bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Study on the Effect of Combined Methanolic Leaf Extracts of Vernonia amygdalina and Gongronema latifolium and Metformin on the Pancreatic beta cells of Streptozocin Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats
Authors: Akpaso Mfon Isua , Igiri A. O. , Odey P. A.
Published: May 2017

The effects ofÂ  methanolic leaf extracts of Vernonia amygdalina (VA) (Bitter leaf) and Gongronema latifolium (GL) (Utazi) and metformin on the histology and the DNA of the pancreas of streptozocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats were investigated in this study. 24 male albino rats which were divided into four groups of six rats each were used for this work: A (Normal control) and B (Diabetic control) received tap water, C received 5mg/kg of Metformin daily, D received combined extract of VA and GL, 400mg/kg twice daily. Groups B â€“ D animals were induced for diabetes by intraperitoneal injection of 45mg/kg of Streptozocin, Following sacrifice, the pancreas and blood were collected for histopathological and biochemical studies. The results revealed normal exocrine and endocrine pancreas in group A. In group B, the pancreatic islets cells were shrunken with signs of degeneration and inflammation. In the group that received metformin, the islet appeared shrunken. In group D, the pancreas showed prominent and normal acinar and islet cells, suggestive of a possible regeneration. Feulgenâ€™s reaction showed damage to the DNA of group B which was almost completely reversed in group D. The blood glucose in group B was significantly higher (P<0.05) compared to group A. In all the treatment groups, the blood glucose was significantly reduced (p<0.05) compared to group B.Â  Administration of methanolic leaf extracts of Vernonia amygdalina and Gongronema latifolium especially in combination restores pancreatic beta cells damaged by STZ compared to metformin.Â
REVISTA DE REVISTAS
Authors: GAPP Revista
Published: May 2017

Revista de revistas
Claves de la emergente políticamedioambiental española: sostenibilidad,gobernanza y europeización
Authors: Arias Maldonado Manuel , Valencia Sáiz Ángel
Published: May 2017

Aunque la política ambiental ha experimentado un proceso de normalización dentro del marco general de las políticas públicas, todavía conserva un cierto grado de excepcionalidad debido a su propio tema: las relaciones socio-naturales. Dicha singularidad se deriva de las complejidades técnicas y la creciente globalización de los problemas ambientales. En este sentido, la política medioambiental española ha dependido tradicionalmente de la Unión Europea como fuente normativa. Como tal, debe reorganizarse de acuerdo con el nuevo marco teórico para la política ambiental, basado en la sostenibilidad, la modernización ecológica y la gobernanza ambiental. Sin embargo, la europeización del desarrollo sostenible muestra varios límites, que señalan la contradicción entre protección y desarrollo que resume la encrucijada en que se encuentra la política ambiental.
Políticas públicas y discapacidad en la Unión Europea
Authors: Schobert Lizárraga Lorena
Published: May 2017

En este texto analizaremos las políticas públicas en materia de discapacidad en la Unión Europea, mediante el análisis de los principales documentos normativos de las instituciones comunitarias, los documentos de las ONG dedicadas (principalmente las españolas) y los artículos publicados en revistas en los últimos diez años. años. Se intenta demostrar cómo una entidad supranacional resuelve el desafío de promover una defensa importante de las personas con capacidades especiales.
La institucionalización de la evaluación educativa no universitaria en España
Authors: García Sánchez Ester
Published: May 2017

Este artículo analiza el proceso de institucionalización de la evaluación en el campo de la educación no universitaria española. Nos centramos en las dos tendencias principales del proceso. El primero está relacionado con el desarrollo de la práctica evaluativa. Este desarrollo comenzó a principios de los años ochenta, cuando se llevaron a cabo algunas evaluaciones de programas en el contexto de la reforma del sistema educativo. El segundo tiene que ver con la independencia cada vez mayor de la evaluación de la investigación educativa más general, es decir, con el surgimiento de la evaluación como un campo de trabajo especializado y específico. Concluimos con algunas consideraciones críticas sobre las fortalezas y debilidades del proceso de institucionalización y los problemas que se deben enfrentar en el próximo futuro
Regulación y calidad de los servicios públicos liberalizados
Authors: Costas Antón
Published: May 2017

Las industrias de servicios en general, incluyendo la banca y los servicios financieros, seguros, servicios profesionales, pensiones, sanidad y servicios públicos domiciliarios, han estado sometidas en los últimos años a un generalizado proceso de liberalización. Este proceso ha sido especialmente intenso en el caso de las industrias de servicios públicos de red (public utilities): telecomunicaciones, electricidad, gas, agua, transporte y servicios postales. En esencia, la liberalización ha buscado introducir mayor eficiencia en la prestación de estos servicios a través del aumento de la competencia entre proveedores, en un proceso que ha ido acompañado en muchos países de la privatización de los antiguos monopolios públicos y que, implícitamente, prometía un cambio en la estructura de oferta, un incremento de la competencia entre proveedores, el fomento de la eficiencia de los operadores, una reducción generalizada de los precios y el desarrollo de la calidad de los servicios de las empresas.
Caminos paralelos, deficiencias comunes: aproximación a los modelos públicos de recursos humanos en España y Portugal
Authors: Bouzas Lorenzo Ramón , Varela Álvarez Enrique José
Published: May 2017

Este artículo describe la evolución de los modelos de servicio civil portugueses y españoles.Además de destacar las principales medidas tomadas en la gestión de recursos humanos, el documento examina la influencia deLos programas de modernización implementados por ambas Administraciones en sus propios modelos de servicio civil.Finalmente, se identifican los altibajos derivados de las prácticas de gestión de recursos humanos, así como los desafíos que ambas Administraciones deben enfrentar en los próximos años.
REVISTA DE REVISTAS
Authors: GAPP Revista
Published: May 2017

