bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Personal liability of managers of undertakings for infringements of competition law in the Republic of Lithuania: the sanctions regime from the perspective of the principle of legal certainty
Authors:   Mykolas Romeris Law School, Mykolas Romeris University, Moisejevas Raimundas , Nasutavičienė Justina ,   Mykolas Romeris Law School, Mykolas Romeris University, Puksas Andrius ,   Faculty of Public Governance and Business, Mykolas Romeris University
Published: December 2022

This article focuses on the personal liability of managers of undertakings for breaches of competition law. This article starts with a review of the sanction regime for managers of undertakings according to the Competition law of the Republic of Lithuania. Reviewed are legal provisions and judicial practice of the Lithuanian courts starting from 2017, that is, when the first request to sanction a manager of an undertaking was submitted to the court by the Competition Council (CC). It is pointed out that in most cases the courts do not fully accept the requests of the CC with respect to the severity of the sanctions to be imposed on managers. The second part of the Article comprehensively analyses the case-law of administrative courts of the Republic of Lithuania, and presents key elements of the imposition of sanctions on company managers. Firstly, in exceptional circumstances, courts may impose a lower penalty than the one specified by competition law. Secondly, the courts may impose both, the main sanction as well as an additional one, or any of them. Thirdly, the level of sanctions should be determined the light of the fines imposed on undertakings for their infringements of competition law. The article concludes with a short summary.
Men in the service of humanity: Sociocultural perceptions of the nursing profession in South Africa
Authors: Shakwane S
Published: December 2022

Background. The classification of nursing as a female-gendered profession, along with patriarchally determined cultural gender roles, makes it difficult for men to select nursing as a career and to excel in their caring capacity as nurses.Objective. To gain in-depth insights into and an understanding of male nursing students’ perceptions of the nursing profession.Methods. A generic qualitative approach, which was explorative, descriptive and contextual, was used to conduct the study. Sixteen male nursing students at two nursing education institutions in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa, were purposively sampled to participate in the study. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and unstructured observation. Thereafter, thematic analysis was used to analyse the data.

Results. Three main themes were developed from the interview data. The participants perceived nursing as the extension of women’s work, with low social status ‒ nursing is not considered to be a profession for men. During the provision of nursing care, feelings of discomfort and embarrassment were experienced. They feared misinterpretation of their care, especially when caring for the naked body when alone with a patient. They resorted to the use of cautious caring, where they do not provide physical care alone, but seek support, especially from female nurses.

Conclusion. Male nursing students require role models to support them in their academic journey towards becoming competent practitioners. A male-friendly environment should be created to enable them to provide quality nursing care to all patients. The society needs to be empowered in understanding that men choose the nursing profession to provide care, and that they are capable of caring for the sick.
High-fidelity simulation: A practice model for nurse educators at a South African private higher education institution
Authors: Powell E , Scrooby B , Van Graan A
Published: December 2022

Background. The clinical skills development of student nurses is one of many challenges facing nursing education owing to a lack of available clinical placements and learning opportunities. Simulation training as an optional teaching-learning method creates an environment where clinical skills are developed and students are prepared for the nursing profession. The successful implementation of high-fidelity simulation (HFS) strategies as part of the nursing curricula requires nurse educators to have knowledge and skills. At the South African private higher education institution (SAPHEI) where the research for this study was done, it became evident that nurse educators do not have the required knowledge, skills or support to implement HFS. The absence of evidence in the literature of a practice model for a SAPHEI to facilitate the implementation of HFS reveals a gap in the practice base of nursing education.

Objective. To develop a practice model for nurse educators at a SAPHEI to facilitate the implementation of HFS.Methods. The researcher used a theory-generative research design. The study was conducted in two phases, with two steps in each phase, to address four objectives in all.Results. Phase 1 identified and described the main and related concepts. A resulting conceptual framework was used for the development of the practice model. Phase 2 addressed the relational meaning of the main and related concepts, as well as the construction of the practice model through theory synthesis.Conclusion. The main aim of this research study was to develop a practice model for nurse educators at a SAPHEI to facilitate the implementation of HFS as part of the clinical skills development of student nurses. The practice model offers a schematic outline that represents HFS as a teaching-learning method. The importance of the outline lies therein that it specifies the context and situations in which the model is useful.
Screening for maternal and congenital syphilis with a chemiluminescence immunoassay in a South African private specialist healthcare sector setting
Authors: Onyangunga O A , Moodley K , Moodley J
Published: December 2022

Background. Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection that is most frequently found in lower socio-economic groups globally and is associated with significant maternal and fetal complications. In South Africa (SA), the last two to three decades have seen a rise in the number of people in the low and middle economic social groups seeking private specialist healthcare services.Objective. To evaluate the prevalence rates of maternal and congenital syphilis in a private specialist healthcare setting.

