bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of a COVID‐19 lockdown‐induced pause and resumption of artificial provisioning on blacktip reef sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus) and pink whiprays (Pateobatis fai) in French Polynesia (East‐Pacific)
Authors: Séguigne Clémentine , Mourier Johann , Vignaud Thomas , Buray Nicolas , Clua Éric
Published: October 2021

The tourism activities linked to artificial provisioning of blacktip reef sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus) and pink whiprays (Pateobatis fai) on a specific site in French Polynesia were suddenly and completely stopped due to a COVID‐19 lockdown that lasted 6 weeks from March 20 until April 30, 2020. Using both drone footage and underwater counting, we were able to track the abundance of those two species before, during, and after reopening and thus investigate the impact of provisioning on wild shark populations. The absence of any stimulus during this long period resulted in almost total desertion of the site by the elasmobranchs. However, 1 day prior to reopening, some individuals of both species positively reacted to the single acoustic stimulus of an engine boat, showing the resilience of conditioning, and some elasmobranchs reacted to acoustic and olfactive stimuli linked to the provisioning practice from the first day after reopening. During the first 2 weeks after reopening, the abundance of both species remained at reduced levels comparable to those observed between 2008 and 2010 for sharks; i.e., around 9 animals in the presence of local tourists. Pre‐lockdown abundance levels, reaching approximatively 15 individuals for sharks and 10 for rays, were considered restored 1 and 2 months after reopening for blacktip reef sharks and pink whiprays, respectively. These findings improve our capacity to better understand the potential effects of artificial provisioning tourism on the abundance of elasmobranchs by showing that conditioning is resilient for several weeks, suggesting that intermittent interruption of elasmobranchs feeding would not really help to decrease its impact on animal welfare.
The doxa of accountability knowledge: A socioanalysis of accountability research in accounting
Authors: Rana Tarek , Bracci Enrico , Tallaki Mouhcine , Ievoli Riccardo
Published: November 2021

This paper offers a systematic reflection on accountability research in accounting literature. It shows the dynamic relationships and networks between the construction of accountability research, academics, and accounting journals. The research involves a systematic review of accountability literature in selected accounting journals, using both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. Drawing on Bourdieu's relational sociology for its theoretical and methodological frameworks, the paper constructs a socioanalysis of academic and intellectual capital by categorizing various positions and reputations in relation to accountability scholarship in the field of accounting. It finds that a subtle process of position taking works in both symbolic and material ways through citing and being cited by key authors in this cultural field. The paper develops a general but sociopolitical theoretical approach to the field study of accountability in accounting. The doxa of accountability reflects the cultural capital and the way in which doxa of the accounting field is recognized and valued. The paper argues that the process of cultural production is a dialectic sociopolitical process, which influences authors’ reflections and choices and at the same time is influenced by the network of authors and journals.
Should hedge funds deviate from the benchmark?
Authors: Panopoulou Ekaterini , Voukelatos Nikolaos
Published: November 2021

We examine the relationship between deviating from the benchmark and subsequent performance for hedge funds. We propose a simple new measure of benchmark deviations, termed the dispersion contribution index, which is based on a fund's return‐distance from the mean return of same‐style funds. We find that funds which deviate the most from their benchmark tend to underperform relative to their less distinctive peers, after accounting for their risk profile and various fund characteristics. This relative underperformance stems primarily from the higher subsequent risk exposure associated with pursuing a unique strategy. Our results are indicative of risk shifting by fund managers attempting to maximize the value of their compensation contracts.
Barrier disruption, dehydration and inflammation: Investigation of the vicious circle underlying dry skin
Authors: Bize Cécile , Le Gélébart Erwan , Moga Alain , Payré Bruno , Garcia Christine
Published: October 2021

Objective

Many endogenous or exogenous factors, isolated or combined, can trigger dry skin disorder, leading to a water/lipids‐depleted stratum corneum concomitant with uncomfortable rough and scaly skin surface. In a defensive reaction, the alteration of the skin barrier stimulates the production of cytokines to initiate homeostasis restoration but this can also induce an inflammatory response that further weakens the barrier. The two phenomena intertwining one another lead to the creation of a vicious circle, here called Inflamm'dryness, that maintains dry skin state. It is thus very important to investigate biological mechanisms involved in Inflamm'dryness to better manage dry skin.

Methods

A 3D model mimicking dry skin has been developed. Adjustment of tape stripping level allowed to reproduce skin barrier alterations and resulting inflammation involved in dry skin. The effect of Helichrysum stoechas extract on this downward spiral was then investigated to validate the concept.

Results

Tape‐stripping permitted to successively remove the cell layers of the stratum corneum: the barrier function was altered and skin was inflamed creating a vicious circle, mimicking very dry skin prone to Inflamm'dryness. Helichrysum stoechas extract was not only able to resolve inflammation but also to reverse concurrently adverse tape‐stripping effects and imparted significant structural and functional recovery of the barrier (e.g. on NMF and ceramides levels, TEWL, tissue organization).

