bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Viruses Compensate for Microbial Metabolism in Virus-Host Interactions
Authors: He Tianliang , Li Hongyun , Zhang Xiaobo
Published: July 2017

Viruses are believed to be responsible for the mortality of host organisms. However, some recent investigations reveal that viruses may be essential for host survival. To date, it remains unclear whether viruses are beneficial or harmful to their hosts. To reveal the roles of viruses in the virus-host interactions, viromes and microbiomes of sediment samples from three deep-sea hydrothermal vents were explored in this study. To exclude the influence of exogenous DNAs on viromes, the virus particles were purified with nuclease (DNase I and RNase A) treatments and cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation. The metagenomic analysis of viromes without exogenous DNA contamination and microbiomes of vent samples indicated that viruses had compensation effects on the metabolisms of their host microorganisms. Viral genes not only participated in most of the microbial metabolic pathways but also formed branched pathways in microbial metabolisms, including pyrimidine metabolism; alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism; nitrogen metabolism and assimilation pathways of the two-component system; selenocompound metabolism; aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis; and amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism. As is well known, deep-sea hydrothermal vent ecosystems exist in relatively isolated environments which are barely influenced by other ecosystems. The metabolic compensation of hosts mediated by viruses might represent a very important aspect of virus-host interactions.

IMPORTANCE
Viruses are the most abundant biological entities in the oceans and have very important roles in regulating microbial community structure and biogeochemical cycles. The relationship between virus and host microbes is broadly thought to be that of predator and prey. Viruses can lyse host cells to control microbial population sizes and affect community structures of hosts by killing specific microbes. However, viruses also influence their hosts through manipulation of bacterial metabolism. We found that viral genes not only participated in most microbial metabolic pathways but also formed branched pathways in microbial metabolisms. The metabolic compensation of hosts mediated by viruses may help hosts to adapt to extreme environments and may be essential for host survival.
Retrospective economic analysis of the transfer of services from hospitals to the community: an application to an enhanced eye care service
Authors: Mason Thomas , Jones Cheryl , Sutton Matt , Konstantakopoulou Evgenia , Edgar David F , Harper Robert A , Birch Stephen , Lawrenson John G
Published: July 2017

Objective

This research aims to evaluate the wider health system effects of the introduction of an intermediate-tier service for eye care.

Setting

This research employs the Minor Eye Conditions Scheme (MECS), an intermediate-tier eye care service introduced in two London boroughs, Lewisham and Lambeth, in April 2013.

Design

Retrospective difference-in-differences analysis comparing changes over time in service use and costs between April 2011 and October 2014 in two commissioning areas that introduced an intermediate-tier service programme with changes in a neighbouring area that did not introduce the programme.

Data sources

MECS audit data; unit costs for MECS visits; volumes of first and follow-up outpatient attendances to hospital ophthalmology; the national schedule of reference costs.

Main outcome measures

Volumes and costs of patients treated.

Results

In one intervention area (Lewisham), general practitioner (GP) referrals to hospital ophthalmology decreased differentially by 75.2% (95% CI −0.918% to −0.587%) for first attendances, and by 40.3% for follow-ups (95% CI −0.489% to −0.316%). GP referrals to hospital ophthalmology decreased differentially by 30.2% (95% CI −0.468% to −0.137%) for first attendances in the other intervention area (Lambeth). Costs increased by 3.1% in the comparison area between 2011/2012 and 2013/2014. Over the same period, costs increased by less (2.5%) in one intervention area and fell by 13.8% in the other intervention area.

Conclusions

Intermediate-tier services based in the community could potentially reduce volumes of patients referred to hospitals by GPs and provide replacement services at lower unit costs.
A randomised controlled trial to evaluate the impact of sexual health clinic based automated text message reminders on testing of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in men who have sex with men in China: protocol for the T2T Study
Authors: Zou Huachun , Meng Xiaojun , Grulich Andrew , Huang Shujie , Jia Tianjian , Zhang Xuan , Luo Zhenzhou , Ding Yi , Yang Ligang , Han Jinmei , Chen Weiying , Zheng Heping , Yang Bin
Published: July 2017

Introduction

The frequency of screening for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among men who have sex with men (MSM) is still low in China.

Methods and analysis

A sexual health clinic based randomised controlled trial will be conducted in Guangzhou, Wuxi and Shenzhen, China, enrolling 600 MSM. Eligibility will be judged by the pre-programed iPad based questionnaire: (1) age ≥18 years and (2) have had two or more male anal sex partners, or condomless anal sex with a casual male sex partner, or an STI history, in the past 6 months, and (3) provides a valid mobile phone number. Eligible men will be randomly allocated 1:1 to the intervention arm (with monthly text messages reminding them to test for HIV/STIs) or to the control arm (with no reminders). Men in both arms will complete a questionnaire onsite at enrolment and after 12 months, and another questionnaire online at 6 months. Men in both arms will be tested for HIV, syphilis, anal gonorrhoea/chlamydia and penile gonorrhoea/chlamydia at enrolment and at 12 months. The primary outcome is the rate and frequency of HIV testing within the 12 months after enrolment. The secondary outcome is the rate of unprotected anal intercourse. An assessment of the cost effectiveness of this intervention is also planned.

