bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Upstream to Purification: Production of Lactic Acid from the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste
Authors: López-Gómez José Pablo , Unger Peter , Schneider Roland , Venus Joachim
Published: February 2020

The implementation of an efficient and sustainable management of the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes (OFMSW) is a topic of intensive discussion in EU countries. Recently, the OFMSW has been investigated as a potential substrate for the production of lactic acid (LA) through fermentation. Nevertheless, none of the reports available in the literature covers all the stages of the conversion process. The present research article is a comprehensive study which includes the upstream, fermentation and downstream for the conversion of OFMSW into LA. Several batches of OFMSW were analysed for the evaluation of sugars released and LA content before the fermentation. Fermentations were performed to study the effect of hydrolysate quality on the LA production using Bacillus coagulans A166. Purification of LA, based on electrodialysis, was carried out after pilot scale fermentation of OFMSW hydrolysates. Results showed that variations in the concentrations of sugars and LA are observed from batch to batch of OFMSW. More specifically, LA can reach high concentrations even before the substrates are hydrolysed, limiting the potential applications of the final product due to low enantiomeric purities. In general, fermentations of the hydrolysate were efficient, with conversion yields of 0.65 g g−1 without the addition of extra nutrients. Downstream is still a challenging stage of the process. A LA recovery of 55% was obtained, with the most significant losses observed during the micro- and nanofiltrations. Overall, a conversion of 10% from OFMSW substrate (dry basis) to LA was achieved.

Graphic Abstract
Public Awareness and Perceptions of Colorectal Cancer Prevention: a Cross-Sectional Survey
Authors: Knudsen Markus Dines , Hoff Geir , Tidemann-Andersen Ida , Bodin Gry Ekeberg , Øvervold Sissel , Berstad Paula
Published: February 2020

We aimed to investigate awareness of colorectal cancer (CRC) lifestyle risk factors, willingness to participate in CRC screening, and preferences concerning channels for information on CRC prevention in the general population, including the target age of the upcoming Norwegian national CRC screening program. The present study was a cross-sectional online survey of adults aged 39 to 55 years registered as Kantar Web Panel respondents in Norway. The survey included demographic characteristics, multiple choice knowledge questions of lifestyle risk factors for CRC, attitudes towards CRC screening, and preferred channels for receiving information on CRC prevention. Of 4375 participants invited, 2007 (46%) answered the survey. The average number of correctly identified lifestyle risk factors for CRC was 7.3 of ten. Women were significantly more likely than men, and those with university or college education more likely than those with lower education to correctly identify at least eight risk factors (odds ratio, OR = 1.53, 95% confidence interval, CI 1.25–1.87, and OR = 1.51, 95% CI 1.23–1.86, respectively). The number of correctly identified risk factors was positively associated with willingness to participate in CRC screening (P for trend < 0.001). The national public work force and the Norwegian Cancer Society were selected by 76% and 69% of the participants, respectively, to be trustworthy sources of information on CRC prevention. Awareness of CRC risk factors was associated with willingness to participate in CRC screening. The national public work force and Cancer Society can be generally accepted sources of CRC preventive information.
Fashion and Institutions: The AIIA and the Ready-to-Wear Industry in Italy (1945–1975)
Authors: PARIS IVAN
Published: February 2020

The Italian Clothing Industry Association (AIIA) was the first employers’ association founded to protect the interests of the nascent Italian ready-to-wear industry. According to the literature on the subject, there were three factors that allowed business interest associations (BIAs) to operate effectively at a meso-organizational level: their internal organizational structure, the activities of bureaucratic support of companies and lobbying in defense of entrepreneurs’ interests, as well as the ability to adapt to the more general context in which they worked. Based on a detailed empirical analysis, this article examines what the AIIA accomplished in each of these three areas. There are two objectives: (1) analyzing the circumstances that led the AIIA to fail in its purposes of representing the Italian ready-to-wear industry, and (2) investigating, in a typical creative industry, the hidden costs in terms of competitiveness of BIAs’ planning efforts and their consequences for the creation of an efficient and internationally competitive fashion system.
RethinkingBlaisdell: State Debt Relief and the Limits of Constitutional Doctrine
Authors: Zackin Emily
Published: February 2020

In the landmark caseHome Building & Loan Association v. Blaisdell(1934), the Supreme Court of the United States upheld a state-level debt relief statute that was quite similar to those it had long deemed to violate the Contracts Clause. The dissent even argued that the Contracts Clause was written precisely to prohibit this type of state legislation. Rather than seeking to understand or characterize this doctrinal shift, as most work onBlaisdellhas done, this article argues that Contracts Clause doctrine had never actually eradicated the state practice of intervening in contracts. The article both highlights and explains the long-standing mismatch between Contracts Clause doctrine and state legislative practice that preceded this ruling. WhateverBlaisdellmeant as a matter of doctrine, it should also be understood as evidence of a durable state-level commitment to protecting debtors from the potentially ruinous consequences of private economic bargains.
Greek Literature
Authors: Heath Malcolm
Published: February 2020

