bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on Growth, Immune Responses and Histopathological Alterations in Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer, Bloch 1790) under Low-Salinity Conditions
Authors: Sukhsangchan Roochira , Phaksopa Jitraporn , Uchuwittayakul Anurak , Chou Chi-Chung , Srisapoome Prapansak
Published: September 2024

In the present study, Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer, Bloch) fingerings were used as an animal model to investigate the toxicological effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) under 5 ppt estuarine conditions. The fish were exposed to 0, 1, 5 or 50 ppm ZnO NPs for 8 weeks. It was found that ZnO NP concentrations of 5–50 ppm negatively affected several growth rate parameters, such as the weight and total length of the fish. Additionally, 5 and 50 ppm ZnO NPs led to 32.55% and 100% mortality, respectively, after 8 weeks after exposure (WAE). Furthermore, compared with the control, exposure to 1–50 ppm ZnO NPs strongly affected hematological indices, such as total blood cells, red blood cells, leukocytes and hematocrit, and suppressed lysozyme activity, superoxide anion production and bactericidal activity. High Zn concentrations accumulated in the head kidney, gills and liver, whereas low levels were detected in the gut, skin and muscle. Expression analysis of immune-related genes via quantitative real-time RT-PCR revealed that 5 and 50 ppm ZnO NPs significantly upregulated the cc and cd4 genes at 1 WAE. In contrast, 50 ppm ZnNPs downregulated the expression levels of the cd8, cc, hsp70, hsp90, tcrα, lyz and igmh genes at 1 WAE (p < 0.05). Finally, at 8 WAE, histopathological analysis revealed that 5 and 50 ppm ZnO NPs severely induced alterations in the head kidney, gills and liver.
Cub Survival in a Wild Leopard (Panthera pardus fusca) Population
Authors: Yosef Reuven , Kumbhojkar Swapnil , Kosicki Jakub Z.
Published: September 2024

We investigated the survival of cubs in a wild Indian leopard (Panthera pardus fusca) population in the Jhalana Reserve Forest (JRF), India. The research focuses on analyzing the survival of leopard cubs during their first two years of life. Survival functions were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method based on data collected with trail cameras over four years from 2018 to 2021. We found that the mean survival probability of cubs during the first year of life was 0.739, indicating that this period is particularly challenging for their survival. In the second year, the survival probability increased to 0.831, reflecting an improvement in survival as the cubs grew older. The combined survival rate over the two-year period, calculated as the product of the first- and second-year survival rates, was 0.618. These findings highlight the critical periods in the early life stages of leopard cubs, which are essential for developing effective conservation strategies in fragmented habitats to enhance their survival.
Effects of Resveratrol-Loaded Cyclodextrin on the Quality Characteristics of Ram Spermatozoa Following Cryopreservation
Authors: Eser Ahmet , Yağcıoğlu Selin , Arıcı Ramazan , Demir Kamber , Ak Kemal
Published: September 2024

This study investigated the effects of pure and methyl-β-cyclodextrin loaded forms of resveratrol (10 µg/mL, 20 µg/mL, and 40 µg/mL) on ram sperm functions post-thawing. Semen samples were pooled and divided into ten groups: Control, RES10, RES20, RES40, CD10, CD20, CD40, RLC10, RLC20, and RLC40. The groups were pre-diluted with media containing the group-specific chemicals, followed by 15 min of incubation, dilution, and freezing. To assess the effects of the chemicals, a post-thaw sperm quality assessment was conducted. Motility and other velocity parameters were evaluated using computer-assisted semen analysis. The functional integrity of spermatozoa membranes was assessed with the hypo-osmotic swelling test, and the capacitation status of spermatozoa was determined through fluorescent microscopic evaluation. Additionally, flow cytometry was used to evaluate mitochondrial activity, oxidative stress, and the integrity of the sperm membrane and acrosome. The results indicated that cyclodextrin adversely affected sperm functions following freezing–thawing, notably increasing the rate of spermatozoa exhibiting pre-capacitation and mitochondrial activity by approximately 34% and 16%, respectively (p < 0.05). It was found that 20 µg/mL resveratrol prevented pre-capacitation (p < 0.05). Both resveratrol and resveratrol-loaded cyclodextrin groups improved post-thaw sperm qualities overall, demonstrating their utility for freezing ram semen. However, higher concentrations of resveratrol were found to negatively impact sperm functions.
Propylene Glycol Alleviates Oxidative Stress and Enhances Immunity in Ketotic Cows through Modulating Amino Acid and Lipid Metabolism
Authors: Tan Jian , Zhao Huiying , Li Liuxue , Wang Ying , Pan Yucong , Fang Luoyun , Zhao Yuchao , Jiang Linshu
Published: September 2024

