bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The House We Never Leave: Childhood, Shelter, and Freedom in the Writings of Beauvoir and Colette
Authors: Grosholz Emily R
Published: November 2023

In the second volume of The Second Sex,chapter II of the first part is entitled ‘The Young Girl’, following ‘Childhood’ and preceding ‘Sexual Initiation’. There, Simone de Beauvoir writes about a precious moment of freedom in a young girl’s life. Just at the onset of adolescence she is old enough to exercise some autonomy and to range beyond the con fines of the family house, but she has not yet faJlen into the adult constraints of married life. She is still well protected, but she is at liberty: optimal circumstances for cultivating imagination.
India
Authors: Amritavalli R , Jayaseelan K A
Published: November 2023

India raises the important question of whether a mosaic of languages and shared cultures can be melded into a nation. If language is a dominant symbol of identity, the concept of nationhood presupposes the existence of a national language, and distinct linguistic groups represent sub-nationalisms which may be a threat to the cohesion of a nation. In India, such a way of thinking about the relation of language to nationhood received considerable attention at the height of its political struggle for independence from British rule; an effort was made during that period to identify and promote a national language, and for a period of about fifteen years subsequent to independence, the question of a national language occupied much of the space of public debate in India, reaching a crescendo in the 1960s. The resolution of that crisis in favour of the indefinite continuation of a ‘foreign’ language, English, as an ‘associate official language’ in the country indicated that the idea of India as a nation is not primarily associated with any one language, or even primarily with ‘Indian’ languages.
Nepal and the Eastern Himalayas
Authors: Chalmers Rhoderick
Published: November 2023

Questions of language and national identity have coloured the history of Nepal and the eastern Himalayan region for decades. But since the 1980s they have emerged at the forefront of political movements – sometimes violent – which have underscored the ethnic, religious, and social fault lines of the area. The relationship between language and identity is complex even at the level of smaller ethnic groups; when combined with the questions of nation and nationalism it has proved fraught with danger. In the mid-1980s Darjeeling’s separatist Gorkhaland movement played on language as the unifying strand of Indian Nepali society while insisting on a clear separation from the state of Nepal. Nepali finally gained recognition as a national language of India in 1992, the culmination of almost a century of campaigning. By this time Nepal’s own ‘people’s movement’ had brought an end to the monarchist Panchayat regime, opening a Pandora’s box of ethnic and linguistic claims. The collapse of the central autocratic system brought with it a loss of faith in the simple ‘one language, one country’ nationalism that had been promoted for decades. Ethnic grievances and spurned calls for linguistic rights have since been seized on by Maoist insurgents as further aids to recruitment in an intensifying war. In Bhutan, mean-while, the 1980s saw the Dzongkha language deployed as one element of a rigid state nationalism. By the start of the 1990s the teaching of Nepali had been banned and much of Bhutan’s Nepali-speaking population displaced to refugee camps.
Introduction
Authors: Almond Brenda
Published: November 2023

What is the family? There are many ways of answering this question, but I take as my starting point here G. K. Chesterton’s striking metaphor of family as ‘this frail cord, flung from the forgotten hills of yesterday to the invisible mountains of tomorrow’.¹ In more prosaic terms, it is the chain of personal connections that gives meaning to our human notions of past, present and future— a mysterious genetic entity that binds us in our short span of individual existence to our ancestors and to our successors. But for many people, these familiar domestic foundations, taken for granted by previous generations, have begun to crumble. The signs are there in personal lives diminished by unstable relationships, broken commitments, and loss of contact with a whole range of peripheral but important relationships, from grandparents and in-laws to distant cousins and aunts. But, while the family is not indestructible, it is resilient.
Adequacy Conditions for Counterpart Theory
Authors: Cresswell M J
Published: November 2023

David Lewis’s modal realism claims that nothing can exist in more than one world or time, and that statements about how something would have beenare to be analysed in terms of its counterpart. I first explain why the counterpart relation depends on de remodal statements in an intensional language, so that intuitive properties of similarity relations cannot be used to show that the counterpart relation is not an equivalence relation. I then look at test sentences in (the intensional) natural language, and show that none of them provide compelling evidence that a counterpart semantics is needed. David Lewis’s counterpart theory [Lewis 1968] has been with us now for many years. As a metaphysical doctrine, the view that no individual can exist in more than one possible world has had its supporters and its opponents. What has been less discussed is the semanticsof counterpart theory, and it is this question I want to address. My claim will be that there is no clear semantic evidence that we need it. >Lewis’s metaphysical view [Lewis 1986] considers possible but non-actual worlds as equally ‘real’ as the actual world, where the actual world is everything that there is, or perhaps, to use Wittgenstein’s phrase, ‘everything that is the case’. As part of Lewis’s modal realism is the view that, at least for ordinary individuals, people, tables, cups, or double decker buses, nothing can exist in more than one world. This consequence falls naturally out of Lewis’s particular construction of possible worlds as maximal mereological sums of ‘world-mates’, though one can certainly believe, as I am inclined to myself, in a modal realism with genuinely trans-world individuals. It will be useful to connect modal realism with temporal realism, since temporal realism is a widely accepted view. Temporal realism is the view that the present moment is no more real than past or future moments. Temporal realism is not universally accepted. Some believe that only the present is real, others that only the present and past are real, but it is a not uncommon view, and an understanding of modal realism is, I think, helped by the parallel. Lewis also believes that the same individual cannot exist at more than one moment of time, though that need not be essential to temporal realism as such.
Some Ins and Outs of Transglobal Reliabilism
Authors: Henderson David , Horgan Terry
Published: November 2023

