bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementation of a standardised sign-up process to increase MyChart enrolment among HIV-positive patients
Authors: Sigler Rachel , Kubat Ryan , Lopez Angie , Newman Jessica R
Published: August 2019

Interactive patient portals are a valuable tool for engaging patients in their healthcare, with various functionalities including viewing laboratory results, refilling prescriptions and communicating directly with nurses, physicians and other healthcare providers via electronic messaging. The utility of patient portals is limited primarily from lack of patient uptake and enrolment due to a variety of factors including lack of awareness, low health literacy, poor technology mastery, lack of availability of a smartphone or computer and distrust of the security of their personal health information. We aimed to increase enrolment in the Epic (O2) MyChart patient portal among patients receiving HIV care through our Infectious Diseases clinic via a standardised sign-up protocol during their clinic visits. This intervention resulted in a modest increase in enrolled patients. However, the factors preventing a more dramatic increase in patient uptake remain unclear.
Association of school hours with outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in schoolchildren
Authors: Yamashita Akira , Kurosaki Hisanori , Takada Kohei , Tanaka Yoshio , Hamada Yoshitaka , Ishita Tetsuya , Kubo Minoru , Inaba Hideo
Published: August 2019

Objective

To investigate the association of school hours with outcomes of schoolchildren with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA).

Methods

From the 2005–2014 nationwide databases, we extracted the data for 1660 schoolchildren (6–17 years) with bystander-witnessed OHCA. Univariate analyses followed by propensity-matching procedures and stepwise logistic regression analyses were applied. School hours were defined as 08:00 to 18:00.

Results

The neurologically favourable 1-month survival rate during school hours was better than that during non-school hours only on school days: 18.4% and 10.5%, respectively. During school hours on school days, patients with OHCA more frequently received bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and public access defibrillation (PAD), and had a shockable initial rhythm and presumed cardiac aetiology. The neurologically favourable 1-month survival rate did not significantly differ between school hours on school days and all other times of day after propensity score matching: 16.4% vs 16.1% (unadjusted OR 1.02; 95% CI 0.69 to 1.51). Stepwise logistic regression analysis during school hours on school days revealed that shockable initial rhythm (adjusted OR 2.44; 95% CI 1.12 to 5.42), PAD (adjusted OR 3.32; 95% CI 1.23 to 9.10), non-exogenous causes (adjusted OR 5.88; 95% CI 1.85 to 20.0) and a shorter emergency medical service (EMS) response time (adjusted OR 1.15; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.32) and witness-to-first CPR interval (adjusted OR 1.08; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.15) were major factors associated with an improved neurologically favourable 1-month survival rate.

Conclusions

School hours are not an independent factor associated with improved outcomes of OHCA in schoolchildren. The time delays in CPR and EMS arrival were independently associated with poor outcomes during school hours on school days.
Experience of maternal and paternal adversities in childhood as determinants of self-harm in adolescence and young adulthood
Authors: Pitkänen Joonas , Remes Hanna , Aaltonen Mikko , Martikainen Pekka
Published: August 2019

Introduction

Previous studies suggest that childhood experience of parental adversities increases the risk of subsequent offspring self-harm, but studies on distinct paternal and maternal characteristics are few and it remains unclear how these interact with childhood social position. The study aims to assess whether paternal and maternal adversities have different associations with offspring self-harm in adolescence and young adulthood. Interaction by offspring gender and childhood income are investigated, as well as cumulative effects of multiple adversities.

Methods

The study uses administrative register data on a 20% random sample of Finnish households with children aged 0–14 years in 2000. We follow children born in 1986–1998 (n=155 855) from their 13th birthday until 2011. Parental substance abuse, psychiatric disorders, criminality and hospitalisations due to interpersonal violence or self-harm are used to predict offspring self-harm with Cox proportional hazards models.

Results

The results show a clear increase in the risk of self-harm among those exposed to maternal or paternal adversities with HRs between 1.5 and 5.4 among boys and 1.7 and 3.9 among girls. The excess risks hold for every measure of maternal and paternal adversities after adjusting for childhood income and parental education. Evidence was found suggesting that low income, accumulation of adversity and female gender may exacerbate the consequences of adversities.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that both parents’ adversities increase the risk of self-harm and that multiple experiences of parental adversities in childhood are especially harmful, regardless of parent gender. Higher levels of childhood income can protect from the negative consequences of adverse experiences.
Association of lameness and mastitis with return‐to‐service oestrus detection in the dairy cow
Authors: Remnant John , Green Martin J , Huxley Jon , Hirst‐Beecham James , Jones Rhys , Roberts George , Hudson Chris David
Published: August 2019

