bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Advanced Whale Optimization Algorithm for Grayscale Image Enhancement
Authors: Han Yibo , Hu Pei , Su Zihan , Liu Lu , Panneerselvam John
Published: December 2024

Image enhancement is an important step in image processing to improve contrast and information quality. Intelligent enhancement algorithms are gaining popularity due to the limitations of traditional methods. This paper utilizes a transformation function to enhance the global and local information of grayscale images, but the parameters of this function can produce significant changes in the processed images. To address this, the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) is employed for parameter optimization. New equations are incorporated into WOA to improve its global optimization capability, and exemplars and advanced spiral updates improve the convergence of the algorithm. Its performance is validated on four different types of images. The algorithm not only outperforms comparison algorithms in the objective function but also excels in other image enhancement metrics, including peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), feature similarity index (FSIM), structural similarity index (SSIM), and patch-based contrast quality index (PCQI). It is superior to the comparison algorithms in 11, 6, 11, 13, and 7 images in these metrics, respectively. The results demonstrate that the algorithm is suitable for image enhancement both subjectively and statistically.
Entropy-Driven Molecular Beacon Assisted Special RCA Assay with Enhanced Sensitivity for Room Temperature DNA Biosensing
Authors: Tao Shurui , Long Yi , Liu Guozhen
Published: December 2024

The Phi29 DNA polymerase is renowned for its processivity in synthesizing single-stranded DNA amplicons by rolling around a circularized DNA template. However, DNA synthesis rolling circle amplification (RCA) is significantly hindered by the secondary structure in the circular template. To overcome this limitation, an engineered circular template without secondary structure could be utilized to improve the sensitivity of RCA-based assays without increasing its complexity. We herein proposed an entropy-driven special RCA technology for the detection of HPV16 E7 gene at room temperature. The strategy is composed of a molecular beacon containing a loop region for nucleic acid target recognition and a stem region to initiate RCA. With the target analyte, the stem region of the molecular beacon will be exposed and then hybridized with a special circular template to initiate the DNA amplification. We tested different designs of the molecular beacon sequence and optimized the assay’s working conditions. The assay achieved a sensitivity of 1 pM in 40 min at room temperature. The sensitivity of this assay, at 1 pm, is about a hundred-fold greater than that of conventional linear RCA performed in solution. Our proposed sensor can be easily reprogrammed for detecting various nucleic acid markers by altering the molecular beacon’s loop. Its simplicity, rapid assay time, and low cost make it superior to RCA sensors that utilize similar strategies.
Active Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Platform Based on a 2D Material–Flexible Nanotip Array
Authors: Kim Yong Bin , Behera Satyabrat , Lee Dukhyung , Namgung Seon , Park Kyoung-Duck , Kim Dai-Sik , Das Bamadev
Published: December 2024

Two-dimensional materials with a nanostructure have been introduced as promising candidates for SERS platforms for sensing application. However, the dynamic control and tuning of SERS remains a long-standing problem. Here, we demonstrated active tuning of the enhancement factor of the first- and second-order Raman mode of monolayer (1L) MoS2 transferred onto a flexible metallic nanotip array. Using mechanical strain, the enhancement factor of 1L MoS2/nanotip is modulated from 1.23 to 8.72 for 2LA mode. For the same mode, the SERS intensity is enhanced by ~31 times when silver nanoparticles of ~13 nm diameter are deposited on 1L MoS2/nanotip, which is tuned up to ~34 times by compressive strain. The change in SERS enhancement factor is due to the decrease (increase) in gap width as the sample is bent inwardly (outwardly). This is corroborated by FEM structural and electromagnetic simulation. We also observed significant control over mode peak and linewidth, which may have applications in biosensing, chemical detection, and optoelectronics.
Media Representation of the Ethical Issues Pertaining to Brain–Computer Interface (BCI) Technology
Authors: Beck Savannah , Liberman Yuliya , Dubljević Veljko
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) are a rapidly developing technology that captures and transmits brain signals to external sources, allowing the user control of devices such as prosthetics. BCI technology offers the potential to restore physical capabilities in the body and change how we interact and communicate with computers and each other. While BCI technology has existed for decades, recent developments have caused the technology to generate a host of ethical issues and discussions in both academic and public circles. Given that media representation has the potential to shape public perception and policy, it is necessary to evaluate the space that these issues take in public discourse. Methods: We conducted a rapid review of media articles in English discussing ethical issues of BCI technology from 2013 to 2024 as indexed by LexisNexis. Our searches yielded 675 articles, with a final sample containing 182 articles. We assessed the themes of the articles and coded them based on the ethical issues discussed, ethical frameworks, recommendations, tone, and application of technology. Results: Our results showed a marked rise in interest in media articles over time, signaling an increased focus on this topic. The majority of articles adopted a balanced or neutral tone when discussing BCIs and focused on ethical issues regarding privacy, autonomy, and regulation. Conclusions: Current discussion of ethical issues reflects growing news coverage of companies such as Neuralink, and reveals a mounting distrust of BCI technology. The growing recognition of ethical considerations in BCI highlights the importance of ethical discourse in shaping the future of the field.
Adaptive Compensatory Neurophysiological Biomarkers of Motor Recovery Post-Stroke: Electroencephalography and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Insights from the DEFINE Cohort Study
Authors: Lacerda Guilherme J. M. , Silva Fernanda M. Q. , Pacheco-Barrios Kevin , Battistella Linamara Rizzo , Fregni Felipe
Published: December 2024

