bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A naturalistic comparison of two inpatient treatment protocols for adults with anorexia nervosa: Does reducing duration of treatment and external controls compromise outcome?
Authors: Paquin Hodge Chloé , Gauvin Lise , St‐Hilaire Annie , Israel Mimi , Azzi Michelle , Kahan Esther , Thaler Lea , Dansereau Eve , Steiger Howard
Published: August 2019

Objective

Although hospitalization is sometimes necessary when treating individuals with anorexia nervosa, the available literature provides limited guidance to inform decisions surrounding optimal components or duration of inpatient treatments. We report observational data comparing outcomes of two inpatient treatments. The first was longer and more strictly structured around a Contingency Management Protocol (CMP) emphasizing external incentives for achieving weight‐restoration goals; the second was a shorter Autonomy Support Protocol (ASP) that progressively increased patient autonomy around meal management without external incentives.

Method

We compared data from 41 patients who participated in the ASP to a historical sample of 41 patients treated using the CMP. At admission, discharge, and post‐treatment follow‐up, participants completed the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire and the Behavior and Symptom Identification Scale‐32, and we measured height and weight to compute body mass index.

Results

Multilevel modeling analyses that controlled for time in treatment and time in follow‐up indicated the two protocols yielded equivalent in‐treatment gains and post‐treatment loss of gains.

Discussion

Our results indicate that shorter inpatient stays emphasizing autonomous control over eating behavior may yield outcomes that are equivalent to those of lengthier, more stringent, and more costly approaches implicating external incentives and controls.
Can plant traits predict seed dispersal probability via red deer guts, fur, and hooves?
Authors: Petersen Tanja K. , Bruun Hans Henrik
Published: August 2019

Seed dispersal by mammals provides functional connectivity between isolated plant habitat patches. Across much of Europe, red deer (Cervus elaphus) populations are growing steadily, potentially leading to increasing importance of this large mammal species to plant dispersal. While deer endozoochory is relatively well studied, epizoochory via fur and hoof attachment is much less understood. Seed dispersal internally and externally on 57 red deer individuals was investigated by sampling the seed content of intestinal tracts, fur, and hooves of animals shot during annual hunts in four contrasted landscapes in Denmark. We assessed compositional differences between dispersal modes whether plant species' association to a dispersal mode could be predicted by seed traits, whole‐plant traits, and species' local abundance. We found the largest difference in seed species composition to be between epizoochory (fur and hooves) and endozoochory (gut contents). Probability of plant dispersal through guts and fur was correctly predicted from traits more often than not. Hoof‐epizoochory, however, could not be correctly predicted from plant traits. Most plant species encountered were picked up by all three dispersal modes, suggesting an overriding effect of plant abundance in the landscapes in which the deer roam, which was also indicated by the statistical analysis. Nonetheless, a significant proportion of species were associated with either gut, fur, or hoof‐borne dispersal, reflecting the effect of plant traits and, potentially, animal behavior. Plant species being dispersed more often than expected through intestines were mainly associated with ruderal habitats, whereas species transported via fur tended toward association with wooded habitats. Considering the increasing red deer populations in Europe, and the differences between seed dispersal modes, all modes of animal seed dispersal should be taken into account in future studies.

OPEN RESEARCH BADGES

This article has been awarded Open Data and Open Materials Badges. All materials and data are publicly accessible via the Open Science Framework at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.7982483 and https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.7982483
Temperature triggers a non‐linear response in resource–consumer interaction strength
Authors: Betini Gustavo S. , Avgar Tal , McCann Kevin S. , Fryxell John M.
Published: August 2019

Although temperature is recognized as a major determinant of many ecological processes, it is still not clear whether temperature increase caused by climate change will strengthen or weaken species interactions. One hypothesis is that interactions will respond non‐monotonically to temperature because thermal performance curves, which determine the strength of these interactions, are also non‐monotonic. To evaluate this hypothesis, we developed a temperature‐dependent consumer–resource model and tested predictions from this model in large freshwater mesocosms populated with green algae (Chlorella vulgaris) and herbivorous zooplankton (Daphnia magna). We found both in the model simulations and empirical investigations that the suppressive effect of the consumer depended non‐monotonically on the temperature. As predicted by the model, Daphnia suppressed the algal maximum per capita growth rate at the temperature that maximized algal growth rate but had little effect on resource growth at either lower or higher temperatures. This finding could help explain why effects of temperature variation on species interaction are variable in the literature and suggests that predicting the effects of temperature on the strength of food web interactions requires knowledge of the thermal performance curves for multiple traits, for multiple species and over a range of temperatures.
Adding invasive species biosurveillance to the U.S. Geological Survey streamgage network
Authors: Sepulveda Adam J. , Schmidt Christian , Amberg Jon , Hutchins Patrick , Stratton Christian , Mebane Chris , Laramie Matthew B. , Pilliod David S.
Published: August 2019