Ethics and dissemination

The study has been approved by the ethical review committees of the University of New South Wales, Australia (HC16803), the Guangdong Provincial Centre for Skin Disease and STI Control (GDDHLS-20160926) and the Wuxi Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (WXCDC2016009), China. Study findings will be submitted to academic journals and disseminated to local health authorities.

Trial registration number

Chinese Clinical Trial Registry at:http://www.chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=15752and WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform at:http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR-IOR-16009304.
Acute mountain sickness, arterial oxygen saturation and heart rate among Tibetan students who reascend to Lhasa after 7 years at low altitude: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Gonggalanzi  , Labasangzhu  , Bjertness Espen , Wu Tianyi , Stigum Hein , Nafstad Per
Published: July 2017

Objectives

The aim of the present study was to estimate the incidence of acute mountain sickness (AMS) and address the changes in arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) and heart rate (HR) in native Tibetans who reascend to the high-altitude city of Lhasa (3658 m) after a 7-year stay at low altitude.

Methods

We followed two cohorts of students aged 17–21 years (859 Native Tibetan and 801 Han Chinese), travelling from lowland China until 3 days after their arrival in highland city of Lhasa. Questionnaire information of the symptoms of AMS using the Lake Louise Scoring System, resting SaO2and HR were assessed both before leaving the lowland and after arriving in Lhasa. Linear regression was performed to compare changes in SaO2and HR levels from low to high altitude in Tibetan and Han Chinese.

Results

New cases of AMS occurred in only 1.2% (95% CI 0.4% to 2.0%) of the Tibetan students who came to Lhasa by train compared with 32.7% (95% CI 28.0% to 37.3%) and 42.9% (95% CI 38.0% to 47.7%) of the Han Chinese students who came to Lhasa by train and by air, respectively. Tibetan students had less changes in SaO2(−2.95 percentage points, 95% CI −3.24% to −2.65%) and HR (10.89 beats per minute (bpm), 95% CI 9.62 to 12.16 bpm) from low to high altitude compared with Han Chinese students, although measurements did not differ between the two groups when measured at low altitude.

Conclusions

Healthy Tibetans are mostly protected against AMS and primarily maintain their good adaptation to high altitude, even after a long period of stay at low altitude.
A pilot randomised controlled trial of a periodised resistance training and protein supplementation intervention in prostate cancer survivors on androgen deprivation therapy
Authors: Kiwata Jacqueline L , Dorff Tanya B , Todd Schroeder E , Salem George J , Lane Christianne J , Rice Judd C , Gross Mitchell E , Dieli-Conwright Christina M
Published: July 2017

Introduction

Prostate cancer survivors (PCS) receiving androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) experience deleterious side effects such as unfavourable changes in cardiometabolic factors that lead to sarcopenic obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS). While loss of lean body mass (LBM) compromises muscular strength and quality of life, MetS increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and may influence cancer recurrence. Exercise can improve LBM and strength, and may serve as an alternative to the pharmacological management of MetS in PCS on ADT. Prior exercise interventions in PCS on ADT have been effective at enhancing strength, but only marginally effective at enhancing body composition and ameliorating cardiometabolic risk factors. This pilot trial aims to improve on existing interventions by employing periodised resistance training (RT) to counter sarcopenic obesity in PCS on ADT. Secondary aims compare intervention effects on cardiometabolic, physical function, quality of life and molecular skeletal muscle changes. An exploratory aim examines if protein supplementation (PS) in combination with RT elicits greater changes in these outcomes.

Methods and analysis

A 2×2 experimental design is used in 32 PCS on ADT across a 12-week intervention period. Participants are randomised to resistance training and protein supplementation (RTPS), RT, PS or control. RT and RTPS groups perform supervised RT three times per week for 12 weeks, while PS and RTPS groups receive 50 g whey protein per day. This pilot intervention applies a multilayered approach to ameliorate detrimental cardiometabolic effects of ADT while investigating molecular mechanisms underlying skeletal muscle changes in PCS.

Ethics and dissemination

This trial was approved by the University of Southern California Institutional Review Board (HS-13–00315). Results from this trial will be communicated in peer-reviewed publications and scientific presentations.

Trial registration number

NCT01909440; Pre-results.
Effects of football sporting activity on renal and liver functions among young undergraduate students of a Nigerian tertiary institution
Authors: Ekun Oloruntoba Ayodele , Emiabata Adijat Folake , Abiodun Olalekan Clement , Ogidi Nkeiruka Ogochukwu , Adefolaju Florence O , Ekun Oyeronke Olufemi
Published: July 2017

Background

Football sporting exercise is one of the most popular events in the world. While there are well-documented reports on the effects of different athletic sporting activities on the biochemical markers of renal and liver functions, there are paucity of well-documented reports on the effects of football activity on Nigerian sportsmen, hence the need for this study.

Method

Biochemical markers of renal and liver functions (urea, creatinine, aspartate aminotransaminase (AST), alanine aminotransaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP)) were determined using Cobas c 111 auto-analyser by Roche.