Objective: This study aimed to explore longitudinal relationships between neurophysiological biomarkers and upper limb motor function recovery in stroke patients, focusing on electroencephalography (EEG) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) metrics. Methods: This longitudinal cohort study analyzed neurophysiological, clinical, and demographic data from 102 stroke patients enrolled in the DEFINE cohort. We investigated the associations between baseline and post-intervention changes in the EEG theta/alpha ratio (TAR) and TMS metrics with upper limb motor functionality, assessed using the outcomes of five tests: the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), Handgrip Strength Test (HST), Pinch Strength Test (PST), Finger Tapping Test (FTT), and Nine-Hole Peg Test (9HPT). Results: Our multivariate models identified that a higher baseline TAR in the lesioned hemisphere was consistently associated with poorer motor outcomes across all five assessments. Conversely, a higher improvement in the TAR was positively associated with improvements in FMA and 9HPT. Additionally, an increased TMS motor-evoked potential (MEP) amplitude in the non-lesioned hemisphere correlated with greater FMA-diff, while a lower TMS Short Intracortical Inhibition (SICI) in the non-lesioned hemisphere was linked to better PST improvements. These findings suggest the potential of the TAR and TMS metrics as biomarkers for predicting motor recovery in stroke patients. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the significance of the TAR in the lesioned hemisphere as a predictor of motor function recovery post-stroke and also a potential signature for compensatory oscillations. The observed relationships between the TAR and motor improvements, as well as the associations with TMS metrics, underscore the potential of these neurophysiological measures in guiding personalized rehabilitation strategies for stroke patients.
Humanizing the Transgressor and Lightening the Immoral Behavior: The Role of Likeability Bias and Moral Rationalization
Authors: Moreno-Gata Sofía , Rodríguez-Torres Ramón , Betancor Verónica , Rodríguez-Pérez Armando
Published: December 2024

People often perceive their moral judgments as objective and unbiased, yet research indicates that positive interpersonal attitudes lead to more lenient moral character assessments. Here we investigate how likeability towards moral transgressors and the different moral rationalization strategies they may employ impact both the perceived severity of the immoral behavior and the attribution of humanity to the transgressor. In two studies, participants (N = 475) engaged in a 2 (likeability towards the transgressor: high vs. low) × 2 (moral rationalization: reconstruction of agency vs. reconstruction of morality) between-subjects experiment. Participants read information about an individual and an immoral action they engaged in and then evaluated the severity of the behavior and the degree of dehumanization of the transgressor. Results showed that feelings of likeability towards the transgressor, as well as rationalizing by reconstructing agency (compared to morality) reduced behavior severity and transgressor dehumanization. Moreover, likeability and the use of agency reconstruction by the transgressor showed an additive effect, as they combined to generate the most benevolent judgments. Recognizing the influence of these variables enhances our understanding of moral decision-making processes in interpersonal contexts.
The State of Stroke Rehabilitation Design in Australia: A Multi-Scalar Systematic Architecture Precedent Review
Authors: Yang Tianyi , White Marcus , Lipson-Smith Ruby , Latifi Mehrnoush
Published: December 2024

Objectives: This study explores stroke rehabilitation facility design in Australia, identifying the key design typologies at multiple scales and assessing them against the critical design criteria for stroke rehabilitation. Background: The physical environment plays a crucial role in stroke rehabilitation, affecting patient recovery and well-being. However, limited research examines how design can support therapeutic outcomes in these facilities. Method: From a systematic review of 257 Australian stroke rehabilitation facilities, 30 were selected for detailed design review, with an in-depth room-level analysis conducted for 10. Using the modified PRISMA framework and a typology analysis approach, this study integrates architectural precedent with clinical research methods. Results: Typologies were identified at the site, building, ward, and room levels. Acute hospital wards (53%) and ‘blocks’ (73%) were the most common site and building arrangements, respectively. At the ward level, ‘racetrack with courtyard’ layouts enhanced natural light, views, and access to landscaped areas. A room-level analysis revealed limited innovation, with most rooms adhering to standard designs, though some adaptations improved visual connectivity and personal control. Hybrid nurse stations and courtyards supported efficiency, social interaction, and therapeutic stimulation. Conclusions: This study highlights the user-centred design strategies tailored to stroke patients’ needs and the importance of evidence-based approaches prioritising well-being. Future research should incorporate 3D spatial analysis for actionable design recommendations.
Enhancing Sustainability: Life Cycle Assessment of UAE Buildings for Environmental Impact
Authors: Jaafar Kamal , Alamassi Ibrahim , Gouda Hazem
Published: December 2024

