bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Longitudinal Study on Multidimensional Resilience to Physical and Psychosocial Stress in Elderly Mexicans
Authors: Höltge Jan , Samper-Ternent Rafael , García-Peña Carmen , Gutiérrez-Robledo Luis Miguel
Published: June 2020

Objectives: To identify trajectories of depression and daily disability in the context of serious falls and widowhood and to predict those trajectories before the events occurred. Methods: Longitudinal data were used from the Mexican Health and Aging Study. Trajectories were estimated using latent class growth analysis. Internal and socio-ecological resources were analyzed as predictors of the trajectories. Results: Unfavorable (worsening of symptoms and chronic high symptoms) and favorable (improvement of symptoms and stable low symptoms (resistance)) trajectories were identified. Favorable trajectories were more likely for daily disability. Persons who showed resistance in depression also tended to show resistance in daily disability. Net worth, cognition, and subjective well-being were early predictors for most trajectories. Discussion: Besides resistance, individuals rather show different co-occurring trajectories in the studied outcomes. While some factors could be identified that lead to favorable trajectories in both stressful contexts, the study also shows the necessity for context-specific research and praxis.
Fighting COVID-19 Misinformation on Social Media: Experimental Evidence for a Scalable Accuracy-Nudge Intervention
Authors: Pennycook Gordon , McPhetres Jonathon , Zhang Yunhao , Lu Jackson G. , Rand David G.
Published: June 2020

Across two studies with more than 1,700 U.S. adults recruited online, we present evidence that people share false claims about COVID-19 partly because they simply fail to think sufficiently about whether or not the content is accurate when deciding what to share. In Study 1, participants were far worse at discerning between true and false content when deciding what they would share on social media relative to when they were asked directly about accuracy. Furthermore, greater cognitive reflection and science knowledge were associated with stronger discernment. In Study 2, we found that a simple accuracy reminder at the beginning of the study (i.e., judging the accuracy of a non-COVID-19-related headline) nearly tripled the level of truth discernment in participants’ subsequent sharing intentions. Our results, which mirror those found previously for political fake news, suggest that nudging people to think about accuracy is a simple way to improve choices about what to share on social media.
Do Economic Inequalities Generate Political Conflict? An Insight into Civil War and Niger Delta Crisis in Nigeria
Authors: Kaur Sarabjit
Published: June 2020

The outbreak of political conflicts within countries has been a source of immense human suffering. The serious repercussions and challenges posed by these conflicts direct one to identify the factors that can be political or economic in nature for the outbreak of these domestic conflicts. The present study, without undermining the role of political factors, nevertheless considers economic factors in terms of inequality as significant for the outbreak of conflicts and particularly in understanding the Civil War and Niger Delta Crisis in the context of countries like Nigeria.
Therapeutic frames – exploring the relationship between psychiatry and visual art
Authors: Selikowitz Anne
Published: June 2020

Objectives:

While mental illness has long been associated with states of heightened creativity, the intersection between psychiatry and art warrants further exploration. This paper seeks to examine some fundamental concerns common to both disciplines, highlighting the therapeutic potential of visual art within psychiatric practice.

Conclusions:

Psychiatry and art are both concerned with the visual embodiment of abstract internal states, compelling us to deconstruct surface appearances in the pursuit of deeper meaning. Both also offer a window into the manifold ways in which others perceive the world. In a practical sense, art has significant therapeutic value, providing patients and clinicians with novel ways of processing emotions and fostering self-expression and agency.
Entrepreneurial Workaround Practices in Severe Institutional Voids: Evidence From Kenya
Authors: Sydow Alisa , Cannatelli Benedetto Lorenzo , Giudici Alessandro , Molteni Mario
Published: June 2020

Entrepreneurs in developing economies try to cope with weak or absent formal institutions—often referred to as “institutional voids”—by relying extensively on intermediary organizations such as business incubators and development organizations or informal institutions such as political, kinship, or family relationships. However, in many African countries, intermediary support is limited and informal institutions are also unreliable, adding risks and costs to doing business and increasing the severity of institutional voids in the surrounding ecosystem. We investigate the practices followed by 47 commercial entrepreneurs in Kenya to “work around” these severe institutional voids to achieve their goals of business creation and growth. We find that severe institutional voids stimulate the hybridization of goals to include social value creation, create a need for a more strategic orchestration of business relationships, and motivate entrepreneurs to proactively cross-brace the institutional infrastructure around them. We contribute by unveiling the important role of entrepreneurs as microinstitutional agents in developing economies and by detailing how commercial and social goals become intertwined in the context of African entrepreneurship.
Patient Risk Factor Profiles Associated With the Timing of Goals-of-Care Consultation Before Death: A Classification and Regression Tree Analysis
Authors: Starr Lauren T. , Ulrich Connie M. , Junker Paul , Huang Liming , O’Connor Nina R. , Meghani Salimah H.
Published: June 2020

Background:

Early palliative care consultation (“PCC”) to discuss goals-of-care benefits seriously ill patients. Risk factor profiles associated with the timing of conversations in hospitals, where late conversations most likely occur, are needed.

