bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nutrition knowledge and body mass index among urban churchgoing African Americans
Authors: Diehl Alica , Summers Amber , Martins Paula , Surkan Pamela , Gittelsohn Joel
Published: June 2021

Healthy Bodies, Healthy Souls is a church‐based health promotion program, which aims to reduce diabetes risk in urban Af Crican Americans. Research to understand the factors that cause obesity, a primary risk factor for diabetes, in this population is needed to develop effective programs. We assessed nutrition knowledge and BMI in a sample of 138 African American churchgoers (94 females) in Baltimore City. The population had a mean age of 48 (SD= 15) and 88.5% had greater than a 12th grade level of education. Among the 138 participants [mean (SD) BMI 31.2 (6.6)], 32.4% (n= 45) were overweight (BMI: 25 – 29.9) and 51.8% (n= 72) were obese (BMI: >30). We calculated a nutrition knowledge score from 16 questions (α= 0.486), including 3 requiring interpretation of the Nutrition Facts label. A moderate nutrition knowledge was demonstrated [n=133, mean (SD) score 10.4 (2.2), range 5.0–15.0]. Results indicated no correlation between nutrition knowledge score and BMI overall (r=−0.034, p=0.347). There was no significant difference in nutrition knowledge of normal weight versus obese participants. Similarly, there was no significant difference in nutrition knowledge of overweight individuals versus obese individuals. These findings suggest that in our population of urban African American churchgoers, lack of nutrition knowledge may not be the most significant factor contributing to high BMI.

Grant Funding Source: American Diabetes Association
Designing the Healthy Bodies, Healthy Souls church‐based diabetes prevention program through participatory research
Authors: Summers Amber , Goheer Attia , Rikoon Amy R , Gittelsohn Joel
Published: June 2021

Healthy Bodies, Healthy Souls aims to reduce diabetes risk among urban African Americans by creating healthy food and physical activity environments both within and around churches. Twelve planning meetings were held in 3 churches to identify and prioritize foods and behaviors that contribute to obesity and diabetes in the church community, and to develop intervention strategies. On average 12.0 (range 4 to 20) adults were recruited through church announcements and word‐of‐mouth to attend planning meetings, including pastors, health ministry leaders, and church congregants. Members of the research team moderated the planning meetings and introduced discussion themes. Attendees brainstormed key issues for each theme and prioritized each using a dot voting system. Themes (and top vote‐getters) included problem foods in the church (fried chicken, white bread, macaroni and cheese) and at home (fried meats, candy, fast food) and alternatives to these foods, barriers to healthy eating (time, taste, convenience) and physical activity (lack of commitment/motivation, laziness, time), healthy food‐related behaviors (portion control, avoid eating late, pass healthy habits to children), and messages and media tools to promote change. This approach facilitated the design of culturally appropriate, potentially sustainable intervention components that will be implemented in the churches.

Grant Funding Source: American Diabetes Association Clinical Research Award
Calcium from plant sources and osteoporosis of postmenopausal Korean women
Authors: Park Yongsoon , Heo Jumi
Published: June 2021

The purpose of the present study was to examine the hypothesis that calcium from vegetable sources was associated with osteoporosis risk and bone mineral density in postmenopausal Korean women with osteoporosis and age‐matched controls (n=144). The results of multivariate‐adjusted regression analyses indicated that intake of calcium, plant calcium, potassium, vitamin A, carotene, vitamin B1, niacin, vitamin E, vitamin C, and vegetables were associated with significantly reduced the risk of osteoporosis after adjusting for age, body mass index, hormone replacement therapy, and energy intake. In addition, intake of vegetables alone, as well as calcium, plant calcium, potassium, and antioxidant vitamins (vitamin C, vitamin E, ƒÒ‐carotene) that are abundant in vegetables were significantly and positively associated with bone mineral density. However, in this population of low dairy consumers, intake of animal calcium and dairy products was not related to risk of osteoporosis and bone mineral density. Our results suggest that high dietary intake of calcium, especially plant calcium reduces the risk of osteoporosis and increased bone mineral density in postmenopausal Korean women. Vegetables may be an important source of calcium, and may also provide vitamins and minerals that exert additional beneficial effects on bone. This work was supported by the KRF.
Clustering of fasting glycemic biomarkers is related to levels of cardiovascular disease risk in adults
Authors: Tucker Amy Jeanette , McNicholas Paul D , MacKay Kathryn A , Vandermey Jeffrey S , Robinson Lindsay E , Graham Terry E , Bakovic Marica , Duncan Alison M
Published: June 2021

Modifiable cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors include obesity, dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Non‐modifiable CVD risk factors can include single‐nucleotide polymorphisms such as those within APOE and hepatic lipase (LIPC) genes. Comparison of risk factors across varying levels of CVD risk can help to elucidate the most relevant biomarkers for risk assessment. This study included data from men and postmenopausal women (n=39) with or without dysglycemia and obesity, and with diet‐controlled T2D, to examine multiple CVD risk factors using glycemic status and APOE and LIPC −514C>T polymorphisms as response variables. Predictor variables included 23 anthropometric, fasting glycemic and lipidemic biomarkers, oral glucose tolerance test area under the curve and dietary data. Relationships between CVD risk factors and levels were investigated via cluster analysis, logistic regression, ANOVA and Pearson's chi‐square test. Results identified 3 clusters among glucose, insulin and incretins that corresponded to distinct CVD risk levels. Age and fasting glucose in all participants and those with APOE E3/E3 genotype were significant and LIPC genotypes were related to CVD risk levels. This study highlights potential CVD risk factors through cluster analysis and supports current CVD risk screening.

