bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cardiac Manifestation and Blood Catecholamine Levels during Succinylcholine‐Induced Stress of Malignant Hyperthermia Sensitive Pigs*
Authors: Jönsson L. , Häggendal J. , Johansson G. , Thorén‐Tolling K. , Bjurström S. , Carlsten J.
Published: May 2010

Fifteen crossbred pigs of Swedish Landrace and Yorkshire, about 6 months of age and susceptible to develop malignant hyperthermia (MH) when exposed to halothane, were subjected to stress provoked by the myorelaxant succinylcholine. The results were compared with those of 12 normal pigs. During the stress the halothane‐sensitive (HS) pigs showed much higher levels of plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline and more severe ventricular arrhythmias than the controls. The degree of myocardial degeneration and necrosis being similar to catecholamine induced myocardial damage was significantly higher in the HS pigs than in the controls. The ultrastructural examination revealed three main types of changes in affected myocardial cells. One type of myocardial cell damage was characterized by various degree of hypercontraction, enlarged mitochondria with dense bodies and dilated sarcoplasmic reticulum. The other type showed mitochondria with tubular configuration whereas the third type of cell damage was characterized by almost normal mitochondria combined with a severe damage of the myofilaments. Three HS pigs which died within 30 min after stress showed signs of malignant hyperthermia. No signs of the disease were observed in the other 12 HS pigs.

Einfluß einer durch Sukzinylcholin induzierten Belastung bei gegenüber maligner Hyperthermie anfälligen Schweinen auf das Herz und die Blut‐Katecholamin‐Spiegel

Fünfzehn sechs Monate alte Kreuzungsschweine (Schwedische Landrasse X Yorkshire), die bei Halothan‐Exposition mit maligner Hyperthermie (MH) reagierten, wurden einer durch das Muskelrelaxans Sukzinylcholin hervorgerufenen Belastung ausgesetzt. Während der Belastung traten bei den Halothan‐sensitiven (HS) Schweinen sehr viel höhere Plasma‐Noradrenalin‐Konzentrationen sowie schwerere Ventrikelarrhythmien auf als bei den Kontrolltieren. Der Grad der Myocard‐Degeneration und ‐nekrose war bei den HS‐Schweinen signifikant größer als bei den Kontrolltieren. Die betreffenden Veränderungen ähnelten dabei dem durch Katecholamine induzierten Myocardschaden. Die ultrastrukturelle Untersuchung erbrachte in den betroffenen Myocardzellen drei verschiedene Typen von Veränderungen. Für den einen Typ der Myocardzellenschädigung waren eine verschiedengradige ausgeprägte Hyperkontraktion, vergrößerte Mytochondrien mit dichten Körperchen und dilatiertes sarkoplasmatisches Reticulum charakteristisch. Der zweite Typ war durch Mitochondrien mit tubulärer Konfiguration gekennzeichnet, während für den dritten Typ annähernd normale Mitochondrien in Verbindung mit einer schweren Schädigung der Myofilamente charakteristisch waren. Drei HS‐Schweine, die innerhalb von 30 min nach der Belastung verendeten, wiesen Anzeichen einer malignen Hyperthermie auf. Bei den restlichen 12 HS‐Schweinen wurden keine Krankheits‐Symptome beobachtet.
Regulation of Prostaglandin Biosynthesis with Flunixin Meglumine in the Bovine Species
Authors: Aiumlamai Suneerat , Odensvik Kristina , Stabenfeldt G. , Kindahl H.
Published: May 2010

Flunixin meglumine (FM) was injected in 2 oophorectomized cows to follow changes in basal levels of the main circulating prostaglandin (PG)F2αmetabolite, 15‐ketodihydro‐PGF2α. A rapid decrease in the levels was seen after FM and the effect was lasting for about 6 h. Thus, to obtain a full effect of the drug on prostaglandin synthesis it is recommended that FM should be injected 4 times daily. This concept was further studied in 3 cycling heifers which obtained FM 4 times daily from day 15 of the estrous cycle for 7 days (totally 28 injections). During the period of drug administration, prostaglandin metabolite levels were decreased and the expected pulsatile release seen during luteolysis was delayed. The pulsatile release started about one day after cessation of treatment and then luteolysis occurred. Progesterone levels were normal during the FM treatment and dropped concomitantly with the pulsatile release of PGF2α. The levels of progesterone decreased to low levels before the heifers showed signs of estrus and ovulated. The administration of FM causes a situation resembling that seen during early pregnancy and FM can be a useful tool in understanding the mechanism behind maternal recognition of pregnancy.

