bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pby1 is a direct partner of the Dcp2 decapping enzyme
Authors: Charenton Clément , Gaudon-Plesse Claudine , Back Régis , Ulryck Nathalie , Cosson Loreline , Séraphin Bertrand , Graille Marc
Published: April 2020

Most eukaryotic mRNAs harbor a characteristic 5′ m7GpppN cap that promotes pre-mRNA splicing, mRNA nucleocytoplasmic transport and translation while also protecting mRNAs from exonucleolytic attacks. mRNA caps are eliminated by Dcp2 during mRNA decay, allowing 5′-3′ exonucleases to degrade mRNA bodies. However, the Dcp2 decapping enzyme is poorly active on its own and requires binding to stable or transient protein partners to sever the cap of target mRNAs. Here, we analyse the role of one of these partners, the yeast Pby1 factor, which is known to co-localize into P-bodies together with decapping factors. We report that Pby1 uses its C-terminal domain to directly bind to the decapping enzyme. We solved the structure of this Pby1 domain alone and bound to the Dcp1–Dcp2–Edc3 decapping complex. Structure-based mutant analyses reveal that Pby1 binding to the decapping enzyme is required for its recruitment into P-bodies. Moreover, Pby1 binding to the decapping enzyme stimulates growth in conditions in which decapping activation is compromised. Our results point towards a direct connection of Pby1 with decapping and P-body formation, both stemming from its interaction with the Dcp1–Dcp2 holoenzyme.
Regenerating tubular epithelial cells of the kidney
Authors: Stamellou Eleni , Leuchtle Katja , Moeller Marcus J
Published: April 2020

Acute tubular injury accounts for the most common intrinsic cause for acute kidney injury. Normally, the tubular epithelium is mitotically quiescent. However, upon injury, it can show a brisk capacity to regenerate and repair. The scattered tubular cell (STC) phenotype was discovered as a uniform reaction of tubule cells triggered by injury. The STC phenotype is characterized by a unique protein expression profile, increased robustness during tubular damage and increased proliferation. Nevertheless, the exact origin and identity of these cells have been unveiled only in part. Here, we discuss the classical concept of renal regeneration. According to this model, surviving cells dedifferentiate and divide to replace neighbouring lost tubular cells. However, this view has been challenged by the concept of a pre-existing and fixed population of intratubular progenitor cells. This review presents a significant body of previous work and animal studies using lineage-tracing methods that have investigated the regeneration of tubular cells. We review the experimental findings and discuss whether they support the progenitor hypothesis or the classical concept of renal tubular regeneration. We come to the conclusion that any proximal tubular cell may differentiate into the regenerative STC phenotype upon injury thus contributing to regeneration, and these cells differentiate back into tubular cells once regeneration is finished.
Food additive emulsifiers: a review of their role in foods, legislation and classifications, presence in food supply, dietary exposure, and safety assessment
Authors: Cox Selina , Sandall Alicia , Smith Leanne , Rossi Megan , Whelan Kevin
Published: April 2020

Food additive intakes have increased with the increase in “ultra-processed” food consumption. Food additive emulsifiers have received particular research attention in recent years due to preliminary evidence of adverse gastrointestinal and metabolic health effects. In this review, the use of emulsifiers as food additives is discussed, and the current estimations of exposure to, and safety of, emulsifiers are critically assessed. Food additive emulsifier research is complicated by heterogeneity in additives considered to be emulsifiers and labelling of them on foods globally. Major limitations exist in estimating food additive emulsifier exposure, relating predominantly to a lack of available food occurrence and concentration data. Development of brand-specific food additive emulsifier databases are crucial to accurately estimating emulsifier exposure. Current research on the health effects of food additive emulsifiers are limited to in vitro and murine studies and small, acute studies in humans, and future research should focus on controlled human trials of longer duration.
Agency as Art
Authors: Nguyen C. Thi
Published: April 2020

Games are a distinctive art form. A game isn’t merely a designed environment. A game tells its players what abilities to use and what goals to pursue. A game, in other words, specifies a form of agency. This chapter proposes that games are the art form that works in the medium of agency. And to play a game, players temporarily submerge themselves in an alternate agency. This chapter focuses on what we learn, from the fact that we play games, about our motivational capacities. In many kinds of game playing, we are not playing to win. We are, instead, taking on a temporary interest in winning, for the sake of the struggle. Game playing is a motivational inversion of ordinary practical life. And we are beings that can invert our motivations, and take on temporary and disposable ends, for the sake of having a valuable struggle.
The Distance in the Game
Authors: Nguyen C. Thi
Published: April 2020