The costs of invasive species in the United States alone are estimated to exceed US$100 billion per year, so a critical tactic in minimizing the costs of invasive species is the development of effective, early‐detection systems. To this end, we evaluated the efficacy of adding environmental (e)DNA surveillance to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) streamgage network, which consists of >8200 streamgages nationwide systemically visited by USGS hydrologic technicians. Incorporating strategic eDNA sample collection during routine streamgage visits could provide early‐detection surveillance of aquatic invasive species with minimal additional cost. For this evaluation, USGS hydrologic technicians collected monthly eDNA water samples, May–September 2018, from streamgages downstream of reservoirs in the Columbia River Basin thought to be vulnerable to invasive dreissenid mussel (Dreissenidae spp.) establishment. We tested water samples for dreissenid mussel DNA and also for kokanee (Oncorhynchus nerka) and yellow perch (Perca flavescens) DNA; the two fishes were used to assess if streamgages are adequately located to provide early‐detection eDNA surveillance of taxa known to be present in upstream reservoirs. No Columbia River Basin streamgage samples met our criteria for being scored as positive for dreissenid DNA. We did detect kokanee and yellow perch DNA at all streamgages downstream of reservoirs where these species are known to occur. Field collection, laboratory analyses, and personnel time required for collection of four eDNA samples at a streamgage site cost US$500–US$600 (net). Given these results, incorporating eDNA biosurveillance into routine streamgage visits might decrease costs associated with an invasion since early detection maximizes the potential for eradication, containment, and mitigation.
Steric Protection of Rhodium‐Nitridyl Radical Species
Authors: Rebreyend Christophe , Mouarrawis Valentinos , Siegler Maxime A. , van der Vlugt Jarl Ivar , de Bruin Bas
Published: August 2019

In an attempt to synthesize a mononuclear rhodium nitridyl complex with a reduced tendency to undergo nitridyl radical N–N coupling, we synthesized a bulky analog of Milstein's bipyridine‐based PNNH ligand, bearing a tert‐butyl group at the 6′ position of the bipyridine moiety. A three‐step synthetic route toward this new bulky tBu3PNNH ligand was developed, involving a selective nucleophilic substitution step, followed by a Stille coupling and a final hydrophosphination step to afford the desired 6‐(tert‐butyl)‐6′‐[(di‐tert‐butylphosphino)methyl]‐2,2′‐bipyridine (tBu3PNNH) ligand. This newly developed tBu3PNNH ligand was incorporated in the synthesis of the sterically protected azide complex [Rh(N3)(tBu3PNNH)]. We explored N2 elimination form this species using photolysis and thermolysis, hoping to synthesize a mononuclear rhodium complex with a terminal nitrido moiety. Characterization of the reaction product(s) using NMR, coldspray HR‐ESI‐MS and EPR spectroscopy shows that the material is paramagnetic, and data obtained by MS spectrometry revealed masses corresponding with both monomeric and dimeric nitrido/nitridyl complexes. NMR only reveals broad uncharacteristic signals and the complex is EPR silent at 8K or above. The combined data point to formation of a paramagnetic [(tBu3PNN)Rh(µ‐N)Rh(tBu3PNN)] species. It thus seems that despite its three tBu groups the new ligand is not bulky enough to prevent formation of Rh–N–Rh bridged species. However, the increased steric environment does prevent further reaction with carbon monoxide, which is unable to coordinate to rhodium.
A Computational Study on the Reaction Mechanisms of Nickel‐Catalyzed Diarylation of Alkenes
Authors: Zhang Lei , Jiang Bo , Chen Yu , Lv Jia‐Fei , Feng Wen‐Chao
Published: August 2019

A density functional theory study on nickel‐catalyzed diarylation of styrene (R1) with arylboron (R2) and aryl bromide (R3) is presented in this article, to unveil the plausible mechanism and the competition of the potential side reactions. The located reaction pathway involves the elementary steps of oxidative addition, migratory insertion, transmetalation, and reductive elimination. The total free‐energy barrier is computed to be 27.3 kcal/mol, which should be consistent with the experimental temperature and reaction time reported. The Heck coupling reactions between R1 and R3 in the absence and presence of R2 are investigated at the same level of theory, respectively, and it is found that the presence of R2 could not only favor the formation of a η3‐benzyl‐Ni complex leading to the desired diarylation but also disfavor the undesired β‐H elimination step as well. The Suzuki–Miyaura coupling pathway is also suppressed under the optimal conditions, because the migratory insertion of R1 takes place prior to the transmetalation of R2. However, addition of a strongly coordinating ligand could hinder the entry of R1 into the ligand field, which may retard the diarylation pathway and make the cross‐coupling pathway dominant.
An innovative approach for gob‐side entry retaining in deep coal mines: A case study
Authors: Fan Deyuan , Liu Xuesheng , Tan Yunliang , Yan Lei , Song Shilin , Ning Jianguo
Published: August 2019

