bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Violence Against Women Act and Ambivalent Alliances
Authors: Whittier Nancy
Published: January 2018

Chapter 4 examines the Violence Against Women Act and the ambivalent alliance that led to it. The chapter shows the influence of feminist organizations on the legislation and traces how support from conservative elected officials formed alongside opposition from conservative activists outside the state. Conservatives and many liberals in Congress sought to be tough on crime and protect women from domestic violence and rape, while feminists sought to reduce the systematic victimization of women and improve the response from law enforcement and others. Congressional testimony promulgated a frame about violence against women as a gendered crime that could be understood in different ways by different sides. The chapter shows how this frame promoted VAWA’s success but feminist advocates’ intersectional goals for immigrants, women of color, and LGBT people were marginalized. The chapter shows how, by 2011, conservative activists’ influence on Congress through the Tea Party movement and feminists’ ongoing push to strengthen VAWA’s intersectional dimensions destabilized agreement on VAWA. The chapter addresses feminist criticism of VAWA as a case of carceral feminism, showing how VAWA’s discourse and legislation promoted both carceral, non-carceral, and intersectional frames and outcomes. VAWA reflects both unprecedented feminist legislative influence countervailing conservative influence.
Conclusion
Authors: Whittier Nancy
Published: January 2018

Chapter 5, the book’s conclusion, draws comparative theoretical lessons from all three cases. It discusses six features of relationships between frenemies: risks to participants’ reputation; reliance on hybrid or compromise frames or goals; focus on single-issue or specific goals; the importance of emotional and personal narratives; lack of more extensive collaboration or institutionalization of the relationships; and outcomes that depend on the relative power of participants. The chapter discusses implications for ongoing policy regarding sex offenders, sex trafficking, and government surveillance. The paths of activism around the case studies have influenced recent issues of sexual assault, including in the military, in colleges and universities. Feminists have influenced these developments, but not alone. Frenemies, including both feminists and conservatives, continue to be engaged in these issues and to shape their paths.
Diary Data Collection as a Qualitative Research Method
Authors: Hyers Lauri L.
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses the use of the diary in qualitative research, the role of the researcher and the diarist, the format of the entries, the epistemological orientations underlying diary designs, and various types of diary studies. The diary has always been among the options in the qualitative methodological repertoire and actually predates other more common contemporary methods for data collection. Diary studies involve the standard tasks of any research project: reviewing the literature and identifying research questions; designing and carrying out a data collection protocol; and analyzing and discussing the data. The style of analysis depends upon the type of study conducted. This chapter will discuss the use of diaries in several types Descriptive, Constructionist, and Applied Research designs.
Honoring the Prophet, Performing American Islam
Authors: Howe Justine
Published: January 2018

This chapter demonstrates the dynamic and improvisational character of ritual performance in third spaces, focusing on the performance of mawlids in the Webb community in 2011 and 2014. These rituals highlight Webb’s appeal to a broader network of Chicago’s Muslims across multiple generations. Webb mawlids build on traditions of female authority in domestic performance to elevate women’s participation and leadership in a public space. Within the framework of Webb as a third space, the mawlid is among the most important rituals for the construction of female religious authority. Shifts in ritual elements, namely music, language, and texts, reflect the conscious efforts of Webb members to cultivate American Muslim “spirituality” and produce an authentic American Muslim culture. This chapter also explains the limits of such ritual experimentations, showing how debates over the mawlid are part of broader contemporary Muslim concerns over authority, authenticity, and the boundaries of the Islamic tradition.
“I Want to Know the Context”
Authors: Howe Justine
Published: January 2018

Through an “ethnography of reading,” this chapter focuses on Webb debates about soteriological pluralism in the Qur’an. Indeed, the US Protestant discourse of religious pluralism has profoundly shaped the ways that American Muslims read and interpret the Qur’an. In particular, Muslims face increasing pressure to affirm, through Qur’anic interpretation and exegesis, that Islam recognizes Judaism and Christianity as salvific faiths, and to downplay Islamic claims to superiority. The embrace of the “Abrahamic faiths” has become another test of national belonging. The demands of religious pluralism mean that non-Muslim readings of the Qur’an necessarily influence, structure, and add a particular urgency to Webb participants’ engagement with the text. Webb participants employed multiple hermeneutical strategies in order to challenge broader culture discourses that have vilified the text (and by extension, Islam) as oppressive and antithetical to American religious pluralism. In doing so, they affirmed and challenged the logic of religious pluralism.
The Color Line in Virginia
Authors: McRae Elizabeth Gillespie
Published: January 2018

