bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VAI TRÒ CỦA CỘNG HƯỞNG TỪ TRONG CHẨN ĐOÁN VÀ THEO DÕI ĐIỀU TRỊ LAO NÃO, MÀNG NÃO
Authors: Vũ Sỹ Quân , Cung Văn Công , Nguyễn Thu Hà
Published: June 2022

Mục đích: Mô tả đặc điểm hình ảnh và đánh giá vai trò của CHT trong chẩn đoán và theo dõi điều trị lao não màng não. Đối tượng và phương pháp: Mô tả tiến cứu và hồi cứu 45 bệnh nhân được chẩn đoán lao não màng não có bằng chứng VKL trong DNT được chụp CHT trước và sau điều trị từ tháng 7/2019 đến tháng 9/2020. So sánh các dấu hiệu tổn thương trên CHT trước và sau điều trị lao não, màng não. Kết quả: Trong tổng sô 45 bệnh nhân ngh iên cứu, tuổi trung bình 28.8 , nam/nữ = 1.5, tỷ lệ bệnh nhân phát tổn thương trên CHT trước điều trị (88.9%), Dấu hiệu tổn thương hay gặp nhất trên bệnh nhân lao não, màng não trước đi trị thường gặp gồm: dấu hiệu tăng ngấm thuốc não màng não (84.4%), ngấm thuốc màng não nền sọ (66.7%), khe sylvial (6.7%), bể đáy (17.8%), u lao (44.4%), não úng thủy (31.1%), nhồi máu não (13.3%). Theo dõi 40 bệnh nhân có tổn thương trên CHT sau điều trị thì tỷ lệ phát hiện tổn thương sau điều trị 75%, trong đó: dấu hiệu tăng ngấm thuốc màng não (72.5%), ngấm thuốc màng não nền sọ (37.5%), khe sylvial (2.5%), bể đáy (7.5%), u lao (42.7%), não úng thủy (20%), nhồi máu não (2.5%).

Kết luận: CHT là phương pháp chẩn đoán hình ảnh có giá trị chẩn đoán chính xác, tiên lượng, theo dõi và lập lập kế hoạch điều trị cho bệnh nhân lao não màng não.
GIÁ TRỊ CỦA CLVT HAI MỨC NĂNG LƯỢNG TRONG TIÊN LƯỢNG NGUY CƠ CHẢY MÁU NÃO SAU LẤY HUYẾT KHỐI CƠ HỌC
Authors: Vũ Thị Thanh , Phạm Minh Thông , Vũ Đăng Lưu , Trần Anh Tuấn , Lê Hoàng Kiên , Nguyễn Quang Anh , Nguyễn Tất Thiện , Nguyễn Hữu An
Published: June 2022

Mục đích: Mô tả đặc điểm hình ảnh CLVT hai mức năng lượng (DECT) sọ não của bệnh nhân sau lấy huyết khối cơ họcđiều trị nhồi máu não cấp. Đánh giá giá trị của DECT trong việc tiên lượng chảy máu chuyển dạng sau lấy huyết khối.Đối tượng và phương pháp nghiên cứu: nghiên cứu mô tả hồi cứu. Nghiên cứu được tiến hành trong thời gian từ tháng7/2019 đến hết tháng 9/2020 trên 30 bệnh nhân chụp DECT sọ não ngay sau lấy huyết khối cơ học điều trị đột quỵ do tắc mạchlớn tại trung tâm Điện Quang, Bệnh Viện Bạch Mai. Nồng độ I ốt tối đa thoát quản được thu thập. Bệnh nhân được chụp CThoặc CHT trong vòng 24h để đánh giá tình trạng chảy máu. Mối liên quan giữa các thông số trên DECT với biến chứng chảymáu được đánh giá bằng các test thống kê: Fisher exact test, Mann-Whitney U test. Đường cong ROC được lập ra để đánh giácác biến liên tục.Kết quả: Trong tổng số 30 bệnh nhân chụp sau can thiệp có 19 (63.3%) ca có chuyển dạng chảy máu ở cấp độ từ HI1 đếnPH2, 11 ca không chảy máu (36.7%). 26/30 ca có tăng tỷ trọng tự nhiên trên ảnh 120kV. 19/19 (100%) ca chảy máu có tăng tỷtrọng tự nhiên, 7 trong số 11 (63.6%) ca không chảy máu có tăng tỷ trọng tự nhiên (P = 0.0012). 5/19 chảy máu có triệu chứng(45.4%), 0/11 ca không chảy máu có triệu chứng. Tỷ trọng trung bình thuốc cản quang thoát quản của nhóm có chảy máu là108.8HU còn nhóm không chảy máu là 33.6HU (p=0.001). Nồng độ i ốt tối đa của nhóm chảy máu là 2.9mg/ml, của nhómkhông chảy máu là 0.59mg/ml (p=0.003). Nồng độ i ốt tối đa có diện tích dưới đường cong ROC là 0.9, nồng độ i ốt tối đa trên1.1mg/ml có thể dự đoán bệnh nhân chuyển dạng chảy máu với độ nhạy 94.7% và độ đặc hiệu 81.8%.Kết luận: CLVT hai mức năng lượng sau lấy huyết khối cơ học giúp phân biệt chảy máu và thoát thuốc cản quang, địnhlượng được nồng độ I ốt tối đa (MIC) từ đó tiên lượng được nguy cơ chảy máu chuyển dạng sau lấy huyết khối cơ học.
TƯƠNG QUAN CỦA HÌNH ẢNH CỘNG HƯỞNG TỪ VỚI TRIỆU CHỨNG LÂM SÀNG CỦA BỆNH THOÁT VỊ ĐĨA ĐỆM CỘT SỐNG THẮT LƯNG
Authors: Lê Thị Hoàng Liên , Phạm Minh Thông , Trần Anh Tuấn
Published: June 2022

Giới thiệu: Đau thắt lưng do nhiều nguyên nhân bao gồm thay đổi thoái hóa, hẹp ống sống, ung thư, nhiễm trùng, chấnthương và các quá trình viêm. Thoát vị đĩa đệm thắt lưng là một trong những bất thường được chẩn đoán phổ biến nhất liên quan đến đau thắt lưng.

