bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IMPLANTAÇÃO DE MINHOCÁRIO PARA PRODUÇÃO DE ADUBO ORGÂNICO E COMO PRÁTICAS EM EDUCAÇÃO AMBIENTAL
Authors: Barreto Maria Leidiane Reis , Santos Cassio Rafael Costa Dos , Oliveira Jesus De Nazaré Dos Santos , Silva Marta Oliveira Da
Published: September 2021

Introdução: A necessidade de atividades sustentáveis no campus Capitão Poço, da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, levou a criação de um minhocário com o intuito de potencializar práticas agroecológicas de adubação orgânica e produção sustentável. Objetivo: O objetivo do projeto visa promover a produção de adubo orgânico ou vermicomposto, vinculando a práticas em educação ambiental para discentes da instituição e alunos da rede pública do munícipio de Capitão Poço – PA. Material e Métodos: O projeto foi implantado em sistema de leira medindo 1 m de largura por 2, 5 de comprimento com 45 cm de altura. O sistema de leira, feita de alvenaria se mostrou o mais adequado para o local, pois devido a altas temperaturas e incidência constante de formigas na estufa, se tornou inviável produzir em caixas digestoras ou mesmo em baldes. A espécie de minhoca utilizada no minhocário é a Eisenia foetida, também conhecida como minhoca californiana. Para a mistura do vermicomposto são utilizados esterco bovino e folhagem seca. O material é colocado na leira, sendo misturado e umedecido duas vezes ao dia, nos períodos de manhã e tarde, para manter a estabilidade da temperatura. O processo de decomposição demora aproximadamente dois meses, sendo o tempo necessário para se ter o produto final que é o húmus. A primeira coleta do projeto foi entre os meses de fevereiro e março de 2019, o húmus foi peneirado, para retirada de minhocas e separação de resíduos, posteriormente guardados em sacos de estopa em local arejado. Resultados: O projeto recebe visitas semanais de turmas do ensino fundamental e médio das escolas públicas do município, os alunos têm a oportunidade de conhecer sobre a importância das minhocas na fertilidade do solo, práticas sustentáveis para produção de mudas agrícolas e florestais, como a produção de húmus de minhocário pode ajudar na diminuição do uso de insumos químicos que promovem imensos danos ambientais, principalmente o empobrecimento do solo. Conclusão: O projeto mostra grande relevância no que diz respeito a conscientização dos alunos, que além de aprender sobre vermicompostagem durante as visitas, também aprendem a necessidade de se conservar e preservar o meio ambiente.
Improving the Corrosion Resistance of Tin-bronze by Surface Modification
Authors:   Faculty of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Suez University, Suez, Egypt., Abbas Mahmoud , El-Maghraby Rehab M. ,   Faculty of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Suez University, Suez, Egypt., Hassan Esraa ,   Faculty of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Suez University, Suez, Egypt., Elshaarawy Reda F. M. ,   2Faculty of Science, Suez University, 43533 Suez, Egypt.
Published: September 2021

Bronze alloys are made of copper-based materials with another metal, usually tin. Many surface modification techniques such as chemical etching, oxidation, electro deposition and sol-gel could be employed to improve surface properties. The organic compound that was used in this study was extracted from chili peppers. FT-IR (Fourier-transform infrared) spectroscopy and UV (Ultraviolet) spectroscopy investigations were applied on the extracted compound and results showed that this compound is mainly capsaicin [N-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-8-methylnon-trans-6-enamide) (HMMTE)]. Electrochemical deposition was employed under cell voltage equal to 30 volts in a two-electrodes cell where bronze was the anode and stainless steel was the cathode in a solution of 10 ml/L (HMMTE)/distilled-water. Modification of tin-bronze for 1 hr. in 10 ml/L HMMTE/ distilled water solution increased the contact angle from 48° to 132˚. Attension Biolin device (Model: Theta Optical Tensiometers) was used to measure the contact angle at ambient temperature. Electrochemical measurements revealed that a significant improvement in corrosion resistance of tin-bronze in 3.5% NaCl had been achieved. The corrosion rate of tin-bronze decreased from 10.22 mpy to 1.39 mpy. Surface morphology of the samples was investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEN) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX). X-ray diffraction was employed to determined present phases. Surface investigations results confirmed that a layer of red cuprous oxide (Cu2O) was formed on the surface layer after modification which led to the improvement in corrosion resistance. Salt spray test was carried out using Alpha+ Salt Spray Testing Equipment for 13 days on the base and surface modified samples according to ASTM B117. A green layer from [CuCl2 and Cu46Cl24(OH)68-(H2O)4] was observed on the nonmodified specimen (could be patina and bronze disease) while the red layer [Cu2O] is still observed on the modified specimen. Adhesion test (using X-Cut Tape Adhesion test according to ASTM D3359) was also investigated.
Harmonizing sowing dates with onset of rains to guarantee nutri-millets grain yield and quality under rain dependent farming
Authors:   Department of Agronomy, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India., R Deepika , C Swaminathan ,   Department of Agronomy, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India., P Kannan ,   Department of Soil and environment, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India., NK Sathyamoorthy ,   Agro-climatology Research Centre, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India., Manjubala M. ,   Department of Farm Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP 221005, India.
Published: September 2021