Results

The mean urea (mmol/L)±SEM, creatinine (μmol/L)±SEM, AST (U/L)±SEM, ALT (U/L)±SEM and ALP (U/L)±SEM values before and after soccer exercise were 3.56±0.12, 3.76±0.13, p=0.000; 79.36±1.53, 95.90±2.03, p=0.000; 32.54±1.15, 35.81±1.32, p=0.000; 15.68±1.02, 13.97±0.81, p=0.000; and 82.21±3.67, 86.08±3.86, p=0.046, respectively. Pearson’s degree of association for AST and ALT before and after exercise were r=0.678, p=0.000 and r=0.770, p=0.000, respectively; ALT and ALP before exercise showed a positive and significant association (r=0.317, p=0.028). On the other hand, there was a negative but insignificant correlation between urea before exercise and ALP after exercise (r=−0.003, p=0.982) and urea before exercise versus AST after exercise (r=−0.120, p=0.418). A positive but insignificant association was observed between urea and creatinine before exercise (r=0.093, p=0.530).

Conclusion

Football sporting event is associated with an increase in urea, creatinine, AST and ALP plasma values, and such interpretation of these parameters among sportsmen should be done with caution.
Tube algebra of group-type subfactors
Authors: Bisch Dietmar , Das Paramita , Ghosh Shamindra Kumar , Rakshit Narayan
Published: July 2017

We describe the tube algebra and its representations in the cases of diagonal and Bisch–Haagerup subfactors possibly with a scalar [Formula: see text]-cocycle obstruction. We show that these categories are additively equivalent to the direct product over conjugacy classes of representation category of a centralizer subgroup (corresponding to the conjugacy class) twisted by a scalar [Formula: see text]-cocycle obtained from the [Formula: see text]-cocycle obstruction.
Higher order two-scale finite element error analysis for thermoelastic problem in quasi-periodic perforated structure
Authors: Deng Mingxiang , Feng Yongping
Published: July 2017

In this paper, one new coupled higher order two-scale finite element method (TSFEM) for thermoelastic problem in composites is proposed. Firstly, some new two-scale asymptotic expressions and homogenization formulations for the problem are briefly given. Next, some high–low coupled approximate errors corresponding to TSFEM are analyzed. Finally, some numerical results of the displacement and the increment of temperature are presented, which show that TSFEM is an effective method for predicting the mechanical and the thermal behavior of composites in quasi-periodic perforated structure.
Nonsupersymmetric magic theories and Ehlers truncations
Authors: Marrani Alessio , Pradisi Gianfranco , Riccioni Fabio , Romano Luca
Published: July 2017

We consider the nonsupersymmetric “magic” theories based on the split quaternion and the split complex division algebras. We show that these theories arise as “Ehlers” [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] truncations of the maximal supergravity theory, exploiting techniques related to the very-extended Kac–Moody algebras. We also generalize the procedure to other [Formula: see text] truncations, resulting in additional classes of nonsupersymmetric theories, as well as to truncations of nonmaximal theories. Finally, we discuss duality orbits of extremal black hole solutions in some of these nonsupersymmetric theories.
Transverse momentum dependent (TMD) parton distribution functions generated in the modified DGLAP formalism based on the valence-like distributions
Authors: Hosseinkhani H. , Modarres M. , Olanj N.
Published: July 2017

Transverse momentum dependent (TMD) parton distributions, also referred to as unintegrated parton distribution functions (UPDFs), are produced via the Kimber–Martin–Ryskin (KMR) prescription. The GJR08 set of parton distribution functions (PDFs) which are based on the valence-like distributions is used, at the leading order (LO) and the next-to-leading order (NLO) approximations, as inputs of the KMR formalism. The general and the relative behaviors of the generated TMD PDFs at LO and NLO and their ratios in a wide range of the transverse momentum values, i.e. [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are investigated. It is shown that the properties of the parent valence-like PDFs are imprinted on the daughter TMD PDFs. Imposing the angular ordering constraint (AOC) leads to the dynamical variable limits on the integrals which in turn increase the contributions from the lower scales at lower [Formula: see text]. The results are compared with our previous studies based on the MSTW2008 input PDFs and it is shown that the present calculation gives flatter TMD PDFs. Finally, a comparison of longitudinal structure function [Formula: see text] is made by using the produced TMD PDFs and those that were generated through the MSTW2008-LO PDF from our previous work and the corresponding data from H1 and ZEUS collaborations and a reasonable agreement is found.
Towards timelike singularity via AdS dual
Authors: Bhowmick Samrat , Chatterjee Soumyabrata
Published: July 2017

It is well known that Kasner geometry with spacelike singularity can be extended to bulk AdS-like geometry, furthermore, one can study field theory on this Kasner space via its gravity dual. In this paper, we show that there exists a Kasner-like geometry with timelike singularity for which one can construct a dual gravity description. We then study various extremal surfaces including spacelike geodesics in the dual gravity description. Finally, we compute correlators of highly massive operators in the boundary field theory with a geodesic approximation.
Image Restoration via Group l2,1 Norm-Based Structural Sparse Representation
Authors: Zhang Kai Song , Zhong Luo , Zhang Xuan Ya
Published: July 2017

