bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preemption and the Problem of the Predatory Expert
Authors: Lackey Jennifer ,   University of Arkansas Press
Published: July 2022

What kind of reasons for belief are provided by the testimony of experts? In a world where we are often inundated with fake news, misinformation, and conspiracy theories, this question is more pressing than ever. A prominent view in the philosophical literature maintains that the reasons provided by experts are preemptive in that they normatively screen off, or defeat, other relevant reasons. In this paper, I raise problems for this conception of expertise, including a wholly new one that I call the Problem of the Predatory Expert, which targets both original versions of preemption as well as new, modified ones that aim to avoid some of the standard objections.
Representational Belonging in Collections: A Comparative Study of Leading Trade Publications in Architecture
Authors: Mathews Emilee
Published: July 2022

This study stems from a simple question: how do libraries reflect the communities they serve? The research analyzes a subset of periodical literature to measure how women are reflected, specifically women of color, in architecture library collections. It focuses on four major publishing outputs of architecture literature to sample the ratio of women leaders in featured architectural firms. These commonly used periodicals were chosen to measure which firms are presented to an architectural readership. The findings document variation in demographic representation, but evidences that across the board firms covered in these publications have proportionately less women of color in their leadership teams. Librarians will find takeaways for both collection development and management and public services.
Avaliação dos registros de enfermagem por meio do Quality of Diagnoses, Interventions and Outcomes
Authors: Sulzbach Suéli Regina , Argenta Carla , Adamy Edlamar Kátia , Meschial William Campo , Zanatta Elisangela Argenta , Abido Suzanne Cristina
Published: July 2022

Objetivo: avaliar a qualidade dos registros do Processo de Enfermagem em prontuários de uma unidade de terapia intensiva adulto. Método: estudo transversal, com aplicação do Quality of Diagnoses, Interventions and Outcomes em 145 prontuários de pacientes que estiveram internados no período de novembro de 2018 a junho de 2019. Resultados: em relação ao domínio denominado Diagnósticos de Enfermagem como processo, apenas 27% dos registros apresentaram-se completos. No domínio Diagnósticos de Enfermagem como produto, os resultados foram satisfatórios com 97% da documentação completa. A satisfatoriedade se manteve nas Intervenções de Enfermagem, em que a completude foi obtida em 94% dos prontuários. Quanto aos Resultados, mais da metade dos registros apresentaram inconsistências. Conclusão: os registros do Processo de Enfermagem vêm sendo executados na unidade de terapia intensiva de forma parcialmente satisfatória, e, a partir deste estudo, é possível desenvolver estratégias para melhoria da qualidade dos registros.
Comparison between two performance calculation methods applied for vawt
Authors: Goucem Mahdi , Senouci Mahi , Imine Omar
Published: July 2022

This paper presents a new model of 2D performance calculation applied to VAWT. The idea consist in considering only one blade to which a rotational oscillation motion is gave. Hence, the effect of the machine rotation and the influence of the rest of the machine on the focused blade are modelled. The study is purely numerical based upon the use of ANSYS-Fluent code to solve unsteady RANS equations, which follow from the new model. Several 2D geometry configurations of Darrieus machine were tested using the new approach and the results are compared to ones applied to the whole 2D rotor. A quasi concordance of the results is noticed for the overall predictions done from the two CFD methods. Although computational time is lower for the new model, tests reveal inadequate prediction of the peak's power coefficient and its Tip Speed Ratio value.
Investigation of conventional and asphaltic underlayment track behaviors subjected to freight train load: Mechanistic approach
Authors: Setiawan Dian
Published: July 2022

The load characteristics in terms of the carrying capacity and the train operation speed limit Indonesia's conventional track capability. In this study, the behaviors of Indonesia's conventional tracks and the proposed asphaltic underlayment tracks under cyclic loading conditions of the low-speed Babaranjang (long-chain coal) freight trains have been evaluated using the finite element package Abaqus/CAE considering linear elastic behavior of materials. The numerical modeling was applied on three different layer thicknesses of sub-ballast in Indonesia's conventional tracks and three different layer thicknesses of asphalt in asphaltic underlayment tracks to investigate the vertical compressive stress, horizontal-vertical-maximum strain, and deformation behaviors. According to the numerical simulation, the measurements indicate that the asphaltic underlayment tracks are superior to Indonesia's conventional tracks. Furthermore, a 15 cm of asphalt layer in the asphaltic underlayment tracks demonstrates promising performance in the future of Indonesia's railway systems. The asphaltic underlayment tracks are expected to serve the heavier and higher speed Babaranjang freight trains with longer service life and lower life cycle cost than Indonesia's conventional tracks.
Maneuvering of the C-SCOUT AUV
Authors: Curtis Timothy L. , Perrault Douglas , Williams Christopher , Bose Neil
Published: July 2022

In September of 1998, a collaborative effort between the Institute for Marine Dynamics (IMD) of the National Research Council of Canada and the Ocean Engineering Research Centre of Memorial University of Newfoundland began to design a streamlined AUV to serve as a testbed for /MD and graduate level research. This A UV, the C-SCOUT, is expected to serve as a test-bed to assist in the development of future control and propulsion systems, the testing of vehicle components, and as a general research and development tool for years to come. Future versions of C-SCOUT can be configured for a wide variety of missions including search and survey, under ice operations, iceberg profiling, oceanographic sampling, and mine detection and countermeasures.
Design and Experimental Verification of an Exit Manifold for Improved Current Generation in an Offshore Engineering Basin
Authors: Chin S. N. , Gerrits B. , Colboume B.
Published: July 2022

