bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Amide functionalized metal–organic frameworks for diastereoselective nitroaldol (Henry) reaction in aqueous medium
Authors: Paul Anup , Karmakar Anirban , Guedes da Silva M. Fátima C. , Pombeiro Armando J. L.
Published: October 2015

The metal–organic frameworks [Zn2(L)2(1,4-BDC)]n·2n(DMF) (L = 4-(pyridin-4-ylcarbamoyl)benzoate; BDC = benzenedicarboxylate) and [Cu(L)2]n·4n(DMF)·n(H2O) work as catalysts for the diastereoselective nitroaldol reaction in aqueous medium.
Identification of miRNAs and their targets in transgenic Brassica napus and its acceptor (Westar) by high-throughput sequencing and degradome analysis
Authors: Tang Cheng-Yi , Yang Min-Kai , Wu Feng-Yao , Zhao Hua , Pang Yan-Jun , Yang Rong-Wu , Lu Gui-Hua , Yang Yong-Hua
Published: October 2015

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of noncoding small RNAs (sRNAs) that play many roles in plant growth, development, and the stress response.
The bisindolylmaleimides with anti-parallel conformation by N-dodecyl chains on indole rings: thermal property and intensive solid-state fluorescence in single crystal
Authors: Li Ting-Ting , Gao Yong-Chen , Zhou Jin-Xiu , Huang Mu-Hua , Luo Yun-Jun
Published: October 2015

N-Dodecyl chains were located in the indole rings of BIMs to adopt anti-parallel conformations, and intensive red emission was observed in single crystals.
CIELab chromaticity evolution to measure the binding free energy of non-colored biomolecules to gold nanoparticles
Authors: Prado-Gotor R. , Jimenez-Ruiz A. , Carnerero J. M. , Grueso E. , Villa I.
Published: October 2015

We explore the possibilities of the CIELab chromaticity system parameters' evolution in order to study the interaction between four non-colored biological reactants and the red-colored, non-functionalized citrate gold nanoparticles.
Electrospun tailored ZnO nanostructures – role of chloride ions
Authors: Shankar Prabakaran , Rayappan John Bosco Balaguru
Published: October 2015

The role of ligands in tailoring ZnO morphology and ethanol sensing characteristics of ZnO nanospheres.
Mechanochemical synthesis of an efficient nanocrystalline BaFBr:Eu2+ X-ray storage phosphor
Authors: Wang Xianglei , Riesen Hans
Published: October 2015

We report on a facile mechanochemical preparation route to directly synthesise a highly efficient nanocrystalline BaFBr:Eu2+ X-ray storage phosphor and its photostimulable luminescence efficiency.
Sustainable conversion of cellulosic biomass to chemicals under visible-light irradiation
Authors: Wang Lina , Zhang Zhanying , Zhang Lixiong , Xue Song , Doherty William O. S. , O'Hara Ian M. , Ke Xuebin
Published: October 2015

Plasmonic nanostructure: a high conversion (>60%) of crystalline cellulose to chemicals was achieved with enhanced electromagnetic fields, E/E0 = 103 to 106 times.
Structural and electrochemical properties of Mg-doped nickel based cathode materials LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2−xMgxO2for lithium ion batteries
Authors: Huang Zhenjun , Wang Zhixing , Zheng Xiaobo , Guo Huajun , Li Xinhai , Jing Qun , Yang Zhihua
Published: October 2015

Combined with experiments and ab initio calculations, we investigated the impact of the substitution of Mn with Mg in LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2.
Reactivity comparison of five-and six-membered cyclometalated platinum(ii) complexes in oxidative addition reactions
Authors: Raoof Fatemeh , Boostanizadeh Maryam , Esmaeilbeig Ahmad R. , Nabavizadeh S. Masoud , Aghakhanpour Reza Babadi , Ghiassi Kamran B. , Olmstead Marilyn M. , Balch Alan L.
Published: October 2015

A six-membered cyclometalated complex [PtMe(bzpy)(PPh3)] (bzpy = 2-benzylpyridinate) undergoes oxidative addition with methyl iodide to give [PtMe2I(bzpy)(PPh3)]. The ring size of the chelating unit has a significant impact on the rate of the reaction.
Branched and linear A2–D–A1–D–A2isoindigo-based solution-processable small molecules for organic field-effect transistors and solar cells
Authors: Tomassetti Mirco , Ouhib Farid , Cardinaletti Ilaria , Verstappen Pieter , Salleo Alberto , Jérôme Christine , Manca Jean , Maes Wouter , Detrembleur Christophe
Published: October 2015

A2–D–A1–D–A2type small molecules were synthesized, providing a solar cell efficiency of 1.9% and hole mobility of 3.7 × 10−3cm2V−1s−1.
Nitric oxide emission during the reductive heterogeneous photocatalysis of aqueous nitrate with TiO2
Authors: Montesinos V. Nahuel , Quici Natalia , Destaillats Hugo , Litter Marta I.
Published: October 2015

