bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Problems of machine-technological stations development
Authors: Kushnariov L. I
Published: April 2022

Issues of efficiency promotion of production and technological activity organization and exploitation of machine and tractor fleet of rural commodity producers and machine-technological stations are considered, taking into account the decrease of agro-industrial complex technical equipment level and the disparity of agricultural and industrial production prices.
Improvement of safety requirements for the repair and processing equipment
Authors: Burenko L. A , Filippova Ye. M , Kazakova V. A , Ivleva I. B
Published: April 2022

Information on traumatism and occupational sickness rate is given. Necessity of development of Russian State Standard on safety requirements to repair and processing equipment is substantiated. Safety requirements to certain kinds of domestic and imported equipment are examined.
A universal belt for the improvement of cohesiveness and braking properties of pneumatic tires
Authors: Gorshkov Yu. G , Kalugin A. A , Starunova I. N , Bekhtold T. G
Published: April 2022

Construction of a universal quick-detachable antiskid belt allowing to improve considerably the tractive-cohesive and braking properties of wheeled machines is suggested.
Innovative machine technologies in potato growing of Russia
Authors: Tubolev S. S , Kolchin N. N , Byshov N. V , Uspenskiy I. A , Rembalovich G. K
Published: April 2022

Main features of development of the world agriculture in modern conditions and its status in Russia are briefly considered. Prospects of development of agricultural production in Russia are shown on the basis of machine technologies. Proposals for innovative development of domestic production of potato machines with the assessment of effectiveness of their implementation are given as an example.
Slipping dynamics of a class 1,4 wheeled tractor
Authors: Kuznetsov N. G , Gapich D. S , Shiryayeva Ye. V
Published: April 2022

A mathematical model of wheeled tractor loading by alternating tractive force, which allows to examine the influence of loading regime (behavior of hook load) on tractor’s kinematic losses variation is considered.
Tractive resistance of a disk plough-harrow
Authors: Nestyak V. S , Kobyakov I. D , Soyunov A. S
Published: April 2022

A theoretical method of tractive force calculation for disk hoeing ploughs in function of cultivated soil layer sectional area, which depends on the angle of attack, depth of tillage, distance between disks along the shaft and number of disks, is considered.
Analysing the properties of hardened surfaces of knots’ parts of repair-technological equipment
Authors: Komarov V. A , Grigoryev A. V
Published: April 2022

The basics of parts surfaces’ hardening are given. Basic dependences of hardening are presented. Sequential determination of surface quality is given, metallurgical studies of hardened samples are carried out.
Design improvement of extruder
Authors: Kushnir V. G , Gavrilov N. V , Kim S. A , Kabdusheva A. S , Femyak N. V
Published: April 2022

The article provides a brief overview of the technological process of extrusion technology, its advantages and disadvantages. It describes a number of technical solutions to remove these disadvantages. The proposed solutions are protected by patents.
Method of mathematical modeling of interaction between plants of grain crops and stripper drum of a header
Authors: Buryanov M. A , Buryanov A. I , Kostylenko O. A
Published: April 2022

The article proposes a method for study of interaction between stripper drum of a header and plants of grain crops, taking into account their physical and mechanical properties.
Theoretical and experimental researches of working process of mixing and fermenting tank in heating mode
Authors: Savinykh P. A , Bulatov S. Yu , Panasenko A. G , Svistunov A. I
Published: April 2022

Dependences that allow to determine the temperature of nutrient medium in the hopper of mixing and fermenting tank with regard to the design parameters of machine are obtained. Based on the results of experimental research, the observed dependences of change of specific energy consumption are obtained; the optimum parameters of angles of tank wrapping by heat tape and level of tank filling by nutrient medium are determined.
Investigation of stiffness in tension and bending of rubber-reinforced tracks of agricultural tractors
Authors: Fedotkin R. S , Beynenson V. D , Kryuchkov V. A , Sharipov V. M , Schetinin Yu. S
Published: April 2022

The article presents the theoretical and experimental investigation of stiffness in tension and bending of rubber-reinforced tracks of agricultural tractors with calculation models development and analytical expressions and their reliability assessment. Influence of load-bearing layer construction and tracks damages on their static loading indices has been experimentally estimated. Main direction of improvement of rubber-reinforced tracks construction has been determinated.
Method of mathematical modeling of grain moving process in conveying channel of stripper header
Authors: Buryanov M. A , Buryanov A. I , Chervyakov I. V
Published: April 2022

The article proposes a method for study of grain moving process in conveying channel of stripper header.
Research of stability of tractor with frontand rear-mounted tools against sidewise skidding
Authors: Tukhtakuziyev A. , Mansurov M. T
Published: April 2022