Current is generated at the National Research Council's Institute for Marine Dynamics, Offshore Engineering Basin (OEB) in St. John's, Newfoundland, using a pump thruster system in which flow is conveyed under a false floor and returns through the test section of basin. The objectives of this project were to quantify and assess the performance of the existing current generation system and to experimentally verify a design exit manifold for improved current generation. At present, current operation results in large-scale vertical vortices being produced at the current exit end of the basin where. the wave boards are installed. The exit flow is not confined and therefore flow divergence occurs at the vertical back wall of the basin. These conditions contribute to substantial energy losses at the exit region, which in turn result in low current velocities at the test region of the basin.

Through the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics, preliminary designs for an exit manifold to reverse flow back into the basin were modeled to ensure an efficient system is implemented to dissipate the flow into the basin. The CFD models provided an insight into the shear flow turbulent mixing at the exit region. For operational reasons the design was constrained to a height of 0.35m and a maximum length of approximately 4. 0m. The final detailed design called for a contraction/expansion combination, J 80° turn with exit manifold and flow straighteners. A prototype of the design was fabricated of aluminum and experimental tests were conducted to assess its performance.

The results of the experiments showed a significant improvement in current generation capabilities over the present current generation setup. For deep-water tests, the use of the prototype exit manifold resulted in a velocity magnitude increase of two times over the present setup. Shallow water tests resulted in a velocity magnitude increase of greater than three times over the present setup. It is envisaged that the installation of the exit manifold design in the OEB will significantly improve the current generation.
Towing Tank Experiments of Boundary Layer, Wake and Free Surface Flow Around a Naval Combatant
Authors: Olivieri A. , Pistani F. , Penna R.
Published: July 2022

Results from towing tank experiments regarding far field wave pattern and boundary layer and wake of the 2340 INSEAN model are presented. Wave elevations have been carried out at two Froude numbers namely Fr= 0.28 and Fr= b.41. Mean velocity field and total head in the boundary layer and wake have been measured by 5-hole Pitot probe at Fr = 0.28. The test design, measurement system and the uncertainty assessment have been described both for wave elevation and velocity fields. The uncertainty assessment methodology follows the AIAA Standard S-071-1995 [4]. The data contributes to the surface-ship resistance and . propulsion model-stale database for computational fluid dym1mics validation, as part of an international collaborative project between INSEAN, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research (IIHR) and David Taylor Model Basin (DTMB) on experimental and computational fluid dynamics and uncertainty assessment for a combatant geometry [1].
Experimental Investigation of Wave-induced Separation Around a Surface­Piercing NACA0024 Hydrofoil
Authors: Metcalf B. , Longo J. , Stern F.
Published: July 2022

Results from towing-tank experiments of free-surface wave-induced separation are documented. Free­surface elevations and surface pressures are measured for a surface-piercing NACA0024 hydrofoil progressing into a calm free surface at the Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research (IIHR) towing tank. The simplified geometry results in naturally occurring wave-induced separation near the free surface (at sufficient forward speed), making an ideal test geometry by isolating wave-induced effects. A physical understanding and identification of important flow features of wave-induced separation is completed from measurements at three forward speeds Fr=(0.19,0.37,0.55).
HYSWAS Calm Water Testing Techniques
Authors: Harris Nancy A. , Mitalas Peter C.
Published: July 2022

This paper describes experimental techniques developed at the Naval Academy Hydrodynamics Laboratory (NAHL) during the 2000-2001 academic year to study the calm water performance of a Hydrofoil Small Waterplane Area Ship (HYSWAS). Contributions include a review of the experimental setup and a systematic procedure for studying pitch-heave equilibrium.
An Advanced Model Autopilot Control System
Authors: Millan J. , Janes G. , Kennedy E. , Cumming D.
Published: July 2022

Advancements in instrumentation and control systems for model testing are often driven by new and sometimes very demanding test program requirements. Ever-improving wireless communications, miniaturized power electronics and computer systems and software have made it possible to achieve control and instrumentation objectives that were not practical in model test programs of a decade ago. This paper describes a model autopilot system that was developed last year at the Institute for Ocean Technology, having significant advantages over earlier systems. The autopilot and the heading sensor are not on the model, allowing very small model vessels with low power consumption to be controlled. The system also incorporates a Kalman filter to provide smooth position updates and a reduction of first-order wave disturbance in the rudder command signal.
The Evolving Role of the Towing Tank for Grand Prix Sailing Yacht Design
Authors: DeBord Frank , Kirkman Karl , Savitsky Daniel
Published: July 2022