This study investigates the impact of propylene glycol (PRG) on ketotic cows, focusing on alleviating oxidative stress and enhancing immunity through modulating amino acid and lipid metabolism. Ketosis, a prevalent metabolic disease in dairy cows, negatively affects productivity and health. PRG, known for its gluconeogenic properties, was administered to cows with ketosis daily for three days and compared to an untreated group. Serum samples were taken to measure the biochemical parameters, and metabolomic and lipidomic analyses were performed with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. The results showed significant reductions in serum non-esterified fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and C-reactive protein levels, alongside increased glucose, anti-inflammatory factor interleukin-10, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activities. Metabolomic and lipidomic analyses revealed significant alterations, including increased levels of glucogenic amino acids like glutamate and proline, and decreased levels of ceramide species. A pathway analysis indicated that PRG affects multiple metabolic pathways, including alanine, aspartate, glutamate metabolism, and sphingolipid metabolism. These findings suggest that PRG not only mitigates oxidative stress, but also enhances immune function by restoring metabolic homeostasis. This study provides valuable insights into the biochemical mechanisms underlying PRG’s therapeutic effects, offering potential strategies for the effective management and treatment of ketosis in dairy cows.
Comparative Analysis of Citrus Species’ Flavonoid Metabolism, Gene Expression Profiling, and Their Antioxidant Capacity under Drought Stress
Authors: Rao Muhammad Junaid , Duan Mingzheng , Eman Momina , Yuan Huwei , Sharma Anket , Zheng Bingsong
Published: September 2024

Citrus species are widely cultivated across the globe and frequently encounter drought stress during their growth and development phases. Previous research has indicated that citrus species synthesize flavonoids as a response mechanism to drought stress. This study aimed to comprehensively quantify and analyze the presence of 85 distinct flavonoids in the leaf and root tissues of lemon (drought susceptible) and sour orange (drought tolerant). In drought-stressed sour orange roots, flavonoids, such as isosakuranin, mangiferin, trilobatin, liquiritigenin, avicularin, silibinin, and glabridin, were more elevated than control sour orange roots and drought-stressed lemon roots. Additionally, hydroxysafflor yellow A, cynaroside, tiliroside, and apigenin 7-glucoside were increased in drought-stressed sour orange leaves compared to drought-stressed lemon leaves. Under drought stress, flavonoids such as (-)-epigallocatechin, silibinin, benzylideneacetophenone, trilobatin, isorhamnetin, 3,7,4′-trihydroxyflavone, and liquiritigenin were significantly increased, by 3.01-, 3.01-, 2.59-, 2.43-, 2.07-, 2.05-, and 2.01-fold, in sour orange roots compared to control sour orange roots. Moreover, the total flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity were significantly increased in drought-stressed sour orange leaves and root tissues compared to drought-stressed lemon leaves and root tissues. The expression levels of genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis were highly expressed in sour orange leaves and roots, compared to lemon leaves and root tissues, post-drought stress. These findings indicate that lemons fail to synthesize protective flavonoids under drought conditions, whereas sour orange leaves and root tissues enhance flavonoid synthesis, with higher antioxidant activities to mitigate the adverse effects of reactive oxygen species generated during drought stress.
Aesthetics of Afro-Andean Smoking Culture: Early Modern Peruvian Tobacco Pipes at the Edge of the Atlantic World
Authors: Weaver Brendan J. M. , Solano Calderon Jerry Smith , Fhon Bazán Miguel Ángel
Published: September 2024

Although situated at the geographic margin of the early modern Atlantic World, the Pacific coast of Peru was an important region in the development of African diasporic material culture. Adopting an interdisciplinary material historical approach, we present the first systematic discussion of the known Afro-Atlantic-style tobacco pipes to be archaeologically recovered in Peru. Eighteen Afro-Atlantic-style tobacco pipes or pipe sherds dating to Peru’s Spanish colonial period have been identified across sites in the coastal cities of Lima and Trujillo and from a vineyard hacienda in rural Nasca. Tobacco pipes are among the most recognized and debated forms of early modern Atlantic African and diasporic expressions of material culture, as such, they present a powerful entry point to understanding the aesthetic consequences of colonial projects and diverse articulations across the Atlantic World. The material history of Afro-Atlantic smoking culture exemplifies how aesthetics moved between localities and developed diasporic entanglements. In addition to the formal analysis and visual description of the pipes, we examine historical documentation and the work of nineteenth-century Afro-Peruvian watercolorist Francisco (Pancho) Fierro to better understand the aesthetics of Afro-Andean smoking culture in Spanish colonial and early Republican Peru.
Pilot Survey of Outdoor Radon and Thoron Levels in Bulgaria Using an Innovative DVD-Based Method
Authors: Pressyanov Dobromir , Dimitrov Dimitar
Published: September 2024

This study presents the results of a pilot survey utilizing an innovative DVD-based method to measure outdoor radon and thoron levels. Twenty-six discriminative radon/thoron detectors were deployed across four different territorial zones in Bulgaria. Positioned 1 m above the ground, these detectors were left in place for several months. Notably, the dataset reveals significant variability in measurements, even over short distances, with thoron exhibiting greater variability than radon. Radon levels ranged from 7 ± 1 to 34 ± 3 Bq m−3 (average: 21 Bq m−3), while thoron levels ranged from 13 ± 5 to 307 ± 54 Bq m−3 (average: 170 Bq m−3). A weak but statistically significant correlation (correlation coefficient: 0.559) was observed between radon and thoron levels, which improved significantly when averaged across the four zones. These findings underscore the importance of measuring both radon and thoron in outdoor surveys. High thoron levels can significantly bias radon measurements, particularly when radon concentrations are substantially lower than those of thoron. If further studies confirm the good correlation between area averages, the observed correlation between area-average values could be used to correct average radon levels in large areas (e.g., radon priority areas) for thoron interference when thoron data are missing from the analyzed radon dataset.
Emission Characteristics of Nitrous Oxide (N2O) from Conventional Gasoline and Hybrid Vehicles
Authors: Miao Guobin , Wang Xiaohu , Xuan Guangyin , Liu Jin , Ma Wenhai , Zhang Lili
Published: September 2024

