bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of totaltrans fatty acids in foods: Comparison of capillary‐column gas chromatography and single‐bounce horizontal attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Ali Laila H. , Angyal Gerald , Weaver Carol M. , Rader Jeanne I. , Mossoba Magdi M.
Published: November 2006

The totaltrans fatty acid content of 18 food products was determined, after acid hydrolysis, extraction and methylation of fatty acids, by gas chromatography with a polar 100% cyanopropylsiloxane capillary column and by single‐bounce horizontal attenuated total reflection spectroscopy (SB‐HATR). Thetrans fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) of 9‐hexadecenoate (9t‐16:1), 9‐octadecenoate (9t‐18:1), and 9,12‐octadecadienoate (9t,12t‐18:2) were identified by comparison of their retention times with those of known standards and quantitated. The isomersc,t‐ andt,c‐18:2 were identified from their published retention times and included in the quantitation oftrans FAME. Neat 50‐μL portions of the FAME that were used for gas‐chromatographic analysis also were analyzed by SB‐HATR. This technique requires neither weighing nor quantitative dilution of test portions prior to spectroscopic quantitation of isolated double bonds oftrans configuration. A symmetric 966‐cm−1 absorption band on a horizontal background was obtained from unhydrogenated soybean oil FAME as the reference material. For 9 of 11 products withtrans fat content>5% of total fat, results obtained by SB‐HATR were higher than those obtained by gas chromatography. Results obtained by the gaschromatographic procedure were slightly to significantly higher than those obtained by SB‐HATR for the six foods in whichtrans fat content was <5% of total fat.
The seed oil ofBernardia pulchella (Euphorbiaceae) —A rich source of vernolic acid
Authors: Spitzer V. , Aitzetmüller K. , Vosmann K.
Published: November 2006

The fatty acids from the seed oil ofBernardia pulchella (Euphorbiaceae) have been analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC‐mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of their methyl esters. Vernolic acid is the main compound (91%), along with other usual fatty acids. In addition to the quantitation by GC analysis,1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals from the seed oil have been used to estimate the total epoxy fatty acid content. The structure of vernolic acid has been proven by spectroscopic methods (infrared,1H, and13C‐NMR) and by GC‐MS analysis of the corresponding silylated hydroxy‐methoxy derivative. The 4,4‐dimethyloxazoline derivatives of the fatty acid mixture have also been examined by GC‐MS, and it was shown that this derivazation reaction is not suitable for the structure analysis of vernolic acid.
Quantitative‐structure‐effect relationship for some technical nonionic surfactants
Authors: Lindgren Åsa , Sjöström Michael , Wold Svante
Published: November 2006

The detergency effect has been examined for a series of technical nonionic surfactants with the use of statistical experimental designs and revealed a plateau in each of the response surfaces obtained. The surfactant concentrations and washing temperatures, needed to reach the edge of each detergency effect plateau, were also determined. These conditions, which define the edge of the plateau, could be well modeled from the physicochemical properties of the surfactants with the use of partial least squares of latent structures. It was also possible to point out the importance of the different physicochemical properties. If an experimental design has been utilized, the detergency effect of a nonionic surfactant can be modeled from multiple linear regression as a function of surfactant concentration, washing time, and washing temperature. We have shown how these regression coefficients can be modeled from the physicochemical properties of the surfactants. Partial least squares of latent structures were used to estimate these models as well. We also demonstrated how these models can be used to predict the regression coefficients of a surfactant not included in the model estimations. The resultant regression coefficients can then be used to predict the detergency effects of this surfactant at different variable settings. The detergency effects thus obtained are in good agreement with measured data acquired under corresponding conditions.
Environmentally acceptable drag‐reducing surfactants for district heating and cooling
Authors: Harwigsson I. , Hellsten M.
Published: November 2006

The aim of this work was to find drag‐reducing surfactants for both district heating and cooling that are environmentally more acceptable than the organic salts of quaternary ammonium compounds that so far have dominated this application. Vortex inhibition of test solutions in glass beakers has been used to screen a large number of surfactant mixtures, various electrolytes, and temperatures. For the most interesting products, the pressure drop in a test loop was measured at various flow rates and temperatures.N‐cetyl sarcosinate andN‐stearyl betaine, the latter together with Na‐dodecylbenzene sulfonate, give good drag reduction (DR) properties at 65–100 and 45–85°C, respectively. The sarcosinate is sensitive to pH changes, whereas the betaine‐sulfonate complex is more robust. Ethoxylates of oleic acid monoethanolamide show good DR properties at 0–25°C. At an increased salt concentration, a mixture of this surfactant with an ethoxylated oleyl alcohol worked well. At a still higher salt concentration, e.g., sea water, a combination ofN‐cetyl betaine and alkylbenzene sulfonate showed DR.
The relationship between size, budding rate, and growth efficiency in three species of hydra
Authors: Stiven Alan E.
Published: November 2006

Three species of the fresh water carnivore hydra, H. littoralis, H. pseudoligactis, and C. viridissima present a graduation in size with the first species the largest and albino Chlorohydra the smallest. When presented with a daily overabundance of food (artemia), considerable variation in food intake and gross efficiency of growth (proportion of food energy consumed that is turned into new protoplasm or buds) existed among the species. The degree of association between size of species and food intake was highly significant. However, budding efficiency among the species was found to be independent of food intake (when the effects of species size were eliminated) and of species size (when the effects of food intake were removed). However, species with high (low) efficiencies have significantly higher (lower) reproductive rates.

