bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variation and Change in the Use of Hesitation Markers in Germanic Languages
Authors: Wieling Martijn , Grieve Jack , Bouma Gosse , Fruehwald Josef , Coleman John , Liberman Mark
Published: November 2016

In this study, we investigate crosslinguistic patterns in the alternation between UM, a hesitation marker consisting of a neutral vowel followed by a final labial nasal, and UH, a hesitation marker consisting of a neutral vowel in an open syllable. Based on a quantitative analysis of a range of spoken and written corpora, we identify clear and consistent patterns of change in the use of these forms in various Germanic languages (English, Dutch, German, Norwegian, Danish, Faroese) and dialects (American English, British English), with the use of UM increasing over time relative to the use of UH. We also find that this pattern of change is generally led by women and more educated speakers. Finally, we propose a series of possible explanations for this surprising change in hesitation marker usage that is currently taking place across Germanic languages.
Holistic Alethic Pluralism: A Reformational Research Program
Authors: Zuidervaart Lambert
Published: November 2016

This essay lays out a reformational research program on the idea of truth. First it describes challenges to the idea of truth in contemporary philosophy and gives reasons why a robust conception of truth is needed. Next it presents two overriding concerns – ontological and axiological – that such a conception should address. In addressing these concerns, a contemporary reformational approach will take up three sets of issues: relations between propositional truth and the discursive justification of truth claims; distinctions and connections between propositional and nonpropositional truth; and the sorts of cultural practices and social institutions within which truth occurs. My detailed response to these issues, as sketched in the last section of the essay, is to propose a holistic, normative, and structurally pluralist conception of truth, one that I call holistic alethic pluralism. Propositional truth is important but not all-important, and reformational philosophy needs to show why that is so.
The Pselaphinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) of Madagascar. VI. Description of Ambohitantella banari gen. et sp. n. with notes on Nearticerodes Jeannel, 1954 and Triceratomerus Jeannel, 1960
Authors: HLAVÁČ PETER , NAKLÁDAL OTO
Published: November 2016

A new genus and a new species, Ambohitantella banari gen. et sp. n., from Madagascar (Ambohitantely Special Reserve) is described. The diagnosis is given for related genera Triceratomerus Jeannel, 1960 and Nearticerodes Jeannel, 1954. The lectotype is designated for Triceratomerus sparsepunctatus Jeannel, 1960. An identification key to genera of malagasy Clavigerodina with 3-segmeneted antennae is provided.
A WRF-Based Tool for Forecast Sensitivity to the Initial Perturbation: The Conditional Nonlinear Optimal Perturbations versus the First Singular Vector Method and Comparison to MM5
Authors: Yu Huizhen , Wang Hongli , Meng Zhiyong , Mu Mu , Huang Xiang-Yu , Zhang Xin
Published: November 2016

A forecast sensitivity to initial perturbation (FSIP) analysis tool for the WRF Model was developed. The tool includes two modules respectively based on the conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation (CNOP) method and the first singular vector (FSV) method. The FSIP tool can be used to identify regions of sensitivity for targeted observation research and important influential weather systems for a given forecast metric.

This paper compares the performance of the FSIP tool to its MM5 counterpart, and demonstrates how CNOP, local CNOP (a kind of conditional nonlinear suboptimal perturbation), and FSV were detected using their evolutions of cost function. The column-integrated features of the perturbations were generally similar between the two models. More significant differences were apparent in the details of their vertical distribution. With Typhoon Matsa (2005) in the western North Pacific and a winter storm in the United States (2000) as validation cases, this work examined the tool’s capability to identify sensitive regions for targeted observation and to investigate important influential weather systems. The location and pattern of the sensitive areas identified by CNOP, local CNOP, and FSV were quite similar for both the Typhoon Matsa case and the winter storm case. The main differences were mainly in their impact on the growth of forecast difference and the details of their vertical distributions. For both cases, the wind observations might be more important than temperature observations. The results also showed that local CNOP was more capable of capturing the influence of important weather systems on the forecast of total dry energy in the verification area.
From an emerging market to a multifaceted urban society: Urban China studies
Authors: He Shenjing , Qian Junxi
Published: November 2016