Due to the complex geostress and mining conditions in the coal seam with depth of 800 m, stability of surrounding rock for gob‐side entry retaining is very difficult to achieve. In this paper, we firstly propose an innovative bolt‐grouting controlled roof‐cutting for gob‐side entry retaining (BCR‐GER) approach for deep coal mines. Secondly, a mechanical model of “surrounding rock‐supporting body” for BCR‐GER is constructed, which consists of coal wall, roadside props, and gangues in gob (the whole supporting body). Thirdly, the key parameters (ie, cutting height, cutting angle, grouting cable length, and row of roadside props) are designed. Finally, field practice was applied at the No. 31120 haulage roadway of the Suncun coal mine in China, and in situ investigations were conducted for verification. Field measurement results show that maximum convergences of roof‐to‐floor and side‐to‐side were 264 mm and 113 mm, respectively. What is more, the maximum support resistance of roadside props was reduced by approximately 58%. The deformation and failure of surrounding rock were effectively controlled, and the pressure on roadside props was greatly reduced. This research fully considers the bearing properties of gangues in gob, eliminates the secondary disasters caused by borehole blasting, and provides guidance and reference for deep surrounding rock control of the same or similar gob‐side entry.
Prevalence, associated risk factors of depression and mental health needs among geriatric population of an urban slum, Cuttack, Odisha
Authors: Ashe Swetaleena , Routray Dipanweeta
Published: August 2019

Objectives

To find the prevalence of depression among elderly population of urban slum of Cuttack and to study its association with sociodemographic factors, comorbidities, and various life events and also to explore the mental health needs of the study subjects as perceived by them.

Methods

It was a cross‐sectional study carried out in the urban slum, Jobra of Cuttack city in Odisha. Simple random sampling was done using random number table to select the study subjects. Predesigned pretested questionnaire including Geriatric Depression Scale, Lawton's Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, and Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily living and questions on important life events including their perceptions regarding existing mental health services were used for data collection. Data were analyzed using SPSS, and binary logistic analysis was done to find the independent determinants of severe depression among elderly.

Results

Out of 354 study subjects, 249 (70.3%) were males. Depression in severe and mild form was present among 44.9% and 36.2%, respectively. Independent risk factors of severe depression by multiple logistic regression analysis were low socioeconomic class, female gender, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, death in family members, conflicts in family, and chronic illness in family members.

Conclusion

The prevalence of depression among the elderly in the urban slum was close to 80% with 45% being at risk of severe depression. Females from low socioeconomic class with comorbidities and having life stressors need to be screened regularly in the community level, and facility for counseling should be provided to them.
Neurons and networks in the entorhinal cortex: A reappraisal of the lateral and medial entorhinal subdivisions mediating parallel cortical pathways
Authors: Nilssen Eirik S. , Doan Thanh P. , Nigro Maximiliano J. , Ohara Shinya , Witter Menno P.
Published: August 2019

In this review, we aim to reappraise the organization of intrinsic and extrinsic networks of the entorhinal cortex with a focus on the concept of parallel cortical connectivity streams. The concept of two entorhinal areas, the lateral and medial entorhinal cortex, belonging to two parallel input–output streams mediating the encoding and storage of respectively what and where information hinges on the claim that a major component of their cortical connections is with the perirhinal cortex and postrhinal or parahippocampal cortex in, respectively, rodents or primates. In this scenario, the lateral entorhinal cortex and the perirhinal cortex are connectionally associated and likewise the postrhinal/parahippocampal cortex and the medial entorhinal cortex are partners. In contrast, here we argue that the connectivity matrix emphasizes the potential of substantial integration of cortical information through interactions between the two entorhinal subdivisions and between the perirhinal and postrhinal/parahippocampal cortices, but most importantly through a new observation that the postrhinal/parahippocampal cortex projects to both lateral and medial entorhinal cortex. We suggest that entorhinal inputs provide the hippocampus with high‐order complex representations of the external environment, its stability, as well as apparent changes either as an inherent feature of a biological environment or as the result of navigating the environment. This thus indicates that the current connectional model of the parahippocampal region as part of the medial temporal lobe memory system needs to be revised.
Childhood cancer mortality and survival in immigrants: A population‐based registry study in Finland
Authors: Kyrönlahti Anniina , Madanat‐Harjuoja Laura , Pitkäniemi Janne , Rantanen Matti , Malila Nea , Taskinen Mervi
Published: August 2019

Immigration in Europe has increased considerably over the past decades with the immigrant population similarly expanding in Finland. Our aim was to study childhood cancer mortality and survival in immigrants. In all, 4,437 patients diagnosed with cancer under the age of 20 years between 1990 and 2009 were identified from the Finnish Cancer Registry and their parents from the Population Register Center. Information on demographic factors was obtained from Statistics Finland. Poisson regression modeling was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for cancer deaths. The life table method and the log rank test were used in survival analysis. Patients or parents of foreign background and born abroad had higher 5‐year mortality (patient HR 2.03, 95% CI 1.18–3.49; maternal HR 2.11, 95% CI 1.46–3.04; paternal HR 1.85, 95% CI 1.29–2.66) compared to those of Finnish background and born in Finland. Childhood cancer survival in 5‐year follow‐up was higher if the mother (83% vs. 68%) or the father (83% vs. 70%) were of Finnish background and born in Finland. Despite equal access to public health care, we observed significant differences in childhood cancer mortality and survival by background. Cultural differences, linguistic obstacles and difficulties in navigating the health care system may contribute, along with genetic and biologic factors. Offering tailored information and taking cultural and linguistic aspects into account is necessary when diagnosing and treating patients from different ethnic backgrounds who have not yet integrated into the local culture and health care system.
Predicting SME loan delinquencies during recession using accounting data and SME characteristics: The case of Greece
Authors: Giannopoulos Vasilios , Aggelopoulos Eleftherios
Published: August 2019

