bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity of anatase TiO2 through N and S codoping
Authors: Jia Lichao , Wu Congcong , Li Yuanyuan , Han Song , Li Zongbao , Chi Bo , Pu Jian , Jian Li
Published: May 2011

The density of states and optical properties of N, S, and (N, S)-doped anatase TiO2 are calculated based on the density functional theory. The results indicate that the doping S atoms occupy the Ti-atom sites in anatase TiO2 lattice. The mixing of O 2p, N 2p, S 3p, and Ti 3d states in the forbidden gap of (N, S)-codoped TiO2 can result in the higher visible-light photocatalytic activities than those monodoped TiO2. For comparison, (N, S)-codoped TiO2 was also synthesized by one-step hydrothermal method, and the optical absorption spectra obtained by experiments verified the reliability of our calculation.
A simple in situ method to detect graphene formation at SiC surfaces
Authors: Oida S. , Hannon J. B. , Tromp R. M. , McFeely F. R. , Yurkas J.
Published: May 2011

We describe a simple method to detect the formation of graphene during Si sublimation from SiC surfaces at elevated temperature. The method exploits differences in the thermionic emission current density between graphene and SiC. When graphene forms, the thermionic current from the sample increases by a factor of about 20. The increase in thermionic emission can be detected in situ using a biased plate located near the sample. The ability to detect when graphene forms during processing is useful in optimizing graphene synthesis processes.
Giant anisotropic magnetoresistance in bilayered La1.2Sr1.8Mn2O7 single crystals
Authors: Ning Wei , Qu Zhe , Zou You-Ming , Ling Lang-Sheng , Zhang Lei , Xi Chuan-Ying , Du Hai-Feng , Li Run-Wei , Zhang Yu-Heng
Published: May 2011

We report an observation of anomalous anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) in bilayered La1.2Sr1.8Mn2O7 single crystals. A giant AMR is found to be 80% under a magnetic field of 1 T near the metal-insulator transition temperature, where AMR is defined as AMR=[ρ(H⊥c)−ρ(H∥c)]/ρ(H⊥c)×100%, and ρ(H⊥c) and ρ(H∥c) are the resistivity with the magnetic field perpendicular and parallel to c-axis, respectively. The AMR effect shows strong temperature and magnetic field dependences, and indicates a close interrelation with the anisotropic field-tuned metal-insulator transition.
Optimizing Urban Land-Use Allocation: Case Study of Dhanmondi Residential Area, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Haque Afsana , Asami Yasushi
Published: May 2011

Land-use allocation is a multiobjective optimization problem as it involves multiple stakeholders with conflicting goals and objectives. In this paper we optimize both land price and incompatibility among adjacent land uses of an area and try to solve the problem with a widely used heuristic approach called the genetic algorithm. The goal is to look for an effective, computationally easy, and efficient tool for land-use planners to use in generating and evaluating feasible land-use plans to facilitate the decision-making process. The model is demonstrated through a case study of the capital city of Bangladesh.
Planning, Technology, and Legitimacy: Structured Public Involvement in Integrated Transportation and Land-Use Planning in the United States
Authors: Bailey Keiron , Blandford Benjamin , Grossardt Ted , Ripy John
Published: May 2011

The authors have measured an Arnstein gap, that is, a significant difference between desired and actual levels of citizen participation in planning processes. This Arnstein gap exists because even well-intentioned professionals have an unrealistic expectation of achieving consensus across large planning scales. Further, it is often hoped or believed that technologies of representation will somehow accomplish consensus. The authors argue this is not possible without developing a stronger theoretical framework for their deployment in planning in democratic societies. The purpose of this research is to move the public closer to the center of the public infrastructure planning and design process in a productive, efficient, and more satisfactory manner, that is, to close the Arnstein gap. The authors adapt a participatory framework, called structured public involvement (SPI), for integrating visualization and geospatial technologies into large-scale public involvement in planning domains. The authors discuss how SPI using the casewise visual evaluation method is applied in collaboration with planners. A case study is presented of integrated transportation and land-use planning for an Indiana city. The results demonstrate that SPI achieves high levels of stakeholder satisfaction in addition to providing high-quality planning and design guidance for professionals.
Influences on Trip Frequency According to Travel Purposes: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach in Seoul, South Korea
Authors: Gim Tae-Hyoung Tommy
Published: May 2011

A comparison is made between the effects of three variable groups or factors—urban forms, sociodemographics, and attitudes—on the frequencies of trips for commuting, shopping, and leisure purposes. A structural equation model is developed as a common travel-purpose model and then modified for each travel purpose according to the outcomes of a survey conducted in Seoul, South Korea. The findings show that the strongest variable in each factor is the same as that shown in European and US research, but other strong variables in each factor and the relative strengths of the three factors differ according to travel purposes.
Immersive Planning: A Conceptual Model for Designing Public Participation with New Technologies
Authors: Gordon Eric , Schirra Steven , Hollander Justin
Published: May 2011