Conclusion

This 3D model reproduces Inflamm'dryness vicious circle present in dry skin and highlights the importance of breaking this process to improve dry skin conditions. Helichrysum stoechas extract is a promising active ingredient for the management of dry skin.
Evidence for age‐related contributions of DNA damage and epigenetics in brain tumorigenesis
Authors: Tira Adrian , Buckingham Lela
Published: October 2021

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly malignant primary brain tumour displaying rapid cell proliferation and infiltration. GBM primarily occurs at older age; however, younger populations have also been affected. In GBM and other cancers, genetic and epigenetic alterations promote tumorigenesis causing increased cell proliferation and invasiveness. This investigation explored epigenetic events as contributing factors, especially in gliomas that arise in patients aged 40‐60 years. Furthermore, DNA damage in tumours with respect to age was assessed. Archival fixed tissues from 88 cases of glioblastoma and adjacent non‐malignant tissues were tested. Global methylation and DNA damage were measured using ELISA detection of 5‐methyl cytosine and 8‐hydroxy guanine, respectively. IDH mutations and CDKN2 promoter hypermethylation were analysed by pyrosequencing. Tumour tissue was hypomethylated compared with non‐malignant tissue (P = .001), and there was a trend towards increased methylation with increasing age. There was a significant increase in DNA damage in patients older than forty years compared with those aged forty years or younger (P = .035). CDKN2 promoter methylation levels followed the age trends of global methylation in this patient group. Patients younger than 60 had more frequently mutated IDH (P = .004). Conclusions: The data support the potential of epigenetic factors in promoting tumorigenesis in younger patients, while increased DNA damage contributes to tumorigenesis in the older patients.
miR‐942‐5p prevents sepsis‐induced acute lung injury via targeting TRIM37
Authors: Lu Qiang , Zhang Dinggao , liu Hui , Xu Hao
Published: October 2021

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been demonstrated to play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of sepsis‐induced acute lung injury (ALI). In this work, we aimed to clarify the potential role and the underlying mechanism of miR‐942‐5p in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced A549 cell injury model. The cell injury was evaluated by CCK‐8 assay, flow cytometry and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression levels of miR‐942‐5p and tripartite motif‐containing protein 37 (TRIM37) were measured by real‐time PCR and Western blot, and their association was then validated by bioinformatics, luciferase reporter assay and RNA pull‐down assay. We found that the expression of miR‐942‐5p was decreased in LPS‐treated A549 cells. Furthermore, LPS treatment suppressed A549 cell viability, promoted apoptosis and increased the levels of inflammatory cytokines. Conversely, overexpression of miR‐942‐5p increased cell viability, reduced apoptosis and alleviated inflammatory cytokine secretion in the presence of LPS. Moreover, miR‐942‐5p directly targeted TRIM37 by binding to the 3′‐UTR of TRIM37 mRNA. Upregulation of TRIM37 effectively reversed the anti‐apoptotic and anti‐inflammatory effects of miR‐942‐5p in LPS‐induced A549 cells. Our findings suggested that miR‐942‐5p protected against LPS‐induced cell injury through inhibiting apoptosis and inflammation in A549 cells by negatively regulating TRIM37.
Alopecia areata and tofacitinib: a prospective multicenter study from a Saudi population
Authors: AlMarzoug Alanoud , AlOrainy May , AlTawil Lama , AlHayaza Ghada , AlAnazi Rasha , AlIssa Ahmed , AlSheikh Afaf , AlKhalifah Abdullah , AlHarithy Ruaa
Published: October 2021

Background

Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by nonscarring hair loss that can involve the scalp, face, and body. Severe AA subtypes have a poorer prognosis and can be challenging to treat. Tofacitinib, a recently introduced Janus kinase inhibitor, has shown positive results in treating AA. This multicenter study demonstrates the efficacy of tofacitinib and the patient response rate in a Saudi population. It also highlights patient characteristics that may serve as predictors of the therapeutic response to tofacitinib.

Methods

A prospective cohort study design was utilized. Study participants were included from three medical centers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The Severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT) score was used to assess the percentage of hair loss at baseline and the percentage of hair regrowth at 3 and 6 months.

Results

The sample size was 68 with an average baseline SALT score of 76.8 ± 27.6%. Data at 6 months were available for 45 patients. Of these, 62.2% achieved a SALT score of >50%. Patients with a score of <50% had a significantly higher baseline SALT score compared to patients with >50% score. The past use of systemic steroids was associated with a diminished response to therapy (P = 0.015). The response to therapy was significantly higher in patients with AA compared to alopecia totalis and alopecia universalis.

Conclusions

Tofacitinib is an effective and well‐tolerated treatment for severe AA and exhibits a good safety profile.
Determination of fatty acids and vitamins A, D and E intake through fish consumption
Authors: Yerlikaya Pinar , Alp Ali Can , Tokay Fahrettin Gokhun , Aygun Tugce , Kaya Adem , Topuz Osman Kadir , Yatmaz Hanife Aydan
Published: October 2021

