bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Energy Restricted Diets on α‐Tocopherol and Aldehyde Contents in the Muscle Tissue of Pork
Authors: Pfalzgraf A. , Steinhart H. , Kuhn M. , Burgstaller G.
Published: November 2006

48 pigs were divided into four groups and fed for different periods diets at dietary energy levels of either 11.5 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg or 13 MJ ME/kg. The dietary energy restriction resulted in lower α‐tocopherol contents of the musculus longissimus dorsi (m.l.d.) tissue. The aldehyde contents did not differ significantly between tissues from various feeding groups. The total aldehyde amounts ranged widely between 35 and 790 μg/kg. Correlation coefficients between these amounts and other variables of meat quality such as vitamin E, fat content, phospholipid‐polyunsaturated fatty acids or conductivity, showed different relations in the various feeding groups. The aldehyde levels in tissues of the energy restricted groups were influenced by individual vitamin E, fat contents and the phospholipid composition. The aldehyde levels in tissues of animals fed the non restricted diets were independent of these lipid peroxidation stability affecting values. The correlation to the conductivity of the tissue 24 h post mortem reflected the dominating effect of physical membranal stress and stability during slaughter on the aldehyde levels.
Qualitätsmerkmale kaltgepreßter Speiseöle
Authors: Brühl L. , Fiebig H.‐J.
Published: November 2006

Als Qualitätsmerkmale für die Beurteilung kaltgepreßter nativer Speiseöle werden die Bestimmungen der Steradiene, der trans‐Fett‐säuren, der freien Fettsäuren sowie die UV‐Absorptionen bei 232 und 270 nm herangezogen. Der Steradiengehalt wurde mit einer GC‐ und einer HPLC‐Methode bestimmt. Die beiden Methoden liefern gut übereinstimmende Werte. Zusammen mit dem Gehalt an trans‐Fettsäuren sind die beiden Parameter ein empfindlicher Nachweis für eine Vermischung oder Verfälschung kaltgepreßter nativer Speiseöle mit raffinierten Speiseölen. Der Anteil an freien Fettsäuren und die UV‐Absorption lassen dagegen meist keine eindeutigen Rückschlüsse auf die Probe zu.
Untersuchung der Diglyceride aus membranständigen Phosphatiden von Meerschweinchenherz
Authors: Stoll U.
Published: November 2006

Die Zusammensetzung der Phospholipide von Mitochondrien und Mikrosomen aus Meerschweinchenherz wurde charakterisiert. Aus Phosphatidylcholin und Phosphatidylethanolamin wurden die Diglyceride nach Spaltung mittels Phospholipase‐C hergestellt. Die Trennung der acetylierten Diglyceride erfolgte auf silbernitratimprägnierten Kieselgelplatten. Die Diglyceride wurden über ihr Fettsäuremuster charakterisiert. Diacyl‐ und Alk‐1‐enyl‐acyl‐Species mit identischer Fettsäure in sn2‐Position konnten voneinander getrennt werden. In Plasmalogenen (=Alk‐1‐enyl‐acyl‐Gruppierung) wird die gesättigte Fettsäure eines Diacylphosphatides durch einen Vinylether gleicher Kettenlänge ersetzt. Die Diacyl‐ bzw. die Alk‐1‐enyl‐acyl‐Gruppierungen waren für Cholinglycerophospholipide bzw. Ethanolaminglycerophospholipide ausgesprochen typisch.
Effect of Flavonoids on the Photooxidation of Fats ‐A Study on their Activity as Singlet Molecular Oxygen [O2(1δ)] Generators and Quenchers
Authors: Criado Susana , Bertolotti Sonia G. , Soltermann A. T. , Avila V. , Garcí N. A.
Published: November 2006

The protective effect of the polyhydroxyflavones Fisetin and Baicalein on the sensitized [O2(1δg] ‐ mediated photooxidation of fats was investigated through a kinetic study. These flavonoids at concentrations in the order of a few ppm efficiently inhibit the photoperoxidation of linoleic acid, which was chosen as an example of photooxidizable fat. This property was attributed to the ability of Fisetin and Baicalein to quench photochemically generated O2(1δg). The rate constants for such a process of quenching were 1.9 and 1.4 × 108 M−1S−1 for Fisetin and Baicalein respectively. The ratio between the overall and the chemical rate constants were in the order of 0.01, indicating that the flavones are practically not consumed in the process of O2(1δg) quenching. The presence of the ‐OH groups in the aromatic rings of the hydroxyflavones confer to these compounds the ability as O2(1δg) quenchers. The parent compound Flavone does not quench that oxygen excited species. Only Flavone generates O2(1δg) upon direct irradiation, at 337 nm, in the absence of added sensitizers, with a quantum yield of 0.16. Fisetin and Baicalein were totally inefficient for such a process. This fact constitutes a very convenient property from the point of view of the protective (anti oxidative) activity of the hydroxyflavones.
A Survey of the Amounts of Oxidized Triglycerides and Triglyceride Dimers in Virgin and “Lampante” Olive Oils
Authors: Gomes T.
Published: November 2006

The aim of this work was to ascertain the amount of oxidized triglycerides and triglyceride dimers in virgin and “lampante” olive oils: to this effect, 38 samples were collected from different oil‐mills. No data on the above compound classes in „lampante”︁ olive oils have ever appeared in literature up to now. However, fat autoxidation is known to imply polymerization reactions; so, low amounts of oligopolymers may be formed in oil at a given state of oxidation. This aspect also applies to virgin olive oils because the very few data reported in literature are mainly related to extra virgin olive oils which are classified as high quality oils. Column chromatography and high‐performance size exclusion chromatography were used for oil analysis in this work. Triglyceride dimers were either absent or present in traces in virgin olive oils, but were found in „lampante”︁ oils with a mean value of 0.07%. Oxidized triglyceride percentages in „lampante”︁ oils were more than twice as high as those present in virgin oils. The data obtained suggest the following consideration: the presence of dimers in vegetable oils reveals a rather high oxidation level and is confirmed by the higher oxidized triglyceride values. This is a reliable index of oxidative degradation in oil.
Tests Used for Examining the Quality of Frying Oils
Authors: Skrökki Anneli
Published: November 2006