Public participation is an important part of the urban planning process. However, too often the goals of this participation are not clearly articulated and, as a result, the platforms for participation created with digital technologies are often poorly designed or simply lack clarity. Immersive planning is a conceptual model with which to conceive the process of public participation that focuses on the depth and breadth of user experience. Borrowing from literature on games and virtual environments, we frame recent, technologically aided approaches to public participation within three categories of immersion: challenge-based, sensory, and imaginative. Geographic information systems, computer aided design, planning support systems, virtual environments, and digital games are all methods of obtaining user immersion in one or a combination of these categories. In this paper we provide a review of the foundational literature and influential projects in this area, and by framing them within the model of immersive planning seek to connect these efforts to provide a clearer path forward in employing new technologies for public participation.
William of Sherwood on Composition and Division
Authors: Rivero María Luisa
Published: May 2011

This article presents a linguistic study of the views of the terminist logician William of Sherwood (c.1200-c.1266) on the six sources of fallacies based on language, and it concentrates in particular on his theories on Composition and Division. William of Sherwood distinguished three levels of representation in a sentence or in a word: a semantic aspect; a morpho-syntactic aspect; and a phonological-phonetic aspect. These three levels are not mentioned in earlier tracts, and differentiate William of Sherwood from other terminist logicians. A morpho-syntactic structure, corresponding to only one phonological structure, which correlates with two semantic representations, can lead to Equivocation or Amphibology. A morphosyntactic structure that has two phonological representations and two semantic structures, can cause the fallacies of Composition, Division, and Accent. In brief, Composition, Division, and Accent are related to strings that are identical as to their syntax, but which are pronounced in various ways. William of Sherwood correlated Composition and Division with optional patterns of intonation. In this respect he differs from a number of 12th century logicians who thought that Composition and Division were reflected in discourse by syntactic order, and who established a trend that continued throughout the Scholastic period.
Meaning and translation in linguistic fieldwork
Authors: Hellwig Birgit
Published: May 2011

This paper is set within the context of semantic typology, focusing on the collection of semantic data during fieldwork on under-described languages. The study explores central issues of meaning and translation through the example of the investigation of the lexical meaning and part of speech of property-denoting expressions in West Chadic languages, which demonstrated that these expressions are inchoative verbs. It focuses on identifying the various points where the meaning of translation equivalents intruded into the semantic analysis, thus obscuring the meaning of the expressions under investigation. The paper addresses the ambivalent nature of translations, the role of contextual information, and the (dis)advantages of different methods. It shows how the interaction of various sources of information enables us to move beyond translation equivalents towards a semantic analysis, and eventually to semantic comparisons.
Person–number agreement on clause linking markers in Mande
Authors: Idiatov Dmitry
Published: May 2011

Several Mande languages, viz. Jula of Samatiguila, Ko Mende, Jowulu, Yaba Southern San, and Tura, have person–number agreement on clause linking markers whose primary function, etymologically and often also synchronically, is to introduce reported discourse. Interestingly, in some of these languages the controller is not necessarily the subject of the main clause. This kind of agreement, which as such is already typologically unusual, is even more remarkable in Mande, since Mande languages have very little morphosyntactic agreement of any kind. I argue that agreement on clause linking markers in Mande is due to the fusion of originally predicative quotatives with their pronominal subjects. The agreement with non-subject controllers is semantic in origin in that a non-subject controller is necessarily also the source of the reported discourse.
Social accounting in the local economy
Authors: Harte George
Published: May 2011

High levels of unemployment have stimulated contemporary interest in social accounting. Decisions taken on the basis of private profitability, without regard for the wider economic and social consequences, may not be in the interests of the local community and the workforce. Traditionally such social consequences do not feature in accounting procedures for decision making or control purposes. But while local authorities are now showing more interest in social accounting, conceptual and practical problems must be addressed. This article highlights some of the major issues and calls for experimenting and publication of results to speed the development of useful techniques.
Fashion centres: An approach to sector intervention
Authors: Davenport Eileen , Totterdill Peter
Published: May 2011

The clothing and textile industry is a major employer in many areas. It consists of a large number of small firms characterised by very poor working conditions. The need to ustain employment in the industry and improve conditions has led to several local authorities adopting a sector approach to intervention. This paper looks at the development of one particular measure, the establishment of fashion centres.
Local economic development by community business
Authors: Buchanan Glen
Published: May 2011

The contribution of community business to local economic development is being increasingly recognised. In Scotland's largest Region, Strathclyde, there are already 35 community businesses trading. The companies — community owned, community controlled and non-profit distributing – are almost exclusively based in 'deprived' areas. Glen Buchanan looks at the background of deteriorating employment opportunities against which community businesses have emerged, outlines the characteristics of community business, analyses their role as an agent for local economic development, and appraises the work of Strathclyde Community Business Ltd, the UK's largest community business development agency.
The Scottish Development Agency: Market consensus, public planning and local enterprise
Authors: Moore Chris , Booth Simon
Published: May 2011

The absence of a coherent industrial strategy embracing sectoral enterprise development at the level of national government in the UK has meant a shift to regional and local levels as far as concerted intervention is concerned. But whilst there has been considerable interest in the activities of the local authority enterprise boards there has not been the same attention given to the regional development agencies like the SDA. The ideologies of intervention of this agency and GLEB, for example, are in theory very different, yet each confronts a series of opportunities and constraints at the level of economic sectors
Adaptation and habitat selection in the eco-evolutionary process
Authors: Morris Douglas W.
Published: May 2011