Our central concern in this chapter is epistemological. We have recently developed an account of what it is for an agent to be objectively justified in holding some belief. We call it transglobal reliabilism. Here, we present this view in outline and we show how it is motivated by various thought experiments. In a later section, we discuss how to understand transglobal reliabilism with respect to epistemological internalism and externalism. This matter warrants special attention, for while transglobal reliabilism is a variant of externalist epistemology, it also successfully accommodates certain concerns associated with internalist epistemologies.
On the Intrinsic Value of Human Persons
Authors: Quinn Philip L
Published: November 2023

In this paper I offer an answer, which is no doubt incomplete, to the question of what makes human persons intrinsically valuable. Two ways in which my inquiry is limited are worth mentioning at the outset. First, its scope is limited to human persons. For all I know, humans are not the only kind of persons; perhaps there are angels or demons who are also persons. If there are, they may differ essentially from human persons; maybe they are essentially disembodied, while human persons are essentially embodied. It might turn out that something to do with their having or being bodies contributes to the intrinsic value of human persons.
Persons and the Natural Order
Authors: Baker Lynne Rudder
Published: November 2023

We human persons have an abiding interest in understanding what kind of beings we are. However, it is not obvious how to attain such an understanding. Traditional analytic metaphysicians start with a priori accounts of the most general, abstract features of the world—for example, accounts of properties and particulars—features that, they claim, in no way depend upon us or our activity.1 Such accounts are formulated in abstraction from what is already known about persons and other things, and are used as constraints on metaphysical investigation of everything else.
Three Conceptions Of Intergenerational Justice
Authors: Dasgupta Partha
Published: November 2023

How should we measure human well-being over time and across generations? In which way ought the interests of people in the distant future be taken into account when we make our own decisions today? In which ethical language should citizens deliberate over the rate at which their society ought to invest for the future? In which assets should that investment be made? What should the balance between private and public investment be in the overall investment that a generation makes for the future.
Spinoza on Final Causality
Authors: Carriero John
Published: November 2023

In this way, the central issue quickly becomes—too quickly, I feel—how various early modern philosophers understand the relationship between mechanistic explanation and teleological (or functional or purposive) explanation: To what extent did early modern philosophers exclude teleological explanation from certain domains of inquiry? To what extent was their practice of using functional idioms consistent with their rejection of final causes? (Is, for example, Descartes’s claim to have excluded final causes from physics consistent with his employment of functional idioms in his physiological writings?) Did some thinkers reject teleological explanations completely or only in certain contexts? Did Spinoza, for example, reject all teleological explanations, or only those teleological explanations that involve attributing purposes to God or nature, making room for teleological explanations that involve human beings? And if Spinoza did reject all teleological explanations, is this consistent with what he had to say about human behavior?
The Limits of Contingency
Authors: Rosen Gideon
Published: November 2023

There are two ways to understand the question. We might imagine it asked by an up-to-date philosopher who grasps the concept well enough but wants to know more about what it is for a proposition to hold of metaphysical necessity. Alternatively, we might imagine it asked by a neophyte who ‘s never heard the phrase before and simply wants to know what philosophers have in mind by it.
The Modal Fictionalist Predicament
Authors: Divers John , Hagen Jason
Published: November 2023

A central aim of genuine modal realism (GMR) is to provide a translation schema: (R) A iff A* in which the instances of ‘A ‘ are modal claims and the instances of ‘A* ‘ are their possible-world (counterpart-theoretic) translations. Correspondingly, the modal fictionalist (locus classicus, Rosen 1990) proposes that we translate modal claims via the weaker schema: (F) A iff According to GMR, A*.
Paradox and the a Priori
Authors: Schiffer Stephen
Published: November 2023

A paradox is a set of apparently mutually incompatible propositions each one of which is apt to seem plausible, at least when considered on its own. A well-known paradox in the literature on privileged access and externalism due to Michael McKinsey (1991) may for present purposes be stated, at least initially, as the set consisting of the following four propositions: The traditional Kantian conception of a priori knowledge is knowledge that is ‘‘independent of experience’’.
Introduction
Authors: Ravelhofer Barbara
Published: November 2023

