bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metabolic Glycoengineering with N‐Acyl Side Chain Modified Mannosamines
Authors: Wratil Paul R. , Horstkorte Rüdiger , Reutter Werner
Published: July 2016

In metabolic glycoengineering (MGE), cells or animals are treated with unnatural derivatives of monosaccharides. After entering the cytosol, these sugar analogues are metabolized and subsequently expressed on newly synthesized glycoconjugates. The feasibility of MGE was first discovered for sialylated glycans, by using N‐acyl‐modified mannosamines as precursor molecules for unnatural sialic acids. Prerequisite is the promiscuity of the enzymes of the Roseman–Warren biosynthetic pathway. These enzymes were shown to tolerate specific modifications of the N‐acyl side chain of mannosamine analogues, for example, elongation by one or more methylene groups (aliphatic modifications) or by insertion of reactive groups (bioorthogonal modifications). Unnatural sialic acids are incorporated into glycoconjugates of cells and organs. MGE has intriguing biological consequences for treated cells (aliphatic MGE) and offers the opportunity to visualize the topography and dynamics of sialylated glycans in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo (bioorthogonal MGE).
New Structural Data Reveal the Motion of Carrier Proteins in Nonribosomal Peptide Synthesis
Authors: Kittilä Tiia , Mollo Aurelio , Charkoudian Louise K. , Cryle Max J.
Published: July 2016

The nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) are one of the most promising resources for the production of new bioactive molecules. The mechanism of NRPS catalysis is based around sequential catalytic domains: these are organized into modules, where each module selects, modifies, and incorporates an amino acid into the growing peptide. The intermediates formed during NRPS catalysis are delivered between enzyme centers by peptidyl carrier protein (PCP) domains, which makes PCP interactions and movements crucial to NRPS mechanism. PCP movement has been linked to the domain alternation cycle of adenylation (A) domains, and recent complete NRPS module structures provide support for this hypothesis. However, it appears as though the A domain alternation alone is insufficient to account for the complete NRPS catalytic cycle and that the loaded state of the PCP must also play a role in choreographing catalysis in these complex and fascinating molecular machines.
Radial thermoelectric generator fabricated from n‐ and p‐type conducting polymers
Authors: Menon Akanksha K. , Meek Olivia , Eng Arnold J. , Yee Shannon K.
Published: July 2016

Electrically conducting polymers are attractive for thermoelectric generators (TEGs) because of their low thermal conductivity and solution processability. In this article, we report on the performance of a radial device made from n‐ and p‐type polymers printed on paper substrates. Our thermoelectric (TE) models predict an optimized geometry for a radial device that operates under natural convective cooling alone, and herein, we report on the fabrication and performance of this new organic TEG. We used poly(nickel‐1,1,2,2‐ethenetetrathiolate) blended with poly(vinylidene fluoride)/dimethyl sulfoxide as the n‐type material and poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrene sulfonate) with Tellurium nanowires as the p‐type materials coated on paper to evaluate the TE performance. The radial TEG produced an open‐circuit voltage of 85 mV and a power density of 15 nW/cm2 under a 45‐K temperature difference. This proof of concept was the first demonstration of a polymer‐based radial TEG that accommodated a hot pipe as the heat source and did not require active cooling because of heat spreading. This is promising for scalable and low cost TE devices for self‐powered sensor networks. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44060.
PFG‐NMR measurement of self‐diffusion coefficients of long‐chain α‐olefins and their mixtures in semi‐crystalline polyethylene
Authors: Sun Jingyuan , Chen Meijuan , Wang Haotong , Jiang Binbo , Mattea Carlos , Stapf Siegfried , Wang Jingdai , Liao Zuwei , Yang Yongrong
Published: July 2016

The self‐diffusion coefficients of C6–C16 long‐chain α‐olefins and their mixtures in semi‐crystalline polyethylene were measured through the pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance (PFG‐NMR). The effects of chain length, polyethylene (PE) type, and co‐monomer type in PE on the diffusion coefficients were investigated. Moreover, the influence of halohydrocarbon, cycloalkanes, and arene solvents on the diffusion coefficients of C12 α‐olefin in PE was characterized. The results have demonstrated that the diffusion coefficient of the single‐component α‐olefin in PE decreases exponentially with the increase of the carbon number of α‐olefin, and the crystallinity and crystal morphology of PE play a more important role than the co‐monomer type in determining the diffusion coefficients of α‐olefins. In addition, the apparent diffusion coefficients were used to represent the diffusion behaviors of the α‐olefin mixtures in PE. Owing to the presence of other hydrocarbon solvents, namely trichloromethane, cyclohexane, and benzene, the diffusion coefficients of C12 long‐chain α‐olefin in PE are significantly enhanced, and such promoting effect of the hydrocarbon solvents in polyolefin elastomer (POE) is much stronger than those in high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) and linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE). © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44143.
Octakis(ethynyldimethylsiloxy) silsesquioxane: Synthesis and application in poly(silicane arylacetylene) resin
Authors: Bu Xiaojun , Zhou Yan , Li Chuan , Huang Farong
Published: July 2016

