bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Politics of Racial Disparities: Desegregating the Hospitals in Jackson, Mississippi
Authors: SMITH DAVID BARTON
Published: June 2005

As health care policymakers and providers focus on eliminating the persistent racial disparities in treatment, it is useful to explore how resistance to hospital desegregation was overcome. Jackson, Mississippi, provides an instructive case study of how largely concealed deliberations achieved the necessary concessions in a still rigidly segregated community. The Veterans Administration hospital, the medical school hospital, and the private nonprofit facilities were successively desegregated, owing mainly to the threatened loss of federal dollars. Many of the changes, however, were cosmetic. In contrast to the powerful financial incentives offered to hospitals to desegregate and ensure equal access in the early years of the Medicare program, current trends in federal reimbursement encourage segregation and disparities in treatment.
Mental Health Policy and Psychotropic Drugs
Authors: FRANK RICHARD G. , CONTI RENA M. , GOLDMAN HOWARD H.
Published: June 2005

The pace of innovation in psychotropic drugs has been rapid over the past 15 years. There also have been unprecedented increases in spending on prescription drugs generally and psychotropic medications specifically. Psychotropic medications are playing a more central role in treatment. They also are receiving close scrutiny from health insurers, state budget makers, and ordinary citizens. Public policy actions regarding prescription drugs have the potential to significantly affect clinical care for mental disorders, the costs of this care to individuals and society at large, and the prospects for future scientific advances. This article outlines the policy issues related to psychotropic drugs with respect to their role in determining access to mental health treatment and the cost and quality of mental health care.
Was There an Alternative to the Personal Rule? Charles I, the Privy Council and the Parliament of 1629
Authors: CUST RICHARD
Published: June 2005

This article demonstrates that in the months following the duke of Buckingham's assassination in August 1628 Charles I's ‘patriot’ privy councillors, apparently with the blessing of the king, put together a ‘new deal’ for co‐operation between crown and people. This was based on settling grievances over Arminianism and tonnage and poundage, re‐launching the war against Spain, and re‐establishing a harmonious relationship with parliament. The scheme broke down when parliament met in January 1629 and radical elements in the House of Commons implemented their alternative strategy of punishing the king's ‘evil counsellors’. Had it succeeded it could have provided the basis for an alternative to Charles I's Personal Rule.
Continental Connections: Britain and Europe in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: CONWAY STEPHEN
Published: June 2005

The topic of empire has loomed large in recent writings on eighteenth‐century Britain. This article attempts to encourage greater appreciation of Britain's multifarious connections with continental Europe in this period. It also seeks to establish that empire and Europe were seen by many Britons as complementary rather than competing areas of interest and engagement.
Intellectual Life under the Spanish Inquisition: A Continuing Historical Controversy
Authors: GOODMAN DAVID
Published: June 2005

The effects of the Spanish Inquisition on Spain's intellectual life have long been a topic of heated historical controversy. This article surveys the arguments dating from the late eighteenth century to the present. It illustrates the extreme views held by opposing sides, views often sustained more by passion and prejudice than by sound historical research. The results of recent research over the last three decades, explicitly conducted with the intention of eliminating prejudice, show not only surprising conclusions but also the complexity and intractability of some of the questions posed relating to the influence of the Inquisition on Spain.
Sunset or Dawn? F. S. Oliver's Endless Adventure in History and Politics, 1921–1934
Authors: POLLARD MICHAEL
Published: June 2005

The impact of the Great War on the political thought of the inter‐war period in Britain is a fascinating and elusive topic. This article argues that the career and writings of F. S. Oliver, a highly regarded and well‐connected Conservative publicist, reveal much about this issue. Oliver had never been a lover of democracy, and much of his writing between 1904 and 1920 had advocated a form of ‘Radical Conservatism’. In 1914, Oliver was an enthusiast for war. Already a committed imperialist and an uncompromising supporter of military conscription, his Ordeal by Battle (1915) represented a serious assault on the liberal values under which the war was being fought. However, Oliver's work in the inter‐war period, particularly his acclaimed study of politics in the age of Walpole, The Endless Adventure, reflects a different set of concerns. Written in a more consensual and emollient tone during an era of realignment and adaptation, the volumes represent a fundamental retreat from previously held political ideals and convictions. Composed in the shadow of the Great War, Oliver's celebration of ‘Englishness’ and English history struck a powerful chord with some contemporaries and sheds a revealing light on the ‘mindset’ of the period.
Morphometric and immunohistochemical study of the omasum of red deer during prenatal development
Authors: Redondo E. , Franco A. J. , Masot A. J.
Published: June 2005

