bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Immune Imbalance of Treg/Th17 in Otitis Media of Effusion Patients May Be Related to PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Activation in the Middle Ear Mucosa
Authors: Tang Zhiyuan , Zeng Xianhai , Li Juanjuan , Zhang Hua , Wu Hancheng , Zhuang Suqing , Zheng Yiqing
Published: October 2020

Objective: To assess whether secretory otitis media may be caused by immune imbalance of Treg/Th17 mediated by PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling, so as to find new therapeutic target.Methods: IL-17, TGF- and IL-6, IL-10 and Th17 cytokines were detected in peripheral blood of OME patients (PC group) and healthy people (NC group) by ELISA. The expression of ROR t mRNA and Foxp3mRNA in PBMC was detected by RT-PCR. OME rat model was established and the changes of lymphocytes in middle ear mucosa and spleen and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling in middle ear mucosa were detected by HE staining, IHC, WB and flow cytometry.Results: The immune imbalance of Treg/Th17 in secretory otitis media (OME) was confirmed by the expression of cytokines in OME serum and analysis of ROR T and Foxp3 mRNA which was Th17 and Treg specific transcription respectively. OME rat model further confirmed that Treg/Th17 imbalance could lead to OME as demonstrated by staining of MIDDLE ear mucosa and expression of ROR T and Foxp3. PI3K, Akt, and mTOR proteins were expressed in the MIDDLE ear mucosa of OME group and CON group, respectively. Compared with CON group, the expression of P-MTOR and P-PI3K proteins in the middle ear mucosa of OME group was significantly increased.Conclusions: Treg/Th17 imbalances are found in OME patients and OME animal model and the pathogenic mechanism may be due to systemic abnormal immune response, activated PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling, abnormal T cell differentiation, leading to middle ear mucosal hyperemia, edema and subsequent occurrence of OME.
Traditional Chinese Medicine for Stroke Treatment Inhibits Abnormal Amyloid Precursor Processing in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Tan Yan , Xu Zihui , Zhang Jiani , Yang Ke , He Fang , Sun Ping , Zhang Ce , Gu Ruoxi , Zhang Yali , Wang Yalei , Wang Xu , Liu Tonghua , Hua Qian
Published: October 2020

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has a long history in oriental countries for its therapeutic benefits with stroke therapy, and improves cognitive deficits in those patients, but the potential impact on Alzheimer’s disease therapy remains unknown. Objective: To address this issue, in vitro, we have examined the effects of four types of TCMs selected from the ginsenoside family of drugs that are currently used in clinical stroke therapy on APP processing, DengZhanXiXin (D1), TongLuoJiuNao (T2), QingKaiLing (Q3) and HuangQinGan (H4). Materials and methods: APP, BACE1 and C99 stable transfected cells have been used to test the APP processing. The Aβ production, BACE1, NEP and γ-secretase activity were assessed by ELISA, RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Results: In this study, D1 increases Aβ production but reduces the ratio of Aβ42/Aβ40 by up-regulating BACE1 activity; T2 reduces Aβ production and Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio by down-regulating BACE1 activity and modulating γ-secretase expression; Q3 reduces Aβ production by down-regulating BACE1 activity; H4 does not change Aβ production by the compromising effects on down-regulating BACE1 and NEP activity. Conclusion: These studies suggest that these four anti-stroke TCMs show different mechanisms on APP processing, and have the potential to be used in Aβ clearance; particularly, T2 with relatively simple components and evident effects in APP processing may be a promising candidate for the treatment of AD.
Analysis of Liver Function Difference in Severe and Non-severe COVID-19 Patients
Authors: Liu Yufeng , Li Lei , Jiang Shouwei , Liu Yao , Wang Jiabei , Liu Lianxin
Published: October 2020

The authors have requested that this preprint be removed from Research Square.
On air “sensed temperature” in Russia’s northern regions and its significance for geological prospecting
Authors:   Institute of Geology and Geochemistry UB RAS, Ivanov Kirill S. , Kostrov Nikolai P. ,   Institute of Geology and Geochemistry UB RAS
Published: October 2020

Research aim is digital estimation of air “sensed temperature” for Arctic and other cold areas of Russia. Relevance of the work is determined by Arctic geological survey for oil and gas prospecting. Research methodology includes the generalization of the results of previous studies and the application of some new ideas. Results. All measures of temperature senses can be divided into two classes: those based on the thermal balance equation and empirical ones. Without exception, no “effective” temperatures have a universal character and their use is good only for those regions for which they were developed. For Siberia and Russian Arctic segment, it is possible to apply “reduced temperature” by Adamenko-Khairullin based on information on wind speed, air temperature and radiation balance. The latter can be measured with actinometers or estimated from publications. Sphere thermometer readings give directly sensed temperature provided that the sphere has a proper diameter. Nevertheless there is not onevalued universal methodology to calculate air “sensed temperature” mentioned in weather forecast. The authors simplified “sensed temperature” calculations as much as possible. Field of implementation. Digital estimation of air “sensed temperature” is essential for geological prospecting in the northern territories of Russia. Conclusion. There is an objective need in “sensed temperature” calculations including operational decisions in industries working in Arctic conditions. Three simple but effective formulas for “sensed temperature” of air were supposed for the biggest part of Russia’s northern territories.
UrSMU participation in the Erasmus+ MINERAL international scientific and educational program called Modernization of Geological Education in Russian and Vietnamese Universities
Authors: Beliaev Vladislav
Published: October 2020

