bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kim Beng Phar, Islamic Statehood and Maqasid al-Shariah in Malaysia. A Zero-Sum Game?
Authors: Eggen Nora S.
Published: January 2022

There has been an increasing interest in and a growing literature on the concept of maqasid al-shari'ah. The literature has leaned towards theoretical rather than empirical studies, and therefore empirical studies on the application of maqasid al-shari'ah as a guiding principle for legal and/or political government are highly welcomed. In his book Islamic Statehood and Maqasid al-Shariah in Malaysia: A Zero-Sum Game? Kim Beng Phar sets out to show that as far as the case of Malaysia is concerned, such application is still far ahead.
P. Lim Pui Huen, Johor: Local Histories, Local Landscapes, 1855-1957
Authors: Marcinkowski Christoph
Published: January 2022

On 15 July 2010, IAIS Malaysia hosted a public seminar on “The Impact of Globalisation on Contemporary Muslim Societies”, which was attended by more than 300 guests, among them foreign diplomats and academics. The highlight of this event, however, was the Royal Address by HRH Raja Zarith Sofiah binti Almarhum Sultan Idris Shah II, the consort of the Sultan of Johor. In her speech, entitled “Globalisation: Building Bridges Between Islam and the West”, HRH Raja Zarith Sofiah pointed out that mutual understanding is also important if Muslims are to rid themselves of their stereotypical image as terrorists and extremists, whereas Muslims must know that they share a common history with people of other faiths.
Benefits of Risk-Sharing in the Structuring of Sukuk
Authors: Abdullah (Leslie Terebessy) Abdul Karim
Published: January 2022

Several cases of sukuk defaults and near defaults have occurred recently. In Malaysia, according to the Securities Exchange Commission, seven sukuk with a combined value of more than RM740 million, have defaulted. Sukuk issued by the Saad Group of Saudi Arabia, Dar Investment Group, the International Investment Group of Kuwait, East Cameron Partners in the United States and others also defaulted. In December 2009, several sukuk issued by Dubai World and its subsidiaries nearly defaulted. Was the way the sukuk were structured among the reasons for the defaults, as alleged by some, or were the sukuk investors simply the victims of the larger global economic and financial crisis?
Islam's Views on Sorcery and Black Magic
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: January 2022

Black magic is condemned in Islam but Muslim thinkers are not clear on how to deal with this superstitious holdover from an earlier age. Sorcery or witchcraft (sihr) is often equated with trickery aimed at conflating falsehood with the rational association of causes and effects. Sorcery is difficult to define. Our knowledge of sihr and what is not within reach of our sense perception is also limited. The available information in the scriptural sources of Islam also falls short of elaboration on detail. Sihr may aim at inflicting harm on its object or at realising a benefit, and the sorcerer often resorts to irrational and impermissible means. Muslim scholars have differed on the reality of sihr.
Bertrand de Speville, Overcoming Corruption: The Essentials
Authors: Nalla Zarina
Published: January 2022

The title of the book is very reflective of its length and style: brief and succinct almost like a handbook, it is meant for anticorruption decision-makers from the developed and developing world who are too busy to read laborious pieces on the subject.

The author, an English law barrister who went to Hong Kong in 1981, became Solicitor General prior to his appointment as Commissioner of the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) of Hong Kong from 1992 to 1996, just before the city was returned to China. He turned ICAC into a leading anti-graft body admired by international observers.
The Evolving Face of Religious Tolerance in Post-Colonial Malaysia: Understanding its Shaping Factors
Authors: Bakar Osman
Published: January 2022

This article offers a survey of the state of religious tolerance in Malaysia since her independence from Britain in 1957. Its core concern, however, is with the prevailing current public perceptions on the state of religious tolerance in the country, the outstanding challenges to its progress, and the adequacy of measures being taken by the relevant authorities, agencies, and organisations in dealing with the challenges in question. In order to put the discussion on these current public perceptions in its proper perspectives, in the view of the author it would be desirable for the discussion to be preceded by an adequate presentation on the historical development of interreligious relations in Malaysia since independence. Highlighted in this historical account are the salient features of interreligious relations over the decades that helped to determine the nature and extent of religious tolerance, as well as the impact of the Islamic revival in the 1970s and the Western-originated human rights discourse on interreligious relations in Malaysia. The author also discusses the current public perceptions and their understanding of its underlying issues. On the basis of these perceptions he makes several inferences regarding the state of religious tolerance in contemporary Malaysia.
Islamophobia: A Projection of the West's 'Dark Side'
Authors: Buehler Arthur F.
Published: January 2022

Islamophobia: A Projection of the West's 'Dark Side'

Humankind is more interconnected now than ever before. Some celebrate this shared humanity while too many others appear fixated more on their own ethnic group, nationality, or religion. In the personal view of the author, ‘islamophobia’ is an ungrounded fear of something/someone that does not exist in reality and which involves a psychological projection to create  ‘the other’ as enemy. The focus of this spirited article is on the development of ‘islamophobia’ out of an earlier ‘syndrome’ of religio-political antagonism. It is seen by the author as spreading via the mass media ‘like a virus’. He argues that this phenomenon is a psychological defence mechanism involving the projection of what he refers to as ‘the West’s dark side’ onto Islam and its followers.
Ziauddin Sardar (with Zafar Abbas Malik, illustrator), Introducing Islam: A Graphic Guide
Authors: Qamar Saifullah
Published: January 2022