Grant Funding Source: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs
Tomato powder or lycopene reduces serum and testicular testosterone and enzymes controlling androgen and estrogen metabolism in mice lacking carotene‐15,15′‐monooxygenase
Authors: Ford Nikki A , Smith Joshua W , Clinton Steven K , Erdman John W
Published: June 2021

Serum levels of lycopene, the red pigment of tomatoes, are inversely associated with prostate cancer incidence while serum sex steroids are positively associated with increased incidence. In this study, mice lacking the expression of carotene‐monooxygenase II (CMO‐II KO), wild‐type mice, or mice with increased expression of CMO‐II in the testes (mice lacking carotene‐monooxygenase I, CMO‐I KO) were used to investigate the effects of lycopene metabolism on sex steroid status. CMO‐II KO mice demonstrate poor metabolic cleavage of lycopene. The lycopene (P=0.015) and tomato powder diets (P=0.006) significantly reduced testicular testosterone concentrations in CMO‐I KO mice after 4‐d of feeding. Serum testosterone was also reduced in CMO‐I KO mice by 4‐d of consuming the lycopene (P=0.012) or the tomato powder (P=0.017) diets. The sex steroid metabolizing genes, 5α‐reductase and 17β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, were also altered in response to dietary lycopene in the testes of CMO‐I KO mice (P=0.001). The mRNA expression of the testicular androgen (P=0.0008) and estrogen (P<0.0001) receptors was down‐regulated by dietary lycopene in CMO‐I KO mice. We hypothesize that lycopene metabolites, produced through oxidative cleavage by CMO‐II, reduced serum and testicular testosterone alone or in combination with the parent compound, lycopene. (Supported by NIH grant PHS‐1‐RO1 CA125384)
Breast milk creamatocrit and fat content of lactating Bangladeshi women recruited for dietary‐based interventions to improve vitamin A status
Authors: Burri Betty J , Haskell Marjorie , Jamil Kazi M , Jamil Maleka , Turner Tami
Published: June 2021

We are evaluating the effects of orange fleshed sweet potatoes and mandarin oranges on carotenoids and vitamin A (VA) of lactating Bangladeshi women with low VA status. The study is a randomized blind comparison of the interventions to positive and negative controls (retinyl palmitate and white‐fleshed sweet potatoes). Initially, women were recruited 2 – 3 mo postpartum. However, Bangladeshi women are given a 200,000 IU VA supplement postpartum, which temporarily improves their VA status. This improvement disappears after 4 mo. Therefore, we now recruit women 5 – 7 mo postpartum. Blood and breast milk were collected before and after the 3‐wk interventions. Breast milk was collected by two methods: a full sample from one breast and a smaller ‘casual’ sample for the other. Women (n = 50) were 23.7 y (range 18 – 38y), and ate a monotonous rice and lentil diet. Baseline creamatocrit and fat were 6.76±2.92% and 43.9±17.2 g/L (casual) and 6.85±2.58% and 44.5±15.3 g/L (full), suggesting that results from casual and full samples did not differ. Creamatocrit and fat are somewhat lower than results reported from the US. Supported by AFRI/NIFA Grant 2008‐01889.
Comparison of two analytical methods for carotenoid extraction from biofortified maize
Authors: Schmaelzle Samantha Taylor , Arscott Sara , Davis Christopher , Tanumihardjo Sherry
Published: June 2021

Provitamin A‐biofortified maize has the potential to improve vitamin A status in populations where maize is a staple crop. Accurate assessment of provitamin A carotenoids in biofortified maize must be performed to determine which maize lines have the highest carotenoid levels to help direct breeding efforts. The objective of this study was to compare two published extraction methods developed by Howe and Tanumihardjo (2006) and Kean et al. (2008) for efficiency of extracting carotenoids. Three types of maize were run in triplicate, using both methods, and were analyzed using the same HPLC method. Carotenoid quantification included lutein, zeaxanthin, β‐cryptoxanthin, α‐carotene, and cis/trans β‐carotene, as well as total β‐carotene and theoretical vitamin A values. All carotenoid concentrations and theoretical vitamin A values were significantly higher (P < 0.0001) using Howe's saponification method, with the exception of zeaxanthin, which was not different due to high variability within samples. In conclusion, biofortified maize analysis is not straightforward and methods continue to be developed and tested to ensure accurate and precise values in the screening of the best maize lines to promote in countries that will benefit from higher intakes of provitamin A carotenoids. (Supported by HarvestPlus 8202 and a College of Agricultural and Life Sciences Honors Scholarship).
A pilot study of diet and colorectal polyps by race
Authors: Steck Susan E. , Burch James B. , Hurley Tom , Cavicchia Philip , Alexander Melannie , Shivappa Nitin , Hebert James R.
Published: June 2021

