bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrating predictive analytics and machine learning within sap erp hcm ecc6: enhancing strategic human capital management through intelligent data insight
Authors: Thejaswi Adimulam
Published: October 2024

Over the last five years, predictive analytics and machine learning have been integrated into ERP systems, mainly SAP ERP HCM ECC6, to improve the strategic HCM. This has made organizations use big data and machine learning algorithms in making the right decisions in talent acquisition, workforce planning, and employee retention. The current paper aims to establish how and to what extent predictive analytics and machine learning can be applied in the SAP ERP HCM ECC6 to enhance the HCM process. A literature review of the current literature is performed to evaluate the feasibility of using predictive analytics and machine learning in improving decision-making based on HCM data. The paper also provides a framework for adopting these tools within ERP systems and presents conclusions, research implications, and suggestions for future research. The research outcomes of this study indicate that predictive analytics and machine learning are useful in the decision-making process in an organization in that they provide information on employee performance, turnover, and planning for the workforce. These technologies have practical applications in talent management, payroll, and employee engagement and, therefore, improve the HCM processes. Figures in tables and graphs are included to support the discussion of the ideas and results. -Finally, the study's future research directions and practical implications are discussed, focusing on the competitive benefit of intelligent data analysis.
Effects of cassava starch gel on physical and textural properties of coated yam chips
Authors: Yao Désiré ADJOUMAN  , Grokoré Yvonne KOFFI  , Koffi Siméon BROU  , Ayemene Cedrick KOMENAN  , Ouattara Mariame YAO  , Djakalia BOUATENE  , Charlemagne NINDJIN  , Fabrice Achille TETCHI
Published: October 2024

The objective of this study was to transform two varieties of yam, “Anader” (Dioscorea cayenensis rotundata) and "Bètè-Bètè" (Dioscorea alata), into industrially viable products. The objective was to produce yam chips coated with cassava starch gel (at concentrations of 2%, 3%, and 4%) with a minimal oil content. Yam slices were blanched at 70°C for one minute, following which they were coated with gels prior to undergoing a frying process. "Anader" (Dioscorea cayenensis rotundata) variety was fried at 160°C for a period of ten minutes, while "Bètè-Bètè" (Dioscorea alata) variety was fried at 150 °C for the same length of time. Results showed that the coating effectively reduced oil content of the chips while maintaining an adequate water content. Oil content of the uncoated chips (control) was found to be 35.71±0.07% for "Bètè-Bètè" (Dioscorea alata) and 25.10±0.10% for "Anader" (Dioscorea cayenensis rotundata), respectively. However, oil content of the chips coated at 4% was 31.83±0.13% and 24.54±0.04% for the same varieties, respectively. Furthermore, the greatest reduction rates were achieved with 4% cassava starch gel, resulting in a 10.86±0.20% reduction for "Bètè-Bètè" (Dioscorea alata) variety. Texture parameters (hardness, fracturability and deformation) also exhibited notable discrepancies in accordance with the varying gel concentrations employed. Cassava starch gel reduced oil absorption and improved the texture of the chips, enhancing their quality. Finally, this easy-to-use, based on local resources, coating makes yam chips healthier and more appealing to health-conscious consumers.
The role of interpersonal communication in promoting team morale: a case study of tech startups in Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Abigael Opeyemi Oluwalusi  , Iyabo Mary Oyeleke  , Khalid Olukayode Bada  , Bolouboye Micah Eradiri  , Aderibigbe Tope Adetola  , Anna Ukamaka Nwafor
Published: October 2024

The study aimed to analyze the role of interpersonal communication in promoting team morale in the workplace. The sample (N =130) was drawn from different levels within the organization and the research technique utilized was a comprehensive survey methodology. The survey explored the crucial outlook of interpersonal communication in the workplace including team morale, employee’s performance, job satisfaction, and leadership style in promoting team morale. The exhaustive purpose of this study was to analyze how interpersonal communication affects team morale and employees performance in the workplace and to recommend other opportunities to improve communication dynamics in the workplace. The research findings revealed that interpersonal communication has a significant positive impact on team morale and employees performance in the workplace. However, impending challenges such as communication tools, initiatives, leadership style, and chain of command barriers pose a threat to communication improvement as well as employees morale in the workplace. This study necessitates organizations to prioritize effective communication training between team leaders and employees in the workplace.
High Temperature Corrosion Study on NiCr Coated Low Alloy and Mild Steel
Authors:   Bundelkhand Institution of Engineering and Technology, Kumar Jitendra , Kushwaha Anshika ,   Bundelkhand Institution of Engineering and Technology, Rajput Sunil Kumar ,   Bundelkhand Institution of Engineering and Technology, Soota Tarun ,   Bundelkhand Institution of Engineering and Technology
Published: October 2024

Cyclic hot corrosion behaviour of bare and D-gun sprayed NiCr coated low alloy and mild steel sample having dissimilar coating thicknesses viz. 0.2-0.25 mm and 0.25-0.30 mm have been studied in molten salt environment mixture of Na2SO4 - 25wt. % NaCl at temperature of 750 ̊C. Corrosion kinetics were analysed and parabolic rate constants (Kp) for both bare and coated sample were calculated and observed that 0.2-0.25 mm thick NiCr coated specimen showed better resistance against high temperature corrosion for both materials. SEM/EDX analysis was carried out to examine scale formed on the bare and coated sample after hot corrosion.
Development of resource-saving technologies of metallurgical production on the basis of ukrainian coal
Authors: Kyzym M.O. , Haustova V.E. , Kotlyarov E.I. , Shulga I.V.
Published: October 2024