Methods. The laboratory case records of women who had antenatal maternal syphilis (MS) screening using the automated chemiluminescence immunoassay (Architect Syphilis TP) in a private laboratory facility in Durban were reviewed.Results. A total of 9 740 individual maternal serum samples were analysed and 256 were Architect Syphilis TP positive, resulting in a MS prevalence rate of 2.7%. Of the less than three-quarters of exposed neonates tested (71.1%; n=182/256), 38.5% (n=70/182) were Architect syphilis TP positive. Less than a tenth of exposed neonates (2.43%; n=6) had only rapid plasma reagin (RPR) titers test whereas 26.6% (n=68/256) did not have a syphilis screen test. Based on the 182 exposed neonates tested, the congenital syphilis (CS) prevalence from the laboratory records was 7.7%. The highest rate of MS was in the ≥35 years age group.

Conclusion. The prevalence of MS in the private specialist healthcare sector in SA is relatively high and warrants continued maternal antenatal screening during early pregnancy across all socio-economic groups. The high rate of MS in the age group over 35 years warrants further investigations and explanation.
Age-related changes in serum anti-Müllerian hormone in women of reproductive age in Kenya
Authors: Andhavarapu M , Maina D , Murage A , Muteshi C
Published: December 2022

Background. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is produced by the granulosa cells of ovarian antral follicles and plays a role in therecruitment of dominant follicles during folliculogenesis. The serum level of AMH is proportional to the number of developing folliclesin the ovaries and reflects ovarian reserve. Nomograms of AMH variation with age exist from Caucasian populations, but there are none drawn from local African data.Objectives. To establish age-specific median serum AMH levels in an unselected East African population of women of reproductive age.Methods. We retrospectively analysed data on 1 718 women who underwent AMH testing using the Beckman Coulter AMH Gen IIenzyme-linked immunosorbent assay during the period 2015 - 2019 at Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. Age-specific median AMH levels were derived and presented in 5-year age bands. AMH levels were then log-transformed and, using linear regression in a natural spline function, presented on a scatter plot to demonstrate variation across reproductive age.Results. The median (interquartile range (IQR)) age of women who were tested for AMH was 38 (19 - 49) years. For the study population, the median (IQR) serum AMH level was 0.87 (0.01 - 17.10) ng/mL. The AMH concentration was inversely related to age, with a progressive decline whereby an increase of 1 year resulted in a corresponding decrease in AMH of 0.18 ng/mL. The proportion of women with decreased ovarian reserve increased exponentially with age from 14.9% in those aged 20 - 24 years to 48.7% at 35 - 39 years.Conclusion. From a large dataset of mainly black African women, this study confirms that serum AMH declines with advancing age,as reported elsewhere in Caucasian populations. There was, however, a higher than expected number of women with diminished ovarian reserve for age. Future studies prospectively exploring ovarian reserve in the general population could unravel underlying biological, reproductive and environmental factors that may influence AMH levels and reproductive capacity in this indigenous population.
Is medicine a process of scientific rigour?
Authors: Edridge W
Published: December 2022

-
Palaeoebiological implications of cuticle morphology, microstructure and formation in modern and fossil Daira (Decapoda, Brachyura, Dairoidea)
Authors: Ferratges Fernando A. , Elorza Javier , Zamora Samuel
Published: December 2022

The origin and function of peculiar mushroom-shaped cuticular structures in some decapod crustaceans remains unknown. This ornamentation has appeared several times in widely disparate clades (in podotreme and heterotreme crabs, and pagurids). These structures are analysed in the modern genus Daira and compared with fossil material from the Eocene of Huesca and the Miocene of Alicante and Mallorca. A morphological and petrographic study is carried out using conventional microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy to understand the microstructure in modern and fossil representatives. This provides a clear view of the mushroom-like structures that cover the carapace of Daira and the distribution of the different layers of the exoskeleton. The results reveal a complex morphology, which involves all layers of the cuticle, with changes in the thickness of the exocuticle in different areas, and the presence of conical structures that especially affect the outer layers. These convolutions form a network of channels connected to the outside by pores. Finally, possible anti-predatory functions of these complex structures are proposed.
El papel del profesorado universitario español ante el nuevo modelo europeo de educación superior y el despliegue tecnológico en la docencia
Authors: Lladó Martínez Albert
Published: December 2022