The struggle for existence occurs through the vital rates of population growth. This basic fact demonstrates the tight connection between ecology and evolution that defines the emerging field of eco-evolutionary dynamics. An effective synthesis of the interdependencies between ecology and evolution is grounded in six principles. Themechanicsof evolution specifies the origin and rules governing traits and evolutionary strategies. Traits and evolutionary strategies achieve their selective value through theirfunctional relationshipswith fitness. Function depends on the underlyingstructureof variation and the temporal, spatial and organizationalscalesof evolution. An understanding of how changes in traits and strategies occur requires conjoining ecological and evolutionarydynamics. Adaptationmerges these five pillars to achieve a comprehensive understanding of ecological and evolutionary change. I demonstrate the value of this world-view with reference to the theory and practice of habitat selection. The theory allows us to assess evolutionarily stable strategies and states of habitat selection, and to draw the adaptive landscapes for habitat-selecting species. The landscapes can then be used to forecast future evolution under a variety of climate change and other scenarios.
Development of an X-ray real-time stereo imaging technique using synchrotron radiation
Authors: Hoshino Masato , Uesugi Kentaro , Pearson James , Sonobe Takashi , Shirai Mikiyasu , Yagi Naoto
Published: May 2011

An X-ray stereo imaging system with synchrotron radiation was developed at BL20B2, SPring-8. A portion of a wide X-ray beam was Bragg-reflected by a silicon crystal to produce an X-ray beam which intersects with the direct X-ray beam. Samples were placed at the intersection point of the two beam paths. X-ray stereo images were recorded simultaneously by a detector with a large field of view placed close to the sample. A three-dimensional wire-frame model of a sample was created from the depth information that was obtained from the lateral positions in the stereo image. X-ray stereo angiography of a mouse femoral region was performed as a demonstration of real-time stereo imaging. Three-dimensional arrangements of the femur and blood vessels were obtained.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the imprinted bovine insulin‐like growth factor 2 receptor gene (IGF2R) are associated with body size traits in Irish Holstein‐Friesian cattle
Authors: Berkowicz E. W. , Magee D. A. , Berry D. P. , Sikora K. M. , Howard D. J. , Mullen M. P. , Evans R. D. , Spillane C. , MacHugh D. E.
Published: May 2011

The regulation of the bioavailability of insulin‐like growth factors (IGFs) is critical for normal mammalian growth and development. The imprinted insulin‐like growth factor 2 receptor gene (IGF2R) encodes a transmembrane protein receptor that acts to sequester and degrade excess circulating insulin‐like growth factor 2 (IGF‐II) – a potent foetal mitogen – and is considered an important inhibitor of growth. Consequently, IGF2R may serve as a candidate gene underlying important growth‐ and body‐related quantitative traits in domestic mammalian livestock. In this study, we have quantified genotype–phenotype associations between three previously validated intronic bovine IGF2R single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (IGF2R:g.64614T>C, IGF2R:g.65037T>C and IGF2R:g.86262C>T) and a range of performance traits in 848 progeny‐tested Irish Holstein‐Friesian artificial insemination sires. Notably, all three polymorphisms analysed were associated (P ≤ 0.05) with at least one of a number of performance traits related to animal body size: angularity, body depth, chest width, rump width, and animal stature. In addition, the C‐to‐T transition at the IGF2R:g.65037T>C polymorphism was positively associated with cow carcass weight and angularity. Correction for multiple testing resulted in the retention of two genotype–phenotype associations (animal stature and rump width). None of the SNPs analysed were associated with any of the milk traits examined. Analysis of pairwise r2 measures of linkage disequilibrium between all three assayed SNPs ranged between 0.41 and 0.79, suggesting that some of the observed SNP associations with performance may be independent. To our knowledge, this is one of the first studies demonstrating associations between IGF2R polymorphisms and growth‐ and body‐related traits in cattle. These results also support the increasing body of evidence that imprinted genes harbour polymorphisms that contribute to heritable variation in phenotypic traits in domestic livestock species.
Testosterone, SHBG and risk of type 2 diabetes in the second evaluation of the Pizarra cohort study
Authors: Soriguer Federico , Rubio‐Martín Elehazara , Fernández David , Valdés Sergio , García‐Escobar Eva , Martín‐Núñez Gracia M. , Esteva Isabel , Almaraz Mari Cruz , Rojo‐Martínez Gemma
Published: May 2011

Eur J Clin Invest 2012; 42 (1): 79–85

Aim  To evaluate the association between serum levels of testosterone, sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG) and calculated bioavailable testosterone (bioT), and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) in a prospective cohort from southern Spain (Pizarra study).

Research design and methods  The study was performed in the Pizarra Cohort Study, a prospective study started in 1995 with a follow‐up of 11 years. Anthropometric and metabolic variables were measured at baseline and at 6 and 11 years of follow‐up. Total testosterone (TT), SHBG and calculated bioT were determined at the 6‐year follow‐up.

Results  The levels of TT and bioT in men were negatively associated with the risk of obesity, T2D and the metabolic syndrome. In women, the levels of TT and bioT were associated positively with the risk of insulin resistance. The levels of SHBG were associated negatively with the risk of T2D, obesity and insulin resistance in both men and women. For all groups, the association was higher at the 11‐year follow‐up.

