bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low frequency of cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease despite high prevalence of CMV viraemia in patients with advanced HIV infection: a clinical and immunological 48‐week follow‐up study
Authors: Albasanz‐Puig A , Suanzes P , Esperalba J , Fernández C , Sellarès‐Nadal J , Torrella A , Planas B , Segura A , Burgos J , Ribera E , Cañas‐Ruano E , García JN , Navarro J , Curran A , Len Ó , Falcó V
Published: May 2021

Objectives

The aim of the study was to investigate the dynamics of cytomegalovirus (CMV) replication and CMV‐specific immune response recovery after antiretroviral treatment (ART) initiation in patients with advanced HIV infection.

Methods

A prospective observational study of patients with HIV infection and CD4 counts of < 100 cells/µL was carried out (September 2015 to July 2018). HIV viral load (VL), CD4 count and CMV VL were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at baseline and at 4, 12, 24 and 48 weeks, and CMV‐specific immune response was determined by QuantiFERON‐CMV assay at baseline and 48 weeks. All patients were started on ART but only those with CMV end‐organ disease (EOD) received anti‐CMV treatment.

Results

Fifty‐three patients with a median age of 43.6 [interquartile range (IQR) 36.7–52.4] years were included in the study. At baseline, the median CD4 count was 30 cells/µL (IQR 20–60 cells/µL) and the median HIV VL was 462 000 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL (IQR 186 000–1 300 000 copies/mL). At baseline, 32% patients had detectable CMV viraemia but none had detectable CMV viraemia at 48 weeks. Only one of 53 (1.9%) patients developed EOD during follow‐up. Seven (13.2%) patients were lost to follow‐up and six (11.3%) died; none of the deaths was related to CMV. Similar percentages of patients had a CMV‐specific immune response at baseline (71.7%) and at 48 weeks (70.0%). The magnitude of this response tended to increase over time [median 1.63 (IQR 0.15–5.77) IU/mL at baseline vs. median 2.5 (IQR 0.1–8.325) IU/mL at 48 weeks; P = 0.11]. We did not find any risk factors associated with 48‐week mortality.

Conclusions

Although the prevalence of CMV viraemia in patients with advanced HIV infection remains high, achieving a good immunological recovery through ART is enough to suppress CMV viraemia, without an increased risk of CMV EOD. The prevalence of a CMV‐specific immune response was high and endured over time.
Combustion synthesis of NbC/ZrO2 composites: Influence of Cr additives on the microstructure and mechanical properties
Authors: Zaki Zaki I. , Al‐qahtani Mohsen , Alotaibi Saad H. , El‐Sadek Mohamed H. , Ahmed Hesham , Ahmed Yasser M. Z.
Published: May 2021

Composites of NbC/ZrO2 reinforced with different weight ratios of Cr metal were prepared by dynamic compaction combustion from a blend of Nb2O5–Zr–Cr powders. Factors controlling the synthesis process, the microstructure, and the mechanical properties of the samples, such as Cr wt% and the compression loads were studied. The samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, porosity, and hardness measurements. The porosity value of the sample with no additives was high and reached 31.6 vol%. A sudden decrease in the sample porosity to 2.4 vol % was noticed for the sample containing 3.0 wt% of Cr. A high‐density sample with less than 2.0 vol % porosity and maximum hardness of 1038 HV was produced using 5.0 wt% Cr under 300 MPa compression load. Detailed thermodynamic calculations for the effect of Cr additives on the physicochemical properties of the system were introduced.
Predictors of faking behavior on personality inventories in selection: Do indicators of the ability and motivation to fake predict faking?
Authors: Holtrop Djurre , Oostrom Janneke K. , Dunlop Patrick D. , Runneboom Cecilia
Published: May 2021

This study investigated whether faking behavior on a personality inventory can be predicted by two indicators of the ability to fake (cognitive ability and the ability to identify criteria; ATIC) and two indicators of the motivation to fake (perceived faking norms and honesty–humility). Firefighter applicants first completed a personality inventory under high‐stakes conditions and, three months later, under low‐stakes conditions (n = 128). Analyses revealed very little faking behavior on average. Cognitive ability and ATIC were both negatively related to personality score elevation, but only cognitive ability exhibited a statistically significant association. Neither perceived faking norms nor honesty–humility were significantly related to personality score elevation and only perceived competition was positively related to overclaiming (a proxy of faking).
Beyond “Industry 4.0": B2B factory networks as an alternative path towards the digital transformation of manufacturing and work
Authors: BUTOLLO Florian , SCHNEIDEMESSER Lea
Published: May 2021

