bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Atndanga “Life In An African Forest”
Authors: Kisliuk Michelle
Published: November 2023

In early February 1988, recovered from the malaria, I was hiking with Justin on the Bombolongo trail, one of several paths leading south into the forest from clan-based neighborhoods in Bagandou.1 We were on our way to a BaAka camp called Ndanga. The shortest path to Ndanga is the Bodikala path, but instead we took the Bombolongo path this time because Justin was more familiar with it-his family’s pygmies live along this path-and because it passes through several BaAka settlements he thought I should see. Of all the BaAka that Justin knew, he judged those of Ndanga to be the most proficient in music and dance. He also recalled that they still sometimes hunt elephant on long excursions. I had gathered from Turnbull’s observations in The Forest People and from liner notes on recordings of pygmy music that elephant hunting is an important aspect of BaAka culture, or had been in the past.
Seeking The Mother Of Elamba
Authors: Kisliuk Michelle
Published: November 2023

There were two ways to get to Mopoutou. One was via a long forest trail that crosses some insect-ridden rivers in the wilderness. The other way was by boat, first down the Oubangui, then up the narrow, winding river Ibenga. At first I considered waiting until Sandimba’s contingent was ready to make the pilgrimage to “take” Elamba, going the forest route with them. But I felt I had to make this next move soon, and Sandimba had said they would be waiting until the dry season because travel would be easier then, and they would have time to amass enough goods for proper payment for the initiation (by the time I left the country in June 1989, Sandimba had still not made the journey to Mopoutou). It was now late August 1988, the beginning of the heaviest rains, and Justin advised against going through the forest; the rivers we would have to cross would be swollen and dangerous, plus he was unfamiliar with the trails we would have to follow. So we opted to go by boat.1 We would set out at Mongoumba, at the conflation of the Lobaye and the Oubangui rivers. At the farm we loaded the moped with two backpacks, and along the way we stocked up on all the provisions we could haul. Amazingly, our Peugeot moped got us and our load safely down to Mongoumba, despite several hours of rough riding on a ragged dirt road.
American Painting of the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Novak Barbara
Published: November 2023

In this distinguished work, which Hilton Kramer in The New York Times Book Review called “surely the best book ever written on the subject,” Barbara Novak illuminates what is essentially American about American art. She highlights not only those aspects that appear indigenously in our art works, but also those features that consistently reappear over time. Novak examines the paintings of Washington Allston, Thomas Cole, Asher B. Durand, Fitz H. Lane, William Sidney Mount, Winslow Homer, Thomas Eakins, and Albert Pinkham Ryder. She draws provocative and original conclusions about the role in American art of spiritualism and mathematics, conceptualism and the object, and Transcendentalism and the fact. She analyzes not only the paintings but nineteenth-century aesthetics as well, achieving a unique synthesis of art and literature. Now available with a new preface and an updated bibliography, this lavishly illustrated volume—featuring more than one hundred black-and-white illustrations and sixteen full-color plates—remains one of the seminal works in American art history.
Prolegomena to the Nineteenth Century: Copley And The American Tradition
Authors: Novak Barbara
Published: November 2023

The roots of an enduring American vision were first put down with the mature paintings of John Singleton Copley (1738–1815), from about 1765 to 1774. In Copley’s art of this period, the unique relation of object to idea that characterizes so much American realism from colonial times to the present assumes forceful and explicit form.
Thomas Cole: The Dilemma Of The Real And The Ideal
Authors: Novak Barbara
Published: November 2023

If, for Allston, the color of “Titian, Tintoret and Paul Veronese . . . took away all sense of subject,” this was not possible for Thomas Cole (1801–48), who maintained that “the language of art should have the subserviency of a vehicle. It is not art itself. Chiaroscuro, colour, form, should always be subservient to the subject, and never be raised to the dignity of an end.” With Cole, even more than Allston, idea and story took precedence over form, and one might say that more than Allston, Cole, a generation later, took Sir Joshua’s dicta to heart. Cole was capable finally of transferring the heroic aims of the history painters to the landscape category, where at last they could take firm root in American soil. Thus, in the largest sense, he was a transitional figure. This early nineteenth-century emphasis on Nature and landscape was hardly unique to America, having found expression abroad in Rousseau’s concepts of natural primitivism, Schelling’s Naturphilosophie, and Words-worth’s “God in Nature,” as well as in Emerson’s Nature. But with the new respect for “unspoiled nature” on both sides of the Atlantic, an American landscape school was not long in developing. Nationalist pride was considerably bolstered by the realization that America more clearly fitted Rousseau’s concept of a primeval paradise than any of the European countries with which, it was uneasily believed, America could not yet compete artistically. If we had no cultural traditions, we had at least our ancient trees.
Sources and Bibliography
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

