bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric constraints on limits to species ranges influence consumer‐resource richness over an environmental gradient
Authors: Gutiérrez David , Vila Roger , Wilson Robert. J.
Published: September 2016

Aim

There is little consensus about the relative roles of biotic versus abiotic factors in setting limits to species distributions or in generating geographical patterns of species richness. However, despite the probable importance of host availability in governing the distribution and diversity of consumers, few studies have simultaneously tested the effects of resource distribution and diversity on consumer ranges and richness patterns.

Location

Sierra de Guadarrama, central Spain.

Methods

We examined the effects of biotic resources, consumer attributes and climate on the ranges and species richness patterns of 43 specialist butterflies at 40 sites over a 1800‐m elevational gradient. Evidence for resource use was based on comprehensive field records of oviposition and larval feeding on host plants.

Results

We show that limitation by either biotic interactions with resources (the distributions and parts eaten of the larval host plants) or intrinsic dispersal ability was stronger at upper than lower elevational range limits for butterflies. Both resource and consumer richness followed a unimodal, humped pattern over the elevational gradient, but host plant richness peaked 300 m lower than butterfly richness. In addition, whereas changes in butterfly species richness were roughly symmetrical around peak richness over the gradient studied, the host plants showed markedly lower species richness at high elevations (> 1750 m). Butterfly species richness increased with host plant resource diversity and relative humidity, with a steeper response to host plant richness in cooler sites (at higher elevations).

Main conclusions

The results demonstrate the role of bottom‐up control by resource availability in limiting consumer distributions and richness. Importantly, resource limitation had increasing relevance towards the coolest parts of environmental gradients and those poorest in resource species, with potential consequences for ecological responses to environmental change.
High‐throughput sequencing to identify microRNA signatures during hepatic differentiation of human umbilical cord Wharton's jelly‐derived mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Raut Akshata , Khanna Aparna
Published: September 2016

Aim

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a class of small non‐coding RNAs involved in regulation of cognate mRNAs post‐transcriptionally. MicroRNAs have been implicated in regulating the stem cell differentiation process. Limited regulatory miRNAs have been reported to date during hepatic differentiation of stem cells. The present study was designed to identify the signature miRNAs implicated in hepatic differentiation of stem cells using next‐generation sequencing methods.

Methods

We undertook sequencing of miRNAs isolated from three different time points during hepatic differentiation of human umbilical cord Wharton's jelly‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC‐MSCs) from two biological replicates.

Results

Out of a total known 2588 miRNAs (according to miRBase version 21), 880 miRNAs were identified in our study. A total of 63 significantly expressed miRNAs during hepatic differentiation, with at least 2‐fold change and a false discovery rate value <0.05, were considered for further analysis. The putative target genes of significantly downregulated miRNAs during hepatic differentiation appeared to be mostly associated with biological processes that are essential for hepatic differentiation and maintenance of mature hepatic phenotype‐like liver development, stem cell differentiation, Wnt receptor signaling pathway, and drug and cholesterol metabolic processes. Putative target genes of significantly upregulated miRNAs are highly enriched in regulating processes that block hepatic differentiation of hUC‐MSCs like epithelial–mesenchymal transition, transforming growth factor‐β receptor signaling pathway, and stem cell maintenance.

Conclusion

The study provides a new insight for investigation of miRNA‐regulated pathways during the differentiation process.
Rosuvastatin limits the activation of hepatic stellate cells in diet‐induced obese mice
Authors: Marinho Thatiany de Souza , Kawasaki Adriana , Bryntesson Marcus , Souza‐Mello Vanessa , Barbosa‐da‐Silva Sandra , Aguila Marcia B. , Mandarim‐de‐Lacerda Carlos A.
Published: September 2016

Aim

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of rosuvastatin in a model of diet‐induced obesity and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease, with attention to the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs).

Method

Male C57BL/6 mice received a control diet (C; 10% energy as lipids) or a high‐fat diet (HF; 50% energy as lipids) for 12 weeks, followed by 7 weeks of treatment. Group CR received control diet + rosuvastatin; group HFR received high‐fat diet + rosuvastatin.

Results

The HF group showed higher insulin, total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and leptin levels than the C group, all of which were significantly diminished by rosuvastatin in the HFR group. The HF group had greater steatosis and activated HSCs than the C group, whereas rosuvastatin diminished the steatosis (less 21%, P < 0.001) and significantly inhibited the activation of the HSCs in the HFR group compared to the HF group. The sterol regulatory element‐binding protein‐1 and the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR)‐γ protein expressions were increased in HF animals and reduced after treatment in the HFR group. By contrast, low PPAR‐α and carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐1 expressions were found in the HF group, and were restored by rosuvastatin treatment in the HFR group.

