bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Diachrony of Differential Object Marking in Romanian
Authors: Hill Virginia , Mardale Alexandru
Published: August 2021

This book offers a comprehensive overview of the beginnings, development, and stabilization of differential object marking (DOM) in Romanian by combining two approaches: diachronic syntax and comparative syntax. The working hypothesis is that Romanian DOM reflects a typological mix of Balkan and Romance DOM patterns, and that the assessment of the mixed structures must separately quantify three DOM mechanisms in this language (through clitic doubling, DOM particle, and the combination of the above). Tests applied to these DOM mechanisms indicated the nominal domain as the repository for DOM triggers in Romanian, as opposed to the verbal domain in other Romance languages. The cross-linguistic perspective adopted in this book is instrumental for revisiting the DOM typologies in light of the variations shown to occur in the location of the DOM particle and the pronominal clitic (i.e., either on the nominal or on the verb spines).
“Toward the World’s Center Stage”
Authors: Doshi Rush
Published: August 2021

Chapter 11 discusses the dawn of China’s strategy of global expansion, its perception of American decline, and the arrival of a new Party concept—the “great changes unseen in a century”—associated with both. It argues that China’s strategy of expansion emerged following another “trifecta,” this time consisting of Brexit, the election of Donald Trump, and the West’s initial response to the coronavirus pandemic. In this period, the Chinese Communist Party reached a paradoxical consensus: it concluded that the United States was in decline globally but at the same time was waking up to the China challenge bilaterally. It argues that Beijing now perceives an opportunity to displace the United States as the leading global state by 2049, with the next decade deemed the most critical to this objective.
“I’m Nervous about the Jump Scares”
Authors: Clasen Mathias
Published: August 2021

Most horror films contain several jump scares, which are sudden audiovisual stimuli that elicit a startle response. Many people who are nervous about horror films point to the jump scare as a dreaded element. The jump scare usually follows a predictable formula, but jump scares can be complex and artful, and the science of the startle response reveals an ancient defensive system designed by evolution for survival. While it is difficult to protect oneself from the jump scare, the chapter offers science-based advice on how to attenuate its effect—including coping strategies—and suggests some horror movies with low jump-scare frequency.
“I’m Nervous about Horror Films and My Mental Health”
Authors: Clasen Mathias
Published: August 2021

Some people are nervous about the psychological effects of horror films, and researchers have demonstrated both short- and long-term negative psychological effects of such films, including mild behavioral disturbances and sleep disturbances such as nightmares. However, most documented cases of cinematic neurosis involve individuals with preexisting mental problems. The mild fright reactions produced by horror movies are not only widespread, but predictable and generally harmless. Both troubling images and disturbing ideas can produce such reactions. However, horror film–induced fear is crucial to the pleasure many people derive from horror, and there may even be positive psychological and social effects of horror movie watching, such as mood improvement, bonding with co-viewers, and improved coping skills.
“I’m Nervous about What the Popularity of Horror Says about Society”
Authors: Clasen Mathias
Published: August 2021

Some people may be concerned that the explosion in horror movie production is a symptom of a sick society, but that is not the case. Not only is movie production in general increasing, but horror movies specifically fulfill an important function of addressing widespread, topical anxieties. Horror movies work on two levels: a literal and a metaphorical level. On the literal level, the horror movie induces fear and anxiety through primitive cues that might frighten a monkey, but on the metaphorical level, it can address more abstract worries such as concerns over conformity or racism or other aspects of cultural context. Moreover, horror movies seem to thrive in periods of cultural and social unrest. Horror films are not just symptoms of cultural unrest, however, but may also be a cure for pervasive sociocultural anxieties—a means for people to cope with a scary world.
The Principle of Original Permissibility (Ibahah)
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: August 2021

This chapter provides a concise presentation of one of the basic shariah principles, permissibility (ibahah), which maintains that everything is permissible unless it has been clearly declared as prohibited. The norm of shariah with regard to food and beverage, the choice of clothes one wears, and the sale and purchase of all these as well as conclusion of other contractual transactions over them is that they are all permissible based on this principle. Permissibility thus become a normative presumption of shariah, which means that no other proof is needed for one to enjoy the victuals, beverages, and other comforts of life unless they have been clearly declared as forbidden.
Why Study Atheism among Scientists?
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard , Johnson David R.
Published: August 2021

New Atheism—a provocative and derisive anti-religious form of secularity—has established a central place in public thought through public intellectuals and scientists such as Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris, Daniel Dennett, and Christopher Hitchens. Science figures prominently in New Atheism, due in large part to such New Atheist thought leaders. And while the New Atheists have played an important role in giving voice to marginalized groups and promoting science, the rhetoric of New Atheism in the public sphere departs from the reality of atheism among day-to-day scientists. By studying what everyday atheist scientists in the U.S. and U.K. actually think about religion, we gain a more nuanced understanding of the varieties of atheism in science and the science-faith interface more broadly.
From Rhetoric to Reality
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard , Johnson David R.
Published: August 2021