Beeinflussung der Prostaglandin‐Biosynthese beim Rind durch Flunixin‐Meglumin

Bei 2 ovariektomierten Kühen wurde nach Injektion von Flunixin‐Meglumin (FM) die Veränderungen des Plasmaspiegels des wichtigsten im Blut zirkulierenden Prostaglandin (PG)F2α‐Metaboliten 15‐Keto‐dihydro‐PGF2αverfolgt. Es wurde ein rascher Abfall des Plasmaspiegels beobachtet. Der Effekt hielt etwa 6 h an. Um einen vollen Effekt auf die Prostaglandinsynthese hervorzurufen, werden deshalb 4 FM‐Injektionen pro Tag vorgeschlagen. Dieses Konzept wurde an 3 Kalbinnen mit Zyklus überprüft. Ihnen wurde FM ab dem 15. Tag des Brunstzyklus 7 Tage lang viermal täglich injiziert (insgesamt 28 Injektionen). Während dieser Periode war der Plasmaspiegel der PG‐Metabolite erniedrigt. Die während der Luteolyse zu erwartende pulsatile Freisetzung war verzögert. Die pulsatile Freisetzung begann etwa einen Tag nach Beendigung der Behandlung. Daraufhin erfolgte die Luteolyse. Die Progesteronspiegel waren während der FM‐Behandlung normal. Sie fielen mit dem Beginn der pulsatilen PGF2α‐Freisetzung ab. Die Progesteronspiegel fielen auf niedrige Werte ab, bevor die Kalbinnen Brunstsymptome zeigten und ovulierten. Die Verabreichung von FM führt zu einer Situation, die derjenigen der frühen Trächtigkeit ähnelt. FM dürfte somit als Hilfsmittel für das Verständnis des für die maternale Erkennung der Trächtigkeit zuständigen Mechanismus geeignet sein.
Influence of Exogenous Estradiol on the Concentration of Antitrypsin, Albumin, N‐Acetyl‐pβ‐D‐Glucosaminidase and Somatic Cells in Milk of Cows at Various Lactation Stages
Authors: Saad A. M. , Kaartinen L. , åStröm G.
Published: May 2010

Estradiol benzoate (0. 02mg/kg of body weight) was injected (i. m.) daily to 13 ovariectomized cows in their first or third lactations during early (60–90 days), mid (140–200 days) and late (240–300 days) lactation. The majority of the udder quarters were free of bacteria throughout the experiment. Signs of clinical mastitis were observed after 9–19 days of treatment in cows at mid and late lactation. This was accompanied by a decrease in milk yield, an increase in milk somatic cell count (MSCC) and increases in milk concentration of antitrypsin and serum albumin (as indicator of increased permeability); and milk NAGase activity (as indicator of epithelial cell damage or release of the enzyme from phagocytes). NAGase activity was first to increase and on some occasions was not accompanied by an increased MSCC. The response was either absent (first lactation) or relatively mild (third lactation) in cows at the early stages of lactation. The intensity of the inflammatory response increased with advancing lactation stage. Generally, the response of cows in the third lactation was greater than that of cows in the first lactation at a corresponding stage of lactation. Three cows which received the control treatment with vehicle alone showed no changes in any of the parameters except a slight decrease in antitrypsin. All inflammatory indicators correlated negatively with quarter milk production; milk NAGase activity was superior in this respect (r = ‐ 0. 75). All correlation coefficients were generally higher after, rather than before the hormone treatment.
Milk Temperature in the Claw Piece of the Milking Machine and Mammary Surface Temperature are Predictors of Internal Mammary Temperature in Goats1
Authors: Caruolo E. V. , Jarman R. F. , Dickey D. A.
Published: May 2010

Mammary internal and surface temperatures and milk temperature were correlated using five lactating goats. Internal mammary temperature was estimated using temperature‐sensitive transmitters placed deep within the parenchyma of each mammary half. External mammary temperature was estimated using infrared thermography of four mammary skin sites: T1, teat end; T2, teat base; G1, about 20 mm above the teat base; and G2, about 20 mm ventral to the base of the gland deep to the thigh. The thermistor bead used for estimating milk temperature was placed in the claw piece where the short milk tube of the liner attaches. This placement minimized cooling effects of milk contact surfaces. The overall correlations of milk temperature with mammary temperatures ranged from 0. 45 to 0. 64. Correlations among the six paired values for the four external sites ranged from 0. 76 to 0. 92. Milk and surface temperatures, milking time, and milk weight were employed in various combinations as covariables; these were calculated within animal, within half. Milk temperature was the single most important predictor of internal mammary temperature in all models. Milk temperature alone or combined with covariables can be used to predict internal mammary temperature.
Clinical Signs and Performance of Pigs Treated with Different Doses of Carbadox, Cyadox and Olaquindox
Authors: Nabuurs M. J. A. , van der Molen E. J. , de Graaf G. J. , Jager L. P.
Published: May 2010

An experiment was designed to study the clinical effects of different levels of carbadox, cyadox and olaquindox in the ration on health, weekly weight gain and feed conversion in pigs. Four different carbadox and olaquindox (25, 50, 100 and 200 ppm) levels and five different cyadox (25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 ppm) levels were tested in groups of 6 pigs during 6 weeks. The 13 groups were compared with a control group fed on the same diet with only vehicle.

After one week the first clinical sign, a high faecal dry matter (FDM) content, was observed in the 200 ppm carbadox group, followed by the 100 and 50 ppm carbadox, the 400 and 100 ppm cyadox, and the 200 and 100 ppm olaquindox groups two weeks later. A second clinical sign, urine drinking from the floor or from pen‐mates, was observed in the same pens, occurring in the same sequence. The third important clinical sign, a decreased abdominal volume, was also observed in almost the same sequence, however, in the 50 ppm olaquindox and cyadox groups this clinical sign was not observed. Average weekly weight gain was significantly decreased in the higher carbadox and olaquindox groups. Weight gain was significantly increased in the 200 ppm cyadox group. Hematocrit values were significantly increased in the 200 and 100 ppm carbadox groups only.

From this study one may conclude that, within the dosages used, carbadox is more harmful than olaquindox for pigs, and it seems that cyadox is harmless for pigs in dosages up to 400 ppm.
Non‐T, Non‐B Lymphoblastic Lymphoma in Two Pigs
Authors: Kadota K. , Nakajima H. , Hashimoto N.
Published: May 2010

The histological, immunological and ultrastructural observations on two cases of non‐T, non‐B lymphoblastic lymphoma are reported. Although the neoplastic cells had neither sheep erythrocyte (E) receptors for T lymphocytes nor surface membrane immunoglobulin (SIg) for B lymphocytes, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) was demonstrated in the nuclei of many or some neoplastic cells. Ultrastructurally the neoplastic cells showed no specific features except desmosome‐like junctions. The morphological and immunological findings suggest that the present cases are derived from immature lymphoid cells or stem cells of the bone marrow. The significance of the junctions is discussed and such structures may be common in various mesenchymal cells.

