bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Energy Exploitation of Agricultural Biomass Potential in Turkey
Authors: Ozturk H. Huseyin , Bascetincelik Ali
Published: January 2007

The objective of this study is to determine the agricultural biomass potential in terms of types, quantities, regional distribution in Turkey and to review and assess efficient technologies for energy exploitation of agricultural biomass potential in Turkey. The calorific values of a selection of agricultural residues were determined by stoichiometric analyses. It was found that the total calorific value of the field crop residues was around 228 PJ for the production period of 2002–2003 in Turkey. The major crops that take place in the ratio of the total calorific value are maize (33.4%), wheat (27.6%), and cotton (18.1%). The total calorific value of the fruit residue was 75 PJ. The major fruits are hazelnut (55.8%) and olive (25.9%) for the agricultural biomass. The total calorific values for cow, sheep and poultry wastes in Turkey were found to be approximately 47.8, 3.6 and 8.7 PJ/year, respectively. Thus, the total agricultural biomass potential was found to be approximately 363.1 PJ/year for the production period of 2002–2003 in Turkey. The available agricultural and animal residues in Turkey have been estimated to be roughly equal to 22–27 % of energy consumption in Turkey. However, the actual role of bio-fuels in energy production is minimal. The most efficient way to utilize bio-fuels in energy production is combined heat and power (CHP) production. The most potential applications to utilize agro-bio-fuels in energy production in Turkey seem to be relatively small-scale applications. The most interesting size of the plant is below 10–20 MW.
A Review of the Energy Situation in Turkey
Authors: Pamukcu C. , Konak G.
Published: January 2007

In this review paper general information about the energy situation of Turkey is outlined. The ongoing energy policy of the recent governments of Turkey is given and the regulations that are in place regarding energy are mentioned. Then, a summary about various energy sources such as oil, coal, natural gas, nuclear energy, geothermal energy and wind energy etc. is given. Regarding oil, Turkey's petroleum production and consumption, reserves and refineries are described. Then, similar emphasis is made for coal and thermal-electric power plants. The total electricity transmission grid installed across the country is argued in terms of years and finally environmental concerns and privatization attempts about the energy situation are explained.
Assessment of the Wind Energy Potential of Kutahya, Turkey
Authors: Ozgur M. Arif , Kose Ramazan
Published: January 2007

In Turkey, as in various parts of the world, there is almost no wind data with the appropriate quality for an evaluation of wind potential. Therefore, in this study, wind characteristics have been analyzed in Kutahya, Turkey. Characteristics such as annual, seasonal, monthly and diurnal wind speed and wind direction variations are examined between July 1, 2001 and June 30, 2004. A technical assessment has been made of the electricity generation using ALWIN program for the wind turbines that have different sizes between 300 and 2000 kW rated power. The annual energy produced by a Bonus 1MW/70 wind turbine is estimated to be 1276 MWh for the Dumlupinar University Main Campus. The energy production analysis showed that the average wind speed, which indicates the suitability, with small size wind turbines produces electricity to fulfil the deficient electric power during the peak hours.
Geothermal Energy-Economy, Potential and Utilization Possibilities in Turkey
Authors: Konak Gurcan , Pamukcu Cagatay
Published: January 2007

In this study, first of all, a general description of geothermal energy has been made and types of geothermal fields have been described. Later on, types of heat transfer within the Earth's crust and also various plate tectonics theories responsible for the geothermal manifestations throughout the world, have been explained. Within this context, Turkey's real geothermal energy capacity, and on the other hand, insufficient present use of this natural source, have been given. Having mentioned the general utilization possibilities of geothermal energy, its use particularly in the fields of electricity generation, greenhouse heating and central district heating in Turkey has been investigated and the problems encountered in these applications have been put forward. Consequently, a practical and economical comparison has been made among different sorts of heating sources and it has been concluded that geothermal energy acts as a clean, cheap and renewable natural source only if it is extracted and utilized prudently and necessary environmental measures are taken beforehand.
An Acoustic Window System with Optimum Ventilation and Daylighting Performance
Authors: Kang Jian
Published: January 2007

The paper presents a series of theoretical, experimental and numerical studies on using transparent micro-perforated absorbers in a window system to allow noise attenuation whilst at the same time maintaining ventilation for comfort and daylighting. The underlying theory for micro-perforated absorbers and the application in silencers is examined. Experimental results between a semi-anechoic chamber and a reverberant chamber using a standard window mock-up are presented. Numerical simulation using finite element method is summarised, considering the effects of opening size, air gap, louvers, hood, and absorbers. It is shown that such a window system can perform better than closed single glazed windows, while still allowing for significantly more ventilation for comfort than most current systems as well as for high levels of light ingress.
Portable Diamond Cutter for Sawing Kotah Stone — A Case Study on its Noise Emission and Control
Authors: Pal A.K. , Mukhopadhyya A.K. , Agarwal S.C.
Published: January 2007