With the subject of Broadway orchestration being a relatively unmined field, most of the quotations and anecdotes in this book come from personal interviews or unpublished material sitting in dusty archives. It was not my desire to pepper this book with footnote after footnote after footnote, which can quickly become tiring to the reader Even so, I think it might prove useful to provide a generalized guide to the sources.
Overture
Authors: Steven Suskin
Published: November 2023

Overture comes from the French word ouverture, which means opening. The overture dates more or less to the seventeenth century, when it was originally used in opera. Such openings were also used for plays; some of these early theatre overtures, in fact, have led far more far popular lives than the plays themselves (like Beethoven’s “Egmont” and “Coriolan”). Over time, composers came to use the term to describe independent concert works similar to but on a smaller scale than symphonies (including Mendelssohn’s “Hebrides” and Tchaikovsky’s “1812”). The medley-type overture came into fashion in the nineteenth century; a look at the works of Gilbert & Sullivan shows the theatrical song-medley overture in full swing.
Then Comes the Orchestrator
Authors: Steven Suskin
Published: November 2023

The instrumentation is set by the orchestrator, right? Well, no. The composer often exerts influence in this area, and not without reason. So does the musical director, who will be entrusted with the nightly task of getting the score to sound like the composer and orchestrator intend. The musical contractor—something like the casting director and paymaster for the musicians—can weigh in with demands of his or her own. And then, there’s the producer.
Insights from the Outback: Geneva Conventions in the Australian Bush
Authors: Fry Douglas P
Published: November 2023

The island continent of Australia is immense-about as large as the contiguous forty-eight United States-and before the arrival of the Europeans, Australia supported an Aboriginal population up to 750,000 people, speaking well over two hundred distinct languages.1 In an area this large, it is not surprising that numerous ecological zones exist, from tropical to temperate forests and from prairies to deserts. Nonetheless, there was great similarity in the cultures of the native Australians.2 Of central importance, Australian Aborigines shared the same basic economic strategy: hunting and gathering. Of course, local variations existed in the types of food eaten and the specific techniques used to obtain their meals, but all of Australia's hunter-gatherers lived in bands and shared food.3 Australian Aborigines believed that they should follow a system of rules, "the Law," that originated from the parthuman, part-animal spiritual beings active during a Dreamtime period of creation.
“What Have I Done Wrong?”
Authors: Symonds Craig L
Published: November 2023

In The Tension-Filled Weeks leading up to his inauguration, Abraham Lincoln probably spent little time thinking about the U.S. Navy. After all, the handful of vessels showing the flag on widely scattered overseas stations was an unlikely instrument in the secession crisis, which was grounded in a sectional dispute about the expansion of slavery into the western territories. Lincoln had been president for barely twenty-four hours, however, when he read a report from Major Robert Anderson, commander of beleaguered Fort Sumter in the middle of Charleston Harbor.
The Foundations of Rock
Authors: Everett Walter
Published: November 2023

A comprehensive introduction to the inner workings of rock music, The Foundations of Rock goes back to the heart of the music itself from the time of its birth through the end of classic rock. Walter Everett expertly takes readers through all aspects of the music and its lyrics, leading fans and listeners to new insights and new ways to develop their own interpretations of the aural landscapes of their lives. Written with style, Everett does not depend on musical notation nor professional jargon, but rather combines text with nearly 300 newly written audio examples (performed on the companion website) and more than 100 expertly chosen photographs, to offer a rich text-and-web experience that brings new meanings to songs that have dominated music for a half-century. Through careful illustration, frequently citing the most familiar and pertinent examples from throughout the 1955-1970 period, The Foundations of Rock covers the nature and use of all musical instruments and vocal qualities; reveals the many different ways that phrases and sections of songs can be combined; discusses the materials and patterns in melodic, harmonic, and rhythmic invention; explains the many important ways that producers and engineers add to the artistry; and finally suggests paths for combining an understanding of all of these elements with interpretations of a song's lyrics. This is all done in thorough detail, and always with an ear towards the possible meanings such techniques convey in a music that has had a profound impact upon our world. In doing so, Everett helps readers create new depths of understanding and appreciation. Hundreds of memorable hit songs are referred to in order to illustrate every individual point, while twenty-five diverse classics of the period have been chosen for very close hearing from multiple perspectives. The reader will come away with a much deeper appreciation of the music of the Beatles and the Stones, the Supremes and the Temptations, the Dead and Janis, Elvis and Buddy Holly, the Beach Boys and the Rascals.
Drums, Other Percussion, and a Bit about Rhythm
Authors: Everett Walter
Published: November 2023

