bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
9 Passing into Memory: Seneca's Imago and Its Reproduction
Authors: Ker James
Published: February 2010

This chapter focuses on the question of Seneca's posthumous commemoration. It begins by looking at the imago vitae suae that Seneca is described as offering to his friends as a metaphorical legacy, unpacking what this phrase might have meant, and what it came to mean. Lipsius and Rubens were responsible for the most influential version of the dying Seneca's visual image, which was no less significant for being based on false prototypes. Seneca's “image” was also remolded in the literary styles of Petrarch, Montaigne, and Diderot, whose varying perceptions of Seneca were closely connected with their reimaginings of his death.
4 The Perfect Marriage
Authors: Kelting M. Whitney
Published: February 2010

This chapterr examines the ideal Jain marriage, that of the sati Maynasundari and King Sripal; this pair shares a companionate marriage centered around mutuality and the shared performance of Jain rituals. In order to have an ideal marriage, one must be a religious wife (dharmapatni) who also serves as a role model for her husband. Mayna performs a fast, which heals her husband's leprosy. After this Mayna and Sripal dedicate their lives to the performance of Jain worship. Their story provides a charter both for the quintessential fast for marital happiness—the popular Navpad Oli fast—and for worship of the siddhacakra, which reenacts the ideal moment in the ideal marriage when they are patrons of Jain worship and blesses the couple that performs it with an ideal marriage. Contemporary Jain women perform these rituals in hopes of simultaneously creating and displaying their own ideal marriages.
5 Jains and Satīmātā Discourse
Authors: Kelting M. Whitney
Published: February 2010

In chapter 5, the focus is on the narrative and rituals associated with the sati Rajul, who is rejected on her wedding day when her fiancé Nemi (the twenty‐second Jina) renounces. Rajul decides to follow her husband, Nemi into renunciation. Rajul's renunciation and Jain ordination of women are read through the lens of sati discourse, which illuminates parallels between these two ideals for women—nuns and satimatas—and challenges the received interpretation of Jain ordination being modeled on the wedding rites. Though Jains reject the rite of dying with one's husband, shifts particularly in the medieval literature in the portrayal of the Nemi and Rajul story and the veneration of Rajul trace the movement of this narrative from an uncomplicated Jain renunciation narrative to a narrative that shares many features with Hindu satimata stories. Likewise, Jain women venerate Rajul in veil songs and worship her in ways seemingly drawn from satimata worship.
6 Embodying Wifehood
Authors: Kelting M. Whitney
Published: February 2010

Chapter 6 discusses the process by which young unmarried Jain women reconstitute themselves as wives through the embodiment of Jain satis—in particular Candanbala—and the adoption of the body practices of wifehood. At the same time, these Jain women also use fasting rituals to covertly explore the possibility of renunciation without stating any overt intention to renounce. Jain karma theory supports conceptualizing young women's ritual lives as a form of performativity in which they constitute their future bodies as wife or nun or, fleetingly, something in between. When comparing young women's embodiment of sati Candanbala in one fast with their reenactments of Rajul, it is clear that these young women strategically deploy these satis' incipient renunciation to embody their own experimentation and negotiation with wifehood and renunciation in ways that position themselves as agents controlling their own futures.
Conclusion The Pleasures of Jain Wifehood
Authors: Kelting M. Whitney
Published: February 2010

The volume concludes with a return to the discourse of wifehood as celebrated by Jain laywomen through iconic representations of domesticity and pleasure. The majority of Jain wives interviewed and observed in this study have expressed joy in wifehood. They participate in a variety of Jain rituals, which mark wifehood as a special and honored state within Jain discourse. Wifehood carries with it a set of particular pleasures of sensuality and intimacy, which are understood to be the just rewards of marriage and domesticity.
1 Fighting over Defamatory Language
Authors: Shuy Roger W.
Published: February 2010

After a brief history of the development of defamation law and an equally brief introduction to the linguistic aspects of defamation cases, this chapter takes Tiersma's (1978) advice that libel and slander cases would do well to focus on the illoctionary force of the language used by the alleged defamer in addition to the perlocutionary effect of the language on the entity allegedly defamed. This theme continues throughout the book. Also discussed are the language problems introduced by the landmark case of The New York Times v. Sullivan (1964), along with its complex definition of “actual malice” and the issues raised by attempts to define and use the speech act of “opinions.” The chapter then traces some of the current features of defamation cases back to the earlier age of dueling, which contained many of the features found in contemporary defamation cases, such as notification of demands, threats, expressing intentions, representation and negotiation by proxy, and the important role of apologies and retractions. Differences are also noted, especially between the older motivation of insults vs. the modern motivation of accusations. The need for proof and verification of the alleged offense has also changed over the years.
6 Las Vegas Headliner Wayne Newton Sues NBC
Authors: Shuy Roger W.
Published: February 2010