With increasing awareness of the need for quieter operation of industrial machines, much effort has been put into reducing the emitted noise levels in their design, development and operation stages. This study characterizes emitted noise from Jhiri machines as well as suggesting suitable control measures to be incorporated for noise abatement.
On the Success of Policy Strategies for the Promotion of Electricity from Renewable Energy Sources in the Eu
Authors: Held Anne , Ragwitz Mario , Haas Reinhard
Published: January 2007

In recent years, a wide range of strategies has been implemented in different EU-countries to increase the share of electricity generation from renewable energy sources. This paper evaluates the success of different regulatory strategies. The most important conclusions of this analysis are: (i) regardless of which strategy is chosen, it is of overriding importance that there should be a clear focus on the exclusive promotion of newly installed plants; (ii) a well-designed (dynamic) feed-in tariff system ensures the fastest deployment of power plants using Renewable Energy Sources at the lowest cost to society; (iii) promotion strategies with low policy risks have lower profit requirements for investors and, hence, cause lower costs to electricity customers.
The Relevance of Unbundling for Large-Scale Res-E Grid Integration in Europe
Authors: Auer Hans
Published: January 2007

Market integration of RES-E generation technologies is one of the core topics in the energy policy agenda of the European Commission (EC). However, legislation in this context still faces a variety of shortcomings (e.g. ignoring basic unbundling principles) in almost all Member States of the European Union (EU). Therefore, the major objective of this paper is to comprehensively discuss several dimensions of correct unbundling in the context of large-scale RES-E grid integration. Moreover, currently existing demarcation lines between the RES-E power plant, the grid infrastructure and overall system operation are questioned. It is also shown that there exist partly conflicting interests in cost remuneration of different disaggregated cost elements (grid connection costs, grid reinforcement/upgrading costs, extra system operation costs) for different market actors (RES-E developer, grid operator, system operator). It is concluded that only a convergence of different ongoing policies (RES-E promotion policy and grid regulation policy) guarantees the fulfilment of the ambitious goals of the EC on large-scale RES-E grid integration with minimal costs for society.
Technical Constraints on and Efficient Strategies for the Integration of Wind Energy
Authors: Klobasa Marian , Obersteiner Carlo
Published: January 2007

Based on simulations of the German and Austrian electricity systems, the impacts of wind generation on power plant operation are analysed. Accurate forecasts play the major role when integrating wind power because they determine additional reserve capacity as well as any additional imbalance. Additional balancing power can be limited to less than 10 % of the installed wind capacity if improved forecast tools or shorter forecast horizons are used. Additional balancing costs are below 5 € per MWh wind energy depending on the forecast accuracy and the available balancing capacity. Balancing markets need developments which improve the accessibility for demand-side options as simulations have shown potential cost reductions of 25%.
Coordinated Renewable Energy Support Schemes
Authors: Morthorst Poul Erik , Jensen Stine Grenaa
Published: January 2007

This paper illustrates the effect that can be observed when support schemes for renewable energy are regionalised. Two theoretical examples are used to explain interactive effects on, e.g., the price of power, conditions for conventional power producers, and changes in import and export of power. The first example covers countries with regional power markets that also regionalise their support schemes, the second countries with separate national power markets that regionalise their support schemes. The main findings indicate that the almost ideal situation exists if the region prior to regionalising RES-E support schemes already has a common liberalised power market. In this case the introduction of a common support scheme for renewable technologies will lead to more efficient sitings of renewable plants, improving economic and environmental performance of the total power system. But if no such common power market exits regionalising RES-E support schemes might due to interactions introduce distortions in the conventional power system. Thus contrary to intentions we might in this case end up in a system that is far from optimal with regard to efficiency and emissions. Thus considerable cautious should be taken when coordinated or regionalised support schemes are introduced, the outcome depending especially on the conditions at the power market.
Impact of Strategies to Increase Res in Europe on Employment and Competitiveness
Authors: Walz Rainer
Published: January 2007

A European RES strategy has the potential to increase employment in Europe. Structural changes and possible income multiplier and accelerator effects may dominate the effects of additional costs on the economy resulting in an increase in employment. Whether or not this impact will be substantial and lasting depends crucially on the innovation dynamics of renewable energy technologies to reduce costs, and on the existence of a first mover advantage for the EU resulting in additional demand from abroad. The empirical analysis performed with patent data indicates above average innovation dynamics for renewable energy technologies. Patent specialization and trade indicators indicate that the chances for a first mover advantage differ between the technologies.
Prospects of Renewable Energy Development in the European Electricity Sector: Results of the Simulation Tool Green-X
Authors: Huber Claus , Faber Thomas , Resch Gustav
Published: January 2007