A lowering of the temperature from 25° to 15° C. increased the size of the species, increased food intake, but decreased reproductive rate. In all species except H. pseudoligactis a corresponding increase in the production of bud energy with no change in efficiency also occurred. On the other hand, lowering of the temperature for H. pseudoligactis significantly lowered reproductive efficiency but had no effect on the total calorific output of buds. This species, in constrast to the others, appears to have a compensatory ability to adjust its efficiency to maintain a high calorific output when temperature increases.

It was also found that albino Chlorohydra have budding efficiencies of around 35 percent which are not influenced by changes in food intake or light. Normal green hydras, however, have efficiencies which range from 40 to 62 percent above their albino counterparts when fed once a day and once every two days in light respectively. It it concluded first, that the symbiotic algae in the gastrodermals cells of green hydra contribute quantitatively in the order of the above amounts to the growth process in this species, and second, that green hydras have the ablity to increase their growth efficiency when food intake is reduced thus reducing the drop in calorific but output that normally occurs in the albino (control) form.
Methods for estimating the number of the Cryptomeria red mite, especially with the removal by solutions
Authors: Kobayashi Fujio , Murai Minoru
Published: November 2006

We compared the removal by solution, the represented count‐area method and the beating, for the purpose of estimating the number of the Cryptomeria red mite.

Among them the solution procedure provided the smallest standard error as per cent of the mean. 0.25 per cent unheated solution of sodium hydroxide is used for the summer generation, and also 0.25 per cent boiling one for the winter eggs. The mean proportion removed±standard error for the summer eggs and the winter eggs were 0.8770±0.0316 and 0.7920±0.0281 respectively, while 0.9894±0.0050 for the mites.
Studies on the spatial distribution pattern of larvae of the mosquito, Anopheles sinensis, in rice fields
Authors: Ikemoto Takaya
Published: November 2006

The spatial distribution patterns of the population of Anopheles sinensis larvae were studied in the rice field area in the suburb of Urawa city in Japan, during the summer seasons in 1973 and 1974.

The distribution pattern of the larval population within the field, analysed by the m−m regression method, indicated that the basic component of larval distribution was not a group of individuals but a single individual and such components were distributed contagiously over the field. This basic pattern did not change significantly according to developmental stage, census date or field. Therefore, we could describe the distribution pattern of the population in a rice field by the single linear regression, x=0.021+1.339x(r2−0.912).

Also, the relation for the whole population in the field area including the five fields could be shown by the linear regression, x=0.049+1.749x(r2−0.959). The value of α remained to be nearly equal to zero, but the value of β became larger than the value for the single‐field relation. Such a change in distribution pattern seemed to reflect the greater heterogeneity in conditions among the fields than within individual field.

Using the information on the distribution patterns mentioned above, some considerations were given on the sampling plans for mosquito larvae, including samplesize determination and application of sequential methods to estimate population size as well as to classify population level.
Growth related to behaviour of ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis, reared under low density
Authors: Kodama Yasuo
Published: November 2006

Three groups of ayu, each populated by 6 fish, were reared in three concrete ponds of same size (1×4×0.3 m). Growth of all individuals was measured on total length, and behaviour of all individuals marked by vinyl ribbon was observed at some intervals during the experiment of about 40 days in August and September, 1960.

Averaged growth of fish did not vary significantly among the groups. But the growth of individual whether in the size attained or its rate varied considerably, and the variation well corresponded to the social construction in which they participted.

Within each group, individual behaviour which was well expressed in the strength of chasing action (competition) and territory formation correlated positively to the growth of fish. The correlation as such is believed to exist not only in ayu but also in many other species of fish possessing competitive or territorial behaviour.

The different social structures formulated by the three groups of fish under low population density may not be adequately explained at this moment leaving further studies to be carried out.

It was assumed that the ayu population of low density as experimented here has not presented natural social structure of the species, thus, resulted diversity. Nonetheless, the experiment is believed to approve the writer's concept‐density dependent growth of fish will be resulted through the medium of differential behaviour of associated member.
Dispersive behaviour of larvae of the common cabbage butterfly Pieris rapae crucivora
Authors: Kobayashi Shiro
Published: November 2006

To investigate the aggregative nature of the larvae of Pieris rapae crucivora, each 50 individuals of the 4th and 5th instar larvae collected from cabbage farms and reared under crowded and solitary conditions were released on an experimental arena and their dispersive behaviour was observed with the lapse of time.

Both the 4th and 5th instar larvae showed the trend to approach toward random distribution when they were released under clumped condition, and they maintained random distribution when they were released at random.