Trained musicians who are so inclined love to talk about melody, harmony, and intricate rhythmic and formal patterns. In some cases where I’ve discussed such matters with general audiences that are not so trained, I’m told that it’s the basic “sound,” more than these more advanced properties, that makes rock music meaningful to them. Their point is well taken. The sound of the sound, its color—the characteristics that enable us to tell one instrument from another or one singer from another or one guitar effect from another—are a very sensible place to begin to point the ear in order to focus on the aural experience. In our first five chapters, we’ll cover every single device used to produce the sounds that create the pop music of the 1950s and ‘60s. First, in chapters 1 through 3, we’ll examine the instruments of the rock band from its foundation, drums and bass, through its different kinds of guitars and keyboards. This will be followed in chapter 4 by a look at how every single orchestral, wind-band, and other instrument originally created for preceding styles has been borrowed in our pop-rock repertoire. In chapter 5, we’ll consider the ins and outs of vocal sonorities. For each instrument and voice type, we’ll discuss pertinent concepts of tone production, the ways in which those sounds function on their own, and the ways in which they combine with other sonic forces to create full textures. Along the way, we’ll introduce some important concepts of rhythm and pitch that will prepare us for later chapters on rhythm, melody, and harmony. Our survey begins with the keeping of the beat . . .
The Cities
Authors: Rushton Julian
Published: November 2023

The principal cities in which Mozart lived and worked as a composer of opera, or one intent on composing opera, naturally start with his birth-place, Salzburg, where some of his work can be related to long-standing local traditions. He was clearly influenced by his visit to London, and by both his visits to Paris. By the time of his second visit to the French capital he was already a seasoned opera composer and complained that he was taken for a beginner (letter of 31 July 1778); his only theatre music was part of a ballet score whose name (Les petits riens—the little nothings) speaks volumes. Another city whose music influenced him profoundly but for which he composed no operas was Mannheim, visited on the journey to and from Paris (1777–79). In Italy, only Milan, under Austrian rule, com-missioned operas from him, the latest performed at the end of 1772 when he was not quite 17.
Clausulae
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O
Published: November 2023

the Latin term chosen by medieval l writers to describe the perceived sense of closure and finality brought about by certain melodic figures was clausal (pl. clausulae; a close, conclusion, or end).1 In time, this sense was transferred to formulae involving two contrapuntal voices, and then much later to formulaic successions of multivehicle chords. The example below shows a four-voice formula that Johann Gottfried Walther (1684–1748), organist at Weimar, maestro to the young Prince Johann Ernst, and friend of J. S. Bach, described in 1708 as a clausula formalis perfectissima2—what is commonly described today as a “perfect authentic cadence.” Perfectissima invites translation as “most perfect,” but the intended meaning was nearer to “most complete,” referring to the degree of closure. Hence the title of the example could be rendered as “a close in the most complete form.”
A Model Allegro by Francesco Galeazzi
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O
Published: November 2023

Francesco Galleass (1758 – 1819 ) was born in Turin. There the tradition of violin playing at the court of Savoy was perhaps the finest in Europe. Its great maestro G. B. Somas had studied with Corelli. Somas in turn trained first Éclair and later Paganini, who in turn trained Vote. Galleass grew up in that tradition, studying violin in the 1770s surrounded by many of these great musicians. He would, however, be almost completely unknown today had not Bahia Chagrin, in an often-cited article from 1968,1 drawn attention to a small section of a large treatise that Galleass published in 1796.
Epigenetics
Authors: Smith Moyra
Published: November 2023

Epigenetics may be defined as the study of changes in gene expression that are stable and potentially transmitted and do not entail a change in DNA sequence. The term epigenetics is sometimes used to refer to chromatin modifications and their consequent effects on the readout of genetic information. Epigenetic mechanisms include DNA methylation, covalent modification of histones (the histone code), and binding of proteins involved in chromatin remodeling. Chromatin remodeling plays a key role in gene expression since it determines accessibility of DNA to transcription factors (Jenuwein and Allis 2001).
Cold War Contradictions: Toward an International History of the Second Indochina War, 1969–1973
Authors: Nguyen Lien-Hang T
Published: November 2023

Although the latter half of the Second Indochina War has begun to attract more attention from scholars, compared with the prodigious literature on the first half of the war, the studies concentrating on the period of negotiations from 1969 to 1973 appear relatively meager. The main reason for the imbalance is the dearth of primary sources available on the latter half of the war as opposed to the plethora of documentation on the early period. For historians of American decision making, there are no Pentagon Papers; the Foreign Relations of the United States volumes on this period have only begun to appear; and until recently, Richard M. Nixon’s presidential materials have been tied up in litigation. For scholars interested in the foreign policy of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) or North Vietnam, particularly regarding its relations with the Soviet Union and China, the latter half of the war will remain shrouded in mystery so long as Hanoi’s present-day relations with the two countries remain ambiguous. Finally, for the small academic community focused on the Republic of Vietnam (RVN) or South Vietnam, not only is there less interest, but the entire period of direct American military involvement has also been conveniently ignored.
Waging War on All Fronts: Nixon, Kissinger, and the Vietnam War, 1969–1972
Authors: Nguyen Lien-Hang T
Published: November 2023