Two nationally aired television programs called “Wayne Newton and the Law” were the basis of this defamation case in which Newton was accused of having a close connection with the mafia. Linguistic analysis of these programs used visual discourse framing, topic analysis, and response analysis to give evidence that Newton was defamed.
14 So Are We Making Any Progress?
Authors: Shuy Roger W.
Published: February 2010

This chapter reviews the progress made from the days in which language conflicts were settled by duels to their replacement by present day defamation law suits, concluding that although much progress has been made, there is still more to be added if lawyers would make use of the linguistic expertise that was illustrated in the preceding chapters.
1 Empathy
Authors: Slote Michael
Published: February 2010

This chapter focuses on the notion/phenomenon of empathy. It clarifies what we nowadays mean when we talk about empathy, but it also explains how the recent literature of psychology bears on moral sentimentalism. In particular, it shows how that literature supports the conclusion that empathy plays a crucial role in developing and sustaining genuinely altruistic, caring motivation. This chapter also points out the ways in which the moral distinctions we commonsensically make generally correspond to normal differences in empathic responsiveness. This moves us in the direction of the central idea that empathy plays a role in our understanding, and in the semantics, of moral claims.
2 Moral Approval and Disapproval
Authors: Slote Michael
Published: February 2010

This chapter begins the enterprise of trying to account for moral meaning in sentimentalist terms by focusing on the phenomena of approval and disapproval. Hume sought to clarify the meaning of moral utterances by reference to these phenomena, but I argue that he got their phenomenology wrong. Approval and disapproval aren't pleasure and pain caused at the thought of the tendency of certain actions and character traits to bring about, respectively, pleasure and pain. Rather, I argue, they involve a kind of empathy with empathy. Approval is warmth felt at the warmth expressed by someone in their actions, and disapproval involves a corresponding kind of chill at agential cold‐heartedness. This account of approval and disapproval doesn't base these in any way on moral judgments of right and wrong, so it is open to sentimentalism to anchor its account of the meaning of the latter on what it says about the empathic bases of approval and disapproval.
4 A New Kind of Reference‐Fixing
Authors: Slote Michael
Published: February 2010

This chapter offers a specific account of the meaning of moral terms based on semi‐Kripkean theory that fixes the reference of right, wrong, and the like in relation to feelings of warmth and chill as caused by empathy with moral agents. This allows moral claims to be a priori, necessary, and objective — and works entirely in sentimentalist terms. But since empathy with agents helps to constitute moral approval and disapproval, the theory seems to allow claims about what we approve and disapprove to entail moral judgments, and this raises the issue whether sentimentalism wants to or has to allow the derivation of “ought's” from “is's.”
5 How To Derive “Ought” from “Is”
Authors: Slote Michael
Published: February 2010

This chapter seeks to show that our semi‐Kripkean semantics and other forms of metaethical sentimentalism as well (e.g. subjectivism and ideal observer theory) do indeed imply that an “ought” can be deduced from an “is.” Since this is a result that most philosophers are likely to be initially skeptical about, an attempt is made, step by step, to demonstrate why this conclusion is more plausible than one might think. It turns out that emotive meaning can be understood in a way that doesn't interfere with the objectivity and truth of certain moral judgments, and it is also argued that the premises about approval or disapproval from which “ought” judgments are said to be derivable cannot be understood or affirmed without one's having the same moral motivations that those espousing “ought” judgments have. Such derivations are tame enough, therefore, to be acceptable, and moral sentimentalism doesn't founder on this implication of its understanding of morality.
8 Paternalism and Patriarchy
Authors: Slote Michael
Published: February 2010

This chapter moves into normative ethics and focuses in particular on issues and concepts that relate to larger social issues. It talks about the moral issues that surround paternalism and patriarchy and argues that respect and autonomy can both be understood in purely sentimentalist terms.
9 Justice
Authors: Slote Michael
Published: February 2010

This chapter goes on to discuss justice. It shows how an ethics of care based on our understanding of how empathy operates can deal plausibly with issues of basic rights and liberties and issues of economic distribution (both within society and internationally). Such sentimentalism founds its ideas about justice on a different basis from that which any form of rationalism would appeal to, but on such a differing and sentimentalist basis, it can in fact deal with the entire range of issues that any systematic approach to social/moral issues will want to discuss.
10 Empathy, Objectivity, and Rationality
Authors: Slote Michael
Published: February 2010

This chapter broadens the discussion to take in philosophical questions that are not strictly ethical. In recent years, there has been a great deal of talk — some of it rather vague or ill argued — about the possibility of an inextricable link between reason and emotion, but we can make good sense of that idea if we focus on the role that empathy plays in our intellectual life (including science). This chapter argues that scientific and intellectual objectivity and rationality about any given subject or question require empathy with the points of view of those who disagree or might disagree with one. This leads to a relational conception of objectivity that sees feeling as (conceptually) essential to rational thought.
Privatization
Authors: SARKAR RUMU
Published: February 2010