China is undergoing an urban revolution. In 2011 more than half of the total population resided in cities and towns for the first time in history. Over the last two decades urban China scholars have actively engaged in dialogues with urbanists from different disciplines and different urban contexts. In consequence, urban China studies have embarked on a trail of rapid diversification and proliferation, moving beyond the topics of urbanisation and urban expansion to address a variety of issues echoing the latest developments in the Chinese city. Overall, urban China studies are witnessing a transition from a focus on economic development and spatial changes, to diverse social groups and the multifaceted experiences of living in rapidly changing cities. This virtual special issue (VSI) summarises the progress of urban China studies since the Economic Reform was launched in the 1970s. On the one hand, it delineates a broad picture of intellectual advancement and knowledge production in the field of urban China research. On the other hand, it identifies some emerging new themes that have not been well represented but are of potentially great significance in the comprehension and theorisation of Chinese urbanism. A total of 24 articles published in Urban Studies have been selected to represent, albeit in necessarily circumscribed form, the scope of urban China studies in this journal. They are distributed across four well-established themes: (1) globalisation and the making of global cities; (2) land and housing development; (3) urban poverty and socio-spatial inequality; (4) rural migrants and their urban experiences. We also highlight three emerging frontiers: (1) urban fragmentation, enclaves and public space; (2) consumption, middle class aestheticisation and urban culture; (3) the right to the city and urban activism. The editorial concludes by identifying some key gaps in the extant literature and some potentially productive future directions.
Head and Neck Cancer: Underfunded and Understudied?
Authors: Svider Peter F. , Blasco Michael A. , Raza S. Naweed , Shkoukani Mahdi , Sukari Ammar , Yoo George H. , Folbe Adam J. , Lin Ho‐Sheng , Fribley Andrew M.
Published: November 2016

Despite a considerable expansion in our therapeutic repertoire for management of other malignancies, mortality from head and neck cancer (HNC) has not significantly improved in recent decades. Upon normalizing National Institutes of Health–awarded R01 and R01‐equivalent grants by incidence, thyroid cancer ($214) and HNC ($1329) received the fewest funding dollars. Upon adjusting funding totals by mortality, HNC was 7th out of 9 cancers evaluated ($6138). These findings highlight HNC as an underfunded disease versus other cancers. As data detailing grant applications (including unsuccessful grants) are not publicly available, it is not clear if these disparities stem from fewer applications or fewer opportunities. Our hope is that this commentary will spur further investigation into strategies to increase HNC inquiry and funding for trainees as well as early‐stage and established investigators.
Could neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio be an indicator of coronary artery disease, coronary artery ectasia and coronary slow flow?
Authors: Yılmaz Mücahid , Korkmaz Hasan , Bilen Mehmet Nail , Uku Ökkeş , Kurtoğlu Ertuğrul
Published: November 2016

Objective

To determine whether neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) differed between patients with isolated coronary artery disease (CAD), isolated coronary artery ectasia (CAE), coronary slow flow and normal coronary anatomy.

Methods

Patients who underwent coronary angiography were consecutively enrolled into one of four groups: CAD, coronary slow flow, CAE and normal coronary anatomy.

Results

The CAD ( n = 40), coronary slow flow ( n = 40), and CAE ( n = 40) groups had similar NLRs (2.51 ± 0.7, 2.40 ± 0.8, 2.6 ± 0.6, respectively) that were significantly higher than patients with normal coronary anatomy ( n = 40; NLR, 1.73 ± 0.7). Receiver operating characteristics demonstrated that with NLR > 2.12, specificity in predicting isolated CAD was 85% and sensitivity was 75%, with NLR > 2.22 specificity in predicting isolated CAE was 86% and sensitivity was 75%. With NLR > 1.92, specificity in predicting coronary slow flow was 89% and sensitivity was 75%. Multivariate logistic regression analyses identified NLR as an independent predictor of isolated CAE (β = −0.499, 95% CI −0.502, −0.178; P <  0.001), CAD (β = −0.426, 95% CI −1.321, −0.408; P <  0.001), and coronary slow flow (β = −0.430, 95% CI −0.811, −0.240; P = 0.001 Table 2 ).

Conclusions

NLR was higher in patients with CAD, coronary slow flow and CAE versus normal coronary anatomy. NLR may be an indicator of CAD, CAE and coronary slow flow.
Clinical analysis of 40 multiple myeloma patients with extramedullary plasmacytoma of the head
Authors: Sun Wan-jun , Zhang Jia-jia , An Na , Shen Men , Huang Zhong-xia , Li Xin
Published: November 2016

Objectives

To investigate the clinical characteristics, survival and prognosis of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) and head extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP).

Methods

Forty MM patients were enrolled in the study (18 men, 22 women; median age, 55 years).

Results

Median overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were 24 (5–78) months and 17 (2–36) months, respectively. The 2-, 3- and 5-year OS rates were 51%, 20% and 7%, respectively. The 2-year PFS was 15%. Median OS and PFS in patients administered velcade were 26 (18–50) and 22.5 (5–78) months, compared with 20 (10–30) and 13.5 (2–36) months in patients without velcade, respectively. Median OS was 23.5 (5–50) months in patients with EMP at MM diagnosis ( n = 25) and 36 (22–78) months in patients with head EMP diagnosed during the disease course ( n = 15). Sixteen MM patients had EMP invasion of the head only and 24 had invasion at multiple sites. Median OS was 25 (22–78) months in patients with EMP of the head only and 22 (5–78) months in patients with EMP invasion at multiple sites.

