bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Grid of pseudo-2D chemistry models for tidally locked exoplanets – II. The role of photochemistry
Authors: Baeyens Robin , Konings Thomas , Venot Olivia , Carone Ludmila , Decin Leen
Published: March 2022

Photochemistry is expected to change the chemical composition of the upper atmospheres of irradiated exoplanets through the dissociation of species, such as methane and ammonia, and the association of others, such as hydrogen cyanide. Although primarily the high altitude day side should be affected by photochemistry, it is still unclear how dynamical processes transport photochemical species throughout the atmosphere, and how these chemical disequilibrium effects scale with different parameters. In this work we investigate the influence of photochemistry in a 2D context, by synthesizing a grid of photochemical models across a large range of temperatures. We find that photochemistry can strongly change the atmospheric composition, even up to depths of several bar in cool exoplanets. We further identify a sweet spot for the photochemical production of hydrogen cyanide and acetylene, two important haze precursors, between effective temperatures of 800 and 1400 K. The night sides of most cool planets (Teff < 1800 K) are shown to host photochemistry products, transported from the day side by horizontal advection. Synthetic transmission spectra are only marginally affected by photochemistry, but we suggest that observational studies probing higher altitudes, such as high-resolution spectroscopy, take photochemistry into account.
Radio detections of IR-selected runaway stellar bow shocks
Authors: Van den Eijnden J , Saikia P , Mohamed S
Published: March 2022

Massive stars moving at supersonic peculiar velocities through the interstellar medium (ISM) can create bow shocks, arc-like structures at the interface between the stellar wind and the ISM. Many such bow shocks have been detected and catalogued at IR wavelengths, but detections in other wavebands remain rare. Strikingly, while electrons are expected to be accelerated in the bow shock and their non-thermal emission may include synchrotron emission at low frequencies, only two massive runaway stellar bow shocks have to date been detected in the radio band. Here, we examine a sample of fifty IR-detected bow shocks from the E-BOSS catalogues in recently released radio images from the Rapid ASKAP Continuum Survey. We identify three confident and three likely counterparts, as well as three inconclusive candidates requiring confirmation via follow-up observations. These detections significantly increase the number of known radio massive stellar bow shocks and highlight the advantage of dedicated searches with current and next-generation radio telescopes. We investigate the underlying radio emission mechanism for these radio sources, finding a mix of free–free-dominated and synchrotron-dominated systems. We also discuss the non-detected targets by putting constraints on their emission properties and investigating their detectability with future observations. Finally, we propose several future avenues of research to advance the study and understanding of bow shocks at radio frequencies.
An Islamic Notion of Natural Law: On Teleological Natural Law Thinking in uṣūl al-fiqh
Authors: Sinder Rike
Published: March 2022

For several decades, scholars have engaged in a debate on the question of (the existence of) an Islamic natural law tradition. However, the debate lacks reflection of its very premises: hardly a participant discloses his or her particular understanding of what natural law is. If ever they do so, it is a rational–hierarchical notion of natural law as it was most famously outlined by Thomas Aquinas. This article contrasts the Thomistic natural law with an Aristotelian notion thereof. It argues that the natural law tradition discernible in uṣūl al-fiqh is reminiscent rather of an Aristotelian-teleological natural law theory than it is of a Thomistic-hierarchical one. This becomes particularly clear when analysing istiḥsān. Istiḥsān is rather more closely related to Aristotle’s epieikeia than it is to Thomas’ aequitas. It functions not as an extra-legal (rationality-)standard to be pursued but as an inner-legal means of systematisation.
European Contact and the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in the Gulf of Guinea
Authors: Heaton Matthew M.
Published: March 2022

This chapter examines the growth and impacts of European contacts and the trade in slaves on peoples and places that make up contemporary Nigeria. The trade in human beings between indigenous groups and Europeans on the coast was built on structures and markets that had existed for a long time in the interior of the continent, but with greater intensity between the seventeenth and mid-nineteenth centuries CE. The dynamics of the slave trade differed regionally, but the growth of the trans-Atlantic slave trade brought about significant changes to the political economies and cultures along the coasts, in the hinterlands, and even in the savannah regions that now make up northern Nigeria. Historians have debated important aspects of the slave trade and the long-term impacts and legacies of the trade in human beings on the region, even as our understanding of the demographic impact has sharpened significantly in recent decades.
Migrants, Immigrants, and the New Nigerian Diaspora
Authors: Imoagene Onoso
Published: March 2022