Octakis(ethynyldimethylsiloxy)silsesquioxane (OEMS) was first synthesized via hydrolysis condensation reaction between tetramethylammonium octaanion and ethynyldimethylchlorosilane, and characterized by FT‐IR, NMR, and GPC methods. A series of OEMS modified poly(silicane arylacetylene) resins (OEMS‐PSAs) were prepared from OEMS and poly(silicane arylacetylene) (PSA). TEM analysis of the OEMS‐PSAs confirms that the nano‐sized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) are dispersed evenly in low content, but aggregated unregularly in high content in OEMS‐PSAs. The curing behavior of OEMS‐PSAs was studied with DSC and FT‐IR techniques. Nanoindentation test shows the incorporation of OEMS into PSA could decrease both of the elastic modulus and surface hardness of the PSA thermoset. The dielectric constants (ɛr) of the OEMS‐PSA thermosets approach to 2.1, depending on not only the content of POSS but also the dispersion of POSS. Furthermore, TGA results demonstrate the OEMS‐PSA thermosets possess the certain thermo‐oxidative resistance. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44158.
A Study of Different Doped Metal Cations on the Physicochemical Properties and Catalytic Activities of Ce20M1Ox (M=Zr, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Sn) Composite Oxides for Nitric Oxide Reduction by Carbon Monoxide
Authors: Deng Changshun , Li Min , Qian Junning , Hu Qun , Huang Meina , Lin Qingjin , Ruan Yongshun , Dong Lihui , Li Bin , Fan Minguang
Published: July 2016

This work is mainly focused on investigating the effects of different doped metal cations on the formation of Ce20M1Ox (M=Zr, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Sn) composite oxides and their physicochemical and catalytic properties for NO reduction by CO as a model reaction. The obtained samples were characterized by using N2 physisorption, X‐ray diffraction, laser Raman spectroscopy, UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, temperature‐programmed reduction by hydrogen and by oxygen (H2‐TPR and O2‐TPD), in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, and the NO+CO model reaction. The results imply that the introduction of Mx+ into the lattice of CeO2 increases the specific surface area and pore volume, especially for variable valence metal cations, and enhances the catalytic performance to a great extent. In this regard, increases in the oxygen vacancies, reduction properties, and chemisorbed O2− (and/or O−) species of these Ce20M1Ox composite oxides (M refers to variable valence metals) play significant roles in this reaction. Among the samples, Ce20Cr1Ox exhibited the best catalytic performance, mainly because it has the best reducibility and more chemisorbed oxygen, and significant reasons for these attributes may be closely related to favorable synergistic interactions of the vacancies and near‐surface Ce3+ and Cr3+. Finally, a possible reaction mechanism was tentatively proposed to understand the reactions.
An iterative approach to H−/H∞ Fault Detection Observer Design for Discrete‐Time Uncertain Systems
Authors: Huang Di , Duan Zhisheng , Hao Yuqing
Published: July 2016

In this paper, H−/H∞ multi‐objective fault detection observer design problem for linear discrete‐time systems is studied. Owing to the model inaccuracy in practical situations, system uncertainty is considered as well as the structure of the uncertainty. Sufficient conditions for the existence of the observers to guarantee the fault sensitivity and disturbance robustness in infinite frequency domain are presented. A new iterative linear matrix inequality (LMI) algorithm for the observers are proposed to obtain the solutions. In order to reduce the conservativeness, the observer design problem in finite frequency domain is also investigated. Simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Simulating the 20 May 2013 Moore, Oklahoma tornado with a 100‐metre grid‐length NWP model
Authors: Hanley Kirsty E. , Barrett Andrew I. , Lean Humphrey W.
Published: July 2016

Since 2013, the Met Office have run a 2.2 km horizontal gridlength version of the Unified Model (MetUM) as part of the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration's Hazardous Weather Testbed Spring Forecasting Experiment. In this study, we perform high resolution MetUM simulations of the 20 May 2013 Oklahoma tornado outbreak at horizontal gridlengths between 2.2 km and 100 m. Here we present results showing that at 2.2 km gridlength the MetUM is able to simulate supercell‐like storms whereas at O(100 m) gridlength it is able to simulate realistic‐looking supercells with tornado‐like vortices. This opens up the opportunity for using such simulations to highlight areas of enhanced tornado risk ahead of time.
A review of sugarcane bagasse for second‐generation bioethanol and biopower production
Authors: Bezerra Tais Lacerda , Ragauskas Art J.
Published: July 2016

Sugarcane bagasse is a large‐volume agriculture residue that is generated on a ~540 million metric tons per year basis globally1,2 with the top‐three producing countries in Latin America being Brazil (~181 million metric ton yr−1),3 Mexico (ܾ15 million metric ton yr−1),4 and Colombia (ܾ7 million metric ton yr−1),5 respectively.6 Given sustainability concerns and the need to maximize the utilization of bioresources, the use of sugarcane bagasse is receiving significant attention in biorefining applications, as it is a promising resource for the conversion to biofuels and biopower. This review provides a comprehensive review of bagasse and its chemical constituents and on‐going research into its utilization as a feedstock for cellulosic ethanol and electricity generation. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Targeting HPV‐infected cervical cancer cells with PEGylated liposomes encapsulating siRNA and the role of siRNA complexation with polyethylenimine
Authors: Levine Rachel M. , Dinh Christina V. , Harris Michael A. , Kokkoli Efrosini
Published: July 2016

