bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Miracles & Nature
Authors: Vailati Ezio
Published: November 2023

At first sight, the reference to miracles as one of the main issues of the correspondence may seem odd. When considering miracles and the seventeenth century, one is likely to think about Spinoza’s impassioned attempt to prove that they are impossible.1 Indeed, one may even think of miracles as belonging to an odd and antiquated frame of thought in fundamental antithesis with the new worldview brought about by modern science and soon to be swept away. How ever, this view would be wrong.
Responsible Action and Virtuous Character
Authors: Audi Robert
Published: November 2023

Much of the literature on moral responsibility is dominated by the question whether moral responsibility is compatible with determinism. Indeed, sometimes philosophers assume that actions for which we bear moral responsibility are equivalent to free actions, and they often say little about moral responsibility beyond illustrating the equivalence claim and discussing the relation between free action and determinism. There is, however, much about moral responsibility that needs clarification; and even when we understand what moral responsibility is, questions about its scope persist. My aim is to clarify both its nature and its scope. I particularly want to explore responsibility for character. In doing this I shall partially assess the Aristotelian idea that our character traits are under our voluntary control.
Autonomy, Reason, and Desire
Authors: Audi Robert
Published: November 2023

The notion of autonomy is often pivotal in recent ethical literature. One common theme is rights of autonomy, such as the right to direct one’s medical treatment; another focus is ideals of autonomy, for instance those determining how much freedom is allowed by legitimate government; and still another theme is the value of autonomy, for example as the basis of human dignity, a moral notion often stressed by Kantians. One easily gets a general sense of what autonomy is thought to be, but it is quite difficult to characterize philosophically, if indeed there is any single conception that can be plausibly taken as basic. This chapter has two aims: to sketch an account of autonomy useful in understanding its place in descriptive and normative contexts, and to explore its relation to what seem the two dominant lines in the theory of value: instrumentalism as expressed in the Humana tradition, and axiological realism — or at least objectivism — as expressed in the Kantian tradition.
Moral Judgment and Reasons for Action
Authors: Audi Robert
Published: November 2023

The relation between intellect and will is a major concern of the theory of practical reason. In moral philosophy the central focus of this concern is the relation between reason and morality. Here the perennial question is often taken to be whether a rational person has reason to be moral. But there is really more than one question here, because there are at least two quite different though overlapping kinds of reasons: motivational reasons, roughly the kind that explain why an agent does a particular thing, and normative reasons, roughly the kind that indicate what an agent ought to do. The former are the kind an agent in some way responds to (else they could not explain); the latter are the kind that rational agents respond to and that can at least partially justify the action in question. There are also two directions of entailment to consider if we are to understand the relation between reason and morality: whether being rational entails being moral and whether being moral entails being rational.
Intrinsic value and the Dignity of Persons
Authors: Audi Robert
Published: November 2023

It is obvious that some things are good for certain purposes, others are good of their kind, and still others are good as one thing or another. But is anything good in itself, independently of its relations to anything else — intrinsically good, to use the most common term for this notion? Many philosophers have thought so, including most who are central figures in “the tradition.” Others have denied this. Many philosophers have also held not only that there is something good in itself but also that the intrinsically good is what makes life worth living.
Conclusion
Authors: Audi Robert
Published: November 2023

The ethical theory developed in this hook is a moderate intuitionism that is epistemologically internalist, normatively objective, ontologically realistic, valuationally pluralist, and qualifiedly naturalistic. This theory is not fully expressed in any one chapter. One aim of this one is to present a rounded though still less than complete account of the theory. But I also want to propose a normative ethical position that puts the theory in the context of a set of standards that can guide moral conduct and inform ethical character. I begin with a major unifying idea that controls much of what is said in the book.
Introduction
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque
Published: November 2023

Our day-to-day behavior serves to confirm the rather unremarkable conviction held by almost all of us that most, if not all, persons are morally responsible agents. So, for instance, we are willing to adopt, and do in fact adopt, a whole cluster of attitudes toward persons-such as moral abhorrence and resentment, moral admiration and forgiveness, some of the so-called “reactive attitudes” which it seems inappropriate to have toward creatures, like koala bears, which we don’t take to be morally responsible agents.
Appraisability, Alternative Possibilities, and Ultimate Control
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque
Published: November 2023

Historically, there has been a venerable association of moral appraisability with control. Aristotle, for example, gives powerful expression to the idea that a person is morally appraisable for performing an action only if that action is in his control. He says that whatever “is done in ignorance, or though not done in ignorance is not in the agent’s power, or is done under compulsion, is involuntary”; and “[s]ince virtue is concerned with passions and actions, and on voluntary passions and actions praise and blame are bestowed, on those that are involuntary pardon, and sometimes also pity, to distinguish the voluntary from the involuntary is presumably necessary for those who are studying the nature of virtue, and useful also for legislators with a view to the assigning both of honours and of punishments” (Nicomachean Ethics 1109b30-35).
An Epistemic Dimension of Appraisability
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque
Published: November 2023