Nutri-millets offer copious micronutrients like vitamins, beta-carotene etc. In this present day, all the millets are amazingly superior and are therefore, the result for the malnutrition and obesity that affects a vast majority of the Indian population. They have numerous beneficial properties like drought resistant, good yielding in areas where water is limited and they possess good nutritive values. The prospective water scarcity in semi-arid regions disturbs both normal as well as managed environments, which limits the cultivation of crops, fodder, and other plants. The issues faced by the rain-dependent farming of these semi-arid regions are primarily the unpredictability of the monsoon. Probability analysis of rainfall events are believed to contribute in deciding sowing dates for the current season and for successful crop production in semi-arid environments. The present study was carried out in semi-arid condition to quantify the performance of nutri-millets in the rain dependent farming. The experiment was laid out under factorial randomized block design with 3 replications. The treatments comprises of crop factor viz., Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] (C1) and, little millet [Panicum sumatrense Roth ex Roem. & Schult] (C2) and sowing window factor viz., sowing based farmer’s practice (M1) i.e. on 31st standard meteorological week (SMW); Sowing at 33rd SMW based on 50% rainfall probability (M2); Sowing at 38th SMW based on 75% rainfall probability (M3), Sowing window as per the current weather forecast, for this season on 35th SMW (M4).It is evident from the study that Sowing sorghum at 38th standard meteorological week based on 75% rainfall probability recorded higher grain yield, rain water use efficiency with elevated iron and calcium content. This shows that different sowing dates have significant influence on grain yield and quality of nutri-millets.
Comparative Review on Efficient Design of Reversible Sequential Circuits based on Optimization Parameters
Authors:   Department of Computer Science, Acharya Prafulla Chandra College, New Barrackpore, West Bengal 700131., Karmakar Gobinda , Biswas Dr. Saroj Kumar ,   Department of Computer Science & Engineering, NIT Silchar, India., Mandal Dr. Ardhendu ,   Department of Computer Science & Application, University of North Bengal, West Bengal, India., Bhattacharya Arijit ,   Department of Computer Science, Gour Mahavidyalaya, Malda, West Bengal 732142, India., Das Akhil Kumar ,   Department of Computer Science, Gour Mahavidyalaya, Malda, West Bengal 732142, India., Alam Ekram ,   Department of Computer Science, Gour Mahavidyalaya, Malda, West Bengal 732142, India.
Published: September 2021

Reversible computing, a well known research area in the field of computer science. One of the aims of reversible computing is to design low power digital circuits that dissipates no energy to heat. The main challenge of designing reversible circuits is to optimize the parameters which make the design costly. In this paper, we review different designs of efficient reversible sequential circuits and prepare a comparative statement based on eight optimization parameters such as Quantum Cost (QC), Delay (del), Garbage Output (GO), Constant Input (CI), Gate Level (GL), Number of Gate (NoG), Type of Gate (ToG), Hardware Complexity (HC) of Circuit.
Akustische-Oberflächenwellen-Motor mit nichtpiezoelektrischem Statorwerkstoff
Authors: Günther Richard
Published: September 2021

Motoren, die akustische Oberflächenwellen (AOW) nutzen, sind einfach im Aufbau, erlauben eine große Positioniergenauigkeit und eine hohe Leistungsdichte. Diese Arbeit präsentiert erstmals einen AOW-Motor mit Stahl als Statorwerkstoff. Dabei erzeugen quaderförmige, auf den Stahl geklebte, normal polarisierte piezoelektrische Einheiten aus Blei-Zirkonat-Titanat die AOW. Weiterhin untersucht diese Arbeit erstmalig den rotationssymmetrischen Aufbau von AOW-Motoren und sich ergebende Abweichungen im AOW-Verhalten. Für dessen Umsetzung wird der Dickschichtdruc piezoelektrischer Werkstoffe vorgestellt und getestet. Für die Dimensionierung und den Vergleich der Prototypen stehen numerische Modelle der Statoren und des Motors insgesamt zur Verfügung, wobei ein bestehendes Motormodell um neue benötigte Komponenten erweitert wird.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Zeichen, Benennungen und Einheiten VII

1 Einleitung 1

2 Stand der Technik 3

2.1 Körperschall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.1.1 Wellenarten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.1.2 Methoden zur Anregung von akustischen Oberflächenwellen 11

2.1.3 Parasitäre Dämpfung akustischer Oberfläch...
Establishing the Centre for Gender, Culture and Development at the Kigali Institute of Education
Authors: Randell Shirley
Published: September 2021

This chapter describes the establishment of the Centre for Gender, Culture and Development at the Kigali Institute of Education in the Rwandan context of strong support from the President, Government and international development agencies for gender equality. The Centre and its graduates have played an important role in national development and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
Thinking and Acting; Towards a Gendered Scholarship
Authors: Yerbury Hilary
Published: September 2021

Scholarship is inextricably linked to education and development, yet often, when most needed, it is a resource difficult to come by and often the voices of women scholars are under-represented. This chapter reflects on resources available to support scholarship and how a gendered approach to these resources can foster the development of informed policymakers and female scholars and through this, the growth and development of scholarship itself.
The Framing of Gender-Based Violence Discourses in Mainstream Development: From a Human Rights Violation to a Development Barrier
Authors: Escrig-Pinol Astrid
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses the emergence of gender-based violence (GBV) as a grassroots women’s organizations’ concern, and how it later became a human rights issue and a priority in the mainstream development agenda. The anti-GBV movement is deeply rooted in a human rights approach and on defending the right of women to a life free of violence. However, mainstream development and governmental initiatives have increasingly framed the fight against GBV in instrumental terms, situating GBV as an obstacle to development. The chapter uses a feminist lens to critically analyse mainstream discourses and their implications for policy and development programs aimed at reducing GBV rates.
Una aproximación a la situación de las emprendedoras rurales
Authors: Martínez Cortez Edwin Ernesto , Ortiz López Josué Ezequiel , Palacios Rodríguez Diego José , Portillo Chacón Daniela María
Published: September 2021

