bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Failure Analysis on Maintaining Reliability of Oil Refinery for Sustainable Development Goals
Authors: Suhadi A , Febriyanti E , Sari L N
Published: February 2021

Reliability of oil refinery unit in energy industry is very important to enhance sustainable development goals in Indonesia. When an important component on a system fails, the whole system will be shut down. As a result, potential lack of energy supply will be high and give a huge impact to sustainable development goals. Therefore failure analysis should be done immediately to make the system working again. The purpose of this research is to find out the main cause of failure on shroud plate of orifice chamber on refinery unit in order to avoid similar problem in the future. Root cause analysis method is used to investigate the main cause of failure with performing several tests and examinations on the specimens. The specimen is taken from failed shroud plate made of SS 304H around failure area. Testing and examinations result shows that shroud plate of orifice chamber has a crack on both circumferential weld and horizontal weld. Further examination also shows some evidence of inter granular corrosion attack or sensitization and formation of chrome carbides. Another testing result also found some degradation of mechanical properties of the specimens. It is concluded that the main cause of failure of shroud plate of orifice chamber is a combination of overheating that promote sensitization and degradation of mechanical properties. By observing the main cause of failure on shroud plate of orifice chamber, quick repair or replacement can be done correctly and reliability of oil refinery can be maintained to support sustainable development goals.
Modelling of ozone multiphase flow behaviour in an ozonolysis pretreatment reactor
Authors: Shamjuddin Amnani , Rasid Nurul Suhada Ab , Omar Wan Nor Nadyaini Wan , Raissa Makam Mba Michele , Amin Nor Aishah Saidina
Published: February 2021

Ozonolysis pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass (LB) is envisaged as a green and effective method to selectively remove lignin for subsequent bio-based processing. Herein, this study investigates the ozone multiphase flow behaviour of an ozonolysis pretreatment reactor for lignin degradation of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB). A coupled transport-reaction model is simulated using Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) via COMSOL Multiphysics® software to visualize the ozone multiphase flow behaviour in non-porous and porous bed regions. Numerical findings indicate the pressure drop across porous bed linearly increases with superficial ozone velocity. Simulation results also reveal that the relative pressure across the biomass bed reduces by reducing the biomass bed length. The present work provides preliminary insights for ozonolysis reactor design and optimum operations of biomass pretreatment for up-scaling and commercialization purposes.
Rehydration Capacity of Vermicelli Prepared by Combining Arenga Starch, Rice Flour and Sorghum
Authors: Hastuti Ririn Puji , Sasongko Setia Budi , Djaeni Mohamad
Published: February 2021

Vermicelli, called Sohun, is one of white noodles types popular in Indonesia. The product is mainly made of Arenga starch that contains high starch and amylose. In this research, several formulation was prepared to find high quality of vermicelli with reasonable physical properties. The process included the combination of Arenga starch with rice flour. Here, the arenga starch was substituted by rice flour from 0 up to 100%, with variation step size of 10%. The physical property of formulation was observed based cooking time, swelling index, cooking loss and rehydration capacity. The step was repeated for sorghum flour. Result showed that the substitution of rice flour can be good option to obtain the reasonable vermicelli sheet. Whereas, the sorghum flour can be added in amount of below 40%. The results were meaningful for developing new vermicelli product enriched with nutrition.
Essential Oil Extraction From Citronella Stems (Cymbopogon winterianus) By Vacuum Distillation
Authors: Kusumo P , Shobib A , Luthfi R
Published: February 2021

This research aims to determine the most influential variables among the three variables in extracting essential oils by vacuum distillation, to determine the optimum conditions of the most influential variables, and to determine the characteristics of citronella essential oils according to Indonesian National Standard for citronella oil.

The method used is experimental design by factorial design with two levels with the aim of making a new design to determine the most influential variables.

The results of the research that had been carried out using experimental design methods obtained that the most influential variable in distillation of citronella oil through the water vapor distillation process with the assistance of vacuum were the variables of the duration of the oven, and the optimum conditions for the distillation of citronella oil through the steam distillation process with the assistance of vacuum were obtained, namely: 3 hours oven time, with 1 cm of citronella stem size and distillation operating temperature of 150o C. The Geraniol test results through GC-MS showed that geraniol has not met the requirements of Indonesian National Standard 06-3953-1995.
Study on the Influence of Surfactant Addition for Bitumen Separation from Asbuton Rocks using Hot Water Process
Authors: Rinanda Z. L. , Irfin Z. , Susianto  , Altway A.
Published: February 2021

