bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On homology
Authors: Nixon Kevin C. , Carpenter James M.
Published: September 2011

Homology in cladistics is reviewed. The definition of important terms is explicated in historical context. Homology is not synonymous with synapomorphy: it includes symplesiomorphy, and Hennig clearly included both plesiomorphy and synapomorphy as types of homology. Homoplasy is error, in coding, and is analogous to residual error in simple regression. If parallelism and convergence are to be distinguished, homoplasy would be evidence of the former and analogy evidence of the latter. We discuss whether there is a difference between molecular homology and morphological homology, character state homology, nested homology (additive characters), and serial homology. We conclude by proposing a global definition of homology.

©The Will Henning Society 2011.
Nanostructured hydroxyapatite as filler for methacrylate‐based root canal sealers
Authors: Collares F. M. , Leitune V. C. B. , Rostirolla F. V. , Trommer R. M. , Bergmann C. P. , Samuel S. M. W.
Published: September 2011

Collares FM, Leitune VCB, Rostirolla FV, Trommer RM, Bergmann CP, Samuel SMW. Nanostructured hydroxyapatite as filler for methacrylate‐based root canal sealers. International Endodontic Journal, 45, 63–67, 2012.

Aim  To evaluate the effect of different concentrations of nanostructured hydroxyapatite on the radiopacity, flow and film thickness of an experimental root canal sealer.

Methodology  An experimental dual‐cured root canal sealer was produced with a methacrylate‐based comonomer blend. Nanostructured hydroxyapatite/calcium tungstate solutions (ratios 10 : 90, 20 : 80, 30 : 70 and 40 : 60) were added to produce the sealer. Radiopacity was evaluated using a digital system and an aluminium step wedge (n = 5). Flow and thickness tests were conducted in accordance with ISO 6876 (n = 3). The data were analysed using one‐way anova and Tukey’s test (α = 0.05).

Results  All groups had levels of radiopacity in accordance with ISO 6876. The flow of the experimental sealers was not significantly different (P = 0.204). All groups had a film thickness in accordance with ISO 6876 and with no statistical difference (P = 0.654).

Conclusion  The addition of up to 40% HAnano to root canal sealers did not alter their radiopacity and film thickness.
Effect of heat stress on the expression levels of receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand and osteoprotegerin in human periodontal ligament cells
Authors: Zhang L. , Zhou X. , Wang Q. , Wang Y. , Tang L. , Huang D.
Published: September 2011

Zhang L, Zhou X, Wang Q, Wang Y, Tang L, Huang D. Effect of heat stress on the expression levels of receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand and osteoprotegerin in human periodontal ligament cells. International Endodontic Journal, 45, 68–75, 2012.

Aim  To investigate the expression levels of the receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLs) when stimulated with heat.

Methodology  Periodontal ligament fibroblasts were subjected to various temperature increases for 5 min and then maintained at 37 °C. After that, cell viability was determined using an MTT assay. The expression levels of RANKL and OPG were investigated using real‐time RT‐PCR and ELISA. As a control, the cells were cultured at 37 °C. Data were analysed using one‐way anova at a significant level of P = 0.05.

Results  Cell viability was reduced significantly in the heated groups (P < 0.05). Heat stress downregulated the mRNA expression levels of RANKL and OPG (P < 0.05). When the cells were heated at 39 °C, the protein release of OPG was increased (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the heated groups and the control in the release of soluble RANKL (P > 0.05). The relative RANKL/OPG expression ratios were decreased at 39, 43 and 50 °C (P < 0.05), but increased at 47 °C (P < 0.05).

Conclusions  Heat influenced the balance between RANKL and OPG in PDLs. Low heat downregulated their relative ratio, whilst high heat upregulated it.
Effects of three oral analgesics on postoperative pain following root canal preparation: a controlled clinical trial
Authors: Mehrvarzfar P. , Abbott P. V. , Saghiri M. A. , Delvarani A. , Asgar K. , Lotfi M. , Karamifar K. , Kharazifard M. J. , Khabazi H.
Published: September 2011

Mehrvarzfar P, Abbott PV, Saghiri MA, Delvarani A, Asgar K, Lotfi M, Karamifar K, Kharazifard MJ, Khabazi H. Effects of three oral analgesics on postoperative pain following root canal preparation: a controlled clinical trial. International Endodontic Journal, 45, 76–82, 2012.

Aim  To compare the effects of single doses of three oral medications on postoperative pain following instrumentation of root canals in teeth with irreversible pulpitis.

Methodology  In this double‐blind clinical trial, 100 patients who had anterior or premolar teeth with irreversible pulpitis without any signs and symptoms of acute or chronic apical periodontitis and moderate to severe pain were divided by balanced block random allocation into four groups of 25 each, a control group receiving a placebo medication, and three experimental groups receiving a single dose of either Tramadol (100 mg), Novafen (325 mg of paracetamol, 200 mg ibuprofen and 40 mg caffeine anhydrous) or Naproxen (500 mg) immediately after the first appointment where the pulp was removed, and the canals were fully prepared. The intensity of pain was scored based on 10‐point VAS before and after treatment for up to 24 h postoperatively. Data were submitted to repeated analysis of variance.

Results  At the 6, 12 and 24 h postoperative intervals after drug administration, the intensity of pain was significantly lower in the experimental groups than in the placebo group (P < 0.01). Tramadol was significantly less effective (P < 0.05) than Naproxen, and Novafen that were similar to each other (P > 0.05).