El emprendimiento es una parte muy importante en la economía de El Salvador, pues muchas personas optan por poner en marcha su propia empresa como fuente de trabajo en las distintas zonas del país. Gran parte de El Salvador está conformado por zonas rurales y muchas de las personas que residen en estas zonas deciden ser emprendedoras. Un porcentaje signifi cativo de emprendimientos son de mujeres que buscan, de esta manera, tener una vida digna. La información que se presenta en este artículo tiene como objetivo mostrar los resultados encontrados en una investigación realizada por medio de un diagnóstico que analiza la situación de los emprendimientos que pertenecen a un grupo de mujeres que residen en distintas zonas rurales, también analiza la situación familiar de cada una de ellas, junto con el apoyo de una organización externa. Se diseñó un instrumento de investigación con el cual se obtuvieron datos relevantes acerca de tres áreas de estudio: económico, social y medioambiental. Debido a que el mundo entero se ha visto afectado por la pandemia del COVID-19, este estudio también se enfocó en analizar cómo ha afectado a las mujeres y sus emprendimientos. La fi nalidad de esta investigación es que, con la información obtenida, se les pueda brindar algún tipo de apoyo.

Realidad Empresarial No. 11, 2021: 9-15
Modelling systems for an effective humanitarian supply chain for disaster relief operations in the SADC region
Authors:   , Baraka Jean-Claude Munyaka
Published: September 2021

The SADC region has seen both man-made and natural disasters killing over 90 thousand people and affecting millions in the past 33 years. Most of these deaths were as a result of lack of infrastructure and preparedness. Looking at the challenges for providing relief to victims/evacuees throughout the entire disaster and post-disaster periods in the region, the emphasis of this thesis is on last mile transportation of resources, victims, emergency supplies, aiming to optimize the effectiveness (quick­I response) and efficiency (low-cost) of logistics activities including humanitarian supply chain. A survey was used for data collection. Statistical analysis helped determine the impact of disaster relief chains and lead to the development of a mathematical model that shall equip the region with mechanisms for response and recovery operations. An EXCEL optimization tool was used to find the optimal way of transporting relief in the region in case of a disaster.
Electrocardiogram, heart rate and temperature monitoring system
Authors:   , Malindi Phumzile
Published: September 2021

The purpose of this study is the development of an affordable computer-based electrocardiogram, heart rate and temperature monitoring system, that would complement those that are available on the market and contribute to the reduction of the shortage of these medical instruments in South African hospitals and clinics. Electrocardiogram (ECG) refers to the graph that results from time versus voltage in a patient's chest. It reflects the rhythmic activity of the heart. For this reason the electrocardiogram has a diagnostic value that can be used by medical personnel to examine the biological (hence, clinical) behavior of the heart. The electrocardiogram can also be used to get the heart rate. This thesis explained how to acquire ECG signals from the patient and also how to achieve a cheaper way of providing galvanic isolation, which is required for sensors that are attached to the human body. It also explains computer interfacing using the parallel port and computer-based processing of these ECG signals to determine the instantaneous value of the heart rate and also to reduce the interference that contaminates these signals. In reducing interference, the performance of traditional IIR notch and adaptive filters, as noise cancelers, has been analyzed and compared. Least Mean Squares (LMS) and Normalized Least Mean Squares (NLMS) algorithms are the two algorithms that were considered in this study for adaptive noise canceling and their performance is evaluated and is compared based on their convergence rate, complexity and noise reduction.
Birgittinerna och deras bilder. En studie av bild, rum och betraktare i Vadstena klosterkyrka omkring år 1500
Authors: Sandgren Eva Lindqvist
Published: September 2021

This study investigates the pictorial world of the medieval Vadstena Abbey church. The interior of the church was filled with altars and images that had the three separated groups of viewers in mind: the 60 nuns, the 25 conventual brothers and the numerous pilgrims coming to visit the shrine of Saint Birgitta. The pilgrims faced a pictorial message where the role of saint Birgitta was emphasized, but still one among all the other saints. The images directed to the nuns and the brothers accentuated the role of the Virgin Mary as the exemplarily follower of Christ. Furthermore, all the church interior was furnished to enhance the position of the nuns, i.e. that this monastic foundation was made primarily for women.
O USO DO APLICATIVO STOP MOTION NA ATIVIDADE DE PRODUÇÃO TEXTUAL
Authors: Moraes Nogueira Sandra , Serafim dos Santos Marcos
Published: September 2021