Non‐T, non‐B‐Lymphoma Iymphoblastischen Ursprungs bei zwei Schweinen

Es wird über histologische, immunologische und ultrastrukturelle Beobachtungen an zwei Fällen von non‐T, non‐B‐Lymphoma lymphoblastischen Ursprungs berichtet. Obwohl die neoplastischen Zellen weder Schaferythrozyten (E)‐Rezeptoren für T‐Lymphozyten noch oberflächliches Membran‐Immunglobulin (SIg) für B‐Lymphozyten aufwiesen, wurde terminale Deoxynucleotidyl‐Transferase (TdT) in den Nuclei vieler bzw. einiger neoplastischer Zellen nachgewiesen. Ultrastrukturell zeigten die neoplastischen Zellen, von Desmosom‐ähnlichen Verbindungen abgesehen, keine spezifischen Charakteristika. Die morphologischen und immunologischen Befunde lassen vermuten, dafi sich die vorgestellten Fälle von unreifen lymphoiden Zellen oder Stammzellen des Knochenmarks herleiten. Die Bedeutung der genannten Verbindungen wird diskutiert. Solche Strukturen könnten verschiedenen Mesenchymzellen gemeinsam sein.
The Effect of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Unvaccinated and Iscom‐Vaccinated Pregnant Ewes as Monitored by Plasma Levels of 15‐Ketodihydroprostaglandin F2α, Progesterone, and Oestrone Sulphate
Authors: Fredriksson G. , Buxton D. , Uggla A. , Kindahl H. , Edqvist L. ‐E.
Published: May 2010

In order to study the effect of Toxoplasma infection on hormonal levels in pregnant ewes, twenty‐eight Scottish Blackface ewes were dosed orally with Toxoplasma gondii oocysts at 91 ± 1 days of gestation. Fifteen of these ewes were vaccinated with an experimental Toxoplasma iscom vaccine prior to inoculation. Further three ewes were used as non‐infected controls. All challenged ewes became infected. Plasma was analysed for the content of 15‐ketodihydro‐PGF2α progesterone and oestrone sulphate.

The endocrinological changes appeared to reflect the pathological changes in the uterus. Infected animals tended to show an increase in the levels of the prostaglandin metabolite between two and eleven days after challenge, followed by a decrease in progesterone and later also of oestrone sulphate levels. Following the initial phase, the pattern was more variable but related to the outcome of gestation. There was a marked tendency towards more normal endocrinological patterns in the vaccinated animals in comparison to unvaccinated challenged ones.

Einfluß der Toxoplasma gondii‐Infektion auf nicht vakzinierte und auf mit einer Iscom‐Vakzine vakzinierte trächtige Schafe Beurteilung mittels der Plasmaspiegel von 15‐Ketodihydroprostaglandin F2α Progesteron und Östronsulfat

Zur Prüfung des Effektes einer Toxoplasma‐Infektion auf Hormonspiegel bei trächtigen Schafen wurden 28 Schafen, die 91 ± 1 Tage trächtig waren, Toxoplasma gondii‐Oozyten verabreicht. Fünfzehn dieser Schafe waren vor der Inokulation mit einer Toxoplasma‐Iscom‐Vakzine behandelt worden. Weitere drei Schafe wurden als nicht‐infizierte Kontrolltiere verwendet. Alle Tiere, denen Oozyten verabreicht worden waren, wurden infiziert. Die Plasmaspiegel von 15‐Ketodihydro‐PGF2α, Progesteron und Östronsulfat wurden bestimmt. Die endokrinologischen Veränderungen schienen die pathologischen Veränderungen am Uterus widerzuspiegeln. Bei den infizierten Tieren deutete sich zwischen zwei und elf Tagen nach der Inokulation ein Anstieg der Plasmakonzentration des Prostaglandinmetaboliten an. Darauf folgte ein Abfall des Progesteronspiegels und verzögert des Östronsulfatspiegels. Im Anschluß an diese initiale Phase war das Reaktionsmuster variabler und vom Ausgang der Trächtigkeit abhängig. Bei den vakzinierten Tieren zeichnete sich im Vergleich zu den nicht vakzinierten infizierten Tieren eine deutliche Tendenz zu einem „normaleren” endokrinen Muster ab.
A Clinical and Endocrine Study on the Effect of Orally Administered Bacterial Endotoxin in Adult Pigs and Goats
Authors: Cort N. , Fredriksson G. , Kindahl H. , Edqvist L. ‐E. , Rylander R.
Published: May 2010

Endotoxin of Gram‐negative bacteria was orally administered in 5 female pigs and 8 male goats. Two of the gilts were pregnant. A solution of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Enterobacter agglomerans was mixed into the feed ration of the pigs (40 mg/animal), and given by gastric tube into the rumen of the goats (1–20 mg/animal). Jugular venous blood was collected and clinical signs, rectal temperature and WBC counts were recorded for 12–24 hours. Plasma concentrations of the major plasma metabolite of PGF2α15‐keto‐13,14‐dihydro‐PGF2αwere determined in both species, progesterone concentration only in pigs.