Conclusion  A single oral dose of Naproxen, Novafen and Tramadol taken immediately after treatment reduced postoperative pain following pulpectomy and root canal preparation of teeth with irreversible pulpitis.
Alteration in the inherent metallic and surface properties of nickel–titanium root canal instruments to enhance performance, durability and safety: a focused review
Authors: Gutmann J. L. , Gao Y.
Published: September 2011

Gutmann JL, Gao Y. Alteration in the inherent metallic and surface properties of nickel–titanium root canal instruments to enhance performance, durability and safety: a focused review. International Endodontic Journal, 45, 113–128, 2012.

The expanded use of nickel–titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments in root canal procedures has led to the development of a wide variety of shapes, designs and applications. Root canal anatomy has not changed, however, and the same challenges exist in both initial treatment and the revision of unacceptable treatment. These challenges include application with high levels of achievement and low to no levels of adverse effects, such as instrument fracture, root canal wall ledging, dentine wall perforation and so forth. To that end, many manufacturers have been seeking ways to alter the presently available and wide range of root canal instrument designs, with a focus on altering the surface of the alloy or altering the alloy microstructure with post‐machining or post‐twisting heat treatment. This focused review will address the impact that these modifications have had on instrument flexibility, resistance to cyclic fatigue and cutting efficiency.
Molecular phylogeny of an endemic radiation of Cuban toads (Bufonidae: Peltophryne) based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes
Authors: Alonso Roberto , Crawford Andrew J. , Bermingham Eldredge
Published: September 2011

Aim  In this study we present a molecular phylogenetic and phylogeographical analysis of Peltophryne (Anura: Bufonidae), an endemic genus of Antillean toads, to investigate the spatial and temporal origins of the genus, with particular focus on the eight Cuban species.

Location  Greater Antilles, with extensive sampling of the Cuban archipelago.

Methods  We obtained DNA sequence data from two mitochondrial genes, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and ribosomal RNA (16S), for 124 toads representing all eight Cuban species, and combined this with published data from Hispaniola (one of three species) and Puerto Rico (one of one species) to establish a molecular phylogeny for Peltophryne. In addition, we explored the phylogeographical structure of widespread Cuban species. For a subset of 42 toads we also obtained DNA sequence data from two nuclear genes, recombination activator‐1 (RAG‐1) and chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR‐4). We combined our molecular data with published DNA sequences from a global sample of bufonid toads to place the spatial and temporal origins of Peltophryne in the Caribbean within a fuller geographical and phylogenetic context.

Results  All phylogenetic analyses supported the monophyly of West Indian toads. The ancestor of Peltophyrne diverged from its mainland source around the Eocene–Oligocene boundary, with a subsequent radiation across the Caribbean islands taking place during the Miocene. Cuban species are monophyletic with a basal split in the early–middle Miocene that separates extant small‐bodied from large‐bodied species. Extensive mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sampling within widespread Cuban species revealed contrasting phylogeographical patterns. Peltophryne taladai and P. empusa showed deeply divergent lineages, whereas no geographical structure was observed in the widespread P. peltocephala.

Main conclusions  Our timeline for Peltophryne diversification is consistent with a biogeographical model requiring no long‐distance overwater dispersal. Although confidence intervals on divergence time estimates are wide, the stem age of Peltophyrne coincides with the hypothesized GAARlandia landspan or archipelago, which may have connected South America briefly with the Antilles. The ages of Peltophryne for Puerto Rico, Hispaniola and Cuba are consistent with a recently proposed vicariance scenario for the region. Our molecular results support the recognition of all eight species in Cuba, and provide evidence of possible cryptic species.
The prevalence of dentine hypersensitivity in Chinese adults
Authors: YE W. , FENG X.‐P. , LI R.
Published: September 2011

Summary  Dentine hypersensitivity is a common oral problem. This study investigated the prevalence of dentine hypersensitivity in the adult population of Shanghai, China. A multi‐stage, stratified, random sampling method was used to investigate the study population. A total of 2120 subjects were examined at 10 investigation points in Shanghai City. Subjects were divided into age groups (10 years per age group) and included the same number of male and female subjects in each group. Participants completed a dentine hypersensitivity questionnaire and underwent clinical examination. The diagnosis of dentine hypersensitivity was confirmed clinically as a sharp well‐localised pain in response to administration of a blast of cold air from a triple syringe. Gingival recession of sensitive teeth was measured by a Williams periodontal probe. Among 2120 participants, 723 were diagnosed as having dentine hypersensitivity, indicating a prevalence of 34·1%. The male to female ratio of dentine hypersensitivity was 1:1·5. The prevalence of dentine hypersensitivity was highest in the 40‐ to 49‐year age group at 43·9%. The number of teeth with dentine hypersensitivity was 3·2 per patient. Dentine hypersensitivity occurred predominantly in the premolars (49·6%), followed by the anterior teeth (30·5%). A total of 84·3% of dentine hypersensitive patients had gingival recession. The prevalence of dentine hypersensitivity in Shanghai adults was 34·1%, indicating that it is a common condition. Therefore, public education about the condition and effective treatment of dentine hypersensitivity are required.
Hybrid speciation in birds: allopatry more important than ecology?
Authors: BRELSFORD ALAN
Published: September 2011

