bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stigmatizing attitudes towards individuals with mental illness in Hong Kong: Implications for their recovery
Authors: Tsang Hector W.H. , Tam Phidias K.C. , Chan Fong , Cheung W.M.
Published: June 2003

The literature suggests that stigmatizing attitudes in the community will affect lives and recovery of people with mental illness. This is particularly serious and obvious in Chinese societies where mental illness is often associated with shame and stigma. As Hong Kong and China have undergone rapid changes in terms of social and economic development, this study aimed at providing the most up‐to‐date empirical information regarding mental illness stigma and its impact on individuals with mental illness. A 31‐item Questionnaire on Mental Illness was developed to measure public attitudes towards mental illness, with special reference to issues that affected the burden on family members of mental health consumers. The questionnaire together with the Level of Contact Sub‐scale (Holmes et al., 1999) was distributed to primary and secondary students for their friends and relatives aged 16 or above to complete. A total of 1,007 validly completed questionnaires were returned constituting a response rate of 74%. An exploratory factor analysis identified eight factors which accounted for 50.6% of the total variance: hostility, aberrant, openness, resources, acceptance, rights, misgivings, and accommodation. The data showed that there were rather severe stigmatizing attitudes in the community, such as beliefs about parents causing the illness, strong opposition to setting up psychiatric community facilities near their residence, and limited employment opportunities for people with mental illness, which also increased both the subjective and objective burdens on clients' relatives by denying them social and practical support. Correlations between previous contacts and attitudes are significant. Implications to further research and social policy are discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 31: 383–396, 2003.
Victim‐reported risk factors for continued abusive behavior: Assessing the dangerousness of arrested batterers
Authors: Cattaneo Lauren Bennett , Goodman Lisa A.
Published: June 2003

Policy changes have dramatically increased the number of domestic violence cases entering criminal courts, creating a critical need for competent risk assessment. This study adds to the knowledge base about risk factors important to consider in such assessments, using a prospective design and follow‐up through victim interview. Participants were 169 primarily African American women who appeared at a court intake center following the arrest of an abusive partner. We reached over half of these participants for follow‐up 3 months later. Questionnaires administered at intake elicited information about demographics, substance abuse, the history of physical and psychological abuse in the relationship, the batterer's general violence, and the victim's own assessment of her level of endangerment. All variables were measured through victim report, combined with official records when relevant. Significant predictors of continued abusive behavior were the batterer's history of alcohol abuse, the severity of abuse in the relationship, the batterer's general violence, the level of psychological abuse in the relationship, and, notably, the victim's own assessment of the dangerousness of her case. Most variables were stronger in their sensitivity, or ability to correctly identify reabusers, than their specificity, or ability to correctly identify nonreabusers. Implications for practice and research are discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 31: 349–369, 2003.
Community violence exposure in a young adult sample: III. Psychophysiology and victimization interact to affect risk for aggression
Authors: Scarpa Angela , Ollendick Thomas H.
Published: June 2003

An initial study of young adults with high and low exposure to community violence found that aggression was related to increased baseline heart rate variability (HRV), reduced baseline heart rate (HR), and increased poststressor cortisol level. Based upon previous research on biosocial interactions, this study tested specific predictions that the cardiovascular–aggression link would be found only in nonvictims and the cortisol–aggression link only in victims. Forty‐seven victims and nonvictims completed self‐reports of aggression and two stressor tasks. Results supported the hypotheses for HRV and cortisol. However, reduced HR was associated with aggression in both victims and nonvictims, and its variance was explained by increased HRV. Findings support biosocial theories of violence and are discussed in terms of vagally mediated HR underarousal and emotion dysregulation in antisocial populations. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 31: 321–338, 2003.
Perceived susceptibility to pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease among pregnant and nonpregnant adolescents
Authors: Kershaw Trace S. , Niccolai Linda M. , Ethier Kathleen A. , Lewis Jessica B. , Ickovics Jeannette R.
Published: June 2003

This study of urban adolescent females investigated predictors of perceived susceptibility to single and dual sexual outcomes (pregnancy only, sexually transmitted disease [STD] only, pregnancy and STDs). Thirty percent of participants felt susceptible to dual sexual outcomes. We developed a predictive model of perceived susceptibility to pregnancy/STDs from sexual risk‐behavior, sexual consequences (e.g., recent pregnancy and STD), relationship, cognitive, psychological, and personal factors. Dual pregnancy and STD susceptibility was associated with more than one sexual partner in the past year, no hormonal contraception use, inconsistent condom use, not being pregnant, and White race. In contrast, pregnancy‐only susceptibility was associated with only hormonal contraceptive use and not being pregnant. Finally, STD susceptibility was associated with more than one sexual partner in the past year, no hormonal contraceptive use, and low self‐esteem. We must understand how individuals perceive their susceptibility to complex combinations of reproductive health outcomes (e.g., pregnancy and STDs) to design interventions to increase condom and contraceptive use among adolescent females. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 31: 419–434, 2003.
Erratum
Authors: Long D. Adam , Perkins Douglas D.
Published: June 2003

The Note to Table 9 of “Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Sense of Community Index and Development of a Brief SCI,” by D. Adam Long and Douglas D. Perkins (Journal of Community Psychology, Vol. 31, No. 3, p. 279) contained some incorrect text. Most importantly, the Note should read, “ … 7% of the variance,” rather than “ … 30% of the variance.”