Conclusion

MM patients with head EMP show a more aggressive disease course and shorter OS and PFS. The prognosis of these patients is poor, especially in patients with head EMP at MM diagnosis, though combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy may prolong survival.
Are Gender Differences in DSM-5 PTSD Symptomatology Explained by Sexual Trauma?
Authors: Guina Jeffrey , Nahhas Ramzi W. , Kawalec Kevin , Farnsworth Seth
Published: November 2016

Although many studies have assessed gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) prevalence, few examine individual PTSD symptoms (PTSSs). Hypothesizing that trauma differences explain many gender differences in symptomatology, this is the first known study to adjust PTSSs for trauma type, and to compare gender differences in those with sexual traumas. Using a cross-sectional survey methodology in a sample of adult outpatients ( n = 775), we examined gender, trauma type, PTSSs, suicide, alcohol, and tobacco. Among those with trauma ( n = 483), women generally had more severe symptoms than men, but after adjusting for trauma type, only physical reactivity ( p = .0002), excessive startle ( p = .0005), external avoidance ( p = .0007), internal avoidance ( p = .0008), psychological reactivity ( p = .0009), and suicide attempts ( p = .001) remained significantly worse among women, whereas men more commonly reported alcohol problems ( p = .007). Among those with PTSD ( n = 164), there were no significant PTSS gender differences. Those with sexual trauma had worse symptoms (particularly amnesia) compared with non-sexual trauma ( p < .0001 for PTSD diagnosis and total severity), including within each gender. Among those with sexual trauma ( n = 157), men had worse recklessness ( p = .004) and more commonly reported tobacco ( p = .02), whereas women more commonly attempted suicide ( p = .02) and had worse avoidance ( p = .04). However, when isolating the effects of sexual trauma beyond other traumas, there were no significant symptom difference-in-differences between genders. Our findings suggest that, while women have higher PTSD rates, men with PTSD present similarly. In addition, while women have higher sexual trauma rates, men may have similarly severe responses. Most gender differences in PTSD presentation appear to be explained by trauma type, particularly women having higher rates of sexual trauma. We discuss potential biopsychosocial explanations.
Numerical analysis of the dynamic interaction between a non-pneumatic mechanical elastic wheel and soil containing an obstacle
Authors: Du Xianbin , Zhao Youqun , Wang Qiang , Fu Hongxun
Published: November 2016

An innovative non-pneumatic tyre called the mechanical elastic wheel is introduced; significant challenges exist in the prediction of the dynamic interaction between this mechanical elastic wheel and soil containing an obstacle owing to its highly non-linear properties. To explore the mechanical properties of the mechanical elastic wheel and the soil, the finite element method is used, and a non-linear three-dimensional finite element wheel–soil interaction model is also established. Hyperelastic incompressible rubber, which is one of the main materials of the mechanical elastic wheel, is analysed using the Mooney–Rivlin model. The modified Drucker–Prager cap plasticity constitutive law is utilized to describe the behaviour of the soil, and the obstacle is represented as an elastic body. Simulations with different rotational speeds of the mechanical elastic wheel were conducted. The stress distribution and the displacement of the mechanical elastic wheel and the soil were obtained, and the effects of different rotational speeds on the displacement, the velocity and the acceleration of the hub centre are presented and discussed in detail. These results can provide useful information for optimization of the mechanical elastic wheel.
The potential protective effect of α-lipoic acid against nanocopper particle–induced hepatotoxicity in male rats
Authors: Khalaf AA , Zaki AR , Galal MK , Ogaly HA , Ibrahim MA , Hassan A
Published: November 2016

The present research task is aimed to evaluate the role of exogenous α-lipoic acid (ALA) (100 mg/kg body weight) as hepatoprotective and potent antioxidant in amelioration of copper nanoparticle (CNP)-induced hepatotoxicity. Forty male rats were randomly assigned into four equal groups: group I (control), group II received CNPs, group III received CNPs + ALA, and finally group IV received ALA for 2 months. At the end of the experimental period, the rats were decapitated, and blood and liver tissue samples were collected for measurement of liver function tests, antioxidant status, lipid peroxidation (LPO), copper content, expression of some apoptotic genes, and histopathological analysis. CNPs induced marked hepatic damages as evident by severe alteration in hepatic biomarkers. This was accompanied by a significant elevation in hepatic LPO and induced nitric oxide, copper content, and expression level of apoptotic genes (C-myc and C-jun). In contrast, marked depletion for antioxidant parameters was detected. These findings were confirmed with severe pathological alterations. Coadministration of ALA as a powerful antioxidant attenuates the hepatotoxic effects of CNPs through improvement of liver parameters, oxidative status, genetic changes, and preservation of liver integrity through histopathological analysis. These results suggest that consumed ALA could be used as an applicable hepatoprotective agent against oxidative damage mediated by nanoparticles intoxication.
Different aberrant mentalizing networks in males and females with autism spectrum disorders: Evidence from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Yang Jie , Lee Jonathan
Published: November 2016

