bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Layer-specific speckle tracking analysis of left ventricular systolic function and synchrony in maintenance hemodialysis patients
Authors: Liu Chang , Yan Zining , Fan Li , Huang Jun , Shen Dan , Song Xiangting
Published: September 2019

Background: This study investigated the value of layer-specific strain analysis by two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2D-STE) for evaluating left ventricular (LV) systolic function and synchrony in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. Methods: A total of 34 MHD patients and 35 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Dynamic images were collected at the LV apical long-axis, the four- and two- chamber, and the LV short-axis views at the basal, middle, apical segments. The layer-specific speckle tracking (LST) was used to analyze the longitudinal strain (LS) and circumferential strain (CS) of LV sub-endocardium, mid-myocardium, sub-epicardium, global longitudinal strain (GLS), global circumferential strain (GCS), the LV 17 segment time to peak LS (TTP), the peak strain dispersion (PSD). The differences in these parameters were compared between control and MHD, and the correlation between PSD and each LS parameter was examined. The receiver operator characteristic curve was used to evaluate the efficacy of three myocardial layer LS and CS in the assessment of LV systolic dysfunction in MHD. Results: MHD had comparable left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), but significantly smaller GLS, GCS, and three-layer LS and CS compared to the control. The three layer LS of the basal segment, middle segment, and apex segment was significantly reduced in the MHD compared to the normal, while the three myocardial layer CS of the basal segment, middle segment, and apex segment was significantly reduced in the MHD compared to the normal, except for the sub-endocardium of middle and apex segment. MHD had significantly higher TTP of LV 17 segments and PSD compared to controls, and had delayed peak time in most segments. In addition, PSD of MHD was positively correlated with sub-endocardial and mid-myocardial LS and GLS, but not with sub-epicardial LS. The area under the curves (AUCs) of sub-endocardial, mid-myocardial, and sub-epicardial LS in MHD were 0.894, 0.852, and 0.870, respectively; the AUCs of sub-epicardial, mid-myocardial, and sub-endocardial CS were 0.852, 0.837, and 0.669, respectively. Conclusion: LST may detect the early changes of all three-layer LS and CS and PSD in MHD, and is a valuable tool to diagnose LV systolic dysfunction in MHD.
Ticagrelor and clopidogrel suppress NF-κB to treat acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Jia Zhuyin , Huang Yiwei , Ji Xiaojun , Sun Jiaju , Fu Guosheng
Published: September 2019

Background: Inflammatory cytokines are involved in acute coronary syndrome (ACS),and NF-kB is the central regulator of inflammation. Moreover, ticagrelor and clopidogrelcan prevent thrombotic events and improve the care of patients with ACS. Thus, we speculated that ticagrelor and clopidogrel relieve ACS by regulating NF-kB pathway. Methods: After human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured with ticagrelor or clopidogrel and given lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and CD14, the mRNA levels of related inflammatory factors, the protein level changes of molecules in the NF-kB pathway, and the changes in cell viability, apoptosis and the cell cycle, cell migration, vascular formation and other vital activities were detected using quantitative Polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), Western blotting and immunofluorescence assay, CCK8， flow cytometry, transwell assay, matrigel, respectively. All data was expressed as the mean ± S.D. The statistical significance of data was assessedby an unpaired two-tailed t-test. Results: Ticagrelor and clopidogrel can suppress the NF-kB pathway by inhibiting the phosphorylation and entry into the nucleus of p65, restraining the degradation of IKBa, improving cell viability, restoring the cell cycle, cell migration and angiogenic ability, and inhibiting apoptosis. Conclusions: Ticagrelor and clopidogrel alleviate cellular dysfunction through suppressing NF-kB signaling to treat acute coronary syndrome.
A risk predictor of restenosis after superficial femoral artery stent implantation: Relevance of mean platelet volume
Authors: Yang Yaobo , Shen Jing , Wang Shenghai , Song Jianbo , Ge Fangfang , Xie Jiapei , Qu Jiangshuai , Mao Xinzu , Kuang Zhaocheng , Shang Nan , Wang Xiang , Wu Yejun , Yang Fan , Yuan Yue , Wang Hongxin , Sun Jun , Fang Jicheng , Xiao Liang
Published: September 2019

Background - Purpose - To investigate the relationship between an increase in the pre- and post-operative mean platelet volume (MPV) and superficial femoral artery in-stent restenosis (ISR) rate. Methods and Results - We recruited patients that underwent superficial femoral artery stenting for lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans at our hospital from March 2015 to March 2018. All patients gave venous blood three days before and following implantation. Doppler ultrasound, computed tomography angiography or digital subtraction angiography were used for regular follow-up examination. Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of ISR after superficial femoral artery stenting. We enrolled 173 patients, of which 34 (19.6%) were determined as having ISR for a mean of 8.9 ± 2.7 months (3-12 months). Neutrophil count, neutrophil ratio, lymphocyte ratio and platelet count pre-implantation, and platelet count and MPV after stent implantation, and the pre- and post-operative mean platelet volume difference (MPVD) and mean platelet volume difference ratio (MPVDR) were all statistically different when comparing the ISR and non-restenosis groups (p<0.05). A positive correlation was found for post-operative MPV and presence of ISR (r = 0.58; P <0.001). A MPVD not less than 1.5 fL was associated with an odds ratio of 11.79 (95% CI [4.54 to 30.55]; P <0.001) for presence of ISR. A MPVDR of not less than 17.9% was associated with an odds ratio of 10.72 (95% CI [4.14 to 27.73]; P <0.001) for occurrence of ISR. Conclusions: An increase in pre- and post-operative MPV was correlated with the occurrence of superficial femoral artery ISR.
Stereotactic body radiotherapy vs radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis
Authors: Pan Yang-Xun , Long Qian , Hu Dan-Dan , Fu Yi-Zhen , Wang Jun-Cheng , Xi Mian , Liu Shi-Liang , Xu Li , Liu Meng-Zhong , Chen Min-Shan , Zhang Yao-Jun
Published: September 2019