Sparse representation has recently been extensively studied in the field of image restoration. Many sparsity-based approaches enforce sparse coding on patches with certain constraints. However, extracting structural information is a challenging task in the field image restoration. Motivated by the fact that structured sparse representation (SSR) method can capture the inner characteristics of image structures, which helps in finding sparse representations of nonlinear features or patterns, we propose the SSR approach for image restoration. Specifically, a generalized model is developed using structured restraint, namely, the group [Formula: see text]-norm of the coefficient matrix is introduced in the traditional sparse representation with respect to minimizing the differences within classes and maximizing the differences between classes for sparse representation, and its applications with image restoration are also explored. The sparse coefficients of SSR are obtained through iterative optimization approach. Experimental results have shown that the proposed SSR technique can significantly deliver the reconstructed images with high quality, which manifest the effectiveness of our approach in both peak signal-to-noise ratio performance and visual perception.
Tunnel Transistor-Based Reliable and Energy Efficient Computing Architectures with Circuit and Architectural Co-Design at Low VDD
Authors: Shaik Sadulla , Krishna K. Sri Rama , Vaddi Ramesh
Published: July 2017

Tunnel field-effect transistors (TFETs) as low voltage device options have attracted recent attention for energy efficient circuit designs with CMOS technology scaling. This paper presents the circuit and architectural co-design approach for designing reliable and energy efficient architectures (adder cells) for new computing platforms at supply voltages. At circuit level TFET-based 28-transistor static logic design (28T) and 24-transistor transmission gate logic design (24T) have been explored. At architectural level, multiplexer (MUX)-based 22-transistor full adder design (22T) is proposed. Performance of TFET-based architectures have also been benchmarked with 20[Formula: see text]nm double gate Si FinFET technology. It has been seen that with FinFET technology 24T design is not effective in terms of energy efficiency and reliability (due to the large leakage currents in transmission gate logic topology). 28T design is the best in reliability perspective (in terms of reduced over shoots, full logic swing and reduced glitch duration etc.) and 22T design to be energy efficient option. It has been demonstrated in this paper that TFET’s steep slope characteristics enable the 24T design to have similar reliability characteristics like 28T design and energy efficiency like 22T design. TFET-based 22T design has [Formula: see text]91% smaller energy delay product (EDP) and [Formula: see text]84.4% less power delay product (PDP) in comparison to the low threshold voltage (LVT) FinFET 22T design at 0.2[Formula: see text]V VDD.
A New Current Profile Determination Methodology Incorporating Gating Logic to Minimize the Noise of CPU Chip by 40%
Authors: Laskar Nivedita , Debnath Suman , Majumder Alak , Bhattacharyya Bidyut Kumar
Published: July 2017

The present methodology of clock distribution inside high-performance central processing unit chip offers current to ramp linearly or exponentially when the chip comes out of sleep mode to active mode or when the clock starts driving a chip to operate. This linear current ramp leads to power and ground noise due to [Formula: see text]d[Formula: see text]/d[Formula: see text]. In this paper, we have shown that for a given power delivery network (PDN), it is possible to generate a current profile (current versus time), by controlling the current on all the complementary metal oxide semiconductor gates of the clock generation circuits. In our methodology, the time for the chip to reach the maximum saturation current is same when compared with the present linear current ramp methodology. We have also developed a new “optimizer program” to show the existence of a unique single current profile solution, which is different from the present methodology. The proposed method requires understanding of how the minimum value of the power supply voltage (supposed to be always 1[Formula: see text]V for the device) gets changed, when various gates in a clock tree are turned ON at different times ([Formula: see text], parameters of the problem) with different values of current ([Formula: see text], other parameters of the problem). Basically, an ensemble of “[Formula: see text]” number of transistors will be turned ON at time [Formula: see text] while it will pump the total current [Formula: see text]. This understanding generates the derivative function of the minimum noise point with respect to these said parameters, which in turn generates a new set of parameters to optimize the noise point. We have found that this optimizer program works and also converges for the generation of minimum power and ground noise, which is 40% lesser than the conventional approach.
Non-Stationary Random Vibration Analysis of Railway Bridges Under Moving Heavy-Haul Trains
Authors: Zhu Zhihui , Wang Lidong , Yu Zhiwu , Gong Wei , Bai Yu
Published: July 2017

This paper presents a non-stationary random vibration analysis of railway bridges under moving heavy-haul trains by the pseudo-excitation method (PEM) considering the train-track-bridge coupling dynamics. The train and the ballasted track-bridge are modeled by the multibody dynamics and finite element (FE) method, respectively. Based on the linearized wheel-rail interaction model, the equations of motion of the train-ballasted track-bridge coupling system are then derived. Meanwhile, the excitations between the rails and wheels caused by the random track irregularity are transformed into a series of deterministic pseudo-harmonic excitation vectors by the PEM. Then, the random vibration responses of the coupling system are obtained using a step-by-step integration method and the maximum responses are estimated using the 3[Formula: see text] rule for the Gaussian stochastic process. The proposed method is validated by the field measurement data collected from a simply-supported girder bridge (SSB) for heavy-haul trains in China. Finally, the effects of train speed, grade of track irregularity, and train type on the random dynamic behavior of six girder bridges for heavy-haul railways are investigated. The results show that the vertical acceleration and dynamic amplification factor (DAF) of the midspan of the SSB girders are influenced significantly by the train speed and track irregularity. With the increase in the vehicle axle-load, the vertical deflection-to-span ratio ([Formula: see text]) of the girders increases approximately linearly, but the DAF and vertical acceleration fail to show clear trend.
The automorphism groups for a family of generalized Weyl algebras
Authors: Tang Xin
Published: July 2017