For the first time, nitric oxide (NO), a precursor of nitrogen dioxide (a NIOSH-listed pollutant), has been found to be one of the final products of the photocatalytic reduction of nitrate in water using TiO2 and formic acid as a hole scavenger.
Niobium doped anatase TiO2 as an effective anode material for sodium-ion batteries
Authors: Zhao Fei , Wang Baofeng , Tang Yufeng , Ge Honghua , Huang Zhenguo , Liu Hua Kun
Published: October 2015

Nb-doped anatase TiO2 anode materials with high reversible sodium storage capacities, excellent cycling stability and rate capability were synthesized by a sol–gel method.
Solution-processed thermally stable amorphous films of small molecular hole injection/transport bi-functional materials and their application in high efficiency OLEDs
Authors: Zhao Xiaoming , Wang Shirong , You Jing , Zhang Yuteng , Li Xianggao
Published: October 2015

The OLED with TPD(BTPA)4 as hole transport material achieved the highest CEmax of 5.83 cd A−1 compared small molecular HTMs (Mw < 6000) with identical structure, especially operated at high current, which is due to the outstanding thermal stability.
BINOL-based chiral aggregation-induced emission luminogens and their application in detecting copper(ii) ions in aqueous media
Authors: Li Nan , Feng Honglian , Gong Qian , Wu Chunxiao , Zhou Hao , Huang Zhiyan , Yang Jun , Chen Xiaohua , Zhao Na
Published: October 2015

In this work, two chiral luminogens have been reported. They exhibit aggregation induced emission and annihilation of CD performance. Meanwhile, one of them can serve as a chiral fluorescent sensor for Cu2+.
Nitroreductase gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy: insights and advances toward clinical utility
Authors: Williams Elsie M. , Little Rory F. , Mowday Alexandra M. , Rich Michelle H. , Chan-Hyams Jasmine V.E. , Copp Janine N. , Smaill Jeff B. , Patterson Adam V. , Ackerley David F.
Published: October 2015

This review examines the vast catalytic and therapeutic potential offered by type I (i.e. oxygen-insensitive) nitroreductase enzymes in partnership with nitroaromatic prodrugs, with particular focus on gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT; a form of cancer gene therapy). Important first indications of this potential were demonstrated over 20 years ago, for the enzyme–prodrug pairing of Escherichia coli NfsB and CB1954 [5-(aziridin-1-yl)-2,4-dinitrobenzamide]. However, it has become apparent that both the enzyme and the prodrug in this prototypical pairing have limitations that have impeded their clinical progression. Recently, substantial advances have been made in the biodiscovery and engineering of superior nitroreductase variants, in particular development of elegant high-throughput screening capabilities to enable optimization of desirable activities via directed evolution. These advances in enzymology have been paralleled by advances in medicinal chemistry, leading to the development of second- and third-generation nitroaromatic prodrugs that offer substantial advantages over CB1954 for nitroreductase GDEPT, including greater dose-potency and enhanced ability of the activated metabolite(s) to exhibit a local bystander effect. In addition to forging substantial progress towards future clinical trials, this research is supporting other fields, most notably the development and improvement of targeted cellular ablation capabilities in small animal models, such as zebrafish, to enable cell-specific physiology or regeneration studies.
Experimental demonstration of plastic optical fibre‐based digitised radio over fibre downlink
Authors: Thomas V.A. , Liu D. , El‐Hajjar M. , Hanzo L.
Published: October 2015

Fibre links that are a few hundreds of metres long are needed for in‐building networks. However, the transmission of radio‐frequency (RF) signals through low‐cost, easily installable plastic optical fibre (POF) is severely limited by their bandwidth‐length products. Digitised radio over fibre (DROF) converts the RF signal into a baseband signal through bandpass sampling prior to its transmission, thereby reducing the fibre bandwidth required for the RF signal's transmission. For the first time, a POF‐based DROF link relying on the Ethernet protocol is proposed and the initial experimental results for a link that employs a 143 m long step‐index POF and uncoded RF modulation are presented. A 5 GHz RF signal through the POF is transmitted. The same method can be employed for higher RF carriers as well. The RF bit rate was ∼30% of the protocol‐dependent DROF bit rate.
Review of energy storage allocation in power distribution networks: applications, methods and future research
Authors: Zidar Matija , Georgilakis Pavlos S. , Hatziargyriou Nikos D. , Capuder Tomislav , Škrlec Davor
Published: October 2015

Changes in the electricity business environment, dictated mostly by the increasing integration of renewable energy sources characterised by variable and uncertain generation, create new challenges especially in the liberalised market environment. The role of energy storage systems (ESS) is recognised as a mean to provide additional system security, reliability and flexibility to respond to changes that are still difficult to accurately forecast. However, there are still open questions about benefits these units bring to the generation side, system operators and the consumers. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the current research on ESS allocation (ESS sizing and siting), giving a unique insight into issues and challenges of integrating ESS into distribution networks and thus giving framework guidelines for future ESS research.
Physical optics integrals evaluation using closed‐form expressions and triangular boundary‐rectangular mesh algorithm
Authors: Mokhtari‐Koushyar Farzad , Shishegar Amir Ahmad
Published: October 2015