The Cambridge Grammar of Classical Greek(CGCG) arrived just too late for mention in the last batch of reviews, but the wait has turned out to be providential: I've now had time to useCGCGas my reference grammar for undergraduate teaching. I must confess that I do not like teaching grammar, and am not very good at it; and, by happy chance, I have not been called upon to teach grammar for a surprisingly large number of years. So being assigned to teach a grammar class at short notice was a mildly traumatic experience. But at least it has made it possible for me to become familiar withCGCGin practice. The authors’ suggestion that ‘CGCG’s coverage is such…that it could be used in the context of undergraduate and graduate language courses’ (xxxii) is carefully formulated: it could be. But the undergraduate class that I have been teaching would, I am sure, have been intimidated by the mass of grammatical detail if confronted withCGCGin the raw. I can, however, testify that at least one reluctant, out-of-practice language tutor has found the volume amazingly helpful in planning grammar classes. The clarity and logic of its presentation and explanations, its well-chosen examples, and its carefully designed aids to navigation (table of contents, cross-references, index) are virtues that I do not normally associate with texts on grammar: or, at any rate, not in the same degree.CGCG’s virtues will make it an invaluable resource for advanced students, and for tutors. For a surprisingly reasonable price, purchasers get 300 pages of phonology and morphology and 350 pages of syntax, plus 90 excellent pages on textual coherence, covering particles, and word order. ‘Still’, as the authors modestly observe, ‘there are many subjects about which we might have said much more and some about which we have said almost nothing’ (xxxii).
Latin Literature
Authors: Whitton Christopher
Published: February 2020

Cicero has a unique place in the history of Latin. A political and intellectual figure elevated to iconic status both by his own efforts and by posterity; author of more extant prose – dozens of speeches, the treatises philosophical and rhetorical, and nearly a thousand letters – than any other pagan Roman; model of good style and set-text authorpar excellence, from antiquity to modernity. So far, so uncontroversial. But when and how did he acquire this place atop the canon? It's a question that Caroline Bishop, Thomas Keeline, and Giuseppe La Bua have each asked, and one to which they offer some interestingly different answers.
Greek History
Authors: Vlassopoulos Kostas
Published: February 2020

Pride of place in this review goes undoubtedly to Sally Humphreys’ monumental study of kinship in ancient Athens. A work in progress for four decades, it is finally published in two volumes of almost 1,500 pages. The book's coverage is vast: the first volume focuses on interactions among kinsfolk (legal, social, economic, and ritual), while the second volume explores the various Athenian corporate groups which employed kinship as their organizing principle (phratries, gene, tribes, and trittyes) and provides an exhaustive discussion of kinship networks attested across all Athenian demes. As a result of its size and encyclopaedic coverage, I suspect that most readers will approach this work in a piecemeal fashion, looking for a particular phenomenon or searching for a particular kinship network; the lack of a detailed introduction or conclusions – features that would have been essential in a work of this size and ambition – does not help in this respect. But this work needs to be assessed as a whole, for three main reasons. The first is that households were the main organizing units of Athenian society, while most Athenian groups were organized on a kinship principle. Their roles were crucial, and they need to complement the social models of Athenian society we employ, alongside class and status. The second reason is that Humphreys makes a very good job of exploring the various contradictory tendencies at work in how Athenian kinship operated: the interests of male heads; of wives, children, and relatives; of wider kinship networks; and of the political community. The third is the combination of literary, epigraphic, and material evidence of Athenian kinship, which reveals in often impressive ways the contradictions and gaps of our various sources: not only will this work be essential reading for those working on Athenian oratory, archaeology, or economy, but its accumulated detail offers the basis for writing a novel history of Athenian society. Of course, a work gestated for forty years will also show the unavoidable flaws of its piecemeal construction; but these are largely of secondary importance, compared to the value of the end product.
Stability Improvement of Segway Based on Tire Model Using the SEA
Authors: Yun Haneul , Zhang Hongyu , Lee Jangmyung
Published: February 2020

This study proposes the use of a series elastic actuator (SEA) in a Segway to improve the stability of the tires during linear and curved driving, thus improving the comfort of the driver and ensuring driving stability. Recently, Segway has been developed continuously for intelligent mobile vehicles and the performance of Segway is being enhanced. Therefore, safety factors during the Segway driving have been considered seriously. In most of the developments and studies on Segway, the optimization and improvement of the controller component have been tackled and there are few studies on the safety devices and the stability of driving. The impact and vibration generated from the ground due to uneven road surfaces considerably influence the force exerted on the tire, which further affects driving stability. This research focuses on the control of the SEA based on the tire model to improve the driving stability of Segway. The performance of the proposed algorithm to improve the stability of the driver has been verified by straight and curved paths driving experiments with the tire model.
Risk factors for bovine anthrax in Bangladesh, 2010–2014: a case-control study
Authors: Rume F. I. , Karim M. R. , Ahsan C. R. , Yasmin M. , Biswas P. K.
Published: February 2020

