bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Socio-demographic profile of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis patients and its association with severity of adverse drug reactions in DOTS plus centre at tertiary hospital in Himachal Pradesh, India
Authors: Kumari Anita , Sharma Parveen K. , Kansal Dinesh , Bansal Rekha , Kumari Sumita
Published: November 2018

Background: Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis has become major public health problem and obstacle to effective control of tuberculosis. Objectives was to study the socio-demographic profile of multi- drug resistant tuberculosis patients and its association with severity of ADR (adverse drug reactions) in DOTS plus centre at tertiary hospital in Himachal Pradesh.Methods: It was a prospective observational study carried out from November 2012 to October 2013 on multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) patients after approved from Institutional Ethics Committee.Results: Out of 104 patients the mean age of patients was 39.9 ±14.26 years. Majority of the patients were in the economically productive age groups. Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis was more in male (76%) than female (24%) and 96% of patients were belonged to rural area. The educational status of the MDR-TB shows 24% patients were illiterate. 63.46% MDR-TB patients were underweight (BMI<18.5%) according to WHO guidelines for obesity. Severity of ADR assessed by Hart wig and Siegel’s scale showed 21% patients experienced mild ADRs, 49% patients had moderate and 17% patients had severe ADRs. Severity of ADR is seen more in male, economically productive age group, subjects on vegetarian diet, patients who were underweight (BMI<18.5%) and with lower educational status.Conclusions: MDR-TB is a rapidly increasing health problem with major socio-economic and individual consequences. Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis mainly affects middle age that is in the economically productive age group which hampers the social and economic development of individual, society and nation.
Assessment of knowledge of pharmacotherapeutics amongst medical undergraduates of a tertiary care teaching hospital of Chhattisgarh, India: a questionnaire based study
Authors: Tabish Ahmed , Swapnil Kaikade , A. Khan Tanveer , B. Chandel N. , Anand Rao , Chandresh Mishra
Published: November 2018

Background: Knowledge of pharmacology forms the basis of rational pharmacotherapy practice. Teaching the medical students about systematic application of pharmacology in patients’ care forms an essential component. It facilitates the medical students to develop a methodical approach in solving patients’ clinical problems.Methods: A questionnaire-based study was conducted, at Government Medical College Rajnandgaon involving second year MBBS students. Total 100 students participated in the study.Results: Hundred percent of the students responded that pharmacology was presently taught to them, seventy nine percent of them agreed with the fact that pharmacology was preferred to pass the MBBS, eighty eight percent of them responded that in pharmacokinetics was the least preferred topic, ninety seven of them were not aware of the essential drug list. Their suggestions regarding the change in teaching methodology was recorded.Conclusions: This study concludes that efforts are needed to develop a curriculum that encompasses important aspects of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics along with incorporation of the useful suggestions by the undergraduate students.
A pharmacovigilance study of antiretroviral therapy in HIV positive out patients at a tertiary care teaching hospital
Authors: Reddy T. Muneeshwar , T. S. Durga Prasad , Reddy Sravani Gundramy , Dudu Sravani , Mohan Rameela , Punnamaraju Kali Prasanna , Dudekula Seetharam Babu
Published: November 2018

Background: Anti-Retroviral Therapy regimen (ART) is the only treatment option for treating the HIV positive patients for improving the immune system by increasing the CD4 cells. But eventually these medications lead to development of some Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) in seropositive patients under treatment.Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted for 6 months from March to August 2018 at ART Centre, Sri Venkateswara Ramnarayan Ruya Government General Hospital (SVRRGGH), Tirupati.Results: Out of 216 ADRs identified, majority where identified in females (54.35%). Most common regimen caused ADR was tenofovir+ lamivudine+ efavirenz (TLE) (55.55%). Data were analysed using the chi-square test were P-value was found to be 0.0024. Majority of ADRs were found in patients of age group between 31-35years was found to be 45 (20.83%) followed by age group between 41-45years was found to be 40 (18.51%). Most of the ADRs were related to central nervous system (27.31%) followed by metabolic disorders (26.38%), hematologic system (23.14%), gastrointestinal system (12.96%), dermatologic system (9.25%), renal system (0.46%) and musculoskeletal system (0.46%). On evaluation of WHO-UMC causality of ADRs, majority were found to be possible (78.7%). The Hartwig and Siegel’s severity assessment scale showed that most of the ADRs were mild (64.42%). The Schumock and Thornton preventability scale showed that 50.92% patients ADRs were probably preventable.Conclusions: As most of the ADRs were observed in patients receiving TLE regimen. So, patients receiving TLE regimen need intensive monitoring. Doctors, nurses, pharmacist must focus on early detection and prevention of ADRs, based on their severity.
An analysis of adherence to the World Health Organisation guidelines pertaining to drug promotional literature by pharmaceutical firms
Authors: Malik Salma , Anantharamu Tejus , Salmani M. Fadil , Pradhan Sapna , Mathur A. G.
Published: November 2018