In this study, the authors propose a novel Filon‐type integration method that uses error‐controllable and frequency‐independent closed‐form expression to evaluate highly oscillatory physical optics (PO) surface integrals on smooth conducting surfaces. In this method, the phase and amplitude functions of PO integrals for a general parametric surface and incident wave are approximated by second order polynomials, first. Although there are some complicated closed‐form expressions for these integrals in the literature, the authors present simple and computationally efficient closed‐form expressions for them. For this end, the parametric domain of each resulted integral is meshed by triangular boundary‐rectangular mesh (TBRM) algorithm. Using this algorithm, the integration domain is divided into some rectangles and triangles. Then, the closed‐form expressions are presented for each rectangle and triangle. The closed‐form expressions and TBRM algorithm are so fast and accurate that not only the calculation of PO integrals is accelerated but also the relative error of integration is reduced. The relative error of integration can be easily controlled from 10−2 to 10−7 or even less. The accuracy and time efficiency of the proposed method are examined by numerical steepest descent path (NSDP) method and brute force integration (BFI) method.
Experimental assessment of excess loss prediction models for satellite‐to‐Earth radio links shadowed by single in‐leaf trees
Authors: Cid Edgar Lemos , Sanchez Manuel Garcia , Alejos Ana Vazquez
Published: October 2015

This study presents an experimental verification of the excess path loss for a satellite‐to‐Earth radio link shadowed by a single tree for elevation angles in the range from 20° to 40°. A measurement campaign was carried out in scale inside an anechoic chamber with five different species of trees at the X (8–12 GHz) and Ku (12–18 GHz) frequency bands to obtain the signal level variation as a function of the distance. It was discriminated the effect of the ground receiver terminal location with respect to the tree that affects the elevation angle value perceived by the receiver and the shadowing introduced by the tree. Results were discussed comparing with excess loss predicted by different vegetation scattering models aiming to characterise the goodness of their performance in terms of the excess signal loss predicted for short thickness of vegetation. In general, the models show a good agreement with measurements far away from the tree, however failing to describe the signal level variation if the terminal is near the tree. Nevertheless, it was determined that the models can be used to establish and upper and a lower limit to the excess signal loss.
Improved multi‐target multi‐Bernoulli filter with modelling of spurious targets
Authors: Baser Erkan , Kirubarajan Thia , Efe Murat , Balaji Bhashyam
Published: October 2015

The cardinality‐balanced multi‐target multi‐Bernoulli (CBMeMBer) filter removes the positive bias from the data‐updated cardinality estimate in the multi‐target multi‐Bernoulli (MeMBer) filter. In this study, the relationship between the MeMBer corrector and the multi‐Bernoulli random finite set (RFS) distribution is analysed. By utilising this relationship, a filter that offers a new statistical framework for the MeMBer data update process is proposed. Thus, the multi‐Bernoulli RFS distribution is extended to model spurious targets arising from targets under the legacy track set with high probabilities of existence. Unlike the CBMeMBer filter, the proposed filter removes the bias observed in the MeMBer filter by distinguishing spurious targets from actual targets, and while doing this, it does not make any limiting assumption on the probability of target detection. In addition, the modelling of spurious targets allows the refinement of the existence probabilities of targets in light of measurements. As a result, the stability of the cardinality estimate is improved while removing the bias. The theoretical analysis performed on the joint detection and state estimation problem of a single target reveals the strengths and limitations of the proposed filter. In addition, numerical simulations are performed in a scenario involving targets with crossing trajectories to demonstrate the filter performance.
Narrowband thermal radiation from closed-end microcavities
Authors: Kohiyama Asaka , Shimizu Makoto , Iguchi Fumitada , Yugami Hiroo
Published: October 2015

High spectral selectivity of thermal radiation is important for achieving high-efficiency energy systems. In this study, intense, narrowband, and low directional absorption/radiation were observed in closed-end microcavity which is a conventional open-end microcavity covered by a semi-transparent thin metal film. The quality factor (Q factor) of optical absorption band strongly depended on the film electrical conductivity. Asymmetric and narrow absorption band with a Q factor of 25 at 1.28 μm was obtained for a 6-nm-thick Au film. Numerical simulations suggest that the formation of a fixed-end mode at the cavity aperture contributes to the narrowband optical absorption. The closed-end microcavity filled with SiO2 exhibits intense and isotropic thermal radiation over a wide solid angle according to numerical simulation. The narrow and asymmetric absorption spectrum was experimentally confirmed in a model of closed-end microcavity.
Long-range orientation correlation in dipolar liquids probed by hyper-Rayleigh scattering
Authors: Shelton David P.
Published: October 2015

Hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) is sensitive to long-range molecular orientation correlation in isotropic liquids composed of dipolar molecules. The correlation functions that appear in the calculation of HRS mediated by the vector part of the first hyperpolarizability β are the same as the correlation functions for the homogeneous isotropic random vector fields that appear in the description of fluid turbulence. Recent experiments measuring the angle and polarization dependence of HRS from water find a dominant transverse mode contribution with amplitude independent of the scattering wavevector, and this observation of transverse mode HRS strongly constrains the form of the orientation correlation function. Analysis of these HRS results for water determines that the long-range molecular orientation correlation function varies as r−3±ε with |ε| < 0.03 on spatial scales up to 2000 nm.
Elementary surface processes during reactive magnetron sputtering of chromium
Authors: Monje Sascha , Corbella Carles , von Keudell Achim
Published: October 2015

The elementary surface processes occurring on chromium targets exposed to reactive plasmas have been mimicked in beam experiments by using quantified fluxes of Ar ions (400–800 eV) and oxygen atoms and molecules. For this, quartz crystal microbalances were previously coated with Cr thin films by means of high-power pulsed magnetron sputtering. The measured growth and etching rates were fitted by flux balance equations, which provided sputter yields of around 0.05 for the compound phase and a sticking coefficient of O2 of 0.38 on the bare Cr surface. Further fitted parameters were the oxygen implantation efficiency and the density of oxidation sites at the surface. The increase in site density with a factor 4 at early phases of reactive sputtering is identified as a relevant mechanism of Cr oxidation. This ion-enhanced oxygen uptake can be attributed to Cr surface roughening and knock-on implantation of oxygen atoms deeper into the target. This work, besides providing fundamental data to control oxidation state of Cr targets, shows that the extended Berg's model constitutes a robust set of rate equations suitable to describe reactive magnetron sputtering of metals.
Vacuum ultra-violet damage and damage mitigation for plasma processing of highly porous organosilicate glass dielectrics
Authors: de Marneffe J.-F. , Zhang L. , Heyne M. , Lukaszewicz M. , Porter S. B. , Vajda F. , Rutigliani V. , el Otell Z. , Krishtab M. , Goodyear A. , Cooke M. , Verdonck P. , Baklanov M. R.
Published: October 2015

Porous organosilicate glass thin films, with k-value 2.0, were exposed to 147 nm vacuum ultra-violet (VUV) photons emitted in a Xenon capacitive coupled plasma discharge. Strong methyl bond depletion was observed, concomitant with a significant increase of the bulk dielectric constant. This indicates that, besides reactive radical diffusion, photons emitted during plasma processing do impede dielectric properties and therefore need to be tackled appropriately during patterning and integration. The detrimental effect of VUV irradiation can be partly suppressed by stuffing the low-k porous matrix with proper sacrificial polymers showing high VUV absorption together with good thermal and VUV stability. In addition, the choice of an appropriate hard-mask, showing high VUV absorption, can minimize VUV damage. Particular processing conditions allow to minimize the fluence of photons to the substrate and lead to negligible VUV damage. For patterned structures, in order to reduce VUV damage in the bulk and on feature sidewalls, the combination of both pore stuffing/material densification and absorbing hard-mask is recommended, and/or the use of low VUV-emitting plasma discharge.
Unwinding of a carbon nanoscroll due to high speed rotation
Authors: Yin Hang , Cai Kun
Published: October 2015

A carbon nanoscroll (CNS) can be formed easily by rolling a graphene sheet around a carbon nanotube (CNT) [Zhang and Li, 2010, APL, 97, 081909]. When the CNS is driven by the rotary CNT to rotate at a high speed, the attractive interaction within the CNS or between the CNS and CNT is crippled by the centrifugal force on the CNS. The unwinding of CNS is triggered when the kinetic energy increment approaches to the variation of interaction energy of the system during CNS formation. Numerical experiments also indicate that the unwinding of CNS happens earlier when the CNT has a higher rotational speed or the system is at a higher temperature.
Industrial Rent Differentials: The Case of Greater Los Angeles
Authors: Sivitanidou R , Sivitanides P
Published: October 2015

In this paper the authors explore an integrated view of the relationship between location and industrial real-estate rents within decentralized metropolises. It is postulated that variations across space in industrial rents reflect spatial variations not only in productivity-enhancing firm amenities, but also in utility-bearing worker amenities and local institutional constraints on the supply of industrial space or land. To test for such influences, alternative empirical models employing 1990 industrial (production space) rents in Greater Los Angeles are estimated. Although firm amenities induce the strongest price effect, worker amenities and zoning constraints do play an important role in industrial pricing.
Using Economic Instruments to Address Emissions from Air Transport in the European Union
Authors: Mendes Lucas M Z , Santos Georgina
Published: October 2015

