bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Integral Approach to Counseling Ethics
Authors: Foster Durwin , Black Timothy G.
Published: December 2011

The authors offer an integral approach to counseling ethics using K. Wilber's (2000a, 2000b) integral metatheory. The article examines traditional counseling ethics through the lens of K. Wilber's (2000a, 2000b) “all‐quadrants, all‐levels” model, consisting of quadrants, levels, lines, states, and types. The authors begin with the 4 quadrants and how they can inform understanding of traditional counseling ethics. Vertical development in relation to counseling ethics is addressed, followed by a case study of an ethical dilemma in counseling. The authors offer an integrally informed process of ethical decision making that can be seen to complement less comprehensive ethical decision‐making models.
A Review of Counseling for Wellness: Theory, Research, and Practice
Authors: VanLone Jeffrey
Published: December 2011

Book reviewed in this article:

Jane E. Meyers and Thomas J. Sweeney, Eds. (2005). Counseling for Wellness: Theory, Research, and Practice.
Attitudes of Master's‐Level Counseling Students Toward Gay Men and Lesbians
Authors: Rainey Steve , Trusty Jerry
Published: December 2011

The authors examined variables that could be predictive of attitudes toward gay men and lesbians. A survey was conducted with 132 counselors‐in‐training in a program accredited by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (2001). Participants attended a medium‐size, regional university in the southwestern portion of the United States. Religiosity, political views, and previous experience with lesbians were the strongest predictors of attitudes toward gay men and lesbians. Future research ideas and implications for counselor education programs are discussed.
The Role of Religiosity on Postsecondary Degree Attainment
Authors: Lee Sang Min , Puig Ana , Clark Mary Ann
Published: December 2011

Although previous researchers found that several individual, family, and school characteristics influenced adolescents' academic performance, religion‐related factors have not typically been considered for models of bachelor's degree attainment. Using longitudinal data in a national database, the authors examined the relationship between high school students' religiosity and bachelor's degree attainment. The results indicate that high school students' religiosity was significantly related to bachelor's degree attainment when other variables (i.e., locus of control, self‐concept, parental involvement, and prior academic performance) were controlled for.
Spirituality Among College Freshmen: Relationships to Self‐Esteem, Body Image, and Stress
Authors: Hayman Jessie Wetherbe , Kurpius Sharon Robinson , Befort Christy , Nicpon Megan Foley , Hull‐Blanks Elva , Sollenberger Sonja , Huser Laura
Published: December 2011

The authors investigated the relationships between spirituality, body image, self‐esteem, and stress in 204 college freshmen who identified themselves as being highly spiritual. A positive relationship was found between spirituality and self‐esteem. Although self‐esteem was found to be negatively related to stress, spirituality served as a buffer in this relationship. When gender of participants was examined, men and women did not differ in spirituality. Greater spirituality was related to lower body surveillance, an aspect of body image, for men, but it was not related to body image for women. Overall, however, women experienced greater body image dissatisfaction than did men.
A Review of Loss, Trauma and Resilience: Therapeutic Work With Ambiguous Loss
Authors: Thompson Holly
Published: December 2011

Book reviewed in this article:

Pauline Boss (2006). Loss, Trauma, and Resilience: Therapeutic Work With Ambiguous Loss.
A Review of Ministering to Older Adults: The Building Blocks
Authors: Richardson Marianna E.
Published: December 2011

Book reviewed in this article:

Donald R. Koepke, Ed. (2005). Ministering to Older Adults: The Building Blocks.
Counselors' Values Profile: Implications for Counseling Ethnic Minority Clients
Authors: Consoli Andrés J. , Kim Bryan S. K. , Meyer Dinorah M.
Published: December 2011

The authors review the empirical literature on counselors' values, describe values salient to the 4 largest ethnic minority groups in the United States, identify similarities and differences between counselors' values and those of the minority groups, and discuss implications for counseling ethnically different clients. Understanding counselors' values can lead to an examination of how these values may affect the counseling process, particularly when clients are from ethnic minority groups that may espouse differing cultural values.
No Child Left Behind: Values and Research Issues in High‐Stakes Assessments
Authors: Duffy Maureen , Giordano Victoria A. , Farrell Jill B. , Paneque Oneyda M. , Crump Genae B.
Published: December 2011

High‐stakes testing and mandated assessments, which are major outcomes of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB; 2002) contain multiple embedded values that affect the lives of students, their families, teachers, and counselors. A primary embedded value within the NCLB is the privileging of quantitative science over other methods of inquiry and assessment. Thus, accountability, a cornerstone of NCLB legislation, has come to be understood in a narrow way and is valued primarily as a feature of quantitative assessment. This restricted view of accountability has had significant effects on how teachers and counselors organize their work with students.
Differentiation of Self and Spirituality: Empirical Explorations
Authors: Jankowski Peter J. , Vaughn Marsha
Published: December 2011

