bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anestesia inhalatoria en el equino: Características y consideraciones al momento de su uso
Authors: Marañon Camila , Eckholt Peña Natalia , Correa Felipe
Published: November 2017

Los anestésicos son fármacos potentes que no tienen un tiempo definido de uso, sin embargo, debido a las características predecibles de recuperación anestésica que poseen, y pese a que generan cambios drásticos en la función cardiovascular y respiratoria, son indispensables en medicina equina. Para lograr una anestesia balanceada combinamos el uso de diferentes fármacos endovenosos con un anestésico inhalatorio. Cual fármaco utilizar dependerá tanto del estado de salud general, como del tipo de procedimiento al que será sometido el paciente. Es por esto, que antes de someter a un paciente a anestesia, éste debe ser examinado cuidadosamente para así caracterizar su estado general. Para ello existe el sistema de clasificación ASA que permite determinar las consideraciones anestésicas y así poder disminuir los riesgos que conlleva dicho procedimiento. Es fundamental que mientras el paciente este anestesiado sea monitoreado constantemente, para así asegurar y controlar que tanto la función fisiológica, como la profundidad anestésica sean las adecuadas, lo que a su vez permitirá actuar a tiempo frente a las diversas complicaciones que se pudiesen presentar. La morbilidad y mortalidad en la anestesia equina es considerablemente mayor que en otras especies domésticas.
Nitrogen‐Related Constraints of Carbon Uptake by Large‐Scale Forest Expansion: Simulation Study for Climate Change and Management Scenarios
Authors: Kracher Daniela
Published: November 2017

Increase of forest areas has the potential to increase the terrestrial carbon (C) sink. However, the efficiency for C sequestration depends on the availability of nutrients such as nitrogen (N), which is affected by climatic conditions and management practices.

In this study, I analyze how N limitation affects C sequestration of afforestation and how it is influenced by individual climate variables, increased harvest, and fertilizer application. To this end, JSBACH, the land component of the Earth system model of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology is applied in idealized simulation experiments. In those simulations, large‐scale afforestation increases the terrestrial C sink in the 21st century by around 100 Pg C compared to a business as usual land‐use scenario. N limitation reduces C sequestration roughly by the same amount. The relevance of compensating effects of uptake and release of carbon dioxide by plant productivity and soil decomposition, respectively, gets obvious from the simulations. N limitation of both fluxes compensates particularly in the tropics. Increased mineralization under global warming triggers forest expansion, which otherwise is restricted by N availability. Due to compensating higher plant productivity and soil respiration, the global net effect of warming for C sequestration is however rather small. Fertilizer application and increased harvest enhance C sequestration as well as boreal expansion. The additional C sequestration achieved by fertilizer application is offset to a large part by additional emissions of nitrous oxide.
Modeling the Proton Radiation Belt With Van Allen Probes Relativistic Electron‐Proton Telescope Data
Authors: Selesnick R. S. , Baker D. N. , Kanekal S. G. , Hoxie V. C. , Li X.
Published: November 2017

An empirical model of the proton radiation belt is constructed from data taken during 2013–2017 by the Relativistic Electron‐Proton Telescopes on the Van Allen Probes satellites. The model intensity is a function of time, kinetic energy in the range 18–600 MeV, equatorial pitch angle, and L shell of proton guiding centers. Data are selected, on the basis of energy deposits in each of the nine silicon detectors, to reduce background caused by hard proton energy spectra at low L. Instrument response functions are computed by Monte Carlo integration, using simulated proton paths through a simplified structural model, to account for energy loss in shielding material for protons outside the nominal field of view. Overlap of energy channels, their wide angular response, and changing satellite orientation require the model dependencies on all three independent variables be determined simultaneously. This is done by least squares minimization with a customized steepest descent algorithm. Model uncertainty accounts for statistical data error and systematic error in the simulated instrument response. A proton energy spectrum is also computed from data taken during the 8 January 2014 solar event, to illustrate methods for the simpler case of an isotropic and homogeneous model distribution. Radiation belt and solar proton results are compared to intensities computed with a simplified, on‐axis response that can provide a good approximation under limited circumstances.
Synoptic Conditions and Moisture Sources Actuating Extreme Precipitation in Nepal
Authors: Bohlinger Patrik , Sorteberg Asgeir , Sodemann Harald
Published: November 2017

Despite the vast literature on heavy‐precipitation events in South Asia, synoptic conditions and moisture sources related to extreme precipitation in Nepal have not been addressed systematically. We investigate two types of synoptic conditions—low‐pressure systems and midlevel troughs—and moisture sources related to extreme precipitation events. To account for the high spatial variability in rainfall, we cluster station‐based daily precipitation measurements resulting in three well‐separated geographic regions: west, central, and east Nepal. For each region, composite analysis of extreme events shows that atmospheric circulation is directed against the Himalayas during an extreme event. The direction of the flow is regulated by midtropospheric troughs and low‐pressure systems traveling toward the respective region. Extreme precipitation events feature anomalous high abundance of total column moisture. Quantitative Lagrangian moisture source diagnostic reveals that the largest direct contribution stems from land (approximately 75%), where, in particular, over the Indo‐Gangetic Plain moisture uptake was increased. Precipitation events occurring in this region before the extreme event likely provided additional moisture.
Pedotransfer Functions in Earth System Science: Challenges and Perspectives
Authors: Van Looy Kris , Bouma Johan , Herbst Michael , Koestel John , Minasny Budiman , Mishra Umakant , Montzka Carsten , Nemes Attila , Pachepsky Yakov A. , Padarian José , Schaap Marcel G. , Tóth Brigitta , Verhoef Anne , Vanderborght Jan , van der Ploeg Martine J. , Weihermüller Lutz , Zacharias Steffen , Zhang Yonggen , Vereecken Harry
Published: November 2017

