bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Nozaki—Hiyama Propargylation of Aldehydes: Enhancement of Enantioselectivity by Cobalt Co‐Catalysts.
Authors: Usanov Dmitry L. , Yamamoto Hisashi
Published: January 2011

A highly enantioselective catalytic system is developed for the asymmetric addition of propargyl bromide towards aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: 4‐Halogeno‐1,1,1‐trifluorobut‐3‐yn‐2‐one [4 + 2] Cycloadducts and Their Cross‐Coupling with Organozinc Compounds.
Authors: Koldobskii A. B. , Tsvetkov N. P. , Shilova O. S. , Solodova E. V. , Kalinin V. N.
Published: January 2011

Halogenated trifluoroacetylacetylenes (I) are found to be reactive dienophiles in Diels—Alder reactions under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 6‐ and 7‐Membered Cyclic Enaminones: Scope and Mechanism.
Authors: Niphakis Micah J. , Turunen Brandon J. , Georg Gunda I.
Published: January 2011

5‐Membered cyclic enaminones are not available.
ChemInform Abstract: Cascade Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct Intramolecular Arylation/Alkene Isomerization Sequences: Synthesis of Indoles and Benzofurans.
Authors: Yagoubi Myriam , Cruz Ana C. F. , Nichols Paula L. , Elliott Richard L. , Willis Michael C.
Published: January 2011

A series of indole and benzofuran derivatives is synthesized by a new palladium‐catalyzed intramolecular direct arylation—isomerization sequence.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(II) Tetrafluoroborate Promoted Meinwald Rearrangement Reactions of Epoxides.
Authors: Robinson Mathew W. C. , Pillinger Kathryn S. , Mabbett Ian , Timms David A. , Graham Andrew E.
Published: January 2011

It is demonstrated that the copper agent functions as efficient catalyst to produce carbonyl compounds in a regioselective manner.
ChemInform Abstract: Isomerization of Electron‐Poor Alkynes to the Corresponding (E,E)‐1,3‐Dienes Using a Bifunctional Polymeric Catalyst Bearing Triphenylphosphine and Phenol Groups.
Authors: Kwong Cathy Kar‐Wing , Fu Michael Yunyi , Law Henry Chun‐Hin , Toy Patrick H.
Published: January 2011

A non cross‐linked polystyrene bearing both phosphine and phenol groups is used as heterogenous catalyst for the stereoselective preparation of different (E,E)‐dienes and (E,E,E)‐trienes in excellent yields by isomerization of the corresponding alkynes.
ChemInform Abstract: Hofmann Rearrangement of Carboxamides Mediated by Hypervalent Iodine Species Generated in situ from Iodobenzene and Oxone: Reaction Scope and Limitations.
Authors: Zagulyaeva Aleksandra A. , Banek Christopher T. , Yusubov Mekhman S. , Zhdankin Viktor V.
Published: January 2011

Carboxamides (I) react with in situ generated iodine(III) species and methanol to give carbamates (III) via Hofmann rearrangement.
ChemInform Abstract: 2,3‐Dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐1,4‐benzoquinone‐Catalyzed Reactions Employing MnO2 as a Stoichiometric Oxidant.
Authors: Liu Lei , Floreancig Paul E.
Published: January 2011

Oxidative cyclization, dehydrogenation, ether cleavage, and cross‐dehydrogenative coupling can be carried out.
ChemInform Abstract: Arylsilanes: Application to Gold‐Catalyzed Oxyarylation of Alkenes.
Authors: Ball Liam T. , Green Michael , Lloyd‐Jones Guy C. , Russell Christopher A.
Published: January 2011

The dual role of Selectfluor both as an oxidant and a source of fluoride to activate the arylsilanes avoids the need of an additional activator.
ChemInform Abstract: Iridium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Olefins Using TIQ Phosphine—Oxazoline Ligands.
Authors: Chakka Sai Kumar , Peters Byron K. , Andersson Pher G. , Maguire Glenn E. M. , Kruger Hendrik G. , Govender Thavendran
Published: January 2011

The title reaction affords high enantiomeric excesses but also a high substrate dependence is observed.
ChemInform Abstract: Fluorination of Bi‐ and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons with N‐Fluorobis(phenylsulfonyl)amine in the Absence of Solvent.
Authors: Borodkin G. I. , Elanov I. R. , Shubin V. G.
Published: January 2011

The fluorination of a variety of arenes with N‐fluorobenzenesulfonimide under solvent‐free conditions is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Aminobromination/Elimination Process: An Efficient Access to α,β‐Unsaturated Vicinal Haloamino Ketones and Esters.
Authors: Sun Hao , Zhang Guangqian , Zhi Sanjun , Han Jianlin , Li Guigen , Pan Yi
Published: January 2011

The first practical halo and sulfonylamino functionalization of α,β‐unsaturated systems is easy and convenient to carry out.
ChemInform Abstract: Effective Construction of Quaternary Stereocenters by Highly Enantioselective α‐Amination of Branched Aldehydes.
Authors: Fu Ji‐Ya , Xu Xiao‐Ying , Li Yan‐Chun , Huang Qing‐Chun , Wang Li‐Xin
Published: January 2011

Chiral proline amide—thiourea bifunctional catalysts are successfully applied to the highly enantioselective amination of branched aldehydes with azadicarboxylates.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Amination of Unprotected Halo‐7‐azaindoles.
Authors: Henderson Jaclyn L. , McDermott Sarah M. , Buchwald Stephen L.
Published: January 2011

Operationally simple and efficient methods are developed for the cross‐coupling of halo‐7‐azaindoles with secondary [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient and General Synthesis of Primary Amines by Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Amination of Secondary Alcohols with Ammonia.
Authors: Imm Sebastian , Baehn Sebastian , Neubert Lorenz , Neumann Helfried , Beller Matthias
Published: January 2011