PUFA consumption, especially the balance among fatty acids and vitamins present in seafood, is important for a healthy life. Marine‐derived organisms are good sources of recommended high EPA+DHA, vitamins A, D and E, UI, and balanced n‐3/n‐6 ratio whether wild or cultured. The aim of this study was to reveal the fatty acid profile related to recommended health aspects and the presence of such vitamins of commonly consumed fish species (anchovy, mackerel, sea bream, sea bass, salmon and trout) in the north‐eastern Mediterranean. It was found that despite its high lipid content (15.31 ± 1.16%), salmon remained poor in terms of PUFA; meanwhile, anchovy and mackerel had remarkable EPA and DHA. The highest PUFA content (47.25 ± 1.69%) was determined in sea bream owing to respectable linoleic acid content. PUFA/SFA value was found nearly three times higher than the recommended value of 0.4. The highest n‐3/n‐6 ratio was found in anchovy (13.19 ± 0.28). The advised lower AI and TI values were obtained in salmon. Meanwhile, higher UI values were recorded in anchovy and mackerel samples. Alpha‐tocopherol was 25.50 μg g−1 in salmon, followed by sea bream, mackerel and trout. Cholecalciferol was not determined in any of the samples. Retinyl palmitate was ranged between 5.65 and 6.60 μg g−1.
Release of clove essential oil loaded by mesoporous nano‐silica in polylactic acid‐based food packaging on postharvest preservation of white button mushroom
Authors: Zhu Bifen , Liu Yudi , Qin Yuyue , Chen Haiyan , Zhou Linyan
Published: October 2021

This work prepared a controlled release food packaging film by solvent volatilization using polylactic acid (PLA) and mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) loaded with clove essential oil (CEO). White button mushrooms were packaged with PLA and CEO‐loaded MSN PLA composite films to investigate postharvest qualities. The result indicated that PMC‐3 film improves the postharvest qualities of Agaricus bisporus, as reflected by lower weight loss (7.03%), higher total phenolics (2.29 g/kg), and ascorbic acid (27.1 mg/kg) compared with A. bisporus packaged with PLA film. In addition, PMC‐1, PMC‐2, and PMC‐3 treatment significantly improved the antioxidant system of A. bisporus, which inhibited the activity of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase, as well as control the release of clove essential oil during the storage period. These findings suggest that PMC film is a promising method in postharvest preservation of A. bisporus.
Preventability of venous thromboembolism in hospitalised patients
Authors: Narayan Sujita W. , Gad Fady , Chong Julianne , Chen Vivien M. , Patanwala Asad E.
Published: November 2021

Background

Hospital‐acquired venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality.

Aims

To determine the proportion of patients with hospital‐acquired VTE that are preventable.

Methods

This was a retrospective study of patients in two tertiary care hospitals in Sydney, Australia. Data were collected for patients with hospital‐acquired VTE based on International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision, Australian Modification (ICD‐10‐AM) coding from January 2018 to May 2020. Patients were classified as low, moderate or high risk of developing a VTE during hospitalisation based on demographic and clinical factors. A hospital‐acquired VTE was considered to be potentially preventable if there was suboptimal prophylaxis in the absence of contraindications. Suboptimal therapy included at least one of the following related to VTE prophylaxis: low dose, missed dose (prior to developing a VTE), suboptimal drug and delayed start (>24 h from admission).

Results

There were 229 patients identified with VTE based on ICD‐10‐AM coding. A subset of 135 patients were determined to have actual hospital‐acquired VTE. Of these, there were no patients at low risk, 64% (87/135) at moderate risk and 44% (48/135) at high risk of developing a VTE. Most (65%; n = 88/135) patients had one or more contraindications to receive recommended prophylaxis. Overall, the proportion of patients who received suboptimal prophylaxis was 11% (15/135).

Conclusion

Approximately one out of 10 hospital‐acquired VTE are preventable. Hospitals should focus on measuring and reporting VTE that are preventable to provide a more accurate measure of the burden of VTE that can be reduced by improving care.
Human immune polymorphisms associated with the risk of cryptococcal disease
Authors: Onyishi Chinaemerem U. , May Robin C.
Published: October 2021

Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that can cause lethal cryptococcal meningitis in immunocompromised individuals such as those with HIV/AIDS. In addition, cryptococcal infections occasionally arise in immunocompetent individuals or those with previously undiagnosed immunodeficiencies. The course of cryptococcosis is highly variable in both patient groups, and there is rapidly growing evidence that genetic polymorphisms may have a significant impact on the trajectory of disease. Here, we review what is currently known about the nature of these polymorphisms and their impact on host response to C. neoformans infection. Thus far, polymorphisms in Fc gamma receptors, mannose‐binding lectin, Dectin‐2, Toll‐like receptors and macrophage colony‐stimulating factor have been associated with susceptibility to cryptococcal disease. Notably, however, in some cases the impact of these polymorphisms depends on the genetic background of the population; for example, the FCGR3A 158 F/V polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of cryptococcal disease in both HIV‐positive and HIV‐negative white populations, but not in Han Chinese patients. In most cases, the precise mechanism by which the identified polymorphisms influence disease progression remains unclear, although impaired fungal recognition and phagocytosis by innate immune cells appears to play a major role. Finally, we highlight outstanding questions in the field and emphasize the need for future research to include more diverse populations in their genetic association studies.
Traits mediate niches and co‐occurrences of forest beetles in ways that differ among bioclimatic regions
Authors: Burner Ryan C. , Stephan Jörg G. , Drag Lukas , Birkemoe Tone , Muller Jörg , Snäll Tord , Ovaskainen Otso , Potterf Mária , Siitonen Juha , Skarpaas Olav , Doerfler Inken , Gossner Martin M. , Schall Peter , Weisser Wolfgang W. , Sverdrup‐Thygeson Anne
Published: October 2021

Aim

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of traits in beetle community assembly and test for consistency in these effects among several bioclimatic regions. We asked (1) whether traits predicted species’ responses to environmental gradients (i.e. their niches), (2) whether these same traits could predict co‐occurrence patterns and (3) how consistent were niches and the role of traits among study regions.