In the 1920s, white women constituted the main workforce for Virginia’s new Racial Integrity Law. In the western counties of Rockbridge and Amherst counties, white female registrars, public welfare officers, teachers, and social work students cataloged the racial identity of their neighbors and informed state officials of those who might have a “mixed racial” heritage. Imbued with the authority of the Progressive Era state, local white women produced a white supremacist politics built on preventing interracial marriage and “mixed-race” children and cooperating with supporters of eugenics. Armed with their local knowledge, the state registrar, Walter Plecker, reported “mixed-race,” Indian (Monacan) families to schools, hospitals, and courthouses in order to strengthen the Jim Crow order. By turning in their neighbors, white women both created and enforced the color line, securing the future of Jim Crow segregation.
Jim Crow’s International Enemies and Nationwide Allies
Authors: McRae Elizabeth Gillespie
Published: January 2018

During the Cold War, segregationist women argued that the United Nations and its American political allies threatened national sovereignty, national security, racial segregation, states’ rights, and family autonomy. They drew parallels between attacks on southern segregation and international condemnation of the United States by a UN-inspired, developing, non-white world. Building national networks, segregationists joined conservatives who argued that those best situated to protect the nation from internationalists and integrationists were in state, not federal, office. This move coupled with a national conversation on human rights led many segregationist women to join the Democrats for Eisenhower and support the Bricker Amendment, a proposed constitutional amendment that moved the treaty ratification to state legislatures. The anti-communist crusade that grew out of this Cold War configuration allowed white southern women to imbue their work for segregation with national as well as international importance, hiding homegrown black activism behind communist machinations.
Threats Within
Authors: McRae Elizabeth Gillespie
Published: January 2018

White segregationist women nationwide believed that the Brown decision threatened their private, public, and political authority. Long committed to the Jim Crow order, they emerged as the mass in massive resistance. They painted the family as the center of political life, with parental authority eroded by a federal government. Because school integration eroded their ability to secure the benefits of white supremacy for their children, it compromised their ability to be good mothers. They called for school choice, lobbied for local choice plans, and worked for the white Citizens’ Councils. At times their political language minimized racial identity and replaced it with a particular gender identity, prioritizing motherhood and burying whiteness and offering a color-blind discourse for a national audience. But Brown also put black children at the forefront of the movement, forcing white segregationist women to cast aside a language of maternal concern for one that degraded black schoolchildren.
To Believe and Make-Believe
Authors: Morgan David
Published: January 2018

This chapter contends that believing and making-believe are not strongly isolated from one another—indeed, often they intermingle. The magic of images often consists in their ability to make belief from the fiction of make-believe. A close analysis of a famous painting of Pygmalion and Galatea, drawn from Ovid’s ancient verse, forms the central discussion about the power of images to make belief from make-believe. In making this comparison, the author establishes that enchantment is an instrument for representation of interior dynamics that lead to healthy psychological development; the imaginative condition for artistic enjoyment and creative thinking; the ascription of agency to things that are not animate; and the assignment of intentionality or will to events that might otherwise be attributed to random occurrence.
Enchantment and Disenchantment
Authors: Morgan David
Published: January 2018

This chapter moves to formalize the definition of enchantment, considering it in relation to magic, religion, art, and play. The idea of the material network as the matrix in which enchantment happens is presented as the basis for understanding the materiality of enchantment. An extended set of related examples involving the history of the automobile and its material network of roads, gas stations, and so on provide a way of thinking about the utility of network as the site for enchantment. The power of disenchantment is its ability to disrupt the network and disable enchantment—destroying images breaks their idolatrous hold on viewers.
Chance and the Work of Enchantment
Authors: Morgan David
Published: January 2018

One of the most fundamental features of the universe is randomness or chance, even if some religions have sought to deny its existence by attributing every unexpected turn of events to the mystery of divine will. Turning randomness into purpose is one of the primary tasks of enchantment. This chapter explores the history of material devices and ideas about chance from the ancient world to the present. It shows how chance is a vital ingredient in enchantment, whether it is overtly used in casting lots or the random opening of a book, or staunchly denied in the narrative work of resolving the mysteries of providence. The agency of images in the process propels the interpretation of tarot cards or reveals divine will in apparitions. Marks become signs in the practices of enchantment, and images at work make the world go one’s way.
The Politics of Sectarianism and Its Reflection in Questions of International Law and State Formation in the Middle East
Authors: Cavanaugh Kathleen , Castellino Joshua
Published: January 2018