Research aim is to analyze the experience of the universities participating in the project which, on the basis of modern Internet technologies, creates a single educational space and co-education under the educational programs developed in accordance with the of the Bologna process standards. Research relevance. The introduction of e-learning and distance technologies is one of the main directions of increasing the educational process effectiveness and globalization. Research methodology. To analyze the experience of Russian and foreign universities in the implementation of e-learning and electronic documentation, the method of expert assessments was applied and actual indicators of training management in the participating universities were used. Results. The testing of innovative technologies was carried out by organizing scientific and methodological seminars of the consortium participants. It has been established that the most effective means of organizing a system of international cooperation is the dissemination, mechanism of project results distribution. Main dissemination tools have been formulated. Practical recommendations for the implementation of e-learning have been developed. Scope of the results. The research results can be used in various international programs of academic mobility and applied in the educational process of Russian and foreign universities.
Improving the efficiency of tunneling underground mine workings with the use of blasthole charges with Munroe effect
Authors:   Almalyk branch of the National research and technology university MISiS, Umarov Farkhodbek , Nasirov Utkir ,   Almalyk branch of the National research and technology university MISiS, Nutfulloev Gafur ,   Almalyk branch of the National research and technology university MISiS, Nazarov Zoir ,   Navoiy State Mining Institute, Sharipov Lazizzhon ,   Navoiy State Mining Institute
Published: October 2020

Introduction. Various techniques of breaking rock by explosion have currently been developed when tunneling underground mine workings, but asymmetrically directed stress fields application is of the main interest. Research aim is to study explosion energy distribution and maximum concentration deep down the blasted rock mass. Blast energy concentration may be achieved by using the principle of cumulation in the hole back by means of changing the design of the blasthole explosive charge. Methodology. Based on the analyzed literature and theoretical research it is recommended to use the design of a blasthole explosive charge with the use of Munroe effect, which makes it possible to increase the blasthole efficiency ratio (BER), reduce drilling activity, reach sharper design contours of mine workings and eliminate bootlegs. The action of blasthole explosive charges with Munroe effect has been theoretically investigated, hydrodynamic theory of cumulation has been studied, and the dependences have been determined between the liner’s collapsing angle alternation and the radius of the cone, its height, initial velocity, and cumulative jet velocity. Results. The main factors which determine the efficiency of the proposed new technique of blasting against the basic technique are the blasthole efficiency ratio, face advance pace after one blast, the amount of rock mass detached after one blast, and the granulometric composition of the blasted rock mass. Summary. The developed design of the blasthole explosive charge with Munroe effect makes it possible to increase BER, face advance per one cycle, and increase the amount of the broken rock mass.
Angren coal pit Centralny landslide slope stability analysis based on a three-dimensional geological-geophysical model
Authors:   OJSC KuzbassGhiproShakht, Karablin Mikhail , Prostov Sergei ,   T. F. Gorbachev Kuzbass State Technical University
Published: October 2020

Introduction. In the course of mining mineral deposits by opencast, natural stress state of adjacent rock mass changes giving rise to geomechanical processes which lead to pit slopes deformation. It can be prevented by mean of detecting landslide-hazardous zone by using three-dimensional geological-geophysical models based on the data bases from prospecting surveys and geophysical sounding of the adjacent rock. Research aim is to develop and evaluate basic provisions of the methods of forecasting slope stability based on three-dimensional geological-geophysical models which include the following information: the results of geophysical sounding (waterlogged zones boundaries); databases of exploration wells (physicalmechanical properties of soils in the zones of water saturation and natural moisture content, and the relief of the natural surfaces of weakness); design and actual position of mine workings. Methodology. In order to find the most hazardous section in the adjacent rock mass an algorithm of forecasting has been proposed and adjacent rock mass stability has been analyzed based on threedimensional geological-geophysical models. Results. A three-dimensional geological-geophysical model of Centralny landslide has been constructed as a result of analyzing geological survey databases, surveying instrumental observations over the deformations, and electrical sounding of the adjacent rock mass. Values of the friction angle and cohesion were found with using the inverse calculation method. Centralny landslide stability forecast has been analyzed as of the year of 2018 and after the final completion of the first stage of loading-out the front section in 2025. Summary. Developed an algorithm of slope stability analysis makes it possible to solve the task of finding the most hazardous section or landslide area by means of computer-based realization.
Economic and technological aspects of interrelation between open pit mine depth and mining transport parameters
Authors:   LLC Polyus Project, Kuznetsov Dmitrii , Kosolapov Aleksandr ,   Siberian Federal University
Published: October 2020

