bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Credibility of Microfinance Institutions Loans to Financial Sustainability of Small and Medium Enterprises in Tanzania: A Case of Selected Enterprises in Arusha
Authors: Mwankemwa Suma Philbert
Published: August 2022

In evolution of global business, entrepreneurs have faced a number of new dares as they get into rivalries in their respective industries. Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) financing by Micro Financing Institutions (MFIs) has been one of the areas of interest to establish the credibility of loans provided by the said funding institutions. The purpose of this study was to determine MFIs loans credibility for the sustainability of SMEs in Tanzania. The specific objectives of the study were two, namely: to analyze the MFIs loans credibility on financial sustainability of the SMEs in Arusha City; and, to establish the effective supportive mechanisms for MFIs loans sustainability to SMEs in Arusha City. The study was a mixed quantitative and qualitative in approach, adopted a multiple case study design; involving few selected SMEs in Arusha – Tanzania. The study used qualitative and quantitative data gathered by the use of research schedules. The collected data were analyzed by the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) v.16 software. Descriptive statistics such as: frequencies, percentages, and mean were tabulated for giving gist to data; and hence, drawing the conclusion. The results in this study meant to help the stakeholders to ascertain whether MFIs’ loans provided by the said institutions are credible enough to ensure the sustainability of the funded SMEs or not. The study revealed that, the credibility of MFIs loans is impaired by; borrowers lack of collateral; lack of trainings; institutional corruptions; high interests attached to loans and inadequate grace periods provided to borrowers, among others. The study recommends the link between SMEs success and MFI’s group landing model be an area for future studies; in assessing its effectiveness for the said parties’ mutual growths.
The Impact of Post-Harvest Losses on Tomato Production in Bal‘ad District, Middle Shabelle Region, Somalia
Authors: Nuur Ismaan Hassan , Abdullahi Said Shuaib , Abubakar Mohamed Dayib , Siraje Mohamed Mohamed
Published: August 2022

Aims: The study was carried out in 2020 at Bal’ad District, Middle Shebelle, Somalia to investigate the post-harvesting losses on tomato production. 

Methodology: The research used a descriptive survey research design particularly cross-sectional study, and it was quantitative in nature. From the population, the study selected 109 sample size as to represent the population by using Slovin formula with the maximum acceptable error of 5 %. The sampling procedure was non-probability particularly purposive sampling. Primary data were collected using questionnaire survey and field observations. Descriptive statistics such as frequent, figures and percentages were used and analyzed with the package of statistical package for Social Science technique (SPSS 22.0).

Findings: The results revealed that on-farm losses viz. too much irrigation after fruiting the tomato (96.3%), high winds (85.3%), improper harvesting stages (90.8%) and incidence pests and disease (93.5%) were affecting the tomato production in Bal’ ad district accompanied by off farm losses occurred due to lack of good infrastructure (96.3%), delaying transportation vehicles long time during inspection check point leads decaying (90.9%)and lack of consistent market (86.2%). The study suggested that the farmers should be provided technical training on the management of post-harvest losses of tomato production.
An Intrinsic Analysis of Human Brucellosis Dynamics in Africa
Authors: Lolika Paride O. , Helikumi Mlyashimbi
Published: August 2022

Brucellosis is one of the most common zoonotic infections globally. It affects humans, domestic animals and wildlife. In this paper, we conduct an intrinsic analysis of human brucellosis dynamics in non-periodic and periodic environments. As such we propose and study twomathematical models for human brucellosis transmission and control, in which humans acquire infection from cattle and wildlife. The first model is an autonomous dynamical system and the second is a non-autonomous dynamical system in which the seasonal transmission of brucellosisis incorporated. Disease intervention strategies incorporated in this study are cattle vaccination, culling of infectious cattle and human treatment. For both models we conduct both epidemic and endemic analysis, with a focus on the threshold dynamics characterized by the basic reproductionnumbers. Using sensitivity analysis we established that R0 is most sensitive to the rate of brucellosis transmission from buffalos to cattle, the result suggest that in order to control human brucellosis there is a need to control cattle infection. Based on our models, we also formulatean optimal control problem with cattle vaccination and culling of infectious cattle as control functions. Using reasonable parameter values, numerical simulations of the optimal control demonstrate the possibility of reducing brucellosis incidence in humans, wildlife and cattle, withina finite time horizon, for both periodic and non-periodic environments.
Ethnomycological Study of Macrofungi from Mpanga Forest in Mpigi District, Central Uganda
Authors: Ngom Khady , Nakabonge Grace , Ssekandi Joseph , Akowedaho Bienvenu Dagoudo , Noba Kandioura
Published: August 2022