The objective of this paper is the comparison of various credit‐scoring models (i.e. binomial logistic regression, decision tree, multilayer perceptron neural network, radial basis function, and support vector machine) in evaluating the risk of small and micro enterprises' (SMEs') loan delinquencies based on accounting data and applicants' specific attributes. Exploiting a representative large data set of SMEs' loans granted by a large Greek commercial bank in the expansion period, we track the evolution of SMEs' delinquencies over the recession period August 2010 to July 2012. This time frame encompasses a period of manageable levels of delays (early recession period: August 2011–July 2012) and a period when delays were increased to a very high degree (deep recession period: August 2011–July 2012). Comparison of the employed credit‐scoring models during the early recession period shows that the multilayer perceptron neural network produces the highest predicting capacity, followed by the support vector machine model. As the crisis deepens, the support vector machine model presents the highest predicting accuracy, followed by the decision tree and then the multilayer perceptron model. Generally, the predictive performance of all credit‐scoring models seems to be substantially reduced as the recession escalates. Our paper has important implications for the proper financing of SMEs given their importance for the European economy.
Video‐assisted parathyroid gland mapping with autofocusing
Authors: Kim Yikeun , Kim Sung Won , Lee Kang Dae , Ahn Yeh‐Chan
Published: August 2019

Preservation of the parathyroid gland (PTG) in neck endocrine surgery is important for regulating the amount of calcium in the blood and within the bones. Localization of the PTG has been attempted using various methods such as ultrasound, sestamibi, computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and indocyanine green fluorescence imaging. These methods cannot be used during surgery, have high sensitivity or have PTG specificity. However, autofluorescence technique has shown high sensitivity and does not require exogenous contrast. In this study, a new optical system was designed and developed into a clinical system. The system enabled easier and faster focusing on the surgical area and high‐resolution video imaging while maintaining a clear image. The system was located above the head of the surgeon. The surgeon was able to see the real‐time autofluorescent image on the monitor next to the operating table at any time to locate the PTG. The PTG buried in the adipose tissue and connective tissue was located easily and accurately. The clinical trial conducted in this study consisted of 56 parathyroid cases in 26 patients. For the statistical results, the sensitivity and accuracy in this redesigned autofluorescent imaging system were 98.1% and 96.4%, respectively.
Ex vivo detection of cadmium‐induced renal damage by using confocal Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Shen Rong , Li Yuee , Yu Linghui , Wu Haining , Cui Rong , Liu Sha , Song Yanfeng , Wang Degui
Published: August 2019

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal which is harmful to environment and organisms. The reabsorption of Cd in kidney leads it to be the main damaged organ in animals under the Cd exposure. In this work, we applied confocal Raman spectroscopy to map the pathological changes in situ in normal and Cd‐exposed mice kidney. The renal tissue from Cd‐exposed group displayed a remarkable decreasing in the intensity of typical peaks related to mitochondria, DNA, proteins and lipids. On the contrary, the peaks of collagen in Cd‐exposed group elevated significantly. The components in each tissue were identified and distinguished by principal component analysis. Furthermore, all the biological investigations in this study were consistent with the Raman spectrum detection, which revealed the progression and degree of lesion induced by Cd. The confocal Raman spectroscopy provides a new perspective for in situ monitoring of substances changes in tissues, which exhibits more comprehensive understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of heavy metals in molecular toxicology.
Inflammation and dysfunction in human aortic endothelial cells associated with poly‐l‐lactic acid degradation in vitro are alleviated by curcumin
Authors: Chen Dongping , Weng Linsheng , Chen Can , Zheng Jian , Wu Tim , Zeng Sufen , Zhang Suzhen , Xiao Jianmin
Published: August 2019

Poly‐l‐lactic acid (PLLA) is widely used in clinic, for example, as biodegradable coronary artery stents. However, inflammatory responses in endothelial cells associated with PLLA degradation are relatively undefined. We previously reported inflammation in human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) in vitro and in vivo. Here, we further assessed inflammatory injury, including cell migration, cell function, and inflammatory cytokines expressed in HAEC treated with PLLA and curcumin by CCK‐8, wound healing assay, ELISA, and Western blot. Significant inhibition of cell migration, remarkable dysfunction, and inflammatory responses were found in HAEC treated with PLLA degradation extract, and these effects were alleviated by Cur treatment. These findings indicated that cautious evaluation of biodegradable polymers should be performed, and Cur represents a promising anti‐inflammatory agent for alleviating endothelial dysfunction and inflammation caused by PLLA degradation. In addition, Cur should be further studied experimentally in in vivo experiments on animal models as a potential therapeutic to reduce thrombosis of biodegradable polymer stents.
Protective effect of bicyclol against pulmonary fibrosis via regulation of microRNA‐455‐3p in rats
Authors: Zhou Ying , Chai Xiujuan
Published: August 2019

