bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Most Social of Maladies: Re-Thinking the History of Psychiatry From the Edges of Empire
Authors: Edington Claire
Published: June 2021

This paper argues that the colonial experience was never just “out there” but was a constitutive feature of the global development of psychiatry and, indeed, of social medicine itself. I show how regional knowledge about psychiatry, produced in scientific exchanges across colonial Southeast Asia over four decades and culminating with the 1937 Bandung Conference, became part of new international approaches to health care in rural areas, and later, in developing nations. In particular, I discuss how the embrace of the agricultural colony as a solution to the problem of asylum overcrowding occurred at the same moment that colonial public health experts and officials were moving away from expensive, technocratic fixes to address indigenous health needs. Yet in the search for alternatives to institutionalized care, including forms of family and community support, colonial psychiatrists were increasingly drawn into unpredictable and unwieldy networks of care and economy. Drawing on research from Vietnam, this paper decenters the asylum so as to recast the history of colonial and postcolonial psychiatry as integral to the history of social medicine and global health. The paper then returns to Bandung in 1955, the site of another famous meeting in the history of Third World solidarity, to consider how the embrace of the “Bandung spirit” may provide new avenues for decolonizing the history of colonial and postcolonial psychiatry.
Atherothrombosis model by silencing of protein C in APOE*3-Leiden.CETP transgenic mice
Authors: Jongejan Yvonne K. , Eikenboom Jeroen C. J. , Gijbels Marion J. J. , Berbée Jimmy F. P. , van Vlijmen Bart J. M.
Published: June 2021

Murine atherosclerosis models are key for investigation of atherosclerosis pathophysiology and drug development. However, they do not feature spontaneous atherothrombosis as a final stage of atherosclerosis. Transgenic mice expressing both the human mutant apolipoprotein E form APOE*3-Leiden and human cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), i.e. APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice, feature a moderate hyperlipoproteinemia and atherosclerosis phenotype. In contrast to apolipoprotein E deficient (Apoeˉ/ˉ) mice, APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice respond well to lipid-lowering and anti-atherosclerotic drugs. The aim of the study was to investigate whether silencing of anticoagulant Protein C (Proc) allows APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice to feature thrombosis as a final stage of atherosclerosis. Female APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice were fed a Western-type diet to induce advanced atherosclerosis, followed by an injection with a small interfering RNA targeting Proc (siProc). Presence of atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis was determined by histologic analysis of the aortic root. Atherosclerosis severity in the aortic root area of APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice varied from type “0” (no lesions) to type “V” lesions (advanced and complex lesions). Atherothrombosis following siProc injection was observed for 4 out of 21 APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice (19% incidence). The atherothrombosis presented as large, organized, fibrin- and leukocyte-rich thrombi on top of advanced (type “V”) atherosclerotic plaques in the aortic root. This atherothrombosis was comparable in appearance and incidence as previously reported for Apoeˉ/ˉ mice with a more severe atherosclerosis (19% incidence). APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice with modest hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis can develop atherothrombosis upon transient Proc-silencing. This further extends the use of these mice as a test model for lipid-lowering and anti-atherosclerotic drugs.
Rayleigh–Bénard Instability of an Ellis Fluid Saturating a Porous Medium
Authors: Celli Michele , Barletta Antonio , Brandão Pedro V.
Published: June 2021

The Ellis model describes the apparent viscosity of a shear–thinning fluid with no singularity in the limit of a vanishingly small shear stress. In particular, this model matches the Newtonian behaviour when the shear stresses are very small. The emergence of the Rayleigh–Bénard instability is studied when a horizontal pressure gradient, yielding a basic throughflow, is prescribed in a horizontal porous layer. The threshold conditions for the linear instability of this system are obtained both analytically and numerically. In the case of a negligible flow rate, the onset of the instability occurs for the same parametric conditions reported in the literature for a Newtonian fluid saturating a porous medium. On the other hand, when high flow rates are considered, a negligibly small temperature difference imposed across the horizontal boundaries is sufficient to trigger the convective instability.
The effect of mental fatigue on half-marathon performance: a pragmatic trial
Authors: Gattoni Chiara , O’Neill Barry Vincent , Tarperi Cantor , Schena Federico , Marcora Samuele Maria
Published: June 2021

Purpose

It is well established that mental fatigue impairs performance during lab-based endurance tests lasting less than 45 min. However, the effects of mental fatigue on longer duration endurance events and in field settings are unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mental fatigue on performance during a half-marathon race.

Methods

Forty-six male amateur runners (means ± SD: age 43.8 ± 8.6 years, $$\dot V{O_{2peak}}$$

V
˙

O

2
p
e
a
k

46.0 ± 4.1 ml/kg/min) completed a half-marathon after being randomly allocated to performing a 50-min mentally fatiguing task (mental fatigue group) or reading magazines for 50 min (control group). Running speed, heart rate, and perceived effort were measured during the race.

