bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cardanol in germ and seed oils extracted from cashew nuts obtained by the oltremare process
Authors: Strocchi A. , Lercker G.
Published: July 2007

The presence of cardanol in cashew seed and germ oils was detected by using a combination of the thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gas liquid chroma‐tography (GLC) techniques with infrared spectro‐scopy (IR) and mass spectrometry (MS). The oils were extracted from cashew nuts obtained by the Oltremare process (heating the nuts in cashew nut shell liquid bath at 180 C for 100–120 sec). The cardanol content was about 40 mg/100 ml of germ oil and 20 mg/100 ml of seed oil. The four cardanol components were found in the following percentages: 3‐(pentadecyl)‐phenol (II), 3.0%; 3‐(8‐pentadecenyl)‐phenol (III), 55.7%;3‐(8,11‐pentadecadienyl)‐phenol (IV), 24.2%; and 3‐(8,l l,14‐pentadecatrienyl)‐phenol (V), 17.1%, respectively. Because a constant distribu‐tion of the four cardanol components was found both in the seed and in the germ oils, it was suggested that cardanol is not a natural component of germ and seed oils, but is derived from the cashew nut‐shell liquid during the processing of the nuts.
Triglyceride composition of chrysalis oil, an insect lipid
Authors: Majumder U. K. , Sengupta A.
Published: July 2007

Chrysalis oil, an insect fat obtained from the spent silk worm pupae, Bombyx mori, is a by‐product of sericultural industry and represents a potential source of 1750 tons of linolenic‐rich oil per annum for India. Fatty acid and triglyceride compositions of chrysalis oil have been determined by the combination of the techniques of lower temperature segregation, lipolysis, thin layer and gas liquid chromatography. Percentage contents of the component acids are: C14:0, 0.6; C16:0, 19.3; C18:0 3.9; C18:1, 17.7; C18:2, 9.8, and C18:3, 48.7. Major component triglycerides are, LLnLn, 5.2%; PLnO, 6.4%;OLnLn, 9.6%; LnLnLn, 10.5% and PLnLn, 14.0% (P, palmitic; O, oleic; L, linoleic and Ln, linolenic acids. On low temperature crystallization, Chrysalis oil yielded two fractions amounting together to 40% of the total with composition quite similar to that of linseed oil.
Isocyanate‐modified dehydrated castor oil
Authors: Mukherjea R. N. , Saha K. K. , Gupta A. , Sanyal S. K.
Published: July 2007

Esters of dehydrated castor oil fatty acids with polyhydric alcohols like ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, pentaerythritol and sorbitol have been prepared. The esters, having hydroxyl value ranging from 78.5 to 167, were reacted with toluene diisocyanate. The scratch hardness and other film properties of the resulting urethanes have been studied. Urethanes obtained from various mixtures of the above esters also have been studied. The best results have been obtained when a mixture of ethylene glycol ester and plenaerythritol ester of dehydrated castor oil fatty acids in the ratio of 4:1 are reacted with one equivalent of toluene diisocyanate. One equivalent of glycerol ester (hydroxyl value 78.5), ethylene glycol ester (hydroxyl value 167), or propylene glycol ester (hydroxyl value 159.4) of DCO fatty acids when reacted with 1.25 equivalent of toluene diisocyanate also gave satisfactory products.
Oxidative stability of wax esters by thermogravimetric analysis
Authors: Hagemann J. W. , Rothfus J. A.
Published: July 2007

Relative oxidative stabilities of sperm whale oil and eight wax ester preparations were determined by comparing oxygen uptake profiles that had been corrected for ester volatility. Wax esters with unsaturation near the ester bond, even though more volatile, are as stable toward oxidation as those with double bonds near the center of each aliphatic chain.
Quantitative GLC determination of methyl linolenate in the presence of conjugated dienes
Authors: Koritala S.
Published: July 2007

Methyl linolenate and cis,trans conjugated isomers of methyl linoleate are not resolved by gas liquid chromatography because they have the same retention time on polar columns used for separation of methyl ester mixtures. A new column of intermediate polarity made from a mixture of OV‐17 and OV‐225 separated these critical pairs and enabled quantitative determination of methyl linolenate in partially hydrogenated or conjugated esters.
A rapid, quantitative procedure for measuring the unsaponifiable matter from animal, marine, and plant oils
Authors: Maxwell R. J. , Schwartz D. P.
Published: July 2007

A simple, rapid, quantitative procedure for measuring the unsaponifiable matter (USM) in animal, marine and plant oils is described. Saponification is achieved by grinding the oil with potassium hydroxide pellets followed by a short heating period. The resultant soap mixture is then ground together with Celite powder, transferred to a glass column, and the USM is eluted with small amounts of dichloromethane. Good agreement between duplicate determinations was obtained for all oils examined. Values for the USM of 21 different fats and oils are given. Comparison of some of these values was made with those obtained with Official Methods.
The lipids of corn germ and endosperm
Authors: Weber Evelyn J.
Published: July 2007