Soil, through its various functions, plays a vital role in the Earth's ecosystems and provides multiple ecosystem services to humanity. Pedotransfer functions (PTFs) are simple to complex knowledge rules that relate available soil information to soil properties and variables that are needed to parameterize soil processes. In this paper, we review the existing PTFs and document the new generation of PTFs developed in the different disciplines of Earth system science. To meet the methodological challenges for a successful application in Earth system modeling, we emphasize that PTF development has to go hand in hand with suitable extrapolation and upscaling techniques such that the PTFs correctly represent the spatial heterogeneity of soils. PTFs should encompass the variability of the estimated soil property or process, in such a way that the estimation of parameters allows for validation and can also confidently provide for extrapolation and upscaling purposes capturing the spatial variation in soils. Most actively pursued recent developments are related to parameterizations of solute transport, heat exchange, soil respiration, and organic carbon content, root density, and vegetation water uptake. Further challenges are to be addressed in parameterization of soil erosivity and land use change impacts at multiple scales. We argue that a comprehensive set of PTFs can be applied throughout a wide range of disciplines of Earth system science, with emphasis on land surface models. Novel sensing techniques provide a true breakthrough for this, yet further improvements are necessary for methods to deal with uncertainty and to validate applications at global scale.
Middle to Late Miocene Contractional Deformation in Costa Rica Triggered by Plate Geodynamics
Authors: Mescua José Francisco , Porras Hernán , Durán Patrick , Giambiagi Laura , de Moor Maarten , Cascante Monserrat , Salazar Esteban , Protti Marino , Poblete Fernando
Published: November 2017

Contractional deformation in Costa Rica is usually attributed to the subduction of the aseismic Cocos Ridge. In this work, we review the evidences for contraction in the middle to late Miocene, prior to the arrival of the Cocos Ridge at the Middle America Trench. We find that the Miocene phase of contractional deformation is found in all of Costa Rica, probably extending to Nicaragua as well. The widespread distribution of this event requires a regional or plate geodynamic trigger. We analyze the possible mechanisms that could produce the onset of contractional deformation, using the better known case of subduction orogeny, the Andes, as an analog. We propose that a change in the direction of the Cocos plate since ∼19 Ma led to a change from oblique to orthogonal convergence, producing contractional deformation of the upper plate.
Perspectives of Medical Specialists From Different Disciplines on the Management of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: An Interview Study
Authors: Tunnicliffe David J. , Singh‐Grewal Davinder , Craig Jonathan C. , Jesudason Shilpanjali , Tugwell Peter , Lin Ming‐Wei , O'Neill Sean G. , Sumpton Daniel , Tong Allison
Published: November 2017

Objective

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease that can affect multiple organ systems, with specialists from many disciplines often involved, which may lead to inconsistent care. We aimed to describe the attitudes and perspectives of specialists from different medical disciplines on the management of people with SLE.

Methods

Face‐to‐face semistructured interviews were conducted with rheumatologists (n = 16), nephrologists (n = 16), and immunologists (n = 11) providing care to adults with SLE from 19 centers across Australia in 2015. All interviews were transcribed and analyzed thematically.

Results

Five themes were identified: uncertainties in judgments (hampered by unknown and unclear etiology, inapplicable evidence, comprehending information dispersion), reflexive responses (anchoring to specialty training, anticipating outcomes, avoiding disaster, empathy for the vulnerable), overarching duty to patients (achieving patient priorities, maximizing adherence, controlling the disease, providing legitimate information, having adequate and relevant expertise), safeguarding professional opportunities (diversifying clinical skills, protecting colleagues’ interests), and optimizing access to treatment (capitalizing on multidisciplinary care, acquiring breakthrough therapies).

Conclusion

Specialists strive to deliver evidence‐informed patient‐centered care, but recognize that they are anchored by their training. To overcome uncertainties in clinical management due to lack of high‐quality evidence and specialty silo structures, specialists translated evidence from other disease settings and collaborated with other specialists in routine care. Developing robust evidence, tools to support evidence‐informed decisions, and multidisciplinary shared‐care pathways may improve the management of people with this complex disease.
Smart Energetics: Sensitization of the Aluminum‐Fluoropolymer Reactive System
Authors: Row Sara L. , Groven Lori J.
Published: November 2017

The development of smart energetics is at the forefront of the research community. The desire is to have energetics that could have ON/OFF capability, tunable performance, and/or targeted energy delivery. Therefore, efforts have been focused on designing systems that respond to stimuli in a controlled manner. In this paper, nanoscale aluminum (nAl)/fluoropolymer reactive systems are studied and the piezoelectric nature of the fluoropolymers is used as a means to sensitize the system. Using a capacitor type setup, and drawing on our previous efforts, three fluoropolymer/nAl systems are studied and their sensitivities upon application of a DC voltage are quantified using BAM drop weight as the indicator. It is found, upon application of 1.0 kV, that for all three fluoropolymer/Al systems the sensitivity is greatly increased. For example, for the THV221/nAl system the impact energy required for ignition is reduced from 63 to 10 J. Further increasing the applied voltage is shown to further increase the sensitivity for all systems studied. The role of electroactive phase content and sensitization time is also discussed.
Self‐Established Rapid Magnesiation/De‐Magnesiation Pathways in Binary Selenium–Copper Mixtures with Significantly Enhanced Mg‐Ion Storage Reversibility
Authors: Zhang Zhonghua , Chen Bingbing , Xu Huimin , Cui Zili , Dong Shanmu , Du Aobing , Ma Jun , Wang Qingfu , Zhou Xinhong , Cui Guanglei
Published: November 2017

