bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
161 Preference for inorganic sources of calcium and phosphorus in sheep
Authors: Villalba Juan J , Pedernera Mariana , Mereu Alessandro
Published: December 2019

We determined whether lambs discriminate among mineral supplements containing P and Ca and if they modify their choices as a function of need. During 3 consecutive days, 40 lambs under a basal diet of alfalfa pellets and barley were offered 4-way choices among= (1) Bolifor® Monosodium phosphate (MSP-24% P), (2) Bolifor® Magnesium phosphate (MGP-15% P, 25% Mg), (3) Bolifor® Monocalcium phosphate (MCP-22.7% P, 16.5% Ca) and (4) Dicalcium phosphate (DCP-18.5%P, 23% Ca), and 2-way choices between DCP and each of the remaining minerals (Baseline). Subsequently, lambs were randomly assigned to four groups (10 lambs/group) and fed beet pulp-based basal rations such that the levels of Ca and P were low (LCa-LP), adequate (NCa-NP), low in Ca and adequate in P (LCa-NP), or adequate in Ca and low in P (NCa-LP). After 60 d, groups had the described 4- and 2-way choices (Post-deficiency). Intake and preference indexes during choice tests were analyzed as a split-plot design with lambs nested within group and day as the repeated measure. During Baseline, lambs ate and preferred MSP > MGP > DCP = MCP (P < 0.0001). This pattern remained during post-deficiency, but in contrast to Baseline, lambs in NCa-LP, LCa-NP, and LCa-LP showed the greatest preferences for MSP (42%), MGP (42%) and MCP (22%), respectively (SEM = 4%; P < 0.05). Groups under LCa in 2-way choices showed greater preference for MCP (56%) than groups under NCa (39%; SEM = 5%; P < 0.05), and lambs in LCa-NP revealed the greatest preference for MGP (64%; SEM = 6%; P < 0.05). Serum P concentration after post-deficiency choice tests (9.7 ± 0.7 mg/dL) returned to Baseline values, but Ca concentration was 0.9 mg/dL lower (9.3 ± 0.3 mg/dL; P < 0.05) than in Baseline. Thus, lambs discriminated among mineral sources and displayed preferences reflecting their needs.
166 The effect of late lactation and pre-breeding nutrition on reproductive outcomes in an accelerated lambing system
Authors: Ehrhardt Richard A , Moody Jordan , Makela Barbara , Almudena Veiga-Lopez
Published: December 2019

Productivity and seasonal constraints in lamb production can be overcome with accelerated systems. Accelerated adoption, however, has been limited by seasonal constraints in reproduction. Preliminary data suggest that periconceptional nutrition affects reproduction in the sub-optimal, long day breeding season. To evaluate this, we randomly assigned prolific, multiparous, Polypay x Dorset ewes at mid-lactation to nutritional treatments (5) over 2 periods: last 30 days of lactation (LACT) followed by the flushing period (FLUSH) consisting of the 21-day pre-breeding and the 34-day breeding period (total 55 days). During LACT, ewes were fed 100% (C), 70% (Low), or 150% (High) of late lactation energy requirements according to lamb rearing status (single or multiple). At FLUSH, Low or High ewes were fed either 70% (Low) or 150% (High) of energy requirements for maintenance (C ewes fed at 100% maintenance during FLUSH). This design was repeated over two seasons: optimal (SHORT day, n = 117) and suboptimal (LONG day, n = 108) breeding periods at 42.73°N and 84.5°W. Ewes were exposed to Dorset rams in 5 pens at 4–5% rotated every 12h. Reproductive outcomes were examined by ultrasound (transabdominal for litter size and conception rate; transrectal for early pregnancy loss). GLM analysis revealed changes in bodyweight and body condition score (BCS) consistent between seasons (Table 1). Regardless of dietary treatment, litter size was higher in SHORT (P < 0.05), while embryonic loss tended to be higher in LONG season (P = 0.08). Within season, treatment had no effect on reproductive outcomes, however prolonged undernutrition (Low-Low) reduced conception rate in LONG vs. SHORT season (100 vs.78%; P < 0.05). These results indicate that 1) high conception rates in LONG are attainable with natural mating and 2) chronic undernutrition hampers conception during long day periods. Finally, traditional flushing protocols are inadequate to invoke an optimal ovulation response regardless of season in accelerated systems.
425 Awardee Talk: does your classroom have 4 walls?
Authors: Coleman Robert J
Published: December 2019

For many university students the question is when will I need to know this information, or how does learning this concept apply to what I will do in my chosen career? When one considers how extension plays a roll in educating the agricultural community it can also be a method to demonstrate how classroom learning is applied in real terms. Using extension situations or scenarios to explain how the concepts are used and the impact they can have on livestock production makes things come to life. Often when you use those industry situations it can spark questions that aid in learning. While technology can reduce the confinements of the classroom it does not always provide the information on application in a meaningful way. When one poses questions from an extension situation and asking the students to use what they have learned to answer the question demonstrates the application of the classroom material. It can also show how information from a different livestock production system can have application to an area they are studying. It is bringing experiences from outside the classroom into the classroom shows the students that there is reason to learn the material and then be prepared to adapt it to a real time use. Sometimes the adaptation is not exactly as described in class but the adaptation works. Bring those experiences from outside the classroom into the classroom in many different ways makes the four walls not as restrictive and the materials taught real.
179 Breeding for enhancing feed efficiency in dairy cattle
Authors: Schenkel Flavio , Brito Luiz , Oliveira Hinayah , Chud Tatiane , Seymour David , Miglior Filippo
Published: December 2019