Oestrus detection is an important part of maintaining efficient reproductive performance in dairy herds. Both lameness and mastitis are common diseases of dairy cows that may impact oestrus detection. A set of data from 28 herds identified as having good recording of clinical mastitis and lameness incidents was used for the study. Logistic regression was used to identify associations between disease episodes within 100 days of insemination and changes in the probability of reinsemination at either 18–24 or 19–26 days after an unsuccessful insemination. Population attributable risk was calculated to understand the impact these diseases may have at a herd level. Lameness 0–28 days after the first insemination of the interval decreased the odds of a reinsemination at an appropriate time by approximately 20 per cent. Clinical mastitis 1–28 days prior to the first insemination of the interval increased the odds of reinsemination at the expected time by approximately 20 per cent. The associations were similar for either interservice interval outcome. Population attributable risk suggested that the effect of these diseases on the probability of reinsemination at the expected time at a population level would likely be extremely small.
On the Number of p4-Tilings by an n-Omino
Authors: Amano Kazuyuki , Haruyama Yoshinobu
Published: August 2019

A plane tiling by the copies of a polyomino is called isohedral if every pair of copies in the tiling has a symmetry of the tiling that maps one copy to the other. We show that, for every [Formula: see text]-omino (i.e., polyomino consisting of [Formula: see text] cells), the number of non-equivalent isohedral tilings generated by 90 degree rotations, so called p4-tilings or quarter-turn tilings, is bounded by a constant (independent of [Formula: see text]). The proof relies on the analysis of the factorization of the boundary word of a polyomino. We also show an example of a polyomino that has three non-equivalent p4-tilings.
Dithienothiophene fused 30π heptaphyrin and 34π octaphyrins: Syntheses, characterization and spectral properties
Authors: Dash Syamasrit , Ghosh Arindam , Chandrashekar Tavarekere K.
Published: August 2019

Syntheses of DTT fused 30[Formula: see text] heptaphyrin and 34[Formula: see text] octaphyrins are reported. The inclusion of fused group in the precursor itself allowed easy syntheses of these macrocycles. Fusion makes the macrocycles planar thus allowing strong [Formula: see text] electronic conjugation. Both 30[Formula: see text] heptaphyrin and 34[Formula: see text] octaphyrins are aromatic in freebase and protonated forms as revealed by large [Formula: see text] values in 1H NMR spectrum and sharp-intense Soret like bands in UV-vis spectrum. Interestingly one of the DTT ring undergoes fliping upon protonation in 34[Formula: see text] doubly fused octaphyrin. Such a large ring fliping is unprecedented in the literature. Single crystal X-ray analysis confirms planar nature of 34[Formula: see text] octaphyrins. Furthermore, the structure reveals two type of hydrogen bonding interactions: (a) CH[Formula: see text] (thiophene) and (b) CH[Formula: see text] (mesityl) leading to self assambled dimer separated by a distance of ∼3.0Å.
A novel graph invariant: The third leap Zagreb index under several graph operations
Authors: Maji Durbar , Ghorai Ganesh
Published: August 2019

The third leap Zagreb index of a graph [Formula: see text] is denoted as [Formula: see text] and is defined as [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are the 2-distance degree and the degree of the vertex [Formula: see text] in [Formula: see text], respectively. The first, second and third leap Zagreb indices were introduced by Naji et al. [A. M. Naji, N. D. Soner and I. Gutman, On leap Zagreb indices of graphs, Commun. Combin. Optim. 2(2) (2017) 99–117] in 2017. In this paper, the behavior of the third leap Zagreb index under several graph operations like the Cartesian product, Corona product, neighborhood Corona product, lexicographic product, strong product, tensor product, symmetric difference and disjunction of two graphs is studied.
Model Conformance for Cyber-Physical Systems
Authors: Roehm Hendrik , Oehlerking Jens , Woehrle Matthias , Althoff Matthias
Published: August 2019

Model-based development is an important paradigm for developing cyber-physical systems (CPS). The underlying assumption is that the functional behavior of a model is related to the behavior of a more concretized model or the real system. A formal definition of such a relation is called conformance relation. There are a variety of conformance relations, and the question arises of how to select a conformance relation for the development of CPS. The contribution of this article is a survey of the definitions and algorithms of conformance relations for CPS. Additionally, the article compares several conformance relations and provides guidance on which relation to select for specific problems. Finally, we discuss how to select inputs for testing conformance.
Patterns in Wall-Bounded Shear Flows
Authors: Tuckerman Laurette S. , Chantry Matthew , Barkley Dwight
Published: August 2019

Experiments and numerical simulations have shown that turbulence in transitional wall-bounded shear flows frequently takes the form of long oblique bands if the domains are sufficiently large to accommodate them. These turbulent bands have been observed in plane Couette flow, plane Poiseuille flow, counter-rotating Taylor–Couette flow, torsional Couette flow, and annular pipe flow. At their upper Reynolds number threshold, laminar regions carve out gaps in otherwise uniform turbulence, ultimately forming regular turbulent–laminar patterns with a large spatial wavelength. At the lower threshold, isolated turbulent bands sparsely populate otherwise laminar domains, and complete laminarization takes place via their disappearance. We review results for plane Couette flow, plane Poiseuille flow, and free-slip Waleffe flow, focusing on thresholds, wavelengths, and mean flows, with many of the results coming from numerical simulations in tilted rectangular domains that form the minimal flow unit for the turbulent–laminar bands.
Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation in Disease
Authors: Alberti Simon , Dormann Dorothee
Published: August 2019