Rechargeable magnesium/sulfur (Mg/S) and magnesium/selenium (Mg/Se) batteries are characterized by high energy density, inherent safety, and economical effectiveness, and therefore, are of great scientific and technological interest. However, elusive challenges, including the limited charge storage capacity, low Coulombic efficiency, and short cycle life, have been encountered due to the sluggish electrochemical kinetics and severe shuttles of ploysulfides (polyselenide). Taking selenium as model paradigm, a new and reliable Mg‐Se chemistry is proposed through designing binary selenium‐copper (Se‐Cu) cathodes. An intriguing effect of Cu powders on the electrochemical reaction pathways of the active Se microparticles is revealed in a way of forming Cu3Se2 intermediates, which induces an unconventional yet reversible two‐stage magnesiation mechanism: Mg‐ions first insert into Cu3Se2 phases; in a second step Cu‐ions in the Mg2xCu3Se2 lattice exchange with Mg‐ions. As expected, binary Se‐Cu electrodes show significantly improved reversibility and elongated cycle life. More bracingly, Se/C nanostructures fabricated by facile blade coating Se nanorodes onto copper foils exhibit high output power and capacity (696.0 mAh g−1 at 67.9 mA g−1), which outperforms all previously reported Mg/Se batteries. This work envisions a facile and reliable strategy to achieve better reversibility and long‐term durability of selenium (sulfur) electrodes.
High‐Performance Triboelectric Nanogenerators Based on Electrospun Polyvinylidene Fluoride–Silver Nanowire Composite Nanofibers
Authors: Cheon Siuk , Kang Hyungseok , Kim Han , Son Youngin , Lee Jun Young , Shin Hyeon‐Jin , Kim Sang‐Woo , Cho Jeong Ho
Published: November 2017

The preparation of ferroelectric polymer–metallic nanowire composite nanofiber triboelectric layers is described for use in high‐performance triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). The electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)–silver nanowire (AgNW) composite and nylon nanofibers are utilized in the TENGs as the top and bottom triboelectric layers, respectively. The electrospinning process facilitates uniaxial stretching of the polymer chains, which enhances the formation of the highly oriented crystalline β‐phase that forms the most polar crystalline phase of PVDF. The addition of AgNWs further promotes the β‐phase crystal formation by introducing electrostatic interactions between the surface charges of the nanowires and the dipoles of the PVDF chains. The extent of β‐phase formation and the resulting variations in the surface charge potential upon the addition of nanowires are systematically analyzed using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Kelvin probe force microscopy techniques. The ability of trapping the induced tribocharges increases upon the addition of nanowires to the PVDF matrix. The enhanced surface charge potential and the charge trapping capabilities of the PVDF–AgNW composite nanofibers significantly enhance the TENG output performances. Finally, the mechanical stability of the electrospun nanofibers is dramatically enhanced while maintaining the TENG performances by applying thermal welding near the melting temperature of PVDF.
Wearable, Healable, and Adhesive Epidermal Sensors Assembled from Mussel‐Inspired Conductive Hybrid Hydrogel Framework
Authors: Liao Meihong , Wan Pengbo , Wen Jiangru , Gong Min , Wu Xiaoxuan , Wang Yonggang , Shi Rui , Zhang Liqun
Published: November 2017

Healable, adhesive, wearable, and soft human‐motion sensors for ultrasensitive human–machine interaction and healthcare monitoring are successfully assembled from conductive and human‐friendly hybrid hydrogels with reliable self‐healing capability and robust self‐adhesiveness. The conductive, healable, and self‐adhesive hybrid network hydrogels are prepared from the delicate conformal coating of conductive functionalized single‐wall carbon nanotube (FSWCNT) networks by dynamic supramolecular cross‐linking among FSWCNT, biocompatible polyvinyl alcohol, and polydopamine. They exhibit fast self‐healing ability (within 2 s), high self‐healing efficiency (99%), and robust adhesiveness, and can be assembled as healable, adhesive, and soft human‐motion sensors with tunable conducting channels of pores for ions and framework for electrons for real time and accurate detection of both large‐scale and tiny human activities (including bending and relaxing of fingers, walking, chewing, and pulse). Furthermore, the soft human‐motion sensors can be enabled to wirelessly monitor the human activities by coupling to a wireless transmitter. Additionally, the in vitro cytotoxicity results suggest that the hydrogels show no cytotoxicity and can facilitate cell attachment and proliferation. Thus, the healable, adhesive, wearable, and soft human‐motion sensors have promising potential in various wearable, wireless, and soft electronics for human–machine interfaces, human activity monitoring, personal healthcare diagnosis, and therapy.
Ideal Bandgap Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Yang Zhibin , Rajagopal Adharsh , Jen Alex K.‐Y.
Published: November 2017