During the past thirty years, the use of North American towing tanks for the design of high-performance sailing yachts has changed dramatically. These changes are evident in the specific facilities completing these test programs, the quality of test equipment, procedures and results, and the way facilities interact with the designers. This paper reviews the factual history of sailing yacht testing in North America and then puts this history into perspective by reviewing the perceptions of the users, the changes that have been caused by these perceptions, and the resulting current state-of-the-art. Examples of how tank testing is integrated into current design programs are given, and some specific thoughts on ways tank testing can be made more useful are developed. Finally, given the technological advances that have been made over the past thirty years and the increased cost of test programs, renewed research on scale effects is recommended.
An Experimental Model for Ice Performance of Podded Propellers
Authors: Wang J. , Akinturk A. , Foster W. , Jones S. J. , Bose N.
Published: July 2022

This paper describes the experimental model designed and built at Institute for Ocean Technology (IOT) to measure the ice performance of the podded propulsors in the ice tank. The model is capable of measuring forces and moments on the overall system, propeller shaft bearing loads and the loads on the blade during different operating conditions. Some results obtained from the ice tank testing are presented. Additionally, test conditions for ice performance are discussed.
Cavitation: Some Full Scale Experience of Complex Structures and Methods of Analysis and Observation
Authors: Carlton J. S. , Fitzsimmons P. A.
Published: July 2022

The paper discusses some of the more complex cavitation structures that have been encountered in full-scale ship practice and the integration that has been observed to occur between the various substructures of the cavitating regimes. Some comparison with model scale studies is made. The paper, for the most part, concentrates on the dynamics associated with tip vortices, but also recounts, but also recounts experiences with roots and other forms of cavitation. Single, twin and triple screw situations are discussed with ship types ranging from LNG carries through container ships, cruise ships, high-speed patrol craft and small warships. The analysis of hull surface pressure signals originating from cavitation action is also discussed in relation to cavity phenomenological behavior.

With regard to observation methods, the currently available and practical techniques are discussed; semicolon comparing and contrasting the techniques and their relevance to problem-solving based on Lloyd’s Register’s full-scale experience. Additionally, a new borescope method, pioneered and developed by Lloyd’s Register, which has successfully been used in a number of full-scale investigations is also presented.
A New Approach on the Mechanical Oil Spill Cleanup from the Sea: Model and Experiment
Authors: Ünsan Yalçin , Barlas Baris
Published: July 2022

Increasing environmental problems highlight the need to lessen damages to seas resulting from spills and discharge of oil and petroleum products. In case of nearshore and offshore oil spills, a thin oil layer has to be skimmed off from the sea surface either by self-floating oil skimming equipment or by oil spill recovery ships. In this paper, self-floating oil skimming equipment is studied and an oil spill recovery vessel appropriate for coastal waters is developed. Initially, an oil skimmer composed of oleophilic disks is investigated. This system, as is known from the various skimming applications around the world, operates by making use of the adhesive properties of oil. A prototype of this skimmer is constructed and then series of experiments are carried out to determine the parameters that can be used in the design process. Secondly, a new oil recovery system is presented which utilizes principle of suction and density differences. The system presented differs from its counterparts in that it speeds up the gravity-separation in the settling tank into which the oil-water mixture is taken with high rates of flow. An experimental model for this system is constructed and tested. The preliminary tests revealed that a system with high rates of oil recovery is possible.
Detalhes em São Jerônimo: pura atração e fascínio
Authors: Wedekin Luana Maribele , Makowiecky Sandra
Published: July 2022

Em um dossiê com a temática de “Detalhes”, trataremos de detalhes em obras que se ocupam da figura de São Jerônimo, realizando uma narrativa visual da vida do santo. O detalhe na obra, obras em detalhe, o detalhe visual como elemento plástico, com suas minúcias, iconografia e possível interpretação. Que possíveis mensagens subliminares perpassam os detalhes, os objetos, o cenário, elementos que acompanham a figura fascinante deste santo tão observado por artistas de tempos tão diversos? O que sua figura pode nos dizer ainda hoje? Fundamentado em autores que lidam com o tema de detalhes, das imagens de São Jeronimo que constam no Atlas Mnemosyne, discorre-se também sobre a identidade de um leitor e as possíveis interpretações de uma obra.
Las vueltas de la guerra Usos de la repetición en los proyectos documentales de Lola Arias sobre Malvinas
Authors: Gonzalez Cecilia
Published: July 2022

Veteranos, Campo minado/Minefield y Teatro de guerra toman como eje de su acercamiento a la guerra de Malvinas dos experiencias de la repetición en la posguerra: la primera supone la irrupción, en el presente, de imágenes o escenas que vuelven a la memoria de los veteranos, la segunda se presenta como amenaza de cristalización del recuerdo en relatos fijados a lo largo de las décadas experimentando con las potencias específicas de visualización y narración de tres prácticas artísticas – la videoinstalación, el teatro, el cine –, estos proyectos documentales de Lola Arias ponen la repetición en el centro de su composición. Este artículo estudia tres procedimientos que la convierten en recurso escénico y narrativo:  en primer lugar, la narración iterativa y el uso del reenactment; en segundo lugar, el trabajo con los dobles, y en particular de los dobles jóvenes de los veteranos en Teatro de guerra; por último, la miniaturización operada por la manipulación de maquetas y objetos de tamaño reducido, presentes en las tres realizaciones.
Voces espectrales. La sombra de Malvinas, las sombras de la Historia
Authors: Semilla Durán María A.
Published: July 2022