Indonesia has a bitumen reservoir in a form of rocks located in Buton Island, Southeast Sulawesi. These rocks contain both bitumen and mineral. Bitumen was mostly used for road preparation, hence bitumen had to be separated from its mineral. It was concluded from previous researches that bitumen extraction using the hot water process had a low bitumen recovery. One way to improve its recovery was by adding surfactant. This research aimed to study the effects of anionic and cationic surfactant addition to the percent recovery of bitumen. There were three main processes of bitumen extraction using hot water namely; preparation, mixing-preheating, and digesting. First, asbuton rocks were ground into fine material, then it was sieved using sieve number 30. Then it was continued by mixing asbuton and diesel oil with a ratio of 60:40 at 250 rpm at 60°C for 30 minutes. Then the second process was done by mixing diesel oil-asbuton and wetting agent solution that contains Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate (SDBS) as anionic surfactant and NaOH at 1500 rpm for 30 minutes. The other mixture is Dodecyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (DTAB) as a cationic surfactant and NaOH. In this research, the concentrations of surfactant used were 0.125; 0.25; 0.375; 0.5%, the used NaOH concentrations were constant at 0.5% (% mass), while the variation of temperature used were 60, 70, 80, to 90°C. The product of the digestion process was taken into beaker glass for 24 hours to separate into 3 layers by gravitational force. The top layer is a bitumen-diesel oil solution. The result showed that the performance of SDBS is better than DTAB, this could be because DTAB is positively charged, yet the minerals are negatively charged, so they tend to bind. It can be concluded from this study that the highest percent recovery of bitumen was 72.30 % at a temperature of 90°C with SDBS surfactant concentration of 0.125%, which means anionic surfactant had a better result than cationic surfactant.
The Effectivity of Aluminum Electrode for River Water Purification Using Electrocoagulation
Authors: Suryaningsih Nining , Widayatno Tri , Sugiharto Agung , Fuadi Ahmad M.
Published: February 2021

Electrocoagulation process is expected to be widely applied not only in wastewater treatment but also in water purification. In this work, electrocoagulation process was used for clean water treatment. The effectivity of aluminum electrode in the electrocoagulation process has been investigated. The water samples used in the experimentation were obtained from the Bengawan Solo river. The samples were characterized to have a normal pH, high turbidity of 388,33 NTU, high organic matter shown from the KMnO4 value of 52,46 mg/L, alkalinity value 79,16 mg CaCO3/L, hardness value of 180 mg CaCO3/L and iron content of 4,59 mg/L. A set of experiments have been carried out to investigate the percentage of removal of water parameters using electrocoagulation processes compared to those with chemical coagulation processes. The chemical process was carried out with a jar test of alum dosage variation. In the electrocoagulation process 10 aluminum electrodes were used with an area of 100 cm2 at which all electrodes were mounted in series, with variations in time and current density. Jar test and electrocoagulation test result, both, show significant improvement of water parameters indicated by a high percentage of removal of turbidity, iron content and KMnO4 number. However, removal of hardness has not shown significant result, even in the electrocoagulation process of hard water.
Effects of incorporating ZnO on characteristic, performance, and antifouling potential of PSf membrane for PRW treatment
Authors: Kusworo T D , Aryanti N , Dalanta F
Published: February 2021

Numerous researchers around the world have developed the separation process by membrane technology. The application of membrane-based separation in industrial activity is limited due to its low production capacity due to the fouling formation on the surface of the membrane. The incorporating of nanomaterial has been developed to enhance membrane performance and productivity. In this study, we introduced the zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles to process the petroleum refinery wastewater (PRW). The SEM result shows the presence of ZnO nanoparticles on the surface of the polysulfone (PSf) membrane, and it increased the porosity of the membrane. The addition of ZnO nanoparticles has been successfully increasing the hydrophilicity, increase the water uptake ability, and also increase the tensile strength and elongation break of the modified membrane. The investigation of the performance of the membranes shows that incorporating ZnO nanoparticles into the membrane has resulted in the higher of permeate flux and pollutant removal efficiency compared to the pristine membrane. The quantitative analysis of the fouling behavior by the model shows the addition of ZnO nanoparticles has been successfully reduced the resistances during filtration that mean the decreasing of the fouling tendency on the surface of the membrane. These also proved by the antifouling potential analysis at the addition of 1 %-wt ZnO nanoparticle decreased up to 39% of total resistance and increased the flux recovery ratio up to 72%.
The Effect of Membrane Modification Using TiO2, ZnO, and GO Nanoparticles: Challenges and Future Direction in Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Kusworo TD , Nugraheni R E , Aryanti N
Published: February 2021

