bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variations in geotechnical characteristics of some crude oil contaminated soils
Authors: Oyediran Ibrahim Adewuyi , Enya Nchewi Ideba
Published: July 2020

Variations based on the effects of curing time and environmental exposures on the geotechnical characteristics of some crude oil contaminated soils were investigated. 2 to 10% by weight of crude oil was added to soils as a simulation of contamination. The contaminated soils were cured under room temperature (unexposed) as well as outside in the open air (exposed) for 21, 63 and 189 days. Geotechnical, geochemical and  mineralogical analyses were carried out on the contaminated and uncontaminated soil samples. Results indicate that for the unexposed soils, the LL and PL increased as crude oil concentration (COC) increased up to 4%, above which both decrease. But the reverse was the case for PI after curing for 21 days. With increasing curing time to 63 and 189 days, LL and PL both increased with increase in COC while PI decreased. The UCS increased with increase in oil content up to 4%, but decreased as oil content increased above 4%. Furthermore, UCS decreased with increase in curing time. Across all curing periods, MDD increased upon addition of crude oil up to 4%, thereafter it decreased with increase in COC. The hydraulic conductivity decreased with increase in COC and curing time. For the exposed soils, LL, PL and PI all increased upon addition of crude oil up till 4% before decreasing as the amount of oil increased above 4% for the curing duration of 21 days. For 63 and 189 days, LL and PL decreased while PI increased. Maximum dry density (MDD) showed same variation trend in exposed soils similar to that shown by the unexposed soils. Hydraulic conductivity increased with increase in COC and curing time. Thus, crude oil is observed to be capable of altering the geotechnical properties of soils exposed to it. Furthermore, contaminated soils exposed to the open air and longer curing time were significantly modified than the unexposed variant and with reduced exposure time.

Keywords: Geotechnical variation, Contamination, Curing environment, Curing time, Exposure
Homotopy Perturbation Transform method for solving the partial and the time-fractional differential equations with variable coefficients
Authors: Kehaili Abdelkader , Hakem Ali , Benali Abdelkader
Published: July 2020

In this paper, we present the exact solutions of the Parabolic-like equations and Hyperbolic-like equations with variable coefficients, by using Homotopy perturbation transform method (HPTM). Finally, we extend the results to the time-fractional differential equations.

Keywords: Caputo’s fractional derivative, fractional differential equations, homotopy perturbation transform method, hyperbolic-like equation, Laplace transform, parabolic-like equation.
The Socio-Cultural Implications of Odezuruigbo Cultural Dance Music in Awka, Awka South Local Government Area of Anambra State
Authors: Nwamara Alvan-Ikoku O. , Okpala Hope Nkechi
Published: July 2020

Music is an integral part of everyday life in Awka traditional community. It is a very important aspect of their culture. Music accompanies every socio-cultural activity of the people. Consequently, there are varieties of musical types practiced by various categories of people in Awka. This paper is concerned with activities of Odezuruigbo Cultural Dance Music, an outstanding women music group in Awka. It discussed amongst other things the organization and the socio-cultural implications of odezuruigbo cultural dance music. Data for this study were drawn from fieldwork, oral interview and review of related literature. The findings of this study revealed that the impact of odezuruigbo dance group in the life of Awka community is indispensable. It also revealed that some gender dichotomies in the use of some local musical instruments are gradually becoming insignificant. This study recommended that the practice of those socio-cultural festivals which promote the traditional music and dance of the people be encouraged.

Key Words: activity, culture, cultural dance, dance music, and odezuruigbo
Toxicity assessment of African locust bean effluents on agricultural soil and aquatic organism at Jimba- Oja and Temidire locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) processing centers
Authors: Amusat M.A. , Ayeloja A.A. , Dada-Joel O.T. , Eneh K.C.
Published: July 2020

Indiscriminate processing of agricultural produces has led to the alteration of agricultural soil and aquatic habitat, consequently threatening food security, human health and natural population size of aquatic organisms. This study investigated chemical properties of the soil at Jimba- Oja and Temidire locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) processing centres. The static bioassays were also performed on Clarias gariepinus to evaluate the median lethal concentrations of the locust bean effluents within 72 and 96 hours. Physico-chemical parameters of effluents showed that pH was slightly acidic (6.44 to 6.73 respectively). The dissolved oxygen ranged from 6.48 to 6.73 mg/L and phosphate from 67.52 to 82.60 mg/L. The concentration of copper, iron, nickel ranged from 6.77 to 8.84, 32.57 to 47.67 and 0.21 to 1.04 mg/L respectively. These parameters exceeded the Federal  Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) permissible limits. The Effluents from Parkia biglobosa impacted soil with high concentrations of heavy metals ranging from: copper 4.72 to 5.02, cadmium 0.03 to 0.35, iron 51.82 to 76.41 and nickel 0.13 to 0.05 at processing centers compared to the control site. Toxicity assessments indicated that the mortality increased with increase in effluent concentration. LC tests (36 %:72 hours), (20 %: 96  hours), (30.1 %: 50 72 hours) and (20 %: 96 hours) concentrations were carried out for Jimba-oja and Temidire respectively and the sublethal dose of below 7.5 % for both Parkia biglobosa processing centers were obtained. The study concluded that releasing Parkia biglobosa effluent to the  environment have negative impacts on agricultural soil and aquatic organisms. There is therefore need for relevant government agencies to control indiscriminate discharge of these effluents into the environment untreated.