Therefore, it may be concluded that the larvae have not any aggregative nature caused by the mutual attraction among individuals. However, as the larvae reared in crowds sometimes showed the slight aggregative behaviour, it seems that the larval dispersal is different between densely and sparsely populated plants in field.
Depression and unemployment: Panel findings from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area study
Authors: Dooley David , Catalano Ralph , Wilson Georjeanna
Published: November 2006

Studies that have found an association between unemployment and psychological depression often fail to establish the direction of causal influence. Analyses of Epidemiologic Catchment Area panel data revealed that of employed respondents not diagnosed with major depression at first interview, those who became unemployed had over twice the risk of increased depressive symptoms and of becoming clinically depressed as those who continued employed. Although the increase in symptoms was statistically significant, the effect on clinical depression was not, possibly because of the low power of the test. The reverse causal path from clinical depression at Time 1 to becoming unemployed by Time 2 was not supported. The unemployment rate in the respondent's community at time of interview was not related directly to psychological depression but appeared associated indirectly with depression via its impact on the risk of becoming unemployed. Implications for policy and further research were discussed.
An examination of the cross‐ethnic equivalence of measures of negative life events and mental health among Hispanic and Anglo‐American children
Authors: Knight George P. , Virdin Lynn M. , Ocampo Katheryn A. , Roosa Mark
Published: November 2006

Recently there has been concern over the need for mental health research within ethnic minority populations, particularly Hispanic populations. Although there has been research focusing upon the similarity of mental health problems among Hispanic and Anglo‐American samples, the absence of information regarding the cross‐ethnic measurement equivalence of the assessment tools used in these comparisons seriously limits the interpretability of these findings. The two reported studies were designed to (a) examine the cross‐ethnic functional and scalar equivalence of several mental health measures by examining the interrelations of these mental health indicators and examining the regression equations using negative life events to predict mental health outcomes; and (b) compare several mental health indicators among Hispanic and Anglo‐American 8‐ to 14‐year‐old children. Findings suggest considerable cross‐ethnic functional and scalar equivalence for the measure of depression, conduct disorders, and negative life events. In addition, findings indicate that the Hispanic children scored higher in depression than did the Anglo‐American children, but this difference could be a function of differences in SES. The reader is cautioned that the present samples included only English‐speaking and primarily Mexican American children.
Multicultural training practices in community psychology programs
Authors: Suarez-Balcazar Yolanda , Durlak Joseph A. , Smith Christine
Published: November 2006

Surveyed the directors of 56 community psychology graduate programs to assess multicultural training practices and attitudes. Although most program directors agreed that multicultural training is important in their mission to educate students, less than half the programs (48%) required their students to take any relevant course work and only half of the programs surveyed had any faculty who were members of an ethnic minority group and one third had only one such faculty member. Furthermore, less than half the programs had a combination of training opportunities in place to integrate classroom, research, and field experiences relevant to multicultural issues. Finally, only 23% of program directors believed their training programs were successful for most students, suggesting the need to improve training.
A mathematical model of the food‐consumer system I. A case without food replenishment
Authors: Ishihara Michio , Hozumi Kazuo , Shinozaki Kichiro
Published: November 2006

A simple mathematical model was proposed to describe the dynamics of a food‐consumer system. The model was based on the Logistic Theory and consisted of Eqs. (4), (5) and (6). The model was divided into the following three cases for further analyss; i) without food supply except at the initial time, ii) with continuous food supply at a constant rate, and iii) with food supply at varying rates. Only the first model was dealth with in this paper.

The assumptions of the model 1 are that a definite amount of food is given only once at the initial time and only the feeding by animals is responsible for the decrease of food, and that the rate of decrease is proportional to the amount of animals. It is also assumed that the growth of animal population is represented by the logistic curve, and that the upper limit of the population is proportional to the amount of food at that time. For simplicity the parameters of basic differential equations are assumed to be constant throughout the time course.

Analytical solutions of this non‐linear model were given by Eqs. (8), (9), (10) and (11). The properties of time course of the food amount and consumer population were discussed from the mathematical and biological points of view. The method of the estimation of the three constants λ,b, and c from the experimental data was also suggested.

Since we had no available data for animal populations, we applied the model, regarding reserve substance as x and new plant body as y, to the data of the initial growth of Azuki bean plant in the dark.

This model is very simple, but it may be useful for analyzing the behavior of food‐consumer system. And it may give some clue to the analysis of the more complex systems.
Investigation into the edge effect by use of capture‐recapture data in a vole population
Authors: Tanaka Ryo
Published: November 2006

A substantial explication of the edge effect has been attempted by use of capture‐recapture data for a vole population (Microtus montebelli), gathered intwo plots of 100×100 m or less during 12 days, cheked twice daily, in August 1970; the sample was quite sufficient for the aim.

The edge effect as guessed by increased catch per trap is usually suspected to ensue from range‐settlers in the outside boundary strip of a plot and immigrants. But by a theoretical analysis I could attain a tentative conclusion that no increased catch per trap will occur unless any invasion takes place. Then it follows that, apart from the effect of invasion, the role of the adjoining outside settlers in the edge effect is essentially required to be studied in the light of knowledge on the truth of size and shift in home range.

The variation in range behavior for 183 adult voles, captured 6 times or more, could be grouped into eight types, of which the range‐conservative type possessed 52% of the sample and the group of the type was justly utilized for giving averages of range size. Besides, it was seen from the observed frequency of types that a considerable number of immigrants onto the census plot were induced perhaps being allured by trap baits, but the majority of them proved to be assigned to the voles that have their ranges inside the assessment line ofDice; the rest referable to effective immigrants was only a few (7%). I could perceive no reason such as disproves the idea ofDice's additional boundary strip.

