bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coopetition at Society Level: A Scale Validation
Authors: Oliveira-Ribeiro Rodrigo , Chim-Miki Adriana Fumi , Machado Petruska De Araujo
Published: July 2022

The researchers study coopetition in various levels such as individual, intraorganizational or interorganizational. However, there is a gap in coopetition studies at the society level, at the meta-level. We consider Social Coopetition as the capacity of the society's stakeholders to work together, oriented to create social value to generate solutions to economic, social and environmental problems, providing local development based on cooperation and social commitment. This research has twofold objectives, i) to define Social Coopetition and propose its dimensions, ii) to validate a scale to measure coopetition at society level. An expert's panel analyzed 101 variables extracted by the literature review, and they selected 75 variables grouped in 7 dimensions as a qualitative pre-validation. In the sequence, we performed an exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis to validate the scale. Our findings indicated 12 dimensions could express the social coopetition level: social asymmetry, perceptions of individual and collective benefits, socio-political characteristics, communication, competition, social competence, social commitment, previous experience, social governance, interdependence, technological and innovation level and cultural similarity. The findings provide a scale to monitor the social coopetition through 48 variables. Our results bring a novel in the coopetition field and have theoretical and practical implications. The findings explore a new coopetition level. Also, it provides a tool for municipal management to improve the coopetition strategies performance toward the generation of social value.
Perencanaan Armada, Pengendalian Persediaan, Dan Peningkatan Layanan Distribusi Air Minum Kemasan
Authors: Septiana Firda Annisa , Purba Okin Ringan , Baskoro Dian Anom
Published: July 2022

The purpose of this research is to do empirical test to know how much the influence of transportation fleet planning is and controlling goods inventory of the improvement of goods distribution services. This research used a case study of distribution division or finished goods warehouse of a drinking water company. The data collection was carried out by perception survey of 48 warehouse employees as subject research on variable study. Multiple regression was used to analyse the data. The result of this research shows that regression equation Y=11,584 + 0,387X1 + 0,368X2. The fleet planning and inventory control have a significant influence and strong relationship to the improvement of distribution services
Perencanaan Distribusi, Pemilihan Moda Transportasi, dan Kelancaran Pengiriman Bantuan Darurat Bencana
Authors: Noviyanti Rizky , Yasman Adri , Liauw Johanes Kurniawan
Published: July 2022

The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of logistics distribution planning and the choice of transportation modes on the delivery of disaster emergency assistance. The data collection method used a survey of 30 BNPB employees as respondent. Multiple regression method was used in this research. The result shows that there is influence of logistics emergency distribution relief and the choice of transportation modes has a significant positive effect and a strong relationship on the smooth delivery of disaster emergency assistance.
Symptoms of deficiency and initial growth of maize cultivated with biochar under nutrient omission
Authors:   Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Mendes Jacqueline da Silva , Chaves Lucia Helena Garófalo ,   Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Fernandes Josely Dantas ,   Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Dantas Edilma Rodrigues Bento ,   Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Laurentino Laysa Gabryella de Souza ,   Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Silva André Alisson Rodrigues da ,   Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Oliveira Luan Dantas de ,   Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Santos Bárbara Davis Brito dos ,   Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Kubo Gustavo Tomio Magalhães ,   Universidade Federal de Campina Grande
Published: July 2022

Maize is the second largest agricultural crop in Brazil. It reaches high yields as supported by the intensive use of technologies, particularly mineral fertilization, which is normally costly. To lower production costs and improve crop productivity on small farms, the present study tested the efficiency of poultry litter biochar as a source of nutrients in the initial growth of BRS 2022 maize by the ‘diagnosis by subtraction’ method. The study was carried out in a greenhouse, using a completely randomized experimental design with a factorial arrangement (7×3). The following treatments were tested: complete nutrient solution (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn); complete nutrient solutions with omission of only nitrogen (-N), phosphorus (-P), potassium (-K), calcium (-Ca), and magnesium (-Mg); and complete absence of nutrients and three increasing rates of biochar (0, 5, and 10 t ha-1). Absence of nutrients with biochar rates significantly influenced the growth and dry biomass production variables of the maize plants. Except for stem diameter and the ratio between shoot and root dry biomass, all variables were influenced by the interaction between nutrients and biochar rates. Nutrient omission limited maize growth; however, the application of biochar reduced these limitations and significantly improved all analyzed variables. In the treatments without fertilizer, maize growth was very low, with generalized symptoms of deficiency that would decrease with the application of biochar. Even in the treatment with complete fertilization, which showed some slight visual symptoms, these decreased with the application of biochar.
Effects of photoinitiators on dental composite resins: a narrative review
Authors: Duarte Bruna Marciano , Silva Neto Joventino Manoel , Pinheiro Daniella de Paula , Araújo Taylane Soffener Berlanga De
Published: July 2022