Objective:

To identify risk factor patient profiles associated with PCC timing before death.

Methods:

Secondary analysis of an observational study was conducted at an urban, academic medical center. Patients aged 18 years and older admitted to the medical center, who had PCC, and died July 1, 2014 to October 31, 2016, were included. Patients admitted for childbirth or rehabilitationand patients whose date of death was unknown were excluded. Classification and Regression Tree modeling was employed using demographic and clinical variables.

Results:

Of 1141 patients, 54% had PCC “close to death” (0-14 days before death); 26% had PCC 15 to 60 days before death; 21% had PCC >60 days before death (median 13 days before death). Variables associated with receiving PCC close to death included being Hispanic or “Other” race/ethnicity intensive care patients with extreme illness severity (85%), with age <46 or >75 increasing this probability (98%). Intensive care patients with extreme illness severity were also likely to receive PCC close to death (64%) as were 50% of intensive care patients with less than extreme illness severity.

Conclusions:

A majority of patients received PCC close to death. A complex set of variable interactions were associated with PCC timing. A systematic process for engaging patients with PCC earlier in the care continuum, and in intensive care regardless of illness severity, is needed.
Embryologically Based Classification Specifies Gender Differences in the Prevalence of Orofacial Cleft Subphenotypes
Authors: Pool Shariselle M. W. , der Lek Lisanne M. van , de Jong Kim , Vermeij-Keers Christl , Mouës-Vink Chantal M.
Published: June 2020

Background:

A recently published validated classification system divides all orofacial cleft (OFC) subphenotypes into groups based on underlying developmental mechanisms, that is, fusion and differentiation, and their timing, that is, early and late periods, in embryogenesis of the primary and secondary palates.

Aims:

The aim of our study was to define gender differences in prevalence for all subphenotypes in newborns with OFC in the Netherlands.

Methods:

This was a retrospective cross-sectional study on children with OFC born from 2006 to 2016. Clefts were classified in early (E-), late (L-), and early/late (EL-) embryonic periods, in primary (P-), secondary (S-), and primary/secondary (PS-) palates, and further divided into fusion (F-), differentiation (D-), and fusion/differentiation (FD-) defects, respectively.

Results:

A total of 2089 OFC children were analyzed (1311 males and 778 females). Orofacial cleft subphenotypes in females occurred significantly more frequent in the L-period compared to males (66% vs 55%, P = .000), whereas clefts in males occurred significantly more in the EL-periods (40% vs 27%, P = .000). Females had significantly more S-palatal clefts (42% vs 23%, P = .000), while males had significantly more PS-palatal clefts (44% vs 30%, P = .000). Furthermore, the clefts in females were significantly more frequent the result of an F-defect (60% vs 52%, P = .000).

Conclusions:

Orofacial cleft in females mainly occur in the L-period are mostly S-palatal clefts, and are usually the result of an F-defect. Orofacial cleft in males more commonly occur in the EL-periods, are therefore more often combined PS-palatal clefts, and are more frequent D- and FD-defects.
Development and Validation of a Chinese Five-Factor Short Form of the Career Adapt-Abilities Scale
Authors: Sou Elvo K. L. , Yuen Mantak , Chen Gaowei
Published: June 2020

The Career Adapt-Abilities Scale (CAAS) is a widely used measure to assess career adaptability. The initial design covered four areas — concern, control, curiosity, and confidence. Recent research validated a 12-item version of the scale (CAAS-SF) and a five-factor version that includes the additional factor of cooperation (CAAS-5). The study reported here developed and validated a brief 15-item Chinese version of Career Adapt-Abilities Scale (CAAS-5-SF) to include five factors. Based on data obtained in Macao from a sample of 326 university graduates who had gained employment, it was found that the scale has good factor structure and internal consistency. Significant correlations between CAAS-5-SF and career success, as well as between cooperation subscale and social capital, provided evidence for convergent validity of the instrument and the cooperation subscale respectively. It was also found that CAAS-5-SF and CAAS-5 were strongly associated in their subscales and overall scale. Results suggested that CAAS-5-SF is a suitable alternative to CAAS-5 for research and practice purposes with Chinese speakers. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
A method for the coupled field of an orthotropic piezoelectric plate subjected to an arbitrary electro-mechanical load
Authors: Shang ShouMing , Hou PengFei , Tong J
Published: June 2020

