bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formulations for dynamic lot sizing with service levels
Authors: Gade Dinakar , Küçükyavuz Simge
Published: January 2013

In this article, we study deterministic dynamic lot‐sizing problems with a service‐level constraint on the total number of periods in which backlogs can occur over a finite planning horizon. We give a natural mixed integer programming formulation for the single item problem (LS‐SL‐I) and study the structure of its solution. We show that an optimal solution to this problem can be found in
\documentclass{article}\usepackage{mathrsfs}\usepackage{amsmath, amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}\begin{align*}\mathcal O(n^2\kappa)\end{align*} \end{document}
time, where n is the planning horizon and
\documentclass{article}\usepackage{mathrsfs}\usepackage{amsmath, amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}\begin{align*}\kappa=\mathcal O(n)\end{align*} \end{document}
is the maximum number of periods in which demand can be backlogged. Using the proposed shortest path algorithms, we develop alternative tight extended formulations for LS‐SL‐I and one of its relaxations, which we refer to as uncapacitated lot sizing with setups for stocks and backlogs. {We show that this relaxation also appears as a substructure in a lot‐sizing problem which limits the total amount of a period's demand met from a later period, across all periods.} We report computational results that compare the natural and extended formulations on multi‐item service‐level constrained instances. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2013
Should competing firms reveal their capacity?
Authors: Ye Qing , Duenyas Izak , Kapuscinski Roman
Published: January 2013

In this article, we explore when firms have an incentive to hide (or reveal) their capacity information. We consider two firms that aim to maximize profits over time and face limited capacity. One or both of the firms have private information on their own capacity levels, and they update their beliefs about their rival's capacity based on their observation of the other firm's output. We focus on credible revelation mechanisms—a firm may signal its capacity through overproduction, compared to its myopic production levels. We characterize conditions when high‐capacity firms may have the incentive and capability to signal their capacity levels by overproduction. We show that prior beliefs about capacity play a crucial, and surprisingly complex, role on whether the firm would prefer to reveal its capacity or not. A surprising result is that, despite the fact that it may be best for the high‐capacity firm to overproduce to reveal its capacity when capacity information is private, it may end up with more profits than if all capacity information were public knowledge in the first place. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2013
A solicitor's perspective on charitable gifts in wills
Authors: Turner Victoria
Published: January 2013

In the climate of public spending cuts, charities are increasingly expected to fill the gap. Yet charities themselves face huge challenges. Not just increasing demand for their services but falling income and low investment returns. Encouraging philanthropy has never been more important, and that includes legacy giving. Following the announcement last year of the Government's major inheritance tax incentive to encourage us to give more to charity on our death, the time is right for a major report on current trends in charitable legacy giving. Late last year, Mishcon de Reya undertook the most detailed analysis ever by a firm of solicitors of its clients' wills. In a study of over 1000 wills, we did not just look at how many people leave a legacy to charity. We considered the value of the legacy, the type of legacy, the likelihood of the charity ever receiving it, whether clients prefer to give to multiple charities, and the most popular charitable sectors. This article will give a quick overview of our research followed by a more detailed look at the three types of legacy to charity: cash—‘for example, I leave £10,000 to charity’,—specific items—‘for example, I leave a painting to charity’—and residuary gifts—‘for example, I give half my estate to charity’. The article will then briefly touch on the charity sectors most favoured by our clients before giving a brief summary of Mishcon de Reya's key findings in conclusion.

Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of social relationships on obesity: Sex differences in a longitudinal study
Authors: Oliveira Aldair J. , Rostila Mikael , de Leon Antônio P. , Lopes Claudia S.
Published: January 2013

Objective

To investigate the effect of five dimensions of social relationships on obesity and potential sex differences in these associations.

Design and Methods

This study used longitudinal data from the Swedish Level of Living Surveys (LNU) in 1991 and 2000. The sample included 3,586 individuals. The dimensions of social relationships examined in this study include emotional support, frequency of visiting friends, marital status, marital status changes, and a Social Relationships Index (SRI). Obesity status was based on BMI (kg/m2) and calculated with self‐reported measurements. The association between social relationships and the incidence of obesity after 9 years of follow‐up was evaluated through Poisson regressions.

Results

After controlling for confounders, we found that the lack of emotional support (RR = 1.98; 95% CI, 1.1‐4.6) influenced the incidence of obesity among men. In addition, men with the lowest levels of SRI (RR = 2.22; 95% CI, 1.1‐4.4) had an increased risk of being obese. Among women, SRI was not significantly associated with obesity. Women who changed their marital status from married to unmarried had lower risk of obesity (RR = 0.39; 95% CI, 0.2‐0.9).

