bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Authors: Sexton Daniel]. , Breitschwerdt Edward B
Published: November 2023

Rocky Mountain spotted fever carried by infection with Rickettsia rickettsii, is an acute tick-borne disease which, in its classic form, is characterized by a cutaneous rash, fever, and widespread organ dysfunction. Illness is related to direct endothelial injury caused by R. rickettsii’ The name Rocky Mountain spotted fever is a misnomer as the disease occurs through the continental United States, southern Canada, Mexico, Central America, and even in parts of South America. Synonyms for Rocky Mountain spotted fever include tick typhus, Tobia fever (Columbia), Sao Paulo fever, and fiebre maculosa (Brazil) and fiebre marchada (Mexico). The severity of clinical illness is highly variable, ranging from a mild viral-like malady to a fulminant fatal disease.
Mediterranean Spotted Fever And Other Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae
Authors: Beati Lorenza , Raoult Didier
Published: November 2023

The spotted fever group of rickettsiae consists of 22 serotypes, or species, of Gram-negative, strictly intracellular bacteria which are associated with ticks and have common antigenic properties. Six strains isolated from patients are recognized as pathogens, while nine others have been isolated only from ticks and are considered to be organisms of unknown pathogenicity. The other four pathogenic serotypes and six tick-isolates which have been described are yet to be officially included in the spotted fever group.
Arenaviruses
Authors: Howard Colin R
Published: November 2023

The arenaviruses, which take their name from the sand-sprinkled appearance under the electron microscope, are single-stranded RNA viruses which can cause severe haemorrhagic disease (e.g. Lassa fever, Argentinian, Bolivian and Venezuelan haemorrhagic fevers).
Foot-And-Mouth Disease, Vesicular Stomatitis, Newcastle Disease, And Swine Vesicular Disease
Authors: lvlorgan-Capner P , Bryden A S
Published: November 2023

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is still of major economic importance in many parts of the world, despite its successful control, and indeed eradication, in many others. Although the virus (FMDV) can infect a wide range of hooved animals, it is primarily in cattle and pigs that severe problems ensue. The virus is in the genus Aphthovirus of the family Picornaviridae and symptomatic infection usually presents as vesicles of the mouth and hooves. Human infection has been reported, but appears to be rare and of no health significance. There are a number of modes of transmission, but aerosol spread is the most important, with very high titres of virus being excreted by infected animals and infectious droplets capable of being carried over long distance by prevailing winds. The availability of a killed vaccine for almost 50 years, and quarantine and slaughter policies, enable control if used aggressively.
Hantaviruses
Authors: Clement J , Kenna P Mc , Groen G van der , Vahcri, A , Peters C .J
Published: November 2023

Hantavirus (HTV) is one of the recently discovered (1977) aetiological agents of acute viral haemorrhagic fever, and belongs as such to the group of ‘emerging viruses’ such as Ebola (1977), Guanarito (1991), and Sabia viruses (1994). HTV is the newest described genus in the Bunyaviridae family, and the only genus in that family that is not arthropod-borne, but transmitted by murid rodents.
Herpes B Virus
Authors: Brown D W G
Published: November 2023

B virus or herpes simiae is a skin infection of monkeys mainly of the Macaca genus, which is transmitted by close contact and possibly sexually. Laboratory workers exposed to infected monkeys have been infected by bites and scratches, and through abraded skin, leading, 4-59 days later to an ascending encephalomyelitis, and death. Prevention of infection requires quarantine of imported monkeys and stringent labora- torv safetv precautions. Treatment with acyclovir has been successful.
Influenza
Authors: Brown I H , Alexander D J
Published: November 2023

Influenza is a highly contagious, acute illness which has afflicted humans and animals since ancient times. Influenza viruses form the Orthomyxoviridae family and are grouped into types A, B, and C on the basis of the antigenic nature of the internal nucleocapsid or the matrix protein. Influenza A viruses infect a large variety of animal species, including humans, pigs, horses, sea mammals, and birds, occasionally producing devastating pandemics in humans, such as in 1918 when over 20 million deaths occurred worldwide. The two surface glycoproteins of the virus, haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), are the most important antigens for inducing protective immunity in the host and therefore show the greatest variation. For influenza A viruses 15 antigenically distinct HA and nine NA subtypes are recognized at present; a virus possesses one HA and one NA subtype, apparently in any combination. Although viruses of relatively few subtype combinations have been isolated from mammalian species, all subtypes, in most combinations, have been isolated from birds.
Poxviruses
Authors: Reid Hugh W
Published: November 2023

The poxviruses are a large family of complex viruses infecting many species of vertebrates as well as arthropods, and members of the three genera Orthopoxvirus, Yatapoxvirus and Parapoxvirus are the cause of sporadic zoonotic infections originating from both wildlife and domestic livestock. Infections of man are generally associated with localized lesions, regarded as inconvenient rather than life-threatening, although severe reactions have occurred, particularly in immunologically compromised individuals.
Cryptosporidiosis
Authors: Coop R L , Wright, S E , Casemore D P
Published: November 2023

