bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reference Materials: gas mixtures to support measurements for climate change studies
Authors: Sega Michela , Pavarelli Stefano , Pennecchi Francesca Romana , Spazzini Pier Giorgio , Rolle Francesca
Published: March 2022

This work aims at presenting some activities carried out at INRiM for the development of new reference materials (RMs) of greenhouse gases to support measurements for climate change studies. Since the preindustrial era, greenhouse gases emissions due to human activities have dramatically increased, mostly due to economic and demographic growth and their concentrations in the atmosphere have grown continuously since 2011, reaching highest levels in 2019. The increase of greenhouse gases concentration in atmosphere due to anthropogenic emissions is the main cause of global warming and carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the main culprits for this phenomenon. In this context, the capability of discriminating between anthropogenic and natural emissions is of utmost importance. The determination of the isotopic composition of CO2 can support the assessment of the uptake of CO2 in the environmental compartments, i.e. atmosphere and hydrosphere, and can help to distinguish natural from anthropogenic carbon in the atmosphere. The possibility to establish metrological traceability of the measurements of CO2 isotopic composition is a key aspect, and greatly relies on the availability of gaseous reference materials having compositions and uncertainties that are fit for purpose. In the past years, INRiM participated in the EMPIR project 16ENV06 SIRS “Metrology for stable isotope reference standards”, and is now taking part in the EMPIR project 19ENV05 STELLAR “Stable isotope metrology to enable climate action and regulation”. INRiM has experience in the preparation of gas standards by primary methods, namely gravimetry and dynamic dilution, which can be applied to the realisation of reference materials of CO2 at known isotopic composition. The present work describes the preliminary results obtained by INRiM in the preparation of pure CO2 RMs and at atmospheric amount fraction. Examples of uncertainty budgets and identification of the uncertainty sources are also given.
Metrological assistance of medical measurement devices using certified reference materials of physicochemical properties
Authors: Sakharova S A , Kustova V N , Vonsky M S
Published: March 2022

This article reviews some issues of metrological support of medical measurement devices using certified reference materials of physicochemical properties. The extensive application of modern automatic analyzers of new generation helps clinicians in diagnostics and therapy. Comparability of analyzer readings is possible only if metrological approaches to measurements are used.
Design and metrological characteristics of native analyzers Photocor for measuring the particle size and zeta-potential of nanodispersed systems
Authors: Deshabo V A , Kosov V I , Yudin D I , Yudin I K , Ashikhmin V S
Published: March 2022

Particle size and zeta potential analyzers Photocor have been developed and are mass-produced by the Russian company Photocor. The principle of operation of the analyzers is based on the dynamic light scattering method. Photocor instruments have a certificate of type approval of measuring instruments and are included in the Russian Federal Information Fund for Ensuring the Uniformity of Measurements.
Research on the method for the construction of Space Situational Intelligent Cognitive ability based on knowledge engineering
Authors: Song Yining , Li Zhi , Zhang Zhanyue
Published: March 2022

With the rapid rising demands of the Space Situation Awareness (SSA), this paper mainly focuses on the construction task of the cognitive ability for understanding space situation and administrating the space domain facilities much quicker and better. After clarifying the definition of Space Situation Cognition (SSC), the multi-scale system model has been conducted for knowledge acquisition, knowledge understanding and knowledge reasoning of SSC based on the knowledge engineering. Finally, the technical route and solution for the overall construction of intelligent cognition of space situation are put forward. It is an important way to form effective cognition of spatial situation by reasonably integrating and analysing spatial situation information that can be obtained through effective system integration.
A Detection Method of Atmospheric Neutron at the Civil Aviation Height
Authors: Song Yang
Published: March 2022

In order to solve the problem of atmospheric radiation data in SEE analysis and verification of civil aircraft, a new detection method of atmospheric neutron at the height of civil aviation is developed. Using the balloon of radiosonde to carry the nuclear radiometer, the radiation dose could be observed by the nuclear radiometer. On the basis of the conversion equation between radiation dose and neutron flux, the profile of atmospheric neutron flux is derived. The local detection experiments indicate that the detection results are reliable and effective. Effective results could be obtained by the method with low experiment cost.
Application of 3D surface profilometer in single cut sample inspection
Authors: Du Wenbo , Li Jiangang , Hu Chang’an , Lv Fei , Cai Dongyan , Ouyang Hongmei
Published: March 2022

As a non-contact measuring instrument, 3D surface profilometer has many advantages such as high precision, good repeatability and high visualization, and has become the mainstream measuring equipment in the field of micro and nano detection. Single cut line sample, multi cut line sample and step sample have important applications in micro/nano calibration field. In this paper, 3D surface profilometer is used to measure two kinds of samples. The results are compared with those obtained by National Institute of Metrology. The results show that the results are similar to those obtained by other measuring equipment, which proves the powerful function of 3D surface profilometer.
Nonlinear vibration characteristics of gear-rotor-bearing system
Authors: Huang Fengyun , Wang Xinqiang , Fu Hao , Sima Lixuan , Cui Yue
Published: March 2022