The greatest obstacle to clinical application of cancer gene therapy is lack of effective delivery tools. Gene delivery vehicles must protect against degradation, avoid immunogenic effects and prevent off target delivery which can cause harmful side effects. PEGylated liposomes have greatly improved tumor localization of small molecule drugs and are a promising tool for nucleic acid delivery as the polyethylene glycol (PEG) coating protects against immune recognition and blood clearance. In this study, small interfering RNA (siRNA) was fully encapsulated within PEGylated liposomes by complexing the siRNA with a cationic polymer, polyethyleneimine (PEI), before encapsulation. Formation methods and material compositions were then investigated for their effects on encapsulation. This technology was translated for protective delivery of siRNA designed for human papillomavirus (HPV) viral gene silencing and cervical cancer treatment. PEGylated liposomes encapsulating siRNA were functionalized with the AG86 targeting peptide‐amphiphile which binds to the α6β4 integrin, a cervical cancer biomarker. It was found that both targeting and polymer complexation before encapsulation were critical components to effective transfection.
Self‐Assembly of a Tripodal Triszwitterion Forms a pH‐Switchable Hydrogel that Can Reversibly Encapsulate Hydrophobic Guests in Water
Authors: Jana Poulami , Schmuck Carsten
Published: July 2016

The development of supramolecular smart materials, which exhibit physicochemical structural changes in response to external stimuli is of current interest for various applications. Herein, we have developed the novel tripodal triszwitterion 1, derived from a C3‐symmetric benzene‐1,3,5‐tricarboxamide (BTA) core, which forms a thermo‐reversible and pH‐switchable transparent hydrogel through intermolecular self‐complementary zwitterionic interactions at a neutral pH value. The hierarchical supramolecular self‐aggregation was fully analyzed by microscopy (AFM, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM)), viscosity, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and rheology studies. Moreover, compound 1 enables to encapsulate hydrophobic guests, such as the dye Nile red in aqueous medium at pH 6, which makes it an interesting candidate for drug delivery and controlled release.
The role of dilute and semi‐dilute cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) suspensions on the rheology of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) solutions
Authors: Oguzlu Hale , Danumah Christophe , Boluk Yaman
Published: July 2016

Non‐Newtonian flow behaviours of dilute and semi‐dilute carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) solutions in the presence of spindle‐shaped cellulose nanocrystal particles (CNC) were investigated. Scanning transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, polarized optical microscopy, and turbidity measurements of CNC suspensions in CMC solutions were also carried out. Adding CNC particles only within the range of 0.33–2.0 m3/m3 into the dilute and semi‐dilute CMC polymer solutions increased the viscosities at low shear rates between 103–105 times. The flow curves of CNC suspensions in CMC polymer solutions turned highly non‐Newtonian, and their viscosities at high shear rates (> 103) still converged to the flow curves of CMC solutions. The viscosity increase comes from the nematic flocculation of CNC particles in the presence of a non‐adsorbing CMC polymer which results in CNC flocs with water entrapped pockets.
Kinetics of the ruthenium‐catalyzed hydrogenation of levulinic acid to γ‐valerolactone in aqueous solutions
Authors: Jain Anandkumar B. , Vaidya Prakash D.
Published: July 2016

Levulinic acid (LA) is an especially promising feedstock for the production of chemicals and biofuels, because it can be prepared from lignocellulosic biomass. Its conversion to γ‐valerolactone (GVL), a fuel additive and precursor to transportation fuels, appears preferential. In this study, a heterogeneous Ru/C catalyst was employed for investigating the hydrogenation reaction of LA to GVL in the aqueous phase in a three‐phase mechanically agitated contactor. To explore kinetics, runs were performed in a chemical‐control regime between the temperatures 323–353 K, H2 partial pressures 0.69–2.07 MPa, initial LA concentrations 4.31–12.93 mmol/L, and catalyst loadings 0.3–0.7 kg/m3. Langmuir‐Hinshelwood‐Hougen‐Watson (LHHW) models were applied to describe the initial rates of LA disappearance. The model, which presumed that surface reaction between non‐dissociatively chemisorbed H2 and LA is limiting, was most suited to describe reaction kinetics. From an Arrhenius plot, it was found that the value of Eact is 68.1 kJ/mol.
Optimization and Modeling of Biogas Production From Green Waste/Biowaste Co‐Digestion Using Leachate and Sludge
Authors: Abdelhay Arwa , Albsoul Abeer , Hadidi Fatimeh , Abuothman Abeer
Published: July 2016

In most countries, green waste (GW) is abundant throughout the year and it is usually mixed with the organic fraction of municipal solid waste, which is called in this paper municipal biowaste (MBW). GW is characterized by a slow biodegradability, which minimizes its biogas revenues. The goal of this work was to determine optimal GW/MBW mixing ratios and old landfill leachate/sewage sludge inoculum ratios for optimal biogas production. Co‐digestion tests of GW and MBW were conducted at MBW/GW of 0:100, 30:70, 50:50, and 60:40 based on dry volatile solids (VS). A maximum biogas production yield of (318 mL/g VS) was attained at MBW/GW ratio of 60:40 using leachate as inoculum. The effect of landfill leachate/sewage sludge ratio on GW digestion was evaluated at four different ratios. The peak biogas yield was obtained at leachate/sludge ratios of 50:50 and 30:70. The design of experiment (DOE) was used to optimize and model the methane content and the biogas cumulative volume produced from co‐digestion at different VS and leachate percentages. An empirical model was obtained for the biogas cumulative volume and methane content with R2‐values of 0.90 and 0.72, respectively. The optimal biogas volume of 3416 mL and the maximum methane content (73%) were both obtained at 37% leachate and 9.5 g/L as VS which corresponds to an MBW/GW ratio of 60:40.
Suicidality in adolescents and adults with binge‐eating disorder: Results from the national comorbidity survey replication and adolescent supplement
Authors: Forrest Lauren N. , Zuromski Kelly L. , Dodd Dorian R. , Smith April R.
Published: July 2016

Objective

The relation between binge‐eating disorder (BED) and suicidality (i.e., suicide ideation, plan, and/or attempt) has not been studied extensively, and it is unknown whether BED is uniquely associated with suicidality when adjusting for comorbid psychopathology. Moreover, the course of suicidality in BED has not been determined and it is unknown whether BED precedes suicidality or vice versa.