This paper presents the results of selected simulation runs based on the computer model Green-X. The results suggest that the most significant efficiency gains -measured in terms of premiums to support renewables - can be achieved by optimising national RESE support measures - between two thirds and three quarters of the overall cost reduction potential can be attributed to the optimisation of national support schemes. Further efficiency improvements at a considerably lower level (at about one quarter to one third of the overall cost reduction potential) are possible through an EU-wide harmonisation of support schemes provided that a common European power market exists. Regional coordination represents an essential step towards EU wide harmonisation; half the additional cost benefits of an EU-wide harmonisation can already be tapped through regional coordination compared to the nationally optimised schemes. If a harmonised policy is pursued, technology-specific support is superior to non-specific support with respect to cost minimisation.
Promotion of Renewable Electricity in the European Union
Authors: Coenraads Rogier J.A.C. , Voogt Monique H.
Published: January 2007

Initiated by strong EU commitments EU Member States have formulated sets of national support mechanisms to promote the deployment of renewable electricity in their home markets. These combined efforts have resulted in a strong uptake of renewable electricity in Europe, with 14% of the overall electricity supply coming from renewable energy sources in 2004. As the coordination of support mechanisms at the European level is lacking, each Member State has chosen its own set of instruments, each with its own technology specifics and eligibility requirements. Current discussions focus on the need, drawbacks and benefits of formulating a harmonised European support framework. Harmonised or not, the further improvement of support mechanisms should be complemented by addreassing non-economic barriers to RES-E implementation such as insufficient grid capacity, complicated authorisation procedures and long lead times.
The Architectural Cinematographer: Creating Architectural Experiences in 3D Real-Time Environments
Authors: Calderon Carlos , Nyman Karl , Worley Nicholas
Published: January 2007

This paper addresses the problem of creating new navigation paradigms for experiencing architectural designs in 3D real-time environments. The exploration of techniques other than still images or fly-through animations is complex and manifold, and requires the understanding and skills of many disciplines including cinematography, computer programming, architectural design and communication of 3D space.

In this article, we present the Architectural Cinematographer (AC), a first step towards new navigation paradigms for real-time interactive virtual environments that are intended to enhance architectural walkthroughs with interactive camera effects. The AC is a fully developed modification (mod) of the game UnrealTournament2004™ using the Unreal™ game engine and relies on the notions of architectural concepts, cinematographic techniques and game level design to structure the virtual environment (VE) content in a way that facilitates a perception of design qualities in virtual architecture. AC addresses the current lack of either software or a structured approach to facilitate this in real-time architectural visualizations.
Utilizing Customizable Generative Design Tools in Digital Design Studio: Xp-GEN Experimental Form Generator
Authors: Pak Burak , Ozener Ozan Onder , Erdem Arzu
Published: January 2007

In this paper, we present a generative design model for conceptual design in architecture. Based on this model we developed and implemented a compact, open-ended generative tool with a connected design evaluation database. Core concept of our generative approach is to achieve complex forms from a base primitive and create the form from the modified instances.

Our tool is used in various levels of design studios, including graduate and undergraduate students. Designs from these experiments are evaluated in a qualitative framework.
3D Print as Corporeal Design Medium
Authors: Talbott Kyle
Published: January 2007

Because it produces representational models, not full-scale architecture, 3D printing often supports the study of form, not architectural materials, structure and tectonics. This research asks how 3D printing can support material study and contribute to a process of design by making, similar to that achieved with mock-ups and other full-scale constructions. It clarifies the nature of design by making through an elaboration of key activities, and then shows how 3D printing can support each activity. The research includes a design experiment in which students used unique 3D printing techniques to enhance the experience of design by making. These techniques include 1) confronting a material foil, 2) embedding material placeholders in parametric models, 3) oscillating between representational and literal interpretations, and 4) using 3D prints as a corporeal medium. With these techniques, 3D printing offered a unique flavor of design by making, which can complement full-scale computer-aided manufacturing techniques.
Survey on the Use of Lighting Design Software in Architecture and Interior Design Undergraduate Education
Authors: Sarawgi Tina
Published: January 2007

With the steady development of global illumination algorithms over the past four decades, lighting design software is no longer the domain of a specialist. Easy to use interface, built-in flexibility, reliable calculation models, and compelling visuals has made today's lighting design software useful to architects and interior designers. However, despite these advantages, the use of lighting design software is not widely included in the undergraduate architecture and interior design education. This paper summarizes the results of an online survey of a sample of accredited architecture and interior design schools in the United States conducted to (a) determine the extent of use of lighting design software in teaching and learning lighting at the undergraduate level and (b) to assess design educators' attitude toward their usefulness in design education. This paper discusses directions for the future based on the survey results.
The Instant House: A Model of Design Production with Digital Fabrication
Authors: Sass Lawrence , Botha Marcel
Published: January 2007