A matched case-control study was conducted in Bangladesh by enrolling case smallholdings of cattle affected with anthrax in the period of October 2010 to December 2014. The cases were initially reported by mass media and/or in surveillance reports from authorities concerned in the country. In total, 43 case smallholdings were enrolled. For each case, a control was matched by similarity in herd-size and rearing of animals, selected from a distantly located (within 3–10 km) place but within the same sub-district of the case farm. Data collected by administering a prototype questionnaire were analysed by matched-pair analysis and multivariable conditional logistic regression. Out of the 43 smallholdings, 41 were located in three adjoining districts: Pabna, Sirajganj and Tangail, apparently forming a spatial cluster, could be termed ‘anthrax hot spot’ in Bangladesh. Sick animal on farm or a nearby farm slaughtered in the recent past (odds ratio (OR) 12.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6–93.4, P = 0.016)), history of heavy rains occurring in the last 2 weeks preceding an outbreak (OR 13.1, 95% CI 1.2–147.1, P = 0.037) and disposing of dead animal into nearby water body (OR 11.9, 95% CI 1.0–145.3, P = 0.052) were independent risk factors for anthrax in cattle in the country.
Elastic Flexure of Young, Overlapping Basaltic Lava Flows Offshore the Galápagos and Hawaiian Islands: Observations, Modeling, and Thermal/Chronological Analysis
Authors: Abbott Kathleen , Richards Mark A.
Published: February 2020

A recent multibeam bathymetry survey in the Galápagos archipelago revealed a novel observation between the islands of Santa Cruz and Santiago: a steep flexural moat formed between two volcanic flows, nearly 50 m deep and about 500 m wide. Submarine observations and elastic plate modeling are consistent with this feature forming after one inflationary flow overlapped another young flow, deflecting the underlying lava flow in what appears to be a classical elastic flexural pattern. We present a flexural analysis of this moat feature using a thin‐plate approximation to determine the effective elastic thickness of the underlying flow. Moreover, we propose that this elastic thickness serves as a proxy for the thickness of the cooling, solidifying upper crust of the lava flow at the time of deflection, a time‐dependent thermal property. This approach offers a chronological tool to put bounds on the elapsed time between two overlapping lava flows. We applied this method to the Galápagos moat to constrain the time history of its formation. Additionally, we identified and modeled seven additional flexural moat candidates in the Hawaiian archipelago and in the Galápagos using multibeam bathymetry. Elastic/thermal history analysis of these features yields relative time intervals between submarine lava flows ranging from a few years to about 600 years, which suggests that there is a critical time interval during which elastic deflection of the underlying lava flow may become “frozen in.” This methodology may provide helpful constraints on the temporal relations between overlapping lava flows wherever they form in relatively rapid succession.
Paleo‐ocean Destratification Triggered by the Subduction of the Oyashio Water Into the Sea of Japan After the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Isobe Atsuhiko
Published: February 2020

The Sea of Japan was strongly stratified during the Last Glacial Maximum due to constant freshwater supply. We developed a multilayer box model to investigate paleo‐oceanic dynamics that led to destratification triggered by the subduction of dense Oyashio water from the Tsugaru Strait. The Oyashio water subducted into the intermediate layer, which made the upper layer more saline through upwelling and vertical diffusion of saline seawater, thus weakening the stratification by salinity within the upper layer. This salinity also maintained the deep convection process triggered by sea ice formation during successive winters by increasing the surface salinity, and hence, density, of the upper layer. The bottom layer increased in thickness due to the persistent deep convection, thus gradually moving the subduction depth of the saline Oyashio water upward. This process accelerated the salinity increase in the upper layer, resulting in the rapid destratification and cessation of benthic hypoxia on a millennium timescale after the Last Glacial Maximum, even without considering sea level increase. Our model suggests the significance of the combination of Oyashio water subduction and deep convection in the paleo‐oceanic dynamics of the Sea of Japan. It is concluded that both the subduction of saline Oyashio water from the Tsugaru Strait and deep convection are necessary to explain the destratification of the water column during deglaciation.
Water Governance Contribution to Water and Sanitation Access Equality in Developing Countries
Authors: Bayu Tidar , Kim Hyungjun , Oki Taikan
Published: February 2020

Access to basic water service and basic sanitation service has been acknowledged as fundamental human rights. It also has been mentioned in UN Sustainable Development Goals 6 to ensure that all people will have equal access to both water and sanitation service, as well as embedded in Goal 10 that aims to reduce inequality and promoting inclusiveness. However, the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme 2017 reported that 844 million people are still living without basic access to water, and 2.3 billion are still excluded from basic sanitation service. In this study, we present quantitative global‐scale analysis of inequality of accessing the water and sanitation services from different wealth groups in 82 developing countries. We found that access inequality is rampant among developing countries particularly in terms of accessing basic sanitation service which the poor populations tend to be excluded in accessing the basic service. Based on combined multiple global data sets, we further identify which components of water governance are the key contributors to access inequality in water and sanitation services. We conclude that social and political dimension of water governance, such as government effectiveness, are influencing the occurrence of inequality of access to sanitation service in developing countries, while the inequality of access to basic water service was strongly influenced by the economic aspect of water governance, such as absorption of aid funds.
Improving Global Monthly and Daily Precipitation Estimation by Fusing Gauge Observations, Remote Sensing, and Reanalysis Data Sets
Authors: Xu Lei , Chen Nengcheng , Moradkhani Hamid , Zhang Xiang , Hu Chuli
Published: February 2020