This study addresses the limited adoption of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in the UAE’s building sector and the challenges of enforcing governmental mandates. It proposes an enhanced LCA framework tailored to the UAE, with a focus on stakeholder engagement during the Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) stage. A quantitative approach was used, employing an online survey to assess the theoretical, practical, and general knowledge of LCA among professionals in the UAE. The survey examined organizational interest in LCA, LCI practices, and the readiness of collected data for database conversion. The results highlighted no significant relationship between stakeholders’ professions and their knowledge of or interest in LCA. However, challenges and opportunities for adopting LCA were identified, providing the foundation for a customized framework. The findings underscore the importance of assessing LCA awareness among professionals, evaluating local data collection methods, and understanding the influence of stakeholder engagement on the LCI process. This engagement is crucial for the success of LCA implementation in the UAE. The research concludes by presenting a set of recommendations for conducting LCI analyses specific to the UAE, introducing a user-friendly framework that integrates stakeholder knowledge and practices, aiming to improve the practical application of LCA in the UAE’s construction industry.
Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) Latent Membrane Protein 1 (LMP-1) Regulates Functional Markers in Intermediate and Non-Classical Monocytes
Authors: Moyano Agustina , Colado Ana , Amarillo María Eugenia , De Matteo Elena , Preciado María Victoria , Borge Mercedes , Chabay Paola
Published: December 2024

Background: The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infects more than 90 percent of the human population. In pediatric patients, the innate immune response against EBV primary infection plays a key role. Monocytes and macrophages can have distinct functions depending on the microenvironment surrounding them. At least three monocyte subpopulations can be differentiated depending on membrane protein expression: classical (C, CD14++CD16−), intermediate (I, CD14++CD16+), and non-classical (NC, CD14+CD16++). They also modulate T and B lymphocyte activation/inhibition through the expression of costimulatory molecules such as CD80, CD86, and PD-L1. Yet, little is known about monocytes’ role in EBV infection. Methods: Peripheral blood and tonsil biopsies of EBV primary infected (PI) patients, healthy carriers (HCs), and patients undergoing reactivation (R) were studied. Results: Classical monocytes prevailed in all infectious statuses. Tonsillar CD163 positively correlated with CD163 expression in NC monocytes in HCs. PD-L1+ cells in the tonsil positively correlated with PD-L1 expression in NC monocytes. LMP-1 viral latent protein presented a positive correlation with PD-L1, CD163, and CD206 expression in the NC subpopulation. Conclusions: Our results evidence the predominant role of I and NC monocytes’ response against EBV infection. Furthermore, the viral oncoprotein LMP-1 could be involved in the expression of regulatory proteins in I and NC monocytes.
Pan-Cancer Insights: A Study of Microbial Metabolite Receptors in Malignancy Dynamics
Authors: Dovrolis Nikolas , Spathakis Michail , Collins Alexandra R. , Pandey Varun Kumar , Uddin Muhammad Ikhtear , Anderson Donald D. , Kaminska Tetiana , Paspaliaris Vasilis , Kolios George
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: The role of the gut microbiome in cancer biology has become an increasingly prominent area of research, particularly regarding the role of microbial metabolites and their receptors (MMRs). These metabolites, through the various gut–organ axes, have been proven to influence several pathogenetic mechanisms. This study conducted a comprehensive pan-cancer analysis of MMR transcriptomic profiles across twenty-three cancer types, exploring the mechanisms through which they can influence cancer development and progression. Methods: Utilizing both cancer cell lines from CCLE (Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia) and human tumor samples from TCGA (The Cancer Gene Atlas), we analyzed 107 MMRs interacting with microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, indole derivatives, and others while studying their interactions with key known cancer genes. Results: Our results revealed that certain MMRs, such as GPR84 and serotonin receptors, are consistently upregulated in various malignancies, while others, like ADRA1A, are frequently downregulated, suggesting diverse roles in cancer pathophysiology. Furthermore, we identified significant correlations between MMR expression and cancer hallmark genes and pathways, including immune evasion, proliferation, and metastasis. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the interactions between microbial metabolites and MMRs may serve as potential biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy, highlighting their therapeutic potential. This study underscores the significance of the microbiota–cancer axis and provides novel insights into microbiome-based strategies for cancer treatment.
Monovalent and Divalent Designs of Copper Radiotheranostics Targeting Fibroblast Activation Protein in Cancer
Authors: Thapa Pawan , Debnath Sashi , Bedi Anjan , Parashar Madhuri , Gonzalez Paulina , Reus Joshua , Hammers Hans , Sun Xiankai
Published: December 2024