Location

Boreal forests in Norway and Finland, temperate forests in Germany.

Taxon

Wood‐living (saproxylic) beetles.

Methods

We compiled capture records of 468 wood‐living beetle species from the three regions, along with nine morphological and ecological species traits. Eight climatic and forest covariates were also collected. We used Bayesian hierarchical joint species distribution models to estimate the influence of traits and phylogeny on species’ niches. We also tested for correlations between species associations and trait similarity. Finally, we compared species niches and the effects of traits among study regions.

Results

Traits explained some of the variability in species’ niches, but their effects differed among study regions. However, substantial phylogenetic signal in species niches implies that unmeasured but phylogenetically structured traits have a stronger effect. Degree of trait similarity was correlated with species associations but depended idiosyncratically on the trait and region. Species niches were much more consistent—widespread taxa often responded similarly to an environmental gradient in each region.

Main conclusions

The inconsistent effects of traits among regions limit their current use in understanding beetle community assembly. Phylogenetic signal in niches, however, implies that better predictive traits can eventually be identified. Consistency of species niches among regions means niches may remain relatively stable under future climate and land use changes; this lends credibility to predictive distribution models based on future climate projections but may imply that species’ scope for short‐term adaptation is limited.
Epicardial atrial pacing after the extracardiac Fontan operation: Feasibility of an entirely transvenous approach
Authors: Hoyt Walter J. , Moore Jeremy P. , Shannon Kevin M. , Kannankeril Prince J. , Fish Frank A.
Published: October 2021

This series describes an innovative technique for pacing in patients with sinus node dysfunction after extracardiac Fontan surgery. This transpulmonary approach to the left atrial epi‐myocardium has been successfully applied to three patients at two centers and resulted in excellent acute and midterm pacing characteristics without known complications. The principal advantage of this procedure in comparison to prior iterations is the absence of pacing material within the pulmonary venous atrium, so that future systemic thromboembolism risk is minimized. The transpulmonary approach for permanent atrial pacing offers a novel solution to the unique challenges for patients after extracardiac Fontan operation.
Insights into the functional role of grass carp IL‐8 in head kidney leukocytes: pro‐inflammatory effects and signalling mechanisms
Authors: Zhao Minghui , Liu Yazhen , Gao Yajun , Wang Xinyan , Zhou Hong , Zhang Anying
Published: October 2021

Interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) is a critical chemokine regulating immune cells' chemotaxis as well as their physiological or pathological activations. In fish cells, recombinant IL‐8 proteins induced transcriptions of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Nonetheless, the exact mechanisms underlying the function of fish IL‐8 as a pro‐inflammatory cytokine are still unclear. In this paper, the authors first prepared recombinant grass carp IL‐8 (rgcIL‐8) using an Escherichia coli expression system, and later confirmed rgcIL‐8 increased gene expression of il8, il1β and tumour necrosis factor alpha (tnfα) in grass carp head kidney leukocytes (HKLs). Using signalling pathway inhibitors, the authors showed that rgcIL‐8 regulated transcriptions of pro‐inflammatory cytokines via MAPK and/or NF‐κB signalling pathways. They cloned gcIL‐8‐specific receptor CXCR1 and subsequently discovered that gcIL‐8 could increase the activity of NF‐κB and the transcription of IL‐1β via CXCR1. Simultaneously, antibody neutralization assay showed that endogenous IL‐8 is partially relevant to the self‐regulation of IL‐1β. Moreover, rgcIL‐8 led to the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene, causing an accumulation of nitric oxide in the culture medium of HKLs, suggesting the potential of gcIL‐8 to mediate inflammatory response. This study not only enriched the function of IL‐8 in teleost but also revealed it as a potential target for the inflammatory control in grass carp.
The effects of intrinsic foot muscle strengthening on functional mobility in older adults: A systematic review
Authors: Futrell Erin E. , Roberts Dawn , Toole Eric
Published: October 2021

Background

Weakness and disuse of intrinsic foot muscles contributes to dysfunction in foot and toe alignment and sensory input, which may lead to instability and falls in older adults. The aim of this systematic review was to report the effects of intrinsic foot muscle strengthening (IFMS) interventions on functional mobility in adults aged ≥65 years.

Methods

A systematic review was performed with searches from December 2019—February 2021 using MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Rehab and Sports Medicine Source, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Additional sources were sought using reference scanning. Eligible sources analyzed adults aged ≥65 years (n = 1674) who were ambulatory, used a functional mobility outcome measure, and contained foot and ankle interventions that included IFMS. Literature studies regarding neurological, vestibular, cognitive, amputation, or post‐surgical conditions were excluded. Studies that did not specify intrinsic foot muscle involvement were excluded. Two authors extracted relevant studies and appraised them using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale.

