bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genomic analysis of genotype–environment interaction in age at first calving of Murrah buffaloes
Authors: dos Santos Jessica Cristina Gonçalves , de Araujo Neto Francisco Ribeiro , de Oliveira Seno Leonardo , de Abreu Santos Daniel Jordan , de Oliveira Katryne Jordana , Aspilcueta‐Borquis Rusbel Raul , de Oliveira Henrique Nunes , Tonhati Humberto
Published: June 2024

Age at first calving (AFC) is a measure of sexual maturity associated with the start of productive life of dairy animals. Additionally, a lower AFC reduces the generation interval and early culling of females. However, AFC has low heritability, making it a trait highly influenced by environmental factors. In this scenario, one way to improve the reproductive performance of buffalo cows is to select robust animals according to estimated breeding value (EBV) using models that include genotype–environment interaction (GEI) with the application of reaction norm models (RNMs). This can be achieved by understanding the genomic basis related to GEI of AFC. Thus, in this study, we aimed to predict EBV considering GEI via the RNM and identify candidate genes related to this component in dairy buffaloes through genome‐wide association studies (GWAS). We used 1795 AFC records from three Murrah buffalo herds and formed environmental gradients (EGs) from contemporary group solutions obtained from genetic analysis of 270‐day cumulative milk yield. Heritability estimates ranged from 0.15 to 0.39 along the EG. GWAS of the RNM slope parameter identified important genomic regions. The genomic window that explained the highest percentage of genetic variance of the slope (0.67%) was located on BBU1. After functional analysis, five candidate genes were detected, involved in two biological processes. The results suggested the existence of a GEI for AFC in Murrah buffaloes, with reclassification of animals when different environmental conditions were considered. The inclusion of genomic information increased the accuracy of breeding values for the intercept and slope of the reaction norm. GWAS analysis suggested that important genes associated with the AFC reaction norm slope were possibly also involved in biological processes related to lipid metabolism and immunity.
Molecular mechanism of renal lipid accumulation in diabetic kidney disease
Authors: Fang Zhengying , Liu Ruijie , Xie Jingyuan , He John Cijiang
Published: June 2024

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a leading cause of end stage renal disease with unmet clinical demands for treatment. Lipids are essential for cell survival; however, renal cells have limited capability to metabolize overloaded lipids. Dyslipidaemia is common in DKD patients and renal ectopic lipid accumulation is associated with disease progression. Unveiling the molecular mechanism involved in renal lipid regulation is crucial for exploring potential therapeutic targets. In this review, we focused on the mechanism underlying cholesterol, oxysterol and fatty acid metabolism disorder in the context of DKD. Specific regulators of lipid accumulation in different kidney compartment and TREM2 macrophages, a lipid‐related macrophages in DKD, were discussed. The role of sodium‐glucose transporter 2 inhibitors in improving renal lipid accumulation was summarized.
Perceptions of a Shared European Culture Increase the Support for the European Union
Authors: Petrovic Valentina , Walo Simon , Rössel Jörg , Katz‐Gerro Tally , Lopez Belbeze Maria Pilar
Published: June 2024

There is disagreement amongst political theorists as to whether a European demos based on a culturally grounded identity as a precondition for a stronger integration of the European Union (EU) exists. We study a part of this question from a constructivist perspective by analysing how individuals in Europe perceive European culture and how this perception is related to support for the EU. We focus on the following questions: (a) whether European respondents perceive a shared European culture, (b) whether they consider this culture to be of higher value than other cultures and (c) whether they are proud of European cultures. We study these questions on the basis of a survey conducted in 2021 in nine European countries, including both EU and non‐EU countries. Our results show that the perception of a shared European culture and its positive evaluation, both inclusive and exclusive, covary positively with support for the EU.
Carcinogenesis and epidemiology of cervical cancer: The hallmark of human papillomavirus‐associated cancer
Authors: Kobayashi Osamu , Kamata Saki , Okuma Yuki , Nakajima Takahiro , Ikeda Yuji , Saito Keisuke , Kawana Kei
Published: June 2024

Cervical cancer affects women worldwide and is the most common human papillomavirus (HPV)‐associated cancer. Carcinogenesis caused by HPV results in specific cancer behavior because of the underlying viral infection. The mechanism and timing of the transformation from viral infection to cancer cells have been elucidated in detail. Treatments for this cancer are based on its characteristics and are being implemented. Moreover, HPV infection is widespread worldwide and is transmitted through sexual activity. Although the HPV vaccination is the most effective strategy of preventing cervical cancer, it is not feasible to vaccinate the entire human population especially in low‐ and middle‐income countries. In order to consider the next step for HPV vaccination, we need to understand the characteristics of HPV carcinogenesis and cervical cancer. Additionally, treatment aimed at preservation of reproductive function in patients with cervical cancer is often required, as the cervix is a reproductive organ and because the disease is more prevalent in the adolescent and young adult generation. Thus, there are still many challenges in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cervical cancer.
Calling on kin: Poverty, the family safety net, and child welfare policy
Authors: Gilson Madeleine , Slee Gillian , Desmond Matthew
Published: June 2024

Objective

This study examined parents' accounts of how their extended kin networks shaped and were shaped by the child protective services (CPS) process.