Conclusions

This study provides evidence for the effect of social relationships on the incidence of obesity, with significant differences by sex.
Insulin‐like growth factor‐II is produced by, signals to and is an important survival factor for the mature podocyte in man and mouse
Authors: Hale LJ , Welsh GI , Perks CM , Hurcombe JA , Moore S , Hers I , Saleem MA , Mathieson PW , Murphy AJ , Jeansson M , Holly JM , Hardouin SN , Coward RJ
Published: January 2013

Podocytes are crucial for preventing the passage of albumin into the urine and, when lost, are associated with the development of albuminuria, renal failure and cardiovascular disease. Podocytes have limited capacity to regenerate, therefore pro‐survival mechanisms are critically important. Insulin‐like growth factor‐II (IGF‐II) is a potent survival and growth factor; however, its major function is thought to be in prenatal development, when circulating levels are high. IGF‐II has only previously been reported to continue to be expressed in discrete regions of the brain into adulthood in rodents, with systemic levels being undetectable. Using conditionally immortalized human and ex vivo adult mouse cells of the glomerulus, we demonstrated the podocyte to be the major glomerular source and target of IGF‐II; it signals to this cell via the IGF‐I receptor via the PI3 kinase and MAPK pathways. Functionally, a reduction in IGF signalling causes podocyte cell death in vitro and glomerular disease in vivo in an aged IGF‐II transgenic mouse that produces approximately 60% of IGF‐II due to a lack of the P2 promoter of this gene. Collectively, this work reveals the fundamental importance of IGF‐II in the mature podocyte for glomerular health across mammalian species. Copyright © 2013 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Initial testing (stage 1) of ganetespib, an Hsp90 inhibitor, by the pediatric preclinical testing program
Authors: Lock Richard B. , Carol Hernan , Maris John M. , Kang Min H. , Reynolds C. Patrick , Kolb E. Anders , Gorlick Richard , Keir Stephen T. , Billups Catherine A. , Kurmasheva Raushan T. , Houghton Peter J. , Smith Malcolm A.
Published: January 2013

Ganetespib, an Hsp90 inhibitor, was tested against the PPTP in vitro cell line panel and selected xenografts in vivo, including JAK2‐ and BRAF‐mutated models. Ganetespib demonstrated potent in vitro cytotoxic activity (median rIC50 8.8 nM, range 4.4–27.1 nM). In vivo, ganetespib induced significant differences in EFS distribution for 4 of 11 xenografts. Intermediate activity (EFS T/C > 2) was noted only for the MV4;11 xenograft, and there were no objective responses. Administered as single agents, Hsp90 inhibitors examined by the PPTP have shown limited evidence for a therapeutic window against both solid tumor and leukemia pediatric preclinical models. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60: E42–E45. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Causes, outcome and prevention of abandonment in retinoblastoma in India
Authors: Kumar Archana , Moulik Nirmalya Roy , Mishra Ravi Krishna , Kumar Dipak
Published: January 2013

Background

The high‐cure rates of 90% in retinoblastoma are not replicated in developing countries due to late presentation and poor compliance to treatment. The present study takes a closer look at causes of abandonment of therapy and effectiveness of counselling in reducing abandonment.

Procedure

A retrospective study of children with retinoblastoma registered at our centre from March 2008 through August 2011.

Results

Fifty (49.50%) of 101 children registered for treatment abandoned therapy. Abandonment rates were significantly higher in rural as compared to urban children (P = 0.02). There was no significant difference in rate of abandonment between stages or laterality of disease and other socio‐demographic factors. Telephone calls were more effective than letters in tracing patients (31.2% vs. 2.4%). Major reasons cited behind abandonment were financial problems (30%) and unwillingness to enucleate (20%). Of the 12 children who returned and were retreated 6 (50%) died of progressive disease. Nineteen (73%) of those who did not return died at home. Abandonment rates steadily declined from 71.42% in 2008 to 16.66% in 2011 (P = 0.01) due to effective pre‐abandonment counselling by a support team under the National Retinoblastoma Registry of India from 2009.

Conclusions

Abandonment rates for children with retinoblastoma continue to be unacceptably high. Rural background, financial constraints and hesitancy to enucleate were important causes behind abandonment. Outcome of patients who abandoned treatment was uniformly dismal. Inclusion of support team and intensified initial counselling helped in improving compliance. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60: 771–775. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Epidemiology of childhood acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Puumala Susan E. , Ross Julie A. , Aplenc Richard , Spector Logan G.
Published: January 2013

Although leukemia is the most common childhood cancer diagnosis, the subtype, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), is less common and fewer etiologic studies exist. This review summarizes the major risk factors for AML. We searched the literature using PubMed for articles on childhood AML and reviewed 180 articles. While few risk factors are definitive, we identified several with consistent evidence of a possible effect. Thorough analysis of genetic and epigenetic factors is missing from this literature and methodological issues are unresolved. Future studies should more closely examine causal mechanisms, improve exposure measurement, and include analysis using genetic and epigenetic factors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60: 728–733. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rapid prenatal diagnosis of fetal Zellweger syndrome by biochemical tests, complementation studies, and molecular analyses
Authors: Segers Karin , Pierquin Genevieve , Gaillez Stephanie , Delbecque Katty , Retz Maria , Tebache Malek , Waterham Hans , Wanders Ronald , Ferdinandusse Sacha , Debray François‐Guillaume
Published: January 2013

What's already known about this topic?

Neuronal migration disorders are caused by many genetic conditions. Zellweger syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive cause. Prenatal diagnosis can be performed in further pregnancies.

What does this study add?

