bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GENETIC ADAPTATION AND ACCLIMATION OF PHYTOPLANKTON ALONG A STRESS GRADIENT IN THE EXTREME WATERS OF THE AGRIO RIVER–CAVIAHUE LAKE (ARGENTINA)1
Authors: López‐Rodas Victoria , Rouco Mónica , Sánchez‐Fortún Sebastián , Flores‐Moya Antonio , Costas Eduardo
Published: August 2011

We tested if different adaptation strategies were linked to a stress gradient in phytoplankton cells. For this purpose, we studied the adaptation and acclimation of Dictyosphaerium chlorelloides (Naumann) Komárek et Perman (Chlorophyta) and Microcystis aeruginosa (Kütz.) Kütz. (Cyanobacteria) to different water samples (from extremely acid, metal‐rich water to moderate stressful conditions) of the Agrio River–Caviahue Lake system (Neuquén, Argentina). Both experimental strains were isolated from pristine, slightly alkaline waters. To distinguish between physiological acclimation and genetic adaptation (an adaptive evolution event), a modified Luria‐Delbrück fluctuation analysis was carried out with both species by using as selective agent sample waters from different points along the stress gradient. M. aeruginosa did not acclimate to any of the waters tested from different points along the stress gradient nor did D. chlorelloides to the two most acidic and metal‐rich waters. However, D. chlorelloides proliferated by rapid genetic adaptation, as the consequence of a single mutation (5.4 × 10−7 resistant mutants per cell per division) at one locus, in less extreme water and also by acclimation in the least extreme water. It is hypothesized that the stress gradient resulted in different strategies of adaptation in phytoplankton cells from nonextreme waters. Thus, very extreme conditions were lethal for both organisms, but as stressful conditions decreased, adaptation of D. chlorelloides cells was possible by the selection of resistant mutants, and in less extreme conditions, by acclimation.
More Coffee, Less Crime? The Relationship between Gentrification and Neighborhood Crime Rates in Chicago, 1991 to 2005
Authors: Papachristos Andrew V. , Smith Chris M. , Scherer Mary L. , Fugiero Melissa A.
Published: August 2011

This study examines the relationship between gentrification and neighborhood crime rates by measuring the growth and geographic spread of one of gentrification's most prominent symbols: coffee shops. The annual counts of neighborhood coffee shops provide an on–the–ground measure of a particular form of economic development and changing consumption patterns that tap into central theoretical frames within the gentrification literature. Our analysis augments commonly used Census variables with the annual number of coffee shops in a neighborhood to assess the influence of gentrification on three–year homicide and street robbery counts in Chicago. Longitudinal Poisson regression models with neighborhood fixed effects reveal that gentrification is a racialized process, in which the effect of gentrification on crime is different for White gentrifying neighborhoods than for Black gentrifying neighborhoods. An increasing number of coffee shops in a neighborhood is associated with declining homicide rates for White, Hispanic, and Black neighborhoods; however, an increasing number of coffee shops is associated with increasing street robberies in Black gentrifying neighborhoods.
The Early Gentrifier: Weaving a Nostalgia Narrative on the Lower East Side
Authors: Ocejo Richard E.
Published: August 2011

Focusing on the consequences of social and cultural displacement from commercial gentrification, this article examines the perspective of “early gentrifiers” decades after they moved into the neighborhood. Based on ethnographic data collected on the Lower East Side—a gentrified neighborhood with new bars—this article analyzes how new nightlife triggered early gentrifiers to weave a “nostalgia narrative” from their experiences. They use this narrative to construct a new local identity as the neighborhood's symbolic “owners,” which helps them in their collective action against bars. Their narrative, however, contains internal contradictions that reveal several issues with their new identity. I argue that a cultural analysis of early gentrifiers reveals significant social configurations in gentrified neighborhoods and informs us of the relationship between ideology and action.
Identification of Unusual Reentry Circuit Sites of Nonischemic Ventricular Outflow Tract Tachycardia
Authors: NAKANO EMI , HARADA TOMOO , AONUMA KAZUTAKA , SOEJIMA KYOKO , WAKIMOTO HIROFUMI , MATSUMOTO NAOKI , MIYAKE FUMIHIKO
Published: August 2011

Identification of Ventricular Outflow Tract Tachycardia. Background: Reentrant ventricular outflow tract (OT) tachycardia is rare in patients with nonischemic heart disease. The mechanism of ventricular tachycardia (VT) arising from the region of the aortic sinus of Valsalva (ASOV) is usually focal, rather than reentrant. Consequently, less is known about reentrant circuits in the OT and the aortic sinuses. The purpose of this study was to evaluate existence of reentry circuits in these areas using entrainment mapping techniques.

Methods:
We performed electrophysiological study in 51 consecutive patients with idiopathic or nonischemic symptomatic VT arising from the OT. Six of these patients were found to have VT of reentrant mechanism with 8 VT morphologies. Entrainment mapping, electroanatomical mapping (in 2 patients), and radiofrequency catheter ablation were performed.

Results:
Pacing entrained the VT at 93 sites, 52 of which were determined to be in the reentry circuit based on matching of the postpacing interval and VT cycle length. Of the reentry circuit sites, 6 were in the aortic sinus, 43 were below the aortic valve, and 3 were in the right OT below the pulmonary valve. Classification of reentry circuit sites identified 7 as exit, 1 as central‐proximal, 19 as inner loop, and 25 as outer loop sites. Catheter ablation terminated VT at 4 of the 6 aortic sinus sites and 4 of the 46 OT sites (P = 0.0006).