Background

Arguably the most important recent shift in child welfare policy has been a move away from non‐relative foster care and toward kin placement. Yet increasing family complexity along with network disadvantage may weaken kin support.

Method

This study draws on 81 in‐depth interviews with a sample of parents with prior involvement with the CPS system in New Jersey. Our sample includes 54 Black, 19 white, and 8 Hispanic parents. We used inductive analysis and iterative, qualitative coding to interpret participants' accounts and classify their networks.

Results

Parents often indicated that the quality of kin ties helped to steer case outcomes, benefitting parents with supportive and resourced family connections and impairing those isolated from family or embedded in disadvantaged networks. State intervention in the family also affected kin ties, often compromising parents' relationships with relatives.

Conclusion

The results of this study reveal that child welfare agencies prioritize kin support as a solution to addressing family needs even though the parents who come under the purview of CPS often lack supportive kin networks. This study has implications for understanding the family safety net and the role of kin networks in government processes.
Cultural repertoires and status safeguarding among rural middle‐class parents
Authors: Backstrom Laura
Published: June 2024

Objective

This study investigated how middle‐class rural parents engaged in status safeguarding in an economically struggling rural community and how the parenting views and practices of rural return migrants impacted the community.

Background

Rural communities seek college‐educated returners to offset outmigration. We know little about how returners impact the community, especially if they return to raise children.

Method

This study analyzed interview data from 15 white, college‐educated parents between the ages of 25 and 38 who returned to their rural hometown to raise their children.

Results

All returners emphasized their children's choice regarding their future educational and occupational paths, and they equally valued college and skilled trades. In other ways, rural return migrants drew on distinct cultural repertoires in their childrearing strategies. Parents who had not lived in cities before returning relied on a localized cultural repertoire to engage in status safeguarding through reputation management as they monitored cross‐class interactions and emphasized fitting in. In contrast, rural return migrants who had lived in cities drew on a cosmopolitan cultural repertoire that emphasized exposure to cultural amenities and engaged in cultural practices that they saw as distinguishing their children from the local community.

Conclusion

Although the return of college‐educated residents is often celebrated, this study suggests that college‐educated migrants may ultimately maintain inequalities within the community through social class or cultural exclusion based on their cultural repertoires.
Orthognathic surgery improves compromised natural head position and pharyngeal airway in patients with Skeletal Class II or III malocclusion
Authors: Lin Xiaozhen
Published: June 2024

Background

Natural head position (NHP), pharyngeal airway and maxillofacial growth pattern are correlated. The author's previous studies proved that following surgical correction of Skeletal Class II malocclusion, the over‐extended NHP returned upright, and the pharyngeal airway space (PAS) dimension expanded.

Objective

The present study compares the post‐operative change in NHP and PAS after orthognathic surgery in Skeletal Class II and III malocclusion patients.

Methods

Patients receiving orthognathic procedures to correct Skeletal Class II or III malocclusions were reviewed in this retrospective study. Pre‐operative and 6‐week post‐operative cone‐beam computed tomography datasets were collected. Variables representing the craniofacial pattern, the NHP and the PAS were measured three‐dimensionally. Post‐operative variables were compared with their pre‐operative counterparts using either repeat‐measure 2‐way analysis of variance or Wilcoxon matched‐pairs signed rank test.

Results

Thirty cases of Skeletal Class II malocclusion and 13 cases of Skeletal Class III malocclusion were collected. Preoperatively, the inter‐group differences were significant in craniofacial pattern (68.14 ± 3.552 degree vs. 79.63 ± 2.497 degree, p < .0001) and the NHP (68.77 ± 11.02 degree vs. 82.83 ± 7.738 degree, p = .0002) while not significant in PAS; after surgery, the intergroup differences in craniofacial pattern and the NHP between groups decreased, and the PAS increased in both groups.

Conclusion

Orthognathic surgery may improve compromised NHP and increase PAS in Skeletal Class II and III malocclusion patients.
Tune collecting and musical taxonomies in eighteenth‐century English tunebooks
Authors: Little Alice
Published: June 2024

Music collecting in the late eighteenth century was as much an intellectual practice as a practical one, therefore, the organization of tunes in manuscript tunebooks gives us insight into the worldviews of tunebook compilers. This article introduces some of the literature on tune collecting and categorization, and describes attempts by music historians in the twentieth century to categorize tunebooks. It shows that considering the categorization of tunes only as a practical matter ignores the intellectual function of categorization. It argues that to understand manuscript tunebooks better these sources should be approached as the product of collecting activity and not just as a by‐product of music making. An expanded methodological approach, incorporating the history of collecting, biographical methods, and material culture studies, can provide insight into how tunebook compilers used their collections to order their worlds.
Safety/efficacy of atezolizumab + bevacizumab during anti‐platelet/anticoagulation therapy in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Moriguchi Michihisa , Okuda Keiichiro , Horiguchi Go , Kataoka Seita , Seko Yuya , Yamaguchi Kanji , Nishimura Takeshi , Fujii Hideki , Mitsumoto Yasuhide , Miyagawa Masami , Kirishima Toshihiko , Okishio Shinya , Hara Tasuku , Ishikawa Hiroki , Nagao Yasuyuki , Jo Masayasu , Ishii Michiaki , Tanaka Saiyu , Yamauchi Norihito , Mitsuyoshi Hironori , Nakajima Tomoki , Taketani Hiroyoshi , Yano Kota , Arai Masahiro , Umemura Atsushi , Itoh Yoshito
Published: June 2024

Background and Aims

This study aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of atezolizumab + bevacizumab therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma patients receiving anti‐platelet agents or anticoagulants.

