bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative evaluation of different crystal‐structured calcium sulfates as bone‐filling materials
Authors: Woo Kyung Mi , Yu Bin , Jung Hong‐Moon , Lee Yong‐Keun
Published: June 2009

The mechanical and handling properties and biological performances of two types of calcium sulfate (βCS and αCS) as bone‐filling materials were compared. The influence of two modifiers such as hydroxypropylmethylcellose (HPMC) and fibrin was also examined. αCS showed higher strength than, and similar setting time and injectability to those of βCS. The degradation of CS in a simulated body fluid (SBF) was checked by measuring the amount of calcium released to SBF. αCS showed reduced calcium release than βCS. The modifiers tended to increase the calcium release. The MC3T3‐E1 preosteoblasts cultured on αCS showed higher levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity than those cultured on βCS. αCS strongly promoted gene expression of osteoblast phenotypes including Runx2, α1(I) collagen, osteocalcin, and bone sialoprotein. There was no significant difference in cell adhesion and proliferation between two types of CS. The addition of modifiers to CS increased cell proliferation, ALP activity, and the gene expression. The osteoclastic differentiation of RAW264.7 monocytes was checked. The cells on both types of CS produced tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity with no significant difference. These cell response results indicated that αCS promoted osteoblast differentiation over βCS but not osteoclast differentiation. Conclusively, a particular form of commercially available αCS possesses superior properties to βCS in terms of mechanical properties and supports for osteoblast differentiation, suggesting that αCS could be an alternative to the conventionally used βCS. The addition of HPMC and fibrin could further improve the feasibility of αCS as a bone‐filling material. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2009
Tumor liberated protein from lung cancer and perspectives for immunotherapy
Authors: Tarro Giulio
Published: June 2009

This review addresses peptide regions of human tumor liberated protein (TLP) complexes with antigenic activity. The review also deals with antibodies reacting with such proteins, to be used for diagnostic and clinical purposes. We identified peptide sequences of the TLP 100 kDa protein. Lung cancer cells were found positive with an immuno‐histochemical test, by peroxidase‐anti‐peroxidase, using a specific antiserum. This test turned out negative in the presence of the synthesized peptide (blocking test). Several tumors were used to obtain antigens by various purification procedures (cell homogenization, ultracentrifugation at 100,000g, gel filtration and chromatography, preparative and analytical isoelectric focusing, IEF). The molecular weight on SDS–PAGE of an immunogenic peak detected on IEF was determined to be a value of 214,000 Da, with monomers of 54,000 Da. In vivo TLP yields delayed hypersensitivity reactions in both autologous and homologous hosts, and does not seem to have any nonspecific mytogenic activity, but does have mytogenic‐specific activity since lymphocyte blastogenesis (TLP‐induced in pre‐sensitized patients), in the case of intradermal inoculation, could mean its ability to sensitize a lymphocytic clone. J. Cell. Physiol. 221: 26–30, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc
Explanation for missing limbs in deformed amphibians
Authors: Ballengée Brandon , Sessions Stanley K.
Published: June 2009

We present evidence that the most commonly found deformities in wild‐caught amphibians, those featuring missing limbs and missing limb segments, may be the result of selective predation. Here we report that predatory dragonfly nymphs can severely injure and even fully amputate developing hind limbs of anuran tadpoles. Developmental responses of the injured/amputated tadpole limbs range from complete regeneration to no regeneration, with intermediate conditions represented by various idiosyncratic limb deformities, depending mainly on the developmental stage of the tadpole at the time of injury/amputation. These findings were reinforced by experimental amputations of anuran tadpole hind limbs that resulted in similar deformities. Our studies suggest that selective predation by dragonfly nymphs and other aquatic predators may play a significant role in the most common kinds of limb deformities found in natural populations of amphibians.J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 312B:770–779, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acute vertebral fracture
Authors: Agulnek Abby N. , O'Leary Kevin J. , Edwards Beatrice J.
Published: June 2009

Vertebral fractures resulting from osteoporosis are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the aging population and are commonly seen in the hospital setting. Appropriately assessing and treating these conditions continues to be a challenge. This article is an evidence‐based clinical update on the evaluation and management options of acute vertebral fractures, ranging from conservative treatment to surgical intervention. Hospitalists can play an influential role in the management of osteoporosis. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2009;4:E20–E24. © 2009 Society of Hospital Medicine.
The combined effect of superchilling and modified atmosphere packaging using CO2 emitter on quality during chilled storage of pre‐rigor salmon fillets (Salmo salar)
Authors: Hansen Anlaug Ådland , Mørkøre Turid , Rudi Knut , Langsrud Øyvind , Eie Thomas
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND: Pre‐rigor fillets of Atlantic salmon were either superchilled or chilled prior to packaging in air or in modified atmosphere (MAP, 60% CO2/40% N2) with a CO2 emitter, in 5.3 L high‐density polyethylene trays with three to four layers of fillets (3.0–3.7 kg). All samples were stored at 0.1 °C for 28 days.

RESULTS: Fillets stored in MAP had significantly lower bacterial growth compared to fillets stored in air, and MAP superchilled bottom fillets had lower bacterial counts compared to the corresponding chilled fillets. Samples superchilled prior to refrigerated storage in air had similar bacterial growth to ordinary chilled samples. Faster fillet softening during storage and higher liquid loss were observed in superchilled MAP samples.

