bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The function of sleep
Authors: Phillips Andrew J. K.
Published: August 2018

The function of sleep was a longstanding mystery in neuroscience, but there is now compelling empirical evidence for several key functions of sleep. Elucidating these functions and their underlying pathways is a hot area for the field of sleep research today, and many open questions remain. What we have gleaned from recent data is that it is important to view sleep as a synthesis of processes that enable improved functioning during wakefulness. There is no single universal function of sleep, but rather a collection of synergistic functions that are each of varying importance to different species. In humans, sleep plays critical roles in consolidating memories, restoring energy stores in the brain, clearing wastes from the brain, immune function, metabolic function, and overall health.
Sleep and pregnancy
Authors: Okun Michele L.
Published: August 2018

Pregnant women experience a greater degree of sleep disturbance than their non-pregnant counterparts. Complaints range from sleep maintenance issues to excessive daytime sleepiness. Emerging evidence suggests that there is variability in sleep patterns and complaints which manifest differently among pregnant women. Moreover, it is well accepted that sleep disturbance can dysregulate normal immune and endocrine processes that are critically important to the health and progression of gestation. A possible consequence of sleep disturbance is an increased risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes. Then again, many endogenous and exogenous factors, including pregnancy-related physiological, hormonal, and anatomic changes, as well as lifestyle changes, can impact the degree and chronicity of sleep disturbance. Alas, there is still much to learn in terms of what women can/should expect with regard to the timing, degree, frequency, and/or severity of a specific pregnancy-related sleep disturbance(s), despite the number of published studies evaluating what sleep during pregnancy encompasses.
Sleep in children
Authors: Gozal David , Kheirandish-Gozal Leila
Published: August 2018

The impact of poor sleep in the developing child is still tremendously underrated and virtually unexplored. The normative, age-appropriate sleep needs during development remain undefined to a large extent. Furthermore, it remains crucial to realize that relations between sleep duration and cognition, effect, and health are all multi-directional. The most consistent result of insufficient or disrupted sleep is increased daytime somnolence. Thorough sleep history-taking by the healthcare provider and the use of objective sleep assessments are potential first steps and should include the five sleep variables (bedtime, rise time, total sleep duration, variability of sleep over time, and alignment of sleep with other circadian factors). We need to explore the beneficial effects of healthy sleep and how disrupted, shortened, or insufficient sleep may adversely impact on our children’s cognitive and affective functioning, may compromise their health, and may therefore impose a heavy price on our socio-economic structure.
Drowsy driving
Authors: Philip Pierre , Bioulac Stephanie , Sagaspe Patricia , Micoulaud-Franchi Jean-Arthur
Published: August 2018

Drowsy driving increases risk of traffic accidents. A major problem remains in the identification of drowsy drivers at risk for traffic accidents. Drowsy driving is the consequence of various behavioural factors (e.g. sleep duration, work duration, shift-work schedules) combined or not with sleep and iatrogenic disorders (e.g. obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome, hypersomnia, drug-induced sleepiness). Severity of sleep disorders is a non-linear predictor of traffic accident risk. In comparison, sleepiness at the wheel (SAW) can be considered as a reliable indicator of a combination of behavioural and sleep disorder factors, and is a better risk predictor. It remains thus very important to question patients about SAW when clinicians have to determine the medical fitness to drive of such patients. Because of the potential risk of under-reporting of SAW, especially in professional drivers, objective measures can help to complement the clinical evaluation. Further researches are needed to optimize objective measures able to predict the risk of traffic accidents due to drowsy driving.
Introduction
Authors: Obinger Herbert , Petersen Klaus , Starke Peter
Published: August 2018

The Introduction presents the overarching research question of the book, namely the question of whether and how war between nations has influenced the development of advanced welfare states. This question has received only scant attention from the welfare state literature so far. The Introduction reviews the fragmented literature in history and social science with a focus on national narratives and revisionist positions, and argues for a comparative angle which puts the various causal mechanisms linking mass war and welfare state development. These mechanisms are systematized, using a heuristic of supply- vs. demand-side mechanisms and three distinct phases of military conflict: war preparation, mobilization, and the post-war period.
Jane Alison
Authors: Cox Fiona
Published: August 2018

Jane Alison’s fascination with Ovid was apparent with the publication of her first book, The Love Artist—a vivid portrayal of Ovid’s exile and the woman who bewitched him. Alison’s lifelong engagement with Ovid has seen a recent translation of selected extracts from the Amores and the Metamorphoses, especially. Like Pollard, Alison employs turns of phrase that bring Ovid directly into the contemporary world and remind us of how powerfully he has spoken of the pleasures, hurts, and anxieties that have been a part of female experience from generation to generation. Furthermore, by looking back from these translations to Alison’s memoir of a troubled childhood, we can see how Ovid helped her to structure her understanding of her chaotic and destabilized background.
A Window to Internal and External Change in Banking
Authors: Bátiz-Lazo Bernardo
Published: August 2018