Methods

Patients were divided into those using (IM out) and those not using (IM in) anti‐platelet agents or anticoagulants, who violated the exclusion criteria of the IMbrave150 trial, and were retrospectively examined.

Results

The study included 185 patients (IM in: 157; IM out: 28). For first‐line treatment, progression‐free survival was 184 days for IM in and 266 days for IM out (p = .136). Overall survival was 603 days for IM in and not reached for IM out (p = .265), with no significant between‐group difference. Similarly, there were no significant between‐group differences in progression‐free survival or overall survival for later‐line treatment. Haemorrhagic adverse events of ≥grade 3 were observed in 11 IM in patients and 3 IM out patients. No significant factors associated with haemorrhagic adverse events of ≥grade 3 were identified in the multivariate analysis including IM out classification, whose p value was .547. Regarding thrombotic/embolic adverse events in the IM out group, one case of exacerbation of portal vein thrombosis was observed. No deaths were directly attributable to bleeding events or exacerbations of thrombosis.

Conclusion

Atezolizumab + bevacizumab therapy shows similar safety and efficacy in patients receiving and those not receiving anti‐platelet agents or anticoagulants; therefore, it can be considered for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma receiving anti‐platelet agents or anticoagulants.
Hidden invasiveness of non‐native Schlegel's Japanese gecko (Reptilia: Squamata: Gekkonidae) and three‐way competition among natives and non‐natives in Japan
Authors: Chiba Minoru , Chiba Satoshi
Published: June 2024

In this study, we investigated the invasiveness of Gekko japonicus, a prevalent gecko species in Japan and an ancient non‐native species, focusing on its competition with both the undescribed endemic Gekko species (referred to as Nishiyamori in Japanese) and G. hokouensis. These species are co‐distributed with G. japonicus, leading us to hypothesize that G. japonicus was invasive upon its initial introduction. We employed niche analysis and population genetics through ddRAD‐seq to assess the historical invasiveness of G. japonicus by comparing regions with and without interspecies competition. Our niche analysis across the Goto Islands, Hiradojima Island (colonized by G. japonicus) and the Koshikishima Islands (not colonized by G. japonicus) indicated that endemic Gekko sp. alter their microhabitat usage in response to invasions by other gecko species, despite having similar suitable habitats and microhabitat preferences. Population genetic analysis revealed significant population declines in Gekko sp. within areas of introduced competition, in contrast to stable populations in areas without such competition. These findings suggest a tripartite competitive relationship among the gecko species, with G. japonicus and G. hokouensis invasions restricting the distribution of the endemic Gekko sp. Consequently, G. japonicus may have historically acted as an invasive species. Acknowledging the historical dynamics of current biodiversity is crucial for addressing complex ecological issues and making informed conservation decisions.
Dynamic Microcirculation Characteristics of Plantar Skin Under Metatarsal Head of Human Foot in Response to Life‐Like Pressure Stimulus
Authors: Zhang Zhenming , Chen Wen‐Ming , Yang Xiong‐Gang , Zhang Xingyu , Wang Xu , Huang Jiazhang , Zhang Chao , Geng Xiang , Ma Xin
Published: June 2024

Objective

Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a severe complication with high mortality. High plantar pressure and poor microcirculation are considered main causes of DFU. The specific aims were to provide a novel technique for real‐time measurement of plantar skin blood flow (SBF) under walking‐like pressure stimulus and delineate the first plantar metatarsal head dynamic microcirculation characteristics because of life‐like loading conditions in healthy individuals.

Methods

Twenty young healthy participants (14 male and 6 female) were recruited. The baseline (i.e., unloaded) SBF of soft tissue under the first metatarsal head were measured using laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF). A custom‐made machine was utilized to replicate daily walking pressure exertion for 5 min. The exerted plantar force was adjusted from 10 N (127.3 kPa) to 40 N (509.3 kPa) at an increase of 5 N (63.7 kPa). Real‐time SBF was acquired using the LDF. After each pressure exertion, postload SBF was measured for comparative purposes. Statistical analysis was performed using the R software.

Results

All levels of immediate‐load and postload SBF increased significantly compared with baseline values. As the exerted load increased, the postload and immediate‐load SBF tended to increase until the exerted load reached 35 N (445.6 kPa). However, in immediate‐load data, the increasing trend tended to level off as the exerted pressure increased from 15 N (191.0 kPa) to 25 N (318.3 kPa). For postload and immediate‐load SBF, they both peaked at 35 N (445.6 kPa). However, when the exerted force exceeds 35 N (445.6 kPa), both the immediate‐load and postload SBF values started to decrease.