Ziauddin Sardar (born in 1951 in Pakistan) is a well known London-based scholar, writer, and cultural-critic specialising in the present status and the future of Islam. He has written or edited some 45 books over a period of 30 years. Sardar also travels around the world analysing the current state of affairs concerning the modern Muslim world.
Dysfunctional Families and Crime: Righting Wrongs
Authors: Kamaruddin Zaleha
Published: January 2022

The number of youths involved in crime and who show disregard for law and order is on the rise. What is more disturbing is the rise of violent crimes committed by them. The author argues that these concerns need to be addressed seriously. Pertinent questions need to be answered to understand the underlying reasons. This article is divided into three parts: the first part defines dysfunctional families and their relationship with crime and some home-truths relating to them. The second emphasises the importance of knowledge and the inculcation of good values to individuals through the family. In the final part some recommendations are made.
Christoph Marcinkowski (Ed.), The Islamic World and the West: Managing Religious and Cultural Identities in the Age of Globalisation
Authors: Winkel Eric
Published: January 2022

Perhaps the most important service academic writing can serve is to make us challenge our conceptions and assumptions. And then, if possible, to help us construct other conceptions that may serve us better. The collected work The Islamic World and the West does both of these services admirably.
Alwi Shihab, Examining Islam in the West: Addressing Accusation and Correcting Misconceptions
Authors: Nalla Zarina
Published: January 2022

This book is no doubt an eye-opener and reflects the thoughts of an individual who is unique: an academician with a passion for inter-religious understanding who was a former foreign minister of Indonesia and a graduate of two diametric worlds of education: the Middle East and the United States of America.
Environmental Care in Islamic Teaching: A Qur'anic Perspective
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: January 2022

This article addresses the human-earth relationship from an Islamic perspective in two parts. The first part draws attention to a set of principles, beginning with that of Divine Oneness (tawhid) and the vision it conveys of the common predicament of man with the rest of the created world. The author reviews the principle of vicegerency of man (khilafah) on Earth - which designates humankind as trustee and custodian of its natural environment - and the principle of trust (amanah). The second part addresses instances of violation of these two principles. Three such instances are discussed: spreading mischief (fasad) on earth, extravagance and waste (israf), and infliction of harm (darar). The focus of the discussion in this part is on the human management, or rather mismanagement, of the earth with the result that humanity itself has become the chief victim of its own failings. In his conclusion the author seeks to contextualise his observations within the civilisational renewal (tajdid hadari), arguing that the shared vision of Muslims must be inspired by common values and commitments for the ecological wellbeing of the planet Earth and that Islamic teachings can make a distinctive contribution to that vision by infusing man’s management of the natural world with transcendent (revealed) values and ethics that look toward a common future for humanity and the rest of its earthly inhabitants. The article ends with recommendations for possible reforms.
Abuse Nature and Face the Consequences: Climate Change from an Islamic Perspective
Authors: Adebayo Rafiu Ibrahim
Published: January 2022

Nature and the environment can be considered from a variety of perspectives. In the pre-Islamic period, for instance, nature was held so sacred that it was worshipped. Today, nature appears to be exclusively subjected to man’s benefits through modern technological and scientific discoveries. The disturbance of the natural environment has resulted in various natural disasters. Some scholars consider those catastrophic effects ‘man-made’ while others believe they are ‘natural’. Whatever the case may be, man’s excessive penetration into nature has also greatly resulted in climate change. This article shall delve into discusses the various means through which man exploits nature and the extent of the reaction of nature to the exploitation. Adopting a textual analytical approach, the author concludes that as long as human technological muscles are exerted on nature, man must be ready to face its ‘wrath’ and that anything which in its own way ‘worships’ God should not be unjustifiably exploited. Man should be conscious of his excessive materialistic urges.
Seyyed Hossien Nasr, Islam in the Modern World: Changed by the West, Threatened by Fundamentalism, Keeping Faith with Tradition
Authors: Mrahorovic Senad
Published: January 2022

Islam in the Modern World, is yet another contribution of the Traditionalist perspective by Seyyed Hossein Nasr to an ongoing intellectual discussion concerning Islam and its increasing role in the modern world. As the current state of world affairs portrays, Islam is no longer a religion discussed only in certain academic circles here and there, but rather a subject that is hardly missing from any major headlines of the international media. In the past, the image of Islam, especially in the West, have been distorted as a consequence of the negative and biased representation of it by some Orientalists, Islamicists and missionaries.
The Qur'anic Identity of the Muslim Ummah: Tawhidic Epistemology as its Foundation and Sustainer
Authors: Bakar Osman
Published: January 2022