CONCLUSION: Combining short‐term superchilling and MAP with a CO2 emitter prolonged the shelf‐life of pre‐rigor salmon fillets, which can improve sustainability throughout the value chain. The superchilling method needs to be optimized to avoid negative effects on texture and liquid loss. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Alternate wetting and moderate soil drying increases grain yield and reduces cadmium accumulation in rice grains
Authors: Yang Jianchang , Huang Dongfen , Duan Hua , Tan Guilu , Zhang Jianhua
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND: Rice is the most important staple food in Asia but has also been identified as one of the major sources of cadmium (Cd) intakes for some Asian population. This study investigated whether grain yield could be maintained but Cd in grains be reduced through proper irrigation management when rice was grown in Cd‐contaminated soil.

RESULTS: Compared to the well watered treatment, the alternate wetting and moderate soil drying (MD, re‐watered when soil water potential decreased to −20 kPa) increased grain yield by 10–12% and improved milling and appearance quality of rice when grown in a soil containing a water‐soluble Cd content of 18 g kg−1. An alternate wetting and severe soil drying (SD, re‐watered when soil water potential decreased to −40 kPa) showed an opposite effect. Both MD and SD significantly increased Cd content in roots while they reduced it in the straw. MD reduced Cd content by 19–21% in the grain and by 40% in milled rice. The SD significantly increased Cd content in the grain but reduced it in milled rice.

CONCLUSION: An alternate wetting and moderate soil drying could increase rice yield and quality and also reduce Cd in the diet of rice. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Discrimination of climacteric and non‐climacteric melon fruit at harvest or at the senescence stage by quality traits
Authors: Obando‐Ulloa Javier M , Jowkar Mohammad‐Mahdi , Moreno Eduard , Souri M Kazem , Martínez Juan A , Bueso María C , Monforte Antonio J , Fernández‐Trujillo J Pablo
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND: This paper characterizes the quality traits at harvest and the changes associated with fruit senescence based on fruit physiological behaviour (climacteric or non‐climacteric) found in a collection of near‐isogenic lines (NILs) of melon (Cucumis melo L.). Data from both stages of postharvest development were analyzed by univariate and multivariate statistical analysis.

RESULTS: The principal components and random forest analyses of the fruit quality traits allowed the best classification of the NILs by time (harvest, senescence), or by climacteric behaviour at harvest, but not at the senescent stage. The overall quality profile of the non‐climacteric senescent melons was, in general, very different from that of the climacteric ones, and was in accord with a longer storage life. Most of the taste quality traits (individual sugars or sucrose equivalents, titratable acidity and the citric, oxalacetic, glutamic and succinic acids) and the traits related to skin, flesh and juice colour parameters (chroma, hue angle) helped to distinguish the climacteric NILs from the non‐climacteric ones independently of the time considered.

CONCLUSIONS: The time had a stronger effect on quality than the physiological behaviour. The discrimination by climacteric or non‐climacteric behaviour was usually better at harvest than at the senescent stage irrespective of the methodology used. Principal component analysis was the best multivariate method to discriminate by time and physiological behaviour followed by random forest and linear discriminant analysis. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Thyroid gland and carotid artery anomalies in 22q11.2 deletion syndromes
Authors: de Almeida John R. , James Adrian L. , Papsin Blake C. , Weksburg Rosanna , Clark Howard , Blaser Susan
Published: June 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndromes (22q11DS), such as velocardiofacial syndrome and DiGeorge syndrome demonstrate developmental anomalies affecting the branchial arch structures. Mouse models have shown abnormalities of both the thyroid gland and the common carotid arteries and have suggested a developmental link between the two structures. Here we examine radiological abnormalities of the carotid artery bifurcation and thyroid gland.

Study Design:

Retrospective case control study.

Methods:

We reviewed multiplanar contrast‐enhanced computed tomography scans with 3‐D reformats of 66 children falling into three groups: 1) children with velopharyngeal insufficiency testing positive for 22q11DS (n = 28), 2) children with velopharyngeal insufficiency testing negative for 22q11DS (n = 10), and 3) age and gender matched controls (n = 28). The common carotid bifurcations were measured according to cervical spinal (C‐spine) level. The thyroid gland morphology was also assessed.

Results:

The 22q11DS group demonstrated lower overall common carotid bifurcations. The median C‐spine level of bifurcation was significantly different in the 22q11DS group compared to controls on the right (5 vs. 3.;P< .01) and left (6.5 vs. 3.25;P< .001). These patients demonstrated asymmetry when comparing the bifurcations between sides. Fourteen of 28 patients (50%) with 22q11 deletions demonstrated at least one of four different thyroid anomalies. Anomalies included absence of a lobe, absence of the isthmus, retrocarotid, or retroesophageal extension. The 22q11DS group had significantly higher proportions of thyroid abnormalities compared to the control groups (P < .01).

Conclusions:

Patients with 22q11DS demonstrate statistically significantly lower carotid artery bifurcations and a higher proportion of radiological thyroid abnormalities. Laryngoscope, 2009
Nasal congestion index: A measure for nasal obstruction
Authors: Kjaergaard Thomas , Cvancarova Milada , Steinsvåg Sverre K
Published: June 2009

Objectives:

The relationship between congestion of the nasal mucosa and subjective nasal obstruction remains poorly defined. Applying the novel Nasal Congestion Index (NCI), we compared subjective nasal obstruction with objective measures for reversible congestion of the nasal mucosa.