Based on the Timoshenko beam element model in the finite element theory and the lumped mass method, the meshing dynamics equation of helical gears was established considering the time-varying meshing stiffness of helical gears, tooth side clearance, bearing support stiffness and other factors, and the nonlinear dynamics model of the gear-rotor-bearing system was established. Through the analysis of the dynamics model, meshing stiffness, backlash and the influence of bearing stiffness for the system vibration characteristics, studies have shown that the bearing stiffness for the purpose of this article studies the effect to the stability of the main reducer system transmission, vibration noise of the gear-rotor-bearing system parameter selection, and provides theory basis for diagnosis.
Directions Dependence Research on the Equivalent Young’s Moduli of An Octet-truss Lattice Materials
Authors: Wei Nan , Ye Hongling , Zhang Xing , Li Jicheng , Yuan Boshuai
Published: March 2022

An octet-truss lattice material offers promising potential alternatives for foams or honeycomb structures due to its high specific properties. However, previous studies mainly focused on the elastic properties in the principal directions. The equivalent Young’s moduli of an octet-truss lattice along arbitrary directions are studied systematically. Based on tensor transformations, the equivalent Young’s moduli are obtained along different loading directions, and they are intensively dependent on the directions of the load. And the loading direction of the maximum equivalent Young’s modulus is always in a flat surface perpendicular to the xy surface at α = (45+90n) deg, and β = ±35.26°. In addition, the equivalent Young’s moduli increase with the growth of the slender ratios along all directions.
Preparation and applications of the polymeric micelle by polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA)
Authors: Pei Shen , Tu Daizheng , Wan Chenwei , Yin Juntong , Yuan Quan
Published: March 2022

Polymerization induced self-assembly (PISA) has a high solid content, simple operating steps, and can generally achieve high conversion to monomers in a short time, which has been widely used in the preparation and adjusting to morphologies of polymer micelles self-assembly. In this article, the preparation and applications of the polymeric micelle synthesized by PISA were reviewed. The particle morphology can be adjusted by a variety of active polymerizations with different initiation mechanisms in the preparation of polymer micelles. Among them, free radical active polymerization is more practical. The reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) were highlighted. Additionally, different shapes such as spheres, worms, and vesicles can be obtained by RAFT in the preparation of nano-objects fields. Researchers construct the phase diagram to get the pure phase for applications. As one form produced by PISA, polymeric micelles are usually artificial nanoreactors for a series of organic and inorganic catalysis and can be used as drug delivery and target agents. Due to the increase in the ultimate tensile strength, RAFT is an optimal technique to produce thermoplastic elastomers.
Force model of two-flute continuous milling based on tool deflection
Authors: lin Jiantong , Liu Can , Xie Bingsheng , Liu Huanlao , Yin Ningxia , Zhou Benzheng , Zhou Qunlong
Published: March 2022

Accurate modeling of the instantaneous uncut chip thickness is one of the key issues in milling mechanics. Although most current cutting force models take into account the effects of tool deflection and tool run-out, they only consider single-edge continuous milling processes and do not consider processes where multiple edges are simultaneously engaged in milling. Considering the tool runout and tool deflection that affect the end milling process, a novel uncut chip thickness algorithm based on two-flute continuous milling is proposed in this paper, and an analytical force model for actual milling is established. There is no need to use iterative methods, and the predictive power can be obtained by solving a linear system of equations, so the computational cost is greatly reduced. At the same time, stainless steel 316 was processed, and the experimental results showed that the predicted force was in good agreement with the measured force.
Convolutional neural network for real-time main transformer detection
Authors: Zhou Li , Shi Tongqin , Huang Songquan , Ke Fangchao , Huang Zhenxi , Zhang Zhaoyang , Liang Jinzheng
Published: March 2022

For substation constructions, the main transformer is the dominant electrical equipment, and its arrival and operation affect the progress of project directly. In the context of smart grid construction, in order to improve the efficiency of real-time main transformer detection, this paper proposes an identification and detection method based on the SSD algorithm. The SSD algorithm is able to extract the target device (such as main transformer) accurately and the Lenet algorithm module can analyse the features contained in the image. To improve the accuracy of the detection method, the image migration algorithm of VGG-Net is used to expand the negative samples of main transformers to improve the generalisation of the algorithm. Finally, the image set collected in the real substation projects is used for validation, and result shows that the method identifies main transformers more accurately, with high effectiveness and feasibility.
Reciprocating probe measurements in the test divertor operation phase of Wendelstein 7-X
Authors: Killer C. , Drews P. , Grulke O. , Knieps A. , Nicolai D. , Satheeswaran G.
Published: March 2022