Racial differences in colorectal cancer incidence and mortality exist, with African Americans (AAs) carrying an unequal burden of disease. A pilot study among AAs (n=42) and European Americans (EAs, n=94) in South Carolina was conducted to examine racial differences in colorectal polyps and lifestyle factors that may be important in polyp etiology. Participants undergoing colonoscopy were recruited from a local endoscopy center and completed dietary screeners and demographic questionnaires. Medical record abstraction was performed to obtain clinical data. Means and frequencies of clinical data, demographic factors, and dietary factors were compared between races and polyp status using t‐tests and chi‐square tests. A higher percentage of AAs had 2 or more polyps removed (56%) compared with EAs (41%). Mean intake of fruits and vegetables was similar between races (AA=2.7 ± 2.6 servings/d, EAs=2.1 ± 1.7 servings/d), as was percent energy from fat (AA=32.3 ± 3.0%, EA=31.9 ± 3.6%). Fruit and vegetable servings and percent energy from fat did not differ between those with multiple polyps vs. those with one or no polyps. In this pilot study, dietary factors showed little evidence for explaining racial differences in number of polyps detected. Future work will examine other clinical parameters of polyps in relation to diet and lifestyle factors by race. Grant Sponsor: SCCDCN U01 CA114601.
Racial‐socioeconomic disparities in dynamics of local food outlets and fitness facilities in the U.S.
Authors: Chen Hsin‐Jen , Wang Youfa
Published: June 2021

To examine relationships between local socio‐demo‐economic conditions and the dynamics (increase or decrease) in availability of food outlets and fitness facilities, we linked 2000 Census data on local socio‐demo‐economic characteristics with local business data (Census Business Patterns: 1999 to 2001); 5‐digit ZIP Code Tabulation Area (ZCTA5) is the level/unit of analysis. ZCTA5s were classified as white‐dominant (>50% white residents, “WD”), black‐dominant (>50% black, “BD”), Hispanic‐dominant (>50% Hispanic, “HD”) and other racial‐mixed (“RM”) areas. Supermarket, convenient store, fresh food shop, restaurant, take‐out food, liquor shop and gym were focused. Increase/decrease/no change in number of stores from 1999 to 2001 were modeled as discrete outcomes with multinomial logistic regression. ZCTA5 in the contiguous States and with >=300 residents were included (n=27954). Poverty rate explained the decrement of supermarkets and gyms. Supermarket tended to decrease in urban, and increase in suburban, than in rural areas. Higher % of foreign born residents was associated with increment in fresh food shops. Compared to WD, in HD, supermarkets decreased but fresh food shops increased. Liquor shops changed drastically in BD. We saw no significant difference between WD and RM areas. Thus, local socio‐demo‐economic characteristics may influence dynamics of local food outlets and fitness facilities.

Grant Funding Source: NIH/NIDDK (R01DK81335‐01A1), NIH/NICHD (1R01HD064685‐01A1)
Consumer Responses to Menu Labeling Legislation in New York City‐ Have Purchasing Patterns Been Affected?:
Authors: Vadiveloo Maya , Dixon L. Beth , Elbel Brian
Published: June 2021

This study examined whether calorie labels introduced in NYC chain restaurants in 2008 affected food purchases of lower income adults in NYC and Newark, NJ. The study sample included 1,170 adults who ate at 4 chain restaurants in NYC and Newark before and after labeling began in NYC. Receipts were analyzed for types of foods and beverages purchased and adults were surveyed about frequency of fast food consumption. Linear and logistic regression, difference‐in‐difference analysis, and predicted probabilities were calculated. No favorable differences in food purchases and fast food consumption between NYC and Newark were found. More adults ordered caloric beverages and regular salad dressing after labeling in NYC compared to Newark (p<0.05). In a subset of NYC adults who reported noticing and using menu labels, more adults purchased salads (19% vs. 8%, p<0.05) and had fewer visits to fast food restaurants compared to adults who did not notice the labels (4.9 vs. 6.6 meals per week, p<0.05). Results were similar in adults who reported noticing but not using labels. Efforts to promote awareness of menu labels are needed to enhance their efficacy.

Grant Funding Source: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Healthy Eating Research Program (PI: Elbel)
Effect of Ginkgo Biloba leaf powder and extract on plasma and liver lipids, platelet aggregation and erythrocyte Na+ efflux in rats fed hypercholesterolemic diet
Authors: Kim Ji Mi , Ryou Sung Hee , Kang Young Hee , Kang Jung Sook
Published: June 2021

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Ginkgo biloba (Gb) leave powder (10%) and extract (3%) on plasma and liver lipids, platelet aggregation, erythrocyte Na efflux and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in SD rats fed 0.5% cholesterol diet. Average daily gain was significantly lower in rats fed Gb extract than the control (p<0.05) with no difference in food intake. Plasma HDL cholesterol was increased in rats fed Gb powder (p<0.05) compared with control. Platelet aggregation in maximum and initial slope were significantly decreased compared with the control (both, p<0.05). Intracellular Na was significantly higher in rats of Gb extract than the control (p<0.05) without difference in intracellular K. Erythrocyte Na‐K ATPase and total Na efflux were significantly increased in rats of Gb extract compared with other groups (p<0.01, p<0.05). Plasma glucose was significantly lower in Gb powder than the control. Plasma GOT, GPT and glucose were significantly lower in Gb extract compared with the control (all p<0.05).