In the last chapter I ended with the suggestion that moral praiseworthiness and moral blameworthiness are closely affiliated with our “inner” attitudes; they are tied to our beliefs or perceptions about what is objectively obligatory or wrong, respectively, and not with what is in fact objectively obligatory or wrong.
Varieties of Normative Appraisability
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque
Published: November 2023

There is nothing out of the ordinary in the aged idea that a course of action is open to appraisal from many different evaluative perspectives. As examples, one can assess someone’s act aesthetically, or legally, or from the point of view of etiquette, rational long-term self-interest, or morality. There is in addition to the wealth of evaluative perspectives, long-standing skepticism about whether evaluations deriving from any one perspective, like the moral perspective, “really” or “objectively” trump those deriving from any others; the concern here is one of “objective overridingness.”
Addiction and Control
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque
Published: November 2023

In the last two chapters, I have explored some implications of the epistemic condition of appraisability for various issues. In this chapter, I devote attention to what the control condition implies for drug-related behavior. Specifically, the is sue here is this: Do drug users, addicted to such drugs as heroin or cocaine, have the sort of control required for moral appraisability over their actions, or their actional elements like desires, intentions, or decisions, which, in some important fashion, owe their.
Preparations for the Ball
Authors: Cuellar Jose Tomas De , Carson Margaret , Glantz Margo
Published: November 2023

It all begins with a birthday celebration for Matilde, the young lady of the house, and her papa-who loves her dearly, and has just turned a splendid business deal-is going to spare no expense. More than anything, Matilde wants to dance, despite all the objections of her mama, a respectable, simple woman from the countryside. It is important to please Matilde, and this idea triumphs over all scruples.
The Measurement of Suffering
Authors: Mayerfeld Jamie
Published: November 2023

This chapter addresses problems associated with the measurement of suffering. Specifically, I ask how we can assess whether and with what intensity other people are suffering, and how we should conceive and estimate the cardinal intensity of suffering. I turn first to the issue of interpersonal comparisons.

In order to discover whether and with what intensity someone is suffering, one must determine how that person feels. This seems to present a difficulty: we seem much better placed to observe our own feelings than the feelings of other people. Of course even our assessment of our own feelings can be distorted.
Russell’s Hidden Substitutional Theory
Authors: Landini Gregory
Published: November 2023

This book explores an important central thread that unifies Russell’s thoughts on logic in two works previously considered at odds with each other, the Principles of Mathematics and the later Principia Mathematica. This thread is Russell’s doctrine that logic is an absolutely general science and that any calculus for it must embrace wholly unrestricted variables. The heart of Landini’s book is a careful analysis of Russell’s largely unpublished “substitutional” theory. On Landini’s showing, the substitutional theory reveals the unity of Russell’s philosophy of logic and offers new avenues for a genuine solution of the paradoxes plaguing Logicism.
Introduction
Authors: Landini Gregory
Published: November 2023

This book concerns the historical development of Bertrand Russell’s ramified type theory from the 1903 Principles of Mathematics to the 1910 Principia Mathematica. Its central theme is to show that one doctrine dominated Russell’s thinking throughout the history. The doctrine is quodlibet ens est unum. “Whatever is, is one,” according to Russell, and by this he meant that any calculus for pure logic must treat all entities alike; it must adopt only one style of pure and unrestricted “entity” variable which regards as one whatsoever is.
The Logic of Principia Mathematica
Authors: Landini Gregory
Published: November 2023

There are many different renditions of the formal system of Principia Mathematica. To name just a few, there are Church (1978), Hatcher (1968), Copi (1971), and Chihara (1973). The source of the contention between them lies in the degree of significance each attributes to certain features of the philosophical explanations set out in the Introduction of the work. All regard the explanations as inconsistent and concur that pruning is necessary for coherence. This presentation offers a new rendition of the formal system a rendition which at last shows that the real Principia comports with its Introduction.
Newton Gets It Completely Wrong
Authors: Silver Brian L
Published: November 2023

Matter, in the everyday world, comes in three forms: solid, liquid, and gas. Gas is the simplest form of matter, the form that we understand best. We live in a gas, in fact, a mixture of gases-air. The way that scientists see gases is not the way that our eyes see them. In fact our eyes don’t see air at all, but it is typical of science that it starts off with the somewhat thin evidence of the senses and then proceeds, by experiment and +, to build a model that explains the properties of whatever system we are interested in. One of the most successful models is that constructed to explain the behavior of gases.
From Rousseau to Blake: The Revolt against Reason
Authors: Silver Brian L
Published: November 2023