Games offer an aesthetics of self-reflection, where players appreciate the aesthetic qualities in their own activities. They are part of what we can call the process arts, where the audience is supposed to appreciate the aesthetic qualities of their own activity, in response to an artifact. This chapter provides an account of the process arts in general, and situates games inside them. The process arts are contrasted with the more familiar object arts, where the audience is supposed to appreciate the aesthetic qualities of the artifact itself. The process arts offer a greater distance between artist and effect. Thus, the medium of games can be understood by thinking about the unique challenges it presents to the artist. The chapter focuses on the characteristic challenge of the medium of agency: the game designer must cope with agential distance. Game designers must achieve their aesthetic effects through the agent of the player, making room for the player’s choices, creativity, and variable skill. But game designers have a special tool for coping with that agential distance. They can designate the basic shape of the player’s agency in the game.
Games as Social Transformation
Authors: Nguyen C. Thi
Published: April 2020

Games work not only in the medium of agency, but also in the medium of sociality. This chapter studies how games create new patterns of social relationships, and how this permits games to effect a special kind of moral transformation. In games, we can transform competition into cooperation. Games are a designed environment, where we can unleash our most competitive instincts, and be assured that they will be transformed by the gaming context into an interesting struggle for our opponents. The chapter shows, then, that games can give us experiences of alternate forms of society. They are a kind of social art; that is, they transfigure our social arrangements for artistic purposes. Most contemporary social art practices, however, avoid specifying rules and goals for audience participation, preferring to leave the audience free to do as they please. Games show us that using rules and goals can actually help further the transformational goals of social art.
Origins (1939–1962)
Authors: Sewell Amanda
Published: April 2020

This chapter focuses on Wendy Carlos’s life from her 1939 birth in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, to her graduation from Brown University in 1962. From her earliest days, Carlos was innovative and resourceful. She built equipment out of spare parts, hammered her piano into different tuning systems, and taught herself harmony and counterpoint from library books. Carlos knew from childhood that her gender identity made her a target for ridicule and violence, so she retreated into a solitary world of electronic music. Under the guidance of Wesley Nyborg at Brown University, Carlos created a major that blended physics and music.
The Last of the New (1985–1997)
Authors: Sewell Amanda
Published: April 2020

This chapter focuses on the last period in which Carlos created new music. She began restricting the number and type of interviews she gave following Allan Kozinn’s negative review of her album ciDigital Moonscapes and an article in People magazine that focused disproportionately on her gender. In 1986, she released Beauty in the Beast. Although she called it her “most important album,” Beauty in the Beast barely registered critically or commercially. She also teamed up with “Weird Al” Yankovic, known for his parodies of pop songs and his accordion playing, to record Sergei Prokofiev’s Peter and the Wolf. Struggling financially, Carlos returned to the repertoire of Switched-On Bach and created Switched-On Bach 2000 using digital synthesis.
Reissuing the Past (1998–2005)
Authors: Sewell Amanda
Published: April 2020

This chapter follows Carlos as she remastered and reissued her entire catalogue on the label East Side Digital, began using her website to express her opinions, and created her final albums of original material. In the late 1990s, Carlos began fighting back against those whom she felt had injured her. She sued the pop musician Momus for his representation of her in a song, and she wrote an extensive “Short List of the Cruel” on her website to call out people and organizations by name that had hurt or misrepresented her. She also became increasingly selective about the interviews she gave and how she was represented in those interviews.
From the Ballot to the Barricade in the Paris Commune
Authors: Duong Kevin
Published: April 2020

This chapter analyzes socialist aspirations for social regeneration as they evolved from the 1840s to the Commune. It contrasts the political culture of the 1840s with that of the Commune to bring into view a conceptual mutation: where socialists had once pursued social regeneration through pacific methods and universal manhood suffrage, by 1871, they linked social regeneration with republican militarism and the reincarnation of “the people in arms.” This mutation is excavated through writers such as Louise Michel, Prosper-Olivier Lissagaray, and Jules Vallès. Although this mutation was contingent, once realized, it bonded socialist dreams of regeneration to popular redemptive violence.
Conclusion
Authors: Duong Kevin
Published: April 2020

This conclusion reviews the importance of studying redemptive violence in nineteenth century France in light of the political history of the twentieth century. It argues that, despite the increased intensity of violence in the twentieth century, a study of redemptive violence in the nineteenth century is still important for us today. That is because it emphasizes that all democratic revolutions are social revolutions. All democratic revolutions pose the problem of reconstructing democratic social bonds. Redemptive violence’s history underscores that fraternité was always as important as liberty and equality in the French tradition. Critics of fraternité today ignore the importance of democratic solidarity at their peril.
Combat Social Work in Vietnam, 1968–1969
Authors: Scurfield Raymond Monsour
Published: April 2020