Chapter 1 (‘A Window to Internal and External Change in Banking’) provides a wide-arch view of the themes in the book. It highlights how in spite of being deeply embedded in our culture as an object of everyday life, the interaction with ATMs is largely inconsequential for most people. This chapter also forwards a case to study the ATM to better understand the possibilities for technological change to bring about a cashless economy. Another argument put forward is that the ATM is essential to appreciate the technological and organizational challenges that gave rise to self-service banking. As a result, the case is made that business histories of the late twentieth century will be incomplete without proper consideration to the impact of computer technology on the different aspects of business organizations.
Was There a White-Heat Moment of Invention?
Authors: Bátiz-Lazo Bernardo
Published: August 2018

Chapter 2 (‘Was There a White-Heat Moment of Invention?’) looks at the immediate predecessors of the cash machine in Japan and the USA, and also considers the genesis of the cash machine as a stand-alone device in Sweden. The Japanese episode is particularly interesting as it has not been acknowledged before and could potentially be considered as the genesis of the technology. The chapter deals in depth with different attitudes towards innovation by engineers and bankers. This is discussed in the context of how the conception and design of a cash machine had to overcome a number of technical and industry-specific challenges. The discussion shows how and why engineers were concerned with registering their innovations as part of the patent record while, in contrast, bankers had little economic incentive to capitalize on the protection offered by patents. This chapter documents how and why innovations in retail banking are easily replicated.
Prelude
Authors: Bruce Steve
Published: August 2018

So that its positive elements are not lost in the detailed critiques of errors in the study of contemporary religion, this prelude lists and briefly justifies seven basic principles that should guide the researcher. Before we can explain people’s beliefs and behaviour, we need to understand them. As talk is cheap, we should study what people do as well as what they say. Participation is always helpful because joining in activities allows us to check that we understand them. Although we should always be interested in how people see the world and hence should listen to them, we must always be sceptical of what we are told. We should always consider how representative are our subjects. We should hesitate to attribute to others motives we would not impute to ourselves. And, most importantly, we should always be polite and show gratitude to those we study.
Introduction: Why would you want to read a book about social science theory?
Authors: Stern Marc J.
Published: August 2018

This chapter provides a clear introduction to the book, explaining the value of social science theories in developing strategies for solving complex environmental problems. It articulates why technical fixes alone, even brilliant ones based on excellent science, are rarely sufficient to influence meaningful change. Without navigating the complexities of human behaviors and relationships, their implementation is rarely effective. Social scientists have developed a massive amount of knowledge about these complexities, resulting in well-tested theories. This book is about turning those theories into strategies. This chapter explains the layout of the book and provides tips for how to make best use of it. Readers are encouraged to approach the book with an adaptive mindset, which should better enable readers to consider multiple theories within the context of any specific real world problem they might face.
Morals, intuitions, culture, and identity-based theories
Authors: Stern Marc J.
Published: August 2018

The theories within this section move beyond bounded rationality to incorporate a wider array of situations common to our daily lives. Most of the decisions we make on a daily basis don’t involve deep cognitive thought. We rather rely on our intuitions, or gut feelings, to guide us. Moreover, when we feel threatened or our intuitive predispositions are challenged, it commonly proves difficult to calmly evaluate information and make rational decisions. Debates about environmental regulation, climate change, wilderness preservation, and resource extraction, among many others, often trigger deep-seated emotions and defensive reactions, rather than reasoned exchanges. The theories within this section explain why and how this happens and provide strategies for what to do about it, drawing on themes of morals, intuitions, culture, and identity. Each theory is summarized succinctly and followed by guidance on how to apply it to real world problem solving.
Systems theories
Authors: Stern Marc J.
Published: August 2018

This chapter covers systems theories relevant to understanding and working to enhance the resilience of social-ecological systems. Social-ecological systems contain natural resources, users of those resources, and the interactions between each. The theories in the chapter share lessons about how to build effective governance structures for common pool resources, how to facilitate the spread of worthwhile ideas across social networks, and how to promote collaboration for greater collective impacts than any one organization alone could achieve. Each theory is summarized succinctly and followed by guidance on how to apply it to real world problem solving.
Do we still believe in science?
Authors: Pacchioni Gianfranco
Published: August 2018