Keywords: Locust bean effluent, Toxicity, Agric soil, Aquatic Organism
Media optimization and the effect of benzyl amino purine (BAP) and gibberellic acid (GA3) on the shooting of Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir.
Authors: Olorode M.E. , Adekunle E.A.
Published: July 2020

Ptreocarpus erinaceus is a very useful forest tree due to its economic and medicinal values. It is also used as fodder for livestock due to its high nitrogen content. Its numerous use attract the high demand leading to it’s over exploitation. However, the tree is slow growing in nature. Hence, there is a need to look for in vitro methods for its mass propagation as an alternative method to raise healthy trees and sustain its availability. Media optimization gave two best performing media; Driver and kuniyuki Walnut (DKW) and Murashige and Skoog MS) which were further supplemented with different combinations of plant growth regulators (PGR)-Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) and Gibberellic Acid (GA3). Overall, the DKW media with BAP/GA3 at 1.0/0.5 produced the highest shoot length while BAP/GA3 at 4.0/0.0 gave the highest number of leaves after eight weeks of inoculation. Effective utilization of these experimental conditions could be the impetus towards mass propagation of this important tree species.

Keywords: Ptreocarpus erinaceus, media optimization, Plant growth regulator, shoot length, mass propagation
Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Clerodendrum capitatum (Willd) Schum. & Thonn. (Verbenaceae) leaves
Authors: Adamu Abdulrahman , Abubakar Abdulmumin Z. , Ambi Adamu A. , Aliyu Ibrahim M. , Mohammed Hamza , Ilyas Najma , Abubakar Mujtaba S.
Published: July 2020

Clerodendrum capitatum (Willd) Schumach and Thonn. (Verbenaceae) is a perennial herb, which grows up to 0.5 m to 2 m high. It is widespread over North-East, East, and South Central Africa. It is known as “bambaro or maashayi” by the Hausas of Northern Nigeria. The leaves are used traditionally to treat intercostal pain, headaches and toothaches. The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the aqueous ethanol extract and fractions of C. capitatum. The anti-inflammatory activity was investigated using carrageenan induced rat paw oedema model, while acetic acid induced mice writhing model was used to evaluate the anti-nociceptive property. The oral median lethal dose values were found to be greater than 5,000 mg/kg for the aqueous ethanol extract, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions, while that of dichloromethane fraction was less than 2000 mg/kg using OECD method. The acetic acid induced writhing was significantly (P<0.05-0.001) reduced particularly for the EF and NF fractions at 200 mg/kg (93.12% and 98.79%). DF showed percentage inhibition of 87.59% and 81.75% at 50 and 100 mg/kg respectively. The extracts and fractions also caused a significant (P<0.05-0.001) dose dependent reduction of inflammation induced by carrageenan when compared with the negative control with the maximum inhibitory effect of 43.69% observed in Ethyl acetate fraction at 50 mg/kg dose at the 3rd hour. It can be concluded that the leaf extracts of C. capitatum possess anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in animal models, which may be mediated through the phytochemical constituents present in the extract and fractions of the plant.

Keywords: Clerodendrum capitatum; Anti-inflammatory; Analgesic; OECD
Evaluation of diclofenac niosomal gel formulated with Grewia gum for topical delivery
Authors: Alalor Christian A. , Jokor Peter E.
Published: July 2020

The purpose of this study was to formulate niosomal gel for topical delivery of diclofenac using Grewia gum as gelling agent. Niosomes containing 1g of diclofenac were formed using the thin film hydration (TFH) method. Niosomal gels were then formulated using a semi-synthetic polymer, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) and a natural polymer, Grewia gum as gelling agents. The formulated gels were evaluated for spreadability, viscosity, extrudability, homogeneity, clarity and pH. Results show that gels having pH and viscosity ranges of 6.8-7.3 and 265-490 Poise respectively were formed. The gels were homogenous, clear and showed good spreadability and extrudability except for batches F7 and F8. The gels formulated using the test gum, Grewia gum compared favourably with those of the standard polymer, HPMC as well as with the marketed gel. Formulation F5 containing 2% w/w Grewia gum, the optimized batch, showed viscosity of 265 poise, pH of 6.9, spreadability and extrudability values of 5.55 cm and 5.00 g/s respectively. In conclusion, Grewia gum at a concentration of 2% w/w could be used in the formulation niosomal gel for the delivery of diclofenac, which would help to circumvent the potential gastric irritation of diclofenac when used orally.

Keywords: Niosomes; Grewia gum; Diclofenac; Lipid hydration; Topical delivery
Formulation and evaluation of sustained release diclofenac sodium matrix tablets produced using Brachystegia eurycoma gum
Authors: Okafo Sinodukoo E. , Avbunudiogba John A. , Ejomafuvwe Ejiro
Published: July 2020

This study was carried out to evaluate sustained release diclofenac sodium matrix tablets formulated using Brachystegia eurycoma gum (BEG) as matrix polymer. BEG was isolated by acetone -precipitation of the filtrate obtained from the maceration of powdered dried seeds of Brachystegia eurycoma in distilled water. Diclofenac sodium matrix tablets were produced by non-aqueous wet granulation method using BEG as the hydrophilic matrix former. The tablets were evaluated using official and unofficial tests such as; uniformity of weight, content uniformity, dissolution test, tablets diameter, thickness, hardness and friability tests. The drug release profile of the matrix tablets were compared to that formulated using a standard matrix former, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC). Hardness values ranged from 6.12 ± 1.80 to 9.73 ± 1.39 kgf, friability from 0.31 ± 0.00 to 1.00 ± 0.00%. The drug content ranged from 98 to 101 %. The percentage drug released from the matrix tablets after 10 h was between 71.27 and 98.73 % except for formulation BF3 that released 32.56 %. This study showed that sustained release diclofenac sodium matrix tablets were  successfully formulated using Brachystegia eurycoma gum as the matrix former and the tablets were comparable to that formulated with HPMC.