The homogeneously catalyzed amination of secondary and benzylic alcohols proceeds under ammonia atmosphere and Ru3(CO)12—CataCXium PCy catalysis without the need for an additional hydrogen source.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Platinum(II) Catalyzed Hydroformylation Reaction in Water: Unusual Product Distribution in Micellar Media.
Authors: Gottardo Marina , Scarso Alessandro , Paganelli Stefano , Strukul Giorgio
Published: January 2011

The hydroformylation of terminal or internal alkenes is performed by use of a surfactant that ensures dissolution of the catalyst and the substrate in water with the catalyst being positioned on the anionic surface of the micelles.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Carbonylative C—H Activation of Heteroarenes.
Authors: Wu Xiao‐Feng , Anbarasan Pazhamalai , Neumann Helfried , Beller Matthias
Published: January 2011

Heteroaryl aryl ketones and di(heteroaryl) ketones are obtained from aryl iodides and various heteroarenes under optimized conditions concerning the ratios of partners and reagents, the CO pressure and the ligand.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactivity of Alkynylzirconates Towards Allyl Bromides: Selective Formation of β‐Allyl‐zirconacyclopentadienes.
Authors: Yan Xiaoyu , Zhou Yiqing , Xi Chanjuan
Published: January 2011

Reaction of alkynylzirconates with allyl bromides gives selectively β‐allylzirconacyclopentadienes [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of Cyclic, Quaternary Oxonitriles.
Authors: Guenes Yakup , Polat M. Fatih , Sahin Ertan , Fleming Fraser F. , Altundas Ramazan
Published: January 2011

Treatment of the cyclic nitrile (I) with allylic alcohols and subsequent thermolysis allows new access to cyclic quaternary oxonitriles.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Synthesis of 1,4‐Dialkylbenzenes from Terephthalic Acid.
Authors: Bramborg Andrea , Linker Torsten
Published: January 2011

Terephthalic acid reacts with alkyl halides under Birch conditions to substituted 1,4‐cyclohexadienes.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple Method for the Preparation of Propargylamines Using Molecular Sieve Modified with Copper(II).
Authors: Fodor Anna , Kiss Arpad , Debreczeni Nora , Hell Zoltan , Gresits Ivan
Published: January 2011

A new, heterogeneous, 4 Å molecular sieve‐supported copper(II) catalyst is developed and is used successfully in the A3coupling of aliphatic aldehydes, alkynes and secondary amines.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Regioselective Amination of Secondary Allylic Trichloroacetimidates with Unactivated Aromatic Amines.
Authors: Arnold Jeffrey S. , Stone Robert F. , Nguyen Hien M.
Published: January 2011

The conditions allow the preparation of the structurally important motifs (45 examples) with high or (in most cases) exclusive regioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Phosphoric Acid Catalyzed Enantioselective Transfer Hydrogenation of ortho‐Hydroxyaryl Alkyl N—H Ketimines.
Authors: Nguyen Thanh Binh , Bousserouel Hadjira , Wang Qian , Gueritte Francoise
Published: January 2011

Unprotected substrates are converted in a highly efficient manner concerning yields and enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Cooperative Catalytic Reactions Using Organocatalysts and Transition‐Metal Catalysts: Enantioselective Propargylic Alkylation of Propargylic Alcohols with Aldehydes.
Authors: Ikeda Masahiro , Miyake Yoshihiro , Nishibayashi Yoshiaki
Published: January 2011

A thiolate‐bridged diruthenium complex and a prolinol‐derived secondary amine are used as catalysts.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones Catalyzed by Rhodium Complexes Containing Amino Acid Triazole Ligands.
Authors: Tinnis Fredrik , Adolfsson Hans
Published: January 2011

Novel L‐amino acid thioamide ligands functionalized with 1,2,3‐triazoles are prepared and used as active and selective catalysts for asymmetric reduction of ketones.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of Optically Active Allyl Esters via Lipase—Vanadium Combo Catalysis.
Authors: Akai Shuji , Hanada Ryosuke , Fujiwara Noboru , Kita Yasuyuki , Egi Masahiro
Published: January 2011

Vanadium catalysts catalyze 1,3‐transposition of the hydroxyl group and the continuous racemization of the optically active allyl alcohols, while lipase effects the enantio‐, chemo‐, and diastereoselective esterification to achieve the dynamic kinetic resolution.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Diastereoselective Synthesis of α‐Difluoromethyl Amines from N‐tert‐Butylsulfinyl Ketimines and Difluoromethyl Phenyl Sulfone.
Authors: Liu Jun , Hu Jinbo
Published: January 2011

The first efficient synthesis of α‐difluoromethyl tertiary carbinamines, α‐difluoromethyl allylic amines, and α‐difluoromethyl propargylamines through diastereoselective nucleophilic difluoromethylation with in situ generated PhSO2CF2‐ anion and an appropriate base is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of α‐(Fluoro/chloro/methoxy)disulfonylmethane Derivatives as Tunable Substituted Methyl Synthons via a New C—S Bond Forming Strategy.
Authors: Prakash G. K. Surya , Wang Fang , Ni Chuanfa , Thomas Tito Joe , Olah George A.
Published: January 2011

A practical and cost‐efficient C—S bond forming strategy for the synthesis of α‐substituted disulfonylmethane derivatives (III) is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Room‐Temperature Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Aryltrimethylammonium Triflates with Aryl Grignard Reagents.
Authors: Reeves Jonathan T. , Fandrick Daniel R. , Tan Zhulin , Song Jinhua J. , Lee Heewon , Yee Nathan K. , Senanayake Chris H.
Published: January 2011

Compared to the most common cross‐coupling electrophiles, triflate as counterion has the highest reactivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Phosphaalkene—Oxazoline Ligands for the Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation.
Authors: Dugal‐Tessier Julien , Dake Gregory R. , Gates Derek P.
Published: January 2011

Adducts (III) and (V) are obtained with good to excellent enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Method for Synthesis of Polysubstituted Naphthalene Derivatives Through Pyrrolidine Catalyzed Domino Reaction.
Authors: Li Shi‐Guang , Hu Xiu‐Qin , Jia Zhen‐Xin , Xu Peng‐Fei
Published: January 2011

