bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carbon‐Based Substrates for Highly Dispersed Nanoparticle and Even Single‐Atom Electrocatalysts
Authors: Chen Ya‐Nan , Zhang Xu , Zhou Zhen
Published: March 2019

In recent decades, electrocatalysis has become an important research hotspot in energy storage and conversion technologies due to the persistently increasing energy and environmental issues. Nanostructured carbon materials with excellent electrical conductivity, competitive activity, and relatively high chemical stability are extensively studied as either electrocatalysts or substrates to support metal‐based catalysts. Especially, when used as supporting substrates for metal‐based catalysts, carbon‐based materials can not only effectively promote the dispersion of metals and even lead to single‐atom catalysts but also lead to prominent synergistic effects for enhanced activity. This review sheds light on state‐of‐the‐art carbon‐based materials employed as supporting substrates for selected electrocatalytic processes involving H2/O2/CO2/N2. By combining experimental explorations with theoretical computations, clear insight is elaborately afforded into the fundamental relationship between electrocatalytic activity and metal–substrate interaction, in order to disclose some clues for electrocatalyst design. Finally, the remaining challenges and perspectives are discussed for the future development of carbon‐supported electrocatalysts.
Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins Determines Glioblastoma Stem-Like Cell Fate in an Oxygen-Dependent Manner
Authors: Soubéran Aurélie , Cappaï Jessica , Chocry Mathieu , Nuccio Christopher , Raujol Julie , Colin Carole , Lafitte Daniel , Kovacic Hervé , Quillien Véronique , Baeza-Kallee Nathalie , Rougon Geneviève , Figarella-Branger Dominique , Tchoghandjian Aurélie
Published: March 2019

In glioblastomas, apoptosis inhibitor proteins (IAPs) are involved in apoptotic and nonapoptotic processes. We previously showed that IAP inhibition induced a loss of stemness and glioblastoma stem cells differentiation by activating nuclear factor-κB under normoxic conditions. Hypoxia has been shown to modulate drug efficacy. Here, we investigated how IAPs participate in glioblastoma stem-like cell maintenance and fate under hypoxia. We showed that in a hypoxic environment, IAPs inhibition by GDC-0152, a small-molecule IAPs inhibitor, triggered stem-like cell apoptosis and decreased proliferation in four human glioblastoma cell lines. We set up a three-dimensional glioblastoma spheroid model in which time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry analyses revealed a decrease in oxygen levels between the periphery and core. We observed low proliferative and apoptotic cells located close to the hypoxic core of the spheres and glial fibrillary acidic protein+ cells at their periphery. These oxygen-dependent GDC-0152 antitumoral effects have been confirmed on human glioblastoma explants. Notably, serine–threonine kinase activation analysis revealed that under hypoxic conditions, IAP inhibition activated ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein signaling. Our findings provide new insights into the dual mechanism of action of IAP inhibitors that depends on oxygen level and are relevant to their therapeutic application in tumors. Stem Cells  2019;37:731–742
In situ TREXS Observation of Surface Reduction Reaction of NiO Film with ∼2 nm Surface Sensitivity
Authors: Abe Hitoshi , Niwa Yasuhiro , Takeichi Yasuo , Kimura Masao
Published: March 2019

X‐ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy is one of the most widely used methods at synchrotron radiation facilities. XAFS gives us information on chemical states and local structures. Fundamentally, XAFS is bulk sensitive, not surface sensitive. If a surface sensitive XAFS method was available, surface chemical reactions can be observed under realistic conditions. Here, we report the development and present status of a type of surface sensitive x‐ray spectroscopy, which is named total reflection x‐ray spectroscopy, TREXS.
BPS partition functions for S-folds
Authors: Arai Reona , Fujiwara Shota , Imamura Yosuke
Published: March 2019

Abstract

We derive a formula for the BPS partition functions of arbitrary S-fold theories. We first generalize the known result for the

$$ \mathcal{N}=4 $$

N
=
4

U(N) supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory to SO and Sp theories, and then we extend the formula to

$$ \mathcal{N}=3 $$

N
=
3

theories. We confirm that the results for rank 1 and 2 are consistent to the supersymmetry enhancement from

$$ \mathcal{N}=3 $$

N
=
3

to

$$ \mathcal{N}=4 $$

N
=
4

. We also derive the same formula from the quantization of D3-branes in S
5
/ℤ
k
.
Orbital angular momentum at small x
Authors: Kovchegov Yuri V.
Published: March 2019

Abstract

We determine the small Bjorkenxasymptotics of the quark and gluon orbital angular momentum (OAM) distributions in the proton in the double-logarithmic approximation (DLA), which resums powers ofαsln2(1/x) withαsthe strong coupling constant. Starting with the operator definitions for the quark and gluon OAM, we simplify them at smallx, relating them, respectively, to the polarized dipole amplitudes for the quark and gluon helicities defined in our earlier works. Using the small-xevolution equations derived for these polarized dipole amplitudes earlier we arrive at the following small-xasymptotics of the quark and gluon OAM distributions in the large-Nclimit:$$ {L}_{q+\overline{q}}\left(x,{Q}^2\right)=-\Delta \Sigma \left(x,{Q}^2\right)\sim {\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)}^{\frac{4}{\sqrt{3}}\kern0.5em \sqrt{\frac{\alpha_s\kern0.5em {N}_c}{2\pi }}}, $$Lq+q¯xQ2=−ΔΣxQ2∼1x43αsNc2π,$$ {L}_G\left(x,{Q}^2\right)\sim \Delta G\left(x,{Q}^2\right)\sim {\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)}^{\frac{13}{4\sqrt{3}}\kern0.5em \sqrt{\frac{\alpha_s\kern0.5em {N}_c}{2\pi }}}. $$LGxQ2∼ΔGxQ2∼1x1343αsNc2π.
Positivity bounds for massive spin-1 and spin-2 fields
Authors: de Rham Claudia , Melville Scott , Tolley Andrew J. , Zhou Shuang-Yong
Published: March 2019