Đối tượng và phương pháp: Nghiên cứu hồi cứu những bệnh nhân được chẩn đoán thoát vị đĩa đệm trên lâm sàng vàcộng hưởng từ và được phẫu thuật tại khoa Chấn thương chỉnh hình và cột sống, bệnh viện Bạch Mai từ tháng 8/2019 đến tháng 6/2020.Kết quả: 29.5% bệnh nhân trong nghiên cứu này có liên quan đến thoát vị đĩa đệm L5 - S1 và 45.5% bệnh nhân thoátvị đĩa đệm L4 - L5. Hội chứng cột sống, hội chứng rễ thần kinh và rối loạn cảm giác là những triệu chứng hay gặp nhất. Rốiloạn dinh dưỡng và rối loạn cơ tròn gặp ở thể thoát vị đĩa đệm ra sau và trong lỗ ghép, ở tầng L4-L5 và L5-S1. Cộng hưởng từcó giá trị cao trong chẩn đoán thể thoát vị và tầng thoát vị đĩa đệm cột sống thắt lưng, trong chẩn đoán thể thoát vị, độ nhạy từ97.9%% - 100%, độ đặc hiệu từ 98.1% - 100%, độ chính xác từ 98.2% - 100%; trong chẩn đoán tầng thoát vị cụ thể, độ nhạy từ95.5% - 100%, độ đặc hiệu từ 90% - 100%, độ chính xác từ 94.2% - 100%.Kết luận:- Trong nghiên cứu của chúng tôi, mối tương quan được thể hiện giữa các phát hiện lâm sàng và kết quả MRI. Triệu chứnglâm sàng hay gặp là hội chứng cột sống và hội chứng rễ thần kinh. Thoát vị đĩa đệm hay gặp thể lồi, thoát vị ra sau và ở tầngL4-L5.- Cộng hưởng từ có giá trị cao trong chẩn đoán thể thoát vị và tầng thoát vị đĩa đệm cột sống thắt lưng với độ chính xáctừ 94.2% - 100%.
ĐẶC ĐIỂM HÌNH ẢNH UNG THƯ THỰC QUẢN TRÊN CẮT LỚP VI TÍNH 256 DÃY
Authors: Nguyễn Minh Thành , Phùng Anh Tuấn , Nguyễn Quốc Dũng
Published: June 2022

Mục đích: Mô tả đặc điểm hình ảnh UTTQ trên CLVT 256 dãy.Đối tượng và phương pháp: 32 BN được chẩn đoán xác định UTTQ dựa trên kết quả giải phẫu bệnh mảnh bệnh phẩm lấybằng nội soi. Tất cả BN được chụp CLVT 256 dãy đánh giá giai đoạn trước phẫu thuật. Mô tả, tính tỷ lệ các đặc điểm hình ảnh.Sử dụng phần mềm SPSS 26.0.Kết quả: 3,1% không phát hiện khối u trên CLVT. Đa số UTTQ ở vị trí 1/3 giữa và dưới. Các khối u dài 44,8±33,01 mm,dày 12,2±4,77 mm. Tất cả các khối u được phát hiện đều ở giai đoạn T3. 48.4% BN có hạch lân cận. Đa số hạch ở trung thất vàvùng thượng đòn. 9,6% có di căn xa.Kết luận: CLVT 256 dãy mô tả chi tiết các đặc điểm hình ảnh UTTQ.
SO SÁNH VAI TRÒ CỘNG HƯỞNG TỪ "KHUẾCH TÁN THEO HƯỚNG" VÀ "DÁN NHÃN SPIN ĐỘNG MẠCH" TRONG PHÂN ĐỘ MÔ HỌC U SAO BÀO
Authors: Nguyễn Thị Bảo Ngọc , Lê Văn Phước
Published: June 2022

Mục tiêu: Nghiên cứu giá trị cộng hưởng từ khuếch tán theo hướng (CHTKTTH) và cộng hưởng từ dán nhãn spin độngmạch (CHTSĐM) trong phân độ mô học u sao bào.Phương pháp: Nghiên cứu hồi cứu, mô tả, khảo sát CHTKTTH và CHTSĐM trước phẫu thuật ở 29 bệnh nhân bệnh việnChợ Rẫy, có giải phẫu bệnh là u sao bào từ 01/2017 đến 12/2019.Kết quả: Tuổi trung bình trong nghiên cứu là 42,48 tuổi. Tỉ lệ nam/nữ là 0,93/1. Trên CHTKTTH và CHTSĐM, giá trịFA, CBF, rCBF thấp đáng kể ở nhóm u sao bào độ ác thấp so với cao (p < 0,05). Dựa vào đường cong ROC, với điểm cắt FAu là0,224, điểm cắt rCBFu là 3,06 ml/100g/phút, CHTKTTH và CHTSĐM có cùng độ nhạy 76,2%, độ đặc hiệu 87,5%, giá trị tiênđoán dương 94,1%, giá trị tiên đoán âm 58,3%, độ chính xác 79,3%, diện tích dưới đường cong của CHTKTTH là 75% và củaCHTSĐM là 85%.Kết luận: Thông số FA và CBF, rCBF vùng u giúp chẩn đoán phân biệt nhóm u sao bào độ ác cao và thấp.
ANALISIS PERBEDAAN FUNGSI KOGNITIF PADA LANSIA ANTARA SEBELUM DAN SESUDAH DILAKUKAN SENAM VITALISASI OTAK
Authors: Tri Nugroho  , Fuji Pratiwi
Published: June 2022

Lansia adalah kelompok manusia yang berusia 60 tahun keatas, seiring dengan meningkatnya jumlah lansia di Indonesia, semakin meningkat pula permasalahan penyakit akibat proses penuaan. Pada lansia sering terjadi mudah lupa, kondisi ini dinamakan demensia yaitu gangguan fungsi kognitif terutama memori disertai gangguan lain misalnya, menurun nya kemampuan konsentrasi terhadap sti,ulus, proses berfikir yang tidak tertata, gangguan persepsi, disorientasi 9tempat, waktu, orang) serta gangguan daya ingat. Hal tersebut akan memicu terjadinya gangguan dalam aktifitas sehari – hari salah satu gangguan yang sering ditemukan pada lansia yaitu penurunan fungsi kognitif, salah satu cara meningkatkan fungsi kognitif yaitu dengan senam vitalisasi otak. Oleh karena itu tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbedaan fungsi kognitif pada lansia antara sebelum dan sesudah dilakukan senam vitalisasi otak. Metode desain yang digunakan adalah desain Pre – Experimental dengan pendekatan one grouppre test dan post test. Sampel berjumal 18 yang diambil dengan teknik Incidental Sampling. Dan analisa Uji statistic Uji Wilcoxon Signed Rank. Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa ada perbedaan fungsi kognitif pada lansia antara sebelum dan sesudah dilakukan senam vitalisasi otak (p – value 0.0001). Dengan demikian diharapkan senam vitalisasi otak ini dapat diaplikasikan sebagai salah satu alternative upaya mencegah penurunan fungsi kognitif pada lanjut usia. Kata Kunci : Senam Vitalisasi Otak, Fungsi Kognitif, Lansia
Myanmar Language Learning Experiences at China’s Frontier
Authors: Xue Meichun , Pang Juncai , Zhang Yu , Yang Hongmei
Published: June 2022