This chapter discusses Nigerians in the British, American, and Chinese diasporas. Nigerians are the most educated immigrant group in Britain and one of the most educated immigrant groups in the United States. Their migration stream is shaped by a culture of professional migration. Nigerian migration to China is somewhat different as most Nigerians in China migrated to engage in trade. The chapter then discusses second-generation Nigerians’ identification endpoints and whether their high educational attainment levels allow them to exit the black category, be whitened, or become honorary whites in the United Kingdom and the United States. They cannot because of the persistence of racial barriers. But demographic changes in the United States and Britain from steady large-scale migration have opened up space for first- and second-generation Nigerians to assert their ethnic, cultural, and class differences from the more established Black groups in these countries. Simultaneously, the immigration laws and regime in China keep many Nigerians in a state of immobility.
Culture and Dehumanization: A Case Study of the Doctor–Patient Paradigm and Implications for Global Health
Authors: Sands Emily P. , Harris Lasana T.
Published: March 2022

Dehumanization manifests itself in people’s everyday lives. Through a dehumanization lens, one can deconstruct and comprehend many aggressive behavioral trends that are not always overt expressions of bias but rather continuous and pervasive cultural and societal tendencies. However, dehumanization may also have benefits, facilitating pro-social behaviors in medical contexts. This chapter will explore how dehumanization manifests in intergroup, objectifying, and dietary contexts, comparing these to the doctor-patient relationship. It then reviews emerging research in the medical context where dehumanization may be beneficial, contrasting it with the more notorious aforementioned instances. Since dehumanization manifests itself constantly and ubiquitously in modern society, pulling apart such intricacies allows one to identify, understand, and intervene with the intention of highlighting the beneficial and detrimental effects dehumanization has on global health. Importantly, this chapter will evaluate and explore dehumanization from a cultural neuroscience perspective rather than from a social processing viewpoint, with the intention of demystifying the functionality of the fundamental cognitive practices that generate the behaviors seen in dehumanization practices.
Sociocultural Developmental Neuroscience: Introduction, Implications, and Guiding Principles
Authors: Vasquez-Salgado Yolanda , Greenfield Patricia M.
Published: March 2022

Neuroscience has been a growing field since the 1940s and, with the advent of new tools for investigating the brain, has skyrocketed in scientific interest. However, most of what is known about human brain development may be applicable only to a restricted set of populations. This situation is problematic because we know cultural features (e.g., values, beliefs, practices) have a profound impact on cognitive, social, and emotional development, yet only recently has research documented the role culture plays in shaping the brain. Though the field of cultural neuroscience has brought promise, it can benefit from the integration of a sociodemographic and developmental lens. This chapter summarizes bodies of multidisciplinary work that integrate sociocultural (sociodemographics, cultural features, or both), developmental research designs (longitudinal, sensitive periods, cross-sectional) and neuroscience research or research that could benefit from this type of multidisciplinary integration. It also discusses the implications of this integration for future research in the new field, sociocultural developmental neuroscience, as well as the implications this integration has for global mental health. The chapter also provides initial, guiding principles for how neuroscientists can go about engaging in this new, emerging field.
Cultural Evolutionary Neuroscience
Authors: Uchiyama Ryutaro , Muthukrishna Michael
Published: March 2022

Cultural evolution and cultural neuroscience are complementary approaches to understanding the origins and function of cross-cultural differences in psychology. Cultural evolution, and dual inheritance theory more generally, offers a theoretical framework for understanding cultural transmission and cultural change and how these can change gene frequencies. However, these theories have largely ignored the details of the minds engaging in these processes. Cultural evolutionary models tend to treat the brain as a black box. Cultural neuroscience offers a rich toolkit for examining how cross-cultural psychological differences manifest at a neurological level. However, these tools have largely been used to document differences between populations. Cultural neuroscience tends to ignore why these differences should be expected or how to identify if they are meaningful. This chapter reviews work in each field to carve a pathway for a productive synthesis. This cultural evolutionary neuroscience will benefit both fields and lead to a more complete understanding of human culture.
Culture and Emotion
Authors: Chiao Joan Y. , Mano Yoko , Stein Dan J. , Sadato Norihiro
Published: March 2022

Culture affects the processes of emotion across multilevel mechanisms. Culture influences distinct stages of emotion, from generation and recognition to experience and regulation of emotion. Theoretical approaches posit causal models of how culture influences mental constructs and neurobiological mechanisms of emotion. Methodological approaches in the study of culture and emotion illustrate the observational tools useful for the measurement of emotion across cultures. Empirical approaches include standard paradigms that allow researchers to test theoretical models of culture and emotion. This chapter examines theoretical, methodological, and empirical approaches in the study of how culture shapes mental constructs and neurobiological mechanisms of emotion. Implications of research on culture neuroscience of emotion for global mental health are discussed.
Diseases and Health Risks in Instrumentalists
Authors: Spahn Claudia
Published: March 2022