Abstract

We apply the recently developed positivity bounds for particles with spin, applied away from the forward limit, to the low energy effective theories of massive spin-1 and spin-2 theories. For spin-1 theories, we consider the generic Proca EFT which arises at low energies from a heavy Higgs mechanism, and the special case of a charged Galileon for which the EFT is reorganized by the Galileon symmetry. For spin-2, we consider generic Λ5 massive gravity theories and the special ‘ghost-free’ Λ3 theories. Remarkably we find that at the level of 2-2 scattering, the positivity bounds applied to Λ5 massive gravity theories, impose the special tunings which generate the Λ3 structure. For Λ3 massive gravity theories, the island of positivity derived in the forward limit appears relatively stable against further bounds.
Estimating Calabi-Yau hypersurface and triangulation counts with equation learners
Authors: Altman Ross , Carifio Jonathan , Halverson James , Nelson Brent D.
Published: March 2019

Abstract

We provide the first estimate of the number of fine, regular, star triangulations of the four-dimensional reflexive polytopes, as classified by Kreuzer and Skarke (KS). This provides an upper bound on the number of Calabi-Yau threefold hypersurfaces in toric varieties. The estimate is performed with deep learning, specifically the novel equation learner (EQL) architecture. We demonstrate that EQL networks accurately predict numbers of triangulations far beyond the h
1,1 training region, allowing for reliable extrapolation. We estimate that number of triangulations in the KS dataset is 1010,505, dominated by the polytope with the highest h
1,1 value.
Estimating the dynamic role of attention via random utility
Authors: Smith Stephanie M. , Krajbich Ian , Webb Ryan
Published: March 2019

When making decisions, people tend to look back and forth between the alternatives until they eventually make a choice. Eye-tracking research has established that these shifts in attention are strongly linked to choice outcomes. A predominant framework for understanding the dynamics of the choice process, and thus the effects of attention, is sequential sampling of information. However, existing methods for estimating the attention parameters in these models are computationally costly and overly flexible, and yield estimates with unknown precision and bias. Here we propose an estimation method that relies on a link between sequential sampling models and random utility models (RUM). This method uses familiar econometric tools (i.e., logistic regression) and yields estimates that appear to be unbiased and relatively precise compared to existing methods, in a small fraction of the computation time. The RUM thus appears to be a useful tool for estimating the effects of attention on choice.
Removal of ‘strip noise’ in radio-echo sounding data using combined wavelet and 2-D DFT filtering
Authors: Wang Bangbing , Sun Bo , Wang Jiaxin , Greenbaum Jamin , Guo Jingxue , Lindzey Laura , Cui Xiangbin , Young Duncan A. , Blankenship Donald D. , Siegert Martin J.
Published: March 2019

Radio-echo sounding (RES) can be used to understand ice-sheet processes, englacial flow structures and bed properties, making it one of the most popular tools in glaciological exploration. However, RES data are often subject to ‘strip noise’, caused by internal instrument noise and interference, and/or external environmental interference, which can hamper measurement and interpretation. For example, strip noise can result in reduced power from the bed, affecting the quality of ice thickness measurements and the characterization of subglacial conditions. Here, we present a method for removing strip noise based on combined wavelet and two-dimensional (2-D) Fourier filtering. First, we implement discrete wavelet decomposition on RES data to obtain multi-scale wavelet components. Then, 2-D discrete Fourier transform (DFT) spectral analysis is performed on components containing the noise. In the Fourier domain, the 2-D DFT spectrum of strip noise keeps its linear features and can be removed with a ‘targeted masking’ operation. Finally, inverse wavelet transforms are performed on all wavelet components, including strip-removed components, to restore the data with enhanced fidelity. Model tests and field-data processing demonstrate the method removes strip noise well and, incidentally, can remove the strong first reflector from the ice surface, thus improving the general quality of radar data.
Threatened efficiency not autonomy: Prescriber perceptions of an established pediatric antimicrobial stewardship program
Authors: Szymczak Julia E. , Kitt Eimear , Hayes Molly , Chiotos Kathleen , Coffin Susan E. , Schriver Emily R. , Patton Ashley M. , Metjian Talene A. , Gerber Jeffrey S.
Published: March 2019

Background:

Implementing antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) can be challenging due to prescriber resistance. Although barriers to implementing new ASPs have been identified, little is known about how prescribers perceive established programs. This information is critical to promoting the sustainability of ASPs.

Objective:

To identify how prescribers perceive an established pediatric inpatient ASP that primarily utilizes prior authorization.

Methods:

We conducted a cross-sectional survey administered from February through June 2017 in a large children’s hospital. The survey contained closed- and open-ended questions. Descriptive statistics and thematic content analysis approaches were used to analyze responses.

