bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hen Houses and Hectares
Authors: Foss Sarah
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines development and indigenismo during the Arbenz presidency, tracing how intended beneficiaries interacted with two significant development initiatives: the INCAP nutrition project and the 1952 Agrarian Reform. Both intended to impart the modern Indigenous citizen model to rural communities and accelerate capitalist development. However, Indigenous responses to these projects varied from full acceptance to blatant refusal to participate. Anthropologists' field notes, agrarian reform records, and oral histories demonstrate how local history and politics influenced responses. For example, in records from the INCAP project in Magdalena Milpas Altas, on multiple occasions Individuals utilized Cold War discourses to frame demands and complaints, such as deploying the label of communism to insult local rivals. Similarly, in local histories of agrarian reform, Indigenous communities did not always readily accept outside intervention designed to “improve” their lives. Instead, they carefully weighed their options and used the opportunities that these projects provided to define the terms of their participation as citizens, often deploying the same concepts of development and modernity to claim alternatives to that which the state offered.
Operation Awaken
Authors: Foss Sarah
Published: January 2024

This chapter analyses Guatemala's National Program of Community Development (DESCOM), a centralized program that the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) generously funded. Both Guatemalan and US governmental records support the chapter’s central claim that the state saw development as a "peaceful" means to combat leftist insurgency and further tie rural Indigenous communities to the capitalist economy. Ironically, the authoritarian military government couched the DESCOM’s objective within a discourse of democracy. All the while, it used this program as a counterinsurgency tool to monitor expressions of Indigenous citizenship, persecuting those behaviors that did not align with the state’s project. However, an analysis of a local history of a project in Tactic, Alta Verapaz demonstrates that intended beneficiaries did not uncritically accept these development initiatives. While aspects of the project met success, it also imposed a development model that sought to reshape local cultural practices to fit the desired homogeneous national identity. Predicated on self-help, the project required significant labor and investment from local people, unrealistic demands, given participants’ time and material constraints. Instead, they utilized the opportunities and resources that development initiatives provided to pursue their own agendas that at times directly challenged the state’s modernization project.
Protagonists in Guatemala’s Development
Authors: Foss Sarah
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines how development discourse featured prominently in Guatemala’s protracted peace negotiations, which culminated with the signing of the 1996 Peace Accords. With these, the Guatemalan state called for constitutional reform that would have given communities more direct control over projects within their jurisdiction. Similarly, the Peace Accords redefined Guatemala as a multiethnic and pluricultural state. However, in 1999, Guatemalans rejected a referendum to revise the constitution, leaving these mandates unfulfilled. Amidst this peace process, Guatemalan underwent economic restructuring, resulting in the privatization of many state programs and the ascension of neoliberalism. As a result, the state has divested itself from many community development initiatives, instead relying on private initiatives. Indigenous communities continue to face assaults on their land and livelihoods but continue challenging the state’s model of development and notions of modern citizenship. Additionally, outbound migration has increased, pointing to development’s failure to fulfill its promise of the good life for intended beneficiaries. Despite these challenges, the chapter underscores recent Indigenous struggles to use municipal government to exercise decision-making power over development initiatives through development councils (COCODE) or other forms of protest and resistance as they continue to pursue development on their own terms.
The End of Public Execution
Authors: Trotti Michael Ayers
Published: January 2024

Before 1850, all legal executions in the South were performed before crowds that could number in the thousands; the last legal public execution was in 1936. This study focuses on the shift from public executions to ones behind barriers, situating that change within our understandings of lynching and competing visions of justice and religion. Intended to shame and intimidate, public executions after the Civil War had quite a different effect on southern Black communities. Crowds typically consisting of as many Black people as white behaved like congregations before a macabre pulpit, led in prayer and song by a Black minister on the scaffold. Black criminals often proclaimed their innocence and almost always their salvation. This turned the proceedings into public, mixed-race, and mixed-gender celebrations of Black religious authority and devotion. In response, southern states rewrote their laws to eliminate these crowds and this Black authority, ultimately turning to electrocutions in the bowels of state penitentiaries. As a wave of lynchings crested around the turn of the twentieth century, states transformed the ways that the South's white-dominated governments controlled legal capital punishment, making executions into private affairs witnessed only by white people.
Introduction
Authors: Trotti Michael Ayers
Published: January 2024

By incorporating the nature of, changes in, and arguments over legal execution into our wider understanding of the South, we see the landscape of racial violence afresh. The South’s revivals at the gallows reveal public executions to be subversive moments in a violent era.
A Camp Meeting at the Gallows
Authors: Trotti Michael Ayers
Published: January 2024

The lesson of a typical public execution in the South in the late-nineteenth century diverged from the conventional ideal of punishment. The norm for public executions, infused as it was with religious meaning, displayed a rich, rare moment of African American public authority.
Counting the South’s Legal Executions
Authors: Trotti Michael Ayers
Published: January 2024

Legal executions were much more common in some eras and some parts of the nation and the South than in others. This chapter’s novel trends in the data reveal how our view has misplaced capital punishment in the history of the Jim Crow police state. Laying out the trends in executions alongside the flaws in that data, this chapter shows how exceptional the South’s history of capital punishment was.
Uncivil Executions
Authors: Trotti Michael Ayers
Published: January 2024

