bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Book review essay
Authors: Bradley Tony
Published: October 2009

Book reviewed in this article:

Capitalism and countryside: rural sociology as political economy: Newby, H. 1977: The deferential worker — a study of farm workers in East Anglia.

Capitalism and countryside: rural sociology as political economy: Newby, H., Bell, C., Rose, D. and Saunders, P. 1978: Property, paternalism and power — class and control in rural England.

Capitalism and countryside: rural sociology as political economy: Newby, H. 1980: Green and pleasant land? — social change in rural England.
Local autonomy or centralism—when was the original sin committed?
Authors: Rév István
Published: October 2009

What makes a fact appear historical to a historian is its preterite nature — its place in past time. What can be more natural than to assume that its position in past time is sufficient not only to locate an historical fact but also to explain it? The argument that post hoc is propter hoc comes naturally to historians (Postan, 1962).
Jung's dissociable psyche and the ec‐static self
Authors: Austin Sue
Published: October 2009

Abstract: Much of Jung's later work assumes that the self is an a priori phenomenon in which centripetal dynamics dominate. There is, however, another current in Jung's writings which recognizes the self to be an emergent phenomenon. This view is increasingly prevalent in post‐Jungian discourse, and Louis Zinkin's exploration of a post‐Jungian‐constructivist model of the self can be seen as part of this tendency.

My paper privileges an emergent understanding of the self by focusing on the ‘unravelling’, ‘de‐centring’, centrifugal experiences of otherness in the psyche. It offers a post‐Jungian reading of a number of writers who have been influenced by the psychoanalyst Jean Laplanche and proposes a model of the self which focuses on our fantasies, terrors and longings about coming undone and bringing others undone.

This model is then linked to Judith Butler's understanding of the self as an ec‐static phenomenon, in which the self is, of necessity, outside itself, such that ‘there is no final moment in which my return to myself takes place’. I suggest that Jung's early clinical researches into the dissociability of the psyche and the clinical tools which he developed as a result of this work are especially suitable for engaging with these emergent, centrifugal dynamics.
The self, the psyche and the world: a phenomenological interpretation
Authors: Brooke Roger
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  This paper takes as its starting point Jung's definition of the self as the totality of the psyche. However, because the term psyche remains conceptually unclear the concept of the self as totality, origin and goal, even centre, remains vague. With reference to Heidegger's analysis of human being as Dasein, as well as Jung's writings, it is argued that Jung's concept of psyche is not a synonym for mind but is the world in which we live psychologically. An understanding of the psyche as existentially situated requires us to rethink some features of the self. For instance, the self as origin is thus not a pre‐existential integrate of pure potentiality but the original gathering of existence in which, and out of which, personal identity is constituted. The ego emerges out of the self as the development and ownership of aspects of an existence that is already situated and gathered. Relations between the ego and the self are about what is known, or admitted, and its relation with what is already being lived within the gathering that is existence. The self as psyche, origin, and centre are discussed, as well as the meaning of interiority. Epistemological assumptions of object relations theory are critically discussed. The paper also includes critical discussions of recent papers on the self.
Elephants painting? Selfness and the emergence of self states as illustrated in conceptual art
Authors: Horne Michael
Published: October 2009

Abstract: The traditional view of the self is that of a singular entity whose ground is an inherent function of the mind. The more recent conception of the self is moving toward the social constructionist concept that its ground is the discourses of the particular culture into which one is born. These two divergent views have created an irresolvable binary of inner/outer that limits their explanatory power. To resolve this dilemma I suggest that the abstract noun ‘selfness’, indicating a general state, should replace the representational noun ‘self’, that indicates a specific state. I will propose that ‘selfness’ is indeed the ‘ground’ from which our unique self states emerge. I will illustrate this with examples from conceptual art and will discuss its relevance to analytic theory and treatment.
The enigmatic signifier and the decentred subject
Authors: Hinton Ladson
Published: October 2009

I placed a jar in Tennessee,             And round it was, upon a hill.             It made the slovenly wilderness             Surround that hill …             It took dominion everywhere.             The jar was grey and bare.             It did not give of bird or bush             Like nothing else in Tennessee.

‘Anecdote of the Jar’ by Wallace Stevens

Abstract: War, genocide, economic upheaval and terrorism have crushed belief in endlessly ‘enlightened’ progress. We more and more doubt the teleological nature of psychological events, including the activity of a Self or centre that guides the development of the subject. There is a growing view of a ‘decentred’ subject that develops in the face of an enigmatic Otherness. Jean Laplanche has created an extensive metapsychology describing this situation, emphasizing the original helplessness of an infant who is bathed in enigmatic messages from its very beginnings. These messages from the adult other are often sexualized, and are partly or largely unconscious to the sender. Laplanche calls this situation ‘primal seduction’. The immature human cannot fully metabolize such adult messages, and through ‘primal repression’ they remain as the unconscious core of subjectivity. They disrupt psychological life, conveying a sense of signifying something to the subject. What they signify is an enigma, like finding a hieroglyph in the desert. The story of relationships and culture is the story of our repeated attempts to translate them, to respond to them. An analytic case illustrates these concepts as they appear in the transference, first as gaps and monsters, and then in the crucial and surprising appearance of transformative laughter. The vicissitudes of the clinical situation illustrate the vital importance of the enigmatic signifier in the development of the subject.
Dopamine and γ‐aminobutyric acid are colocalized in restricted groups of neurons in the sea lamprey brain: insights into the early evolution of neurotransmitter colocalization in vertebrates
Authors: Barreiro‐Iglesias Antón , Villar‐Cerviño Verona , Anadón Ramón , Rodicio María Celina
Published: October 2009