The article shows that the post-war restoration of Ukraine's ferrous metallurgy should be based on a new technical and environmental basis - the so-called ‘green metallurgy’ aimed at reducing the harmful environmental impact of iron and iron-based alloys. One of the main elements of the development of ‘green metallurgy’ is the replacement of traditional blast furnace production with the reduction of iron ore with coke with the technology of direct reduction of iron without the use of coke. It is noted that the most promising for the conditions of Ukraine is the process of direct reduction of iron with synthesis gas, which is obtained during the gasification of low-metamorphosed coal. Ukraine has all the necessary prerequisites for the development of low-carbon metallurgy, namely: large deposits of iron ore and its enrichment facilities, which ensure the production of semi-finished products (pellets) of proper quality; the presence of about two-thirds of fossil coal reserves in Ukraine in the balance sheet of lowmetamorphosed coal grades B, D, DG and G. It is emphasised that the destruction of most coal-fired power generation facilities has led to a surplus of coal mined in Ukraine, which is quite suitable for gasification and synthesis gas production. Therefore, the development of metallurgy based on the use of synthesis gas from low-metamorphosed coal makes it possible not only to provide the country's economy with high-quality steel, but also to preserve the coal industry and, moreover, to provide it with new opportunities by ensuring sustainable sales at affordable prices. It has been shown that in practic carbon neutrality of the technology of iron recovery from ores can be achieved by using pure hydrogen as a reducing agent with the possible use of carbon fuels only to provide heat for the reduction reactions. Therefore, in order to reduce the environmental impact of the proposed iron production technology, it is necessary to find new ways to produce hydrogen. Keywords: ‘green’ metallurgy, coke-free metallurgy, direct reduction of iron, low-metamorphosed coal, coal gasification, hydrogen production. Corresponding author I.V. Shulga, e-mail: ko@ukhin.org.ua
Interlaboratory comparative tests as a way to assess the technical competence of measuring laboratories
Authors: Sosnova O.B. O.B. , Koval O.M. , Hryhoryeva V.D.
Published: October 2024

The article substantiates the necessity of participation of measuring laboratories of coke and coal industry enterprises in interlaboratory comparative tests. It is shown that the decisive factor in the accreditation or certification of testing laboratories is the reliability of the results. Thus, the regulatory documents governing the general requirements for the competence of laboratories specify a number of measures to ensure the quality of the results obtained. Among them, participation in inter-laboratory comparative tests (ILCT) is recognised as the most objective way to verify the reliability of the results obtained in a laboratory. The article defines the ILCT and explains the responsibilities of organisations entitled to conduct them. The data on the experience of the Testing Centre ‘Khartsis’ of SE ‘UKHIN’, approved by the NATIONAL ACCREDITATION AGENCY OF UKRAINE as a provider of verification of the professional level of laboratories in the field of testing lignite, hard coal, anthracite, products of their processing and blast furnace coke, foundry coke, coal coke, coke nuts, coke fines, are presented. In particular, the article analyses the results of four rounds of the Interlaboratory Comparison Programme for the Measurement of Coal and Coke Quality Indicators, implemented by the SE ‘UKHIN’ in 2023, in which measuring laboratories of coke and chemical enterprises, concentrating plants, mines, thermal power plants and other enterprises of various forms of ownership and departmental subordination participated. Using the example of actual results obtained, it is shown that constant participation in the Programme is an effective means of controlling the quality and reliability of the results issued by the laboratory, as it allows timely identification and elimination of the causes of poor quality measurements. Keywords: coal, coke, quality indicators, measuring laboratory, comparative interlaboratory tests, Programme, provider, control sample, round, certification, accreditation. Corresponding author: O.B. Sosnova, e- mail: lenas61.61@gmail.com
First data on aphyllophoroid fungi of the Mudyugsky State Natural Reserve (Arkhangelsk Region, European Russia)
Authors: Ezhov O. N.
Published: October 2024

The data on 79 species of aphyllophoroid fungi of the Mudyugsky Reserve, which is located near the mouth of the Northern Dvina River in the Primorsky District of the Arkhangelsk Region, are reported. Three species are new to the Arkhangelsk Region (Lindtneria leucobryophila, Peniophora piceae and Phlebia albomellea), all of them and Jaapia argillacea are known for the Arkhangelsk Region only from this area. Within the territory, there are three species listed in the Red Book of the Arkhangelsk Region and nine indicator species, of which seven are indicators of oldgrowth and two of virgin spruce and pine forests.
Addition to the lichen flora of Russia. IV. Bactrospora patellarioides and notes on the Russian species of the genus Bactrospora (Arthoniales, Ascomycota)
Authors: Urbanavichene I. N. , Urbanavichus G. P.
Published: October 2024