Since a long time ago, membrane technology has been applied in the field of wastewater treatment. This technology is considered effective, environmentally-friendly, and does not require a large amount of space in operation. Fouling, either caused by microorganisms or non-living organisms, are the biggest problems that often occur in this technology. Most of the time, organic compounds can cause cake formation and fouling problems. If left untreated, it can increase the maintenance costs and shorten the durability of the membrane. Hence, a membrane-modification effort is needed to be done. In previous studies, nanoparticles such as TiO2, ZnO, and GO were utilized. They are considered affordable and able to prevent the fouling problem. However, some problems occur due to the addition of nanoparticles. In this paper, we will elaborate on the effect of adding various kinds of nanoparticles towards the modified membrane and evaluate its morphology, performance, and photocatalytic abilities. This article is expected to provide both a new and broad perspective in the future.
Zeolite as a natural adsorbent for nitrogenous compounds removal from water
Authors: Abdulredha M , Kadhim N R , Hussein Ameer H , Almutairi Mohammad , Alkhaddar Rafid , Yeboah David , Hashim K , AlKhayyat Ahmed
Published: February 2021

Water is a vital element to the survival of humans and other life forms. Yet, this source is being contaminated due to pollution leading to significantly limited freshwater, which threatens humans’ existence. Nitrates and ammonium are water contaminants and their concentration has vividly increased owing to their applications as farm nourishments. High concentrations of such contaminants in water can lead to health issues. Thus, controlling the concentration levels of these pollutants in water grows into the main task for environmentalist. Thus, a natural zeolite filter was employed in this study to minimize the traces of contaminants from water. Samples of synthetic water have been prepared and used in the laboratory tests that contain 50 mg/l of each contaminant. Using natural zeolite dose ranged from 1-5 g/l at various pH level (between 3-10) showed that the zeolite filter significantly improved the water quality for initial concentrations of each pollutant ranged from 10 to 50 mg/l. The outcomes showed that more than 93 % of both contaminates (nitrate and ammonium) were separated after using 5 g/l dose of zeolite in neutral pH level range for 120 minutes.
Heavy metal pollution removal from water using a cost-effective bio-adsorbent
Authors: Saeed Shaymaa I. , Ahmed Rasha Z. T. , Grmasha Ruqayah Ali , Alenezi Soltan M. , Salman Jasim M. , Al-Sareji Osamah J. , Mubarak Hayfaa A. , AlKhayyat Ahmed
Published: February 2021

One of the worldwide environmental issues is water contamination by toxic heavy metals. Copper is considered one of the most common heavy metals founded in industrial wastes, and it has potential impacts on the ecosystem and human health. In order to remove copper from synthetic water, an economically effective adsorbent is required. Thus, this work evaluated the adsorption of copper by utilizing Westland Irish peat moss. The adsorbent was prepared by washing the Westland Irish peat moss using an acidic bath for half an hour with a continuous shaken process, then the mixture was centrifuged to separate the peat moss particles, which was washed using deionized water and dried using an oven. The dried sample was ground and sieved at 80 mesh screen before it was used as an adsorbent. The experiments were accomplished in a batch system as a function of initial solution pH, contact time as well as peat moss dosage. The maximum copper removal, 94.8%, was obtained at a pH of 6, optimum adsorption-equilibrium time of 80 minutes, and peat moss dosage of 7.5 g/L. Irish peat moss as an economically effective adsorbent was satisfactorily employed to remove copper from synthetic water.
Numerical modeling of seismic performance of gravity quay wall
Authors: Aldelfee Alaa N. , Aldefae Asad H. , Zubaidi Salah. L.
Published: February 2021

The main important factor that has to be considered by the designers during the preliminarily design stage of quay walls in ports is uunderstanding the mechanism of the damages that occurs during earthquakes. Increasing of seismic disasters occurrence during recent decades leads to increase the attention during this stage. For this purpose, Finite element modeling is performed to investigate the seismic performance of gravity quay wall (caisson). Plaxis 2D software is used to simulate seismic behavior of real gravity quay wall (i.e. Kobe harbor quay wall) using single frequency earthquake motion. The response of the acceleration and the seismic displacement of the quay wall are simulated. The shaking table tests of two models of the quay wall in dry and saturated conditions were compared with the results of numerical modeling. The results showed that the seismic wave amplification is increased significantly from the foundation of the gravity quay wall to the surface of the model, in which the highest amplification happened at the top of the quay wall model. It was observed that the Plaxis-2d finite element models is an effective tool to predict the seismic performance of the quay wall and there was clear agreement between both the results of experimental results and numerical modeling.
The Impact of Transit on Sustainable Urban Form
Authors: Jasim Ihsan Abbas , Farhan Sabeeh Lafta , Hasan Haider Majid
Published: February 2021

Cities suffer from many problems that have led to a decline in the quality of life. A large part of these problems is related to the relationship of the transportation system to the urban form of the city. This represents the research problem, As the study of the relationship between public transport and urban form implicitly deals with the relationship between land uses and transportation in general, as land uses are a generator of traffic and transport in the city. The importance of the research lies in the role of public transport as one of the mechanisms that contribute to directing the urban form towards sustainability. Therefore, the aim of the research tried to present an idea of the extent of support provided by public transport to the sustainability of the urban form of the city. The research assumed that public transport is affected by a set of factors that direct the urban form towards sustainability such as (density in development, diversity in land uses and urban design, and distance from urban centers), and that the urban form of the city can be directed towards sustainability by integrating with different land uses.
Analysing the Transformed Urban Patterns of Al-Najaf Historical Center: Urgent Issues and Possible Solutions
Authors: Farhan Sabeeh Lafta , Alyasari Haider I , Akef Venus S , Zubaidi Salah L , Hashim K S
Published: February 2021