The playing of musical instruments places specific and high demands on the musicians. If it comes to an imbalance between demands and resources, health problems result that are located on a continuum between health and illness. Music-specific diseases can develop from this. Epidemiological studies show that two-thirds of all musicians will suffer from Playing-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders (PRMD) during the course of their lifetime. These are characterized by pain in the forearms, hands, shoulders, and back, which are usually caused by overuse from playing. In addition, psychological stress, especially music performance anxiety, and noise-induced hearing loss are most common health problems. Musician-specific diseases can be adequately treated by physicians, and therapists of musicians’ medicine and usually have a good prognosis. Health risks for musicians can be derived from the development of musician-specific diseases. The musician is faced with the task of learning about the music-physiological and psychological basics of making music and how to behave preventively and health-promoting while practicing, rehearsing, and performing. Important topics here include the economical and physiological movement while playing, reflective and informed practice with the instrument, skills and strategies in coping with music performance anxiety, as well as the wearing of hearing protection. As a musician, the conscious handling of one’s own body and psyche in order to maintain health should be a natural part of identity.
String Instruments—Plucked
Authors: Woodhouse Jim
Published: March 2022

This chapter provides an introduction to the scientific study of plucked-string instruments, concentrating on aspects that are of direct relevance to performers. Points of similarity and contrast with bowed-string instruments are discussed. A key similarity is in the question of what governs the loudness of any acoustical string instrument. The key contrast is in the manner in which a plucked string vibrates: this is governed by simpler physics than the vibration of a bowed string, so that scientific understanding is more complete. The chapter ends with a discussion of the physics underlying the selection of strings for a plucked instrument. Because of the nature of the subject matter, the organization of the chapter does not separate the background science from the implications for performance. As each successive topic is discussed, implications for performers and teachers are discussed in an integrated way.
Piano
Authors: Parncutt Richard , Goebl Werner
Published: March 2022

Based on research on the acoustics and perception of piano timbre, the physics and physiology of the keystroke, and the psychology of piano fingering, the chapter explains how that timbre of an isolated tone cannot be varied independently of its loudness but depends on finger-key, key-keybed, hammer-key sounds, and the use of both pedals. The timbre of a chord further depends on the balance and onset timing of its tones, whereby louder tones tend to sound earlier (melody lead, velocity artifact). Both the sustaining pedal and una corda can enhance sostenuto. Leap trajectories are curved and asymmetrical. Optimal fingering is determined by physical, anatomic, motor, and cognitive constraints interacting with interpretive considerations, and it depends on expertise. The spectrum of a piano tone is stretched relative to a harmonic series, which also stretches intervals relative to equal temperament—more so for outer registers and smaller pianos. Keyboard feel and timbre depend on mechanism regulation and hammer voicing.
Synchronous Online Learning, Teaching, and Performing
Authors: Lisboa Tania , Jónasson Pétur , Johnson Carol
Published: March 2022

Synchronous online learning, teaching, and performing in music is a fast-emerging innovation within the global higher education (HE) system. Advantages for including videoconferencing as a means for communication via high-performance networking technologies are: the expansion of international collaborations through live performances and masterclasses; possibilities for remote rehearsals in advance of events; development of new forms of teaching, learning, and performing; and lowered costs and reduction of carbon emissions due to decreased air travel. These benefits are recognized not only for music, but within the wider context of arts and humanities. Entry-level platforms, such as Skype, Zoom, and FaceTime, enable musicians to work from home. None come without challenges. Issues of latency, audio and video quality, acclimation to the technology, presence, communication, and adapting alternative teaching approaches are important issues that need to be addressed. This chapter provides a brief timeline on the emergence of the technology; outlines the substantial influence on teaching, learning, and performance from teacher, student, and professional performers’ perspectives; and highlights the necessary setup considerations for use in HE with practical examples from around the world. The chapter closes with the exploration of technology innovations that will soon be within reach for use in HE music.
Jean Luc Hervé, an Aesthetic of Surroundings
Authors: Hervé Jean Luc
Published: March 2022

In the music of Jean-Luc Hervé, the ideas that founded spectral music take on new meaning. The concept of the acoustic model—composition based on the physical properties of sound—is interpreted as a relationship between music and the environment as the musical material, and as part of the surroundings. The idea of process is central to his music. The initial material at the conception of the work is reduced to a minimum in order to make way for its development in time. Jean-Luc Hervé uses as a model the organic energy contained in acoustic phenomena in contrast to the idea that sound is reduced to its physical and mathematical characteristics. This chapter, accompanied with examples taken from his works, will discuss various compositional techniques as well as the form he calls “concert-installation” that extends the music concert beyond the musical performance, into the surroundings.
Embodied Practice in Ken Ueno’s “Person-Specific” Concertos
Authors: Ueno Ken
Published: March 2022

