bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dr. Johnson on Oats and Other Grains
Authors: Cooper Lane
Published: February 2007

Johnson's reference to oats in England and Scotland has aroused more, or broader, smiles than are warranted, at least among persons who have not consulted his book, and who may have heard it misquoted. Many know little more of the great Dictionary than what they suppose Johnson said of this grain on the spur of the moment (in a reference that is not a definition) along with his definition of network, which they commonly take at second hand. He does not say that oats never furnish human beings with food in England; like Boswell, he had himself eaten dry oatmeal when a boy; and his statement about oats and people and horses is strictly true. “Very true,” Lord Elibank declared.
Eighteenth-Century English Reactions to the Nouvelle Héloïse
Authors: Warner James H.
Published: February 2007

Jean Jacques Rousseau's famous sentimental novel, the Nouvelle Héloïse (1760), had a wide and immediate diffusion in England. Although the date usually ascribed to the first edition is 1761, it was in circulation in England during the later part of 1760. Translation was accomplished as speedily as possible; after three months of preliminary announcements by Becket and DeHondt, booksellers, the first two volumes were placed on sale April 7, 1761.
Burns' Highland Mary
Authors: Fitzhugh Robert T.
Published: February 2007

The troubled spirit of Mary Campbell (Highland Mary) has plagued all the biographers of Robert Burns. Fascinated and yet baffled, they have produced a wide variety of hypotheses, but no one of them has been able to write a wholly satisfactory account of her romance with Burns. The lack of information about her has led some critics to question her existence. It is, therefore, of considerable interest that facts have recently come to light which demonstrate her living presence conclusively and which enable a biographer for the first time to present a clear-cut account of her relations with Burns.
Ralph's Case of Authors: Its Influence on Goldsmith and Isaac D'Israeli
Authors: Kenny Robert W.
Published: February 2007

In 1758, after thirty years of hack writing, James Ralph published The Case of Authors by Profession, a short pamphlet which vigorously defended professional writers and severely arraigned their principal employers, the booksellers, theatre managers, and politicians. The essay received favorable comment in the Monthly Review and the Critical Review as a just appraisal of the difficulties of authorship. It has additional interest because Oliver Goldsmith may very well have received from it certain ideas which appeared in his Essay on the Present State of Polite Learning in Europe, and because from it Isaac D'Israeli quoted, without acknowledgement, extensive passages which appeared in his Calamities of Authors.
Shenstone's Billets
Authors: Churchill Irving L.
Published: February 2007

Among the Percy MSS (Folder 273) in the Harvard College Library is a collection of eighteen leaves of manuscript, of octavo size, loosely laid into board covers with a title on the outside printed in ink, presumably by Percy: “Shenstone's Billets.” This material is all in the handwriting of Shenstone, and consists of lists of songs and ballads from various published collections which he had examined, classified according to merit, with brief comments on individual poems in a few cases, and with longer connected remarks in the manner of letters in which he discussed the general principles that should govern Percy and himself in selecting and arranging the material for the Reliques.
The Satire of Walker's Vagabond on Rousseau and Godwin
Authors: MacMullan Hugh H.
Published: February 2007

George Walker, a London bookseller and publisher, author of several Gothic tales, printed in 1799 a satirical novel, The Vagabond, directed against the Jacobins and their philosophic forerunners. The author's purpose was a serious one, to refute and counteract the works that had poured from the Jacobin presses. As a result the novel, though amusing and fanciful in the manner of the Anti-Jacobin, represents a consistent view-point and an earnest desire to show the beauties of society as then organized. In its way, it is a summary of the reactionary position, and, by giving the opinions of the opponents of Rousseau, Hume, Mary Wollstonecraft, Holcroft, Paine, William Godwin, and others, illustrates a large section of late eighteenth-century thought.
Wordsworth's Ode to Duty and the Schöne Seele
Authors: Stallknecht Newton P.
Published: February 2007

Wordsworth's intellectual and spiritual development terminates with the philosophy expressed in The Excursion. Here he accepts a Christian stoicism, colored strongly by ideas drawn from Kant. He even emphasizes the extreme dualism of Kant's ethics and tends to interpret morality as solely a matter of rational duty, sharply to be distinguished from a life of inclination. Indeed, he has grown very suspicious of human inclination and insists that man must transcend his natural disposition if he is to acquire any genuine dignity.
Mexican Literary Periodicals of the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Spell Jefferson Rea
Published: February 2007

The Mexican literary periodicals of the nineteenth century may be roughly divided into two main classes: the purely literary and the semi-literary. To the second and more numerous group belong such periodicals as those intended primarily for women or certain social classes, and those which had for their purpose the vulgarization of useful knowledge or the dissemination of political propaganda. Of the political, the writer has disposed as follows: those of little or no literary value have been disregarded; those presenting only a few poems of intrinsic worth are mentioned cursorily in the text but not included in the ensuing bibliography; while those in which satiric and political verse is predominant are listed with details at the end of the main bibliography. Much valuable literary material is buried in the daily newspapers, only the most important of which can be considered here, even briefly. The weekly literary editions or supplements of the larger dailies, generally issued separately with volume and issue numbers of their own, are included, for their contribution is of distinct value.
LVI. The Speculum Misericordie
Authors: Robbins Rossell Hope
Published: February 2007

The “Delamere” manuscript, owned successively by Lord Cholmondeley and Lord Delamere, and now passed into the possession of Mr. Boies Penrose II, has long been known to scholars for its complete text of the Canterbury Tales. It was first brought to notice by Furnivall, who listed, as well as the Canterbury Tales, the other poems, and described the state of the manuscript.

