bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BARRIER CROSSINGS CHARACTERIZE STOCHASTIC RESONANCE
Authors: HERRMANN SAMUEL , IMKELLER PETER
Published: October 2002

In a two-state Markov chain with time periodic dynamics, we study path properties such as the sojourn time in one state between two consecutive jumps or the distribution of the first jump. This is done in order to exhibit a resonance interval and an optimal tuning rate interpreting the phenomenon of stochastic resonance through quality notions related with interspike intervals. We consider two cases representing the reduced dynamics of particles diffusing in time periodic potentials: Markov chains with piecewise constant periodic infinitesimal generators and Markov chains with time-continuous periodic generators.
Vesicles in Salt: Formation of Bilayer Membranes from Dialkyldimethylammonium Bromides in Ether-containing Ionic Liquids
Authors: Nakashima Takuya , Kimizuka Nobuo
Published: October 2002

Dialkyldimethylammonium amphiphiles form stable bilayer membranes in the ether-containing ionic liquids. Dark field optical microscopy indicates the formation of vesicles above the phase transition temperature.
Cage-Type Hexacopper(II) Complex Formed by Chloride Template
Authors: Kamiyama Asako , Kajiwara Takashi , Ito Tasuku
Published: October 2002

A novel cage complex [Cu6Cl(MeO)2(pz)9] (1) was synthesized via a chloride ion template reaction and structurally characterized. In 1, two trinuclear units, {Cu3(MeO)(pz)3}2+, are linked by three pyrazolate ligands, six copper(II) ions form a trigonal prism, and a chloride ion is located at the center of the cage. 1 shows rather strong antiferromagnetic coupling between the copper(II) ions through the MeO− and pyrazolate ligands.
Niemann–Pick type C disease: Accelerated neurofibrillary tangle formation and amyloid β deposition associated with apolipoprotein E ε4 homozygosity
Authors: Saito Yuko , Suzuki Kinuko , Nanba Eiji , Yamamoto Toshiyuki , Ohno Kousaku , Murayama Shigeo
Published: October 2002

Niemann–Pick type C disease is a neurovisceral storage disorder. Neurofibrillary tangles similar to those in Alzheimer's disease have been reported in most juvenile/adult patients without amyloid β protein (Aβ) deposits. Recently, we found deposits of Aβ in the form of diffuse plaques in three (31‐ and 32‐year‐old sisters and a 37‐year‐old man) of nine Niemann–Pick type C disease patients, who presented with most severe tauopathy and with numerous neurofibrillary tangles. Aβ deposits were not detected in any of the control brains of patients younger than age 42 years. These three patients with Aβ deposit all were homozygotes of apolipoprotein E ε4. Our study suggested that NPC1 gene mutations combined with homozygosity of apolipoprotein E ε4 alleles could manifest neuropathology similar to that of Alzheimer's disease. Investigation of these patients may provide an important clue for understanding the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
Status epilepticus in a population‐based cohort with childhood‐onset epilepsy in Finland
Authors: Sillanpää Matti , Shinnar Shlomo
Published: October 2002

Little is known about the time course over which status epilepticus occurs in childhood‐onset epilepsy and its impact on long‐term prognosis. A population‐based cohort of 150 children younger than age 16 years with new onset epilepsy between 1961 and 1964 residing in the catchment area of Turku University Hospital was observed prospectively until 1997. The occurrence of status epilepticus and recurrent status epilepticus, risk factors for status epilepticus, and the impact of status epilepticus on prognosis were examined. Of the 150 cases, 41 patients (27%) experienced an episode of status epilepticus of whom 22 patients (56%) had two or more episodes. The risk of status epilepticus was highest at the onset of the disorder with 30 (73%) cases occurring before (n = 12) or at (n = 18) onset and 37 (90%) cases within 2 years of onset. On multivariable analysis, risk factors for status epilepticus included remote symptomatic cause, age of onset 6 years or younger, and partial seizures. Specific epilepsy syndromes also were associated with a differential risk of status epilepticus. The occurrence of status epilepticus did not alter the mortality rates and had only a modest impact on the probability of attaining remission. In subjects with no other neurological handicap, social and educational outcomes were similar in those with status epilepticus and those with no history of status epilepticus. We conclude that status epilepticus is a common occurrence in childhood‐onset epilepsy. When it does occur, it occurs early in the course of the disorder. The occurrence of status epilepticus does not appear to have significant adverse impact on long‐term prognosis of childhood‐onset epilepsy.
Increased urine phenylethylamine after methylphenidate treatment in children with ADHD
Authors: Kusaga Akira , Yamashita Yushiro , Koeda Tastuya , Hiratani Michio , Kaneko Mika , Yamada Shigeto , Matsuishi Toyojiro
Published: October 2002

The urine levels of β‐phenylethylamine, 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenyl glycol, homovanillic acid, and 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid were measured to clarify the neurochemical mechanism in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. β‐Phenylethylamine levels were significantly lower in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder individuals (n = 37) than in controls (n = 21). The 22 children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder were treated with methylphenidate, and they were further divided into methylphenidate responders (n = 18) and nonresponders (n = 4). β‐Phenylethylamine levels significantly increased after methylphenidate therapy in responders, whereas they did not increase in nonresponders.
Clasmatodendrosis correlating with periventricular hyperintensity in mixed dementia
Authors: Sahlas Demetrios J. , Bilbao Juan M. , Swartz Richard H. , Black Sandra E.
Published: October 2002