Precipitation estimation at a global scale is essential for global water cycle simulation and water resources management. The precipitation estimation from gauge‐based, satellite retrieval, and reanalysis data sets has heterogeneous uncertainties for different areas at global land. Here, the 13 monthly precipitation data sets and the 11 daily precipitation data sets are analyzed to examine the relative uncertainty of individual data based on the developed generalized three‐cornered hat (TCH) method. The generalized TCH method can be used to evaluate the uncertainty of multiple (>3) precipitation products in an iterative optimization process. A weighting scheme is designed to merge the individual precipitation data sets to generate a new weighted precipitation using the inverse error variance‐covariance matrix of TCH estimated uncertainty. The weighted precipitation is then validated using gauged data with the minimal uncertainty among all the individual products. The merged results indicate the superiority of the weighted precipitation with substantially reduced random errors over individual data sets and a state‐of‐the‐art multisatellite merged product, namely, the Integrated Multi‐Satellite Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement at validated areas. The weighted data set can largely reproduce the interannual and seasonal variations of regional precipitation. The TCH‐based merging results outperform two other mean‐based merging methods at both monthly and daily scales. Overall, the merging scheme based on the generalized TCH method is effective to produce a new precipitation data set integrating information from multiple products for hydrometeorological applications.
Antisense lncRNA LDLRAD4-AS1 promotes metastasis by decreasing the expression of LDLRAD4 and predicts a poor prognosis in colorectal cancer
Authors: Mo Shaobo , Zhang Long , Dai Weixing , Han Lingyu , Wang Renjie , Xiang Wenqiang , Wang Zhimin , Li Qingguo , Yu Jun , Yuan Jihang , Cai Sanjun , Cai Guoxiang
Published: February 2020

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been revealed to play critical roles in tumor initiation and progression. The antisense lncRNA LDLRAD4-AS1 is the longest lncRNA of LDLRAD4, and its expression levels, cellular localization, precise function, and mechanism in colorectal cancer (CRC) remain unknown. In this study, we observed that lncRNA LDLRAD4-AS1 was located in the nucleus of CRC cells and that lncRNA LDLRAD4-AS1 was upregulated in most CRC specimens and cell lines. Overexpression of lncRNA LDLRAD4-AS1 was correlated with poor prognosis in CRC patients. LncRNA LDLRAD4-AS1 upregulation enhanced the migration and invasion of CRC cells in vitro and facilitated CRC metastasis in vivo. Mechanistic investigations suggested that lncRNA LDLRAD4-AS1 could decrease the expression of LDLRAD4 by disrupting the stability of LDLRAD4 mRNA, resulting in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through upregulating Snail, thereby promoting metastasis in CRC. Our results demonstrated a previously unrecognized LDLRAD4-AS1-LDLRAD4-Snail regulatory axis involved in epigenetic and posttranscriptional regulation that contributes to CRC progression and metastasis.
MCL1 binding to the reverse BH3 motif of P18INK4C couples cell survival to cell proliferation
Authors: Whitaker Robert H. , Placzek William J.
Published: February 2020

Commitment to cell cycle entry and cellular duplication is a tightly coordinated and regulated process. Once initiated, a series of multiple checkpoints ensure both accurate genomic replication and chromosomal separation. In the event of unsuccessful cell division, parallel pathways exist that induce the cell to undergo programmed cell death, or apoptosis. At the center of such stress-induced, intrinsic apoptotic regulation lies the BCL2 family of pro- and anti-apoptotic regulatory proteins. In a proliferative state the balance of pro- and anti-apoptotic signaling proteins would be expected to favor an excess population of anti-apoptotic members. While the anti-apoptotic BCL2 family member, MCL1, has been identified to oversee mitotic progression, direct communication between the BCL2 family and cell proliferation has not been observed. In this study, we demonstrate a direct protein–protein interaction between MCL1 and the G1/S checkpoint protein, P18INK4C. This interaction is mediated by a reverse BH3 (rBH3) motif located in P18INK4C’s C-terminal ankyrin repeat. MCL1 is further shown to decrease P18INK4C expression and thereby regulate cell cycle entry in a retinoblastoma (RB1)-dependent manner. Our findings establish a mechanism for translation independent and direct communication between the BCL2 family regulation of apoptosis and CDK4/6-RB regulation of early G1/S transition during cellular division/growth.
The effect and mechanism of combination of total paeony glycosides and total ligustici phenolic acids against focal cerebral ischemia
Authors: Gu Junfei , Feng Liang , Song Jie , Cui Li , Liu Dan , Ma Liang , Jia Xiaobin
Published: February 2020

The root of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (Chishao, CS) and Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. (Chuanxiong, CX) were widely used as a drug pair in Chinese Medicine, and the combination of CS and CX showed a more significant inhibition on neuronal apoptosis in our previous study. In the present study, total paeony glycosides (TPGs) from CS and total ligustici phenolic acids (TLPAs) from CX were combined to evaluate the synergistic effects against focal cerebral ischemia both in vitro and in vivo. The combination of TPGs and TLPAs at 7:3 had the best anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory effect on OGD-induced HUVEC. Additionally, the infarction area proportion and neuron apoptosis of rats by TPGs:TLPAs (7:3) was significantly lower than their alone in MCAO rats. Moreover, TPGs: TLPAs of 7:3 showed a more significant effect on decreasing the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9, and increasing the protein expression or mRNA level of TIMP-1 than other combinations. The optimal ratio of TPGs and TLPAs at 7:3 could bring more remarkable protective effects against focal cerebral ischemia in MCAO rats by alleviating oxidative stress, inflammatory and neuronal apoptosis to protect the blood-brain barrier. Overall, the present study provided benefical evidence for clinical application of CS and CX as a “drug pair”.
Quantitative sensory testing of periauricular skin in healthy adults
Authors: Lin Wen , Zhou Fan , Yu Linfeng , Wan Linzhong , Yuan Hua , Wang Kelun , Svensson Peter
Published: February 2020