This article seeks to serve as the necessary background and foundation to another article by the author which is to appear in the upcoming issue of this journal. It explains the identity of the Muslim community (ummah) within the framework of the quranic theory of multi-religious identities rooted in a common identity structure for all revealed religions and their respective communities. Tawhidic epistemology is central to the identity of the Muslim ummah. The essence of the ummah is a knowledge-community with its distinctive knowledge-culture founded on the quranic tawhid and the Muhammadan shariah. Tawhidic vision of knowledge upholds the categorical position that all true human knowledge ought to be ultimately related to the unity of God, since all things are ontologically related to their Divine Origin. Muslims today no longer possess the whole of tawhidic epistemology along with its accompanying exemplary thinking culture. The eclipse of tawhidic epistemology has resulted in deviations in thinking modes from established norms rooted in traditional Islamic intellectual culture. Only a sound epistemological order exemplified in tawhidic epistemology may guarantee a healthy thinking and knowledge-culture on which alone the strength of the Muslim ummatic identity depends.
Islamic Civilisation: Awakening Parameters
Authors: Kayadibi Saim
Published: January 2022

Privatisation of higher education is a global trend. There is an increasing demand for higher education due to the nature of work and economy today, and public universities and colleges cannot meet the demand with their limited financial resources from the government. Private higher education institutions (PHEI) seem to be the most attractive alternative to public universities and colleges in opening greater access to higher education. Malaysia is no exception, having about 25 private universities, 22 private university colleges and 410 private colleges and institutes. About a fourth of these PHEIs are Islamic institutions going by the name of the institutions or their ownership. However, private higher education institutions have their own issues and challenges. The most serious of them are preserving the philosophical goal of a balanced and integrated education despite market demands and sustaining its operation financially amidst a competitive environment. Yet, there are several opportunities for Islamic PHEIs especially in terms of international collaboration and exchanges. This article is an attempt to examine these issues and challenges or opportunities. The Muslim world’s significant contribution to the development of world civilisation deserves further investigation. History’s leading Muslim empires all assumed momentous responsibilities in adapting Islamic civilisation to changing times. The author argues that researching and studying the input of their intelligentsias and elites would be a necessary requirement for any Islamic ‘renaissance’. Western civilisation, often presented as the only civilisation that has enabled the world to progress, ignores the contributions of all other civilisations. This article underlines the significance of Islamic civilisation by exploring the Muslims’ reawakening process and humanity’s need for a new world system, one that reflects Islamic civilisation’s understanding and practice of ontological freedom, security, and human rights.
Whither 'Arab Spring?
Authors: Marcinkowski Christoph
Published: January 2022

Since December 2010, the ‘Arab Spring’ has featured techniques of civil resistance in sustained campaigns involving strikes, demonstrations, marches and rallies, as well as the use of the new social media to organize, communicate, and raise awareness in the face of state attempts at repression and censorship. In the case of Tunisia, Egypt, and - most dramatically - Libya, the protests have actually led to the departure of long-established regimes, whereas the situation in Syria and Bahrain remains unsettled to date.
In Search of 'Islamic Lifestyle'
Authors: Crow Karim Douglas
Published: January 2022

The question of what is an ‘Islamic’ way of life demands a thoughtful response in light of the growing material affluence of the middle class in many Muslim societies. The Qur’an projects a detailed portrait of the Muslim individual and how to live a good life exemplifying Islamic precepts. In the view of the author, the possible contribution of Islamic values for shaping an emerging Cosmopolitan civilisation now confronts a new reality where Muslims are beguiled by the lifestyle of consumption. This emerging middle class appears to be content with embracing an Islamic surface identity. Are they being herded into the passive embrace of the consumer society? The question of what is an ‘Islamic’ way of life demands a thoughtful response in light of the growing material affluence of the middle class in many Muslim societies. The Qur’an projects a detailed portrait of the Muslim individual and how to live a good life exemplifying Islamic precepts. In the view of the author, the possible contribution of Islamic values for shaping an emerging Cosmopolitan civilisation now confronts a new reality where Muslims are beguiled by the lifestyle of consumption. This emerging middle class appears to be content with embracing an Islamic surface identity. Are they being herded into the passive embrace of the consumer society?
Dialogue between the German Government and Muslims Living in Germany: Prospects and Challenges for the 'Deustsche Islamkonferenz' (DIK)
Authors: Marcinkowski Christoph
Published: January 2022

In recent decades, Germany has become religiously and culturally more diverse, a fact which is mainly due to the arrival of immigrants from countries with a Muslim background. Meanwhile, approximately four million Muslims live in Germany, and already just under half of them have German citizenship.
Peace as a Universal Islamic Value
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: January 2022