Previous studies have found that individuals with autism spectrum disorders show impairments in mentalizing processes and aberrant brain activity compared with typically developing participants. However, the findings are mainly from male participants and the aberrant effects in autism spectrum disorder females and sex differences are still unclear. To address these issues, this study analyzed intrinsic functional connectivity of mentalizing regions using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data of 48 autism spectrum disorder males and females and 48 typically developing participants in autism brain imaging data exchange. Whole-brain analyses showed that autism spectrum disorder males had hyperconnectivity in functional connectivity of the bilateral temporal-parietal junction, whereas autism spectrum disorder females showed hypoconnectivity in functional connectivity of the medial prefrontal cortex, precuneus, and right temporal-parietal junction. Interaction between sex and autism was found in both short- and long-distance functional connectivity effects, confirming that autism spectrum disorder males showed overconnectivity, while autism spectrum disorder females showed underconnectivity. Furthermore, a regression analysis revealed that in autism spectrum disorder, males and females demonstrated different relations between the functional connectivity effects of the mentalizing regions and the core autism spectrum disorder deficits. These results suggest sex differences in the mentalizing network in autism spectrum disorder individuals. Future work is needed to examine how sex interacts with other factors such as age and the sex differences during mentalizing task performance.
Position control of a bio-inspired semi-active joint with direct inverse hysteresis modeling and compensation
Authors: Liu Yixiang , Zang Xizhe , Lin Zhenkun , Li Wenyuan , Zhao Jie
Published: November 2016

Accurate position control of pneumatic artificial muscle actuated systems has always been difficult due to their inherent nonlinear hysteresis characteristics. This article designs a bio-inspired semi-active robotic joint that is synergistically driven by a pneumatic artificial muscle and an extension spring by imitating the mechanism of energy storage and return in animals and then studies its position tracking control with hysteresis compensation. To simplify the derivation of the inverse hysteresis model which functions as hysteresis compensator, a novel approach termed as direct inverse hysteresis modeling is adopted. With this method, the inversion of the asymmetric angle–pressure hysteresis of the semi-active joint is modeled directly from experimental measurements by a modified Prandtl–Ishlinskii model. On the basis, a closed-loop position tracking controller composed of forward hysteresis compensation and conventional proportional–integral–derivative control is designed for the joint. Experimental results indicate that the proposed controller can track the reference position signals with high accuracy.
The (in)stability of 21st century orthopedic patient contact information and its implications on clinical research: A cross-sectional study
Authors: London Daniel A , Stepan Jeffrey G , Goldfarb Charles A , Boyer Martin I , Calfee Ryan P
Published: November 2016

Background:

In clinical research, minimizing patients lost to follow-up is essential for data validity. Researchers can employ better methodology to prevent patient loss. We examined how orthopedic surgery patients’ contact information changes over time to optimize data collection for long-term outcomes research.

Methods:

Patients presenting to orthopedic outpatient clinics completed questionnaires regarding methods of contact: home phone, cell phone, mailing address, and e-mail address. They reported currently available methods of contact, if they changed in the past 5 and 10 years, and when they changed. Differences in the rates of change among methods were assessed via Fisher’s exact tests. Whether participants changed any of their contact information in the past 5 and 10 years was determined via multivariate modeling, controlling for demographic variables.

Results:

Among 152 patients, 51% changed at least one form of contact information within 5 years, and 66% changed at least one form within 10 years. The rate of change for each contact method was similar over 5 (15%–28%) and 10 years (26%–41%). One patient changed all four methods of contact within the past 5 years and seven within the past 10 years. Females and younger patients were more likely to change some type of contact information.

Conclusion:

The type of contact information least likely to change over 5–10 years is influenced by demographic factors such as sex and age, with females and younger participants more likely to change some aspect of their contact information. Collecting all contact methods appears necessary to minimize patients lost to follow-up, especially as technological norms evolve.
It is God’s will: Exploiting religious beliefs as a means of human trafficking
Authors: Heil Erin C
Published: November 2016

Human traffickers use various methods to maintain and control their victims, including physical, economic, and psychological restraints. Specifically focusing on the psychological aspect of control, this paper seeks to address the role of religion and how it can be exploited as a tool of coercion. Employing case study methodology, this paper will focus on examples of Islam, House of Judah, and Scientology, and how belief systems facilitated victim coercion. The purpose is threefold: (1) to establish religion as a tool of coercion at the interpersonal level, (2) to examine specific trafficking cases in which religion was the method of coercion, and (3) to discuss the challenge of prosecuting cases in which the act was the result of religious coercion.
Compassionate apocalypse: Slavoj Žižek and Buddhism
Authors: Koivulahti Toni J
Published: November 2016

Since his rising interest in Christianity, Slavoj Žižek has discussed many other religions. This article examines his engagement with Buddhism, which he often uses as a stand in for “Oriental spirituality.” For Žižek, Buddhist traditions lack several key features that make Christianity the best prospect for religious political organization. By examining the reasons behind his rejection of Buddhism through his defence of the Subject and the state of Fallenness, the argument will be presented that Žižek's at times negative position on Buddhism can be explained through his commitment to a Lacanian reading of the Cartesian subject. This allegiance means that for Žižek there can never be a harmonious state for the subject, and accepting this provides the subject with a “divine” freedom. This article will also discuss ways in which Žižek's particularism can be overcome without losing the “apocalyptic fervor” of Christian Communist politics.
The mediating role of social support in the relationship between psychological well-being and health-risk behaviors among Chinese university students
Authors: Lai Catie CW , Ma Cecilia MS
Published: November 2016