Background: Fibroblast activation protein (FAP)-targeted theranostic radiopharmaceuticals have shown desired tumor-to-background organ selectivity due to the ubiquitous presence of FAP within the tumor microenvironment. However, suboptimal tumor retention and fast clearance have hindered their use to deliver effective cancer therapies. With well-documented FAP-targeting moieties and linkers appending them to optimal chelators, the development of copper radiopharmaceuticals has attracted considerable interest, given the fact that an ideal theranostic pair of copper radionuclides (64Cu: t1/2 = 12.7 h; 17.4% β+; Eβ+max = 653 keV and 67Cu: t1/2 = 2.58 d; 100% β−; Eβ−max = 562 keV) are available. Herein, we report our design, synthesis, and comparative evaluation of monovalent and divalent FAP-targeted theranostic conjugates constructed from our previously reported bifunctional chelator scaffold (BFS) based on 1,4,8,11-tetraaza-bicyclo [6.6.2]hexadecane-4,11-diacetic acid (CB-TE2A), which forms the most stable complex with Cu(II). Methods: After synthesis and characterization, the monovalent and divalent conjugates were radiolabeled with 64Cu for in vitro cell assays, followed by in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) imaging evaluation in relevant mouse models. Results: Both 64Cu-labeled conjugates showed high in vitro stability and anticipated FAP-mediated cell binding and internalization. The divalent one showed significantly higher FAP-specific tumor uptake than its monovalent counterpart. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that the BFS-based multivalent approach can be practically used to generate FAP-targeted radiotheranostic agents for effective cancer diagnosis and treatment.
The Role of Transarterial Embolization Plus Radiotherapy Compared to Radiotherapy or Transarterial Embolization Alone in the Management of Painful Bone Metastases: Results of a Systematic Review
Authors: Vizzuso Antonio , Renzulli Matteo , Lancellotta Valentina , Posa Alessandro , Cornacchione Patrizia , Fionda Bruno , Mazzarella Ciro , Leoni Davide De , Tagliaferri Luca , Giampalma Emanuela , Iezzi Roberto
Published: December 2024

This study systematically reviews the efficacy and safety of combining transarterial embolization (TAE) with radiotherapy (RT) for managing bone metastases (BM), assessing clinical response (CR), and local control (LC). A literature search using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Medline Plus, and the Cochrane Library identified three relevant studies with 74 patients and 103 BM. One study included local chemotherapy infusion with TAE. All studies reported CR rates, though one used skeletal-related events as a surrogate, while only one study provided LC rates. Adverse events were noted across all studies. A quantitative analysis of CR rates showed a relative risk (RR) of 0.15 (confidence interval (CI): 0.03–0.69) favoring TAE plus RT over RT alone, while no significant differences were observed between TAE plus RT and TAE alone (RR: 0.91; CI: 0.51–1.63). The combined TAE and RT approach demonstrated effectiveness in local tumor control and produced faster, longer-lasting pain relief than RT alone, although TAE was associated with a mild, transient increase in side effects. While TAE plus RT shows potential benefit and acceptable toxicity, the current evidence is of low quality.
Interleukin-6 Modulation in Ovarian Cancer Necessitates a Targeted Strategy: From the Approved to Emerging Therapies
Authors: Amer Hina , Kampan Nirmala C. , Itsiopoulos Catherine , Flanagan Katie L. , Scott Clare L. , Kartikasari Apriliana E. R. , Plebanski Magdalena
Published: December 2024

Despite significant advances in treatments, ovarian cancer (OC) remains one of the most prevalent and lethal gynecological cancers in women. The frequent detection at the advanced stages has contributed to low survival rates, resistance to various treatments, and disease recurrence. Thus, a more effective approach is warranted to combat OC. The cytokine Interleukin-6 (IL6) has been implicated in various stages of OC development. High IL6 levels are also correlated with a lower survival rate in OC patients. In this current review, we summarized the pivotal roles of IL6 in OC, including the initiation, development, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance mechanisms. This article systematically highlights how targeting IL6 improves OC outcomes by altering various cancer processes and reports the ongoing clinical trials that would further shape the IL6-based targeted therapies. This review also suggests how combining IL6-targeted therapies with other therapeutic strategies could further enhance their efficacy to combat OC.
Detection of KMT2A Partial Tandem Duplication by Optical Genome Mapping in Myeloid Neoplasms: Associated Cytogenetics, Gene Mutations, Treatment Responses, and Patient Outcomes
Authors: Wei Qing , Hu Shimin , Xu Jie , Loghavi Sanam , Daver Naval , Toruner Gokce A. , Wang Wei , Medeiros L. Jeffrey , Tang Guilin
Published: December 2024