Cryptosporidium is a small protozoan coccidian obligate parasite which infects mainly the apical region of epithelial cells lining the gastrointestinal tract of vertebrates, sometimes the respiratory tract and also can involve associated organs such as the biliary tract.
Schistosomosis
Authors: Taylor M G
Published: November 2023

Schistosomosis remains one of the great endemic diseases of the tropics and subtropics, with more than 200 million people infected in 74 countries and a further 400 million at risk of infection. The disease is also of veterinary significance, with high prevalences of infection being reported from many countries, particularly those in tropical areas, though in very few instances are accurate epidemiological data available for the animal disease.
Strongyloidosis
Authors: Nolan T J , Genta R M , Schad G A
Published: November 2023

Strongyloidiosis is normally an intestinal parasitism caused by the threadworm, Strongyloides stercoralis. The parasite, occurring in dogs, primates, and man, is distributed throughout the moist tropics, as well as in temperate areas where poor sanitation or other factors facilitate the occurrence of faecally transmitted organisms. In some parts of the world, notably Africa and New Guinea, human infections caused by 5. fulleborni have been reported. In Africa, the latter is primarily a parasite of primates, but in New Guinea, no animal host is known.
Angiostrongylosis
Authors: Cross John H
Published: November 2023

Although there are over 20 species of Angiostrongylus infecting the vascular system of a variety of vertebrates, only two species naturally found in rodents are known to infect humans and cause disease. Angiostrongylus cantonensis is found in the pulmonary arteries of rats worldwide and A. costaricensis is a parasite of cotton rats and a few other rodents predominently in America. The intermediate hosts for these parasites are terrestrial mollucs.
Trichinellosis
Authors: Ljungström Inger , Murrell Darwin , Pozio, Edoardo , Wakelin Derek
Published: November 2023

Trichinella is unusual among parasitic nematodes in that the worm undergoes a complete developmental cycle, from larva to adult to larva, in the body of a single host, which has a profound influence on the epidemiology of trichinellosis as a zoonosis. When the cycle is complete, the muscles of the infected animal contain a reservoir of larvae, capable of long-term survival. Humans and other hosts become infected by ingesting muscle tissues containing viable larvae.
Anisakiosis1
Authors: Cheng Thomas C
Published: November 2023

The zoonotic disease known as human anisakiosis is caused by larval nematodes belonging to the family Anisakidae. Not all anisakids are capable of causing anisakiosis in humans. Only those that normally utilize homeothermic vertebrates as definitive hosts can serve as aetiological agents. Those species that normally utilize poikilothermic vertebrates as definitive hosts cannot survive sufficiently long in the human alimentary tract to cause the disease syndrome. Human anisakiosis involves the penetration of the lining of the alimentary tract with resulting development of a granuloma surrounding the worm.
Scabies And Other Mite Infestations
Authors: Beesley W N
Published: November 2023

Species of mites of animals and birds are considered which affect man either directly by causing primary irritation, hypersensitivity reactions, etc. or as vectors of diseases such as scrub typhus. The most important genera of mites in the two categories are Sarcoptes and Leptotrombidium. Details are given of the biology, diagnosis, pathology, immunolog}7, and control of these and other mites which transfer from animals to humans.
Occasional And Miscellaneous Zoonoses And Opportunistic Infections
Authors: Lloyd Sheelagh
Published: November 2023

Immatures often are identified after surgical removal of a nodule. Eggs are easily overlooked as they resemble hookworm eggs. Ternidens deminutus eggs are in fact larger, 70-94 by 40-60 /im. Oesophagostomum is diagnosed on cultured L3 (Blotkamp et al. 1993) which are 700-950 /rm (larger than Necator) with prominent intestinal cells and a long ‘hair-like’ tail to the transversely striated sheath. Adults are about 1 cm long: T. deminutus has a globose buccal capsule, mouth collar, and leaf crown (Goldsmid and Lyons 1973); Oesophagostomum a cylindrical buccal capsule, double leaf crown, cephalic vesicle, and distinct ventral groove. An IgG4 ELISA for Oesophagostomum is under experimental evaluation.
Assessment
Authors: Wolff Jonathan
Published: November 2023

Marx’s influence, in both theory and practice, is beyond measure. There are so many aspects of the current world, and current world of ideas, that we would simply be unable to grasp without an appreciation of at least the bold outlines of Marx’s thought. This alone would be enough to justify close attention. But there is much more to it than this, although perhaps it is not quite so easy to convey.
Hunted Through Central Asia
Authors: Nazaroff Paul , Burr Malcolm
Published: November 2023