On the evening of 26 December 1613, Giovanni Battista Gabaleoni, a Savoy diplomat, pushed his way into the packed Banqueting House at Whitehall, where the court celebrated the wedding of the Earl of Somerset and Frances Howard. The high-profile occasion demanded a lavish spectacle, and the poet-musician Thomas Campion had risen to the challenge. Grounded upon ‘inchauntments and sever all transformations’, his masque started one hour before midnight and lasted until two o’clock in the morning. A magnificent triumphal arch disclosed a view of a seascape in perspective.
Construing Sen on Commitment
Authors: Pettit Philip
Published: November 2023

One of Amartya Sen’s most distinctive claims, and perhaps also one of his most controversial, is that there is an altruistic attitude toward others that does not make sense within the terms of rational choice theory, however broadly that theory is construed. He describes this attitude as one of “commitment” to others, contrasting it with egoism and also with a distinct altruistic attitude he calls “sympathy.
The Grammar of Rationality
Authors: Brennan Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

Since Amartya Sen’s (1977) ‘Rational Fools’ (RF hereafter) was first published, a large literature has emerged around the themes of rationality assumptions in the social science. Sen himself ((2002) for example) has on a number of occasions revisited the various themes first aired in that paper, and has refined and developed his position with respect to a number of those themes. Nevertheless, the original paper is worth careful study — and is, in any event, the reference point for my efforts here.
A different Solution to an Alleged Contradiction in Aristotle’ s Nicomachean Ethics
Authors: Drefcinski Shane
Published: November 2023

In ‘Disunity in the Aristotelian Virtues’, T. H. Irwin argues that the doctrine of the reciprocity of the virtues is inconsistent with Aristotle’s contention that a person can possess the ‘small-scale’ virtues of generosity and proper pride without the ‘large-scale’ virtues of magnificence and magnanimity (cf. NE 1122a28–9; 1123b5; 1125b–26).
Aristotle on Acting Unjustly Without Being Unjust
Authors: Pearson Giles
Published: November 2023

Thus, on this notion, ‘what, as a relation to others, is justice is, as a certain kind of state without qualification, virtue’ (1130a12–13). On this specification, there is no characteristic motive that picks out unjust acts; they are simply vicious acts more generally. This is in contrast to the injustice that corresponds to the other kind of justice, which picks out a part of virtue (5. 2, 1130a14).
Scanlon’s Contractualism
Authors: Wallace R Jay
Published: November 2023

T. M. Scanlon’s magisterial book What We Owe to Each Other is surely one of the most sophisticated and important works of moral philosophy to have appeared for many years. It raises fundamental questions about all the main aspects of the subject, and I hope and expect that it will have a decisive influence on the shape and direction of moral philosophy in the years to come. In this essay I shall focus on four sets of issues raised by Scanlon’s systematic argument, with the aim of clarifying some of Scanlon’s central assumptions and presenting alternatives at several key points.
The Rightness of Acts and the Goodness of Lives
Authors: Wallace R Jay
Published: November 2023

A prominent tendency in recent work of Joseph Raz’s has been to deny that there is any interesting philosophical problem about the authority of moral considerations to govern our lives. Philosophers who address this problem typically suppose that morality designates a domain of putatively normative considerations that hang together in some nonvacuous way. They then ask whether the considerations within this unified domain really do constitute reasons for action, and how they stack up compared to reasons of other kinds in respect of their normative importance.
What Metaphors Mean
Authors: Lepore Ernie , Ludwig Kirk
Published: November 2023

Metaphor is the dream work of language and, like all dream work, its interpretation reflects as much on the interpreter as on the originator. The interpretation of dreams requires collaboration between a dreamer and a waker, even if they be the same person; and the act of interpretation is itself a work of the imagination. So too understanding a metaphor is as much a creative endeavour as making a metaphor, and as little guided by rules. These remarks do not, except in matters of degree, distinguish metaphor from more routine linguistic transactions: all communication by speech assumes the interplay of inventive construction and inventive construal.
Introduction: Ethics, Prevention, and Public Health
Authors: Dawson Angus , Verweij Marcel
Published: November 2023

Public health ethics is developing as a new sub-discipline within the broader field of bioethics. One important aim of this book is to strengthen this development by furthering existing discussions and stimulating new debates. The different chapters in this book cover a wide range of issues and theories related to public health: they refer to a diverse range of literature from many disciplines including philosophy, ethical theory, applied ethics, philosophy of science, political philosophy, medicine, public health, economics, and law. This diversity is a sign that public health ethics is (and needs to be) committed to interdisciplinary work.
Ethical Issues in Applying Quantitative Models for Setting Priorities in Prevention¹
Authors: Brock Dan W
Published: November 2023

Several years ago I served on a committee of the Institute of Medicine (IoM) in the United States whose task was to recommend priorities for new vaccine development over the next 10 and 20 years (Institute of Medicine 2001). The project was undertaken under contract from the National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health. The committee’s mandate required it to develop a quantitative model for determining the priorities that it would recommend. In the committee’s discussion about what model to employ cost effectiveness quite naturally quickly rose to the forefront of alternatives for several reasons.
The Gene Meme
Authors: Haig David
Published: November 2023