KMT2A partial tandem duplication (PTD) involves intragenic KMT2A duplications and has been associated with poorer prognosis. In this study, we evaluated KMT2A PTD in 1277 patients with hematological malignancies using optical genome mapping (OGM). KMT2A PTD was detected in 35 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (7%), 5 patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) (2.2%), and 5 patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) (7.1%). The PTDs varied in size, region, and copy number. An Archer RNA fusion assay confirmed KMT2A PTD in all 25 patients tested: 15 spanning exons 2 to 8 and 10 spanning exons 2 to 10. Most patients exhibited a normal (n = 21) or non-complex (n = 20) karyotype. The most common chromosomal abnormalities included loss of 20q or 7q and trisomy 11/gain of 11q. All patients had gene mutations, with FLT3 ITD and DNMT3A prevalent in AML and DNMT3A and RUNX1 common in MDS and CMML. Among patients who received treatment and had at least one follow-up bone marrow evaluation, 82% of those with de novo AML achieved complete remission after initial induction chemotherapy, whereas 90% of patients with secondary or refractory/relapsed AML showed refractory or partial responses. All but one patient with MDS and CMML were refractory to therapy. We conclude that OGM is an effective tool for detecting KMT2A PTD. Neoplasms with KMT2A PTD frequently harbor gene mutations and display normal or non-complex karyotypes. Patients with KMT2A PTD are generally refractory to conventional therapy, except for de novo AML.
A Brief History of Cell Culture: From Harrison to Organs-on-a-Chip
Authors: Moro Lincoln Gozzi , Guarnier Lucas Pires , Azevedo Maurício Fogaça , Fracasso Julia Amanda Rodrigues , Lucio Marco Aurélio , Castro Mateus Vidigal de , Dias Marlon Lemos , Lívero Francislaine Aparecida dos Reis , Ribeiro-Paes João Tadeu
Published: December 2024

This comprehensive overview of the historical milestones in cell culture underscores key breakthroughs that have shaped the field over time. It begins with Wilhelm Roux’s seminal experiments in the 1880s, followed by the pioneering efforts of Ross Granville Harrison, who initiated groundbreaking experiments that fundamentally shaped the landscape of cell culture in the early 20th century. Carrel’s influential contributions, notably the immortalization of chicken heart cells, have marked a significant advancement in cell culture techniques. Subsequently, Johannes Holtfreter, Aron Moscona, and Joseph Leighton introduced methodological innovations in three-dimensional (3D) cell culture, initiated by Alexis Carrel, laying the groundwork for future consolidation and expansion of the use of 3D cell culture in different areas of biomedical sciences. The advent of induced pluripotent stem cells by Takahashi and Yamanaka in 2006 was revolutionary, enabling the reprogramming of differentiated cells into a pluripotent state. Since then, recent innovations have included spheroids, organoids, and organ-on-a-chip technologies, aiming to mimic the structure and function of tissues and organs in vitro, pushing the boundaries of biological modeling and disease understanding. In this review, we overview the history of cell culture shedding light on the main discoveries, pitfalls and hurdles that were overcome during the transition from 2D to 3D cell culture techniques. Finally, we discussed the future directions for cell culture research that may accelerate the development of more effective and personalized treatments.
The Zebrafish Retina and the Evolution of the Onecut-Mediated Pathway in Cell Type Differentiation
Authors: Vassalli Quirino Attilio , Fasano Giulia , Nittoli Valeria , Gagliardi Eleonora , Sepe Rosa Maria , Donizetti Aldo , Aniello Francesco , Sordino Paolo , Kelsh Robert , Locascio Annamaria
Published: December 2024

Onecut/Hnf6 (Oc) genes play an important role in the proper formation of retinal cells in vertebrates, in particular horizontal, retinal ganglion and amacrine cells. However, it is not fully known how the unique and combined action of multiple Oc gene copies leads to the induction and differentiation of specific retinal cell types. To gain new insights on how Oc genes influence retina formation, we have examined the developmental role of oc1, oc2 and oc-like genes during eye formation in the non-mammalian vertebrate zebrafish Danio rerio. By using single and multiple morpholino knockdown of three zebrafish Oc genes we provide evidence for the independent and redundant role of each gene in the formation of photoreceptors and other retinal tissues. Through comparison of Oc genetic pathways in photoreceptor differentiation among chordates we demonstrate their mechanism of action through a series of conserved target genes involved in neural transmission.
Recent Technologies on 2D and 3D Imaging Flow Cytometry
Authors: Ugawa Masashi , Ota Sadao
Published: December 2024

Imaging flow cytometry is a technology that performs microscopy image analysis of cells within flow cytometry and allows high-throughput, high-content cell analysis based on their intracellular molecular distribution and/or cellular morphology. While the technology has been available for a couple of decades, it has recently gained significant attention as technical limitations for higher throughput, sorting capability, and additional imaging dimensions have been overcome with various approaches. These evolutions have enabled imaging flow cytometry to offer a variety of solutions for life science and medicine that are not possible with conventional flow cytometry or microscopy-based screening. It is anticipated that the extent of applications will expand in the upcoming years as the technology becomes more accessible through dissemination. In this review, we will cover the technical advances that have led to this new generation of imaging flow cytometry, focusing on the advantages and limitations of each technique.
Investigating Sepsis-Associated Delirium Through Optical Neuroimaging: A New Frontier in Critical Care Research
Authors: Jiang Shixie , Gunther Matthew , Maldonado Jose R. , Efron Philip A. , DeKosky Steven T. , Jiang Huabei
Published: December 2024