In the context of China’s implementation of Belt and Road Initiative, the development of LOTE (languages other than English) in China comes into a revitalization era. LOTE play important role acting as a bridge linking China to the other countries. Since 2009, Yunnan has been discursively constructed as a bridgehead for China to cooperate with Southeast Asian country and the education of LOTE with a particular focus on the Southeast Asian languages has experienced an unprecedented expansion size. This study explores the learning experiences of Chinese postgraduates majoring in Myanmar language in a Chinese border university in Yunnan. Findings reveal how Chinese students perceive the values of learning Myanmar language, what learning challenges they encounter and how they exert their agency to overcome their learning difficulties. The study reveals that Chinese students’ investment in learning Myanmar has been shaped by their access to various resources mediated in multiple social forces across time and space. The study can shed some lights on providing pedagogical implications for enhancing the learning outcomes of LOTE in China.
Dynamic Shocks of Crude Oil Price and Exchange Rate on Food Prices in Emerging Countries of Southeast Asia: A Panel Vector Autoregression Model
Authors: Hassan Fatin Aminah
Published: June 2022

This paper empirically analyzes food price responses to shocks from crude oil price and exchange rate volatility in five emerging Southeast Asian nations between 2000 and 2020 using impulse response functions and variance decomposition analysis of the dynamic panel Vector Autoregression approach. Based on the findings of the impulse response functions analysis, food prices respond positively to both oil price and exchange rate shocks. Meanwhile, the results of variance decomposition analysis show that food prices account for a significant portion of volatility in its own shock. The contribution of oil price shock to food price volatility is found to be greater than the contribution of exchange rate shock. Hence, the study recommends that policymakers in these nations should be vigilant about the impacts of oil price and exchange rate shocks on food prices since these factors may undermine price stability and exacerbate food security.
Hacia una teoría unificada de la metafísica de alta energía: teoría mentecato de cuerdas
Authors: Carberry Josiah
Published: June 2022

El tema característico de las obras de Stone es el puente entre cultura y sociedad. Se pueden encontrar varias narrativas sobre el defecto fatal y la dialéctica posterior de la clase semiótica. Así, Debord usa el término “el paradigma subtextual del consenso” para denotar una paradoja cultural. El sujeto se interpola en un discurso neocultural que incluye la sexualidad como totalidad. Pero la crítica de Marx al nihilismo prepatriarquialista afirma que la conciencia es capaz de significación. El tema principal del modelo de discurso cultural de Dietrich[1] no es la construcción, sino la neoconstrucción. Por lo tanto, existe cualquier cantidad de narrativas relacionadas con el paradigma textual de la narrativa. La teoría cultural pretextual sugiere que el contexto debe provenir del inconsciente colectivo.
Obesidad, hábitos de vida y valoración FLI en la población laboral española durante la pandemia
Authors: Vicente Herrero M.ª Teófila , Ramírez-Iñiguez de la Torre M.ª Victoria , López González Ángel Arturo
Published: June 2022

Antecedentes: el hígado graso no alcohólico es la enfermedad hepática más común en el mundo, habitualmente asintomática y manifestación hepática del síndrome metabólico. Objetivo: estimar el riesgo de hígado graso mediante el índice de hígado graso (FLI, Fatty Liver Index) y su relación con el índice de masa corporal (IMC), indicadores de adiposidad, hábitos de vida y variables sociodemográficas. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal realizado con 815 trabajadores de entre 18-66 años, durante la vigilancia de la salud de las empresas participantes, desde marzo de 2020 hasta junio de 2021. Se utiliza la calculadora FLI y se establecen relaciones con variables sociodemográficas, índices de adiposidad, hábitos de alimentación y actividad física con el uso de los cuestionarios PREDIMED e IPAQ. Resultados: el FLI > 60 se relaciona significativamente con el IMC, el perímetro de la cintura y el índice cintura-cadera. El IMC incrementa el riesgo casi 20 veces (odds ratio 19,87; IC 95% 10,84-36,44) de sufrir la enfermedad. Los valores altos son más perjudiciales en hombres y el riesgo aumenta con la edad. Un FLI en rango medio/alto (> 30) muestra una relación significativa con la adherencia a MedDiet y con la actividad física realizada, con diferencias entre géneros (p < 0,0001). Conclusión: el riesgo de hígado graso aumenta con la obesidad y con los hábitos de vida no saludables, con valores más desfavorables entre los hombres. Destaca la importancia de valorar, junto con el IMC, los indicadores de adiposidad. Palabras clave: hígado graso, enfermedad del hígado graso no alcohólico, obesidad, salud laboral.
Angiosarcoma cardíaco: una causa rara de insuficiencia cardíaca
Authors: Ramos Díaz Celia , Sierra Santos Lucía , Maqueda Zamora Gloria
Published: June 2022

Se presenta el caso de un hombre, de 76 años, con un angiosarcoma cardíaco que debutó con insuficiencia cardíaca y taponamiento pericárdico. Se trata de un tumor muy raro, esto hace que el diagnóstico sea difícil y en ocasiones tardío. Es más frecuente en hombres de mediana edad y suele debutar con clínica de insuficiencia cardíaca. Se debe diagnosticar con pruebas de imagen y el tratamiento de elección es el quirúrgico, siempre que sea posible, aunque las recidivas locales y las metástasis son frecuentes, lo que lo convierte en un tipo de tumor con mal pronóstico.