Conclusion

Rosuvastatin mitigated hepatic steatosis by modulating PPAR balance, favoring PPAR‐α over PPAR‐γ downstream effects. The effects were accompanied by a diminishing of insulin resistance, the anti‐inflammatory adipokine profile, and HSC activation, avoiding non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease progression and non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis onset in this model.
Improvement of Durability of Purging Plugs Using MgO Micropowder for Refining Ladles
Authors: Fu Lvping , Huang Ao , Gu Huazhi , Wu Bin , Wang Wei
Published: September 2016

To modulate the matrix of purging plugs, MgO micropowder was introduced as a replacement to magnesia powder in alumina–magnesia castables, and the effect of MgO micropowder on the properties of alumina–magnesia castables and the possibility of developing chrome‐free castables were investigated. Experimental results showed that the introduction of MgO micropowder resulted in an improvement in the volume stability, strength, and thermal shock resistance of alumina–magnesia castables due to its high surface energy and small particle size. However, excessive amounts of MgO micropowder led to a lower densification, and there was a slight degradation in the performance of the alumina–magnesia castables. The slag resistance of the prepared alumina–magnesia castables was significantly better than that of the alumina–chrome castables. Microstructure and energy spectrum analysis showed that the formation of a solidified reaction layer, mainly consisting of spinel and CaAl12O19, was the major cause of the observed difference in slag resistance. In addition, the alumina–magnesia castables had a lower linear thermal expansion coefficient than that of the alumina–chrome castables at each experimental temperature, which effectively decreased the thermal stress during its service period, thus exhibiting good thermal shock resistance.
Cleanliness and consumption: exploring material and social structuring of domestic cleaning practices
Authors: Jack Tullia
Published: September 2016

In line with increasing international trends of energy efficient devices on the market and in households, domestic consumption of water and energy should be decreasing. However in Sweden, domestic per capita water consumption is not decreasing rapidly and energy consumption is actually increasing. This suggests that physical contexts are not the only factor shaping resource demand. People are also influenced by collective conventions; what we think is normal has a significant say in what we do, and the resources we consume in the course of everyday life. This paper explores the way context shapes what people do from both a material infrastructures and social infrastructures perspective, using cleanliness in Sweden as a case study. First, material infrastructures in Sweden are mapped, including device ownership, water, energy and time consumed related to cleanliness. Second, qualitative interviews with Swedish people aim to show the social structuring of cleanliness. Understanding the interplay between physical and social structures has potential implications for decreasing resource intensity in everyday life.
Financial literacy and savings decisions by adult financial consumers in Zimbabwe
Authors: Murendo Conrad , Mutsonziwa Kingstone
Published: September 2016

We use survey data from a sample of 4000 adult financial consumers in Zimbabwe to analyse the determinants of financial literacy and its effect on individual's savings decisions. Results show that women have lower financial literacy than men. Furthermore, individuals' residing in rural areas exhibit lower financial literacy compared with urban financial consumers. Financial literacy and financial services interventions targeting women and rural individuals should be strengthened. Econometric results show that financial literacy positively influences savings behaviour for both rural and urban individuals. Furthermore, financial literacy positively influences informal and formal savings. Policy interventions that foster financial literacy are needed to improve individuals saving behaviours.
A pilot study of the effects of niacin administration on free fatty acid and growth hormone concentrations in children with obesity
Authors: Galescu O. A. , Crocker M. K. , Altschul A. M. , Marwitz S. E. , Brady S. M. , Yanovski J. A.
Published: September 2016

Context

Children with obesity have low spontaneous growth hormone (GH) secretion. High circulating free fatty acid (FFA) concentration is believed to inhibit GH secretion in those with obesity. In adults, lipolytic inhibition with niacin lowers FFA and increases GH, but there are no prior studies in children with obesity.

Objective

The objective of the study was to determine the dose and frequency of niacin administration required to lower FFA and stimulate GH in children with obesity.

Design

Dose‐finding study of nondiabetic children ages 6–12 years with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 95th percentile given niacin 250 mg q2h × 3 doses (n = 2), 500 mg q2h × 3 doses (n = 5) or 500 mg q1h × 4 doses (n = 5).

Participants

Eight boys and four girls (age 9.7 ± 1.8 years; BMI 26.4 ± 3.1 kg m−2; BMIz 2.2 ± .25) were studied.

Main Outcome

Percentage of serum FFA values that were below 0.2 mEq L−1. GH, insulin and glucose were also measured serially.

Results

FFA decreased as the dose and frequency of niacin increased (p = .01). Niacin 500 mg q1h 4 doses suppressed FFA < 0.2 mEq L−1 and significantly increased GH (p = .04). Adverse effects were flushing/warmth (100%), tingling (60%) and GI complaints (20–40%).

Conclusions

Niacin 500 mg q1h significantly lowered serum FFA and increased GH. These pilot data suggest that high FFA is an important suppressor of GH secretion in children with obesity.
ENsCOPE: Scoping the Practice of Enrolled Nurses in an Australian Community Health Setting
Authors: Murray‐Parahi P. , Edgar V. , Descallar J. , Comino E. , Johnson M.
Published: September 2016

Introduction

A continuing shift of healthcare delivery from hospital to the community has increased the acuity and complexity of care provided in the home. Global financial crises and nursing shortages have prompted policies supporting two tiers of nursing and expansion of the licensed practical nurse, second level or enrolled nurse role and evoked debate surrounding roles traditionally undertaken by registered nurses. Community nursing offers unique challenges for enrolled nurses wanting to enact their full scope of practice.