The scholarship of the South has tended to draw parallels between executions and lynchings, and some executions were chaotic and with mob behaviors. These uncivil executions were disturbing moments at the gallows, but they were not how executions in the South were. They were how an occasional, exceptional execution played out. In perspective, it is notable that on several occasions, particularly early in the postwar period, whites were concerned about possible African American rescue or riot. It is as important that no rescue attempt occurred. It is likewise notable how on several occasions, especially after the turn of the twentieth century, white mobs turned legal capital punishment into something very close to lynchings. It is as important that almost all executions in the South in the two generations after the Civil War were not this.
Afterword
Authors: Trotti Michael Ayers
Published: January 2024

By putting public, legal executions in the South at the center of the analysis, we see just how much the sacred African American gallows experiences challenged white authority and its punishment regime. This was contested terrain, and white supremacy was failing to dominate in that contest. In the same generation that developed the de jure segregation of Jim Crow, the generation that chained so many Blacks and poor whites to the land with debt peonage born of the sharecropping regime and that striped the franchise from the African American and the white underclass, the punishment regime of the South was likewise changing to better ensure white control. Lynching was prominent, the convict lease system was at its height, and public, multi-racial, gender-inclusive executions were becoming private, white, male ones.
Agriculture's Energy
Authors: Rogers Thomas D.
Published: January 2024

Thomas D. Rogers’s history of a modernizing Brazil tracks what happened when a key government program, created in the 1970s by the nation’s military regime, aspired to harness energy produced by sugarcane agriculture to power the country’s economy. The National Alcohol Program, known as Proálcool, was a deliberate economic strategy designed to incentivize ethanol production and reduce gasoline consumption. As Brazil’s capacity grew and as international oil shocks continued, the regime’s planners doubled down on Proálcool. Drawing financing from international lenders and curiosity from other oil-dependent countries, for a time it was the world’s largest oil-substitution and renewable-energy program. Chronicling how Proálcool experimented with and exemplified the consolidation of government, agribusiness, large planters, agricultural and chemical research companies, and oil producers, this book expands into a rich investigation of the arc of Brazil’s Green Revolution. The ethanol boom epitomized the vector of that arc, but Rogers keeps wider development imperatives in view. He dramatizes the choices and trade-offs that ultimately resulted in a losing energy strategy, for Proálcool ended up creating a large contingent of impoverished workers, serious environmental degradation, and persistent hunger. The full consequences of the Green Revolution–fueled consolidation continue to take a toll today.
Indigent Pariahs No More
Authors: Rogers Thomas D.
Published: January 2024

Chapter one traces Brazilian sugarcane, and the agricultural sector generally, across the first half of the twentieth century. This includes registering outside influences, particularly from the United States. The chapter argues that many farmers, observers, and policymakers shared two somewhat contradictory views of Brazilian agriculture. The conviction of an agrarian destiny was as widespread as the fear of agricultural backwardness. These two discourses shaped debates across the twentieth century and found their way into intense struggles over how the country should develop economically and what balance it should strike between agriculture and industry. As with other crops, sugarcane’s fate was debated along these lines. The discourses also set the terms of discussion about regional differences, competition, and inequality.
Alternative Revolutions
Authors: Rogers Thomas D.
Published: January 2024

The second chapter examines the revolutionary 1960s and 1970s: from peasant mobilization in Pernambuco’s cane region, to a right-wing military coup its leaders called a revolution, to the sweeping agricultural changes associated with the Green Revolution. As in other parts of the world, Brazilian economists took important roles and their field influenced others, like agronomy. Brazil’s Green Revolution shaped the sugar industry’s trajectory, from crisis in the early 1960s to a boom a decade later. Foreign influences, especially the US, helped establish the directions of change, as in many parts of the world. The Revolution offered a synthesis to tensions between industry and agriculture as it blurred the boundaries between the two. São Paulo consolidated its dominance in sugarcane production and agriculture generally. On its own, it produced nearly half of the country’s sugar.
Ordering Proálcool
Authors: Rogers Thomas D.
Published: January 2024

The third chapter explains how the National Alcohol Program (Proálcool) emerged in the context of volatility in the sugarcane industry, crisis in the energy sector, and shifts in leadership at the highest levels. It explains how the conditions in the years leading up to 1975 led to the creation of a program that some saw as a nationalist, import-saving, and visionary project. Detractors criticized a profligate giveaway to entrenched interests that exacerbated rural and regional inequalities. Proálcool grew out of the development strategies described in the previous chapters and the state’s attempt to consolidate agricultural modernization. The chapter argues the program was an exercise in the type of development planning that had emerged in the post-war era and matured through the aggressive modernization of the 1960s. Brazilian technocrats demonstrated agriculture’s potent contributions to economic growth through a modernized sector fueled by vast inputs of chemical fertilizers, mechanized and therefore supported by a machine industry, and managed by finance- and marketing-savvy bureaucrats.
How Brazil’s National Alcohol Program Made a Meal of Rural Workers
Authors: Rogers Thomas D.
Published: January 2024

