bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application range of crosstalk-affected spatial demultiplexing for resolving separations between unbalanced sources
Authors: Linowski Tomasz , Schlichtholz Konrad , Sorelli Giacomo , Gessner Manuel , Walschaers Mattia , Treps Nicolas , Rudnicki Łukasz
Published: October 2023

Super resolution is one of the key issues at the crossroads of contemporary quantum optics and metrology. Recently, it was shown that for an idealized case of two balanced sources, spatial mode demultiplexing (SPADE) achieves resolution better than direct imaging even in the presence of measurement crosstalk (Gessner et al 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett.
125 100501). In this work, we consider arbitrarily unbalanced sources and provide a systematic analysis of the impact of crosstalk on the resolution obtained from SPADE. As we dissect, in this generalized scenario, SPADE’s effectiveness depends non-trivially on the strength of crosstalk, relative brightness and the separation between the sources. In particular, for any source imbalance, SPADE performs worse than ideal direct imaging in the asymptotic limit of vanishing source separations. Nonetheless, for realistic values of crosstalk strength, SPADE is still the superior method for several orders of magnitude of source separations.
EMRIs around j = 1 black holes with synchronised hair
Authors: Delgado Jorge F. M. , Herdeiro Carlos A. R. , Radu Eugen
Published: October 2023

We study extreme mass ratio inspirals (EMRIs) due to an infalling Light Compact Object (LCO) onto a generic class of stationary and axi-symmetric massive compact objects (MCO — with or without a horizon). Using the quadrupole hybrid formalism we obtain a master formula for the evolution of the radius of the LCO and find qualitatively different behaviours depending on the geodesic structure of the MCO. We then specialize the MCO to a black hole with synchronised scalar hair (BHsSH). To allow a comparison with a highly spinning Kerr BH, we consider BHsSH with dimensionless spin, j = 1. This yields two distinct sequences of solutions. The first harbours Kerr-like solutions with maximal hairiness of ∼ 10%. The corresponding EMRIs are Kerr-like, but the cut-off frequency can be a few times smaller than in Kerr, yielding waveforms with quantitatively significant non-Kerrness. The second sequence links the extremal Kerr black hole to a mini-boson star with j = 1. Here we observe qualitative non-Kerrness, such as the non-monotonically increase of the angular velocity and stagnation endpoints, reflecting Kerr-unlike geodesic structures.
Prompt photon production in proton–nucleus collisions at LHC: a comparison among color dipole models*
Authors: Wang Hong-Min , Wang Yan-Zhao , Xu Yong-Han , Sun Xian-Jing
Published: October 2023

The nuclear modification factor for prompt photon production in proton–nucleus collisions is investigated within color dipole formalism. By means of the Glauber–Gribov approach, the nuclear effects are studied in various rapidity bins with the evolution equation-based saturation models and the phenomenological dipole models. The theoretical results are compared with the experimental data provided by PHENIX, ATLAS and CMS Collaborations. At forward rapidity and midrapidity, a reasonable agreement with the experimental data is shown for the theoretical results with the modified Kharzeev, Levin and Nardi model, and the Kowalski and Teaney model. Then, we analyze the influence of the initial state energy loss effect on the nuclear modification factor and find that it is obvious only at backward rapidity together with small p
T. Finally, the theoretical results are also compared with those of JETPHOX Monte Carlo program and the predictive results for the LHCb at very forward rapidities are presented.
Electric field and force characteristic of dust aerosol particles on the surface of high-voltage transmission line
Authors: Liu 刘 Yingge 滢格 , Li 李 Xingcai 兴财 , Wang 王 Juan 娟 , Ma 马 Xin 鑫 , Sun 孙 Wenhai 文海
Published: October 2023

High-voltage transmission lines play a crucial role in facilitating the utilization of renewable energy in regions prone to desertification. The accumulation of atmospheric particles on the surface of these lines can significantly impact corona discharge and wind-induced conductor displacement. Accurately quantifying the force exerted by particles adhering to conductor surfaces is essential for evaluating fouling conditions and making informed decisions. Therefore, this study investigates the changes in electric field intensity along branched conductors caused by various fouling layers and their resulting influence on the adhesion of dust particles. The findings indicate that as individual particle size increases, the field strength at the top of the particle gradually decreases and eventually stabilizes at approximately 49.22 kV/cm, which corresponds to a field strength approximately 1.96 times higher than that of an unpolluted transmission line. Furthermore, when particle spacing exceeds 15 times the particle size, the field strength around the transmission line gradually decreases and approaches the level observed on non-adhering surface. The electric field remains relatively stable. In a triangular arrangement of three particles, the maximum field strength at the tip of the fouling layer is approximately 1.44 times higher than that of double particles and 1.5 times higher compared to single particles. These results suggest that particles adhering to the transmission line have a greater affinity for adsorbing charged particles. Additionally, relevant numerical calculations demonstrate that in dry environments, the primary adhesion forces between particles and transmission lines follow an order of electrostatic force and van der Waals force. Specifically, at the minimum field strength, these forces are approximately 74.73 times and 19.43 times stronger than the gravitational force acting on the particles.
Capturing the non-equilibrium state in light–matter–free-electron interactions through ultrafast transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Wang 汪 Wentao 文韬 , Sun 孙 Shuaishuai 帅帅 , Li 李 Jun 俊 , Zheng 郑 Dingguo 丁国 , Huang 黄 Siyuan 思远 , Tian 田 Huanfang 焕芳 , Yang 杨 Huaixin 槐馨 , Li 李 Jianqi 建奇
Published: October 2023