Conclusions:
We definitively demonstrated involvement of the ASOV in OT reentrant tachycardia using entrainment mapping. It may be useful for successful VT ablation to identify reentry circuit localization. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 23, pp. 179‐187, February 2012)
Response to Immunotherapy in CLIPPERS: Clinical, MRI, and MRS Follow‐Up
Authors: Sempere Angel P. , Mola Santiago , Martin‐Medina Patricia , Bernabeu Angela , Khabbaz Elias , Lopez‐Celada Susana
Published: August 2011

Chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids (CLIPPERS) is a recently defined inflammatory central nervous system disorder responsive to steroids with characteristic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features. We report a 69‐year‐old man presenting with gait ataxia with the characteristic MRI features of CLIPPERS and describe the clinical, MRI, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) follow‐up after treatment with glucocorticosteroids. Brain and spine MRI showed punctate enhancement peppering the brainstem, cerebellar peduncles, and upper cervical cord. In MRS, the ratio of N‐acetyl aspartate to creatine (NAA/Cr) was significantly decreased in the pons and both thalami. An extensive evaluation found no alternative diagnoses. Treatment with steroids led to rapid clinical improvement. Repeat MRI and MRS showed complete resolution of gadolinium‐enhancing lesions and recovery of NAA/Cr levels in the pons and thalami. After 1 month of tapering oral steroids, weekly oral methotrexate was started and the patient has remained stable for the past 6 months.
Neurocognitive impairment and psychosocial functioning in bipolar II disorder
Authors: Solé B. , Bonnin C. M. , Torrent C. , Balanzá‐Martínez V. , Tabarés‐Seisdedos R. , Popovic D. , Martínez‐Arán A. , Vieta E.
Published: August 2011

Solé B, Bonnin CM, Torrent C, Balanzá‐Martínez V, Tabarés‐Seisdedos R, Popovic D, Martínez‐Arán A, Vieta E. Neurocognitive impairment and psychosocial functioning in bipolar II disorder.

Objective:  There is a growing body of evidence on neurocognitive impairment in euthymic bipolar patients, but this issue has been studied mostly in bipolar I disorder, data on bipolar II (BD‐II) are scant and discrepant. The two aims of this study were to ascertain whether strictly defined euthymic BD‐II patients would present neurocognitive disturbances and to evaluate their impact on functional outcome.

Method:  Forty‐three BD‐II patients and 42 demographically and educationally matched healthy subjects were assessed with a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery and with the Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS). The euthymia criteria were reduced (Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression score ≤6 and a Young Mania Rating Scale score ≤6) to minimize the influence of subdepressive symptomatology on cognition and functioning.

Results:  BD‐II patients showed a significantly lower performance on several measures of attention, learning and verbal memory, and executive function compared with healthy controls. The presence of subthreshold depressive symptomatology and one measure related to executive function (Trail Making Test, part B) was the variables that best predicted psychosocial functioning measured with the SOFAS.

Conclusion:  This report provides further evidence that euthymic BD‐II patients present cognitive impairment which may impact psychosocial functioning.
Multiple paternity, reproductive skew and correlates of male reproductive success in a wild population of the Trinidadian guppy
Authors: Elgee Karen E. , Ramnarine Indar W. , Pitcher Trevor E.
Published: August 2011

Abstract –  In most species, males have a higher reproductive potential than females, leading to skewed reproductive success, particularly in mating systems where pre‐ or postcopulatory sexual selection reinforces inequality in male mating success. We investigated multiple paternity, reproductive skew and correlates of male reproductive success in a wild population of the Trinidadian guppy (Poecilia reticulata). We used nine microsatellite loci to assess the frequency of multiple paternity, number of sires per brood and reproductive skew. Across broods, the frequency of multiple paternity was high with 94% of broods having multiple sires (range: 1–5), resulting in a reproductive skew of 0.14. Variation in male reproductive success was high (range: 0–14 offspring per male), suggesting that there is considerable opportunity for sexual selection. Next, we examined correlations between male reproductive success and sexual coloration, sperm velocity and gonopodium length. Relative area of orange, black, iridescent and total coloration, and sperm velocity were not correlated with reproductive success. However, gonopodium length explained 14% of the variation in reproductive success, suggesting that gonopodium length is likely a sexually selected trait. We discuss these findings in the light of other studies that genetically dissect joint‐sex parentage and examine correlates of male reproductive success in wild populations.
The effects of replacement of antibiotics with by‐products of oriental medicinal plants on growth performance and meat qualities in fattening pigs
Authors: KANG Suk Nam , CHU Gyo Moon , SONG Young Min , JIN Sang Keun , HWANG In Ho , KIM Il Suk
Published: August 2011

