bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VARIATIONS IN PLASMA THYROXINE DURING LABOUR AND EARLY PUERPERIUM
Authors: Siersbæk-Nielsen K. , Hansen J. Mølholm
Published: December 2008

Repeated determinations of plasma T4, PBI, dialysable T4 and free T4 were undertaken on 31 mothers of full-term infants and ten mothers of premature infants in the perinatal period. The blood samples were obtained 2–7 hours before delivery, at delivery, 3–6 hours after delivery, 6–12 hours after delivery and on the 2nd, 3rd–4th and 5th–6th day after birth. Similar investigations were also undertaken on cord blood. A significant increase in the mean value for plasma T4 of approximately 25 % was found from before delivery to the time of delivery. This was followed by a rapid decrease, so that a return to values observed before delivery occurred on the 2nd day after delivery. Dial. T4 did not alter during the rapid variations in the plasma T4. Plasma T4 was found to be significantly increased in maternal blood at delivery as compared with cord blood but there was no significant difference in the mean values for free T4 in the cord blood and the maternal blood at delivery, suggesting a free passive passage of T4 via the placenta. The variations found have not been described previously and they provide a possible explanation for the disagreements between the results of previous investigators. The reason for the variations and their significance in assessing possible equilibrium between free T4 in the maternal blood and cord blood are discussed.
A NEW PATHWAY OF OESTRIOL BIOSYNTHESIS IN PREGNANCY?
Authors: Shahwan M. M. , Oakey R. E. , Stitch S. R.
Published: December 2008

Incubation of [14C] pregnenolone with sliced adrenal tissue from a newborn anencephalic infant yielded [14C] 16α-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone (16α-OH-D). When [3H]dehydroepiandrosterone (D) was incubated with this tissue, [3H] 16α-OH-D could not be detected. Incubation of [3H] pregnenolone and [14C]D together in equimolar quantities yielded 16α-OH-D containing 3H but not 14C. This evidence suggests that 16α-OH-D can be formed in vitro by the adrenal of the newborn anencephalic infant from a C21 steroid by a pathway which avoids D.

16α-OH-D is an efficient precursor of oestriol in late pregnancy. The pathway demonstrated in vitro could therefore provide another source of oestriol precursor from foetal tissues, similar to that which Kirschner et al. (1966) suggested may operate in maternal tissues.
PATHWAYS IN THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF ANDROSTENEDIONE IN THE HUMAN OVARY IN VITRO
Authors: Aakvaag Asbjørn
Published: December 2008

Human ovarian tissue was incubated with pregnenolone and progesterone simultaneously, one labelled with 3H, the other with 14C. Isolation and quantitation of metabolites indicated that the preferred pathway to androstenedione from pregnenolone was through the Δ5-intermediates, in normal tissue, as well as in tissue from a patient with the Stein-Leventhal's syndrome. Metabolism of pregnenolone was essentially unaffected by the progesterone concentration in the medium. Addition of human chorionic gonadotrophin to the medium did not influence the relative utilization of the two substrates for biosynthesis of androstenedione.
MODE OF ACTION OF CLOMIPHENE
Authors: Hammerstein J.
Published: December 2008

The in vitro influence of clomiphene citrate on the incorporation of acetate-1-14C into progesterone by slices of human corpora lutea was studied in 10 experiments using the reverse isotopic dilution technique for the isolation and purification of radioactive progesterone, followed in most instances by crystallization to constant specific activity.

As a clear-cut and reproducible result, the formation of progesterone from labelled acetate was considerably diminished in the presence of clomiphene citrate independent of whether the tissues originated from the menstrual cycle or from normal as well as ectopic pregnancies. This inhibitory effect on the biosynthesis of progesterone was intensified by increasing the concentration of clomiphene in the medium. It was demonstrable after 13.3 minutes of incubation as well as after 6 hours. No obvious interference of clomiphene with the stimulating action of HCG on steroidogenesis was found.

These findings point to a direct action of clomiphene on the ovary which might also have some bearing on the mode of action of clomiphene in vivo.
EFFECT OF FREEZING AND THAWING AND OF DILUENT ON THE POTENCY OF HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN IN THREE METHODS OF BIOASSAY
Authors: Borth Rudi , Menzi Annette
Published: December 2008

In a study designed as a factorial experiment, the biological activity of standard solutions of human chorionic gonadotrophin in distilled water (A), saline (B), 1 % bovine serum albumin (C), 0.5 % gelatin (D), and borate buffer of pH 9 (E) was investigated under four different conditions of freezing and thawing, using the following three methods of bioassay: ovarian ascorbic acid depletion in rats (OAAD), uterine weight in mice (UW), and ovarian hyperaemia in rats (OH).

Repeated freezing and thawing and prolonged storage at -15°C did not affect the potency in any test. In the OAAD test, the potency was increased 4–5fold by D, and 2–3fold by C. In the OH test, E augmented the potency 2–3fold.

These findings are of interest in the practice of bioassay, in studying mechanisms of response, and regarding administration for therapeutic purposes. Diluents which possess augmenting properties could be used to improve the sensitivity of a bioassay if standard and unknowns showed the same degree of augmentation.
CYTOLOGICAL AND CYTOCHEMICAL COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF CYPROTERONE (ANTI-ANDROGEN) AND GONADECTOMY ON THE GONADOTROPHIC CELLS OF THE HYPOPHYSIS IN MALE RATS
Authors: Mietkiewski Kazimierz , Malendowicz Ludwik , Lukaszyk Andrzej
Published: December 2008

Cyproterone, a competitive inhibitor of testosterone, injected into male rats in daily doses of 10 mg, induces hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the mucoid cells of the hypophysis, followed by the appearance of castration cells. The largest number of these cells is observed on the 12th test-day. These changes are accompanied by degranulation of mucoid cells and an increase in the reactions for acid phosphatase and non-specific esterases. As the injection of cyproterone is continued, the number of castration cells in the anterior lobe of the hypophysis decreases and the cytoenzymic reactions observed show a fall in intensity.