We show that early prenatal diagnosis can be reached by biochemical testing in pregnancies at risk for ZSS, even when no definite diagnosis has been established in a previous pregnancy. ZSS should be considered in fetus presenting with lissencephaly and other specific congenital anomalies.
Aligning Misaligned Systemic Innovations: Probing Inter-Firm Effects Development in Project Networks
Authors: Alin Pauli , Maunula Antti O. , Taylor John E. , Smeds Riitta
Published: January 2013

Implementing systemic innovations in a project network can significantly improve its performance; however, implementing systemic innovations is difficult if project network structures misalign to the innovation. Little research has examined how project network structures can align to systemic innovations. To address this research gap, we studied an advanced building information modeling tool implemented in a Finnish design and development project network. We found that misaligned innovations are aligned through a process of task sequence alignment, knowledge base alignment, and work allocation alignment. Our findings are important; they suggest that implementing systemic innovations in project networks is a multistage inter-firm process.
Highly efficient ethylene/norbornene copolymerization by o‐Di(phenyl)phosphanylphenolate‐based half‐titanocene complexes
Authors: Tang Xiao‐Yan , Wang Yong‐Xia , Li Bai‐Xiang , Liu Jing‐Yu , Li Yue‐Sheng
Published: January 2013

A series of o‐di(phenyl)phosphanylphenolate‐based half‐titanocene complexes CpTiCl2[O‐2‐R1‐4‐R2‐6‐(Ph2P)C6H2] (Cp = C5H5, 2a: R1 = R2 = H; 2b: R1 = F, R2 = H; 2c: R1 = Ph, R2 = H; 2d: R1 = SiMe3, R2 = H; 2e: R1 = tBu, R2 = H; 2f: R1 = R2 = tBu) have been synthesized in high yields (65–87%) by treating CpTiCl3 with 1.0 equiv of the deprotonated ligands in THF. The 1H and 31P NMR spectra indicated that the phosphorus is not coordinated to titanium in complexes 2a–c, but is coordinated to titanium in complexes 2d–f. Structures for 2c–f were further confirmed by X‐ray crystallography. Complex 2c is essentially a four‐coordinate tetrahedral geometry, whereas complexes 2d‐f adopt five‐coordinate distorted square–pyramid geometry around the titanium center. All complexes exhibited low to moderate activities toward homopolymerization of ethylene. Excitingly, they displayed excellent ability to copolymerize ethylene with norbornene, and catalytic activity was more than 100 times larger than that of ethylene homopolymerization in the case of Ph3CB(C6F5)4/iBu3Al as cocatalyst, affording the copolymers with high comonomer incorporations. Moreover, DFT calculations study had been performed to shed light on the active species and the fundamental role of NBE in improving the catalytic activity. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013
Implications of minimum‐length deformed quantum mechanics for QFT/QG
Authors: Maziashvili M.
Published: January 2013

After picking out what may seem more realistic minimal gravitational deformation of quantum mechanics, we study its back reaction on gravity. The large distance behaviour of Newtonian potential coincides with the result obtained by using of effective field theory approach to general relativity (the correction proves to be of repulsive nature). The short distance corrections result in Planck mass black hole remnants with zero temperature. The deformation of position‐momentum uncertainty relations leads to the superluminal motion that can be avoided by making similar deformation of time‐energy uncertainty relation. Such deformation also avoids UV divergences in QFT.
Behavior of thermopower of graphene in Bloch–Grüneisen regime
Authors: Sankeshwar N. S. , Vaidya R. G. , Mulimani B. G.
Published: January 2013

Thermopower (TP), S of pure graphene in the Bloch–Grüneisen (BG) regime is investigated assuming electrons to be scattered by in‐plane acoustic phonons and taking into account the temperature dependent effects arising from thermal averaging over carrier energy. Numerical calculations of electron mobility and TP show a signature of BG regime. The mobility is found to increase rapidly with decrease in temperature. The diffusion component Sd of TP is found to follow a non‐linear temperature dependence showing changes in sign before becoming linear at very low temperatures; this is in contrast to the usual linear dependence reported in literature. At higher temperatures Sd, as does mobility, is found to merge with values calculated using equipartition approximation. The influence of phonon drag contribution Sg on the total TP, S, is also investigated. A fairly good agreement with existing low temperature data is obtained. Detailed analysis of TP data in pure samples will enable better understanding of the electron–phonon interaction in graphene.
Density functional theory in materials science
Authors: Neugebauer Jörg , Hickel Tilmann
Published: January 2013

Materials science is a highly interdisciplinary field. It is devoted to the understanding of the relationship between (a) fundamental physical and chemical properties governing processes at the atomistic scale with (b) typically macroscopic properties required of materials in engineering applications. For many materials, this relationship is not only determined by chemical composition, but strongly governed by microstructure. The latter is a consequence of carefully selected process conditions (e.g., mechanical forming and annealing in metallurgy or epitaxial growth in semiconductor technology). A key task of computational materials science is to unravel the often hidden composition–structure–property relationships using computational techniques. The present paper does not aim to give a complete review of all aspects of materials science. Rather, we will present the key concepts underlying the computation of selected material properties and discuss the major classes of materials to which they are applied. Specifically, our focus will be on methods used to describe single or polycrystalline bulk materials of semiconductor, metal or ceramic form. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Computational Materials Science
Cheminformatics and the Semantic Web: adding value with linked data and enhanced provenance
Authors: Frey Jeremy G. , Bird Colin L.
Published: January 2013

