bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trans‐ and cis‐octadecenoic acid isomers in the hump and milk lipids from Camelus dromedarius
Authors: Wolff Robert L. , Precht Dietz , Nasser Boubker , Said El Kebbaj M'hamed
Published: November 2006

The distribution profiles of individual trans‐ as well as cis‐18∶1 isomers from the fat prepared from the hump adipose tissue and the milk from Camelus dromedarius (the single‐humped Arabian species) are described. Gas‐liquid chromatography on two capillary columns with different polarities and lengths were used for this purpose in combination with argentation thin‐layer chromatography. A comparison of the profiles established is made with that of true ruminant fats. In the fats from the dromedarius as well as from true ruminants, the trans‐18∶1 isomers have their ethylenic bonds in all positions between Δ4 and Δ16. The prominent trans isomer is the 11–18∶1 (vaccenic) acid in all species, and the complete distribution profiles are quite similar. Concerning the cis isomers, the prominent isomer is oleic acid, followed by cis‐vaccenic acid, as in true ruminant fats. Other cis isomers encompass the Δ6–8 and the Δ12 to Δ15 isomers. Camelidae (suborder Tylopoda) and Bovidae (suborder Ruminantia) have evolved independently since the Eocene, that is for approximately 50 million years. Despite this considerable period, and the profound differences in anatomy, morphology, physiology, ecological and dietary habits between the extant species of these suborders, the rumen microflora has continued to synthesize the same trans‐ and cis‐octadecenoic acid isomers, in comparable proportions, at least as deduced from their composition profiles. We conclude that the trans‐18∶1 acid profile is not intrinsically species‐dependent, but it can be affected by the nature and the proportions of dietary unsaturated fatty acids that themselves depend on the feed, and that may be species‐specific.
Lipid remodeling in mouse liver and plasma resulting from Δ6 fatty acid desaturase inhibition
Authors: Duffin Kevin L. , Obukowicz Mark G. , Salsgiver William J. , Welsch Dean J. , Shieh Caroline , Raz Amiram , Needleman Philip
Published: November 2006

Electrospray/tandem mass spectrometry was used to quantify lipid remodeling in mouse liver and plasma during inhibition of polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis by the Δ6 fatty acid desaturase inhibitor, SC‐26196. SC‐26196 caused increases in linoleic acid and corresponding decreases in arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in select molecular species of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and cholesterol esters but not in phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, or triglycerides. For linoleic acid‐, arachidonic acid‐, and docosahexaenoic acid‐containing phospholipid species, this difference was, in part, determined by the fatty acid at thesn‐1 position, namely, palmitic or stearic acid. An understanding of phospholipid remodeling mediated by Δ6 desaturase inhibition should aid in clarifying the contribution of arachidonic acid derivedvia de novosynthesis or obtained directly in the diet during inflammatory responses.
Soluble fiber and soybean protein reduce atherosclerotic lesions in guinea pigs. Sex and hormonal status determine lesion extension
Authors: Cos Edward , Ramjiganesh Tripurasundari , Roy Suheeta , Yoganathan Subbiah , Nicolosi Robert J. , Fernandez Maria Luz
Published: November 2006

These studies were undertaken to assess guinea pigs as potential models for early atherosclerosis development. For that purpose, male, female, and ovariectomized (to mimic menopause) guinea pigs were fed a control or a TEST diet for 12 wk. Differences between diets were the type of protein (60% casein/40% soybean vs. 100% soybean) and the type of fiber (12.5% cellulose vs. 2.5% cellulose/5% pectin/5% psyllium) for control and TEST diets, respectively. Diet had no effect on plasma cholesterol or triacylglycerol (TAG) concentrations; however, there were significant effects related to sex/hormonal status. Ovariectomized guinea pigs had higher plasma cholesterol and TAG concentrations than males or females (P<0.01). In contrast to effects on plasma lipids, hepatic cholesterol and TAG were 50% lower in the TEST groups (P<0.01) compared to controls. Low density lipoproteins (LDL) from guinea pigs fed the TEST diet had a lower number of cholesteryl ester (CE) molecules and a smaller diameter than LDL from controls. Atherosclerotic lesions were modulated by both diet (P<0.0001) and sex (P<0.0001). Guinea pigs fed the TEST diet had 25% less lesion extension whereas males had 20% larger occlusion of the arteries compared to both female and ovariectomized guinea pigs. Significant positive correlations were found between LDL CE and atherosclerotic lesions (r=0.495, P<0.05) and LDL size and fatty streak area (r=0.56, P<0.01). In addition, females fed the TEST diet had the lowest plasma and hepatic cholesterol concentrations, the smallest LDL particles, and the least atherosclerosis involvement compared to the other groups. These data indicate that dietary factors and sex/hormonal status play a role in determining plasma lipids and atherosclerosis in guinea pigs.
Incorporation of dietary linoleic and conjugated linoleic acids and related effects on eggs of laying hens
Authors: Schäfer Klaus , Männer Klaus , Sagredos Angelos , Eder Klaus , Simon Ortwin
Published: November 2006

