bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of β-Blockers on Heart Rate and Oxygen Uptake During Exercise and Recovery in Older Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction
Authors: Maldonado-Martín Sara , Brubaker Peter H. , Ozemek Cemal , Jayo-Montoya Jon A. , Becton J. Thomas , Kitzman Dalane W.
Published: January 2020

Purpose:

The study aimed to investigate the differences in oxygen uptake (

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2) and heart rate (HR) (at rest, submaximal exercise, peak exercise, and recovery) in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) with β-blockers (BB) or without BB treatment (NBB) and to analyze the relationship between HR reserve (HRresv) and peak

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2 (

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2peak) in BB and NBB.

Methods:

A total of 174 HFpEF patients (>65 yr; BB, n = 59; NBB, n = 115) were assessed with a cardiopulmonary exercise test to peak exertion using an incremental protocol. After 5 min of supine rest, HR and

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2 (HRrest,

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2rest) at submaximal exercise (HRsubmax,

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2submax), at peak exercise (HRpeak,

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2peak), at 1 min of passive recovery (HRrec1), HRresv (HRpeak− HRrest), and HR recovery (HRrecov = HRpeak− HRrec1) were evaluated.

Results:

Analysis showed that HRrest (66.0 ± 12.2 vs 69.7 ± 10.6 bpm), HRsubmax (91.7 ± 16.2 vs 98.6 ± 15.2 bpm), and HRrec1 (102.9 ± 18.9 vs 109.4 ± 16.9 bpm) were significantly lower (P ≤ .05) in BB than in NBB, respectively. However, there were no significant differences (P > .05) between the BB and the NBB for HRpeak, HRresv, HRrecov,

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2rest,

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2submax, and

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2peak. A significant relationship was found between HRresv and

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2peak values in both groups (BB, r = 0.52; NBB, r = 0.49, P < .001).

Conclusions:

The nonsignificant differences in HRpeak, HRresv, HRrecov, or

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2 values between BB and NBB HFpEF patients, along with significant correlation between HRresv and

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2peak, suggest that these measures may have equal utility in prognostic and functional assessment as well as clinical applications, including the prescription of exercise, in elderly HFpEF patients.
Intracranial Pressure Monitoring via External Ventricular Drain: Are We Waiting Long Enough Before Recording the Real Value?
Authors: Liu Xiuyun , Griffith Margaret , Jang Hannah J. , Ko Nerissa , Pelter Michele M. , Abba Jacob , Vuong Maximilian , Tran Nate , Bushman Kelly , Hu Xiao
Published: January 2020

BACKGROUND

External ventricular drain (EVD) is a standard approach for both monitoring intracranial pressure (ICP) and draining cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Documenting an accurate ICP value is important to assess the status of the brain, which would require the EVD system to be leveled properly and closed to CSF drainage for an adequate period. It is suggested that a minimum period of 5-minute EVD closure is needed before documenting a true ICP; however, there is no commonly agreed upon standard for documenting ICP. To obtain an insight into how well the intermittent EVD clamping procedure is performed for ICP documentation, we conducted a retrospective analysis of ICP recordings obtained through EVD from 107 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage.

METHODS

The EVD was kept open for continuous CSF drainage and then intermittently closed for ICP documentation. For each EVD closure, mean ICP, standard deviation of ICP, duration of EVD closure, and time interval between 2 adjacent EVD closures were studied. The total number of EVD closures was calculated for each patient. We developed an algorithm to evaluate whether ICP reached a new equilibrium before the EVD was reopened to drainage. The percentage of EVD closures that reach the equilibrium was calculated.

RESULTS

The 107 patients had 32 755 EVD closures in total, among which 65.9% instances lasted less than 1 minute and only 16.3% of all the EVD closure episodes lasted longer than 5 minutes. The median duration of each EVD closure was 25 seconds (interquartile range, 10.2 seconds to 2.33 minutes). Only 22.9% of the EVD closures reached ICP equilibrium before EVD reopening.

CONCLUSION

A standard guideline and proper training are needed for bedside nurses, and a potential tool that can render ICP trend at a proper scale at bedside would help clinicians correctly document ICP.
North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Position Paper on the Evaluation and Management for Patients With Very Early‐onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Kelsen Judith R. , Sullivan Kathleen E. , Rabizadeh Shervin , Singh Namita , Snapper Scott , Elkadri Abdul , Grossman Andrew B.
Published: January 2020

The rate of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been increasing over the last decade and this increase has occurred most rapidly in the youngest children diagnosed <6 years, known as very early‐onset inflammatory bowel disease (VEO‐IBD). These children can present with more extensive and severe disease than older children and adults. The contribution of host genetics in this population is underscored by the young age of onset and the distinct, aggressive phenotype. In fact, monogenic defects, often involving primary immunodeficiency genes, have been identified in children with VEO‐IBD and have led to targeted and life‐saving therapy. This position paper will discuss the phenotype of VEO‐IBD and outline the approach and evaluation for these children and what factors should trigger concern for an underlying immunodeficiency. We will then review the immunological assays and genetic studies that can facilitate the identification of the underlying diagnosis in patients with VEO‐IBD and how this evaluation may lead to directed therapies. The position paper will also aid the pediatric gastroenterologist in recognizing when a patient should be referred to a center specializing in the care of these patients. These guidelines are intended for pediatricians, allied health professionals caring for children, pediatric gastroenterologists, pediatric pathologists, and immunologists.
Systematic Review With Meta‐analysis of the Health‐related Quality of Life in Children With Celiac Disease
Authors: Nikniaz Zeinab , Abbasalizad Farhangi Mahdieh , Nikniaz Leila
Published: January 2020

Objectives:

The aim of this article is to systematically review and meta‐analyze the published data on the comparison of the health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) in children and adolescents with celiac disease (CD) and healthy children. Moreover, the meta‐analysis was performed to compare the parent proxy‐report and child self‐report of HRQOL.