In the final chapter of The Selfish Gene, Richard Dawkins explored the analogy between genetic and cultural evolution. Cultural traits, he suggested, evolve by a process of natural selection in which there is preferential proliferation of traits with properties that promote their own transmission. ‘We need a name for the new replicator,’ he wrote, ‘a noun which conveys the idea of a unit of cultural transmission, or a unit of imitation. “Mimeme” comes from a suitable Greek root, but I want a monosyllable that sounds a bit like “gene”. I hope my classicist friends will forgive me if I abbreviate mimeme to meme.’ Dawkins concluded his discussion, ‘However speculative my development of the theory of memes may be, there is one serious point which I would like to emphasize once again.
Normative Guidance
Authors: Railton Peter
Published: November 2023

I’ve been told that there are two principal approaches to drawing figures from life. One begins by tracing an outline of the figure to be drawn, locating its edges and key features on an imagined grid, and then using perspective to fill in depth. The other approach proceeds from the ‘center of mass’ of the subject, seeking to build up the image by supplying contour lines, the intersections of which convey depth— as if the representation were being created in relief. The second approach need not adopt a unified perspective, and is more concerned with evoking the volume and ‘presence’ of the subject than with accurate placement of edges and features. Call this second approach drawing ‘from the inside out’, meant to capture the living force of the subject rather than freeze it in a coordinate frame.

I sometimes feel that those of us who hanker after system in ethics tend to opt unconsciously for the first approach, tracing the outlines of moral practice from the outside and setting it into a coordinate scheme and unified perspective external to the agents themselves. We should probably try more often to work from the inside of agents, from their centers of mass as agents and moral beings. For such an approach, questions of normative guidance become questions about how normative guidance occurs within the agent, what gives norms their life, and how they enter into the shape and meaning of the agent’s experience, thought, feeling, and action.
Normativity
Authors: Parfit Derek
Published: November 2023

A young Swiss guest of Richard Hare’s, after reading a book by Camus, concluded in despair that nothing matters. Hare suggested that his friend should ask ‘what was the meaning or function of the word ‘‘matters’’ in our language; what is it to be important?’ His friend soon agreed, Hare writes, that when we say something matters or is important, what we are doing, in saying this, is to express our concern about that something ... Having secured my friend’s agreement on this point, I then pointed out to him something that followed immediately from it. This is that when somebody says that something matters or does not matter, we want to know whose concern is being expressed or otherwise referred to. If the function of the expression ‘matters’ is to express concern, and if concern is always somebody’s concern, we can always ask, when it is said that something matters or does not matter, ‘Whose concern?’

As Hare pointed out, his friend was concerned about several things. So was everyone— except a few fictional characters in existentialist novels. People’s values differ, and may change. But, since we all care about something, ‘it is impossible to overthrow values as a whole’. Hare’s treatment worked. ‘My Swiss friend ate a hearty breakfast the next morning.’

If someone doubts whether anything matters, it may not help to ask ‘Whose concern?’ Hare managed to convince his friend

that the expression ‘Nothing matters’ in his mouth could only be (if he understood it) a piece of play-acting. Of course he didn’t actually understand it.
Then and Now: Competence and Performance in 35 Years of Lexicography
Authors: Sue Atkins B T
Published: November 2023

This paper describes the process of writing a bilingual English–French dictionary in the late 1960s, and contrasts it with a similar task in the early 21st century, with all the benefits of a large text corpus and sophisticated query tools. The lexicography focuses on the entries for cook and cooking, designed for use both by an encoding English speaker and a decoding French speaker. Lexicographic evidence for the new entries comes from a 100-million-word corpus of British English, a small corpus of French for the words cuire, cuisine, cuisiner, cuisinier, and cuisson, and their inflected forms, and a small parallel corpus of English and French texts. The use of KWIC concordancing, the Word Sketch program and the FrameNet database is described in detail, together with the problems of equivalence encountered. An account is given of the way in which these problems are tackled and the dictionary entry is drafted. Dictionaries exist … to provide a series of hints and associations connecting the unknown with the known. So runs Bolinger’s dictum, quoted by Patrick Hanks in his inspiring address to the 2000 Euralex Congress (Hanks 2000). However, about thirty-five years ago I began writing a dictionary whose raison d’être was – although I couldn’t have said so then – to provide a series of hints connecting the known with the unknown. Eleven years and fifty-odd colleagues later, this had become the Collins–Robert English–French Dictionary (CREFD), now in its fifth edition and still going strong. It has latterly benefited from the linguistic resources of HarperCollins’s Bank of English, and from an editorial eye more knowledgeable than my own, yet still I see in its entries the lingering ghosts of those I wrote in my first stumbling years as a lexicographer. In this paper I shall consider how practical lexicography has changed over the past thirtyfive or so years, and set these changes in the context of a handful of closely related English– French entries. I shall not concern myself with the great changes which the computer has brought to the consultation of the dictionaries, but solely with the writing of them. I shall look first at how the entries were written in 1967, and then at how they might be written in 2002. Any such comparison must include (as well as consideration of changes in the language itself)
Science and South Africanism
Authors: Dubow Saul
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter showed how, in the tension between imperialism and colonial nationalism, incipient ideas about a broader white South Africanism began to take form. It pointed as well to underlying continuities linking the tradi­ tions and institutions that underwrote Cape colonial nationalism to the emerging South African state of the early twentieth century. In this chapter the discussion focuses more closely on the emergence of South Africanist sentiment associated with the achievement of political union in 1910. The ideological and practical role of science in promoting reason and rationality in the post-war reconstructionist era is highlighted.
Parental Choice and Human Improvement
Authors: Singer Peter
Published: November 2023