Gonadectomy, on the contrary, brings about lasting characteristic changes in the anterior lobe of the hypophysis, which mainly consist in the occurrence of castration cells accompanied by an increase in the intensity of reactions for acid phosphatase and non-specific esterases.

The above data suggest that in the course of administration of cyproterone, suitable adaptive systems develop in the organism which inhibit the action of this anti-androgen.
AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF THE PARATHYROID GLANDS IN MAN: EVIDENCE OF SECRETORY MATERIAL
Authors: Weymouth Richard J. , Seibel Hugo R.
Published: December 2008

The ultrastructure of one hyperplastic and three adenomatous parathyroid glands have been described. Electron dense bodies measuring 0.08–0.5 microns in diameter and similar to those reported by Roth & Munger (1962) and Weymouth & Sheridan (1966) were described. These bodies were increased in number in the pathological glands, observed primarily at the vascular pole of the cell and frequently within the adjoining endothelial cells. Similar structures were found frequently within the mitochondria. In all probability, these electron dense bodies represent secretory material; the mitochondria play an intimate role in this metabolic process of secretion.

Large, whorl-shaped structures, composed of concentric membranes, were also described. These structures may be of functional significance in hypersecreting glands, since they were observed in the pathological parathyroid glands only.

»Transitional« cells were readily apparent.
EINFLUSS VON D-THYROXIN AUF DAS PB127I IM SERUM
Authors: Krüskemper H. L. , Morgner K. D.
Published: December 2008

When orally applicated, D-thyroxine (1–4 mg) lead in normal subjects to a dose dependent rise of PB127I, which was accompanied with characteristic changes of 131I-triiodothyronine-resin uptake.

D-thyroxine caused a smaller rise of PB127I of short duration when compared with L-thyroxine.

In patients suffering from thyroid disorders, D-thyroxine is eliminated from serum in analogy with L-thyroxine, i. e. accelerated in hyperthyroidism, delayed in hypothyroidism.
THE RELATIVE EFFECTS OF CORTISONE AND TRIAMCINOLONE (9α-FLUORO-16α-HYDROXYPREDNISOLONE) ON THE URINARY EXCRETION OF TRYPSIN INHIBITOR IN MAN
Authors: Faarvang Hans J. , Lauritsen O. S.
Published: December 2008

The dose-response relationships between oral triamcinolone and cortisone acetate and the urinary trypsin inhibitor excretion have been compared in two normal women. It was found that 6 and 2 mg of triamcinolone, respectively, had the same effect as about 100 mg of cortisone acetate, giving ratios of activity between triamcinolone and cortisone of about 15/1 and 45/1. These ratios of effect are much larger than those which have been found in man for other functions affected by glucocorticoids including the therapeutic effects. The relative effect in man of triamcinolone can therefore apparently vary from function to function as has also been found in experimental animals.

Increasing doses of exogenous glucocorticoid produce increasing excretions of trypsin inhibitor, but only within limited dose ranges. The maximal effect of cortisone acetate was obtained with a daily dose of about 100 mg, whereas the maximal effect in the two subjects was obtained with different doses of triamcinolone, but in both cases with amounts equivalent to about 100 mg of cortisone acetate.
DIVERGENT RESPONSES OF ARTERIOSCLEROTIC AND NON-ARTERIOSCLEROTIC RATS TO A CATABOLIC DOSE OF CORTISONE
Authors: Wexler Bernard C. , Saroff Jack
Published: December 2008

Male and female rats bred repeatedly develop arteriosclerosis spontaneously. Current information indicates that stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in association with the active, repeated breeding may be responsible for the increased adrenocortical steroid production which would account for the abnormal lipid, carbohydrate and protein metabolism and arteriosclerosis observed in these animals. Arteriosclerotic breeder rats and non-arteriosclerotic virgin rats were given chronic injections of cortisone. The arteriosclerotic animals showed the most significant catabolic effects due to overdose with steroid, i. e., loss in body weight, disuse atrophy of the adrenal gland, reduced serum corticosterone levels, thymus gland involution, myocardial and renal changes. The excess glucocorticoid caused an acceleration of the usual pattern of development of the arterial disease and increased severity of the pre-existing arteriosclerosis. The excess endogenous steroid did not induce arterial damage in previously non-arteriosclerotic animals. It is believed that the increased activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in repeatedly bred rats conditions the arterial wall towards derangement of connective tissue ground substance and elements and the development of arteriosclerosis, i. e., a hormonal basis for the pathogenesis of this model of cardiovascular disease.
THE LESS-POLAR METABOLITES PRODUCED BY INCUBATION OF TESTOSTERONE-4-14C WITH RAT AND BOVINE BRAIN
Authors: Sholiton Leon J. , Werk Emile E.
Published: December 2008

Rat and bovine brain have been incubated with testosterone-4-14C under standard conditions. With use of paper chromatography, the extracted metabolites were noted to fall into less-polar, iso-polar, and more polar fractions. The components of the less-polar fraction were separated by acetylation and thin-layer chromatography and the major end-products identified by recrystallization to constant specific activity or constant 3H/14C ratios.