Although Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger inherited the Vietnam War when they assumed office in 1969, they made the war their own. Elected on the premise of extricating the United States from Vietnam, Nixon proceeded to spend his first term waging war on all fronts. While fighting the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) and the National Liberation Front (NLF)—America’s enemies since large-scale U.S. intervention in 1965— Nixon and Kissinger also adopted a combative approach toward international allies as well as domestic opponents. The two men were initially confident that they could end the war in short order by neutralizing internal and external threats to their control over Vietnam policy.
The End of the Vietnam War, 1973–1976
Authors: Schulzinger Robert D
Published: November 2023

In the four years from the signing of the Paris Peace Accords on Vietnam in January 1973 until the end of the administration of President Gerald Ford in January 1977, the Vietnam War ended and reflections on its meaning began. In early 1973, hopes were high that the cease-fire signed at Paris would lead to a genuine peace. Yet fighting among the forces of the government of the Republic of (South) Vietnam (RVN), the Democratic Republic of (North) Vietnam (DRV) and the National Liberation Front (NLF) never stopped. In 1975 the war in Vietnam ended in total defeat for America’s ally, South Vietnam.
Women in Colonial and Revolutionary America
Authors: Berkin Carol
Published: November 2023

The modern field of women’s history did not grow in a linear fashion. The first area of interest for the women scholars who turned to study their own lost past was not colonial society but the era of industrialization. These scholars, often motivated by their own participation in the radical politics or reform movements of the 1960s, were sharp critics of a modern America that they believed had its roots in the isms and izations of the nineteenth century. Social relations had gone terribly wrong, they argued, when capitalism took productive labor out of the household, defined “paid” labor as the only legitimate labor, and sharpened the separation between women’s confined sphere and men’s broader domain. They began a close examination of these developments—and produced, in the process, many insightful and analytically powerful studies. Meanwhile, modern study of the colonial and early national eras and the twentieth century lagged behind; nineteenth-century women’s history was like an alpine peak, its two sloping sides of past and future buried in shadow.
Women in Nineteenth-Century America
Authors: Lobel Cindy R
Published: November 2023

The early historians of colonial era women thought that they had discovered a golden age for women, one in which women’s productive contributions to the family created a “rough equality” between husband and wife. This model lost its potency as scholars learned more about the ideological, legal, and customary patterns that ensured women’s subordinate status. Early studies of women in the nineteenth century relied on a different paradigm or model— “separate spheres”—and it, too, has lost its interpretive power as new research has followed.
Teaching Women’s History with Visual Images
Authors: Weis Tracey
Published: November 2023

I subscribe to the adage “Never walk into a classroom without a picture.”1 Bringing pictures into the classroom allows me to address several significant and pressing problems that my students and I face when we study women’s history. First, using visual evidence offers a window into student thinking. Using images to identify and discuss the knowledge, beliefs, and emotions that students bring into the classroom is particularly useful when women, gender, and power are concerned. Second, looking at drawings, prints, portraits, paintings, and cartoons enables students to “see” complicated historical processes and developments in ways that reading other texts might not. Third, today’s students have grown up with visual images and may be more comfortable with them than with printed texts. Fourth, the increasing abundance and availability of visual images in digital archives make this approach particularly attractive but “do not guarantee historical understanding.”2 I see my job as teaching students how to analyze and deconstruct these images so that they are not passive consumers of this fare. Like many other thinking skills, however, visual literacy—and, in particular, the specific skill of reading images—needs to be taught across different disciplines and throughout a student’s academic career.
Who is Teaching Women’s History? “Insight,” “Objectivity,” and Identity
Authors: Syrett Nicholas L
Published: November 2023

I teach U.S. women’s history. As an undergraduate, I majored in women’s and gender studies and was often asked, particularly by those outside academia, why on earth I had chosen my major. I felt quite sure that my friends majoring in architecture and biology were not asked the same question. The question seemed to arise from a notion that only women ought to be interested in women’s history or gender studies. Men remained genderless in this analysis, in the same way that white people often remain “raceless.” Some people assumed that I had chosen my major because I was interested in gay and lesbian studies, since women’s studies was the academic home for most of the courses offered in that area at my college. While I am gay and did take one class in queer theory, this was not actually the case.
What Educational Research Says about Teaching and Learning Women’s History
Authors: Levstik Linda
Published: November 2023

No one is ever satisfied with history education. In 1898, the authors of the American Historical Association’s (AHA) The Study of History in Schools complained that there was no “recognized consensus of opinion in the country at large, not one generally accepted judgment, not even one well-known point of agreement, which would serve as a beginning for a consideration of the place of history in the high-school curriculum.” Although opinions about the goals and standards for history education probably vary at least as much now as they did at the turn of the twentieth century, history educators today have an important advantage over their predecessors: a substantial body of empirical research concerning children’s and adolescents ‘ historical thinking.
The Spanish Atlantic System
Authors: Andrien Kenneth J
Published: November 2023