Conclusions  Low levels of testosterone and SHBG increase the risk of T2D in men, and high levels of testosterone increase the risk of insulin resistance in women. The association between TT levels and the risk of T2D is not completely independent of other variables, such as exposure time, adiposity, insulin resistance or SHBG levels. This study also shows that the different responses between men and women are probably because of the protective effect of SHBG, levels of which are higher in women than in men.
Optical mineralogy: new colour in a dying art
Authors: Genge Matthew
Published: May 2011

The words ‘optical mineralogy’ are capable of conjuring fear even in trained geologists. Every one of us will have spent hour after hour staring down the microscope until we are no longer able to focus on the clock on the wall to see if it is time to go home yet. Every geologist will remember the sheer confusion and terrifying uncertainty involved in trying to recognize all but the most obvious minerals. Still to this day many of us will experience a momentary wave of panic if a petrological microscope is pushed in our direction.
The Brymbo Fossil Forest
Authors: Appleton Peter , Malpas Jacqui , Thomas Barry A. , Cleal Christopher J.
Published: May 2011

Sites yielding Pennsylvanian (late Carboniferous) coal floras are well known across Europe and North America, but they usually only yield drifted remains of the plants. To understand the ecology of these ancient tropical wetlands properly it is essential that we study in situ remains of the plants. During recent re‐development work of a disused steelworks in the Denbigh Coalfield (north Wales) the remains of a stand of mainly arborescent club mosses and horsetails have been discovered, which is providing new insights into how these unusual plants grew.
A self‐management intervention to improve quality of life and psychosocial impact for people with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Wu Shu‐Fang Vivienne , Liang Shu‐Yuan , Wang Tsae‐Jyy , Chen Mei‐Hui , Jian Yu‐Mei , Cheng Kuei‐Chen
Published: May 2011

Aim.  To evaluate the effectiveness of self‐management intervention for people with diabetes mellitus.

Background.  Enhancing self‐efficacy and improving health quality of life for persons with diabetes are ongoing challenges for health care providers. There currently is a need to develop and test the effects of a self‐management programme.

Design.  A quasi‐experimental design.

Method.  The study was carried out in the outpatient clinic of a municipal hospital in Taipei. Patients aged 30 and over with type 2 diabetes and an oral medication regimen were recruited. One hundred and forty‐five participants completed the six‐month post‐treatment assessments (72 in the intervention group and 73 in the control group). Both control and intervention groups received a standard diabetic educational programme. The self‐management intervention is to improve psychosocial skills or addressing attitudes and beliefs specific to diabetes or the regimen behaviours. The intervention group received the following additional interventions: (1) a diabetic booklet (2) DVD viewing (3) four counselling sessions (4) and a telephone follow‐up. The main outcome measures were Short Form 12 for health‐related quality of life, the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support scale and the Center for Epidemiology Studies Short Depression Scale.

Results.  The scores for social support were significantly increased in the intervention group at Time 2 and Time 3 (three and six months from commencement of the intervention) compared with those of the control group (p < 0·01), whereas health‐related quality of life and depression were not significantly different.

Conclusions.  The diabetic self‐management intervention programme improved social support for participants, but future studies are needed. Replication of this study in various settings, with other populations, or with additional outcome measures may result in different findings.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Self‐management programmes should be held regularly and evaluated in clinical practices, especially in developing countries. Providing practical screening tools and conducting psychological research on diabetes drive policy and health care system change.
In vivo grapevine anthocyanin transport involves vesicle‐mediated trafficking and the contribution of anthoMATE transporters and GST
Authors: Gomez Camila , Conejero Geneviève , Torregrosa Laurent , Cheynier Véronique , Terrier Nancy , Ageorges Agnès
Published: May 2011

In cells, anthocyanin pigments are synthesized at the cytoplasmic surface of the endoplasmic reticulum, and are then transported and finally accumulated inside the vacuole. In Vitis vinifera (grapevine), two kinds of molecular actors are putatively associated with the vacuolar sequestration of anthocyanins: a glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST) and two MATE‐type transporters, named anthoMATEs. However, the sequence of events by which anthocyanins are imported into the vacuole remains unclear. We used MYBA1 transformed hairy roots as a grapevine model tissue producing anthocyanins, and took advantage of the unique autofluorescence of anthocyanins to study their cellular trafficking. In these tissues, anthocyanins were not only visible in the largest vacuoles, but were also present at higher concentrations in several vesicles of different sizes. In the cell, small vesicles actively moved alongside the tonoplast, suggesting a vesicular trafficking to the vacuole. Subcellular localization assays revealed that anthoMATE transporters were closely related with these small vesicles, whereas GST was localized in the cytoplasm around the nucleus, suggesting an association with the endoplasmic reticulum. Furthermore, cells in hairy roots expressing anthoMATE antisense did not display small vesicles filled with anthocyanins, whereas in hairy roots expressing GST antisense, anthocyanins were accumulated in vesicles but not in the vacuole. This suggests that in grapevine, anthoMATE transporters and GST are involved in different anthocyanin transport mechanisms.
Impact of posterior urethral valves on pediatric renal transplantation: A single‐center comparative study of 297 cases
Authors: Kamal Mohamed M. , El‐Hefnawy Ahmed S. , Soliman Shady , Shokeir Ahmed A. , Ghoneim Mohamed A.
Published: May 2011