This chapter presents combat social work in the U.S. Vietnam war. The author discusses his military career, the special challenges and lessons from his year-long tour of duty and a combat social worker’s view of the realities on the ground. This chapter provides a case study of how behavioral health practitioners in-country were confronted with what the author refers to as the psychiatric paradox—Was a psychiatric casualty “too sane” to be medially evacuated or “too sick” to be returned to duty?—coupled with significant pressure to return psych casualties to duty. The author describes his personal experiences and how he came home changed and interested in helping fellow combat veterans. He describes the lessons learned from his further mental health services to hundreds of war veterans postwar and the pervasive impact of war on those exposed to war, directly or indirectly, and their long-term recovery.
War Stories of a Brigade Behavioral Health Officer
Authors: Stone Debra M.
Published: April 2020

In this chapter, the author focuses on combat social work practice in a combat area of operation as a brigade behavioral health officer (BHO) while active combat engagements are going on simultaneously. After offering a brief overview of her career background prior to her commission as an officer, she focuses on the highlights of her military career as a combat social worker. Much of her attention in the chapter is her experiences providing clinical social work practice as a brigade BHO with an infantry brigade combat team during her second deployment to Afghanistan. The author shares several models of combat social work practice that she employed during these operations, as well as describing her personal experiences and reactions.
Ted Studebaker
Authors: Thyer Bruce A.
Published: April 2020

Already registered with the Selective Service as a conscientious objector due to his long-held religious convictions, Ted Studebaker volunteered to serve for 2 years in Vietnam, where he coordinated community organization projects in a small village of Di Linh. Toward the end of his 2-year tour of duty, in 1979 he was killed by Viet Cong troops who broke into his house. Although decidedly antiwar, Studebaker volunteered to fulfill his duties as a citizen of the United States, a country he loved. Studebaker made his choices based upon his religious beliefs. His efforts were a small counterbalance to the immense resources devoted to waging war. Studebaker’s life and death as a civilian social worker in a combat zone during active war illustrates an alternative path for social workers who brave dangerous conditions to serve others.
Terrorism and the Problem of Moral Hazard
Authors: Bapat Navin A.
Published: April 2020

Using the logic of a game theoretic model, this chapter argues that the project to cement American dominance over the global energy market failed because the U.S. security guarantee created a series of perverse incentives. Host leaders recognized that they would only receive American support if the threat of terrorism persisted, and that they would receive relatively more economic and military aid if the threat of terrorism became significant. Therefore, these host states had no incentive to disarm their terrorists. As a result, terrorism escalated throughout the energy market in the 2000s, leading to spiraling costs to the U.S. and a political backlash. Pressure mounted on American leaders to begin scaling back the war. To forestall this possibility, and protect the lucrative petrodollar system, the U.S. needed to quickly develop a strategy to force the host states to proactively address the terrorist threats in their territories.
Back-Pocket God
Authors: Denton Melinda Lundquist , Flory Richard , Smith Christian
Published: April 2020

What do the religious and spiritual lives of American young people look like as they reach their mid to late 20s, enter the full-time job market, and start families? In Back Pocket God, the authors provide a look beyond conflicting stories that argue that emerging adults either are overwhelmingly leaving religion or are earnest spiritual seekers maintaining a significant place in their lives for religion. Denton and Flory show that while the dominant trend among young people is a move away from religious beliefs and institutions, there is also a parallel trend in which a small, religiously committed group of emerging adults claim faith as an important fixture in their lives. Yet, whether religiously committed or not, emerging adults are increasingly personalizing, customizing, and compartmentalizing religion in ways that suit their idiosyncratic desires. For emerging adults, God has become increasingly remote yet is highly personalized to meet their particular needs. In the process, they have transformed their conception of God from a powerful being or force that exists “out there” to their own personal “Pocket God”—a God that they can carry around with them but that exerts little power or influence in their daily lives. God functions, in a sense, like a smartphone app—readily accessible, easy to control, and useful but only for limited purposes. Back Pocket God shows the changing relationship between emerging adults and religion, providing a window into the future of religion and, more broadly, American culture.
Introduction
Authors: Denton Melinda Lundquist , Flory Richard
Published: April 2020

This introductory chapter sets the context for the book, situating it in the larger National Study of Youth and Religion as the final overview book of the project, taking into account all four waves of data collection, from 2002 to 2013. The chapter lays out the basic “emerging adults” frame for understanding the stage in life of the young people in the study in Wave 4 and differentiates the book from the popular “generational” accounts such as “millennial” and other generational labels. Finally, the chapter provides a road map for each of the chapters to follow, giving a brief description of what each chapter includes and previewing the major findings of the book.
Where Are They Now?
Authors: Denton Melinda Lundquist , Flory Richard
Published: April 2020