Background Both stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) are effective local treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but whether RFA is superior to SBRT is still controversial. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to compare the treatment outcomes of SBRT with RFA as curable or bridge intention.Methods We searched online databases for studies that compared treatment outcome for SBRT and RFA. Eligibility criteria included evaluation of local control, overall survival (OS), transplant rate, and post-transplant pathological necrosis.Results 10 retrospective studies with a total of 2732 patients were included. 2 studies were in favor of SBRT in local control, 2 studies preferred RFA in OS and others reported comparable outcomes for both. SBRT demonstrated significantly higher 1- and 3-year local control than RFA (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.74, P =0.003; OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.80, P =0.002, respectively). However, SBRT reported significantly shorter 1- and 2-year OS (OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.21 to 1.90, P =0.0003; OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.38 to 2.01, P <0.00001, respectively). As bridge treatment, no significant difference was shown in transplant rate and post-transplant pathological necrosis rate (OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.32 to 1.03, P =0.060; OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.13 to 1.82, P =0.290, respectively).Conclusions This study demonstrates SBRT is able to complete a better local control for HCC than RFA, though the OS is inferior to RFA because of tumor burden or liver profiles of the enrolled studies. Well-designed, randomized, multicenter trials will be required to further investigate the conclusion.
Efficacy of continuous epidural block with epidural electrical stimulation compared to conventional continuous epidural block for acute herpes zoster management: A retrospective study
Authors: Lee Chung Hun , Choi Sang Sik , Lee Mi Kyoung , Lee Yeon Joo , Park Jong Sun
Published: September 2019

Background Continuous epidural block is commonly used in clinical settings and reduces the likelihood of transition to postherpetic neuralgia via pain control. The purpose of the present study was to compare the efficacies of conventional continuous epidural block and continuous epidural block involving electric stimulation-guided localization of the catheter to areas with neurological damage, in the treatment of herpes zoster pain and prevention of postherpetic neuralgia.Methods We analyzed the medical records of 114 patients in the present study. The patients were divided into two groups: esopocan (conventional continuous epidural block) and epistim (continuous epidural block with epidural electric stimulation). In the esopocan group, the position of the epidural catheter was confirmed using contrast medium alone, whereas in the epistim group, the site of herpes zoster infection was identified through electric stimulation using the guidewire in the catheter. Clinical efficacy was assessed using a numerical rating scale (pain score) up to 6 months after the procedures. We compared the percentage of patients who showed complete remission (pain score less than 2 and no further medication) in each group. We also investigated whether the patients required additional interventional treatment due to insufficient pain control during the 6 month follow-up period after each procedure.Results After adjusting for confounding variables, the pain score was significantly lower in the epistim group than in the esopocan group for 6 months after the procedure. The adjusted odds ratio of patients included in the complete remission category was 1.9 times higher in the epistim group than the esopocan group (95% confidence interval: 0.81-4.44, P = 0.14). The adjusted odds ratio for other interventions within 6 months after the procedure was 3.62 times higher in the esopocan group than the epistim group (95% confidence interval: 1.17-11.19, P = 0.03). Conclusion Epidural drug administration to specific spinal segments using electrical stimulation catheters may be more helpful than conventional continuous epidural block in improving pain and preventing postherpetic neuralgia in acute herpes zoster.
Impact of the Ebola virus disease outbreak (2014-2016) on Tuberculosis Surveillance Activities in Guinea's National Tuberculosis Program: A Time Series Analysis
Authors: Sidiki Magassouba Aboubacar , Diallo Boubacar Djelo , Camara Lansana Mady , Sow Kadiatou , Camara Souleymane , Bah Boubacar , Barry Alpha Oumar , Diallo Thierno Hassane , Aboubacar Camara , Bangoura Adama Marie , Sow Oumou Younoussa
Published: September 2019