The overseas enterprises of Spain expanded dramatically following the first voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1492. Even before this historic Atlantic crossing, Spaniards had begun the conquest of the Canary Islands (between 1478 and 1493), which served as a base and proving ground for the invasion and conquest of Spanish America, known as the Indies. After 1492 Spain’s possessions spread from a few isolated Caribbean outposts to include Mexico, as the army of Fernando Cortés and his Amerindian allies overthrew the Aztec (Mexica) Empire and later moved southward to annex the Maya domains in southern Mexico and Central America. Within a decade the equally spectacular victories of Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro brought down the Inca Empire (Tawantinsuyu), giving the Spaniards control over extensive human and mineral resources in South America. Over the course of the sixteenth century the conquistadors, followed by Crown bureaucrats and Catholic clergymen, slowly but firmly consolidated control over the central regions of Mexico and Peru. These possessions collectively served as the foundation of the Spanish Atlantic system. By 1600 the Spaniards claimed control over a vast region extending from the current southwest of the United States to the southern tip of South America. It was a massive domain that brought unimaginable wealth to the kingdoms of Spain for over 300 years.
Europe And The Atlantic
Authors: Phillips Carla Rahn
Published: November 2023

Much of the work published by scholars of the Atlantic world has focused on the impact of European expansion—including exploration, colonization, and trade—on the other areas bordering the Atlantic Ocean. Nonetheless, the experience of that expansion also affected Europe and European peoples in profound as well as mundane ways. Examining that experience reveals numerous links between events and developments in the Atlantic world and events and developments in Europe. The problem then becomes how best to examine those links. One useful approach might begin with important aspects of European history and then move to their relationship with the Atlantic world. This approach would focus the analysis and allow for depth as well as breadth, whether dealing with one or more European countries or with Europe as a whole. There are many aspects of European history that might lend themselves to such an approach. For example, the social and cultural structures that evolved in ancient and medieval Europe helped to shape the later experiences of Europeans overseas. At the same time, the encounter with new peoples, cultures, and ecological systems overseas profoundly affected European thought and life, as did the new geographic and anthropological knowledge gained from those encounters. Experiences across the Atlantic—even if they came as hearsay rather than personal histories— inspired Europeans of all social levels to reimagine their own political and social possibilities. Many of them acted on that inspiration to emigrate to the New World, and the subsequent flows of people back and forth across the Atlantic also affected Europeans’ perceptions of themselves and others.
Hemispheric History And Atlantic History
Authors: Greene Jack P
Published: November 2023

Historians of the early modern Americas have always been open to the broader approach. Already by the closing decades of the nineteenth century, they had recognized and sought to subvert the tendency of emerging national histories to reduce the colonial past to little more than the pre- history of the independent nations that formed in the Americas after the mid-1770s. By insisting that colonial histories be contextualized, both as parts of the empires to which they belonged and as subsets of the greater process of European expansion, they called attention to the larger worlds in which early modern colonies took shape and to which they were intimately and immediately attached. Considering themselves what we might now call cosmopolitan contextualists, colonialists regarded those who tried to shoe- horn colonial histories into the mold of the new states that were consequent to decolonization as parochial anachronists.
Introduction and Background Information
Authors: Burton Belinda Ramos Geraldine , Hoagwood Kimberly Eaton , Jensen Peter
Published: November 2023

This guide is intended to provide parent advisors with a comprehensive tool for improving their professional effectiveness. It is a resource for parents in helping and empowering other parents to learn how to get their children’s mental health needs met. There are many different terms used to describe parent-to-parent support. These include parent or family advocate, advisor, coordinator, support specialist, liaison, mentor, and coach, among others. In this book, we will use the term “parent advisor,” but we recognize that there are many different functions and roles that describe the work of families who help other families. It is also recognized that individuals (other than biological parents) may assume the responsibilities for the care of children. Throughout this guide, the term “parent” is broadly used to describe any caregiver who takes on the role of parenting children. Ideally, this guide provides parent advisors essential background and knowledge for use within a face-to-face, sustained training program. However, it has also been designed as a stand-alone reference for circumstances in which formal hands-on training is not available.
Overview and Assessment
Authors: Rodriguez James , Ramos Belinda , Olin Serene , Burton Geraldine
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides a brief overview of the skills and knowledge covered throughout the book. It includes a self-assessment so that you can evaluate your current skill set and knowledge base. This evaluation will help you identify the parts of the book that may be most useful to you. We hope you will take an active approach to reading this book. To assist you in your self-study, the end of each chapter includes questions for review and reflection.
Overview of Federal Education Laws
Authors: Watkins RueZalia
Published: November 2023

All the services provided in a school come from state government or through the states from the federal government. A child’s right to a sound, basic education is not a right or entitlement supported by the U.S. Constitution. However, there have been and currently are many federal laws that support education and instruction for many different kinds of students. Further, education and a child’s right to it are part of every state’s constitution. Whether an art class, physics class, guidance counseling, instruction, books, or lunch, all education services in the public schools come from state law and are supported by state and/or federal funds. Education as we know it is the responsibilities of states and local municipalities. That is why it is important as a parent advisor to use state resources, identify state processes, and communicate with state offices. State resources are also very helpful in keeping up with federal laws.
Descartes’s Watch Analogy
Authors: Hoffman Paul
Published: November 2023