This study focused on the documentation of wild macrofungi species used by village communities living around Mpanga Forest in Mpigi District, Central Uganda. In order to determine the variability of knowledge and the modes of use of macrofungi by the local communities, a total of 100 people, distributed in 4 villages (Kalagala, Nakigudde, Mpambire, and Lwanga) including 25 people in each, were interviewed following a semi-structured survey. The information focused on vernacular names, different species of macrofungi used, different categories of uses (food, medicinal, commercial, mythical, and traditional beliefs), Seasonality, habitat, preservation, and preparation methods. The diversity of macrofungi was assessed by combining visits in Mpanga forest and ethnomycological surveys. Ethnomycological indices such as Total Use Value (TUV), Diversity Index (DI), Pielou Regularity Index (EI), and Sorensen's K test were calculated to analyze the use differences between the 4 village communities. To determine the influence of age, gender and literacy level on the mycological knowledge held by village communities, one-way ANOVA and t-tests were used. The field collections associated with the ethnomycological surveys made it possible to identify a total of 35 species useful for the local communities among which, 29 are edible, 14 are medicinal, 5 are used for income and 4 are used for mythical and traditional beliefs. Due to their higher total use value (TUV>1), species such as Leucoagaricus rubrotinctus (Ggudu), Termitomyces sp.1 (Bubbala) and Termitomyces sp.2 (Nakyebowa) are the most exploited by local communities. The study revealed that ethnomycological knowledge is held by a minority of respondents (IE<0.5) within each village community, a consistency homogeneity of this knowledge within this minority (DI<DImax/2), but high variability in the use of macrofungi between village communities as indicated by TUV values ​​and Sorensen's K test. The study also shown that the distribution of mycological knowledge of local communities was significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by gender, age and level of education. The results of this study provided information that could, in the future, be used in the domestication of wild macrofungi species and in mycomedecine to contribute to food security and improve public health care.
Heritability and Character Association among Yield Component Characters and Grain Yield in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Keerthana Karri Sai , Lavanya G. Roopa
Published: August 2022

Morphological characterization of 31 rice breeding lines using 13 agronomic traits was done in field experiment in a Randomized Block Design in the Research farm of Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, U.P. The goals were to determine the extent of variability among rice lines, the relationship between yield and other traits in order to identify a few traits that could serve as good yield components to improve rice yield, and the heritability of the traits in order to effectively utilise rice lines for breeding purposes. The combined data's correlation coefficient and broad-sense heritability estimations for the 13 features linked to grain yield revealed highly substantial genetic variation (p<0.0001) among the genotypes. Of all the characters evaluated, only harvest index had the highest and significant correlation with grain yield (r=0.660).
Isolation, Computational Characterization and Structure Prediction of Chitinase Gene-Bbchit of Beauveria bassiana
Authors: Nandhan N. S. , Kumar K. K. , Sankari R. Deepa , Balasubaramani V. , Murugan M.
Published: August 2022

Beauveria bassiana is an entomopathogenic fungus that is used as a biopesticide for the control of many insect pests in agriculturally important crops. B. bassiana produces many extracellular hydrolytic enzymes that degrade the insect cuticle. Among them, the fungal exochitinase mainly assists in the infection by degrading the chitin present in the insect cuticle. To characterize the exochitinase from B. bassiana, the chitinase gene (Bbchit) of 1050bp was amplified from the genomic DNA through PCR using gene-specific primers. This chitinase gene was cloned into the pJET1.2 cloning vector, confirmed through sequencing. The sequence (GI; OP114061) has been deposited in the NCBI database and used for bioinformatics analysis. The various Physico-chemical properties of chitinase protein such as pI, EC, AI, GRAVY and instability index were predicted using primary structure analysis. Using MEGA11 software, the translated chitinase protein- Bbchit showed that it closely resembles with the QJE37897.1 (chitinase Chit37). Primary and secondary structure analysis helps to characterize the functionality of chitinase protein (Bbchit). The 3D structure of B. bassiana was predicted using Robetta, an abinitio prediction method and confirmed through in-silico using the SAVESv6.0 (PROCHECK) server. The isolated exochitinase gene from B. bassiana has been characterized for use as a bio-control agent for the control of insect pests in crop plants.
Progress in the Treatment of Henoch-Schonlein Purpura in Children
Authors: Yang Zhaoyu , Wang Jiemin , Jiao Fuyong
Published: August 2022

Henoch-Schonlein Purpura (HSP) is the most common leukocyte fragmentary vasculitis with IgA immune complex deposition in childhood, which may affect capillaries, arterioles and venules in various systems of the body. Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis (HSPN) can be diagnosed when kidney damage occurs in children with HSP, which is the most severe complication of HSP. However, if the treatment of children with HSPN is delayed or recurrent, more than 20% of these children eventually develop chronic renal failure, seriously affecting the prognosis and quality of life of the children. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to the prognosis of children with HSP. This article reviews the treatment of HSP and HSPN.
Discovery of Natural-pan Inhibitors by Targeting Snake Venom Secretory Phospholipase A2 through Computational Approaches
Authors: Alshammari Ahmed Mohajja
Published: August 2022

Phytochemicals have been widely used in pharmaceuticals in recent decades due to their anti-inflammatory, cancer-preventative and cardiovascular-protective properties. These phytochemicals were tested on Crotalus durissus terrificus secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2), a significant protein in the release of arachidonic acid from phospholipid membranes, in this study. Circular dichroism showed that the secondary structure of the protein has been altered by treatment with phytochemicals. Another interesting finding was that, although phytochemicals reduced the enzyme activity and part of the drug-induced platelet-aggregation and myotoxicity of sPLA2 by 40 percent on average, they could do nothing to lessen the inflammatory or neurotoxic effects of this substance. These findings support the hypothesis that the protein has two separate pharmacological sites, one associated with the enzyme's active site and the other different from it. We used molecular docking to better understand how phytochemicals and sPLA2 might interact. Our docking findings indicated that additional phytochemicals with comparable structures could bind to sPLA2 via hydrogen-bonded, polar, and hydrophobic interactions. Additionally, the stability of the phytochemicals was double-checked using MD Simulation. The proposed study will help to develop better drug candidates with more therapeutic efficacy and least side effects. More research is needed to determine whether phytochemicals can be used to suppress the sPLA2 enzyme.
Ten Days Storage of Platelets: Analysis of Quality and Safety
Authors: Grech Kamie Marie , Baron Byron , Zammit Vanessa
Published: August 2022