Results

A total of 1420 articles were screened for relevance, and 16 were extracted. Five additional sources were obtained through reference scanning. Nine articles were eligible for review. PEDro scores ranged from 3 to 7 (out of 10), indicating “fair” quality of evidence. Heterogeneity of methods and data did not allow for statistical comparison. Themes extracted from sources were types of intrinsic foot strengthening interventions and parameters; outcomes on falls, balance, functional mobility; and subjective reports regarding functional mobility.

Conclusion

Evidence reviewed was of fair quality. IFMS interventions contributed to improvements in strength, balance, mobility, and possibly reduced fall risk. There was little effect on gait. Subjective reports indicate a possible mechanism for improved mobility may be from increased proprioception and sensation.
Influence of basal media composition on barrier fidelity within human pluripotent stem cell‐derived blood‐brain barrier models
Authors: Neal Emma H. , Katdare Ketaki A. , Shi Yajuan , Marinelli Nicholas A. , Hagerla Kameron A. , Lippmann Ethan S.
Published: October 2021

It is increasingly recognized that brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs), the principal component of the blood‐brain barrier (BBB), are highly sensitive to soluble cues from both the bloodstream and the brain. This concept extends in vitro, where the extracellular milieu can also influence BBB properties in cultured cells. However, the extent to which baseline culture conditions can affect BBB properties in vitro remains unclear, which has implications for model variability and reproducibility, as well as downstream assessments of molecular transport and disease phenotypes. Here, we explore this concept by examining BBB properties within human‐induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)‐derived BMEC‐like cells cultured under serum‐free conditions in DMEM/F12 and Neurobasal media, which have fully defined compositions. We demonstrate notable differences in both passive and active BBB properties as a function of basal media composition. Further, RNA sequencing and phosphoproteome analyses revealed alterations to various signaling pathways in response to basal media differences. Overall, our results demonstrate that baseline culture conditions can have a profound influence on the performance of in vitro BBB models, and these effects should be considered when designing experiments that utilize such models for basic research and preclinical assays.

image
Epidemiology of Kawasaki disease in Australia using two nationally complete datasets
Authors: Lucas Ryan , Dennington Peta , Wood Erica , Murray Kevin J , Cheng Allen , Burgner David , Singh‐Grewal Davinder
Published: October 2021

Aim

The incidence of Kawasaki disease (KD) is reported to be increasing in some populations. We sought to describe long‐term trends in the incidence and epidemiology of KD in Australia over 25 years.

Methods

Two nationally complete administrative datasets relevant to KD in Australia were analysed and compared. The Australian Red Cross Lifeblood Supply Tracking Analysis Reporting System (STARS) recorded all doses of immunoglobulin (IVIG) approved in Australia between January 2007 and June 2016. The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare National Hospital Morbidity Database (NHMD) records all episodes of care in hospitals across Australia. Data relevant to KD were extracted an analysed, with comparisons made for the period of data overlap.

Results

During the period of data overlap (2007–2015) the IVIG treatment rate in the 0‐ to 4‐year age group (calculated from STARS) was 14.31 per 100 000 person‐years (95% confidence interval 13.67–14.97). The hospitalisation rate in the same age group (calculated from the NHMD) was 14.99 per 100 000 person‐years (95% confidence interval 14.33–15.66). Hospitalisation rates rose at an average rate of 3.54% annually over the 25 years to 2017 in the 0‐ to 4‐year age group, almost exclusively in the 1‐ to 4‐year age group.

Conclusions

There is evidence of increasing KD diagnosis in Australia. Similar trends have also been reported in Asia but not in North America or Europe. Increasing diagnosis may reflect a true increase in disease incidence, increasing recognition or overdiagnosis. Further research is needed to determine the cause for these trends.
Surfactin reduces particulate matter–induced VCAM‐1–dependent monocyte adhesion in human gingival fibroblasts by increasing Nrf2‐dependent HO‐1 expression
Authors: Vo Thi Thuy Tien , Huang Han Wei , Wee Yinshen , Feng Sheng‐Wei , Cheng Hsin‐Chung , Tuan Vo Phuoc , Lee I‐Ta
Published: October 2021

Background and objectives

The mechanisms of particulate matter (PM) toxicity involve the generation of ROS and upregulation of proinflammatory molecules. Nrf2 is a multifunctional cytoprotective transcription factor that regulates the expression of various antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and detoxifying molecules, such as HO‐1. As surfactin has potential to induce Nrf2 activation and HO‐1 expression, this study aimed to investigate the anti‐inflammatory effects of surfactin on PM‐exposed human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) and signaling pathways engaged by surfactin.

Materials and methods

Human gingival fibroblasts were challenged by PM with or without surfactin pretreatment. The expression of Nrf2, HO‐1, VCAM‐1, and other molecules was determined by western blot, real‐time PCR, or ELISA. Human monocytic THP‐1 cells labeled with fluorescent reagent were added to HGFs, and the cell adhesion was assessed. ROS generation and NADPH oxidase activity were also measured. The involvement of Nrf2/HO‐1 and ROS signaling pathways was investigated by treating HGFs with specific pathway interventions, genetically or pharmacologically. One dose of surfactin was given to mice before PM treatment to explore its in vivo effect on VCAM‐1 expression in gingival tissues.