Genetically selecting for improved feed efficiency has been recognized by the dairy cattle industry as an important economic and environmental goal. Improved feed efficiency has the potential to significantly reduce costs, improving dairy farmers’ profitability and, at the same time, minimize environmental impact, for example by reducing nutrient loss in manure and methane emissions. Feed efficiency is recognized as a complex trait that may be define in different ways, but it generally describes units of product output per unit of feed required. An overview of genetic selection for improved feed efficiency and international initiatives to implement genomic selection for feed efficiency in dairy cattle is presented. In general, studies have indicated that feed efficiency, defined and assessed in alternative ways, is moderately heritable and genetic selection could be successfully implemented. Various initiatives around the world have worked collaboratively to carried out research and create reference datasets for joint genomic evaluations. An example is the large international Efficient Dairy Genome Project (EDGP) led by Canada. The EDGP database was developed in 2017 to allow data sharing among the international collaborators. Currently, the database contains genotypes and records on feed intake of 5,289 cows and on methane emissions of 1,337 cows from eight research herds in six countries (Australia, Canada, Denmark, Switzerland, United Kingdom and United States). Genetic parameters (heritability and genetic correlations) were estimated for dry matter intake, metabolic body weight and energy corrected milk at two time-periods: a) 5–60 DIM and b) 60–150 DIM. These parameters provide a basis for development of breeding value estimation procedures and subsequent selection index for feed efficiency, which will incorporate genomic information.
PSIII-9 Effect of maternal immune activation during gestation on piglets’ cortisol response to stress
Authors: Sizemore Courtni R , Rymut Haley E , Houser Alexandra K , Rund Laurie A , Johnson Rodney W , Rodriguez-Zas Sandra L
Published: December 2019

Maternal immune activation (MIA) during gestation can affect the ability of the offspring to cope with stress such as weaning. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid released in response to stress, is an established indicator of stress. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cortisol response to weaning stress of offspring exposed to MIA during gestation. Camborough gilts were inseminated at approximately 235 days of age. On gestational day 76, gilts (n = 11) were inoculated with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) intranasally whereas saline was intranasally administered to Control gilts (n = 7). On postnatal day (PD) 21 approximately half of the male and female piglets remained with sows (suckled) while the rest were weaned. Blood was collected from the piglets prior to weaning on PD21 and at PD22. ELISA was used to measure cortisol in the serum. The analysis of cortisol concentration tested for the fixed effects of gilt treatment (PRRSV or Control), piglet sex (female or male), management (suckled or weaned), day of sampling (PD21 or PD22), interactions, and for Normality assumptions. At PD22 female weaned piglets had a higher level of cortisol when compared to female suckled piglets in both Control (P < 0.05) and PRRSV (P < 0.05). Males exhibited a similar trend that did not reach significance. Cortisol concentrations were lower in male piglets from Control relative to PRRSV-treated gilts and the differences were more pronounced among the suckled group. The results suggest that MIA elevates basal serum cortisol in unstressed males. This study is supported by USDA NIFA AFRI, 2018-67015-27413.
PSVI-11 Antioxidative effects of red-osier dogwood extract on H2O2-treated human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells
Authors: Yang Runqiang , Liu Shangxi , Hui Qianru , Wu Jiandong , Lin Francis , O Karmin , Yang Chengbo
Published: December 2019

Red-osier dogwood is a species of flowering plant native in North America. Its extract may exhibit the anti-oxidative and anti-bacterial properties because it contains plenty of phenolic compounds, polysaccharides, and bioactive peptides. Hence, red-osier dogwood extract (RDE) could be a potential alternative to antibiotics. In the present study, an in vitro oxidative damage model via using Caco-2 cells was established to evaluate the antioxidative effects of RDE. The results showed that 1 mM H2O2 significantly decreased the cell viability, and increased interleukin 8 (IL-8) secretion and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (P < 0.05). The mRNA abundance of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-8 also increased in cells treated by H2O2. Caco-2 cells exposed to H2O2 for 6 h were then treated with 100 µg/mL RDE for 24 h. The IL-8 secretion and ROS production induced by H2O2 was significantly blocked by RDE (P < 0.05). RDE reduced the leakage of Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran, and increased transepithelial resistance (TEER) value compared with the control (H2O2 treatment). Moreover, RDE increased Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and β-actin staining in the cells and tight junction proteins expression including ZO-1, claudin 1, claudin 3 and occludin. These results suggested that RDE enhanced barrier functions and reduced ROS production in the epithelial cells under H2O2-induced oxidative damage.
PSII-34 Comparison of the activity level of high and low residual feed intake beef steers
Authors: Augenstein Sheyenne M , Andreini Emily M , Oltjen James W , Sainz Roberto
Published: December 2019