Methods:

The databases of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane library were searched from inception to April 2019 to identify observational studies that evaluated the HRQOL in children with CD. Studies comparing the HRQOL in celiac patients and healthy children, and also comparing the parent's proxy‐report and child self‐report of HRQOL were included. Comprehensive meta‐analysis software was used for statistical analysis.

Results:

Through our systematic search, 26 articles met our predefined inclusion criteria. The result of our meta‐analysis on studies using the PedsQL questionnaire showed that the total score of HRQOL was not significantly different between celiac patients and healthy controls (SMD (95% confidence interval; CI]: −0.11[−0.45 to 0.23], P = 0.52). The result of our meta‐analysis showed that the parents reported the child‘s diet and communication scores lower than that of children. Only 4 out of 11 studies showed a significant correlation between HRQOL and gluten‐free diet (GFD) compliance and 2 of 4 studies showed a significant negative association between HRQOL and age at diagnosis.

Conclusions:

The results of the present study showed that there was no significant difference between children with CD and healthy controls regarding HRQOL. Moreover, the parental perception of their children's HRQOL was lower than the children's perception.
Longitudinal Changes in Crude Protein and Amino Acids in Human Milk in Chinese Population
Authors: Ren Qiqi , Sun Han , Zhao Mengya , Xu Yingwei , Xie Qinggang , Jiang Shilong , Zhao Xuejun , Zhang Wei
Published: January 2020

Objective:

More than 20% of the world population live in China, which has made significant achievement in human milk research. Part of the data that were published in Chinese were, however, unavailable to non‐Chinese speakers. There was also no comprehensive overview of crude protein and amino acid levels in human milk in Chinese population. This systematic review aimed to compile the data on human milk crude protein and amino acid levels in Chinese population.

Methods:

After searching for and screening original research articles in both English and Chinese, 23 published from 1987 to 2019 were identified (18 in Chinese and 5 in English). The data were pooled into 9 defined lactation stages.

Results:

Crude protein and amino acids (protein bound plus nonprotein bound) concentrations gradually decreased during the first 60 postpartum days and remained relatively static thereafter. The concentrations and dynamic change of crude protein and amino acids were similar to those in other populations. By contrast, the longitudinal changes in free amino acids (nonprotein bound) were less clear due to the limited data available. Several common weaknesses were identified in these studies.

Conclusions:

Our study represented the most comprehensive overview on crude protein and amino acid concentrations in human milk in Chinese population, and enhanced the knowledge of protein and amino acid intakes and requirements by Chinese infants.
The role of Body Mass Index in high and low velocity trauma causing knee injury associated to popliteal artery lesions
Authors: Marchetti A Ascoli , Naldi V , Potenza V , Oddi F.M. , Maio F. Di , Citoni G. , Farsetti P , Ippoliti A.
Published: January 2020

Background

Osteoarticular traumas are particularly dangerous among arterial traumas, those associated with the popliteal artery are associated with a high amputation rate. Despite representing a minority of arterial traumas, with an incidence that considerably varies by population and geographic location, traumatic lesions of the popliteal artery are a challenge. This study aimed to verify the impact of BMI on arterial trauma damage and outcome.

Methods

Data were retrospectively collected from the emergency and operating rooms’ electronic medical reports at our Institution between 1 January 2005 and 1 May 2018 of all osteoarticular and vascular associated lesion. 41 pts presented with lower limb arterial trauma (43.2%), and popliteal artery lesions occurred in 11 (26.8%). 11 patients were eligible for inclusion in the study. In addition, the lesion mechanism was dislocation by high-velocity trauma in 9 cases and by low-velocity trauma in 3. All 7 males (63.6%) were affected by high-velocity trauma, and 2 of the 3 females by low-velocity trauma. Only one patient had an isolated popliteal artery lesion associated with fractures in the leg or in contralateral limb. Patients with low-velocity traumas were older than 54 years while those with high-velocity were aged from 22 to 71 years.

Results

The lesion mechanism was dislocation due to high-velocity trauma in eight patients and due to low-velocity trauma in three. In 10/11 patients (90.9%) revascularization was performed after osteoarticular stabilization. after reduction of the dislocation or fracture. Intraoperative angiography was selectively used. Two patients required above-knee amputation after the procedure: one due to infection of the surgical access and the other due to severe soft tissue injury. One patient died during hospitalization due to trauma-related complications and comorbidities.

