bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Opioid-Free Anesthesia and Analgesic Quality During the Postoperative Period of Oncological Breast Surgery
Authors: Heit Rodrigo
Published: August 2024

Background: Pain is one of the most common symptoms in cancer patients. We can understand it as a multifactorial phenomenon. Breast cancer surgical treatment generates real damage to the structures and activates nociception which can generate persistent pain. Current anesthetic management is based on the use of opioids, which generate a large number of complications that can severely affect this group of patients, increasing morbidity and mortality. Opioid-free techniques have been shown to reduce complications and generate optimal anesthetic-analgesic management as well as decrease postoperative misuse. The purpose of this research is to compare both approaches and evaluate their impact on this population group. Methods: Simple, prospective, randomized, controlled blind clinical trial in 30 patients undergoing oncological mammary quadrantectomy a. The patients were divided into two groups study, the first (group A) received balanced general anesthesia with opioids as an analgesic strategy, the other group (group B) received general anesthesia balanced opioid-free supplemented with a PECs II regional block and/or Serratus (BRILMA) according to the patient's sonoanatomy, and ketamine-lidocaine as adjuvant drugs. Analgesia was assessed using the numerical pain scale at 2, 4, and 6 o'clock. The severity and impact of pain on the daily performance of patients were measured using the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) short form in combination with clinical examination, the presence of postoperative complications, the length of stay in hours and the need for rescue with opioids. Results: 35% of the patients in group A required analgesic rescue with Tramadol to improve pain postoperative, while in group B only 10% needed it. 33% of the patients in group A completed their postoperative period with nausea and vomiting, while in the opioid-free group the percentage was only 1%. Referring to the length of hospital stay from surgery to discharge, group A was hospitalized for a period of 25 hours (SD=21.2), while group B was there for 15.2 hours (SD=8.7). Conclusions:. Use of opioid-free anesthesia along with adjuvant strategies (drugs and nerve blocks) represent a safe and effective anesthetic strategy related with a lower incidence of complications from the use of opioids in the postoperative period, a lower consumption of analgesic rescues, a decrease in the length of hospitalization and a greater degree of comfort for the patient. This protocol represents an alternative when it comes to providing good intra and postoperative conditions for such a susceptible group of patients.
A Case of Optimizing Anesthetic Management for an Elderly Patient with Severe Left Ventricular Dysfunction Through a Multi-disciplinary Treatment Approach
Authors: Zhao Dai-liang , Li Yan
Published: August 2024

This case report presents a multi-disciplinary treatment (MDT) approach to optimize anesthetic management for an elderly patient with a giant inguinal hernia and severe left ventricular dysfunction. The patient, a 68-year-old male, had a 30-year history of a large inguinal hernia and was diagnosed with left ventricular hypertrophy and cardiac insufficiency, with an ejection fraction of 24%. Given the patient's complex comorbidities and the risks associated with anesthesia, a MDT was formed to develop a personalized treatment plan. The team included gastrointestinal surgeons, anesthesiologists, cardiovascular specialists, and intensive care physicians who collaborated to mitigate perioperative risks. The MDT strategy involved continuing preoperative cardiovascular medications, selecting anesthesia techniques to minimize impact, and maintaining strict fluid management during surgery. The patient underwent a successful tension-free repair of the inguinal hernia with the aid of an ultrasound-guided nerve block and local infiltration anesthesia. Throughout the procedure, vital signs remained stable, and the patient experienced no discomfort or complications related to anesthesia. The patient recovered well and was discharged after five days. The effectiveness of MDT in overseeing the care of elderly patients with high-risk conditions throughout the perioperative anesthesia phase is underscored. It underscores the importance of a collaborative approach to ensure patient safety and optimal outcomes in complex surgical cases. The MDT framework helps to prevent treatment deviations and delays, reducing patient anxiety and improving the overall quality of care.
Cerebral Infarction by Paradoxical Gas Embolism Detected Non-Stop Extracorporeal Circulation Tricuspid Annuloplasty Surgery with Real-Time TEE: A Case Report
Authors: Zhang Guangchao , Yang Jiaqi , Li Xuejie
Published: August 2024

Background: There is a risk of significant complications due to paradoxical gas embolism during tricuspid annuloplasty under non-stop extracorporeal circulation without aortic block. Intraoperative real-time transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is the most sensitive indicator for the detection of gas embolism. Case: This case present a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) patient with pulmonary hypertension and severe tricuspid regurgitation scheduled for PDA closure and tricuspid annuloplasty. Intraoperative real-time TEE also showed a large number of small bubbles appearing in the left atrium near the orifice of the pulmonary vein. This case demonstrates that the amount of bubbles from the right heart may have exceeded the gas exchange capacity of the lung and entered the left atrium through the pulmonary vein. The patient delayed awakening after surgery and developed convulsive symptoms, decreased muscle strength of the left extremity, and head MRI suggested the possibility of acute cerebral embolism. Lessons: As a relatively simple tricuspid annuloplasty under non-stop extracorporeal circulation without aortic block, surgical may have catastrophic arterial embolism complications.
Farm Typology to Enhance Rice Technologies Adoption in Ethiopia
Authors: Gashu Ayele , Beyene Adane , Anteneh Misganaw
Published: August 2024