Palabras clave: angiosarcoma, cardiomegalia, insuficiencia cardíaca, taponamiento cardíaco.
Dígito pélvico como hallazgo incidental y posibles diagnósticos diferenciales
Authors: Garrido Márquez Irene , Moyano Portillo Álvaro , Fernández Navarro Laura
Published: June 2022

El dígito pélvico es un tipo de anomalía congénita benigna poco frecuente, que se localiza en la región coxofemoral, en relación con el ilion.

A pesar de que suele ser asintomático, es importante conocer su existencia, así como los posibles diagnósticos diferenciales, ya que se puede encontrar como un hallazgo incidental en la radiografía simple.

Se presenta el caso de un hombre, de 58 años, que acude a su médico de Atención Primaria (AP) por artralgias generalizadas, quien observa en la radiografía simple de cadera un hallazgo inusual, por lo que interconsulta al servicio de Radiodiagnóstico, donde se realiza el diagnóstico de dígito pélvico.

Palabras clave: dígito pélvico, cadera, radiografía simple.
Journalistikens kön. Fältets struktur och logik under 1900-talet
Authors: Djerf-Pierre Monika
Published: June 2022

The basictheme of this artide is gender and power in the field of journalism in Sweden. It is not controversial to assert that journalism, historically speaking, evolved as a male-dominated field. Despite the high level of gender quality in Sweden, however, this pattern remains the case. Drawing on Bourdieu's theories on habitus, capital and field and Toril Moi's "appropriation" of Bourdieu, the artide looks at the structure of the field of journalism during three time periods: the party press phase (1900-1950), the professionalization phase (1950-1985), and the commercialization and feminization phase (1985 onwards). The field of journalism is defined at the nexus of three overarching social forces - political, economic, and professional forces and dynamics— and the gender order of the field reflects the relative weight of these forces at any given point in time. The empirical analysis of the field is centered around four main questions: (1) which positions men and women have been given access to during different time periods, (2) what forms of capital men and women have accumulated, (3) how images and perceptions on what constitutes "good" journalism have become gendered over time and which positions, media and genres of journalism have been associated with status/ prestige as well as to what extent this social status branding has become gendered, and (4) to what extent the struggle in the field has been gendered and what strategies and tactics have been employed in that struggle. In closing, the article discusses some tentative conclusions about the logic of the field of journalism. The main finding is that status, prestige and power have been associated with conceptions of masculinity and these conceptions, in turn, have been associated to the beliefs that underpin the field—the image of the journalistic "mission".
Corinne - kvinnornas grundläggande modernitetsmyt
Authors: Moi Toril
Published: June 2022

Mme de Staél's classical novel Corinne, or Italy (1807) was a most influencial text during the whole 19th century, not least among female writers. In this article, Toril Moi discusses why Corinne is still vital. Departingfrom the contemporary Goethe and his Faust, a text dealing solely with male modernity, and from Hegel's view on women's part in society, Moi states that Corinne can be seen as the prototypical text concerning female modernity. By making Corinne someone who doesn't hesitate to participate in the public sphere, Mme de Stael displays a woman who wants to be acknowledged as a conscious subject, a human being.Thus, Moi argues from a philosophical and historical perspective, Corinne tries to solve a dilemma that characterizes political modernity for women - the conflict between humanity and femininity. The novel is about the almost impossible task to find a voice of one's own in a new world. And it deals with the feminist project of creating a society where women participate fully as individuals, citizens and human beings - without thus losing their femininity. This process is still not over, not even in the most (post) modern Western societies, Moi states. This is why Corinne is still important.
Sexualiserade bilder av flickor. Pippi Examples och den manliga blicken
Authors: Widegren Kajsa
Published: June 2022

The aim of this article is to examine shifts of meaning of the visual material in a piece of art called Pippi Examples (2001). The Swedish artist Palle Torsson uses parts of the Pippi Långstrump motion picture for this video work, which has been accused of "making porn of Pippi". It is when the visual material is moved from its original context of children'scultureand placed in a context ofart, that the perception of the viewers' position changes. Four pictures from Pippi Examples are examined through a semiotic method. These pictures are related in different ways to signs of sexualisation used in visual pornographic material. The girls in the material are exposed in a sexualised way, related to two frames of interpretation. The first one is the references in the pictures to a pornographic visual tradition. The second important frame of interpretation is the concept of the male gaze, in the article also referred to as the male viewer's position. This position is structured through the historical meaning of children's sexuality, cultural boundaries for girls' physical use of their body and the sexualised gaze of male adults. The theoretical ground for the article is Laura Mulvey^ essay on the male gaze and Michel Foucaulfs work on the history of sexuality. In the final part of the article the gender of the artist is discussed as a vital part of Pippi Examples. The artisfs male gender both confirms the sexual content of the visual material and tums the interest to his person rather than to the art. This can be seen as a new situation for the male artist that historically has had a position related neither to sexuality nor gender.
Helighetens feminisering. Makt och mening i kulten av kvinnliga helgon
Authors: Gemzöe Lena
Published: June 2022

The issue of how women are represented within religious systems have since long been a central concern in feminist religious studies. However, a narrow focus on female imagery in religion tends to obscure the nature of real women's active involvement in religious practice. This article discusses the cult of two different kinds of female saints in contemporary Portugal, both of which are ascribed sainthood in populär belief, but are denied such a status by the Church. These female saints serve as symbols in Portuguese Catholicism, but they can also be regarded as religious actors. Saint Alexandrina of Balasar is a "noneater", i e a woman whose sole form of nourishment is said to be the wafer received during Holy Communion, a religious behaviour that can be traced to the medieval period. Saint Maria Adelaide is a case of a populär cult of an incorrupt body. Such a cult may arise ifthe corpse of a deceased and buried person after a certain amount of time has not decomposed. I argue that the cults of these two types of saints are anchored in religious practices predominated by women. Femaledevotees play an important role in the cultural construction of the saints, and in upholdingtheircult. Although in different ways, the two types of cult challenge orthodox conceptions of sanctity as well as the structural power of the Church. The pilgrimage sites of these saints can be seen as expressions of a feminization of Christianity; the pilgrims worship an ordinary woman who becomes the mediator between God and humans on a site outside the control of the Catholic Church.
Endobronchial intubation in tracheal stenosis: An uncommonly reported complication
Authors:   Department of Onco-Anaesthesia and Palliative medicine, Dr B.R.A IRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India., Jee Bharati Sachidanand , Ahuja Deepti ,   Department of Anaesthesia and Critical care, ESIC Hospital, Okhla Phase 1, New Delhi, India
Published: June 2022