When he was at school at Eton, Shelley spent much of his leisure in the study of “the occult sciences, natural philosophy and chemistry,” and his pocket money was spent on “books relative to these pursuits, on chemical apparatus and materials.” Shelley was fascinated by the voltaic pile of Volta and had dreams of a world transformed by electricity. At Oxford University the contents of his room included “crucibles, ... an electric machine, an air pump, the galvanic trough, a solar microscope, and large glass jars and receivers.” This was the door to nature chosen by the archetypal Romantic poet who was later to approach the natural world almost solely through the gates of his imagination: “Earth and Ocean seem, To sleep in one another’s arms, and dream.”
Lodestone, Amber, and Lightning
Authors: Silver Brian L
Published: November 2023

Lodestone, amber, and lightning were nature’s hints that there were strange forces in Heaven and Earth. Lodestone, a naturally occurring magnetic oxide of iron, attracted nails and, if suspended, aligned itself roughly along a north-south line. If rubbed with suitable material, a piece of amber attracted pieces of thread or paper. These weird properties still intrigue children-and adults. The compass needle fascinated Einstein as a child. How did the needle know which way to point? Even as late as the seventeenth century, many believed that magnets had souls. The pull of a magnet was likened to the lure of a siren for a sailor.
The Demise of Alchemy
Authors: Silver Brian L
Published: November 2023

“I have Immortal longings in me.” Cleopatra, waiting to take the asp from Iras and preparing to meet eternity, declares that she is “flre and air; my other elements I give to baser life.” Most of the spectators in Shakespeare’s audience knew what she was talking about.
The Slow Birth of Biology
Authors: Silver Brian L
Published: November 2023

For centuries no area of science flaunted such a small ratio of meaningful “practick” to empty theory, as biology. The early history of biology was a catastrophe because of man’s inability to put “practick” before authority and “speculative” thought. Observation was downgraded to an irrelevancy. It is difflcult to excuse the immense durability of Aristotle’s descriptions of the form and functioning of animals and plants. There is very little in his writings on biology that has stood the test of time, and much of what he wrote could have been shown to be wrong by simple use of the naked eye. But no one dared to seriously challenge the master until the late Middle Ages. Unfortunately, he was not the only sacred bull.
Evolution
Authors: Silver Brian L
Published: November 2023

One day in 1956, during the Suez crisis, I was summoned to the office of Professor J.B. S. Haldane, the famous geneticist, biometrist, and ex-Marxist. I was an undergraduate at University College London, and Haldane was for me an awesome personality. His room was littered with books, random objects, sheets of notepaper, and what seemed to be fossil bones. There was a box of germinating potatoes beneath his desk.
The Lords of Nature?
Authors: Silver Brian L
Published: November 2023

Our rapidly developing ability to identify and manipulate genes is creating problems, both biological and ethical, that we have never had to face before.
Cosmology
Authors: Silver Brian L
Published: November 2023

One can’t help sympathizing with the famous chef. Most of us are chilled by the silent oceans of space. I can hear James Joyce’s Stephen Dedalus, reflecting on the universe’s “vast inhuman cycles of activity.” Be honest: the surface of the Moon is about as intrinsically interesting to HMS as the Utah salt flats. The rest of the solar system is unfriendly; and none of us will travel to the stars.
The Future
Authors: Silver Brian L
Published: November 2023

This will be a very short chapter-not because the apocalypse is upon us but because the success rate of futurology is probably on a par with that of astrology. There was at one time, especially in the 1960s, a fashion for committees of savants to issue documents purporting to predict the broad lines of the future. The authors usually considered it advisable to use extensive data processing, as if shaky assumptions could somehow be corrected by expensive hardware.
Solutions Based on Ratifiability and Sure Thing Reasoning
Authors: Harper William
Published: November 2023

Two-person extensive form games provide a context in which an explication of the von Neumann-Morgenstern indirect argument for restricting solutions to Nash equilibria can support refinements of the Nash solution concept. The causal information provided by the tree structure of the extensive form can be used to show that some Nash equilibrium strategies will not pass the test provided by the demand that choice of that strategy be ratifiable under the assumptions for applying the indirect argument to it. This provides for a more subtle form of forward induction than that discussed in Kohlberg and Mertens (1986). It also generates set valued solutions in some extensive form games they used to discuss set valued solutions generated by their concept of stability.
Sophisticated Bounded Agents Play the Repeated Dilemma
Authors: Bacharach Michael , Shin Song , Williams Mark
Published: November 2023

In this essay, we put forward a new solution to the “backward induction paradox” in the theory of the Finitely Repeated Prisoner’s Dilemma (FRPD). The paradox is this: An apparently valid argument, the Backward Induction Argument, has the conclusion that if there is common knowledge between the players of the rules of the game and of each other’s rationality, then however many rounds there may be both “defect” in all of them. But this conclusion is intuitively implausible. Our solution is in three parts. We first show that limits on players’ abilities to understand long sentences of the type.
Recitals, Demonstrations, and Concerts
Authors: Paskevska Anna
Published: November 2023