Activity level may affect residual feed intake (RFI), and cattle that move more may have less energy for gain. We compared activity level in high and low RFI beef steers under different nutritional conditions. Lying time, lying duration and lying bouts were recorded at 1-minute intervals utilizing Hobo G Pendant Loggers attached to the right hind leg. To identify RFI classification, 57 Angus-cross steers were individually housed and offered ad libitum access to a TMR for 56 d. RFI was defined as the residual of the regression of DMI on mid-test BW0.75 and ADG. High and low RFI groups (14 steers each) were defined as > 0.5 SD above or below the mean of zero, respectively. Ad libitum feeding was followed by restricted feeding at 75% of previous ad libitum DMI/BW0.75. After 56 d ad libitum feeding, steers were moved to group pens, ad libitum fed 4 days (ADLIBFED), then fasted 4 days (ADLIBFASTED). This was followed by the 56 d individual restricted feeding, after which, steers were moved to group pens, fed 4 days of restricted DMI (RESTRICTFED), then fasted 4 days (RESTRICTFASTED). There was no difference in lying time (800 and 804 minutes/day, P = 0.85), lying bouts per day (9.8 and 11.4, P = 0.16) and lying duration (99 and 84 minutes/bout, P = 0.18) between low RFI and high RFI cattle, respectively. Fasted animals had less lying time each day (P < 0.05), manifested by fewer lying bouts per day (P < 0.05), that tended (P > 0.05) to be slightly longer than fed animals. Ad lib animals tended (P > 0.05) to have less lying time each day, with a similar number of lying bouts per day, that were slightly (P > 0.05) shorter than restricted animals. Although activity is not affected by RFI level, results suggest that periods of limited feed availability increases activity level.
PSIV-18 Effect of two dietary crude protein levels on finishing performance, meat quality, and genomic changes of lambs
Authors: Shelby Sarah , Thakali Keshari , Wang Yongjie , Apple Jason , Huang Yan
Published: December 2019

This study investigated the effects of 2 different CP levels on the finishing performance, meat quality, and genomic changes of market lambs. Seventeen crossbred lambs were assigned randomly to low-protein (LP; 8% CP, n = 9) and high-protein (HP; 13% CP, n = 8) diets, with initial mean body weights tabulated (37.5±1.97 and 39.5±2.17 for LP and HP group), and allowed ad libitum access to diets and water in individual, indoor digestibility pens for 9 weeks. The final BW, ADFI, and ADG of the HP lambs were significantly greater (P < 0.05) than the LP lambs; however, G:F for the LP lambs was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than the HP lambs. Hot carcass weight, adjusted fat thickness, and drip loss of LM was significantly greater (P < 0.05) for the HP than LP lambs. In contrast, instrumental color values L*, a*, b*, C*, and hue angle of meat from the LP lambs scored higher (P < 0.05) than the HP lambs. Oxymyoglobin percentage from LP lambs tended greater (P < 0.10) than HP lambs. Deoxymyoglobin from HP lambs was significantly greater (P < 0.01) than LP lambs. Metmyoglobin from HP lambs was significantly greater (P < 0.01) than LP lambs. The n6:n3 of the LM from LP lambs tended to be greater than that of HP lambs (P < 0.10); conversely, the LM from HP lambs had significantly greater CLA of cis-9 trans-11 isomer (P < 0.05) than the LP lambs. According to the RNA-Seq data, genes that were highly expressed in the LP group (fold change > 3, P < 0.05) were involved in lipid metabolism (GRAMD2, PIK3R3), fatty acid composition (CHAC1), IMF content (ATXN7L1), and carcass quality traits (CCDC158). These results demonstrated that higher CP protein promotes growth performance for finishing lambs, whereas lower CP is beneficial for meat quality, especially when evaluating color characteristics in the final product.
PSIV-5 Effects of feeding fruit-vegetable byproducts on performance of growing Hanwoo steers
Authors: Woo Junsik , Song Geunhong , Kim Juri , Ryu Gyeonglim , Oh Youngkyun , Kawk Wansup , Park Keunkyu
Published: December 2019

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding fruit-vegetable byproducts on the growth of Hanwoo (Korean native beef cattle) steers. The treatments were Control (byproduct 0%), T1 (fruit-vegetable byproduct 20%), and T2 (cabbage peel 15% plus Chinese cabbage peel 15%, total byproduct 30%). The fruit-vegetable byproduct for T1 was produced from a hypermarket, containing various types of fruits and vegetables (orange, apple, tomatoes, onion, etc.). These byproducts were milled and treated with 6 g/kg of sodium metabisulfite for long term storage. The cabbage and Chinese cabbage byproduct for T2 produced from a traditional wholesale market was added as a raw material without pretreatment. Thirty-six steers (initial BW. 287 ± 89kg, 9.1 ± 2.7 months) were allocated into 12 pens (3 steers/pen) for 12 weeks according to BW and age. TMR diets were formulated by the Korean Feeding Standard for Hanwoo (2017) to supply the same nutrient contents (CP 16 % and TDN 73 %). The DMI was not different among treatments because the amount of feed was kept constant according to the BW of growing steers to prevent overweight during the growing period. For ADG, Control (1.03 kg/d) and T2 (0.82 kg/d) were lower (P < 0.05) than T1 (1.41 kg/d) in the 2nd period. On the other hand, ADG of T2 (1.72 kg/d) was higher (P < 0.05) than Control (0.82 kg/d) and T1 (1.16 kg/d) in the 3rd period. Overall, ADG for the whole experimental period was not different among treatments (1.20 kg/d for Control, 1.25 kg/d for T1, 1.16 kg/d for T2). FCR showed no significant difference during the whole period (18.36 for Control, 18.82 for T1, 19.75 for T2). Therefore, this study demonstrated that fruit-vegetable and cabbage byproducts in TMR diets for beef cattle can be replaced by 20 % and 30 %, respectively.
PSIV-10 Preference evaluation of plant functional types grasses in calves
Authors: Vulliez María A , Bruni María , Trujillo Ana I , Durante Martín , Lezana Lucrecia , Soca Pablo
Published: December 2019