Background: Pharmaceutical companies used Drug Promotion Literatures (DPLs) as a major tool to advertise their new products. World Health Organization (WHO) has set some guidelines for promotion of drug literature. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate various DPLs for their accuracy and credibility as per WHO ethical criteria.Methods: This was an observational and cross-sectional study. Total 100 drugs advertisements published in various medical journals were collected from the library of the college. Advertisements were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The selected advertisements were evaluated based on the WHO ethical criteria for drug promotion.Results: From 100 advertisements, 73 were single drug whereas 27 were fixed drug combinations. Antimicrobials (16%) were the most promoted advertisements. Only 28% of the advertisements carried references to support their claim. Out of which majority (91.78%) were from journal articles. The generic name, brand name, names of active ingredients, manufacturer, distributor and dosage regimen were mentioned in majority of advertisements. Drug interactions (12%), contraindications (22%), precautions (24%) and side effects (22%) were least mentioned in the advertisements.Conclusions: It was observed that none of the advertisement followed all the guidelines laid down by WHO. Pharmaceutical companies should follow ethical regulatory measures to promote their product in various journals. The regulatory authority must ensure the pharmaceutical companies to follow ethical guidelines for publishing various drug promotional literatures.
A surveillance study of cutaneous adverse drug reactions in a tertiary care teaching hospital in India
Authors: Badar Vandana , Parulekar Vidisha Vivek , Garate Priti
Published: November 2018

Background: Skin is one of the most common targets of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) The practice of pharmacovigilance all over the world is 5% whereas in India, it is below 1%. Hence, the purpose of our study is to monitor and analyze the suspected cutaneous adverse drug reactions (ACDRs) reported at our tertiary care teaching hospital, to characterize the nature and predictability, severity and preventability of ACDRs and identify most common drugs causing cutaneous ACDRs so that they can be given cautiously and with keen surveillance.Methods: An observational study was conducted in patients attending outpatient and inpatient department for a period of 3 years. All ACDRs of patients were referred by health care professionals and the diagnosis were made by concern doctors. The recorded data was filled in the ADR form obtained from pharmacovigilance program of India (2011) and Central Drug Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) website.Results: Out of 1399 ADR reports analyzed, 564 reports (40.31%) were of ACDRs, female to male ratio was 0.85. Redness (44.32%) was most common symptom, followed by itching (44.14%) and rash (19.14%). Antimicrobials (43.97%), NSAIDS (21.63%), Anti-retroviral therapy drugs (13.65%) were common groups. As per WHO-UMC causality classification, modified Hartwig and Siegel severity scale, Thornton and Schumock preventability scale, ACDRs were probable, mild and possibly preventable respectively.Conclusions: Effective ADR monitoring plays a role in safety of medicines. So, awareness regarding early diagnosis and prompt treatment should be created among the health care professionals and reporting of ACDRs should be regularly practiced by all the departments.
A study on knowledge and practices of over the counter medications among 1st year medical students
Authors: S. Subramanian , V. Satyanarayana , Basavaraj Bhandare
Published: November 2018

Background: Self-medication is widely practiced worldwide and often considered as a component of self-care. Selfmedication assumes a special significance among the medical students as they are the future medical practitioners and have a potential role in counselling the patients about the advantages and disadvantages of self-medication. Self-medication assumes a special significance among the medical students as they are the future medical practitioners. Medical students also differ from the general population because they are well-exposed to the knowledge about diseases and drugs. Therefore the present study was taken up to assess the extent of knowledge and practices of over the counter (OTC) drugs among the first year medical students in a tertiary care teaching hospital.Methods: A descriptive, cross sectional, non-interventional, observational study was conducted from November 2017 to January 2018 among 246 first year medical students. The data analyzed using descriptive statistics with percentages and averages using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS).Results: In the present study, it was found that 86% students practiced self-medication. Most common conditions for taking self-medication with OTC was fever (89%) followed by cough and cold (75%). 15% of them experienced adverse reactions on OTC self-medicated drugs. The main source of information during self-medication was reading material (56.3%) followed by advice from seniors/pharmacist (43.7%).Conclusions: Self-medication is widely practiced among undergraduate medical students. In this situation, we should educate the students about advantages and disadvantages of self-medication of over the counter drugs.
Accidental chronic lithium toxicity
Authors: Kanellis Vangelis George , Varendran Ramila
Published: November 2018

Lithium is an effective first-line mood stabiliser for bipolar disorder, treatment-refractory depression and suicide prevention. Studies have demonstrated its ability to produce neuroprotective benefits. Despite this, Lithium can cause neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity and endocrine derangement resulting in severe (and potentially permanent) side effects. Lithium toxicity can be precipitated by illness, salt restriction diets, dehydration, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, impaired creatinine clearance, concomitant drugs. This is particularly true in older patients with altered pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. We present a 52-year-old female who presented with prolonged signs of lithium toxicity post-diarrhoea. Lack of monitoring due to her nomadic life-style resulted in the combination of long-lasting neurotoxicity and thyroid dysfunction. Our patient displayed neurotoxicity that was not present on imaging. This highlights the importance of regular monitoring of renal function, lithium serum levels and neuro-endocrine function to reduce complications associated with lithium toxicity.
A case series of rituximab induced tuberculosis
Authors: Parikh Nehal , Shukla Dhaiwat , Uttam Chandani Kanishka , Pandya Sapan , Malhotra Supriya , Patel Pankaj
Published: November 2018