Viewed from maps of ingress shift of ranges, the effect of ingress must have been greater in the outer trap rows than in the inner within the plot, so that it might well be called edge effect in general; such effect, however, is seen gradually diminishing toward the center, and hence it is almost unlikely that one should find any clear‐cut intra‐plot assessment lines demarcating such an inner square as quite free from edge effects.

Averages of observed range length and width (ORL and ORW), as reliable measures for the true range size, were determined from the above group of specimens; as a result, the remarkable concept of elliptic range shape was established by regarding ORL as long axis and ORW as short one, and, directly from these averages, the mean range sizes worked out at 0.04 for females and 0.09 for males in acreage which proved to be surprisingly well agreeable with those of isotope‐revealed ranges for voles given byGodfrey (1954) andAmbrose (1969).

The catchability for marked voles () was estimated by the maximum likelihood method by use ofJolly's formulae (1965), but that for unmarked ones () was made by the regression census formula; as a result it was shown that the population was clearly of π>p type and that the trap‐experience that voles underwent one month or more ago can make them retain as high catchability as π.
Age structure of six populations of old‐field mice, Peromyscus polionotus
Authors: Dapson Richard W.
Published: November 2006

An accurate age‐estimating technique, based on biochemical changes in eye lens protein, was used to study age structures of six populations of the old‐field mouse, Peromyscus polionotus. A new mathematical procedure permitted quantitative comparisons of these populations. Four inland populations had essentially the same median ages (75–84 days), maximum ages (248–297 days) and relative production rates (56–58% of the surviving population had been born in the 100 days prior to sampling). Approximately 50% of the females were old enough to have weaned a litter. One inland population had a lower median age (49 days), a lower maximum age (181 days) and a higher relative production rate (73%). Relatively fewer females (38%) could have weaned a litter. The single beach population was also different, with higher median age (180 days), and lower relative production rate (2%). All females were old enough to have weaned a litter. Maximum age was essentially the same as for the four similar, inland populations. Factors which may have contributed to observed differences in these populations are discussed.
The change of the distribution pattern of the large weevil, Hyposipalus gigasFabricius (Coleoptera, Rhynchophoridae) within a single generation. A preliminary note
Authors: Furuta Kimito
Published: November 2006

The distribution pattern of adults of the large weevil, Hyposipalus gigas on logs of the Japanese black pine and that of larvae in pine stumps were examined by using the m*−m method (Iwao, 1968). The distribution of adults on logs was contagious, probably due to their response to local heterogeneity of the environment. The larval distribution was also contagious, but there was no significant correlation between the number of larval bores and the stump size. The mortality of young larvae seemed not to be related with the number of larvae per stump, but it was related with the density per unit area of bark surface. There was some sign of inversely density‐dependent or ‘all‐or‐none’ type mortaltiy in the late larval stage.
Rat gastric hydrophobic barrier: Modulation of phosphatidylcholine molecular species by dietary lipids
Authors: Bernhard W. , Postle A. D. , Linck M. , Sewing K. ‐Fr.
Published: November 2006

Phospholipids protect the gastric mucosa by forming a proton‐repellent hydrophobic layer on its luminal surface. We have recently shown that two molecular species of phosphatidylcholine (PC), PC16:0/18:1, and PC16:0/18:2, but not PC16:0/16:0, are predominantly released into gastric mucus. We investigated whether these molecular species in mucus are modified by dietary fat. Rats were fed (for three weeks) a diet supplemented with either 10% cod liver, palm, or sunflower oil, or 10% corn starch as a control. In tissue, cod liver oil decreased PC16:0/20:4 and PC18:0/20:4. Cod liver oil and palm oil increased PC16:0/18:1, whereas sunflower oil decreased PC16:0/18:1. Palm oil additionally decreased PC16:0/18:2, whereas the other diets had no effect on PC16:0/18:2. In mucus, however, PC16:0/18:1 and PC16:0/18:2 were not significantly altered by any diet. They were increased over tissue values and comprised 37.6±3.3 and 33.1±1.4 mol% in controls. PC16:0/16:0 was lower in mucus than in mucosa and even decreased by cod liver oil (1.2±0.2 vs. 2.7±0.3 mol%;P<0.01). We conclude that PC16:0/18:1 and PC16:0/18:2 are modified by dietary fat in tissue. In gastric secretions, however, PC16:0/18:1 and PC16:0/18:2 are kept constant and together comprise 70 mol% of the released PC species, whereas PC16:0/16:0 does not play a role for the gastric hydrophobic barrier under any dietary treatment. Additionally, cod liver oil decreases the content of PC16:0/20:4 and PC18:0/20:4 in gastric mucosa, thereby possibly decreasing the formation of eicosanoids.
Changes in lipid composition during metamorphosis of bonefish (Albula sp.) leptocephali
Authors: Padrón David , Lindley Virginia A. , Pfeiler Edward
Published: November 2006