Reciprocating probes are a classic and widespread tool for
the investigation of the edge and Scrape-Off Layer of magnetic
fusion plasmas. In the Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) stellarator, the
Multi-Purpose Manipulator serves as a multi-user platform for
probe measurements of various kinds. This paper presents a review on
reciprocating probe operation during the first operation phase of
W7-X with a test divertor (2017–2018). It gives an overview of the
diverse zoo of probe heads and presents lessons learned about probe
operation in complex magnetic geometries, operation safety, and
probe head design. A few examples of probe measurements with a focus
on unexpected observations are presented, e.g. indications for
supra-thermal electrons and the propagation of plasma perturbations
due to biased probes.
Multidecadal variation of northern hemisphere summer monsoon forced by the SST inter-hemispheric dipole
Authors: Xue Jiaqing , Wang Bingchao , Yu Yongkui , Li Jianping , Sun Cheng , Mao Jiangyu
Published: March 2022

The sea surface temperature inter-hemispheric dipole (SSTID) is an important variability mode of global SST anomalies, characterized by an anti-phase variation of SST between the two hemispheres. In this study, the decadal variation of the northern hemisphere summer monsoon (NHSM) is found to be strongly regulated by the SSTID, with positive (negative) phases of the SSTID corresponding to the strengthening (weakening) of NHSM. Both observation and SST-forced atmospheric model simulations suggest that the SSTID related thermal forcing modulates the NHSM by causing planetary-scale atmospheric circulation adjustments. Positive SSTID events lead to coherent increase (decrease) of surface air temperature over the entire northern (southern) hemisphere, increasing the inter-hemispheric thermal contrast (ITC). As sea level pressure changes are just opposite to air temperature, the increase of ITC enhances the inter-hemispheric pressure gradient (southern hemisphere minus northern hemisphere), leading to the strengthening of summer monsoonal circulation and the increase of monsoon rainfall in the northern hemisphere.
Climate drivers of global wildfire burned area
Authors: Grillakis Manolis , Voulgarakis Apostolos , Rovithakis Anastasios , Seiradakis Konstantinos D , Koutroulis Aristeidis , Field Robert D , Kasoar Matthew , Papadopoulos Athanasios , Lazaridis Mihalis
Published: March 2022

Wildfire is an integral part of the Earth system, but at the same time it can pose serious threats to human society and to certain types of terrestrial ecosystems. Meteorological conditions are a key driver of wildfire activity and extent, which led to the emergence of the use of fire danger indices that depend solely on weather conditions. The Canadian Fire Weather Index (FWI) is a widely used fire danger index of this kind. Here, we evaluate how well the FWI, its components, and the climate variables from which it is derived, correlate with observation-based burned area (BA) for a variety of world regions. We use a novel technique, according to which monthly BA are grouped by size for each Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED) pyrographic region. We find strong correlations of BA anomalies with the FWI anomalies, as well as with the underlying deviations from their climatologies for the four climate variables from which FWI is estimated, namely, temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, and wind. We quantify the relative sensitivity of the observed BA to each of the four climate variables, finding that this relationship strongly depends on the pyrographic region and land type. Our results indicate that the BA anomalies strongly correlate with FWI anomalies at a GFED region scale, compared to the strength of the correlation with individual climate variables. Additionally, among the individual climate variables that comprise the FWI, relative humidity and temperature are the most influential factors that affect the observed BA. Our results support the use of the composite fire danger index FWI, as well as its sub-indices, the Build-Up Index (BUI) and the Initial Spread Index (ISI), comparing to single climate variables, since they are found to correlate better with the observed forest or non-forest BA, for the most regions across the globe.
Putting the green back in greenbacks: opportunities for a truly green stimulus
Authors: Taheripour Farzad , Chepeliev Maksym , Damania Richard , Farole Thomas , Lozano Gracia Nancy , Russ Jason Daniel
Published: March 2022