Rituximab has a myriad of clinical uses, ranging from its disease modifying action in rheumatoid arthritis, to its role in chemotherapy for cancer. Being an anti CD20 monoclonal antibody, it controls inflammation by targeting peripheral B cells including those present in the synovium. The use of Rituximab is associated with some side effects such as cytopenias and increased risk of infections such as JC virus reactivation leading to multifocal encephalopathy. The role of Rituximab as an immunosuppressant has been established. However, its association with tuberculosis in endemic countries like India is yet to be understood well. The study was a cross sectional study of the two cases reported about the incidence of tuberculosis in patients receiving infusions of rituximab for rheumatoid diseases. These adverse drug reactions were reported to the nearest pharmacovigilance center through the Vigiflow portal of WHO and were assessed for their causality as per the WHO scale. A 45 year old male patient, a known case of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, presented to a tertiary care hospital with high grade fever with chills and rigors after which he was diagnosed with pleural effusion due to tuberculosis. The patient was on immunosuppressants which included Rituximab, Mycophenolate Sodium, Prednisolone and Hydroxychloroquine. Rituximab was withdrawn and the remaining medications were continued as per the initial plan. A 19 year old male patient, a known case of dermatomyositis and dilated cardiomyopathy, presented to a tertiary care hospital with complaints of fever with chills and rigors, and breathlessness on exertion which was followed by the diagnosis of miliary tuberculosis. Earlier, the patient was on Rituximab, Cyclophosphamide, Hydroxychloroquine and Prednisolone. Plan of further infusions of Rituximab and Cyclophosphamide was terminated while the remaining medications were continued. Both the patients were put on anti tubercular therapy and are now improving. The association of bacterial infections like tuberculosis with the use of Rituximab is not well understood. However, Rituximab being an immunosuppressant can be considered to be related to this infection. In our case series we readdress this association through a literature review.
Role of DPP-4 inhibitors in the management of type 2 diabetes
Authors: . Ramesh , Gupta D. D.
Published: November 2018

Among various insulinotropic agents used in treatment of Type 2 DM, inclusion of DPP4 inhibitors are considered as major breakthrough as far as new drug development is concerned. In this review article we have discussed in detail about the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus especially the role of incretin, DPP4 enzyme and implication of its inhibitors in treatment of DM. Also, various clinical studies regarding use of DPP4 inhibitors as monotherapy and as combination therapy with other antidiabetic agents were discussed. DPP-4 inhibitors control glucose in fasting as well as in postprandial state both in monotherapy and in combination with other oral antidiabetic agents. Significant reduction in HbA1c observed with DPP4 inhibitors as monotherapy. On combining DPP 4 inhibitor as add-on therapy to metformin, glitazone or sulphonylurea therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes not reaching therapeutic goals, DPP-4 inhibitors reduce HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose and 2-h postprandial plasma glucose up to the desired level. Various DPP-4 inhibitors have been proven to be as safe and tolerable both as monotherapy and combination with other antidiabetic agents. Inhibition of DPP-4 enzyme has been proven as a promising aspect in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and various drugs inhibiting DPP4 enzymes have been developed now. They are highly recommended in the treatment of Type 2 DM both as monotherapy as well as combination therapy.
Determinants of nutritional status of pregnant women attending antenatal care in Western Regional Hospital, Nepal
Authors: Lama Nishant , Lamichhane Rajendra , K. C. Shreejana , Bhandari Gia Pun , Wagle Rajendra Raj
Published: November 2018

Background: Good nutritional status during pregnancy is the precondition for healthy pregnancy outcome. Maternal undernutrition leads to life threatening health consequences to expectant mother and her child. Nepal has considered nutrition as right but still there is discrepancy in nutritional status of pregnant women. Reasons for this are little explored. Thus, the study was carried out to generate evidence on nutritional status of pregnant women and factors influencing it.Methods: A cross sectional descriptive study was carried out using systematic random sampling technique with 282 pregnant women of ≥3rd trimester attending antenatal care in Western Regional Hospital, Pokhara, Kaski, Nepal. Semi-structured questionnaire, 24 hour recall tool, HFIAS measurement tool, MUAC tape and ANC card were used to collect information from participants. Descriptive and statistical analyses were done to summarize the result. Research was adhered to principles of research ethics.Results: Pregnant women having acute malnutrition (MUAC <23 cm) were 24%, low gestational weight gain were 67% and anemic were 12%. Food security, ethnicity and dietary diversity were found to have significant association with the nutritional status of pregnant women.Conclusions: The study generated the evidence on determinants of nutritional status of pregnant women. It has recommended that ensuring household food security, increasing dietary diversity and focusing ethnicity can promote nutritional status of pregnant women.
Faculty development needs assessment for online teaching
Authors: Elsamanoudy Ayman Z. , Abou-Kamer Rasha , Ghoneim Fatma M. , El-Saadany Sherif , Soliman Mona A. , Hassanien Mohammed A.
Published: November 2018