The effect of by‐products of oriental medicinal plants (OMP; T1) containing 0.03% herb extracts (T2) or 0.1% aminolevulinic acid (T3) on the production performance of swine during the finishing period and on its meat quality were investigated. No significant differences were found in the weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion rate among the tested groups (P > 0.05). But the treated group showed higher (P < 0.05) moisture and ash and lower protein than the control group. The T3 group showed a lower meat cholesterol content (38.42 mg/100 g) compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). The vitamin E content of the muscle in the treated groups was higher compared to the control group. No antibiotic content was detected in all treated and control samples. The values of the volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) of the treated groups were significantly lower (P < 0.01) than the control group. The treated groups had significantly better (P < 0.05) sensory‐test scores for color, flavor, off‐flavor and total acceptability compared to the control group.
The prion protein binds thiamine
Authors: Perez‐Pineiro Rolando , Bjorndahl Trent C. , Berjanskii Mark V. , Hau David , Li Li , Huang Alan , Lee Rose , Gibbs Ebrima , Ladner Carol , Dong Ying Wei , Abera Ashenafi , Cashman Neil R. , Wishart David S.
Published: August 2011

Although highly conserved throughout evolution, the exact biological function of the prion protein is still unclear. In an effort to identify the potential biological functions of the prion protein we conducted a small‐molecule screening assay using the Syrian hamster prion protein [shPrP(90–232)]. The screen was performed using a library of 149 water‐soluble metabolites that are known to pass through the blood–brain barrier. Using a combination of 1D NMR, fluorescence quenching and surface plasmon resonance we identified thiamine (vitamin B1) as a specific prion ligand with a binding constant of ∼ 60 μm. Subsequent studies showed that this interaction is evolutionarily conserved, with similar binding constants being seen for mouse, hamster and human prions. Various protein construct lengths, both with and without the unstructured N‐terminal region in the presence and absence of copper, were examined. This indicates that the N‐terminus has no influence on the protein’s ability to interact with thiamine. In addition to thiamine, the more biologically abundant forms of vitamin B1 (thiamine monophosphate and thiamine diphosphate) were also found to bind the prion protein with similar affinity. Heteronuclear NMR experiments were used to determine thiamine’s interaction site, which is located between helix 1 and the preceding loop. These data, in conjunction with computer‐aided docking and molecular dynamics, were used to model the thiamine‐binding pharmacophore and a comparison with other thiamine binding proteins was performed to reveal the common features of interaction.
Increased expression of nonmuscle myosin IIs is associated with 3MC‐induced mouse tumor
Authors: Saha Shekhar , Dey Sumit K. , Das Provas , Jana Siddhartha S.
Published: August 2011

Administration of the chemical carcinogen, 3‐methylcholanthrene (3MC), in the hind leg induces the progressive formation of tumors in mice within 110 days. Previous reports suggest that transformation of muscle cells to atypical cells is one of the causes of tumor formation. Molecular events that lead to transformation of normal cells to atypical cells are not well understood. Here, we investigate the effect of 3MC on the expression of nonmuscle myosin IIs (NM IIs) which are known to be involved in cell migration, division and adhesion. Mass spectroscopy analysis reveals that tumor tissue contains 64.5% NM II‐A, 34% II‐B and only 1.5% II‐C of total NM IIs, whereas these three isoforms of NM IIs are undetectable by mass spectroscopy in normal tissue associated with the tumor (NTAT) from the hind leg. Quantification of heavy chain mRNAs of NM II suggests that tumor tissue contains 25.7‐fold and 19.03‐fold more of NM II‐A and II‐B, respectively, compared with NTAT. Unlike NM II‐B, which is detected only after tumor formation, II‐A is detectable as early as day 7 after a second dose of 3MC. Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy reveals that fibroblast cells which are sparsely distributed in normal tissue are densely populated but of atypical shape in the tumor. These findings suggest that transformation of fibroblasts or non‐fibroblast cells to atypical, cancerous cells is associated with increased levels of NM II‐A and NM II‐B expression in the 3MC‐induced tumor mouse model. 3MC‐induced transformation is further demonstrated in C2C12 myotubes.
Genome walking in eukaryotes
Authors: Leoni Claudia , Volpicella Mariateresa , De Leo Francesca , Gallerani Raffaele , Ceci Luigi R.
Published: August 2011

Genome walking is a molecular procedure for the direct identification of nucleotide sequences from purified genomes. The only requirement is the availability of a known nucleotide sequence from which to start. Several genome walking methods have been developed in the last 20 years, with continuous improvements added to the first basic strategies, including the recent coupling with next generation sequencing technologies. This review focuses on the use of genome walking strategies in several aspects of the study of eukaryotic genomes. In a first part, the analysis of the numerous strategies available is reported. The technical aspects involved in genome walking are particularly intriguing, also because they represent the synthesis of the talent, the fantasy and the intelligence of several scientists. Applications in which genome walking can be employed are systematically examined in the second part of the review, showing the large potentiality of this technique, including not only the simple identification of nucleotide sequences but also the analysis of large collections of mutants obtained from the insertion of DNA of viral origin, transposons and transfer DNA (T‐DNA) constructs. The enormous amount of data obtained indicates that genome walking, with its large range of applicability, multiplicity of strategies and recent developments, will continue to have much to offer for the rapid identification of unknown sequences in several fields of genomic research.
Role of HoxE subunit in Synechocystis PCC6803 hydrogenase
Authors: Aubert‐Jousset Emeline , Cano Melissa , Guedeney Geneviève , Richaud Pierre , Cournac Laurent
Published: August 2011