Through a novel design production system, we have developed the ability to produce highly customized wood framed buildings for rural communities in need of designed environments. A definitive need exists for a system that rapidly deploys small buildings such as schools, small hospitals and houses while tailored for a specific design within a community. This paper describes the relationship of digital fabrication to materials and rules for design and fabrication. By example, this paper presents a process of construction of a small house on-site from an initial computer model in sequential stages. Our case study in this paper will express possibilities with digital fabrication for building with designed variation.
Redefining the Wall: Architecture, Materials and Macroelectronics
Authors: Ataman Osman , Rogers John , Ilesanmi Adesida
Published: January 2007

As a principle element of architecture, technology has allowed for the wall to become an increasingly dynamic component of the built environment. The traditional connotations and objectives related to the wall are being redefined: static becomes fluid, opaque becomes transparent, barrier becomes filter and boundary becomes borderless. Combining smart materials, intelligent systems, engineering, and art can create a component that does not just support and define but significantly enhances the architectural space. This paper presents an ongoing research project about the development of a new class of architectural wall system by incorporating distributed sensors and macroelectronics directly into the building environment. This type of composite, which is a representative example of an even broader class of smart architectural material, has the potential to change the design and function of an architectural structure or living environment. As of today, this kind of composite does not exist. Once completed, this will be the first technology of its own.
Improving Design Workflow in Architectural Design Applications
Authors: Boeykens Stefan , Neuckermans Herman , Leuven K.U.
Published: January 2007

In architectural design software, there is a trend to integrate the whole design process in a single application. Design, 3D modeling, drafting, but also design evaluation and presentation are bundled inside the application. This is especially apparent in applications that adhere to the concept of Building Information Modeling. When we look at the functionality in these applications, however, a disruption of the design process can be encountered, preventing the designer to step back and forth throughout the different design phases or scale levels. Three current architectural design applications are briefly positioned and compared and potential improvements to the workflow are introduced.
CoBlocks: An Improved Voxel-Based Design Tool by Object Structuring of Voxel Models
Authors: Kuan Steve , Kvan Thomas
Published: January 2007

This paper introduces a voxel-based collaborative modelling system called CoBlocks which was developed to support designers in building models together in a synchronized virtual environment. This is due to the fact that voxel models are gaining more attention in computer-aided design (CAD) systems as they support simple and intuitive modelling for the early design phases. However, due to the discrete nature of voxels, it is common practice in most voxel-based design systems that the voxel modelling methods have limited users to manipulate models at the level of individual voxels. From the literature, however, we might expect that voxel modelling would benefit from higher-level interaction as supported by the object structuring of such models. In light of these, a controlled lab study was therefore carried out to examine the benefits of the structuring of these models in voxel-based design systems. The results show that users prefer working with structured voxels and that they can interact better with them.
Physical or Digital: Alternative Approaches to Modelling for a Participatory Design Environment
Authors: Day Alan , Rahman Rashidah Ab
Published: January 2007

Many of those who are advocating the use of computers in planning and design are promoting the internet as a way of involving non-experts. Although there is a great deal to be said for such an approach, the role of direct face-to-face communications remains important and yet relatively little has been done to investigate how computers can be of assistance in such a setting. This paper will present the results of an experiment in which a commercially available, but relatively inexpensive, computer-aided architectural design (CAAD) package has been used to facilitate participatory design. The results indicate that such an approach can significantly improve the quality of design and also enhance the experience of those who have participated in the design process.
Opportunities for Prevention: More than ‘Just the Mouth’
Authors: Rincon Maria Victoria , Garcia Angela Maria
Published: January 2007

This paper has been written by two dentists from Colombia who are currently waiting to take the International Qualifying Examination. They have been working as dental nurses in London and have gained insights into both NHS and non-NHS practice in London. They have a particular interest in preventive dentistry and have analysed recent developments in England with regard to the prevention of disease and oral disease in primary care. They propose a preventive approach which brings together recent policy developments in the United Kingdom and worldwide. They conclude that there are now potentially better opportunities than ever before to develop programmes to promote health and prevent oral disease, and to adopt a team approach to achieve these goals.
Localised Periodontitis associated with an Ectopic Orthodontic Separator
Authors: Harrington Zoë , Darbar Ulpee
Published: January 2007

A case of localised periodontitis associated with a subgingival orthodontic separator is presented. The presence of this object was related to quite severe periodontal breakdown around an upper right first premolar tooth in an otherwise unsusceptible individual.
Do Dental Anxiety Questionnaires Raise Anxiety in Dentally Anxious Adult Patients? A Two-Wave Panel Study
Authors: Humphris Gerry M , Hull P
Published: January 2007

Objective

To test whether or not dentally anxious patients attending the dentist for an appointment become more anxious when completing a dental anxiety questionnaire.

Basic research design

Patients were initially screened to include only those who were dentally anxious. A pre- and post-test was planned with the completion of the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) questionnaire as the intervention.

Clinical setting

Two dental access centres in the North West of England.

Participants

Initially, 583 patients were screened. Of these, 182 (31%) were found to be dentally anxious and were recruited into the study.

Main outcome measures

State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Scale Short Form.

Results

State anxiety did not change with the completion of the MDAS questionnaire in either designated dental phobics (MDAS ≥19) or those classified as non-phobics (MDAS <19).

Conclusions

The MDAS can be used to assess dental anxiety without raising anxiety in patients with or without self-reported dental phobia.
Pharmaceutical Prescribing for Children
Authors: Palmer Nikolaus OA , Fleming Pádraig , Randall Christine
Published: January 2007

This paper is the seventh in the series on prescribing medicines for child dental patients. Here, the authors aim to describe the medical emergencies that may occur in children presenting for dental treatment and to provide guidelines on their management, with particular reference to the use of emergency drugs.
Perceptions and Attitudes to a Fundamental Reform of General Dental Services in Wales
Authors: Chestnutt Ivor G , Thomas David R , Patel Rajiv , Treasure Elizabeth T
Published: January 2007

Background

The greatest reform of state-funded dental care in England and Wales, since the inception of the National Health Service (NHS) in 1948, occurred on 1st April 2006. It encompassed the dissolution of a universal national contract and the introduction of locally commissioned primary dental care services in England and Wales. Suggested advantages included the elimination of the fee-for-item-of-service ‘treadmill’, an increased emphasis on prevention, and improved access—at a time when many practitioners were opting to provide care outside the NHS system.

Objectives

This study investigated the perceptions and attitudes to the new contract, in the three months immediately prior to its implementation.

Methodology

Data were collected via a postal questionnaire, comprising a combination of 56 closed and open questions. The questionnaire was mailed to all general dental practitioners in Wales.

Results

691 (64.5%) questionnaires were returned. Just 140 (23%) dentists agreed or strongly agreed that they would have more time to spend with patients under the new contract. The majority of respondents, 361 (59.3%), disagreed that they would be able to spend more time on prevention. Three hundred and sixty-six (60.2%) disagreed that they were strongly attracted by the new method of remuneration and only 62 (10.2%) perceived a reduced level of administration. Of the 608 dentists who provided NHS dental services, 418 (68.6%) indicated they would continue to do so, 130 (21.4) were undecided, and 55 (9%) stated that they would not take up the new contract. Allowing for the number of days worked per week and the percentage time spent on NHS patients, these equate to 72.3%, 21% and 5.9% of NHS capacity respectively.

Conclusions

This study has established baseline perceptions of reform in state-funded dental care in Wales. As the new contract evolves, it will be interesting to determine whether the largely negative perceptions of new ways of working expressed in this study are realised.
Emotion identification and tension in female patients with borderline personality disorder
Authors: Wolff Sabine , Stiglmayr Christian , Bretz Hans Joachim , Lammers Claas‐Hinrich , Auckenthaler Anna
Published: January 2007

Objectives. This study investigates the identification of emotions in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD), when compared with mentally healthy control subjects. The inability to identify different emotions is considered as an essential component of affect dysregulation in BPD that has rarely been empirically investigated.

Methods. In this study, 30 female borderline patients and 28 healthy control participants received a handheld‐PC for a 24‐hour period that reminded them hourly to enter data.

Results. When compared with the control group, patients showed pronounced difficulties in emotion identification. Moreover, the data revealed a significant relationship between difficulties in identifying emotions and levels of aversive inner tension for BPD patients, but not for control subjects.

Conclusions. Results indicate that the inability to identify different emotions is a problem that characterizes borderline patients in real‐life situations. Treatment programs should, therefore, focus on the improvement of emotion identification and regulation.
Intact Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance: Implications for the role of executive function in schizophrenia
Authors: Thurston‐Snoha Bonnie‐Jean , Lewine Richard R. J.
Published: January 2007

Objectives.The present study sought to examine patients with schizophrenia who are able to perform adequately on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), which is a test that is usually challenging for individuals with schizophrenia due to common problems in executive function.

Method and design.Patients' WCST performance was classified as either ‘intact’ (fewer than 15% perseverative errors) or ‘impaired’ (15% or greater). Individuals with intact performance (N=61; 36.3%) and impaired performance (N=107; 63.7%) were then compared on several clinical and socio‐demographic variables in order to determine how those with intact executive function differed from those with impaired executive function as measured by the WCST.