There are many tests available for examining the quality of frying oils. Since judgements can be quite different depending on the test used and the recommendations given the results are compared here and the best tests for examining the quality of frying oils are identified.
Preparation of fatty acid methyl esters from brook charr tissues: Comparison of a classical and a direct method
Authors: Guillou Alain , Soucy Patricia , Khalil Michel
Published: November 2006

Two methods of preparation (classical and direct) of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) for gas chromatographic determination were compared for samples of flesh, liver and skin of the brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis). The classical method is based on the saponification and methylation of a lipid extract from the tissue sample. The direct method is based on the assumption that saponification and methylation of the fatty acids occurs directly in the flask containing the tissues without prior lipid extraction and purification steps. The fatty acid profiles obtained by the two methods are comparable for the liver and the skin, but the direct method seems to be more precise for the flesh samples. In addition, the direct method is more rapid for the routine preparation of the FAME than the classical method and requires a much lower quantity of organic solvents, thereby reducing the costs of analysis and disposal of the used solvents.
Performance evaluation of shortenings based on palm oil and butterfat in yellow cake
Authors: Idris Nor Aini , Ha Che Maimon Che , Hassan Hanirah , Embong Mamat Shafie , Abdullah Aminah
Published: November 2006

Shortenings based on palm oil (PO), combinations of PO and butter fat (BF) at a ratio of PO:BF = 3:2 and PO:BF = 2:3 and 100% BF were evaluated. In the case of PO shortening, 0.2% diacetyl flavour was added during processing. Baking tests indicated that combination of PO with BF produced higher specific batter volume and specific cake volume compared with PO shortening or 100% BF. The addition of BF to PO resulted in softer cake texture as indicated by instrumental measurement. Sensory evaluation indicated that cakes made with PO shortening with added diacetyl flavour (at 0.2%) resulted in significantly (p<0.05) higher scores in terms of grain size, softness and flavour compared to cakes made with 100% BF. However, there was no significant difference in the sensory scores of the cakes made with PO, PO:BF = 3:2 and PO:BF = 2:3 shortenings. Thus PO helped to improve performance of BF in production of yellow cake.
Prooxidative Effekte von Gewürzen unter Lichteinfluß
Authors: Sandmeier D.
Published: November 2006

Gewürze, bekannt für ihre teilweise sehr ausgeprägte antioxidative Wirkung, enthalten zusätzlich häufig auch Photosensibilisatoren, die unter Lichteinfluß eine Schädigung von Fetten im Lebensmittel durch Photooxidation auslösen können. Diese Reaktion wird duch die enthaltenen Antioxidantien nicht aufgehalten. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden diese Effekte an den Beispielen schwarzer Pfeffer, Rosmarin und Curry studiert. Der Verlauf der Photooxidation wird über Sauerstoffaufnahme und Rancimat‐Messungen der Oxidationsstabilität bestimmt. Im Rahmen dieser Untersuchungen wurde Curcumin als wirksamer Photosensibilisator erkannt. Die praktische Relevanz dieser prooxidativen Wirkung wird anhand der Instabilität eines Kräuterdressings gezeigt.
Bedeutung und Vorteile des Einsatzes von Fetten in der Fischernährung
Authors: Steffens Werner
Published: November 2006

Fische sind, je nach Art, auf die Zufuhr von Fettsäuren der n‐3‐ und/ oder n‐6‐Reihe angewiesen. Fette sind gut verdauliche Energiequellen für Fische. Durch ein zweckmäßiges Protein/Energie‐Verhältnis (Hochenergiefutter) sind eine günstige Futterverwenung, ein schnelles Wachstum sowie eine rationelle Protein‐ und Energienutzung zu erreichen. Mit Hilfe von (fettreichem) Hochenergiefutterlassen sich die Kotabgabe, die N‐Ex‐kretion und die P‐Ausscheidung der Fische stark reduzieren. Damit wird ein wesentlicher Beitrag zur Verringerung der Gewässerbelastung mit Nährstoffen geleistet. Durch die Wahl von Fischölen als Futterkomponenten kann die Fettsäurezusammensetzung der Fische positiv beeinflußt werden. Fische mit hohem Gehalt an n‐3‐Fettsäuren stellen wertvolle Nahrungsmittel dar, die zur Prophylaxe und Therapic von Herz‐Kreislauf‐Erkrankungen geeignet sind. Importance and benefit of using lipids in fish nutrition. According to species fish require fatty acids of the n‐3 and/or n‐6 type. Lipids are well digestible energy sources for fish. By appropriate protein:energy ratio (high energy feed) favourable diet utilization, fast growth and efficient protein and energy utilization may be achieved. Feeding fat enriched high energy diets leads to considerable reduction of faecal, nitrogen and phosphorus excretion of fish. This contributes to a decrease in the nutrient load of waters. When using fish oils as dietary ingredients the fatty acid composition of fish can be influenced positively. Fish containing high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids are valuable foodstuffs which are beneficial to prophylaxis and therapy of cardiovascular diseases.
Einfluß der Prozeßparameter auf die Tocopherolbilanz bei der Gewinnung von pflanzlichen Ölen
Authors: Willner Th. , Jeß U. , Weber K.
Published: November 2006

