bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chitosan/nHAC/PLGA microsphere vehicle for sustained release of rhBMP‐2 and its derived synthetic oligopeptide for bone regeneration
Authors: Ji Yanhui , Wang Mingbo , Liu Weiqiang , Chen Changsheng , Cui Wei , Sun Tingfang , Feng Qingling , Guo Xiaodong
Published: November 2016

Both of the osteogenic factor and the suitable delivery system in bone tissue engineering are essential for bone regeneration. In this study, we manufactured two kinds of composite vehicles for sustained release of rhBMP‐2 and its derived synthetic oligopeptide (Peptide‐24, abbreviated as P24) for osteogenesis and bone defect repair. The composite vehicle was based on cross‐linked chitosan, nano‐hydroxyapatite/collagen (nHAC), and poly (lactide‐co‐glycolide) acid microsphere. The physicochemical properties of the composite vehicles (abbreviated as CS/nHAC/PLGA‐MS) were investigated. The rhBMP‐2 and P24 release kinetics from the vehicles were examined and the secondary structure of rhBMP‐2 and P24 after 28 days’ release process was analyzed. In vitro cell proliferation, osteogenic differentiation and rat calvarial defect repair were evaluated. The results proved that the composite vehicle had favorable compressive strength, elastic modulus, the porosity, and the bulk density. The secondary structures of rhBMP‐2 and P24 kept stability during microencapsulation and release process. P24 from the vehicle kept a geared‐up release and rhBMP‐2 from the vehicle kept a three‐stage mode release process. The results of in vitro cell detection showed that the composite vehicle had good biocompatibility and osteoinduction. In vivo rat calvarial defect repair demonstrated that both groups of vehicles with rhBMP2 and P24 exhibited satisfied bone defect repair. This research showed that the composite vehicle could exhibit sustained release of osteogenic factors. CS/nHAC/PLGA‐MS loading rhBMP‐2 or P24 could be a novel and ideal scaffold for bone regeneration. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 1593–1606, 2017.
S100B + A1 CELISA: A Novel Potency Assay and Screening Tool for Redifferentiation Stimuli of Human Articular Chondrocytes
Authors: Diaz‐Romero Jose , Kürsener Sibylle , Kohl Sandro , Nesic Dobrila
Published: November 2016

During monolayer expansion, a necessary step in autologous chondrocyte implantation, human articular chondrocytes (HAC) dedifferentiate and lose their capacity to produce stable hyaline cartilage. Determining HAC potency and learning how to trigger their redifferentiation would improve cell‐based cartilage regeneration therapies. We previously identified S100B and S100A1 proteins as markers of HAC redifferentiation potential. Here, we aimed to: (i) demonstrate a correlation between S100B + A1‐positive HAC in monolayer culture and their neochondrogenesis capacity in pellet culture; (ii) develop an S100B + A1 cell‐based ELISA, and (iii) prove that S100B + A1 induction in HAC increases their chondrogenic capacity. Expression patterns of S100A1 and S100B were investigated in HAC during dedifferentiation (monolayer) or redifferentiation (pellet or high‐osmolarity/BMP4 treatment in monolayer) using qRT‐PCR, immunocytochemistry, or immunohistochemistry. A cell‐based ELISA (CELISA) was developed as a 96‐well microplate multiplex assay to measure S100B + A1 (chondrogenesis), alkaline phosphatase (hypertrophy), and DNA amount (normalization), and applied to HAC, bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells and the chondrocytic cell line ATDC5. The direct correlation between the percentage of S100B + A1‐positive HAC in monolayer and their neochondrogenesis in pellets validates S100B + A1 as a marker of chondrogenic potency. The S100B + A1‐CELISA accurately determines HAC differentiation status, allows identification of chondrogenic stimuli, and permits the simultaneous monitoring of the undesirable hypertrophic phenotype. This novel assay offers a high‐throughput, comprehensive and versatile approach for measuring cell chondrogenic potency and for identifying redifferentiation factors/conditions. HAC improved neochondrogenesis in pellets—induced with high‐osmolarity and BMP4 treatment in monolayer—suggests that cell instruction prior to implantation may improve cartilage repair. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 1559–1570, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and selective 2H‐, 13C‐, and 15N‐labeling of the Tau protein binder THK‐523
Authors: Neumann Karoline T. , Lindhardt Anders T. , Bang‐Andersen Benny , Skrydstrup Troels
Published: November 2016

A new synthetic route to the Tau binder, THK‐523, is disclosed herein, which can easily be adapted to 13C‐ and D‐isotope labeling. The synthesis proceeds via two key reactions, namely, a Pd‐catalyzed carbonylative Sonogashira coupling and a reductive ring‐closing step with hydrogen or deuterium gas. By carrying out these reactions in a 2‐chamber reactor we reported previously, ex situ–generated carbon monoxide and hydrogen/deuterium can be applied in stoichiometric quantities, thereby facilitating isotope labeling of this Tau‐binding compound. Iridium‐catalyzed hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) reactions were performed on THK‐523 and its 13C‐labeled analog providing access to 4 additional analogues labeled with deuterium as well. Finally, by applying a Buchwald‐Hartwig coupling, we were able to prepare a 15N‐THK‐523 variant with the isotope label in the quinoline ring system.
Non‐auditory neurocognitive skills contribute to speech recognition in adults with cochlear implants
Authors: Moberly Aaron C. , Houston Derek M. , Castellanos Irina
Published: November 2016