Tracheal stenosis is a life-threatening condition resulting from various causes like congenital, postintubation injury, trauma, inhalational burns, irradiation, tracheal tumor, extrinsic compression of trachea by tumor and idiopathic [1]. Though the exact prevalence is unknown, the estimated incidence of postintubation tracheal stenosis is 4.9 cases per million per year [2]. Airway management of patient with previously undiagnosed tracheal stenosis after induction of anaesthesia is a challenging task. Airway management of tracheal stenosis is commonly complicated by failure of passage of endotracheal tube (ETT), but our case was perplexed by occurrence of left sided endobronchial intubation.
Ulcerated inguinal lymph node metastases in vulvar cancer
Authors:   Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium, Koen Kortbeek , Eline Naert ,   Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
Published: June 2022

A 75-year-old patient presented with anorexia, weight loss, dyschezia and dysuria. She had fever for one week. Physical examination revealed an abscess draining from the left groin. Four days after admission, she developed a wound in the right inguinal region, draining pus.
Guzkowy Rozrost Limfoidalny—Rzadki Przypadek Choroby Limfoproliferacyjnej w Płucach
Authors: Rogoziński Paweł , Bruliński Krzysztof , Malinowski Eugeniusz , Wandzel Piotr , Kucharzewski Marek
Published: June 2022

Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia (NLH) belongs to a very rare, mild, lymphoproliferative disease of unestablished aetiology historically included in the group of pseudolymphomas. Its existence was controversial for many years, until modern techniques of pathomorphological diagnosis approved it as a separate entity of lung disease. It manifests in the form of well limited nodules localized in the lungs, which are mostly identified accidentally. Clinical symptoms are rare and nonspecific; the disease usually occupies only one lung. Pathomorphological diagnosis requires immunohistochemical designation of expressions of numerous antigens in order to exclude malignant lymphoma of the lungs. Surgical resection is used in cases of larger nodules; the smaller ones require periodic observation, and the prognosis is good. The authors describe the case of 65-year-old woman with pulmonary nodules which were detected accidentally in the right lung. The patient was qualified for right-sided videothoracoscopy and removal of the lung nodule. In classic HE staining of the histological material, the presence of lymphoid infiltration of the lungs was revealed, which formed lymph follicles with reactive germinal centres. In order to differentiate from the malignant lymphatic expansion, immunohistochemical designations were made, which showed positive expression of CD20 antigen in the B cell zone, positive expression of the CD3 antigen in the T cells zone, positive expression of CD23 antigen in the lymph follicles, negative expression of bcl-2 in the lymph follicles, and positive expression of MIB-1 in the germinal centres of lymph follicles. Such a histopathological and immunohistochemical picture provided the basis for diagnosis of nodular lymphoid hyperplasia of the lung.
The European COPD Audit: A Pilot Experience of 16 European Countries
Authors: Hartl Sylvia
Published: June 2022

Chronic diseases have a high perceived like-lihood to impact world economic instability in thenext ten years [...]
Rehabilitacja Oddechowa Chorych na Raka Płuca
Authors: Jastrzębski Dariusz , Ziora Dariusz , Hydzik Grzegorz , Pasko Ewa , Bartoszewicz Agnieszka , Kozielski Jerzy , Nowicka Jolanta
Published: June 2022

Celem niniejszej pracy jest ukazanie aktualnych wiadomości dotyczących sposobów prowadzenia rehabilitacji u osób chorych na raka płuca. W pierwszej kolejności, opierając się na aktualnych wytycznych Amerykańskiego Stowarzyszenia Medycyny Sportowej, przedstawiono zarówno zasady prowadzenia terapii osób chorych na raka płuca, jak i przeciwwskazania do rehabilitacji oddechowej w tej grupie chorych. Omówiono również sposoby oceny zdolności wysiłkowej u chorych na raka płuca. Podkreślono wartość wykonywania testu ergospirometrycznego z oceną maksymalnej konsumpcji tlenu (VO2peak) w prognozowaniu nie tylko czasu przeżycia chorych na raka płuca, ale także w ocenie możliwości realizacji programów rehabilitacji oddechowej. W części poświęconej treningowi fizycznemu chorych przed operacją raka płuca przedstawiono aktualne wyniki badań, które dowodzą, że nawet krótki, lecz bardzo intensywny, program rehabilitacji oddechowej jest skuteczny i zwiększa zarówno bezpieczeństwo zabiegu, jak i wydłuża czas przeżycia po operacji. W artykule przedstawiono także trudności związane z realizacją programów rehabilitacji u chorych po operacji raka płuca wynikające z dysfunkcji układu sercowo-naczyniowego i atrofii mięśni szkieletowych i oddechowych. Do tej pory ukazała się zaledwie jedna praca poświęcona pacjentom z nieoperacyjnym rakiem płuc poddanych chemioterapii Jej wyniki zostały omówione w niniejszej pracy—wykazano występowanie istotnej poprawy sprawności układu oddechowo-krążeniowego ocenianego testem 6-minutowego chodu, chociaż program rehabilitacji ukończyła nieduża liczba chorych (44%). W artykule zwrócono uwagę, że pacjenci z nieoperacyjnym rakiem płuca stanowią obecnie dużą grupę chorych, u których stosowanie tego typu interwencji medycznej może istotnie poprawić jakość życia oraz pozytywnie wpłynąć na przeżycie.
Ocena Stopnia Motywacji i Uzależnienia od Nikotyny u Palaczy Podejmujących Próbę Zerwania z Nałogiem
Authors: Szwed Angelika
Published: June 2022