In many different ways the Qur’an and Sunnah bring peace into the heart of Islam’s spirituality, law and ethics. There is a persistent quest to instil tranquillity into the hearts and minds of the believers. The thrust of this presentation is to explore and substantiate the grounds of our belief that peace is a universal and normative principle of Islam. An introduction raises the question as to why Islam is associated with violence, and whether there any basis for this. This is followed by discussion of Islam’s self-definition and self-identification as a religion of tranquillity and peace. The sub-headings that follow are a reading of the source evidence, especially of the Qur’an and Sunnah. Then I take a glimpse into how in Islam Divine love and grace constitute the leitmotif and origins of God’s creation. The discussion proceeds to expound the centrality of ihsan (beauty and benevolence) as a theological foundation of Islam. This is followed by a brief exposition of compassion (rahmah), justice (‘adl), human dignity (karamah) and the vicegerency of mankind on earth (khilafah) and how these feature in Islam as a religion of submission and peace. Then I explore the place of non-violence, forbearance and patience (sabr) in the teachings of Islam. Finally I turn to the use of force and the much-debated subject of jihad (selfless striving) under two sub-headings, one of which expounds textual dispensations and early developments on jihad, while the other examines jihad in the modern period. I show how the meaning of jihad has been changing in tandem not only with juristic and theological thought but also with the politics of power, domination and conquest. I end with a conclusion and recommendations.
A New Islamic Rating Index of Well-Being for Muslim Countries
Authors: Batchelor Daud AbdulFattah
Published: January 2022

The differing views that various parties and states hold regarding the efficacy of their Islamisation approach and its impact nationally remain unresolved until today. This paper is an attempt to assess the well-being of countries in an objective and scientific manner. It introduces a new Islamic Index of Well-being (IIW) for Muslim Majority Countries (MMCs), which is based on principles derived from the Qur’an and Sunnah to comprise the key fields of Personal Religiosity and Social Interactions. These two elements are given equal weighting. The Religiosity element is obtained from published data of the Pew Research Center for indicators of the percentage of Muslim citizens who perform obligatory practices of praying five times daily, men attending the mosque at least once weekly, and Muslims fasting in Ramadan (or paying zakah). Research has shown a direct, positive relationship between Religiosity levels and psychological well-being. Five parameters are assessed for the Social Interactions performance of MMCs: secondary education, good status of women, care of children, limited income inequality and elimination of corruption. From an Islamic perspective, governments are required to assist weaker members of society, which is reflected in indicators used to determine the status of women, children and the poor. The resultant IIWs calculated for the 27 (Arab Gulf countries were not surveyed) out of a total 50 MMCs plus Nigeria show that the highest IIW levels are in Southeast Asia (Malaysia and Indonesia take the top positions), followed by Senegal and the Palestinian Territories. Middle Eastern countries follow, then sub-Saharan African countries with overlap, while former Communist bloc countries generally have the lowest indices. 2012 IIWs represent a base level for the measurement of country improvements in years to come.
In Search of a Suitable Model of Penal Code for Afghanistan
Authors: Mohamad Tun Abdul Hamid
Published: January 2022

During the Moghul rule of what now constitutes India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan, the courts there administered the Shariah to the exclusion of Hindu law. Islamic law gave way to English criminal law with the increase of British influence in the Indian sub-continent. Before 1860, English criminal law, as modified to suit local circumstances, was administered in the Presidency-Towns of Bombay, Calcutta and Madras. The draft of the Indian Penal Code was prepared by the First Law Commission, chaired by Thomas Babington Macaulay. Its basis is the law of England. Elements were also derived from the Napoleonic Code and from Edward Livingston’s Louisiana Civil Code of 1825. Finally, the Indian Penal Code was passed into law on 6 October 1860. The Code came into operation on 1 January 1862.
Mustafa Akyol, Islam without Extremes: a Muslim Case for Liberty
Authors: Hazri Tengku Ahmad
Published: January 2022

Freedom is frequently a topic of controversy in discussions of Islam and the West. Mustafa Akyol’s recent book goes further than making the claim that freedom is indigenous to Islam, and it reads closer to an ideological manifesto in offering a spirited defence of liberalism and free market capitalism from an Islamic perspective: “[L]iberty is ... what everyone needs to find God.”  But freedom in Islam is morally assured, legally secured and theologically grounded and sanctified - and thus forms a crucial part of the entire worldview of Islam. It can be conceived as a higher purpose (maqsid) of the Shariah, and not merely a principle or a transient reality. An ideological reading of freedom, as we find in Akyol’s book, actually truncates that worldview, as it dislodges freedom from its Islamic theological-moral-spiritual sanctuary in favour of classical liberalism.
Islamic Civilisation as a Global Presence with Special Reference to its Knowledge Culture
Authors: Bakar Osman
Published: January 2022

The main aim of this article is to discuss the meaning and characteristics of Islamic civilisation and its global presence, particularly in the field of knowledge culture. Since both terms have been contested in contemporary scholarship to the point of their critics denying epistemic legitimacy to the concept of Islamic civilisation itself, the article devotes a lengthy discussion to defending its continuing validity and legitimacy. The most serious challenge comes from the concept of world-system developed by a number of Western thinkers, especially Immanuel Wallerstein. The article also explains the meaning of a civilisation’s global presence, which it argues exists at three different levels, namely territorial presence, cultural presence, and intellectual-spiritual presence. It argues that in the case of Islamic civilisation, its global presence exists at all the three levels. Since knowledge culture is presented as the very heart of Islamic civilisation given the fact that Islam claims to be the religion of knowledge, the article provides an introductory discussion of some important aspects of knowledge culture originating from Islamic civilisation that have become accepted through the West as integral parts of our common modern civilisation. The article concludes with suggestions for further studies and research on the theme of Islamic civilisation’s global presence but from new perspectives in the light of new realities in intercultural and inter-civilisational relations.
Ibn Khaldun and the Good Madina
Authors: Alatas Syed Farid
Published: January 2022