Performance is often the main justification for all our hard work. In performance we realize truths that may escape us in the studio. The anticipation of performance keeps us interested, and the memory of the last performance sustains us and reinforces the necessity of keeping our instrument tuned. But is performing an essential part of the experience of learning to dance? Performance completes our understanding of dance. It puts our long hours of practice into perspective and gives us an opportunity to share what we know and what we feel with others. It is a vital part of learning to dance because, through the experience, we learn how to draw pleasure by giving pleasure to others, as well as nourish certain aspects of our personality that crave that kind of attention. Many dancers say that they feel most vital, most alive while dancing. VioletteVerdy, speaking of Nureyev, said: “Maybe he did not get to the Absolute, but he kept going there His most purest, his everything was his dancing. Not because he was privileged, but because he gave everything” (interview with Russell D. Baker, University of Utah Department of Ballet Newsletter, Winter 1993).
Parenting the Dancer
Authors: Paskevska Anna
Published: November 2023

Are always a little surprised and somewhat delighted when our children show a dedication and a commitment that seems to us beyond their years. Parenting a dancer is not very different from parenting any talented child. Children generally begin dance classes at an early age, when dance is, in most cases, an activity chosen by their parents. Sometimes, the children identify their desire. One mother commented to me, “When they do what they want, there is a healthy attitude toward the activity, and it has a maturing effect.” She added, “lt is a fascinating experience to be led by your child. It opened our lives. We do a lot of things that we would not have done, like going to dance concerts.” Usually between the ages of nine and twelve, children begin to let their preference be known. Either the parent continues to drag the reluctant child to dance class for a few more years, or dance assumes a central position in the child’s life.
In the Beginning The Discovery of Genes
Authors: Clark William R
Published: November 2023

The story of molecular medicine begins with the story of genes. It is not at all an understatement to say that life as we know it could not exist without genes. They direct the activity of every living organism, from the simplest single-cell bacteria to human beings. Genes are found in and are responsible for the day-to-day operation of every single cell in our bodies; they help us to respond to changes in the environment by directing individual cells to alter the amounts and types of molecules they synthesize. Genes are also the basic units of heredity, and as such are responsible for the transmission of biological characteristics from one generation to the next.
Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Clark William R
Published: November 2023

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a terrible disease because it strikes children and because there is no cure. It is caused by a defect in one of Mendel’s “atoms of heredity,” a tiny mistake in a single gene. CF has obviously been a disease in the human population for a very long time; people suffering from symptoms associated with CF (such as excessively salty sweat preceding or accompanying a serious illness) have been described in the medical literature for at least several hundred years. But a precise clinical definition of CF did not emerge until the late 1930s. Dr. Dorothy Andersen, a pathologist at Columbia University, had become intrigued by several cases of newborns, infants, and children she had seen at autopsy that seemed to share certain symptoms. Comparing these with other cases gleaned from the medical literature, she felt she could fit them together into a common syndrome, implying the possibility of a single underlying cause.
The Isolation, Cloning, and Transfer of Human Genes
Authors: Clark William R
Published: November 2023

When Walter Sutton set forth, in 1903, his notion that Mendel’s “factors of heredity” (later called genes) must be physically discrete entities arranged along chromosomes, he also noted that the total number of such factors necessary to specify an entire living organism - plant or animal - would surely far exceed the number of chromosomes found in individual cells of that organism. For those who accepted Sutton’s point of view, it became of interest to see whether or not and to what extent specific genes are in fact associated with specific chromosomes, and perhaps even specific locations (loci) on specific chromosomes.
Gene Therapy for Cancer
Authors: Clark William R
Published: November 2023

Just two decades ago, our thinking about cancer, and especially its treatment, was as fragmented as the disease itself appeared to be. Oncologists were a frustrated lot. There seemed to be as many different diseases called cancer as there were different cells in the body; any one of them could become cancerous, and each of the resulting diseases seemed to require a completely different treatment approach. The treatments developed during these decades were still based on a view of cancer cells as some sort of biological renegades, crazy and dangerous cells that had to be destroyed at all costs. Powerful weapons based on radiation and chemotherapy were developed as adjuncts to the surgeon’s knife. A few cancers did in fact succumb to this approach, but not many; to this day, half of all cancers remain essentially untreatable.
Molecular Medicine and AIDS
Authors: Clark William R
Published: November 2023

AIDS (aquired immune deficiency syndrome) is probably more indelibly impressed on contemporary consciousness than any dis¬ ease in modern history. It is truly the equivalent of the Black Death of the Middle Ages, or of smallpox just a few generations ago. One million Americans-and twenty million human beings worldwide-are estimated to be infected with the causative pathogen of AIDS-the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Fifteen percent of those infected are women. A quarter of a million Americans have already died of AIDS; without a major breakthrough in treatment, all but a tiny handful of those currently infected will die. They will die for one simple reason: HIV will have destroyed their T cells.
The Human Genome Project
Authors: Clark William R
Published: November 2023