The pigs showed slight to severe signs of endotoxemia. Increases in rectal temperature and levels of the PGF2αmetabolite occurred in 3 gilts. Progesterone level and the total WBC counts remained unchanged. Differential counts followed irregular patterns mostly within the normal range. The goats showed slight signs of discomfort. Temperature increased in one animal. No other parameters were altered after the intake of LPS. The observations in pigs indicate that endotoxin either penetrated the intestinal barrier causing systemic endotoxemia or induced inflammatory reactions in the intestine activating inflammatory mediators.
Estudio Comparativo de dos Tipos Diferentes de Implantes Dentarios en Perros. Estudio Experimental
Authors: Sanromán F. , Montolio J. , Llorens M. P.
Published: May 2010

Comparison of two dental implants in dogs. An Experimental Study

Mandibular incisors were taken out in 13 adult dogs. Twenty days after the extraction, two implants either of titanium or hydroxylapatite were placed in a second operation.

The clinical, pathological and radiological results suggest that metallic implants produce fibrous tissue around the implant. In most cases, fibrous tissue does not ossify and this facilitates the formation of a malunion and the mobilization of the implant. However, the results with hydroxylapatite implants appear to be satisfactory due to the formation of an osseous tissue mandibular bone. This tissue prevents the mobilization of the implant allowing support to a dental protheses.

Trece caninos adultos fueron desdentados en la arcada incisiva inferior. Transcurridos 20 dias se les colocó dos implantes de hidroxiapatita o de titanio.

Tras la obtención de los resultados clínicos, radiológicos y anatomopatológicos, se puede concluir que los implantes metálicos, producen un tejido fibroso perimplante, que la mayoria de las veces no osifica y que facilita la movilización de los implantes, en cambio los resultados con los implantes de hidroxiapatita (D. A. C.) son óptimos, debido a la creación de un tejido de soldadura implante hueso mandibular. Este tejido especializado impide la movilización del implante y lo une fuertemente al hueso mandibular, permitiendo de esa forma el soporte de la futura prótesis dentaria.
Immunological Induction of Endometritis‐Model Investigations in Cows*
Authors: Kluciński W. , Targowski S. P. , Winnicka A. , Miernik‐Degórska E.
Published: May 2010

The course of the inflammatory reaction in the uterus after local or systemic administration of specific or non‐specific antigens was studied. The study was carried out on 40 cows, 10–11 weeks after labour and between 6 and 8 days after ovulation.

A specific cell‐mediated type of reaction was induced by intrauterine challenge with PPD in cows previously vaccinated with M. bovis subcutaneously or by intrauterine administration.

A specific inflammatory process of the type of Arthus reaction was induced by intrauterine challenge with C. fetus ssp. veneralis in animals immunized with these bacteria subcutaneously or by intrauterine instillation of these bacteria.

A non‐specific inflammatory process in the uterus was initiated by one instillation of lipopoly‐saccharide (LPS) into the left uterine horn.

The cells were washed out from the uterus before and 6, 24, 48 and 72 hours after initiation of the specific or non‐specific inflammatory process. The per cent proportions of various cell types were determined. It was demonstrated that intrauterine instillation of specific or non‐specific antigens in cows caused a significant rise in PMNs per cent in relation to the control group.
Pharmacokinetics of Neomycin in Sheep after Intravenous, Intramuscular, Subcutaneous and Intratracheal Administration
Authors: Errecalde J. O. , Lanusse C. E. , Landoni M. F.
Published: May 2010

The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of neomycin in sheep were investigated following intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous and intratracheal administration of 10mg/kg. A rapid distribution phase (t 1/2α, 3.16 min) was followed by a slower elimination phase (t 1/2β, 1.98h). The apparent volume of distribution was 304.69ml/kg. Absorption half‐lives were 18.62, 21.22 and 40.83 min and elimination half‐lives 2.68, 2.82 and 2.55h after IM, SC and IT administration, respectively. Bioavailabilities between 0.74 and 0.85 were obtained for the three routes of administration. Based on the bioavailability and disposition kinetics of neomycin, a twice daily IM dosage regimen should both be practical and adequate to maintain plasma neomycin concentrations within the pharmacologically active but nontoxic range.
Haloperidol as a Pre‐Medicant for Thiopental Anaesthesia in the Dog
Authors: Sobti V. K. , Singh Khushpalinder , Bansal P. S. , Singh Narinder , Rathor S. S.
Published: May 2010

Haloperidol was administered intravenously at the dose rate of 0.87mg/kg body weight five minutes prior to thiopental anaesthesia in 5 clinically healthy dogs, aged 10–12 months and weighing 11.5 ± 0.96 kg. Animals required only 4.36 ± 0.24 ml of the 5% thiopental sodium to achieve surgical anaesthesia which lasted for 37.5 ± 4.3 minutes. There was adequate muscle relaxation and loss of pedal and palpebral reflexes during thiopental anaesthesia. Five minutes after administration of haloperidol, there was no appreciable change in the various cardiopulmonary dynamics with the exception of a hypocapnoea and a mild hypotension. During thiopentone anaesthesia, a mild hypotension and arterial hypoxemia was evident. This combination of anaesthesia was also employed in 14 clinical cases varying from fractures of long bones (4), mammary tumours (3), ear haematoma (4), venereal granuloma (2) and abdominal hernia (1). The combination proved extremely useful for orthopaedic surgery as the muscle relaxation was adequate and the reduction of the fractured ends was relatively easy.
Chemiluminescence and Chemotaxis Assay of Porcine Polymorphonuclear Cells A Methodological Study
Authors: Thoren‐Tolling Kerstin
Published: May 2010