This chapter examines privatization as a means of making developing economies more efficient and profitable. It reviews the implications for changing the role of the State, and the vacillation between nationalization and privatization. Specific case studies of Venezuela, Chile, and the Czech Republic are reviewed from the perspective of understanding the “lessons learned” to be gained from these examples. The chapter discusses strategic and tactical approaches to privatization to give the reader some perspective in the underlying transactions involved in the process of privatization. The host government's objectives in terms of privatizing state-owned enterprises and the underlying theories of development that support such strategies are explored. The need for speed, transparency, accountability, public access to privatization schemes, and political legitimacy are all factors that are carefully examined. Finally, the chapter explores the impact of privatization on capital market development and growth, integration in and access to capital markets, and the role of foreign investment in privatization taking place in the developing world.
The neurophysiology and functions of the orbitofrontal cortex
Authors: Rolls Edmund T.
Published: February 2010

This chapter considers the functions of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) based on analysis of neuronal activity in nonhuman primates and on fMRI in humans. Findings demonstrate that the OFC represents primary (unlearned) reinforcers and implements rapid stimulus-reinforcer association and reversal learning. Neurons in the OFC show sensitivity to sensory stimuli (visual, taste, smell, somatosensory), conditional reward, and changes in reinforcement (error detection, extinction). The findings are used as a basis for understanding the neural basis of emotion. A network model of how the OFC may perform these functions is described, and is applied to explain how the region may accomplish reversal learning.
The role of human orbitofrontal cortex in reward prediction and behavioral choice: insights from neuroimaging
Authors: O'Doherty John P. , Dolan Raymond J.
Published: February 2010

In order to survive, most animals including humans need to be able to learn and adapt flexibly their behavior so that optimal choices can be made in an uncertain environment. This chapter reviews functional neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies on the nature of the orbitofrontal cortices (OFC) contribution to adaptive and flexible behavior in humans. These studies indicate that the OFC encodes the reward and punishment value of stimuli, maintains flexible representations of predicted reward and punishment value (using both stimulus substitution and CS-specific coding mechanisms), encodes errors in reward prediction, and signals future behavioral choice. The OFC shows heterogeneous response profiles with distinct regions mediating each of these functions. The relationship of the OFC to other brains regions processing reward is also discussed.
Intracranial electrophysiology of the human orbitofrontal cortex
Authors: Adolphs Ralph , Kawasaki Hiroto , Oya Hiroyuki , Howard Matthew A.
Published: February 2010

This chapter describes studies exploring the functions of the orbitofrontal cortex using invasive neurophysiological methods in humans. The neurosurgical implantation of depth electrodes is limited to clinical settings, but provides a unique opportunity to measure directly neural activity. After describing techniques for intracranial recording and analysis, the chapter focuses on activity recorded in relation to positive and negative emotional stimuli involving facial expressions and scenes. Studies relating activity to expectation of reward and punishment in tasks such as the Iowa Gambling Task are also described. These studies reveal a complex range of response properties in orbitofrontal neurons consistent with a role in emotion, decision making, and social processing. Of particular interest are responses that were observed to aversive visual stimuli, and also responses with remarkably short latencies, suggesting that neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex may participate in relatively rapid, automatic processing of threat-related stimuli.
Orbitofrontal cortex activation during functional neuroimaging studies of emotion induction in humans
Authors: Dougherty Darin D. , Shin Lisa M. , Rauch Scott L.
Published: February 2010

This chapter reviews orbitofrontal activation during emotion induction in neuroimaging studies of humans. Against the backdrop of prevailing theories of emotion, as well as the general neuroanatomy of emotional processing, techniques for emotion induction are outlined, and the role of the orbitofrontal cortex is explored. These studies range from script induced emotions to exposure to emotional facial expressions. The chapter concludes that the orbitofrontal plays an important role in the production of affective states, as well as affective and autonomic regulation. These functions are mediated through interactions between orbitofrontal and other cortical, paralimbic, limbic, and sub-cortical structures.
The orbitofrontal cortex and anxiety disorders
Authors: Milad Mohammed R. , Rauch Scott L.
Published: February 2010

This chapter reviews contemporary neurocircuitry models of anxiety disorders, with a focus on the role of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). In addition to human neuroimaging studies, findings from animal research are also considered, with emphasis on fear conditioning and extinction paradigms. The anatomical distinction between medial and lateral OFC is highlighted; medial OFC has been implicated in rewards and conditioned fear extinction recall, whereas reciprocally the lateral OFC has been implicated in evaluating punishers and mediating negative affects. As similarities and differences across the anxiety disorders are explored, the distinction is made between: 1) exaggerated ‘bottom-up’ amygdala responses; 2) failure of ‘top-down’ control by the medial OFC; and 3) excessive lateral OFC activity in concert with striatum. In this way, the clinical phenomena associated with the various anxiety disorders are linked to sub-territories of OFC, and understood in terms of their anatomical connections and the normal functions these neural circuits subserve.
Pseudopsychopathy: a perspective from cognitive neuroscience
Authors: Koenigs Michael , Tranel Daniel
Published: February 2010

