bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
UTILIZATION OF SWINE DEEP BEDDING ASHES AND RICE HUSK IN CEMENTITIOUS COMPOSITES
Authors: OLIVEIRA D. C. G. , SAVASTANO JUNIOR H.
Published: July 2015

The swine deep bedding is an alternative pig production, especially during the growing and finishing pig, whose product can be recycled, with reduced environmental impact. Usually the waste being used as fertilizer for crops, can alternatively be combusted and its ashes can be applied to materials based on cement. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the use of swine deep bedding ashes for replacement partial of Portland cement and rice husk its interaction through physical and mechanical characterization. Were prepared four sets of specimen: C1 - control (Portland cement and sand), C2 - control with 30% of SDBA, C3 - control with HR, C4 - control with 30% SDBA and RH; the ashes replaced the Portland cement and rice husk the sand. According to the results of characterization, the composite with the addition of swine deep bedding ashes and rice husk can be used in rural constructions.
ESTIMATIVA DA EVAPOTRANSPIRAÇÃO DE REFERÊNCIA PELA EQUAÇÃO DE HARGREAVES-SAMANI NO ESTADO DO CEARÁ, BRASIL
Authors: Da Silva M. G. , Oliveira I. de S. , Do Carmo F. F. , Lêdo E. R. F. , Da Silva Filho J. A.
Published: July 2015

Estudos que levam em consideração os aspectos meteorológicos de uma região, sobretudo, na estimativa adequada da evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) podem contribuir para a otimização dos recursos hídricos. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar a estimativa da ETo pelo método de HARGREAVES & SAMANI (1985) (HS) em comparação ao método padrão Penman-Monteith FAO-56 (PM-FAO 56), nas condições climáticas do estado do Ceará. A comparação dos valores de ETo obtidos pelo método padrão PM-FAO 56 e por HS foi realizada usando o erro padrão de estimativa (EPE), a razão entre as médias (ζ) e os índices de concordância “d” e desempenho “c”. Quanto ao índice “c”, os maiores valores foram encontrados nas localidades de Iguatu (“c” = 0,74; “Bom”), Jaguaruana e Crateús (“c” = 0,73; “Bom”) e essa estimativa poderá melhorar com a calibração dos parâmetros da equação de HS.
MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF A REQUIRED POWER DESIGN FOR IRRIGATION WITH SMALL-SIZED ELECTRIC MOTORS
Authors: Gabriel Filho L. R. A. , Vérri J. A. , Putti F.F. , Cremasco C. P. , Silva A. O. , Seraphim O. J. , Halmeman M. C. R. , Caneppele F. L.
Published: July 2015

Irrigation methods in rural areas usually consist of pumping water from dams and reservoirs by engines connected to the electric power station or powered with diesel oil. Current assay establishes mathematical models for scaling low-power electric motors for irrigation in small cultivated areas. Equations of engine power were determined by numerical integration and by the theorem of kinetic energy. A geometric model was established with a paraboloid of revolution to determine the volume of the reservoir. A 3600 m² area was irrigated during 4 h, 380 m distant from the dam, with a 21° slope, for simulation purposes. The amount of water for irrigation was 5 U m² by means of a dam with diameter 14 m and 5 m deep. The establishment of mathematical models scaled up a 2.5 hp engine with a removal of 5000 L of water from a 385 000 L dam, with a variation of 7.2 cm and the immersion of the engine below this borderline.
EVALUACIÓN DEL CURRÍCULO FLEXIBLE POR COMPETENCIA SEGÚN LOS ESTUDIANTES DE LA UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL ALTIPLANO PUNO
Authors: TIPULA MAMANI FRANCISCO MARINO , TAPIA CCALLO VILMA VALERIA
Published: July 2015

Resumen
El propósito del estudio fue Evaluar la satisfacción o insatisfacción del Currículo Flexible por Competencia  según la opinión de los estudiantes de la Universidad Nacional del Altiplano- Puno. Los elementos evaluados del currículo flexible fueron: el perfil profesional, horas en las áreas de formación, horas teóricas y prácticas, estrategias de enseñanza, evaluaciones, elección de contenido y fechas de evaluación. La investigación nace como consecuencia de una necesidad de cambiar el modelo tradicional de enseñanza, que prioriza el conocimiento enciclopédico, con metodologías que premian la memoria más que los proyectos que permita la resolución de problemas de la vida profesional. El marco teórico se propone de acuerdo con Díaz (2007) replantear la flexibilidad y las competencias en sentido institucional del trabajo académico y administrativo para una formación flexible, con una nueva ética del trabajo y la vida personal, con apertura, equidad, inclusión que generen mayores oportunidades de formación. El estudio es de tipo cuantitativo con un diseño descriptico-diagnóstico, se aplicó un cuestionario a muestra de 693 estudiantes de Educación, Economía y Medicina.  Se concluyó que el 47% los estudiantes conocen el perfil; desean más horas en el áreas de especialización; desarrollan más horas teóricas que horas prácticas; insatisfacción con la estrategia de enseñanza y con aplicación de los exámenes.

Palabras claves: evaluación, currículo, currículo flexible y competencias.
LA DIVISIÓN DE PODERES EN EL PERÚ: LO UNO Y LAS FUNCIONES DEL ESTADO
Authors: ESPINOZA COILA MICHAEL
Published: July 2015

Resumen
La presente investigación, mediante el método jurídico, analítico - sinteticoy el empleo de fichas textuales, se aproxima a la teoría de división de poderes y como contraparte la teoría funcional del Estado, la primera asume una concepción trinitaria del Estado (una sustancia y tres poderes: el ejecutivo, legislativo y judicial), la segunda concibe un Estado unitario (una sustancia, un poder). Considero que el Estado Peruano, aparenta decantar por una división de poderes, cuando es patente que no asume ninguna de los dos teorías, en consecuencia presenta poderes relativos que comparten funciones, con necesidad relativa y control condicionado, sin fidelidad de funciones, lo cual denomino Estado Constitucional Simbólico, finalmente propongo una estructura básica y funcional del Estado que responde al Estado Constitucional de Derecho conforme a la teoría funcional, que se sustenta en la necesidad, el control reciproco y la fidelidad de funciones.