Air transport has become a vital component of the global economy. However, greenhouse-gas emissions from this sector have a significant impact on global climate, being responsible for over 3.5% of all anthropogenic radiative forcing. Also, the accrued visibility of aircraft emissions greatly affects the public image of the industry. In this context, incentive-based regulations, in the form of price or quantity controls, can be envisaged as alternatives to mitigate these emissions. The use of environmental charges in air transport, and the inclusion of the sector in the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS), are considered under a range of scenarios. The impacts of these measures on demand are estimated, and results suggest that they are likely to be minimal—mainly due to the high willingness to pay for air transport. In particular, in the EU ETS scenario currently favoured by the EU, demand reductions are less than 2%. This may not be true in the longer run, for short trips, or if future caps become more stringent. Furthermore, given current estimates of the social cost of CO2 as well as typical EU ETS prices, supply-side abatement would be too costly to be encouraged by these policies in the short term. The magnitude of aviation CO2 emissions in the EU is estimated, both in physical and monetary terms; the results are consistent with Eurocontrol estimates and, for the EU-25, the total social cost of these emissions represents only 0.03% of the region's GDP. It is concluded that the use of multisector policies, such as the EU ETS, is unsuitable for curbing emissions from air transport, and that stringent emission charges or an isolated ETS would be better instruments. However, the inclusion of aviation in the EU ETS has advantages under target-oriented post-2012 scenarios, such as policy-costs dilution, certainty in reductions, and flexibility in abatement allocation. This solution is also attractive to airlines, as it would improve their public image but require virtually no reduction of their own emissions, as they would be fully capable of passing on policy costs to their customers.
Interpersonal Influence within Car Buyers' Social Networks: Applying Five Perspectives to Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle Drivers
Authors: Axsen Jonn , Kurani Kenneth S
Published: October 2015

Although interpersonal influence is thought to play in important role in proenvironmental consumption behavior, mechanisms of influence are not well understood. Through literature review, we identify five theoretical perspectives on interpersonal influence: contagion, conformity, dissemination, translation, and reflexivity. We apply these perspectives to car buyer perceptions of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), a technology with attributes that can be perceived as functional, symbolic, private, and societal. The context is a PHEV demonstration project in which 275 interpersonal interactions were elicited from interviews with 40 individuals in 11 different social networks in northern California. Results demonstrate how perspectives shape research findings. Contagion, conformity, and dissemination provide useful concepts regarding perceptions of functional, symbolic and societal PHEV attributes, respectively. However, translation and reflexivity provide language and theoretical depth to describe observed perceptions and motives, while also addressing dynamics in these perceptions and in consumer values. Utilizing these differing perspectives facilitated observation that participants are more amenable to developing new, prosocietal interpretations of PHEVs if they: (i) easily form a basic functional understanding of PHEV technology, (ii) are in a transitional state in their lifestyle practices, and (iii) find supportive prosocietal values within their social network. Results demonstrate the importance of integrating complementary research perspectives to better understand consumer valuation of technologies with environmental benefits.
Spatial Metaphors and Speaking Positions
Authors: Pratt G
Published: October 2015

The task of writing an editorial has been, for me, vaguely embarrassing and difficult; ‘editorialising’ conjures an image of intellectual centrality seemingly at odds with the times. Although it is now accepted as an ethical and political responsibility to position oneself so as to betray the partiality of one's perspective, establishing the grounds for taking a position and the right to speak—for oneself and certainly about others—is by no means unproblematic. The stakes surrounding the politics of presence are high. They offer the potential for more democratic, inclusive public discussions and institutions. Donna Haraway (1991) argues that ‘situated knowledge’ also comprises a middle course between relativism and objectivism (a type of limited objectivity). At the same time, a commitment to positioning each speaker can be used to put people in their place, to shut them down. In practice, the diversification of perspectives opens up the possibility of a pluralisation of antagonisms, an essentialising of some differences (for example, within feminism, the subtlety of the theorising of the category of gender is frequently attended by a remarkably static treatment of other social categories, such as race or sexual orientation), and a trivialisation of intellectual debate to ad femina/hominem insults.
Review Symposium: George Chauncey's Gay New York
Authors: Elder G S , Knopp L , Brown M
Published: October 2015

Gay New York is an historical analysis of urban culture and the making of the Gay Male World between 1890 and 1940. As a study of urban social history this is an important work for urban geographers. Three geographers review the text from somewhat different geographical perspectives. Elder focuses on the scale of Chauncey's work. Knopp examines Chauncey's links between class, gender, and space. Brown employs the concepts of metaphor and metonym to argue that Gay New York is a ‘closet geography’.
Securing and scaling resilient futures: neoliberalization, infrastructure, and topologies of power
Authors: Sage Daniel , Fussey Pete , Dainty Andrew
Published: October 2015

In this paper we explore the scaling of resilience policy and practice not as an effect upon infrastructure but as enacted through infrastructure. Drawing on Foucault's topological analyses of governmental power, especially his elaboration of its coeval centripetal and centrifugal flows, we argue that understanding the scaling of resilience policy and practice involves acknowledging its infrastructural composition. We examine this infrastructural scaling through an empirical analysis of UK resilience policy and practice, as recounted by those working across multiple organizations involved in planning for, and coping with, aleatory events. This reveals how the neoliberal decentralizing refrain, expressed in resilience policy and its critique, is both sustained and displaced by interwoven circulatory mechanisms of obstruction, filtration, and acceleration. Together these infrastructural flows amount to ‘fractionally coherent’ scalings that not only centralize governmental power but are constitutive of governmental centres. Our analyses of infrastructural scaling suggest that resiliency policy and practice is far less decentralized, or localized, than others have suggested, with both centripetal and centrifugal flows of power resulting from a composite of infrastructural circulatory mechanisms that can variously scale political agency in relation to aleatory events.
Matching Person Identity from Facial Line Drawings
Authors: Leder Helmut
Published: October 2015