The red deer is an important study species because of its value in the national economy and because it provides a wealth of genetic material. To date, there has been little research into the prenatal development of the stomach of ruminants, and none of the red deer. We therefore performed a histological evaluation of the ontogenesis of the omasum in the red deer. Histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analyses were carried out on 50 embryos and fetuses of deer from the initial stages of prenatal life until birth. For test purposes, the animals were divided into five experimental groups: Group I (1.4–3.6 cm crown–rump length, CRL; 30–60 days, 1–25% of gestation); Group II (4.5–7.2 cm CRL; 67–90 days, 25–35% of gestation); Group III (8–19 cm CRL; 97–135 days, 35–50% of gestation); Group IV (21–33 cm CRL; 142–191 days, 50–70% of gestation); and Group V (36–40 cm CRL; 205–235 days, 75–100% of gestation). At 67 embryonic days, the omasum wall was differentiated, and comprised three layers: the epithelial layer, pluripotential blastemic tissue and serosa. The stratification of the epithelial layer was accompanied by changes in its structure, with the appearance of four laminae of different sizes; in order of appearance these were: primary at 67 days, secondary at 90 days, tertiary at 97 days and quaternary at 135 days. At around mid‐gestation, lateral evaginations were formed from the stratum basale of the primary and secondary smaller laminae. These were the primitive corneum papillae. From 205 days, the corneum papillae were present in all four sizes of laminae. The histodifferentiation of the lamina propia‐submucosa, tunica muscularis and serosa showed patterns of development similar to those reported for the rumen and reticulum of red deer. The omasum of red deer during prenatal life, especially from 67 days of gestation, was shown to be an active structure with full secretory capacity. Its histological development, its secretory capacity (detected by the presence of neutral mucopolysaccharides) and its neuroendocrine nature (detected by the presence of positive non‐neuronal enolase cells and the neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal peptide and neuropeptide Y) were parallel to the development of the rumen and the reticulum. However, its prenatal development was later than that of the omasum in sheep, goat and cow.
Testosterone‐immunopositive primordial germ cells in the testis of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana
Authors: Sasso‐Cerri E. , Freymüller E. , Miraglia S. M.
Published: June 2005

In amphibia, steroidogenesis remains quiescent in distinct seasonal periods, but the mechanism by which spermatogenesis is maintained under low steroidogenic conditions is not clear. In the present study, testosterone location in the testes of Rana catesbeiana was investigated immunohistochemically during breeding (summer) and nonbreeding (winter) periods. In winter, the scarce interstitial tissue exhibited occasional testosterone immunopositivity in the interstitial cells but the cytoplasm of primordial germ cells (PG cells) was clearly immunopositive. By contrast, in summer, PG cells contained little or no immunoreactivity whereas strong immunolabelling was present in the well‐developed interstitial tissue. These results suggest that PG cells could retain testosterone during winter. This androgen reservoir could be involved in the control of early spermatogenesis in winter and/or to guarantee spermiogenesis and spermiation in the next spring/summer. The weak or negative immunoreaction in the summer PG cells might reflect consumption of androgen reservoir by the intense spermatogenic activity from spring to summer. Thus, besides acting as stem cells, PG cells of R. catesbeiana could exert an androgen regulatory role during seasonal spermatogenesis.
EST data suggest that poplar is an ancient polyploid
Authors: Sterck Lieven , Rombauts Stephane , Jansson Stefan , Sterky Fredrik , Rouzé Pierre , Van de Peer Yves
Published: June 2005

We analysed the publicly available expressed sequence tag (EST) collections for the genus Populus to examine whether evidence can be found for large‐scale gene‐duplication events in the evolutionary past of this genus.

The ESTs were clustered into unigenes for each poplar species examined. Gene families were constructed for all proteins deduced from these unigenes, and KS dating was performed on all paralogs within a gene family. The fraction of paralogs was then plotted against the KS values, which resulted in a distribution reflecting the age of duplicated genes in poplar.

Sufficient EST data were available for seven different poplar species spanning four of the six sections of the genus Populus. For all these species, there was evidence that a large‐scale gene‐duplication event had occurred.

From our analysis it is clear that all poplar species have shared the same large‐scale gene‐duplication event, suggesting that this event must have occurred in the ancestor of poplar, or at least very early in the evolution of the Populus genus.
Phospholipase A2 up‐regulation during mycorrhiza formation in Tuber borchii
Authors: Miozzi Laura , Balestrini Raffaella , Bolchi Angelo , Novero Mara , Ottonello Simone , Bonfante Paola
Published: June 2005

TbSP1 is a secreted and surface‐associated phospholipase A2 previously found to be up‐regulated in C‐ or N‐deprived free‐living mycelia from the ectomycorrhizal ascomycete Tuber borchii. As nutrient limitation is considered an important environmental factor favouring the transition to symbiotic status, TbSP1 was suggested to be involved in the formation of mycorrhizas.

An in vitro symbiosis system between Cistus incanus and T. borchii was set up: TbSP1 mRNA levels in free‐living mycelia and in mycorrhizas sampled in different districts of the plant–fungus interaction were examined. In the same samples, TbSP1 protein expression was analysed by immunoelectron microscopy.

A substantially enhanced TbSP1 mRNA expression, compared with nutrient‐limited but free‐living mycelia, was detected in the presence of the plant and reached maximal levels in fully developed mycorrhizas. A similar expression trend was revealed by immunolocalization experiments.

We have shown that TbSP1 appears to respond to two partially overlapping yet distinct stimuli: nutrient starvation and mycorrhiza formation.
A functional comparison of acclimation to shade and submergence in two terrestrial plant species
Authors: Mommer Liesje , De Kroon Hans , Pierik Ronald , Bögemann Gerard M. , Visser Eric J. W.
Published: June 2005

Terrestrial plants experience multiple stresses when they are submerged, caused both by oxygen deficiency due to reduced gas diffusion in water, and by shade due to high turbidity of the floodwater. It has been suggested that responses to submergence are de facto responses to low light intensity.