In recent years, the components of dental composites have changed in an attempt to improve their biomechanical and chemical properties. Therefore, dentistry contains many different photoinitiator systems, the most common being the binary camphorquinone and tertiary amine system, and most dental light curing agents are designed to suit the camphorquinone (CQ) absorption range. The alternation of the photoinitiator can cause changes in the values of biomechanical properties, such as degree of conversion, hardness, and biocompatibility. This review contains a comparison of the biomechanical properties of dental composites including different photosensitizers, among others: camphorquinone, phenanthrenequinone, benzophenone, and 1-phenyl-1,2 propanedione, trimethyl benzoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide, benzoyl peroxide. The literature reviews used and the observation of randomized studies were from the Bireme, PubMed, SciElo, and LILACS databases from 2008 to February 2021. Objective: To present the action of light-curing agents in composite resin and their mechanical characteristics concluded that the market is constantly evolving related to photoinitiators.
Virtual and minimally traumatic surgery in bucomaxillofacial procedures: a concise systematic review
Authors: Ortega Liliane Fernanda Luz , Cicareli Alvaro José , Kassis Elias Naim , Manzini Régis
Published: July 2022

Introduction: In recent years, maxillary atrophy is an increasingly frequent clinical condition and the causes that lead to focal or generalized atrophy are multiple factors. Based on the histological concept in which living tissues are formed by cells joined by thin elastic tissue and with nerve fibrils, capillaries, lymphatic and blood vessels. The disruption of these cells by surgical trauma provides the release of enzymes that delay healing. For this reason, surgical trauma should be minimized. Objective: Aimed to perform a brief review of the main considerations of virtual and minimally traumatic surgery in the context of maxillofacial surgery. Methods: The model used for the review was PRISMA. We used databases such as Scielo, Lilacs, Google Scholar, PubMed. The Cochrane Instrument was used to assess the risk of bias of the included studies. Results and Conclusion: A total of 118 articles were found involving virtual and minimally invasive surgery in maxillofacial procedures. A total of 56 articles were fully evaluated and 28 were included in this study. the main considerations regarding minimally traumatic surgery are the attempt to minimize the professional's effort, reduce surgical time and alleviate bleeding and inflammatory processes, edema, pain, and ecchymosis that can affect patients. Thus, the maximum preservation of the integrity of the soft tissues adjacent to the prosthetic spaces and the preservation of the level of the ridge of the alveolar bone to achieve a minimization of surgical trauma must be sought.
Disease Prediction using Machine Learning
Authors:   Student, Computer Science and Engineering, Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology, G. Vasu Sena , K. Rajinikanth ,   Student, Computer Science and Engineering, Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology, Mohammed Khaja Faizan∗ ,   Student, Computer Science and Engineering, Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology, D. Rohit Rajan ,   Student, Computer Science and Engineering, Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology
Published: July 2022

Predicting disease at a nearly stage becomes critical and the most difﬁcult challenge is to predict it correctly along with the sickness.The prediction happens on the basis of the symptoms of an individual.The model presented can work like a digital doctor for the disease prediction which helps to diagnose the disease timely and can be efﬁcient for the person to take immediate measures. The model is much more accurate in prediction of potential ailments. The work is tested with four machine learning algorithms and got the best accuracy with Random Forest.
The Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards in the Arab Gulf Region
Authors: El-Ahdab Abdul Hamid
Published: July 2022

Alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, and in particular arbitration, represent a major issue in the Arab Gulf region. The development of the international business market in the region has attracted a large number of foreign investors leading to an increase in the number of disputes in various sectors. Consequently, a number of Arab countries have updated their laws and regulations on arbitration. This article tackles the issue of recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. In each of these countries, a distinction is drawn between domestic and international arbitration in terms of the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards. The article also examines the provisions of treaties pertaining to the enforcement of arbitral awards to which these countries are parties, as well as the Riyadh Convention on Judicial Cooperation.
Judicial Attitude Towards Foreign Arbitral Awards in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Arab Hassan
Published: July 2022

This article presents a comparison of the UAE courts' approach towards the enforcement of foreign arbitral awards before and after the UAE's accession to the New York Convention. Before the State's accession to the New York Convention, the UAE courts had a restrictive approach towards enforcement of foreign awards as they applied the same conditions required by Article 235 of the Civil Procedures Code for the enforcement of foreign judgments. However, this historical approach changed markedly after the UAE's accession to the New York Convention on 19 February 2006 by virtue of Decree No. 43 of 2006. To this effect, the present article examines several recent rulings issued by the UAE courts which evidence a strong support for international arbitration and confirm the UAE's adherence to the New York Convention. Furthermore, the courts' current positive approach towards enforcement of foreign arbitration awards does not appear to be threatened by one recent court ruling contravening the progressive developments.
Extent of Recognition by the Bahraini Court of Cassation of the GCC Commercial Arbitration Centre Arbitral Awards
Authors: Taha Taha Abdulmawla
Published: July 2022

This article describes the establishment, jurisdiction and rules of procedure of the GCC Commercial Arbitration Centre. The article also examines the Bahraini Court of Cassation's trend towards recognizing arbitral awards issued by the GCC Commercial Arbitration Centre. The article then identifies two judgments issued by the Court on 12 March 2012 and on 2 April 2012 and discusses the main legal principles on which the Court based its judgments, particularly its consideration that the Centre is an entity independent from the Kingdom of Bahrain irrespective of its location in Bahrain. Moreover, the article addresses how the Centre's arbitral awards are executed in the Kingdom of Bahrain.
Enforcement of Arbitral Awards in the Sultanate of Oman
Authors: Shahry Said Bin Saad Al
Published: July 2022