This study explored the relationships between an individual's interpersonal functioning, perceived spirituality, and selected spiritual practices. Using Bowen's family systems theory, the authors proposed that an individual's level of spiritual development and level of differentiation are correlated and that certain spiritual practices are predictive of both of these levels. The results of this study showed a positive correlation between differentiation and a general report of spirituality. Spiritual practices also predicted individuals' level of spiritual development. A common underlying concept, self‐regulation, may explain the correlation between differentiation and spiritual development. Likewise, spiritual practices may support change in both areas.
Strategies for Coping With Interpersonal Hurt: Preliminary Evidence for the Relationship Between Coping and Forgiveness
Authors: Strelan Peter , Wojtysiak Nicole
Published: December 2011

This study provides a preliminary empirical test suggesting a coping framework that describes the behavioral, cognitive, and emotion‐focused activities related to the process that may lead to forgiveness. Among 170 participants, the study explored the coping strategies people use when they respond to an interpersonal hurt and also the general use of coping strategies. After controlling for dispositional forgiveness, results indicated that people use similar coping techniques both for general stressors and for interpersonal hurt. They prefer avoidance coping strategies early in the forgiveness process and approach strategies in the middle and later stages. Applied implications are discussed.
Attachment Theory and Religiosity: A Summary of Empirical Research With Implications for Counseling Christian Clients
Authors: Reinert Duane F. , Edwards Carla E. , Hendrix Rebecca R.
Published: December 2011

The authors summarize the growing body of empirical research literature in the area of psychology of religion that has been guided by attachment theory and indicate implications for counseling, including practical suggestions for case conceptualization, possible spiritual interventions, and ethical guidelines for practice. Attachment theory provides a fertile framework whereby counselors may conceptualize the religious experiences of Christian clients whose spirituality involves the belief in and relationship with a personal God.
Forgiveness, Reconciliation, and Mechila: Integrating the Jewish Concept of Forgiveness Into Clinical Practice
Authors: Balkin Richard S. , Freeman Stephen J. , Lyman Steve R.
Published: December 2011

The professional literature diverges in defining the role of forgiveness and reconciliation in counseling regarding how forgiveness and reconciliation are conceptualized from a professional and secular perspective. The Jewish conceptualization of forgiveness is multifaceted; mechila, the forgiveness of debt, is particularly important in providing a framework for forgiveness when the issue of reconciliation is involved. The authors offer an explanation of the Jewish conceptualization of forgiveness and discuss a way to infuse the concept of mechila into counseling practice on a broader level with all clients.
Disappointment With God and Well‐Being: The Mediating Influence of Relationship Quality and Dispositional Forgiveness
Authors: Strelan Peter , Acton Collin , Patrick Kent
Published: December 2011

This study examined the extent to which disappointment with God influenced the psychological and spiritual well‐being of 160 churchgoers, and the potential mediating influences of relationship quality (spiritual maturity and relationship commitment) and dispositional forgiveness. Disappointment with God was positively related to depression and stress and negatively related to spiritual well‐being, dispositional forgiveness, spiritual maturity, and relationship commitment. The latter 3 were negatively related to depression and stress and positively associated with spiritual well‐being. The results suggest an explanation for why religious individuals disappointed with God tend to experience reduced well‐being outcomes. Counseling implications are discussed.
Writing About Clients: An Overview of Ethical and Professional Issues in Clinical Case Reports
Authors: Sperry Len
Published: December 2011

This introductory article establishes a context for subsequent articles and commentaries regarding the main ethical and professional issues involved in preparing and publishing clinical case reports. An overview is provided of the 4 articles in the special section along with the 2 commentaries that review and critique these articles.
Womanist Spirituality as a Response to the Racism‐Sexism Double Bind in African American Women
Authors: Williams Carmen Braun , Wiggins Marsha I.
Published: December 2011

Many African American women begin counseling stigmatized by race and gender and may be targets of additional discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, class, age, and other social variables. In this article, the authors discuss “womanist” spirituality as a means for African American women to cope with racism, sexism, and multiple social stigmas.
The Spiritual Competency Scale
Authors: Robertson Linda A.
Published: December 2011

This study describes the development of the Spiritual Competency Scale, which was based on the Association for Spiritual, Ethical and Religious Values in Counseling's original Spiritual Competencies. Participants were 662 counseling students from religiously based and secular universities nationwide. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a 22‐item, 6‐factor solution with internal consistency. The data highlighted areas for remediation, suggested that a stand‐alone spirituality in counseling course may be the most effective instructional strategy, and provided a template for revisions to the Spiritual Competencies.
Inherent Self, Invented Self, Empty Self: Constructivism, Buddhism, and Psychotherapy
Authors: McWilliams Spencer A.
Published: December 2011