An fünf Produktionsanlagen zur Rapsölgewinnung mit mechanischer und extraktiver Saatentölung sowie nachfolgender physikalischer oder chemischer Raffination werden die Einflüsse der Prozeßparameter auf die Tocopherolbilanz untersucht. Unerwartet groß ist der Einfluß des Saatzustands bei der mechanischen Entölung. Die Tocopherolkonzentration im Öl aus kaltgepreßter, ganzer Saat ist nur halb so groß wie im warmgepreßten Schilferöl. Der wichtigste Raffinationsschritt im Hinblick auf die Tocopherolbilanz ist die Desodorierung. Hier wird ein Teil der Tocopherole destillativ in das Brüdenkondensat überführt. Eine mathematische Modellierung der kontinuierlichen Desodorierung zeigt den Einfluß der Temperatur in guter Übereinstimmung mit den Meßergebnissen an einer Produktionsanlage. Die Tocopherole im Dämpferkondensat lassen sich durch Hochdruckextraktion mit überkritischem Kohlendioxid auf hohe Konzentrationen von mehr als 90% bei Ausbeuten von etwa 70% anreichern.
The combined application of extrusion and enzymatic technology for extraction of soybean oil
Authors: Freitas Suely Pereira , Hartman Leopold , Couri Sonia , Jablonka Fany H. , de Carvalho Carlos W. P.
Published: November 2006

This paper describes a new technological process for soybean oil extraction. The process deals with the combined effect of thermoplastic extrusion of beans and the subsequent action of hydrolytic and proteolytic enzymes in aqueous medium to recover the oil, thus, avoiding solvent application. The thermoplastic extrusion is fundamental for the process, because it facilitates the action of enzymes in oil containing cells, reduces the non‐hydratable phosphatides and promotes protein denaturation by reducing the emulsion stability and thus enhancing the oil extraction. The main parameters affecting the oil yield are: the temperature and diameter of the die in the extrusion process, the dilution, the concentration of enzymes and the incubation time of the enzymatic treatment. The highest yield was obtained under the following conditions: extrusion of beans at 90°C and exit die of 6 mm, enzymatic incubation time of 6 h, extruded soy/water dilution ratio 1:10 and concentration of enzyme 6%. With these conditions 88% of the oil were obtained after centrifugation. Moreover, the aqueous enzymatic extraction is easier than solvent extraction, and leads to high value products: a solvent‐free meal more suitable for human consumption, a protein hydrolysate that can be used as ingredient for liquid foods and an oil of better quality. The non‐hydrolyzed meal contains ca 25% of original soybean protein and the residual oil. The protein hydrolysate in the liquid phase contains ca 75% of the total protein in the original grain with a molecular weight below 20 kDa.
Technologie der Methylesterherstellung — Anwendung für die Biodieselproduktion
Authors: Gutsche Bernhard
Published: November 2006

Die Technologie zur Herstellung von Pflanzenölmethylester als Dieselkraftstoffsubstitut bzw. Dieselkraftstoffbeimischung hat sich in den letzten zehn Jahren stark entwickelt. In einer Übersicht werden nach einer kurzen Einführung in die Grundlagen verschiedene Verfahrenskonzepte (Klein‐/Großanlagen) und Prozeßführungsstrategien abhängig von der verfügbaren Ölqualität vorgestellt. Anhand von in der Literatur vorliegenden Daten wird auch der Versuch einer Bewertung vorgenommen.
Is self‐efficacy a predictor of short‐term post‐surgical adjustment among Chinese women with breast cancer?
Authors: Lam Wendy Wing Tak , Fielding Richard
Published: November 2006

Background: High self‐efficacy (SE) is regarded as beneficial for cancer patients in facilitating adaptation and therefore desirable. However, this may not always be the case.

Design: A longitudinal cohort study of women receiving breast cancer surgery. Path analysis examined impact of high and low baseline SE scores on outcome.Post hocanalysis stratified outcome expectations by SE.

Methods: 405/529 eligible Chinese women aged 28–79 years receiving breast cancer surgery in six regional Hong Kong hospitals were interviewed within 1 week of surgery. After assessing SE, incongruence between expectancy and outcome of surgery (E‐OI), and psychological morbidity, 91% of women were followed for 1 month when psychological and social morbidity were assessed (follow‐up).

Results: After adjustment for demographic and histopathological factors, psychological morbidity was predicted by E‐OI. Women with high E‐OI had more impairment of sexuality and self‐image. Women with high SE had better self‐image and relationships with friends, but tended to underestimate the negative consequences of surgery on appearance. This increased E‐OI and thereby psychological morbidity.

Conclusions: High post‐surgical SE benefits early social adaptation, but also leads to under‐estimating the negative impacts of surgery, impairing psychological adjustment. High SE can thereby contribute indirectly and significantly to increased psychological morbidity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Persistence and frequency of application of an insecticide in relation to the rate of evolution of resistance
Authors: Mani Gopalakrishnan S. , Wood Roger J.
Published: November 2006

In an earlier paper, it was demonstrated that in order to delay the evolution of resistance, it is important to ensure that heterozygous carriers of resistance genes are killed so that the R gene is made effectively recessive. How this may be achieved is considered here, with (a) a persistent insecticide declining in effectiveness with time, and (b) a non‐persistent insecticide (or fumigant). The relationship between the time taken for the dosage to decline to one‐tenth (NGI) and the interval between insecticide applications (N12) was investigated. The optimal value of N12 was found to depend not only on the rate of decline but also on the shape of the degradation curve. Other important factors were (a) the dosage of insecticide applied (the initial effective dominance); (b) the initial frequency of the R gene; (c) the proportion of insects per generation that escaped exposure; and (d) whether selection occurred before or after mating. When considering non‐persistent insecticides, it was necessary to distinguish between the short‐lived deposit and the space spray, the latter being much less likely to lead to resistance.
Insecticidal isosteres of DDT‐pyrethroid structures
Authors: Holan George , Johnson Wynona M. P. , Rihs Kurt , Virgona Christopher T.
Published: November 2006