Can countries reorient their productive capacity to become more environmentally friendly and inclusive? To investigate this question this paper uses a standard Input-Output modeling framework and data from 141 countries and regions to construct a new global dataset of employment, value-added, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (disaggregated into CO2and Non-CO2elements), and air pollution (including nine categories of air pollutants such as PM2.5) multipliers from supply side investments. We find that many of the traditional sectors in agriculture and industry have large employment multipliers, but also generate male dominant, lower skill employment, and tend to have higher emission multipliers. It is in economies dominated by these sectors that trade-offs to a ‘greener’ transition will emerge most sharply. However, we find a substantial heterogeneity in outcomes, so even in these economies, there exist other sectors with high employment multipliers and low emissions, including sectors that are more conducive to female employment. In addition, we find a high correlation between industries that generate GHG emissions, which cause long term climate impacts, and those that generate air pollution, which have immediate harmful impacts on human health, suggesting that policies could be designed to simultaneously confer longer climate benefits with immediate health improvements. Our results confirm some of the findings from recent research and shed new light on opportunities for greening economies.
Range shifts in a foundation sedge potentially induce large Arctic ecosystem carbon losses and gains
Authors: Curasi Salvatore R , Fetcher Ned , Hewitt Rebecca E , Lafleur Peter M , Loranty Michael M , Mack Michelle C , May Jeremy L , Myers-Smith Isla H , Natali Susan M , Oberbauer Steven F , Parker Thomas C , Sonnentag Oliver , Vargas Zesati Sergio A , Wullschleger Stan D , Rocha Adrian V
Published: March 2022

Foundation species have disproportionately large impacts on ecosystem structure and function. As a result, future changes to their distribution may be important determinants of ecosystem carbon (C) cycling in a warmer world. We assessed the role of a foundation tussock sedge (Eriophorum vaginatum) as a climatically vulnerable C stock using field data, a machine learning ecological niche model, and an ensemble of terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs). Field data indicated that tussock density has decreased by ∼0.97 tussocks per m2 over the past ∼38 years on Alaska’s North Slope from ∼1981 to 2019. This declining trend is concerning because tussocks are a large Arctic C stock, which enhances soil organic layer C stocks by 6.9% on average and represents 745 Tg C across our study area. By 2100, we project that changes in tussock density may decrease the tussock C stock by 41% in regions where tussocks are currently abundant (e.g. −0.8 tussocks per m2 and −85 Tg C on the North Slope) and may increase the tussock C stock by 46% in regions where tussocks are currently scarce (e.g. +0.9 tussocks per m2 and +81 Tg C on Victoria Island). These climate-induced changes to the tussock C stock were comparable to, but sometimes opposite in sign, to vegetation C stock changes predicted by an ensemble of TBMs. Our results illustrate the important role of tussocks as a foundation species in determining future Arctic C stocks and highlight the need for better representation of this species in TBMs.
Matrix product solution for a partially asymmetric 1D lattice gas with a free defect
Authors: Lobaskin Ivan , Evans Martin R , Mallick Kirone
Published: March 2022

A one-dimensional, driven lattice gas with a freely moving, driven defect particle is studied. Although the dynamics of the defect are simply biased diffusion, it disrupts the local density of the gas, creating nontrivial nonequilibrium steady states. The phase diagram is derived using mean field theory and comprises three phases. In two phases, the defect causes small localized perturbations in the density profile. In the third, it creates a shock, with two regions at different bulk densities. When the hopping rates satisfy a particular condition (that the products of the rates of the gas and defect are equal), it is found that the steady state can be solved exactly using a two-dimensional matrix product ansatz. This is used to derive the phase diagram for that case exactly and obtain exact asymptotic and finite size expressions for the density profiles and currents in all phases. In particular, the front width in the shock phase on a system of size L is found to scale as L
1/2, which is not predicted by mean field theory. The results are found to agree well with Monte Carlo simulations.
Explicit solutions to some fragmentation equations with growth or decay*
Authors: Banasiak Jacek , Poka David Wetsi , Shindin Sergey
Published: March 2022

In this paper, we provide a systematic way of finding explicit solutions for a class of continuous fragmentation equations with growth or decay in the state space and derive new explicit solutions in the cases of constant and linear growth/decay coefficients.
Experimental investigation of scrape-off layer blob high density transition in L-mode plasmas on EAST
Authors: WANG Ping , HU Guanghai , YAN Ning , XU Guosheng , MENG Lingyi , LU Zhikang , YU Lin , JIA Manni , WANG Yifeng , CHEN Liang , LAN Heng , LIU Xiang , WU Mingfu , WANG Liang
Published: March 2022

Lithium Beam Emission Spectroscopy systems in the outer midplane and divertor Langmuir probe arrays embedded in the divertor target plates, are utilized to investigate the scrape-off layer (SOL) blob transition and its relation with divertor detachment on EAST. The blob transition in the near SOL is observed during the density ramp-up phase. When the plasma density, normalized to the Greenwald density limit, exceeds a threshold of f
GW ∼ 0.5, the blob size and lifetime increases by 2 – 3 times, while the blob detection rate decreases by about 2 times. In addition, a weak density shoulder is observed in the near SOL region at the same density threshold. Further analysis indicates that the divertor detachment is highly correlated with the blob transition, and the density threshold of blob transition is consistent with that of the access to the outer divertor detachment. The potential physical mechanisms are discussed. These results could be useful for the understanding of plasma-wall interaction issues in future devices that will operate under a detached divertor and high density conditions (over the blob transition threshold).
Severe declines in hydraulic capacity and associated carbon starvation drive mortality in seawater exposed Sitka-spruce (Picea sitchensis) trees
Authors: Wang Wenzhi , Zhang Peipei , Zhang Hongxia , Grossiord Charlotte , Pennington Stephanie C , Norwood Matthew J , Li Weibin , Pivovaroff Alexandria L , Fernández-de-Uña Laura , Leff Riley , Yabusaki Steven B , Waichler Scott , Bailey Vanessa L , Ward Nicholas D , McDowell Nate G
Published: March 2022