Introduction. This paper presents the results of research on ore pit depth justification in relation to mining transport parameters. Research theory. Features of the current state and further development of deep pits are considered. There is also the classification of fields by relative excavation difficulty depending on physico-technical features of rock, conditions of their occurrence and climate severity. Besides, extractable ore reserves are classified depending on its value. The indicators for joint justification of excavation difficulty, ore pit depth, mining transport complexes parameters have been offered as well as their established optimal regions. Results and conclusions. The dependences have been obtained allowing to efficiently determine excavator bucket capacity and dumptruck load-lifting capacity and validate pit depth taking into account ore value. It has been determined that when mining a deposit of corresponding excavation difficulty with an opencast method, cost behavior changes with depth due to the increase in power, productivity, and power-weight ratio of drilling rigs, excavators, dump trucks, and bulldozers; cost behavior is of an increasing nonlinear character. Rational uses of mining transport complexes based on electric and hydraulic excavators have been singled out. The reasons of their probable change have been estimated. Research results have been approved when planning the largest gold ore pit in Russia, Vostochny pit of Olimpiadinsky gold ore field.
Modification of Soviet approaches to rationing the number of employees at mining enterprises
Authors:   Ural State Mining University, Iadranskii1 Dmitrii , Chumak Elena ,   Ural State University of Economics
Published: October 2020

Introduction. The article critically comprehends the Soviet developments in the field of mining management personnel labor regulation. The works of modern authors and Soviet normative and methodological materials are considered. Based on the analysis, it is concluded that the Soviet methodological approaches to rationing the number of management personnel in general meet the challenges of modern conditions if critically scrutinized. In the course of the research the authors carried out a recalculation of the number of standards for ferrous metallurgy enterprises, which showed that the Soviet methodological approaches can have applied value if they are somewhat modernized and combined with other methods. Research aim is to conduct an analytical study of the possibility of using the Soviet methodology of rationing the number of management personnel in the conditions of modern mining enterprises. Research methodology includes the method of theoretical analysis, the method of induction, economic and mathematical methods of analysis. As a result, analytical formulas are proposed with the help of which it is proposed to modify the Soviet approaches to rationing the number of managerial personnel. A logical scheme is proposed, which can be fully used for the final establishment of the number of managers and staff scheduling. The opinion is expressed about the need for strict control of the number of management personnel and the establishment of a normative balance between the number of performers (workers) and engineering and management personnel of the enterprise. Summary. The proposed method is quite universal and can be of practical value in calculating the standard number of employees of mining enterprises
Independent particle and lot selection of increment samples in the theory of sampling
Authors:   Ural State Mining University, Vladimir Kozin , Aleksei Komlev ,   Ural State Mining University
Published: October 2020

Introduction. The theory of sampling developed by Pierre Gy does not prove the compatibility and consistency of discrete and continuous selection models. Discrete (independent particle) and continuous (lot) selection models are determined by incompatible properties of increment samples, which prevented from creating the consistent theory of sampling. Research methodology. The inconsistencies are removed at assuming the idea that there are differences in both separate ore lumps or mineral-dressing products and any locally selected parts of the rock mass under test called increment samples simultaneously available in any rock mass under test. The said differences are described by independent particle dispersion and increment samples dispersion. Composite sample permissible error formed in both discrete and continuous selection is attained by selection of the number of particles collected into the increment sample or their parts and the number of increment samples. Particle dispersion, increment sample dispersion, the number of particles in an increment sample and the number of increment samples combined in one formula make up the complete formula of the fundamental sampling error. The development of the theory of sampling. Based on the complete formula, the possibility of obtaining minimum masses of various sizes has been shown. Thus, for one and the same preset permissible error and from one and the same massif under test, it is possible to collect minimum mass of 17.55 kg (individual particle selection), minimum mass of 170.3 kg (collecting with the bucket sampler), and minimum mass of 10 g under the individual particle selection of particle parts (which is fulfilled under X-ray fluorescent on-stream analysis of material). Discrete selection of increment samples without particles destruction is an especial case of continuous selection method when it is possible to accept the condition that increment samples dispersion is equal to zero. It is possible under ideal mixing of the massif under test. Discussion. Minimum mass of a sample is not a constant. It is a function of increment sample mass. Minimum mass in individual particle selection can be accepted as a reference value of the minimum mass. In lot selection it can be significantly higher than the reference one, while in case of reducing particle size it can be significantly lower than the reference one.
Study of the braking regime of rolling stock mining suspended monorail taking into account clearances in the coupling
Authors:   Donetsk National Technical University, Viktor Gutarevich , Evgenia Ignatkina ,   Donetsk National Technical University
Published: October 2020

Introduction. Currently, mine suspended monorails are becoming more common in coal mines for auxiliary cargo and people transportation. Compared to ground transport, monorail has significant differences, which does not allow to fully use the previously obtained results of braking modes studies. Research aims to establish regularities in the processes that occur during the mine suspended monorail road rolling stock braking mode, taking into account clearances in the couplings. Methodology. To substantiate the parameters and designs of brake and coupling devices of a mine suspended monorail, a mathematical model of rolling stock movement along the monorail has been developed. Results. Dependencies are established that describe the process of rolling stock braking on a monorail. Motion parameters for different values of stiffness, damping and clearances in the couplers are analyzed. It is established that the gaps in rolling stock coupling influence the value of undercarriage and suspension units longitudinal vibrations amplitudes. Conclusions. A mathematical model of rolling stock movement is developed with allowance for clearances in the coupling making it possible to simulate mine suspended monorail braking mode.
Upper Kama potassium salt deposit tectonic scheme based on physical modeling results and geological and geophysical data
Authors:   Vladimir State University, Vladimir Filatov , Liubov Bolotnova ,   Ural State Mining University
Published: October 2020