Results

Runners in the mental fatigue group completed the half-marathon approximately 4 min slower (106.2 ± 12.4 min) than those in the control group (102.4 ± 10.2 min), but this difference was not statistically significant (Cohen’s d = 0.333; p = 0.265). However, equivalence was not established [t(40.88) = 0.239, p = 0.594] and equivalence testing analysis excluded a beneficial effect of mental fatigue on half-marathon performance.

Conclusion

Due to its posttest-only design and the achievable sample size, the study did not have enough power to provide evidence that the observed 4-min increase in half-marathon time is statistically significant. However, equivalence testing suggests that mental fatigue has no beneficial effect on half-marathon performance in male amateur runners, and a harmful effect cannot be excluded. Overall, it seems prudent for endurance athletes to avoid mentally fatiguing tasks before competitions.
Entwicklung und Evaluation einer Emotionsregulations-App
Authors: Böhme Stephanie , Berking Matthias
Published: June 2021

Hintergrund

Ein adäquater bzw. kompetenter Umgang mit schwierigen Emotionen ist bei Personen mit psychischen Störungen oft eingeschränkt. Mit dem Training emotionaler Kompetenzen (TEK) nach Berking (2017) existiert ein gut strukturiertes Behandlungsmanual, mit dem man emotionale Kompetenzen störungsübergreifend trainieren kann. In Studien zeigte sich durch das TEK eine Verbesserung emotionaler Kompetenzen und eine Symptomreduktion bei Patienten mit psychischen Störungen. Aufgrund der hohen Strukturiertheit des TEK eignet es sich gut für eine digitalisierte Anwendung.

Ziel

Eine TEK-App könnte u. a. die Wartezeit auf einen Psychotherapieplatz überbrücken sowie das Potenzial therapierelevanter Übungen besser ausschöpfen. Aktuell existiert eine smartphonegestützte Version des TEK, welche in Ergänzung zum TEK-Gruppentraining eingesetzt werden kann. Das langfristige Ziel ist die Entwicklung einer TEK-App-Vollversion.

Methode

Hierfür werden Erkenntnisse aus der Forschung herangezogen, um die bisherigen Probleme smartphonegestützter Gesundheitsförderung gezielt zu adressieren und zu minimieren. In klinischen Studien soll dann die Effektivität der TEK-App überprüft werden.

Ergebnisse

Erste Ergebnisse deuten auf eine gute Akzeptanz der TEK-Trainings-App durch die Anwender hin, wenn diese in das Gruppentraining eingebettet ist. Ergebnisse der Effektivität der TEK-App-Vollversion stehen noch aus.

Diskussion

Die Effektivität der TEK-App soll bei Personen mit psychischen Störungen, die auf einen Psychotherapieplatz warten, sowie im Kontext der Nachsorge evaluiert werden. Langfristig soll die TEK-App von der fortschreitenden Entwicklung der Sensortechnologie und künstlichen Intelligenz profitieren und Biosignale emotionaler Vorgänge durch die App erfasst und rückgemeldet werden.
On the robustness of three classes of rateless codes against pollution attacks in P2P networks
Authors: Gaeta Rossano , Grangetto Marco
Published: June 2021

Rateless codes (a.k.a. fountain codes, digital fountain) have found their way in numerous peer-to-peer based applications although their robustness to the so called pollution attack has not been deeply investigated because they have been originally devised as a solution for dealing with block erasures and not for block modification. In this paper we provide an analysis of the intrinsic robustness of three rateless codes algorithms, i.e., random linear network codes (RLNC), Luby transform (LT), and band codes (BC) against intentional data modification. By intrinsic robustness we mean the ability of detecting as soon as possible that modification of at least one equation has occurred as well as the possibility a receiver can decode from the set of equations with and without the modified ones. We focus on bare rateless codes where no additional information is added to equations (e.g., tags) or higher level protocol are used (e.g., verification keys to pre-distribute to receivers) to detect and recover from data modification. We consider several scenarios that combine both random and targeted selection of equations to alter and modification of an equation that can either change the rank of the coding matrix or not. Our analysis reveals that a high percentage of attacks goes undetected unless a minimum code redundancy is achieved, LT codes are the most fragile in virtually all scenarios, RLNC and BC are quite insensitive to the victim selection and type of alteration of chosen equations and exhibit virtually identical robustness although BC offer a low complexity of the decoding algorithm.
Spectres of Euripides: Time, Translation and Modernism in H.D.’s Euripides
Authors: Strawson Harry
Published: June 2021

The modernist period was one of intense engagement with antiquity. It was also a period concerned with radical ideas about time put forward by Henri Bergson and Albert Einstein that questioned traditional understandings of the relationship between past and present. This article considers these two aspects of the modernist period through H.D.’s translations of Euripides: it argues that H.D.’s equivocal position in literary modernism and the imagist movement (as demonstrated by her translations from Hippolytus), her prosodic experimentation with Greek verse forms in her translations from Hecuba and Iphigenia at Aulis and finally her emphasis on temporal themes in her Freud-inspired translation of Ion can be all read in such a way to cast new light on the complex temporalities of the translation of classical texts and the modernist reception of the classics.
Monomial ideals and the failure of the Strong Lefschetz property
Authors: Altafi Nasrin , Lundqvist Samuel
Published: June 2021