Building on the foundation laid in Chapter 2, this chapter focuses specifically on the religious lives of emerging adults. Survey responses from multiple waves of data collection are used to show changes over time. The chapter focuses on change and continuity in the religious lives of emerging adults, while also showing how different religious traditions have fared in terms of influencing the lives of emerging adults. Taken together, the survey data show an overarching story of decline; yet under the surface there is movement both toward and away from religion.
How Did They Get There?
Authors: Denton Melinda Lundquist , Flory Richard , Hill Jonathan
Published: April 2020

This chapter uses growth mixture modeling to analyze the different trajectories of change in the religious lives of emerging adults. Using data from across the 10 years of the project, the authors identify six distinct religious trajectories among emerging adults and then examine the correlates of these trajectories. The chapter concludes by examining how various life outcomes relate to these trajectories. In addition to revealing the correlates and covariates of religious trajectories, the pathways examined in the chapter provide another lens through which to see the big picture of the religious lives of emerging adults. Consistent with the previous two chapters, the authors acknowledge that, taken together, there is aggregate religious decline among emerging adults in the study, as well as a smaller group of young people who are maintaining or increasing their religious commitment.
No More to Spend
Authors: Messac Luke
Published: April 2020

This book is a political history of medicine in colonial and postcolonial Malawi and, in a larger sense, an exploration of the social construction of scarcity. In much of the historical and public health literature on Africa, dismal public-sector health-care spending is considered a necessary consequence of a low GDP. But is it true that poor patients in poor countries are doomed to go without the fruits of modern medicine? The history of Malawi demonstrates how official neglect of health care required political, rhetorical, and even martial campaigns by colonial and postcolonial governments. Rising demand for medical care among African publics compelled governments either to increase spending or offer rationalizations for their inaction. Because many of these claims of scarcity persist in global health discourse, the ways in which they were deployed, defended, and (at certain moments) defeated have important implications for health outcomes today.
“Territories of Vast Potentiality,” 1919–1930
Authors: Messac Luke
Published: April 2020

Chapter 2 details both the political economy of interwar colonial neglect of social services and the crucial role of moral commitments on the part of a few MPs in puncturing this neglect. The imposition of a burdensome loan for the uneconomical Trans-Zambesi Railway gave colonial officials an excuse to resist increased funding for health care. However, MPs with a commitment to colonial health care successfully argued for debt relief and increased funding for Nyasaland during the debate over the 1929 Colonial Development Act. As a result, the colonial physician John Owen Shircore authored a plan that, though never entirely realized, resulted in the establishment of dozens of new government medical facilities in Nyasaland during in the early 1930s. Still, these facilities were ill equipped and inadequately staffed.
“We Have to Wait for Riots and Disturbances,” 1931–1941
Authors: Messac Luke
Published: April 2020

This chapter demonstrates the recrudescence of neglect during and after the Great Depression. Waves of civil and labor unrest compelled the Colonial Office and Treasury to raise levels of health-care spending in many imperial holdings. But Nyasaland, viewed as a relatively insignificant and peaceful backwater, received little of this funding. A reformist colonial physician, H.S. de Boer, advocated for expanded government health services for subject Africans, but London officials largely dismissed these proposals as inappropriate applications of metropolitan living standards to colonial settings. Even new rhetoric and legislation in support of colonial welfare at the start of the Second World War did not bring meaningful improvements in health care for Nyasaland’s subject Africans.
“The Partnership Between a Rider and His Horse,” 1953–1963
Authors: Messac Luke
Published: April 2020

Chapter 5 demonstrates how the newfound potency of postwar medical technologies made it ever more difficult for colonial officials to deny them to colonized publics. With the arrival of novel and effective antibiotics, attendance at government health facilities rose precipitously. At the same time, a widely detested new Federation Government, based in Southern Rhodesia and dominated by white settlers, faced militant opposition from Nyasaland’s African population. The concomitant rise in popularity in government health-care facilities and a crescendo in civil unrest and repression impelled the Federation government to increase spending on health care in Nyasaland. When the United Kingdom dissolved the Federation and announced plans to grant Nyasaland its independence, Federation officials made drastic cuts to health care spending.
Orders of Exclusion
Authors: Lascurettes Kyle M.
Published: April 2020

When and why do powerful countries seek to enact major changes to international order, the broad set of rules that guide behavior in world politics? This question is particularly important today given the Trump administration’s clear disregard for the reigning liberal international order in the United States. Across the globe, there is also uncertainty over what China might seek to replace that order with as it continues to amass power and influence. Together, these developments mean that what motivates great powers to shape and change order will remain at the forefront of debates over the future of world politics. Prior studies have focused on how the origins of international orders have been consensus-driven and inclusive. By contrast, this book argues that the propelling motivation for great power order building at important historical junctures has typically been exclusionary, centered around combatting other actors rather than cooperatively engaging with them. Dominant powers pursue fundamental changes to order when they perceive a major new threat on the horizon. Moreover, they do so for the purpose of targeting this perceived threat, be it another powerful state or a foreboding ideological movement. The goal of foundational rule writing in international relations, then, is blocking that threatening entity from amassing further influence, a motive Lascurettes illustrates at work across more than three hundred years of history. Far from falling outside of the bounds of traditional statecraft, order building is the continuation of power politics by other means.
Order in the European Concert Era
Authors: Lascurettes Kyle M.
Published: April 2020