As the relationships between communities (majority and minority) within states in the Middle East are recalibrated and competition for access to political and economic decision-making institutions intensifies, this chapter focuses on how identity politics are constructed in the Middle East. It provides a general overview of the historical social formation of regional identities, and explores the politicisation of identity and growth of sectarianism in the region. The chapter concludes by reflecting on how entrepreneurial sectarianism has taken root in Iraq exacerbated by tensions related to the transition, changing the identity landscape and threatening the physical boundaries in the region, and generating newer antagonisms that mapped onto external and internal political ambition.
Is the ICC Focusing Too Much on Non-State Actors?
Authors: Mégret Frédéric
Published: January 2018

One of the most significant contributions of Bill Schabas to the study of international criminal law is his critique of the tendency of contemporary international criminal justice to focus on individuals associated with non-state actors as opposed to states. This chapter seeks to first evaluate it as an empirical claim to assess the degree to which the International Criminal Court (ICC) has, if at all, disproportionately focused on non-state actors, beyond the well-known case of state self-referrals. It then addresses the normative case against such an evolution. The real issue is jurisdictional and a matter of prosecutorial policy rather than the substantive one of whether non-state groups can commit international crimes. The conclusion envisages what it is that is common between states and certain armed groups that ought to give a particular character of gravity to their acts and recommend them for special attention from international criminal law and justice.
The ICC as a Work in Progress, for a World in Process
Authors: Delmas-Marty Mireille
Published: January 2018

The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, this chapter observes, gave rise to a dédoublement du droit pénal, or division of criminal law. A ‘criminal law of the inhuman, which speaks to the call of universalism’, confronted ‘a criminal law of the enemy, which assumes that each state can wage war against terrorism as it pleases’, and poses a threat to peace. The chapter urges reinforcement of the former—and with it, humanism—through reinforcement of a ‘work in progress’ that began operations in 2002, when the International Criminal Court began operations.
Legacy in International Criminal Justice
Authors: Stahn Carsten
Published: January 2018

Legacy plays an increasing role in international criminal justice. But it remains under-theorized as a concept. Court strategies navigate between reproduction of the past and societal transformation. Many of the lasting effects of criminal proceedings are not tied to judgements, but specific incidents or performative aspects of trials, and their reception. This chapter examines legacy strategies and their critiques. It shows that the turn to legacy is partly an expression of the role of courts as social agents and geared towards the production of ‘global’ legacies. Legacy cannot be authoritatively construed by institutions, but shifts with perceptions over time. The chapter establishes a fivefold typology of legacy, including juridified legacy, institutional/systemic legacy, performative legacy, reproductive legacy, and receptive legacy. It argues that court-mandated legacy involves a certain degree of social construction and claims of ownership over the past that sit uncomfortably with the thicker fabric of remembrance and collective memory.
Torture by Private Actors and ‘Gold-Plating’ the Offence in National Law
Authors: Clapham Andrew , Gaeta Paola
Published: January 2018

The email exchange between Andrew Clapham and Paola Gaeta set forth in this chapter offers a snapshot of an argument over whether states parties to the Torture Convention are obliged to criminalise in domestic law the crime of torture as such. It goes on to explore what are the pros and cons of demanding that torture requires the involvement of a ‘state official’ and whether states can ‘gold-plate’ their definition of torture in domestic law, thus extending the crime into the private sphere. In the end, this is a discussion about the very nature of torture, or if you like, torture’s ‘quintessence’.
Secrets and Surprises in the Travaux Préparatoires of the Genocide Convention
Authors: Abtahi Hirad , Webb Philippa
Published: January 2018

Drafted from 1946 to 1948, the Genocide Convention is the product of its time: a document reflecting the sociology of immediate post-WWII inter-states relations. This chapter seeks to shed light on hidden facts behind the Genocide Convention’s drafting, negotiations, and adoption processes during 1946–1948. There are secrets and surprises in the travaux préparatoires relating to the origins of the Convention, cultural and political genocide, the obligation to prevent, the issue of an international criminal court, and the question of reparations to victims of genocide. William Schabas has repeatedly recognised in his academic writing the value that can be gained from a close study of the travaux.
Perspectives on Cultural Genocide
Authors: Gilbert Jérémie
Published: January 2018

Cultural genocide broadly refers to ‘the extermination of a culture that does not involve physical extermination of its people’. This chapter examines how, from a criminal law concept, cultural genocide has moved to a concept aimed at protecting cultural diversity. This chapter in Section II will first examine how and why the crime was rejected under international criminal law. Based on this analysis, it will then examine how human rights law, which was meant to address the issue of cultural protection of minorities, has in fact left this area of the law undeveloped. Section III will then assess to what extent the notion of cultural genocide can act as an important tool for conflict prevention when minorities’ cultural assets are under attack. Finally, Section IV will explore how the indigenous peoples’ rights movement has renewed the idea that prohibiting cultural genocide constitutes an essential elements of human rights law.
Crimes against Humanity
Authors: Van Schaack Beth
Published: January 2018