REVISTA DE REVISTAS
Model AIDA: Pola Penggunaan Media Sosial dalam Meningkatkan Kepuasan Penjualan di Toko Online Goldies Hijab
Authors: Poetra Reza Riesnanda , Christantyawati Nevrettia
Published: May 2017

This research would to answer the following research questions: how the patterns of use of social media in increasing sales satisfaction in the online store goldies hijab?      This research data overall obtained and collected through questionnaires, observation and documentation (written data) which was then analyzed using descriptive statistical methods then the conclusions drawn through quantitative techniques, with deductive mindset. The results of this study concluded:      First, when seen from awerness, patterns of use of social media to increase sales satisfaction in the online store goldies hijab in the category of neutral 50 respondents or 50%, this is because the pattern of use of social media has had a negative impact on importers and positive impact on the seller for profit ride. While as many as 45 respondents or 45% categorized as positive as negative impact if done. And as much as 5 or 5% of respondents categorized as negative, because the pattern of use of social media does not have a negative impact if not done.      Second, when seen from the interest, the pattern of use of social media to increase sales satisfaction in the online store goldies hijab in the category neuter as many as 40 respondents or 40%, this is because the pattern of use of social media has a negative impact on the material or materials production and positive impact on production as orders increase. While as many as 55 respondents or 55% categorized as positive as negative impact if done. And as much as 5 or 5% of respondents categorized as negative, because the pattern of use of social media does not have a negative impact if not done.      Third, when seen from the desire, the pattern of use of social media to increase sales satisfaction in the online store goldies hijab in the category of neutral as much as 65 respondents or 65%, this is because the pattern of use of social media has had a negative impact on the desire to have a product and a positive impact on menjul desire a product. While as many as 33 respondents or 33% categorized as positive as negative impact if done. And as much as 2 or 2% of respondents categorized as negative, because the pattern of use of social media does not have a negative impact if not done.      Fourth, when viewed from the action, media usage patterns sosialdalam increase sales satisfaction in the online store goldies hijab. In the neutral category by 56 respondents or 56%, this is because the pattern of use of social media has had a negative impact on the actions of buyers and positive impact on the selling action. While as many as 44 respondents or 44% categorized as positive as negative impact if done. And as much as 0 or 0% of respondents categorized as negative, because the pattern of use of social media does not have a negative impact if not done.Keywords: AIDA, Online Marketing, Social Media
Etiological profile of benign esophageal stricture and its management with through-the-scope endoscopic balloon dilation in the western region of Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Umid Kumar
Published: May 2017

Background: Benign esophageal stricture is a common cause of dysphagia with a considerable morbidity and endoscopic balloon dilatation (EBD) is a minimally invasive modality for its treatment. The aim of present study was to determine the etiology of benign esophageal stricture and to evaluate the role of EBD in its management in the western region of Nepal.Methods: This is a prospective descriptive study from December 2012 to September 2016, in which a total of 44 patients with esophageal stricture having benign lesion, confirmed in histopathological examination, were included. Wire-guided through-the-scope EBD of esophageal stricture was performed with Controlled Radial Expansion Balloon to relieve the stricture and the procedure was repeated every two weeks until the symptoms of dysphagia was relieved. The patients were followed up on three months and six months for the assessment of recurrence of dysphagia.Results: Among 44 patients of benign esophageal stricture [mean age 51.5 years (± 15.6; range 18 to 75 years), male 54.5%, female 45.5%], the frequency of different etiology was 54.5% peptic injury, 18.2% post-radiotherapy, 15.9% idiopathic, 6.8% corrosive ingestion and 4.5% eosinophilic esophagitis. A total of 75 sessions of dilations were performed for 44 patients who had various degrees of dysphagia prior to each session. Among them, increased number of sessions of EBD was needed for stricture caused by corrosive ingestion, post radiotherapy and eosinophilic esophagitis (p<0.001). The technical success rate for EBD was 100% and there was no any perforation or other complication during the procedure except for minor bleeding at the site of stricture dilation. After a session of one or more dilations, all patients could maintain a solid diet at 6 months of follow up.Conclusions: Peptic stricture was the commonest cause of benign esophageal stricture followed by post-radiotherapy, idiopathic, corrosive ingestion and eosinophilic esophagitis in the western region of Nepal. The stricture caused by radiotherapy, corrosive ingestion and eosinophilic esophagitis required more sessions of EBD. When performed carefully by an experienced endoscopist, through-the-scope EBD is safe and effective in treating benign esophageal strictures.Journal of Advances in Internal Medicine Vol.5(2) 2016: 29-33
Primary tumor location found to impact prognosis and response to therapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer
Authors: Barton Mary Kay
Published: May 2017

Key Points

Patients with mCRC with a left‐sided primary tumor carry a better prognosis than patients with tumors originating on the right side.

Adding cetuximab to chemotherapy improves outcomes for patients with left‐sided tumors, but not for those with right‐sided ones.