No reaction is observed in the presence of an aliphatic nitroalkene.
ChemInform Abstract: Sequential Sonogashira/Carbopalladative Cyclization/Suzuki Reactions Catalyzed by a Single Palladium Source by Using Protected Homopropargyl Alcohol.
Authors: Wang Xin , Liu Lingyan , Chang Weixing , Li Jing
Published: January 2011

Protected homopropargyl alcohol (I) is converted into indene derivatives by a new cascade sequence including Sonogashira coupling with aryl iodides (II) or aryl bromides (V), carbopalladative cyclization and Suzuki coupling with aryl boronic acids (III).
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Tandem Catalysis: A Concise Route to Fused Bicyclic Scaffolds from Acyclic β‐Ketoesters and Alkynyl Aldehydes.
Authors: Liu Lu , Wei Lai , Lu Yong , Zhang Junliang
Published: January 2011

A rapid and highly efficient route to fused polycyclic scaffolds from simple, readily available β‐ketoesters and alkynyl aldehydes is developed as a one‐pot reaction by combining three reactions, that is, the Knoevenagel condensation, Nazarov cyclization, and Conia‐ene reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Decarboxylative Coupling of 2‐Phenylbenzoic Acids with Alkynes via C—H and C—C Bond Activation.
Authors: Wang Congyang , Rakshit Souvik , Glorius Frank
Published: January 2011

The annulation of 2‐phenylbenzoic acids with aromatic alkynes can also be applied to the synthesis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for material science.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Method for Synthesizing Spiro[4.5]cyclohexadienones Through a Pd‐Catalyzed Intramolecular ipso‐Friedel—Crafts Allylic Alkylation of Phenols.
Authors: Nemoto Tetsuhiro , Ishige Yuta , Yoshida Mariko , Ohno Yuta , Kanematsu Mutsumi , Hamada Yasumasa
Published: January 2011

The reaction is mostly successfull using PPh3 as a co‐catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Trimethylsilyldiazomethane as a Versatile Stitching Agent for the Introduction of Aziridines into Functionalized Organic Molecules.
Authors: Ren Hong , Wulff William D.
Published: January 2011

Acylation of trimethylsilyldiazomethane with aliphatic acid chlorides is coupled with the catalytic asymmetric aziridination of aldimines with a chiral polyborate Broensted acid catalyst, derived from the biaryl ligands VAPOL and VANOL.
ChemInform Abstract: Vinylogous Mukaiyama—Michael Reactions Between 2‐Silyloxyfurans and Cyclic Enones or Unsaturated Oxo Esters.
Authors: Chabaud Laurent , Jousseaume Thierry , Retailleau Pascal , Guillou Catherine
Published: January 2011

In the presence of SnCl4, cyclic enones and silyloxyfurans (II) undergo vinylogous Mukaiyama—Michael reactions to afford γ‐butenolides preferentially with anti stereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Tandem Ring‐Opening/Ring‐Closing/Cross‐Metathesis of 1,6‐Cyclopropene‐ynes and Olefins for the Construction of the 3‐Pyrroline Skeleton.
Authors: Zhu Zhi‐Bin , Shi Min
Published: January 2011

In the presence of first generation Grubbs′ catalyst, highly functionalized 3‐pyrroline derivatives and furan analogues (IX)/(X) are available.
ChemInform Abstract: Hg(OTf)2—BINAPHANE‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Anilino Sulfonamide Allyl Alcohol Cyclization.
Authors: Yamamoto Hirofumi , Ho Elisabeth , Namba Kosuke , Imagawa Hiroshi , Nishizawa Mugio
Published: January 2011

The present method is useful for syntheses of various indoline derivatives, which are important structural units for drug development.
ChemInform Abstract: “On‐Water”, Microwave‐Assisted, Pd‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Indoles from Imines and o‐Difunctionalized Arenes.
Authors: Barluenga Jose , Jimenez‐Aquino Agustin , Aznar Fernando , Valdes Carlos
Published: January 2011

The results show that reactions in water under microwave irradiation provide comparable results, in terms of generality and yield, to the thermal process in an organic solvent as previously described.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Annulations of 1‐(2,3‐Butadienyl)‐1H‐indole Derivatives.
Authors: Barluenga Jose , Piedrafita Maria , Ballesteros Alfredo , Suarez‐Sobrino Angel L. , Gonzalez Jose M.
Published: January 2011

The gold‐catalyzed cycloisomerization of N‐tethered allenylindoles which tolerates additional functional groups is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Zn/C‐Catalyzed Cycloaddition of Azides and Aryl Alkynes.
Authors: Meng Xu , Xu Xiaoqun , Gao Tingting , Chen Baohua
Published: January 2011

Charcoal impregnated with zinc is used as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the cycloaddition of organic azides with aromatic alkynes providing 1,2,3‐triazoles.
ChemInform Abstract: General Solution to the Synthesis of N‐2‐Substituted 1,2,3‐Triazoles.
Authors: Wang Xiao‐jun , Zhang Li , Krishnamurthy Dhileepkumar , Senanayake Chris H. , Wipf Peter
Published: January 2011

The regioselectivity in the N‐alkylation of 4,5‐disubstituted substrates is investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: The Organocatalytic Two‐Step Synthesis of Diversely Functionalized Tricyclic Tetrazoles.
Authors: Huang Xiong , Li Ping , Li Xin‐Sheng , Xu Dong‐Cheng , Xie Jian‐Wu
Published: January 2011

A simple method for the synthesis of diversely functionalized tricyclic tetrazoles from functionalized α,β‐unsaturated ketones and malononitrile is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Fluoro‐Substituted Benzo‐ and Benzothieno Fused Pyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazol‐4(1H)‐ones.
Authors: Holzer Wolfgang , Ebner Angelika , Schalle Karin , Batezila Gyselle , Eller Gernot A.
Published: January 2011