A Boyden‐Chamber technique for leukocyte migration was adapted to a polymorphonuclear (PMN) cell concentration of 5 times 106cells/ml as an optimal amount of cells for the leading front technique. Casein (0.1%) is so far the most effective chemotactic substance for porcine granulocytes. A formylpeptid, FMLP (in concentrations of 10−2to 10−10mmol/l), does not stimulate migration in porcine granulocytes when compared to random migration. For the chemiluminescence assay a concentration of 5 times 106PMN cells/ml buffer is needed to obtain optimal conditions in pig granulocytes. Moreover the chemiluminescence should be performed within a standardized interval after the isolation of leukocytes since the cell activity declines rapidly after the isolation. The chemiluminescence and migration assays were standardized at 37°C; the activity of the granulocytes did not show any significant variation within a temperature interval of 37–39°C, whereas temperatures below 37°C significantly reduce the granulocytic activity.
The Role of Hypoxia in the Hyperglycaemic Effect of Xylazine in Sheep
Authors: Raptopoulos D.
Published: May 2010

Xylazine (0. 2 mg/kg, i. v.) was administered to sheep breathing room air (group X) or oxygen (group XO). Xylazine induced a rise in serum glucose concentration which, following a sharp increase in the first 30 minutes, remained at similar high levels (about 165% of the pre‐injection value) for another 2. 5 hours. Arterial PCO2was slightly increased and reached a significant level at 5 and 15 minutes following xylazine injection in group X. In group XO, at all sampling times after the injection, PaCO2showed a similar pattern of increase, although the effect was not significant. Arterial PO2was decreased significantly for at least 60 minutes. Hypoxia by itself can induce hyperglycaemia, but its prevention by administering oxygen did not alter the hyperglycaemic effect of xylazine. It was concluded that the hypoxia following administration of xylazine was not severe enough to produce a rise in catecholamine concentrations eliciting hyperglycaemia.
A Field Study of Post‐Exercise Values of Blood Biochemical Constituents in Jumping Horses: Relationship with Score, Individual and Event
Authors: Art T. , Desmecht D. , Amory H. , Delogne O. , Buchet M. , Leroy P. , Lekeux P.
Published: May 2010

The variability of the post‐exercise values (PEV) of blood lactate and of some other blood constituents were studied in 8 healthy and fit jumpers through 5 national competitions of equal difficulty. The effects of factors such as the individual, performance and competition on these PEV were analysed.

Venous blood was sampled immediately after the 5 show‐jumping contests and was analysed for packed cell volume (PCV), blood lactate, blood glucose (GLU), total plasma protein (TPP), bicarbonate (HCO3−), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl−), calcium (Ca2+), serum activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), glutamic‐oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) and gamma glutamyl transferase (γGT). PEV of these 13 blood parameters were analysed using a fixed linear model which included the effect of horse, score and competition and their respective interactions.

The analysis of the influence of each of the 3 fixed variables showed that (1) there was no relationship between the PEV variations and the score; (2) there were significant (P < 0. 05) variations induced by the competition in Na+, Ca2+, TPP, LDH and GLU, and (3) there were significant interindividual variations as regards Ca2+, TPP, CPK, γGT and PCV with P < 0. 05, LDH with P < 0. 01 and blood lactate with P < 0. 001.

This wide variability of PEV between individuals led us to conclude that the use of the PEV of some blood parameters in the medical follow‐up of jumping horses in field conditions necessitates not only regular blood analyses immediately after standardized exercises, but also that the PEV relating to each horse should be compared to each other and not to mean values.
Ventilatory Mechanics in Healthy Calves During Helium‐Oxygen Breathing
Authors: Rodriguez M. N. , Art T. , Rollin F. , Desmecht D. , Amory H. , Linden A. , Lekeux P.
Published: May 2010

The mechanics of breathing was investigated in six healthy calves breathing either air or a mixture of 79% helium and 21% oxygen (He‐O2). Intrapleural pressure (Ppl) was measured with an esophageal balloon catheter and transpulmonary pressure was obtained by subtracting the mouth pressure (Pm) from Ppl. Respiratory airflow (V) was measured using a Fleisch pneumotachograph N°3 and tidal volume (Vt) was electronically derived by integrating V with respect to time. Respiratory airflow, Vt, Ppl and Pm were simultaneously recorded while the calves breathed first air (1 min), secondly He‐O2 (1 min) and finally air again (1 min). The pulmonary function values were calculated on the tracings and the He‐O2 values were compared to the corresponding “air” values.

The ventilatory response to resistance unloading was characterized by a significant increase in minute volume exclusively due to an increase in respiratory frequency, while Vt remained unchanged. A decrease of 32% in the total pulmonary resistance (RL) and 16% in the work per litre of ventilation (Wrm/1) were observed when calves breathed He‐O2.

The effect of the He‐O2 on RL and on Wrm/1 suggests that, in the bovine species, airflow turbulences in the upper part of the respiratory tract play a significant role in the total airways resistance.
Disposition Kinetics, Renal Clearance and Excretion of Ampicillin after Oral Administration in Goats
Authors: Nawaz M. , Tabassum R. , Iqbal T. , Perveen Z.
Published: May 2010

Disposition kinetics, renal clearance and urinary excretion of ampicillin were determined after oral administration of 10mg/kg in 8 goats. Peak plasma concentration 1. 86 ± 0. 14μmol/l was attained at 117 ± 11 min after oral administration. Half‐time of absorption was 28. 7 ± 5. 8 minutes and that of elimination was 135 ± 15 minutes. Total area under plasma concentration versus time curve was 9. 16 ± 0. 97 μmol ± h/l. Total body clearance of ampicillin was 52. 1 ± 4. 2 and renal clearance was 0. 07 ± 0. 008 ml/min ± kg. The renal handling of ampicillin involved glomerular filtration and back diffusion.
Immunological Reactions of Pigs during Long‐Term β‐Adrenergic Treatment*
Authors: Hirni H. , Lazary S. , Blum J.
Published: May 2010