Side of origin should be considered when deciding on therapeutic regimens for patients with mCRC.
Oman's Diverse Society: Northern Oman
Authors: Peterson J.E.
Published: May 2017

Although the majority of Oman's population is Arab and either Ibadi or Sunni Muslim, the country exhibits a wealth of diversity in ethnic groups and native languages. While these other groups are often small in total size, they are represented in such areas as politics and commerce
in numbers disproportionate to the weight of their communities and, although distinctive, are more or less woven into the social fabric of the country. Ethnic identity seems likely to decline as the various communities increasingly mix in education, the workplace, residential areas, social
functions, the military, and elsewhere. This article provides brief “snapshots” of these groups and assesses their changing status in Omani society.
Iran's International Posture After the Fall of Baghdad
Authors: Ehteshami Anoushiravan
Published: May 2017

Iran's interwoven and complex domestic political structures should be set against an equally complex, dynamic, and unstable regional system, if one is to understand fully the relationship between the domestic and regional forces governing Iran's foreign policy-making. These matters
are addressed in this article in the context of the new regional realities created by the fall of the Iraqi regime in April 2003.
Between Islamists and Liberals: Saudi Arabia's New “Islamo-Liberal” Reformists
Authors: Lacroix Stéphane
Published: May 2017

The last few years in Saudi Arabia have witnessed the rise of a new trend made up of former Islamists and liberals, Sunnis and Shi'ites, calling for democratic change within an Islamic framework through a revision of the official Wahhabi religious doctrine. These intellectuals have
managed to gain visibility on the local scene, notably through a series of manifestos and petitions, and their project has even received support from among the Royal Family. Indeed, the government has since then taken a number of preliminary steps towards political and religious reform. But
does this mean that Saudi Arabia is about to enter the era of Post-Wahhabism?
No One Will Scratch My Back: Iranian Security Perceptions in Historical Context
Authors: Mokhtari Fariborz
Published: May 2017

Iranians support a policy of deterrence because their perception of Iran's security is colored by historical experiences. For Iranians, geopolitical realities together with national psychology define national security. This article attempts to explain the national psychology, and in
doing so point to a path of US-Iranian policy convergence. The United States should avoid making the mistake Britain made in 1951, making an oil royalty issue a matter of national pride for Iranians. The current nuclear dispute could turn into an object of Iranian national pride, liberty,
and independence. The question whether a nation without access to a nuclear fuel cycle could be anything other than a dependent consumer, has already been posed.
Chaos, Globalization, and the Public Sphere: Political Struggle in Iraq and Palestine
Authors: LeVine Mark
Published: May 2017

Much of the literature on the contemporary Middle East explores the relationship of strong, authoritarian states with Islamist groups; the professional literature also has examined the role of strong societies with weak states. There has been less study of the role of the various players
in weak states with weak societies. This article examines the cases of Palestine and Iraq, two societies undergoing occupation and with weak state structures, and the role of Islamist and other movements within them.
Syria's Relations with Iran: Managing the Dilemmas of Alliance
Authors: Lawson Fred H.
Published: May 2017

Syria's relations with Iran illustrate the importance of what Glenn Snyder calls the “alliance dilemma.” Efforts to strengthen the strategic partnership with Tehran have had a direct impact on Damascus's policies toward regional rivals. Nevertheless, the connection between
the alliance game and the adversary game is not as straightforward as one might think. Whenever one ally adopts a posture of moderate hostility toward an adversary, the other is likely to engage in initiatives that might entrap both of them in unwanted conflicts. But if one partner assumes
an inordinately hostile stance toward an adversary, the other tends to restrain itself for fear of being caught up in a general war. Likewise, when one ally makes moderate overtures to a rival, the other takes steps to realign preemptively. But if one partner acts in an extremely conciliatory
manner toward an adversary, the other is more apt to shore up the alliance than to look for new partners. Making sense of the connection between Syria's alliance with Iran and its recent policies toward Turkey, Iraq, and Israel requires a reformulation of the alliance dilemma.
Synthesis and enzymatic ketonization of the 5-(halo)-2-hydroxymuconates and 5-(halo)-2-hydroxy-2,4-pentadienoates
Authors: Stack Tyler M M , Jr. William H Johnson , Whitman Christian P
Published: May 2017

5-Halo-2-hydroxymuconates and 5-halo-2-hydroxy-2,4-pentadienoates are stable dienols that are proposed intermediates in bacterial meta-fission pathways for the degradation of halogenated aromatic compounds. The presence of the halogen raises questions about how the bulk and/or electronegativity of these substrates would affect enzyme catalysis or whether some pathway enzymes have evolved to accommodate it. To address these questions, 5-halo-2-hydroxymuconates and 5-halo-2-hydroxy-2,4-pentadienoates (5-halo = Cl, Br, F) were synthesized and a preliminary analysis of their enzymatic properties carried out. In aqueous buffer, 5-halo-2-hydroxy-2,4-pentadienoates rapidly equilibrate with the β,γ-unsaturated ketones. For the 5-chloro and 5-bromo derivatives, a slower conversion to the α,β-isomers follows. There is no detectable formation of the α,β-isomer for the 5-fluoro derivative. Kinetic parameters were also obtained for both sets of compounds in the presence of 4-oxalocrotonate tautomerase (4-OT) from Pseudomonas putida mt-2 and Leptothrix cholodnii SP-6. For 5-halo-2-hydroxymuconates, there are no major differences in the kinetic parameters for the two enzymes (following the formation of the β,γ-unsaturated ketones). In contrast, the L. cholodnii SP-6 4-OT is ≈10-fold less efficient than the P. putida mt-2 4-OT in the formation of the β,γ-unsaturated ketones and the α,β-isomers from the 5-halo-2-hydroxy-2,4-pentadienoates. The implications of these findings are discussed. The availability of these compounds will facilitate future studies of the haloaromatic catabolic pathways.
О проверке конгруэнтности аккретивных матриц
Authors: Ikramov Khakim Dododzhanovich
Published: May 2017

Конечный вычислительный процесс,
использующий только арифметические операции, будем называть
рациональным алгоритмом. В настоящее время не известен
рациональный алгоритм, позволяющий проверить
конгруэнтность произвольных комплексных матриц $A$ и $B$.
Ситуация может быть иной, если $A$ и $B$ принадлежат
тому или иному классу специальных матриц. Существуют, например,
рациональные алгоритмы для случаев, когда обе матрицы эрмитовы
или унитарные. В настоящей публикации предложены
рациональные алгоритмы для проверки конгруэнтности аккретивных
или диссипативных матриц $A$ и $B$.
Библиография: 5 названий.
La educación ambiental no formal, una ventana fértil al Desarrollo Rural Sostenible de la cuenca productora de agua Molino Norte, Matagalpa
Authors: Dávila Castillo Karla Patricia
Published: May 2017