Aims: The necessity for Platelet Concentrates (PCs) in transfusion has increased, and several measures have been undertaken to try and increase the shelf-life of this product. Increasing the shelf-life to 10 days from the current 5 days will increase availability and reduce waste and cost. However, the PCs need to maintain their safety and therapeutic efficacy over the extended storage time. To ensure the safety of this product, the bag should be sterile, with low concentrations of cytokines to prevent transfusion reactions, and the platelet indices should be within the therapeutic range to ensure efficacy. The aim of this study is to determine whether PCs retain quality standards and thus, remain fit for transfusion after being stored for 10 days in SSP+ at 22±2°C with constant agitation.

Study Design:  Qualitative study.

Place and Duration of Study: National Blood Transfusion Service Malta, between March 2021 and June 2022.

Methodology: In this study, 20 PCs were analysed by sampling on Day 5 and Day 10 of storage and tested for platelet count and indices, pH, sterility of the product and cytokine concentrations.

Results: The results obtained showed a significant differences in the platelet count and platelet indices and pH. The difference in cytokine concentration of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF—α) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) were not found to be statistically different between Day 5 and Day 10. Furthermore, 1 PC unit was positive during testing for bacteria detection.

Conclusion: These results showed that the difference between Day 5 and Day 10 is not alarming, and further studies should be made to prolong the storage life to 10 days.
An Analysis on the Reduction of Measurement Time Using Interpolation Algorithm in Near-field RCS Measurements for Aircraft Shape
Authors: Park Homin
Published: August 2022

The importance of stealth technology is increasing in modern warfare, and Radar Cross Section(RCS) is widely used as an indicator of stealth technology. It is useful to measure RCS using an image-based near-field to far-field transformation algorithm in short-range monostatic conditions. However, the near-field measurement system requires a longer measurement time compared to other methods. In this work, it is proposed to reduce the measured data using an interpolation method in azimuth angular domain. The calculated far-field RCS values according to the sampling rate is shown, and the performance of the algorithm applied with interpolation in the angular domain is presented. It is shown that measurement samples can be reduced several times by using the redundancy in the angular domain while producing results similar to the conventional method.
A Design Method for Pre-Distortion Compensation of SAR Chirp Signal based on Envelop Sampling and Interpolation Filter
Authors: Lee Young-Bok
Published: August 2022

The synthetic aperture radar(SAR) is an equipment that can acquire images in all weathers day and night based on radar signals. The on-board processor of satellite SAR generates transmission signal by digital signal processing, converts it into an analog signal and transmits to antenna. Until the transmission signal generated by on-board processor is output, the signal passes the transmission cables and analog devices. At this time, these hardware distort the signal and makes SAR performance worse. To improve the performance, pre-distortion technique is used. But, general pre-distortion using taylor series is not sufficient to compensate for the distortion. This paper suggests transmit signal design method with improved pre-distortion. This paper uses envelop sampling method and interpolation filter for frequency domain compensation. The proposed method accurately compensates the hardware distortion and reduces resource usage of FPGA. To analyze proposed method’s performance, IRF characteristics are compared when the proposed method applies to signal with errors.
A Study on Heat Flux Characteristics of Tubular Quartz Lamp for Thermal Load Design of High Temperature Structural Test
Authors: Kim Junhyeok
Published: August 2022

Development of supersonic flying vehicle is one of the most latest issue in modern military technology. Specifically, structural integrity of supersonic flying vehicle can be verified by high temperature structural test. High temperature structural test is required to consider thermal load caused by aerodynamic heating while applying structural load simultaneously. Tubular quartz lamps are generally used to generate thermal load by emitting infrared radiation. In this study, modified heat flux model of tubular quartz lamp is proposed based on existing model. Parameters of the proposed model are optimized upon measured heat flux in three dimensions. Finally, thermal load of plate specimen is designed by the heat flux model. In conclusion, it is possible to predict heat flux applied on plate specimen and desired thermal load of high temperature structural test can be obtained.
The Effect of Surface Roughness on the Trajectory of Howitzer Shell
Authors: Shin Geonho , Cheon Kangmin , Shin Baekcheon , Go Jeongil , Lee Junhyeok , Hur Jangwook
Published: August 2022

Surface state change of ammunition generated during the storage period increases the surface roughness and this affects the flight of ammunition, but there are no research results quantitatively indicating this. In this study, the drag force for each Mach number of howitzer shells was calculated through CFD to which the surface data of the howitzer shell was applied, and analysis of trajectory was performed using drag force values as an input of the 4th Runge-Kutta method, and the degree of decrease of the maximum range caused by the surface roughness of the howitzer shell was estimated. As a result, it was confirmed that the maximum range of howitzer shell with high surface roughness was 1.12 % shorter than that of howitzer shell without roughness. It was confirmed that the effect of surface roughness on the trajectory is not negligible.
FAST Design for Large-Scale Satellite Image Processing
Authors: Lee Youngrim , Park Wanyong , Park Hyunchun , Shin Daesik
Published: August 2022