During metamorphosis of bonefish (Albula sp.) larvae (leptocephali) all energy requirements are provided by breakdown of endogenous compounds, with lipid catabolism accounting for about 80% of total energy production. The principal objective of the present study was to characterize the lipid classes and fatty acids utilized. Analysis of whole‐body lipid content indicated that larvae lost about half (3.6 mg) of their total lipid during the 10‐d period. Percentages of neutral and polar lipid in early metamorphosing larvae were 64.2 and 35.8%, respectively; these values showed little change during metamorphosis, indicating that both lipid classes were catabolized. Triacylglycerols, the principal neutral lipid of all metamorphic stages, decreased by 1.8 mg. accounting for half of the decrease in total lipid. Levels of phosphatidylethanolamine, the principal polar lipid in early larvae, decreased by more than 50% during metamorphosis; levels of phosphatidylcholine, which was not detected in early larvae, increased. Fatty acids showing the largest net decreases, presumedly used as energy sources, were 16∶0 (30.4%), 14∶0 (13.8%), 16∶1n‐7 (12.2%), 20∶5n‐3 (7.7%), 18∶1n‐9 (7.4%), and 18∶4n‐3 (6.9%). Most of 22∶6n‐3, the second most abundant fatty acid of early larvae, was conserved.
Effect of medium‐chain triglycerides on calbindin‐D9k expression in the intestine
Authors: Devlin Angela , Innis Sheila M. , Wall Katharine , Krisinger John
Published: November 2006

These studies determined the effect of the saturated fat source in infant formula on the expression of calbindin‐D9k (CaBP‐9k). Piglets were fed from birth to 8 d with milk or formula containing saturated fatty acids as medium‐chain triglycerides (MCT), coconut oil, palm oil (Palm 1), or synthesized triglycerides with 16∶0 directed to thesn‐2 position (Palm 2). Levels of intestinal CaBP‐9k mRNA were significantly (P<0.01) higher in piglets fed formula with MCT than in piglets fed the other formula or milk; and higher in piglets fed the Palm‐1 than in piglets fed Palm‐2 formula. This is the first evidence that MCT alter piglet intestinal CaBP‐9k mRNA.
Functionalization at the double‐bond region of jojoba oil. 7. Chemical binding of jojoba liquid wax to polystyrene resins
Authors: Binman S. , Belfer S. , Shani A.
Published: November 2006

Jojoba wax was chemically bonded to a polystyrene matrixvia a stable C‐C covalent bond. This was achieved by binding allyl‐brominated jojoba derivatives to lithiated crosslinked polystyrene‐2% divinylbenzene or XAD‐4 polymeric beads via a nucleophilic substitution reaction. The double‐bond regions in the jojoba wax were preserved. A side reaction that accompanied the nucleophilic substitution was HBr elimination, which produced diene and triene systems in the bound jojoba. Phosphonation and sulfur chlorination at the double bonds of the jojoba wax, bonded to the polystyrene matrix, were also performed.
Changes in phospholipase D experession in soybeans during seed development and germination
Authors: Ryu Stephen B. , Zheng Ling , Wang Xuemin
Published: November 2006

Activation of phospholipase D (PLD) has been linked to accumulation of nonhydratable phosphatides and lipid degradation leading to soybean seed deterioration during preharvest and postharvest events. This study examined the changes in PLD activity, protein, and mRNA in soybeans during seed development and germination. RNA blotting analysis indicated that expression of the gene that encodes PLD was highest during the early and middle stages of seed development. However, the amount of PLD activity accumulated per cotyledon reached the highest level in mature seeds. During germination and early seedling growth, PLD mRNA was not detected one day after imbibition, while a significant increase in PLD expression occurred in the cotyledons of three‐ and seven‐day seedlings. Similarly, PLD activity and protein concentration showed little change during the first day of imbibition and increased afterward in three‐ and seven‐day seedlings. These results suggested that expression of PLD is developmentally regulated and that the changes in its amount of activity and protein are controlled primarily at the mRNA level. Immunoblotting analysis further revealed the presence of PLD variants that were associated with specific stages of seed development and seedling growth. The PLD variants present in the cotyledons of mature seeds appeared to be distinct from those observed in the early stage of seed development and in young seedlings.
Lipase‐catalyzed production of biodiesel
Authors: Nelson Lloyd A. , Foglia Thomas A. , Marmer William N.
Published: November 2006

Lipases were screened for their ability to transesterify triglycerides with short‐chain alcohols to alkyl esters. The lipase fromMucor miehei was most efficient for converting triglycerides to their alkyl esters with primary alcohols, whereas the lipase fromCandida antarctica was most efficient for transesterifying triglycerides with secondary alcohols to give branched alkyl esters. Conditions were established for converting tallow to short‐chain alkyl esters at more than 90% conversion. These same conditions also proved effective for transesterfying vegetable oils and high fatty acid‐containing feedstocks to their respective alkyl ester derivatives.
Antioxidant activity of protein hydrolyzates from aquatic species
Authors: Shahidi Fereidoon , Amarowicz Ryszard
Published: November 2006

