bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Du Xiaoyu
Published: November 2023

The main objective of this dissertation is to find the main factors of building spatial configuration that affecting the thermal summer environment, the possibility of occupants to achieve thermal comfort there in, and to propose a spatial design method as the passive cooling strategy for summer thermal comfort. In accordance with the objective, the research questions were put forward in section 1.5 of chapter 1. For every sub-question, there is a respective chapter to answer it, see figure 1.3 in section 1.6 of chapter 1. In chapter 8, some conclusions of part I of this dissertation were summarised. In this chapter, the research questions are answered. In addition, the limitation of this research and recommendations for future practice and research will be mentioned as well.
Inleding
Authors: Plasschaert Nicole
Published: November 2023

De afgelopen decennia heeft stedelijke vernieuwing in Nederland, met als doel fysieke en sociale verbetering van achterblijvende wijken, ingrijpende veranderingen doorgemaakt. In 2015 kwam een einde aan het rijksbeleid stedelijke vernieuwing en de rijksbijdrage vanuit het Investeringsfonds Stedelijke Vernieuwing (ISV). Woningcorporaties vormen een belangrijke speler in stedelijke vernieuwing, maar ook hun positie en rol is sterk in beweging. Met de herziening van de Woningwet in 2015 is een eind gekomen aan de verbreding van activiteiten die na de verzelfstandiging van woningcorporaties heeft plaatsgevonden. Woningcorporaties maken een terugtrekkende beweging richting hun kerntaak: het bouwen, verhuren en beheren van sociale huurwoningen. Deze ingrijpende veranderingen roepen verschillende vragen op. Komt de continuïteit van stedelijke vernieuwing in het gedrang door het wegvallen van de rijksbijdrage? Kunnen corporaties binnen de huidige Woningwet nog steeds het voortouw nemen in stedelijke vernieuwing? Onder welke voorwaarden zijn marktpartijen bereid om de stedelijke vernieuwingsopgave op te pakken? Op welke wijze kan de integrale aanpak met sloop/nieuwbouw door woningcorporaties worden doorgezet in samenwerking met gemeenten en marktpartijen?
Integral Facade Construction
Authors: Klein Tillmann
Published: November 2023

Curtain wall constructions are one of the most applied facade constructions today. Independently attached to the primary load bearing structure of the building they protect the building’s interior from external climate conditions and allow great design freedom.

With continuously rising requirements in terms of energy savings the constructional principle has reached its limits and strategies for improvement are needed.

Incrementally evolved over time it is closely related to the architectural design and building processes. Based on literature research and stakeholder interviews the dissertation maps out the traditional and craftsmanship related facade design and construction process currently employed. In a next step, future challenges for facade constructions to cope with a changing market environment are identified.

A facade function tree is developed and the theory of product architecture is applied to create a comparative basis for analysing different historical and contemporary facade products and systems. The function tree as well as the analysis clearly show how the fragmented market structures has influenced contemporary facade construction and leads to extremely modular product architectures.

Numerous case studies for a new approach are conducted and summarised in several matrices. The case studies show how different modular and integral constructional strategies can respond to the future challenges. The pros and cons of different facade solutions, their potential for innovation and robustness in terms of market conditions are investigated.

The dissertation concludes that a greater diversity of fa.ade types with a more integral construction is needed to meet the sometimes conflicting future challenges. If this can be realised, a greater diversity of more integral design and construction processes will evolve simultaneously. The role of the different stakeholders will change and a new way of educating architects or facade specialists will be required in order to meet the needs of the future building market: Away from a purely application oriented towards a product architecture driven approach, which clearly includes the implications of facade product architecture on the structure of the design and construction process.
Configraphics
Authors: Nourian Pirouz
Published: November 2023

This dissertation reports a PhD research on mathematical-computational models, methods, and techniques for analysis, synthesis, and evaluation of spatial configurations in architecture and urban design. Spatial configuration is a technical term that refers to the particular way in which a set of spaces are connected to one another as a network. Spatial configuration affects safety, security, and efficiency of functioning of complex buildings by facilitating certain patterns of movement and/or impeding other patterns. In cities and suburban built environments, spatial configuration affects accessibilities and influences travel behavioural patterns, e.g. choosing walking and cycling for short trips instead of travelling by cars. As such, spatial configuration effectively influences the social, economic, and environmental functioning of cities and complex buildings, by conducting human movement patterns.

In this research, graph theory is used to mathematically model spatial configurations in order to provide intuitive ways of studying and designing spatial arrangements for architects and urban designers. The methods and tools presented in this dissertation are applicable in:

• arranging spatial layouts based on configuration graphs, e.g. by using bubble diagrams to ensure certain spatial requirements and qualities in complex buildings; and

• analysing the potential effects of decisions on the likely spatial performance of buildings and on mobility patterns in built environments for systematic comparison of designs or plans, e.g. as to their aptitude for pedestrians and cyclists.

