bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inherited bleeding disorders in oral procedures. Assessment of prophylactic and therapeutic protocols: a scoping review
Authors: de Azevedo Kinalski Mateus , Sarkis‐Onofre Rafael , dos Santos Mateus Bertolini Fernandes
Published: December 2020

Background

This scoping review aimed to map available evidence regarding minor/major oral procedures in patients with inherited bleeding disorders (IBDs).

Methods

Studies in medicine or dentistry that reported minor and major oral procedures in individuals presenting IBDs (e.g. haemophilia A or B, von Willebrand disease) were selected. Search and screening were performed in PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Library by two independent researchers.

Results

Initial search yielded 4152 citations, of which 257 were included in the final analysis. Most of the evidence for prophylaxis use was derived from observational studies and the most‐commonly reported prophylactic protocols were fresh frozen plasma and factor VIII concentrate. A considerable number of studies reported postoperative complications and hospitalizations.

Conclusion

The present study identified that (1) there is room for new studies to assess the use of antifibrinolytic agents with no factor replacement; (2) to date, the use of factor replacement therapy is the most indicated approach when treating patients with IBDs with adjunct systemic or local antifibrinolytic agents to reduce post‐operative complications; and (3) there is a critical need for high‐quality evidence studies since much of the conclusions of the included studies are not supported by statistical analysis.
Development of a Toolkit to support sustainable culture change in residential aged care
Authors: Etherton‐Beer Christopher , Horner Barbara , Venturato Lorraine , Saunders Rosemary , Flicker Leon
Published: December 2020

Objective

This study aimed to develop and evaluate a Toolkit to support implementation of the Towards Organisational Culture Change (TOrCCh) intervention, with minimal external facilitation, in aged care facilities, to implement long‐lasting organisational change.

Methods

Eight residential aged care facilities across two Australian states participated. A Toolkit was drafted iteratively, engaging staff from participating sites and a reference group. Participating facilities undertook two change projects utilising the Toolkit. Qualitative data were collected from site project sponsors, work teams and other care staff, and analysed thematically.

Results

The intervention was perceived to provide a generic approach that could be applied to solve agreed challenges in the workplace generating useful outcomes including staff development, increased communication, teamwork and leadership. The role of a project sponsor, and organisational support, was perceived as important for sustainability.

Conclusion

Aged care facility staff teams report they can work together effectively for sustainable improvements when provided with a Toolkit.
How War Changes Land: Soil Fertility, Unexploded Bombs, and the Underdevelopment of Cambodia
Authors: Lin Erin
Published: December 2020

How does past political violence impact subsequent development and practices, long beyond the life of the regime that perpetrated violence? Prior research focuses on physical destruction without much attention to weapons left behind in conflict zones. I contend that unexploded ordnance create direct and imminent threats to rural livelihoods. Individuals respond by shortening time horizons and avoiding investment in activities for which there is an immediate security cost but a distant return. Short‐term adjustments in agricultural methods accumulate to long‐term underdevelopment and poverty. In Cambodia, I find that the historic bombing of high‐fertility land, where impact fuses hit soft ground and were more likely to fail, reduces contemporary household production and welfare. Counterintuitively, the most fertile land becomes the least productive. This reversal of fortune qualifies the presumption that post‐war economies will eventually converge back to steady‐state growth.
The association between post‐dural puncture headache and needle type during spinal anaesthesia: a systematic review and network meta‐analysis
Authors: Maranhao B. , Liu M. , Palanisamy A. , Monks D. T. , Singh P. M.
Published: December 2020

Post‐dural puncture headache is one of the most undesirable complications of spinal anaesthesia. Previous pairwise meta‐analyses have either compared groups of needles or ranked individual needles based on the pooled incidence of post‐dural puncture headache. These analyses have suggested both the gauge and needle tip design as risk‐factors, but failed to provide an unbiased comparison of individual needles. This network meta‐analysis compared the odds of post‐dural puncture headache with needles of varying gauge and tip design. We searched randomised controlled trials in medical databases. The primary outcome measure of the network meta‐analysis was the incidence of post‐dural puncture headache. Secondary outcomes were procedural failure, backache and non‐specific headache. Overall, we compared 11 different needles in 61 randomised controlled trials including a total of 14,961 participants. The probability of post‐dural puncture headache and procedural failure was lowest with 26‐G atraumatic needles. The 29‐G cutting needle was more likely than three atraumatic needles to have the lowest odds of post‐dural puncture headache, although with increased risk of procedural failure. The probability rankings were: 26 atraumatic > 27 atraumatic > 29 cutting > 24 atraumatic > 22 atraumatic > 25 atraumatic > 23 cutting > 22 cutting > 25 cutting > 27 cutting = 26 cutting for post‐dural puncture headache; and 26 atraumatic > 25 cutting > 22 cutting > 24 atraumatic > 22 atraumatic > 25 atraumatic > 26 cutting > 29 cutting > 27 atraumatic = 27 cutting for procedural success. Meta‐regression by type of surgical population (obstetric/non‐obstetric) and participant position (sitting/lateral) did not alter these rank orders. This analysis provides an unbiased comparison of individual needles that does not support the use of simple rules when selecting the optimal needle. The 26‐G atraumatic needle is most likely to enable successful insertion while avoiding post‐dural puncture headache but, where this is not available, our probability rankings can help clinicians select the best of available options.
No population left behind: Improving paediatric drug safety using informatics and systems biology
Authors: Giangreco Nicholas P. , Elias Jonathan E. , Tatonetti Nicholas P.
Published: December 2020