Mature kernels of an inbred corn were hand dissected into germ and endosperm fractions. Among various solvents tested, boiling, water‐saturatedn‐butanol extracted the most lipid from endosperm, and it was used as t h e extracting solvent for both germ and endosperm. The germ contained 78% of the total lipids and the endosperm 17%. The most striking differences in the fatty acid compositions of the triglycerides and polar lipids were higher levels of stearic and linolenic acids in the endosperm lipids. Although precautions were taken during extraction to inactivate lipases, immediately after harvest the free fatty acid level of the total lipids of the whole kernel was 6.5%. Ninety‐five percent of the free fatty acids was in the endosperm fraction where the free fatty acids made up 36.5% of the total lipids. In germ, free fatty acids represented only 0.6% of the total lipids. The individual phospholipid and glycolipid classes of the endosperm and germ lipids were similar except for high levels of lyso compounds in the endosperm lipids. The higher levels of linolenic acid, free fatty acids and lyso lipids in endosperm may affect the keeping quality of the corn grain and of fractions milled from the endosperm.
Alkoxy‐Acyl combinations in the wax esters from winterized sperm whale oil by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Spencer Gayland F.
Published: July 2007

Wax esters from winterized sperm whale oil were separated according to degree of unsaturation and then analyzed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. The combinations of fatty alcohols and acids making up the wax esters of each chain length were determined. Octadecenyl octadecenoate was the most abundant wax ester (14%), followed by octadecenyl hexadecenoate (10%). Over 240 different wax esters were detected and quantitated.
Studies on the fixed oil from the seeds ofAegle marmelos corr.
Authors: Banerjee Anup , Nigam S. S.
Published: July 2007

The fixed oil from the seeds ofAegle marmelos Corr. has been investigated in detail. Palmitic and oleic acids have been found to be the major constituents of the oil followed by linoleic, linolenic and smaller amounts of Stearic acids.
Stereospecific analysis of triglycerides from apple seed endosperm
Authors: Velchevav M. P. , Dimov N. , Dimitrov G. P. , Anghelova M. S. Dodova
Published: July 2007

Triglyceride composition and stereospecific distribution of fatty acids in apple seed oil are reported. Results are compared with proposed distribution theories.
Wool wax alcohols:A review
Authors: Motiuk K.
Published: July 2007

Wool wax alcohols consist of aliphatic monoalcohols and alkane 1,2 diols, cholesterol, triterpene alcohols, and small amounts of hydrocarbons and autoxidation products. The monoalcohols and the diols consist of normal, iso and anteiso series. The average composition of the wool wax alcohols is based on data which were published during the past 25 years.
The use of molecular models in evaluating protein and peptide conformations
Authors: Warner Donald T.
Published: July 2007

A new theoretical conformation of polypeptides and proteins designated as the “hexagonal con‐formation,” which was developed through the use of molecular models, is discussed. The term “hexagonal” applies to the arrangement of the peptide chain O‐atoms since the placement of the polymer backbone used in this conformation re‐sults in a planar hexagonal assignment of these atoms. Fora cyclic hexapeptide, one hexagon of O‐atoms results; for a cyclic decapeptide, two hexagons result; and a protein subunit (e.g., cytochrome C) can form an extensive honeycomb network of hexagons. The coincidence of this network with a similar “second neighbor” oxygen network in water is discussed in relation to the importance of water in biological processes. Several models of complete peptide sequences assembled in the hexagonal conformation are evaluated in detail. It is suggested that in some instances the “reactivity” of these peptides may reside in an ability to disturb resonance patterns of the surrounding water in a precise manner at specific locations. Finally, the foreseeable prob‐lems involved in a uniform application of the “hexagonal concept” are discussed along with the extension of the hexagonal conformation of pro‐teins to cell membrane structures with their lipid bilayers.
Diet, cholesterol metabolism, and atherosclerosis
Authors: Carroll K. K.
Published: July 2007

Effects of diet on acetate incorporation into cholesterol and fatty acids in liver slices, and on the level of plasma cholesterol, were studied in rats and rabbits. Feeding fats and oils in a com‐mercial diet stimulated acetate incorporation into rat‐liver cholesterol much more than feeding them in a semisynthetic diet. This effect seemed to be specific for cholesterol since incorporation into fatty acids was not similarly affected. High levels of dietary casein inhibited acetate incorporation into both cholesterol and fatty acids. Rat‐liver slices generally incorporated more acetate into cholesterol than rabbit‐liver slices, but incorpora‐tion into fatty acids was often higher in the latter. Rabbit plasma cholesterols were higher on butter diets than on corn oil diets. Further eleva‐tion of plasma cholesterol was observed when casein was added to the butter diet but not when it was added to the corn oil diet. Plasma cho‐lesterols were elevated, and acetate incorporation into liver cholesterol and fatty acids was inhibited in suckling rats and rabbits whereas recently weaned animals gave results similar to those of adults. The inverse relationship between plasma cholesterol level and acetate incorporation into cholesterol may be attributable to feedback con‐trol of liver cholesterol biosynthesis. Other mechanisms which may account for the observed effects of dietary fats and protein on cholesterol metabolism, and the possible relevance of the findings to atherosclerosis, are discussed.
The lipids in pathology of the eye
Authors: Feldman Gerald L.
Published: July 2007

The lipoidal composition of the human eye is frequently altered in the diseased state. Un‐fortunately, most of the literature is unreliable and only recently has adequate methodology been employed to determine the status of the lipids in ocular pathology. The modern studies have been very useful in helping to understand the mech‐anism behind some pathological problems and in a few eases, the lipoidal composition of a tissue has been elucidated and is presented herein for the first time.
Genetics and the lipidoses
Authors: Knudson Alfred G.
Published: July 2007

Formal genetic analyses of family data in cases of errors of lipid metabolism are able to distin‐guish monogenic vs. multigenic and nongenetic disorders. These data, together with population data, provide criteria for the homogeneity of cases which can be useful in the interpretation of biochemical findings. The peculiarly elevated incidence of three main genotypes of sphingo‐lipidoses among Ashkenasic Jews has no reason‐able explanation except for heterozygote selection. This inference has strong implications for the biochemist in that it suggests a) the existence of some biochemical abnormality is common among the heterozygotes for these conditions and b) the utility of such a heterozygote abnormality in the defense of the body against some adverse en‐vironmental stress, such as some specific infectious disease.