Kamal MM, El‐Hefnawy AS, Soliman S, Shokeir AA, Ghoneim MA. Impact of posterior urethral valves on pediatric renal transplantation: A single‐center comparative study of 297 cases.  Pediatr Transplantation 2011: 15: 482–487. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  Objective:  This is a retrospective long‐term evaluation of the renal allografts and bladder functions in pediatric recipients who had posterior urethral valves (PUV). Patients and methods: Between March 1976 and February 2009, 2033 live‐donor renal transplantations were carried out in our center. Of these, 297 (14.2%) were in the pediatric age (≤18 yr). The pediatric recipients included 20 (6.7%) boys who developed end‐stage renal disease as a late complication of PUV and recognized as group I while the remaining 277 pediatric recipients were defined as group II. Demographic characteristics, post‐transplant complications and graft function were compared among both groups. Patient and graft survivals of both groups were also estimated. Moreover, the bladder function of the study group was evaluated by urodynamic studies. Results: Patients with PUV (group I) were significantly younger than group II. Although the overall rate of urological complications in both groups was essentially similar, the incidence of urinary fistulae and urinary tract infection were higher in group I. The mean (SD) follow up periods for group I and II were 4.7 (4.1) and 6.4 (4.8) yr, respectively. At last follow up the serum creatinine values were similar among patients of both groups. Moreover, there were no differences in graft or patient survival at five and 10 yr. Detrusor over‐activity could be elicited in only one of group I patients. Schafer nomogram showed non‐obstructed pattern in all cases. Conclusion: Good functional outcome could be achieved for patients with PUV if renal transplantation is necessary. Pre‐transplant surgical procedures may be required such as nephroureterectomy, cytoplasty or injection of refluxing ureters. A robust anti‐refluxing uretero‐vesical anastomosis is important, and can be achieved by a Lich‐Gregoir procedure.
Blood stream infections after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: a single‐center experience with the use of levofloxacin prophylaxis
Authors: Busca A. , Cavecchia I. , Locatelli F. , D'Ardia S. , De Rosa F.G. , Marmont F. , Ciccone G. , Baldi I. , Serra R. , Gaido E. , Falda M.
Published: May 2011

A. Busca, I. Cavecchia, F. Locatelli, S. D' Ardia, F.G. De Rosa, F. Marmont, G. Ciccone, I. Baldi, R. Serra, E. Gaido, M. Falda. Blood stream infections after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: a single‐center experience with the use of levofloxacin prophylaxis. Transpl Infect Dis 2011. All rights reserved

Abstract: Blood stream infections (BSIs) remain one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality for patients receiving an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In the present study, we evaluated the incidence and characteristics of BSI within 1 year after allogeneic HSCT in 269 consecutive adult patients who received antibacterial prophylaxis with levofloxacin. Cumulative incidence of BSI was 12% (95% confidence interval, 8–16%). Bacteria were responsible for 30 out of the 32 BSI, while fungi were responsible for 2 episodes of BSI. The median onset of BSI was day 8 (range 1–328 days) post transplant, and 66% of BSI occurred before neutrophil recovery. Gram‐positive organisms accounted for 60% (n=18) of bacteremia, and gram‐negative isolates for 40% (n=12) of the cases. Coagulase‐negative staphylococci were the most commonly isolated gram‐positive pathogens (53% of the cases), while Escherichia coli was the most commonly isolated gram‐negative bacteria (58% of the cases). Candida albicans and Candida guillermondii were isolated from patients with candidemia. Resistance to fluoroquinolones (FQ) was common with 13% of gram‐positive isolates being susceptible to FQ, while 50% of the gram‐negative rods were susceptible to FQ. Crude mortality and mortality attributable to BSI were both 3% (1 of 32). In conclusion, our data suggest that despite the emergence of antibiotic resistance, FQ prophylaxis may be considered an appealing approach in allogeneic HSCT recipients and is also worth evaluating in randomized studies.
Frequency and inheritance of non‐male producing clones in Daphnia magna: evolution towards sex specialization in a cyclical parthenogen?
Authors: GALIMOV Y. , WALSER B. , HAAG C. R.
Published: May 2011

In Daphnia (Cladocera, Crustacea), parthenogenetic reproduction alternates with sexual reproduction. Individuals of both sexes that belong to the same parthenogenetic line are genetically identical, and their sex is determined by the environment. Previously, non‐male producing (NMP) genotypes have been described in species of the Daphnia pulex group. Such genotypes can only persist through phases of sexual reproduction if they co‐occur with normal (MP) genotypes that produce both males and females, and thus the breeding system polymorphism is similar to gynodioecy (coexistence of females with hermaphrodites), which is well known in plants. Here we show that the same breeding system polymorphism also occurs in Daphnia magna, a species that has diverged from D. pulex more than 100 MY ago. Depending on the population, between 0% and 40% of D. magna females do not produce males when experimentally exposed to a concentration of the putative sex hormone methyl farnesoate that normally leads to male‐only clutches. Natural broods of these NMP females never contained males, contrasting with high proportions of male offspring in MP females from the same populations. The results from a series of crossing experiments suggest that NMP is determined by a dominant allele at a single nuclear locus (or a several closely linked loci): NMP × MP crosses always yielded 50% NMP and 50% MP offspring, whereas MP × MP crosses always yielded 100% MP offspring. Based on cytochrome c oxidase subunit I‐sequences, we found that NMP genotypes from different populations belong to three highly divergent mitochondrial lineages, potentially representing three independent evolutionary origins of NMP in D. magna. Thus, the evolution of NMP genotypes in cyclical parthenogens may be more common than previously thought. Moreover, MP genotypes that coexist with NMP genotypes may have responded to the presence of the latter by partially specializing on male production. Hence, these populations of D. magna may be a model for an evolutionary transition from a purely environmental to a partially genetic sex determination system.
Effectiveness of chlorhexidine on the disinfection of complete dentures colonised with fluconazole‐resistant Candida albicans: in vitro study
Authors: Mima Ewerton Garcia de Oliveira , Pavarina Ana Cláudia , da Silveira Vargas Fernanda , Giampaolo Eunice Teresinha , Machado Ana Lucia , Vergani Carlos Eduardo
Published: May 2011