Background Tuberculosis (TB) is a major cause of disease and death worldwide. According to estimates published by WHO, Guinea is one of the countries with a high incidence of tuberculosis and tuberculosis / HIV co-infection. In March 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced the Ebola virus disease outbreak in Guinea that caused a health system disruption. Our study aimed to assess the impact of the Ebola virus disease outbreak on the TB surveillance system through the main indicators of TB-related morbidity and mortality.Methods This is a retrospective cohort study by comparing TB trends through TB surveillance data from periods before (2011-2013), during (2014-2015) and after (2016-2018) the Ebola virus disease outbreak. A time-series analysis was conducted to investigate the link between the decrease in TB incidence and the Ebola virus disease through cross-correlation. We evaluated the surveillance system to compare its current status with that of the Ebola virus disease outbreak period.Results The reporting rate for TB cases has decreased from 120 cases per 100,000 people reported in 2011 to 100 cases in 2014. The cross-correlation test between TB and the Ebola virus disease incidents shows a significant lag of -0.6 (60%) this corresponds to the drop in TB incidence observed when Ebola virus disease was at its peak in 2014. Concerning the surveillance system, of the 13 standards, only five are reached in 2019 compared to 3 in 2015.Conclusion The Ebola virus disease outbreak has had a severe impact on TB surveillance in Guinea. The introduction of an early warning system would preserve the TB surveillance system; which could encourage the implementation of set stakes to ensure access to diagnosis, treatment for enhanced surveillance of tuberculosis.
Air pollution exposure and COPD among miners, ex-miners and non-miners in Northern Tanzania: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Magitta Ngweina Francis , Shimwela Meshack Denson , Sanga Anna Alphonce , Madas Sapna Jitendra , Mwaiselage Julius David , Namdeo Anil Kumar , Apte Komalkirti Keshavkiran , Salvi Sandeep Santoshi , Walker Ricahrd William
Published: September 2019

Background: There is a substantial burden due to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) contributes to a substantial burden of diseases in developed countries. The existing unregulated mining activities in Africa, often without proper protective gear, could expose miners to excessive air pollution levels and subsequent development of COPD. Methods: We conducted a case – control study in small-scale, informal, hard-rock mining site in Northern Tanzania. We recruited all eligible active miners and ex-miners and matched non-miners aged ≥30 years. We collected data on respiratory symptoms and risk factors using the BOLD questionnaire and performed spirometry with COPD defined based on post-bronchodilator FEV 1 /FVC<70%. We monitored air pollution based on PM 10 level in underground mining pits using TSI Side Pak TM AM510 samplers. Results: A total of 851 men ⦋577 active miners, 211 ex-miners and 63 non-miners⦌ were recruited with a mean age of 40.95 ± 9.21 years and two-thirds were cigarette smokers. About 83% of all respondents completed the questionnaires and underwent post-bronchodilator spirometry. The prevalence for COPD was estimated at 15.20%, 17.10% and 15.40% for active miners, ex-miners and non-miners respectively. Over 18% of current cigarette smokers had significant nicotine dependence which was associated with the duration of smoking (p= 0.028) and the number of pack years (p= 0.002). The majority of COPD patients presented with cough and had frequent exacerbations but with mild to moderate airway limitation. The majority of ex-miners presented with dyspnoea and had poor FEV 1 and FVC parameters. About 25% of COPD patients reported a history of pulmonary tuberculosis. The survey revealed up to 20000µg/m 3 of PM 10 in the underground drilling points; 400-fold higher than the acceptable WHO limits. Conclusion: There is high prevalence of COPD among small-scale miners in Tanzania. The patients are largely young and many are smoking cigarettes. The mining activities are typically carried out without protective gear. There is widespread lack of awareness of COPD and often people received inappropriate diagnosis and therapy.
Salt adaptability in a halophytic soybean (Glycine soja) involves photosystems coordination
Authors: He Wenjun , Yan Kun , Bian Lanxing , Tang Xiaoli , An Mengxin , Li Lixia , Han Guangxuan
Published: September 2019

Background: Glycine soja is a halophytic soybean native to saline soil in Yellow River Delta, China. Photosystem I (PSI) performance and the interaction between photosystem II (PSII) and PSI remain unclear in Glycine soja under salt stress. This study aimed to explore salt adaptability in Glycine soja in terms of photosystems coordination. Results: Potted Glycine soja was exposed to 300 mM NaCl for 9 days with a cultivated soybean, Glycine max, as control. Under salt stress, the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) and PSI (△MR/MR0) were significantly decreased with the loss of PSI and PSII reaction center proteins in Glycine max, and greater PSI vulnerability was suggested by earlier decrease in △MR/MR0 than Fv/Fm and depressed PSI oxidation in modulated 820 nm reflection transients. Inversely, PSI stability was defined in Glycine soja, as △MR/MR0 and PSI reaction center protein abundance were not affected by salt stress. Consistently, chloroplast ultrastructure and leaf lipid peroxidation were not affected in Glycine soja under salt stress. Inhibition on electron flow at PSII acceptor side helped protect PSI by restricting electron flow to PSI and seemed as a positive response in Glycine soja due to its rapid recovery. Reciprocally, PSI stability aided in preventing PSII photoinhibition, as the simulated feedback inhibition by PSI inactivation induced great decrease in Fv/Fm under salt stress. In contrast, PSI inactivation elevated PSII excitation pressure through inhibition on PSII acceptor side and accelerated PSII photoinhibition in Glycine max, according to the positive and negative correlation of △MR/MR0 with efficiency that an electron moves beyond primary quinone and PSII excitation pressure respectively. Conclusion: Therefore, photosystems coordination depending on PSI stability and rapid response of PSII acceptor side contributed to defending salt-induced oxidative stress on photosynthetic apparatus in Glycine soja. Photosystems interaction should be considered as one of the salt adaptable mechanisms in this halophytic soybean.
Stroke in Maputo Central Hospital, Mozambique: a cross-sectional study 2014-18
Authors: Baduro Yanina , Ndala Omer , Vaz Deise , Buque Helena , Sebastião Frederico , Baco Jamal , Arroz Nachan , Casas Carlos , Lorenzo Elder , Arroz Jorge A. H.
Published: September 2019