Sea-level rise is causing widespread tree mortality of coastal forests, with large consequences on the Earth system as a result of these forests’ importance in carbon and nutrient export. The mechanisms of mortality under these conditions are, however, poorly tested. We used wood anatomy traits, wood δ
13C, and tree radial growth to retrospectively assess the physiological process of seawater effects on whole tree xylem hydraulic capacity, gas exchange, and radial growth. During the latter stages of mortality (2018–2019), we directly measured metrics of water use and carbon metabolism across trees having crowns ranging from fully foliated to completely defoliated to investigate mortality processes at the sub-annual scale. Upon seawater exposure, soil salinity increased and allocation to hydraulic function declined, resulting in a dramatic reduction in water supply to the crown, increased crown-level water stress, and subsequent crown foliage loss. Simultaneously, leaf-level photosynthetic capacity declined steeply with increasing salinity. The combined loss of crown foliage area and photosynthetic rates per unit leaf area promoted carbon starvation, while no evidence of hydraulic failure was observed. These results elucidate mechanisms of coastal forest death under seawater exposure, enabling more accurate modeling in the future.
Autofiction
Authors: Dix Hywel
Published: March 2022

Since the term autofiction was coined by Serge Doubrovsky in the 1970s, a key scholarly debate has been whether autofiction is a genre in its own right, a subvariant of autobiography, or whether it is better approached along lines other than generic. Although researchers have approached this question in different ways, many agree that autofiction is a form of writing that responds to the specific cultural conditions of the late 20th and early 21st centuries, including the relationship between celebrity and everyday life, a variety of scandals and controversies, and forms of public confession.

Because writers of autofiction often frame their work either as a form of confessional writing or as writing produced in the aftermath of a traumatic experience, they have typically taken a serial approach to life writing. In some cases, this entails splitting aspects of their lives across separate published works, while others return several times to a single experience in various written texts as part of the process of repetition and working through that marks the aftermath of trauma. Among writers from postcolonial societies, the process of representing trauma is often imbued with a testimonial function, bearing witness to the conflicts and injustices of the colonial era. Autofictional techniques can be used to allow writers to appear as minor characters in narratives that are not ostensibly about them, to activate this testimonial function. In another variation, writers narrate historical incidents that occurred before they were born but which nevertheless concern their community, ancestry, or family. Since these cannot be entirely separated from the life story of the author, to tell the story of those ancestors is also, in a meaningful sense, to narrate an aspect of one’s own history: autofiction at one remove.

Renée Larrier has used the dance martial art danmyé as a suggestive metaphor for how Caribbean writers merge individual with social and historical interests in bearing witness to the legacies of the colonial period and slavery. Among various innovations, this use of dance raises the possibility of autofiction existing in media other than print—including graphic novels, fine art, documentary film, and television. By this point, a new generation of media-savvy autofiction writers has emerged capable of using interactive media to promote and extend their published work. Just as the growth of reality genres represented television reversing its own belatedness with regard to literature, so transmedia emanations of autofiction re-reverse this trend, pointing to a complex interaction between what happens in literature and what happens in other media.
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors and Affective Responses
Authors: Schulz Kalynn , Chavez Marcia , Castaneda Arthur
Published: March 2022

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are present throughout the central nervous system and involved in a variety of physiological and behavioral functions. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are receptive to the presence of nicotine and acetylcholine and can be modulated through a variety of agonist and antagonist actions. These receptors are complex in their structure and function, and they are composed of multiple α and β subunits. Many affective disorders have etiological links with developmental exposure to the nAChR agonist nicotine. Given that abnormalities in nAChRs are associated with affective disorders such as depression and anxiety, pharmacological interventions targeting nAChRs may have significant therapeutic benefits.
Schooling in Racist America
Authors: Leonardo Zeus
Published: March 2022