There are a number of plate-type piezoelectric devices in engineering, hence it is crucial to search for a method that can accurately acquire the electro-mechanical coupled field of a piezoelectric plate. A method for calculating the coupled field of an orthotropic piezoelectric plate with arbitrary thickness under an arbitrary electro-mechanical load is put forward in this article. First, the Green’s function solution of an orthotropic piezoelectric plate subjected to a line charge and a normal line force is derived based on the general solution of the orthotropic piezoelectric material. All stress and electric components of the orthotropic piezoelectric plate are derived when the general solution is substituted into suitable harmonic functions containing undetermined constants. Once the boundary conditions and electro-mechanical equilibrium conditions are satisfied, those constants can be solved. In addition, according to the obtained Green’s function solution and superposition principle, the coupled field of the orthotropic piezoelectric plate subjected to an arbitrary electro-mechanical load can be solved. Numerical results indicate that the convergence and precision of the method are quite good. A concise skill without repeated calculations is also presented for acquiring the coupled fields in the orthotropic piezoelectric plates with various thickness, which facilitates the effective design of plate thickness in plate-type piezoelectric devices. Finally, some valuable conclusions for the fine design of plate-type piezoelectric sensors, energy harvesters and actuators are presented based on the numerical results.
Fragmenting and connecting? The diverging geometries and extents of IR’s interdisciplinary knowledge-relations
Authors: Aris Stephen
Published: June 2020

IR has long been concerned about its claim on disciplinary status. This includes concerns about its differentiation from Political Science and a divide between scholars who advocate a narrow disciplinary approach and others who conceive of IR as a pluri-disciplinary concept. Although these dilemmas revolve around its position vis-à-vis other disciplines, the vast majority of the recent disciplinary-sociology debates have focused on the extent of IR scholarship’s intradisciplinary fragmentation, along epistemological, topical, national, status and other lines. However, the sociology of science literature stresses that disciplines are the product of not only internal practice but also their knowledge relations to and differentiation from other disciplines. In short, intradisciplinary fragmentation cannot be considered as detached from a discipline’s relations to other disciplines – and, by extension, the differentiated knowledge relationships held by distinct intradisciplinary fragments to other disciplines. Taking this into account, this article uses bibliometric analysis of journals as a proxy for analysing the relationship between IR’s intradisciplinary make-up and its interdisciplinary relations to eight cognate disciplines between 2013 and 2017. Three distinct modes of bibliometric analysis are operationalised to map three different aspects of interdisciplinary knowledge practice: (inter)disciplinary debates (direct citation), multidisciplinary knowledge bases (bibliographic coupling) and interdisciplinary knowledge production (co-citation). On this basis, the article asks, one, whether and how differences in the interdisciplinary knowledge relations practised by IR scholarship correlate with intra-IR lines of fragmentation. And two, what are the implications for how IR’s socio-intellectual composition is understood and its disciplinary status evaluated?
Winter tourism dependence: A cyclical and cointegration analysis. Case study for the Alps
Authors: Aranda-Cuéllar Patricia , López-Morales José María , Such-Devesa María Jesús
Published: June 2020

This work studies the evolution of winter tourism in the main European ski resorts in recent years, exploring the degree of dependency it presents on the gross domestic product gaps of those European countries with the main registered incoming tourists attending to these ski resorts. This study consists of two parts: first, a cyclical behavior analysis of the evolution of winter tourism demand in these regions and its level of external dependence. This is achieved by the application of decomposition techniques of the economic cycle to verify the influence of these variables on the degree of cyclical fluctuation of winter tourism. For the second half, cointegration techniques are applied to test the linear or nonlinear combinations of these variables. This dual analysis allows a wider perspective, considering short- and long-term fluctuations, when analyzing co-movements and dependence of the demand of tourism-based destinations with a proxy variable for the income.
‘A confident parent breeds a confident child’: Understanding the experience and needs of parents whose children will transition from paediatric to adult care
Authors: Shaw Karen L , Baldwin Lydia , Heath Gemma
Published: June 2020

Transitional care for young people with long-term conditions emphasizes the importance of supporting parents, particularly in relation to promoting adolescent healthcare autonomy. Yet, little practical guidance is provided, and transitional care remains suboptimal for many families. This study aimed to examine how parents understand and experience their caregiving role during their child’s transition to adult services, to identify parents’ needs, and to inform service improvements. Focus groups were undertaken with parents of young people with brittle asthma, osteogenesis imperfecta, or epilepsy. Data were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Participants ( n = 13) described how their parenting roles extended beyond what they consider usual in adolescence. These roles were presented as time consuming, stressful, and unrelenting but necessary to protect children from harm in the face of multiple risks and uncertainties. Such protective strategies were also perceived to hinder adolescent development, family functioning, and their own development as midlife adults. Finding a balance between protecting immediate health and long-term well-being was a major theme. Participants called for improved support, including improved service organization. Recommendations are provided for working with parents and young people to manage the risks and uncertainties associated with their condition, as part of routine transitional care.
Progressive fatigue behavior of single-lap bolted laminates under different tightening torque magnitudes
Authors: Feyzi M , Hassanifard S , Varvani-Farahani A
Published: June 2020