Background: Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide. The prevalence of hypertension (the major risk factor for stroke) in Mozambique increased from 33.1% in 2005 to 38.9% in 2014/2015, although awareness and control remained at very low levels (15% and 3%, respectively). The aim of this study is to characterize the demographic and clinical pattern of stroke in Maputo Central Hospital (MCH), Mozambique. Methods: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was carried out in MCH, collecting secondary data from hospitalized patients with stroke. Using systematic probabilistic sampling, clinical records were used to analyze data for the period 2014-18. Results: Of the 402 clinical records, 53.5% were female. The mean age was 60.68 years (13.98 SD). Around 96% was an acute stroke event, and 91% was first-ever episode. Thirty one percent did not receive a CT scan for confirmation. Of the 247 CT scanned patients, 50.2% were ischemic. The area of middle cerebral artery was affected in 83.4% patients. The most common co-morbidity was hypertension (87.1%). Near 96% of hemorrhagic stroke were associated with hypertension (Ischemic = 78.7%, p < 0.001). The overall case-fatality was 22.9%. Confirmed hemorrhagic stroke patients were 6.47 years younger than ischemic (56.40 vs 62.87 years; p < 0.001). Younger ages and female were associated with clinical improvement (aOR = 0.964; p = 0.002 and aOR = 1.890; p = 0.044, respectively). Hemorrhagic stroke were 56.8 percent points more likely associated with death (aOR = 0.432; p = 0.010). The likelihood of clinical improvement was 20.5 percent points better over the years (aOR = 1.205; p = 0.086) Conclusions: Stroke associated with hypertension is common in MCH, mostly likely due to an increase in hypertension prevalence and extremely low awareness and control. Favorable clinical outcome improved over the years. Efforts for CT scan to all stroke episodes should be emphasized by MCH managers.
Ischemic stroke in Morocco: A systematic review
Authors: Kharbach Ahmed , Majdouline Obtel , Lahlou Laila , Aasfara Jehanne , Mekaoui Nour , Razine Rachid
Published: September 2019

Background: To main objective of this systematic review is to determine; the epidemiological and the etiological profile, the influential factors of the prehospital delay, thrombolysis management, the acute and 3-month mortality rate and the genetic aspect of ischemic stroke in Morocco.Methods: A systematic review was conducted according to the recommendations of the "Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses" (PRISMA) through the consultation of the Pubmed, Sciencedirect, Scopus, Clinicalkey, and Google scholar databases for the raking of the gray literature during the period between 2009 and 2018. The protocol of the review was registered in the PROSPERO register (CRD42018115206).These studies were assessed based on: Age, sex ratio, risk factors, etiological profile according to Trial of ORG classification 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST), prehospital delay average and it’s influential factors, thrombolyzed patients proportion, acute and 3-month mortality and the genetic factors of ischemic stroke in Morocco.Results: Twenty-nine (n = 29) studies were selected. And the average age ranged from 49±15.28 to 67.3 ± 9.91 years. Also, a male predominance was recorded in 13 studies of all ages. High blood pressure, diabetes, smoking and heart disease are the four main risk factors identified throughout the studies. Atherosclerosis and cardioembolic origin seem to be the main etiologies of cerebral ischemia. And the average prehospital time ranged from 26 to 61.95 hours. In addition, the proportion of thrombolyzed patients ranged from 1.8% according to the Azdad et al (2012) study to 2.9% according to the Rachdi’s (2015) study. Finally, the mortality rate in the acute phase varied between 3 and 13%. And the 3-month mortality ranged from 4.30 to 32.5%. It is also important to note that most of studies have a reduced sample size, conduced in hospital environment, and with no confidence interval.Conclusions: Ischemic stroke is affecting more and more the young population with male predominance. Moreover, the long prehospital delay and the low proportion of thrombolysed patients are alarming, indicating the need to deepen investigations on the determinants that influence patient’s access to care in Morocco in order to improve the management of this pathology.
Patterns of regional lymph node failure of locally advanced hypopharynx squamous cell carcinoma after first-line treatment with surgery and/or intensity-modulated radiotherapy
Authors: Wang Dongqing , Yu Shui , Zhai Liming , Xu Jin , Li Baosheng
Published: September 2019