Consider ... the issue of genetic engineering. Many biologists tend to think the problem is one of design, of specifying the best types of persons so that biologists can proceed to produce them. Thus they worry over what sort(s) of person there is to be and who will control this process. They do not tend to think, perhaps because it diminishes the importance of their role, of a system in which they run a ‘ ‘genetic supermarket, ‘ ‘ meeting the individual specifications (within certain moral limits) of prospective parents This supermarket system has the great virtue that it involves no centralized decision fixing the future of human type(s).
Personal cleansing and dressing
Authors: Docherty Charles , Lang Kirsteen , Timmons John
Published: November 2023

This chapter encompasses the fundamental nursing skills related to the activities of personal cleansing and dressing. These require specific attention because, in fit healthy individuals, they are taken for granted to the extent that it is difficult to imagine what a nurses’ role might be, except, of course, when someone becomes ill, infirm, disabled, or depressed. Personal cleansing and dressing then becomes an issue and an indicator of an underlying problem that nurses can influence through the process of assessment, planning, implementing, and evaluating.
Timetrees: Beyond Cladograms, Phenograms, And Phylograms
Authors: Avise John C
Published: November 2023

For several historical reasons discussed herein, until recently the absolute temporal dimension of many phylogenetic trees has been relatively ignored whereas the branching (cladistic) aspect typically has been the focus of most phylogeny-reconstruction efforts. This unfortunate neglect of “timetrees” is now being remedied, as this book will attest. Many scientific benefits can emerge from superimposing robust estimates of geological time on cladograms, including opportunities to: improve phylogenetic reconstructions of phenotypic evolution; illuminate causal geological or other events and processes in the history of life; and develop a universal time-standardized framework for biological classification that will facilitate studies in comparative evolution.
Haptophyte algae (Haptophyta)
Authors: Medlin Linda K
Published: November 2023

Haptophytes (Fig. 1) occur in all seas and are often major components of the nanoplankton (1, 2). 7ey are important primary producers, and some species in the genera Emiliania, Gephyrocapsa,Phaeocystis, Chrysochromulina, and Prymnesium may form extensive blooms with major biogeochemical, ecological, or economic impact. Most species are marine, but a few thrive in freshwater. Most are unicellular, planktonic biPagellates, but palmelloid, coccoid, amoeboid, colonial, and benthic forms also occur (3). Nearly all are photosynthetic, but phagotrophy and mixotrophy appears to be common in some genera (e.g., Chrysochromulina) (4). In most species, at least one stage in their haplo-diplont life cycle possesses two Pagella that are similar in form and have no tubular hairs. Between the Pagella is a unique organelle, called a haptonema, which differs structurally from the Pagellum. Its length varies and it has been secondarily lost in some species. It can coil or bend, but not beat, and can attach to a substratum and may be involved in food handling. Cells are typically covered by one to several layers of organic scales and in the coccolithophorids these are calcified. These are preservable and constitute the feature that leaves a fossil record for calibration of a molecular clock. Species identification within Haptophyta is largely based on scale morphology and oJen requires electron microscopy.
Mosses (Bryophyta)
Authors: Newton Angela E , Wikströmb Niklas , Shaw A Jonathan
Published: November 2023

Mosses are photosynthetic plants that exhibit a wide range of morphologies, based on the life cycle of alternation of haploid and diploid generations. thegametophyte generation starts with haploid spores that develop into threadlike protonema, from which grow erect or creeping axes usually up to a few centimeters tall. theplants are oJen branched, with leaves that are mostly one cell thick and usually radially arranged (Fig. 1). 7ey form small cushions, velvety swards, open turfs, tuJs, or deep mats. Long-lived clonal growth and specialized vegetative reproduction are common and widespread, with sexual reproduction rare or unknown in some taxa. Plants are male or female, or bisexual, with various different arrangements of gametangia. Male and female gametangia are distinct, with a basic morphology common to all mosses (and to most of the early-diverging land-plant lineages) but with variation in some groups. Motile spermatozoa travel though surface water to fertilize sedentary eggs. theresulting diploid embryo grows into a sporophyte that is largely dependent on the gametophyte, with a single spore capsule and often with a complicated dehiscence (dispersal) mechanism (peristome). Spores are formed by meiosis and usually dispersed as monads.
Eurosid I
Authors: Forest Félix , Chase Mark W
Published: November 2023