... it has lost 34 leaves in different parts of the volume ... The MS originally began with the Canterbury Tales and was regularly signed from a to z, 23 sheets. The scribe then put three sheets of Gower's Tales before the Canterbury Tales, and numbered the MS all through from 1 to 26, making the original first sheet a, number 3.
LVIII. Spenser's Seven Bead-Men and the Corporal Works of Mercy
Authors: Mounts Charles E.
Published: February 2007

After the Redcross Knight has been rescued from Orgoglio by Prince Arthur and from Despeyre by the wise and watchful Una, he is brought by the latter to the House of Holinesse, “Where he is taught repentaunce, and The way to heauenly blesse.” There Mercy, “a matrone graue and hore,” leads him to one of the places of his purification, a “holy Hospitall” in which are employed seven bead-men who spend their days in doing godly works. The first of them, as eldest and best, has charge and government of all the house, giving entertainment and lodging to all who come and go. The second has for his office the giving of food to the hungry and drink to the thirsty. A third has in custody the common wardrobe, from which he dispenses “clothes meet to keepe keene could away,/ And naked nature seemely to aray.” A fourth is appointed for the relieving of prisoners and the redeeming of captives. A fifth cares for the sick and comforts those lying at the point of death. Still a sixth bead-man superintends the burial of the dead, lest the wondrous workmanship of God's own mould might be defouled.
LIX. Classical Material in Broadside Ballads, 1550–1625
Authors: Baker Herschel C.
Published: February 2007

One does not ordinarily associate the Elizabethan broadside with classical antiquity, although the ballads of the late sixteenth century are fairly studded with allusions to ancient literature. It is unlikely that the inquiring, responsive writers of the day should not have exhibited, in some slight way, their knowledge of the older literatures. When Thomas Newton confessed his translation of Seneca to be “an unflidge nestling, unable to fly: an unnatural abortion, and an unperfect Embroyon,” he was indicting much of the more shallow scholarship of his contemporaries. With such thorough-paced savants as Cheke and Ascham, Mulcaster and Camden, we have no business; but it is interesting to note the way in which their more lowly brethren used their learning. When ballad writers try to put their classics to good account in making a broadside doggerel of some ancient myth, the results are at once ludicrous and irritating—ludicrous in their naive distortion of source, irritating in their flagrant violation of whatever decorous beauty the original may have had. I shall attempt to sketch a few of the ways in which the popular writer's classical education influenced the most thoroughly popular of literary productions, the broadside ballad. The querulous will immediately raise the caveat that these ephemeral broadsides can hardly be dignified with the term “literary productions,” but when one considers that Surrey and Dyer, as well as Elderton and Deloney, had their poetic efforts published in this form, the distinction seems factitious.
LXII. The Temple and the Christian Year
Authors: Thompson Elbert N. S.
Published: February 2007

Superficial resemblances between George Herbert's The Temple and John Keble's The Christian Year are too obvious to escape notice. Both emanated from little country parsonages, one at Bemerton, near Salisbury, the other at Hursley, five miles from Winchester, or possibly in part at Fairford in the Oxford region. Neither author intended his work for immediate publication. “Deliver this little book,” said Herbert, “to my dear brother Ferrar, and tell him he shall find in it a picture of the many spiritual conflicts that have passed betwixt God and my soul, before I could subject mine to the will of Jesus my Master.” With the same modest self-effacement Keble planned, as one of his friends testified, “to go on improving the series all his life, and leave it to come out, if judged useful, only when he should be fairly out of the way.” Each book, furthermore, was written when clouds had gathered thick about the Church, and possibly the rationalizing temper of the nineteenth century was a more insidious foe than the stiff-necked Puritanism of the seventeenth. Inevitably, these two collections of sacred poems, the finest poetical expression of the Anglican Church, have been linked together.
LXIII. “A Double Janus” (Paradise Lost XI. 129)
Authors: Gilbert Allan H.
Published: February 2007

According to the seventeenth-century interpretation of Ezekiel i and x, the cherubim were beings with four faces, as Milton indicates in describing the “Chariot of Paternal Deity”

convoyed By four Cherubic shapes, four Faces each Had wondrous (P. L. vi. 752-754).

This is repeated later, when Michael in his descent to the Garden of Eden is accompanied by

the Cohort bright Of watchful Cherubim; four faces each Had, like a double Janus (P. L. xi. 127-129).
LXV. Reminiscences of Góngora in the Works of Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz
Authors: Gates Eunice Joiner
Published: February 2007

During the colonial period, Spain maintained such close contact with her American possessions that Spanish styles in writing as well as in art and architecture became the standard for the colonists. It is not surprising, then, to find that Gongorism had many ardent supporters across the seas. In Mexico, the poems of Góngora were studied in the same manner as those of the ancient classics, as is attested by Vera Tassis' account concerning Agustín de Salazar y Torres. The youthful Agustín, when less than twelve years old, recited from memory the Soledades and Poliphemo and interpreted some of the most obscure passages at a public examination held by the Jesuit School of Mexico.
LXVI. Racine's Tragic Art in Spain in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Qualia Charles B.
Published: February 2007