PALABRAS CLAVE: * Estado * poder * órgano * función * autoridad
ABSTRACT
THE DIVISION OF POWERS IN PERU: THE INDIVIDUAL AND STATE FUNCTIONS

This investigation is carried out using analytic-synthetic distinction and the judicial method, combined with the use of textual records. It approaches the separation of powers doctrine and its counterpart, functionalist theory. The first assumes a Trinitarian conception of the state (three branches: the executive, legislative and judicial); the second conceives a unitary state (one power). I believe that the Peruvian government appears inclined to a division of powers, while in reality it does not assume any of the two theories. In consequence the state exercises relative powers that share functions of relative necessity and conditional control, without loyalty between functions. I call this a «Symbolic Constitutional State». Finally I propose a basic and functional state structure that corresponds to the Constitutional rule of law according to functional theory, which is based on necessity, reciprocal control and loyalty between functions.

KEY WORDS: * State * power * organism * function * authority
PERFIL DE ÁCIDOS GRASOS EN GRANOS TRES CULTIVARES DE QUINUA (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) SOMETIDOS A TRES TIPOS DE PROCESAMIENTO
Authors: LARICO VERA JUAN
Published: July 2015

Granos perlados de tres cultivares de quinua, Pasankalla, Negra Collana y Salcedo INIA, fueron sometidos a tres procesos de transformación: cocción húmeda /(CH), expandido por explosión (EPE) y cocción por extrusión (CPE). El contenido de ácidos grasos en los productos transformados yen granos perlados no procesados fueron obtenidos con el método de cromatografía de gases. En granos perlados sin procesar, el porcentaje de ácidos grasos saturados fue en promedio 12.93% mientras que los ácidos grasos esenciales en los tres cultivares se mostraron dentro de los rangos esperados, con pocas excepciones. Los procesos de transformación no han causado los mismos efectos en los contenidos de ácidos grasos esenciales, ni ha sido el mismo efecto en los tres cultivares. En Salcedo INIA, el contenido de ácido oleico ha sido favorecido por el EPE y CPE, mientras que los contenidos de ácido linoleico y ácido linolénico fueron desfavorecidos. El ácido araquidónico fue sustancialmente desfavorecido por el EPE. En el cultivar Negra Collana el contenido del ácido oleico ha sido desfavorecido, mientras que los contenidos de los ácidos linoleico y linolénico fueron favorecidos y el ácido araquidónico fue sustancialmente desfavorecido por el EPE. En Pasankalla, los contenidos de ácidos oleico, linolénico y araquidónico se mostraron favorecidos, mientras que el contenido del ácido linoleico no fue favorecido.

PALABRAS CLAVE: * Chenopodium * quinua * ácidos grasos * procesamiento
DETERMINACIÓN DEL PARENTESCO Y DISTANCIAS GENETICAS EN VARIEDADES NATIVAS Y PARIENTES SILVESTRES DE QUINUA (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) POR METODOS MOLECULARES
Authors: CHURA ERNESTO , MUJICA ANGEL , FLORES ADA LUZ
Published: July 2015

El presente estudio se centró en la determinación del parentesco y las distancias genéticas por métodos moleculares en variedades nativas de quinua (Chenopodimun quinoa Willd) con el objetivo de detrminar las características moleculares y las distancias genéticas de las variedades nativas y parientes silvestres de quinua; el trabajo se ha realizado fase de campo (recolección de muestras) y fase de laboratorio, (Instituto de Biotecnología de la Universidad Nacional Agraria la Molina – Lima). Los resultados se presentan en la (Figura 1) del dendograma obtenido del análisis de las 23 accesiones de quinua entre nativas y parientes silvestres, a un coeficiente de similitud de 0,64 se forman tres clúster; (a) formado por 10 accesiones, el (b) constituido por 7 accesiones y el (c) constituido por 6 accesiones. Asimismo en esta figura se observa que muchas variedades nativas (cultivadas), poseen características genéticas similares en los tres clúster (a, b y c). Es así que la variedad silvestre HAY1 (Ayara – Huataraqui) se encuentra dentro del clúster (a), lo cual indica que posee características genéticas coincidentes con las variedades cultivares Chullpi, Choclito, Wariponcho, Toledo, Rosa Frutilla, Huallata, Negra Collona, Antahuara y Airampo. Del agrupamiento en forma conjunta de las accesiones de variedades cultivadas y silvestres no muestran una tendencia clara de diferenciación entre las formas cultivas y las silvestres. Esto llevaría a una discusión que las formas cultivadas aún tienen comportamientos típicos de especímenes cultivadas y que presentan genotipos muy cercanos a las silvestres locales. Lo que indica que comparten un pool de genes similares y/o existe permanente introgresion de genes de formas silvestres a cultivadas y/o viceversa.
MUJERES EMPRESARIAS DE ÉXITO EN PUNO-PERÚ
Authors: TUMI QUISPE JESÚS E. , FLORES CANO YUSEY DEL PILAR
Published: July 2015