Extremely high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of ≈20–22% are realized through intensive research and development of 1.5–1.6 eV bandgap perovskite absorbers. However, development of ideal bandgap (1.3–1.4 eV) absorbers is pivotal to further improve PCE of single junction perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) because of a better balance between absorption loss of sub‐bandgap photons and thermalization loss of above‐bandgap photons as demonstrated by the Shockley–Queisser detailed balanced calculation. Ideal bandgap PVSCs are currently hindered by the poor optoelectronic quality of perovskite absorbers and their PCEs have stagnated at <15%. In this work, through systematic photoluminescence and photovoltaic analysis, a new ideal bandgap (1.35 eV) absorber composition (MAPb0.5Sn0.5(I0.8Br0.2)3) is rationally designed and developed, which possesses lower nonradiative recombination states, band edge disorder, and Urbach energy coupled with a higher absorption coefficient, which yields a reduced Voc,loss (0.45 V) and improved PCE (as high as 17.63%) for the derived PVSCs. This work provides a promising platform for unleashing the complete potential of ideal bandgap PVSCs and prospects for further improvement.
Editable Supercapacitors with Customizable Stretchability Based on Mechanically Strengthened Ultralong MnO2 Nanowire Composite
Authors: Lv Zhisheng , Luo Yifei , Tang Yuxin , Wei Jiaqi , Zhu Zhiqiang , Zhou Xinran , Li Wenlong , Zeng Yi , Zhang Wei , Zhang Yanyan , Qi Dianpeng , Pan Shaowu , Loh Xian Jun , Chen Xiaodong
Published: November 2017

Although some progress has been made on stretchable supercapacitors, traditional stretchable supercapacitors fabricated by predesigning structured electrodes for device assembling still lack the device‐level editability and programmability. To adapt to wearable electronics with arbitrary configurations, it is highly desirable to develop editable supercapacitors that can be directly transferred into desirable shapes and stretchability. In this work, editable supercapacitors for customizable shapes and stretchability using electrodes based on mechanically strengthened ultralong MnO2 nanowire composites are developed. A supercapacitor edited with honeycomb‐like structure shows a specific capacitance of 227.2 mF cm−2 and can be stretched up to 500% without degradation of electrochemical performance, which is superior to most of the state‐of‐the‐art stretchable supercapacitors. In addition, it maintains nearly 98% of the initial capacitance after 10 000 stretch‐and‐release cycles under 400% tensile strain. As a representative of concept for system integration, the editable supercapacitors are integrated with a strain sensor, and the system exhibits a stable sensing performance even under arm swing. Being highly stretchable, easily programmable, as well as connectable in series and parallel, an editable supercapacitor with customizable stretchability is promising to produce stylish energy storage devices to power various portable, stretchable, and wearable devices.
Hybridization of MOFs and COFs: A New Strategy for Construction of MOF@COF Core–Shell Hybrid Materials
Authors: Peng Yongwu , Zhao Meiting , Chen Bo , Zhang Zhicheng , Huang Ying , Dai Fangna , Lai Zhuangchai , Cui Xiaoya , Tan Chaoliang , Zhang Hua
Published: November 2017

The exploration of new porous hybrid materials is of great importance because of their unique properties and promising applications in separation of materials, catalysis, etc. Herein, for the first time, by integration of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), a new type of MOF@COF core–shell hybrid material, i.e., NH2‐MIL‐68@TPA‐COF, with high crystallinity and hierarchical pore structure, is synthesized. As a proof‐of‐concept application, the obtained NH2‐MIL‐68@TPA‐COF hybrid material is used as an effective visible‐light‐driven photocatalyst for the degradation of rhodamine B. The synthetic strategy in this study opens up a new avenue for the construction of other MOF–COF hybrid materials, which could have various promising applications.
Modeling of circulating fluidized beds systems for post‐combustion CO2 capture via temperature swing adsorption
Authors: Zanco Stefano E. , Mazzotti Marco , Gazzani Matteo , Romano Matteo C. , Martínez Isabel
Published: November 2017

The technology of circulating fluidized beds (CFBs) is applied to temperature swing adsorption (TSA) processes for post‐combustion CO2 capture employing a commercial zeolite sorbent. Steady state operation is simulated through a one‐dimensional model, which combines binary adsorption with the CFB dynamics. Both single step and multi‐step arrangements are investigated. Extensive sensitivity analyses are performed varying the operating conditions, in order to assess the influence of the main operational parameters. The results reveal a neat superiority of multi‐step configurations over the standard one, in terms of both separation performance and efficiency. Compared to fixed‐bed TSA systems, CFB TSA features a high compactness degree. However, product purity levels are limited compared to the best performing fixed‐bed processes, and heat management within the system appears to be a major issue. As regards energy efficiency, CFB systems place themselves in between the most established absorption‐based technologies and the fixed‐bed TSA. © 2017 The Authors AIChE Journal published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 1744–1759, 2018
A phase II trial of ruxolitinib in combination with azacytidine in myelodysplastic syndrome/myeloproliferative neoplasms
Authors: Assi Rita , Kantarjian Hagop M. , Garcia‐Manero Guillermo , Cortes Jorge E. , Pemmaraju Naveen , Wang Xuemei , Nogueras‐Gonzalez Graciela , Jabbour Elias , Bose Prithviraj , Kadia Tapan , Dinardo Courtney D. , Patel Keyur , Bueso‐Ramos Carlos , Zhou Lingsha , Pierce Sherry , Gergis Romany , Tuttle Carla , Borthakur Gautam , Estrov Zeev , Luthra Rajyalakshmi , Hidalgo‐Lopez Juliana , Verstovsek Srdan , Daver Naval
Published: November 2017