Constructivist and Buddhist approaches to counseling and psychotherapy share increasing popularity as well as similar epistemological assumptions and understanding of human dysfunction and its amelioration. These approaches can be seen as consistent with postmodern psychology, which is distinguished from a realist or foundationalist view. This article provides an overview of these 2 models and describes some of their implications for psychopathology and psychotherapy, including examples of specific therapeutic approaches drawn from each perspective that might mutually inform practitioners who wish to apply this perspective to a higher view of the human situation.
Student Spirituality and School Counseling: Issues, Opportunities, and Challenges
Authors: Sink Christopher A. , Devlin James M.
Published: December 2011

In this article, the professional school counseling community is introduced to the value of addressing student spirituality as a way to foster personal and social growth. Prior to discussing the robust theoretical and research foundation for this endeavor, 3 workable definitional strands of spirituality are summarized and applied to educational settings. Strategies for transitioning from the conceptual to school practice are explored, including the key issues related to legal and ethical practice and school counselor education and training. Finally, recommendations for future school counseling research in this area are briefly examined.
Assessing and Promoting Spiritual Wellness as a Protective Factor in Secondary Schools
Authors: Briggs Michele Kielty , Akos Patrick , Czyszczon Greg , Eldridge Ashley
Published: December 2011

Spiritual wellness, much like resilience, is a multidimensional protective factor for students. This article reviews the relevant literature linking spiritual wellness and thriving in the adolescent population. Assessment and intervention methods that can be used in secondary school settings to promote spiritual wellness are provided.
Religious and Spiritual Values and Moral Commitment in Marriage: Untapped Resources in Couples Counseling?
Authors: Nelson Judith A. , Kirk Amy Manning , Ane Pedra , Serres Sheryl A.
Published: December 2011

The authors investigated the relationship between religious and spiritual values and moral commitment in marriage to further inform marriage and family counselors about the nature of committed relationships. Using a qualitative research design, they examined individuals' perceptions of moral commitment in their marriage and how their religious and spiritual values influence those perceptions. Narrative text was analyzed through an iterative process, involving constant comparison of emerging themes, and 6 categories materialized. Findings build on existing knowledge regarding the importance of moral commitment to marital health specifically as it relates to the counseling profession.
Relationship Between a Belief in a Just World and Social Justice Advocacy Attitudes of School Counselors
Authors: Parikh Sejal B. , Post Phyllis , Flowers Claudia
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine how belief in a just world (BJW), political ideology, religious ideology, socioeconomic status of origin, and race relate to social justice advocacy attitudes among school counseling professionals. A sequential multiple regression indicated that political ideology and BJW were statistically significant variables. The results have several implications regarding the training and development of school counselors. Additionally, recommendations for future research are explored.
The Moral Capacity Profile
Authors: Wilks Duffy , Ratheal Juli D'Ann
Published: December 2011

Effective counseling practice continues to be inevitably linked to underlying theories of behavioral causality. In this article, the authors present the Moral Capacity Profile of an individual from the perspective of the Amoral, Moral, Quasi‐Moral/Quasi‐Immoral, and Immoral Model of Behavior, a model that uniquely expands counseling's theoretical base by including indeterminate, unidirectional free will as a cause of immoral behavior. Implications for practice are presented.
Role of the Leader in Therapy Groups Conducted With Illicit Drug Abusers: How Directive Does the Leader Have to Be?
Authors: Page Richard C. , Campbell Linda , Wilder Deborah Cohen
Published: December 2011

A 17‐hour marathon group was conducted in a residential treatment center established for inmates in a correctional setting in the southeastern United States. The Hill Interaction Matrix (HIM‐G; Hill, 1965) was used to measure the types of leader activity and the types of member activity during portions of each hour of the group activity. It was found that when the group was most therapeutic, there was a relationship between the therapists' actions and behaviors and the types of issues that were discussed in the group. The results that were found do not agree with some of the established drug and alcohol abuse literature.
Graduate Training of Counselors in the Addictions: A Study of CACREP‐Approved Programs
Authors: Morgan Oliver J. , Toloczko Ann Marie , Comly Eliza
Published: December 2011

Results are reported from a survey of counselor education programs approved by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP). The survey focused on counselor training in the addictions.
Lessons From Pair Counseling With Incarcerated Juvenile Delinquents
Authors: Moody Edward E.
Published: December 2011

Pair counseling was used with incarcerated juvenile offenders with emotional problems to examine its effectiveness in increasing moral reasoning, improving interpersonal relationships, and reducing recidivism. Qualitative results presented in case studies provided support for improvement in peer relationships.
Differences in Personality Disorders and Family‐of‐Origin Characteristics for Male and Female Alcoholics: Implications for Treatment
Authors: Lisek Victor J. , Coll Kenneth M.
Published: December 2011

This study investigated the personality and family‐of‐origin differences in male and female alcoholics. Results indicated that, regarding personality, men (both type 1 and type 2) were less troubled than were women. Implications for treatment based on these results are included.
The Puerto Rican Prison Experience: A Multicultural Understanding of Values, Beliefs, and Attitudes
Authors: Rivera Edil Torres , Wilbur Michael P. , Roberts‐Wilbur Janice
Published: December 2011