Antioxidant activity of protein hydrolyzates from capelin (Mallotus villosus) and harp seal (Phoca groenlandica) was examined in a β‐carotene/linoleate model system. Capelin protein hydrolyzates exhibited a significant (P<0.05) antioxidant effect during the entire or a portion of the 120‐min incubation period when added to model systems at 1 to 10‐mg levels per 5 mL of lipid emulsion. However, systems containing 10 mg of seal protein hydrolyzate (SPH) displayed a singificant (P<0.05) prooxidative effect during the experimentation period, but the effect was less pronounced at 5 mg of SPH addition. This effect was reversed to a weak, but significant (P<0.05), antioxidant effect when 1 or 2 mg of SPH were present after 45, 105–120, and 30–120 min of incubation. Two‐dimensional thinlayer chromatographic separation of both hydrolyzates gave spots with antioxidant and prooxidant activites.
Preparation and performance of novel lubricating oil additives derived from 2‐mercaptobenzothiazole
Authors: Wan Yong , Xue Qunji , Cao Lili , Shen Guangqiu
Published: November 2006

Three 2‐dialkylaminomethylthiobenzhthiazoles were prepared, and their thermal stability, corrosion‐inhibiting and lubricating characteristics as additives in lubricating oil were evaluated. The novel additives possess higher load‐carrying capacity and better lubricating property.
Eicosapentaenoic acid (20∶5n‐3) from the marine microalgaPhaeodactylum tricornutum
Authors: Cartens M. , Grima E. Molina , Medina A. Robles , Giménez A. Giménez , González J. Ibáñez
Published: November 2006

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20∶5n‐3) was obtained from the marine microalgaePhaeodactylum tricornutum by a three‐step process: fatty acid extraction by direct saponification of biomass, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentration by formation of urea inclusion compounds, and EPA isolation by semipreparative high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Alternatively, EPA was obtained by a similar two‐step process without the PUFA concentration step by the urea method. Direct saponification of biomass was carried out with two solvents that contained KOH for lipid saponification. An increase in yield was obtained because the problems associated with emulsion formation were avoided by separating the biomass from the soap solution before adding hexane for extraction of insaponifiables. The most efficient solvent, ethanol (96%) at 60°C for 1 h, extracted 98.3% of EPA. PUFA were concentrated by the urea method with a urea/fatty acid ratio of 4∶1 at a crystallization temperature of 28°C and by using methanol and ethanol as urea solvents. An EPA concentration ratio of 1.73 (55.2∶31.9) and a recover yield of 78.6% were obtained with methanol as the urea solvent. This PUFA concentrate was used to obtain 93.4% pure EPA by semipreparative HPLC with a reverse‐phase, C18, 10 mm i.d.×25‐cm column and methanol/water (1% acetic acid), 80∶20 w/w, as the mobile phase. Eighty‐five percent of EPA loaded was recovered, and 65.7% of EPA present inP. tricornutum biomass was recovered in highly pure form by this three‐step downstream process. Alternatively, 93.6% pure EPA was isolated from the fatty acid extract (without the PUFA concentration step) with 100% EPA recovery yield. This two‐step process increases the overall EPA yield to 98.3%, but it is only possible to obtain 20% as much EPA as that obtained by three‐step downstream processing.
Soybean lipoxygenase‐promoted oxidation of free and esterified linoleic acid in the presence of deoxycholate
Authors: Piazza George J. , Foglia Thomas A. , Nuñez Alberto
Published: November 2006

Lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.12) catalyzes the reaction between oxygen and polyunsaturated fatty acids to give fatty acid hydroperoxides. Recent work showed that soybean lipoxygenase 1 can oxidize diacylglycerols when deoxycholate is present in the reaction medium. Conditions were sought to maximize 1,3‐dilinolein oxidation with a commercial soybean lipoxygenase preparation. It was found that dilinolein was oxidized most rapidly in a multicomponent buffer medium that contained 10 mM deoxycholate between pH 8 and 9. When dilinolein oxidation was conducted in the individual components of the multicomponent buffer, the oxidation rate decreased two‐ to threefold. Addition of 0.2 M NaCl to one of the components, Tricine buffer, caused a twofold increase in the oxidation rate, demonstrating that high ionic strength is a major factor promoting rapid oxidation in the multicomponent buffer. In the deoxycholate multicomponent buffer, the order of reactivity toward oxidation was monolinolein>methyl linoleate≈ linoleic acid>dilinolein. Competition experiments in which mixtures of the substrates were presented simultaneously to lipoxygenase in the presence of deoxycholate showed that linoleic acid was the most reactive substrate. When no surfactant was present or when the surfactant was Tween 20, linoleic acid was the most rapidly oxidized substrate. Overall, the results demonstrate that monolinolein and methyl linoleate are just as reactive, or more so, as linoleic acid to oxidation by lipoxygenase under specified reaction conditions. In competition experiments, linoleic acid oxidation predominates, probably because its free carboxyl functionality allows it to be preferentially bound to the active site of lipoxygenase.
Enzymatic modification of evening primrose oil: Incorporation of n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Akoh Casimir C. , Jennings Brenda H. , Lillard Dorris A.
Published: November 2006

Immobilized lipase SP435 fromCandida antaractica was used as a biocatalyst for the modification of the fatty acid composition of evening primrose oil by incorporating n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Transesterification (ester‐ester interchange) was conducted in organic solvent or without solvent, with EPA ethyl ester (EEPA) as the acyl donor. Products were analyzed by gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC). After 24‐h incubation in hexane, the fatty acid composition of evening primrose oil was markedly changed to contain up to 43% EPA. The amount of 18:2n−6 PUFA was reduced by 32%, and the saturated fatty acid content was also reduced. The effects of incubation time, molar ratio, enzyme load, and reaction medium on mol% EPA incorporation were also studied. Generally, as the incubation time (up to 24 h), molar ratio, and enzyme load increased, EPA incorporation also increased. Evening primrose oil, containing EPA and γ‐linolenic acid (18:3n−6) in the same glycerol backbone, was successfully produced and may be more beneficial for certain applications than unmodified oil.
Oil content and fatty acid composition of commercially important Turkish fish species
Authors: Üstün G. , Akova A. , Dandik L.
Published: November 2006