Cyanobacterial NAD(P)+‐reducing reversible hydrogenases comprise five subunits. Four of them (HoxF, HoxU, HoxY, and HoxH) are also found in the well‐described related enzyme from Ralstonia eutropha. The fifth one (HoxE) is not encoded in the R. eutropha genome, but shares homology with the N‐terminal part of R. eutropha HoxF. However, in cyanobacteria, HoxE contains a 2Fe–2S cluster‐binding motif that is not found in the related R. eutropha sequence. In order to obtain some insights into the role of HoxE in cyanobacteria, we deleted this subunit in Synechocystis PCC6803. Three types of interaction of the cyanobacterial hydrogenase with pyridine nucleotides were tested: (a) reductive activation of the NiFe site, for which NADPH was found to be more efficient than NADH; (b) H2 production, for which NADH appeared to be a more efficient electron donor than NADPH; and (c) H2 oxidation, for which NAD+ was a much better electron acceptor than NADP+. Upon hoxE deletion, the Synechocystis hydrogenase active site remained functional with artificial electron donors or acceptors, but the enzyme became unable to catalyze H2 production or uptake with NADH/NAD+. However, activation of the electron transfer‐independent H/D exchange reaction by NADPH was still observed in the absence of HoxE, whereas activation of this reaction by NADH was lost. These data suggest different mechanisms for diaphorase‐mediated electron donation and catalytic site activation in cyanobacterial hydrogenase.
Unpredictable Rotational Responses to L‐dopa in the Rat Model of Parkinson’s Disease: the Role of L‐dopa Pharmacokinetics and Striatal Dopamine Depletion
Authors: Kääriäinen Tiina M. , Käenmäki Mikko , Forsberg Markus M. , Oinas Niko , Tammimäki Anne , Männistö Pekka T.
Published: August 2011

Abstract:  L‐dopa is still the gold standard in the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD), and thus, it is the most commonly used drug in the non‐clinical assessment of new drug therapies to PD, including those intended to improve the effect of L‐dopa. In unilaterally 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA)‐lesioned rat model of PD, the results from L‐dopa‐induced rotation tests are often unpredictable. While repeated administration of L‐dopa improves the rotation, the exact mechanisms underlying the extensive variability in rotation responses between rats and testing times are unclear. In the present study, we aimed to assess whether the route of administration (oral or intraperitoneal) or the form of L‐dopa (base or methyl ester) is associated with the extensive variation in rotation responses to L‐dopa in 6‐OHDA rats. We also wanted to examine the dependence between L‐dopa (base or methyl ester)‐induced rotational behaviour and the extent of dopamine and dopa decarboxylase enzyme loss in the lesioned striatum. It was found that variation in plasma levels of L‐dopa as well as the administration route explains a part of the variability in rotation. There were small but significant differences in striatal dopamine depletion (indicative of degree of lesion) between the groups, which may partially account for the various patterns in L‐dopa‐induced rotational behaviour. While apomorphine‐induced rotation test is a useful tool for primary screening of the success of 6‐OHDA lesion, it is not useful at predicting the rotational performance of 6‐OHDA rats to L‐dopa. The exact mechanisms and causes of the variability in the rotation responses to L‐dopa in 6‐OHDA rats still remain to be clarified.
Charles Cotton: New Zealand's most influential geomorphologist
Authors: Crozier Michael , Priestley Rebecca
Published: August 2011

Charles Cotton was New Zealand's foremost advocate for geomorphology. His publications were recognised nationally and internationally, informing educational curricula and captivating the wider public. His approach to landform study was strongly influenced by The Geographical Cycle espoused by William Morris Davis of Harvard University. For the first half of the 20th century, The Cycle constituted the dominant paradigm of landform studies, but it was ultimately severely criticised and abandoned as unrealistic. While Cotton lost credence among some academics for his reluctance to abandon The Cycle, his elegantly illustrated written work made a lasting contribution to many branches of earth science.
George Jobberns and the writing of New Zealand geography: Textbooks from the 1920s to 1940s
Authors: Roche Michael
Published: August 2011

Drawing on the work of Blaut, Marsdan, and Ploszajska, the text books written by George Jobberns from the late 1920s to the mid‐1940s are scrutinised. This reveals that his first texts were influenced by environmental determinism but that he adopted some of Sauer's cultural landscapes approach once at the University of Cantabery.
Creating public spaces for geography in New Zealand: Towards an assessment of the contributions of Kenneth Cumberland
Authors: Pawson Eric
Published: August 2011

This paper traces some of the key contributions of Kenneth Cumberland to the making of the discipline of geography in New Zealand between the 1940s and the 1980s. It is structured around five themes: his early development as a geographer; his role in institutionalising the discipline, including his role in founding the New Zealand Geographical Society and this journal, the New Zealand Geographer; his scholarly work, especially as this relates to understanding changing landscapes; his roles in the politics of New Zealand geography; and his career long interest in popularising geographical messages, culminating in the Landmarks television series.
Evolving disciplinary imaginaries: Mapping the New Zealand Geographer, 1945–1969
Authors: Wilson Andrew Charles , Henry Matthew
Published: August 2011

Our paper explores the early development of the New Zealand Geographer. We situate a series of continuities in its pages within the context of a wider Anglo‐American regional orthodoxy and the articulation of a ‘pragmatic sanction’ for geographers in New Zealand. We argue that the journal cannot be separated from disciplinary disputes about the character and practice of geography in New Zealand. Consequently, we suggest that the journal can be understood in performative terms insofar as its pages were used to discipline academic geographers as it simultaneously aimed to satisfy a ‘common curiosity’ about New Zealand for New Zealanders.
Reflections on a region: New Zealand geographers and the study of Pacific peoples with special reference to the period 1945–1970
Authors: Bedford Richard
Published: August 2011