Androst-4-enedione and 5α-dihydrotestosterone were formed consistently under the conditions utilized. Trace amounts of other less-polar metabolites were noted occasionally.
INTERPRETATION OF PRODUCT MASS- AND SPECIFIC ACTIVITY-TIME CURVES IN ADRENAL INCUBATION STUDIES
Authors: Vinson G. P. , Whitehouse B. J.
Published: December 2008

Using techniques for simultaneous corticosteroid mass and isotope estimation, yield-, mass- and specific activity-time curves were constructed for products isolated from rat and duck adrenal tissue during incubation with radioactive precursors.

The yield-time curves for labelled products elaborated from added [7α-3H] pregnenolone and [4-14C] progesterone in the duck, and [4-14C] progesterone in the rat, confirmed previous results which indicated that in both species progesterone and deoxycorticosterone are important intermediates in the formation of corticosteroids from the added precursors. The mass-time curves showed that the radioactive precursors and the tissues' endogenous precursors did not form a homogeneous pool in either case. This finding, together with the lack of true steady-state conditions, prevented rigorous application of the Zilversmit et al. (1943) treatment relating product specific activities with the biosynthetic pathway. However, inspection of the curves allowed tentative conclusions to be drawn from these experiments. In particular, it appears that endogenous and added radioactive precursors may be metabolised along similar pathways, and that deoxycorticosterone seems to be an important intermediate in both species.
ALTERATIONS OF PROTEIN, NUCLEIC ACIDS AND ENZYME ACTIVITIES IN THE HUMAN ENDOMETRIUM DURING THE NORMAL MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Authors: Schmidt H. , Berle P. , Voigt K. D.
Published: December 2008

In twenty-one women with a normal menstrual cycle determinations of protein, of nucleic acids and of some enzymes of energy metabolism have been performed on endometrial tissue. The calculation of enzyme activities is based on the DNA content which represents a biochemical parameter of the cell number. The glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and the fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase show markedly increased activities during the secretory phase of the cycle. This suggests that the ovarian hormones induce a considerable stimulation of carbohydrate metabolism of the endometrial cells. Isocitrate dehydrogenase activity shows a transient but marked increase immediately after ovulation. There is also activation of an amino peptidase during the secretory phase of the cycle. The data presented are compatible with previous observations on the cyclic variations of these parameters in the rat uterus.
LIPOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF ACTH AND ITS FRAGMENTS ON ISOLATED FAT CELLS OF THE RAT: INHIBITION BY DIFFERENT TYPES OF ANTISERA
Authors: Benuzzi-Badoni M. , Felber J.-P.
Published: December 2008

The lipolytic activity of the adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and of different fragments of this polypeptide was studied on isolated adipose cells of rat epididymal tissue. Antisera, specific to different portions of ACTH were tested for their inhibitory action on the lipolytic effect of ACTH and of fragments of the ACTH chain.

The specificity of these antisera was measured by competitive inhibition using the radioimmunological method. The different capacities of the antisera to block the lipolytic activity appears to be in agreement with their specific binding as measured by the radioimmunological method. The antisera which bind only the 25–39 part of the ACTH chain, do not inhibit the biological activity of the hormone.

Fragments 1–16, 17–39, 25–39 do not appear to possess any biological activity.

The serum of normal guinea-pigs, which was shown to potentiate the lipolysis produced by the ACTH (1–24 or 1–39) had no activity on shorter fragments of the chain.
SUBCELLULAR DISTRIBUTION OF TESTOSTERONE METABOLITES AFTER PERFUSION OF ISOLATED LIVERS OF GUINEA PIG
Authors: Demisch K. , Birkelbach P. , Ammedick U. , Staib W.
Published: December 2008

The isolated livers of four guinea pigs were perfused with 4-14C-testosterone. It was found, that 23.1 % of the initially added activity was retained in the liver. The subcellular distribution of this 14C-activity was investigated by differential centrifugation.

After the extraction procedure, the 14C-activity of the liver cell fractions was divided into

A activity extractable by ether (free steroids),

B activity remaining in the water phase (steroid-conjugates) and

C activity associated with the filter residues (protein bound steroids).

The ether extractable metabolites were separated by paper and thin layer chromatography and characterized by their gas chromatographic behaviour on a SE 30 and XE 60 column as free steroids, steroid-acetates and steroid-trimethylsilylethers.

It was shown that there was no significant difference between the percentage distribution of free testosterone metabolites in the liver and perfusate.

The steroid-conjugates had a three times higher concentration in the liver than in the perfusate. The subcellular distribution of free steroids showed significant differences. Of particular interest were the different ratios of testosterone to androstenedione in the subcellular fractions.
PRELIMINARY CHARACTERIZATION OF AN ANDROGEN-MACROMOLECULAR COMPLEX FROM THE RAT VENTRAL PROSTATE
Authors: Unhjem Olav , Tveter Kjell J. , Aakvaag Asbjørn
Published: December 2008

Following administration of (1,2-3H)-testosterone to castrated rats or incubation of prostatic tissue with the same steroid, a gel filtration technique has been used for the isolation of a soluble steroid-macromolecular complex from the tissues.