Conclusions

Revascularization success is not associated with high- or low-velocity traumas. Furthermore, unlike high-velocity traumas, low-velocity traumas are associated with a body mass index >35kg/m2.
Multiplex generation, tracking, and functional screening of substitution mutants using a CRISPR/retron system
Authors: Lim Hyeonseob , Jun Soyeong , Park Minjeong , Lim Junghak , Jeong Jaehwan , Lee Ji Hyun , Bang Duhee
Published: January 2020

We developed a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/retron system for multiplexed generation of substitution mutations by co-utilization of a retron system that continuously expresses donor DNA and a CRISPR/Cas9 cassette that induces cleavage at target genomic loci. Our system efficiently introduces substitution mutation in theEscherichia coligenome in a high-throughput manner. These substitution mutations can be tracked by analysis of retron plasmid sequences without laborious amplification of individual edited loci. We demonstrated that our CRISPR/retron system can introduce thousands of mutations in a single experiment and be used for screening phenotypes related to chemical responses or fitness changes. We expect that our system could facilitate genome-scale substitution screenings.
Reduction of Elevated Proton Leak Rejuvenates Mitochondria in the Aged Cardiomyocyte
Authors: Zhang Huiliang , Alder Nathan N. , Wang Wang , Szeto Hazel , Marcinek David J. , Rabinovitch Peter S.
Published: January 2020

Aging-associated diseases, including cardiac dysfunction, are increasingly common in the population. However, the mechanisms of physiologic aging in general, and cardiac aging in particular, remain poorly understood. Age-related heart impairment, especially diastolic dysfunction in HFpEF is lacking a clinically effective treatment. Using the model of naturally aging mice and rats, we show direct evidence of increased proton leak in the aged heart mitochondria. Moreover, we identified ANT1 as mediating the increased proton permeability of old cardiomyocytes. Most importantly, the tetra-peptide drug SS-31 prevents age-related excess proton entry, decreases the mitochondrial flash activity and mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening, rejuvenates mitochondrial function by direct association with ANT1 and the mitochondrial ATP synthasome, and leads to substantial reversal of diastolic dysfunction. Our results uncover the excessive proton leak as a novel mechanism of age-related cardiac dysfunction and elucidate how SS-31 is able to reverse this clinically important complication of cardiac aging.
Development of an interactive shirt for self-directed motor learning
Authors: Kim Eung Tae , Kim Sungmin
Published: January 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop a framework for an interactive clothing that offers a self-directed learning environment in which learners can practice exercises in a time and cost-efficient manner.

Design/methodology/approach

To verify the validity of the framework, an interactive shirt has been developed that can help its wearer practicing certain motor skills in a self-directed manner. This shirt enables the wearer to set reference body postures and to compare current posture with them and can notify whether its wearer repeats them correctly or not through vibrotactile feedback.

Findings

The interactive shirt prototype developed in this study will offer an environment in which learners can practice exercises in a time and cost-efficient manner.

Originality/value

The smart garment framework developed in this study consists of sensor-actuator module, switch device and control software. As this framework is easily scalable, it is expected that it can be used for various smart garment projects where an interaction between the garment and its wearer is needed.
Antibacterial potential of Nidus vespae built by invasive alien hornet, Vespa velutina nigrithorax, against food‐borne pathogenic bacteria
Authors: Kim Jaewon , Kim Minyoul , Lee Mijeong , Lee Yeon‐Jung , Kim Hak‐Ryul , Nam Ju‐Ock , Choi Moon Bo , Hahn Dongyup
Published: January 2020

The yellow‐legged hornet, Vespa velutina nigrithorax, is an invasive social wasp found in temperate regions and is recognized as a hazardous insect, as it often attacks humans and honeybees. Nidus vespae (nests of social wasps) are traditionally used as a medicinal ingredient; thus, V. v. nigrithorax may be useful as a biological resource. Extracts of Nidus vespae built by V. v. nigrithorax were examined for their antibacterial activity screening against six food‐borne pathogenic bacteria, and the ethyl acetate and butanol layer of the extract exhibited inhibitory activity against the pathogenic bacteria. We determined the antibacterial activity of Nidus vespae built by V. v. nigrithorax for the first time.
Cancer and changes in facial appearance: A meta‐ethnography of qualitative studies
Authors: Thompson Andrew R. , Sewards Iona , Baker Sarah R.
Published: January 2020

Introduction

Living with an altered facial appearance as a result of treatment for cancer requires considerable psychological adjustment. As such it is essential that health care professionals understand the lived experience of people affected. This systematic review provides a meta‐ethnography of studies that have explored the experience of changed facial appearance as a result of cancer.

Methods

A search of four databases (Web of Science, CINAHL, PsycInfo, and Scopus) took place using terms relating to qualitative research, cancer, and changed facial appearance. Thirteen studies were identified, appraised, and included in the synthesis. The findings and interpretations within the studies were subject to meta‐ethnography procedures so as to elicit novel cross‐cutting themes.

Findings

The experience of changed facial appearance after cancer was clustered into three contexts. In the context of the disease, subthemes were the primacy of survival, the changing relationship with the disease, and the impact of the care team on the experience of changed appearance. In the context of the social world, subthemes were positive reactions, negative reactions, and coping strategies. In the context of the self, subthemes were the self under attack, self‐to‐self relating, the self in the world, and rebuilding the self.