Sepsis is a life-threatening syndrome consisting of physiological, pathological, and biochemical abnormalities induced by infection which continues to be a major public health burden. It remains one of the most common reasons for intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Delirium precipitated by sepsis in the intensive care setting is one of its most common neuropsychiatric complications that leads to prolonged hospitalization, increased mortality, and an increased risk of incident dementia. Understanding the pathophysiology and neurobiological mechanisms of sepsis-associated delirium is difficult; neuroimaging biomarkers are lacking due to difficulties with imaging critically ill patients. Optical imaging techniques, including near-infrared spectroscopy and diffuse optical tomography are potentially promising approaches for investigating this pathophysiology due to their portability and high spatiotemporal resolution. In this review, we examine the emergence of optical neuroimaging techniques for the study of sepsis-associated delirium in the ICU and how they can further advance our knowledge and lead to the development of improved preventative, predictive, and therapeutic strategies.
Effect of Music Intervention on Improving the Early Prognosis of the Preterm Infant in Chongqing, China: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Shen Furong , Bao Lei
Published: December 2024

Objectives: To investigate the effects of music intervention on the vital signs, weight gain, feeding, hospital stays, and cost of premature infants. Methods: 100 premature infants were randomized into two groups: the experimental group (given music for 30 min at a time, once every day until discharge) and the control group (without music). To compare the vital signs (RR, HR, SPO2) before, during, and after the music intervention, as well as the weight gain and feeding, follow up to 3 months after discharge. Results: Although respiratory rate (RR) showed a decreasing trend at certain time points during and after music exposure, these changes did not reach statistical significance after adjusting for multiple comparisons. The experimental group had a shorter time to regain birth weight (6.07 ± 2.47 days) compared to the control group (8.93 ± 4.31 days) and a shorter time of intravenous nutrition (8.6 ± 3.87 days vs. 11.66 ± 5.85 days). The experimental group also exhibited a lower fasting rate, a faster-sucking speed, a lower hospital stay (10.36 ± 4.36 days vs. 12.46 ± 5.73 days), lower cost, higher NBNA scores, and a lower re-hospitalization rate within 3 months after the first discharge. Conclusions: Early music intervention may contribute to the growth and development of preterm infants, improve feeding, reduce hospitalization duration and costs, and improve short-term prognosis, though effects on respiratory rate require further study with a larger sample size.
Tribological Performance of Nano-CeO2/BNH2 Compound Lubricant Additive
Authors: Zhu Yuqin , Liu Jia , Li Liang , Sun Weikang , Tang Wei , Wang Lei
Published: December 2024

To improve lubricant performance and extend the service life of machinery, the friction reduction and anti-wear performance of nano-cerium oxide (nano-CeO2) and nitrogen-containing heterocyclic borate (BNH2) composite additives were studied in this work, with the goal of obtaining better lubrication effects than a single additive. The results showed that the nano-CeO2 modified with Span80 had good dispersion stability in the base oil. The optimal addition mass fractions of single nano-CeO2 and BNH2 were 0.6 wt% and 1.0 wt%, respectively. Compared with the base oil, 0.6 wt% nano-CeO2 reduced the coefficient of friction by 44.9% and the wear spot diameter by 27.8%, while 1.0 wt% BNH2 reduced the coefficient of friction by 49.1% and the wear spot diameter by 32.8%. Compared with the single additions of nano-CeO2 and BNH2, the compound nano-CeO2/BNH2 further improved the friction reduction and anti-wear performance of the lubricating oil. Compared with the base oil, the 0.8 wt% nano-CeO2/1.0 wt% BNH2 composite additive reduced the coefficient of friction by 55.9% and the diameter of the abrasive spot by 48%. Physicochemical analysis of the wear surface revealed that the combination of nano-CeO2 and BNH2 had excellent synergistic effects. The generated lubricant films of nano-CeO2/BNH2 contained a chemical reactive layer of organic nitride (C–N), Fe2O3, FeO, and B2O3 and a physical adsorbent layer of CeO2 that provided great friction reduction and anti-wear effects during friction.
The YOLO Framework: A Comprehensive Review of Evolution, Applications, and Benchmarks in Object Detection
Authors: Ali Momina Liaqat , Zhang Zhou
Published: December 2024

This paper provides a comprehensive review of the YOLO (You Only Look Once) framework up to its latest version, YOLO 11. As a state-of-the-art model for object detection, YOLO has revolutionized the field by achieving an optimal balance between speed and accuracy. The review traces the evolution of YOLO variants, highlighting key architectural improvements, performance benchmarks, and applications in domains such as healthcare, autonomous vehicles, and robotics. It also evaluates the framework’s strengths and limitations in practical scenarios, addressing challenges like small object detection, environmental variability, and computational constraints. By synthesizing findings from recent research, this work identifies critical gaps in the literature and outlines future directions to enhance YOLO’s adaptability, robustness, and integration into emerging technologies. This review provides researchers and practitioners with valuable insights to drive innovation in object detection and related applications.
A Matrix Multiplication Approach to Quantum-Safe Cryptographic Systems
Authors: Lizama-Pérez Luis Adrián
Published: December 2024