Several new series of insecticidally active oxime O‐ethers are reported, and compared structurally and biologically with known oxime O‐ether insecticides. These compounds can exist in two geometric forms. Biological results demonstrate that the configuration of the active isomer and the effect of substituents around the C‐N double bond vary between series. A detailed structure‐activity examination is presented.
Pesticide residues in foodstuffs in England and Wales. Part II: Inorganic bromide ion in cucumber, tomato and self‐blanching celery grown in soil fumigated with bromomethane, and the ‘natural’ bromide ion content in a range of fresh fruit and vegetables
Authors: Roughan John A. , Roughan Patricia A.
Published: November 2006

Surveys of inorganic bromide ion residues in tomatoes, cucumbers and selfblanching celery, commercially produced in England following soil sterilisation with bromomethane, have been carried out since 1979. The mean bromide ion level in 29 late‐season cucumber samples was approximately 28 mg kg−1 and ranged up to 109 mg kg−1. Analysis of 242 tomato samples gave estimated mean bromide ion levels per plant ranging from 6 to 187 mg kg−1 in fruit picked throughout the season from seven holdings, on six of which bromomethane had been used fairly recently prior to planting. A statistically significant fall in bromide levels over the growing season was shown on four of the sites. In 38 samples of self‐blanching celery, the mean bromide ion level was 104 mg kg−1 even though the mean interval between fumigation and planting was in excess of 1 year. Retail surveillance indicated that a large number of crops are likely to have bromide ion levels below 10mg kg−1.
Studies on the effect of deltamethrin sprays on the numbers of epigeal predatory arthropods occurring in arable fields
Authors: Basedow Thies , Rzehak Harald , Voß Klaus
Published: November 2006

The effect of spraying winter rape and winter wheat with deltamethrin on the numbers of epigeal Carabidae, Staphylinidae and Linyphiidae caught in pitfall traps was studied in Northern Germany in 1980 and 1981. Two experiments were performed with each crop, deltamethrin being sprayed at 7.5 g a.i. ha−1 in 300 litres of water in springtime on rape, and in midsummer on wheat. Sprayed plots were rectangles of 2 and 3 ha; unsprayed plots were squares of 0.5 ha each (two replicates). Ten pitfall traps were placed per replicate at least 3 weeks before spraying and were left for at least 3 weeks after spraying, the traps being emptied weekly. Beneficial Carabid species which have been shown already to have an economic significance, were rare during this study, but four other species (three of them were autumn breeders) were not affected by deltamethrin. At the spraying dates the autumn breeders were hidden in the soil as pupae. Three Staphylinid species, studied in only one experiment each, appeared to be strongly reduced in numbers by deltamethrin. The Linyphiid spiders were affected most heavily by deltamethrin sprayed in spring or in midsummer; the initial mortality of more than 92% lasted longer than 4 weeks, and an adverse effect was still significant in winter wheat 6 weeks after spraying. Overall, deltamethrin appears to have a broad spectrum effect concerning the epigeal predatory arthropods.
Breakdown rates of dimethoate in fruit and vegetable dips
Authors: Noble Alan
Published: November 2006

In order to determine the effect of pH and temperature on post‐harvest dip solutions of dimethoate (500 mg litre−1), the half‐lives and pseudo first‐order rate constants were calculated from measurements at pH 4, 6, 8, 10, 11.5, and at two temperatures 25 and 52°C. The half‐lives ranged from 206 days to 39.3 min at 25°C, and from 5.6 days to 205s at 52°C; the rate constants ranged from 3.9 × 10−8 s−1 to 2.9 × 10−4 s−1 at 25°C, and from 1.4 × 10−6 s−1 to 3.4 × 10−3 s−1 at 52°C. The results show that the water used in dips should have a pH≤7. The addition of benomyl to the dip solutions at two concentrations (0.5 and 1.0 g litre−1) had no effect on the half‐lives and rate constants. The use of hard and salted waters in dips also showed no major effect. A formula was developed that gives the half‐life of the dimethoate as a function of the pH and temperature.
The effect of sub‐lethal dosages of the synthetic pyrethroid fenvalerate on the reproductive rate of the aphid Myzus persicae
Authors: Jackson Amelia E. M. , Wilkins Richard M.
Published: November 2006

A series of experiments in the laboratory and greenhouse, were designed to test the possible causes of the field resurgence of the aphid Myzus persicae. Stimulation of reproduction occurred at topical dosages of around the LD5 value. Residual film tests indicated a significant depression in fecundity when aphids were held on sub‐lethal deposits of fenvalerate, even at dosages below the LD5 value. Trends in the population build‐up experiments in the greenhouse suggested there may be some stimulation when aphids are confined to aged deposits of fenvalerate 7 days after treatment, but the slight increase was not significant.
Triazine herbicide resistance in Chenopodium album L.: Occurrence and characteristics of an intermediate biotype
Authors: Gasquez Jacques , Mouemar Anoir Al , Darmency Henri
Published: November 2006