Results

Particulate matter led to VCAM‐1–dependent monocyte adhesion in HGFs, which was regulated by PKCα/NADPH oxidase/ROS/STAT1/IL‐6 pathway. Surfactin could attenuate monocyte adhesion by disrupting this VCAM‐1–dependent pathway. Additionally, surfactin promoted Nrf2‐dependent HO‐1 expression in HGFs, mitigating VCAM‐1 expression. PM‐treated mice exhibited the lower expression of IL‐6 and VCAM‐1 in gingival tissues if they previously received surfactin.

Conclusion

Surfactin exerts anti‐inflammatory effects against PM‐induced inflammatory responses in HGFs by inhibiting VCAM‐1–dependent pathway and inducing Nrf2/HO‐1 axis.
Transforming Yemen? Divergent Saudi and Emirati Intervention Policies
Authors: Parker Tyler B.
Published: November 2021

Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) have pursued distinct policies in Yemen since their intervention began in March 2015. The Saudis remain mired in an air war in the north to defeat the Houthis, an Iran‐linked group that ousted Yemeni President Abdu Rabbu Mansour Hadi. Between 2016 and 2019, the UAE shifted from this task toward a ground war in the south to fight Islamist groups and support the Southern Transitional Council (STC), a secessionist organization that opposes Hadi's government. Why have Saudi Arabia and the UAE pursued such different intervention policies? Building on Elizabeth Saunders’ intervention typology, as well as theories of alliance politics, I analyze individual‐leader perceptions of both the origins and types of external threats. I argue that Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman formed a “nontransformative” policy in the north to address a material threat embodied in the Houthis. Alternatively, Abu Dhabi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed formed a “transformative” policy in the south to counter Islamist threats that could spread to the UAE. Assessing these different intervention policies amid divergent threat perceptions sheds light on Yemen's multifaceted conflict.
Collaborative control of traffic signal and variable guiding lane for isolated intersection under connected and automated vehicle environment
Authors: Ding Chuan , Dai Rongjian , Fan Yue , Zhang Zhao , Wu Xinkai
Published: October 2021

Existing signalized intersection control methods allocate intersection resources to each phase from the time dimension based on traffic conflict. Solving the traffic control issues caused by the unbalanced traffic demands at intersections is always a challenge. Recently developed connected and automated vehicle (CAV) technologies render it possible to collect detailed real‐time traffic information from vehicles for the optimal control and management of time‐space resources at signalized intersections. In this paper, we propose a mixed integer quadratic programming to jointly optimize signal timings and variable guide lane settings for a typical four‐arm intersection in the CAV environment. From the time dimension, restrictions of the conventional concept of the signal cycle are overcome. Phase sequences, green start, and duration are freely assigned for each CAV platoon based on the movement‐based signal timing. From the space dimension, lane resources can be reasonably allocated in consideration of the dynamic traffic demand distribution. In this study, a demand‐response control is realized for the signalized intersection through time‐space resources cooperated optimization. Furthermore, vehicle trajectory control is integrated into the collaborative control framework to reduce or eliminate wasted green time. At last, we propose the dynamic control process using the collaborative control framework. Numerical simulation results show that the collaborative control method outperforms over fixed‐time and signal optimization control modes in terms of travel time with both under‐saturated and over‐saturated conditions.
Detection ofTrypanosoma cruziinfection byPCRinCanis lupus familiarisand their ectoparasites in Chile
Authors: Opazo A. , Bacigalupo A. , Urrutia S. , Chávez G.
Published: October 2021

Chronic Chagas disease affects humans and animals, involving rural and urban inhabitants. Dogs participate in the maintenance and transmission ofTrypanosoma cruzi. The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence ofT. cruziin dogs and their ticks and fleas, in a rural area of Central Chile.Trypanosoma cruziwas detected by PCR both in dogs and ectoparasites. From the blood samples obtained, 57% were infected byT. cruzi, 5.4% of the ticks detected were positive, and all fleas were negative. Additionally, we performed electrocardiograms and found supraventricular arrhythmia in 44% ofT. cruzi‐positive dogs. Nevertheless, their risk for supraventricular arrhythmias was not higher in infected versus noninfected dogs. Considering the detected infection levels, dogs act asT. cruzihosts in Central Chile, and ticks could be used as an indicator of infection when blood samples are not available. However, at this point, there is no indication that these ticks could pass on the parasite to another host. Periodic ectoparasitic treatment of pets should reduce the chance of vectorial transmission ofT. cruziand improve canine health; however, this is an uncommon practice among rural communities, so governmental programs are encouraged to tackle this problem.
The RNA recognition motif‐containing protein UBA2c prevents early flowering by promoting transcription of the flowering repressor FLM in Arabidopsis
Authors: Zhao Nan , Su Xiao‐Min , Liu Zhang‐Wei , Zhou Jin‐Xing , Su Yin‐Na , Cai Xue‐Wei , Chen Ling , Wu Zhe , He Xin‐Jian
Published: November 2021

FLOWERING LOCUS M (FLM) is a well‐known MADS‐box transcription factor that is required for preventing early flowering under low temperatures in Arabidopsis thaliana. Alternative splicing of FLM is involved in the regulation of temperature‐responsive flowering. However, how the basic transcript level of FLM is regulated is largely unknown.

Here, we conducted forward genetic screening and identified a previously uncharacterized flowering repressor gene, UBA2c. Genetic analyses indicated that UBA2c represses flowering at least by promoting FLM transcription.