Este estudo tem por objetivo utilizar o aplicativo Stop Motion como elemento facilitador para estimular o interesse dos discentes pela produção textual. Conhecendo a partir da prática em sala de aula as dificuldades apresentadas pelos discentes na atividade de produção textual, na qual envolve vários fatores como leitura e compreensão textual surgiram a necessidade de buscar ferramentas para serem aplicadas como forma de despertar o interesse para a prática de produção textual. O aplicativo STOP MOTION se apresenta como uma técnica de edição de vídeo, áudio, imagem e apresentação a qual o docente pode utilizar em sala de aula, tornando sua prática mais dinâmica, lúdica, além de proporcionar uma maior interação entre o professor e aluno, tornando assim, mais interessante o ambiente de sala de aula. O trabalho foi desenvolvido com os discentes do 8º ano do ensino Fundamental II de uma Escola Municipal situada na área rural. A metodologia desta pesquisa tem uma abordagem qualitativa do tipo pesquisa- ação os instrumentos utilizados foram a observação participante e o diário de bordo com o intuito de verificar e registrar o interesse dos discentes pelas atividades realizadas. O uso do aplicativo foi muito positivo, pois despertou o interesse para a atividade proposta, onde os mesmos fizeram toda a produção, cenário, fotografias tornando assim o trabalho mais dinâmico e interativo onde os mesmos gostaram de participar, demonstrando que a tecnologia é uma fermenta que contribui significativamente para aprendizagem dos alunos.
In vitro study of homeopathic medicines in macrophages co-cultured with Leishmania (L.) amazonensis
Authors: Bonamin Leoni Villano , De Santana Fabiana Rodrigues , De Camargo Konno Fabiana Toshie , Dalboni Luciane Costa , Cesar Amarylis T. , Coelho Cideli de Paula , Buchi Dorly , Laurenti MÃ¡rcia Dalastra , Hurtado Elizabeth Cristina Perez
Published: September 2021

Background: In previous studies the effect of homeopathic medicines in murine cutaneous Leishmaniasis were described, indicating immunomodulation. The phagocytes migration and their activity increased after Thymulin 5cH and decreased after Antimonium crudum 30cH treatment.

Methods: The morpho-functional features of RAW macrophages co-cultured with Leishmania (L.) amazonensis in RPMI medium were analyzed in vitro, after 24h treatment with 20% of Thymulin 5cH, 6cH and 7cH or Antimonium crudum 6cH, 30cH and 200cH. All assays were performed in blind and in three series of quadruplicate. The spreading was analyzed by the breadth and area of each macrophage, photographed in a NIKON Eclipse 200-Coolpix system and measured by MetamorphÂ® Image analysis software. The phagocytosis was analyzed by the percentage of amastigotes incorporated into the phagocyte vacuoles. ANOVA and Tuckey Krammer were used as statistical methods.

Results: A marked increase of macrophage spreading (considering breadth and area) was seen in Thymulin 5cH and Thymulin 7cH treated cells (pâ‰¤0.01), as in Antimonium crudum 30cH (p=0.05) and 200cH (p=0.001) treated cells. Only Antimonium crudum 200cH presented increase in phagocytosis index (p=0.001).

Conclusions: The in vitro assay corroborates the findings obtained from in vivo studies and represents the first step to a deeper understanding of the mechanism of action.
Algoritmos filosóficos e a superação psicopolítica da fakemind: sobre a terapia filosófica da peste emocional
Authors: Cáo Jéssyka Sarcinelli , Ouriques Evandro Vieira , Iachan Ana Christina Saraiva , Ouriques Estelita Oliveira de Amorim , Wähner Juliana , Vergara Marina Sant'Anna , Oliveira Renata Cesar de
Published: September 2021

O presente artigo demonstra que o fenômeno das fakenews ultrapassar o campo das mídias reitera a urgência de superar a pandemia presente na teoria social e filosofias hegemônicas gerada pela convergência entre o persistir no dualismo e o relativismo pós-moderno, o que engendrou uma fakemind globalizada, ou seja, a perda radical da capacidade de julgar entre verdade e mentira e, assim, o retorno da peste emocional como identificada por Wilhelm Reich. A superação de tal pandemia no território mental implica superar tanto a filosofia do sujeito, que substituiu de maneira hegemônica a questão ontológica metafísica clássica sobre o que é real pela questão epistemológica sobre o que é possível conhecer, quanto a filosofia pós-moderna e sua eliminação da verdade, do sujeito e da identidade e, assim, tratar de maneira não-dualista a questão do que é a realidade. O artigo, com base na Teoria Psicopolítica, avança a demonstração de como a condição comunicacional do ser humano, profundamente articulada com o “cerne biológico profundo do indivíduo” identificado por Reich, permite uma noção empírica, e portanto não-metafísica, da verdade como correspondência entre a qualidade emancipatória dos estados mentais que o ser humano, em sua fetalização, necessita para instaurar-se como propriamente humano e os estados mentais que os humanos utilizam como fonte de referência para a sua capacidade de julgar ao longo de suas vidas.
Assessing the potential for simplification in global climate model cloud microphysics
Authors: Proske Ulrike , Ferrachat Sylvaine , Neubauer David , Staab Martin , Lohmann Ulrike
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Cloud properties and their evolution influence Earth's radiative balance. The cloud microphysical (CMP) processes that shape these properties are therefore important to be represented in global climate models. Historically, parameterizations in these models have grown more detailed and complex. However, a simpler formulation of CMP processes may leave the model results mostly unchanged while enabling an easier interpretation of model results and helping to increase process understanding. This study employs sensitivity analysis on an emulated perturbed parameter ensemble of the global aerosol-climate model ECHAM-HAM to illuminate the impact of selected CMP cloud ice processes on model output. The response to the phasing of a process thereby serves as a proxy for the effect of a simplification. Aggregation of ice crystals is found to be the dominant CMP process in influencing key variables such as the ice water path or cloud radiative effects, while riming of cloud droplets on snow influences mostly the liquid phase. Accretion of ice and snow and self-collection of ice crystals have a negligible influence on model output and are therefore identified as suitable candidates for future simplifications. In turn, the dominating role of aggregation suggests that this process has the greatest need to be represented correctly. A seasonal and spatially resolved analysis employing a spherical harmonics expansion of the data corroborates the results. This study introduces a new framework to evaluate a processes' impact in a complex numerical model, and paves the way for simplifications of CMP processes leading to more interpretable climate models.
Palaeo-environmental evolution of Central Asia during the Cenozoic: new insights from the continental sedimentary archive of the Valley of Lakes (Mongolia)
Authors: Baldermann Andre , Wasser Oliver , Abdullayev Elshan , Bernasconi Stefano , Löhr Stefan , Wemmer Klaus , Piller Werner E. , Rudmin Maxim , Richoz Sylvain
Published: September 2021