Considering the potential warming potential and long lifetime of nitrous oxide (N2O) as a greenhouse gas, exploring its emission characteristics is of great significance for its control and the achievement of sustainable development goals. As vehicles are a significant source of N2O emissions, in this study we conducted a detailed investigation of N2O in the exhaust of light-duty vehicles using a chassis dynamometer. We selected one conventional gasoline vehicle and two hybrid electric vehicles. We found that the N2O emissions from all the tested vehicles complied with the China 6 emission regulation, with emission factors of 7.7 mg/km, 6.8 mg/km, and 17.1 mg/km, respectively, for the three vehicles. Driving conditions played a crucial role in N2O emissions, with emissions generated primarily during extra-high-speed conditions, possibly due to the higher driving speed and greater number of acceleration/deceleration events. Furthermore, while hybrid electric vehicles emitted less NOx compared to conventional gasoline vehicles, their N2O emissions were closely tied to their engine operating conditions. Surprisingly, we discovered that hybrid electric vehicles emitted more N2O during frequent engine start–stop cycles, which could be related to the mechanisms of N2O generation. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the N2O emission characteristics of vehicles and will inform the development of emission control strategies to better promote global sustainable development.
Application of Deep Learning to Optimize Gradient Porosity Profile for Improved Energy Density of Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Nejati Amiri Mahshid , Burheim Odne Stokke , Lamb Jacob Joseph
Published: September 2024

Lithium-ion batteries with high active material loading can yield a high energy density at low C-rates. However, the sluggish ion transport caused by longer and more tortuous pathways hinders high energy delivery when extracting high power. This study presents the implementation of neural networks to optimize the gradient active material distribution profile throughout the thickness of electrodes to enhance energy density. The profiles were randomly generated, while maintaining a constant average active material in each electrode. An electrochemical–thermal model was used to investigate the impact of different profiles. A neural network model was then developed to establish the connection between the profiles and the resulting energy density for various electrode thicknesses and C-rates, utilizing a limited amount of simulation data. The neural network model could replicate the performance of the electrochemical–thermal model, but with significantly reduced computational time. This enabled the possibility of efficiently exploring a vast number of candidate profiles to identify the most optimal one for each of the positive and negative electrodes. The results showed that the gradient profiles were mostly influenced by the average active material, rather than the thickness of the electrode. Finally, at high currents, the optimal gradient profiles increased the energy density by over four times compared to uniform electrodes.
Significance of Necroptosis in Cartilage Degeneration
Authors: Khaleque Md Abdul , Kim Jea-Hoon , Tanvir Md Amit Hasan , Park Jong-Beom , Kim Young-Yul
Published: September 2024

Cartilage, a critical tissue for joint function, often degenerates due to osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and trauma. Recent research underscores necroptosis, a regulated form of necrosis, as a key player in cartilage degradation. Unlike apoptosis, necroptosis triggers robust inflammatory responses, exacerbating tissue damage. Key mediators such as receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase-1 (RIPK1), receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase-3(RIPK3), and mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) are pivotal in this process. Studies reveal necroptosis contributes significantly to OA and RA pathophysiology, where elevated RIPK3 and associated proteins drive cartilage degradation. Targeting necroptotic pathways shows promise; inhibitors like Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), GSK’872, and Necrosulfonamide (NSA) reduce necroptotic cell death, offering potential therapeutic avenues. Additionally, autophagy’s role in mitigating necroptosis-induced damage highlights the need for comprehensive strategies addressing multiple pathways. Despite these insights, further research is essential to fully understand necroptosis’ mechanisms and develop effective treatments. This review synthesizes current knowledge on necroptosis in cartilage degeneration, aiming to inform novel therapeutic approaches for OA, RA, and trauma.
Lactate Suppresses Growth of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Patient-Derived Organoids through Alterations in Tumor NADH/NAD+ Redox State
Authors: Su Steven H. , Mitani Yosuke , Li Tianxia , Sachdeva Uma , Flashner Samuel , Klein-Szanto Andres , Dunbar Karen J. , Abrams Julian , Nakagawa Hiroshi , Gabre Joel
Published: September 2024

Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is a common precancerous lesion that can progress to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). There are significant alterations in the esophageal microbiome in the progression from healthy esophagus to BE to EAC, including an increased abundance of a variety of lactate-producing bacteria and an increase of lactate in the tumor microenvironment, as predicted by metabolic modeling. The role of bacterial lactate in EAC is unknown. Here, we utilize patient-derived organoid (PDO) models of EAC and demonstrate that lactate inhibits the growth and proliferation of EAC PDOs through alterations in the tumor NADH/NAD+ redox state. Further RNA sequencing of EAC PDOs identifies ID1 and RSAD2 as potential regulatory molecules crucial in mediating lactate’s ability to suppress glycolysis and proliferation. Gene ontology analysis also identifies the activation of inflammatory and immunological pathways in addition to alterations in the metabolic pathways in EAC PDOs exposed to lactate, suggesting a multi-faceted role for lactate in the pathogenesis of EAC.
Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: The Associations between Inflammatory Markers, TLR4, and Cytokines IL-17A/F, and Their Connections to the Degree of Steatosis and the Risk of Fibrosis
Authors: Coste Sorina-Cezara , Orășan Olga Hilda , Cozma Angela , Negrean Vasile , Sitar-Tăut Adela-Viviana , Filip Gabriela Adriana , Hangan Adriana Corina , Lucaciu Roxana Liana , Iancu Mihaela , Procopciuc Lucia Maria
Published: September 2024

Background: The pathogenesis of MASLD (metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease) is driven by environmental, genetic, metabolic, immune, and inflammatory factors. IL-17 and TLR4 determine hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and finally fibrosis. Objectives: To explore the associations between the plasma levels of inflammatory markers, TLR4, and the cytokines IL17A/F, as well as their connections with the degree of hepatic steatosis and the risk of hepatic fibrosis (defined by the FIB-4 score) in MASLD patients. Methods: The study cohort included 80 patients diagnosed with MASLD. The IL-17A/F and TLR4 serum concentrations were determined using the ELISA method. Results: We found a significant difference in the CAR levels (C-reactive protein to albumin ratio) when comparing MASLD patients with severe steatosis to those with mild/moderate steatosis (Student’s t test, t (71) = 2.32, p = 0.023). The PIV (pan-immune inflammatory value) was positively correlated with the SII (systemic immune inflammation index), (r = 0.86, p < 0.0001) and the CAR (r = 0.41, p = 0.033) in MASLD patients with severe steatosis. In contrast, increased values of the LMR (lymphocyte to monocyte ratio) were significantly associated, with decreased levels of the SII (ρ = −0.38, p = 0.045). We also found a positive correlation between the CAR and the SII (r = 0.41, p = 0.028). In patients with mild/moderate steatosis, a significant positive correlation was observed between the SII and IL17A (r = 0.36, p = 0.010), the PIV and the CAR (r = 0.29, p = 0.011), the PIV and the SII (r = 0.87, p < 0.0001) and the PIV and IL17A (r = 0.3, p = 0.036). A negative correlation was observed between the LMR and the SII (r = −0.55, p < 0.0001) and the CAR and IL17F (r = −0.37, p = 0.011). Regarding the inflammatory markers, the PIV (336.4 vs. 228.63, p = 0.0107), and the SII (438.47 vs. 585.39, p = 0.0238) had significantly lower levels in patients with an intermediate–high risk of hepatic fibrosis as compared with the patients with a low risk of hepatic fibrosis. The PNI (prognostic nutritional index) (47.16 vs. 42.41, p = 0.0392) had significantly different levels in patients with the likelihood of hepatic fibrosis than those with a low risk of hepatic fibrosis. Conclusions: Regarding the inflammatory markers, the PIV and the SII hold promise as biomarkers for discriminating between MASLD patients with an intermediate–high risk and those with a low risk of hepatic fibrosis. Our findings underscore the role of IL-17A and its potential relationship with inflammatory markers in MASLD pathogenesis and the progression to hepatic fibrosis.
Dopamine and Serotonin Transporter Genes Regulation in Highly Sensitive Individuals during Stressful Conditions: A Focus on Genetics and Epigenetics
Authors: Bellia Fabio , Piccinini Alessandro , Annunzi Eugenia , Cannito Loreta , Lionetti Francesca , Dell’Osso Bernardo , Adriani Walter , Dainese Enrico , Di Domenico Alberto , Pucci Mariangela , Palumbo Riccardo , D’Addario Claudio
Published: September 2024

Background: Coping with stress is essential for mental well-being and can be critical for highly sensitive individuals, characterized by a deeper perception and processing of stimuli. So far, the molecular bases characterizing high-sensitivity traits have not been completely investigated and gene × environment interactions might play a key role in making some people more susceptible than others. Methods: In this study, 104 young adult university students, subjects that might face overwhelming experiences more than others, were evaluated for the genetics and epigenetics of dopamine (DAT1) and serotonin (SERT) transporter genes, in addition to the expression of miR-132, miR-491, miR-16, and miR-135. Results: We found an increase in DNA methylation at one specific CpG site at DAT1 5’UTR in highly sensitive students reporting high levels of perceived stress when compared to those less sensitive and/or less stressed. Moreover, considering DAT1 VNTR at 3’UTR, we observed that this effect was even more pronounced in university students having the 9/9 genotype when compared to those with the 9/10 genotype. These data are corroborated by the higher levels of miR-491, targeting DAT1, in highly sensitive subjects with high levels of perceived stress. SERT gene DNA methylation at one specific CpG site was reported to instead be higher in subjects reporting lower perceived stress when compared to more stressed subjects. Consistently, miR-135 expression, regulating SERT, was lower in subjects with higher perceived stress. Conclusions: We here suggest that the correlation of DAT1 and SERT genetic and epigenetic data with the analysis of stress and sensitivity might be useful to suggest possible biomarkers to monitor mental health wellness in vulnerable subjects.
Identifying Key Genes as Progression Indicators of Prostate Cancer with Castration Resistance Based on Dynamic Network Biomarker Algorithm and Weighted Gene Correlation Network Analysis
Authors: Liu Siyuan , Hu Yi , Liu Fei , Jiang Yizheng , Wang Hongrui , Wu Xusheng , Hu Dehua
Published: September 2024