The aim of this study is to conduct a review of farm typology in order to improve the adoption of rice technologies in Ethiopia. Rice production has experienced significant growth in the country, with the cultivated area expanding from 33,820 hectares in 2013 to 60,000 hectares in 2022. However, the adoption level of rice technologies remains low, posing a challenge to meet the increasing demand that is currently being met through rice imports. To address this issue, the government has developed a national rice production strategy and flagship programs at the national level. Furthermore, understanding the characteristics of farmers is crucial for the successful implementation of these initiatives, as farmers are heterogeneous in terms of their resources, preferences, and objectives. Consequently, the adoption rate of rice technologies varies among farmers, leading to different demands for agricultural advisory services. To develop effective farm typologies, it is important to identify the key drivers of technology adoption, such as farm size, risk exposure, human capital, labor availability, credit access, and access to commodity markets. While there are various theories available for studying farm typology, the sustainable livelihood theory is particularly comprehensive in creating effective typologies. These theories employ both quantitative and qualitative approaches. In conclusion, conducting a farm typology study specific to rice cultivation is crucial for enhancing the adoption level of rice technologies.
Agricultural Pesticide-Induced Physiological Stresses in Freshwater Fishes of Bangladesh
Authors: Hasan Md. , Mely Shayla
Published: August 2024

In Bangladesh, most croplands are situated in floodplains, enriched by numerous rivers and extensive freshwater wetlands. These areas also support productive open-water fisheries, crucial for supplying protein, generating income, creating jobs, and boosting the GDP. However, the widespread use of pesticides in these floodplains to protect crops and enhance food production leads to significant environmental issues. Agricultural pesticide residues enter water bodies through runoff, rainwater, drainage, seepage, and spray drift, contaminating natural water bodies and exerting continuous stress on aquatic life, including fish. Previous studies have detected pesticide residues in surface waters, sediments, and fish in Bangladesh, posing a major threat to wetland ecosystems. Research on freshwater fish species in Bangladesh has highlighted toxic effects on fish gonads, such as adhesion, inter-follicular space degeneration, ovigerous lamellae degeneration, necrosis, degenerated perinucleolar oocytes, cytoplasmic retraction in ovaries, and damage to sertoli cells. Additional observed effects include irregularly shaped seminiferous tubules, breakage of seminiferous tubules, and empty lumens in testes. Pesticides also inflict harm on other internal organs of fish, with gill effects like clubbing, reduction of gill filaments, telangiectasia of gill lamellae, hemorrhage, and damage to gill rakers. Kidney and liver damage include necrosis, cellular tissue degradation, acute cellular swelling, and irregular renal corpuscles, along with autolysis, vacuolation, and fatty changes in the liver. Developing embryos and larvae of freshwater fish are particularly vulnerable to the toxic effects of agro-pesticides. Studies reveal acute toxicity during early life stages, evidenced by deformities like edema, notochord deformity, caudal fin damage, yolk sac damage, posterior region damage, tissue fragmentation, black pigmentation on the yolk, body curvature, and lordosis in larvae. Exposed embryos exhibit deformities such as dark brown yolk sacs, notochord deformities, and broken eggshells. Mortality rates of fish embryos and larvae escalate with higher pesticide concentrations in water. Haemato-biochemical parameters serve as crucial indicators of pesticide exposure in fish studies, showing alterations in blood hemoglobin, glucose, RBC, WBC counts, and various erythrocytic abnormalities like twin cells, fusion, echinocyte formation, spindle-shaped, tear-drop, and elongated cells. Nuclear abnormalities include binucleated cells, nuclear buds, nuclear bridges, karyopyknosis, and notched nuclei. Research suggests that even at low concentrations, agro-pesticides disrupt physiological functions and life history traits of fish, adversely impacting the natural productivity and biodiversity of freshwater fish in Bangladesh.
The Nature, Function, and Independence of the National Bank of Ethiopia: A Comparative Analysis in Light of International Practices
Authors: Regassa Elsabet
Published: August 2024

A central bank is an autonomous institution that is mainly bestowed with the mandate to ensure the maintenance of price stability by formulating and implementing monetary policy. To fulfill its purposes, the law should make sure that the CB is independent of external influence. Accordingly, the NBE is established to act as the central bank of Ethiopia, empowered to deliver on multiple objectives, including price and exchange stability. Nonetheless, it is evident under its legal framework that the requirements for institutional, functional, and personal independence of the NBE are disregarded. Hence, having this problem in mind and considering the research gap in the particular area, the study attempted to review relevant legal instruments of the NBE, assessing them against parameters of institutional, functional, and personal independence; selected countries’ laws, and the expert opinions of NBE officials and IMF expert to make the required analysis about the nature, functions, and independence of the NBE. Consequently, the study revealed impediments related to the institutional, functional, and personal autonomy of the bank. Thus, concerning institutional independence, there is a lack of clear provisions protecting the bank from government and other entities' influence. The absence of hierarchy between its objectives, the dominance of government representatives in the BoD, the absence of legal limitations on the advances to be provided to the government, and ambiguity as to the role of monetary policy formulation and oversight roles of the BoD are the manifestations of the absence of functional independence. Whereas, in terms of personal autonomy lack of provisions stipulating the security of tenure, qualification criteria, and procedure for the appointment and dismissal of the BoD members, Governor, and Deputies are evident. Having identified these concerns under the current laws, the researcher recommends the relevant revisions of the laws to address the enumerated impediments in line with the best practices of central banks.
Modelling and Diagnosis of Hybrid Dynamic Systems by a Multi-Model Approach
Authors: Maaref Bochra , Dhouibi Hedi , Simeu-Abazi Zineb , Messaoud Hassani
Published: August 2024