We report a 79‐year‐old woman with possible Alzheimer's disease and confluent periventricular white matter hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging in whom postmortem analysis unexpectedly demonstrated no periventricular demyelination or cerebral arteriosclerosis. However, astrocytes in the periventricular white matter exhibited clasmatodendrosis, defined as cytoplasmic swelling and vacuolation of astroglia, with beading of their dendrites. This finding represents a previously unrecognized correlate of periventricular white matter hyperintensities. Ann Neurol 2002;52:378–381
Fibrillar morphology of elastomer‐modified polypropylene: Effect of interface adhesion and processing conditions
Authors: Zhang Ling , Huang Rui , Wang Gang , Li Liangbin , Ni Haiying , Zhang Xinyuan
Published: October 2002

The effect of interface interaction and processing conditions combined with the viscosity ratio of elastomer domains to the polypropylene (PP) matrix (ηd/ηm, subscript d and m designate the dispersed phase and the matrix, respectively) on fibril formation was investigated. A close to unity viscosity ratio, high interface interaction between the two phases, and a high shear rate in molding were found to result in fibril dispersion. A low‐viscosity elastomer tended to form fibrils also. A high extrusion shear rate seems to have no effect on fibrillar formation, but the dispersion size (Dn) decreased from 0.25 to 0.19 μm with an increasing screw speed from 120 to 160 rpm. The Izod impact strength of blends appears to be optimum when a fine and uniform and nonfibril morphology of the elastomer in PP is formed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2085–2092, 2002
Aquaporin‐1 expression in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane
Authors: Ribatti Domenico , Frigeri Antonio , Nico Beatrice , Nicchia Grazia Paola , De Giorgis Michela , Roncali Luisa , Svelto Maria
Published: October 2002

The chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is commonly used in vivo to study both angiogenesis and anti‐angiogenesis. Rapid membrane water transport is mediated by a family of molecular water channels, called aquaporins (AQPs), which have been identified in the epithelial and endothelial cells of higher vertebrates. AQP1, expressed in adsorptive and secretory epithelia, is also expressed in endothelial cells of capillaries and arteries. Its mRNA has been found in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) of arteries and capillaries, as well as in a subset of VSMCs of human atherosclerotic plaques. This study investigated the developmental expression of AQP1 in the chick CAM by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Western blot results show that a major nonglycosylated band was observed with electrophoretic mobility of approximately 28 kDa in the three developmental stages examined. Immunohistochemistry data demonstrate that AQP1 was clearly expressed in the ectodermal and endodermal epithelia, the vascular endothelium, and the VSMCs. Because little information is available on the behavior of microvessel AQP1 during angiogenesis in normal and pathological conditions, our data relative to the pattern of expression of AQP1 in CAM blood vessels in normal conditions may be considered a useful tool to further investigate its modifications in several experimental conditions implying a stimulation or an inhibition of angiogenesis in the CAM assay. Anat Rec 268:85–89, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Craniosynostosis in Twist heterozygous mice: A model for Saethre‐Chotzen syndrome
Authors: Carver Ethan A. , Oram Kathleen F. , Gridley Thomas
Published: October 2002

Saethre‐Chotzen syndrome is a common autosomal dominant form of craniosynostosis, the premature fusion of the sutures of the calvarial bones of the skull. Most Saethre‐Chotzen syndrome cases are caused by haploinsufficiency for the TWIST gene. Mice heterozygous for a null mutation of the Twist gene replicate certain features of Saethre‐Chotzen syndrome, but have not been reported to exhibit craniosynostosis. We demonstrate that Twist heterozygous mice exhibit fusions of the coronal suture and other cranial suture abnormalities, indicating that Twist heterozygous mice constitute a better animal model for Saethre‐Chotzen syndrome than was previously appreciated. Anat Rec 268:90–92, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brain expansion in the chick embryo initiated by experimentally produced occlusion of the spinal neurocoel
Authors: Desmond Mary E. , Levitan Michael L.
Published: October 2002