Durante la última década se advierte un constante incremento en regulaciones de diversa índole que afectan al quehacer docente del profesorado universitario, así como a la extensión de la libertad de cátedra como libertad individual y también, en menor medida, a la autonomía universitaria; unas limitaciones que afectan principalmente a la planificación, ordenación e incluso a las decisiones sobre los contenidos y la metodología de la docencia. En este trabajo se identifican algunos de los principales ámbitos en los que estos límites se presentan en mayor medida, especialmente el desarrollo de la normativa que ordena el Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior en España. La continua ampliación que, derivada de esta normativa, experimentan las potestades de ordenación de la docencia por parte de las instituciones se traslada en la mayoría de los casos en detrimento de la capacidad de decisión del profesorado. Siendo también años de despliegue de multitud de posibilidades y herramientas tecnológicas, su elección e implementación ha quedado asimismo en manos de las universidades, mientras que los docentes deben habitualmente amoldarse a aquellas tecnologías que la institución les permita o les obligue a usar. Una vez más, se mediatizan las posibilidades de elección de la metodología docente que ha de emplear el profesor. En el texto se expone la primacía con la que se ha ido dotando a las potestades organizativas de las instituciones, estatales, autonómicas o incluso de las propias universidades, siempre a cambio de restringir la libertad de cátedra individual del docente. Se pretende advertir, en definitiva, de que la implantación de una universidad moderna y coherente con el EEES no significa ni debería suponer imposiciones excesivas desde los poderes públicos a los docentes, una prevención que es precisamente el motivo de la existencia de la libertad de cátedra.
The Calculated Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity of the Binary Mixture
Authors: Galkin Aleksandr , Pankov Vladimir Yur'evich , Fedorov Yan Vasil'evich
Published: December 2022

When designing cryolithozone engineering structures, proper consideration of the thermal factor largely determines their subsequent reliable and safe operation. One of the important indicators when choosing design solutions is the coefficient of thermal conductivity of materials used in the construction of objects. The accuracy of determining the thermal conductivity coefficient also depends on the accuracy of determining the thermal resistance of heat-protective structures. The coefficient of thermal conductivity of materials is usually selected from the reference tables. When using mixtures of materials, the coefficient of thermal conductivity is determined by calculation. The purpose of this work was to compare the calculated values of the thermal conductivity coefficient of binary mixtures (a mixture of binder and filler) determined by the formulas of K. Lichtenecker and P. Schwerdtfeger. The comparison was carried out in the range of changes in the properties of materials characteristic of heat-accumulating and heat-insulating mixtures. It is established that for heat-accumulating mixtures, both calculation formulas give similar results. For thermal insulation mixtures, the results differ significantly. Moreover, the discrepancy for some ranges of changes in filler concentrations is hundreds and thousands of percent, which indicates a complete disagreement of the results obtained. The validity of applying one or another formula in different ranges of changes in the initial parameters for thermal insulation binary mixtures needs separate special studies. Note that the results obtained and the conclusions drawn can be extended to compare the formulas of K.Lichteneker and V.I.Odelevsky. At the same time, at this stage of research, it is not possible to reliably determine which of the two formulas should be used when calculating the thermal conductivity coefficient of thermal insulation mixtures.
The Beijing Opera features that must be taken into account in the translating process
Authors: Udovichenko Assol Yur'evna
Published: December 2022

The purpose of the study is to determine the Beijing Opera features, to establish their relationships with the Beijing Opera translation features. The subject of research: the Beijing Opera features affecting its translation. The main research methods are comparative, content analysis of scientific articles about the Beijing Opera and its translation in Russian and Chinese. The author examines in detail the following features of the Beijing Opera: complexity, virtuality, exemplary, theatrical effectiveness and audiovisuality, accessibility, lack of notes, aesthetics, etc. Special attention is paid to the connection of the Beijing Opera features with its translation features, their accounting, analysis and maximum transfer in translation. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the systematization of the Beijing Opera characteristic features, which determine its translation features. The main conclusions of the study: the translation fundamental feature is acceptability, to achieve which, taking into account each characteristic feature of the Beijing Opera, it is necessary to use descriptive translation or its combinations with other techniques, in particular transliteration or replication. As the study result of the above features, it was revealed that in the Beijing Opera, every detail is important, and should be acceptably presented in translation. The data obtained can be used in the creation of manuals for the translation of the Beijing Opera, and can also be used in universities of the humanities in the study of special courses or special seminars on practical translation, cultural studies, comparative linguistics, etc.
Revisiting the Self-Determination Theory-Motivating the Unmotivated
Authors: Luria Ela
Published: December 2022

This article is a review of the Self-determination theory (SDT) of Motivation. The theory identifies motivation as a continuum ranging from amotivation to extrinsic motivation and finally to intrinsic motivation (Ryan & Deci, 2000). Intrinsic motivation, thought of as the highest
form of motivation satisfying the innate psychological needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness. These psychological needs are given as a prototype of self-determined behavior and activity. The theory suggests that extrinsic motivated behaviors can vary in the extent to which they represent
Self-determination, ranging from the lowest type of external regulation motivation to the highest type of integrated motivation. In this review I wish to present the SDT theory of motivation and to argue that intrinsic and extrinsic motivation must be reconsidered. Although I acknowledge the
positive effects of intrinsic motivation I urge educators and researchers to consider the benefits of extrinsic motivation. I critically examine the evidence for and against the model, discuss its limitations, and identify critical gaps for future research.
Difficulties Teachers Face When Using an Unfamiliar Language in Rural Lower Primary Classes in Tanzania
Authors: Nkwiga Riziki Charles , Brock-Utne Birgit
Published: December 2022