This paper introduces a novel approach based on matrix multiplication in Fpn×n, which enables methods for public key exchange, user authentication, digital signatures, blockchain integration, and homomorphic encryption. Unlike traditional algorithms that rely on integer factorization or discrete logarithms, our approach utilizes matrix factorization, rendering it resistant to current quantum cryptanalysis techniques. This method enhances confidentiality by ensuring secure communication and facilitating user authentication through public key validation. We have incorporated a method that allows a Certification Authority to certify the public keys. Furthermore, the incorporation of digital signatures ensures nonrepudiation, while the system functions as a blockchain technology to enhance transaction security. A key innovation of this approach is its capability to perform homomorphic encryption. Our approach has practical applications in artificial intelligence, robotics, and image processing.
Comparative Analysis of the Effects of Additives of Nanostructured Functional Ceramics on the Properties of Welding Electrodes
Authors: Mannapovitch Saidov Rustam , Khalidov Rakhimov Rustam , Touileb Kamel
Published: December 2024

The synthesis of special photocatalysts of nanostructured functional ceramics (PNFC) under the ZKHM brand under the influence of concentrated solar radiation showed the effectiveness of these ceramic materials in multifunctional use, in particular as additives for coatings of welding electrodes. However, problems with producing these materials in solar ovens on an industrial scale did not allow the widespread use of this method. This problem was solved using the technique of PNFC synthesis, followed by activation by pulsed radiation generated by functional ceramics. The ceramic material obtained by this method under the brand name ZB-1 also showed its effectiveness when used as an additive in welding electrode coatings. A comparative analysis of the effectiveness of the actions of additives from the ZKHM and ZB-1 brands on the welding and technological properties of welding electrodes from the MR-3 brand was carried out. Comparative results for the formation of weld beads showed that beads with high-quality formation without external defects were achieved when surfaced with electrodes with additives from both brands at concentrations up to 1%. Also, at concentrations up to 1%, these additives increased the breaking length of the arc and the stability of arc welding. The different effects of these additives were observed in a comparative analysis of their impacts on the size of the visor at the end of the electrode, the coefficients of melting and surfacing, and the loss factor for fumes and splashing of electrode metal.
Multiple Red Flags of Cardiac Amyloidosis in a Single Patient: Clinical Manifestations of an Underdiagnosed Disease
Authors: Dąbrowski Emil Julian , Kozłowska Wiktoria Urszula , Lipska Patrycja Oliwia , Matys Urszula , Pogorzelski Szymon , Kożuch Marcin , Dobrzycki Sławomir
Published: December 2024

Cardiac transthyretin amyloidosis is an underdiagnosed disorder with significant diagnostic difficulties due to its non-specific clinical manifestations. It is caused by the deposition of protein aggregates with an abnormal tertiary structure in the extracellular matrix. Their accumulation leads to the development of hypertrophic and restrictive cardiomyopathy and, at a later stage, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction syndrome. Depending on the pathogenesis, there are different types of the disease—hereditary and age-related wild-type transthyretin amyloidosis. We present the case of an 85-year-old woman who was referred to the department with a two-month history of exertional dyspnea in New York Heart Association functional class II. After reviewing the initial findings, several red flags for cardiac amyloidosis (CA) were identified. Following the diagnostic algorithm, scintigraphy was performed and showed significant radioisotope accumulation in the myocardium, confirming the suspected disease. In this manuscript, we present the current recommendations and diagnostic pathway, discussing in detail both available and emerging treatment options. As early diagnosis is essential to prevent the development of serious complications, we would like to highlight the pitfalls in diagnosing CA and emphasize the need to be aware of its variable clinical presentation and red flags.
COPA Syndrome—From Pathogenesis to Treatment
Authors: Padureanu Vlad , Forțofoiu Mircea-Cătălin , Donoiu Ionut , Tieranu Eugen-Nicolae , Dumitrascu Catalin , Padureanu Rodica , Mușetescu Anca Emanuela , Alexandru Cristina , Iorgus Carmen Catalina , Bobirca Florin , Dascalu Ana , Bobirca Anca
Published: December 2024

Coatomer subunit α (COPA) syndrome is a mendelian autosomal dominant immune dysregulation disease characterized by early onset lung disease in the form of diffuse alveolar hemorrhaging or interstitial lung disease, frequently associated with arthritis, glomerulonephritis, and high titer autoantibodies usually mimicking other autoimmune diseases. While immunosuppressive medication has been effective in controlling arthritis, data on long-term lung disease control remains scarce, which poses a real challenge as the progression of lung disease is the main cause of poor life expectancy in COPA patients. Nevertheless, JAK inhibitor therapy seems to be the most promising therapeutic choice now.
DeSPPNet: A Multiscale Deep Learning Model for Cardiac Segmentation
Authors: Elizar Elizar , Muharar Rusdha , Zulkifley Mohd Asyraf
Published: December 2024