In this paper, we study a family of generalized Weyl algebras [Formula: see text] and their polynomial extensions. We will show that the algebra [Formula: see text] has a simple localization [Formula: see text] when none of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] is a root of unity. As an application, we determine all the height-one prime ideals and the center for [Formula: see text], and prove that [Formula: see text] is cancellative. Then we will determine the automorphism group and solve the isomorphism problem for the generalized Weyl algebras [Formula: see text] and their polynomial extensions in the case where none of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] is a root of unity. We will establish a quantum analogue of the Dixmier conjecture and compute the automorphism group for the simple localization [Formula: see text]. Moreover, we will completely determine the automorphism group for the algebra [Formula: see text] and its polynomial extension when [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text].
Influence of Annealing Time on the Structural, Morphological and Optical Properties of ZnO Films
Authors: Sujitha E. , Manoj Christopher M. , Dhanisha K. M. , Abinaya M. , Deepak Raj P. , Sridharan M.
Published: July 2017

Zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films have been synthesized by thermally oxidizing the direct current magnetron sputtered zinc (Zn) films at 500[Formula: see text]C for different annealing time periods (3–5[Formula: see text]h) in ambient air. Influence of annealing time on the structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties of ZnO films was studied using X-ray diffractometer, field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), UV–Vis spectrophotometer and two-probe method, respectively. ZnO films exhibited hexagonal crystal structure with (1 0 1) as preferential orientation plane, and the crystallite size of the films increased from 30[Formula: see text]nm to 83[Formula: see text]nm on increasing the annealing time. Pebble-like surface morphology was observed from the FE-SEM micrographs. Optical band gap of the films varied between 3[Formula: see text]eV and 3.5[Formula: see text]eV for different annealing times. Electrical resistance of the ZnO films was decreased with increase in the annealing time, which is due to the improvement in the crystallinity.
3D Simulation of Drop Impact on Dry Surface Using SPH Method
Authors: Yang Xiufeng , Kong Song-Charng
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this paper is to present and illustrate a smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method to study the process of a drop impacting on a dry solid surface. SPH is a Lagrangian mesh-free particle method that offers advantages in modeling the evolution of the liquid surface during drop impact. A new surface tension model is used. The artificial viscosity is also used, which is demonstrated to be, approximately, a linear function of the dynamic viscosity of the liquid. The SPH method is used to simulate different liquid drops impacting on dry surfaces. The numerical results agree with experimental data obtained from the literature. The influence of various parameters on the drop impact, including impact velocity, diameter, viscosity, surface tension, and density of the drop, is also studied. The results show that the dimensionless spreading diameter of the drop increases if the impact velocity, diameter, or density increases, while the increase in viscosity and surface tension decreases the spreading diameter. The results indicate that the drop impact depends more strongly on the viscosity and impact velocity than on the diameter, surface tension, and density of the drop. In addition to the impact of a spherical drop, the impact of an ellipsoidal drop on a dry surface is also studied. The results show that the aspect ratio of the drop has a significant influence on the outcome of drop impact.
DFT Study of molecular and electronic structure of magnesium (II) tetra(1,2,5-chalcogenadiazolo) porphyrazines, [TXDPzMg] (X = O, S, Se, Te)
Authors: Zhabanov Yuriy A. , Tverdova Natalya V. , Giricheva Nina I. , Girichev Georgiy V. , Stuzhin Pavel A.
Published: July 2017

The influence of the chalcogen atom (X) on the molecular and electronic structures for the series of Mg[Formula: see text] tetra(1,2,5-chalcogenadiazolo)porphyrazines [TXDPzMg] (X [Formula: see text] O, S, Se, Te) and their monoaqua complexes [TXDPzMg(OH[Formula: see text]] was studied using DFT methods (B3LYP and PBE0 functionals) with cc-pVTZ basis sets. The chalcogen atom X changes strongly the geometry of the fused 1,2,5-chalcogenadiazole rings, but has only a weak influence on the dimensions of the coordination cavity of the porphyrazine macrocycle in [TXDPzMg] leading to its slight expansion in the sequence S < Se < Te < O. The electron density distribution was considered in terms of the natural bond order (NBO) and the natural population analysis (NPA). The frontier molecular orbitals are destabilzed along with the decrease of electronegativity of the chalcogen atoms. The a[Formula: see text] and e[Formula: see text] orbitals (HOMO and LUMO) are mainly localized on atoms constituting the internal 16-membered macrocycle, while the chalcogen atoms have the strongest effect on the composition of the filled [Formula: see text]-MOs having the a[Formula: see text] symmetry – 2a[Formula: see text] and lower lying 1a[Formula: see text] orbitals. The Gouterman type a[Formula: see text] orbital with predominant localization on the nitrogen atoms of the internal 16-membered macrocycle is 2a[Formula: see text] for the O- and S-containing complexes and for the Se- and Te-analogs it becomes 1a[Formula: see text], while the higher lying 2a[Formula: see text] orbital resides mainly on the fused heterocycles (Se/Te and C[Formula: see text] atoms). The lowest excited states have been calculated for [TXDPzMg] and used for the explanation of the peculiarities and tendencies observed in the experimental electronic absorption spectra available for the S, Se- and Te-containing Mg[Formula: see text] complexes.
Crust–mantle interaction and craton destruction: evidence from Late Mesozoic plutons in the North China Craton
Authors: He Xiao-Fang , Kobayashi Airi , Santosh M. , Tsunogae Toshiaki
Published: July 2017