In 1975, Blumer and Benson coined the term ‘pseudopsychopathy’ to describe the personalities of a subset of frontal lobe patients who lacked adult tact and restraint. In contrast to conventional, or developmental, psychopathy, in which psychopathic traits emerge in childhood and adolescence with no gross structural brain lesion, pseudopsychopathic behaviors arise following brain injury. This chapter reviews data linking pseudopsychopathy to damage to the orbitofrontal and neighboring ventral mesial cortex. The neuropsychological profile of pseudopsychopaths is described with reference to deficits in decision making, emotion, and autonomic functioning, despite relatively normal performance on traditional neuropsychological measures. The data are interpreted in light of clinical and laboratory explorations linking social and moral behavior with lower mesial and orbital cortices.
Frontotemporal dementia and the orbitofrontal cortex
Authors: Lu Po H. , Khanlou Negar , Cummings Jeffrey L.
Published: February 2010

Patients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) manifest severe behavioral and personality alterations associated with orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) dysfunction. This chapter provides a review of the clinical features, neuropathology, neuroimaging, genetics, and neuropsychology of FTD as well as presenting two prototypical cases that provide a clinical picture of the disorder. Neuropathological and neuroimaging studies have identified the OFC as the brain region most prominently involved in the frontal-variant of FTD. The neuroanatomy, circuitry, and functions of the OFC are summarized, emphasizing its role in emotional and social cognition. Theories involving deficits in recognition of emotional expression, decision-making, and theory of mind have been proposed to explain the mechanism underlying the clinical expression of FTD, and the OFC is intimately involved in studies examining the neural basis underlying these deficits.
5 Powers and Possibilities: The Megarics (Theta 3)
Authors: Beere Jonathan
Published: February 2010

This chapter analyzes the third chapter of Metaphysics Theta, where Aristotle discusses the view of ‘certain people; for instance the Megarics’. Aristotle says that these people espouse a view about ‘can’ statements that sounds bizarre on first hearing: something can do something only when it is engaged in doing it. Aristotle does not explain why they held their view. And one wonders why Aristotle bothers to respond to the view, given that he himself says that it is easy to see that intolerable consequences follow from it (1046b32-3). It is argued that Aristotle was interested the vagueness of ‘can’ statements: he wanted to use the Megarics as a foil in order to clarify and make more precise what it takes to have the power to do something. The Megarics failed to distinguish between the conditions under which a thing has a power and the conditions under which a power is exercised. A further important theme is thereby sounded: the relationship between powers and their exercise, which is intimately connected with the relationship between capacities and their energeiai.
6 Possibility and the Future (Theta 3 and 4)
Authors: Beere Jonathan
Published: February 2010

This chapter shows how in the latter part of Theta 3 and in Theta 4, Aristotle elaborates on the distinction between power and possibility, which played such a crucial role in his rebuttal of the Megarics. First, he focuses on possibility in its own right (Theta 3). Then he discusses the relationship between possibility and the future (Theta 4). This discussion explains and supports the assumption from his rebuttal of the Megarics that statements about the future are true (or false) only if they will necessarily turn out true (or false) at the relevant time.
10 Interlude: TheEnergeia‐KinēsisDistinction (Theta 6)
Authors: Beere Jonathan
Published: February 2010

This chapter comments briefly on a remarkable passage: 1048b18-35. The passage distinguishes two kinds of actions (praxeis): some are changes (kinēseis), others are energeia. It manages to have both of the following distinctions: it is one of the most discussed, and most often presupposed, passages in Aristotle, but it is also one of the greatest textual cruxes in the Aristotelian corpus. Ryle took the Passage to have anticipated his own views about the logic of verbs such as ‘see’. This has spurred extensive discussion. Yet some manuscripts of the Metaphysics omit the passage entirely. Even the manuscripts that do contain the passage have it in a very corrupt form.
11 Being‐in‐Capacity (Theta 7)
Authors: Beere Jonathan
Published: February 2010

This chapter analyzes Theta 7, where Aristotle shifts the focus of his discussion from being-in-energeia to being-in-capacity. The project of Theta 6 was to get us to grasp the concept of being-in-energeia. In the course of that discussion, we are to have seen the correlation between certain energeiai and certain powers in the strict sense (Theta 6); then to have grasped a much broader class of energeia (Theta 6); then also to have extended the notion of power correlatively (implicit in Theta 7). Theta 7's question about being-in-capacity presupposes that we are not entirely in the dark about the concept, and also that there is something important yet to learn about it. The formulation further suggests that we should be interested in when things are not in capacity, since it makes extra mention of this. And in fact, Aristotle's doctrine turns out to be quite restrictive. Many things that might have been thought to be in capacity are ruled not to be in capacity.
12 Being‐in‐Capacity and Matter (Theta 7)
Authors: Beere Jonathan
Published: February 2010