Ruxolitinib and azacytidine target distinct disease manifestations of myelodysplastic syndrome/myeloproliferative neoplasms (MDS/MPNs). Patients with MDS/MPNs initially received ruxolitinib BID (doses based on platelets count), continuously in 28‐day cycles for the first 3 cycles. Azacytidine 25 mg/m2 (Day 1‐5) intravenously or subcutaneously was recommended to be added to each cycle starting cycle 4 and could be increased to 75 mg/m2 (Days 1‐5) for disease control. Azacytidine could be started earlier than cycle 4 and/or at higher dose in patients with rapidly proliferative disease or with elevated blasts. Thirty‐five patients were treated (MDS/MPN‐U, n =14; CMML, n =17; aCML, n =4), with a median follow‐up of 15.2 months (range, 1.0–41.5). All patients were evaluable by the 2015 international consortium proposal of response criteria for MDS/MPNs (ICP MDS/MPN) and 20 (57%) responded. Nine patients (45%) responded after the addition of azacytidine. A greater than 50% reduction in palpable splenomegaly at 24 weeks was noted in 9/14 (64%) patients. Responders more frequently were JAK2‐mutated (P = .02) and had splenomegaly (P = .03) compared to nonresponders. New onset grade 3/4 anemia and thrombocytopenia occurred in 18 (51%) and 19 (54%) patients, respectively, but required therapy discontinuation in only 1 (3%) patient. Patients with MDS/MPN‐U had better median survival compared to CMML and aCML (26.5 vs 15.1 vs 8 months; P = .034). The combination of ruxolitinib and azacytidine was well‐tolerated with an ICP MDS/MPN‐response rate of 57% in patients with MDS/MPNs. The survival benefit was most prominent in patients with MDS/MPN‐U.
Crochelins: Siderophores with an Unprecedented Iron‐Chelating Moiety from the Nitrogen‐Fixing Bacterium Azotobacter chroococcum
Authors: Baars Oliver , Zhang Xinning , Gibson Marcus I. , Stone Alan T. , Morel François M. M. , Seyedsayamdost Mohammad R.
Published: November 2017

Microbes use siderophores to access essential iron resources in the environment. Over 500 siderophores are known, but they utilize a small set of common moieties to bind iron. Azotobacter chroococcum expresses iron‐rich nitrogenases, with which it reduces N2. Though an important agricultural inoculant, the structures of its iron‐binding molecules remain unknown. Here, the “chelome” of A. chroococcum is examined using small molecule discovery and bioinformatics. The bacterium produces vibrioferrin and amphibactins as well as a novel family of siderophores, the crochelins. Detailed characterization shows that the most abundant member, crochelin A, binds iron in a hexadentate fashion using a new iron‐chelating γ‐amino acid. Insights into the biosynthesis of crochelins and the mechanism by which iron may be removed upon import of the holo‐siderophore are presented. This work expands the repertoire of iron‐chelating moieties in microbial siderophores.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Contracted and Expanded Porphyrins with meso‐CF3 Groups
Authors: Chen Qiu‐Cheng , Soll Matan , Mizrahi Amir , Saltsman Irena , Fridman Natalia , Saphier Magal , Gross Zeev
Published: November 2017

Corrole and sapphyrin with the smallest meso‐substituents reported so far were prepared in a one‐pot synthesis that relies on a non‐aldehydic precursor for introducing CF3 groups. The substantial amounts of products obtained by this facile pathway allowed for the full characterization of 5,10,15‐tris(trifluoromethyl)corrole, the access to a variety of stable chelates thereof and investigations that disclose the unique structural and chemical properties induced by the CF3 substituents. The novel 5,10,15,20‐tetra(trifluoromethyl)sapphyrin undergoes only single protonation, which according to its crystal structure is stabilized by favorable non‐bonding F/H interaction between the meso‐CF3 and the inverted pyrrolic NH.
Oxime Ether Radical Cations Stabilized by N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes
Authors: Kim Youngsuk , Kim Kimoon , Lee Eunsung
Published: November 2017

N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) nitric oxide (NHCNO) radicals, which can be regarded as iminoxyl radicals stabilized by NHCs, were found to react with a series of silyl and alkyl triflates to generate the corresponding oxime ether radical cations. The structures of the resulting oxime ether radical cations were determined by X‐ray crystallography, along with EPR and computational analysis. In contrast, lutidinium triflate produced a 1:1 mixture of [NHCNO+][OTf−] and [NHCNHOH+][OTf−] upon the reaction with NHCNO. This study adds an important example of stable singlet carbenes for stabilizing main‐group radicals because of their π‐conjugating effect, the synthesis and structures of which have not been reported previously.
Conductive Microporous Covalent Triazine‐Based Framework for High‐Performance Electrochemical Capacitive Energy Storage
Authors: Li Yajuan , Zheng Shuanghao , Liu Xue , Li Pan , Sun Lei , Yang Ruixia , Wang Sen , Wu Zhong‐Shuai , Bao Xinhe , Deng Wei‐Qiao
Published: November 2017

Nitrogen‐enriched porous nanocarbon, graphene, and conductive polymers attract increasing attention for application in supercapacitors. However, electrode materials with a large specific surface area (SSA) and a high nitrogen doping concentration, which is needed for excellent supercapacitors, has not been achieved thus far. Herein, we developed a class of tetracyanoquinodimethane‐derived conductive microporous covalent triazine‐based frameworks (TCNQ‐CTFs) with both high nitrogen content (>8 %) and large SSA (>3600 m2 g−1). These CTFs exhibited excellent specific capacitances with the highest value exceeding 380 F g−1, considerable energy density of 42.8 Wh kg−1, and remarkable cycling stability without any capacitance degradation after 10 000 cycles. This class of CTFs should hold a great potential as high‐performance electrode material for electrochemical energy‐storage systems.
Gas‐permeation performance of metal organic framework/polyimide mixed‐matrix membranes and additional explanation from the particle size angle
Authors: Duan Cuijia , Jie Xingming , Zhu Haitao , Liu Dandan , Peng Weiming , Cao Yiming
Published: November 2017