Wstęp: Palenie tytoniu jest czynnikiem zwiększającym ryzyko zachorowania na wiele chorób, przede wszystkim układu krążenia i układu oddechowego. Z tego względu zerwanie z nałogiem palenia tytoniu stanowi istotny element profilaktyki i terapii. Skuteczność leczenia zespołu uzależnienia od tytoniu jest w dużej mierze uwarunkowana motywacją do zerwania z nałogiem. Celem pracy było dokonanie oceny motywacji i stopnia uzależnienia od nikotyny oraz określenie czynnika najbardziej motywującego do rzucenia palenia. Materiał i metody: Badaniem objęto grupę 62 palaczy, w tym 31 mężczyzn i 31 kobiet. Średni wiek badanych wynosił 47.26 ± 14.45 roku. Badania przeprowadzono przy użyciu autorskiego kwestionariusza ankiety (zawierającego między innymi pytania dotyczące danych socjodemograficznych i motywów rzucania palenia), Kwestionariusza Tolerancji Fagerströma (do analizy stopnia uzależnienia od nikotyny) oraz Testu Motywacji według Schneider (do oceny stopnia motywacji do rzucenia palenia). Wyniki: Najliczniejszą grupę wśród ankietowanych stanowiło 37 osób o niskim stopniu uzależnienia od nikotyny. Badani charakteryzowali się wysoką motywacją do rzucenia palenia. Punktowa średnia wartość motywacji w zależności od stopnia wykształcenia wahała się od 7.71 do 8.50. Większość ankietowanych podjęła próbę rzucenia palenia kierując się względami zdrowotnymi. Wnioski: Troska o stan zdrowia jest najczęstszym czynnikiem motywującym do zerwania z nałogiem palenia tytoniu, natomiast nie znaleziono zależności pomiędzy motywacją do rzucenia palenia a płcią respondentów.
Rak Płuca. W 100-Lecie Monografii Isaaka Adlera
Authors: Domagała-Kulawik Joanna
Published: June 2022

Mija 100 lat od ukazania się pierwszej obszer-nej monografii poświęconej rakowi płuca autor-stwa Isaaka Adlera: Primary malignant growth ofthe lungs and bronchi: a pathological and clinicalstudy (New York: Longmans, Green & Company1912) [...]
Sarkoidoza serca—Nierozwiązany problem kliniczny
Authors: Tomkowski Witold , Dybowska Małgorzata
Published: June 2022

Sarkoidoza jest wielonarządową chorobą ziarniniakową, która powinna być rozpoznawana na podstawie obrazu klinicznego i biopsji zajętych narządów [...]
May a COPD Patient Benefit from Rehabilitation Associated with Pharmacological Treatment?
Authors: Kozielski Jerzy
Published: June 2022

Chorzy na przewlekłą obturacyjną chorobę płuc (POChP) są znacząco nieaktywni fizycznie. Głównym czynnikiem ograniczającym ich zdolność wysiłkową jest duszność. Poprawa zdolności wysiłkowej tych chorych zmniejsza u nich objawy kliniczne, ograniczenie czynności płuc, częstość zaostrzeń oraz poprawia jakość życia i rokowanie, dlatego rehabilitacja ruchowa ogrywa zasadniczą rolę w leczeniu chorych na POChP. Wykazano, że stosowanie leków rozszerzających oskrzela przed wysiłkiem zmniejsza u chorych odczuwaną w jego trakcie duszność i umożliwia stosowanie rehabilitacji ruchowej. W pracy omówiono jej rolę w POChP.
The Incidence of Alpha-1-Antitrypsin (A1AT) Deficiency Alleles in Population of Central Poland—Preliminary Results from Newborn Screening
Authors: Chorostowska-Wynimko Joanna , Struniawski Radosław , Popławska Beata , Borszewska-Kornacka Maria
Published: June 2022

Inherited alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (A1ATD) is listed among the three most common genetic disorders in Caucasians. It considerably increases the risk of progressive obstructive lung diseases, mostly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Data on the A1ATD prevalence in Poland are scarce, no studies with large enough groups representative for whole Polish population have been performed. Here, we present the preliminary data on the incidence of A1AT main deficiency alleles from the newborn screening in Mazovia (Central Poland) region. Real-time PCR genotyping and A1AT blood concentration measure- ment by nephelometry were performed from the dry blood spots (DBS) samples of 658 newborns. Deficiency alleles PI*Z i PI*S were present in 28 children, respectively in 2.8% and 1.5%. Their existence corresponded with significantly lower A1AT blood concentration. Estimated incidence of deficiency alleles was 13.7/1000 (95% CI 5.8–21.5) for PI*Z and 7.6/1000 (95% CI 1.7–13.5) for PI*S. The calculated prevalence for the main deficiency genotype ZZ was 1/5345. The study is on-going.
Polimorfizm w genie N-acetylotransferazy 2 u chorych na raka płuca. Doniesienie wstępne
Authors: Zabost Anna , Roszkowska-Śliż Barbara , Wiatr Elżbieta , Radzikowska Elżbieta , Rogala Ewa , Zych Jacek , Zwolska Zofia , Augustynowicz-Kopeć Ewa , Roszkowski-Śliż Kazimierz , Szczepulska-Wójcik Ewa
Published: June 2022

Wstęp: Indywidualne ryzyko zachorowania na raka płuca zależy nie tylko od ekspozycji na dym tytoniowy, ale również od aktywności enzymów biorących udział w aktywacji lub deaktywacji substancji rakotwórczych. Arylamino N-acetylotransferazy (EC 2.3.1.5) są enzymami biorącymi udział w biotransformacji ksenobiotyków, amin aromatycznych i heterocyklicznych oraz hydrazyn. Zaobserwowane różnice w aktywności enzymu i szybkości metabolizowania substancji zależnych od N-acetylotransferazy 2 (NAT2) powiązano z polimorfizmem genu kodującego ten enzym. Niektórzy autorzy wskazują na wolny typ acetylacji, jako predysponujący do wystąpienia raka płuca, podczas gdy inni wykazują brak wpływu polimorfizmu NAT2 lub większe ryzyko raka płuca wśród szybkich acetylatorów. Celem pilotażowego badania była ocena polimorfizmu genu NAT2 umożliwiającego określenie typu acetylacji u chorych na raka płuca. Materiały i metody: Badaną grupę stanowiło 39 chorych na nieoperacyjnego raka płuca (29—rak niedrobnokomórkowy, 10—rak drobnokomórkowy), mediana wieku wynosiła 59 lat (42–72 lata). Do badania pobierano 5 ml krwi. Genotyp NAT2 został określony na podstawie identyfikacji czterech mutacji, C481T, G590A, A803G i G857A. Wyniki: W przebadanej grupie 39 chorych zidentyfikowano występowanie 10 różnych genotypów NAT2. Czternastu chorych z genotypami NAT2 *4/4, *4/5, *4/6 i *4/7 zostało sklasyfikowanych jako szybcy acetylatorzy a 25 z genotypami NAT2 *5/ 5, *5/6, *5/7, *6/6, *6/7 lub *7/7 jako wolni acetylatorzy. Wśród 10 chorych na DRP — 4 chorych to szybcy acetylatorzy, zaś wśród 29 chorych na NDRP dominował wolny typ acetylacji stwierdzony u 19 chorych (genotypy NAT2*5/5 i NAT2*5/6). Wnioski: Wśród chorych na drobnokomórkowego raka płuca nie stwierdzono dominacji określonego genotypu acetylacji, natomiast wśród chorych na niedrobnokomórkowego raka płuca przeważali pacjenci z genotypami NAT2*5/5 i NAT2*5/6 (wolni acetylatorzy).
Factors Influencing Asthma Course and the Degree of Control in the Patients Assessed with Own Questionnaire and Asthma Control Test (ACT)
Authors: Krasnodębska Paulina , Hermanowicz-Salamon Joanna , Domagała-Kulawik Joanna , Chazan Ryszarda
Published: June 2022