We have made rapid progress in recent years in identifying the genetic causes of many human diseases. However, despite this recent progress, our mechanistic understanding of these diseases is often incomplete. This is a problem because it limits our ability to develop effective disease treatments. To overcome this limitation, we need new concepts to describe and comprehend the complex mechanisms underlying human diseases. Condensate formation by phase separation emerges as a new principle to explain the organization of living cells. In this review, we present emerging evidence that aberrant forms of condensates are associated with many human diseases, including cancer, neurodegeneration, and infectious diseases. We examine disease mechanisms driven by aberrant condensates, and we point out opportunities for therapeutic interventions. We conclude that phase separation provides a useful new framework to understand and fight some of the most severe human diseases.
Subcutaneous Dorsal Penile Vein Thrombosis or Penile Mondor’s Disease: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Ouattara Adama , Paré Abdoul Karim , Kaboré Aristide F. , Yaméogo Clotaire , Botcho Gnimdou , Ky Désiré , Ouédraogo Abdoul Aziz , Bako Amidou , Kiba Rigobert , Nikiéma Zakari , Kambou Timothée
Published: August 2019

A 34-year-old man, trader, and married with four wives, otherwise healthy, without any remarkable medical history, was admitted in urology ward in emergency with superficial venous thrombosis of the penis known also as Penile Mondor’s Disease (PMD), a rare nosologic entity of the penis associated with pain and an indurated dorsal cord of the root of the penis. The patient receives nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and coagulation and platelet aggregation inhibitors drugs. Healing and total recovery occur after eight weeks without any complications.
Carvacrol and Thymol Modulate the Cross-Talk between TNF-α and IGF-1 Signaling in Radiotherapy-Induced Ovarian Failure
Authors: Mahran Yasmen F. , Badr Amira M. , Aldosari Alhanouf , Bin-Zaid Raghad , Alotaibi Hind N.
Published: August 2019

Premature ovarian failure (POF) is a common cause of infertility in premenopausal women who are unavoidably exposed to cytotoxic therapy. Radiotherapy is one of the most effective cytotoxic treatments. However, the radiosensitivity of ovarian tissues limits its therapeutic outcome and results in the depletion of the primordial follicle and loss of fertility. Therefore, the need for an effective radioprotective therapy is evident especially when none of the current clinically used modalities for radioprotection succeeds efficiently. The present study investigated the potential radioprotective effect of carvacrol (CAR) (80 mg) or thymol (80 mg) on gamma- (γ-) irradiation-induced ovarian damage as well as their role in the cross-talk between IGF-1 and TNF-α signaling and antioxidative activity. In immature female Wister rats, a single dose of whole-body irradiation (3.2 Gy,

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) produced considerable ovarian damage, which was evident by histopathological findings and hormonal changes. Interestingly, pretreatment with CAR or thymol significantly enhanced the follicular development and restored the anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), E2, and FSH levels. Both essential oils improved the irradiation-mediated oxidative stress and reduction in proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression. Moreover, irradiated rats exhibited an inverse relationship between IGF-1 and TNF-α levels two days post irradiation, which was further inverted by the pretreatment with CAR and thymol and ought to contribute in their radioprotective mechanisms. In conclusion, CAR and thymol showed a radioprotective effect and rescued the ovarian reserve mainly through counteracting oxidative stress and the dysregulated cross-talk between IGF-1 and TNF-α.
The Diagnostic Performance of Afirma Gene Expression Classifier for the Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Liu Ying , Pan Bihui , Xu Li , Fang Da , Ma Xianghua , Lu Hui
Published: August 2019

Background. Approximately 15 to 30% of thyroid nodules evaluated by fine-needle aspiration (FNA) were classified as indeterminate; the accurate diagnostic molecular tests of these nodules remain a challenge. We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of Afirma gene expression classifier (GEC) for the indeterminate thyroid nodules (ITNs). Methods. Studies published from January 2005 to December 2018 were systematically reviewed. The gold reference standard relied on the histopathologic results diagnosis from thyroidectomy surgical specimens. MetaDisc software was used to investigate the pooled sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value (NPV), positive predictive value (PPV), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curves. Results. A total of 18 studies involving 5290 patients with 3290 cases of ITNs were included. Collected data revealed that the pooled sensitivity of GEC was 95.5% (95% CI 93.3%–97.0%, p < 0.001), the specificity was 22.1% (95% CI 19.4%-24.9%, p < 0.001), the NPV was 88.2% (95% CI 0.833–0.921, p < 0.001), the PPV was 44.3% (95% CI 0.416–0.471, p < 0.001), and the DOR was 5.25 (95% CI 3.42–8.04, p= 0.855). Conclusion. The GEC has quite high sensitivity of 95.5% but low specificity of 22.1%. The high sensitivity makes it probable to rule out malignant nodules. Thus, over half of nodules with GEC-suspicious results still require further validation like molecular markers, diagnostic surgery, or long follow-up, which limits its use in future clinical practice.
Pleomorphic Pulmonary Manifestations of IgG4-Related Disease
Authors: Naramala Srikanth , Biswas Sharmi , Adapa Sreedhar , Gayam Vijay , Castillo Romeo C. , Annangi Srinadh , Konala Venu Madhav
Published: August 2019

Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a fibroinflammatory disorder which has been first reported in 2001 by Hamano and colleagues in a patient with autoimmune sclerosing pancreatitis. Almost every organ in the human body can be affected by IgG4-RD from infiltration with IgG4-positive plasma cells. Involvement of lungs with IgG4 is reported previously, but still, there is no clear picture of the pathophysiology behind lung involvement. Here, we are presenting a patient who has IgG4-RD presenting as pseudotumor of the lungs.
An Overview of Tuberculosis-Designated Hospitals in China, 2009-2015: A Longitudinal Analysis of National Survey Data
Authors: Liu Yuhong , Pang Yu , Du Jian , Shu Wei , Ma Yan , Gao Jingtao , Zhang Lijie , Xu Shaofa , Li Liang
Published: August 2019

Design. A national tuberculosis- (TB-) designated hospital survey was conducted in 2015 to identify significant changes since 2009 in implementation of TB-testing services within hospitals of various types and administrative levels in various regions in China. Methods. In 2015, all TB-designated hospitals were required to complete questionnaires designed by the National Clinical Center for TB. Community hospitals also completed simplified questionnaires as part of the study. Results. Overall, in 2015 there were 1685 TB-designated hospitals in China, consisting of 1335 (79.2%) county-level hospitals and 350 (20.8%) hospitals at the prefecture level and above. The percentage of counties with TB-designated hospitals in the western region (57.4%) was significantly lower than corresponding percentages for eastern and middle regions (70.3% and 96.5, respectively). Based on data recorded on hospital surveys in both 2009 and 2015, significant differences were noted between years in proportions of general hospitals with TB wards and of specialized infectious disease hospitals (P < 0.01). Of 1256 county-level laboratories conducting smear microscopy, only 979 (79%) performed external quality control evaluations of test results in 2015. For prefecture-level hospitals, 70% (234/334), 76% (155/203), and 67% (66/98) of hospitals obtained external quality control validations of smear microscopy, phenotypic DST, and molecular test results, respectively. Conclusions. Although China’s health reform efforts have resulted in improved TB patient access to quality health care, more attention should be paid to balancing the distribution of medical facilities across different regions. In addition, laboratory capabilities and quality control systems should be strengthened to ensure delivery of high-quality laboratory services by TB-designated hospitals throughout China.
Le Rôle de l’écriture dans la mise en confiance des jeunes enseignants en FLE au Brésil
Authors: Galli Joice Armani , Aubin Simone Pires Barbosa
Published: August 2019

Cet article traite des défis et des difficultés rencontrés par les enseignants débutants en Français Langue Étrangère (FLE) dans la région Nord-est du Brésil. Il s’agit de réflexions menées par le laboratoire LENUFLE, engagé dans les discussions sur la méthodologie et la recherche autour de l’enseignement du français. Outre l’identification des peurs et des difficultés rencontrées dans les classes de FLE, cette étude proposera des solutions concrètes à ce problème au travers de l’expression écrite considérée ici comme un outil important dans le processus de mise en confiance des jeunes enseignants. Par ailleurs, il sera suggéré des activités pouvant développer la compétence écrite notamment les commentaires littéraires, les rapports de stage et le mémoire de fin d´études. Nos analyses se fondent sur les travaux de Desmons (2005), Cuq  & Gruca (2010) et Cicurel (2011). Les résultats donnent des pistes pour mieux vivre les premières expériences en salle de classe de langues étrangères.
The Ascidiacea collected during the 2017 British Columbia Hakai MarineGEO BioBlitz
Authors: LAMBERT GRETCHEN
Published: August 2019

A three-week intensive marine biodiversity survey was carried out at a small remote region of the central British Columbia coast at and near the Calvert Island Marine Station (Hakai Institute) July 21–August 11, 2017. The survey included daily sampling by the staff and a number of visiting taxonomists with specialties covering all the major groups of invertebrates. Many marine habitats were sampled: rocky and sand/gravel intertidal and tidepools, eelgrass meadows, shallow and deeper subtidal by snorkel and Scuba, plus artificial surfaces including the sides and bottom of the large floating dock at the Institute and settlement plates set out up to a year previously at various subtidal sites. Many new species were recorded by all the taxonomists. In this very biodiverse remote area 36 ascidian species were identified: 18 Aplousobranchia, 7 Phlebobranchia, and 11 Stolidobranchia, comprising a total of 15 solitary and 21 colonial species including two undescribed colonial species. This represents almost one third of all the known North American species from Alaska to southern California in this limited very remote area. Remarkably, only two are possible non-natives. Diplosoma listerianum (Milne-Edwards, 1841), was collected mostly on natural substrates including deeper areas sampled by Scuba, and one colony occurred on a settlement plate. A few Ciona savignyi Herdman, 1882 were collected, two from natural substrates and four from artificial surfaces. There were no botryllids, Styela clava Herdman, 1881, Didemnum vexillum Kott, 2002, or Molgula manhattensis (De Kay, 1843), though these are all common and sometimes very abundant non-natives in other parts of BC and along much of the U.S. west coast. Most of the species encountered are known in northern California, Washington, and southern BC, but only a small number are represented among the few known Alaska species.
Extreme Snow Events along the Coast of the Northeast United States: Analysis of Observations and HiRAM Simulations
Authors: Chen Guoxing , Wang Wei-Chyung , Tao Lijun , Hsu Huang-Hsiung , Tu Chia-Ying , Cheng Chao-Tzuen
Published: August 2019