The brain expands in the early chick embryo from pressure generated by accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in a closed neural tube. The sealing of the neural tube occurs as the result of occlusion of the spinal neurocoel rostral to and before closure of the posterior neuropore. We have previously demonstrated the dependence of normal brain expansion upon intraluminal pressure. We had yet to demonstrate, however, that brain expansion actually depends upon natural occlusion of the spinal neurocoel. To demonstrate such dependence, we experimentally occluded the spinal neurocoels of embryos 5 hr younger than stage 11 embryos (in which occlusion of the neurocoel occurs naturally). The stage 10 chick embryos were cultured ex ovo and critically staged, and their spinal neurocoels were occluded using microcautery. All embryos were photographed immediately and at 5, 12, and 24 hr after cautery. Serial sections were made of selected embryos, in which the areas of both the brain and the head were measured. Wilcoxon‐Mann‐Whitney rank‐sum nonparametric tests, Hodges‐Lehmann estimators, bootstrapping techniques, and resampling randomization tests were used to determine whether the increases in the brain and head areas for the experimental embryos were significantly different from those of the control embryos during three distinct intervals of expansion: 0–5, 5–12, and 0–12 hr. From 0 to 5 hr, the brains of the precociously occluded embryos expanded significantly more than the brains of the non‐occluded controls. From 5 to 12 hr, the brains of the embryos with naturally occluded neurocoels grew significantly larger than the brains of the embryos with precociously occluded neurocoels. At 12 hr, there appeared to be no difference in brain size for these two groups. We conclude that the data support the hypothesis that brain expansion is directly dependent upon occlusion of the spinal neurocoel. Anat Rec 268:147–159, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The nymphal‐adult molt of the silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia argentifolii): Timing, regulation, and progress
Authors: Gelman Dale B. , Blackburn Michael B. , Hu Jing S. , Gerling Dan
Published: October 2002

The developmental progress of silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia argentifolii) 3rd instars and 4th instar/pharate adults was monitored using a tracking system that had been designed to identify synchronous individuals in another species of whitefly, the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum. When reared on greenbean under conditions of LD 16:8 and a temperature of 26 ± 2°C, the body depth of 3rd instar SLWFs increased from approximately 0.04 mm (Stage 2) to 0.175–0.2 mm (Stage 7–8) and the body depth of the 4th instar increased from approximately 0.1 mm (Stage 1) to 0.25–0.30 mm (Stage 4–5). The durations of the 3rd instar and the 4th instar/pharate adult were approximately 3 and 7 days, respectively. Examination of coronal sections of 4th instars revealed that adult eye and wing development are initiated during Stage 6, the stage in which an external examination showed that the eye has begun to undergo pigment diffusion. Ecdysteroid titers peaked at approximately 400 fg/µg protein during stages 4 through 6A of the 4th instar, i.e., just prior to and upon the initiation of the pharate adult stage. Although adult development is initiated later in the SLWF than in the GHWF (adult eye and wing development begin in Stages 4 and 5, respectively, in GHWFs), the same rapidity of metamorphosis is observed in both species. Within approximately 24 h, the simple bi‐layered wing bud developed into a deeply folded wing of nearly adult proportions and within an additional 12–24 h, the nymphal eye and wing bud had been replaced by the well‐differentiated eye and wing of the adult whitefly. Our study is the first to describe the regulation, timing, and progress of the nymphal‐adult molt and of the structural changes that accompany nymphal‐adult metamorphosis in the SLWF. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 51:67–79, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Knowledge management and the dynamic nature of knowledge
Authors: McInerney Claire
Published: October 2002

Knowledge management (KM) or knowledge sharing in organizations is based on an understanding of knowledge creation and knowledge transfer. In implementation, KM is an effort to benefit from the knowledge that resides in an organization by using it to achieve the organization's mission. The transfer of tacit or implicit knowledge to explicit and accessible formats, the goal of many KM projects, is challenging, controversial, and endowed with ongoing management issues. This article argues that effective knowledge management in many disciplinary contexts must be based on understanding the dynamic nature of knowledge itself. The article critiques some current thinking in the KM literature and concludes with a view towards knowledge management programs built around knowledge as a dynamic process.
Design of experiments with unknown parameters in variance
Authors: Fedorov Valerii V. , Gagnon Robert C. , Leonov Sergei L.
Published: October 2002

Model fitting when the variance function depends on unknown parameters is a popular problem in many areas of research. Iterated estimators which are asymptotically equivalent to maximum likelihood estimators are proposed and their convergence is discussed. From a computational point of view, these estimators are very close to the iteratively reweighted least‐squares methods. The additive structure of the corresponding information matrices allows us to apply convex design theory which leads to optimal design algorithms. We conclude with examples which illustrate how to bridge our general results with specific applied needs. In particular, a model with experimental costs is introduced and is studied within the normalized design paradigm. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The synthesis and study of side‐chain lactam‐bridged peptides
Authors: Taylor John W.
Published: October 2002

Side‐chain lactam bridges linking amino acid residues that are spaced several residues apart in the linear sequence offer a convenient and flexible method for introducing conformational constraints into a peptide structure. The availability of a variety of selectively cleavable protecting groups for amines and carboxylic acids allows for several approaches to the synthesis of monocyclic, dicyclic, and bicyclic lactam‐bridged peptides by solid‐phase methods. Multicyclic structures are also accessible, but segment‐condensation syntheses with solution‐phase cyclizations are most likely to provide the best synthetic approach to these more complex constrained peptides. Lactam bridges linking (i, i + 3)‐, (i, i + 4), and (i, i + 7)‐spaced residue pairs have all proven useful for stabilization of α helices, and (i, i + 3)‐linked residues have also been demonstrated to stabilize β‐turns. These structures are finding an increasing number of applications in protein biology, including studies of protein folding, protein aggregation, peptide ligand–receptor recognition, and the development of more potent peptide therapeutics. Defining the functional roles of the amphiphilic α‐helices in medium‐sized peptide hormones, and studying helix propagation from rigid, α‐helix initiating bicyclic peptides are among the most exciting developments currently underway in this field. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 66: 49–75, 2002
Effect of cationic charge localization on DNA structure
Authors: Gold Barry
Published: October 2002