Education is both a racial and class project. This means that a multidimensional theory of educational stratification is necessary if an accurate appraisal of schooling’s modern appearance in capitalist, racialized states is central to the research endeavor. Critiques of capitalism are found in critical pedagogy and Marxist studies of education since the 1970s, which argue that schooling’s intellectual division of labor mirrors the material structures of a capitalist division of labor. In addition, the advent of critical race theory in education since 1995 provides compelling evidence that schooling is not only an ideological apparatus of the capitalist state but also equally of the racist state. Together, developing a critical class theory and critical race theory of education offers a more complete explanation of educational stratification in order to understand its processes and perhaps ways to intervene in them.
Drug Use, Trade, and Policy in Africa
Authors: Carrier Neil , Klantschnig Gernot
Published: March 2022

Drugs have a long history in Africa, despite the continent not being as associated with such psychoactive substances as other regions. This psychoactive history in Sub-Saharan Africa can be traced from the earliest evidence for the use of indigenous substances (including alcoholic drinks, khat and kola) to the arrival of imported drugs such as cannabis, distilled spirits, and tobacco and to more recent drug use changes. The colonial period and the era of drug prohibition in the 20th century was a time when the very idea of a “drug” with all its modern connotations took root in Africa, as well as the more recent concern with drug trafficking and consumption through the continent. The history of drugs—their production, trade, and consumption—thus resonates strongly with the wider social, political, and economic history of the continent, and such resonances are also important when considering current and future policy toward such substances in an era when such policy is in flux globally.
The Economic History of Denmark, 1784–2019
Authors: Kærgård Niels
Published: March 2022

A change of government in 1784 started a number of reforms that became the foundation of modern Denmark. Right up until the Second World War, agriculture was the predominant sector in the Danish economy, and changes in this sector therefore determined the development in the Danish economy. These changes include the transformation from common villages to privately owned farms, starting in the 1780s; the change from cereal to animal production in the 1880s; and the movement toward a growing number of small farms from 1919 until the trend was reversed after 1960. The economic importance of the agricultural sector has declined over time, currently contributing only 3% of the gross domestic product (GDP), as economic history since 1945 has been dominated by the creation of an urban welfare state with a big public sector. As a small open economy, Denmark’s international relations have hugely impacted the overall economic development.
Knowledge Spillovers, Trade, and Foreign Direct Investment
Authors: Keller Wolfgang
Published: March 2022

This article explores knowledge spillovers, positive externalities that augment the information set of an economic agent, and reviews the evidence on such spillovers in the context of international economic transactions. The entry discusses trade channels of knowledge transfer associated with purchases from abroad (imports) and sales to abroad (exports). Another focus is on the foreign direct investment (FDI) channel through purchases from abroad (inward FDI) and sales to abroad (outward FDI). The entry also distinguishes knowledge flows from foreign to domestic agents and from domestic to foreign agents. The entry underlines the importance of empirical methodology and data characteristics that determine the quality of econometric identification. Even though spillovers are by their very nature—as externalities—difficult to identify, over recent decades a number of advances have produced robust evidence that both trade and foreign direct investment lead to sizable knowledge spillovers. These advances have been both conceptual as well as in the areas of empirical methodology and new data.
Making Institutions Work From the Bottom Up in Africa
Authors: Blimpo Moussa P. , Asfaw Maruta Admasu , Ofori Adofo Josephine
Published: March 2022

Well-functioning institutions are essential for stable and prosperous societies. Despite significant improvement during the past three decades, the consolidation of coherent and stable institutions remains a challenge in many African countries. There is a persistent wedge between the de jure rules, the observance of the rules, and practices at many levels. The wedge largely stems from the fact that the analysis and design of institutions have focused mainly on a top-down approach, which gives more prominence to written laws. During the past two decades, however, a new strand of literature has emerged, focusing on accountability from the bottom up and making institutions more responsive to citizens’ needs. It designs and evaluates a mix of interventions, including information provision to local communities, training, or outright decentralization of decision-making at the local level. In theory, accountability from the bottom up may pave the way in shaping the institutions’ nature at the top—driven by superior localized knowledge. The empirical findings, however, have yielded a limited positive impact or remained mixed at best. Some of the early emerging regularities showed that information and transparency alone are not enough to generate accountability. The reasons include the lack of local ownership and the power asymmetry between the local elites and the people. Some of the studies have addressed many of these constraints at varying degrees without much improvement in the outcomes. A simple theoretical framework with multiple equilibria helps better understand this literature. In this framework, the literature consists of attempts to mobilize, gradually or at once, a critical mass to shift from existing norms and practices (inferior equilibrium) into another set of norms and practices (superior equilibrium). Shifting an equilibrium requires large and/or sustained shocks, whereas most interventions tend to be smaller in scope and short-lived. In addition, accountability at the bottom is often neglected relative to rights. If norms and practices within families and communities carry similar features as those observed at the top (e.g., abuse of one’s power), then the core of the problem is beyond just a wedge between the ruling elite and the citizens.
Parent–Adult Child Ties and Older Adult Health and Well-Being
Authors: Suitor J. Jill , Hou Yifei , Stepniak Catherine , Frase Robert T. , Ogle Destiny
Published: March 2022