Also, six of the references appearing the the References section were missing B.J. Bishop as a coeditor. The corrected references are as follows.
Relative binding strength of terpyridine model complexes under matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry conditions
Authors: Meier Michael A. R. , Lohmeijer Bas G. G. , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: June 2003

The relative binding strength of a series of terpyridine metal complexes of the type [MIIL2]+ was investigated by using variable laser intensities in matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOFMS). A model terpyridine ligand, 4′‐(1,4,7‐trioxa‐octyl)‐2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine, was prepared and complexed with a series of transition metal ions including cadmium, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, nickel and ruthenium. The relative binding strength of these complexes can be obtained by measuring MALDI mass spectra of the prepared compounds at different laser intensities. The ratio of the signal intensities belonging to the ligand [LH]+ and the complex [ML2]+ ([LH]+ /[ML2]+) depends on the laser intensity utilized for the spectrum acquisition. By considering an [LH]+/[ML2]+ ratio > 10 as the point of complete complex dissociation, it is possible to establish a row of complex stabilities depending on the kind of metal ion. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
COMPLX: a computer algorithm for the detection of protein–ligand and other macromolecular complexes in mass spectra
Authors: Wong Jason W. H. , Downard Kevin M.
Published: June 2003

A new algorithm has been designed and tested to identify protein, or any other macromolecular, complexes that have been widely reported in mass spectral data. The program takes advantage of the appearance of multiply charged ions that are common to both electrospray ionization and, to a lesser extent, matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectra. The algorithm, known as COMPLX for the COMposition of Protein–Ligand compleXes, is capable of identifying complexes for any protein or macromolecule with a binding partner of molecular mass up to 100 000 Da. It does so by identifying ion pairs present in a mass spectrum that, when they share a common charge, have an m/z value difference that is an integer fraction of a ligand or binding partner molecular mass. Several additional criteria must be met in order for the result to be ranked in the output file including that all m/z values for ions of the protein or complex have progressively lower values as their assigned charge increases, the difference between the m/z values for adjacent charge states (z, z + 1) decrease as the assigned charge state increases, and the ratio of any two m/z values assigned to a protein or complex is equal to the inverse ratio of their charge. The entries that satisfy these criteria are then ranked according to the appearance of ions in the mass spectrum associated with the binding partner, the length of a continuous series of charges across any set of ions for a protein and complex and the lowest error recorded for the molecular mass of the ligand or binding partner. A diverse range of hypothetical and experimental mass spectral data were used to implement and test the program, including those recorded for antibody–peptide, protein–peptide and protein–heme complexes. Spectra of increasing complexity, in terms of the number of ions input, were also successfully analysed in which the number of input m/z values far exceeds the few associated with a macromolecular complex. Thus the program will be of value in a future goal of proteomics, where mass spectrometry already plays a central role, for the direct analysis of protein and other associations within biological extracts. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decomposition of Ḃ0,11 (ℤ) into special atoms
Authors: Boza Santiago , Torres Rodolfo H.
Published: June 2003

The so–called special atom space Ḃ0,11 (ℝ) plays an important role as a substitute in many problems in analysis for the larger Hardy space H1(ℝ). In this article the analogous space Ḃ0,11 (ℤ) in the discrete setting is investigated. In particular, appropriate special atom decompositions of the elements in the space are obtained. The work is motivated by previous work in the subject in the characterization of spaces of sequences.
Moduli of vector bundles in characteristic 2
Authors: Bhosle Usha N.
Published: June 2003

Let X be a nonsingular curve of genus 2 over an algebraically closed field of characteristic 2. We show that the moduli space of semistable rank two vector bundles with a fixed determinant of even degree on X is isomorphic to the three dimensional projective space. We prove results on orthogonal and spin bundles on hyperelliptic curves generalising this result.
Measurable selectors for the metric projection
Authors: Cascales B. , Raja M.
Published: June 2003

Let Y and Z be two topological spaces and F : Y × Z → ℝ a function that is upper semi–continuous in the first variable and lower semi–continuous in the second variable. If Z is Polish and for every y ∈ Y there is a point z ∈ Z with F(y, z) = infw∈Z F(y, w) we prove that there is a nice measurable function h : Y → Z satisfying F(y, h(y)) = infz∈Z F(y, z) for every y ∈ Y . As an application we obtain the existence of universally measurable selectors for the metric projection onto weakly K–analytic convex proximinal subsets of a Banach space, which then allows us to prove that Lp(μ, Y ) is proximinal in Lp(μ, X) for every proximinal weakly K–analytic subspace Y of a Banach space X.
On the LBB constant on stretched domains
Authors: Dobrowolski Manfred
Published: June 2003