Conclusions

Our study offered a novel real‐time plantar soft tissue microcirculation measurement technique under dynamic conditions. For the first metatarsal head of healthy people, 20 N (254.6 kPa)‐plantar pressure has a fair microcirculation stimulus compared with higher pressure. There might be a pressure threshold at 35 N (445.6 kPa) for the first metatarsal head, and soft tissue microcirculation may decrease when local pressure exceeds it.
Management of Suspected Peripheral Vascular Injuries in Orthopedic Trauma
Authors: Li Bo , Tian Xuan , Fei Han , Li Guoshen , Wu Xinbao
Published: June 2024

Objective

In orthopedic trauma, identification of extremity trauma combined with vascular injury is challenging. Missed diagnosis may result in amputation or even death. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether physical examination combined with handheld vascular ultrasound Doppler examination could be an effective method of screening for peripheral vascular injury and to explore the characteristics of vascular injuries in orthopedic trauma patients.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of patients in the emergency department of orthopedic trauma in our hospital from January 2022 to October 2023. Physical examination combined with handheld vascular ultrasound Doppler examination was used as a screening method for suspected vascular injuries. Patients with suspected vascular injury would undergo further angiography and receive multidisciplinary treatment. Angiography was used as the gold standard for diagnosing vascular injuries. Patient demographics, mechanism of injury, location and type of injury, angiographic results, surgical notes, and early treatment outcome data were recorded.

Results

A total of 55 cases (58 limb injuries) with suspected vascular injury were ultimately included. Angiography revealed that 53 cases (55 limbs, positive rate 94.8%) were considered to have confirmed vascular injuries. Forty‐three were male (81.1%) and 10 were female (18.9%), with mean age 44.1 ± 16.6 years. The main mechanism of injury was traffic accident (30, 56.7%). Most common site of vascular injuries was knee joint (30/55, 54.5%), and popliteal artery (23, 47.9%) was the most commonly injured blood vessel. After multidisciplinary collaborative treatment, overall patient mortality was 3.8% (2/53), and limb survival rate among surviving patients was 81.1% (43/53) in our study.

Conclusion

In orthopedic trauma, “Hard signs” and “soft signs” combined with handheld vascular ultrasound Doppler examination were effective ways to screen for suspected vascular injuries. Most limbs had associated fractures or dislocations at the site of vascular injury. Collaboration of vascular surgery, microsurgery and orthopedic trauma may help improve patients' prognosis.
Engineering social concepts: Feasibility and causal models
Authors: Neufeld Eleonore
Published: June 2024

How feasible are conceptual engineering projects of social concepts that aim for the engineered concept to be deployed in people's ordinary conceptual practices? Predominant frameworks on the psychology of concepts that shape work on stereotyping, bias, and machine learning have grim implications for the prospects of conceptual engineers: conceptual engineering efforts are ineffective in promoting certain social‐conceptual changes. Since conceptual components that give rise to problematic social stereotypes are sensitive to statistical structures of the environment, purely conceptual change won't be possible without corresponding world change. This tradition, however, tends to ignore that concepts don't only encode statistical, but also causal information. Paying attention to this feature of concepts, I argue, shows that conceptual engineering is not only possible. There is an imperative to conceptually‐engineer.
Corruptio boni: An alternative to the privation theory of evil
Authors: de Ray Christophe
Published: June 2024

The classic ‘privation theory’ of evil defines evil as an absence (or ‘privation’) of a good that ought to obtain. Despite its historical importance, privation theory is faced with a number of serious difficulties. I outline two of these difficulties and argue that they continue to pose a threat. I then present ‘corruption theory’, an alternative theory of evil reconstructed from some of Augustine's writings on the subject. I argue that this theory shares the strengths of privation theory, while evading its problems.
A study of the effect of natural brown cotton gauze on the healing of infected wounds
Authors: Jin Shidie , Jin Zimin , Zhou Wenlong , Jin Jing , Sun Yuqiang , Jin Zihao
Published: June 2024

Background

Medical dressings are designed to promote wound healing and reduce infection. The aim of project is to investigate the effect of natural brown colored cotton dressings on the healing of infected wounds in E.coli animals.

Materials and methods

In this study, degreased white cotton gauze was used as the control group, with degreased brown cotton gauze and degreased bleached brown cotton gauze as the experimental group 1 and experimental group 2, to investigate the effect on the repair of post‐infectious wound damage in animals by establishing an infected wound model in rats with E.coli as the infecting organism.

Results

The ability to promote healing of infected wounds was investigated by analyzing the wound healing status, macroscopic wound healing rate, hematoxylin‐eosin staining, Masson staining, secretion of inflammatory factors by Elisa assay. The result showed that at day 14 of wound healing, the macroscopic wound healing rate was greater than 98% for all three groups of dressings; the collagen content reached 49.85 ± 5.84% in the experimental group 1 and 53.48 ± 5.32% in the experimental group 2, which was higher than the control group; brown cotton gauze promotes skin wound healing by shortening the inflammatory period in both groups. The expression of three inflammatory factors THF‐α, IL‐2, and IL‐8 and three cytokines MMP‐3, MMP‐8, and MMP‐9 were lower than that of the control group.