During the study of the lichen flora of the Utrish Nature Reserve (Abrau Peninsula, Krasnodar Territory), a Mediterranean-Atlantic lichen species Bactrospora patellarioides was identified for the first time for Russia and the Caucasus based on morphological and anatomical characteristics. This species grows on the trunk of Juniperus excelsa in the sub-Mediterranean xerothermic undisturbed pistacia-juniper community on the Black Sea coast. The species was previously known from the Mediterranean regions of Europe, Western Asia, North Africa, and is also known from Macaronesia and Western North America. Detailed description, habitat characteristics, ecology, and general distribution of species are presented. Notes on the genus Bactrospora are given, and a key to the Russian species (B. brodoi, B. dryina and B. patellarioides) is provided.
Ten New Insights in Climate Science 2024
Authors: Schaeffer Roberto , Schipper Lisa , Ospina Daniel , Mirazo Paula , Alencar Ane , Anvari Mehrnaz , Artaxo Paulo , Biresselioglu Mehmet Efe , Blome Tanja , Boeckmann Melanie , Brink Ebba , Broadgate Wendy , Bustamante Mercedes , Cai Wenju , Canadell Josep G. , r.cardinale@ucl.ac.uk  , Chidichimo Maria Paz , Ditlevsen Peter , Eicker Ursula , Feron Sarah , Fikru Mahelet G , Fuss Sabine , Gaye Amadou T. , Gustafsson Örjan , Harring Niklas , He Cheng , Hebden Sophie , Heilemann Adrian , Hirota Marina , Janardhanan Nandakumar , Juhola Sirkku , Jung Tae Yong , Kejun Jiang , Kılkış Şiir , Kumarasinghe Nilushi , Lapola David , Lee June-Yi , Levis Carolina , Lusambili Adelaide , Maasakkers Bram , MacIntosh Claire , Mahmood Jemilah , Mankin Justin S. , Marchegiani Pía , Martin Maria , Mukherji Aditi , Muñoz-Erickson Tischa A. , Niazi Zeenat , Nyangon Joseph , Pandipati Santosh , Perera Amarasinghage T.D. , Persad Geeta , Persson Åsa , Redman Aaron , Riipinen Ilona , Rockström Johan , Roffe Sarah , Roy Joyashree , Sakschewski Boris , Samset Bjørn H. , Schlosser Peter , Sharifi Ayyoob , Shih Wan-Yu , Sioen Giles B. , Sokona Youba , Stammer Detlef , Suk Sunhee , Thiam Djiby , Thompson Vikki , Tullos Erin , van Westen René M. , Falla Ana Maria Vargas , Vecellio Daniel , Worden John , Wu Henry C. , Xu Chi , Yang Yang , Zachariah Mariam , Zhang Zhen , Ziervogel Gina
Published: October 2024

Climate change research is broad, diverse and constantly growing. Cross- and interdisciplinary understanding is essential for generating robust science advice for policy. However, it is challenging to prioritise and navigate the ever-expanding peer-reviewed literature. To address this, we gathered input from experts across various research fields through an online questionnaire and prioritised a set of 10 key research advances with high policy relevance. This year, we focus on: (1) Declining aerosol emissions, (2) soaring methane emissions, (3) concerning ocean dynamics, (4) diversity and resilience of Amazon forests, (5) expanding risk of “uninhabitability”, (6) climate impacts to maternal and reproductive health, (7) climate-resilient development for cities, (8) vulnerability of critical infrastructure, (9) governance of the energy transition minerals value chain, and (10) public acceptance of climate policies. This science synthesis and science communication effort is also the basis for a policy report which aims to elevate climate science every year ahead of the UN Climate Summit.
A Novel Framework for Indeterminate Numbers Derived from Division by Zero
Authors: Towne Bryce Petofi
Published: October 2024

The expression $\frac{0}{0}$ has long been considered undefined due to its inherent ambiguity, posing a significant challenge in mathematics. In this paper, we present a novel framework that redefines $\frac{0}{0}$ by introducing the concept of an \emph{indeterminate number} $U$. We rigorously define $U$ within the traditional mathematical fields $\mathbb{F}$ (such as the real numbers $\mathbb{R}$ or complex numbers $\mathbb{C}$), without extending the number system.Our framework develops arithmetic operations involving $U$ based on set and interval operations, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. These operations are meticulously defined to ensure consistency and avoid contradictions within the existing mathematical framework.We introduce the mechanism of \emph{collapse}, allowing indeterminate numbers to transition into determinate numbers, and explore various types and their implications within the framework. By distinguishing $U$ from unknown variables, we offer a new perspective on indeterminate forms. We demonstrate that operations involving $U$ can be consistently defined without leading to contradictions, adhering to established mathematical principles.Furthermore, we discuss potential applications of this framework across multiple disciplines, including calculus, algebra, quantum mechanics, and computer science. By providing a consistent and practical approach to handling indeterminate expressions, this work has the potential to significantly advance mathematical theory and stimulate further research in mathematics and related fields.
Debiasing Alternative Data for Credit Underwriting Using Causal Inference
Authors: Lam Christopher
Published: October 2024