The oil content and fatty acid composition of commercially important Turkish fish species (anchovy,Engraulis encrasicholus; freshwater rainbow trout,Salmo gairdneri; and cultured salmon,S. salar) were determined. Palmitic (16∶0), palmitoleic (16∶1), oleic (18∶1), and docosahexaenoic (22∶6) acids were the most abundant fatty acids in all species. Eicosapentaenoic acid (20∶5) was twice as high in the anchovy oil as in the rainbow trout and salmon oils. Significant quantities of linoleic acid (18∶2) and docosahexaenoic acids (22∶6) were found in both rainbow trout and salmon samples. The individual fatty acid data obtained from rainbow trout and salmon were similar to each other. All three fish species contain high levels of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and would be suitable for inclusion in the formulation of low‐fat highly unsaturated diets.
Contrasts in the surface activity of polyoxypropylene and polyoxybutylene‐based block copolymer surfactants
Authors: Nace V. M.
Published: November 2006

Previous studies have shown that polyoxybutylene surfactant hydrophobes are less polar than polyoxypropylene hydrophobes. Polyoxyalkylene hydrophobes can be modified by ethoxylation to give terminal polyoxyethylene block hydrophilic groups. Polyoxybutylene/polyoxyethylene copolymer surfactants exhibit differentiated interfacial tensions, and wetting and foaming properties when compared to structurally equivalent polyoxypropylene/polyoxyethylene copolymers. There have been no reported comparisons, however, of polyoxybutylene/polyoxyethylene copolymers and polyoxypropylene/polyoxyethylene analogues in terms of fundamental parameters, such as critical micelle concentration, area per molecule at the interface, efficiency, and effectiveness. In one phase of this work, four polyoxybutylene/polyoxyethylene block copolymer surfactants were compared to structurally analogous polyoxypropylene/polyoxyethylene materials. Findings showed that polyoxybutylene/polyoxyethylene copolymers exhibited enhanced cotton wetting and lower surface and interfacial tensions compared to polyoxypropylene/polyoxyethylene analogues. Polyoxybutylene‐based surfactants were typically one order of magnitude better in their ability to reduce surface tension at interface saturation. Polyoxybutylene/polyoxyethylene copolymers pack more efficiently at the interface, as evidenced by a smaller area per molecule at the interface. Critical micelle concentration values were also lower for polyoxybutylene/polyoxyethylene copolymers. A second phase of experiments focused on the surface activity of polyoxypropylene/polyoxyethylene triblock copolymers with higher molecular weight hydrophobes. Enhanced surface activity was found when compared to lower‐molecular weight polyoxypropylene/polyoxyethylene copolymers.
Synthesis of surfactants with Narrow‐range distribution of the polyoxyethylene chain
Authors: Hreczuch W. , Szymanowski J.
Published: November 2006

Ethoxylation of alcohols, alkylphenols, and alkylamines has been studied in the presence of a few catalytic systems. Distribution constants were computed. Broad‐range distributed ethoxylates are formed in the presence of NaOH, and the distribution constants increase up to the homologue containing six oxyethylene units. Narrow‐range distributed ethoxylates are formed in the presence of calcium‐based catalysts. It is reflected in the values of the distribution constants because an increase with the growing number of oxyethylene units in successive homologue is not observed.
Chemical and physical characteristics of soap made from distilled fatty acids of palm oil and palm kernel oil
Authors: Kuntom Ainie , Kifli Hamirin , Lim Peang‐Kean
Published: November 2006

Manufacture of soaps from distilled fatty acids of palm oil (PO) and palm kernel oil (PK) is a well‐established technology in Malaysia. Data on quality and characteristics of various blends of PO/PK fatty acid‐based (palm‐based) soaps made in Malaysia are not available, however. In view of this, the study described in this paper was undertaken. Eleven blends of palm‐based bar soaps were made, and their properties were evaluated. There was an increase in the acid value of blended raw materials with increasing amounts of PK fatty acids. The iodine value and titer (°C) of blended raw materials, however, bear an inverse relationship with the amount of PK fatty acids. As expected, the hardness of the soap bars from the various blends increased with increasing PK fatty acid. Total fatty matter ranged from 76–85%, free caustic content was 0.1%, and sodium chloride content was 0.3–0.4%. Characteristics of soap blends made for this study were comparable with those from other countries. Quality of the soap obtained was comparable to those produced commercially.
Characterization of enzymatically prepared biosurfactants
Authors: Ducret Amélie , Giroux André , Trani Michael , Lortie Robert
Published: November 2006