The functional types of plants (PFT) ecological approach could be used to link the preferences of ruminants. In order to investigate if ruminant preferences were associated with this approach, three PFT groups were evaluated. A group “B”, represented by Paspalum urvillei (PU-B), “C” by Nassella neesiana (NN-C) and Sporobolus indicus (SI-C) and “D” by Andropogon lateralis (AL-D). In a randomized block design with repeated measures over time, two independent cafeteria trials (autumn-winter, A-W, and spring-summer, S-S) were carried out in calves (n = 8 for A-W; n = 4 for S-S; BW=240–270 kg) arranged in four pens. In three sessions of ten minutes each, calves received 120–160 gDM of fresh cut leaves from the different species. Dry matter intake (DMI), nitrogen intake (NI) and neutral detergent fiber intake (NDFI) were measured. Data were analyzed with a mixed model that included specie and session as fixed effects and blocks as a random. The statistical analyses were performed with SAS (University Edition), data is expressed as lsmeans and was considered to differ when Tukey test presented P < 0.05. No significant differences were observed between sessions. The DMI and NI were higher in NN-C and lower in AL-D (P < 0.01) during A-W. However, in S-S, higher DMI and NI were observed in AL-D and SI-C while NN-C presented the lower DMI and NI (P < 0.01). The FDNI did not show differences in A-W meanwhile in S-S was positively associated with DMI (Table1). Interestingly, when the season changed, it was observed a change in PFT preference, in A-W calves preferred NN-C whereas in S-S preferred AL-D. However, attributes associated with preferences were maintained in both stations, for instance, higher DMI was associated with higher NI. Additional research is required on the interactions between PFT approach and the preference of animals for different species.
PSII-35 Melatonin supplementation and restricted nutrition do not affect chorionic somatomammotropin (CSH) concentration in ovine placenta from mid- to late- gestation
Authors: Mansour Hanaa , Lemley Caleb O , Anthony Russell , Swanson Kendall C , Grazul-Bilska Anna T , Mansour Hanaa
Published: December 2019

Melatonin plays a role as a vasodilator. Vasoactive and angiogenic factors are expressed by placental binucleate cells (BNC) and produce chorionic somatomammotropin (CSH), known to impact fetal and placental growth. We hypothesized that melatonin supplementation and restricted nutrition from mid- to late-gestation would alter CSH concentration and some characteristics of BNC in placenta. At day 50 of gestation, ewes carrying singletons were randomly assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial design and were fed either an adequate (ADQ; 100% NRC; n = 15) or restricted (RES; 60% NRC; n = 15) diet supplemented with 0 (CON, n = 14) or 5 mg of melatonin (MEL; n = 16). Placentomes were collected on day 130 of gestation and preserved in formalin for histological analysis. Cotyledon (COT) were snap frozen for western immunoblotting analyses. Tissue sections were stained using biotinylated Dolichos Biflurus (DBA; a marker of fetal membrane) lectin and fluorescein labeled Texas red-avidin and fluorescein labeled Griffonia Simplifolica (BS) lectin (a marker of BNC). The number, area, and diameter of BNC in COT were determined by image analysis. For immunoblotting, protein was extracted from COT in SDS phosphate buffer, loaded equally, and separated on 12.5% polyacrylamide gels. Protein was transferred to PVDF membranes and incubated with rabbit anti-CSH. Bands were visualized and imaged. Data were analyzed using Proc Mixed procedure of SAS. Melatonin supplementation and restricted nutrition did not affect BNC number, area, or diameter, or CSH protein expression. While we reject our hypothesis that melatonin supplementation and nutrient restriction would alter the CSH concentration and BNC characteristics in COT, we continue to evaluate if the BNC produce angiogenic or vasoactive factors that may influence placental and mammary gland functions in sheep.
PSI-19 Poor maternal nutrition during gestation alters placental IGF-I, IGF-II, and IGFBP-3 mRNA expression in sheep
Authors: Splaine Caitlyn A , Hoffman Maria L , Jones Amanda K , Pillai Sambhu , Zinn Steven A , Govoni Kristen E , Reed Sarah A
Published: December 2019

Insulin-like growth factors (IGF) modulate placental and fetal growth and development through nutrient sensing and endocrine signaling. We hypothesized that poor maternal nutrition during gestation would alter IGF-I, IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-2, and IGFBP-3 mRNA expression in the ovine placenta, but would not affect IGF-II mRNA expression. Pregnant ewes (n = 57) were individually fed: 60% (RES), 100% (CON), or 140% (OVER) of National Research Council requirements for TDN starting at day 30±0.2 of gestation. Ewes were euthanized and cotyledon and caruncle samples were collected at days 45, 90, and 135 of gestation. Relative mRNA expression of IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-2, and IGFBP-3 was quantified using real-time PCR. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS. Relative IGF-I mRNA expression increased during gestation in the caruncle (d45: 0.96±0.06; d90: 1.28±0.06; d135: 1.38±0.05; P < 0.001). In the caruncle, IGFBP-2 expression was greater at d90 and d135 than d45 (d45: 0.67±0.20; d90: 1.90±0.20; d135: 1.65±0.18; P < 0.001). There was no observed effect of diet or day of gestation on IGF-II or IGFBP-3 expression in the caruncle. In the cotyledon, IGF-I expression tended to be greater in RES than OVER, which was similar to CON (CON: 0.96±0.07; RES: 1.10±0.06; OVER: 0.89±0.07; P = 0.08). Relative IGF-II mRNA expression was greater in RES cotyledons than OVER (CON: 1.30±0.35; RES: 1.96±0.31; OVER: 0.54±0.32; P = 0.01). During gestation, IGFBP-2 expression decreased in the cotyledon (d45: 1.26±0.12; d90: 0.93±0.12; d135: 0.59±0.11; P < 0.001). Relative IGFBP-3 mRNA expression was less in RES cotyledons than in OVER or CON (CON: 1.84±0.64; RES: 0.03±0.57; OVER: 3.62±0.66;P < 0.001). The changes in IGF expression in the cotyledon to a greater extent than in the caruncle in response to poor maternal diet suggest a potential mechanism by which maternal-fetal exchange may be modified to restrict placental and fetal growth.
PSIII-21 Relationship between companion animal interaction and emotional safety within college students
Authors: Nicodemus Molly , Cagle-Holtcamp Katie , Ugur Muhammet
Published: December 2019