This article presents the perspective that Puerto Rican men who are or who have been incarcerated are in multicultural variance with the dominant, middle class beliefs of American society. The authors also provide suggestions for counseling interventions with this population.
Relationship of Parental Alcoholism to Family‐of‐Origin Functioning and Current Marital Satisfaction
Authors: Campbell James L. , Masters Mark A. , Johnson Mark E.
Published: December 2011

This study examined the relationship between parental alcoholism, family‐of‐origin functioning, and current marital satisfaction. Results indicated family‐of‐origin functioning is positively related to marital satisfaction. In addition, individuals with alcoholic parents reported lower family‐of‐origin functioning, and an interaction between gender and parental alcoholism was found for marital satisfaction.
Journal of Addictions and Offader Counseling Submission Patterns, Topic Areas, and Authors: 1979–1998
Authors: Charkow Wendy B. , Juhnke Gerald A.
Published: December 2011

Articles in the journal of Addictions and Offender Counseling between 1979 and 1998 were analyzed according to authors' demographic characteristics and article content to provide a historical review of the addictions and offender counseling field. Study results, historical trends, and future implications are presented.
Counseling the Chemically Dependent: An Integrative Approach
Authors: Loos Michael D.
Published: December 2011

In this conceptual article, the author proposes the adoption of an integrative theoretical approach to counseling the chemically dependent. The thoughtful integration of approaches is explained with appropriate descriptions to facilitate practitioners' use of the model.
Self‐Reported Career Interests Among Adjudicated Male Adolescents: A Pilot Study
Authors: Glaser Brian A. , Calhoun Georgia B. , Bates Jeflrey M. , Bradshaw Catherine P.
Published: December 2011

Using J. L. Holland's (1985) Self‐Directed Search, this study compared the career interests of 28 adjudicated male adolescents with a normative high school male sample. The mean Artistic score of the adjudicated adolescents was significantly higher, and the authors found that this group endorsed fewer Investigative items and more Artistic items than the normative sample. The adjudicated sample showed poor differentiation and significantly higher intercorrelations among the Holland codes.
Substance Abuse Counselors and Ethical Dilemmas: The Influence of Recovery and Education Level
Authors: Toriello Paul J. , Benshoff John J.
Published: December 2011

The authors examined the impact of substance abuse counselor (SAC) recovery status and education level on (a) SACS' sensitivity to ethical dilemmas and (b) extent to which training might help resolve dilemmas. Results revealed a significant difference between SACS with a graduate degree and SACS with an associate's degree/high school diploma regarding sensitivity to ethical dilemmas, with the latter being more sensitive. This study could be used to develop educational materials to improve SAC competency in resolving ethical dilemmas.
Screening and Assessing Adolescent Substance Abuse: A Primer for Counselors
Authors: Schwartz Robert C. , Smith Shannon D.
Published: December 2011

Adolescent substance abuse is an increasing problem in US. society. This article provides an overview of adolescent substance abuse, screening, and assessment strategies; contact information related to specific assessment instruments; and information regarding ethics important to consider during the assessment process.
Sexual Addiction and the Internet: Implications for Gay Men
Authors: Dew Brian J. , Chaney Michael P.
Published: December 2011

The authors present an overview of sexual addiction and explore the relationship between Internet use and sexual compulsivity. The role of Internet use in gay men's sexual behavior is described. Implications for the counseling profession are discussed, and a clinical case study is presented.
Addictions Counselors' Credibility: The Impact of Interactional Style, Recovery Status, and Nonverbal Behavior
Authors: Toriello Paul J. , Strohmer Douglas C.
Published: December 2011

The impact of addictions counselors' interactional style (confrontational vs. motivational), recovery status (recovering vs. nonrecovering), and nonverbal behavior (facilitative vs. neutral) on 116 clients' perceptions of addictions counselor credibility was examined in a fully crossed factorial design. Significant results were found, and implications are discussed.
The SASSI‐3 Face Valid Other Drugs Scale: A Psychometric Investigation
Authors: Laux John M. , Perera‐Diltz Dilani , Smirnoff Jennifer B. , Salyers Kathleen M.
Published: December 2011

The authors investigated the psychometric capabilities of the Face Valid Other Drugs (FVOD) scale of the Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory‐3 (SASSI‐3; G. A. Miller, 1999). Internal consistency reliability estimates and construct validity factor analysis for 230 college students provided initial support for the psychometric properties of the SASSI‐3's FVOD scale.
Readiness to Change, Social Norms, and Alcohol Involvement Among College Students
Authors: Lewis Todd F.
Published: December 2011

The author explored the impact that readiness to change variables have on dimensions of alcohol involvement and how the explanatory power of the variables compares with social norms among college students. Canonical analysis suggested that alcohol intensity and drinking consequences were best explained by the norms for closest friends and contemplation about one's drinking.
Social Isolation Among Caregivers of Court‐Involved Youths: A Qualitative Investigation
Authors: Forsbrey D. , Frabutt James M. , Smith Heather L.
Published: December 2011