Conclusions

It was found that natural brown cotton gauze has better repairing and promoting healing effect on infected wounds. It opens up the application of natural brown cotton gauze in the treatment of infected wounds.
The novel HLA‐A*02:1152 and HLA‐B*40:566 alleles identified in Russian bone marrow donors
Authors: Loginova Maria , Druzhinina Svetlana , Paramonov Igor , Zarubin Maksim
Published: June 2024

Identification of two novel HLA alleles in Russian bone marrow donors.
Kappa Fleiss Analysis: Evidence Of Content Validity for Formative Assessment Literacy Test for Teachers of Fundamental Subjects in Vocational Special School/ Analisis Fleiss Kappa: Evidens Kesahan Kandungan Ujian Literasi Pentaksiran Formatif Guru-Guru Subjek Asas Sekolah Menengah Pendidikan Khas Vokasional
Authors: Yusof Ibnatul Jalilah , Abdul Rahim Fathin Edora
Published: June 2024

The Formative Assessment Literacy Test (FAT) is a new instrument designed to identify and assess fundamental subject teachers’ formative assessment literacy (FAL) in Vocational Special School. In order to determine the level of FAL, teachers require a precise measurement tool in terms of content validity as proven by expert validity. The purpose of this study is to validate the FAT instrument through expert validity and expert agreement standardization by using Kappa Fleiss analysis. Three experts with more than ten years of experience in the field of measurement and evaluation education, as well as on expert from the field of Special Education were chosen to verify the FAT content. Overall, the FAT content is rated as excellent with kappa (k) value of 0.84. While for each knowledge component’s concept, principle, and skill component’s method, k= 0.81, 0.81, and 0.89 respectively. Any changes and alterations is performed in response to expert advice and suggestion. In conclusion, based on expert evaluation, FAT has good content validity (excellent) and may be used to detect and measure teachers’ knowledge and abilities on formative assessment.
Workforce Motivation at Malaysian Orangutan Conservation Centres
Authors: Abd Mutalib Aini Hasanah , Ruppert Nadine , Nik Hassan Nik Norma , Omar Khatijah , Fadzly Nik
Published: June 2024

Most conservation research and efforts focus on a targeted animal taxon and we often tend to forget about the human component in conservation work. It is often alleged that conservation work is in itself rewarding, rather than motivated by monetary gain. However, this remains anecdotal, and this study approaches this topic through qualitative analysis of the motivation of the workforce in orangutan conservation. The objective of this paper was to assess the driving motivations for conservation workers at three Malaysian ex-situ conservation facilities for orangutans. Using structured interviews and a thematic approach, we classified five main types of motivation amongst the workers. The “Environment/Surrounding” factor describing positive team work experiences emerged as the primary motivator for conducting this job, whereas “Monetary” and “Conservation” were similarly often mentioned as the second motivators. “Personal Development” and “Humanistic” factors were the third and least mentioned motivators, respectively. Our results indicate the importance of providing and maintaining a good work environment and relationship with co-workers, as well as adequate salaries to motivate the conservation workforce. The findings from this study could help the management of any conservation areas/centers to effectively manage and encourage their workforce towards a better care of captive animals
Using a Simulated Employer Project to Enhance Student Employability Skills in a Tertiary Level Language Course
Authors: Rachel Tan Hooi Koon
Published: June 2024

Recent reports highlighted that new graduates are still not meeting the expertise requirements of the industry, and with the increased use of AI tools, such as ChatGPT, there are also growing concerns that tertiary level students’ development of their knowledge and skills may be affected. Over the years, various strategies have been developed to address the expertise gap, such as internship and apprenticeship programmes, seminars, bootcamps, etc. The Employer Project (EP) is one such effort implemented at a private higher education institution in Malaysia, where students analyse and solve business case studies or industry-relevant problems given by the partnering employers. These EPs are mapped to the course learning outcomes; therefore, finding and implementing suitable EPs that would match an English language course’ learning outcomes has been challenging. This paper discusses a case study where the EP model is simulated for a degree-level Business English course assignment, involving an industry partner who has over 30 over years of industry experience. The assignment spanning across 11 weeks is based on a case study developed by the industry partner. After the students’ face-to-face presentation session with the industry partner, a survey was conducted to gather their feedback. A preliminary text analysis revealed that while many of the students felt nervous while presenting to the industry partner, they found the session very enjoyable and helpful to their knowledge development. An interview with the industry partner revealed some areas of focus and suggestions to reduce the expertise gap. The implications include how EPs can make a degree-level language course more relevant in developing employability skills and how EPs can mitigate the negative impacts of AI tools in the language course.
The Plight of Syrian Refugees in the United States: Between Indifference and Dehumanization
Authors: Hafsa Lanouar Ben
Published: June 2024