The detection of heterozygous carriers by bio‐chemical means could be important not only for this reason but also as a means for anticipating marriages which may produce a lethal lipidosis. Finally, as long as preventive measures are either imperfect or not practiced, major attention is directed toward therapy, which in turn requires not only more knowledge of the basic defect but awareness of the fact that such knowledge may not be helpful without the development of more advanced devices than those employed in, for ex‐ample, phenylketonuria or galactosemia. The deep‐seated nature of the presumed lesions in the lipidoses seems to require a different type of corrective measure, such as gene replacement or transformation.
Normal fatty acids in sediments
Authors: Kvenvolden Keith A.
Published: July 2007

Normal fatty acids have been found by several investigators in a number of sediments ranging in age from Precambrian to Recent. This paper summarizes these occurrences. A variety of molec‐ular distributions have been observed. In most sediments, even‐carbon‐numbered normal fatty acids are much more abundant than those with odd carbon numbers; in some sediments, however, concentrations of even‐ and odd‐carbon‐numbered normal fatty acids are about equal. Normal fatty acids have been postulated as pos‐sible precursors for normal paraffin hydrocarbons in petroleum because of 1) structural similarities between the two kinds of molecules, 2) ubiquity of fatty acids in biological materials, 3) fatty acid‐normal paraffin relationships in sediments, and 4) distribution of normal paraffins in some crude oils. Evidence suggests that normal fatty acids may be precursors for many normal paraffins of intermediate and high molecular weights found in petroleum. Detailed mechanisms of chemical reactions by which normal paraffins can be de‐rived from fatty acids in sediments under geo‐logically reasonable conditions have yet to be defined.
Silicic‐acid column chromatography: Adsorption mechanism and solvent systems
Authors: Hoffmann R. L. , McConnell D. G. , Evans C. D.
Published: July 2007

The relationship between Chromatographic characteristics of silicic‐acid columns and the electrophilicity‐geometry of their absorbed sol‐vent has been investigated. Data show that it is possible to prepare columns of almost identical separation characteristics from a variety of dis‐similar solvents. Consideration must be given to the electron distribution and molecular geom‐etry of the adsorbed solvent with which the sam‐ple components must compete during chroma‐tography.
Silicic acid column chromatography: Parameters for a binary solvent system
Authors: McConnell D. G. , Hoffmann R. L. , Elman G. J. , Evans C. D.
Published: July 2007

The elution characteristics of methanol‐benzene solvent systems were determined by separating a mixture of polar and nonpolar fatty methyl esters by liquid chromatography on silicic acid columns. A series of curves were plotted showing the relationship between the elution volume of each component and methanol concentration of the stationary phase. The resulting graphs serve as a basis for predicting elution conditions for separating other polar materials. Adsorption isotherms were plotted from equilibrium studies of methanol‐benzene systems on silicic acid. Methanol concentrations of the effluents from various columns were determined by refractive index. An abrupt concentration change occurs in the methanol content of the effluent when the mobile solvent is either richer or poorer in methanol than the equilibrated solvent. Elution position of this abrupt change depends upon the concentration of methanol in both the mobile and the stationary phases. The procedure has been rigorously standardized because small variations in the amount of methanol on the column create large differences in elution volumes.
Identification of an amido‐amine component in diethanolamide
Authors: Wittekind Mary Ellen , Benedict J. H.
Published: July 2007

Diethanolamide products made by the con‐densation of diethanolamine and fatty acid are known to contain, in addition to the amide, ex‐cess diethanolamine, fatty acid soap of diethano‐lamine and water. In a recent examination of some amide products, a new amido‐amine com‐pound was isolated and identified. This com‐pound is formed from two moles of diethano‐lamine and one mole of fatty acid and is present at levels as high as 10% of amide product. The amido‐amine was isolated by extraction with isobutanol from an acidic solution of the amide. The structure of this new compound was verified by its chemical reactivity and by in‐strumental analyses. Methods of synthesis were also studied.
Analysis for geometrical and positional isomers of fatty acids in partially hydrogenated fats
Authors: Scholfield C. R. , Vison V. L. Da , Dutton H. J.
Published: July 2007

A liquid Chromatographic procedure for frac‐tionation and analysis of methyl esters from fats is described. First, esters are separated by liquid chromatography on a partially vulcanized rubber column into trienoate, dienoate, monoenoate‐palmitate and stearate fractions. The monoenoate‐palmitate fraction is separated by liquid chro‐matography on a silver‐saturated cation exchange resin into palmitate,trans monoenoate and cis monoenoate fractions. Double bond positions intrans and cis monoenoates are located by ozoniza‐tion and gas chromatography of fragments. This separation procedure requires less time and uses simpler apparatus with smaller samples than a previously described method based on counter‐current distribution. Data from analyses of two liquid oils and four shortenings are presented.
Synthesis of vinyl threo‐9, 10‐threo‐12, 13‐tetrahydroxystearates
Authors: O'Donnell John L. , Gast L. E. , Cowan J. C. , DeJarlais W. J. , McManis G. E.
Published: July 2007