This study proposes a distributed parallel processing system, called the Fast Analysis System for remote sensing daTa(FAST), for large-scale satellite image processing and analysis. FAST is a system that designs jobs in vertices and sequences, and distributes and processes them simultaneously. FAST manages data based on the Hadoop Distributed File System, controls entire jobs based on Apache Spark, and performs tasks in parallel in multiple slave nodes based on a docker container design. FAST enables the high-performance processing of progressively accumulated large-volume satellite images. Because the unit task is performed based on Docker, it is possible to reuse existing source codes for designing and implementing unit tasks. Additionally, the system is robust against software/hardware faults. To prove the capability of the proposed system, we performed an experiment to generate the original satellite images as ortho-images, which is a pre-processing step for all image analyses. In the experiment, when FAST was configured with eight slave nodes, it was found that the processing of a satellite image took less than 30 sec. Through these results, we proved the suitability and practical applicability of the FAST design.
A Study on Reinforcement Learning Method for the Deception Behavior : Focusing on Marine Corps Amphibious Demonstrations
Authors: Park Daekuk , Cho Namsuk
Published: August 2022

Military deception is an action executed to deliberately mislead enemy’s decision by deceiving friendly forces intention. In the lessons learned from war history, deception appears to be a critical factor in the battlefield for successful operations. As training using war-game simulation is growing more important, it is become necessary to implement military deception in war-game model. However, there is no logics or rules proven to be effective for CGF(Computer Generated Forces) to conduct deception behavior automatically. In this study, we investigate methodologies for CGF to learn and conduct military deception using Reinforcement Learning. The key idea of the research is to define a new criterion called a “deception index” which defines how agent learn the action of deception considering both their own combat objectives and deception objectives. We choose Korea Marine Corps Amphibious Demonstrations to show applicability of our methods. The study has an unique contribution as the first research that describes method of implementing deception behavior.
The Development of Air Escort Tactics for High-Value Airborne Assets Using Manned-Unmanned Teaming and the Study on Effective Force Disposition Using M&S
Authors: Park Myunghwan , Yoo Seunghoon , Oh Jihyon , Seol Hyeonju
Published: August 2022

As the role of high-value air assets(e.g., AWACS, JSTARS, Rivet Joint, E-2) becomes more critical in modern warfare, the air escort for these assets blocking attacks from any potential enemy fighter also becomes vital. Without the escort, the operations of the assets become restricted. However, such an escort is not always possible due to the limited flight time of the escort fighters. In this paper, we introduce an escort tactics for high-value air assets performed by the manned-unmanned teaming composed of a transport aircraft and UAVs(unmanned aerial vehicles). In this tactics, the transport aircraft plays the role of an aircraft carrier, which carries, launches, and retrieves the UAVs. The missions of UAVs in this tactics are to detect and engage enemy fighters. We also introduce the simulation result of this tactics to identify the UAVs' required capabilities and optimal maneuvering.
An Application of Surrogate and Resampling for the Optimization of Success Probability from Binary-Response Type Simulation
Authors: Lee Donghoon , Hwang Kunchul , Lee Sangil , Yun Won-young
Published: August 2022

Since traditional derivative-based optimization for noisy simulation shows bad performance, evolutionary algorithms are considered as substitutes. Especially in case when outputs are binary, more simulation trials are needed to get near-optimal solution since the outputs are discrete and have high and heterogeneous variance. In this paper, we propose a genetic algorithm called SARAGA which adopts dynamic resampling and fitness approximation using surrogate. SARAGA reduces unnecessary numbers of expensive simulations to estimate success probabilities estimated from binary simulation outputs. SARAGA allocates number of samples to each solution dynamically and sometimes approximates the fitness without additional expensive experiments. Experimental results show that this novel approach is effective and proper hyper parameter choice of surrogate and resampling can improve the performance of algorithm.
In-vitro Tests of Topical Skin Protectants using a Flow-Through Diffusion Cell System Containing Excised Hairless Mouse Skin
Authors: Lee Eun Young , Choi Hoo Kyun , Kim Sang Woong , Seo Dong Sung , Joe Hae Eun , Yu Chi Ho , Kim Chang Hwan , Cho Young
Published: August 2022

Highly toxic chemical warfare agents(CWA) could be used in chemical warfare and terrorism. The protection of skin is crucial for civilians and soldiers, because the primary routes of exposure to CWA are inhalation and skin absorption. Thus, topical skin protectants(TSP) have been studied and developed in many countries to complement protective equipments. In this study, in-vitro test procedure was optimized and established using a flow-through diffusion cell system containing excised hairless mouse skin in an attempt to assess the effectiveness of various TSP formulations against nerve agent simulants. In addition, the test results on the formulations including the ingredients used in SERPACWA(Skin Exposure Reduction Paste Against Chemical Warfare Agent) and IB-1(TSP of Israel) were included, indicating that the formulations with perfluorinated compounds were more effective than the glycerin-based formulations.
FAMÍLIA, GÊNERO E TRABALHO NO BRASIL (MULHERES CHEFESDE- FAMÍLIA NOS MERCADOS DE TRABALHO PAULISTA E BAIANO NO PERÍODO 1950-1980)
Authors: Garcia Castro Mary
Published: August 2022

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FONTES PARA A HISTÓRIA DA MORTE NA BAHIA DO SÉCULO XIX
Authors: Reis João José
Published: August 2022