El objetivo del estudio está orientado a examinar los factores económicos, sociales y culturales que inciden en el éxito de las mujeres empresarias de Puno en la promoción de emprendimientos económicos de bienes o prestación de servicios. La investigación es de carácter no experimental, cualitativo, seccional de corte descriptivo. La población operacional es de casos especiales, conformado por 14 unidades empresariales gestionadas por mujeres de la ciudad de Puno. Los resultados de la investigación son: Los factores económicos que inciden en el éxito de los emprendimientos (micro y pequeñas empresas) promovidas por mujeres, se sustentan en el conocimiento de la demanda y oferta del mercado, acceso a tecnología mejorada y crédito; los cuales, posibilitan su posicionamiento en el mercado, incrementar sus niveles de producción y productividad, alcanzar una cultura de calidad y excelencia, ampliar o diversificar el stock de producción de bienes o prestación de servicios. Los factores sociales que contribuyeron al éxito de los emprendimientos económicos, es el nivel de conocimientos que poseen sobre gestión empresarial; cuyo acceso, indistintamente, fue mediante la educación formal (formación académica directa), no formal (mediante el acceso a cursos de capacitación y asistencia técnica) e informal (observación de experiencia de trabajadores o de empresas conexas). Esta situación, sentó las bases fundamentales para la elevación de su estatus social y su aporte al bienestar familiar y social. El espíritu de ahorro de las mujeres empresarias contribuyó al éxito de los emprendimientos económicos, en la medida que afianzó la reinversión productiva de sus excedentes para ampliar el volumen de bienes, diversificar la producción o incursionar en otros subsectores económicos con potencial competitivo. Paralelamente, estos factores afianzaron el incremento de su autonomía económica y autoestima.
EFECTO DEL ABONO ORGÁNICO Y FERTILIZANTES QUÍMICOS EN LA PRODUCCION DE SEMILLA BOTANICA Y RAIZ TUBEROSA DE LA «MAUKA» (Mirabilis expansa (Ruiz y Pavón) Standley)
Authors: ZAPANA PARI JUAN G , VILLALTA ROJAS PEDRO , MAMANI MARINA , ESCOBAR MAMANI FORTUNATO
Published: July 2015

Siendo la «mauka» una planta nativa de los Andes cuya raíz tuberosa, de alto valor alimenticio y buen rendimiento, se utiliza en la alimentación humana y también como forraje, es necesario potenciar su cultivo especialmente en la selva de la región Puno donde el rendimiento es relativamente bajo. Tomando en cuenta estas consideraciones, se planteó el experimento para averiguar el efecto del abonamiento con estiércol de vacuno y aplicación de fertilizantes químicos en cuanto a producción de semilla botánica y raíz tuberosa. Los tratamientos fueron 7.5 t/ha de estiércol de vacuno (T1); 130 Kg/ha de úrea al 46 % de N más 90 Kg/ha de superfosfato triple de calcio al 46 % de P2O5 (T2) y testigo (T3). La fertilización fue 60-40-00 de NPK, para la propagación se utilizó esquejes de plantación local con distanciamiento de 0.80 m entre surcos y 0.50 m entre plantas, en terreno franco limoso con 4 repeticiones y Diseño Bloque Completo al Azar. Después de 12 meses desde la siembra se ha encontrado que el tratamiento T2 (úrea mas superfosfato triple de calcio) ha producido 11.35 t/ha de semilla botánica; el tratamiento T1 (estiércol de vacuno), 7.18 t/ha y el tratamiento T3 (testigo) 4.65 t/ha. Para la producción de raíz tuberosa, cuando se aplicó úrea más superfosfato triple de calcio (T2) se obtuvo un rendimiento de 78.5 t/ha, seguido por el tratamiento T1 (estiércol de vacuno) con 46.4 t/ha y finalmente el testigo T3 produjo 31.6 t/ha. Adicionalmente, en altura de planta se alcanzó 66.3 cm en el tratamiento T2; 50.7 cm en el tratamiento T1, y 39.6 cm en el tratamiento T3.
EL TRABAJO EN GRUPO EN LA ENSEÑANZA DE LAS CIENCIAS SOCIALES
Authors: BERMEJO PAREDES SAUL , MAQUERA MAQUERA YANET AMANDA
Published: July 2015

El presente artículo analiza y cuestiona los procesos del trabajo en grupo durante la práctica pedagógica de las ciencias sociales, en la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación de la Universidad Nacional del Altiplano-Puno. A partir de los resultados se evidencia que, la exposición sigue siendo el medio de instrucción verbal más usada y la manera peculiar de transmitir conocimientos al estudiante universitario. Es evidente la primacía de la instrucción sobre el aprendizaje. La enseñanza universitaria es más intuitiva-artesanal y se va amoldando a las pautas de enseñanza establecidas por el Ministerio de Educación para la educación básica, abdicando de esta forma su sentido, espíritu y esencia.
ROL DE LA MICROFINANZAS EN EL DESARROLLO DE PRODUCTOS ANDINOS: UN ESTUDIO DE CASO – GESTION DE MICRO CREDITO EN PRODUCTORES DE QUESO EN LA COMUNIDAD DE CANLLACOLLO DISTRITO DE MAÑAZO REGION PUNO
Authors: COLLANTES MENIS NESTOR , COLLANTES MENIS OBDULIO
Published: July 2015