Creating an emotionally safe learning environment for a student where they can learn without distress is the goal of educational programs. This emotionally safe environment has been promoted through equine interaction with at risk high school youth. In the collegiate setting canine therapy programs have been set up to reduce student stress, yet studies evaluating the program impact on the emotional safety of the student are lacking. Study objective is to evaluate the relationship between emotional safety in college students and various forms of companion animal interactions. A forced-choice survey instrument measuring companion animal knowledge (19 questions) and emotional safety (49 questions) was given at the beginning of the semester to students enrolled in a companion animal course (25 students). At the start of the survey, 4 questions focused on student companion animal activities. These questions divided students into 3 groups: no daily interaction with companion animals, daily interaction with dogs only, and daily interaction with dogs and other forms of companion animals. All students interacted with companion animals on a weekly basis, but 28% had no access to daily interaction with any form of companion animals, while 40% had daily interaction only with dogs. While the type and extent of companion animal interaction varied, the companion animal knowledge base of each group was similar. All groups answered 65% or more of the companion animal questions correctly (P > 0.05). Similar to the knowledge questions, the extent and type of companion animal interaction did not significantly influence student emotional safety (P > 0.05). All groups responded with no more than 25% of the questions in a negative manner. Thus, when developing a companion animal therapy program that promotes emotional safety in college students, the type and extent of the companion animal interaction does not have to be a limitation to the program.
PSI-9 Molecular characterization of Berganês sheep, a locally adapted ecotype from Brazilian semi-arid region
Authors: Soares Riani Ananda Nunes , Nogueira Joel Fonseca , Neto João Bandeira de Moura , Gouveia Gisele Veneroni , Ribeiro Maria Norma , Gouveia João José de Simoni
Published: December 2019

The Ovis aries species is phenotypically diverse and it is bred around the world for meat, milk and wool production. In the 1980s, small farmers in the semi-arid region of Pernambuco, Brazil, initiated the introgression of genes from Santa Inês and Bergamácia breeds in their local sheep of undefined breed, and the selection of individuals in an unstructured form, giving rise to an ecotype with unique characteristics called Berganês. The aim of this study was to perform genetic structure analysis of the Berganês ecotype population on farms in the state of Pernambuco using the Illumina® BeadChip OvineSNP50 high density chip as a way of increasing knowledge about the ecotype. Animals from seven farms were genotyped, totaling 96 animals (17 males and 79 females). Of the 54,241 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNPs) found, we elected the ones with GenCall Score > 0.5, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (significance at 0.01) and lower allele frequency (MAF) > 0.2. In addition, only SNPs located on the autosomal chromosomes were maintained, according to version 4.0 of the sheep genome, with 39,250 SNPs being selected. The observed and expected mean heterozygosity values were, respectively, 0.37159 and 0.37943. The F statistics found were: FIS = 0.02622, FST = 0 and FIT = 0.02394. Most of the variability found (97.61%), which was estimated by AMOVA, is uniformly distributed within the herds and the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) did not allow the visual identification of a substructure considering herds, sex or phenotypic characteristics (coat color, ear size and insertion, and head morphology). Thus, the genetic variability presented in the animals of the Berganês ecotype is distributed homogeneously among the herds analyzed. Therefore, the genetic characterization presented here represents a key point in the creation of conservation plans and breeding programs, improving the efficiency of selection processes and the selection of breeders.
PSI-15 Determining the molecular mechanism through which estradiol and trenbolone acetate improve skeletal muscle growth in beef cattle
Authors: Reichhardt Caleb C , Bidwell Chris A , Thomas Aaron , Ahmadpour Amir
Published: December 2019

Approximately 90% of beef cattle on feed in the United States receive an anabolic implant during production, which results in increased growth, efficiency, and economic return to producers. However, the molecular mechanism through which these anabolic implants operate to improve skeletal muscle growth remains unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the molecular mechanism through which estradiol (E2) and trenbolone acetate (TBA) improve skeletal muscle growth in beef cattle and to specifically understand whether E2 and/or TBA function by modulating transcription. To address this, bovine satellite cells (BSC) were isolated from three different backgrounded steers and grown in culture. Once cultures reached 75% confluency they were treated with 1% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 10 nM E2 or 10 nM TBA. In an additional experiment, all previously listed treatments were given in addition to actinomycin D (AD, a non-specific inhibitor of transcription). Treatment with E2 or TBA increased proliferation (P < 0.05) when compared to a 1% FBS control. Furthermore, treatment with E2 or TBA in the presence of AD increased proliferation (P < 0.01) when compared to cultures treated with just AD. These results indicate that TBA and E2 are both capable of increasing proliferation of BSC cultures through non-transcriptional mechanisms. Future work will identify the TBA and E2 signaling pathways that affect muscle growth and don’t involve changes in gene transcription.
PSVII-18 Nitrogen fertilization affects leaf-level sodium and potassium concentration in tall fescue pasture
Authors: Tooley Joshua A , Naumann Harley , Mendoza-Cozatl David G
Published: December 2019