We investigated the extent to which submergence and shade induce similar acclimation responses by comparing two terrestrial Rumex species that differ in their responses to flooding.

Our study confirms that there are strong similarities between acclimation responses to shade and submergence. Petiole length, specific leaf area (SLA), chlorophyll parameters and underwater light‐compensation points changed at least qualitatively in the same direction. Maximum underwater photosynthesis rate, however, did discriminate between the functionality of the responses, as the acclimation to submergence appeared to be more effective than acclimation to shade at saturating light.

We conclude that acclimation to submergence involves more than an increase in SLA to achieve the significant reduction of diffusion resistance for gas exchange between leaves and the water column.
Phylogenetic relationships among A‐genome species of the genus Oryza revealed by intron sequences of four nuclear genes
Authors: Zhu Qihui , Ge Song
Published: June 2005

• The A‐genome group in Oryza consists of eight diploid species and is distributed world‐wide. Here we reconstructed the phylogeny among the A‐genome species based on sequences of nuclear genes and MITE (miniature inverted‐repeat transposable elements) insertions.

• Thirty‐seven accessions representing two cultivated and six wild species from the A‐genome group were sampled. Introns of four nuclear single‐copy genes on different chromosomes were sequenced and analysed by both maximum parsimony (MP) and Bayesian inference methods.

• All the species except for Oryza rufipogon and Oryza nivara formed a monophyletic group and the Australian endemic Oryza meridionalis was the earliest divergent lineage. Two subspecies of Oryza sativa (ssp. indica and ssp. japonica) formed two separate monophyletic groups, suggestive of their polyphyletic origin. Based on molecular clock approach, we estimated that the divergence of the A‐genome group occurred c. 2.0 million years ago (mya) while the two subspecies (indica and japonica) separated c. 0.4 mya.

• Intron sequences of nuclear genes provide sufficient resolution and are informative for phylogenetic inference at lower taxonomic levels.
Mutations in CAX1 produce phenotypes characteristic of plants tolerant to serpentine soils
Authors: Bradshaw H. D.
Published: June 2005

Plant tolerance of serpentine soils is potentially an excellent model for studying the genetics of adaptive variation in natural populations.

A large‐scale viability screen of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants on a defined nutrient solution with a low Ca2+ : Mg2+ ratio (1 : 24 mol : mol), typical of serpentine soils, yielded survivors with null alleles of the tonoplast calcium‐proton antiporter CAX1.

cax1 mutants have most of the phenotypes associated with tolerance to serpentine soils, including survival in solutions with a low Ca2+ : Mg2+ ratio; requirement for a high concentration of Mg2+ for maximum growth; reduced leaf tissue concentration of Mg2+; and poor growth performance on ‘normal’ levels of Ca2+ and Mg2+.

A physiological model is proposed to explain how loss‐of‐function cax1 mutations could produce all these phenotypes characteristic of plants adapted to serpentine soils, why ‘normal’ plants are unable to survive on serpentine soil, and why serpentine‐adapted plants are unable to compete on ‘normal’ soils.
Nucleotide variation in genes involved in wood formation in two pine species
Authors: Pot David , McMillan Lisa , Echt Craig , Le Provost Grégoire , Garnier‐Géré Pauline , Cato Sheree , Plomion Christophe
Published: June 2005

Nucleotide diversity in eight genes related to wood formation was investigated in two pine species, Pinus pinaster and P. radiata.

The nucleotide diversity patterns observed and their properties were compared between the two species according to the specific characteristics of the samples analysed.

A lower diversity was observed in P. radiata compared with P. pinaster. In particular, for two genes (Pp1, a glycin‐rich protein homolog and CesA3, a cellulose synthase) the magnitude of the reduction of diversity potentially indicates the action of nonneutral factors. For both, particular patterns of nucleotide diversity were observed in P. pinaster (high genetic differentiation for Pp1 and close to zero differentiation associated with positive Tajima's D‐value for CesA3). In addition, KORRIGAN, a gene involved in cellulose–hemicellulose assembly, demonstrated a negative Tajima's D‐value in P. radiata accompanied by a high genetic differentiation in P. pinaster.

The consistency of the results obtained at the nucleotide level, together with the physiological roles of the genes analysed, indicate their potential susceptibility to artificial and/or natural selection.
Allelic and population variation of microsatellite loci in aspen (Populus tremuloides)
Authors: Cole Christopher T.
Published: June 2005

To develop a robust basis for inferences about population genetics and evolution, this work assayed 192 aspens (Populus tremuloides) from 11 sites in Wisconsin, USA, for allelic and population variation at 16 microsatellite loci distributed across thePopulusgenome.

Frequency distributions of fluorochrome‐labeled alleles resolved by capillary electrophoresis were analyzed for relationships to repeat size and number. Population‐level statistics were compared with those of other studies, especially inPopulus.

All loci were polymorphic, varying widely in the number of alleles per locus (mean = 8.25, range 2–20). Expected and observed heterozygosities were high (0.45 and 0.41, respectively), with little differentiation among populations (FST = 0.006–0.045) and a moderate level of inbreeding (FIS = 0.09), intermediate among levels reported in studies based on isozymes.