Late Mesozoic granitoids, widely distributed in the Yanshan Belt of the North China Craton (NCC), are important markers of cratonic destruction and lithospheric thinning. We report new petrological, geochemical, zircon U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotopic data on two late Mesozoic granitic plutons from the central NCC near the Trans-North China Orogen. We report zircon U–Pb emplacement ages of 162 – 156 Ma and 132 Ma from the Siganding and Fangshan plutons respectively, indicating Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous magmatism. The presence of a dusty zone, and discontinuous zoning, in plagioclase phenocrysts and the occurrence of mafic microgranular enclaves in both granitoid plutons suggest mingling and mixing of felsic and basic magmas. The rocks investigated in this study show high Na
2
O + K
2
O and high Mg# (Mg# = Mg/(Fe + Mg)) and are metaluminous, with enrichment in light rare earth elements and large ion lithophile elements (Rb, Ba, U, and Sr) and depletion in high strength field elements (Th, U, Nb, Ta, P, and Ti). They also display negative εHf(
t
) values and high Sr/Y ratios, comparable with adakitic rocks, suggesting that the felsic magmas of these intrusions were probably derived from the partial melting of the Palaeoproterozoic (two-stage zircon Hf-depleted model ages between 2.5 and 1.9 Ga) thickened lower crust of the NCC, whereas the mafic magma was probably derived from subcontinental lithospheric mantle. We correlate the magmatism with lithospheric thinning beneath the NCC and associated crust–mantle interaction. It is inferred that lithospheric thinning was of limited extent in Late Jurassic (162 – 156 Ma) times. The magma flare-up at around 130 Ma was produced by large-scale melting of the enriched subcontinental lithospheric mantle with development of extensive intracontinental adakitic magmatic rocks derived from thickened ancient lower continental crust with variable involvement of subcontinental lithospheric mantle.

Supplementary material:
Mineral assemblages and abundance, representative electron microprobe analyses, LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb age data and LA-MC-ICP-MS Lu–Hf isotopic data are available at
https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3815308
Source rock maturation owing to igneous intrusion in rifted margin petroleum systems
Authors: Muirhead D. K. , Bowden S. A. , Parnell J. , Schofield N.
Published: July 2017

Intrusive and extrusive volcanism is a common feature associated with many sedimentary basins formed along rifted margins. As a result, igneous intrusions are often found in potential hydrocarbon-producing source rock horizons. Although direct thermal effects on source rocks have been studied in detail, few studies have dealt with understanding the thermal effects on source rocks across a range of different thermal histories prior to intrusion. The metamorphic aureoles of three intrusions have been characterized for source rock maturation using organic geochemistry and Raman spectroscopy. Results show that a unique combination of organic geochemical and Raman spectroscopic techniques adds further insight to intrusion and host rock interactions, with an effective oil window and extended gas window located in the aureole of an immature and mature source rock respectively. Such varied and potentially beneficial geochemical responses further the need to re-evaluate source rock intervals in rifted margin basins.
The Rise of Animals in a Changing Environment: Global Ecological Innovation in the Late Ediacaran
Authors: Droser Mary L. , Tarhan Lidya G. , Gehling James G.
Published: July 2017

The evolutionary trajectory of early complex life on Earth is interpreted largely from the fossils of the Precambrian soft-bodied Ediacara Biota, which appeared and evolved during a time of dynamic biogeochemical and environmental fluctuation in the global ocean. The Ediacara Biota is historically divided into three successive Assemblages—the Avalon, the White Sea, and the Nama—which are marked by the appearance of novel biological traits and ecological strategies. In particular, the younger White Sea and Nama Assemblages record a “second wave” of ecological innovations, which included not only the development of uniquely Ediacaran body plans and ecologies, such as matground adaptations, but also the dual emergence of bilaterian-grade animals and Phanerozoic-style ecological innovations, including spatial heterogeneity, complex reproductive strategies, ecospace utilization, motility, and substrate competition. The late Ediacaran was an evolutionarily dynamic time characterized by strong environmental control over the distribution of taxa in time and space.
Evolutionary Trajectories to Antibiotic Resistance
Authors: Hughes Diarmaid , Andersson Dan I.
Published: July 2017