By the end of the 1980s, the approximate chromosomal locations were known for nearly two thousand human genes, and partial or complete nucleotide sequences were in hand for about 500; the two groups only partially overlapped. But progress in identifying, cloning, and sequencing new human genes was definitely slowing down. Many of the first human genes to be cloned and sequenced had been relatively “easy.” In some cases, the protein sequence was already known, allowing synthesis of a corresponding DNA probe for locating the gene on a southern blot. In other cases, a gene cloned from an animal source could be used as a probe to find its human counterpart. But increasingly, human gene sequences were obtained only at the end of long, tedious, expensive, and highly focused searches related to specific human diseases - the CFTR gene was a case in point. The value of knowing the sequence of the CFTR gene is obvious: more precise genetic screening; an unambiguous protein sequence for studying the metabolic basis of the CF defect; the possibilities of gene replacement therapy.
Moral Justification 1n Context
Authors: Timmons Mark
Published: November 2023

In this final chapter, I turn from questions about the metaphysics and associated semantics of moral discourse to issues relating to moral epistemology. ‘Moral epistemology’ is sometimes used to refer to the whole field of metaethics, but here I use it more narrowly to refer to that area of metaethics that is concerned with philosophical questions about the epistemic appraisal of moral statements and moral beliefs. I am primarily interested in the justification of moral belief, though I shall have some things to say about moral knowledge as well.
Stairway to Heaven
Authors: Fast Susan
Published: November 2023

I am watching the video of Led Zeppelin playing at Knebworth August 11, 1979. It is near the end of a concert that lasted two hours and forty minutes.
Whole Lotta Love
Authors: Fast Susan
Published: November 2023

Several times during the performance of” Since I’ve Been Loving You” in Led 2:.) Zeppelin’s documentary film The Song Remains the Same, the camera turns its focus away from the stage and out into the crowd in an attempt to document the audience members’ reception of the event. Among the people shown is a woman in a white hooded jacket who appears near the end of the song. Even though her appearance is brief, she has always been a source of intrigue for me, a focal point not only of this song, but, in fact, of the whole film. She is sitting still, her chin resting on her folded hands.
Introduction
Authors: Karpinski Gary S
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this book is to explore how college-level musicians acquire the various skills involved in two broad areas of musical behavior: listening and (2) reading and performing. Music listening skills cover a wide range of activities, from listening to general characteristics, to the complex activities involved in various kinds of dictation, to attention to finer features such as tone quality and intonation. Reading and performing skills are equally complex and numerous, involving mechanics such as vocal technique and eye movements, the code-interpreting tasks involved in reading notation, and production skills such as tonal orientation and maintenance of a steady pulse. Many adages have circulated for years surrounding the reciprocal nature of these two sets of skills. For example, Schumann ([1848] 1967) wrote: “You must get to the point that you can hear music from the page” (p. 402), and, “A perfect musician should be able to picture a piece, at first hearing … as though he had the score in front of him” (p. 413). Smith (1934) noted that “the musician must learn to ‘hear with the eye, and see with the ear’” (p. 58). Benward and Carr (1999) refer to the “hearing eye” (p. xi), and Benward and Kolosick (1996b) invoke the “seeing ear” (p. ix). Butler (1997) speaks of “an intrinsic and unbreakable link between music performance skill and music listening skill” (p. 44). Indeed, although the bipartite division of this book separates listening skills from reading and performing skills, readers will find that much of what is presented in one half will be applicable in the other as well.
Melodic Dictation
Authors: Karpinski Gary S
Published: November 2023

Melodic dictation seems to stand as an important focal point of under-graduate music training. Most aural skills texts—if they address listening at all—feature melodic dictation. For example, the first half of Kraft (1999) is devoted to melodic dictation, and the first sections in all sixteen units of Benward and Kolosick (1996a) are labeled “Melodic Dictation.” Some universities, colleges, and conservatories offer entire courses titled Dictation; others—with course titles such as Ear Training or Aural Skills—nonetheless typically advertise melodic dictation prominently in their course descriptions. Working with melodic dictation can help to develop some very important musical skills such as musical attention, extractive listening, short-term musical memory, musical understanding, and notation.
Polyphonic and Harmonic Dictation
Authors: Karpinski Gary S
Published: November 2023

Two-voice dictation is a small (but perhaps essential) component of musical training, judging from an examination of the single most popular eartraining text and the GRE Revised Music Test. Pembrook and Riggins (1990) noted that “among those instructors who use a commercially published text to teach dictation and error detection, Benward’s Ear Training: A Technique for Listening is the dominant text almost to the exclusion of all others” (p. 239). The fifth edition of Ear Training (Benward and Kolosick 1996a) devotes only a few pages to multipart dictation per se, and less than 5% overall even if one counts all the transcription activities that include two and three voices. The GRE Revised Music Test includes one two-voice dictation worth 2.5% of the entire exam (see Educational Testing Service 1993, 10–12). Three- (and more-) voice dictation is rare indeed, at least in U.S. universities, colleges, and conservatories.
Sight Reading
Authors: Karpinski Gary S
Published: November 2023