We further demonstrated that UBA2c directly binds to FLM chromatin and facilitates FLM transcription by inhibiting histone H3K27 trimethylation, a histone marker related to transcriptional repression. UBA2c encodes a protein containing two putative RNA recognition motifs (RRMs) and one prion‐like domain (PrLD). We found that UBA2c forms speckles in the nucleus and that both the RRMs and PrLD are required not only for forming the nuclear speckles but also for the biological function of UBA2c.

These results identify a previously unknown flowering repressor and provide insights into the regulation of flowering time.
Mechanism and potential contributing factors to temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis
Authors: Zhang Juan , Zhang Shuai , Qi Wen‐Jun , Xu Cong‐Lin , Zhou Jie , Wang Jiang‐Hong , Wang Bao‐Li
Published: October 2021

Objective

To investigate the mechanism of and potential contributing factors to temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) caused by oestrogen deficiency with a persistent high bite force.

Materials and methods

A TMJOA model was generated by subjecting 6‐week‐old female rats to ovariectomy (OVX) and feeding them a hard feed. The rats (n = 12/group) were divided into sham (control); OVX; OVX+hard feed (HF); OVX+hard feed+local‐joint injection of 17β‐oestradiol (an oestrogen) (E2); and OVX+hard feed+local‐joint injection of rapamycin (an autophagy activator) (RAPA)groups. Condyles were stained with haematoxylin‐eosin and Safranin O Fast Green. The expression of Beclin 1, LC3 and p‐mTOR in condylar cartilages was analysed.

Results

Tissue staining revealed thinner condylar cartilage, varying numbers or fewer hypertrophic chondrocytes, and lower proteoglycan content in the cartilage matrix of the OVX group. These characteristics were more pronounced in the HF group, but were significantly recovered in the E2 and RAPA groups. Immunohistochemical staining revealed significantly lower autophagic flux in OVX/HF groups and a higher one in E2/RAPA groups.

Conclusions

A persistent high bite force could aggravate TMJOA induced by oestrogen deficiency, and the application of oestrogen or rapamycin could delay its progression. Additionally, autophagy may play a role in the development of TMJOA.
Updates of liquid biopsy in oral cancer and multiomics analysis
Authors: Zhang Xinning , Li Binbin
Published: October 2021

Liquid biopsy is a method sampled from body fluids, such as blood, saliva, urine, pleural effusion, cerebrospinal fluid, and so on. It is minimally invasive and reproducible and therefore can build a dynamic, real‐time monitoring of oral squamous cell carcinoma patient's conditions and treatment responses. Circulating tumor cells, circulating tumor DNA and exosomes are three main detection objects of liquid biopsy, having different detection methods and features involving cost, sensitivity, specificity and output. Blood and saliva are the options of liquid biopsy in oral cancer. Then we reviewed the studies of liquid biopsy in oral cancer, integrating multiomics analysis of these results. The multiomics analysis of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and DNA methylation have shown potential for the early screening, diagnosis, staging, prognosis, personalized medicine therapy, and monitoring of recurrence (minimal residual disease). Besides, we concluded some problems to be solved, such as the lack of the standard of the measurement methods and procedures of samples, the insufficient connection among different omics, and how to improve the sensitivity and specificity. And we also put up rough assumptions to these problems. However, the analysis of multiomics of liquid biopsy in oral cancer still shows great clinical value in the diagnosis and treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma.
Effect of tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib on tissue repair at tooth extraction sites
Authors: Ratzkowski Bruna , Koth Valesca S. , Azambuja Alan A. , Salum Fernanda G. , de Figueiredo Maria A. Z. , Cherubini Karen
Published: November 2021

Background

Both zoledronic acid, a potent bisphosphonate, and the antiangiogenic drug sunitinib are included in anticancer protocols and have also been associated with jaw osteonecrosis. Our aim was to compare the effect of these drugs on tissue repair at tooth extraction sites.

Methods

Wistar rats were allocated into four groups: (1) sunitinib; (2) sunitinib/zoledronic acid; (3) zoledronic acid; (4) control group. The animals underwent tooth extractions and maxillae were macro‐ and microscopically analyzed.

Results

On macroscopic evaluation, the zoledronic acid group showed a significantly higher frequency of oral mucosal lesion; lesions in the sunitinib/zoledronic acid group were larger, albeit not significantly so. The sunitinib/zoledronic acid group had significantly less epithelium than the zoledronic acid and control group, but showed no significant difference compared to the sunitinib group. The sunitinib/zoledronic acid and zoledronic acid groups did not differ from each other, but had significantly less connective tissue and more non‐vital bone and microbial colonies than sunitinib and control groups, whereas these latter two groups did not significantly differ from each other. Vital bone and inflammatory infiltrate did not significantly differ between groups.

Conclusion

Sunitinib alone is not associated with non‐vital bone, whereas the sunitinib/zoledronic acid combination and zoledronic acid alone are.
Food allergy in infants assessed in two German birth cohorts 10 years after the EuroPrevall Study
Authors: Röhrl Daniela V. , Brandstetter Susanne , Siziba Linda P. , Rothenbacher Dietrich , Gaertner Vincent D. , Harner Susanne , Köninger Angela , Apfelbacher Christian , Melter Michael , Genuneit Jon , Kabesch Michael ,   the KUNO Kids Study Group
Published: October 2021

Background

The prevalence of food allergies (FA) in children increased rapidly at the turn of the century. The EuroPrevall study identified Germany as a country with very high prevalence of FA at that time. Using two large German birth cohorts, we provide an update of the status quo 10 years later.