Ultrafast transmission electron microscope (UTEM) with the multimodality of time-resolved diffraction, imaging, and spectroscopy provides a unique platform to reveal the fundamental features associated with the interaction between free electrons and matter. In this review, we summarize the principles, instrumentation, and recent developments of the UTEM and its applications in capturing dynamic processes and non-equilibrium transient states. The combination of the transmission electron microscope with a femtosecond laser via the pump–probe method guarantees the high spatiotemporal resolution, allowing the investigation of the transient process in real, reciprocal and energy spaces. Ultrafast structural dynamics can be studied by diffraction and imaging methods, revealing the coherent acoustic phonon generation and photo-induced phase transition process. In the energy dimension, time-resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy enables the examination of the intrinsic electronic dynamics of materials, while the photon-induced near-field electron microscopy extends the application of the UTEM to the imaging of optical near fields with high real-space resolution. It is noted that light–free-electron interactions have the ability to shape electron wave packets in both longitudinal and transverse directions, showing the potential application in the generation of attosecond electron pulses and vortex electron beams.
Diffraction deep neural network-based classification for vector vortex beams
Authors: Peng 彭 Yixiang 怡翔 , Chen 陈 Bing 兵 , Wang 王 Le 乐 , Zhao 赵 Shengmei 生妹
Published: October 2023

The vector vortex beam (VVB) has attracted significant attention due to its intrinsic diversity of information and has found great applications in both classical and quantum communications. However, a VVB is unavoidably affected by atmospheric turbulence (AT) when it propagates through the free-space optical communication environment, which results in detection errors at the receiver. In this paper, we propose a VVB classification scheme to detect VVBs with continuously changing polarization states under AT, where a diffractive deep neural network (DDNN) is designed and trained to classify the intensity distribution of the input distorted VVBs, and the horizontal direction of polarization of the input distorted beam is adopted as the feature for the classification through the DDNN. The numerical simulations and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme has high accuracy in classification tasks. The energy distribution percentage remains above 95% from weak to medium AT, and the classification accuracy can remain above 95% for various strengths of turbulence. It has a faster convergence and better accuracy than that based on a convolutional neural network.
Tailoring OAM spectrum of high-order harmonic generation driven by two mixed Laguerre–Gaussian beams with nonzero radial nodes
Authors: Wang 汪 Beiyu 倍羽 , Han 韩 Jiaxin 嘉鑫 , Jin 金 Cheng 成
Published: October 2023

The extreme ultraviolet (XUV) light beam carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) can be produced via high-order harmonic generation (HHG) due to the interaction of an intense vortex infrared laser and a gas medium. Here we show that the OAM spectrum of vortex HHG can be readily tailored by varying the radial node (from 0 to 2) in the driving laser consisting of two mixed Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) beams. We find that due to the change in spatial profile of HHG, the distribution range of the OAM spectrum can be broadened and its shape can be modified by increasing the radial node. We also show that the OAM mode range becomes much wider and its distribution shape becomes more symmetric when the harmonic order is increased from the plateau to the cutoff when the driving laser has the nonzero radial nodes. Through the map of coherence length and the evolution of harmonic field in the medium, we reveal that the favorable off-axis phase-matching conditions are greatly modified due to the change of intensity and phase distributions of driving laser with the radial node. We anticipate this work to stimulate some interests in generating the XUV vortex beam with tunable OAM spectrum through the gaseous HHG process achieved by manipulating the mode properties of the driving laser beam.
Majorana tunneling in a one-dimensional wire with non-Hermitian double quantum dots
Authors: Niu 牛 Peng-Bin 鹏斌 , Luo 罗 Hong-Gang 洪刚
Published: October 2023

The combination of non-Hermitian physics and Majorana fermions can give rise to new effects in quantum transport systems. In this work, we investigate the interplay of PT-symmetric complex potentials, Majorana tunneling and interdot tunneling in a non-Hermitian double quantum dots system. It is found that in the weak-coupling regime the Majorana tunneling has pronounced effects on the transport properties of such a system, manifested as splitting of the single peak into three and a reduced 1/4 peak in the transmission function. In the presence of the PT-symmetric complex potentials and interdot tunneling, the 1/4 central peak is robust against them, while the two side peaks are tuned by them. The interdot tunneling only induces asymmetry, instead of moving the conductance peak, due to the robustness of the Majorana modes. There is an exceptional point induced by the union of Majorana tunneling and interdot tunneling. With increased PT-symmetric complex potentials, the two side peaks will move towards each other. When the exceptional point is passed through, these two side peaks will disappear. In the strong-coupling regime, the Majorana fermion induces a 1/4 conductance dip instead of the three-peak structure. PT-symmetric complex potentials induce two conductance dips pinned at the exceptional point. These effects should be accessible in experiments.
Low-damage photolithography for magnetically doped (Bi,Sb)2Te3 quantum anomalous Hall thin films
Authors: Gao 高 Zhiting 志廷 , Guo 郭 Minghua 明华 , Lian 连 Zichen 梓臣 , Li 李 Yaoxin 耀鑫 , Bai 白 Yunhe 云鹤 , Feng 冯 Xiao 硝 , He 何 Ke 珂 , Wang 王 Yayu 亚愚 , Liu 刘 Chang 畅 , Zhang 张 Jinsong 金松
Published: October 2023