While literature has displayed a link between psychological well-being (i.e. depression, hopelessness, and life satisfaction) and health-risk behaviors (i.e. smoking, drinking, suicide, and physical inactivity), the mechanisms underlying this relationship have received little empirical attention. This study examines the mediation effects of social support (from family, friends, and significant others) that accounted for the link. Participants were 2023 university students (47.7% male). Structural equation modeling showed partial mediation effect of social support between psychological well-being and health-risk behaviors. In particular, social support from family and friends jointly mediated about 80 percent of the effect of life satisfaction and hopelessness on drinking. These results offered novel evidence that helps improve theorizing the mechanisms of the relationship between psychological well-being and health-risk behaviors. They also highlighted the potential benefits of social support for university students to help them stay healthy. The implications of these results are discussed.
Shifts in euro area Beveridge curves and their determinants
Authors: Bonthuis Boele , Jarvis Valerie , Vanhala Juuso
Published: November 2016

This paper analyses euro area Beveridge curves at the euro area aggregate and country level over the past 25 years. Using an autoregressive distributed lag model, we find a significant outward shift and flattening of the euro area Beveridge curve since the onset of the crisis, but considerable heterogeneity at country level. We test for factors underlying these developments using the local projection method of Jordà (Am Econ Rev 95(1):161–182, 2005). Skill mismatch and high shares of construction workers, as well as high home ownership rates appear strong determinants of the outward shifts in Beveridge curves. Higher female participation rates mitigate these effects.

JEL Classification:J62, J63, E24, E32
Simultaneous multiple well-seismic ties using flattened synthetic and real seismograms
Authors: Wu Xinming , Caumon Guillaume
Published: November 2016

Well-seismic ties allow rock properties measured at well locations to be compared with seismic data and are therefore useful for seismic interpretation. Numerous methods have been proposed to compute well-seismic ties by correlating real seismograms with synthetic seismograms computed from velocity and density logs. However, most methods tie multiple wells to seismic data one by one; hence, they do not guarantee lateral consistency among multiple well ties. We therefore propose a method to simultaneously tie multiple wells to seismic data. In this method, we first flatten synthetic and corresponding real seismograms so that all seismic reflectors are horizontally aligned. By doing this, we turn multiple well-seismic tying into a 1D correlation problem. We then compute only vertically variant but laterally constant shifts to correlate these horizontally aligned (flattened) synthetic and real seismograms. This two-step correlation method maintains lateral consistency among multiple well ties by computing a laterally and vertically optimized correlation of all synthetic and real seismograms. We applied our method to a 3D real seismic image with multiple wells and obtained laterally consistent well-seismic ties.
On the role of multiples in Marchenko imaging
Authors: Wapenaar Kees , van der Neut Joost , Slob Evert
Published: November 2016

Marchenko imaging can produce seismic reflection images in which artifacts related to multiples are suppressed. However, in state-of-the-art implementations, multiples do not contribute to the imaged reflectors. With an “event-by-event” deconvolution imaging approach, it is possible to use multiples in Marchenko imaging. We illustrate this for a 1D reflection response in which the primary reflection of a specific interface is missing.
A Pilot Assessment of 3 Point-of-Care Strategies for Diagnosis of Perioperative Lung Pathology
Authors: Ford John W. , Heiberg Johan , Brennan Anthony P. , Royse Colin F. , Canty David J. , El-Ansary Doa , Royse Alistair G.
Published: November 2016

BACKGROUND:

Lung ultrasonography is superior to clinical examination and chest X-ray (CXR) in diagnosis of acute respiratory pathology in the emergency and critical care setting and after cardiothoracic surgery in intensive care. Lung ultrasound may be useful before cardiothoracic surgery and after discharge from intensive care, but the proportion of significant respiratory pathology in this setting is unknown and may be too low to justify its routine use. The aim of this study was to determine the proportion of clinically significant respiratory pathology detectable with CXR, clinical examination, and lung ultrasound in patients on the ward before and after cardiothoracic surgery.

METHODS:

In this prospective observational study, patients undergoing elective cardiothoracic surgery who received a CXR as part of standard care preoperatively or after discharge from the intensive care unit received a standardized clinical assessment and then a lung ultrasound examination within 24 hours of the CXR by 2 clinicians. The incidence of collapse/atelectasis, consolidation, alveolar-interstitial syndrome, pleural effusion, and pneumothorax were compared between clinical examination, CXR, and lung ultrasound (reference method) based on predefined diagnostic criteria in 3 zones of each lung.