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EMPREGO DOMÉSTICO: Revendo o Novo
Authors: Britto da Motta Alda
Published: August 2022

Considerando o novo como culminância ou momento privilegiado de uma processo, o artigo aponta alguns momentos de mudança do trabalho doméstico na História: de produção coletiva a individual, de não-remunerada a assalariada, exercida diferencialmente segundo gêneros, classes e gerações. Contemporaneamente, enfim legitimado como análise acadêmica, realiza-se em um contexto social de crise, onde tanto mulheres como classes populares se demonstram capazes de ação política. Based on the definition that the "new" in given social process are those moments in which qualification changes take place, this article discusses domestic work in History. It focuses on change from collective to individualized production and from unpaid to wage labor; and also on how it has been differentiated on the basis of the workers' sex, class and generation. The article focuses basically on the new trends in the condition of housemaids and servants in Brazil, who are begining to organize for political action. Publicação Online do Caderno CRH:http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br
A ECONOMIA INFORMACIONAL, A NOVA DIVISÃO INTERNACIONAL DO TRABALHO E O PROJETO SOCIALISTA
Authors: Castells Manuel
Published: August 2022

O autor conceitua como informacional a economia caracterizada pelo peso crescente da ciência, da tecnologia e da informação na produção, pela flexibilização e reorganização da produção em relação à demanda e por uma globalidade sistêmica onde os elementos se organizam em fluxos supranacionais. Assinala como a economia informacional é tão global como desigual, implicando em nova divisão internacional do trabalho, cuja dinâmica determinará a evolução da economia mundial na próxima década, assim como as possibilidades de desenvolvimento dos diversos países e áreas. Explorando essas possibilidades, ele se reporta, também, aos efeitos sociais dos grandes processos em curso e ao novo conteúdo e tarefas de um projeto socialista nesse contexto atual.  The economy the author calls informational is characterized by a growing influence of science, technology and information on production, by the flexibilization and reorganization of production in relation to demand, and by a systematic globality in which the single elements are organized transnationally. The informational economy is as much global as unequal, because it implies a new international division of labour - the dynamics of which shall pattern the development of world economy for the next decade - as well as opportunities in the single countries and regions.While exploring these opportunities, the author relates the social effects of these large-scale processes to the new tasks and ideas of a socialist project in the present context.Publicação Online do Caderno CRH:http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br
QUANDO FALAMOS DE FAMÍLIA, DE QUE FAMÍLIA ESTAMOS FALANDO?
Authors: Salles Vânia
Published: August 2022

Através da recuperação de literatura relativa à variedade de formas familiares de convivência e a multiplicidade de relações produzidas e reproduzidas neste espaço, o artigo indica uma ruptura com paradigmas que hegemonizam o âmbito restrito da ação familiar e produtiva do campesinato, incursionando em visões alternativas de caráter multifacetário, que privilegiam modalidades internas de interação numa perspectiva relacional (rede de parentesco entre gerações e pessoas de diferentes gêneros) remetendo estas redes à comunidade, vista como espaço analítico que integra o âmbito econômico e as dimensões sócio-culturais que afetam os modelos familiares e a emergência dos novos arranjos sociais. By recovering the literature relating to the variety of forms of family life, and the multiplicity of relationship which are produced and reproduced there, the author points out to a rupture in the paradigms that hegemonize the limited domain of the familiar and productive action of peasantry. The article explores alternative views that privilege internal modalities of interaction within a relacional perspective (kindship network between generations and genders) and relates this network to the community - the analytical space that integrates the economic domain and the socio-cultural dimensions affecting patterns of family life and the development of new social arrangements. Publicação Online do Caderno CRH:http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br
ALFABETIZAÇÃO DE ADULTOS COMO POLÍTICA EDUCACIONAL DOS MOVIMENTOS SOCIAIS
Authors: Borges Celma
Published: August 2022

O artigo discute a alfabetização de adultos, no quadro de referência dos movimentos sociais por educação. Apresenta as características das políticas educacionais alternativas, enfatizando de um lado, os contextos de carências e violências, a ausência do ensino regular e a valorização da escola, os objetivos e formas de atuação dos projetos alternativos, como fatores que as favorecem. E de outro, a formação e condições de trabalho dos professores e monitores, as dificuldades financeiras e materiais, os problemas sociais e a mobilização dos alunos, como condicionantes de sua desestruturação. Coloca estas experiências enquanto educação para a cidadania, portanto, como um dos processos característicos dos movimentos sociais, fazendo restrições à sua dimensão de ensino da leitura e da escrita. Em suas conclusões, assinala a importância secundária que a educação adquire e sua abrangência limitada face à necessidade de sobrevivência das populações a que se destina e a crise sócio-econômica que o país atravessa, e, ainda que as distorções das políticas econômicas e sociais fomentam e catalisam as diversas formas de exclusão social, comprometendo a qualidade de vida da população brasileira e o exercício de sua cidadania. ADULTS LITERACY AS EDUCATIONAL POLITIC OF SOCIAL MOVEMENTS - Celma Borges Gomes This article investigates adult literacy in relation to social movements for education. It presents the characteristics of alternative educational politics, emphasizing on the one hand the context of needs and violence, the faults of regular teaching and the valorization of schools, and the objectives and forms in the actualization of alternative projects, with factors favorable to these experiences. On the other hand, it looks at the training of teachers and aides and their work conditions, the financial and material difficulties, and social problems and student mobilization, with factors that condition their destructuring. It considers these experiences of "education for citizenship" as one of the principle characteristics of social movements, however restricting it may be in the actual teaching of reading and writing. In conclusion, the article shows the secundary importance given to formal education and the limited scope of these social movements in the face of the survival needs of the targeted population and the present Brazilian social-economic crisis. This results in political, economic and social distortions which facilitate and create diverse forms of social exclusion, compromising the quality of life for the Brazilian population and the exercise of their citizenship.Publicação Online do Caderno CRH:http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br
Pobreza e cidadania - Dilemas do Brasil contemporâneo
Authors: Telles Vera da Silva
Published: August 2022