Introduction. The territory of the Upper Kama potassium salt deposit (UKPSD) which has been actively developed since 1932, is characterized by abnormal technogenic overload on the geological environment. This load destroys the natural balance of the geological environment, the restoration of which is accompanied by hazardous dynamic events, from rockbursts to induced earthquakes of various magnitudes. Dynamic conditions of UKPSD is determined by many factors, among which a significant role is played by tectonic factors. Tectonic structure in the form of tectonic features or criteria (or other equal conditions) are taken into account first of all when fulfilling dynamic zoning of UKPSD territory and predicting the areas of possible manifestation of dynamic events. As soon as structural and tectonic elements of geological environment are characterized by similarity and hierarchy, it is advisable to study the tectonics of the deposit at various scales by corresponding geological and geophysical methods applying physical simulation data. Research methodology. Tectonic structures similarity and hierarchy (with a crack analysed as a copy of a fault), determined the two-stage technique of studying the tectonic structure of UKPSD territory. At the first stage, according to physical simulation data, areas influenced by the deep faults enclosing the Solikamsk depression and UKPSD were reconstructed. At the second stage, analyses was carried out of UKPSD fault strike azimuths determined by geological and geophysical methods. Research results. According to the results of the physical simulation, the dimensions of the area of dynamic impact of all faults enclosing the Solikamsk depression taking into account their kinematic type, and strikes and kinematics of faults within the zone of each fault were determined. Statistical analysis was carried out together with rose diagrams of strike azimuths of faults in the foundation and faults in UKPSD depth determined according to the results of magnetic field local anomalies interpretation, geomorphological data, satellite and aerial images. Summary. Tectonic scheme of UKPSD is not random. It is determined basically by the kinematics of deep faults enclosing UKPSD, and the tectonics of the foundation.
Improving the technology of mature tailings processing at the Kovdorsky GOK
Authors:   MCC EuroChem, Igor Barmin , Valerii Morozov ,   National University of Science and Technology MISIS, Valeriia Polivanskaia ,   National University of Science and Technology MISIS
Published: October 2020

Introduction. Phosphate minerals are lost during flotation of mature tailings of the Kovdorsky GOK due to difficult mineral fractions and poor conditions for effective flotation of thin classes of phosphate minerals. Research aims to increase the efficiency of raw material processing at the technogenic deposit of the Kovdorsky GOK by optimizing the reagent regime and the scheme of dressing thin classes of mature tailings with the use of modern reagents-flocculants, selective depressors and collectors. Methodology. The developed regime of sludge preparation for flotation involves their thickening using the Praestol-2540 flocculant, condensed sludge product processing with a mixture of dispersant reagents (SSB, sodium carbonate and Neonol AF 9-8), its additional thickening, followed by combining the resulting ISSN 0536-1028 «Известия вузов. Горный журнал», № 5, 2020 65 sediment with the sand part of the tailings, their conditioning with the collector and feeding to the combined flotation with the use of the integrated collector according to the scheme with the middlings cycle. Results. The scheme and reactant regime of enrichment tailings of complex parts of technological fields has allowed to achieve recovery of P2O5 45% (from power source) and the mass fraction of P2O5 in Apatite of 37.1%, or 0.5 and 1.5% higher than when using the design scheme and technology. Summary. The developed technology of mature tailings processing at the Kovdorsky GOK ensures increased indicators of processing by means of creating the conditions for efficient flotation of fine classes of phosphate minerals.
Integrated Environmental Permit: aspects, problems and registration
Authors: Natalia Antoninova , Anna Solodukhina , Nikolai Grevtsev
Published: October 2020

Introduction. Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia dated April 18, 2018 no. 154 approved a list of facilities that have a negative impact on the environment, belonging to category I, which must receive an integrated environmental permit within the period from 01 January 2019 to 31 December 2022 inclusive. During the period of 01 January 2019 to 01 January 2025 IEP must draw up the objects of the NIE (negative impact on the environment) category I that are not included in the above List, which determines the need to identify the features of the supporting documents preparation in order to receive it. Integrated environmental permit is a document being developed in relation to enterprises, the activities of which may affect the environmental situation in the region, enterprises of the 1st hazard category. Research aim. Based on the studies performed in the process of preparing the application for an integrated environmental permit (IEP), the research aims to identify the nuances and features of its design and analyze the regulatory framework governing aspects of documents preparation in order to obtain positive approvals from supervisory authorities Methodology. An algorithm for filling out an application for issuing an integrated environmental permit is considered, issues and features of the supporting documents preparation to obtain positive approvals from regulatory authorities are identified. Results. The article discusses the issues that most often arise when preparing supporting documents for an integrated environmental permit. The features of filling out an application for obtaining IEP are analyzed. It has been established that today the regulatory and legal framework in the field of implementing the process of obtaining IEP has a significant number of inconsistencies. Besides, in case there is information about the best available technologies for underground ore mining, there are no technological standards for pollutant emissions. This information is also missing in the order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia dated 02.04.2019 no. 206 and other regulatory documents.
BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER’İN COVID-19 İLE MÜCADELE SINAVI
Authors: HALATÇI ULUSOY Ülkü
Published: October 2020