Conclusions

The findings indicate that health care professionals must conduct holistic assessments, so as to fully recognize and where necessary address the impact upon self. The meta‐ethnography shows that the experience of facial appearance change following cancer is complex and requires awareness of a number of theoretical areas including identity construction, social support, stigmatization, and the specific literature on visible difference.

Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Changed facial appearance after cancer can cause significant social difficulties and impact on the sense of self.

The experience of managing the specific dual challenges of cancer and altered facial appearance is not clearly understood.

Recent studies that have focused specifically on the experience of changes in appearance after cancer have been limited in scope and transferability.

What does this study add?

To our knowledge, this is the first meta‐ethnography to bring together the literature on the impact of altered facial appearance following cancer.

Patients may feel unable to talk about appearance with health care professionals because it is seen as a frivolous issue.

Clinicians should facilitate open, person‐centred opportunities for patients to discuss the impact of changed appearance and where necessary facilitate access to support.
N‐locking stabilization of covalent helical peptides: Application to Bfl‐1 antagonists
Authors: Baggio Carlo , Udompholkul Parima , Gambini Luca , Jossart Jennifer , Salem Ahmed F. , Håkansson Maria , Perry J. Jefferson P. , Pellecchia Maurizio
Published: January 2020

Recently, it was reported that tetrapeptides cyclized via lactam bond between the amino terminus and a glutamic residue in position 4 (termed here N‐lock) can nucleate helix formation in longer peptides. We applied such strategy to derive N‐locked covalent BH3 peptides that were designed to selectively target the anti‐apoptotic protein Bfl‐1. The resulting agents were soluble in aqueous buffer and displayed a remarkable (low nanomolar) affinity for Bfl‐1 and cellular activity. The crystal structure of the complex between such N‐locked covalent peptide and Bfl‐1 provided insights on the geometry of the N‐locking strategy and of the covalent bond between the agent and Bfl‐1.
Evidence for bradykinin release in chronic spontaneous urticaria
Authors: Hofman Zonne L.M. , van den Elzen Mignon T. , Kuijpers Jeffrey , de Maat Steven , Hack C. Erik , Knulst André C. , Röckmann Heike , Maas Coen
Published: January 2020

Background

Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is characterized by recurrent itchy weals and/or angioedema and is believed to be driven by mast cell activation. It was shown that excessive mast cell activation during anaphylaxis initiates contact activation, resulting in bradykinin release. Evidence for bradykinin release was never demonstrated in CSU.

Objective

To study biomarkers of bradykinin release in CSU.

Methods

Plasma samples of CSU patients were collected during routine visits at the outpatient clinic. Cleaved high molecular weight kininogen (cHK) was used as a biomarker for bradykinin release. cHK, factor XIIa‐C1‐inhibitor (FXIIa‐C1‐INH), kallikrein‐C1‐INH, plasmin‐antiplasmin (PAP) complexes and soluble urokinase‐type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) levels were determined by ELISA. Clinical data and data on tryptase levels were collected from medical records. cHK levels were compared to previously determined levels in hereditary angioedema (HAE).

Results

One hundred seventeen samples from 88 CSU patients and 28 samples from healthy controls were analysed. Median cHK level in CSU was 9.1% (range: 1.4%‐21.5%), significantly increased compared to healthy controls (median 6.0% range: 0%‐19.9%; P = .0005) and comparable to HAE (n = 46, median 10.3%, range 0%‐44.3%, P > .9999). cHK levels normalized in patients during disease remission (median 6.5% range 1.5%‐20.8%) but were not dependent on the presence of angioedema, acute angioedema attacks or response to antihistamines. Surprisingly, cHK levels were inversely correlated to serum tryptase (r = −0.65 P = .0137). C1‐INH complexes and suPAR levels were not elevated in patients compared to healthy controls. PAP‐complex levels in patients were elevated compared to healthy controls but there was no correlation between PAP‐complex and cHK levels.

Conclusions

cHK levels are elevated in symptomatic CSU patients compared to healthy controls, indicating increased bradykinin production. Increased cHK levels are not limited to patients with angioedema.

Clinical relevance

If elevated bradykinin generation has clinical implications in the pathology of CSU is open to debate.
A study comparing the clinical and hormonal profile of late onset and persistent acne in adult females
Authors: Sardana Kabir , Bansal Prekshi , Sharma Lokesh K. , Garga Umesh C. , Vats Gauri
Published: January 2020

Background

Adult acne has been classified into two major subtypes: “persistent acne” and “late onset acne”. A surrogate marker of hyperandrogenism (HA) in adult female acne is the presence of clinical signs of HA and biochemical hyperandrogenemia. We compared the clinical and hormonal profiles of the two acne subtypes and evaluated the likely source of androgen excess – ovarian or adrenal.

Methods

Female acne patients 25 years of age and older were evaluated for clinical HA. Hormonal assessment included total testosterone (TT), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), free androgen index (FAI), anti‐Mullerian hormone (AMH), 17‐hydroxyprogesterone (17‐OHP), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and prolactin. DHEAS and 17‐OHP represented adrenal androgens and AMH indicated ovarian reserve.