What are the implications of our results for scientific and religious communities? Drawing on the core empirical patterns discussed in the book, this chapter explains how the rhetoric of New Atheism espoused by celebrity scientists does not square with the reality of atheism experienced by atheist scientists in the U.S. and U.K. Religious communities may not be aware of atheist scientists’ actual views of faith, scientism, their moral orientations, or—for atheists who grew up religious—the reasons why they abandoned past faith. And, there is more common ground between the scientific and religious communities than either group is aware, offering fertile ground for dialogue. A diverse array of stakeholders should be involved in such pursuits, including national organizations, universities, churches, and science communicators. The success of these efforts have implications for public confidence in science and diversity within the profession.
Highly Irregular
Authors: Okrent Arika , O'Neill Sean
Published: August 2021

This book presents an illustrated history of English as told through all the things that are weird about it. Maybe you have been speaking English all your life, or maybe you learned it later on. But whether you use it just well enough to get your daily business done, or you are an expert who never omits a comma or misplaces a modifier, you must have noticed that there are some things about this language that are just weird. Why are there so many silent letters? Why do we have irregular verbs? The book answers these questions and many more. Along the way, it tells the story of the many influences—from invading French armies to stubborn Flemish printers—that made the English language the way it is today. Both an entertaining send-up of linguistic oddities and a deeply researched history of English, the book is essential reading for anyone who has paused to wonder about this marvelous mess of a language.
Taking Stock of Shock
Authors: Ghodsee Kristen , Orenstein Mitchell
Published: August 2021

Using an interdisciplinary approach, this book evaluates the social consequences of the post-1989 transition from state socialism to free market capitalism across Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Blending ethnographic accounts with economic, demographic, and public opinion data, it provides insight into the development of new, unequal, social orders. It explores the contradictory narratives on transition promoted by Western international institutions and their opponents, one of qualified success and another of epic catastrophe, and surprisingly shows that data support both narratives, for different countries, regions, and people. While many citizens of the postsocialist countries experienced significant progress in living standards and life satisfaction, enabling them to catch up with the West after a relatively brief recession, others suffered demographic and social collapses resulting from rising economic precarity; large-scale degradation of social welfare that came with privatization; and growing gender, class, and regional disparities that have accompanied neoliberal reforms. Transition recessions lasted for decades in many countries, exceeding the US Great Depression in severity. Some countries still have not returned to pre-1989 levels of economic production or mortality; some have lost more than one-fifth of their population and are projected to lose more. Thirty years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, this book deploys a sweeping array of data from different social science fields to provide a more holistic perspective on the successes and failures of transition while unpacking the failed assumptions and narratives of Western institutions, Eastern policymakers, and citizens of former socialist states.
The Plan for a J-Curve Transition
Authors: Ghodsee Kristen , Orenstein Mitchell A.
Published: August 2021

Chapter 1 shows how economic reforms advocated by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)—the international financial institutions that oversaw transition—planned for the construction of free market systems across the postsocialist world. It shows they relied heavily on reforms designed for Latin America after the debt crisis of the 1980s, placing great faith in market mechanisms and underestimating the postcommunist social context. The most innovative reform, mass privatization, enabled corrupt institutions and individuals to act as predators in asymmetric exchanges. While policymakers planned to mitigate the impacts of neoliberal reforms on the poor through targeted social policies, reforms created an economic and social order based on widespread inequality.
Plan Meets Reality
Authors: Ghodsee Kristen , Orenstein Mitchell A.
Published: August 2021

Chapter 2 evaluates the implementation of the reforms offered by international financial institutions and shows the propensity of these plans to foster corruption and extreme wealth inequality and, in many cases, an economic collapse that was far greater than what had been foreseen. Those connected to the old regimes or with significant outside financial backing were able to capitalize on misguided and poorly implemented privatization plans. The chapter also explores how corrupt incentive structures created the oligarch class that is the primary driver of economic inequality in the postsocialist world. Finally, it considers the depth and length of transitional recessions, analyzing economic data to show that, in many cases, recovery took decades, and for the worst hit countries, productive capacity has yet to reach pre-1989 levels. Highlighting the dramatic rise of poverty during transition, this chapter points to the failure of the international organizations’ “targeted” poverty-prevention strategy.
Parenting Made Complicated
Authors: Rettew David
Published: August 2021