RESULTS:

In 78 participants included, presence of any pathology was detected in 56% of the cohort by lung ultrasound; 24% preoperatively and 94% postoperatively. With lung ultrasound as a reference, the sensitivity of the 5 different pathologies ranged from 7% to 69% (CXR), 7% to 76% (clinical examination), and 14% to 94% (combined); the specificity of the 5 different pathologies ranged from 91% to 98% (CXR), from 90% to 99% (clinical examination), and from 82% to 97% (combined). For clinical examination and lung ultrasound, intraobserver agreements beyond chance ranged from 0.28 to 0.70 and from 0.84 to 0.97, respectively. The agreements beyond chance of pathologic diagnoses between modalities ranged from 0.11 to 0.64 (CXR and lung ultrasound), from 0.08 to 0.7 (CXR and lung ultrasound), and from 0 to 0.58 (clinical examination and CXR).

CONCLUSIONS:

Clinically important respiratory pathology is detectable by lung ultrasound in a substantial number of noncritically ill, pre or postoperative cardiothoracic surgery participants with high estimate of interobserver agreement beyond that expected by chance, and we showed clinically significant diagnoses may be missed by the contemporary practice of clinical examination and CXR.
PRMT5 is essential for the maintenance of chondrogenic progenitor cells in the limb bud
Authors: Norrie Jacqueline L. , Li Qiang , Co Swanie , Huang Bau-Lin , Ding Ding , Uy Jann C. , Ji Zhicheng , Mackem Susan , Bedford Mark T. , Galli Antonella , Ji Hongkai , Vokes Steven A.
Published: November 2016

During embryonic development, undifferentiated progenitor cells balance the generation of additional progenitor cells with differentiation. Within the developing limb, cartilage cells differentiate from mesodermal progenitors in an ordered process that results in the specification of the correct number of appropriately sized skeletal elements. The internal pathways by which these cells maintain an undifferentiated state while preserving their capacity to differentiate is unknown. Here, we report that the arginine methyltransferase PRMT5 has a crucial role in maintaining progenitor cells. Mouse embryonic buds lacking PRMT5 have severely truncated bones with wispy digits lacking joints. This novel phenotype is caused by widespread cell death that includes mesodermal progenitor cells that have begun to precociously differentiate into cartilage cells. We propose that PRMT5 maintains progenitor cells through its regulation of Bmp4. Intriguingly, adult and embryonic stem cells also require PRMT5 for maintaining pluripotency, suggesting that similar mechanisms might regulate lineage-restricted progenitor cells during organogenesis.
Legal regulation of administrative relations in the context of globalization: international-legal aspect
Authors: Мамедов Андрей , Mamedov Andrey
Published: November 2016

The article discusses the international-legal aspect of legal regulation of administrative relations in the context of globalization in the modern period, requiring accounting economic integration. Legal regulation is based on international legal regulators- international norms- principles ,making transparent and uniform requirements for the legal regulation of relations in the sphere of supranational structures.
International scientific and practical conference in the Kutafin Moscow State Law University to celebrate the jubilee of professor L.P. Anufrieva
Authors: ильинская ольга , il'inskaya ol'ga
Published: November 2016

The review deals with the main provisions of the theses presented by the leading international legal scholars on June, 17 2016 at the International Scientific and Practical Conference «Sumus ubi sumus. International law of the XXI century: peace and security, cooperation and integration, human rights». The author focuses on the number of legal issues, which were discussed by the participants, such as the new stage of codification of International Maritime Law, the problem of modification of international treaties by tacit agreement of states in a form of subsequent state practice, questions of the system of International Law, the peculiarities of modern development of the sources of Private International Law, etc.
THE IDEA OF FREEDOM IN THE REVOLUTION OF OCTOBER 1917 AND AUGUST 1991: CONSERVATIVE AND LIBERAL SENSE
Authors: Ахматов Алексей , Akhmatov Aleksey , Арустамова Оксана , Arustamova Oksana , Шагиева Розалина , SHagiyeva Rozalina
Published: November 2016

The article characterizes one of the Central proclaimed goals of the revolution of October 1917 and August 1991 – establishment of freedom in society: political freedom, social freedom and legal liberties. In comparative-legal aspect addresses the degree of achievement of this purpose the results of the revolutions. Reveals conservative meaning of freedom is different from liberal-democratic approach to freedom. Approach to the concept of freedom through the prism of revolution is political in nature, but the revolutionary mood of the early XX century differed from those at the end of the XX century, had a moral and ethical component, at least part of the content of "freedom", this should be seen as different approaches to the revolutions of the beginning and the end of the century, the various goals of these revolutions, investing in the concept of freedom.
PROTECTION OF THE RURAL DESTINATIONS AS THE WORLD CULTURAL HERITAGE SITES: INTERNATIONAL PRACTICES
Authors: Афанасьев Олег , Afanasiev Oleg
Published: November 2016

The article discusses the concept of “agrоcultural (agricultural) heritage” and composing it objects in rural (agricultural) tourism, for which they are the most important destinations. This research object is interdisciplinary, affecting a variety of spheres, particularly, agroourism, sightseeing, services and so forth, and economy in general. Agricultural heritage includes tangible objects of agricultural and technical culture, created for the production. Such objects are saved for better and complete study and understanding of their nature, not for contemplation; they are not works of art. This heritage is anthropogenic and technological. From the scientific and methodological point of view the very understanding of the term of "agricultural heritage" is still quite uncertain. The article presents a comprehensive understanding of it based on the nature-use concept as a binary object system "Man - Nature". The available experience of classification of agricultural heritage objects is considered.