This in vitro study evaluated different concentrations of chlorhexidine (CHX) solution on the disinfection of dentures colonised with a reference (ATCC 90028) and azole‐resistant (R1, R2 e R3) strains of Candida albicans. Sterile dentures were individually inoculated with one of the strains and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. Then, each denture was immersed in sterile saline (control) or CHX (2%, 1% or 0.2%) for 10 min. Samples of serial dilutions were spread on Agar Sabouraud Dextrose and incubated at 37 °C for 48 h. The colonies were counted and the values of log(cfu ml−1) were analysed by Kruskal–Wallis test (P < 0.05). Dentures immersed in CHX were incubated for 7 days. For all strains, the cfu ml−1 values of 0.2% CHX were significantly higher than those of 2% and 1% CHX. There was no difference between the cfu ml−1 values of 2% and 1% CHX. For dentures immersed in CHX, ATCC 90028 strain showed lower cfu ml−1 values than R2 and R3 strains. For control dentures, cfu ml−1 values of ATCC 90028 strain were higher than those of R strains. Immersion in 2% CHX resulted in the highest number of dentures without fungal growth after 7 days. For denture disinfection, 2% CHX was the most effective concentration, and R strains were less susceptible to disinfection. Chlorhexidine is effective in disinfection of dentures contaminated with azole‐resistant C. albicans.
Characteristics of Paecilomyces lilacinus infection comparing immunocompetent with immunosuppressed murine model
Authors: dos Santos Brito Marcelly Maria , da Silva Lima Mariana , Morgado Fernanda Nazaré , Raibolt Priscila , Menezes Rodrigo , Conceição‐Silva Fátima , de Moraes Borba Cintia
Published: May 2011

The characteristics of Paecilomyces lilacinus infection were evaluated using two murine experimental models: immunocompetent and immunosuppressed. The evaluation criteria for characteristics of infection were clinical signs, weight loss, survival rates, histopathological alterations and the number of viable fungal cells re‐isolated from different organs; and those for immunological status were in vitro lymphoproliferative response, cell surface phenotyping and IFN‐γ production. Morphological evaluation showed that P. lilacinus isolates presented morphological characteristics consistent with those described in the literature. The immunocompetent mice could be infected by the fungi, but they did not develop the disease, unlike the immunosuppressed mice, which showed clinical signs of mycosis in an environment of suppressed cellular immune response. The hypothesis of latent infection reactivation in mice was not confirmed. The difference observed in the infection rate of the two fungi isolates points to an intrinsic variation between strains of P. lilacinus and led us to hypothesise that even in the presence of immunosuppressed environment, the fungus virulence can play a role in the pathogenesis of hyalohyphomycosis.
Difference in virulence between fluconazole‐susceptible and fluconazole‐resistant Candida albicans in a mouse model
Authors: Schulz Bettina , Weber Kai , Schmidt Axel , Borg‐von Zepelin Margarete , Ruhnke Markus
Published: May 2011

Two Candida albicans isolates were collected from a HIV‐positive patient with recurrent oropharyngeal candidosis (OPC). One isolate was taken during the first episode of oral candidosis [fluconazole susceptible (FLU‐S), minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 0.25 mg l−1] and the second after the patient developed refractory OPC and resistance to fluconazole (FLU‐R, MIC = 64 mg l−1). Both isolates were clonally identical. Different in vitro studies were carried out to assess putative virulence factors of both isolates. Gene expressions of efflux pumps and CSH1 were determined as well as adherence to human epithelial cells, determination of proteinase secretion and biofilm formation activity. Virulence was studied using a disseminated mouse model. All mice challenged with the FLU‐S isolate survived the experiment when FLU was given. However, when FLU was absent, the mortality of the FLU‐S isolate was higher than that of the FLU‐R isolate with no mice surviving the experiment. In vitro studies showed pronounced growth rates of the FLU‐S isolate and a more intense biofilm‐building activity compared with the FLU‐R isolate. The FLU‐R isolate highly up‐regulated MDR1 and CSH1. This isolate also adhered stronger to the epithelial cell line. The results showed that FLU‐S and FLU‐R isolates exhibit different virulence factors, which enable the survival of both isolates in adapted environments.
Incubation of fungal cultures: how long is long enough?
Authors: Bosshard Philipp P.
Published: May 2011