Ginkgo biloba which contains bioactive ginkgolide and bilobalide seems to have protective effects from cardiovascular diseases with favorable actions on HDL cholesterol, platelet aggregation and erythrocyte Na channels.
Blood Vitamin D Status and Metabolic Syndrome Risk in Korean Women
Authors: Choi Jihyun , Moon Hyun‐Kyung , Kim Sung‐Kon
Published: June 2021

This study examines associations between the status of blood vitamin D [25(OH)D] and metabolic syndrome on the basis of data obtained from the 2008 National Health and Nutrition Survey of Korea. The subjects are non‐pregnant women aged 20–64 years old. They are divided into four groups by quartiles of [25(OH)D]: 451 of Q1; 455 of Q2; 457 of Q3, and 455 of Q4. Metabolic syndrome is defined as the presence of three or more of the following five components: waist circumference ≥85 cm; TG ≥150 mg/dL; HDL <50 mg/dL; blood pressure ≥130/85 mmHg, and fasting plasma glucose ≥100 mg/dL. The type of physical activity that influences the status of [25(OH)D] is also analyzed. Logistic regression is used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) as well as the 95% confidence intervals for the metabolic syndrome risk after adjustment for age, BMI, energy intake, and physical activity. The OR of Q1 to Q4 (reference group) is 0.41 (0.40–0.41) for abdominal obesity, 0.83 (0.83–0.84) for fasting hyperglycemia, 1.21 (1.20–1.22) for hypertriglyceridemia, 1.56 (1.56–1.57) for low HDL, 1.41 (1.40–1.42) for hypertension, and 1.38 (1.38–1.39) for the metabolic syndrome. The proportion of subjects who satisfy the WHO recommendation of physical activity for adults is 18.2% for Q1, 21.8% for Q2, 26.6% for Q3, and 33.5% for Q4. For all kinds of physical activity (namely vigorous physical activity, moderate physical activity, as well as muscular and flexibility exercises), the group with the least active level is Q1 and the group with the most active level is Q4. The results confirm that the low blood vitamin D level in Korean women is significantly associated with hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL, and metabolic syndrome. An increase in physical activity, regardless of intensity, helps prevent vitamin D deficiency and metabolic syndrome.
Shared patterns of cardiometabolic disease risk factors in Filipino mothers and offspring
Authors: Zubair Niha , Adair Linda
Published: June 2021

Previous research identified clusters of Filipino women who share similar cardiometabolic (CM) characteristics. Here we use cluster analysis to study patterns of co‐occurrence of CM risk factors in their young adult (mean age 21.5) offspring. We use data 1271 participants in the 2005 Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey. Offspring clusters were created from sex‐specific Z‐scores of fasting glucose, triglycerides (TAGs), HDL‐C, LDL‐C, C‐reactive protein, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), and HOMA‐IR. Five distinct clusters, similar to those identified in mothers, reflected: low levels of all risk factors ‐“healthy”; low HDL‐C in the absence of other risk factors; elevated BP; low HDL‐C and high fasting glucose; and insulin resistance (IR), elevated TAGs, and high fasting glucose. We used multinomial logistic regression to relate these clusters to offspring characteristics and maternal CM clusters. Compared to the healthy group, dietary saturated fat, waist circumference, and overweight status were strong predictors of clusters representing CM disease risk. Similarly, the maternal low HDL‐C cluster predicted membership in the offspring low HDL‐C (OR 2.27, 95% CI=1.45:3.55) and low HDL‐C/high glucose clusters (2.67, 95%CI=1.73:4.14). Cluster analysis found biologically meaningful groups influenced by maternal clusters and identified modifiable risk factors for CM disease.

Grant Funding Source: NIH Grant HL085144‐03
Food habits and physical activity patterns among Kuwaiti male and female adolescents
Authors: Zafar Tasleem Ara , Nori Amani F , Al‐Sheikh Sara H
Published: June 2021

Kuwait is ranked as the number eight fattest country in the world by WHO with obesity in adolescent girls 46.8% and in boys 15%. No data on of the dietary habits and life style patterns of Kuwaiti adolescents exist. The objectives of the current study were to a) compare food habits and physical activity of adolescent boys and girls and b) investigate socioeconomic factors affecting their life style patterns. A cross‐sectional survey was conducted using a modified international Health Behavior in School Children (HBSC) questionnaire. 625 children (309 boys and 316 girls) of grades 9 and 10 from 12 public schools completed the questionnaire assessing family, dietary and physical activity status. Data was analyzed by SPSS. The consumption of vegetables, fruits, whole wheat bread and milk was low for both genders, girls reported lower consumption than boys (p<0.001). Chocolate and other sweet consumption was high for both genders, girls reported higher intake (p<0.001). Chocolate was consumed 58% and 44% more than once a day by girls vs. boys, respectively. Both genders watched TV 4 to 6 hours daily; girls were physically more inactive than boys (p<0.01). Both parents' occupational status was positively associated with hours of TV and computer use (p<0.05) but not with physical activity (p<0.05). In conclusion, Kuwaiti adolescents are adopting unhealthy dietary and physical activity patterns that lead to overweight and obesity.
Sepsis and Mechanical Ventilation Restrain Translation Initiation in Skeletal Muscle by Inducing AMPK‐associated TSC2 Restriction of mTOR Signaling in Pigs
Authors: Orellana Renan , Srivastava Neeraj , Suryawan Agus , Nguyen Hanh , Almonaci Rose , Koo Sue Jie , Gazzaneo Maria C , Torraza Roberto Murgas , Davis Teresa , El‐Kadi Samer W
Published: June 2021