Experiments were performed to determine the effects of the β‐adrenergic agonist Ro 16–8714 on the immune system of finishing pigs fed an adequate or a low‐protein diet. Growth rate, nitrogen and fat retention, body composition as well as spleen weight were influenced by both β‐agonist and/or protein level, as expected. However, lymphocyte stimulation with Concanavalin A and phytohemagglutininein vitroorin vivoantibody production against horse red blood cells were not changed by the β‐agonist in pigs fed sufficient or insufficient amounts of protein.
Utilization of Dietary Sodium Selenite, Barley, Oats and Meat Meal Selenium by the Chick
Authors: Hassan S. , Hakkarainen R. V. J. , Lindberg P. O. , Sankari S.
Published: May 2010

The biological availability of selenium (Se) in barley, oats and meat meal as compared to that in sodium selenite was determined by whole blood glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) activity and Se concentration depletion‐repletion bioassays. One day old White Leghorn chicks, initially of low‐Se status, were further depleted for Se by feeding a low‐Se casein basal diet (0. 03 mg Se/kg diet) adequate in vitamin E for the first two weeks of life. Repletion treatments of Se at graded levels supplemented by the natural sources or sodium selenite were then provided for 4 weeks. A multiple regression equation was calculated to relate the final whole blood GSH‐Px activity and Se concentration to the dietary intake of Se. The percent biological availability of Se present in the natural sources was evaluated by slope ratio analyses in comparison to the standard, sodium selenite (100%). The activity of whole blood GSH‐Px established a relative bioavailability for barley, oats and meat meal Se of 85, 41 and 25%, respectively (as μkat/l), and 81, 51 and 17%, respectively (as μkat/g Hb). The estimated bioavailability of Se in the different natural sources, as measured by blood Se concentration was: barley, 104%; oats, 99% and meat meal, 69% in comparison to that of sodium selenite. Thus, selenite Se was superior to the natural Se sources for the induction of GSH‐Px activity. Barley Se appeared to be of higher biological value to chicks than did oats and meat meal Se. Even though meat meal Se was retained in appreciable amounts in chick blood, it showed the poorest utilization for the synthesis of blood GSH‐Px.
Coagulation Profile in Different Stages of Pregnancy and Under Consideration of Placental Expulsion in Dairy Cattle
Authors: Heuwieser W. , Kautni J. , Grunert E.
Published: May 2010

It was the aim of the present study to determine different parameters of blood coagulation in dairy cattle in the course of gestation (n = 19) and during 9 days post partum (n = 40). The coagulation profile comprised prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, fibrinogen concentration, and platelet count. Prothrombin time was shorter in the 2nd month of gestation (13. 9 s) than in the 7th (15. 2 s) month. A reduction of partial thromboplastin time towards the end of gestation by approximately 4 seconds was statistically insignificant (p > 0. 05).

A significant change of fibrinogen concentration was established over a period of 10 days ante partum. Immediately before parturition, fibrinogen level (484mg/dl) increased compared to one (325 mg/dl) and two (343 mg/dl) days before calving. Cows whose calves were developed per vias naturales displayed pronounced differences of fibrinogen concentration. Animals with retained placenta showed significantly higher fibrinogen concentrations than cows with normal expulsion of the placenta on all days.
Influence of Vasotocin and Isoproterenol on the In Vitro Motility of the Follicular Stalks and Infundibulum in the Domestic Hen
Authors: Wechsung E. , Houvenaghel A.
Published: May 2010

Since in the hen ovulation and oviposition are in close temporal relationship we studied the effect of vasotocin, the principal neurohypophysial oxytocic substance in birds, on in vitro motility of follicular stalks of the most recently ruptured and largest preovulatory follicle and of longitudinal and circular infundibular strips, both in the absence and the presence of a Pβ‐adrenergic drug (isoproterenol, 1 times 10−7mol/l). Infundibular strips were rather insensitive to vasotocin (3 times 10−9‐3 × lO−7mol/l) either in the absence or presence of isoproterenol. However, tissue strips from the follicular stalks were significantly stimulated by vasotocin (3 times 10−9‐3 times 10−7mol/l). Isoproterenol attenuated these effects. From these in vitro studies it was concluded that vasotocin may have a facilitating function in the process of ovulation.
Progesterone and Oestradiol‐17β Receptors in the Porcine Myometrium During the Oestrous Cycle
Authors: Thilander G. , Eriksson H. , Edqvist L. ‐E. , Rodriguez‐Martinez H.
Published: May 2010

The concentrations of the tissue receptors for oestradiol (E) and progesterone (P) in the porcine myometrium at different stages of the oestrous cycle have been investigated by in vitro binding and exchange methods. Both hormones bound to specific cytoplasmic (Rc) and nuclear (Rn) receptors proteins with high affinity. The amount of ERcdid not vary significantly throughout the cycle. Significant variations in the amount of myometrial ERnwere observed with high concentrations during late pro‐oestrus.

The amount of PRcreached a top value in early pro‐oestrus. A significant increase in PRnlevels was observed at earely luteal phase, and it remained high during the rest of the luteal phase. The temporal relationships between the variations in levels of oestradiol and progesterone nuclear receptors in myometrial tissue and those of the circulating plasma levels were established.