DNA is normally considered to be a stiff rod‐like molecule, but proteins and small molecules, which either equilibrium bind to, or covalent bond with, DNA, can overcome the barrier(s) to non‐linearity by changing the local hydrophobic and electrostatic environment at specific DNA sequences. The deformation of DNA by proteins has been shown to be a critical event in transcriptional regulation. In this review, we have focused on how the introduction of cationic charge, and its location, can affect DNA structure. To study the effect of charge, we have used DNA modified with 3‐aminopropyl substitutions at the 5‐position of deoxyuracil that mimic basic lysine‐like sidechains, and which place the cationic charge in the major groove. Previous gel mobility studies with these sidechains have shown that they bend DNA. The location of the cationic sidechains and how they bend DNA is discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Nucleic Acid Sci) 65: 173–179, 2002
Characteristics of environmental reporters on the OM Stockholm exchange
Authors: Cerin Pontus
Published: October 2002

External validation of company environmental performance is normally based on corporate environmental reports, due to the lack of other information. Critics of these reports, however, claim that these are no more than public relations exercises, consisting mainly of wordy descriptions and glossy pictures. It is therefore important to turn the spotlight on the real character of the companies behind the reports. Fewer than 10% of the companies listed on the OM Stockholm Exchange, however, provide documented environmental reports on the Internet (DERI) annually. The highest DERI percentages are found among those industry sectors that began reporting some ten years ago. Data from the Dow Jones Country Index Sweden shows that DERI producers have an average market capitalization some six times greater than non‐producers. Moreover, the DERI producers emitted twice as much CO2 per turnover as the non‐DERI producers. The fact that less than half of the companies on the OM Stockholm Exchange presented CO2 emission data somewhat weakens the conclusions on emissions. The fact that 60% of the DERI producers could not provide complete CO2 emission data for their companies does say something concrete about the usefulness of current DERIs as a tool for externally determining company environmental performance characteristics. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
The expression pattern of Ku correlates with tumor radiosensitivity and disease free survival in patients with rectal carcinoma
Authors: Komuro Yasuhiro , Watanabe Toshiaki , Hosoi Yoshio , Matsumoto Yoshihisa , Nakagawa Keiichi , Tsuno Nelson , Kazama Shinsuke , Kitayama Joji , Suzuki Norio , Nagawa Hirokazu
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

Preoperative radiotherapy reduces the rate of local recurrence and improves the chance of survival in patients with resectable, advanced rectal carcinoma. However, because not all tumors respond similarly to radiation, sorting out suitable patients is required to irradiate tumors rationally. The authors examined the possible role of Ku protein in determining tumor radiosensitivity and disease free survival in patients with rectal carcinoma.

METHODS

The authors studied 96 patients with advanced rectal carcinoma. In preradiation biopsy specimens of tumor samples, the number of cells that were stained positive for Ku protein was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The expression pattern of Ku protein was examined for an association between tumor radiosensitivity (which was determined according to T classification downstaging, complete pathologic response, or Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors) and disease free survival.

RESULTS

There was a high degree of correlation between the percentage of cells that expressed the 70‐kDa Ku protein (Ku70) and the 86‐kDa Ku protein (Ku86) in the tumor sections (correlation coefficient = 0.85; P < 0.001). The expression pattern of Ku protein was correlated not only with tumor radiosensitivity but also with disease free survival. Pathologic TMN classification, histopathologic grade, and Ku70 expression were significant prognostic variables for disease free survival in a multivariate analysis (P = 0.0031, P = 0.030, and P = 0.023, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

Ku70 and Ku86 raise the predictive possibility of tumor radiosensitivity. Ku may be a useful parameter for selecting patients with rectal carcinoma for preoperative radiotherapy. Cancer 2002;95:1199–205. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10807
Phase I trial of interferon α2b and liposome‐encapsulated all‐trans retinoic acid in the treatment of patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Goldberg Jonathan S. , Vargas Manuel , Rosmarin Alyssa S. , Milowsky Matthew I. , Papanicoloau Nicholas , Gudas Lorraine J. , Shelton Gary , Feit Kevie , Petrylak Daniel , Nanus David M.
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

Studies suggest that retinoic acid (RA) can augment the antitumor effects of interferon‐based therapy in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RC); however, this benefit has not been achieved convincingly using oral formulations of 13‐cis RA and all‐trans RA. Liposome‐encapsulated all‐trans RA (ATRA‐IV) has improved pharmacokinetics with increased and prolonged ATRA serum levels compared with oral retinoids.

METHODS

Cohorts of 3–6 patients with progressive metastatic RC received a dose of 3 MU interferon α2b per day subcutaneously, which was escalated weekly to 5 MU and then to 10 MU, plus ATRA‐IV beginning at a dose of 90 mg/m2 intravenously three times per week (Monday, Wednesday, and Friday), with a planned escalation to a maximum of 140 mg/m2.