The authors used qualitative research methodology to examine the lives of caregivers of court‐involved youths. Caregiver social isolation, including overall lack of support, lack of school support, and isolation from self, emerged as a salient theme across 7 domains. Implications for counselors are discussed, and brief descriptions of several evidence‐based therapies are presented.
Conceptual and Moral Development of Substance Abuse Counselors: Implications for Training
Authors: Sias Shari M. , Lambie Glenn W. , Foster Victoria A.
Published: December 2011

The relationship among substance abuse counselors' education, experience, recovery status, and cognitive development (conceptual complexity and moral reasoning levels) was examined in a simultaneous multiple regression. Significant relationships were found between counselors' level of conceptual complexity and moral reasoning and their education. Implications for counselor training are presented.
Individual Differences in Substance Preference and Substance Use
Authors: Feldman Marc , Kumar V. K. , Angelini Frank , Pekala Ronald J. , Porter Jack
Published: December 2011

Using H. J. Eysenck's (1957, 1967) theory of temperament, this study examined the relationship between drug preference, drug use, and personality among incarcerated inmates. Analysis indicated a general preference for marijuana and alcohol over 8 other commonly used drugs across different personality types. Theoretical and clinical implications are offered.
A Glimpse Into the Lives of Nine Youths in a Correctional Facility: Insight Into Theories of Delinquency
Authors: Wester Kelly L. , MacDonald Colleen A. , Lewis Todd F.
Published: December 2011

Theories explaining delinquency have been examined primarily using quantitative methods. The current study used interviews to gain insight into the lives of delinquent male adolescents. Results indicate that no single theory best explains delinquency, but a combination of theories provides comprehensive representation.
The Need for National Credentialing Standards for Addiction Counselors
Authors: Miller Geri , Scarborough Jim , Clark Catherine , Leonard Justin C. , Keziah Tyler B.
Published: December 2011

The authors review the current state of credentialing for addiction counselors in the United States and provide recommendations to the addiction counseling field regarding national standards for credentialing.
Exploration of the Pathways to Delinquency for Female Adolescents With Depression: Implications for Cross‐Systems Collaboration and Counseling
Authors: Mellin Elizabeth A. , Fang Hong‐Ning
Published: December 2011

This study found that lack of involvement in prosocial institutions, affiliation with other troubled youth, and indifference regarding personal safety partially mediate the relationship between depression and delinquency among justice‐involved female adolescents. The results suggest that depression may not be the primary conduit to delinquency.
Supporting IAAOC Members: Potential Localized Services
Authors: Lambert Simone F.
Published: December 2011

The International Association of Addictions and Offender Counselors (IAAOC) is challenged to support its members beyond the national level. The long‐standing model of state chapters fulfilling members' needs has been unsuccessful. An updated model for service delivery is suggested to assist IAAOC members.
Group Art Therapy With Incarcerated Women
Authors: Erickson Bonnie J. , Young Mark E.
Published: December 2011

Art therapy in groups with incarcerated individuals may be effective when participants are defensive and possess limited education. The authors provide procedures, techniques, and case examples from the New Beginnings program for working with women in a detention facility.
Adolescent Substance Abuse Treatment: Organizational Change and Quality of Care
Authors: Rieckmann Traci , Fussell Holly , Doyle Kevin , Ford Jay , Riley Katherine J. , Henderson Stuart
Published: December 2011

Substance abuse treatment agencies serving youth face unique barriers to providing quality care. Interviews with 17 adolescent programs found that family engagement, community involvement, and gender and diversity issues affected treatment delivery. Programs report organizational change efforts with implications for future process improvement initiatives.
Clinical Prediction Making: Examining Influential Factors Related to Clinician Predictions of Recidivism Among Juvenile Offenders
Authors: Calley Nancy G. , Richardson Emily M.
Published: December 2011

This study examined factors influencing clinician predictions of recidivism for juvenile offenders, including youth age at initial juvenile justice system involvement, youth age at discharge, program completion status, clinician perception of strength of the therapeutic relationship, and clinician perception of youth commitment to treatment.
Perceived Self‐Efficacy of Licensed Counselors to Provide Substance Abuse Counseling
Authors: Chandler Nichelle , Balkin Richard S. , Perepiczka Michelle
Published: December 2011

This nationwide, quantitative study documented licensed counselors' perceived self‐efficacy of adequately providing substance abuse services. Despite their lack of substance abuse training, counselors were highly confident in their ability to provide quality substance abuse services. Counselor training implications are discussed.
An Integrative Spiritual Development Model of Supervision for Substance Abuse Counselors‐in‐Training
Authors: Ogden Karen R. Weiss , Sias Shari M.
Published: December 2011