This article examines the legal and judicial systems of the Sultanate of Oman and how they relate to structural and procedural aspects of arbitration within the country. The article identifies regulations and procedures affecting the status of arbitration under Omani law since the promulgation of Sultani Decree 47/97 on the Law of Arbitration in Civil and Commercial Disputes. The article also describes the role of the Commercial Dispute Resolution Tribunal established in accordance with Sultani Decree 79/81 and how Omani legislation regulates the enforcement of foreign arbitral awards under the 1958 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards to which Oman acceded in 1999.
The English Courts Approach to Review of Awards by Way of Challenge and Enforcement
Authors: Heilbron QC Hilary
Published: July 2022

The article discusses the procedure for challenging and enforcing arbitral awards in the English courts, both where the seat is London and also under the New York Convention. It includes sections on jurisdictional issues, procedural issues and points of law. It addresses the tension that can arise in the context of the competing jurisdictions between the courts of the seat of the arbitration and the enforcing courts and debates issues of the finality and binding nature of arbitral awards in the above context.
Contribution to the Host State Development: A Marginalised Criterion?
Authors: Hussein Dalia
Published: July 2022

The contribution to the host state economic development has been considered one of many elements to characterise a project as a protected investment under the ICSID Convention. The Preamble of the ICSID Convention, the Report of the World Bank Directors, as well as famous scholars considered the contribution to economic development an important and even central criterion for the application of the Convention.

However, ICSID tribunals either rejected the criterion or applied it inconsistently. It is suggested that the reason for this erronous rejection or inconsistent application is the lack of a clear definition of the criterion. An economic definition of this criterion may be of assistance.
The IBA Guidelines on Party Representation in International Arbitration: A Plea for Caution
Authors: Baizeau Domitille
Published: July 2022

The present article seeks to critically review the IBA Guidelines on Party Representations in International Arbitration in their attempt to address the vast and complex topic of counsel’s ethics. The author’s plea for caution turns on two main concerns. First is the mixing of the issues, inequality of arms, on the one hand, and counsel’s unethical conduct per se, on the other. Second is the way in which the Guidelines address them, by (a) seeking to define a uniform set of standards or level playing field that is in some worrying respects very much a North American level playing field; and (b) entrusting the arbitral tribunal with the power to sanction counsel in case of non-compliance, a role for which tribunals are not equipped and which may jeopardize their primary function, that of resolving a particular dispute between particular parties represented by particular counsel in a particular legal environment. The article also discusses the approach adopted by the LCIA in its revised 2014 Arbitration Rules and the current draft of the ICDR Code of Conduct for a Party and its Representative.
Enforcement of ICSID Awards in the United States
Authors: Thomas Erin , Duclos Nicole
Published: July 2022

The ICSID Convention’s self-contained recognition and enforcement regime has long been touted as a unique and, from the perspective of award creditors, favorable feature of the treaty. However, the legislation implementing this regime in the United States does not clearly spell out the procedures that courts must follow in discharging their recognition and enforcement obligations. As a result, U.S. federal courts have adopted diverging approaches to enforcement of ICSID awards. Some courts require award creditors to commence a formal action on the award, while others permit ex parte recognition. This article examines U.S. federal courts’ implementation of their recognition and enforcement obligations under the ICSID Convention, focusing in particular on the current divide regarding proper enforcement procedures and the rationales underlying these divergent approaches.
Consent Ltd.: A Brief History of Egypts Ministerial Approval Requirement for Arbitration of State Contracts and Why It Should Be Abolished
Authors: Youssef Karim A.
Published: July 2022

Recourse to arbitration in state contracts or state entity contracts has been a longstanding hot topic in Egypt. In the aftermath of the Arab Spring, Egyptian courts have caused a major implosion in the rules governing arbitration in state contracts and state entity contracts. The so-called requirement of the minister’s approval was and continues to be at the centre of the post-2011 judicial unwinding of a number of Mubarak era transactions. A brief history of the requirement of the minister’s approval of arbitration agreements in state contracts and how it has been applied before and after the Revolution raises legitimate considerations about whether this legislative requirement is useful. The author believes that this requirement should be abolished.