La investigación pretendió determinar el rol de las microfinanzas en el desarrollo empresarial de los productos de queso, tomando en consideración la gestión del micro crédito en la comunidad de Canllacollo – Distrito de Mañazo – Región Puno. Específicamente se analiza la incidencia de micro crédito en el crecimiento y desarrollo del micro empresa quesera así como se evalúa la cuestión financiera de la viabilidad del crédito para los fines del capital de trabajo. El tipo de investigación es, no experimental ya que sus variables carecen de manipulación intencional, su forma general en el diseño transeccional o transversal que se utilizó para realizar la investigación a partir de hechos reales (encuentras a los productos sobre los costos y beneficios del micro crédito y la calificación financiera de parte de la entidad bancaria), el que concluye que el crédito tiene una influencia directa en el proceso del crecimiento y desarrollo del pequeño empresario quesero de la comunidad Canllacollo – Distrito de Mañazo y que a partir dela inversión del 100% del crédito en el rubro del capital de trabajo ha logrado la viabilidad del crédito en su evaluación financiera expresada en sus indicadores.
ANÁLISIS ECONÓMICO DEL CONSUMO MEDIDO DE AGUA POTABLE EN LA CIUDAD DE PUNO
Authors: LAURA CASTILLO MIRIAM VIRGINIA
Published: July 2015

El objetivo de la presente investigación es analizar los patrones de consumo medido de agua potable por tipo de actividad económica en el periodo 2008-2012 y determinar el efecto económico del porcentaje de subregistro de los usuarios sujetos a micromedición en dicho periodo. La investigación realizada toma en cuenta a un total de 13,834 usuarios de los servicios de agua potable y alcantarillado que cuentan con medidores en el ámbito de la EPS EMSAPUNO. Se concluye que los patrones de consumo de agua de las principales actividades económicas (instituciones educativas, restaurantes y hoteles) son heterogéneos con respecto al promedio global, existiendo diferencias significativas entre los valores mínimo y máximo. Se debe focalizar aquellos usuarios con consumo mayor o menor que los promedios de su grupo ya que podría deberse al mal uso del agua o pérdidas que pueden estar ocurriendo. Por otro lado, durante el periodo analizado existe una considerable pérdida económica producto del subregistro de los micromedidores en la EPS EMSAPUNO, el cual asciende a S/.329,123.06 nuevos soles anuales, considerando el periodo de estudio que abarca 58 meses (Enero 2008 – Octubre 2012) se puede afirmar que el perjuicio económico ocasionado a la EPS por el subregistro de medidores asciende a S/. 1’590,761.47 nuevos soles.
Estudo de caso de três espécies de plantas bioindicadoras de solos salinos
Authors: Carvalho Mercia Fonseca , El-Deir Soraya Giovanetti , Corrêa Marcus Metri , Carvalho Gian Carlo
Published: July 2015

Bioindicadores, de uma maneira geral, são seres vivos de natureza diversa, vegetais ou animais, utilizados para analisar a qualidade de um determinado ambiente. A degradação ambiental do solo pela salinidade é um problema muito antigo e de extensão mundial, geralmente, mais pronunciado nas regiões áridas e semi-áridas. As plantas que se desenvolvem em áreas com elevadas concentrações de sais são chamadas de halófitas, e algumas delas são usadas na recuperar desses solos. O objetivo desse trabalho é analisar três espécies de plantas resistentes ao estresse salino gerar recomendações a respeito das mesmas, disponibilizando uma indicação de espécie que possa recuperar o ambiente salinizado. Foram selecionadas aleatoriamente três espécies de plantas resistentes a salinidade Copernicia prunifera, Atriplex nummularia L. e Gossypium hirsutum <span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">L, as mesmas foram analisados por uma planilha com características que identificam um bioindicador ideal e em seguida as espécies foram avaliadas de acordo com sua fisiologia e etiologia. Embora as propriedades da espécie A. nummularia tenha se destacado por recuperar os solos salinizados a espécie Copernicia prunifera foi considerada como um bioindicador ideal. Recomendam-se ainda estudos mais aprofundados acerca desse assunto.

Case study of three species of saline soil bioindicators

Abstract: Bioindicators, in general, living organisms are diverse in nature, plant or animal used to assess the quality of a given environment. Environmental degradation by soil salinity is a very old problem and expanse world generally more pronounced in arid and semi-arid regions. Plants that thrive in areas with high concentrations of salts are called halophytes, and some of them are used in recovering these soils. The aim of this work is to analyze three species of plants resistant to salt stress generate recommendations regarding the same, providing an indication of species that can restore the environment salinized. Randomly selected three species of plants resistant to salinity Copernicia prunifera, Atriplex nummularia L. and Gossypium hirsutum L, they were analyzed by a spreadsheet with characteristics that identify an ideal bioindicator species were then evaluated according to their physiology and etiology. Although the properties of A. nummularia has been highlighted by the recovery of soil salinized species Copernicia prunifera was considered as an ideal biomarker. Recommend to still further studies on this subject.

 
Response of maize and wheat to fertdolomite application
Authors: Kovacevic Vlado , Rastija Mirta , Sudar Rezica , Iljkic Dario , Varga Ivana
Published: July 2015