Methods

KUNO Kids and Ulm SPATZ Health studies are two ongoing prospective birth cohorts. Information on FA was obtained by questionnaires at birth and after 6, 12, and 24 months. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate risk factors during pregnancy, birth, and early childhood.

Results

In 1139 and 1006 children from KUNO Kids and SPATZ, the point prevalence of parent‐reported FA symptoms at the ages of 1 and 2 years was 13.2% (95% CI: 11.2–15.2) and 13.9% (95% CI: 11.5–17.2) in KUNO Kids. Doctor's diagnosed FA at 1 and 2 years was 2.4% (95% CI: 1.6–3.4) and 2.7% (95% CI: 1.2–4.3) in KUNO Kids and 2.3% (95% CI: 1.3–3.6) and 3% (95% CI: 2.0–4.5) in SPATZ. Cow's milk and citrus fruits were most frequently suspected by parents to cause FA symptoms. Atopy in the child was associated with a higher frequency of FA at any time, whereas atopy in first‐degree relatives was only associated with FA at year 1. Smoke exposure during pregnancy was a risk for FA at age 2.

Conclusion

The prevalence of food allergy seems to have plateaued in the last 10 years in Germany. FA is often suspected by parents but only rarely diagnosed by oral food challenge. Risk factor analysis may help to establish personalized health approaches.
Lycopene intake induces colonic regulatory T cells in mice and suppresses food allergy symptoms
Authors: Ushiroda Chihiro , Takagi Tomohisa , Fuke Nobuo , Mizushima Katsura , Hirai Yasuko , Higashimura Yasuki , Harusato Akihito , Kamada Kazuhiro , Uchiyama Kazuhiko , Ishikawa Takeshi , Aizawa Koichi , Suganuma Hiroyuki , Itoh Yoshito , Naito Yuji
Published: October 2021

Background

Food allergy (FA) is a common disease in children; thus, a high level of safety is required for its prevention and treatment. Colonic regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been suggested to attenuate FA. We investigated the Treg‐inducing ability and anti‐FA effects of carotenoids, a pigment contained in vegetables and fruits.

Methods

C57BL/6N mice were fed a diet containing 0.01% (w/w) of lycopene, β‐carotene, astaxanthin or lutein for 4 weeks, and the population of colonic Tregs was assessed. Subsequently, to evaluate the Treg‐inducing ability of lycopene, splenic naïve CD4+ T cells from BALB/c mice were cultured with anti‐CD3/CD28 antibody, TGF‐β and lycopene, and the frequencies of Tregs were examined. The effect of 0.1% (w/w) lycopene containing diet on FA was investigated in OVA‐induced FA model BALB/c mice.

Results

In screening, only lycopene significantly increased the frequency and number of colonic Tregs. Lycopene also increased Treg differentiation in splenic naïve CD4+ T cells. In FA mice, lycopene feeding significantly increased the number of colonic Tregs and attenuated allergic symptoms. The expression levels of IL‐4, IL‐9 and IL‐13 mRNA in colonic mucosa were also significantly reduced by lycopene. IL‐9 is known to induce proliferation of mast cells, and we found that lycopene feeding significantly reduced the number of mast cells in the colonic mucosa of FA mice.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that lycopene, a carotenoid present in many common foods on the market, may have the potential to induce colonic Tregs and suppress FA symptoms.
StomataScorer: a portable and high‐throughput leaf stomata trait scorer combined with deep learning and an improved CV model
Authors: Liang Xiuying , Xu Xichen , Wang Zhiwei , He Lei , Zhang Kaiqi , Liang Bo , Ye Junli , Shi Jiawei , Wu Xi , Dai Mingqiu , Yang Wanneng
Published: October 2021

To measure stomatal traits automatically and nondestructively, a new method for detecting stomata and extracting stomatal traits was proposed. Two portable microscopes with different resolutions (TipScope with a 40× lens attached to a smartphone and ProScope HR2 with a 400× lens) are used to acquire images of living stomata in maize leaves. FPN model was used to detect stomata in the TipScope images and measure the stomata number and stomatal density. Faster RCNN model was used to detect opening and closing stomata in the ProScope HR2 images, and the number of opening and closing stomata was measured. An improved CV model was used to segment pores of opening stomata, and a total of 6 pore traits were measured. Compared to manual measurements, the square of the correlation coefficient (R2) of the 6 pore traits was higher than 0.85, and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of these traits was 0.02%–6.34%. The dynamic stomata changes between wild‐type B73 and mutant Zmfab1a were explored under drought and re‐watering condition. The results showed that Zmfab1a had a higher resilience than B73 on leaf stomata. In addition, the proposed method was tested to measure the leaf stomatal traits of other nine species. In conclusion, a portable and low‐cost stomata phenotyping method that could accurately and dynamically measure the characteristic parameters of living stomata was developed. An open‐access and user‐friendly web portal was also developed which has the potential to be used in the stomata phenotyping of large populations in the future.