Results:

Of 394 prescribers invited, 160 (41%) responded. Prescribers had an overall favorable impression of the ASP, believing that it improves the quality of care (92.4% agree) and takes their judgment seriously (73.8%). The most common criticism of the ASP was that it threatened efficiency (26.0% agreed). In addition, 68.7% of respondents reported occasionally engaging in workarounds. Analysis of 133 free-text responses revealed that prescribers perceived that interacting with the ASP involved too many phone calls, caused communication breakdowns with the dispensing pharmacy, and led to gaps between approval and dispensing of antibiotics. Reasons given for workarounds included not wanting to change therapy that appears to be working, consultant disagreement with ASP recommendations, and the desire to do everything possible for patients.

Conclusions:

Prescribers had a generally favorable opinion of an established ASP but found aspects to be inefficient. They reported engaging in workarounds occasionally for social and emotional reasons. Established ASPs should elicit feedback from frontline prescribers to optimize program impact.
Effects of Schmidt number on the short-wavelength instabilities in stratified vortices
Authors: Singh Suraj , Mathur Manikandan
Published: March 2019

We present a local stability analysis to investigate the effects of differential diffusion between momentum and density (quantified by the Schmidt number $Sc$) on the three-dimensional, short-wavelength instabilities in planar vortices with a uniform stable stratification along the vorticity axis. Assuming small diffusion in both momentum and density, but arbitrary values for $Sc$, we present a detailed analytical/numerical analysis for three different classes of base flows: (i) an axisymmetric vortex, (ii) an elliptical vortex and (iii) the flow in the neighbourhood of a hyperbolic stagnation point. While a centrifugally stable axisymmetric vortex remains stable for any $Sc$, it is shown that $Sc$ can have significant effects in a centrifugally unstable axisymmetric vortex: the range of unstable perturbations increases when $Sc$ is taken away from unity, with the extent of increase being larger for $Sc\ll 1$ than for $Sc\gg 1$. Additionally, for $Sc>1$, we report the possibility of oscillatory instability. In an elliptical vortex with a stable stratification, $Sc\neq 1$ is shown to non-trivially influence the three different inviscid instabilities (subharmonic, fundamental and superharmonic) that have been previously reported, and also introduce a new branch of oscillatory instability that is not present at $Sc=1$. The unstable parameter space for the subharmonic (instability IA) and fundamental (instability IB) inviscid instabilities are shown to be significantly increased for $Sc<1$ and $Sc>1$, respectively. Importantly, for sufficiently small and large $Sc$, respectively, the maximum growth rate for instabilities IA and IB occurs away from the inviscid limit. The new oscillatory instability (instability III) is shown to occur only for sufficiently small $Sc<1$, the signature of which is nevertheless present with zero growth rate in the inviscid limit. The Schmidt number is then shown to play no role in the evolution of transverse perturbations on the flow around a hyperbolic stagnation point with a stable stratification. We conclude by discussing the physical length scales associated with the $Sc\neq 1$ instabilities, and their potential relevance in various realistic settings.
Acoustic modes in jet and wake stability
Authors: Martini Eduardo , Cavalieri André V. G. , Jordan Peter
Published: March 2019

Motivated by recent studies that have revealed the existence of trapped acoustic waves in subsonic jets (Towneet al.,J. Fluid Mech., vol. 825, 2017, pp. 1113–1152), we undertake a more general exploration of the physics associated with acoustic modes in jets and wakes, using a double vortex-sheet model. These acoustic modes are associated with eigenvalues of the vortex-sheet dispersion relation; they are discrete modes, guided by the vortex sheet; they may be either propagative or evanescent; and under certain conditions they behave in the manner of acoustic-duct modes. By analysing these modes we show how jets and wakes may both behave as waveguides under certain conditions, emulating ducts with soft or hard walls, with the vortex-sheet impedance providing effective ‘wall’ conditions. We consider, in particular, the role that upstream-travelling acoustic modes play in the dispersion-relation saddle points that underpin the onset of absolute instability. The analysis illustrates how departure from duct-like behaviour is a necessary condition for absolute instability, and this provides a new perspective on the stabilising and destabilising effects of reverse flow, temperature ratio and compressibility; it also clarifies the differing symmetries of jet (symmetric) and wake (antisymmetric) instabilities. An energy balance, based on the vortex-sheet impedance, is used to determine stability conditions for the acoustic modes: these may become unstable in supersonic flow due to an energy influx through the shear layers. Finally, we construct the impulse response of flows with zero and finite shear-layer thickness. This allows us to show how the long-time wavepacket behaviour is indeed determined by interaction between Kelvin–Helmholtz and acoustic modes.
The effect of over 50 years of liming on soil aluminium forms in a Retisol
Authors: Kryzevicius Z. , Karcauskiene D. , Álvarez-Rodríguez E. , Zukauskaite A. , Slepetiene A. , Volungevicius J.
Published: March 2019

The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of long-term (56 years) liming on changes in soil pH and aluminium (Al) forms in the soil profile compared with an unlimed soil in a sandy moraine loam of a Dystric Glossic Retisol. Long-term liming had a significant influence on soil acidity of the whole profile, causing increased pH values in the following horizons to 120 cm depth: the ploughing horizon (Ahp), where humus accumulates; the eluvial horizon (E), from which clay particles are leached; a horizon having retic properties and predominantly coarser-textured albic material (E/B); and a horizon with retic properties and predominantly finer-textured argic material (B/E). In the solid phase, non-crystalline Al in limed soil decreased in the Ahp horizon; meanwhile a decrease in total organically bound Al (Alp) and organo–Al complexes of low to medium stability was detected in the deeper El and ElBt horizons. High-stability Al complexes with organic matter were the predominant form of Alp in the unlimed and limed whole soil profile. The concentration of total water-soluble Al ranged from 0.61 to 0.80 mg/l in the limed soil profile but 0.62–1.15 mg/l in the unlimed soil. The highest concentration of exchangeable Al was determined in the upper horizons of the unlimed soil profile and the concentration decreased significantly in the same horizons of the limed soil profile. Long-term liming promoted changes in Al compounds throughout the soil profile.
Is theory of mind a prerequisite for social interactions? A study in psychotic disorder
Authors: Schneider Maude , Myin Erik , Myin-Germeys Inez
Published: March 2019

Background

A dominant idea is that impaired capacities for theory of mind (ToM) are the reasons for impairments in social functioning in several conditions, including autism and schizophrenia. In this paper, we present empirical evidence that challenges this influential assumption.