This chapter examines two “person-specific” concertos by Ken Ueno: On a Sufficient Condition for the Existence of Most Specific Hypothesis (2008), a vocal concerto featuring the composer himself as soloist, and Zetsu (2015), a chamber concerto written for violinist Gabriela Diaz. These pieces exemplify in Ueno’s oeuvre a Whitmanesque trajectory of embodied practice aligned with the history of American music; the intricacies of performance practice are brought into focus in the technical achievements of a specific individual fused, inextricably, with that performer’s aura. The expressiveness of a Coltrane or a Hendrix (distinctly American heroes), for example, stems from the intertwinedness of their technical achievements with the charismatic projection of their aura. Ueno seeks to transpose the “person-specificness” of American jazz and rock into contemporary classical music via his “person-specific” concertos, in which is highlighted the unique technical virtuosity of his soloists. Spectral techniques are applied to orchestrational frameworks to highlight the uniqueness of the embodied presence of the soloist. Temporal richness is further enhanced by the poetics emanating from aspectual elements of historicity and presentness.
The Development of Attention Among Persons With Down Syndrome
Authors: Kaplan-Kahn Elizabeth A. , McKernan Elizabeth P. , Kopec Justin B. , Matsuba Erin , Russo Natalie
Published: March 2022

Clinical reports of persons with Down Syndrome (DS) generally include descriptions of attentional challenges, which in some cases are diagnosed as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). While the rates of diagnosable disorders of attentional function are important considerations for clinicians, educators, researchers, and stakeholders, so too is an understanding of strengths and weaknesses in the development of different facets of attention that may not rise to the level of psychological disorder but may nonetheless adversely affect daily functioning. Attentional challenges among persons with DS must be understood, both clinically and empirically, within a developmental context that considers an individual’s relative strengths and weaknesses, as well how, and in relation to whom, comparisons are being made. The purpose of this chapter is to critically assess and synthesize the research on attentional processes among persons with DS, focusing on the development of attentional orienting as well as selective and sustained attention. Findings are contextualized with respect to contemporary definitions of attention, and their development among typically developing persons, and yield a fairly consistent profile of strengths and weaknesses in attentional function among persons with DS across the lifespan. Conclusions focus on recommendations for future research including clinical implications and considerations.
Drugs in Africa from the Slave Trade to Colonialism
Authors: Ambler Charles
Published: March 2022

This chapter explores the transformation of African drug production, consumption, and trade from the eighteenth to early twentieth centuries. It centers on relationships between increasingly intrusive international trades and long-rooted regional systems of drug production and consumption. Drug products affected the Atlantic, Saharan, and Indian Ocean slaving systems, and the expansion of European power into the continent transformed and extended drugs in African societies. The late nineteenth century gave rise to one of the first transnational anti-drug campaigns, to suppress the West African liquor traffic; and the first international drug treaty, the 1890 Brussels Convention. Africans, like others, struggled over the definition and meanings of particular drugs, as medicines, stimulants, and poisons. In the late nineteenth century, medicinal commodities became part of a market revolution, competing with traditional products and subject to an emerging modern pharmaceutical regime. Drug regulation coincided with the larger project of colonial domination.
Africa
Authors: Carrier Neil
Published: March 2022

Much historical and ethnographic research highlights a long relationship of humanity with psychoactive substances. However, most of this research has focused on prehistoric and ancient Europe, Asia, and the Americas, leaving Africa relatively neglected, and creating the misconception that African drug production, trade, and use is comparatively recent. This chapter shows instead that Africa has a long and important relationship with drugs as varied as khat, kola, datura, and iboga. It surveys Africa’s complex indigenous pharmacopeia of stimulants and intoxicants and their varied cultures of consumption, as well as substances that if external in origin, like cannabis, have been widely used for centuries across Africa. The chapter suggests a more nuanced and critical context for the contemporary threat illicit drug trades pose to the continent, in understanding Africa’s drug cultures in the longue durée.
The Post-1950s Rise of Illegal Opium in Asia
Authors: Chouvy Pierre-Arnaud
Published: March 2022

Opium, the ancient narcotic, has fascinated the West where tastes for the exotic arose alongside British and French colonialism. The mystery of poppy origins is equaled by the opacity of the two largest illegal opium-producing regions that emerged after 1950: the so-called Golden Triangle, in Burma (Myanmar) in mainland Southeast Asia; and Golden Crescent, in Afghanistan, in Southwest Asia. Illegal opium production in these two regions developed as part of the deep historical, geographic, and political complexity that explain their remoteness, lawlessness, and protracted armed conflicts. As a result, scholars of various disciplines have long researched opium production, trade, consumption, and traditions. This chapter examines the causes and dynamics of illegal opium production, including how illegal opium production has benefited from the turmoil of Asian history and geopolitics, from synergies between war economies and drug economies, from underdevelopment and poverty, and from decades of failed often-counterproductive anti-drug policies.
Atrocity Crimes and Ecocide
Authors: van Uhm Daan P.
Published: March 2022