Aim

To compare and describe registered and enrolled nurse opinions of their current and potential enrolled nurse scope of practice in the community health setting.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey of 136 nurses (115 registered and 21 enrolled nurses) was undertaken within a large community nursing team in Australia. Participants reported their opinions of enrolled nurse scope of practice based on 27 core community nursing skills.

Results

Although substantial agreement was evident, there were statistically significant differences between registered nurse and enrolled nurse opinions in core skill areas; ‘Patient Education’ and ‘Clinical Observation’. Registered nurses identified some specialized skills—catheter and gastrostomy care—that could be undertaken by enrolled nurses with further education.

Conclusion

We confirm that registered nurses do agree with extending the skills of enrolled nurses. Education approaches that build shared confidence in enrolled nurse advanced skills are recommended.

Implications for nursing and health policy

The future supply of nurses is at risk. There are limited resources and increasing demand for quality health care where people live and work. While there may be opportunities internationally to improve productivity through advanced nursing roles, these policies should prioritize efficiency by firstly promoting the full enactment of nursing skills in these settings.
Epidemiology of influenza B in Australia: 2001‐2014 influenza seasons
Authors: Moa Aye M. , Muscatello David J. , Turner Robin M. , MacIntyre Chandini R.
Published: September 2016

Background

Influenza B is characterised by two antigenic lineages: B/Victoria and B/Yamagata. These lineages circulate together with influenza A during influenza seasons, with varying incidence from year to year and by geographic region.

Objective

To determine the epidemiology of influenza B relative to influenza A in Australia.

Methods

Laboratory‐confirmed influenza notifications between 2001 and 2014 in Australia were obtained from the Australian National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System.

Results

A total of 278 485 laboratory‐confirmed influenza cases were notified during the study period, comprising influenza A (82.2%), B (17.1%) and ‘other and untyped’ (0.7%). The proportion of notifications that were influenza B was highest in five‐ to nine‐year‐olds (27.5%) and lowest in persons aged 85 years and over (11.5%). Of all B notifications with lineage determined, 77.1% were B/Victoria and 22.9% were B/Yamagata infections. Mismatches between the dominant B lineage in a season and the trivalent vaccine B lineage occurred in over one‐third of seasons during the study years. In general, influenza B notifications peaked later than influenza A notifications.

Conclusion

The proportion of circulating influenza B in Australia during 2001‐2014 was slightly lower than the global average and was dominated by B/Victoria. Compared with influenza A, influenza B infection was more common among older children and young adults and less common in the very elderly. Influenza B lineage mismatch with the trivalent vaccine occurred about one‐third of the time.
Limited gene dispersal and spatial genetic structure as stabilizing factors in an ant‐plant mutualism
Authors: Malé P.‐J. G. , Leroy C. , Humblot P. , Dejean A. , Quilichini A. , Orivel J.
Published: September 2016

Comparative studies of the population genetics of closely associated species are necessary to properly understand the evolution of these relationships because gene flow between populations affects the partners' evolutionary potential at the local scale. As a consequence (at least for antagonistic interactions), asymmetries in the strength of the genetic structures of the partner populations can result in one partner having a co‐evolutionary advantage. Here, we assess the population genetic structure of partners engaged in a species‐specific and obligatory mutualism: the Neotropical ant‐plant, Hirtella physophora, and its ant associate, Allomerus decemarticulatus. Although the ant cannot complete its life cycle elsewhere than on H. physophora and the plant cannot live for long without the protection provided by A. decemarticulatus, these species also have antagonistic interactions: the ants have been shown to benefit from castrating their host plant and the plant is able to retaliate against too virulent ant colonies. We found similar short dispersal distances for both partners, resulting in the local transmission of the association and, thus, inbred populations in which too virulent castrating ants face the risk of local extinction due to the absence of H. physophora offspring. On the other hand, we show that the plant populations probably experienced greater gene flow than did the ant populations, thus enhancing the evolutionary potential of the plants. We conclude that such levels of spatial structure in the partners' populations can increase the stability of the mutualistic relationship. Indeed, the local transmission of the association enables partial alignments of the partners' interests, and population connectivity allows the plant retaliation mechanisms to be locally adapted to the castration behaviour of their symbionts.
Treating rheumatoid arthritis to target: physician and patient adherence issues in contemporary rheumatoid arthritis therapy
Authors: Wabe Nasir , Wiese Michael D.
Published: September 2016

Development of the treat‐to‐target (T2T) strategy, the process whereby drug therapy is adjusted until the therapeutic goal is achieved, has revolutionized how rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients are treated. With the advent of T2T, the management of RA is more effective than ever, with the possibility of remission and other favorable clinical and patient‐reported outcomes. Effective implementation of a T2T strategy in routine clinical practice mainly depends on the long‐term commitment of physician and patient to T2T treatment recommendations. However, as T2T is a complex process involving aggressive early management with several steps of therapy modifications requiring frequent close monitoring of disease activity and drug toxicities, it may be more liable to suboptimal adherence in real‐life clinical practice. The aim of the review is to present key issues related to patient medication adherence and physician adherence to the current RA treatment recommendations and their importance in optimizing the outcome of treatment in RA treated according to T2T strategy.
Managing serious clinical deterioration in a tertiary hospital in Hong Kong: from indicators development to multiple measures in reducing the rates
Authors: Ho Jasperine Ka Yee , Lee Quinnie , Lam Jaden Chun Ho , Tang Kam Shing
Published: September 2016