My position was uncomfortable. Here was I, in an absolutely exposed place, with Red Guards and commissars on every side. I had very little money left and no means of transport at all.' Paul Nazaroff was the ringleader of a desperate plot to overthrow the Bolsheviks in Central Asia in 1918. He was betrayed to the Secret Police, who declared him 'the most dangerous counter-revolutionary at large in the Tashkent region'. Thus began his extraordinary catalogue of adventures, 'a long and distant odyssey which would take me right across Central Asia . . . over the Himalayas to the plains of Hindustan'. As he fled from Lenin's men, he was aided by the indigenous peoples of the region, the Kirghiz and the Sarts, whose language and culture had been steeped in since boyhood. For months he was forced to live the life of a hunted animal. Peter Hopkirk has contributed a fascinating introduction to this tale of hair-breadth 'scapes and survival against all odds, as well as an epilogue which reveals Nazaroff's later fortunes.
History of the Jews in Modern Times
Authors: Gartner Lloyd P
Published: November 2023

Lloyd Gartner presents, in chronologically-arranged chapters, the story of the changing fortunes of the Jewish communities of the Old World (in Europe and the Middle East and beyond) and their gradual expansion into the New World of the Americas. The book starts in 1650, when there were no more than one and a quarter million Jews in the world (less than a sixth of the number at the start of the Christian era). Gartner leads us through the traditions, religious laws, communities and their interactions with their neighbours, through the Enlightenment, the French Revolution, and into Emancipation, the dark shadows of anti-Semitism, the impact of World War II, bringing us up to the twentieth century through Zionism, and the foundation of Israel. Throughout, the story is powerful and engrossing - enlivened by curious detail and vivid insights. Gartner, an expert guide and scholar on the subject, writing from within the Jewish community, remains objective and effective whilst being careful to introduce and explain Jewish terminology and Jewish institutions as they appear in the text. This is a superb introductory account - authoritative, in control, lively of the central threads in one of the greatest historical tapestries of modern times.
Forging a national identity: Prose literature down to the time of Augustus
Authors: Kraus Christina s.
Published: November 2023

Cato was an old man when Karneades the Academic and Diogenes the Stoic philosopher came to Rome Karneades was highly charismatic, no less impressive in reality than in reputation, and it was he in particular who won large and sympathetic audiences. Like a wind, his presence filled the city with noise, as the word spread about a Greek with an extraordinary ability to amaze his audiences. People said that he had instilled in the young men of the city a fierce passion which caused them to banish all their other pleasures and pastimes, and succumb to love of knowledge.... Right from the start Cato worried that the young men of the city might find a reputation for eloquence more desirable than one gained for prac tical and military achievements In the course of trying to tum his son
Charting the poles of history: Herodotos and Thoukydides
Authors: Kurke Leslie
Published: November 2023

Herodotos and Thoukydides, the two fifth-century practitioners of history whose works survive, together defined the parameters of history for the Western tradition. Thus, though the books they wrote are in many ways very different, they need to be read and considered in tandem. In the modern world, the relative respect and attention the two have received tend to correlate directly with contemporary notions of what history is or should be. When ‘scientific history’ was in vogue (mid-nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries), Thoukydides was a hero of objectivity and accuracy, while Herodotos was denigrated and pitied for his naïveté and childlike story-telling.
Maintaining Self-Respect
Authors: Kessler-Harris Alice
Published: November 2023

Looking at the range of depression-fostered initiatives around labor and employment policy, one is struck first by how profoundly the expectations of ordinary people altered. Americans moved from staunch opposition to federal government intervention in the lives of most men (but not women) to eager experiments with government mediation of every kind. Newly adopted social policies had many goals, but among the most dramatic were those connected with earning wages and keeping jobs. By the mid-1930s, a newly authoritative federal government had acknowledged a role for organized labor and begun to subject business to a range of restrictive, though sometimes welcome, regulation. To be sure, the federal government had not generally been demurely silent in the face of struggles between business and labor. More frequently than not, it had intervened on behalf of business to still the discontent that emerged when market forces created havoc with workers’ lives. And, its own civil servants and railroad workers aside, federal legislative and judicial bodies had resolutely left to the states the task of constructing labor legislation.
Translator’S Note
Authors: Lembke Janet , Reckford Kenneth J
Published: November 2023

One of the principles underlying Oxford’s series “The Greek Tragedy in New Translations” is that the latter be performable. This is a praiseworthy and necessary aim, but how can it be achieved? The answer lies, I believe, in testing through performance. Plays exist only secondarily as literature. Like music and dance, they are, first and foremost, part of the performing arts.
Incantations and Prayers for Salvation on Inscribed Greek Amulets
Authors: Kotansky Roy
Published: November 2023

