional Organization of the Dorsal Spino‐Cerebellar Tract in the Cat.
Authors: Laporte Y. , Lundberg A. , Oscarsson O.
Published: December 2008

Single fibre discharges provoked by stimulation of various afferent nerves were recorded in Flechsig's fasciculus with intra‐axonal micro‐electrodes. Simultaneously were recorded sensory volleys in dorsal root filaments and mass‐discharges in the dissected Flechsig's fasciculus.

Neurons were identified which could be monosynaptically activated by group I muscle afferents.

On the neurons excited monosynaptically by group I afferent fibres of a given muscle converge excitatory action mediated by group II fibres from the same muscle and inhibitory action mediated by group I fibres from antagonist muscles.

Convergence of excitatory action from pseudo‐antagonist muscles was observed.

Other neurons with ascending axons in Flechsig's fasciculus could be activated from a muscle nerve only by stimulation of high threshold afferents; the post‐synaptic discharge was in this case repetitive.

Many neurons were excited from low threshold afferents in skin nerves with high frequency repetitive discharge resulting from a single stimulus to the primary afferents. Convergence of inhibitory action from skin nerves to these neurons was demonstrated.

Convergence of excitation from skin nerves and from high threshold muscle afferents was common (including convergence of excitation from antagonist muscles).
Water Permeability of the Isolated Stomach of the Mouse
Authors: ÖBRINK K. J.
Published: December 2008

In isolated mouse stomachs filled with Krebs solution to a pressure of 75 cm H., O and incubated in 37° C and 4.2 atm. oxygen pressure (technique of Davenport) no net transport of water takes place in spite of a fairly high acid secretion. In such preparations it was found by the simultaneous use of HDO and H2O13 that the stomach wall is readily permeable to water. The permeability coefficients were 1.49‐10 5 cm sec‐1 for HDO and 1.91. 10‐5 cm sec2 for H2O18. The difference in the two figures is dependent on inherent physical differences in the two water molecules. It was thought that the normal volume secretion could be explained from these permeability figures and that the transportation of H+ or Cl‐ would exert sufficient osmotic forces for the normal water transport during secretion.
Lack of Effect of Oxygen Tension upon the Permeability of the Guinea Pig Placenta to d(+)xylose and Sorbose
Authors: KARVONEN M. J. , LAAMANEN A. , RÄIHÄ N.
Published: December 2008

The effect of changes in oxygen tension upon the permeability of the placenta to d(+)xylose and sorbose was studied in situ. D(+)xylose or sorbose was injected into the foetal circulation and the fall in the foetal blood sugar was studied.

It was observed that a maternal hypoxia or hyperoxia had no clearcut effect upon the placental transfer of these sugars.
The Plasminogen Activator in Animal Tissue
Authors: ASTRUP TAGE , STERNDORFF IDA
Published: December 2008

1. The plasminogen activator in pig heart tissue and pig lung tissue has been isolated in soluble form and partially purified.

2. The tissue activator is a fairly thermostable substance especially at acid reaction.

3. The tissue activator represents a type of plasminogen activator different from the activator found in urine or produced in blood, milk, and a number of other fluids in the organism.
Oxygen Consumption and Active Sodium Transport in the Isolated and Short‐Circuited Frog Skin1
Authors: ZERAHN K.
Published: December 2008

Studies on the oxygen consumption of the isolated frog skin during active transport of sodium are reported, and the following results were obtained:

1. In most cases, the total oxygen consumption is less than 1 equivalent per equivalent of sodium transported.

2. The amount of oxygen consumed by the skin during transport of sodium exceeds that consumed when no transport occurs.

3. The net consumption of oxygen, equal to the oxygen consumption during transport minus that in the absence of transport, bears a constant ratio to the amount of transported sodium, being 1/4–1/5 equivalent for each equivalent of sodium transported.