Study Design:

A total of 2,523 consecutive patients were included in this cross‐sectional study. Eligible subjects were adults referred to the ENT department, Sørlandet Hospital, Kristiansand, Norway, for evaluation of chronic nasal or sleep‐related complaints.

Methods:

Subjects underwent acoustic rhinometry (AR) and peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF) at baseline and after decongestion of the nasal mucosa. Based on these registrations, an NCI was calculated for minimal cross‐sectional area (MCA), nasal cavity volume (NCV), and PNIF, and employed for quantification of reversible mucosal congestion. Subjective nasal obstruction was measured by nasal obstruction visual analogue scales (NO‐VAS). Statistical analyses were based on ANOVA and multiple linear and logistic regression, adjusting for age, gender, body mass index, asthma, allergy, smoking history, and type of planned intervention.

Results:

Crude estimates indicated that the NCIs were significantly higher in subjects with severe complaints of nasal obstruction compared with subjects with lesser symptoms (P < .001). These associations were confirmed by linear and logistic regression analyses. NCI for MCA, NCV, and PNIF showed highly significant associations with subjective nasal obstruction (P < .001).

Conclusions:

We have clearly demonstrated an association between subjective nasal obstruction and reversible congestion of the nasal mucosa by employing the NCI. The measure has proven to be useful for evaluating patients with complaints of nasal obstruction. Laryngoscope, 2009
Identification of process parameters affecting distortion of disks for gear manufacture ‐ Part II: heating, carburizing, quenching
Authors: Clausen B. , Frerichs F. , Kohlhoff T. , Lübben Th. , Prinz C. , Rentsch R. , Sölter J. , Surm H. , Stöbener D. , Klein D.
Published: June 2009

In this work the applied approach to ‘Distortion Engineering’ is based on the consideration of the entire manufacturing chain of disks, from casting to the final heat treatment, made from the steel grade 20MnCr5 (SAE 5120). Part II presents the results of the investigations concerning the final heat treatment parameters on the distortion of the disks, whereas part I describes the effect of the influence parameters from casting to cutting. The disk geometry was selected, in order to reduce the expected complexity of influence parameters in gear wheel distortion. The parameter identification took place by means of the design of experiments (DoE). Volume flow rate of quenching gas, hardening temperature and carburizing depth have the expected effect on the volume change of the disks. In addition, occurring differences in the size changes of the inner and the outer surfaces were detected. For the shape changes it was found, that the choice of the loading tool shows the main influence. Furthermore a change in the loading tool does clearly affect the dishing behavior of the disks. Whereas, a relevant influence of the carburizing depth on the shape changes of disks could not be identified in this investigation. As a conclusion from the results presented in part I and II it is assumed that the identified parameters of disk distortion also effect the distortion of gear wheels.
Parent–child agreement and prevalence estimates of diagnoses in childhood: Direct interview versus family history method
Authors: Rothen Stéphane , Vandeleur Caroline L. , Lustenberger Yodok , Jeanprêtre Nicolas , Ayer Eve , Gamma Franziska , Halfon Olivier , Fornerod Daniel , Ferrero François , Preisig Martin
Published: June 2009

Diagnostic information on children is typically elicited from both children and their parents. The aims of the present paper were to: (1) compare prevalence estimates according to maternal reports, paternal reports and direct interviews of children [major depressive disorder (MDD), anxiety and attention‐deficit and disruptive behavioural disorders]; (2) assess mother–child, father–child and inter‐parental agreement for these disorders; (3) determine the association between several child, parent and familial characteristics and the degree of diagnostic agreement or the likelihood of parental reporting; (4) determine the predictive validity of diagnostic information provided by parents and children. Analyses were based on 235 mother–offspring, 189 father–offspring and 128 mother–father pairs. Diagnostic assessment included the Kiddie‐schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K‐SADS) (offspring) and the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies (DIGS) (parents and offspring at follow‐up) interviews. Parental reports were collected using the Family History – Research Diagnostic Criteria (FH‐RDC). Analyses revealed: (1) prevalence estimates for internalizing disorders were generally lower according to parental information than according to the K‐SADS; (2) mother–child and father–child agreement was poor and within similar ranges; (3) parents with a history of MDD or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) reported these disorders in their children more frequently; (4) in a sub‐sample followed‐up into adulthood, diagnoses of MDD, separation anxiety and conduct disorder at baseline concurred with the corresponding lifetime diagnosis at age 19 according to the child rather than according to the parents. In conclusion, our findings support large discrepancies of diagnostic information provided by parents and children with generally lower reporting of internalizing disorders by parents, and differential reporting of depression and ADHD by parental disease status. Follow‐up data also supports the validity of information provided by adolescent offspring. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive cognitive testing in dementia
Authors: Wouters Hans , Zwinderman Aeilko H. , van Gool Willem A. , Schmand Ben , Lindeboom Robert
Published: June 2009

