bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
When the Road to the Mayor’s Office Crosses the Border
Authors: Danielson Michael S.
Published: December 2017

Are migrant politicians more likely to align with dominant political actors or the opposition when they return home? Do they come from different socioeconomic backgrounds than non-migrants? In sum, does the political empowerment of migrants change the face of local political power in substantively important ways; or rather, does any power gained simply shore up already dominant social and political groups? To answer this question the chapter analyzes original data from a survey of municipal governments in the southern Mexico state of Oaxaca. The analysis finds that migrant mayors were more likely to be members of the popular classes than their non-migrant counterparts, suggesting that migration might be a pathway to power for non-elite individuals. However, other findings are less supportive of the argument that migrants democratize their home towns. For example, migrant mayors were no more or less likely to support or sympathize with the dominant party in the state.
Biographies of Emigrant Politicization
Authors: Danielson Michael S.
Published: December 2017

Using comparative qualitative methods based on extensive field research, this chapter examines the process through which 10 migrants became politically engaged and influential actors in their home communities. The analysis shows that the most influential migrant political actors from the state of Oaxaca have entered the fray in opposition to dominant powers back home. In contrast, the migrants who have been most influential in the states of Guanajuato and Zacatecas have tended to be mobilized by and act in support of the dominant parties in their states. The institutionalization of the state–migrant relationship in Guanajuato and Zacatecas facilitates migrant social and political engagement with governing parties. In contrast, the exclusion of migrants from influence in Oaxaca helps explain why migrants often oppose the governing party; and their experiences of exploitation and resistance as migrants in Mexico and California radicalized many of the most influential migrant leaders.
A Theory of Migration and Municipal Politics
Authors: Danielson Michael S.
Published: December 2017

This chapter develops a series of theoretical models of migrant hometown political engagement and municipal politics in Mexico. The models seek to represent the relationship between the dominant political group in the community and emerging migrant actors. The chapter begins by outlining a set of basic assumptions about the characteristics and goals of the key actors in a stylized municipality, before and after the emergence of migrants as an important group. After establishing this context, the model is simplified to focus on the strategic interactions between migrants and prevailing authorities, first with a dynamic algorithm and then as a game theory model. Both migrants and prevailing authorities can choose conforming or fighting strategies; and depending on what each chooses, four outcomes are possible. Game-theory methods are then used to predict actor choices under different conditions and several limits to these models are discussed.
A Wave that Didn’t Break?
Authors: Danielson Michael S.
Published: December 2017

The growing economic and social importance of migration in some municipalities does seem to help migrant political actors to gain influence back home and can open up a pathway to local power for historically excluded social groups. However, in the cases examined in this book, it has proven much more difficult for this influence to translate into fundamental changes in the way that politics are done. The chapter revisits the answers given to the book’s research questions, synthesizes these findings within the integrated framework for analysis developed in chapter 2, and interprets the results in the context of Mexican politics more generally. It goes on to identify additional research questions and hypotheses to be tested in future research. Finally, it argues that the theoretical framework developed in the book might be extended to analyze subnational politics in different contexts and that this is driven by socioeconomic phenomena other than migration.
Starting from Homer
Authors: Boyd Barbara Weiden
Published: December 2017

Chapter 1 surveys the place of Homer in Roman literary culture before Ovid, including the prominent place of the Iliad and Odyssey in early education and the role played by Livius Andronicus and Ennius in bringing the Greek past to Rome. It offers an overview of the character of Homeric allusiveness in Latin poetry before Ovid, especially in Catullus, Tibullus, and Propertius and the elegists. The chapter concludes with the suggestion that Ovid’s familiarity with the Homeric poems is based not only on the poems themselves but also on the tradition of scholarly exegesis that develops in Alexandria and moves to other centers of learning in the ancient world. The scholia of Aristarchus are chief among these paratexts. In particular, Ovid’s fondness for Homeric episodes deemed of suspect authenticity by the critics reflects his playfully contrarian attitude.
Homer in Love
Authors: Boyd Barbara Weiden
Published: December 2017

Chapter 7 considers a second central theme in Ovid’s Homeric reception, desire, and its evocation through repetition. The erotic tradition of Homeric reception that Ovid inherited can be seen in the longest extant fragment of the elegiac poem Leontion, in which the Hellenistic poet Hermesianax offers a catalogue of ancient poets and the women they loved. In Tristia 1.6, Ovid expands upon the central trope of this catalogue, in which poetry is personified as the beloved object of a poet’s desire. The love-poet, suggests Ovid, strives continually to renew his love by recreating the great loves of past poetry, aspiring always to surpass them. Discussions of Ovid’s treatment of Penelope in Heroides 1, Calypso in Ars amatoria Book 2, and Circe in the Remedia amoris explore Ovid’s continuing interest in figuring himself as a second Homer by imagining Homer as an elegiac poet.
Homer’s Gods in Rome
Authors: Boyd Barbara Weiden
Published: December 2017