This study investigated challenges faced by teachers when teaching by using a language unfamiliar to pupils in rural lower primary classes in Tanzania. The study employed a qualitative research approach and a case study design. Interview and observation methods were employed to obtain
the data. The study involved 58 participants of which 8 were teachers (three heads of schools, two standard one teachers and three pre-primary teachers), and 50 were standard one pupils. We found out that pupils use their ethnic languages in daily communication while teachers do not have knowledge
and skills to teach by using the ethnic language of the community, a language usually unfamiliar to them. The study revealed the massive use of local languages and few fluent speakers of Kiswahili in the local community. There were few games for children to play in which they could improve
their skills in Kiswahili, the language of instruction in primary schools. There was a failure among the teachers to manage the time and to follow the syllabus. Pupils failed to express themselves in Kiswahili. They used only ethnic languages at home. Teachers who were teaching by using Kiswahili
as a medium of instruction a language unfamiliar to pupils saw this as a great challenge. We concluded that using Kiswahili as medium of instructions in lower primary classes in rural areas leaves a lot to be desired. There is a need to standardize, promote and enhance the unveiled pedagogical
strategies and challenges across rural schools.
Terreiros Egúngún: um culto ancestral afro-brasileiro
Authors: Santanna Sobrinho José
Published: December 2022

Apresentando ampla pesquisa etnográfica, o livro traz uma investigação profunda da expansão das comunidades terreiros na atualidade, em especial dos Terreiros Egúngún, localizados na Ilha de Itaparica (BA). O livro conta com testemunhos e opiniões de líderes religiosos sobre o fluxo e a expansão das tradições em meio às mudanças que ocorrem na geografia urbana da região, que abriga os primeiros terreiros de culto aos ancestrais desde o século XIX.
Generating colorblind-friendly scatter plots for single-cell data
Authors: Guha Tejas , Fertig Elana J , Deshpande Atul
Published: December 2022

Reduced-dimension or spatial in situ scatter plots are widely employed in bioinformatics papers analyzing single-cell data to present phenomena or cell-conditions of interest in cell groups. When displaying these cell groups, color is frequently the only graphical cue used to differentiate them. However, as the complexity of the information presented in these visualizations increases, the usefulness of color as the only visual cue declines, especially for the sizable readership with color-vision deficiencies (CVDs). In this paper, we present scatterHatch, an R package that creates easily interpretable scatter plots by redundant coding of cell groups using colors as well as patterns. We give examples to demonstrate how the scatterHatch plots are more accessible than simple scatter plots when simulated for various types of CVDs.
Guttigomphus avilionisgen. et sp. nov., a trirachodontid cynodont from the upperCynognathusAssemblage Zone, Burgersdorp Formation of South Africa
Authors: Rayner Romy R. , Butler Richard J. , Kammerer Christian F. , Choiniere Jonah N.
Published: December 2022

The Burgersdorp Formation of South Africa is a richly fossiliferous rock sequence at the top of the Permian–Triassic Beaufort Group and is known for its abundance of Early–Middle Triassic vertebrate remains, particularly cynodonts. Fossils from the Burgersdorp Formation are referred biostratigraphically to theCynognathusAssemblage Zone (CAZ), which is further divided into three subzones:Langbergia-Garjainia, Trirachodon-Kannemeyeria, andCricodon-Ufudocyclops. Each subzone is characterised by the presence of a distinct species of trirachodontid, a group of gomphodont cynodonts found relatively abundantly throughout the CAZ, with the lower two subzones characterised by the medium-sized trirachodontidsLangbergiaandTrirachodon. The uppermost part of the formation, theCricodon-Ufudocyclopssubzone, yields trirachodontids of larger size. The majority of these trirachodontid specimens have previously been referred toCricodon metabolus, a taxon also known from the Manda Beds of Tanzania and the Ntawere Formation of Zambia. Here we identify one of the specimens (BP/1/5538) previously referred toCricodonas a new taxon,Guttigomphus avilionis.Guttigomphuscan be distinguished from other gomphodont cynodonts by features of the upper postcanine teeth, such as an asymmetric crown in occlusal view (crown narrower along the lingual margin than the labial). Our phylogenetic analysis recoversGuttigomphusas a basal member of Trirachodontidae, outside of the clade includingCricodon,LangbergiaandTrirachodon.
A REVIEW ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NIDRA QUALITY AND MENTAL HEALTH: A PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECT
Authors: Keshri Mayank Kumar , Prakash Shalini
Published: December 2022

Ahara, nidra, and brahmacharya are the three fundamental pyramids of life according to the ancient Ayurvedic texts, and they all play an essential part in preserving human health. Nidra nourishes the body and helps us avoid sickness by reducing stress. When practised regularly, nidra may help a person to live a long and healthy life, retain their memory and intellect as they age, and improve their appearance, voice, and overall health. In addition to reversing disease processes and preventing recurrence, nidra may help boost a person's immune system so that he can avoid contracting illness. Anidra refers to the array of clinical states brought on by nidra deficiency (primary insomnia). Chronic insomnia, also known as secondary or tertiary insomnia, is a symptom of poor health that may lead to psychological difficulties such as dissociation from reality (delusions), paranoia, and hallucinations. There is an increased risk of cardiovascular illness in those with poor mental health because of its impact on the cardiovascular system. For both psychological and physical well-being, nidra is a valuable tool. This review presents a critical explanation of nidra, mental health, and their relationship with respect to cognitive and physiological aspects.
MANAGEMENT OF MALNUTRITION IN CHILDREN WITH AYURVEDA INTERVENTIONS: A REVIEW
Authors: Sinha Ekta , Ojha Nisha Kumari
Published: December 2022