During the movement to introduce French classical drama into Spain in the eighteenth century, we find that Racine's authority is cited less than Corneille's in support of theories, but that his tragedies met with greater acceptance. Racine did not loom large as a doctrinaire; his theories were revealed chiefly through the study of his tragedies and in his defenses of these in certain of his prefaces, but they did not force themselves upon the attention of Spanish neo-classicists in the form of connected discourses as did Corneille's.
LXVII. The Cowper Translation of Mme Guyon's Poems
Authors: Gilbert Dorothy Lloyd , Pope Russell
Published: February 2007

If the word acrimonious may be applied to anything connected with the gentle personality of William Cowper, it might be to that part of interpretative criticism which has attempted to determine the relationship between his unfortunate obsession of damnation and his religious creed. The Rev. T. S. Grimshawe, F.S.A.—who was so scathingly denounced by Robert Southey, Esq. LL.D.—was of the firm opinion that religion was an adjunct, not a cause, of Cowper's malady: “The impression under which he labored was therefore manifestly not suggested by a theological creed, but was the delusion of a distempered fancy. Every other view is founded on misconception.” Mr. Hugh Fausset, on the other hand, speaks of the “demoralizing unreality” of Cowper's faith. More temperate critics, Goldwin Smith, for example, feel that “religion in this case was not the bane” while David Cecil, in the course of a full chapter on Cowper's madness, has said what perhaps is all that can be said on the subject with certainty: “In vain we scan the imperfect records.”
LXIX. Goethes Polaritätsidee und die Wahlverwandtschaften
Authors: Meessen Hubert J.
Published: February 2007

“Tous les Janus de Rome ne suffiraient pas à représenter toutes les oppositions, tous les contrastes—ou, si l'on veut, toutes les synthèses qu'il y a dans Goethe. C'est presque un jeu de les trouver en lui, et ce jeu fait même douter s'il ne s'était pas fait un système de cultiver exactement les contraires”.

In Goethes Naturphilosophie spielt das Polaritätssymbol eine bedeutende Rolle. Ewald A. Boucke, dem wir die grundlichste und umfassendste Darstellung der Bedeutung dieses Symbols auch für Goethes Weltanschauung im weiteren Sinne verdanken, zeigt im einzelnen, dafi die bei Goethe von Anfang an vorhandene vitalistisch-dynamische Grundanschauung teils in selbständig-spontaner Entwicklung, teils infolge “anregender Momente” theoretischer Art, teils infolge naturwissenschaftlicher Studien allmahlich so weit gedieh, daß er in der Einleitung in die Propyläen bereits im Jahre 1797 in der Polaritatsidee ein allgemeines Naturgesetz vermutete. Da Goethe sich das Naturgeschehen als das Resultat eines räumlich und zeitlich verlaufenden Antagonismus von dynamischen Kraften vorstellte, zugleich aber das gesamte Naturgeschehen als einheitlich-organischen Prozeß zu ecfassen strebte, glaubte er die mannigfachen Formen dieses Antagonismus unter dem Polaritatssymbol als einer prägnanten “Formel” zusammenfassen zu konnen. Weiterhin weist Boucke nach, daß Goethe sich nicht damit begnugte, naturwissenschaftliche Phänomene verschiedenster Art mit seiner Polaritätsidee in Verbindung zu bringen, sondern sie auch seit etwa 1800 gleichnisartig auf weite Gebiete des sittlichen und geistigen Lebens in Anwendung brachte.
LXX. Poe and Lewis Gaylord Clark
Authors: Spivey Herman E.
Published: February 2007

Among the unsolved problems pertaining to Poe's life and works this article deals with two: (1) Did Poe write the anonymous article on “Our Magazine Literature” published in the New World, March 11, 1843? (2) What are the facts in the background of the bitter enmity between Poe and Lewis Gaylord Clark, for twenty-six years editor and principal owner of the most popular purely literary magazine in New York, the Knickerbocker? Clues pointing toward an answer to these two questions are found in the files of the Knickerbocker.
LXXI. Rilke and Jens Peter Jacobsen
Authors: Baer Lydia
Published: February 2007

Nothing at first glance seems more incongruous than to link the atheistic Jacobsen with the seeming piety of the Stunden-Buch, itself an outcome of the ineradicable experience of Russia as Rilke saw it. Russia was the motivation for his hitherto most feverish quest for God. It was not the calm acceptance of the “Geschichten vom lieben Gott,” which originated simultaneously with the Buch vom mönchischen Leben, but a frenzied search for a God who was to be adequate for all the future and who could be built anew by all the artists of the ages to come. Rilke's ubiquitous God is more pantheistic than he is evolutionary; being in all things, he cannot be used up by successive generations as an anthropomorphic God is. It was Ellen Key's mistake to interpret Rilke's conception of God as a finality, on the basis of the “Geschichten vom lieben Gott,” which had been dedicated to her, and to imply that he was evolutionary as Jacobsen the evolutionist had interpreted him, at the very time that Rilke's whole intensity was concentrated on his God of the future. The “Geschichten vom lieben Gott” and the “Stunden-Buch” supplement each other and should never have been considered one without the other. Rilke's God of the future does not nullify the God of the past, and there is really no contradiction for Rilke in the idea of an evolutionary God, an eternal God, and one who is to be built by all the generations to come. God is like our ancestors who have gone before us: “Und doch sind sie, diese Langvergangenen, in uns, als Anlage, als Last auf unserem Schicksal, als Blut, das rauscht, und als Gebärde, das aufsteigt aus den Tiefen der Zeit.”
Notes to the Divine Comedy (A Supplement to Existing Commentaries)
Authors: Austin H. D.
Published: February 2007