El presente ensayo está referido al nivel de preeminencia que posee la educación ambiental desde sus tres dimensiones (formal, no forma, informal), no obstante, en este estudio se aborda la educación ambiental desde el plano no formal, como eje generador de sostenibilidad en la cuenca productora de agua Molino Norte, Matagalpa, en el que se propone la creación de un programa formativo con basamento en teorías de sostenibilidad, desarrollo rural, visión conjunta, constructivismo social, acción participativa, teoría bioecológica-sistémica, preocupación ambiental y conducta ecológica.En la actualidad, se cuenta con un marco legal constituidos en foros, cumbres, asambleas; a nivel internacional, nacional y local, en el que se logra firmar acuerdos y compromisos consensuados por la mayoría de las naciones del mundo. Sin embargo, hay que considerar, que tradicionalmente los modelos de gestión ambiental han estado basados en un enfoque reduccionista de los problemas ambientales, puesto que se han dirigido más hacia la corrección de los mismos que a la prevención. Además, se observa claramente la ejecución de acciones aisladas, surgidas de la nada y estas realmente deben responder a fundamentos teóricos-prácticos que permitan alcanzar equilibrio entre el aprovechamiento del recurso natural y su conservación-protección, es decir, manejar sosteniblemente los recursos del territorio, de forma incluyente, equitativo y sustentable hasta para el mejorar la calidad de vida de sus habitantes.
Det avgjørende demokratiet: Perspektiver fra Midtøsten og Nord-Afrika
Authors: Høigilt Jacob
Published: May 2017

Den nylig utgitte arab human development report hevder at demokrati er av avgjørende betydning for menneskelig og økonomisk utvikling i Midtøsten og Nord-Afrika.
Når penger står på spill
Authors: Abdel-Fadil Mona
Published: May 2017

En gruppe unge egyptiske menn har fått tak i en “undervisningsfilm” (slang for pornografisk film). Ingen av dem har video hjemme, og de løper gatelangs i Kairo for å finne et sted de kan få sett den uforstyrret.
Dansk erhvervsliv i Mellemøsten
Authors: Beukel Lone
Published: May 2017

Publiceringen af de 12 tegninger af Profeten Muhammed i den danske avis Jyllands-Posten medførte hvad der i Danmark blev betegnet som den største udenrigspolitiske krise i nyere tid. Dansk erhvervsliv var hårdt ramt af den omfattende boykot, men er nu atter ved at finde tilbage til niveauet fra før boykotten.
Trying to help, shaping hte place to come
Authors: Halevi Ilan
Published: May 2017

In spite of the diversity of national situations, there is undoubtedly a Scandinavian dimension in political culture, not only economic and environmental, but also in the field of foreign policy. This is particularly true insofar as the Middle East, and the Palestinian-Israeli conflict in particular, is concerned.
Bensinfastsettelsen i Kuwait
Authors: Krüger Ingrid Bjartveit
Published: May 2017

I den oljerike gulfstaten Kuwait har regjeringen holdt de innenlandske bensinprisene uendret siden 1999. Kuwaits styre ser ut til å ha gått i vranglås med en kostbar politikk. Regjeringens bensinprisfastsettelse betinges av den forventede motstanden fra det folkevalgte parlamentet, som igjen avhenger av den forventede motstanden hos parlamentets velgere.
Er Tyrkia USAs nye modell i Midtøsten?
Authors: Tank Pinar
Published: May 2017

Sent i 2003 lanserte USA sin visjon for utviklingen av demokrati i Midtøsten, det såkalte Greater Middle East Initiativ (GMEI), som et ledd i krigen mot terror. Det nye trusselbildet åpnet opp strategiske muligheter for Tyrkia, og ga det nyvalgte Rettferd- og utviklingspartiet, AKP, en gyllen mulighet til å profilere Tyrkia i ny drakt.
Fra krig til fred: 1990-2005 - Libanon etter Taif-avtalen
Authors: Knudsen Are
Published: May 2017

I år er det 15 år siden den blodige libanesiske borgerkrigen tok slutt. Landets økonomiske, politiske og sosiale problemer, som var blant de utløsende årsakene til krigens utbrudd, er fremdeles uløste i dagens Libanon.
Empowering community at the Lebanese margins
Authors: Moghnieh Lamia
Published: May 2017

In 2009, the Red Cross started implementing a communitybased health program for marginalized regions in Lebanon. While designed to privilege equal community participation and local knowledge, community-based programs sometimes end up disempowering the marginalized communities they serve, thereby reifying global principles of health, participation and community.
Frå global jihad til lokalpolitikk: Om utviklinga av militant islamisme i den palestinske flyktningleiren Ain al-Hilwe
Authors: Sogge Erling Lorenzen
Published: May 2017

Ain al-Hilwe var lenge prega av brutale kampar mellom Fatah og den jihadi-salafistiske militsen Usbat al-Ansar. I dag har partane jamlege møte på den palestinske ambassaden i Beirut, der dei tar felles avgjerder om sikkerheitspolitikken i leiren. Kva skuldast denne utviklinga?
Targeting women with violence in Egyptian politics
Authors: Osama Wafaa
Published: May 2017