Subsequent steroid analyses revealed that 5α-androstan-17β-ol-3-one was the major component associated with the macromolecules both in the in vivo and by in vitro experiments. The complex is destroyed by proteolytic enzymes like trypsin and pronase, but is unaffected by DNase and RNase. The complex is excluded from G-200 as well as P-300 gel beds. By sucrose density gradient centrifugation two macromolecular components were found associated with radioactivity. The largest component had a sedimentation coefficient of 9.3 S and probably corresponds to the macromolecular complex demonstrated by gel filtration, whereas the smaller component had a sedimentation coefficient of 4.5 S and might represent an association of steroids with serum albumin.
GENITOGRAPHY IN INTERSEXUAL STATES
Authors: Josso Nathalie , Fortier-Beaulieu M. , Fauré C.
Published: December 2008

Genitography was carried out in 86 intersex patients: 45 patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 16 non-adrenal pseudo-hermaphrodites. 13 male pseudo-hermaphrodites, 7 patients with mixed gonadal dysgenesis and 5 true hermaphrodites. The ratio of the horizontal versus the vertical segments of the lower urinary tract was used to assess radiologically the degree of virilization of the uro-genital sinus.

Injection of the vagina presented serious difficulties in 14 cases. Failures in genitography were usually ascribed to inadequate techniques, but were sometimes due to lack of communication between a highly placed vaginal pouch and the urinary tract.

Genitography did not help to distinguish between the various types of intersexuality. However, it is of great value when sex-assignment of an intersex child is discussed.
GLUCOSE TOLERANCE AND INSULIN RESPONSE DURING DAILY CONTINUOUS LOW-DOSE ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE TREATMENT
Authors: Larsson-Cohn U. , Tengström B. , Wide L.
Published: December 2008

Intravenous glucose tolerance tests and insulin determinations were performed on 37 women at different stages of the menstrual cycle and after one, three and twelve months of daily continuous treatment with 0.5 mg of norethindrone or 0.5 mg of chlormadinone acetate. The fasting blood glucose concentration, the k-values (percentage disappearance rate of glucose per minute) and the insulin response to glucose administration were compared. No statistically significant differences were found between the values obtained on two occasions before treatment, and during treatment.
HERSTELLUNG VON PSEUDOGRAVIDITÄTEN BEI FRAUEN DURCH HOCHDOSIERTE, DER FRÜHGRAVIDITÄT ANGEPASSTE HCG-GABEN
Authors: Geiger W. , Kaiser R. , Kneer M.
Published: December 2008

HCG was injected intramuscularly into three normal menstruating women in a quantity sufficient to produce a daily urinary excretion of HCG which when tested immunologically imitated the excretion curve of three women in normal early pregnancy. The doses administered ranged from 300 IU to 80 000 IU daily, while the total dose up to the 21. or 22. day after ovulation was 189 000 IU, 217 000 IU and 284 500 IU respectively and the total urinary excretion 9515 IU (= 5.4 %), 12 302 IU (= 5.65 %) and 9200 IU (= 3.23%). The level of HCG in the plasma after the last injection rose to a maximum (1100 IU – 4800 IU) after 45 to 240 min and showed a rapid decrease up to eight hours and a slow, continuous fall for the next five days. The renal clearance for these days was 1.02 ± 0.16 ml/min, 1.02 ± 0.36 ml/min and 0.63 ± 0.31 ml/min and for the same period post partum 0.42 ± 0.18 ml/min. Despite good specific HCG effects no clinical side-effects were seen.
URINARY EXCRETION OF INTERSTITIAL CELL STIMULATING HORMONE AND SPERM CONCENTRATION IN 219 MALES
Authors: Wide Leif , Kjessler Berndt
Published: December 2008

219 male partners of barren marriages were examined with regard to urinary ICSH (LH) excretion and sperm concentration. The mean ICSH excretion in a group of patients with azoospermia was significantly higher as compared to a group of patients with more than 20 million sperms per ml. The individual excretion values were found to be widely distributed with a considerable overlapping between the groups. Only very few patients with low sperm counts had remarkably low ICSH excretion values. It appears as though only a very limited number of patients with impaired spermatogenesis would benefit from replacement therapy including gonadotrophins with ICSH activity; at least from a theoretical point of view.
CELL RENEWAL IN THE OVARIAN FOLLICLES OF THE RAT DURING THE OESTROUS CYCLE AND IN PERSISTENT OESTRUS
Authors: Tuohimaa Pentti , Niemi Mikko
Published: December 2008

The cell renewal rate and mitotic cycles were studied in the ovarian follicles of normal adult females during dioestrus and oestrus as well as in neonatally androgenized females at the age of 8 to 9 months. Incorporation of tritiated thymidine into nuclear DNA was followed using radioautography. The mitotic index was higher during dioestrus than during oestrus, both in the granulosa and in the theca interna cells. The labelling index during dioestrus was 32.4 per cent for the granulosa and 17.7 per cent for the theca, but there was no incorporation of radioactive thymidine during oestrus. The theca externa did not show any DNA synthetizing activity in either of the cyclic phases. A cell cycle was complete during dioestrus within 17 hours in the granulosa and within 31 hours in the theca interna.

The polycystic ovaries of the persistent oestrous rats showed practically no mitotic activity. In three out of 12 animals some synthesis of DNA was obtained, and in one of them the labelling index exceeded that of the normal dioestrous rats.
EFFECTS OF A SINGLE INJECTION OF TESTOSTERONE AND/OR ETHINYLOESTRADIOL UPON MOUSE PROSTATE GLAND FRUCTOSE LEVELS
Authors: Thomas J. A. , Mawhinney M. , Knych E. T.
Published: December 2008

Single injections of testosterone (20 mg/kg) to castrated mice caused an early stimulation in TCA-extractable fructose. Later, and at somewhat higher doses, free fructose levels were observed to rise. The earliest detectable changes occurred about 12 h following injection.