It is proved that the constant in the Ladyzhenskaja–Babuska–Brezzi condition on stretched domains is proportional to a–1, where a ≥ 1 is the aspect ratio of the stretched domain. In particular, the result is valid for channel domains and plates.
Composition operators on spaces of real analytic functions
Authors: Domański Paweł , Langenbruch Michael
Published: June 2003

Let Ω1, Ω2be open subsets of ℝand ℝ, respectively, and let A(Ω1) denote the space of real analytic functions on Ω1. We prove a Glaeser type theorem by characterizing when a composition operatorCφ: A(Ω1) → A(Ω2),Cφ(f) ≔f∘φ, is a topological embedding. Using this result we characterize when A(Ω1) can be embedded topologically into A(Ω2) as a locally convex space or as a topological algebra. We also characterize LB–subspaces and Fréchet subspaces of A(Ω1). In particular, it follows that if A(Ω1) and A(Ω2) are isomorphic as locally convex spaces, thend1=d2.
On a measure of non–compactness for maximal operators
Authors: Edmunds D. E. , Meskhi A.
Published: June 2003

It is proved that there is no weight pair (v,w) for which the Hardy–Littlewood maximal operator defined on a domain Ω in Rn is compact from the weighted Lebesgue space Lpw(Ω) to Lpv (Ω). Results of a similar character are also obtained for the fractional maximal operators. Moreover, a measure of non–compactness for these maximal operators is estimated from below. Analogous problems for one–sided maximal functions are also studied.
On the radius of convexity of linear combinations of univalent functions and their derivatives
Authors: Greiner Richard , Roth Oliver
Published: June 2003

Let S denote the set of normalized univalent functions in the unit disk. We consider the problem of finding the radius of convexity rα of the set

{(1 – α)f(z) + αzf′(z) : f ∈ S}

for fixed α ∈ ℂ. Using a linearization method we find the exact value of rα for α ∈ [0, 1] and prove the (sharp) estimate rα ≥ r1 for α ∈ ℂ with |2α– 1| ≤ 1. As an application of these results the sharp lower bound for the radius of convexity of the convolution f ∗︁ g where f, g ∈ S and g is close–to–convex is found to be 5 – 2√6. The case α = 1/2 is related to an old conjecture of Robinson dating back to 1947.
On the Picard modular surface for ℚ(√–2) and related Theta constants
Authors: Koike Kenji
Published: June 2003

The family of abelian varieties over C which have the endomorphism √–d of type (n, 1) is parameterized on the complex ball Bn. Let G be a modular group for such a family equipped with a certain level structure. The quotient is called the Picard modular variety of level G. There are many studies on Picard modular varieties (for example, see [2]). But concrete models are known only for the cases d = 1, 3 and 163 (see [3], [6], [7] and [9]). In this paper, we study the Picard modular surface for d = 2.

In Section 1, we give an explicit modular embedding Φ : Bn → Hn+1 for d ≡ 1, 2 mod 4. This is inspired by the modular embedding given in [7].

In Section 2, we study several congruence subgroups of the Picard modular group G(ℤ) for ℚ(√–2 ) and relations among them. Furthermore we show some special properties of the theta constants restricted on Φ(Bn) with d = 2.

In Section 3, we state the main theorem. Namely,

(1) We give a birational morphism from \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \overline {{\bf B}_2/ G_2(\mathbb Z)} $\end{document} onto a hypersurface in the weighted projective space P(1, 2, 3, 4).

(2) We describe the image as an explicit hypersurface of degree 6 defined over ℤ[√2 ].
Higher order birational embeddings of Del Pezzo surfaces
Authors: Knutsen Andreas Leopold
Published: June 2003

Let L be a nef line bundle on a Del Pezzo surface. We show that L + KS is birationally k–very ample if and only if all the smooth curves in |L| have gonality ≥k + 2, and we also find numerical criteria for birational k–very ampleness.
Formation of Thermoresponsive Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)/Dextran Particles by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization
Authors: Kim Dong Jin , Heo Jin‐young , Kim Kwang Soo , Choi Insung S.
Published: June 2003

Thermoresponsive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)/dextran hybrid particles were formed by surface‐initiated, aqueous atom transfer radical polymerization via the attachment of a polymerization initiator onto dextran microspheres and polymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide. The resulting hybrid particles were about 250 μm in diameter, and showed thermoresponsiveness: the average diameter changed from 273 μm to 214 μm when the temperature was increased from 25 °C to 40 °C (22% decrease).

Schematic description of the procedure.

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Schematic description of the procedure.
Fabrication of a Metal Particle Array Based on a Self‐Assembled Template from a Two‐Armed Polymer
Authors: Fu Jun , Feng Xiaoshuang , Han Yanchun , Pan Caiyuan , Yang Yuming , Li Binyao
Published: June 2003

A two‐armed polymer with a crown ether core self‐assembles to produce macroporous films with pores perpendicularly reaching through the film down to the substrate. A possible assembling mechanism is discussed. The pore size can be conveniently adjusted by changing the solution concentration. These through‐hole macroporous films provide a template for fabricating an array of Cu nanoparticle aggregates.