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a chronic, progressive and irreversible disease, needs long‐term treatment. Bicyclol was found to play a great role in pulmonary fibrosis, and the present study is to explore how bicyclol affects IPF with the involvement of microRNA‐455‐3p (miR‐455‐3p) and Bax. Bleomycin (BLM) was used to induce the IPF model in Sprague‐Dawley rats to detect the expression of miR‐455‐3p, Bax, and B‐cell lymphoma factor 2 (Bcl‐2). Moreover, to further investigate the mechanisms of bicyclol, the BLM‐induced fibrotic cell model was used after the lung epithelial cells HPAEpiC received miR‐455‐3p knockout treatment. The rats were then treated with vehicle and bicyclol, respectively. The apoptosis of fibrotic cells and Bax/Bcl‐2 were identified. Inhibition function of bicyclol was optimal at a dose of 150 mg/kg. Bicyclol inhibited cell apoptosis and reduced Bax/Bcl‐2 expression in rats. miR‐455‐3p could potentially bind to Bax gene. Bicyclol reduced the levels of methylenedioxyamphetamine, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione in rat lung tissue, inhibited the apoptosis of rats with IPF and upregulated miR‐455‐3p expression. In vitro studies showed that bicyclol significantly promoted miR‐455‐3p expression in HPAEpiC fibrosis. Bicyclol inhibited fibrosis‐induced apoptosis of HPAEpiC in alveolar epithelial cells through promoting miR‐455‐3p, which inhibited Bax expression in IPF. Bicyclol may suppress the apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells by upregulating miR‐455‐3p. This study laid a theoretical foundation for further understanding of IPF and searching for new molecular therapeutic targets.
The support designs of the triply even binary codes of length 48
Authors: Miezaki Tsuyoshi , Nakasora Hiroyuki
Published: August 2019

In this paper, we present examples of codes all of whose weight classes support 1‐designs, with duals whose classes include two that support 2‐designs. We can find these examples in the triply even binary codes of length 48, which have been classified by Betsumiya and Munemasa.
Inter‐individual variability in response to exercise intervention or usual care in hospitalized older adults
Authors: Sáez de Asteasu Mikel L. , Martínez‐Velilla Nicolás , Zambom‐Ferraresi Fabricio , Casas‐Herrero Álvaro , Cadore Eduardo L. , Ramirez‐Velez Robinson , Izquierdo Mikel
Published: August 2019

Background

Exercise protocols applied during hospitalization can prevent functional and cognitive decline in older adults. The purpose of this study was to examine the individual response of acutely hospitalized patients to usual care and to physical exercise on functional capacity, muscle strength, and cognitive function and to assess the relationship with mortality at 1 year post‐discharge.

Methods

In a single‐blind randomized clinical trial, 370 hospitalized patients [56.5% women; mean age (standard deviation) 87.3 (4.9) years] were allocated to an exercise intervention group (IG, n = 185) or a control group (CG, n = 185). The participants were older adults aged 75 years or older in an acute care unit in a tertiary public hospital in Navarra, Spain. The usual care group received habitual hospital care, which included physical rehabilitation when needed. The in‐hospital intervention included individualized multicomponent exercise training programme performed during 5–7 consecutive days (two sessions/day). Functional capacity was assessed with the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) test and the Gait Velocity Test (GVT). Handgrip strength and cognitive function were also measured at admission and discharge. Patients in both groups were categorized as responders (Rs), non‐responders (NRs), and adverse responders (ARs) based on the individual response to each treatment during hospitalization.

Results

The prevalence of Rs was higher and the prevalence of NRs and ARs was lower in the intervention group than in the control group for functional capacity (SPPB IG: Rs 85.3%, NRs 8.7%, ARs 6.0% vs. CG: Rs 37.9%, NRs 28.8%, ARs 33.3% and GVT IG: Rs 51.2%, NRs 47.3, ARs 1.6% vs. CG: Rs 18.0%, NRs 67.7%, ARs 14.3%), muscle strength (IG: Rs 62.3%, NRs 26.5%, ARs 11.3% vs. CG: Rs 20.0%, NRs 38.0%, ARs 42.0%), and cognition (IG: Rs 41.5%, NRs 57.1%, ARs 1.4% vs. CG: Rs 13.8%, NRs 76.6%, ARs 9.7%) (all P < 0.001). The ARs for the GVT in the control group and the ARs for the SPPB in the intervention group had a significantly higher rate of mortality than the NRs and Rs in the equivalent groups (0.01 and 0.03, respectively) at follow‐up.

Conclusions

Older patients performing an individualized exercise intervention presented higher prevalence of Rs and a lower prevalence of NRs and ARs for functional capacity, muscle strength, and cognitive function than those who were treated with usual care during acute hospitalization. An adverse response on functional capacity in older patients to physical exercise or usual care during hospitalization was associated with mortality at 1 year post‐discharge.
Effects of schedule type and terminal‐link duration on choice in concurrent chains
Authors: Grace Randolph C. , McLean Anthony P.
Published: August 2019