Chapter 9 follows Venus, Mars, and Vulcan to Rome and examines Ovid’s reception of these Homeric divinities as the divine ancestors of the Roman people. Ovid’s internalization of Homeric repetition is complemented by distinctively Roman variations on the theme; the chapter therefore closes with a consideration of several other instances of Homeric resonance in Ovid that cluster around these gods. Two episodes in Fasti Book 3 are the focus, as Ovid figures Mars as an elegiac lover, whose repetitious desires reflect both his Homeric origins and his generative role in Roman tradition: the rape of Silvia, an instance of revisionist mythmaking in action; and the would-be seduction of Minerva, thwarted by the subversive Anna Perenna. Venus, meanwhile, although now transformed as genetrix, remains ever mindful of her Homeric wound (uulnus).
Vertical Egalitarianism
Authors: Rondel David
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines liberalism (classical and contemporary) as a paradigm of “vertical” egalitarianism. It shows how, from a liberal perspective, the distinction between vertical and horizontal egalitarianism corresponds loosely to the distinction between coercive principles and ethical ideals. The loose correspondence consists in the fact that most of what goes on between a government and the citizens over whom it claims authority involves the possibility of (formal) coercion. And the converse tends to be true about horizontal relationships: most of what takes place in civil society—between or among citizens—falls outside the purview of legitimate coercive interference. Beyond respecting the formal rights of others, horizontal relationships tend to be markedly free of formal coercion.
Breaking the Impasse
Authors: Rondel David
Published: December 2017

This chapter calls attention to the problematic reductivism and eliminativism endemic among egalitarians of both “vertical” and “horizontal” leanings. Citing many examples, the chapter shows that there is widespread and persistent disagreement about which egalitarian idea—vertical or horizontal, roughly speaking—is the fundamental or overarching one and which idea is merely derivative or epiphenomenal. The argument in this chapter is that we should reject the central premises upon which such disagreement turns: that equality is a single idea, that it has a fundamental locus, and that there is a singular or primary route to the achievement of a genuinely egalitarian society.
Institutions as Instruments
Authors: Rondel David
Published: December 2017

This chapter offers a sympathetic outline of Dewey’s theory of democracy, highlights its aspirational and deeply egalitarian elements, and responds on Dewey’s behalf to a handful of critics. The main argument is that Dewey’s thinking provides a useful frame—more useful than the prevailing liberal one—through which to understand institutions and their role in crafting a more egalitarian society. Dewey approached questions about the justification of institutions in a committedly experimentalist and forward-looking manner. On Dewey’s view, institutions are judged not by their conformity or lack of conformity with abstract principles of individual liberty or limited government, but instead by their ability (or inability) to reliably bring about certain concrete consequences for individuals and groups. This experimentalist approach lets us think of institutions instrumentally, as sets of tools with which to tackle specific problems.
Introduction
Authors: Germana Michael
Published: December 2017

This introductory chapter traces the origins of Ralph Ellison’s philosophy of temporality, and illustrates how Ellison’s synthesis of the ideas of Henri Bergson and Friedrich Nietzsche precedes, and in many ways prefigures, the work of Gilles Deleuze. It also demonstrates how Ellison’s Bergsonian critique of spatialized time—a coercive form of temporality that subtends progressive history—anticipates contemporary post-Deleuzian elucidations of the reciprocal relationship between temporality and subjectivity. By attuning his readers to intensities implicit in the present, or the dynamism inherent in what Bergson called duration, Ellison affirms the open-endedness of the future while critiquing all forms of determinism. And by treating race as a matter of time, Ellison shows how the feedback loops by which a racist society chaotically reproduces itself can be destabilized by troubling the coercive temporality with which they are linked “on the lower frequencies” of our immanent existence.
Peristrephic Visions
Authors: Germana Michael
Published: December 2017

Chapter 2 examines Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man as a text that ekphrastically simulates a moving or “peristrephic” panorama in general, and an antebellum antislavery panorama in particular. In the process, this chapter reads Ellison’s debut novel as a text indebted to and allusive of, while ironically commenting on, the life and career of celebrated fugitive and peristrephic panoramist Henry Box Brown, who shipped himself in a sealed wooden crate from Richmond to Philadelphia and thus from slavery to freedom in 1849. Brown’s subsequent efforts to navigate the terrain of abolitionist discourse within a white supremacist culture led him to create a moving panorama called the Mirror of Slavery, which chronicled the cruelties of slavery, yet ended with the promise of universal emancipation. In appropriating the visual grammar of the antislavery panorama, Ellison also extends its ambivalent temporal logic to create his own alternative history in service of the future.
The Natural Limits of Explanation
Authors: Trout J.D.
Published: December 2017