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Enzymatic Polymerization towards Biodegradable Polyester Nanoparticles
Authors: Taden Andreas , Antonietti Markus , Landfester Katharina
Published: June 2003

The direct enzymatic polymerization of miniemulsions consisting of lactone nanodroplets represents a new and convenient pathway for the synthesis of biodegradable polymer nanoparticles, where the chemical composition and molecular weight can be varied in a certain range. Oligoesters completely end‐capped with an alkene or diene group can also be prepared by this technique. These building blocks extend polyester application as they allow to impart improved biodegradability to both siloxane and resin chemistry.

TEM image of the polyester particles obtained by enzymatic polymerization in miniemulsion.

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TEM image of the polyester particles obtained by enzymatic polymerization in miniemulsion.
Silyl‐Substituted Poly(thienylenevinylene) via Heteroaromatic Dehydrohalogenation Polymerization
Authors: Lee Yeong‐Beom , Shim Hong‐Ku , Ko Seung‐Won
Published: June 2003

A long alkylsilyl group was attached to a thiophene ring system to overcome the instability of 2,5‐bis(halomethyl)thiophene monomers, by imparting steric hindrance and electronic delocalization. The resulting stable monomer could be used directly to prepare low‐band‐gap poly(thienylenevinylene) (1.57 eV) through heteroaromatic dehydrohalogenation polymerization.

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Cyclodextrins in Polymer Synthesis: Crosslinking Water‐Soluble Unsaturated Polyester Resins Using a Cyclodextrin/Styrene Complex in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Alupei Iulian C. , Alupei Valentina , Ritter Helmut
Published: June 2003

A new method was developed to crosslink water‐soluble unsaturated polyester resins prepared from maleic anhydride and poly(ethylene glycol) in water as the solvent. Crosslinking was carried out with various molar ratios of the host‐guest complex consisting of styrene as the guest and methylated β‐cyclodextrin as the host. Polymerizations were performed in water with K2S2O8/Na2S2O5 as free radical initiator at 25 °C. Thermal properties of the networks obtained depend on the amount of styrene incorporated into the polymer.

Acceleration effect of me‐β‐CD during crosslinking of an unsaturated polyester with styrene in water: (a) monomer complexed with me‐β‐CD, and (b) with uncomplexed monomer.

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Acceleration effect of me‐β‐CD during crosslinking of an unsaturated polyester with styrene in water: (a) monomer complexed with me‐β‐CD, and (b) with uncomplexed monomer.
Preliminary design optimization of stiffened panels using approximate analysis models
Authors: Lamberti Luciano , Venkataraman Satchi , Haftka Raphael T. , Johnson Theodore F.
Published: June 2003

Preliminary sizing of structural components in the conceptual design phase of new aerospace vehicles requires a large number of structural optimizations. Use of detailed finite element models for global optimization of stiffened shell structures is not affordable. Designers have to compromise between the complexity in the structural analysis model (e.g. small models or linear analysis) and that of the optimization method (local versus global optimization). When designing new concepts where good initial designs are not available, global design optimization needs to be performed, and this is not currently possible with complex models. In this paper, we discuss the use of simple analysis methods for performing global optimization of stiffened shell structures. We demonstrate the efficiency of using approximate analysis models by using PANDA2 for a practical design trade‐study. Often approximate models are based on assumptions that are not satisfied throughout the design space. Hence, such models require constraints that will keep the designs in regions where the analysis assumptions are valid. We illustrate with examples situations where such design constraints result in sub‐optimal designs. We conclude that performing global optimization using approximate methods can permit a greater exploration of the design space than the use of local optimization with complex models. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An element removal and reintroduction strategy for the topology optimization of structures and compliant mechanisms
Authors: Bruns T. E. , Tortorelli D. A.
Published: June 2003

A method is developed to systematically remove and reintroduce low density elements from and into the finite element mesh on which the structural topology optimization problem is defined. The material density field which defines the topology and the local ‘stiffness’ of the structure is optimally distributed via non‐linear programming techniques. To prevent elements from having zero stiffness, an arbitrarily small lower bound on the material density is typically imposed to ensure that the global stiffness matrix does not become singular. While this approach works well for most minimum compliance problems, the presence of low density elements can cause computational problems, particularly in structures that exhibit geometric non‐linearities, e.g. in compliant mechanisms. To resolve this problem, a systematic approach for removing and reintroducing low density elements is presented, and the substantial performance improvements both in design and computational efficiency of the method over current methods are discussed. Several structures and compliant mechanisms are designed to demonstrate the method. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adjoint state method for shape sensitivity analysis in non‐steady forming applications
Authors: Chung S. H. , Fourment L. , Chenot J. L. , Hwang S. M.
Published: June 2003