Intermediate (I) biotypes for triazine herbicide resistance in Chenopodium album (as defined by a peculiar fluorescence curve), had the same ID50 values as resistant(R) plants for chloroplast response to atrazine, but proved to be more susceptible at lower doses. Furthermore, the lethal dose in seedling treatments was lower than that of the R plants, but six times higher than for susceptible (S) plants. These I characteristics of I biotypes were maternally inherited in crosses. I biotypes were isolated from various progenies of susceptible precursor (Sp) plants in two garden populations. This could be the first step in the occurrence of triazine herbicide resistance. However, Sp plants have not been observed in field populations. The significance of the presence of a single isozyme pattern for all Sp plants is discussed. The results suggest an evolutionary pathway from S to R plants via I biotypes.
Investigation of a permethrin‐induced antifeedant effect in Drosophila melanogaster: An ethological approach
Authors: Armstrong Karen F. , Bonner Adrian B.
Published: November 2006

A permethrin‐induced antifeedant effect was demonstrated in Drosophila melanogaster topically treated with a dose of 1.25 ng per fly (LD50 and LD10 were 18.5 and 7.4 ng of permethrin per fly, respectively). The reduction in food consumption in treated flies was due to a decrease in the frequency of feeding and not to the duration of individual meals. These results suggested that the sublethal effect occurred before the process of ingestion. Furthermore, a time‐sampling study of individual flies, 30 min after treatment, revealed that the relative frequency of the components of general behaviour were altered. Specifically, locomotory behaviour and inactivity were significantly decreased in contrast to preening, which increased. Continuous observation for 30 min revealed that whilst the length of preening bouts was unaltered, their frequency of occurrence was significantly increased in permethrin‐treated flies. The length of bouts of locomotory activity was significantly reduced in treated individuals, but the frequency was increased. The length of rest periods was reduced in treated flies, but no influence of the insecticide could be detected on their bout frequency. Sequential analysis of the transition frequencies of the behavioural components suggested that an underlying disorganisation of general behaviour resulted from the insecticide treatment. Further analysis, of the behaviour of those flies that had fed, indicated that the probability of tasting leading to feeding was decreased by permethrin. The increase in preening behaviour was thought to cause the reduction in locomotor activity, that ultimately resulted in the reduction in feeding. This is discussed in relation to the physiological basis of pyrethroid action and a subsequent irritation response to low doses.
Influence of transport on gas loss from freight containers under fumigation. Part II: Descriptive model
Authors: Banks H. Jonathan , Sharp Alister K.
Published: November 2006

A mathematical model describing gas loss from freight containers is presented. The general model incorporates terms relating to the influence on gas loss of sorption, wind, transport velocity, terrain traversed, temperature variation and barometric pressure changes and provides a mathematical description of the variation of average gas concentration within a container. This expression can be integrated giving a function predicting the concentration–time product achievable under particular environmental conditions. For methyl bromide fumigation of containers loaded with grain in transit in the open, the model predicts, as found experimentally, that the variation of concentration with time is a function of distance travelled after allowance for losses from sorption. The general model is of a form that, with minor modification, can be applied to any enclosure to predict the time course of a fumigation for specified environmental conditions and load. Examples are given of its use to calculate the typical and extreme loss rates expected from particular phenomena, to evaluate how transport conditions and loss rates affect the effectiveness of methyl bromide fumigation in a freight container, and also the time required for the fumigant concentration to fall to a safe level.
Effects of residues of fenvalerate and permethrin on the feeding behaviour of Tetranychus urticae (Koch)
Authors: Iftner David C. , Hall Franklin R. , Sturm Melinda M.
Published: November 2006

The effects of synthetic pyrethroids on the feeding behaviour of the two‐spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Koch) were studied using a modified leaf disc technique. Four different concentrations of the pyrethroids fenvalerate and permethrin and of the organophosphorous insecticide phosmet were sprayed on to Henderson lima bean plants in the laboratory. A water spray was used as a control. Leaf discs were taken from each treatment, including the control, at 2h, 1, 2, 4, 7, 11 and 14 days after treatment. One mite was placed on each disc, allowed to acclimatise and then observed for 1 h. Experiments were conducted under laboratory light at 25 (±1.5)°C and 30 (±2)% r.h. Mites on untreated and phosmet‐treated discs spent an average 70–95% of the time feeding; mite behaviour appeared to be unaffected by phosmet. In contrast, mites often spent only 5–40% of the time feeding on discs treated with fenvalerate or with the higher rates of permethrin. In response to pyrethroid residues mites exhibited hyperactivity, longer search periods and reduced feeding, reduced oviposition and a preference for areas with lower residues. These changes in mite behaviour may partially explain mite outbreaks in the field on apple trees following treatment with pyrethroids.
Mechanism of hydantoin ring opening in iprodione in aqueous media
Authors: Belafdal Omar , Bergon Michel , Calmon Jean P.
Published: November 2006

The hydrolysis kinetics of iprodione in alkaline solutions of pH 8.3 to 12 at 25°C have been determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Under these conditions, iprodione leads quantitatively and irreversibly to N‐(3,5‐dichloroanilinocarbonyl)‐N‐(isopropylaminocarbonyl)glycine. The reaction is not subject to a general basic catalysis and the rate law takes the form Kobs = KOH‐ [OH−1]. The activation entropy of ‐77 J mol−1deg−1, the value of the kinetic solvent isotope effect kOH−/kOD− of 0.79 and the value of 0.60 for the Hammett parameter σ, obtained for the hydrolysis of a series of 3‐aryl‐N‐isopropyl‐2,4‐dioxoimidazolidine‐1‐carboxamides are all in agreement with the rate‐determining attack by the hydroxyl ion on the carbonyl in the 4‐position of the hydantoin ring of the fungicide.
Structure‐activity relationship studies of dibromo phenolic derivatives as photosynthetic electron chain inhibitors
Authors: Albores‐Velasco Martha , Lotina‐Henssen Blas , Zapien Arturo , Gonzalez Gilberto , Migueles Luis
Published: November 2006