The decision to abolish the requirement of the minister’s approval should be seen through the lens of the developments brought about by Law No. 32 of 2014 and the balance the law aims to strike between the legitimate interest of the state in protecting the integrity of state contracts and the legitimate interest of investors in protecting their contractual rights. From that balance emerges a key notion, namely, the legitimate right (not only obligation) of the state (as in the executive branch of the government) to protect its investment climate and the sanctity of its commitments, and by proxy, also its international law obligations to observe standards of conduct afforded to foreign investors in bilateral investment treaties and other general international law obligations. It is that right to which the government of Egypt has availed itself by eliminating third-party nullification rights of state contracts and the post-2011 enforcement of those rights. It is also through the lens of that right that the necessity of abolishing the requirement of the minister’s approval should be considered.
And you are . . .?Dual Nationals in Investment Treaty Arbitration
Authors: Walker David , Haeri Hussein
Published: July 2022

The issue of dual nationals in investment treaty arbitration goes beyond self-identification and involves questions of treaty interpretation and, in some cases, principles developed within the framework of diplomatic protection. This article provides an overview of jurisprudence concerning “who” a person really is in international investment law. It addresses the complex interplay between national and international law with regard to nationality, as well as the contrasting treatment of natural persons and corporate bodies as investors.
The Development of Investment Arbitration in Iraq: Domestic Law, the ICSID Convention and Iraqs Investment Treaties
Authors: Al-Sarraf Adam , Calamita N. Jansen
Published: July 2022

Unlike other developing states in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, Iraq did not participate in the proliferation of bilateral investment treaties and the widespread adoption of arbitration for the resolution of disputes falling within their scope. As a consequence, in the years since the fall of Saddam Hussein and the end of the U.S.-led occupation, Iraq has had to consider how and on what terms it will participate in this global regime. This paper examines the development of international arbitration as an institution in Iraq with reference to both Iraq’s domestic law and its international commitments.
The Use of Experts in Construction Arbitration in the Middle East
Authors: Adams Laura , Snider Thomas R.
Published: July 2022

The evolution of arbitration practice in the Middle East has led to increased use of experts, particularly in relation to construction arbitration.Their use, in different forms, can be a beneficial addition to the evidence produced before the tribunal. However, expert evidence needs to be managed properly to ensure that it is of utmost benefit to a party’s case and the tribunal’s understanding of the issues in dispute.
Pleadings or Memorials: Which Are More Appropriate for Construction Arbitrations?
Authors: Cywicki Kristian , Grose Michael
Published: July 2022

Construction arbitrations present some unique challenges which, in turn, call for special attention to be given to devising an efficient arbitration process. One issue that arises in this regard is the time-honoured question of whether to adopt an approach based on pleadings (common law) or memorials (civil law). In addressing this question, the starting point should be to consider the applicable arbitration/institutional rules (if any) and, thereafter, the relative merits of each approach. Notwithstanding the respective advantages and disadvantages of pleadings and memorials, it is always advisable for the parties, their legal advisors and the tribunal to have regard to the specific challenges of each case, particularly those presented by construction arbitrations. Regardless of the respective pros and cons of pleadings or memorials, the adoption of one approach over the other cannot guarantee an efficient arbitration on its own.
Construction Arbitration and Standard Forms of Contract in the Middle East: National Culture and Its Impact on Perception and Practice
Authors: Nadar Aisha
Published: July 2022

This article examines the role culture may play in contract administration and dispute resolution, and considers the implications of using international standard forms of contract in the Middle East.The influence of culture on law has been acknowledged in the criminal field, but not in the contractual field. National culture can influence perceptions of risk, management practices and views on justice. Given that standard forms of contract are used globally across a wide range of cultures, is there a need to tailor them to different national cultures?
Legal Rules Commonly Applied to Contract Breaches in Construction Arbitrations in Egypt and the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Waly Ahmed Fathi
Published: July 2022

Claims brought in construction disputes tend to relate to the recurrent issues of payment, interest, delay, defects, liquidated damages, and rescission of contract.When working in the Middle East, engineers acting as arbitrators and lawyers from the common law system need to be aware of the mandatory rules of the law applicable to the contract.This paper aims to shed light on the legal rules commonly applied to contract breaches in construction arbitrations in the Middle East. Specifically, the paper focuses on the relevant provisions of the laws of Egypt and the United Arab Emirates and explains the main variations between them.
Tackling Global Construction Claims in the Middle East
Authors: Leginsky Victor P. , Alkarimi Aarta
Published: July 2022

This article sets out factors arbitrators should consider when determining the validity of construction claims in cases where the contractor has chosen not to address breaches and losses from the perspective of their individual causes and effects, but to submit what is commonly referred to as a global claim. The authors consider case law from the United Kingdom and discuss relevant considerations against the backdrop of civil codes and general customs in the Gulf region.
Disclosure of Documents in Construction and Engineering Arbitrations: Theory, Practice and Strategy
Authors: Davies Richard
Published: July 2022

The differing legal backgrounds of the parties and the tribunal in international arbitrations are often most exposed in their approach to handling documentary evidence.This is particularly the case when it comes to the process of requesting and producing documents where there may be significantly contrasting expectations. Most international arbitration regimes deal with evidence in broad terms, and give the tribunal wide discretion to determine evidentiary matters with no reference to particular laws or traditions. The IBA Rules on the Taking of Evidence in International Arbitration (the ‘IBA Rules’) have become a widely-adopted means of filling the gaps. Nonetheless, document production remains a potentially expensive, time-consuming and often controversial part of international arbitration procedure.This article gives an overview of the IBA Rules and suggests further ways in which tribunals and parties can seek to anticipate difficulties in the document disclosure process before they arise.
Variations and the Resolution of Disputes under the FIDIC Red Books
Authors: Punwar Philip , Edwards Christopher , Kelsey Samantha
Published: July 2022