Rosids represent another example of a group vastly reorganized following the inPux of DNA sequence data in phylogenetic analyses and angiosperm classification. To a group known as Subclass Rosidae or Superorder Rosanae in earlier classifications (1–3) were added some former members of Magnoliidae, Dilleniidae, and Hamamelidae. Additionally, some families previously thought to be of rosid a1nity were found to be better placed within asterids (4). Although strong support is found for the rosid group as a whole (5, 6), deeper relationships within rosids remain unclear despite considerable additional data and eBorts. In addition, morphological characters uniting rosids have yet to be identified (4). theca. 68,000 species assigned to rosids, which represent about a quarter of all angiosperm species and 39% of all eudicots (7), are divided into seven orders and 124 families (8). The great majority of the species are assigned to two main groups, Eurosid I and Eurosid II, also known as fabids and malvids, respectively. Species not included in the two eurosid groups are found in three orders (Myrtales, Geraniales, and Crossosomatales) and six families (Aphloiaceae, Geissolomataceae, Ixerbaceae, Picramniaceae, Strasburgeriaceae, and Vitaceae) of uncertain placement within rosids. Here, relationships and divergence times of the Arst group, Eurosid I, are reviewed. Myrtales will be discussed with Eurosid I because it has been placed in some studies as the closest relative to this group (5), as well as in the timetree considered here based on the study by Wikström et al. (9).
Lacewings (Neuroptera)
Authors: Wintertona Shaun L , Wiegmann Brian M
Published: November 2023

The lacewings comprise a moderately sized group of insects whose adults are characterized by delicate wings, oJen large in size, with highly reticulate or lacelike venation (Fig. 1). theorder is presently divided into 17, mostly well deAned, families with 5700 species worldwide. Lacewings, together with Megaloptera and Raphidioptera, constitute the Superorder Neuropterida, which is assumed to be the closest relative of Coleoptera. 7ree unique larval characters distinguish Neuroptera from other insects: modified jaws for sucking, incomplete gut, and modified Malphigian tubules for spinning a silken cocoon in which the immature pupates (1). Here, we review the relationships and divergence times of the families of lacewings (Fig. 2). Elucidating the evolutionary history of lacewings has proven to be highly problematic. Neuroptera classification has traditionally been founded largely on the intuitive phylogenies by Handlirsch (2) for fossils and by Withycombe (3) for larval anatomy and morphology. From these works a number of higher-level groups have been identified, but they usually diBer greatly between subsequent authors with regard to membership of families in each (1).
Sea urchins (Echinoidea)
Authors: Smith Andrew B
Published: November 2023

The Phylum Echinodermata is a clade of marine invertebrate deuterostomes that includes such well-known animals as the starAshes and sea urchins. All echinoderms possess a calcitic endoskeleton with a distinctive and unique three-dimensional structure, a stereom, and they all undergo an unusual asymmetrical development in which right larval coelomic components are suppressed and lost. 7ere are Ave living classes of echinoderm, of which the Echinoidea or sea urchins (Fig. 1) is probably the best known and certainly the one that has leJ the most complete fossil record. Living echinoids have a mesodermal skeleton constructed of 10 columns of plates, all of which bear tubercles and spines. Them odern taxonomy of echinoids was established by Mortensen (1), based primarily on the detailed arrangement of plates making up the skeleton. 7is has the great advantage of allowing fossils to be placed with confidence into any taxonomic scheme constructed for the living species. About 900 living species of echinoids have been described and placed in 50 families (1, 2), not all of which are considered monophyletic.
Cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes)
Authors: Heinickea Matthew P , Naylorb Gavin J P , Hedgesa S Blair
Published: November 2023

Living members of the Subclasses Holocephali (chimaeras, including ratAshes, spookAshes, and rabbitAshes, 43 sp.) and Elasmobranchii (sharks, rays, skates, sawAshes, and guitarAshes, 1125 sp.) together comprise the extant representatives of the Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous Ashes) (1). Holocephali includes only a single living order with three families (1, 2). Elasmobranchs are more diverse, with 17 orders and 52 families (there is some disagreement in ordinal and familial limits, especially among rays) (1, 3–5). Chondrichthyans can be diBerentiated from their closest living relatives, Osteichthyes (bony vertebrates), by possession of a skeleton of prismatic cartilage and internal fertilization via modiAed male pelvic Ans (claspers). Other characters common to the group are possession of placoid (toothlike) scales and, in many lineages, a heterocercal tail An. While most sharks and chimaeras have a generally cylindrical “Ashlike” body form (Fig. 1), some sharks and all batoids (rays, skates, sawAshes, and guitarAshes) are dorsoventrally Pattened and benthic in habit. Although early chondrichthyans included many freshwater forms, living species are overwhelmingly marine in distribution, excluding a few euryhaline sharks and rays and some freshwater stingrays. Here, we review the relationships of the subclasses, orders, and families of cartilaginous Ashes. Additionally, molecular divergence times of these groups are estimated from publicly available sequence data and presented.
Ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii)
Authors: Neara Thomas J , Miyab Masaki
Published: November 2023