We give a sharp lower bound for the Hilbert function in degree d of artinian quotients $$\Bbbk [x_1,\ldots ,x_n]/I$$

k
[

x
1

,
…
,

x
n

]
/
I

failing the Strong Lefschetz property, where I is a monomial ideal generated in degree $$d \ge 2$$

d
≥
2

. We also provide sharp lower bounds for other classes of ideals, and connect our result to the classification of the Hilbert functions forcing the Strong Lefschetz property by Zanello and Zylinski.
Applications of large deviation theory in geophysical fluid dynamics and climate science
Authors: Gálfi Vera Melinda , Lucarini Valerio , Ragone Francesco , Wouters Jeroen
Published: June 2021

The climate is a complex, chaotic system with many degrees of freedom. Attaining a deeper level of understanding of climate dynamics is an urgent scientific challenge, given the evolving climate crisis. In statistical physics, many-particle systems are studied using Large Deviation Theory (LDT). A great potential exists for applying LDT to problems in geophysical fluid dynamics and climate science. In particular, LDT allows for understanding the properties of persistent deviations of climatic fields from long-term averages and for associating them to low-frequency, large-scale patterns. Additionally, LDT can be used in conjunction with rare event algorithms to explore rarely visited regions of the phase space. These applications are of key importance to improve our understanding of high-impact weather and climate events. Furthermore, LDT provides tools for evaluating the probability of noise-induced transitions between metastable climate states. This is, in turn, essential for understanding the global stability properties of the system. The goal of this review is manifold. First, we provide an introduction to LDT. We then present the existing literature. Finally, we propose possible lines of future investigations. We hope that this paper will prepare the ground for studies applying LDT to solve problems encountered in climate science and geophysical fluid dynamics.
An analysis of altruistic and selfish motivations underlying hometown tax donations in Japan
Authors: Yamamura Eiji , Tsutsui Yoshiro , Ohtake Fumio
Published: June 2021

This study analyzes the altruistic and selfish motivations that underlie the payment made toward Japan’s Hometown Tax Donation system by the citizens, whereby they can pay the tax to municipalities other than the ones in which they reside and receive reciprocal gifts. Using the local government level panel data for 2008–2015, we find that the Great East Japan Earthquake led to an increase in payments through the system to municipalities in which disaster victims lived, thus reflecting an altruistic motive among the citizens. However, a 1% increase in expenditure toward gifts for donors led to only a 0.61% increase in payments, thus suggesting a selfish motive. Gifting thus dramatically reduces altruistic payments.
Evaluation of High Altitude Interstitial Pulmonary Edema in Healthy Participants Using Rapid 4-View Lung Ultrasound Protocol During Staged Ascent to Everest Base Camp
Authors: Nowadly Craig D. , Kelley Kenneth M. , Crane Desiree H. , Rose John S.
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Prior research identified possible interstitial pulmonary fluid, concerning for early high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), in a large percentage of trekkers above 3000 m using a comprehensive 28-view pulmonary ultrasound protocol. These trekkers had no clinical symptoms of HAPE despite these ultrasound findings. The more common 4-view lung ultrasound protocol (LUP) is accurate in rapidly detecting interstitial edema during resource-rich care. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the 4-view LUP detects interstitial fluid in trekkers ascending to Everest Base Camp.

Methods

Serial 4-view LUP was performed on 15 healthy trekkers during a 9-d ascent from Kathmandu to Everest Base Camp. Ascent protocols complied with Wilderness Medical Society guidelines for staged ascent. A 4-view LUP was performed in accordance with the published 2012 international consensus protocols on lung ultrasound. Symptom assessment and 4-view LUP were obtained at 6 waypoints along the staged ascent. A 4-view LUP was positive for interstitial edema if ≥3 B-lines were detected in 2 ultrasound windows.

Results

A single participant had evidence of interstitial lung fluid at 5380 m as defined by the 4-view LUP. There was no evidence of interstitial fluid in any participant below 5380 m. One participant was evacuated for acute altitude sickness at 4000 m but showed no preceding sonographic evidence of interstitial fluid.

Conclusions

In this small study, sonographic detection of interstitial fluid, suggestive of early HAPE, was not identified by the 4-view LUP protocol.
Energy in International Trade Law
Authors: Marhold Anna-Alexandra
Published: June 2021

Against the backdrop of energy markets that have radically changed in recent decades, this book offers an in-depth study of energy regulation in international trade law. The author seeks to clarify what we define as 'energy' in the context of the applicable international trade rules, and gives the reader a thorough analysis of the concepts, history and law of the various legal frameworks underpinning international energy trade. In addition, several case studies address the ongoing quest for energy security and show how the existing rules relate to some of the vast challenges that energy markets face today, notably the decentralisation and decarbonisation of energy markets.
Impact of BioFire FilmArray respiratory panel results on antibiotic days of therapy in different clinical settings
Authors: Manatrey-Lancaster Jenna J. , Bushman Amanda M. , Caligiuri Meagan E. , Rosa Rossana
Published: June 2021

Objective:

The BioFire FilmArray Respiratory Panel (RFA) has been proposed as a tool that can aid in the timely diagnosis and treatment of respiratory tract infections but its effect on antibiotic prescribing among adult patients has varied. We evaluated the impact of RFA result on antibiotic days of therapy (DOTs) in 2 distinct cohorts: hospitalized patients and patients discharged from the emergency department (ED).