In earlier essays, I have advocated a hylomorphic interpretation of Descartes’s account of the union of mind and body. Opponents of the hylomorphic interpretation have pointed to Descartes’s watch analogy in article 6 of The Passions of the Soul as providing decisive evidence on their behalf. In her book Descartes’s Dualism, MarleIen Rozemond asserts that in that article Descartes “goes out of his way to deny that there is an important difference between a body united with the soul and one that is not” and she concludes that the passage is “very un-Aristotelian.” In a recent article, Robert Pasnau has argued that the passage provides decisive evidence that Descartes did not put his claim that the mind or soul is the substantial form of the body to any serious philosophical use.3 Pasnau asserts that the passage seems impossible to reconcile with the view that Descartes takes seriously his remarks to MeslaInd that a human body remains numerically the same so long as it is joined to the same soul (AT IV 166; CSMK 242–3). However, if the identity of the human body does not depend on its being united to the mind, then that shows that Descartes does not take seriously his claim that the mind is a substantial form. Pasnau, like Rozemond, says that Descartes “is going out of his way” to dismiss hylomorphism.
Three Dualist Theories of the Passions
Authors: Hoffman Paul
Published: November 2023

Descartes, Spinoza, and Malebranche each devote a signiHcant amount of attention to the passions of the soul—those passive emotions of joy, sadness, love, hate, hope, despair, boldness, fear, desire, anger, and such. Commentators, especially English-speaking commentators on Descartes and Malebranche, open do not. I think their discussions of the passions deserve more attention. Commentaries on ancient Greek theories of the soul, whether Platonic, Aristotelian, or Stoic, would surely be considered deficient if they ignored the passions or, more generally, moral psychology. It seems to me that understanding dualist theories of the soul—the dualism of minds or thought versus bodies or extension—which is fundamental to Descartes, Spinoza, and Malebranche, also requires understanding their accounts of the passions.
Toward a Mediation of Field Methods and Field Experience in Ethnomusicology
Authors: Rice Timothy
Published: November 2023

Fieldwork is so central to contemporary ethnomusicology that I would suppose nearly every graduate program devoted to training ethnomusicologists has a course on it, probably with a title containing the phrase “fieldwork methods.” The three nouns in these courses’ titles (method, field, and work) speak volumes about our collective understanding of theory and method in ethnomusicology, and thus provide the place where I would like to begin this reflection on fieldwork. I hope to show the limits of the usefulness of this phrase and the possibilities for an alternative view of where the field is and what happens in the field, a view that balances method and working with experience and playing. To do so, I move narratively between theoretical or philosophical reflection and some of my own fieldwork experiences, just as I do in practice.
Introduction
Authors: Ben-Zvi Linda
Published: November 2023

Samuel Johnson, in making the claim for the greatness of Shakespeare, argued that “a test of literary merit” can be determined by whether a writer has “outlived his century” (qtd. in Quinault 304). If any proof were needed for the greatness of Samuel Beckett, the 2006 outpouring of events around the world marking the centenary of his birth—stage and media performances; conferences and lectures; new editions of his writings; gala concerts; and art, film, and photography exhibits—indicate that he too has “outlived his century.”
Neuroimaging and Other Diagnostic Testing in Headache
Authors: Evans Randolph W , Rozen, Todd D , Mechtler Laszlo
Published: November 2023

Most patients with headache can be diagnosed simply from a good history and general and neurologic examinations. In some cases, however, diagnostic testing is necessary to distinguish primary causes from secondary ones which may share similar features. The differential diagnosis of headache is one of the longest in all of medicine with more than 300 different types and causes. In this chapter, we discuss the reasons for diagnostic testing, indications for neuroimaging, electroencephalography (EEG), lumbar puncture (LP), and clinical laboratory studies. We also review diagnostic testing in adults and children with a normal neurologic examination, migraine, first or worst headaches, and those over the age of 50.
Headache Associated with Abnormalities in Intracranial Structure or Function: Low-cerebrospinalfluid- pressure Headache
Authors: Mokri Bahram , Schievink Wouter I
Published: November 2023

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a circulating body fluid, sometimes referred to as the “third circulation” (Cushing, 1926). Most of the CSF is formed by the choroid plexus, which has structural and functional similarities to the distal and collecting tubules of the kidneys and maintains the compositional integrity of the CSF (Rowland et al., 1991). Only a minor portion of the CSF is secreted by the brain capillaries, entering the ventricular system through the ependyma. For many years, on the basis of data from autopsies, the CSF volume was estimated to be 150 ml. More recent volumetric studies based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques suggest an average volume of approximately 210 ml in adults (Hogan et al., 1996; Matsumae et al., 1996). This, however, shows significant variation. Cranial CSF volume is smaller for women and for younger persons than for older persons, who have larger ventricular volumes and more generous CSF cisterns and subarachnoid spaces (Matsumae et al., 1996). Spinal CSF volume is significantly less in obese than nonobese persons (Hogan et al., 1996).
Headaches in Children
Authors: Winner Paul , Hershey, Andrew D , Li Zhicheng
Published: November 2023