This study used both observations and global climate model simulations to investigate the characteristics of winter extreme snowfall events along the coast (the Interstate 95 corridor) of the northeast United States where several mega-cities are located. Observational analyses indicate that, during 1980–2015, 110 events occurred when four coastal cities—Boston, New York City, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C.—had either individually or collectively experienced daily snowfall exceeding the local 95th percentile thresholds. Boston had the most events, with a total of 69, followed by 40, 36, and 30 (moving southward) in the other three cities. The associated circulations at 200 and 850 hPa were categorized via K-means clustering. The resulting three composite circulations are characterized by the strength and location of the jet at 200 hPa and the coupled low pressure system at 850 hPa: a strong jet overlying the cities coupled with an inland trough, a weak and slightly southward shifted jet coupled with a cyclone at the coast, and a weak jet stream situated to the south of the cities coupled with a cyclone over the coastal oceans. Comparative analyses were also conducted using the GFDL High Resolution Atmospheric Model (HiRAM) simulation of the same period. Although the simulated extreme events do not provide one-to-one correspondence with observations, the characteristics nevertheless show consistency notably in total number of occurrences, intraseasonal and multiple-year variations, snow spatial coverage, and the associated circulation patterns. Possible future change in extreme snow events was also explored utilizing the HiRAM RCP8.5 (2075–2100) simulation. The analyses suggest that a warming global climate tends to decrease the extreme snowfall events but increase extreme rainfall events.
The One and the Many in Radhakrishnan’s and Hick’s Thinking
Authors: Sugirtharajah Sharada
Published: August 2019

This essay focuses on two eminent thinkers whose perspectives on religious pluralism have attracted much attention: Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888–1975), a prominent Indian philosopher, statesman and cultural ambassador to the West, interpreting Indian philosophy and religion to a Western audience, and John Hick (1922–2012), a world renowned British theologian and philosopher of religion, known for his contentious views on Christian beliefs and philosophy of religious pluralism. The paper draws attention to some significant convergences and divergences in their thinking on religious pluralism, which can be seen in how they conceptualise the relation between the One and the Many in their writings.
Negotiating peacekeeping consent: Information and peace outcomes
Authors: Yuen Amy
Published: August 2019

The mixed record on civil war termination shows that it is a difficult task, one fraught with uncertainty and risk. Gaining consent for peacekeeping is one strategy policymakers and scholars forward to reduce these concerns. Formal and informal work argues that allowing peacekeeping serves as a costly signal of peaceful intentions; however, these models treat peacekeeping costs as exogenous. I argue that peacekeeping costs have an endogenous element and use consent for peacekeeping missions as a proxy measure. Three conclusions are evident. It is difficult to determine whether belligerents are insincere actors in a peace process or merely distrustful, but consent can tell us whether a ceasefire is precarious and therefore more likely to fail; peacekeeping is difficult but meaningful under some conditions, and reliable information can be taken from negotiating, not just war-fighting. These results qualify the extent to which peacekeeping, with its changing emphasis on consent, can improve its outcomes.
Adherence to the Street Code Predicts an Earlier Anticipated Death
Authors: Wolff Kevin T. , Intravia Jonathan , Baglivio Michael T. , Piquero Alex R.
Published: August 2019

Objectives:

Criminologists have long been interested in the relationship between subcultural attitudes and antisocial behavior, with Anderson’s street code thesis being the most recent and often researched foray in this area. Relatedly, scholars have begun to investigate the risk factors associated with the anticipation of early death. Extant research, however, has yet to empirically test Anderson’s hypothesis that subscription to the street code is predictive of an anticipated early death. This study contributes to the literatures on the street code as well as fatalism by investigating the link between these two constructs.

Methods:

Using data from a sample of serious youthful offenders, we examine whether street code values are related to the anticipation of a short life span using a number of multivariate regression techniques controlling for a range of individual- and community-level variables.