Introduction: Asthma treatment requires control and monitoring. According to Global Initiative For Asthma (GINA) asthma severity is described by degree of control. The aim of the present study was to compare self-patients’ opinions about asthma control with Asthma Control Test (ACT) scores. Furthermore factors associated with asthma control were analyzed in the examined group of patients. Age, BMI, the length and the degree of asthma treatment, concomitant diseases, physical activity, exposition to the tobacco smoke, needs for education and self-control were assessed. Material and methods: The study was based on a 36-point questionnaire that evaluated last two years of asthma duration, the reference data were obtained by objective evaluation with ACT. Fifty three patients, 37 women and 16 men, median age 54 years (24–80 years), from outpatients clinic were enrolled into the study. According to ACT score the patients (pts) were divided into 3 groups: 25 points—well controlled asthma (group 1), 20–24 points—partially controlled asthma (group 2) and less than 20 points—lack of asthma control (group 3). Kruskal-Wallis test and Chi-square test were used to compare the characteristics of subjects in different ACT groups. Pearson’s test was used for assessment of correlation between different parameters. Results: Twenty seven of 53 pts (51%) were treated with low dose of inhaled steroids and long acting beta-agonists (third degree of treatment according to GINA). During last two years the treatment was intensified in 37 pts (70%) due to exacerbation, and 19 of them (36%) were hospitalized in the course of exacerbation. Although 36 out of 53 pts (68%) claimed their asthma was fully controlled, ACT showed full control only in 5/53 (9%) of cases, partial control in 18/53 (34%), lack of control—in 30/53 (57%). Older age (p < 0.05) and longer duration of the disease (p < 0.01) were the factors significantly influencing lack of asthma control. A tendency towards worse asthma control was combined also with overweight and greater number of concomitant diseases (mainly coronary artery disease, diabetes and gastro-esophageal reflux). The presence of influenza vaccinations in medical history was associated with better asthma control (p = 0.05). Conclusions: A discrepancy between subjective assessment of asthma control and ACT score was observed in the examined group of patients. The frequency of asthma exacerbations (according to questionnaire) was describing the degree of asthma control more precisely than self-assessment. Older age and longer disease duration were combined with significantly worse asthma control. Better asthma control was combined with the presence of influenza vaccinations in medical history.
Zalecenia Polskiego Towarzystwa Chorób Płuc Dotyczące Rozpoznawania i Leczenia Przewlekłej Obturacyjnej Choroby Płuc (POChP)
Authors: Górecka Dorota , Jassem Ewa , Pierzchała Władysław , Śliwiński Paweł
Published: June 2022

Pierwsze krajowe Zalecenia Postępowania w Przewlekłej Obturacyjnej Chorobie Płuc (POChP) powstały w 1998 roku z inicjatywy Profesorów Jana Zielińskiego i Józefa Małolepszego oraz Doktora hab [...]
Virtual Bronchoscopy Versus Bronchofiberoscopy—A Comparison of Diagnostic Value in Assessment of Central Lung Tumours
Authors: Radwan-Röhrenschef Piotr , Burakowska Barbara
Published: June 2022

Introduction: Virtual bronchoscopy (VB) is a new, noninvasive diagnostic technique that allows visualization of trachea and bronchi. Virtual images are created based on scans from helical multidetector computed tomography (CT) scans using a special protocol. The obtained reconstructed virtual image of the bronchial tree reflects pictures seen under conventional fibre-optic bronchoscopy (FOB). The aim of the study was to compare VB images of the bronchial tree with findings from FOB and to evaluate the diagnostic value of VB in the examination of central lung tumours. Material and methods: The studied group consisted of 40 patients with suspected central lung tumours, detected first on chest X-ray. Each patient underwent routine CT and FOB, followed by VB. Physicians performing FOB were blinded to VB results and vice versa. The presence of tumour, bronchial stenosis, and widening of the carina were the analysed features. Lung cancer was confirmed by histopathological examination in all patients, including 32 cases of non-small cell lung cancer (80%), 2 cases of small cell lung cancer (5%), 5 cases of squamous cell carcinoma (12.5%), and one case of carcinoid (2.5%). Results: Virtual bronchoscopy for bronchial tumour detection had a sensitivity of 79.5% and specificity of 95.5%. When bronchial stenosis was assessed, sensitivity was 58.6% and specificity was 98.1%, whereas detection of widening of carina had a sensitivity of 60.7% and specificity of 97.7%. Conclusions: The results indicate that virtual bronchoscopy is a highly sensitive and specific diagnostic method, of high clinical importance in the evaluation of lung tumours with central location.
Zmiany w klasyfikacji pierwotnego raka gruczołowego płuca przedstawione w rekomendacjach International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society
Authors: Szołkowska Małgorzata , Langfort Renata , Szczepulska-Wójcik Ewa , Maksymiuk Beata
Published: June 2022

Gruczolakoraki płuca to grupa nowotworów o bardzo zróżnicowanym obrazie mikroskopowym i przebiegu klinicznym [...]
Rola Probiotyków w Profilaktyce i Leczeniu Chorób Alergicznych
Authors: Roży Adriana , Jaguś Paulina , Chorostowska-Wynimko Joanna
Published: June 2022