The use of magic for protection and deliverance from diseases must have been widespread from the earliest times.1 The sufferer had recourse to healing through prayers and offerings, rites of incubation, and any number of rituals performed by itinerant holy men who adhered to that heterodox and often arcane aspect of religion known as “magic.”2 Apart from the more empirically minded doctors, a wide variety of practitioners from herb-gatherers to midwives could be sought for remedies in the classical period.3 As an infection festered or a fever lingered, even the sternest critics of traditional or “superstitious” remedies turned to the application of amulets. In his lost Ethics,Theophrastus questions whether a man’s character changes when the circumstances of his life change, and he reports how the “freethinking” Pericles, sick with the plague, had been prodded by his womenfolk into wearing an amulet (Frag. L21 Fortenbaugh); Diogenes Laertius tells a similar deathbed tale about the philosopher and notorious atheist Bion, who at the end of his life dons amulets and renounces his former attacks “against religion” (, 4.54; cf. 4.56–57). Both anecdotes, whether historically accurate or not, present a plausible picture of competing cures and “second opinions” as a disease worsens and seem to set the use of amulets squarely within the sphere of traditional beliefs.
The Widening Struggle, Growing Militancy, and the Hope of Liberty for All
Authors: Horton James Oliver , Horton Lois E
Published: November 2023

Few understood the precariousness of African-American freedom better than Solomon Northup. He was the freeborn son of a former slave who had acquired enough land in Washington County to qualify as a voter in New York State, and spent his youth there, doing farm work with his father, cultivating a love for books, and playing the violin, what he called “the ruling passion of my youth.” In 1829 his father died and Northup married Anne Hampton, a local young woman of African, European, and American Indian ancestry who worked as a cook. He worked for a time on the Champlain Canal and then moved to the village of Kingsbury where he farmed a small plot of land and supplemented his income by playing the violin for local parties and dances. In the early spring of 1834, the Northups moved to Saratoga Springs, New York where Solomon drove a hack, worked on the Troy and Saratoga Railroad, and played his violin at resorts. He and Anne were both employed at the United States Hotel, and there he met slaves who accompanied their vacationing southern masters, puzzling over the power that could hold a human being in bondage against his will.
The Lost Empire
Authors: Barnett Victoria
Published: November 2023

They Were Born during the German Empire, in the final years of the reigns of the provincial German princes and of Kaiser Wilhelm II from the royal Prussian House of Hohenzollern. Toward the ends of their lives, Germans who remembered that era spoke of it in tones that evoked pictures of a lost, more civilized world, bathed in a calm and quiet light, like the final warm autumn days that precede a long winter. Perhaps their memories were so colored because those years were their childhood, a time that, for all but the most unfortunate, seems filled with new beginnings and possibilities. They saw the years between 1890 and 1914 as a golden age, ended with terrible finality by World War I. Like other Europeans, the Germans grieved for the past, site of their earliest memories and lost innocence.
The Weimar Years
Authors: Barnett Victoria
Published: November 2023

A New European Order had been created, but many Germans believed that it was fl.based upon the deliberate humiliation of Germany. Throughout the 1920s, German resentment festered like an unhealed wound. Every political crisis reopened it, and what the Germans called the Schandvertrag-the treaty of dishonor-was invoked as the cause of Germany’s bad fortune. Over 60 years later, Stefanie von Mackensen’s voice still grew bitter when she recalled how the Versailles Treaty had affected her. Newly married, she lived in Dusseldorf: In Diisseldorf, the left side of the Rhine was occupied by the French and the right side was free. My parents lived on the right side of the Rhine; I lived on the left side. Every time I crossed the bridge over the Rhine, they physically searched me. We weren’t allowed on the sidewalks when a French officer was present. I lived through all these things, these small humiliations, and they exerted a powerful influence on my national attitudes. I joined the Nazi party in 1932. The youth today can’t understand that at all. One can’t understand it.
Postwar Germans And Their Church: Rebirth or Restoration
Authors: Barnett Victoria
Published: November 2023

In 1967, The Neurologist Alexander Mitscherlich and his wife, the psychoanalyst Margarete Mitscherlich, wrote a book, Die Unfiihigkeit zu Trauern (The Inability to Mourn 1), in which they examined the ways in which Germans’ unresolved and denied guilt about the Nazi past had influenced the course of postwar German society. One of the Mitscherlichs’ theories was that, in effect, Nazism had destroyed the parts of the German cultural, religious, and political tradition it had used. For many Germans, particularly for the generation born after 1945, it was easier to break entirely with certain traditions than to attempt to reconstruct them in the postwar, post-Holocaust era. This break created an emotional distance to the past that the Mitscherlichs described as “the inability to mourn.
How to Read Karl Barth
Authors: Hunsinger George
Published: November 2023

This is a major new study of the thought of the great Protestant theologian Karl Barth (1886-1968). George Hunsinger has discovered a series of motifs that pervade and underlie Barth's great work, the Church Dogmatics. He presents a sophisticated array of modes of thought that serve as a guide to and method of understanding the many facets of Barth's writing.
Lift Slope and Drag Rise at Sonic Speed
Authors: Ramm Heinrich J
Published: November 2023