Method

A total of 10,123 adolescents and 2,980 adults from two nationally representative surveys were administered diagnostic interviews assessing psychopathology and suicidality, as well the retrospectively reported ages of onset.

Results

Among adults and adolescents, BED was associated with elevated odds of suicide ideation, plan, and attempt at a univariate level, but BED was not associated with elevated odds of suicidality when adjusting for comorbid psychopathology. Kaplan–Meier estimates of temporal patterns displayed that most adolescents experienced suicidality onset following BED onset, whereas most adults experienced suicidality onset prior to BED onset.

Discussion

BED, comorbid disorders, and suicidality share common factors and interrelations, and individuals with BED and comorbid disorders may be at particularly high risk for suicidal outcomes. The presence of BED in adolescence may serve as a marker for more severe symptomatology that precedes the occurrence of suicidality. Research is needed to understand how eating disorder symptoms, comorbid symptoms, and suicidality affect one another over time. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2017; 50:40–49)
Patterns of genetic diversity of the cryptogenic red alga Polysiphonia morrowii (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) suggest multiple origins of the Atlantic populations
Authors: Geoffroy Alexandre , Destombe Christophe , Kim Byeongseok , Mauger Stéphane , Raffo María Paula , Kim Myung Sook , Le Gall Line
Published: July 2016

The red alga Polysiphonia morrowii, native to the North Pacific (Northeast Asia), has recently been reported worldwide. To determine the origin of the French and Argentine populations of this introduced species, we compared samples from these two areas with samples collected in Korea and at Hakodate, Japan, the type locality of the species. Combined analyses of chloroplastic (rbcL) and mitochondrial (cox1) DNA revealed that the French and Argentine populations are closely related and differ substantially from the Korean and Japanese populations. The genetic structure of P. morrowii populations from South Atlantic and North Atlantic, which showed high haplotype diversity compared with populations from the North Pacific, suggested the occurrence of multiple introduction events from areas outside of the so‐called native regions. Although similar, the French and Argentine populations are not genetically identical. Thus, the genetic structure of these two introduced areas may have been modified by cryptic and recurrent introduction events directly from Asia or from other introduced areas that act as introduction relays. In addition, the large number of private cytoplasmic types identified in the two introduced regions strongly suggests that local populations of P. morrowii existed before the recent detection of these invasions. Our results suggest that the most likely scenario is that the source population(s) of the French and Argentine populations was not located only in the North Pacific and/or that P. morrowii is a cryptogenic species.
One‐Pot Intermolecular C–S Self‐Coupling of Dimethyl Sulfoxide Promoted by Molybdenum Pentachloride
Authors: Bortoluzzi Marco , Ferretti Eleonora , Hayatifar Mohammad , Marchetti Fabio , Pampaloni Guido , Zacchini Stefano
Published: July 2016

The reactions between MoCl5 and 1–2 equiv. of a selection of sulfoxides at room temperature in dichloromethane as solvent were studied. The 1:1 molar reaction between MoCl5 and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) afforded the C–S coupling product [Me2SCH2SMe][MoOCl4] (1), which was isolated in 46 % yield and characterized by analytical and spectroscopic methods and by X‐ray diffraction. MoOCl3, SMe2 and HCl were identified as side products. The reactions between MoCl5 and tetrahydrothiophene 1‐oxide, nBu2SO, MePhSO or (PhCH2)2SO yielded the corresponding sulfides and, in the cases of (PhCH2)2SO and MePhSO, also C–S activation compounds. According to DFT calculations, the unusual formation of 1 is the consequence of thermodynamically feasible Cl/O interchange between MoCl5 and DMSO, this being a prerequisite for successive C–H bond activation.
C‐Glycosides, Array‐based Addressable Libraries, and the Versatility of Constant Current Electrochemistry
Authors: Smith Jake A. , Xu Guoxi , Feng Ruozhu , Janetka James W. , Moeller Kevin D.
Published: July 2016

Constant current electrochemical reactions are very versatile tools for conducting oxidation and reduction reactions. In the reactions, the potential at the working electrode automatically adjusts to that of the substrate in solution, a situation that allows for the same overall synthetic approach to be used for both the direct oxidation and reduction of substrates and the generation of a wide range of chemical reagents and catalysts. The science presented in this manuscript illustrates how a combination of these methods can be used to create new opportunities for synthesis. Specifically, a direct constant current electrolysis was used to synthesize C‐glycoside derivatives that were then placed site‐selectively on a microelectrode array by using the same overall electrochemical approach to generate chemical reagents.
Molecularly imprinted polymers for dispersive solid‐phase extraction of phenolic compounds in aqueous samples coupled with capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Lu Wenhui , Ming Weina , Zhang Xinshen , Chen Lingxin
Published: July 2016