Methods

We conducted three studies examining the association between ToM and social functioning in participants diagnosed with a non-affective psychotic disorder and healthy individuals. We used both the experience sampling method, a structured diary technique collecting information in daily-life, and a standardised questionnaire to assess social functioning. Analysed data are part of Wave 1 and Wave 3 of the Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis (GROUP) study.

Results

Results were highly consistent across studies and showed no significant association between the two constructs.

Conclusions

These findings question the leading assumption that social cognition is a prerequisite for social functioning, but rather suggest that social cognition is possibly a result of basic social interactive capacities.
Social relationship adversities throughout the lifecourse and risk of loneliness in later life
Authors: Ejlskov Linda , Bøggild Henrik , Kuh Diana , Stafford Mai
Published: March 2019

Understanding how social experiences throughout life shape later loneliness levels may help to identify how to alleviate loneliness at later lifestages. This study investigates the association between social relationship adversities throughout the lifecourse and loneliness in later life. Using prospective data from the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development (N = 2,453), we conducted multivariable analyses to investigate independent, cumulative and moderated effects between the number of social relationship adversities experienced in childhood, mid-adulthood and later adulthood and the feeling of loneliness at age 68. We examined interactions between social relationship adversities and current quantity and quality aspects of social relationships. We found evidence of a step-dose response where greater exposure to social relationship adversities experienced at three earlier lifestages predicted higher loneliness levels in later life with more recent social relationship adversities more strongly related to loneliness. The results also demonstrated support for exacerbation and amelioration of earlier adverse social relationship experiences by current social isolation and relationship quality, respectively. This study suggests that social relationship adversities experienced throughout the lifecourse continue to influence loneliness levels much later in life. A key finding is that adverse social relationship experiences in earlier life may explain why otherwise socially similar individuals differ in their levels of loneliness. Implications for policy and research are discussed.
Mind and gut: Associations between mood and gastrointestinal distress in children exposed to adversity
Authors: Callaghan Bridget L. , Fields Andrea , Gee Dylan G. , Gabard-Durnam Laurel , Caldera Christina , Humphreys Kathryn L. , Goff Bonnie , Flannery Jessica , Telzer Eva H. , Shapiro Mor , Tottenham Nim
Published: March 2019

Gastrointestinal and mental disorders are highly comorbid, and animal models have shown that both can be caused by early adversity (e.g., parental deprivation). Interactions between the brain and bacteria that live within the gastrointestinal system (the microbiome) underlie adversity–gastrointestinal–anxiety interactions, but these links have not been investigated during human development. In this study, we utilized data from a population of 344 youth (3–18 years old) who were raised with their biological parents or were exposed to early adverse caregiving experiences (i.e., institutional or foster care followed by international adoption) to explore adversity–gastrointestinal–anxiety associations. In Study 1, we demonstrated that previous adverse care experiences were associated with increased incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms in youth. Gastrointestinal symptoms were also associated with concurrent and future anxiety (measured across 5 years), and those gastrointestinal symptoms mediated the adversity–anxiety association at Time 1. In a subsample of children who provided both stool samples and functional magnetic resonance imaging of the brain (Study 2, which was a “proof-of-principle”), adversity was associated with changes in diversity (both alpha and beta) of microbial communities, and bacteria levels (adversity-associated and adversity-independent) were correlated with prefrontal cortex activation to emotional faces. Implications of these data for supporting youth mental health are discussed.
A stochastic implementation of the APCI model for mortality projections
Authors: Richards S. J. , Currie I. D. , Kleinow T. , Ritchie G. P.
Published: March 2019

The Age-Period-Cohort-Improvement (APCI) model is a new addition to the canon of mortality forecasting models. It was introduced by Continuous Mortality Investigation as a means of parameterising a deterministic targeting model for forecasting, but this paper shows how it can be implemented as a fully stochastic model. We demonstrate a number of interesting features about the APCI model, including which parameters to smooth and how much better the model fits to the data compared to some other, related models. However, this better fit also sometimes results in higher value-at-risk (VaR)-style capital requirements for insurers, and we explore why this is by looking at the density of the VaR simulations.
Probabilistic Models Significantly Reduce Uncertainty in Hurricane Harvey Pluvial Flood Loss Estimates
Authors: Rözer Viktor , Kreibich Heidi , Schröter Kai , Müller Meike , Sairam Nivedita , Doss‐Gollin James , Lall Upmanu , Merz Bruno
Published: March 2019