In India, malnutrition remains a significant and challenging public health issue despite dietary rehabilitation and the effort of the government to tackle malnutrition. Childhood malnutrition is an underlying cause of an estimated 35% of all deaths among children under five and 21% of global disability-adjusted life years lost among less than five children. In Ayurveda, malnutrition in children is described as balashosha, karshya, phakka and parigarbhika. A large number of clinical studies on the management of malnutrition with Ayurveda drugs have been conducted and published. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of Ayurveda interventions in the management of malnutrition in children. This review is accomplished using a complete and organized search of the available literature in Ayurveda texts and published articles. The searches were performed using various databases, including PubMed, Scopus, MedLine, and Google Scholar. Ayurveda drugs described for managing karshya and balashosha are formulated to meet all the deficiencies and cure the same. The findings of this review suggest that Ayurveda drugs, along with nutritional rehabilitation, proves to be more effective than nutritional rehabilitation alone, which may be due to the presence of deepana, pachana, brimhana and rasayana property of the Ayurveda drug. These findings will provide a substratum for future research studies for generating good-quality evidence that can help design new health policies to combat malnutrition effectively.
Anticancer Potential of Rhychosia beddomei: An In vitro and In silico Study
Authors: Madhuri M. Lakshmi , Reddy R. Raja
Published: December 2022

Rhychosia beddomei is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. Traditionally this plant has been used as a medicine for multiple ailments including cancer. The present study addresses the evaluation of In vitro anticancer activity by using MTT Assay of methanolic extracts of whole plant of Rhychosia beddomei in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HepG2) cell line in comparison with standard drug doxorubicin as well as In silico analysis. Doxorubicin acts in the cancer cell by intercalation into DNA and disruption of topoisomerase-II-mediated DNA repair and generation of free radicals and their damage to cellular membranes, DNA and proteins. Cytotoxicity studies have indicated that the phytoconstituents of Rhychosia beddomei have the ability to selectively target cancer, whereas minimal or negligible cytotoxic effects were observed on normal cells. The molecular docking approach was employed to check binding conformations of phytochemicals against human cyclin-dependent kinase 2, CDK-2 and Topoisomerase-2, Topo-II proteins (Protein Data bank-ID: 1DI8 and 1ZXM) through Mcule online molecular modelling tool. The docking revealed an encouraging binding score with a maximum score of -11.5 and -10.4 kCal/mol with CDK-2 and Topo-II respectively and all the selected ligands indicate promising anticancer activity. Molecular docking studies using the phytoconstituents were performed in order to gain a better understanding of the putative mechanisms of action leading to the development of improved and affordable therapies. This study paves a way to better understand the integration of molecular docking and in vitro studies can accelerate cancer drug discovery showing a good consistency of anticancer therapeutic drug potentials of Rhychosia beddomei by In vitro and In silico approaches.
Analysis of Spatially Distributed Monthly Rainfall and Temperature over Bangladesh from 1989 to 2019
Authors: Islam A. S. M. Mohiul , Rahman Md. Habibur , Sultana Farjana , Hasan Mohammad Sariful
Published: December 2022

In this study, based on the analysis of historical data on temperature and rainfall recorded at 34 meteorological stations, It is reveal Climate change and variability in Bangladesh from 1989-2019. Analysis of rainfall data showed that for most stations, the total rainfall showed an increasing trend for the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. The average increase in monthly average maximum and minimum temperatures during the 31 years from 1989 to 2019 is quite significant. These changes will threaten Bangladesh's significant achievements over the last 31 years in increasing incomes and reducing poverty. Analysis of rainfall data showed a rising rainfall trend for most stations during the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Analysis of rainfall data showed that rain increased during and after the monsoon but decreased during the winter. Assessment of changes in maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and rainfall patterns. Bangladesh's annual maximum temperature was increasing on average by 34 stations. The greatest change in month-average maximum temperature was found in the Southeastern region of Bangladesh for maximum months.
Efficacy of New Herbicide Mixtures on Weed Control, Yield, and Economics in Transplanted Rice
Authors: Padmaja B. , Ramprakash T.
Published: December 2022

Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of new herbicide mixtures on the weed control and performance of transplanted rice.

Study Design: Randomized Complete Block Design.

Place and Duration of Study: AlI India Coordinated Research Project on Weed Management, PJTSAU, Hyderabad between August to December, 2021.