The aim of this study was to investigate the test-retest reliability of quantitative sensory testing (QST) and mechanical sensitivity mapping of the periauricular skin. Twenty volunteers (10 men, 10 women) participated in two sessions at intervals of one week. Cold and warm detection threshold (CDT&WDT), cold and heat pain threshold (CPT&HPT), mechanical detection and pain threshold (MDT&MPT), pressure pain threshold (PPT) and two-point discrimination (2PD) were measured at five sites: bilateral subauricular and postauricular sites (LA, RA, LB, RB) and the dorsum of left hand (control). Pressure stimulation was applied at each of the four periauricular test sites. The test-retest reliability of the QST data implied fair to excellent agreement as evaluated by the intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC; all >0.4) for different days. There was no difference between each side in the QST parameters and mechanical sensitivity mapping (P ≥ 0.057). Significant differences between subauricular and postauricular sites were shown for WDT and PPT (P ≤ 0.028). NRS scores of mechanical sensitivity mapping showed significant effects of gender, site and point (P ≤ 0.040). QST and mechanical sensitivity mapping can be considered to be a reliable technique to assess somatosensory function of the periauricular skin.
Comment on “Polymorphism of levofloxacin: structure, properties and phase transformation” by N. Wei, L. Jia, Z. Shang, J. Gong, S. Wu, J. Wang and W. Tang, CrystEngComm, 2019, 21, 6196–6207
Authors: Thakur Tejender S.
Published: February 2020

A comment on a statement made by W. Tang et al. on the levofloxacin polymorphs predicted through CSP studies.
Ethylene carbonate adsorption on the major surfaces of lithium manganese oxide Li1−xMn2O4spinel (0.000 <x< 0.375): a DFT+U-D3 study
Authors: Ramogayana Brian , Santos-Carballal David , Aparicio Pablo A. , Quesne Matthew G. , Maenetja Khomotso P. , Ngoepe Phuti E. , de Leeuw Nora H.
Published: February 2020

Surface reactivity of LiMn2O4spinel cathode material towards ethylene carbonate (EC) electrolyte solvent using density functional theory (DFT).
Do defects in PAHs promote catalytic activity in space? Stone–Wales pyrene as a test case
Authors: Campisi Dario , Candian Alessandra
Published: February 2020

Using density functional theory (DFT), we studied the formation of H2 on Stone–Wales pyrene.
Effect of graphene between photoanode and sensitizer on the intramolecular and intermolecular electron transfer process
Authors: Wang Xiaofei , Li Yuanzuo , Song Peng , Ma Fengcai , Yang Yanhui
Published: February 2020

The purpose of this work is to conduct graphene coating treatment on the surface of the photoanode, and explore the feasibility of the scheme by establishing a model and conducting theoretical simulation.
Glucose in dry and moist ionic liquid: vibrational circular dichroism, IR, and possible mechanisms
Authors: Blasius Jan , Elfgen Roman , Hollóczki Oldamur , Kirchner Barbara
Published: February 2020

The molecular level specification of glucose monomers in ionic liquids and their mixtures with water helps understanding cellulose processing in these liquids.
Effects of different plasticizers on highly crosslinked NaAlg/PSSAMA membranes for pervaporative dehydration of tert-butanol
Authors: Achari Divya D. , Naik Satishkumar R. , Kariduraganavar Mahadevappa Y.
Published: February 2020

Polystyrene sulfonic acid-co-maleic acid (PSSAMA) crosslinked sodium alginate (NaAlg) membranes were developed by incorporating diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and dioctyl phthalate (DOP).
Nanoscale light–matter interactions in metal–organic frameworks cladding optical fibers
Authors: Wu Jieyun , Zhang Wanying , Wang Ying , Li Binghui , Hao Ting , Zheng Youbin , Jiang Lianzhong , Chen Kaixin , Chiang Kin Seng
Published: February 2020

The manipulation of light in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) to investigate the volatile organic compound vapor–MOF interactions by using optical fiber devices is demonstrated.
Achieving multiple hydrogen/deuterium exchange timepoints of carbohydrate hydroxyls using theta-electrospray emitters
Authors: Kim H. Jamie , Gallagher Elyssia S.
Published: February 2020

Microsecond reaction times for in-droplet hydrogen/deuterium exchange of carbohydrate hydroxyls have been varied by changing the opening sizes of theta-electrospray emitters.
Thiadiazole containing N- and S-rich highly ordered periodic mesoporous organosilica for efficient removal of Hg(ii) from polluted water
Authors: Das Surajit , Chatterjee Sauvik , Mondal Saptarsi , Modak Arindam , Chandra Bijan Krishna , Das Suparna , Nessim Gilbert Daniel , Majee Adinath , Bhaumik Asim
Published: February 2020