Alternative data provides valuable insights for lenders to evaluate a borrower’s creditworthiness, which could help expand credit access to underserved groups and lower costs for borrowers. Butsome forms of alternative data have historically been excluded from credit underwriting because it could act as an illegal proxy for a protected class like race or gender, causing redlining. We proposea method for applying causal inference to a supervised machine learning model to debias alternative data so that it might be used for credit underwriting. We demonstrate how our algorithm canbe used against a public credit dataset to improve model accuracy across different racial groups, while providing theoretically robust nondiscrimination guarantees.
Gender Differences in Demanding Moderation
Authors: Pradel Franziska , Theocharis Yannis
Published: October 2024

Using data from five experiments, we show that there is a persistent gender gap incontent moderation preferences and indicated reporting behavior, with women beingmore likely to demand moderation. However, we find that the target matters considerablyfor such gender gaps in demanding moderation, ranging from a gap of 12%(target: LGBTQ people) to 1% (target: Billionaires). Drawing on literature on representationand gender schemas, we test the role of emotions, political identity, andfreedom of speech values to explain these gender gaps. We find that emotions explainmost of the gender gaps in demanding moderation, but other mechanisms alsoexplain a considerable part of the variation. These findings underscore the nuancedways in which gender and target group interact to shape content moderation preferencesand suggest that experiences of marginalization influence how individualsapproach moderation, particularly when encountering toxicity directed at protectedgroups. Providing further support for this explanation, we also find that groupswho are frequently marginalized – because of their identity – are similarly inclinedto perceive posts attacking vulnerable groups as harmful and express a stronger desirefor more stringent moderation measures than majority groups. These findingscontribute to the importance of considering diverse experiences and values whenmanaging content moderation and regulating platforms as well as to research ondescriptive representation.
Beyond White, Boy, and Blue: Exploring Prejudice and Dehumanization of Autistic People through Artificial Intelligence Generated Images
Authors: Botha Monique , Love Jenna , Galbraith Halle , Pearson Amy
Published: October 2024

Background: Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) is growing in its prominence and use in society, with an ability to “create” images, text, music, and video in short time frames, with relatively little cost. However, calling it generative is a misnomer given that it consumes what it is trained on and produces an amalgamation of what it has “learnt” meaning it often distills and reproduces societal biases meaning it is not only important to understand how generative AI constructs autistic people because of its prevalence, but also because it can teach us a considerable amount of social rhetoric and discourse about autistic people.Methods: We used neutral cues through Midjourney to generate 48 images with 51 targets and did two kinds of analysis. First, four independent coders did a content analysis based on a coding scheme, coding for race, gender, age, facial expressions, warmth, eye contact and presence of puzzle pieces. We chose these as the predominant stereotype is of autism as a childhood disorder that affects white boys. We then did a visual critical discourse analysis to breakdown the context, semiotics, and other information conveyed in the images for discourse about autism.Results: Autistic people were portrayed as sad figures, entirely white, despite neutral cues, almost entirely male presenting, often as children, with a high prevalence of puzzle pieces in the images. Through visual discourse analysis we highlighted that autistic people are often dehumanized, portrayed as lone figures unengaged with the world, and that often the only humanization comes from rare adjacent figures. Some of the images portray autism as violent disorder, or as death through decaying figures.Conclusions: The images which were generated repeat deep stereotypes and prejudice towards autistic people that are prominent in society. Importantly, given the freely available use of generative AI, it may represent a threat to the acceptance of autistic people.
Number and grammatical gender attraction in Spanish pronouns: Evidence for a syntactic route to their features
Authors: Kandel Margaret , Pañeda Claudia , Bahmanian Nasimeh , Bruera Mercedes Martinez , Phillips Colin , Lago Sol
Published: October 2024

When a speaker produces a pronoun, they must choose a form that carries the appropriate features. The current study investigates how speakers identify these features. We consider two possible routes: a conceptual-lexical route, whereby pronouns derive their features from the concept of the referent, and a syntactic route, whereby pronoun form is determined through a feature matching operation with the linguistic antecedent. We hypothesize that the use of these two routes should be differentially susceptible to interference from representations other than the pronoun’s referent. We use agreement attraction to distinguish them. In two experiments, we test whether Spanish speakers produce number and grammatical gender attraction errors. We observe small but reliable attraction effects for both features, demonstrating that pronoun formulation can be disrupted by the linguistic representations of nearby nouns. These attraction effects suggest that speakers can use a syntactic route to pronoun form.
Exploring the Skill-Tech Space: Art-Making Awareness Influences Experiencing Visual Artworks
Authors: Cox Ralf F. A. , Schino Gemma , van Klaveren Lisa-Maria , Wittingslow Ryan
Published: October 2024

As artificial intelligence (AI) increasingly shapes the creative landscape of art-making, questions arise as to the connection between the process that leads to an artwork and the experience of it. The current study examines the influence that awareness of the art-making process has on people’s art experience, especially in the context of using digital technology and AI. We introduce the Skill-Tech Space (STS), the quadrants of which distinguish four broad categories of art-making processes, by combining high level and low level of craftsmanship (‘skill’) with high level and low level of technology (‘tech’). Participants (N=203) watched a short video to increase awareness of one of these four forms of art-making, after which their experience of artworks was measured, in terms of artfulness, beauty, intentionality, creativity, and emotional intensity. Stimuli were combined and analysed in two categories: figurative and abstract artworks and human-made and computer-generated (CG) artworks. Subtle yet significant differences were found between figurative and abstract artworks and between human-made and CG artworks, in relation to the particular video participants had watched in the first phase of the experiment. Furthermore, there were also interaction effects between the level of craftsmanship and level of technology in the video on participants’ subsequent assessments and emotional intensity. Results demonstrate how awareness of art-making might affect experiences of artworks and show the merit of the STS framework.
The Enabling Data Model and Manifesto
Authors: Angelov Boyan , Castro-Gavino David
Published: October 2024