Physiological gastrointestinal microflora dominated by lactic acid bacteria is crucial for the maturation and proper functioning of human immune system. Thus, lactic acid bacteria eradication followed by intestinal colonization by other anaerobes seems to play an important role in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, including allergy. This paper discusses the effect of physiological intestinal microflora on the physiological immune reactivity as well as its immunomodulatory potential. The critical review of current research on the effectiveness of probiotic dietary supplementation in the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases is provided.
Doktor Wiktoria Maria Werkenthin—Więźniarka KL Auschwitz-Birkenau Numer 64514
Authors: Ciesielska Maria
Published: June 2022

Wiktoria Maria Werkenthin urodzona 21 lutego 1901 roku w Kordelówce koło Winnicy na Podolu [...]
Restrictive Pattern in Spirometry. Does FEV1/FVC Need to Be Increased?
Authors: Wesołowski Stefan , Boros Piotr
Published: June 2022

Introduction: Spirometry is an excellent tool in the diagnostics of airway obstruction, but is less reliable in restrictive diseases. Diagnosis of lung restriction on the grounds of reduced forced vital capacity (FVC) is burdened with many potential errors. According to the American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS) 2005 guidelines, restrictive pattern in spirometry consists of a reduction in vital capacity and increase in forced expiratory volume in 1 second/vital capacity (FEV1/VC) of > 85–90%. However, to our knowledge, this recommendation has not been validated. The aim of this study was to check how the inclusion of an increased FEV1/FVC as a mandatory condition affects the value of spirometry in detecting a restrictive ventilatory defect. Materials and methods: The material consisted of pulmonary test results obtained from consecutive patients referred to our lab during the year 2009, who had undergone spirometry and lung volume measurements at the same visit. Results: Out of 1739 test results, there were 1402 non-obstructive cases (679 females [48.4%] and 723 males [51.6%]) with a mean age of 49.7 ± 14.5 years, included in the analysis. ERS 1993 reference equations were applied to all parameters. The lower limit of normal (LLN) was set at –1.645 of the SR level. Restrictive ventilatory defect (TLC < LLN) was found in 283 patients (20.2%). Reduced FVC only, as a condition of restrictive ventilatory defect diagnosis, was found in 202 patients (14.4%) (sensitivity 59%, specificity 97%). Reduced FVC together with increased FEV1/FVC > 85% was found in only 76 patients (5.4%) (sensitivity 23%, specificity 99%). Only 14% of mild, 26% of moderate, and 64% of severe restrictions could be detected with reduced FVC and increased FEV1/FVC. Conclusions: Dual condition, i.e., reduced FVC and increased FEV1/FVC, significantly diminishes the sensitivity of the test and hampers the diagnosis of restrictive ventilatory defect in spirometry, especially in mild and moderate stages.
Mykobakterioza płuc wywołana przez M. kansasii u dwojga rodzeństwa z zaburzeniami produkcji IL-12 i IFN-γ. Zespół wrażliwości typu Mendla na zakażenie prątkami. Przegląd piśmiennictwa
Authors: Nalepa Piotr , Strach Magdalena , Rybak-Bąk Marta , Siedlar Maciej
Published: June 2022

W pracy przedstawiono dwa przypadki wystąpienia mykobakteriozy płuc w przebiegu zakażenia M. kansasii u dotychczas zdrowego rodzeństwa. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań u obojga chorych stwierdzono brak wydzielania interleukiny 12 (IL-12) i interferonu γ (IFN-γ) przez stymulowane limfocyty. Opisywany wcześniej defekt genetyczny warunkuje występowanie wrażliwości typu Mendla na zakażenie prątkami (MSMD). Pacjenci spełniali kryteria kliniczno-radiologiczne i bakteriologiczne rozpoznania mykobakteriozy opracowane przez American Thoracic Society w 2007 roku. Po 13 miesiącach typowego leczenia uzyskano ustąpienie dolegliwości, remisję radiologiczną oraz utrzymujące się przez 12 miesięcy odprątkowanie. Rokowanie pacjentów pozostaje niepewne. Genetycznie uwarunkowana skłonność do zakażeń prątkami może spowodować wznowę choroby lub być przyczyną nowego zachorowania na choroby wywołane przez prątki. Pacjenci będą wymagali systematycznych kontroli pulmonologicznych. Nie jest jasne, czy u potomstwa opisanych chorych istnieje możliwość uogólnionego zakażenia prątkami BCG (Baccillus Calmette-Guérin) w wyniku obowiązkowego szczepienia noworodków i czy ryzyko powikłań poszczepiennych jest większe niż ewentualne ryzyko zachorowania na gruźlicę, zwłaszcza krwiopochodną, w dzieciństwie.
An Attempt to Estimate Parameters Useful for Establishing a Normal Range for Peak Nasal Inspiratory Flow
Authors: Dor-Wojnarowska Anna , Rabski Marek , Fal Andrzej , Liebhart Jerzy , Panaszek Bernard , Samoliński Bolesław
Published: June 2022

Introduction: Measurement of peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF) has gained wide acceptance among clinicians due to its simplicity. Unfortunately, due to the lack of reference values, a single measurement does not provide any relevant information on the degree of nasal obstruction. We have therefore attempted to evaluate parameters that would be useful for establishing reference ranges for PNIF. Material and methods: The study was a part of an epidemiological study ECAP (Epidemiologia Chorób Alergicznych w Polsce [The Epidemiology of Allergic Diseases in Poland]). Inhabitants of Wrocław, Poland, aged 6–7, 13–14 and 20–45 years were randomly selected for the study. All the subjects had their medical history taken and their PNIF measured (using an In-Check inspiratory flow meter manufactured by Clement-Clark). Patients with a diagnosis of rhinitis and/or asthma were excluded from the study. In each subject, the highest of the five measurements (PNIF MAX) was included in the analysis. Results: A total of 221 healthy individuals were enrolled in the study. PNIF MAX differed significantly between females and males. A significant correlation was observed between height and PNIF MAX, although no such correlation was found between age and PNIF MAX. For this reason, in order to establish a reference range for PNIF, a regression equation that included sex and height was analysed. The following relationship was arrived at: PNIF MAX = −137.7 − 22.5x + 1.7y, where x is the sex (1 for females and 0 for males) and y is the height. The coefficient of determination (R2) for this relationship was 0.45, which means that the regression equation explains about 45% of the observed variability of PNIF MAX. Conclusions: We found that PNIF MAX correlated with sex and height and that it did not correlate with age. The difficulties in establishing normal ranges for PNIF are most likely due to the differences in nasal anatomy between the subjects.