Objective

Unexplained variability in speech recognition outcomes among postlingually deafened adults with cochlear implants (CIs) is an enormous clinical and research barrier to progress. This variability is only partially explained by patient factors (e.g., duration of deafness) and auditory sensitivity (e.g., spectral and temporal resolution). This study sought to determine whether non‐auditory neurocognitive skills could explain speech recognition variability exhibited by adult CI users.

Study Design

Thirty postlingually deafened adults with CIs and thirty age‐matched normal‐hearing (NH) controls were enrolled.

Methods

Participants were assessed for recognition of words in sentences in noise and several non‐auditory measures of neurocognitive function. These non‐auditory tasks assessed global intelligence (problem‐solving), controlled fluency, working memory, and inhibition‐concentration abilities.

Results

For CI users, faster response times during a non‐auditory task of inhibition‐concentration predicted better recognition of sentences in noise; however, similar effects were not evident for NH listeners.

Conclusions

Findings from this study suggest that inhibition‐concentration skills play a role in speech recognition for CI users, but less so for NH listeners. Further research will be required to elucidate this role and its potential as a novel target for intervention.
Influence of the specimen preparation and geometry on the measured static tensile properties of a woven fabric‐reinforced thermoplastic
Authors: Bauer C. , Hausmann J. , Schalk T.
Published: November 2016

Endless‐fiber reinforced thermoplastics combine high material stiffness and strength with a good processability. In this work the influences of different specimen geometries and preparation methods on the measured tensile properties of such materials are investigated. Due to the material performance high test forces must be applied which often exceeds the possibilities of some standard test facilities. Therefore the influence of the specimen width on the tensile properties is investigated with the objective to allow a deviation from the test standard to reduce the necessary test forces by smaller specimen cross‐section. Polyamide 6, often used as matrix material for thermoplastic composites, shows a bad bonding behavior regarding the application of end tabs which are necessary for gripping in the testing machine. Therefore, different adhesive systems were tested. Alternatively, a tapered specimen geometry for cyclic tensile‐compression tests is examined with respect to the buckling and fracture behavior.
A finite element method for light activated shape‐memory polymers
Authors: Hamel Craig M. , Cui Fangda , Chester Shawn A.
Published: November 2016

Shape‐memory polymers (SMPs) belong to a class of smart materials that have shown promise for a wide range of applications. They are characterized by their ability to maintain a temporary deformed shape and return to an original parent permanent shape. In this paper, we consider the coupled photomechanical behavior of light activated shape‐memory polymers (LASMPs), focusing on the numerical aspects for finite element simulations at the engineering scale. The photomechanical continuum framework is summarized, and some specific constitutive equations for LASMPs are described. Numerical implementation of the multiphysics governing partial differential equations takes the form of a user defined element subroutine within the commercial software package ABAQUS. We verify our two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional finite element procedure for multiple analytically tractable cases. To show the robustness of the numerical implementation, simulations are performed under various geometries and complex photomechanical loading. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Weekend Update: Identity, Culture, Politics and Anthropology since the 1980s
Authors: Friedman Jonathan
Published: November 2016

In periods of hegemonic power there is a tendency for indigenous groups to be eradicated, assimilated, or turned into stigmatized minorities. Where hegemony weakens, the process is reversed with groups who were previously suppressed or assimilated reasserting their identities, cultures, and political claims on territorial sovereignty. The two processes are different phases of a historical cycle. The decline of Western hegemony provides a space for the rise of culturally‐based identity movements, such as the Hawaiian and Maori sovereignty movements. Such movements in turn foster the emergence of new elites.
Rising Cost of Cancer Pharmaceuticals: Cost Issues and Interventions to Control Costs
Authors: Glode Ashley E. , May Megan Brafford
Published: November 2016

The rising cost of pharmaceuticals and, in particular, cancer drugs has made headline news in recent years. Several factors contribute to increasing costs and the burden this places on the health care system and patients. Some of these factors include costly cancer pharmaceutical research and development, longer clinical trials required to achieve drug approval, manufacturing costs for complex compounds, and the economic principles surrounding oncology drug pricing. Strategies to control costs have been proposed, and some have already been implemented to mitigate cancer drug costs such as the use of clinical treatment pathways and tools to facilitate cost discussions with patients. In this article, we briefly review some of the potential factors contributing to increasing cancer pharmaceutical costs and interventions to mitigate costs, and touch on the role of health care providers in addressing this important issue.
Ligand binding specificity of the Escherichia coli periplasmic histidine binding protein, HisJ
Authors: Paul Subrata , Banerjee Sambuddha , Vogel Hans J.
Published: November 2016