This article uses theoretical and empirical evidence of variations in digitalized manufacturing to revisit Piore and Sabel's 1984 work on flexible specialization and to criticize the inherent one‐sidedness of the Industry 4.0 discourse. This is juxtaposed with empirical findings on platform‐mediated business‐to‐business factory networks, in which flexibility is facilitated by the digital interconnection of a far‐flung network of small‐scale manufacturers rather than by sophisticated production technology. The effects on work are equivocal; they entail the potential for a craft‐like and skill‐intensive paradigm of small‐scale manufacturing that can upgrade work, but also for a race to the bottom in price‐sensitive industries.
The perioperative and long‐term fates of patients with chronic limb‐threatening ischaemia who underwent secondary major amputations
Authors: Ogaki Tomoe , Iida Osamu , Hata Yosuke , Yamauchi Natsumi , Yokoi Chika , Takahara Mitsuyoshi , Terashi Hiroto , Mano Toshiaki , Asada Yuji
Published: May 2021

This study investigated the perioperative and long‐term fates of patients with chronic limb‐threatening ischemia (CLTI) who underwent secondary major amputations. From April 2010 to December 2018, 1653 CLTI patients primarily underwent endovascular therapy (EVT). Of these patients, 138 who underwent secondary major amputations were included in this study. The primary outcome measure was the mortality. Prognostic factors associated with perioperative (30‐day) and late mortality (after 30 days) were assessed. The 30‐day mortality was 9.6%. Patients who died during the perioperative period had lower ejection fractions on echocardiography than those in the perioperative survivors (49.5 ± 14.9% vs 58.6 ± 12.4%, P = .018). None of the other clinical characteristics were significantly associated with perioperative death. Two‐years postoperatively, 49.6%, 12.2%, and 4.3% of the patients had died, had contralateral amputations, and had additional above‐knee amputations, respectively. In the alive patients who had not undergone additional amputation at 2 years, only 25.9% were ambulatory, whereas 51.7% and 22.4% were in wheelchairs and bedridden, respectively. An age ≥80 years and serum albumin <3.0 g/dL were significantly associated with late mortality (P = .032 and P = .042, respectively). In conclusion, the perioperative and long‐term fates after secondary major amputation in CLTI patients who underwent EVT were considerably poor.
Scavenger endothelial cells of fish, a review
Authors: Seternes Tore , Bøgwald Jarl , Dalmo Roy A.
Published: May 2021

The definition of scavenger endothelial cells (SEC) is exclusively based on functional and structural characteristics. The following characteristics are common hallmarks for the vertebrate SEC: (a) All vertebrates examined are furnished with a population of special SEC that plays a role in the catabolism of physiologic and non‐physiologic soluble waste macromolecules. (b) From the ligands that are endocytosed, SEC in all seven vertebrate classes appear to express the collagen α‐chain receptor and the scavenger receptors. In addition, the hyaluronan and the mannose receptors are present on SEC of mammalia (several species) and osteichthyes (e.g., salmon and cod). It is likely that all four receptor types are present in all vertebrate classes. (c) Like liver endothelial cells (LEC) in mammals, SEC in all vertebrate classes are geared to endocytosis of soluble macromolecules, but phagocytic uptake of particles is taken care of mainly by macrophages. (d) The most primitive vertebrates (hagfish, lamprey and ray) carry their SEC in gill vessels, whereas phylogenetically younger fishes (salmon, carp, cod and plaice) carry their SEC in either kidney or heart and in all terrestrial vertebrates—SEC are found exclusively in the liver. (e) SEC of all vertebrates are localized in blood sinusoids or trabeculae that carry large amounts of slowly flowing and O2 poor blood. (f) SEC differs functionally and structurally from what is normally associated with “conventional vascular endothelium.”
Deep eutectic solvent‐based microwave‐assisted extraction of phytochemical compounds from black jamun pulp
Authors: Sharma Maanas , Dash Kshirod K.
Published: May 2021

Microwave‐assisted extraction of black jamun fruit pulp was conducted under different processing conditions and the phytochemical compounds of the extract were accessed. The extraction method was modeled by an artificial neural network (ANN) by varying microwave power, extraction time, liquid–solid ratio, and water percentage in deep eutectic solvent (DES) in the range of 200–400 W, 240–300 s, 20–50 ml g−1, and 10–40%, respectively. The ANN result showed that microwave power had the highest effect on total phenolic content (TPC) followed by microwave heating duration, water contents in DES, and the solid‐to‐liquid ratio. The water content in DES significantly affected the yield of TPC and TAC and had a positive effect on both the responses. The optimum values obtained from the integrated ANN and genetic algorithm (ANN‐GA) approach for TPC and total anthocyanin content (TAC) were 44.483 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) g−1 and 9.682 mg C3G g−1, respectively. The optimum values were attained at a microwave power of 400 W, the water content in DES of 40%, the liquid–solid ratio of 48 ml g−1, and extraction time of 240 s. Integrated ANN‐GA modeling of extraction is vital for selecting the correct extraction method and the industrial scale‐up of the technique.