The fourth chapter uncovers Proálcool’s impact on rural workers. Mobility became a defining characteristic of the period of rapid change and sugarcane workers became emblematic of the trend. Itinerant sugarcane workers were referred to as “bóias-frias,” or cold lunches, and their population exploded in 1975. They pointed at the contradictions in modernizing agriculture and singled out Proálcool. As ethanol producers converted land to sugarcane, food prices soared, and mobile workers suffered traffic accidents on rural roads. Rural workers’ unions and the regime agreed that the development model was showing strains but had starkly different solutions in mind. The unions argued for agrarian reform, while employers and the state sought to secure the supply of cheap labor. Mobile workers found ways to challenge their exploitation through organization, but the gains were modest, and this chapter shows how basic forms of exploitation continued throughout the Proálcool era.
Culture in the Clinic
Authors: Mas Catherine
Published: January 2024

After the 1959 Cuban Revolution, hundreds of thousands of Cuban refugees came to Miami. With this influx, the city's health care system was overwhelmed not just by the number of patients but also by the differences in culture. Mainstream medicine was often inaccessible or inadequate to Miami's growing community of Latin American and Caribbean immigrants. Instead, many sought care from alternative, often unlicensed health practitioners. During the 1960s, a recently arrived Cuban feeling ill might have visited a local clínica, a quasi-legal storefront doctor's office, or a santero, a priest in the Afro-Cuban religion of Lukumí or Santería. This exceptionally diverse medical scene would catch the attention of anthropologists who made Miami's multiethnic population into a laboratory for cross-cultural care. By the 1990s, the medical establishment in Miami had matured into a complex and culturally informed health-delivery system, generating models of care that traveled far beyond the city. Some clínicas were transformed into lucrative HMOs, Santería became legally protected by the courts, and medical anthropology played a significant role in the rise of global health. Catherine Mas shows how immigrants reshaped American medicine while the clinic became a crucial site for navigating questions of wellness, citizenship, and culture.
Introduction
Authors: Mas Catherine
Published: January 2024

Gathering stories of migration, illness, and the business of healing, this book demonstrates how encounters between the “clinical” and the “cultural” reshaped and expanded definitions of both. It opens with Lydia Cabrera’s exile experience and ethnographic descriptions of the crossroads to introduce the spaces of these encounters: Miami as a crossroads for the Americas and medicine as a crossroads for cultural and commercial exchange—both becoming sites of anthropological inquiry and intervention. In the decades after the 1959 Cuban Revolution, Cold War geopolitical events brought hundreds of thousands of immigrants to Miami, not only from Cuba but from across Latin America and the Caribbean. The introduction offers an overview of the book’s chapters while orienting readers towards Miami’s unique vantage point on questions of immigration and integration in postwar America. As rapid social and demographic change posed a challenge to the existing health care system, Miami offered a testing ground for experts who grappled with the problem of how to deliver medical care across social, cultural, and political boundaries.
Passing the Foreign
Authors: Mas Catherine
Published: January 2024

Fleeing a communist revolution in the 1960s, Cuban refugees settled in large numbers in Miami, Florida. A large portion were middle- and upper-class professionals, including many physicians. This chapter examines the Cold War context in which, on the one hand, Cuban physicians joined an American medical community, and, on the other hand, Miami’s medical institutions emerged as innovators in the field of international medical education. It focuses in particular on the University of Miami’s Program for Foreign Medical Graduates, a federally sponsored refugee retraining program for Cuban refugee physicians preparing to take the standardized exam required of foreigners seeking an American medical license. The program—part of a larger, Cold War effort to integrate Cubans into an American citizenry—reflects the cultural and political underpinnings of so-called “modern medicine.” Meanwhile, Cuban physicians who avoided or failed to pass the foreign exam nonetheless continued to practice medicine in many of the unregulated storefront clínicas that proliferated in Little Havana.
Between Harvard and Haiti
Authors: Mas Catherine
Published: January 2024

The ideal of “culturally appropriate care” that medical anthropologists had advocated was limited by broader shifts in the corporatization of medicine that affirmed the status of health as a commodity and sharpened global health disparities. Faced with various constraints, some charted new paths to reform and humanize medicine, from efforts to train “culturally competent” doctors in the US to advocating for the equitable distribution of medicine across the globe. Before he became a leader in the contemporary field of global health and medical anthropology, Paul Farmer found in Hazel Weidman a mentor and friend, whom he visited in between frequent field visits to rural Haiti as a budding physician-anthropologist. Chapter 5 locates such interpersonal networks in the context of internecine academic debates, a global AIDS crisis, and the emergence of modern global health. Although Farmer distanced himself from the “culture broker” approach to medical anthropology, an examination of his rise to nonprofit stardom shows how he acted in his own right as a broker—not as much between physicians and patients, but between the cause of health equity and an emerging landscape of philanthropies, universities, and national security regimes that would financially support the transnational allocation of medical resources.
Pensions for All
Authors: Kretz Dale
Published: January 2024