We have developed a low-damage photolithography method for magnetically doped (Bi,Sb)2Te3 quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) thin films incorporating an additional resist layer of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). By performing control experiments on the transport properties of five devices at varied gate voltages (V
gs), we revealed that the modified photolithography method enables fabricating QAH devices with the transport and magnetic properties unaffected by fabrication process. Our experiment represents a step towards the production of novel micro-structured electronic devices based on the dissipationless QAH chiral edge states.
Quantitative analysis of the morphing wing mechanism of raptors: IMMU-based motion capture system and its application on gestures of a Falco peregrinus
Authors: Tang 唐 Di 迪 , Zhu 朱 Liwen 力文 , Shi 施 Wenxi 文熙 , Liu 刘 Dawei 大伟 , Yang 杨 Yin 茵 , Yao 姚 Guorong 国荣 , Yan 严 Senxiang 森祥 , Fan 范 Zhongyong 忠勇 , Lu 陆 Yiwei 祎玮 , Wang 王 Siyu 思宇
Published: October 2023

This paper presented a novel tinny motion capture system for measuring bird posture based on inertial and magnetic measurement units that are made up of micromachined gyroscopes, accelerometers, and magnetometers. Multiple quaternion-based extended Kalman filters were implemented to estimate the absolute orientations to achieve high accuracy. Under the guidance of ornithology experts, the extending/contracting motions and flapping cycles were recorded using the developed motion capture system, and the orientation of each bone was also analyzed. The captured flapping gesture of the Falco peregrinus is crucial to the motion database of raptors as well as the bionic design.
Density Functional Theory Calculations on the Interstellar Formation of Biomolecules
Authors: Liao Qingli , Wang Junzhi , Xie Peng , Liang Enwei , Wang Zhao
Published: October 2023

Density functional theory (DFT) is the most versatile electronic structure method used in quantum chemical calculations, and is increasingly applied in astrochemical research. This mini-review provides an overview of the applications of DFT calculations in understanding the chemistry that occurs in star-forming regions. We survey investigations into the formation of biologically relevant compounds such as nucleobases in the interstellar medium, and also cover the formation of both achiral and chiral amino acids, as well as biologically relevant molecules such as sugars, and nitrogen-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Additionally, DFT calculations are used to estimate the potential barriers for chemical reactions in astronomical environments. We conclude by noting several areas that require more research, such as the formation pathways of chiral amino acids, complex sugars, and other biologically important molecules, and the role of environmental factors in the formation of interstellar biomolecules.
A New Method for Monitoring Scattered Stray Light of an Inner-occulted Coronagraph
Authors: Liu Da-Yang , Zhang Hong-Xin , Sun Ming-Zhe , Huang Zheng-Hua , Xia Li-Dong , Liu Wei-Xin , Fu Hui
Published: October 2023

The scattered stray light of a coronagraph is a type of stray light that is generated by the objective lens as its surface defects are irradiated by sunlight. The defects mainly include dust and blemishes on the lens surface, microroughness of the lens surface, and impurity and inhomogeneity of the glass. Unlike the other types of relatively stable defects introduced when the objective lens is being manufactured, the scattered stray light caused by dusts on the lens surface is difficult to quantify accurately due to the disorder and randomness of the dust accumulation. The contribution of this type of stray light to the overall stray light level is difficult to determine through simulations and experiments. This can result in continuous deterioration of the stray light level of a coronagraph and thus affect the observation capabilities of the instrument. To solve this issue, through analyzing the forming mechanism of scattered stray light and ghost image generated by the inner-occulted coronagraph, we propose a novel method to monitor the scattered stray light from dusts by utilizing different stray light correlation coefficients. In this method, we first simulate and measure the level of stray light from the ghost image of the objective lens, and then determine the flux ratio of scattered light and ghost image on the conjugate plane. Although the flux ratio varies with the accumulation of dusts on the lens surface, it remains constant on the image plane. Therefore, the level of dust scattering light on the image plane can be obtained by using this ratio together with the level of ghost image stray light. The accuracy of this method has been validated in a laboratory by applying the objective lens with numerous surface cleanliness levels.
Stationarity of quantum statistical ensembles at first-order phase transition points
Authors: Yoneta Yasushi
Published: October 2023