Background: Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the mainstay of treatment for prostate cancer, yet dynamic molecular changes from hormone-sensitive to castration-resistant states in patients treated with ADT remain unclear. Methods: In this study, we combined the dynamic network biomarker (DNB) method and the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to identify key genes associated with the progression to a castration-resistant state in prostate cancer via the integration of single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing data. Based on the gene expression profiles of CRPC in the GEO dataset, the DNB method was used to clarify the condition of epithelial cells and find out the most significant transition signal DNB modules and genes included. Then, we calculated gene modules associated with the clinical phenotype stage based on the WGCNA. IHC was conducted to validate the expression of the key genes in CRPC and primary PCa patients Results:Nomograms, calibration plots, and ROC curves were applied to evaluate the good prognostic accuracy of the risk prediction model. Results: By combining single-cell RNA sequence data and bulk RNA sequence data, we identified a set of DNBs, whose roles involved in androgen-associated activities indicated the signals of a prostate cancer cell transition from an androgen-dependent state to a castration-resistant state. In addition, a risk prediction model including the risk score of four key genes (SCD, NARS2, ALDH1A1, and NFXL1) and other clinical–pathological characteristics was constructed and verified to be able to reasonably predict the prognosis of patients receiving ADT. Conclusions: In summary, four key genes from DNBs were identified as potential diagnostic markers for patients treated with ADT and a risk score-based nomogram will facilitate precise prognosis prediction and individualized therapeutic interventions of CRPC.
Enhancing Supply Chain Resilience in Prefabricated Buildings: The Role of Blockchain Technology in Volatile, Uncertain, Complex, and Ambiguous Environments
Authors: Li Junting , Yuan Peizhuo , Liang Lili , Cao Jinfeng
Published: September 2024

This study explores how blockchain technology can enhance the resilience of the prefabricated building supply chain in volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous (VUCA) environments. The measurement model of the subject, stage, and overall resilience of the supply chain is constructed. The four indices of blockchain are introduced, and the model from the resilience of the supply chain subject to the overall resilience is established. The interaction behavior between subjects is analyzed. The weight is determined by the AHP method, and the multi-agent model simulation is carried out using NetLogo(6.5) software. After the introduction of blockchain technology, even in the early stage of application, supply chain resilience has been significantly enhanced; especially in the decision-making stage, information transparency and efficiency have been significantly improved. When the technology is maturely applied, the toughness of each stage shows an accelerated growth trend, and the improvement in toughness in the assembly stage is particularly significant. By optimizing key influencing factors, the growth rate of resilience in the assembly stage is further improved, which verifies the positive impact of blockchain technology and main factor optimization on overall resilience. In summary, the introduction of blockchain technology and its mature application are crucial for improving the resilience of the prefabricated building supply chain, providing an effective way to meet the challenges of VUCA.
Method of Calculating Outdoor PM2.5 Concentration in Fresh Air Systems Based on Population Density Distribution Regions
Authors: Tang Daqian , Guo Xiaoke , Zhao Qing , Zhang Xin
Published: September 2024

With the gradual increase in population density, population migration poses unprecedented challenges to urban environments and their capacity. The fresh air system effectively ensures fresh air in indoor environments. An important parameter affecting the selection of a fresh air filtration system is calculating particulate matter at a concentration of less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5). The PM2.5 concentration values of 31 cities in China from 2017 to 2020 were selected for analysis in this study. Based on mathematical induction and population density zoning, a new method that combines population density zoning is proposed, and the recommended constant K values for different regions are analyzed. The definition of K refers to the ratio of the outdoor design concentration value of PM2.5 to the annual average at different guarantee rates. The air filters for fresh air systems in five typical cities (Harbin, Beijing, Urumqi, Xi’an, Guangzhou) are also used as examples. The K values and selection differences under different recommendation methods are compared and analyzed. Under population migration and urbanization scenarios, the results indicate that the recommended K of the seven major regions method was optimal. Under these conditions, the recommended K values for five typical cities under strict and normal conditions differ from their average K values by 0.07 and 0.04, respectively. This method can accurately select fresh air filtration systems under different population densities; however, population density is related to factors such as policies and the economy and must be updated and revised regularly. On the whole, it provides reference values for the selection of PM2.5 design concentrations in fresh air systems under population distribution differentiation.
Full-Scale Comparison of Two Envelope Systems for Lightweight Wooden Framing in Cold Climates
Authors: Samper Hernandez Dario , Blanchet Pierre , Dadras Chomachayi Masoud , Cogulet Antoine
Published: September 2024