Substance abuse counselors who address clients' spiritual development may provide more comprehensive counseling. This article presents an integrative supervision model designed to promote the spiritual development of substance abuse counselors‐in‐training, reviews the model, and discusses the implications for counselor education.
Assessing the Issues of Multiracial Students on College Campuses
Authors: Nishimura Nancy J.
Published: December 2011

This is a preliminary study that focuses on multiracial college students' attitudes regarding the challenges they experience on campus. Results of this study highlight counseling issues that affect multiracial college students, and how college counselors' perceptions of diversity need to be broadened in order to accommodate the rapidly growing multiracial and multiethnic student population.
Professional Issues: Considering Gender in Counseling Center Practice: Individual and Institutional Actions
Authors: Seem Susan R. , Hernández Thomas J.
Published: December 2011

Current literature suggests that counselors need to take into consideration the social construction of gender and its role in the psychological development of women and men and their presenting concerns. The inclusion of gender aware assessment practices in counseling on college campuses is proposed. Suggestions for ways counseling centers can affect social and institutional practices that negatively affect female and male students are presented. The importance of counselors engaging in social action directed at improving the college environment for all students is emphasized.
Research: Evaluating Therapy Outcome at a University Counseling Center With the College Adjustment Scales
Authors: Nafziger Mark A. , Couillard Gwena C. , Smith Timothy B.
Published: December 2011

To assess the effectiveness of time‐limited therapy in a university counseling center, 333 clients' precounseling and post‐sixth‐session College Adjustment Scales (CAS; Anton & Reed, 1991) scores were compared. Statistically significant decreases in reported symptomatology were found on all CAS scales. Notably distressed students reported moderate to large decreases in symptomatology.
Assessing Clients' Level of Hope: A Preliminary Study at a College Counseling Center
Authors: Westburg Nancy G. , Boyer Michele C.
Published: December 2011

Assessing clients' hopefulness may provide documentation of counseling effectiveness. Results of this outcome study involving 22 students who presented for help at a college counseling center indicated that individual counseling elevated their hope levels, thereby increasing their sense of goal‐directed planning (pathways) and determination (agency). Findings and implications are discussed.
The Role of Counseling Services for Students in Academic Jeopardy: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Wlazelek Brian G. , Coulter Lisa P.
Published: December 2011

This study examined the impact of an academic counseling approach implemented by counseling center staff for students in academic jeopardy. Participants were 414 undergraduate students placed on academic warning and probation. Students who participated in counseling demonstrated significantly greater increases in grade point average than did students who had not received counseling.
Professional Issues: Common Stressors Among International College Students: Research and Counseling Implications
Authors: Chen Charles P.
Published: December 2011

International college students studying in North America endure substantial psychological stress in their daily lives. The nature and function of stressors in the context of international college students' subjective appraisal are discussed and analyzed using Lazarus and Folkman's (1984) concept of stress. Recommendations for future research are outlined, and counseling implications are provided.
An Initiator‐Catalyst Approach to College Counseling Outreach
Authors: Archer James , Cooper Stewart
Published: December 2011

The authors discuss the evolution of approaches to college counseling outreach, and suggest that an initiator‐catalyst approach makes the most sense in contemporary college counseling and mental health settings. A brief history of outreach models and approaches is presented along with an outline of and example of the initiator‐catalyst approach. Topics related to this approach are also discussed: mass communications/technology, assessment, faculty, student, and staff change agents; and campus politics.
Research: Korean International Students' Expectations About Counseling
Authors: Byon Kyong Hee , Chan Fong , Thomas Kenneth R.
Published: December 2011

This study examined the counseling expectancies of Korean international students in the United States. The results indicated that Korean students expected to terminate counseling quickly if the process was viewed as unpleasant or did not seem to be immediately helpful. The Korean students expected to approach counseling as a classroom learning situation in which they could present problems, ask questions about the problems, and work on assignments to solve the problems. Implications for outreaching and counseling Korean international students are discussed.
College Students' Wellness as a Function of Social Support and Empathic Ability
Authors: Granello Paul F.
Published: December 2011

This study examined the wellness, empathic ability, and social support networks of undergraduate students. The study results indicate a significant relationship between students' own ratings of their happiness and wellness and their total wellness scores. Also, a significant correlation between social network size and perceived social support was found.
Psychosocial Factors That Predict the College Adjustment of First‐Year Undergraduate Students: Implications for College Counselors
Authors: Martin William E. , Swartz‐Kulstad Jody L. , Madson Michael
Published: December 2011

The authors describe psychosocial factors that predicted college adjustment of 1st‐year undergraduate students on the basis of studies conducted in 2 universities of differing size, focus, and geographic location. Academic self‐confidence, positive attitudes toward the university, and faculty and peer support significantly predicted more successful adjustment to college.
Responding to the Developmental Needs of Student Athletes
Authors: Valentine Jennifer J. , Taub Deborah J.
Published: December 2011