The HisJ protein from Escherichia coli and related Gram negative bacteria is the periplasmic component of a bacterial ATP‐cassette (ABC) transporter system. Together these proteins form a transmembrane complex that can take up L‐histidine from the environment and translocate it into the cytosol. We have studied the specificity of HisJ for binding L‐His and many related naturally occurring compounds. Our data confirm that L‐His is the preferred ligand, but that 1‐methyl‐L‐His and 3‐methyl‐L‐His can also bind, while the dipeptide carnosine binds weakly and D‐histidine and the histidine degradation products, histamine, urocanic acid and imidazole do not bind. L‐Arg, homo‐L‐Arg, and post‐translationally modified methylated Arg‐analogs also bind with reasonable avidity, with the exception of symmetric dimethylated‐L‐Arg. In contrast, L‐Lys and L‐Orn have considerably weaker interactions with HisJ and methylated and acetylated Lys variants show relatively poor binding. It was also observed that the carboxylate group of these amino acids and their variants was very important for proper recognition of the ligand. Taken together our results are a key step towards designing HisJ as a specific protein‐based reagentless biosensor.
Spin‐orbit ab initio and density functional theory investigation of bismuth monoboronyl, BiBO
Authors: Moon Jiwon , Lim Jeong Sik , Kim Joonghan
Published: November 2016

The molecular properties of bismuth monoboronyl, BiBO, were investigated using high‐level ab initio and density functional theory calculations by including the effect of spin‐orbit coupling (SOC). SOC does not cause any change in the BiB bond length of BiBO, by contrast it causes significant elongation of the BiB bond of BiBO−, by ∼0.03 Å. The BiB bond length of BiBO− that is calculated by considering SOC is almost identical to that of BiBO; this result is consistent with a recent experimental study. The term values of excited states of BiBO calculated by including SOC are in good agreement with the experimental results. One excited state which was not assigned in the previous experimental study is the Ω = 0+ state generated by strong SOC. In the theoretical calculations on molecules containing 6p‐block elements, including SOC is crucial for obtaining results that are consistent with the corresponding experimental results.
Hunter and landowner views on a peri‐urban deer‐hunting program
Authors: Siemer William F. , Decker Daniel J. , Stedman Richard C.
Published: November 2016

Wildlife agencies liberalize hunting seasons and bag limits to reduce white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) density in peri‐urban areas, often without knowing how hunters or private landowners will respond. To reduce deer density effectively, such programs must attract 1) hunters who are willing and able to harvest antlerless deer and 2) private landowners who are willing to permit needed hunter access. We assessed these conditions for a program in New York State, USA, that permitted participants to harvest 2 antlerless deer/day, over a 96‐day period, within a 20,530‐ha management unit. A mail survey (n = 683; 65% response) documented that participating hunters were interested in taking multiple antlerless deer, but few were able to do so. Moreover, the participant drop‐out rate was high between program years 1 and 2, primarily because many hunters could not gain access to land and fulfill their expectations about seeing and harvesting deer. Telephone interviews with a random sample of 100 (from a population of <800) area landowners with parcels >4 ha revealed that, despite their concerns about negative impacts of deer, few area landowners allowed additional hunters on their lands, often citing concerns about 1) interference with personal or family hunting activities or 2) the behavior of unknown hunters. We concluded that the program only minimally increased antlerless deer harvest, due in large part to limits on hunter access. Wildlife agencies need to understand hunters and landowners to create conditions necessary for local hunting programs to be effective tools to manage peri‐urban deer populations. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.
Computational approaches for the identification of cancer genes and pathways
Authors: Dimitrakopoulos Christos M. , Beerenwinkel Niko
Published: November 2016

High‐throughput DNA sequencing techniques enable large‐scale measurement of somatic mutations in tumors. Cancer genomics research aims at identifying all cancer‐related genes and solid interpretation of their contribution to cancer initiation and development. However, this venture is characterized by various challenges, such as the high number of neutral passenger mutations and the complexity of the biological networks affected by driver mutations. Based on biological pathway and network information, sophisticated computational methods have been developed to facilitate the detection of cancer driver mutations and pathways. They can be categorized into (1) methods using known pathways from public databases, (2) network‐based methods, and (3) methods learning cancer pathways de novo. Methods in the first two categories use and integrate different types of data, such as biological pathways, protein interaction networks, and gene expression measurements. The third category consists of de novo methods that detect combinatorial patterns of somatic mutations across tumor samples, such as mutual exclusivity and co‐occurrence. In this review, we discuss recent advances, current limitations, and future challenges of these approaches for detecting cancer genes and pathways. We also discuss the most important current resources of cancer‐related genes. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2017, 9:e1364. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1364

This article is categorized under:

Analytical and Computational Methods > Computational Methods

Translational, Genomic, and Systems Medicine > Translational Medicine
Indigenous Networks and Evangelical Frontiers: Problems with Governance and Ethics in Cases of ‘Voluntary Isolation’ in Contemporary Amazonia
Authors: Brightman Marc , Grotti Vanessa
Published: November 2016

The periodic emergence of indigenous peoples living in voluntary isolation in Amazonia have given rise to sensational media reports and heated academic debate. In this chapter we describe briefly the historical and contemporary relations between indigenous peoples in and out of isolation in the Guiana Shield region of North-eastern South America and discuss the role of indigenous missionaries in histories of contact. After considering these facts in relation to some of the general debates about isolated peoples and policy, we assess the ethical dimensions of the question of emergence from isolation.
Complete model-based equivalence class testing for nondeterministic systems
Authors: Huang Wen-ling , Peleska Jan
Published: November 2016

The main objective of this article is to present a complete finite black-box testing theory for non-deterministic Kripke structures with possibly infinite input domains, but finite domains for internal state variables and outputs. To this end, an abstraction from Kripke structures of this sub-domain to finite state machines is developed. It is shown that
every
complete black-box testing theory for (deterministic or nondeterministic) finite state machines in the range of this abstraction induces a complete black-box input equivalence class partition testing (IECPT) theory for the Kripke structures under consideration. Additionally, it is shown that each of these IECPT theories can be combined with random testing, such that a random value is selected from an input equivalence class, whenever a representative from this class is required in a test step. Experiments have shown that this combination increases the test strength of equivalence class tests for systems under test (SUT)
outside
the fault domain, while we show here that this randomisation preserves the completeness property for SUT
inside
the domain. The investigations lead to several complete IECPT strategies which, to our best knowledge, were not known before for this sub-domain of Kripke structures. The elaboration and presentation of results is performed on a semantic level, so that the testing theories under consideration can be applied to models presented in any concrete formalism, whose behaviour is reflected by a member of our semantic category.
Intramedullary lengthening nails: Can we also correct deformities?
Authors: Lenze U. , Krieg A. H.
Published: November 2016

Unlike external fixators, the use of solid intramedullary lengthening nails is restricted to defined anatomical preconditions, such as an adequate bone length. Furthermore, all deformity corrections except the lengthening procedure have to be implemented intraoperatively and cannot be adjusted postoperatively. Conversely, even complex deformity corrections can be performed using intramedullary devices after a thorough preoperative planning. For preparation of the intramedullary cavity as well as positioning of the lengthening nail according to the preoperative planning, reaming the medullary canal with rigid reamers which don't follow the line of least resistance is inevitable. However, the application of solid lengthening nails might be limited, especially in children with ongoing epiphyseal growth, although a central perforation of the growth plate was shown to have no adverse effects on the growth potential. In cases with complex or multilevel deformities, an additional osteotomy and locking plate fixation could sometimes be a valuable solution in order to avoid external fixation. The low complication rate as well as the reduced compromising of soft tissues and periosteum render intramedullary lengthening nails the state-of-the-art procedure for limb lengthening in combination with deformity correction in patients who meet the anatomical preconditions.
From prevention of pin-tract infection to treatment of osteomyelitis during paediatric external fixation
Authors: Ceroni Dimitri , Grumetz Catherine , Desvachez Odile , Pusateri Sophie , Dunand Pierre , Samara Eleftheria
Published: November 2016

Pin-tract infection (PTI) is the most commonly expected problem, or even an almost inevitable complication, when using external fixation. Left unteated, PTI will progress unavoidably, lead to mechanical pin loosening, and ultimately cause instability of the external fixator pin–bone construct. Thus, PTI remains a clinical challenge, specifically in cases of limb lengthening or deformity correction. Standardised pin site protocols which encompass an understanding of external fixator biomechanics and meticulous surgical technique during pin and wire insertion, postoperative pin site care and pin removal could limit the incidence of major infections and treatment failures. Here we discuss concepts regarding the epidemiology, physiopathology and microbiology of PTI in paediatric populations, as well as the clinical presentations, diagnosis, classification and treatment of these infections.
Evidence of an Epistatic Effect Between Dysbindin-1 and Neuritin-1 Genes on the Risk for Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Prats C. , Arias B. , Moya-Higueras J. , Pomarol-Clotet E. , Parellada M. , González-Pinto A. , Peralta V. , Ibáñez M.I. , Martín M. , Fañanás L. , Fatjó-Vilas M.
Published: November 2016

Background

The interest in studying gene–gene interactions is increasing for psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (SSD), where multiple genes are involved. Dysbindin-1 (DTNBP1) and Neuritin-1 (NRN1) genes have been previously associated with SSD and both are involved in synaptic plasticity. We aimed to study whether these genes show an epistatic effect on the risk for SSD.

Methods

The sample comprised 388 SSD patients and 397 healthy subjects. Interaction was tested between: (i) three DTNBP1 SNPs (rs2619537, rs2743864, rs1047631) related to changes in gene expression; and (ii) an haplotype in NRN1 previously associated with the risk for SSD (rs645649-rs582262: HAP-risk C-C).