Various fatty monoesters of sugars and sugar alcohols were prepared enzymatically in organic solvent. Water produced during esterification was removed by refluxing through a dessicant under reduced pressure. Surface properties of these esters such as surface and interfacial tensions and their ability to stabilize emulsions at 30°C were evaluated: oleate esters of glucose, fructose, and sorbitol show similar behavior in reduction of surface and interfacial tensions, and values for the critical micelle concentration are about 8·10−5 M. It was also observed with sorbitol esters that the shorter the alkyl chain, the higher the critical micelle concentration. Generally, emulsions prepared with the emulsifier dissolved in the water or in the oil phase lead to oil‐in‐water or water‐in‐oil emulsions, respectively. Sorbitol monolaurate significantly increased the stability of oil‐in‐water emulsions, with only 5% separation of the phases after 48h at 30°C, compared to 10% for chemically prepared sorbitan monolaurate under the same conditions. Sorbitol monoerucate was very efficient in stabilizing water‐in‐oil emulsions, with only 1% separation of the phases.
Identification and quantitation of surfactants in consumer products by ion‐spray mass spectrometry
Authors: Ogura I. , DuVal D. L. , Kawakami S. , Miyajima K.
Published: November 2006

Current approaches for identifying and quantitating surfactants in various product matrices require the use of wet chemical, chromatographic, and spectroscopic techniques. The primary objective of this work is to replace current multiple‐technique approaches for identifying surfactants and quantitating their homologue distribution with a single rapid technique. To meet this objective, a simple preparation procedure has been developed to prepare consumer product samples for subsequent analysis by ion‐spray mass spectrometry. Quantitation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in detergents with this technique is demonstrated.
Biocatalytic synthesis of some chiral pharmaceutical intermediates by lipases
Authors: Patel Ramesh N. , Banerjee Amit , Szarka Laszlo J.
Published: November 2006

Chiral intermediates were prepared by biocatalytic processes for the chemical synthesis of three pharmaceutical drug candidates. These include (i) the synthesis of [(3R‐cis)‐3‐(acetyloxy)‐4‐phenyl‐2‐azetidinone2for the semi‐synthesis of paclitaxel (taxol)5, an anticancer compound; (ii) synthesis of chiral (exo,exo)‐7‐oxabicyclo [2.2.1] heptane‐2,3‐dimenthanol monoacetate ester9for the chemoenzymatic preparation of a thromboxane A2antagonist; (iii) the enzymatic synthesis ofS‐(−) 3‐benzylthio‐2‐methylpropanoic acid, a key chiral intermediate for the synthesis of antihypertensive drugs captopril10or zofenopril13.
Chemoenzymatic epoxidation of unsaturated fatty acid esters and plant oils
Authors: Klaas M. Rüsch gen , Warwel S.
Published: November 2006

In the presence of an immobilized lipase fromCandida antacrtica (Novozym 435R) fatty acids are converted to peroxy acids by the reaction with hydrogen peroxide. In a similar reaction, fatty acid esters are perhydrolyzed to peroxy acids. Unsaturated fatty acid esters subsequently epoxidize themselves, and in this way epoxidized plant oils can be prepared with good yields (rapeseed oil 91%, sunflower oil 88%, linseed oil 80%). The hydrolysis of the plant oil to mono‐ and diglycerides can be suppressed by the addition of a small amount of free fatty acids. Rapeseed oil methyl ester can also be epoxidized; the conversion of C=C‐bonds is 95%, and the composition of the epoxy fatty acid methyl esters corresponds to the composition of the unsaturated methyl esters in the substrate.
Measurement of lipase activity in rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) seed
Authors: Njoku O. U. , Ononogbu I. C. , Eneh F. U.
Published: November 2006

Lipase activity in para rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) seed was measured by monitoring the release of free fatty acid by lipolysis of the endogenous lipid in a crushed sample of seed incubated at 37.5°C for 30 min. Free fatty acid was determined colorimetrically by a modified copper soap method. Fresh seeds showed the highest lipase activity. Drying the seeds at 60°C inactivated the enzyme. Drying of the seed at this temperature may be useful as a pretreatment for extraction of oil from the seed.
Oil bodies of transgenicBrassica napus as a source of immobilized β‐glucuronidase
Authors: Kühnel Blanka , Holbrook Larry A. , Moloney Maurice M. , van Rooijen Gijs J. H.
Published: November 2006

The process of immobilizing enzymes is a major cost factor in the utilization of heterogeneous catalysts on an industrial scale. We have developed a new strategy, based on plant genetic manipulation, for the production of foreign peptides associated with the oil body in plant seeds. Seeds of transgenic rapeseed can be produced on a large scale at relatively low cost. Furthermore, oil bodies are readily isolated from seeds by floatation centrifugation. In this paper, we describe some physical and operational properties of an oil body—fusion protein complex and its suitability as a heterogeneous catalyst. Oil bodies from rapeseed, corn, and flax aggregate at pH 5, which facilitates their recovery by floatation. Oil bodies from transgenic rapeseed, carrying the reporter gene β‐glucuronidase or the pharmaceutical peptide, hirudin, also aggregate in the same range. This aggregation is reversible. Oil bodies are resistant to a wide range of pH, with some lysis occurring (<10%) at the extremes. They are resistant to shearing forces, such as stirring. The thermal and pH stabilities, as well as the catalytic activity of β‐glucuronidase expressed on the oil body surface, are comparable to those of free β‐glucuronidase enzyme.