Granulated dolomite enriched with NPK (trade name fertdolomite: 24.0% CaO + 16.0% MgO + 3.0% N + 2.5% P2O5 + 3.0% K2O) was applied ( 0, 5 t ha-1, 10 t ha-1, 20 t ha-1, 30 t ha-1 and 40 t ha-1) on standard fertilization. The field experiment was established in spring 2008. In the next years only standard fertilization was applied. In this study results of 3-year investigations (2011 -2013) were tested (rotation: maize – wheat – maize). Maize yields on the control were 10.84 and 10.04 t ha-1, for 2011 and 2013, respectively. Maize in the 2011 responded to fertdolomite up to quantity of 10 t ha-1 by significant yield increases up to 9%, while by the rates 30 and 40 t ha-1 yields were decreased up to 14%. However, in the 2013 effective (up to 17% yield increases) were 20 t ha-1 and the higher doses. As affected by application of 20 t ha-1 and the higher doses of fertdolomite four years ago, yields of wheat in 2012 were decreased compared to the control for 7% (7.47 and 6.96 t ha-1, respectively). Possible explanation of this phenomenon could be too high ears densities (871 vs. 982 ears square m-1) under the highest fertdolomite conditions and water deficit in tillering and stem elongation phases of wheat. Thousand grain weight, hectoliter mass and starch contents were independent on fertdolomite. However, protein-, wet gluten contents and sedimentation in wheat grain were considerably increased as affected by fertdolomite application as follows: 13.8% and 15.7% (protein), 33.5% and 38.1% (wet gluten), 46.5 and 58.1% (sedimentation value), for the control and the highest fertolomite rate, respectively.
Response of maize to liming and phosphorus fertilization with emphasis on weather properties effects
Authors: Komljenovic Ilija , Markovic Mihajlo , Djurasinovic Goran , Kovacevic Vlado
Published: July 2015

The field experiment of liming (0 and 10 t ha-1 of powdered hydrated lime) and phosphorus (P) fertilization (monoammonium phosphate or MAP: 12% N + 52% P2O5) started in autumn 2008 on acid soil of Laktasi municipality (Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina). Three doses of P (0, 500, 1000 and 1500 kg P2O5 ha-1) on ordinary fertilization were applied. The experiment was conducted in four replicates. Basic plots of liming and P fertilization were 640 m2 and 40 m2, respectively. Maize was grown in monoculture. Under drought stress of 2011 and 2012 yields were considerably lower (mean 3.86 t ha-1) than in the remaining two years (mean 9.20 t ha-1). As affected by drought and high air-temperature, particularly in August, the 2012 growing season was especially unfavorable for maize growth because mean yield in the experiment was only 2.06 t ha-1 or 22% of yield realized in the 2010 growing season. As affected by liming yield of maize was increased by 31% (4-year mean), while P effect was considerably lower (6.14 and 6.65 t ha-1, for the control and average of ameliorative P treatments, respectively).
Clase media y democracia en América Latina
Authors: Fierro Jaime
Published: July 2015

La consolidación de la clase media ha sido interpretada por las teorías de la modernización y de la posmodernización como un factor clave para el funcionamiento y la estabilidad del sistema democrático. Sin embargo, en América Latina la clase media ha sido asociada con dos posturas contradictorias. Por una parte, se ha destacado su papel estabilizador y democrático mientras que, por otra, ha sido vinculada con el respaldo a los golpes militares. Con la finalidad de dilucidar tal disyuntiva, se examina la relación que se puede establecer entre el nivel socioeconómico y el grado de apoyo a la democracia. Para ello, se realiza un análisis empírico a partir de las bases de datos de las encuestas Latinobarómetro, cubriendo diecisiete países de la región para el periodo 1996-2011. Se concluirá que la clase media en América Latina no posee actitudes especialmente más favorables hacia la democracia que los otros segmentos sociales.
Las víctimas del conflicto armado colombiano en la Ley de Víctimas y Restitución de Tierras: apropiación y resignificación de una categoría jurídica
Authors: Delgado Barón Mariana
Published: July 2015

La Ley 1448 de 2011, o Ley de Víctimas y Restitución de Tierras, se implementó en 2012 como un mecanismo jurídico adoptado en medio del conflicto armado interno colombiano para restituir las tierras a los que habían sufrido su despojo por parte de alguno de los actores alzados en armas. Así, esa Ley establece quiénes tienen acceso al derecho a la restitución y a la reparación (simbólica o económica), y de esta forma define un nuevo universo de víctimas, con lo que ha ampliado el debate acerca de la noción de víctima, no solo como una categoría jurídica claramente definida en la Ley, sino como un concepto que caracteriza y delimita a determinados tipos de sujeto. Este artículo contribuye a la discusión que abrió la Ley 1448 acerca de la significación y resignificación de la noción de víctima, y de las dinámicas de subjetivación política que aún se generan en torno a este proceso sociojurídico y político.
Igualdad de género y movimientos sociales en la Argentina posneoliberal: la Organización Barrial Tupac Amaru
Authors: Tabbush Constanza , Caminotti Mariana
Published: July 2015

Este trabajo se interroga sobre el lugar de las mujeres y las consignas de igualdad de género en las organizaciones populares argentinas, en un escenario de reactivación económica y cambio político en el cual se transforman en su rol y en sus formas de vinculación con el Estado y la política. Con este fin se aborda el caso de la Organización Barrial Tupac Amaru, destacado por tener mayores recursos, capacidad de movilización e incidencia política, y ser hegemónico en el noroeste argentino, y el único conducido por una mujer. El estudio abarca el periodo 2003-2014. Los hallazgos muestran que en la Tupac Amaru hay tres formas de entender las consignas de igualdad de género, y que en esta organización-bienestar existe preocupación por el empoderamiento de las mujeres y el reconocimiento de identidades sexuales diversas, sin todavía articular demandas de autonomía corporal de las mujeres y de redistribución del cuidado entre los géneros.
“Revitalización” sindical y negociación colectiva en Argentina (2003-2011)
Authors: Marticorena Clara
Published: July 2015