The chapter starts by analysing how the case of an incorrect paper about the effects of vaccines has generated important consequences in the society. It then discusses the role of fakes news in science, followed by a discussion on why we need a solid science and the importance of validated results and authoritative statements for public discussion and democracy. The chapter explores the essential role of common ethical principles in science, starting with the classic principles of Robert Merton. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how science today is too fast, and how we need to slow down if we want to give value to what we do.
Spinoza and Biblical Philology in the Dutch Republic, 1660-1710
Authors: Touber Jetze
Published: August 2018

This book investigates the biblical criticism of Spinoza from the perspective of the Dutch Reformed society in which the philosopher lived and worked. It focusses on philological investigation of the Bible: its words, its language, and the historical context in which it originated. The book charts contested issues of biblical philology in mainstream Dutch Calvinism, to determine whether Spinoza’s work on the Bible had any bearing on the Reformed understanding of the way society should engage with Scripture. Spinoza has received massive attention, both inside and outside academia. His unconventional interpretation of the Old Testament passages has been examined repeatedly over the decades. So has that of fellow ‘radicals’ (rationalists, radicals, deists, libertines, enthusiasts), against the backdrop of a society that is assumed to have been hostile, overwhelmed, static, and uniform. This book inverts this perspective and looks at how the Dutch Republic digested biblical philology and biblical criticism, including that of Spinoza. It takes into account the highly neglected area of the Reformed ministry and theology of the Dutch Golden Age. The result is that Dutch ecclesiastical history, up until now the preserve of the partisan scholarship of confessionalized church historians, is brought into dialogue with Early Modern intellectual currents. This book concludes that Spinoza, rather than simply pushing biblical scholarship in the direction of modernity, acted in an indirect way upon ongoing debates in Dutch society, shifting trends in those debates, but not always in the same direction, and not always equally profoundly, at all times, on all levels.
The Lens of Gravity
Authors: Nolte David D.
Published: August 2018

This chapter describes how gravity provided the backdrop for one of the most important paradigm shifts in the history of physics. Prior to Albert Einstein’s general theory of relativity, trajectories were paths described by geometry. After the theory of general relativity, trajectories are paths caused by geometry. This chapter explains how Einstein arrived at his theory of gravity, relying on the space-time geometry of Hermann Minkowski, whose work he had originally harshly criticized. The confirmation of Einstein’s theory was one of the dramatic high points in twentieth-century history of physics when Arthur Eddington journeyed to an island off the coast of Africa to observe stellar deflections during a solar eclipse. If Galileo was the first rock star of physics, then Einstein was the first worldwide rock star of science.
Character, Sacrifice, and Scapegoats
Authors: Attridge Steve
Published: August 2018

While Lord Kitchener was lauded at home for his self-sacrificial qualities, in the field he implemented scorched-earth policies and pioneered the use of concentration camps. Writers including Rudyard Kipling exposed the cruel practices on which the British Army depended in the course of the Boer Wars (1899–1902), critiquing the military leadership. A space then opened in fictional narrative for the representation of a new type of protagonist—the rebel, the self-reliant adventurer or irregular who could make personal sacrifices through individual ethical choice rather than as a consequence of military expediency: in response, the regular Army sought to maintain a monopoly on the representation of heroism (occasionally scapegoating irregulars). Arguably, this period sees the high watermark of the popularity of tropes of military sacrifice in the nineteenth century, but also points towards later changes, where large armies face guerrilla bands fighting in their own homelands.
The Vietnam War, American Remembering, and the Measure of Sacrifice, Fifty Years On
Authors: Beidler Philip
Published: August 2018

Fifty years on, the American experience of the Vietnam War seems suspended between ancient history and rapidly fading cultural memory; or perhaps consigned to the vicissitudes of that habit of negotiating between history (what happened) and memory (how it is retrospectively mythologized). This chapter considers Vietnam War writings, including Michael Herr’s Dispatches (1977), and Tim O’Brien’s The Things They Carried (1990), as well as popular music and films such as Oliver Stone’s Platoon (1986) and Robert Zemeckis’ Forrest Gump (1994), in relation to the cultural lineage of those negotiations between history and memory. It considers literary engagements with more recent wars—such as Kevin Powers’ Iraq war novel Yellow Birds (2012)—that hark back to the Vietnam War. In discussing the war’s mythologizations and commemorations across history, the chapter explores the extent to which the Vietnam War has been seen to involve sacrifices that are politically and culturally redemptive.
Not Alive Yet
Authors: Velleman J. David
Published: August 2018