En este trabajo intentamos analizar la consolidación de la figura espectral en algunos relatos de La guerra menos pensada, colección compilada por Victoria Torres y Miguel Dalmaroni (2020). La construcción discursiva y narrativa en torno al espectro ha ido ganando terreno en la literatura hasta ser omnipresente. Identificamos sus diversas manifestaciones en el corpus seleccionado: la poética espectral, los universos ambiguos situados entre lo real y lo fantasmal, las voces de los espectros y los muertos que vuelven, los fantasmas propiamente dichos. Detrás de todas esas versiones se hacen presentes no solo los muertos, sino todos los silencios, las pérdidas y los olvidos impuestos, que retornan sin énfasis pero sin pausa, en relatos enunciados por testigos indirectos que dan cuenta del daño infligido a la sociedad entera por el terrorismo de Estado.
Open the Black Box – Visualising CNN to Understand Its Decisions on Road Network Performance Level
Authors: LI Junxian , WU Zhizhou , SHEN Zhoubiao
Published: July 2022

Visualisation helps explain the operating mechanisms of deep learning models, but its applications are rarely seen in traffic analysis. This paper employs a convolu-tional neural network (CNN) to evaluate road network performance level (NPL) and visualises the model to en-lighten how it works. A dataset of an urban road network covering a whole year is used to produce performance maps to train a CNN. In this process, a pretrained network is introduced to overcome the common issue of inadequa-cy of data in transportation research. Gradient weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM) is applied to vi-sualise the CNN, and four visualisation experiments are conducted. The results illustrate that the CNN focuses on different areas when it identifies the road network as dif-ferent NPLs, implying which region contributes the most to the deteriorating performance. There are particular visual patterns when the road network transits from one NPL to another, which may help performance prediction. Misclassified samples are analysed to determine how the CNN fails to make the right decisions, exposing the model’s deficiencies. The results indicate visualisation’s potential to contribute to comprehensive management strategies and effective model improvement.
Note on the natural density of r-free numbers
Authors:   King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Srisopha Sunanta , Srichan Teerapat ,   Kasetsart University, Mavecha Sukrawan ,   King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang
Published: July 2022

Let P be a finite set of prime numbers. By using an elementary method, the proportion of all r-free numbers which are divisible by at least one element in P is studied.
Enhancing and inhibitory motifs regulate CD4 activity
Authors: Lee Mark S , Tuohy Peter J , Kim Caleb Y , Lichauco Katrina , Parrish Heather L , Van Doorslaer Koenraad , Kuhns Michael S
Published: July 2022

CD4+T cells use T cell receptor (TCR)–CD3 complexes, and CD4, to respond to peptide antigens within MHCII molecules (pMHCII). We report here that, through ~435 million years of evolution in jawed vertebrates, purifying selection has shaped motifs in the extracellular, transmembrane, and intracellular domains of eutherian CD4 that enhance pMHCII responses, and covary with residues in an intracellular motif that inhibits responses. Importantly, while CD4 interactions with the Src kinase, Lck, are viewed as key to pMHCII responses, our data indicate that CD4–Lck interactions derive their importance from the counterbalancing activity of the inhibitory motif, as well as motifs that direct CD4–Lck pairs to specific membrane compartments. These results have implications for the evolution and function of complex transmembrane receptors and for biomimetic engineering.
The function of small RNA in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Liu Pei , Yue Changwu , Liu Lihua , Gao Can , Lyu Yuhong , Deng Shanshan , Tian Hongying , Jia Xu
Published: July 2022

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the main conditional pathogen causing nosocomial infection, is a gram-negative bacterium with the largest genome among the known bacteria. The main reasons why Pseudomonas aeruginosa is prone to drug-resistant strains in clinic are: the drug-resistant genes in its genome and the drug resistance easily induced by single antibiotic treatment. With the development of high-throughput sequencing technology and bioinformatics, the functions of various small RNAs (sRNA) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa are being revealed. Different sRNAs regulate gene expression by binding to protein or mRNA to play an important role in the complex regulatory network. In this article, first, the importance and biological functions of different sRNAs in Pseudomonas aeruginosa are explored, and then the evidence and possibilities that sRNAs served as drug therapeutic targets are discussed, which may introduce new directions to develop novel disease treatment strategies.
CAMPHOR (CINNAMOMUM CAMPHORA) AND ITS MEDICINAL APPLICATIONS: A REVIEW
Authors: Ahmad Waseem , Aquil Zareena , Alam Saiyad Shah , Rizwanullah Md
Published: July 2022

The aim of this review is to have deep intensive knowledge about the general description and medicinal uses of camphor. It is the drug which is obtained from the wood of camphor tree. This has been used for centuries throughout the world to treat number of diseases. The drug has been in use for treatment of infection, inflammation, pain management, skin diseases and wounds. Recent studies have exhibited that this drug contains number of phyto-chemicals which possesses antimutagenic activities in cancer cells. The drug has been also used for the treatment of skin non healing ulcers. This review article has demonstrated the different chemical constituents imparting in healing of wounds/ulcers.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF COSMETIC AND PATIENT SATISFACTION OUTCOMES OF DIFFERENT INCISION METHODS
Authors: . Serajuddin , Ahmad Waseem , Aziz Iqbal
Published: July 2022