A straightforward two‐step synthesis of title compounds (IV) and (IX) and their NMR data are given.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Cascade Annulations of 2‐(Ynol)aryl Aldehydes: Facile Synthesis of Benzochromans and Benzobicyclo[n.3.1]acetals.
Authors: Liu Le‐Ping , Hammond Gerald B.
Published: January 2011

The formation of either skeleton depends on the Au catalyst used.
ChemInform Abstract: Piperidine‐Based Renin Inhibitors: Upper Chain Optimization.
Authors: Benzencon Olivier , et al. et al.
Published: January 2011

The optimization of the C‐4 position of 3,4‐disubstituted piperidine‐based renin inhibitors leads to the discovery of compound (I) (ACT‐178882, MK‐1597), a renin inhibitor with a suitable profile for development.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of 2,4‐Diamino‐6‐alkyl‐ or 6‐Aryl‐pyrimidine Derivatives.
Authors: Wang Xihong , Sathunuru Ramadas , Melendez Victor , Kozar Michael P. , Lin Ai J.
Published: January 2011

Two different approaches to 6‐substituted 2,4‐diaminopyrimidines are compared.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereodivergent Synthesis of 1,3‐syn‐ and anti‐Tetrahydropyrimidinones.
Authors: Morgen Michael , Bretzke Sebastian , Li Pengfei , Menche Dirk
Published: January 2011

Depending on the choice of solvent either syn‐ or anti‐diastereomers can be obtained as protected 1,3‐diamine structures.
ChemInform Abstract: Optimization of 2‐Cyano‐pyrimidine Inhibitors of Cathepsin K: Improving Selectivity over hERG.
Authors: Rankovic Zoran , et al. et al.
Published: January 2011

Several crystal structure‐guided optimization strategies result in the discovery of the potent cathepsin K inhibitor (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of New Sulfur‐Linked 1,2,4‐Triazolothienopyrimidine and 1,2,4‐Triazolopyrazolopyrimidine Derivatives Containing Fused Heterocyclic Pyrimidines.
Authors: Song Yang‐Heon , Son Hoon Young
Published: January 2011

Similar reactions are carried out starting from the corresponding hydrazines linked to thieno[2,3‐e]pyrimidine and pyrazolo[4,3‐e]pyrimidine analogues.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2,3‐Dihydroquinazolin‐4(1H)‐ones by Three‐Component Coupling of Isatoic Anyhdride, Amines, and Aldehydes Catalyzed by Magnetic Fe3O4 Nanoparticles in Water.
Authors: Zhang Zhan‐Hui , Lue Hong‐Yan , Yang Shu‐Hong , Gao Jian‐Wu
Published: January 2011

An efficient one‐pot procedure is developed for the synthesis of the title compounds (IV), (VI), and (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Antimicrobial, and Mosquito Larvicidal Activity of 1‐Aryl‐4‐methyl‐3,6‐bis‐ (5‐methylisoxazol‐3‐yl)‐2‐thioxo‐2,3,6,10b‐tetrahydro‐1H‐pyrimido [5,4‐c]quinolin‐5‐ones.
Authors: Rajanarendar E. , Reddy M. Nagi , Murthy K. Rama , Reddy K. Govardhan , Raju S. , Srinivas M. , Praveen B. , Rao M. Srinivasa
Published: January 2011

8 Title compounds of type (VI) are prepared and evaluated for their antimicrobial and mosquito larvicidal activities.
ChemInform Abstract: A Practical and Stereoselective Synthesis of (+/‐)‐trans‐4‐Benzyloctahydropyrrolo[3,4‐b][1,4]oxazine.
Authors: Walker Daniel P. , Strohbach Joseph W. , McGlynn Molly A. , Lu Hwang‐Fun
Published: January 2011

Starting from commercially available cis‐epoxysuccinic acid (I) a facile stereoselective synthesis of title compound (V) is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation in Combination with Ring‐Closing Metathesis for the Preparation of Chiral N‐Heterocycles.
Authors: Teichert Johannes F. , Zhang Suyan , van Zijl Anthoni W. , Slaa Jan Willem , Minnaard Adriaan J. , Feringa Ben L.
Published: January 2011

Chiral six‐ to eight membered N‐heterocycles are synthesized via the two‐step sequence.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of 4,6,8‐Trinitro‐4,5,7,8‐tetrahydro‐6H‐furazano[3,4‐f]‐1,3,5‐triazine in Ionic Liquids.
Authors: Sheremetev Aleksei B. , Aleksandrova Natal'ya S. , Suponitsky Kyrill Yu. , Antipin Mikhail Yu. , Tartakovsky Vladimir A.
Published: January 2011

Optimum reaction conditions are examined for the formation of the trinitro triazepine derivative (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Alkynylation of Thiophenes: Cooperative Activation of TIPS—EBX with Gold and Broensted Acids.
Authors: Brand Jonathan P. , Waser Jerome
Published: January 2011

The scope of the reaction involves deactivated conjugated systems, such as aryl thiophenes, bithiophenes, and benzothiophenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Cyanosilylation of Ketones Catalyzed by Recyclable Polymer‐Supported Copper(II) Salen Complexes.
Authors: Rajagopal Gurusamy , Selvaraj Shanmugam , Dhahagani Karuthamohamed
Published: January 2011

The application of soluble and insoluble polymer‐supported Cu(salen) complexes as catalysts in asymmetric cyanosilylation reactions is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Arenediazonium Tetrafluoroborates in Palladium‐Catalyzed C—P Bond‐Forming Reactions. Synthesis of Arylphosphonates, ‐phosphine Oxides, and ‐phosphines.
Authors: Berrino Roberta , Cacchi Sandro , Fabrizi Giancarlo , Goggiamani Antonella , Stabile Paolo
Published: January 2011

A palladium‐catalyzed synthesis of aryl—P derivatives from arenediazonium tetrafluoroborates is developed that can be performed as a one‐pot process from anilines.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Propargylic Substitution with Phosphorus Nucleophiles: Efficient, Stereoselective Synthesis of Allenylphosphonates and Related Compounds.
Authors: Kalek Marcin , Johansson Tommy , Jezowska Martina , Stawinski Jacek
Published: January 2011