Cheminformatics is evolving from being a field of study associated primarily with drug discovery into a discipline that embraces the distribution, management, access, and sharing of chemical data. The relationship with the related subject of bioinformatics is becoming stronger and better defined, owing to the influence of Semantic Web technologies, which enable researchers to integrate heterogeneous sources of chemical, biochemical, biological, and medical information. These developments depend on a range of factors: the principles of chemical identifiers and their role in relationships between chemical and biological entities; the importance of preserving provenance and properly curated metadata; and an understanding of the contribution that the Semantic Web can make at all stages of the research lifecycle. The movements toward open access, open source, and open collaboration all contribute to progress toward the goals of integration. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This article is categorized under:

Computer and Information Science > Chemoinformatics
Intermediate neglect of differential overlap for spectroscopy
Authors: Voityuk Alexander A.
Published: January 2013

Intermediate neglect of differential overlap for spectroscopy is a semiempirical approach, which is widely used to calculate spectroscopic and electron‐transfer properties of various molecular systems including biological molecules, transition metal compounds, and advanced materials. In the review, we consider the computational scheme of the method and its recent applications in chemistry, biophysics, and material science. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This article is categorized under:

Electronic Structure Theory > Semiempirical Electronic Structure Methods
Long‐term energy models: Principles, characteristics, focus, and limitations
Authors: Gargiulo Maurizio , Gallachóir Brian Ó
Published: January 2013

There are many long‐term energy models currently in use with different underlying principles, characteristics, inputs, and outputs. Over the past 30 years, considerable efforts have been made to develop new models, following different approaches that vary in terms of model starting point and on the type of questions they are designed to answer. These models focus on the period to 2050 and to 2100 and are used to build future energy scenarios to assess the impacts of policy decisions and to build a rich knowledge base for climate change and energy security policies.PET,TIAM, andMESSAGE(examples of energy system models) provide a range of technology detailed energy system configurations to deliver future energy service demands at least cost. By contrast,GEM‐E3,GEMINI‐E3 and,GTEM(examples of general equilibrium models) are also optimization models, but here the energy system is less detailed but the whole economy is modeled. Other models (e.g.,POLES) simulate the future evolution of energy demand and supply and a number of models have been developed that include energy, but which focus on integrated assessment of the economy energy and climate response (e.g.,FUND,GCAM, andMERGE). It is important for energy analysts to assess what type of model best suits the requirement and to recognize the limitations of the various models available. Significant work is required to improve linkages between models to harness respective strengths and major modeling gaps (agriculture, land use, and behavior) require a specific focus for future work.

This article is categorized under:

Energy Systems Analysis > Systems and Infrastructure
(Sb7Te8)5+ – A Double Cube Shaped Polycationic Cluster
Authors: Eich Andreas , Schlüter Stefan , Schnakenburg Gregor , Beck Johannes
Published: January 2013

The reactions of antimony and tellurium in molten GaCl3 or AlCl3 in the presence of MCl (M = Li, Na, In, Cu) and SbCl3 as the oxidant yield (Sb7Te8)[Ga2Cl7]2[GaCl4]3 (1), (Sb7Te8)[Ga2Cl7]3[GaCl4]2 (2), Na(Sb7Te8)[GaCl4]6 (3) and Na(Sb7Te8)[AlCl4]6 (4). All compounds form orange, highly air sensitive crystals, which grow inside a viscous melt. The crystal structures are built from [GaCl4]–, [Ga2Cl7]–, and [AlCl4]– anions and discrete (Sb7Te8)5+ cationic clusters. The cations have the structure of two cubes sharing one corner and alternating Sb/Te occupancy of the atom positions. The central position at the joint of the two cubes is occupied by antimony, which exhibits an octahedral coordination. All other antimony and tellurium atoms are in threefold trigonal‐pyramidal coordination. Density functional calculations reveal D3d as the minimum energy molecular symmetry. Analysis of the wave function using the natural bond orbital partitioning scheme comprises three bonding and three non‐bonding orbitals, leading to an overall bond order of 0.5 in terms of classical three‐center, four‐electron bonds for the central antimony atom. Compound 4 undergoes a phase transition at 177 K. The dynamic disorder of the Na+ ion in the room temperature form is resolved into two discrete positions in the low temperature form. The transition is of mainly second order but with some discontinuance close to Tc.
The six-point remainder function to all loop orders in the multi-Regge limit
Authors: Pennington Jeffrey
Published: January 2013

Abstract

We present an all-orders formula for the six-point amplitude of planar maximally supersymmetric
$ \mathcal{N}=4 $
Yang-Mills theory in the leading-logarithmic approximation of multi-Regge kinematics. In the MHV helicity configuration, our results agree with an integral formula of Lipatov and Prygarin through at least 14 loops. A differential equation linking the MHV and NMHV helicity configurations has a natural action in the space of functions relevant to this problem — the single-valued harmonic polylogarithms introduced by Brown. These functions depend on a single complex variable and its conjugate, w and w