The dissertation reports two parallel tracks of work on architectural and urban configurations. The core concept of the architectural configuration track is the ‘bubble diagram’ and the core concept of the urban configuration track is the ‘easiest paths’ for walking and cycling. Walking and cycling have been chosen as the foci of this theme as they involve active physical, cognitive, and social encounter of people with built environments, all of which are influenced by spatial configuration. The methodologies presented in this dissertation have been implemented in design toolkits and made publicly available as freeware applications.
Composite hollow core vaults
Authors: Kamerling Wim
Published: November 2023

Just after World-War II building materials were scarce, architects and engineers had to design buildings using not much cement and steel. In French an architect, Jacques Couëlle, had invented a system with céramique infill elements to reduce for structures of concrete the self-weight and need of cement and steel. In the fifties and sixties of the twentieth century these céramique elements, known as Fusée Céramique elements, were used widely in France, North Africa and the Netherlands, mostly for barrel vaults and shells. Nowadays most of these structures are pulled down and the remaining buildings do not meet the demands of the present concerning climate comfort, insulation and safety.

This thesis analyses the structural design of cylindrical Fusée Céramique roofs in the context of those days. The effect of the céramique infill elements for the time dependent deformations, stiffness and load bearing capacity, including second order, is studied. To save the few remaining buildings for the coming generations the possibilities to strengthen these structures with slender light elements of steel are explored. The effect of the strengthening is described for a Fusée Céramique vault, designed and constructed in the past.

Reinforced concrete is a widely used building material with many advantages. Unfortunately the production of both reinforcement and cement is quite energy intensive and causes the emission of greenhouse gasses as NO2, NO and CO2. Reducing the need of cement is a relative simple way to reduce the emission of these greenhouse gasses.

In practice roofs are seldom really flat but curved or at least slightly inclined, to drain rainwater and snow. Structurally curved structures, transferring loads as a surface-active or form-active structural system, are very efficient. The need of material and the self-weight is pretty low. This can be very useful if in the future the potentials of roofs for producing food and energy are used more often and these roofs must be designed for much heavier payloads as usual at the present.

For form-active and surface-active roofs of concrete the self-weight and need of steel and cement can be reduced further with light infill elements. This study of the Fusée Céramique system shows that infill elements can save cement, self-weight and reduce the environmental load. The possibilities to save cement and reduce the environmental load with infill elements are studied with respect to the construction techniques of the present.

The design of prefabricated cylindrical vaults, composed of segments following a part of a circle and strengthened with slender ties of steel to reduce the bending stresses, is described. To produce prefabricated cylindrical barrel vaults efficiently a positioning of tubes perpendicular to the span is preferable. The effect of this infill concerning the load transfer is analysed. Models of a prefabricated element, with tubes positioned perpendicular to the span, are tested to define the structural bearing capacity of prefabricated barrel vaults.
Integrating Building Functions into Massive External Walls
Authors: Hisham Hafez Ahmed
Published: November 2023

Well into the twentieth century, brick and stone were the materials used. Bricklaying and stonemasonry were the construction technologies employed for the exterior walls of virtually all major structures. However, with the rise in quality of life, the massive walls alone became incapable of fulfilling all the developed needs. Adjacent systems and layers had then to be attached to the massive layer. Nowadays, the external wall is usually composed of a layered construction. Each external wall function is usually represented by a separate layer or system. The massive layer of the wall is usually responsible for the load-bearing function.

Traditional massive external walls vary in terms of their external appearance, their composition and attached layers. However, their design and construction process is usually a repeated process. It is a linear process where each discipline is concerned with a separate layer or system. These disciplines usually take their tasks away and bring them back to be re-integrated in a layered manner. New massive technologies with additional function have recently become available.

Such technologies can provide the external wall with other functions in addition to its load-bearing function. The purpose of this research is to map the changes required to the traditional design and construction process when massive technologies with additional function are applied in external walls. Moreover, the research aims at assessing the performance of massive solutions with additional function when compared to traditional solutions in two different contexts, the Netherlands and Egypt.