With exception of substrate (X), the process affords the desired products.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective C‐Glycosidations with Achiral and Enantioenriched Allenylsilanes.
Authors: Brawn Ryan A. , Panek James S.
Published: January 2011

The nucleophile adds exclusively to the α‐face of the oxonium ion intermediate and high diastereoselectivity is observed for all products.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Arylethynyltriazole Acyclonucleoside Inhibits Proliferation of Drug‐Resistant Pancreatic Cancer Cells.
Authors: Wang Menghua , Xia Yi , Fan Yuting , Rocci Palma , Qu Fangi , Iovanna Juan L. , Peng Ling
Published: January 2011

10 Novel ethynyltriazole acyclonucleosides of type (III) are prepared and evaluated for their anticancer activities on drug‐resistant pancreatic cancer MiaPaCa‐2 cells.
ChemInform Abstract: Substituted 4‐Amino‐1H‐pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidines as Multi‐targeted Inhibitors of Insulin‐Like Growth Factor‐1 Receptor (IGF1R) and Members of ErbB‐Family Receptor Kinases.
Authors: Wang Gary T. , et al. et al.
Published: January 2011

A series of title compounds is shown to be potent inhibitors of IGF1R, EGFR, and ErbB2 receptor kinases with compound (I) giving the best results.
ChemInform Abstract: Broad Band Electromagnetic Wave Absorbers Designed with Nano‐Metal Films
Authors: Nimtz Guenter , Panten Uwe
Published: January 2011

Review: 15 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemical Charge Transfer to Diamond and Other Materials
Authors: Chakrapani Vidhya , Angus John C. , Kash Kathleen , Anderson Alfred B. , Desai Sharvil , Sumanasekera Gamini U.
Published: January 2011

Review: 25 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Bimetallic Cobalt Based Catalysts
Authors: Guczi Laszlo , Boskovic Goran , Kiss Erno
Published: January 2011

Review: 222 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: In‐situ Scanning Transmission X‐Ray Microscopy of Catalytic Solids and Related Nanomaterials
Authors: de Groot Frank M. F. , de Smit Emiel , van Schooneveld Matti M. , Aramburo Luis R. , Weckhuysen Bert M.
Published: January 2011

Review: 74 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Fluorinated Dienes in Transition—Metal Chemistry: The Rich Chemistry of Electron‐Poor Ligands
Authors: Kuehnel Moritz F. , Lentz Dieter
Published: January 2011

Review: 136 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Silyl and Stannyl Derivatives of Organocopper Compounds
Authors: Pulido Francisco J. , Barbero Asuncion
Published: January 2011

Review: 258 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbocupration of Alkynes
Authors: Chemla Fabrice , Ferreira Franck
Published: January 2011

Review: 144 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Trichlorosilane‐Mediated Stereoselective Reduction of C=N Bonds
Authors: Guizzetti Stefania , Benaglia Maurizio
Published: January 2011

Review: 52 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Multicomponent Reactions for the Synthesis of Heterocycles.
Authors: Jiang Bo , Rajale Trideep , Wever Walter , Tu Shu‐Jiang , Li Guigen
Published: January 2011

Review: 99 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Strategies for the Synthesis of Pyridine Derivatives
Authors: Hill Matthew D.
Published: January 2011

Review: 53 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Applications of Ionic Liquids Derived from Natural Sugars
Authors: Chiappe Cinzia , Marra Alberto , Mele Andrea
Published: January 2011

Review: 82 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Approaches Toward Solid‐Phase Synthesis of β‐Lactams
Authors: Mandal Bablee , Ghosh Pranab , Basu Basudeb
Published: January 2011

Review: 219 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: β‐Lactam Ring Opening: A Useful Entry to Amino Acids and Relevant Nitrogen‐Containing Compounds
Authors: Palomo C. , Oiarbide M.
Published: January 2011

Review: 173 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel and Recent Synthesis and Applications of β‐Lactams
Authors: Troisi Luigino , Granito Catia , Pindinelli Emanuela
Published: January 2011

Review: 419 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Heterophenes Carrying Phosphorus Functional Groups as Key Structures
Authors: Sasaki Shigeru
Published: January 2011

Review: 58 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Applications of Tricoordinated Phosphorus Compounds in Organocatalysis
Authors: Methot J. L. , Roush W. R.
Published: January 2011

Review: 142 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Reactions of Bromine Trifluoride in Organic Chemistry.
Authors: Rozen Shlomo
Published: January 2011

Review: ca. 110 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of α‐Fluorinated Amino Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Tarui Atsushi , Sato Kazuyuki , Omote Masaaki , Kumadaki Itsumaro , Ando Akira
Published: January 2011

Review: ca. 30 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Combination Catalysis in Enantioselective Trifluoromethylation.
Authors: Zheng Yan , Ma Jun‐An
Published: January 2011

Review: ca. 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Applications of Tricoordinated Phosphorus Compounds in Homogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Toffano M.
Published: January 2011

Review: 320 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Photochemistry of Flavonoids
Authors: Sisa Miroslav , Bonnet Susan L. , Ferreira Daneel , Van der Van der
Published: January 2011

Review: 102 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetically‐Responsive Self Assembled Composites
Authors: Dai Qiu , Nelson Alshakim
Published: January 2011

Review: 53 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Conjugate Addition Reactions of Carbon Nucleophiles to Electron‐Deficient Dienes.
Authors: Csaky Aurelio G. , de la Herran Gabriela , Murcia M. Carmen
Published: January 2011

Review: 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereospecific and Highly Stereoselective Cyclopropanation Reactions Promoted by Samarium
Authors: Concellon Jose M. , Rodriguez‐Solla Humberto , Concellon Carmen , del Amo Vicente
Published: January 2011

Review: about 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Carpe Diubiquitin
Authors: Martin Langdon J. , Raines Ronald T.
Published: January 2011