A partir del análisis de las características y contenidos de la negociación colectiva en Argentina, este artículo establece una serie de contrapuntos sobre las características del protagonismo sindical en el periodo 2003-2011. A lo largo del trabajo se analizan dimensiones comúnmente utilizadas como indicadores de “revitalización” sindical: la incidencia de la negociación colectiva, su cobertura, y los niveles de negociación. Se indaga además en los contenidos salariales y no salariales en convenios colectivos de trabajo y actas de acuerdo. Ello permite problematizar el protagonismo y la acción sindical durante el periodo estudiado y plantear distintas interrogantes sobre la relación entre la orientación y las estrategias sindicales y los contenidos de la negociación colectiva.
William Ascher: conversación sobre las policy sciences y sus aportes para América Latina
Authors: Del Castillo Alemán Gloria , Quintana Nedelcu Danay
Published: July 2015

En América Latina, y en particular en México, existe un debate en torno a qué nos referimos cuando hablamos de políticas públicas como campo de estudio, es decir, como área de conocimiento y praxis profesional. En las respuestas encontramos posiciones encontradas respecto a qué es y qué debería ser el estudio de las políticas públicas.El propósito de la entrevista con el profesor William Ascher 1 es conocer con mayor detalle la perspectiva acerca del conocimiento sobre las políticas públicas y específicamente sobre las policy sciences. Como el mismo profesor expresará, dicho enfoque se destaca por ser un acercamiento centrado en la resolución de los problemas públicos desde una mirada multi e interdisciplinar, sin perderde vista la incidencia de los contextos en el desempeño, resultados e impactos de las políticas públicas. La conversación busca arrojar luces sobre el estado actual de esta perspectiva y su utilidad para la comprensión de la complejidad que acompaña la hechura de las políticas en contextos como los que arropan a la región de América Latina.
Estado, reproducción del capital y lucha de clases. La unidad económico/política del capital, México, de Jaime Osorio
Authors: Constantino Agostina
Published: July 2015

Acceder al texto completo para consultar el contenido.
Sagebrush steppe recovery on 30–90‐year‐old abandoned oil and gas wells
Authors: Avirmed Otgonsuren , Lauenroth William K. , Burke Ingrid C. , Mobley Megan L.
Published: July 2015

Oil and natural gas extraction is rapidly expanding in semiarid intermountain big sagebrush ecosystems of the western USA. Formerly covering over 60 million ha, this ecosystem has lost almost half its area due to land use changes. In this study, we measured the natural recovery of the big sagebrush plant community across a chronosequence of 29 oil and gas well sites that were abandoned without reclamation between 1923 and 1980. We measured big sagebrush cover and density with strip transects inside and outside of the well sites, and we estimated big sagebrush biomass using both canopy measurements and allometric equations. Cover of other shrubs, grasses, and forbs was estimated with line transects inside and outside of well sites. We estimated that it takes at least 87 years for Wyoming big sagebrush cover to recover naturally, although big sagebrush density recovered in fewer than 70 years. Grasses and non‐sagebrush shrubs recovered rapidly, shown by the high cover of those groups in the youngest sites. We found none of the invasive plants that are common in disturbed big sagebrush communities in other parts of the big sagebrush range. The forbs that account for the largest portion of plant species richness in semiarid ecosystems and promote consumer diversity showed very little indication of recovery after 87 years. Our results suggest that reclamation efforts in disturbed big sagebrush plant communities in southwestern Wyoming should target big sagebrush and forbs.
Predicting effects of environmental change on a migratory herbivore
Authors: Stillman R. A. , Wood K. A. , Gilkerson W. , Elkinton E. , Black J. M. , Ward D. H. , Petrie M.
Published: July 2015

Changes in climate, food abundance and disturbance from humans threaten the ability of species to successfully use stopover sites and migrate between non‐breeding and breeding areas. To devise successful conservation strategies for migratory species we need to be able to predict how such changes will affect both individuals and populations. Such predictions should ideally be process‐based, focusing on the mechanisms through which changes alter individual physiological state and behavior. In this study we use a process‐based model to evaluate how Black Brant (Branta bernicla nigricans) foraging on common eelgrass (Zostera marina) at a stopover site (Humboldt Bay, USA), may be affected by changes in sea level, food abundance and disturbance. The model is individual‐based, with empirically based parameters, and incorporates the immigration of birds into the site, tidal changes in availability of eelgrass, seasonal and depth‐related changes in eelgrass biomass, foraging behavior and energetics of the birds, and their mass‐dependent decisions to emigrate. The model is validated by comparing predictions to observations across a range of system properties including the time birds spent foraging, probability of birds emigrating, mean stopover duration, peak bird numbers, rates of mass gain and distribution of birds within the site: all 11 predictions were within 35% of the observed value, and 8 within 20%. The model predicted that the eelgrass within the site could potentially support up to five times as many birds as currently use the site. Future predictions indicated that the rate of mass gain and mean stopover duration were relatively insensitive to sea level rise over the next 100 years, primarily because eelgrass habitat could redistribute shoreward into intertidal mudflats within the site to compensate for higher sea levels. In contrast, the rate of mass gain and mean stopover duration were sensitive to changes in total eelgrass biomass and the percentage of time for which birds were disturbed. We discuss the consequences of these predictions for Black Brant conservation. A wide range of migratory species responses are expected in response to environmental change. Process‐based models are potential tools to predict such responses and understand the mechanisms which underpin them.
Phylogenetic distance does not predict competition in green algal communities
Authors: Naughton H. R. , Alexandrou M. A. , Oakley T. H. , Cardinale B. J.
Published: July 2015