The challenges facing student athletes are substantial. The student athlete population faces developmental tasks similar to their nonathlete peers, as well as confronting unique issues. Student athletes' developmental needs are considered within the framework of the psychosocial developmental model proposed by Chickering (1969; Chickering & Reisser, 1993) with special attention to the additional challenges that may make the struggle to resolve the “normal” developmental tasks more difficult. Suggestions for counseling interventions guided by the framework are provided.
The Efficacy of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy Technique in the Treatment of Test Anxiety of College Students
Authors: Enright Matthew , Baldo Tracy D. , Wykes Scott D.
Published: December 2011

This study explored the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of test anxiety. Thirty‐five college students with test anxiety were randomly assigned to either a treatment or delayed treatment control group. In this study, EMDR was shown to be effective in reducing overall test anxiety as well as “emotionality” and “worry” components of test anxiety.
The Relationship of Moral Reasoning Style to Counselor Expression of Empathy
Authors: Lewis Jennifer , Young J. Scott
Published: December 2011

Results in the literature indicate that high levels of moral development are positively correlated with high levels of empathy. However, the issue of moral reasoning style and its relationship to empathy remains unclear. The role that moral reasoning style (care vs. justice orientation) plays in counselors' ability to relate empathically to clients was investigated among a sample of 44 counselors‐in‐training. Results indicate that counselors were able to respond equally to clients with the same moral reasoning style as themselves and to those with a different style. Counselors with a care orientation were no more able than justice‐oriented counselors to respond empathically. Findings contribute information about measures of moral reasoning style and suggest that matching of counselors with college‐aged and young adult clients based on moral reasoning style is not an issue of concern for college counselors.
The Impact of Doctoral Study on Marital Satisfaction
Authors: Brannock Rebecca Groves , Litten Mary Jo , Smith Janet
Published: December 2011

The purpose of the study was to determine whether marital relationships of doctoral students were affected while they were enrolled in graduate programs. The stratified sample consisted of 54 participants who completed the Demographics and Structured Questionnaire, Locke‐Wallace Marital Adjustment Test, and Index of Marital Satisfaction. There were no significant differences among the marital satisfaction levels of graduate students at different stages in their program. Significant differences were found in relationship to several of the research questions, however. Specifically, a significant difference was found in the marital satisfaction of couples involved in marital therapy. Spouses who also were students scored significantly higher in marital satisfaction than spouses who were not students. Areas of discord that affected marital satisfaction during graduate school were philosophy of life, demonstration of affection, and sexual relations.
Experiences of Being Heterosexual Allies to Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual People: A Qualitative Exploration
Authors: DiStefano Teresa M. , Croteau James M. , Anderson Mary Z. , Kampa‐Kokesch Sheila , Bullard Melissa A.
Published: December 2011

In this qualitative study, heterosexual professionals with an interest in lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) issues were surveyed about their ally work with LGB people. Data were analyzed to describe participants' experiences. Results are discussed in terms of implications for counseling and student affairs professionals who engage in LGB‐affirmative work.
University Employees' Perceptions of University Counseling Center Services and Consultation Activities: A Multidimensional Scaling Analysis
Authors: McWhirter Benedict T. , Palombi Barbara , Garbin Calvin P.
Published: December 2011

This study examined university employees' (N = 130) awareness and perceptions of the importance of university counseling and consultation services. Results of a multidimensional scaling analysis (MDS) combining awareness and perception scores for 19 distinct services revealed 4 distinct MDS group configurations, each in a 2‐dimensional structure, indicating that employees fell into 1 of 4 groups sharing similar perceptions of counseling and consultation activities. Implications for service provision and research are discussed.
Cross‐Cultural Examination of Depression Expression and Help‐Seeking Behavior: A Comparative Study of American and Korean College Students
Authors: Yoo Sung‐Kyung , Skovholt Thomas M.
Published: December 2011

This study examined cross‐cultural differences in depression expression and help‐seeking behavior among college students in the United States and Korea. Results indicated that the Korean students showed more somatization tendency, negative affect, and negative help‐seeking behavior. Negative help‐seeking behavior of Korean students was shown to relate to somatization. Counseling implications are discussed.
Pretreatment Change Reports by Clients in a University Counseling Center: Relationship to Inquiry Technique, Client, and Situational Variables
Authors: Ness M. Ernest , Murphy John J.
Published: December 2011

This study examined the effect of inquiry technique at intake on reports of pretreatment change. There was no statistically significant difference in the percentage of clients who reported pretreatment change regardless of which format was used. The study also examined 5 client and situational variables and obtained no significant differences.
A Preliminary Assessment of the Impact of Counseling on Student Adjustment to College
Authors: DeStefano Thomas J. , Mellott Ramona N. , Petersen Jerry D.
Published: December 2011

This study compared adaptation to college for students receiving counseling at a university counseling center with adaptation by control counterparts. Students receiving counseling initially reported lower adaptation scores as measured by the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire. After counseling, scores no longer differentiated between the 2 groups. Results suggest that counseled students were affected positively by this experience.
Innovative Alcohol Education Program for College and University Judicial Sanctions
Authors: Freeman Mark S.
Published: December 2011