Rationale, aims and objectives

Timely detection and management of acutely deteriorating patients can save lives. Tuen Mun Hospital (TMH), a 1800‐bed acute tertiary hospital serving more than 1.06 million populations in Hong Kong, is exploring to quantitatively monitor serious clinical deterioration (SCD) and uses it to guide patient care improvement initiatives.

Methods

Literature review on definition and measurement of SCD was conducted. Monthly SCD rates of TMH were first calculated according to the published methodology and benchmarked against those of international centres. A refined composite clinical indicator good for local use was compiled. In the second phase, p‐control charts of SCD have been plotted based on cumulative data.

Results

TMH's performance was comparable with that of international centres. SCD on p‐control charts has been plotting since January 2013. There were peaks in all 4 SCD rates during the winter surge period in 2013–2014. In the third phase, multiple measures have been taking to reduce the SCD rates including targeting the 3 main factors of winter surge situation. We are delighted to observe that the pattern did not repeat in the rate of cardiac arrest without do not attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation (DNACPR) and rate of death without DNACPR in the same period in 2014–2015.

Conclusions

SCD becomes a clinical governance tool to monitor the performance of clinical teams in treating acutely deteriorating patients in TMH. Any abnormal patterns or indications of special cause variations in the control charts would alert leaders to look for root causes of special cause variations and manage accordingly. We hope that this project will extend to corporate level and become a sustainable clinical indicator to guide audits, quality improvement initiatives and strategic planning.
Induction of gonadal maturation at different temperatures in burbot Lota lota
Authors: Schaefer F. J. , Hermelink B. , Husmann P. , Meeus W. , Adriaen J. , Wuertz S.
Published: September 2016

A rearing experiment was conducted to test whether temperature protocols that differed from a simulation of natural conditions might induce maturation after isothermal grow‐out in burbot Lota lota. Lota lota were acclimated to two different temperature regimes: low temperature (LT), close to natural temperature at 4·0° C and elevated, high temperature (HT) at 8·5° C over 40 and 27 days respectively, with all fish then wintered for 47 days. Every second fish was treated with a gonadotropin‐releasing hormone analogue. Maturational competence of oocytes was assessed with a germinal vesicle breakdown assay using a novel staining strategy. In both treatments, puberty and maturational progress occurred, characterised by an elevated gonado‐somatic index and advanced gonadal stages (histological analysis). Progress of gonadal maturation was reflected by elevated plasma concentrations of testosterone and 11‐ketosterone in males and 17β‐oestradiol in females. Ovulation was not observed. Sperm could be activated equally across treatments. In general, LT was more effective than HT treatment, indicated by advanced gonadal stages, higher numbers of oocytes undergoing germinal vesicle breakdown in vitro and elevated sex steroid levels. Hormone treatment could improve effectiveness at HT. In conclusion, less drastic temperature regimes as previously reported in combination with hormone treatments seem sufficient to induce maturation in L. lota after isothermal grow‐out.
Development of a Nonparametric Predictive Model for Readmission Risk in Elderly Adults After Colon and Rectal Cancer Surgery
Authors: Yeo Heather , Mao Jialin , Abelson Jonathan S. , Lachs Mark , Finlayson Emily , Milsom Jeffrey , Sedrakyan Art
Published: September 2016

Objectives

Primary objective: to use advanced nonparametric techniques to determine risk factors for readmission after colorectal cancer surgery in elderly adults. Secondary objective: to compare this methodology with traditional parametric methods.

Design

Using data from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP), nonparametric techniques were used to evaluate the risk of readmission in elderly adults undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer in 2011 and 2012.

Setting

More than 200 hospitals participating in the NSQIP database.

Participants

Individuals aged 65 and older who underwent surgery for colorectal cancer in 2011 and 2012 (N = 2,117).

Measurements

Age‐stratified robust nonparametric predictive model (classification and regression tree (CART) analysis) of 30‐day readmission for elderly adults undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer.

Results

Recent chemotherapy was the most important predictor of readmission in participants aged 65 to 74, with 20% of those with recent chemotherapy and 11% of with no recent chemotherapy being readmitted. Participants aged 75 to 84 who had recently undergone chemotherapy had a readmission rate of 23%, whereas those with no chemotherapy had a readmission rate of 9%. Being underweight was the greatest predictor of readmission (30%) in participants aged 85 and older. These methods were found to be more robust than traditional logistic regression.