Chapter 3 explores the cognitive and social limits on explanation. Those limitations are defined by the biology of a species, limitations on processing and conceptual range that likely make some truths unknowable by humans. For example, the phenomenon of consciousness may be complex in a way that we could track some of its elaborate neural causes but never have a transparent understanding of its many core causes. But there is another limitation that is imposed by the world: Some problems may in fact be irreducibly mysterious. This chapter explores candidate obstacles to knowledge and understanding, and promises to show how these limitations are compatible with an “ontic” view of explanation. The ontic view holds that the quality of an explanation is determined by its possession of certain objective factors, like its accurate description of causal factors, rather than the sense of coherence or feeling of understanding it may convey.
Sympathy in Action
Authors: Jay Gregory S.
Published: December 2017

Liberal race fiction originates in the novels of moral sentiment and philosophies of sympathy in the 18th century. The chapter establishes the principal components of those traditions. It then conducts readings of Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin and Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn to show how the education of the heart works in their literary forms and arguments. Stowe’s depictions of both white and black characters are found to be influenced by “racialist” theories of her time that have both progressive and harmful effects. Her fiction relies on traditions from eighteenth-century moral philosophy as well as emergent feminist analyses of patriarchal power. Like Stowe, Twain draws on the devices of sentimental fiction in creating the relation of Huck and Jim as emotional rather than political. The didactic scene of Huck’s epiphany becomes central to the teaching of the book in the twentieth century.
An Inter-American Episode
Authors: Lawrence Jeffrey
Published: December 2017

This chapter focuses on a paradigmatic misencounter between an American experiencer and a Latin American reader. Examining an implicit debate about the sources of Walt Whitman’s poetry and vision of the Americas, I argue that Waldo Frank, one of the twentieth century’s main literary ambassadors from the US to Latin America, positioned Whitman as the representative US writer whose antibookish experiential aesthetics could serve as a model for “American” writers both in the North and in the South. I show how Frank’s framework provided a foil for Borges’s idiosyncratic view that Whitman’s poetry about America derived entirely from his readings of European and US writers. Although much of the best scholarship on Whitman’s reception in Latin America has concentrated on poets like José Martí and Pablo Neruda, who adapted Whitman’s naturalism, I contend that Borges’s iconoclastic portrait of Whitman as a reader profoundly influenced a range of anti-experiential literary theories and practices in Latin America.
Full Immersion
Authors: Lawrence Jeffrey
Published: December 2017

This chapter explores how the modernist fiction of Katherine Anne Porter and Ernest Hemingway articulated a link between good writing and expansive personal experience, especially in their works set in Latin America. I begin by reconstructing their development of the literature of experience during the 1920s as an internationalist mode of expanding their knowledge of the world. My second section tracks how, amid the rise of the literary left and Popular Front aesthetics in the 1930s, Hemingway’s To Have and Have Not (1937) and Porter’s “Hacienda” (1937) warned against producing literature derived from ideological positioning as opposed to first-hand eyewitnessing. I close by demonstrating the surprising interest in authorial experience among New Critics such as Robert Penn Warren and Cleanth Brooks, who “disciplined” the literature of experience by re-envisioning place-based absorption as a matter of formal style, thus setting the tone for debates about authorial experience in the early post-1945 period.
Obscuritas Antiquitatis
Authors: Gotman Kélina
Published: December 2017

The German historian of medicine J. F. C. Hecker’s landmark essay ‘The Dancing Mania’ appeared in a definitive English edition at the same time as Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species (1859), a moment when fascination with antiquity was controversially at the forefront of modern science. Translations brought exotic literature into the mix, catapulting scenes of dancing into the purview of medical research. Attention to the genealogy or, after Diana Taylor and Michel Foucault, the scenes or scenarios, the archival repertoire, of choreomania’s discursive emergence, including the vicissitudes of writers’ institutional affiliations, new translations, a fashion for collecting, and practices of collage and montage, shows that sciences in the nineteenth century were more fluid than is often allowed. Cast as an ancient convulsive epidemic, ‘choreomania’ was articulated between the ‘two cultures’, science and literary art, as a medical curiosity and an archival find. Choreomania’s discursive history is thus found in the unlikeliest places: the medical anecdote, the footnote, the aside.
Introduction
Authors: Hanlon Christopher
Published: December 2017

This introduction considers the editorial and authorial partnership of Ellen Tucker Emerson and James Elliot Cabot, whose reshaping of Emerson’s late writings amounted to a reconfiguration of Emersonian transcendentalist thought. Embroiled in a process of communal thought and composition as they maneuvered through and mined the manuscript archives out of which they composed works like Letters and Social Aims, “Fortune of the Republic,” Natural History of Intellect, and many others, Cabot and Ellen Emerson produced the archive of what I consider Emerson’s late style. These works perturb and revise Emerson’s earlier considerations of individuality and self-reliant cognition, now theorizing a host of mental processes that are decidedly social.
Suppressing the “Gambling Hell”
Authors: Kemeny P. C.
Published: December 2017