*
, which are quadratically related to the original kinematic variables. We investigate the all-orders formula in the near-collinear limit, which is approached as |w| → 0. Up to power-suppressed terms, the resulting expansion may be organized by powers of log |w|. The leading term of this expansion agrees with the all-orders double-leading-logarithmic approximation of Bartels, Lipatov, and Prygarin. The explicit form for the sub-leading powers of log |w| is given in terms of modified Bessel functions.
Transcriptional investigation of the effect of mixed feeding to identify the main cellular stresses on recombinant Pichia pastoris
Authors: Zhu Taicheng , Hang Haifeng , Chu Ju , Zhuang Yingping , Zhang Siliang , Guo Meijin
Published: January 2013

Heterologous protein expression using Pichia pastoris causes metabolic stress on the physiology of host cells, which may compromise the yields of secreted foreign proteins. Thus, understanding these metabolic stresses during secretory expression allows us to circumvent these undesirable effects. We investigated the effect of co-feeding two alternative carbon resources, sorbitol and yeast extract (YE), on the physiology of A3, a P. pastoris strain carrying 18 copies of the porcine insulin precursor (PIP) gene. Comparative transcriptional analysis was performed on 13 selected genes involved in important cellular processes. Results showed that co-feeding of either sorbitol or YE along with methanol improved the performance of A3. The co-feeding of YE enhanced the specific growth rate of A3 and the specific PIP productivity. However, the oxidative stress in the yeast cells increased. The co-feeding of methanol and sorbitol increased the specific growth rate of A3 but did not affect the specific PIP productivity. The transcriptional results suggested that sorbitol may have repressed the expression of foreign proteins. These observations will not only guide the application of mixed feeding strategies but also give a deeper understanding of the metabolic burden in the secretory expression of foreign proteins.
Mitochondrial DNA transmission and confounding mitochondrial influences in cloned cattle and pigs
Authors: Takeda Kumiko
Published: January 2013

Although somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a powerful tool for production of cloned animals, SCNT embryos generally have low developmental competency and many abnormalities. The interaction between the donor nucleus and the enucleated ooplasm plays an important role in early embryonic development, but the underlying mechanisms that negatively impact developmental competency remain unclear. Mitochondria have a broad range of critical functions in cellular energy supply, cell signaling, and programmed cell death; thus, affect embryonic and fetal development. This review focuses on mitochondrial considerations influencing SCNT techniques in farm animals. Donor somatic cell mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can be transmitted through what has been considered a “bottleneck” in mitochondrial genetics via the SCNT maternal lineage. This indicates that donor somatic cell mitochondria have a role in the reconstructed cytoplasm. However, foreign somatic cell mitochondria may affect the early development of SCNT embryos. Nuclear–mitochondrial interactions in interspecies/intergeneric SCNT (iSCNT) result in severe problems. A major biological selective pressure exists against survival of exogenous mtDNA in iSCNT. Yet, mtDNA differences in SCNT animals did not reflect transfer of proteomic components following proteomic analysis. Further study of nuclear–cytoplasmic interactions is needed to illuminate key developmental characteristics of SCNT animals associated with mitochondrial biology.
Salt bridge in the conserved His–Asp cluster in Gloeobacter rhodopsin contributes to trimer formation
Authors: Tsukamoto Takashi , Kikukawa Takashi , Kurata Takuro , Jung Kwang-Hwan , Kamo Naoki , Demura Makoto
Published: January 2013

Rhodopsin
and
Rhodopsin
bind by molecular sieving (View interaction: 1, 2)
Fecal incontinence after obstetric anal sphincter injuries
Authors: Huebner Markus , Gramlich Nathanja K. , Rothmund Ralf , Nappi Luigi , Abele Harald , Becker Sven
Published: January 2013

Objective

To determine obstetric variables associated with the long‐term prevalence of flatal and/or fecal incontinence among women who sustained obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS).

Methods

In a retrospective study of women who gave birth between January 1974 and December 1983 at the University Women's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany, women with OASIS (n = 460) were identified on the basis of chart review. Eligible women were recruited to participate in a telephone interview regarding symptoms and their retrospective preference about elective cesarean delivery.

Results

The records of 20 999 deliveries, including all modes of delivery, within the 10‐year study period were reviewed, and 99 women who sustained OASIS agreed to participate. The mean follow‐up was 27.5 ± 2.4 years. Among the participants, 39.4% reported fecal or flatal incontinence. Operative vaginal delivery (forceps and/or vacuum) was significantly associated with fecal but not flatal incontinence (odds ratio, 3.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.12–9.56, P = 0.026). Only 9% of women with flatal incontinence and 13% of women with fecal incontinence would have opted retrospectively for cesarean delivery.