Background: Academic staff members, who are responsible for teaching and training, should be aware of the principle of online course design, development, and implementation. The aim of this study is to evaluate instructors’ skills and needs for conducting distance learning healthcare courses, including the level of assistance they need to implement and use online and software tools in online courses.Methods: The current study applied online faculty survey used by the Center for Teaching Excellence, University of South Carolina to assess the faculty’s instructional technology needs for training and support. The survey asked faculty staff about a broad number of classroom and online technologies, with a helpful response scale that reveals not only what the faculty is already using, but also what the instructors want to use and what they need help with.Results: The results of this study revealed a significant need of faculty staff members for the training and development of their skills in almost all tools used for conducting online courses. The female responder was higher than males. Regarding the use of software, although the majority of participating staff members in this study use almost all software tools required for conducting online healthcare courses, they expressed a need for help in developing new ideas to use the software effectively.Conclusions: From this study, it could be concluded that it is essential to organize comprehensive faculty development training courses for staff members to help them in conducting their online courses or converting their face-to-face courses to blended courses effectively.
A comparative study of attendances of ATKT students with the attendances of regular students
Authors: Chauhan Rambadan Phoolchand
Published: November 2018

Background: ATKT students attend community medicine lectures irregularly during their II MBBS university examinations and during other periods also. This study attempts to explore whether the attendances of ATKT students varied significantly, statistically from the attendances of regular students.Methods: This study was conducted at ACPM Medical College, Dhule, Maharashtra between 1 April 2016 to 15 October 2016. The author took the attendances of students carefully and meticulously for all lectures. He took the attendance of lectures of other faculties also with due respect and permission.Results: There were total 93 students in which 63 students were regular and 30 students were ATKT. During the study period a total of 83 lectures were conducted. Mean attendance of regular students was 58.6 while the same (mean attendance) of ATKT students was 24.4.The author applied ‘standard error of difference between two proportions’ test to compare the two groups. The attendance in % for regular students was 70.6% and the same for ATKT students was 29.4%. The difference in attendances between the two groups was statistically significant with Z value at 4.07.Conclusions: The attendance of ATKT students was abysmally poor. The difference of attendances of ATKT students and Regular students was statistically highly significant.
A cross sectional study on pattern and associated risk factors of musculoskeletal morbidities among government bus drivers in Mangalore, Karnataka
Authors: . Vinu , Premlal K. S. , Nagalingam Saranya
Published: November 2018

Background: Absenteeism, turnover and disability among the drivers appeared to be high. The main conditions leading to disablement among drivers are related to cardiovascular diseases, psychological problems and musculo-skeletal disorders. This study was planned to determine the pattern of musculoskeletal morbidities among government bus drivers in Mangalore, the associated risk factors of musculoskeletal morbidities.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted at Mangalore KSRTC Bus Depot among 310 bus drivers over a period of 18 months from 2014 to 2016 yr. The study was conducted in three depots of KSRTC division Mangalore in Mangalore city.Results: In our study all drivers were males, the mean age 44.88 years. Out of the 310 bus drivers who participated in the study 298 belonged to upper middle class indicating that the KSRTC drivers are financially stable. The common morbidities were musculoskeletal problems especially low back ache 84.8% followed by neck pain 46.8%,about 32.3% had shoulder pain 15.8% had knee joint involvement. The proportion of bus drivers with hypertension and diabetes mellitus was 35.8%and 7.7% respectively. Out of the 310 bus drivers 239 (77.1%) consumes alcohol. The prevalence of smoking was (85.5%) and tobacco chewing was 14.5%.Conclusions: During our study we found that there is an increased prevalence of chronic conditions like diabetes mellitus and hypertension, this is attributable to the increase stress faced by the drivers in terms of the responsibility they carry to transport the public of all age groups. This unnoticed stress plays a very important part in development of the chronic conditions.
Post-menopausal osteoporosis: prevalence of risk factors and probable symptoms
Authors: Bhatia Manohar , Mishra Ashok , Sukla Pradeep
Published: November 2018