Although, as has been shown in the preceding chapters, and will become even more obvious in the following chapters, the computation and the experimental determination of the aerodynamic coefficients at M  ∞ = 1 are very difficult tasks, the slope of the cP vs. M  ∞ curve at M  ∞ = 1, and thus the lift slope and the drag rise at this Mach number, can be computed approximately with amazing simplicity. This is of importance when experimental data up to high subsonic velocities and supersonic data from slightly supersonic Mach numbers upward are available. These two curves may be connected with good accuracy by giving the curve the slope at M  ∞ = 1 that now will be derived.
Analytical Solutions of the Transonic Continuity Equation
Authors: Ramm Heinrich J
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapters the difficulty of solving the transonic equation because of its nonlinearity was pointed out. Several methods were given that bypass this difficulty and arrive at useful results. However, these methods are limited in their applicability. In this chapter, two major efforts will be discussed that have markedly extended the range of problems that may be solved analytically and have led to the “area rule,” the indispensable tool of the aircraft designer. A third approach, the so-called similarity solutions, has played an important role in the treatment of mainly basic problems.
Islamic Reform
Authors: Commins David Dean
Published: November 2023

This book examines Syria's religious, intellectual, and political history during the period of transformation before World War I. Focusing on an attempt to reform Islamic belief and practice at the turn of the century, Commins shows how the reformers used debates over the religious law of Islam to advance their visions of a progressive Islamic state. Based on a wide variety of previously unpublished sources, the book will shed new light on a period that is of considerable importance for the modern history of the Middle East.
Private Prisons
Authors: Logan Charles H
Published: November 2023

The debate over the privatization of criminal justice services, especially of imprisonment, has featured prominently in the ongoing controversy over the proper scope and size of government. In the US, the record of private ownership has been bleak - ridden with political corruption, physical abuse of prisoners, and the single-minded pursuit of profits. Charles Logan here argues that this need not be the case.
The Power of Place: Oral Traditions at Rural Kandyan N ā tha D ē v ā layas
Authors: Holt John Clifford
Published: November 2023

The myth of N ā tha’s defeat at the hands of Pitiye is the most frequently told story about N ā tha Dēviyō in the Kandyan cultural area. At each of the N ā tha dēvālayas except Vegiriya, the story is repeated today with much enthusiasm and in great detail. In fact, the myth functions as a “charter,” in the Malinowskian sense, for both the Pasgama and the Kandy N ā tha d  ē v  ā layas.
Central Power, Sacred Order: Center and Periphery in the Kandyan Kingdom
Authors: Holt John Clifford
Published: November 2023

Of the four major annual festivals popularly celebrated during the time of the Kandyan kings, only the Äsala Perah ära in July/August continues to be feted in great magnitude. Alut S āl mangā1yaya (the New Rice Festivals on DurutuP ōya in January), Alut Avurudda mang  ōlyaya (New Year’s celebration held on April 12 and 13), and K ōrtti mang  ōlyaya (the Festival of Lights held on 11 Poya in November) are still significant occasions at the N ōtha d  ēv  ōlayas in Kandy and in the villages, but they are not celebrated with the pomp formerly accorded them.
N ātha and the “Rock Chief”
Authors: Holt John Clifford
Published: November 2023

Symbolic rites of expressing N ātha’s laukika power also take place at the other two N ātha d  ēv  ālayas that lie within the pale of the old Kandyan kingdom but outside the Kandy District proper. Hunapahura (also known as Sunulapawra) N ātha D  ēv  ālaya and Urulevatte N ātha D  ēv  ālaya are located about 10 miles northwest of Matale and 15 miles northeast of Kurunegala within l mile of each other by road and within only 400 meters as the crows flies.
Ouaternionic Quantum Mechanics and Ouanturn Fields
Authors: Adler Stephen L
Published: November 2023

It has been known since the 1930s that quantum mechanics can be formulated in quaternionic as well as complex Hilbert space. But systematic work on the quaternionic extension of standard quantum mechanics has scarcely begun. Authored by a world-renowned theoretical physicist, this book signals a major conceptual advance and gives a detailed development and exposition of quaternionic quantum mechanics for the purpose of determining whether quaternionic Hilbert space is the appropriate arena for the long sought-after unification of the standard model forces with gravitation. Significant results from earlier literature, together with many new results obtained by the author, are integrated to give a coherent picture of the subject. The book also provides an introduction to the problem of formulating quantum field theories in quaternionic Hilbert space. The book concludes with a chapter devoted to discussions on where quaternionic quantum mechanics may fit into the physics of unification, experimental and measurement theory issues, and the many open questions that still challenge the field. This well-written treatise is a very significant contribution to theoretical physics. It will be eagerly read by a wide range of physicists.
Scatological Humor
Authors: Henderson Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

This “perfectly hilarious” vignette, from Eubulus’ Cercopes (53.4 ff.), of a man hard-pressed, oozing (see section 400, below), and biting his lips as he looks for a place to relieve himself, contains most of the limited comic possibilities inherent in defecation as a dramatic device.
Jewish Women’s Religious Lives and Offices in the Greco-Roman Diaspora
Authors: Kraemer Ross Shepard
Published: November 2023