Parenting Made Complicated: What Science Really Knows About the Greatest Debates in Early Childhood addresses many of the long-standing parenting controversies that new mothers and fathers face. These include topics related to screens, daycare, praise, sleep training, spanking, time-outs, helicopter versus “old school” parenting, and others. Each chapter is devoted to a different parenting controversy, and a synthesis of what is known scientifically about each topic is presented, written in a nontechnical and conversational style. Parenting Made Complicated, however, doesn’t assume that the “correct” answer for each parenting dilemma is the same for each child and instead provides a roadmap for how the best approach may vary according to a child’s temperament or other important factors. Many case vignettes and boxed practical suggestions are provided. Accounts are also given regarding how scientific information on a particular topic is applied and sometimes manipulated toward political aims. The book is written by child psychiatrist David Rettew, an expert in child temperament who has conducted research in child development and worked clinically with families for over 20 years.
Circulating Objects
Authors: Gochberg Reed
Published: August 2021

The chapter explores how early American collections were consistently preoccupied with threats of loss and decay. It focuses on the American Philosophical Society’s cabinet, which was developed through the society’s networks of members and correspondents and included specimens, antiquarian artifacts, models, maps, and books. This chapter examines writings by J. Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur and Charles Willson Peale to show how the uncertainties of attempting to build museum collections informed ongoing conversations about preservation and potential loss. By narratively experimenting with the possibilities of lost or missing information in Letters from an American Farmer and other writings, Crèvecoeur reveals ongoing concern with the longevity and survival of fragile manuscripts and printed texts. Peale similarly takes up questions of preservation, using his skill at taxidermy to promote his relationship with the Society and to link public museums to national stability.
Specimen Collectors
Authors: Gochberg Reed
Published: August 2021

This chapter examines the early history of Harvard’s Museum of Comparative Zoology and broader conversations about the representation of the natural world as fixed and stable. While the museum’s founder, Louis Agassiz, emphasized the value of preserved specimens to research and teaching, many collectors and writers questioned such practices. After donating turtles to the museum, Henry David Thoreau contemplated the ethical and scientific implications of freezing nature for extended study. In children’s fiction, Louisa May Alcott emphasized the relationship between collecting specimens and moral order, while highlighting the growing gendered divide between scientific practice in the museum and the parlor. And in philosophical writings, William James drew on classification to consider more flexible possibilities to fixed theories. These accounts show how writers sought to promote a deeper understanding of flux and change both within the museum and beyond.
Future Publics
Authors: MacKenzie Michael K.
Published: August 2021

This book challenges the idea that democratic processes are functionally short-sighted. Many observers assume that long-term issues will be ignored or discounted in democratic systems because of the myopic preferences of voters, the political dynamics of short electoral cycles, the exclusion (or absence) of future others in decision-making processes, and the reality that democratic processes are often captured by powerful actors with dominant short-term interests. The evidence is clear: we have poorly managed many long-term issues, including climate change, nuclear waste disposal, plastics pollution, natural disaster preparedness, infrastructure maintenance, and budget deficits. This idea—which Michael K. MacKenzie calls the “democratic myopia thesis”—is a sort of conventional wisdom: It is one of those things that scholars and pundits take for granted as a truth about democracy without subjecting it to adequate critical scrutiny. This book challenges this conventional wisdom and articulates a deliberative, democratic theory of future-regarding collective action. It is argued that each part of the democratic myopia problem can be addressed through democratic—rather than authoritarian—means. At a more fundamental level, the book argues that if democratic practices are world-making activities that empower us to make our shared worlds together, they should also be understood as future-making activities. Despite the short-term dynamics associated with electoral democracy, MacKenzie argues that inclusive and deliberative democratic processes are the only means we have for making our shared futures together in collectively intentional, mutually accommodating ways.
Introduction
Authors: MacKenzie Michael K.
Published: August 2021

This chapter outlines four interrelated but conceptually distinct claims that have been made by proponents of the democratic myopia thesis. It has been argued that democratic systems are functionally short-sighted because of (1) the myopic preferences of voters; (2) the political dynamics of short electoral cycles; (3) the fact that future others who will be affected by our decisions cannot be included in our decision-making processes; and (4) the reality that democratic processes are often captured by powerful actors with dominant short-term objectives. When taken together these four arguments make a persuasive case for why democracies might be functionally short-sighted. This chapter—and the book as a whole—argues that we do not need to choose between our normative commitments to democracy and the well-being of our future selves and future others, because there are democratic responses to each of these components of the democratic myopia thesis.
Days of Sorrow
Authors: Tackett Timothy
Published: August 2021