Background: Osteoporosis jeopardizes the quality of life of many post-menopausal women due to its sequelae of fractures on trivial trauma. With a rapid increase in average life expectancy India is becoming home to a huge population at risk of osteoporosis. The aims and objectives of the study were to assess the prevalence of fractures due to trivial trauma and probable symptoms of osteoporosis and prevalence of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors of osteoporosis in postmenopausal womenMethods: A cross-sectional study, conducted by a door to door survey in 400 post-menopausal women (below 65 yrs) in urban Gwalior city from September to December 2012. The risk factors of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women have been classified into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors include exercise/physical activity and consuming milk and milk products while age of menarche, age of menopause, reproductive period and parity were categorized as non-modifiable risk factors.Results: In our study, the overall prevalence of osteoporotic symptoms was 62.75% (251/400). Out of 400 postmenopausal women, 45.25% had backache, 55.75% had joint pain and 24.00% had fractures. Prevalence of osteoporotic fractures was much higher (39.16%) in females not consuming milk and milk products & in females who never exercised (35.22%). 60% of females who underwent hysterectomy had osteoporotic fractures.Conclusions: The overall prevalence of osteoporotic fractures among post-menopausal females was higher in our study when compared to other studies in the same setting. Thus, a multipronged approach involving educational intervention, lifestyle modification and appropriate hormonal treatment is required. Lifestyle modification involves nutritional interventions and motivation for regular physical activity.
Challenges faced in utilization of social security facilities among elderly in a rural area of Bangalore
Authors: Umashankar Hemalatha , D. Sudeepa , D. Hiremath Lalith , . Ratnesh , Sharma Nidhi
Published: November 2018

Background: As the life expectancy is rising, there is change in structure of the population. For the year 2018 the estimates are 8% of total population were above the age 60 years, and is likely to rise to 19% by 2050. There is implication of increase in the prevalence of chronic conditions such as cardio vascular diseases, chronic respiratory diseases, locomotor and mental disorders etc. social security is to provide sustenance to people who cannot work and earn their living due to aging. The objectives of the study were to assess the awareness and utilisation of social security facilities among elderly in rural area and to determine the Challenges in utilizing social security facilities among elderly in rural area.Methods: Descriptive study was done in Muthanallur village, Bangalore. All elders (60 years old and above) were interviewed using a pre-tested semi-structure questionnaire. Results are described in terms of proportions and percentages. The results with p-value less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.Results: There were 194 (45.4%) subjects aged 60-69 years. A majority of them were females 244 (57.1%) and males 183 (42.9%). Study subjects residing in joint families were 360 (84.3%) awareness about IGNOAPS and IGNWPS was higher 206 (63%). Awareness among females (76.4%) were significantly more aware of IGNWPS as compared to males (87.9%) (p<0.05).Conclusions: Awareness and information to approach for utilizing the scheme and ease of administrative procedures should be an integral part of social security scheme.
A study on animal bites and envenomings in rural Varanasi: a community based cross-sectional study
Authors: Purwar Neeti , Kumari Kalpana , Singh Anshu , Nagesh Seetha R.
Published: November 2018

Background: Animal bites are major public health issues in children and adults worldwide. The most important bites are by dogs, cats and monkeys that may cause rabies. Globally, approximately 60,000 annual deaths occur from rabies. Another important bite is by snakes. In India, approximately 94,000–1,25,000 deaths occur by snake bites annually. Therefore, we undertook this study to estimate the incidence of animal bites and to determine the treatment seeking behaviour of victims of animal bites.Methods: It is a cross-sectional study conducted in Bariyasanpur village of Chiraigaon block of Varanasi district. A total of 2039 individuals above one year of age were covered by surveying 342 households out of 437 households. Pre-tested structured schedule was used to find out the incidence of animal bites/ envenomings and treatment seeking behaviour among study subjects during the last one year.Results: The incidence of animal bites/envenomings for the study population in the past one year was 35.31/1000 population. Proportion of the bites by dogs was 51.4% (37/72) followed by scorpions 23.6% (17/72), rats 11.1% (8/72), snakes 11.1% (8/72), monkeys 1.4% (1/72) and jackals 1.4% (1/72). Immediately after the bites, 28 subjects (38.9%) went to faith healers. Only 70.8% took treatment for animal bites at appropriate health facility.Conclusions: From this study, we found a high incidence of dog bite cases and poor treatment seeking behaviour. Probably poor awareness about the animal bites/envenomings could be the main reason for improper management practices. It is a matter of concern for policy planners.
Assessment of knowledge regarding issues related to adolescence among male students in Allahabad district, India
Authors: Anand Deepak , Parveen Khurshid , Prakash Gyan
Published: November 2018

Background: Providing information about changes during adolescence and sexually transmitted diseases is an important means of promoting healthy development and reducing negative outcomes of social behaviors in adolescents. For this purpose we must know their level of knowledge. So this study was designed to assess the knowledge of male students of class VIth to IXth about issues related to adolescence, their attitude for sexuality related problem and their source of information.Methods: It is a cross-sectional study, sample size was 400. Data was collected between August 2017 and December 2017 by using structured questionnaire.Results: Regarding physical changes 4.5% students have no knowledge, 58.75% have some knowledge and 36.75% have satisfactory knowledge. Whereas 9.75% have no knowledge, 80.75% have some knowledge and 9.50% have satisfactory knowledge regarding sexually transmitted diseases. Only 24.75% students knew legal age for marriage.Conclusions: It was found in study that majority of students do not have satisfactory knowledge and there is a need for targeted education for providing proper knowledge.
A study to assess the clean hospital initiative and quality of health services using kayakalp tool in a first referral unit, of Khordha district of Odisha, India
Authors: Panda Mayadhar , Nanda Sikata
Published: November 2018