This paper introduces the adjoint state method in non‐steady‐state forming processes, such as forging, whereas this method is more frequently used for steady‐state problems. Some practical details for an efficient implementation are given. The emphasis is put on the accuracy of the sensitivity analysis for problems with remeshings and transfers of variables. The precision of the calculated derivatives is verified by comparing its results with the direct differentiation method. The adjoint state method is then applied to shape optimization problems. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive algorithms for optimal control of time‐dependent partial differential‐algebraic equation systems
Authors: Serban Radu , Li Shengtai , Petzold Linda R.
Published: June 2003

This paper describes an adaptive algorithm for optimal control of time‐dependent partial differential‐algebraic equation (PDAE) systems. A direct method based on a modified multiple shooting type technique and sequential quadratic programming (SQP) is used for solving the optimal control problem, while an adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) algorithm is employed to dynamically adapt the spatial integration mesh. Issues of coupling the AMR solver to the optimization algorithm are addressed. For time‐dependent PDAEs which can benefit from the use of an adaptive mesh, the resulting method is shown to be highly efficient. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Topology optimization of 2D‐frame structures with path‐dependent response
Authors: Pedersen Claus B. W.
Published: June 2003

This paper deals with topology stiffness optimization of a ground structure consisting of rectangular 2D‐beam elements with path‐dependent response. The objective of the optimization is to minimize the compliance of the structure when the mass is prescribed. The path‐dependent response of the structure is due to the plastic hinges at the ends of the beam elements. The plastic hinges are modelled through yield surfaces giving the interaction between the stress resultants when the cross‐section is fully plastified. In combination with the yield surface a simple hardening rule is applied. The geometrical non‐linearities are also included, so the beam elements can perform large rigid body rotations. The finite element solution is obtained with an implicit backward Euler algorithm. From the finite element solution the analytical sensitivities are computed using the direct method. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fabrication of porous collagen/chitosan scaffolds with controlling microstructure for dermal equivalent
Authors: Gao Chang‐you , Wang Deng‐yong , Shen Jia‐cong
Published: June 2003

Two sets of homemade apparatus have been utilized to fabricate collagen/chitosan porous membranes by quenching its acetic solution and subsequently extracting the solvent with ethanol. The influence of chitosan concentration on the surface morphology of the collagen/chitosan membranes was studied using a quenching cold plate (apparatus 1). The pore size was enlarged along with an increase in the chitosan content, accompanied with the emergence of a sheet‐like microstructure. Due to the large thermal conductivity of the membrane‐forming platform (stainless steel), collagen/chitosan membranes prepared using apparatus 1 at freezing temperature between −60 to −20 °C present similar pore size (2–4 nm) and surface morphology. However, a large difference in pore size is generated using apparatus 2 (membrane preparation in a cold ethanol bath) and using a membrane‐forming platform of poor thermal conductivity (polymethylmethacrylate), e.g. ∼10 to 20 μm at freezing temperature of −60 to −40 °C, and 265 μm at −20 °C accompanied with the transformation from fiber‐ to sheet‐dominated morphology. The spongy collagen/chitosan membranes with pore sizes ranging from tens to hundreds of micrometers and porosity higher than 95%, which could be used as dermal regeneration template, have thus been fabricated. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative mechanical property characterization of three indirect composite resin materials compared with two direct composites
Authors: Demirel Figen , Saygılı Gülbin , Şahmalı Sevil
Published: June 2003

Various new indirect composite materials have been developed with required advantages. In this study three indirect composite material (Artglass, Belleglass HP, Targis) were tested for flexural strength, fracture toughness, wear resistance and hardness against Filtek P60 and Z‐100.

Five specimens of each material were fabricated according to the manufacturer's directions. The flexural strength and fracture toughness was measured using the bending test. The wear test was performed to accelerated wear in a toothbrushing apparatus. Vickers hardness was measured for each of the tested materials. The statistical tests used for flexural strength, fracture toughness, wear and hardness were One‐way ANOVA and Kruskal–Wallis test. The level of statistical significance chosen was p = 0.05.

Results of the study showed that Filtek P60 was superior to the other composites in all tests. Significant differences were found among the materials. The differences in flexural strength, fracture toughnes, wear and hardness may have been due to differences in chemistry or method of polymerization of the composites. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The interactions of tooth colored dental restorative materials with aqueous lactic acid
Authors: Şahmalı Sevil , Demirel Figen , Saygılı Gülbin
Published: June 2003

In this study, the interaction of packable composite and ormocer with aqueous lactic acid solutions were determined and changes compared with those for a polyacid modified resin composite and a glass ionomer.

For each material, namely Solitaire, Z‐100, Definite, Dyract AP and Vitremer, eight cylindrical specimens of 6 mm diameter and 12 mm height were prepared and weighed. They were stored individually in 20 cm3 0.02 mol−1 lactic acid solution for 1 week, then the pH was determined and the specimens reweighed. This was repeated at 1 week intervals until the specimens were 6 weeks old.