This chapter focuses on the period of the Revolutionary “Terror,” commonly dated from September 1793 through July 1794. Unfortunately, we know far less about Colson’s views during this period because of the repression and arrests of “suspects” throughout Paris and Colson’s caution in conveying any news of events to Lemaigre. What is clear, however, is that he encountered several developments that brought him considerable personal unhappiness. First, was the souring of relations with his longtime employer, the Longaunay family, and his effective replacement as chief confidant by the marquis’s valet de chambre, Monsieur Drot. Second, was the breakdown, for reasons that are not entirely clear, of his friendship with Roch Lemaigre. Third was the so-called movement of “dechristianization” that saw the arrest of his parish priest, the closing of his church, and the attempt to replace Christianity with various Revolutionary religions. As he lay dying in 1797, his parish church of Saint-Jacques-de-la-Boucherie had been sold and was being dismantled for scrap limestone.
Vulnerable in Nature
Authors: Hiskes Richard P.
Published: August 2021

This chapter conceptually links children’s human rights with environmental human rights. Environmental rights initially belong to future generations because they are uniquely vulnerable to environmental harms perpetuated by those living today, and consequently belong to living generations through “reflexive reciprocity.” Children in fact represent the first, “living” future generation. Therefore they share environmental rights with future generations. Those rights are uniquely “emergent” in nature for both children and future persons; they emerge at the group level. They are also rights that take special priority over adult human rights, based on the vulnerability of both children and future groups.
Toward a More Youthful Democracy
Authors: Hiskes Richard P.
Published: August 2021

This concluding chapter begins with a discussion of how the global coronavirus pandemic called attention to children’s rights issues, specifically in how children were not allowed to participate in decisions directly affecting their “best interests,” as required by CRC. Granting children human rights will fundamentally alter the nature of both democracy and human rights. Giving children citizenship rights will renew democracy, as past enfranchisements have, but also will push democracies to resemble less Western, liberal models. Group rights will predominate in democracies where children are full citizens. Also, the human rights agendas of child-incorporating democracies will be dominated by social and economic rights issues, since children’s rights of protection and provision will be given priority. Finally, children’s participation rights will emerge as crucial in diminishing structural inequality in democratic societies, providing a pathway to a fuller form of social justice predicated on the human rights of children.
Footing the Bill
Authors: Estlund Cynthia
Published: August 2021

Chapter 8 briefly takes up two questions about funding the proposals advanced in Chapters 6 and 7: how to structure the funding of new and existing benefits—specifically, those that could but need not be funded through employer payrolls—and how to raise whatever public revenues are needed. The problem is this: Payroll-based funding tends to unnecessarily speed job losses and affords limited latitude for redistribution; but it has political advantages as seen with Social Security. Payroll-based benefits are seen by beneficiaries and voters as earned and owned, and they require little or no public appropriations. The chapter proposes hybrid funding mechanisms, including new uses for “wage subsidies,” that attempt to finesse this dilemma. And it suggests some more and less familiar ways of taxing the biggest winners in a more automated economy to support programs in support of those being left behind.
A Middle Way
Authors: Batterman Robert W.
Published: August 2021

This book focuses on a method for exploring, explaining, and understanding the behavior of large many-body systems. It describes an approach to non-equilibrium behavior that focuses on structures (represented by correlation functions) that characterize mesoscale properties of the systems. In other words, rather than a fully bottom-up approach, starting with the components at the atomic or molecular scale, the “hydrodynamic approach” aims to describe and account for continuum behaviors by largely ignoring details at the “fundamental” level. This methodological approach has its origins in Einstein’s work on Brownian motion. He gave what may be the first instance of “upscaling” to determine an effective (continuum) value for a material parameter—the viscosity. His method is of a kind with much work in the science of materials. This connection and the wide-ranging interdisciplinary nature of these methods are stressed. Einstein also provided the first expression of a fundamental theorem of statistical mechanics called the Fluctuation-Dissipation theorem. This theorem provides the primary justification for the hydrodynamic, mesoscale methodology. Philosophical consequences include an argument to the effect that mesoscale parameters can be the natural variables for characterizing many-body systems. Further, the book offers a new argument for why continuum theories (fluid mechanics and equations for the bending of beams) are still justified despite completely ignoring the fact that fluids and materials have lower scale structure. The book argues for a middle way between continuum theories and atomic theories. A proper understanding of those connections can be had when mesoscales are taken seriously.
Introduction
Authors: Meredith Dennis
Published: August 2021

Communicating one’s research to lay and professional audiences is a key to research and career success. Such communications as news releases affect professional citations of scientific papers. Communication skills also directly aid both research and teaching by making the researcher a more effective purveyor of knowledge. In today’s media environment, researchers are in essence media outlets, able to reach their audiences directly through news releases, websites, social media, and other content. Creating such explanations also protects researchers professionally by ensuring that their research is conveyed to audiences as they wish.
Wayward Sons and Wandering Bacchic Revels
Authors: Dufallo Basil
Published: August 2021