Chapter 5 (“Order in the European Concert Era”) examines three moments of order change opportunity in the nineteenth century centered around the Concert of Europe. The first section assesses the scholarly debate over what the Concert actually was, making the case that it constituted a decisive departure from the brand of balance-of-power politics that had previously dominated Europe. And yet accepting what the Concert was says nothing about how it came to be, an argument developed in the second section that examines the strategic and exclusionary impulses behind its origins after the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. The third section assesses two more cases of opportunity where the dominant actors elected not to seek major changes to the Concert order: the aftermath of the liberal revolutionary wave of 1848 and the negotiations that ended the Crimean War in 1856.
Consolidating the Liberal International Order
Authors: Lascurettes Kyle M.
Published: April 2020

While the previous chapter chronicled the origins of the Cold War, chapter 8 (“Consolidating the Liberal International Order”) considers its ending. It focuses in particular on the principal security component of Western order during the Cold War’s endgame, NATO. In contrast to the extraordinary transformations after World War II, the pivotal changes in international power and influence that took place between the 1989 and 1991 did not correspond with matching changes in American order preferences or, more importantly, in order outcomes. Instead, US leaders ultimately chose to stick with existing principles, maintaining continuity of the Western order in the transition from the Cold War to a post–Cold War international system. We can account for this continuity, this chapter argues, by assessing American perceptions of the lack of new any new threatening entities or forces during this critical period.
The Future of Order
Authors: Lascurettes Kyle M.
Published: April 2020

Chapter 9 (“The Future of Order”) reviews the empirical findings of the book and discusses their implications for the study of international relations. It then leverages these findings to address the two most important questions for international order in the twenty-first century: In the near term, what changes to the existing liberal order will the United States advocate as it continues to decline in relative power? And in the long term, what is its projected hegemonic successor, China, likely to do with the existing order when it finds itself in a position to fundamentally recast its underlying principles?
The Contests for Communal Temples in the Early 1950s to the Mid-1970s
Authors: Wang Xiaoxuan
Published: April 2020

From collectivization to the Cultural Revolution, communal temples deprived of land routinely came under attack, from political campaigns and encroachments on their property and religious sites. By the early 1970s, the vast majority of communal temples in Rui’an were either shut down, occupied, or destroyed—a massive deterritorialization on a truly unprecedented scale in local history. Followers quickly learned to deal with the expropriation of traditional communal religious space through various tactics to carry on worship. The restoration of temples did not lack the support of Communist Party cadres, the new village leadership. However, since the political climate affected the stability of religious spaces, as well as the material foundations and leadership of communal religious activities, attempts to restore temples and temple practices could only persist at a minimal level. But this persistence had a crucial role in laying the groundwork for the post-Mao revival of communal temples.
Destruction and Renewal
Authors: Wang Xiaoxuan
Published: April 2020

Before 1958, most Protestant churches were less heavily stigmatized, unlike the Catholic Church, which had been overshadowed by the politically charged “counterrevolutionary” stigma since 1949. Many village Protestant churches welcomed new converts and new church groups were founded. This ongoing growth had other consequences as well, creating friction with state programs, local cadres, and even non-Christian villagers. In Wenzhou, the local government used the occasion of the Great Leap Forward beginning in 1958 to launch a “great leap in religious work,” shutting down all churches and forcing Christians to renounce their faith. The campaign left Protestant communities deeply divided, mixing fresh wounds with old feuds. The hostile political climate led to clandestine house gatherings and new modus operandi for Christian communities. This shift would bring about a much more dramatic transformation during the Cultural Revolution.
Mixed Blessings
Authors: Wang Xiaoxuan
Published: April 2020

The transition from underground family gathering to meetings in formal church buildings after the Cultural Revolution was a dramatic passage in the history of Christianity in Rui’an and Wenzhou. It generated both prosperity and chaos. Many Protestant leaders adopted a pragmatic stance toward the re-established Three-Self Church, allowing Protestant communities to take full advantage of their status as a “regulatory priority.” By contrast, Catholic communities could not do so because of their persistent refusal to collaborate with the government. Yet the loosening political and institutional environment was a mixed blessing for the Protestant Church. The government’s accommodating attitude toward formal church meetings considerably accelerated the construction, restitution, and legalization of churches, old and new. But the reappearance of the Three-Self Church tested the fragile unity that the churches had achieved during the Cultural Revolution. Protestant communities were torn apart by schisms at every level, from pan-denominational organizations to small village churches.
Déjà Vu?
Authors: Wang Xiaoxuan
Published: April 2020