Background: As a part of “Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan” campaign, the Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India had launched “Kayakalp” in 2015, an initiative to promote cleanliness and enhance the quality of public health facilities. Our aim was to study the situational analysis of the health institution using Kayakalp tool; to assess the level of cleanliness, hygiene and infection control practices in the facility and to assess the status of Bio-medical waste management in the health care facility and to suggest remedial measures based on the study finding.Methods: It is a hospital based snapshot study done during a period of one year from April 2016 to March 2017. Kayakalp assessment tool was used for analysis.Results: The total scores for upkeep maintenance obtained in 2016-17 was 69 and for the year 2017-18 was 81. There was an increase of total score in the year 2017-18 and it was found to be statistically significant. On assessment in the year 2016-17, for BMW the total score obtained was 58 and in the year 2017-18 it was 81. There was a statistically significant increase in the scores (p=0.001) obtained in the year (2017-18).Conclusions: Improvements in Biomedical waste management can be made by increasing the knowledge, awareness and practices of the health care providers as well as the beneficiaries with regular periodic monitoring.
Risk factors associated with breast cancer among women attending a tertiary care hospital in Bangalore: a case control study
Authors: D. C. Vidya , C. N. Shalini , B. S. Nandakumar , N. S. Murthy , Nagnoor Ibrahim
Published: November 2018

Background: Breast cancer is one of the commonest cancers in both developing and developed countries. Owing to regional variations in distribution of risk factors, there is geographical variation in incidence of breast cancer. This study was attempted to assess the modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors associated with breast cancer among women attending a tertiary care hospital.Methods: A hospital based case-control study was carried out in KMIO, Bangalore, India from May 2013 to February 2014. Newly diagnosed primary cases of female breast cancer of any age and one control per case matched by 5 years age class interval were interviewed, using a questionnaire until required sample was met. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 18.0.Results: The study population consisted of 135 cases of breast cancer and 135 controls. The mean age was 50 years (SD±10.41) and 94 (34.8%) of them belonged to 45-54 years age group. After forward logistic regression, the risk factors significant at P<0.05 were age at first pregnancy >20 years OR 4.49 (95% CI 1.21-16.62), total duration of lactation <48 months OR 7.96 (95% CI 2.20-21.68), consumption of non-vegetarian diet OR 6.96 (95% CI 1.45-33.25), BMI ≥23 OR 4.91 (95% CI 1.25-19.23) and household physical activity ≤120 minutes/day OR 8.52 (95% CI 1.98-36.64), watching television during weekends >180 minutes/day OR 4.64(95%CI 2.71-7.78).Conclusions: The modifiable risk factors of breast cancer include age at first pregnancy, total duration of lactation, non-vegetarian diet, increased BMI and lower household physical activity and non-modifiable risk factor being age at menopause.
Prevalence of nomophobia among the undergraduate medical students of Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences, Mandya
Authors: B. R. Harish , J. Bharath
Published: November 2018

Background: Nomophobia (no mobile phobia), is the fear an individual gets if he is out of mobile phone contact due to no network, has run out of balance or run out of battery; the persons gets anxious, which adversely affects the concentration level of the person. Since the younger generation is the latest consumer of the mobile phones and the under 25 year age group in professional colleges like medical colleges use mobile phones quite frequently this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of nomophobia in the undergraduate students of Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences, Mandya.Methods: This was a cross sectional study conducted at Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences during May 2018 to June 2018. All undergraduate students were included i.e. same as study population (n=450). Data collection was done during June 2018 using structured questionnaire.Results: Mean age of the study participants was 20.1±1.3 years. Majority of the study population were hostelites. Approximate amount of money spent on last recharge/last postpaid bill was INR 354.1±185.0. Main reasons for using smartphones were ‘to call family members’, ‘using internet for academics’ and ‘for social networking’. Prevalence of moderate to severe nomophobia among the study population was 99.0%. No statistical significant difference was observed between gender and nomophobia.Conclusions: Prevalence of nomophobia among undergraduate medical student was 99.0% and majority had moderate level of nomophobia. There was no association between nomophobia and gender, place of present residence, amount of money spent on last recharge.
Development, Characterization, and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of a CRV431 Loaded Self-Microemulsifying Drug Delivery System
Authors: Trepanier Daniel J , Ure Daren R , Foster Robert Thomas
Published: November 2018