Contrary to several other reports, allele frequencies clustered tightly around the modal frequency, and the genetic diversity (measured as alleles per locus or as expected heterozygosity) was not related to either the repeat unit size or to the number of repeats.
The Construction of Motherhood: Tasks, Relational Connection, and Gender Equality*
Authors: Cowdery Randi S. , Knudson‐Martin Carmen
Published: June 2005

Abstract:This qualitative analysis of 50 couples explored how gender equality is related to the construction of motherhood in their day‐to‐day interactions. Results identified two models of mothering: (a) mothering as a gendered talent and (b) mothering as conscious collaboration. The first model perpetuated gender inequality through a recursive task‐relationship cycle between mothers and children. More equal couples consciously collaborated to create a task‐relationship spiral for fathers as well as mothers. Processes involved in each view of mothering were discussed relative to the distribution of parenting tasks. The findings suggest that families would benefit from education and clinical approaches that address gender and power, encourage open discussion regarding how child care choices are made, and develop new skills for both genders.
Paternal Identity, Maternal Gatekeeping, and Father Involvement*
Authors: McBride Brent A. , Brown Geoffrey L. , Bost Kelly K. , Shin Nana , Vaughn Brian , Korth Byran
Published: June 2005

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine whether mothers’ beliefs about the role of the father may contribute to mothers influencing the quantity of father involvement in their children's lives. Participants were 30 two‐parent families with children between the ages of 2 and 3 years. A combination of self‐report and interview data were collected from both mothers and fathers. Results from multiple regression analyses indicated that fathers’ perceived investments in their parental roles and actual levels of paternal involvement are moderated by mothers’ beliefs about the role of the father. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for future research on parenting identity and maternal gatekeeping as well as the development of parenting programs for fathers.
Relational Aggression in Adolescents’ Sibling Relationships: Links to Sibling and Parent‐Adolescent Relationship Quality*
Authors: Updegraff Kimberly A. , Thayer Shawna M. , Whiteman Shawn D. , Denning Donna J. , McHale Susan M.
Published: June 2005

Abstract: This study examined the links between sibling relational aggression and other sibling relationship qualities (i.e., intimacy, negativity, and temporal involvement) and broader parenting dynamics. Participants included 185 adolescent sibling pairs and their mothers and fathers. Data were gathered during home interviews and a series of nightly phone calls with adolescents and parents. Findings revealed that sibling relational aggression was related to sibling intimacy and negativity. In addition, connections emerged between relational aggression and qualities of the parent‐child relationship, parents’ differential treatment, and parents’ strategies for handling sibling conflict.
Family Work and Relationships: Lessons From Families of Men Whose Jobs Require Travel
Authors: Zvonkovic Anisa M. , Solomon Catherine Richards , Humble Áine M. , Manoogian Margaret
Published: June 2005

Abstract: This study explores how family members experience their lives when family breadwinners must be absent from home because of their jobs. Informed by general systems theory and contextual perspectives, we described wives’ family work that supports the breadwinner role and maintains the emotional connections among family members. From our findings about how families of commercial fishermen and long‐haul truckers manage their time and their paid and unpaid work, we applied their challenges and strategies to other families experiencing difficulties related to time and work involvement.
Behind the Brotherhood: Rewards and Challenges for Wives of Firefighters
Authors: Regehr Cheryl , Dimitropoulos Gina , Bright Elaine , George Sharon , Henderson Joscelyn
Published: June 2005

Abstract: Support of family is paramount to reducing the impact of highly stressful work on firefighters. Yet the degree of stress encountered by the family members, particularly spouses, resulting from ongoing job demands and exposure to traumatic situations is unclear. This qualitative study examined the effects of emergency service work on spouses of firefighters. While participants were highly supportive and proud of their spouse's work, they nevertheless encountered several challenges. Specific areas of challenge were (a) the effects of shift work on family life, (b) the transfer of firefighters’ reactions to dangerous and traumatic events to family, and (c) the social atmosphere associated with the fire service. Suggestions for the development of support services for firefighters and their families are offered.
Older Caregiving Parents: Division of Household Labor, Marital Satisfaction, and Caregiver Burden*
Authors: Lehr Essex Elizabeth , Hong Jinkuk
Published: June 2005

Abstract: Based on a sample of 126 families, this study investigated how division of household labor is related to marital satisfaction and caregiving burden among older married parents caring for adult children with intellectual disabilities. For mothers, greater spousal participation in household work and satisfaction with the division of labor were positively related to marital satisfaction. Satisfaction with division of labor also appeared to buffer maternal caregiving stress, decreasing the relationship between behavior problems of the adult child and caregiver burden. For fathers, there was no relationship between division of household labor and marital satisfaction. Behavior problems of the adult child predicted paternal caregiving burden only when men were satisfied with the labor division. Practice implications for professionals working with older caregiving parents are discussed.
Factors Influencing Midlife and Older Adults’ Attendance in Family Life Education Programs*
Authors: Ballard Sharon M. , Lane Morris Michael
Published: June 2005