We report a new N- and S-rich highly ordered periodic mesoporous organosilica material DMTZ-PMO bearing thiadiazole and thiol moieties inside the pore-wall for very efficient and fast removal of Hg2+ from polluted water (uptake = 2081 mg g−1).
Imaging of formaldehyde fluxes in epileptic brains with a two-photon fluorescence probe
Authors: Chen Jian , Shao Chenwen , Wang Xueao , Gu Jin , Zhu Hai-Liang , Qian Yong
Published: February 2020

A two-photon (TP) fluorescence probe has been developed for imaging endogenous FA fluxes during metabolic and epigenetic processes in animal models, especially in live brains.
Fe3C cluster-promoted single-atom Fe, N doped carbon for oxygen-reduction reaction
Authors: Lv Mengyao , Guo Haichuan , Shen Hangjia , Wang Jun , Wang Jiacheng , Shimakawa Yuichi , Yang Minghui
Published: February 2020

An Fe3C nanocluster is successfully introduced to an Fe–N–C catalyst via a KOH active process. And the electronic effect of Fe3C enhances the activity towards oxygen reduction reaction.
Two-sites are better than one: revisiting the OER mechanism on CoOOH by DFT with electrode polarization
Authors: Curutchet Antton , Colinet Pauline , Michel Carine , Steinmann Stephan N. , Le Bahers Tangui
Published: February 2020

We uncover several competitive mechanisms of water oxidation on the β-CoOOH (10–14) surface by explicitly including electrode polarisation and going beyond the classical 4-step mechanism frequently used to study this reaction at the DFT level.
Lignin-derived bio-based flame retardants toward high-performance sustainable polymeric materials
Authors: Yang Haitang , Yu Bin , Xu Xiaodong , Bourbigot Serge , Wang Hao , Song Pingan
Published: February 2020

Lignin-derived flame retardants represent one of the most promising directions for next-generation flame retardants due to their sustainability, environmental benefits and comparable efficiency to current non-bio-based counterparts.
The production of 4-ethyltoluene via directional valorization of lignin
Authors: Shen Xiaojun , Meng Qinglei , Mei Qingqing , Xiang Junfeng , Liu Huizhen , Han Buxing
Published: February 2020

This work reports a new strategy to directly produce 4-ethyltoluene from lignin, and the yield of 4-ethyltoluene could reach up to 9.50 wt%.
White dwarf deflagrations for Type Iax supernovae: polarisation signatures from the explosion and companion interaction
Authors: Bulla M. , Liu Z.-W. , Röpke F. K. , Sim S. A. , Fink M. , Kromer M. , Pakmor R. , Seitenzahl I. R.
Published: February 2020

Growing evidence suggests that Type Iax supernovae might be the result of thermonuclear deflagrations of Chandrasekhar-mass white dwarfs in binary systems. We carry out Monte Carlo radiative transfer simulations and predict spectropolarimetric features originating from the supernova explosion and subsequent ejecta interaction with the companion star. Specifically, we calculate viewing-angle dependent flux and polarisation spectra for a 3D model simulating the deflagration of a Chandrasekhar-mass white dwarf and, for a second model, simulating the ejecta interaction with a main-sequence star. We find that the intrinsic signal is weakly polarised and only mildly viewing-angle dependent, owing to the overall spherical symmetry of the explosion and the depolarising contribution of iron-group elements dominating the ejecta composition. The interaction with the companion star carves out a cavity in the ejecta and produces a detectable, but modest signal that is significant only at relatively blue wavelengths (≲5000 Å). In particular, increasingly fainter and redder spectra are predicted for observer orientations further from the cavity, while a modest polarisation signalP~ 0.2 per cent is found at blue wavelengths for orientations 30° and 45° away from the cavity. We find a reasonable agreement between the interaction model viewed from these orientations and spectropolarimetric data of SN 2005hk and interpret the maximum-light polarisation signal seen at blue wavelengths for this event as a possible signature of the ejecta–companion interaction. We encourage further polarimetric observations of SNe Iax to test whether our results can be extended and generalised to the whole SN Iax class.
The formation of agrophytocenoses of sunflower hybrids when using fertilizers in the Middle Volga forest-steppe
Authors: Vasin Vasily G. , Potapov Denis V. , Kiseleva Lyudmila V. , Saniev Ramis N. , Zhizhin Mikhail A.
Published: February 2020

The methods of increasing productivity of sunflower hybrids using fertilizers and a micronutrient mixture Agromineral in the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga were described. The results of 2017–2018 studies are presented. The leaf area, the photosynthetic potential, the crop structure and the yield at different doses of fertilizers were assessed. The maximum value of the photosynthetic potential is formed by crops of the mid-season hybrid 8H477KLDM (4.386 million m2/ha per day). The use of fertilizers and micronutrient mixtures increases the photosynthetic potential and productivity by 9.09 ... 9.36 c/ha with an absolute value of 29.46 ... 31.83 c/ha.
Soybean production using growth stimulants
Authors: Saniev Ramis N. , Vasin Alexey V. , Vasina N.V. , Prosandeev Anatoly N. , Makarova Elena S.
Published: February 2020