Adverse drugs effects (ADEs) in children are common and may result in disability and death. The current paediatric drug safety landscape, including clinical trials, is limited as it rarely includes children and relies on extrapolation from adults. Children are not small adults but go through an evolutionarily conserved and physiologically dynamic process of growth and maturation. Novel quantitative approaches, integrating observations from clinical trials and drug safety databases with dynamic mechanisms, can be used to systematically identify ADEs unique to childhood. In this perspective, we discuss three critical research directions using systems biology methodologies and novel informatics to improve paediatric drug safety, namely child versus adult drug safety profiles, age‐dependent drug toxicities and genetic susceptibility of ADEs across childhood. We argue that a data‐driven framework that leverages observational data, biomedical knowledge and systems biology modelling will reveal previously unknown mechanisms of pediatric adverse drug events and lead to improved paediatric drug safety.
Determinants of physical activity among adults in the United Kingdom during the COVID‐19 pandemic: The DUK‐COVID study
Authors: Spence John C. , Rhodes Ryan E. , McCurdy Ashley , Mangan Amie , Hopkins Debbie , Mummery W. Kerry
Published: December 2020

Objectives

This study examined the impact of the COVID‐19 lockdown on the physical activity (PA) of UK adults and potential motivational determinants of such behaviour.

Design and methods

A survey was conducted with 1,521 UK adults recruited through Prolific.co in early June 2020. Along with demographic information, questions assessed current PA, changes in PA modalities (i.e., overall, around the home, for transport, in the workplace, in the local neighbourhood, at recreation/sport facilities) related to the lockdown, and beliefs about capabilities, opportunities, and motivations according to the COM‐B model. A series of logistic regressions were constructed to examine associations between shifts in the PA modalities and the COM‐B components.

Results

The majority of respondents (57%) had either maintained or increased their levels of PA during the COVID‐19 lockdown. However, the proportion meeting PA guidelines (31%) was low and engagement in sedentary‐related behaviour for both work and leisure increased substantially during the lockdown. The components of the COM‐B model were associated with shifts in PA. In particular, physical opportunity (odds ratios ranging from 1.14 to 1.20) and reflective motivation (odds ratios ranging from 1.11 to 1.25) appeared to be the most consistent predictors of behaviour.

Conclusions

If UK adults believed they had the physical opportunity and were motivated, they were more likely to have maintained or increased their PA during the COVID‐19 lockdown. However, the majority of adults are not meeting the UK guidelines on PA and the prevalence of PA is substantially lower than national surveys prior to the pandemic.

Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

The COVID‐19 pandemic has significantly disrupted the daily routines of citizens globally.

Engagement in physical activity appears to have declined as a result of the requirement to self‐isolate and stay in place.

The COM‐B model of behaviour change is a useful framework for identifying the correlates and determinants of behaviour.

What does this study add?

Though most UK adults maintained or increased their engagement in physical activity during the COVID‐19 pandemic, the majority did not meet recommended guidelines.

Reflective processes and physical opportunity were the primary predictors of change in physical activity.
Circadian rhythms in zebrafish (Danio rerio) behaviour and the sources of their variability
Authors: Krylov Viacheslav V. , Izvekov Evgeny I. , Pavlova Vera V. , Pankova Natalia A. , Osipova Elena A.
Published: December 2020

Over recent decades, changes in zebrafish (Danio rerio) behaviour have become popular quantitative indicators in biomedical studies. The circadian rhythms of behavioural processes in zebrafish are known to enable effective utilization of energy and resources, therefore attracting interest in zebrafish as a research model. This review covers a variety of circadian behaviours in this species, including diurnal rhythms of spawning, feeding, locomotor activity, shoaling, light/dark preference, and vertical position preference. Changes in circadian activity during zebrafish ontogeny are reviewed, including ageing‐related alterations and chemically induced variations in rhythmicity patterns. Both exogenous and endogenous sources of inter‐individual variability in zebrafish circadian behaviour are detailed. Additionally, we focus on different environmental factors with the potential to entrain circadian processes in zebrafish. This review describes two principal ways whereby diurnal behavioural rhythms can be entrained: (i) modulation of organismal physiological state, which can have masking or enhancing effects on behavioural endpoints related to endogenous circadian rhythms, and (ii) modulation of period and amplitude of the endogenous circadian rhythm due to competitive relationships between the primary and secondary zeitgebers. In addition, different peripheral oscillators in zebrafish can be entrained by diverse zeitgebers. This complicated orchestra of divergent influences may cause variability in zebrafish circadian behaviours, which should be given attention when planning behavioural studies.
Butterfly and moth communities differ in their response to habitat structure in rainforests of Mount Cameroon
Authors: Delabye Sylvain , Maicher Vincent , Sáfián Szabolcs , Doležal Jiří , Altman Jan , Janeček Štěpán , Kobe Ishmeal N. , Murkwe Mercy , Šebek Pavel , Tropek Robert
Published: December 2020