Methodology: The efficacy of herbicide mixtures either ready mix or as tank mixtures were evaluated for effective and broad spectrum weed control in transplanted rice during kharif season, 2021 at AICRP on Weed Management, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with nine treatments and three replications. The treatments included five ready mixes (RM) one tank mix combination of new herbicides tested against one single herbicide, weedy check and hand weeding twice at 20 and 40 DAT.

Results: The results of the study revealed that bispyribac sodium 10% SC 25 g ha-1+ penoxsulam 1.02% (20 g  ha-1) (tank mix) as post-emergence (POE) fb hand weeding (HW) at 40 DAT or penoxsulam 0.97% (20 g ha-1) + butachlor (38.8%) @ 820 g ha-1 (RM) as POE fb HW at 40 DAT or penoxsulam 1.02% (20g  ha-1) + cyhalofop butyl 5.1%  (100 g ha-1 ) (RM) as POE fb  HW at 40 DAT or bensulfuron methyl 0.6% (60 g ha-1) + pretilachlor 6% (600g ha-1) GR (RM) as pre-emergence (PE) fb HW at 40 DAT  were equally effective to hand weeding twice at 20 and 40 DAT with respect to suppression of  weeds at  60 DAT. The yield attributes like a number of tillers/m2, panicles no, panicle length, grains panicle-1 and test weight were found to be higher with penoxsulam 1.02% (20 g ha-1) + cyhalofop butyl 5.1% (100 g ha-1) as POE fb HW at 40 DAT which also recorded higher grain yield, straw yield, gross returns, net returns and B-C ratio but it was found to be at par with other herbicide combinations.

Conclusion: It can be concluded that new herbicide mixtures either as ready mix or tank mix performed better than sole application or hand weeding alone.
A Study of Fingernail Plate Shape and Fingerprint Pattern among the Yala Indigenes of Cross River State
Authors: Ugochi Chike Comfort , Chukwuemeka Okoye Augustine , Anyanwu Ammielshaddai C. , Chinonyerem Oteh Esther , Igbe Ejiro Utseritselaju , Okeke Clement Kelechi , Ukeh Ushie Raphael
Published: December 2022

Background /Aim: The uniqueness and consistency of fingerprints throughout life are some of the features used for personal identification. This study aims to generate data for fingernail plate shape and fingerprint pattern to determine the following indices: Furuhata's index, Dankmeijer's index, and Pattern intensity index using the frequency distribution of the required fingerprint pattern of Yala indigenes in Cross River State.

Methodology: The three indices of the current research study for both males and females Furuhata's index for females was 39.7% and 24.57% for males, the Dankmeijer's index for females was 41.8% and 32% for males, while the Pattern intensity index for females was 4.58% and 7.11% for males, in contrast, the Dankmeijer's index shows a greater value in males. Four hundred and thirty subjects (258 males and 172 females) participated in the study. A conventional method of using an ink pad was used to collect the fingerprint of the ten digits; the vernier caliper was also used to measure the nail plate shape of the thumb, index, and middle finger. 

Results: The result of the study showed that males had 50.5% ulnar loop pattern, 27.3% whorl pattern, 13.3% radial loop pattern, and 8.6% arches Pattern. For females, 61.2% ulnar loop pattern, 25.0% whorl, 10.5% arch pattern, 1.7% radial loop pattern, and 1.6% double loop whorl pattern, while comparing both sexes, the Female has a high percentage of ulnar loop than their male counterparts. 

Conclusion: Furthermore, the finger's nail plate shape in both sexes of the Yala population is a rectangular-shaped pattern in the thumb, index, middle, and ring finger. These findings will help in creating a database of fingerprints for easy identification, reference purpose, research, and forensic investigation when the need arises.
Complications Following Elective Major Noncardiac Surgery Among Patients With Prior SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Authors: Quinn Kieran L. , Huang Anjie , Bell Chaim M. , Detsky Allan S. , Lapointe-Shaw Lauren , Rosella Laura C. , Urbach David R. , Razak Fahad , Verma Amol A.
Published: December 2022

Importance

There is an urgent need for evidence to inform preoperative risk assessment for the millions of people who have had SARS-CoV-2 infection and are awaiting elective surgery, which is critical to surgical care planning and informed consent.

Objective

To assess the association of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection with death, major adverse cardiovascular events, and rehospitalization after elective major noncardiac surgery.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This population-based cohort study included adults who had received a polymerase chain reaction test for SARS-CoV-2 infection within 6 months prior to elective major noncardiac surgery in Ontario, Canada, between April 2020 and October 2021, with 30 days follow-up.

Exposures

Positive SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction test result.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The main outcome was the composite of death, major adverse cardiovascular events, and all-cause rehospitalization within 30 days after surgery.