This chapter identifies three unfortunate gaps in the United States’ federal penal code: The United States lacks a crimes against humanity statute, the war crimes statute has a limited jurisdictional reach and does not conform to US obligations under the Geneva Conventions, and the code lacks express mention of superior responsibility. These gaps significantly hinder the reach of the United States’ prosecutorial authorities and have led to instances of impunity, and incomplete accountability, where perpetrators within US jurisdiction cannot be prosecuted for their substantive crimes and must be dealt with through immigration and other remedies. The chapter then evaluates various proposed amendments to Title 18, drawing upon previous bills, international criminal law, and other federal statutes. It closes by arguing that discrete statutory amendments would enable the United States to exercise leadership in atrocities prevention and response without increasing the risk that US personnel will be subjected to litigation overseas.
Justice outside of Criminal Courtrooms and Jailhouses
Authors: Drumbl Mark A.
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores a range of justice mechanisms that present as alternatives to courtrooms and jails. It discusses a number of ‘othered’ alternatives. A rich thread of Schabas’s work itself engages with such alternatives, and this chapter references this thread. When it comes to alternatives to criminal trials, truth commissions and public inquiries emerge as among the most obvious candidates. In this regard, then, they find themselves at the center of peripheralized modalities of post-conflict justice. This chapter looks well beyond this center so as to recover the value of the margins, the edges, within the periphery. It thereby addresses traditional cleansing ceremonies, community service, civil actions in national courts, restitution, qualified amnesties, and the gacaca in Rwanda. It also examines how, because of perceived inadequacies in victim integration, the Rome Statute framework sought to incorporate restorative approaches to justice (including victim participation in criminal proceedings and entitlements to reparations).
Toward Greater Synergy between Courts and Truth Commissions in Post-conflict Contexts
Authors: Jalloh Charles Chernor
Published: January 2018

After a brutal civil war (1991–2002), Sierra Leone became the first country to experiment with simultaneously having a truth commission and a special criminal tribunal. The former, to which Bill Schabas was appointed international commissioner, sought to create an impartial historical record of the human rights violations perpetrated during the conflict and to promote healing and reconciliation. The latter aimed to address impunity, through prosecution of those most responsible for grave international crimes committed during the latter part of the war. This chapter examines the challenge that the two separate institutions, each with its unique mandate and working method, faced in their interactions with each other. It argues that the truth commission and special court’s attempt to forge a complementary relationship was largely unsuccessful because of structural and other factors. The author identifies key lessons of the Sierra Leone experiment for future transitions in Africa and around the world.
Foreword
Authors: Amann Diane Marie , deGuzman Margaret M.
Published: January 2018

In this foreword, the volume's co-editors recall the claim of Martin Luther King Jr. that ‘the arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice’. The foreword summarises this collection's essays by eminent scholars, each contributed in recognition of honouree William A. Schabas. The collection analyses developments respecting global justice in the decades since the end of World War II. The volume discusses institutions such as the United Nations, the European Court of Human Rights, the International Criminal Court, and instruments such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Convention Against Torture, and the Canadian Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms. It examines fits and starts in global justice with regard to many phenomena: peace and war, international crimes, culture, death penalty, environmental degradation, and not least, education and scholarship.
The Way Time Goes By
Authors: Pagán Cánovas Cristóbal , Piata Anna
Published: January 2018

Conceptual metaphor theory has used TIME IS SPACE as the paradigmatic case of projection from a concrete to an abstract domain. More recently, within the framework of conceptual integration or blending theory, a more complex view of time–space mappings—and of mappings in general—has been proposed. Rather than a binary, unidirectional projection between the vast experiential domains of TIME and SPACE, the blending account proposes that meanings combining time and motion emerge from successive integrations within a network of relatively small conceptual packets, including event structure, motion from A to B, and a cultural mechanism for measuring duration. We examine how poetic effects can be created by using the conventional opportunities provided by this conceptual template, as well as by manipulating the path (with a linear or circular shape), one of the basic spatial features in this representation. We analyze examples in Greek, English, and Spanish.
Intentionality and Constraint in Conceptual Blending
Authors: Bruhn Mark J.
Published: January 2018

This chapter proposes a systems-theoretic adjustment to conceptual blending theory with respect to the so-called generic space. In creative conceptualization, the generic space is not an optional by-product of conceptual mappings across previously and otherwise constituted input spaces, but rather their effective cause, and not by selecting for them but by massively constraining against anything not them. As a first approximation of the blend’s targeted or intended meaning, the generic space functions as an indispensable “proto-blend” that sets the parameters and satisfaction conditions for the resulting conceptual network. This underappreciated point is elaborated through case studies of three well-known and increasingly complex creative blends: a sentence-level metaphor (“This surgeon is a butcher!”), an extemporaneous discourse exchange (from the live radio talk show “Loveline”), and a highly iconic lyric poem (Richard Wilbur’s “Piazza di Spagna, Early Morning”).
A Multiple-Parallel-Text Approach for Viewpoint Research Across Languages
Authors: Lu Wei-lun , Verhagen Arie , Su I-wen
Published: January 2018