Many of these interpretative suggestions are merely additions to others which have been made in each case by the commentators and translators available to me. E. Moore's invaluable Indices in Volume I (“Scripture and Classical Authors in Dante”)—now, unfortunately, out of print—of his Studies in Dante (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1896) may be taken as practically basic among compendia of sources and parallels.
I Dialogi ad Petrum Histrum di Leonardo Bruni Aretino (Per la Storia del Gusto Nell'Italia del Secolo XV)
Authors: Vittorini Domenico
Published: February 2007

Questo libretto del Bruni ci ha sempre interessati per il suo tono battagliero e per la revisione che il suo autore vi fa dei valori culturali del suo tempo. I Dialoghi a Pietro Vergerio apparvero in uno di quei momenti in cui la vita italiana stava per fare una svolta accelerando il ritmo ordinazio del suo divenire. Due generazioni vi si veggono nettamente l'una contro l'altra: quella degli Umanisti morali del secolo XIV e quella degli Umanisti estetizzanti del secolo seguente.
Richard Haydocke and Alexander Browne: Two Half-Forgotten Writers on the Art of Painting
Authors: Hard Frederick
Published: February 2007

Richard Haydocke, who published at Oxford in 1598 a translation of Lomazzo's Trattato dell'arte della Pittura, and Alexander Browne, who claimed authorship of the Ars Pictoria (1669), are not completely unknown to fame. Each had rather curious contacts with historically important persons: the former, with King James I and with Sir Thomas Bodley, founder of the Bodleian Library; the latter, with the Duchess of Monmouth, and with Mr. Samuel Pepys, whose wife was his pupil. It is true that the shrines of these writers have been visited but seldom, although the diligent inquirer will find that each is accorded a brief notice in the catholic pages of the Dictionary of National Biography, and occasional comment upon one or the other crops up in widely scattered sources.
Critical Activity of the Poetic Mind: John Milton
Authors: Diekhoff John S.
Published: February 2007

Mr. T. S. Eliot in his essay “The Function of Criticism” has commented admirably upon the part which criticism plays in the work of creation itself, calling the highest kind of criticism that which a trained and skilled writer directs toward his own work. “Probably,” Mr. Eliot says, “probably, indeed, the larger part of the labour of an author in composing his work is critical labour; the labour of sifting, combining, constructing, expunging, correcting, testing: this frightful toil is as much critical as creative.” But there is a tendency, “a Whiggery tendency,” so he continues, to deplore this activity of the artist, to regard the great artist as an unconscious artist. Certainly the eighteenth century, whose unfortunate imitation of Milton Mr. Eliot deplores elsewhere, regarded Milton as an unconscious artist, understanding him literally when he speaks (P.L.ix, 21–24) of a

. . . celestial Patroness who deignsHer nightly visitation unimplored,And dictates to me slumbering, or inspiresEasy my unpremeditated verse.
The Banquet Scene in Paradise Regained
Authors: Banks Theodore H.
Published: February 2007

The banquet scene in Paradise Regained has given trouble to the critics. Long considered an inartistic repetition of the first temptation, it was interpreted by Gilbert and by Hanford as the first step in the second temptation, the most obvious and materialistic aspect of the kingdoms of the world offered by Satan; it was the appeal of luxury, embodied in the æsthetic as well as physical appeal of a sumptuous feast.
Louis Racine's De la Grace
Authors: Watts George B.
Published: February 2007

Louis Racine, born in 1692, elder son of Jean Racine, believing, as he says in his preface to De la Grâce, that “plus les objets sont dignes de l'attention des hommes, plus la poésie est digne de les décrire,” wrote in poetry, while still a young man and a pensionnaire at the Oratoire de Notre Dame des Vertus, his views on Grace, that question which was so long the subject of bitter religious controversies. The date of the publication of De la Grâce has never been generally known, some literary historians such as Vapereau and Lanson having given the date as 1720, and others, such as Beuchot in a note to Voltaire's lines A Monsieur Louis Racine, as 1722. This study will establish the fact that, although the poem was printed in 1720 as most historians agree, there was no public distribution of it until two years later. Moreover, little has been known concerning the composition of the poem. The history of the writing of De la Grâce and of its lot during the period between its initial printing in 1720 and its circulation in 1722 is greatly clarified by evidence in four documents which seem to have been overlooked.
The Composition of Balzac's Œuvres de Jeunesse and La Comedie Humaine: A Comparison
Authors: Bowen Ray P.
Published: February 2007

Balzac is said to have written in all some forty works before the Human Comedy, but many were in collaboration with other writers. We have now available, among others, Sténie, recently edited by A. Prioult, and ten novels collected under the title Œuvres de jeunesse. Monsieur Pierre Barrière claims that “il n'est presque rien dans la Comédie Humaine qui ne soit en germe dans les Romans de Jeunesse.” While this great admirer of Balzac is inclined to let his enthusiasm color his judgments, he has put forth strong arguments to prove his point. And yet he has failed to include in his evidence a study of the organization and composition of these early novels which would have strengthened his claims. The plots are often ridiculously fantastic, a characteristic, let it be said, that does not entirely disappear in La Comédie Humaine. They exist primarily as devices whereby Balzac makes the characters act and react on each other, and thus they bring out those psychological aspects that he is at the moment interested in revealing. The absurdity of the plot has little to do with the excellence of the novel. The most fantastic tale of all is probably La Dernière fée (1823) and yet this is perhaps the best of these early works.
A Parleying with Aristophanes
Authors: Smalley Donald
Published: February 2007