Through the analysis of different additional function technologies in external walls, a guidance scheme for different stakeholders is generated. It shows the expected process changes as related to the product level and customization level. Moreover, the research concludes that the performance of additional insulating technologies, and specifically Autoclaved Aerated Concrete can provide a better construction compared to the traditional external wall construction of the Netherlands and Egypt.
Living with diversity in Jane-Finch
Authors: Ahmadi Donya
Published: November 2023

In the past decades, diversity has become a popular catchphrase in theoretical, policy and public discourses in Canadian cities. Toronto is Canada’s most diverse city, wherein a long-standing immigration history coupled by the introduction of the Canadian Multiculturalism policy in the 1970s have rendered diversity a prominent value for the city’s inhabitants (Ahmadi and Tasan-Kok, 2014). Celebration of diversity has become a popular theme in Toronto’s policy and image making, such that many policy documents have proclaimed diversity as the city’s biggest strength. However, while the celebration of diversity has attracted funds and services to inner city Toronto, stereotyping based on different categories of diversity (particularly ethnicity and class) has resulted in the stigmatization and criminalization of poor racialised neighbourhoods located at the edges of the city.

Diversity in urban areas may derive from multiple factors such as behaviour, lifestyles, activities, ethnicity, age, gender and sexuality profiles, entitlements and restrictions of rights, labour market experiences, and patterns of spatial distribution. Research on diversity in the past decades has resulted in the creation of an extensive body of work on the notion. However, there are a few gaps in theory which the present study seeks to address, namely: (a) Research on diversity often overlooks the complexity and dynamic nature of diversity and maintains an overemphasis on ethnicity. (b) Despite plentiful evidence for the diversification of peripheral neighbourhoods, the available body of research focuses primarily on inner-city areas, leaving out the more remote rural and suburban areas (Humphris, 2014). (c) There is a tendency to present a ‘flat’ or ‘horizontal’ type of differentiation of diversity, which does not account for the various positions and hierarchies within and between different categories of difference.

In light of these gaps, this study seeks to add to our understanding of urban diversity, as perceived and experienced by those who inhabit, frequent and govern urban areas. It answers the following primary research question: How is diversity experienced at the neighbourhood level, as (a) discourse, (b) social reality, and (c) practice? Diversity as discourse refers to the public narratives around diversity, while diversity as social reality concerns the descriptive characteristics that render an area diverse. Diversity as practice refers to policies, programs and local practices that aim towards managing diversity (see also Berg and Sigona, 2013). The research question is investigated in four interconnected chapters, which engage with the three formerly mentioned dimensions to various degrees. The study further makes use of a variety of qualitative and participatory techniques (i.e. qualitative interviews, roundtable talks, participant observations, and focus groups) to gather rigorous empirical data on living with and managing diversity in an inner-suburban neighbourhood of Toronto, namely Jane-Finch.
Diversity and social cohesion
Authors: Ahmadi Donya
Published: November 2023

Diversity has increasingly emerged as the core focus of many studies concerning factors impacting on social cohesion. Various scholars have concluded that diversity is detrimental to cohesion. Most of this research, however, draws generalisations based upon quantitative data and fails to account for the impact of inequality, segregation and discrimination, and their interconnectedness to diversity. This research provides an in-depth qualitative analysis of the perceptions of inhabitants of a diverse Toronto neighbourhood regarding formal and informal interactions, common values and attachment. The findings suggest that the internalisation of gendered and class-based racism by inhabitants plays a crucial role in shaping perceptions and interactions.
Existing Knowledge About Occupant Behavior and Energy Consumption
Authors: Bedir Merve
Published: November 2023

Chapter 2 provides an overview of a literature study of the existing knowledge on energy consumption from the urban to the user scale, energy performance modelling methods, the energy performance gap, and insights to determinants of heating energy and electricity consumption. This review first helped to set up a reference point for the reasons to actual occupant behavior, how perception, lifestyle, norms, rules lead to various actions at home (Figure 1). Secondly, through this study, a framework for the relationship between occupant behavior and energy consumption was created (Figure 2), based on the determinants of behavior, i.e. occupant characteristics (educational, economic, social), dwelling characteristics (envelope, systems, lighting and appliances…). This literature study set the context and also the first steps of this research. The determinants found through this review (Table 2) gave input to the content and structure of the questions of the survey designed for the OTB dataset.
Behavioral determinants of electricity consumption in dutch dwellings
Authors: Bedir Merve , Hasselaar Evert , Itard Laure
Published: November 2023

Following the sensitivity analysis on heating energy consumption in Chapter 3, Chapter 4 is an analysis on the determinants of electricity consumptions in Dutch dwellings. The OTB sample was used for analysis, and it was validated with analysis of the WoON sample. The work was published as: This Chapter deals with the Research Question II of this thesis: (Chapter 1, Section 3, pg. 16-17) “II. What is the influence of lighting and appliance use on the total electricity consumption in dwellings?"