After reviewing some of the more prominent forms of gambling that the moral reformers sought to suppress and the role that local politics played in Boston’s political life, the forces that prompted the Watch and Ward Society to launch its campaign against gambling in 1883 are examined. Gambling deeply threatened Protestant mores regarding the virtue of labor. Moreover, Protestants’ critique of gambling included a defense of free market capitalism as well as the use of highly gendered language to promote the virtues of work and condemn the immorality of gambling. The moral reformers’ efforts to suppress these vices drove gambling underground in Boston as well as helped lead to federal legislation that outlawed the Louisiana Lottery across the nation.
The Demise of Protestant Moral Reform Politics
Authors: Kemeny P. C.
Published: December 2017

In the 1920s the Watch and Ward Society suddenly and dramatically lost its role as custodian of morally acceptable literature. In the early 1920s the organization enjoyed a string of victories, including the disbarment of the Suffolk Country (Boston) district attorney. A series of controversies in the second half of the decade, however, led to its demise. These controversies began with the Watch and Ward Society’s arrest of H. L. Mencken in the spring of 1926 for selling a banned issue of the American Mercury and continued with the suppression of such popular works as Sinclair Lewis’s Elmer Gantry and Theodore Dreiser’s An American Tragedy and the conviction of a well-respected Cambridge bookdealer and his assistant for selling D. H. Lawrence’s Lady Chatterley’s Lover. These controversies helped galvanize a coalition of avant-garde writers, their publishers, and civil libertarians who succeeded in discrediting the Watch and Ward Society and revising Massachusetts’s obscenity law.
Introduction
Authors: Grare Frédéric
Published: December 2017

Initially aimed at funding the reforms undertaken by the Rao government in the early 1990s, the Llook East Policy rapidly evolved into a comprehensive set of instruments to deal with a fast growing China. From an initial focus on developing trade and attracting foreign direct investment from the most dynamic economies in Asia, it soon became India’s instrument to assert itself in Asia through the institutionalisation of its relations with ASEAN members and ASEAN led institutions. The success of economic performances made it indispensable for India to develop its defence relationship with its new partners as a way the to control its sea lane of communications. They also led to an expansion of the Look East reach to East Asia.
India’s and China’s Economic Standing in Asia
Authors: Grare Frédéric
Published: December 2017

Although entwined with other motivations, the primary objective of the Look East Policy was and remains economic. Indian policy makers felt the need to bridge the gap caused by China’s twelve years year head start in liberalizing its economy or risk being marginalized in Asia. The two countries choose, however, radically different strategies:, China becoming became in the process a massive exporter of manufactured goods while India while India specializedspecialized in high-skill service exports, alongside manufactures but failing failed to expand the latter as much as expected. Foreign direct investment played a key role in the strategies of both countries, leading to substantial differences in export output. Because it was meant to develop an export strategy, FDI gave China a decisive advantage in the region. In India, FDI essentially targeted the domestic market and its contribution to manufactured product exports remained limited. China rapidly emerged as the pivot of the Asian export platform, a position that also enhanced its political influence across Asia.
Concept of an elastic material
Authors: Steigmann David J.
Published: December 2017

Chapter 1 describes the basic phenomenology and its abstraction in formulating the foundations of constitutive theory. Topics include the concept of deformation gradient and stress associated with the response of a neighborhood of amaterial point.
Material stability, strong ellipticity and smoothness of equilibria
Authors: Steigmann David J.
Published: December 2017

Chapter 9 develops the notion of material stability on the basis of small-amplitude wave propagation. This is shown to correlate with the smoothness of finite equilibrium deformations, granted sufficient a priori regularity assumptions. The central role played by the condition of strong ellipticity is emphasized.
Knowledge-First Virtue Epistemology
Authors: Kelp Christoph
Published: December 2017

This chapter aims to develop a novel virtue epistemological account of knowledge and justified belief, which gives the view a knowledge first spin. It is virtue epistemological in that it offers accounts of knowledge and justified belief in terms of exercises of epistemic abilities. It has a knowledge first twist because, unlike traditional virtue epistemology, it does not unpack the relevant notion of an epistemic ability as an ability to form true beliefs but as an ability to know. In addition, this chapter aims to show that the resulting knowledge first virtue epistemology compares favourably with its traditional cousins as it offers an appealing new solution to the Gettier problem.
Defeasible Reasoning and Representation
Authors: Lehrer Keith
Published: December 2017