In the present study, laying hens received 29 g per kg diet of a preparation containing either 70% linoleic acid (LA) or approximately the same amount of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in the control and experimental treatments, respectively. The CLA preparation consisted predominantly of cis‐9,trans‐11 and trans‐10,cis‐12 fatty acid isomers as free fatty acids in a ratio of 1∶1. The diets were fed for 8 wk to determine the effect of dietary CLA on quality characteristics of eggs. In addition, the fatty acid composition of liver and heart was analyzed. Performance parameters (egg weight, feed efficiency) were not significantly affected by feeding the diets supplemented with CLA. The overall amount of CLA that was incorporated into yolk was 7.95 g CLA/100 g total fatty acids, or approximately 400 mg CLA/egg. The transfer efficiency of the cis‐9,trans‐11 isomer was higher than that of the trans‐10,cis‐12 isomer; however, the transfer rate of CLA isomers into yolk and tissues was significantly lower than that of linoleic acid. Dietary CLA increased the concentration of saturated fatty acids in yolk and tissues at the expense of monounsaturated fatty acids. The proportions of myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids in yolk lipids were also changed by dietary CLA. Additionally, long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) were decreased without changing the balance of the n−6/n−3 ratio in egg yolk. The inclusion of CLA in layer diets altered the shape of the yolk and various egg parameters (albumen height, foam index, and yolk index). The results of this study indicate that CLA induces various changes in lipid and fatty acid metabolism of laying hens and affects quality characteristics of eggs.
Trans‐10,Cis‐12 conjugated linoleic acid reduces triglyceride content while differentially affecting peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ2 and aP2 expression in 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes
Authors: Evans M. , Park Y. , Pariza M. , Curtis L. , Kuebler B. , McIntosh M.
Published: November 2006

A series of experiments was conducted using 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes as the cell model to determine: (i) whether the triglyceride (TG)‐lowering effects of a crude mixture of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers were due to a specific isomer of CLA and the timing of treatment, (ii) if CLA reduced TG content by inhibiting a key regulator of adipogenesis, (iii) if CLA incorporated into either neutral lipid or phospholipid cell fractions, and (iv) whether the effects of CLA treatment were reversible. Trans‐10,cis‐12 CLA reduced TG content, whereas the cis‐9,trans‐11 isomer increased TG content compared to vehicle [bovine serum albumin (BSA)] controls. Treatment with 50 μM trans‐10,cis‐12 CLA during the entire 6 d of differentiation reduced TG content to a greater extent than treatment during either the first 3 d or last 3 d of differentiation. Trans‐10,cis‐12 CLA treatment of preadipocyte cultures for 48 h increased peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ2 (PPARγ2) protein expression compared to cultures treated with linoleic acid (LA) or the BSA controls. CLA had no effect on adipose P2 (aP2), a fatty acid‐binding protein regulated by PPARγ2. Both the cis‐9,trans‐11 and the trans‐10,cis‐12 isomers of CLA were incorporated into neutral lipids and phospholipids. However, cis‐9,trans‐11 CLA levels were one‐ to twofold higher than trans‐10,cis‐12 CLA levels. Moreover, trans‐10,cis‐12 CLA treatment reduced cis‐11 18∶1 concentrations in both neutral lipids and phospholipids while increasing cis‐9 18∶1 and 18∶2 concentrations. Palmitoleic acid (16∶1) levels were also lower in the neutral lipid fraction of cultures treated with trans‐10,cis‐12 CLA. Supplementing trans‐10,cis‐12 CLA‐treated cultures (50 μM) with increasing levels of LA resulted in a dose‐dependent increase in TG content compared to cultures treated with 50 μM CLA alone. LA supplementation also prevented some of the morphological changes associated with trans‐10,cis‐12 CLA treatment as seen with scanning electron microscopy. Treatment with 50μM trans‐10,cis‐12 CLA for 6 d decreased PPARγ2 levels, and supplementation of CLA‐treated cultures with LA increased PPARγ2 levels compared with cultures treated with CLA alone. Taken together, these data indicate that in cultures of 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes: (i) trans‐10,cis‐12 CLA is the TG‐lowering isomer of CLA, and its effects are dependent on dose, duration of treatment, and the amount of LA in the cultures; (ii) trans‐10,cis‐12 CLA treatment alters the monounsaturated fatty acid profile of neutral‐ and phospholipids of the cultures; and (iii) although acute (2−d) trans‐10,cis‐12 CLA treatment increased PPARγ2 protein levels, chronic (6−d) treatment decreased PPARγ2 levels.
Growth modulation of low density lipoprotein receptor sterol sensitivity in cultured human fibroblasts
Authors: Tatidis Loukas , Vitols Sigurd
Published: November 2006

Sterols regulate low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor and 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG‐CoA) reductase gene expressions by end product repression. Studies on cultured cells have shown that growing cells have a higher LDL uptake than quiescent cells and that incubation of cells with growth factors or mitogenic compounds leads to sterol‐resistant upregulation of LDL receptor gene expression. The recent finding that elevated LDL receptor activity in acute myelogenous leukemia cells was characterized by a decreased sensitivity to downregulation by sterols raises the possibility that the mechanism behind this is related to the cellular growth rate. By using cultured human fibroblasts as a model system we therefore studied whether growth modulation of sterol sensitivity takes place in normal actively growing cells. Judging from the ability of sterols (25‐hydroxycholesterol+cholesterol) to inhibit 125I‐LDL degradation, we found that the sensitivity to sterols varied markedly between cells of different densities. The lowest sensitivity to sterols and highest 125I‐LDL degradation rate were found in subconfluent cells, whereas sparse and confluent cells were the most sensitive ones. In contrast to the LDL receptor, HMG‐CoA reductase sterol sensitivity did not appear to be growth regulated. We conclude that growth‐dependent modulation of sterol sensitivity and LDL receptor activity takes place in normal human fibroblasts. Modulation of sterol sensitivity may be an important mechanism to ensure an adequate cholesterol supply in growing cells.
Regiospecific analysis of conifer seed triacylglycerols by gas‐liquid chromatography with particular emphasis on Δ5‐olefinic acids
Authors: Destaillats Frédéric , Angers Paul , Wolff Robert L. , Arul Joseph
Published: November 2006