Uptake of the 1999 FIDIC Red Book has been slow in the Middle East/GCC, with users preferring the 1987 Fourth Edition of the Red Book instead.This article highlights some of the ways in which users in the region personalize the Red Book. It also identifies those provisions of the Red Book that may conflict with mandatory rules of law set out in the region’s civil codes. These include provisions concerning instructions, variations, omissions and the notification of claims.The authors also discuss the role of the engineer under the 1987 Fourth Edition of the Red Book and the Dispute Adjudication Board procedure in the 1999 Red Book. They comment on the uptake of both within the region, suggest steps that might be taken to overcome their perceived shortcomings, and indicate where developments can be expected.
The French Approach to Third-Party Funding:A Balance between Liberalism and Cautiousness
Authors: El Ahdab Jalal
Published: July 2022

There are no provisions specifically governing third-party funding in French law. Unlike some common law systems, which are more restrictive in this respect, French law does not prevent the use of third-party funding in international arbitration.As amply attested in case law and legal commentary, France generally adopts a liberal approach to international arbitration. There are nonetheless areas where caution is called for.A case in point is the ethical duties of counsel dealing with funders.The Paris Bar recently took the unprecedented step of issuing a resolution that provides interesting and useful guidelines on this matter.
Leading the Way:Third-Party Funding in International Arbitration in Singapore
Authors: Chan Yin Wai , Hwang Michael
Published: July 2022

Since March 1, 2017, third-party funding in international arbitration and related proceedings has been permitted in Singapore.This has brought Singapore into closer alignment with practices in other major centers of international arbitration. This article will discuss the development of third-party funding in Singapore and how this method of funding may develop in the future.
The BCDR-AAA Mediation Rules 2019
Authors: Winstanley Adrian
Published: July 2022

Mediation, at its most basic, is the process of seeking the settlement of a dispute through dialogue and the eventual agreement of the parties; merely facilitated by a neutral third party, the meditator.

Mediation rules and procedures can and should be much lighter and less prescriptive than rules of arbitration; and mediation should be substantially quicker and less expensive than arbitration.

This article will consider whether and if so to what extent the rules of mediation of BCDR-AAA (‘BCDR-AAA’ or ‘the Chamber’) provide a flexible framework and a light touch for the efficient, timely and cost-effective resolution of commercial disputes; drawing comparisons with the 2011 BCDR-AAA mediation rules, which they replace, and with the mediation rules of other leading institutions.

‘You can’t shake hands with a clenched fist.’ – Indira Gandhi
Successful Mediation Strategies
Authors: Jabbour Rhéa
Published: July 2022

As a consensual and informal process, mediation relies on the key principles of party selfdetermination, mediator neutrality, and mediator impartiality. It is a form of negotiation assisted by a neutral third party who does not compel parties to accept any prescribed solution. Mediation can be used for both personal and professional disputes to avoid the burden of formal, lengthy, and cost-intensive court proceedings. While mediators may tailor the models of problemsolving— facilitative, evaluative, and transformative—to the specific case, any type of mediation requires significant party participation. The skilled mediator uses a set of specific techniques, including judicious questioning, active listening, and reality testing, to establish a safe and authentic mediation environment and help parties make an informed decision towards dispute resolution.
Amicable Investor-State Dispute Settlement at ICSID: Modernizing Conciliation and Introducing Mediation
Authors: Nitschke Frauke
Published: July 2022

The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) has embarked on a comprehensive reform of its existing dispute settlement mechanism and also added a set of mediation rules to its service offerings. This article reviews the proposed amendments to the ICSID conciliation mechanism and ICSID’s proposed investment mediation framework. In relation to the proposed amendments to the ICSID conciliation mechanism, the article analyzes key differences and similarities between ICSID Convention arbitration and ICSID Convention conciliation, before providing an overview of the amendments proposed to the conciliation framework and offering some conclusions. Subsequently, the article reviews the background against which the ICSID Mediation Rules have been developed and sets out the key differences and similarities between ICSID’s existing conciliation process and the newly proposed mediation mechanism. The article then provides a comprehensive overview of the Mediation Rules before offering conclusions and a positive outlook for amicable investor-State Dispute Settlement.
Confidentiality
Authors: Scherer Maxi , Allen Prince Nathalie
Published: July 2022

Article 40: Confidentiality

40.1 Confidential information disclosed during the arbitration by the parties or by witnesses shall not be divulged by the parties, by an arbitrator, by any emergency arbitrator, by any expert to the arbitral tribunal, by any secretary of the arbitral tribunal, or by the Chamber (including its officers and employees). Unless otherwise agreed in writing by the parties or required by applicable law, the members of the arbitral tribunal, any emergency arbitrator, any expert to the arbitral tribunal, any secretary of the arbitral tribunal, and the Chamber (including its officers and employees) shall keep confidential all matters relating to the arbitration or the award.