Residential homes and apartments’ cooling and heating needs account for 63% of total building energy consumption. Improvements in the properties of building envelopes are among the best ways to reduce their energy consumption. The project’s general objective was to compare the performance of externally insulated and traditional envelopes of light wooden frame buildings at full scale. Two houses were constructed and equipped with relative humidity sensors and temperature probes to assess the physical properties of the building envelope. The first house was built according to the conventional method (insulation between the studs), and the second house was built according to the method with the insulation outside the wall (also known as the perfect wall). The results showed that external insulation effectively mitigates internal condensation risks by relocating dew points to the exterior surface, thereby enhancing structural durability and thermal stability. Thermographic imaging confirmed reduced thermal bridging and improved thermal performance in the externally insulated walls. Overall, this study supports, with a full-scale experiment, the adoption of external insulation as a viable strategy for enhancing energy efficiency, thermal comfort, and durability in residential buildings.
Locked in Structure: Sestrin and GATOR—A Billion-Year Marriage
Authors: Haidurov Alexander , Budanov Andrei V.
Published: September 2024

Sestrins are a conserved family of stress-responsive proteins that play a crucial role in cellular metabolism, stress response, and ageing. Vertebrates have three Sestrin genes (SESN1, SESN2, and SESN3), while invertebrates encode only one. Initially identified as antioxidant proteins that regulate cell viability, Sestrins are now recognised as crucial inhibitors of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 kinase (mTORC1), a central regulator of anabolism, cell growth, and autophagy. Sestrins suppress mTORC1 through an inhibitory interaction with the GATOR2 protein complex, which, in concert with GATOR1, signals to inhibit the lysosomal docking of mTORC1. A leucine-binding pocket (LBP) is found in most vertebrate Sestrins, and when bound with leucine, Sestrins do not bind GATOR2, prompting mTORC1 activation. This review examines the evolutionary conservation of Sestrins and their functional motifs, focusing on their origins and development. We highlight that the most conserved regions of Sestrins are those involved in GATOR2 binding, and while analogues of Sestrins exist in prokaryotes, the unique feature of eukaryotic Sestrins is their structural presentation of GATOR2-binding motifs.
The Battle of LPS Clearance in Host Defense vs. Inflammatory Signaling
Authors: Kumar Pankaj , Schroder Evan A. , Rajaram Murugesan V. S. , Harris Edward N. , Ganesan Latha P.
Published: September 2024

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in blood circulation causes endotoxemia and is linked to various disease conditions. Current treatments focus on preventing LPS from interacting with its receptor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and reducing inflammation. However, our body has a natural defense mechanism: reticuloendothelial cells in the liver rapidly degrade and inactivate much of the circulating LPS within minutes. But this LPS clearance mechanism is not perfect. Excessive LPS that escape this clearance mechanism cause systemic inflammatory damage through TLR4. Despite its importance, the role of reticuloendothelial cells in LPS elimination is not well-studied, especially regarding the specific cells, receptors, and mechanisms involved. This gap hampers the development of effective therapies for endotoxemia and related diseases. This review consolidates the current understanding of LPS clearance, narrates known and explores potential mechanisms, and discusses the relationship between LPS clearance and LPS signaling. It also aims to highlight key insights that can guide the development of strategies to reduce circulating LPS by way of bolstering host defense mechanisms. Ultimately, we seek to provide a foundation for future research that could lead to innovative approaches for enhancing the body’s natural ability to clear LPS and thereby lower the risk of endotoxin-related inflammatory diseases, including sepsis.
Impact of Coffee Roasting and Grind Size on Acidity and Bitterness: Sensory Evaluation Using Electronic Tongue
Authors: Habara Masaaki , Horiguchi Toshihide
Published: September 2024

Coffee flavor is profoundly influenced by numerous factors, including the origin’s terroir and variety, as well as post-harvest processing, drying, and sorting. Even specialty coffee beans, carefully selected for their high quality, can exhibit a wide range of flavor profiles depending on how they are roasted and ground. Traditionally, the coffee industry has used the Brewing Control Chart, which considers total dissolved solids (TDS) and extraction (E), to guide professionals toward achieving consistent flavors. However, this chart has limitations in representing the complex chemical composition and its influence on the sensory attributes of coffee. This study explores a more comprehensive approach to evaluating coffee quality by utilizing a taste sensing system (electronic tongue) to measure acidity and bitterness for full-immersion brewing. We investigate the impact of brew ratio and grind size on these taste attributes, while also considering the influence of roast level. Our findings demonstrate that finer grind sizes significantly affect TDS and E, while roast level and grind size significantly affect sensory attributes, as measured by the taste sensing system. This approach complements the traditional Brewing Control Chart by providing a more nuanced understanding of how roast level and grind size influence coffee flavor.
The Effect of Anodization and Thermal Treatment on Mixed-Oxide Layer Formation on Ti–Zr Alloy
Authors: Ciobotaru Ioana-Alina , Ismail Fidan Bahtiar , Budei Roxana , Cojocaru Anca , Vaireanu Danut-Ionel
Published: September 2024