In skeletal muscle, AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) acts as a cellular energy sensor of AMP:ATP and modulates translation by repressing mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation. Endotoxin (LPS)‐induced sepsis reduces muscle protein synthesis by blunting translation initiation. We hypothesize that mechanical ventilation and sepsis restrain translation in skeletal muscle by activation of AMPK. Neonatal pigs (n=8/group) were subjected to mechanical ventilation for 9 h in the absence (MV) and presence of LPS (LPSMV). AMPK and translation activation signals were determined in longissimus dorsi muscle. Plasma insulin levels rose with MV and were greatest in LPSMV pigs. In muscle, despite higher PKB activation, MV and LPS additively reduced mTOR phosphorylation and decreased the phosphorylation of tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2) on Thr1462. AMPK phosphorylation increased during MV and was augmented further in LPSMV pigs. TSC2 phosphorylation on the AMPK site, Ser1387, increased in MVLPS. MV decreased eIF4G·eIF4E association, which was further decreased by LPS. These findings suggest that both MV and sepsis increase AMPK activation in peripheral skeletal muscle, leading to inhibition of TSC2‐mediated mTOR‐dependent translation signaling when MV and sepsis coexist. NIH AR51563, NIH AR44474, and USDA 6250‐51000‐040.
Skeletal muscle protein synthesis and the abundance of the mRNA translation initiation repressor PDCD4 are inversely regulated by feed deprivation and refeeding in rats
Authors: Adegoke Olasunkanmi , Zargar Sana , Seisan Helena Samimi , Jeganathan Senthure , Kakade Dhanshri , Islam Nushaba
Published: June 2021

Optimal skeletal muscle mass is vital to health as defects in muscle protein metabolism underlie or exacerbate human diseases. The mTORC1 is a critical regulator of mRNA translation and protein synthesis. These functions are mediated in part by the ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) through mechanisms that are poorly understood. The tumor suppressor programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) has been identified as a novel substrate of S6K1. Here, we examined the expression of PDCD4 in skeletal muscle and its regulation by nutrition. Male rats (~100g, n = 6) were subjected to feed deprivation (FD) for 48 h; some rats were re‐fed for 2 h. FD suppressed muscle protein synthesis and serine 67 phosphorylation of PDCD4 (−50%) but increased PDCD4 abundance (P<0.05); re‐feeding reversed these changes (P<0.05). Consistent with these effects being regulated by S6K1, activation of this kinase was suppressed by FD (−91%, P<0.05) but was increased by re‐feeding. Gavaging rats subjected to FD with a mixture of amino acids (AA) restored muscle protein synthesis and reduced PDCD4 abundance relative to FD (P<0.05). Finally, when myoblasts were grown in AA‐ and serum‐free medium, rates of proteins synthesis in cells depleted of PDCD4 more than doubled the values in cells with a normal level of this protein (P<0.0001). Thus, AA stimulate protein synthesis in skeletal muscle in parallel with the reduction of the abundance of PDCD4.
Impact of consuming ample protein: findings on resistance trainers' bone mineral density
Authors: Lowery Lonnie Michael , Hemlepp Laura , Tomczyk Nicole , Milkent Kelly , Troska Amy , Glickman Ellen
Published: June 2021

A high protein diet is said to reduce bone mineral density (BMD) but remains controversial. The study sought to compare whole‐body and site specific (lumbar spine, femoral neck) BMD among protein seeking (PRO) and non‐protein seeking (NPRO) resistance trainers. The study is the first to the authors' knowledge comparing BMD of long‐term PRO, where all subjects had similar strength training backgrounds. The diets of males (n=20) who met the criteria (health, age range, ≥ 3y of weight training) were analyzed after a seven‐day food diary. Compared to NPRO, the PRO group consumed a larger absolute and relative amount of protein (104.5 ± 23.1g/day [1.5± 0.4 g/kg] vs. 250.2 ± 87 g/day [3.2 ± 1.0 g/kg] p=0.00009) over a self‐reported nine year period. Neither intensity of training (perceived exertion) nor total kcal output per week differed significantly. Whole body BMD was elevated in the PRO group compared to the NPRO group (PRO 1.230 ± 0.095 g/cm2vs NPRO 1.153 ± 0.075 g/cm2;p =0.046). Lumbar BMD did not differ (PRO 1.155 ± 0.181 g/cm2vs NPRO 1.076 ± 0.066 g/cm2; p>0.05), nor did femoral neck BMD (PRO 1.050 ± 0.198 g/cm2 vs NPRO 0.963 ± 0.118 g/cm2; p >.05). The hypothesis that (large) protein intake would not negatively impact BMD was supported; in fact, it may have contributed to higher whole body BMD. Supported by The University of Akron Research Office, Akron, OH and Kent State University, Kent, OH.

Grant Funding Source: Internally funded
Sodium and potassium contents of school‐meals of elementary and junior high schools located in four different cities in Korea
Authors: Lim Hyeon‐sook , Ko Yang‐Sook , Shin Dongsoon , Heo Young‐Ran , Chung Hea‐Jung , Chae In‐Sook , Lee Yeon‐Kyung
Published: June 2021

This study was performed to determine the Na and K contents of school‐meals. In the study, 1,000 school‐meal samples were collected from 12 elementary and junior high schools located in four different cities in Korea. The Na and K contents of the samples were analyzed by an atomic absorption method. The school‐meal samples were classified into three main categories; staple dish, subsidiary dish, and dessert. Each of them was sub‐classified into 4 staple dishes, 15 subsidiary dishes, and 5 dessert dishes. The Na content of school‐meals was considerably different; from 2 to 2,717 mg/100 g. Among the staple dishes, cooked rice contained a relatively low amount of Na, 32 mg/100 g, but the other staple dishes included a considerably high amount of Na, 251–435 mg/100 g. Among the subsidiary dishes, the Na content of salad was the lowest, 140 mg/100 g and that of salt‐preserved vegetables was the highest, 2,717 mg/100 g. Among dessert, beverages, fruit, and dairy products enclosed a relatively low amount of Na, 2–29 mg/100 g, but, rice cakes and bread contained a noticeably high amount of Na, 367–564 mg/100 g. However, the K content of school‐meals was not very different; from 31 to 220 mg/100 g. Cooked rice and rice cakes contained a relatively low mount of K, 31–33 mg/100 g, and the other subsidiary dishes and dessert had 104–220 mg/100 g of K. The results indicate that most of the school‐meals enclosed a large amount of Na but a small amount of K.
Micronutrient and anthropometric status indicators are associated with physical fitness in Colombian school children
Authors: Arsenault Joanne E , Mora‐Plazas Mercedes , Forero Yibby , Lopez‐Arana Sandra , Jáuregui Germán , Baylin Ana , Gordon Paul M , Villamor Eduardo
Published: June 2021