We may glimpse a fuller though scarcely complete picture of women’s religion within Jewish communities by turning to non rabbinic sources, which often provide evidence significantly at odds with that derived from rabbinic sources.
Before European Hegemony
Authors: Abu-Lughod Janet L
Published: November 2023

In this important study, Janet Abu-Lughod presents a groundbreaking reinterpretation of global economic evolution and provides a new paradigm for understanding the evolution of world systems by tracing the rise of a system that, at its peak in the opening decades of the fourteenth century, involved a vast region stretching between northwest Europe and China. Writing in a clear and lively style, Abu-Lughod explores the reasons for the eventual decay of this system and the rise of European hegemony. She concludes with a provocative analysis of our current world economy, suggesting that we may be moving towards a pluralistic world similar in important respects to that of the thirteenth century.
Female Piety in Puritan New England
Authors: Porterfield Amanda
Published: November 2023

Amanda Porterfield documents the claim that for Puritan men and women alike the ideals of selfhood were conveyed by female images. Constructed largely by men, Porterfield argues, these female images taught self-control, shaped pious ideals, and also established the standards against which the moral character of actual women was measured. Porterfield’s work reflects a synthesis of literary critical and historical methods, combining analysis of Puritan theological writings with detailed examinations of historical records of changing patterns of church membership and domestic life.
Introduction: Overview and Method
Authors: Porterfield Amanda
Published: November 2023

The Puritans followed a long and venerable tradition when they depicted Christian faith with female imagery. Origen, Jerome, Augus¬tine, Gregory the Great, Anselm, and other church fathers had de¬ scribed both the church and the Christian soul as the bride of Christ. In the late-medieval period, Bernard of Clairvaux, Hugh of St. Victor, Catherine of Siena, Julian of Norwich, and other monastics cherished the image of the bride and often defined mystical experience as the soul’s consummation of her marriage to Christ.1 The English Protest¬ ants who developed a distinctively Puritan piety in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries relied on this richly developed theme of espousal in constructing their ideas of sainthood and church life. But even as their piety was shaped by this received tradition of imagining grace as an eager bride and the church as a devoted wife, Puritans redefined the implications of this tradition by interpreting it in the context of domestic life.
Eros, Conscience, and the Making of Puritan Society
Authors: Porterfield Amanda
Published: November 2023

Puritans defined grace as a kind of intercourse between God and the saint that signified the saint’s espousal to God and thereby her salva¬tion, and they sometimes pictured this intercourse in a way that aroused erotic feelings that could be interpreted as the stirrings of grace. This erotic depiction of grace not only accounts for some of Puritan theology’s appeal to English women and men in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, but also represents Puritan attitudes to¬ ward sexuality, which affected many aspects of Puritan life and, most especially, Puritan attitudes toward marriage. Puritan language about grace implicitly defined the nature of sexual satisfaction in terms of an encounter between male authority and female submission.
Iran’s First Revolution
Authors: Bayat Mangol
Published: November 2023

This is the most thorough and comprehensive history to date of the constitutional revolution of 1905-09, which resulted in the establishment of Iran’s first parliamentary democracy, and which provides a crucial context for an understanding of the country’s religious revolution of 1978-9.
Echoes of the Call
Authors: Swanson Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

Drawing on his study of one hundred evangelical missionaries in Ecuador, Jeffrey Swanson explores the lives of missionaries as sociological “strangers.” The work begins with the author’s interpretation of how his own experience as a child of missionaries shaped the viewpoint of estrangement from which the book is written. Swanson renders the formation of a missionary identity as the rhetorical composition of a personal testimony, in which life stories of separation, loss, conflict, and conversion are melded symbolically with historical mission themes of sacrifice, heroism, spiritual militancy, and divine calling. Relying on his subjects’ own narratives, the author traces the missionaries’ personal journeys as their sense of calling first emerges, and then as it must be reinterpreted to account for unexpected, ambiguous, and often disillusioning experiences in their host country. Swanson argues that missionaries are marginal individuals who use their vocation creatively to produce a meaningful social world, and who use rhetoric effectively to maintain that world, for themselves and for supporters in their home country. An intriguing and nuanced study, this book is a significant contribution to present sociological literature concerning missionaries and American evangelicals.
Roman Concepts of Obscenity
Authors: Richlin Amy
Published: November 2023

In the course of this book the word obscene will be used many times, and the question immediately arises whether the Romans had a concept corresponding to that denoted by “obscene,” and, if so, how it did or did not tally with the modern concept. “Obscenity” today includes explicitly sexual literature, visual arts, dress, and actions; sometimes it includes material that is merely suggestive, and usually it includes scatological material as well. The idea is that all this material ought not to be seen and that it is “dirty” or “perverse.”
Introduction
Authors: O’regan Daphne Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