A simple and sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of seven phenolic compounds in aqueous samples was developed by dispersive solid‐phase extraction (DSPE) coupled with capillary electrophoresis (CE), namely phenol, 4‐chlorophenol (4‐CP), pentachlorophenol (PCP), 2,4,6‐trichlorophenol (2,4,6‐TCP), 2,4‐dichlorophenol (2,4‐DCP), 2‐chlorophenol (2‐CP) and 2,6‐dichlorophenol (2,6‐DCP). Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) prepared by precipitation polymerization with 2,4,6‐trichlorophenol (2,4,6‐TCP) as template were used as DSPE sorbents to selectively adsorb the phenols. Various parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were evaluated and excellent CE separation was achieved within 13.5 min by using 15 mmol/L borate buffer containing 15% (v/v) methanol at pH = 9.8. Under the optimized conditions, good linearity was obtained in the range of 2‒200 μg/L for phenol, 2,4‐DCP and 2,6‐DCP, 2‒300 μg/L for 4‐CP and 2‐CP, 1.5‒150 μg/L for PCP, and 2‒400 μg/L for 2,4,6‐TCP, with the correlation coefficient (R2) higher than 0.9938. Limits of detection and limits of quantification were in the range of 0.18‒0.44 μg/L and 0.59‒1.45 μg/L, respectively. The developed MIPs‐DSPE‐CE method was also successfully applied to determine the seven phenolic compounds in lake, tap, seawater and tannery wastewater. The average recoveries at three different spiked levels ranged from 70.75 to 106.7% with the relative standard deviations of 1.15‒6.28%.
Neck dissection and stroke in patients with oral cavity cancer: A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Chang Chia‐Fan , Kuo Yen‐Ling , Pu Christy , Chou Yiing‐Jenq
Published: July 2016

Background

Oral cavity cancer is one of the most common head and neck cancers in the world. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence and risk factors for stroke after surgery in patients with oral cavity cancer with a focus on the effect of neck dissection.

Methods

Data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database for newly diagnosed oral cavity cancer between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2007, were included.

Results

Neck dissection did not increase the risk of stroke after treatment. Patients with ages older than 44 years, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, previous stroke, or postoperative chemoradiotherapy had a significantly higher risk of stroke (p < .05).

Conclusion

Our data demonstrate that neck dissection does not increase the risk of stroke in patients with oral cavity cancer. Patients have higher risk of stroke after cancer treatment because of their older age, specific comorbidities, and/or type of postoperative treatment. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 63–70, 2017
Unilateral radiotherapy for surgically resected lateralized squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil
Authors: Rackley Thomas Paul , Namelo Wanangwa Clara , Palaniappan Nachi , Cole Naomi , Owens David M. J. , Evans Mererid
Published: July 2016

Background

The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of contralateral neck recurrence after surgery and unilateral neck radiotherapy, for lateralized tonsillar cancers with ipsilateral neck disease, in order to inform future clinical trial protocols for this disease.

Methods

Patients with lateralized tonsillar squamous carcinoma (T1–T2, N0–N2b), treated with surgery and unilateral adjuvant radiotherapy in a single United Kingdom center were retrospectively identified. Rates of recurrence in the contralateral, unirradiated neck were analyzed, together with survival and toxicity data.

Results

Of 81 patients included, after a median follow‐up of 5.7 years, no contralateral recurrences were identified. Five‐year overall survival, progression‐free survival, and locoregional control were 91.0%, 93.0%, and 95.4%, respectively.

Conclusion

Unilateral radiotherapy is an effective and safe treatment option for the postoperative management of lateralized tonsillar cancers, even in patients with N2b disease, and should be recommended in future clinical trial protocols. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 17–23, 2017
The design and fabrication of a three‐dimensional bioengineered open ventricle
Authors: Patel Nikita M. , Mohamed Mohamed A. , Yazdi Iman K. , Tasciotti Ennio , Birla Ravi K.
Published: July 2016

Current treatments in hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) include multiple surgeries to refunctionalize the right ventricle and/or transplant. The development of a tissue‐engineered left ventricle (LV) would provide a therapeutic option to overcome the inefficiencies and limitations associated with current treatment options. This study provides a foundation for the development and fabrication of the bioengineered open ventricle (BEOV) model. BEOV molds were developed to emulate the human LV geometry; molds were used to produce chitosan scaffolds. BEOV were fabricated by culturing 30 million rat neonatal cardiac cells on the chitosan scaffold. The model demonstrated 57% cell retention following 4days culture. The average biopotential output for the model was 1615 µV. Histological assessment displayed the presence of localized cell clusters, with intercellular and cell‐scaffold interactions. The BEOV provides a novel foundation for the development of a 3D bioengineered LV for application in HLHS. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 2206–2217, 2017.
The Andes Cordillera. Part II: Rio Olivares Basin snow conditions (1979–2014), central Chile
Authors: Mernild Sebastian H. , Liston Glen E. , Hiemstra Christopher A. , Yde Jacob C. , McPhee James , Malmros Jeppe K.
Published: July 2016