Results

Of 120 cases, clinical HA was seen in 71.67% while biochemical hyperandrogenemia was detected in only 18.33% of patients. Though late onset was more common in adult acne patients (56.6%), the persistent acne subgroup (43.33%) had a younger age at onset, a past history of adolescent acne (51.92%), truncal predilection (44.23%), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) (44.23%), significant presence of irregular menses (40.38%) and hirsutism (57.69%), and increased TT (13.46%), 17‐OHP (76.92%), AMH (44.23%), and increased LH/FSH (15.38%) ratio. PCOS was seen more in the persistent acne patients with clinical HA and increased 17‐OHP levels.

Conclusion

Persistent acne patients had marked clinical HA, PCOS, and hormonal abnormalities necessitating an endocrinological evaluation. As a corollary, this subgroup would benefit from antiandrogen therapy.
Does obesity impact the outcome of severely burned patients?
Authors: Pauzenberger Reinhard , Radtke Christine , Ederer Ines A. , Hacker Stefan , Waldmann Anna , Sternat Nikolaus , Franke Isabella , Thury Alexander , Harpain Lucie , Stievano Simona
Published: January 2020

Although obesity appears to be an important predictor of mortality and morbidity, little data about the impact of body mass index (BMI) on the outcome of severely burned patients are available. Patients admitted to the General Hospital Vienna between 1994 and 2014, who underwent surgery because of burn injuries, were enrolled in this study. BMI was used to divide patients into five groups: BMI 18.5 to 24.9, 25 to 29.9, 30 to 34.9, 35 to 39.9, and > 40. The groups were compared in terms of difference of mortality and morbidity. Of 460 patients, 34.3% (n = 158) died. Mortality rates were the lowest in patients with obesity class III and the highest in patients with BMI 35 to 39.9 (BMI 18.5‐24.9: 30.5%, BMI 25‐29.9: 31.5%, BMI 30‐34.9: 41.3%, BMI 35‐39.9: 55.5%, BMI > 40: 30%; P = .031). BMI was not found to be an independent risk factor when corrected with age, percent total body surface area burned, full‐thickness burns, and inhalation injury. No significant differences in length of stay, inhalation trauma, pneumonia, wound infection, sepsis, and invasive ventilation were observed. BMI as an independent risk factor for severely burned patients could not be confirmed via multivariate analysis.
Are teething gels safe or even necessary for our children? A review of the safety, efficacy and use of topical lidocaine teething gels
Authors: Teoh Leanne , Moses Geraldine M
Published: January 2020

Lidocaine‐based teething gels have been widely available in Australia for decades in both commercial preparations and those compounded by pharmacies. However, many case reports have highlighted potential risks and toxicity associated with lidocaine‐based teething gels when used in infants and young children, including seizures, respiratory arrest and death. The Australian and New Zealand Society of Paediatric Dentistry and the American Academy of Paediatrics do not recommend topical agents for teething, and the US Food and Drug Administration does not recommend topical lidocaine for this purpose due to concerns of toxicity. Literature supporting the efficacy of lidocaine for teething is scant and difficult to interpret due to the flawed design of the trials conducted and varied formulations used. This opinion article aims to summarise the available literature showing the limited effectiveness and associated risks of topical lidocaine gels for use in teething. In light of these findings, the authors recommend that regulatory bodies such as the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration review the efficacy and safety of this type of medicine and consider removing the indication for teething or limiting the age of use to older children.
Legislative Transparency and Credit Risk
Authors: Harden Jeffrey J. , Kirkland Justin H. , Shea Patrick E.
Published: January 2020

Open governance requirements are designed to improve accountability, which implies that transparent governments are more trustworthy stewards of their publicly invested power. However, transparency may also reduce institutional effectiveness and inhibit political compromise, diminishing the capacity to manage resources responsibly. We assess empirical support for these competing perspectives in the context of American state legislatures, many of which have become exempt from state sunshine laws in recent decades. We leverage variation in the timing of these legislative exemptions to identify the effect of removing transparency in a crucial governing institution on investors’ risk perceptions of states’ general obligation bonds. Our analysis of these data during the period 1995–2010 suggests that removing legislative transparencyreducesstate credit risk. We conclude that while openness in government may be normatively desirable, shielding legislative proceedings from public view may actually be better for states’ debt repayment capacity, improving their overall fiscal health.
Airway management for neonates requiring ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT)
Authors: Mohammad Shazia , Olutoye Olutoyin A.
Published: January 2020

In utero congenital malformations in the fetus can occasionally lead to an obstructed airway at birth accompanied by hypoxic injury or peripartum demise, without intervention. Ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) may help reduce morbidity and mortality associated with challenging airways by providing extra time on uteroplacental circulation to secure the airway. Meticulous preparation and planning are crucial for this procedure. Many different types of congenital malformations can result in a difficult airway, but there is no correlation between specific malformations and a required type of airway intervention. Based on our experience and literature review, an airway process flow diagram has been created to help assist teams in decision‐making for airway intervention in a neonate during the EXIT procedure. The management of the airway in this scenario involves additional unique considerations that accompany handling a partially delivered newborn in the uterine environment. Extensive preparation and team rehearsal are essential to the success of this procedure.
No evidence of calorie‐related modulation of N2 in food‐related Go/No‐Go training: A preregistered ERP study
Authors: Aulbach Matthias Burkard , Harjunen Ville Johannes , Spapé Michiel , Knittle Keegan , Haukkala Ari , Ravaja Niklas
Published: January 2020