The Gettier Problem exhibits how our human cognitive fallibility of representation noted by Sellars and Quine always leaves open the possibility of completely justified beliefs being false. True justified belief, Gettier showed us, may result from the deduction of a justified false belief and thus fall short of knowledge. Justification that yields knowledge must not depend essentially on any error in the background system of the subject that defeats or refutes the justification. The justification consists of the capacity to meet objections to defend the target claim on the basis of acceptances, preferences over acceptances, and reasonings with acceptances contained in the background system of the subject. Errors in the system consist of accepting something false, preferring a false acceptance, or unsound reasonings. Knowledge is a kind of coherence based on defensibility of the target claim that is undefeated by errors and irrefutable by corrections of such errors.
Gettier and the Epistemic Appraisal of Philosophical Intuition
Authors: Goldman Alvin I.
Published: December 2017

Gettier’s 1963 paper was enormously influential. Virtually all epistemologists agreed with Gettier that the JTB analaysis was mistaken. But this conclusion evidently depended on the reliability of the shared intuitions of Gettier’s and his philosophical contemporaries about the epistemological examples described in his chapter. How reliable are such intuitions? Today many philosophers challenge the reliability of classification intuitions. How are such challenges to be addressed, and what can we learn about the comparative reliability of putative experts (e.g. philosophers) and laypersons? Here it is proposed that philosophers can study this with the help of psychological techniques—including not only interview techniques of the kind utilized by experimental philosophers but other experimental techniques as well. Ways to investigate intuition’s reliability are illustrated.
Gettier Cases
Authors: Hetherington Stephen
Published: December 2017

Epistemologists in general have long agreed that a belief’s being gettiered precludes its being knowledge. However, they have long disagreed on how to understand or explicate that preclusion relation. Of course, some suggestions attract more approval than others do. One of the most commonly favored ones talk, in modal terms, of epistemic safety and epistemic luck. But this chapter argues that such attempted explications fail, because they have not learned enough from the history of modal metaphysics. In particular, epistemologists who reach for such an approach when seeking to understand Gettier cases have unwittingly allowed themselves to be conceiving of such cases in counterpart-theoretic terms, even while deriving a putative result that depends instead on a kind of transworld identity for Gettier cases and for gettiered beliefs. Methodologically, this combination is not viable.
Constitutions and Constitutionalism
Authors: Sajó András , Uitz Renáta
Published: December 2017

This chapter discusses the concept of constitutionalism and its relation to legal constitutions. It explains how the terms ‘constitution’ and ‘constitutionalism’ are used before asking what makes a document (whether an agreement or an imposed charter) into a constitution and whether constitutionalism makes government weak. It considers constitutions as a genre of political self-expression and explores how constitutional bargains allow political transition (from an authoritarian/military regime to more traditional constitutional democracy, or the other way around). It also describes the constitutional arrangements of limited government as calculated, rational reactions to fear. It explores how constitutional order is related to social organization and the function of a constitution as an instrument of pre-commitment. Finally, it explores imperfect constitutions and threats to constitutionalism.
Multi-layered Constitutionalism, Globalization, and the Revival of the Nation State
Authors: Sajó András , Uitz Renáta
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines the so-called multi-layered constitutionalism in the age of globalization. Multi-layered constitutionalism refers to the intricate web of interactions between traditional constitutional actors (such as nation states and their governments) and supra-national actors which do not necessarily have formal, organizational existence or democratic legitimacy. This chapter first traces origins of multi-layered constitutionalism before discussing the dilemmas it presents. It then considers how (national) sovereign power is exercised under a multi-layered constitution free of constitutional constraints.
On the Socratic Injunction to Follow the Argument Where It Leads
Authors: Marsh Jason
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines a common objection to the philosophy of religion, namely, that it has not sufficiently embraced the injunction of Socrates to follow the argument where it leads. Although a general version of this charge is unfair, one emerging view in the field, which I call religious Mooreanism, nonetheless risks running contrary to the Socratic injunction. According to this view, many people can quickly, easily, and reasonably deflect all known philosophical challenges to their core religious outlooks, including arguments from evil. This chapter argues that, in addition to being in tension with the Socratic injunction, religious Mooreanism is less plausible than traditional Mooreanism and in any case has not been adequately defended.
Spinoza’s Philosophy of Religious Life
Authors: Carlisle Clare
Published: December 2017

This chapter argues that the philosophy of Spinoza provides a productive basis for renewing philosophy of religion. It begins by distinguishing between ‘insider’ and ‘outsider’ approaches to philosophy of religion, indicating the limitations of both approaches, and suggesting that Spinoza exemplifies a middle way between them. Such an approach takes religion as its object of study in a non-confessional manner, yet is receptive to the practical, ethical, and existential aspects of religion. Philosophers of religion should seek to understand and evaluate not only key tenets of religious belief, but religious life as a whole. Integral to religious life is the possibility of transformation; a key task of philosophy of religion is understanding how reason, action, and identity may be transformed through religious life. From Spinoza’s expansive account of human cognition as inseparable from affects, ethical conduct, and practices, we can draw a new basis for thinking philosophically about religion.
Introduction
Authors: Masters Ben
Published: December 2017