This chapter addresses the issue of viewpoint in literary narratives across languages by means of a multiple-parallel-text (MultiParT) approach, using multiple translated versions in one language of a world masterpiece to account for the factor of individual variation. We argue that MultiParT is methodologically highly advantageous, as it can lead researchers to empirical findings that other research methods cannot show. First, the Chinese versions are in general much more heavily demonstrative-viewpointed than the English version. Second, lack of correspondence with the English version is all over the place across the Chinese versions. Third, intralanguage viewpointing preferences can be identified across the Chinese versions, which shows how the Chinese versions systematically differ from the English text. We believe the findings constitute powerful testimonies to the usefulness of MultiParT in cross-linguistic cognitive poetic and stylistic research.
The Locations and Means of Literary Reading
Authors: Burke Michael , Bon Esmeralda V.
Published: January 2018

The means and locations of reading are becoming increasingly significant. This is not only reflected in the academic world but also in the press. This chapter addresses the question of whether the locations and means of reading have changed in the past ten years since the advent of the e-reader. Have the places and manner of reading become more flexible? Has reading “on the go” replaced traditional locations of literary reading? Is more literature being read on mobile devices or is reading on paper still preferred over digital means—or are current readers hybrid readers? These are the questions that underpin this chapter. A connected series of experiments was conducted that seeks to explore the question of locations and means of contemporary acts of reading. It is hoped that the results that emerge may point the way to more qualitative and quantitative studies on this increasingly significant topic.
Cognitive Linguistics and Multimodal Poetics
Authors: Schneider Christian W. , Pleyer Michael
Published: January 2018

This chapter applies theoretical constructs from cognitive linguistics to multimodal visual texts, such as comics. In particular, it discusses the concept of cognitive modes of scanning found in Langacker’s cognitive grammar. Mental scanning relates to the way we build conceptual representations of complex scenes and events. These can be apprehended either holistically (summary scanning) or successively (sequential scanning). A distinctly multimodal medium, comics feature the sequential ordering of images as well as their holistic configuration on the comics page. Thus they involve both summary and sequential scanning processes. The chapter uses the example of Alan Moore’s and Dave Gibbons’ graphic novel Watchmen to show how the conceptual distinction between summary and sequential scanning may provide new impulses for the analysis of graphic literature. A highly intricate text, Watchmen uses the tension of different modes of scanning to construct complex temporal configurations.
Prelude
Authors: Walker Elsie
Published: January 2018

The prelude stresses the emotional, moral, and social value in our being able to hear the world, and the sounds we make within it, better. Michael Haneke’s films are designed to make us reach a greater level of sonic alertness, and they represent a radical expansion of cinema as much more than a “visual medium.” By prompting us to hear everything more consciously, Haneke’s films offer us transformative experiences of lasting impact. The director also consistently foregrounds extreme and devastating scenes of preventable human violence. So, while all of his sound tracks represent new medium-specific possibilities, they also present us with the most poignant hopes of progressive change.
The Piano Teacher
Authors: Walker Elsie
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on The Piano Teacher as a complex, intertextual adaptation that draws from numerous sources, both directly and indirectly. The film clearly parallels and amplifies the sonic descriptions of an original novel by Elfriede Jelineke. We examine how The Piano Teacher also ironically engages with the sonic strategies of Classical Hollywood melodramas and musician-based dramas, and as it recontextualizes revered classical music in relation to the disturbing sadomasochistic desires of its female protagonist, Erika. The songs from Schubert’s Winterreise most closely match Erika’s conception of herself, and we explore how film incorporates them to sonically stress her ultimate aloneness. In addition, we place emphasis on Erika’s silences that leave her disempowered without those cathartic sonic consolations (such as empathetic non-diegetic music) that often provide a fantasy of female transcendence. The film’s feminist emphasis on such silences parallels Jelinek’s text, along with intensifying Haneke’s subversively uncomfortable, intertextually loaded creation.
Amour
Authors: Walker Elsie
Published: January 2018