With MOFs of Cu3(BTC)2 and ZIF‐8 as the dispersed phases and four polyimides with CO2 permeabilities ranging from 1.36 to 564 barrer as the continuous phase, the influence of metal organic frameworks on the gas‐separation properties of mixed‐matrix membranes (MMMs) was investigated. The results show that the gas permeabilities of all of the prepared MMMs greatly increased and even largely exceeded the predicted value of the Bruggeman model; for example, with the same Cu3(BTC)2 loading of 21.3 vol %, the O2 permeability increase rate of our prepared Cu3(BTC)2/Matrimide 5218‐20 MMMs was 2.26 times, whereas that predicted by the Bruggeman model was only 1.05 times. In addition, when the gas permeability of the polymeric phase was far lower than the dispersed phase of ZIF‐8 or Cu3(BTC)2 compared with ZIF‐8, which had a particle size (R) around 150 nm, Cu3(BTC)2 of 5–15 µm showed a little better enhancing effect on the gas‐permeation performance of the MMMs. In addition to the properties of the dispersed and continuous phases, we speculated that the ratio between R of the dispersed phase to the membrane thickness (L) played an important role for MMMs; the larger R/L was, the greater the gas permeability of the MMMs was. This speculation was initially evidenced by the ZIF‐8/ODPA/TMPDA‐20 MMMs with different Ls. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45728.
Effect of the structural characteristics of solution styrene–butadiene rubber on the properties of rubber composites
Authors: Hou Guanyi , Tao Wei , Liu Jun , Zhang Xiaoyue , Dong Mengjie , Zhang Liqun
Published: November 2017

Solution‐polymerized styrene–butadiene rubber (SSBR) has been widely used in the high‐quality tire industry, and various brands of SSBR have been synthesized. Five kinds of SSBR were selected from multiple products to investigate the effects of different brands of SSBR on the comprehensive properties. Different characterization tools, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H‐NMR, and differential scanning calorimetry, were used to characterize the microstructures of the SSBRs. The results show that the microstructures of the SSBRs distinctly affected the comprehensive properties of the SSBR composites, especially the properties of the “magic triangle.” For instance, the content of trans‐1,4‐butadiene positively corresponded to the Akron abrasion for the SSBR composites with different brands, and cis‐1,4‐butadiene could partly replace the influence of vinyl when the content of trans‐1,4‐butadiene was small. SSBR 2564S, SSBR 4526‐2, and SSBR 2535E were selected because of the excellent magic‐triangle properties. They were used to investigate the effects of different brands of SSBR with different ratios of natural rubber (NR) to SSBR on the comprehensive properties of the NR–SSBR rubber blend composites. The results indicate that the properties of magic triangle were distinctly enhanced. However, there was an optimized content of SSBR to enhance the wear resistance (≤15 phr). For SSBR 4526‐2, the Payne effect was negatively correlated to the content of SSBR, whereas for SSBR 2564S and SSBR 2535E, the Payne effect was positively correlated to the content of SSBR. On the basis of these results, the SSBR 2564S seemed to exhibit the best comprehensive properties to prepare a tire tread tailored for high‐performance tires. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45749.
Effect of interface and confinement size on the crystallization behavior of PLLA confined in coaxial electrospun fibers
Authors: Zou Shu‐Fen , Wang Rui‐Yang , Fan Bin , Xu Jun‐Ting , Fan Zhi‐Qiang
Published: November 2017

Poly(l‐lactide)/polyacrylonitrile (PLLA/PAN) core‐sheath composite fibers were fabricated by coaxial electrospinning. The crystallization behavior of PLLA within the coaxial electrospun fibers was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The PLLA/PAN coaxial electrospun fiber with a PLLA diameter of ∼32 nm (C1) exhibits a crystallization temperature (Tc) of 22.5 °C higher but a cold‐crystallization temperature (Tcc) of 10 °C lower than bulk PLLA. The crystallinity of C1 fiber is also higher than bulk PLLA. In both isothermal melt‐ and cold‐crystallization, PLLA in C1 fiber crystallizes faster than the bulk PLLA, as revealed by the smaller half crystallization times (t1/2). The enhanced crystallizability of PLLA in the C1 fiber may be attributed to the increased nuclei number and crystal growth rate induced by the PAN surface, i.e., surface‐induction effect. However, PLLA also suffers a nano‐confinement effect exerted by PAN sheath in the coaxial electrospun fiber, which can suppress PLLA crystallization. When the diameter of PLLA is too small (< 32 nm), the nano‐confinement effect may prevail over the surface‐induction effect, leading to a slower crystallization rate and smaller crystallinity. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45980.
Robust Double‐integral T‐S Fuzzy Output Regulation for Nonlinear Systems
Authors: Lian Kuang‐Yow , Liu Chien‐Hung , Chiu Chian‐Song
Published: November 2017