Ibn Khaldun’s theory of the rise and decline of states, and the key concept of social solidarity, ‘asabiya, provides rich source material for elaborating normative or prescriptive discussions on the nature of a good polity or civilised society. This renders him extremely relevant to the study of modern societies, even those that lack the nomadic-sedentary dynamic that furnished the material for Ibn Khaldun’s original science of human society. Ibn Khaldun’s concepts of authority are of great relevance to the modern Muslim world, not least because of the prevalence today of mulk tabi’i or unbridled kingship in Muslim realms. In line with his overall science of human society was his interest in the relationship between education and society. The relevance of his outlook on education lies more in the area of the philosophy of education and displays timeless and universal applicability. Ibn Khaldun covered the proper methods of teaching and learning and discussed learning capacity, memorisation, curriculum, teacher strictness and the breadth and depth of education. 

The madina, the form of social organisation which he saw all around him, was not all bad, in his view, but there was an inevitable movement towards degeneration and decay. In the early stages of the up cycle, the madina displayed numerous political, economic and social dimensions that are worthy of emulation, and Ibn Khaldun expounds on these in his discussions of the nature of authority, the role of the government in the economy, and the nature of education. Life in the madina is founded on certain universal values such as the rule of law, justice, accountability, responsibility, and the quest for knowledge and truth. Unfortunately such values do not inform many modern societies of the Muslim world today and should be given more emphasis in our discussions on civilisational renewal. At the heart of the problem is perhaps education. Ibn Khaldun’s reflections on education take into account politics, language, city life and social class. He also dealt with the methods and procedures of education and can be seen to be an innovator in pedagogy. For Ibn Khaldun, the way to the good madina is through an holistic education that produces not just competent but moral individuals. This view implies an entire corpus of practical recommendations in the educational realm in Muslim nations today.
Muslims and Modernity: After Two and a Half Centuries What Have We learnt?
Authors: Paya Ali
Published: January 2022

My aim in this paper is to explore, from an epistemic point of view, the main cause of the failure of the ‘projects’ introduced/developed by Muslim intellectuals/activists in response to the challenges posed by modernity/postmodernity in the past two and a half centuries. The paper discusses four different responses by Muslim elites to the challenges of modernity and post-modernity. The paper suggests a conjecture concerning the main epistemological cause of Muslims underdevelopment and follows this by critically assessing one particular project, namely, Islamisation of Knowledge, as a typical case which exemplifies the conjecture in question.
Islam and Civilisational Renewal: The Case for "Sacred Science"
Authors: Moten Abdul Rashid
Published: January 2022

The Islamic or Muslim civilisation was once at an incomparable peak in terms of all possible indicators of development. But a destruction of the spirit of inquiry and original research so distinctly associated with civilisational development served to sow the seeds of decay and render it easy prey for colonial exploitation. Confronted with a world dominated by Western science and technology, Muslim scholars have been searching for ways to regain their freedom, control their collective lives and link their past to the future. Some opted for a “secularisation thesis”, others advocated liberalisation, still others advocated adoption of science since the Qur’an and science could be seen to complement each other. Seyyed Hossein Nasr asks for the revival of Islamic science. Through a textual analysis of his writings, this study shows that Nasr provides a critique of the Western science and technology, while urging Muslims to study it in depth in order to undertake an authentic critique and to develop a new paradigm to usher in the new golden days of Islam.
Civilisational Conflict, Renewal, or Transformation: Potential Role of the OIC
Authors: Ahsan Abdullahil
Published: January 2022

The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) came into existence at the end of the 20th century during the Cold War, a period that also witnessed concerns among many Western intellectuals about the decline of the West. By the end of the century and the collapse of the former Soviet Union, the “clash of civilizations” thesis had placed Islamic civilisation at the center of international politics, once again raising questions about world peace and co-existence between civilisations. Could Islamic civilisation as represented by the OIC play a role at this juncture of history? Does it possess the capacity and know-how to meet this challenge? Such questions relate also to ideas of worldview: the Renaissance worldview of the West may be seen to have been tainted by Darwinism and Freudianism while the Islamic worldview appears corrupted by extremism. Can the OIC revive the universal Islamic values such as those upheld by Muhammad Iqbal-the 20th century student of Rumi? Can it do so in the context of tumultuous intra-Muslim relations? These questions frame our discussion in this paper.
Divisiveness Among Muslims in Nigeria and its Implications for National Integration
Authors: Adebayo Rafiu Ibrahim
Published: January 2022

One of the factors responsible for the rapid spread of Islam throughout Nigeria, described as reminiscent of “burning grassland during Harmattan,” was the role played by different Sufi Orders, which strove tirelessly to plant the religion wherever it had not previously reached. But this initial blessing to the religion engendered a divisive syncretism, to the extent that the centre could no longer hold, and things fell apart. This paper examines divisiveness among Muslims in Nigeria and the factors responsible for divisiveness. It suggests that for national integration to be achieved in Nigeria, Muslims in the country need to re-orient themselves to the Islamic concept of unity and brotherhood.
Implementation of Hudud in Brunei: Differences Between Brunei and Malaysia
Authors: Mohamad Tun Abdul Hamid
Published: January 2022