Abstract. The Valley of Lakes basin (Mongolia) contains a unique continental
sedimentary archive, suitable for constraining the influence of tectonics
and climate change on the aridification of Central Asia in the Cenozoic. We
identify the sedimentary provenance, the (post)depositional environment and
the palaeo-climate based on sedimentological, petrographical, mineralogical,
and (isotope) geochemical signatures recorded in authigenic and detrital
silicates as well as soil carbonates in a sedimentary succession spanning
from ∼34 to 21 Ma. The depositional setting was characterized by
an ephemeral braided river system draining prograding alluvial fans, with
episodes of lake, playa or open-steppe sedimentation. Metamorphics from the
northern adjacent Neoarchean to late Proterozoic hinterlands provided a
continuous influx of silicate detritus to the basin, as indicated by K–Ar
ages of detrital muscovite (∼798–728 Ma) and discrimination
function analysis. The authigenic clay fraction is dominated by
illite–smectite and “hairy” illite (K–Ar ages of ∼34–25 Ma),
which formed during coupled petrogenesis and precipitation from hydrothermal
fluids originating from major basalt flow events (∼32–29
and ∼29–25 Ma). Changes in hydroclimate are recorded in
δ18O and δ13C profiles of soil carbonates and in
silicate mineral weathering patterns, indicating that comparatively humid to
semi-arid conditions prevailed in the late(st) Eocene, changing into arid
conditions in the Oligocene and back to humid to semi-arid conditions in the
early Miocene. Aridification steps are indicated at ∼34–33, ∼31, ∼28 and ∼23 Ma
and coincide with some episodes of high-latitude ice-sheet expansion
inferred from marine deep-sea sedimentary records. This suggests that long-term
variations in the ocean–atmosphere circulation patterns due to pCO2
fall, reconfiguration of ocean gateways and ice-sheet expansion in
Antarctica could have impacted the hydroclimate and weathering regime in the
basin. We conclude that the aridification in Central Asia was triggered by
reduced moisture influx by westerly winds driven by Cenozoic climate forcing
and the exhumation of the Tian Shan and Altai Mountains and modulated by
global climate events.
Short communication concerning experimental factors affecting fission-track counts in apatite
Authors: Aslanian Carolin , Jonckheere Raymond , Wauschkuhn Bastian , Ratschbacher Lothar
Published: September 2021

Abstract. The tools for interpreting fission-track data are evolving apace but, even so, the outcomes cannot be better than the data. Recent studies that have again taken up the issues of etching and observation have shown that both have an effect on confined-track length measurements. We report experiments concerning the effects of grain orientation, polishing, etching and observation on fission-track counts in apatite. The results cannot be generalized to circumstances other than those of the experiments, and thus do not solve the problems of track counting. Our findings nevertheless throw light on the factors affecting the track counts, and thence the sample ages, whilst raising the question: what counts as an etched surface track? This is pertinent to manual and automatic track counts and to designing training strategies for neural networks. We cannot be confident that counting prism faces and using the ζ-calibration for age calculation are adequate for dealing with all etching- and counting-related factors across all samples. Prism faces are not unproblematic for counting and other surface orientations are not per se useless. Our results suggest that a reinvestigation of the etching properties of different apatite faces could increase the range useful for dating, and so lift a severe restriction for provenance studies.
Simulation of organics in the atmosphere: evaluation of EMACv2.54 with the Mainz Organic Mechanism (MOM) coupled to the ORACLE (v1.0) submodel
Authors: Pozzer Andrea , Reifenberg Simon , Kumar Vinod , Franco Bruno , Taraborrelli Domenico , Gromov Sergy , Ehrhart Sebastian , Jöckel Patrick , Sander Rolf , Fall Veronica , Rosanka Simon , Karydis Vlassis , Akritidis Dimitris , Emmerichs Tamara , Crippa Monica , Guizzardi Diego , Kaiser Johannes W. , Clarisse Lieven , Kiendler-Scharr Astrid , Tost Holger , Tsimpidi Alexandra
Published: September 2021