This paper proposes a robust double‐integral T‐S fuzzy output regulator design for affine nonlinear systems in the presence of parametric uncertainty and external disturbance. First, we adopt double integrators (an error integrator and an input integrator) to obtain an augmented T‐S fuzzy model representation which has a common input matrix of fuzzy rules. This property yields less stability conditions. Next, by introducing a set of virtual desired variables (VDVs), a double‐integral VDV‐based fuzzy regulator is proposed to cope with unknown bias and to achieve asymptotical output regulation. Afterward, the controller is simplified to avoid VDV calculation and enhance robustness to uncertainty and external disturbance. In contrast to traditional regulation design, the double‐integral non‐VDV fuzzy regulator design reduces the number of fuzzy controller rules and stability LMIs. Moreover, the error coordinate transformation is removed and the uncertainty is allowed in this paper. Finally, a DC/DC buck converter system is taken as the example to demonstrate the expected performance.
Clinical and molecular genetic characterization of a male patient with Sensenbrenner syndrome (cranioectodermal dysplasia) and biallelic WDR35 mutations
Authors: Walczak‐Sztulpa Joanna , Wawrocka Anna , Swiader‐Lesniak Anna , Socha Magdalena , Jamsheer Aleksander , Drozdz Dorota , Latos‐Bielenska Anna , Zachwieja Katarzyna
Published: November 2017

Background

Sensenbrenner syndrome (cranioectodermal dysplasia, CED) is a very rare autosomal recessive ciliopathy first described by Judith Sensenbrenner in 1975. CED is a complex disorder characterized by craniofacial, skeletal, and ectodermal abnormalities. The clinical symptoms are variable and the CED phenotype may present intrafamilial and interfamilial differences. Sensenbrenner syndrome belongs to a group of ciliary chondrodysplasias and is a genetically heterogeneous disease. Mutations in six genes: IFT122, WDR35, IFT43, WDR19, IFT52, and IFT140 have been associated with this disorder. All known CED genes encode proteins that are part of the intraflagellar transport complex, which plays an important role in the assembly and maintenance of cilia.

Case

We report a on 2‐year‐old male patient affected by Sensenbrenner syndrome. Dysmorphic features included short stature with rhizomelic shortening of limbs, short fingers, narrow chest, high forehead, epicanthal folds, telecanthus, broad nasal bridge, low‐set ears, sparse hair, and widely space teeth. Craniosynostosis was surgically corrected at the age of 4 months. The patient presented chronic renal disease. Nephrologic picture showed early stages of nephronophthisis. Psychomotor development was apparently normal. Molecular analysis of the affected individual revealed compound heterozygosity for a novel nonsense p.(Arg113*) and a missense p.(Asp841Val) variant in the WDR35 gene.

Conclusions

The observations of the CED patient in this study provide additional clinical data and expand the molecular spectrum of Sensenbrenner syndrome. Moreover, the two variants identified in the proband provide further evidence for the WDR35 mutations as the most common cause of this rare syndrome.
Gravity Constraints Drive Biological Systems Toward Specific Organization Patterns
Authors: Bizzarri Mariano , Masiello Maria Grazia , Giuliani Alessandro , Cucina Alessandra
Published: November 2017

Different cell lineages growing in microgravity undergo a spontaneous transition leading to the emergence of two distinct phenotypes. By returning these populations in a normal gravitational field, the two phenotypes collapse, recovering their original configuration. In this review, we hypothesize that, once the gravitational constraint is removed, the system freely explores its phenotypic space, while, when in a gravitational field, cells are “constrained” to adopt only one favored configuration. We suggest that the genome allows for a wide range of “possibilities” but it is unable per se to choose among them: the emergence of a specific phenotype is enabled by physical constraints that drive the system toward a preferred solution. These findings may help in understanding how cells and tissues behave in both development and cancer.
A fast and simple method to estimate relative, hyphal tensile‐strength of filamentous fungi used to assess the effect of autophagy
Authors: Quintanilla Daniela , Chelius Cynthia , Iambamrung Sirasa , Nelson Sidney , Thomas Donnel , Gernaey Krist V. , Marten Mark R.
Published: November 2017

Fungal hyphal strength is an important phenotype which can have a profound impact on bioprocess behavior. Until now, there is not an efficient method which allows its characterization. Currently available methods are very time consuming, thus, compromising their applicability in strain selection and process development. To overcome this issue, a method for fast and easy, statistically verified quantification of relative hyphal tensile strength was developed. It involves off‐line fragmentation in a high shear mixer followed by quantification of fragment size using laser diffraction. Particle size distribution (PSD) is determined, with analysis time on the order of minutes. Plots of PSD 90th percentile versus time allow estimation of the specific fragmentation rate. This novel method is demonstrated by estimating relative hyphal strength during growth in control conditions and rapamycin‐induced autophagy for Aspergillus nidulans (parental strain) and a mutant strain (ΔAnatg8) lacking an important autophagy gene. Both strains were grown in shake flasks and relative hyphal tensile strength was compared. The mutant strain grown in control conditions appears to be weaker than the parental strain, suggesting that Anatg8 may play a role in other processes involving cell wall biosynthesis. Furthermore, rapamycin‐induced autophagy resulted in apparently weaker cells even for the mutant strain. These findings confirm the utility of the developed method in strain selection and process development.
Analytical approach, dissipation pattern and risk assessment of pesticide residue in green leafy vegetables: A comprehensive review
Authors: Farha Waziha , Abd El‐Aty A. M. , Rahman Md. Musfiqur , Jeong Ji Hoon , Shin Ho‐Chul , Wang Jing , Shin Sung Shik , Shim Jae‐Han
Published: November 2017