Methyl esters from vernonia oil containingcis‐12,13‐epoxy‐cis‐9‐octadecenoate were reacted with acetone in the presence of a boron trifluoride catalyst to yieldtrans‐12,13–0‐isopropylidene‐9‐ene derivative I. Epoxidation of the unsaturation followed by reaction with acetone gave the isomerictrans,trans‐di‐0‐isopropylidene deriva‐tivesIII of 9,10 :12,13‐tetrahydroxystearates. The carboxylic acids of III were converted to vinyl esters and subsequent hydrolysis of the isopropy‐lidene groups with boric acid produced vinylthreo‐9,10threo‐12,13‐tetrahydroxystearates. By the same sequence of reactions monoepoxidized methyl linoleate yielded an optically inactive de‐rivative which had identical refractive index, IR spectrum, and GLC data toIII from vernonia methyl esters.
Alkaline cleavage of hydroxy unsaturated fatty acids and derivatives. II 10‐hydroxydecanoic acid from ricinoleates and 1,10‐decanediol from ricmoleyl alcohol
Authors: Diamond M. J. , Applewhite T. H.
Published: July 2007

The 10‐hydroxydecanoic acid is formed in good yield when raw castor oil or methyl ricinoleate is fused with alkali in the presence of a high‐boiling unhindered primary or secondary alcohol at 185–195C bath temperature. When non‐reducing solvents or hindered alcohols are used, large amounts of sebacic acid form. Iso‐octanol (mixed isomers) is a suitable and potentially economical medium for producing high yields of 10‐hydroxydecanoic acid. Cleavage of ricinoleyl alcohol produces 1,10‐decanediol.
Aromatic Acids of Carnauba Wax
Authors: Vandenburg L. E. , Wilder E. A.
Published: July 2007

Cinnamic acid withpara‐hydroxy andpara‐methoxy substitution has been isolated from carnauba wax in a yield of about 5%. Thepara‐hydroxycinnamic acid accounts for approximately 75% of the total aromatic acids. These hitherto unreported aromatic acids occur predominantly as part of a polymerizable diester of approximate average molecular weight 1025. Certain properties of carnauba wax are believed to be due to the presence of about 30% of these diesters. Except for trace amounts, no significant quantities of these aromatic acids could be isolated in the free state from the whole wax.
An evaluation of the oxidative and flavor stability of stored soybean oils
Authors: Baumann L. A. , McConnell D. G. , Moser Helen A. , Evans C. D.
Published: July 2007

Results of 4‐year storage tests are reported for crude and refined soybean oils held in 50‐gal drums under conditions simulating field tank operations. Once‐refined oils stored in filled drums without breathers showed lower peroxide values and lower dimer contents than oil stored in full drums with breathers. Refined oils in half‐filled drums exhibited higher storage temperatures and, consequently, higher peroxide values and dimer contents than any other storage condition. Nondegummed and degummed crude oils held in drum storage had lower peroxide values and lower dimer contents than refined oils stored under similar conditions. Relationships are significant not only between storage peroxide values and dimer contents, but also each of these with flavor scores. Evidently, stored crude or stored refined soybean oils with peroxide values under 60 could be deodorized to produce salad‐grade oils with initial flavor quality equal to that of oils processed from stocks having considerably lower initial peroxide values. The relative rate of peroxide increase for field tank storage can be estimated from linear regression analysis on data from stor‐age of soybean oil in drums. Once‐refined soybean oil held under large field tank storage conditions would not be expected to reach peroxide levels of 60 until after 3–4 years, even in warm areas.
Computer determination of all individual structures of triglyceride molecules of fats and oils: II
Authors: Koman V. , Kot′uc J. , Csicsayova M.
Published: July 2007

Computer determination of all the individual structures of triglyceride molecules (ISTM) with re‐spect to the present criteria as well as the number of double bonds in triglyceride molecules of fats and oils is described. In addition to the transformation of the combinational AAA …. ABC types of triglyceride molecules into their corresponding ISTM, the ISTM can also be obtained from the aligned sum SSS …. UUU structural types of triglyceride mole‐cules of fats and oils.
Nutritional and metabolic studies of noncyclic dimeric fatty acid methyl esters in the rat
Authors: Perkins Edward G. , Taubold Richard
Published: July 2007

Methyl esters of noncyclic dimeric fatty acids were prepared by fractionation of the crude product ob‐tained by heating a mixture of methyl oleate and di‐fert‐butyl peroxide for 48 hr at 130 C in a high pressure reactor. Rats fed diets containing less than 1% of the noncyclic dimer methyl ester showed no significant difference in growth, feed efficiency, and liver size, from those fed nutritionally adequate diets. The14C‐labeled dimer was also synthesized and administered to rats via gastric intubation. The results indicated that an average of 85% of the radioactivity was recoverable from the gastrointestinal tract and feces within 48 hr of administration and that such an amount was not absorbed by the rat. Within a 48 hr period ca. 5% of the14C was recovered in the expired CO2 and about 1% in the urine. Prefeeding rats diets containing dimer did not appear to influence the metabolism of either dimer or methyl oleate.
Surfactants as replacements for natural lipids in bread baked from defatted wheat flour
Authors: Chung O. K. , Pomeranz Y. , Finney K. F. , Shogren M. P.
Published: July 2007