The objective of this study was to investigate whether the Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG), a widely used screening test for dementia, can be tailored to the individual patient with Computerized Adaptive Testing (CAT). CAT accomplishes this by only using items that are appropriate for the level of ability of the patient under investigation. Potential advantages of CAT for clinical practice and research are efficient cognitive testing and a reduction of the test burden in elderly patients and consequently less measurement error during testing. In a two step method with previously collected CAMCOG data (n = 797) (1) patient abilities and CAMCOG item difficulties were estimated with the One Parameter Logistic Model (OPLM), a Rasch type of model. CAT was then used (2) to re‐estimate the patient abilities. Despite an average test reduction of 60%, CAT estimates were in excellent agreement (intra‐class correlation >0.98) with the results based on the entire CAMCOG and they also had similar accuracy for the diagnosis of dementia (area under the curve 0.91) as the original CAMCOG. These results were replicated in an independent sample (n = 170). We conclude that tailored testing with CAT enables much more efficient screening for dementia than testing with an extensive instrument. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interactions between mitogen‐activated protein kinase and protein kinase C signaling during oocyte maturation and fertilization in a marine worm
Authors: Stricker Stephen A.
Published: June 2009

In the marine nemertean worm Cerebratulus, follicle‐free oocytes re‐initiate meiosis and undergo nuclear disassembly (=germinal vesicle breakdown, GVBD) after being stimulated to mature by seawater (SW) or cAMP‐elevating drugs. Previously, it has been shown that inhibitors of mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) or protein kinase C (PKC) signaling can reduce SW‐induced GVBD in nemertean oocytes without affecting cAMP‐induced GVBD. Thus, SW and cAMP elevators may trigger alternative pathways that vary in their dependence on MAPK and PKC. To further characterize such signaling cascades, immunoblotting analyses of MAPK and PKC activities were conducted on oocytes treated with U0126, an inhibitor of the MAPK kinase (MAPKK) that is responsible for activating MAPK. Based on these analyses and comparisons with the MAPKK inhibitor CI1040 that inactivates MAPK without preventing GVBD, U0126 seems to block GVBD via a non‐MAPK‐mediated effect that involves PKC. Moreover, evidence is presented for post‐GVBD oocytes establishing positive feedback between MAPK and PKC signaling. Such feedback apparently allows the activities of both kinases to be maintained before insemination and to undergo concomitant downregulation after fertilization. Furthermore, in oocytes treated with MAPKK and PKC inhibitors during fertilization, sperm incorporation and polar body formation still occur, but normal cleavage is prevented. This suggests that although GVBD and aspects of post‐fertilization activation may proceed in the absence of MAPK or PKC, such kinases are apparently required for proper embryogenesis. Collectively, these results are discussed relative to previous analyses of the interactions and functions of MAPK and PKC signaling during oocyte maturation and fertilization. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 76: 708–721, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Geldspenden für den Chemieunterricht
Authors: Neubauer Uta
Published: June 2009

Experimente machen den Chemieunterricht spannend, aber auch teuer. Mit finanzieller Unterstützung der Industrie und aus Stiftungen können Lehrer den Unterricht dennoch mit Versuchen aufpeppen.
Dynamic responses of a pile embedded in a layered poroelastic half‐space to harmonic lateral loads
Authors: Xu Bin , Lu Jian‐Fei , Wang Jian‐Hua
Published: June 2009

A single pile embedded in a layered poroelastic half‐space subjected to a harmonic lateral load is investigated in this study. Based on Biot's theory, the frequency domain fundamental solution for a horizontal circular patch load applied in the layered poroelastic half‐space is derived via the transmission and reflection matrices method. Utilizing Muki and Sternberg's method, the second kind of Fredholm integral equation describing the dynamic interaction between the layered half‐space and the pile subjected to a top harmonic lateral load is constructed. The proposed methodology is validated by comparing results of this paper with some existing results. Numerical results show that for a two‐layered half‐space, the thickness of the upper softer layer has pronounced influences on the dynamic response of the pile and the half‐space. For a three‐layered half‐space, the presence of a softer middle layer in the layered half‐space will enhance the compliance for the pile significantly, while a stiffer middle layer will diminish the dynamic compliance of the pile considerably. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modification of isoprene rubber by in situ silica generation
Authors: Messori Massimo , Bignotti Fabio , De Santis Riccardo , Taurino Rosa
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND: The reinforcement of elastomers by the addition of fillers is one of the most important aspects in rubber science and technology. In order to optimise the filler–polymer interface, innovative in situ generation of silica within isoprene rubber was carried out by means of a bottom‐up approach through a sol–gel process starting from tetraethoxysilane as silica precursor. The main aim was the study of the effect of the silica concentration and of the presence of coupling agent on the morphology and the dynamic mechanical behaviour of the composites.

RESULTS: The in situ generated silica particles were homogeneously dispersed in the vulcanised rubber with dimensions from a few nanometres to the submicrometre scale. In the presence of coupling agent a good polymer–filler adhesion was observed. The dynamic mechanical behaviour was nonlinear for silica contents higher than 20 wt%. In this range of compositions silica exerted a marked reinforcement on the low‐amplitude storage modulus, which is related to the silica content according to the Huber–Vilgis model.