Fault diagnosis is an essential task in ensuring the smooth operation of complex dynamic systems. The consequences of faults can be serious, leading to loss of life, harmful emissions to the environment, high repair costs and economic losses caused by unplanned production line stoppages. The work developed in this paper concerns the modeling and diagnosis of faults (sensor faults, system faults, actuator faults) in hybrid dynamic systems using our multi-model approach (which combines two sub-models, one continuous and the other discrete). The aim is to integrate three well-known tools in the literature: the Bond Graph, the Observer and the Timed Automata, to design a global diagnostic model. The hybrid dynamic system is modeled by connecting the tools for the continuous part, i.e. the bond graph and the observer, to the timed automata for the discrete part. The resulting model is used for fault diagnosis in two stages: The first is fault detection by analyzing the residuals generated by the system output and that of the observer. The second step involves fault localization, which results from analysis of the signature matrix and temporal identification of the system. The proposed method combines the advantages of these tools to obtain the best performance, particularly in the fault location phase. The simulation results prove the effectiveness of the proposed model for the hybrid dynamic system. Moreover, these results also evaluate the performance of the proposed diagnostic approach while reducing non-detections, detection delays and false alarms.
Housing, COVID & Climate: Urban Social Housing Post-COVID Climate Change Mitigation and Redress
Authors: Wakely Patrick
Published: August 2024

This short paper, draws on 40 years of research and advisory work, rather than a single, short-term, finite research project. It examines recent and current examples of urban housing policies, programmes and projects in a wide range of countries in both the Global North and South in its aim order to meet its aim to stimulate and contribute to the search for strategic approaches to the production, maintenance and management of urban low-income group housing; it examines the historical, geographic, cultural/political and economic contexts within which they are set, laying some emphasis on the prevailing existential threats to humanity caused by: (1) global heating, and (2) the pandemic pervasiveness of viral pathogen transmissions and their social, economic and legislative impact on physical settlement planning and management. Emphasis is given to distinguishing between ‘public housing’, for which all governing decisions are unilaterally made by relevant state agencies and institutions, and ‘social housing’, in which non-governmental beneficiary households and enterprises, communities and organisations are engaged in risk- and benefit-sharing partnership with responsible state agencies at all levels of the governance and management of affordable and accessible urban housing. The paper concludes by drawing attention to the urgency of need to build the capability of the extensive range of actors and stake-holders, worldwide and calling for the initiation and dissemination of successful policy approaches and their administration.
Invitro Antibacterial, Antioxidant and XRF Analysis of Commelina Diffusa Burm.F. Plant Extracts
Authors: Yahiya Yonas , Temeche Aweke , Delisho Fitusm , Abrar Kidist
Published: August 2024

Ethiopia has a long history of using medicinal herbs for treating both human and animal illnesses. Nonetheless, not enough research has been done on the antibacterial properties and possible bioactive components of the majority of medicinal plants. Therefore, this study deals with the evaluation of phytochemical, antimicrobial, antioxidant activities, phenol content and XRF analysis of Commelina Diffusa Burm.F. plant extracts. Mean values of the antimicrobial activity, MIC, antioxidant activities, phenol content and XRF analysis were reported as mean ± standard deviation. The chloroform leaf extracts of the plant gave the highest yield 23.4% followed by methanol 22.27%. The presence of several metabolite components, including alkaloids, diterpenes, flavonoids, glycosides, phenol, protein, saponin, steroids, tannins, terpenoids, tri-terpenoids and amino acids, has been shown by qualitative phytochemical analysis of plant parts. Significant antibacterial activity against the test bacterial strains was demonstrated by steam extracts of Commelina Diffusa Burm.F. Moreover, the methanolic extract of the plant demonstrated notable antioxidant activity. The highest value of phenolic content was obtained in Commelina Diffusa Burm.F. steam methanol extract followed by leaf extract while Commelina Diffusa Burm.F. root extract shows lower phenolic content. In this study, threaten elements were determined in the Commelina Diffusa Burm.F. plant part by using XRF spectroscopy. Overall, this research contributes to the understanding of pharmacological potential of Commelina Diffusa Burm.F. and highlights the importance of further exploring its medicinal properties. The findings provide valuable insights into utilizing medicinal plants for disease treatment and support the development of natural therapeutic agents.
Impact of Polystyrene Exposure on Hepatorenal Responses in Male and Female Albino Wistar Rats
Authors: Okonkwo Chinedu , Nnoruka Udoka , Okonkwo Chioma , Ilechukwu Ifenna , Belonwu Donatus
Published: August 2024