In the 1890s, a massive grassroots movement to pension all formerly enslaved people regardless of military service grew to challenge the capacities of the federal government, the very notion of historic responsibility, and the boundaries of citizenship. The reparations movement drew inspiration from the Pension Bureau as well as momentum from the insurgent Populist movement in the Black South. The many “ex-slave pension” outfits which emerged across the nation, including the National Ex-Slave Pension Association and the Ex-Slave Petitioners’ Assembly, confronted a coordinated assault from the federal government. Officials of the Pension Bureau and Post Office colluded to destroy what they viewed as a menacing threat to the established order, hoping to shore up the legitimacy of the embattled pension system in the process, which was facing public pressure from all quarters—including ex-Confederates—to expand the pension rolls.
Epilogue
Authors: Kretz Dale
Published: January 2024

The Works Progress Administration (WPA) narratives collected during the Great Depression reveal ongoing grievances with the payment of military pensions as well as ex-slave pensions (also known as reparations). Indeed, the two were often confused by those testifying to the federally employed interviewers of the WPA. Accordingly, their testimonies should not be read merely as wistful reflections on a bygone era but rather as political appeals for reciprocity and condemnations of broken promises and the system upon which it was built. Pension struggles were, and remain, inseparable from the larger struggle for emancipation and the making of a true and meaningful freedom.
The Making of the New Fugitive Slave
Authors: Müller Viola Franziska
Published: January 2024

Examining the profiles of the people who escaped to southern cities reveals that features typically attributed to fugitive slaves—foremost, being male and being skilled—were not determinative of who ran away. Focusing on gender, work, and networks, this chapter instead puts forward a new model that foregrounds broad horizons created by physical mobility, autonomy, and exposure to other people who were not enslaved or slaveholders. The key determinant was knowledge of the larger world—mostly limited to the South— that became available to a growing number of enslaved people who worked independently as hired slaves, used new transportation infrastructures, or were forcibly sold away.
Finding Work, Remaining Poor
Authors: Müller Viola Franziska
Published: January 2024

Runaways from slavery needed work to survive, but where did they find it? Antebellum urban labor markets were coded by race, gender, and legal status, as this chapter shows. This had consequences for fugitives, who, being Black and undocumented, were adversely affected by these codes. When arriving in a city, they had to be able to decipher coded worksites in order to navigate the spaces that the labor markets offered. Yet due to restrictions, Black workers had to toil harder, and finding themselves in competition with lower-class whites and European immigrants, had to accept lower remuneration. This kept the overall wages low and provided capitalist employers with the cheap work force they wanted.
The “Vietnamese” Skirt and Other Wartime Myths in Lee Yun-gi’s “Trigonometric Functions”
Authors: Kim Alice S.
Published: January 2024

The “Vietnamese” skirt (“wollam” chima) arose to great popularity in South Korea in the late 1960s–early 70s, at the intersection of the rapid expansion in the South Korean textile industry and South Korea’s decade-long involvement in the Vietnam War (1964–1973). The cheap, lightweight, colorful long flared skirt mass-produced in easy to launder new synthetic fabrics such as nylon and fitted with elastic waistbands bore a vague resemblance to the familiar long full skirts (tongchima) that grew out of premodern Korean costume (chima jeogori), as well as the Vietnamese áo dài. Invisible in the proliferating numbers of women’s fashion magazines, they appeared instead in casual, domestic, everyday settings, sold in general markets or by street hawkers, and featured in the background of quotidian news stories and later literary works. Through a close reading of Lee Yun-gi’s (1947–2010) short story “Trigonometric Functions” (2000) with Roland Barthes’ semiology of myth, I examine the “Vietnamese” skirt as one among a series of incongruous “Vietnamese” appellations that took shape during South Korea’s participation in the war, during which South Koreans were coming to see Vietnam through a haze of state propaganda and Cold War anti-communist ideology amid active government censorship of wartime coverage.
Buying Time?
Authors: Fibiger Mattias
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines the buying time thesis—the idea that the Vietnam War bought time for other states in Southeast Asia to build up their political, military, economic, and psychological defenses against communism. It argues that there is some truth to claims that the Vietnam War strengthened Southeast Asia’s noncommunist states, stimulated the region’s economic growth, and led to the creation of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), all of which left the region more stable and secure. But it also argues that the war reinforced dictatorial regimes whose oppression sowed the seeds of future instability, fueled emerging systems of oligarchy that diminished opportunities for ordinary Southeast Asians to promote peaceful political change, and ensured that regional cooperation was based on rigid sovereigntist principles that impeded ASEAN’s ability to solve long-term problems.
From Resident to Refugee
Authors: Tran Lisa
Published: January 2024

The war in Vietnam and the ensuing refugee crisis have been conventionally interpreted within the context of the ideological and geopolitical rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union. But how did the Cold War affect the people in Vietnam, especially the “boat people” who fled the country in the late 1970s? Using the lens of ethnicity, this chapter focuses on those of Chinese ancestry who left Vietnam in boats that made their way to countries throughout Southeast Asia. By analyzing the ethnic implications of the exodus of refugees from Vietnam, this chapter shifts attention away from the geopolitics and ideologies that have dominated scholarship on the Vietnam War and offers an alternative view centered on ordinary people whose ethnic identity, more than ideological or political views, shaped experiences of and perspectives on the Vietnam War.
Introduction
Authors: King Nancy M. P. , Henderson Gail E. , Churchill Larry R.
Published: January 2024