40.2 An award may be made public only with the consent of all parties or as required by law, except that the Chamber may publish or otherwise make publicly available selected awards, orders, decisions and rulings that have become public in the course of enforcement or otherwise and, unless otherwise agreed in writing by the parties, may publish selected awards, orders, decisions, and rulings that have been edited to conceal the names of the parties and other identifying details.

40.3 Unless the parties agree in writing otherwise, the arbitral tribunal may make orders concerning the confidentiality of the arbitration or any matters in connection with the arbitration and may take measures for protecting trade secrets and confidential information.
Limitation of Liability
Authors: Bienvenu Pierre
Published: July 2022

Article 41: Limitation of liability

41.1 None of the members of the arbitral tribunal, any secretary of the arbitral tribunal, any emergency arbitrator, any expert to the arbitral tribunal, and the Chamber (including its officers and employees) shall be liable to any party for any act or omission in connection with any arbitration conducted under these Rules, except where such act or omission is shown by that party to be the consequences of conscious and deliberate wrongdoing, or to the extent that any part of this limitation of liability is shown to be prohibited by any applicable law.

41.2 None of the members of the arbitral tribunal, any secretary of the arbitral tribunal, any emergency arbitrator, any expert to the arbitral tribunal, and the Chamber (including its officers and employees) shall be under any legal obligation to make any statement about the arbitration, and no party shall seek to make any of these persons a party or witness in any judicial or other proceedings relating to the arbitration.
Caught Between a Rock and COVID-19: Sharing the Pain of Onerous Oil and Gas Contracts in the Middle East
Authors: Coop Graham , Lupini Roberto
Published: July 2022

The obligations under many oil and gas contracts have become highly onerous as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.Whether on the losing or winning side, governments and companies face difficult choices between—on one hand—negotiating a balanced solution to the contractual imbalances created by COVID-19, and—on the other—invoking legal remedies that could potentially mitigate the burden of onerous performance. This article navigates some of those remedies and, in doing so, offers strategic and tactical considerations for parties operating in the Middle East considering whether to revise, suspend and/or terminate their long-term oil and gas contracts.
ICSID and Investor-State Petroleum Disputes in the MENA Region
Authors: Parra Antonio R.
Published: July 2022

MENA countries have long been important participants in the ICSID system. Several ICSID “firsts” are associated with MENA countries: the first signatory of the ICSID Convention, the first ICSID case, and the first “arbitration without privity.”

This note examines the current (as of the end of 2020) ICSID caseload of MENA countries, including the sectoral distribution of the cases. Paradoxically, for a region so rich in petroleum resources, relatively few of the cases have involved oil and gas disputes.The note discusses possible reasons for this. It concludes by suggesting that in appropriate cases MENA countries might find ICSID’s proposed new mediation mechanism an attractive option for the settlement of petroleum investment disputes.
Staništa i sezonske migracije divokoze (Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica, Bolkay 1925) u posebnom lovištu ”Zelengora” i nacionalnom parku “Sutjeska”
Authors: Sekulić Željko , Kunovac Saša , Paprica Bojan
Published: July 2022

Balkanska divokoza (Rupicapra r. balcanica, Bolkay 1925) naseljava određena planinska područja i pojedine kanjone rijeka Bosne i Hercegovine, pa tako i  Posebno lovište „Zelengora“ i  Nacionalni park „Sutjeska“. Veoma je skromna u pogledu ishrane, ali je zahtjevna u pogledu staništa gdje mir u staništu važi kao jedan od glavnih faktora za njen opstanak i vjernost staništu.

Neka od najznačajnijih staništa divokoza u Bosni i Hercegovini su Zelengora, Treskavica, Visočica, Bjelašnica, Prenj, Čvrsnica, Vran, Šator, Gnjat, Kamenica, Sušica, kao i kanjoni rijeka Une, Ugra, Tare, Drine, Sutjeske, Hrčavke i dr. Mnoga od navedenih staništa su devastirana tokom devedesetih godina prošlog stoljeća, kada su usljed građanskog rata većina tih staništa desetkovana u pogledu brojnosti mnogih divljih vrsta, pa tako i divokoze. Iako navedena staništa pružaju veoma dobre stanišne uslove u cjelokupnim planinskim masivima i kanjonima pojedinih planinskih rijeka, divokoze uvijek teže ka izboru najboljih i najpogodnijih lokacija u tim područjima za izbor svakodnevnih i sezonskih životnih potreba. Upravo prema navedenom, staništa divokoza variraju u pogledu karakteristika, a njena rasprostranjenost je određena specifičnim zahtjevima u pogledu biotopa i veoma je bitno da u svom staništu može ostvariti vertikalne i horizontalne migracije.  Migracije su izraženije sa promjenama godišnjih doba, pa se tako zimi spuštaju u niže stanišne predjele gdje lakše pronalaze hranu, da bi sa topljenjem snijegova vertikalnim pravcima ponovo zauzimale najviša područja u svom staništu.