Abstract. An updated and expanded representation of organics in the chemistry general circulation model EMAC (ECHAM5/MESSy for Atmospheric Chemistry) has been evaluated. First, the comprehensive Mainz Organic Mechanism (MOM) in the submodel MECCA (Module Efficiently Calculating the Chemistry of the Atmosphere) was activated with explicit degradation of organic species up to five carbon atoms and a simplified mechanism for larger molecules. Second, the ORACLE submodel (version 1.0) considers now condensation on aerosols for all organics in the mechanism. Parameterizations for aerosol yields are used only for the lumped species that are not included in the explicit mechanism. The simultaneous usage of MOM and ORACLE allows an efficient estimation, not only of the chemical degradation of the simulated volatile organic compounds, but also of the contribution of organics to the growth and fate of (organic) aerosol, with a complexity of the mechanism largely increased compared to EMAC simulations with more simplified chemistry. The model evaluation presented here reveals that the OH concentration is well reproduced globally, while significant biases for observed oxygenated organics are present. We also investigate the general properties of the aerosols and their composition, showing that the more sophisticated and process-oriented secondary aerosol formation does not degrade the good agreement of previous model configurations with observations at the surface, allowing further research in the field of gas-aerosol interactions.
Causes and Evolution of Winter Polynyas over North of Greenland
Authors: Lee Younjoo J. , Maslowski Wieslaw , Cassano John J. , Clement Kinney Jaclyn , Craig Anthony P. , Kamal Samy , Osinski Robert , Seefeldt Mark W. , Stroeve Julienne , Wang Hailong
Published: September 2021

Abstract. During the 42-year period (1979–2020) of satellite measurements, only three winter polynyas have ever been observed north of Greenland and they all occurred in the last decade, i.e. February of 2011, 2017 and 2018. The 2018 polynya was unparalleled by its magnitude and duration compared to the two previous events. Combined with the limited weather station and remotely-sensed sea ice data, a fully-coupled Regional Arctic System Model (RASM) hindcast simulation was utilized to examine the causality and evolution of these recent extreme events. We found that neither the accompanying anomalous warm surface air intrusion nor the ocean below had an impact on the development of these winter open water episodes in the study region (i.e., no significant ice melting). Instead, the extreme atmospheric wind forcing resulted in greater sea ice deformation and transport offshore, accounting for the majority of sea ice loss. Our analysis suggests that strong southerly winds (i.e., northward wind with speeds of greater than 10 m/s) blowing persistently for at least 2 days or more, were required over the study region to mechanically redistribute some of the thickest sea ice out of the region and thus to create open water areas (a latent heat polynya). In order to assess the role of internal variability versus external forcing of such events, we additionally simulated and examined results from two RASM ensembles forced with output from the Community Earth System Model (CESM) Decadal Prediction Large Ensemble (DPLE) simulations. Out of 100 winters in each of the two ensembles, initialized 30 years apart, one in December 1985 and another in December 2015, respectively, 17 and 14 winter polynyas were produced over north of Greenland. The frequency of polynya occurrence and no apparent sensitivity to the initial sea ice thickness in the study area point to internal variability of atmospheric forcing as a dominant cause of winter polynyas north of Greenland. We assert that dynamical downscaling using a high-resolution regional climate model offers a robust tool for process-level examination in space and time, synthesis with limited observations and probabilistic forecast of Arctic events, such as the ones being investigated here and elsewhere.
Framing Indigenous Identity Inclusion in Positive Youth Development: Proclaimed Ignorance, Partial Vacuum, and the Peoplehood Model
Authors: Farella Joshua , Moore Joshua , Arias Juan , Elliott-Engel Jeremy
Published: September 2021

Indigenous youth are systemically underserved by 4-H and other positive youth development (PYD) organizations. Many underserved First Nation communities in the United States could greatly benefit from programs that foster youth thriving; however, these programs tend to be ineffective in creating culturally reflective spaces for Indigenous participants. In this article, we argue that the Peoplehood Model should serve as a unifying model for the inclusion of Indigenous identity in programming, and that cultural humility should be firmly integrated into program design and assessment. We also propose that, to support Indigenous youth thriving, PYD practitioners must intentionally create a “partial vacuum” that supports youth creating program context and thriving.
Youth Programs Are Important Spaces for Emotional Learning
Authors: Larson Reed W. , Rusk Natalie
Published: September 2021

Emotional skills are now widely recognized to be essential skills for young people to survive and thrive across all aspects of their lives. Teens become able to develop powerful new skills for understanding and managing their emotions. They also are able to learn skills for using the valuable functions of emotions. But this learning isn’t automatic; it depends on experience. In this commentary, we highlight key elements of youth programs that make them important contexts for youth’s active engagement in emotional learning. We present examples from research on how program staff facilitate youth development of skills to manage and use emotions. We conclude with suggestions on practices and policies that support emotional learning.
Validation of a Protective and Promotive Factors Measure: The Youth Thrive Survey
Authors: Harper Browne Charlyn , Mishraky-Javier Lisa
Published: September 2021