Design:

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:

The study was conducted in 3 community hospitals in Des Moines, Iowa, from March 3 to March 16, 2019.

Patients:

Adults aged >18 years.

Methods:

Potential outcome means and average treatment effects for RFA results on antibiotic DOTs were estimated. Inverse probability of treatment weighting with regression adjustment was used.

Results:

We identified 243 patients each in the hospitalized and ED-discharged cohorts. Among hospitalized patients, RFA results did not affect antibiotic DOTs. Among patients discharged from the ED, we found that if all patients had had influenza detected, the average DOTs would have been 2.3 DOTs (−3.2 to −1.4) less than the average observed if all the patients had had a negative RFA (P < .0001); no differences in DOTs were observed when comparing an RFA with a noninfluenza virus detected compared to an RFA with negative results.

Conclusions:

The impact of RFA results on antibiotic DOTs varies by clinical setting, and reductions were observed only among patients discharged from the ED who had influenza A or B detected.
Mercury and Movement Disorders: The Toxic Legacy Continues
Authors: Ganguly Jacky , Kulshreshtha Dinkar , Jog Mandar
Published: June 2021

Mercury (Hg) exists in the environment as inorganic (metallic Hg vapor, mercurous and mercuric salts) or organic (bonded to a structure containing carbon atoms) forms. Neurotoxic effect of Hg is known for years. While the organic form (methylmercury (meHg)) led to the Minamata incidence in Japan and “wonder-wheat” disaster in Iraq, the “mad hatters” and “Danbury shakes” were related to the inorganic elemental form (Hg vapor). Human exposure to toxic Hg continues in the modern world to a large extent by artisanal gold mining, biomass combustion, chloralkali production, and indigenous medicine use to name a few. Heavy industrial use of Hg contaminates air and landfills, affecting the aquatic ecosystem and marine food chain. A detailed social and occupational history with a high index of clinical suspicion is required to not miss this toxic etiology for movement disorders like ataxia, tremor, or myoclonus. In this review, we have discussed the past and present global health impact of Hg from a movement disorder perspective. The connection of Hg with neurodegeneration and autoimmunity has been highlighted. We have also discussed the role of chelating agents and the preventive strategies to combat the neurotoxic effects of Hg in the modern world.
Territoriality Beyond the State: The EU’s Territorial Claims and the Search for Their Legitimacy
Authors: Weinzierl Josef
Published: June 2021

Quite a few recent ECJ judgments touch on various elements of territorial rule. Thereby, they raise the profile of the main question this Article asks: Which territorial claims does the EU make? To provide an answer, the present Article discusses and categorizes the individual elements of territoriality in the EU’s architecture. The influence of EU law on national territorial rule on the one hand and the emergence of territorial governance elements at the European level on the other provide the main pillars of the inquiry. Once combined, these features not only help to improve our understanding of the EU’s distinctly supranational conception of territoriality. What is more, the discussion raises several important legitimacy questions. As a consequence, the Article calls for the development of a theoretical model to evaluate and justify territoriality in a political community beyond the state.
The Application of International Law in the Court of Justice of the European Union: Proportionality Rising
Authors: Dunbar Rupert
Published: June 2021

Application of international treaty and customary international law at the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) is increasingly recognized by scholars as problematic regarding legal certainty. This Article seeks to illustrate why this is and to propose reform. Through comparing judicial approaches in the application of international law at the CJEU to its approach in internal case law, it is argued that in the frequent absence of proportionality in external case law the Court has utilized, redeployed, or varied other judicial devices in an effort to retain the discretion which proportionality affords. These are argued to effect legal certainty and established concepts of justice within the EU legal system. Accordingly, it is submitted that proportionality should be transplanted fully and openly to external relations case law and that support for this can be extrapolated from existing literature.
The Choice of Electoral Systems in Electoral Autocracies
Authors: Chang Eric C.C. , Higashijima Masaaki
Published: June 2021

This article develops a theory to account for the variation in electoral systems in electoral authoritarian regimes. We argue that resource-rich dictators are incentivized to employ proportional representation systems to alleviate the threat from the masses and pre-empt the emergence of new opposition, while resource-poor dictators tend to choose majoritarian systems to co-opt ruling elites in the legislature. Using cross-national data on electoral authoritarian regimes, we find strong empirical evidence supporting our theory. We also explicitly illustrate the causal links between natural resources and electoral systems with additional statistical analyses and comparative case studies on Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
Clinical evaluation of Sofia Rapid Antigen Assay for detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) among emergency department to hospital admissions
Authors: Smith Richard D. , Johnson J. Kristie , Clay Colleen , Girio-Herrera Leo , Stevens Diane , Abraham Michael , Zimand Paul , Ahlman Mark , Gimigliano Sheri , Zhao Richard , Hildenbrand Cynthia , Barrueto Fermin , Leekha Surbhi
Published: June 2021

Objective:

To determine the utility of the Sofia SARS rapid antigen fluorescent immunoassay (FIA) to guide hospital-bed placement of patients being admitted through the emergency department (ED).