“Those men attacked me and beat me brutally and tore my clothes and underclothes until I was naked… The police was standing there, watching… It was clear those were the orders of the police. I caught the hooligan who tore my clothes. But he was helped to escape by the police.” - rabea fahmy, lawyer
"This war is predominantly about women": Orientalistiske diskurser om kvinnemishandling
Authors: Thorbjørnsrud Berit
Published: May 2017

Bestselgeren «Burned Alive» fremstiller livet i en palestinsk landsby som en dødsfelle for kvinner. Hvordan brukes æresmord, og andre overgrep mot kvinner, til å bekrefte forestillingen om Vestens overlegenhet?
Folket alle glemte
Authors: Fransson Line
Published: May 2017

Etter 58 år som tredjerangs borgere i Israel har landets minoritet, de palestinske araberne, fått nok. Nå krever de å bli behandlet som likeverdige innbyggere i landet de er født og oppvokst i.
Fra motstandsbevegelse til ... hva?
Authors: Kverme Kai
Published: May 2017

Betyr Hizbullahs nedtoning av målet om en islamsk stat i Libanon at organisasjonen har slått inn på en pluralistisk kurs? Ikke nødvendigvis. Det finnes flere andre grunner, både i fortida og nåtida, til at dette målet ikke lenger framheves av Hizbullah.
Kollektiv erindring om Al-Nakba
Authors: Havro Hilde Lysengen
Published: May 2017

“Jeg elsker bestemoren min. Hun er alle palestineres bestemor, fordi hun er minnene om Palestina.” (Nimer (16), Al-Azzeh flyktningleir, Betlehem). Korleis skal 1948 erindrast i israelsk og palestinsk historie? For palestinarane var det ein katastrofe, for dei israelske jødane ein fridomskamp.
Motstand og politikk i Irak
Authors: Tønnessen Truls Hallberg
Published: May 2017

Den irakiske opprørsbevegelsen oppsto som en reaksjon på det amerikanske nærværet i Irak, og den amerikanske tilbaketrekningen representerer dermed et eksistensielt dilemma for opprørsbevegelsen. Deler av bevegelsen har forsøkt å løse dette dilemmaet ved å fokusere på mer politiske virkemidler.
Ideologisk forløper for den grønne bevegelsen
Authors: Selvik Kjetil
Published: May 2017

En tankesmie assosiert med Mir Hossein Musavi skisserte rammen for «muslimsk levemodus» i forkant av 2009-valget i Iran. Hva var dens visjon for den islamske republikken?
Rättslig och politisk kritik mot velayat-e faqih
Authors: Fazlhashemi Mohammad
Published: May 2017

Doktrinen om den rättslärdes styre, velayat-e faqih, har varit föremål för omfattande kritik. På vilka grunder riktas kritik mot denna doktrinen?
Politisk og religiøs identitet blant kurdere i det syriske Jazira
Authors: Rydningen Even Nord
Published: May 2017

Kurderes svar til Assad-regimets diskriminering og ekskluderende politiske strukturer, splitter det syrisk-kurdiske samfunnet.
Islamisk satellit-tv og staten
Authors: Galal Ehab
Published: May 2017

Etableringen af islamiske satellitkanaler udfordrer de arabiske staters og det religiøse etablissements patent på udlægningen af den muslimske identitet. At kanalerne alligevel synes at blive accepteret af de arabiske stater, hænger sammen med en samtidig universalisering og individualisering af islam.
Golfmonarkiene: Mer variasjon enn olje kan forklare
Authors: Selvik Kjetil
Published: May 2017

Teorien om renteniststaten tegner et statisk og endimensjonalt bilde av politikk i oljestater. Det er behov for et nytt blikk på Golfen som ser forbi det stiliserte bildet av oljesjeikers dominans av innbyggere gjennom ritualiserte bestikkelser.
For Gud og friheten: Politiske salafier i kuwait og Saudi-Arabia
Authors: Utvik Bjørn Olav
Published: May 2017

Salafi-fromheten er kjent for sitt fokus på detaljer i klesdrakt og livsførsel. Men i Kuwait og Saudi-Arabia fører viktige bevegelser kravet om streng etterlevelse av religionens bud over på den politiske arenaen, og krever folkets rett til å velge og kontrollere herskerne.
Motvillige forhandlingspartnere?
Authors: Tiller Stian Johansen
Published: May 2017

Det palestinske flyktningproblemet er og har alltid vært hovedproblemet i fredsforhandlinger rundt Israel-Palestinakonflikten. Ifølge tradisjonell israelsk historieskrivning var de arabiske statene aldri interessert i fred. En gjennomgang av de tidligste fredsforhandlingene viser imidlertid at det var araberstatene som gikk lengst i å forsøke å løse nøkkelproblemet i forhandlingene.
Når kvinder kommer til orde
Authors: Galal Ehab
Published: May 2017

Arabisk religiøst tv har lanceret en lang række programmer henvendt til kvinder, der handler om alt fra samfundsproblematikker, religiøs fortolkning til livsstilsspørgsmål. Programmerne giver ikke kun nye bud på muslimske kvindeidentiteter, men bryder med tabuiserede temaer som fx vold mod kvinder, prostitution og den kvindelige biologi.
Gammel fremtid eller demokratisk fortid? Arkeologiske perspektiver på Israel/Palestina-konflikten
Authors: Østigård Terje
Published: May 2017

Hva skjer når religiøse og ideologiske forestillinger legges til grunn for arkeologisk forskning?
Hizbollahs irakiske profil?
Authors: Hove Søren
Published: May 2017

Hizbollah har siden den israelske tilbagetrækning fra Sydlibanon i maj 2000 mistet sin umiddelbare raison d’ être. Uden den israelske fjende i Libanon er bevægelsen kastet ud i en identitetskrise. Bevægelsen står splittet mellem på den ene side en pragmatisk integration i libanesisk politik samtidig med, at man på den anden side også ønsker at opretholde imaget som en kæmpende milits. Irak-krigen kan i den forbindelse vise sig nyttig som et led i Hizbollahs profilering.
Libya: 35 år med Gadafi
Authors: Stenslie Stig
Published: May 2017