Microplastics have become a major health concern because of its potential adverse influences on marine, wildlife and public health. In this study, pristine polystyrene and Styrofoam microplastics particles of diameter < 5mm were used to investigate the toxic effects of polystyrene microplastic (PS-MP) exposure on hepatic and renal function of male and female Wistar rats. The rats were divided into seven groups for both male and female, with one control group and six test groups each. The two forms of polystyrene microplastics were incorporated into the feed of the test groups in varying quantities (1, 5 and 10 % of the feed), and exposure lasted for a period of 90 days. Results showed that aspartate aminotransferase (AST), serum albumin (ALB), total bilirubin (TB), conjugated bilirubin (CB) were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased compared to control male and female rats. Histological analysis provided further insights, indicating that despite mild alterations in liver enzymes, albumin and total protein levels in specific test groups, microplastics did not compromise the structural integrity of hepatocytes in male and female rats. However, kidney function parameters exhibited significant (p < 0.05) increases in serum urea, creatinine, K+, and Cl- levels in test rats of both sexes compared to controls. Regardless of sex, the trends of elevated renal markers were similar. These findings suggest that exposure to polystyrene microplastics may adversely affects renal functional capacity even at low doses.
Physicochemical Parameters of Soils in Tepi Campus South Western Parts of Ethiopia
Authors: Sisay Gamada , Feleke Eskedar
Published: August 2024

Soil is an important part of agriculture applications. An understanding of physical and chemical condition of any soil is essential for proper implementation of the other soil management practices. Therefore the physico-chemical study of soil is very important because both physical and chemical properties which affect the soil productivity. This physico-chemical study of soil is based on various parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, moisture, soil organic matter, and soil organic carbon. This knowledge will create awareness among the farmers about economic productivity. In this study the physicochemical properties of soil samples obtained from Tepi campus was determined. Their value could be pH 6, Electrical conductivity 7.31µS/m, moisture content 5.038%, organic matter content 4.1% and organic carbon content 3.3%. Physical and chemical properties listed above indicate that this soil sample is productive and suitable for agricultural use. Based on the result in this study soil sample in the Tepi campus garden is slightly acidic, wet, and high organic matter content. Most of the south western parts of Ethiopia get high rain fall through the year more than eight month and its forest area. This makes the soil in this area high moisture content and organic matter content. Corn, maize, sugar cane and coffee are the most cultivated crops in this area.
Cropping Systems Diversification as an Approach to Enhancing Crop Productivity: A Review
Authors: Nasiro Kalifa
Published: August 2024

Agricultural intensification increased crop productivity but simplified production with lower diversity of cropping systems, higher genetic uniformity, and a higher uniformity of agricultural landscapes. Associated detrimental effects on the environment and biodiversity as well as the resilience and adaptability of cropping systems to climate change are of growing concern. Crop diversification may stabilize productivity of cropping systems and reduce negative environmental impacts and loss of biodiversity, but a shared understanding of crop diversification including approaches towards a more systematic research is lacking. The current review highlights the use of Cropping Systems Diversification as an Approach to Enhancing Crop Productivity. Crop diversification can be considered as an attempt to increase the diversity of crops through, e.g. crop rotation, multiple cropping or intercropping, compared to specialized farming with the aim to improve the productivity, stability and delivery of ecosystem services. It can be one measure to develop more sustainable production systems, develop value-chains for minor crops. Crop diversification practices can include higher crop diversity, more diverse crop, mixed cropping; cultivation of grain legumes in otherwise cereal dominated systems, perennial leys or grassland and regionally adapted varieties or variety mixtures. Crop diversification and/or additional diversification measures like variation of seeding time or changing cropping patterns have the potential to lead to higher and more stable yields, increase profitability and lead to greater resilience of agro-ecosystems in the long term. These practices have the potential to make cropping systems more diverse in space, time and genetics. Through a balanced portfolio approach to agricultural sustainability, cropping system performance can be optimized in multiple dimensions, including food and biomass production, profit, energy use, pest management, and environmental impacts.
Flowing Prosperity: Empowering Riverbank Communities in Rajshahi City
Authors: Alom Md. , Hossan Md.
Published: August 2024

This study investigates strategies to enhance the quality of life for riverbank communities in Rajshahi City, Bangladesh, situated along the Padma River. A comprehensive analysis of socioeconomic, environmental governance, and community aspects, the study identifies key challenges and opportunities. By paying attention to the natural resources and cultural heritage of the riverbanks, the endeavor seeks to foster socio-economic growth, environmental sustainability, and cultural preservation. Findings reveal pervasive socio-economic disparities, exacerbated by environmental degradation and governance shortcomings. The study also indicates that only 78% of inhabitants take the polio vaccine and the Body Mass Index shows 72% of people are under-weight. Despite these challenges, the study highlights community resilience, and the potential of grassroots initiatives to effect positive change. The study emphasizes the importance of integrated and participatory approaches to address the multifaceted issues facing riverbank communities. By prioritizing socio-economic equity, environmental sustainability, and community empowerment, it is possible to create inclusive and resilient communities along the riverbanks of Rajshahi City in Bangladesh. Through collaborative efforts including local stakeholders, governmental bodies, and non-profit organizations, the study creates opportunities for inclusive participation, enhances livelihoods, and promotes resilience against socio-economic challenges. The authors identify why these (River-bank people) cannot manage the sustainability of river ecosystems, health problems, and sustainable development, which advocates for a harmonious balance between social, economic, and environmental dimensions. Finally, a well-thought-out recommendation has been drafted by the authors.
Patronage Pattern and Accessibility of Healthcare Facilities in Urban Slums and Informal Settlements in Ibadan Metropolis
Authors: Adejare Jacob , Jelili Musibau , Muili Akeem
Published: August 2024