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to develop a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) formulation for the oral delivery of CRV431, a non-immunosuppressive analogue of cyclosporine A. Relative to cyclosporine A, CRV431 is poorly soluble in lipid solvents and thusly presents a challenge for the development of a formulation of sufficient oral bioavailability for clinical use. METHODS: The solubility of CRV431, a cyclosporine derivative, was determined in a range of commonly used surfactants, oils and co-solvents. A pseudo-ternary phase diagram was constructed from the most soluble excipients and prototype formulations, SERIES 1 and SERIES 2 were developed. The pharmacokinetics, following single oral doses of 1 and 3 mg/kg of CRV431 SMEDDS, was studied in healthy human volunteers using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS). RESULTS: The maximum drug load for the SERIES 1 formulations was less than 40 mg/ml. Manipulation of the excipient ratios allowed for the development of SERIES 2 formulations, which had higher drug loading capacity and stability for CRV431 compared to SERIES 1. Further improvements allowed for the development of an optimized SMEDDS formulation containing up to 90 mg/ml CRV431 and which generated a microemulsion mean particle size of 25 nm when dispersed into aqueous media. The pharmacokinetics of the optimized CRV431 SMEDDS displayed excellent total body exposure and dose-proportional effects in humans, and high drug levels in the liver of rats. CONCLUSIONS: The developed SMEDDS formulation should allow for effective clinical development of CRV431, targeted to the treatment of liver diseases including hepatitis B (HBV), fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma.
Recent Trends in the Attitude towards Economic Independence of Women
Authors: V. Suneetha.
Published: November 2018

To eliminate all types of discrimination against women and establish gender equality major strategies such as social empowerment, economic empowerment and gender justice were implemented. Achieving Economic Independence for women has been at the core of vision for gender equality across the globe. India is a male dominant society and traditionally jobs were meant for men. But as the international concern with gender relations in development has strengthened the affirmation that equality in the status of men and women is fundamental to every society, modern Indian Society has witnessed a gradual change in the status of women. The emergence of the new economic environment, the establishment of the new political system and the spread of modern education and ideologies among the people, found expression in the liberation of the Indian women from the traditional forms of social subordination and suppression from which they suffered for centuries. As of nowadays, no community cannot deny the role women have played in the progress of a community, changes have taken place in the attitudes of the people towards their women. Economic independence was considered as one of the powerful routes to economic empowerment and thereby to gender equality. In modern Indian society notion of women’s participation in employment for their empowerment is widely identified. In this direction this research article has tried to trace the recent trends in the attitudes of Indians towards economic independence of the women. This article tried to give answer for some questions like- whether community as a whole had favorable attitude towards economic independence of women? Is really women empowerment is possible? Is there actually people felt the necessity of it? etc.
STUDI EKSPLORASI PROGRAM MARKET DAY DI SD MUHAMMADIYAH SERUT, PALBAPANG, BANTUL
Authors: Ayudiana Tista Veris , Widiastuti Anik
Published: November 2018

STUDI EKSPLORASI PROGRAM MARKET DAY DI SD MUHAMMADIYAH SERUT, PALBAPANG, BANTUL Tista Veris AyudianaAnik WidiastutiJurusan Pendidikan IPS FIS UNYririesdiana@gmail.com, anikwidiastuti@uny.ac.id AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: (1) perencanaan program market day yang ada di SD Muhammadiyah Serut, Palbapang, Bantul, (2) pelaksanaan program market day yang ada di SD Muhammadiyah Serut, Palbapang, Bantul, (3) evaluasi program market day yang ada di SD Muhammadiyah Serut, Palbapang, Bantul. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif. Pengumpulan data dengan wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah model interaktif Milles dan Huberman. Hasil yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini adalah: (1) Perencanaan program market day yang ada di SD Muhammadiyah Serut, Palbapang, Bantul yaitu pembentukan struktur organisasi penanggung jawab kepala sekolah, wakil kepala sekolah bagian kurikulum, dan penanggung jawab di kelas adalah wali kelas. (2) Pelaksanaan program market day yaitu sebagian besar sesuai dengan perencanaan yang dilakukan. Beberapa perubahan yaitu pada internalisasi yang hanya dilakukan pada mata pelajaran Tematik dan Matematika. Aturan dalam market day bertambah yaitu wali kelas harus menunggu saat berlangsung market day. Penilaian dilakukan pada saat market day yaitu penilaian sikap peserta didik. (3) evaluasi pendidikan kewirausahaan yaitu indikator keberhasilan yang digunakan sekolah ini adalah sebagian pelaksanaan market day berjalan sesuai dengan perencanaan.Kata kunci: perencanaan, pelaksanaan, evaluasi, market day
Biotechnological advances for climate change adaptation and mitigation in the case of goat production – A review
Authors: Tesema Zeleke , Taye Mengistie , Ayiche Desalegn
Published: November 2018