Starting 2002, at the initiative of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) the criteria are developed and an inventory of objects of the world agro- cultural heritage, Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS), is conducted.

One of the GIAHS goals is identifying objects of agricultural heritage that are most corresponding to the status of "global agricultural heritage" and their promotion for including to the UNESCO World Heritage List. The article presents for the first time ever full GIAHS list in Russian as of October, 2016.

We have separated in special list 114 objects from 58 countries, corresponding in our view to the concept of "agricultural heritage" from the UNESCO World Heritage List current at the end of 2016. The article presets the attempt to classify them by 12 categories. The rating of countries in the world by the number of Agricultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites is submitted. The author notes that exactly this category of objects forms a primary resource base for the agricultural (rural) tourism development as the most important attractive destinations, especially in Europe. As the conclusions the reasons are formulated, under which agricultural tourism is a promising form of tourism organization both for individual agricultural enterprises on the basis of objects of agricultural heritage, and for the regions in which these objects are presented.
ASSESSING THE PROBLEMS AND MANAGEMENT MECHANISMS, INVESTMENT POLICY AND MARKETING IN SUSTAINABLE TOURISM BASED ON EXPERT SURVEY
Authors: Рассохина Татьяна , Rassokhina Tatyana , Сеселкин Алексей , Seselkin Aleksey
Published: November 2016

The authors on the basis of a representative analysis of expert opinion assessed the major problems arising in the development of sustainable tourism management system, and especially rural tourism. The key areas of work for the forming effective investment policy in sustainable tourism are identified, as well as challenges in the formation of consumer interest and demand for sustainable tourism products and their solutions are revealed. The scientific staff of the department UNWTO-RIAT and research laboratory for sustainable development of tourist destinations of Moscow branch of RIAT during the expert survey, conducted with the support of the Federal Agency for Tourism within the framework of scientific cooperation with the Organization United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) in 2015 surveyed 92 experts in the field of tourism from 19 regions of Russian Federation. The study identified the main problems limiting and inhibitory management processes, as well as the main directions of work for the sustainable development of tourist destinations, which should be in focus of legal regulation of tourism development in the country and in the regions. The research results can be used by tourism authorities at the federal, regional and municipal levels for the formation of effective management stratgy, investment policy and the territorial system of marketing tourist destinations. The results of the expert survey can become a base for research and be used in the educational process. For the successful implementation of sustainable tourism development principles at all levels (federal, regional, municipal) the management and investment models should be clearly elaborated and business process algorithms for project management of sustainable development of tourist destinations and their promotion on the market should be created. All parties need to clearly understand and respect the interests of the subjects of relations, and in this case they need to have a common goal – an effective sustainable development.
THE RURAL TOURISM PRODUCT: STRUCTURE AND FORMATION
Authors: Андреянова Светлана , Andreyanova Svetlana , Елфимова Юлия , Elfimova Yuliya
Published: November 2016

The article deals with the existing resource base of the Stavropol region, which could become the basis for the development of rural tourism. The basis of this work is the notion that rural tourism at the global level is able to be the development driver of other activities in rural areas. Rural tourism can be evolved at the regional level in view of natural and cultural heritage of specific areas, and on the local level can change the relationship model "mannature" in a particular territorial point. The methodology of the study involves various types of the analysis of territory tourist potential, among which the leading role belongs to the cartographic analysis. The result of this work is the development of rural tourism routs in the destinations of Stavropol region: "Come to our trust by the call of the heart", "Abundant Cossack Land" and "In the wake of Cossack faith". At present, together with the administration of rural settlements and districts of the regions these routes are being tested and revised using public opinion polls of the first tourist groups. The scope of research results application is the activity of domestic tourism tour operators that distribute their services in Stavropol region. Persons involved in regional studies and engaged in the development of new tourist destinations in the region may also be interested in the obtained information. This study is limited by the territory of Stavropol region, but the results can be applied to other regions of the Russian Federation. Such types wine tourism, ethno-tourism, fishing and hunting, and so forth are the promising di- rections of future research.
RURAL TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN GREAT SEVASTOPOL AS A WAY OF DIVERSIFICATION TOURIST AND RECREATIONAL COMPLEX IN THE REGION
Authors: Прыгунова Ирина , Prygunova Irina , Валькова Татьяна , Valkova Tatyana , Шабалина Наталия , Shabalina Nataliya , Кудакаев Александр , Kudakaev Aleksandr
Published: November 2016