Slums and informal settlements are residential areas physically and socially disintegrated. In spite of this, inadequate health-related data on slum areas and informal settlements has led to inappropriate and unrealistic allocation of healthcare resources by the public and private health providers. This study investigates the patronage pattern and accessibility of healthcare facilities to residents of urban slums and Informal settlements in Ibadan Metropolis, a rapidly growing urban area in Nigeria facing challenges related to urbanization and healthcare infrastructure. Data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. Structured questionnaire was administered on 1,389 residents of the slummy neighbourhoods and informal settlements in Ibadan metropolis, and obtained data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results revealed that out of 109 neighbourhoods, 42.1% were categorized as slummy neighbourhoods, 36.7% as slums/informal settlements, while 21.2% were informal settlement using slummy and informality conditions respectively. Results revealed that distance to health facility (β= -0.353, p<0.05), educational qualification (β=-0.063, p<0.05) and household size (β= -0.052, p<0.05) had an inverse relationship with patronage of health facilities, while age (β=0.086, p< 0.05) had a positive relationship. It was also revealed that access to PHC and dispensary/clinic in slummy neighbouhoods and slum/informal settlements is higher compared to informal settlements in the study area. The study therefore recommends implementation of slum improvement program for the slummy and slums/informal neighbourhoods, provision of additional healthcare facilities to be located especially in the slummy neighbourhoods and informal settlements to ensure equitable distribution.
Effect of Covers Terraces on Humidity Inside Buildings: Case Study in the City of Rabat
Authors: Raouj Naoual , Harrouni Moulay , Baamal Lahoussaine , Tlemçani Nourredine
Published: August 2024

Covers terraces are becoming increasingly widespread, given their advantages in terms of regulating the building's climate and the speed at which rainwater runs off. The first article in this research consisted in selecting plantations capable of withstanding the conditions of terraces, while the second article dealt with the effect of terrace coverings on the temperature inside buildings. Although sedums are the most widely used plant species for covering building terraces and have shown the best resilience and adaptability for green roofs, additional ecosystem services can be provided by native plants, suggesting future research to optimize plant composition and cover for sustainable green roofs. This research compares the effect of terrace coverings of different thicknesses on humidity inside buildings. This research compares the effect of terrace covers with different thicknesses (5 cm and 10 cm), on humidity inside buildings during the four seasons. The results show that the 10 cm thick terrace cover has a humidity-increases effect during the warm period (+ 3,01%). The 5 cm thick terrace cover has a humidity-reducing effect during the cold period (-0,2%). Also, the maximum relative humidity of the 10 cm thick cover decreased by 9.48%, and the maximum relative humidity of the 5 cm thick cover decreased by 13.25%.
Participatory Demonstration and Evaluation of In-situ Rain Water Harvesting Technology with Sorghum Production in West Hararghe Zone
Authors: Hirpo Adem , Terefe Gemechu , Gemechu Fekede , Sime Nimona , Ayala Gemechu
Published: August 2024

The study was conducted in Daro Lebu and Hawi Gudina districts of West Hararghe zone with objective of evaluating the performance of In-situ water harvesting technologies with sorghum production under farmers’ condition. Haroresa kile and Ibsa kebeles were selected based on water deficit and potential sorghum production. 4 farmers from Haroresa kile and 3 farmers from Ibsa were participated on the experiment. 10m by 10m area was used and planted side by side on structure verses without structure. The Structure was constructed with 30cm depth, 30cm width and tied ridge at 3m interval and seed was placed on center at 15cm. Melkam Sorghum variety was planted using 75cm *25cm plant spacing. Yield, farmers’ preference and production cost were collected and analyzed by descriptive statistics, simple ranking method and cost benefit analysis respectively. Training and mini-field day were organized to promote In-situ water harvesting on Sorghum production. Farmers selected Structure Technology by stay green, stay moist, drought tolerance, disease tolerance and head size. 47Qtha-1 and 45.2Qtha-1grain yield were obtained from Sorghum planted with structure and without structure respectively, with 4% yield advantage over without structure. Production of Sorghum variety with structure and without structure generated an income of 169, 250 birr ha-1 and 167, 050 birr ha-1, respectively. Based on farmers’ preferences and profitability of the technology, planting sorghum with tied ridge/structure/ was recommended for water deficit areas of west Hararghe zone and similar agro-ecologies to increase production and productivity of sorghum.
Sensitivity of the Northern Hemisphere Warming Trend to Snowpack Variability
Authors: Onuma Yukihiko , Yoshimura Kei , Nitta Tomoko , Tatebe Hiroaki , Watanabe Masahiro
Published: August 2024