The Old Holy Al-Najaf is the third influential religious center for Shia Muslims in the whole Islamic world after Mecca and Madinah. This historical city embraces a rich tangible and intangible heritage that has long distinguished its architectural identity and enriched its spiritual experience. Along its history, since its establishment around the 8th century AD, the city has faced continues challenges defying its capacity to resist, preserve, and evolve based on the root causes of its formation (Islamic culture and climate requirements). However, since the mid of the 20th century, the city has been challenged with new cultural, economic, and political forces causing radical transformation in its deep organizational urban structures and architectural features. Thus, the paper will include analysing the current structure of the traditional urban morphology of the Old City of Al-Najaf highlighting the major problems that are threatening its unique inherited architectural and urban characteristics. Despite the dramatic heritage loss in the city, there are many trajectories to protect the still existing parts of the historical center. The proposed vision is not to refuse the modernization of the city, but rather to embrace a rational urban preservation.
Review of Abrasion Mechanisms and Influential Variables on The Disintegration Resistance of Concrete
Authors: Ismaeil Rawaa H. , Hilo Ali N. , Al-Gasham Thaar S.
Published: February 2021

In many hydraulic constructions such as dams, spillways and stilling basins, large of amounts concrete can be damaged depending upon the long-term activity of water-borne solids. To a great extent, for hydraulic structures, the durability relies upon the resistance that the concrete surface offers to mechanical wear. The surface damage caused by the uninterrupted material removal process, induced by the impact of the water borne solid particles, is termed hydro-abrasion. In nearly all hydraulic structures, this kind of progressive deterioration of the concrete surfaces is observed, to different intensities. Obviously, such hydro-abrasive concrete wearing normally results in a reduction in the service life of the hydro-technical facility, and consequently because of the repairs necessitated, the non-functioning of the facility during the repair period results in an expenditure spike. The objective of this article is to: understand the mechanisms of concrete abrasion-erosion followed by brief iscussion about the factors remarkably impact the rate of abrasion erosion also through these studies, it was concluded the improvement of the abrasion resistance needstomodify the concrete characteristics also increase the compressive strength.
The Shear Strength Parameters as a Function of the Volumetric Water Content of Baghdad City Soils at Tigris River Bank
Authors: Al-Obaidi A A , Irzooki R H , Al-Dulaimy H F
Published: February 2021

The capital of Iraq, Baghdad city, is considered one of the regions with a diverse soil composition besides the various characteristics of these soils. The subbase layers can be divided into three zones that are fully saturated, partially saturated, and dry state. This research accomplishes the investigation and assessment of the geotechnical attributes of soil layers of the city, where these characteristics are associated with the ground water elevation. The water level disparity of the Tigris River was correlated with variation of the ground water level and with geotechnical results of more than 260 boreholes. The analysis of the output data revealed that undrained shear strength parameters of soil layers near the Tigris river bank is controlled by the flocculation of the water in the river. New relationships were developed associating the volumetric water content (VWC) with shear strength parameters of these soils (cu and ϕ). These empirical equations show that predicting strength compounds of partially saturated soils as a linear relation for the angle of internal friction and nonlinear for soil cohesive function with (VWC). Where is an increase of the amount of saturation in the (VWC) results a decrease in strength properties for the soil (cu and ϕ).
Optimize of emergence speed and productivity of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) by using different cover treatments
Authors: Aied K Y , Ghassan J Z , Abdulrahman H B
Published: February 2021

This study was conducted at Tikrit University, Iraq during the spring season of 2019 to investigate the effect of different cover treatments 1. Plastic cover for 45 days from planting. 2. Plastic cover for 45 days from planting, then cover with saran only 45 days before harvest. 3. Cover with saran only for 45 days before harvesting. 4. Control treatment (without cover) on speed emergence, growth and yield of two potato cultivars (Montreal an Laperla). The obtained data indicated that the highest values for tuber length, tuber weight and tuber hardness were achieved for Laperla. However, Plastic cover gave significantly increment in speed emergence and plant height reach up 37% and 33%, respectively. Whereas, Saran cover showed significantly increment in total yield and percentage of marketable yield reach up 15.57% and 11.60%, respectively. In a view of the interactions between cultivars and the other treatments, saran interacted with Laperla reflected the highest increment in total yield per hectare was 31%, compared to interaction treatment between same cultivar but without cover. In general, results declared that using saran treatment in top side only, during formation of tuber, for Laperla cultivar led to the highest productivity of potato.
Electromagnetism-Like Algorithm-Based Parameters Estimation of Double-Diode PV-Module Model
Authors: Haider H T , Muhsen D H , Mahdi H F
Published: February 2021