Headache is a frequent symptom in the pediatric population. Acute headaches can often accompany a systemic infection, an organic disorder or other secondary cause. When an acute headache occurs repeatedly or episodically it is often a primary headache with migraine and tension-type headache being the most frequent cause in children and adolescents. A chronic or very frequent headache may be secondary to migraine. Headache disorders can affect the lifestyle of both the child and his or her family resulting in significant disability. This can include time lost from school and parental absence from work, while also affecting the child and parent interaction at home and the child’s social interaction with peers. The majority of children and adolescents with headache never consult a physician (Sillanpa¨a¨ et al., 1991).
Headaches in Women
Authors: Loder Elizabeth , Silberstein Stephen D
Published: November 2023

Headache prevalence and disability are heavily concentrated in women of childbearing age. This is especially true for migraine, where good-quality clinical, epidemiologic, and basic science observations strongly support the view that hormonal factors are an important influence on the phenotypic expression of headache. This chapter examines selected issues of special importance to medical practitioners who evaluate and treat primary headache disorders in women. Many of these are related to the influence of ovarian steroid cycling on the biological mechanisms of headache. Still others have to do with cultural and medical factors that differentially affect females. The emphasis on migraine is inevitable, since that is the headache disorder which has attracted the most clinical and research attention.
Headaches in the Elderly
Authors: Swanson Jerry W , Capobianco, David J , Evers Stefan
Published: November 2023

Before considering the issue of headaches in the elderly, one must first consider how the term elderly is defined. One dictionary definition of elderly is: rather old; being past middle age (from: Merriam Webster Online, accessed November 12, 2006). Another whimsical definition is based on the term middle age: The definition of “middle age” always involves adding 15 years to your own age, until such time as you cannot avoid defining yourself as middle aged, at which time the definition of “older” becomes ... your own age þ15 (Anonymous).
Behavioral Management of Headache
Authors: Lipchik, Gay L , Buse Dawn C
Published: November 2023

Like many pioneers, Harold G Wolff, MD, is honored but ignored. He is justifiably honored for his groundbreaking formulation of scientific (i.e., testable) hypotheses about the pathophysiology of migraine and tension headache and for his experimental work that established the study of benign headache as a legitimate scientific enterprise. At the same time, the thesis of over two decades of Wolff’s work—that to truly understand psychophysiological disorders such as headache we need to understand how psychosocial and physiological variables interact to induce headache episodes—is ignored (Wolff, 1948; Wolff and Wolff, 1948; Wolff, 1953; Simmons and Wolff, 1954).
Peripheral Procedures: Nerve Blocks, Peripheral Neurostimulation, and Botulinum Neurotoxin Injections
Authors: Ashkenazi Avi , Levin, Morris , Dodick David W
Published: November 2023

Many patients with chronic headaches do not respond optimally to pharmacotherapy (Silberstein and Goadsby, 2002). Efficacy of currently available preventive medications is limited, and their use is associated with potentially disabling side-effects, such as fatigue, drowsiness, weight gain, and cognitive impairment. The triptans, which are effective for migraine and cluster headache (CH), have greatly improved acute headache treatment (Ferrari et al., 2001). However, some patients do not respond to or have adverse events associated with the use of these agents, and they are contraindicated in patients with cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and peripheral vascular disease, as well as in those with hemiplegic or basilar migraine.
Language and the Beginnings of Creation
Authors: Kramer Richard
Published: November 2023

Isaiah Berlin here captures one aspect of the theory of language that is a central topic of his penetrating study of Johann Georg Hamann (1730–1788). The stubborn obscurity of Hamann’s thought, and in particular its location of meaning at the cradle of language, before the exercise of reason and analysis, is strikingly pertinent to an understanding of the music of Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (1714–1788), whose eccentricities set his contemporaries to similar feats of exegesis. If the two never met, the picture of a confrontation between two minds so uncompromisingly original challenges the imagination. Their place at the source of a new mode of thought affecting arts and letters—a place in the midst of Aufklärung (Enlightenment), askew in posture and even contrary to its common tenets, and yet a function of them—is uncommonly close.
The Ends of Veränderung
Authors: Kramer Richard
Published: November 2023