In the years between Plautus and the heyday of Terence (160s BCE), Rome made a series of momentous conquests, including victory over Antiochus III in Asia Minor. Beginning from this historical background, Chapter 2 considers the wandering, exilic journey of a soldier, Clinia, in Asia while in service to an unnamed “King,” and his Odysseus-like return to his waiting girlfriend, Antiphila. Clinia’s story forms a part of Terence’s Heautontimorumenos, a play put on at the Roman festival of Cybele in 163 BCE. Other plays of Terence as well as the fragments of Caecilius Statius and Ennius add depth and context to the discussion. The chapter argues that Clinia’s lovelorn wandering presents an amusing image of Greek military activities in the East, but simultaneously alludes to Roman expansion through its recollection of Seleucid aggression. Further, by portraying the residents of an Attic deme struggling with the negative effects of an alluring Dionysiac figure, the itinerant prostitute Bacchis, Terence presents Bacchus’s cult in a less favorable light than that of Cybele. Bacchis’s submissive lover, Clitipho, who expresses a close bond with Clinia, is in his own fashion becoming lost, morally as well as spatially, from the moment we first meet him. The behavior of the comic adulescentes Clinia and Clitipho, the chapter suggests, is usefully regarded as queerly deviant in Ahmed’s terms, because seeing their behavior in this way helps illuminate the connection between their failure to live up to Roman gender expectations and the disorienting effects of the East.
Wandering Atoms, Roman Error, and Poetic Tradition in Lucretius
Authors: Dufallo Basil
Published: August 2021

Between Terence and Lucretius’s floruit (ca. 50s BCE), the boundaries of Roman power moved far outward again. And it is no coincidence that among the most disorienting images in all of ancient poetry stands Lucretius’s portrayal of Epicurus’s mental journey across the immeasurable universe, a heroic quest from which the Greek philosopher, like a conquering Roman general, brings back knowledge as a preferable form of imperial plunder (De rerum natura [DRN] 1.72–77). Lucretius thus depicts the Greek Epicurus as potentially more appealing—and specifically more masculine—than an audience of first-century BCE Romans might be inclined to regard him, given stereotypes of Epicureans as queerly deviant where Roman gender norms were concerned. The passage also creates a salient contrast between Epicurus and the wandering Odysseus of Homer’s Odyssey. After contextualizing Lucretius’s work through the “becoming lost” theme in fragmentary poetry between him and Terence (Pacuvius, Accius, and Lucilius), Chapter 3 argues that this image of Epicurus is not alone within DRN in the attitude toward Roman expansion that it encourages. There are pervasive aspects of the whole poem that anticipate and reinforce Lucretius’s approach here to both the positive and negative aspects of expansion, as well as the link that Lucretius fashions between them and his own poetic craft. We discern these connections especially by focusing on two interrelated, though opposed, semantic fields denoting wide-ranging, non-systematic movement: error/errare and vagus/vagari. Within DRN, these can designate, respectively, an Odyssean aimlessness in life and an Epicurean existence in harmony with the natural motions of the atoms.
Exercises Using Musical Instruments
Authors: Adolphe Bruce
Published: August 2021

This section requires the use of musical instruments for all the exercises, some for soloists and others for ensembles of various sizes. All of these exercises are improvisations, yet the focus is not on the idea of improvisation itself, but on specific dramatic or emotional goals. Improvisation in this chapter may signify dramatic rather than musical improvisation. Several of the exercises address the art of interpretating existing music and require spontaneity and imagination but do not ask for the participant to improvise music. Acting techniques, such as those developed by the Group Theater, are here repurposed for musicians in order to address aspects of memory, emotion, and imagination and to inspire new ways of thinking about performing, such as playing with the actor’s concept of subtext or gibberish from a musician’s perspective. New exercises included here are inspired by sampling and robots, plus a new series of exercises in this edition includes the improv comedy techniques of Nichols and May as a template for musical spontaneity.
The Critique of Commodification
Authors: Hermann Christoph
Published: August 2021