So much has been said, and on the whole so effectively, concerning Browning's use in Aristophanes' Apology of ancient authors and modern critics that a statement of the author's own contribution to the poem has become not the pointless task it would at first appear. The very thoroughness with which Browning's materials have been examined has tended to obscure the fact that this piece affords us some of our most interesting, and not our least valuable, evidence of what Browning himself thought and felt about poetry.
Folklore and Literature
Authors: Thompson Stith
Published: February 2007

The meeting of the American Folk-Lore Society with the Modern Language Association of America on the one hand and with the American Anthropological Association on the other in 1938 illustrates very clearly the wide range of interests covered by the term folklore. A century ago no such term existed, but the need for one was greatly felt. Students of the popular ballad, of popular antiquities, and of superstitions all recognized that they had something in common, and, as soon as the word folklore was proposed in the 1840's, it was adopted, not only by the English-speaking public, but by the whole world. It is now as ubiquitous as the Ford car and moves uneasily in Russian or Hungarian texts, not to speak of such familiar literatures as French or German. During the ninety years in which this word has been spreading over the world, it has extended its meaning until no man today can take all folklore for his province.
An Unpublished Middle High German Banntaiding
Authors: Bühler Curt F. , Selmer Carl
Published: February 2007

No less a scholar than Jacob Grimm over a century ago called attention to the inherent value of the German Weistiimer, particularly as outstanding monuments of old local laws. Two decades later, F. I. Mone in a study of these documents emphasized their great age and their connections with the provisions of the Roman law. While these Weistümer (also known as Banntaiding, Ehehafttaiding, Fischtaiding etc.) are common to most parts of the German-speaking territory, relatively only a few of those once extant have come down to us; of these the greatest number by far were originally written in Austria and the Alpine provinces. For this reason the Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien set itself the task of publishing all the available local laws for the districts of Salzburg, Tyrol, Styria, Carinthia, Upper and Lower Austria. From the point of view of date, the earliest of these belong to the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, though no more than a handful of them have survived. The number of extant Weistümer increases greatly in the fifteenth century, achieves its greatest total in the following century and then gradually declines, till after 1800 the Weistümer disappear entirely.
When Nettles in Winter Bring Forth Roses Red
Authors: Utley Francis Lee
Published: February 2007

Adequate attention has never been paid to the fifteenth-century lying-song which advises us to trust women when nettles bear roses and other wild impossibilities come to pass. There are three manuscript versions:

A. Bodl. 29734 (Eng. poet. e. 1—second half XV cent.), f. 43b;

B. Balliol Oxf. 354 (Hill's Commonplace Book—first half XVI cent.), f. 250b;

C. BM Printed Book IB 55242 (MS. notes in Trevisa's Bartholomeus Anglicus, de Worde, 1495), ff. 477b–478b.
Zur Frage Einer Fortsetzung … (Antwort)
Authors: Viëtor Karl
Published: February 2007

Das “Ist fortzusetzen,” den Terzinen auf Schillers Reliquien beim ersten Abdruck in der A.l.H. unmittelbar angefügt, kann nach dem Augenschein nur auf das Gedicht bezogen werden. Wer das tut, stellt keine Hypothese auf; sondern hält sich an einen Tatbestand, den er nach der Lage der Dinge als Aeußerung von Goethes Willen zu verstehen ein klares Recht hat. Der äußere Befund gibt so wenig den Grund zu einer andern Auffassung her wie das gesamte dokumentarische Material. Weder in Goethes Briefen noch in denen der Mitarbeiter an der A.l.H., weder in irgendeiner schriftlichen oder mündlichen Aeußerung des Dichters, seinen Aufzeichnungen oder Tagebüchern ist von diesem Zusatz direkt oder indirekt die Rede. Das ist einigermaßen merkwürdig, vielleicht aber so zu erklären, daß Goethe den Mitarbeitern darüber mündliche Erklärungen gegeben hat. Die Vermutung, daß es mit dem Zusatz eine vom Augenschein abweichende Bewandtnis haben möge, ist reine Philologen-Spekulation. Sie ist veranlaßt durch das Bedenken, daß ein in sich abgeschlossenes Gedicht nicht fortgesetzt zu werden pflegt, und durch die Erwägung, daß die “Wanderjahre,” an deren Schluß (in der zweiten Fassung von 1829) das Gedicht gestellt wurde, eher hätten fortgesetzt werden können oder sollen.
Annotated Bibliography of A. E. Housman: A Critical Study
Authors: Stallman Robert Wooster
Published: February 2007

This bibliographical essay brings together for the first time all evaluations of Housman's poetry and poetic-theory 1920-1945. It effects a twofold end: (1)historical—a survey of Housman estimates by scholar-critics and by poet-critics; (2)critical—a survey of all critical ideas and problems of contemporary criticism as focussed upon a poet of the preceding age.
Maurice Baring et la France
Authors: Ezban Sélim
Published: February 2007