Pluvial flood risk is mostly excluded in urban flood risk assessment. However, the risk of pluvial flooding is a growing challenge with a projected increase of extreme rainstorms compounding with an ongoing global urbanization. Considered as a flood type with minimal impacts when rainfall rates exceed the capacity of urban drainage systems, the aftermath of rainfall‐triggered flooding during Hurricane Harvey and other events show the urgent need to assess the risk of pluvial flooding. Due to the local extent and small‐scale variations, the quantification of pluvial flood risk requires risk assessments on high spatial resolutions. While flood hazard and exposure information is becoming increasingly accurate, the estimation of losses is still a poorly understood component of pluvial flood risk quantification. We use a new probabilistic multivariable modeling approach to estimate pluvial flood losses of individual buildings, explicitly accounting for the associated uncertainties. Except for the water depth as the common most important predictor, we identified the drivers for having loss or not and for the degree of loss to be different. Applying this approach to estimate and validate building structure losses during Hurricane Harvey using a property level data set, we find that the reliability and dispersion of predictive loss distributions vary widely depending on the model and aggregation level of property level loss estimates. Our results show that the use of multivariable zero‐inflated beta models reduce the 90% prediction intervalsfor Hurricane Harvey building structure loss estimates on average by 78% (totalling U.S.$3.8 billion) compared to commonly used models.
The Role of Thermodynamic Phase Shifts in Cloud Optical Depth Variations With Temperature
Authors: Tan Ivy , Oreopoulos Lazaros , Cho Nayeong
Published: March 2019

We present a novel method that identifies the contributions of thermodynamic phase shifts and processes governing supercooled liquid and ice clouds to cloud optical depth variations with temperature using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer observations. Our findings suggest that thermodynamic phase shifts outweigh the net influence of processes governing supercooled liquid and ice clouds in causing increases in midlatitudinal cold cloud optical depth with temperature. Cloud regime analysis suggests that dynamical conditions appear to have little influence on the contribution of thermodynamic phase shifts to cloud optical depth variations with temperature. Thermodynamic phase shifts also contribute more to increases in cloud optical depth during colder seasons due to the enhanced optical thickness contrast between liquid and ice clouds. The results of this study highlight the importance of thermodynamic phase shifts in explaining cold cloud optical depth increases with temperature in the current climate and may elucidate their role in the cloud optical depth feedback.
Compensating Biases and a Noteworthy Success in the CMIP5 Representation of Antarctic Sea Ice Processes
Authors: Holmes C.R. , Holland P.R. , Bracegirdle T.J.
Published: March 2019

Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) climate models simulate a wide range of historical sea ice areas. Even models with areas close to observed values may contain compensating errors, affecting reliability of their projections. This study focuses on the seasonal cycle of sea ice, including analysis of model concentration budgets. Many models have insufficient autumn ice growth, leading to large winter biases. A subset of models accurately represent sea ice evolution year‐round. However, comparing their winter ice concentration budget to observations reveals a range of behaviors. At least one model has an accurate ice budget, which is only possible due to realistic ice drifts. The CMIP5 generation of model physics and resolution is therefore structurally capable of accurately representing processes in Antarctic sea ice. This implies that substantially improved projections of Antarctic dense ocean water formation and ice sheet melting are possible with appropriate subsetting of existing climate models.
Intraseasonal Variability of Surface Salinity in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Associated With Mesoscale Eddies
Authors: Hasson Audrey , Farrar John Thomas , Boutin Jacqueline , Bingham Frederick , Lee Tong
Published: March 2019

Strong variability in sea surface salinity (SSS) in the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETPac) on intraseasonal to interannual timescales was studied using data from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity, Soil Moisture Active Passive, and Aquarius satellite missions. A zonal wave number‐frequency spectral analysis of SSS reveals a dominant timescale of 50–180 days and spatial scale of 8°–20° of longitude with a distinct seasonal cycle and interannual variability. This intraseasonal SSS signal is detailed in the study of 19 individual ETPac eddies over 2010–2016 identified by their sea level anomalies, propagating westward at a speed of about 17 cm/s. ETPac eddies trap and advect water in their core westward up to 40° of longitude away from the coast. The SSS signatures of these eddies, with an average anomaly of 0.5‐pss magnitude difference from ambient values, enable the study of their dynamics and the mixing of their core waters with the surroundings. Three categories of eddies were identified according to the location where they were first tracked: (1) in the Gulf of Tehuantepec, (2) in the Gulf of Papagayo, and (3) in the open ocean near 100°W–12°N. They all traveled westward near 10°N latitude. Category 3 is of particular interest, as eddies seeded in the Gulf of Tehuantepec grew substantially in the vicinity of the Clipperton Fracture Zone rise and in a region where the mean zonal currents have anticyclonic shear. The evolution of the SSS signature associated with the eddies indicates the importance of mixing to their dissipation.
Experimental Study on Gravitational and Atmospheric Effects on Crater Size Formed by Low‐Velocity Impacts Into Granular Media
Authors: Kiuchi M. , Nakamura A. M. , Wada K.
Published: March 2019

Collisions are ubiquitous phenomena on the surface of solar system objects. When secondary craters form on the surface of small bodies, such as asteroids and comets, the impactors have very low velocities of several meters per second or less. These secondary collisions can affect the surface topography of small bodies. Therefore, it is important to investigate low‐velocity impacts on a target simulating regolith to understand the effects of secondary collisions on the surface of small bodies. We conducted impact experiments into granular materials with a velocity range of 1 to 4.6 m/s, under a gravity range of 0.20 to 1 G, to investigate the effects of gravity on crater diameter. The gravitational dependence obtained under the reduced ambient pressure almost agreed with those obtained for high‐velocity impacts in previous studies. Gravitational dependences obtained under the standard atmospheric condition roughly agreed with the dependence obtained under the reduced pressure condition when a term of nondimensional atmospheric pressure was added to the scaling relationship. It was found that the crater‐size scaling law obtained for high‐velocity impacts could be applied to low‐velocity impacts of several meters per second under the reduced ambient pressure when the density ratio of the projectile to the target was close to unity. Finally, we applied the experimental results to estimate the diameters of secondary craters on asteroid 25143 Itokawa and compared the diameters with the dimple topography on Itokawa. The results support the hypothesis that dimples are formed by low‐velocity impacts of meter‐sized boulders.
Enhanced Identification of Snow Melt and Refreeze Events From Passive Microwave Brightness Temperature Using Air Temperature
Authors: Tuttle Samuel E. , Jacobs Jennifer M.
Published: March 2019