On 22 October 2013, the Government of Brunei Darussalam gazetted the Syariah Penal Code Order 2013 (the Order) with the view, in brief, to introduce the hudud and qisas punishments in the country. The Order has not been brought into force yet. It will be brought into force (or implemented) in stages, starting with takzir offences in April 2014. In the meantime, the provisions of the Penal Code will continue to be enforced and the offences tried by the Civil Courts. This is because the work of updating the relevant laws relating to procedure, evidence and others is still incomplete.
Surrogacy and Islam: Between Permissibility and Prohibition
Authors: Al-Mubarak Tawfique
Published: January 2022

Surrogacy has been a much debated issue from the Shari’ah perspective since the mid-1980s and is still being discussed. It is generally considered impermissible in Islam. This issue was first addressed at the seventh session of the Muslim World League’s Islamic Fiqh Council meeting in 1404 AH/1985 CE, wherein the following year, the Council permitted fertilisation of the zygote only among married couples but with certain conditions. The Council however retracted its earlier views on permitting surrogacy among co-wives of the same husband. Similarly, the Fiqh Council of the Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) in 1986 concluded that surrogacy could be permissible only between married couples and under certain conditions.2 Despite a restrictive opinion from these two authoritative fiqh councils, some Muslim scholars have also argued in favour of surrogacy, which demands more discussion here.
Integrating Islamic Principles and Values into the Fabric of Governance
Authors: Batchelor Daud Abdul-Fattah
Published: January 2022

Important Islamic principles and values in governance are identified from the Qur’an, Sunna and the essential Shariah objectives (Maqasid al-Shari’ah). The principles (vicegerency, rule of law, justice, social welfare, separation of powers, accountability, consultation, obedience, public participation, inclusiveness, equality, dignity, hisbah or enjoining the good and forbidding the evil, limiting money politics, and ensuring a free, independent media, and peace and security) have considerable bearing on the structure of government institutions and in ensuring good governance, while the values (trustworthiness, transparency, cooperation towards good, moderation, eagerness for knowledge, frugality and valuing time, and good neighbourliness) relate more to the moral qualities required by rulers, leaders and government officers alike. The proposed process of integrating these into governance is based on a systems thinking approach which acknowledges that governance works in a systemic framework. It also stresses the modern discipline of change management but points out that both it and a systems approach were already applied most successfully by Prophet Muhammad [pbuh]. Working examples, which can be adapted for use in Muslim countries for government departments and civic society have been identified from Canada and Malaysia, respectively.
The Implementation of Land Acquisition Act 1960 and its Negative Impact on the Development of Waqf (Endowment) Land in Malaysia
Authors: Mohamed Adil Mohamed Azam , Mat Rani Mohd Afandi
Published: January 2022

The Land Acquisition Act 1960 has long been used in land acquisition law to take over land by force in Malaysia. This article attempts to identify the extent of implementation of land acquisition by the government based on the Land Acquisition Act 1960; whether it meets and is consistent with the Shariah, particularly involving Muslim waqf land. A few suggestions towards Islamisation of the act have been put forward to improve the Act by taking into account the principles and methods governing the Shariah so that every national development can be done in a more dynamic and comprehensive manner in tandem with modern needs.
The Destructive Logic of Interest: The Fallacy of Perpetual Growth
Authors: Jha Yusuf
Published: January 2022

This paper seeks to discuss the historical narrative of interest, tracing how its societal legalization led to a shift that paved the foundations for our modern day financial architecture. With modern money being institutionalized as interest bearing debt, it posits that the destructive logic of perpetual growth leads to, amongst other things, the ‘transmutation’ of Western Europe, its Colonialist impulse, Globalization and the Privatisation of the Commons. Associated with these factors are the myriad crises facing the modern age, all connected to the financial system, such as resource depletion, distortion of fair trade, displacement of rural populations, global poverty, deforestation and the eradication of local ecosystems. The paper proposes that any serious reformation of the financial system has to start with removing what lies at the heart of its growth imperative, namely: interest.
p53 and EGFR gene mutations
in malignant tumors of the lung
Authors: Yermekova S. , Orazgaliyeva M. , Goncharova T. , Rakhimbekova F. , Serik E.
Published: January 2022