CONCLUSION: Isoprene rubber can be effectively reinforced by the in situ generation of silica for silica contents higher than 20 wt%, and the interaction at the silica–rubber interface can be optimised by using suitable coupling agents. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Prediction of In‐Service Time Period of Three Differently Stabilized Single Base Propellants
Authors: Bohn Manfred A.
Published: June 2009

Three nitrocellulose‐based propellants for use in micro gas generators equipped with different stabilizing systems have been investigated to assess the stabilization capability with regard to in‐service time, whereby strong time–temperature profiles have been applied. The three stabilizing systems have been (i) 0.74 mass‐% diphenylamine (DPA) and 0.48 mass‐% Akardite II (Ak II); (ii) 1.25 mass‐% Ak II; (iii) 2.04 mass‐% Ak II. Several profiles were considered. Two simulate the heating at sun exposure in hot areas, others consider environmental temperatures in hot‐humid and hot‐dry areas. They were evaluated according to the load and finally one was chosen for the assessment. The contents of stabilizers were determined by high performance liquid chromatography after Soxhlet type extraction. To describe stabilizer consumption, the most suitable kinetic model was taken. Therewith a prediction was made using the chosen time–temperature profile named ‘Phoenix’, designed for temperatures at the steering wheel. The objective was to reach with this profile 15 years until the consumption of primary stabilizer content. This is conservative, because with the stabilizing action of the consecutive products of the stabilizers longer times are possible.
Angiotensin II up‐regulates PAX2 oncogene expression and activity in prostate cancer via the angiotensin II type I receptor
Authors: Bose Sudeep K. , Gibson Willietta , Giri Shailendra , Nath Narender , Donald Carlton D.
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND

Paired homeobox 2 gene (PAX2) is a transcriptional regulator, aberrantly expressed in prostate cancer cells and its down‐regulation promotes cell death in these cells. The molecular mechanisms of tumor progression by PAX2 over‐expression are still unclear. However, it has been reported that angiotensin‐II (A‐II) induces cell growth in prostate cancer via A‐II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and is mediated by the phosphorylation of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) as well as signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3).

METHODS

Here we have demonstrated that A‐II up‐regulates PAX2 expression in prostate epithelial cells and prostate cancer cell lines resulting in increased cell growth. Furthermore, AT1R receptor antagonist losartan was shown to inhibit A‐II induced PAX2 expression in prostate cancer. Moreover, analysis using pharmacological inhibitors against MEK1/2, ERK1/2, JAK‐II, and phospho‐STAT3 demonstrated that AT1R‐mediated stimulatory effect of A‐II on PAX2 expression was regulated in part by the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JAK II, and STAT3 pathways. In addition, we have showed that down‐regulation of PAX2 by an AT1R antagonist as well as JAK‐II and STAT3 inhibitors suppress prostate cancer cell growth.

RESULTS

Collectively, these findings show for the first time that the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) may promote prostate tumorigenesis via up‐regulation of PAX2 expression.

CONCLUSIONS

Therefore, PAX2 may be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of carcinomas such as prostate cancer via the down‐regulation of its expression by targeting the AT1R signaling pathways. Prostate 69:1334–1342, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In‐situ surface absorptivity prediction during 1.06 μm wavelength laser low aspect ratio machining of structural ceramics
Authors: Samant Anoop N. , Du Baoshuai , Dahotre Narendra B.
Published: June 2009

This study predicts the variation of surface absorptivity with temperature for structural ceramics such as magnesia (MgO), alumina (Al2O3), silicon nitride (Si3N4), and silicon carbide (SiC). In‐situ temperatures reached during pulsed 1.06 μm Nd:YAG laser low aspect ratio cavity machining of the ceramics under various number of pulses were sensed by a K‐type thermocouple. A thermal model was calibrated by varying the absorptivity to match the computed temperature to that with the measured temperature in the ranges of 860–980 K (MgO), 1020–1120 K (Al2O3), 900–1150 K (Si3N4), and 700–950 K (SiC) at a given distance from center of the laser beam. Such absorptivity predictions are critical for accurate predictions of suitable machining parameters and in determining actual energy absorbed during low aspect ratio laser machining of structural ceramics. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship for Inhibition of CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 by Azole Compounds – Comparison with Their Binding Affinity
Authors: Itokawa Daisuke , Yamauchi Aiko , Chuman Hiroshi
Published: June 2009

Azole compounds are widely used as antifungal agents. They interact with cytochrome P45014DM (CYP51) via coordination of the nucleophilic nitrogen of their heterocyclic ring to the heme iron in CYP51. In our previous study, we showed that the binding affinity of eighteen azole compounds for rat CYP2B and CYP3A was nicely expressed by the bilinear model of log P. In this study, the same azole compounds were examined as to their inhibitory effect on the substrates for human CYP2B6 and CYP3A4. The inhibitory activity determined was analyzed as to the molecular properties of the azole compounds. A nice correlation was found with the bilinear model of log P. These results suggested that the molecular hydrophobicity of the azole compounds plays a major role in the inhibition as well as in the binding. For the binding, HOMO was significant as an additional descriptor in the correlation equations, whereas the existence of a hydroxyl group was significant for the inhibition.
In situ Visualization of Gene Expression Using Polymer‐Coated Quantum–Dot–DNA Conjugates
Authors: Choi Youngseon , Kim Hwa Pyung , Hong Suk Min , Ryu Ji Young , Han Sung Jun , Song Rita
Published: June 2009