The processing of facial line drawings was investigated in either simultaneous or sequential matching trials with either the same or different viewpoint, showing pictures of faces either in the same modes (both photographs or line drawings) or different modes (one in each mode). Line drawings were particularly difficult to match in memory rather than under perceptual conditions, and line drawings did not allow the creation of efficient structural codes. These deficits of line representations underline the assumption that the face-processing system is inflexible when it is confronted with edge-based material.
Adding Rotation to Translation: Percepts and Illusions
Authors: Magnussen Camilla M , Orbach Harry S , Loffler Gunter
Published: October 2015

This study investigated how the perception of a translating object is affected by rotation. Observers were asked to judge the motion and trajectory of objects that rotated around their centroid while linearly translating. The expected percept, consistent with the actual dynamics used to generate the movie sequences, is that of a translating and rotating object, akin to a tumbling rugby ball. Observers, however, do not always report this and, under certain circumstances, perceive the object to translate on an illusory curved trajectory, similar to a car driving on a curved road. The prevalence of veridical versus nonveridical percepts depends on a number of factors. First, if the object's orientation remains within a limited range relative to the axis of translation, the illusory, curved percept dominates. If the orientation, at any point of the movie sequence, differs sufficiently from the axis of translation, the percept switches to linear translation with rotation. The angle at which the switch occurs is dependent upon a number of factors that relate to an object's elongation and, with it, the prominence of its orientation. For an ellipse with an aspect ratio of 3, the switch occurs at approximately 45°. Higher aspect ratios increase the range; lower ratios decrease it. This applies similarly to rectangular shapes. A line is more likely to be perceived on a curved trajectory than an elongated rectangle, which, in turn, is more likely seen on a curved path than a square. This is largely independent of rotational and translational speeds. Measuring perceived directions of motion at different instants in time allows the shape of the perceived illusory curved path to be extrapolated. This results in a trajectory that is independent of object size and corresponds closely to the actual object orientation at different points during the movie sequence. The results provide evidence for a perceptual transition from an illusory curved trajectory to a veridical linear trajectory (with rotation) for the same object. Both are consistent with special real-world cases such as objects rotating around a centre outside of the object so that their orientation remains tangent to the trajectory (cheetahs running along a curve, sailboats) or objects tumbling along simple trajectories (a monkey spinning in air, spinning cars on ice). In certain cases, the former is an illusion.
What Affects Facing Direction in Human Facial Profile Drawing? A Meta-Analytic Inquiry
Authors: Tosun Sümeyra , Vaid Jyotsna
Published: October 2015

Two meta-analyses were conducted to examine two potential sources of spatial orientation biases in human profile drawings by brain-intact individuals. The first examined profile facing direction as function of hand used to draw. The second examined profile facing direction in relation to directional scanning biases related to reading/writing habits. Results of the first meta-analysis, based on 27 study samples with 4171 participants, showed that leftward facing of profiles (from the viewer's perspective) was significantly associated with using the right hand to draw. The reading/writing direction meta-analysis, based on 10 study samples with 1552 participants, suggested a modest relationship between leftward profile facing and primary use of a left-to-right reading/writing direction. These findings suggest that biomechanical and cultural factors jointly influence hand movement preferences and in turn the direction of facing of human profile drawings.
Adaptation Aftereffects May Decipher Ophelia's Facial Expression
Authors: Takahashi Nozomi , Liu Chang Hong , Yamada Hiroshi
Published: October 2015

Ophelia is a 19th century painting by John Everett Millais. It shows Ophelia with a blank look to encourage the viewer's own imagination (Rosenfeld & Smith, 2007, Millais. London: Tate Publishing). Using the face adaptation paradigm, we attempted to identify the subtle emotion a viewer might perceive from Ophelia's expression. Since adapting to an expression is known to lower the viewer's subsequent sensitivity to that expression, we hypothesized that adaptation to Ophelia would impair identification of a similar expression. Participants adapted to Ophelia's face before identifying expression of a schematic face that was variably morphed between a neutral expression and each of the six basic expressions. Results showed a selective impairment of identification for sadness, suggesting that sadness was what participants perceived. The study demonstrates that high-level adaptation can reveal aesthetic experience and its neural mechanisms.
Continuum and variation in Creoles
Authors: Baptista Marlyse
Published: October 2015