It is found that for providing the straight line motion of tractor with front- and rear-mounted tools and its stability against sidewise skidding the slope angles of forces acting on tractor from the side of tools to its longitudinal axis must be minimal, and their lateral components must be directed to the opposite sides.
Mechanization of harvesting of mixed sowing of cereal crops
Authors: Aldoshin N. V , Zolotov A. A , Tsygutkin A. S , Malla Bakhaa
Published: April 2022

Various schemes of design improvement for combine harvesters with axial rotary threshing-separating device are proposed. Their use allows to harvest crops with different technological properties from mixed sowing. An example of harvesting of mixed sowing of triticale and white lupine is considered.
Piston flowmeter application for control of operational parameters of machine and tractor unit
Authors: Palitsyn A. V
Published: April 2022

The article presents the design of piston flowmeter and the results of its practical application for control of operational parameters of machine and tractor unit.
Technological efficiency of welding reinforcement of ploughshare point in tillage of heavy loam soils
Authors: Mikhalchenkov A. M , Tyureva A. A , Kozhukhova N. Yu , Orekhova G. V
Published: April 2022

The article considers the question of practicability for use of different variations of welding reinforcement in terms of technological efficiency. Solid-metal ploughshares in the as-received state and ones after welding reinforcement of their points have been experimentally investigated.
Oil strength diagnostics in the process of static cavitation
Authors: Baryshev V. I , Layko K. K
Published: April 2022

Through the laboratory studies of oil strength by its extension in metal bellows, the possibility of use of strength index as a complex and diagnostic index has been determined.
Rotary thrashing and separating devices
Authors: Belov M. I , Shreyder Yu. M
Published: April 2022

The article provides a brief overview of rotary threshing and separating devices of self-propelled combine harvesters. Geometric parameters of the rotors and trends of their development are given.
Analysis of structure of machine and tractor fleet in the Republic of Kazakhstan and development prospects of agricultural machinery industry
Authors: Golikov V. A , Usmanov A. S , Rzaliyev A. S
Published: April 2022

Structure of machine and tractor fleet in the Republic of Kazakhstan is analyzed. It is noted that tractors and combine harvesters, sowing machines and other machinery are presented by many brands, which complicates their service maintenance. Development prospects of agricultural machinery industry are shown.
Hand-held vibro-impact tree shaker
Authors: Shevchuk R. S , Krupich R. O
Published: April 2022

By means of modernization of the SC105 hand-held vibrating shaker made in Italy, a hand-held vibro-impact tree shaker has been developed; it provides increase of fruit harvesting efficiency and reduction of bark damage.
Analysis of traction power of small-scale mechanization means
Authors: Devyanin S. N , Sapozhnikov I. I
Published: April 2022

The article analyzes the traction power of small-scale mechanization means of agricultural engineering when performing agrotechnological operations.
Research of movement of hexagonal and circular disk working organs of tillage machines
Authors: Kobyakov I. D , Yevchenko A. V
Published: April 2022

The plough hexagonal disk knife has been theoretically investigated, produced and tested in laboratory soil bin and in field conditions. Using of hexagonal knives instead of standard circular ones allows to reduce the traction resistance of tillage machine and to increase significantly the quality of ploughing.
Experimental research of electro-hydraulic proportional valve of mechatronic control system of automatic gearbox
Authors: Tarasik V. P , Savitskiy V. S
Published: April 2022

To control the mechanisms of automobiles, tractors, building and road machines, the mechatronic automatic control systems are commonly used; one of their most important components is the electro-hydraulic proportional valve. Mechatronic systems allow to implement the sophisticated adaptive control algorithms, provide the high quality of functioning processes of controlled mechanisms and significantly increase the efficiency of production processes. The article deals with the experimental research of characteristics of electro-hydraulic proportional valve and the optimization of parameters of its control implemented by the microprocessor controller. Such valves are applied in automatic transmissions for the control of gear shift and working organs. The key diagram of created valve is given; its interaction with mechanisms of mechatronic systems is shown. The system functioning in implementation process of its work algorithm under control of the microprocessor controller is described. The article describes the results of experimental research of the electro-hydraulic proportional valve and technical solutions that allow to improve significantly its performance. The static and transient responses of the valve and its components are obtained. It is found that the form of transient response of proportional solenoid depends on the power source characteristic. With the use of direct current source, the transient response corresponds to aperiodic link, but with the use of controller, it corresponds to oscillatory one. The oscillatory character of transient response is caused by the control action of current controller. Current controller parameters influence the relative overshoot and the delay time of current rise in the proportional solenoid winding. The optimal parameters of current controller settings are defined. Influence of oscillation of control signal on the hysteresis of static response of control mechanism is investigated. Parameters of electro-hydraulic proportional valve that allow to estimate the possibility of its application for the control of working organs of machines are described.
Improvement of starting characteristics of a diesel engine with low compression ratio by using of inlet electric air heaters
Authors: Bondar' V. N , Malozemov A. A , Kukis V. S
Published: April 2022