All of the skills discussed in the preceding chapter are just as easily (and in some ways better) introduced and practiced before notation has been employed in the aural skills sequence. It is much easier to identify and remedy difficulties with these skills in the absence of the variables introduced by reading and interpreting notation.
More Complex Reading Skills
Authors: Karpinski Gary S
Published: November 2023

This chapter goes beyond the basic music-reading and performing skills examined in chapters 6 and 7. It begins by exploring some specific skills involved in negotiating chromaticism, modulation, and proportional tempo and meter changes. It also examines approaches appropriate for reading, auralizing, and performing various clefs and transpositions. Finally, it investigates how reading skills can be applied to score reading, conducting, and reading Schenkerian graphs.
Immortal Kombat: War Toys and Violent Video Games
Authors: Goldstein Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

The second most profitable item on the entertainment agenda in 1993 was the film Jurassic Park. Its financial success was exceeded only by a video game with violence as its theme. “One single game-Street Fighter II-made $1.5 billion last year [1993]. Nothing, not even Jurassic Park, touched that success in the entertainment business,” said screenwriter Michael Backes (quoted in Covington, 1994). Nineteen ninety-three also saw two versions of the video game Mortal Kombat in the shops: the original version, sold by Sega, with its notorious decapitations and blood-dripping spinal cords, and a sanitized version in which the violence was toned down, offered by Nintendo. Although there were more Nintendo than Sega game systems present in U.S. households, the bloody Sega version of Mortal Kombat outsold the less violent version by about 7 to 1.
Children’s Attraction to Violent Television Programming
Authors: Cantor Joanne
Published: November 2023

The controversy this program has provoked worldwide over whether it is stimulating children to fight with each other and even whether it was responsible for a child’s death in Norway (see, e.g., Ho, 1994) has re invigorated the ongoing debate about the contribution of televised violence to the aggressive behavior of children. But this debate, which has circulated at least since the advent of television, may not be as interesting as the more perplexing and intriguing question of why such programs attract and delight huge audiences of children again and again.
From Energy to Bonds to Molecular Information: The Information/Entropy Balancing Act
Authors: Loewenstein Werner R
Published: November 2023

The solid-state gear which embodies the deterministic information core in living beings is made of DNA, RNA, and protein. Vast amounts of information go into the making of such macromolecules, and all that information ultimately comes from photon energy, as we have seen. But how does this energy get to the molecular construction sites, and in what form? Let us first take a bird’s eye view of the energy flux through a forming macromolecule. We need to consider here the macromolecule and the immediate environment with which the macromolecule exchanges energy. So, we have then: an energy source-the sunlight; two connected systems where the energy flows through-the macromolecule and its environment; and an energy sink-the outer space that the environment gives off the unused energy to (as infrared radiation). The situation in the environment is readily defined. Because the source and sink are for all practical purposes constant, the energy flux is constant too, and this has been so for a long time. Thus, the environment is in a time-independent balanced state above thermodynamic equilibrium, or what is called steady state.
The Two Information Realms
Authors: Loewenstein Werner R
Published: November 2023

Having discussed how, by means of information loops, a molecular organization might have come out of quantum chemistry, and how, by loop interlacing, such an organization might have pulled itself up in time by its own bootstraps to higher and higher levels, we now take up the information trail in the year 3,500,000,000 post-Circus. By then that organization has cut its wisdom teeth. The information loops have formed a vast network and the structure materialized has gotten enormously complex. Nevertheless, the guy line of all that information-the linear nucleicacid structure that serves as a repository-still shines through, and the ancestral division of information depository and temporal expression is as clear as ever.
lntercellular Communication Via Channels in the Cell Membrane
Authors: Loewenstein Werner R
Published: November 2023

Now to the other membrane demons with a penchant for cramped spaces, the ones who implemented Evolution’s fourth strategy for Circus union (Fig. 9.4 d). These demons are of the six-subunit tubular-protein sort (Fig. 10.11) which boasts a wide central passageway (16-18 angstroms) that admits not only the inorganic molecules, but also quite a few of the organic ones inside cells. Not that this passageway is devoid of polar amino-acid residues-it is lined with them just as the passageways of the ion channels we saw before are, or else it wouldn’t let the water through. But the electrostatic field, the shield associated with such a wide aperture, makes itself felt only to ion passengers with some body to them, charged molecules of a mass of 300 daltons or higher-the small inorganic ones just zip through.
Neuronal Communication, Neuronal Computation, and Conscious Thought
Authors: Loewenstein Werner R
Published: November 2023