Hybrid speciation was once thought to be rare in animals, but over the past decade, improved molecular analysis techniques and increased research attention have allowed scientists to uncover many examples. In this issue, two papers (Elgvin et al. 2011; Hermansen et al. 2011) present compelling evidence for the hybrid origin of the Italian sparrow based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences, microsatellites, and plumage coloration. These studies point to an important role for geographic isolation in the process of hybrid speciation, and provide a starting point for closer examination of the genetic and behavioural mechanisms involved.
Dysregulation of serine biosynthesis contributes to the growth defect of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis crp mutant
Authors: Bai Guangchun , Schaak Damen D. , Smith Eric A. , McDonough Kathleen A.
Published: September 2011

Mycobacterium tuberculosis CRPMt, encoded by Rv3676 (crp), is a CRP‐like transcription factor that binds with the serC–Rv0885 intergenic region. In the present study, we evaluated CRPMt's regulation of serC and Rv0885 in M. tuberculosis and M. bovis BCG, using site‐specific mutagenesis, promoter fusions and reverse‐transcriptase PCR (RT‐PCR). The CRPMt binding site was required for full expression of serC and Rv0885, and expression of both genes was reduced in M. tuberculosis and M. bovis BCG crp mutants. These data show that CRPMt binding directly activates both serC and Rv0885 expression. M. tuberculosis serC restored the ability of an Escherichia coli serC mutant to grow in serine‐dropout medium, demonstrating that M. tuberculosis serC encodes a phosphoserine aminotransferase. Serine supplementation, or overexpression of serC, accelerated the growth of M. tuberculosis and M. bovis BCG crp mutants in mycomedium, but not within macrophages. These results establish a role for CRPMt in the regulation of amino acid biosynthesis, and show that reduced serine production contributes to the slow‐growth phenotype of M. tuberculosis and M. bovis BCG crp mutants in vitro. Restoration of serine biosynthesis by serC expression will facilitate identification of additional CRPMt‐regulated factors required by M. tuberculosis during macrophage and host infection.
The Panama microplate, island studies and relictual species of Melipona (Melikerria) (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini)
Authors: ROUBIK DAVID W. , DE CAMARGO JOÃO MARIA FRANCO
Published: September 2011

The endemic stingless honey‐making bee Melipona (Melikerria) insularissp.n. on Coiba and Ranchería Islands in Pacific Panama is described, together with the proposed sister species, M. ambiguasp.n. from northeast Colombia. The Coiba Island group and Panama mainland were surveyed, yielding one meliponine endemic (M. insularissp.n.) and six meliponine genera and species. The poor Coiba fauna of amphibians and birds corresponds to the poor social bee fauna and suggests habitat barriers generally precluded recolonization from the mainland during glacial periods. Many animals became extinct, yet some remain as relicts. Melipona insularissp.n. was isolated on accreted terranes of Coiba rainforest in the Panama microplate. Morphology suggests that M. insularissp.n. is not a direct descendant of the San Blas‐E. Panama endemic Melikerria, M. triplaridis. A phylogenetic hypothesis corroborates disjunct distributions. Rainforest endemics such as Peltogyne purpurea (Fabaceae) and Ptilotrigona occidentalis (Apidae, Meliponini) also occur as relictual, disjunct populations in Central and South America. These may have been isolated before accelerated biotic exchange began 2.4 Ma. Our work supports the geological findings of both a volcanic arc and the San Blas massif providing a substantial bridge for Melikerria from Colombia and Panama in Eocene to Miocene times. We suggest there have been taxon cycles permitting recolonization during glaciations, whereby colonies of M. insularissp.n. were able to recolonize Ranchería, a 250 ha island, 2 km from Coiba. However, rafting colonies nesting in trees, carried on vegetation mats, may have produced founding populations of Melipona in Central America and on oceanic islands such as Coiba.
The homologous HD‐Zip I transcription factors HaHB1 and AtHB13 confer cold tolerance via the induction of pathogenesis‐related and glucanase proteins
Authors: Cabello Julieta V. , Arce Agustín L. , Chan Raquel L.
Published: September 2011

Plants deal with cold temperatures via different signal transduction pathways. The HD‐Zip I homologous transcription factors HaHB1 from sunflower and AtHB13 from Arabidopsis were identified as playing a key role in such cold response. The expression patterns of both genes were analyzed indicating an up‐regulation by low temperatures. When these genes were constitutively expressed in Arabidopsis, the transgenic plants showed similar phenotypes including cell membrane stabilization under freezing treatments and cold tolerance. An exploratory transcriptomic analysis of HaHB1 transgenic plants indicated that several transcripts encoding glucanases and chitinases were induced. Moreover, under freezing conditions some proteins accumulated in HaHB1 plants apoplasts and these extracts exerted antifreeze activity in vitro. Three genes encoding two glucanases and a chitinase were overexpressed in Arabidopsis and these plants were able to tolerate freezing temperatures. All the obtained transgenic plants exhibited cell membrane stabilization after a short freezing treatment. Finally, HaHB1 and AtHB13 were used to transiently transform sunflower and soybean leading to the up‐regulation of HaHB1/AtHB13‐target homologues thus indicating the conservation of cold response pathways. We propose that HaHB1 and AtHB13 are involved in plant cold tolerance via the induction of proteins able to stabilize cell membranes and inhibit ice growth.
Provider perspectives on the utility of a colorectal cancer screening decision aid for facilitating shared decision making
Authors: Schroy Paul C. , Mylvaganam Shamini , Davidson Peter
Published: September 2011

Background  Decision aids for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening have been shown to enable patients to identify a preferred screening option, but the extent to which such tools facilitate shared decision making (SDM) from the perspective of the provider is less well established.