Abstract: This study explored the likelihood of midlife and older adults attending a family life education program by assessing learner characteristics and deterrents to and motivators of attendance. Data were collected through a survey mailed to a stratified sample of adults aged 50 and over. Discriminant analysis results based on survey responses from 264 participants suggest that younger individuals with strong religious beliefs, low personal and programmatic deterrents, and high levels of motivation were most likely to indicate future program attendance. Implications for family life education are discussed.
Dilution of the Northern North Atlantic Ocean in Recent Decades
Authors: Curry Ruth , Mauritzen Cecilie
Published: June 2005

Declining salinities signify that large amounts of fresh water have been added to the northern North Atlantic Ocean since the mid-1960s. We estimate that the Nordic Seas and Subpolar Basins were diluted by an extra 19,000 ± 5000 cubic kilometers of freshwater input between 1965 and 1995. Fully half of that additional fresh water—about 10,000 cubic kilometers—infiltrated the system in the late 1960s at an approximate rate of 2000 cubic kilometers per year. Patterns of freshwater accumulation observed in the Nordic Seas suggest a century time scale to reach freshening thresholds critical to that portion of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation.
Late Bronze Age Glass Production at Qantir-Piramesses, Egypt
Authors: Rehren Thilo , Pusch Edgar B.
Published: June 2005

It has been uncertain whether the glass produced during the Late Bronze Age (LBA) originated in Egypt or Mesopotamia. Here we present evidence for the production of glass from its raw materials in the eastern Nile Delta during the LBA. Glass was made in workshops that were separate from where the production of objects took place. The initial melting of the raw materials to semi-finished glass was done at temperatures of 900° to 950°C, followed by coloration and ingot production at 1000° to 1100°C.
Energetics of Load Carrying in Nepalese Porters
Authors: Bastien Guillaume J. , Schepens Bénédicte , Willems Patrick A. , Heglund Norman C.
Published: June 2005

Nepalese porters routinely carry head-supported loads equal to 100 to 200% of their body weight (
M
b
) for many days up and down steep mountain footpaths at high altitudes. Previous studies have shown that African women carry head-supported loads of up to 60% of their
M
b
far more economically than army recruits carrying equivalent loads in backpacks. Here we show that Nepalese porters carry heavier loads even more economically than African women. Female Nepalese porters, for example, carry on average loads that are 10% of their
M
b
heavier than the maximum loads carried by the African women, yet do so at a 25% smaller metabolic cost.
Use of history science methods in exposure assessment for occupational health studies
Authors: Johansen K , Tinnerberg H , Lynge E
Published: June 2005

Aims:To show the power of history science methods for exposure assessment in occupational health studies, using the dry cleaning industry in Denmark around 1970 as the example.

Methods:Exposure data and other information on exposure status were searched for in unconventional data sources such as the Danish National Archives, the Danish Royal Library, archives of Statistics Denmark, the National Institute of Occupational Health, Denmark, and the Danish Labor Inspection Agency. Individual census forms were retrieved from the Danish National Archives.

Results:It was estimated that in total 3267 persons worked in the dry cleaning industry in Denmark in 1970. They typically worked in small shops with an average size of 3.5 persons. Of these, 2645 persons were considered exposed to solvents as they were dry cleaners or worked very close to the dry cleaning process, while 622 persons were office workers, drivers, etc in shops with 10 or more persons. It was estimated that tetrachloroethylene constituted 85% of the dry cleaning solvent used, and that a shop would normally have two machines using 4.6 tons of tetrachloroethylene annually.

Conclusion:The history science methods, including retrieval of material from the Danish National Archives and a thorough search in the Royal Library for publications on dry cleaning, turned out to be a very fruitful approach for collection of exposure data on dry cleaning work in Denmark. The history science methods proved to be a useful supplement to the exposure assessment methods normally applied in epidemiological studies.
Age at exposure to ionising radiation and cancer mortality among Hanford workers: follow up through 1994
Authors: Wing S , Richardson D B
Published: June 2005

Background:Studies of workers at the plutonium production factory in Hanford, WA have led to conflicting conclusions about the role of age at exposure as a modifier of associations between ionising radiation and cancer.

Aims:To evaluate the influence of age at exposure on radiation risk estimates in an updated follow up of Hanford workers.

Methods:A cohort of 26 389 workers hired between 1944 and 1978 was followed through 1994 to ascertain vital status and causes of death. External radiation dose estimates were derived from personal dosimeters. Poisson regression was used to estimate associations between mortality and cumulative external radiation dose at all ages, and in specific age ranges.

Results:A total of 8153 deaths were identified, 2265 of which included cancer as an underlying or contributory cause. Estimates of the excess relative risk per Sievert (ERR/Sv) for cumulative radiation doses at all ages combined were negative for all cause and leukaemia and positive for all cancer and lung cancer. Cumulative doses accrued at ages below 35, 35–44, and 45–54 showed little association with mortality. For cumulative dose accrued at ages 55 and above (10 year lag), the estimated ERR/Sv for all cancers was 3.24 (90% CI: 0.80 to 6.17), primarily due to an association with lung cancer (ERR/Sv: 9.05, 90% CI: 2.96 to 17.92).