The data obtained in this study suggest a relationship between the changes in levels of oestradiol and progesterone myometrial binding and the uterine motility pattern during the oestrous cycle.
Neuromuscular Transmission in the Gastrocnemius Muscle of Young Domestic and Wild Pigs
Authors: Szentkuti L. , Schlegel O. , Sallai J.
Published: May 2010

The gastrocnemius muscle was stimulated in situ in young female domestic pigs (DP, Sus scrofa domestica, German Landrace; n=24) and in European wild pigs (WP, Sus scrofa scrofa; n = 20), by short (0. 1 ms) square‐wave impulses via the sciatic nerve. Evoked compound action potentials were recorded from the sciatic nerve, from the Ramus muscularis distalis of the tibial nerve and from the end plate region of the muscle tissue. Maximum nerve conduction velocities (NCV) were 58. 8 ± 10. 4 m/s in DP and 77. 7 ± 16. 5 m/s in WP. Time of neuro‐muscular transmission (“distal latency”) for evoked compound action potentials from the Ramus gastrocnemius of the tibial nerve into the gastrocnemius muscle was 2. 32 ± 0. 54 ms in DP and only 1. 27 ± 0. 25 ms in WP. Electromechanical coupling time intervals in the gastrocnemius muscle were 11. 95 ± 2. 26 ms in DP and 9. 95 ± 1. 07 ms in WP.

Motor end plates were visualized histochemically and classified as of the red, intermediate and white type according to their shape and arborization. High extrajunctional acetylcholinesterase activity was observed in the close vicinity of the junctions of muscles in young DP (3. 5 month, 40 kg), which was absent in WP muscles and also in DP muscle at older age.
Erythrocyte Insulin Binding in Ewes in Late Pregnancy
Authors: Sigurdsson H.
Published: May 2010

Erythrocyte insulin binding in 8 ewes in late pregnancy was studied. The main purpose was to study the influence of pregnancy and starvation of the insulin binding capacity of the erythrocytes and compare it with the capacity of erythrocytes in newborn lambs.

Results from the present study indicate that erythrocytes from pregnant ewes in late pregnancy have no insulin binding capacity and that the erythrocyte insulin receptors cannot be used as an index of different metabolic conditions.
Studies on Monensin Toxicity in Goats
Authors: Dalvi R. R. , Savant S. G.
Published: May 2010

This study was carried out to examine the effect of orally administered monensin on the liver of goats. Goats given monensin at the rate of 55 mg/kg of feed (55 ppm) for three weeks showed clinical signs of anorexia and diarrhea, along with increased pentobarbital sleeping time and serum SDH level indicating the possible presence of hepatotoxicity. On the other hand, animals fed monensin at 11 ppm for three weeks or 8 mg/kg of body weight/day for five days showed no signs of hepatotoxicity.
Ataxia in Swedish Warmblood and Standardbred Horses
Authors: Ekman Stina
Published: May 2010

Lesions in the cervical spine of 28 young horses (Standardbred Trotters and Swedish Warm‐bloods), killed because of longstanding or severe ataxia, are described. The material consists of all horses with ataxia available for necropsy and presented to the large animal clinic of the School of Veterinary Medicine, Uppsala and the Animal Hospital in Helsingborg during 1981 through 1983. After a clinical and radiographic examination, including myelography in all but 2 cases, the horses were killed and necropsy was performed. The cases were divided into three categories based on the radiographic and pathological findings. 1. Static Cervical Compressive Myelopathy (SCM): There were three causes of the stenosis, locked, flexed position of cervical vertebrae, arthropathy of the intervertebral joints, and epidural cyst in the cervical spinal canal. 2. Dynamic Cervical Compressive Myelopathy (DCM) was diagnosed when the myelogram showed stenosis when the horse's neck was in a flexed position. No stenosis was observed in neutral position, or when the neck was extended. 3. Cervical Myelopathy (CM): In this category neither static nor dynamic stenosis was observed, but histologic evidence of spinal cord degeneration was seen.

The fact that all the horses were young, suggests that a disturbance of normal growth of the cervical vertebrae is involved in the aetiology.
Bronchoalveolar Lavage in Dogs; Analysis of Proteins and Respiratory Cells
Authors: Mayer P. , Laber G. , Walzl H.
Published: May 2010

In an attempt to establish the normal values, bronchial alveolar lavage (BAL) of portions of the right upper lobe was done during fiberoptic bronchoscopy in 18 Beagle dogs of various ages. Albumin, IgA and IgG were identified in BAL fluids. The respiratory cells obtained were, in the order of decreasing occurrences, alveolar macrophages, lymphocytes, epithelial cells and neutrophils. No age‐related changes were found in the content of immunoglobulins or in the differential cell counts of respiratory cells. Bacterial cultures of BAL were invariably contaminated with resident flora of the upper respiratory tract. Therefore, in determining the etiology of pulmonary infections, the results of such cultures should be interpreted with caution. As an aid to diagnosis of pulmonary diseases in dogs, the analysis of BAL fluid components could be helpful when compared with findings in healthy animals.
The Histological Appearance of Peroral Small Intestinal Biopsies in Clinically Healthy Dogs and Dogs with Chronic Diarrhea
Authors: van der Gaag Ingrid , Happe R. P.
Published: May 2010