Mechanisms structuring tropical communities are still under‐studied, especially in Afrotropical rainforests. Although insect herbivores are considered to depend on plant diversity, we hypothesized that vegetation structure, together with other microhabitat characteristics, can be more important for some insects. Here, we compared habitat associations of fruit‐feeding butterflies and moths, two ecologically different groups of Lepidoptera, in three rainforest localities in foothills of Mount Cameroon, West/Central Africa. Based on a comprehensive dataset of 16,040 specimens of 398 species systematically collected by 240 traps at 48 plots (altogether 9.68 ha), we analyzed how plant community composition, habitat openness, and forest structure affect communities of butterflies and moths. We expected different habitat descriptors to predict communities of the two insect groups. Habitats of tropical fruit‐feeding moth communities have never been studied before.

In both analyses of species richness and community structure, butterfly communities depended mostly on forest openness. Moth species richness depended on plant diversity and forest openness, whilst the latter substantially influenced their community composition. Additionally, we revealed differences in habitat associations between understory and canopy communities of both groups. Whilst species richness of understory communities was not influenced by any habitat characteristics, it generally followed the general patterns in canopies. By contrast, composition of understory communities followed the general patterns, whilst effects of habitat characteristics on canopy communities were minor for butterflies and none for moths. The differences between such closely related groups of herbivorous insects warn against generalization based on single‐taxon studies and highlight the need of community‐wide research of tropical rainforests.

Abstract in French is available with online material
Lizard and frog removal increases spider abundance but does not cascade to increase herbivory
Authors: Beard Karen H. , Durham Susan L. , Willig Michael R. , Zimmerman Jess K.
Published: December 2020

Insectivorous vertebrates, especially on islands, can exert top‐down control on herbivorous prey, which can transfer through a food chain to reduce herbivory. However, in many systems insectivorous vertebrates feed on more than one trophic level, especially consuming arthropod predators, and this intraguild predation can diminish trophic cascades. Our goal was to determine, using an exclosure experiment, the relative importance of anole lizards and coqui frogs in controlling spider and arthropod abundances as well as herbivory rates in the understory of the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico. We found that exclosures removing both anoles and coquis doubled spider abundance compared to exclosures with anoles and coquis at natural densities. The effect of coquis on spiders was greater and occurred more quickly than that of anoles, potentially because of the higher natural densities of coquis and removal of both vertebrates produced no interactive effects. We found support for the idea that anoles, but not coquis, reduce foliar arthropod abundances on one of the two studied plant species. However, there was also evidence that anole removal decreased herbivory, the opposite of what we would expect if there was a trophic cascade. Potential explanations include that anoles reduced predatory arthropods on foliage more than they reduced herbivorous arthropods. Results highlight that the food web in tabonuco forest is not simple and that there are complex and dynamic relationships among vertebrate insectivores, predatory arthropods, and herbivorous arthropods that do not consistently result in a trophic cascade.

Abstract in Spanish is available with online material
A children’s election—Dilemmas of children’s political participation
Authors: Lorgen Linn C. , Ursin Marit
Published: December 2020

In this article, we explore how fifth graders (9–10‐year‐olds) and their teachers view children's participation in a parliamentary election for children arranged by Save the Children Norway in 2017. The participants draw on available discursive resources when making sense of children's political positions in society. In the discursive resources, longstanding tensions surrounding children, childhood and politics come to the surface. We conclude that although children's position in politics remains marginal, there are ways to move beyond the tensions to be able to imagine children as political actors.
Research on the dimensional accuracy of customized bone augmentation combined with 3D‐printing individualized titanium mesh: A retrospective case series study
Authors: Li Linzhi , Wang Chao , Li Xian , Fu Gang , Chen Dan , Huang Yuanding
Published: December 2020

Background

Few studies have focused on the dimensional accuracy of customized bone grafting by means of guided bone regeneration (GBR) with 3D‐Printed Individual Titanium Mesh (3D‐PITM).

Purpose

Digital technologies were applied to evaluate the dimensional accuracy of customized bone augmentation with 3D‐PITM with a two‐stage technique.

Materials and methods

Sixteen patients were included in this study. The CBCT data of post‐GBR (immediate post‐GBR) and post‐implantation (immediate post‐implant placement) were 3D reconstructed and compared with the pre‐surgical planned bone augmentation. The dimensional differences were evaluated by superimposition using the Materialize 3‐matic software.