Introduction: Cold steel scalpel has been the supreme choice for skin incisions among surgeons across the globe for long time. Attempts have been made in a search to find ways for achieving hemostasis during surgery. Electrocautery has been the choice for such purpose. Still there are number of surgeons avoiding cautery as it results in devitalization of tissues and delayed wound healing. The present study aims at comparing various per-operative and post-operative parameters of cold steel scalpel and cautery incisions during a surgical procedure. Material & methods: A clinical comparative observational study was carried out at Ajmal Khan Tibbiya College and hospital. A total number of 272 cases were enrolled and randomized into two groups: A and B, receiving scalpel and electrocautery incision respectively. Cases of two groups were assessed for various per-operative and post-operative outcomes of scalpel and diathermy incision. Cosmetic appearance of scar was primary outcome and incision time, incisional blood loss, operation time, post-operative pain, wound complications, patient’s satisfaction level and duration of hospital stay were the secondary outcome measures. Analyses of data were done using appropriate statistical tests. Results: Significant less amount of blood loss was noted in electrocautery group as compared to scalpel group (P<0.05). No statistical considerable difference was noted regarding incision time, operation time, post-operative pain, length of incision, wound complications, scar appearance, patient’s satisfaction level, and duration of hospital stay between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: Electrocautery proved a good tool to achieve hemostasis, however, associated with wound complications and delayed wound healing.
A re-appraisal of the Early Neolithic human remains excavated at Sumburgh, Shetland, in 1977
Authors: Walsh Samantha , Knüsel Chris , Melton Nigel
Published: July 2022

This paper presents the results of a re-analysis of the Early Neolithic human remains recovered in 1977 at Sumburgh, Shetland. The original publication of the site (Hedges & Parry 1980) proposed excarnation as the dominant mortuary rite. However, analysis of fracture morphology in combination with patination has demonstrated that the majority of damage to the bones is due to post-depositional disturbance. Evidence of palaeopathological conditions within the assemblage includes: degenerative joint disease, healed fractures, non-specific infection, periodontal disease, enamel hypoplasia and a nutritional disorder.
Scotland's intertidal prehistory
Authors: Hardy Karen , Benjamin Jonathan , Bicket Andrew , McCarthy John , Ballin Torben
Published: July 2022

Sea-level rise and coastal change have impacted on the visibility of early to mid-Holocene sites worldwide. Due to the combination of eustatic and isostatic effects, modern coastal landscapes rarely reflect those occupied and exploited by prehistoric people. This suggests that intertidal and marine archaeology is set to become increasingly important in future studies of the coastal populations of prehistoric Britain. Though Scotland’s west coast is renowned for its abundance of evidence for the Mesolithic, the potential for intertidal sites has barely been investigated. We report on a newly discovered raw material source and primary knapping location on the beach and across the intertidal zone at Lub Dubh Aird, Upper Loch Torridon. Our results suggest that a multi-disciplinary approach to investigation into early prehistoric human occupation of the west Scottish coastline – that incorporates survey of intertidal zones together with the upper beach and nearby areas – is essential to fully appreciate the range of sites present and to allow these to be integrated into a better understanding of coastal landscape use at this time.
Reader’s Dot
Authors: kshmi Annala , hini Nand , rugan Balamu
Published: July 2022

In this mini project, a website that allows parents and instructors to monito their children’s concentration levels while reading books, which is especially important during the pandemic situations. Technologies used in this mini project are, for frontend like HTML, CSS and JavaScript and, we are using Bootstrap for Framework. The mentor come to know whether the students are physically and mentally present or not. There are many reading strategies to improve reading comprehension and inferences, including improving one's vocabulary, critical text analysis (inter textually, actual events vs. narration of events, etc.) and practicing deep reading. Ability to comprehend text is influenced by readers' skills and their ability to process information. If word recognition is difficult, students use too much of their processing capacity to read individual words, which interferes with their ability to comprehend hat is read. People learn comprehension skills through education or instruction and some learn by direct experiences. Proficient reading depends on the ability to recognize words quickly and effortlessly. It is also determined by an individual's cognitive development, which is "the construction of thought processes."
Distinct Morphologies of Bone Apatite Clusters in Endochondral and Intramembranous Ossification
Authors: Hara Emilio Satoshi , Nagaoka Noriyuki , Okada Masahiro , Nakano Takayoshi , Matsumoto Takuya
Published: July 2022