The anodization or thermal treatments applied to alloys of titanium and zirconium have a substantiated effect on the mixed-oxide layer formation compared to the naturally occurring one. A Ti–Zr 50%/50% alloy was chosen for a comparative study. Controlled, thermally treated, and anodized samples obtained with controlled procedures were analyzed in terms of morphological and compositional analysis (using SEM and EDX analysis) as well as for the determination of hardness variations. Substantial differences were observed depending on the applied functionalization method (compact of structured mixed-oxide nanotubes when the samples are subjected to the anodization procedure); there was an increase of more than six folds in the mixed-oxide layer hardness and D Shore scale, when subjected to thermal treatment, and hence, this lead to the conclusion that one may control the morphology, composition and/or the hardness of the mixed-oxide layer by applying one or another or a combination of functionalization methods.
Review of In Situ Hybridization (ISH) Stain Images Using Computational Techniques
Authors: Rehman Zaka Ur , Ahmad Fauzi Mohammad Faizal , Wan Ahmad Wan Siti Halimatul Munirah , Abas Fazly Salleh , Cheah Phaik Leng , Chiew Seow Fan , Looi Lai-Meng
Published: September 2024

Recent advancements in medical imaging have greatly enhanced the application of computational techniques in digital pathology, particularly for the classification of breast cancer using in situ hybridization (ISH) imaging. HER2 amplification, a key prognostic marker in 20–25% of breast cancers, can be assessed through alterations in gene copy number or protein expression. However, challenges persist due to the heterogeneity of nuclear regions and complexities in cancer biomarker detection. This review examines semi-automated and fully automated computational methods for analyzing ISH images with a focus on HER2 gene amplification. Literature from 1997 to 2023 is analyzed, emphasizing silver-enhanced in situ hybridization (SISH) and its integration with image processing and machine learning techniques. Both conventional machine learning approaches and recent advances in deep learning are compared. The review reveals that automated ISH analysis in combination with bright-field microscopy provides a cost-effective and scalable solution for routine pathology. The integration of deep learning techniques shows promise in improving accuracy over conventional methods, although there are limitations related to data variability and computational demands. Automated ISH analysis can reduce manual labor and increase diagnostic accuracy. Future research should focus on refining these computational methods, particularly in handling the complex nature of HER2 status evaluation, and integrate best practices to further enhance clinical adoption of these techniques.
Early Detection of Lymph Node Metastasis Using Primary Head and Neck Cancer Computed Tomography and Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging
Authors: Yuan Nimu , Hassan Mohamed A. , Ehrlich Katjana , Weyers Brent W. , Biddle Garrick , Ivanovic Vladimir , Raslan Osama A. A. , Gui Dorina , Abouyared Marianne , Bewley Arnaud F. , Birkeland Andrew C. , Farwell D. Gregory , Marcu Laura , Qi Jinyi
Published: September 2024

Objectives: Early detection and accurate diagnosis of lymph node metastasis (LNM) in head and neck cancer (HNC) are crucial for enhancing patient prognosis and survival rates. Current imaging methods have limitations, necessitating new evaluation of new diagnostic techniques. This study investigates the potential of combining pre-operative CT and intra-operative fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIm) to enhance LNM prediction in HNC using primary tumor signatures. Methods: CT and FLIm data were collected from 46 HNC patients. A total of 42 FLIm features and 924 CT radiomic features were extracted from the primary tumor site and fused. A support vector machine (SVM) model with a radial basis function kernel was trained to predict LNM. Hyperparameter tuning was conducted using 10-fold nested cross-validation. Prediction performance was evaluated using balanced accuracy (bACC) and the area under the ROC curve (AUC). Results: The model, leveraging combined CT and FLIm features, demonstrated improved testing accuracy (bACC: 0.71, AUC: 0.79) over the CT-only (bACC: 0.58, AUC: 0.67) and FLIm-only (bACC: 0.61, AUC: 0.72) models. Feature selection identified that a subset of 10 FLIm and 10 CT features provided optimal predictive capability. Feature contribution analysis identified high-pass and low-pass wavelet-filtered CT images as well as Laguerre coefficients from FLIm as key predictors. Conclusions: Combining CT and FLIm of the primary tumor improves the prediction of HNC LNM compared to either modality alone. Significance: This study underscores the potential of combining pre-operative radiomics with intra-operative FLIm for more accurate LNM prediction in HNC, offering promise to enhance patient outcomes.
Effects of Split-Attention and Task Complexity on Individual and Collaborative Learning
Authors: Guzmán John , Zambrano R. Jimmy
Published: September 2024

School tasks often include individual and collaborative activities supported by a wide variety of learning materials. These materials can elicit varied levels of attention and learning depending on the complexity (i.e., element interactivity level) and physical separation of the information elements in the study material. The aim of this study was to explore the potential effects of the element interactivity level (i.e., high vs. low) and split attention (i.e., integrated vs. separated information) on individual and collaborative learning. An experimental design was implemented with 192 high school learners, with 64 working individually and 128 in dyads. The results revealed that in tasks with high element interactivity and integrated information, individual students learned more than groups. However, separated information benefited groups more than individual learners. It is concluded that the benefits of individual and group learning are mediated by task element interactivity and the physical separation of information sources in the study material, and recommendations for education professionals are presented.
Boosting Fructosyl Transferase’s Thermostability and Catalytic Performance for Highly Efficient Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) Production
Authors: Niu Dandan , Zhao Nan , Wang Jun , Mchunu Nokuthula Peace , Permaul Kugen , Singh Suren , Wang Zhengxiang
Published: September 2024