Keywords: Brachystegia eurycoma gum; Diclofenac sodium; Matrix tablets; Sustained release
Reinforcing the teaching of translation in Beninese Secondary Schools: A new challenge for EFL teachers
Authors: Mèhouénou Mahugnon Sévérin , Dossoumou Ashani Michel , Loko Djima Crépin
Published: July 2020

This paper dealt with, after the scrutiny of advanced learners’ translation skills, the necessity of reinforcing the teaching of translation skills as a potentially effective method of teaching/learning English as a Foreign Language (EFL)in Benin high schools. In fact, the Beninese EFL learners study English for almost about seven years (four years in the first cycle and three years in the second) before joining university. For the last three years, they are exposed to translation skills during evaluation. Unfortunately, the designed curriculum has nowhere mentioned the teaching/learning/evaluation of translation. This paper then examined, through a well-established methodology based on field research investigation and questionnaires, some translation excerpts by EFL learners and hypotheses that no translation techniques are taught by teachers before evaluation. It finally concludes that the poor grades the learners culled are due to the lack of practice with their teachers who, in turn, have received no professional training in the matter.

Key Words: translation, evaluation, techniques of translation, communicative performance, source language, target language.
Analysis of the Proximate Composition, Anti-Nutrients and Mineral Content of Maerua Crassifolia Leaves
Authors: Aletan U.I. , Kwazo H.A.
Published: July 2020

This study was carried out to determine the proximate composition, anti-nutrient and the mineral content of Maerua crassifolia leaves. Proximate analysis was performed using standard AOAC methods, mineral contents were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry while the anti-nutrients were analysed using standard methods. The results revealed that the leaves had moisture content of 62.00 %, ash content of 12.17± 0.47 g/100 g and crude protein content of 15.17 ± 0.02 g/100 g. The value of the minerals ranged between 75.33 ± 0.05 mg/kg for potassium and 2.88 mg/kg for magnesium. For the heavy metals, zinc had the highest value of 0.22 ± 0.02 μg/mg. The sodium: potassium ratio was calculated to be 0.92 ±0.00. All the anti-nutrients studied were below the lethal doses recommended. The results obtained indicate that the leaf will be a good source of nourishment if properly utilized.

Keywords: proximate composition, mineral content, anti-nutrients, Maerua crassifolia
Effects of Temperature on Morphological, Structural and Optical Characteristics of CdTe Films for PV Applications
Authors: Salawu M.A. , Alabi A.B. , Adeleke J.T. , Sulu H.T. , Sharafa S.B. , Akomolafe T.
Published: July 2020

Cadmium telluride (CdTe) is a direct band gap semiconductor for direct light-to-electricity conversion. The films are promising photovoltaic materials for CdS/CdTe solar cells because of its energy band gap of 1.5 eV and higher absorption co-efficient (>104cm-1). This work presents the characterization of 1 μm CdTe films for photovoltaic applications. The films were deposited on cleaned glass substrates using thermal evaporation. The effect of annealing temperatures (as deposited, 400°C and 500°C) on morphological, structural and optical characteristics of CdTe films was investigated for an hour and characterized with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The results revealed that the reflectance characteristics of CdTe films depend on the wavelength of electromagnetic spectra. The maximum percentage optical transmittance of CdTe films for as-grown, 400°C and 500oC films were 59%, 60% and 58% respectively at 800 nm wavelength. The absorbance decreases with increasing in wavelength and was found to be 1.65, 1.25 and 0.85 % for the as-grown, 400°C and 500oC films respectively. The absorption coefficient exhibits higher values in the shorter wavelength and decreases as the wavelength and temperatures increases and the band gap becomes wider. The SEM analyses showed that the films were homogenous and free from crystal defects. The results revealed that 1 μm CdTe film may be used as absorber layer in CdS/CdTe thin film solar cells.

Keywords: CdTe, Glass substrate, Thermal evaporation, Annealing temperature, Energy band gap
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Malaria in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria
Authors: Madobi Z.H.
Published: July 2020

Malaria has been the focus of multiple declarations, and a range of targets has been set since the beginning of the millennium. Poor people are at increased risk of both becoming infected with malaria as well as becoming infected more frequently. Malaria is also a major contributor to deaths among hospital inpatients in Africa. The purpose of this research is to employ geospatial techniques to map out areas that are vulnerable to malaria breeding vectors using weighted multi-criteria decision analysis to determine the risk levels within the study area and to determine the factors influencing the population at risk of malaria with a view to providing an effective malaria management. Malaria incidence records were used to determine the incidence rate of the disease from 2014 – 2016 and the rate of severity and total confirmed cases of the disease occurrence during the study period. Malaria risk map, which was produced through the integration of malaria hazard map, vulnerability map and elements at risk map, was used to determine the most susceptible areas to malaria attacks in the study area. The results showed about 87% of the entire study area being at high risk of malaria attack. It is observed that there is an increasing trend of malaria cases in the study area despite its variability over the years. It can be concluded that the study area as a whole is prone to malaria infestation and this requires immense attention in order to mitigate the scourge of the disease and its vector. It will be cost effective if GIS and remote sensing could be integrated in monitoring and early warning system in the ongoing malaria control and prevention activities especially in Nassarawa and Kumbotso local government areas that have a very high risk of malaria attacks. There is also the need to research more on the relationship between malaria prevalence and some key socio-anthropogenic factors such as literacy level, income level, HIV status, pregnancy status and meteorological factors.