Since its discovery, the possible corelease of classic neurotransmitters from neurons has received much attention. Colocalization of monoamines and amino acidergic neurotransmitters [mainly glutamate and dopamine (DA) or serotonin] in mammalian neurons has been reported. However, few studies have dealt with the colocalization of DA and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) in neurons. With the aim of providing some insight into the colocalization of neurotransmitters during early vertebrate phylogeny, we studied GABA expression in dopaminergic neurons in the sea lamprey brain by using double‐immunofluorescence methods with anti‐DA and anti‐GABA antibodies. Different degrees of colocalization of DA and GABA were observed in different dopaminergic brain nuclei. A high degree of colocalization (GABA in at least 25% of DA‐immunoreactive neurons) was observed in populations of the caudal rhombencephalon, ventral isthmus, postoptic commissure nucleus, preoptic nucleus and in granule‐like cells of the olfactory bulb. A new DA‐immunoreactive striatal population that showed colocalization with GABA in about a quarter of its neurons was observed. In the periventricular hypothalamus, colocalization was observed in only a few cells, despite the abundance of DA‐ and GABA‐immunoreactive neurons, and no double‐labelled cells were observed in the paratubercular nucleus. The frequent colocalization of DA and GABA reveals that the dopaminergic populations of lampreys are more complex than previously reported. Double‐labelled fibres or terminals were observed in different brain regions, suggesting possible corelease of DA and GABA by these lamprey neurons. The present results suggest that colocalization of DA and GABA in neurons appeared early in vertebrate evolution.
Phonological development in very‐low‐birthweight children: an exploratory study
Authors: VAN NOORT‐VAN DER SPEK INGE L , FRANKEN MARIE‐CHRISTINE JP , WIERINGA MARJAN H , WEISGLAS‐KUPERUS NYNKE
Published: October 2009

Aim  Very‐low‐birthweight (VLBW; birthweight <1500g and/or gestational age <32wks) children are at risk for speech problems. However, there are few studies on speech development in VLBW children at an early age. The aim of this study was to investigate phonological development in 2‐year‐old VLBW children.

Method  Twenty VLBW children without major neurosensory impairment (7 males, 13 females; mean birthweight 971g, SD 315; mean gestational age 28wks, SD 1.81) and 20 term children (7 males, 13 females; mean birthweight 3503g, SD 416; mean gestational age 40wks, SD 1.26) were compared on measures of phonological development derived from 20‐minute spontaneous speech samples of standardized mother–child play interaction as well as on standardized tests of cognitive and psychomotor development, language, and behaviour.

Results  VLBW children had significantly fewer acquired consonants (median 9, p=0.02) and a significantly lower phonological mean length of utterance (pMLU; median 4.1, p<0.01) than term children (median acquired consonants 10, median pMLU 5.0).

Interpretation  This study provides evidence for poor phonological development in even healthy VLBW children, compared with term‐matched children, independent of their cognitive, psychomotor, and language development, and their behavioural functioning.
Effects of gestational diabetes on fetal oxygen and glucose levels in vivo
Authors: Taricco E , Radaelli T , Rossi G , Nobile de Santis MS , Bulfamante GP , Avagliano L , Cetin I
Published: October 2009

Objective  Fetal hypoxia and acidemia have been reported in pregestational diabetic pregnancies in relation to poor glycaemic control, but it is still uncertain whether this is the case in apparently well‐controlled gestational diabetes.

Population and methods  Maternal arterial and umbilical venous and arterial blood samples were collected from 37 normal (N) and 38 pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes (GDM) at the time of caesarean section.

Main outcome measures  Respiratory gases, acid–base balance, lactate and glucose concentrations were measured.

Results  Both fetal and placental weights were significantly increased in GDM compared to N pregnancies, despite similar gestational age. Maternal biochemical parameters were similar in N and GDM but GDM fetuses were significantly more hypoxic (O2 saturation: N 63.2 ± 13.9; GDM 53.8 ± 14.6%, P < 0.01; O2 content: N 5.5 ± 1.4; GDM 4.8 ± 1.2 mmol/l, P < 0.05). Glucose (N 3.4 ± 0.5, GDM 3.9 ± 1.2 mmol/l, P < 0.05) and lactate (N 1.32 ± 0.49; GDM 1.64 ± 0.75 mmol/l, P < 0.05) concentrations were significantly increased in the umbilical vein in GDM compared to N fetuses. Placental histology was consistent with altered villous morphology.