The Introduction frames the volume by briefly explaining the history bioethics, showing how the field’s origins and attention to the rights and interests of individual patients have inadvertently deemphasized the social determinants of health. The three authors describe how teaching and scholarship focused on social medicine and public health has informed each of their perspective and point out how the COVID-19 pandemic and the Anthropocene era of global warming have increased the need to expand application of that broader perspective to bioethics questions and problems. Finally, they preview a critique of the current ethics certification trend, arguing that bioethics would benefit from replacing the quest for ethics expertise with aspiring to humility about ethics practice.
Lifeboat Frameworks, Certification, and the Work of Clinical Bioethics
Authors: King Nancy M. P. , Henderson Gail E. , Churchill Larry R.
Published: January 2024

This chapter argues that the American Society for Bioethics and Humanities (ASBH) certification program is yet another indication of the pervasiveness of lifeboat framing within bioethics. Sample questions and cases from the ASBH certification exam are critiqued for their portrayal of ethics consulting as offering advice in highly truncated, slice-of-life situations. This portrayal further discourages attention to the broader moral and social context of problematic clinical cases, where many of the most lasting resolutions can be found. Detailed reports are offered on how bioethicists in successful programs routinely work, including the skill sets they employ. These reports reveal that the ASBH exam offers greatly simplified and inaccurate situations for analysis, and therefore that passing the exam has little or no relevance for the real on-the-ground expertise needed to do clinical ethics consultations. Three kinds of humility in bioethics consultative work are described: epistemic, moral, and ontological. Recommendations for a better approach for certification in this important and challenging field are offered. These recommendations emphasize not only the factual knowing that aspect of bioethics, but also the skills of knowing how, acquired only through on-site apprenticeship, mentoring, and reflection.
Bioethics and the Global Warming Crisis
Authors: King Nancy M. P. , Henderson Gail E. , Churchill Larry R.
Published: January 2024

This chapter argues that the health problems of global warming are among the most important for bioethicists and explains why bioethics as a field has made such a slow start in this area. The accelerating magnitude of the problems of the Anthropocene is described, including heat-related injuries and deaths, the increase in insect-vector diseases, the deleterious health results of food and water scarcities, and the surge of mental illnesses. Five toxic cultural assumptions that contribute to global heating are described: short-term thinking; political incompetence; humans as the crowning point of evolution; consumption as the measure of our worth; and fantasies of transcendence and rescue. Alternatives to these toxic norms are offered: legacy thinking; becoming trustworthy; identity transformation; common stewardship; and global citizenship. An agenda for future bioethics work is sketched, along with needed revisions of existing principles, together with new principles and ways of thinking that are required for adaptation to the Anthropocene. The work of E.O. Wilson, and especially his concept of ‘biophilia’, is described as a way humans can find their place in the order of living things and learn a common stewardship for the resources needed for life on Earth.
We’re Fighting for Our Future
Authors: Hilliard Emily
Published: January 2024

In the conclusion to Making Our Future, Hilliard draws from her fieldwork with West Virginia cultural communities to introduce her concept of “visionary folklore,” a framework for cultural work and creative expression that is materialist and future oriented. She considers how a future-focused framework can help cultural workers be more attuned to present conditions and asks what folklorists and other cultural workers must advocate for in the present so future cultural communities can have self-determination over how their traditions are transmitted. In doing so, she calls for cultural workers to be better advocates for the material conditions and wellbeing of the communities they work and collaborate with. Applying the climate change movement’s concept of “intergenerational justice” to notions of cultural heritage and cultural equity, Hilliard asserts that the sustainability of expressive culture is inextricable from the material sustainability of the community from which it emerges.
The Struggle for Iran
Authors: Painter David S. , Brew Gregory
Published: January 2024

The nationalization crisis of Iran is a pivotal chapter in the Cold War, the development of the postwar petroleum order, and the history of modern Iran and it’s struggle for democratic government. The coup that ended the crisis is also a watershed moment in the history of US covert operations, marking the first time the US worked to topple a Middle Eastern government. Newly declassified documents have made it possible to reexamine the crisis and coup, grappling with persistent myths that remain seventy years later.
A Crisis in the Making, 1901–1951
Authors: Painter David S. , Brew Gregory
Published: January 2024

In the first half of the twentieth century, Iran formed part of a global oil economy dominated by private Western corporations. It was also a focus of great power competition, and Great Britain and Russia often intervened to secure economic concessions and power over Iran’s political system. Following the discovery of oil in Iran in 1908, a British company developed the country’s oil industry with little interference from the Iranian government. Following the war-time occupation, Iran became embroiled in the global Cold War, with the United States taking special interest in Iran’s oil and strategic position. At the same time, a nationalist movement led by Mohammed Mosaddeq arose to challenge the British position in the oil industry, culminating in the nationalization crisis that began in early 1951.
Epilogue
Authors: Willoughby Christopher D. E.
Published: January 2024