Advanced analytics use cases and genAI are attracting new resources to pushing value out of data. Still, many stumbling blocks remain before successful value delivery. We propose a new holistic view of data and a data-first manifesto to address them. These two concepts can be used to a) explain the complexity of data to the business and b) guide a first-time data leader in designing a successful portfolio of enabling data activities.
Does face detection in the superior colliculus rely on input from the primary visual cortex?
Authors: Mekhaiel David Y , Corneil Brian D. , Goodale Mel
Published: October 2024

In a recent study, Yu and Katz et al. (2024) argue that face-selective visual activity in the superior colliculus (SC) relies on input from the primary visual cortex (V1), based on the loss of visual responses following a temporary lesion to the lateral geniculate nucleus. We argue that alternative explanations deserve consideration. Research on visual recovery after V1 damage (Blindsight) suggests that subcortical pathways, including the SC, can contribute to face detection without V1 involvement. Additionally, the well-documented Sprague Effect, which highlights interhemispheric inhibition of SC activity following ipsilateral V1 damage, may account for the observed suppression of SC visual responses. Further investigation into these mechanisms could help clarify whether SC face detection can operate independently of V1 input.
Characterization of Reaction Products from Field Exposed Tubes
Authors: Unocic K. A. , Pint B. A. , Wright I. G.
Published: October 2024

In order to assist in developing mechanistic and computational models for understanding the performance of current Fe-base waterwall tubing, characterization has been performed on three field-exposed low alloy steel waterwall tubes. The waterside oxide thickness was characterized using standard metallographic techniques. Alloy and oxide chemical composition was characterized using electron microprobe analysis. Waterside scale thickness was measured as a function of location. Agreement between the measured and predicted values based on likely rate constants was poor.
Coal Ash Corrosion Properties of Ni-Based Alloy for Advanced-USC Boilers
Authors: Tanaka Yasuhiro , Komai Nobuyoshi , Suganuma Hiroshi
Published: October 2024

Coal ash corrosion testing was conducted on six solution-treated nickel-based alloy plates (Alloy 617, Alloy 263, Alloy 740, Alloy 141, HR6W [45Ni-23Cr-7W], and HR35 [50Ni-30Cr-4W-Ti]) intended for advanced-USC boilers, along with conventional ferritic and austenitic stainless tubes for comparison. Tests used synthetic coal ash (Na2SO4, K2SO4, Fe2O3) with varying SO2 concentrations (0.02-1.00 vol%). Results showed maximum metal loss at 700°C, with higher SO2 levels causing increased corrosion. Materials with higher chromium content demonstrated better corrosion resistance, suggesting chromium content is a crucial factor in material selection for these applications.
Creep Deformation Behavior and Alloy Design Philosophy of Creep-Resistant Tempered Martensitic 9Cr Steel
Authors: Abe F.
Published: October 2024

In advanced ultra-supercritical (A-USC) power plants, which operate at steam temperatures of 700 °C or higher, there is a need to replace 9 to 12Cr martensitic steels with high-strength nickel-base superalloys or austenitic steels for components exposed to the highest temperatures. However, due to the high cost of nickel-base superalloys, it is desirable to use 9 to 12% Cr martensitic steels for components exposed to slightly lower temperatures, ideally expanding their use up to 650 °C. Key challenges in developing ferritic steels for 650 °C USC boilers include enhancing oxidation resistance and long-term creep rupture strength, particularly in welded joints where resistance to Type IV cracking is critical for constructing thick-section boiler components. The current research aims to investigate the creep deformation behavior and microstructure evolution during creep for base metals and heat-affected-zone (HAZ) simulated specimens of tempered martensitic 9Cr steels, including 9Cr-boron steel and conventional steels like grade 91 and 92. The study discusses the creep strengthening mechanisms and factors influencing creep life. It proposes an alloy design strategy that combines boron strengthening and MX nitride strengthening, avoiding the formation of boron nitrides during normalizing heat treatment, to improve the creep strength of both base metal and welded joints.
High-Temperature Control Valves for the 700°C Fossil Fired Power Plant
Authors: Föllmer B. , Metzger K. , Maile K. , Hoffmann C. , Rohr M.
Published: October 2024

The pursuit of reduced emissions and increased efficiency in ultra-critical steam plants has led to the investigation of systems operating at temperatures up to 720°C and pressures up to 300 bars, necessitating the use of nickel-based alloys. This study focuses on control valves manufactured from Alloy 617, designed for steam temperatures of 725°C, examining specific challenges in their design and manufacture, including machining and welding processes. Initial operational experiences with the valve at 725°C are presented, along with ongoing tribological investigations of nickel-based alloys at 725°C, as standard material pairings with optimized wear behavior are unsuitable at such elevated temperatures. These investigations aim to develop material pairings that can maintain good wear behavior under these extreme conditions.
Long-Term Creep Rupture Strength of Weldment of Candidate Ni and Fe-Ni Based Materials for Tube and Pipe of A-USC Boilers
Authors: Bao G. , Sato T. , Marumoto Y.
Published: October 2024