The sub-questions are:

1. What are the main direct and indirect determinants of electricity consumption? (Direct determinant: such as number of appliances and duration of appliance use … Indirect determinant: such as household size, dwelling size, dwelling type …)

2. How much of the variance in electricity consumption in dwellings can be explained by direct and indirect determinants?” The research reported in this Chapter was conducted by Bedir. The data was collected by a questionnaire prepared by Guerra Santin and Bedir, using OTB’s means of data collection. The analysis was done, and the paper was written by Bedir. The co-authors commented on the drafts and gave advise on the structure, and the content of the paper. The co-authors have given their permission to include the paper in the thesis.
Analysis of thermostat control in dutch dwellings
Authors: Bedir Merve
Published: November 2023

In the previous Chapter we made a sensitivity analysis based on actual energy consumption and heating behavior, on the whole OTB sample using methods like Markov chain and Monte Carlo analysis. In this Chapter (Chapter 5) a deeper analysis of heating behavioral patterns is reported. The study included 61 houses randomly chosen from the Netherlands, monitored for 2 months during March and April 2011. The thermostat use patterns of households were studied as well as chosen maximum and minimum set points each day for the whole sample. Then these patterns were correlated with the household and dwelling characteristics of the sample. Unfortunately, the collected energy consumption data for this sample was not reliable to be included in the analysis.

This Chapter deals with the Research Question III-1 of this thesis: (Chapter 1, Section 3, pg. 16-17) “ III. What are the behavioral patterns and profiles of energy consumption?

The sub-question is: What are the behavioral patterns of thermostat control? How do they relate to the household characteristics, revealing behavioral profiles?”

The research reported in this Chapter was conducted by Bedir, borrowing the dataset of Sonja van Dam. The data was collected through monitoring, by and for Sonja van Dam for her PhD research, using ENECO’s means of data collection. The analysis in this Chapter was done, and the paper was written by Bedir. The co-author has given permission to include this research in this thesis.

This chapter is being prepared to be published as a scientific journal article. It was formerly published as a conference paper: Bedir, M. Van Dam, S. (2013) Analysis of Thermostat Control Behavior in Dwellings: Evidence from monitoring in the Netherlands. Plea 2013, Proceedings of 29th Conference of Sustainable Architecture for a Renewable Future, Germany (CD)
Techniques for better vario-scale map content
Authors: Šuba Radan
Published: November 2023

The previous chapters covered the research where the vario-scale structure has been introduced. The main aim of the research was general functionality, performance and optimization. So far, the technical aspects had higher priority than the map content. Therefore, this chapter focuses on improving our development kit for generating varioscale content. It presents a strategy to provide good cartographic results throughout all scales and properly stored in the structure. First, Section 4.1 specifies our target. Section 4.2 presents solutions of other researchers. Section 4.3 introduces concepts and tools which are used later in newly designed process. This is demonstrated on road features in Section 4.4. The section presents the generalization approach for the whole scale range from large scale, where roads are represented as area objects, to mid and small scales, where roads are represented as line objects. In our suggested gradual approach even for one road the representation can be mixed, both area and line, which may provide better transition phase and be
Analysis of STARS as a Sustainability Assessment System Universally Usable in Higher Education
Authors: Maragakis Antonios , van den Dobbelsteen Andy
Published: November 2023

Sustainability assessment has become an important tool for measurement of higher education institutions. Although there are many potential tools for measuring an institutions level of sustainability, this paper explores the use of STARS as a system for higher education sustainability that could be used universally by all higher education institutions, as well as enables comparison between institutions. The results of this paper address the effectiveness of STARS to fulfill this need, as well as the further development needed in order to fully encompass sustainability and stakeholder needs.
Network externalities in Chinese housing markets
Authors: Gong Yunlong , de Haan Jan
Published: November 2023

The spatial variation of interurban house prices and the spatial clustering pa
Literature Review
Authors: Hakak Alireza Mahdizadeh
Published: November 2023

A pivotal target of this thesis is ‘how to enhance creativity’. This chapter reviews effective parameters correlated with creativity in architectural design. The Chapter starts with the definition of creativity and investigates where creative ideas come from. Further on, it also elaborates upon types of creativity and touches upon the relationship between tolerance of ambiguity and creativity.

To narrow down the widespread topic of creativity and focus on creativity in architecture, the research ignores aspects of creativity which focus on personality and behavior of creative people, their mood, their state and their temper, intelligence vs. creativity, motivation and so forth. Instead, the research focuses on cognitive aspects such as thinking patterns, conceptual blending, idea expansion and tolerance of ambiguity.