This chapter is the culminating analysis of the book because Amour incorporates many sonic patterns that are representative of Haneke’s work, though it also handles these same patterns in surprising ways. The film features Haneke’s most subtly and tenderly demanding sound track to date, and this chapter explores how it rewards close analysis in relation to the director’s previous work. The chapter also provides extended consideration of Emmanuelle Riva’s performance as the female protagonist, emphasizing her subversively strong sonic presence. Along with refusing to reduce the ailing and aged woman to an image of decay, the film repeatedly amplifies her sonic power. In connection with the compassion of Amour, we return to misunderstandings of Haneke’s work that have led to critical presumptions of his emotional coldness. Ironically, we will find that Amour is Haneke’s most moving and aurally nuanced appeal to our imaginations and hearts.
Origins of the Moral Punishment Instinct
Authors: van Prooijen Jan-Willem
Published: January 2018

Third-party punishment occurs among insect species, cleaner fish, and non-human primates. This suggests that organisms do not need a sophisticated sense of morality to be punitive. Why, then, did humans evolve a moral punishment instinct? The main proposition of this chapter is that people evolved a sense of morality as a consequence of their punishment instincts. In ancestral groups of hunter-gatherers, punishment had genetic consequences, as it frequently meant death, exclusion, or unattractively low social standing. Punishment therefore has put social selection pressures on our ancestors to evolve intrinsic motivations to pursue the interests of the group. Furthermore, whereas punishment is frequently portrayed as costly, the chapter illuminates that punishers also reap important benefits: punishment can be a form of costly signaling, emphasizing punishers’ power, making them attractive mates.
When Punishment Backfires
Authors: van Prooijen Jan-Willem
Published: January 2018

Sometimes punishment can undermine cooperation. Antisocial punishment, where uncooperative group members punish cooperative group members, exists particularly in countries with lower levels of trust towards strangers. Furthermore, threatening with punishment in interpersonal encounters may undermine trust and cooperation, as people see the unwarranted threat of punishment as unfair. Finally, in economic games, punishment often increases cooperation but decreases the net payoff for individual participants. These insights are integrated with the idea that punishment is a moral instinct. This chapter notes that the cultural conditions that enable antisocial punishment emerged only recently in our evolutionary history, when people started living in large states and could be relatively self-sufficient. Furthermore, punishment not only increases but also stabilizes cooperation, increasing the net payoff for individuals in the long run.
Revenge, Gossip, and Restorative Justice
Authors: van Prooijen Jan-Willem
Published: January 2018

Besides formal third-party punishment, punishment can take alternative forms such as revenge, gossip, and restorative justice. This chapter examines these alternative punishment forms in light of the idea that punishment is a basic moral instinct. Revenge means that the victim (or people close to the victim) directly punishes the perpetrator. Revenge has a behavioral-control function similar to third-party punishment’s, but it is less successful due to a lack of legitimacy and proportionality. Gossip enables group members to harm an offender’s reputation. These reputational concerns stimulate cooperation, even among the most powerful members of the group, if group members are likely to gossip. Finally, although restorative justice (e.g., healing an injustice through victim–offender mediation) is frequently portrayed as alternative to punishment, it actually works best if it contains punishment. Restorative justice is mostly an improved procedure to implement punishment, increasing fairness and hence cooperation.
Knowns and Unknowns about Students with Disabilities Who Also Happen to Be Intellectually Gifted
Authors: Pfeiffer Steven I. , Nicpon Megan Foley
Published: January 2018

High-ability students with coexisting disabilities (i.e., twice exceptional) are challenging to diagnose and treat due to multiple issues, including variable definitions of what it means to be “gifted,” the influence of high intellectual or creative ability on mental health diagnostic presentation and intervention, time of onset of both the abilities and disabilities, and symptom-masking effects. While the child psychiatry and child clinical psychology fields offer several empirically validated intervention options, few have examined efficacy or effectiveness among twice exceptional youth. Also, extant studies are often fraught with methodological weaknesses. This chapter advocates that best clinical practice include implementing empirically validated interventions with attention to the child’s profile of abilities and talent domain, focusing on resilience and wellness/growth-promoting strategies, and providing advocacy, professional development, supervision, and training opportunities to educators and mental health professionals about this unique populations’ needs.
How We Can Recognize and Teach Twice- or Multi-Exceptional Students
Authors: Winebrenner Susan
Published: January 2018

Since the mid-1990s, a new group of exceptional learners has emerged who demonstrate advanced learning capacity in one or more subject areas while simultaneously showing severe learning challenges in others. These students are referred to as “twice- or multi-exceptional” or 2e. The dilemma has been how to allow them to devote equal attention to both their areas of exceptional learning needs. Typically, some educators spend more time and attention shoring up students’ learning weaknesses, assuming these learners need very little school time in their strength areas. This chapter demonstrates how to teach 2e students to utilize their learning strengths to facilitate steady improvement in their areas of academic challenge.
Twice Exceptionality and Social-Emotional Development
Authors: Galbraith Judy
Published: January 2018