A marked decrease in land surface snow cover within the Northern Hemisphere under global warming will warm the atmosphere near the land surface. However, minimal information exists regarding the contribution of snowpack variation to interannual surface air temperature variability. The current study investigates the effects caused by snow water equivalent (SWE) change on surface air temperature (SAT). To this end, an SWE pacemaker experiment of land–atmosphere coupling (AMIP-type) is undertaken for the period 1901–2010, during which the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate, version 6 (MIROC6), atmospheric general circulation model’s SWE is continuously nudged toward SWE derived from an land-only (LMIP-type) experiment. Compared to a reference MIROC6 simulation without SWE nudging, the spatial correlation of 1980–2010 interannual SWE trends in our experiment with those in GlobSnow observation data increased by 0.31 over the Northern Hemisphere. Similarly, the linear correlation of interannual SAT with reanalysis data is greater by 0.04, 0.04, 0.08, and 0.07 for autumn, winter, spring, and summer over the region from the reference experiment, respectively. It is shown that due to this SWE nudging, the modeled interannual SAT change in the Northern Hemisphere becomes more accurate. Through a surface energy budget analysis, changes in SAT are attributed to changes in surface albedo, soil evaporation, and soil temperature. Areas of greater contribution of SWE variability to SAT variability appear to shift from south to north areas as snow melts. These results highlight surface albedo, snow hydrological, and land heat storage effects through which the SWE interannual trend on the land surface significantly controls atmospheric air temperature variability near the land surface.

Significance Statement

This study investigates the contribution of land snowpack to surface air temperature in the Northern Hemisphere using a climate model updated with observation-based estimates of snow water equivalent. A marked decrease in snowpack under global warming is expected to warm the atmosphere near the land surface. Variations in surface albedo, soil evaporation, and soil temperature through the snow–soil–atmosphere processes during the early snow-melting season are crucial for accurately simulating surface air temperature in the Northern Hemisphere. Moreover, terrestrial snowpack is a significant factor in global warming rates.
Counteracting Impacts of ENSO and the Aleutian Low on Winter Surface Air Temperature over Japan Sea Rim Region
Authors: Liu Xuefeng , Zhu Zhiwei , Takemura Kazuto , Yang Youngmin
Published: August 2024

Exploring the mechanisms modulating Japan Sea Rim (JSR) winter surface air temperature (JSRWT) holds significant scientific and societal importance. The present study unravels the counteracting impacts of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Aleutian low (AL) on JSRWT. Although ENSO and the AL have a significant positive correlation on interannual timescale, they exert totally opposite impacts on JSRWT. The positive Niño-3.4 sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) usually lead to positive JSRWT anomalies, while an enhanced AL often results in negative JSRWT anomalies. The tropical convection anomalies associated with the positive Niño-3.4 SSTA induce two tropical to extratropical Rossby wave trains, leading to a barotropic anomalous anticyclone over northeast Asia, and thereby positive JSRWT anomalies. Conversely, the strengthened AL perturbs the westerly jet and induces an eastward-propagating Rossby wave train, leading to a barotropic anomalous cyclone over northeast Asia and negative JSRWT anomalies. The northeastward-propagating Rossby wave induced by the ENSO-related tropical convection anomalies over the Indian Ocean offsets the downstream Rossby wave induced by the strengthened AL, leading to counteracting impacts of ENSO and the AL on JSRWT. Finally, a novel index for monitoring JSRWT is proposed based on the indices of ENSO and AL.

Significance Statement

Despite the advantage of ENSO as a well-known predictability source, the seasonal predictability of Japan Sea Rim winter surface air temperature (JSRWT) is far from satisfactory. Here, we discovered that the Aleutian low (AL) has an independent influence on JSRWT contrasting with that of ENSO. When the AL and ENSO are in-phase, JSRWT shows no significant anomalies, but the JSRWT anomalies are largely amplified when AL and ENSO are out-of-phase. Therefore, a novel index for monitoring JSRWT is proposed based on the indices of ENSO and AL. These findings shed light on the low capacity of the seasonal prediction of JSRWT when only considering ENSO as the precursor.
Geostatistical Simulation of Daily Rainfall Fields—Performance Assessment for Extremes in West Africa
Authors: Rauch Manuel , Bliefernicht Jan , Maranan Marlon , Fink Andreas H. , Kunstmann Harald
Published: August 2024