The present paper studies fatigue damage and life of single-lap bolted joints tightened with different torque magnitudes subjected to uniaxial load cycles. The adherends were constructed from E-glass/epoxy layers using a hand layup technique and assembled by 1.5, 3, and 8 N m of applied torques. Increasing the torque magnitude benefitted the final fatigue life of the joints so that the high-cycle fatigue life of the joint sample tightened with 8 N m was as high as 10 times that of the joint tightened with 1.5 N m. In the numerical section of this study, a three-dimensional finite element analysis was employed, and the impacts of applied torques were included in the progressive damage model to assess damage and failure in the bolted joints. For the joints tightened with higher torque levels, numerical results revealed higher fatigue lives but at the cost of more delamination at the vicinity of the hole. Laminate fracture surface was investigated through scanning electron microscopy and more cracking/damage progress was evidenced in matrix, fiber, and matrix–fiber interface as composite joints experienced fatigue cycles. Experimental life data of tested joints agreed with those anticipated through the use of finite element analyses indicating the developed model as an appropriate tool in evaluating the effects of applied torques on the fatigue fracture behavior of bolted laminates.
Landscapes of movement on lowcountry rice plantations
Authors: Schwalbe Emily A
Published: June 2020

Navigable waterways were essential to European colonization of the South Carolina Lowcountry beginning in the late 17th century. Despite early attempts by colonial leaders to keep land grants within close proximity to Charleston, colonists quickly began to establish plantations where the land was amenable for commodity production and scattered throughout the region. Consequently, colonists and enslaved individuals utilized navigable waterways by extending the built environment into the water through wharves, landings, and watercraft, as well as modifying the waterways themselves for irrigation, agriculture, and mobility. Despite the importance of waterways in the function of plantations, most landscape studies have focused on terrestrial contexts. This paper proposes that waterway assemblages should be integrated into plantation landscape studies as a means of understanding the role of movement in commodity production, surveillance, and communication to better reconstruct everyday life, focusing on the preliminary remote sensing fieldwork of two antebellum plantation waterfronts as case studies.
Workplace Reflection in the Age of AI: Materiality, Technology, and Machines
Authors: Yorks Lyle , Rotatori Denise , Sung SeoYoon , Justice Sean
Published: June 2020

The Problem

This article explores the nature of reflection within the workplace during the fourth industrial revolution (4IR), a period characterized by the proliferation of cognitive technologies—like artificial intelligence (AI)—which are changing the nature of work. This piece explores the manner in which individuals and teams learn through reflective practice as a result of increased human–machine collaboration in the 4IR since it has not been extensively researched.

The Solution

Through an analysis of Anand Rao’s three-tiered model of AI— assisted intelligence, augmented intelligence, and autonomous intelligence—and by using data collected through a semi-structured interview process that situated the article within a particular sector of the economy—the health care industry—this article provides a framework for understanding the workplace, and human-machine collaboration, during the 4IR.

The Stakeholders

Human resource development practitioners and researchers interested in the role of cognitive technologies within the workplace and their impact on human reflection.
New York Transplant Teams Versus COVID-19
Authors: Blackstock Daryle , Butler Laura , Delair Samantha , Dokus Katherine , Eileen Farrington , Carolyn Forman , Helen Irving , Carrie Lindower , Tania Lyons , Nancy Metzler , Janine Morris , Brigitte Sullivan , Demetra Tsapepas , Ohler Linda
Published: June 2020

New York State, and especially New York City, were hit hard by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) virus. While we followed its course in other parts of the world, and began preparations, there was no way we could have been prepared for the volume and severity of illness that began to overflow in our emergency departments and hospital units. We expanded intensive care units into our medical surgical units while turning conference rooms into medical surgical patient care areas. Clinicians at the bedside described war-like situations with numerous patients arresting and requiring ventilator support. Our New York consortia and organ procurement organizations met online 3 times a week and shared creative strategies to address clinical care and work processes. We would like to share strategies from what we hope was a once in a lifetime experience.
Voter Sex, Party, and Gender-Salient Issues: Attitudes about Sexual Harassment and Brett Kavanaugh in the 2018 Elections
Authors: Hansen Michael A. , Dolan Kathleen
Published: June 2020

Since the election of President Trump and the dawning of the #MeToo movement, gender-salient issues have had a primary place in recent American politics. This was particularly evident in 2018 in the wake of Supreme Court Justice Brett Kavanaugh’s confirmation hearings amid accusations that he has sexually assaulted a classmate. Previous research suggests that women should be more concerned about issues like sexual harassment and mobilized to participate in elections in which these issues are prominent. Yet, American politics has become more polarized in the last 25 years, requiring us to re-examine the impact of gender-salient issues on women’s electoral behavior. Employing data from a 2018 ANES pilot study, we examine the relative impact of gender and party on attitudes toward sexual harassment, Brett Kavanaugh, and participation in the 2018 elections. We find that, while gender plays some role in 2018, partisanship is still the dominant influence in these elections.
The iArmS Robotic Armrest Prolongs Endoscope Lens–Wiping Intervals in Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
Authors: Okuda Hideki , Okamoto Jun , Takumi Yutaka , Kakehata Seiji , Muragaki Yoshihiro
Published: June 2020