Objective  Our goal was to elicit provider feedback regarding the impact of a CRC screening decision aid on SDM in the primary care setting.

Methods  Cross‐sectional survey.

Participants  Primary care providers participating in a clinical trial evaluating the impact of a novel CRC screening decision aid on SDM and adherence.

Main outcomes  Perceptions of the impact of the tool on decision‐making and implementation issues.

Results  Twenty‐nine of 42 (71%) eligible providers responded, including 27 internists and two nurse practitioners. The majority (>60%) felt that use of the tool complimented their usual approach, increased patient knowledge, helped patients identify a preferred screening option, improved the quality of decision making, saved time and increased patients’ desire to get screened. Respondents were more neutral is their assessment of whether the tool improved the overall quality of the patient visit or patient satisfaction. Fewer than 50% felt that the tool would be easy to implement into their practices or that it would be widely used by their colleagues.

Conclusion  Decision aids for CRC screening can improve the quality and efficiency of SDM from the provider perspective but future use is likely to depend on the extent to which barriers to implementation can be addressed.
B*13:50, a novel HLA‐B*13 allele, identified by sequence‐based typing
Authors: Shen M. , Loh M. F. , Zulaimi M. N. , Chan S. H. , Ren E. C.
Published: September 2011

We report a novel HLA‐B*13 allele, B*13:50, found using high‐resolution sequence‐based typing in a Chinese donor. B*13:50 differs from B*13:01:01 by a single‐nucleotide substitution (A→T) at position 482, in exon 3.
Fungal infection presenting as giant cell tubulointerstitial nephritis in kidney allograft
Authors: Bagnasco S.M. , Subramanian A.K. , Desai N.M.
Published: September 2011

Giant cell tubulointerstitial nephritis in the kidney allograft caused by infection is rare, and donor‐transmitted infection in transplanted kidneys is also rare. In this case report, we describe an unusual histological manifestation of Candida albicans in the graft biopsy of a 53‐year‐old male kidney transplant recipient with decreased renal function 12 days post transplant. Several giant cells were present in the tubulointerstitial inflammation, as well as yeasts, with no evidence of rejection, and the histological diagnosis was confirmed by urine culture. Donor urine culture was positive for C. albicans, suggestive of a possible donor‐transmitted infection. Prompt antifungal treatment eradicated the infection, and averted systemic spread. To our knowledge, there are no previous reports of Candida infection with giant cell tubulointerstitial nephritis in human renal allograft.
Anaphylaxis to ethylene oxide – a rare and overlooked phenomenon?
Authors: BACHE S. , PETERSEN J. T. , GARVEY L. H.
Published: September 2011

Spina bifida patients have been reported to be at increased risk of anaphylactic reactions during general anaesthesia. Following a reaction, latex is often incriminated as spina bifida patients are known to have an increased incidence of latex allergy. Ethylene oxide (EO) has recently been suggested to be an alternative cause, but in many cases reported in the literature, it seems that EO has not been considered as a cause. EO is a highly reactive gas widely used to sterilise heat‐sensitive medical devices, and traces of EO can be found in many of the same products as latex.

We present the case of a spina bifida patient with a known latex allergy, where EO was found to be the cause of an anaphylactic reaction during general anaesthesia. In addition, we describe measures taken during preparation of a subsequent general anaesthesia to minimise exposure to EO.

Spina bifida patients seem to be at increased risk of sensitisation against EO due to repeated exposure, but only limited literature is available. To ensure that EO is considered as a cause in these cases, we recommend that testing for latex and EO go hand in hand following an anaphylactic reaction in this high‐risk population.
Rare pneumoconiosis induced by long‐term amorphous silica exposure: The histological characteristics and expression of cyclooxygenase‐2 as an antifibrogenic mediator in macrophages
Authors: Kumasaka Toshio , Akaike Yasushi , Nakamura Osamu , Yamazaki Kazuma , Moriyama Hiroshi , Takemura Tamiko
Published: September 2011

Pneumoconiosis induced by non‐crystalline silica is considered rare, although silicosis resulting from contact with crystalline silica is a well‐known hazard associated with progressive pulmonary fibrosis. Here we describe a patient with pneumoconiosis induced by diatomaceous earth composed of amorphous silica detected by two‐dimensional imaging of chemical elements. The histology revealed that the disease was characterized by a granulomatous reaction in the lung. A large number of macrophages laden with yellow and black pigments accumulated in alveolar spaces and were incorporated into the interstitial sites. Bronchiolar walls were destroyed by palisade macrophages, suggesting airflow obstruction. Packed macrophages adhering to and covering the denuded interstitium indicated that macrophages might be incorporated into pulmonary interstitium in this fashion. Immunohistochemistry showed that cyclooxygenase‐2, an antifibrogenic mediator, was intensely expressed in the macrophages compared with macrophages in control lungs. No birefringent material was found in the tissues. When two‐dimensional analysis of chemical elements was performed using an electron probe microanalyzer with a wavelength‐dispersive spectrometer, the resultant fine mapping of silicon and oxygen on the tissue indicated that the pigments phagocytosed by macrophages corresponded to amorphous silica. In conclusion, two‐dimensional analysis of elements is very useful for pathologists in correlating the presence of chemical elements with histological changes.
Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor for myopic choroidal neovascularization
Authors: Ng Danny S , Kwok Alvin KH , Chan Clement W
Published: September 2011