The paper deals with the improvement of starting characteristics of diesel engine with low compression ratio. The processes in inlet manifold and cylinder of diesel engine during pre-start preparation and start-up are submitted as the subject of study. The purpose is to improve the starting characteristics of diesel engine with low compression ratio by using of inlet electrical air heaters instead of electric torch device. The object of study is a modification of tractor constant power engine of 4ChN 15/20.5 type with low compression ratio equal to 12.5. During the experiment one electric torch device and three tubular electric heaters with heat power of 0.8 kW each were sequentially installed in the inlet manifold of diesel engine. A calculation method for heat transfer from the surface of inlet manifold to the ambient air is proposed. Conditions of fuel self-ignition in the combustion chamber of diesel engine with electric torch device are theoretically substantiated, as well as its critical shortcomings, namely: raise of temperature of fuel self-ignition due to the decrease in oxygen concentration of air charge in cylinders, as a result of its consumption in the flame of electric torch device; ability to work only during engine cranking by electric starter with a limited timespan of 20 seconds. It is proved that a valid method providing the cold starting of 4ChN 15/20.5 diesel engine with low compression ratio equal to 12.5 is air preheating by tubular electric heaters placed throughout the length of inlet manifold, with total heat power of 1.6-2.4 kW. Rational design parameters of a cold start aid system with tubular electric heaters and its operation modes are determined. The results of the study were used for modernization of production models of ChTZ-Uraltrac tractor diesel engines and for development of new ones, so they can be recommended for introduction in engine building companies.
Influence of the shape of disk knife on the pinching of material
Authors: Kobyakov I. D , Evchenko A. V , Demchuk E. V
Published: April 2022

During the primary cultivation by means of general-purpose ploughs, the circular disk knives do not provide a reliable cutting; with that, the traction resistance of plough is increased, productivity and quality of its work are reduced. The purpose of the research is to increase the operational efficiency, the quality of soil cultivation and to reduce the energy intensity of general-purpose ploughs equipped with disc knives. Different designs of knives are studied in order to find the optimal shape providing a reliable pinching of plant and straw mass. A formula for determining the angle of pinching of a polygonal disc depending on the cultivation depth and number of angles in the polygon is given. The studies show that the hexagonal disk knives have the minimum angle of pinching, thus this shape is rational. The operating conditions are defined, in which the stalks of straw mass do not slip out of the knife blade when cutting. Motion paths of blades of hexagonal and circular knives at different positions of the instantaneous center of disk rotation are studied graphically. An empirical formula is obtained; dependences of pinching coefficient on the position of instantaneous center of disk rotation are constructed. It is found that with decreasing of nominal diameter of a knife the pinching coefficient is increased, and the quality of pinching of crop materials is improved. As a result of the research, the dependences are obtained showing that the areas of reliable pinching and cutting linearly depend on the kinematic parameter. With the cultivation depth of 0.08-0.12 m, the efficiency of pinching of hexagonal knife is increased by 1.8-2 times compared to the circular one.
Substantiation of rational length of hitch frame for a wide-cut cultivator
Authors: Nesmiyan A. Yu
Published: April 2022

Surface tillage, including cultivation, is an important component of crop growing technologies. The theory of cultivators is thoroughly studied, but at the same time the choice of hitch frame parameters is reduced to the recommendation of the ratio of working width of cultivator and its kinematic length, approximately equal to 1.3-1.5. This is due to the necessity of stabilizing the movement of cultivator relatively to the direction of tractor motion with the minimal materials consumption. However, theoretical research allowed to substantiate the assumption, that the mentioned recommendation is valid only for modular cultivators. This ratio should be increased for the wide-cut implements. Experimental research has shown that reduction of length of hitch frame of a wide-cut cultivator by 1.4 m (the ratio of working width and kinematic length equal approximately to 1.9) allows to reduce the weight of implement. Moreover, it allows to increase the utilization coefficient of operating time of soil cultivating unit by 4%, as compared with an implement having the length of hitch frame which meets well-established guidelines. Both compared cultivators ensure hundred-per-cent eradication of weeds. Thus, the change of implement parameters does not lead to the increase of probability of its angular displacement in horizontal plane, and to violation of the required degree of overlap of adjacent passes of the tines. The findings suggest that the decrease of kinematic length of agricultural machines and implements leads to the increase of their operation efficiency. An indirect conclusion of that is an assumption about the prospects of development and introduction of wide-cut machines and implements that are compact in the longitudinal direction.
Assessment of model adequacy of the process of grain impurities separation from the fraction of light waste in settling chamber to experimental results
Authors: Saitov V. E , Suvorov A. N
Published: April 2022