Conclusion

Specific age‐related preoperative factors help predict readmission in elderly adults undergoing colorectal cancer surgery. Results of the nonparametric CART analysis are better than traditional regression analysis and help physicians to clinically stratify based on age. This model may help identify individuals in whom intervention may be helpful in reducing readmission after surgery.
Eating disorders: from bench to bedside and back
Authors: Gaetani Silvana , Romano Adele , Provensi Gustavo , Ricca Valdo , Lutz Thomas , Passani Maria Beatrice
Published: September 2016

The central nervous system and viscera constitute a functional ensemble, the gut–brain axis, that allows bidirectional information flow that contributes to the control of feeding behavior based not only on the homeostatic, but also on the hedonic aspects of food intake. The prevalence of eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa, binge eating and obesity, poses an enormous clinical burden, and involves an ever‐growing percentage of the population worldwide. Clinical and preclinical research is constantly adding new information to the field and orienting further studies with the aim of providing a foundation for developing more specific and effective treatment approaches to pathological conditions. A recent symposium at the XVI Congress of the Societá Italiana di Neuroscienze (SINS, 2015) ‘Eating disorders: from bench to bedside and back’ brought together basic scientists and clinicians with the objective of presenting novel perspectives in the neurobiology of eating disorders. Clinical studies presented by V. Ricca illustrated some genetic aspects of the psychopathology of anorexia nervosa. Preclinical studies addressed different issues ranging from the description of animal models that mimic human pathologies such as anorexia nervosa, diet‐induced obesity, and binge eating disorders (T. Lutz), to novel interactions between peripheral signals and central circuits that govern food intake, mood and stress (A. Romano and G. Provensi). The gut–brain axis has received increasing attention in the recent years as preclinical studies are demonstrating that the brain and visceral organs such as the liver and guts, but also the microbiota are constantly engaged in processes of reciprocal communication, with unexpected physiological and pathological implications. Eating is controlled by a plethora of factors; genetic predisposition, early life adverse conditions, peripheral gastrointestinal hormones that act directly or indirectly on the central nervous system, all are receiving attention as they presumably contribute to the development of eating disorders.

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A microdialysis and enzymatic reactor sensing procedure for the simultaneous registration of online glutamate measurements at high temporal resolution during epileptiform activity
Authors: Morales‐Villagrán Alberto , Pardo‐Peña Kenia , Medina‐Ceja Laura , López‐Pérez Silvia
Published: September 2016

Glutamate measurement in microdialysis samples has primarily been determined using HPLC methods, and several attempts have been made to establish a relationship between this neurotransmitter and EEG activity during altered brain function, such as epilepsy. However, classic microdialysis methods lack high temporal resolution. In this study, a new alternative is proposed to improve the time resolution and thus obtain a better understanding of the dynamics of Glu and its relationship with epileptiform activity. A new setup was designed to measure Glu online in microdialysates using enzymatic reactors and fluorescence detection. In this study, we performed EEG recordings and Glu measurements simultaneously in the hippocampus to establish their relationship with the epileptiform events that are induced by pentylenetetrazole in intact and epileptic rats. Basal Glu levels in intact and animals with spontaneous seizures were not significantly different. However, a significant increase in Glu levels was detected during the first pentylenetetrazole‐induced seizure in both groups. EEG analysis showed that the amplitude of epileptiform activity was higher in rats with spontaneous seizures and that the frequency of this activity did not change. The results showed that this method can be used to determine Glu changes at high temporal resolution and that these changes can be related to seizure activity. In addition, this method can also be used to measure other neurotransmitters that generate fluorescent derivatives. Moreover, this new technique has the following advantages compared with classical neurochemical methods: easy setup, low training requirements, no need for separation, rapidity, and the experimental data can be obtained and analysis performed in a single session.

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Formative Experiences and Portfolio Choice: Evidence from the Finnish Great Depression
Authors: KNÜPFER SAMULI , RANTAPUSKA ELIAS , SARVIMÄKI MATTI
Published: September 2016

We trace the impact of formative experiences on portfolio choice. Plausibly exogenous variation in workers’ exposure to a depression allows us to identify the effects and a new estimation approach makes addressing wealth and income effects possible. We find that adversely affected workers are less likely to invest in risky assets. This result is robust to a number of control variables and it holds for individuals whose income, employment, and wealth were unaffected. The effects travel through social networks: individuals whose neighbors and family members experienced adverse circumstances also avoid risky investments.
Cryopyrin‐associated periodic syndrome in Australian children and adults: Epidemiological, clinical and treatment characteristics
Authors: Mehr Sam , Allen Roger , Boros Christina , Adib Navid , Kakakios Alyson , Turner Paul J , Rogers Maureen , Zurynski Yvonne , Singh‐Grewal Davinder
Published: September 2016

Aim

Cryopyrin‐associated periodic syndromes (CAPS) encapsulate three auto‐inflammatory conditions, ranging in severity from mild (familial cold auto‐inflammatory syndrome: FCAS), moderate (Muckle‐Wells syndrome: MWS) and severe (neonatal onset multi‐inflammatory disorder: NOMID). We aimed to describe the epidemiology, clinical features and outcomes of Australian children and adults with CAPS.