Violations of alcohol policies constitute most of the judicial referrals on college campuses. Many counseling centers provide alcohol education as the primary sanction for these violations. These classes are often ineffective. This article presents a new alcohol education model that uses group counseling with peer counselors.
“Lafeneline”: Promoting Sexual Health Through College Radio
Authors: Van Haveren Richard A. , Blank Wendy , Bentley Kelvin
Published: December 2011

The authors describe a sexual education program that was aired by the campus radio station at Kansas State University. Use of college radio to promote student health issues is first reviewed. Specific program content and production obstacles are then discussed. Recommendations for future shows are made.
Changing the Attitudes That Predict Underage Drinking in College Students: A Program Evaluation
Authors: Williams David J. , Thomas Adrian , Buboltz Walter C. , McKinney Maribel
Published: December 2011

Several attitudes that predicted binge drinking on campus were identified by focus groups. A brief classroom intervention led to self‐reported attitude change among university students. This type of intervention may be useful to college counselors interested in redefining normative perceptions of alcohol use to decrease the prevalence of binge drinking.
Effective Counseling With Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients
Authors: Palma Thomas V. , Stanley Jeanne L.
Published: December 2011

Professional organizations mandate that effective counseling be provided to lesbian, gay male, and bisexual male and female (LGB) clients. This article presents the characteristics, challenges, and needs of sexual minorities, along with therapeutic strategies that practitioners may use in facilitating a positive self‐image among the lesbians, gay men, and bisexual men and women whom they counsel.
Putting More Life Into Life Career Courses: The Benefits of a Holistic Wellness Model
Authors: Smith Sondra L. , Myers Jane E. , Hensley Laura G.
Published: December 2011

Career and life planning courses are gaining popularity across university campuses. The authors outline curricula for career and life planning courses that integrate a holistic wellness approach with career development Curriculum and learning activities to enhance the life planning component of the course are included.
Understanding College Alcohol Abuse and Academic Performance: Selecting Appropriate Intervention Strategies
Authors: Sullivan Michael , Risler Ed
Published: December 2011

This article summarizes research linking alcohol abuse to poor academic performance, decreased student retention, and problems for the campus community. It provides an overview of 3 theoretical perspectives on reducing problematic alcohol consumption, discusses brief interventions as the treatment of choice, and offers suggestions to college counselors for alcohol prevention programming on their campuses.
College Counseling Center Clients' Expectations About Counseling: How They Relate to Depression, Hopelessness, and Actual‐Ideal Self‐Discrepancies
Authors: Goldfarb Dori E.
Published: December 2011

Clients' expectations affect many aspects of counseling. This study examined relationships between depression, hopelessness, actual‐ideal self‐discrepancies (AISDs), and clients' expectations about counseling among 80 college students. Less hopeless participants expected more improvement from and more commitment to counseling. No significant relationships were found between depression or AISDs and expectations among the original sample. Among graduate students, AISDs related to counselor nurturance expectations. Implications for college counselors are discussed.
Computer‐Assisted Live Supervision in College Counseling Centers
Authors: Miller Kenneth L. , Miller Susan M. , Evans William J.
Published: December 2011

The authors describe a computer‐based “bug‐in‐the‐eye” approach to counselor supervision that is well suited to college counseling centers. Hardware and software requirements, comparisons with other forms of supervision, support for and limitations of this approach, and recommendations are presented.
Understanding Sexual Aggression in Male College Students: The Role of Self‐Monitoring and Pluralistic Ignorance
Authors: Flezzani Janice D. , Benshoff James M.
Published: December 2011

The authors examined the relationship between self‐monitoring and pluralistic ignorance and self‐reported sexually aggressive behaviors by freshman and sophomore male college students. Results indicated that self‐monitoring style and level of pluralistic ignorance were correlated positively with sexual aggression. The authors review relevant literature, present research findings, and discuss implications of the findings for college counselors.
Body Dissatisfaction in College Women: Identification of Risk and Protective Factors to Guide College Counseling Practices
Authors: Cook‐Cottone Catherine , Phelps LeAdelle
Published: December 2011

This study attempted to identify risk factors that are implicated in the body dissatisfaction of college women and the factors that may facilitate effective prevention and treatment efforts. Data collected from 215 female college students indicated that participants with (a) greater physical self‐concept, (b) less drive for thinness, and (c) greater social self‐esteem manifested less body dissatisfaction.
Responding to Sexual Assault Victims: Considerations for College Counselors
Authors: Kress Victoria E. White , Trippany Robyn L. , Nolan James Michael
Published: December 2011

College counselors need to be informed of effective interventions when counseling students who have been sexually assaulted. This article applies research and theory from the general literature on counseling sexual assault victims to college counselors' work with this population. An overview of the effects of sexual assault is followed by specific implications for counseling students who have been sexually assaulted.