Optimizing mineral supplementation is critical to maximizing production in a forage-based beef production system. The effect of nitrogen fertilization on mineral accumulation in tall fescue (TF) is not well understood. We evaluated the differences in mineral composition in nitrogen fertilized (TF+N) and unfertilized (TF-N) tall fescue pastures. The experiment was conducted at the University of Missouri Forage Systems Research Center during 2017 and 2018. A randomized complete block design was arranged in novel-endophyte TF pastures. All pastures were mechanically harvested in May. Nitrogen was applied to TF+N in June and again in August (45 kg ha-1 and 90 kg ha-1, respectively). Treatments were rotationally grazed from July to November using yearling cattle. Randomly selected 10 m2 strips were harvested biweekly and 300 g subsamples were dried. Nitric acid digestion was performed followed by ICP-MS to determine mineral content. Data were normalized using rank transformation and analyzed by treatment and month. Analysis of variance was conducted using PROC GLIMMIX (SAS 9.4); slice command was used to determine interactions within month by treatment and within treatment by month. Calcium and magnesium concentration decreased throughout the season with the lowest concentrations observed in both treatments during November (P = 0.0043 and P = 0.0007, respectively). Greater potassium concentrations were observed in June compared to November in both treatments (P < 0.0334). We observed a within month by treatment interaction for sodium. Nitrogen fertilization resulted in greater sodium concentration in all months from August to November compared to TF-N (P < 0.0074). Greater sodium concentrations resulted in decreased K:Na ratios during September, October, and November in TF+N (P = 0.0013, P = 0.0036, and P = 0.0024, respectively). Our results suggest nitrogen fertilization reduced K:Na ratio in TF pastures, which could negatively affect magnesium absorption in recticulo-rumen.
PSVII-14 Toxic and essential elements in seminal plasma and serum in stallions
Authors: Kalashnikov Valerii , Atroshchenko Michail , Zaitcev Aleksander , Miroshnikov Sergey , Zavjalov Oleg , Frolov Aleksey , Plemyashov Kirill , Krutikova Anna
Published: December 2019

The aim of the work was compare the concentration the of toxic and essential elements in the sperm plasma and blood serum of stallions. Sperm plasma and serum were collected from 39 Arabian stallions, aged 5 to 15 years. Concentration of toxic elements [aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), tin (Sn), mercury (Hg)] and essential elements (boron (B), lithium (Li), nickel (Ni), strontium (Sr) and vanadium (V)) in the sperm plasma and serum were determined by atomic emission and mass spectrometry (AES-ICP and MS-ICP) using an mass spectrometer Elan 9000 (Perkin Elmer, USA) and an atomic emission spectrometer Optima 2000V (Perkin Elmer, USA). It is established that the concentration of toxic and essential elements in the sperm plasma is higher than in serum. The greatest difference between the average concentrations of elements in the sperm plasma and serum was set for Sr - 252.9 times, Hg - 85.1 times and Al - 20.7 times. The minimum difference between the average concentrations in the sperm plasma and serum was set for B - 0.3 times, Li - 1.1 times and As - 1.8 times. For the remaining elements, the difference between the averages was in the range 2.7 - 8.5 times. It can be assumed that a greater amount of toxic and essential elements accumulate in the accessory gonads and enter the sperm during ejaculation. Authors acknowledge financial support from Russian Science Foundation, Grant No: 17-16-01109, development program of Bioresource collections “Cryobank of genetic recourses the All-Russian Research Institute for Horse Breeding.”
PSI-B-39 Late-Breaking: Animal science career outcomes: influence of gender on research funding from the National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Authors: Goor Angelica Van , Moran Emma , Chitnis Parag , Dean Wesley , Haidet Megan , Kirk-Baer Charlotte , Shoemaker Robbin
Published: December 2019

Background: Overall, women and men in STEM degrees graduate at parity. However, women are not equally represented in academic positions, and this is true for agricultural fields including the animal sciences. The National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) is the USDA’s primary extramural science agency that administers funding for programs to advance agriculture-related sciences. The Agriculture and Food Research Initiative (AFRI) is NIFA’s flagship granting program that funds research, education, and extension efforts. Our objective was to determine the effect of gender on submission rates and success rates in animal-related AFRI program area priorities. Methods: All applications submitted to AFRI programs in animal genetics, health/welfare, production, and reproduction between 2013–2018 were evaluated. Gender was assigned to Project Directors using Gender API software. Then the effect of gender on submission rates and success rates across and within program areas was determined. Results: A total of 2,018 applications were assigned a gender and examined further. Overall, women submitted 28% (i.e. men submitted 72%) of applications with some variation in different areas of animal sciences (30% in animal health to 24% in animal reproduction). On average, women’s applications had a 24% success rate, compared to men at 21%; women applicants to animal genomics had the highest success rate of 42% while the lowest was in animal health at 19%. Discussion: Women submit fewer proposals than men, consistent with the fact that women hold fewer academic positions needed to apply for research grants such as those from AFRI. Interestingly, women tend to have higher success rates than men. One hypothesis is that the women that hold these academic positions and apply for these research grants are outstanding performers. However, more research is needed to address several important factors that may influence these results such as co-investigators, potential panel biases, and career stage.
PSIV-B-38 Late-Breaking: Effect of Glutamate (Glu) on Developmental Block and the MZT Relative Genes Expression in Mouse embryo during in Vitro Culture
Authors: Liu Yu , Lou An Gang , Yang Shuo , Li Zhong Shu , Fang Nan-Zhu
Published: December 2019