Review: 15 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organotin Effects on Membrane‐Bound ATPase Activities
Authors: Pagliarani Alessandra , Nesci Salvatore , Trombetti Fabiana , Ventrella Vittoria
Published: January 2011

Review: 133 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Theoretical Aspects of Spin—Spin Couplings
Authors: Fukui Hiroyuki
Published: January 2011

Review: 243 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Theoretical and Physical Aspects of Nuclear Shielding
Authors: Jameson Cynthia J. , De Dios Angel C.
Published: January 2011

Review: 192 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Wide Mechanistic Spectrum Observed in Three Different Reactions with Organometallic Reagents
Authors: Rodriguez Cristian , Vazquez Alvaro Joaquin , Nudelman Norma Sbarbati
Published: January 2011

Review: 56 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Applications of Nuclear Shielding
Authors: Kuroki Shigeki , Matsukawa Shingo , Yasunaga Hidekazu
Published: January 2011

Review: 522 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Case for the Use of Unrefined Natural Reagents in Analytical Chemistry: A Green Chemical Perspective
Authors: Grudpan Kate , Hartwell Supaporn Kradtap , Lapanantnoppakhun Somchai , McKelvie Ian
Published: January 2011

Review: 86 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Homonuclear Dipolar Decoupling in Solid‐State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance under the Regime of Moderate to High Magic‐Angle Spinning Frequencies: A Status Report
Authors: Paul Subhradip , Madhu P. K.
Published: January 2011

Review: 50 refs.
Head‐to‐Tail Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding of OH and NH Groups with Fluoride
Authors: Ashokkumar Pichandi , Ramakrishnan Vayalakkavoor T. , Ramamurthy Perumal
Published: January 2011

To explore the anion‐recognition ability of the phenolic hydroxyl group and the amino hydrogen, we synthesized three different acridinedione (ADD) based anion receptors, 1, 2 and 3, having OH, NH, and combination of OH and NH groups, respectively. Absorption, emission and 1H NMR spectral studies revealed that receptor 1, having only a phenolic OH group, shows selective deprotonation of the hydroxyl proton towards F−, which results in an “ON–OFF”‐type signal in the fluorescence spectral studies. Receptor 2, which only has an amino hydrogen, also shows deprotonation of the amino hydrogen with F−, whereas receptor 3 (having both OH and NH groups) shows head‐to‐tail intermolecular hydrogen bonding of OH and NH groups with F− prior to deprotonation. The observation of hydrogen bonding of the OH and NH groups in a combined solution of 1 and 2 with F− in a head‐to‐tail hetero‐intermolecular fashion, and the absence of head‐to‐head and tail‐to‐tail intermolecular hydrogen bonding in 1 and 2 with F−, prove that the difference in the acidity of the OH and NH protons leads to the formation of an intermolecular hydrogen‐bonding complex with F− prior to deprotonation. The presence of this hydrogen‐bonding complex was confirmed by absorption spectroscopy, 3D emission contour studies, and 1H NMR titration.
Real‐time flow cytometry for the kinetic analysis of oncosis
Authors: Warnes G. , Martins S.
Published: January 2011

The standard method of distinguishing apoptotic and oncotic cells has been by microscopic analysis of nuclei and cell membrane morphology. Thus a rapid test for analyzing large numbers of cells in the study of cell necrobiology has not been possible until the recent advent of the Amnis Image‐stream and real‐time Lab‐on‐a‐Chip technologies. An interesting difference between apoptosis and oncosis is that they are ATP dependent and independent processes, respectively. Here we describe an assay measuring real‐time kinetic changes in the potential differences of the inner mitochondrial membrane (mmp) and the plasma membrane (pmp) in cells immediately before and after the addition of the inducing agent. Live cells were loaded with carbocyanine dye DiIC1(5) and bis‐oxonol (DiBAC4(5)) to measure mmp and pmp in conjunction with annexin V‐FITC and DAPI labeling for gating out annexin V binding cells and dead cells respectively. Live cells gave specific membrane signatures in response to apoptotic or oncotic reagents in real‐time. Apoptosis showed little change in mmp and pmp signals over the course of 25 min, the mitochondria only showed a slight hyperpolarization. In contrast chemical treatment with oxidative phosphorylation blocker, sodium azide (SA) caused an immediate hyperpolarization spike followed by a complete abrogation of mmp over a 25 min time course. Treatment with SA (1%) also caused plasma membrane depolarization. Likewise detergent (0.01% Triton X‐100) treatments also caused abrogation of mmp and depolarization of pmp. Whereas heat shock (42°C) treatment showed only a slight mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization. These flow cytometric observations were confirmed by confocal microscopy. This novel real‐time kinetic assay measuring mitochondrial and plasma membrane potential changes has important implications in the field of cell necrobiology in that it allows the researcher to differentiate apoptotic and oncotic processes in an immediate manner for the first time. © 2011 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Generation and characterization of iUBC‐KikGR photoconvertible transgenic mice for live time‐lapse imaging during development
Authors: Griswold Shannon L. , Sajja Krishna C. , Jang Chuan‐Wei , Behringer Richard R.
Published: January 2011

A transgenic mouse line named iUBC‐KikGR was generated, which expresses the photoconvertible fluorescent protein Kikume Green‐Red (KikGR) under the control of the human Ubiquitin C promoter. KikGR is natively a green fluorophore, which can be converted into a red fluorophore upon exposure to UV light. KikGR is expressed broadly throughout transgenic embryos from the two‐cell stage onward and in the adult. Specificity of photoconversion can range from the entire embryo to a region of an organ, to a few individual cells, depending on the needs of the experimenter. Cell movements, tissue reorganization, and migration can then be observed in real time by culturing the tissue of interest as an explant on the microscope stage. The iUBC‐KikGR transgenic line represents a singular genetic reagent, which can be used for fate mapping, lineage tracing, and live visualization of cell behaviors and tissue movements in multiple organs at multiple time points. genesis 49:591–598, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Magnetic Properties of [FeFe]‐Hydrogenases: A Theoretical Investigation Based on Extended QM and QM/MM Models of the H‐Cluster and Its Surroundings
Authors: Greco Claudio , Silakov Alexey , Bruschi Maurizio , Ryde Ulf , De Gioia Luca , Lubitz Wolfgang
Published: January 2011