This chapter continues the discussion of Theta 7, focusing on matter in connection with being-in-incapacity. The passage deals with two connected issues: the way in which a composite substance is related to its own matter, and the question of what the ultimate matter underlying all natural changes must be like. The chapter shows how Aristotle's adjectival conception of matter helps make possible his claim that there are composite substances. Against the background of the rival conception of matter, we will be able to understand both the internal coherence of this text and its philosophical significance.
14 The Bad Itself (with Speculations on Goodness) (Theta 9)
Authors: Beere Jonathan
Published: February 2010

This chapter analyzes Theta 9, focusing on three intimately connected concepts: that for-the-sake-of-which, the end, and the good. Theta 9 offers reasoned argument that eternal principles (if there are any) are perfect and that there cannot be any bad ultimate principles. Aristotle has found a way to articulate a theory of badness, on which badness turns out not to be the opposite of goodness. Rather, badness is posterior to the capacities that are for the sake of good energeiai. Sometimes, badness is a mere privation, the non-fulfillment of a capacity (as when a power's action encounters interference, or when the capacity for health is not exercised). Sometimes, badness is the misuse of a capacity. Sometimes, badness is the ‘proper’ use of a perverted capacity, as in vicious action. In every case, goodness and badness are related not as opposites, but rather as prior and posterior. Thus Aristotle can continue to maintain, about each pair of opposites, that there is a single science of them; and that either both, or neither, are principles. His commitment to the superlative goodness of the ultimate principle does not require that his science also contains an opposite principle. The goodness of the ultimate principle just is its energeia (which is also its very being [ousia]). Not being the exercise of a capacity, this energeia could not possibly fail to occur or have anything opposed to it.
Chapter 2 Trophic dynamics of communities
Authors: Verhoef Herman A. , Olff Han
Published: February 2010

Although much of the attention to the trophic dynamics of communities is theoretical, empirical data on the different types of dynamics and the underlying mechanisms are increasingly reported. The dynamics of small food web modules, or simple webs, are compared with those of complex interactions. Food web modules are described as small systems that possess explicit dynamics. They can be seen as building blocks to construct more realistic food webs, which are subsets of the true complexity in trophic interactions in real ecosystems. It has been stated that in small food webs oscillating consumer-resource interactions occur in natural systems and that in chains of three or more levels trophic cascades seem to be important. Finally, new studies on the dynamics of complex interaction webs are mentioned, focusing on the consequences of specific patterning of interaction strengths across the web for the stability of the overall system.
Chapter 5 Increasing spatio-temporal scales: metacommunity ecology
Authors: Chase Jonathan M. , Bengtsson Janne
Published: February 2010

A metacommunity consists of several local communities connected by dispersal. A metacommunity perspective helps to synthesize community ecology across spatial scales, and provides insights into the spatial mechanisms causing variation in species coexistence, strengths of species interactions and patterns of local and regional diversity. For example, while increasing the rate of dispersal among habitats can often lead to higher diversity of species, high dispersal can also homogenize the variation among communities (e.g. lower among-site variation (β-diversity) and increase predation intensity. An explicit consideration of scale, and, in particular, the relationship between local (α-diversity) and regional (γ-diversity), as mediated through β-diversity, will provide insights into the mechanisms underlying the structure of metacommunities. Finally, an explicitly spatial perspective must recognize the potential importance of movement of organisms and materials across traditional taxonomic (e.g. different trophic levels) and ecosystem (e.g. aquatic, terrestrial) boundaries.
Chapter 7 Applications of community ecology approaches in terrestrial ecosystems: local problems, remote causes
Authors: van der Putten Wim H.
Published: February 2010

One of the greatest challenges facing applied ecologists is to elucidate causes of unwanted developments in natural and production ecosystems, and to translate this knowledge into management decisions without causing unintended side-effects. Such a strategy requires interventions based on solid understanding of the underlying mechanisms, as well as proper predictions of future direct and indirect effects of the interventions. Good applied ecological research quite often may reveal our shortage of knowledge, which in turn will fuel fundamental research initiatives. Community ecology plays a key role in many aspects of applied ecology because the abundance of species strongly depends on competitive and predatory interactions among species that are part of food webs. Food web interactions are major drivers of ecosystem processes, and they are key to the delivery of ecosystem goods and services.
Chapter 10 Community ecology and Management of Salt Marshes
Authors: Bakker Jan P. , Kuijper Dries P.J. , Stahl Julia
Published: February 2010