Bone apatite crystals grow in clusters, but the microstructure of these clusters is unknown. This study compares the structural and compositional differences between bone apatite clusters formed in intramembranous (IO) and endochondral ossification (EO). Calvaria (IO) and femurs (EO) are isolated from mice at embryonic days (E) 14.5 to 15.5 and post‐natal days (P) 6 to 7, respectively. Results show that the initially formed bone apatite clusters in EO (≅1.2 µm2) are >10 times larger than those in IO (≅0.1 µm2), without significant changes in ion composition. In IO (E14.5 calvarium), early minerals are formed inside matrix vesicles (MVs). In contrast, in EO (P6 femur epiphysis), no MVs are observed, and chondrocyte‐derived plasma membrane nanofragments (PMNFs) are the nucleation site for mineralization. Apatite cluster size difference is linked with the different nucleation sites. Moreover, an alkaline pH and slow P supply into a Ca‐rich microenvironment are suggested to facilitate apatite cluster growth, as demonstrated in a biomimetic mineralization system. Together, the results reveal for the first time the distinct and exquisite microstructures of bone apatite clusters in IO and EO, and provide insightful inspirations for the design of more efficient materials for bone tissue engineering and repair.
Hybrid Triboelectric‐Electromagnetic Nanogenerator with a Double‐Sided Fluff and Double Halbach Array for Wave Energy Harvesting
Authors: Han Chengcheng , Cao Zhi , Yuan Zhihao , Zhang Zhiwei , Huo Xiaoqing , Zhang Li'ang , Wu Zhiyi , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: July 2022

Harvesting wave energy is challenging due to the waves’ direction, randomization, and ultra‐low vibration frequency limitations. Here, a double‐sided fluff and double Halbach array structured hybrid triboelectric‐electromagnetic nanogenerator (FH‐HG) for harvesting ultra‐low frequency wave energy is reported. The double‐sided fluff fabricates three triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), which significantly enhance space utilization and volume power density. Meanwhile, the double Halbach array electromagnetic generator (H‐EMG) provides the optimum counterweight in the double‐sided fluff TENG (F‐TENG) and transforms the mechanical energy into electrical energy. The optimal linkages of TENGs and EMGs are both specified as parallel, according to a series of theoretical analyses and experimental comparisons. As the result, the maximum volume power density of F‐TENG and H‐EMG is achieved at 2.02 and 16.96 W m‐3, respectively. The design of the double‐sided fluff and the double Halbach array ensures the device's superior output at low frequencies while also increasing its endurance. Furthermore, the outputs of the FH‐HG can power some small electronic devices and the Bluetooth transmission system to achieve the purpose of real time marine environmental monitoring. Overall, benefiting from the excellent structural design and distinctive operational mechanism, the FH‐HG provides a remarkable candidate for harvesting wave energy on a large scale.
Planar Optical Cavities Hybridized with Low‐Dimensional Light‐Emitting Materials
Authors: Jang Jaehyuck , Jeong Minsu , Lee Jihae , Kim Seokwoo , Yun Huichang , Rho Junsuk
Published: July 2022

Low‐dimensional light‐emitting materials have been actively investigated due to their unprecedented optical and optoelectronic properties that are not observed in their bulk forms. However, the emission from low‐dimensional light‐emitting materials is generally weak and difficult to use in nanophotonic devices without being amplified and engineered by optical cavities. Along with studies on various planar optical cavities over the last decade, the physics of cavity–emitter interactions as well as various integration methods are investigated deeply. These integrations not only enhance the light–matter interaction of the emitters, but also provide opportunities for realizing nanophotonic devices based on the new physics allowed by low‐dimensional emitters. In this review, the fundamentals, strengths and weaknesses of various planar optical resonators are first provided. Then, commonly used low‐dimensional light‐emitting materials such as 0D emitters (quantum dots and upconversion nanoparticles) and 2D emitters (transition‐metal dichalcogenide and hexagonal boron nitride) are discussed. The integration of these emitters and cavities and the expect interplay between them are explained in the following chapters. Finally, a comprehensive discussion and outlook of nanoscale cavity‐emitter integrated systems is provided.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Nitrate‐Intercalated NiFe Layered Double Hydroxides with an 8.2 Å Interlayer Spacing
Authors: Qu Jiang , Li Fei , Wang Mingchao , Subakti Subakti , Deconinck Marielle , Chen Guangbo , Li Yang , Liu Lixiang , Wang Xia , Yu Minghao , Wolf Daniel , Lubk Axel , Büchner Bernd , Vaynzof Yana , Schmidt Oliver G. , Zhu Feng
Published: July 2022

The synthesis of 2D layered double hydroxides (LDHs) monolayer remains a major challenge for energy conversion and storage. Herein, a one‐pot strategy is reported to synthesize nitrate‐intercalated nickel–iron LDHs (NiFe LDHs_NO3−) by using hexamethylenetetramine as a hydrolysis reagent. The NiFe LDHs monolayers can be facilely dispersed in water within 10 s by hand shaking because the NiFe LDHs_NO3− bulk owns an enlarged interlayer spacing up to 8.2 Å. Critical information on the structure, prerequisite, and universality of this strategy is obtained by advanced characterization methods, for example, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X‐ray diffraction pattern, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. As a proof of concept application, the NiFe LDHs monolayer is employed as an electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction and displays much superior performance to the bulk LDHs and RuO2. This facile strategy paves the way for designing other LDHs monolayers for highly active electrocatalysts.
Polydopamine and Magnesium Ions Loaded 3D‐Printed Ti‐6Al‐4V Implants Coating with Enhanced Osteogenesis and Antibacterial Abilities
Authors: Ji Zhenbing , Wan Yi , Zhao Zihe , Wang Teng , Yu Mingzhi , Wang Hongwei , Fan Shiyuan , Liu Zhanqiang , Liu Chao
Published: July 2022