Poor physical fitness is associated with increased health‐related risks in children. The association of nutritional status indicators and physical fitness in children residing in developing countries is not well characterized. We conducted a cross‐sectional study among 1945 children 5–12 y of age in Bogotá, Colombia, to assess whether anthropometric and micronutrient status indicators were associated with performance in the shuttle run and standing long jump tests. Stunted children scored significantly lower in the run (p=0.0002) and jump (boys only; p=0.003) tests than non‐stunted children. Children who were thin or overweight/obese ran slower than normal weight children (p<0.01). Lower jump scores were associated with overweight/obesity and greater fat arm area in boys only (p<0.0001). Girls with low ferritin concentrations ran slower than children with normal ferritin (p=0.02). Erythrocyte folate concentrations were linearly related with higher run (p<0.0001) and long jump scores (p=0.0001) in both sexes. Boys with marginal or low vitamin B‐12 status had 4 cm lower long jump scores than children with normal status (p=0.01). Sub‐optimal anthropometric and micronutrient status are related to poorer performance in fitness tests. The effects of improving nutritional status on physical fitness of children warrant investigation.

Funding: Secretary of Education of Bogotá, DRCLAS at Harvard University, National University of Colombia, National Institute of Health of Colombia, NIH training grant T32DK07703
Energy drink consumption: comparing athletes vs. non‐athletes at a private college in Arkansas
Authors: Irgens Jessica , Mayo Jerry , Gonzales Dana , Hakkak Reza , Hays Nicholas
Published: June 2021

Energy drink (ED) consumption is increasing in the U.S., particularly among college students. We determined ED consumption patterns among students at a private college in Arkansas and assessed whether consumption differed in athletes vs. non‐athletes. An electronic survey was used to determine subject demographics, reported ED consumption and reasons for consumption, knowledge regarding caffeine content, and preferred resource for ED information. The survey link was emailed to the entire student population, with responses obtained from 223 students. Among subjects with complete data (n = 214), 77% (n = 164) reported drinking < 1 ED/month. Patterns of reported ED consumption were not different between athletes (n = 67) and non‐athletes (n = 155; p = 0.79), nor did these groups differ in their knowledge of ED caffeine content (p = 0.27). However, among students who reported consuming >1 ED/month (n = 52), 50% were unaware of their caffeine content, and 86% would choose the Internet for ED information. Our results suggest that while athletes and non‐athletes in this population do not differ in ED consumption, knowledge of caffeine content and of appropriate educational resources are lacking. Dietitians and other healthcare professionals should be aware of the popularity of ED in this population and their roles in providing appropriate education regarding consumption. Supported by Department of Dietetics and Nutrition and Graduate School.
Vitamin D status in an ethnically diverse population of young Canadian adults
Authors: García‐Bailo Bibiana , Badawi Alaa , Brenner Darren , Nielsen Daiva , Lee Hyeon‐Joo , Karmali Mohamed A , El‐Sohemy Ahmed
Published: June 2021

Vitamin D deficiency, defined as serum 25(OH)D <27.5 nmol/L, has been linked to risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Vitamin D can be synthesized in the skin after exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Individuals in latitudes with seasonal shortages of exposure to UV radiation are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency, especially certain ethnic groups. The objective was to determine vitamin D status in an ethnically diverse population (n=1027) of young Canadian adults aged 20–29 years. We found overall differences in deficiency prevalence among different ethnic groups, with 44% of South Asians being deficient, compared to 6% of Caucasians and 16% of East Asians. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency varied by season. In winter, deficiency ranged from 12% in Caucasians, to 25% in East Asians and 51% in South Asians. In spring, deficiency was 1% in Caucasians, 4% in East Asians and 26% in South Asians. In summer, deficiency was 1% in Caucasians, 10% in East Asians and 50% in South Asians. In fall, deficiency was 9% in Caucasians, 35% in East Asians and 55% in South Asians. We have shown that vitamin D deficiency is common in young Canadian adults, particularly in South Asians. This deficiency may partly explain the high incidence of T2D and CVD in this group later in life. Research Support from the Public Health Agency of Canada and the Advanced Foods and Materials Network.