Dibutyroyl derivatives of monoacylglycerols (DBMAG) from conifer seed oil triacylglycerols (TAG) were prepared by partial deacylation of TAG with ethylmagnesium bromide followed by diesterification with n‐butyryl chloride. The resulting mixtures were analyzed by gas‐liquid chromatography (GCL) with 65% phenylmethyl silicon open tubular fused‐silica capillary column operated under optimal conditions and separated according to both their fatty acid structures and their regiospecific distribution. Seed oils of 18 species from 5 conifer families (Pinaceae, Taxaceae, Cupressaceae, Cephalotaxaceae, and Podocarpaceae) were analyzed. The chromatograms showed a satisfactory resolution of DBMAG containing palmitic (16∶0) stearic (18∶0), taxoleic (cis‐5, cis‐9 18∶2), oleic (cis‐9 18∶1), cis‐vaccenic (cis‐11 18∶1), pinolenic (cis‐5, cis‐9, cis‐12 18∶3), linoleic (cis‐9, cis‐12 18∶2), α‐linolenic (cis‐9 cis‐12, cis‐15 18∶3), and an almost baseline resolution of DBMAG containing gondoic (cis‐11 20∶1), cis‐5, cis‐11 20∶2, sciadonic (cis‐5, cis‐11, cis‐14 20∶3), dihomolinoleic (cis‐11 cis‐14 20∶2), juniperonic (cis‐5, cis‐11, cis‐14, cis‐17 20∶4), and dihomo‐α‐linolenic (cis‐11, cis‐14, cis‐17 20∶3) acids. We have observed that results for Pinus pinaster and P. koraiensis seed oils obtained with this new simple method compared favorably with literature data established with other usual regiospecific analytical techniques. Δ5‐Olefinic acids are esterified mainly at the external positions of the glycerol backbone in all cases, in agreement with data obtained by other methodologies allowing validation of the GLC regiospecific method. To date, 45 gymnosperm species (mostly Coniferophytes) from 21 genera belonging to 9 families have been analyzed, all of them showing a definite enrichment of Δ5‐olefinic acids in the external positions of TAG. These fatty acids (FA), with one exception only, represent between‐2 and 8% of FA esterified to the internal positions. For some species, i.e., P. koraiensis and P. pinaster, this asymmetrical distribution was established by at least three analytical procedures and confirmed by stereospecific analysis of their seed TAG.
Quantitative determination of 13C‐labeled and endogenous β‐carotene, lutein, and vitamin A in human plasma
Authors: Kelm Mark A. , Flanagan Vincent P. , Pawlosky Robert J. , Novotny Janet A. , Clevidence Beverly A. , Britz Steven J.
Published: November 2006

Quantitative procedures employing liquid‐chromatography/particle beam mass spectrometry (LC/PB‐MS) and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) were applied to the determination of the endogenous and 13C‐labeled β‐carotene, lutein, and retinol in plasma of a subject who consumed kale (Brassica oleracea) that had been grown in a 13CO2‐enriched atmosphere. All compounds were analyzed in the negative chemical ionization (NCI) mode using methane as the moderating reagent gas. β‐Carotene and lutein were analyzed using LC/PB‐MS applying reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation procedures to resolve the analytes. The concentrations of the β‐carotene isotopomers in the plasma over a several‐week period were determined using 2H8‐β‐carotene as an internal standard. The total plasma concentrations of all trans‐lutein were quantified by HPLC analysis with a photodiode array detector using β‐apo‐8′‐carotenal as an internal standard, and the ratio of the 13C∶12C isotopomers of lutein was determined by PB‐MS. The retinol isotopomers were collected from individual HPLC fractions of the plasma extract and then analyzed as the trimethylsilyl ethers by GC‐MS in the NCI mode. The 13C‐and 12C‐retinol isotopomers were quantified using 2H4‐retinol as an internal standard. These methods demonstrate the application of highly sensitive procedures empolying NCI MS for the quantitative determination of carotenoids and vitamin A for the purpose of conducting metabolism studies of phytonutrients.
Comparison of the bligh and dyer and folch methods for total lipid determination in a broad range of marine tissue
Authors: Iverson Sara J. , Lang Shelley L. C. , Cooper Margaret H.
Published: November 2006

For many studies, it is important to measure the total lipid content of biological samples accurately. The Bligh and Dyer method of extraction was developed as a rapid but effective method for determining total lipid content in fish muscle. However, it is also widely used in studies measuring total lipid content of whole fish and other tissues. Although some investigators may have used modified Bligh and Dyer procedures, rarely have modifications been specified nor has their effectiveness been quantitatively evaluated. Thus, we compared this method with that of the classic. Folch extraction in determining total lipid content of fish samples ranging from 0.5 to 26.6% lipid. We performed both methods as originally specified, i.e., using the chloroform/methanol/water ratios of 1∶2∶0.8 and 2∶2∶1.8 (before and after dilution, respectively) for Bligh and Dyer and of 8∶4∶3 for Folch, and with the initial solvent/sample ratios of (3+1)∶1 (Bligh and Dyer) and 20∶1 (Folch). We also compared these with several other solvent/sample ratios. In samples containing <2% lipid, the results of the two methods did not differ. However, for samples containing <2% lipid, the Bligh and Dyer method produced significantly lower estimates of lipid content, and this underestimation increased significantly with increasing lipid content of the sample. In the highest lipid samples, lipid content was underestimated by up to 50% using the Bligh and Dyer method. However, we found a highly significant linear relationship between the two methods, which will permit the correction of reported lipid levels in samples previously analyzed using an unmodified Bligh and Dyer extraction. In the future, modifications to procedures and solvent/sample ratios should be described.
Variation in molecular species of polar lipids from Thermoplasma acidophilum depends on growth temperature
Authors: Uda Ikuko , Sugai Akihiko , Itoh Yuko H. , Itoh Toshihiro
Published: November 2006