Imaging of specific mRNA targets in cells is of great importance in understanding gene expression and cell signaling processes. Subcellular localization of mRNA is known as a universal mechanism for cells to sequester specific mRNA for high production of required proteins. Various gene expressions in Drosophila cells are studied using quantum dots (QDs) and the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method. The excellent photostability and highly luminescent properties of QDs compared to conventional fluorophores allows reproducible obtainment of quantifiable mRNA gene expression imaging. Amine‐modified oligonucleotide probes are designed and covalently attached to the carboxyl‐terminated polymer‐coated QDs via EDC chemistry. The resulting QD–DNA conjugates show sequence‐specific hybridization with target mRNAs. Quantitative analysis of FISH on the Diptericin gene after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment shows that the intensity and number of FISH signals per cell depends on the concentration of LPS and correlates well with quantitative real‐time PCR results. In addition, our QD–DNA probes exhibit excellent sensitivity to detect the low‐expressing Dorsal‐related immunity factor gene. Importantly, multiplex FISH of Ribosomal protein 49 and Actin 5C using green and red QD–DNA conjugates allows the observation of cellular distribution of the two independent genes simultaneously. These results demonstrate that highly fluorescent and stable QD–DNA probes can be a powerful tool for direct localization and quantification of gene expression in situ.
Mesostructured Thin Films as Responsive Optical Coatings of Photonic Crystals
Authors: Hidalgo Nuria , Calvo Mauricio E. , Míguez Hernán
Published: June 2009

A synthetic route is presented to attain high‐optical‐quality multilayered structures that result from coupling ordered mesoporous titanium oxide thin films to the surface of a dense one‐dimensional photonic crystal. Such architectures present spectrally well‐defined photon resonant modes localized in the outer coating that finely respond to physicochemically induced modifications of its pore volume. The potential of these porous coatings in detection of environmental changes through variations of the photonic response of the ensemble is demonstrated by performing isothermal optical reflectance measurements under controlled vapor‐pressure conditions.
Effects of Ultra High Pressure, Pressing Time and HCl Concentration on Non‐thermal Starch Hydrolysis Using Ultra High Pressure
Authors: Choi Hyun‐Wook , Lee Jae‐Hwang , Ahn Soon‐Chul , Kim Byung‐Yong , Baik Moo‐Yeol
Published: June 2009

Effects of ultra high pressure (UHP), pressing time and HCl concentration on non‐thermal starch hydrolysis using ultra high pressure were investigated. As regards ultra high pressure, starch granules maintained their structure up to 450 MPa and were partially disintegrated at 600 MPa. Degree of hydrolysis did not change up to 450 MPa and dramatically increased at 600 MPa indicating that starch hydrolysis increased with increasing destruction of starch granules. Pressing time did not affect the degree of hydrolysis. However, degree of hydrolysis and destruction of starch granules increased with increasing HCl concentration up to 4 M. Gel permeation chromatography showed that the soluble fraction of starch formed by hydrolysis mainly consisted of maltooligomers and maltose. X‐ray diffraction pattern changed from A type to C type upon hydrolysis, otherwise it remained as A type. This work provides fundamental information of UHP processing for starch and shows a potential of non‐thermal UHP processing for a new starch hydrolysis method.
A QPCR‐based reporter system to study post‐transcriptional regulation via the 3′ untranslated region of mRNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Lind Kristina , Norbeck Joakim
Published: June 2009

Post‐transcriptional regulation via the 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) of mRNA is an important factor in governing eukaryotic gene expression. Achieving detailed understanding of these processes requires highly quantitative systems in which comparative studies can be performed. To this end, we have developed a plasmid reporter system for Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in which the 3′ UTR can be easily replaced and modified. Accurate quantification of the tandem affinity purification tag (TAP)‐reporter protein and of TAP‐mRNA is achieved by immuno‐QPCR and by RT‐QPCR, respectively. We have used our reporter system to evaluate the consequences on gene expression from varying the 3′ UTR, a problem often encountered during C‐terminal tagging of proteins. It was clear that the choice of 3′ UTR was a strong determinant of the reporter expression, in a manner dependent on the growth conditions used. Mutations affecting either decapping (lsm1Δ) or deadenylation (pop2Δ) were also found to affect reporter gene expression in a highly 3′ UTR‐dependent manner. Our results using this set‐up clearly indicate that the common strategy used for C‐terminal tagging, with concomitant replacement of the native 3′ UTR, will very likely provide incorrect conclusions on gene expression. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteolytic processing of certain CaaX motifs can occur in the absence of the Rce1p and Ste24p CaaX proteases
Authors: Krishnankutty Ranjith K. , Kukday Sayali S. , Castleberry Amanda J. , Breevoort Sarah R. , Schmidt Walter K.
Published: June 2009

The CaaX motif directs C‐terminal protein modifications that include isoprenylation, proteolysis and carboxylmethylation. Proteolysis is generally believed to require either Rce1p or Ste24p. While investigating the substrate specificity of these proteases, using the yeast a‐factor mating pheromone as a reporter, we observed Rce1p‐ and Ste24p‐independent mating (RSM) when the CKQQ CaaX motif was used in lieu of the natural a‐factor CVIA motif. Uncharged or negatively charged amino acid substitutions at the a1 position of the CKQQ motif prevented RSM. Alanine substitutions at the a2 and X positions enhanced RSM. Random mutagenesis of the CaaX motif provided evidence that RSM occurs with approximately 1% of all possible CaaX motif permutations. Combined mutational and genetic data indicate that RSM‐promoting motifs have a positively charged amino acid at the a1 position. Two of nine naturally occurring yeast CaaX motifs conforming to this pattern promoted RSM. The activity of the isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase Ste14p was required for RSM, indicating that RSM‐promoting CaaX motifs are indeed proteolysed. RSM was enhanced by the overexpression of Axl1p or Ste23p, suggesting a role for these M16A subfamily metalloproteases in this process. We have also determined that an N‐terminal extension of the a‐factor precursor, which is typically removed by the yeast M16A enzymes, is required for optimal RSM. These observations suggest a model that involves targeting of the a‐factor precursor to the peptidosome cavity of M16A enzymes where subsequent interactions between RSM‐promoting CaaX motifs and the active site of the M16A enzyme lead to proteolytic cleavage. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, Crystal Structures and Spectroscopic Studies of Dimorphic [Bu2Sn(O2AsMe2)2] and the Novel Dimethylthioarsinate [(Me2SnOSAsMe2)2O]2
Authors: Shihada Abdel‐Fattah , Al‐Aqarbeh Marwa , Weller Frank , Massa Werner
Published: June 2009