Go/No‐Go tasks, which require participants to inhibit automatic responses to images of palatable foods, have shown diagnostic value in quantifying food‐related impulses. Moreover, they have shown potential for training to control impulsive eating. To test the hypothesis that training modulates early neural markers of response inhibition, the current study investigated how the N2 event‐related brain potential to high‐ and low‐calorie food images changes along Go‐/No‐Go training and how the N2 is related to later eating behavior. 50 healthy adults, (mBMI = 23.01) first completed a food Go/No‐Go task in which high‐ and low‐calorie food images were accompanied by Go‐and No‐Go‐cues with equal frequency. Participants then completed a training block in which high‐calorie foods were predominantly paired with a No‐Go cue and the low‐calorie foods with a Go cue, followed by a block with reversed coupling (order of the training blocks counterbalanced between participants). After each training, there was a snacking opportunity during which calorie intake was measured. Against our preregistered hypotheses, the N2‐amplitudes were not significantly affected by the calorie‐content and there was no training‐related modulation in the N2. In addition , food intake was not influenced by the preceding training blocks and the N2 amplitude did not predict the food intake. Our study suggests that the link between N2 obtained in a food‐related Go/No‐Go task and impulse control is not clear‐cut and may be limited to specific task characteristics. The results are of high importance as they question the previously assumed mechanism of Go/No‐Go training in food‐related inhibitory control.
Conflicts of interest in dialysis: A barrier to policy reforms
Authors: Glickman Aaron , Lin Eugene , Berns Jeffrey S.
Published: January 2020

Conflicts of interest involving physicians are commonplace in the US, occurring across many different specialties and subspecialties in a variety of clinical settings. In nephrology, two important scenarios in which conflicts of interest arise are dialysis facility joint venture (JV) arrangements and financial participation in End‐stage Kidney Disease Seamless Care Organizations (ESCOs). Whether conflicts of interest occurring in either of these settings influence decision‐making or patient care outcomes is not known due to a lack of transparent, publicly available information, and opportunities to conduct independent study. We discuss possible benefits and risks of nephrologist's financial participation in JVs and ESCOs and possible mechanisms for disclosure and reporting of such arrangements as well as risk mitigation.
Cutting the EV Charging Cord
Authors: Winters Jeffrey , Borge Richard
Published: January 2020

Inductive charging system for electric buses and cars. A vehicle recharging system provides up to 300 kW, enough power to run an electric bus two miles for every minute of charging.
Producing Parts Cooler and Faster
Authors: Brown Alan S. , Borge Richard
Published: January 2020

This project demonstrated the power of topology optimization and 3D printing to create a mold that boosted productivity and cost no more than the original mold.
A Case for Using Hierarchical Linear Modeling in Exercise Science Research
Authors: Mitchell Sid , Loovis E. Michael , Butterfield Stephen A.
Published: January 2020

Analyzing data in the exercise sciences can be challenging when trying to account for physical changes brought about by maturation (e.g., growth in height, weight, heart/lung capacity, muscle-to-fat ratio). In this paper, we present an argument for using hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) as an approach to analyzing physical performance data. Using an applied example from Butterfield, Lehnhard, Lee, and Coladarci, we will show why HLM is an appropriate analysis technique and provide other examples of where HLM will be beneficial.
A Sustainable Service-Learning Program Embedded in PETE: Examining the Short-Term Influence on Preservice Teacher Outcomes
Authors: Peralta Louisa R. , Marvell Claire L. , Cotton Wayne G.
Published: January 2020

Background: Studies have acknowledged the limitations of short-term service-learning programs. This highlights the importance of examining the influence of evidence-informed sustainable service-learning programs on preservice teachers’ learning outcomes. Purpose: To explore the short-term influence of a sustainable service-learning program on first-year physical education teacher education (PETE) preservice teachers. Methods: Written reflections from 15 students (73% women and 27% men) in the first year of a PETE course were analyzed using Butin’s conceptual model. Results: The service-learning experiences allowed first-year PETE preservice teachers to extend and refine their general pedagogical content, curriculum, and policy knowledge. However, PETE preservice teachers’ learning was limited in terms of cultural, political, and postmodern perspectives. Discussion: This study provides recommendations for improving preservice teachers’ learning in a sustainable service-learning program embedded in a PETE course.
An Analysis of Chinese Preservice Physical Education Teachers’ Beliefs About the Physical Education Profession
Authors: Keating Xiaofen D. , Liu Jingwen , Liu Xiaolu , Colburn Jeff , Guan Jianmin , Zhou Ke
Published: January 2020

Purpose: This study investigated beliefs about the physical education (PE) profession of Chinese preservice physical education teachers (PPETs).Methods: Chinese PPETs (N = 660) from six universities participated in the study. Data were collected using a prevalidated survey—a scale of measuring Chinese PPETs’ beliefs about the PE profession, which consists of two domains: a sense of calling and the value of the PE profession. Analysis of variance and multivariate analysis of variance were used to examine the differences in overall beliefs and the two subdomains by gender and year in college, respectively.Results: The overall beliefs were positive. The sense of calling and value of the PE profession varied significantly by the year in college. Senior students had the lowest score in value of the PE profession, whereas sophomores showed the lowest score in sense of calling.Conclusions: PE teacher education programs had limited effects on changing Chinese PPET beliefs about the PE profession.
Mechanistic Modeling of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Murine Models for Drug and Vaccine Efficacy Studies
Authors: Zhang Nan , Strydom Natasha , Tyagi Sandeep , Soni Heena , Tasneen Rokeya , Nuermberger Eric L. , Savic Rada M.
Published: January 2020