Snow cover extent, duration, and properties were simulated (1979/1980–2013/2014) for the Rio Olivares Basin (548 km2) in central Chilean Andes, in an effort to understand conditions and trends (linear) at a basin scale. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications products, together with the snow modelling software package SnowModel allowed simulations of first‐order atmospheric forcings (mean annual air temperature (MAAT) and water‐equivalent precipitation) and terrestrial snow features (snow cover extent, duration, snow water‐equivalent depth, snow density, and runoff generated from snow melt). Simulated snow cover extent and depletion curves were verified against Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer‐derived snow cover data. For the Rio Olivares Basin, MAAT was −2.9 ± 0.6 °C with a mean 0° isotherm at 3325 m a.s.l. The greatest temporal and spatial changes in temperature over the 35‐year period occurred in January and at the highest elevations, respectively. Mean annual precipitation was 1.86 ± 0.60 m w.e., indicating an increase in precipitation of ∼0.1 m w.e. 100 m−1 increase in elevation. On average, ∼90% of the basin precipitation fell as snow, varying from 70% at ∼2600 m a.s.l., to 95% at ∼4200 m a.s.l. In 20 out of 35 years the snow cover extent went to 0% (no basin snow cover) by end‐of‐summer (during March), and the snow duration increased on average by ∼10 days 100 m−1 increase in elevation. Approximately 85% of the basin outlet freshwater runoff originated from snowmelt, making snowmelt a dominant contributor to water resources. Snowmelt‐derived basin runoff was dominated by variability in snow precipitation rather than by variability in MAAT.
Effects of four different drying methods on the carotenoid composition and antioxidant capacity of dried Gac peel
Authors: Chuyen Hoang V , Roach Paul D , Golding John B , Parks Sophie E , Nguyen Minh H
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUND

Gac fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) is a rich source of carotenoids for the manufacture of powder, oil and capsules for food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical uses. Currently, only the aril of the Gac fruit is processed and the peel, similar to the other components, is discarded, although it contains high level of carotenoids, which could be extracted for commercial use. In the present study, four different drying methods (hot‐air, vacuum, heat pump and freeze drying), different temperatures and drying times were investigated for producing dried Gac peel suitable for carotenoid extraction.

RESULTS

The drying methods and drying temperatures significantly affected the drying time, carotenoid content and antioxidant capacity of the dried Gac peel. Among the investigated drying methods, hot‐air drying at 80 oC and vacuum drying at 50 oC produced dried Gac peel that exhibited the highest retention of carotenoids and the strongest antioxidant capacity.

CONCLUSION

Hot‐air drying at 80 oC and vacuum drying at 50 oC are recommended for the drying of Gac peel. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Hydrolytic Cleavage of Paraoxon by Octanohydroxamate Ion in Cationic Microemulsions
Authors: Satnami Manmohan L. , Dewangan Hitesh K. , Nagwanshi Rekha
Published: July 2016

The hydrolysis reaction of O,O‐diethyl O‐p‐nitrophenylphosphate (Paraoxon) with the octanohydroxamate ion (OHA−) was studied in a cationic oil‐in‐water (O/W) microemulsion system over a pH range 7.5–12.0 at 300 K. The O/W systems are stabilized by using cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and n‐butanol as cosurfactants. In a microemulsion, the rate enhancement by OHA− is greater toward the cleavage of paraoxon than its spontaneous (2.1 × 107 s−1) hydrolysis. The kobs values for the reaction of paraoxon with OHA− were determined in different microemulsion compositions with varying chain length of alcohols (n‐butanol, n‐pentanol, n‐octanol, and n‐dodecanol) and alkanes (n‐hexane, n‐heptane, and n‐decane). The effects of water content, pH, and size of the oil pool have been discussed.
Patterns of nodal failure after intensity modulated radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Li Jin‐gao , Venigalla Praveen , Leeman Jonathan E. , LaPlant Quincey , Setton Jeremy , Sherman Eric , Tsai Jillian , McBride Sean , Riaz Nadeem , Lee Nancy
Published: July 2016

Objectives

To evaluate the sites of nodal failure (NF) of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) treated with intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT).

Study Design

Retrospective chart review.

Methods

We reviewed the records of 165 patients with nonmetastatic NPC treated with IMRT between July 1998 and April 2011 at our institution. Recurrent nodes were delineated on imaging and coregistered with the original treatment planning computed tomography. Failures were assessed as in‐field, out‐field, or marginal based on the relative volumes of the recurrent nodes covered by the original dose distribution.

Results

Ten patients had NF at a median follow‐up of 70.4 months for surviving patients. The 3‐ and 5‐year overall survival and NF rates were 88.7%, 76.0% and 5.8%, 7.7%, respectively. Six of the nodal failures were in‐field, of which five occurred in level II; whereas four had out‐field failures, all of which were in the protected parotid gland area. There were no recurrences in level 1b despite this region being protected. The cumulative 3‐ and 5‐year failure rates in the parotid gland area were 2.2% and 3.1%, respectively. Three patients with parotid failure initially had subcentimeter, nonspecific nodules in the same locations of the parotid gland as the recurrent nodes.