Communities at salt marshes feature interactions between sedimentation, nutrient availability, plant growth and natural herbivores such as geese and hares. We elucidate these interactions along a productivity gradient in which hares can retard succession for several decades and facilitate geese. Eventually, natural succession results in the dominance of a single tall grass species resulting in the eviction of the natural vertebrate herbivores. Large herbivores such as livestock are needed to set back the successional clock and facilitate for geese and hares. The conclusion is that, without management by livestock grazing, salt marshes mature, which will have negative implications for the diversity of their communities.
Mixed Multiscale Finite Element Methods on Adaptive Unstructured Grids Using Limited Global Information
Authors: Aarnes J. E. , Efendiev Y. , Hou T.Y. , Jiang L.
Published: February 2010

We study mixed multiscale finite element methods (MsFEM) on unstructured coarse grids. Unstructured grids are often used when highly heterogeneous reservoirs are discretized via irregular anisotropic fine grids. Our study is motivated by the development of coarse-scale models for coupled flow and transport equations in a multi-phase system. An unstructured coarse grid is often used to upscale the transport equation with hyperbolic nature in a highly heterogeneous reservoir. Solving the flow equation on the same coarse grid provides a general robust coarse-scale model for the multi-phase flow and transport at a low CPU cost. We present numerical results when both the flow and transport equations are solved on the coarse grid. Numerical examples involve highly channelized permeability as well as a 3-D reservoir model using an unstructured fine grid. In all examples, we show that our approach can provide an accurate approximation of the resolved solution at a much lower cost. We also study the convergence of the mixed multiscale finite element method on unstructured coarse grids.
Estimation and Control of Modeling Error: A General Approach to Multiscale Modeling
Authors: Oden J.T. , Prudhomme S. , Bauman P.T. , Chamoin L.
Published: February 2010

This chapter describes a class of computational methods designed to handle multiscale modeling of large atomistic or molecular systems. The key to this approach is the estimation of relative modeling error in which errors in quantities of interest produced by averaging or homogenization are computed using a posteriori error estimates. The error is judged to be the relative error between the fine-scale base model and any number of surrogates produced by homogenization. Features of modeling the atomistic to continuum interface are also addressed. Specific applications of the methodology are described that involve analyzing polymer etch barriers that are used in nano-manufacturing of semi-conductors. The basic adaptive modeling strategy employs goal-oriented adaptation in which fine-scale information is systematically added to hybrid molecular-continuum models until the appropriate level of accuracy in certain quantities of interest is achieved.
Component Software for Multiscale Simulation
Authors: Shephard M.S. , Nuggehally M.A. , FranzDale B. , Picu C.R. , Fish J. , Klaas O. , Beall M.W.
Published: February 2010

Building on a general abstraction of the steps and transformations of a multiscale analysis, this chapter considers an approach to the development of multiscale simulation in which interoperable components can be effectively combined to address a wide range of multiscale simulations. Key concerns in the development of these interoperable components are maximizing the ability to use existing single simulation tools and supporting adaptive simulation control methods. In addition to indicating specific tools that have been developed to support multiscale simulations, an example adaptive atomistic/continuum simulation procedure is demonstrated.
3 Technological Learning, Policy Regimes, and Growth: The Long‐Term Patterns and Some Specificities of a ‘Globalized’ Economy
Authors: Castaldi Carolina , Cimoli Mario , Correa Nelson , Dosi Giovanni
Published: February 2010

This chapter offers a frame of interpretation for the international patterns of technological innovation and diffusion, and their relations with income growth, in general, but with a particular emphasis on the possible role played by the so-called “globalization” processes of the last couple of decades. It provides a background for the discussion of the role of policies in different countries and different historical periods presented in the chapters that follow. The chapter argues that neither the contemporary evidence nor the theory supports the view that globalization naturally goes hand-in-hand with international convergence: in quite a few cases, the opposite holds. Rather, policy variables continue to be fundamental to the engineering of development processes.
12 Growth and Development in China and India: The Role of Industrial and Innovation Policy in Rapid Catch‐Up
Authors: Dahlman Carl J.
Published: February 2010

This chapter reviews and compares the role of industrial policies in the development of China and India, looking for insights into rapid catch-up strategies. It argues that industrial policy and infant industry protection have been important in the development of both China and India, and that they would not be the strong global players they are if they had not had some industrial policy, even if some key policy elements differentiate the performance of the two countries and relate to how they have tapped into global knowledge as well as to their education strategies. The chapter also discusses three critical issues: how they were they able to avoid having their industries become permanent infants, what was the role of lax intellectual property protection, and to what extent will they be able to go beyond imitation to technology development.
17 Competition Policy and Industrial Development
Authors: Possas Mario L. , Borges Heloisa
Published: February 2010

Competition policy, especially antitrust, is not usually seen as part of an industrial policy framework. In fact, these are often viewed as conflicting with each other. This chapter discusses the role that should be ascribed, under a broadly defined “evolutionary” framework, to competition policy within or at least related to industrial policies. It argues that above a certain development threshold, competition policies and other industry-fostering policies tend to be complementary rather than in conflict with each other. In this light, the chapter discusses the experience of selected developed economies as well as newly industrialized ones, examining both competition and industrial policies alongside the process of industrial development.
7 Plato's two Hesiods
Authors: Ford Andrew L.
Published: February 2010