Abstract

Myopic choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a vision‐threatening complication in the eyes with pathological myopia, which is particularly prevalent among young and middle‐aged Asians globally. To date, the verteporfin in photodynamic therapy study is the only randomized‐controlled study in treatment of subfoveal myopic CNV. However, its long‐term benefit is controversial. Recently, intravitreal injections of anti‐vascular endothelial growth factors have shown promising results. In the absence of randomized‐controlled trial comparing the efficacy of anti‐vascular endothelial growth factors with photodynamic therapy and placebo, the purpose of this article is to review the current studies on functional and anatomical outcomes in both subfoveal and juxtafoveal myopic CNV. Furthermore, the influences of various doses and frequencies, as well as age and previous photodynamic therapy treatment on its effect are described.
Hypertension is an independent predictor of mean platelet volume in patients with acute ischaemic stroke
Authors: Ntaios G. , Gurer O. , Faouzi M. , Aubert C. , Michel P.
Published: September 2011

Introduction: Mean platelet volume (MPV) was shown to be significantly increased in patients with acute ischaemic stroke, especially in non‐lacunar strokes. Moreover, some studies concluded that increased MPV is related to poor functional outcome after ischaemic stroke, although this association is still controversial. However, the determinants of MPV in patients with acute ischaemic stroke have never been investigated.

Subjects and methods: We recorded the main demographic, clinical and laboratory data of consecutive patients with acute (admitted within 24 h after stroke onset) ischaemic stroke admitted in our Neurology Service between January 2003 and December 2008. MPV was generated at admission by the Sysmex XE‐2100 automated cell counter (Sysmex Corporation, Kobe, Japan) from ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid blood samples stored at room temperature until measurement. The association of these parameters with MPV was investigated in univariate and multivariate analysis.

Results: A total of 636 patients was included in our study. The median MPV was 10.4 ± 0.82 fL. In univariate analysis, glucose (β= 0.03, P= 0.05), serum creatinine (β= 0.002, P= 0.02), haemoglobin (β= 0.009, P < 0.001), platelet count (β=−0.002, P < 0.001) and history of arterial hypertension (β= 0.21, P= 0.005) were found to be significantly associated with MPV. In multivariate robust regression analysis, only hypertension and platelet count remained as independent determinants of MPV.

Conclusions: In patients with acute ischaemic stroke, platelet count and history of hypertension are the only determinants of MPV.
Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome manifesting as development of multiple autoimmune disorders and skin cancer progression
Authors: McLeod D. S. A. , Woods M. L. , Kandiah D. A.
Published: September 2011

We report the case of a 56‐year‐old man with the rare autoimmune pathologies of alternating hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism due to thyroid‐stimulating hormone receptor antibodies, and rheumatoid arthritis as manifestations of a human immunodeficiency virus‐related immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. The patient also developed overt progression of a pre‐existing skin malignancy that may also be related. This case highlights immune reconstitution syndrome as an important differential diagnosis following antiretroviral therapy commencement, and that a high index of suspicion should be maintained for this rare but important cluster of conditions. Furthermore, the patient's genetic predisposition to autoimmunity provides helpful insights into the pathogenesis of these disorders.
The effect of ursodesoxycholic acid on duodenal adenomas in familial adenomatous polyposis: a prospective randomized placebo‐control trial
Authors: Parc Y. , Desaint B. , Fléjou J.‐F. , Lefèvre J. H. , Serfaty L. , Vienne A. , Kotti S. , Simon T. , Tiret E.
Published: September 2011

Aim  Duodenal adenomas occur in about 90% of patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and are the second cause of death of patients who have had a prophylactic proctocolectomy. Studies suggest that biliary acids have a role in the development of duodenal adenomas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of ursodesoxycholic acid (UDCA) on duodenal adenoma formation in patients with FAP.

Method  A randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled study was carried out of 71 patients (20–65 years) who already had a restorative proctocolectomy. Subjects received either 10 mg/kg of UDCA orally per day or a placebo tablet for 24 months. The Spigelman severity score was determined after duodenal axial and lateral view endoscopy at 12 and 24 months.

Results  At 2 years 55 patients had completed the entire period of treatment. At the end of the follow‐up period, nine (25%) patients in the UDCA group and seven (20%) in the placebo group had a decrease in the Spigelman score (P = 0.6142). Patients receiving UDCA had no side‐effects (0%) compared with four (14%) in the placebo group (P = 0.0392).