This chapter focuses on the interrelationship between atrocity crimes and anthropogenic environmental degradation. The environment as cause, tool, and victim of armed conflict will be discussed and the interpretation of the environment in the context of the three categories of mass atrocity crimes under the Rome Statute—genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes—will be analyzed. Because of the limitations of international criminal law in relation to protecting the environment, it will be argued that recognizing ecocide as a core international crime may prevent humanity from consequent atrocities as well as protect the environment from being damaged.
International Criminal Justice
Authors: Combs Nancy Amoury
Published: March 2022

This chapter explores international criminal prosecutions for mass atrocities through scholarship and the real-world challenges that the field confronts. The chapter’s survey of international criminal law scholarship shows the dramatic evolution that has taken place in the attitudes and expectations of scholars, popular commentators, and practitioners of mass atrocity trials. Next, the chapter turns to some of the most serious difficulties that practically impede criminal prosecutions of mass atrocities. Although some of these are doctrinal, international criminal law’s most pressing challenges emanate from non-legal sources. This chapter highlights in particular international criminal law’s selectivity and its evidentiary impediments. These and other problems more broadly highlight what perhaps is the field’s most pressing overarching difficulty: the stark mismatch between the ideals to which it aspires and the reality in which it is mired.
Atrocity Crimes as a Different Type of Crime?
Authors: Drumbl Mark A.
Published: March 2022

This chapter posits that conceptual and experiential differences arise (and abound) between atrocity crime and ordinary common crime. Atrocity crime, in particular discrimination-based campaigns, tends to be collective in nature, thereby presenting the violence as individuals conforming to a wretched social norm. Ordinary common crime tends more to individual acts of deviance and transgression. Atrocity crimes are often crimes of hate and crimes of the state or state-like organization. This chapter argues that the international community is prosecuting atrocity crimes without first having developed a thorough criminology of mass violence, a suitable penology for perpetrators, or a thoughtful victimology for those aggrieved.
Democracies, Dictatorial Regimes, and Atrocities
Authors: Weerdesteijn Maartje
Published: March 2022

A lot of research has been done on the relationship between regime type and mass atrocities and other human rights violations. The field has been hampered, however, by the diverse definitions that are employed for these violations and because of the lack of interaction between qualitative and quantitative strands of scholarship. This chapter takes a first step to remedy these difficulties. It will provide an overview of the most prominent empirical research on the relationship between the regime type and the prevalence of atrocities and will reflect on the consensus among scholars that established democracies are least likely to perpetrate mass atrocities. Subsequently, the most commonly used explanations for this finding are set out. In order to understand further why dictatorial regimes are more likely to perpetrate mass atrocities, a qualitative analysis is put forward that links the regime type to other known risk factors for mass atrocities.
Repressive Religious Regulation and Political Mobilization in Central Asia
Authors: Gamza Dustin , Jones Pauline
Published: March 2022

What is the relationship between state repression of religion and political mobilization in Muslim-majority states? Does religious repression increase the likelihood that Muslims will support acts of rebellion against the state? This chapter contends that the effect of repression on attitudes toward political mobilization is conditional on both the degree of enforcement and the type of religious practice that is being targeted. When enforcement is high and the repressive regulation being enforced targets communal (rather than individualistic) religious practices, Muslims expect state persecution of their religious community to increase, and that this persecution will extract a much greater toll. They are thus more willing to support taking political action against the state in order to protect their community from this perceived harm. The chapter tests this argument with two novel survey experiments conducted in Kyrgyzstan in 2019. It finds that the degree of enforcement has a significant effect on attitudes toward political mobilization, but this effect is negative (reducing support) rather than positive (increasing support). The chapter also finds that repression targeting communal practices has a stronger effect on attitudes toward political mobilization than repression targeting individualistic practices, but again, these effects are negative. The chapter’s findings suggest that the fear of collective punishment increases as the degree of enforcement increases, particularly when it comes to repression targeting communal practices. Thus, while Muslims are motivated to protect their community from harm, it may be that the certainty of financial and physical harm outweighs the expectation of increasing religious persecution.
People with Disabilities in Human Subjects Research
Authors: Ouellette Alicia
Published: March 2022