This book explores the intellectual history, nature, and consequences of commodification. While many use the term “commodification,” few realize that it was only introduced in the 1970s by Marxist scholars in Britain and the United States. However, while Marxists initially used commodification to challenge capitalism, subsequent scholars used it mainly to criticize certain markets and certain forms of exchange. The result is what this book identifies as moral and pragmatic critiques of commodification. In contrast, this book follows the materialist critique and, subsequently, argues that commodification entails the subjugation of use value, or usefulness, to market value, or the ability to generate profit. To capture this process, the book distinguishes between formal, real, and fictitious commodification. While capitalism depends on commodity production, the extent of commodification can differ, depending on market regulation and public provision. The book examines a range of neoliberal policies that promoted (re)commodification, including privatization, liberalization, and deregulation. The primacy of profits over needs has major consequences on how social needs are satisfied. The book identifies twelve consequences that have troubling effects for social reproduction and the environment, including the exclusion of those who cannot pay, the focus on highly profitable wants at the expense of less profitable but socially more relevant needs, collectivization of costs, and speculation. Given the negative effects, the book also discusses limits of commodification and argues that the ecological limit is the most dramatic one. In order to avoid catastrophic decommodification, the book proposes an alternative that is based on the maximization of use value rather than market value.
Melville's Wisdom
Authors: Schlarb Damien B.
Published: August 2021

This book explores the manner in which Herman Melville responds to the spiritual crisis of modernity by using the language of the biblical Old Testament wisdom books to moderate contemporary discourses on religion, skepticism, and literature. Melville’s work is an example of how romantic literature fills the interpretive lacuna left by contemporary theology. This book argues that attending to Melville’s engagement with the wisdom books (Job, Proverbs, and Ecclesiastes) can help us understand a paradox at the heart of American modernity: the simultaneous displacement and affirmation of biblical language and religious culture. In wisdom, which addresses questions of theology, radical skepticism, and the nature of evil, Melville finds an ethos of critical inquiry that allows him to embrace the acumen of modern analytical techniques such as higher biblical criticism, while salvaging simultaneously the spiritual authority of biblical language. Wisdom for Melville constitutes both object and analytical framework in this balancing act. Melville’s Wisdom joins other works of postsecular literary studies in challenging its own discipline’s constitutive secularization narrative by rethinking modern, putatively secular cultural formations in terms of their reciprocity with religious concepts and texts. The book foregrounds Melville’s sustained, career-spanning concern with biblical wisdom, its formal properties, and its knowledge-creating potential. By excavating this project from Melville’s oeuvre, Melville’s Wisdom shows how he seeks to avoid the spiritually corrosive effects of suspicious reading while celebrating truth-seeking over subversive iniquity.
Dread, Foolishness, Wisdom
Authors: Schlarb Damien B.
Published: August 2021

This chapter explores Melville’s commentary on the collection of aphorisms known as the book of Proverbs and how he responds to its central propositions: fear of God as a prerequisite for attaining wisdom, the dichotomy between wisdom and folly, and the antinomian problem of God as the author of evil. Proverbs, it argues, enables Melville to frame his contemplation of theology and skepticism by confronting evil in its numerous guises as ontological fact. Because proverbs are portable and pragmatic, they allow Melville to comment politically on contemporary American reality (faith, economics, political and cultural institutions). The chapter discusses Mardi, “The Lightning-Rod Man,” The Confidence-Man, and Billy Budd, showing how proverbs initially connote revolutionary political potential in Melville’s work but soon are rendered ineffectual and used only to indict American political, economic, and cultural industries for successfully conspiring to purge wisdom from all personal interaction and jurisprudence.
Ethics in Public Health Practice
Authors: McKeown Robert E.
Published: August 2021

This chapter outlines a foundation for addressing ethical concerns in public health practice, which is informed by the approach of Alasdair MacIntyre's definition of practice. It talks about the goal of public health and views practice as directed toward fulfillment of that goal and related goods, providing a common ground on which to base further discussions. It cites the foundational values of public health practice in identifying the common moral governance. It also looks at a common element of recent arguments on the importance and value of health that is necessarily for human well-being and flourishing, a perspective essential for discussions of the role of human rights and equity in public health ethics. The chapter delves into considerations of value that are related to the ends of public health but are also critical in the assessment and implementation of how those ends are achieved. It highlights the task of ethics that involves a continuing examination of means and ends in an iterative process. Though written before the COVID-19 pandemic, the chapter addresses the importance of public health preparedness for disasters and pandemics, including an outline of Preventive Ethics as central to ethical planning and implementation of public health prevention and response.
The Weight Formula
Authors: Alexy Robert
Published: August 2021

In this chapter the Law of Balancing, one of the two laws in A Theory of Constitutional Law (2002), is transformed into a mathematical formula, the Weight Formula. This formula allows a clear identification of the three factors that pertain to balancing: intensity of interference, abstract weight, and epistemic reliability of the premises standing behind these two classifications, and this on both sides of the principles collision. This is not possible without scaling. A geometric and discrete scale is proposed. Discrete scales are necessary. Geometric scales have advantages with respect to arithmetic scales. Cases are considered, and, in the last part of the text, open questions are presented.
Formal Principles: Some Replies to Critics
Authors: Alexy Robert
Published: August 2021