Conclusions:Associations between radiation and cancer mortality in this cohort are primarily a function of doses at older ages and deaths from lung cancer. The association of older age radiation exposures and cancer mortality is similar to observations from several other occupational studies.
SIX-QUARK AMPLITUDES FROM FERMIONIC MHV VERTICES
Authors: SU XUN , WU JUN-BAO
Published: June 2005

The fermionic extension of the CSW approach to perturbative gauge theory coupled with fermions is used to compute the six-quark QCD amplitudes. We find complete agreement with the results obtained by using the usual Feynman rules.
A NOTE ON TWO-DIMENSIONAL DILATON GRAVITY WITH NON-SMOOTH POTENTIALS
Authors: BÖHMER CHRISTIAN G. , BRONOWSKI PIOTR
Published: June 2005

Recent interest in brane world models motivates the investigation of generic first-order dilaton gravity actions, with potentials having some non-smoothness. We consider two different types of δ-like contributions in the action and analyse their effects on the solutions. Furthermore a second source of non-smoothness arises due to the remaining ambiguities in the solutions in the separated smooth patches, after fixing all other constants by matching and asymptotic conditions. If moreover staticity is assumed, we explicitly construct exact solutions.

With the methods described, for example models with point like sources or brane world models (where the second source of non-smoothness becomes crucial), can now be treated as non-smooth dilaton gravity theories.
ON ERNST BLACK HOLES WITH A DILATON POTENTIAL
Authors: AGOP MARICEL , RADU EUGEN , SLAGTER REINOUD
Published: June 2005

The dilatonic Ernst solution describing a Schwarzschild black hole immersed in a background magnetic field is generalized by including a Liouville-type potential in the action principle. We prove that the thermodynamic properties of this new black hole dilaton solution are unaffected by an external magnetic field passing through it.
NON-MARKOVIAN SOURCE TERM FOR PARTICLE PRODUCTION BY A SELF-INTERACTING SCALAR FIELD IN THE LARGE-N APPROXIMATION
Authors: SARADZHEV FUAD M.
Published: June 2005

The particle production in the self-interacting N-component complex scalar field theory is studied at large N. A non-Markovian source term that includes all higher order back-reaction and collision effects is derived. The kinetic amplitudes accounting for the change in the particle number density caused by collisions are obtained. It is shown that the production of particles is symmetric in the momentum space. The problem of renormalization is briefly discussed.
A REFLEXIVE REPRESENTATION OF BRAID GROUPS
Authors: ZHENG H.
Published: June 2005

In this paper, for every positive integer m, we define a representation ξn,m of the n-strand braid group Bn over a free ℤBn+m-module. It not only provides an approach to construct new representations of braid groups, but also gives a new perspective to the homological representations such as the Lawrence–Krammer representation.
AN INFINITE FAMILY OF HYPERBOLIC GRAPH COMPLEMENTS IN S3
Authors: FRIGERIO R.
Published: June 2005

For any g ≥ 2 we construct a graph Γg ⊂ S3 whose exterior Mg = S3\N(Γg) supports a complete finite-volume hyperbolic structure with one toric cusp and a connected geodesic boundary of genus g. We compute the canonical decomposition and the isometry group of Mg, showing in particular that any self-homeomorphism of Mg extends to a self-homeomorphism of the pair (S3,Γg), and that Γg is chiral. Building on a result of Lackenby we also show that any non-meridinal Dehn filling of Mg is hyperbolic, thus getting an infinite family of graphs in S2 × S1 whose exteriors support a hyperbolic structure with geodesic boundary.
NEWLY FOUND FORBIDDEN GRAPHS FOR TRIVIALIZABILITY
Authors: NIKKUNI RYO , OZAWA MAKOTO , TANIYAMA KOUKI , TSUTSUMI YUKIHIRO
Published: June 2005

A planar graph is said to be trivializable if every regular projection of the graph produces a trivial spatial embedding by giving some over/under informations to the double points. Every minor of a trivializable graph is also trivializable, thus the set of forbidden graphs is finite. Seven forbidden graphs for the trivializability were previously known. In this paper, we exhibit nine more forbidden graphs.
Early Modern Humans
Authors: Trinkaus Erik
Published: June 2005

Perceptions of the emergence and spread of modern humans have changed recently through the reanalysis of fossils, an improved geochronological framework, and the discovery of a few specimens. Early modern humans in various portions of the Old World exhibit complex and varying mosaics of archaic, modern, and regional morphological characteristics. On the basis of this pattern, in conjunction with the emerging chronology of the earliest modern humans, the paleontological data indicate an assimilation model for modern human origins, in which the earliest modern humans emerged in eastern Africa, dispersed briefly into southwestern Asia, and then subsequently spread into the remainder of Africa and southern Asia, eventually into higher latitude Eurasia. The earliest modern humans outside of the core area of eastern Africa can be understood only if a variable degree of admixture with regional groups of late archaic humans occurred. Current and expected fossil and molecular data are unlikely to illuminate the degree of assimilation that took place in most regions of the Old World. However, the current chronological and phylogenetic framework provides the basis for ongoing investigation of the nature of this Late Pleistocene transitional period.
MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF STEROID HORMONE SIGNALING IN PLANTS
Authors: Vert Grégory , Nemhauser Jennifer L. , Geldner Niko , Hong Fangxin , Chory Joanne
Published: June 2005