People with disabilities are grossly underrepresented in health research. Equal and just representation for persons with disabilities is necessary to improve health outcomes and to demonstrate respect for individuals who live with impairment. This chapter parses the causes for exclusion and sets forth a multidimensional approach for bringing people with disabilities into human subjects research. This chapter discusses the possibility and ethical challenges of several approaches, including the possibility of deeming disability status a demographic factor like age, gender, race, and ethnicity; possible regulatory and legislative changes; increased cultural competency; and a commitment to universal research design. If adopted, these suggestions would create the opportunity for researchers to conduct more inclusive research with more reliably generalizable results without compromising research integrity.
Cinema and Television
Authors: Lee Hyangjin
Published: March 2022

This chapter examines the identity politics of cinema and television as a critique of contemporary South Korean politics. A critical analysis of films and television programmes used to communicate the prevailing political ideas is indispensable to the discussion of democratic transitions of the society. Cinema joined forces with the 1980s democratization movement and helped to articulate popular discontent caused by the regimes during decades of dictatorship. Today, it continues to attract a large share of domestic audiences, thus influencing their political perceptions. Television has actively resisted governmental intervention for the freedom of expression after democratization, but its influence has transcended national borders to affect the political opinions of viewers in the era of online transmedia. The chapter examines ways in which cinema and television have communicated and affected the public opinions on politics since the 1990s. Specifically, it focuses on how the media’s political criticism has been influenced by government regulations, and its generic evolution and storytelling strategy have been diversified in response of the political conditions, along with the inherited limitations of popular entertainment informed by commercialism. The concluding remarks highlight the significance and role of cinema and television in criticizing political policy and interference.
Unofficial Art Outside Moscow and Leningrad
Authors: Sokhareva Tatiana
Published: March 2022

This chapter presents strategies for unofficial art outside Moscow and Leningrad. Its fundamental concern is the problem of mutual relations between center and periphery in the history of art in the second half of the twentieth century. The materials offer an overview of the lives and careers of artists who incorporated features characteristic of both official culture (inclusion in a city’s institutional life, affiliation with conservative artistic media, whether easel painting or sculpture) and unofficial culture (a search for alternatives to the Socialist Realist aesthetic, an orientation toward the historical avant-garde). The chapter considers the possibility that alternative artistic thought existed outside well-known circles and associations as well as the problem of approaches to studying the Soviet underground. It also analyzes the unofficial culture’s representatives and its models for living on the example of several regions: the Urals, Far East, Siberia, and Volga regions.
The Experimental Sounds of Russian Conceptualism
Authors: Ioffe Dennis
Published: March 2022

This chapter offers an analytical overview of the historical situation of the late-Soviet experimental musical scene with special emphasis put on the conceptual sonoric avant-garde of both Moscow and Leningrad. It narrates the main clusters of influence that are usually mentioned in conjunction with discussions of non-conformist music of Soviet underground counterculture, moving from the Russian sonic avant-garde (Futurism and beyond), to Russian Conceptualism and, finally, erecting a potential bridge to the Russian Rock of Sergei Kuriokhin. The chapter discusses some of the major sonoric events related to the early history of Moscow Conceptualism, proceeding from the early days of the movement, when it was largely associated with the names of Ilia Kabakov and Andrei Monastyrsky, to later events that include radical musical sound performances led by Sergey Letov. The text also draws on related subjects, such as sound poetry, John Cage’s historical visit to St Petersburg where he met, among others, Sergey Kuriokhin, and pieces of music by the less known Russian semi-conceptualist composer Yuri Khanon.
Renewable Energy Supply Chains and the Just Transition
Authors: Mulvaney Dustin
Published: March 2022

Renewable energy is human civilization’s most rapidly growing form of energy. New energy sources, fuels, and generation devices have supply chains that differ from conventional energy sources, raising new questions about environmental impact and justice considerations when scaling up renewable energy deployment. The differential ways that these production systems evolve (or do not) offer opportunities to comparatively evaluate critical environmental and social issues and to ask what factors make these issues vary as they do. Supply chains offer one way to organize production systems to compare one versus another, but also to compare processes within and along the chains.
Temporality, Limited Statehood, and Africa’s Abandoned Mines
Authors: Compaoré W. R. Nadège , Andrews Nathan
Published: March 2022

Centering temporality when discussing mineral extraction often points to an understanding of a mining life cycle that includes phases such as contracting, exploration, production, and closure. To center temporality when analyzing mining suggests both prioritizing and rethinking the time scale that shapes ongoing discourses and practices regulating the sector. Paying attention to silenced time–space dynamics within the mining life cycle is a key aspect of centering temporality. Yet the emphasis placed on each phase is determined by vested economic interests that pay little attention to the long-term, negative environmental consequences embedded within the mining life cycle and are not linear. This chapter takes a critical look at the limited statehood and legal vacuum confronting the governance of large-scale mine closure in Africa. It asks whether and to what extent global, regional, and country-level mining governance frameworks fail to hold mining companies accountable for the long-term environmental destruction they cause. The analysis is informed by Upendra Baxis’s concept of “geographies of injustice,” which in this context are reproduced by obscuring a key spatiotemporal dimension in the mining cycle: the mine closure stage. Bringing together scholarship of environmental justice, comparative environmental politics, and global norms, the discussion focuses on mine closures in Africa to illustrate how legal structures and norms collude with the state to render certain aspects of capitalist interests invisible. Current policy silences are anchored within exclusive ontological premises, which in turn reproduce geographies of injustice across the extractive cycle.
Elections
Authors: Limongi Fernando , Cheibub José Antonio
Published: March 2022