Snow melt and refreeze events are important determinants of spring runoff timing, and snowpack stratigraphy and metamorphism. Previous studies have established the utility of differences between twice‐daily passive microwave brightness temperature (Tb) observations, called the diurnal amplitude variation (DAV), for identifying snow melt and refreeze. Liquid water in snow leads to a large increase in microwave emissivity compared to a completely frozen snowpack, so phase changes from nighttime freezing and daytime melting result in high DAV values. However, the physical temperature of the land surface also contributes to brightness temperature, independent of the phase of water. Thus, it is important to account for physical temperature change when using Tb differences to detect snow melt and refreeze. Here, we use near‐surface air temperature (Ta) to approximate the physical temperature of the land surface and compare diurnal Tb changes (ΔTb) from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System satellite instrument to coincident Ta changes. We find that an approximately linear relationship exists between ΔTb and ΔTa for frozen snow and fit this relationship using modal linear regression. Melt and refreeze events are identified as large positive and negative excursions from the regression line, respectively. We demonstrate the method in the Northern Great Plains, USA, and evaluate it using ground‐based data from Senator Beck Basin Study Area, Colorado, USA. Melt and refreeze events identified from satellite observations mostly occur after the annual peak snow accumulation and are consistent with snow temperature and snowpack energy balance observations at Senator Beck Basin.
What Drives Temperature Inversions in the Mesosphere?
Authors: Underwood Emily
Published: March 2019

A study of nightglow over India reveals that gravity waves are less important than previously thought.
Typical Characteristics of Whistler Mode Waves Categorized by Their Spectral Properties Using Van Allen Probes Observations
Authors: Teng S. , Tao X. , Li W.
Published: March 2019

Properties of banded, no‐gap, lower band only, and upper band only whistler mode waves (0.1–0.8fce) outside the plasmasphere are investigated using Van Allen Probes data. Our analysis shows that no‐gap whistler waves have higher occurrence rate at morning side and dayside, while banded and lower band only waves have higher occurrence rate between midnight and dawn. We also find that the occurrence rate of no‐gap whistler waves peaks at magnetic latitude |MLAT|∼8–10°, while banded waves have higher occurrence rate near the equator for
°. The wave normal angle distributions of these four groups of waves are similar to previous results. The distinct local time and latitudinal distribution of no‐gap and banded whistler mode waves is critical to further understand the formation mechanism of the power minimum at half electron gyrofrequency.
Sex-dependent behavioral deficits and neuropathology in a maternal immune activation model of autism
Authors: Haida Obelia , Al Sagheer Tareq , Balbous Anais , Francheteau Maureen , Matas Emmanuel , Soria Federico , Fernagut Pierre Olivier , Jaber Mohamed
Published: March 2019

Infections during gestation and the consequent maternal immune activation (MIA) increase the risk of developing neuropsychiatric disorders in infants and throughout life, including autism spectrum disorders (ASD). ASD is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects three times more males than females and is mainly characterized by deficits in social communication and restricted interests. Consistent findings also indicate that ASD patients suffer from movement disorders, although these symptoms are not yet considered as diagnosis criteria. Here we used the double-stranded RNA analog polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) MIA animal model of ASD in mice and explored its effects in males and females on social and motor behavior. We then investigated brain areas implicated in controlling and coordinating movements, namely the nigro-striatal pathway, motor cortex and cerebellum. We show that male mice are more affected by this treatment than females as they show reduced social interactions as well as motor development and coordination deficits. Reduced numbers of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum was found more widespread and within distinct lobules in males than in females. Moreover, a reduced number of neurons was found in the motor cortex of males only. These results suggest that females are better protected against developmental insults leading to ASD symptoms in mice. They also point to brain areas that may be targeted to better manage social and motor consequences of ASD.
N2+(2Σg) and Rb(2S) in a hybrid trap: modeling ion losses from radiative association paths
Authors: Gianturco F. A. , Dörfler A. D. , Willitsch S. , Yurtsever E. , González-Lezana T. , Villarreal P.
Published: March 2019

N2+ + Rb → (N2Rb)+(v) + ħω radiative association: partial vibronic cross-sections corresponding to the R8 transition as a function of the emitted photon energies and wavelengths in the ultraviolet region.
Switchable up-conversion luminescence bioimaging and targeted photothermal ablation in one core–shell-structured nanohybrid by alternating near-infrared light
Authors: Wang Chen , Gai Shili , Yang Guixin , Zhong Chongna , He Fei , Yang Piaoping
Published: March 2019

Upon NIR irradiation, a GdOF:Yb/Er@(GNRs@BSA)-FA nanohybrid was expected to be a potential multifunctional imaging tracer and photothermal ablation agent switched controllably for cancer theranostics.
Effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on steroidogenesis and cellular development in PCOS rats
Authors: Hu Xusong , Weng Xuechun , Tian Ye , Wang Chengtao , Yang Yanzhou , Xu Kaili , Zhang Cheng
Published: March 2019