This concludes the story of how the information in the genetic library-the precoded information in each cell - gets disseminated through the organismic mass. But before we close the books on intercellular communication, I shall briefly deal with a special brand in the nervous system. This intercellular operation started rather late in evolution, well after the Grand Climacteric. It filled the niche for fast, long-distance communication, a niche that came with multicellularity; but eventually it did much more than that. Nerve cells have long extensions-in ourown organism they get to be meter long. These extensions or axons carry information with speeds ranging from about 1 to 100 meters per second, several orders of magnitude higher than those of the four basic communication modes we have seen. The nerve cells and their extensions form highly organized, richly structured communication networks which do not depend solely on the vagaries of molecular diffusion as the other communication modes do-the neurons have weaned themselves of the ancient seek and find game, we might say.
Deformations and Disruptions
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M
Published: November 2023

Craniofacial deformations

Congenital deformations of the head and neck are common, and most resolve spontaneously within the first few days of postnatal life. When they do not, further evaluation may be necessary to plan therapeutic interventions (1,2,4,5,9) that may prevent long-term consequences. The distinction between deformations and malformations and its implications are discussed elsewhere (6,8,9).

Approximately 2% of infants are born with extrinsically caused deformations that usually arise during late fetal life from intrauterine constraint. Approximately 30% of deformed infants have two or more deformations. Deformed infants tend to show catch-up growth toward their genetic potential during the first few postnatal months after release from the intrauterine constraining environment (8). Table 1–1 indicates some of the known causes, both extrinsic and intrinsic, of deformations. Deformations considered here include nasal, auricular, and mandibular deformities, torticollis, nonsynostotic plagiocephaly, craniosynostosis caused by intrauterine constraint, and abnormal fetal presentations, which may result in craniofacial deformation.

Nasal deformation. Deformation of the nose may be associated with face presentation, transverse lie, oligohydramnios, or severe fetal crowding. In most instances, the nose will be compressed and/or deviated (Fig. 1–1), which may make it appear short. Occasionally the nasal cartilage is dislocated from the vomerine ridge, resulting in nasal asymmetry with slanting of the columella. The naris on the side toward the dislocated cartilaginous septum will appear small (9).
Teratogenic Agents
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M
Published: November 2023

Growth and development of the embryo can be adversely affected by a wide variety of environmental agents (teratogens). These include intrauterine infections, various chemical agents and medications, radiation, and maternal metabolic disorders. Prior to discussion of specific teratogens, itwould be logical to familiarize the reader with some of the general principles of teratology
Syndromes Affecting Bone: Craniotubular Bone Disorders
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M
Published: November 2023

There has been much confusion attendant to genetic disorders of bone characterized by modeling errors of tubular and cranial bones. Gorlin et al (3) divided craniotubular dysplasias into Pyle disease, craniometaphyseal dysplasia, craniodiaphyseal dysplasia, frontometaphyseal dysplasia, Schwarz-Lelek syndrome, dysosteosclerosis, and oculodentoosseous dysplasia. The craniotubular hyperostoses consist of Van Buchem disease, sclerosteosis, congenital hyperphosphatasia, autosomal dominant osteosclerosis, and Camurati-Engelmann disease. Later, Gorlin (2) thought that Lelek’s report represented an example of craniometaphyseal dysplasia or possibly an entity unto its own, and considered the report of Schwarz to be an example of craniometadiaphyseal dysplasia. Furthermore, Pyle disease was no longer considered a craniotubular bone disorder as the skull is so mildly involved. More extensive discussions may be found in Beighton and Cremin (1) and Whyte (4).
Syndromes Affecting the Skin and Mucosa
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M
Published: November 2023

Aplasia cutis congenita is the localized or widespread absence of skin at birth. First described by Cordon in 1767 (17), the defect became more widely known with Campbell’s report (14), in 1826, of two sibs with involvement of the scalp vertex. Over 550 cases have been reported to date. Clinical associations, classification, and etiology have been discussed in several noteworthy reviews (21,22,27,31,33,65,104,105,108).
Syndromes Affecting the Central Nervous System
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M
Published: November 2023

Myotonic dystrophy is characterized by myotonia, progressive muscle wasting, cataracts, and variable mental deficiency. The diverse progressive clinical manifestations relate to multiple system involvement that includes the eye, heart, endocrine system, gastrointestinal tract, skeleton, and skin. An excellent comprehensive and historically interesting monograph on myotonic dystrophy has been written by Harper (24). A cogent editorial on molecular diagnosis is that of Suthers et al (58).
Orofacial Clefting Syndromes: General Aspects
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M
Published: November 2023