Results

Of 71 144 patients who underwent elective major noncardiac surgery (median age, 66 years [IQR, 57-73 years]; 59.8% female), 960 had prior SARS-CoV-2 infection (1.3%) and 70 184 had negative test results (98.7%). Prior infection was not associated with the composite risk of death, major adverse cardiovascular events, and rehospitalization within 30 days of elective major noncardiac surgery (5.3% absolute event rate [n = 3770]; 960 patients with a positive test result; adjusted relative risk [aRR], 0.91; 95% CI, 0.68-1.21). There was also no association between prior infection with SARS-CoV-2 and postoperative outcomes when the time between infection and surgery was less than 4 weeks (aRR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.64-2.09) or less than 7 weeks (aRR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.56-1.61) and among those who were previously vaccinated (aRR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.52-1.26).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this study, prior infection with SARS-CoV-2 was not associated with death, major adverse cardiovascular events, or rehospitalization following elective major noncardiac surgery, although low event rates and wide 95% CIs do not preclude a potentially meaningful increase in overall risk.
Acid–Base Catalysis – Biological
Authors: Williams A.
Published: December 2022

Acid–base catalysis, the process where the transfer of a proton facilitates a reaction, is shown to play an important catalytic role across a wide range of organic and bioorganic reactions. The origins of the catalytic advantage of acid–base catalysis are described and the concepts are illustrated with examples taken form a spectrum of fields from synthetic organic chemistry to enzyme action.
Active Sites – Biological
Authors: Hult Karl , Faber Kurt
Published: December 2022

The development of model concepts and their application to the biotransformation of nonnatural compounds in view of the prediction of reactivities and (enantio)selectivities is reviewed. In particular, enzyme‐ and substrate‐models are discussed for hydrolytic reactions, redox reactions, and carbon–carbon bond formation.
Asymmetric Catalysis – Homogeneous
Authors: Consiglio Giambattista
Published: December 2022

Possible applications of enantioselective catalysis, namely nucleophilic and electrophilic catalyses, as well as of coordination catalysis by transition metal complexes all published before June 2001 are summarized. Enantioface‐discriminating and enantiomer‐discriminating reactions are considered. The conditions under which enantioselective syntheses occur are briefly described. The most important class of reactions encompasses addition reactions of various addenda to CX double bonds, where X = C, N, and O, whereby either acyclic (e.g., in hydrogenation, hydrosilylation, hydrocarbonylation) or cyclic (e.g., epoxidation, cyclopropanation, Diels–Alder reaction) optically active reaction products are formed. Other reactions involving olefinic substrates, namely isomerization, metathesis, allylic oxidation, the Heck reaction, and conjugated addition, are presented. Furthermore, the Friedel–Crafts and aldol reactions, cross‐coupling, the insertion of carbenes into various bonds, the oxidation of CH bonds and sulfides, the Baeyer–Villiger oxidation, and the ring‐opening reaction of oxiranes and aziridines are discussed. Some examples of enantioselective polymerization reactions are also given.
Bimetallic Catalysts – Heterogeneous
Authors: Sinfelt John H.
Published: December 2022

Although early attempts to use metal alloys to probe the so‐called electronic factor in catalysis by metals did not meet expectations, investigations of bimetallic catalysts with other objectives have led to major advances. Such investigations have shown that bimetallic catalysts can exhibit selectivities for hydrocarbon transformations that are very different from those observed on monometallic catalysts, favoring the formation of valuable products such as aromatic hydrocarbons at the expense of less valuable ones such as methane. The number of contiguous atoms of a given metal component required in an active catalytic site is an important issue here. Investigations with bimetallic catalysts have also shown that systems of interest are not limited to combinations of metallic elements that are highly miscible in the bulk. For industrial applications of bimetallic catalysts, a crucial advance was the demonstration that highly dispersed bimetallic entities as small as 1 nm in size could be prepared within the pores of materials commonly used as catalyst supports. The term “bimetallic clusters” is used in referring to these entities. A very important industrial application of bimetallic catalysts has occurred on a huge worldwide scale in petroleum reforming processes. This application has played a vital role in making lead‐free gasoline a reality, an accomplishment of enormous environmental significance.
Biocatalytic One‐Carbon Conversion
Authors: Ragsdale Stephen W.
Published: December 2022

The review focuses on the biological machines that oxidize, reduce, and interconvert one‐carbon compounds. The focus is on the unusual cofactors and enzymes in methanogens and acetogens that are involved in anaerobic one‐carbon metabolism, which is key to the globla carbon cycle. A variety of autotrophic anaerobes can fix CO2into organic carbon as well as use the reduction of CO2as a source of energy. CO dehydrogenase, formate dehydrogenase, and formylmethanofuran dehydrogenase are metalloenzymes that reduce CO2to the formate oxidation level (CO, formate, or formylmethyanofuran). At the formate level, the one‐carbon compounds are converted to a cofactor‐bound form, either the formyl‐ or methenyl tetrahydromethanopterin or tetrahydrofolate derivatives, before they undergo further reduction. The next stage, reduction from the formate to the formaldehyde level, is accomplished by either methylenetetrahydrofolate or methylenetetrahydromethopterin dehydrogenase. Metalloenzymes again enter the picture at the methanol oxidation level. Afer reduction of the methylene derivatives to methyltetrahydrofolate or methyltetrahydromethanopterin by a reductase, cobalamin‐dependent methyltransferases attach the methyl group to the cobalt as enzyme‐bound methyl‐cob(III)amide. The most reduced one‐carbon compounds are at the methane level. Reduction of the methyl‐Co(III) derivatives to methane is accomplished by methyl coenzyme M reductase. Alternatively, the methyl group is reduced by acetyl‐CoA synthase to acetyl‐CoA. The oxidation of methane back to CO2is initiated by methane monooxygenase, while there are various microbes that can use acetyl‐CoA as an energy source.
Catalyst Deactivation/Regeneration – Biological
Authors: Drevon Géraldine , Russell Alan J.
Published: December 2022