Five types of molecular species of C40 isoprenoid chains, having different numbers of cyclopentane rings, were detected in the ether core lipid of Thermoplasma acidophilum. The average cyclization number of the hydrocarbon chains in the lipids increased with increasing growth temperatures.
Exercise training‐induced changes in sensitivity to endothelin‐1 and aortic and cerebellum lipid profile in rats
Authors: Latorre Eduardo , Marán María , Aragonés M. Dolores , Saborido Ana , Fernandez Inmaculada , Delgado Jerónimo , Catalan R. Edgardo , Megías Alicia
Published: November 2006

The purpose of this work was to study whether exercise training induces changes in the lipid profile of rat aorta and nervous system and in the in vitro intrinsic responsiveness of these tissues to endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) treatment. The exercise program performed successfully produced the characteristic metabolic alterations of the trained state. Exercise training induced a large and significant increase in the levels of both aortic ethanolamine plasmalogens (PlasEtn) and glucosylceramides. In contrast, a decrease of aortic ceramide and cholesterol levels was evoked by exercise training. ET‐1 increased PlasEtn content only in sedentary animals. An exercise‐induced increase in cerebellum levels of ceramides and ceramide monohexosides was found. The cerebellum ceramide content was increased by FT‐1 more noticeably in sedentary rats than in trained animals. In contrast, cerebral cortex was observed to be largely insensitive to both exercise training and ET‐1 treatment. It was concluded that exercise training (i) induces changes in both vascular and cerebellar lipid profiles, the former being much more pronounced than the latter, and (ii) diminishes the aortic and cerebellar sensitivity to ET‐1 action.
A new cytotoxic fatty acid (5Z,9Z)‐22‐methyl‐5,9‐tetracosadienoic acid and the sterols from the far Eastern sponge Geodinella robusta
Authors: Makarieva Tatyana N. , Santalova Elena A. , Gorshkova Irina A. , Dmitrenok Andrei S. , Guzii Alla G. , Gorbach Vladimir I. , Svetashev Vassilii I. , Stonik Valentin A.
Published: November 2006

A new fatty acid, (5Z,9Z)‐22‐methyl‐5,9‐tetracosadienoic acid (1a), and a rare fatty acid, (5Z,9Z)‐23‐methyl‐5,9‐tetracosadienoic acid (2a), the predominant constituents of the free fatty acid fraction from the lipids of the sponge Geodinella robusta, were isolated and partly separated by reversed phase high‐performance liquid chromatography, followed by multifold crystallization from MeOH to give 1a and 2a in 70% and 60% purity, respectively. These fatty acids were identified as (5Z,9Z)‐22‐and (5Z,9Z)‐23‐methyl‐5,9‐tetracosadienoic acids by nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, including distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer, heteronuclear multiple quantum connectivity, and correlation spectroscopy experiments, as well as from mass‐spectrometric data for their methyl esters, the methyl esters of their perhydro derivatives, and their pyrrolidides. Mixtures of 1a and 2a showed cytotoxic activity against mouse Ehrlich carcinoma cells and a hemolytic effect on mouse erythrocytes. The sterol fraction from the same sponge was analyzed by gas liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, and 24‐methylenecholesterol was identified as a main constituent of this fraction. The implications of the co‐occurrence of membranolytic long‐chain fatty acids and 24‐methylenecholesterol as a main membrane sterol are discussed in terms of the phenomenon of biochemical coordination.
Fast and reproducible method for the direct quantitation of adipose tissue in newborn infants
Authors: Harrington T. A. M. , Thomas E. L. , Modi N. , Frost G. , Coutts G. A. , Bell J. D.
Published: November 2006

The role of body fat content and distribution in infants is becoming an area of increasing interest, especially as perception of its function appears to be rapidly evolving. Although a number of methods are available to estimate body fat content in adults, many are of limited use in infants, especially in the context of regional distribution and internal depots. In this study we developed and implemented a whole‐body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐based protocol that allows fast and reproducible measurements of adipose tissue content in newborn infants, with an intra‐observer variability of<2.4% and an inter‐observed variability of<7%. The percentage total body fat for this cohort of infants ranged from 13.3–22.6% (mean and standard deviation: 16.6±2.9%), which agrees closely with published data. Subcutaneous fat accounted for just over 89% of the total body fat, whereas internal fat corresponded to almost 11%, most of which was nonabdominal fat. There were no gender differences in total or regional body fat content. These results show that whole‐body MRI can be readily applied to the study of adipose tissue content and distribution in newborn infants. Furthermore, its noninvasive nature makes it an ideal method for longitudinal and interventional studies in newborn infants.
Potential bile acid metabolites. 24. An efficient synthesis of carboxyl‐linked glucosides and their chemical properties
Authors: Iida Takashi , Nakamori Ryusei , Yabuta Rie , Yada Satoru , Takagi Yuzuru , Mano Nariyasu , Ikegawa Shigeo , Goto Junichi , Nambara Toshio
Published: November 2006

A facile and efficient synthesis of the carboxyl‐linked glucosides of bile acids is described. Direct esterification of unprotected bile acids with 2,3,4,6‐tetra‐O‐benzyl‐d‐glucopyranose in pyridine in the presence of 2‐chloro‐1,3,5‐trinitrobenzene as a coupling agent afforded a mixture of the α‐ and β‐anomers (ca. 1∶3) of the 1‐O‐acyl‐d‐glucoside benzyl ethers of bile acids, which was separated effectively on a C18 reversedphase chromatography column (isolated yields of α‐ and β‐anomers are 4–9% and 12–19%, respectively). Subsequent hydrogenolysis of the α‐ and β‐acyl glucoside benzyl ethers on a 10% Pd−C catalyst in acetic acid/methanol/EtOAc (1∶2∶2, by vol) at 35°C under atmospheric pressure gave the corresponding free esters in good yields (79–89%). Chemical specificities such as facile hydrolysis and transesterification of the acyl glucosides in various solvents were also discussed.
Dibutyrate derivatization of monoacylglycerols for the resolution of regioisomers of oleic, petroselinic, and cis‐vaccenic acids
Authors: Destaillats Frédéric , Arul Joseph , Simon James E. , Wolff Robert L. , Angers Paul
Published: November 2006