“Not Dead Yet” is the name of a disability-rights organization that opposes legalizing assisted suicide. It contends that if assisted suicide is legal, then people who decide against it despite living in circumstances cited as reasons in favor will feel obliged to justify their continued existence, a burden of justification that will fall not only on the terminally ill but also on the healthy disabled. Some anti-abortion activists claim that abortion is often chosen for the purpose of preventing the birth of a disabled child, a practice that they suggest implies that the life of a disabled person is not worth living—the same implication that would threaten the disabled if paired with a right to assisted suicide. Although sympathizing with the argument against assisted suicide, this chapter rejects the analogy to abortion. Deciding not to initiate a new life is different from deciding not to continue an existing one.
Respect, Regret, and Reproductive Choice
Authors: Sussman David
Published: August 2018

This chapter considers whether it could be wrong to have a disabled rather than a non-disabled child. There is often thought to be some substantial objection to doing so even when the would-be parents know that they will not regret such a decision. This chapter examines whether the prospective and retrospective attitudes that parents take on such a decision must be consistent with one another, or whether they can come apart in contexts like Parfit’s “non-identity problem.” The chapter argues we can morally condemn such a decision that we know we will affirm in retrospect because affirmation is not an evaluation of the decision (let alone of the life of the child). Instead, affirmation is best understood as the parent’s extension to the child of the sort of pre-reflective acceptance of oneself that is part of normal self-love.
William Blake and the Myth of America
Authors: Freedman Linda
Published: August 2018

This book tells the story of William Blake’s literary reception in America and suggests that ideas about Blake’s poetry and personality helped shape mythopoeic visions of America from the abolitionists to the counterculture. It links high and low culture and covers poetry, music, theology, and the novel. American writers have turned to Blake in times of cataclysmic change, terror, and hope to rediscover the symbolic meaning of their country. Blake entered American society when slavery was rife and civil war threatened the fragile experiment of democracy. He found his moment in the mid-twentieth-century counterculture as left-wing Americans took refuge in the arts at a time of increasingly reactionary conservatism, vicious racism, pervasive sexism, dangerous nuclear competition, and an increasingly unpopular war in Vietnam, the fires of Orc raging against the systems of Urizen. Blake’s America, as a symbol of cyclical hope and despair, influenced many Americans who saw themselves as continuing the task of prophecy and vision. Blakean forms of bardic song, aphorism, prophecy, and lament became particularly relevant to a literary tradition which centralized the relationship between aspiration and experience. His interrogations of power and privilege, freedom and form resonated with Americans who repeatedly wrestled with the deep ironies of new world symbolism and sought to renew a Whitmanesque ideal of democracy through affection and openness towards alterity.
Palatal harmony
Authors: van der Hulst Harry
Published: August 2018

This chapter applies the model that was developed in Chapters 2 and 3 to some well-known and well-studied cases of palatal vowel harmony. Palatal harmony is common in, and almost confined to, Finno-Ugric and Altaic languages. In the latter, palatal harmony often co-occurs with labial harmony. The chapter first discusses variation in the behavior of neutral vowels in Balto-Finnic languages and some special cases in this family. It then analyzes palatal harmony systems in Hungarian and considers the systems of several other languages. The focus is on asymmetries in vowel harmony involving disharmonic suffixes, anti-harmonic roots, disharmonic roots, and non-alternating suffixes.
Asian tongue root systems
Authors: van der Hulst Harry
Published: August 2018

This chapter is devoted to tongue root (ATR or RTR) harmony in Tungusic languages (a.o. Classical Manchu) and Mongolian languages (Khalka and Buriat), which all belong the Altaic language group. In addition to TR-harmony, most Tungusic and Mongolian languages also have a limited form of labial harmony, especially among low vowels. After discussing the Tungusic and Mongolian systems the chapter will focus on the behavior of high vowels, which do not participate in labial harmony, and are either transparent or opaque. A notable difference between Tungusic and Mongolic regards the fact that whereas [i] is transparent to labial harmony in Mongolic, it is opaque in Tungusic. High round vowels are opaque in both groups.
Summary and areas for further research
Authors: van der Hulst Harry
Published: August 2018

This chapter summarizes the theory and the typology of the vowel harmony systems it predicts. The summary recaptures the simple idea that formed the beginning of the theory (including the use of variable elements and licensing) and then summarizes how the use of variable elements was extended to include both vowels that alternate harmonically and neutral vowels. A special section is devoted to the notion of system dependency which discusses cases of parasitic harmony, including approaches that extend this notion beyond the cases that have been analyzed in this book. The chapter concludes with suggestions for further research.
The Freedom Required for Moral Responsibility
Authors: Fischer John Martin
Published: August 2018