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder, which is characterized by hyperandrogenism.
Ne and Ar isotope analysis of samples with high abundance ratios of Ar/Ne and low abundance of Ne by MMS and QMS
Authors: Junjie Li , Hanbin Liu , Jia Zhang
Published: March 2019

Through cryogenic separation by a stainless steel trap, precise Ne and Ar isotope measurement of samples with high abundance ratios of Ar/Ne and extremely low abundances of neon was achieved by a combination of MMS and QMS.
Hydrogen-assisted step-edge nucleation of MoSe2 monolayers on sapphire substrates
Authors: Hwang Yunjeong , Shin Naechul
Published: March 2019

Controlled introduction of H2 during the CVD growth of MoSe2 plays a vital role in the step-edge aligned nucleation on a c-sapphire (0001) substrate.
A three-dimensional plasmonic spacer enables highly efficient solar-enhanced membrane distillation of seawater
Authors: Ang Edison Huixiang , Tan Yong Zen , Chew Jia Wei
Published: March 2019

A 3D plasmonic spacer for membrane distillation: rational-design of a 3D spacer with nano-gaps in plasmonic hybrids for localized heating could enhance the distillate flux and reduce energy consumption of membrane distillation.
A novel turn-on fluorescent probe for selective sensing and imaging of glutathione in live cells and organisms
Authors: Zhang Xiaodong , Wang Ziqian , Guo Zongwei , He Nianzhe , Liu Peng , Xia Dasha , Yan Xiufen , Zhang Zhichao
Published: March 2019

A novel 1-oxo-1H-phenalene-2,3-dicarbonitrile (OPD)-based fluorescent probe was developed to sense and image GSH in HeLa cells, different imatinib-resistant K562 cells, D. magna and zebrafish embryos.
Tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate-modified hollow silver nanoparticles for combating bacteria-resistance
Authors: Kang Xu-Qi , Qiao Yue , Lu Xiao-Yang , Jiang Sai-Ping , Li Wei-Shuo , Wang Xiao-Juan , Xu Xiao-Ling , Qi Jing , Xiao Yong-Hong , Du Yong-Zhong
Published: March 2019

TPGS capped AgNPs could cross the bacterial cell wall and inhibit the activity of efflux pumps, eventually antagonize drug-resistance in the acute peritonitis model mice effectively.
A BODIPY-functionalized PdII photoredox catalyst for Sonogashira C–C cross-coupling reactions
Authors: Dissanayake Komadhie C. , Ebukuyo Peters O. , Dhahir Yasser J. , Wheeler Kraig , He Hongshan
Published: March 2019

We report for the first time a BODIPY-functionalized dichloro(1,10-phenanthroline)palladium(ii) complex as an efficient photoredox catalyst for the Sonogashira C–C cross-coupling between phenylacetylene derivatives and iodobenzene derivatives with yields up to 92% under visible light illumination at room temperature.
Synthesis and formation mechanism of self-assembled 3D flower-like Bi/γ-Fe2O3 composite particles
Authors: Liu Yunpeng , Qian Lixiong , Zhao Xiaoyi , Wang Jiayi , Yao Lei , Xing Xueqing , Mo Guang , Cai Quan , Chen Zhongjun , Wu Zhonghua
Published: March 2019

The self-assembled 3D flower-like Bi/γ-Fe2O3 composite particles consist of a Bi nanosphere core and a γ-Fe2O3 nanopetal shell.
Simplified Drop-seq workflow with minimized bead loss using a bead capture and processing microfluidic chip
Authors: Biočanin Marjan , Bues Johannes , Dainese Riccardo , Amstad Esther , Deplancke Bart
Published: March 2019

Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) has revolutionized biomedical research by enabling the in-depth analysis of cell-to-cell heterogeneity of tissues with unprecedented resolution.
Correction: Systematic experimental study of quantum interference effects in anthraquinoid molecular wires
Authors: Carlotti Marco , Soni Saurabh , Qiu Xinkai , Ai Yong , Sauter Eric , Zharnikov Michael , Chiechi Ryan C.
Published: March 2019

Correction for ‘Systematic experimental study of quantum interference effects in anthraquinoid molecular wires’ by Marco Carlotti et al., Nanoscale Adv., 2019, DOI: 10.1039/c8na00223a.
Correction: Synthesis of nanostructured catalysts by surfactant-templating of large-pore zeolites
Authors: Al-Ani Aqeel , Haslam Josiah J. C. , Mordvinova Natalie E. , Lebedev Oleg I. , Vicente Aurélie , Fernandez Christian , Zholobenko Vladimir
Published: March 2019

Correction for ‘Synthesis of nanostructured catalysts by surfactant-templating of large-pore zeolites’ by Aqeel Al-Ani et al., Nanoscale Adv., 2019, DOI: 10.1039/c9na00004f.
Core–shell nanospheres to achieve ultralow friction polymer nanocomposites with superior mechanical properties
Authors: Zhang Lin , Ren Yilong , Peng Shiguang , Guo Dan , Wen Shizhu , Luo Jianbin , Xie Guoxin
Published: March 2019

The mechanical and lubrication properties of the core–shell nanocomposite show great advantages over those of conventional composites prepared by mechanical mixing.
Substituent-controlled racemization of dissymmetric coordination capsules
Authors: Harada Kentaro , Sekiya Ryo , Maehara Takeshi , Haino Takeharu
Published: March 2019