Results

An interaction between DTNBP1 rs2743864 and NRN1 HAP-risk was detected by using the model based multifactor dimensionality reduction (MB-MDR) approach (P = 0.0049, after permutation procedure), meaning that the risk for SSD is significantly higher in those subjects carrying both the A allele of rs2743864 and the HAP-risk C-C. This interaction was confirmed by using a logistic regression model (P = 0.033, OR (95%CI) = 2.699 (1.08–6.71), R2 = 0.162).

Discussion

Our results suggest that DTNBP1 and NRN1 genes show a joint effect on the risk for SSD. Although the precise mechanism underlying this effect is unclear, the fact that these genes have been involved in synaptic maturation, connectivity and glutamate signalling suggests that our findings could be of value as a link to the schizophrenia aetiology.
Insurance Risk and Ruin
Authors: Dickson David C. M.
Published: November 2016

The focus of this book is on the two major areas of risk theory: aggregate claims distributions and ruin theory. For aggregate claims distributions, detailed descriptions are given of recursive techniques that can be used in the individual and collective risk models. For the collective model, the book discusses different classes of counting distribution, and presents recursion schemes for probability functions and moments. For the individual model, the book illustrates the three most commonly applied techniques. Beyond the classical topics in ruin theory, this new edition features an expanded section covering time of ruin problems, Gerber–Shiu functions, and the application of De Vylder approximations. Suitable for a first course in insurance risk theory and extensively classroom tested, the book is accessible to readers with a solid understanding of basic probability. Numerous worked examples are included and each chapter concludes with exercises for which complete solutions are provided.
Knowledge and Ideology
Authors: Morris Michael
Published: November 2016

Ideology critique generally seeks to undermine selected theories and beliefs by demonstrating their partisan origins and their insidious social functions. This approach rightly reveals the socially implicated nature of much purported knowledge, but also brackets or bypasses its cognitive properties. In contrast, Michael Morris argues that it is possible to integrate the social and epistemic dimensions of belief in a way that preserves the cognitive and adjudicatory capacities of reason, while acknowledging that reason itself is inevitably social, historical, and interested. Drawing upon insights from Hegel, Lukács, Mannheim, and Habermas, he interprets and reconstructs Marx's critique of ideology as a positive theory of knowledge, one that reconciles the inherently interested and inextricably situated nature of thought with more traditional conceptions of rational adjudication, normativity, and truth. His wide-ranging examination of the social and epistemic dimensions of ideology will interest readers in political philosophy and political theory.
The Relational Lens
Authors: Ashcroft John , Childs Roy , Myers Alison , Schluter Michael
Published: November 2016

Drawing on the authors' combined years of experience in both private and public-sector organisations, this practical book highlights the importance of relationship building between individuals, groups and organisations in diverse contexts. It will make a valuable read for business professionals and graduate students in fields as varied as change management, leadership, organisational psychology, and organisational behaviour. Employing the Relational Proximity® framework, it provides tools for informing assessment of the relational impact of policy and management decisions, enabling evaluation of organisational relationships, providing a language for constructive discussion of strained relationships, and integrating a range of models and perspectives within one process. Using real-world case studies and models, the conditions within which people are more likely to form and conduct effective relationships are also examined. This combined approach provides the language and concepts to enable constructive discussion and actionable solutions in building trust and sustainable value.
Research on Modularized Design and Allocation of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Equipment in China
Authors: Zhao Xin , Wang Yun-dou , Zhang Xiao-feng , Gao Shu-tian , Guo Li-jun , Sun Li-na
Published: November 2016

For the prevention and control of newly emergent or sudden infectious diseases, we built an on-site, modularized prevention and control system and tested the equipment by using the clustering analysis method. On the basis of this system, we propose a modular equipment allocation method and 4 applications of this method for different types of infectious disease prevention and control. This will help to improve the efficiency and productivity of anti-epidemic emergency forces and will provide strong technical support for implementing more universal and serialized equipment in China. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:375–382)
Droplet impact onto moving liquids
Authors: Castrejón-Pita J. Rafael , Muñoz-Sánchez Beatriz N. , Hutchings Ian M. , Castrejón-Pita A. A.
Published: November 2016

From rain drops landing on the ocean to inkjet printing, the impact of droplets onto moving liquid surfaces is a ubiquitous process in nature and in industry. A rich range of phenomena can arise. The behaviour depends on the inertia, the properties of the drops and the relative speeds in the impact zone. While the result ranges from tranquil coalescence to violent splashing, intermediate regimes also occur, including partial and complete bouncing and even ‘surfing’ of the droplet. These regimes are determined by the ratio of the drop and surface velocities and the liquid properties. A regime diagram can be constructed in which distinct dynamical regimes are clearly identified.
Electroosmosis over non-uniformly charged surfaces: modified Smoluchowski slip velocity for second-order fluids
Authors: Ghosh Uddipta , Chaudhury Kaustav , Chakraborty Suman
Published: November 2016