Actinopterygii, or ray-Anned Ashes, are one of the two major lineages of osteichthyan vertebrates, the other being Sarcopterygii (1). 7ere are more than 26,890 species of actinopterygian Ashes and the group has diversiAed into a wide range of marine and freshwater habitats (2). Typically Ave major clades are recognized in Actinopterygii: Polypteriformes (bichirs), Acipenseriformes (sturgeons and paddleAshes), Lepisosteiformes (gars), Amiiformes (BowAn), and Teleostei. In this account, we review the evidence presented for the monophyly of Actinopterygii, the phylogenetic hypotheses of relationships among the major actinopterygian clades, and the inferences of divergence times resulting from analyses of DNA sequence data sampled from whole mitochondrial genomes and nuclear genes.

the only plausible skepticism regarding the monophyly of actinopterygians was directed specifically at the phylogenetic relationships of Polypteriformes. Since the early part of the twentieth century polypteriforms have been considered actinopterygians (3) however, doubts have been raised regarding the phylogenetic a1nities of polypteriforms within Actinopterygii with an alternative hypothesis that they are more closely related to sarcopterygians (4–6). Phylogenetic analyses of morphological characters have supported the hypothesis that Polypteriformes is most closely related to all other extant actinopterygians (1, 7–15). thephylogenetic position of Polypteriformes consistently inferred from morphological data has also been supported in phylogenetic analyses of nuclear encoded 28S rRNA gene sequences (16, 17), DNA sequences from whole mitochondrial genomes (18, 19), and a combined data analysis of seven singlecopy nuclear genes (20).
Labyrinth fishes (Anabantoidei)
Authors: Rüber Lukas
Published: November 2023

Labyrinth fishes (Anabantoidei) are grouped into three families (Osphronemidae, Helostomatidae, and Anabantidae) within the teleost Order Perciformes. Recent phylogenetic analyses have resulted in major changes in their classification. The Family Belontiidae is no longer recognized. The pike-head Luciocephalus, previously considered a separate family (Luciocephalidae) and closest relative of the remaining anabantoids, is now placed in a derived position within the Osphronemidae. The anabantoid timetree shows that the three families diverged either in the Middle Eocene (40 million years ago, Ma) or in the late Cretaceous (90 Ma) depending on the assignment of the only available anabantoid fossil. Labyrinth Ashes form a natural (monophyletic) group of teleost Ashes, the Suborder Anabantoidei. 7ey are arranged into three families: Osphronemidae (120 species; gouramies, paradise Ashes, and Aghting Ashes; Fig. 1), Helostomatidae (one species, Kissing Gourami), and Anabantidae (28 species; climbing gouramies and bushAshes). Although a comparatively small group, anabantoids exhibit a striking variation in size, ranging from dwarfed forms such as Parosphromenus ornaticauda, with 19 mm standard length, to large forms such as the giant gouramies of the genus Osphronemus, with up to 70 cm standard length (1, 2). A number of species play an important role as food Ashes and are widely used in aquaculture, whereas others are important and highly colorful aquarium Ashes. Labyrinth Ashes show an astonishing diversity in breeding behavior that is rarely found in any other Ash group (3, 4). Parental care is dominant and occurs in 16 of the 19 anabantoid genera.
Armadillos, anteaters, and sloths (Xenarthra)
Authors: Delsuca Frédéric , Douzerya Emmanuel J P
Published: November 2023

Despite their heterogeneous morphologies, armadillos (Cingulata), anteaters (Vermilingua), and sloths (Folivora) form a monophyletic group of curious placental mammals, the Order Xenarthra. Indeed, all living and extinct members share the presence of supplementary intervertebral articulations termed “xenarthrales” in the posterior dorsal vertebrae (1). Extant xenarthrans are currently represented by 31 species of South American origin (2). 7is reduced taxonomic diversity is the result of the last mass extinction event just 10,000 years ago that wiped out most of the product of an evolutionary radiation triggered by the isolation of South America during most of the Cenozoic era, 65–3 Ma (3). Five families are generally recognized: Dasypodidae (armadillos; Fig. 1), Cyclopedidae and Myrmecophagidae (anteaters), and Bradypodidae and Megalonychidae (sloths) (4). Here, we review the phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among the Ave families of extant xenarthrans. Few studies have been dedicated to reconstructing the phylogenetic relationships of xenarthrans. The Arst attempts based on morphological and anatomical characters have conPicted regarding the interrelationships of the three xenarthran lineages: some grouped armadillos and sloths together (5, 6), whereas others suggested that anteaters are the closest relatives of sloths (7, 8). Early molecular studies based on evolutionary comparisons of protein sequences of alpha crystallin-A (9) and immunological distances derived from serum albumins.
Rodents (Rodentia)
Authors: Honeycutt Rodney L
Published: November 2023