Continuous and active works have been going to develop 700°C A-USC (Advanced Ultra Super Critical) power plants in Europe, United States and also Japanese national project has launched in 2008. In this new Japanese project Fe-Ni based alloy HR6W (45Ni-24Fe-23Cr-7W-Ti) is one of the candidate materials for boiler tube and pipe as well as Ni based alloys such as well-known Alloy617, Alloy263 and Alloy740. The most important issue in boiler fabrication is the welding process of these alloys and long-term reliability of their weldments. Authors investigated the weldability of HR6W thick-wall pipe. The integrity of the weldment was confirmed with metallurgical investigation, mechanical testing and long term creep rupture test. It is proved that the narrow gap HST welding procedure can meet the requirements for Ni based or Fe-Ni based alloys and provides excellent strength properties.
Enhancing Semiconductor Nanoprobing Procedures with AI-Driven Tip Detection
Authors: Kleindiek David Stefan , Kemmler Matthias , Zell Andreas
Published: October 2024

The automation of nanoprobing application relies on the accurate detection of probe tips in scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. This work explores the application of deep learning models to automate and improve this critical process. Different models such as Mask R-CNN, YOLOv8 and RTMDet, trained on a specialized dataset, are used to accurately detect, segment and localize probe tips in SEM images, even under challenging conditions. Results show that these models have the potential to improve the automation of nanoprobing workflows, particularly in automatic tip positioning and crash prevention. Future work will focus on production-level deployment and the integration of tracking algorithms.
The Advanced Failure Analysis Methods Based on Dynamic Hot Electron Analyzer and IDD3P Measurements for HKMG Sub-nm DRAM
Authors: Lee Sunah , Son Jihoon , Park Jihoon , Jeon Bohyeon , Yun Seokmin , Kim Chaesoo , Kwon Hagyeong , Lee Jayoung , Kim Sangjun , Jung Ilwoo , Park SeGuen
Published: October 2024

In this paper, we propose an advanced failure analysis method for specifying the location of gate-related fails in the High-k Metal Gate (HKMG) MOSFET. The test sample for this experiment is the sub-15nm technology DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) which consists of high speed HKMG transistors. In terms of HKMG transistors, the modification of gate materials and process schemes provoke the various gate related failures in DRAM which makes it more difficult to examine the sample with conventional analyzing methods. So, IDD3P measurement methods along with dynamic Hot Electron Analyzer (HEA) were employed as an advanced fault localization method. IDD3P measurement data provides word-line (WL) dependent failure types which distinguishes the gate-related failures from other irrelevant failures. From the dynamic HEA with the MAGNUM tester, the accurate failure sites can be obtained. Newly combined two analytical methods that we present in this paper are effective in localizing the failure sites more accurate than previously suggested methods.
Optical Automated Interconnect Inspection of Printed Circuit Boards
Authors: Craig Patrick , Pearson Jonathan , Ghosh Shajib , Varshney Nitin , Koppal Sanjeev J. , Asadizanjani Navid
Published: October 2024

In critical fields such as automotive, medicine, and defense, ensuring the reliability of microelectronics has been paramount given the extensive nature of their globalized supply chain. Automated visual inspection (AVI) of printed circuit boards (PCBs) offers a solution through computer vision and deep learning to automate defect detection, component verification, and quality assurance. In this paper, our research follows this precedent by introducing a novel dataset and annotations to train artificial intelligence (AI) models for extracting PCB connectivity components. Utilizing high-resolution images, and state-of-the-art instance segmentation models, this study aims to examine the difficulties in this implementation and lay the groundwork for more robust automated visual inspection.
Fault Isolation and Failure Analysis of Power Distribution Networks in PCBs
Authors: Pichumani Pradip Sairam , Farooqui Zafar , Schnecker Mike , Cuyle Jeff
Published: October 2024

This paper presents a novel approach in analyzing power distribution network (PDN) from a failure analysis perspective. PDNs, although technically should only have DC component, due to the nature of digital systems it powers and the way current is drawn in time and frequency domains, it is essential to look at AC component as well. AC component: impedance plays a huge role in PCB power rails and the different components (active and passive) that connect to it. Different components (i.e., voltage regulators (VR), bulk capacitors, ceramic capacitors, etc.) influence different frequency ranges. Fault isolation is the first step in ensuring the failure location is identified. A combination of near field spectrum analysis and two-port shunt impedance enables the failure analyst to isolate the component that is failing/degraded through this approach. The aim of this paper is to showcase the alternate approaches available for failure analysis of power rail/PDN failures along with their limitations.
Innovative Fault Localization Techniques for ATPG Failures in Wire-Bonded BGA Packages
Authors: Lanzanova Lorenzo
Published: October 2024