These aspects are elaborated in the first journal article: “Creativity in architecture -A review on effective parameters correlated with creativity in architectural design” in the Journal of civil engineering and architecture, ISSN 1934-7359, USA, Nov. 2014, Volume 8, No. 11 (Serial No. 84), pp. 1371-1379.
A toolkit for developing projectspecific value capture strategies
Authors: Bos -de Vos Marina
Published: November 2023

This chapter presents the design-oriented part of my research, introducing a toolkit that can be used for the capture of value in projects. Although the toolkit was specifically designed for architectural firms involved in construction projects, it can also be used by other organizations and in other project contexts.

The chapter is organized into four main sections. It begins by briefly setting out the relevance of the toolkit, with insights from the literature and the previous empirical chapters used to provide a background to explain why architectural firms may benefit from a value capture toolkit. It then presents the development process, describing the methodology used, the steps that were followed to arrive at the final design of the toolkit and the key resources that served as input. Following this, the different components of the toolkit are presented. These include four generic professional role identities taken on by architectural firms, a board game with cards for value capture, an overview of specific value capture challenges and recommendations in relation to each of the four role identities, as well as nine example projects. The chapter concludes with some notes on the toolkit’s usage, including the proposed settings in which it may be useful and suggestions for successful application.
Effectiveness of energy renovations: a reassessment based on actual consumption savings
Authors: Filippidou Faidra , Nieboer Nico , Visscher Henk
Published: November 2023

Energy renovations offer unique opportunities to increase the energy efficiency of the built environment and for the existing housing stock, they are the most important solution. Usually, energy savings are based on modelling calculations. However, recent research has shown that the predicted energy consumption differs largely from the actual consumption. In this paper, the effectiveness of energy measures is re-assessed based on actual consumption data. We use a monitoring system, which contains information about the energy performance of around 60% of the Dutch non-profit housing sector (circa 1.2 million dwellings). We connect the data from this monitoring system to actual energy consumption data from Statistics Netherlands on a dwelling level. Using longitudinal analysis methods, from 2010 to 2014, we are able to identify the energy efficiency improvements of the stock and determine the effectiveness of different measures in terms of actual energy savings. The results reveal the actual energy savings of different efficiency measures and highlight the significance of the actual energy consumption when a renovation is planned or realized.
Temperate Climate
Authors: Raji Babak , Tenpierik Martin J. , van den Dobbelsteen Andy
Published: November 2023

The building envelope is the interface between the interior of the building and the outdoor environment. A building’s energy consumption to a large extent depends on certain envelope design elements. As a consequence, for achieving high levels of energysaving in buildings, design measures with high impact should be firstly defined and then optimised. This paper aims at finding energy-saving solutions for the envelope design of high-rise office buildings in temperate climates. For this purpose, an existing tall office building is selected as a typical high-rise design in the Netherlands and the energy use prior and after refurbishment is compared through computer simulations with DesignBuilder. A sensitivity analysis in line with a large number of energy performance simulations showed which building envelope parameters have a significant impact on the building’s energy consumption; hence need more consideration for improvement. The four measures selected for uplifting the energy performance of the building envelope include glazing type, window-to-wall ratio, sun shading and roof strategies. By taking the base case as a reference and optimising one parameter at each step, this study resulted in a high-performance envelope design that offers a considerable energy-saving by around 42% for total energy use, 64% for heating and 34% for electric lighting.
Conclusions
Authors: Deng Weijing
Published: November 2023

This thesis examined the housing opportunities of young Chinese adults (roughly 25 to 40 years of age) in post-reform China. The aim was to understand how these opportunities are related to the institutional changes that took place during the reform. In that respect, ample attention was paid to the complex and mutual connections between the welfare system, the housing system (particularly home ownership), and the kinship system. One chapter was devoted to a policy review and three to the empirical investigation. With this thesis, I hoped to help fill two gaps in the literature:

1 The lack of attention to the housing opportunities of young Chinese urban residents (across all backgrounds) in the post-reform context;

2 The lack of understanding of the mechanism of intergenerational transfer in young people’s housing opportunities in the post-reform Chinese context.
Detecting spatial and temporal house price diffusion in the Netherlands
Authors: Teye Alfred Larm , Ahelegbey Daniel Felix
Published: November 2023

Following the 2007-08 Global Financial Crisis, there have been a growing research interest on the spatial interrelationships between house prices in many countries. This paper examines the spatio-temporal relationship between house prices in the twelve provinces of the Netherlands using a recently proposed econometric modelling technique called Bayesian graphical vector autoregression (BG-VAR). This network approach enables a data driven identification of the most dominant provinces where house price shocks may largely diffuse through the housing market and it is suitable for analysing the complex spatial interactions between house prices. Using temporal house price volatilities for owner-occupied dwellings, the results show evidence of house price diffusion pattern in distinct sub-periods from different provincial housing sub-markets in the Netherlands. We observed particularly prior to the crisis, diffusion of temporal house price volatilities from Noord-Holland.
Home-value insurance and idiosyncratic risks of residential property prices
Authors: Teye Alfred Larm
Published: November 2023