The epilogue unpacks how many of the anatomical and climatic racial theories that had become prominent in the antebellum era survived both the end of slavery and Darwinian evolution’s supplanting of polygenesis in the 1860s. Moreover, during the Reconstruction Era, US medical faculty quickly repaired any social rupture that the war might have engendered, reconstituting the national medical fraternity in the United States. When discussing race, postbellum white medical faculty and students showed remarkable continuity with their antebellum predecessors, arguing that racial difference was defined by anatomical and climatic differences even if natural selection caused these differences. Moreover, the rise of schools of tropical medicine allowed for another reinvention of these theories of racial difference in medical education at the turn of the twentieth century and ensured that plantation medicine in the tropics would continue to be profitable for US medical practitioners.
The Law of the Jungle
Authors: Paiz Christian O.
Published: January 2024

Chapter one begins in California’s Coachella Valley in the early to mid-twentieth century with the arrival of white settlers and irrigation-based agriculture. The latter was predicated on racialized farmworkers, especially ethnic Mexican families and migrant Filipino men. After World War II, the region underwent an agricultural expansion and the further solidification of a “Rancher Nation,” the United Farm Worker (UFW) term for a racialized agricultural society in rural California, where local ranchers overdetermined social relations and relegated racial Others to social, cultural, and political peripheries. Critically, ethnic Mexican and Filipino farmworkers held different social positions in the Coachella Valley and local ranchers found farmworker allies through patriarchal relationships.
Insurgent Frailties
Authors: Paiz Christian O.
Published: January 2024

Chapter six reviews the factors that weakened the Coachella Valley’s Chicana/o and UFW movements during a period of seeming organizational strength (1970-1973). These factors included a poorly managed UFW office, a tardy farm union drive in non-grape fields, and an ineffective response to Filipino farmworker alienation from the UFW. These weaknesses were exacerbated by California rancher hostility, anti-UFW campaigns, and an increasingly critical national environment. Similarly, the Chicana/o movement’s successes were vulnerable to conservative backlash, white flight, and divisive internal politics. Both social movements weakened further after the Teamsters Union-at California grape rancher request-raided UFW grape contracts in 1973 and disrupted the local insurgent momentum.
The Battle for Coachella, 1973–1974
Authors: Paiz Christian O.
Published: January 2024

Chapter seven focuses on the UFW’s response to the Teamster-rancher raid of 1973 and the UFW’s failure to interrupt the Rancher Nation’s reconstitution. As in previous chapters, chapter seven takes a rank-and-file perspective and prioritizes a plurality of people and spaces. While chapter six cautioned against a triumphant narrative, chapter seven avoids a declension story. Though significantly weakened, both the UFW and Chicana/o movements continued to attract new participants post-1973 and continued to foster visions of a post-Rancher Nation world.
Overlaid Tenses and Trajectories
Authors: Paiz Christian O.
Published: January 2024

Chapter eight covers the mid- to late 1970s period, when contradictory trajectories and overlaid timelines produced simultaneous declension and ascension in the Coachella Valley’s UFW and Chicana/o movements. Some people left social organizing, often in bitterness, disappointment, and/or exhaustion. Others joined the UFW or Chicana/o politics for the first time or deepened their participation, took leadership roles, and expanded earlier goals. In these years, potential was neither realized nor extinguished. For example, though the UFW failed to recover its Coachella Valley grape contracts in 1973, its Coachella Grape Strike still created new leaders and pushed California to legislate farmworker union rights in 1975 with the Agricultural Labor Relations Act (ALRA). The latter allowed the UFW to return to the Coachella Valley in 1975-1976 through state-administered elections among citrus and vegetable workers, some of whom first encountered the UFW in 1973. Lastly, both UFW and Chicana/o movement participants moved in a shifting national context that was increasingly hostile to any egalitarian politics.
Sparks at Dusk
Authors: Paiz Christian O.
Published: January 2024

Chapter nine focuses entirely on the 1977 farmworker elections in the Coachella Valley grape fields, which would become the UFW movement’s last significant organizing burst in the desert. As in other ALRA campaigns, these elections offered farmworkers spaces in which to articulate visions of a unionized future. But the elections were also fundamentally undermined by ranchers’ pervasive and egregious unfair labor practices (ULP), including the use of false employee lists, the surveillance of pro-UFW workers, pervasive threats of violence, verbal and physical attacks, bribes for anti-UFW votes, election fraud, and retaliatory firings-often of entire pro-UFW crews. The UFW contested rancher hostility and illegal behavior with ALRA’s bureaucratic procedures, but the latter only provided final decisions three, if not four, years after the 1977 grape elections. By then, like most US unions, the UFW found itself with dwindling resources, a disgruntled and vulnerable workforce, an even more hostile political context, and an ineffective labor law.
Uloga kafane u društvenom životu osmanskih gradova s posebnim osvrtom na mostarsku novu kahvu podignutu 1604/05. godine
Authors: Dilberović Alija
Published: January 2024