A number of 2,6‐dibromophenols with different substituents in the 4‐position have been synthesised and their effect on the whole electron transport chain and on photosystem II have been determined. A study was made to relate the chemical characteristics of the 4‐substituent group and the inhibition of the uncoupled electron transport of isolated chloroplasts from spinach plants. The chemical nature of the 4‐substituent group varies greatly in the active compounds and it is therefore suggested that this group does not participate in the inhibitor‐receptor interaction. The results indicated that the inhibiting power of these compounds increased with the electron‐attracting capacity of the 4‐substituent group, decreased with increase in its size and that there was no correlation with its hydrophobic nature.
Some fluorine‐containing pheromone analogues
Authors: Briggs Geoffrey G. , Cayley George R. , Dawson Glenn W. , Griffiths David C. , Macaulay Ewen D. M. , Pickett John A. , Pile Mary M. , Wadhams Lester J. , Woodcock Christine M.
Published: November 2006

Two analogues of the aphid alarm pheromone (E)‐β‐farnesene, a trifluorofarnesene and a difluoro‐1‐norfarnesene, were found to be highly active and were more readily detectable than the parent compound. For (Z)‐hexadec‐11‐enal, a component of some lepidopteran sex attractant pheromones, replacement of the carbonyl oxygen with a difluoromethyl group to give a difluoroheptadecadiene resulted in loss of activity. A trifluoroacetoxyhexadecanolide was a more volatile analogue of the mosquito oviposition pheromone (−)‐(5R,6S)‐6‐acetoxy‐5‐hexadecanolide and was highly active.
Relative parasitic fitness of isolates of Pyricularia oryzae Cav. with different sensitivities to fungicides
Authors: Miyagi Yukio , Hirooka Takashi , Araki Fujio
Published: November 2006

The relative parasitic fitness of isolates of Pyricularia oryzae with different sensitivities to isoprothiolane (di‐isopropyl 1,3‐dithiolan‐2‐ylidenemalonate) and IBP (S‐benzyl O, O‐di‐isopropyl phosphorothioate) was studied in the absence of fungicides. Four field isolates (S‐1,S‐2,MR‐1 and MR‐2) and two in‐vitro mutants (Rvt‐1 and Rvt‐2) were used for disease epidemics. S‐l and S‐2 were wild types; MR‐1 and MR‐2 were sensitive to isoprothiolane and moderately resistant to IBP, and Rvt‐1 and Rvt‐2 were resistant to both fungicides. Twelve epidemics were made by inoculating rice seedlings with mixed conidial suspensions of two isolates or mutants. The value of relative parasitic fitness (W = 0‐1.0) was calculated for each isolate and epidemic. S‐l and S‐2 were stronger (W = 1.0) than MR‐2, Rvt‐1 and Rvt‐2; but weaker (W = 0.75, 0.73, respectively) than MR‐1. MR‐1 was strongest among all isolates and mutants used. MR‐2 was slightly weaker (W = 0.9‐1.0) than S‐l and S‐2, but stronger than Rvt‐1 and Rvt‐2. Rvt‐1 and Rvt‐2 had smaller values of W, ranging from 0.25‐0.58, in the epidemics with each field isolate. These results suggest that the proportions of in‐vitro mutants do not increase unless intensive selection pressure is given, and would be expected to decrease rapidly after the selection pressure is removed. Isolates moderately resistant to IBP, such as MR‐1 and MR‐2, however, had high values of W, suggesting that they would increase or would not decrease rapidly in the absence of selection pressure. These results may well explain why isolates highly resistant to isoprothiolane and IBP have seldom been found, and why a large number of isolates moderately resistant to IBP but sensitive to isoprothiolane have been observed in the field.
Inhibition of appressorial adhesion of Pyricularia oryzae to barley leaves by fungicides
Authors: Inoue Satoru , Kato Toshiro , Jordan Victor W. L. , Brent Keith J.
Published: November 2006

The effects of rice blast fungicides known to inhibit melanisation or penetration on the adhesion of Pyricularia oryzae to the leaf surface of barley were investigated. Adhering appressoria were counted after shaking inoculated leaves vigorously with water. On untreated leaves, appressoria began to adhere at the time when appressorial melanisation was initiated. The number of adhering appressoria then increased gradually, and most were melanised. On chlobenthiazone‐treated leaves, appressoria were not melanised and were easily detached from the surface. Similar results were obtained with tricyclazole. However, after treatment with tetrachlorophthalide or pentachlorobenzyl alcohol, which are also known to prevent penetration of P. oryzae, melanised appressoria still remained after shaking in water.

It is suggested that appressorial melanisation in P. oryzae is involved in appressorial adhesion. The antipenetrant action of the melanin biosynthesis inhibitors chlobenthiazone and tricyclazole may be ascribed to the lack of adhesive intensity necessary to support the mechanical shearing of the cuticle of rice plants.
Laboratory assessment of different methods of applying a commercial granular bait formulation of methomyl to control adult houseflies (Musca domestica l.) in intensive animal units
Authors: Barson Graham
Published: November 2006