Tuberculosis (TB) drug, regimen, and vaccine development rely heavily on preclinical animal experiments, and quantification of bacterial and immune response dynamics is essential for understanding drug and vaccine efficacy. A mechanism-based model was built to describeMycobacterium tuberculosisH37Rv infection over time in BALB/c and athymic nude mice, which consisted of bacterial replication, bacterial death, and adaptive immune effects.
High-Dose Chloroquine for Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Is Well Tolerated and Causes Similar QT Interval Prolongation as Standard-Dose Chloroquine in Children
Authors: Ursing Johan , Rombo Lars , Eksborg Staffan , Larson Lena , Bruvoll Anita , Tarning Joel , Rodrigues Amabelia , Kofoed Poul-Erik
Published: January 2020

Higher chloroquine doses can effectively treat up to 93 to 96% of malaria infections caused by
Plasmodium falciparum
carrying the resistance-conferring chloroquine resistance transporter (
pfcrt
) 76T allele. The tolerability of 50 (double the standard dose) and 70 mg/kg total chloroquine doses were assessed in this study. Fifteen 4- to 8-year-old children with uncomplicated malaria were given 10 mg/kg of chloroquine twice daily for 2 days and 5 mg/kg twice daily on the third day.
Hydroxylamine and Carboxymethoxylamine Can Inhibit
Toxoplasma gondii
Growth through an Aspartate Aminotransferase-Independent Pathway
Authors: Li Jixu , Guo Huanping , Galon Eloiza May , Gao Yang , Lee Seung-Hun , Liu Mingming , Li Yongchang , Ji Shengwei , Jia Honglin , Xuan Xuenan
Published: January 2020

Toxoplasma gondii
is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite and a successful parasitic pathogen in diverse organisms and host cell types. Hydroxylamine (HYD) and carboxymethoxylamine (CAR) have been reported as inhibitors of aspartate aminotransferases (AATs) and interfere with the proliferation in
Plasmodium falciparum
. Therefore, AATs are suggested as drug targets against
Plasmodium
. The
T. gondii
genome encodes only one predicted AAT in both
T. gondii
type I strain RH and type II strain PLK.
Forging New Antibiotic Combinations under Iron-Limiting Conditions
Authors: Chan Derek C. K. , Guo Irene , Burrows Lori L.
Published: January 2020

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
is a multidrug-resistant nosocomial pathogen. We showed previously that thiostrepton (TS), a Gram-positive thiopeptide antibiotic, is imported via pyoverdine receptors and synergizes with iron chelator deferasirox (DSX) to inhibit the growth of
P. aeruginosa
and
Acinetobacter baumannii
clinical isolates. A small number of
P. aeruginosa
and
A. baumannii
isolates were resistant to the combination, prompting us to search for other compounds that could synergize with TS against those strains.
PD-1 Expression on NK Cells in Malaria-Exposed Individuals Is Associated with Diminished Natural Cytotoxicity and Enhanced Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity
Authors: Moebius Jacqueline , Guha Rajan , Peterson Mary , Abdi Kaveh , Skinner Jeff , Li Shanping , Arora Gunjan , Traore Boubacar , Rajagopalan Sumati , Long Eric O. , Crompton Peter D.
Published: January 2020

Natural killer (NK) cells are key effector cells of innate resistance capable of destroying tumors and virus-infected cells through cytotoxicity and rapid cytokine production. The control of NK cell responses is complex and only partially understood. PD-1 is an inhibitory receptor that regulates T cell function, but a role for PD-1 in regulating NK cell function is only beginning to emerge.
Antigens of Mycobacterial Cell Walls
Authors: Wong K. H. , Pickett M. J. , Froman S.
Published: January 2020

Three antigenic fractions from the cell walls of eight strains of mycobacteria were studied. Isolation and purification of these antigens were effected by enzymatic digestions, differential and sucrose gradient centrifugations, dialyses, and column chromatography. Two of the fractions were termed cell wall tuberculins (CWT-1, solubilized with lipase; CWT-2, solubilized with lysozyme); the third was termed “C” (cross-reacting) antigen. All appeared to be lipopolysaccharides. The CWT antigens, as compared with purified protein derivatives (human), were relatively species (group)-specific in both double immunodiffusion and guinea pig skin tests; in the latter, the reactions resembled those of delayed hypersensitivity. The C antigens reacted heterologously in double immunodiffusion and skin tests; the latter were the “immediate” type of reaction.
Production of Bacteriophage-Associated Materials by
Vibrio cholerae
: Possible Correlation with Pathogenicity
Authors: Parker Charlotte , Richardson S. H. , Romig W. R.
Published: January 2020