This chapter approaches elections in Latin America from a narrow and precise perspective: as a method for deciding who rules. In fact, Latin America has a long history of popular elections, and the main objective is to assess their capacity to define who will rule, that is, whether they function as a mechanism to select leaders. Hence, a crucial indicator in the Latin American experience with the electoral method is the frequency with which those holding the presidency were popularly elected and completed their constitutional term. The chapter underscores the uniqueness of the Latin America experience with the representative government by focusing on the nineteenth century, the moment in which national representative institutions were adopted around the world and elections substituted heredity as the method through which political offices were filled. Focusing on elections for the national executive office allows the comparison of the Latin American and European experiences with the adoption of the electoral mechanism.
Judicialization of Politics
Authors: Kapiszewski Diana , Newman Katja
Published: March 2022

This chapter offers a critical review of how scholars have grappled with the accelerating judicialization of politics in Latin America: how they have sought to define, describe, and explain it; and how they have thought about its consequences and implications. The analysis is based on an original database of publications assembled through a systematic search for literature focused on the judicialization of politics in Latin America published between 2007 and 2016. The chapter discusses some of the general contours of the field, describing who contributes to the literature and examining what countries and time periods authors emphasize. Next, it identifies the main foci of the literature on the judicialization of politics in Latin America, considering the central dynamics, institutions, and actions that scholars study. It then identifies the main theoretical debates in which scholars are engaged, and the methodological approaches they use. It concludes by offering some suggestions for promising directions this important research programme might take in the future.
Latin America
Authors: Dixon Rosalind
Published: March 2022

This chapter focuses on a relatively narrow dimension to constitutional practices in Latin America and Australia, i.e. formal processes of constitutional change or amendment. It considers both potential supply- and demand-side explanations for the observed differences in the dynamics of constitutional change, or non-change. On the supply-side, it highlights the potential role played by both legal and constitutional cultural obstacles to formal constitutional amendment; the role of constitutional specificity; and the supply of judges adhering to a purposive and contextual, or ‘new constitutionalist’, as opposed to more textual, legalist approach to constitutional interpretation. On the demand-side, it considers the role of constitutional specificity, presidential politics, and social movements. In doing so, it highlights potentially important formal-legal and constitutional cultural dimensions to democratic constitutionalism in both Latin American countries and Australia, which have potential relevance far beyond the context of constitutional change.
Cuba
Authors: Guanche Julio César
Published: March 2022

Cuba, one of the last Spanish colonies to achieve its independence, has a ‘short’ independent history since the Republic was established on 20 May 1902. Until today, the country has gone through three constitutions apart from several reforms and constitutional laws. The three constitutions reveal radical periods of national history: the ‘first’ republic, with an oligarchic liberal profile (1902–1933); the ‘second’ republic with a democratic-social or ‘populist’ profile (1933–1952); and the socialist republic (1959–). This chapter reviews the first two (1901 and 1940), and analyses more closely the third one, enacted in 1976, and reformed in 1978, 1992, and 2002.
The Influence of Origen on Erasmus
Authors: Scheck Thomas P.
Published: March 2022

Erasmus’s reception of Origen was that of a mature Renaissance humanist, Catholic theologian and exegete. Erasmus was thoroughly familiar with medieval Scholastic studies, but he greatly admired the Greek and Latin Church Fathers and saw the potential of patristic studies to bring renewal to the Church of the sixteenth century, especially in the field of Scripture interpretation. Apart from his intense hostility toward Rufinus, Erasmus anticipates the theological reception of Origen’s exegesis represented by Henri de Lubac, emphasizing Origen’s pastoral and catechetical spirit and his churchman-like attitude. Origen’s homiletical style is sincere, it lacks formalism and artifice. Erasmus discerned the influence of Origen’s Greek exegesis on later Latin interpreters such as Hilary, Ambrose, and Jerome. Without denying the presence of theological mistakes in Origen’s corpus, Erasmus felt that an irenic attitude toward Origen was more helpful to the Church than one of censorious criticism. Erasmus believed that Origen had seen further into the mind of St Paul than Augustine had done.
Origen in the Reformation and Renaissance
Authors: Villani Andrea
Published: March 2022