Single injections of ethinyloestradiol to recently castrated mice (48 h) caused a stimulation of prostate gland TCA-extractable fructose 12 h after hormone administration. Free fructose in these same organs was generally reduced by the administration of this oestrogen.

Ethinyloestradiol given one hour prior to a fructose stimulating dose of testosterone produced essentially the same stimulatory response as ethinyloestradiol alone.

The stimulatory action of ethinyloestradiol is probably related to changes in membrane permeability in the target organ.
LABILITY OF THE PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS SYSTEM OF THE MOUSE KIDNEY AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE REGULATORY EFFECT OF ANDROGENS
Authors: Kochakian Charles D. , Hama Takao
Published: December 2008

The amino acid (leucine, phenylalanine) incorporation system of the postmitochondrial fraction (S2) from the kidney of normal, castrated and testosterone propionate treated mice lost all of its activity on storage over-night at 5°C. The loss in activity was evident within one hour of storage at 4°C. Most of the amino acid incorporating activity was lost within 10 min on preincubation at 37°C. Addition of polyuridylic acid was not able to restore the activity. Neither castration nor the administration of androgen influenced the rate of loss of the amino acid incorporating activity. Separation of the soluble (S3) and microsomal (Ms) fractions and preincubation of either of the fractions produced loss in activity. The addition of poly U restored the activity of the preincubated Ms but not the preincubated S3 fraction. Storage of S2 at −20°C only retarded the rate of loss in activity. The addition of poly U to the enzyme system restored all of the phenylalanine incorporation activity for the castrated mice and most but not all of that of the androgen treated mice. The loss in activity was not accompanied by any detectable change in the RNA.
STUDIES ON THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF ALDOSTERONE IN SOLITARY ADENOMA AND IN NODULAR HYPERPLASIA OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX IN PATIENTS EXHIBITING CONN'S SYNDROME
Authors: Vecsei P. , Purjesz I. , Wolff H. P.
Published: December 2008

The pattern of aldosterone biosynthesis in solitary (primary) adrenal cortical adenomata and in nodular adrenal hyperplasia in patients exhibiting Conn's-syndrome was studied by incubation in the presence of 4-14C-progesterone. The production of radioactive aldosterone and 18-hydroxycorticosterone in solitary adenomata was considerably higher than in the surrounding tissue, indicating increased 18-hydroxylase activity. This could be responsible for the hypersecretion of aldosterone in Conn's-syndrome due to primary adenoma. The formation of 14C-aldosterone and 14C-18-OH-corticosterone in adrenal tissue with micro-or macronodular hyperplasia was minimal, indicating an absence of the substrate (corticosterone) specific 18-hydroxylase hyperactivity. The mechanism of the hyperaldosteronism in patients with nodular hyperplastic adrenal, is not clear. Two possibilities are discussed:

hyperfunction of the synthesis in a phase prior to progesterone.

hyperactivity of the biosynthesis pathways of aldosterone bypassing progesterone and corticosterone.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF LABELLED TESTOSTERONE IN MICE
Authors: Appelgren Lars-Erik
Published: December 2008

Whole body autoradiography of 14C-4-testosterone in mice showed the same distribution pattern as earlier investigations by impulse counting on the accumulation of radioactivity in the liver and kidney and the remarkably low concentration in most male sex organs. One major exception was the high concentration of radioactivity found in the ductus deferens. In the testicle the radioactivity was mainly confined to the interstitial parts and in the adrenal a rather high concentration was registered in the cortex. An accumulation of testosterone and/or its metabolites in the corpora lutea of pregnant mice was observed. The findings of testosterone and/or its metabolites in the testicles, adrenals and ovaries are in agreement with the previously demonstrated abilities of these organs to metabolize testosterone.
TRIIODOTHYRONINE BINDING AFFINITY FOR THYROXINE-BINDING GLOBULIN IN SERUM FROM NORMAL SUBJECTS AND FROM HYPERTHYROID, HYPOTHYROID AND PREGNANT PATIENTS
Authors: Thorson Stephen C. , McIntosh Hamish W. , Willms Mary
Published: December 2008

The binding of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) was quantitated in pooled serum from normal, hyperthyroid, hypothyroid and pregnant subjects. To aliquots of each pool was added a small quantity of 131I-T3 and varying concentrations of unlabelled T3 or thyroxine (T4). Following countercurrent electrophoresis in both barbital and trismaleate buffers at pH 8.6, the concentration of 131I-T3 bound to TBG was calculated and the displacing effect of unlabelled T3 and T4 compared. The displacement of 131I-T3 from TBG was greater with T4 than with T3 when normal, hypothyroid and pregnancy sera were electrophoresed in barbital buffer (which inhibits thyroid-binding prealbumin (TBPA) binding of T4). The same findings are seen when hyperthyroid serum which is deficient in TBPA is electrophoresed in trismaleate buffer (which does not inhibit TBPA binding of T4). The observed data indicate that T4 has a greater binding affinity for TBG than has T3 but only displaces T3 to significant degree when TBG is saturated and when TBPA binding of T4 is reduced or inhibited. TBG binding capacities for T3 have been derived for each of the 4 clinical groups and appear to be less than corresponding binding capacities for T4.
AMINES AND MOUSE THYROID ACTIVITY:
Authors: Melander Arne
Published: December 2008

5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) or dopamine (DA) in large doses elicited increased levels of blood 131I and plasma protein-bound 131I in thyroxine-blocked or hypophysectomized but not in normal NMRI mice. The responses were similar to those following small doses of thyrotrophin. l-5-Hydroxytryptophan or l-dihydroxyphenylalanine gave similar responses. This effect was abolished by pretreatment with an aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor, and the effect of the amines was augmented by pretreatment with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor.