Background: Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays a crucial role in monitoring disease progression and evaluating the effectiveness of treatment interventions. Cardiac MRI allows medical practitioners to assess cardiac function accurately by providing comprehensive and quantitative information about the structure and function, hence making it an indispensable tool for monitoring the disease and treatment response. Deep learning-based segmentation enables the precise delineation of cardiac structures including the myocardium, right ventricle, and left ventricle. The accurate segmentation of these structures helps in the diagnosis of heart failure, cardiac functional response to therapies, and understanding the state of the heart functions after treatment. Objectives: The objective of this study is to develop a multiscale deep learning model to segment cardiac organs based on MRI imaging data. Good segmentation performance is difficult to achieve due to the complex nature of the cardiac structure, which includes a variety of chambers, arteries, and tissues. Furthermore, the human heart is also constantly beating, leading to motion artifacts that reduce image clarity and consistency. As a result, a multiscale method is explored to overcome various challenges in segmenting cardiac MRI images. Methods: This paper proposes DeSPPNet, a multiscale-based deep learning network. Its foundation follows encoder–decoder pair architecture that utilizes the Spatial Pyramid Pooling (SPP) layer to improve the performance of cardiac semantic segmentation. The SPP layer is designed to pool features from densely convolutional layers at different scales or sizes, which will be combined to maintain a set of spatial information. By processing features at different spatial resolutions, the multiscale densely connected layer in the form of the Pyramid Pooling Dense Module (PPDM) helps the network to capture both local and global context, preserving finer details of the cardiac structure while also capturing the broader context required to accurately segment larger cardiac structures. The PPDM is incorporated into the deeper layer of the encoder section of the deep learning network to allow it to recognize complex semantic features. Results: An analysis of multiple PPDM placement scenarios and structural variations revealed that the 3-path PPDM, positioned at the encoder layer 5, yielded optimal segmentation performance, achieving dice, intersection over union (IoU), and accuracy scores of 0.859, 0.800, and 0.993, respectively. Conclusions: Different PPDM configurations produce a different effect on the network; as such, a shallower layer placement, like encoder layer 4, retains more spatial data that need more parallel paths to gather the optimal set of multiscale features. In contrast, deeper layers contain more informative features but at a lower spatial resolution, which reduces the number of parallel paths required to provide optimal multiscale context.
Electric Wire in the Urinary Bladder: Surgical Challenges and Comprehensive Literature Insights
Authors: Porav-Hodade Daniel , Gherasim Raul , Todea-Moga Ciprian , Reman Tibor , Feciche Bogdan Ovidiu , Hunor Kosza , Guliciuc Madalin , Orsolya Katalin Ilona Mártha , Coman Ioan , Crisan Nicolae
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: An electric wire inserted into the bladder or urethra presents a specific challenge that is frequently encountered in such cases: the potential formation of a tight knot, making extraction nearly impossible. The primary objective of this study was to share our personal experience with patients who had intravesical electric cable insertions and to provide an extensive literature review, offering detailed insights into the various strategies reported for managing such foreign body cases. Methods: Of the four cases with a foreign body in the lower urinary tract, two involved patients aged 19 and 53, respectively, who had inserted an electric cable. During their attempt at self-removal, they developed an intravesical knot, as confirmed by radiographic imaging. Results: In the first case, a bipolar approach was used: a cystoscope was inserted transurethrally into the bladder alongside the cable, while a laparoscopic trocar was introduced suprapubically. Using laparoscopic scissors, the cable was successfully cut and removed. In the second case, due to the cable’s size, a direct cystotomy was performed. At the 3-month follow-up, the uroflowmetry results were normal for both patients. A psychiatric evaluation revealed no abnormalities in the first patient, while the second patient was diagnosed with polyembolokoilamania. Conclusions: The removal of self-inserted electric cables from the urethra and bladder is a challenging procedure, often requiring the urologist’s creativity to prevent potential complications. Many cases can be resolved endoscopically; however, even this minimally invasive approach must be tailored to each case to provide the most suitable solution for the patient.
Patellar Non-Traumatic Pathologies: A Pictorial Review of Radiologic Findings
Authors: Masroori Zahra , Haseli Sara , Abbaspour Elahe , Pouramini Alireza , Azhideh Arash , Fathi Marjan , Kafi Fatemeh , Chalian Majid
Published: December 2024

Patellar pathologies are a common cause of knee dysfunction, with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS) alone responsible for 25% of knee-related visits to sports medicine clinics. Non-traumatic conditions, while often overlooked, can also lead to significant discomfort and functional limitations, highlighting the importance of accurate and timely diagnosis for effective management and prevention of complications. This pictorial review examines the radiologic characteristics of various non-traumatic patellar disorders, focusing on imaging modalities such as radiography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Key diagnostic markers, including patellar tilt, tibial tuberosity–trochlear groove distance (TT-TG), and congruence angle (CA), are discussed for their significance in non-traumatic pathology identification. Furthermore, this review highlights specific radiologic features for a range of non-traumatic patellar conditions, including patellar tendinopathy, chondromalacia patellae, and trochlear dysplasia, emphasizing how distinct radiologic findings facilitate precise diagnosis and clinical assessment. Ultimately, it provides a practical guide for clinicians in diagnosing non-traumatic patellar pathologies through a comprehensive review of key radiologic features while also discussing advancements in imaging technologies and management strategies to support accurate diagnosis and effective clinical decision-making.