Since the late 1940s, the Pacific islands have had a special place in teaching and research in New Zealand's university geography departments. This paper recalls some dimensions of a ‘golden age’ in the study of Pacific peoples by New Zealand geographers between 1945 and 1970. Attention is focused on the ‘Cumberland’ school of regional geography and some of the debates this generated in the 1960s. The paper concludes with a plea for the revitalisation of Pacific regional geography, especially in the light of the very different challenges that are confronting the islands in the 21st century.
Synthesis and in vitro Evaluation of Novel Indole‐Based Sigma Receptors Ligands
Authors: Yarim Mine , Koksal Meric , Schepmann Dirk , Wünsch Bernard
Published: August 2011

To investigate the molecular features involved in sigma (σ) receptors binding, a series of compounds based on indole scaffolds were synthesized and their chemical structures were confirmed by 1H‐NMR, IR, and elemental analysis. Their affinity toward σ1 and σ2 receptor subtypes was evaluated. 1‐{[4‐(2‐phenylethyl)piperazin‐1‐yl]methyl}‐3‐methyl‐1H‐indole 3b had a high affinity to σ1 receptors, while three compounds, 1‐{3‐[4‐(substitutedphenyl)piperazin‐1‐yl]propyl}‐1H‐indole derivatives 4a–c had shown high affinity and selectivity for σ2 receptors. Cytotoxicity of the compounds was demonstrated on cancer cell lines from liver (HUH7), breast (MCF7), and colon (HCT‐116) cancer cell lines. Compound 1c (3‐{[4‐(3,4‐dichlorobenzyl)piperazin‐1‐yl]methyl}‐1H‐indole) showed significant cell growth inhibitory activity on the selected cancer cell lines.
Microbiostratigraphy of Kazhdumi Formation in the Northwestern Shiraz (Southwest Iran) on the Basis of Foraminifera and Calcareous Algae
Authors: SHIRAZI Mahnaz Parvaneh‐Nejad , BAHRAMI Mohammad , REZAEE Bahman , GHARAMANI Shahin
Published: August 2011

The middle Cretaceous Kazhdumi Formation, with a thickness of 222 m, belongs to the Bangestan Group and occurs in the Zagros folded zone in southwest Iran. The lower boundary with the Dariyan Formation is disconformable, which is recognized by iron oxides and glauconite. The recognized microfossils are Valvulammina sp., Scandonea sp., Daxia cenomana, Choffatela sp., Pseudolituonella reicheli and calcareous algae‐Lithocodium aggregatum (which belongs to the Sarvak Formation), representing the beginning of Cenomanian. Other microfossils are: Ammobaculites goodlandensis, Marsonella trochus, Hemicyclammina sigali, Praechrysalidina infracretacea, Orbitolina gr. concava, Orbitolina (conicorbitolina) conica, Orbitolina subconcava, Salpingoporella sp., Trinocladus tripolitanus, Trinocladus sp., Permocalculus irenae and Dissocladella deserta. These microfossils can be classified into five assemblage zones.
Distinguishing and Correlating Multiple Phases of Metamorphism across Multiply Deformed Regions Using the Axes of Inclusion Trails in Porphyroblasts
Authors: SHAH Ahmad Afroz , ALI Asghar
Published: August 2011

Successions of FIAs (foliation inflection/intersection axes preserved within porphyroblasts) provide a relative time scale for deformation and metamorphism. In‐situ dating of monazite grains preserved as inclusions within garnet and staurolite porphyroblasts within the foliations defining each FIA from such successions provides a rigorous approach to grouping ages that formed over extended periods of deformation and metamorphism. Matching age and FIA progressions confirms the suitability of this approach plus provides access to lengthy histories that cannot otherwise be determined. Tectonism in the Big Thompson region of the Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA began about a SW‐NE trending axis defined by FIA set 1 at around 1761 ± 13 Ma. Subsequent periods of tectonism occurred around 1712 ± 25 and 1672 ± 21 Ma about W‐E and NW‐SE trending FIAs 2 and 3, respectively. Tectonism in the Balcooma Metamorphic Group NW of Greenvale in NE Queensland, Australia began around 470 Ma with the growth of garnet porphyroblasts about a W‐E trending axis defined by FIA set 1. No monazite grains were preserved as inclusions in this mineral phase but they were in subsequently grown staurolite. Tectonism then occurred around 443.2±3.8, 424 ± 4 and 408.9 ± 8.9 Ma about NNW‐SSE, SSW‐NNE and W‐E trending FIAs 2, 3 and 4, respectively. This test of a FIA based approach to monazite dating in tectonic regimes in different parts of the world and with dramatically different ages suggests it can be used in all orogens containing porphyroblasts preserving inclusion trails.
New Jurassic Paleomagnetic Results from Southeastern China and Their Geological Implication
Authors: WANG Bin , ZHANG Guowei
Published: August 2011