We report the effect of substituents (methyl, isopropyl, methoxy, and methoxyphenyl) at the 6′-position of the 2,2′-bipyridyl arms on the racemization of dissymmetric coordination capsules 1a–d.
Phosphorylation-dependent protein design: design of a minimal protein kinase-inducible domain
Authors: Gao Feng , Thornley Blair S. , Tressler Caitlin M. , Naduthambi Devan , Zondlo Neal J.
Published: March 2019

Minimal encodable peptides responsive to phosphorylation were developed, based on phosphorylation of Ser/Thr at residue 9 of an EF Hand.
Facile synthesis of ordered mesoporous zinc alumina catalysts and their dehydrogenation behavior
Authors: Cheng Ming , Zhao Huahua , Yang Jian , Zhao Jun , Yan Liang , Song Huanling , Chou Lingjun
Published: March 2019

Facile synthesis of ordered mesoporous zinc alumina catalysts that exhibited great catalytic activity (45.0% isobutane conversion, 86.7% isobutene selectivity) and stability.
From enabling technologies to medicinal mechanochemistry: an eco-friendly access to hydantoin-based active pharmaceutical ingredients
Authors: Colacino Evelina , Porcheddu Andrea , Charnay Clarence , Delogu Francesco
Published: March 2019

The sustainable preparation of hydantoin-based Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) using modern non-conventional activation methods, including mechanochemistry is herein described.
Electrospun nanostructures for conversion type cathode (S, Se) based lithium and sodium batteries
Authors: Singh Arvinder , Kalra Vibha
Published: March 2019

Various electrospun nanostructures as cathodes, interlayers, electrolyte membranes and separator coatings in S and Se based Li and Na batteries.
Advanced cathode materials and efficient electrolytes for rechargeable batteries: practical challenges and future perspectives
Authors: Khan Safyan Akram , Ali Shahid , Saeed Khalid , Usman Muhammad , Khan Ibrahim
Published: March 2019

Increasing dependence on rechargeable batteries has led researchers to investigate the characteristics of materials and various crucial parameters, which could enhance their overall performance in terms of stability, charge density, and durability.
Realizing facile regeneration of spent NaBH4 with Mg–Al alloy
Authors: Zhong Hao , Ouyang Liuzhang , Zeng Meiqin , Liu Jiangwen , Wang Hui , Shao Huaiyu , Felderhoff Michael , Zhu Min
Published: March 2019

The regeneration of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) is crucial to form a closed cycle after it either supplies hydrogen energy via a hydrolysis process or provides energy through electron transfer at the anode of direct borohydride fuel cells (DBFCs).
Hybrid implanted hybrid hollow nanocube electrocatalyst facilitates efficient hydrogen evolution activity
Authors: Wang Fuxin , Hu Lei , Liu Ran , Yang Hao , Xiong Tuzhi , Mao Yanchao , Balogun M.-Sadeeq (Jie Tang) , Ouyang Gangfeng , Tong Yexiang
Published: March 2019

This work focuses on utilizing a simple synthetic approach to fabricate “hybrid implanted hybrid” hollow nanocubes as electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution in alkaline media.
β-Functionalized push–pull opp-dibenzoporphyrins as sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells: the role of the phenylethynyl bridge
Authors: Hu Yi , Webre Whitney A. , Thomas Michael B. , Moss Austen , Hancock Sarah N. , Schaffner Jacob , D'Souza Francis , Wang Hong
Published: March 2019

Push–pull opp-dibenzoporphyrins with a phenylethynyl bridge were newly synthesized as sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells, giving power conversion efficiencies up to 6.7%, close to that of the N719 dye under similar conditions.
Enhancement of the advanced Na storage performance of Na3V2(PO4)3 in a symmetric sodium full cell via a dual strategy design
Authors: Li Wei , Yao Zhujun , Zhong Yu , Zhou Cheng-ao , Wang Xiuli , Xia Xinhui , Xie Dong , Wu Jianbo , Gu Changdong , Tu Jiangping
Published: March 2019

An HP-NVP@SC composite combining a highly porous structure with a sulfur-doped carbon layer demonstrates superior Na-ion storage performance with high capacities and excellent cycling stability.
Forming bubble-encapsulated double-shelled hollow spheres towards fast kinetics and superior high rate performance for aqueous rechargeable Zn-ion batteries
Authors: Zhou Fangshuo , Lin Yutong , Li Ting , Zhang Sen , Deng Chao
Published: March 2019

“Bubble-encapsulated double-shelled” hollow spheres significantly promote the fast kinetics and superior rate capability of the zinc vanadate oxide for Zn-ion batteries.
A versatile probe for serum albumin and its application for monitoring wounds in live zebrafish
Authors: Zhao Rongrong , Jia Ti , Shi Hongyuan , Huang Chusen
Published: March 2019

A versatile probe for serum albumin and its application in monitoring wounds in live zebrafish.
An arsenic trioxide nanoparticle prodrug (ATONP) potentiates a therapeutic effect on an aggressive hepatocellular carcinoma model via enhancement of intratumoral arsenic accumulation and disturbance of the tumor microenvironment
Authors: Fu Xin , Liang Qing-rong , Luo Rong-guang , Li Yan-shu , Xiao Xiao-ping , Yu Lu-lu , Shan Wen-zhe , Fan Guang-qin , Tang Qun
Published: March 2019

An arsenic trioxide nanoparticle prodrug has a therapeutic effect on a transgenic liver cancer model by disturbing the tumor micro-environment and increasing the delivery efficiency.