C'est une étrange destinée que celle de la renommée littéraire de Maurice Baring en France. Diplomate, voyageur, journaliste, poète, essayiste et, à ses heures, l'un des interprètes les plus pénétrants de l'âme et de la littérature russes dans les années qui précédèrent la Grande Guerre, c'est surtout par son œuvre tardive de romancier qu'il a conquis les suffrages du public cultivé en France. Des critiques aussi autorisés que Charles du Bos, Edmond Jaloux, Gabriel Marcel et André Maurois ont parlé de ses romans où apparemment rien ne se passe, et où la peinture d'une société mondaine et désœuvrée sert souvent de cadre à de délicates analyses de sentiment qui se résolvent presque toujours en crises religieuses, en des termes qui conviendraient plutôt à Henry James, à Tourgueniev, voire même à Tolstoï. Or, chose singulère, si les personnages de Baring sont presque toujours des Anglais fidèles aux traditions et aux Conventions de leur pays et de leur milieu, si, dans l'expression de leurs sentiments, ils ne se départent jamais de cette réserve, de cette pudeur, qui est un des traits de l'âme anglaise, ils semblent voués par leur destinee (qui n'est souvent que la fantaisie de l'auteur), à se mouvoir dans une ambiance saturée de culture européenne et, à certains égards, française. Les paysages familiers de la vie et de la culture françaises parmi lesquels l'auteur les fait évoluer, les réminiscences littéraires et artistiques qu'il met dans leur bouche, nous rappellent constamment que nous avons affaire à un esprit très averti des choses françaises, à un ami de la France et, osons le dire, à un écrivain dont le talent et même le style, pour s'être profondément trempés aux sources de la clarté et de la sagesse françaises, en ont tiré ce goût pour la limpidité de l'expression, qui n'en recèle pas moins les profondeurs, comme aussi cet indéfinissable partum de latinité qui se dégage de toute son ceuvre et lui donne un charme particulier. Etudier donc le rôle que la culture française a joué dans la formation de son talent, et son attitude envers les choses françaises en général, c'est éclairer un aspect peu connu de son œuvre abondante et variée, et c'est aussi montrer que ce fin lettré, ce voyageur infatigable qui a promené sa curiosité dans tous les pays et toutes les litteratures, ce “divin amateur,” comme l'a appelé un de ses amis, occupe, avec Edmund Gosse, Lytton Strachey, Hilaire Belloc et G. K. Chesterton, une place à part parmi les hommes de lettres anglais qui ont parlé avec le plus de pénétration et de Sympathie de certains aspects essentiels de la littérature et du génie français.
An Exchange of Letters with Longfellow
Authors: Shelley Philip Allison
Published: February 2007

Niclas Müller, obscure printer, minor poet, and earnest patriot, belonged to the band of Forty-Eighters, whose love of liberty led them to transplant their ideal from the fallow soil of the old world to the fertile fields of the new, where, finding it flourish and flower, they were not content to enjoy its fruits by themselves but sought to share them with others who had as yet not tasted them. A typical member of this consecrated band, Müller, in the words of the Reverend Charles Timothy Brooks, had “always been at hand during the struggles for liberty on both sides of the water,” having been involved in both the German Revolution of 1848 and the American Civil War. As publicist and poet he supported the liberal movement in Germany and the abolition movement in America. “He wrote,” Brooks remarked, “several stirring songs during our war.” Foremost among them was a cycle of sonnets entitled Zehn gepanzerte Sonnete, Mit einer Widmung an Ferdinand Freiligrath, und einem Nachklang: “Die Union, wie sie sein soll,” Von Niclas Müller, Im November 1862 (New York, Gedruckt und zu haben bei Nic. Müller, 48 Beekman St.), which Brooks himself translated into English but never published.
Virgil and the Gawain-Poet
Authors: Chapman Coolidge Otis
Published: February 2007

The reading habits of the author of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl, Purity, and Patience remain a fascinating and fruitful field of study. Much has been written about the books the poet read, or may have read, but it is unlikely that the catalogue of books owned or read by him has by any means been completely reconstructed. Of the books he certainly knew, the Vulgate is of first importance for its influence upon the poet's thought and style. Certain, but less important, are the Romance of the Rose and the French text of Mandeville. Of the books very probably read by him the Divine Comedy stands first, followed by the Vita Nuova and the Convivio, Boccaccio's Olympia, and the Consolation of Philosophy of Boethius. Less probable is his reading of Tertullian's De Patentia and De Jona et Ninive, the Travels of Marco Polo, Peter Comestor's Historia Scholastica, the Book of the Knight of La Tour-Landry, the French lapidaries, and a few others still less certain.
Alice Chaucer and her Husbands
Authors: Anderson Marjorie
Published: February 2007

This paper is written on the assumption that Alice Chaucer was the granddaughter of the poet. That she was the daughter of Thomas Chaucer is easily proved and, despite skillful arguments to the contrary, the weight of evidence seems to the present writer to confirm the belief that Thomas was the son of Geoffrey. This paper is also written because of the assumption of Alice's relation to Geoffrey; her connection with the poet has been the chief reason for this study of her life. But such need not have been the case. Chaucer had no personal influence upon his granddaughter, unless by way of heredity, for their lives did not overlap. She was born four years after the poet's death. On the other hand, she lived to be the wife and widow of three successive men, two of whom were of great military and political prominence in English history; she was the friend and confidante of royalty; she became the mother-in-law of a king's sister. She was, in truth, a figure of sufficient social and political importance in the life of her time to merit consideration on her own account.
Un Symbole de l'Eglise Catholique: Luna
Authors: Françon Marcel
Published: February 2007