An accurate parameters extraction of photovoltaic (PV) module is necessary as it plays an essential role in determining the performance of PV system. Therefore, an electromagnetism-like algorithm (EMLA) is proposed to optimally estimate associated parameters of double-diode PV module model. The parameters are optimized based on a proposed fitness function, which depends on the root mean square error between the experimental and computed PV output current. Seven different experimental data sets of I-V curve are utilized to verify the presented approach under various operation conditions. The results show there is a high fitness between the estimated and realistic I-V curves under different weather conditions. Furthermore, the results are validated with another model that proposed in literature under different statistical indices. Finally, the proposed PV modeling method exhibits under all operation conditions an average root mean square error, average mean bias error and average determination coefficient under all operation conditions were 0.0799, 0.0088, and 0.9863, respectively.
The Optimum PV Panels Slope Angle for Standalone System: Case Study in Duhok, Iraq
Authors: Ibrahim Mustafa Hussein , Ibrahim Muhammed A.
Published: February 2021

Due to the high operation and maintenance charges of the photovoltaic (PV) tracking systems, it is better to install the PV panels at a stationary angle which is considered as an optimum slope angle. Usually the optimum annually slop angle equals to latitude. However, Duhok site (latitude 36°50’40.6” N, longitude 43°01’05.3” E) has a special case because it’s located in valley between two mountains where the eastern sides of these mountains block the sunlight at the early morning. This paper aims at finding the optimum annually slop angle that makes the solar panels in this site generate the highest possible amount of electrical energy by capturing largest amount of solar radiation at this period when the sun appears from behind the mountain. HOMER software is used to simulate the suggested standalone PV system at the study site. The optimization outcomes present that the optimum annually slope angle for the PV panels should be equal to 25 °.
The Effect of Using Building Information Modelling (BIM) (Stages: Design, Execution and Post-Execution)
Authors: Raheem Mazin Ismael
Published: February 2021

Most applications that already used were not containing enough information to analyse and assess buildings performance, while lately more sophisticated tools appeared representing the building as a perfect basic information from ordered information (in stages: design, execution and post-execution). Despite the fact that the constructional work seems more complicated, albeit the new developments in information sampling techniques of buildings (BIM) made the manners and ways more easy and communications between building information module and analysis tools enable the constructors from evaluating the suggested designs and determination if they can define the intended performance after fine finishing and helping them to perform the projects in more fine, faster and better manners ; that is why BIM represent an effective tool in a frame of international works to reform construction sector more perfect and more developed. This research deals with the effect of using BIM(in stages of design, execution and post–execution) and from here the research problem aroused: which is represented by obvious informational deficiency in academic and practical medias in knowledge of the effect of using BIM (in stages of design, execution and post–execution) in more effective, acceptable and beneficial, and the informational deficiency in technical capabilities to define the challenges and the chances through applying BIM, so this research adopted induction approach to reach the aims in building the theoretical frame and then applying this frame to reach conclusions.
The Importance of Google Maps for Traffic in Calculating the Level of Service for the Road and Traffic Delay
Authors: Ali K S , Abid N M
Published: February 2021

Traffic congestion is one of most important problems generated in the modern era, due to the need to move quickly between different sites, technological development, economic and population growth. Led to a significant increase in private transportation vehicles in urban areas. It has even exceeded the capacity of the planned road in some locations, especially those that attract trips significantly, causes cluster of vehicles, traffic congestion, and delay in the trip, which causes material and psychological costs to people. Therefore, this problem needs to be defined accurately and quickly in order to address it. There are many methods, including the traditional and advanced ones, in determining congestion and the amount of delay. Since determining the amount of delay for many sites is very expensive and takes a long time. We assume there is a method to facilitate data acquisition and delay in a fast and cost-effective manner. Through the use of websites on the Internet, one of which is Google traffic maps. Works to provide data on the traffic situation of the roads in any area, and at any time in the world, which can be used to know the amount of delay of the trip in this area. As it was noted that there is a failure in previous studies to convert this data into a data that can be used. Conversion descriptive data to numerical, for processing an accurate measurement.
Dehydration of Methanol in catalytic fixed bed reactor
Authors: hadi Ghassan J
Published: February 2021