I september 2004 var det 35 år siden Mu’ ammar al-Gadafi grep makten i Libya. Hans regime feiret seg selv, men den store folkefesten uteble. I hvilken grad er libyerne tilfreds med sin hersker?
Maryam Jameelah og den seksuelle frigjøringen
Authors: Skramstad Siri Helene
Published: May 2017

Er Midtøsten kjønnsfiksert? er det spissformulerte temaet for dette nummeret av Babylon. For den populistiske skribenten maryam jameelah, gjerne assosiert med den islamistiske organisasjonen Jama’ at- i Islami i Pakistan, er kjønnsroller forordnet av Gud og egentlig ikke et tema for diskusjon. Men Vesten truer med urent tankegods, og tvinger muslimer til å ta til motmæle.
Brorskap for heterofile menn
Authors: Sømme Hammer Anders
Published: May 2017

Lederne i det muslimeske brorskapet i egypt insisterer på at de er moderne og vil arbeide innenfor demokratiske rammer. Kvinnelige presidenter og homofile kan de imidlertid ikke akseptere.
Islamsk teologi som ideologisk slagmark
Authors: Høigilt Jacob
Published: May 2017

Hvordan ser en islamsk frigjøringsteologi ut? Og hvorfor er en slik teologi så farlig i Egypt at den har ført til rettssak og drapstrusler?
Hvilken Shari'a? Problemer knyttet til begrepet
Authors: Abdel-Fadil Mona
Published: May 2017

Begrepet shari’ a oversettes gjerne med “islamsk lov” eller “hellig lov”, og blir ofte anvendt som om det var et selvforklarende begrep, uten ytterligere redegjørelse. Det henvises gjerne til shari’ a som noe som bestemmer så mangt, eksempelvis statsdannelser, lovverk, det rituelle forholdet til Gud, kjønnsrelasjoner og så videre. Med andre ord: Man får inntrykk av at shari’ a er meget avgjørende for muslimer verden over. Men hva er egentlig shari’ a? Og refereres det nødvendigvis alltid til den sammen shari’ aen?
Fatwaernes genkomst
Authors: Skovgaard-Petersen Jacob
Published: May 2017

Hvad er islams syn på kommunisme, på onani, på gevinstopsparing, eller organdonation? Hvis en lægmand ønsker svar på sådan et spørgsmål, kan han eller hun henvende sig til en muslimsk lærd, der så har pligt til at svare eller henvise videre. Et sådant svar kaldes en fatwa, det at give fatwaer kaldes futya eller ifta,og den der giver en fatwa kaldes en mufti.
Sanksjoner og Irans atomprogram
Authors: Hiberg Naghizadeh Mikael
Published: May 2017

Vestlige sanksjoner har vært brukt mot Iran i mange år uten resultater. Det har fått forskere til å stille spørsmål ved sanksjoner som virkemiddel. I 2015 gikk Iran likevel med på en avtale om landets atomprogram etter intensivert sanksjonsbruk. Hvorfor lyktes sanksjonspolitikken tilsynelatende så mye bedre denne gangen?
Å balansere på en knivsegg: Mot sosialt sammenbrudd blant unge palestinere i Øst-Jerusalem
Authors: Høigilt Jacob
Published: May 2017

Hvordan forklare den såkalte «knivintifadaen» i Israel og på Vestbredden høsten 2015 og våren 2016? En analyse av situasjonen for unge i Jerusalem gir svar.
Fanatismens seier? Jihadismens frammarsj i den arabiske verdenen
Authors: Lia Brynjar
Published: May 2017

Jihadismens frammarsj som ideologi og global opprørsbevegelse er blant de mest fremtredende utviklingstrekkene i Midtøsten de siste 15 årene. Hvordan har jihadistbevegelsen kunnet vokse seg så mye sterkere i tidsrommet etter 11. september-angrepene, samtidig som usa og dets allierte i regionen har brukt enorme ressurser på nettopp å nedkjempe opprørsgrupper og nettverk knyttet til al-Qaida og den bredere jihadistbevegelsen?
Dobbel forpliktelse eller dobbel standard? Det internasjonale samfunnet og spørsmålet om nasjonal selvbestemmelsesrett i Palestina
Authors: Butenschøn Nils
Published: May 2017

Fredsoppgjøret etter første verdenskrig ga startssignal til Israel/Palestina-konflikten slik vi kjenner den i dag. Rammene som ble lagt av seierherrene skapte fundamental uklarhet om retten til landet, en uklarhet som fortsatt preger den internasjonale debatten om en varig fredsløsning.
Hvilket Libanon? Reform av et nedarvet politisk system
Authors: Tørhaug Hilde
Published: May 2017

Libanons politiske system baserer seg på representasjon etter religiøs tilhørighet. Systemet ble institusjonalisert under Frankrike i mandattiden, men har den senere tid vært gjenstand for debatt. Hvilket prinsipp bør ligge til grunn for politisk representasjon i et land med så mange minoriteter?
Tunesiens indirekte arv fra den franske protektorat
Authors: Haugbølle Rikke Hostrup
Published: May 2017

Den ideologi, der blev grundlaget for alt i det nye selvstændige Tunisien, videreføres af det siddende regime i dag. Også på en række andre områder er Tunesien præget af den post-protektorate arv. En stor del af årsagen til, at såvel økonomiske som politiske reformer ikke har medført pluralisme og demokrati skal findes netop i det faværende opgør med denne post-protektorate arv.
Saudiske jenter på avveie (s. 32-43)
Authors: Winsnes Oda Myran
Published: May 2017