A paleomagnetic study was carried out on late Jurassic sediments in the Nanjing area. Stepwise thermal demagnetization was used to isolate the characteristic higher temperature component (HTC) (D=354.0°, I=48.5°, a95=7.8°), which passes the reversal test. A 24.7 ± 8.7°counter‐clockwise rotation relative to the Sichuan area is detected through comparing this new pole (84.4°N, 7.0°E, A95=7.7°) with other coeval poles reported from South China. This rotation was conducted by sinistral action of slip faults. These cases presenting in several areas of eastern China indicate that deformation of eastern China is under the effect of subduction from the Pacific Ocean plate. The difference on the paleolatitude of several areas across the Tan‐Lu fault zone is calculated and suggests about at most 250 km offset distance after the later Jurassic.
Geochronology and Geochemistry of the Radiolarian Cherts of the Mada'er Area, Southwestern Tianshan: Implications for Depositional Environment
Authors: KANG Jianli , ZHANG Zhaochong , ZHANG Dongyang , HUANG He , DONG Shuyun , ZHANG Su
Published: August 2011

In the southwestern Tianshan, the geologic ages of many strata and their depositional environments are still poorly constrained because of complex structures. The Mada'er area is located in the Kuokesaleling belt, Southwestern Tianshan. The cherts from the former Wupata'erkan Group contain abundant radiolarian fossils, including 10 species which are identified as late Devonian to early Carboniferous in age. Eleven chert samples have SiO2 contents ranging from 88.80 wt% to 93.28 wt%, and 2.02 wt% to 3.72 wt% for Al2O3. The SiO2/Al2O3 ratios of all samples vary from 23.84 to 46.11, much lower than those of the pure cherts (80–1400). These values suggest that the cherts contain high ratios of terrigenous materials. The Al2O3/(Al2O3+Fe2O3) ratios vary between 0.64 and 0.77, whereas V and Cu concentrations range from 10.92 ppm to 26.7 ppm and from 2.15 ppm to 34.1 ppm respectively. The Ti/V ratios vary from 25.53 to 44.93. The total REE concentrations of the cherts are between 30.78 ppm and 59.26 ppm, averaging 45.46 ppm. The (La/Ce)N ratios range from 0.81 to 1.12, and 0.88–1.33 for (La/Yb)N, averaging 1.09, which suggests a continental margin environment. Consequently, it is inferred that the cherts formed in a residual sea environment during the late Devonian to early Carboniferous time, which suggests that the collision between the Karakum‐Tarim and Kazakhstan‐Junggar plates did not occur at the time. In addition, the regional geological information indicates that the study area experienced a post‐collision stage during the early Permian, and thus it is likely that the collision between the two plates took place in the late Carboniferous.
Sensitive High Resolution Ion Micro‐Probe U‐Pb Zircon Geochronology and Geochemistry of Mafic Rocks from the Pulan‐Xiangquanhe Ophiolite, Tibet: Constraints on the Evolution of the Neo‐tethys
Authors: XIA Bin , LI Jianfeng , XU Lifeng , WANG Ran , YANG Zhiqing
Published: August 2011

The Pulan‐Xiangquanhe ophiolite in the western Yarlung Tsangpo suture zone of Tibet is investigated for its geochemistry, geochronology, and tectonic implications in detail. Sensitive high resolution ion micro‐probe zircon U‐Pb dating reveals that diabases in the ophiolite from the three locations of Xugugab, Mapam Yum Co and La'nga Co are dated at 122.3 ± 2.5 Ma, 118.8 ± 1.8 Ma and 120.5 ± 1.9 Ma, respectively. These early Cretaceous mafic rocks have Na2O+K2O, rare earth element patterns, trace elemental spider diagram and other geochemical fingerprints of typical mature back‐arc basin affinity. Therefore, the Pulan‐Xiangquanhe ophiolite formed under a mature back‐arc basin environment, which was a product of this intra‐oceanic subduction system. A suprasubduction system could have existed in the southern margin of Eurasia, which involved both intra‐oceanic and continent‐ward subductions. Extension dominated the southern margin of the Eurasian continent during the early Cretaceous.
Geochemical and Environmental Evaluation of Um Shashoba Gold Mine Area, Southeastern Desert, Egypt
Authors: DARWISH Mohamed Abdallah Gad
Published: August 2011

A suite of elements (Ag, Au, Ba, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ga, Hf, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Se, Sr, Te and Zn), total organic carbon (TOC) and pH were analyzed in stream sediment and tailing samples from Um Shashoba area, in order to evaluate Au placer and the sediments being impacted by old mining activities. Analytical results were examined using statistical, graphical and mapping methods. In spite of the results revealing that Au and most of the elements in sediments were in general significantly lower than those in tailing, Au was concentrated in the NE and SW parts forming Au placer. It is remarkably a close association of Au with Hg and Sb; both are useful as pathfinder elements for Au placers. Values of pH could not control a fate of analyzed elements, whereas TOC and Mn oxides and hydroxides could uptake some elements Au, Ba, Co, Cr, Hg, Ni, and Sr. The results also indicated that the sediments were contaminated by anthropogenic factors causing moderate, strong to very strong pollution with respect to Bi, Se and Te, respectively. Additionally, geogenic factors could also contribute elemental enrichment to the drainage system and cause significant toxicity level.
Characteristics of Hydrocarbon Accumulation in the Paleozoic Donghetang Formation in the Southwestern Tahe Area
Authors: ZHOU Wen , ZHAO Guanjun , LIU Fei , YE Bin , LI Xiuhua , HUANG Tingting , ZHOU Qiumei , DONG Guoliang
Published: August 2011