Four pigeons responded in a three‐component concurrent chains procedure in which the terminal‐link schedules were either both fixed‐interval (FI FI), both variable‐interval (VI VI), both mixed‐interval (MI MI) or variable‐interval fixed‐interval (VI FI). Across components within sessions, overall terminal‐link duration was varied while schedule types were varied across conditions. For the conditions with homogeneous schedules, the strongest preference was obtained with FI FI, intermediate with MI MI, and weakest with VI VI. Preference increased with overall terminal‐link duration for all schedules, but the increase was more rapid for VI FI. The hyperbolic value‐added model (HVA) and cumulative decision model (CDM) were fitted to the choice data and accounted for 83.9% and 76.1% of the variance, respectively. However, deviations from both models' predictions were systematic. A modification of the CDM, which assumed that reinforcers delivered after variable delays were more effective, improved the fit of the model and substantially reduced the systematic deviations in residuals. Comparable modifications of HVA produced only limited improvement. Results show that preference in concurrent chains with homogeneous terminal links depends on the degree of variability in reinforcer delays, and that the CDM can provide an excellent account of results across different terminal‐link schedules.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy genetic test reports: A qualitative study of patient understanding of uninformative genetic test results
Authors: Nightingale Brooke M. , Hovick Shelly R. , Brock Pamela , Callahan Emily , Jordan Elizabeth , Roggenbuck Jennifer , Sturm Amy C. , Morales Ana
Published: August 2019

Studies have shown that patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) may misinterpret the meaning of uninformative genetic testing results to mean that a genetic etiology and family members’ risk is ruled out. We hypothesized that poor comprehension of the laboratory genetic test report may contribute to this misunderstanding. We conducted a qualitative study to examine patient understanding of uninformative laboratory results and reports and elicit suggestions for an improved report. Fifteen participants with HCM were interviewed after undergoing genetic testing and receiving their report. While all patients read the report, most participants reported only partially reading it. Most reported not understanding the report at all or only partially understanding it because a provider explained it to them. Some participants said that the report was helpful for understanding their result, but there was evidence of misunderstanding; most participants stated that specific aspects of the report were unhelpful. While most of our participants communicated risk with relatives, none said that the report helped with the communication. Most participants did not recall or find the accompanying physician‐directed result letter useful for their understanding or familial communication. Many participants expressed need for a supplemental report that illustrates a personalized clinical ‘action plan’ that could summarize clinical and familial implications of the result for the patient and their family. We conclude that laboratory reports and physician‐directed result letters did not help participants understand their results or their familial implications. Our results suggest opportunities for research to explore the utility of a patient‐directed result supplement to improve patient comprehension of genetic test results and outline clinical recommendations via a patient action plan.
TMPRSS3 regulates cell viability and apoptosis processes of HEI‐OC1 cells via regulation of the circ‐Slc4a2, miR‐182 and Akt cascade
Authors: Zhang Zhi‐Wen , Pang Bo , Chen Yi‐Chao , Peng An‐Quan
Published: August 2019

Background

The present study aimed to investigate the functions and regulation mechanism of the transmembrane protease, serine 3 (TMPRSS3), which plays an important role in sensorineural hearing loss.

Methods

House Ear Institute‐Organ of Corti 1 (HEI‐OC1) cells, comprising auditory‐related cells, were used in the present study. An overexpression vector and small hairpin RNA target on TMPRSS3 were designed and transfected into HEI‐OC1 cells. Circular RNA (circRNA) sequencing was conducted and expression profiles were obtained. The circular structure of circRNAs was validated with a polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing using convergent and divergent primers.

Results

Overexpression of TMPRSS3 increased cell viability, whereas suppression of TMPRSS3 increased the percentage of apoptotic cells and decreased cell viability, compared to the control group. circRNA sequencing provided expression profiles indicating that the overexpression of TMPRSS3 increased the expression level of 195 circRNAs. Results of GO (Gene Ontology) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) studies indicated that the circRNAs are focused on the RAS signaling pathway. The pathway, circ‐Slc41a2 (chr10: 82744115|82767120), miR‐182 and Akt, might comprise one of the key cascades of TMPRSS3.

Conclusions

TMPRSS3 is an important molecule in the regulation of cell viability and cell apoptosis of HEI‐OC1 cells. Its functions are dependent on the circ‐Slc41a2, miR‐182 and Akt cascade.
Is papillary thyroid microcarcinoma a biologically different disease? A propensity score‐matched analysis
Authors: Hsu Yi‐Chiung , Lee Jie‐Jen , Chien Ming‐Nan , Chen Ming‐Jen , Leung Ching‐Hsiang , Cheng Shih‐Ping
Published: August 2019

Background

Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma exhibits an indolent clinical course and could be a candidate for active surveillance in the appropriate setting. It remains unknown whether papillary microcarcinoma is biologically different from larger papillary carcinoma >1 cm.

Methods

We analyzed clinicopathological information and transcriptome data of papillary thyroid cancer samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Propensity‐score matching was used to construct a matched cohort consisting of 29 microcarcinomas and 58 carcinomas. Principal component analysis and unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis were carried out to investigate the similarity of gene expression profiles.

Results

After adjustment for differences in baseline clinicopathological and genetic factors, transcriptome could be grouped mainly on the basis of tumor class (BRAF‐like vs RAS‐like) and tumor size (microcarcinoma vs carcinoma). The gene set enrichment analysis showed that extracellular matrix‐associated pathways were enriched in the MSigDB database.