3D printing has been applied in the fabrication of Ti‐6Al‐4V implants due to its high processing efficiency and flexibility. However, the biological inertness of 3D‐printed Ti‐6Al‐4V implant surface limits its further clinical application. This paper aims to improve the biocompatibility of 3D‐printed Ti‐6Al‐4V implants through multi‐scale composite structure and bioactive coating. The samples are prepared by selective laser melting (SLM). The multi‐scale composite structure is constructed by acid etching and anodic oxidation, and then the bioactive coating is added by hydrothermal treatment. The results indicate that acid etching removes the residuals on the surface and builds micron‐/sub‐micron structures. Anodic oxidation superimposes TiO2 nanotube arrays with a diameter of ≈80 nm, forming the multi‐scale composite structure. The polydopamine‐magnesium ion coating is added by hydrothermal treatment on the basis of retaining the multi‐scale composite structure. After modification, the surface wettability and corrosion resistance are improved, and the roughness is slightly reduced. Regarding the biocompatibility of the modified 3D‐printed Ti‐6Al‐4V implant, its admirable osteogenic induction performance is verified on osteoblasts (MC3T3‐E1). Also, the addition of magnesium ions achieves better antibacterial properties. The results provide new target points for the surface modification of 3D‐printed Ti‐6Al‐4V implant to attain better clinical performance.
85 °C/85%‐Stable n‐i‐p Perovskite Photovoltaics with NiOx Hole Transport Layers Promoted By Perovskite Quantum Dots
Authors: Cheng Fangwen , Cao Fang , Chen Binwen , Dai Xinfeng , Tang Ziheng , Sun Yifei , Yin Jun , Li Jing , Zheng Nanfeng , Wu Binghui
Published: July 2022

Power conversion efficiency (PCE) and long‐term stability are two vital issues for perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, there is still a lack of suitable hole transport layers (HTLs) to endow PSCs with both high efficiency and stability. Here, NiOx nanoparticles are promoted as an efficient and 85 °C/85%‐stable inorganic HTL for high‐performance n‐i‐p PSCs, with the introduction of perovskite quantum dots (QDs) between perovskite and NiOx as systematic interfacial engineering. The QD intercalation enhances film morphology and assembly regulation of NiOx HTLs . Due to structure–function correlations, hole mobility within NiOx HTL is improved. And the hole extraction from perovskite to NiOx is also facilitated, resulting from reduced trap states and optimized energy level alignments. Hence, the promoted NiOx‐based n‐i‐p PSCs exhibit high PCE (21.59%) and excellent stability (sustaining 85 °C aging in air without encapsulation). Furthermore, encapsulated solar modules with QDs‐promoted NiOx HTLs show impressive stability during 85 °C/85% aging test for 1000 hours. With high transparency, QDs‐promoted NiOx is also demonstrated to be an advanced HTL for semitransparent PSCs. This work develops promising NiOx inorganic HTL in n‐i‐p PSCs for manufacturing next‐generation photovoltaic devices.
Inhaled Pro‐Efferocytic Nanozymes Promote Resolution of Acute Lung Injury
Authors: Ji Haiying , Zhang Chengmi , Xu Fengying , Mao Qianyun , Xia Ran , Chen Muqiao , Wang Wei , Lv Shunan , Li Weiwei , Shi Xueyin
Published: July 2022

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a significant contributor to the morbidity and mortality of sepsis. Characterized by uncontrolled inflammation and excessive inflammatory cells infiltration in lung, ALI has been exacerbated by impaired efferocytosis (clearance of apoptotic cells by macrophages). Through specific receptor recognition and activation of downstream signaling, efferocytic macrophages promote resolution of inflammation by efficiently engulfing dying cells, avoiding the consequent release of cellular inflammatory contents. Here, inspired by the intrinsic recovery mechanism of efferocytosis, an apoptotic cell membrane (ACM) coated antioxidant nanozyme (AOzyme) is engineered, thus obtaining an inhalable pro‐efferocytic nanozyme (AOzyme@ACM). Notably, AOzyme@ACM can efficiently increase apoptotic cell removal by combing enhanced macrophages recognition of “eat me” signals through apoptotic body mimicking and scavenge of intracellular excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), a significant barrier for efferocytosis. AOzyme@ACM can significantly inhibit inflammatory response, promote pro‐resolving (M2) phenotype transition of macrophage, and alleviate ALI in endotoxemia mice compared with AOzyme group. By addressing the critical factor in the pathogenesis of sepsis‐related ALI through restoring efferocytosis activity, the ACM‐based antioxidant nanozyme in this study is envisioned to provide a promising strategy to treat this complex and challenging disease.
Pioneer Factor Improves CRISPR‐Based C‐To‐G and C‐To‐T Base Editing
Authors: Yang Chao , Dong Xingxiao , Ma Zhenzhen , Li Bo , Bi Changhao , Zhang Xueli
Published: July 2022