The fullest utilization of harvested grain is an important task of agricultural production. During separation of seed grain from grain heap a large amount of grain impurities (feeble and crushed grain) being a valuable animal feed is lost. One of the effective methods of separation of grain impurities from light waste is the fractionation on aerodynamic properties. When developing and improving the devices for fractionation of light waste by means of airflow, it is necessary to carry out a large number of experiments, which is associated with time, energy and material consumption. Mathematical modeling allows to minimize the number of experiments. Before applying a mathematical model in designing of technical devices, it is necessary to assess its adequacy. The article presents the assessment of adequacy of the results of mathematical modeling of light waste fractionation process to the experimental results. Qualitative assessment of adequacy is carried out by determining whether the results of mathematical modeling are within the tolerance range of experimental data; quantitative assessment is carried out by means of statistical hypotheses testing. The results of theoretical calculations draw one sample, the results of experiments draw another. Two statistical hypotheses are considered. Each of the hypotheses is tested at 0.05 of significance level. The hypothesis that both of received samples belong to the same parent population is tested with the use of the sign test. As a result of research, the hypothesis is accepted on the selected significance level. Then a regression model is developed for each of the samples, and using the Chow test the hypothesis about the coincidence of constructed regression models is tested. As a result of research, the second hypothesis is also accepted at 0.05 of significance level. The considered mathematical model can be used in the design of technical devices for fractionation of light waste.
Increase of abrasive wear resistance of parts by means of variation of welding technique of double-layer coatings with hard surface
Authors: Kozarez I. V , Mikhal'chenkova M. A , Lavrov V. I , Sinyaya N. V
Published: April 2022

The double-layer welding applied for restoration of parts of construction, road and tillage machinery allows to create a coating that resists shock loading and prevents abrasive wear. It is determined by significant differences between the properties of the lower layer that is relatively soft and the upper hard layer. Known researches of this method do not consider the influence of welding technology on the wear resistance of obtained coating in an environment with high content of abrasive inclusions. The aim of the paper is to determine the degree of influence of technological methods of double-layer coatings formation on the wear of parts used in soil medium. The welding was carried out manually during restoration of ploughshares with ray-shaped wear according to four variants of technology. The wear was controlled by weight loss. Experiments reveal that the wear in function of operating time is in straight-line dependence for all technology variants. Operating time before reaching the steady state mode of wear and the limit state depends on welding technique. The influence of methods of coating formation technology on abrasive wear resistance that is due to the difference of thermal influences on weld metal is considered. The optimal technology variant for maximum wear resistance of coating is cooling of each bead by applying both first and second layers. The implementation of such welding technology allows to increase the abrasive wear resistance by 30% in comparison with other methods. The use of double-layer welding technology increases the resource of restored ploughshare by two times in comparison with a factory-made one.
Analysis of design quality of tillage machines for agricultural engineering small-scale mechanization means of 0.2 tractive class
Authors: Devyanin S. N , Sapozhnikov I. I , Shmonin V. A
Published: April 2022

Such operational parameters of small-scale mechanization means as grasp width and motion speed of a unit equally affect the machine performance and thereby determine its complex quality. The improvement of machine performance due to the extension of grasp width is reached by the use of three-, five-, six- and eight-furrow ploughs. This direction requires the constant increasing of traction force of power vehicles due to the increasing of engine power and trailing weight, which finally change the operational qualities of machine. Other direction of performance improvement is due to the increasing of operation speed; it is more complicated because when the speed increases, the traction resistance of working organs of tillage machines rises sharply, and the quality indicators of ploughed soil structure worsen. The transition to higher speeds of tillage requires a complex solution of such scientific and technical problem as development, creation and introduction of essentially new tillage machines for small-scale mechanization means. Special attention should be payed to a method for improvement of the engine power use by means of its transferring to working organs of the machine not through a hook but through a power shaft. Soil reaction to the active working organs is directed towards the power vehicle motion, therefore the trailing weight loses its functional necessity. It will allow to reduce the metal consumption of construction of small-scale mechanization means.
Technology of solid mineral fertilizers application by means of STA-5TM transport-technological unit as part of specialized Ural-432065 vehicle chassis
Authors: Shkel' A. S , Kozlovskaya M. A , Dzotsenidze T. D
Published: April 2022