It is well known that fifth-century Attic comedy was a profoundly public art. Like other expenses mandated by the city in its own interests, it was paid for through taxation (as were, for example, warships), while it was produced and acted by citizens as part of their civic responsibilities or privileges. The resulting plays were staged in comic competitions that were but one part of much larger festivals; for our Clouds, this was the City (or Great) Dionysia, a celebration whose events and ceremonies were dedicated to expressing (and reinforcing) Athenian ideology, while at the same time displaying the democratic city’s power and prestige.
Martial Speech, Fluid Shapes, Thunderous Sounds: Lines 314-509
Authors: O’regan Daphne Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

From the moment Socrates ennumerates the gifts of the clouds, we realize that our Clouds will consider rhetoric in its strongest and most polemical sense: as invincible verbal violence. As we saw in chapter 1, this angle on sophistic speech was not an invention of Aristophanes. Rather, the genius of his conception lies in its topicality; no member of his audience could have failed to hear in his outrageous comedy the voice, however distorted, of his models.
Comic Justice: Lines 1303-1510
Authors: O’regan Daphne Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

The clouds’ song at the end of the scene with the creditors (1303-20) warns the audience that the end of the play is at hand and hints at the form it will take. In the characteristic dynamic of the Clouds, we are about to witness the joke that will turn everything preceding on its head. Put in other terms, we will see comic justice at work, witnessing a “comedy of inversion,” in which characters are entrapped by their desires and enmeshed in their own schemes. This process should not be confused with moral justice, although the effects may appear similar.
Horizontal Structure: Chiasmus
Authors: Keaney John J
Published: November 2023

Kaibel (100-101), indeed, was confident that this was so and, on the basis of eight passages, sought to establish two conclusions: (a) of the two pairs, the outer elements have the greater weight; (b) of the four elements, the fourth and last has the most emphatic position in the clause. In general, he thought, the use of the figure is no mere virtuosity (blosse Kiinstlerei) but a rhetorical means of expressing the thought. It is not clear if Kaibel intended his treatment of chiasmus to be exhaustive, and it is, perhaps, not accidental that the examples he chose support his conclusions. But he restricted his analysis to the immediate context of each example; his list is far from complete, and matters are more complicated.
The Politics of Institutions versus the Politics of Personality
Authors: Keaney John J
Published: November 2023

Near the beginning and near the end of his treatment of Peisistratus Aristotle brings him into contact with Solon; the second passage (17.1) reports a tradition that there existed an erotic relationship between the two: this Aristotle denied, using a chronological argument based on archon dates.
δ ƞƞ ο ζ , π λ θ ο ζ , and π ó λ ι ζ
Authors: Keaney John J
Published: November 2023

It is impossible to take this as a reference to meetings of the assembly in the regime of the Thirty: there is no evidence that there were any nor what areas of competence would have remained to the people.
Introduction: Comparative and Historical Perspectives
Authors: Spergel Irving A
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides a brief set of reference points for designating gang phenomena across contemporary societies and their course in our own urban history. Gangs function as a socializing institution when other institutions fail; they are defined as problems when they engage in violent and criminal activities. The youth gang is most likely to develop into a problem in social or organizational contexts, local communities, or societies that are undergoing extensive and precipitous change, often under deteriorating (but sometimes under improving) economic conditions. During such change social institutions are weak and unstable, and organizations may be poorly integrated and in conflict with each other. Basic youth socializing functions, especially those of social control and provision of economic opportunities or social status for males, cannot be carried out. Gangs then provide a certain degree of order, solidarity, excitement, and sometimes economic gain for their members. The costs, however, usually exceed benefits for the surrounding community and society, as well as for the youth themselves.
Scope and Seriousness of the Gang Problem
Authors: Spergel Irving A
Published: November 2023

This chapter establishes the empirical basis for the proposition that youth gang activity is a social problem. Of special interest is the scope of gang-related violence in terms of the identification, number, and percent of youth in particular social set tings associated with such violence. As suggested already, indicators of a gang problem are not always reliable, consistent, or valid. It is essential to determine as clearly as possible, on the basis of the best data available, whether an actual gang problem exists, and if so, what its scope and nature are and what changes have occurred in the problem over time in general and in particular communities. Adequate description of gang problem phenomena should precede understanding and diagnosis of gang problems, which in turn should come before prescriptions for prevention or remediation.
Gangs, Drugs, and Violence
Authors: Spergel Irving A
Published: November 2023

There is a tendency, especially by the media and law enforcement, to mix gangs, violence, and drug trafficking into one large “ball of wax.” The simplistic political and policy response to these presumed interrelated problems is usually suppression. However, gangs, drugs, violence, and such characteristics as delinquency, organized crime, and minority group status are distinctive sets of variables and are not necessarily all closely related. Furthermore, their sequence and patterning may vary depending on how they are embedded in particular changing community or social contexts.
Youth Gangs and Organized Crime
Authors: Spergel Irving A
Published: November 2023