Some philosophers argue that we do not need freedom to do otherwise or access to alternative possibilities for moral responsibility. These philosophers are actual-sequence theorists of moral responsibility who are motivated by Frankfurt cases, in which there is pre-emptive overdetermination. They contend that in these cases the agent is morally responsible but does not have freedom to do otherwise or access to alternative possibilities. Others have rejected the actual-sequence approach. They contend that the sort of freedom to do otherwise required for moral responsibility is indeed present in the Frankfurt cases. This essay explores the significance of the debate between these two camps. Are the two views importantly different or mere notational variants of each other? I examine these questions with attention to Terry Irwin’s discussion of Aristotle on responsibility.
Supply control for illegal markets
Authors: Babor Thomas F. , Caulkins Jonathan , Fischer Benedikt , Foxcroft David , Humphreys Keith , Medina-Mora María Elena , Obot Isidore , Rehm Jürgen , Reuter Peter , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg , Strang John
Published: August 2018

Supply control approaches to drug problems focus on the production, distribution, and sale of illicit psychoactive substances, and include alternative development programmes in producer nations, control of precursor chemicals used to produce certain drugs (e.g. methamphetamines) interdiction at national borders, and the incarceration of drug dealers at all levels. There is no evidence that promoting alternative development as part of global drug control strategy has a noticeable effect on use. Other interventions far up the distribution chain have produced transient market disruptions sufficient to affect drug use and related health outcomes The little evidence that exists suggests that policies focused on apprehension and extended periods of incarceration for high-level drug dealers have diminishing returns. Nor is local or street-level enforcement a viable strategy for reducing drug use because of the large numbers drug dealers involved. Nevertheless, supply-control interventions absorb the bulk of drug control spending in most nations.
Criminalization and decriminalization of drug possession
Authors: Babor Thomas F. , Caulkins Jonathan , Fischer Benedikt , Foxcroft David , Humphreys Keith , Medina-Mora María Elena , Obot Isidore , Rehm Jürgen , Reuter Peter , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg , Strang John
Published: August 2018

Research suggests that punishing drug users has some limitations as a major component of drug policy. An increasing number of countries and sub-national jurisdictions have therefore been reducing or eliminating criminal penalties for possession of small amounts of drugs for personal use, on grounds both of proportionality and effectiveness-oriented policy. Most decriminalization or depenalization programmes involve the substitution of civil penalties for criminal penalties for possession offences, while retaining full formal prohibition. The balance of the available evidence is that removing or reducing criminal penalties on possession does not lead to substantial increases in use. In particular, for cannabis, there are a number of cases where there was no measurable change in consumption from such a policy change.
Drug policy and control at the international level
Authors: Babor Thomas F. , Caulkins Jonathan , Fischer Benedikt , Foxcroft David , Humphreys Keith , Medina-Mora María Elena , Obot Isidore , Rehm Jürgen , Reuter Peter , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg , Strang John
Published: August 2018

International drug control efforts are designed to coordinate domestic laws with international activities that regulate or limit the supply of psychoactive substances. These efforts are organized around three main drug control treaties that almost all countries have ratified in order to prevent illicit trafficking and other drug-related crime, while at the same time allowing access to prescription medications. The effects of the system have been evaluated mostly in terms of the ability to eliminate illicit markets and supply. The gross imbalance in world consumption of legal opiates is a pointer to the limited availability of effective pain medications in many low-income countries, with 80% of the world’s population having either no or inadequate access to treatment for moderate or severe pain.
The Dilemma between Aligned Expectations and Diversity in Innovation
Authors: Ergen Timur
Published: August 2018

This chapter brings together arguments from economics, sociology, and political economy to show that innovation processes are characterized by a dilemma between the advantages of aligned expectations—including greater coordination and investment—and those of diversity, including superior openness to new technological possibilities. To illustrate the argument, the chapter discusses a historical case involving one of the largest coordinated peace-time attempts to hasten technological innovation in the history of capitalism, namely the US energy technology policies of the 1970s and 1980s. Close examination of the commercialization of photovoltaics and synthetic fuel initiatives illustrates both sides of the dilemma between shared versus diverse expectations in innovation: coordination but possible premature lock-in on the one hand, and openness but possible stagnation on the other. The chapter shows that even the exploration and interpretation of new technologies may be as much a product of focused investment as of trial-and-error search.
Fraternal Bonds
Authors: Capp Bernard
Published: August 2018