Upravo iz navedenih razloga smo u radu prezentovali tačno određene lokalitete koji predstavljaju najvažnija staništa i glavne migracione puteve divokoza u Posebnom lovištu „Zelengora“ i Nacionalnom parku „Sutjeska“.
Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Lompat Jauh Gaya Menggantung Pada Masa Covid–19 Dengan Gaya Mengajar Resiprokal
Authors: Saragih Dinaria , Dewi Maya Sari
Published: July 2022

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat bagaimana peningkatan hasil belajar lompat jauh gaya menggantung pada masa covid-19 dengan gaya mengajar resiprokal pada siswa kelas V SDN 030369 Pardomuan, Dairi Tahun Ajaran 2020/2021. Lokasi penelitian ini dilaksanakan di SDN 030369 Pardomuan, Dairi. Yang menjadi subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh Siswa Kelas V SDN 030369 Pardomuan, Dairi Tahun Ajaran 2020/2021 yang terdiri dari 30 siswa. Metode dalam penelitian ini adalah metode PTK dengan teknik tes dan pengukuran menggunakan lembaran portofolio. Analisis data dilakukan dengan reduksi data dilakukan dengan cara menyeleksi, menyederhanakan dan mentranformasikan data yang telah disajikan dalam transkip catatan lapangan. Kegiatan reduksi data ini bertujuan untuk melihat kesalahan dan kekurangan siswa dalam pelaksanaan tes, diperoleh 10 siswa (33, 72%) yang mencapai tingkat ketuntasan belajar, 20 siswa (63,2%) belum mencapai tingkat ketuntasan belajar, dengan nilai rata-rata 68,89. Kemudian dilakukan pembelajaran siklus I dengan menerapkan scientific teknik example non example dalam pembelajaran bola kasti siswa pada materi melempar berdasarkan perbaikan dari siklus I diperoleh sudah 27 siswa 90%) yang telah mencapai tingkat ketuntasan belajar, 3 siswa (10 %) belum mencapai tingkat ketuntasan belajar, dengan nilai rata-rata 73,76. Dalam hal ini dilihat bahwa terjadi peningkatan nilai rata-rata hasil belajar per siklus yaitu sebesar 18,2 dan peningkatan klasikalnya sebesar 27,7%. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data dapat dikatakan bahwa melalui Pembelajaran dengan menerapkan gaya mengajar resiprokal dalam pembelajaran pada Siswa kelas V SDN 030369 Pardomuan, Dairi meningkat. Dalam artian pembelajaran dengan gaya mengajar resiprokal mempengaruhi hasil belajar lompat jauh gaya menggantung siswa
Banking Tawarruq between Shariah Compliance and Adequate Liquidity Management in Islamic Banks
Authors: Ahlam Bouebdelli , Zaineddine Ben Amer
Published: July 2022

This study aims to address the problem of combining Shariah compliance and adequacy of liquidity management in Islamic banks when using tawarruq. It seeks to discover whether Islamic banks are in fact able to combine the two. The study found that Islamic banks have significantly developed tawarruq until it has reached a level of efficiently managing excesses and deficits of liquidity, but that was accomplished at the expense of Shariah compliance. The more distant tawarruq got from Shariah standards, the more efficient it became. Islamic banks will not be able to combine the two because they are contradictory. This is especially true in the international markets. It is so on a lower level in local markets, where a relatively better combination can be achieved, but that is only in relative terms.
Effect of Ginger Extracts on Palm Olein Quality during Frying and Impact of Fried Oils on Some Biological Parameters of Albino Wistar Rats
Authors: Loungaing Valerie D. , Djikeng Fabrice T. , Teboukeu Gires B. , Njike Herve F. N. , Kamsu Gabriel T. , Womeni Hilaire M.
Published: July 2022

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of ginger root extracts on the oxidative stability of palm olein during frying and to determine the impact of fried oils on some biochemical parameters of albino Wistar rats. The extracts were added to palm olein at concentrations 1000, 1400 and 1800 ppm. A sample containing 200 ppm of butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) served as positive control and another without additives was used as negative one. All oil samples were subjected to 15 frying cycles with samples collected at 0, 1, 5, 8, 10 and 15 cycles. Peroxide, anisidine and total oxidation values were performed to assess the oxidative stability of oils samples. Only samples taken at 0, 5, 10 and 15 cycles were used for the in vivo tests. One hundred and five rats divided into twenty-one groups including a neutral control group fed only with the staple food and twenty test groups were given the different oil samples (2 ml/100g of food) daily for thirty days. Results showed that the effectiveness of the extracts was concentration dependent, and that at 1800 ppm, they delayed the oxidation of palm olein better than BHT. It was also observed that consumption of the oils previously enriched with plant extracts resulted in an improvement in the biochemical parameters of the rats compared to those of rats fed with oils enriched with BHT and free from additives. These extracts can be used as natural source of antioxydant to stabilize palm olein.
The Influencing Factors of Consumers’ Purchase Intention toward Green Products: A Case of Consumers in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Almohammadi Hiam G. , Abdulghaffar Nadia A.
Published: July 2022