Digital fault localization for semiconductor devices failing Automatic Test Pattern Generation (ATPG) tests can be a very challenging task, particularly when the package of the device does not lend itself towards dynamic stimulation techniques. In the case of wire-bonded Ball-Grid-Array (BGA) devices, complete electrical functionality may only be preserved when access to the die is done from the frontside of the unit. This imposes significant limitations to the applicable optical fault isolation (OFI) techniques and their resolution in highlighting an anomaly, especially in advanced technology nodes that incorporate several metal layers. This paper explores the use of digital VDDLV supply domains as a means of activating defects inside specific logic areas, as an alternative to complex electrical setups, thus overcoming the package related limitations.
Polysilicon Line Damage and Burn-In Effectiveness in a 0.18 µm Mixed Signal Product
Authors: Manceau Jean-Philippe , Krenn Patrick , Hofer Isabella , Jost Thomas , Ehgartner Josef , Friesenbichler Bastian , Tschernay Klaus-Peter , Evasco Dann , Lastima Noel , Giardi Monica
Published: October 2024

A 0.18 µm technology process was observed to generate some damage on polysilicon lines (missing polysilicon lines). This induces mainly an increase in digital scan failure rate. This was attributed to a particular fabrication cleaning tool. Improvement of the process was made. For all the material affected by the missing polysilicon line issue and to secure production, some additional production tests and burn-in were introduced. Few devices were failing digital scan test post burn-in and a very particular failure mechanism was observed. Physical failure analysis was performed on these devices, and it was related again to missing polysilicon located into the reset path of some Flip-Flops. Several improvements of the production test program were done to try to detect these devices pre-burn-in. After a final review it was concluded that the reset path failure could only be detected after burn-in.
Temperature Sensitive Failure Characterization Using Thermal Nanoprobing
Authors: Sapir Zvika , Raz Avraham , Orana Andin
Published: October 2024

Soft defects—failures that manifest only under specific voltage, temperature, or frequency conditions—require specialized fault isolation techniques for accurate characterization. This paper demonstrates thermal response failure localization using scanning electron microscope (SEM) nanoprobing with an integrated thermal stage. While nanoprobing typically serves as the final step in fault isolation failure analysis (FIFA), thermal nanoprobing is essential for characterizing temperature-dependent parametric defects by enabling measurements at both passing and failing temperatures. We present three case studies: a "worse at cold" failure reproduction, a parametric root cause identification through thermal characterization, and a complex thermal failure that was uniquely isolatable through thermal nanoprobing. These cases illustrate the technique's effectiveness in analyzing temperature-dependent defects that occur outside room temperature conditions.
Combining Electrical Fault Isolation and Electrical Characterization Inside an SEM to Locate and Characterize Gate Leakages on a 3 nm Device
Authors: Rummel Andreas , Kemmler Matthias , Schock Klaus , Smith Andrew , Kleindiek Stephan
Published: October 2024

This work employs an easy-to-use method to quickly find and characterize leakage currents on a semiconductor sample by combining electrical fault isolation and electrical measurements. By using a simple add-on for a probing system’s tip holders, a prober is transformed into a scanning device that measures currents through a sample’s surface and visualizes the currents in a 2D color map that can be superimposed onto the SE image. As a case study, an area of 1.5 µm x 1.5 µm of a 3 nm device was scanned while the current through the contacts was measured and visualized with Current Imaging (CI) and gate currents were characterized. One leaking gate could be identified and the position of the failure was localized using Electron Beam Induced Resistance CHange (EBIRCH) imaging. This technique also avoids any damage caused by electron beam irradiation as the beam can be switched off during scanning.
Introduction of a New EBAC Technique with Lamella-like Sample in DRAM Devices
Authors: Choi HaYoung , Choi InChang , Kang Christopher H. , Kim EuiSeok , Lee JaeYun , Kim Muryeong
Published: October 2024

In this paper, we approach three Nanoprobing EBAC (Electron Beam Absorbed Current) applications for DRAM metal lines. Typically, more than 70-80% of metal lines in DRAM devices experienced invisible EBAC imaging, due to high-gain EBAC amplifier becoming saturated. This overloaded case typically occurs when the signal probe lands on a contact connected to the well, source, or drain of the substrate. One of the ways to overcome this limit, a new EBAC analysis approach on lamella-like sample, is introduced in this paper. We introduce a large lamella-like sample by using Xe+ PFIB for EBAC analysis technique on DRAM metal line as well as to compare it with the conventional EBAC technique. Delayering technique also used by plasma FIB for uniform sample surface to target metal layer.
SYSFID—System-Aware Fault-Injection Attack Detection for System-In-Package Architectures
Authors: Shuvo Amit Mazumder , Sami Md Sami Ul Islam , Rahman Md Latifur , Zhou Jingbo , Azar Kimia Zamiri , Farahmandi Farimah , Tehranipoor Mark
Published: October 2024