One of the main theses of principles theory is that the rational application of constitutional rights presupposes proportionality analysis and that proportionality analysis necessarily includes balancing. The objection of over-constitutionalization has been raised to this thesis. Principles theory has attempted to reply to this objection with a theory of discretion in which formal principles, in particular, the principle of democracy, play a pivotal role. The theory of formal principles, however, has led in recent decades to more questions than answers. With respect to constitutional rights, two models have been and remain in competition: the combination model and the separation model. The first model balances formal principles in combination with substantive principles, whereas the second model separates the balancing of formal principles from the balancing of substantive principles. It is argued in this chapter that both models are mistaken, and an epistemic model is proposed that finds expression in the epistemic variables of the Weight Formula.
Understanding the Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Passingham Richard E.
Published: August 2021

The primate prefrontal cortex sits at the top of the sensory, motor, and outcome processing hierarchies of the neocortex. It transforms sensory inputs into motor outputs, determining the response that is appropriate given the current context and desired outcome. This transformation involves conditional rules. The dorsal prefrontal cortex supports the learning of behavioural sequences, where the next action is conditional on the previous one. The ventral prefrontal cortex supports associations between objects, where the choice of one object is conditional on the presence of another object. However, because hierarchical processing supports the extraction of abstract representations, the primate prefrontal cortex is able to represent conditional rules that are abstract, meaning that they apply irrespective of the specific inputs. The selective advantage is that by learning these rules, primates can solve new problems rapidly when they have the same conditional logic as prior problems. The human prefrontal cortex has the same fundamental organization as in other primates. The dorsal prefrontal cortex supports the understanding of sequences and the ventral prefrontal cortex supports the ability to learn semantic associations. Thus the human prefrontal cortex has co-opted and elaborated mechanisms that were present in ancestral primates. These mechanisms can be used for new ends. For example, words have been associated with objects so as to communicate with others. This means that to understand human intelligence it is necessary to take into account the fact that the abstract rules are transmitted verbally from one generation to another.
Ventral Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Passingham Richard E.
Published: August 2021

The ventral prefrontal cortex learns to associate objects, faces, and vocalizations, and its connectional fingerprint explains why it alone can do so. It receives visual inputs from the inferior temporal cortex and auditory ones from the superior temporal cortex. It combines these inputs with those from the orbital prefrontal (PF) cortex so as to specify the goal that is currently desirable. This is then transformed into the target of search via connections with the frontal eye field and the target for manual retrieval via connections with the premotor areas. The ventral PF cortex can also learn to form associations between objects, for example by linking them into categories. These can be retrieved from long-term memory via connections with the hippocampus.
The Fragmentation of Belief
Authors: Bendaña Joseph , Mandelbaum Eric
Published: August 2021

Belief storage is often modeled as having the structure of a single, unified web. This model of belief storage is attractive and widely assumed because it appears to provide an explanation of the flexibility of cognition and the complicated dynamics of belief revision. However, when one scrutinizes human cognition, one finds strong evidence against a unified web of belief and for a fragmented model of belief storage. This chapter uses the best available evidence from cognitive science to develop this fragmented model into a nascent theory of the cognitive architecture of belief storage.
What is the body schema?
Authors: Vignemont Frédérique de , Pitron Victor , Alsmith Adrian J. T.
Published: August 2021

The body schema is commonly defined as the representation of a body for action. But what do we mean exactly by that? What makes the body schema so special? The type of information that it represents? The way this information is represented? Or the function of the representation? And is there more than one type of body schema? There is a sense indeed in which the term ‘body schema’ is ambiguous, in that it functions as a general term that groups together various body representations intervening at different stages in motor control, representing short- or long-term properties, used for positive or negative affordances. In addition, one might want to distinguish between local body schemata, which represent body parts, and a global body schema, which represents the body as a whole. But is this latter holistic representation really necessary? Here this chapter will present a detailed characterization of the manifold of representational processes involved in what we commonly refer to as the body schema, as well as the key mechanisms that contribute to their construal.
The body in the German neurology of the early twentieth century
Authors: Kalckert Andreas
Published: August 2021