The introduction shows how a general suspicion of stylistic flamboyance in post-war England led writers like Anthony Burgess, Angela Carter, and Martin Amis to feel at odds with English literary culture. Reconsidering these writers as sophisticated stylists and ethicists—the ‘stylists of excess’—the introduction outlines the major arguments of the ethical turn in literary criticism, describing some of the general antagonisms between the humanist revival and the new ethics, before suggesting a literary ethics that borrows from both without over-relying on notions of character and interiority (contra the ‘humanist revival’), and that returns the author to centre-stage (contra the ‘new ethics’). It proposes an expansive approach to style in order to appreciate the stylists of excess: for example, style as perception; style as a way of knowing and being in the world; and style as the expression of an ethical sensibility that can affect the reader.
The Higher Morality
Authors: Masters Ben
Published: December 2017

Focussing on the evolution of Anthony Burgess’s prose style from A Clockwork Orange through later works like Nothing Like the Sun, MF, and Earthly Powers, this chapter argues that Burgess developed a ‘higher morality’ predicated on linguistic particularity and wordplay, as a means for existing in and through the difficulties of moral choice. Reading Burgess against his own readings of James Joyce (outlining a Joycean ethics) and the work of Vladimir Nabokov, it suggests that for Burgess a baroque style related intimately to questions of free will and moral choice, and came to supply a surrogate faith for his lapsed Catholicism.
Prayer as Reception of the Other
Authors: Teubner Jonathan D.
Published: December 2017

Chapter 3 treats Augustine’s preaching on prayer in his Enarrationes in Psalmos, focusing on his celebrated totus Christus doctrine, and his commentary on Galatians, whose original audience was his monastic brethren. The analysis of Chapter 3 highlights two important developments. First, Augustine begins to work out his doctrine of the totus Christus through the interpretation of Christ’s cry of dereliction, a quotation from Psalm 21:1. This begins to help Augustine make sense of the relationship between the life of Christ and the Christian life. And second, in his commentary on Galatians, Augustine queries the process of ‘putting on’ Christ (induere). In a final section, this chapter provides a focused analysis of Augustine’s commentary on Psalms 85 and 132.
Gibbard’s Resolution of Our Disagreements
Authors: Parfit Derek
Published: December 2017

This chapter investigates a wider, non-realist cognitivist form. In this view, our normative concepts and claims cannot be defined or restated in naturalistic terms. As non-naturalists believe, these concepts and claims are irreducibly normative. According to metaphysical non-naturalists, these claims imply that there exist some ontologically weighty non-natural entities or properties. But if non-naturalists gave up their ontological beliefs in these mysterious non-natural properties, the best version of non-naturalism would coincide with the best version of the quasi-realist expressivism discussed in this chapter. Some non-naturalists, however, do not have such ontological beliefs, as there are some non-empirical truths which have no weighty ontological implications.
Subjectivist Reasons
Authors: Parfit Derek
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines some arguments made in favour of subjectivism. It considers the claim that, if we were fully procedurally rational, we would want to avoid future agony because such agony would interfere with our exercise of our rational capacities. This reply does not explain why we cannot have any reason to want to avoid agony, not as a means of fulfilling some other present desire, but as an end, or for its own sake. There is also the argument that, unless the concept of a reason to have some desire can be reduced to the concept of a reason to have some belief, we cannot have any reasons to have desires. This ingenious argument does not, however, succeed, as the first premise can be plausibly revised to counter the established view on subjectivism. In addition to these arguments, the chapter also explores a different interpretation of these views.
Fish diversity
Authors: Burton Derek , Burton Margaret
Published: December 2017

Fish diversity is considered in terms of variety of their morphological, taxonomic, habitat and population attributes. Fish, with over 30, 000 current species, represent the largest group of vertebrates. The complexity of classification of a group of this size and antiquity, together with recognition of additional species, demands continuous ongoing revision. The impact of the recent fundamental changes in fish classification in 2016 is discussed. Life in water involves adaptations to widely different habitats which can result in physiological morphological and life-style variations which are reviewed.
Perception and sensation
Authors: Burton Derek , Burton Margaret
Published: December 2017

Major features of tetrapod sensory structures are well developed in fish which also have lateral lines, and some have electroreceptors and possibly magnetoreceptors. Receptors may be categorized according to the type of stimulus to which they respond: photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, temperature receptors and nociceptors. Adaptations to aquatic habitats are described for examples from each category. Each type of receptor has the capacity to transduce (transform) its specific sensory stimulus into receptor potentials which initiate or modulate activity in sensory neurons to the brain. Although each type of receptor responds to a specific stimulus type, this is not an attribute of the nerve impulses generated, recognition of stimulus type depending on the area of the brain receiving the neural input. However, variations in stimulus intensity are recognized as change in input impulse frequency.
Russell on Modality
Authors: Baldwin Thomas
Published: December 2017