RESULTS

Two of the initial five patients experienced Grade 3 leukopenia while receiving 3 MU interferon and 90 mg/m2 ATRA‐IV. Therefore, the trial was amended to begin ATRA‐IV at a dose of 15 mg/m2 three times per week with a planned escalation by 15 mg/m2 per cohort plus interferon‐α at a dose of 3 MU subcutaneously 5 days per week (Monday through Friday), which was escalated weekly to 5 MU and then to 10 MU. Twelve patients were treated on the revised schedule. Toxicity was mild and included Grade 2 anemia (n = 7 patients), leukopenia (n = 2 patients), nausea (n = 2 patients), fatigue (n = 2 patients), fever (n = 2 patients), hepatic toxicity (n = 1 patient), edema (n = 1 patient), neurocortical toxicity (n = 1 patient), headache (n = 1 patient), and infection (n = 1 patient). One patient developed hyperthyroidism, and one patient required admission for bacteremia from a line infection. Dose limiting toxicity was Grade 3 hepatic toxicity, which was observed at a dose of 30 mg/m2 ATRA‐IV in 2 of 6 patients. Only 2 of 12 patients agreed to a dose escalation up to 10 MU interferon‐α. Of 12 patients who were evaluable for response, 2 patients (17%) had a partial response in bone and lung, including 1 partial response of > 91 weeks' duration, at a dose of 15 mg/m2 ATRA‐IV three times per week and 5 MU interferon‐α. Five additional patients experienced stable disease, two of whom had disease progression in bone only.

CONCLUSIONS

The acceptable toxicity profile and preliminary efficacy results suggest that this regimen warrants further evaluation. ATRA‐IV (15 mg/m2 TIW) and interferon‐α (3 MU Monday through Friday escalated weekly to 5 MU and to 7 MU) are recommended for further study in patients with advanced RC. Cancer 2002;95:1220–7. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10809
Dopamine depletion causes fragmented clustering of neurons in the sensorimotor striatum: Evidence of lasting reorganization of corticostriatal input
Authors: Cho Jeiwon , Duke Dawn , Manzino Lawrence , Sonsalla Patricia K. , West Mark O.
Published: October 2002

Firing during sensorimotor exam was used to categorize single neurons in the lateral striatum of awake, unrestrained rats. Five rats received unilateral injection of 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) into the medial forebrain bundle to deplete striatal dopamine (DA; >98% depletion, postmortem assay). Three months after treatment, rats exhibited exaggerated rotational behavior induced by L‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (L‐DOPA) and contralateral sensory neglect. Electrode track “depth profiles” on the DA‐depleted side showed fragmented clustering of neurons related to sensorimotor activity of single body parts (SBP neurons). Clusters were smaller than normal, and more SBP neurons were observed in isolation, outside of clusters. More body parts were represented per unit volume. No recovery in these measures was observed up to one year post lesion. Overall distributions of neurons related to different body parts were not altered. The fragmentation of SBP clusters after DA depletion indicates that a percentage of striatal SBP neurons switched responsiveness from one body part to one or more different body parts. Because the specific firing that characterizes striatal SBP neurons is mediated by corticostriatal inputs (Liles and Updyke [1985] Brain Res. 339:245–255), the data indicate that DA depletion resulted in a reorganization of corticostriatal connections, perhaps via unmasking or sprouting of connections to adjacent clusters of striatal neurons. After reorganization, sensory activity in a localized body part activates striatal neurons that have switched to that body part. In turn, switched signals sent from basal ganglia to premotor and motor neurons, which likely retain their original connections, would create mismatches in these normally precise topographic connections. Switched signals could partially explain parkinsonian deficits in motor functions involving somatosensory guidance and their intractability to L‐DOPA therapy—particularly if the switching involves sprouting. J. Comp. Neurol. 452:24–37, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Forward‐link analysis of a two‐tier CDMA system with imperfect power control
Authors: Wu Jung‐Shyr , Hwang Bor‐Jiunn
Published: October 2002

Power control is an effective technique to reduce cochannel interference and increase capacity for cellular radio systems. The purpose of forward‐link power control in a CDMA system is to reduce the amount of interference in neighbouring cells by reducing the total amount of power transmitted. In an underlaying two‐tier system, microcell's capacity is limited by the forward link due to the interference from macrocell's basestation. Therefore, forward‐link power control is required to enhance system capacity and reduce outage probability. In this paper, we study the effect of imperfect forward‐link power control due to the limitation of power transmitted by basestation. Performance measures including capacity, outage probability and service hole area are analysed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sieve deposition by debris flow on a permeable substrate, Leirdalen, Norway
Authors: Shakesby Richard A. , Matthews John A.
Published: October 2002