Base editing events in eukaryote require a compatible chromatin environment, but there is little research on how chromatin factors contribute to the editing efficiency or window. By engineering BEs (base editors) fused with various pioneer factors, the authors found that SOX2 substantially increased the editing efficiency for GBE and CBE. While SoxN‐GBE (SOX2‐NH3‐GBE) improved the editing efficiency at overall cytosines of the protospacer, SoxM‐GBE/CBE (SOX2‐Middle‐GBE/CBE) enabled the higher base editing at PAM‐proximal cytosines. By separating functional domains of SOX2, the SadN‐GBE (SOX2 activation domain‐NH3‐GBE) is constructed for higher editing efficiency and SadM‐CBE for broader editing window to date. With the DNase I assay, it is also proved the increased editing efficiency is most likely associated with the induction of chromatin accessibility by SAD. Finally, SadM‐CBE is employed to introduce a stop codon in the proto‐oncogene MYC, at a locus rarely edited by previous editors with high efficiency. In this work, a new class of pioneer‐BEs is constructed by fusion of pioneer factor or its functional domains, which exhibits higher editing efficiency or broader editing window in eukaryote.
The effect of information nudges on online purchases of meat alternatives
Authors: Segovia Michelle S. , Yu No‐Ya , Van Loo Ellen J.
Published: July 2022

We investigated the effect of health and environmental information messages on purchases of meat and plant‐based alternatives in a non‐hypothetical online supermarket experiment. When controlling for observables, we find the health information nudge to be effective at motivating meat eaters to purchase plant‐based meat alternatives. This effect is absent when providing environmental information or its combination with health information. We also find that meat eaters implicitly perceive meat to be healthier but environmentally unsustainable compared to plant‐based alternatives. Our findings provide insights as to how to steer consumers towards meat alternative purchases under different information types in an online supermarket.
Floral evolution and pollinator diversification in Hedychium: Revisiting Darwin's predictions using an integrative taxonomic approach
Authors: Ashokan Ajith , Leong‐Škorničková Jana , Suksathan Piyakaset , Newman Mark , Kress W. John , Gowda Vinita
Published: July 2022

Premise

Hedychium J. Koenig (Zingiberaceae) is endemic to the Indo‐Malayan Realm and is known for its colorful and fragrant flowers. Historically, two different pollination syndromes characterize Hedychium: diurnal or bird pollination, and nocturnal or moth pollination. In this study, we aim to understand the evolution of nocturnal and diurnal flowers, and to test its putative association with lineage diversification in Hedychium.

Methods

A molecular tree of Hedychium was used as a scaffold upon which we estimated ancestral character states, phylogenetic signals, and correlations for certain categorical and continuous floral traits. Furthermore, we used phylomorphospace and trait‐dependent diversification rate estimation analyses to understand phenotypic evolution and associated lineage diversification in Hedychium.

Results

Although floral color and size lacked any association with specific pollinators, white or pale flowers were most common in the early branching clades when compared to bright‐colored flowers, which were more widely represented in the most‐derived clade IV. Five categorical and two continuous characters were identified to have informative evolutionary patterns, which also emphasized that ecology may have played a critical role in the diversification of Hedychium.

Conclusions

From our phylogenetic analyses and ecological observations, we conclude that specializations in pollinator interactions are rare in the hyperdiverse clade IV, thus challenging the role of both moth‐specialization and bird‐specialization as central factors in the diversification of Hedychium. However, our results also suggest that clade III (predominantly island clade) may show specializations, and future studies should investigate ecological and pollinator interactions, along with inclusion of new traits such as floral fragrance and anthesis time.
Protective effect of luteolin against chemical and natural toxicants by targeting NF‐κB pathway
Authors: Mahdiani Sina , Omidkhoda Navid , Heidari Shadi , Hayes A. Wallace , Karimi Gholamreza
Published: July 2022

Humans are continuously exposed to environmental, occupational, consumer and household products, food, and pharmaceutical substances. Luteolin, a flavone from the flavonoids family of compounds, is found in different fruits and vegetables. LUT is a strong anti‐inflammatory (via inhibition of NF‐κB, ERK1/2, MAPK, JNK, IL‐6, IL‐8, and TNF‐α) and antioxidant agent (reducing ROS and enhancement of endogenous antioxidants). LUT can chelate transition metal ions responsible for ROS generation and consequently repress lipoxygenase. It has been proven that NF‐κB, as a commom cellular pathway plays a considerable role in the progression of inflammatory process and stimulates the expression of genes encoding inducible pro‐inflammatory enzymes (iNOS and COX‐2) and cytokines including IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α. This review summarizes the available literature discussing LUT and its potential protective role against pharmaceuticals‐, metals‐, and environmental compounds‐induced toxicities. Furthermore, the review explains the involved protective mechanisms, especially inhibition of the NF‐κB pathway.
Using large databases to study cancer genomics in an undergraduate classroom
Authors: Melloy Patricia G. , Chiswell Brian , Peterson Celeste
Published: July 2022

Cancer databases collect original cancer studies and patient clinical information into one site that allows for global analysis. While many courses focus on cancer, few utilize these powerful cancer databases. Our goal was to create a lab experience in which students could explore original cancer study databases, looking at the expression and incidence of driver mutations of cancer. First, the students focus on a specific patient including demographic data and type of cancer. Then the students analyze mRNA expression levels associated with mutations of the gene, determining if it is a tumor suppressor or oncogene. Students also learn which mutations are actionable and how they affect survival. In summary, this module allows students to analyze global trends in driver mutations in cancers and dive into specific patient features.