Conclusion  UDCA had no effect on the development of duodenal adenomas in FAP patients (NCT: 00134758).
DESIRE AND THE ORIGINS OF CULTURE: LONERGAN AND GIRARD IN CONVERSATION
Authors: ORMEROD NEIL
Published: September 2011

This paper explores differing accounts of the nature of desire, found in the works of Bernard Lonergan and René Girard, and their implications for our understanding of the origins or socio‐cultural order. Using Lonergan's distinction between natural and elicited desires it argues that Girard's account of desire as mimetic may account for elicited desire, but may not account for natural desire, in Lonergan's account, as desire for meaning, truth and goodness. It then considers the implications for this distinction in our understanding of our socio‐cultural origins.
TESTING THE LIMITS OF LIBERALISM: A REVERSE CONJECTURE
Authors: RIZVI ALI M.
Published: September 2011

In this paper, I propose to look closely at certain crucial aspects of the logic of Rawls' argument in Political Liberalism and related subsequent writings. Rawls' argument builds on the notion of comprehensiveness, whereby a doctrine encompasses the full spectrum of the life of its adherents. In order to show the mutual conflict and irreconcilability of comprehensive doctrines, Rawls needs to emphasise the comprehensiveness of doctrines, as their irreconcilability to a large extent emanates from that comprehensiveness. On the other hand, in order to show the possibility and plausibility of the political liberal solution he needs to emphasise that most of these doctrines are reasonable: i.e., they are willing to cede a portion of their authority to political liberalism for the right reasons. Yet, if they are willing to cede a portion of their authority to a political conception they cannot be as comprehensive as we initially thought they were. All these elements highlight the tension in the argument itself. I suggest that many of these tensions can be removed by making Rawls' account more flexible. In this context I propose certain amendments to Rawls' account, which may overcome some of the tensions mentioned above.
The acute effects of intranasal oxytocin on automatic and effortful attentional shifting to emotional faces
Authors: Ellenbogen Mark A. , Linnen Anne‐Marie , Grumet Robin , Cardoso Christopher , Joober Ridha
Published: September 2011

Oxytocin is known to promote social affiliation. The mechanism by which this occurs is unknown, but it may involve changes in social information processing. In a placebo‐controlled study, we examined the influence of intranasal oxytocin on effortful and automatic attentional shifting in 57 participants using a spatial cueing task with emotional and neutral faces. For effortful processing, oxytocin decreased the speed of shifting attention to sad faces presented for 750 ms and facilitated disengagement from right hemifield sad and angry faces presented for 200 ms. For automatic processing, symptoms of depression moderated the relationship between drug and disengagement. Oxytocin attenuated an attentional bias to masked angry faces on disengagement trials in persons with high depression scores. Oxytocin's influence on social behavior may occur, in part, by eliciting flexible attentional shifting in the early stages of information processing.
Physiological and perceptual responses to affect‐regulated exercise in healthy young women
Authors: Parfitt Gaynor , Blisset Ann , Rose Elaine A , Eston Roger
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the study was to objectively measure the exercise intensity associated with affective responses of “good” and “fairly good.” In Study 1, 8 active females completed 20 min of affect‐regulated exercise to feel “good” or “fairly good” (order counterbalanced) followed by an intensity replication session. On‐line gas analysis was used during the replication session to measure the physiological cost of exercising. In Study 2, 10 females completed either 3 trials of exercise to feel “good” (n = 5) or 3 trials to feel “fairly good” (n = 5). Each trial consisted of an affect‐regulated session followed by a replication session. Across studies, the intensity to feel “fairly good” was significantly higher than to feel “good.” Both intensities lay close to ventilatory threshold. The results add to evidence that women can use affect to regulate intensity and exercise at an intensity that would confer fitness and health benefits if maintained.
The value of nestboxes in the conservation of Eurasian Rollers Coracias garrulus in southern Spain
Authors: RODRÍGUEZ JUAN , AVILÉS JESÚS M. , PAREJO DESEADA
Published: September 2011

The installation of nestboxes is a widely used conservation measure for enhancing habitat suitability for cavity‐nesting birds wherever natural holes are scarce. However, nestboxes may attract birds to unsuitable breeding places or induce a non‐random distribution of individuals in relation to their qualities. We investigated the factors influencing nestbox selection and the quality of breeding territories for the globally near‐threatened Eurasian Roller in a semi‐arid area of southeast of Spain over a 3‐year period. Rollers preferentially used exposed nestboxes that were placed far from highly modified areas. However, breeding success was significantly lower in exposed nestboxes. Early breeders preferred nestboxes oriented to the northwest over any other orientation. Exposure had opposite effects on nestbox use and breeding success, suggesting that nestboxes installed in exposed sites could function as ecological traps for Rollers.
THE ACTION OF MORPHINE AND RELATED SUBSTANCES ON CONTRACTION AND ON ACETYLCHOLINE OUTPUT OF COAXIALLY STIMULATED GUINEA‐PIG ILEUM
Authors: PATON W. D. M.
Published: September 2011

Morphine depresses the twitch and tetanus of stimulated guinea‐pig ileum by reducing acetylcholine released from cholinergic nerve endings. Acetylcholine output per shock falls to roughly the same residual amount at varying stimulation rates. Since normal output per shock declines with increasing stimulus frequency, the proportionate effect of morphine diminishes as stimulus frequency rises. Acute “tolerance” to morphine and a state of “morphine‐dependence” can be produced. Phenadoxone, dihydromorphinone, metopon, methadone, and heroin are more active, codeine and pethidine less active, than morphine. Nalorphine also depresses the twitch and can desensitize the gut both to itself and to morphine.
TWO KINDS OF TRYPTAMINE RECEPTOR
Authors: GADDUM J. H. , PICARELLI Z. P.
Published: September 2011

There are two kinds of tryptamine receptor in the guinea‐pig ileum, namely the M receptors which can be blocked with morphine and the D receptors which can be blocked with dibenzyline. Atropine, an atropine‐like drug, cocaine, and methadone inhibit effects due to the M receptors, even after dibenzyline, but have no additional effect after morphine. Lysergic acid diethylamide, dihydroergotamine and 5‐benzyloxygramine inhibit effects due to the D receptors, even after morphine, but have no additional effect after dibenzyline. The M receptors are probably in the nervous tissue and the D receptors are probably in the muscles.
RESPONSES OF THE ISOLATED SYMPATHETIC NERVE‐DUCTUS DEFERENS PREPARATION OF THE GUINEA‐PIG
Authors: HUKOVIC S.
Published: September 2011