The ability to predict the evolutionary trajectories of antibiotic resistance would be of great value in tailoring dosing regimens of antibiotics so as to maximize the duration of their usefulness. Useful prediction of resistance evolution requires information about (a) the mutation supply rate, (b) the level of resistance conferred by the resistance mechanism, (c) the fitness of the antibiotic-resistant mutant bacteria as a function of drug concentration, and (d) the strength of selective pressures. In addition, processes including epistatic interactions and compensatory evolution, coselection of drug resistances, and population bottlenecks and clonal interference can strongly influence resistance evolution and thereby complicate attempts at prediction. Currently, the very limited quantitative data on most of these parameters severely limit attempts to accurately predict trajectories of resistance evolution.
Climbing fibers predict movement kinematics and performance errors
Authors: Streng Martha L. , Popa Laurentiu S. , Ebner Timothy J.
Published: July 2017

Requisite for understanding cerebellar function is a complete characterization of the signals provided by complex spike (CS) discharge of Purkinje cells, the output neurons of the cerebellar cortex. Numerous studies have provided insights into CS function, with the most predominant view being that they are evoked by error events. However, several reports suggest that CSs encode other aspects of movements and do not always respond to errors or unexpected perturbations. Here, we evaluated CS firing during a pseudo-random manual tracking task in the monkey ( Macaca mulatta). This task provides extensive coverage of the work space and relative independence of movement parameters, delivering a robust data set to assess the signals that activate climbing fibers. Using reverse correlation, we determined feedforward and feedback CSs firing probability maps with position, velocity, and acceleration, as well as position error, a measure of tracking performance. The direction and magnitude of the CS modulation were quantified using linear regression analysis. The major findings are that CSs significantly encode all three kinematic parameters and position error, with acceleration modulation particularly common. The modulation is not related to “events,” either for position error or kinematics. Instead, CSs are spatially tuned and provide a linear representation of each parameter evaluated. The CS modulation is largely predictive. Similar analyses show that the simple spike firing is modulated by the same parameters as the CSs. Therefore, CSs carry a broader array of signals than previously described and argue for climbing fiber input having a prominent role in online motor control.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article demonstrates that complex spike (CS) discharge of cerebellar Purkinje cells encodes multiple parameters of movement, including motor errors and kinematics. The CS firing is not driven by error or kinematic events; instead it provides a linear representation of each parameter. In contrast with the view that CSs carry feedback signals, the CSs are predominantly predictive of upcoming position errors and kinematics. Therefore, climbing fibers carry multiple and predictive signals for online motor control.
Measuring and quantifying skin sympathetic nervous system activity in humans
Authors: Greaney Jody L. , Kenney W. Larry
Published: July 2017

Development of the technique of microneurography has substantially increased our understanding of the function of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in health and in disease. The ability to directly record signals from peripheral autonomic nerves in conscious humans allows for qualitative and quantitative characterization of SNS responses to specific stimuli and over time. Furthermore, distinct neural outflow to muscle (MSNA) and skin (SSNA) can be delineated. However, there are limitations and caveats to the use of microneurography, measurement criteria, and signal analysis and interpretation. MSNA recordings have a longer history and are considered relatively more straightforward from a measurement and analysis perspective. This brief review provides an overview of the development of the technique as used to measure SSNA. The focus is on the utility of measuring sympathetic activity directed to the skin, the unique issues related to analyzing and quantifying multiunit SSNA, and the challenges related to its interpretation.
Modulation of corticospinal input to the legs by arm and leg cycling in people with incomplete spinal cord injury
Authors: Zhou R. , Alvarado L. , Kim S. , Chong S. L. , Mushahwar V. K.
Published: July 2017

The spinal cervico-lumbar interaction during rhythmic movements in humans has recently been studied; however, the role of arm movements in modulating the corticospinal drive to the legs is not well understood. The goals of this study were to investigate the effect of active rhythmic arm movements on the corticospinal drive to the legs ( study 1) and assess the effect of simultaneous arm and leg training on the corticospinal pathway after incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI) ( study 2). In study 1, neurologically intact (NI) participants or participants with iSCI performed combinations of stationary and rhythmic cycling of the arms and legs while motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded from the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle. In the NI group, arm cycling alone could facilitate the VL MEP amplitude, suggesting that dynamic arm movements strongly modulate the corticospinal pathway to the legs. No significant difference in VL MEP between conditions was found in participants with iSCI. In study 2, participants with iSCI underwent 12 wk of electrical stimulation-assisted cycling training: one group performed simultaneous arm and leg (A&L) cycling and the other legs-only cycling. MEPs in the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle were compared before and after training. After training, only the A&L group had a significantly larger TA MEP, suggesting increased excitability in the corticospinal pathway. The findings demonstrate the importance of arm movements in modulating the corticospinal drive to the legs and suggest that active engagement of the arms in lower limb rehabilitation may produce better neural regulation and restoration of function.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study aimed to demonstrate the importance of arm movements in modulating the corticospinal drive to the legs. It provides direct evidence in humans that active movement of the arms could facilitate corticospinal transmission to the legs and, for the first time, shows that facilitation is absent after spinal cord injury. Active engagement of the arms in lower limb rehabilitation increased the excitability of the corticospinal pathway and may produce more effective improvement in leg function.
Comparative transcriptomics of hepatic differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells and adult human liver tissue
Authors: Ghosheh Nidal , Küppers-Munther Barbara , Asplund Annika , Edsbagge Josefina , Ulfenborg Benjamin , Andersson Tommy B. , Björquist Petter , Andersson Christian X. , Carén Helena , Simonsson Stina , Sartipy Peter , Synnergren Jane
Published: July 2017