The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the common social-emotional challenges and needs of gifted students who also experience one or more learning differences such as learning disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or dyslexia (twice exceptional, or 2e students). The social-emotional needs of these students merit mindful attention because when these needs are addressed, 2e students are more likely to feel supported and succeed in school and in life. This fact is well documented in literature and through surveys conducted by the author. The surveys reviewed in this chapter cover topics related to students’ experiences at school, with peers, and at home and in terms of how they felt about themselves growing up.
Educating the Twice Exceptional Child
Authors: Besnoy Kevin
Published: January 2018

Many times, parents of gifted students with disabilities are unsure of how to navigate school policy dealing with serving one exceptionality, let alone two. Creating strong school-to-home collaborative partnerships requires school officials connect with parents through a variety of mediums. From inviting parents to attend special events at the school to establishing social-media groups focused on parents’ needs, school officials must find ways to bring parents into the school and into collaborative partnerships. By creating an inviting school culture, educators will cultivate parental involvement and produce individualized programming that meets the needs of this special population. This chapter provides background information on the importance of strong school-to-home partnerships and offers realistic strategies that school officials can implement.
Attention Divergent Hyperactive Giftedness
Authors: Fugate C. Matthew
Published: January 2018

For decades, researchers have focused on the importance of creativity and its lasting repercussions for the individual and society as a whole. In order to foster creativity in the classroom, it is important to approach education from a strength-based perspective rather than focusing on remediating weaknesses. This is especially beneficial for gifted students with co-occurring learning differences such as attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD). This chapter reviews the research on twice exceptionality and explores the implications that these findings have for educators as they construct classroom environments that foster creativity. In doing so, educators are encouraged to see these students as ADHG—attention divergent hyperactive gifted. Such a paradigm shift would alter the focus from their challenges and instead highlight their motivation, strengths, perseverance, and resilience, those innate qualities that make them so very special.
The Spectrum of Twice Exceptional and Autistic Learners and Suggestions for Their Learning Styles
Authors: Williams Richard O. , Freed Jeffrey
Published: January 2018

This chapter compares the exceptionalities and learning disabilities found in twice exceptional (2e) learners with those of learners on the autistic spectrum who have identifiable autistic traits but not an autistic spectrum disorder diagnosis. Many autistic learners have similar exceptionalities to 2e learners, and the chapter presents genetic and neuroscience evidence to support the claim. It argues that many of the learning disabilities for each group result from unusual and exceptional sensory processing issues. In many cases hypersensitivity of the senses causes behavioral issues for the classroom and learning disabilities for the students. Both groups have very similar learning and cognitive styles and are excellent visual-spatial thinkers and learners. The chapter describes a spectrum that plots sensory traits, abilities and disabilities, exceptionalities, learning disabilities, and genetic mutations from mild to abundant. A list of teaching suggestions to accommodate the sensory and learning difficulties of the two groups is provided.
Integration and Dynamic Adaptation in the Formation of a Novel 2e School Model
Authors: Busi Kimberly , Berman Kristin
Published: January 2018

Education for twice exceptional (2e) children has proven to be a dilemma for many institutions as these children bring many complexities requiring a diverse and integrated group of professionals working together. As 2e children grow in a setting that can address their need for self-regulation, executive functioning, support of learning differences, and advanced level academics, professionals must continually assess and adapt their practices. The Quad Preparatory School has developed a model that integrates best practices from the fields of psychology, speech pathology, occupational therapy, special education, and gifted pedagogy employing instruction in a one-on-one setting adding group work when children are ready. The model uses a curriculum framework providing a context for studies in all disciplines leading to project work initiated by the strengths and interests of the students. The model has been successful in its use of dynamic adaptation to personalize the educational experience of 2e children.
Citizenship By Degree
Authors: Rose Deondra
Published: January 2018

Since the mid-twentieth century, the United States has seen a striking shift in the gender dynamics of higher educational attainment as women have come to earn college degrees at higher rates than men. Women have also made significant strides in terms of socioeconomic status and political engagement. What explains the progress that American women have made since the 1960s? While many point to the feminist movement as the critical turning point, this book makes the case that women’s movement toward first-class citizenship has been shaped not only by important societal changes but also by the actions of lawmakers who used a combination of redistributive and regulatory higher education policies to enhance women’s incorporation into their roles as American citizens. Examining the development and impact of the National Defense Education Act of 1958, the Higher Education Act of 1965, and Title IX of the 1972 Education Amendments, this book argues that higher education policies represent a crucial—though largely overlooked—factor shaping the progress that women have made. By significantly expanding women’s access to college, they helped to pave the way for women to surpass men as the recipients of bachelor’s degrees, while also empowering them to become more economically independent, socially integrated, politically engaged members of the American citizenry. In addition to helping to bring into greater focus our understanding of how Southern Democrats shaped US social policy development during the mid-twentieth century, this analysis recognizes federal higher education policy as an indispensible component of the American welfare state.
Scaring Up Money for College
Authors: Rose Deondra
Published: January 2018