In the present paper we focus on deriving the modified Smoluchowski slip velocity of second-order fluids, for electroosmotic flows over plane surfaces with arbitrary non-uniform surface potential in the presence of thin electric double layers (EDLs). We employ matched asymptotic expansion to stretch the electric double layer and subsequently apply regular asymptotic expansions taking the Deborah number ($De$) as the gauge function. Modified slip velocities correct up to $O(De^{2})$ are presented. Two sample cases are considered to demonstrate the effects of viscoelasticity on slip velocity: (i) an axially periodic patterned potential and (ii) a step-change-like variation in the surface potential. The central result of our analysis is that, unlike Newtonian fluids, the electroosmotic slip velocity for second-order fluids does not, in general, align with the direction of the applied external electric field. Proceeding further forward, we show that the slip velocity in a given direction may, in fact, depend on the applied electric field strength in a mutually orthogonal direction, considering three dimensionality of the flow structure. In addition, we demonstrate that the modified slip velocity is not proportional to the zeta potential, as in the cases of Newtonian fluids; rather it depends strongly on the gradients of the interfacial potential as well. Our results are likely to have potential implications so far as the design of charge modulated microfluidic devices transporting rheologically complex fluids is concerned, such as for mixing and bio-reactive system analysis in lab-on-a-chip-based micro-total-analysis systems handling bio-fluids.
Stability and dynamics of two-dimensional fully nonlinear gravity–capillary solitary waves in deep water
Authors: Wang Z.
Published: November 2016

The stability and dynamics of two-dimensional gravity–capillary solitary waves in deep water within the fully nonlinear water-wave equations are numerically studied. It is well known that there are two families of symmetric gravity–capillary solitary waves – depression waves and elevation waves – bifurcating from infinitesimal periodic waves at the minimum of the phase speed. The stability of both branches was previously examined by Calvo & Akylas (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 452, 2002, pp. 123–143) by means of a numerical spectral analysis. Their results show that the depression solitary waves with single-valued profiles are stable, while the elevation branch experiences a stability exchange at a turning point on the speed–amplitude curve. In the present paper, we provide numerical evidence that the depression solitary waves with an overhanging structure are also stable. On the other hand, Dias et al. (Eur. J. Mech. B, vol. 15, 1996, pp. 17–36) numerically traced the elevation branch and discovered that its speed–amplitude bifurcation curve features a ‘snake-like’ behaviour with many turning points, whereas Calvo & Akylas (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 452, 2002, pp. 123–143) only considered the stability exchange near the first turning point. Our results reveal that the stability exchange occurs again near the second turning point. A branch of asymmetric solitary waves is also considered and found to be unstable, even when the wave profile consists of a depression wave and a stable elevation one. The excitation of stable gravity–capillary solitary waves is carried out via direct numerical simulations. In particular, the stable elevation waves, which feature two troughs connected by a small dimple, can be excited by moving two fully localised, well-separated pressures on the free surface with the speed slightly below the phase speed minimum and removing the pressures simultaneously after a period of time.
Optimal fluxes and Reynolds stresses
Authors: Jiménez Javier
Published: November 2016

It is remarked that fluxes in conservation laws, such as the Reynolds stresses in the momentum equation of turbulent shear flows, or the spectral energy flux in anisotropic turbulence, are only defined up to an arbitrary solenoidal field. While this is not usually significant for long-time averages, it becomes important when fluxes are modelled locally in large-eddy simulations, or in the analysis of intermittency and cascades. As an example, a numerical procedure is introduced to compute fluxes in scalar conservation equations in such a way that their total integrated magnitude is minimised. The result is an irrotational vector field that derives from a potential, thus minimising sterile flux ‘circuits’. The algorithm is generalised to tensor fluxes and applied to the transfer of momentum in a turbulent channel. The resulting instantaneous Reynolds stresses are compared with their traditional expressions, and found to be substantially different. This suggests that some of the alleged shortcomings of simple subgrid models may be representational artefacts, and that the same may be true of the intermittency properties of the turbulent stresses.
Free-surface gravity currents propagating in an open channel containing a porous layer at the free surface
Authors: Yuksel-Ozan Ayse , Constantinescu George , Nepf Heidi
Published: November 2016