A system-in-package (SiP) design takes advantage of cutting-edge packaging technology and heterogeneous integration (HI) in response to the growing need for aggressive time-to-market, high-performance, less expensive, and smaller systems. However, aggregating dies with different functionalities introduces new attack vectors with fault-injection attacks (FIA) that can effectively alter a circuit's data and control flow maliciously to cause disruptions of secure communication or sensitive information leakage. Additionally, traditional threat models associated with FIA on a 2D monolithic system-on-chip (SoC), and the corresponding mitigation techniques may not be compatible with modern 2.5D and 3D SiP architectures. To address these limitations, we propose system-aware fault injection attack detection for SiP architectures (SYSFID), a real-time and on-chip sensor-based fault monitoring approach integrated into a system-level design. SYSFID detects any fault-induced anomalous alterations in path delays of the components of inter-chiplet networks by strategically placing on-chip fault-to-time converter (FTC) sensors and controlling them efficiently to safeguard overall system security. To demonstrate the effectiveness of SYSFID, we detect several fault injection attempts on the FPGA implementation of a network-on-chip (NoC) based architecture during secure network packet transfers. Our experiments also illustrate that the SYSFID framework reliably senses both global and local FIAs with minimal overheads.
Development of Novel Methods for Grinding and Polishing of 3DHI Devices
Authors: Hasan Ahmed , Silverman Scott
Published: October 2024

Novel sample preparation techniques have been developed for Three-Dimensional Heterogeneously Integrated (3DHI) devices to enable precise failure analysis while protecting adjacent components. Traditional grinding and polishing methods risk damaging surrounding areas when tool bits extend beyond the target region. Using the VarioMill system's high-precision stages (±1µm accuracy), we introduce three key innovations: a helical grinding approach for accessing die centers, an extended tool bit technique for processing rectangular corners, and enhanced polishing protocols. These methods allow for targeted sample preparation of individual dies or specific die regions while completely preserving adjacent components. The techniques are particularly valuable for complex, densely packed 3DHI devices where conventional preparation methods pose significant risks of collateral damage.
The Impact of Varying TEM Accelerating Voltage on Elemental Analysis of Semiconductor Defects
Authors: Levenson Jacob , Subramanian Swaminathan , Ly Khiem , Chrastecky Tony , Yi Eric
Published: October 2024

In the field of failure analysis (FA) for semiconductor devices, the transmission electron microscope (TEM) as an analytical tool is integral to finding visible evidence of defects and their root cause. Especially as device features shrink, imaging and analyzing increasingly subtle defects requires detailed elemental analysis. In this work, elemental analysis using an aberration-corrected TEM at different accelerating voltages (200 kV and 80 kV) is discussed. The impact of accelerating voltage on elemental analysis with regards to Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) is of central focus. Two case studies involving TEM samples of different thicknesses are presented that clearly indicate important differences in the analytical data collected at different accelerating voltages. The work revealed that for elemental analysis of thick TEM samples (100 nm and over) 200 kV is preferred, and for thin samples, 80 kV provides superior signal in EDS and EELS.
Evaluation of the Analyzability of Complex Secure Intellectual Property Using Fault Isolation Techniques versus the Hardware Security Threat They Pose
Authors: Sampath Amrutha , Dickson Kristofor , Lange George W. , Wu Carey , Serrels Keith A.
Published: October 2024

Secure edge devices and the need for hardware security are of paramount importance due to the growing demand for cybersecurity. Hardware security has been strengthened using complex architecture to provide uncompromisable security and prevent malicious cybersecurity attacks. To prevent unauthorized access using even the most advanced failure analysis (FA) techniques, the Hardware Security Module (HSM) implements cryptographic algorithms and data obfuscation using many raw combinational logic and state machines. When a newly taped-out device fails to operate or fails to come out of its secure boot-up sequence, how can we know whether a defect is present or if the security block reacted to a design error? This paper discusses various real-world examples of FA challenges related to first silicon debug, including secure IP. We explore the unique approaches required to make sense of collected Laser Voltage Probe (LVP), Photon Emission Microscopy (PEM), and Laser Logic State Mapping (LLSM) data. We discuss some of the most advanced FA techniques' strengths and weaknesses and illustrate how system architecture related to securing data can be modified to alter the effectiveness of each. We explain in detail why specific FA techniques can be defeated by built-in security and where FA techniques can be enabled by clever triggering schemes or looping on areas of code while looking for specific behaviors. This paper also talks about the limitations of analyzing complex architecture being good from a security point of view. We conclude by summarizing the threat FA tools present to secure IP and comment on steps that could be taken to further protect internal state machines and sensitive logic areas from even the most well-equipped FA labs. Thus, this work gives an introspective thought as to how Optical Fault Isolation (OFI) techniques could be perceived as a threat to various security applications and points to trade-offs between the ability to analyze versus hardware security.
Electrostatic Force Microscopy Technique for Understanding Failures in Polyimide Insulation Barriers
Authors: Kolagatla Srikanth , Diaham Sombel , Lambkin Paul , Anthony Ricky , McCarthy Megan , Lakshmanan Subha , Lakshmanan Ramji , O’Sullivan Jer
Published: October 2024

Inductive coupling devices have emerged as superior alternatives to traditional optocouplers, offering improved performance, smaller size, and lower power consumption. However, these devices rely critically on a polyimide isolation barrier that can fail through high-voltage breakdown at its edges. We present a systematic study using electrostatic force microscopy to characterize charge injection and dissipation behavior in polyimide layers of varying thicknesses under different DC bias conditions. By correlating charge injection characteristics and dissipation times with layer thickness, we establish optimal barrier specifications to minimize product-level failures. This analysis provides crucial guidance for polyimide barrier design in inductive coupling applications.