The ancient structure characteristic, correlation of the oil and the hydrocarbon source rock characteristics, hydrocarbon migration trace, types and conditions of traps, migration passages and characteristic of hydrocarbon accumulation are researched in this paper. It is shown through the analysis that two main large tectonic activities after the Early Hercynian orogeny resulted in different tectonic patterns in the study area. Two main hydrocarbon infills occurred in the Donghetang Formation, the first occurred in the Early Hercynian resulting in the ancient hydrocarbon accumulation in the northern Tahe, the second infill was a large amount that occurred in places beneficial for hydrocarbon accumulation, such as structural traps and structural‐stratigraphic traps formed in the Early Himalayan orogeny after migration along the faults through source rocks and other passages. Before the earlier period of the Himalayan orogeny, the petroleum mainly migrated to the north, whereas petroleum migrated to the south and southeast because of the structural reverse in the Himalayan orogeny, so the middle and later period of the Himalayan orogeny is the key period for hydrocarbon accumulation. The model of “oil generation formed early, hydrocarbon accumulation controlled by the faults through source rocks and structures formed late” is proposed. It is pointed out that the south of the research area is currently the beneficial district for hydrocarbon accumulation, which provides the basis for future petroleum exploration.
Geochemical Characterization and Origin of High‐Sulfur, Heavy Oils in Jiyang Sub‐Basin, East China
Authors: WANG Guangli , WANG Tieguan , ZHANG Linye
Published: August 2011

High‐sulfur, heavy petroleum is widely occurring in the Tertiary lacustrine Jiyang sub‐basin, Bohai Bay Basin. They are differentiated into two families based on the bulk properties and biomarker compositions. Family 1 is characterized by high resins (40%–71%) and sulfur (2%–4%), and low wax (1%–6%), with n‐alkanes removed by biodegradation, whereas family 2 is characterized by extremely abundant sulfur (3%–10%), and high asphaltenes (7%–31%) and wax (2%–19%), with no evidence of microbial attack. The oils of family 1 are distributed in the reservoir, lower than 1500 m throughout the sub‐basin. Biomarker assemblages, such as low pristane/phytane ratios (<1 Pr/Ph) and a high abundance of carotane, gammacerane, and dinosterane, suggest that they are derived from the calcareous mudstones and shales among the stratified, saline Esu4 unit, in addition to the in situ biodegradation‐concentrated sulfur content. However, the oils of family 2 are identified only in the western Zhanhua and eastern Chezhen depressions, with a depth deeper than 1700 m. Physical properties, together with biomarker ratios, including even‐numbered n‐alkanes, <1 Pr/Ph, trace diasteranes, higher C35 homohopanes, and abundant dibenzothiophene series, with >1 dibenzothiophene/phenanthrene, indicate an origin from carbonate source rocks. The X‐ray diffraction analysis showed that the carbonate source rock is limited in the Esu4 unit of the Bonan sag, which is different from most other source rocks in the same horizon. It is suggested that the high‐sulfur, heavy oils are generated at the early stage of the oil window. Bacterial sulfate reduction might be responsible for the occurrence of sulfur species in the high‐sulfur, heavy oils, while heavy biodegradation will enhance sulfur concentrations.
The Work Preference Questionnaire: a measure of managerial need for achievement
Authors: FINEMAN STEPHEN
Published: August 2011

Few existing measures of need for achievement are suitable for use on British managerial populations. This is because most scales fail on one or more of four criteria of acceptability: managerial standardization, industrial acceptability, control for social desirability and faking responses, and psychometric adequacy. The construction of an achievement motive measure, the Work Preference Questionnaire (WPQ), is described, which attempts to meet these criteria. The scale is in forced‐choice format comprising 24 pairs of statements each pair matched for social desirability, and logically related. The items are written in terms of hypothetical boss and organizational practices which have been chosen to represent various aspects of achievement motive theory and research findings. The WPQ shows satisfactory internal consistency on two managerial populations, and fairly good stability over a 12‐month period. There is no correlation with age. Concurrent, construct and criterion validity findings are presented, and also evidence of the scale's resistance to social desirability and faking influences.
Evaluation methodology
Authors: BURGOYNE JOHN G. , COOPER CARY L.
Published: August 2011

This article considers some of the current issues in the methodology of research evaluation in the managerial psychology and training fields. The purposes and functions, ethics and values, and philosophical and theoretical frameworks of evaluation are all explored. Finally, a number of practical problems of evaluation methodology are examined in the light of recent thinking about research design.
Norms for the A.C.E.R. Mechanical Comprehension Test
Authors: ODAMS ALAN , SMITHERS ALAN
Published: August 2011

The results from a previously published study are used as the basis for proposing provisional norms for the ACER Mechanical Comprehension Test.
Personality characteristics of a group of industrial managers
Authors: HENNEY A. S.
Published: August 2011

Data from the 16 PF test, used routinely with middle level managers, are compared with business executive scores from Cattell and with the general results from Eysenck and Harrell. While Eysenck makes the generalized observation that businessmen tend towards stable introversion, the evidence from Harrell and from this study suggests that at least some particular samples of managers tend to show significantly above average extraversion.
Recall after briefing: television versus face‐to‐face presentation
Authors: BULL R. H. C. , REID R. L.
Published: August 2011