The characteristics of two recent (AD 1994) debris flows in upper Leirdalen, Jotunheimen, Norway, suggest deposition controlled by fluid loss into the underlying, highly permeable, coarse talus. The evidence comprises: (1) drainage holes (sieveholes) up to 44 cm wide and 125 cm deep in the debris‐flow channel floors, which remained open throughout the debris‐flow event; (2) marked channel narrowing, with reduced cross‐sectional areas and termination of the debris flows in flat‐topped, clast‐dominated lobes within a relatively short distance after crossing the junction between impermeable and permeable substrate; (3) the presence of fines deposited in the sieveholes demonstrating the passage of transported matrix; and (4) the absence of substantial lateral drainage through (or dissection of) the levées or the terminal lobes. The term ‘sieve deposition’ is considered particularly well suited to this process involving drainage through the substrate, which is likely to be most effective where debris flows traverse coarse talus either for the first time or only infrequently. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dunefoot dynamics along the Dutch coast
Authors: Ruessink B. G. , Jeuken M. C. J. L.
Published: October 2002

The dynamics of the dunefoot along a 160 km portion of the Dutch coast has been investigated based on a data set of annual surveys dating back to as early as 1850. The linearly detrended (or residual) dunefoot positions comprise an alongshore uniform and an alongshore non‐uniform component. The former is expressed as 10 to 15 m of landward retreat along extensive (>10 km) stretches of coast during years with severe storm surges and as up to 5 m of seaward advance during years without significant storm activity. The latter, alongshore non‐uniform component is organized in sandwave‐like patterns, which may have a longevity of decades to up to the duration of the entire data set (150 years). Their wavelengths vary along the coast, from 3·5 to 10 km; migration rates are 0–200 m a−1. Dunefoot sandwaves are shown to be the shoreward extensions of similar sandwave patterns in the beach position. The non‐uniform dunefoot behaviour constitutes at least 80 per cent of the total residual dunefoot dynamics, implying that along the Dutch coast residual dunefoot variability is controlled by temporal and spatial variability in beach characteristics, and not by storm‐induced uniform erosion. Various potential mechanisms causing beach sandwaves are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Community‐based organizations and state initiatives: The negotiation process of program evaluation
Authors: Guzmán Bianca L. , Feria Aida
Published: October 2002

Evaluators must operate in a multicontextual environment with multiple stakeholders. As the hierarchy of stakeholders becomes more complex, evaluators must react to and work within the ecological environment in which their evaluated programs are conducted. Recognizing the factors that influence the evaluation plan and knowing the best strategies in dealing with different authorizing environments can reduce the difficulty of negotiating with multiple stakeholders and increase the evaluation's validity.
Prevalence of dementia with Lewy bodies in an inpatient psychogeriatric population in Hong Kong Chinese
Authors: Chan Sandra S. M. , Chiu Helen F. K. , Lam Linda C. W. , Leung Vivian P. Y.
Published: October 2002

Objective

To find out the prevalence of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) in an inpatient psychogeriatric population in Hong Kong Chinese.

Method

Clinical notes of all dementia patients admitted to an inpatient psychogeriatric unit between 1 January and 31 December 2000 were reviewed to retrieve information on various subtypes of dementia that have been diagnosed prospectively using NINCDS‐ARDRA, NINDS‐AIREN, CDLB and DSM‐IV by qualified senior psychogeriatricians.

Result

There were only three cases of dementia with Lewy bodies out of 102 dementia inpatients, giving a prevalence rate of 2.9% over a two‐year period.

Conclusion

The prevalence rate of dementia with Lewy bodies is remarkably lower than figures reported in western studies. Further evaluation using better sampling frame and better‐validated diagnostic gold standard is required. Ethnically related biological factors may be implicated to explain the preliminary low prevalence rate in Chinese population. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular cytogenetic analysis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: By comparative genomic hybridization, spectral karyotyping, and expression array analysis
Authors: Squire Jeremy A. , Bayani Jane , Luk Catherine , Unwin Lianne , Tokunaga Jason , MacMillan Christina , Irish Jonathan , Brown Dale , Gullane Patrick , Kamel‐Reid Suzanne
Published: October 2002

Background

A combination of molecular cytogenetic and expression array analysis has been performed on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) of the oral cavity and supraglottis. These studies were performed to identify consensus regions of chromosomal imbalance and structural rearrangement to determine whether genes located in these genomic regions are subject to alterations in gene expression. Such combinatorial studies may help to identify recurrent patterns of altered gene expression in the context of specific chromosomal changes.

Methods

Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was used to identify net genomic imbalances and spectral karyotyping (SKY) to visualize the numerical and structural chromosomal changes in metaphase preparations. Expression microarray analysis of HNSCC cell lines and primary tongue tumors was also performed to identify genes that were commonly overexpressed or underexpressed compared with adjacent normal tissue.

Results

CGH detected gains at 3q (64%), 8q (45%) and 6q22‐qter (45%) and losses at 18q22‐qter (27%). SKY analysis of seven cell lines identified frequent structural rearrangement of the following chromosomal regions: 3q, 5p13–q11.2, 5q32–q34, 7p12–q11.2, 8p12–q12, 9p, 10p, 13p13–q12, 14q11.1–q11.2, 15p13–q11.2, 16p11.1–q11.1, 18q22–q23, and 22p13–q11.2. Consistent deregulation of interleukin 8, integrin alpha‐6, c‐MYC, epithelial discoidin domain receptor 1, and sterol regulatory element binding protein were apparent by expression analysis. Interestingly, some of these genes map to regions of genomic imbalance and chromosomal rearrangement as determined by our molecular cytogenetic analysis.