Large eddy simulation (LES) is used to study the evolution and structure of a lock-exchange, Boussinesq gravity current forming in a channel partially blocked by a porous layer. This configuration is used to understand how the characteristics of a surface layer containing floating vegetation affects the generation of thermally driven convective water exchange in a long shallow channel. The porous layer, which represents the roots of the floating vegetation, contains a staggered array of rigid square cylinders of edge length $D$ with solid volume fraction $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}$. The cylinders extend over a depth $h_{1}<H$ below the free surface, where $H$ is the channel depth. The surface current of lighter fluid splits into two layers, one propagating slowly inside the porous layer and the other flowing beneath the porous layer. The main geometrical parameters of the porous layer, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}$ and $h_{1}/H$, have a large effect on the dynamics and structure of the surface current and the temporal variation of the front position. For cases with sufficiently large values of $h_{1}/H$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}$, the front within the porous layer approaches the triangular shape observed for low Reynolds number lock-exchange currents propagating in a channel containing cylinders over its whole volume ($h_{1}/H=1$), and the surface current transitions to a drag-dominated regime in which the front velocity is proportional to $t^{-1/4}$, where $t$ is the time since the current is initiated. For sufficiently high values of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}$, the velocity of the fluid inside the porous layer is close to zero at all locations except for those situated close to the lock gate and for some distance behind the front. Close to the front, lighter fluid from below penetrates into the porous layer due to unstable stratification at the bottom of the porous layer. Simulation results are also used to assess how $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719},h_{1}/H$ and the Reynolds number affect the rate at which the heavier fluid situated initially inside the porous layer is removed by the advancing surface current and the main mixing mechanisms. Based on the estimated time scales for flushing the porous (root) layer, we show that flushing can significantly enhance the overall rate of nutrient removal by the floating vegetation by maintaining a higher concentration of nutrients within the root layer.
Velocity statistics inside coherent vortices generated by the inverse cascade of 2-D turbulence
Authors: Kolokolov I. V. , Lebedev V. V.
Published: November 2016

We analyse velocity fluctuations inside coherent vortices generated as a result of the inverse cascade in the two-dimensional (2-D) turbulence in a finite box. As we demonstrated in Kolokolov & Lebedev (Phys. Rev. E, vol. 93, 2016, 033104), the universal velocity profile, established in Laurie et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 113, 2014, 254503), corresponds to the passive regime of the flow fluctuations. This property enables one to calculate correlation functions of the velocity fluctuations in the universal region. We present the results of the calculations that demonstrate a non-trivial scaling of the structure function. In addition the calculations reveal strong anisotropy of the structure function.
The whisper with a thousand echoes: Tony Gentile’s photograph of Falcone and Borsellino
Authors: Chiari Eleanor Canright
Published: November 2016

Tony Gentile’s photograph of Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino is one of the most reprinted Italian photographs of the twentieth century. Deriving a special status from its connection to the lost dead bodies of the judges, Gentile’s photograph is a cultural icon, which makes demands on viewers in the present like an uncanny revenant from 1992. This paper considers examples of ways the photograph has been visually, symbolically and materially manipulated by social agents in the years since the judges’ assassinations, to reflect on the polysemous power of the photograph. Considering visual adaptations of the photograph from anti-mafia demonstrations to monuments, and commemorative stamps; from football stadiums to political cartoons, this paper will show how Gentile’s photograph has become the quintessential visual symbol representing the struggles over the memory and meaning of the war against the mafia in contemporary Italy.
Radiocarbon Dating of Bones at the LARA Laboratory in Bern, Switzerland
Authors: Szidat Sönke , Vogel Edith , Gubler Regula , Lösch Sandra
Published: November 2016

The Laboratory for the Analysis of Radiocarbon with AMS (LARA) was established at the University of Bern in 2013. Since then, the quality of sample preparation and radiocarbon measurement procedures have been validated for different materials such as plant remains, macrofossils, bulk sediment, charcoals, and wood. This article presents the optimization of sample pretreatment of bones based on protocols described in the literature. The extraction of collagen was performed with an acid-base-acid treatment, gelatinization, coarse filtration, lyophilization, and graphitization. Dating results were validated as satisfactory for the Holocene by investigation of 36 individual samples previously dated by other 14C laboratories including VIRI/SIRI materials and from well-known archaeological contexts. An additional blank contribution for bone treatment was determined by comparison with the preparation of other sample materials. The cases of two outliers from the Holocene were studied in detail.
Development of a FFQ for breast cancer survivors in Korea
Authors: Shin Woo-kyoung , Song Sihan , Hwang Eunkyung , Moon Hyeong-Gon , Noh Dong-Young , Lee Jung Eun
Published: November 2016

Diet may play an important role in breast cancer recurrence or survival, and therefore assessment of long-term diet among breast cancer survivors is important in breast cancer survivorship research. Given that the diet of breast cancer survivors may differ from that of the general population, the use of a FFQ specific to this group may be needed. The objective of this study was to develop a FFQ for breast cancer survivors, the most commonly used tool to measure long-term dietary patterns in nutritional epidemiological studies. We collected information on the foods and amounts of foods consumed using 3-d dietary records from a total of 192 women who had been diagnosed with stage I–III breast cancers and had undergone breast cancer surgery at least 6 months before the baseline study. A total of 1254 foods and dishes consumed were re-grouped by the similarity of the main ingredients and/or serving units, and several dishes commonly consumed among the Korean population were added. After we performed contribution analyses and variability analyses to detect between-person variation for selected nutrients, we listed a total of 123 foods and dishes for the FFQ specific to breast cancer survivors. Our breast cancer survivor-specific FFQ can be used to estimate long-term dietary intake and to examine its association with breast cancer prognosis in epidemiological studies of breast cancer in Korea.
A Hero to Be Remembered:EbonyMagazine, Critical Memory and the “Real Meaning” of the King Holiday
Authors: WEST E. JAMES
Published: November 2016