Il existe une tradition theologique—peu connue aujourd'hui—d'après laquelle la lune est un des symboles de l'Eglise Catholique. Nous nous proposons de faire appel à cette tradition pour expliquer certains textes du XVIe siècle qui sont restés généralement obscurs ou qui le sont devenus, car il est probable que les allusions qui s'y trouvent étaient facilement comprises des contemporains.
Du Bellay and Hellenic Poetry: A Cursory View
Authors: Silver Isidore
Published: February 2007

Given an individual with Du Bellay's reverence for the intellectual and cultural achievements of classical antiquity, but a painful consciousness of the deficiencies of his own education, especially in the field of Hellenic studies; possessing, in addition, an almost religious worship of his native language and a zealous ardor to vindicate its intrinsic capacity for every form of expression,—given conditions which are mutually so discordant—what must result? An adumbration in parvo, and within the limits of a single personality, of the quereile des anciens et modernes. This is what we witness in the writings of Du Beilay, and especially in the pages of the Deffence. We must make an effort, however, to discover whether between the apparently contradictory positions adopted by Du Beilay there is not some central ground upon which he really meant to take his stand.
“Particular Character”: An Early Phase of a Literary Evolution
Authors: Taylor Houghton W.
Published: February 2007

Among the changes in the art of fiction between the eighteenth century, when that art began to assume its modern shape, and the present, when it has arrived at what may be the ultimate degree of sophistication, one of the most basic is, doubtless, the increasing degree of particularity in the characterization. The change is perhaps mainly a phenomenon of the novel, which by its conditions is extremely favorable to minute character-studies; nevertheless, the problem of particularity affects all kinds of writing in which character is portrayed at all. The theoretical treatment of the issue in the eighteenth century broadened out beyond the limits of any one art, and a modern treatment may justifiably do the same.
Mörikes Mozart auf der Reise nach Prag
Authors: Mautner Franz H.
Published: February 2007

“Die Form ist doch in ihrer tiefsten Bedeutung unzertrennlich vom Gehalt, ja in ihrem Ursprung fast eins mit demselben …”

Mörike.

Mozart auf der Reise nach Prag ist Mörikes letzte Novelle und seine letzte vollgültige Dichtung überhaupt. Die künstlerische Eigenart des reifen Mörike hat sich hier zum Standbild verdichtet, zu seinem in jedem Sinn “vollendetsten” Prosawerk, bezaubernd durch die innere Ausgewogenheit von Heiterkeit und Ernst.
Clio's Rights in poetry: Browning's Cristina and Monaldeschi
Authors: Wenger C. N.
Published: February 2007

The sturdiest of historians show Christina of Sweden to have been one of the most gifted and accomplished women of any age. They show, too, that she has been one of the most harshly dealt with among the great women of history. She was a political genius, ruler of Sweden at its heyday, and the equal of the most influential sovereigns of Europe at the middle of the seventeenth century. Her counsel was paramount in shaping the Peace of Westphalia. She attracted to her court many of the most learned men of the century, corresponded with those who could or would not come to her, and was recognized as a savant in her own right. For her times she was exceptionally enlightened, tolerant, and generous. Yet both outrageous columnies and extravagant panegyrics have run riot to her discredit. Clio has shared in these misprisions, to be sure, but her sister Muses of the lyric, the drama, and the romance have been far guiltier in their sadistic severity.
Petrarchan Byways
Authors: Wilkins Ernest Hatch
Published: February 2007

The Canzoniere and the Triumphs of Petrarch are as full of fascination for the scholar as they are rich in enjoyment for the lover of poetry. Their fascination for the scholar is due largely to the fact that each of these two great works reveals itself as the product of a long process of growth: a process perhaps not quite complete in the case of the Canzoniere, and certainly very far from complete in the case of the Triumphs.
Spenser's Acrasia and Mary Queen of Scots
Authors: Neill Kerby
Published: February 2007

The theory that in Book II of the Fairie Queene Spenser represents Mary Stuart allegorically in the character of Acrasia has never been presented with sufficient evidence to raise it above a level of general probability, and although the further cumulation of proof that I have gathered together here hardly seems enough to establish it as a fact of literary history, it may help to recapture some of the mental associations of his original readers and the figurative medium in which they were expressed. It is my purpose here to show that when the Faerie Queene was published Elizabethan courtiers had for a considerable time looked upon Mary Stuart as the epitome of intemperance and had characterized her as a Circean enchantress, a rather striking parallel to Book II with its political study of temperance and its major evil character—the Circean witch Acrasia.
From Good to Bright: A Note in Poetic History
Authors: Miles Josephine
Published: February 2007

I propose the hypothesis that this shift in primary modification which took place a little more than two hundred years ago represents, in connection with objects modified and specific contexts, a fundamental change in poetic reference, a new idea of the poetic medium which is still very close to us, and which has strongly pervaded the poetry of our ‘Romantic’ and ‘Victorian’ predecessors. I propose, then, to demonstrate the representative nature of this primary modification by tracing more closely, and qualitatively as well as quantitatively, the developing relation of the standards epithets good and bad to the qualities epithets bright and dark through the work and the concordance listings of four or five poets on either side of 1740.
The “Dream” of Kubla Khan
Authors: Schneider Elisabeth
Published: February 2007