It was concluded that, in the NMRI mouse, large doses of 5-HT or DA stimulate thyroid hormone release, and that this thyroid-stimulating effect is elicited directly within the thyroid gland.
ULTRACENTRIFUGAL PATTERNS OF THE THYROID PROTEINS FROM HUMAN PATHOLOGICAL THYROID GLANDS
Authors: Thomson John A. , Bissett Joyce M.
Published: December 2008

The ultracentrifugal pattern of the thyroid proteins from seven 'normal' human thyroid glands, 24 thyrotoxic glands, 28 cases of non-toxic, two cases of Hashimoto's disease, and three of anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid have been examined. It has been demonstrated in thyrotoxicosis as compared to non-toxic goitre that there is a failure of formation of proteins > 19S. It is suggested that in the thyrotoxic gland there may be some defect in the manufacture of protein > 19S. In Hashimoto's disease an increased quantity of 6S protein was present in both cases studied. An increased quantity of lightweight protein was also found in cases of anaplastic carcinoma.
IN VITRO SYNTHESIS OF STEROIDS BY THE ADRENAL GLANDS OF THE COYPU, MYOCASTOR COYPUS MOLINA
Authors: Callard Ian P. , Leathem James H.
Published: December 2008

Adrenal tissue of the coypu, Myocastor coypus was incubated with [4-14C] progesterone as precursor. Following paper and thin-layer chromatography and derivative formation, cortisol was identified as the major product, with lesser quantities of 11-deoxycortisol and 20α-hydroxy-pregn-4-en-3-one being formed.
RENAL FUNCTION IN HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
Authors: Ohlsson Lave
Published: December 2008

Clearances of inulin and para-aminohippurate (PAH) were studied before as well as three to nine years (average 5½) after surgery in 35 cases of primary hyperparathyroidism. The preoperative inulin clearance ranged from 18 to 105 (average 67) and the PAH clearance from 61 to 666 (349) ml/min/1.73 m2 BSA. In the follow-up studies clearances of inulin and PAH were, on the whole, well maintained both in subjects with normal as well as in cases showing depressed clearance values before surgery. In fact, a slight but statistically significant increase of inulin clearance was demonstrated in the material as a whole, whereas no significant change occurred in PAH clearance.

The renal concentrating capacity was estimated before and after operation in 22 of the patients. An increase was almost regularly observed postoperatively but the concentrating capacity remained subnormal in almost half of the subjects studied. The changes in the concentrating capacity and clearances of inulin and PAH did not always run parallel.

The renal clearance of phosphate was studied simultaneously with inulin and PAH clearances. Phosphate clearance decreased after surgery concomitantly with an elevation of serum phosphorus. However, restoration to the normal was not always obtained.

Arterial hypertension was present in 40 per cent of the patients before and/or after surgery. Only grade I-II eye ground changes were found. Blood pressure was easily controlled by hypotensive drugs.

A spontaneous disappearance or a decrease in the number of kidney stones was demonstrated radiologically at the follow-up studies in almost half of the patients. In only two subjects were additional kidney stones found. It is concluded that, following surgical treatment of hyperparathyroidism, the long-term outcome regarding renal function may be more favourable than has hitherto been thought.
EFFECT OF CORTISOL ON LYMPHATIC LUNG CLEARANCE AND ON EXPERIMENTAL SILICOSIS
Authors: Göthe Carl-Johan
Published: December 2008

The effect of cortisol on the weight of the body, lungs and hilar lymph nodes, and its effect on the lymphatic lung clearance was studied in rats killed two and four months respectively after intratracheal (i.t.) injection with 20 mg of fine-particulate quartz. Cortisol was administered via the drinking water, in a dose of about 0.4 mg per animal per day, during two months before the animals were killed.

Cortisol causes the rats to become cachectic and reduces the weight of the hilar lymph nodes, but does not affect the lung weight. It also retards the translocation rate of quartz particles from the lungs to the hilar lymph nodes when cortisol treatment is started immediately or two months after the i.t. quartz-dust injection. This tends to increase the silica content of the lungs and to decrease it in the hilar lymph nodes. The effect on the hilar lymph-node weight is, however, more pronounced than can be explained by the cortisol-induced reduction of the silica content of these nodes.

There are no definite indications of specific »anti-quartz« or »anti-silicotic« effects of cortisol on the rat lung under the experimental conditions used.
PLASMA GROWTH HORMONE RESPONSE TO VASOPRESSIN:
Authors: Quabbe H.-J.
Published: December 2008

Plasma growth hormone (HGH) was determined in 12 normal volunteers during intravenous (iv) infusion of synthetic lysine-8-vasopressin (VP). Eight volunteers received only saline infusions but expected all the possible side effects of VP infusion. Significant increases in HGH occurred more often in females than in males during VP infusion. In the females, there was no apparent correlation between the HGH response and stress.

Six patients with endocrinologically inactive intrasellar tumours with suprasellar extension and one patient with a suprasellar meningioma were studied with VP and with hypoglycaemia tests. None of the patients responded to VP infusion with an increase in HGH. Only the meningioma patient responded to hypoglycaemia. One patient did not respond to hypoglycaemia before, but responded after operative removal of the suprasellar part of the tumour. Responses of urinary 17-OHCS in metyrapone tests and of plasma cortisol during VP infusion were positive in several of the patients, demonstrating preservation of blood flow from the stalk median eminence to the anterior pituitary gland and the presence of functional anterior pituitary tissue.