4. This ratio is independent of oxygen tension and of treatment with posterior pituitary hormone, and the same ratio is found with skins from both Rana temporaria, Rana esculenta and Bufo bufo.
Influence of Varied Levels of Peanut Oil and Cholesterol on Cholesterol and Polyenoic Acids in Tissues of the Chicks.
Authors: DAM HENRIK , KRISTENSEN GUNHILD , NIELSEN GUNHILD KOFOED , PRANGE INGE , SØNDERGAARD EBBE
Published: December 2008

Cholesterol in liver, fat tissue, spleen, heart, aorta, lungs and brain, and polyenoic fatty acids in liver, heart, lungs, brain and fat tissue were determined in chicks after feeding diets containing 0, 3, 10 or 20 % peanut oil in combination with 0, 0.1, 0.3 or 1.0 % cholesterol for 4 weeks from the 14th day after hatching.

Cholesterol content of the tissues.

Feeding of peanut oil without cholesterol did not result in increase of cholesterol in any of the tissues examined.

The cholesterol values for liver corresponding to 0 and 0.1% of dietary cholesterol were higher when the diet was fat‐free than when it contained 3, 10 or 20% peanut oil.

The maximal cholesterol deposition obtained under any of the experimental conditions occurred in the liver (with 20% peanut oil and 1% cholesterol).

It was possible to produce cholesterol accumulation in fat tissue by combined feeding of cholesterol and peanut oil, but the response was much less than in the liver.

The cholesterol content of spleen, heart, aorta and lungs increased as a consequence of cholesterol and peanut oil feeding, the least response was found in the lungs.

The cholesterol content of the brain showed no change.

Polyenoic fatty acids in the tissues.

Variations of the dietary cholesterol seemed to have no influence, although a relatively low value was found for tetraenoic in the liver for 1% cholesterol + 20% peanut oil.

With increasing amounts of dietary peanut oil the following changes were found:

In liver, heart and lungs, dienoic and tetraenoic increased, whereas trienoic decreased. The small amounts of pentaenoic and hexaenoic acids present showed almost no variation.

In brain, dienoic was almost constant and nearly zero, trienoic decreased. Tetra‐, penta‐ and hexaenoic remained constant.

In fat tissue, dienoic increased whereas all the other polyenoic acids were constant and almost zero.
An Extended Analysis of Indicator Dilution Curves, Leading to Direct Calculation of the Pulmonary Blood Volume and the Blood Volume in the Left Heart even in the Presence of Aortic and Mitral Regurgitation.
Authors: COMET STIG , LAGERLÖF HENRIK
Published: December 2008

An extended mathematical analysis of indicator dilution carves obtained by injection of indicator into the pulmonary artery and blood sampling from the brachial artery is given.

It is shown that the previously given method to obtain the pulmonary blood volume holds even under the complicated conditions of regurgitation from the mitral or aortic valve or both. Under these conditions the volume of the left heart can still be determined though it is impossible to separate the volume of the auricle and ventricle.
All Attèmpt to Condition Hypothalamic Polydipsia.
Authors: ANDERSSON B. , LARSSON S.
Published: December 2008

Attempts were made to condition the polydipsic effect of electrical stimulations within the “drinking area” of the hypothalamus of 5 goats. In spite of from 46 to 110 constellations of neutral stimuli and electrical stimulations the neutral stimuli alone never caused the animals to drink or made them show any interest in the water offered, although the electrical stimulations combined with neutral stimuli never failed to evoke drinking of water after a very short time of latency.
Cholinesterases of Mice in Relation to Sex and Age.
Authors: SKRAMSTAD KARL HÁKON
Published: December 2008

1. The cholinesterase activities of liver, brain and blood of mice, and the relation to age and sex, has been studied.

2. The plasma values increased till cessation of suckling. The level was maintained in the female but was reduced by about 40% in the male at sexual maturation.

3. Also the liver values exhibited a sex difference, most pronounced after sexual maturation. Contrary to the plasma, the activities were quite high in infantile mice.