Hepatocytes derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC-HEP) have the potential to replace presently used hepatocyte sources applied in liver disease treatment and models of drug discovery and development. Established hepatocyte differentiation protocols are effective and generate hepatocytes, which recapitulate some key features of their in vivo counterparts. However, generating mature hPSC-HEP remains a challenge. In this study, we applied transcriptomics to investigate the progress of in vitro hepatic differentiation of hPSCs at the developmental stages, definitive endoderm, hepatoblasts, early hPSC-HEP, and mature hPSC-HEP, to identify functional targets that enhance efficient hepatocyte differentiation. Using functional annotation, pathway and protein interaction network analyses, we observed the grouping of differentially expressed genes in specific clusters representing typical developmental stages of hepatic differentiation. In addition, we identified hub proteins and modules that were involved in the cell cycle process at early differentiation stages. We also identified hub proteins that differed in expression levels between hPSC-HEP and the liver tissue controls. Moreover, we identified a module of genes that were expressed at higher levels in the liver tissue samples than in the hPSC-HEP. Considering that hub proteins and modules generally are essential and have important roles in the protein-protein interactions, further investigation of these genes and their regulators may contribute to a better understanding of the differentiation process. This may suggest novel target pathways and molecules for improvement of hPSC-HEP functionality, having the potential to finally bring this technology to a wider use.
Different Clinical Features of Acral Abortive Hemangiomas
Authors: Vega Mata N. , López Gutiérrez J. C. , Vivanco Allende B. , Fernández García M. S.
Published: July 2017

Some infantile hemangiomas called in literature “minimal or arrested growth hemangiomas” or “abortive hemangiomas” are present at birth and have a proliferative component equaling less than 25% of its total surface area. Often, they are mistaken for vascular malformation. We present five patients (three girls and two boys) with abortive hemangiomas diagnosed between January 2010 and December 2015 localized in acral part of the extremities. They were congenital lesions resembling precursor of hemangiomas but did not show proliferation phase. Immunohistochemical Glut-1 was performed in all of them as a way to confirm the abortive hemangioma diagnosis. The most common appearance was a reticulated erythematous patch with multiple fine telangiectasias on the surface. We remark that one of them presented a segmental patch with two different morphologies and evolutions. The proximal part showed pebbled patches of bright-red hemangioma and presented proliferation and the distal part with a reticulated network-like telangiectasia morphology remained unchanged. We detected lower half of the body preference and dorsal region involvement preference without ventral involvement. The ulceration occurred in three patients with two different degrees of severity.
Incidence of Tooth Loss in Adults: A 4-Year Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Silva-Junior Manoelito Ferreira , Batista Marília Jesus , de Sousa Maria da Luz Rosário
Published: July 2017

Objective. To verify the incidence of tooth loss in extended age group of adults in 4 years. Materials and Methods. The prospective cohort study assessed adults (20–64 years old) between 2011 and 2015, from Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. The dependent variable was cumulative incidence of tooth loss, assessed by difference between missing teeth (M) of decayed, missing, and filled tooth index (DMFT) in 2011 and 2015. Participants were stratified into young (20–44 years old) and older (45–64 years old) adults. Mann–Whitney U test (p<0.05) was used to compare the means of incidence of tooth loss between age groups. Results. After four years, 57.7% (n=143) of adults were followed up and the mean incidence of tooth loss was 0.91 (SD = 1.65); among these, 51 adults (35.7%) who lost their teeth showed mean tooth loss of 2.55 (SD = 1.86). In older adults, incidence of tooth loss was higher (p=0.008), but no difference between age groups was found when only adults with incidence of tooth loss were assessed (p=0.844). Conclusion. There was higher incidence of tooth loss in older adults after four years, however, without difference between age groups when only those who lost teeth were evaluated.
Fulminant Myocarditis Managed by Extracorporeal Life Support (Impella® CP): A Rare Case
Authors: Fox Henrik , Farr Martin , Horstkotte Dieter , Flottmann Christian
Published: July 2017

Background. Treating myocarditis can be difficult, as clear criteria for diagnosis and management are lacking for heterogeneous clinical presentations. Case Description. We report a case of a 49-year-old female who presented with cardiogenic shock and subsequent cardiac arrest. Extracorporeal life support was instituted, and after eight days with Impella CP the patient recovered and at six months presented with normal cardiac function. Conclusion. Fulminant myocarditis remains a challenging disease in daily clinical practice, not only for diagnosis, but also for treatment. With this report we emphasize that myocardial failure due to fulminant myocarditis may be reversible if treated with extracorporeal life support, which thus plays an important and life-saving role.