Results

The superimposition analysis showed that the maximum deviations of contour between were 3.4 mm, and the average differences of the augmentation contour were 0.5 ± 0.4 and 0.6 ± 0.5 mm respectively. The planned volume of bone regeneration was approximately equal to the amount of regenerated bone present 6 to 9 months after the surgical procedure. On average, the vertical gain in bone height was about 0.5 mm less than planned. And, the horizontal bone gain on the straight buccal of the dental implants and 2 to 4 mm apical of the platform fell also about a 0.5 mm short on average. Statistically significant differences were observed between the augmented volume of virtual and post‐GBR, and the horizontal bone gain of post‐implantation on the level of 4 mm apical to the implant platform (P < .05).

Conclusions

The dimensional accuracy of customized bone augmentation with the 3D‐PITM approach needs further improvement and compared to other surgical approaches of bone augmentation.
Essential functions of miR‐125b in cancer
Authors: Peng Boya , Theng Poh Ying , Le Minh T. N.
Published: December 2020

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small and highly conserved non‐coding RNAs that silence target mRNAs, and compelling evidence suggests that they play an essential role in the pathogenesis of human diseases, especially cancer. miR‐125b, which is the mammalian orthologue of the first discovered miRNA lin‐4 in Caenorhabditis elegans, is one of the most important miRNAs that regulate various physiological and pathological processes. The role of miR‐125b in many types of cancer has been well established, and so here we review the current knowledge of how miR‐125b is deregulated in different types of cancer; its oncogenic and/or tumour‐suppressive roles in tumourigenesis and cancer progression; and its regulation with regard to treatment response, all of which are underlined in multiple studies. The emerging information that elucidates the essential functions of miR‐125b might help support its potentiality as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker as well as an effective therapeutic tool against cancer.
Consistency of aquatic enclosed experiments: The importance of scale and ecological complexity
Authors: Paiva Filipa , Brennecke Dennis , Pansch Christian , Briski Elizabeta
Published: December 2020

Aim

Marine and freshwater ecosystems are increasingly threatened by human activities. For over a century, scientists have been testing many biological, chemical and physical questions to understand various ecosystems and their resilience to different stressors. While the majority of experiments were conducted at small‐scale laboratory settings, lately large mesocosm experiments have become more and more common. Yet, it still remains unclear how the scale (i.e. space) and ecological complexity (i.e. community versus limited number of species) of experiments affect the results and to what extent different experimental types are comparable.

Innovation

Here, we conducted two types of experiments, run at different scale and ecological‐complexity levels (i.e. outdoor large‐scale community‐level mesocosm versus indoor small‐scale two‐species laboratory experiment), to assess the effects of marine heatwaves on two gammarid species.

Main Conclusions

Our approach detected differences in abundance and relative population growth between the two experimental types for one out of the two tested species, but no difference in heatwave impacts on any of the species, independently of which experimental type was used. The larger space in the mesocosm, accompanied with inclusion of the community, benefited this species, demonstrating stronger performance in the mesocosm than in the laboratory experiment. Though, our study design cannot directly distinguish if scale or ecological complexity of the experiments, or both, caused the observed discrepancy in our findings. Furthermore, inconsistency in results among laboratory experiments complicates the extrapolations and generalization of the laboratory results. Yet, our findings indicate the importance of space, density‐dependent effects, biotic interactions and complexity of natural environments in buffering, or boosting, the direct effects of environmental stress on organisms. Therefore, we urge the use of large‐scale community‐level mesocosm experiments instead of small‐scale single‐species laboratory ones whenever possible, and emphasize a necessity of great caution when interpreting the results of laboratory experiments.
The 1920 Encyclical of the Ecumenical Patriarchate and the Proposal for a “League of Churches”
Authors: Vasilevich Natallia
Published: December 2020

In January 1920, the Ecumenical Patriarchate issued an encyclical – “Unto all the Churches of Christ Wheresoever They Be” – which has played a key role in the history of the ecumenical movement and the engagement of the Orthodox Church in it. The document was prepared by a group of theologians of the Ecumenical Patriarchate headed by Metropolitan Germanos (Strenopoulos). At the time of its publication, it had an official English version; however, it is usually referenced according to its later revised translation, undertaken in 1959 by W. A. Visser ’t Hooft. A significant difference is that the 1920 translation did not include what has come to be seen as the central feature of the 1920 encyclical: that is, the proposal to create a “League of Churches.” The article explores whether the revision is a more accurate translation of the Greek original or rather an interpretation of the encyclical that enshrines in the text its key concept – which was, however, not contained in the original document.
The Lambeth Appeal and the Appeal of Britain
Authors: Chapman Mark D.
Published: December 2020

In 1920, the Lambeth Conference of Anglican bishops issued the “Appeal to All Christian People.” While much has been written on its genesis in 1920 and its impact on the later ecumenical movement and on Anglicanism, much less has been written about the relationship of the sort of ecumenism espoused by the Lambeth Appeal to the international political developments of the time. This article assesses the impact of the First World War and the Versailles Settlement on some of the assumptions underlying the Lambeth Appeal, examining how the appeal was in many ways a by‐product of a new form of internationalism, which itself was closely related to the reinterpretation of the British Empire that emerged during the war.
Large‐scale evidence for microbial response and associated carbon release after permafrost thaw
Authors: Chen Yongliang , Liu Futing , Kang Luyao , Zhang Dianye , Kou Dan , Mao Chao , Qin Shuqi , Zhang Qiwen , Yang Yuanhe
Published: December 2020