The 1980s saw a grassroots movement that capitalized on the disintegration of collective institutions and the weakening of the planned economy to reclaim religious sites in Rui’an and Wenzhou, a highly symbolic moment that reversed the trend of destruction and expropriation of traditional ritual space since 1898. Yet the movement was not just about religion. It occurred as a social response to a larger issue—the instability of property rights during decollectivization—and has dramatically revitalized traditional rural organizations. The co-option and repackaging of Elderly People Associations (EPAs) as a proxy for temple reclamation allowed local residents to reinvent communal religion, circumventing the problem of legality and securing a stable existence for territorial temples. However, local EPAs have grown beyond their early role as a cover for religious activities. As they grow socially and economically, drawing retired cadres and other village elites, they are moving toward the center of village politics.
Drinker’s Paradise?
Authors: West Mark D.
Published: April 2020

This chapter offers an overview of the book and introduces the book’s methodology through a 1956 case of attempted murder in which the defendant was found not guilty because he was intoxicated. The court’s opinion begins with many specific facts that help readers understand the characters and the outcome of the case and ends by editorializing about the dangers of Japan’s emergence as a “drinker’s paradise.” Using this opinion as an example, the chapter sets forth the goals of the book: to use law to create a rich description of the role of alcohol in Japan and to use the alcohol-related cases to challenge traditional depictions of the Japanese legal system as one that provides systematic and routinized justice. It closes with a brief description of Japanese judges and their role in the judicial system.
Drunk Driving
Authors: West Mark D.
Published: April 2020

Japanese drunk driving laws are among the strictest in the world and are stricter than those of any U.S. state. Yet despite considerable drinking in Japan, drunk driving arrests and prosecutions are relatively rare. When cases reach the courtroom, Japanese judges apply an extraordinary range of tests to determine liability. Sometimes they rely on blood alcohol or breath alcohol results, and sometimes they don’t. Sometimes they rely on subjective observations of intoxication, and sometimes they don’t. Sometimes they rely on factors unrelated to drinking or driving to determine liability both for drivers and for passengers alike.
Music Cognition in Frontotemporal Dementia and Non-Alzheimer’s Dementias
Authors: Omar Rohani
Published: April 2020

This chapter examines how music knowledge is affected in non-Alzheimer’s dementias, with a focus on frontotemporal dementia syndromes. It discusses the clinical and neurobiological rationale for studying music knowledge in non-Alzheimer’s dementia. It describes some of the ways in which music knowledge has been investigated in these patients, what musical abilities are lost or preserved in non-Alzheimer’s dementia, and how this information helps us improve our knowledge of how the brain processes music. The social role of music in evolution is briefly discussed. The chapter examines how emotions generated by and recognized in music are processed differently in frontotemporal dementia compared to healthy individuals and Alzheimer’s disease patients, including the phenomenon of musicophilia, the abnormally enhanced craving for music. Finally it explains how the differences in emotion processing between dementia diseases highlight the need for some selectivity in designing music-based therapies.
Musical Leisure Activities to Support Cognitive and Emotional Functioning in Aging and Dementia
Authors: Särkämö Teppo
Published: April 2020

The capacity of music to engage auditory, cognitive, motor, and emotional functions across cortical and subcortical brain regions and the relative preservation of music in the aging and degenerating brain makes music a promising tool both in supporting healthy neurocognitive aging and maintaining better emotional well-being, cognitive functioning, and communication and social interaction in different stages of dementia. As the incidence and prevalence of aging-related neurological illnesses is rapidly increasing, it is important to develop music-based interventions that make use of self- or caregiver-implemented musical leisure activities and that are enjoyable and effective in the everyday care of the persons with dementia. This chapter reviews recent experimental evidence on the emotional and cognitive effects of musical leisure activities in healthy older adults and in persons with dementia and their caregivers. The chapter also discusses which factors are crucial for the efficacy of music in different stages of dementia.
Preserved Musical Instrument Playing in Dementia
Authors: Baird Amee , Thompson William Forde
Published: April 2020