Keywords: Malaria Risk, Vulnerability, Hazard, Weighted multi-criteria decision analysis.
Hepatoprotective effect of methanol seed extract of citrus tangerina on paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats
Authors: Moke E.G. , Anachuna K.K. , Edje K.E. , Ojezele M.O.
Published: July 2020

This study investigated the hepatoprotective effect of methanol seed extract of Citrus tangerina on liver damage induced by paracetamol in laboratory rats. Wistar rats were used in this study and categorized into five groups. Groups 1 and 2 received 10 ml/kg normal saline orally, groups 3 and 4 were administered 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg respectively of Citrus tangerina seed extract orally, while silymarin 100 mg/kg served as standard drug treatment for group 5. Following six (6) days of pretreatment with the extract, hepatotoxicity was induced with paracetamol 3 g/kg (orally) in all the groups except the positive control group. At the end of the experiment (24 hours after induction), blood samples were collected under diethyl ether anaesthesia for biochemical markers of liver enzymes and antioxidative stress and the liver was harvested for histopathological studies. Both doses (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) of Citrus tangerina seed extract significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the liver enzymes level, but significantly (p < 0.05) increased antioxidant enzymes when compared with the negative control group. Liver histology showed that the Citrus tangerina seed extract prevented hepatic injury induced by paracetamol. The methanol seed extract of Citrus tangerina possesses antioxidative and hepatoprotective effects.
Acute and sub-acute toxicity of antisickling polyherbal extract in Wistar albino rats
Authors: Amujoyegbe O.O. , Idu M. , Agbedahunsi J.M. , Obuotor E.M. , Olawuni I.J. , Oyasowo O. , Ogundepo G.E.
Published: July 2020

Piper guineense, Gongronema latifolium and Cymbopogon citratus (PGC) serve as an effective polyherbal antisickling extract used in the  management of sickle cell disorder. This present study assessed the toxicity effect of the ethanol leaf extract of PGC in rats. The acute oral toxicity  test of the polyherbal was evaluated in albino rats using a single-dose based on behavioral changes and mortality. Sub-acute toxicological  evaluation of PGC was examined using biochemical, hematological and histopathological methods. Biochemical analysis was carried out using liver markers enzymes, kidney markers enzymes, and lipid profiles. The hematological measurement includes white blood cell counts (WBC),  Lymphocytes (LYM), monocytes (MON), granulocytes (GRAN), Red blood cell count (RBC). The organs (liver, kidney, and heart) were collected and prepared using standard protocols with hematoxylin and eosin for histopathological evaluation. The acute toxicity study of ethanol leaf extract of PGC up to the limit dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight of the animals used did not produce any signs and symptoms of toxic effects or mortality after 48 hrs. of oral administration. There were no significant differences (p < 0.001) in the observed values between the control and the treated groups for all the biochemical and hematological parameters analyzed. Histopathological evaluation of the organs demonstrated mild degeneration in the kidney and liver while the heart revealed no pathological changes in the treated group of rats. The result of acute toxicity indicates that the  combined antisickling polyherbal PGC extract appeared to be safe and non- toxic. Our findings for the 28 days daily oral administration of PGC extract was dose dependent and well tolerated by the animals. Although, slight changes were observed in some biochemical parameters and histology of the kidney and liver at high doses when compared with control rats. Therefore, the consumption of the antisickling polyherbal PGC extract orally should be used encouraged at lower doses and high doses should be avoided for the management of sickle cell disorder until subjected to further cytotoxicity evaluation.

Keywords: Polyherbal combination, acute toxicity, subacute toxicity, biochemical parameter, hematological parameter, histopathological parameters.
In vitro evaluation of antisickling activity of herbal combination of three medicinal plants
Authors: Amujoyegbe O.O. , Idu M. , Agbedahunsi J.M. , Bazuaye G.N.
Published: July 2020

Sickle cell disorder is a genetic ailment with enormous social and economic burden for patients and caregivers. The most promising management apart from being expensive particularly for poor African people, faces some major incompatibility problems. The patients consequently rely on herbal therapy which could be prepared in single or combination forms to manage the painful episodes and its complications. This present study aimed to formulate polyherbal combination and evaluate three purposively selected plants previously reported for their antisickling activities. The polyherbal products were formulated using both aqueous and 70% ethanol extracts into different combinational ratio with the best in 1:1:1 and evaluated for its antisickling activity. The antisickling activity involved both the inhibitory and reversal effects at varying concentrations from 1.0 mg/ml to 6.0 mg/ml using ciklavit as the positive control. The best inhibitory activity was found in ethanol extract of Piper guineense, Gongronema latifolium and Cymbopogon citratus (PGC) with 70.09 ± 0.67% when compared with the positive control (59.25 ± 0.05%) at 4.0 mg/mg while the reversal ability was 67.87 ± 1.23%. The aqueous extracts of the combinations had activity above 50% with the exception of PGC (2:3:1) which is a little less than 50% (46.67 ± 0.98%) while the highest was 60.02 ± 0.87%. The polyherbal ethanol extract had better effects than the aqueous extract and the standard drug used in this study.
Co-infection of schistosomiasis, malaria, HBV and HIV among adults living in Eggua Community, Ogun State, Nigeria
Authors: Olayinka P. , Ajide P. , Awobode H.O. , Osundiran A.J. , Onile O.S. , Adebayo A.S. , Isokpehi R. , Anumudu C.I.
Published: July 2020

Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by the blood fluke that continues to plague many developing countries in the tropics. The goal of this study was to determine the occurrence of schistosomiasis, malaria, HBV and HIV co-infection among adults in some villages of Eggua Community, Nigeria (Tata, Imoto, Orile and Ebute Igbooro). In cross-sectional surveys, 240 participants were recruited from Orile and Ebute Igbooro and 207 from Tata and Imoto. Urine samples were collected and tested for urinary schistosomiasis by conventional microscopy; blood samples were tested for HBV, HIV and malaria using standard RDTs and microscopy respectively. Prevalence and co-infection of the diseases was analyzed by chi-squared (x2) test. The prevalence of schistosomiasis and malaria was 21.3% and 11.1% in Tata and Imoto respectively; and 14.5% and 19.1% in Orile and Ebute Igbooro, respectively. The overall prevalence of co-infection of urinary schistosomiasis with malaria was 2.5% and 0.4% each with HIV and HBV in the study areas. Schistosoma haematobium and Plasmodium falciparum are prevalent in the study-area, and an integrated control approach directed against the two parasites should be carried out.

Keywords: Schistosomiasis; malaria; co-infection; HBV and HIV.
Epidemiological and parasitological studies on lymphatic filariasis in Argungu Local Government Area of Kebbi State, Nigeria
Authors: Ukatu V.E , Abubakar U. , Adamu T. , Daneji A.I. , Atta A.O. , Nenge I.
Published: July 2020

Mass Medicine Administration (MMA) with albendazole and ivermectin has been going on in Argungu Local Government Area of Kebbi State for over six years. Apart from the baseline mapping conducted by the state ministry of health in 2010 to identify communities eligible for MDA, no comprehensive study has been carried out on this disease in the area. This study is necessary to determine if transmission has been halted or not. A total of 425 volunteers in 6 rural villages were examined using Immunochromatographic Card Test (ICT) and routine microscopy . Physical manifestations and entomological studies were also carried out. Nine inhabitants, 9(0.4%) were positive using ICT with no microfilaria of W. bancrofti. Infection was significantly higher in Matan Fada Village (7.14%) (p<-0.5), while three villages recorded 0.00% infection rate. Infection was higher in males than females, age group 10-19, in singles than married participants, pupils/students than other occupations (p>0.5). There was weak negative correlation between ICT and hydrocele(r = -0.14) as well as lymphoedema (r = -0.012). 436 mosquitoes were dissected and none harboured microfilaria of W. bancrofti. It is concluded that transmission has been halted in 3 of the villages since they have met the WHO’s criteria of less than 1% seropositivity, and MMA should therefore be stopped in those villages. There is however continued surveillance, morbidity management and vector control.

Keywords: Entamological studies; microfilaria; mobidity management.
Impact of dried brewers’ grains supplementation on performance, metabolism and meat quality of broiler chickens
Authors: Parpinelli W. , Cella P.S. , Eyng C. , Broch J. , Savaris V.D.L. , Santos E.C. , Avila A.S. , Nunes R.V.
Published: July 2020

The objective was to evaluate increasing levels of dried brewers’ grains (DBG) in feed for broiler chickens from 1 to 21 days old and their effect on performance, blood parameters, intestinal morphometry, carcass characteristics and meat quality. The design was completely randomized with six treatments, which consisted of various levels of DBG inclusion, namely 0 (no inclusion), 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 g/kg with seven replications and 17 animals per experimental unit, totalling 714 male broilers. Performance parameters, blood biochemical profile, morphology of the intestinal epithelium (duodenum), and carcass yield and composition were evaluated. Feed intake was not changed by DBG inclusion levels. Nor were weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Serum cholesterol levels were not influenced, and there were no effects on triglyceride, uric acid and creatinine levels. Enzyme aspartate aminotransferase showed a quadratic effect, as did alanine aminotransferase, with higher values at 79.5 and 63.9 g/kg DBG inclusion, respectively. No changes in carcass yield and relative organ weight were observed. The composition of the carcass in ether extract showed a quadratic effect, as fat deposition rate, with lowest values at 62.8 and 62.4 g/kg of DBG inclusion levels, respectively. Crude protein levels in carcass reduced linearly, as did fat deposition rate. The parameters of intestinal morphology and meat quality were not changed. Dried brewers’ grains can be included in broiler diet from 1 to 21 days at levels up to 100 g/kg without influencing the metabolic parameters and broiler performance.