Preliminary studies suggested that briefing police officers by television led to greater recall than the traditional face‐to‐face method. A more closely controlled test with trainee constables, in which the contents of briefings were the same for the two methods, showed that information presented via television was not better recalled but conversely that television briefing was not worse than the traditional method. Varying the contents of briefings showed that nine items per briefing produced less recall than either seven or eight items. More experienced trainees recalled more than those who were in their first year of duty.
Perspectives on the quality of working life
Authors: CHERNS ALBERT
Published: August 2011

Basic assumptions and values implicit in the move to improve the quality of working life are outlined. Four major groups of criticisms of these assumptions and values are discussed at length, some being considered of strong weight and some nugatory. The significance of the quality of working life movement is then considered and the growth and diffusion of this approach on the international scene is assessed. Finally, some of the problems for the future are reviewed from the perspective of the various relevant disciplines.
Job structuring and work organization
Authors: WILD RAY , BIRCHALL D. W.
Published: August 2011

The authors report on a survey undertaken in Europe in order to assess the need for job structuring and work organization changes, the objectives of such changes, and the methods adopted for evaluating their effectiveness. They hypothesize a three stage change process and emphasise the importance of operational motives.
Shiftwork: A survey of the sociological implications of studies of male shiftworkers
Authors: BROWN DAVID
Published: August 2011

The literature on the physiological and psychological effects of shiftwork is now readily available to the researcher interested in the effects of shiftwork on male employees (Walker, 1970; Sergean, 1971). This paper reviews some of the insights that social psychological and sociological approaches to shiftwork have offered.
Occupational sources of stress: a review of the literature relating to coronary heart disease and mental ill health
Authors: COOPER CARY L. , MARSHALL JUDI
Published: August 2011

A great deal of research has been conducted over recent years in the field of occupational stress and its relationship to physical and mental illness. This paper attempts to provide a framework for examining this work, with the dual objectives of broadening the existing psychological literature with the extensive medical data available and also highlighting the research gaps in this area. By emphasizing the medical evidence it is hoped that we may encourage greater interdisciplinary work in the growing field of stress at work.
The influence of performance feedback in appraisal interviews*
Authors: FLETCHER CLIVE , WILLIAMS RICHARD
Published: August 2011

Studies on the effects of discussing an individual's strengths and weaknesses in job performance during appraisal interviews have come to widely differing conclusions. Some of the possible reasons for this are discussed and taken account of in this investigation of appraisal interviews in a government department. Interviews perceived as containing varying degrees of performance feedback (both positive and negative, positive only, negative only and none at all) were compared on a number of variables indicating the effectiveness of the appraisal. The results indicate that interviews perceived as containing a balanced review of the individual's strengths and weaknesses in performance achieved the greatest positive effect overall, while those containing no feedback whatsoever achieved relatively little.
The implications of job clustering for training programmes
Authors: DENISI ANGELO S.
Published: August 2011

Most training programmes seem to have a short time perspective. They are geared to train a person for his first job, but then essentially leave him on his own. It is argued that, by clustering jobs and identifying requirements common to a number of jobs, and then by structuring the training programme so as to enable the person to transfer knowledge in these common areas from job to job, it would be possible to prepare a person for his whole work career by training him for a number of jobs at once. Strategies and approaches are discussed and evaluated, and suggestions are made. In general, this approach seems not only feasible, but practical, and is worthy of further consideration.
Thirty years of psychological research on age and work*
Authors: WELFORD A. T.
Published: August 2011

The history is sketched of research on industrial gerontology in Britain from 1946 onwards, and viewed in relation to gerontological research in other countries and to the social needs current in the 1950s. The individual studies were closely integrated with fundamental gerontological research, and were both guided by and helped to formulate leading theoretical ideas. These are briefly discussed under six heads: the central locus of the most important age changes; the concept that signal‐to‐noise ratio in the brain is reduced in old age; the increasing failure by older people to transfer material from short‐term to long‐term storage and to recover it from long‐term store; compensatory relationships between fall of ability to manipulate data in the abstract, and increase of knowledge; slowness as a major cause of accidents among older people; and methodological problems of interpreting industrial statistics regarding age. It is suggested that future research should continue to keep close to developments of theory in general psychological studies not specifically concerned with age; that the basis exists for a substantial effort to apply existing knowledge on the shop floor; that research should go beyond the study of particular capacities and functions to systems; and that it should be constantly aware of the need for careful, direct observation.
On the nature of attributional artifacts in qualitative research: Herzberg's two‐factor theory of work motivation
Authors: FARR ROBERT M.
Published: August 2011

Heider's notions of attribution are presented as a theoretical underpinning for the empirical findings of Herzberg concerning the nature of motivation in industrial contexts. Herzberg's methodology is treated as an example of the ‘new’ methods advocated by Harré and Secord: the collection of naive, unnegotiated ‘accounts’. It is suggested that attributional artifacts are potentially present when an investigator invites lay informants to make causal attributions concerning two oppositely valued states and then accepts these ‘accounts' at face value as constituting the ‘findings' of the study. Favourable outcomes tend to be attributed to the self and unfavourable ones to the environment. The self is seen as the source of job satisfaction and the environment as the source of job dissatisfaction. Evidence from other areas of research supporting this interpretation is presented. A sharp distinction is made between the attributional biases of informants and those of investigators. The role of positive self‐concepts, rather than of defensive reactions, is stressed as a determinant of the ‘structure’ found in the ‘accounts’.