Objective. Fouling of the endoscope lens is a major problem in endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). We examined whether the use of the intelligent arm support system (iArmS), a robotic armrest, could prolong endoscope lens–wiping intervals in ESS and thus allow for continuously clear endoscopic images. Study Design. This study is a prospective, nonrandomized crossover study. Methods. Three surgeons who performed ESS at 2 centers each conducted 3 operations with the iArmS and 3 operations without the iArmS; thus, 18 operations were assessed. To blind the assessments, we performed them prospectively without informing subjects of the endpoints. We recorded the operations and observed the recordings at a later date; endoscope lens–wiping times were noted in seconds to determine the endoscope lens–wiping intervals. Our examination was based on the null hypothesis that endoscope lens–wiping intervals would not differ according to the use or nonuse of the iArmS. Results. The median endoscope lens–wiping intervals with and without using the iArmS were 361 seconds and 135 seconds, respectively. Based on the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, this difference was significant ( P = 0.001); thus, the null hypothesis was rejected. This result indicated that endoscope lens–wiping intervals are greatly prolonged by the use of the iArmS. Conclusion. The iArmS robotic armrest is suitable for ESS, prolongs endoscope lens–wiping intervals, and facilitates obtaining continuous clear endoscopic images.
Governance in South African schools: Democratic advancement or hindrance?
Authors: Davids Nuraan
Published: June 2020

The introduction of school governing bodies in South African schools has largely been motivated by a democratic discourse of communal participation, belonging and accountability. How this has been interpreted has seemingly been limited to understandings of parental participation in the daily functioning of schools. In turn, research on school governing bodies has focused extensively on two contrasting narratives, underscored by an imbalance of power – that is, either the incapacity of parents to fulfil their mandate, or a dominance of parental involvement, which often undermines the principal’s authority. Very little, if any, attention has been afforded to the role of school governing bodies in relation to democratising and diversifying schools. By paying particular attention to the roles and responsibilities of parents on school governing bodies, this article considers two inter-related questions. Do current practices and actions of school governing bodies promote or hamper the democratising agenda, necessary for the transformation of schools? How can school governing bodies, and specifically parents, contribute to the transformation of schools that extend beyond parochial conceptions of parental involvement?
Artificial intelligence and crime: A primer for criminologists
Authors: Hayward Keith J , Maas Matthijs M
Published: June 2020

This article introduces the concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to a criminological audience. After a general review of the phenomenon (including brief explanations of important cognate fields such as ‘machine learning’, ‘deep learning’, and ‘reinforcement learning’), the paper then turns to the potential application of AI by criminals, including what we term here ‘crimes with AI’, ‘crimes against AI’, and ‘crimes by AI’. In these sections, our aim is to highlight AI’s potential as a criminogenic phenomenon, both in terms of scaling up existing crimes and facilitating new digital transgressions. In the third part of the article, we turn our attention to the main ways the AI paradigm is transforming policing, surveillance, and criminal justice practices via diffuse monitoring modalities based on prediction and prevention. Throughout the paper, we deploy an array of programmatic examples which, collectively, we hope will serve as a useful AI primer for criminologists interested in the ‘tech-crime nexus’.
Acquired multiple mutations ALK I1171N, L1196M and G1202R mediate lorlatinib resistance in EML4-ALK-rearranged malignant pleural mesothelioma: a case report
Authors: Hu Jia , Zhang Baoshi , Yao Fangfang , Fu Yan , Chen Dianjun , Li Donghui , Du Nan , Lizaso Analyn , Song Jinlei , Zhang Lu , Li Xiaosong
Published: June 2020

EML4-ALK rearranged malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is rare and its responses to anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors, including alectinib and lorlatinib, remain unexplored. In this case report, we describe a patient with EML4-ALK-rearranged stage IIIB MPM who was administered with alectinib and lorlatinib as first-line and fourth-line therapy, respectively. He had remarkable response evaluated as partial response on both regimens lasting approximately 3.5 months on each regimen. His plasma samples were collected during the treatment course and submitted for targeted sequencing to understand the molecular mechanisms of his therapeutic resistance. Sequencing analysis revealed the emergence of ALK I1171N and L1196M at alectinib progression. Meanwhile, ALK I1171N, L1196M, and G1202R mutations were identified at lorlatinib progression, wherein L1196M is confirmed to be in cis to G1202R. We speculate that these multiple mutations synergistically mediated his resistance to both alectinib and lorlatinib. Our report describes the detection of EML4-ALK rearrangement in a patient with MPM who had remarkable therapeutic response with ALK inhibitors. Moreover, our case also revealed acquired mechanisms of lorlatinib resistance mediated by multiple mutations ALK I1171N, L1196M, and G1202R, contributing an incremental step to our understanding of the complexity of acquired resistance mechanisms in sequential ALK inhibitor therapy.

The reviews of this paper are available via the supplemental material section.
Cytological-energy analysis of pleural effusions with predominance of neutrophils
Authors: Matuchova Inka , Kelbich Petr , Kubalik Jan , Hanuljakova Eva , Stanek Ivan , Maly Vilem , Karpjuk Ondrej , Krejsek Jan
Published: June 2020

Background:

The predominance of neutrophils in pleural effusions of patients with different serious impairments of the pleural cavity organs is often found. The aim of this study was to identify the type of injury using the cytological-energy analysis of pleural effusions.