The blood sugar increased and immunoreactive insulin levels remained low in all subjects during VP tests.

It is concluded, that iv VP offers no reliable test for HGH release at least in male subjects. Stress is not the only determinant of HGH release during iv infusion of VP in females. In males and females VP cannot differentiate pituitary from hypothalamic causes of diminished HGH release.

In some cases of pituitary tumours, pressure of the tumour on the median eminence of the hypothalamus may be the cause of the impaired HGH release in response to provocation tests.
EFFECT OF 6-DEHYDRO-16-METHYLENE-HYDROCORTISONE AND DEXAMETHASONE ON THE RELEASE OF ACTH FROM RAT PITUITARY GLANDS IN VITRO
Authors: Berthold K. , Arimura A. , Schally A. V.
Published: December 2008

Direct action of 6-dehydro-16-methylene-hydrocortisone (STC 407) and dexamethasone on the rat pituitary gland was investigated in vitro. CRF-induced ACTH release was suppressed after preincubation of the pituitary gland with 10 μg STC 407/ml or 1 μg dexamethasone/ml. These results suggest that both STC 407 and dexamethasone act directly on the pituitary gland.
SUBCELLULAR DISTRIBUTION OF RADIOACTIVITY IN THE PROSTATE GLAND FOLLOWING THE SINGLE INJECTION OF [1,2-3H]TESTOSTERONE
Authors: Thomas John A. , Smith Carol G. , Mawhinney Michael G. , Knych Edward T.
Published: December 2008

Single injections of [1,2-3H] testosterone (100 μCi/kg) to normal mice revealed substantial amounts of radioactivity in the anterior lobes of the prostate gland. Levels of radioactivity were considerably higher in organs obtained from mice injected by the intraperitoneal route than levels in organs obtained from mice that had received subcutaneous injections.

At five minutes following the injection of tritiated testosterone most of the radioactivity was found in the 1000 × g pellet. Lesser amounts were found in the 100 000 × g supernatant.

Castration caused an increase in the amount of radioactivity found in the prostate gland. However this increased uptake was not observed until at least three days following orchidectomy.
STUDIES ON THE SPECIFICITY OF THE RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OF LUTEINISING HORMONE
Authors: Buckler J. M. H. , Clayton Barbara E.
Published: December 2008

The cross reaction of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) with antisera raised to human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) for use in the radioimmunoassay of luteinising hormone (LH) has been found to be influenced by many factors. These include the relative concentration of the hormones, the concentration of antiserum, the length of the assay stages, and the particular preparation of FSH. Antisera do not react identically with HCG and LH. This effect varies from antiserum to antiserum and so does the ability to detect the immunological differences which become apparent between different preparations of FSH and between hormones of urinary and pituitary origin. These findings are of considerable relevance to the assessment of the validity of a radioimmunoassay system.
A MODIFICATION OF THE OAAD TEST FOR LUTEINIZING HORMONE FOR CLINICAL PURPOSES
Authors: Mondina R. , Polvani F.
Published: December 2008

A modification of the ovarian ascorbic acid depletion (OAAD) assay for the luteinizing hormone (LH) is described in which the standard and the test materials are administered subcutaneously (sc) rather than intravenously (iv) with testicular hyaluronidase as a diffusion factor. The depletion curves for increasing doses of LH administered by either technique are practically identical. The slope of the log dose response curve and the index of precision of the modified method are satisfactory. The method has been applied to the assay of crude urinary extracts obtained by the Johnsen procedure (Johnsen 1958) and the values obtained for the urinary excretion of LH in different physiological states are presented.
THE SHORT-TERM EFFECT OF ADRENALECTOMY ON ERYTHROPOIESIS IN FASTED MICE
Authors: Pospíšil M. , Ptáček Vl. , Zakopalová I. , Koláčný I.
Published: December 2008

The short-term effect of adrenalectomy on erythropoiesis in fasted mice was investigated. Two days of fasting decreased the radioiron uptake in the spleen and blood, but not in the bone marrow. Adrenalectomy performed immediately before the beginning of fasting counteracted the effect of fasting on splenic erythropoiesis. This effect was manifested in the untreated adrenalectomized mice by an increased haemoconcentration and a lowered respiratory metabolism, as well as in the adrenalectomized mice treated with DOCA in doses which maintain the water and respiratory metabolism at the level of sham adrenalectomized mice, and in adrenalectomized mice treated with higher doses of DOCA inducing haemodilution. No modification of radioiron uptake in the bone marrow by adrenalectomy was observed. The increased radioiron uptake in the spleen of fasted adrenalectomized mice was not followed by an increased radioiron uptake in the blood. There was even evidence of a decreased clearance of the radioiron from the erythropoietic organs.
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THE PINEAL GLAND IN ANDROGEN-STERILIZED FEMALE RATS
Authors: Reiter Russel J.
Published: December 2008

