1100 days in the life of the supernova 2018ibb
Authors: Schulze Steve , Fransson Claes , Kozyreva Alexandra , Chen Ting-Wan , Yaron Ofer , Jerkstrand Anders , Gal-Yam Avishay , Sollerman Jesper , Yan Lin , Kangas Tuomas , Leloudas Giorgos , Omand Conor M. B. , Smartt Stephen J. , Yang Yi , Nicholl Matt , Sarin Nikhil , Yao Yuhan , Brink Thomas G. , Sharon Amir , Rossi Andrea , Chen Ping , Chen Zhihao , Cikota Aleksandar , De Kishalay , Drake Andrew J. , Filippenko Alexei V. , Fremling Christoffer , Fréour Laurane , Fynbo Johan P. U. , Ho Anna Y. Q. , Inserra Cosimo , Irani Ido , Kuncarayakti Hanindyo , Lunnan Ragnhild , Mazzali Paolo , Ofek Eran O. , Palazzi Eliana , Perley Daniel A. , Pursiainen Miika , Rothberg Barry , Shingles Luke J. , Smith Ken , Taggart Kirsty , Tartaglia Leonardo , Zheng WeiKang , Anderson Joseph P. , Cassara Letizia , Christensen Eric , George Djorgovski S. , Galbany Lluís , Gkini Anamaria , Graham Matthew J. , Gromadzki Mariusz , Groom Steven L. , Hiramatsu Daichi , Andrew Howell D. , Kasliwal Mansi M. , McCully Curtis , Müller-Bravo Tomás E. , Paiano Simona , Paraskeva Emmanouela , Pessi Priscila J. , Polishook David , Rau Arne , Rigault Mickael , Rusholme Ben 
Published: December 2023

Stars with zero-age main sequence masses between 140 and 260 M⊙ are thought to explode as pair-instability supernovae (PISNe). During their thermonuclear runaway, PISNe can produce up to several tens of solar masses of radioactive nickel, resulting in luminous transients similar to some superluminous supernovae (SLSNe). Yet, no unambiguous PISN has been discovered so far. SN 2018ibb is a hydrogen-poor SLSN at z = 0.166 that evolves extremely slowly compared to the hundreds of known SLSNe. Between mid 2018 and early 2022, we monitored its photometric and spectroscopic evolution from the UV to the near-infrared (NIR) with 2–10 m class telescopes. SN 2018ibb radiated > 3 × 1051 erg during its evolution, and its bolometric light curve reached > 2 × 1044 erg s−1 at its peak. The long-lasting rise of > 93 rest-frame days implies a long diffusion time, which requires a very high total ejected mass. The PISN mechanism naturally provides both the energy source (56Ni) and the long diffusion time. Theoretical models of PISNe make clear predictions as to their photometric and spectroscopic properties. SN 2018ibb complies with most tests on the light curves, nebular spectra and host galaxy, and potentially all tests with the interpretation we propose. Both the light curve and the spectra require 25–44 M⊙ of freshly nucleosynthesised 56Ni, pointing to the explosion of a metal-poor star with a helium core mass of 120–130 M⊙ at the time of death. This interpretation is also supported by the tentative detection of [Co II] λ 1.025 μm, which has never been observed in any other PISN candidate or SLSN before. We observe a significant excess in the blue part of the optical spectrum during the nebular phase, which is in tension with predictions of existing PISN models. However, we have compelling observational evidence for an eruptive mass-loss episode of the progenitor of SN 2018ibb shortly before the explosion, and our dataset reveals that the interaction of the SN ejecta with this oxygen-rich circumstellar material contributed to the observed emission. That may explain this specific discrepancy with PISN models. Powering by a central engine, such as a magnetar or a black hole, can be excluded with high confidence. This makes SN 2018ibb by far the best candidate for being a PISN, to date.