Grant Funding Source: Public Health Agency of Canada, Advanced Foods and Materials Network
Role of HGF phosphorylation of beta‐catenin at Y654 in embryonic mouse liver development
Authors: Lade Abigale , Monga Satdarshan Pal
Published: June 2021

Beta‐catenin is the effector of the Wnt signaling pathway, a pathway involved in diverse cellular functions including regulation of proliferation, survival, adhesion, and differentiation. Phosphorylation of beta‐catenin at residue Y654 by one of several receptor tyrosine kinases inhibits its association with E‐cadherin at the cell membrane, destabilizing cell‐cell adhesions. We have found high levels of phosphorylation of Y654 during liver bud expansion between E12.5 and E14.5 in embryonic mice, suggesting a role for the phosphorylation of this residue in promoting liver growth. Furthermore, we have found c‐Met to be expressed and active in mouse liver at these stages. Intriguingly, previous work has revealed that c‐Met knock‐out mice die at late gestation, at approximately the same stage at which lethality occurs in hepatoblast‐specific beta‐catenin knock‐out mice. Both knockouts exhibit decreased parenchymal cell mass and reduced liver size, as well as increased hepatocyte apoptosis. In addition, while tail vein injection of a naked DNA plasmid encoding HGF promotes hepatomegaly, this effect is not seen in beta‐catenin knockout mice. Together, our results suggest that Met promotes liver growth by phosphorylating membrane beta‐catenin at residue Y654 to promote its nuclear translocation and activation of target genes, and that this event is essential for liver development in mice.
Essential role of chemokine receptor CX3CR1 in bleomycin‐induced pulmonary fibrosis through regulation of bone marrow‐derived fibocyte infiltration
Authors: Ishida Yuko , Kimura Akihiko , Kuninaka Yumi , Mukaida Naofumi , Kondo Toshikazu
Published: June 2021

Bone marrow (BM)‐derived cells are known to play important roles in repair/regeneration of injured tissues, but their roles in pathological fibrosis are less clear. Here, we report a crucial role for CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) in the recruitment of lung fibrocytes. An intratracheal injection of bleomycin (BLM) into wild‐type (WT) mice caused a massive infiltration of leukocyte subsets, such as neutrophils, T lymphocytes, and macrophages, followed by the development of diffuse pulmonary fibrosis (PF) with accumulation of fibrocytes, characterized by CD45+/collagen type I+ cells. Intrapulmonary CX3CR1 and its ligand CX3CL1 expression were enhanced significantly and remained at elevated levels until PF developed. Compared with WT mice, collagen deposition was attenuated in CX3CR1−/− mice with reduced number of lung fibrocytes although BLM increased leukocyte infiltration to a similar extent in WT and CX3CR1−/− mice, implying that less intrapulmonary recruitment of fibrocytes directly correlated with decreased collagen deposition in CX3CR1 deficiency. Furthermore, BM transplantation from CX3CR1−/− to WT mice, but not that from WT to CX3CR1−/− mice, recapitulated the phenotypes in CX3CR1−/− mice. These results demonstrated that CX3CL1‐CX3CR1 interaction was involved in BLM‐induced recruitment of BM‐derived fibrocytes and subsequent development of PF.
Proteomic Analysis of Centruroides tecomanus (Buthidae scorpion) Venom and Biological Activity of Venom Fractions
Authors: Valdez‐Velazquez Laura Leticia , Zamora‐Pizano Luis , Coronas Fredy , Zamudio Fernando , Balderas Cipriano , Possani Lourival
Published: June 2021

Centruroides tecomanus is a Mexican scorpion of the state of Colima. It is a medically important scorpion, but its venom is poorly studied. Here we report the separation of the soluble venom of this scorpion by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). From 98 fractions obtained, 50 distinct components were identified by electrospray mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐MS) analysis. The molecular masses distribution of these components varies from 904 to 7555 Da, from which 48% falls in between 5500–7555 Da, 38% within the range of 3000–5500 Da and 12% within the range 900–3000 Da. The biological effects of the venom were tested on crustacean/freshwater shrimp (Cambarellus montezumae), insects/cockroach (Acheta domestica) and mammals/mouse (strain CD1). For the bioassays the HPLC fractions obtained during 60 minutes run were separated into 12 groups (5 min elution time each). Group VII was lethal to the three species used for assay. The IV group had toxic effect in freshwater shrimps whereas groups VI, VII and VIII were all lethal. For cockroach, groups V and VI were toxic and group VII was lethal. In mouse the lethal components were found in group VII; group VIII was toxic. The molecular masses in the mouse lethal group fall between 7013 and 7487 Da. Two lethal peptides for the three kinds of animals used, they were eluted from the HPLC at 32.72 minutes with molecular weight of 6334 Da and 31.85 min with 7430 Da, respectively.
Use of IMAC magnetic beads for simplified detergent screening for optimization of purification work flows of histidine‐tagged membrane proteins
Authors: Carlsson Marianne , Torstenson Karin , Salomonson Inger , Mascher Erik
Published: June 2021

Affinity purification is a powerful tool that has become a prime choice as capture step in membrane protein purification. Recombinant membrane proteins are commonly purified by use of polyhistidine tags and immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC).

The combination of magnetic beads and IMAC resins (pre‐charged with Ni2+‐ions) allows for an easy‐to‐use format for rapid, small‐scale, screening of conditions optimal for purification of membrane proteins.

Screening for optimal purification conditions for a number of integral membrane proteins was performed. Vital parameters as choice of detergent, wash and elution buffer concentrations etc were addressed. All experiments were done using Ni2+‐charged chromatography media on magnetic beads

The magnetic bead format simplified and shortened the handling procedures through‐out the screening workflow. Obtained results from screening for several detergents gave reliable results that could be fed into further scale‐up experiments.
Suppression of autophagy by FIP200 inactivation results in deficient self‐renewal of neural stem cells
Authors: wang chenran , Liang Chun‐chi , Guan Jun‐lin
Published: June 2021