Conclusion

Papillary thyroid microcarcinomas display a distinct gene expression pattern different from the corresponding carcinomas. We hypothesize that tumor microenvironment may play a role in the microcarcinoma/carcinoma phenotypic divergence.
On the potential in non‐Gaussian chain polymer models
Authors: Bock Wolfgang , da Silva José Luís , Streit Ludwig
Published: August 2019

In this paper, we investigate the potential for a class of non‐Gaussian processes so‐called generalized grey Brownian motion. We obtain a closed analytic form for the potential as an integral of theM‐Wright functions and the Green function. In particular, we recover the special cases of Brownian motion and fractional Brownian motion. In addition, we give the connection to a fractional partial differential equation and its the fundamental solution.
Performance evaluation of computed tomography systems: Summary of AAPM Task Group 233
Authors: Samei Ehsan , Bakalyar Donovan , Boedeker Kirsten L. , Brady Samuel , Fan Jiahua , Leng Shuai , Myers Kyle J. , Popescu Lucretiu M. , Ramirez Giraldo Juan Carlos , Ranallo Frank , Solomon Justin , Vaishnav Jay , Wang Jia
Published: August 2019

Background

The rapid development and complexity of new x‐ray computed tomography (CT) technologies and the need for evidence‐based optimization of image quality with respect to radiation and contrast media dose call for an updated approach towards CT performance evaluation.

Aims

This report offers updated testing guidelines for testing CT systems with an enhanced focus on the operational performance including iterative reconstructions and automatic exposure control (AEC) techniques.

Materials and Methods

The report was developed based on a comprehensive review of best methods and practices in the scientific literature. The detailed methods include the assessment of 1) CT noise (magnitude, texture, nonuniformity, inhomogeneity), 2) resolution (task transfer function under varying conditions and its scalar reflections), 3) task‐based performance (detectability, estimability), and 4) AEC performance (spatial, noise, and mA concordance of attenuation and exposure modulation). The methods include varying reconstruction and tube current modulation conditions, standardized testing protocols, and standardized quantities and metrology to facilitate tracking, benchmarking, and quantitative comparisons.

Results

The methods, implemented in cited publications, are robust to provide a representative reflection of CT system performance as used operationally in a clinical facility. The methods include recommendations for phantoms and phantom image analysis.

Discussion

In line with the current professional trajectory of the field toward quantitation and operational engagement, the stated methods offer quantitation that is more predictive of clinical performance than specification‐based approaches. They can pave the way to approach performance testing of new CT systems not only in terms of acceptance testing (i.e., verifying a device meets predefined specifications), but also system commissioning (i.e., determining how the system can be used most effectively in clinical practice).

Conclusion

We offer a set of common testing procedures that can be utilized towards the optimal clinical utilization of CT imaging devices, benchmarking across varying systems and times, and a basis to develop future performance‐based criteria for CT imaging.
The negative growth of a brief depressive spell among U.S. adolescents
Authors: Quinlan Paul , Vanderziel Alyssa , Gregoire Villisha , Anthony James C.
Published: August 2019

Objective

Studying adolescent‐onset brief depressive spells, we saw a chance to adapt a cross‐cohort approach for successive cross‐sectionally gathered epidemiological estimates on birth cohorts.

Methods

The United States (US) study population estimates are for noninstitutionalized community‐dwelling 17‐ to 18‐year‐olds, sampled, recruited, and assessed using audio computer assisted self‐interviews for the National Surveys on Drug Use and Health each year, 2008–2016. Estimated age and year‐specific lifetime history cumulative incidence proportions are presented, with 95% confidence intervals, as well as age‐specific meta‐analysis summary estimates.

Results

Occurrence of a brief depressive spell (BDS) among the 2008 U.S. 17‐year‐olds showed a surprising difference with the 2009 statistically independent sample of that same “birth cohort” assessed at age 18 years. “Negative growth” was seen instead of an expected increase in those affected. Independent replication estimates of this BDS negative growth difference were seen in multiple successive birth cohorts.

Conclusions

This well‐replicated difference in BDS estimates offers a fascinating puzzle to be solved with focused inquiry. The puzzle's solution is important because National Surveys on Drug Use and Health does not assess Major Depression unless a BDS lifetime history is ascertained.
Effect of oocyte vitrification on DNA damage in metaphase II oocytes and the resulting preimplantation embryos
Authors: Chang Haoya , Chen Huanhuan , Zhang Lei , Wang Yile , Xie Xiaogang , Zhang Yong , Quan Fusheng
Published: August 2019