Keywords: alternative feed, blood, by-product, intestinal villi, performance
Manipulating the onset of lambing season in communal ewes through hormonal intervention
Authors: Rust J.M. , Mthi S. , Rust T.
Published: July 2020

The study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of using long-acting medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) to delay the lambing season in communal wool sheep ewes. The study was conducted in three phases. In phase 1, a random assessment was made to determine whether the hormone had any effect on delaying the onset of the lambing season. In the second phase, the administration of the hormone at different times during the perceived mating season was assessed. In the third phase, it was investigated whether the use of the hormone had residual effects in the subsequent lambing season after the treatment was discontinued. From the results it is evident that the administration of 150 mg MPA before conception could delay lambing between two and three months. November seems to be the optimum month for hormone administration. However, administration of the hormone did not guarantee effective prevention of conception in all treated ewes and discontinuation of treatment resulted in ewes reverting to pre-treatment lambing patterns. In conclusion, long-acting MPA can be used selectively as an effective method to delay the lambing season in communal ewes and to manipulate it towards more favourable environmental conditions for ewes and lambs. There can be a seasonal effect on time of conception in communal ewes and this should be considered when timing a hormonal treatment protocol.

Keywords: communal sheep farming, lambing season, manipulation, medroxyprogesterone acetate
Immunoglobulin G response and performance in Holstein calves supplemented with garlic powder and probiotics
Authors: Kekana T.W. , Nherera-Chokuda V.F. , Baloyi J.J. , Muya C.M.
Published: July 2020

The study evaluated the effects of garlic, probiotics, and in combination on levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and growth performance in new-born Holstein calves. Thirty-two Holstein calves were randomly allocated to treatments at four days old and were maintained on them until they were 42 days old. The treatments consisted of control (C), garlic powder at 5 g/calf/day (GA), probiotics at 4 g/calf/day (PB), and the combination of garlic and probiotics (GP). Bodyweight, body length and heart girth measurements were taken to determine growth and blood was drawn to determine glucose and IgG. Faecal score and body temperature were recorded daily. Calves in GA and GP had higher IgG levels than calves in C and PB (28.0 g/L and 27.5 g/L versus 23.5 g/L and 25.5 g/L, respectively). Calves in GP and PB groups had lower faecal scores than C and GA (2.1 and 2.1 versus 2.3 and 2.2, respectively). Supplementation of GA, PB, and in combination did not affect feed intake and growth performance negatively, but improved serum IgG levels. Higher serum IgG in GP may indicate an improved intake and utilisation of nutrients that are responsible for immunity modulation and regulation. Probiotics and their combinations with garlic have the potential to reduce the incidence of diarrhoea when fed to young calves.

Keywords: dairy neonates, direct-fed microbes, natural herb
META-ANALYSIS OF INFLUENCE OF GENDER ON STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN CHEMISTRY IN NIGERIA
Authors: Eya N.M , Ezeh D.N.
Published: July 2020

Evident reports on the inconsistencies of the findings of the studies on the influence of gender on student’s academic achievement in chemistry in Nigeria necessitated this study. The study is aimed at integrating the results of previous empirical studies on the influence of gender on students’ academic achievement in chemistry in order to come up with a conclusive idea. Two research questions and one hypothesis guided the study in which meta-analytic research design was used. The population of the study consists of all previous research reports on gender and achievement in chemistry. Sixty-two studies produced in Nigeria between 1990 – 2017 drawn using purposive sampling technique was used for the study. Percentages and statistical transformations were used to analyze the data for the result while the Winer combined test was used in testing the hypothesis. From the data analysis, it was found that gender generally has small effect on the students’ achievement in chemistry. It was also found that the percentage variance in the students’ academic achievement attributed to gender is 3.8% which is also small. Based on these findings some recommendations were made.
Phytochemical Contents, Characterization and Elemental Analysis of Pawpaw Leave Extract (Carica papaya)
Authors: JAJI S. O , DAMAZIO O. A , AIYELERO T. S , OLUWOLE F. S , OLAGBAYE G. A , NMOBI O.A AJETU , EJIRE A. A
Published: July 2020

Traditionally, carica papaya (pawpaw) leaves have been used to cure so many diseases which include infertility. The carica papaya leaves were subjected to phytochemical screening using standard methods, elemental analysis was conducted using AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophometry), FTIR was used to elucidate the compounds detected and GC-MS was used for the qualitative and quantitative detection of the bioactive compounds. The results showed that flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, saponins and terpenoids were detected. AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrometry) analysis in mg/kg showed the presence of zinc (26.19mg/kg), chromium (5.22mg/kg), iron (29.17 mg/kg) and manganese (7.92mg/kg) respectively. The functional groups identified in ῡ (cm-1) are 3354 (O-H stretch); 2924, 2853 (C-H stretch); 1736 (C=O stretch); 1619 (C=C stretch), while the result obtained from GC-MS analysis of methanolic extract of Carica papaya leaves revealed Δ -Tocopherol (32.835), γ - Tocopherol (33.671), Vitamin E (34.374), Neryl nitrile (31.817), Curan-17-oic acid, 2, 16-didehydro- 20-hydroxy-19-oxo (30.764). It can be concluded that the Carica papaya leaves extracted with methanol contains some elements such as zinc, iron and manganese and compound such as vitamin E along with the phytochemical. which are require for the treatment of infertility.
An Investigation into the Sociolinguistics of Asu Personal Names in Same, Tanzania
Authors: Kileng’a Aron
Published: July 2020