Brassinosteroids (BRs), the polyhydroxylated steroid hormones of plants, regulate the growth and differentiation of plants throughout their life cycle. Over the past several years, genetic and biochemical approaches have yielded great progress in understanding BR signaling. Unlike their animal counterparts, BRs are perceived at the plasma membrane by direct binding to the extracellular domain of the BRI1 receptor S/T kinase. BR perception initiates a signaling cascade, acting through a GSK3 kinase, BIN2, and the BSU1 phosphatase, which in turn modulates the phosphorylation state and stability of the nuclear transcription factors BES1 and BZR1. Microarray technology has been used extensively to provide a global view of BR genomic effects, as well as a specific set of target genes for BES1 and BZR1. These gene products thus provide a framework for how BRs regulate the growth of plants.
Heat shock-mediated regulation of MKP-1
Authors: Wong Hector R. , Dunsmore Katherine E. , Page Kristen , Shanley Thomas P.
Published: June 2005

Heat shock modulates cellular proinflammatory responses, and we have been interested in elucidating the mechanisms that govern this modulation. The dual specific phosphatase, MAP kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1), is an important modulator of cellular inflammatory responses, and we recently reported that heat shock increases expression of MKP-1. Herein we sought to elucidate the mechanisms by which heat shock modulates MKP-1 gene expression. Subjecting RAW264.7 macrophages to heat shock increased MKP-1 gene expression in a time-dependent manner. Transfection with a wild-type murine MKP-1 promoter luciferase reporter plasmid demonstrated that heat shock activates the MKP-1 promoter. When the reporter plasmid was transfected into heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1)-null fibroblasts, the MKP-1 promoter was activated in response to heat shock in a manner similar to that of wild-type fibroblasts with intact HSF-1. Site-directed mutagenesis of two potential heat shock elements in the MKP-1 promoter demonstrated that both sites are required for basal promoter activity. mRNA stability assays demonstrated that heat shock increased MKP-1 mRNA stability compared with cells maintained at 37°C. Inhibition of p38 MAP kinase activity inhibited heat shock-mediated expression of MKP-1. These data demonstrate that heat shock regulates MKP-1 gene expression at both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Transcriptional mechanisms are HSF-1 independent but are dependent on putative heat shock elements in the MKP-1 promoter. Posttranscriptional mechanisms involve increased stability of MKP-1 mRNA that is partially dependent on p38 MAP kinase activity. These data demonstrate another potential mechanism by which heat shock can modulate inflammation-related signal transduction.
Temporal changes of multiple redox couples from proliferation to growth arrest in IEC-6 intestinal epithelial cells
Authors: Attene-Ramos Matias S. , Kitiphongspattana Kajorn , Ishii-Schrade Katrin , Gaskins H. Rex
Published: June 2005

Changes in intracellular redox couples and redox reactive molecules have been implicated in the regulation of a variety of cellular processes, including cell proliferation and growth arrest by contact inhibition. However, the magnitude, direction, and temporal relationship of redox changes to cellular responses are incompletely defined. The present work sought to characterize redox and metabolic changes associated with proliferative stages to contact inhibition of growth in rat IEC-6 intestinal epithelial cells. From the first day of culture until 1 day before confluence, an increase in GSH concentrations and a significant reduction in the redox potential of the GSSG/2GSH couple were observed. These changes were accompanied by a decrease in relative reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) concentrations and oxidation of the redox potential of the NADP+/reduced NADP and NAD+/NADH couples. Postconfluent cells exhibited a significant decrease in GSH concentrations and a significant oxidation of the GSSG/2GSH couple. When cell proliferation decreased, relative ROS concentrations increased ( P < 0.01), whereas NO concentrations remained unchanged, and the NAD+/NADH couple became more reduced. Together, these data indicate that the redox potential of distinct couples varies differentially in both magnitude and direction during successive stages of IEC-6 growth. This finding points out the difficulty of defining intracellular redox status at particular stages of cell growth by examining only one redox species. In addition, the data provide a numerical framework for future research of regulatory mechanisms governed by distinct intracellular redox couples.
Immature osteoblastic MG63 cells possess two calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor subtypes that respond differently to [Cys(Acm)2,7] calcitonin gene-related peptide and CGRP8–37
Authors: Kawase Tomoyuki , Okuda Kazuhiro , Burns Douglas M.
Published: June 2005