Achieving enzymatic food processing at high substrate concentrations can significantly enhance production efficiency; however, related studies are notably insufficient. This study focused on the enzymatic synthesis of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) at high temperature and high substrate concentration. Results revealed that increased viscosity and limited substrate solubility in high-concentration systems could be alleviated by raising the reaction temperature, provided it aligned with the enzyme’s thermostability. Further analysis of enzyme thermostability in real sucrose solutions demonstrates that the enzyme’s thermostability was remarkedly improved at higher sucrose concentrations, evidenced by a 10.3 °C increase in melting temperature (Tm) in an 800 g/L sucrose solution. Building upon these findings, we developed a novel method for enzymatic FOS synthesis at elevated temperatures and high sucrose concentrations. Compared to existing commercial methods, the initial transglycosylation rate and volumetric productivity for FOS synthesis increased by 155.9% and 113.5%, respectively, at 65 °C in an 800 g/L sucrose solution. This study underscores the pivotal role of substrate concentration, incubation temperature, and the enzyme’s actual status in advancing enzyme-catalyzed processes and demonstrates the potential of enzymatic applications in enhancing food processing technologies, providing innovative strategies for the food industry.
Unveiling the Nutritional Profile and Safety of Coffee Pulp as a First Step in Its Valorization Strategy
Authors: Gil-Ramírez Alicia , Rebollo-Hernanz Miguel , Cañas Silvia , Monedero Cobeta Ignacio , Rodríguez-Rodríguez Pilar , Gila-Díaz Andrea , Benítez Vanesa , Arribas Silvia M. , Aguilera Yolanda , Martín-Cabrejas María A.
Published: September 2024

The coffee pulp, a significant by-product of coffee processing, is often discarded but has potential for recycling and high-value uses. This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition of two coffee pulp ingredients, a flour (CPF) and an aqueous extract (CPE), and conducted acute and sub-chronic toxicity assays to determine their safety. The proximate composition revealed the high fiber content of both ingredients; the CPF mainly contained insoluble fiber, while CPE consisted exclusively of soluble pectic polysaccharides. The CPF had higher concentrations of amino acids and a better balance of essential/non-essential amino acids, whereas the CPE exhibited higher concentrations of free amino acids, ensuring higher bioavailability. Both ingredients showed elevated mineral content, while heavy-metal concentrations remained within acceptable limits. This study established the bioactive potential of the CPF and the CPE, demonstrating the high content of caffeine and gallic, protocatechuic, and 4-caffeoylquinic acids. The toxicity studies revealed that the CPF and the CPE exhibited safety when orally administered to mice. Administered doses were non-toxic, as they did not induce lethality or adverse effects in the mice or produce significant histopathological or biochemical adverse changes. This study represents a first step in valorizing the CPF and the CPE as safe novel food ingredients with health benefits for functional and nutritional foods.
Multi-Elemental Analysis and Geographical Discrimination of Greek “Gigantes Elefantes” Beans Utilizing Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry and Machine Learning Models
Authors: Mazarakioti Eleni C. , Zotos Anastasios , Verykios Vassilios S. , Kokkotos Efthymios , Thomatou Anna-Akrivi , Kontogeorgos Achilleas , Patakas Angelos , Ladavos Athanasios
Published: September 2024

Greek giant beans, also known as “Gigantes Elefantes” (elephant beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L.,) are a traditional and highly cherished culinary delight in Greek cuisine, contributing significantly to the economic prosperity of local producers. However, the issue of food fraud associated with these products poses substantial risks to both consumer safety and economic stability. In the present study, multi-elemental analysis combined with decision tree learning algorithms were investigated for their potential to determine the multi-elemental profile and discriminate the origin of beans collected from the two geographical areas. Ensuring the authenticity of agricultural products is increasingly crucial in the global food industry, particularly in the fight against food fraud, which poses significant risks to consumer safety and economic stability. To ascertain this, an extensive multi-elemental analysis (Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Ga, Ge, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nb, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Re, Se, Sr, Ta, Ti, Tl, U, V, W, Zn, and Zr) was performed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Bean samples originating from Kastoria and Prespes (products with Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) status) were studied, focusing on the determination of elemental profiles or fingerprints, which are directly related to the geographical origin of the growing area. In this study, we employed a decision tree algorithm to classify Greek “Gigantes Elefantes” beans based on their multi-elemental composition, achieving high performance metrics, including an accuracy of 92.86%, sensitivity of 87.50%, and specificity of 96.88%. These results demonstrate the model’s effectiveness in accurately distinguishing beans from different geographical regions based on their elemental profiles. The trained model accomplished the discrimination of Greek “Gigantes Elefantes” beans from Kastoria and Prespes, with remarkable accuracy, based on their multi-elemental composition.