This article describes the background, development, and validation of the strengths-based, youth-driven Youth Thrive Survey which measures the 5 protective and promotive factors delineated in the Youth Thrive Framework; specifically: youth resilience, social connections, knowledge of adolescent development, concrete support in times of need, and cognitive and social-emotional competence. Draft instruments were created that included new items and adapted items from existing validated instruments. Revisions were based on feedback from young people who participated in focus groups, cognitive interviews, and field-testing. Cronbach’s alpha was calculated to measure internal consistency and reliability of the full instrument and the 5 protective and promotive factor subscales. Principal component analyses revealed items that did not fit well within the instrument structure and subsequently were eliminated. Analyses of the final version of the instrument showed that the Youth Thrive Survey has high levels of internal consistency and reliability. All alphas for the subscales were greater than 0.80 and the alpha for the full instrument was 0.963. This web-based, self-report survey is appropriate for use by organizations serving young people ages 12 to 26, both those who are involved with child welfare and juvenile justice systems and those who have no history of such involvement. It can be used for assessment and case planning with youth, program evaluation, and continuous quality improvement. The Youth Thrive Survey, available in English and Spanish, shows great promise and utility for organizations that employ positive youth development approaches.
Exploring Camp Policies and Leadership Opinions on Digital Media Use in Camps
Authors: DeHudy Ashley , Radesky Jenny , Schellpfeffer Natalie , Ambrose Michael , Hashikawa Andrew
Published: September 2021

While summer camps provide children a unique experience away from home, this environment may lead to increased and unsupervised use of digital media. Camps’ policies and leaderships’ views on digital media consumption in camps are currently unknown. To elucidate current trends, we partnered with CampDoc.com to survey a national sample of camp leadership about digital media policies and practices. A single response was selected from each camp and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Free text responses reflecting on positive and negative experiences with digital media were assessed using thematic analysis. We received 722 responses from 363 of the 950 camps within the Camp Doc network. Respondents represented camps in 45 states in the United States. Internet and cell service were available in 22.3% and 34.7% of camps, respectively. Approximately 60% of camps reported a digital media policy for campers and staff. Most policies (67.9%) did not allow use of digital media devices. Camp leadership reported that smartphones (51.3%) and social media apps (42.2%) were most difficult to restrict. Qualitative themes focused on the benefits of digital media for creativity and connection, but also the interruption of camp experiences. Camp personnel described positive media uses aligned with American Academy of Pediatrics media guidelines, for teaching creativity, acquiring new skills, and understanding the value of unplugging for creating social connections. Although most camps have policies restricting digital media use, complete restriction may be difficult.
Discursive functions and constructionalization of independent "subordinate" sentences in Spanish
Authors: Rodríguez Catalina Fuentes
Published: September 2021

The topic under discussion in this paper is the syntax of sentences introduced by a subordinate conjunction (que, si, como) that have an independent function in the discourse. Some authors have considered them insubordinate clauses. The author discusses the functions they perform in Spanish discourse, especially in reactive turns, and proposes a macrosyntactic approach that includes a range of structural possibilities: independent utterances, conventional constructions, or discursive operators. These possibilities depend on the different degrees of grammaticalization they show: as semi-fixed constructions or pragmatic markers.
Expanding the Definition of Aspect in L2 Acquisition: Assessing Advanced Levels of Competence to Understand Aspectual Knowledge
Authors: Salaberry M. Rafael
Published: September 2021

In part due to the significant influence of Andersen's Lexical Aspect Hypothesis, research on the L2 acquisition of tense and aspect has focused primarily on the construct of aspect representative of the beginning and intermediate stages of acquisition. In the present article, I review the significance of two recent developments in the study of aspectual knowledge: the expansive view of recent research proposals (e.g., shifted effect of lexical aspect toward intermediate and advanced stages), and the focus on specific sub-constructs that provide a more precise target to assess ultimate attainment (e.g., iterativity versus habituality). I argue that the relevance of advanced stages of development of aspect is central to the analysis of L2 aspectual knowledge. To that effect, the objective of future studies needs to incorporate the explicit description of the connection between lexical aspect and viewpoint aspect
Target Variation as a Contributing Factor in TAML2 Production
Authors: González Paz , Kleinherenbrink Carmen
Published: September 2021

This study aims to clarify whether variation in the target language can influence its acquisition. More specifically, this study describes the acquisition of Spanish as a second language (L2) by examining the learning process based on (a) the first language (L1) of the learner and (b) which Spanish dialect is being learnt (the target). The phenomenon under scrutiny is the use of past tenses in the L2, as it has been proven to adequately measure the competence of the learner. Data from two L2 at-home-classroom student groups in the Netherlands, divided by either a European or Latin American oriented study program, has been collected. The task that they have made is a written narrative that elicits past verb forms in hodiernal and prehodiernal contexts. Our data shows a clear distinction in the preference of the past tense forms that each of the groups has, that can only be explained by looking at the Spanish variety which both program offers
Özel Gereksinimli Çocukların Okul Öncesi Eğitiminde Karşılaşılan Sorunlar
Authors: Özdoğru Mehmet
Published: September 2021