Methods:

We analysed 635 samples of pleural effusions with predominance of neutrophils. We compared the values of the coefficient of energy balance (KEB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) catalytic activities in the following subgroups of patients: with transudative effusions, purulent pneumonia, chest empyema and after chest surgery with and without purulent complications. Statistical analysis was performed using the ANOVA Kruskal–Wallis test ( p < 0.05 was considered as significant).

Results:

We found the lowest KEB values in pleural effusions of patients with chest empyema and their gradual increases in patients with purulent pneumonia and with transudative effusions. We observed the highest LDH and AST enzymes activity in patients with chest empyema and their gradual decrease in patients with purulent pneumonia and with transudative effusions. LDH and AST enzymes activity was significantly higher in pleural effusions of patients after chest surgery with purulent complications compared with non-purulent cases.

Conclusion:

The most intensive inflammation and the most extensive tissue destruction in the pleural cavity were found in patients with chest empyema. Significantly better parameters were observed in patients with purulent pneumonia. The absence of serious inflammation and the absence of tissue destruction were typical for patients with transudative effusions. Finally, our results confirmed an anticipated higher tissue destruction in patients after chest surgery. Significantly worse injury was found in surgical patients with purulent complications compared with non-purulent ones. The reviews of this paper are available via the supplemental material section.
Emerging treatment strategies for breast cancer brain metastasis: from translational therapeutics to real-world experience
Authors: Ren Ding , Cheng Hao , Wang Xin , Vishnoi Monika , Teh Bin S. , Rostomily Robert , Chang Jenny , Wong Stephen T. , Zhao Hong
Published: June 2020

Systemic therapies for primary breast cancer have made great progress over the past two decades. However, oncologists confront an insidious and particularly difficult problem: in those patients with metastatic breast cancer, up to 50% of human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2)-positive and 25–40% of triple-negative subtypes, brain metastases (BM) kill most of them. Fortunately, standard- of-care treatments for BM have improved rapidly, with a decline in whole brain radiation therapy and use of fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery as well as targeted therapies and immunotherapies. Meanwhile, advances in fundamental understanding of the basic biological processes of breast cancer BM (BCBM) have led to many novel experimental therapeutic strategies. In this review, we describe the most recent clinical treatment options and emerging experimental therapeutic strategies that have the potential to combat BCBM.
JAK inhibitors and infections risk: focus on herpes zoster
Authors: Sunzini Flavia , McInnes Iain , Siebert Stefan
Published: June 2020

Currently, there is a growing interest in Janus kinase (JAK) intracellular signalling since targeted inhibitors against these pathways are proving effective in the treatment of a range of immune-mediated diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis (PsA), inflammatory bowel disease and atopic dermatitis. In particular, post marketing experience and the increasing development of new pharmacological inhibitors of broad and increasingly selective JAK pathways provide new insights into the JAK pathway role in viral infections as well as their pathogenic role in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Herein we provide an overview of the biological role of JAK signalling and its role in immunity against viruses, with particular regard to herpes zoster reactivation. Thereafter, we will discuss the evidence currently available on the principal JAK inhibitors and their association with viral infections.
Understanding the challenges associated with the use of data from routine health information systems in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review
Authors: Hoxha Klesta , Hung Yuen W , Irwin Bridget R , Grépin Karen A
Published: June 2020

Background:

Routine health information systems (RHISs) are crucial to informing decision-making at all levels of the health system. However, the use of RHIS data in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is limited due to concerns regarding quality, accuracy, timeliness, completeness and representativeness.

Objective:

This study systematically reviewed technical, behavioural and organisational/environmental challenges that hinder the use of RHIS data in LMICs and strategies implemented to overcome these challenges.

Method:

Four electronic databases were searched for studies describing challenges associated with the use of RHIS data and/or strategies implemented to circumvent these challenges in LMICs. Identified articles were screened against inclusion and exclusion criteria by two independent reviewers.

Results:

Sixty studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review, 55 of which described challenges in using RHIS data and 20 of which focused on strategies to address these challenges. Identified challenges and strategies were organised by their technical, behavioural and organisational/environmental determinants and by the core steps of the data process. Organisational/environmental challenges were the most commonly reported barriers to data use, while technical challenges were the most commonly addressed with strategies.

Conclusion:

Despite the known benefits of RHIS data for health system strengthening, numerous challenges continue to impede their use in practice.