The expedience of rural tourism development in Russia regions has been widely discussed at the different levels. According international and Russian experience the solution of the complex development of tourism resources of the territories, the reducing of the seasonality problem through diversification of tourist products, encouraging the development of new types of tourism can be combined with the self-employed agricultural production. Rural tourism in Russia is regarded by Tourism Development Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020 and other government documents as one of the priorities of tourism and recreational complex. The development of rural tourism in Sevastopol Region is determined by the number of factors, among which are the availability of rural areas and the farmers’ activity, natural and cultural herit- age, the proximity of large protected areas and historical and cultural sites; the presence of non-equipped network of hiking trails, known and used by local and visiting tourists ever since the Soviet Union, demand for holidays in the countryside, need for wine and gastronomic tours traditions. Risks of rural tourism development in Sevastopol Region are associated with system and industry-specific problems that can be effectively eliminated by using the international experience. The European countries’ experience in rural tourism demonstrates the necessity for combination of agricultural land usage with rendering tourist services for economic and social sustainable development.
RURAL TOURISM AS A FACTOR OF IMPROVING THE TOURISM INDUSTRY COMPETITIVENESS OF ORENBURG REGION
Authors: Шубина Татьяна , Shubina Tatyana
Published: November 2016

The article is devoted to the rural tourism development in Orenburg region. The author discloses the concept of "rural tourism", determines its importance for global and regional economy. The article specifies the factors affecting the rural tourism development, as well as analyzes climatic and geographical and historical potential of the region necessary for of this type of tourism industry.

The article describes the European experience of the tourism industry development, in particular in Germany. The author gives statistical information of Federal Ministry for Food and Agriculture of Germany for the past 9 years, considers the stimulating tools of rural tourism, which can be offered to the approbation in the domestic tourist space.

Assessing the competitiveness of the tourism industry in Orenburg region takes special place in the article. The author demonstrates resource potential and uniqueness of the region in the country’s tourist space and highlights the urgent problems related to the development of this type of tourism. There is an imbalance between the potential and actual economic indicators of rural tourism due to the relative "youth" of the tourism industry and the weak development of Ural tourist area. The author proves the feasibility of financing and promoting rural tourism in Orenburg region. The article highlights the relevance of measures for the conservation and use of the region´s tourism potential as a factor that favorably impacts on employment in rural areas and enhances economic indicators of the tourism industry in the region.

The article confirms the weighty significance of the tourism industry in the regional economy development.
Legal responsibility in the sphere of labor relations as an inter-branch Institute of law
Authors: Репетева Олеся , Repeteva Olesya , Липинский Дмитрий , Lipinskiy Dmitriy
Published: November 2016

The scientific article is devoted to legal liability in the field of labor relations. On the basis of current legislation and practice is justified that the system of law interindustry functional institute of legal responsibility in the sphere of labor relations that make up the rules of disciplinary, administrative, civil, financial, criminal, and citizens liability. It is concluded that the presence of interindustry institution emphasize the following factors. Firstly, it can be protected or regulated labor relations. Secondly, between institutions there are genetic, coordination and subordination relations. Third, the rules included in the joint industrial-left Institute formulate compositions which are differing from each other by only a few symptoms. Fourth, data subinstituty also connects common goals, objectives and principles.

The article was supported by the Russian Foundation for Humanities, the project № 16-33-00017 «Complex, interdisciplinary institute of legal responsibility: the concept, structure, rela-tionships and role in the system of law."
Interpretive activities of the Senate and its impact on the interpretation and application of law in prerevolutionary Russia
Authors: Недилько Юлия , Nedilko Yuliya
Published: November 2016

The article researches the role of the Senate in the uniform interpretation and application of law throughout the territory of the Russian Empire. As a rule, the acts of the Senate, concerning private matters, should not have been made by the courts to resolve similar cases.However, in some cases, mainly when the gaps in the law, the Senate ordered the courts to follow their private decrees and definitions.This position has allowed develop a uniform practice in the resolution of court cases.The expansion of the interpretive powers of the courts after the reform of 1864 had led to depreciation of the interpretation functions of the Senate.It remained the most important authority in determining and controlling the uniform interpretation and enforcement practice of the Russian Empire.
The unity of the legal space as the basic principle of ensuring the stability of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation
Authors: Новикова Алевтина , Novikova Alevtina , Жорник Анна , Zhornik Anna
Published: November 2016

The article provides the constitutional-legal characteristic of the principle of unity of legal space of Russia; formulates author´s definition of legal space of the state; defines the components that ensure the unity of legal space (cultural, ideological, legal, controlling, coercive and enforcement). The work focused on the problem of ensuring of unity of legal space of public authorities; identified obstacles to the effective and stable functioning of the principle of unity of legal space, as well as measures for their elimination.
A values-based approach to medical leadership
Authors: Moen Charlotte , Prescott Patricia
Published: November 2016

Integrity, trust and authenticity are essential characteristics of an effective leader, demonstrated through a values-based approach to leadership. This article explores whether Covey's (1989) principle-centred leadership model is a useful approach to developing doctors' leadership qualities and skills.