This chapter provides an overview of Origen’s impact in the West at the beginning of the Modern Era. The focus is first on the reception, or better the rejection of Origen and his allegories by the Reformers Luther and Melanchthon. An exception within the Reformation is represented by Bucer, whose attitude towards Origen was rather positive. Next, Renaissance humanists are taken into consideration. Early authors like Palmieri made an evident but hidden use of Origen, while Ficino praised him as a Platonic philosopher. Pico della Mirandola was deeply influenced by Origen and wrote a passionate defence of him. The friar Francesco Giorgi proves that Origen could be interesting also as a Christian witness of the Jewish Cabbala. Finally, the most important editions of Origen’s texts between the end of the fifteenth and the beginning of the sixteenth century are presented, with special attention to the first complete edition by Jacques Merlin.
Origen’s Dialogue With Heracleon and the School of Valentinus
Authors: Dunderberg Ismo
Published: March 2022

This chapter studies the process of how the contested issues are framed by ‘the opponents’ (anti-heretical polemicists on Valentinian doctrines), and how a respectful dispute between rival schools is conducted. Special attention is paid to the tone and nuances of Origen’s debates with Heracleon in Origen’s own Commentary on John. With close reading of Heracleon fragments, distinctions are made between Origen’s dialogue with Heracleon and Origen’s general views of the Valentinian school. What emerges is a broad range of agreements, points of borrowing from Heracleon, and new insights into Valentinian anthropology.
Pilot of a digital contact tracing card in a hospital setting in New Zealand, 2020
Authors: Chambers Tim , Anglemyer Andrew
Published: March 2022

Countries are rapidly developing digital contact tracing solutions to augment manual contact tracing. There is limited empirical evidence evaluating these tools. We conducted a feasibility study of a Bluetooth-enabled card with hospital staff in New Zealand (n = 42). We compared the card data against self-report contact surveys and a stronger Bluetooth device. The cards detected substantially more contacts than self-report contact surveys, while the concordance between Bluetooth devices was high, suggesting that the cards detected clinically relevant close contacts. There was high acceptability among participants, suggesting that their integration would be accepted by healthcare staff. As the pandemic shifts, there is a need to rapidly contact trace and conduct informed risk management, particularly in critical settings such as healthcare.
What’s Good for Women Is Good for Science: Evidence from the American Finance Association
Authors: Adams Renée , Lowry Michelle
Published: March 2022

Motivated by evidence that the largest gender differences in career outcomes arise within occupations, we examine a single occupation. With the support of the American Finance Association (AFA), we surveyed AFA members on the professional culture within finance. Individual experiences vary substantially, especially across men and women. Contrary to conventional narratives, differences in preferences play little role in explaining why women experience worse outcomes. Bias and discrimination have the largest effect. The consequences of noninclusiveness extend beyond the personal to the entire field. Our findings suggest that institutions potentially could do more than they recognize to improve both diversity and science. (JEL I23, J16, J24, J44, J71)
Do Government Incentives to Promote R&D Increase Private R&D Investment?
Authors: Choi Jieun
Published: March 2022

R&D incentives are a popular policy option to encourage private R&D worldwide. This paper provides an updated survey of R&D incentives’ effect on private R&D investment, including evaluations from developing countries. It assesses the pattern of R&D incentives, and reviews recent literature on the efficacy of these incentives. It reveals that R&D incentives generally increase private R&D, but to a varying extent depending on incentive types, countries’ income levels, industry and firm characteristics, and the design and implementation of the incentives. Overall, variability of the effect on private R&D is greater for direct incentives than indirect incentives. The effect of indirect incentives is found to be smaller in developing countries than developed countries, contrary to the predictions of growth theory. This paper investigates the potential reasons for these findings and summarizes policy implications for governments considering upgrading or adopting R&D incentives.
The Effects of a Smartphone-Based Education Program Designed to Help Mothers Safely Administer Medication to Their Children
Authors: Kang Na-Gyeung , You Mi-Ae
Published: March 2022

This study aimed to determine the effect of a smartphone-based medication education program to help mothers safely administer medication to their children at home. A quasi-experimental, non-equivalent control group, pretest-posttest design was utilized. There were 33 participants in the experimental group and 30 in the control group. The experimental group participated in the KidsMedi program for 6 weeks. The experimental group, receiving the KidsMedi program, had a statistically significant higher perception of antipyretic analgesics and higher eHealth literacy than the control group. The medication education program developed in this study is a mobile Web-based program. It is an effective program for mothers to improve their knowledge about administering drugs to children at home. This program is not affected by time and place, allowing repetitive self-directed learning. Nurses can utilize this program in daycare centers, schools, hospitals, communities, and public institutions to educate parents about safe medication for children.