Kulturelle markører utgjør en egen utfordring i oversettelsesarbeid. Hva skjer egentlig når saudiske kallenavn, hodeplagg og gudspåkallelser skal oversettes fra arabisk til norsk og engelsk?
Biblical Reflections in the Arabic Lexicon (s. 58-67)
Authors: Issa Rana
Published: May 2017

The 1857 translation of the bible left the indelible impress of American missionaries on modern Arabic. This translation was a dialogic success in a process that intended (but partly failed) to enforce a synchronization of Arab society along Western Protestant lines.
The Serial and the Book in Nineteenth-Century Britain: Intersections, Extensions, Transformations
Authors: Brake Laurel
Published: May 2017

In the nineteenth-century book trade in the UK, the proliferation of the book as a cheap reading format developed at the same time as an increase in literacy, the popularity of fiction and the novel, the rise of circulating libraries, and an explosion of the press, especially the repeal of taxes between 1855-1861 on newspaper sheets, advertisements, and paper. These many factors combined to foster a significant interdependence between the serial and the book. This article notes the variety of serial forms in the period: magazine instalments; part-issue; three-volume novels; and book series or “Libraries” of cheap reprints, and it explores differences among book editions. It examines the constant traffic created by this interdependence including remediation between periodical articles and fiction in periodicals and books, largely from periodical to book, but also in the opposite direction, as periodicals routinely printed reviews of books, often with long extracts. It argues that renowned British authors, scientists and historians were journalists, and shows how their work is routinely found in popular as well as literary discourses. “Authors” were also editors and sometimes proprietors of journals, while book publishers created house magazines to lure authors to contracts with initial remuneration, followed by book publication. The piece will also discuss how publication of longer works in successive instalments affects the form of the novel or non-fiction narrative.
De prince des poètes à prince des ondes radiophoniques : étude de la trajectoire de Robert Choquette à la lumière d’une poétique historique des supports
Authors: Bernier Stéphanie
Published: May 2017

Salué par la critique et récompensé pour son oeuvre, Robert Choquette est l’un des poètes canadiens-français les plus reconnus de sa génération. Parallèlement à sa production poétique, l’écrivain fait figure de pionnier dans l’écriture radiophonique. Existe-t-il un fil conducteur entre ces deux moments de la trajectoire de l’écrivain, entre la littérature « traditionnelle » et celle d’une modernité médiatique? Comment s’articule chez Robert Choquette le passage du médium livre à celui de la radio? Le noeud de ce basculement se trouve à notre avis dans la décennie 1930. À ce moment, Choquette fait non seulement ses premiers pas à la radio, mais il occupe également le poste de directeur littéraire de La Revue moderne. Son travail à la revue constitue d’après nous un moment décisif dans le déploiement d’une oeuvre « intermédiatique », révélant l’étonnante polyvalence d’une production capable de s’adapter à différents supports. Dans cet article, nous proposons d’étudier l’influence de ces trois médiums (livre-revue-radio) sur la production des années 1930 de Robert Choquette, à la lumière d’une poétique historique des supports, telle que théorisée par Marie-Ève Thérenty.
Nouveaux mouvements sociaux et partis politiques au Québec : un défi organisationnel ?
Authors: Pelletier Réjean , Guérin Daniel
Published: May 2017

La présence de nouveaux mouvements sociaux (NMS) représente-t-elle un défi pour les partis politiques établis ? Nous avons choisi de répondre à cette question en nous concentrant sur le défi organisationnel, considéré à la fois sous l’angle des motivations pour adhérer à un mouvement social ou à un parti politique, ce qui est à la base même de toute organisation, et sous l’angle de la conception que l’on a de sa propre organisation. Reposant sur des interviews menées auprès d’une quarantaine de militants et militantes, certains appartenant à des NMS (groupes environnementaux et groupes de femmes) et d’autres aux deux principaux partis politiques au Québec, cette recherche montre que deux visions s’opposent : l’une ciblée sur une seule cause dans les NMS, l’autre plus englobante dans les partis. Ces deux visions apparaissent irréconciliables, d’autant plus que chacun manifeste un certain scepticisme à l’égard des actions politiques de l’autre. De même, l’organisation hiérarchisée et centralisée des partis contraste fortement avec les structures souples et simples des NMS. Malgré tout, au lieu de parler de défi et d’opposition entre les deux, nous suggérons de parler plutôt de complémentarité.
Approche intersectionnelle, théorie postcoloniale et questions de différence dans les féminismes anglo-saxons et francophones
Authors: Maillé Chantal
Published: May 2017

Ce texte s’intéresse aux travaux féministes récents qui ont porté sur les questions de différence, notamment aux courants de l’analyse intersectionnelle et du féminisme postcolonial. La première partie du texte propose une synthèse des textes canoniques de ces deux courants et fait état des résistances présentes au sein des féminismes de la francophonie à l’endroit d’une analyse décentrée d’un sujet-femme universel. La deuxième partie aborde le projet politique du féminisme postcolonial et montre comment ce genre d’analyse permet de rendre compte de l’influence des legs coloniaux sur les rapports de pouvoir présents au sein des féminismes de la francophonie.
Towards mass-grave protection guidelines
Authors: Klinkner Melanie
Published: May 2017