Design:

Cross-sectional analysis of a clinical quality improvement study.

Setting:

This study was conducted in 2 community hospitals in Maryland from September 21, 2020, to December 3, 2020. In total, 2,887 patients simultaneously received the Sofia SARS rapid antigen FIA and SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR assays on admission through the ED.

Methods:

Rapid antigen results and symptom assessment guided initial patient placement while confirmatory RT-PCR was pending. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values, and negative predictive values of the rapid antigen assay were calculated relative to RT-PCR, overall and separately for symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Assay sensitivity was compared to RT-PCR cycle threshold (Ct) values. Assay turnaround times were compared. Clinical characteristics of RT-PCR–positive patients and potential exposures from false-negative antigen assays were evaluated.

Results:

For all patients, overall agreement was 97.9%; sensitivity was 76.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 71%–82%), and specificity was 99.7% (95% CI, 99%–100%). We detected no differences in performance between asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals. As RT-PCR Ct increased, the sensitivity of the antigen assay decreased. The mean turnaround time for the antigen assay was 1.2 hours (95% CI, 1.0–1.3) and for RT-PCR it was 20.1 hours (95% CI, 18.9–40.3) (P < .001). No transmission from antigen-negative/RT-PCR–positive patients was identified.

Conclusions:

Although not a replacement for RT-PCR for detection of all SARS-CoV-2 infections, the Sofia SARS antigen FIA has clinical utility for potential initial timely patient placement.
“Situation in Palestine” (Int'l Crim. Ct. Pre-Trial Chamber)
Authors: Bayefsky Anne
Published: June 2021

On February 5, 2021, the Pre-Trial Chamber (PTC) of the International Criminal Court (ICC) delivered its decision on territorial jurisdiction in the “Situation in Palestine.” The result reflects the controversy surrounding the process and the merits: a divided bench, with a Minority decision three times the length of that of the Majority. The outcome marked the culmination of sustained attempts by Palestinians and their supporters over more than two decades to engage the ICC, beginning with contentious negotiations preceding the vote on the Rome Statute at the Rome Conference and including three preliminary examinations, the third of which concluded with this decision. The Rome Statute, adopted by vote on July 17, 1998, included elements that negotiators acknowledged had never appeared before in international law, and were directed at an Israeli target. For this reason, in large part Israel, which had long supported the principle of an international criminal court, chose not to become a state party to the Statute or to participate in the proceedings.
Are Black state legislators more responsive to emails associated with the NAACP versus BLM? A field experiment on Black intragroup politics
Authors: Fenton Jeron , Stephens-Dougan LaFleur
Published: June 2021

We fielded an experiment on a sample of approximately 400 Black state legislators to test whether they would be more responsive to an email that mentioned the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) relative to an email that mentioned Black Lives Matter (BLM). The experiment tested Cohen's theory of secondary marginalization (1999), whereby relatively advantaged members of a marginalized group regulate the behavior, attitudes, and access to resources of less advantaged members of the group. We expected that Black legislators would be less responsive to an email that referenced BLM, an organization that is associated with more marginalized members of the Black community. Contrary to our hypothesis, Black legislators were as responsive to emails referencing inspiration from BLM as they were to emails referencing inspiration from the NAACP. Thus, we do not find any evidence of intragroup discrimination by Black state legislators. To our knowledge, this is the first field experiment to test Cohen's theory of secondary marginalization.1
The relationship between cognitive functioning and psychopathology in patients with psychiatric disorders: a transdiagnostic network analysis
Authors: Chavez-Baldini UnYoung , Nieman Dorien H. , Keestra Amos , Lok Anja , Mocking Roel J. T. , de Koning Pelle , Krzhizhanovskaya Valeria V. , Bockting Claudi L.H. , van Rooijen Geeske , Smit Dirk J. A. , Sutterland Arjen L. , Verweij Karin J. H. , van Wingen Guido , Wigman Johanna T.W. , Vulink Nienke C. , Denys Damiaan
Published: June 2021

Background

Patients with psychiatric disorders often experience cognitive dysfunction, but the precise relationship between cognitive deficits and psychopathology remains unclear. We investigated the relationships between domains of cognitive functioning and psychopathology in a transdiagnostic sample using a data-driven approach.

Methods

Cross-sectional network analyses were conducted to investigate the relationships between domains of psychopathology and cognitive functioning and detect clusters in the network. This naturalistic transdiagnostic sample consists of 1016 psychiatric patients who have a variety of psychiatric diagnoses, such as depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, obsessive−compulsive and related disorders, and schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders. Psychopathology symptoms were assessed using various questionnaires. Core cognitive domains were assessed with a battery of automated tests.