A survey of the histology of 2,024 small intestinal suction and forceps biopsies in 400 dogs, consisting of 17 clinically healthy control dogs and 383 dogs with chronic diarrhea is presented. Three and a half percent of the suction biopsies and 22. 6 percent of the forceps biopsies were unsuitable for examination, making a diagnosis impossible in 9 dogs, and in 0. 4 percent antral mucosa was present. Biopsies could be obtained from the proximal one third of the small intestine. The normal histology, including mean villous length, its standard deviation and its range is described in the 17 control dogs. A classification of enteritis in dogs is given. Villous atrophy without enteritis was found in 55 dogs with chronic diarrhea; 51 dogs had moderate and four severe villous atrophy. Villous atrophy combined with enteritis was found in 93 dogs, 57 of which had lymphocytic‐plasmacytic enteritis, 14 had eosinophilic enteritis, six catarrhal, four ulcerative, 11a combination of lymphocytic‐plasmacytic and eosinophilic enteritis and one dog had a combination of lymphocytic‐plasmacytic and catarrhal enteritis. Enteritis without villous atrophy was found in 50 dogs: 39 had lymphocytic‐plasmacytic enteritis, four eosinophilic, two catarrhal, one purulent (microabscesses), three a combination of lymphocytic‐plasmacytic and eosinophilic enteritis and one dog had focal necrosis. Twelve dogs showed a lymphosarcoma and in eight other dogs a differential diagnosis of lymphosarcoma and/or enteritis was made. One carcinoma was found. Other findings were hemorrhages, oedema, erosions, muscular hypertrophy in the villi, an increased or decreased number of intraepithelial lymphcoytes, an increased or decreased number of goblet cells, lymphangiectasia, crypt cysts, crypt abscesses and gastric metaplasia. Some breeds, such as the German Shepherd dog, Bouvier des Flandres, Spaniel, Collie, Great Dane and Retriever appear to be more susceptable than other breeds for villous atrophy and enteritis. A slight prevalence of the German Shepherd dog, Doberman Pinscher and Rottweiler was also observed for eosinophilic enteritis. Mild villous atrophy is mostly found in dogs aged 0–4 years, whereas severe villous atrophy is found in dogs older than 4 years. Further breed, age or sex predisposition could not be found. The method appears especially useful for diffuse mucosal lesions of the proximal small intestine.
Metabolic Balance and Reproductive Performance in Finnish Dairy Cows
Authors: Miettinen P. V. A.
Published: May 2010

The relationships between energy level and reproductive performance were studied in 24 dairy cows, which were fed grass silage. Serum glucose and blood acetoacetate (AA) and β‐hydroxybutyrate (HB) were measured 10, 15, 30 and 50 days postpartum. The cows were examined clinically by rectal palpation 3 times a week during 8 weeks postpartum. The time required for the complete uterine involution and the onset of ovarian activity were recorded. The pregnancy rate at the first insemination and the interval from calving to conception were obtained for each cow.

The correlations between blood glucose and ketone bodies were negative, but they were significant only at days 15 and 30 for AA and at day 30 for HB. A low energy level in early puerperium caused a delay in uterine involution and in the onset of ovarian activity. The low energy balance in puerperium prolonged the interval from calving to the first insemination and the interval from calving; to conception. The earlier the ovarian activity started the shorter was the interval from calving to conception. The energy level in early puerperium had a greater influence on the interval from calving to conception, whereas in late puerperium it was more important with regard to the interval from calving to the first insemination. Blood glucose had also a significant effect on the reproductive performance. The adverse influence of ketone bodies on fertility depended on duration and timing of their increased levels; the longer and later in puerperium the cow has elevated ketone bodies, the lower is the fertility. Cows which had increased ketone body levels at day 50 were inseminated later, had a longer interval from calving to conception and needed more inseminations per conception than the non‐ketotic animals. If shorter calving intervals are desired, adequate nutrition is essential after calving.
A Comparative Study of Different Methods for Measurement of Rheumatoid Factor in Dog Serum
Authors: Thoren‐Toixing Kerstin
Published: May 2010

An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique was developed and compared with two routinely used methods, latex agglutination and Rose‐Waaler hemagglutination, for the measurement of Rheumatoid Factor (RF) in dog serum. The frequency of positive samples for IgM‐RF was rather low, about 8–12% of the 460 dogs with different rheumatic disorders being classified as positive by these methods. It was further concluded that the latex agglutination test used in this study (Synbiotics CRF Kit) should be performed only on heat inactivated serum (56 °C for 30 minutes) thereby significantly reducing the frequency of weak, probably false, positive agglutination reactions. When this was considered, a significant correlation was obtained for the three different techniques for RF estimation in serum from normal control as well as rheumatic diseased dogs.
Direct Measurement of Mucosal Surface pH of Pig Jejunumin vivo
Authors: McEwan G. T. A. , Schousboe B. , Skadhauge E.
Published: May 2010

The mucosal surface pH of pig jejunum was measuredin vivo. When the pH in the bulk phase of the perfusing buffer solution was 7. 10, the pH at the mucosa (as measured by a miniaturised glass pH electrode) was 6. 19 ± 0. 04 (n = 19). This relatively acidic mucosal surface pH is not an anoxic artefact since anoxia resulted in a significant alkalinisation of the mucosa. This finding, that the pig, like man and the rat, has a jejunal “acid microclimate” has important implications for weak electrolyte absorption from the upper small intestine of this species as well as for any other pH dependent brush border process.
Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Heterogeneity of Insulin Responses in Cows with Abomasal Displacement
Authors: Holtenius P. , Tråvén Madeleine
Published: May 2010

Injections of glucagon in dairy cows resulted in a rapid and marked increase in serum insulin and also in plasma glucose. Glucagon injection appears to be a simple and useful method for testing insulin secretion and glucose release.

There was a somewhat reduced insulin response 2 weeks after calving in normal cows.

Cows given high intensity feeding before calving showed higher plasma glucose levels in the glucagon test 3 days post partum and showed signs of reduced sensitivity to insulin action.

Cows with abomasal displacement showed impaired glucose tolerance and heterogeneity of insulin responses indicating insulin resistance and signs of Type 2 (non‐insulin‐dependent) diabetes mellitus.