The recent Global Financial Crisis has reawakened home-owners to the need for protecting their home-equities from possible future house price decline. This paper re-examines the Shiller and Weiss (1999) home-value insurance scheme and proposes a modification that eliminates a large proportion of the idiosyncratic sale price risks of residential properties. Using data between 1995 and 2014 for Amsterdam, the proposed insurance policy shows a higher pay-out efficiency, a higher loss coverage and a greater pay-out probability than the original Shiller and Weiss (1999) scheme. The new home-value insurance policy thus provides better protection for the property sale price risks.
Flood Risk and Spatial Quality
Authors: Nillesen Anne Loes
Published: November 2023

This book chapter describes the current practice with regard to combined approaches for flood risk management and spatial quality enhancement in the Netherlands. Currently, there is a requirement to extend the current flood risk system because of increased flood risk (caused by climate change and increased investments in the protected area) and new insights with regard to acceptable risks. Flood risk measures nowadays need to be implemented in a context in which local stakeholders emphasise aspects such as spatial quality and ecology.

In this contemporary context, we see interesting developments with regard to combined approaches for flood risk protection, such as, for instance, the experimental flood proof building programme, the ‘building with nature’ concept (in which natural principles are employed for flood risk protection), the atelier for coastal quality (that as part of the Delta Programme developed integrated designs for coastal protection and quality) and the ‘Room for the River’ project (in which, as an alternative to dike reinforcement, the water load is reduced by creating extra space for the river to expand).

For this research, the ‘Room for the River’ project is an important reference. Within the project, which aims to address more extreme river discharges, spatial quality is an important secondary objective. Next to the availability of extra budgets, a ‘Quality Team’ was established to supervise the inclusion of spatial quality objectives. The project addressed the growing resistance against the elevation of traditionallybuilt levees, by offering an alternative option of lowering the water levels by improving the flow capacity of the river (for example, by creating a bypass to widen the river).

Within the development of the combined method for flood risk and spatial quality, different aspects have been inspired or based on the ‘Room for the River’ approach. Among such aspects are the dual flood risk and spatial quality objective, the principle of providing alternative options for flood risk management interventions, and the inclusion of a spatial quality assessment.
Integrated Design for Flood Risk and Spatial Quality Enhancement
Authors: Nillesen Anne Loes
Published: November 2023

The assessment of the impact of a potential flood risk intervention on spatial quality at the local scale is an essential element in the research-by-design methodology developed in this thesis (and demonstrated in the previous chapters). Examples of how to explore this impact of the potential flood risk intervention on spatial quality at the local scale are shown in Chapters 5 and 6. In these research-by-design studies, applied to the Rijnmond and Alblasserwaard-Vijfheerenlanden case study areas, a conceptual representation of several business-as-usual flood risk management interventions is spatially projected on to a cross section of the location. It is mentioned in these chapters that design optimisation can mitigate the potential negative effect of a flood risk intervention on the local scale spatial quality (and thereby influence the assessment). In Chapter 6, some basic examples are shown, however, this topic is not elaborated further. The Scheveningen case described in Chapter 4 elaborately shows a design study in which three different flood risk management interventions are optimally embedded spatially. This study also shows an elaborate analysis of the spatial characteristics, challenges, and ambitions of the area. However, this approach is too elaborate and time consuming to apply as part the research-by-design method in which the impact on the local scale spatial quality of a wide range of potential flood risk management interventions is tested. This last publication shows an overview of some research-by-design studies, performed during this PhD research, that apply different approaches to test the impact of potential flood risk interventions on the local scale spatial quality. They vary from elaborate embedment studies (Scheveningen) to a more condensed research-by-design approach that could be included in the developed method (Sliedrecht & Houston). In the design studies, the following method is applied to a greater or lesser extent:

Creation of an inventory of the spatial-economic ambitions and challenges of the location
Creation of an overview of possible (and viable) technical options for dike reinforcements
Performing a design study for the spatial implementation of each intervention
Reflecting on the pros and cons of the applications

The spatial ambition map developed for the Alblasserwaard-Vijfheerenlanden case study, which is included in this chapter, is a valuable example of how to inventory the spatial-economic ambitions and challenges of the location.
Samenspel in stedelijke vernieuwing
Authors: Plasschaert Nicole
Published: November 2023