This chapter examines the extent to which Hesiodic poetry became associated with specific contexts of reading, from the courts to school-room teaching and philosophical debate. The Theogony and Works and Days acquired a very different Sitz im Leben by the time Plato encountered them. Indeed, their very status as texts ‘in their own right’ (i.e. outside specific contexts of consumption), and the idea of an overarching Hesiodic oeuvre, appear to have become rather less important to many readers than the traditions and institutions of reading that had accrued around specific passages.
13 Hesiod in theTimaeus: The Demiurge addresses the gods
Authors: Regali Mario
Published: February 2010

This chapter looks at Timaeus 41a, where the demiurge addresses the gods, and shows how Hesiodic reminiscences enable Plato to combine the need for a memorable account with a claim to superior sophistication. Hesiod's well-known etymology dia (‘through’) = Dia (Zeus) triggers an intellectual journey from Hesiodic poetry to a Platonic understanding of the world.
Federal Tradition(s) and the European Union
Authors: Schütze Robert
Published: February 2010

Modern federal thought emerges in the wake of the Westphalian State system. In an attempt to make sense of the “Unions of States” that existed in the seventeenth century, classic international law conceives them in treaty terms. Federal Unions are based on a foedus – an international treaty – that safeguards the sovereignty of its Member States. The emergence of the United States of America at the end of the eighteenth-century triggers the greatest semantic revolution in the history the federal principle. Federalism comes to be identified with a mixed structure between international and national organisation. When this second tradition crossed the Atlantic, Europe’s obsession with indivisible sovereignty pressed the novel ideas into a third format – the national tradition of federalism. This Chapter analyses the European Union in light of these federal traditions. In particular, it explores the analytical potential of the American federal tradition for understanding the he European Union; and examines three constitutional denials of the European federal tradition.
The Decline of Constitutional Exclusivity
Authors: Schütze Robert
Published: February 2010

To what extent has European constitutionalism recognized mutually exclusive legal spheres? The question has two dimensions and this Chapter analyses them in two sections. Section I, investigates the extent to which the Community legal order respects exclusive State powers. In the last half-century, the European sphere has been expanding into ever more policy areas. In addition to “big revisions”, “small revisions” could be effected by means of Article 308 – the Community’s “Necessary and Proper Clause” – and the Community “Commerce Clause(s)”: Articles 94 and 95 EC. The second section of this Chapter changes perspective and analyses a range of constitutional devices that were developed to restrict or relativise the Community’s own exclusive powers. Not only would the European Court go against its own interpretive methodology and deform the scope of exclusive competences. It has also accepted a dramatic emasculation of the concept of exclusive competence through the medium of the delegation doctrine.
Excursus: A Foreign Affairs ‘Exception’?
Authors: Schütze Robert
Published: February 2010

Is Europe’s foreign affairs federalism “exceptional”? What is the nature of the Community’s implied external competences: exclusive, concurrent or shared? The theory of subsequently exclusive powers constituted a signal in favour of the theory of dual federalism in the external sphere. Why did the Community legal order originally favour a dual federal rationale in the external sphere? This Chapter proposes that the answer may lie in the originally ambivalent normative relationship between European law and the international powers retained by the Member States. With the supremacy issue still in suspense, the Court moved down the more aggressive route of constitutional exclusivity. The Court’s “flight into dual federalism” blocked the Member States’ “flight into international law”. However, dual federalist theory has increasingly lost touch with Europe’s cooperative federal practice. This is illustrated in the context of the ERTA doctrine. Today, many of Europe’s express or implied foreign affairs powers are shared powers.
Behind the Berlin Wall
Authors: Major Patrick
Published: February 2010

Few historical changes occur literally overnight, but on 13 August 1961 18 million East Germans awoke to find themselves walled in by an edifice which was to become synonymous with the Cold War: the Berlin Wall. This new history rejects traditional, top‐down approaches to Cold War politics, exploring instead how the border closure affected ordinary East Germans, from workers and farmers to teenagers and even party members, ‘caught out’ by Sunday the Thirteenth. Party, police, and Stasi reports reveal why one in six East Germans fled the country during the 1950s, undermining communist rule and forcing the eleventh‐hour decision by Khrushchev and Ulbricht to build a wall along the Cold War's frontline. Did East Germans resist or come to terms with immurement? Did the communist regime become more or less dictatorial within the confines of the so‐called ‘Antifascist Defence Rampart’? Using film and literature, but also the GDR's losing battle against Beatlemania, Patrick Major's cross‐disciplinary study suggests that popular culture both reinforced and undermined the closed society. Linking external and internal developments, Major argues that the GDR's official quest for international recognition, culminating in Ostpolitik and United Nations membership in the early 1970s, became its undoing, unleashing a human rights movement which fed into, but then broke with, the protests of 1989. After exploring the reasons for the fall of the Wall and reconstructing the heady days of the autumn revolution, the author reflects on the fate of the Wall after 1989, as it moved from demolition into the realm of memory.
Introduction: The Frontiers of Power
Authors: Major Patrick
Published: February 2010