Dibutyrate derivatives of monoacylglycerols of oleic, petroselinic, and cis‐vaccenic acids were prepared by diesterification of monoacylglycerols with n‐butyryl chloride. The resulting triacylglycerols were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) with a 65% phenyl methyl silicone capillary column and separated on the basis of both fatty acid composition and regiospecific position. The petroselinic acid derivatives eluted first, followed sequentially by the oleic and cis‐vaccenic acid derivatives, with the sn−2 positional isomer eluting before the sn−1(3) isomer in each case. Separation of the peaks was almost baseline between petroselinic and oleic acids as well as between oleic and cis‐vaccenic acids. To assess the accuracy of the method, mixtures of triolein, tripetroselinin, and tri‐cis‐vaccenin in various known proportions were partially deacylated with the use of ethyl magnesium bromide and derivatized and analyzed as above. The results showed that this method compares favorably to the existing methods for analysis of oleic, petroselinic, and cis‐vaccenic fatty acids by GC with respect to peak separation and accuracy, and it also provides information on the regiospecific distribution of the fatty acids. The method was applied to basil (Ocimum basilicum) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum) seed oils. cis‐Vaccenic, oleic, and linoleic acids were mainly distributed at the sn−2 position in basil seed oil, and higher proportions of linolenic, palmitic, and stearic acids were distributed at the sn−1(3) position than at the sn−2 position. In coriander seed oil, petroselinic acid was mainly distributed at the sn−1(3) position, and both oleic and linoleic acids were mostly located at the sn−2 position, whereas palmitic, stearic, and cis‐vaccenic acids were located only at the sn−1(3) position.
Locally and systemically active glucocorticosteroids modify intestinal absorption of lipids in rats
Authors: Thiesen A. , Wild G. E. , Keelan M. , Clandinin M. T. , Agellon L. B. , Thomson A. B. R.
Published: November 2006

Orally administered systemically active steroids enhance the digestive and absorptive functions of the intestine, but their effect on lipid uptake is unknown. The effect of the locally acting steroid budesonide on intestinal absorptive function also is unknown. Accordingly, this study was undertaken to assess the influence of 4 wk of treatment of weaning male rats with a daily oral gavage of budesonide (BUD), prednisone (PRED), or control vehicle on the jejunal and ileal uptake of fatty acids and cholesterol. BUD enhanced jejunal uptake of oleic acid and ileal uptake of linoleic acid. PREF increased jejunal uptake of cholesterol and ileal uptake of lauric, palmitic, linoleic, and linolenic acids. Higher doses of BUD (up to 1 mg/kg) given to adult rats for 2 wk further increased the uptake of some lipids. The changes in the uptake of lipids were not due to variations in the weight of the intestinal mucosa or in the animals’ food intake. Ileal ornithine decarboxylase mRNA expression was increased with PRED, but there were no steroid‐associated changes in the expression of the mRNA of the early response genes c‐myc, c‐jun, or c‐fos or of proglucagon, the liver fatty acid‐binding protein (FABP), the ileal lipid‐binding protein, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 2 (IL‐2), IL‐6, or IL‐10. In summary, treatment of weanling rats with BUD and DRED enhances the uptake of some lipids by a process that is independent of the effects of early response genes and genes encoding cytokines, proglucagon, and FABP.
Dietary n−3 PUFA alter colonocyte mitochondrial membrane composition and function
Authors: Chapkin Robert S. , Young Hong Mee , Fan Yang‐Yi , Davidson Laurie A. , Sanders Lisa M. , Henderson Cara E. , Barhoumi Rola , Burghardt Robert C. , Turner Nancy D. , Lupton Joanne R.
Published: November 2006

There is experimental evidence that dietary fish oil, which contains the n−3 fatty acid family, i.e., EPA and DHA, protects against colon tumor development, in part by increasing apoptosis. Since mitochondria can act as central executioners of apoptosis, we hypothesized that EPA and DHA incorporation into colonocyte mitochondrial membranes, owing to their high degree of unsaturation, would enhance susceptibility to damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated via oxidative phosphorylation. This, in turn, would compromise mitochondrial function, thereby initiating apoptosis. To test this hypothesis, colonic crypts were isolated from rats fed either fish oil, purified n−3 fatty acid ethyl esters, or corn oil (control). Dietary lipid source had no effect on colonic mitochondrial phospholipid class mole percentages, although incorporation of EPA and DHA was associated with a reduction in n−6 fatty acids known to enhance colon tumor development, i.e., linoleic acid (LNA) and its metabolic product, arachidonic acid (ARA). Select compositional changes in major phospholipid pools were correlated to alterations in mitochondrial function as assessed by confocal microscopy. The mol% sum of LNA plus ARA in cardiolipin was inversely correlated with ROS (P=0.024). Ethanolamine glycerophospholipid ARA (P=0.046) and choline glycerophospholipid INA (P=0.033) levels were positively correlated to mitochondrial membrane potential. In contrast, ethanolamine glycerophospholipid EPA (P=0.042) and DHA (P=0.024), levels were negatively correlated to mitochondrial membrane potential. Additionally, EPA and DHA levels in choline glycerophospholipids (P=0.026) were positively correlated with caspase 3 activity. These data provide evidence in vivo indicating that dietary FPA and DHA induce compositional changes in colonic mitochondrial membrane phospholipids that facilitate appotosis.
Cyclodextrins: A potential tool for studying the role of glycerolipids in photosynthetic membranes
Authors: Duchêne Sylvie , Siegenthaler Paul‐André
Published: November 2006