Implications:

Additional research is needed to identify effective strategies for addressing the determinants of RHIS use, particularly given the disconnect identified between the type of challenge most commonly described in the literature and the type of challenge most commonly targeted for interventions.
An approach to accurate computed tomography imaging interpretation in penetrating neck trauma
Authors: Adams Ashok , Shah Nimesh , Stephenson Rob
Published: June 2020

Penetrating neck injury can have potentially devastating consequences due to the many vital structures contained within the neck. In patients who do not require immediate surgery, computed tomography angiography of the neck is the test of choice to characterize the injury. A systematic approach to assessment will ensure a thorough evaluation and give the reporting radiologist the best chance of identifying the significant findings, which can often be subtle. Clear communication with the trauma team at both the time of request and after the imaging has been evaluated to relay any significant findings is vital to ensure the best outcome for the patient.
Soliciting email addresses to re-contact online survey respondents: Results from web experiments
Authors: Liu Mingnan
Published: June 2020

There are many occasions where contact information needs to be collected from survey participants in order to achieve future contacts and conducting follow-up surveys. This article reports findings from two experiments into collecting respondent emails and sending the second survey invites. In the email collection experiment, when only one follow-up survey was mentioned, more respondents provided their emails, compare to when the emphasis was on the research purpose of the follow-up survey. However, the follow-up survey participation rates are similar among respondents who provided their emails regardless of the wording of the request. The invitation email subject line experiment shows that a generic requesting for opinion reduces the follow-up survey participation compared to the elements emphasizing survey sponsor and specialty opinions.
Learning to Design Research: Students’ Agency and Experiences in a Master of Education Program in Hong Kong
Authors: Yang Weipeng , Li Yongyan , Zhou Wumei , Li Hui
Published: June 2020

Purpose:

Learning to do research has been understudied in the context of professional development in postgraduate programs. This exploratory study investigated the agency and experiences of five Chinese students who learned to design their research project in a Master of Education program at an English-medium university in Hong Kong SAR.

Design/Approach/Methods:

We obtained the data from semi-structured interviews and documents to establish data triangulation.

Findings:

The findings revealed that (1) the students’ agency in research design and proposal writing was associated with their personal/professional backgrounds, (2) their English proficiency affected their agency in the proposal writing, (3) the supervisors’ feedback would stimulate students’ agency in changing/refining their research design, and (4) ineffective supervision and learning resources would impede students’ achievement of agency on their way to creating a robust research design.

Originality/Value:

This study adds empirical evidence to the field of research training through the lens of learner agency. It demonstrates the applicability of using the ecological framework of agency in theoretically interpreting the contextual facilitators and constraints in making postgraduate students active agents.
Employer Branding and Organisational Citizenship Behaviour: The Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction
Authors: Kaur Prabhjot , Malhotra Keshav , Sharma Sanjeev K.
Published: June 2020

Considering social exchange theory, the current research aimed to examine the mediating impact of job satisfaction in the relationship between internal branding and organisational citizenship behaviour. The data was collected from 187 employees in the private banking sector of Chandigarh, India. The results discussed that employer branding positively impacted job satisfaction and organisational citizenship behaviour. The results also suggested that internal branding impact organisational citizenship behaviour directly and indirectly.
Book review: Rohit De, A People’s Constitution: The Everyday Life of Law in the Indian Republic and Gautam Bhatia, The Transformative Constitution: A Radical Biography in Nine Acts
Authors: Jha Shefali
Published: June 2020

Rohit De, A People’s Constitution: The Everyday Life of Law in the Indian Republic. Delhi, India: Princeton: Princeton University Press. 2018. 312 pages. Kindle edition, ₹423.

Gautam Bhatia, The Transformative Constitution: A Radical Biography in Nine Acts. Noida, Uttar Pradesh: HarperCollins Publishers. 2019. 544 pages. ₹699.
Using Reflective Videos to Enhance Entrepreneurial Learning
Authors: Wraae Birgitte , Tigerstedt Christa , Walmsley Andreas
Published: June 2020

Reflection is a key component of learning. However, getting students to reflect critically and in-depth can present a challenge. In this exploratory study we show how using reflective video clips can trigger and support reflection in entrepreneurship education. Data from 77 reflective video clips from a cohort of BA students in Denmark and Finland were analyzed to help understand how these clips had stimulated reflection, the nature of the reflection and its outcomes in terms of students’ learning. Findings show that the video clips provided a useful vehicle for stimulating in-depth reflection, reflection that brought to the fore tacit assumptions, helped make sense of experiences and even led to a level of personal reframing in relation to entrepreneurship that changed career aspirations.
Predicting Recovery of Upper Extremity Motor Function After Stroke According to the NovEl Intervention Using Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Occupational Therapy: NEURO
Authors: Hamaguchi Toyohiro , Abo Masahiro , Tanaka Tomoko , Murata Kai , Suzuki Makoto , Nakaya Naoki , Taguchi Kensuke
Published: June 2020

Background: To encourage patient goal setting and active participation in their own rehabilitation, physicians should provide patients with evidence-based prognostic predictions.

Objective: This study aimed to analyze whether logarithmic time series changes in the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) score of the upper extremity (from treatment to one month after treatment) owing to NovEl intervention using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and intensive occupational therapy (NEURO) conformed to logarithmic model formulae (group level), and whether the FMA score could be predicted by applying pre/posttreatment FMA scores following the model equation (individual level).