Permafrost thaw could trigger the release of greenhouse gases through microbial decomposition of the large quantities of carbon (C) stored within frozen soils. However, accurate evaluation of soil C emissions from thawing permafrost is still a big challenge, partly due to our inadequate understanding about the response of microbial communities and their linkage with soil C release upon permafrost thaw. Based on a large‐scale permafrost sampling across 24 sites on the Tibetan Plateau, we employed meta‐genomic technologies (GeoChip and Illumina MiSeq sequencing) to explore the impacts of permafrost thaw (permafrost samples were incubated for 11 days at 5°C) on microbial taxonomic and functional communities, and then conducted a laboratory incubation to investigate the linkage of microbial taxonomic and functional diversity with soil C release after permafrost thaw. We found that bacterial and fungal α diversity decreased, but functional gene diversity and the normalized relative abundance of C degradation genes increased after permafrost thaw, reflecting the rapid microbial response to permafrost thaw. Moreover, both the microbial taxonomic and functional community structures differed between the thawed permafrost and formerly frozen soils. Furthermore, soil C release rate over five month incubation was associated with microbial functional diversity and C degradation gene abundances. By contrast, neither microbial taxonomic diversity nor community structure exhibited any significant effects on soil C release over the incubation period. These findings demonstrate that permafrost thaw could accelerate C emissions by altering the function potentials of microbial communities rather than taxonomic diversity, highlighting the crucial role of microbial functional genes in mediating the responses of permafrost C cycle to climate warming.
Trends in prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity in a community‐based programme: The VIF Programme
Authors: Vanhelst Jérémy , Deken Valérie , Boulic Gaëlle , Raffin Sandrine , Duhamel Alain , Romon Monique
Published: December 2020

Background

Obesity in children is considered the main childhood health problem.

Objective

To assess the impact of 7‐year community‐based interventions on the trend prevalence of overweight and obesity in French preschool children and primary school children between 2008 and 2015.

Methods

Two cross‐sectional studies were performed in the last grade of every pre‐school and primary schools of 6 cities in 2008 and 2015. In 2008 and 2015, 3387 children and 3415 children (aged 5 and 11 years old) participated in the 2 surveys. Interventions consisted to promote physical activity, healthy diet, sleep habits and well‐being. Prevalence of overweight and obesity were defined according to age‐ and sex‐specific BMI cut‐off points. Priority education area of the schools was also recorded.

Results

Prevalence of overweight and obesity decreased significantly between 2008 and 2015 in children from pre‐schools (18.1% vs 13.0%) and primary schools (20.9% vs 16.9%) (P < 0.05). No effects of priority education area and sex were found related to the decrease of prevalence in overweight and obesity.

Conclusions

Our results show that over 7 years period, the community‐based intervention has a positive impact on the overweight and obesity prevalence in childhood. These results are promising and encouraging in addressing obesity and related issues in French young boys and girls.
Genetic parameters of seven immune factors in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) infected with Vibrio anguillarum
Authors: Wang Xin‐An , Ma Ai‐Jun , Sun Zhi‐Bin
Published: December 2020

In this study, 1,800 turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) individuals from 30 full‐sib families were experimentally infected with Vibrio anguillarum, and the expression levels of the immune factors lysozyme, hepcidin, heat‐shock protein 70 (HSP70), HSP90, immunoglobulin M (IgM), C‐type lectin and Lily‐type lectin in the liver were measured by real‐time PCR. Heritability values of the seven immune factors were 0.289 ± 0.087, 0.092 ± 0.024, 0.282 ± 0.043, 0.244 ± 0.027, 0.343 ± 0.081, 0.092 ± 0.011 and 0.084 ± 0.009, respectively. The ranges of phenotypic, genetic and environmental correlations were –0.889 to 0.759, –0.841 to 0.888 and –0.919 to 0.883, respectively. The heritability values of HSP70, HSP90 and IgM were moderate, and the genetic correlations between HSP70, HSP90 and IgM were moderate to highly positive, which suggests that the immunocompetence of turbot against V. anguillarum can be improved by genetically improving these three immune characters via multi‐trait integrated breeding technology or indirect selection.
Abscisic acid signaling negatively regulates nitrate uptake via phosphorylation of NRT1.1 by SnRK2s in Arabidopsis
Authors: Su Hang , Wang Tian , Ju Chuanfeng , Deng Jinping , Zhang Tianqi , Li Mengjiao , Tian Hui , Wang Cun
Published: December 2020