The Order Rodentia (represented by squirrels, mice, rats, guinea pigs, and others) contains 42% (2277) of all species and 39% (481) of all genera described for the Class Mammalia (1) (Fig. 1). If one includes the recently discovered extant Family Diatomyidae (2), the order contains 34 families (1). All early classifications of mammals and more recent cladistic analysis of morphological variation (craniodental, postcranial, fetal membrane) (4) support a monophyletic Rodentia. Although several early molecular phylogenetic studies questioned the validity of a monophyletic Rodentia (5, 6), more recent molecular data, based on either nuclear DNA (7–9) or a more thorough analysis of sequences of whole mitochondrial genomes (10), reveal support in favor of monophyly. In this review I will address phylogenetic relationships and divergence times for families within Rodentia.
Hedgehogs, shrews, moles, and solenodons (Eulipotyphla)
Authors: Douadya Christophe J , Douzeryd Emmanuel J P
Published: November 2023

Hedgehogs, shrews (Fig. 1), moles, and solenodons form a single, natural group of small mammals, the Order Eulipotyphla. the452 currently recognized species (1) belong to four living families: Erinaceidae (hedgehogs; two subfamilies, 10 genera, and 24 species), Soricidae (shrews; three subfamilies, 26 genera, and 376 species), Talpidae (moles; three subfamilies, 17 genera, and 39 species), Solenodontidae (solenodons; one genus and four species), and the recently extinct Nesophontidae (West Indian shrews; one genus and nine species). Shared morphological characters include a simple hindgut without a caecum, typically long narrow snouts, and reduced to absent eyes. However, the lack of unique derived characters has convinced many zoologists that they resemble the basic stock that gave rise to most eutherian lineages. Here, we review the relationships and divergence times of these four living families. We begin by Arst placing them in the context of what has long been considered as a taxonomic wastebasket, the Insectivora.
Oxford Studies in Metaethics
Authors: Shafer-Landau Russ
Published: November 2023

Oxford Studies in Metaethics is the only publication devoted exclusively to original philosophical work in the foundations of ethics. It provides an annual selection of much of the best new scholarship being done in the field. Its broad purview includes work being done at the intersection of ethical theory and metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of language, and philosophy of mind. The essays included in the series provide an excellent basis for understanding recent developments in the field; those who would like to acquaint themselves with the current state of play in metaethics would do well to start here.
Defending Divine Freedom
Authors: Senor Thomas D
Published: November 2023

In a series of articles and most recently in his book Can God Be Free?, William Rowe has argued that the traditional theistic view of the nature of God is fundamentally incoherent. In particular, Rowe believes that: constitute an inconsistent tetrad. Furthermore, Rowe argues, the theist should not be prepared to give up (iv) because if God’s creative acts are not free, then God is not praiseworthy and it is not the case that God is properly thanked for his goodness towards his creatures. In this paper, I’ll examine Rowe’s argument for this inconsistency.
‘What’S the Matter With Prime Matter?’
Authors: Lewis Frank A
Published: November 2023

Critics of the notion of prime matter traditionally found in Aristotle have challenged not only its coherence, but also the very propriety of the attribution to Aristotle. In this paper I argue that prime matter has a real place in Aristotle’s metaphysics, and that much if not all of the traditional view of it is genuinely his. I place my account in the broader context of what it means, in general, to say of something that it counts as matter, prime or otherwise. As I see it, Aristotle’s views can best be framed in terms of what satisfies the property of being matter, conceived as a second-level functional property. This is admittedly a philosophical reconstruction rather than a direct account of Aristotle’s ideas; and the reconstruction I offer does not extend to a defence of ‘bare substrate’ theory as such. But I do mean to defend the ‘fit’ of prime matter, much as traditionally conceived, in what I take to be its Aristotelian context. I begin with some main features of the traditional view, along with their apparently Aristotelian credentials.
Elemental Teleology in Aristotle’S Physics 2.8
Authors: Scharle Margaret
Published: November 2023

The role of nature in Aristotle’s account of natural teleology has been widely misunderstood, and as a result Aristotle has been interpreted with an excessively biological focus. Scholars have thought that his natural teleology applies exclusively to biological things (plants and animals) and that the elements (earth, air, fire, and water) either are not teleological or are teleological only in so far as they play a role in biological processes.
Implicational hierarchies and grammatical complexity
Authors: Miestamo Matti
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the usability of Greenbergian implicational hierarchies (Greenberg 1966) in cross-linguistic research on language complexity. Recently an increasing number of linguists have started to question the conventional wisdom according to which all languages are equally complex. McWhorter (2001a) proposes a metric for measuring the overall complexity of grammars of languages. One of the criteria employed in the metric pays attention to the number of grammatically expressed semantic or pragmatic distinctions: for example, a language that has a singular, a plural, and a dual is more complex in this respect than a language where only two number categories, singular and plural, are found. McWhorter further argues (p. 160) that such complexity differences can be translated into implicational hierarchies. Thus, the existence of number categories is regulated by the implicational hierarchy in (1) (adapted from Greenberg 1963; Greenberg formulated his Universal 34 as follows: ‘‘No language has a trial number unless it has a dual. No language has a dual unless it has a plural.“).