This chapter opens by discussing the role of frontiers in history as both symbolic projections of power and means of controlling population movements. The reader is introduced to Albert Hirschman's model of exit, voice and loyalty in explaining the flight or fight options available to East Germans before and after the Wall. The introduction also acquaints readers with new East German sources, in particular mood reports (Stimmungsberichte) and petitions (Eingaben), which have enabled the book's overall perspective of history ‘from below’, in contrast with Cold War history's traditional preoccupation with high politics.
Crossing the Line: Republikflucht between Defection and Migration
Authors: Major Patrick
Published: February 2010

Examines the motives for Republikflucht or ‘flight from the Republic’, the GDR's term for defection to the West. After a brief discussion of the merits of political and economic explanations for the exodus, which accounted for one in six East Germans, the chapter charts the flights using the detailed statistics compiled by the GDR's Volkspolizei. The impact is explored of political campaigns, for instance ahead of the insurrection of 1953 or accompanying the 1958 economic campaigns outlined above. Particular weight is given to economic motivations, especially from the mid‐1950s. Finally, the author suggests that ‘situational factors', regarding an individual's fortunes during and after the Second World War, one's subsequent political exposure within the party and state apparatus, and one's personal psychology, were an often ignored trigger for the final decision to leave. The chapter uses a mixture of official GDR police and Stasi reports, as well as letters from leavers and West German interviews. Collectively, East Germans were able to blackmail the system with the threat of flight, even if they did not choose to leave.
Holding the Line: Policing the Open Border
Authors: Major Patrick
Published: February 2010

Turns to the counter‐measures to the open border in the fifties, adopted by East German authorities forced to walk a tightrope between repression and liberalization, either of which could accelerate flights to the West. The regime's inbuilt tendency to identify ideological factors and conspiracy theories as motives was coupled with a blind spot to the fundamental reasons driving away its citizenry. Instead, the apparatus was often blamed for the superficial handling of policy. Schemes in the early 1950s to recruit West Germans proved fanciful. More problematic was the drastic curtailment of legal travel to the Federal Republic in 1952, which petitions reveal to have caused considerable internal discontent, only partially defused by travel liberalization following the June 1953 uprising. Certain key groups such as the intelligentsia were bought off with privileges which antagonized other sections of the population. The author's research also reveals the importance of ‘legal’ defections on holiday visas in the mid‐1950s, and of the criminalization of Republikflucht in December 1957 in shifting the pattern of flights to Berlin as the easy outlet to the West. The chapter finishes by showing the police and Stasi's frantic efforts to seal off Greater Berlin with a human cordon in 1960, followed by the final decision in 1961 to resort to a physical wall.
Walled in: 13 August 1961
Authors: Major Patrick
Published: February 2010

Traces local responses by East Germans to Sunday the Thirteenth—13 August 1961—the day the Berlin Wall was erected. Initial reactions were stunned, but the prohibition of visits from West Berliners ten days later hardened responses. The author compares political and emotional reactions to the (seemingly) final division of Germany as well as the severing of family ties. The limited number of local strikes and stoppages is considered in some detail, as well as the state's cranking up of the judicial apparatus to arrest regime critics and instil a new sense of state authority. The East German state was most successful where it could isolate recalcitrants, such as in the countryside. Other groups, such as doctors, academics, and engineers found that they were not facing the clamp‐down they had feared. These short‐term successes and compromises are weighed against failed productivity drives on the shop‐floor, recruitment drives for the armed forces and campaigns to deter ‘western’ television viewing, suggesting some continuities with the pre‐Wall GDR.
In the Shadow of the Wall: Coming to Terms with Communism
Authors: Major Patrick
Published: February 2010

Examines the longer‐term impact of the Wall, which induced some East Germans to come to terms with the system in ways in which the open border of the 1950s had prevented. The chapter examines generational responses to the border closure, as well as regional differences between Berlin and the provinces. The brief period of liberalization behind the Wall from 1963–65 is also considered in its effects on the economy, but in particular the attempts to placate the younger generation. The phenomenon of Beatlemania behind the Wall is traced in some detail, before its repression in the autumn of 1965. Furthermore, the intellectual battles for and against the Wall are reconstructed between Günter Grass in West Berlin and the Academy of Arts in East Berlin, as well as the literary treatment of the Wall in the works of Christa Wolf and others. The case is examined of singer–songwriter Wolf Biermann, effectively expelled from the GDR in 1976, and its ramifications on the GDR's artistic elite, who increasingly turned from inner to outer emigration. The chapter concludes with the broader economic corrosion of the GDR by West German currency and the regime's own system of duty‐free shops.