As an assisted reproduction technology, vitrification has been widely used for oocyte and embryo cryopreservation. Many studies have indicated that vitrification affects ultrastructure, gene expression, and epigenetic status. However, it is still controversial whether oocyte vitrification could induce DNA damage in metaphase II (MII) oocytes and the resulting early embryos. This study determined whether mouse oocytes vitrification induce DNA damage in MII oocytes and the resulting preimplantation embryos, and causes for vitrification‐induced DNA damage. The effects of oocyte vitrification on reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, γ‐H2AX accumulation, apoptosis, early embryonic development, and the expression of DNA damage‐related genes in early embryos derived by in vitro fertilization were examined. The results indicated that vitrification significantly increased the number of γ‐H2AX foci in zygotes and two‐cell embryos. Trp53bp1 was upregulated in zygotes, two‐cell embryos and four‐cell embryos in the vitrified group, and Brca1 was increased in two‐cell embryos after vitrification. Vitrification also increased the ROS levels in MII oocytes, zygotes, and two‐cell embryos and the apoptotic rate in blastocysts. Resveratrol (3,5,4′‐trihydroxystilbene) treatment decreased the ROS levels and the accumulation of γ‐H2AX foci in zygotes and two‐cell embryos and the apoptotic rate in blastocysts after vitrification. Overall, vitrification‐induced abnormal ROS generation, γ‐H2AX accumulation, an increase in the apoptotic rate and the disruption of early embryonic development. Resveratrol treatment could decrease ROS levels, γ‐H2AX accumulation, and the apoptotic rate and improve early embryonic development. Vitrification‐associated γ‐H2AX accumulation is at least partially due to abnormal ROS generation.
The translational functions of embryonic poly(A)‐binding protein during gametogenesis and early embryo development
Authors: Ozturk Saffet
Published: August 2019

Embryonic poly(A)‐binding protein (EPAB) is an RNA‐binding protein that binds to the poly(A) tails and AU‐rich element at the 3′ ends of messenger RNA (mRNAs). The main functions of EPAB are to protect stored mRNAs from undergoing deadenylation and subsequent degradation and to be involved in their translational regulation during spermatogenesis, oogenesis, and early embryogenesis. Following the first characterization of Epab in the Xenopus oocytes and early embryos, spatial and temporal expression and potential roles of the Epab gene have been determined in the vertebrate germ cells and early embryos. In this review, we have comprehensively evaluated all studies in this field and discussed the particular functions of EPAB in the spermatogenic cells, oocytes, early embryos, and somatic cells in vertebrates.
Unexpected Secondary Nucleation in Poly(Vinyl acetate) Nanoparticle Synthesis by Ab Initio Batch Emulsion Polymerization Using Poly(Vinyl alcohol) as Surfactant
Authors: Rocha‐Botello Gabriela , Olvera‐Guillen Roberto , Herrera‐Ordonez Jorge , Cruz‐Soto Martha , Victoria‐Valenzuela David
Published: August 2019

Kinetic aspects of the vinyl acetate ab initio batch emulsion polymerization using poly(vinyl alcohol) to produce polymer nanoparticles are studied. The initial nucleation step is followed by limited coagulation and then by the generation of new particles. It seems that this is the first report of secondary nucleation phenomenon occurring in the system under study in batch mode. To explain this phenomenon, a mathematical model that allows to determine whether certain polymerization conditions and the presence/absence of a steric barrier, can lead or not to significant secondary nucleation is developed. It is deduced that the effect of such steric barrier on the free‐radical entry process plays a key role on the observed phenomenon.
Effects of a group‐based physical activity program for pediatric patients with cancer on physical activity and symptom experience: A quasi‐experimental study
Authors: Ouyang Na , Cai Ruiqing , Zhou Xuezhen , Huang Haiying , Qiu Xing , Liu Ke
Published: August 2019

Aims

To examine the effects of a group‐based physical activity intervention on improvement in physical activity and mitigation of symptom distress among pediatric patients with cancer.

Methods

Based on convenience sampling, 57 pediatric patients with cancer admitted to the cancer center were included in the intervention group. The control group included 57 pediatric patients with cancer from two other hospitals matched to the patients in the intervention group by age, sex, and diagnosis. A group‐based physical activity program was implemented among the children in the intervention group, whereas the children in the control group received standard care. Physical activity and symptoms were measured using the Children's Leisure Time Activities Study Survey‐Chinese and using the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale 10–18 at baseline and after the 12th exercise session in both the intervention and control groups.

Results

The repeated‐measures analysis of variance showed that the main intervention effects on the decrease in light‐intensity physical activity and increase in moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity were significant between the two groups (P < .001). The group‐based physical activity intervention could decrease the scores of psychological symptoms (P < .001), Global Distress Index (P < .001), and physical symptoms (P = .01) when comparing the difference between the two groups before and after the intervention. There was no significant difference in the number of symptoms or the total symptom experience score between the two groups.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that a group‐based physical activity intervention can promote physical activity and relieve psychological and physical symptom distress among pediatric patients with cancer.
The use of biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease: a case report
Authors: Stanley Karen , Stevens Tim , Walker Zuzana
Published: August 2019

Uncertainties remain around the use of biomarkers in clinical practice to diagnose Alzheime's disease. There are several implications for both patients and clinicians, including the ethical and practical dilemmas of identifying a disease process early in its course when there are no disease‐modifying treatments available.
Buprenorphine patches: impact on cognitive functions in Down's syndrome
Authors: Javaid Amir , Senior‐Kemp Emily , Southern Chloe , Connor Michelle , Michael Gabriel
Published: August 2019

Opioids have been regarded as among the most effective medications for the treatment of acute, chronic severe pain and cancer pain. However, the longterm administration of opioids continues to be controversial. There are concerns surrounding misuse, abuse and addiction.1 Dr Javaid et al report of a case of a woman with Down's syndrome and severe learning disability presenting with symptoms of dementia, due to the possible likelihood of prolonged use of buprenorphine patches, over the five years. These findings highlight the need for regular medication reviews for individuals with learning disabilities.