We study the dynamics of quantum statistical ensembles at first-order phase transition points of finite macroscopic systems. First, we show that at the first-order phase transition point of the system, with an order parameter that does not commute with the Hamiltonian, any quantum state with an order parameter that has a nonzero value always evolves towards a macroscopically distinct state after a sufficiently long time. From this result, we argue that the stationarity required for statistical ensembles should be interpreted as stationarity on a sufficiently long but finite timescale. Finally, we prove that the density matrix of the squeezed ensemble, a class of generalized statistical ensembles proposed as the only concrete method of constructing phase coexistence states applicable to general quantum systems, is locally stationary on timescales diverging in the thermodynamic limit. Our results support the validity of the squeezed ensemble from a dynamical point of view and open the door to nonequilibrium statistical physics at the first-order phase transition point.
Generative diffusion in very large dimensions
Authors: Biroli Giulio , Mézard Marc
Published: October 2023

Generative models based on diffusion have become the state of the art in the last few years, notably for image generation. Here, we analyze them in the high-dimensional limit, where data are formed by a very large number of variables. We use methods from statistical physics and focus on two well-controlled high-dimensional cases: a Gaussian model and the Curie–Weiss model of ferromagnetism. In the latter case, we highlight the mechanism of symmetry breaking in the inverse diffusion, and point out that, in order to reconstruct the relative asymmetry of the two low-temperature states, and thus to obtain the correct probability weights, one needs a database with a number of points much larger than the dimension of each data point. We characterize the scaling laws in the number of data and in the number of dimensions for an efficient generation.
Is the Moyal equation for the Wigner function a quantum analogue of the Liouville equation?
Authors: Perepelkin E E , Sadovnikov B I , Inozemtseva N G , Burlakov E V , Afonin P V
Published: October 2023

The Moyal equation describes the evolution of the Wigner function of a quantum system in the phase space. The right-hand side of the equation contains an infinite series with coefficients proportional to powers of the Planck constant. There is an interpretation of the Moyal equation as a quantum analogue of the classical Liouville equation. Indeed, if one uses the notion of the classical passage to the limit as the Planck constant tends to zero, then formally the right-hand side of the Moyal equation tends to zero. As a result, the Moyal equation becomes the classical Liouville equation for the distribution function. In this paper, we show that the right side of the Moyal equation does not explicitly depend on the Planck constant, and all terms of the series can make a significant contribution. The transition between the classical and quantum descriptions is related not to the Planck constant, but to the spatial scale. For a model quantum system with a potential in the form of a «quadratic funnel», an exact 3D solution of the Schrödinger equation is found and the corresponding Wigner function is constructed in the paper. Using trajectory analysis in the phase space, based on the representation of the right-hand side of the Moyal equation, it is shown that on the spatial microscale there is an infinite number of «trajectories» of the particle motion (thereby the concept of a trajectory is indefinite), and when passing to the macroscale, all «trajectories» concentrate around the classical trajectory.
Measuring baryon radiative decays in timelike region with HADES
Authors: Salabura Piotr ,   the HADES collaboration
Published: October 2023

Radiative transition of excited baryon to a nucleon with emission of a virtual massive photon decaying to dielectron pair (Dalitz decay) provides important information about baryon-photon coupling at low q
2 in timelike region. First measurements of such decays in proton-proton and quasi-free neutron-proton collisions have been conducted with the HADES detector at GSI/FAIR. The results for the Δ(1232) and higher mass resonances are presented. The extension of this program to pion induced reactions is outlined and illustrated with performance reached in the first pilot experiment.
A study on energy window-based scatter correction methods in 99mTc and 123I imaging
Authors: Can M. , Karadeniz Ö. , Çapa Kaya G. , Ertay T.
Published: October 2023

Tc-99m and I-123 are radionuclides commonly used for
diagnostic examination in nuclear medicine. Detection of the
scattered photons by the Compton interactions in the photopeak
energy window is a factor affecting the image quality. DEW and TEW
scatter correction methods are used to improve the image quality
degrade by Compton scattered photons. In the study, planar and SPECT
images of sphere, rod and cardiac phantom containing different
activities were acquired with a gamma camera system. DEW/TEW
corrected and uncorrected images for Tc-99m/I-123 were evaluated
qualitatively and quantitatively. Both for planar and SPECT images,
the DEW and TEW scatter correction methods were found to improve the
image quality at varying rates.
Picosecond and high-power UV/Vis light pulsing using gallium nitride field-effect transistors: implementation and design evaluation
Authors: Henningsen F. , Braam N. , Danninger M.
Published: October 2023

This paper discusses the development of cost-effective and high-performance picosecond and high-power light pulsers. The use of innovative gallium nitride field-effect transistor technology, in combination with meticulous electronic design and careful selection of light-emitting diodes or laser diodes for ultraviolet and visible spectral ranges, has resulted in superior characteristics compared to commonly used designs. The sub-ns design achieves pulse widths as low as 300 ps, with photon outputs ranging between 104-109 photons per pulse, over a wavelength range of 235-470 nm. Meanwhile, the high-power design achieves pulse widths as low as 1.8 ns, with photon outputs ranging between 107-1011 photons per pulse, and a wavelength
range of 375-525 nm. The two designs complement each other in photon outputs, covering a dynamic range of almost ten orders of magnitude. This paper provides an evaluation of the electrical design and emitter selection of both pulsers, as well as their electrical and optical performance.
Multi-decadal degradation and fragmentation of palsas and peat plateaus in coastal Labrador, northeastern Canada
Authors: Wang Yifeng , Way Robert G , Beer Jordan
Published: October 2023