Methods

Patients were identified and clinical data collected through a questionnaire sent during 2012–2013 to clinicians reporting to the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit and subscribing to the Australasian Societies for Allergy/Immunology, Rheumatology and Dermatology.

Results

Eighteen cases of CAPS were identified (8 NOMID; 8 MWS, 2 FCAS); 12 in children <18 years of age. The estimated population prevalence of CAPS was 1 per million persons. Diagnostic delay was frequent, particularly in those with milder phenotypes (median diagnostic delay in MWS/FCAS 20.6 years compared with NOMID 2.1 years; P = 0.04). Common presenting features included urticaria (100%), periodic fever (78%), arthralgia (72%) and sensorineural hearing loss (61%). Almost all (90%) MWS patients had a family member similarly affected compared with none in the NOMID group (P = 0.004). A significant proportion of patients on anti‐interleukin (IL)‐1 therapy (n = 13) no longer had systemic inflammation. Only 50% with sensorineural hearing loss had hearing restored on anti‐IL‐1 therapy.

Conclusions

Although CAPS are rare, patients often endured prolonged periods of systemic inflammation. This is despite almost all MWS patients having family members with similar symptoms and children with NOMID presenting with chronic infantile urticaria associated with multi‐system inflammation. Hearing loss in NOMID/MWS was frequent, and reversible in only 50% of cases.
Evaluation of an E‐learning resource on approach to the first unprovoked seizure
Authors: Le Marne Fleur A , McGinness Hannah , Slade Rob , Cardamone Michael , Balbir Singh Shirleen , Connolly Anne M , Bye Ann ME
Published: September 2016

Aim

To develop and evaluate an online educational package instructing paediatricians and trainees in the diagnosis and management of a first unprovoked seizure in children.

Methods

The E‐learning content was created following a comprehensive literature review that referenced current international guidelines. Rigorous consultation with local paediatric neurologists, paediatricians and epilepsy nurses was undertaken. A series of learning modules was created and sequenced to reflect steps needed to achieve optimal diagnosis and management in a real‐life situation of a child presenting with a paroxysmal event. Paediatric registrars and advanced trainees from the Sydney Children's Hospitals Network were assessed before and after using the E‐learning Resource. Measures included general epilepsy knowledge, case‐based scenario knowledge; self‐rated measures of satisfaction with instruction and confidence regarding clinical approach to the child with first unprovoked seizure; and open ended questions evaluating the usefulness of the E‐learning resource.

Results

Performance on measures of general epilepsy knowledge and on the seizure‐related case scenarios improved significantly following completion of the E‐learning as did self‐rated satisfaction with instruction and confidence across all aspects of managing first seizure.

Conclusions

The E‐learning resource has been validated as a useful educational resource regarding the first afebrile unprovoked seizure for paediatricians.
Faltering growth with an ‘unexpected’ abdominal ultrasound finding
Authors: Sullivan Kate , Akikusa Jonathan D
Published: September 2016

See Answer
Community‐Based Colorectal Cancer Screening in a Rural Population: Who Returns Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT) Kits?
Authors: Crosby Richard A. , Stradtman Lindsay , Collins Tom , Vanderpool Robin
Published: September 2016

Purpose

To determine the return rate of community‐delivered fecal immunochemical test (FIT) kits in a rural population and to identify significant predictors of returning kits.

Methods

Residents were recruited in 8 rural Kentucky counties to enroll in the study and receive an FIT kit. Of 345 recruited, 82.0% returned an FIT kit from the point of distribution. These participants were compared to the remainder relative to age, sex, marital status, having an annual income below $15,000, not graduating from high school, not having a regular health care provider, not having health care coverage, being a current smoker, indicating current overweight or obese status, and a scale measure of fatalism pertaining to colorectal cancer. Predictors achieving significance at the bivariate level were entered into a stepwise logistic regression model to calculate adjusted OR and 95% CI.

Findings

The return rate was 82.0%. In adjusted analyses, those indicating an annual income of less than $15,000 were 2.85 times more likely to return their kits (95% CI: 1.56‐5.24; P < .001). Also, those not perceiving themselves to be overweight/obese were 1.95 times more likely to return their kits (95% CI: 1.07‐3.55; P = .029).

Conclusions

An outreach‐based colorectal cancer screening program in a rural population may yield high return rates. People with annual incomes below $15,000 and those not having perceptions of being overweight/obese may be particularly likely to return FIT kits.
Managing Information Processing Needs in Global Supply Chains: A Prerequisite to Sustainable Supply Chain Management
Authors: Busse Christian , Meinlschmidt Jan , Foerstl Kai
Published: September 2016