Conclusions  Our data indicate that fetuses from gestational diabetic mothers have increased umbilical glucose concentrations despite normal maternal glucose levels and a reduction in oxygen saturation and O2 content together with increased lactate concentration, reflecting altered fetal metabolism. These data suggest that ‘good maternal metabolic control’ achieved by currently used methods of monitoring glucose control is not sufficient to ensure a normal oxygenation status and metabolic milieu for the fetus in GDM pregnancies.
Hyperoxia and prevention of adhesion formation: a laparoscopic mouse model for open surgery
Authors: Binda MM , Koninckx PR
Published: October 2009

Please cite this paper as: Binda M, Koninckx P. Hyperoxia and prevention of adhesion formation: a laparoscopic mouse model for open surgery. BJOG 2010;117:331–339.

Objective  CO2 pneumoperitoneum with more than 10% oxygen enhances adhesions. As during open surgery the peritoneum is exposed to air (20% oxygen), in this hyperoxia‐enhanced adhesion model we evaluated the effect of hypothermia and products with known effectiveness in hypoxia (pure CO2 pneumoperitoneum) and normoxia (CO2 pneumoperitoneum plus 3–4% oxygen) models. Results were expected to be important for adhesion prevention in open surgery, and, moreover, similarities and differences between the three models would be important to identify differences in pathways of adhesion formation between laparoscopy and laparotomy.

Design  Two experiments were performed in which the effect of hypothermia (32°C), a surfactant (phospholipids), a barrier (Hyalobarrier® gel), reactive oxygen species scavengers (superoxide dismutase, SOD, and ascorbic acid, AA), anti‐inflammatory agents (dexamethasone and nimesulide), a calcium channel blocker (diltiazem) and recombinant plasminogen activator (r‐PA) were evaluated upon adhesions.

Setting  University Hospital.

Population  BALB/c mice.

Methods  Hyperoxia‐enhanced adhesions were induced by performing laparoscopically bipolar lesions during 60 minutes of CO2 pneumoperitoneum plus 12% oxygen at 37°C body temperature.

Main outcome measures  Adhesions were scored after 7 days.

Results  In this model, adhesions were reduced by hypothermia (P < 0.02; Wilcoxon), phospholipids (P = 0.03), Hyalobarrier® gel (P < 0.004), dexamethasone (P < 0.005) and diltiazem (P < 0.01). A significant but quantitatively borderline effect was seen for AA (P < 0.002) and r‐PA (P = 0.0005), whereas SOD and nimesulide did not have any effect.

Conclusions  Hyperoxia‐enhanced adhesions were prevented by hypothermia, dexamethasone, phospholipids, Hyalobarrier® gel, diltiazem, r‐PA and AA. All effects were similar to those in the hypoxia‐enhanced adhesion model, suggesting that the underlying mechanisms are similar.
Low birthweight and preterm birth rates 1 year before and after the Irish workplace smoking ban
Authors: Kabir Z , Clarke V , Conroy R , McNamee E , Daly S , Clancy L
Published: October 2009

Objective  It is well‐established that maternal smoking has adverse birth outcomes (low birthweight, LBW, and preterm births). The comprehensive Irish workplace smoking ban was successfully introduced in March 2004. We examined LBW and preterm birth rates 1 year before and after the workplace smoking ban in Dublin.

Design  A cross‐sectional observational study analysing routinely collected data using the Euroking K2 maternity system.

Setting  Coombe University Maternal Hospital.

Population  Only singleton live births were included for analyses (7593 and 7648, in 2003 and 2005, respectively).

Methods  Detailed gestational and clinical characteristics were collected and analysed using multivariable logistic regression analyses and subgroup analyses.

Main outcome measures  Maternal smoking rates, mean birthweights, and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of LBW and preterm births in 2005 versus 2003.

Results  There was a 25% decreased risk of preterm births (OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.59–0.96), a 43% increased risk of LBW (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.10–1.85), and a 12% fall in maternal smoking rates (from 23.4 to 20.6%) in 2005 relative to 2003. Such patterns were significantly maintained when specific subgroups were also analysed. Mean birthweights decreased in 2005, but were not significant (P = 0.99). There was a marginal increase in smoking cessation before pregnancy in 2005 (P = 0.047).

Conclusions  Significant declines in preterm births and in maternal smoking rates after the smoking ban are welcome signs. However, the increased LBW birth risks might reflect a secular trend, as observed in many industrialised nations, and merits further investigations.
Prescriptions filled during pregnancy for drugs with the potential of fetal harm
Authors: Kulaga S , Zagarzadeh A , Bérard A
Published: October 2009

Objective  To assess the extent of prescriptions filled by pregnant women for drugs with recognised potential of fetal harm, and to document the outcomes of these pregnancies.

Design  Cross‐sectional study.

Population  Quebec Pregnancy Registry.

Methods  We identified women who were pregnant during a five‐year period and who were insured for prescription medications under the provincial drug plan. We obtained information on prescriptions filled during pregnancy for drugs with known potential of fetal harm.

Main outcome measures  Prescriptions filled for study drugs during the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy; termination of pregnancy (TOP) or delivery, and whether the baby was diagnosed with a major congenital malformation (MCM).

Results  Of 109 344 women, 56% filled at least one prescription for a medication during pregnancy; 6.3% filled at least one prescription for a drug known to pose a risk to the fetus. Overall, 47% (95% CI, 45.8–48.2) of pregnancies exposed to drugs under study ended in TOP versus 36.2% (95% CI, 35.9–36.5) of those not exposed; 8.2% (95% CI, 8.0–10.0) of live births were diagnosed with an MCM during the first year of life versus 7.1% (95% CI, 6.9–7.3) of those not exposed.