Nitrogen (N) is a limiting nutrient for plant growth and productivity. The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) has been suggested to play a vital role in nitrate uptake in fluctuating N environments. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the involvement of ABA in N deficiency responses are largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that ABA signaling components, particularly the three subclass III SUCROSE NON‐FERMENTING1 (SNF1)‐RELATED PROTEIN KINASE 2S (SnRK2) proteins, function in root foraging and uptake of nitrate under N deficiency in Arabidopsis thaliana. The snrk2.2snrk2.3snrk2.6 triple mutant grew a longer primary root and had a higher rate of nitrate influx and accumulation compared with wild‐type plants under nitrate deficiency. Strikingly, SnRK2.2/2.3/2.6 proteins interacted with and phosphorylated the nitrate transceptor NITRATE TRANSPORTER1.1 (NRT1.1) in vitro and in vivo. The phosphorylation of NRT1.1 by SnRK2s resulted in a significant decrease of nitrate uptake and impairment of root growth. Moreover, we identified NRT1.1Ser585 as a previously unknown functional site: the phosphomimetic NRT1.1S585D was impaired in both low‐ and high‐affinity transport activities. Taken together, our findings provide new insight into how plants fine‐tune growth via ABA signaling under N deficiency.
Gesturing helps memory encoding in aMCI
Authors: Sgard Clara , Bier Jean‐Christophe , Peigneux Philippe
Published: December 2020

Encoding in episodic memory is a step often impaired in patients with amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI). However, procedural memory processes are still relatively preserved. In line with previous research on the enactment effect, we investigated the potential benefit of encoding words combined with imitative gestures on episodic memory. Based on the Grober and Buschke’s free/cued recall procedure, we developed the Symbiosis test in which 13 patients with aMCI and 16 healthy elderly participants learned 32 words belonging to 16 different semantic categories either in a verbal encoding (A) or a bimodal (B; verbal and motor imitation) condition, using a blocked ABBA/BAAB procedure. Overall, memory retrieval was better in healthy participants than in patients with aMCI, and better for cued retrieval in the bimodal encoding (gesture cues) than the verbal encoding (category cues) condition, but there was no interaction effect between group and encoding conditions. These results show that performing concomitant gestures can enhance cued episodic memory retrieval in patients with aMCI and in healthy elderly controls. The Symbiosis test broadens the scope of the enactment effect, from action phrases to isolated words learning in patients with aMCI. Future work should investigate how bimodal encoding provides novel perspectives for memory rehabilitation in patients with aMCI.
Complete Denture Occlusion: Best Evidence Consensus Statement
Authors: Goldstein Gary , Kapadia Yash , Campbell Stephen
Published: December 2020

Purpose

The occlusal scheme required for an edentulous patient is controversial. The purpose of this Best Evidence Consensus Statement was to evaluate the existing complete denture literature related to occlusal schemes.

Materials and Methods

A literature search was limited to Meta‐analyses, Systematic Reviews (SR), Randomized Controlled Studies (RCT) and Clinical Trials. Key Words were: Complete dentures, occlusion, harm; Complete dentures, occlusion alveolar bone loss; Complete dentures, occlusion, stability; Complete dentures, occlusion. Additional related articles were culled from the authors’ library and reference lists in the articles found in the PubMed searches.

Results

Of the 165 articles that met the initial search criteria, 34 related to the focus questions and were evaluated and rated.

Conclusions

There is strong support that the average denture patient, with good residual ridges and no neuromuscular problems, will function adequately with a properly fabricated complete denture regardless of the occlusal scheme. There is neither strong support for or against bilateral balanced occlusal schemes as it relates to patient satisfaction, preference or chewing ability. There is some support for increased alveolar bone loss with complete dentures that have a non‐balanced occlusion. There is a need for bilateral balanced occlusal schemes for patients presenting with loss of stability and retention as a result of their presenting conditions (PDI III and IV).
Tooth Wear: Best Evidence Consensus Statement
Authors: Bartlett David , O'Toole Saoirse
Published: December 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this Best Evidence Consensus Statement was to evaluate the impact of wear on teeth.

Materials and Methods

A search last updated on October 7, 2020 using the terms tooth wear, dental erosion, dental abrasion or dental attrition yielded 11,694 results. Limiting the search to clinical trials, cross‐sectional investigations, randomized controlled trials, reviews, systematic reviews and meta‐analysis yielded 1,769 results. Mechanistic in vitro studies were also added to the list of abstracts supplying additional information of the impact of wear on teeth. All abstracts were reviewed by two authors. Those relating to the focus question formed the evidence base which was used to formulate the response.

Results

From the search results, 212 articles were related to the research question and 60 were included in this paper. Although tooth wear prevalence is over 30% of the population in early adulthood and increases as individual's age, the impact on the dentition is poorly investigated in longitudinal clinical studies. Wear on teeth can result in alterations in shape and potentially dentine hypersensitivity depending on the etiology. However, the process is slow and pulpal death is rare. The impact that tooth wear has on the patient depends on patient characteristics to a greater extent than the severity of wear.