This essay presents a synoptic account of Russell’s changing views concerning possibility and necessity. The essay shows how an intuitionist view of logical necessity, according to which it is a fundamental, indefinable property that is ‘purely and simple perceived’, swiftly gives way in Russell’s work to scepticism concerning whether necessity exists at all, since he holds that it cannot be explained by analyticity. The essay then shows how Russell returns, in effect, to both Aristotle and Hume with the thought that necessity is grounded on the universal truth of the relevant propositional function, and an attendant feeling of necessity. The essay also addresses Russell’s later suggestion that the domain of quantification of propositional functions is possible worlds—the idiom was familiar to him from his early book on Leibniz—and argues that Russell’s commitments point towards what in contemporary modal theory would be called a quasi-linguistic modal ersatzism.
Modality and Degrees of Truth
Authors: Simons Peter
Published: December 2017

This chapter explores a third way in construing modality—rejecting both linguistic accounts and the polycosmism of possible world theory—in the work of Alexis Meinong and Jan Łukasiewicz. Some of Meinong’s non-existent objects are incomplete, so in 1915 he accounts for objective probability (he says possibility) with an idea of degrees of truth: the proposition ‘My draw of a card from the pack tomorrow will be a king’ is neither simply wholly true nor wholly false, regardless of the draw I will actually make tomorrow, but has a degree of truth corresponding to the proportion of kings in a pack, between 0 and 1. Łukasiewicz, inventor of fuzzy logic, visited Meinong in Graz, and in 1913 published his own work on probability, suggesting some propositions are indefinite and have truth values between and 0 and 1; then in 1917 he began to extend this to definite propositions about future contingencies.
Incoherent spin current
Authors: Ando K. , Saitoh E.
Published: December 2017

This chapter introduces the concept of incoherent spin current. A diffusive spin current can be driven by spatial inhomogeneous spin density. Such spin flow is formulated using the spin diffusion equation with spin-dependent electrochemical potential. The chapter also proposes a solution to the problem known as the conductivity mismatch problem of spin injection into a semiconductor. A way to overcome the problem is by using a ferromagnetic semiconductor as a spin source; another is to insert a spin-dependent interface resistance at a metal–semiconductor interface.
Magnetization switching due to nonlocal spin injection
Authors: Kimura T. , Otani Y.
Published: December 2017

This chapter discusses and presents a schematic illustration of nonlocal spin injection. In this case, the spin-polarized electrons are injected from the ferromagnet and are extracted from the left-hand side of the nonmagnet. This results in the accumulation of nonequilibrium spins in the vicinity of the F/N junctions. Since the electrochemical potential on the left-hand side is lower than that underneath the F/N junction, the electron flows by the electric field. On the right-hand side, although there is no electric field, the diffusion process from the nonequilibrium into the equilibrium state induces the motion of the electrons. Since the excess up-spin electrons exist underneath the F/N junction, the up-spin electrons diffuse into the right-hand side. On the other hand, the deficiency of the down-spin electrons induces the incoming flow of the down-spin electrons opposite to the motion of the up-spin electron.
Life Before the Institution
Authors: Godfrey Barry , Cox Pam , Shore Heather , Alker Zoe
Published: December 2017

Chapter 4 explores the factors leading to the ‘onset’ of actual, perceived, and potential delinquency within our sample. It reconstructs key details of the early lives of children in our study, explores contemporary distinctions made between vulnerable and ‘criminal’ children, and shows how decisions made at this point by the authorities could alter the course of children’s lives. It explores the possibilities of historical risk factor research and suggests new approaches to writing the history of harm. It does not purport to identify the ‘causes’ of delinquency but rather to identify the factors that led our sample into the public gaze, into the courts, and into one of our four institutions.
Introduction
Authors: Boyd Maunsell Jerome
Published: December 2017

This chapter traces and opens up the themes that recur in the series of chapters which follow. With a brief discussion of a painting mentioned by Vasari in his Lives of the Painters—Parmigianino’s Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror (1523–4)—ideas of illusion and truth-telling, the differences between visual and literary self-portraiture, and the difficulties in searching for the meaning of a life, are introduced. The scope of Portraits from Life is outlined, with brief definitions of memoir and autobiography, and a discussion of the thin line between fiction and autobiography in all writing. The key problems, satisfactions, and possibilities of biography and autobiography are raised, especially as they relate to the Modernist period and to writers who are also novelists. The way in which autobiography often becomes a form of group portraiture is also discussed.
The State and the Economy
Authors: Bowman Alan
Published: December 2017