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process for bulk protein degradation. Recent studies suggested a critical role of basal autophagy to maintain neuronal homeostasis. However, it remains unknown about the functions of autophagy in neural stem cells (NSCs). FIP200 is a component of the ULK1‐Atg13‐FIP200‐Atg101 complex that is essential for the induction of autophagy. By conditional inactivation of FIP200 in adult NSCs using a hGFAP‐Cre, we prove that loss of autophagy causes deficient self‐renewal of NSCs. Aggregation of ubiquitinated proteins and p62 was observed in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the subgranular zone (SGZ), two areas NSCs predominantly reside in adult brain, in the conditional knockout (CKO) mice. Moreover, CKO mice showed substantially reduced size of olfactory bulb and hippocampus. In contrast to the increased apoptosis of neurons in cerebellum and cortex, little difference in apoptosis was found in SVZ and hippocampus between CKO and control mice. Labeling of these regions with Ki67 or BrdU indicated decreased proliferation in CKO mice. Furthermore, BrdU retention experiments indicated reduced number of NSCs in these mice. Lastly, analysis of isolated NSCs by neurosphere assay showed impaired self‐renewal of NSCs from the CKO mice. Together, these results provide strong genetic evidence for a role of autophagy in the regulation of self renewal of NSCs.
Measurement of mouse vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor – 1 in RAW 264.7 cells
Authors: Nelson Ashley , Bakke Danika , Dorsam Glenn
Published: June 2021

Mouse vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor – 1 (VPAC1) signaling in lymphocytes has been shown to regulate proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation. VPAC1 is expressed in numerous cell types within the nervous and immune system. Recently, our laboratory has demonstrated that VPAC1 is dramatically downregulated in activated T cells mediated by a Src/ZAP70/Jnk pathway. Based on these results, we hypothesized that this neuropeptide receptor may also be regulated in a similar fashion in macrophages dependent on its activation status. Therefore, this study asked whether functional VPAC1 protein levels changed in resting and LPS treated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. End‐point analyses will focus on 1.) mRNA levels by RT‐qPCR, 2.) cell surface protein levels by flow cytometry, and 3.) functional coupling to Gas by i[cAMP] ELISA. To date, our results have shown that there is no detectable VPAC1 protein on the surface of resting RAW cells. We expect to show that functional VPAC1 protein is upregulated at the mRNA and protein levels upon LPS exposure of RAW cells that facilitates greater Gas signaling. Funding: (COBRE) 2P20RR015566
Human In Vitro Translation Systems for Glycoprotein and Phosphoprotein Expression
Authors: Kilmer Gregory J , Imataka Hiroaki , Mikami Satoshi , Hommema Eric , Jensen Penny , Webb Brian
Published: June 2021

One of the key features of the human proteome is the abundance of post‐translation modifications (PTMs), with more than 50% of proteins being glycosylated and more than 30% of proteins being phosphorylated. The alteration of protein PTMs in cells is closely related to the onset and progression of cancer and other disease states. In collaboration with RIKEN we have developed a human in vitro translation system that can produce biologically active glycoproteins, such as human chorionogonadotropin hormone, and active protein kinases, such as Akt, MAPK and Aurora A kinase. We also demonstrate a highly efficient PCR‐based approach that facilitates the rapid expression of genes cloned in other expression vectors.
Purification and characterization of recombinant proteins derived from the Prairie Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis viridis)
Authors: Walker Justin Allan , Perez John , Sanchez Elda
Published: June 2021

A recombinant disintegrin (r‐CVV) was derived from the Crotalus viridis viridis venom gland and its fragments were tested for their ability to inhibit platelet aggregation and binding of human colon adenocarcinoma (CaCo‐2) cells to collagen. The antiplatelet and antitumoral activities were measured using a Sonoclot® Coagulation & Platelet Function Analyzer and cellular adhesion inhibition assay, respectively. As a result, the entire r‐CVV sequence blocked platelet aggregation and adhesion of CaCo‐2 cells to collagen. The cloned disintegrin codes for 73 amino acids, including 12 cysteines, and a RGD binding motif. The disintegrin inhibited cellular adhesion of adenocarcinoma cells to collagen with an IC50 of 5.4 μM. Disintegrins could potentially be used as an effective treatment for stroke, heart attack and cancer patients. Funding for this project was provided by NIH Grant #P40RR018300.
3D Physical Model of Beta‐2 Adrenergic Receptorββ
Authors: Acheampong Mary , Bhikhi Kavitia , Dueño Daviana , Glover Bobby , Harris Lachoy , Henry Alafia , Mata Randol , VanBrakle Marisa , Granberry Allison , Beuming Thijs , Assefa Haregewein
Published: June 2021

The Beta‐2 Adrenergic Receptor (β2AR) is a G‐protein coupled receptor (GPCR) which, when stimulated by a catecholamine, causes the relaxation of various smooth muscles, and the production of glucose by glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Pharmaceuticals acting though β2AR are important for treating asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and premature labor. The structure of β2AR consists of 7‐transmembrane domains, connected by three extracellular loops and three intracellular loops. At the base of the extracellular loops, buried within the transmembrane helices, there is a predominately hydrophobic binding pocket with several crucial polar residues that interact with ligands. Interestingly, certain polar interactions appear to play a role in the conversion of the receptor from an active to an inactive state. Recent crystallography of β2AR has revealed that the active state, relative to the inactive state, shows only minor changes in the binding pocket, whereas critical shifts occur at the cytoplasmic face. These conformational changes lead to a dissociation of the G‐protein from the receptor, which then initiates a signaling cascade. The Hostos‐Lincoln Academy SMART team (Students Modeling A Research Topic) modeled ligands in complex with β2AR using 3D printing technology. Supported by grants from the HHMI Precollege Program and the Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation.