bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Struggle for a Career in Paris Medicine
Authors: Goetz Christopher G , Bonduelle Michel , Gelfand Toby
Published: October 2023

In 1872, when Charcot gained his professorship at the Paris medical Faculty, he was 47. Election to the chair of pathological anatomy marked the conclusion of a difficult struggle to reach the upper strata of the Paris medical academic hierarchy. It had been 20 years since he had completed his internship and sustained his thesis for the M.D. degree. He had held the post of physician at the Salpêtrière for over a decade.
Ezra Pound, 1908-1920
Authors: Sherry Vincent
Published: October 2023

A Lume Spento, the volume of poems Ezra Pound produced as a firstling in Venice in 1908, includes a homage to Robert Browning. “Mesmerism” configures the relation of older and younger poets, not in terms of their shared admiration for Latin culture, but in the most precise sense of its title: a hypnotic trance believed to involve animal magnetism. What holds the apprentice in fanciful thrall is the imagined voice of his master, also master of the modern dramatic monologue, whose speaking brio Pound amplifies to equal degrees of reverence and risibility:
The Birmingham Years
Authors: Ball Howard
Published: October 2023

Black arrived in Birmingham in 1907 not knowing a soul. Decades later, he would say that life there “was enjoyable” and that living and working in Birmingham was “the happiest time” of his life. Black, as he liked to say to disarm people, was somewhat of a “backward country fellow” when he arrived. In a very short while, however, he became both a legal legend and a social success story. His acquaintances and friends grew dramatically in number, as did the names in his client roster. Hugo’s personal injury practice very soon became the first such lucrative law practice in Alabama. By the time Black went off to the U.S. Senate in 1927, his total worth exceeded $250,000.

In his first year in Birmingham, however, Hugo paid his rent working for the Retail Credit Company of Atlanta, Georgia. He received fifty cents apiece “for reports on the life and habits of life insurance applicants.” This job, plus some minor legal work, got Black through his early days.

Success did come fairly soon after Hugo arrived in the big city, for a number of not too surprising reasons, given Black’s personal characteristics. First of all, he was an active participant in one of the South’s primary social groups, Birmingham’s First Baptist Church.
Fourteenth Amendment Battles: Incorporation, Due Process, Equal Protection, and “New Rights”
Authors: Ball Howard
Published: October 2023

Black’s most extensive battles with his judicial foes—in particular, Felix Frankfurter and his jurisprudential allies—conflicts that were painful and contentious, were those fought over the scope of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Judge believed strongly that the language of the amendment, especially its due process and equal protection clauses, did not give the justices “a blank check to alter the meaning of the Constitution as written so as to add to it substantive constitutional changes which a majority of the Court at any given time believes are needed to meet present-day problems.”

It was litigation in these areas that kept the Judge up late at night. On important Fourteenth Amendment cases, as Elizabeth recollected,

Hugo awakens in the middle of the night thinking about it. Soon he pulls the chain to tum on the light. “Darling,” he says to me, “are you awake?” By that time I am, of course, fully awake.
Beginning from the Ground Up
Authors: Miller J Hillis
Published: October 2023

What in the World might be meant by “deconstructive architecture”: And why in the world, if there is such a thing, which is by no means certain, should we want such a thing here at the University of California, Irvine, for example, or on any other American campus? Why should we, for example, want a building here designed by Peter Eisenman, who, by the way, strenuously resists the word phrase “deconstructive architecture”? What would it mean, intellectually, institutionally, politically, to have one? What does it mean, politically, educationally, institutionally, intellectually, that we have the great array of postmodern buildings that we do have? These buildings, I should say, are by no means homogenous in their meaning and function. They incarnate in steel, concrete, and glass the warfares within postmodern or postpostmodern or a modern architecture, its fissures and tensions.
The Postmodern Continuum
Authors: Stern Robert A M
Published: October 2023

When I Was Asked To participate in the symposium “Postmodernism and Beyond” I was surprised; at first glance, so many of the others asked to take part seemed to be from the “Beyond,” a place from which I am surely not. But then I realized that Peter Eisenman, Frank Gehry, and I have everything in common, especially when we are confronted with critics who make it clear what we in our different ways do is wrong and who lump together in one group the various of us anyway. However, it is not the point of the talk to criticize the critics.
A Postmodern Fable on Postmodernity, or: In the Megalopolis
Authors: Lyotard Jean-Francois
Published: October 2023

1. I HAVE BEEN kindly invited by William Lillyman and David Neuman to conclude this conference by taking the bearing of postmodernity ten years after the publication of my text The Postmodern Condition.1 With this invitation, I understand that I have been asked to answer the question: What is post-postmodernity? The trap doesn’ t lie where it seems to; the mind is able to double the post as many times as it wants to. According to the basic property of time and number series that mathematics calls “the successor of,” every number n, considered as an ordinal number, implies that it is followed by a number n + 1, whatever the one may be. The trap lies rather in the request for a conclusive ebearing of post-postmodernity; for what I would underline first and foremost is the relativity in which thinking is obliged to operate under postmodern conditions. With relativity, such a conclusion is excluded and a bearing may only be taken arbitrarily.
Transaction Cost Economics and the Evolving Science of Organization
Authors: Williamson Oliver E
Published: October 2023

Early accomplishments notwithstanding (Simon, 1947; Ashby, 1960; Arrow, 1963a), the science of organization to which Chester Barnard made perceptive but cautious reference in 1938 fell on hard times. Around 1970, many economists and most organization theory specialists regarded any suggestion of, much less any pretense to, a science of organization as a bad joke. That has changed dramatically over the past twenty-five years, to the degree that I predict that Barnard’s aspirations will be realized by the turn of the century (Williamson, 1990a; 1993c).
The Role of Drama and Data in Political Decisions
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: October 2023

Almost three years after George Bush decisively defeated Democrat Michael Dukakis to become the president of the United States, a group of voters* in Pineville, Louisiana, was asked, “Can you tell me what you remember as being important in the 1988 presidential campaign?” The individuals in the group responded.
Countering Attacks: Pitting the Propositional Against the Primal
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: October 2023

From the beginnings of the Republic, politicians and their partisans have recognized that an attack unrebutted is an attack believed. “A falsehood that remains uncontradicted for a month, begins to be looked upon as a truth,” wrote William Corbett in Porcupine’s Gazette in 1797, “and when the detection at last makes its appearance, it is often as useless as that of the doctor who finds his patient expired.” But how can one respond to telegraphic, televisual attack that prompts false conclusions? The comparative power of the negative accounts for the fact that: In 1984 and 1988, the first oppositional ads of the presidential campaign aired earlier than they had any time before in the history of televised campaigns.
Solutions or Strategy?
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: October 2023

Two moments in the 1980 campaign illustrate the differences between a focus on strategy and a focus on problems, candidates’ proposed solutions, and their relevant performance in the past. The first occurred on the morning of the New Hampshire primary. On the Democratic side, Senator Edward Kennedy (D. Mass.) was facing incumbent president Jimmy Carter. As New Hampshire voters were drinking their morning cup of coffee, Tom Brokaw was interviewing Kennedy on NBC. Were a therapist eavesdropping on the conversation, she might ask, Can this relationship be saved? After all, their goals are fundamentally incompatible. Brokaw wants to know what Kennedy will do if he loses to Carter in New Hampshire; Kennedy wants to persuade New Hampshire Democrats that his proposed policies are preferable to the Georgian’s.
Argument, Engagement, and Accountability in Political Discourse
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: October 2023

Reasoned argument is by no means dead in American politics. As the last echoes of the choruses of academics were bemoaning the discourse of the 1988 campaign, the congressional debate over whether to authorize U.S. entry into a Gulf War took place. In it, the very members of Congress elected in the vacuous campaigns of 1984-1990 delivered thoughtful speeches that engaged the ideas of others, examined evidence, and moved with care to warranted conclusions. Within the same period, the confirmation hearings on Supreme Court nominee Souter and the congressional deliberations over the Brady Bill confirmed that the discourse over the Gulf War was not aberrational.
Glimpse of Wonders
Authors: subito attacca
Published: October 2023

The inventors of cinema, who were legion, included diverse showmen, and others with interests far from showmanship. Some of these were scientists who felt a compelling need to document some phenomenon or action, and contrived a way to do it. In their work the documentary film had prenatal stirrings. Thus the French astronomer Pierre Jules Cesar Janssen wanted a record of Venus passing across the sun, an event of 1874. He developed what he called a revolver photographique—a cylinder-shaped camera in which a photographic plate revolved. The camera automatically took pictures at short intervals, each on a different segment of the plate. The result—photographed by Janssen in Japan—was not yet a motion picture, but it was a step in that direction, and it gave ideas to others. For Janssen the important thing was: it documented the event.
Fatalism in America: The Case of Slavery
Authors: Ellis Richard J
Published: October 2023

Studies of political ideas tend to be biased toward the articulate, toward those who leave records and write books, letters, or memoirs. Activity is unavoidably privileged over passivity. Fatalism as a cultural orientation is thus consistently under reported in most history.’ Hierarchy, individualism, egalitarianism, even hermitude—all have eloquent exponents of their ideas. Fatalists, however, remain peculiarly silent. What true fatalist would take the time to commit thoughts to paper? What would be the use? Indeed the very act of speaking out would count as evidence of a shift away from the fatalistic bias.
Private Economic Threats to Press Freedom
Authors: Baker C Edwin
Published: October 2023

Advertisers veto program content. Even after printing, publishers stop distribution of books that would offend allied elites. Profit concerns dominate media corporations. Networks and local broadcasters revamp broadcast news to reduce costs and maximize audience at the expense of information gathering and transmittal. Nonmedia based corporations (companies not primarily engaged in journalism, e.g., railroads or tire companies) own large portions of the communications industry. Conglomerates increasingly monopolize media outlets. Owners of the remaining large, independent media outlets often share similar political and economic views.
The Child-A Television Allegory
Authors: Tichi Cecelia
Published: October 2023

No aspect of the acculturation of television has remained at once so vigorous and so static as the debate over the relation of children to television. The television child is precocious and sophisticated, according to the TV industry, and certain educators and child development experts cautiously agree. Yet that same child is otherwise profiled as a hostage to TV violence, as a child developmentally hastened into pseudomaturity, as a television “wolf child” suckled by television and cut off from the “real” world.
Comics, Movies, Music, Stories, Art, 1V-on-1V, Etc.
Authors: Tichi Cecelia
Published: October 2023

The TV environment ratifies itself everywhere. Cartoons, comic strips, fabric prints, sculpture, music, paintings, flip books, T-shirts, jewellry, movies, and TV itself—these, along with printed texts, have featured television prominently, often critically, both attacking television and at the same time exploiting its resources, but above all affirming and validating the TV environment. Television is by now ubiquitous in virtually every cultural format and venue in the United States. It takes shape as familial hearth, as the illuminator/corruptor of children, as the paradoxical site of sedentary activism, as the locus of a new, multivalent consciousness. It is a source of language, virtually a contemporary phrasebook, and certifies human experience in contexts ranging from sports stadiums to personal spaces where camcorder cassette tapes are played on personal screens. Every sign of it, from a T-shirt front to a refrigerator magnet reinforces the idea of the TV environment, one extending from the Magic Screen on “Pee-Wee’s Playhouse” to the video apparatus (video camera, VCR, big-screen monitor) on which the pantomime, Will Irwin, the electronic-age Charlie Chaplin, performs onstage in his one man video vaudeville act. Everywhere television is ratified as it is reified in contemporary culture.
Beyond Words: Visualizing in Cyberspace
Authors: Katsh M Ethan
Published: October 2023

Lascivious paintings generally have more influence that dispassionate arguments.Statement made at the trial of Madame BovaryWe live by symbols.Oliver Wendell Holmes “In the beginning was the Word,” states the New Testament. It might be added that even after the beginning, there were relatively few voices with relatively few words competing with the divine voice for attention. Today, we live in an age of media abundance, where it is relatively easy to hear the voices of persons located anywhere on the planet, to access words and images stored in computers thousands of miles away, to send and receive faxes while one sleeps. Even when we are alone and away from home or office, handheld and cordless devices, ranging from telephones to computers, intrude upon our solitude and allow us to see, hear, and communicate with others.

One of the consequences of having access to so many different means of communication is that we often must choose among media, and make decisions about how to communicate as well as what to communicate. All forms of communication are not equal, and decisions are continuously being made about whether to employ one

medium or another. Such choices, which previous generations did not have to make, are significant because they reveal one’s understanding of and sensitivity to the strengths and weaknesses of different media.
Engendered Economics: Elizabeth I's Coronation Entry (1559)
Authors: Frye Susan
Published: October 2023

When Elizabeth I participated in her coronation entry, she entered a London as yet unmarked by her reign. As early as 1568, the "Royal Exchange" would be built at the heart of London, the building whose name represents a conflation of royal and mercantile interests.1 By the 1580s, her image would come to embrace the city, proud of its circumscribed autonomy, with her statue at Ludgate facing west toward the Inns of Court and the royal precincts of Westminster beyond (Figure 2).2 But in mid-January 1559, when Elizabeth crossed the city to pause for entertainment at six hubs of economic activity, her reign did not yet exist.
Chapter IV
Authors: Williams Catharine , Caldwell Patricia
Published: October 2023

Upon arriving at Bristol, the sheriff found the prisoner had fled. Thirteen days had been spent in his examination, during which time he appeared so firm and unmoved for the most part that it was thought there was no danger of his decamping. He had fled however, and left his character to take care of itself Those who believed him innocent, had thought he would court a trial in order to free himself from the odium attached to him, which unless wiped off they knew must forever destroy his usefulness as a minister of the gospel; but when they found he had decamped and left his friends and partizans to fight it out in the best manner they were able, they were con founded, but for the most part wise enough to keep still; and had he never been found, as most people believed he never would, it is probable the point would have been conceded. But he was gone: and Col. Harnden, the person who went in persuit of him, was almost at a loss to know what to do. There seemed no trace of him to be dis covered. But although the person of the accused apeared to be beyond their reach, his character was not; and this flight, disgraceful and unmanly as it was, put the finishing seal to it.

Matters seemed so well arranged with respect to the reverend fugitive, that it would have puzzled wise heads to have known which way to look for him. But the indefatigable Col. Harnden was not to be daunted or disheartened in the cause he had undertaken. He had been one of the committee appointed to examine into this affair by the inhabitants of Fall River, and had satisfied himself that the accused ought at whatever cost to be brought to trial.
Chapter VII
Authors: Williams Catharine , Caldwell Patricia
Published: October 2023

There is a wonderful mystery in the fact, if it be so, that this unfortunate girl should be constantly betraying herself to the Methodists, by confessions of guilt and self-accusations of sins of a most outrageous kind, while at the same time she was endeavoring to keep in the society, and be in fellowship with the members, and respected by them, striving as though her very salvation depended upon it. The trial has been published, and the evidence is before the public. Those who wished to make her appear a monster of wickedness, have continually said all that is possible to say against any individual, and said it as a certain preacher once said (when he was planning to abuse his neighbour from the pulpit)-from a place where she cannot answer them back again. It is however no more than fair that her letters should speak for her, and the author has been at the trouble to collect all of her correspondence that can be found, consisting of sixteen letters written to her mother and sister, all, except one, between the year 1819 and 1832. It will be seen by these that there is a period of more than a year when only one letter was written. This was the period immediately succeeding her troubles at Lowell, and may be accounted for by the agitation of mind which such a punishment or persecution, (call it which we please,) must have occasioned. It appears however that she was not entirely unmindful of her friends during this period, as by her last letter, dated March 10th, 1832, she speaks of a pamphlet sent to Mr. Rawson. And by a letter from him to her it appears the family received one on the 11th of Jan. 1831. Other letters, written at different times may have been lost or mislaid, but not by design. Her sister’s family informed me that they were all of a like character, and, resembling her conversation, full of Methodism, and relating mostly to her religious feelings.
Antimicrobial Therapy for Bacterial Diseases
Authors: Spach David H , Liles W Conrad
Published: October 2023

Moellering RC. Principles of anti-infective therapy. In: Mandell, Douglas and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 4th ed. Mandell GL, Bennett, Dolin R, eds. Churchill Livingstone, New York, pp. 199-212, 1995.
Fever in Hospitalized Patients
Authors: Schwartz David N , Weinstein Robert A
Published: October 2023

Few clinical parameters in hospitalized patients are followed as routinely or have as much clinical import invested in them as the presence of an elevated body temperature. As a cardinal manifestation of localized or systemic inflammation (see Chapter 10), fever is an important correlate of the severity, and response to therapy, of many of the diseases that prompt hospital admission. In addition, because hospitalized patients are often acutely ill and are exposed to a variety of invasive procedures and immunocompromising therapies, they are highly susceptible to a broad array of infectious and noninfectious complications for which fever is often an important marker.
Bacteremia, Sepsis, and Septic Shock
Authors: Zanetti Giorgio , Baumgartner, Jean-Daniel , Glauser Michel-Pierre
Published: October 2023

For almost every type of infection, there is a continuous spectrum ranging from purely local manifestations to severe systemic involvement with multiple organ dysfunction and shock. Most systemic symptoms of infections are not due to the proliferation of bacteria themselves but to inflammatory reactions triggered by the infectious process. A paradox of the defense against infection is that the same inflammatory systems responsible for defending against microbial invasion may produce severe local and/or systemic symptoms when they are activated excessively.
Infections with Rash
Authors: Swartz Morton N
Published: October 2023

The patient with fever and a rash represents an important diagnostic challenge, since causes of this syndrome include acute systemic infections requiring early diagnosis and prompt therapy. For purposes of this discussion we will consider only systemic infections in which rash is a significant element. Infections originating in the skin or its appendages (e.g., pyodermas such as impetigo, erysipelas, cellulitis) are often accompanied by fever, but they have a different pathogenesis and will be considered elsewhere (Chapters 52 and 53). While the febrile rash syndrome (FRS) should initially raise the concern of an infectious etiology, the differential diagnosis can be broad, including drug eruptions, vasculitides of various types, and infiltrative processes including leukemias and Sweet’s syndrome.
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
Authors: Smith Charles B
Published: October 2023

The most common infectious diseases of man are those that involve the upper respiratory tract and adjacent sinuses, middle ear, pharynx, epiglottis, and larynx. Although the severity of most upper respiratory tract infections (URls) is limited to the “temporarily annoying” category, these illnesses are the leading causes of time lost from work in most developed societies, and the resources spent on finding relief represent a significant health care expenditure. Occasionally these minor infections can become severe and lead to organ damage or death.
Acute Pneumonia
Authors: Chang Feng Yee , Yu Victor L
Published: October 2023

Pneumonia is not only a common infection; it is the leading cause of death from infectious diseases in the developed countries. Correct diagnosis is paramount if cost-effective antimicrobial agent therapy is to be prescribed. With an increase in the number of potential microbial etiologies and emerging resistance to antibiotics, controversies regarding empiric antibiotic therapy and use of invasive diagnostic procedures have arisen. On the other hand, the modem era which brought us effective antimicrobial agents now also promises to bring newer diagnostic methods based on molecular biology.
Diarrhea and Gastroenteritis
Authors: DuPont Herbert L
Published: October 2023

Acute diarrhea and gastroenteritis are common medical complaints and can be serious health problems for certain well-defined populations. The frequency of diarrhea in the developing world varies according to region. In these areas, outside cholera endemic regions, diarrhea as a public health problem is primarily found in children <5 yr of age. The total number of estimated cases of acute diarrheal disease in this age group in the developing world may be as many as 1 billion cases annually.
Infective Endocarditis
Authors: Karchmer Adolf W
Published: October 2023

Infective endocarditis is the term applied to microbial infections involving the endothelial surface of the heart. This infection primarily occurs on the leaflets of heart valves, but occasionally on the low-pressure side of a ventricular septal defect, on chordae tendineae, or on the mural endocardium at the site of impact of a regurgitant jet of blood or an intracardiac foreign body such as an intravascular catheter or a pacer lead.
Myocarditis and Pericarditis
Authors: Lerner A Martin
Published: October 2023

Myocarditis and pericarditis refer to inflammation of the heart muscle or pericardia! membranes. They may be acute, subacute, or chronic in presentation and can be caused by direct invasion by a pathogenic bacterium, fungus, or virus, or represent an autoimmune response stimulated by these agents. Pericarditis is often accompanied by the development of a pericardia! effusion which may in some cases acutely lead to pericardial tamponade.
Infectious and Postinfectious
Authors: Abebe Mekonnen , Kaufman, Lee D , Luft Benjamin J
Published: October 2023

Infectious arthritis is a potentially serious condition with significant morbidity and disability if not detected and treated early. Staphylococcus aureus remains the most common cause of infectious arthritis in adults and children over the age of 2 yr, while Hemophilus influenzae type b is the most frequent cause between the ages of 6 mo and 2 yr, although the incidence of H.
Prosthetic Device Infections
Authors: Zimmerli Werner
Published: October 2023

In this chapter the problem of implant-associated infection is described. The most frequent infections and those with a complex management are presented in more detail. Prosthetic valve endocarditis is discussed in Chapter 66, and catheter-related infections in Chapter 67.
Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Corey Lawrence
Published: October 2023

The last decade has brought continued advances in the use of agents that inhibit the human immunodeficiency viruses. It is now well established that antiretroviral therapy slows down the progression of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and can prolong survival. However, the high replication rate of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the ability of the virus to develop resistance to antivirals, and the relatively low individual potency of many of the currently licensed agents has meant that combination chemotherapy must be utilized.
Coming to Maturity: Early Legal Scholarship
Authors: White G Edward
Published: October 2023

In 1876 Holmes wrote a letter to Emerson that captured his scholarly mission between 1865 and the early 1880s. He said in the letter that ‘I have learned, after a laborious and somewhat painful period of probation, that the law opens a way to philosophy as well as anything else.’1 Just as the years between I 864 and I 882 were momentous in the personal and professional spheres of Holmes’ life, they were momentous in his development as a legal scholar. During that period Holmes, after considerable effort and some false starts, developed an approach to scholarship in which legal history, philosophy, and discussion of contemporary issues of policy were integrated in an original and distinctive fashion, an integration that can be seen to be the principal basis of The Common Law’s scholarly eminence. It was also during that period that Holmes finally succeeded in applying to the field of law the substantive and methodological concerns that had attracted him in his undergraduate essays, and thereby demonstrated to himself as well as to others that the law was capable of extended interpretive treatment.
Introduction: The Postmodern, the Marginal, and the Minor
Authors: Harper Phillip Brian
Published: October 2023

This book takes as a primary object of interrogation current theories on the nature of postmodernism as both social phenomenon and cultural praxis. Since at least the early 1980s, commentators from a wide range of disciplines have identified the postmodern condition with a heightened consciousness about the problematic nature of human subjectivity. To characterize it very roughly, postmodernist theory suggests that our sense of the individual human psyche as an integrated whole is a necessary misconception, and that various technological, economic, and philosophical developments of the late twentieth century demonstrate to us the psyche’s fundamentally incoherent and fragmentary, or “decentered,” nature. This decenteredness is manifested in the cultural realm through a number of signal effects and practices; in particular, characteristic fiction of the postmodern era thematizes psychic decenteredness in both its narrative structures and its depiction of the human subject. It is this latter claim about postmodern fiction’s presentation of a decentered subject that comprises the immediate object of my inquiry here. My interest lies not in disputing the validity of this characterization-indeed, I find it generally convincing-but rather in correlating this aspect of postmodernist fiction with comparable effects in other fictional modes. For if postmodernist fiction foregrounds subjective fragmentation, a similar decenteredness can be identified in U.S. novels written prior to the postmodern era, in which it derives specifically from the socially marginalized and politically disenfranchised status of the populations treated in the works.
The “New” Scientific Racism
Authors: Kühl Stefan
Published: October 2023

The late 1980s witnessed a revival of public interest in scientific racism on North American campuses. The media gave broad coverage to research by scholars in the United States and Canada that attempted to establish a scientific basis for classifying humans into “superior” and “inferior” genetic groups. For example, J. Philippe Rushton, professor at the University of Western Ontario, argued that whites and Asians are generally more intelligent and family-oriented than were blacks, while Johns Hopkins University sociology professor Robert Gordon advanced the claim that the high crime rate among American blacks correlated with their comparatively low intelligence level.
The Reception and Function of American Support in Nazi Germany
Authors: Kühl Stefan
Published: October 2023

In 1934, one of Hitler’s staff members wrote to Leon Whitney of the American Eugenics Society and asked in the name of the Fuhrer for a copy of Whitney’s recently published book, The Case for Sterilization. Whitney complied immediately, and shortly thereafter received a personal letter of thanks from Adolf Hitler. In his unpublished autobiography, Whitney reported a conversation he had with Madison Grant about the letter from the Fuhrer. Because he thought that Grant might be interested in Hitler’s letter he showed it to him during their next meeting. Grant only smiled, reached for a folder on his desk, and gave Whitney a letter from Hitler to read. In this, Hitler thanked Grant for writing The Passing of the Great Race and said that “the book was his Bible.
Conclusion
Authors: Kühl Stefan
Published: October 2023

Attempts to separate eugenics from the Nazi program of race improvement were only partially successful. The personal and ideological links between eugenics and mass sterilization and extermination were too obvious to be overlooked. Socialist eugenicists, who opposed Nazi race policies, distinguished themselves by avoiding the word eugenics. Instead, eugenicists such as Hermann Muller introduced terms like genetic load and cost of selection. Reform eugenicists who had supported parts of the Nazi race policies also backed away from the term eugenics after it had become tainted due to Nazi abuses. By 1954, the British Annals of Eugenics was renamed the Annals of Human Genetics; in 1969, Eugenics Quarterly, the successor of Eugenic News, was renamed the Journal of Social Biology. The pride with which scientists in the 1910s, 1920s, and 1930s referred to themselves as eugenicists had evaporated.
The Lifestyle of Modernizing Berlin Jews
Authors: Lowenstein Steven M
Published: October 2023

The new Jewish elite that emerged during the Seven Years War helped pioneer an acculturated way of life in Berlin. The new style of living also went far beyond conspicuous consumption and luxury. It involved changes in cultural values, ways of educating children, dress, language, and forms of sociability and culture. By the 1770s Berlin was home not only to an acculturating elite but also to a nucleus of Enlightened Jewish intellectuals. The combined influence of the style of the elite and the teachings of the new intellectuals began to affect the way of life of growing numbers of Berlin Jews. The cultural milieu of Berlin Jewry in the two decades or so after the Seven Years War had several characteristics that are worth exploring. First, although the modem lifestyle began at the very top of the Jewish social scale, it soon spread to a broad cross section of the city’s Jewish population. Second, the changes during this period occurred peacefully and with only sporadic opposition of any sort. The community was not split into opposing camps of modernists and traditionalists. This is not to say that all Berlin Jews adopted the new cultural attitudes and practices; rather, the traditionalist and modernist milieus seemed to have lived side by side in a kind of “peaceful coexistence.” This relatively peaceful situation would change in the last years of the eighteenth century.
The Spoils of War
Authors: Davis Robert C
Published: October 2023

Throughout the early modern era the pugni captivated Venice. During the fall months of the battagliole season fascination for the event penetrated every corner of daily life, as people of all classes talked and indeed thought of little else for weeks at a time. It was a perpetual dialogue, mixing memories of previous encounters with expectations for future battles: in which the virtues of various capi and padrini were the subjects of wagers and fierce debates and where the chances of the champions who would meet in the next grudge match were discussed down to the finest detail. Apprentices avoided their work to argue about fighting styles and techniques, while their masters-those hundreds of fishermen, shipbuilders, porters, cobblers and butchers who would crowd the bridges on Sundays and holidays-argued and traded insults with one another when they met by chance in taverns and campi after work. These were no idle debates: when Venetians met and disagreed about the pugni, they could move quickly from words to blows to bloodshed, for these workers always had the knives, boathooks, cleavers, axes, and hammers of their trades close at hand. In the season of the battagliole these same passions were just as likely to seize the more cultivated members of society. Nobles politicking at the broglio and merchants doing business at the Mercerie or Rialto were no more restrained than ordinary working men in backing up their opinions with fists, daggers, or even pikes.
Settler Capitalism and the State in Australia
Authors: Kunitz Stephen J
Published: October 2023

In Chapter 2 I argued that federal-state relationships were important to explaining differences in mortality patterns of indigenous peoples and that the low life expectancy of Aborigines was due to the fact that Aboriginal affairs have historically been the responsibility of the states. In Chapter 3 I argued that settler capitalism was especially important to accounting for the population decline in New Zealand and Hawaii. In this chapter I temporarily abandon the comparative method in order to examine in more detail the two issues raised in the preceding chapters. I shall do this with a case study of the population history and contemporary health of Aborigines in Queensland in Northern Australia (see Figure 4-1).
Natural Law
Authors: Grotius Hugo
Published: October 2023

Of the many approaches to the study of international rules, Natural Law boasts the lengthiest intellectual tradition. Indeed, Naturalism predates by many centuries the emergence of states, and thus the advent of “international” scholarship per se. Naturalists submit that the “law” consists of principles of right and wrong that transcend time, place, political system, religion, and culture. This law can be apprehended by human reason and remains eternally and universally valid, notwithstanding human legislative enactments (“positive law”).
The New Stream
Authors: Kennedy David
Published: October 2023

The New Stream of international legal scholarship has its roots in the Critical Legal Studies approach that became popular among American legal scholars focusing on domestic law during the 1980s. The application of this critical approach to international law was pioneered by David Kennedy, now a law professor at Harvard University. Like Critical Legal Studies, much of the New Stream scholarship utilizes the linguistic methodology of the French structuralists and draws its theoretic inspiration from the neo-Marxist Frankfurt school. New Stream scholars reject Positivism and Naturalism. In fact, they reject the very notion that law is an objective enterprise. The self-described project of the New Stream scholarship is to unite the theory and practice of international law in a manner that will restructure international social life.
Toward an Understanding of International Legal Rules
Authors: Arend Clark
Published: October 2023

In a 1990 essay on recent works on international legal rules, Professor Phillip Trimble observed that “[t]o academics and practitioners alike, in-ternational law is a peripheral enterprise.”1 He then went on to cite a report prepared by John King Gamble and Natalie S. Shields in which they argue that “many academics still regard international law as ... a ‘fringe’ specialty, well meaning, even noble, but naive and largely irrelevant to the real world.”Similarly, many International Relations theorists have also questioned the importance of studying international rules within the discipline of International Relations.
Electric Power Generation
Authors: Duchin Faye , Lange Glenn-Marie
Published: October 2023

The production and use of electricity are closely associated with industrialization and economic growth. Electricity is also closely associated with atmospheric pollution when it is generated through the combustion of fossil fuels. In this chapter, the regional distribution of electricity production is discussed, and control totals are developed for historical years. Changes made to improve the representation of production and use of electricity in the World Model are described. The most promising alternative technologies and improvements to conventional technologies for producing electricity are identified, and estimates of the relative capital and operating costs and fuel efficiencies of both conventional and alternative technologies are developed. These data are used for the construction of World Model parameters governing production of electricity for future years under the OCF scenario.
Introduction
Authors: Anaya S James
Published: October 2023

Half a millennium ago, people living on the continents now called North and South America began to have encounters of a kind they had not experienced before. Europeans arrived and started to lay claim to their lands, overpowering their political institutions and disrupting the integrity of their economies and cultures. The European encroachments frequently were accompanied by the slaughter of the children, women, and men who stood in the way. For many of the people who survived, the Europeans brought disease and slavery. Similar patterns of empire and conquest extended to other parts of the globe, resulting in human suffering and turmoil on a massive scale.
Developments within the Modern Era of Human Rights
Authors: Anaya S James
Published: October 2023

The preceding chapter demonstrated that the normative discourse and related patterns of official behavior in international law have long had implications for the status and rights of peoples who are indigenous to lands subject to colonization and its legacies. Shaped by Western perspectives and political power, international law developed a complicity with the often brutal forces that wrested lands from indigenous peoples, suppressed their cultures and institutions, and left them among the poorest of the poor. Within this century, however, there have been significant advancements in the structure of world organization and shifts in attendant normative assumptions. These changes have engendered a reformed system of international law, and the reformed system, in turn, has provided fertile ground for social forces to further alter, and eventually reverse, the direction of international law where it concerns the indigenous peoples of today. This chapter begins by discussing briefly the contemporary international legal system, identifying its move away from state centered positivism and its growing concern for individuals and groups upon precepts of world peace and human rights. The chapter goes on to describe developments within the modern human rights frame and their culmination in a new generation of conventional and customary international law concerning indigenous peoples.
Early English Paradigms for New World Natives
Authors: Vaughan Alden T
Published: October 2023

Perceptions of people unlike ourselves are not made in a cultural vacuum. Each observer brings to his or her contact with an “other” certain assumptions or expectations that determine to a large extent our initial attitudes toward people outside our own group. Some of the shaping preconceptions are individual that is, based on the observer’s particular experiences; others are collective—national or regional or even continental—for they draw on an extended society’s, rather than an individual’s, prior contact with similar beings or prior assumptions about people of other cultural groups. This essay is about the rise and fall of several fundamental perceptions that a large porti7Jn of the English people and their compatriots who moved to British America held in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries as they contemplated the New World’s natives.
Double Bind Number Four: Femininity/Competence
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: October 2023

More than two decades ago, a ground-breaking study by psychologist Inge Broverman and her colleagues concluded that the characteristics psychologists defined as feminine were inconsistent with maturity and primarily negative. These characteristics included being easily influenced, emotional, and illogical. By contrast, the traits seen as masculine were those associated with mental health and psychological maturity: beeing direct and logical, able to easily make decisions.
The Notion Of The Works
Authors: Bradley Betsy Hunter
Published: October 2023

Factory buildings and manufacturing works appear throughout the American cultural landscape. The buildings of industry stand in small towns near streams that provided waterpower, along filled-in canals and forgotten turn-pike arteries, near sources of raw materials, and alongside commercial ports. They dominate sections of large cities and extend along rail corridors in industrial areas. Each factory is an essay in pragmatism and functional beauty derived from the attempt to perfectly adapt means to an end. Yet, oddly enough, we know little about these structures in which the prosperity of our nation was generated and the laborers of industry spent their work days. It is the intent of this book to explain what these manufacturing facilities are and why they look the way they do.
Architectural Components of the Works
Authors: Bradley Betsy Hunter
Published: October 2023

Only three main types of industrial buildings comprised the works. The functional divisions of the works that gave structures their common names-the foundry and the machine shop, for example-were all housed either in one-story production sheds or in multistory industrial lofts. Production sheds served as machine, forge, and erecting shops as well as foundries. Lofts might house the entire works or be adapted for use as office buildings or pattern storehouses. The works powerhouse was the third major building type in the works. Testing departments, laboratories, storehouses and other functions were housed in buildings so diverse that generalizations about their architectural character are difficult to develop.
Manigaults and Heywards
Authors: Dusinberre William
Published: October 2023

In the first part of the nineteenth century-even after slavery had been put on the road to extinction in the North-a number of great Southern planters resided in Pennsylvania, New York, and Rhode Island, and married into the top stratum of Northern society. Charles Izard Manigault was an offshoot of this transsectional alliance, his maternal grandfather, Ralph Izard (who later became a U.S. senator from South Carolina), having married into New York’s well-known DeLancey family (see genealogical table 4). Margaret Izard, the eldest child of this union, spent twelve impressionable early years in Europe,1 and she wrote and spoke French as fluently as English. Unusually well educated, she implanted a French-speaking tradition so firmly into the family of her husband Gabriel Manigault II that their son Charles Manigault and their grandson Louis Manigault both cherished it. Margaret Izard Manigault regarded herself (through her DeLancey mother) as a Northern woman; and finding Charleston dull, she finally persuaded her husband to move to the North in 1805. The family soon acquired an estate north of Philadelphia. And from about 1809 until her death in 1824, Margaret established a free-thinking salon in Philadel-phia itself-her winter residence there becoming (according to a contemporary) “the resort ofall the [city’s] intellectual and refined society. [The orthodox in Philadelphia considered her] to have had no very good influence on the religious sentiments of her entourage.” Her son Charles Manigault further unsettled matters when, upon returning from South America in 1823, he introduced a “Spanish dance ... , the first insinuation of the waltz into [Philadelphia’s] precise society.” Margaret bequeathed to Charles, her favorite son, her library of French and English classics; and he inherited from her his cultivated tastes.
Privilege
Authors: Dusinberre William
Published: October 2023

The Manigaults, of course, did not govern their slaves solely with the whip, the Charleston “dark hole,” and the threat of sale. Less important in securing subordination-but often effective in winning the grin which was supposed to accompany subordination-was their granting of privileges. For most bonds-men and women these might do little more than slightly ease their straitened circumstances, but for a few slaves privileges opened substantial opportunities to escape the full rigor of bondage. The concept of “privilege” has led to two much-discussed theories about slavery. The principal source of human rights, Edmund Burke had argued in the eighteenth century, was the gradual transformation of a privilege, by long usage, into a claim so firmly established in custom that the grantor of the privilege could no longer easily withdraw it: a “privilege” had become transmuted into a “right.” Burke’s idea has been fruitfully applied to the history of slavery. Slaves surely acquired certain de facto prerogatives, limiting their masters’ power. In the colonial period, for example, some masters might grant their slaves the privilege of not working on Sundays, and in due course the custom of a Sabbath holiday (or a holiday on another day, if the harvest demanded labor on a particular Sunday) became deeply embedded in local custom. Few masters would then deny their slaves what the latter had come to regard as their right.