Conclusions  This study documents an important level of prescriptions filled during pregnancy for drugs harmful to the developing fetus. The proportions of both TOPs and babies born with MCMs were elevated compared with the expected values. Clinicians caring for women during pregnancy should conduct a medication inventory prior to a planned pregnancy, or as soon as an unplanned pregnancy is recognised.
Preliminary evaluation of novel 68Ga‐DOTAVAP‐PEG‐P2 peptide targeting vascular adhesion protein‐1
Authors: Silvola Johanna , Autio Anu , Luoto Pauliina , Jalkanen Sirpa , Roivainen Anne
Published: October 2009

Introduction:  Expression of vascular adhesion protein‐1 (VAP‐1) is induced at the sites of inflammation where extravasation of leukocytes from blood to the peripheral tissue occurs. VAP‐1 is a potential target for anti‐inflammatory therapy and for in vivo imaging of inflammation. Purpose of this study was to preliminarily evaluate a novel VAP‐1‐targeting peptide as a potential PET imaging agent.

Methods:  Cyclic 17‐amino‐acid peptide selected from phage display libraries was 1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane‐N,N′,N′′,N′′′‐tetraacetic acid (DOTA) conjugated via 8‐amino‐3,6‐diooxaoctanoyl linker (polyethylene glycol, PEG derivative) and labelled with 68Ga (68Ga‐DOTAVAP‐PEG‐P2). In vitro stability of 68Ga‐DOTAVAP‐PEG‐P2 was determined in saline, rat plasma and human plasma by radio‐HLPC. Lipophilicity was measured by calculating octanol‐water partition coefficient (logP). Whole‐body distribution kinetics and stability after intravenous injection in healthy rats was studied in vivo by PET imaging, ex vivo by measuring radioactivity of excised tissues, and by radio‐HPLC.

Results:  In vitro the 68Ga‐DOTAVAP‐PEG‐P2 remained stable >4 h in saline and rat plasma, but degraded slowly in human plasma after 2 h of incubation. The logP value of 68Ga‐DOTAVAP‐PEG‐P2 was −1·3. In rats, 68Ga‐radioactivity cleared rapidly from blood circulation and excreted quickly in urine. At 120 min after injection the fraction of intact 68Ga‐DOTAVAP‐PEG‐P2 were 77 ± 6·0% and 99 ± 1·0% in rat plasma and urine, respectively.

Conclusions:  These basic and essential in vitro and in vivo studies of the new VAP‐1 targeting peptide revealed promising properties for an imaging agent. Further investigations to clarify in vivo VAP‐1 targeting are warranted.
Characterisation of Mechanical Properties of Magnetite‐Polymer Composite Films
Authors: Nguyen T. C. , Duong T. P. , Lin C.‐R. , Siao Y.‐J. , Wang S.‐C. , Wang C.‐C. , Liou N.‐S.
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  Time dependent mechanical properties of magnetic polymer films were investigated. These polymer films, synthesised by using solution polymerisation followed by the inverse emulsion process, consist of poly (MMA‐co‐MAA‐co‐BA) and different weight ratios of magnetite nano‐particles. This study deals with the influence of weight ratios of magnetite nano‐particles on the time dependent mechanical properties of hybrid copolymer films. The viscoelastic properties of aforementioned polymer films with 0, 20 and 40% of magnetite nano particles were studied. Ramp‐hold experiments were performed by using a custom‐made tension testing apparatus to evaluate the time dependent stress‐strain behaviour of magnetic polymer films under uniaxial tensile load at different loading strain rates. It can be seen that the magnetite nano‐particles weight percentage of polymer has a strong effect on the stress‐strain relations of polymer films. The polymer with a higher weight ratio of magnetite nano‐particles can sustain higher stress under the same test condition. Experimental data were fitted into 3, 5 and 7 parameter linear viscoelastic models. It is shown that the 7‐parameter Wiechert model leads to better curve‐fitting results for the magnetic polymer material under ramp‐hold experiments.
Residual Stresses in a Cu–CFC Component for Thermonuclear Application: Numerical Prediction and Experimental Evaluation Using an Indentation Technique
Authors: Bolzon G. , Chiarullo E. J. , Casalegno V. , Salvo M.
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  The present work concerns the assessment of residual stresses (RS) in a component for thermonuclear applications, made by casting of copper on a carbon fibre‐reinforced carbon composite and intended to be subjected to severe cycles of thermal, mechanical and neutron loads. The magnitude of RS left at the interface between the two materials in the production process, due to thermal expansion mismatch, has to be carefully assessed. In the present investigation, the likely spatial distribution of the RS has been predicted first using numerical analysis and has been validated experimentally, then, on the basis of the results of indentation tests performed at the micron scale on the metal layer. It is shown that this simple and fast methodology can return reliable results in the present context.
Application of Small Punch Techniques for the Determination of Gold Mechanical Properties
Authors: Cicero S. , Lacalle R. , Gutiérrez‐Solana F.
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  Gold has been one of the most valuable materials since ancient times. These days it is mainly used as a business commodity or as an engineering material in jewellery, medical prostheses (mainly dental) or electronics. For these engineering purposes, knowledge of its mechanical properties is a key factor in order to improve design and performance. The properties of pure gold have already been reported, although the information on them is scarce and indeed no information on properties such as fracture resistance has been found by the authors of this work. Gold alloys, especially those used for dental implants, are better characterised, but the development of new alloys requires a new characterisation of their properties. At the same time, there have been important advances in recent years in the development of non‐destructive or quasi‐non‐destructive techniques for the mechanical characterisation of materials. Among these, the small punch technique has proven to be one of the most reliable and efficient (in terms of material consumption). This technique is here applied for the determination of 24 (pure gold) and 18 (75% gold) carat gold properties, as an example of how this experimental tool is capable and suitable for the characterisation of gold, gold alloys and any other scarce, valuable material. The estimated tensile properties of 24 carat gold correlate well with the values observed in the literature, obtained through traditional test techniques.
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF GLASS BEADS FROM MEDIEVAL AL‐BASRA (MOROCCO)
Authors: ROBERTSHAW P. , BENCO N. , WOOD M. , DUSSUBIEUX L. , MELCHIORRE E. , ETTAHIRI A.
Published: October 2009