The risk of developmental block in mammal’s embryos is high during in vitro as compare to in vivo environment because the in vitro embryo-culture systems are suboptimal. During in vitro-culture the balance between ROS production and elimination is disturbed and may lead to 2-cell block in mouse embryos [1]. In the current study, we investigated the effects of Glu as anti-developmental block during IVC on ZGA and MZT on mouse embryos. The mouse embryos were divided into control and different level of Glu treated group. The cleavage rate was determined, the ROS and GSH level was investigated using DCHF-DA and CMF2HC respectively. The mRNA expression level of ZGA marker gene such as Eif-1α, Muerv l, Zscan4d and Hsp70.1 was analyzed among the groups using RT-PCR. The transition rate from 2-cell to 4-cell was significantly higher in 6mmol/L Glu treated group as compare to control and others treated groups. No significant difference was recorded in the level of ROS and GSH during MZT stage among the different groups. The mRNA expression level of ZGA marker gene was significantly increased at middle and late stage in 6mmol/L Glu treated group as compare to control and others treated groups. In conclusion, this study shows that the concentration of 6mmol/L Glu could maintain the dynamic balance of GSH and ROS, increase the expression of ZGA marker gene and maintain its high expression pattern of time series, directly participate in the ZGA activated process; ultimately reduce the risk of developmental block to ensure the successful completion of MZT. Reference [1] Lee MT, Bonneau AR, Giraldez AJ.Zygotic Genome Activation during the Maternal-to-Zygotic Transition. Annual Rev Cell Dev Biol [J], 2014, 30:581–613.
PSIX-24 Effects of rice feeding on growth performance and protein (amino acids) metabolism in weaning piglets
Authors: Takada Ryozo , Tasaka Yuusuke
Published: December 2019

This experiment was conducted to clarify the effects of feeding rice on growth performance and protein (amino acids) metabolism in weaning piglets. Sixteen weaning piglets with an average initial weight of 7.5 kg were divided into two groups. One group was fed a corn-soybean meal based diet, and the other was fed a rice-soybean meal diet. Each diet contained about 46% of corn or rice. A 2-week growth trial was conducted and growth performance, dry matter and crude protein digestibility, liver lysine-ketoglutarate reductase activity, plasma urea nitrogen, glucose, insulin, and free amino acids concentrations were measured. The average daily gain (g/d) and feed efficiency (gain/feed) in rice-fed piglets were significantly higher than those in corn-fed piglets. Average feed intake, however, was not significantly different between corn- and rice-fed piglets. Dry matter and and crude protein digestibility were not significantly different between two groups. Liver lysine-ketoglutarate reductase activity tended to be lower (P = 0.073) in rice-fed piglets than that in corn-fed piglets. Plasma urea nitrogen concentration in rice-fed piglets was significantly lower than that in corn-fed piglets. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were significantly higher in rice-fed piglets than those in corn-fed piglets. Plasma free valine, isoleucine, tryptophan, and glysine concentrations were significantly higher in rice-fed piglets than those in corn-fed piglets. On the other hand, plasma histidine concentration in rice-fed piglets was significantly lower than that in corn-fed piglets. In conclusion, these results clearly show that rice feeding affects the protein and amino acids metabolism and improves the growth performance in weaning piglets. Rice could be considered to be a good feedstuff for weaning piglets.
PSIX-25 Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection impairs intestinal nutrient transport in piglets
Authors: Hou Yongqing , Zhang Junmei , Yi Dan , Wu Tao
Published: December 2019

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection can occur in all ages of pigs, but neonatal piglets are the most susceptible and sensitive to the virus. PEDV infection can cause intestinal dysfunction, severe diarrhea and even death in piglets. This study determined the effects of PEDV infection on the absorptive function and gene expression of nutrient transporters in the small intestine of piglets by microarray assay. Sixteen 7-day-old healthy piglets fed with milk replacer and were randomly allocated to one of two treatments (the Control and PEDV groups). After a 5-day adaptation period, piglets (n = 8) were orally administrated with either sterile saline or PEDV (Yunnan province strain) solution at 104.5TCID50 (50% tissue culture infectious dose) per piglet. On day 5 of the trial, D-xylose (0.1 g/kg BW) was orally administrated to all piglets. One hour later, jugular vein blood samples were collected, and then all piglets were killed to obtain the intestinal samples. Compared with the control, PEDV infection increased (P < 0.05) incidence of diarrhea, plasma DAO activity and iFABP level, while decreased (P < 0.05) plasma D-xylose concentration of piglets. Moreover, PEDV infection altered the amino acids profiles (P < 0.05), and decreased (P < 0.05) the gene expression of AQPs (AQP4, AQP8 and AQP10), amino acids transporters (y+LAT1, b0’+AT, and PepT1), molecules associated with lipid transport and metabolism (LPL, SLC27A2, and ACSL3), and glucose transport and metabolism (GLUT2 and INSR). However, PEDV infection enhanced (P < 0.05) the gene epression of PCK1, ASS1, SGLT1, and CFTR in the jejunum of piglets. Collectively, these comprehensive results indicate that PEDV infection impairs intestinal absorptive function and inhibits the expression of genes associated with nutrient transport and metabolism in piglets.
PSVII-24 Growth performance and organ weight of weaned pigs fed diets with different fiber and fat sources
Authors: Hong Jinsu , Woyengo Tofuko A
Published: December 2019