Conclusions

In this small study, a combinatorial analysis using SKY, CGH, and microarray provides a model linking the changes in gene expression to changes in chromosomal dosage and structure. This approach has identified a subset of genetic changes that provide new opportunities for investigating the genetic basis of tumorigenesis in HNSCC. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 874–887, 2002
Reliable detection of p53 aberrations in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck requires transcript analysis of the entire coding region
Authors: Hauser Ulrich , Balz Vera , Carey Thomas E. , Grénman Reidar , van Lierop Anke , Scheckenbach Kathrin , Bier Henning
Published: October 2002

Background

Aberrations of the p53 tumor suppressor gene are common events in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (SCCHN). However, reported frequencies range considerably, and the predictive value of aberrant p53 is continuing to be an issue of controversy. These inconsistencies are possibly caused by methodical limitations.

Methods

In cell lines established from 23 SCCHN, we performed sequence analysis of p53 mRNA and genomic DNA, as well as protein detection using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting.

Results

Of the 23 SCCHN, 21 (91%) tumors have aberrant or no p53, including four aberrations (19%) located outside the usually examined exons 5 to 9. A second allele is present in 11, and the respective transcript in 4 tumors. Expression of protein could be detected in only 12 of the 21 p53 aberrant tumors (57%).

Conclusions

Depending on the methodical approach applied, a considerable number of SCCHN may be misclassified regarding their p53 status. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 868–873, 2002
Contextual factors in the success of reduced‐load work arrangements among managers and professionals
Authors: Lee Mary Dean , MacDermid Shelley M. , Williams Margaret L. , Buck Michelle L. , Leiba‐O'Sullivan Sharon
Published: October 2002

The purpose of this study was to consider the role of contextual factors, particularly those related to HR
policies and practices, in the success of eighty‐two professionals and managers working on a
reduced‐load basis. Results revealed agreement among senior managers, coworkers, direct reports, and
reduced‐load managers and professionals themselves that the alternative work arrangements were successful.
The key factors seen as facilitating success included individual characteristics and behaviors as well as
contextual factors related to job content, work group, organizational culture, and human‐resource policies
and practices. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Distributive justice and organizational commitment revisited: moderation by layoff in the case of Korean employees
Authors: Chang Eunmi
Published: October 2002

Research supports the conclusion that organizational commitment is affected more by procedural justice than by distributive justice, and this is especially true in collectivistic societies. The present research examines the effects of distributive justice on organizational commitment levels of Korean employees under layoff situations. It focuses on the moderating effects of two layoff variables: layoff experience and layoff perception. Data were collected from HR managers from 14 companies and 411 employees. It was found that layoff perception significantly moderated the effect of distributive justice on organizational commitment, while there was no significant effect found in the case of layoff experience. Additional analyses show that employees perceive a high level of distributive justice even in the case of layoffs when training on the appraisal methods are provided. Implications of these findings are included in the discussion. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neuropilin‐1 is differentially expressed in myoepithelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells in preneoplastic and neoplastic human breast: A possible marker for the progression of breast cancer
Authors: Stephenson John M. , Banerjee Snigdha , Saxena Neela K. , Cherian Rachel , Banerjee Sushanta K.
Published: October 2002

The expression and distribution of neuropilin‐1 (NRP‐1) was examined in the samples of normal human breast tissues and in non‐neoplastic and neoplastic areas of breast tissue removed for carcinoma using RT‐PCR as well as conventional and tissue microarrays immunohistochemical analyses. The NRP‐1 mRNA expression was significantly higher in neoplastic tissues as compared to normal breast samples. Immunohistochemically, the myoepithelial cells of the mammary ducts and lobules display positive reactions for NRP‐1, whereas the inner ductal and lobular epithelial cell layers failed to react. The myoepithelial cells of ducts and lobules in both neoplastic and non‐neoplastic tissue specimens displayed a stronger positive reaction for NRP‐1 than those in the normal breast. A positive reaction for NRP‐1, but with a gradual reduction in intensity, was observed in the myoepithelial cells of ducts with atypical epithelial hyperplasia and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). The reaction was undetected or minimally detected in the areas of invasive carcinoma. NRP‐1 positive immunolabeling was also localized in the vascular smooth muscle cells and in some endothelial cells of the blood vessels in normal, non‐neoplastic and neoplastic breast tissue samples. In areas of breast carcinoma, NRP‐1 immunolabeling was more prominent in both vascular smooth muscle cells and in some endothelial cells than in similar cells in normal breast. The specificity of the newly developed antibody for NRP‐1 was confirmed by in situ hybridization with DIG‐labeled PCR generated probe. These results suggest that NRP‐1 may be a multiple function protein in human breast and may be involved in the induction of local invasiveness of neoplasia and angiogenesis and have direct relevance to the progression of breast cancer. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adsorption/desorption phenomena on pure and Teflon® AF‐coated titania surfaces studied by dynamic contact angle analysis
Authors: Rupp F. , Axmann D. , Ziegler C. , Geis‐Gerstorfer J.
Published: October 2002