Purpose : To identify the spatial patterns of regional lymph node failure of locally advanced hypopharynx squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) after first-line treatment with surgery and/or intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT).
Methods : We retrospectively analyzed 123 patients of the hypopharynx SCC consecutively treated with radical surgical resection and/or IMRT.
Results : Median PFS were 13 months (95% CI 6.4-19.6 months), and 11 months (95% CI 9.1-12.9 months) for patients receiving surgery and IMRT, respectively. The cervical lymph node failure was accounted for 32.5% of patients, with involved ipsilateral neck level II in 22 patients (55.0%), III in 12 patients (30.0%), IV in 2 patients (5%), VIb and VII both in 6 patients (5.0%), furthermore, involved contralateral neck level II in 7 patients (17.5%), III in 3 patients (7.5%). The commonly failure levels were the II (15.2%), III (8.7%), VIb (8.7%), and VII (10.9%) for surgery. The lymph node recurrence and persistent disease at levels II (24.7%) and III (13.0%) remained the major cause of failure following curative intent of IMRT.
Conclusions: Whatever the treatment modality, levels II and III were most commonly failure regions. Because of high rate of node failure of level VIb and VII for patients receiving surgery, post-operative radiation should included of these territories in locally advanced hypopharynx SCC.
The influence of balanced complex chromosomal rearrangements on preimplantation embryonic development potential and molecular karyotype
Authors: Li Gang , Shi Weiyi , Niu Wenbin , Xu Jiawei , Guo Yihong , Su Yingchun , Sun Yingpu
Published: September 2019

Background: Balanced complex rearrangements (BCCR) are balanced chromosomal structural aberrations that involve two or more chromosomes and at least three breakpoints. It is very rare in the population. The objective is to explore the difference of influence of three types of BCCRs on early embryonic development and embryonic molecular karyotype.
Results: Twelve couples were recruited including four couples of three-way rearrangements carriers (group A), three couples of double two-way translocations carriers (group B) and five couples of exceptional CCR carriers (group C). After seventeen preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) cycles, 243 oocytes were retrieved, including 207 mature oocytes, and 181 oocytes normally fertilized after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. The number of embryos forming on day3 in three groups were 87.88%, 97.78% and 77.14%, which was significantly different (P=0.01). Compared with group B, the rate of embryo formation was statistically significantly lower in group C (P=0.01). Furthermore, the rates of high-quality blastocysts in three group were 14.71%, 48.15% and 62.96%, respectively, which was significantly different (P=0.00). Compared with group B and C, the rate of high-quality blastocysts in group A was statistically significantly lower (P=0.00; P=0.00).
Comprehensive chromosome analysis was performed on 83 embryos, including 75 trophectoderm cells and 8 blastomeres. Except 7 embryos failed to amplify, 9.01% embryos were diagnosed as euploidy, and 90.91% were diagnosed as abnormal. As for group A, the euploid embryo rate was 10.71% and the abnormal embryo rate was 89.29%. In group B, the euploid embryo rate was 3.85%, the abnormal embryo rate was 96.15%. The euploid embryo rate was 13.04%, the abnormal embryo rate was 86.96% in group C. There were no significant differences among the three groups (P = 0.55).
Conclusions: The couples of double two-way translocations carriers have more chance to get balanced or normal embryos probably, and there may be more high-quality blastocysts in exceptional CCRs, but the blastocyst formation rate was similar among the three type of BCCR. Different types of BCCR had little effect on the embryonic molecular karyotype. The difference of influence of BCCR on early embryonic development and molecular karyotype should be further studied.
Acupuncture for patients with insomnia disorder protocol for a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Guo Jing , Yu Siyi , Liu Chunhong , Wang Guiling , li Bin
Published: September 2019

Background Insomnia is among the most prevalent sleep-related disorders. Previous researches suggest insomnia disorder is associated with brain hyperarousal state manifested as abnormal regional brain activity and resting-state functional connectivity (rs-FC). Acupuncture is considered to be beneficial to improve sleep quality and modulate hyperarousal state. Its underlying neurobiological bases remain poorly understood. The purpose of the trial is to investigate the effectiveness and potential neural mechanism in acupuncture treatment for insomnia disorder using neuropsychological measurements and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). Methods /Design This study is a randomized, patient-assessor-blinded trial. A total of 60 eligible patients with insomnia disorder will be randomized in a ratio of 1:1 to the real acupuncture group and sham acupuncture group. Acupuncture intervention will be administered to all patients three times a week for 4 weeks, followed up for 8 weeks. 30 age- and sex-matched healthy good sleepers will be recruited as healthy control group without any treatment intervention. All participants will undergo neuropsychological and rs-fMRI evaluations. The primary outcome includes the change of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores. The secondary outcome includes Hyperarousal scale (HAS),rs-fMRI measurements, Fatigue scale-14 (FS-14), Hamilton depression scale (HAMD), Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA), a sleep diary, and actigraph test. All outcomes will be evaluated at baseline, post-treatment period and follow-up. The main analyses will be carried out on the basis of the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion The results of the trial will contribute to the efficacy and central mechanism of acupuncture treating insomnia disorder.
Response of Maize Yield Components to Growth Stage‐Based Deficit Irrigation
Authors: Zhang Huihui , Han Ming , Comas Louise H. , DeJonge Kendall C. , Gleason Sean M. , Trout Thomas J. , Ma Liwang
Published: September 2019