Conclusion

Nodal failure is uncommon after IMRT in NPC. Recurrence in the parotid gland region accounts for all of the out‐field failures and 40% of NF in our study. Comprehensive assessment of nodules in or around the parotid gland is therefore a key aspect of treatment planning and follow‐up.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 2016 127:377–382, 2017
Single‐institution experience and learning curve with upper airway stimulation
Authors: Thaler Erica R. , Schwab Richard J.
Published: July 2016

As upper airway stimulation (UAS) surgical implantation is a new procedure, the authors thought it would be instructive to describe a single‐institution's experience with the inception of a UAS program. The description of our experience at the University of Pennsylvania may be useful for planning purposes when surgeons and sleep medicine physicians are considering program development. Laryngoscope, 126:S17–S19, 2016 Laryngoscope, 126:S17–S19, 2016
Assessment of heterogeneous electron‐transfer rate constants for soluble redox analytes at tetrahedral amorphous carbon, boron‐doped diamond, and glassy carbon electrodes
Authors: Jarošová Romana , De Sousa Bezerra Paula M. , Munson Catherine , Swain Greg M.
Published: July 2016

The electrochemical properties of a nitrogen‐incorporated tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta‐C:N) thin‐film electrode were investigated. Cyclic voltammetry was used to investigate the background current response as a function of potential, scan rate, and electrolyte composition. Cyclic voltammetry and digital simulation were used to determine the heterogeneous electron‐transfer rate constants (ko) for IrCl62−/3−, Fe(CN)63−/4−, ferrocene carboxylic acid, Ru(NH3)63+/2+, and methyl viologen. The results revealed that the background current for the ta‐C:N electrode falls between that of BDD and GC. ko values for all the redox analytes at ta‐C:N were comparable to the values at BDD and GC. ko values were lower for Fe(CN)63−/4−, 10−3 cm s−1, than for the other four redox systems, 10−2–10−1 cm s−1. ko for Ru(NH3)63+/2+ was insensitive to the electrolyte cation (Li+, Na+, K+, and Cs+) at all three electrodes. In contrast, ko for Fe(CN)63−/4− was sensitive to the cation type with the greatest sensitivity seen for the ta‐C:N electrode suggestive of more significant double layer effects. The ta‐C:N electrode supports relatively rapid electron transfer for a wide range of redox systems with formal potentials from ca. 0.9 to −1.0 V vs. Ag/AgCl.
Performance of toxicity probability interval based designs in contrast to the continual reassessment method
Authors: Horton Bethany Jablonski , Wages Nolan A. , Conaway Mark R.
Published: July 2016

Toxicity probability interval designs have received increasing attention as a dose‐finding method in recent years. In this study, we compared the two‐stage, likelihood‐based continual reassessment method (CRM), modified toxicity probability interval (mTPI), and the Bayesian optimal interval design (BOIN) in order to evaluate each method's performance in dose selection for phase I trials. We use several summary measures to compare the performance of these methods, including percentage of correct selection (PCS) of the true maximum tolerable dose (MTD), allocation of patients to doses at and around the true MTD, and an accuracy index. This index is an efficiency measure that describes the entire distribution of MTD selection and patient allocation by taking into account the distance between the true probability of toxicity at each dose level and the target toxicity rate. The simulation study considered a broad range of toxicity curves and various sample sizes. When considering PCS, we found that CRM outperformed the two competing methods in most scenarios, followed by BOIN, then mTPI. We observed a similar trend when considering the accuracy index for dose allocation, where CRM most often outperformed both mTPI and BOIN. These trends were more pronounced with increasing number of dose levels. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fingerprinting of Peptides with a Large Channel of Bacteriophage Phi29 DNA Packaging Motor
Authors: Ji Zhouxiang , Wang Shaoying , Zhao Zhengyi , Zhou Zhi , Haque Farzin , Guo Peixuan
Published: July 2016

Nanopore technology has become a highly sensitive and powerful tool for single molecule sensing of chemicals and biopolymers. Protein pores have the advantages of size amenability, channel homogeneity, and fabrication reproducibility. But most well‐studied protein pores for sensing are too small for passage of peptide analytes that are typically a few nanometers in dimension. The funnel‐shaped channel of bacteriophage phi29 DNA packaging motor has previously been inserted into a lipid membrane to serve as a larger pore with a narrowest N‐terminal constriction of 3.6 nm and a wider C‐terminal end of 6 nm. Here, the utility of phi29 motor channel for fingerprinting of various peptides using single molecule electrophysiological assays is reported. The translocation of peptides is proved unequivocally by single molecule fluorescence imaging. Current blockage percentage and distinctive current signatures are used to distinguish peptides with high confidence. Each peptide generated one or two distinct current blockage peaks, serving as typical fingerprint for each peptide. The oligomeric states of peptides can also be studied in real time at single molecule level. The results demonstrate the potential for further development of phi29 motor channel for detection of disease‐associated peptide biomarkers.
Biomimetic Extracellular Environment Based on Natural Origin Polyelectrolyte Multilayers
Authors: Silva Joana M. , Reis Rui L. , Mano João F.
Published: July 2016

Surface modification of biomaterials is a well‐known approach to enable an adequate biointerface between the implant and the surrounding tissue, dictating the initial acceptance or rejection of the implantable device. Since its discovery in early 1990s layer‐by‐layer (LbL) approaches have become a popular and attractive technique to functionalize the biomaterials surface and also engineering various types of objects such as capsules, hollow tubes, and freestanding membranes in a controllable and versatile manner. Such versatility enables the incorporation of different nanostructured building blocks, including natural biopolymers, which appear as promising biomimetic multilayered systems due to their similarity to human tissues. In this review, the potential of natural origin polymer‐based multilayers is highlighted in hopes of a better understanding of the mechanisms behind its use as building blocks of LbL assembly. A deep overview on the recent progresses achieved in the design, fabrication, and applications of natural origin multilayered films is provided. Such films may lead to novel biomimetic approaches for various biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, implantable devices, cell‐based biosensors, diagnostic systems, and basic cell biology.
Synthesis, Structure, Magnetic and Electrochemical Properties of a Dinuclear Copper Complex
Authors: Peng Qiu‐Xia , Lin Chen‐Neng , Zhang Yun‐Xiao , Zhan Shu‐Zhong , Ni Chun‐Lin
Published: July 2016