Kafana je društvena institucija koja se pojavila u arapskom svijetu početkom XVI stoljeća i koja se veoma brzo proširila u mnoge dijelove islamskog svijeta. U Istanbulu je prva otvorena sredinom istog stoljeća, nakon čega se broj kafana samo povećavao kako u samoj prijestolnici tako i u ostalim dijelovima Osmanske države. Prve kafane u Bosanskom ejaletu počele su se otvarati u posljednjim decenijama XVI stoljeća i veoma brzo su postale sastavni dio javnog i društvenog života mnogih gradova. Kafane ili kahve, kako su se nazivale u Bosni, podizane su po glavnim ulicama, trgovačkim čaršijama, mahalama, hanovima, ali i u privatnim prostorima, poput dvorova državnih velikodostojnika i kuća bogatijih građana. Neke su bile veće, ljepše uređene i otmjenije, dok su druge bile skromnije, a postojale su različite vrste kafana shodno klijenteli koja ih je posjećivala. Mostar je kao i drugi gradovi imao različite vrste kafana, a ovdje će se posebno obratiti pažnja na jednu čiju su gradnju dvojica mostarskih pjesnika zabilježili svojim pjesmama. Te dvije pjesme su pronađene u jednoj rukopisnoj zbirci i iz njihova sadržaja saznaje se da je ta kafana podignuta početkom XVII stoljeća i da je njen graditelj bio poznati mostarski vakif Ibrahim-aga Šarić. U radu će se iznijeti više informacija o ovoj kafani, mogućoj lokaciji, njezinu karakteru i ulozi u društvenom životu ondašnjeg Mostara.
Comparative evaluation of microbial activity in the decomposition of organic matter from solid household waste in Guayaquil
Authors: Nieto-Cañarte Carlos Alberto , Guaman-Sarango Victor Manuel , Bosquez-Mestanza Angelita Leonor , Sinchi-Rivas Carmen Alexandra , Mecias-Herrera Nelson Luis
Published: January 2024

The escalating global population and subsequent rise in consumerism underscore the critical need for proper solid waste management, with a specific focus on the daily disposal of organic waste. Inadequate waste management poses direct threats to public health, as uncontrolled fermentation provides a fertile ground for bacterial growth. This study explores the efficacy of employing Microorganisms, specifically comparing Trichoderma to a Microbial Biocatalyst, for the treatment of daily solid organic waste (D.S.O.W.). Following Falconi's (2013a) methodology for the capture, multiplication, and conidial count of microorganisms, a pilot study utilizing a Bioreactor was conducted. The statistical analysis of parameters such as Humidity, Weight, pH leachates, Temperature, Time, and Volume, with corresponding ANOVA significance levels, resulted in the rejection of null hypotheses for most parameters, except pH m.o. The capture and multiplication of Trichoderma spp. microorganisms reached a count 7.6×109 /ml. Treatment 6 (T6) emerged as more effective and efficient in decomposing organic matter (OM), exhibiting distinct stages of psychrophilic, mesophilic (3 days), thermophilic (6 days), psychrophilic (3 days), and cooling (3 days), culminating in the decomposition of OM in 15 days within the bioreactor. The results validate the working hypothesis, affirming the potential of Microorganisms, especially Trichoderma, in enhancing the treatment of daily solid organic waste.
Comparison of bit error rate (BER) in multipath phenomena Rayleigh and Rician using QPSK modulation in Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems
Authors: Santillán-Valdiviezo Luis Gonzalo , Valle-Oñate Paulina Sofía , Rodriguez-Flores Jesús Alberto , López-Ramos Miltón Paul , Narvaez-Vilema Miryan Estela
Published: January 2024

In wireless communications, there are Rician and Rayleigh multipath phenomena, which can cause destructive interference caused by a strong dominant component. The objective of the study is to analyze how these multipath phenomena affect the Bit Error Rate (BER), using phase shift keying (QPSK), as well as 5G Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technology to reduce or not the effect of fading to improve the BER. For the present study, the quantitative method is used to measure BER by comparative simulations of Rician and Rayleigh phenomena using different MIMO antenna configuration schemes using Matlab software. When comparing the multipath Rician and Rayleigh phenomena with QPSK modulation, it was determined that the most efficient channel is the Rician channel, since the BER is lower, performing a 4x4 MIMO antenna configuration. However, this efficiency may change if another type of modulation is used, which implies reducing the bit rate causing a reduction in bandwidth.
Influence of Community-Based Ecological Interventions on the Management of Teenage Pregnancy in Mombasa County
Authors: Theuri Joseph
Published: January 2024

The purpose of this study was to assess the contribution of ecological transformative social change strategies to the management of teenage pregnancy with reference to Mombasa County, Kenya. To this end, the study examined the influences of family-based interventions, school-based interventions, community-based interventions, faith-based interventions, and government measures on teenage pregnancy in the county. The findings show that the issue of teen pregnancy is of great concern in the county of Mombasa. This is evidenced by the high rate of school dropout among girls who got pregnant, early motherhood, transmission of venereal diseases, cases of abortion, and death after abortion in some cases. Community-based ecological interventions were found to be correlated with the management of teenage pregnancy (P<0.05) according to Pearson correlation. As a result, there is a need to put measures in place aimed at checking teenage pregnancies and their associated consequences, such as abortions, girls dropping out of school, and early marriages, among others. As a result, the contribution of civil society organizations, role models, and other targeted community-based interventions should be strengthened to advocate for changes that could lead to a reduction in teenage pregnancy among girls.
Penerapan Metode Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) Dalam Sistem Pemilihan Kamera Menggunakan Scratch
Authors: Purnomo Dentaruni Cahya , Gunawan Indra Igun
Published: January 2024