In the face of declining water resources and climatic variability, growth stage‐based deficit irrigation may be a feasible approach to enhance agricultural system resilience. A 3‐yr experiment was conducted to evaluate the impact of deficit irrigation on maize (Zea mays L.) in the late vegetative (Lveg) and maturation (Mat) growth stages, where phenology, dry leaf weight, aboveground biomass, yield, kernel number, 1000 kernel weight, and grain‐filling rate were evaluated. Water deficit during the Lveg stage decreased the kernel number and dry leaf weight, thus decreasing the potential grain‐filling rate (less photosynthetic tissue). In contrast with deficit during the Lveg stage, deficit during the Mat stage directly reduced the grain‐filling rate and duration and thus had the strongest effect on grain yield. A growth stage interaction was evident, such that the reduction in yield associated with water deficit applied during the Lveg stage was exacerbated by water deficit applied during the Mat stage. Yield reduction was proportional with the severity of the water deficit, in all cases. Nevertheless, water deficit applied during the Mat stage had a larger impact on maize yield compared with water deficit applied during the Lveg stage. If farmers have reduced water allocations but seasonal flexibility in the timing of irrigation water application, they will maximize yield by saving water for reproductive and maturation growth stages.

Core Ideas

Water deficit during the late vegetative stage decreased the kernel number and dry leaf weight.

Deficit applied during the maturation stage directly reduced the grain‐filling rate.

Yield reduction was proportional with the severity of the water deficit.

Water deficit during the maturation stage had a larger impact on maize yield compared with that at the late vegetative stage.
Mean Performance and Stability in Multi‐Environment Trials I: Combining Features of AMMI and BLUP Techniques
Authors: Olivoto Tiago , Lúcio Alessandro D.C. , da Silva José A.G. , Marchioro Volmir S. , de Souza Velci Q. , Jost Evandro
Published: September 2019

Additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) are popular methods for analyzing multi‐environment trials (MET). The AMMI has nice graphical tools for modeling genotype‐vs.‐environment interaction (GEI) but fails in some aspects, such as accommodating a linear mixed‐effect model (LMM) structure. The BLUP provides reliable estimates but new insights to deal graphically with a random GEI structure are needed. This article compares the predictive success of BLUP and AMMI, shows how to generate biplots for modeling GEI in MET analysis using LMM, and proposes a new quantitative genotypic stability measure called WAASB, which is theWeightedAverage ofAbsoluteScores from the singular value decomposition of the matrix of BLUPs for the GEI effects generated by an LMM. We also introduced the theoretical basis of a superiority index that allows weighting between mean performance and stability, which was conveniently called WAASBY. TheBLUP was found to outperform AMMI in the analysis of four real MET trials. The application of our indexes is illustrated using an oat (Avena sativaL.) MET dataset. It was shown that reliable measures of stability using WAASB may help breeders and agronomists to make correct decisions when selecting or recommending genotypes. In addition, the simultaneous selection index, WAASBY, will be useful when the selection should consider different weights for stability and mean performance. Some advantages over existing statistics are discussed. Finally, the implementation of the procedures of this article in future studies is facilitated by an R package containing all required functions.

Core Ideas

The predictive accuracy of BLUP and AMMI was investigated using four real datasets.

BLUP was found to outperform AMMI in all datasets analyzed.

A genotypic stability index that inherits the principles of AMMI and BLUP was proposed.

A superiority index that allows weighting between mean performance and stability was proposed.

An R package with useful functions for MET analysis is presented.
Assessment of Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Sampling Methods for Nonregulatory Water Quality Programs
Authors: McCarty Elizabeth , Nichols Rebecca , McCreadie John , Grant Jerome
Published: September 2019

Many land management water quality programs must assess water quality using aquatic macroinvertebrates for nonregulatory purposes but conduct these assessments using regulatory protocols. The costs of providing data using regulatory protocols can be financially burdensome for these programs. Macroinvertebrate water quality monitoring in Great Smoky Mountians National Park in the United States is assessed using six sampling methods (kicknet, Dnet, rockwash, sand, leafpack, and visual samples). Data for this study were collected from nine wadeable streams flowing through high‐gradient mountainous forests. Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) taxa were identified to the lowest taxonomic unit as was practical. Comparisons were made among different sampling methods to determine if nonregulatory programs can obtain similar data with fewer collection methods. Richness, abundance, Shannon diversity, evenness, and dominance were compared among each of the sampling methods. Effort ratio (abundance/richness) was also compared. Methods producing high‐diversity samples were then combined and compared with the current six‐method protocol. All comparisons were made using an ANOVA and general linear model (P < 0.05). Using combinations of kicknet–visual or rock wash–Dnet–visual samples resulted in similar richness, Shannon diversity, evenness, and dominance compared with all methods, while having lower abundance and effort ratios. Reducing sampling methods will reduce time invested in field sampling, sorting, and identifications, which will reduce program costs for nonregulatory management programs.

Core Ideas

Aquatic macroinvertebrate nonregulatory sampling methods can be reduced.

Rockwash–Dnet–visual or kicknet–visual samples have similar diversity to all methods.