Methods: This retrospective, longitudinal study included 514 poststroke paralysis patients admitted to our hospital between March 2010 and December 2018. FMA scores at 3 time points (before, after, and 4 weeks after treatment) were assessed, and conventional logarithmic regression analyses were performed to determine the time course of motor recovery. Subjects were randomly divided into 2 groups in derivation ( n = 257) and validation ( n = 257) analysis.

Results: The time series change in the FMA score correlated with logarithmic model formulae ( r2 = .97). The FMA score was substituted for the logarithmic formulae, and individual FMA scores (4 weeks after NEURO treatment) were predicted. The r2 value between the predicted and measured FMA scores was .65.

Conclusions: The logarithmic model based on FMA scores before and after NEURO treatment individually predicted approximately 65% of FMA scores 4 weeks after treatment. NEURO allows the physicians to explain the prognosis to individual patients so that they can participate in their rehabilitation practices and achieve their goals.
Crystal-chemistry of sulfates from the Apuan Alps, Tuscany, Italy. VIII. New data on khademite, Al(SO4)F(H2O)5
Authors: Mauro Daniela , Biagioni Cristian , Pasero Marco , Zaccarini Federica
Published: June 2020

Khademite, ideally Al(SO4)F(H2O)5, from the Monte Arsiccio mine, Apuan Alps, Tuscany, Italy, has been characterised through quantitative electron microprobe analysis, micro-Raman spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Khademite occurs as colourless to whitish tabular crystals, up to 5 mm. Electron microprobe analysis (in wt.%, average of 20 spot analyses) gave: SO3 35.43, Al2O3 21.27, F 6.92, H2Ocalc 39.73, sum 103.35, –O = F 2.92, total 100.43. On the basis of 10 anions per formula unit, assuming the occurrence of 5 H2O groups and 1 (F+OH) atom per formula unit, its chemical formula can be written as Al0.96S1.02O4[F0.84(OH)0.16]Σ1.00⋅5H2O. The Raman spectrum of khademite is characterised by the occurrence of vibrational modes of SO4 groups and by broad and strong bands due to the O–H stretching modes. Khademite is orthorhombic, space group Pcab, with unit-cell parameters a = 11.1713(2), b = 13.0432(3), c = 10.8815(2) Å, V = 1585.54(5) Å3 and Z = 8. The crystal structure refinement converged to R1 = 0.0293 on the basis of 2359 unique reflections with Fo > 4σ(Fo) and 152 refined parameters. The crystal structure of khademite is characterised by the alternation, along b, of two distinct kinds of {010} layers, one formed by [001] rows of isolated Al-centred octahedra, connected to each other through H bonds, and the other showing isolated SO4 groups. Along b, oxygen atoms belonging to SO4 groups act as acceptor of H bonds from H2O groups coordinating Al atoms. The new data improved the description of the H bonds in khademite and led us to discuss about the possible existence of its (OH)-analogue, rostite. In addition, Raman spectroscopic data were collected on the same crystal used for the crystal-chemical characterisation, allowing a comparison with previous results.
Bulachite, [Al6(AsO4)3(OH)9(H2O)4]⋅2H2O from Cap Garonne, France: Crystal structure and formation from a higher hydrate
Authors: Grey Ian E. , Yoruk Emre , Kodjikian Stéphanie , Klein Holger , Bougerol Catherine , Brand Helen E.A. , Bordet Pierre , Mumme William G. , Favreau Georges , Mills Stuart J.
Published: June 2020

Bulachite specimens from Cap Garonne, France, comprise two intimately mixed hydrated aluminium arsenate minerals with the same Al:As ratio of 2:1 and with different water contents. The crystal structures of both minerals have been solved using data from low-dose electron diffraction tomography combined with synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction. One of the minerals has the same powder X-ray diffraction pattern (PXRD) as for published bulachite. It has orthorhombic symmetry, space group Pnma with unit-cell parameters a = 15.3994(3), b = 17.6598(3), c = 7.8083(1) Å and Z = 4, with the formula [Al6(AsO4)3(OH)9(H2O)4]⋅2H2O. The second mineral is a higher hydrate with composition [Al6(AsO4)3(OH)9(H2O)4]⋅8H2O. It has the same Pnma space group and unit-cell parameters a = 19.855(4), b = 17.6933(11) and c = 7.7799(5) Å i.e. almost the same b and c parameters but a much larger a parameter. The structures are based on polyhedral layers, parallel to (100), of composition [Al6(AsO4)3(OH)9(H2O)4] and with H-bonded H2O between the layers. The layers contain [001] spiral chains of edge-shared octahedra, decorated with corner connected AsO4 tetrahedra that are the same as in the mineral liskeardite. The spiral chains are joined together by octahedral edge-sharing to form layers parallel to (100). Synchrotron PXRD patterns collected at different temperatures during heating of the specimen show that the higher-hydrate mineral starts transforming to bulachite when heated to 50°C, and the transformation is complete between 75 and 100°C.