Female houseflies (Musca dornestica L.) from a susceptible and a multiinsecticide‐resistant strain were used to evaluate the toxicity of a granular insecticide bait formulation of the carbamate insecticide methomyl. The bait was either applied to a polystyrene bait target, or scattered over the floor of the fly treatment cages. Targets were treated with methomyl granules dissolved in water with and without apaste carrier or the granules were applied directly to the target using an adhesive. Scattered methomyl granules proved the most effective of the various treatments assessed. Based on the KT90 values, the most effective suspended bait treatments against susceptible or resistant flies were water as a carrier, and egg or ‘Lap’ wallpaper paste as adhesives; the least effective were ‘Polycell’ regular wallpaper paste as an adhesive and carboxymethylcellulose as a carrier. A proportion of flies from both the susceptible and the resistant strain recovered from knockdown; most of these lost their ability to fly (‘hoppers’) and subsequently survived the treatments. When bait targets treated with methomyl granules were fixed at right angles to the wall/floor junction of the treatment cages most of the recovered flies fed again on the bait and received a lethal dose. The mortality of flies exposed to suspended bait targets was influenced by the level of light. For both strains of fly, mortality decreased as the light intensity was lowered; this effect was more pronounced with the resistant strain. The implication of these results for the application of methomyl bait is discussed.
Titres of precocene ii (6, 7‐dimethoxy‐2, 2‐ dimethylchromene) and its metabolites in the haemolymph of larvae of the african armyworm Spodoptera exempta (walker) following topical treatment with the compound
Authors: McCaffery Alan R. , McDowell Phillip G.
Published: November 2006

No precocious metamorphosis or other morphogenetic effects were seen following topical treatment of fifth instar Spodoptera exempta with pre‐ cocene II. [3H]‐Precocene II penetrated the larvae rapidly following topical application. An uptake of 47% was recorded in the first hour and an average of 27% for the first 3 h. Radioactivity in the haemolymph reached a maximum 4 h after treatment at 6–8% of the applied dose. A maximum titre of precocene of 1.1 × 10−4 M was observed 2 h after treatment and a biological half‐life of around 1 h was recorded for the first 6 h. The metabolite precocene 11–3, 4‐dihydrodiol appeared in the haemolymph with a maximum titre of 1.1 × 10−4 M at 4 h suggesting metabolism via the 3, 4‐epoxide. At the same time an unidentified metabolite was observed possibly corresponding to the 6‐ and 7‐(O)‐desmethylated products described by others. Very large quantities of highly polar materials were observed in the haemolymph throughout the experiment and it is thought that these corresponded to conjugates. The evidence suggests that peripheral detoxication mechanisms do not operate sufficiently rapidly to prevent the establishment of a high titre of precocene. This, however, did not affect the corpora allata in this insect, whereas in a sensitive species that has been studied by other workers, necrosis of the glands would have resulted. Alternative explanations for insensitivity are discussed.
Synergism—a patent view
Authors: Richer David L.
Published: November 2006

Novel combinations of pesticides and herbicides are patentable only if they are not obvious. Proof of a synergistic effect produced by the combination is a widely accepted and important defence against an allegation of obviousness. The paper reviews various mathematical approaches to establishing this proof to the satisfaction of Patent Offices and Patent Courts.
Resistance to methomyl in a laboratory selected and a field strain of the housefly, Musca domestica (L.)
Authors: Price Nicholas R. , Chapman Paul A.
Published: November 2006

A field strain of housefly resistant to the carbamate insecticide methomyl and a strain selected for resistance to this compound in the laboratory have been studied with a view to establishing the mechanism of resistance. Both resistant strains rapidly produce high concentrations of highly polar, high molecular weight metabolites. In addition, acetylcholinesterase from the heads of resistant insects is more tolerant to inhibition by methomyl than the enzyme from a susceptible strain.
Structure/activity studies on aphid alarm pheromone derivatives and their field use against transmission of barley yellow dwarf virus
Authors: Dawson Glenn W. , Griffiths David C. , Pickett John A. , Plumb Roger T. , Woodcock Christine M. , Zhong‐Ning Zhang
Published: November 2006

Derivatives produced by 1,4‐cycloaddition reactions between acetylenecarboxylic acid esters and the aphid alarm pheromone, (E)‐β‐farnesene, and analogues in which other features of the pheromone molecule were modified, were tested for activity against aphid colonisation. The most active compound, formed from (E)‐β‐farnesene and diundecyl acetylenedicarboxylate, decreased aphid‐transmitted barley yellow dwarf virus infection of autumn‐sown barley.
Ph 70–23: A new acaricide and insecticide interfering with chitin deposition
Authors: Grosscurt Arnold C. , Haar Martin Ter , Jongsma Berend , Stoker Andries
Published: November 2006

PH 70–23 is a new benzoylphenylurea interfering with chitin deposition. In larvae of Spodoptera littoralis, incorporation of N‐acetyl‐glucosamine into chitin was equally inhibited by PH 70–23 and diflubenzuron, the first commercially available benzoylphenylurea. In contrast to diflubenzuron, which is active only against insects and eriophyid mites, PH 70–23 has the advantage of also being highly active on spider mites. The latter activity might be partly due to leaf penetration of PH 70–23. Laboratory experiments indicate PH 70–23 to have a better ovo‐larvicidal activity than the commercial acaricides tested (cyhexatin, dicofol, fenbutatin oxide and tetradifon) against Tetranychus cinnabarinus, T. turkestani, T. urticae and Panonychus ulmi. A method in which eggs were deposited on residues of cyhexatin or fenbutatin oxide resulted in much lower activities than application of the spray liquid after egg deposition. Activities of PH 70–23, dicofol and tetradifon were hardly influenced by this difference in the test method. The direct contact activity of PH 70–23 on eggs of mites is influenced by the relative humidity and the age of the eggs. The total ovolarvicidal activity of PH 70–23 is only slightly positively influenced by the relative humidity, however. Ovicidal activity of PH 70–23 is also achieved by transovarial transmission. The compound does not influence the fertility of the mites. Comparison of a strain of T. urticae, resistant to dicofol, parathion and tetradifon, with a susceptible strain indicated absence of cross‐resistance to PH 70–23. Compared to diflubenzuron, PH 70–23 shows an interesting shift in the spectrum of insecticidal activity.
A review of the activity, fate and mode of action of sulfonylurea herbicides
Authors: Blair Alister M. , Martin Timothy D.
Published: November 2006