Results:

Results show adherence to the street code is significantly associated with an anticipated early death among the sample of delinquent youth. Further, the relationship between street code and anticipated early death holds across race/ethnicity and gender, and results are not sensitive to the measurement of an anticipated early death. Findings from the current research are discussed, along with implications for policy and future research.
A Research Literature Review to Determine How Bereavement Programs Are Evaluated
Authors: Wilson Donna M. , Errasti-Ibarrondo Begoña , Rodríguez-Prat Andrea
Published: August 2019

A review of all 44 research reports published between 2000 and 2018 on bereavement program evaluation was undertaken to identify evaluation methods and assess their apparent efficacy. Bereavement program evaluations varied considerably, with multiple data collection methods per study common (61.4%) over single methods (38.6%). Among these evaluation methods, a self-devised questionnaire was most often used (59.1%), followed by qualitative interviewing (36.4%), and the use of 1 or more of 35 data collection instruments such as grief inventories or depression scales (40.9%). Evaluative data were usually only collected once (77.3%), typically around program completion. Formal bereavement program evaluation appears to be ad hoc and sporadic, and potentially unlikely to provide the type and quality of information needed to retain, improve, expand, or abandon programs. Evaluation method developments including evaluation standards are needed to ensure recipients and others benefit as expected from bereavement programs.
Beyond Two Minds: Cognitive, Embodied, and Evaluative Processes in Creativity
Authors: Leschziner Vanina , Brett Gordon
Published: August 2019

Scholars in sociology and social psychology typically represent creativity as an imaginative and deliberate mental activity. Such a perspective has led to a view of creativity as disconnected from the body and the senses as well as from nonanalytic cognition. In this article, we demonstrate that creativity is more grounded in bodily and sensory experience and more reliant on a combination of cognitive processes than has been typically recognized. We use literature on social cognition and embodiment to build our arguments, specifically, the embodied simulation perspective and tripartite process models. We draw from data on elite chefs to show how actors rely on embodied simulations, continually switch between heuristic and analytical thinking, and monitor and control their cognitive processing during the creative process. We outline the implications of this study for the understanding of creativity and extant models of cognition and action more generally.
Who Wants to Lead? Anticipated Gender Discrimination Reduces Women’s Leadership Ambitions
Authors: Fisk Susan R. , Overton Jon
Published: August 2019

We examine whether anticipated gender discrimination—specifically, gendered sanctions for leadership failure—decreases women’s leadership ambitions. We find that laypeople expect that women leaders will be punished more harshly for failure than otherwise similar men. We also compare the leadership ambitions of women and men under conditions of benign and costly failure and find that leadership roles with costly failure—which implicitly have the potential for gendered sanctions for failure—disproportionally depress women’s leadership ambitions relative to men’s. Anticipated sanctions for failure mediate this effect, providing evidence that anticipated gender discrimination reduces women’s leadership ambitions. These results illuminate microlevel foundations of the stalled revolution by demonstrating how gendered beliefs about leadership are recreated, legitimized, and contribute to the dearth of women leaders. These findings also suggest that organizational responses to failure may produce gender differences in leadership ambitions and risk-taking behavior.
Adversarial discriminative sim-to-real transfer of visuo-motor policies
Authors: Zhang Fangyi , Leitner Jürgen , Ge Zongyuan , Milford Michael , Corke Peter
Published: August 2019

Various approaches have been proposed to learn visuo-motor policies for real-world robotic applications. One solution is first learning in simulation then transferring to the real world. In the transfer, most existing approaches need real-world images with labels. However, the labeling process is often expensive or even impractical in many robotic applications. In this article, we introduce an adversarial discriminative sim-to-real transfer approach to reduce the amount of labeled real data required. The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated with modular networks in a table-top object-reaching task where a seven-degree-of-freedom arm is controlled in velocity mode to reach a blue cuboid in clutter through visual observations from a monocular RGB camera. The adversarial transfer approach reduced the labeled real data requirement by 50%. Policies can be transferred to real environments with only 93 labeled and 186 unlabeled real images. The transferred visuo-motor policies are robust to novel (not seen in training) objects in clutter and even a moving target, achieving a 97.8% success rate and 1.8 cm control accuracy. Datasets and code are openly available.
Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for efficient treatment of multisystem, high-risk, BRAF V600E-negative Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Authors: Pan Yaozhu , Xi Rui , Wang Cunbang , Fang Lei , Bai Jiaofeng , Cai Yonggang , Guo Min , Qiao Ruiyun , Lan Xu , Yin Jiaojiao , Yang Ke , Bai Hai
Published: August 2019

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a disorder caused by clonal proliferation of CD1a+/CD207+ cells and characterized by varying degrees of organ involvement. Treatment of LCH is risk adapted; patients with multisystem disease and risk-organ involvement require more intensive therapy. Optimal therapies for multisystem, high-risk LCH remain uncertain. Recently, targeted therapy using inhibitors of mutated BRAF (the gene encoding serine/threonine-protein kinase B-Raf) has proven very effective in patients with multisystem refractory LCH. Herein, we report a case of LCH with involvement of the bones, liver, and lymph nodes. Using next-generation sequencing of the patient’s pathological sample, we identified a mutation in MAP2K1 in exon 3 (c.362G>C, p.Cys121Ser) and no mutation in BRAF; thus, high-risk, multisystem LCH with MAP2K1 mutation and wild-type BRAF was diagnosed. After four chemotherapy treatments (COEP regimen), the patient received autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HSCT). Complete remission was confirmed by follow-up positron emission tomography–computed tomography, which showed no lesions in liver, lymph nodes, or bones compared with the pretreatment period. To date, the patient has sustained good health for 24 months. In conclusion, auto-HSCT may be an effective treatment option for high-risk, multisystem BRAF V600E-negative LCH.
Look to Others Before You Leap: A Systematic Literature Review of Social Information Effects on Donation Amounts
Authors: van Teunenbroek Claire , Bekkers René , Beersma Bianca
Published: August 2019