An isolated ductus deferens preparation together with the sympathetic hypogastric nerve of the guinea‐pig is described. While the preparation showed no spontaneous contractions, nerve stimulation produced longitudinal contractions. The responses to successive periods of nerve stimulation remained constant for several hours. After noradrenaline had been added to the bath fluid for 30 min and then the fluid repeatedly changed to wash out the noradrenaline, the effect of nerve stimulation was greatly increased but declined in the course of 1 hr to the original height. Cocaine also increased the response to stimulation. Preparations made from guinea‐pigs which had previously received reserpine responded to nerve stimulation with progressively diminishing contractions. In these circumstances, the administration of noradrenaline restored the response to nerve stimulation to that seen originally.
ACTIONS OF AMINO‐ACIDS ON THE ISOLATED HEMISECTED SPINAL CORD OF THE TOAD
Authors: CURTIS D. R. , PHILLIS J. W. , WATKINS J. C.
Published: September 2011

The actions of a series of amino‐acids related to γ‐aminobutyric acid and glutamic acid have been determined upon the isolated and sagittally hemisected spinal cord of the toad, Bufo marinus. Slow and fast components of the ventral root reflex responses following dorsal root stimulation were depressed by γ‐aminobutyric acid and by a series of neutral amino‐acids having a similar structure. The relative depressant potencies of the members of this series were determined by comparison of the concentrations of each required to cause the same reduction in the electrically integrated slow components of these reflex responses. Glutamic acid and closely related substances facilitated reflex responses in low concentrations and depressed these responses in high concentrations. The actions of these substances resulted in the depolarization of motoneurones which was recorded as a negative potential in the ventral root. The relative potencies of the substances were estimated from the concentrations of each required to produce negative potentials of the same magnitude.

Several amino‐acids not previously tested proved to have remarkably strong actions on this preparation. 3‐Aminopropanesulphonic acid was the most potent depressant tested; homocysteic acid and n‐methylaspartic acid were the most powerful excitatory substances. The d forms of optically active depressants or excitants were always stronger than the corresponding l forms where both enantiomorphs were available. Points of similarity and dissimilarity between these results and those of related investigations are discussed.
THE USE OF ISOLATED ORGANS FOR DETECTING ACTIVE SUBSTANCES IN THE CIRCULATING BLOOD
Authors: VANE J. R.
Published: September 2011

A method is described for the assay of circulating hormones after their injection or release into the circulation. The method is applicable to cats, dogs and rabbits, and consists of bathing or superfusing isolated smooth muscle preparations in a stream of heparinized arterial blood taken from and returned to the animal at a constant rate. The tone of the smooth muscle preparations was affected by small changes in the concentrations of various amines. Thus increases in blood concentrations of catechol amines can be assayed with the rat stomach strip and chick rectum preparations. The proportions of adrenaline and noradrenaline in a mixture can be determined. Circulating histamine can be assayed on the blood‐bathed guinea‐pig ileum and bradykinin on the rat duodenum preparations. The uses and limitations of the technique are discussed.
KINETICS OF AGONIST CONDUCTANCE CHANGES DURING HYPERPOLARIZATION AT FROG END PLATES
Authors: ADAMS P.R.
Published: September 2011

The effect of rapid hyperpolarization on acetylcholine‐ or carbachol‐induced currents was studied at voltage clamped frog endplates. Following a hyperpolarizing step the agonist‐induced conductance increased approximately exponentially to a new level. The rate constant for this process was smaller during hyperpolarization or lowered temperature, and was also smaller for acetylcholine than for carbachol. The results are interpreted in terms of a potential‐dependent conformational change of the receptor.
ANTAGONIST DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN GANGLIONIC AND ILEAL MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS
Authors: BROWN D.A. , FORWARD A. , MARSH S.
Published: September 2011

The effects of four antagonists on the depolarization of isolated superior cervical ganglia and the contraction of isolated ileal segments of the rat were compared. pA2 values estimated from Schild plots indicated significantly higher affinities of stercuronium (× 100) and pirenzepine (× 23) and a significantly lower affinity of 4‐diphenylacetoxy‐N‐methylpiperidine methiodide (× 0.39) for the ganglion than for the ileum. The affinities of N‐methylscopolamine for the two tissues were not significantly different. It is concluded that the two types of muscarinic receptor are not identical.
Characteristics of GABAB receptor binding sites on rat whole brain synaptic membranes
Authors: Bowery N.G. , Hill D.R. , Hudson A.L.
Published: September 2011

Saturable binding of (±)‐[3H]‐baclofen and [3H]‐γ‐aminobutyric acid ([3H]‐GABA) to rat brain crude synaptic membranes has been examined by means of a centrifugation assay.

The binding of [3H]‐baclofen could be detected in fresh or previously frozen tissue and was dependent on the presence of physiological concentrations of Ca2+ or Mg2+ although a lower affinity Na+‐dependent component could also be observed. Both components probably reflect binding to receptor recognition sites.