Reducing sampling methods will save field, sorting, and identification time.

Programs can get similar nonregulatory water quality data for less money and effort.
Effects of Conservation Practices on Soil Quality Compared with a Corn–Soybean Rotation on a Claypan Soil
Authors: Alagele Salah M. , Anderson Stephen H. , Udawatta Ranjith P. , Veum Kristen S. , Rankoth Lalith M.
Published: September 2019

Restoration of degraded lands by adoption of recommended conservation management practices can rehabilitate watersheds and lead to improving soil and water quality. The objective was to evaluate the effects of grass buffers (GBs), biomass crops (BCs), grass waterways (GWWs), agroforestry buffers (ABs), landscape positions, and distance from tree base for AB treatment on soil quality compared with row crop (RC) (corn [Zea mays L.]–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation) on claypan soils. Soil samples were taken from 10‐cm‐depth increments from the soil surface to 30 cm for GB, BC, GWW, and RC with three replicates. Soil samples were collected from summit, backslope, and footslope landscape positions. Samples were taken at 50‐ and 150‐cm distances from the tree base. β‐Glucosidase, β‐glucosaminidase, dehydrogenase, fluorescein diacetate hydrolase (FDA), soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), active carbon (AC), and water‐stable aggregates (WSA) were measured. Results showed that β‐glucosidase, β‐glucosaminidase, dehydrogenase, FDA, AC, WSA, and TN values were significantly greater (P < 0.01) for the GB, BC, GWW, and AB treatments than for the RC treatment. The first depth (0–10 cm) revealed the highest values for all soil quality parameters relative to second and third depths. The footslope landscape had the highest parameter values compared with summit and backslope positions. The 50‐cm distance of AB treatment had higher values than the 150‐cm distance for all measured parameters. Results showed that perennial vegetation practices enhanced soil quality by improving soil microbial activity and SOC.

Core Ideas

Permanent vegetative management (trees and grasses) enhanced soil quality.

Perennial practices improved microbial activity and increased soil organic carbon.

Perennial vegetative practices have agricultural and environmental significance.

Establishing perennial practices is an effective approach to enhance soil quality.
Digital financial inclusion: evidence from Ukraine
Authors: Naumenkova Svitlana , Mishchenko Svitlana , Dorofeiev Dmytro
Published: September 2019

The article examines the influence of the current stage of economy digitalization on the financial inclusion in Ukraine. The purpose is to assess the level of financial inclusion in the country, to determine the dominant influence of price and non-price barriers to access to financial services for the Ukrainian population when compared to other world countries and to define which part of the adult population is able to join the formal financial services system through the use of innovative channels and financial service systems. Based on the methodological approaches proposed by the World Bank and the G20 Financial Inclusion Indicators, the authors analyze the real traditional and digital access opportunities of the general public to financial services in Ukraine compared to other countries across the world. Particular emphasis is placed on overcoming existing non-price barriers that impede formal financial inclusion of the Ukrainian population. The research findings stress the need to adhere to the basic principles of digital financial inclusion in order to regulate activities of financial institutions and their agents in the digital provision of financial services, strengthen regulatory control over the use of innovative financial products and service systems, and protect the rights of consumers of financial services in Ukraine.
Assessing Classroom Management Experience of Local Language Teachers in Ligaba Primary School in Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia: Focus on Wolaita language
Authors: Alaro Markos Mathewos
Published: September 2019

The main aim of the study was to evaluate classroom management experience of local language teachers at  Ligaba Primary school in Wolaita Zone of Ethiopia. The participants of the study were purposively selected six students from grade-5 and six teachers who were teaching that grade. Two tools were used to gather data : questionnaire and interview. Both qualitative and quantitative data analysis methods were employed to obtain the results. The study clearly disclosed that there were gaps regarding teachers' time management. They did not enter the class on time and this might lead students to disturb in the class. Moreover, the study genuinely indicated that teacher did not tell the students the rules and regulations of the class and this might also seriously hampers the classroom management of teachers. It also proved that sometimes teacher interrupts teaching and go out of the class to entertain any other individuals through phone or physically. Thus, it is possible to generalize that teachers'  experience in  classroom management is not effective due to lack of relevant knowledge on how to manage the classroom and  due to various  classroom factors .Hence, it is recommended that different  classroom facilities should be fulfilled for teachers and students and appropriate  training should be given for the teachers by stake holders like wereda education bureau on how to manage the classroom effectively.
A process-based numerical approach to estimate forest groundwater consumption in flatland petrocalcic soils
Authors: Mujica C. R. , Milione G. M. , Bea S. A. , Gyenge J. E.
Published: September 2019