Fotografi adalah cabang seni yang menggunakan kamera sebagai media untuk membuat karya. Saat ini orang cenderung mengikuti tren untuk membeli kamera untuk menangkap momen spesial. Namun, karena ada begitu banyak jenis kamera yang ditawarkan, memilih jenis kamera apa yang akan dibeli akan sulit. Salah satu solusi yang dapat digunakan untuk menyelesaikan pemilihan kamera adalah sistem pendukung keputusan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menerapkan metode sistem pendukung keputusan, yaitu metode bobot aditif sederhana ke dalam bahasa pemrograman awal untuk menentukan kamera alternatif terbaik untuk dipilih. Dalam penelitian ini penulis membandingkan dua kamera, yaitu CANON EOS 1200D dan NIKON D3300 DSL dan menyimpulkan bahwa CANON EOS 1200D adalah alternatif terbaik dengan nilai preferensi 0,94 dan Nikon D3300 DSL mendapat nilai preferensi 0,89.
Penentuan Jenis Tomat Menggunakan Ekstraksi Ciri Bentuk dan Ukuran dengan Metode K-Means
Authors: Kartikasari Devi Tiana , Wahyusari Retno
Published: January 2024

Tanaman tomat dikembangkan dengan sangat pesat sehingga melahirkan jenis tomat baru. Mengakibatkan petani petani sulit membedakan jenis tomat satu dengan lainya. Penentuan jenis tomat dapat dilihat berdasarkan ukuran, bentuk, warna dan keadaan kulit buahnya. Salah satu cara membedakan tomat satu dengan yang lainya adalah dengan melihat ciri bentuk dan ukuran. Ektraksi ciri digunakan agar dapat menjadi acuan pembeda pada jenis tomat. Tomat terlebih dahulu diubah dari citra asli atau RGB menjadi citra HSV kemudian mengambil kanal (S) dari HSV untuk  segmentasi agar mendapatkan nilai ektraksi ciri bentuk dan ukuran, pengelompokan  jenis tomat sesuai dengan jenisnya masing -  masing adalah dengan menggunakan metode K-means. Pemilihan metode K-Means sebab selain populer, juga merupakan metode yang sederahana dan efekstif. Memastikan bahwa proses yang dilakukan mendapatkan hasil yang akurat maka perhitungan atau proses penentuan jenis tomat dapat di tambahkan tool bantuan seperti Rapid Miner dan Matlab. Ektraksi ciri bentuk dan ukuran dengan metode K-means dinilai mampu membedakan antara jenis tomat satu dengan lainya dan dapat dikelompokan sesuai jenisnya. Jumlah data set 100 tomat dengan 5 jenis tomat terdapat 11 titik kesalahan dalam penentuan dengan metode K-means sehingga akurasi yang didapatkan adalah sebesar 89%
La spintronique bidimensionnelle
Authors: JAMET Matthieu , VAZ Diogo C. , SIERRA Juan F. , SVĚTLÍK Josef , VALENZUELA Sergio O. , DLUBAK Bruno , SENEOR Pierre , BONELL Frédéric , GUILLET Thomas
Published: January 2024

L'introduction des systèmes 2D en spintronique a été à l'origine de plusieurs découvertes majeures et de phénomènes originaux. Ce chapitre passe en revue les avancées et applications dans ce domaine, comme l'effet Rashba-Edelstein inverse, le transport de spin dans les matériaux 2D et leur intégration dans les jonctions tunnel magnétiques, les mémoires magnétiques à accès aléatoire et les propriétés de spin des isolants topologiques.
L’immobilier au Moyen-Orient, une économie politique façonnée par les rentes
Authors: ABABSA Myriam
Published: January 2024

Depuis les années 2000, les grandes métropoles du Moyen-Orient sont soumises aux effets de l'intervention grandissante des marchés financiers internationaux dans leurs secteurs financiers et non-financiers (immobilier, foncier). Elles ont mis en œuvre de grands projets immobiliers qui servent à attirer des investisseurs internationaux, à améliorer leur image et à consolider une classe d'entrepreneurs proches du pouvoir.
Le Runet, région du cyberespace ?
Authors: LIMONIER Kevin
Published: January 2024

Ce chapitre part d’une évidence : dans le cyberespace, les flux numériques sont par essence ubiquistes et mondialisés. Mais l’auteur montre que ces flux n’échappent pas à la régionalisation. En adoptant une perspective géopolitique, il observe l’exemple du Runet, c’est-à-dire l’ensemble des réseaux, services numériques et plateformes où la langue russe est utilisée pour communiquer.