Climate change influences goat production directly and indirectly thru its effect on reducing the quality and quantity of feed resources, and increasing spatial and temporal distribution of infectious diseases. The advances of biotechnology now a day’s opened an avenue to improve the nutritive value and digestibility of fibrous feeds by using biological methods (e.g., white rot fungi) and through recombinant DNA engineering techniques. Moreover, supplementation of probiotics, enzymes, antibiotics and organic acids modulate the activities and composition of the rumen microbial ecosystem thereby reduce lactic acid content, improve nutrient digestibility, reduce methanogenesis, optimize voluntary fatty acid profiles, and decrease ruminal ammonia production and protein degradation. All these effects increase productive performances and reduce methane emission from goat production. Genetic engineering and introgression of genes between adapted and non-adapted populations have been used to improve the diseases resistance of goat. Vaccines are used to control infectious diseases, increase productivity by modulating hormones or the immune system functions. Immuno-castration and ectoparasite control are also important biotechnological tools. Immunological and molecular techniques diagnostic technologies (PCR, RT-PCR, microarray, proteomic technique, biosensors, fluorescent-in-situ-hybridisation (FISH) and nanotechnologies) are used to detect and identify diseases and their causal agents. However, the aforementioned biotechnological tools are not yet well developed in developing countries like Ethiopia. Therefore, review, evaluation, and implementation of biotechnological tools in goat production in developing countries is paramount to increase production and productivity, and realize the potential use of biotechnology for climate change adaptation and mitigation.
Some studies on the species of Criconematids (Nematoda: Tylenchida) from Hilly Districts of Nepal
Authors: Keshari A.K. , Shah M.M. , Gupta R.
Published: November 2018

A nematological survey was conducted in three hilly districts – Bhaktapur, Kavre and Dhading surrounding capital city of Nepal ranging the altitudes between 1340m to 1540m. Randomly collected soil samples from vegetable fields processed through Cobb’s sieving and decantation method yielded various tylenchid nematodes. Among six species of criconematid nematodes found associated with vegetable crops, four species viz. Hemicriconemoides mangiferae Siddiqi, 1961, Criconemoides brevistylus Singh and Khera, 1976, Discocriconemella retroversa Sauer and Winoto, 1975 and Hemicycliophora arenaria Raski, 1958 are described here with their morphometric data along with localities and host plants and illustrated with photomicrographs.
Assigning optimum time period for using evaporation cooling systems in Iraq
Authors: Tawfeek Yasmin Q. , Hussain Hazim H.
Published: November 2018

Increasing demand on electricity power during summer in Iraq because of increasing averages of temperature reached 47 ºC and continuous to increase and the problems facing Iraq is the increasing in peak load for the electrical system because of using cooling and air-conditioning operated by compressed gases, according it is obliged to search  for alternative methods to activate   electrical power consumption and one of solutions and processing is  using application of cooling  by evaporation (evaporation coolers) consumed less electrical and  power compared with other cooling devices  which provide power of amount (80%) and for what Iraq characterized by climate conditions such as  scarcity of relative humidity among the research results, the general average of monthly average of relative humidity in Iraq during the summer season (the study period) for 36 years for the period (1980-2015) not exceeded (42%) as for  the general average of the monthly average of temperature for the same period was higher average for it (31 ºC) and for these two elements are the core to identify the cooling  efficiency, according Iraq is considered one of the  good area to use the evaporation cooling applications, where the general average  of monthly average of cooling efficiency for the same period was higher average(51%) and the optimum time period  for using the evaporation  cooling applications in Iraq  in July at  Salahdd in  city center with monthly efficiency average (60%).
Conocimiento profesional y actuación docente del profesor innovador en el contexto sociocultural
Authors: Cerna Vega Carmen Veruska
Published: November 2018

La presente investigación se realiza en torno al saber docente, manifestado a través de su narrativa. La investigación es llevada a cabo como tesis de maestría denominada “Conocimiento profesional y actuación docente del profesor innovador en el contexto socio cultural”. La problemática que motiva la realización del presente estudio es determinar el potencial innovador que presentan los profesores al momento de insertarse en el espacio de la actuación docente, para comprender la utilidad de las teorías formales en la comprensión de las situaciones que acontecen en el aula. De este modo se determinó el conocimiento y la actuación docente de la profesional en estudio, en el Nivel Inicial, que labora en la I.E. N° 1617 del Asentamiento Humano Florida Alta, del distrito de Chimbote, provincia del Santa, departamento de Ancash, teniendo en cuenta las fuentes de su formación profesional y, en especial, la formación académica, desde la perspectiva de sus propias capacidades y versiones dadas por otros actores. Para el conocimiento profesional, el análisis se realizó sobre el material obtenido mediante la entrevista en profundidad; para la actuación docente se realizaron observaciones de clases en el aula, empleando material fílmico, reflexionando sobre las mismas, para emitir un juicio de valor y cuantificarlo. El diseño, a partir del cual se desarrolla el trabajo de investigación, se basa en el enfoque cualitativo-cuantitativo de tipo biográfico narrativo. La lógica que se persigue es de comprensión e interpretación a partir de situar el objeto de estudio: el desarrollo del conocimiento profesional del profesor, considerando que éste permite estudiar y comprender los procesos de metacognición y pensamiento de la profesora desde la perspectiva de su conocimiento y actuación profesional, y la intencionalidad que da sentido a sus pensamientos, acciones y sentimientos.