Parents and children continue to impact each other’s lives across the life course. Intergenerational relationships affect older adults’ physical and psychological well-being in a multitude of complex processes. Contact and interaction with adult offspring, as well as both giving and receiving support and caregiving, can have either positive or negative effects on parents’ well-being, depending upon whether these experiences are perceived by the older adults as enriching, harmonious, and desired. Furthermore, the impact of parent–adult child relations on older adults’ health is shaped by social structural characteristics of families and individual family members, such as race, ethnicity, and gender, as well as by cultural contexts within and across nations. Generally, close intergenerational relationships characterized by high levels of contact and reciprocal exchanges of support positively affect older parents’ well-being, whereas tense intergenerational relationships characterized by adult children’s problems or disregard for older adults’ values and autonomy negatively affect older parents’ well-being.
The Lower Ionosphere of Mars: Modeling and Effect of Dust
Authors: Sheel Varun
Published: March 2022

The study of planetary ionospheres helps us to understand the composition, losses, and electrical properties of the atmosphere. The structure of the ionosphere depends on the neutral gas composition as well. Models based on fundamental equations have been able to simulate the neutral and ion structure of the Martian atmosphere. These models couple chemical, physical, radiative, and dynamical processes at various levels of complexities.

The lower ionosphere (below 80 km) and its composition have not been observed and studied as comprehensively as the upper ionosphere. Most of our current understanding of the plasma environment in the lower atmosphere is based on theoretical models. Models indicate that Mars contains a D region, similar to that in the Earth’s ionosphere, produced primarily due to high-energy galactic cosmic rays that can penetrate to the lower altitudes. The D layer has been simulated to lie in the altitude range of ~25 to 35 km on the dayside ionosphere of Mars. A one-dimensional model, used to calculate the densities of 35 positive and negative ions, predicts hydrated ions to be dominant in the troposphere of Mars. Due to the variability of water vapor, these cluster ions show seasonal variability and can be measured by future experiments on Mars landers.

Dust is an important component of the climate of Mars, wherein dust storms are known to affect the temperatures and winds of the lower atmosphere. The inclusion of ion–dust interactions in the model for the Martian ionosphere has yielded important effects of dust storms on the ionosphere. It has been found that during dust storms, the ion densities can significantly diminish, reducing the total ion conductivity in the troposphere by an order of magnitude. Also, large electric fields could be generated due to the charging of dust in the ionosphere, leading to electric discharges and, possibly, lightning.
Container Ships: Life Cycles, Chains of Value, and Labor in Maritime Logistics
Authors: Schober Elisabeth , Dewan Camelia , Markkula Johanna
Published: March 2022

Goods moved on board container ships constitute 70 percent of all world cargo by economic value, which makes container ships vital things in the broader agglomeration of contemporary global capitalism. These vessels are in themselves also containers of other forms of value: they on occasion store, move, and disperse noneconomic forms of social worth. Building on the insights of critical logistics studies and coupling them with anthropological insights on value, the article proposes an ethnographic “life-cycle” approach to the study of container ships that broadens maritime anthropology to encompass contemporary forms of seaborne capitalism. With the container vessel functioning as a connecting device between different “sited” fieldwork experiences in shipbuilding, shipping, and shipbreaking, such a collaborative effort can bring the larger system of maritime transportation into focus. Furthermore, when viewed through the value-within-life-cycle prism, the container ship may present itself not as an object that has a singular form but rather one that is made up of a multitude of ships that come in and out of being. By describing it as a gestalt—a dynamic material assemblage that is more than the sum of its parts—attention is paid here to how highly dependent the container ship is on geographical and social context, on ever-shifting layers of value attributed to it, and on the multifarious meaning-making among the workers laboring around it.
Taixu
Authors: Goodell Eric
Published: March 2022

The Chinese Buddhist monk Taixu 太虛 (1890–1947) has been called a reformer, missionary, modernizer, mystic, failure, visionary, ethical pietist, public intellectual, great religious leader, and media personality. He is best known as the modernizer of Chinese Buddhism and the creator of Humanistic Buddhism, which emphasizes rational knowledge and ethical behavior. Taixu devoted his life to two activities: spreading Buddhism throughout society and reforming Buddhist monastic and lay institutions. A dynamic between reform and propagation is evident in all of his projects, including Humanistic Buddhism, establishing a pure land in the human realm, his Maitreya School, and his Buddhist academies. Although these projects are all “modern” in important ways, they represent Taixu’s vision for the continuity of Buddhism’s rich heritage as China moved beyond its imperial past.
Dubious pleasures
Authors: González de Prado Javier
Published: March 2022