The results of this study showed that; polyacid modified resin composites and resin‐modified glass‐ionomers were capable of increasing the pH of lactic acid solutions. The same groups showed an increase in mass during the first week. Composite resins and ormocer showed less increase in mass than the others. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Superabsorbent hydrogel composites
Authors: Kabiri Kourosh , Zohuriaan‐Mehr M. J.
Published: June 2003

A new cost‐effective approach to enhance gel strength of superabsorbent hydrogels was invented. Superabsorbent hydrogel composites (SHCs) were prepared through an optimized rapid solution polymerization of concentrated partially neutralized acrylic acid in the presence of a crosslinking agent under normal atmospheric conditions. Kaolin was used as an inorganic component in the polymerization process to strengthen the hydrogel products. FT‐IR spectroscopy was used to confirm grafting of acrylic chains on to the surface of kaolin particles. Morphology of the products was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Compared with the kaolin‐free hydrogel (control), kaolin caused a reduced equilibrium swelling and swelling rate as low as 17–31% and 19–29%, respectively. Kaolin, however, resulted in enhanced gel strength as high as 21–35% compared to the control. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to study thermal properties of the composites. The SHCs exhibited higher thermal stability than the control. Meanwhile, changes in certain thermal transitions reconfirmed the chemical interaction of the acrylic chain with kaolin. These thermostabilized strengthened superabsorbent hydrogels may be considered as good candidates for agricultural application to retain more water under soil pressure. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predictive mechanical performance evaluation of consumer food cans using stereolithography models
Authors: Karalekas D. , Kakoudakis J.
Published: June 2003

The development of new metal food containers can be a technologically challenging and costly process. Understanding the interplay between the major design characteristics and requirements affecting the product's final structural capability is paramount to achieving an optimum design proposition. As a result, computer‐based simulation has been employed by industry to assess a container's performance under a variety of load conditions, including axial load and panelling of cans. In this paper, the feasibility of a new approach for addressing the effects of design parameters on the structural performance of containers under development is investigated. The evaluation methodology is based on structural testing of stereolithography‐built physical prototypes of a rigid metal container used for coffee packaging. It is shown that the experimentally obtained findings are in accordance to those resulting from computational simulation. This method can be used to support the development of existing and new metal containers. Copyright ©2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resonances and pseudoresonances in a potential with attractive coulomb tail: A study using analytic‐continuation techniques
Authors: Müller Imke B. , Santra Robin , Cederbaum Lorenz S.
Published: June 2003

The performance of the complex absorbing potential (CAP) and the complex scaling (CS) methods in the detection and calculation of complex Siegert energies is studied using a 1‐D long‐range attractive model potential. This potential is constructed to mimic molecular properties, in particular an attractive Coulombic term, to allow one to draw conclusions on molecular ab initio studies. Analyzing the spectrum of the model potential, one compact bound state embedded in the manifold of Rydberg states is found that shows artificial resonance characteristics when applying the CAP and the CS methods. This pseudoresonance problem is less pronounced in the calculation using the CS method than in that using the CAP method. Despite this deficiency, the CAP method is shown to possess advantages over CS when dealing with physical resonances under conditions that simulate the application of standard basis sets in ab initio calculations. The accuracy of the Siegert energy is shown to be maintained when applying a subspace projection technique to the CAP method. This technique reduces the computational demand significantly and leads to an important improvement of the CAP method, which should be of particular significance in molecular applications. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2003
Simple approach to computing tunneling time: Test cases
Authors: Mondal Chandan Kumar , Maji Kaushik , Bhattacharyya S. P.
Published: June 2003

We suggest a recipe for calculating the time taken by a particle to tunnel out from an initially localized state in one of the wells of symmetrical double‐well potential into the other well. We calculate average velocity 〈v̄〉 of the tunneling particle by solving the Schrödinger equation numerically for Ψ(x, t), then estimating 〈v(t)〉 = (d/dt)〈x(t)〉 and time‐averaging it. The time taken to tunnel is measured by calculating τav = l0/〈v̄〉 where l0 is an idealized estimate of the barrier width. We suggest an approximate partitioning of τav into an intrinsic decay time (τd) and a barrier crossing time (τb), τd being obtained from energy spread of the packet. τav − τd is shown to be close to the Wentzel‐Brillouin‐Kramers estimate of barrier crossing time τsc. The response of τav to an external driving field and nonzero temperatures are tested. We also apply the method to a purely barrier penetration problem as well as to the problem of tunneling through a fluctuating barrier. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2003
Polarization Colors of Lightly Iodine‐stained Maize Starches for Amylose‐Extender and Related Genotypes in the W64A Inbred Line
Authors: Evans Annette , McNish Nayo , Thompson Donald B.
Published: June 2003