Peatland permafrost landforms, such as palsas and peat plateaus, often represent the most southern lowland permafrost occurrences in the Northern Hemisphere. While peatland permafrost is often found in continental conditions, over a thousand permafrost peatlands were recently identified along the previously understudied coastline of the Labrador Sea in northeastern Canada. The vulnerability of these landscapes to thaw is unknown but is expected to have hydrological and ecological impacts on important caribou habitat, the abundance of culturally relevant berries, and permafrost carbon storage. Using a combination of aerial photography (from 1948, 1985, 1992, 1994, and 2021) and high-resolution satellite imagery (from 2017, 2020, and 2021), we assess multi-decadal areal changes to peatland permafrost landforms at seven peatlands along the Labrador Sea coastline spanning from Red Bay (51.7° N) to north of Hopedale (55.7° N). Analyses reveal declines in permafrost extent of 33%–93% at individual sites, occurring at mean rates of 0.8%–1.5%/a. Permafrost loss was found to occur most rapidly at mixed palsa and peat plateau sites (mean rate of 1.4%/a), followed by palsa sites (mean rate of 1.2%/a) and peat plateau sites (mean rate of 0.9%/a). Patterns of permafrost loss also differed between landform types, with more complete loss of individual landforms at palsa sites and more lateral and internal loss of existing landforms at peat plateau and mixed sites. This widespread degradation of peatland permafrost over the past 28–73 years is attributed to regional warming and peatland greening. Understanding recent change to permafrost peatlands in coastal Labrador is an important step towards predicting future habitat change in northeastern Canada and will inform regional land management in areas dominated by these culturally important landforms.
Characteristics and mechanisms of the severe compound cold-wet event in southern China during February 2022
Authors: Li Huixin , Sun Bo , Wang Huijun , Zhou Botao , Ma Xingxing
Published: October 2023

A severe compound cold-wet event occurred in southern China (hereafter referred to as
CWESC
) in February 2022, leading to enormous socioeconomic losses. In this study, we proposed a new index to denote the severity of the compound cold-wet event. Based on the multivariate survival method, the
CWESC
in February 2022 is identified as the severest event during the past six decades. Our results indicate that the
CWESC
in 2022 is jointly regulated by the La Niña-like SST condition in the tropical Pacific and the warm SST anomalies in the North Atlantic, and a teleconnection in the Northern Hemisphere during winter (hereafter referred to as TNHW) plays the key role. The TNHW pattern originates from the tropical Pacific, and it splits into two routes over the North Atlantic. The northern branch of TNHW propagates via the Arctic and Siberia, causing intensified near-surface northerly wind and partially inducing an anomalous anticyclone over the western North Pacific (WNP). The southern branch of TNHW propagates via the Mediterranean and western Asia, inducing a deepened India–Burma trough and partially inducing the anomalous anticyclone over WNP. The intensified near-surface northerly wind causes enhanced cold advection over southern China, while the deepened India–Burma trough and the anomalous anticyclone over WNP cause increased southerly warm and moist air flow towards southern China, resulting in the
CWESC
in 2022. Moreover, four groups of numerical experiments forced by tropical Pacific, North Pacific, and North Atlantic SST anomalies are conducted based on the Community Atmosphere Model version 5. The results confirm the important roles of the La Niña-like condition and the warm SST anomalies in the North Atlantic in causing the
CWESC
in 2022.
Sea surface salinity extremes over the global ocean
Authors: Liu Hao , Xu Tengfei , Li Delei , Nie Xunwei , Wei Zexun
Published: October 2023

Sea surface salinity (SSS) extremes, characterized as events surpassing a certain threshold percentile, pose a threat to stenohaline organisms worldwide. This study presents the first global mapping of SSS extreme metrics and investigates their underlying drivers using daily reanalysis data. Our key findings have revealed that mesoscale eddies drive SSS extremes over most of the global ocean with peaks in duration ranging from 5 to 10 d and peaks in intensity ranging from 0.2 to 0.3 g kg−1. Freshwater fluxes (FWFs) and mean currents are generally associated with the occurrence of prolonged and intense SSS extremes in tropical and extratropical oceans, respectively. FWFs related to interannual climate modes contribute to the asymmetric distribution of high and low SSS extremes in the central Pacific Ocean and the western Indian Ocean. These results highlight the distinct impacts of different local drivers on the mean states of SSS extremes.
Disciplinary and institutional diversity of federally funded academic research on climate solutions in the United States
Authors: Burrage April , Goldstein Anna , Carter Tim
Published: October 2023