A novel cyclodextrin derivative, i.e., permethylated‐α‐cyclodextrin (PM‐α‐CD), was used for removing glycerolipids from spinach thylakoid membranes and investigating their role in photosynthetic activities. A three‐step selective removal of each lipid class was observed in treated membranes. Up to a concentration of 4 mM, PM‐α‐CD (in the presence of 75 μg chlorophyll a+b/mL), PM‐α‐CD displayed a marked selectivity for anionic lipids [sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG)] in comparison with galactolipids. At this concentration, half of PG and SQDG were removed. Within this range of concentration, the volume response of treated thylakoids to variation of osmolarity, an indirect mean of verifying the structural integrity of the membrane, was not altered. Similarly, neither photosystem II (PSII) nor photosystem I (PSI) activity was affected. In contrast, the low‐temperature fluorescence ratio F695/F740 drastically diminished from 1.45 to about 0.7, essentially due to the decrease of PSII fluorescence. The results derived from the fast fluorescence rise expressed in the form of a spider suggest that the fraction of inactivated (non‐QA reducing) reaction centers (RC) increases while the active (QA reducing) RC remained intact. Raising the concentration of PM‐α‐CD from 4 to 7 mM resulted in a progressive but greater diminution of the galactolipid level than that of SQDG and PG. Within this concentration range, the integrity of the membrane was not altered, nor was either PSII or PSI activity, whereas the F695/F740 ratio decreased to about 0.45 as well as the fraction of inactivated RC. At concentrations above 7 mM of PM‐α‐CD, the integrity of the membrane was impaired, resulting in a decrease of both electron transport activities. At all concentrations, PM‐α‐CD did not show any selectivity toward either the acyl chains of the lipid molecules or the molecular species of PG. The results are discussed in terms of the role of glycerolipids in thylakoid membrane function and the relationship of the chemical structure of PM‐α‐CD and its lipid removal capacity.
Fluctuations in human milk long‐chain PUFA levels in relation to dietary fish intake
Authors: Lauritzen Lotte , Jørgensen Marianne H. , Hansen Harald S. , Michaelsen Kim F.
Published: November 2006

Within the Danish population, milk DHA (22∶6n−3) levels vary by more than a factor of 10. This paper deals with fluctuations in the milk content of 22∶6n−3 and other long‐chain PUFA (LCPUFA) and the acute effects of fish meals and fish oil supplements on milk levels of LCPUFA. Twelve fish‐eating mothers with 4‐mon‐old infants provided one blood and one adipose tissue sample, and seven consecutive morning hindmilk samples with dietary records from the previous days. Another 12 lactating women were given fish oil (2–8 g) for breakfast and delivered 6–12 milk samples during the following 24 h. The mean milk 22∶6n−3 content of the fish‐eating mothers was 0.57±0.28 FA% (=percentage of total area of FAME peaks in GLC) and the day‐to‐day variation (SD/mean) within the individual was 35±17%. Mean milk 22∶6n−3 content on mornings with no fish the day before was 0.42±0.15 FA%; this was increased by 82±17% (n=9, P=0.05) if the mother had eaten fatty fish. Fish oil resulted in a twofold increase in milk 22∶6n−3 levels, which peaked after 10 h and lasted for 24 h. The EPA content of milk was also increased by fish meals and fish oil supplements, but these had no effect on the level of arachidonic acid. The study showed that diurnal and day‐to‐day fluctuations in levels of milk n−3 LCPUFA are large, which makes it difficult to assess the 22∶6n−3 intake of breast‐fed infants from a single milk sample. In studies of the functional outcome of dietary 22∶6n−3 in breast‐fed infants it is suggested also to use a measure of maternal 22∶6n−3 status.
Postprandial and short‐term effects of dietary virgin olive oil on oxidant/antioxidant status
Authors: Fitó Montserrat , Gimeno Eva , Covas María‐Isabel , Miró Elisabet , López‐Sabater María del Carmen , Farré Magí , de la Torre Rafael , Marrugat Jaume
Published: November 2006

It is generally believed that virgin olive oil consumption has beneficial effects, but little is known about its effects postprandially on oxidant/antioxidant status. The aim of this study was to determine changes in oxidative stress biomarkers and lipid profile after a single dose of virgin olive oil and after 1 wk of daily consumption. Sixteen subjects (9 men, 7 women) ingested 50 mL of virgin olive oil in a single dose. Blood samples were collected from 0 to 24 h. Thereafter, 14 participants (8 men, 6 women) followed a 1‐wk 25 mg/d virgin olive oil dietary intervention. Blood samples were collected at the end of this period. Serum TAG (P=0.016), plasma FA (P<0.001) and lipid peroxidation products in plasma (P<0.001) and VLDL (P=0.007) increased, reaching a peak at 4–6 h, and returning to baseline values at 24 h after oil ingestion. The opposite changes were observed in plasma glutathione peroxidase (P=0.001) and glutathione reductase (GR) (P=0.042). No changes in LDL lipid peroxidation or resistance to oxidation were observed postprandially. At 24 h, plasma oleic acid remained increased (P<0.05) and resistance of LDL to oxidation improved (P<0.05). After 1 wk of virgin olive oil consumption, plasma oleic acid (P=0.031), resistance of LDL to oxidation (P<0.05), and plasma GR activity (P=0.005) increased. These results indicate that changes in oxidant/antioxidant status occur after oral virgin olive oil. Virgin olive oil consumption could provide short‐term benefits for LDL resistance to oxidation and in glutathione‐related enzyme activities.
Novel methoxylated FA from the Caribbean sponge Spheciospongia cuspidifera
Authors: Carballeira Néstor M. , Alicea Johanna
Published: November 2006