Previous qualitative research showed that for some maize endosperm genotype starches the color of variably iodine‐stained starch granules observed by bright field microscopy (BFM) was different from the color of identically stained granules observed by polarized light microscopy (PLM). One objective of the present study was to determine the polarization color for a variety of high‐amylose and other starch genotypes in an identical genetic background. A secondary objective was to determine the iodine concentration dependence of polarization colors for the samples. Starches from the W64A inbred line were obtained from the following genotypes: normal, wx, ae, du, su2, ae wx, ae du, ae su2, and du su2. Starches were stained with iodine solutions ranging from 0.02 to 0.075% and viewed with BFM and PLM, using an auto‐exposure digital camera function. Most starches showed the first appreciable color at about 0.04percnt; I2. Unlike normal and non‐ae‐containing starches, ae starch showed a pink polarization color, despite its blue color in bright field. Heterogeneity in polarization color was observed both within and among granules. Double mutant starches containing ae showed variable effects, depending on the combination. It is suggested that the pink polarization color of ae starch may be due to a lack of symmetrical orientation of iodinecomplexed amylose in these granules
The Effects of Amylose and Starch Phosphate on Starch Gel Retrogradation Studied by Low‐field 1H NMR Relaxometry
Authors: Thygesen Lisbeth G. , Blennow Andreas , Engelsen Søren B.
Published: June 2003

Low‐field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (23 MHz) was used to study the effects of the degree of phosphorylation, the amylose content and the amylopectin chain length distribution on gel retrogradation for a set of 26 starches, six of which were of crystal polymorph type A, 18 of type B and two of type C. The phosphate content ranged from 0 to 58.8 nmol Glc6P/mg and the amylose content from 0 to 72.1%. The starch pastes (13%, w/w) were measured before and after storage for six days at 35 °C. It was found that Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the raw Carr‐Purcell‐Meiboom‐Gill (CPMG) relaxation curves from the two measurements (day 1 and day 7) could be used as a simple, illustrative way of describing the retrogradation. Three different behaviours were identified: One group of samples (mostly potato starches) slowly changed from a soft to a more rigid gel from day 1 to 7. A second group (mostly cereal starches) formed a rigid gel already before the first measurement and changed little after that. A third group comprised a few samples containing little or no amylose aged similarly to the first group of samples, but at a much slower rate. For the potato starches, a weak negative correlation (r = ‐0.63) was found between the degree of phosphorylation and the difference between the LF NMR relaxation curves of day 1 and day 7.
Functional characterization of a H+/nucleoside co‐transporter (CaCNT) from Candida albicans, a fungal member of the concentrative nucleoside transporter (CNT) family of membrane proteins
Authors: Loewen Shaun K. , Ng Amy M. L. , Mohabir Nadira N. , Baldwin Stephen A. , Cass Carol E. , Young James D.
Published: June 2003

Human and other mammalian concentrative (Na+‐linked) nucleoside transport proteins belong to a membrane protein family (CNT, TC 2.A.41) that also includes Escherichia coli H+‐dependent nucleoside transport protein NupC. Here, we report the cDNA cloning and functional characterization of a CNT family member from the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. This 608 amino acid residue H+/nucleoside symporter, designated CaCNT, contains 13 predicted transmembrane domains (TMs), but lacks the exofacial, glycosylated carboxyl‐terminus of its mammalian counterparts. When produced in Xenopus oocytes, CaCNT exhibited transport activity for adenosine, uridine, inosine and guanosine but not cytidine, thymidine or the nucleobase hypoxanthine. Apparent Km values were in the range 16–64 µM, with Vmax : Km ratios of 0.58–1.31. CaCNT also accepted purine and uridine analogue nucleoside drugs as permeants, including cordycepin (3′‐deoxyadenosine), a nucleoside analogue with anti‐fungal activity. Electrophysiological measurements under voltage clamp conditions gave a H+ to [14C]uridine coupling ratio of 1 : 1. CaCNT, obtained from logarithmically growing cells, is the first described cation‐coupled nucleoside transporter in yeast, and the first member of the CNT family of proteins to be characterized from a unicellular eukaryotic organism. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Response to acetaldehyde stress in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae involves a strain‐dependent regulation of several ALD genes and is mediatedby the general stress response pathway
Authors: Aranda Agustín , del Olmo Marcel.lí
Published: June 2003

One of the stress conditions that yeast may encounter is the presence of acetaldehyde. In a previous study we identified that, in response to this stress, several HSP genes are induced that are also involved in the response to other forms of stress. Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH) play an important role in yeast acetaldehyde metabolism (e.g. when cells are growing in ethanol). In this work we analyse the expression of the genes encoding these enzymes (ALD) and also the corresponding enzymatic activities under several growth conditions. We investigate three kinds of yeast strains: laboratory strains, strains involved in the alcoholic fermentation stage of wine production and flor yeasts (responsible for the biological ageing of sherry wines). The latter are very important to consider because they grow in media containing high ethanol concentrations, and produce important amounts of acetaldehyde. Under several growth conditions, further addition of acetaldehyde or ethanol in flor yeasts induced the expression of some ALD genes and led to an increase in ALDH activity. This result is consistent with their need to obtain energy from ethanol during biological ageing processes. Our data also suggest that post‐transcriptional and/or post‐translational mechanisms are involved in regulating the activity of these enzymes. Finally, analyses indicate that the Msn2/4p and Hsf1p transcription factors are necessary for HSP26, ALD2/3 and ALD4 gene expression under acetaldehyde stress, while PKA represses the expression of these genes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Verification of a new gene on Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome III
Authors: Zhang Zhihong , Dietrich Fred S.
Published: June 2003