Results.Patients with intact performance were more similar than different from patients with impaired performance. Only negative symptoms as assessed by Andreasen's Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) scores were found to differ significantly between these two groups while the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF), and positive symptom scores as assessed by Andreasen's Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) approached significance. Patients with schizophrenia with intact WCST performance had a lower mean negative symptom score and a lower mean HDRS score than patients with schizophrenia with impaired WCST performance. The two groups were alike with respect to Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores, age at first hospitalization, mean number of previous hospitalizations and their families' years of education. A binary logistic regression indicated that differences between the group of individuals with intact performance and the group of individuals with impaired performance were attributable to full‐scale IQ.

Conclusions.Those with ‘intact’ WCST performance exhibited fewer negative symptoms and had lower HDRS scores than those with ‘impaired’ performance, but both differences were attributable to full‐scale IQ based on a binary logistic regression. It is this latter finding that is considered to be the most salient finding of this paper.
On some Haar measures on reductive groups
Authors: Kushnirsky Eugene
Published: January 2007

We give a characteristic-free proof of a theorem of B. H. Gross comparing two Haar measures on a reductive group over a local field. As a consequence of this theorem we obtain an integration formula for adele groups over global function fields.
Birational geometry of terminal quartic 3-folds, I
Authors: Corti Alessio , Mella Massimiliano
Published: January 2007

In this paper, we study the birational geometry of certain examples of mildly singular quartic 3-folds. A quartic 3-fold is a special case of a Fano variety, that is, a variety X with ample anticanonical sheaf [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="01i" /]. Nonsingular Fano 3-folds have been studied extensively. Examples studied so far fall within two classes: either X is "close to being rational," and it then has very many biregularly distinct birational models as a Fano 3-fold, or, at the other extreme, X has a unique model. In this paper we construct examples of singular quartic 3-folds with exactly two birational models as Fano 3-folds; the other model is a complete intersection Y 3,4 ⊂ [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="02i" /](1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2) of a quartic and a cubic in weighted projective space [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="03i" /](1 4 , 2 2 ).
Aeschylus' Genealogy of Morals
Authors: Helm James J
Published: January 2007

I examine genealogical metaphors and related causal statements in the plays of Aeschylus, particularly the Oresteia, and demonstrate how, when taken together, they present a systematic view of ethical behavior and its consequences, necessary for a comprehensive understanding of Aeschylean thought. While Aeschylus' perspective falls firmly within the Solonian tradition of koroshybris-atê, he adds piety—mortals' recognition of their common subordination to the divine, which encourages them to respect the human status of others—as an essential element for human behavior. Piety is an essential prerequisite for justness, particularly important for Aeschylus because of his identification of Zeus with justice.
Simonides' Use of the Term Tetragonos
Authors: Johnston Richard W , Mulroy David D.
Published: January 2007

In a frequently quoted passage preserved in Plato's Protagoras, Simonides asserts that it is difficult to become "a truly good man, fashioned foursquare (tetragonos)." Previous commentators have associated the term tetragonos with Pythagoreanism. More probably, Simonides and his readers connected the term with sculpture, specifically, with the herms that were erected by Hipparkhos and symbolized Peisistratid championship of the common man. Sculptors employed square grids in planning their works. Herms became very common in late archaic Athens and were distinguished by their rectilinear shafts. Simonides' reference to the difficulty of being perfect in hands and feet seems to make the allusion certain.
Ovidian Silius
Authors: Wilson Marcus
Published: January 2007

In the Punica, Silius takes advantage of the fact that "Ovid himself had already problematized the epic status of his Metamorphoses," as Hinds puts it. An epic poem that parades its paradoxical character was authorized in the Roman tradition by Ovid. Compared with other writers of Latin epic, Silius avoids the technique of "quotation." He prefers alternative means, in particular, the coincidence of situation and detail rather than wording. Most of the time he has multiple intertexts in mind, prose as well as verse. Paradoxically, this avoidance of direct quotation is itself evidence of the author's close attention to the words of those poets who inspired him, like Virgil and Ovid. Silius is writing in a genre over-determined by tradition and hemmed in by conventions. He treads a careful line between fidelity to the tradition and innovation within it. Silius is post-Ovidian in his aesthetics. His engagement with Virgil is not direct and uncontaminated. The complexity enhances the interest of this, the most intertextual of poems.
"Dancing through the Minefield": Passion, Pedagogy, Politics, and Production in The Tango Lesson
Authors: Fischer Lucy
Published: January 2007

This article provides an in-depth analysis of Sally Potter's The Tango Lesson (1997), viewing it as a highly theoretical and pedagogical work of feminist film theory. While creating a modernist narrative concerning her real-life adventures in learning the tango and falling in love with her dance instructor, Potter simultaneously touches on such complex issues as female authorship, sexual representation, the politics of romantic pleasure, the history of the film musical, and the cultural and gendered legacy of ballroom dancing.
Hard Hats and Movie Brats: Auteurism and the Class Politics of the New Hollywood
Authors: Nystrom Derek
Published: January 2007