This paper focuses on the two most distinct varieties of Cape Verdean Creole spoken on the islands of Santiago and São Vicente. These two varieties are consistently viewed as being in opposition to each other on historical, linguistic, political and cultural grounds. This paper examines the historical and linguistic aspects of this particular case. Historically, the island of Santiago was settled in 1461 and the island of São Vicente most likely around 1894 (Andrade, 1996), more than 400 years later. Linguistically, for the past 120 years (Brito, 1888), these two varieties have been traditionally described as being at opposite sides of the creole continuum, the Santiago variety, the oldest of the two, being portrayed as basilectal and the São Vicente variety, of more recent origins, as acrolectal. Focusing on the Tense Mood Aspect markers of these two varieties, the synchronic examination highlights their similarities and differences. The diachronic analysis explores the etymological origins of these forms and the developmental process that they have undergone and reveals that the traces of the founding languages may still be readily detectable in the Santiago variety. Finally, our findings invite us to revisit how these two varieties have been characterized for the past 120 years as being representative of a basilect (Santiago) and an acrolect (São Vicente) on the creole continuum. We show that such a characterization should be much more nuanced.
Traces of Portuguese in Afro-Yungueño Spanish?
Authors: Perez Danae
Published: October 2015

This article sheds new light on the history of Afro-Yungueño Spanish (AY), an isolated variety of Spanish spoken by descendants of slaves in the Bolivian Yungas valleys, and examines the possibility of a Portuguese input to it. First, new ethnographic and historical data are introduced to show that the AY speakers in Mururata, Chijchipa, and Tocaña probably descend from African slaves who arrived in Bolivia during the 18th century from different parts of the Portuguese slave trade area. As this suggests that Portuguese may have been involved in the history of AY, the second part of this paper, after describing some of its particularities, compares AY with Africanized varieties of Portuguese, above all Afro-Brazilian Portuguese, to show that there is evidence to assume that AY is related to certain varieties of Afro-Portuguese. The final discussion considers the contributions of AY to the debates on Afro-Iberian speech varieties.
Global English, discourse and translation
Authors: House Juliane
Published: October 2015

This paper first briefly discusses the relationship between comparative discourse analyses of original and translated texts as the basis for revealing the behavior of a particular linguistic phenomenon in context and use. Concretely, the paper examines how global English impacts on translations from English into German with regard to so-called ‘linking constructions,’ a hitherto rather neglected area of connectivity in discourse. The analysis focusses on the forms, functions, distribution, and the translation equivalents in parallel and comparable corpora. Results indicate that the use of linking constructions differs substantially in English and German discourse, and these differences may well block English influence on German discourse norms via translation.
Effectiveness of a Refuge for Lake Trout in Western Lake Superior I: Empirical Analysis of Past Performance
Authors: Johnson Melissa J. , Hansen Michael J. , Seider Michael J.
Published: October 2015

The Gull Island Shoal Refuge was created in 1976 in response to overfishing of the Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush population in the Apostle Islands region of western Lake Superior. Our objective was to evaluate effectiveness of the refuge by determining whether Lake Trout abundance, growth, maturity, and mortality differed inside and outside the refuge. We compared abundance of wild and stocked fish captured inside and outside the refuge during spring large-mesh gill-net and summer graded-mesh gill-net surveys. We compared growth and mortality during four periods corresponding to four generations of wild Lake Trout, including the last generation that hatched before the refuge was instituted (sampled in 1981–1984) and three generations that were protected by the refuge (sampled in 1985–1992, 1993–2000, and 2001–2010). Maturity of wild fish inside and outside the refuge was compared only for the latter period (2001–2010) because maturity was not assessed earlier. After the refuge was created, wild Lake Trout abundance increased and stocked Lake Trout abundance decreased. Wild adults and juveniles were more abundant inside than outside the refuge, and stocked adults were less abundant inside than outside the refuge. Growth of wild fish did not differ inside versus outside the refuge before 2001, but wild fish grew faster to a shorter asymptotic length inside than outside the refuge during 2001–2010. Wild fish matured at a similar length but an older age inside than outside the refuge during 2001–2010. Survival of wild fish did not differ inside versus outside the refuge before 1993, but mortality was lower inside than outside the refuge during later periods (1993–2000 and 2001–2010). We conclude that the Gull Island Shoal Refuge enhanced the population growth of wild Lake Trout in the Apostle Islands region and should be retained in the future to sustain conditions that favor population growth.

Received November 14, 2014; accepted July 8, 2015
Selective hydrogenolysis of raw glycerol to 1,2-propanediol over Cu–ZnO catalysts in fixed-bed reactor
Authors: Gao Qiang , Xu Bolian , Tong Qing , Fan Yining
Published: October 2015

The catalytic properties of Cu–ZnO catalysts for glycerol hydrogenolysis to 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PDO) were tested in a fixed-bed reactor at 250 °C and 2.0 MPa H2. The relation between composition, surface properties, and catalytic performance of glycerol hydrogenation of Cu–ZnO catalysts was studied using nitrogen adsorption (BET methods), XRD, H2 temperature-programmed reduction, and N2O chemisorptions. It was found that there was a close link between the surface CuO amount of Cu–ZnO catalyst and the reactivity for glycerol hydrogenation. The Cu–ZnO catalyst (Cu/Zn = 1.86) which had the highest surface Cu amount showed the best catalytic activity for glycerol hydrogenolysis. Furthermore, Cu–ZnO catalyst presented good stability and remarkable catalytic activity for glycerol hydrogenolysis to 1,2-PDO using raw glycerol derived from the fat saponification as feedstock.
Use of Lipid-Extracted Distillers Dried Grain with Solubles (DDGS) in Diets for Pacific White Shrimp
Authors: Rhodes Melanie A , Yu Denghang , Zhou Yangen , Allen Davis D
Published: October 2015