The influence of early androgen treatment, light deprivation (by blinding), pinealectomy and superior cervical ganglionectomy on the reproductive system of female rats was tested. Early postnatal treatment of rats with testosterone propionate caused adult rats to exhibit the characteristic signs of androgen sterilization; these included polyfollicular ovaries, normal-sized uteri and persistent vaginal cornification. If early androgentreated rats also were blinded the ovaries were smaller in size and contained fewer follicles, the uteri were greatly reduced in size and the incidence of vaginal oestrus was decreased by approximately 50% If in addition to blinding, androgen-sterilized animals were subjected to either removal of the pineal gland or superior cervical ganglia, the reproductive organs and the vaginal smears were indistinguishable from those of testosterone-treated rats with eyes. These data indicate that the inhibitory influence of blinding on the pituitary-ovarian axis was mediated through the sympathetic nervous system and the pineal gland. The restraining influence of light deprivation on the growth of the reproductive organs was not permanent as illustrated by the fact that if these animals were kept to 120 days of age the ovaries and uteri grew to the same level as those of pinealectomized control rats.
STUDIES ON A MONKEY PLACENTAL PROTEIN WITH IMMUNOCHEMICAL SIMILARITY TO HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE AND HUMAN CHORIONIC SOMATOMAMMOTROPHIN
Authors: Grant David B. , Kaplan Selna L. , Grumbach Melvin M.
Published: December 2008

The properties of a monkey placental protein (monkey chorionic somatomammotrophin; MCS) which reacts with antisera directed against human growth hormone (HGH) and human chorionic somatomammotrophin (HCS) have been studied. Following application of monkey placental extracts to Sephadex G-100 and elution with 0.1 m NH4HCO3, two peaks of MCS, with molecular weights of approximately 25 000 and 50 000 were obtained. The electrophoretic mobility of MCS in acrylamide at pH 8.2–8.4 was similar to but less anodal than that of HGH or HCS. The results of immunoelectrophoretic and Ouchterlony double-diffusion studies indicated that MCS is physicochemically and immunochemically distinguishable from HGH and HCS. When tested in a radioimmunoassay for HGH, MCS gave dilution curves intermediate between those for HGH and HCS. In contrast, MCS and HGH gave similar curves in a radioimmunoassay for HCS. MCS, HCS and HGH had very similar effects on the reactions between 131I-HGH and anti-HCS or 131I-HCS and anti-HGH serum.

Radioimmunoassay systems for HCS were unsuitable for estimating MCS; however, the above mentioned hybrid assay systems provide a means for approximate quantitation of MCS.
THE DEPENDENCE OF URINARY CALCIUM AND OTHER ELECTROLYTES ON ADRENAL FUNCTION DURING ACUTE SODIUM DEPLETION AND LOADING
Authors: Runeberg Lars , Lamberg B.-A. , Reissell P. , Adlercreutz H.
Published: December 2008

The time course of the renal excretion of calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium during sodium depletion and the rapid correction of the extracellular volume deficit was studied in normal subjects and in patients with Addison's disease (AD). The decrease in body weight was similar in the two groups, but the haematocrit value increased more in the patients with AD.

Sodium depletion suppressed sodium excretion much more efficiently in normal controls than in the AD patients. Calcium excretion was roughly equally depressed in two groups. During sodium loading there was an immediate increase in renal sodium excretion in the patients with AD, whereas the sodium-retaining state generally continued for about one day in the normal controls. Urinary potassium decreased gradually during the first day of sodium loading in the normal controls but not in the AD patients. In the normal subjects calcium excretion remained low during the first day and increased on the second day of sodium loading. In the AD patients there was a gradual increase in urinary calcium during the first day of sodium loading, which did not, however, parallel the changes in urinary sodium content in individual urine samples. Urinary magnesium did not change significantly.

It is concluded that the effect of adrenal steroids on renal calcium excretion is of minor importance. They may, however, to some extent induce calcium retention.
SOLID-PHASE RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OF INSULIN
Authors: Ceska M. , Grossmüller F. , Lundkvist U.
Published: December 2008

A solid-phase radioimmunoassay of insulin was developed using the plastic tube technique in which the inner walls of the tubes were coated with insulin antibodies. The binding of 125I-insulin to the adsorbed antibody was shown to be quantitatively inhibited with the non-radioactive insulin present in the samples tested.

The optimal conditions were determined for a) labelling of small amounts (3 μg) of insulin with radioactive iodine, b) coating of plastic tubes with insulin antisera and γ-globulin fractions, c) the stability of coated tubes with insulin antibodies and d) radioimmunoassay of insulin. The reproducibility of the coated test tube technique for insulin determination is adequate from a clinical point of view and the ease with which this test is performed is advantageous from a practical point of view.
TREATMENT OF TOXIC NODULAR AND DIFFUSE GOITRE WITH RADIOACTIVE IODINE
Authors: Viherkoski M. , Lamberg B.-A. , Hernberg C. A. , Niemi E.
Published: December 2008

The results of treatment of hyperthyroidism with radioiodine were evaluated in a series of 387 patients treated between 1959 and 1963. The observation time was 8 years. The 1st year incidence of hypothyroidism was 14.5%. There was a distinct difference between patients with toxic nodular and toxic diffuse goitre: 11.8% in the former and 25.6% in the latter. Among all patients 77% had nodular goitre. After the first year the yearly increment of hypothyroidism was 1-2%. 14% of the patients were pretreated with antithyroid agents. In those not so treated, severe post-treatment reactions occurred in 4% of the cases: a few patients developed an impending crisis and one patient succumbed in a thyroid crisis. The importance of this type of pre-treatment in severely ill patients or in patients with complicating conditions is stressed. In the pretreated group of patients, the incidence of hypothyroidism was smaller than in patients not treated in this way and the patients more commonly required more than one treatment dose. The percentage of severe reactions was much smaller in the 1959-1963 series of patients than in our first series, probably because of this pre-treatment. The administration of antithyroid drugs for only a few weeks after the radioiodine dose did not influence the results.