In the present contribution, we report a theoretical investigation of the magnetic properties of the dihydrogen‐evolving enzyme [FeFe]‐hydrogenase, based on both DFT models of the active site (the H‐cluster, a Fe6S6 assembly including a binuclear portion directly involved in substrates binding), and QM/MM models of the whole enzyme. Antiferromagnetic coupling within the H‐cluster has been treated using the broken‐symmetry approach, along with the use of different density functionals. Results of g value calculations turned out to vary as a function of the level of theory and of the extension of the model. The choice of the broken‐symmetry coupling scheme also had a significant influence on the calculated g values, for both the active‐ready (Hox) and the CO‐inhibited (Hox‐CO) enzyme forms. However, hyperfine coupling‐constant calculations were found to provide more consistent results. This allowed us to show that the experimentally detected delocalization of an unpaired electron at the binuclear subcluster in Desulfovibrio desulfuricans Hox is compatible with a weak interaction between the catalytic centre and a low‐weight exogenous ligand like a water molecule.
Use of butterflies as nontarget insect test species and the acute toxicity and hazard of mosquito control insecticides
Authors: Hoang Tham C , Pryor Rachel L , Rand Gary M , Frakes Robert A
Published: January 2011

Honeybees are the standard insect test species used for toxicity testing of pesticides on nontarget insects for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) under the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). Butterflies are another important insect order and a valued ecological resource in pollination. The current study conducted acute toxicity tests with naled, permethrin, and dichlorvos on fifth larval instar (caterpillars) and adults of different native Florida, USA, butterfly species to determine median lethal doses (24-h LD50), because limited acute toxicity data are available with this major insect group. Thorax- and wing-only applications of each insecticide were conducted. Based on LD50s, thorax and wing application exposures were acutely toxic to both caterpillars and adults. Permethrin was the most acutely toxic insecticide after thorax exposure to fifth instars and adult butterflies. However, no generalization on acute toxicity (sensitivity) of the insecticides could be concluded based on exposures to fifth instars versus adult butterflies or on thorax versus wing exposures of adult butterflies. A comparison of LD50s of the butterflies from this study (caterpillars and adults) with honeybee LD50s for the adult mosquito insecticides on a µg/organism or µg/g basis indicates that several butterfly species are more sensitive to these insecticides than are honeybees. A comparison of species sensitivity distributions for all three insecticides shows that permethrin had the lowest 10th percentile. Using a hazard quotient approach indicates that both permethrin and naled applications in the field may present potential acute hazards to butterflies, whereas no acute hazard of dichlorvos is apparent in butterflies. Butterflies should be considered as potential test organisms when nontarget insect testing of pesticides is suggested under FIFRA. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:997–1005. © 2010 SETAC
Harmonic suppression in HVDC system using a modified control method for hybrid active DC filter
Authors: Hajibeigy Mahdi , Farsadi Murteza , Nazarpour Daryoosh , Golahmadi Hamid , Hajibeigy Meisam
Published: January 2011

A shunt hybrid active DC filter (HADF) is applied to eliminate DC transmission line current harmonics in HVDC transmission system. Since the harmonics increase transmission line losses and disturb control and monitoring equipments so HADF are used to suppress harmonics on DC transmission lines. In this paper a modified method is presented to control the shunt HADF which is not dependent on HVDC circuit parameters. HADF by injecting the compensating current to DC transmission line with the modified method suppresses the DC transmission line current harmonics significantly. Six major problems in design of modified control method have been discussed thoroughly. The principle of operation is described and the theoretical analyses are indicated to verify the control strategy. HVDC system is simulated by PSCAD/EMTDC software. Simulation results and comparisons prove and validate the accuracy of these claims. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A revision of the genus Fusifilum RAF. 1837 (hyacinthaceae of Southern Africa): 1. Ten new species in the genus fusifilum vel prodromus fusifili revisionis
Authors: Muller‐Doblies Ute , Tang J. , Müller‐Dobues D.
Published: January 2011

Among the seven species transferred by SPETA (1998: 69–70) to Fusifilum RAF. 1837 there were four true Fusifilum species, and Fusifilum emdeorum sp. nova1 was described by TANG & WEIGLIN (2001). In the present paper ten new species of Fusifilum from South Africa are proposed and, in addition, a fifth old species is transferred from Urginea to Fusifilum resulting in altogether 16 Fusifilum species.

The genus Fusifilum was subdivided into the following three sections, viz. F. sect. Archiphysodia, F. sect. Fusifilum, and F. sect. Stenophysodia using two variants of cluster analysis, then Principal Components Analysis, and two cladistic programs.

The distribution of all 16 Fusifilum species is given in Table 1: The genus Fusifilum. endemic to Southern Africa, occurs in all four countries of Southern Africa (S. A.) s. str. (Namibia, South Africa, Lesotho, and Swaziland) and, in the case of S. A., all nine new provinces. Fusifilum may possibly radiate into Botswana, Zimbabwe, and/or Mozambique.