Dimethyl ether (DME) considered as an important alternative fuel and hence, its production is vital. This study directed to choose suitable catalyst (with high selectivity, high energy conservation and low cost) in catalytic dehydration of methanol to produce DME in fixed bed reactor at gas phase. Three commercial catalysts were used (Alumina, Ziolite 5A and resin) and moderate range of temperature (90-120 0C). Weight ratio of catalyst to molar flow rate (W/FA) from 27 to 81 (gcat.hr/gmol) was selected. Both Alumina and ziolite showed weak activity at this range of temperature while resin was better. Conversion of methanol to dimethyl ether (DME) showed significant dependence on increasing temperature and flow rate (highest conversion was 8% at 120 0C and W/F=81 gcat. hr/gmol). Also, deactivation of resin with time was studied at optimum conditions and the results showed no effect of time on both conversion and selectivity to produce DME. DME production selectivity was 100% at all operation circumstances. In addition, the nature of active sites of resin was studied by using selectivity poison procedure. Accordingly, acidic sites were mainly concerned with the reaction whereas Bronsted acidity has mainly contributed to the acidic sites.
Extraction of prodigiosin using aqueous two phase system
Authors: Jaffer Zahraa Mohammed , Hameed Khalid W. , Imran Sahar Ghazi
Published: February 2021

Aqueous two-phase system is a modified and amazing separation process of bioproducts in downstream since it keeps their properties. This method is able to give high recovery yield and high purity in a single step. Prodigiosin pigment was produced by Serratia marcescens in carbohydrate fermentation. It is the first time to extract the prodigiosin by aqueous two-phase system, where two types of system are applied; polymer/polymer and polymer/salt. The parameters studied on the recovery per cent and partition coefficient of prodigiosin are temperature, weight fraction of polymer in solution, molecular weight of polymer, weight fraction of salt in solution, and pH. The maximum recovery and partition coefficient of prodigiosin are obtained in the first system (PEG6000/Dextran) at temperature of 20°C, pH 6, weight fraction of PEG6000 is 0.22, weight fraction of Dextran is 0.15 while in the second system (PEG1500/ammonium sulfate) the maximum recovery and partition coefficient of the prodigiosin are obtained at temperature of 20°C, pH 5, weight fraction of salt is 0.15, and weight fraction of PEG1500 is 0.24.
Performance Evaluation of a Combined Electrocoagulation– Electrooxidation Process for the Treatment of Petroleum Refinery Wastewater
Authors: Abbar Ali H. , Alkurdi Sajjad S.
Published: February 2021

The present study investigates the application of a combined electrocoagulation-electrooxidation (EC-EO) process for the treatment of wastewater generated from Al-Dewaniya petroleum refinery plant in Iraq. The EC-EO process was examined in terms of its ability to simultaneously produce coagulant and oxidant agents by using a parallel plate configuration system composed of stainless steel plates as cathode and pair of aluminum and graphite plates as anode at two different current concentrations (1.92A/l and 0.96A/l). The results showed that the best conditions for treatment of Al-Dewaniya petroleum refinery wastewater using the combined approach were current concentration of (0.96A/l), current density of (12mA/cm2), NaCl concentration of (2g/l), pH of (7), and electrolysis time of (60 min). In this case COD removal efficiency (93.75%), phenol removal efficiency (96.20%), TDS removal efficiency (6.88%) were obtained with lower specific energy consumption (29.45 kWh/kg COD) and lower aluminum consumption (0.587 x10−3kg/h). The combined process showed to be better than EC process in term of COD and phenol removal efficiencies as well as aluminium consumption. In addition, it was better than EO in term of energy consumption. The combined process also gave buffering effect regarding to pH hence no need for controlling the pH during the operation.
Pre-evaporation of Ethanol as an Effective Method to Improve Single Cell Protein (SCP) Production from Date Palm Residue by Saccharomyces Cerevisiae
Authors: Farhan Salah N. , Mahmood Walaa Abid , Ali Godeib Ali Hussein
Published: February 2021

Unicellular proteins or Single cell proteins (SCP) are proteins that can be used for human foods and animal feed. Their source is microorganisms that grow unicellular, such as yeast, bacteria, mold, and algae. There are many carbon sources, which can be used in the production of a single cell protein (SCP). Many processes have been developed to produce SCP at a low cost. However, in all these processes, productivity was low. The current study aims at using a natural material (turnip extract) to increase the extraction of sugar from palm date residues required for yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) fermentation. As well as the use of a vacuum pump to remove ethanol from fermentation broth at a certain time interval to increase the growth of the yeast and prevent its inhibition. From the study, the single-cell protein was increased from 30 gm to range between 60-90 gm, while the time of fermentation reduced from 24hr to 9 hr. The main fermentation experiments were performed using a 2 litter bioreactor at a moderate temperature 30 °C and pH value of 6. The use of residues, in addition to the production of single-cell proteins, allows to reduce of environmental pollution.
Separation of oil/water emulsions by microbubble air flotation
Authors: Al-Dulaimi Sumaya L , Al-Yaqoobi Atheer M
Published: February 2021