4. The brain tissue presented extremely low values in infantile mice. No difference due to sex was established.

5. The somewhat high erythrocyte values in young mice may probably be due to a larger reticulocytosis in the same period.
The Critical Temperature in Naked Man
Authors: ERIKSON H. , EIROG JOHN , ANDERSEN K. LANGE , SCHOLANDER P. F.
Published: December 2008

Investigations have begun made on the critical temperature in naked man and the metabolic cost of maintaining an adequate heat balance below this point. The experiments were performed on a bicycle ergo meter in a cold room, by letting the subjects do just enough work to avoid becoming cold. The critical temperature was found to be approximately 26“ C, confirming earlier studies, and below this point the heat production increased approximately in proportion to the body‐to‐air temperature gradient, conforming with Newton's law of cooling and with data from most other mammals and birds.
Species Differences in the Water Taste
Authors: ZOTTERMAN YNGVE
Published: December 2008

1. The white rat lacks taste fibres discharging on the application of water to the tongue but it has “salt” fibres, which give not only a prompt but also a lasting response to the application of NaCl solutions as weak as 0.002 M.

2. The rabbit displays a delayed response to water while the cat and the pig respond very promptly to the application of water upon the tongue.

3. In all these animals (cat, pig and rabbit) the salt“ receptors are almost completely adapted to the saliva and adapt very quickly to the application of Ringer's solution. After a water rinse they all produce a phasic response to even as diluted NaCl solutions as 0.002 M.

4. The high discrimination of salty solutions in the rat must rest upon its very highly sensitive “salt” fibres while the discrimination in thc animals that have “water” fibres is suggested to depend upon a dual system of “salt” and “water” fibres which are reciprocally stimulated.
Free Fatty Acid Content of Rat Thoracic Duct Lymph during Fat Absorption.
Authors: BORGSTRÖM BENGT , TRYDING NILS
Published: December 2008

Free fatty acid has been found to make up a significant part of rat thoracie duct lymph lipids during fat absorption.

The results obtained indicate that the free fatty acids of thoracic duct lymph are original constituents of the lymph rather than derived by hydrolytic processes in the lymph.
Variations in the Total Amounts of Polyenoic Fatty Acids in Chicks and Rats Reared on a Nearly Fat‐free Diet.
Authors: DAM H. , ENGEL P. F. , NIELSEN G. KOFOED
Published: December 2008

Chicks reared on a nearly fat‐free diet for 4 weeks and rats reared on a fat‐free diet for 18 weeks showed a considerable decrease of total dienoic fatty acid in the body. At the same time trienoic fatty acid increased markedly. The increase in trienoic fatty acid must have originated from dienoic since the changes of the other polyenoic fatty acids could not account for it.
The Distribution of Cholinesterases in Cats and Changes Caused by Hypophysectomy, Adrenalectomy, Undernutrition and DOCA.
Authors: KAHLSON G. , RENVALL SIV
Published: December 2008

1. The cholinesterase activity of the “true” and “pseudo” types of homogenized submaxillary gland, gastro‐intestinal mucosa and liver was determined in five groups of cats: 1) normal, 2) hypophysectomized, 3) adrenalectomized, 4) adrenalectomized maintained on DOCA, 5) undernourished.

2. In normal cats the choliiiesterase of the submaxillary gland is predominantly of the “true” type, in the liver the “pseudo” type only could be found, in the gastric mucosa the “pseudo” type prevails beside merely detectable amounts of “true” esterasc. while the mucosa of the small intestine is abundant in both types of esterase.

3. Hypophysectomy and adrenalectomy are followed by a coilsiderable increase in the concentrations of “true” and “pseudo” cholinesterase in the salivary gland. Similar changes occur in the intestinal mucosa after adrenalectomy, while they are absent in the liver and gastric mucosa.

4. In adrenalectomized cats treatment with DOCA possibly had a slight (statistically not significant) effect in lowering the cholinesterase levels of the salivary gland towards normal, while no such effect was observed in the intestinal mucosa.

5. In cats on reduced food a decrease in both types of esterase activity was found in the mucosa of the small intestine, whereas in the salivary gland, gastric mucosa and liver no changes were detectable.
The Effect of a Vasodilator (Priscol) on the Gastric Secretion.
Authors: NORDGREN BENGT , ÖBRINK KARL JOHAN
Published: December 2008

The effect of a vasodilating substance benzazolinchloride (Priscol) on the gastric secretion was studied in a Heidenhain pouch‐dog. It was found that:

Priscol alone did not initiate secretion except in very high doses. but that it could enhance secretion already induced by histamine. This potentiating effect could be related to the strength of the existing stimulation.