[Bu2Sn(O2AsMe2)2] (1) and [(Me2SnOSAsMe2)2O]2 (2) have been synthesized by reactions of Bu2SnO and Me2SnS, respectively, with HO2AsMe2 in methanol. The complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, vibrational and mass spectra. X‐ray diffraction studies show 1 to occur in an orthorhombic form with the space group Pbca at 273 K, whereas at 100 K it crystallizes triclinic in $P{\bar 1}$ (1, LT form) as twin of a twin. Cell parameters are a = 10.0372(10), b = 9.7450(7), c = 19.6599(14)Å (1), and a = 9.8140(9), b = 9.8883(8), c = 19.1457(17)Å, α = 91.592(7)°, β = 93.048(7)°, and γ = 90.277(7)° (at 100 K). The unit cell dimensions of 2, crystallizing triclinic in $P{\bar 1}$, are: a = 7.1711(6), b = 11.8569(10), c = 12.7962(11)Å, α = 70.543(10)°, β = 73.859(10)°, and γ = 84.376(10)°. Compound 1 forms layers of twodimensional networks of (SnOAsO)4‐rings with the butyl groups pointing into the gaps of the next layer. The thioarsinate 2 forms dimeric molecules with ladder structure.
Modified Maximal Thymectomy for Thymic Epithelial Tumors: Predictors of Survival and Neurological Outcome in Patients with Thymomatous Myasthenia Gravis
Authors: Prokakis Christos , Koletsis Efstratios , Apostolakis Efstratios , Zolota Vasiliki , Chroni Elisabeth , Baltayiannis Nikolaos , Chatzimichalis Antonios , Dougenis Dimitrios
Published: June 2009

Background

Thymic epithelial tumors are characterized by slow growth and variable malignant behavior. We present our experience on the surgical management of these tumors.

Materials and Methods

We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients with thymomas undergoing modified maximal thymectomy over a period of 16 years. Evaluated parameters included gender, age, Masaoka stage, WHO histology, R0 resection, myasthenia gravis, and adjuvant radiotherapy. In thymoma‐associated myasthenia gravis, further analysis was made according the Osserman stage, the time from myasthenia diagnosis to thymectomy, and the steroid treatment. End points were survival for the total study group and achievement of complete stable remission (CSR) in patients with myasthenia gravis.

Results

The study group consisted of 15 male and 24 female patients. There was no perioperative mortality. Overall survival was 91.6% and 75.1% at 5 and 10 years. Univariate analysis identified the following predictors of survival: myasthenia (P < 0.001), Masaoka stage (P < 0.001), R0 resection (P < 0.001), and WHO histology (P = 0.007). Only the WHO histology was an independent predictor of survival in multivariate analysis (P = 0.003). Myasthenia patients had CSR prediction of 51.9% and 75.9% at 10 and 15 years. Preoperative steroid treatment (P = 0.007) and WHO histology (P = 0.021) were independent predictors of CSR on multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

Modified maximal thymectomy is safe and efficient in the treatment of thymomas. WHO histology is the prime determinant of tumor aggressiveness and patient survival. Paraneoplastic myasthenia gravis and its outcome after thymectomy is significantly correlated with the WHO classification subtypes; however, lower CSR rates are not necessarily associated with more aggressive histological subgroups.
Open reduction of medial epicondyle fractures: Operative tips for technical ease
Authors: Kamath Atul F. , Cody Stephanie R. , Hosalkar Harish S.
Published: June 2009

In the pediatric population, medial humeral epicondylar fractures account for nearly 12% of all elbow fractures. There is ongoing debate about the surgical management of medial epicondyle fracture cases. Our technique in the operative management of medial epicondyle fractures uses the external application of an Esmarch bandage, as well as provisional fixation with needle rather than K-wire fixation. This technique decreases the need for soft-tissue release and, therefore, theoretically, maintains soft-tissue vascularity of the small fracture fragments. Moreover, it preserves the soft-tissue tension medially. It involves the use of a bandage that is universally available in orthopedic operating rooms, including those in developing nations. It is easy to apply by either the principal or assisting surgeon. With practice, it cuts down operative time and can help substitute for an assistant. This relatively simple operative technique makes for a more seamless operative process, improved reduction, and key preservation of soft-tissue vascularity.
MEASURES OF NONCOMPACTNESS IN ULTRAPRODUCTS
Authors: KACZOR WIESŁAWA , STACHURA ADAM , WALCZUK JUSTYNA , ZOŁA MAGDALENA
Published: June 2009