As a result of inflammatory processes, plaque formation on dental titanium implants often leads to clinically pathogenic situations. This special biofilm formation on (bio)materials in contact with saliva is initiated by ionic and protein interactions. In this interfacial process, albumin becomes a main constituent of dental pellicle. Interfacial reactions change the surface characteristics. They determine the following steps of macromolecular adsorption and bacterial adhesion. This work focuses on the dynamic contact angle analysis (DCA), which is a tool for online measurements of dynamic changes of wettability without disturbing the interface during detection. Repeatability of the DCA method has been assessed according to the Bland and Altman method. The kinetics and equilibrium data of shifts in the wetting tension hysteresis indicate ionic influences at the titanium/bovine serum albumin (BSA) interface: the Ca‐mediated increase of the BSA adsorption on titanium and the adsorption maximum at the isoelectric point (IEP) of BSA. Ti was surface modified by Teflon® AF polymeric coatings. The result of the assessment gives reason to consider Teflon® AF as a reference material for DCA repeatability studies. This surface modification caused drastic changes in the dynamic interfacial reactions. Shifts in the wetting tensions during DCA adsorption‐desorption experiments clearly demonstrated the partially irreversible adsorption of BSA on Teflon® AF. In contrast, reversible adsorption behavior was detected on pure Ti surfaces. These findings strengthen the hypothesis that the analysis of dynamic changes in wetting tension and wetting tension hysteresis is a sensitive analytical method for the detection of dynamic interfacial changes at biomaterial/biosystem interfaces during the initial steps of biofilm formation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 62: 567–578, 2002
Synthesis and characterization of hydroxyapatite crystals: A review study on the analytical methods
Authors: Koutsopoulos S.
Published: October 2002

For the synthesis of hydroxyapatite crystals from aqueous solutions three preparation methods were employed. From the experimental processes and the characterization of the crystals it was concluded that aging and precipitation kinetics are critical for the purity of the product and its crystallographic characteristics. The authentication details are presented along with the results from infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray powder diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, transmission and scanning electron photographs, and chemical analysis. Analytical data for several calcium phosphates were collected from the literature, extensively reviewed, and the results were grouped and presented in tables to provide comparison with the data obtained here. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 62: 600–612, 2002
Peripheral synapses and giant neurons in whip spiders
Authors: Foelix Rainer , Troyer David , Igelmund Peter
Published: October 2002

Among invertebrates the synapses between neurons are generally restricted to ganglia, i.e., to the central nervous system (CNS). As an exception, synapses occur in the sensory nerves of arachnid legs, indicating that some nervous integration is already taking place far out in the periphery. In the antenniform legs of whip spiders (Amblypygi), a very special synaptic circuit is present. These highly modified legs contain several large interneurons (giant neurons) that receive mechanosensory input from 700–1,500 tarsal bristles. Some of the sensory cell axons contact a giant neuron at its short, branched dendrite, a few at the soma, but most synapse onto the long giant axon. The fine structure of these synapses resembles that of typical chemical synapses in other arthropods. Although thousands of sensory fibers converge on a single giant neuron, there is no reduction in the actual number of sensory fibers, because these afferent fibers continue their course to the CNS after having made several en passant synapses onto the giant neuron. Touching a single tarsal bristle is sufficient to elicit action potentials in a giant neuron. Owing to the large diameter of the giant axon (10–20 μm), the action potentials reach the CNS within 55 ms, at conduction velocities of up to 7 m/s. However, mechanical stimulation of the tarsal bristles does not elicit a fast escape response, in contrast to giant fiber systems in earthworms, certain insects, and crayfishes. A quick escape is observed in whip spiders, but only after stimulation of the filiform hairs (trichobothria) on the regular walking legs. Although the giant fiber system in the antenniform legs undoubtedly provides a fast sensory pathway, its biological significance is not clearly understood at the moment. Microsc. Res. Tech. 58:272–282, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Non‐radioactive in situ detection of mRNA in ES cell‐derived cardiomyocytes and in the developing heart
Authors: Fijnvandraat Arnoud C. , De Boer Piet A.J. , Deprez Ronald H. Lekanne , Moorman Antoon F.M.
Published: October 2002

Non‐radioactive in situ hybridisation is an excellent method to visualise mRNA molecules within their topographical context. Recently we have reported a new non‐radioactive in situ hybridisation procedure on tissue sections that is essentially based on the whole mount in situ hybridisation procedure. This method is superior in spatial resolution and sensitivity compared to the radioactive in situ hybridisation procedure. Generally, low levels of gene expression, such as found with the developmental onset of gene expression and in differentiating embryonic stem cells, are difficult to detect by in situ hybridisation. Here an application of the protocol is presented which is based on tyramide signal amplification, which enables the detection of very low abundant mRNAs. The significance of this method is two‐fold: (1) the molecular phenotype of embryonic stem cell‐derived cardiomyocytes can be examined at the cellular level with high sensitivity, and (2) the number of cells that express the gene of interest can be assessed. Microsc. Res. Tech. 58:387–394, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.