In the past years, there has been an increasing interest in the experience of the own body in the field of experimental psychology and cognitive neuroscience. However, these questions are not new to neuroscience. Interestingly, the German neurology of the early twentieth century showed an extraordinary interest in the neurological processes underlying the experience of the body. One of the most controversial theoretical frameworks to this day is the distinction between the body schema and the body image. The latter is often referred to Paul Schilder and has caused some considerable discussions not only today, but also during the 1920/1930s. This chapter discusses Paul Schilder’s work in more detail, with a particular focus on his German writings. The chapter will describe the influence of Carl Wernicke and his concept of the somatopsyche. It was an important source of inspiration not only to Schilder, but also to the whole German neurology of that time. As the chapter will show, Schilder and his contemporaries had rather diverse concepts of the body image. By shedding light on some of these discussions, and the persons behind them, it is hoped the chapter will provide a better understanding of the evolution of this concept within the early German-speaking neurology.
Plasticity and tool use in the body schema
Authors: Romano Daniele , Maravita Angelo
Published: August 2021

The ability of humans to manufacture objects and represent physical causality makes them the master species in the use of tools. What is the impact of such a specific skill on the processing of bodily body-related spatial information? To what extent does the skilful manipulation of tools require specific embodiment of the device into one’s body representation? The present chapter reviews the effect of tool use on the representation of the body and space surrounding it, by analysing the cognitive effects of tool use and its neural representations. Studies on animals, healthy humans, and neuropsychological patients suggest that multisensory integration of stimuli far from the body is enhanced when a tool can reach those stimuli. Such a spatial remapping indicates that the body schema may adapt to include the device into one’s body representation. Notably, tool use-related changes are not limited to spatial processing, but also to the processing of body-related sensory-motor information. Understanding the cognitive mechanisms underlying tool use and the effect of tool use in the representation of the space around us is a paramount challenge to the understanding of body representation, especially considering that modern and more sophisticated technological tools, such as functional prostheses, robotic interfaces, and virtual reality devices, continually shape the central role of the body in human–environment interactions.
Body schema and pain
Authors: Miyahara Katsunori
Published: August 2021

This chapter aims to situate Merleau-Ponty’s notion of body schema within the context of contemporary philosophy of pain. In the first section, the chapter starts by introducing his notion of body schema and its role in his account of the experience of pain. It then briefly reviews current theoretical treatments of pain in the analytic philosophy of mind. It outlines representational and imperative theories of pain by mapping them onto the conceptual distinction between body image and body schema. In the second section, the chapter further argues that they are both deeply entrenched in a Cartesian dualistic picture of mind and body. To be fair, imperativism partly overcomes the Cartesian conception of the body by acknowledging the significance of the body schema. To see how theories of pain can escape the dualistic picture, thus, it will be helpful to examine imperativist explanations. The chapter undertakes this task by closely examining Colin Klein’s imperativist account of a rare pathological condition called pain asymbolia. This account, it suggests in the third section, leads to an unacceptably over-intellectual view of the body because of hidden Cartesian assumptions. It concludes by contrasting this with an enactive approach to pain, deeply inspired by Merleau-Ponty. In the last section, the chapter turns to phenomenological grounds to clarify and support this alternative approach.
Terms of Engagement
Authors: Giladi Rotem
Published: August 2021

Chapter 1, a primer on international law in modern Jewish political thought and praxis, sketches the conceptual framework underlying the argument that Israel’s early ambivalence towards international law was rooted in pre-sovereign ideological sensibilities. The chapter considers the Jewish turn to international law as driven by the ‘Jewish Question’ in the pursuit of competing ideological visions of Jewish emancipation. It presents three models of Jewish emancipation and the terms on which each engaged international law: Assimilation, invested in the civic emancipation of Jews as individuals; Zionism, seeking national emancipation through the establishment of a territorial polity; and Diaspora Nationalism, prescribing national emancipation through the practice of Jewish autonomy in the Diaspora. The chapter proposes to consider international law as a field of contestation among these models of Jewish emancipation. In particular, the chapter traces the ambivalence towards international law inherent in Herzlian, Zionist thought and entrenched by Zionism’s political experience.
Lauterpacht in Jerusalem
Authors: Giladi Rotem
Published: August 2021

This is the first of two chapters to explore the theme voice underscoring Israel’s ambivalence towards the right of petition in the draft Human Rights Covenant: the right of individuals to present grievances before the United Nations. The chapter revisits Hersch Lauterpacht’s Jerusalem lecture, delivered on the occasion of the Hebrew University’s semi-jubilee. Lauterpacht’s ‘reproach’ of Israel’s cool attitude towards the right of petition is assessed against the backdrop of his own investment in Zionism and human rights, and in light of interwar Jewish experience with the right of petition. The chapter traces the involvement of Jacob Robinson and Nathan Feinberg, Dean of the Hebrew University Law Faculty and Lauterpacht’s host, in the Bernheim petition—and their resentment of the need of Jewish national institutions to approach the League of Nations through the confines of individual legal standing. These ideological sensibilities framed Jewish representation politics before and after Israel’s establishment.