This paper reports the results of elemental analysis, using laser ablation – inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS), of 30 glass beads from an assemblage of beads excavated at medieval al‐Basra, Morocco. Six chemical glass types are represented and their characteristics and geographical origins are discussed, with reference also to the techniques used to make the beads. The presence of numerous beads of lead–silica glasses is of particular interest. The morphological, technological and chemical analyses of the bead assemblage shed light on al‐Basra's trade connections.
Show Us the Money: Lessons in Transparency from State Pharmaceutical Marketing Disclosure Laws
Authors: Chimonas Susan , Rozario Natassia M. , Rothman David J.
Published: October 2009

Objective. To assess legislation requiring drug companies to report gifts to providers, and to evaluate the information obtained.

Data Sources. Data included legislation in Vermont, Minnesota, Maine, Massachusetts, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia, and company disclosure data from Vermont.

Study Design. We evaluated the strengths and weaknesses of state legislation. We also analyzed 4 years of company disclosures from Vermont, assessing the value and distribution of industry–provider exchanges and identifying emerging trends in companies' practices.

Data Collection Methods. State legislation is publically available. We obtained Vermont's data through requests to the state's Attorney General's office.

Principal Findings. Of the state laws, only Vermont's yielded robust, publically available data. These data show gifting was dominated by a few major corporations, and <2 percent of Vermont's prescribers received 69 percent of gifts and payments. Companies were especially generous to specialists in psychiatry, endocrinology/diabetes/metabolism, internal medicine, and neurology. Companies increasingly used loopholes in the law to avoid public scrutiny.

Conclusions. Disclosure laws are an important first step in bringing greater transparency to physician–industry relationships. But flaws and weaknesses limit the states' ability to render physician–industry exchanges fully transparent. Future efforts should build on these lessons to render physician–industry relationships fully transparent.
Debt Covenants and Accounting Conservatism
Authors: NIKOLAEV VALERI V.
Published: October 2009

Using a sample of over 5,000 debt issues, I test whether firms with more extensive use of covenants in their public debt contracts exhibit timelier recognition of economic losses in accounting earnings. Covenants govern the transfer of decision‐making and control rights from shareholders to bondholders when a company approaches financial distress and thereby limit managers’ abilities to expropriate bondholder wealth. Covenants are expected to constrain managerial opportunism, however, only if the accounting system recognizes economic losses in earnings in a timely fashion. Thus, the demand for timely loss recognition should increase with a contract's reliance on covenants. Consistent with this conjecture, I find evidence that reliance on covenants in public debt contracts is positively associated with the degree of timely loss recognition. I also find evidence that the presence of prior private debt mitigates this relationship.
The Crisis in the Investiture Crisis Narrative
Authors: Miller Maureen C.
Published: October 2009

Recent research has undermined the connection between lay investiture and the iconic event usually seen as the most dramatic expression of the investiture conflict: the encounter of Pope Gregory VII and King Henry IV of Germany at Canossa. This is just one, however, of many interpretive problems plaguing historical narratives of the investiture crisis. This essay briefly summarizes the classic interpretations that have dominated 20th‐century understanding of these events and sets out the major problem raised in more recent research. Arguing that a new interpretive framework is necessary, the author suggests two paths forward: a radical reconsideration of the papacy from a truly post‐confessional perspective and a reevaluation of the conflict in the context of new understandings of lordship and political change.
Defining Prostitution and Redefining Women’s Roles: The Colonial State and Society in Early 19th Century India
Authors: Wald Erica
Published: October 2009

The seismic shifts in Indian society which took place over the course of the 19th century have been the focus of a number of studies in recent years. These changes permanently altered the lives and livelihoods of many groups across the socioeconomic spectrum. Among the most dramatically affected were those women who would come to be categorised as ‘prostitutes’. Prior to their inclusion in the category of ‘prostitute’, the women ranged from temple dancers, erudite courtesans and (monogamous) concubines to those women who come closest to our contemporary understanding of ‘prostitute’– working as they did in bazaars or cantonments as sex workers. Yet, in the century before, very few of these groups of women would have considered themselves to be of ‘ill‐repute’. These ideas about ‘morality’ and ‘prostitution’ in India were not simply adopted from Europe. Instead, they were born out of a complex process of contestation and negotiation across the subcontinent, involving various parties, from army surgeons to pandits. As this article will argue, analysing the conditions which prompted these changed categories is as important as understanding the political and social implications of the practice of prostitution in India and the empire.
Restoring Forest Raptors: Influence of Human Disturbance and Forest Condition on Northern Goshawks
Authors: Morrison Michael L. , Young Richard J. , Romsos J. Shane , Golightly Richard
Published: October 2009

The Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) occurs throughout the Holarctic region in wooded environments. Changes in food supply and breeding habitat, along with human encroachment into otherwise suitable habitat, have negatively impacted the goshawk in some regions. Thus, conservation of the species requires coordinated planning to restore and manage both habitat and human activities in goshawk territories. Using our work in the Sierra Nevada (Lake Tahoe Basin) as a case study, we investigated why territories were abandoned and identified actions needed to reverse conditions negatively impacting goshawks that should lead to more successful goshawk conservation worldwide. We summarized all nesting records available on the goshawk in the Basin, quantified human activity levels within and near frequently and infrequently occupied territories, and described the forest structure and species composition of territories and related these parameters to goshawk territory occupancy. As we hypothesized, reproductive success was higher within frequently occupied territories. Human activity was twice as high within infrequently as compared to frequently occupied territories. There was a greater extent of all types of roads and trails within the infrequently occupied territories. Our findings, along with results from Europe, suggest that goshawk protection has been insufficient in some regions and actions that will reduce anthropogenic disturbance should be initiated, including reducing and re‐routing human activity, and reducing the extent of roads and trails within territories. We provide guidance on how to prioritize territories for restoration.
Gendered Epidemiology: Sexual Equality and the Prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Sub‐Saharan Africa*
Authors: Niëns Laurens , Lowery David
Published: October 2009

Objectives. Given that HIV/AIDS in sub‐Saharan Africa is largely spread through heterosexual contact, there is marked variation in levels of gender equity across sub‐Saharan African countries, and levels of gender equity are likely to influence both exposure to sexual practices that increase the likelihood of exposure to HIV and the efficacy of prevention programs, we hypothesize that levels of gender equity account for the levels of and changes in the prevalence of HIV/AIDS across sub‐Saharan African countries.

Methods. We explore this hypothesis by first discussing the role of gender and several other contextual variables in the spread of HIV/AIDS. The resulting model is tested with regression analyses of both the level and change of HIV/AIDS in sub‐Saharan African.

Result. We find strong support for our hypothesis.

Conclusion. This suggests that further policy attention be given to gender equity in combating HIV/AIDS.
Contextual Effects and Adolescent Substance Use: Exploring the Role of Neighborhoods*
Authors: Snedker Karen A. , Herting Jerald R. , Walton Emily
Published: October 2009

Objective.The purpose of this article is to explore the additive and moderating effects of neighborhood context on substance use among youth.

Methods.Using a regional sample of adolescents and matching the data to Census tracts, we use hierarchical linear modeling to examine the relationship between neighborhood disadvantage and neighborhood instability on alcohol and marijuana use while controlling for individual, family, and peer characteristics.

Results.For both alcohol and marijuana use measures, we find neighborhood disadvantage has a consistent negative direct effect; adolescents living in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods have lower rates of use. In addition, neighborhood disadvantage moderates the effect of a key individual risk factor. Specifically, we find living in areas with higher neighborhood disadvantage reduces the effect of deviant peers on adolescent substance use.

Conclusions.Findings, while showing effects of neighborhood disadvantage, are inconsistent with the typical neighborhood disorganization framework. We discuss the implications of our findings for ongoing research on neighborhood contextual effects and adolescent behaviors.
Robotically Assisted Ablation Produces More Rapid and Greater Signal Attenuation Than Manual Ablation
Authors: KOA‐WING MICHAEL , KOJODJOJO PIPIN , MALCOLME‐LAWES LOUISA C. , SALUKHE TUSHAR V. , LINTON NICK W.F. , GROGAN AARON P. , BERGMAN DALE , LIM PHANG BOON , WHINNETT ZACHARY I. , McCARTHY KAREN , HO SIEW YEN , O’NEILL MARK D. , PETERS NICHOLAS S. , DAVIES D. WYN , KANAGARATNAM PRAPA
Published: October 2009

Introduction:
Robotic remote catheter ablation potentially provides improved catheter‐tip stability, which should improve the efficiency of radiofrequency energy delivery. Percentage reduction in electrogram peak‐to‐peak voltage has been used as a measure of effectiveness of ablation. We tested the hypothesis that improved catheter‐tip stability of robotic ablation can diminish signals to a greater degree than manual ablation.

Methods:

In vivo NavX™ maps of 7 pig atria were constructed. Separate lines of ablation were performed robotically and manually, recording pre‐ and postablation peak‐to‐peak voltages at 10, 20, 30, and 60 seconds and calculating signal amplitude reduction. Catheter ablation settings were constant (25W, 50°, 17 mL/min, 20–30 g catheter tip pressure). The pigs were sacrificed and ablation lesions correlated with NavX maps.