Relevance: Increased incidence of lung cancer globally
and in Kazakhstan, lack of screening in hereditary cases, high
mortality, and low survival of patients necessitate the study of
the molecular genetic causes of the disease. At present, gene
mutation studies for lung cancer diagnostics are expanding.
However, many gene mutations revealed remain undercovered
in the scientific literature, and there is not enough data on their
prognostic and diagnostic value.
The purpose of the study was to discover the specifics of
the р53 gene mutations and reveal the EGFR exon 19 deletions
and exon 21 L858R mutations in malignant tumors of the lung
of various histogenesis.
Methods: The mutations were studied in tumors (200 samples) and adjacent tissue (200 samples) of patients with lung
cancer (squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma
(ADC) of the lung) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), electrophoresis, and EcoR1- and Pst1-restriction of samples after p53
gene fragments and cDNA amplification and mRNA revertase
treatment. Another 263 lung cancer samples were evaluated
by real-time PCR for EGFR exon 19 deletions and EGFR exon 21
L858R mutations.
Results: The p53 gene was not expressed in 50% of SCC and
adenocarcinoma of the lung samples. Restriction revealed p53
mRNA mutations in 100% of SCC and 75% of ADC samples. p53
exon-intron 5-6 was mutated in 50% of ADC and 70% of SCC
samples, exon-intron 7-9 – in 60% of SCC cases. EGFR exons 19
and 21 mutations found in 65 of 263 lung tumor samples were
associated with increased sensitivity to EGFR tyrosine kinase
inhibitors.
Conclusion: The p53 gene mutations revealed in most
samples of SCC and ADC of the lung could be used to diagnose
lung cancer and predict its severity. The identified EGFR mutations allow predicting the effectiveness of targeted therapy
Morphological characteristics of changes in the
squamous epithelium of the upper part of the
digestive tract in model organisms in the settings
of provoked carcinogenesis
Authors: Shestakova V. , Nigmatullina L. , Atadzhanov I. , Donskov S. , Kozlovskaya Yu. , Dolgopolov I. , Rykov M.
Published: January 2022

Relevance: Noticeable spreading of malignant neoplasms of upper section of digestive system and the worsening of these patients’
quality of life in case of late diagnostics stimulate the development of
protocols for early detection of precancerous changes.
The purpose of the study was to investigate the morphological
characteristics of changes in the squamous epithelium of the upper part
of the digestive tube in model organisms under provoked carcinogenesis when exposed to substances with proven carcinogenic activity.
Methods: 40 female nonlinear white rats obtained from the Orekhovo-Zuevsky urban settlement veterinary station were used as model
organisms. The rats were divided into 4 equal groups. The first control
group was not exposed to any specific influences. In groups 2-4, the
rats underwent sedation and mechanical scarification microtraumatization of the oral mucosa. Then, they were applied twice a week by
0.9% NaCl solution (control group 2), 1% aqueous solution of dimethyl
sulfoxide (DMSO, Akrikhin, Russia) (control group 3), or 1% aqueous
solution of DMSO containing 0.1 mg/ml 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide (4-
NQO, Acros Organics, USA) (experimental group 4).
Results: The cytological picture associated with chronic trauma
to the mucous membrane of the upper digestive tract was characterized by nonspecific reactions: inflammation, hyper- and parakeratosis, and atrophic changes. There were no statistically significant differences in the frequency of such changes between the experimental and
control groups. Specific changes in squamous epithelium towards a
precancerous state in the experimental group with chronic exposure
to a substance with carcinogenic activity occurred significantly more
often than in the control groups (p <0.05), as proven by the results of
comparative histological verification.
Conclusion: Cytological study can be offered for clinical study as
a screening tool for precancerous oropharynx and upper esophagus
conditions
Analysis of main statistical indicators of oral and pharyngeal cancer in the Republic of Uzbekistan
Authors: Alimov J. , Karimova N.
Published: January 2022

Relevance: According to GLOBOCAN data for 2020, oral and pharyngeal cancer ranked 25th in mortality (98 412 cases, 0.5% of all cancer
deaths) and 26th in the number of diagnosed new cases (48 143 cases, 0.5% of all new cancer cases) in the world. Oral and pharyngeal cancer
incidence is growing steadily globally and in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Oral and pharyngeal cancer ranks 16th in the structure of cancer
incidence in the Republic of Uzbekistan, with a rate of 1.8 per 100 000 people.
The purpose of the study was to analyze the main statistical indicators for tumors of the oral cavity and pharynx in the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2015-2021.
Methods: We analyzed the main statistical indicators for tumors of the oral cavity and pharynx in the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2015-
2020 obtained from the Reporting Form #7 “Information about malignant neoplasms cases.”
Results: Over the past six years, the incidence rate per 100,000 people has increased from 1.4 in 2015 to 1.8 in 2020. In 2015-2020, in the
Republic of Uzbekistan, 2,240 patients died from malignant neoplasms of the oral cavity and pharynx. The mortality rate per 100,000 people
decreased from 1.4 in 2015 to 1.2 in 2020.
Conclusions: Tumors of the oral cavity and pharynx rank 16th in the structure of cancer incidence in the Republic of Uzbekistan and tend
to grow. A recent increase in oral and pharyngeal cancer incidence and its late detection could be explained by worsening detection and diagnostics. The stabilization of oral and pharyngeal cancer mortality results in socio-economic losses for the Republic. The provided statistical
data is the basis for improving the indicators of incidence and mortality related to oral and pharyngeal cancer in the Republic of Uzbekistan
A Tribute to Dr. Christopher G. Wood, MD
Authors: Tannir Nizar
Published: January 2022