II. Dünya Savaşı’ndan bu yana karşılaştığı en büyük küresel sorun olan Covid-19 ile mücadele konusunda bugüne kadar etkili bir çözüm üretememiş olması, zaten ciddi anlamda sorgulanmakta olan Birleşmiş Milletler’in varlık sebebini tekrar tartışmaya açmıştır. Benzer şekilde Birleşmiş Milletler’in uzmanlık kuruluşu olan Dünya Sağlık Örgütü de kendisinden beklenen performansı gösterememiş; ağır eleştirilere maruz kalmıştır. ABD, özellikle Covid-19 nedeniyle suçladığı Çin konusunda etkili soruşturma yapmadığı, görevini gereği gibi yerine getirmediği için Örgüt’e sağladıkları fonu askıya alma kararı almıştır. Sözkonusu durum, evrensel düzeyde kolektif tedbirlerin alınmasını zorlaştırmaktadır. Uluslararası barış ve güvenliğin korunmasında başlıca sorumluluk verilen Birleşmiş Milletler Güvenlik Konseyi, daimi üyelerin karşılıklı suçlamaları ve görüş ayrılıkları nedeniyle pandemi ile mücadelede etkili kararlar alamamıştır. Öte yandan, salgından en fazla etkilenen devletlerin Güvenlik Konseyi’nin daimi üyeleri olması da ironiktir. Devletlerin sınırlarını kapatarak tek yanlı mücadele yöntemleri yerine işbirliğine dayalı yöntemler ile mücadele etmesi konusunda Birleşmiş Milletler’in en kısa sürede harekete geçmesi beklenmektedir. Covid-19 salgını sonrası ortaya çıkacak sosyo-ekonomik krizler ancak küresel işbirliği ile aşılabilecektir.
Role of oncoviruses in oncogenesis
Authors: J.A. Madej
Published: October 2020

The author describes DNA oncoviruses and RNA oncoviruses, their ways of infiltrating the host’s cells, and the possibilities of neoplastic transformation of cells by these microorganisms. The role of protooncogenesis and oncogenesis in both humans and animals is discussed. The transformation of cells by viruses is normally insufficient for oncogenesis; the cells also need to gain “immortality,” which usually requires 4-5 genetic changes (the so-called clonal development of cells), (Fig. 1). Oncoviruses remove suppressor growth factors while enhancing the effects that stimulate cell growth through e.g. hormones, cytokines, or transcription activators. In addition, the author discusses the role of the optimization principle in neogenesis.
Enhanced cadmium removal from water by hydroxyapatite subjected to different thermal treatments
Authors: Aouay R. , Jebri S. , Rebelo A. , Ferreira J. M. F. , Khattech I.
Published: October 2020

Hydroxyapatite powders were synthesized according to a wet precipitation route and then subjected to heat treatments within the temperature range of 200–800 °C. The prepared samples were tested as sorbents for cadmium in an aqueous medium. The best performances were obtained with the material treated at 200 °C (HAp200), as the relevant sorbent textural features (SBET – specific surface area and Vp – total volume of pores) were least affected at this low calcination temperature. The maximum adsorption capacity at standard ambient temperature and pressure was 216.6 mg g−1, which increased to 240.7 mg g−1 by increasing the temperature from 25 to 40 °C, suggesting an endothermic nature of the adsorption process. Moreover, these data indicated that a thermal treatment at 200 °C enhanced the ability of the material in Cd2+ uptake by more than 100% compared to other similar studies. The adsorption kinetic process was better described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin–Kaganer–Radushkevich isotherms were applied to describe the sorption behaviour of Cd2+ ions onto the best adsorbent. Furthermore, a thermodynamic study was also performed to determine ΔH°, ΔS°, and ΔG° of the sorption process of this adsorbent. The adsorption mechanisms were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy-transmission electron microscopy (SEM-TEM) observations.
Influences of riverbed siltation on redox zonation during bank filtration: a case study of Liao River, Northeast China
Authors: Wang Jiamei , Yan Yumeng , Bai Jing , Su Xiaosi
Published: October 2020