Many Ethnic Community Languages (ECLs) in Tanzania are demographically and socioculturally pressured mainly by Kiswahili and English to a lesser extent. The ECLs which were previously used in elementary education, local administration and religious activities currently do not have any place in any official domain and thus are limited to home and other few immediate domains. Due to this unequal coexistence of the languages, many ECLs are considered endangered, calling for efforts from stakeholders to prevent the death of such a precious cultural heritage. By documenting the social aspects of Asu personal names, this paper is a contribution to such initiatives like The Languages of Tanzania Project aiming at documenting Tanzanian ECLs in every possible area and means. The paper used participant observation, in-depth interview and self-intuition to investigate personal names of a Bantu speaking people called Vaasu (Asu) of Northern Tanzania, considering naming as an important aspect of the society. The paper looked at Asu names within the purview of linguistic anthropology considering names as not being arbitrary labels but sociocultural tags that have sociocultural functions and meanings. By using thematic analysis technique, the paper analysed and discussed the typology of the names including family names, circumstantial names, theophorous names, flora and fauna names, to mention but a few. The paper further examined the changing nature of Asu naming system and practice as dictated by cultural contact mainly with Swahili and Christian/ western culture. The paper eventually recommends for further investigation on issues surrounding naming practices and strategic measures to prevent this important African cultural resource.
Cem Törenleri İle Tiyatro Sanatının Yapısal Özelliklerinin Karşılaştırılması
Authors: GÖKDAĞ Ebru , POYRAZ Esen
Published: July 2020

Bu çalışmada Cem törenlerinin süreği yapısal açıdan incelendi. Bu inceleme için Cem törenlerinin yapısı önce kuramsal olarak araştırıldı. Akabinde, Eskişehir ve civarında gerçekleştirilen Cem törenlerine iştirak edilerek, kayıt altına alınan bu törenler incelendi. Cem görevlileri ve katılımcılarıyla yüz yüze görüşmeler gerçekleştirildi. Yapılan araştırmada literatürde tanımlanan sürek ile Eskişehir’de gerçekleştirilen Cem törenleri süreğinin arasında büyük fark olmadığı sonucu ortaya çıktı. Bu nedenle eldeki çalışmada Cem törenlerinin uygulanış biçimine genel açıdan yaklaşıldı, ancak metni zenginleştirmek için Eskişehir’deki uygulamalardan da örnekler verildi. Makalede, Cem törenlerinin kendine has yapısının içinde barındırdığı dramatik özellikler araştırıldı. Konvansiyonel tiyatronun yapısal özellikleri ile benzerlikleri ve farklılıkları ortaya çıkarıldı. Özellikle metin, yönetmen, oyuncu, karakter, mekân, seyirci, müzik, dans, dekor, kostüm, aksesuar ve hazırlık aşamaları ögeleri karşılaştırmalı olarak incelendi. Sonuç bölümünde ise tiyatromuzun Cem törenlerinin yapısal özelliklerinden faydalanarak, özgünleşmesi yolunda öneriler sunuldu. Geniş ve kapsamlı bir kaynak taraması, incelmesi, alan çalışması ve karşılaştırmalar sonrası hazırlanan çalışmanın, bu konudaki Türk tiyatrosu araştırmaları alanına önemli katkı sağlaması beklenmektedir.
COVID-19 Salgınının Uygulamalı Derslere Etkisi ve Bu Derslerin Uzaktan Eğitimle Yürütülmesi: Temel Tasarım Dersi Örneği
Authors: KAHRAMAN Mehmet Emin
Published: July 2020

2019 yılı sonunda başlayan COVID-19 salgını kısa süre içinde tüm ülkelerde görülünce 2020 yılı Şubat ayı ile birlikte tedbirler alınmaya başlanmıştır. Seyahat kısıtlaması, maske kullanımı, hijyen ve sosyal mesafe tedbirlerine rağmen kontrol altına alınamayan salgından ötürü son olarak sokağa çıkma yasağı uygulanmıştır. Bu karardan eğitim kurumları da etkilenmiş ve eğitime ara verilmiştir. Salgının yayılımı durdurulamayınca örgün eğitimden vazgeçilerek uzaktan eğitim sistemine geçiş kararı alınmış ve bu kararın tüm eğitim kurumlarında uygulanması istenmiştir. Kararın ardından kısa bir süre içinde, Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı’nın EBA sistemi ve yükseköğretim kurumlarının kendi uzaktan eğitim sistemleri üzerinden tüm dersler uzaktan eğitim modeliyle yürütülmüştür. Bu sayede Yükseköğretim kurumları 2019-2020 eğitim-öğretim yılı bahar döneminin 6 haftasını örgün, 8 haftasını ise uzaktan eğitim yöntemiyle tamamlayabilmiştir. Fakat uzaktan eğitim sisteminde daha önceden teorik ve bilgisayar tabanlı uygulamalı dersler yürütüldüğü için uygulamalı derslerin uzaktan eğitim modeliyle yürütülmesinde sorunlar yaşanmıştır. Özellikle laboratuvar, atölye ve stüdyo içerikli derslere sahip olan fakültelerde (Mühendislik, Fen, Mimarlık, Konservatuar ve Güzel Sanatlar alanları) laboratuvar ve atölye alt yapısı gerektiren uygulamalı derslerin uzaktan eğitim modeliyle sürdürülmesinde öğrencilerin zorluklarla karşılaştığı görülmüştür. Araştırmaya konu olan ve uygulamalı ders kategorisinde olan Temel Tasarım dersi Sanat ve Tasarım, Mimarlık ve Güzel Sanatlar Fakültelerinin ve Eğitim Fakültesi Resim-İş Öğretmenliği Bölümü birinci sınıf ders müfredatının zorunlu bir dersidir. Araştırmada Temel Tasarım dersinin uzaktan eğitim modeliyle yürütülen süreci incelenmiş ve öğrencilere dersle ilgili anket uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler analiz edilerek önerilerde bulunulmuştur.
A LEI DAS COTAS ELEITORAIS DE GÊNERO E SUA INFLUÊNCIA NA CANDIDATURA E NA ELEIÇÃO DE MULHERES PARA A CÂMARA DOS DEPUTADOS DO BRASIL
Authors: Barros Laís Tojal Coelho de
Published: July 2020