The higher the preceding secretion rate, the higher the effect of Priscol expressed as a coefficient of histamine equivalence.

It was suggested that the action of histamine on the gastric glands is not due to its vasodilating property. The probability that the vasodilation causes an increased maximal secretory capacity was discussed.

The esperiments were defrayed lip grants from the Medical Faculty of Uppsala.
Central Control of Heat Loss Mechanisms in the Gost.
Authors: ANDERSSON B. , GRANT R. , LARSSON S.
Published: December 2008

1. In non‐anesthetized goats, the existence of a discrete “heat loss centre” has been demonstrated by electrical stimulation of the brain stem using modified Hess technique and the effects of electrical stimulation of this “centre” have been compared with those of exposing the goat to a hot environment.

2. The “centre” occupies the dorsal half only of the area between the anterior commissure and the optic chiasma and extends laterally to the medial edge of the internal capsula. Posteriorly it probably does not extend into the hypothalamus proper.

3. Stimulation of the “centre” with damped square wave stimuli at 50 cycles per second and 0.5 to 1.5 V causes vigorous polypneic panting and cutaneous vasodilatation in the ears. These effects are similar to those resulting from exposure to an environmental temperature of 50°C for 15–20 minutes.

4. Exposure to cold or lowering of the body temperature by administration of cold water by stomach tube increases the voltage threshold for production of comparable effects and increases the latency of the responses, sometimes abolishing the ear vasodilatation response. The shivering of cold animals is inhibited promptly by stimulation of the same “centre” and the threshold for this effect likewise raised by a fall in body temperature. Repeated stimulation of the “centre” lowered body temperature especially in animals exposed to cold.

5. The effects of stimulation show some latency and a pronounced “after effect”. Cold exposure increases the latencies and decreases the duration of “after effects”.

6. Stimulation of the caudo‐ventral part only of the “heat loss centre” caused slight inhibition of water diuresis and milk ejection. Exposure to heat did not modify the course of water diuresis or electrolyte excretion significantly. Stimuli causing vigorous panting did not affect blood pressure, heart rate or blood sugar concentration and behavioural changes were slight or absent.

7. The area defined is thought to be a true “heat loss centre” concerned with the coordinated activation of the animal's defenses against hyperthermia.

Possible reasons for the long “after effects” of stimulating the “centre” are discussed.
Potentiation by Histaminsse Inhibitors of the Blood Pressure Responses to Histamine in Cats
Authors: LINDELL S.‐E. , WESTLING H.
Published: December 2008

1. The effects on the cat's arterial blood pressure of histamine, β‐(2‐pyridyl)‐ethylamine and acetylcholine injected into the femoral vein, femoral artery and renal artery have been studied.

2. As judged by the relative effectiveness of these injections the cat's kidney has a considerable capacity to remove injected histamine from the circulating blood.

3. After the administration of histaminase inhibitors the depressor response to histamine injected into the renal artery was potentiated.

4. Evidence is presented that this potentiation is due to the inhibition of the histaminase in the kidney.

5. The maximum potentiation obtained in these experiments would correspond to an approximate reduction by 60 per cent of the kidney's capacity to remove injected histamine from the blood.

6. No potentiation of the effect of histamine injected into the femoral artery or vein was observed.

Valuable technical assistance was given by miss 81.‐B. Johansson. The investigation was supported by grants from the Medical Faculty, Lund.
The Content of Carbohydrates in Caseins from Different Species
Authors: JOHANSSON BENGT , SVENNERHOLM LARS
Published: December 2008

Caseins from milks of homo, cow, goat, sheep, horse. reindeer and whale have been investigated for their content of hexose hexosamine and sialic acid.

The total carbohydrate content does not exceed 2 % except in the case of human casein, which contains about 4 %. The amount of all components investigated is greater in human casein, the difference in comparison with other species investigated being most pronounced for hexes and hexosamine.