The upper part of riverbed sediment is one of the key interfaces between surface water and groundwater, and biogeochemical process in this interface has a profound influence on the chemistry of infiltrated water. The lithology and permeability of bed sediment is mainly controlled by variation in river hydrodynamic conditions. However, there have been few studies of the effect of riverbed siltation on the hydrochemistry and redox reactions of infiltrated water due to the high variability in these processes and challenges associated with sampling. This study selected and examined a river channel near a site of riverbank filtration by drilling on the floating platform and conducting microelectrode testing and high-resolution sampling. The hydrodynamic and chemical characteristics of pore water in and lithologic characteristics of riverbed sediment, the siltation, and redox zone were examined and compared. Differences in hydrodynamic conditions changed the lithology of riverbed sediment, consequently affecting redox reactions during the process of river water infiltration. Variations in siltation changed the residence time of pore water and organic matter content, which ultimately resulted in differences in extension range and intensity of redox reactions. This study provides a valuable reference for understanding the effect of riverbed siltation on water quality of riverbank infiltration.
Heavy metal assessment in drinking waters of Ecuador: Quito, Ibarra and Guayaquil
Authors: Cipriani-Avila Isabel , Molinero Jon , Jara-Negrete Eliza , Barrado Miren , Arcos César , Mafla Santiago , Custode Fernando , Vilaña Gissela , Carpintero Natalia , Ochoa-Herrera Valeria
Published: October 2020

Chemical elements, which are present in drinking water, could vary due to water sources, treatment processes or even the plumbing materials. Most of these elements do not represent a threat, while others, such as heavy metals, have been proven to cause harmful effects over human and aquatic wildlife. In this study, the quality of drinking water in three cities in Ecuador, Quito, Ibarra and Guayaquil was assessed through a multielement analysis and the heavy metal pollution index (HPI). A total of 102 drinking water samples and six natural water samples were collected and analyzed. Within the scope of analysis, results show that water quality complies with local and international guidelines. HPI did not show significant differences in the water that is supplied to the different neighborhoods of the three cities studied. However, actions should be taken to protect the sources of water, especially in Guayaquil, due to the presence of lead and chromium. For instance, lead was found in 2.8% of the samples in concentrations above World Health Organization (WHO) recommended values. Thus, we suggest to assessing the quality and age of the plumbing system within the whole country, in order to avoid drinking water contamination with heavy metals.
Groundwater quality and non-carcinogenic health risk assessment of nitrate in the semi-arid region of Punjab, India
Authors: Chaudhry Akshay Kumar , Sachdeva Payal
Published: October 2020

Groundwater is the main source of water in the study area (Rupnagar District, Punjab), and its quality is essential since it is the primary determinant of the suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes. In this study, data from 28 years have been used to evaluate the adequacy of groundwater for domestic and irrigation purposes and assess the potential human health impacts of nitrate contaminants. Results of sodium adsorption ratio, percentage sodium, magnesium hazard ratio, Kelley ratio, and residual sodium carbonate illustrate that most of the sampling locations were suitable for irrigational purposes and drinking water quality of the region mostly belonged to the ‘good’ class. The maximum nitrate concentration was observed in the northern and north-east parts of the area. Among the three age groups, children > female > male was found to be more prone to health risks with oral ingestion of nitrate. Uncertainties in the risk estimates were quantified using Monte Carlo simulation and sensitivity analyses. Thus, a proper management plan should be adopted by the decision-makers to improve the quality of drinking water in this area to avoid major health problems in the near future.
Study on immobilization of diatomite, Ca(H2PO4)2, CaCO3, HAP and nano-HAP for heavy metal contaminated sediment
Authors: Zhang Zhibin , Shi Xianhui , Zhang Yanhao , Wang Shengrui , Wang Meng , Wang Yuchen , Sumana Bandara Weerakoon W. M. , Sanginova Olga
Published: October 2020

The immobilization performances of Diatomite, Ca(H2PO4)2, CaCO3, Hydroxyapatite (HAP) and Nano-HAP (n-HAP) for Zn, Mn, Pb, and Cd contaminated sediments were investigated by immobilization experiments and evaluated by the European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) extraction test, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). The result of BCR indicated that HAP and Nano-HAP (n-HAP) had a better immobilization effect on metal contaminated sediments, and the residual fractions of Zn, Mn, Pb, and Cd increased from 30.4, 31.9, 55.49 and 54.27% to 36, 39, 72, and 57%, respectively. The order for immobilized effects of additive was: n-HAP > HAP > CaCO3 > Ca(H2PO4)2 > diatomite. However, the cost-effectiveness of HAP was slightly higher than that of n-HAP, so HAP was more suitable for immobilization of heavy metals in sediment. The TCLP test showed that with HAP as immobilization the leaching amount was reduced by approximately 76, 28, 78, and 85% for Zn, Mn, Pb, and Cd, respectively, compared to the blank group. The results also proved that HAP would be an effective and economical agent for immobilizing heavy metals in sediment, with the optimum mass dosage of 10% (the mass ratios of HAP/sediment (dry weight)) of the sediment.
An inexact multi-stage interval-parameter partial information programming model for water resources management under uncertainties
Authors: Chen Hongguang , Wang Zhongjun
Published: October 2020