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is clearly an anabolic factor in skeletal tissue, but the distribution of CGRP receptor (CGRPR) subtypes in osteoblastic cells is poorly understood. We previously demonstrated that the CGRPR expressed in osteoblastic MG63 cells does not match exactly the known characteristics of the classic subtype 1 receptor (CGRPR1). The aim of the present study was to further characterize the MG63 CGRPR using a selective agonist of the putative CGRPR2, [Cys(Acm)2,7]CGRP, and a relatively specific antagonist of CGRPR1, CGRP8–37. [Cys(Acm)2,7]CGRP acted as a significant agonist only upon ERK dephosphorylation, whereas this analog effectively antagonized CGRP-induced cAMP production and phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and p38 MAPK. Although it had no agonistic action when used alone, CGRP8–37 potently blocked CGRP actions on cAMP, CREB, and p38 MAPK but had less of an effect on ERK. Schild plot analysis of the latter data revealed that the apparent pA2 value for ERK is clearly distinguishable from those of the other three plots as judged using the 95% confidence intervals. Additional assays using 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine or the PKA inhibitor N-(2-[ p-bromocinnamylamino]ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide hydrochloride (H-89) indicated that the cAMP-dependent pathway was predominantly responsible for CREB phosphorylation, partially involved in ERK dephosphorylation, and not involved in p38 MAPK phosphorylation. Considering previous data from Scatchard analysis of [125I]CGRP binding in connection with these results, these findings suggest that MG63 cells possess two functionally distinct CGRPR subtypes that show almost identical affinity for CGRP but different sensitivity to CGRP analogs: one is best characterized as a variation of CGRPR1, and the second may be a novel variant of CGRPR2.
Events at the Host-Microbial Interface of the Gastrointestinal Tract IV. The pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori persistence
Authors: Peek Richard M.
Published: June 2005

Long-term interactions between Helicobacter pylori and humans significantly increase the risk for peptic ulcer disease and noncardia gastric adenocarcinoma. The vast majority of infected persons remain persistently colonized unless a targeted antibiotic regimen is employed; thus regulation of inflammation by H. pylori is governed by levels of host-bacteria equilibria that are not found during cellular interactions with acute enteric pathogens. It is important to gain insight into mechanisms that regulate immune evasion by H. pylori not only to develop more effective treatments for disease, but also because such knowledge may serve as a paradigm for the role that other chronic infectious agents play in the genesis of pathological lesions that arise from inflammatory foci.
Paradoxical attenuation of leukocyte rolling in response to ischemia- reperfusion and extracorporeal blood circulation in inflamed tissue
Authors: Schäfer Stephan C. , Sehrt Desiree N. , Kamler Markus , Jakob Heinz , Lehr Hans-Anton
Published: June 2005

In contrast to acute preparations such as the exteriorized mesentery or the cremaster muscle, chronically instrumented chamber models allow one to study the microcirculation under “physiological” conditions, i.e., in the absence of trauma-induced leukocyte rolling along the venular endothelium. To underscore the importance of studying the naive microcirculation, we implanted titanium dorsal skinfold chambers in hamsters and used intravital fluorescence microscopy to study venular leukocyte rolling in response to ischemia-reperfusion injury or extracorporeal blood circulation. The experiments were performed in chambers that fulfilled all well-established criteria for a physiological microcirculation as well as in chambers that showed various extents of leukocyte rolling due to trauma, hemorrhage, or inflammation. In ideal chambers with a physiological microcirculation (<30 rolling leukocytes/mm vessel circumference in 30 s), ischemia-reperfusion injury and extracorporeal blood circulation significantly stimulated leukocyte rolling along the venular endothelium and, subsequently, firm leukocyte adhesion. In contrast, both stimuli failed to elicit leukocyte rolling in borderline chambers (30–100 leukocytes/mm), and in blatantly inflamed chambers with yet higher numbers of rolling leukocytes at baseline (>100 leukocytes/mm), we observed a paradoxical reduction of leukocyte rolling after ischemia-reperfusion injury or extracorporeal blood circulation. A similar effect was observed when we superfused leukotriene B4(LTB4) onto the chamber tissue. The initial increase in leukocyte rolling in response to an LTB4challenge was reversed by a second superfusion 90 min later. These observations underscore 1) the benefit of studying leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction in chronically instrumented chamber models and 2) the necessity to strictly adhere to well-established criteria of a physiological microcirculation.
Interactive drives from two brain stem premotor nuclei are essential to support rat tail sympathetic activity
Authors: Ootsuka Y. , McAllen R. M.
Published: June 2005

Anatomical studies indicate that sympathetic preganglionic neurons receive inputs from several brain stem cell groups, but the functional significance of this organization for vasomotor control is not known. We studied the roles of two brain stem premotor cell groups, the medullary raphé and the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), in determining the activity of sympathetic vasomotor supply to the tail of urethane-anesthetized, artificially ventilated rats. Chemical inactivation of either RVLM (bilaterally) or raphé cells by microinjecting glycine (120–200 nl, 0.5 M) or muscimol (40–160 nl, 2.1–8 mM) was sufficient to inhibit ongoing tail sympathetic fiber activity and to block its normally strong response to mild cooling via the trunk skin (reducing rectal temperature from 38.5 to 37°C). After bilateral RVLM inactivation, tail sympathetic fibers could still be excited by chemical stimulation of raphé neurons (l-glutamate, 120 nl, 50 mM), and strong cooling (rectal temperature ∼33°C) caused a low level of ongoing activity. After chemical inhibition of raphé neurons, however, neither strong cooling nor chemical stimulation of RVLM neurons activated tail sympathetic fibers. Electrical stimulation of the RVLM elicited tail sympathetic fiber volleys before and after local anesthesia of the raphé (150–500 nl of 5% tetracaine), demonstrating the existence of an independent descending excitatory pathway from the RVLM. The data show that neurons in both the medullary raphé and the RVLM, acting together, provide the essential drive to support vasomotor tone to the tail. Inputs from these two premotor nuclei interact in a mutually facilitatory manner to determine tonic, and cold-induced, tail sympathetic activity.