Introduction. The first evidence of clefting is in an Egyptian mummy dating from 2400 to 1300 BC (12). A 2000-year-old ceramic statue of a king with a cleft has been reported from Colombia (22), and an African mask showing cleft lip and palate has been described (5). It is curious that in spite of the frequent occurrence of facial clefts, Greek and Roman physicians made no mention of them. A Ming dynasty painting depicts cleft lip (8) as does a twentieth century Russian work by Vrubel (7). Treatment of cleft lip was apparently first carried out by a Chinese physician in 390 AD (2).
Well-Known Miscellaneous Syndromes
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M
Published: November 2023

Alagille syndrome (arteriohepatic dysplasia)

In 1973, Watson and Miller (47) reported the association between intrahepatic cholestasis and pulmonary arterial stenosis. Alagille and coworkers (2), in 1975, added characteristic facies, mental, somatic, and sexual retardation, and vertebral and cardiac malformations. An earlier reference to the same condition is that of Vermassen and Boddaert (46). Low birthweight and growth retardation occur in about 50% , being more common in those with vertebral anomalies. Mueller et al (26) noted that about 25% die prior to the age of 5 years due to cardiovascular or hepatic complications. The chances of survival to 20 years without liver transplantation is about 50% (13). At least 150 cases have been reported (18). Autosomal dominant inheritance with 95% penetrance and highly variable expressivity has been amply demonstrated (11,15a,18,21, 26,38,39,42,47). There is a high occurrence of new mutations (11). In at least 70%, various mutations in human JAGGED 1 (JAG1) gene have been found (45a,48). The gene encodes for a ligand for NOTCH 1, a transmembrane receptor (5,23,28). NOTCH intercellular signaling pathway mediates cell fate decisions during embryogenesis (23). Patients with isolated tetralogy of Fallot may have JAG1 mutations (44). About 15% of the cases are sporadic (10). A deletion has been found at 20p12 in less than 7% (4,14,34,49). FISH is used. The frequency has been estimated at 1/70,000 live births (9).
Realism and Underdetermination II Does Empirical Equivalence Entail Underdetermination?
Authors: Kukla Andre
Published: November 2023

Now for the second premise. In this chapter, I deal with arguments that try to refute the claim that empirically equivalent theories must also be epistemically equivalent. Considerations in support of the second premise are taken up in chapter 7, where they appear as part of a more general defense of antirealist themes. 6.1 The Nonempirical Virtues of Theories Almost all the arguments against the second premise are based on a single idea: that there are global properties of hypotheses, such as their simplicity or explanatoriness, that are wholly independent of the hypotheses’ empirical content but that nevertheless can have an effect on their epistemic status. Let’s call the principle that such arguments deny-namely, that there are no nonempirical virtues that have epistemic import-by the name of NN. The presumed connection between NN and the second premise is clear: if some nonempirical virtues do have epistemic import, then empirically equivalent theories aren’t necessarily epistemically equivalent.
Dialectics, Experiments, and Mathematics in Galileo
Authors: A.Wallace William
Published: November 2023

Perhaps it is not out of place, in a book devoted to scientific controversies, to begin this chapter with a long-standing controversy over Galileo and his methodology. This is not so much a scientific controversy as it is one relating to the history of science, but it is instructive for the light it can shed on how scientific controversies are ultimately resolved. I refer to the Methodenstreit initiated by Ernst Cassirer (1922), developed by John Herman Randall, Jr. (1940, 1976), and contested ever since by a host of writers including Neil Gilbert (1963), William Edwards (1983), Adriano Carugo and Alistair Crombie (1983), and myself (Wallace, 1984). The point of the controversy is whether or not Galileo was influenced by the Paduan Aristotelians, in particular, Jacopo Zabarella, when developing the new sciences for which he is justly famous. My contention now is that the lengthy controversy has finally been resolved: Galileo indeed was influenced by Zabarella, but in a novel way not foreseen by any of the protagonists before Edwards and I published the Latin text of his Tractatio de demonstration (Galilei 1988; Berti 1991). The Tractatio occupies a major part of MS Gal. 27, entitled Dialletica, which had been sitting for many years in the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale in Florence. It was known to Antonio Favaro, the editor of the National Edition of Galileo’s works, but he did not think it worth transcribing for his edition, and so it has remained unknown to scholars for over four centuries (GG9: 273-282).1 The designation written on the manuscript, “Dialettica,” explains the “Dialectics” in my title.
Quasars, Causality, and Geometry; A Controversy that Should Have Happened but Didn’t
Authors: Salmon Wesley C
Published: November 2023

Quasars, originally called quasi-stellar radio sources, were discovered thirty years ago; the discovery was announced to the world at large in the December 1963 issue of Scientific American (Greenstein, 1963). The discovery occurred at a time when radio astronomy was beginning to achieve fairly high resolution, so radio sources could in some cases be identified with visible objects. In fact, the first identification of a quasi-stellar radio source was made in 1960, but at the time it was taken to be a visible star that had the rather unusual property of emitting radio waves.