This chapter explores first the rights and responsibilities of male heirs in the landed class, and the reciprocal obligations of their younger brothers. The relationship was seen as founded on the concept of family solidarity and support. The chapter examines families where heirs took their responsibilities very seriously, and outlines the corresponding services provided by their siblings. But there was rivalry too, for younger brothers often accused heirs of failing to honour their obligations, and many heirs felt equally aggrieved, burdened by inherited debts and dismissing their siblings as idle and feckless. The chapter then turns to ordinary families, exploring practical support by brothers in such contexts as marriage, work, economic distress, and sickness. Other brothers sought to rescue siblings in physical danger or entangled in the law. The chapter demonstrates that informal support by siblings, hitherto rarely explored in depth, played a significant role in English society.
Across the Gender Divide
Authors: Capp Bernard
Published: August 2018

This chapter explores the gendered dimension of sibling relationships, approaching the subject from both directions. Elder brothers often negotiated marriages for their sisters, and blocked matches they judged unsuitable. Many accepted a moral obligation to support sisters widowed or deserted, and to provide for those who remained single. Women in landed and professional families were very conscious of their dependency. Some were bitterly resentful, and expressions of love and devotion were prompted in part by the need to retain a brother’s support. But the chapter also explores genuinely close and affectionate ties, and the theme of female agency. It demonstrates too how women at all social levels were able to provide both practical and emotional support for their brothers. Even among the poor, young women could intervene to help a destitute or feckless younger brother. In brother–sister relationships, support flowed in both directions.
Conclusion
Authors: Capp Bernard
Published: August 2018

The Conclusion draws together the book’s themes and findings, and offers some broader reflections on the family and kinship. Historians study both continuities and change, and the Conclusion considers which aspects of the sibling relationship remained stable in this period, which changed, and why. It discusses why the phenomenon of the ‘dissatisfied younger brother’ was such a prominent phenomenon in England in the early modern period. It also sets the book’s demonstration of emotionally intense relationships between siblings in this period against the argument, advanced by some recent scholars, that close sibling ties in European society did not develop until the later eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
Origin and stability
Authors: Janssen Ted , Chapuis Gervais , de Boissieu Marc
Published: August 2018

The origin of the stability of aperiodic systems is very difficult to answer. Often the terms ‘competitive forces’ or ‘frustration’ have been proposed as the origin of stability. The role of Fermi surfaces and Brillouin zone boundary have also been invoked. This chapter deals with the numerous attempts which have been proposed for a better understanding. First, the Landau theory of phase transition, which has often been applied to understand the stability of incommensurate and composite systems, is presented here. Various semi-microscopic models are also proposed, in particular the Frenkel–Kontorova and Frank–Van der Merwe models, as well as spin models. Phase diagrams have been calculated with some success with the ANNI and DIFFOUR models. For quasicrystals, only the simplest general features are found in model systems. For a better understanding, more complex calculations are required, using, for example, ab initio methods. The chapter also discusses electronic instabilities, charge-density systems, Hume–Rothery compounds, and the growth of quasicrystals.
Epistemology Austin’s Way
Authors: Kaplan Mark
Published: August 2018

Explains what it is about the foregoing two chapters that makes them genuine examples of epistemology done Austin’s way; asks what is to be done about epistemological doctrines (for example, the doctrine that Lehrer’s Trutemp case is meant to try) that look not to be testable in the way Austin would have us test epistemological doctrines; discusses whether (what would look to be) the answer—that we should remain resolutely agnostic as to the truth of any such doctrine—represents an undue surrender of philosophical ambition; argues that no undue surrender of philosophical ambition is required to do epistemology Austin’s way.
Influence of the ICESCR in Europe
Authors: Müller Amrei
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines the influence that the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR or the Covenant) and the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights have had on domestic law in Europe. It focuses on the Covenant’s legal influence in Germany, Russia, Spain, and the United Kingdom, and examines three issues that uncover broader trends and challenges: first, it shows that the extent to which the direct effects of the ICESCR have been recognized reveals positive and negative influences; second, it indicates how the particularities of the political and legal systems of the four countries shape the ICESCR’s influence; and third, it tentatively highlights the possibility that the recent financial and economic crises, which led to far-reaching interferences with economic, social, and cultural rights in Europe and elsewhere, may have nonetheless raised awareness of the ICESCR, which could lead to an increased positive influence of the Covenant in the future.
The Covenants in the Light of Anthropogenic Climate Change
Authors: Humphreys Stephen
Published: August 2018

This chapter undertakes a textual analysis of the Preambles and Parts I and II of the two principal UN human rights Covenants, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), to assess their aptness to deal with existing and future phenomena associated with human-induced global climate change. While these phenomena apparently invoke the human rights ‘protections’ envisaged in the Covenants, it is argued that the particular shape the Covenants have taken in the decades since entering into force renders them ill-suited to the emerging context of climate change.
Lying and Gricean Quality
Authors: Stokke Andreas
Published: August 2018