Forced or voluntary migration worldwide and the quest for a safer and better life has not always resulted from armed conflicts or any form of political, ethnic, or religious persecution. Natural disasters have often enticed waves of deprived people across sovereign national borders. The present study investigates the plight of Syrian refugees in the aftermath of the 2011 upheavals which shook the Arab World, not as much because it poses unprecedented humanitarian and political challenges, but principally because it laid bare the double standard policy pursued by certain Western governments scapegoating Arab/Muslim stocks as a lingering menace to their security. To reconfigure the boundaries of decent debate and break down taboos over such a controversial issue, the paper raises a number of questions with regard to the essence of humanitarian work and how, over the past few decades, it has been politicized by ruthless politicians and unscrupulous technocrats to determine the resettlement of displaced masses or the allocation of funds to international relief organizations based on national, religious, and even racial standards. It takes the United States as a case in point to show how, despite being the largest donor of humanitarian assistance to Syrian refugees, it has resettled only a tiny fraction of such a group compared to poorer contiguous states. The paper posits, finally, to contribute survey-based argument to available literature which, to some degree, has not sufficiently explored the hypothetical connection between refugee flows and transnational terrorism to demonstrate, ultimately, that not every Arab/Muslim refugee is a terrorist-in-waiting.
Cholecystokinin‐expressing superficial tufted cells modulate odour representation in the olfactory bulb and olfactory behaviours
Authors: Chen Fengjiao , He Ao , Tang Qingnan , Li Shan , Liu Xingyu , Yin Zhaoyang , Yao Quanbei , Yu Yiqun , Li Anan
Published: June 2024

In mammals, odour information within the olfactory bulb (OB) is processed by complex neural circuits before being ultimately represented in the action potential activity of mitral/tufted cells (M/Ts). Cholecystokinin‐expressing (CCK+) superficial tufted cells (sTCs) are a subset of tufted cells that potentially contribute to olfactory processing in the OB by orchestrating M/T activity. However, the exact role of CCK+ sTCs in modulating odour processing and olfactory function in vivo is largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that manipulating CCK+ sTCs can generate perception and induce place avoidance. Optogenetic activation/inactivation of CCK+ sTCs exerted strong but differing effects on spontaneous and odour‐evoked M/T firing. Furthermore, inactivation of CCK+ sTCs disrupted M/T odour encoding and impaired olfactory detection and odour discrimination. These results establish the role of CCK+ sTCs in odour representation and olfactory behaviours.

image

Key points

Mice could perceive the activity of CCK+ sTCs and show place avoidance to CCK+ sTC inactivation.

Optical activation of CCK+ sTCs increased the percentage of cells with odour response but reduced the odour‐evoked response in M/Ts in awake mice.

Optical inactivation of CCK+ sTCs greatly decreased spontaneous firing and odour‐evoked response in M/Ts.

Inactivation of CCK+ sTCs impairs the odour decoding performance of M/Ts and disrupts odour detection and discrimination behaviours in mice.

These results indicate that CCK+ sTCs participate in modulating the odour representation and maintaining normal olfactory‐related behaviours.
Determinants of the Number of Main Canals in a Tooth: Deciphering Potential Mechanisms
Authors: Moreno Robalino Andrea Alejandra , Álvarez Vásquez José Luis
Published: June 2024

Background: Although millions of root canal treatments are performed globally on a daily basis, factors that determine the number of main root canals in a tooth have not yet been elucidated. Variations in the number of root canals in different teeth is of utmost importance in clinical practice. However, clinicians aren´t aware about the determinants of such number, let alone these determinants have been approached in the literature, to the best of our knowledge. Purpose: This narrative review aimed to integrate the potential mechanisms involved in determining the number of main canals in a permanent tooth. Methods: We used the search terms “root canal number,” “root canal morphology,” “tooth morphology,” “root development,” and “root formation” to identify articles from the PubMed and Scopus databases. Results:  57 articles and 2 books were obtained. A multifactorial basis is plausible considering the influence of anthropological, demographic, environmental, genetic, epigenetic, tooth size related mechanisms and the pivotal role of Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath. Live-cell imaging techniques, mathematical models, quantitative genetics and dental phenomics could provide insightful information in the near future. Conclusions: Overall, it seems that the potential mechanisms determining the number of main canals in a tooth have a multifactorial basis. The orchestrating role of the Hertwig's epithelial root sheath seems pivotal, although the speciﬁc regulatory signals that induce or repress its diaphragmatic processes remain unknown. However, there is a dire need for molecular studies that help unveil these and other potential mechanisms involved.
Conocimiento sobre la prescripción de antibióticos entre estudiantes de odontología del octavo y noveno semestre
Authors: Sánchez Sarango Gabriela Jazmín , Paltas Miranda Mayra Elizabeth , Cortés Luna Jorge Alberto
Published: June 2024

Antecedentes: Los estudiantes de Odontología están involucrados en la prescripción de antibióticos; los cuales, a nivel mundial son recetados en exceso. Objetivo: Evaluar conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de prescripción antibiótica mediante encuesta en estudiantes de octavo y noveno semestre de Odontología.  Metodología: Estudio transversal analítico que registró información en un solo momento sin interferir en la muestra, busca explicar la asociación entre nivel de conocimientos en prescripción antibiótica con sexo y semestre, el estudio fue realizado en 109 estudiantes, con una muestra no probabilística. En Google Formularios se realizó encuesta tomada del artículo de Cortés & Montenegro enviada a los correos institucionales sobre conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de los antibióticos en cuatro dominios: caracterización de la práctica médica, conocimiento sobre el proceso diagnóstico, actitudes de los encuestados con respecto a las afirmaciones, prácticas en uso de antibióticos. Se analizaron datos en paquete estadístico SPSS versión 26.0. Se realizó Chi cuadrado de Pearson y t-Student con nivel de significancia 5 %. Resultado: El 43,1 % de estudiantes presentaron nivel de conocimiento deficiente sobre prescripción antibiótica, 46,8 % regular y 10,1 % aceptable. Se encontró un nivel de significancia p=0,77 entre nivel de conocimiento con sexo y p>0,40 entre nivel de conocimiento con semestre. Conclusiones: Los estudiantes de Odontología de octavo semestre mostraron mejor nivel de conocimiento en prescripción antibiótica; mientras que, en relación con el sexo las mujeres tuvieron mejores resultados y el nivel de significancia indica que no existe relación entre el nivel de conocimiento con semestre y sexo.
Reconfiguration and Performance Evaluation of TBot Cable-Driven Parallel Robot
Authors: Duan Jinhao , Liu Hanqing , Zhang Zhaokun , Shao Zhufeng , Meng Xiangjun , Lv Jingang , Huang Minjian
Published: June 2024