Traditional consumption patterns are considered to be among the leading causes of global environmental degradation. Green marketing has emerged as a possible solution to these harmful effects on the environment; it aims to provide services and products that have a positive impact on the ecosystem and that satisfy consumers’ needs. This study investigates the factors that have an influence on consumers’ intentions to purchase green products in Saudi Arabia. Attitudes toward green products (AGP), perceived behavioral control (PBC), subjective norms (SN), environmental concern (EC), environmental knowledge (EK), and green purchase intention (GPI) are examined. A questionnaire is used as a method of data collection to gain information from 251 consumers in Saudi Arabia. The conceptual model is constructed based on planned behavior theory (TPB) to support the framework of the current study. SPSS version 22.0 software was used to investigate the collected data. The study reveals that a consumer’s attitude, environmental concern, and environmental knowledge are the main factors that influence the intention to buy green products in Saudi Arabia. Perceived behavioral control and subjective norms do not significantly support this purchase intention.
Platelet rich plasma alleviates OGD/R injury in N2a cell by enhancing autophagy through the miR‑223/PAQR3 pathway
Authors: Yang Li‑Ting , Li Li‑Hua , Peng Wen‑Na
Published: July 2022

Our study constructed an in vitro model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury to evaluate the protective effect of platelet rich
plasma (PRP) on I/R injury and uncover the mechanism behind it. Firstly, N2a cells were exposed in the condition of oxygen and glucose
deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) to construct a model of cerebral I/R in vitro. MTT assay was employed to access the effects of PRP
in N2a cell OGD/R injury. Then, we evaluated the role of the expression of miR‑223, progestin and adipoQ receptors 3 (PAQR3) and
autophagy markers in the neuroprotective effect of PRP by qPCR and western blot. And the effect of miR‑223/PAQR3 axis regulated
autophagy in the neuroprotection of PRP was verified by overexpressing miR‑223 and PAQR3. Finally, the interaction between miR‑223
and PAQR3 was analyzed by the luciferase reporter gene. The results showed that after OGD/R treatment of N2a cells, the expression of
miR‑223 increased and the expression of PAQR3 and autophagy decreased. PRP improved cells damage caused by OGD/R in N2a cell,
and reduced the expression of miR‑223 in cells, increased PAQR3 and autophagy. The luciferase reporter assay was used to prove that
miR‑223 could target PAQR3 directly. Overexpression of miR‑223 could eliminate the improvement effect of PRP on OGD/R cells, but at
the same time, overexpression of PAQR3 restored the protection of PRP from cell damage. Our research found that in the OGD/R injury
in vitro model, PRP inhibited the expression of miR‑223 and enhanced autophagy to attenuate the injury by increasing the expression
of PAQR3.
Neuroprotective effect of Achillea millefolium aqueous extract against oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by chronic morphine in rat hippocampal CA1 neurons
Authors: Mozafari Nazanin , Hassanshahi Jalal , Ostadebrahimi Hamid , Shamsizadeh Ali , Ayoobi Fatemeh , Hakimizadeh Elham , Pak‑Hashemi Mohammad , Kaeidi Ayat
Published: July 2022

Chronic opioid abuse can impair the hippocampal region of the brain. This study evaluates the neuroprotective effect of Achillea
millefolium (Ach) on chronic morphine‑induced learning and memory impairment, oxidative stress, and neuronal apoptosis in the
CA1 region of the rat hippocampus. Thirty‑two male Wistar rat rats were classified into four treatment groups (n=8). Morphine
sulfate was administered chronically. The treatment groups were given Ach aqueous extract (100, 250, and 500 mg/kg), orally,
each day. After 28 days, the Morris water maze test was performed on all subjects. Caspase‑3, Bax, and Bcl‑2 proteins expression
in the CA1 region of hippocampal tissue was analyzed using the western blot method. Also, malondialdehyde concentration,
glutathione peroxidase activity, and superoxide dismutase activity were evaluated. The results indicated that Ach extract can
improve spatial learning and memory defects in morphine‑treated rats. Ach administration also ameliorated apoptosis and
oxidative stress indicator levels in hippocampal CA1 of morphine‑treated animals. Based on the present study, Ach improved
spatial learning and memory defects, and reduced oxidative stress and apoptosis in the hippocampus CA1 region, in chronic
morphine‑treated animals.
Does Political Ideology of Brands Impact Consumer Buying Behavior?
Authors:   KINFORMS/KAABA, Etrata Antonio E. , Flores Gabriel Angelo B. , Lina Johua Daevid S. , Tulayba Andrea Darlene G. , Viray Ashley Marie B.
Published: July 2022

Politics is the process of the public coming up with decisions and conclusions, these decisions may sometimes seem favorable and unfavorable for people that are part of a society therefore different stands will now be formed resulting from their personal insights. This study was aimed at obtaining insights and the personal point of view of electorates whether they are in favor of brands formulating relationships with politics and if they would support or boycott that specific brand without hesitation. The results showed that consumers are more inclined to brands that are used to expressing their political beliefs and if a brand performs political activities, it would most likely affect their images whether the outcome would be positive or negative. The majority of them voiced out positive comments about the relationship between politics and brands but unfortunately, some of them were still unwilling to support this scenario transpiring in the country.