Conclusion

Operative vaginal delivery was significantly associated with fecal but not flatal incontinence. No other obstetric variables tested were associated with the long‐term prevalence of fecal or flatal incontinence.
The early stages of island-arc plagiogranitoid magmatism in Gornaya Shoriya and West Sayan
Authors: Rudnev S.N. , Babin G.A. , Kovach V.P. , Kiseleva V.Yu. , Serov P.A.
Published: January 2013

The structure, composition, and age of Vendian–Early Cambrian plagiogranitoid associations composing the Kshta and Taraskyr massifs of the Yenisei pluton in the Altai–North Sayan island-arc belt are considered. We have established that these associations formed within 550–520 Ma and differ in petrographic composition and sources. Two stages of island-arc plagiogranitoid magmatism are recognized: early (550–540 Ma, formation of plagiogranitoids of the Kshta (545 ± 8 Ma) and Taraskyr (545 ± 7 Ma) massifs) and late (525–520 Ma, formation of plagiogranitoids of the Maina complex of the Yenisei (524 ± 2 Ma) and Tabat plutons). By petrochemical composition and geochemical characteristics, the rocks of the Kshta massif are high-alumina plagiogranitoids similar to adakites. They might have been produced through the melting of metabasites compositionally similar to N-MORB in equilibrium with garnet-containing restite during the subduction of oceanic slab at ≥ 15 kbar. The rocks of the Taraskyr massif are low-alumina plagiogranites. They formed through the melting of metabasites located in the lower layers and(or) the basement of the island-arc system in equilibrium with plagioclase-containing restite at 3–8 kbar. The low-alumina plagiogranitoids of the Yenisei pluton melted out under the same conditions. Isotope-geochemical studies showed that the Vendian–Early Cambrian plagiogranitoids formed at the early stage are characterized by high positive ∑ Nd(T) values (7.5–4.9), Late Riphean model Nd-age (TNd(DM) = 0.64–0.98 Ga), and Sr isotope ratio varying from 0.7040 to 0.7053. These data point to the juvenile parental melts of the rocks and the varying content of ancient crustal material in the magma generation zone.
Neoproterozoic island arcs in East Sayan: duration of magmatism (from U–Pb zircon dating of volcanic clastics)
Authors: Kuzmichev A.B. , Larionov A.N.
Published: January 2013

Two island arcs of different ages have been reconstructed in the Neoproterozoic history of southeastern East Sayan: Dunzhugur and Shishkhid. According to earlier concepts, the Dunzhugur arc formed at ∼1020 Ma and underwent collision with the Siberian(?) continent at ∼810 Ma. The Shishkhid arc formed somewhat earlier than 800 Ma and existed till the end of the Late Baikalian (∼600 Ma, from indirect data). This primitive geologic history, when each arc existed for 200 Myr, was suggested because of the deficit of direct data, and its reconstruction cast doubt. In this work we present results of preliminary dating of detrital zircons separated from the volcaniclastic rocks composing the above arcs. We analyzed 12 zircon crystals from the Dunzhugur volcanic clastics, whose 206Pb/238U age varies from 844 ± 8 to 1048 ± 12 Ma (1σ). Five most ancient zircons form a concordant cluster with an age of 1034 ± 9 Ma (2σ). Hence, the arc formed earlier than it was assumed and existed for a long time, most likely, till its collision with the continent. We also studied two zircon samples from the volcaniclastic rocks of the Oka accretionary prism, which probably formed in the Shishkhid arc. All ten crystals of the first sample form a concordant cluster with an age of 813 ± 7 Ma (2σ). The analyzed zircons of the second sample arrange in two clusters, with an age of 775 ± 8 Ma (2σ, nine crystals) and 819 ± 17 Ma (three crystals). Thus, the Shishkhid arc formed earlier than it was assumed, at the end of the Early Baikalian, and underwent active volcanism at least till 775 Ma. Dating of detrital zircons from the volcaniclastics generated at the mature stage of the Shishkhid-arc evolution will help to reconstruct partly or completely its history in the period 775–600 Ma.
The Late Neoproterozoic rift-related metarhyolite–basalt association of the Glushikha trough (Yenisei Ridge): petrogeochemical composition, age, and formation conditions
Authors: Nozhkin A.D. , Kachevskii L.K. , Dmitrieva N.V.
Published: January 2013

New data are presented on the petrogeochemical composition, age, and formation conditions of the Late Neoproterozoic metarhyolite–basalt association of the Glushikha trough (Yenisei Ridge). The association is localized within the subaerial and shallow-water terrigenous-carbonate sediments of the Orlovka Group, which overlies Proterozoic rocks with unconformity. The felsic volcanics are essentially potassic and enriched in Rb, U, Th, and Fe. They show a weakly fractionated REE pattern with a prominent negative Eu anomaly. The basalts and picrite basalts have higher contents of Ti, Fe, P, HFSE, REE, U, Th, Ba, and Sr, and their spidergrams show no Nb or Ta depletion with respect to Th and LREE. These rocks have the petrochemical parameters of intraplate magmatic associations in continental rift zones. New geochronological data (SHRIMP II) on single zircon grains from the felsite porphyry of the metarhyolite–basalt association (717 ± 15 Ma) indicate Late Neoproterozoic volcanism in the Yenisei part of the Central block of the Trans-Angara region. According to Sm–Nd isotopic data, the rhyolites originate from Paleoproterozoic crust (TNd(DM) = 1757 Ma; TNd(DM-2st) = 1651 Ma; ∑Nd(T) = − 2.7). The Orlovka volcanosedimentary rocks are rift-related, as evidenced by the following facts: (1) localization of the volcanosedimentary rocks in a narrow fault-line trough; (2) bimodal rhyolite-basaltic composition of the volcanics; and (3) petrology and geochemistry of the picrite basalts and basalts, typical of intraplate environments. The studies show that Late Neoproterozoic rifting and intraplate plume magmatism took place not only in the Tatarka–Ishimba fault zone but also in the Yenisei fault zone of the Yenisei Ridge.
Hierarchical properties of the tectonic stress field in the source region of the 2003 Chuya earthquake
Authors: Leskova E.V. , Emanov A.A.
Published: January 2013