The urban water shortage crisis around the world is increasing. In this study, an inexact multi-stage interval-parameter partial information programming model (IMIPM) is proposed for urban water resources planning and management under uncertainties. Optimization techniques of two-stage stochastic programming (TSP), interval-parameter programming (IPP), linear partial information theory (LPI) and multistage stochastic programming (MSP) are combined into one general framework. IMIPM is used to tackle uncertainties like interval numbers, water inflow probabilities expressed as linear partial information, dynamic features in a long planning time and joint probabilities in water resources management. It is applied to Harbin where the manager needs to allocate water from multi-water sources to multi-water users during multi-planning time periods. Four water flow probability scenarios are obtained, which are associated with uncertainties of urban rainfall information. The results show that the dynamics features and uncertainties of system parameters (such as water allocation targets and shortage) are considered in this model by generating a set of representative scenarios within a multistage context. The results also imply that IMIPM can truly reflect the actual urban water resources management situation, and provide managers with decision-making space and technical support to promote the sustainable development of economics and the ecological environment in cities.
Electrosorptive disinfection of Escherichia coli (E. coli) aqueous solutions by activated carbon monolith electrodes
Authors: Bayram Edip , Karaman Ceren , Kuru Zehra , Karaman Onur
Published: October 2020

Electrosorption, which can be defined as adsorption onto the surfaces of charged electrodes, has been developing as an efficient and environmentally friendly technology for removing toxic pollutants from aqueous solutions. In this study, an industrial process was used for the fabrication of activated carbon electrodes (ACEs). An electroless metal deposition method was used for the modification of activated carbon granules with silver (Ag) for antibacterial activity of electrodes. The antibacterial activity of Ag-modified–ACEs (Ag–ACEs) for Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria commonly found in water was tested. Adsorption and electrosorption behaviors of E. coli aqueous solutions onto ACEs and Ag–ACEs were examined in a cyclic electrosorption system. It has been concluded that the performance of Ag–ACEs is better than ACEs as an electrode for electrosorption of E. coli. Moreover polarization can significantly enhance the removal efficiency of E. coli on both ACEs and Ag–ACEs. Finally, electrosorption capacity of the system for E. coli was determined.
A batch study on the adsorption/desorption behavior of vancomycin on bentonite nanoparticles in aqueous solutions
Authors: Khamooshi Hossein , Dahrazma Behnaz , Ebrahimi Ali , Davoodi Siavash
Published: October 2020

In this study, adsorption/desorption of vancomycin (VAN) on bentonite nanoparticles was investigated in a batch system. Adsorption experiments were carried out as a function of several influential parameters such as adsorbent dosage, pH, contact time and ionic strength. Bentonite nanoparticles were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses and the mesoporous structure was revealed. Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherm models were applied for the examination of equilibrium data, and Langmuir was found to be the best fit. With the increase in pH and ionic strength, the adsorption capacity decreases, which suggests the adsorption process may be dominated by the cation exchange mechanism. Moreover, VAN desorption from bentonite nanoparticles in two initial VAN loadings was investigated under different concentrations of metallic cations of various valences (Na+, Ca2+, Al3+), and pHs 3–10. Desorption was strongly pH-dependent and the amount of VAN desorbed increased with increasing cations concentrations. The FTIR analysis before and after VAN desorption suggests that the formation of Al-VAN and Ca-VAN complexes on the solid surface and then their detachment from the solid surface may contribute to the higher VAN desorption by Al3+ and Ca2+.
Pb doped ZnO nanoparticles for the sorption of Reactive Black 5 textile azo dye
Authors: Ben Dassi Roua , Chamam Baha , Méricq Jean Pierre , Heran Marc , Faur Catherine , El Mir Lassaad , Tizaoui Chedly , Trabelsi Ismail
Published: October 2020

In this study, Pb doped ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by a sol-gel technique for the sorption of Reactive Black 5 (RB5) textile dye in aqueous solution. The ZnO:Pb (2 and 4%) nanoparticles have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and cryogenic nitrogen adsorption method. The average size of the synthesized nanoparticles was less than 100 nm and the surface areas were 18.8 and 20.8 m2/g, respectively for ZnO:Pb 2% and ZnO:Pb 4%. Batch sorption experiments were performed for color removal of RB5 dye at ambient temperature and 30 mg/L dye concentration. The central composite design with response surface methodology was used to study the effect of sorption condition (pH, nanoparticles dose and contact time). The significance of independent variables and their interactions was tested by analysis of variance. The optimum conditions of color removal were pH = 7, 2 g/L dose of nanoparticles and a contact time of 79 min. The color removal performance was 79.4 and 98.1% for ZnO:Pb 2 and 4% respectively. The pseudo-second-order model described well the removal rates while the Langmuir model fitted well the adsorption isotherms.
Removal of uranium(VI) from aqueous solution byCamellia oleiferashell-based activated carbon: adsorption equilibrium, kinetics, and thermodynamics
Authors: Yi Zhengji , Liu Jian , Zeng Rongying , Liu Xing , Long Jiumei , Huang Binyan
Published: October 2020