People are often influenced by information about other people’s behavior, that is, social information. Social information is frequently used by practitioners hoping to increase charitable giving, while the precise mechanisms through which social information works are unknown. We conducted a systematic literature review of 35 studies reporting on the effects of social information on charitable giving. We show that several studies report no or even negative effects and that a theoretical understanding of social information effects is lacking. We integrate the empirical findings in the wider fields of social psychology and behavioral economics and propose an integrative theoretical model. The model includes four mediators and three moderators that can explain positive and negative effects of social information. This theoretical framework can assist researchers to obtain a deeper understanding of social information and support practitioners in implementing giving tools in donation campaigns.
Ablation mechanism and morphology evolution of the HfC-SiC coating for C/C composites deposited by supersonic atmospheric plasma spraying
Authors: Yang Yang , Li Kezhi , Zhao Chun
Published: August 2019

HfC-SiC protective coating was deposited on the surface of SiC-coated carbon/carbon composites by supersonic atmospheric plasma spraying due to the high arc temperature and the efficient deposition rate. The morphology and microstructure of the HfC-SiC coating were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that Hf and Si elements distributed uniformly in the coating and the coating was dense without crack. Ablation resistance test was processed by oxyacetylene torch. During the ablation process, the sintering rate of HfO2 was slow, and more oxygen diffused into the internal coating, which caused the oxidation of the internal coating and damaged the structure of internal coating in the ablation center region. In addition, during cooling process, a new phase HfSiO4 was generated by the reaction between HfO2 and SiO2, which acted as a pinning agent to prevent the further expansion of the crack.
Tribalism Is Human Nature
Authors: Clark Cory J. , Liu Brittany S. , Winegard Bo M. , Ditto Peter H.
Published: August 2019

Humans evolved in the context of intense intergroup competition, and groups comprised of loyal members more often succeeded than groups comprised of nonloyal members. Therefore, selective pressures have sculpted human minds to be tribal, and group loyalty and concomitant cognitive biases likely exist in all groups. Modern politics is one of the most salient forms of modern coalitional conflict and elicits substantial cognitive biases. The common evolutionary history of liberals and conservatives gives little reason to expect protribe biases to be higher on one side of the political spectrum than the other. This evolutionarily plausible null hypothesis has been supported by recent research. In a recent meta-analysis, liberals and conservatives showed similar levels of partisan bias, and several protribe cognitive tendencies often ascribed to conservatives (e.g., intolerance toward dissimilar other people) were found in similar degrees in liberals. We conclude that tribal bias is a natural and nearly ineradicable feature of human cognition and that no group—not even one’s own—is immune.
Navigating the Impacts of Social and Environmental Changes to Traditional Lifestyle: A Case Study of Gaddi Transhumance of Chamba District in Himachal Pradesh
Authors: Mishra Himanshu , Pandey Bindhy Wasini
Published: August 2019

The present study focuses on the existing means of livelihood among the transhumance Gaddi community and the challenges that transhumance face due to changing natural and social environment. The data for this study have been supported by extensive primary field survey of 46 respondents through methods of focused group discussions (FGDs) and questionnaire survey in several villages of Chamba district along with secondary data collected from different government offices. The tough nature of transhumance practice under hostile conditions, new challenges posed by climate change and the lack of interest in transhumance among younger population means that new livelihood opportunities are needed to sustain the Gaddi community. However, in the fragile environment of Himachal Pradesh, it is essential that new livelihood opportunities are sustainable and preserves the traditional lifestyle of the Gaddis. Thus, the paper explores livelihood opportunities for Gaddis based on local economy and indigenous resource base of the community.
City Profile: Khon Kaen, Thailand
Authors: Sudhipongpracha Tatchalerm , Dahiya Bharat
Published: August 2019

This city profile focuses on the patterns of growth, challenges and urban renewal in Khon Kaen Metropolitan Municipality located in Thailand’s north-eastern region. It is presented in the global, Asia-Pacific regional and Southeast Asian context, where the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable urbanization are in a flux. After the Second World War, Khon Kaen emerged as a regional urban centre due to the Thai government’s anticommunist campaign and it being military base to US camps in the US-Vietnam War. As the city rapidly urbanized, it faced diverse challenges, ranging from an influx of rural migrants to environmental degradation. Today, Khon Kaen’s urban challenges are different. As the economy shifts from manufacturing to services, metropolitan government leaders and their constituents seek to transform Khon Kaen into a smart city with a transit-oriented development strategy. Climate change has also affected the city, causing devastating floods and prolonged droughts. Residents in squatter settlements are highly vulnerable to these climate-induced disasters and are under constant threat of eviction. Informed by the development trajectory outlined above, this city profile starts by laying out the global, Asia-Pacific regional and Southeast Asian context, and then discusses Khon Kaen’s rise to prominence as a regional economic and logistic hub in Thailand’s north-eastern region. The city’s current conditions, such as its geographical, historical, economic, social, environmental and administrative and governance contexts, are considered. Then, contemporary challenges of sustainable urban development are explained. This city profile culminates in a discussion of future development strategies for Khon Kaen as a bellwether secondary city in Thailand.
Medical Stress Reactions and Personal Growth in Parents of Children With a Rare Craniofacial Condition
Authors: Feragen Kristin Billaud , Stock Nicola Marie , Myhre Anita , Due-tønnessen Bernt J.
Published: August 2019