To meet the demands of technological change required for climate change mitigation, academic research must cover a broad range of climate solutions. Diverse participation in this research is important because research shows that a variety of backgrounds and problem-solving approaches are important to solving complex problems such as climate change. In our study, we examine the discplinary and institutional diversity of federal funding for academic research on climate solutions (ARCS) in the United States. We identify $1.42 billion in federal funding for ARCS in fiscal years 2019 and 2020. Our findings reveal that 85% of federal ARCS grants are awarded to Principal Investigators in engineering and the natural sciences. Additionally, institutions classified as having high research activity (R1s) receive over 60% of the ARCS funding per student. Tribal institutions, Historically Black Colleges and Universities, and Hispanic Serving Institutions collectively receive only $109.20 in ARCS funding per student, compared to $334.30 per student for other institution types. These disparities in federally funded ARCS grants are, in part, a consequence of the absence of policies that promote interdisciplinary collaboration and broader participation in academic research. We discuss the policy implications that have contributed to the identified inequities in ARCS funding and current policies that could enhance the distribution of ARCS in the future. We propose strategies for federally funded ARCS to support an equitable energy transition that addresses the needs of contemporary society and beyond.
A field theory approach to the statistical kinematic dynamo
Authors: Holdenried-Chernoff Daria , King David A , Buffett Bruce A
Published: October 2023

Variations in the geomagnetic field occur on a vast range of time scales, from milliseconds to millions of years. The advent of satellite measurements has allowed for detailed studies of short timescale geomagnetic field behaviour, but understanding its long timescale evolution remains challenging due to the sparsity of the paleomagnetic record. This paper introduces a field theory framework for studying magnetic field generation as a result of stochastic fluid motions. Starting from a stochastic kinematic dynamo model (the Kazantsev kinematic model), we derive statistical properties of the magnetic field that may be compared to observations from the paleomagnetic record. The fluid velocity is taken to be a Kraichnan field with general covariance, which acts as a random forcing obeying Gaussian statistics. Using the Martin-Siggia-Rose-Janssen-de Dominicis formalism, we compute the average magnetic field response function for fluid velocities with short correlation time. From this we obtain an estimate for the turbulent contribution to the magnetic diffusivity, and find that it is consistent with results from mean-field dynamo theory. This framework presents much promise for studying the geomagnetic field in a stochastic context.
Trade-off relations of geometric coherence
Authors: Hu Bingyu , Zhao Ming-Jing
Published: October 2023

Quantum coherence is an important quantum resource and it is intimately related to various research fields. The geometric coherence is a coherence measure both operationally and geometrically. We study the trade-off relation of geometric coherence in qubit systems. We first derive an upper bound for the geometric coherence by the purity of quantum states. Based on this, a complementarity relation between the quantum coherence and the mixedness is established. We then derive the quantum uncertainty relations of the geometric coherence on two and three general measurement bases in terms of the incompatibility respectively, which turn out to be state-independent for pure states. These trade-off relations provide the limit to the amount of quantum coherence. As a byproduct, the complementarity relation between the minimum error probability for discriminating a pure-states ensemble and the mixedness of quantum states is established.
The role of the Callan–Witten anomaly density as a Chern–Simons term in Skyrme model*
Authors: Navarro-Lérida Francisco , Radu Eugen , Tchrakian D H
Published: October 2023

We consider axially symmetric solutions of theU(1) gauged Skyrme model supplemented with a Callan–Witten (CW) anomaly density term. The main properties of the solutions are studied, several specific features introduced by the presence of the CW term being identified. We find that the solitons possess a nonzero angular momentum proportional to the electric charge, which in addition to the usual Coulomb part, acquires an extra (topological) contribution from the CW term. Specifically, it is shown that the slope of mass/energyMvs.electric chargeQeand angular momentumJcan be both positiveandnegative. Furthermore, it is shown that the gauged Skyrmion persists even when the quartic (Skyrme) kinetic term disappears.
Prevented harm and cost avoidance with pharmacist intervention while utilizing a discharge medication reconciliation tool
Authors: Hoffman Abigail M , Walls Jennifer L , Prusch Amanda , Roberts Justin
Published: October 2023

Purpose

The aim of this study was to determine prevented harm and cost avoidance following pharmacist intervention utilizing a discharge medication reconciliation tool.

Methods

A retrospective chart review was conducted to identify patients with pharmacist-initiated, provider-accepted discharge medication reconciliation interventions completed at a community teaching hospital in January 2021. Investigators assigned the discrepancies targeted for intervention a National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention (NCC MERP) category, probability of harm, and calculated cost avoidance. The primary endpoint was the total cost avoidance associated with discharge medication reconciliation.

Results

Pharmacists intervened 190 times in January 2021, avoiding an estimated $46,958 to $231,032 in cost. High-risk medications were associated with $33,920 to $147,203 in cost avoidance. The 3 high-risk therapeutic classes associated with the highest cost avoidance were insulin ($16,738-$70,793), antithrombotics ($13,884-$60,016), and opioids ($2,638-$11,834).