Biologists have held the tenet that closely related species compete more strongly with each other than with distant relatives since 1859, when Darwin observed that close relatives seldom co‐occur in nature and suggested it was because they competitively exclude one another. The expectation that close relatives experience greater competition than distant relatives has become known as the “competition‐relatedness hypothesis (CRH).” The CRH is predicated on the assumption that closely related species are more likely to have similar resource requirements than distant relatives, and thus, compete more strongly for limited resources. While this assumption has been popular because it is intuitive, it has also been subject to relatively little experimentation. Over the past decade, a growing number of CRH studies have arrived at divergent conclusions showing that the strength of competitive interactions can increase, decrease, or be independent of evolutionary relatedness. Most of these studies have focused on measuring competition among species pairs as opposed to competition experienced by species when part of whole communities. We tested whether the CRH holds in communities where individual species experience interactions with a variety of other taxa, which we call the ‘resident community'. We performed a laboratory mesocosm study using communities of eight species of freshwater green algae whose evolutionary relationships were quantified using a recently developed multi‐gene molecular phylogeny of 59 North American green algae. We grew species alone and in various combinations in polyculture so that we could measure each species' sensitivity to competition (reduction in intrinsic growth rate when grown alone vs. with a resident community), relative yield, and competitive release (proportional change in biomass of a species when grown in a resident community missing one competitor vs. in a community with all possible competitors). While each of these metrics consistently revealed a prevalence of competitive interactions among the algal species, none were predicted by the relatedness of a species to a resident community. This suggests that the results of prior pairwise studies refuting the competition‐relatedness hypothesis for green algae can be extended to larger resident communities in which more complex ecological interactions possibly occur.
Estimation Of Net Pay In Unconventional Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Fekete Paul , Dosunmu Adewale , Ekpedekumo Richard , Ayala Daniel , Bovwe Ediri , Ajiduah Sitamai
Published: July 2015

The confidence and the ability to predict reserves more accurately play an important role in developing a reservoir (conventional and unconventional). The role of Net Pay is very important in unconventional volumetric calculation of hydrocarbon resources, a practice that strengthens the relative worth of the Petroleum Industry. However, the estimation of resources has no universal definition of the concept neither is there a widely accepted procedure or methodology for its determination and incorporation. In unconventional reservoirs, these shortcomings become even more glaring where there is scarcity of reservoir data for assessing the storage properties of reservoir rocks and flow behavior. In improving the current situation of estimating Net pay in unconventional reservoirs, an assessment of the concept (Net Pay) together with contemporary method of determining it was carried with the aim of determining its application to Unconventional Gas Reservoir (UGR). In this paper an integrated rock typing approach is proposed as an alternative method of assessing reservoir quality for unconventional gas reservoirs that exhibit significant deviations for the Archie Criteria or Formula termed “problematic Reservoirs” by Worthington (2011).
Analyzing Lateral and Torsional Vibrations Models and Their Effect on Drilling Efficiency Using PDC Bits in Directional and Multilateral Wells
Authors: Odesa David E. , Dosunmu Adewale
Published: July 2015

Drillstring vibration is a complex and costly problem which when it occurs often results in damage to the drillstring, wear on tool joints and stabilizers and failures of MWD tools and BHA components, poor drilling efficiency and high NPT and adversely affect drilling efficiency (Fig. 1a & 1b). Drillstring vibrates as a result of load or displacement excitations applied at various locations and various frequencies. The primary causes of drillstring vibrations are bit/formation and drillstring/borehole interactions. Large vibration levels cause reduced rates of penetration and catastrophic failures while lower levels may lead to a reduced operating life over a sufficient time period. Figure 1aDrill collars failure in Okono-9 offshore Niger Delta due to PDC Bit Vibration. Courtesy: NPDC, 2013.Figure 1bExamples of PDC bit damage from backward whirl. Courtesy of Halliburton – Security DBS

The dynamic nature of drillstring creates a unique problem in vibration analysis. Due to problems related to torsional and lateral vibration, some systems and methods were developed over the years to either eliminate or reduce the problem. For instance, in trying to reduce torsional vibration, methods such as reducing the weight on bit, or changing the speed of the top drive were adopted. It appears to reduce torsional vibration but also resulted in a poor drilling rate. Researchers over the years have developed systems to prevent torsional vibration while still maintaining good drilling rate. However, they have shortfalls which at the time were not visible.

In this work, we considered that different drillstrings operate at varying rotary speeds and make different cutting impact with either the tricone bits or PDC bits when drilling directional wells. It depends on the natural frequency of the strings. The use of shocks subs does not provide a universal condition as shock subs are designed for one set of conditions. When the drilling environment changes, as it often does, shock subs become ineffective and often result in increased drilling vibrations, exacerbating the situation. Going forward, we analyzed previous models highlighting the shortfalls of the applicability. Also, we studied the effect of reduced WOB on Torsional vibration. The results though empirical were tested with field data.
Deep Offshore Petroleum Resource Developments in Nigeria: Challenges, Constraints and Outlook
Authors: Akinlawon Adeyemi J. , Iledare Omowumi O.
Published: July 2015

Nigeria's vision 20: 2020 targets reserves of 40 Billion Bbls of oil and production capacity of 4 Million Barrels of oil per day (Bopd) by the year 2020 for the oil and gas sector. It is expected that production from deep offshore will significantly contribute to realizing this vision. In 1993, the first set of deep offshore blocks was awarded, most of which were, to the International Oil Companies (IOCs). However, the first legislation on deep offshore development was the Deep Offshore and Inland Basin Production Sharing Contracts Decree No. 9 of 1999 (deemed to have come into effect 1st January 1993) and its amendment – Decree No. 26 of 1999. The legislation defined deep offshore as any water depth beyond 200 meters.

Forty-six deep offshore blocks were awarded between 1993 and 2007, when the last bidding round was completed. Sixty exploratory wells have been drilled leading to forty-two discoveries, about twenty per cent in commercial quantities. Though, only seven fields have been put on production at end of 2014. Final investment Decision (FID) was taken on one field (Egina field) in 2013, while FID is imminent for another field.