Fungal cultures are traditionally incubated for 4 weeks or longer to maximise the recovery of slowly growing fungi. However, the data in support of this are scarce. The objectives of this study were to determine the optimum incubation time for specimens in which moulds or yeast are suspected and to review the literature. A total of 3036 fungal cultures of 2216 dermatological and 820 non‐dermatological specimens were analysed. The day on which fungal growth was first noted, was recorded. Eleven of 820 non‐dermatological specimens were positive after day 14; in 10 cases, the fungus was considered clinically non‐relevant and in one case, the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient receiving therapy for cryptococcosis was positive with Cryptococcus neoformans. Fourteen and three of 2216 dermatological samples showed the growth of a dermatophyte in the third week and fourth week respectively. The results indicate that for specimens sent for the detection of yeast or moulds (except dermatophytes and systemic dimorphic fungi), an incubation period of 2 weeks is sufficient, whereas for dermatophytes, a 4‐week incubation period is necessary. Based on these results and previous literature, an algorithm for the incubation time of fungal cultures is proposed.
In vitro antifungal activity of coumarin extracted from Loeselia mexicana Brand
Authors: Navarro‐García Victor M. , Rojas Gabriela , Avilés Margarita , Fuentes Macrina , Zepeda Gerardo
Published: May 2011

The bis‐coumarin daphnoretin and its monomeric precursors scopoletin and umbelliferone were isolated for the first time from the aerial part of Loeselia mexicana Brand (a vegetal species used in Mexican traditional medicine) using chromatographic techniques. The structures of these compounds were determined by 1H and 13C NMR analyses. These coumarins were evaluated for in vitro antifungal activity. The three compounds tested showed significant antifungal activity.
Nutritionally Induced Relationships Between Insulin Levels During the Weaning‐to‐Ovulation Interval and Reproductive Characteristics in Multiparous Sows: II. Luteal Development, Progesterone and Conceptus Development and Uniformity1
Authors: Wientjes JGM , Soede NM , van den Brand H , Kemp B
Published: May 2011

Contents

Insulin‐stimulating sow diets before mating improve piglet uniformity. We studied effects of nutritionally induced differences in insulin levels during the weaning‐to‐ovulation interval (WOI) on luteal development, progesterone secretion and pre‐implantation conceptus development and uniformity (d10). To create insulin contrasts, 32 multiparous sows were fed either a dextrose plus lactose containing diet (each 150 g/day) at 4 h intervals (DL treatment) or an isocalorically control diet (containing soybean oil) at 12 h intervals (CTRL treatment) during the WOI. After ovulation, all sows received a standard gestation diet at 12 h intervals. Ovulation rate, plasma progesterone levels, pregnancy rate and embryo survival did not differ between treatments. CTRL sows had a higher total luteal weight (11.2 vs 9.7 g; p = 0.03) than DL sows. Conceptus diameter at d10 of pregnancy tended to be larger in CTRL sows (diameter: 7.1 vs 6.4 mm; p = 0.07). Conceptus uniformity was not influenced by treatment. Insulin area under the curve (AUC) and mean insulin during the WOI were positively related with mean progesterone (β values were 0.78 (ng/ml)/1000 μU and 0.14 (ng/ml)/(μU/ml) for AUC and mean, respectively; p < 0.05) and maximal progesterone (β values were 1.46 (ng/ml)/1000 μU and 0.27 (ng/ml)/(μU/ml) for AUC and mean, respectively; p < 0.05) levels during the first 10 days of pregnancy, but not with conceptus development and uniformity. In conclusion, high insulin levels during the WOI seem to be beneficial for progesterone secretion in sows, probably mediated through beneficial effects of insulin on follicle development.
Differential Gene Expression Between the Porcine Morula and Blastocyst
Authors: Hsu CC , Lin EC , Chen SC , Huang SC , Liu BH , Yu YH , Chen CC , Yang CC , Lien CY , Wang YH , Liu CW , Mersmann HJ , Cheng WTK , Ding ST
Published: May 2011

Contents

The survival and development of pre‐implantation embryos are determinant factors affecting the outcome of animal reproduction. It is essential to transfer the expression of the genetic material from maternal sources, that is the ovum to the zygote before implantation to ensure successful development. Differentiation and transformation of blastomeres initiated during the morula and blastocyst stages is an important step of the embryonic development prior to implantation. We collected morula and early blastocyst samples from pure‐bred Landrace pigs in vivo to study the differential gene expression patterns at these two stages. Total RNA was extracted from individual embryos and two rounds of amplification were employed. Two micrograms of antisense RNA, targets, were prepared and hybridized with each of four custom made oligo microarrays representing 24 000 porcine genes. The analyses of replicate hybridizations showed that among the 24 000 genes, 162 genes were expressed fivefold or greater in the morula compared to early blastocysts and 2126 genes were expressed fivefold or greater in early blastocysts compared to the morula. Of these differentially expressed genes, 1429 genes were functionally annotated with related human Gene Ontology terms. In addition to basic metabolic processes, genes related to signal transduction, transportation and cell differentiation were found in both stages and were up‐regulated as embryo development proceeded. Real time polymerase chain reaction was utilized to quantify 12 genes differentially expressed in the 2 embryonic stages and validated the reliability of major evidences shown in microarrays. In conclusion, we have obtained a preliminary landscape of genes differentially expressed during the transition from morula to early blastocysts in pigs and showed a generally increased transcriptional activity, perhaps in preparation for implantation. Our results provide an opportunity to study the functions of these genes in relation to the development and survival of pre‐implantation porcine embryos.
Sacrococcygeal teratoma: The 13‐year experience of a tertiary paediatric centre
Authors: Ho Kok On , Soundappan Sannappa V , Walker Karen , Badawi Nadia
Published: May 2011

Aim:  To describe the management, morbidity and mortality of infants admitted to a tertiary paediatric hospital in New South Wales, Australia with a diagnosis of sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT).