In the aftermath of conflict and gross human rights violations, victims have a right to
know what happened to their loved ones. Such a right is compromised if mass graves are not
adequately protected to preserve evidence, facilitate identification and repatriation of
the dead and enable a full and effective investigation to be conducted. Despite guidelines
for investigations of the missing, and legal obligations under international law, it is
not expressly clear how these mass graves are best legally protected and by whom. This
article asks why, to date, there are no unified mass-grave protection guidelines that
could serve as a model for states, authorities or international bodies when faced with
gross human rights violations or armed conflicts resulting in mass graves. The paper
suggests a practical agenda for working towards a more comprehensive set of legal
guidelines to protect mass graves.
Endoglucanase activity at a second site in Pyrococcus furiosus triosephosphate isomerase—Promiscuity or compensation for a metabolic handicap?
Authors: Sharma Prerna , Guptasarma Purnananda
Published: May 2017

The eight‐stranded (β/α)8 barrel fold known as the Triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) barrel is the most commonly observed fold in enzymes, displaying an eightfold structural symmetry. The sequences and structures of different TIM barrel enzymes suggest that nature exploits the modularity inherent in the eightfold symmetry to generate enzymes with diverse enzymatic activities and, in certain cases, more than one catalytic activity per enzyme. Here, we report the discovery, verification, and characterization of such an additional activity, a novel endoglucanase/cellulase activity in what is otherwise a triosephosphate isomerase from the hyperthermophile archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus (PfuTIM). The activity is seen in two different ranges of temperatures, with one maximum at 40 °C and a second maximum close to 100 °C. The endoglucanase/cellulase activity is inhibited by norharman, a TIM inhibitor, which is suspected to bind at a site different to that of the regular substrate, glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate (G3P). However, endoglucanase/cellulose activity is not inhibited either by G3P analogs or by glycine‐scanning mutations involving residues in loops 1, 4, and 6 of PfuTIM, which are known to be important for TIM activity. It appears, therefore, that two different sites on PfuTIM are responsible for the observed TIM and endoglucanase activities. We discuss possible correlations between this discovery and certain unusual features of the glycolytic pathway in P. furiosus.

Enzyme

Pyrococcus furiosus Triosephosphate isomerase (EC:5.3.1.1)
Low‐dose suramin in autism spectrum disorder: a small, phase I/II, randomized clinical trial
Authors: Naviaux Robert K. , Curtis Brooke , Li Kefeng , Naviaux Jane C. , Bright A. Taylor , Reiner Gail E. , Westerfield Marissa , Goh Suzanne , Alaynick William A. , Wang Lin , Capparelli Edmund V. , Adams Cynthia , Sun Ji , Jain Sonia , He Feng , Arellano Deyna A. , Mash Lisa E. , Chukoskie Leanne , Lincoln Alan , Townsend Jeanne
Published: May 2017

Objective

No drug is yet approved to treat the core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Low‐dose suramin was effective in the maternal immune activation and Fragile X mouse models of ASD. The Suramin Autism Treatment‐1 (SAT‐1) trial was a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, translational pilot study to examine the safety and activity of low‐dose suramin in children with ASD.

Methods

Ten male subjects with ASD, ages 5–14 years, were matched by age, IQ, and autism severity into five pairs, then randomized to receive a single, intravenous infusion of suramin (20 mg/kg) or saline. The primary outcomes were ADOS‐2 comparison scores and Expressive One‐Word Picture Vocabulary Test (EOWPVT). Secondary outcomes were the aberrant behavior checklist, autism treatment evaluation checklist, repetitive behavior questionnaire, and clinical global impression questionnaire.

Results

Blood levels of suramin were 12 ± 1.5 μmol/L (mean ± SD) at 2 days and 1.5 ± 0.5 μmol/L after 6 weeks. The terminal half‐life was 14.7 ± 0.7 days. A self‐limited, asymptomatic rash was seen, but there were no serious adverse events. ADOS‐2 comparison scores improved by −1.6 ± 0.55 points (n = 5; 95% CI = −2.3 to −0.9; Cohen's d = 2.9; P = 0.0028) in the suramin group and did not change in the placebo group. EOWPVT scores did not change. Secondary outcomes also showed improvements in language, social interaction, and decreased restricted or repetitive behaviors.

Interpretation

The safety and activity of low‐dose suramin showed promise as a novel approach to treatment of ASD in this small study.
Examination of Hydroxychloroquine Use and Hemolytic Anemia in G6PDH‐Deficient Patients
Authors: Mohammad Samya , Clowse Megan E. B. , Eudy Amanda M. , Criscione‐Schreiber Lisa G.
Published: May 2017

Objective

Some sources urge caution when prescribing hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) to patients with G6PDH deficiency, presumably due to a risk of hemolytic anemia. There are limited published data, however, to support this risk. Additionally, not all patients with G6PDH deficiency are at similar risk for hemolysis, and people with the African variant are at particularly low risk. Through a retrospective chart review, we aimed to quantify the frequency of G6PDH‐deficient patients with hemolysis attributed to HCQ.

Methods

We identified Duke University Medical Center rheumatology patients with HCQ use and a measured G6PDH level. A retrospective chart review was performed, recording demographics, G6PDH levels, episodes of anemia, laboratory values consistent with hemolysis, and HCQ use.

Results

Of the 275 patients reviewed, 84% were female; 46% were African American and 48% were white. The leading diagnoses were systemic lupus erythematosus (32%), rheumatoid arthritis (29%), and inflammatory arthritis (14%). Only 4% of patients were G6PDH deficient (all African American). Two G6PDH‐deficient patients had hemolysis during severe lupus flares that occurred while not taking HCQ. There were no reported episodes of hemolysis in more than 700 months of HCQ exposure among the 11 G6PDH‐deficient patients.

Conclusion

This is the largest study to date evaluating G6PDH deficiency with concurrent use of HCQ. Of 11 patients with G6PDH deficiency, 2 had episodes of hemolysis, but these did not occur during HCQ therapy. These data do not support routine measurement of G6PDH levels or withholding HCQ therapy among African American patients with G6PDH deficiency.