Sustainability is an important topic in supply chain management research and practice. For buying firms, one of the most pressing challenges associated with sustainable supply chain management is that they frequently do not possess sufficient information on what is occurring in their complex supply chains, as demonstrated by numerous incidents lacking sustainability. Using eight in‐depth case studies across four industries and elaborating on information processing theory, we identify three forms of sustainability‐related uncertainty that each firm is facing in its supply chain. We refer to them as task uncertainty, source uncertainty, and supply chain uncertainty. The study shows that the extent to which these uncertainties translate into information processing needs depends on a newly identified boundary condition labeled uncertainty intolerance. With respect to the management of such information processing needs, prior research has pointed primarily at matching information processing needs with fitting information processing capacity and secondly at mitigating information processing needs with corrective measures. This study illuminates how some innovative firms occasionally employ a more radical sustainability‐driven supply chain modification mechanism. In doing so, this research exemplifies how sustainable supply chain management may eventually turn from an amendment to a firm's daily business to a decisive factor for shaping future supply chains. In addition, the study constitutes a nascent step to elevate information processing theory to the supply chain level.
Estimation and Inference of Linear Trend Slope Ratios With an Application to Global Temperature Data
Authors: Vogelsang Timothy J. , Nawaz Nasreen
Published: September 2016

We examine estimation and inference of the ratio of linear trend slopes between two time series. Our methodological results are motivated by recent empirical climate papers that estimate and test hypotheses about the relative warming rate in the lower‐troposphere relative to surface warming, i.e. the amplification ratio. We analyze statistical properties of several estimators and test statistics that allow serial correlation. Relative merits of the estimators and test statistics depend on the magnitude of the trend slopes relative to the noise in the data. We make specific recommendations for practitioners. We revisit the empirical findings of Klotzbach et al. (2009, 2010) and obtain similar results using our recommended approach.
Boosting the signal: Endothelial inward rectifier K+ channels
Authors: Jackson William F.
Published: September 2016

Endothelial cells express a diverse array of ion channels including members of the strong inward rectifier family composed of KIR2 subunits. These two‐membrane spanning domain channels are modulated by their lipid environment, and exist in macromolecular signaling complexes with receptors, protein kinases and other ion channels. Inward rectifier K+ channel (KIR) currents display a region of negative slope conductance at membrane potentials positive to the K+ equilibrium potential that allows outward current through the channels to be activated by membrane hyperpolarization, permitting KIR to amplify hyperpolarization induced by other K+ channels and ion transporters. Increases in extracellular K+ concentration activate KIR allowing them to sense extracellular K+ concentration and transduce this change into membrane hyperpolarization. These properties position KIR to participate in the mechanism of action of hyperpolarizing vasodilators and contribute to cell‐cell conduction of hyperpolarization along the wall of microvessels. The expression of KIR in capillaries in electrically active tissues may allow KIR to sense extracellular K+, contributing to functional hyperemia. Understanding the regulation of expression and function of microvascular endothelial KIR will improve our understanding of the control of blood flow in the microcirculation in health and disease and may provide new targets for the development of therapeutics in the future.
Retinal microcirculation in association with caffeinated and alcoholic drinks in subjects at increased cardiovascular risk
Authors: Karatzi Kalliopi , Aissopou Evaggelia K. , Katsana Konstantina , Moiragia Marousa , Tentolouris Nikolaos , Sfikakis Petros P. , Protogerou Athanase D.
Published: September 2016

Objectives

The association of caffeinated and alcoholic drinks with microcirculation is poorly investigated. The aim of the study was to investigate the associations of daily consumption of caffeinated and alcoholic drinks with retinal vessel calibers.

Methods

In consecutive adults at increased risk but free of CVD and diabetes mellitus, (n=181, age: 51.32±12.42 y, 51.4% women), we determined CRAE, CRVE and AVR, respectively. Daily consumption of caffeinated and alcoholic drinks was assessed through 24 h recalls.

Results

After adjustment for potential confounders: (i) caffeine was positively associated with CRVE (b=0.177, P=.006 for left, b=0.208, P=.002 for right eye, respectively) (ii) decaffeinated coffee was positively associated with CRAE (b=0.141, P=.035 for left eye) and negatively associated with CRVE (b=−0.234, P<.001 for left, b=−0.189, P=.006 for right eye, respectively). Regular coffee, tea, alcohol, and any type of alcoholic drink did not associate with retinal vessel calibers.

Conclusions

Alcohol and alcoholic drinks’ consumption were not associated, while decaffeinated coffee and caffeine consumption were associated in an opposing pattern with retinal vessel calibers. The reason of this controversy merits further investigation.
Understanding regulation of leaf internal carbon and water transport using online stable isotope techniques
Authors: Barbour Margaret M.
Published: September 2016

The balance of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapour exchange between leaves and the atmosphere is strongly controlled by stomatal conductance. However, the influence of transport processes within leaves has recently been gaining prominence. Stable isotope techniques are at the forefront of understanding transport within leaves and the recent development of online, real‐time optical isotope analysers has paved the way for new questions to be asked. In this insight, I outline these new techniques and the questions they can potentially address, including assessing possible coordination between mesophyll conductance to CO2 and leaf hydraulic conductance.