Classical and El Tor strains of
Vibrio cholerae
were examined for production of bacteriophage or bacteriophage-related material by electron microscopy of mitomycin C-induced cultures. The strains were also tested for pathogenicity by using the ligated ileal loops of adult rabbits. Of the 27 strains tested, 25 showed a correlation between the production of bacteriophage-related material and pathogenicity. Both P
+
and P
−
strains produced bacteriophage tails. The bacteriophage tails of strains 569B and ATCC 9168 and other strains were shown to occur in an extended form with tail appendages.
Characteristics of Endotoxin-Altering Fractions Derived from Normal Serum III. Isolation and Properties of Horse Serum α
2
-Macroglobulin
Authors: Yoshioka Morimasa , Konno Seishi
Published: January 2020

The endotoxin-altering activity of fractions isolated from normal horse serum was examined by incubation of
Salmonella typhosa
strain 0-901 endotoxin (Boivin) in a solution of the fraction, and subsequent quantitation of any diminution in the capacity of endotoxin to be precipitated by specific anti-endotoxin antiserum. The horse serum fraction isolated by precipitation with ammonium sulfate at a concentration between 1.6 and 2.7
m
was incubated with Pronase PA and then with trypsin. When this partly digested fraction was passed twice through a Sephadex G-200 column and eluted with 0.2
m
tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer, most of the endotoxinaltering activity was found in the first protein peak designated F-1a. F-1a was found to be homogeneous and corresponded to an α
2
-macroglobulin by the techniques of electrophoresis, immunodiffusion, and ultracentrifugation. Approximately 100-fold more F-1a than endotoxin was needed to reduce the antigenicity of the endotoxin by one-half. Alteration was increased when F-1a was incubated with the endotoxin at acid
p
H or at 45 C rather than at 37 C and was lost after heating F-1a at 56 C for 30 min.
N
-ethylmaleimide increased the endotoxin-altering activity of horse serum, F-1a, and human plasma fraction III
0
, whereas
p
-chloromercuribenzoate did not. On the other hand, diazonium-1-H-tetrazole, iodoacetic acid, and benzylchloride suppressed the activity of F-1a. When the interaction of endotoxin and F-1a was examined by immunodiffusion techniques, depolymerization of the endotoxin molecule was indicated. The endotoxin-altering factor of horse serum is discussed in relation to the mechanisms of other known reagents, such as deoxycholate and sodium lauryl sulfate.
Salmonellosis in Mice Infected with
Mycobacterium bovis
BCG II. Resistance to Infection
Authors: Senterfitt Vernon C. , Shands Joseph W.
Published: January 2020

Mycobacterium bovis
BCG-infected mice were found to be consistently more resistant than normal mice to superinfection with
Salmonella typhimurium
. This resistance was manifested by a decreased mortality and by a decrease in the number of viable
Salmonella
in the BCG mice 3 to 4 days after challenge. Antibody production, as determined in the serum by the complement-dependent bactericidal system or in the spleen by the Jerne plaque technique, was either equivalent to or less than that of normal mice. Therefore, the immunity to
S. typhimurium
possessed by BCG-infected mice cannot be the expression of a greater or more rapid antibody response. By exclusion, these findings appear to support the concept of “cellular immunity.”
Demonstration in Tissue Culture of Lymphocyte-Mediated Immunity to Tuberculosis
Authors: Patterson Ronald J. , Youmans Guy P.
Published: January 2020

We have shown that splenic lymphocytes from mice immunized with viable attenuated mycobacterial cells (H37Ra) or ribonucleic acid prepared from these cells will bring about inhibition of multiplication of virulent tubercle bacilli (H37Rv) within normal mouse peritoneal macrophages in tissue culture. Apparently these lymphocytes, when stimulated with viable virulent tubercle bacilli, elaborate a filterable substance(s) which is responsible for this intracellular growth inhibitory effect.
Bacterial hemagglutination by Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Authors: Koransky J R , Scales R W , Kraus S J
Published: January 2020

Direct bacterial hemagglutination was investigated with 20 clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The hemagglutination tests were performed by both a macrotechnique with glass slides and a microtechnique with autotrays. Only organisms from form type 1 or 2 colonies caused hemagglutination. There was no statistical difference at a 10% or higher level in hemagglutination powers of type 1 and type 2 organisms, of male urethral and female cervical isolates, and of the eight major human blood types (ABO-Rh). Of seven erythrocyte species tested, only human cells were agglutinated. D-Mannose did not prevent the agglutination. Rabbit antigonococcal serum and high-titer antigonococcal human sera inhibited the hemagglutination. The results suggest the pili are the mediators of hemagglutination and that their specific agglutination of human erythrocytes may be a correlate of their adherence to human mucosal cells in natural infection. Also, although the procedure is presently insensitive, it is possible to detect human antigonococcal antibody by inhibition of direct bacterial hemagglutination.
Hepatitis B antigens in serum and liver of chimpanzees acutely infected with hepatitis B virus
Authors: Berquist K R , Peterson J M , Murphy B L , Ebert J W , Maynard J E , Purcell R H
Published: January 2020

We report the temporal patterns of various immunohistological and serological parameters of acute self-limited hepatitis B virus infection of two chimpanzees, and we provide evidence that the synthesis of hepatitis B core antigen precedes that of hepatitis B surface antigen. Our data suggest that existence of a biphasic hepatitis B virus infection involving a hematogenous reinfection of the liver and indicate that recruitment of liver cells to produce hepatitis B virus may occur in a pattern consistent with a replicative cycle of about 8 days.