Oil/water emulsions are one of the major threats to environment nowadays, occurs at many stages in the production and treatment of crude oil. The oil recovery process adopted will depend on how the oil is present in the water stream. Oil can be found as free oil, as an unstable oil/water emulsion and also as a highly stable oil/water emulsion. The current study was dedicated to the application of microbubble air flotation process for the removal of such oily emulsions for its characters of cost-effective, simple structure, high efficiency and no secondary pollution. The influence of several key parameters on the process removal efficiency was examined, namely, initial oil concentration, pH value of the emulsion, and the effect of adding sodium chloride. The effect of bubble size on the performance of the separation process and its impact on removal efficiency was also investigated. The results demonstrated that removal efficiency obtained by using microbubbles flotation was higher by factor of 1.72 in comparison with that achieved with fine bubbles. The removal efficiency of oil droplets was increased with the increasing of flotation time and initial oil concentration. The removal efficiency reached up 60.68% under alkaline conditions (pH≈9), and it increased to around 75% by decreasing the emulsion acidity to around (pH≈3). The addition of sodium chloride has a significant influence to the efficiency of the flotation process. The efficiency could be reached to about 84% by adding 1 gL−1of NaCl to the emulsion. While increasing the NaCl concentration to 9 gL−1resulted in reduction in removal efficiency to around 80%.
A review on Queue Management Algorithms in Large Networks
Authors: Hamdi Mustafa Maad , Mahdi Hussain Falih , Abood Mohammed Salah , Mohammed Ruaa Qahtan , Abbas Abdulkareem Dawah , Mohammed Alaa Hamid
Published: February 2021

The efficiency of Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is significantly influenced by Congestion Control. Many scientists have widely researched and suggested several improvements to conventional TCP Congestion Control over the past centuries. This subject, however, still inspires scholarly and industrial research groups due to changes in demands for internet applications and the evolution of internet technologies. In this review paper, illustrate the most important features of the TCP and its mechanisms. The challenges and its effect on the performance of the network communication have also been explained. Several research groups have been working on the improvement of the quality of services of the network. This paper reviews some recent studies and argues their latest findings to have a better understanding. Where the important features of sub-sections of the TCP were presented. Then we showed the two main classes of the existing router queue management system. Performance metrics are used to show the behaviour of a network during data transmission. The results in this study showed the performance of ARED was be better than that of RED.
A New Deployment Schema Using Dynamic Relay Vehicle to Improve VANETs Connectivity in Urban Environment
Authors: Ibrahem K D , Rashid A N , Mubark F S
Published: February 2021

Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANETs) have emerged as promising technology to support traffic safety applications of intelligent transportation system (ITS). One of the most important challenges facing VANET is the connectivity, due to obstacles, high mobility, dynamic topology which leads to disconnection problem. Deploying road Sid unite (RSU) to improves VANET connectivity is considered as a highly cost solution. Previous researches suggested diverse RSU deployment schemes and algorithms to solve the RSU deployment issue in order to achieve better network connectivity with minimum number of RSU. In this paper we propose dynamic relay node as replacement to RSU with zero infrastructure. It’s Using key metrics of interest (such as connection duration, re-healing time, receiving time) we provide thorough visualization for network connectivity of urban VANETs with dynamic relay node. It is not only a low-cost solution, but it is practical solution since it does not require RSU installation or maintenance. Simulations are carried out in ns2 to evaluate the performance of dynamic relay node in urban environment. The proposed scheme proves its efficiency through increasing the vehicle density in the road and by increasing relay vehicle velocity. The result shows that the proposed scheme improve the network connectivity as the number of relays increased up to four dynamic relay nodes.
Medical Image Compression Based on SPIHT-BAT Algorithms
Authors: Salih Huda M , Kadhim Ali Mohammed
Published: February 2021

The main aim of this study is to decrease the amount of storage as much as possible and the decoded image seen on the monitor should be as close as possible to the original image. The main goal of this study is to design a fully hybrid system for medical image compression. For this purpose, a hybrid techniques were used to enhance the compression performance, decreasing the computational complexity level and raising the CR (Compression Ratio, the proposed system is adopted on these tools: to design a new fully hybrid image compression system to compress a medical image (Brain Tumour disease type). Furthermore, a new reliable algorithm was proposed in order to identify the ROI (Region of Interest) and NROI (Non-Region of Interest) before compression process. In addition, this algorithm has less computational complexity and efficient, also develop new algorithms to compress the ROI and NROI regions. The first region, ROI, is compressed by cascading of SPIHT and BAT algorithms. Meanwhile, the second region (NROI) is compressed by the 2D-DWT algorithm, finally to design a new coding system by mixed the RLE (Run-Length Encoding) and Huffman coding algorithms to improve the CR. The results indicate that the SPIHT-BAT algorithm has increase the compression ratio better than SPIHT. Furthermore, the result of ROI region better than the result of NROI region. While the result of coding when used (RLE- Huffman) algorithm better than the result when used (RLE) alone or Huffman algorithm. The different parameters of compression process indicate that the proposed system is better than that of Traditional systems that described in literature.
Driverless Cars with Communication System Based On Multiple Access Protocols
Authors: Alani Tasneem A. , Aliesawi Salah A.
Published: February 2021