This chapter argues against accounts of lying in terms of Gricean maxims. It first considers attempts to characterize lying in terms of Grice’s First Maxim of Quality, admonishing speakers to avoid saying what they believe to be false. Even though many lies are instances of covert violations of the First Maxim of Quality, the phenomenon of bald-faced lies demonstrates that some lies overtly violate the First Maxim of Quality. In light of this, one account takes lies to be violations of the First Maxim of Quality, covert or overt. This view is seen to wrongly count ironic utterances as lies. The chapter then goes on to discuss an alternative Gricean conception of lying in terms of the Supermaxim of Quality. Yet this view is seen to wrongly count false implicatures as lies. The chapter concludes that lying cannot satisfactorily be characterized in terms of Gricean maxims.
What is Said
Authors: Stokke Andreas
Published: August 2018

This chapter provides a new theory of the notion of what is said that is central to the book’s account of assertion, and hence of lying. It argues that what is said by utterances, in context, is relative to discourse structure, in particular, to socalled questions under discussion. The chapter shows that utterances of the same declarative sentence can be used to say, and hence assert, different things relative to which question is being addressed. In turn, the same declarative utterance may be a lie relative to one question under discussion and merely misleading relative to another question under discussion. Discourse-insensitive accounts of what is said fail to capture the lying-misleading distinction. A semantics for questions is provided and is employed in a detailed definition of what is said relative to questions under
Bullshitting and Indifference Toward Truth
Authors: Stokke Andreas
Published: August 2018

This chapter discusses the phenomenon of bullshitting, traditionally understood as utterances made by speakers who are indifferent toward the truth or falsity of what they say. It argues that indifference toward truth is a more differentiated phenomenon than originally proposed by such accounts. A way of understanding indifference toward truth in terms of indifference toward inquiry and questions under discussion is introduced. The chapter criticizes attempts to characterize bullshitting in terms of Gricean Quality maxims. It shows that speakers may be indifferent toward truth in the sense of being indifferent toward contributing true answers to questions under discussion while caring about the truth-value of their particular assertions. This view is applied to phenomena such as evasion and changing the topic, and argues that lying and bullshitting may sometimes be used to advance inquiry.
Theology and Social Theory
Authors: Mawson Michael
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines how Bonhoeffer sets up his engagement with social theory. While Bonhoeffer’s initial decisions with respect to social theory have been widely criticized, this chapter demonstrates that these are, in fact, theologically motivated, and are defensible precisely on this basis. This includes Bonhoeffer’s distinction between the disciplines of social philosophy and sociology’, as well as his preference for formal over historical approaches to sociology. This chapter also provides a preliminary outline of how Bonhoeffer’s engagement with social theory is governed by a theological dialectic or ‘concept of reality’, an understanding of social reality itself as ruptured or fragmented in terms of states of creation, sin, and reconciliation. This is one of the central claims in this monograph: Bonhoeffer’s engagement with social theory and study of the church are governed by this dialectic.
‘I Don’t Know Who You Call Tyrants’
Authors: Schadee Hester
Published: August 2018

This chapter returns to Latin discourse, seeking to define what fifteenth-century humanist treatments of tyranny have in common, and what distinguishes them from their classical and medieval counterparts. To this end, the chapter confronts the numerous (self-)contradictions in the works of Poggio Bracciolini, educated in republican Florence, and Giovanni Pontano, employed in Naples by the royal dynasty. While their arguments range from the rejection of all rulers as tyrants to the education of the ideal prince, both authors depend on the same philosophical frameworks (Aristotle and the Stoa) and rhetorical form (epideictic oratory). Typical for the Quattrocento, these texts make no claim to universal validity, and the chapter argues that they should be read with due recognition of the conventions of literary genre and humanism’s culture of debate.
Radical Parliamentarians and the English Civil War
Authors: Como David R.
Published: August 2018

This book charts the way the English Civil War of the 1640s mutated into a revolution (paving the way for the later execution of King Charles I and the abolition of the monarchy). Focusing on parliament’s most militant supporters, the book reconstructs the origins and nature of the most radical forms of political and religious agitation that erupted during the war, tracing the process by which these forms gradually spread and gained broader acceptance. Drawing on a wide range of manuscript and print sources, the study situates these developments within a revised narrative of the period, revealing the emergence of new practices and structures for the conduct of politics. In the process, the book illuminates the appearance of many of the period’s strikingly novel intellectual currents, including ideas and practices we today associate with western representative democracy—notions of retained natural rights, religious toleration, freedom of the press, and freedom from arbitrary imprisonment. The book also chronicles the way the civil war shattered English Protestantism—leaving behind myriad competing groupings, including congregationalists, baptists, antinomians, and others—while examining the relationship between this religious fragmentation and political change. Finally, the book traces the gradual appearance of openly anti-monarchical, republican sentiment among parliament’s supporters. Radical Parliamentarians provides a new history of the English Civil War, enhancing our understanding of the dramatic events of the 1640s, and shedding light on the long-term political and religious consequences of the conflict.
Conclusion
Authors: Como David R.
Published: August 2018