O estudo visa discutir os dados e as questões que influenciam a eleição de mulheres na Câmara de Deputados brasileira. As mulheres representam a minoria na casa legislativa, em especial as mulheres negras. A Lei 10.304 de 2009, que alterou a Lei 9.504, trouxe a obrigatoriedade de que cada partido ou coligação preencha no mínimo 30% e no máximo 70% para candidaturas de cada sexo. O presente trabalho analisa os dados quantitativos das mulheres que foram candidatas antes e depois da obrigatoriedade da cota, e quantas vieram a se eleger. Analisa, também, a candidatura e eleição das mulheres negras nos pleitos de 2014 e 2018, quando a declaração de cor/raça se tornou obrigatória para todos os candidatos. Com base nos dados apresentados e em diversos autores que escrevem sobre os temas propostos, é feita a análise de motivos influenciadores da não proporcionalidade na candidatura e eleição de mulheres, com foco especial em mulheres negras.
DISPOSITIVOS CINEMATOGRÁFICOS NO PROCESSO DE ENSINO APRENDIZAGEM EM SOCIOLOGIA NO IFPB/JAGUARIBE: diálogos e práticas possíveis
Authors: Cavalcante Paula Cristina Tenorio
Published: July 2020

Este relato tem por objetivo ampliar as discussões sobre como o cinema pode contribuir no processo de ensino-aprendizagem de sociologia, a partir das concepções da Lei 13.006/2014 e das lacunas formadas na práxis do cumprimento da lei nas escolas da rede pública. E com isto, apresentar os resultados obtidos ao longo do estágio realizado nas aulas do Ensino Médio Técnico Integrado no Instituto Federal da Paraíba (IFPB) Jaguaribe/PB, por meio do Programa de Incentivo à Docência (PIBID) Sociologia que ocorreu em 2019. Trata-se de narrar e refletir sobre os potenciais pedagógicos de dispositivos cinematográficos no ensino de sociologia.
A POLARIDADE “SAGRADO/PROFANO” E SEUS AVATARES - Resenha
Authors: Andrade Maristela Oliveira de
Published: July 2020

Resenha do livro: GIOBELLINA BRUMANA, F. El lado oscuro: la polaridad “sagrado/profano” y sus avatares. Buenos Aires: Katz Editores, 2014.
INDIVÍDUO E SOCIEDADE: relações de continuidades e descontinuidades da antropologia filosófica nas ciências sociais
Authors: Castro Marco Vinicius de
Published: July 2020

Este artigo tem como objetivo fazer um ensaio analítico das noções de indivíduo e sociedade da sociologia clássica, enfatizando Karl Marx, Émile Durkheim e Max Weber, e refletir como tais noções podem ter sido construídas em relações de continuidades e descontinuidades com a antropologia filosófica nas ciências sociais, principalmente de Thomas Hobbes e Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Para isso, foi feita uma revisão bibliográfica não com o intuito de comparar, mas de aproximar e distanciar tais autores por meio do apontamento genérico de suas principais ideias e reflexões. Ao final dessa breve discussão bibliográfica, espera-se que seja possível identificar as continuidades e descontinuidades nos pensamentos expostos desses autores, assim como mostrar que as noções de indivíduo e sociedade da sociologia clássica podem ter sido influenciadas pelas continuidades e descontinuidades inerentes ao debate da antropologia filosófica nas ciências sociais.
Efficiency of Cultural Practices of Mulching and Nipping in the Management of Eggplant Infestation and Damage by Leucinodes orbonalis Gueéne (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Zakka U , Lale N ES , Nwosu L C , Adolphus O J
Published: July 2020

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of cultural practices of mulching and nipping in the management of eggplant infestation and damage by Leucinodes orbonalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Therefore, a field experiment using six eggplant varieties was carried out under tropical mean ambient temperature (30.4 oC) and relative humidity (73.3 %). The experimental site was Teaching and Research Farm of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Each bed measured 2 m x 1.3 m and eggplant varieties were planted at a distance of 0.3 m x 0.4 m. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design, left to natural infestation and had three replications. The eggplants were mulched and nipped every two weeks in the study. The results revealed that all the test varieties were susceptible to attack by the insect pest under the two management techniques. Fruit weight of all varieties increased progressively (25.06 g) up to the third week after planting and declined thereafter (18.09 g) probably due to damaging effect of L. orbonalis. Mulching and nipping supported good fruit weight but were not highly effective in protecting eggplants against L. orbonalis infestation and damage. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in their individual ability to manage L. orbonalis attack irrespective of resistance status except at second-week after maturity in the number of exit holes/fruit and number of larvae/fruit (P < 0.001).