This paper evaluates deep offshore petroleum development activities in Nigeria and assesses the contributions of deep offshore production to Nigeria's aspiration to increase its reserves 40 Billion Barrrels and its production capacity to 4.0 Million barrels per day. Key challenges and constraints for offshore petroleum resource developments are reviewed and the outlook for Nigeria's deep offshore resource development is appraised.

The IOCs are expected to continue to dominate Nigeria's deep offshore petroleum operations, but some will seek to divest assets to reduce risked-capital exposure. As the commercial discoveries decrease in size and development costs increase, it is expected that operators will seek to increase exploratory activities to find additional reserves. Of course, one can expect finding costs per barrel to decline as a result of economy of scale and scope. The uncertainty of fiscal terms and instruments embodied in the Petroleum Industry Bill (PIB) and the dwindling crude oil price, however, may delay the expansion of deep offshore developments in Nigeria.
Modeling and Simulation of Wellbore Hydraulics in Underbalanced Drilling
Authors: Adeboye Y. B. , Oyekunle L. O.
Published: July 2015

Underbalanced drilling (UBD) holds several important advantages over conventional drilling technology which include minimization of formation damage, faster penetration rate and evaluation of reservoir productivity during drilling. Among many aspects of the underbalanced drilling technology which remain poorly understood, is cuttings transport. An Analytical model to predict wellbore hydraulics in underbalanced drilling was developed and validated using experimental data. Model predictions agreed with experimental data with an average absolute deviation (AAD %) of 10.6.The study of wellbore hydraulics at down hole temperature between 72°C and 270°C using drilling mud revealed that increasing downhole temperature by about 200% caused decrease of 4psi and 48psi in annular pressure drop at 0.5gal/min and 9.8gal/min. respectively. Increasing wellbore diameter by 90% at the same flow rate caused decrease of 5psi and 26psi in annular pressure drop. Also, an increase of 400% in well depth caused 5,890psi and 5,780psi increased in annular pressure drop.
Performance Evaluation of Guar Gum as a Carrier Fluid for Hydraulic Fracturing
Authors: Ihejirika B. , Dosunmu A. , Eme C.
Published: July 2015

This work was carried to study Guar gum as a Hydraulic Fracturing carrier fluid and also to look at how we can properly optimize the properties of the Guar gum to achieve a very efficient carrier fluid that will suspend proppant into the formation.The problems that necessitated the carrying out of this project was that over the years there has been failure in hydraulic fracturing operation due to shear degradation of Guar carrier fluid, high temperature denaturing of Guar carrier fluid and insoluble residue formation from Guar carrier fluid which may cause formation damage.These problems where studied using shear history simulator, high temperature and high pressure viscometer and also API RP39 procedure which gives the guideline for testing carrier fluid. It was established through this work that proper optimizing of the guar concentration can be used to control the shear degradation and temperature effect on the Guar carrier fluid. Also with the application of necessary additives, the Guar carried fluid can be used in a very high temperature formation.
Performance of Foriegn and Local Agents for Enhanced Oil Recovery of Nigerian Crude
Authors: Ogolo Naomi A. , Ogiriki Shadrach O. , Onyiri Victor I. , Nwosu Therisa C. , Onyekonwu Mike O.
Published: July 2015

Nigeria is gradually advancing into the secondary stage of oil recovery, necessitating preparation for tertiary oil recovery especially enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Considering the high cost of EOR agents, it is imperative to investigate the performance of available local EOR agents against foreign agents when these agents (such as surfactants and polymers) are used in combination. Oil displacement experiments were thus conducted using foreign and local surfactant-polymer (SP) and alkaline-polymer (AP) agents on Nigerian crude and their results were compared. The experiments entailed using different percentage ratios of surfactants to polymers and alkaline to polymer. Four kinds of Alkaline were also used to displace residual oil from sand to find out what type of alkaline displaces oil better.

The displacement efficiencies obtained from experimental results showed that the foreign EOR agents performed better than the local EOR agents. For the SP agents, the foreign SP displaced above 90% of both light and medium crude at about 45/55 percentage and 0/100 percentage respectively. The local SP displaced a maximum of about 35% of the light crude and 75% of medium crude at an SP ratio of about 20/80 for both cases. The use of Alkaline-Polymer results showed that the foreign agents performed better than the local agents. The maximum displacement efficiency of the foreign AP was 78.13% at a ratio of 40/60 while the maximum displacement efficiency of the local AP was 64% at a ratio of 60/40. The displacement of residual oil experiments performed using four kinds of alkaline showed that potassium hydroxide (KOH) enhances recovery better than NaOH, Na2CO3 and Palm bunch ash (a local source of alkaline). It was also observed that oil displacement efficiency increased as pH value of the alkaline increased.
Sand Consolidation Operations, Challenges and Remedy
Authors: Marfo S.A. , Appah D. , Joel O.F. , Ofori-Sarpong G.
Published: July 2015

Sand consolidation as a sand control method has been applied in the oil industry for nearly eight decades. Chemical sand consolidation has evolved since its first application in the early 1940s. Despite the failures recorded and its limitations in application in some oil and gas wells, this method has recorded some remarkable successes both as a primary and a remedial method of sand control in the petroleum industry. This paper presents the operation constraints in sand consolidation since its first use in the industry, the selection criteria and remedy. It also considers the types of resins which have been used over the years: highlights of sand consolidation methods in high clay content formations and the problem of long shut-in time for sufficient consolidation strength in reservoirs with either relatively low or high bottom-hole treatment temperatures. Moreover, recommendations on the way forward to manage these operational problems are elucidated.