The saturable portion of bound [3H]‐baclofen formed 20.3 ± 6.9% of total bound ligand. This could be displaced by GABA (IC50 = 0.04 μm), (–)‐baclofen (0.04 μm) and to a much lesser extent by (+)‐baclofen (33 μm). Isoguvacine, piperidine‐4‐sulphonic acid and bicuculline methobromide were inactive (up to 100 μm) and muscimol was only weakly active (IC50 = 12.3 μm).

Saturable binding of [3H]‐GABA increased on adding CaCl2 or MgSO4 (up to 2.5 Mm and 5.0 Mm respectively) to the Tris‐HCl incubation solution. This binding (GABAB site binding) was additional to the bicuculline‐sensitive binding of GABA (GABAA site binding) and could be completely displaced by (–)‐baclofen (IC50 = 0.13 μm).

Increasing the Ca2+ concentration (0 to 2.5 Mm) increased the binding capacity of the membranes without changing their affinity for the ligand.

The binding of [3H]‐GABA to GABAB sites could be demonstrated in fresh as well as previously frozen membranes with a doubling of the affinity being produced by freezing. Further incubation with the non‐ionic detergent Triton‐X‐100 (0.05% v/v) reduced the binding capacity by 50%.

The pharmacological profile of displacers of [3H]‐GABA from GABAB sites correlated well with that for [3H]‐baclofen displacement. A correlation with data previously obtained in isolated preparations of rat atria and mouse vas deferens was also apparent.

It is concluded that [3H]‐baclofen or [3H]‐GABA are both ligands for the same bicuculline‐insensitive, divalent cation‐dependent binding sites in the rat brain.
The channel‐blocking action of methonium compounds on rat submandibular ganglion cells
Authors: Gurney A.M. , Rang H.P.
Published: September 2011

The effects of drugs of the polymethylene bis‐trimethylammonium (methonium) series on the characteristics of the synaptic currents (e.s.cs) recorded from voltage‐clamped rat submandibular ganglion cells have been studied. The drugs studied were from C4 to C10 (decamethonium).

All of the drugs except C4 shortened the initial decay phase of the e.s.c.; C9 and C10 produced an additional slowly decaying component. These effects were interpreted in terms of an open channel block mechanism, the calculated rate constants for association with the open channel at − 80 mV being fairly similar (5.9 × 106 to 18.1 × 106M−1 s−1) for all of the compounds except C4, which had no effect on the e.s.c. decay.

All of the compounds produced use‐dependent block when tested with short trains of stimuli at 10 Hz, or with trains of ionophoretic pulses of acetylcholine, consistent with their channel blocking property. Tubocurarine had a similar effect, but not trimetaphan or mecamylamine.

Recovery from use‐dependent block with short chain methonium compounds, up to C8, was very slow in the absence of agonist, being incomplete even after several minutes. With C9 or C10 or tubocurarine, recovery from use‐dependent block was complete within a few seconds. With C6 recovery in the absence of agonist was unaffected by membrane potential, but could be accelerated by applying acetylcholine with the cell depolarized to − 40 mV. This persistent block was ascribed to the ability of the blocking molecule to become trapped by closure of the channel. With C9 and C10 it is assumed that their presence inhibits channel closure, so they can escape without the help of agonist.

When use‐dependent block is avoided by leaving the ganglion unstimulated during equilibration with the blocking drug, the first e.s.c. elicited shows no appreciable reduction of amplitude, though with C6, C7 or C8 subsequent responses elicited at 0.1 Hz become progressively more blocked.

Even at 1 Mm, C6 does not prevent acetylcholine from opening ionic channels.

It is concluded that all of the effects on e.s.c. amplitude can be interpreted in terms of channel block, there being no evidence of any receptor blocking action.
Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio: a new marker for predicting steatohepatitis and fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Alkhouri Naim , Morris‐Stiff Gareth , Campbell Carla , Lopez Rocio , Tamimi Tarek Abu‐Rajab , Yerian Lisa , Zein Nizar N. , Feldstein Ariel E.
Published: September 2011

Background

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the most severe form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is associated with inflammation and increased oxidative stress. The neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (N/L) integrates information on the inflammatory milieu and physiological stress.

Aims

The aim of this study was to determine the utility of N/L ratio to predict the presence of NASH in patients with NAFLD.

Methods

Our cohort consisted of 101 consecutive patients undergoing liver biopsy for clinical suspicion of NAFLD. Patients were divided into two groups: NASH group (n = 50) and not NASH group (n = 51). The stage of fibrosis was measured using a 4‐point scale. The total white cell count, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts were recorded, and the N/L ratio was calculated.

Results

The mean age was 49.5 (±10.8) years and the mean BMI was 31.4 (±4.9) kg/m2. Patients with NASH had a higher N/L ratio compared with patients with not NASH [2.5 (1.9–3.3) and 1.6 (1.2–2.0), respectively, P < 0.001]. The N/L ratio correlated with the NAFLD activity score and its individual components (steatosis, inflammation and ballooning P < 0.001). Patients with advanced fibrosis (F3‐4) had an elevated N/L ratio [2.9 (2.0–3.9)] compared with patients with fibrosis stage 1–2 [1.8 (1.2–2.2)], P < 0.001. For each one‐unit increase in N/L ratio, the likelihood of having NASH increased by 70% and the likelihood of having fibrosis increased by 50%.

Conclusion

The N/L ratio is higher in patients with NASH and advanced fibrosis. This ratio can be used as a novel noninvasive marker to predict advanced disease.