The results of scientific research on the use of growth stimulators for the pre-sowing treatment of seeds and soybean crops in the forest-steppe zone of the Middle Volga are described. The results of 2016–2018 studies are presented. Plant safety indicators, photosynthetic activity and soybean yield for different treatment options are assessed. The use of two-component preparations increases soybean seedlings up to 58.5 pcs/m2. The maximum leaf area is formed when Risotorfin and Raikat Start are applied for the pre-sowing seed treatment. Due to the use of Raikat Start, the maximum grain harvest is 1.27 t/ha when treating crops with a microfertilizer mixture Megamix Profi in the 3–5 leaf phase + budding.
Correction of physiological, biochemical and productive indicators of farm animals using mineral sorbent
Authors: Molyanova Galina Vasilyevna , Grigoryev Vasiliy Semyonovich , Ermakov Vladimir Viktorovich
Published: February 2020

When feeding 30-180-day old calves with mineral sorbent vodnite, the number of red blood cells increases by 4.17% (p≤0.05), the hemoglobin level increases by 9.4% (p≤0.05), total protein content by 6.44% (p≤0.01), albumin content by 4.60% (p≤0.001), the phagocytic activity of leukocytes by 12.42% (p≤0.05), the bactericidal activity by 6.47% (p≤0.05), the lysozyme activity by 10% (p≤0.05), the average daily weight gain of calves by 7.4%, the live weight by 7.6% (p≤0.01). In fresh cows fed with vodnite, physical and biochemical characteristic improve and the gross milk yield increases by 45–84 kg (p<0.05). Vodnite used for cattle increases the genetic productivity.
Culture of priority oil crops in the north of Kazakhstan
Authors: Vasin Vasilij G. , Abuova Altynaj B. , Tulkubaeva Saniya A. , Zhamalova Dinara B. , Tashmuhamedov Marat B.
Published: February 2020

The research was carried out in order to increase the productivity of oilseed flax and spring rape in Northern Kazakhstan. Experimental studies were conducted from 2012 to 2014 in Kostanay research Institute of agriculture (Republic of Kazakhstan). The experiment studied the sowing of flax and spring rape – 2nd decade of May; 3rd decade of May; 1st decade of June and the seeding rate for flax is 6.5; 7.0 and 7.5 million viable seeds/ha for spring rape – 2, 0; 2.5 and 3.0 million viable seeds/ha. During the years of research, the best coefficient of water consumption of the studied crops showed the second sowing period the third decade of May. According to the seeding standards, the formation of an optimal stem density increased the efficiency of moisture use. It was noted that moisture was most rationally consumed when sowing oilseed flax with a norm of 7.0 million sunflower seeds/ha (16.5-17.7 mm/c), spring rapeseed with a seeding rate of 2.5 million sunflower seeds/ha (9.9-11.2 mm/c). Oilseed flax sowing in the 3rd decade of May with a seeding rate of 7.0 million seeds/ha allowed to obtain the highest indicators of plant productivity in the experiments: yield is 13.1 c/ha, oil yield is 5.4 c/ha. In spring rape, the optimal sowing period was also the third decade of May; according to the seeding rate, the variant of 2.5 million suns excelled. seeds/ha sown in a given period: yield is 22.9 c/ha, oil collection is from 1 ha 9.4 c.
Effect of climatic factors on forest succession in the forest-steppe zone of the Republic of Tatarstan
Authors: Singatullin Irek , Khakimova Zulfiya , Chernov Vasily , Davletshin Rustam
Published: February 2020

The paper analyzes the effect of climatic factors on forest succession in the forest-steppe zone of the Republic of Tatarstan. A reliable relationship was revealed between a decrease of the oak forested area and extremely low frosts in 1939–1940, 1941–1942 and 1978–1979, and a decrease in the area of birch after the 2010 drought. Birch and oak are replaced by maple, linden and aspen. Insignificant amount of young trees and the predominance of ripe and overripe plantations of oak and birch will lead to the continuation of forest succession in the forest-steppe zone. Impossibility of reverse succession at this stage by natural rehabilitation is associated with the biological characteristics of these species. Oak and birch forest rehabilitation is only possible with measures to promote natural or artificial regeneration with due regard to the biological characteristics of tree species.
Quality and consumer properties of bread baked from mixture of rye and wheat flour using iodine-containing additives
Authors: Dulova E. V. , Kiseleva M. Yu. , Nasyrova Yu. G. , Kuzmina S. , Prazdnichkova N.
Published: February 2020

Nowadays the state policy in the field of healthy nutrition of the population pays special attention to the development, production and sale of functional products with the purpose of preservation and promotion of health of the population, prevention of diseases, including those caused by defective and unbalanced nutrition of children and adults. The enrichment of bread with iodine is effective and safe, technologically feasible, has a minimal impact on the price of products. The bread production according to the experimental variants was carried out by the method of test laboratory baking, followed by the assessment by quality indicators according to generally accepted methods. Iodine additives were added during the mixing of the dough with liquid components. It was established that iodine-containing raw materials had an ambiguous effect on the overall baking evaluation of bread baked from wheat-rye flour with the addition of iodine-containing raw materials. With each stage of the technological process, a gradual decrease in the iodine content in all samples occurs due to the influence of various temperatures and mechanical stress. Bread with the addition of iodine casein after kneading contains 147.75 micrograms of iodine, after proofing – 126.64 micrograms, and after baking – 94.99 micrograms. During storage, a similar situation is observed, for example, after 24 hours of storage the bread with the addition of iodinedar contains 68.43 ng. and after 48 hours – 59.77 gg.
A block model of the production process of winter wheat based on yield-protein values
Authors: Bakaeva Natalya P.
Published: February 2020