The spatial description of high-resolution extreme daily rainfall fields is challenging because of the high spatial and temporal variability of rainfall, particularly in tropical regions due to the stochastic nature of convective rainfall. Geostatistical simulations offer a solution to this problem. In this study, a stochastic geostatistical simulation technique based on the spectral turning bands method is presented for modeling daily rainfall extremes in the data-scarce tropical Ouémé River basin (Benin). This technique uses meta-Gaussian frameworks built on Gaussian random fields, which are transformed into realistic rainfall fields using statistical transfer functions. The simulation framework can be conditioned on point observations and is computationally efficient in generating multiple ensembles of extreme rainfall fields. The results of tests and evaluations for multiple extremes demonstrate the effectiveness of the simulation framework in modeling more realistic rainfall fields and capturing their variability. It successfully reproduces the empirical cumulative distribution function of the observation samples and outperforms classical interpolation techniques like ordinary kriging in terms of spatial continuity and rainfall variability. The study also addresses the challenge of dealing with uncertainty in data-poor areas and proposes a novel approach for determining the spatial correlation structure even with low station density, resulting in a performance boost of 9.5% compared to traditional techniques. Additionally, we present a low-skill reference simulation method to facilitate a comprehensive comparison of the geostatistical simulation approaches. The simulations generated have the potential to provide valuable inputs for hydrological modeling.
Enhancing Surface Wind Speed and Temperature Prediction Using Surface-Layer Emulator and Transfer Learning
Authors: Feng Jin , Li Yanjie
Published: August 2024

Accurate prediction of surface wind speed and temperature is crucial for many sectors. Physical schemes in numerical weather prediction (NWP) and data-driven correction approaches have limitations due to uncertainties in parameterization and lack of robustness, respectively. This study introduces a physics-informed data model, PhyCorNet, which combines a deep learning–based physics emulator (PhyNet) and a subsequent correction network (CorNet). PhyNet imitates the revised surface-layer parameterization scheme [default option of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model]. CorNet refines predictions by mitigating the difference between PhyNet and observations. PhyCorNet enables gridded forecasts despite the training data being point based. Therefore, PhyCorNet can be regarded as a rediagnostic scheme for surface wind speed at 10 m (WS10) and temperature at 2 m (T2). Compared to WRF, it reduced diagnostic root-mean-square errors in the 24-h forecasts for WS10 and T2 by 40% and 36%, respectively, across China, with unbiased forecasts at almost all sites. PhyCorNet addresses the oversmoothing prediction issue of other deep learning models by providing the ability to represent fine-scale features and perform well in statistically extreme samples. In grid cells without observations for training, PhyCorNet performed much better than WRF, demonstrating the zero-shot learning capability. This study implies that the emulator plus bias correction provided by PhyCorNet could be used as a simple but effective approach to improve the performance of other diagnostic quantities in NWP.

Significance Statement

We developed a new model called PhyCorNet to improve the surface wind speed and temperature forecasts. Existing weather forecast models have limitations in accurately predicting these variables. PhyCorNet first uses a neural network (PhyNet) to mimic an existing physics-based wind and temperature calculation method. Another neural network [correction network (CorNet)] improves the PhyNet forecasts by comparing them with observations. Across China, PhyCorNet reduced 24-h forecast errors for wind speed by 40% and temperature by 36% compared to a conventional model. It performed well under diverse conditions and overcame the oversmoothing issues faced by other machine learning models. Importantly, PhyCorNet outperformed traditional models in areas without historical observations. We suggest that this new framework can also be used to enhance the forecasts of other atmospheric variables.
Tranexamic Acid and Pulmonary Complications: A Secondary Analysis of an EAST Multicenter Trial
Authors: Raza Shariq S. , Tatum Danielle , Nordham Kristen D. , Broome Jacob M. , Keating Jane , Maher Zoe , Goldberg Amy J. , Chang Grace , Mendiola Pla Michelle , Haut Elliott R. , Tatebe Leah , Toraih Eman , Anderson Christofer , Ninokawa Scott , Maluso Patrick , Burruss Sigrid , Reeves Matthew , Coleman Lauren E. , Shatz David V. , Goldenberg-Sandau Anna , Bhupathi Apoorva , Spalding Chance , LaRiccia Aimee , Bird Emily , Noorbakhsh Matthew R. , Babowice James , Nelson Marsha C. , Jacobson Lewis E. , Williams Jamie , Vella Michael , Dellonte Kate , Hayward Thomas Z. , Holler Emma , Lieser Mark J. , Berne John D. , Mederos Dalier R. , Askari Reza , Okafor Barbara , Etchill Eric , Fang Raymond , Roche Samantha L. , Whittenburg Laura , Bernard Andrew C. , Haan James M. , Lightwine Kelly L. , Norwood Scott H. , Murry Jason , Gamber Mark A. , Carrick Matthew M. , Bugaev Nikolay , Tatar Antony , Duchesne Juan , Taghavi Sharven
Published: August 2024

Background

Anti-inflammatory effects of tranexamic acid (TXA) in reducing trauma endotheliopathy may protect from acute lung injury. Clinical data showing this benefit in trauma patients is lacking. We hypothesized that TXA administration mitigates pulmonary complications in penetrating trauma patients.

Materials and Methods

This is a post-hoc analysis of a multicenter, prospective, observational study of adults (18+ years) with penetrating torso and/or proximal extremity injury presenting at 25 urban trauma centers. Tranexamic acid administration in the prehospital setting or within three hours of admission was examined. Participants were propensity matched to compare similarly injured patients. The primary outcome was development of pulmonary complication (ARDS and/or pneumonia).