Investeringen door woningcorporaties zijn van groot belang voor de continuïteit van de stedelijke vernieuwing in Nederland. Corporaties keren echter terug naar hun kerntaak en zijn terughoudend om te werken aan herdifferentiatie van vernieuwingswijken. Dit proefschrift maakt inzichtelijk op welke wijze investeringsbeslissingen van woningcorporaties in stedelijke vernieuwing tot stand komen in samenwerking met andere actoren. Op basis van een casestudy zijn eerst factoren verkend die van invloed zijn op het investeringsgedrag. Vervolgens is aan de hand van gamesimulaties onderzocht of corporaties en respectievelijk beleggers, bouwers en gemeenten elkaar kunnen stimuleren om te investeren door een andere samenwerkingswijze. De onderzoeksresultaten wijzen uit dat er met name kansen liggen in de samenwerking van corporaties met beleggers en gemeenten. In het samenspel met beleggers is onder meer transparantie van belang en is cultuurverschil een belemmerende factor. In het samenspel met bouwers leiden langdurige samenwerkingsafspraken tot meer snelheid in investeringsbeslissingen, maar niet tot de gewenste kostenreductie. In het samenspel met gemeenten zijn een gedeelde visie en een wederkerige vertrouwensrelatie van groot belang.
Reflecting upon PAS
Authors: Arkesteijn Monique
Published: November 2023

By now, the PAS design decision method is familiar and it is known that:

1 The Preference-Based Design procedure could be adapted and implemented into an accommodation strategy formation project so that it can be used at real estate portfolio level in CRE alignment process (see chapter 4);

2 The stakeholders were able to perform all PAS design decision steps and accepted the outcome (see chapter 5 and 6);

3 The facilitator and the systems engineers were able to represent the pilots in mathematical decision models (see chapter 7), and;

4 The stakeholders evaluated PAS design decision method positively (see chapter 8).

In paragraph 9.1 it is shown that the PAS design decision method can be used as add-on to current CRE alignment management models. However, using the PAS method as add-on in these models creates managerial and methodical difficulties. The structure of these models is often not congruent with the structure of the PAS method (see chapter 2). An add-on of the PAS method in an alignment model does not fit well. To avoid these difficulties in the pilot studies a specific CRE alignment management system is set up which is congruent with the PAS design decision system: the PAS design decision management system.

The PAS design decision method has been structured from a decision making perspective around Kickert’s three rationalities (components) (in De Leeuw, 2002). To complete PAS, PAS is described solely as design method in paragraph 9.2. In paragraph 9.3 the PAS management system is structured from a systems’ management perspective. From this perspective the three components can be described from the organizations’ point of view as well as the CRE manager and facilitator that executes PAS. Management as such is seen as steering in this thesis as is explained in chapter 3. PAS management system is defined based on a systems perspective as following the chosen basic concepts and definitions as explained in paragraph 3.1.14 and 3.1.15.
City of Culture of Galicia in Santiago de Compostela
Authors: Jauslin Daniel
Published: November 2023

The choice of City of Culture of Galicia in Santiago de Compostela will be explained from its validity as a singular case (6.1.). I will explain the context of this project also in the religious world of the pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela (6.2.). My impression from the two field-trips in 2014 will precede the analysis (6.3.) and again building this large and ambitious project posed a specific challenge to the merits of a few technical considerations (6.4.).

As my documentation will show, this project is designed in a process of layering - not very different form our own analytical model in principle. However, our own layer model of ground form, spatial form, metaphorical form and programmatic form will alter the reading of the project (6.5.). Exactly these analogies between design architectonic process and landscape architectural analysis seem to be worth a specific method of design analysis. I will try to show composition strategies of shifting and shuffling of layers, altering and transforming of scales, stratification and even the inversion of layers as a specific method of this design (6.6.). Composition analysis should show that the specific landscape attitudes in this project are related to the idea of the palimpsest - multi-layered writing or ‘artificial excavation’ as Eisenman calls it in my interview (6.7., A1.31.).

One can therefore find many entries in landscape architectonic attitudes but also a surprisingly contrasting position of the author’s denial of landscape influences in favour of what he calls the ‘excess of reason’ to understand this complex design (6.8.).
From Dispersed Urban Areas to Territories- in-between
Authors: Wandl Alexander
Published: November 2023

The dissertation began with the observation that there is an increasing body of literature suggesting that the conventional idea of a gradual transition in spatial structure from urban to rural does not properly reflect contemporary patterns of urban development and their potential for sustainable development. Furthermore, it was argued that large parts of the urbanised areas of Europe are dispersed and that these are neglected in urban and spatial planning policies. Such areas tend to be labelled simply as sprawl, though there is little evidence about whether such dispersed development is more or less sustainable than other forms of urban development. Moreover, evidence points in the direction that large amounts of dispersed urban development ask for different planning instruments which reflect the complexity and network structure of theses specific settlement patterns.