My aim is to discuss the impact of higher-order evidence on aesthetic appreciation. I suggest that this impact is different with respect to aesthetic beliefs and to aesthetic affective attitudes (such as enjoyment). More specifically, I defend the view that higher-order evidence questioning the reliability of one’s aesthetic beliefs can make it reasonable for one to revise those beliefs. Conversely, in line with a plausible account of emotions, aesthetic affective attitudes are not directly sensitive to this type of higher-order evidence; they are sensitive only to those features of objects that make such attitudes (un)fitting. Thus, I argue, there are cases of non-defective recalcitrant aesthetic attitudes where the subject has both a non-defective, fitting aesthetic affective attitude and a reasonable belief questioning the fittingness of this attitude. I further discuss whether, in this type of case, the subject has decisive reasons to try to change her recalcitrant attitudes—say by trying to modify her aesthetic affective dispositions. My answer is negative. Even granting that subjects always have aesthetic reasons to try to avoid aesthetically unfitting attitudes, these can be outweighed by further reasons not to do so—perhaps including aesthetic reasons related to the construction of valuable aesthetic identities or to the value of aesthetic engagement.
Interventions for self-management of medicines for community-dwelling people with dementia and mild cognitive impairment and their family carers: a systematic review
Authors: Powell Catherine , Tomlinson Justine , Quinn Catherine , Fylan Beth
Published: March 2022

Background

people with dementia or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and their family carers face challenges in managing medicines. How medicine self-management could be supported for this population is unclear. This review identifies interventions to improve medicine self-management for people with dementia and MCI and their family carers, and the core components of medicine self-management that they address.

Methods

a database search was conducted for studies with all research designs and ongoing citation search from inception to December 2021. The selection criteria included community-dwelling people with dementia and MCI and their family carers, and interventions with a minimum of one medicine self-management component. The exclusion criteria were wrong population, not focusing on medicine management, incorrect medicine self-management components, not in English and wrong study design. The results are presented and analysed through narrative synthesis. The review is registered [PROSPERO (CRD42020213302)]. Quality assessment was carried out independently applying the QATSDD quality assessment tool.

Results

13 interventions were identified. Interventions primarily addressed adherence. A limited number focused on a wider range of medicine self-management components. Complex psychosocial interventions with frequent visits considered the person’s knowledge and understanding, supply management, monitoring effects and side effects and communicating with healthcare professionals, and addressed more resilience capabilities. However, these interventions were delivered to family carers alone. None of the interventions described patient and public involvement.

Conclusion

interventions, and measures to assess self-management, need to be developed which can address all components of medicine self-management to better meet the needs of people with dementia and MCI and their family carers.
New cup out of old coffee: contribution of parental gene expression legacy to phenotypic novelty in coffee beans of the allopolyploid Coffea arabica L.
Authors: Combes Marie-Christine , Joët Thierry , Stavrinides Anna K , Lashermes Philippe
Published: March 2022

Background and Aims

Allopolyploidization is a widespread phenomenon known to generate novel phenotypes by merging evolutionarily distinct parental genomes and regulatory networks in a single nucleus. The objective of this study was to investigate the transcriptional regulation associated with phenotypic novelty in coffee beans of the allotetraploid Coffea arabica.

Methods

A genome-wide comparative transcriptomic analysis was performed in C. arabica and its two diploid progenitors, C. canephora and C. eugenioides. Gene expression patterns and homeologue expression were studied on seeds at five different maturation stages. The involvement of homeologue expression bias (HEB) in specific traits was addressed both by functional enrichment analyses and by the study of gene expression in the caffeine and chlorogenic acid biosynthesis pathways.

Key Results

Expression-level dominance in C. arabica seed was observed for most of the genes differentially expressed between the species. Approximately a third of the genes analysed showed HEB. This proportion increased during seed maturation but the biases remained equally distributed between the sub-genomes. The relative expression levels of homeologues remained relatively constant during maturation and were correlated with those estimated in leaves of C. arabica and interspecific hybrids between C. canephora and C. eugenioides. Functional enrichment analyses performed on genes exhibiting HEB enabled the identification of processes potentially associated with physiological traits. The expression profiles of the genes involved in caffeine biosynthesis mirror the differences observed in the caffeine content of mature seeds of C. arabica and its parental species.

Conclusions

Neither of the two sub-genomes is globally preferentially expressed in C. arabica seeds, and homeologues appear to be co-regulated by shared trans-regulatory mechanisms. The observed HEBs are thought to be a legacy of gene expression differences inherited from diploid progenitor species. Pre-existing functional divergences between parental species appear to play an important role in controlling the phenotype of C. arabica seeds.