Local tectonic stress field have been calculated based on aftershock focal mechanisms using materials of epicentral studies with temporary networks of stations in the epicentral area of the 2003 Chuya earthquake. The originality of this work is that the stress state is studied invoking earthquakes with large differences in energy and using highly accurate data on the location and depth in the analysis of events. The main result is the selection of two hierarchical levels of the stress field. It is shown that the stress state determined from data on large earthquakes is homogeneous (horizontal shear) throughout the aftershock zone, and the stress state determined from data on small events varies according to the block structure of the aftershock region.
Metacognitive Therapy for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder By Videoconference: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Fitt Samantha , Rees Clare
Published: January 2013

Evidence-supported therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is often difficult to access, especially in rural and remote areas. Videoconferencing is gaining momentum as a means of improving access. Metacognitive therapy (MCT) has already been found to be effective for OCD when delivered face-to-face. This preliminary study explored whether videoconference-based MCT can be effective for OCD. Three participants completed a brief course of MCT using videoconferencing. Participants experienced clinically significant reductions in OCD symptoms, depression, anxiety, and stress, some of which were maintained after a 6- to 8-week follow-up period. Results suggest that videoconferencing MCT can be effective for OCD. Implications for clinicians are discussed.
Developing Adaptive Change Capabilities Through Client-Centred Therapy
Authors: Bowles Terry
Published: January 2013

Clients undergo change as a function of engaging in a therapeutic experience. To date, little research into the residual effects of therapy have been completed using client-centred therapy. Some therapies provide didactic experiences to gain and practise skills and understandings so they can be recalled after the conclusion of therapy. Other therapies preclude such interventions and instead emphasise the insights of the client and the transformative therapeutic alliance to facilitate change. This research is an investigation of the possibility that client-centred therapy provides clients with experiences to allow insight into, and understanding of processes to optimally facilitate change through therapy. The aims of the research were to establish: whether factors known to enhance change in therapy increased for clients from the beginning to the end of therapy; whether the clinical group (n = 28; intervention) scores differed from a nonclinical group at both time points (n = 22; control); and establish whether gender differences were present. Analyses showed that nonclinical respondents’ scores at Times 1 and 2 were consistently higher on all factors compared with clinical respondents. The findings indicated that scores did not vary significantly between Time 1 and 2 for either the clinical or the nonclinical groups of respondents. The state/trait-like characteristics of the factors are discussed in reference to their application in therapeutic and applied settings.
Human adipose tissue stem cells: relevance in the pathophysiology of obesity and metabolic diseases and therapeutic applications
Authors: Cignarelli Angelo , Perrini Sebastio , Ficarella Romina , Peschechera Alessandro , Nigro Pasquale , Giorgino Francesco
Published: January 2013

Stem cells are unique cells exhibiting self-renewing properties and the potential to differentiate into multiple specialised cell types. Totipotent or pluripotent stem cells are generally abundant in embryonic or fetal tissues, but the use of discarded embryos as sources of these cells raises challenging ethical problems. Adult stem cells can also differentiate into a wide variety of cell types. In particular, adult adipose tissue contains a pool of abundant and accessible multipotent stem cells, designated as adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), that are able to replicate as undifferentiated cells, to develop as mature adipocytes and to differentiate into multiple other cell types along the mesenchymal lineage, including chondrocytes, myocytes and osteocytes, and also into cells of endodermal and neuroectodermal origin, including beta-cells and neurons, respectively. An impairment in the differentiation potential and biological functions of ASCs may contribute to the development of obesity and related comorbidities. In this review, we summarise different aspects of the ASCs with special reference to the isolation and characterisation of these cell populations, their relation to the biochemical features of the adipose tissue depot of origin and to the metabolic characteristics of the donor subject and discuss some prospective therapeutic applications.
Unsteady feeding and optimal strokes of model ciliates
Authors: Michelin Sébastien , Lauga Eric
Published: January 2013

The flow field created by swimming micro-organisms not only enables their locomotion but also leads to advective transport of nutrients. In this paper we address analytically and computationally the link between unsteady feeding and unsteady swimming on a model micro-organism, the spherical squirmer, actuating the fluid in a time-periodic manner. We start by performing asymptotic calculations at low Péclet number ($\mathit{Pe}$) on the advection–diffusion problem for the nutrients. We show that the mean rate of feeding as well as its fluctuations in time depend only on the swimming modes of the squirmer up to order ${\mathit{Pe}}^{3/ 2} $, even when no swimming occurs on average, while the influence of non-swimming modes comes in only at order ${\mathit{Pe}}^{2} $. We also show that generically we expect a phase delay between feeding and swimming of $1/ 8\mathrm{th} $ of a period. Numerical computations for illustrative strokes at finite $\mathit{Pe}$ confirm quantitatively our analytical results linking swimming and feeding. We finally derive, and use, an adjoint-based optimization algorithm to determine the optimal unsteady strokes maximizing feeding rate for a fixed energy budget. The overall optimal feeder is always the optimal steady swimmer. Within the set of time-periodic strokes, the optimal feeding strokes are found to be equivalent to those optimizing periodic swimming for all values of the Péclet number, and correspond to a regularization of the overall steady optimal.
Subcritical bifurcation and bistability in thermoacoustic systems
Authors: Subramanian Priya , Sujith R. I. , Wahi P.
Published: January 2013