The research of process operations for transport-technological unit is of particular interest for the assessment of economic efficiency of operation. Features of process operations are studied on the example of the transport-technological unit with STA-5TM replaceable technological superstructure for solid mineral fertilizers application based on specialized all-wheel drive Ural-432065 vehicle chassis. Common methods of scientific organization of labor serve as theoretical basis for the development of process technology of mechanized operations in agriculture, by analogy with the technology of performance of various works in industrial plants. During solid mineral fertilizers application special attention is payed to the proper organization, full mechanization of work, observance of deadlines, application rate and uniformity of fertilization. The STA-5TM technological superstructure provides application of the established rate with adjustment interval of 0.05 t/ha and motion speed of the unit up to 12 km/hour. Before the operation, the transport-technological unit should be prepared and adjusted for qualitative performance of the process. Setting value of fertilizer application rate is determined with the use of a slide rule and depends on the fertilizer grade, grasp width, operating speed, standard rate of fertilizer usage. For standard application rate, the desired position of main slide gate of batcher and the speed of conveyor belt are determined. Calculation results of kinematic characteristics of the transport-technological unit during mineral fertilizers application for various ways of movement are presented. The technology of solid mineral fertilizers application by means of STA-5TM transport-technological unit as part of specialized Ural-432065 vehicle chassis provides the ability to improve the operation efficiency with the growth of labor productivity and reduction of cost of the final product.
Experimental research of conditions of cylinder oil supply in high-speed four-stroke internal-combustion engine
Authors: Putintsev S. V , Ageev A. G
Published: April 2022

The research is relevant because oil supply processes in the cylinders of four-stroke piston engines with traditional cranking mechanism and combined lubricating system are understudied. The research aims to receive the experimental data on pattern of motor oil distribution by circumference of cylinder for the specified type of internal-combustion engine. The measurement method is based on organization of drainage and following quantity control of oil that is removed by piston rings from internal surface of the cylinder. Experimental device corresponding to this method represents the low-sized high-speed four-stroke air-cooled TMZ-450D diesel engine having a cylinder with six oil-catch through holes executed in its bottom support belt and supplied with thin-walled tubes. Tests were performed under rotation of crankshaft by means of outside source (balanced engine) with nominal speed. The oil filling of any first of six tubes was considered as a moment of ending for each experience. The quantity of oil in tubes was controlled by measuring of oil column length in every tube. During cranking both with air compression and without it, experiments show that quantity of motor oil removed by piston rings from non-loaded cylinder wall side in all cases is more by 15-18% than from the loaded one. Such pattern of oil distribution by circumference of a cylinder at which non-loaded side receives more oil than the loaded one, points to the infringement of principle of coordination between lubricating and loading conditions. That increases the risk of wear and bore scuffing in cylinder-piston unit. In spite of limitation by only one method and one object, the received results show the expediency of following studies of features of cylinder oil supply for the specified type of engines to increase their work reliability.
SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GLEANER COMBINE HARVESTERS
Authors: GOL'TYAPIN V. Ya
Published: April 2022

Nowadays Gleaner company offers two series of combine harvesters S8 and S9, which uses an original and unique in the world circuit of grain mass threshing and separating by transversely located rotor. The grain mass from header platform climbs through inclined conveyor, which delivers it to the rotor. Then it is captivated by rotor, is threshed, is separated and moving to the left side of combine is ejected from the threshing device by blade thrower. Two distribution augers located under rotor cover supply threshed heap on rubberized roller-boosters that throw it throw air flow for cleaning. Experts of the "Gleaner" company note following advantages of its combine harvesters: - significant reserve of power: the difference between the maximum and the nominal capacity is 23-56 kW, and for analogues - 33-49 kW; - the location of the combine engine is rear, which provides better weight distribution, availability for maintenance and repair, reduction of noise and vibration in the cabin; - feed of grain mass for threshing is done without change of direction, which affects the quality of threshing; - threshing and separation occurs along the entire circumference of the rotor; - the process of grain heap cleaning is done in two stages: the preair stream and at sieves; - in comparison with the analogues it has the same diameter of the rotor but less length, large hopper capacity (except of harvesters S 680 of the company John Deere) and the performance of the unloading auger; - the smaller mass of the harvesters in comparison with analogues, which reduces the power loss on movement and soil compaction.
Modernization of the fuel system of diesel engine of agricultural tractor
Authors: Udler E. I , Khalturin D. V , Spirin E. N
Published: April 2022