We investigate the connection between measures of noncompactness of a bounded subset of a given Banach space and the corresponding measures of noncompactness of an ultrapower of this subset. The Kuratowski, Hausdorff and separation measures of noncompactness are considered. We prove that in the first two cases the measures of a subset are equal to the respective measures of ultrapowers of this subset. In the case of separation measure of noncompactness, the equality is not necessarily fulfilled.
THE D-PROPERTY AND THE SORGENFREY LINE
Authors: GAO YIN-ZHU , SHI WEI-XUE
Published: June 2009

We show that for the Sorgenfrey line S, the minimal dense linearly ordered extension of S is a D-space, but not a monotone D-space; the minimal closed linearly ordered extension of S is not a monotone D-space; the monotone D-property is inversely preserved by finite-to-one closed mappings, but cannot be inversely preserved by perfect mappings.
A CLASSIFICATION OF SPHERICAL SYMMETRIC CR MANIFOLDS
Authors: DILEO G. , LOTTA A.
Published: June 2009

In this paper we get different characterizations of the spherical strictly pseudoconvex CR manifolds admitting a CR-symmetric Webster metric by means of the Tanaka–Webster connection and of the Riemannian curvature tensor. As a consequence we obtain the classification of the simply connected, spherical symmetric pseudo-Hermitian manifolds.
ON p-AUTOMORPHISMS THAT ARE INNER
Authors: SHABANI ATTAR M.
Published: June 2009

Let G be a group and let CAutΦ(G)(Z(Φ(G))) be the set of all automorphisms of G centralizing G/Φ(G) and Z(Φ(G)). For each prime p and finite p-group G, we prove that CAutΦ(G)(Z(Φ(G)))≤Inn(G) if and only if G is elementary abelian or Φ(G)=Z(G) and Z(G) is cyclic.
FERTILITY PATTERN AND FAMILY STRUCTURE IN THREE ALPINE SETTLEMENTS IN SOUTH TYROL (ITALY): MARRIAGE COHORTS FROM 1750 TO 1949
Authors: GÖGELE MARTIN , PATTARO CRISTIAN , FUCHSBERGER CHRISTIAN , PAUL PRAMSTALLER PETER
Published: June 2009

Stelvio, Martello and Curon, three villages of the Venosta Valley, South Tyrol (Italy), were recently included in a large genetic survey because of their isolation. This study focuses on the long-term reproductive behaviour of these villages. Family size, age at marriage and marital fertility were estimated based on a genealogy going back in the 17th century. Marriage behaviour was characterized by an elevated age at marriage and a large proportion of adults never getting married. Marital fertility was among the highest worldwide, because couples tried to use the short time at their disposal to have the largest possible number of children. Together with the already known null population expansion and high geographic endogamy rates, the reduced number of siblings who had the opportunity to get married could have favoured an increased genetic homogeneity.
A short history of health technology assessment in Germany
Authors: Perleth Matthias , Gibis Bernhard , Göhlen Britta
Published: June 2009

Objectives: To provide an overview of the development of health technology assessment (HTA) in Germany since the 1990s.

Methods: Analysis of key documents (e.g. literature, laws, and other official documentation) and personal experiences.

Results: Health technology assessment (HTA) entered the political agenda in Germany only in the mid-1990s, basically as the result of a top-down approach toward more efficiency in health care, but with a strong impetus of an evidence-based medicine movement. Accordingly, HTA became part of several healthcare reform laws since 1997, which led to the establishment of the Federal Joint Committee (G-BA) and the Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG) in 2004. This tandem construction aims at using evidence in decision-making processes for coverage and other decisions.

Conclusions: These developments have led to a considerable impact of HTA in Germany. In addition, a broad spectrum of activities at universities and in other organizations, such as the German Institute for Medical Documentation and Information (DIMDI), can be observed that contribute to both teaching and research in HTA. German researchers in the field of HTA are actively involved in international projects, such as EUNetHTA, and contribute to scientific conferences and journals.
The Dedekind reals in abstract Stone duality
Authors: BAUER ANDREJ , TAYLOR PAUL
Published: June 2009

Abstract Stone Duality (ASD) is a direct axiomatisation of general topology, in contrast to the traditional and all other contemporary approaches, which rely on a prior notion of discrete set, type or object of a topos.

ASD reconciles mathematical and computational viewpoints, providing an inherently computable calculus that does not sacrifice key properties of real analysis such as compactness of the closed interval. Previous theories of recursive analysis failed to do this because they were based on points; ASD succeeds because, like locale theory and formal topology, it is founded on the algebra of open subspaces.

ASD is presented as a lambda calculus, of which we provide a self-contained summary, as the foundational background has been investigated in earlier work.

The core of the paper constructs the real line using two-sided Dedekind cuts. We show that the closed interval is compact and overt, where these concepts are defined using quantifiers. Further topics, such as the Intermediate Value Theorem, are presented in a separate paper that builds on this one.

The interval domain plays an important foundational role. However, we see intervals as generalised Dedekind cuts, which underly the construction of the real line, not as sets or pairs of real numbers.

We make a thorough study of arithmetic, in which our operations are more complicated than Moore's, because we work constructively, and we also consider back-to-front (Kaucher) intervals.

Finally, we compare ASD with other systems of constructive and computable topology and analysis.