The ability to play a musical instrument can remain in people with dementia, despite their cognitive impairment in other non-music domains. Case studies of people with Alzheimer’s Dementia (AD) or Behavioural variant Frontotemporal dementia (Bv-FTD) have reported preserved musical instrument playing even in the severe stage and, in some cases, the ability to learn a musical instrument after the onset of dementia. We propose that playing a musical instrument allows a unique form of access to two crucial domains, memory and the self. It enables the expression of preserved forms of memory, namely procedural, semantic, and episodic, including autobiographical memories. In doing so, it can provide access to one’s past and continuing self and can be considered a form of self-preservation and expression in musicians with dementia. Four new cases of preserved musical instrument playing in people with AD and Bv-FTD are described to illustrate our proposal.
Music and Music-Therapy Interventions for Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia
Authors: Lipe Anne W. , Edmonston Molly
Published: April 2020

This umbrella review summarizes and compares evidence from existing systematic reviews on the effectiveness of music and music-therapy interventions in addressing behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) among individuals with dementia. Characteristics of 14 reviews are presented and findings from these reviews are organized and described by individual symptoms (anxiety, agitation, and depression). The results of this umbrella review suggest that music and music-therapy interventions have a positive effect on the short-term reduction of BPSD. Recommendations for best clinical practice are generated from these findings. Sources of heterogeneity in the reviews make it difficult to formulate meaningful conclusions on the effectiveness of music and music-therapy interventions for BPSD symptoms at specific stages of dementia. Best practice dictates that music and music-therapy interventions within the context of a person-centered approach are likely to be the most successful in reducing BPSD for individuals with dementia.
Monetary and Fiscal Policy through a DSGE Lens
Authors: Cole Harold L.
Published: April 2020

This text is designed to bridge the gap between Ph.D. and undergraduate textbooks in Macroeconomics. The text develops a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model of money using a cash-in-advance constraint and endogenous production as in the real business cycle literature. The costs of inflation and optimal monetary policy, the impact of labor and capital taxes and as well as optimal fiscal policy are covered. Many extensions, including new Keynesian liquidity shock models are developed. Both standard analytic methods, such as Lagrangian methods, and computational methods using Matlab and Python, are developed as we construct quantitative models.
The Cash-in-Advance Model—Second Step
Authors: Cole Harold L.
Published: April 2020

The chapter extends the cash-in-advance model to allow for multiple periods, develops an equilibrium characterization, and shows how to write the first steady state computational program. The model is then used to quantify the costs of inflation, determine that optimal policy implies Friedman’s rule, and compare the gains from lower inflation vs. higher growth.
Some Interesting Extensions
Authors: Cole Harold L.
Published: April 2020

The model is extended to include differences in velocity, as well as physical costs to holding money. These additional costs are shown to allow for negative interest rates. A version of the model with elastic money demand is constructed that can be calibrated.
Measurement Error and Our Data
Authors: Cole Harold L.
Published: April 2020

This chapter introduces the idea that all data are measured with error. It then uses a standard normally distributed error formulation within a state and measurement context to derive the optimal estimate of the measurement error given a data measurement.
Money Supply Rules and Interest Rate Rules
Authors: Cole Harold L.
Published: April 2020

In this chapter we introduce various formulations of central bank policy rule consider their implications within the context of our model. We introduce preference shocks to our model to create a motivation for smoothing by the central bank.
A Model of Money and Capital
Authors: Cole Harold L.
Published: April 2020

Our baseline model is extended to include capital in the production process as in the standard Solow growth model. Balanced growth paths are characterized, and these are related to Kaldor’s growth facts.
Taxes in Our Model: Take 1
Authors: Cole Harold L.
Published: April 2020

Our model of money, capital and labor is extended to allow for labor and capital taxes. We then construct a quantitative version of the model and use it to illustrate how revenue increases and then decreases as we increase tax rates. We also show how low capital taxes are associated with better balanced growth outcomes.
Modeling Government Expenditures
Authors: Cole Harold L.
Published: April 2020

Government expenditures both as a utility good and as a production input are added to the model. The quantitative implications of different levels of government expenditures and efficiency are examined.
Dynamic Adjustment with Capital
Authors: Cole Harold L.
Published: April 2020

We construct the transition paths to the balanced growth path for our model. We show how to program the model and evaluate how and how quickly it converges to the balanced growth path.
A Business Cycle Model with Capital
Authors: Cole Harold L.
Published: April 2020

We a real business cycle model with money and show how to compute the equilibrium outcomes using linearization methods. We illustrate the quantitative implications of our model by developing a Dynare computer code version of the model.
Getting Right with Slavery
Authors: Barney William L.
Published: April 2020