Este artigo aborda o enigma da persistência e crescimento da pobreza no Brasil, que atinge até mesmo os trabalhadores urbanos integrados nos centros dinâmicos da economia do país. Ao analisá-lo, destaca o autoritarismo, a excludência e a incivilidade da sociedade brasileira, mostrando como isto se reflete na vida dos trabalhadores e de suas famílias. Poverty and Citizenship: Dilemmas in Contemporary Brazil Vera da Silva Telles This article approaches the enigma of the persistence and growth of poverty in Brazil wich today encompasses even urban workers integrated in the most dynamic brazilian economic centers. In analyzing this problem, it highlights Brazilian society's authoritarism, exclusionism and uncivility, showing how they are reflected on the lives of workers and of their families. Publicação Online do Caderno CRH:http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br
Crítica da divisão do trabalho, saúde e contra-poderes.
Authors: Thébaud-Mony Annie
Published: August 2022

O artigo focaliza as transformações em curso no mundo do trabalho nas sociedades do primeiro e do terceiro mundo. Mergulhadas em profunda crise, estas sociedades têm adotado os processos de flexibilização e terceirização como instrumentos estratégicos, sobre os quais a autorase debruça - tendo a França e sua indústria nuclear como locus privilegiado de análise -, resgatando a saúde como importante dimensão reveladora de contradições sociais e políticas e retomando, como eixo central de discussão e da história deste fim de século XX, a questão da crescente exclusão social. Critique of the Division of Work, Health and Counter-Powers. Annie Thébaud-Mony This article focuses on the on-going transformations taking place in the work sphere in societies of the "first" and "thrid" world. Submerged in a profound crisis, these societies have been adopting the processes of flexibilization and tertiarization as strategical tools. Taking France and its nuclear industry as the privileged locus of analysis, the author reflects upon these processes and tools, rescueing health as an important dimension in revealing social and political contradictions. This is accomplished by restoring the growing process of social exclusion not only as central axis for this discussion but also understanding the history of the end of the xxth century. Publicação Online do Caderno CRH:http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br
CASTRO, Eduardo Viveiros de Areweté: O povo do Ipixuna. São Paulo, CEDI, 1992. 192 pp
Authors: Cavalcante Clovis
Published: August 2022

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Tiana Pēwhairangi Trego-Hall and Lily Kay Matariki O’Neill in conversation with Anna Hinehou Fleming and Verity Armstrong
Authors: Pēwhairangi Trego-Hall Tiana , Kay Matariki O’Neill Lily , Fleming Anna , Armstrong Verity
Published: August 2022

Ka pū te ruha, ka hao te rangatahi — The old fishing net is replaced by the new fishing net. This whakatauki reminds us that our rangatahi, our young people, as our next generation, are the ones that will take the lead. The following kōrero emerged from the rangatahi panel which Tiana and Lily were part of at the NZAP’s Te Ipu Taiao Climate Crucible hui in March 2021. We received much feedback and gratitude around the indigenous perspective that each young person brought with regard to the current climate crisis, and so we asked them if they would be interested in a follow up interview that could be published. As Aotearoa’s next generation, we were interested to further explore their experiences and feelings as indigenous rangatahi living in Te Ao Hurihuri, our ever changing world.

Ka pū te ruha, ka hao te rangatahi. He whakamaumaharatanga mai tā tēnei whakataukī ko ā tātau rangatahi, ā tātau taiohi, te reanga whai muri mai, ngā kaitātaki mō apōpō. I puta mai ngā kōrero e whai ake nei i te rōpū rangatahi i roto nei a Tiana rāua ko Riri i te hui a Te Ipu Taiao Climate Crucible hui a NZAP i te marama o Poutū-te-rangi 2021. Tino koa, tino maha ngā kōrero a ngā taiohi i whakahokia mai e whakaputa ana i ō rātau tirohanga mō te āhuarangi mōrearea ōnaianei. Nā tēnei ka pātaihia rātau mena ka aro ake rātau ki ētahi uiuinga, ka tāia nei pea ā tōna wā. Nā te mea ko rātau te reanga e piki ake ana, e tino kaikā ana mātau ki te whai haere i ō rātau wheako me ō rātau whakaaro — ngā taiohi tangata whenua e noho ana i roto i tēnei Ao Hurihuri, tō tātau ao e kore nei e mutu te hurihuri.
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus ORF4b protein inhibits TLR7‐ and TLR9‐dependent alpha interferon induction
Authors: Kitagawa Yoshinori , Tsukamoto Takumi , Itoh Masae , Gotoh Bin
Published: August 2022