We present verification of the existence of a previously unannotated, intron‐containing gene of 134 amino acids (predicted molecular weight ∼15.5 kDa) located on chromosome III of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Strains carrying a deletion of this gene, which we have called YCL012C, reveal no apparent phenotype. Orthologues of YCL012C are present in related species S. bayanus, S. paradoxus and Ashbya gossypii. Comparison with other fungal sequences reveals that orthologues of this gene are likely present in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Neurospora crassa and Cryptococcus neoformans as well, indicating that YCL012C is a widely conserved fungal gene. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Subject‐specific finite element analysis of the human medial collateral ligament during valgus knee loading
Authors: Gardiner John C. , Weiss Jeffrey A.
Published: June 2003

The objectives of this study were (1) to develop subject‐specific experimental and finite element (FE) techniques to study the three‐dimensional stress–strain behavior of ligaments, with application to the human medial collateral ligament (MCL), and (2) to determine the importance of subject‐specific material properties and initial (in situ) strain distribution for prediction of the strain distribution in the MCL under valgus loading. Eight male knees were subjected to varus–valgus loading at flexion angles of 0°, 30°, and 60°. Three‐dimensional joint kinematics and MCL strains were recorded during kinematic testing. Following testing, the MCL of each knee was removed to allow measurement of the in situ strain distribution and to perform material testing. A FE model of the femur–MCL–tibia complex was constructed for each knee to simulate valgus loading at each flexion angle, using subject‐specific bone and ligament geometry, material properties, and joint kinematics. A transversely isotropic hyperelastic material model was used to represent the MCL. The MCL in situ strain distribution at full extension was used to apply in situ strain to each MCL FE model. FE predicted MCL strains during valgus loading were compared to experimental measurements using regression analysis. The subject‐specific FE predictions of strain correlated reasonably well with experimentally measured MCL strains (R2 = 0.83, 0.72, and 0.66 at 0°, 30°, and 60°, respectively). Despite large inter‐subject variation in MCL material properties, MCL strain distributions predicted by individual FE models that used average MCL material properties were strongly correlated with subject‐specific FE strain predictions (R2 = 0.99 at all flexion angles). However, predictions by FE models that used average in situ strain distributions yielded relatively poor correlations with subject‐specific FE predictions (R2 = 0.44, 0.35, and 0.33 at flexion angles of 0°, 30°, and 60°, respectively). The strain distribution within the MCL was nonuniform and changed with flexion angle. The highest MCL strains occurred at full extension in the posterior region of the MCL proximal to the joint line during valgus loading, suggesting this region may be most vulnerable to injury under these loading conditions. This work demonstrates that subject‐specific FE models can predict the complex, nonuniform strain fields that occur in ligaments due to external loading of the joint. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Quantifying thumb rotation during circumduction utilizing a video technique
Authors: Coert J. H. , van Dijke G. A. Hoek , Hovius S. E. R. , Snijders C. J. , Meek M. F.
Published: June 2003

Thumb rotation is an essential component of circumduction in order to achieve pulp to pulp contact. In order to evaluate opponensplasty, a device was developed to quantify thumb rotation utilizing a special jig to hold the hand and video analysis. Twenty‐seven healthy volunteers (12 female and 15 male) were tested to obtain normative data. Thumb rotation was measured as the difference in angle between the thumb in abduction and extension and maximal circumduction. Rotation angles varied from 70° to 110°. No gender or right/left differences could be detected. We concluded that comparing rotation of the non‐injured hand to the injured hand in evaluating opponensplasties can be used as an accurate measurement of thumb circumduction and opposition. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Genetic Counselors' Experiences with Paternal Involvement in Prenatal Genetic Counseling Sessions: An Exploratory Investigation
Authors: Lafans Richard S. , Veach Patricia McCarthy , LeRoy Bonnie S.
Published: June 2003

Limited research exists concerning male partners' participation in prenatal genetic counseling (R. Kenen, A. C. M. Smith, C. Watkins, & C. Zuber‐Pitore, J. Genet Corns 9, 33–45, 2000). To further understand paternal participation, we interviewed 17 experienced prenatal genetic counselors to assess their perspectives on this issue. We investigated 6 research questions: 1) How do genetic counselors define paternal involvement, 2) how do they determine and address problematic involvement, 3) what factors influence involvement, 4) was paternal involvement addressed in training, 5) how might training be improved, and 6) how do participant strategies for addressing involvement compare to those of marriage/family therapists? Qualitative analysis revealed that 1) participants regard paternal involvement asimportant; 2) most address problematic involvement with strategies similar to those of marital/family therapists; 3) influential factors include male partner's characteristics, the couple's relationship (including culturalpractices), and pregnancy factors; and 4) participants received little or notraining on paternal involvement and recommended didactic and experientialactivities. Implications and research recommendations are presented.