Due to the complex production process, its block model simplified for practical purposes is presented for winter wheat. The model allows for predicting the yield and providing recommendations on the optimal fertilizer application, quality, nature and quantity of fertilizers. The interconnections and interdependences of the production process values were studied on the basis of the long-term experiment on winter wheat cultivation using the method of correlation analysis. The yield and protein values can be used individually and in combination based on the requirements for the production process of winter wheat in the Middle Volga region.
Research of transportation of hard-running seeds with a torsion-pin sowing machine
Authors: Kryuchin Nikolay Pavlovich , Kotov Dmitry Nikolaevich , Artamonova Olga Alexandrovna
Published: February 2020

The article describes patterns of transportation of hard-running seeds by working bodies of the torsion-pin sowing machine. An analytical expression for determining the volumetric supply of hardrunning seeds by working bodies of the torsion-pin sowing unit at the stage of their transportation is substantiated. Graphical dependences of the volumetric feed on the number and height of vertical pins are provided.
Productive longevity of white-and-black cows of different genotypes CSN3 and DGAT1
Authors: Shaidullin Radik , Sharafutdinov Gazimzyan , Moskvicheva Anastasia , Ravilov Rustam , Khakimov Ismagil
Published: February 2020

The article studies the duration of use and life-long productivity black-motley breed cows with different allelic variants of the kappa-casein and diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase genes. The research consists the data study on cows dropped out the herd during 2012–2016 in the Dusym LLC of Atninsky District in the Republic of Tatarstan. The cows were previously genotyped for CSN3 and DGAT1. The herd of black-and-white cattle consisted the genotypes CSN3 AA and DGAT1 AK with a frequency of 60.9 and 53.5 % and less often CSN3 BB and DGAT1 KK – 4.0 and 6.3 %. Moreover, the frequency of occurrence of the desired B allele of the CSN3 gene was 0.22, and the K allele of DGAT1 was 0.33. Cows with the CSN3 AB genotype reliably surpass animals with the CSN3 AA genotype in the duration of use by 0.39 lactations (P <0.05), life-long milk yield by 2401 kg of milk (P <0.05), and the amount of milk fat by 90 kg (P <0.05), mass fraction of protein in milk – by 0.04 % (P <0.01), the amount of milk protein – by 83 kg (P <0.05). Animals with the DGAT1 KK genotype also have an excess over other groups of cows in terms of productive longevity, but the difference is significant only in fat milk (P <0.01–0.001).
Innovative directions of agricultural development aimed at ensuring food security in Russia
Authors: Kirillova Olga V. , Amirova Elmira F. , Kuznetsov Maxim G. , Valeeva Gulnara A. , Zakharova Galina P.
Published: February 2020

The article emphasizes that for the innovative development of the Russian agricultural industry and ensuring the national food security, it is necessary to create a research and development sector in the field of food production; reform the education system for the innovative development of the agricultural industry; re-equip the agricultural industry; build a system of agricultural advisory support for producers; create an intellectual property protection system; improve legal standards for regulating innovation, research and development; pay attention to the needs of agriculture and agro-business, etc.
Problems of regional grain market development
Authors: Mukhametgaliev Farit , Sitdikova Landysh , Avkhadiev Fayaz , Gainutdinov Ilgizar , Petrova Valentina
Published: February 2020

The relevance of the study is defined by the need to develop agricultural markets at the regional level in response to new challenges to external economic environment. The purpose of the paper is to develop recommendations on optimization of grain production and sale efficiency on the basis of analysis of the current situation and identification of trends in agricultural development in the regions of Russia. The novelty of the study is to identify trends in the development of the grain market at the regional level and to justify the necessary priority measures to increase the economic efficiency of the grain production industry. The paper presents the analysis of the level of development of the grain market, identifies priority directions to increase the production volume and efficiency of cereal production, recommendations to ensure sustainable growth of revenues from the sale of grain products. The practical significance of research results includes the possibility of using them in the design of programs for the development of regional food markets, organizational and economic, technological measures to increase the efficiency of grain production in farms in order to achieve high targets.
Inheritance of seed size by hybrid populations of pea (F1, F2)
Authors: Davletov Firzinat , Gainullina Karina , Safin Fidan
Published: February 2020

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is one of the ancient and valuable high-protein leguminous cultures in the world. Breeding of new high-yielding cultivars is the main reserve to increase production of pea seeds. At the present time, intraspecific hybridization has a great importance in selection of new cultivars of pea. However, consistent patterns of inheritance of a number of economically valuable traits by hybrids are still insufficiently investigated. The objective of this research work was to study inheritance of seed size (1000-kernel weight) by pea hybrids of the first and second filial generations (F1, F2). The crossing and back-crossing (reciprocal crossing) were conducted. In our experiments, the first filial generation hybrids (F1) had a lower 1000-kernel weight than the large-seeded parental cultivars. Herewith the large-seeded genotype of the female parental cultivar had more influence on displaying of this trait in hybrids than of the male parental cultivar. In the second filial generation hybrids (F2) showed intermediate inheritance of seed size. The results of our experiments attest high efficiency of seed size selection in segregating generations of hybrids, obtained from crosses between cultivars carrying genes of seed size.