An important institution for the development of youth gangs is the organization of crime opportunities in particular communities. Variable cultural and population settlement patterns influence gang connections to organized crime. Access to criminal opportunities-or to legitimate labor market opportunities--depends largely on factors of race or ethnic status and location. These variations in opportunities must be addressed in policies and programs that try to stop older gang youths from turning to crime as a career. Cultural sensitivity and structural understanding therefore provide an important basis for developing appropriate community-oriented intervention strategies that control the link between youth gang and adult crime activities.
Theoretical Perspectives
Authors: Spergel Irving A
Published: November 2023

This chapter elaborates and integrates a variety of theoretical and policy-relevant perspectives already touched on-societal, community, organizational, subcultural, and personality-to explain the gang problem. I will present a more systematic analysis of the ideas presented in earlier chapters, to set the stage for a discussion of institutional social planning and the development of a variety of organizational strategies for dealing with the youth-gang problem. The theoretical framework presented in Figure 10-1 seeks to explain primarily violent gang crime rather than economic gang crime. It offers some analysis of the interrelationships of these two types of crime.
Planning for Youth Gang Control and Violence Reduction
Authors: Spergel Irving A
Published: November 2023

This chapter begins the discussion of issues and strategies for dealing with the youth gang problem, with special emphasis on community mobilization. It stresses the importance of defining the problem and creating policies and programs directed at particular types and levels of the problem. First, however, it summarizes strategies used during recent decades for dealing with delinquent groups and gangs, particularly at the community level. To a large extent, what is past is prologue. There are both continuity and change in the policies and practices that show promise in dealing with gang issues. The challenge is to create a new paradigm of action that modifies past approaches to make them relevant to current and evolving situations. I describe five strategies for dealing with gang problems in different community contexts. The discussion of planning focuses on definitions of the gang incident, assessment of com munity problems and resources, development of appropriate strategies and inter organizational structures, targeting of different gangs and gang youths, and setting of priorities.
Social Opportunities: Education and Jobs
Authors: Spergel Irving A
Published: November 2023

The provision of social opportunities is one of two critical components of a promising approach for both reducing and preventing the youth or street-gang problem. The other component is community mobilization, that is, the concerting of organizational and citizen energies, including perceptions, definitions, communications, and actions, in reference to particular gang problems. Community mobilization, including interagency coordination, must be integrated into the provision of social opportunities at national as well as local levels. But it is at the local level that political and governmental organizations, along with citizen groups, must take major responsibility for development of overall gang violence reduction efforts. This chapter describes and analyzes national and local policies and programs in the provision of social opportunities, particularly education, training, and job development and placement.
Liberal Arts and Professional Education: A Response to Clarence C. Walton
Authors: Michael Hoffman W , Fedo David A
Published: November 2023

Clarence C. Walton’s allusive, thoughtful, and often eloquent Ruffin lecture adds tu the surprisingly public debate over the role of the humanities and other liberal arts in American higher education. This debate—much of it insightful, some of it rancorous—has played itself out in curious ways. On the one hand, it is heartening to see such “serious” books as Allan Bloom’s Closing of the American Mind and E. D. Hirsch’s Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know featured prominently in nearly every airport in Christendom alongside the mega-best-sellers by Danielle Steele and Judith Krantz.1 On the other hand, with Bloom and former Secretary of Education William Bennett leading the charge, it is unfortunate that so much of the debate has been excessively fretful and negative and, in its characterization of what is actually happening in our colleges and universities, simply not accurate.
Liberal Education for Competence and Responsibility
Authors: Andrews Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

Liberalizing management education by deliberately closing the gap between education or business practice and the humanities is no simple matter. Clarence C. Walton has made that clear in “Management Education: Seeing the Round Earth Squarely.” I propose to build on his essay by examining further the decline in the influence of the humanities upon students throughout recent decades. The related shortfall of professional education in meeting the needs of the professions—amply evident in their practice—requires reduced expectations of advanced schooling or constructive redirection—one or both. The erosion of ethical standards is only one of the master problems confronting the professions. In this decline, as well as in other problems, the university implicates itself by inattention, if not by more direct participation.
Some Lessons and Nonlessons of Casuist History
Authors: Velasquez Manuel G
Published: November 2023

In her interesting essay Joanne B. Ciulla suggests that history can make an important contribution to business ethics. In particular, she suggests, a study of the history of casuistry can yield a wealth of material on business ethics, from the discussions of the Greek Sophists and of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, through the writings of the Roman Cicero, who discussed a variety of cases relating to trade in Book III of De Officiis, through the penitential manuals of the thirteenth century, and on to the writings of the classical casuists in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and of the English casuists in the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries. Ciulla holds that examining what these writings have to say about morality in business situations might provide us with some interesting and helpful insights that might be put to use in resolving similar quandaries in contemporary business ethics.