The decrease in fuel systems reliability depends mostly on the fuel contamination. To solve the problem, an improved scheme of fuel system is proposed, it includes a fuel preheater and a rough filter of new design. A new design of rough filter is developed, it has a coiled filter element with the improved purification efficiency and good replacement life due to the effective spreading of porosity of filter material by means of its aimed crimping. This allows to reduce evenly the porosity in the direction of fuel stream and to increase the replacement life. The operational tests of improved fuel systems were performed on the basis of agricultural enterprises of the Tomsk region. The MTZ-82 agricultural tractor was chosen as subject of research. The working capacity of fuel system elements in regular and improved versions was evaluated by determining the numeral characteristics of random distribution of mean lifetime and parameters of reliability. Based on test results, the functions of distribution of probability of failure-free operation of the fuel injection pump plungers, the couple of injection jets, the injector spray nozzles of regular and improved diesel fuel systems are constructed. The study reveals that the improved version of fuel system decreases the failure rate of parts by 1.7-2.2 times in comparison with the regular one. It proves that the reliability is improved by means of reducing of contamination through the heated rough filter. The obtained results show the substantial improvement of fuel system reliability with the use of new rough filter.
SIMULATION OF AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEMS OF TILLAGE UNITS
Authors: PARKHOMENKO S. G , PARKHOMENKO G. G
Published: April 2022

The studies were performed to improve workflow of hydraulic automatic control systems of the tillage units. Tillage quality should not deteriorate. Working bodies of tillage machines have to be moved automatically. Automated devices can be separated into two groups: direct and indirect action. It is preferable to indirect action. The article presents analysis of automatic devices used into tillage machines. Automatic control systems can be hydraulic, electro-hydraulic and pneumatic. Mechanical systems are not effective. Hydraulic systems are cheaper electric and pneumatic. They provide best of energy and quality indicators of technological process of tillage. Automatic control systems are uses draft forces, hitch position, depth of the implement, speed, acceleration and other sensors. Method of computer modeling and optimization of hydraulic automatic control systems of tillage units was developed. Results of computer modeling of hydraulic automatic control systems help to select direction of improving quality and energy indicators of technological process of tillage. Optimized combine implement depth and draft control system of arable unit allow reducing deviation the draft force of the plow; deviation of the depth of plowing is equal to or smaller than agro-technical requirements. Deviation of the draft force was decreased to 13.5 % for deviation specific soil resistance - 20 %, depth of plowing - 0.21 m, deviation of the depth of plowing - 0.019 m (9 %). Deviation of the depth of plowing may be decreased to 0.010 m (4,8 %), but deviation of the draft force shell be increased up to 16.2%. Optimized hydraulic automatic control system of garden tiller with a trapezoidal mechanism leaves smaller untreated soil area from 1.37-1.46 times.
FEASIBILITY OF THE GRANULAR FERTILIZER DISTRIBUTOR'S BLADE FORM
Authors: Shwartz A. A , Besedin B. P
Published: April 2022

Using fertilizers, in line with other agrotechnical activities, is one of the most important means for increasing soil fertility, as well as agricultural products performance. Domestic and foreign experience shows us that yield capacity can grow almost 1.5-fold due to fertilizers. Nowadays the surface type of using hard organic and mineral fertilizers by means of body spreaders is considered to be one of the simplest technically and most effective ways. Being the object of the research, the experimental mineral and organo-mineral granular fertilizers spreader is a van-type lowboy, equipped with a belt conveyor and a vertical rotor with a horizontal axis of rotation. In addition to load bearing characteristics, rotational movement of the operative parts in the casing of the rotary drum provides for air drag, which influences the trajectory of fertilizers flight. Pattern of fertilizer distribution, flight distance of fertilizer particles and horsepower input of the gear system depend on the design features of the operative parts of the pneumatic-mechanical rotor. The objective of the research is to define travel speed of fertilizer particles along vanes in case of constant fertilizer input with air drag in versions with radial position of vanes, bent backwards and forwards to some angle. The main research techniques are a graphical and analytical method and analysis of the component force which operates on the blade's surface. As for the drum with a diameter of 920 mm, at rotation frequency of 850 min-1, the best performance was shown by the through blade. They may reduce the friction force of the casing of rotor. Besides, they can concentrate fertilizers in the center of a blade, and achieve qualitative work of the fertilizer spreader, is ascertaining.
Analysis of methods for improvement of thermal stability of pistons of tractor diesel engines
Authors: Gots A. N , Glinkin S. A
Published: April 2022