Interpretations of Coleridge's Kubla Khan have varied widely. The commonest view has always been that the poem is a beautiful meaningless vision, “delicious nonsense” to be read or heard as pure music. Many ingenious and some over-ingenious explanations have however been published, the most extraordinary being that of Mr. Robert Graves, which Professor Lowes demolished with obvious gusto. According to this theory Mrs. Coleridge is represented in the “Abyssinian maid” whose music the poet could not remember; the “caves of ice” are Dorothy Wordsworth, whose love for Coleridge is thus shown to be purely intellectual; and the closing lines of the poem describe Coleridge's own superego getting after him about his opium. After this pseudo-Freudian flight, a mere literal interpretation will no doubt come as an anti-climax. It seems necessary now, however, to revise certain traditions, most of them outgrowths of Coleridge's own note prefixed to the poem upon its publication in the Christabel volume of 1816. The note is too familiar to require full quotation. The poet says that he had been prescribed an “anodyne, … from the effects of which he fell asleep in his chair” while reading Purchas. “The Author continued for about three hours in a profound sleep, at least of the external senses, during which time he has the most vivid confidence, that he could not have composed less than from two to three hundred lines; if that indeed can be called composition in which all the images rose up before him as things, with a parallel production of the correspondent expressions, without any sensation or consciousness of effort.” “On awaking,” Coleridge continues, with what seemed a complete recollection of the whole, he “instantly and eagerly” wrote down the lines that are preserved. After an interruption by a man from Porlock on business, he was unable to recall the rest.
Poe et Baudelaire
Authors: Françon Marcel
Published: February 2007

Pour se défendre des attaques dont il était l'objet, tantôt Baudelaire invoquait le témoignage de critiques comme Barbey d'Aurevilly et assurait que les Fleurs du mal étaient une æuvre morale, tantôt il affirmait qu'il avait fait “un livre d'art pur”: il avait voulu, disait-il, se divertir et exercer son “goût passionné de l'obstacle.” Barbey d'Aurevilly, pourtant, avait su discerner l'originalité de Baudelaire: Par “la langue et le faire,” Baudelaire se rattachait à l’école de Gautier; mais il s'en distinguait à d'autres égards: “par l'inspiration,” précisait Barbey, “il est bien plus profond que son école et il est descendu si avant dans la sensation dont cette école ne sort jamais, qu'il a fini par s'y trouver seul comme un lion d'originalité.” Quant à E. Reynaud, il voyait “un abîme entre la théorie de Gautier de l'Art pour l'Art et celle de Baudelaire.” Mais ce n'est pas Baudelaire seulement qu'on a classé parmi les précurseurs des Parnassiens; on a, en outre, considéré Poe comme un pionnier de l’école de l'art pour l'art. Nous proposons d'analyser les théories du poète américain. Nous chercherons ensuite à rendre compte de l'impression de déjà vu qu'avait Baudelaire au contact de l’æuvre de Poe, et nous serons ainsi à même de mieux comprendre ce que l'on appelle l'influence de ce dernier poète sur Baudelaire.
More Humane Letters
Authors: Gauss Christian
Published: February 2007

I warn you that I am going to make a plea for something quite old fashioned, the tradition of humane letters. We have lost sight of it so completely that we almost never use the phrase any more and it seems to survive only in the title of an honorary degree which we sometimes bestow upon elderly dodos when we call them doctors of litterae humaniores, doctors of more humane letters. I believe we should be rendering a considerable service to higher education if we could turn out annually in regular course at least a handful of bachelors of humane letters. I say this because today even when the undergraduate throws himself upon our mercy and majors in English, or French, or Spanish, or German, or in American civilization, we turn him out not as a bachelor of humane letters (to say nothing of more humane letters) but usually as a bachelor of nationalistic history.
Du Bellay and Hellenic Poetry
Authors: Silver Isidore
Published: February 2007

In the Palatine Anthology were preserved two inscriptions of Bacchylides. One of them, the dedication of a shrine to the southwest wind, was written in behalf of a farmer named Eudemus:
A Sixteenth Century Manuscript Translation of Latimer's First Sermon Before Edward
Authors: Hastings Elizabeth T.
Published: February 2007

Some doubt has always been felt regarding the textual purity of the printed sermons of Bishop Hugh Latimer. The recent discovery of two hitherto unnoticed mid-sixteenth century manuscripts, each of a famous sermon, provides the first opportunity to test the printed versions. One of these, MS. Corpus Christi College Cambridge 104, fols. 339-360, is a Latin translation of the first sermon preached by Latimer before Edward VI in 1549; the other, MS. Sloane 1460, is an English version of the last sermon (two parts), preached by Latimer before Edward VI in 1550.
Shakespeare and Apuleius
Authors: Starnes D. T.
Published: February 2007

In his Illustrations of Shakespeare Francis Douce maintains that Adlington's translation of Apuleius' Golden Ass is a book that Shakespeare certainly used. Admittedly, Douce supports this repeated assertion with very slight evidence; and no other scholar, so far as I know, has hitherto seriously urged the dramatist's knowledge of this popular book. Yet the chances are many that any reputable author in the sixteenth century would have known the writings of Apuleius, in the original, or, after 1566, in translation, or in both.