Moral doubts about slavery persisted among Southern whites throughout the antebellum period, and planters were never convinced of the full loyalty to slavery of non-slaveholders. Largely in response to the moral indictment of slavery by Northern abolitionists, evangelical ministers launched a concerted movement to show that slavery was ordained by God in the Bible and was part of a divine plan entrusting Southerners with the care and moral uplift of an inferior race unfit to live in freedom. As revealed by slave testimony, the disciplinary measures of slaveholders, and the separation by sale of slave families, efforts to reform slavery by the Christian principle of stewardship were unsuccessful. Sporadic programs in the Upper South to gradually end the institution by colonizing slaves in Africa reached dead ends. Although often troubled by the responsibilities of managing slaves, plantation mistresses readily resorted to violence to enforce their will and placed their positions of wealth and privilege above any antislavery sentiments. Intimidation and expulsion faced dissenters who openly attacked slavery. Whatever doubts whites entertained, they closed ranks against any outside interference with slavery.
Waiting for Lincoln
Authors: Barney William L.
Published: April 2020

The election of Abraham Lincoln, an antislavery Republican, was the catalyst secessionists had long sought for arousing Southern whites behind disunion. Southern radicals split the Democratic Party at its Charleston Convention in April by laying down an ultimatum over the federal protection of slavery in the territories, thus greatly increasing the odds for a Republican victory. Two sectional Democrats, John C. Breckinridge for the South and Stephen A. Douglas for the North; a conservative Whig, John Bell; and Lincoln ran for the presidency, and each had a distinctive stand on the slavery issue. Food shortages in the midst of a prolonged drought and near panic over slave insurrections rumored to be incited by abolitionist emissaries gripped the South. Slaves grew more defiant and were blamed for a series of major fires. Whites responded by forming vigilance committees that punished slaves and any outsiders seen as a danger to the security of their communities. Proclaiming that the South could never submit to the shame and degradation of living under an abolitionist president threatening slavery and its way of life, Southern Democrats called for secession should Lincoln win.
The Confederacy
Authors: Barney William L.
Published: April 2020

In forming the Confederate States of America at a convention in Montgomery, Alabama, in February 1861, the delegates made the protection of slavery their top priority. They wrote into the Provisional Confederate Constitution explicit guarantees for the perpetuation of slavery. Anxious to project an image of bipartisan moderation, they denied leadership positions to the fire-eaters, the original hard-core radicals, and chose Jefferson Davis, a latecomer to secession, for president, and Alexander Stephens, who had warned against the dangers of secession, for vice-president. As inducements for the Upper South to join the Confederacy, the convention adopted a moderate tariff instead of free trade and constitutionally mandated the prohibition of the African slave trade. God was invoked as their protector on the official seal of the Confederacy, a confirmation of the evangelical belief that Southerners were undertaking a holy mission in forming a new Christian republic dedicated to the glory of God. Although specifically authorized only with drafting a provisional constitution, the delegates conferred the powers of a legislative body or congress on the convention in order to move ahead quickly in shaping their new government and preparing for a possible war with the North. By March, a functioning government and army were in place.
From Waiting Game to War
Authors: Barney William L.
Published: April 2020

A month of anxious waiting came to an end in early April 1861 when Lincoln’s decision to send a relief expedition to Fort Sumter shattered an uneasy peace between the Union and the Confederacy and precipitated war and the last phase of secession. Just after delivering his Inaugural Address on March 4, 1861, in which he denounced secession as anarchy and pledged to hold federal properties as yet unseized in the South but not to initiate hostilities against the seceded states, Lincoln learned from Major Anderson that Fort Sumter would run out of supplies in about forty days. Whether to resupply the fort or order its evacuation was the defining issue of his first month in office. Against the advice of Republican conservatives led by William H. Seward, who were convinced that Southerners would voluntarily choose to reenter the Union in a matter of months if Lincoln refrained from any act that could touch off a war, Lincoln finally ordered a relief expedition but stipulated that no troops or ammunition would be sent in unless the Confederacy fired upon the expedition or the fort. On the orders of Jefferson Davis, Confederate artillery opened fire on the morning of April 12. On learning of the fort’s surrender, Lincoln called on all the states for militia troops to put down what he defined as a rebellion. Southerners viewed his troop call as a declaration of war to invade their homeland and end slavery. Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, and North Carolina in the Upper South quickly seceded, but the border slave states, a key to future Union offensive operations, held firm in the Union.
Economic Freedom as an Ideology*
Authors: Reykowski Janusz
Published: April 2020

There are two sides to economic freedom. It is a precondition for activating powerful psychological forces that stimulate human entrepreneurship and creativity, which allowed capitalism to effect the huge civilization leap made over the past 200 years. It has not been able, however, to control the destructive forces involved in competitive and hostile attitudes associated with conflicts of interests and the desire to maximize one’s own individual and group benefits. What is more, social processes that develop under economic freedom may have adverse influence on human relations and foster various social pathologies. There is also a rise in social inequalities, connected with the concentration of economic and, consequently, political power. The belief that there is a linear relationship between greater economic freedoms and improvement of productivity as well as in the quality of life in human societies has been only partly confirmed.