The sulfonylurea herbicides are a relatively new group of compounds which control broad‐leaved weeds and some grasses in cereal crops. This literature review emphasises work reported on chlorsulfuron and met‐sulfuron‐methyl. The activity of the herbicides, their fate in soil and in plants, and their mode of action are discussed. In addition some of the methods of assaying these compounds are described.
Accumulation of SBI fungicides in wild‐type and fenarimol‐resistant isolates of Penicillium italicum
Authors: De Waard Maarten A. , Van Nistelrooy Johannes G. M.
Published: November 2006

Fenarimol‐resistant laboratory isolates of Penicillium italicum exhibit a high degree of cross‐resistance to triazoles, a low degree of cross‐resistance to imazalil and a low degree of negatively‐correlated cross‐resistance to morpholines. The cross‐resistance to triazoles is ascribed to a differential accumulation level of these SBI fungicides in wild‐type and fenarimol‐resistant isolates. As in the case of fenarimol, the relatively low accumulation level of triazoles in resistant isolates is probably caused by the operation of a constitutive, energy‐dependent efflux from mycelium, which hinders the triazoles from reaching their site of action in sterol biosynthesis. The accumulation level of imazalil and morpholines did not differ among wild‐type and fenarimol‐resistant isolates. This may be related to the fact that these fungicides at physiological pHs occur in a protonated form. The lack of a differential accumulation level can be the reason for the deviating cross‐resistance patterns of these fungicides.
Factors affecting residues of pesticides in tea
Authors: Zongmao Chen , Haibin Wan
Published: November 2006

This paper presents a discussion on residue behaviour of 17 pesticides on tea, on the basis of the research conducted during the last 20 years. Sunlight photolysis and growth dilution were the most important factors affecting pesticide persistence in the growing tea plant, while vapour pressure played an important role in loss of pesticide residues during tea processing. The percentage of pesticide extracted during the tea infusion process was highly related to water solubility. It is suggested that in studies on pesticide residue behaviour on tea, all the four factors should be considered integrally.
The pyrethrins and related compounds. Part XXXIV. Optimisation of insecticidal activity in non‐esters
Authors: Baydar Ahmet E. , Elliott Michael , Farnham Andrew W. , Janes Norman F. , Khambay Bhupinder P. S.
Published: November 2006

Optimisation of activity within the structural constraints defined by the preceding work, by varying the substituents on phenyl in the acid fragment (10 variations), the nature of the group fulfilling the dimethyl function (three variations), the central linking group (four variations) and the presence or absence of a 4‐fluoro substituent in the alcohol fragment, has led to achiral compounds as active as bioresmethrin against houseflies and mustard beetles. Statistical analysis of the effects has shown that particular combinations, for instance the cyclopropyl form of dimethyl with a central E‐alkene group (but not a central ether group), lead to higher activity than expected. 4‐Fluoro substitution enhances activity more strongly against mustard beetles. Difluorocyclopropyl compounds are on average slightly more active than cyclopropyl analogues.
The physical stability of suspension concentrates with particular reference to pharmaceutical and pesticide formulations
Authors: Luckham Paul F.
Published: November 2006

The word stability is ubiquitous in colloid science but means different things to different people. In a suspension concentrate it is possible to identify three different physical processes which may lead to instability in a particulate system, namely a change in particle size due to Ostwald ripening, particle aggregation and particle sedimentation. Although these processes may occur simultaneously they are here treated separately in order to promote understanding of the physical forces involved.
Insect neuropeptides—identification, establishment of functional roles and novel target sites for pesticides
Authors: Evans Peter D. , Robb Sandra , Cuthbert Brian A.
Published: November 2006

This paper presents an overview of the current status of research on insect neuropeptides. It reviews approaches for identifying insect neuropeptides and their functional roles. It suggests that insect neuropeptide systems can present many potential target sites for the development of novel pesticides.
Photodecomposition of pendimethalin
Authors: Dureja Prem , Walia Suresh
Published: November 2006

The photodecomposition of pendimethalin (N‐(l‐ethylpropyl)‐2,6‐dinitro‐3,4‐xylidine, l) in solution, as a thin film, and on soil surfaces under ultraviolet light and sunlight was investigated. Irradiation of pendimethalin in methanol yielded, in addition to the minor dealkylated product, the major products 2‐amino‐6‐nitro‐N‐(l‐ethylpropyl)‐3,4‐xylidine and 2‐nitroso‐6‐nitro‐3,4‐xylidine. Pendimethalin was found to degrade rapidly through reductive cyclisation of a nitro group and an adjacent N‐ethylpropyl group to give a cyclised benzimidazole product. The photodecomposition of pendimethalin involves oxidative dealkylation, nitro reduction and cyclisation.
The degradation of methyl bromide in some natural fresh waters. influence of temperature, pH and light
Authors: Gentile Irene Abbattista , Ferraris Lucia , Crespi Stefania , Belligno Adalgisa
Published: November 2006

The influence of some chemical and physical factors (pH, temperature and light) on degradation (hydrolysis) and volatilisation of methyl bromide (MB) from natural fresh waters was investigated. The complexity of the processes involved in MB persistence was shown. Under static and air‐free conditions the half‐life is quite long (30‐50 days) but is decreased by an increase in pH and temperature (9‐10 days), by UV irradiation (10‐12 days) and, most of all, by exposure to air and shaking of the solution (2 h) and by soil.