This essay discusses auteurism as a professional-managerial class strategy, examining in particular the role of auteurism in battles over film production during the rise of the New Hollywood. Of particular interest are the class politics of two New Hollywood films: Joe and Five Easy Pieces (both 1970).
Gender Role Attitudes, Religion, and Spirituality as Predictors of Domestic Violence Attitudes in White College Students
Authors: Berkel LaVerne A , Vandiver Beverly J , Bahner Angela D
Published: January 2007

In this study we investigated gender role attitudes, religion, and spirituality as predictors of beliefs about violence against women in a sample of 316 White college students. Results indicated that gender role attitudes were the best overall predictor of domestic violence beliefs. Spirituality also contributed to the models for men and women. Implications and intervention strategies to address dating violence among college students are discussed.
Understanding Gay Identity Development Within the College Environment
Authors: Stevens Richard Allen
Published: January 2007

Using grounded theory methodology, the experiences of 11 self-identified gay male college studentswere explored to understand how the environment contributed to the exploration and development of a gay identity. One central category (finding empowerment) and 5 integrative categories (self-acceptance, disclosure to others, environmental influences, individual factors, and exploring multiple identities) emerged from the research. Findings suggested that one's sexual identity is complexly integrated and often at odds with other aspects of the individual's identity.
Governing Economic Man: Joanna Baillie's Theatre of Utility
Authors: Murray Julie
Published: January 2007

"Governing Economic Man: Joanna Baillie's Theatre of Utility" considers Joanna Baillie's "Introductory Discourse" to the 1798 Plays on the Passions in the context of Adam Smith's moral philosophy. Beginning with the suggestion that Smith's commitment to a stoic model of the individual in The Theory of Moral Sentiments turns on the need to articulate the moral coordinates for the governing of economic man, I argue that Baillie accomplishes what Smith himself could not by accommodating his moral philosophy to the exigencies of economic man. Reading passages from Baillie's "Introductory Discourse" in relation to analogous moments in Smith's Theory, I suggest that the key to Baillie's renovation of Smithean moral philosophy lies in her cultivation of the curiosity of her spectators.
Reducing Unintentional Injuries on the Nation's Highways: A Literature Review
Authors: Schlundt David G , Warren Rueben C , Miller Stephania
Published: January 2007

Death and injury on the nation's highways is a public health crisis, especially for youth and members of selected minority groups. The objective of this paper is to review the literature on behavioral and environmental factors that increase risk for traffic morbidity and mortality in populations at high risk. Each of the following is a risky traffic-related behavior: not wearing seat belts, not using child safety seats, not wearing bicycle or motorcycle helmets, driving after drinking, driving while fatigued or distracted, speeding, running red lights, and aggressive driving. Environmental factors that modify risk include urban sprawl, highway design, public policy, racism and economic inequality. High risk groups include youths, males, pickup truck drivers, urban dwellers, the elderly, African Americans, American Indians, and Alaska Natives.A comprehensive approach must be developed for reducing traffic-related risk of death and injury, especially in high risk populations.
Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Among Mississippi Delta Women
Authors: Hall H. Irene , Jamison Patricia M , Coughlin Steven S. (Steven Scott) , Uhler Robert J
Published: January 2007

The purpose of the study was to determine breast and cervical cancer screening among women living in the Mississippi Delta region. Using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System for 1999-2000, we determined the prevalence of mammography (women 40 years and older, n = 6,028) and Pap testing (women 18 years and older, n = 6,502) within the past 2 or 3 years, respectively. We examined predictors of testing and compared results with those for women living elsewhere in the United States. Among Delta women, 69.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 67.9% to 70.9%) had a mammogram and 85.5% (95% CI 84.3% to 86.6%) a Pap test. Mammography prevalence was lower among black and white Delta women than among black and white women elsewhere. Pap testing was lower among older (65 years and older) Delta women or women who did not visit a doctor within the past year than among their counterparts elsewhere. Additional interventions are needed to meet the goals of Healthy People 2010 for all women.
Constraints: The Un-Doing of the Ugandan Truth Commission
Authors: Quinn Joanna R
Published: January 2007

In the aftermath of a period of mass atrocity at the hands of the state, many societies struggle to find a way to repair the damage caused to the physical infrastructure in terms of things like roads, hospitals, and schools. Yet the social infrastructure is also often badly damaged. One mechanism often employed in such cases is the truth commission, which can act to foster sustainable development on many different levels, as well as social trust.
When Yoweri Museveni and the NRM acceded to power in Uganda in 1986, one of their first acts was to establish the Commission of Inquiry into Violations of Human Rights to look into the abuses which had been perpetrated from 1961 until that time. The Commission, however, was endowed with neither proper funding nor political support. The social infrastructure, therefore, was left in a state of flux. This paper provides an analysis of the many constraints faced by the Commission and of its relative failure to provide a platform for improving the social infrastructure.
Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research: An Intercultural Perspective
Authors: Walters LeRoy
Published: January 2007