Cable-driven parallel robots (CDPRs) are easy to implement modular and reconfigurable design, which effectively meets the requirements of flexible production. To clarify the influence of reconfiguration on the performance of a modular designed prototype of the TBot high-speed robot, analysis methods and indexes for the force output and moment constraint performance of CDPRs with co-driven parallel cables are proposed. The influence of reconfiguration on the omnidirectional and directional performance of TBot is discussed, showing the possibility of achieving a more compact layout by reconfiguring the base into slender shapes. The recommended reconfiguration range of TBot is determined to achieve acceptable performance.
Catalyzing Refuse-Derived Fuel Understanding: Quantified Insights From Thermogravimetric Analysis
Authors: Rashwan Sherif S. , Boulet Micael , Moreau Stephane
Published: June 2024

This study employs thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to investigate the thermal degradation behavior of various components of refuse-derived fuel (RDF). The analysis is conducted individually for different RDF fractions, including cardboard, mixed papers, mixed plastics, other organics, and fines, alongside raw RDF. TGA experiments are performed in triplicate to ensure repeatability and homogeneity assessment. The results reveal distinct degradation profiles for each material, influenced by moisture content. Cardboard and mixed papers exhibit similar decomposition characteristics attributed to their cellulose content. Cardboard undergoes initial moisture-driven mass loss (5.52%), followed by cellulose and hemicellulose decomposition (58.86%) at 250–400 °C and lignin degradation (10.1%) at 400–500 °C. In contrast, mixed plastics, with an initial moisture content of 0.81%, manifest multiple decomposition steps: polyvinyl chloride (PVC) degradation (3.84%) at 200–335 °C, polystyrene (PS) degradation (6.63%) at 335–400 °C, polypropylene (PP) degradation (24.41%) at 400–450 °C, and high-density polyethylene (HDPE)/low-density polyethylene (LDPE) degradation (54.6%) at 400–500 °C. Other organics, with 1.47% initial moisture content, undergo cellulose decomposition (37.98%) at 200–381 °C and polyester/microfilament degradation (21.3%) at 381–450 °C. Fines display cellulose and hemicellulose decomposition (29.8%) at 200–383 °C and plastics/polyester degradation (43%) at 383–550 °C. LDPE in mixed plastics undergoes pure polymer decomposition at 483.6 °C.
Density functional theory and molecular dynamics study on the growth of graphene by chemical vapor deposition on copper substrate
Authors: Li Qihang , Luo Jinping , Li Zaoyang , Rummeli Mark H. , Liu Lijun
Published: June 2024

Chemical vapor deposition is an affordable method for producing high-quality graphene. Microscopic defects in graphene grown on copper substrates, such as five- and seven-membered rings, degrade the quality of graphene. Therefore, it is essential to study the growth process and factors affecting the quality of graphene on copper surfaces. In this study, first-principles calculations based on density functional theory show that the four-step dehydrogenation reaction of methane is endothermic, with the energy barrier for the last dehydrogenation step being relatively high. Additionally, CH forms dimers on the copper surface with a lower energy barrier and trimers with a higher energy barrier, indicating that carbon dimers are the primary precursor species for graphene growth in the early stages. Subsequently, in molecular dynamics simulations, the analytical bond-order potential based on quantum mechanics is employed. The results reveal that the growth of graphene on the copper surface involves the diffusion and gradual nucleation of carbon dimers in the early stages, the gradual enlargement of graphene domains in the intermediate stages, and the gradual merging of graphene domain boundaries in the later stages. Moreover, the growth of graphene on the copper substrate follows a self-limiting growth mode. Increasing the deposition interval of carbon atoms and reducing the carbon atom deposition velocity contribute to enhancing the quality of graphene grown on the copper substrate.
Gender (In)Equity in the Brazilian Paralympic Committee Coverage of the Paralympic Games
Authors: Marcondes Ianamary M. , Cidade Ruth E. , Solves Josep , de Souza Doralice L.
Published: June 2024

This study investigated the following questions: Was there gender equity in the coverage by the Brazilian Paralympic Committee of the Rio 2016 and Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games? If not, what were the main differences in the treatment of male and female athletes? We compiled all of the Brazilian Paralympic Committee’s publications during both Paralympic Games editions, computed their distribution by gender, and assessed whether the newsworthiness criteria and aspects of text composition were consistently applied across genders. We conducted a quantitative and qualitative analysis of all available publications on the committee’s website during both events. We found that women received less visibility, fewer speech quotations, and fewer protagonist roles. Additionally, we observed that the application of newsworthiness criteria favored men. Our findings reveal issues that can contribute to advancing gender equity in the coverage of national paralympic committees and other media outlets.
Epidemic outcomes following government responses to COVID-19: Insights from nearly 100,000 models
Authors: Bendavid Eran , Patel Chirag J.
Published: June 2024