Contents

Summary
83

I.
Introduction
83

II.
Dynamic responses of mesophyll conductance to CO2
84

III.
Genotypic variation and genetic control of mesophyll conductance to CO2
84

IV.
Estimating chloroplast membrane conductance to CO2 in C3 plants
85

V.
Water transport within leaves
86

VI.
Coordination of CO2 and water transport
86

VII.
Future opportunities
86

Acknowledgements
87

References
87
Perception and the Origins of Temporal Representation
Authors: Gross Steven
Published: September 2016

Is temporal representation constitutively necessary for perception? Tyler Burge argues that it is, in part because perception requires a form of memory sufficiently sophisticated as to require temporal representation. I critically discuss Burge's argument, maintaining that it does not succeed. I conclude by reflecting on the consequences for the origins of temporal representation.
The Historical Presidency: Gerald Ford, Saturday Night Live, and the Development of the Entertainer in Chief
Authors: Brownell Kathryn Cramer
Published: September 2016

On April 17, 1976, President Gerald Ford and his press secretary Ron Nessen appeared on the late‐night television show Saturday Night Live (SNL) after much deliberation. Though reluctant to assume the position as entertainer in chief, Ford's appearance on SNL marked a distinctive shift in his communication strategy, as his campaign team attempted to restore the power of the Oval Office through performative politics. Though narratives of the development of the entertainer in chief have focused overwhelmingly on the celebrity presidency of John Kennedy, Ronald Reagan, and Bill Clinton, this article excavates the place of Richard Nixon and especially Gerald Ford in navigating a shifting media landscape with the tools of entertainment and transforming public perceptions of the presidency in the process.
Rethinking America's Public Lands
Authors: King Cheryl Simrell
Published: September 2016

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Cumulus cell expansion and first polar body extrusion during in vitro oocyte maturation in relation to morphological and morphometric characteristics of the dromedary camel ovary
Authors: Mesbah F , Kafi M , Nili H
Published: September 2016

Contents

The morphological and morphometric characteristics of the ovary are fundamental properties for in vitro oocyte maturation. Nuclear maturation, including first polar body (1PB) extrusion, cytoplasmic maturation and cumulus cell (CC) expansion are the criteria for in vitro maturation (IVM) of oocyte. This study was designed to determine the effect of morphological and morphometric features of the ovary on CC expansion and 1PB extrusion during IVM of oocyte in the adult female dromedary camel. The weight, volume and three dimensions of ovaries from slaughtered dromedary camels and oocytes inside zona diameter and zona pellucida thickness were measured. The follicles were classified in regard to the size and oocytes according to their ooplasm appearance and CC compactness. Aspirated cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) were incubated for 48 hr (with a 6‐hr interval) in Hams‐F10, and CC expansion and 1PB extrusion were assessed. Significant differences were seen in the shape, weight, volume and three dimensions of the ovaries between ≤4‐year‐old and >4‐year‐old dromedary camel (p < .5). Approximately, 95.82% of follicles were 2–4 mm in diameter. The mean (±SD) of inside zona diameter of the oocyte and zona pellucida thickness was 132.22 ± 13.8 and 14.64 ± 2.24 μm, respectively, in >4‐year‐old dromedary camel. The CC expansion and 1PB extrusion were seen in 86% and 21.88% of COCs, respectively. Age and sexual conditions of dromedary camel influence the morphological and morphometric characteristics of the ovary. Most COCs retrieved from 2–6 mm follicles are cultivable. The most slaughterhouse‐derived COCs retrieved from 2–6 mm follicles of non‐pregnant dromedary camels are excellent and good and yielding a most favourable diameter to achieve the developmental competence for IVM in an optimal time of 24–30 hr; the optimal time for CC expansion is 24–30 hr in this species. However, the CC expansion is a prerequisite process, but not sufficient for IVM.
Semen characteristics of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) following diets containing different vegetable fatty acid levels
Authors: Hajiahmadian M , Sarvi Moghanlou K , Agh N , Farrokhi Ardabili F
Published: September 2016

Contents

Brood fish nutrition is an important factor susceptible to affect not only fecundity and gametogenesis but also gamete quality. In this study, we investigated the effects of altering dietary vegetable fatty acid content on semen quality (i.e. motility, density and seminal plasma composition), fertilizing ability and also blood testosterone (T) concentration in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish were fed a commercial diet and ten formulated diets with similar proximate compositions but different levels of vegetable fatty acids (highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA): monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA); HUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA); and HUFA: saturated fatty acids (SFA) ratios). Fish fed with HUFA: MUFA = 0.0 and HUFA: SFA = 0.25 ratios had the highest semen motility percentage and duration. However, the highest semen concentration and semenatocrit were observed in HUFA: SFA = 0.0 and HUFA: PUFA = 0.37 ratios. There was a significant difference in terms of K+ ion among diets supplemented with HUFA: PUFA = 0.0, HUFA: PUFA = 0.37 and HUFA: MUFA = 0.16 ratios (p < .05). Furthermore, Na+ ion showed significant difference between control group and diet supplemented with HUFA: PUFA = 0.0 (p < .05). Among the biochemical parameters, total protein showed a significant difference between HUFA: MUFA = 0.16 and HUFA: PUFA = 0.37 ratios (p < .05). No significant differences in fertilization ability and blood T concentration were found among dietary treatments (p > .05). In addition, the present data suggest that dietary fatty acid levels could affect semen quality but not fertilization ability in O. mykiss.