Conclusion

Targeted pharmacist discharge medication reconciliation and related interventions avoid significant cost and patient harm.
AGR - 3 Epilepsy Surgical Planning in a Patient with Co-Morbid Multiple Sclerosis and Seizures
Authors: Sanborn Victoria , Ayub Neishay , Margolis Seth A
Published: October 2023

Objective

Research increasingly points to historically unappreciated cortical effects of multiple sclerosis (MS), with two-fold elevated risk of seizures. Nevertheless, epilepsy only occurs in 2–5% of cases. We present a 42-year-old, right-handed, woman with epilepsy and MS under consideration for epilepsy surgery.

Method

Epilepsy and MS were diagnosed concurrently at age 31; seizures were the presenting symptom. Despite infrequent MS flares, seizures are weekly-to-monthly focal aware, focal unaware and focal-to-bilateral, starting with right head version, dysarthria, and spinning, followed by secondary generalization, at times occurring in clusters. Brain MRI revealed bilateral MS lesions including in left medial-frontal lobe and left hippocampus (Figure 1). Phase I EEG suggested left-lateralized seizures with broad frontotemporal evolution and rapid bifrontal synchrony. Interictal PET was unrevealing. fMRI determined left-hemisphere language dominance. Neuropsychological evaluation (NPE) was ordered to estimate cognitive risks of left-sided surgery.

Results

NPE revealed relatively intact language and verbal learning/memory with exceptionally low visual learning/memory. Visuospatial skills were below average to exceptionally low. Although motor dexterity was exceptionally low bilaterally, her left-hand was markedly slower. Executive functioning, processing speed, and sustained attention were exceptionally low. Risk stratification drew upon traditional epilepsy surgery outcomes, as only 2 cases of epilepsy surgery in vastly different MS patients have been published.

Conclusions

NPE suggested high functional adequacy of the left hemisphere with low functional reserve of the right hemisphere. Due to paradoxical findings across structural/functional brain imaging, EEG, and NPE, with unclear effects/implications of MS, cautions were raised about surgery. Stereo-EEG and magnetoencephalography were recommended/ordered to determine the safest surgical option.
A - 5 Patients’ Understanding of Neuropsychological Performance Descriptors: a Pilot Study
Authors: Smetana Racheal M , Parker Allison , Bajo Stephanie , Picard Emilie , Broshek Donna
Published: October 2023

Objective

Descriptive labels to communicate neuropsychological performance are an integral part of neuropsychological reports. Although the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology (AACN) developed a consensus statement on uniform descriptive labels to standardize use of performance descriptors, patients’ understanding of these labels is unclear. This pilot study sought to evaluate patient understanding of neuropsychological performance descriptors.

Method

Patients (N = 47) completed a survey consisting of 13 questions evaluating AACN’s uniform label system and an alternative, patient-centered label system (PCL) designed to improve patients’ understanding of scores. Questions assessed knowledge of label descriptions and their associated percentiles (e.g., average = 25-75th %ile), and the relative relationship between labels. Paired t-tests were used to determine if patients were more accurate in correctly understanding the AACN vs. PCL descriptive labels.

Results

Patients were significantly more accurate in understanding PCL labels (M = 1.38, SD = 0.49) than AACN’s labels (M = 1.72, SD = 0.45), t = 4.08, p.05). Overall, patients demonstrated difficulty accurately understanding percentiles (M correct responses =1.36 of 5).

Conclusions

Results demonstrated that patients may not adequately understand AACN’s descriptive label system or other methods used to describe scores (i.e., percentiles). An improved understanding of labels was seen with an alternative label system (PCL), although response accuracy was still weak. Future studies should assess understanding of performance descriptors among caregivers and healthcare providers, and also examine patient-centric methods for presenting neuropsychological results.
A - 10 Comorbid Traumatic Brain Injury and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Evidence from the Federal Interagency Traumatic Brain Injury Research (FITBIR) Informatics System
Authors: O'Neil Maya , Clauss Kate , Cameron David C , Krushnic Danielle , Baker-Robinson William , Hannon Sara
Published: October 2023

Objective

Although posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is common following traumatic brain injury (TBI; Greer et al., 2020), the complex association between these conditions requires further explication. Data repositories, such as FITBIR, which is the product of a national effort to compile individual participant-level TBI data from multiple studies into a unified database, provide a useful avenue for exploring the PTSD-TBI relationship. The present project is a proof-of-concept study demonstrating the ability to harmonize data from numerous shared studies to better understand comorbid PTSD following TBI.

Method

We searched for, merged, and harmonized data from studies with TBI and PTSD variables to analyze rates of probable PTSD across TBI severity categories. The methods and code used to extract, clean, standardize, and harmonize the data have been publicly shared and as additional studies are contributed to FITBIR, they will be added to these meta-datasets.

Results

After harmonizing key variables across FITBIR datasets, the final sample consisted of 1633 participants. Approximately 79% of participants across studies had a history of mild TBI (mTBI) and 32–37% screened positive for PTSD. Those with mTBI had 2.8 greater odds of screening positive for PTSD compared to those with no TBI (95% CI: 1.90, 3.90).