Results

Network analysis detected three clusters that we labelled: general psychopathology, substance use, and cognition. Depressive and anxiety symptoms, verbal memory, and visual attention were the most central nodes in the network. Most associations between cognitive functioning and symptoms were negative, i.e. increased symptom severity was associated with worse cognitive functioning. Cannabis use, (subclinical) psychotic experiences, and anhedonia had the strongest total negative relationships with cognitive variables.

Conclusions

Cognitive functioning and psychopathology are independent but related dimensions, which interact in a transdiagnostic manner. Depression, anxiety, verbal memory, and visual attention are especially relevant in this network and can be considered independent transdiagnostic targets for research and treatment in psychiatry. Moreover, future research on cognitive functioning in psychopathology should take a transdiagnostic approach, focusing on symptom-specific interactions with cognitive domains rather than investigating cognitive functioning within diagnostic categories.
The Re-emergence of “Missing Women” in China
Authors: Bulte Erwin , Hsieh Chih-Sheng , Tu Qin , Wang Ruixin
Published: June 2021

Empirical evidence suggests that close to 100 million women are “missing” worldwide. We revisit the empirical evidence for China, the country with the most missing women. Nearly ten million girls born in the 1980s and 1990s who were “missing” according to earlier census data can be found again in the 2010 population census. We discuss two possible explanations for the re-emergence of these formerly missing girls: the delayed registration of girls owing to economic reasons, and the response to amendments to the Chinese Statistics Law in 2009 and policy changes in the 2010 population census. Using the most recent statistics, we document patterns of the underreporting of women over time and across regions as well as explore the basic determinants of underreporting of women. Important policy challenges remain. For the unregistered children, the lack of access to public services will increase their vulnerability and adversely affect their quality of life.
Sun, Sand and Submachine Guns: Tourism in a Militarized Xinjiang, China
Authors: Fayard Gregory
Published: June 2021

In recent years, domestic tourism into the Xinjiang region of China has grown rapidly. Government officials view tourism as a source of both economic capital and social stability, presenting a normalcy that makes it attractive for investment. There are two paradoxes to Xinjiang tourism. According to most literature, a massive military presence should deter tourists, but numbers have continued to grow in the militarized Xinjiang region. Second, the cultural “otherness” of Xinjiang is a big draw to the region, yet this culture is being suppressed by state policies to contain Islam. Using a dataset of Han Chinese travel diaries, I look at how narrated tourist experiences of Xinjiang justify policing, how ethnic boundaries are reinforced by practices in both transportation and personal interaction, and how state policies influence Chinese travellers’ views on the authenticity of their experience. While bodily assurances of security substantiate political legitimacy, tourists resist the bureaucratic management of sites, allowing for critiques focused almost exclusively on aesthetic taste.
Estimating filling pressures in paediatric heart transplant recipients using echocardiographic parameters and B-type natriuretic peptide
Authors: Wisotzkey Bethany L. , Haileselassie Bereketeab , Jorgensen Neal , Albers Erin L. , Kemna Mariksa S. , Soriano Brian D. , Bhat Aarti H. , Kronmal Richard A. , Bouccek Robert J. , Law Yuk M.
Published: June 2021

Background:

Longitudinal evaluation of allograft diastolic function in paediatric heart transplant recipients is important for early detection of acute rejection, cardiac allograft vasculopathy, and graft dysfunction. Mean diastolic right atrial and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures obtained at catheterisation are the reference standards for assessment. Echocardiography is non-invasive and more suitable for serial surveillance, but individual parameters have lacked accuracy. This study aimed to identify covariates of post-transplant mean right atrial and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures, including B-type natriuretic peptide and certain echocardiographic parameters.

Methods:

A retrospective review of 143 scheduled cardiac catheterisations and echocardiograms from 56 paediatric recipients transplanted from 2007 to 2011 was performed. Samples with rejection were excluded. Univariate and multivariate linear regression models using backward selection were applied to a database consisting of B-type natriuretic peptide, haemodynamic, and echocardiographic data.

Results:

Ln B-type natriuretic peptide, heart rate z-score, left ventricular end-diastolic dimension z-score, mitral E/e’, and percent interventricular septal thickening in systole were independently associated with mean right atrial pressure. Ln B-type natriuretic peptide, heart rate z-score, left ventricular end-diastolic dimension z-score, left ventricular mass (observed/predicted), and mitral E/e’ were independently associated with mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. Covariates of B-type natriuretic peptide included mean pulmonary artery and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures, height, haemoglobin, fractional shortening, percent interventricular septal thickening in systole, and pulmonary vascular resistance index.