Biocatalyst inactivation is caused by external stresses, including high pressures and temperatures, extreme pH's, organic media, freezing, drying, and oxidative, chelating, and denaturing agents. These stresses may result either in reversible or irreversible activity loss. The main structural and covalent mechanisms in biocatalyst inactivation such as the disulfide intra‐ and interexchanges, the deamidation of asparagine residues, the decomposition of disulfide bridges by β‐elimination, the hydrolysis of peptide chains, the β‐isomerization of asparagine and aspartic acid residues, and amino acid racemization are discussed. The strategies that have been developed to prevent biocatalyst inactivation, i.e. chemical modification immobilization, protein engineering, directed evolution, are briefly presented.
Catalysts for Fuel Cells – Heterogeneous
Authors: McNicol Brian D. , Williams Keith R.
Published: December 2022

Fuel cell catalysis has many similarities to normal heterogeneous catalysis, with the important exception that it often takes place in the aggressive environment of an electrolyte, which may be a strong acid, a strong alkali, or a fused salt. Additionally electrons are either added to or removed by external means during the reaction processes. The current state of the art in a variety of fuel cell systems is reviewed, and areas of catalysis in which further progess is needed before widespread commercial use is achieved are identified.
Electrocatalysis – Heterogeneous
Authors: Horányi G.
Published: December 2022

The present article surveys the state of the art of electrocatalysis, laying stress on the present knowledge and understanding. The links between electrocatalysis and catalysis are analyzed, demonstrating the similarity of catalytic and electrocatalytic systems. Electrochemical methods for the characterization and preparation of catalysts are discussed. Results concerning electrochemical activation of catalysis are presented. Fundamental aspects of electrocatalysis are approached in terms of electrochemistry, analyzing the role of the nature and surface structure of the electrode/catalyst in electrocatalytic processes. Electrocatalytic hydrogenation/reduction processes are discussed in detail, with special attention to the reductive splitting of CO and COH bonds. Studies devoted to the electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide are also considered with respect to the great practical importance of the transformation of CO2into useful organic materials and fuels. Results connected with the reductive dehalogenation of various halogenated derivatives are also presented as these compounds are among the most widespread pollutants of the environment. Importance of attempts devoted to the electrocatalytic reduction of anions, first of all to the reduction of nitrate, motivated by their relevance to pollution control is emphasized. Problems of electrocatalytic oxidation of small organic molecules (formic acid, formaldehyde, and methanol) are discussed in detail, considering the potential use of these molecules as fuels in direct fuel cells. Special attention is paid to the electrocatalytic oxidation of diols and polyols.
Fine Chemical Synthesis – Homogeneous
Authors: de Vries Johannes G.
Published: December 2022

Use of homogeneous catalysis for fine chemical production is rapidly expanding. Advantages of its use are high chemo‐, regio‐, and enantioselectivity, which can be tuned by ligand design. Use of catalysis also leads to cleaner production processes. A third adavantage are the mild conditions that are often possible, which allows the application of homogeneous catalysis as a late step in a total synthesis. Often protective groups are unnecessary.

While in the past homogeneous catalysis was mainly used for second‐generation processes of rather large products, it is now increasingly used in the first production processes. This is related to an increased availability of catalysts with sufficient rate and stability. In addition, high throughput experimentation allows rapid screening of these catalysts.

While several hundred reactions are known that are catalyzed by homogeneous transition metal catalysts, only a limited number of these are applied for fine chemical production. They can be subdivided into four main classes: hydrogenation, carbon–carbon bond formation, carbon–heteroatom bond formation, and isomerization reactions. Important requirements are rate of the reaction, expressed as turnover frequency (TOF) and catalyst stability, expressed as turnover number (TON). Examples are given of many processes on scales varying from 1 to 10,000 ton/year.

Recycle of catalysts is rarely practiced in fine chemical production, as the extra unit operations involved does not outweigh the gains of a reuse of the catalyst. Immobilization of homogeneous transition metal catalysts often leads to loss of activity and selectivity. In addition catalyst deactivation makes this an unattractive option. Emphasis is on the development of very fast catalysts. The metal is usually sent to the producer for reclaiming and refining. Two‐phase catalysis might be a viable option for catalyst recycle.

Double digit growth is expected in the coming years for the application of homogeneous catalysis in the production of fine chemicals.