A material for both magnetic coupling and electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution based on the copper complex, [(L)2Cu2] is formed by the reaction of CuCl2·2H2O with the tetradentate ligand 6‐(3‐aminomethylpropanol)‐2‐tert‐buty‐4‐methylphenol (H2L), which is prepared by reaction of 2‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methylphenol, 3‐amino‐1‐propanol, and formaldehyde. Structural studies show that in the solid state complex 1 exhibits strong antiferromagnetic exchange interaction between copper(II) ions mediated by oxygen‐bridges. In liquid, 1 becomes a monomer, and can electrocatalyze hydrogen generation both from acetic acid with a turnover frequency (TOF) of 101.70 mol of hydrogen per mole of catalyst per hour at an overpotential (OP) of 941.6 mV (in DMF), and a natural buffer with a TOF of 650 mol of hydrogen per mole of catalyst per hour at an OP of 836.7 mV.
Floating‐leaved macrophyte (Trapa japonica) drastically changes seasonal dynamics of a temperate lake ecosystem
Authors: Kato Yoshikazu , Nishihiro Jun , Yoshida Takehito
Published: July 2016

Water chestnut (genus Trapa) is an annual floating‐leaved macrophyte that produces dense beds known to drastically modify freshwater ecosystems. Although Trapa displays a distinct phenology that should alter the innate seasonal dynamics of ecosystems, the seasonality of these effects has rarely been investigated. Therefore, we examined seasonal changes in physicochemical conditions and assemblages of zoobenthos and zooplankton, and whether these changes were correlated with the rise and decline of dense beds of Trapa japonica in Lake Mikata, a temperate shallow lake in central Japan. Our results suggested that the formation of dense Trapa beds during summer resulted in hypoxia, which significantly decreased the abundance of Chironomidae and Oligochaeta in the benthic community, as well as that of Calanoida among zooplankton. When dense Trapa beds formed, we also detected growth of other taxa that were resistant to hypoxia, including Cladocera, Cyclopoida, Ostracoda, and Nematoda. Chlorophyll a concentration declined across the lake during summer, when dense Trapa beds formed. The decline in Trapa beds from autumn to spring resulted in increased dissolved oxygen concentration, chlorophyll a concentration, and invertebrate abundance (Chironomidae, Oligochaeta and Calanoida), as well as a decrease in taxa utilizing the dense Trapa beds. Our results suggest that the phenology of dense Trapa beds can drastically change the seasonal dynamics of physicochemical conditions and the lower components of the food web in a shallow lake ecosystem.
Fabrication characteristics and tribological behavior of Al/SiC/Gr hybrid aluminum matrix composites: A review
Authors: Singh Jaswinder
Published: July 2016

Improvement in surface properties and retainment of bulk properties are essential requirements for the design of components for wear resistance applications. This paper summarizes various features of Al/SiC/Gr hybrid composites that can be employed in different tribological applications. The study has revealed that the processing route plays a significant role in obtaining a homogeneous structure of these composites. In powder metallurgy, the selection of sizes of the matrix and reinforcement powders is crucial, whereas the wettability between the reinforcement particles and molten alloy is a major challenge in liquid metallurgy. The incorporation of SiC particles increases the mechanical strength and wear performance of Al composites. However, ejection of these particles can reduce the wear performance of Al composites under severe conditions. The addition of Gr particles helps in the formation of a thick and extensive tribolayer on the wear surface. This layer reduces direct contact between the rubbing surfaces, thereby decreasing the wear rate under certain conditions. Morphological analysis of worn surfaces has confirmed that the hybrid composites exhibit superior wear properties than the pure Al alloy and the ceramic-reinforced composite. However, increase in the Gr content beyond a limiting value can deteriorate the tribological properties of these composites. Therefore, true optimization of a tribosystem (of the hybrid composite and counterface) can be achieved by selecting appropriate reinforcement contents.
DOLON EUERGETES: PS.-EURIPIDES, RHESVS 149–90 AND THE RHETORIC OF CIVIC EUERGESIA
Authors: Fantuzzi Marco
Published: July 2016

In the Rhesus, Hector is convinced that he has the right solution for every problem. He is also eager to impose his views on his peers, like Aeneas, and above all on his subjects or on foreigners, like the watchmen of the chorus and Dolon, or on Rhesus. At the same time, he is ready to change his mind in the course of a debate, and occasionally makes decisions that are in tune with the views of his interlocutors but radically different from his original opinions. One of the cases where he most persistently tries to impose his viewpoint but evidently fails, and must eventually accept the viewpoint of a subordinate, is the guessing game of Rhes. 165–83. The scene's format emphasizes his unsuccessfulness, and may even have been tinged with a comic or farcical effect—in fact, the format of the guessing game is found only here in tragedy, while it is not uncommon in Aristophanes and also reappears, with what seems to be a precise allusion to our Rhesus passage, in Menander's Perikeiromene.