The concluding chapter surveys the deep, seismic changes in political and religious life investigated in this study. Conditions of civil war generated novel structures and practices for the conduct of politics, allowing for the expression of fierce partisan contestation across the polity. New ideas and assumptions, elaborated in previous chapters, erupted in tandem with these new political structures and practices, helping to bring down the monarchy in 1649. The conclusion suggests that these political realignments and ideological formulations—along with the profound divisions that they fostered—persisted in the wake of the civil wars, shaping anglophone political and religious life after the Restoration and beyond.
India’s Growth Story
Authors: Majumdar Sumit K.
Published: August 2018

The chapter assesses economic structure and India’s detailed growth patterns. Economic growth is a three-stage process, with the agriculture sector, manufacturing sector, and the services sector following on in development. India has leapfrogged over sequences. India’s transition from agriculture to services, with industry’s share cursory, is a conundrum. In the first part of the 1950s, India grew well, based on the creation of a national industrial development system. In the 1960s and 1970s institutional mechanisms changed the environment negatively and led to growth decline. From the late 1970s, a pragmatic Bombay can-do spirit led to key policy initiatives and high growth in the 1980s. The early 1990s’ crisis motivated institutional disruption. A philosophy of discontinuity, driving crucial competition policy reforms, led to high growth till the late 2010s, when predatory and collusive behavior delegitimized institutional processes, leading to growth slowdown and the emergence of deindustrialization.
Organization Type and Productive Efficiency
Authors: Majumdar Sumit K.
Published: August 2018

The chapter highlights the structure of India’s industry and the performance of its constitutive components. The Molecular sector has employed a third of all people in industry. The Private sector has always been dominant in output and employment. The State sector has never commanded the heights. After liberalization, the boundaries of the State sector reduced. The shrinkage of the State sector has been achieved without privatization. Molecular sector efficiency had been highest before liberalization, but has declined over time. The Private sector’s high efficiency score after liberalization has come at the cost of wasting substantial capital. The State sector has had a spectacular post-liberalization efficiency catch-up. Once grossly inefficient, the State sector recorded the best comparative performance, helped by efficiency enhancements, among the three organization types driving India’s capitalism experiments. Finally, ownership does not matter but organizational processes do, as the case of Maruti Suzuki shows.
Dirty Love
Authors: Whitmarsh Tim
Published: August 2018

Ancient Greek erotic romances were primarily about inappropriate, misplaced desire. What is distinctive about the novel is that it celebrates this desire rather than condemning it.
Epic and Novel
Authors: Whitmarsh Tim
Published: August 2018

Epic and novel should not be opposed in absolute terms. Nevertheless, the Greek literary tradition adopted canonical epics that spoke of resistance to hybridity and intermarriage, while novels (as we shall see in the rest of the book) were more receptive to the idea.
Cyrus’s Sex Life
Authors: Whitmarsh Tim
Published: August 2018

The Cyropaedia also contains the erotic romance of Pantheia and Abradates. This chapter sets that story in the wider context of the patterns of sexuality and desire in the Cyropaedia as a whole. Desire is primarily an allegory for imperial submission: one allows oneself to be mastered by desire in the same way that one desires to be dominated by a strong ruler like Cyrus. Pantheia emerges as a tragic, female doppelgänger of Cyrus himself: a powerful figure who provokes desire without experiencing it.
Alexander in Kohl
Authors: Whitmarsh Tim
Published: August 2018

This chapter provides an extended analysis of the theme of hybridity and intermarriage in the Alexander Romance, where Alexander turns out to be the son of the Thracian Olympias and the last Egyptian pharaoh, Nectanebo.
Romancing Semiramis
Authors: Whitmarsh Tim
Published: August 2018

This chapter discusses the romance of Ninus and Semiramis, the two great Mesopotamian rulers and city-founders. A papyrus from the first century CE seems to tell their story in the form of a romance. This chapter argues that their ‘romance’ may go all the way back to Ctesias’s Persica, so we may have here more evidence for intercultural romance—and indeed intercultural romance being copied and perhaps composed at the same time as Chariton’s and Xenophon’s novels were composed. But certainty is impossible.