The article considers the applied methods for improving the thermal strength of pistons of internal combustion engines. Tractor diesels with combustion chamber in the piston have the greatest rate of temperature change at load rise and release, as well as the highest values of temperature gradients. The highest thermal loads occur in pistons with a semi-open combustion chamber. Periodic thermal loads with high value of temperature gradient lead to thermal fatigue fractures. Such fractures may begin with the appearance of cracks on the edge of combustion chamber. The presence even of a small crack on the edge of combustion chamber leads to its further growth, which can cause the destruction of piston. The main causes of cracks formation on the edge of combustion chamber are the alternating stresses induced from alternating gas pressure in cylinder during the working cycle; the low-frequency oscillations of the piston temperature arising from the changing of operation modes of engine; the high-frequency cyclical thermal oscillations caused by the temperature change of material in the surface layer of combustion chamber for each working cycle. The most common design and technology solutions improving the thermal strength of pistons are the following ones: the change of the edge radius of combustion chamber throat; the reinforcement of combustion chamber edge with more heat-resistant materials; the use of materials with high thermal stability for manufacture of pistons; the artificial heat insulation of piston or its cooling by oil. The disadvantage of use of cooling oil gallery is the acceleration of oil aging process. The alternative solution is to limit the heat supply to the walls of combustion chamber by means of heat protection coating applied by gas-flame, detonation or electric-arc way. The easiest way to improve the thermal strength of diesel piston with a semi-open combustion chamber is the design change.
THE CALCULATION OF THE DEPENDENT TOLERANCE ALIGNMENT REPAIR SHAFTS GEAR BOXES
Authors: Leonov O. A , Vergazova Yu. G , Antonova U. Yu
Published: April 2022

Distortion of the shape of the component parts leads to a decrease in the operational properties of these parts Thus, in movable joints the deviation of the component parts from the correct cylindrical shape leads to an inadequacy of its movements, rapid wear due to contact over a limited surface. In fixed joints, distortion of the shape leads to uneven tension in the joints, because of this, the strength of the joint, the tightness and the accuracy of the centering decrease. Distortion form also affects labor and assembly accuracy, increases the amount of trimming work affects the accuracy of basing of parts in the manufacture and control. Deviations in the location of surfaces from their nominal values are extremely detrimental to the reliability of the machines, causing additional static and dynamic loads in separate parts and joints, which leads to rapid wear and fatigue failure of the parts. Tolerances location or shape to be set for shafts or openings may be independent and dependent. Dependent location tolerances are set for the items, which are interfaced with the object at the same time on two or more surfaces, and for which the interchangeability requirements are reduced to ensure the collection, ie, connectivity details on all mating surfaces. Dependent tolerance indicated in the drawing or other technical documents value which may be greater than the value of which depends on the deviation of the actual size of the element and / or the base material of the maximum limit. On the example of the shaft of the unified reducer of the MOSSELMASH plant, under the designation H090.040, three variants of the assignment of the dependent tolerance of alignment are considered, which, on the one hand, allows to expand the capabilities of the technological equipment and reduce the cost of processing, and on the other hand, ensure the assembly of connections without fitting. For our example, the use of the third variant of the notation extends the alignment tolerance of the two shaft surfaces from 0.010 to 0.048 mm, which is not only economically feasible, but also allows the use of full interchangeability to be competently used.
AUTOMATED PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS OF SOWING MACHINES TO SEEDERS OF PRECISE SEED SOWING
Authors: Izmaylov A. Yu , Akhalaya B. Kh , Shogenov Yu. Kh
Published: April 2022

Modern intensive farming led to a significant increase in agricultural production. In all countries, pure (single-species) crops dominate, causing many problems in agriculture. Single-species agro-systems are highly productive, but potentially unstable, since they depend entirely on significant resources from outside. There are several ways of diversifying agroecosystems. One of the most promising areas is the introduction into practice of combined crops. The paper has studied and analyzed various technologies for sowing seeds from several crops simultaneously on the same area in a single row. The paper has studied and analyzed various technologies for sowing seeds from several crops simultaneously on the same area in a single row. The characteristics of pneumatic seed drills of dotted sowing working both on vacuum and overpressure of air flow are given. The first include the designs of seeders of domestic production in the type of SUPN-8, in which significant changes are made, to the second - the seeders of the German company «Becker», in which the above changes completely exclude the possibility of damage to the seeds. A pneumatic sowing device is presented that allows sowing three crops at the same time as placing them at different depths of sowing, as well as a device capable of sowing in three ways: dotted, nested and combined. Developed pneumatic sowing machines for combined and nesting crops allow to simplify the design and increase the operational reliability of the device, improve the ecology, obtain fuel economy, eliminate seed damage. Seeders equipped with automated pneumatic systems are able to increase the yield of silage by 20-30 %, improve the quality of feed for livestock and save crop areas by cultivating several crops on the same field. The design of the device allows you to place seeds of different cultures in one row and at different depths of embedding. The novelty in this work is the simultaneous sowing of two crops simultaneously in one row at different depths of the embankment with different schemes and step-by-sowing, confirmed by patents for the invention.
Analysis of agrotechnical indices of working organs for layered soil-free tillage
Authors: Parkhomenko G. G , Semenikhina Yu. A , Gromakov A. V , Bozhko I. V
Published: April 2022