Conclusions:

B-type natriuretic peptide and echocardiographic indices of diastolic function were independently related to post-transplant mean right atrial and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures in paediatric heart transplant recipients without rejection.
Some Insights into Electoral Campaigning in the Age of Trump and Beyond
Authors: Wuffle A
Published: June 2021

This article examines some aspects of campaign strategies that have risen in importance in twenty-first–century US political competition that are highlighted by the events of January 6, 2021.
Addressing Climate Change through International Human Rights Law: From (Extra)Territoriality to Common Concern of Humankind
Authors: Bellinkx Vincent , Casalin Deborah , Erdem Türkelli Gamze , Scholtz Werner , Vandenhole Wouter
Published: June 2021

International human rights law (IHRL) offers potential responses to the consequences of climate change. However, the focus of IHRL on territorial jurisdiction and the causation-based allocation of obligations does not match the global nature of climate change impacts and their indirect causation. The primary aim of this article is to respond to the jurisdictional challenge of IHRL in the context of climate change, including its indirect, slow-onset consequences such as climate change migration. It does so by suggesting a departure from (extra)territoriality and an embrace of global international cooperation obligations in IHRL. The notion of common concern of humankind (CCH) in international environmental law offers conceptual inspiration for the manner in which burden sharing between states may facilitate international cooperation in response to global problems. Such a reconfiguration of the jurisdictional tenets of IHRL is central to enabling a meaningful human rights response to the harmful consequences of climate change.
Osteoprotective effects of kefir fortified with omega-3 and vitamin C in ovariectomized rats
Authors: Moazen Mahsa , Mazloom Zohreh , Tanideh Nader , Dabbaghmanesh Mohammad Hossein , Rahmdel Samane , Azarpira Negar , Fararouei Mohammad
Published: June 2021

Abstract: Nutritional interventions can be valuable for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. This study aimed to investigate the effects of kefir fortified with omega-3 and vitamin C on the bone and uterus parameters of ovariectomized rats. Seventy-seven female Sprague–Dawley rats were ovariectomized or sham-operated. The ovariectomized rats were assigned to six groups and received 1 ml/day of distilled water (OVX group), milk, kefir, kefir fortified with omega-3 fatty acids (kefir+ω3), kefir fortified with vitamin C (kefir+vit-C) or kefir fortified with omega-3 and vitamin C (kefir+ω3+vit-C) for 12 weeks. The sham group also received 1ml/day of distilled water. Subsequently, bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) of various bones were assessed. Femurs and uteri were harvested for bone ash analysis and histopathological examinations, respectively. Sera were analyzed for carboxy-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type 1 collagen, procollagen type 1 amino-terminal propeptide, calcium, phosphorous, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and total antioxidant capacity levels. Ovariectomy resulted in significant reduction in bone density (P<0.05). Kefir+ω3+vit-C significantly improved BMC of lumbar spine (0.699±0.027 g compared with 0.580±0.018 in the OVX group), and kefir, kefir+vit-C and kefir+ω3+vit-C significantly increased BMD of tibia (0.118±0.003 g/cm2, 0.119±0.001 and 0.120±0.004 compared with 0.102±0.005 in the OVX group). Moreover, ovariectomy markedly elevated TNF-α level, which was significantly reversed by kefir+ω3+vit-C. Significant atrophy of the uterus was observed following ovariectomy, although the uterus parameters did not change by any of the interventions. In conclusion, kefir fortified with omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin C may have protective effects against bone loss through suppressing inflammation.
Solar Energetic Proton Access to the Inner Magnetosphere During the September 7–8, 2017 Event
Authors: Li Zhao , Engel Miles , Hudson Mary , Kress Brian , Patel Maulik , Qin Murong , Selesnick Richard
Published: June 2021

The access of solar energetic protons into the inner magnetosphere on September 7–8, 2017 is investigated by following reversed proton trajectories to compute the proton cutoff energy using the Dartmouth geomagnetic cutoff code (Kress et al., 2010, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009sw000488). The cutoff energies for protons coming from the west and east direction, the minimum and maximum cutoff energy respectively, are calculated every 5 min along the orbit of Van Allen Probes using TS07 and the Lyon‐Fedder‐Mobarry (LFM) MHD magnetic field model. The result shows that the cutoff energy increases significantly as the radial distance decreases, and that the cutoff energy decreases with the building up of the ring current during magnetic storms. Solar wind dynamic pressure also affects cutoff suppression (Kress et al., 2004, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gl018599). The LFM‐RCM model shows stronger suppression of cutoff energy than TS07 during strong solar wind driving conditions. The simulation result is compared with proton flux measurements, showing consistent variation of the cutoff location during the September 7–8, 2017 geomagnetic storm.
On the Cause of the Post‐Sunset Nocturnal OI 630 nm Airglow Enhancement Over Low‐Latitude Thermosphere
Authors: Saha Sovan , Pallamraju Duggirala , Pant Tarun K. , Chakrabarti Supriya
Published: June 2021