Methods:  All neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit with a SCT between January 1996 and December 2008 were included in this retrospective review. Data collected included maternal and neonatal demographics, time of diagnosis, tumour characteristics, surgical treatment, operative complications and outcomes.

Results:  Seventeen infants with a diagnosis of SCT were included in the study. Of these infants, the majority (70%) were born at term, and eight had a prenatal diagnosis made during the second trimester. Associated anomalies were detected in seven infants (41.8%), with renal anomalies being the most common. Tumour histology included mature (50%, n= 8), yolk sac tumour (18.75%, n= 3), immature (6.25%, n= 1) and mature with mixed elements (25%, n= 4). Recurrent disease occurred in two infants within 4–18 months of the primary resection, with one infant suffering a second recurrence. Only one child died prior to surgery, giving a survival rate of 94%, and mean age at follow‐up was 32 months. Long‐term sequelae found in four babies included revision of scar, vesicoureteric reflux, post‐surgical neurogenic bladder and osteotomy for hip dysplasia.

Conclusions:  The overall survival of neonatal SCT is high. While this is a small series, our results are consistent with the literature. Important components of management include timely diagnosis, multidisciplinary planning, long‐term follow‐up and intervention for functional sequelae.
Exhaled air dispersion and removal is influenced by isolation room size and ventilation settings during oxygen delivery via nasal cannula
Authors: HUI DAVID S. , CHOW BENNY K. , CHU LEO , NG SUSANNA S. , LAI SIK‐TO , GIN TONY , CHAN MATTHEW T.V.
Published: May 2011

Background and objective:  We compared the exhaled air dispersion distances during oxygen delivery via nasal cannula to a human‐patient simulator (HPS) in two different isolation rooms.

Methods:  Airflow was marked with intrapulmonary smoke for visualization. Oxygen flow was gradually increased from 1 to 5 L/min, with the HPS sitting at 45°. The leakage jet plume was revealed by laser light‐sheet and images captured by high‐definition video. Smoke concentration in the plume was estimated from the light scattered by smoke particles. The experiments were conducted at a double‐door, negative pressure isolation room with a dimension of 4.1 × 5.1 × 2.6 m, pressure of −7.4 Pa and 16 air exchanges/h (ACH) (room A). Results were compared with experiments repeated in a smaller isolation room with a dimension of 2.7 × 4.2 × 2.4 m, pressure of −5 Pa and 12 ACH (room B).

Results:  Room A: an exhalation jet spread almost horizontally outward from the nostrils of the HPS to 0.66 m and 1 m towards the end of bed when oxygen flow was increased from 1 to 5 L/min respectively. Room B: there was interaction between the downward ceiling ventilation current and the exhaled air from the HPS, leading to deflection of exhaled smoke towards the head of the HPS at an oxygen flow rate of 1 L/min. As oxygen flow was increased gradually to 5 L/min, more room contamination with smoke was noted.

Conclusions:  Substantial exposure to exhaled air occurs within 1 m towards the end of the bed from patients receiving oxygen via nasal cannula. Room dimension and air exchange rate are important factors in preventing contamination in isolation rooms.
Plasma neutrophil elastase correlates with pulmonary vascular permeability: A prospective observational study in patients with pneumonia
Authors: TAGAMI TAKASHI , KUSHIMOTO SHIGEKI , TOSA RYOICHI , OMURA MARIKO , YONEZAWA KOHEI , AKIYAMA GO , HIRAMA HISAO , YOKOTA HIROYUKI
Published: May 2011

Background and objective:  Little is known about plasma neutrophil elastase (PNE) levels in patients with community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) requiring treatment in the intensive care unit (ICU) or high care unit (HCU). In addition, the influence of PNE on pulmonary vascular permeability in a clinical setting has not been investigated. The aims of this study were (i) to investigate PNE levels in patients with CAP and (ii) to explore the relationship between PNE and pulmonary vascular permeability.

Methods:  Fourteen consecutive CAP patients who were admitted to the HCU (n = 8) or ICU (n = 6) were prospectively investigated over a 6‐month period. A group of eight patients with hydrostatic pulmonary oedema without CAP served as a control group (CG). PNE levels were measured at regular intervals. The pulmonary vascular permeability index (PVPI) was monitored in all ICU and CG patients, using the PiCCO system.

Results:  PNE levels were higher in the CAP patients (132 (84–261) ng/mL) than in the CG patients (77 (64–107) ng/mL) (P = 0.04), and were highest in the ICU patients (186 (75–466) ng/mL). The PVPI was higher in the ICU patients (2.85 (1.90–4.00)) than in the CG patients (1.15 (0.75–2.35)) (P = 0.02). PNE levels correlated with PVPI in the ICU patients (r = 0.81, P < 0.001) but there was no correlation among the CG patients (r = 0.14, P = 0.73).

Conclusions:  Patients with severe CAP had high levels of PNE, which was closely correlated with PVPI. PNE may be involved in the pathogenesis of severe pneumonia.