The Toll‐like receptor (TLR)7‐ and TLR9‐dependent signalling cascade is responsible for production of a large amount of alpha interferon by plasmacytoid dendritic cells upon viral infection. Here, we show that Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) accessory protein ORF4b has the most potential among the MERS‐CoV accessory proteins to inhibit the TLR7/9‐signaling‐dependent alpha interferon production. ORF4b protein, which has a bipartite nuclear localization signal, was found to bind to IKKα, a kinase responsible for phosphorylation of interferon regulatory factor (IRF)7. This interaction caused relocation of a large proportion of IKKα from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Studies using ORF4b and IKKα mutants demonstrated that ORF4b protein inhibited IKKα‐mediated IRF7 phosphorylation by sequestering IKKα in the nucleus and by impeding the phosphorylation process of cytoplasmic IKKα.
Apatinib enhances chemosensitivity of ABT‐199 in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Shi Yuanfei , Ye Jing , Shen Huafei , Xu Yi , Wan Rui , Ye Xiujin , Jin Jie , Xie Wanzhuo
Published: August 2022

To investigate the effect of Apatinib (an inhibitor targeting VEGFR‐2) enhances chemosensitivity of ABT‐199 on diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Viability assay and flow cytometric assay for determining apoptosis, cell cycle, mitochondrial membrane potential, reactive oxygen species and immunoblotting were used to explore the combination effect in DLBCL cell lines, DLBCL patient samples, and DLBCL mouse models. RNA sequencing assay helped identify mechanisms of ABT‐199 plus Apatinib. The results show that ABT‐199 combined with Apatinib inhibited cell proliferation, reduced colony‐forming capacity, and induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in DLBCL cells. Mechanistically, the combination therapy inhibited tumour cell growth and promoted tumour cell death by regulating EDN1 and MAPK‐related pathways and activating the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. The effect of the combination therapy was also validated in primary DLBCL blasts and xenograft mouse models. Our findings indicate that Apatinib enhances the chemosensitivity of ABT‐199 and might serve as a promising therapeutic strategy for DLBCL.
Epileptiform activity predicts epileptogenesis in cerebral hemorrhage
Authors: Kong Tseun Han James , Abdul Azeem Mohammad , Naeem Ayesha , Allen Shawn , Kim Jennifer Ahjin , Struck Aaron F.
Published: August 2022

This retrospective case–controlled study was performed to evaluate whether Epileptiform Activity, suspected clinical seizures, and/or 2HELPS2B/S after nontraumatic Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage or Subarachnoid Hemorrhage can predict Epilepsy. Hundred and thirty‐two patients were included—29 (Epilepsy), 103 (Control Group). After matching, the average effect for all three risk factors was significant as follows: (1) Epileptiform Activity (p = 0.012, odds ratio 3.14), (2) suspected seizures (p = 0.021, odds ratio 3.78), and (3) 2HELPS2B/S score (p < 0.001, odds ratio 4.94). This study shows that Epileptiform Activity, suspected seizures, and particularly, the 2HELPS2B/S score in the acute phase are risk factors for the development of epilepsy after nontraumatic intraparenchymal and subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Room‐Temperature Negative Differential Resistance and High Tunneling Current Density in GeSn Esaki Diodes
Authors: Liu Chia‐You , Tien Kai‐Ying , Chiu Po‐Yuan , Wu Yu‐Jui , Chuang Yen , Kao Hsiang‐Shun , Li Jiun‐Yun
Published: August 2022

Tunnel field‐effect transistors (TFETs) are a promising candidate for low‐power applications owing to their steep subthreshold swing of sub‐60 mV per decade. For silicon‐ or germanium‐based TFETs, the drive current is low due to the indirect band‐to‐band tunneling (BTBT) process. Direct‐bandgap germanium–tin (GeSn) can boost the TFET performance since phonon participation is not required during the tunneling process. Esaki diodes with negative differential resistance (NDR) are used to characterize the BTBT properties and calibrate the tunneling rates for TFET applications. This work demonstrates high‐performance GeSn Esaki diodes with clear NDR at room temperature with very high peak‐to‐valley current ratios of 15–53 from 300 K to 4 K. A record‐high peak current density of 545 kA cm−2 at 4 K is also reported for the tensile‐strained Ge0.925Sn0.075 device (strain ≈0.6 %). By applying tensile stresses to n‐GeSn epitaxial films, the direct BTBT process dominates, leading to high tunneling rates. Hall measurements further confirm that more electrons populate in the direct Γ valley in the tensile‐strained n‐GeSn epitaxial films.
Interspace and Vacancy Modulation: Promoting the Zinc Storage of an Alcohol‐Based Organic–Inorganic Cathode in a Water–Organic Electrolyte
Authors: He Weidong , Lin Zedong , Zhao Kangning , Li Yanlu , Meng Chao , Li Jiantao , Lee Sungsik , Wu Yongzhong , Hao Xiaopeng
Published: August 2022