The Δ6 monoenoic methoxylated FA (6Z)‐2‐methoxy‐6‐heptadecenoic acid and (6Z)‐2‐methoxy‐6‐octadecenoic acid were identified for the first time in nature in the phospholipids from the uncommon Caribbean sponge Spheciospongia cuspidifera. These findings expand the occurrence of Δ6 2‐methoxylated FA to C17−C18 chain lengths and establish a new FA biosynthetic possibility for these marine organisms. The novel methoxylated FA also could have originated from the phospholipids of a bacterium in symbiosis with the sponge.
Effect of sesaminol on plasma and tissue α‐tocopherol and α‐tocotrienol concentrations in rats fed a vitamin E concentrate rich in tocotrienols
Authors: Yamashita Kanae , Ikeda Saiko , Iizuka Yoshie , Ikeda Ikuo
Published: November 2006

We have shown that sesame lignans added to rat diet resulted in significantly greater plasma and tissue concentrations of α‐ and γ‐tocopherol concentrations in supplemented rats than in rats without supplementation. In the present studies we examined whether sesaminol, a sesame lignan, enhances tocotrienol concentrations in plasma and tissues of rats fed diets containing a tocotrienol‐rich fraction of palm oil (T‐mix). In Ex‐periment 1, effects of sesaminol on tocotrienol concentrations in plasma, liver, and kidney were evaluated in rats fed diets containing 20 mg/kg of T‐mix (20T) and 50 mg/kg of T‐mix (50T) with or without 0.1% sesaminol. Although the T‐mix contained 23% α‐tocopherol, 22% α‐tocotrienol, and 34% γ‐tocotrienol, α‐tocopherol constituted most or all of the vitamin E in plasma and tissue (from 97% in kidney to 100% in plasma), with no or very little α‐tocotrienol and no γ‐tocotrienol at all. Addition of sesaminol to the T‐mix resulted in significantly higher plasma, liver, and kidney α‐tocopherol concentrations compared to values for T‐mix alone. Further, T‐mix with sesaminol resulted in significantly higher α‐tocotrienol concentrations in kidney, although the concentration was very low. In Experiment 2, we examined whether sesaminol caused enhanced absorption of α‐tocopherol and α‐tocotrienol in a dosage regimen supplying T‐mix and sesaminol on alternating days and observed significantly higher levels of α‐tocopherol and α‐tocotrienol in rats fed sesaminol, even without simultaneous intake, compared to those in rats without sesaminol. In Experiment 3, α‐tocopherol was supplied to the stomach with and without sesaminol, and α‐tocopherol concentrations in the lymph fluid were measured, α‐Tocopherol concentrations were not different between groups. These results indicated that sesaminol produced markedly higher α‐tocopherol concentrations in plasma and tissue and significantly greater α‐tocotrienol concentrations in kidney and various other tissues, but the concentrations of α‐tocotrienol were extremely low compared to those of α‐tocopherol (Exps. 1 and 2). However, the sesaminol‐induced increases of α‐tocopherol and α‐tocotrienol concentrations in plasma and tissue were not caused by their enhanced absorption since sesaminol did not enhance their absorption.
Membrane lipid profile of an edible basidiomycete Lentinula edodes during growth and cell differentiation
Authors: Sakai Hiromichi , Kajiwara Susumu
Published: November 2006

The basidiomycetous mushroom Lentinula edodes (Shiitake) exhibits a unique process of cell differentiation termed “fruiting‐body formation”. To clarify the relationship between membrane lipids and fruiting‐body formation in this fungus, we investigated variations in levels of phospholipids, cerebrosides, fatty acyl residues in the major phospholipids, and fatty acyl and sphingoid base residues in cerebrosides during vegetative growth and fruiting‐body formation. PC, PE, and PS were the primary phospholipids in the cells of L. edodes. After a shift in growth temperature of L. edodes mycelia has been shifted from 25 to 18°C, the proportion of unsaturated FA (UFA), such as linoleic acid (18∶2) and oleic acid (18∶1), increased. In contrast, during fruiting‐body formation induced by the temperature downshift to 18°C, 18∶2 of PC in the primordia and fruiting bodies decreased, and the UFA of PF and 18∶1 of PC increased compared with the proportions in mycelia growing at 18°C. These results showed that the proportions of fatty acyl residues in PC and PE differed during fruiting‐body formation in L. edodes. Moreover, the amount of cerebrosides in primordia increased compared with those in mycelia and fruiting bodies and, in these differentiating tissues, the proportion of 2‐hydroxypentadecanoic acid increased whereas that of 2‐hydroxyoctadecanoic acid decreased compared with that in the mycelia. However, the proportion of sphingoid base residues in cerebrosides did not change during fruiting‐body formation in L. edodes.
Impact of in vivo glycation of LDL on platelet aggregation and monocyte chemotaxis in diabetic Psammomys obesus
Authors: Zoltowska Monika , Delvin Edgard , Ziv Ehud , Peretti Noel , Chartré Manon , Levy Emile
Published: November 2006