Results

A total of 2382 patients were included, and 206 (8.6%) received TXA. Of the 206, 93 (45%) received TXA prehospital and 113 (55%) received it within three hours of hospital admission. Age, sex, and incidence of massive transfusion did not differ. The TXA group was more severely injured, more frequently presented in shock (SBP < 90 mmHg), developed more pulmonary complications, and had lower survival ( P < 0.01 for all). After propensity matching, 410 patients remained (205 in each cohort) with no difference in age, sex, or rate of shock. On logistic regression, increased emergency department heart rate was associated with pulmonary complications. Tranexamic acid was not associated with different rate of pulmonary complications or survival on logistic regression. Survival was not different between the groups on logistic regression or propensity score–matched analysis.

Conclusions

Tranexamic acid administration is not protective against pulmonary complications in penetrating trauma patients.
Impact of Preoperative Osteosarcopenia and Postoperative Administration of Pancrelipase on the Prognosis of Borderline Resectable and Unresectable Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Matsumoto Michinori , Uwagawa Tadashi , Shirai Yoshihiro , Tsunematsu Masashi , Furukawa Kenei , Haruki Koichiro , Okui Norimitsu , Okazaki Kohei , Ishizaki Shunta , Ikegami Toru
Published: August 2024

Background

This study aimed to identify postoperative recurrence and prognostic factors, including osteosarcopenia for borderline resectable (BR) and unresectable locally advanced (UR-LA) pancreatic cancer and to examine the impact of postoperative pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT).

Methods

We retrospectively examined 32 resected patients with BR and UR-LA pancreatic cancer. We investigated independent factors in the disease-free survival and overall survival. The relation of osteosarcopenia with the clinicopathological factors was investigated. Additionally, the association of the administration of a standard dose of pancrelipase, the amount of lipase required for patients with pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, for ≥6 months postoperatively with improvement of sarcopenia, osteopenia, and osteosarcopenia and completion rate of adjuvant chemotherapy was investigated.

Results

Multivariate analyses identified osteosarcopenia ( P = 0.049) and lymph node metastasis ( P = 0.01) as independent recurrence predictors, and osteosarcopenia ( P = 0.002), maximum tumor diameter ≥40 mm ( P = 0.006), and no adjuvant therapy ( P = 0.01) as independent prognostic predictors. In the osteosarcopenia group, serum CA19-9 levels were higher ( P = 0.03). The administration of a standard dose of pancrelipase for ≥6 months postoperatively was none in the osteosarcopenia group (0% vs 42.9%, P = 0.01), while significantly improved postoperative sarcopenia (33% vs 0%, P = 0.004), increased number of cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy (n = 6 vs n = 3, P = 0.03), and the completion rate of adjuvant chemotherapy in excluding cases interrupted because of recurrence (86% vs 25%, P = 0.007).

Conclusions

Osteosarcopenia was an independent recurrent and prognostic factor in patients after pancreatectomy for locally advanced pancreatic cancer. Appropriate postoperative PERT may contribute to a better prognosis by improving sarcopenia and increasing the completion rate of adjuvant chemotherapy.
BM 47886+47914, a Babylonian astral compendium with possible implications for the origin of the “year of the Sun”
Authors: Ossendrijver Mathieu
Published: August 2024

The previously unpublished cuneiform fragment BM 47886+47914 belongs to an astral compendium written no later than 140/139 BCE. It contains a rare combination of procedures connected to mathematical astronomy, including a previously unknown one for Mercury’s daily motion, and what appear to be astrological procedures. It is argued that the fragment is an indirect join to BM 55555+55562 ( ACT No. 210 =  BMAPT No. 95), a similar, undated compendium of planetary and lunar procedures, including one mentioning a “year of the Sun,” for which a Greek origin has been proposed. BM 47886+47914 preserves a date of writing, with possible implications for the origin of the “year of the Sun.”
Occultation records in the Royal Frankish Annals for A.D. 807: Knowledge transfer from Arabia to Frankia?
Authors: Neuhäuser Ralph , Neuhäuser Dagmar L.
Published: August 2024

The Royal Frankish Annals (RFA) report under A.D. 807 three lunar and one solar eclipse (complete and dated correctly), a lunar occultation of Jupiter, and “a small spot” on the Sun interpreted as Mercury transit. This transmission is embedded between texts on the landing of diplomatic delegates from Baghdad and Jerusalem in Venice and on their meeting with Charlemagne. Technology transfer is explicitly mentioned (a mechanical water clock). The interpretation of a spot on the Sun as planetary transit is attested in Arabic reports since A.D. 840. The Jupiter occultation by the Moon is dated “Luna 17,” correctly counted in Muslim calendar practice since the first crescent detection. Eclipse predictions and records by astronomers from the cAbbasid caliphate using Ptolemy’s Almagest are extant from the early ninth century. There are time-spans of 6 months each between the three reported lunar eclipses (806 Sep 1/2, 807 Feb 25/26, Aug 21/22), a period of possible repetition given in the Almagest, but not known to the Carolingians. The 6-month rule for lunar eclipses might be preserved in the Carolingian Seven Book Computus. We present multiple evidence that visitors from Baghdad brought new insight and fostered the Carolingian progress in astronomy.