Results:
Robotic ablation reduced signal amplitude to a greater degree than manual ablation (49 ± 2.6% vs 29 ± 4.5% signal reduction after 1 minute [P = 0.0002]). The mean energy delivered (223 ± 184 J vs 231 ± 190 J, P = 0.42), power (19 ± 3.5 W vs 19 ± 4 W, P = 0.84), and duration of ablation (15 ± 9 seconds vs 15 ± 9 seconds, P = 0.89) was the same for manual and robotic. The mean peak catheter‐tip temperature was higher for robotic (45 ± 5°C vs 42 ± 3°C [P < 0.0001]). The incidence of >50% signal reduction was greater for robotic (37%) than manual (21%) ablation (P = 0.0001).

Conclusion:
Robotically assisted ablation appears to be more effective than manual ablation at signal amplitude reduction, therefore may be expected to produce improved clinical outcomes.
Liquefaction Necrosis of Calcified Mitral Annulus
Authors: Warsame Tahlil A. , Keen Opal E. , Mookadam Farouk , Chaliki Hari P.
Published: October 2009

Echogenicity within the left atrioventricular groove can be due to many conditions, such as mitral annular calcification, abscess, dilated coronary sinus, and aneurysm of the left circumflex coronary artery. However, in a patient who has no systemic symptoms, a bright, round echodensity with central echolucency and smooth borders in the mitral annulus is characteristic of liquefaction necrosis of a calcified mitral annulus. We report the occurrence of this rare manifestation in a 60‐year‐old patient who presented with myocardial infarction.
Live/Real Time Three‐Dimensional Transthoracic Echocardiographic Assessment of Transposition of the Great Arteries in the Adult
Authors: Enar Sibel , Singh Preeti , Douglas Christopher , Panwar Sadik R. , Manda Jayaprakash , Kesanolla Saritha Kumari , Nanda Navin C.
Published: October 2009

We studied 11 adult patients with dextro‐transposition and 5 adult patients with levo‐transposition (corrected transposition) of the great arteries with real time two‐dimensional (2DTTE) and live/real time three‐dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (3DTTE). All patients with dextro‐transposition underwent a Mustard or Senning procedure during infancy. Incremental findings provided by 3DTTE and not delineated by 2DTTE were (a) comprehensive examination of all three leaflets of the tricuspid valve including the detection and measurement of anatomic defects in the leaflets and the assessment of systolic noncoaptation and segmental prolapse; (b) en face viewing and measurement of vena contracta areas of the valvular regurgitation jets and the assessment of regurgitant volumes; (c) en face viewing of the intra‐atrial baffle and localization and measurement of baffle defects as well as the measurement of vena contractas of the baffle leaks; (d) recognition of a bicuspid pulmonary valve; and (e) the quantitative assessment of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. 3DTTE appears to be a useful noninvasive modality which could supplement 2DTTE in the comprehensive assessment of adult patients with transposition of the great arteries.
Continuing Medical Education Program in Echocardiography
Authors: Fan Pohoey , Parameswaran Anoop C. , Reisner Dave , Amanullah Aman
Published: October 2009

Article Title: Discrepancy between Gradients Derived by Cardiac Catheterization and by Doppler Echocardiography in Aortic Stenosis: How Often Does Pressure Recovery Play a Role?
Fast Multiplexed Polymerase Chain Reaction for Conventional and Microfluidic Short Tandem Repeat Analysis
Authors: Giese Heidi , Lam Roger , Selden Richard , Tan Eugene
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  The time required for short tandem repeat (STR) amplification is determined by the temperature ramp rates of the thermal cycler, the components of the reaction mix, and the properties of the reaction vessel. Multiplex amplifications in microfluidic biochip‐based and conventional tube‐based thermal cyclers have been demonstrated in 17.3 and 19 min, respectively. Optimized 28‐cycle amplification protocols generated alleles with signal strengths above calling thresholds, heterozygous peak height ratios of greater than 0.65, and incomplete nontemplate nucleotide addition and stutter of less than 15%. Full CODIS‐compatible profiles were generated using the Profiler Plus ID, COfiler and Identifiler primer sets. PCR performance over a wide range of DNA template levels from 0.006 to 4 ng was characterized by separation and detection on a microfluidic electrophoresis system, Genebench‐FX™. The fast multiplex PCR approach has the potential to reduce process time and cost for STR analysis and enables development of a fully integrated microfluidic forensic DNA analysis system.
Intuition or Counterintuition? The Science behind the Art of Negotiation
Authors: Druckman Daniel
Published: October 2009

This article celebrates the achievements made by the community of negotiation researchers. Looking back on what has been accomplished, the article addresses three questions: How have we thought about negotiation? How have we studied it? And what have we discovered through conducting research? Of particular interest are counterintuitive findings about processes at the negotiating table, around the table, and away from the table. Building on these contributions, the article looks forward by asking: What are some avenues for further research? The article concludes optimistically by noting that there will be even more to celebrate at the journal's fiftieth anniversary.
Ways of Handling Conflict: What We Have Learned, What Problems Remain
Authors: Sander Frank E. A.
Published: October 2009

This article canvasses the principal achievements of the past twenty‐five years in alternative dispute resolution and addresses some of the current challenges and how they might be addressed.
International Migration and Religious Participation: The Mediating Impact of Individual and Contextual Effects1
Authors: Connor Phillip
Published: October 2009