Expanding interspace and introducing vacancies are desired to promote the mobility of Zn ions and unlock the inactive sites of layered cathodes. However, this two‐point modulation has not yet been achieved simultaneously in vanadium phosphate. Here, a strategy is proposed for fabricating an alcohol‐based organic–inorganic hybrid material, VO1−xPO4·0.56C6H14O4, to realize the conjoint modulation of the d‐interspace and oxygen vacancies. Peculiar triglycol molecules with an inclined orientation in the interlayer also boost the improvement in the conversion rate of V5+ to V4+ and the intensity of the PO bond. Their synergism can ensure steerable adjustment for intercalation kinetics and electron transport, as well as realize high chemical reactivity and redox‐center optimization, leading to at least 200% increase in capacity. Using a water–organic electrolyte, the designed Zn‐ion batteries with an ultrahigh‐rate profile deliver a long‐term durability (fivefold greater than pristine material) and an excellent energy density of ≈142 Wh kg−1 (including masses of cathode and anode), thereby substantially outstripping most of the recently reported state‐of‐the‐art zinc‐ion batteries. This work proves the feasibility to realize the two‐point modulation by using organic intercalants for exploiting high‐performance new 2D materials.
Real‐Time Measurement of Cell Mechanics as a Clinically Relevant Readout of an In Vitro Lung Fibrosis Model Established on a Bioinspired Basement Membrane
Authors: Doryab Ali , Taskin Mehmet Berat , Stahlhut Philipp , Groll Jürgen , Schmid Otmar
Published: August 2022

Lung fibrosis, one of the major post‐COVID complications, is a progressive and ultimately fatal disease without a cure. Here, an organ‐ and disease‐specific in vitro mini‐lung fibrosis model equipped with noninvasive real‐time monitoring of cell mechanics is introduced as a functional readout. To establish an intricate multiculture model under physiologic conditions, a biomimetic ultrathin basement (biphasic elastic thin for air–liquid culture conditions, BETA) membrane (<1 µm) is developed with unique properties, including biocompatibility, permeability, and high elasticity (<10 kPa) for cell culturing under air–liquid interface and cyclic mechanical stretch conditions. The human‐based triple coculture fibrosis model, which includes epithelial and endothelial cell lines combined with primary fibroblasts from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients established on the BETA membrane, is integrated into a millifluidic bioreactor system (cyclic in vitro cell‐stretch, CIVIC) with dose‐controlled aerosolized drug delivery, mimicking inhalation therapy. The real‐time measurement of cell/tissue stiffness (and compliance) is shown as a clinical biomarker of the progression/attenuation of fibrosis upon drug treatment, which is confirmed for inhaled Nintedanib—an antifibrosis drug. The mini‐lung fibrosis model allows the combined longitudinal testing of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of drugs, which is expected to enhance the predictive capacity of preclinical models and hence facilitate the development of approved therapies for lung fibrosis.
Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells with a High Open‐Circuit Voltage Over 1.2 V Achieved by a Dual‐Side Passivation Layer
Authors: Kim Ju‐Hyeon , Kim Yong Ryun , Kim Juae , Oh Chang‐Mok , Hwang In‐Wook , Kim Jehan , Zeiske Stefan , Ki Taeyoon , Kwon Sooncheol , Kim Heejoo , Armin Ardalan , Suh Hongsuk , Lee Kwanghee
Published: August 2022

Suppressing nonradiative recombination at the interface between the organometal halide perovskite (PVK) and the charge‐transport layer (CTL) is crucial for improving the efficiency and stability of PVK‐based solar cells (PSCs). Here, a new bathocuproine (BCP)‐based nonconjugated polyelectrolyte (poly‐BCP) is synthesized and this is introduced as a “dual‐side passivation layer” between the tin oxide (SnO2) CTL and the PVK absorber. Poly‐BCP significantly suppresses both bulk and interfacial nonradiative recombination by passivating oxygen‐vacancy defects from the SnO2 side and simultaneously scavenges ionic defects from the other (PVK) side. Therefore, PSCs with poly‐BCP exhibits a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.4% and a high open‐circuit voltage of 1.21 V with a reduced voltage loss (PVK bandgap of 1.56 eV). The non‐encapsulated PSCs also show excellent long‐term stability by retaining 93% of the initial PCE after 700 h under continuous 1‐sun irradiation in nitrogen atmosphere conditions.
A Novel Multi‐Sulfur Source Collaborative Chemical Bath Deposition Technology Enables 8%‐Efficiency Sb2S3 Planar Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Shaoying , Zhao Yuqi , Che Bo , Li Chuang , Chen Xueling , Tang Rongfeng , Gong Junbo , Wang Xiaomin , Chen Guilin , Chen Tao , Li Jianmin , Xiao Xudong
Published: August 2022

Sb2S3 as a light‐harvesting material has attracted great attention for applications in both single‐junction and tandem solar cells. Such solar cell has been faced with current challenge of low power conversion efficiency (PCE), which has stagnated for 8 years. It has been recognized that the synthesis of high‐quality absorber film plays a critical role in efficiency improvement. Here, using fresh precursor materials for antimony (antimony potassium tartrate) and combined sulfur (sodium thiosulfate and thioacetamide), a unique chemical bath deposition procedure is created. Due to the complexation of sodium thiosulfate and the advantageous hydrolysis cooperation between these two sulfur sources, the heterogeneous nucleation and the S2‐ releasing processes are boosted. As a result, there are noticeable improvements in the deposition rate, film morphology, crystallinity, and preferred orientations. Additionally, the improved film quality efficiently lowers charge trapping capacity, suppresses carrier recombination, and prolongs carrier lifetimes, leading to significantly improved photoelectric properties. Ultimately, the PCE exceeds 8% for the first time since 2014, representing the highest efficiency in all kinds of Sb2S3 solar cells to date. This study is expected to shed new light on the fabrication of high‐quality Sb2S3 film and further efficiency improvement in Sb2S3 solar cells.