The main fiscal instruments the Roman government could use to affect economic behaviour and performance were currency, taxation, and regulation of markets. This chapter is primarily concerned with taxation, and considers the central features of the relationship between direct and indirect taxation and trade, taking Hopkins’s taxes-and-trade model as a point of departure. It argues that, before AD 300, taxation was fairly low, but not as low as Hopkins thought, when we consider the things he omitted. Various fiscal stimuli, the government use of coin, and taxation all affected trade positively in different ways. After Diocletian, by re-establishing the currency as central to government fiscal operations and by reducing the transaction costs that fell directly upon central government, rates of taxation could effectively be lowered without significant loss of revenue, and that institutionalization of the relationship between imperial and municipal taxation was broadly beneficial from a fiscal viewpoint.
Financial Institutions and Structures in the Last Century of the Roman Republic
Authors: Kay Philip
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines Rome’s changing financial structure between the second and first centuries BC, arguing that early Roman financial intermediaries provided a mechanism for the creation of money beyond the available supply of precious metals, serving to expand Rome’s total money supply. Rome’s argentarii functioned like modern deposit bankers in a number of ways, and the money-multiplier effect of deposit banking would have enabled significant commercial expansion. But, by the mid-first century BC and as a result of Mithradates VI’s invasion of the province of Asia, and the ensuing credit crisis at Rome in 88 BC, things had changed. There were probably fewer banks in existence, with smaller balance sheets, and the main providers of credit had become ‘aristocratic financiers’ providing credit to fellow members of the elite, rather than argentarii. This development could have had a negative impact on the wider Roman economy, or, at least, could have prevented it from reaching its full potential.
Nile River Transport under the Romans
Authors: Adams Colin
Published: December 2017

This chapter considers the organization of river transport in Roman Egypt (30 BC—AD 284). Egypt provided a significant proportion of grain to the city of Rome; thus the collection of tax grain and its transport to Alexandria was the first stage in the complex organization of the annona. The chapter considers the integration of land and river transport of tax grain, the nature, status, and organization of naukleroi, and the role of the state. It also discusses the transport of private goods by river and offers some quantification of the cost of river transport. It places these economic activities into the broader context of debate about the ancient economy.
Libertines and Machines in Love in Excess
Authors: Drury Joseph
Published: December 2017

This chapter reads Eliza Haywood’s seduction fiction and eighteenth-century anti-novel discourse in relation to the debate on the freedom of the will prompted by the rise of mechanical philosophy. Haywood’s protagonists are machines whose actions are determined by external causes. The central tension in Love in Excess revolves around the two opposing conclusions she derives from this premise. At times, she seems to endorse her male protagonist’s claim that necessary agents cannot be held responsible for their transgressions and invites her readers to suspend their moral judgement. But elsewhere, her emphasis on the moral deliberations of her heroines and the tragic fates that follow their transgressions indicate a contrasting commitment to the ‘compatibilist’ position, advanced by the novel’s heroine, that people can be held responsible for necessary actions so long as they are voluntary, and that fiction ought to provide readers with aversive stimuli that frame their wills to virtue.
ASL Acquisition Principles
Authors: Chappell Michael , MacIntosh Bradley , Okell Thomas
Published: December 2017

A variety of acquisition methods for arterial spin labeling (ASL) perfusion MRI exist, often with different names referring to broadly similar approaches. This chapter outlines the main flavors of ASL in common use, along with their strengths and weaknesses, before finally presenting the current consensus of the community on good acquisition parameters for general use. The chapter considers the choice of labeling (e.g. pseudo-continuous versus pulsed), readout (e.g. 2D versus 3D), the choice of post-label delay, and a number of other solutions to correct for artifacts such as arterial contamination. Avoiding extensive technical details, this chapter seeks to inform the ASL user when making choices about acquisition parameters for the use of ASL and also provides enough terminology to help a new user understand the key parameters that they need to know when presented with a new ASL dataset.
Building Research Teams
Authors: Peach Ken
Published: December 2017

This chapter discusses the process of building research teams. Increasingly over the past three-quarters of a century, science has become a collective activity, with teams of tens, hundreds or even thousands of scientists, engineers and technicians working together on a common goal. Consequently, almost all research involves building, motivating and maintaining a research team. Even a theoretical group is likely to have one or two postdocs, graduate students and visitors, but research teams will, in addition, have engineers and technicians, as well as, possibly, research administrators. The chapter also addresses the importance of creating and maintaining a good team and team spirit, as large projects are assembled from a large number of small teams working on common goals, usually in a loose federated structure with some overall coordination and leadership.
Health and Safety
Authors: Peach Ken
Published: December 2017

This chapter discusses health and safety, as ensuring health and safety is one of the most important functions of management. Health and safety rules are, generally speaking, universal: they cover employees and others in the workplace. Employees have a responsibility to take reasonable care of both themselves and others while at work, and to comply with all relevant laws and regulations pertaining to their work. Employers and managers have a duty to provide a safe working environment, and to ensure that employees are properly trained and have access to all relevant information to enable them to carry out their work without risk to their or others health. It is important to understand the chain of delegation: while it is possible to delegate the authority to a subordinate to deal with health and safety issues, the responsibility itself is not delegated. In this chapter, requirements for health and safety are discussed briefly, with examples.