Conclusions

Tooth wear is a common condition and part of the ageing process. Erosive tooth wear is a term which acknowledges that acids are normally linked to progression, but mechanical actions of attrition and abrasion will cause visible damage. The changes to the shape of teeth on the macro and micro levels are used to investigate the progression, prevention, etiology, and management. The biological impact of wear on teeth is relatively innocuous and management is often a patient driven process.
Sally Engle Merry: An Appreciation from Hawai'i
Authors: Brown Marilyn
Published: December 2020

No doubt, many of these memorial essays for Sally Merry will focus on her scholarly contributions to a field shaped largely by her over the past 40 years or so. As a former student of hers at Wellesley College, my essay falls into a different category of remembrance of Sally. Her influence in my life was so great that I can't tell that story without sharing some of my own.
On 2020, Sally Merry, and Sociolegal Studies in Interesting Times
Authors: Gordon Gwendolyn J.
Published: December 2020

I told her that maybe I shouldn't become an anthropologist; I had just finished law school, just taken the bar exam, and was due to start working at my firm in a few weeks. Sally Merry disagreed.
Tribute to Sally Merry's Scholarship from an International Law Perspective
Authors: de Lima e Silva Caroline
Published: December 2020

Sally Merry was a remarkable scholar and her loss will make a profound impact on the scholarship that shapes the intersection between international human rights law and the local sphere. Hence, the aim of this essay is to make a small tribute to a selected part of her scholarship that connects law and anthropology. Merry shifted the understanding of international law from a global and utopian perspective to something tangible and feasible, which has a direct influence on people's lives and communities.
The Master Translator: Sally Merry and the Interdisciplinary Study of Law
Authors: Telesca Jennifer E. , Canfield Matthew
Published: December 2020

Interdisciplinarity is a delicate achievement. We learned this some years ago when the Program in Law and Society at New York University collapsed. News of the administration's reluctance to continue its support of the Program trickled down to us as graduate students in fall 2009. At the time, the Program's Director (and our advisor) was Sally Merry.
Effects of early intense bombardment on megaregolith evolution and on lunar (and planetary) surface samples
Authors: Hartmann William K. , Morbidelli Alessandro
Published: December 2020

Impact rates in the first 500 Myr of the solar system are critical to an understanding of lunar geological history, but they have been controversial. The widely accepted, post‐Apollo paradigm of early lunar impact cratering (about 1975–2014) proposed very low or negligible impact cratering in the period from accretion (>4.4 Ga) to ~4.0 Ga ago, followed by an ~170 million year long spike of cataclysmic cratering, during which most prominent multi‐ring impact basins formed at age ~3.9 Ga. More recent dynamical models suggest very early intense impact rates, declining throughout the period from accretion until an age of ~3.0 Ga. These models remove the basin‐forming spike. This shift has important consequences vis‐à‐vis megaregolith evolution and properties of rock samples that can be collected on the lunar surface today. We adopt the Morbidelli et al. (2018) “accretion tail” model of early intense bombardment, declining as a function of time. We find effects differing from the previous models: early crater saturation and supersaturation; disturbance of magma ocean solidification; deep early megaregolith; and erosive destruction of the earliest multi‐ring basins, their impact melts, and their ejecta blankets. Our results explain observations such as differences in numbers of early lunar impact melts versus numbers of early igneous crustal rocks, highland breccias containing impact melts as old as 4.35 Ga, absence of a 170 Myr long spike in impact melt ages at 3.9 Ga among lunar and asteroidal meteorites, and GRAIL observations of lunar crustal structure.
Truth as Conformation in Herbert of Cherbury
Authors: Pickstock Catherine
Published: December 2020

Thomas Aquinas, like many other, but by no means all medieval theologians and philosophers, espoused a theory of truth by identity. Truth exists primarily in the mind, but insofar as it realises the truth of things, truth exists in things also. Both truth and meaning are inherent to form, which shines forth in things to render them as things, or as exemplars of universal essences. In the event and act of knowledge, form as species migrates from things into one's mind by a process involving at once passive stamping, active abstraction, and imaginative mediation. To know in this manner is to manifest, and express further the truth of things which is intrinsic to their very being. It is not merely to think logically or coherently, or to judge correctly as to evidence, though these things are certainly involved. Nor is it to ‘represent’ in a detached fashion a supposedly objective reality that is in itself alien to meaning or truthfulness.
Towards abandoning the master’s tools: The politics of a universal nursing identity
Authors: Bell Blythe
Published: December 2020

Healthcare environments continue to prove discriminatory and marginalizing towards patients and healthcare workers themselves, which contributes to inequitable health outcomes across lines of socially constructed difference. This content and discourse analysis of nursing identity scholarship asks whether there is a connection between nursing identity and oppressive behaviour by examining the construction of nursing identity and the foundational discourses, sometimes in absentia, that support such a construction. Bourdieu's concepts of social fields and Audre Lorde's concept of the master's house are applied as a framework towards understanding the constructs of power and status in healthcare. The analysis identifies a gap in nursing identity literature where social constructs of difference are not considered. In the reviewed literature, nursing identity has been co‐opted by the professionalization project in effort to stabilize a conceptualization of nursing's contribution to healthcare towards gaining professional and societal status. This leads to a monolithic, apolitical representation of nursing identity that erases difference, denies historical influence, universalizes nursing work and further marginalizes marginalized identities. The oppressive and hegemonic nature of a universal nursing identity may contribute to a lack of disciplinary reflexivity about the ongoing influences of foundational discursive constructs of gender, epistemology, power and professional status.
Symptomatic Postoperative Discal Pseudocyst After Percutaneous Endoscopic Interlaminar Discectomy: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Xu Wen‐bin , Wu Dan‐ju , Chen Chao , Zhao Xing , Hu Zhi‐jun , Fan Shun‐wu , Fang Xiang‐qian
Published: December 2020

Background

A postoperative discal pseudocyst (PDP) is a cystic lesion that is formed in the operation area of the intervertebral disc, leading to recurrence or even worse symptoms. To our knowledge, to date, there is no research focusing specifically on PDP following percutaneous endoscopic interlaminar discectomy (PEID).