Tributes to individuals who have passed away share one common purpose: to help us heal. We find comfort by sharing the legacies of the loved ones we’ve lost. Today we pay tribute to Dr. Christopher G. Wood, Professor of Urology.
Incidencia de las cuentas por cobrar sobre la liquidez, en el Colegio Adventista del Atlántico Max Trummer, Colombia, durante el período 2017-2018
Authors: Peralta Urda Delcy María
Published: January 2022

El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar la incidencia de las cuentas por cobrar, sobre la liquidez corriente del Colegio Adventista del Atlántico Max Trummer, Colombia, durante el período 2017- 2018, utilizando un enfoque cuantitativo, de tipo descriptivo y explicativo, con diseño no experimental y longitudinal. La recolección de datos se realizó a través de la técnica de revisión documental y en una muestra de registros financieros. Los resultados revelan que las cuentas por cobrar de los estudiantes de pre escolar, indicen en un 16% sobre la liquidez del colegio; también las cuentas por cobrar de los estudiantes de primaria inciden en un 45.6% sobre la liquidez del colegio; por otro lado, las cuentas por cobrar de los estudiantes de secundaria inciden en un 58.2% sobre la liquidez del colegio; por último, las cuentas por cobrar inciden en un 54.5 sobre la liquidez del colegio. Se concluyó que la incidencia de todas las cuentas por cobrar que mantiene la empresa fue positiva y además significativa.
Исследование исторических памятников Тениз-Коргалжынского региона: новые данные
Authors: Толегенулы Кажымурат , Кукушкин Алексей Игоревич , Кулжанова Бахытгул Темирбаевна
Published: January 2022

Тенгиз-Коргалжынский регион обладает богатым ландшафтом и разнообразием флоры и фауны. На данной территории сосредоточено множество памятников историко-культурного наследия. Среди них: Бытыгай, Сулу там, Сырлы там, Алып томар, Беспакыр, Жанибек-Шалкар. Первые исследования здесь проводились в 1950–1970 гг. Центрально-Казахстанской археологической экспедицией под руководством А.Х. Маргулана, экспедицией Евразийского Национального университета под руководством М.Е. Елеуова (2000 г.), а также экспедицией РГК «Казреставрация» под руководством М.К. Сембина (2007 г.). Новые данные также были получены в ходе исследований Есильской археологической экспедиции под руководством М.К. Хабдулиной. В полевом сезоне 2021 г. сотрудниками Государственного историко-культурного музея-заповедника «Бозок» под руководством С.К. Сакенова и М.К. Семби проведены археологические раскопки на территории средневекового городища Бытыгай. В работе особое внимание уделено изучению военно-топографических, экологических, сейсмо-геологических карт и др. Следует отметить, что исторические и политические события в этой области напрямую связаны с названиями населенных пунктов и исторических памятников, которые, с одной стороны, были вовлечены в процесс решающих событий Великой степи, с другой, – имели важное значение в формировании будущего казахского народа. Работа представляет собой анализ разнонаправленных архивных источников, редко использованных ранее в исторических трудах.
In Relation to Morbidity, Mortality, and Hospital Stay, Determine the Predictive Value of Injury Severity Scores in Road Traffic Accidents
Authors: . Hunain , Waqas Arshad Muhammad , Saleem Farah , Sattar Abdul , Nadeem Khurram , Abubakar Muhammad
Published: January 2022

Objective: The purpose of this study is to calculate the predictive value of injury severity score in relation to morbidity; mortality and hospital stay of patients following road traffic accidents. Study Design: Retrospective cohort study Place and Duration: Study was conducted at the department of General Surgery, Saidu Teaching hospital Swat, Jinnah Hospital Lahore and Bakhtawar Amin Memorial Trust Hospital Multan for duration six months from June 2020 to December 2020. Methods: Total eighty patients of both genders were presented in this study. Patients with ages 18-70 years had injury because of road traffic accidents were included. Informed written consent was taken from all the patients for detailed demographics included age, sex, body mass index and type of injury. Patients were admitted in emergency ward for initial treatment. Outcomes were calculated in terms of predictive value of injury severity score in relation to morbidity, mortality and hospital stay of patients. Abbreviated injury scale (AIS) score was used to analyze severity score. SPSS 20.0 version was used to analyze complete data. Results: Majority of the patients 55 (68.8%) were males and 25 (31.2%) were females. Mean age of the patients was 30.17±3.55 years with mean BMI 24.13±6.71 kg/m2. 45 (56.3%) patients were literate and 60 (75%) cases were from urban areas. Motorcycle was the most common cause of trauma found in 48 (60%) patients followed by car accidents in 18 (22.5%) and 14 (17.5%) trauma were because of cycle or other traffic. Legs and arms fractures were the most common injuries found in 32 (40%) and 25 (31.3%) followed by head fractures in 23 (28.8%) cases. Mean injury severity score was 54.07±3.64. Mean hospital stay was 3.12±4.37 days. Rate of mortality was high found in 19 (23.8%) cases. Conclusion: We concluded in this study that the injury severity score among traumatic patients were significantly high with rate of mortality and limb fractures were the most common injury found. Injury severity score is becoming more widely accepted as a predictor of mortality. Keywords: Road Traffic Accident, Injury Severity Score, Mortality, Limb Fracture