This article explores the role ofEbonymagazine as a key staging ground for competing political and ideological debates over Martin Luther King Jr's legacy, and the struggle for a national holiday in his name. In doing so, it provides an important case study into the contestations between what Houston Baker has described as “black critical memory” and “black conservative nostalgia.” In response to attempts by Ronald Reagan and other politicians to reimagine King as an advocate for color-blind conservatism,Ebony’s senior editor, Lerone Bennett Jr., sought to situate King's legacy within a radical “living history” of black America. However, the magazine's broader coverage of the King holiday movement betrayed underlying tensions within its discussion of King's legacy, and fed into the magazine's role as an inadvertent frame for color-blind ideologies during the 1980s.
Seasonal variations of Italian Mediterranean Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Mozzarella cheese quality
Authors: Ranucci David , Garofalo Angela , Urbani Eleonora , Rea Stefano , Loschi Anna Rita , Stocchi Roberta , Miraglia Dino , Branciari Raffaella
Published: November 2016

Water buffalo Mozzarella cheese is more appreciated in the summer, but milk production is higher during wintertime, as water buffalo are seasonally polyoestrous animals. The aim of the study reported in this Research Communication was to evaluate the effect of the reversing of the calving period on Mozzarella cheese composition and quality traits. Ten batches of Mozzarella cheeses produced during the summer and winter periods were analysed for pH, colour, chemical composition. Seasonal differences were observed for cheese yield (26·66% in winter and 25·61% in summer), moisture content (66·54% in winter and 61·18% in summer) colour and consumer evaluation.
Selection of cows for treatment at dry-off on organic dairy farms
Authors: Kiesner Klemens , Wente Nicole , Volling Otto , Krömker Volker
Published: November 2016

Restrictions regarding the use of antibiotics make selective antibiotic dry cow therapy (DCT) mandatory on organic farms in Germany. This requires methods for identifying cows with an intramammary infection (IMI) at dry-off. The aim of this field study was to create a decision scheme for the use of DCT based on cow level factors associated with IMI at dry-off and the probability of both cure and new infection (NI) during the dry period. Data from 250 cows from five organic farms were collected including somatic cell counts (SCC) from Dairy Herd Improvement (DHI) records, California mastitis test (CMT) results at dry-off, clinical mastitis (CM) history, parity and dry-off treatment. IMI at dry-off were most accurate identified using a geometric mean SCC of 100 000 cells/ml as a threshold at either one or three DHI records prior to dry-off. Using a combination of SCC with either CM history, CMT at dry off or parity slightly increased the sensitivity of detection (SE). The probability of cure of the infection over the dry period increased with use of both antibiotic DCT and application of an internal teat sealant (ITS) and decreased when the dry period was longer than 56 d. The risk of NI decreased with the use of ITS and infections with minor pathogens at dry-off. Compared with the selection performed by the farmers during the study period identification of IMI based on the selection criterion with a defined SCC threshold achieved a higher SE.
Functional and technological properties of camel milk proteins: a review
Authors: Hailu Yonas , Hansen Egon Bech , Seifu Eyassu , Eshetu Mitiku , Ipsen Richard , Kappeler Stefan
Published: November 2016

This review summarises current knowledge on camel milk proteins, with focus on significant peculiarities in protein composition and molecular properties. Camel milk is traditionally consumed as a fresh or naturally fermented product. Within the last couple of years, an increasing quantity is being processed in dairy plants, and a number of consumer products have been marketed. A better understanding of the technological and functional properties, as required for product improvement, has been gained in the past years. Absence of the whey protein β-LG and a low proportion of к-casein cause differences in relation to dairy processing. In addition to the technological properties, there are also implications for human nutrition and camel milk proteins are of interest for applications in infant foods, for food preservation and in functional foods. Proposed health benefits include inhibition of the angiotensin converting enzyme, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties as well as an antidiabetogenic effect. Detailed investigations on foaming, gelation and solubility as well as technological consequences of processing should be investigated further for the improvement of camel milk utilisation in the near future.
STATE INTERVENTION IN WINE MARKETS IN THE EARLY 20THCENTURY: WHY WAS IT SO DIFFERENT IN FRANCE AND SPAIN?
Authors: Planas Jordi
Published: November 2016

In the early 20thcentury, governments not only used trade policy to protect domestic agricultural markets, but they also introduced regulations affecting quality, quantity and prices. In this article I assess the differences in the state intervention in wine markets in two major wine-producing countries, France and Spain, and try to explain the reasons for them. To do so, I examine the specific features of their markets and productive systems, the winegrowers’ collective action, and the political framework in each country. I argue that the differences are related to (a) the strength and cohesion of the winegrowers’ lobby, (b) the winegrowers’ relationship with political parties and (c) the state’s ability to respond to their demands.