Supported by previous empirical work, theory from sociology of religion and migration provide testable hypotheses in predicting changes in immigrant religious participation surrounding the migratory event. Due to data constraints, however, these hypotheses have escaped broad‐based analysis. Using the New Immigrant Survey (NIS), religious participation from pre‐ to postmigration time periods is found to decrease among recent immigrants to the United States. Individual‐level characteristics (i.e., gender, familial conditions, employment) do not substantially explain this decline; alternatively, contextual‐level factors (i.e., religious pluralism and religious concentration) partially mediate this drop in immigrant religiosity.
Restricted and Elaborated Modes in the Cultural Analysis of Politics1
Authors: Steensland Brian
Published: October 2009

The “cultural turn” that swept across the social sciences a generation ago ushered in renewed attention to the cultural analysis of politics. Yet despite this growing area of research, there remains a lack of integration between cultural and noncultural studies of political phenomena. Should this state of affairs be a source of concern for cultural sociologists? I believe it should be. In this essay, I outline reasons why this is the case and what might be done to address this issue. Drawing loosely on Basil Bernstein’s distinction between “restricted” and “elaborated” codes, I suggest that cultural analyses of politics need to be more “elaborated” in nature and I offer three guidelines that can orient this type of research program.
A retrospective evaluation of the impact of total smoking cessation on psychiatric inpatients taking clozapine
Authors: Cormac I. , Brown A. , Creasey S. , Ferriter M. , Huckstep B.
Published: October 2009

Cormac I, Brown A, Creasey S, Ferriter M, Huckstep B. A retrospective evaluation of the impact of total smoking cessation on psychiatric inpatients taking clozapine.

Objective:  To investigate the effect of a complete smoking ban on a group of psychiatric inpatients maintained on the antipsychotic medication clozapine.

Method:  Retrospective data on clozapine dose and plasma levels were collected from a three month period before and a six month period after the introduction of the smoking ban.

Results:  Before the ban only 4.2% of patients who smoked had a plasma clozapine level ≥1000 μg/l but after the ban this increased to 41.7% of the sample within the six month period following the ban despite dose reductions.

Conclusion:  Abrupt cessation of smoking is associated with a potentially serious risk of toxicity in patients taking clozapine. Plasma clozapine levels must be monitored closely and adjustments made in dosage, if necessary, for at least six months after cessation.
Identifying target groups for the prevention of anxiety disorders in the general population
Authors: Batelaan N. M. , Smit F. , De Graaf R. , Van Balkom A. J. L. M. , Vollebergh W. A. M. , Beekman A. T. F.
Published: October 2009

Batelaan NM, Smit F, de Graaf R, van Balkom AJLM, Vollebergh WAM, Beekman ATF. Identifying target groups for the prevention of anxiety disorders in the general population.

Objective:  To avert the public health consequences of anxiety disorders, prevention of their onset and recurrence is necessary. Recent studies have shown that prevention is effective. To maximize the health gain and minimize the effort, preventive strategies should focus on high‐risk groups.

Method:  Using data from a large prospective national survey, high‐risk groups were selected for i) the prevention of first ever (n = 4437) and ii) either first‐ever or recurrent incident anxiety disorders (n = 4886). Indices used were: exposure rate, odds ratio, population attributable fraction and number needed to be treated. Risk indicators included sociodemographic, psychological and illness‐related factors.

Results:  Recognition of a few patient characteristics enables efficient identification of high‐risk groups: (subthreshold) panic attacks; an affective disorder; a history of depressed mood; a prior anxiety disorder; chronic somatic illnesses and low mastery.

Conclusion:  Preventive efforts should be undertaken in the selected high‐risk groups.
Genetic structure of the xerophilous bromeliad Pitcairnia geyskesii on inselbergs in French Guiana – a test of the forest refuge hypothesis
Authors: Boisselier‐Dubayle Marie‐Catherine , Leblois Raphaël , Samadi Sarah , Lambourdière Josie , Sarthou Corinne
Published: October 2009

Inselbergs are isolated granitic rock outcrops that provide distinctive ecological conditions. In northern South America they rise above the surrounding rainforest. Among inselberg specialists, Pitcairnia geyskesii (Bromeliaceae) is restricted to these habitats in French Guiana. We studied populations from 12 inselbergs using 7 microsatellite loci to give a “reverse image” of the reduction‐expansion of the rainforest in the context of the refuge hypothesis. Our analyses showed that populations are fragmented with dispersal occurring only over very short distances. Genetic diversity was higher in northern French Guiana, whereas specific alleles were observed in the south. The results point to the occurrence of a dry corridor in the north, as hypothesized by Tardy (1998) based on charcoal analyses, whereas de Granville's (1982) hypothesis of a unique past refuge is not confirmed. Moreover, our data suggests the importance of Oyapock River as a pathway for range expansion, arguing against the potential role of the Inini‐Camopi Mountains as a physical barrier. Finally, in spite of a strongly argued scenario in favour of a north‐to‐south migration history, a clear genetic isolation of P. geyskesii populations living on inselbergs of the Mitaraka archipelago suggests a distinct ancestry of the most southern populations.