Petroleum ether (PE) extracted 1.00% total free lipids (0.70% nonpolar and 0.30% polar) and 2‐propanol (PrOH) extracted 1.36% total free and bound lipids (0.73% nonpolar and 0.63% polar) from wheat flour; the lipid fractions were characterized by thin layer chromatography. PE‐ or PrOH‐defatted flours were baked after reconstitution with total, nonpolar, or polar wheat flour lipids; or with equivalent amounts of nonionic sucrose monopalmitate (SMP), ethoxylated monoglycerides (EMG) — each with a hydrophile‐lipophile balance (HLB) of 14.0 or anionic sodium stearoyl‐2‐lactylate (SSL) — with an HLB value of 9.0. Defatted flours supplemented with surfactants alone or in combination with wheat flour lipids were used in bread with no‐shortening and with 3%‐shortening. The importance of the polar flour lipids in breadmaking was verified. The lipids in wheat flour were essential for maximizing the beneficial effects of shortening on breadmaking quality. Nonionic SMP or EMG completely replaced both PE‐extractable wheat flour free total lipids (or their non‐polar or polar fractions) and 3% shortening; nonionic surfactants with high HLB were better than the anionic SSL for replacing free flour lipids. No surfactant completely replaced unfractionated PrOH‐extracted lipids (free + bound) and shortening or total polar flour lipids (free + bound). All surfactants, especially anionic SSL, added with PrOH‐extracted polar lipids improved the overall bread‐making properties of the PrOH‐defatted flour both in the absence and in the presence of shortening.
Analytical techniques in food emulsifiers
Authors: Dieffenbacher Albrecht , Bracco Umberto
Published: July 2007

After reviewing some problems arising in the analysis of food emulsifiers, we describe an analytical technique to detect most of them. The analytical method is based on the following procedure: (a) extraction of total lipids from food with a mixture of chloroform‐methanol; (b) removal of nonpolar lipids from the lipidic extract by column chromatography with an elution media based on petroleum ether‐ethyl ether mixtures; (c) thin layer chromatographic identification of the polar lipids extracted from foods. The validity of the method has been practically checked on some emulsifier‐based foods, i.e., chocolates, toppings, ice creams, and whippable creams.
Sterol lipids in finger millet(Eleusine coracana)
Authors: Mahadevappa V. G. , Raina P. L.
Published: July 2007

Neutral lipids, glycolipids, and phospholipids (1.3%, 0.25%, and 0.10% of seed weight) were isolated from the total lipids (chloroform‐methanol) of finger millet seeds(Eleusine coracana), and four sterol‐containing lipids further isolated from neutral and glycolipids by preparative column and thin layer chromatography. On seed weight, these comprised: free sterols (S) 0.091%, sterol esters (SE) 0.013%, sterol glycosides (SG) 0.025%, acyl sterol glycosides (ASG) 0.020%, and total 0.149%. The major fatty acids, totaling 85–90%, were the same in both esterified sterols, but the proportions varied: 16:0, 18:1, and 18:2 comprising 24, 49, and 17% in SE (calculated iodine value 75) and 43, 36, and 7% in ASG (calculated iodine value 46). All four sterol lipids contained 80–84% of β‐sitosterol, the remainder being stigmasterol. The only sugar in SG and ASG was D‐glucose. It is deduced that the major representative species are: SE, β‐sitosterol oleate/palmitate; SG, β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(l → 3)‐β‐sitosterol; and ASG, 6–0‐palmitoyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(l → 3)‐β‐sitosterol.
High performance liquid chromatography analyses of emulsifiers: I. Quantitative determinations of mono‐ and diacylglycerols of saturated fatty acids
Authors: Riisom T. , Hoffmeyer L.
Published: July 2007

A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method is described for the separation of mono‐, di‐, and triacylglycerols of fatty acids on a 25‐cm column packed with 10 μm LiChrosorb DIOL. The acylglycerols are eluted isocratically with isooctane‐isopropanol (95:5) within 10 min, and the components monitored by UV‐absorption at 213 nm. The applicability of the method for the quantitative determination of the mono‐ and diacylglycerol content of fully hardened monoglycerides using an internal standard method has been demonstrated. The method shows excellent reproducibility and accuracy with standard deviations of a distilled monoglyceride containing 92.1% monoacylglycerols and 6.5% diacylglycerols of 0.70% and 0.42%, respectively. The method is applicable to other types of emulsifiers, for instance, acetylated monoglyceride emulsifiers and propylene glycol esters of fatty acids.
Plasticizing effect of acetylated castor oil on castor oil‐based, moisture‐cured polyurethane film
Authors: Mukherjea R. N. , Saha K. K. , Sanyal S. K.
Published: July 2007