Camellia oleifera shell-based activated carbon (COSAC) was prepared by H3PO4 activation method and further used to remove U(VI) from the aqueous solution in a batch system. This research examined the influence of various factors affecting U(VI) removal, including contact time, pH, initial U(VI) concentration, and temperature. The results showed that the U(VI) adsorption capacity and removal efficiency reached 71.28 mg/g and 89.1% at the initial U(VI) concentration of 160 mg/L, temperature of 298 K, pH 5.5, contact time of 60 min, and COSAC dosage of 2.0 g/L. The pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion equations were used to identify the optimum model that can describe the U(VI) adsorption kinetics. The pseudo-second-order kinetics model performed better in characterizing the adsorption system compared with the pseudo-first-order and intraparticle diffusion models. Isotherm data were also discussed with regard to the appropriacy of Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich models. The Langmuir model described the U(VI) adsorption process the best with a maximum adsorption capacity of 78.93 mg/g. Thermodynamic analysis (ΔG0 < 0, ΔH0 > 0, and ΔS0 > 0) indicated that the U(VI) adsorption process is endothermic and spontaneous. All the results imply that COSAC has a promising application in the removal or recovery of U(VI) from aqueous solutions.
Nükleer Santraller Hakkında Fen Bilgisi Öğretmenlerinin Görüşü: Akkuyu Örneği
Authors: TEKGÖZ Süleyman Tolga , ERCAN YALMAN Feride
Published: October 2020

Çalışmanın amacı Mersin ilinin Gülnar ilçesinde bulunan Fen Bilimleri öğretmenlerinin Mersin-Gülnar-Akkuyu bölgesine yapılması planlanan nükleer santrale ilişkin görüşlerinin belirlenmesidir. Bu araştırma nitel araştırma yaklaşımlarından durum çalışmasına göre gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu Akkuyu bölgesinde görev yapmakta olan beş Fen Bilimleri öğretmeni oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada, öğretmenlere araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen 10 soru sorulmuştur. Sorular Akkuyu bölgesinde kurulma aşamasında olan santral ile ilgili olarak hazırlanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler içerik analizi ile analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda öğretmenlerin nükleer enerji hakkında istenilen düzeyde bilgi sahibi olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır Ayrıca öğretmenlerin genellikle internet aracılığı ile bilgi edindiği tespit edilmiştir. Mülakat bulgularında öğretmelerin enerji ihtiyacını karşılaması ve dışa bağımlılığı azaltması açısından nükleer santrallere olumlu baktığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ancak katılımcılar santrallerin patlaması durumunda ortaya çıkan uzun süreli etkiden dolayı ve ekosistemi bozabileceği endişesinden dolayı nükleer santrallerin zararlı olabileceğini belirtmişlerdir. Bu araştırmada katılımcıların nükleer santralin kurulmasından dolayı ilk zamanlarda tedirginlik yaşadığı ancak zaman içinde bölgede yapılan aktif tanıtım kampanyalarının etkisiyle kısmen ikna olduğu ve genel olarak olumlu bakış açısına sahip olduğu çarpıcı bir sonuç olarak görülmüştür. Bunun yanı sıra öğretmenlerin nükleer enerjinin olumlu ve olumsuz yönlerine ilişkin bilgi sahibi olduğu düşünülmektedir. Elde edilen sonuçlar ışığında araştırma sonunda bazı önerilere yer verilmiştir.
Management of Prostate Cancer with Systemic Therapy: A Prostate Cancer Unit Perspective
Authors: Campodonico Fabio , Ennas Marco , Zanardi Silvia , Zigoura Ekaterini , Piccardo Arnoldo , Foppiani Luca , Schiavone Concetta , Squillace Lino , Benelli Andrea , De Censi Andrea , Grillo-Ruggieri Filippo , Introini Carlo
Published: October 2020

The scenario of systemic therapy for prostate cancer is rapidly evolving, with new drugs
and new treatment options. To update the background knowledge of shared uro-oncologic practice,
we reviewed current statements and landmarks in systemic therapy. A number of new agents are under
investigation in non-metastatic and metastatic disease. Similarly, new target imaging technologies
are under development to improve the detection rate of true non-metastatic and true metastatic
patient. Five new drugs have shown to be effective on progression-free and overall survival in metastatìc
prostate cancer. However, the optimal sequencing of these treatments requires further investigation.
The tolerability and side effects of the new drugs are also crucial issues to be discussed,
as well as their activity against the disease. The uro-oncologic team has to stay updated
about new medical therapies in order to be confident in debating with other professionals involved
in prostate cancer decision making. Different points of view and nuances should be shared during
multidisciplinary group discussions to achieve a balanced decision in disease management.
General Perspectives for the Treatment of Atherosclerosis
Authors: Gülcan Hayrettin Ozan , Orhan Ilkay Erdogan
Published: October 2020

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Atherosclerosis, a cardiovascular disease, is at the top of the list among the diseases leading to death. Although the biochemical and pathophysiological cascades involved within the development of atherosclerosis have been identified clearly, its nature is quite complex to be treated with a single agent targeting a pathway. Therefore, many natural and synthetic compounds have been suggested for the treatment of the disease. The majority of the drugs employed target one of the single components of the pathological outcomes, resulting in many times less effective and longterm treatments. In most cases, treatment options prevent further worsening of the symptoms rather than a radical treatment. Consequently, the current review has been prepared to focus on the validated and non-validated targets of atherosclerosis as well as the alternative treatment options such as hydroxymethyl glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, acyl-CoA cholesterol acyl transferase (ACAT) inhibitors, lipoprotein lipase stimulants, bile acid sequestrants, and some antioxidants. Related to the topic, both synthetic compounds designed employing medicinal chemistry skills and natural molecules becoming more popular in drug development are scrutinized in this mini review.