In the layer-by-layer treatment of the soil, a moisture accumulating layer is formed inside the formation. To form a moisture accumulation layer, it is necessary to optimize the design of the ripper for shallow working of the layered working organ. The aim of the study is a comparative evaluation of the agrotechnical indices of the technological process of layer-by-layer soil-free tillage. The design of the working organs under investigation contains a rack with a chisel for deep tillage. In the front part of the rack there are removable plowshares. On the bit is fixed with the possibility of moving the crusher and the thrust plate is located. At the top of the rack is mounted with the ability to replace the ripper for shallow tillage. Experimental data on agrotechnical indices of the technological process of layer-by-level tillage of new working bodies with elliptical, planar (metal and plastic) ripper were obtained on the experimental field. Ultra-high-molecular-weight low-density polyethylene was installed on the ripper, chisel, crumbler and thrust plate of the working device for layer-by-layer soil-free tillage with plastic elements. The working bodies correspond to the agrotechnical requirements. The deviation of the depth of treatment from the preset 2,83-6,88 %, the combability was 0-7,53 cm, fractions up to 50 mm in size (76,8-98,5 %) predominate in the treated soil layer, the content of erosion-hazardous particles decreases In the surface layer by 2,90-18,13 %. The most qualitative soil cultivation was carried out by a working organ with elliptical, least - with a flat-topped ripper. To improve the performance it is advisable to give a curved shape to a flat-topped ripper made of plastic. There was a sticking of the front part of the counter of the organ. Plastic is not susceptible to sticking with moist soil and self-cleaning.
INNOVATIVE UNIVERSAL CONE SEEDER
Authors: Rudenko N. E , Kulaev E. V , Kalugin D. S , Popov P. A
Published: April 2022

The sowing machines of grain and tilled seeders are significantly different. The sowing machines of grain seeders perform the usual unsettled sowing, while the sowing drills are a precise dotted sowing with given distances between the seeds in a row. The greatest distribution for grain seeders has been a reel sowing machine. The greatest distribution for grain seeders has been a reel sowing machine. For the sowing of seeds of different cultures, coils with different in size and shape grooves are used. Coil sowing machines carry out a cramped movement of seeds, which leads to a mechanical effect on the seeds, partly to their damage. In a row seed drill, pneumatic seeders are most often used. They provide for the presence of a fan, pneumatic system, sowing discs. To the holes of the sowing discs, two or three seeds are often sucked in, which complicates the design and adjustments. A universal cone seeder is proposed. It includes a truncated straight cone, which ends in rings. The upper ring is connected to the seed hopper, and the through ring is placed along the entire circumference of the lower ring. From the front side of the lower ring there is a cover, part of which is provided with a rim, which closes the cells. The cover has the ability to rotate around the horizontal axis. The design parameters of the truncated straight cone are determined: the diameter of the upper base is 55 mm, the lower one is 80 mm, the cone angle is 9°, the length is 80 mm. The parameters of through cells for seeding corn and sunflower seeds are calculated. The critical rotational speed of a truncated straight cone is theoretically justified. It is 2 с-1. Mathematical models are found that determine the dose of seeds during sowing of cereals and tilled crops depending on the frequency of rotation of the cone and the speed of the working movement of the seeder. The sowing device provides the usual sowing of seeds of grain crops and exact - dotted row crops. This is the only universal seeder.
Forecasting the durability of hollow shafts and axles of agricultural machinery products
Authors: Dement'ev V. B , Zasypkin A. D
Published: April 2022

The issues of increasing durability in the development of technologies for strengthening the critical parts of agricultural machinery products are considered. The conducted experiments and calculations show that the use of hollow axes, shafts and other hollow products gives a great technical and economic effect, reduces the consumption of metal, facilitates the weight of equipment and ensures its high performance. The technique of prediction of the durability of parts with thermomechanical processing and deformation by screw compression from hot-rolled especially thick-walled pipes is presented, their bench and operational tests have been carried out, showing that hardened hollow parts not only do not concede, and sometimes exceed continuous durability. Optimization of the processing of parts, taking into account the stated results of theoretical and experimental studies, makes it possible to increase their efficiency. Considering that it is necessary to deal with multifactorial dependencies, it is advisable to automate their solution. Algorithms and programs for computer technology have been developed for a number of technological processes, successfully used both for automating the design of technological processes and for automating production itself. With the use of thermomechanical processing and deformation by screw compression, a fivefold increase in durability with asymmetric sign-constant bending is achieved on some products (track fingers of caterpillar machines). Thus, it becomes evident that the use of hollow axes, shafts and other hollow parts in agricultural machinery construction is much more widespread than at present, given the very important property of these hollow parts, that they are less sensitive to stress concentration under cyclic loads, especially if hardening is performed by high-temperature thermomechanical processing. It is recommended to use this unique treatment of responsible and highly loaded machine parts for a wide range of applications.