“While composing these Sonatas I thought especially of beginners and of those amateurs who, on account of their years or of other business, have neither patience nor time enough to practice much,” writes Bach toward the end of the famous preface to the publication of his Sechs Sonaten fürs Clavier mit veränderten Reprisen (Berlin: George Ludewig Winter, 1760). “Apart from giving them something easy I wanted to provide them with the pleasure of performing alterations [Veränderungen] without having to resort either to inventing them themselves or to getting someone else to write them and then memorizing them with much difficulty.”
Adagio espressivo: Opus 109 as Radical Dialectic
Authors: Kramer Richard
Published: November 2023

In his radically dialectical “Beethoven’s Late Style,” Theodor W. Adorno corrects what he perceived as the commonplace view of the late works as so many documents in verification of Beethoven’s biography—documents, he meant, to an intense subjectivity: “the late work, exiled to the margins of art, approaches the condition of document.” Adorno invites us to consider the limits, the “Grenzlinie,” of such an approach, “beyond which each of Beethoven’s conversation books would signify more than the Quartet in C-sharp minor.”
Introduction
Authors: Klitzman Robert
Published: November 2023

At 8:30 a.m. on September 11, 2001, from her office on the 105th floor of the World Trade Center, my sister Karen called her best friend. No one ever heard from Karen again.
“Being ‘Strong’”: Workaholism, Burnout, and Coping
Authors: Klitzman Robert
Published: November 2023

Inevitably, as their illness progressed, many of these doctors had to consider the possibility of giving up their work, either partially or fully, which forced them to evaluate the many meanings of their careers. For these physicians, work provided structure, gratification, and income, all of which illness now threatened. These doctors revealed how deeply ingrained professionalism remained. They struggled with problems that all physicians—and professionals in other fields—will one day face.
“Us versus Them”: Treating Patients Differently
Authors: Klitzman Robert
Published: November 2023

“I do more for patients now than I used to,” Deborah, the psychiatrist with cancer, confessed. The experience of illness changed how most of these physicians treated their patients. Frequently, personal experiences of illness reversed years of professional medical training. In facing the darkness of their own disease, these doctors often came to treat patients and to teach trainees better. Nonetheless, “enlightenment” did not always occur. Treating those under their care more humanely was not always easy or successful. Psychological, social, and economic barriers could hamper doctors’ improving the care they offered. Other physicians veered too far in this new direction—doing too much for patients, raising questions of how much of an advocate or friend to be. As providers, they often found it hard to arrive at the appropriate balance between being too concerned or too detached.
Nāgārjuna’s Mūlamadhyamakakārikā (Fundamental Verses of the Middle Way): Chapter 24: Examination of the Four Noble Truths
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

Nāgārjuna (c. second century C.E.) is the founder of the Madhyamaka or Middle Way School of Buddhist philosophy and, with the exception of the historical Buddha himself, is the most influential philosopher in the Mahāyāna tradition.
Dushun’s Huayan Fajie Guan Men (Meditative Approaches to the Huayan Dharmadhā tu)
Authors: Fox Alan
Published: November 2023

The Huayan tradition in China takes its basic inspiration from the apocryphal Mahāyāna text known as the Huayan Jing (“Avatam. saka” or “Flower Garland” sūtra). One of the most basic models in the Huayan tradition, both historically and philosophically, is the idea of the Fourfold Dharmadhātu, which highlights the perspectivalism for which Huayan is famous. This model is suggested in an early work attributed to Dushun (c. 600 C.E.), a miracle worker and healer who was retrospectively designated First Patriarch of the Huayan tradition in China. Here we present a translation of Dushun’s seminal text Huayan Fajie Guan Men (Meditative Approaches to the Huayan Dharmadhātu).
Jñānagarbha’s Verses on the Distinction between the Two Truths
Authors: Eckel Malcolm David
Published: November 2023

Among the encyclopedic texts that dominate the landscape in the later history of Indian Buddhist philosophy, Jñānagarbha’s Verses on the Distinction between the Two Truths can seem slight, almost to the point of insignificance. But the importance of the text is not measured simply by its size. In just a few condensed and difficult verses, it gives a compelling account of the relationship between the two dominant schools of Mahāyāna philosophy (Madhyamaka and Yogācāra) and sets the stage intellectually for the introduction of Buddhist philosophy to Tibet.
Dōgen’s Shō bō genzō, Fascicles “Kattō” and “Ō sakusendaba”
Authors: Heine Steven
Published: November 2023

The “Kattō” and “Ō sakusendaba” fascicles of Dōgen’s (1200–1253) master work, the Shō bō genzō, are based to a large extent on a Zhaozhou dialogue concerning the famous “skin, flesh, bones, marrow” anecdote in which the first patriarch of Zen, Bodhidharma, selects his successor. According to the source anecdote, Bodhidharma challenges four disciples to a contest to prove their worthiness. The winner of the competition, second patriarch Huike, attains Bodhidharma’s marrow by remaining silent, while the other contestants all use verbal discourse that gains his skin, flesh, and bones, respectively. These levels were considered to represent a hierarchy of understanding, with skin indicating the most superficial and marrow indicating the most profound levels.