At the turn of the millennium and across Europe, concepts describing dispersed urban areas, like Zwischenstadt, città diffusa or tussenland gained some attention. They share an understanding of design and planning for the territory based on seeing the ‘urban landscape as a large interlocking system rather than as a set of discrete cities surrounded by countryside’ (Bruegmann, 2005). Nevertheless, none of the concepts influenced mainstream planning policy beyond a few individual plans and projects.

To summarise, there is a limited understanding of the nature of dispersed urban development, uncertainty about how the sustainability of such areas can be assessed, and few policy instruments that would achieve any sustainability potential they offer.

The dissertation sets out to contribute to an improved understanding of these issues by answering the following three research questions.

1. What spatial structures characterise dispersed urban areas in Europe?

2. Which morphological and functional structures of dispersed urban areas offer the potential for more sustainable development? If so, how can this potential be mapped and measured to inform regional planning and design?

3. Are there similarities and dissimilarities concerning potentials of dispersed urban areas in different locations, planning cultures, topographies and histories?
Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Bridge Design in the Netherlands
Authors: Smits Joris
Published: November 2023

This paper reviews the use of fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) in architectural and structural bridge design in the Netherlands. The challenges and opportunities of this relatively new material, both for the architect and the engineer, are discussed. An inventory of recent structural solutions in FRP is included, followed by a discussion on architectural FRP applications derived from the architectural practice of the author and of other pioneers.
A Pattern Language of Self Construction
Authors: Cavalcanti Ana Rosa Chagas
Published: November 2023

Labor in favelas was not acknowledged by architects and planners because of the interpretation of the definition of the informal settlement and the slum. Also, by architectural practice and parochial theories, which affect the production of planners and architects. The definition of slums as spaces lacking sanitation and infrastructural components is deeply rooted in both theoretical and institutional definitions of the informal settlement. Nevertheless, the spaces of slums and informal settlements are much more complex and include social-economic aspects of everyday life of its inhabitants. Interpretative tools and intellectual frames are needed to open new perspectives and epistemologies in the field of architecture that are capable to address the needs of únderpriviledged people. This is the ethos of the methodology designed to study informal settlements in the present study.

The finding that work is a fundamental element shaping space dynamics of informal settlement is based on an ethnographic research. To investigate how the social actions of the inhabitants shape them, methodological tools of anthropology (such as ethnography, interviews, oral history) rooted in De Certeau (and participatory research) were combined to the methodology of the Pattern Language (and with methodological tools of architecture such as drawing) to highlight the importance of social practices as shapers of space in in contexts in which the socio-spatial dynamics are not familiar to architects and planners, such as informal settlements.

This methodology is underpinned by architectural imagination and intellectual reflection. It is the architectural imagination that allow architects and planners to create instruments to understand and represent space and new interpretative frames to study space. As for example, the perspective, which was invented when architects such as Bruneleschi experimented to draw over a mirror in a Plaza, in order to represent proportion, focal points and drain lines in the Renaissance Period.
Learning by building
Authors: Oikonomopoulou Faidra
Published: November 2023

Continuing from the experimental validation of the adhesively bonded system, this chapter presents the main challenges confronted and records the innovative solutions implemented during the consecutive construction steps of the adhesivelybonded cast glass façade. These include the manufacturing and quality control of the bricks, the set-up of the construction site, the levelling of the reference supporting beam, the bonding method used and the fabrication and installation of customized elements such as the architraves, window and door frames and the intermixing zone of glass with terracotta bricks. The experimental work on prototype elements, described in Chapter 5, resulted into the use of a colourless, UV-curing adhesive of the Delo Photobond family for bonding the solid glass blocks together. The tests indicated as well that the desired monolithic structural performance of the glass masonry system and a homogeneous visual result can only be achieved when the selected adhesive is applied in a 0.2-0.3 mm thick layer. In accordance, the bricks have to meet a strict dimensional tolerance of ± 0.25 mm. On the facade as a whole, this means that the overall size deviations will be limited to a few mm. The nearly zero thickness of the adhesive together with the request for unimpeded transparency introduced numerous engineering puzzles, addressed in this chapter. The fundamental difference between conventional brickwork and the developed glass masonry system is that a standard mortar layer compensates for the size deviations of the bricks, while the selected adhesive cannot. This manifests the level of complexity introduced by the manual bonding and the significance of constantly controlling the entire construction with high precision methods. Based on the conclusions of the research and the technical experience gained by the realization of the project, recommendations are made on the further improvement of the presented glass masonry system for future applications.