Background:

The birth of a child with a congenital craniofacial anomaly (CFA) can have a profound psychological impact on the family. Despite the complexity and variability in treatment for these rare conditions, few studies have been conducted into parents’ emotional responses to health-care experiences. The aim of the present study was to investigate parents’ subjective experiences of their child’s condition and treatment using an in-depth qualitative approach.

Methods:

Individual semistructured interviews were conducted in person or over the telephone with 48 parents of children with a range of rare CFAs. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, translated into English, and analyzed using inductive thematic analysis.

Results:

Participants reported physical and psychological symptoms that could be indicative of medical traumatic stress in relation to their child’s diagnosis and treatment. Participants described feelings of powerlessness and the weight of being responsible for their child’s care. Yet, participants also reported that as a result of their experiences, their perspective on life had changed and they had grown in self-confidence.

Conclusions:

The findings provide insight into the complex physical and psychological effects experienced by parents in response to their child’s diagnosis and medical treatment, as well as an understanding of how these experiences may also result in personal growth over time. Implementation of trauma-informed evidence-based resources should be considered in craniofacial care and future research, particularly in regard to prevention and treatment of psychological distress.
Understanding the Neurobiological Implications of Maltreatment: A Commentary on the Special Issue
Authors: Koss Kalsea J.
Published: August 2019

A large body of evidence demonstrates the deleterious effects of childhood maltreatment that span across multiple levels of functioning and throughout development. This commentary highlights the important research in this special issue of Child Maltreatment that advances our understanding of the neural and physiological implications of maltreatment. Throughout, the commentary calls attention to critical issues in the study of maltreatment and neurobiological processes for future work in this area.
Chronic Care Model for the Management of Patients with Heart Failure in Primary Care
Authors: Francesconi Paolo , Ballo Piercarlo , Profili Francesco , Policardo Laura , Roti Lorenzo , Zuppiroli Alfredo
Published: August 2019

We recently investigated the prognostic impact of a Chronic Care Model (CCM)-based healthcare program applied in primary care in Tuscany Region mainly run by multidisciplinary teams composed of general practitioners (GPs) and nurses. The project included proactively planned follow-up visits for each patient, individualized counselling to optimize lifestyle modifications and adherence to appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic pathways. 1761 patients with Chronic heart failure (CHF) directly enrolled by the GPs were matched with 3522 CHF controls not involved in the project. Over a 4-year follow-up in the CCM group a higher CHF hospitalization rate was found (12.1 vs 10.3 events/100 patient-years; incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.15, p=0.0030), whereas mortality was lower (10.8 vs 12.6 events/100 patient-years; IRR 0.82, p<0.0001). The CCM status was independently associated with a 34% increase in the risk of CHF hospitalization and a 18% reduction in the risk of death (p<0.0001 for both). The CCM status was associated with a 50% increase in the rate of planned Heart failure (HF) hospitalizations whereas the rate of 1-month CHF readmissions showed no differences. Such a divergent trend could be explained by the direct involvement of GPs in the CCM program, leading them to a better awareness of patients’ clinical status, and then to a more frequent use of clinical pathways and facilities, including hospitalization. It is reasonable to argue that not all hospitalizations must necessarily be considered as a poor outcome, as they often provide additional opportunities to improve therapies, optimize patient education, or define follow-up strategies. The evidence of a divergent trend between mortality and hospitalization in our population might support the clinical importance of a multidisciplinary approach for the management of patients with HF.
Issue ownership cues and candidate support
Authors: Banda Kevin K
Published: August 2019

Issue ownership theory suggests that candidates should focus on the issues that are owned by—or associated with—their parties and mostly avoid issues that are owned by the opposing party. Doing so allows them to focus on their own party’s strengths rather than on their weaknesses. Despite this expectation, contemporary research finds that candidates discuss both their own party’s issues and trespass by talking about issues owned by the opposing parties. I argue that issue ownership cues—subtle information cues linking candidates to parties through the discussion of party-owned issues—should have heterogeneous effects across partisan groups. Using a survey experiment, I show that copartisans prefer candidates who focus on issues owned by their parties while opposing partisans prefer candidates who trespass; independents’ preferences do not appear to shift in response to these cues. It thus appears as if cuing people to connect candidates to one party or the other can inform citizens’ levels of support for those candidates. Depending on the composition of the electorate, trespassing can be an advantageous strategy for candidates.