In 1998, researchers discovered that embryonic stem cells could be
derived from early human embryos. This discovery has raised a series
of ethical and public-policy questions that are now being confronted by
multiple international organizations, nations, cultures, and religious
traditions. This essay surveys policies for human embryonic stem cell
research in four regions of the world, reports on the recent debate
at the United Nations about one type of such research, and reviews the
positions that various religious traditions have adopted regarding this
novel type of research. In several instances the religious traditions
seem to have influenced the public-policy debates.
Ethical Folds: Ethics, Aesthetics, Woolf
Authors: Berman Jessica Schiff
Published: January 2007

This article takes up the connection between feminist ethics and aesthetics through the example of Virginia Woolf's work. It argues for a feminist model of ethics posed between radical alterity and its seeming opposite, the ethics of care, by way of the Deleuzean figure of the fold. In Woolf's work we can see public ethical and political responsibility arise from private moments of eros or care. Woolf's writings bring the epistemological and the ethical into conversation with each other, using aesthetics to make an ethical realm��or a fold��between the potentially universal and the personal.
The Empire from the Street: Virginia Woolf, Wembley, and Imperial Monuments
Authors: Cohen Scott
Published: January 2007

This essay attempts to recover the vectors of urban traffic in London as they were charted by way of imperial landmarks, both real and imagined, in Virginia Woolf's writing about the city. Examining her visit to the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley (1924-25) alongside Mrs. Dalloway (1925), I argue that Woolf's novel can be seen as an aesthetic and a political response to the representational dilemmas involved with bringing the empire home and the difficult task of translating global space into local space.
Postfrontier Horizons
Authors: Tatum Stephen
Published: January 2007

The books under review here study how certain Anglo-European and African-American writers in the twentieth century have appropriated and revised the narrative patterns and symbols associated with the dominant cultural imaginary of the American frontier and West. Instead of regeneration through violence, scenes of alienated domesticity and violence in western literary marriages from Wister through Didion, William Handley argues, represent "the degenerative sign of a failed project of national union and identity" (231). Michael Johnson shows how a range of African-American male and female writers interweave, adapt and revise both EuroAmerican (frontier narrative) and African-American (slave narrative) literary forms to explore themes of racial freedom and oppression and the construction of masculine identity. Both books exemplify the newer field imaginary of western American literary studies emerging during the past few years.
Bataille Looking
Authors: Noland Carrie
Published: January 2007

This essay resituates Georges BatailleÕs Lascaux, ou la naissance de lÕart in the context of archaeological investigations into the origins and the social dynamics of mark-marking. As opposed to other accounts of the book, ÒBataille LookingÓ is concerned specifically with the ways in which BatailleÕs argument and methodology reflect the conventions of the early twentieth-century discipline known as ÒprehistoryÓ while at the same time anticipating the insights of contemporary research on the peculiar conditions responsible for the emergence of ancient visual culture. BatailleÕs attention to the phenomenon of superimpositionÑthe layering of one image on top of anotherÑleads him to hypothesize what contemporary researchers are increasingly confirming, namely, that mark-making derives from the rhythmic repetition of gestural routines.
"Peaceful and Exciting": Habit, Shock, and Gertrude Stein's Pragmatic Modernism
Authors: Schoenbach Lisi
Published: January 2007

This article argues for an alternative modernism, which I call "pragmatic modernism" and define through its affinities with the discursive and philosophical preoccupations of American pragmatism. While histories of modernism have tended to emphasize the "oppositional" legacy of the avant-garde, pragmatic modernism favors recontextualization over revolution, the everyday over the spectacular, and institutions over insurrections. Through the concept of habit, I link the pragmatism of William James and John Dewey to the literary experiments of Gertrude Stein. I argue that gradualism, accretion, continuity, and recontextualization define both Stein's work and pragmatic modernism more generally, and that such an approach suggests both an alternative modernism and an alternative model for contemporary criticism.
Hitler's Penicillin
Authors: Wainwright Milton
Published: January 2007

During the Second World War, the Germans and their Axis partners could only produce relatively small amounts of penicillin, certainly never enough to meet their military needs; as a result, they had to rely upon the far less effective sulfon-amides. One physician who put penicillin to effective use was Hitler's doctor,Theodore Morell. Morell treated the Führer with penicillin on a number of occasions, most notably following the failed assassination attempt in July 1944. Some of this penicillin appears to have been captured from, or inadvertently supplied by, the Allies, raising the intriguing possibility that Allied penicillin saved Hitler's life.