Moisture‐cured polyurethane films have been prepared by reaction between toluene diisocyanate and castor oil or derivatives such as castor oil diethanol amide, castor oil monoglyceride, ethylene glycol monoricinoleate, and propylene glycol monoricinoleate. Effect of acetylated castor oil as an internal plasticizer on the resulting urethane films has been studied. Catalytic effect of 3–5% triethanol amine on curing of plasticized films has been noted. Plasticized polyurethane films show good tensile strength (105–550 kg/cm2) and elongation (15–215%) properties, having high melting point (210–272 C) and good resistance to solvents and chemicals.
Whole‐plant oils, potential new industrial raw materials
Authors: Buchanan R. A. , Otey F. H. , Russell C. R. , Cull I. M.
Published: July 2007

In an extensive screening program, 14 plant species have been identified which have good potential as hydrocarbon‐ and rubber‐producing crops. These plants contain from 5 to 10% oil plus polymeric hydrocarbon on a dry weight basis. Since their dry matter yield should be 11,200 to 22,400 kg/ha/year, they would produce several times as much oil as conventional oilseed crops. In these plants, the oil is not concentrated in storage organs, i.e., seed or fruit tissue, but is distributed throughout the whole plant. Several species are lactiferous, with oil as a major component of the latex. A few which are of primary interest as potential new sources of natural rubber produce an equal yield of by‐product oil. A prominent feature of most whole‐plant oils is their large component of nonglyceride esters. Such oils could become valuable new feedstocks for production of plasticizers for rubber and plastics and new sources of waxes, long chain alcohols, sterols, terpenes, fatty acids, and other products. A petroleum refinery could be operated on whole‐plant oils, and some species are being referred to as potential “gasoline trees.”
Compositional studies on technical cashew nutshell liquid (cnsl) by chromatography and mass spectroscopy
Authors: Tyman J. H. P. , Wilczynski D. , Kashani M. A.
Published: July 2007

The composition of technical cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL), Anacardium occidentale, from four different sources has been examined. The C15 component phenols cardanol, cardol, 2‐methyl cardol, and traces of anacardic acid have been determined by gas liquid chromatography (GLC), after hydrogenation and methylation, on the stationary phases Dexsil 300, SE52, SE30, and OV17, or alternatively the acetylated (unsaturated) phenols on Dexsil 300, SE52, or SE30. After thin layer chromatographic (TLC) separation of the component phenols, their saturated (15:0), monoene (15:1), diene (15:2), and triene (15:3) constituents have been determined by mass spectrometry (MS). In both the GLC and the MS procedures, the results have been corrected for differing relative responses. The more highly polymeric material present in technical CNSL from different sources has been determined by molecular distillation and by TLC. The fractions obtained by molecular distillation have been analyzed by GLC, the results of which show there is present some low polymeric material less volatile than the C15 component phenols, but the major portion of technical CNSL is volatile and can be analyzed by GLC.
Bromination‐dehydrobromination of long chain α,β‐unsaturated acid
Authors: Ahmad M. U. , Ahmad M. S. , Osman S. M.
Published: July 2007

The bromination‐dehydrobromination of trans‐2‐octadecenoic acid (1a) gave a mixture of rearranged products, (3a), 34.5% and (5a, 49.2%). A vicinal diol (4a), 8.7% was obtained as a minor side product. It is proposed that in the formation of 3a and 5a, the allenic intermediate 7a is involved which is derived from the expected acetylenic intermediate 6a by the usual base‐catalyzed acetylene‐allene rearrangement. The structures of individual reaction products were established by elemental analyses as well as by spectral studies.
Determination of sodium sulfate in anionic surfactants by nonaqueous titration
Authors: Yamaguchi Shinichiro
Published: July 2007

A convenient and easy method was developed for nonaqueous titrimetric determination of sodium sulfate in the presence of sulfonate and sulfate type anionic surfactants. Sodium sulfate and the anionic surfactants were converted to sulfuric acid and the corresponding organo‐sulfonic or organo‐sulfuric acids by the addition of an excess of perchloric acid. The resulting acid mixture was then titrated in methanol with cyclohexylamine. The sulfate content was calculated from the difference of the two end points of the differentiating titration curve. For the determination of sodium sulfate in typical anionic surfactants, the relative standard deviation varied from 0.7 to 2.0% at the 0.3–10% sodium sulfate levels. The method provides a rapid and precise determination of inorganic sulfates in sulfonated or sulfated materials.
Surfactant analysis by high performance liquid chromatography: I. A rapid analysis for mixtures of amphoteric surfactants and soap
Authors: Parris Nicholas
Published: July 2007

A method has been developed for the rapid and direct analysis of amphoteric surfactants (sulfobetaines) in combination with mixtures of coconut and tallow soaps, with the aid of reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The mobile phase consisted of methanol‐water (85:15, v/v) with 0.2% by volume acetic acid (pH ≐ 4). At this pH, tallow and coconut soap mixtures are analyzed as the fatty acids and are conveniently separated from the sulfobetaine. A typical HPLC analysis of such mixtures requires 25 min.
Accuracy of the Surgeons’ Clinical Prediction of Perioperative Complications Using a Visual Analog Scale
Authors: Woodfield John C. , Pettigrew Ross A. , Plank Lindsay D. , Landmann Michael , van Rij Andre M.
Published: August 2007

Background

The ability to predict who will develop perioperative complications remains difficult because the etiology of adverse events is multifactorial. This study examines the preoperative and postoperative ability of the surgeon to predict complications and assesses the significance of a change in prediction.