Bu araştırmanın amacı özel eğitim gereksinimli öğrencilerin okul öncesi eğitiminde öğretmenlerin karşılaştıkları sorunları ve bu sorunlarla başa çıkma stratejilerini öğretmen görüşlerine göre incelemektir. Nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden fenomenoloji deseninin kullanıldığı araştırmanın çalışma grubunu özel eğitim anaokullarında görev yapan 17 öğretmen oluşturmaktadır. Yarı-yapılandırılmış görüşme formunun kullanıldığı araştırmada verilerin çözümlenmesinde içerik analizi tekniği kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda özel eğitim gereksinimli öğrencilerin okul öncesi eğitiminde karşılaşılan sorunlar velilerden kaynaklı sorunlar, okulun fiziki imkânlarından kaynaklı sorunlar ve öğretim sürecinde karşılaşılan sorunlar olmak üzere üç temada toplanmıştır. Öğretmenlerin bu sorunlarla başa çıkma stratejileri ise etkili iletişim kurma, öz bakım eğitimine daha fazla zaman ayırma, dikkat sürelerini göz önünde bulundurarak etkinlik sürelerini kısa tutma ve etkinlikleri çeşitlendirme, meslektaşlarla iş birliği yapma, istenmeyen davranışların nedenini tespit etme ve müdahalede bulunma, gerekli materyalleri imkânlar dâhilinde kendi hazırlama, aile eğitimi faaliyetleri düzenleme ve uyum süreçlerini uzun tutma olarak tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma bulgularına dayanarak; özel eğitim gereksinimli çocuğa sahip ailelere eğitim süreçlerindeki rol ve sorumlulukları hakkında bilinçlendirme faaliyetleri yapılması, özel eğitim gereksinimli öğrencilerin engel durumlarına uygun ihtiyaç duyulan ders materyallerinin bakanlıkça temin edilmesi, okul bahçeleri ve sınıflarının okul öncesi eğitime uygun olacak şekilde planlanarak yapılması, mevcut fiziki mekânların iyileştirilmesi önerilebilir.
Responsabilidad moral respecto a robots dotados con moralidad artificial heredada culturalmente mediante neuro-memes
Authors: Sterpin Dante Giovanni
Published: September 2021

Bajo la premisa de que todo artefacto tecnológico puede implicar un efecto moralmente significa­tivo para el ser humano, en particular por la función para la cual fue diseñado, los robots que están destinados a interactuar socialmente con personas de la tercera edad, por ejemplo, están pensados con miras a que, de algún modo, puedan mejorar la calidad de vida del adulto mayor. Así, dichos artefactos son agentes morales que “inconscientemente” implican bienestar. Sin embargo, la tenden­cia a incrementar su autonomía perceptiva, motriz y comunicativa, para servir como colaboradores o compañía alternativa, también incrementa el riesgo de ser empleados de maneras impredecible­mente negativas. Esto acarrea la responsabilidad de reducir sus efectos inmorales, dotándolos de autonomía moral y educándolos para ser responsables de sus propios actos.
Herramientas web 2.0 como apoyo para la formación en educación superior
Authors: Lara Castro William Enrique , Cogollo López Mayerlin del Carmen , Royo Galeano Abel Nonato
Published: September 2021

En el mundo actual, en el que la tecnología ocupa un lugar importante, el principal reto de la docencia radica en la incorporación de las herramientas web 2.0 como medios de apoyo para la educación. Por lo tanto, los cambios en los modelos educativos en los últimos años han motivado a que los docentes adopten el uso de las herramientas web 2.0 en su quehacer diario para producir cambios significativos en el aprendizaje de los alumnos. Este artículo, en el que se buscó determinar si los factores de edad, nivel académico y conocimiento son determinantes en el uso de las herramientas web 2.0, se construyó a partir de un enfoque metodológico de naturaleza cuantitativa de nivel no experimental, que tiene a las herramientas web 2.0 como variable y la encuesta como instrumento de recolección de datos. Como resultados, se encontró que no muchos docentes utilizan estas herramientas y que, cuando lo hacen, prefieren utilizar redes sociales, blogs, microblogs y, en menor medida, wikis, porque permiten el desarrollo de más estrategias pedagógicas y les brindan un espacio de interacción, conexión, reflexión y colaboración.
Treatment of the First COVID-19 Case in Kosovo and Management of the Pandemic
Authors: Bojaj Gazmend , Agahi Riaz , Hoxha Ilir
Published: September 2021

In the view of first anniversary of COVID-19, this article focuses at the first COVID-19 case in Kosovo, a 22-year-old woman who came from abroad. COVID-19 has become a major threat to the health of the youngest population in Europe. We also considered the efficacy of restrictive measures, such as lockdowns, in Kosovo.This study shows that this report presents clinical outcomes as they pertain to the patient under study. Different presentation and results of diagnostic tests would have warranted different treatment approaches. Exigencies presented by each particular case must be carefully assessed, and sufficient staffing is required to ensure focused attention for each case. Our report showed the approach of the medical team to a new condition with the potential for un-expected symptoms and without a clear treatment and is a representative case of how COVID-19 can be treated, and the general approach to treatment in Kosovo. In future public health emergencies, measuresneed to be taken to ensure clear messaging to the generality of the population as well as protective measures on the institutional level.
The effect of chlorine, and alcohol on SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Elmalik Abrar Bakry
Published: September 2021

Coronavirus disease COVID-19 pandemic has imposed a reality that requires us to protect ourselves from infection, especially as the disease is highly infectious and has no specific treatment. Disinfectants are one of the most important ways to prevent the virus, specifically chlorine and alcohol-based hand sensitizers. This study aims to discuss the efficacy of both alcohol disinfectants and chlorine on the Coronavirus, and that discussion led us to the conclusion that both have an effective role in killing the virus in close proportion if used in the required circumstances and in the right way. Alcohol can also be used to make hand rubs, because of its short duration of action, and reduced side effects. Alcohol is superior to the time required to kill the organism, completing the task in just 30 seconds compared to chlorine, which takes 30 minutes. Chlorine can be used to disinfect many types of surfaces and facilities due to its dangerous adverse effects on humans