The category of ‘leafy vegetables’ comprises a wide range of plants, including cabbage, lettuce, leeks, spinach, Swiss chard and kale, and it forms a significant component of the human diet. Typically, leafy vegetables are low in calories and fat, are great sources of vitamins, protein, dietary fibre and minerals (including iron, calcium, and nitrates), and are rich in phytochemicals. To counter the impact of pests on vegetables, a broad variety of pesticides are used. Because of their large surface areas, leafy vegetables are expected to have high residual pesticide levels. As such, a sound analytical approach is needed to detect and quantify residue levels that are equal to or lower than the maximum residue limits, thus rendering the products safe for consumption. Overall, leafy vegetables consumed raw (after a tap water wash only), boiled or steamed contribute 2% of total vegetable consumption globally, and they might have a comparatively greater influence on health than cereal ingestion. Consequently, in this review paper, we highlight the importance of leafy vegetables, the pesticides that are commonly used on them and various analytical techniques, including sample preparation, extraction, clean‐up and final detection. The effects on dissipation patterns, pre‐harvest residue limits and safety/risks imposed by various pesticides are also reviewed and discussed. In conclusion, environmentally friendly extraction methods coupled with high‐throughput techniques with greater reproducibility and lower uncertainty are needed for quantifying residues in leafy vegetables at very low concentrations. Commercial and household food preparation, such as washing, peeling, blanching and cooking are effective in removing most of the pesticide residues that are loosely attached on vegetables.
A novel fast method for aqueous derivatization of THC, OH‐THC and THC‐COOH in human whole blood and urine samples for routine forensic analyses
Authors: Stefanelli Fabio , Pesci Federica Giorgia , Giusiani Mario , Chericoni Silvio
Published: November 2017

A novel aqueous in situ derivatization procedure with propyl chloroformate (PCF) for the simultaneous, quantitative analysis of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11‐hydroxy‐Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (OH‐THC) and 11‐nor‐Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol‐carboxylic acid (THC‐COOH) in human blood and urine is proposed. Unlike current methods based on the silylating agent [N,O‐bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide] added in an anhydrous environment, this new proposed method allows the addition of the derivatizing agent (propyl chloroformate, PCF) directly to the deproteinized blood and recovery of the derivatives by liquid–liquid extraction. This novel method can be also used for hydrolyzed urine samples. It is faster than the traditional method involving a derivatization with trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate. The analytes are separated, detected and quantified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry in selected ion monitoring mode (SIM). The method was validated in terms of selectivity, capacity of identification, limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ), carryover, linearity, intra‐assay precision, inter‐assay precision and accuracy. The LOD and LOQ in hydrolyzed urine were 0.5 and 1.3 ng/mL for THC and 1.2 and 2.6 ng/mL for THC‐COOH, respectively. In blood, the LOD and LOQ were 0.2 and 0.5 ng/mL for THC, 0.2 and 0.6 ng/mL for OH‐THC, and 0.9 and 2.4 ng/mL for THC‐COOH, respectively. This method was applied to 35 urine samples and 50 blood samples resulting to be equivalent to the previously used ones with the advantage of a simpler method and faster sample processing time. We believe that this method will be a more convenient option for the routine analysis of cannabinoids in toxicological and forensic laboratories.
Tuning the Förster Resonance Energy Transfer through a Self‐Assembly Approach for Efficient White‐Light Emission in an Aqueous Medium
Authors: Pallavi Pragyan , Sk Bahadur , Ahir Palak , Patra Abhijit
Published: November 2017

A simple and cost‐effective methodology employing environmentally benign substances for the fabrication of white‐light emitting materials is important for practical applications in the field of lighting and display devices. Designing purely organic‐based white‐light‐emitting systems with high quantum efficiency in aqueous media is an unmet challenge. With this objective, a new class of pyridoindole‐based hydrophobic fluorophore 6,7,8,9‐tetrapropylpyrido[1,2‐a]indole‐10‐carbaldehye (TPIC) was introduced. A strategy of self‐assembly using nonionic surfactants was employed to enhance the fluorescence of TPIC in an aqueous medium and was exploited as energy donor. The steady‐state and time‐resolved emission spectra analysis revealed the micelle‐mediated energy transfer from TPIC to Nile red (energy acceptor) leading to tunable fluorescence along with white‐light emission. The white‐light emitting aqueous solution was obtained with the Commission Internationale de l′Eclairage (CIE) chromaticity coordinates of (0.33, 0.36) and significantly high quantum yield of 37 %. Solid‐state white‐light emission was achieved retaining the assembly of fluorophores in the form of a gel having the high quantum efficiency of 33 % with CIE coordinates of (0.32, 0.36); close to that of pure white light. The bright white luminescence of the inscription prepared using white‐light emitting gel on a solid substrate offers promising applications for full‐color flat panel displays.
An Alkynyl‐Stabilized Pt5Ag22 Cluster Featuring a Two‐Dimensional Alkynyl–Platinum “Crucifix Motif”
Authors: Shen Hui , Mizuta Tsutomu
Published: November 2017

The “staple motif” has been widely applied to depict and predict the structures of thiolate or alkynyl‐protected gold nanoclusters. By contrast, the composition, dimensions, configuration, and functionality of the platinum‐ligand motif has remained completely unknown. Herein, we report the synthesis and crystal structure of a novel luminescent Pt5Ag22(C≡CPh)32 (1) cluster, in which two‐dimensional and two‐functional alkynyl–platinum “crucifix motif” was observed. Such a crucifix motif with one Pt center and four alkynyl groups in the same plane acts as a two‐dimensional unit in the cluster and functions as both a protective cover and an intermediate joint.