By providing substantial financial support for college students on the basis of need, the National Defense Education Act (NDEA) blazed a trail for gender parity in public support for college students. Chapter 3 explores how lawmakers successfully passed the path-breaking student aid program in 1958 and how it has contributed to women’s educational attainment in subsequent decades. This analysis suggests that women’s incorporation as full citizens under US social policy is rooted in the political development of the NDEA, which was shaped by Cold War politics on the international stage and contention over civil rights on the domestic front. The concerted influence of these factors was central to lawmakers’ success in passing a student assistance program that institutionalized gender-egalitarian support for college students and contributed to a narrowing of the gender gap in higher educational attainment that had been exacerbated by the GI Bill.
Opening Doors for Women
Authors: Rose Deondra
Published: January 2018

This chapter offers a final case study of landmark higher education policy development, analyzing the creation of Title IX. By departing from the redistributive policy design of the National Defense Education Act (NDEA) and the Higher Education Act (HEA) and employing a regulatory approach to expand access to higher educational institutions, lawmakers ventured beyond the precedent of promoting equal opportunity through financial aid. This analysis reveals an interesting shift in the intentionality of lawmakers when it came to expanding women’s access to college degrees. While the substantial benefits that women received from the NDEA and the HEA were byproducts of broader political forces that supported their inclusion as incidental and even accidental beneficiaries, Title IX was crafted with the explicit purpose of expanding women’s access to higher educational institutions.
Citizenship by Degree
Authors: Rose Deondra
Published: January 2018

Chapter 8 considers the implications of this analysis for how we think about public policy and its value for achieving national goals. It also highlights the lessons that the success of landmark higher education policies holds for how lawmakers can promote equal opportunity. To fully understand the progress that American women have made in the last half century, we must take into account the landmark federal higher education programs that have contributed to the dramatic increase in women’s higher educational attainment. In a political context characterized by considerable hostility toward traditional welfare state programs like Temporary Assistance for Needy Families and food stamps, federal higher education programming represents one of the most politically viable methods of redistribution in the United States. Considering the value of higher education for promoting socioeconomic stability and political engagement, American lawmakers interested in promoting equal opportunity would do well to find ways to continue expanding access to college degrees.
Setting the Stage
Authors: Magnusson Eva , Marecek Jeanne
Published: January 2018

This chapter lays the groundwork for navigating psychological scholarship on gender, sex, and sexualities. It presents some central concepts in these fields, as well as tools for thinking about and asking questions about these concepts and their use. The chapter begins with a discussion of social categories and categorization and then moves to a focus on sex categories. Next is an examination of three concepts that psychologists employ with great frequency, but with varying and sometimes ambiguous meanings: gender, difference, and “the social.” The closing section offers a series of questions to guide students as they read books and articles on gender, sex, and sexualities.
Nonbinary Gender Identities
Authors: Hegarty Peter , Ansara Y. Gavriel , Barker Meg-John
Published: January 2018

This chapter concerns nonbinary genders; identities and roles between or beyond gender categories such as the binary options ‘women and men,’ for example. We review the emerging literature on people who do not identify with such binary gender schemes, unpack the often-implicit logic of thinking about others through the lens of gender binary schemes, and briefly describe some other less-researched, but longstanding cultural gender systems which recognize nonbinary genders. This chapter makes the case that consideration of nonbinary genders is germane to several core topics in psychology including identity, mental health, culture, social norms, language, and cognition.
Gender and Sex(ualities)
Authors: Kurtiş Tuğçe , Adams Glenn
Published: January 2018

Cultural psychology highlights the mutual constitution of psyche and culture—that is, the bidirectional relationship between person-based structures of mind and socially constructed affordances inscribed in everyday cultural worlds. The experience of gender and sexuality requires engagement with particular sociocultural affordances, and cultural traditions of gender and sexuality are (re)produced by everyday activities. Western feminists have often viewed aspects of gender relations in Majority-World settings as pathological or oppressive. Adopting a decolonial standpoint, we proposes two analytic strategies to counter such epistemic violence: (1) normalize Other patterns that appear abnormal or deficient; and (2) denaturalize the patterns that prevail in Western high-income settings. We illustrate these strategies by describing our research on “self-silencing,” relationship satisfaction, and depression among Turkish women.