Psammomys obesus (sand rat) is an appropriate model to highlight the development of hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, obesity, and diabetes. This animal species, with genetically predetermined diabetes, acquires non‐insulin dependent diabetes mellitus when exposed to energy‐rich diets. In the present study, we explored the possibility that glycation of LDL may occur in diabetes‐prone P. obesus and affect platelet and macrophage functions. The glycation of LDL, isolated from diabetic animals, was significantly (P<0.05) higher (40%) than that of control animals. The incubation of platelets with glycated LDL enhanced the reactivity of platelets by 32–44% depending on the aggregating agents (thrombin, collagen, ADP). Furthermore, LDL derived from diabetic rats were chemotactic for normal monocytes and stimulated the incorporation of [14C]oleate into cellular cholesteryl esters. The enhancement of platelet aggregation and cholesterol esterification in monocytes may contribute toward the accelerated development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in diabetic P. obesus animals. This study also illustrates the relevance of studying atherosclerosis in the P. obesus animal model, as it shows an increased tendency to develop dietinduced diabetes, which is associated with cardiovascular disorders.
Fatty acid profile and affective dysregulation in irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Kilkens Tessa O. C. , Honig Adriaan , Maes Michael , Lousberg Richel , Brummer Robert‐Jan M.
Published: November 2006

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder with a high co‐occurrence with affective dysregulation. Affective disorders have been associated with specific changes in the PUFA and cholesterol profile. In IBS, similar changes may be present as have been reported in patients with affective disorders. This exploratory study investigates (i) the level of affective dysregulation (AD) in IBS patients and healthy controls; (ii) PUFA and cholesterol profiles in IBS patients compared with controls; and (iii) associations between PUFA and cholesterol parameters with the level of AD. Blood samples were obtained for determination of the FA composition of plasma phospholipids and serum cholesterol in 23 diarrheapredominant IBS patients and 23 healthy matched controls. AD was scored using the Symptom Check List depression scale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. The level of AD was higher in IBS patients compared with controls. PUFA and cholesterol profiles did not differ significantly between groups. Total n−3 PUFA and cholesterol were significantly negatively associated and the ratio of n−6 to n−3 PUFA and the ratio of arachidonic acid to EPA were significantly positively associated with the level of AD. The findings of the present study reveal that AD was higher in IBS patients compared with healthy controls and that changes in PUFA and cholesterol profiles were significantly associated with the level of AD. These results warrant further studies regarding the role of PUFA and cholesterol status in the co‐occurrence of AD and functional gastrointestinal disorders.
Effect of a modified milk fat and calcium in purified diets on cholesterol metabolism in hamsters
Authors: Pellizzon Michael , Santa Ana John , Buison Edgar , Martin Jennifer , Buison Anne , Catherine Jen K. ‐L.
Published: November 2006

Modification of milk fat both by partially replacing saturated FA with oleic acid (18∶1) and by increasing calcium intake independently reduces plasma cholesterol. Whether modification of both factors together would synergistically reduce plasma cholesterol is unknown. Seventy‐two male golden Syrian hamsters were separated into four diet treatment groups (n=18/group) and fed ad libitum for 7 wk. Diets contained either modified milk fat (MMF) or regular milk fat (RMF) with either 0.5% (MMF and RMF) or 1.3% calcium (w/w) (MMFC and RMFC). All diets contained 11% test fat, 4% soybean oil, and 0.15% cholesterol (w/w). During the last week, feces were collected for three consecutive days for analysis of fecal FA, cholesterol, and calcium excretion. Overnight‐fasted animals were sacrificed, and plasma and livers were collected for lipid analysis. Neither MMF nor additional calcium significantly affected plasma lipids. However, significant interactions existed between MMF and additional calcium for the ratio of LDL cholesterol to HDL cholesterol (LDL/HDL), indicating that increased calcium intake reduced this ratio only in RMF animals. In addition, MMF reduced LDL/HDL relative to RMF. MMF significantly increased hepatic total and esterified cholesterol. Additional calcium significantly increased fecal calcium and saturated FA (SFA) excretion, whereas MMF significantly reduced SFA excretion. RMFC induced the highest excretion of 16∶0 among all groups. Replacement of SFA with 18∶1 in the MMF reduced the impact of high calcium on LDL/HDL. Additional calcium reduced LDL/HDL only in the presence of RMF, which may be achieved through an increased excretion of 16∶0.
Tocotrienol‐rich fraction from palm oil affects gene expression in tumors resulting from MCF‐7 cell inoculation in athymic mice
Authors: Nesaretnam Kalanithi , Ambra Roberto , Selvaduray Kanga Rani , Radhakrishnan Ammu , Reimann Karin , Razak Ghazali , Virgili Fabio
Published: November 2006

It has recently been shown that tocotrienols are the components of vitamin E responsible for inhibiting the growth of human breast cancer cells in vitro, through an estrogen‐independent mechanism. Although tocotrienols act on cell proliferation in a dose‐dependent manner and can induce programmed cell death, no specific gene regulation has yet been identified. To investigate the molecular basis of the effect of tocotrienols, we injected MCF‐7 breast cancer cells into athymic nude mice. Mice were fed orally with 1 mg/d of tocotrienol‐rich fraction (TRF) for 20 wk. At end of the 20 wk, there was a significant delay in the onset, incidence, and size of the tumors in nude mice supplemented with TRF compared with the controls. At autopsy, the tumor tissue was excised and analyzed for gene expression by means of a cDNA array technique. Thirty out of 1176 genes were significantly affected. Ten genes were down‐regulated and 20 genes up‐regulated with respect to untreated animals, and some genes in particular were involved in regulating the immune system and its function. The expression of the interferon‐inducible transmembrane protein‐1 gene was significantly up‐regulated in tumors excised from TRF‐treated animals compared with control mice. Within the group of genes related to the immune system, we also found that the CD59 glycoprotein precursor gene was up‐regulated. Among the functional class of intracellular transducers/effectors/modulators, the c‐myc gene was significantly down‐regulated in tumors by TRF treatment. Our observations indicate that TRF supplementation significantly and specifically affects MCF‐7 cell response after tumor formation in vivo and therefore the host immune function. The observed effect on gene expression is possibly exerted independently from the antioxidant activity typical of this family of molecules.