Government responses to COVID-19 are among the most globally impactful events of the 21st century. The extent to which responses—such as school closures—were associated with changes in COVID-19 outcomes remains unsettled. Multiverse analyses offer a systematic approach to testing a large range of models. We used daily data on 16 government responses in 181 countries in 2020–2021, and 4 outcomes—cases, infections, COVID-19 deaths, and all-cause excess deaths—to construct 98,404 analytic models. Among those, 42% suggest outcomes improved following more stringent responses (“helpful”). No subanalysis (e.g. limited to cases as outcome) demonstrated a preponderance of helpful or unhelpful associations. Among the 14 associations with
P
values < 1 × 10
−30
, 5 were helpful and 9 unhelpful. In summary, we find no patterns in the overall set of models that suggests a clear relationship between COVID-19 government responses and outcomes. Strong claims about government responses’ impacts on COVID-19 may lack empirical support.
pIGLET
: Safe harbor landing sites for reproducible and efficient transgenesis in zebrafish
Authors: Lalonde Robert L. , Wells Harrison H. , Kemmler Cassie L. , Nieuwenhuize Susan , Lerma Raymundo , Burger Alexa , Mosimann Christian
Published: June 2024

Standard zebrafish transgenesis involves random transgene integration with resource-intensive screening. While phiC31 integrase–based
attP
/
attB
recombination has streamlined transgenesis in mice and
Drosophila
, validated
attP
-based landing sites for universal applications are lacking in zebrafish. Here, we developed
phiC31 Integrase Genomic Loci Engineered for Transgenesis
(
pIGLET
) as transgenesis approach, with two
attP
landing sites
pIGLET14a
and
pIGLET24b
from well-validated Tol2 transgenes. Both sites facilitate diverse transgenesis applications including reporters and Cre/
loxP
transgenes. The
pIGLET14a
and
pIGLET24b
landing sites consistently yield 25 to 50% germline transmission, substantially reducing the resources needed for transgenic line generation. Transgenesis into these sites enables reproducible expression patterns in F0 zebrafish embryos for enhancer discovery and testing of gene regulatory variants. Together, our new landing sites streamline targeted, reproducible zebrafish transgenesis as a robust platform for various applications while minimizing the workload for generating transgenic lines.
Bisphosphonates synergistically enhance the antifungal activity of azoles in dermatophytes and other pathogenic molds
Authors: Kane Aidan , Rothwell Joanna G. , Guttentag Annabel , Hainsworth Steven , Carter Dee
Published: June 2024

Superficial infections of the skin, hair, and nails by fungal dermatophytes are the most prevalent of human mycoses, and many infections are refractory to treatment. As current treatment options are limited, recent research has explored drug synergy with azoles for dermatophytoses. Bisphosphonates, which are approved to treat osteoporosis, can synergistically enhance the activity of azoles in diverse yeast pathogens but their activity has not been explored in dermatophytes or other molds. Market bisphosphonates risedronate, alendronate, and zoledronate (ZOL) were evaluated for antifungal efficacy and synergy with three azole antifungals: fluconazole (FLC), itraconazole (ITR), and ketoconazole (KET). ZOL was the most active bisphosphonate tested, displaying moderate activity against nine dermatophyte species (MIC range 64–256 µg/mL), and was synergistic with KET in eight of these species. ZOL was also able to synergistically improve the anti-biofilm activity of KET and combining KET and ZOL prevented the development of antifungal resistance. Rescue assays in
Trichophyton rubrum
revealed that the inhibitory effects of ZOL alone and in combination with KET were due to the inhibition of squalene synthesis. Fluorescence microscopy using membrane- and ROS-sensitive probes demonstrated that ZOL and KET:ZOL compromised membrane structure and induced oxidative stress. Antifungal activity and synergy between bisphosphonates and azoles were also observed in other clinically relevant molds, including species of
Aspergillus
and
Mucor
. These findings indicate that repurposing bisphosphonates as antifungals is a promising strategy for revitalising certain azoles as topical antifungals, and that this combination could be fast-tracked for investigation in clinical trials.

IMPORTANCE

Fungal infections of the skin, hair, and nails, generally grouped together as “tineas” are the most prevalent infectious diseases globally. These infections, caused by fungal species known as dermatophytes, are generally superficial, but can in some cases become aggressive. They are also notoriously difficult to resolve, with few effective treatments and rising levels of drug resistance. Here, we report a potential new treatment that combines azole antifungals with bisphosphonates. Bisphosphonates are approved for the treatment of low bone density diseases, and in fungi they inhibit the biosynthesis of the cell membrane, which is also the target of azoles. Combinations were synergistic across the dermatophyte species and prevented the development of resistance. We extended the study to molds that cause invasive disease, finding synergy in some problematic species. We suggest bisphosphonates could be repurposed as synergents for tinea treatment, and that this combination could be fast-tracked for use in clinical therapy.