A series of trials (one growth trial and two digestibility trials) were conducted to evaluate the response of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei to the inclusion of lipid-extracted distillers dried grain with solubles (LE-DDGS). In the growth trial, a practical basal diet was developed for shrimp using soybean meal (56.76% diet) and fish meal (6% diet) as the primary protein sources. The LE-DDGS was substituted for soybean meal on an isonitrogenous basis at five levels of inclusion (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40%) with lysine supplemented to diets containing 30% and 40% LE-DDGS. A sixth diet containing 40% LE-DDGS but without a lysine supplement was also evaluated. The diets were offered to four replicate (15 shrimp/tank) groups of shrimp per treatment over an 8-week growth trial. At the end of the growth trial shrimp offered diets containing from 0% to 20% LE-DDGS performed similarly. Performance of shrimp fed higher levels of LE-DDGS was reduced but similar to each other. Removing the lysine supplement from the diet containing 40% LE-DDGS did not result in reduced performance of the shrimp, indicating lysine was not limiting in these feeds. In two digestibility trials, the LE-DDGS digestibility coefficients were determined in Pacific white shrimp for dry matter (ADMD), energy (AED), and crude protein (APD) using 1% chromic oxide as the inert marker with 70:30 replacement strategies. The ADMD, AED, and APD coefficient values for LE-DDGS were 53.77, 36.94, and 55.71 for digestibility trial 1 and 42.43, 44.65, and 20.87 for digestibility trial 2, respectively. Results from the digestibility data do not match the results of the growth trial, as poor digestibility would have resulted in more pronounced reduction in performance. Hence, this digestibility technique may not be appropriate for this type of ingredient. Based on the observed results the inclusion of LE-DDGS up to 20% of the diet is recommended.
Initiating technical refinements in high‐level golfers: Evidence for contradictory procedures
Authors: Carson Howie J. , Collins Dave , Richards Jim
Published: October 2015

When developing motor skills there are several outcomes available to an athlete depending on their skill status and needs. Whereas the skill acquisition and performance literature is abundant, an under‐researched outcome relates to the refinement of already acquired and well‐established skills. Contrary to current recommendations for athletes to employ an external focus of attention and a representative practice design,  Carson and  Collins' (2011) [Refining and regaining skills in fixation/diversification stage performers: The Five‐A Model. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 4, 146–167. doi:10.1080/1750984x.2011.613682] Five‐A Model requires an initial narrowed internal focus on the technical aspect needing refinement: the implication being that environments which limit external sources of information would be beneficial to achieving this task. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to (1) provide a literature‐based explanation for why techniques counter to current recommendations may be (temporarily) appropriate within the skill refinement process and (2) provide empirical evidence for such efficacy. Kinematic data and self‐perception reports are provided from high‐level golfers attempting to consciously initiate technical refinements while executing shots onto a driving range and into a close proximity net (i.e. with limited knowledge of results). It was hypothesised that greater control over intended refinements would occur when environmental stimuli were reduced in the most unrepresentative practice condition (i.e. hitting into a net). Results confirmed this, as evidenced by reduced intra‐individual movement variability for all participants’ individual refinements, despite little or no difference in mental effort reported. This research offers coaches guidance when working with performers who may find conscious recall difficult during the skill refinement process.
The Impact of the Second Seasonal Spawn on the Nantucket Population of the Northern Bay Scallop
Authors: Hall Valerie A. , Liu Chang , Cadrin Steven X.
Published: October 2015

Nantucket, Massachusetts, has one of the last remaining commercial fisheries of the bay scallop Argopecten irradians, which is based largely on natural recruitment. Though previously thought to spawn only once in early summer at age 1, individuals of the northern subspecies often spawn again in late summer or fall, and recruits from this second spawning can survive to reproduce again in their second summer. We formulated an age-based Leslie matrix model and estimated population growth rate with and without a second spawn based on data from 5 years of life history research. Elasticity analysis revealed that the population growth rate was most sensitive to juvenile survival, the major factor in recruitment rate, and year-1 adult fertility was a close second. We varied those two rates randomly in a stochastic matrix model, which represented the effect of environmental fluctuations on population growth. A life history modeled with a second spawn had a negligible effect on the deterministic population growth rate under constant conditions, but under variable conditions the second spawn increased the mean of the stochastic growth rates up to 58.3% over that of a single early-spawning life history. These results suggest that the second spawn is a successful bet-hedging strategy. The northern bay scallop increases its chances for successful recruitment in a variable environment by spreading reproductive effort over more than one period in a season. This strategy appears to have sustained the Nantucket scallop population in spite of severe annual fluctuations and the eventual collapse seen in other locations.

Received March 6, 2015; accepted June 19, 2015