The objective of this study was to determine the interactive effects of dietary fiber source and lipid source on growth performance and visceral organ weights of weaned pigs. Two hundred and eighty 21 days old pigs [initial body weight (BW) = 6.84 kg] were housed in 40 pens (7 pigs/pen). The pigs were fed 4 diets (10 pens/diet) in a randomized complete block design in 2 phases, Phase 1 from day 0 to 14 and Phase 2 from day 14 to 35. The diets were corn-soybean meal-based with either sugar beet pulp (SBP) or soybean hulls (SBH) as fiber source and either soybean oil (SBO) or choice white grease (CWG) as fat source in 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The BW and feed intake were determined by phase, whereas visceral organ weights were determined on day 35. Fiber source and fat source did not interact on growth performance and organ weights relative to BW. Pigs fed CWG-containing diets had lower (P < 0.05) gain to feed ratio than those fed SBO-containing diets by 7.95% during Phase 1 of feeding. Pigs fed SBP-containing diets had lower (P < 0.05) gain to feed ratio than those fed SBH-containing diets by 7.94% during Phase 1 of feeding. However, pigs fed SBP-containing diets had greater (P < 0.05) stomach weight, and tended to have greater (P < 0.1) heart, small intestine and large intestine weights relative to BW than those fed SBO-containing diets. In conclusion, replacement of SBH with SBP in diets for weaned pigs reduced feed efficiency and increased visceral organ weights relative to BW, implying that the replacement of SBH with SBP in diets of weaned pigs increased energy expenditure in visceral organs. Inclusion of SBO (at the expense of CWG) in diets for weaned pigs can improve feed efficiency.
PSXI-11 Comparison of once night vs. traditional twice a day feed-delivering schedule on feedlot performance of back-growing cattle in hot climate
Authors: Barajas Ruben , Ramos-Suarez Alejandro , Cervantes-Pacheco Billy J , Chongo-García Bertha
Published: December 2019

In the hot-weather regions, during the hottest hours of day, cattle experienced major difficulties dissipating excessive heat load to the environment. The main source of heat production of cattle is rumen fermentation process. Changing common feeding schedule from day to night hours could help cattle easily dissipate the heat from digestive process to surrounding and impact on its performance. With the objective of comparing once-per-night vs. traditional twice-a-day feed-delivering schedule on feedlot performance of back-growing cattle in hot climate, 80 bull-calves (244.9 kg BW) were involved in a 56 feedlot experiment, performed during summer of 2018 in Culiacan, Mexico. In a complete block design experiment in groups of five were placed in 16 ground pens (6 x 12 m), and inner each block pens were randomly assigned to two treatments: 1) Feeding twice a day at 0900 and 1530 hours (Control); and 2) Feeding once a day at 2000 hours (Night treatment). In animals fed ad libitum with a growing diet, body weight, dry matter intake, average daily gain, and feed efficiency were measured. Pen (five animals) was consider as the experimental unit (8 by treatment). Results were subject to ANOVA and P < 0.05 fitted to accept statistical difference. Across experiment, maximum and minimum temperature were 44.7 and 23.6 °C, respectively; and maximum and minimum THI were 95.99 and 73.07, respectively. Night feeding schedule increased (P < 0.01) in 5% final weight, 25% daily gain, 7% dry matter intake, and 17% feed efficiency (gain: feed ratio). Results suggest that feeding time has a strong influence on feedlot performance of cattle under hot weather. It is concludes that delivering feed during the night hours becomes as a viable feeding strategy to improve feedlot performance of cattle in hot climates.
PSIX-39 Supplementing an immunomodulatory feed ingredient to improve thermoregulation and performance in finishing beef cattle under heat stress conditions
Authors: Colombo Eduardo , Cooke Reinaldo F , Schubach Kelsey , Rett Bruna , Brandão Alice
Published: December 2019

This experiment compared physiological and productive parameters in finishing cattle managed under heat stress conditions, and supplemented or not with Omnigen-AF (Phibro Animal Health, Teaneck, NJ). Crossbred cattle (Bos taurus × B. indicus; 64 heifers and 64 steers) were ranked by initial body weight (BW; 440 ± 3 kg) and sex, and allocated to 1 of 16 pens (8 heifers or steers/pen). Pens within sex were randomly assigned to receive (OMN; n = 8) or not (CON; n = 8) Omnigen-AF at 56 g/cow daily (as-fed basis). Cattle received a total-mixed ration during the experimental period (d 0 to 107), and Omnigen-AF was offered daily as a top-dress to OMN. Cattle were shipped on d 107 to a commercial packing facility for slaughter. Cattle BW was recorded and samples of blood and tail-switch hair collected on d 0, 28, 56, 84, and 106. Feed intake was evaluated biweekly from each pen, and feed efficiency calculated according to total feed intake and BW gain of each pen. From d 0 to 7, 28 to 42, and 84 to 98, heifer intravaginal temperature was recorded hourly (iButton temperature loggers DS1922L, Maxim Integrated, San Jose, CA). Environmental temperature humidity index (THI) was also recorded hourly throughout the experiment, and averaged 79.8 ± 0.6. Heifers receiving OMN had less (P < 0.05) vaginal temperature from 1500 to 1900h (39.05 vs. 39.19 °C), when THI ranged from 85.3 to 90.1. No treatment effects were detected (P > 0.20) for BW gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, and carcass traits. No treatment effects were also detected (P > 0.17) for plasma concentrations of cortisol and haptoglobin, and cortisol concentrations in tail-switch hair. Hence, OMN ameliorated hyperthermia in finishing cattle exposed to heat stress conditions, but such benefit was not sufficient to improve productive and physiological responses.