In an extra column of the table a quantitative approach to the degree of endemism is given. Five species are considered as local endemics: three are only known from the type locality and two are confined to a single degree square (F. bruce‐bayeri with about 10 collections) or to an area of the same size (square of 16 quarter degree squares: F. giflyergeme). Five species can be called provincial endemics (used for spp. confined to a square of nine degree squares = nearly 100.000 sq.km). Another five species are regional endemics: three old species (F. pusillum. F. capitatum, and F. depressum, all of sect. Archiphysodia) and two new ones (F. glaucum and F. spirale, both of F. sect. Fusifilum). Finally, F. physodes of F. sect. Fusifilum is considered to be a supraregional endemic of Southern Africa.
Die Moosgesellschaften des Naturschutzgebietes Wartburg‐Hohe Sonne bei Eisenach (Deutschland): 86. Beitrag zur Moosvegetation Thüringens
Authors: Marstaller R.
Published: January 2011

In the nature reserve “Wartburg‐Hohe Sonne”, situated in the north‐western part of Thuringian forest the vegetation of bryophytes have been recorded. Characteristic are on rocks, acid mineraly soils, rotten wood and living bark associations of the acidophytic orders Polytrichetalia piliferi, Grimmietalia commutatae, Grimmietalia hartmanii, Diplophylletalia albicantis, Dicranetalia scoparii, Cladonio‐Lepidozietalia, Brachythecietalia rutabulo‐salebrosi and the basiphytic associations of the orders Neckeretalia complanatae and Leptodictyetalia riparii. It were found 48 bryophyte communities and 215 bryophyte species (55 hepatics, 160 mosses).
Oncology Outcomes ‐ Taking Control of Tomorrow
Authors: Pinn Stephen
Published: January 2011

Advances in lung cancer therapy continue to impress ‐ but can the NHS afford to keep pace with the service provision required to make optimal use of new targeted drugs?
New once‐weekly formulation of exenatide for type 2 diabetes
Authors: Seewoodhary Jason , Bain Stephen
Published: January 2011

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing in prevalence and a major threat to health. Unfortunately, 60% of patients do not achieve a target HbA1c of .7%. Reasons for this include compliance issues, sideeffects, weight gain and fear of hypoglycaemia. A new once‐weekly preparation of exenatide, a GLP‐1 mimetic, has shown promise in patient‐focussed perspectives such as quality of life, satisfaction and compliance. In this article the authors consider the clinical evidence to date relating to efficacy and adverse effects and the implications of these in the treatment of T2D.
Tin Wedding in Beijing
Authors: Streier Eva‐Maria
Published: January 2011

Ceremony and strategy workshop: How the DFG and its partner organisation NSFC celebrated the 10th anniversary of the Sino‐German Center for Research Promotion
The Trauma After Trauma
Authors: Huber‐Lang Markus , Gebhard Florian
Published: January 2011

High impact injuries not only result in broken bones — the risk from whole‐body inflammation and immune system failure is often even greater. Clinical researchers are seeking better methods of diagnosis and treatment
Disentangling WTP per QALY data: different analytical approaches, different answers
Authors: Gyrd‐Hansen Dorte , Kjær Trine
Published: January 2011

A large random sample of the Danish general population was asked to value health improvements by way of both the time trade‐off elicitation technique and willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) using contingent valuation methods. The data demonstrate a high degree of heterogeneity across respondents in their relative valuations on the two scales. This has implications for data analysis. We show that the estimates of WTP per QALY are highly sensitive to the analytical strategy. For both open‐ended and dichotomous choice data we demonstrate that choice of aggregated approach (ratios of means) or disaggregated approach (means of ratios) affects estimates markedly as does the interpretation of the constant term (which allows for disproportionality across the two scales) in the regression analyses. We propose that future research should focus on why some respondents are unwilling to trade on the time trade‐off scale, on how to interpret the constant value in the regression analyses, and on how best to capture the heterogeneity in preference structures when applying mixed multinomial logit. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cooperation between cholinergic and glutamatergic receptors are essential to induce BDNF‐dependent long‐lasting memory storage
Authors: Navakkode Sheeja , Korte Martin
Published: January 2011

The induction of long‐lasting memory storage depends on the behavioral state of humans and animals. This behavioral state is mediated by neuromodulatory systems, like the cholinergic–septum–hippocampal circuit. Cholinergic neurotransmission is known to affect short‐term activity‐dependent plasticity in various brain areas, including the hippocampus. We could show here that a chemical late‐long‐term potentiation (LTP) could be induced in the basal dendrites by the coapplication of the cholinergic receptor agonist, carbachol, and the phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4)‐inhibitor, rolipram at a concentration that by itself has no effect on basal synaptic transmission. This chemical late‐LTP was similar to electrical late‐LTP in that it is dependent on protein synthesis, cAMP, and NMDA‐receptor activation. Occlusion experiments demonstrated that saturation of three tetanus (TET) late‐LTP occluded carbachol–rolipram–LTP, indicating that they share similar properties. This cholinergic modulation of LTP in the basal dendrites was mediated by both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Carbachol also reinforced an early form of LTP into a long‐lasting LTP. Most interestingly, these two forms of LTP could participate in the functional plasticity processes like synaptic tagging and capture (STC). In addition, we studied whether a cooperation between cholinergic and glutamatergic receptors is essential to induce functional synaptic‐plasticity. Indeed, we could show that coactivation of acetylcholine/PDE4 inhibition must coincide with the release of glutamate to induce a long‐lasting plasticity, showing a functional convergence of the two neuromodulatory systems. Moreover, we could also show that both chemical late‐LTP and carbachol‐reinforced early‐LTP‐induced STC processes are mediated by the neurotrophin BDNF. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Place, space, and taste: Combining context and spatial information in a hippocampal navigation system
Authors: Clearwater Jonathon M. , Bilkey David K.
Published: January 2011

The hippocampus appears to play an important role in episodic‐like, or “what, where, when” memory that may be used for goal finding. We have previously presented a model of the hippocampus describing how navigation to a distal goal location could be achieved through gradient ascent processes based on place field density. Here we extend that model to show that information about both where a goal is, and the attributes of that goal, can be incorporated with relatively simple modifications. In this model both the spatial and attribute information would be available to the animal at any location within the environment although differential recall requires two different firing modes. “Where” information is available when cells in the model are firing in “place field” firing mode. The recall of “what” information requires, however, near simultaneous firing of a large number of place cells. We discuss how this “what” firing mode could potentially depend upon sharp‐wave ripple (SPW‐R) events. This conception has implications for how we interpret SPW‐R related firing. In particular, we suggest that the near simultaneous firing that occurs in large groups of cells during SPW‐Rs may be sufficient for “what” recall and that the forward and reverse “replay” of place cell sequences that are often observed during SPW‐Rs may be an epiphenomenon of this process. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.