This paper analyses subcritical transition to instability, also known as triggering in thermoacoustic systems, with an example of a Rijke tube model with an explicit time delay. Linear stability analysis of the thermoacoustic system is performed to identify parameter values at the onset of linear instability via a Hopf bifurcation. We then use the method of multiple scales to recast the model of a general thermoacoustic system near the Hopf point into the Stuart–Landau equation. From the Stuart–Landau equation, the relation between the nonlinearity in the model and the criticality of the ensuing bifurcation is derived. The specific example of a model for a horizontal Rijke tube is shown to lose stability through a subcritical Hopf bifurcation as a consequence of the nonlinearity in the model for the unsteady heat release rate. Analytical estimates are obtained for the triggering amplitudes close to the critical values of the bifurcation parameter corresponding to loss of linear stability. The unstable limit cycles born from the subcritical Hopf bifurcation undergo a fold bifurcation to become stable and create a region of bistability or hysteresis. Estimates are obtained for the region of bistability by locating the fold points from a fully nonlinear analysis using the method of harmonic balance. These analytical estimates help to identify parameter regions where triggering is possible. Results obtained from analytical methods compare reasonably well with results obtained from both experiments and numerical continuation.
Effect of tilting on turbulent convection: cylindrical samples with aspect ratio
Authors: Weiss Stephan , Ahlers Guenter
Published: January 2013

We report measurements of the properties of turbulent thermal convection of a fluid with a Prandtl number $\mathit{Pr}= 4. 38$ in a cylindrical cell with an aspect ratio $\Gamma = 0. 50$. The rotational symmetry was broken by a small tilt of the sample axis relative to gravity. Measurements of the heat transport (as expressed by the Nusselt number Nu), as well as properties of the large-scale circulation (LSC) obtained from temperature measurements along the sidewall, are presented. In contradistinction to similar experiments using containers of aspect ratio $\Gamma = 1. 00$ (Ahlers et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 557, 2006b, pp. 347–367) and $\Gamma = 0. 50$ (Chillà et al., Eur. Phys. J. B, vol. 40, 2004, pp. 223–227; Sun, Xi & Xia, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 95, 2005, p. 074502; Roche et al., New J. Phys., vol. 12, 2010, p. 085014), we see a very small increase of the heat transport for tilt angles up to about 0.1 rad. Based on measurements of properties of the LSC we explain this increase by a stabilization of the single-roll state (SRS) of the LSC and a destabilization of the double-roll state (DRS) (it is known from previous work that the SRS has a slightly larger heat transport than the DRS). Quantitative measurements of the strength and the orientation of the LSC show that its azimuthal diffusion is suppressed with increasing tilt whereas the torsional oscillation becomes more pronounced and its frequency increases.
Spatially and temporally resolved measurements of bead resuspension and saltation in a turbulent water channel flow
Authors: van Hout René
Published: January 2013

Resuspension and saltation of nearly neutrally buoyant polystyrene beads $({d}_{p} = 583\pm 14. 4~\lrm{\ensuremath{\mu}} \mathrm{m} , {\rho }_{p} = 1050~\mathrm{kg} ~{\mathrm{m} }^{\ensuremath{-} 3} )$ in a turbulent boundary layer were studied using time-resolved particle image velocimetry and particle tracking velocimetry in a horizontal water channel facility $({\mathit{Re}}_{h} = 7353)$. The time difference between frames was $ \mrm{\Delta} {t}^{+ } = 0. 297$, comparable to the particle Stokes number, ${ \tau }_{p}^{+ } = 0. 267$. Near-wall coherent structures were visualized using spatial distributions of vorticity and swirling strength in combination with those of the instantaneous ${u}_{1} {u}_{2} $ correlations and ${u}_{1} $. Two case studies, the first on resuspension and the second on saltation, showed that in all cases lift-off coincided with the passage of a vortex core, creating an ejection-sweep cycle (‘burst’) responsible for lift-off. In all cases beads left the wall when immersed in near-wall ejections and exposed to positive shear. As a consequence, a high shear-induced lift force coincided with bead lift-off, while the Magnus force due to bead rotation and translation-induced lift were negligible. The wall-normal component of the drag force mostly opposed lift-off, causing the bead’s deceleration. The difference between resuspension and saltation was governed by the type of coherent flow structures encountered by the beads when lifted out of the viscous sublayer. Resuspension was observed when beads were carried upwards by the combined action of a strong, spatially coherent upstream fast moving $({u}_{1} \gt 0)$ flow structure and a downstream ejection. On the other hand, saltation was accompanied by similar but weaker and spatially less coherent near-wall turbulence structures.