Case presentation

We present the case of a 27‐year‐old man with L5S1 intervertebral disc herniation who was treated with PEID after failed conservative treatment. His leg pain was relieved immediately but reoccurred on the 40th day. MRI showed a PDP. Because loxoprofen and bedrest were ineffective and the patient was anxious, we performed a cystectomy. The patient's symptoms were significantly relieved, and a 6‐month follow up showed no recurrence both clinically and on MRI.

Conclusion

A PDP is more likely to form using the interlaminar approach than the transforaminal approach. For patients with mental stress, severe pain, and neurological symptoms, surgery is suggested to remove the cyst. Discectomy cannot be performed when disc degeneration is mild.
Uncover the salt tolerance potential of accessions based on photosynthetic attributes and interaction plot in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)
Authors: Rehman Fazal , Munir Hassan , Raza Muhammad A. , Saeed Asif
Published: December 2020

Soil salinity, being world's gravest and increasing environmental threat, limits the growth and development in nearly all crop plants. The experiment was laid out to investigate the tomato local and exotic germplasm for morpho‐physiological and photosynthetic attributes under salinity stress (0 (control), 8 and 12 dS m−1). The phenotype data for morpho‐physiological traits were collected; meanwhile, photosynthetic pigments were analysed also at seedling stage. Analysis of variance, interaction plot, PCV and GCV revealed significantly greater diversity among all accessions for subjecting attributes. Strikingly, principle component analysis (PCA) biplot and cluster heatmap exposed potentially salt tolerant accessions (NAQEEB, BL1076, PBLA1401, 017859, TINY TIM, BL1174, BL1078, PBLA1932, TOMMY TOE, PAKIT and CLN2413) under the highest level of salinity for β‐carotene, lycopene contents, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, pheophytin (b) and total pheophytin. The overall performance of the above‐mentioned accessions was found significant and exhibits tolerant attitude under high salt levels. We suggest that these tolerant accessions might facilitate as a potential source for further breeding programme to improve the agronomically important traits by exploiting both conventional as well as molecular breeding efforts.
Effects of previous birth interval length on child outcomes can be estimated in a sibling analysis even when there are only two siblings
Authors: Kravdal Øystein
Published: December 2020

Background

There is much interest in how the length of the previous birth interval affects various child outcomes, and it has become increasingly common to estimate such effects from sibling models. This is because one then controls for unobserved determinants of the outcome that are shared between the siblings and linked to the birth interval length. However, it is a common idea that such effects can only be estimated from data on families with three or more children.

Objective

The goal of this paper is to show, through an intuitive argument and a simulation experiment, that it is possible to estimate effects of birth interval only from families with two children.

Methods

Observations are simulated from two equations for fertility and one equation for child mortality. The fertility equations include a random term that is assumed to be correlated with the random term in the mortality equation. Mortality models are then estimated from the simulated observations. This is done 1000 times, and the averages of the 1000 sets of estimates are calculated.

Results

The simulation experiment illustrates that it is indeed possible (by using a model specification that takes into account that no birth interval is defined for the first birth) to estimate birth interval effects in sibling models even when the data include only families with two children.

Conclusion

It is good news that families with only two children can contribute to the estimation of birth interval effects. This is because, with a broader basis for the estimation, the precision is improved and there is less reason for concern about the general relevance of the estimates. An important limitation, however, is that it is potentially problematic to control for maternal age in a sibling model estimated only for the first and second child.
Serum markers of pulmonary epithelial damage in systemic sclerosis‐associated interstitial lung disease and disease progression
Authors: Stock Carmel J.W. , Hoyles Rachel K. , Daccord Cecile , Kokosi Maria , Visca Dina , De Lauretis Angelo , Alfieri Veronica , Kouranos Vasilis , Margaritopoulos George , George Peter M. , Molyneaux Philip L. , Chua Felix , Maher Toby M. , Abraham David J. , Ong Voon , Donovan Jackie , Sestini Piersante , Denton Christopher P. , Wells Athol U. , Renzoni Elisabetta A.
Published: December 2020

The clinical course of systemic sclerosis‐associated interstitial lung disease (SSc‐ILD) is highly variable and easily measurable biomarkers are needed to predict disease progression. Serum epithelial biomarker KL‐6 is predictive of disease progression measured by a decline in DLCO, regardless of ILD severity, and could provide increased prognostic ability to inform risk stratification in SSc‐ILD.

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