Methods

This was a prospective study of 1013 patients. The surgeon assessed the risk of a major complication on a 100‐mm visual analog scale (VAS) immediately before and after surgery. When the VAS score was changed, the surgeon was asked to document why. Patients were assessed up to 30 days postoperatively.

Results

Surgeons made a meaningful preoperative prediction of major complications (median score = 27mm vs. 19mm, p < 0.01), with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.74 for mortality, 0.67 for major complications, and 0.63 for all complications. A change in the VAS score postoperatively was due to technical reasons in 74% of stated cases. An increased VAS score identified significantly more complications, but the improvement in the discrimination was small. When included in a multivariate model for predicting postoperative complications, the surgeon’s VAS score functioned as an independent predictive variable and improved the predictive ability, goodness of fit, and discrimination of the model.

Conclusions

Clinical assessment of risk by the surgeon using a VAS score independently improves the prediction of perioperative complications. Including the unique contribution of the surgeon’s clinical assessment should be considered in models designed to predict the risk of surgery.
Separation of milk fat triacylglycerols by argentation thin‐layer chromatography
Authors: Robinson N. P. , MacGibbon A. K. H.
Published: August 2007

Argentation thin‐layer chromatography was investigated as a method of obtaining detailed compositional information about milk fat. A modified argentation thin‐layer chromatography procedure, developed to optimize the separation of the complex mixture of total milk fat triacylglycerols, provided nine different groups of triacylglycerols, based on both the degree of unsaturation and the total length of fatty acid groups. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis was performed to determine the composition of each band. Separation on the basis of chainlength was most pronounced among the fully saturated triacylglycerol groups, as evidenced by the high level of C4:0 and C6:0 in bands 7 and 8, respectively. For the cis‐monoenoic triacylglycerols, the separation of C4:0 and C6:0 was less distinct. The cis,cis dienes and other dienoic, trienoic, or tetraenoic species were principally observed in two bands of retention factor <0.08 on the chromatography plate. Minimal cross‐contamination of bands was observed, with the exception of the lowest of the trisaturate bands, band 7, in which trans‐monoenes were found to be present. Three samples from different points of the New Zealand dairy season were separated by argentation thin‐layer chromatography, and their FAME distributions were measured. In addition to differences in the masses of band extracts from these samples, levels of C10:0 and C12:0 in all bands, and levels of monounsaturates in the dienoic and trienoic bands, were found to differ. These changes were generally consistent with a pattern of decreasing fat hardness over the November to March period of a typical dairy season.
Determinants of adolescents’ active defending and passive bystanding behavior in bullying
Authors: Gini Gianluca , Albiero Paolo , Benelli Beatrice , Altoè Gianmarco
Published: July 2007

The literature on participant roles in bullying lacks empirical studies that seek to explain what differentiates defenders from outsiders (or passive bystanders). The present study tested a conceptual model in which two personal characteristics of early adolescent students (empathy and perceived social self‐efficacy) were considered as possible determinants of their participant behavior in bullying episodes. A total of 294 Italian early adolescents (mean age=13.3 years, range: 12–14) participated in the study. The structural equation modeling showed that high levels of empathic responsiveness were positively associated with both active defending and passive bystanding behavior, as assessed through peer nominations. In contrast, high levels of social self‐efficacy were associated with helping behavior, whereas low levels of social self‐efficacy were associated with passive bystanding behavior. Results are discussed in terms of theoretical and practical implications for researchers and educational practitioners.
Demineralized Bone Matrix and Fat Autograft in a Rabbit Model of Frontal Sinus Obliteration
Authors: Altman Jason I. , Eloy Jean Anderson , Hoch Benjamin L. , Munoz Carla M. , Shohet Michael R.
Published: July 2007

OBJECTIVE

In this study, we investigate the efficacy of demineralized bone matrix (DBM) as a material for frontal sinus obliteration in a rabbit model.

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING

Twenty‐four New Zealand White rabbits were divided into four groups, and the study was carried out to two time periods. Twelve rabbits underwent frontal sinus obliteration with fat autograft, and 12 rabbits underwent the procedure with DBM. At 12 weeks, six control and six study rabbits were killed. The remaining 12 rabbits were killed at 36 weeks. All specimens underwent radiologic evaluation with spiral CT followed by histologic examination for evidence of bony growth.

RESULTS

Sinuses obliterated with DBM showed replacement of the sinus cavity by trabecular bone. Histology demonstrated significant progressive replacement of DBM by cancellous bone from 12 weeks (53.3%) to 36 weeks (78.8%). There were no complications observed as a result of the materials used.

CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE

DBM is a prospective material for frontal sinus obliteration. Long‐term studies and human trials will further elucidate the role of this material.
It's All about Variants: A Variant-Conscious Approach to New Testament Textual Criticism
Authors: Epp Eldon Jay
Published: July 2007

The goal of New Testament textual criticism would appear to be simple enough: to restore the original text written by each author of the New Testament books. Upon examination, however, the notion of simplicity vanishes immediately and each of the key terms here—“restore,” “original,” “text,” and “author”—has its problematic aspects, but more importantly the simply stated goal itself turns out to be inadequate. Grist for the text-critical mill consists of textual readings or variants, which for the relatively small collection of writings called the New Testament are not merely in the hundreds or thousands, or even the tens of thousands, but run to perhaps a third of a million. They stem from the nearly 5,500 Greek manuscripts, some 10,000 versional manuscripts, and innumerable patristic citations of New Testament passages.
RECONSIDERING STATE, PARTY, AND SOCIETY IN EARLY REPUBLICAN TURKEY: POLITICS OF PETITIONING
Authors: Akın Yiğit
Published: August 2007

On 4 February 1934, the secretary-general of the Republican People's Party (RPP) received an utterly distressed letter penned by Kerimoğlu Ethem, a young waiter employed at the restaurant of Şakir Usta, located in the small western Anatolian town of Bergama. Ethem's letter contained harsh complaints about the head of the RPP's Bergama branch, who had sworn at the waiter and beaten him because of a minor problem with service. “Except a few loyal supporters, no one likes him in Bergama,” wrote Ethem, “but people are afraid of raising complaints against him as he is the head of the party. I write to inform you about this immoral man, who degrades the esteem of the party in Bergama and openly defies the government's authority.” Upon receiving Ethem's letter, the secretary-general immediately ordered party inspectors to investigate the allegations. Ethem's complaint was just one among many that flooded the secretary-general's mailbox during the early 1930s.
A RESPONSE TO MICHAEL GUNTER'S REVIEW OF THE ARMENIAN MASSACRES IN OTTOMAN TURKEY: A DISPUTED GENOCIDE (IJMES 38 [2006]: 598–601
Authors: WATENPAUGH KEITH DAVID
Published: August 2007

Michael Gunter should not have written a review of Guenter Lewy's The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide for IJMES or for any other scholarly journal, as he was intimately involved in the prepublication review and promotion of the book.
Single-molecule fluorescence to study molecular motors
Authors: Park Hyokeun , Toprak Erdal , Selvin Paul R.
Published: July 2007

Molecular motors, which use energy from ATP hydrolysis to take nanometer-scale steps with run-lengths on the order of micrometers, have important roles in areas such as transport and mitosis in living organisms. New techniques have recently been developed to measure these small movements at the single-molecule level. In particular, fluorescence imaging has contributed to the accurate measurement of this tiny movement. We introduce three single-molecule fluorescence imaging techniques which can find the position of a fluorophore with accuracy in the range of a few nanometers. These techniques are named after Hollywood animation characters: Fluorescence Imaging with One Nanometer Accuracy (FIONA), Single-molecule High-REsolution Colocalization (SHREC), and Defocused Orientation and Position Imaging (DOPI). We explain new understanding of molecular motors obtained from measurements using these techniques.
Shakespeare's Coriolanus and Aristotle's Great-Souled Man
Authors: Holloway Carson
Published: August 2007

This paper seeks to illuminate magnanimity by examining Shakespeare's Coriolanus in light of Aristotle's account of greatness of soul in the Nicomachean Ethics. I contend that contemplation of Coriolanus's similarity to Aristotle's magnanimous man allows us to harmonize two apparently discordant elements of the magnanimous man's character: his seriousness about the good, on the one hand, and his apparently status-oriented intolerance of insult, on the other. Nevertheless, Coriolanus falls short of Aristotle's standard; reflection on his defects reveals that genuine magnanimity requires prudence and a philosophic detachment from the city's moral convictions that Shakespeare's hero lacks.
Immuno-capture PCR method for detecting Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli from watermelon
Authors: Xiao Wang , Le Zhang , Fu-Shou Xu , Li-Han Zhao , Guan-Lin Xie
Published: August 2007

An immuno-capture polymerase chain reaction (IC-PCR) method for detection of Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli (AAC), the causal organism of bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) of watermelon, was developed by combining the immunosorbent enrichment (ISE) method with classical PCR and comparing with the direct PCR and growth check methods. The results showed that all A. avenae subsp. citrulli strains tested have produced 360 bp specific fragments using IC-PCR and direct PCR methods, while other strains from 10 different genera showed negative PCR results. The minimum detection concentration was about 50–100 cfu/ml and 104 cfu/ml, respectively. The IC-PCR sensitivity was 100 times higher than that of direct PCR. The examination of seven batches of different melon seeds from the markets by IC-PCR showed that one cantaloupe, two honeydew melon and two watermelon seed varieties carried the pathogen, indicating that the IC-PCR is an accurate, sensitive, rapid and low-cost technique.
Black muntjac fibroblast cell culture and interspecies embryo reconstruction in vitro
Authors: Jun-Shun Fang , Yong Tao , Mei-Ling Zhang , Jian-Ming Liu , Wei Han , Zhi-Zhong Zhang , Xiao-Rong Zhang
Published: August 2007

The black muntjac (Muntiacus crinifrons) is a critically endangered mammalian species, confined to a narrow region of south-eastern China. In the present study, the homogeneous ear fibroblast cells of a black muntjac were respectively cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) (low glucose), DMEM (high glucose) and RPMI-1640. The population doubling time of subcultured cells was not significantly different between the three different media, but cell growth was greater in DMEM (low glucose). The interspecies embryos were reconstructed using the fibroblasts of black muntjac as donors and enucleated goat or rabbit oocytes as recipients and their blastocyst rates were 0 and 11.5%, respectively. The results demonstrated that the two cytoplasts could support reprogramming of the ear fibroblasts of black muntjac, but the developmental potential of the reconstructed embryos was different.