Airglow emissions serve as good tracers of the altitudinal regions at which they originate. OI 630 nm (red line) nocturnal emissions originate from around 250 km altitude. A total of 142 nights of data corresponding to the months of January, February, and March in the years 2013, 2014, and 2016, obtained from Mt. Abu (24.6°N, 72.7°E, 16°N Mag), Gurushikhar, India, a low‐latitude location, are investigated. These are compared with the column integrated emission rates calculated using, as inputs, the measured electron density profiles obtained from a digisonde from Ahmedabad (AMD, 23.0°N, 72.6°E, 15°N Mag), India. Following the expected monotonic decrement in the emissions after sunset, an enhancement is observed on several nights that peaks at around 20–21 local time (LT). The cause for this enhancement has been investigated in detail and it is found that the neutral winds, as obtained using digisondes at two locations, show almost a very good correlation between a poleward directed wind or cessation of equatorward wind over AMD and the observed airglow emission enhancement in the post‐sunset time. Further, the percentage enhancement in emissions also shows a decrease in magnitudes from January to March which has a broad similarity to the decrease in the model climatological meridional wind magnitudes in the same duration. Based on the data spanning over different years, it is inferred that, during geomagnetic quiet periods, almost all of the nocturnal variability in OI 630 nm emissions is due to the variations in the neutral wind.
Calibrating Electrostatic Deflection of Charged Particle Sensors Using Ambient Plasma Measurements
Authors: Barrie Alexander C. , Schiff Conrad , Gershman Daniel J. , Giles Barbara L. , Rand David
Published: June 2021

As space‐based charged particle measurement pushes the technical envelope, resolution, both spatially and temporally, is ever improving. As such, the knowledge of the associated error must also improve. We present a method for correlating data collected from multiple sensors at different times in order to estimate the pointing error of each sensor. The method is demonstrated using flight data from the Dual Ion Spectrometer suite, part of the Fast Plasma Investigation on the NASA's Magnetospheric Multiscale mission. By looking at signals with sharp features in the direction of spacecraft spin, the relative error in look direction between sensors can be estimated with sub‐degree precision, roughly 20 times better than the native resolution in the azimuthal (spin) direction. These sharp features appear in nature often enough that a sufficiently large sample size can be identified, using an automated filter of routine science data, to calibrate the system, or post correct measured data. The relative pointing error can then be trended over time to monitor the evolution/aging of the measurement system. These data inform calibration/correction methods, should the error grow to a point where science quality is adversely affected.
Data‐Driven Basis Functions for SuperDARN Ionospheric Plasma Flow Characterization and Prediction
Authors: Shore R. M. , Freeman M. P. , Chisham G.
Published: June 2021

The archive of plasma velocity measurements from the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) provides a rich data set for the investigation of magnetosphere‐ionosphere‐thermosphere coupling. However, systematic gaps in this archive exist in space, time, and radar look‐direction. These gaps are generally infilled using climatological averages, spatially smoothed models, or a priori relationships determined from solar wind drivers. We describe a new technique for infilling the data gaps in the SuperDARN archive which requires no external information and is based solely on the SuperDARN measurements. We also avoid the use of climatological averaging or spatial smoothing when computing the infill. In this regard, our approach captures the true variability in the SuperDARN measurements. Our technique is based on data‐interpolating Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis. This method discovers from the SuperDARN data a series of dynamical modes of plasma velocity variation. We compute the modes of a sample month of northern hemisphere winter data, and investigate these in terms of solar wind driving. We find that the By component of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) dominates the variability of the plasma velocity. The IMF Bz component is the dominant driver for the background mean field, and a series of non‐leading modes, which describe the two‐cell convection variability, and the substorm. We recommend our new technique for reanalysis investigations of polar‐scale plasma drift phenomena, particularly those with rapid temporal fluctuations and an indirect relationship to the solar wind.
Probing the Magnetosheath Boundaries Using Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) Orbital Encounters
Authors: Hart S. T. , Dayeh M. A. , Reisenfeld D. B. , Janzen P. H. , McComas D. J. , Allegrini F. , Fuselier S. A. , Ogasawara K. , Szalay J. R. , Funsten H. O. , Petrinec S. M.
Published: June 2021

Inside the magnetosheath, the IBEX‐Hi energetic neutral atom (ENA) imager measures a distinct background count rate that is more than 10 times the typical heliospheric ENA emissions observed when IBEX is outside the magnetosheath. The source of this enhancement is magnetosheath ions of solar wind (SW) origin that deflect around the Earth's magnetopause (MP), scatter and neutralize from the anti‐sunward part of the IBEX‐Hi sunshade, and continue into the instrument as neutral atoms, behaving indistinguishably from ENAs emitted from distant plasma sources. While this background pollutes observations of outer heliospheric ENAs, it provides a clear signature of IBEX crossings over the magnetospheric boundaries. In this study, we investigate IBEX encounters with the magnetosheath boundaries using ∼8 yr of orbital data, and we determine the MP and bow shock (BS) locations derived from this background signal. We find 280 BS crossings from XGSE ∼ 11 Re to XGSE ∼ −36 Re and 241 MP crossings from XGSE ∼ 6 Re to XGSE ∼ −48 Re. We compare IBEX BS and MP crossing locations to those from IMP‐8, Geotail, Cluster, Magion‐4, ISEE, and Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission, and we find that IBEX crossing locations overlap with the BS and MP locations inferred from these other data sets. In this paper, we demonstrate how IBEX can be used to identify magnetosheath crossings, and extend boundary observations well past the terminator, thus further constraining future models of magnetosheath boundaries. Furthermore, we use the IBEX data set to show observational evidence of near‐Earth magnetotail squeezing during periods of strong interplanetary magnetic field By.