Road traffic accidents are perceived as a serious problem in societies and one of the main reasons of fatalities, disability and injuries that inflict humans all over the world. Most of the Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) supported safety applications mainly rely on transmitting safety messages either by the means of vehicles or Road-Side Units (RSUs), whether it is a periodical action or in the case of an unexpected event, such as detecting unsafe road condition or a hard brake cases. This paper presents a Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) protocol and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) protocol, which are designed specifically for supporting high-priority safety applications in a VANET scenario. The scenario of a virtual city is simulated and various metrics for performance are evaluated, comprising protocol overheads, good network mode, and channel usage, fairness of protocol, potential transmission collision, and delay delivery of the safety message. It was found that these protocols far outweighs the current Medium Access Control (MAC) schemes, which involve significant limitations in supporting the application of VANET. The suggested protocols can be seen as a promising tool for MAC in VANETs, which is able to achieve various unconventional safety applications to boost the standards of public safety and enhance safety for passengers, pedestrians and drivers on the roads. The result of the communication system is concluded that the approach provides optimum communication performance for received packets, packets delivery ratio, totally dropped packets and average end to-end delay. The proposed scheme has a 94% packet delivery ratio in CDMA, 92% in TDMA and 82% than other cases.
Efficient Hardware Implementation for Quantum key Distribution Protocol using FPGA
Authors: Abbas Yasir Amer , Abdullah Alharith A.
Published: February 2021

This paper presents a new hardware implementation of the quantum key distributed cryptography protocol using Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). In many security applications, the software implementations of key distribution algorithms are slow and inefficient. In order to solve this problems, new hardware architecture was proposed to speed up the performance and flexibility of key distribution algorithms. The concurrent computing designs quantum key distribution protocol with reducing the hardware area, producing a high throughput and low latency. It also showed high speed processing and consumed low power. An efficient hardware architectural model for quantum key distribution protocol was developed using very high-speed integrated circuit hardware description language (VHDL). This hardware designed to be used with any quantum key distribution protocol to distribution the secret key securely. The hardware implemented and test with Spartan-3 FPGA board and the results show a throughput of 8 Mbps and efficiency of 1.6 Mbps/slice.
Combined Chi-Square with k-Means for Document Clustering
Authors: Kadhim Ammar Ismael , Jassim Abood Kirebut
Published: February 2021

Currently, the dynamic website has increased with more than thousands of documents associated to a category topic available. Most of the website documents are unstructured and not in an arranged method and thereby the user suffer to obtain the related documents. A more helpful and efficiency technique by combining document clustering with ranking, where document clustering can collection the similar documents in one category and document ranking can be carried out to each cluster for selecting the best documents in the initial categorization. Besides the specific clustering technique, the different types of term weighting functions implemented to select the features that it represents website document is a chief part in clustering mission. Moreover, document clustering indicates to unsupervised categorization of text documents into clusters in such a method that the text documents in a specific cluster are similar. Therefore, this study proposed a new technique combined chi-square with k-means for clustering the website documents. Furthermore, this study implements information gain and chi-square combined with k-means for document clustering. It helps the user to obtain the whole related documents in one cluster. For experimental objective, it has selected the BBC sport and BBC news datasets to show the superiority of the proposed technique. The experimental findings show that the chi-square with combined with k-means clustering improves the performance of document clustering.
Skin Disease Classification System Based on Machine Learning Technique: A Survey
Authors: Mohammed Saja Salim , Al-Tuwaijari Jamal Mustafa
Published: February 2021

Skin diseases are a major and worrying problem in societies due to their physical and psychological effects on patients. Detecting skin diseases at an early stage has an important role in treatment. The process of diagnosing and treating skin injury is related to the skill and experience of the specialist doctor. The diagnostic process must be accurate and timely. Recently, artificial intelligence science has been used in the field of diagnosing skin diseases through the use of machine learning algorithms and the exploitation of the vast amount of data available in health centers and hospitals. In this paper, quite many previous studies related to methods of classification of skin diseases based on the principle of machine learning were collected. In a group of previous studies, the researchers used some systems, mechanisms, and algorithms. Several systems have been successful in classifying skin diseases and achieving varying diagnostic accuracy. Various systems have relied on methods of image processing and feature extraction that help predict and detect disease type. There are other systems designed to identify specific types of skin disease through clinical features and features obtained from tissue analyzes after a skin biopsy of the affected area. This survey shows that the diagnostic accuracy in image processing methods was relatively uneven, ranged between (50% to 100%). As for the methods of treating tissue features, the accuracy was of an excellent level of 94% or more. The results provide an overview of the actual relevant studies found in the literature and highlight most of which research gaps have emerged.