Grasslands are extensively distributed in flatland areas around the world, such as the Pampas in South America. It is one of the most economically productive landscapes and, as in other regions, they are being replaced by forests at increasing rates. Soil salinization emerges as a negative consequence associated with water deficit and forest groundwater consumption (∼250–500 mm/yr, in this region). An assessment of forest groundwater consumption is crucial for risk evaluation of soil salinization on flatland environments. For this aim, numerical modeling based on physical/biological processes and atmospheric boundary conditions was successfully applied in monitored grassland and afforested plots. Modeling results suggested a partial hydraulic disconnection between forest and phreatic aquifer due to the presence of petrocalcic horizons. Forest transpiration estimates were approximately 13% of total groundwater usage. Forest water consumption was then restricted to that soil portions above the petrocalcic horizons. Estimated forest transpiration rates (∼723 mm/yr) were similar to and even exceeded those reported in salinized sites with similar features. However, the risk of salinization of these soils was unlikely, because forest transpiration was restricted to the upper soil portions filled with fresh rainwater. The petrocalcic horizon retained water and prevented both deep drainage and, indirectly, soil salinization.
Multi-Epitope Vaccines (MEVs), as a Novel Strategy Against Infectious Diseases
Authors: Goumari Mohammad Mahmoudi , Farhani Ibrahim , Nezafat Navid , Mahmoodi Shirin
Published: September 2019

Infectious diseases have caused historical pandemics in the world. Three strategies, including
sanitation programs, antimicrobial drugs, and vaccines are considered for the prevention and treatment
of infectious diseases. Today, some infectious diseases cause millions of mortalities universally.
Due to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, as well as some limitations of traditional vaccines,
focusing on novel strategies is essential. Multi-Epitope Vaccines (MEVs), as a novel strategy,
have been designed based on immunoinformatics methods; epitope prediction by authentic servers,
attachment of epitopes using proper linkers, physicochemical, immunological and structural evaluation
by bioinformatics tools that are basic stages in MEVs designing. Advantages such as cost-effective,
high safety, less time consumption in designing, the application of natural adjuvants, and satisfactory
preclinical evaluation outstand MEVs than other types of vaccines. Therefore, MEVs are promising
vaccines against resistant diseases such as lower respiratory infection and diarrhea.
Tissue Distribution and Systemic Toxicity Evaluation of Raloxifene Targeted Polymeric Micelles of Poly (Styrene-Maleic Acid)-Poly (Amide- Ether-Ester-Imide)-Poly (Ethylene Glycol) Loaded With Docetaxel in Breast Cancer Bearing Mice
Authors: Varshosaz Jaleh , Hassanzadeh Farshid , Hashemi-Beni Batool , Minaiyan Mohsen , Enteshari Saeedeh
Published: September 2019

Background:

Due to the low water solubility of Docetaxel (DTX), it is formulated with
ethanol and Tween 80 with lots of side effects. For this reason, special attention has been paid to formulate
it in new drug nano-carriers.

Objective:

The goal of this study was to evaluate the safety, antitumor activity and tissue distribution
of the novel synthesized Raloxifene (RA) targeted polymeric micelles.

Methods:

DTX-loaded RA-targeted polymeric micelles composed of poly(styrene-maleic acid)-
poly(amide-ether-ester-imide)-poly(ethylene glycol) (SMA-PAEE-PEG) were prepared and their antitumor
activity was studied in MC4-L2 tumor-bearing mice compared with non-targeted micelles and
free DTX. Safety of the micelles was studied by Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining of tumors and
major organs of the mice. The drug accumulation in the tumor and major organs was measured by
HPLC method.

Results:

The results showed better tumor growth inhibition and increased survival of mice treated with
DTX-loaded in targeted micelles compared to the non-targeted micelles and free DTX. Histopathological
studies, H&E staining of tumors and immunohistochemical examination showed the potential
of DTX-loaded RA-targeted micelles to inhibit tumor cells proliferation. The higher accumulation
of the DTX in the tumor tissue after injection of the micelles compared to the free DTX may indicate
the higher uptake of the targeted micelles by the G-Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptors (GPER).

Conclusion:

The results indicate that RA-conjugated polymeric micelles may be a strong and effective
drug delivery system for DTX therapy and uptake of the drug into tumor cells, and overcome the disadvantages
and side effects of conventional DTX.
Performance Comparison of InAs Based DG-MOSFET with Respect to SiO2 and Gate Stack Configuration
Authors: Swain Sanjit K. , Biswal Sudhansu M. , Das Satish K. , Adak Sarosij , Baral Biswajit
Published: September 2019

Objective::

In this proposed work, the Analog, RF and Linearity performances of a DGMOSFET
have been analyzed by considering InAs as a channel material.

Methods:

For the very first time, gate stack techniques in this device have been incorporated and a
comparative analysis is conducted with respect to SiO2 oxide layer. The variations in different patterns
of oxide layer and their comparison have been thoroughly investigated to have a better
understanding of various performance parameters. A thorough analysis of the key figure-of-merits
such as trans-conductance factor, transconductance generation factor (TGF), gate capacitance, cutoff
frequency (fT), maximum frequency of oscillation (fmax), GBW and various linearity parameters
such as gm2, gm3,VIP2, VIP3, IIP3, has been studied with respect to SiO2 oxide material
and gate stack technology.

Result::

The simulation results revealed that the performances of the device are sensitive to both
the oxide materials and it was also inferred that gate stack technology gave a better performance
over SiO2 oxide layer.

Conclusion::

These results have significant effects in analog, RF and linearity operations. In this work,
computer aided design (TCAD) simulations by 2D ATLAS, Silvaco International have been used.