Conclusions

Study findings show that unifying patient-level data is possible and can contribute to knowledge of complex medical and psychiatric comorbidity. These methods allow for nuanced analyses addressing diversity, equity, and inclusion issues often left out of single studies due to small sample sizes of minoritized groups within individual studies.
A - 04 Influence of Smartwatch Feedback on Perceived Health Behavior Change in Older Adults
Authors: Kaplan Marina , McKniff Moira , Holmqvist Sophia , Simone Stephanie , Rosahl Melissa , Chaturvedi Riya , Giovannetti Tania
Published: October 2023

Objective

Smartwatches may be used to promote behavior changes to improve brain and cognitive health. This study examined the effect of feedback from smartwatches on perceived behavior change in healthy older adults.

Method

Twenty older adults without dementia were screened and recruited (M age = 68.2, SD = 6.79) from the community. Participants wore the Garmin Vívosmart 4 watch for four weeks to measure variation in physiological measures. Watch notifications that provided feedback about sleep and activity level were enabled during the last week of the study. Participants completed a standardized 29-item questionnaire on behavior change at the completion of the study.

Results

Most participants (69%) reported that using the smartwatch was a positive experience. When asked about perceived behavior change since wearing the smartwatch, 50% reported that they “eat healthier”, 45% reported that they “incorporate more activity into my day”, and 30% reported that they “sleep more.” When asked how their activity levels changed since wearing the smartwatch, 45% reported that their activity had increased.

Conclusion(s)

These results support the use of wearable technology as a tool to engage older adults in healthy behaviors. Feasibility was supported by the positive response to wearing the smartwatch by most participants. Additionally, preliminary data suggest that feedback from the smartwatch was effective in altering participants’ reports of health-related behaviors. Further research is needed to determine whether feedback was effective in changing actual health behaviors.
A - 08 Does the Cognitive Change Index Predict Progression of Clinical Dementia Status? Longitudinal Analysis in a Demographically Diverse Aging Cohort
Authors: Nester Caroline , Gao Qi , Wang Cuiling , Mogle Jacqueline , Katz Mindy , Derby Carol , Lipton Richard , Saykin Andrew , Rabin Laura A
Published: October 2023

Objective

The Cognitive Change Index (CCI; Rattanabannakit et al., 2016) is a widely used measure of self-perceived cognitive functioning. There are several versions, the most common being a 20-item version, which queries memory, executive functioning, and language concerns (CCI-20), and a 12-item version (CCI-12), which includes only memory concerns. Little is known about how the CCI may predict future clinical decline or which version may be most sensitive to dementia risk. We investigated the capacity of the CCI-20, CCI-12, and an expanded version of the CCI (CCI-40), to predict progression of clinical dementia status in a demographically diverse sample.

Method

Einstein Aging Study participants (community-dwelling cohort; n = 324; M age = 70.4; M education = 15; 67% female; 46.3% White) completed the CCI-40 (self-report) and Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR) at baseline and over annual follow-up (M wave = 1.48). Inclusion criteria were > age 70, English speaking, and nondemented. We investigated the CCI-12, the CCI-20, and the CCI-40 (memory, language, executive functioning, attention, visuospatial, calculation, and orientation domains). We used generalized LME to examine how CCI at baseline impacts rate change of CDR status, with CCI, time and their interaction term as independent variables, adjusting for covariates.

Results

All CCI total scores were significantly associated with the rate change in log odds on CDR (CCI-40, β = 0.013, p = 0.001; CCI-20, β = 0.020, p = 0.002; CCI-12, β = 0.013, p = 0.002).

Conclusion

Regardless of version, the CCI performance at baseline predicts future progression in clinical dementia status. Using the CCI to assess self-perceived cognition may enhance risk detection in clinical and research settings. Future research will replicate these findings across a range of predementia diagnoses.
A - 10 Normative Data of Neuropsychological Tests of Language in Older Adults from Costa Rica
Authors: Usuga Daniela Ramos , Mora-Villalobos Lara , Brown-Mata Gloriana , Smith-Castro Vanessa , Rivera Diego , Arango-Lasprilla Juan Carlos
Published: October 2023

Objective

To generate normative data of the Verbal Fluency Test (VFT) and Boston Naming Test (BNT) for healthy older adults in Costa Rica.

Method

The sample consisted of 563 healthy Costa Rican adults aged 59–90 years (M = 67.15; SD = 7). Each participant was administered the VFT and BNT as part of a more comprehensive neuropsychological battery.

Results

Multiple regression models showed a linear effect of education for all 4 phonological verbal fluency (PVF) scores, and a sex effect on VF P, with females performing better than males. The model predictors explained between 20.9% and 28.3% of the variance. In semantic verbal fluency (SVF) scores, linear effects of age and education were observed in all 4 subtests, such that word production decreased with increasing age and lower education. In addition, females scored better in all semantic categories except animals, where there was no effect of sex. The predictors of the model explained between 21.7% and 30.9% of the variance. In BNT, there was a linear effect of education and an effect of sex, so that males scored higher compared to females. The predictors of the model explained 9.6% of the variance.

Conclusion

This is the first study to generate normative data for VFT and BNT in older adults from Costa Rica. This data will allow neuropsychologists in the region to perform assessment and diagnostic processes with greater accuracy.