Practical Applications

The research uses a hybrid artificial neural network and genetic algorithm approach to obtain the optimum condition for the extraction of black jamun pulp. The application of deep eutectic solvents (DES) in bioactive compound extraction is an innovative approach for reducing pollution, lowering costs, and enhancing extraction efficiency. The water content of the DES had a positive impact on total phenolic content and anthocyanin content yield. Therefore, the suggested optimization of the extraction process by applying DES would provide increased extract yield within a shorter extraction time with lesser solvents consumption. The anthocyanin compounds extracted can be used in various industries, including food, pharmaceuticals, and chemicals.
Predicting height from ulna length for the determination of weight status in New Zealand adolescents: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Ng Hwei Min , MacDonell Sue , Yap Jia , Peddie Meredith C. , Scott Tessa , Haszard Jillian Joy
Published: May 2021

Background

The measurement of height is crucial for weight status assessment. When standing height is difficult to measure, ulna length may offer a convenient and accurate surrogate of height measure. Adolescence is a period of accelerated linear growth; hence, the validation of age‐specific equations that predict height from ulna length in adolescents is warranted. The present study aimed to develop and validate age‐ and sex‐specific equations for predicting height from ulna length in New Zealand adolescents.

Methods

Height, weight and ulna length were measured in 364 adolescents (n = 110 males, n = 254 females) aged 15.0–18.8 years, who were enrolled in the SuNDiAL (Survey of Nutrition Dietary Assessment and Lifestyle) project, a cross‐sectional survey performed in 2019 and 2020. Regression models were used to determine equations to predict height from ulna length. Agreement between measured and predicted height, body mass index (BMI) and BMI z‐score was assessed with intra‐class correlation coefficients (ICC) and Bland–Altman plots. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated for classifying obesity.

Results

Strong agreement was found between predicted and measured height (ICC = 0.78; mean difference = 0; 95% confidence interval = −0.5 to 0.5 cm) and BMI (ICC = 0.95; mean difference = 0; 95% confidence interval = −0.1 to 0.1 kg m–2). Predicted height was 88.1% accurate when classifiying weight status, showing high sensitivity (93.8%) and specificity (99.4%) for classifying obesity.

Conclusions

Ulna length measurement can accurately estimate height and subsequently weight status in New Zealand adolescents aged 15–18 years.
Lump‐Sum Payments and Retail Services: A Relational Contracting Perspective*
Authors: Lømo Teis Lunde , Ulsaker Simen A.
Published: May 2021

How should manufacturers motivate their retailers to provide customer services? The vertical restraints literature tells us that retail competition distorts service incentives in the short run. We consider how repeated interaction mitigates this problem, and particularly how a manufacturer can provide service incentives with discretionary lump‐sum payments. We find that these payments may allow the manufacturer to sustain optimal service levels even if retailers are very impatient. We also show that banning reverse lump‐sum payments may deprive consumers of the chance to enjoy high‐quality services, and thereby reduce their welfare.
Time‐dependent lipid profile inversely associates with mortality in hemodialysis patients – independent of inflammation/malnutrition
Authors: Ebert T. , Qureshi A. R. , Lamina C. , Fotheringham J. , Froissart M. , Eckardt K.‐U. , Wheeler D. C. , Floege J. , Kronenberg F. , Stenvinkel P.
Published: May 2021

Background

Patients with end‐stage kidney disease have an extremely high cardiovascular mortality rate, but there is a paradoxical relationship between lipid profile and survival in haemodialysis patients. To investigate whether inflammation/malnutrition confounds the associations between lipids and mortality, we studied a full lipid profile comprising of five clinically well‐established lipid parameters and its associations with mortality in a large, multinational European cohort with a median follow‐up >3 years.

Methods

The association between quartiles of total, high‐density lipoprotein (HDL), non‐HDL, low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, as well as triglyceride, levels and the end‐points of all‐cause, cardiovascular and non‐cardiovascular mortality was assessed in a cohort of 5,382 incident, adult haemodialysis patients from >250 Fresenius Medical Care dialysis centres out of 14 participating countries using baseline and time‐dependent Cox models. Analyses were fully adjusted and stratified for inflammation/malnutrition status and other patient‐level variables.

Results

Time‐dependent quartiles of total, HDL, non‐HDL and LDL cholesterol were inversely associated with the hazard for all‐cause, cardiovascular and non‐cardiovascular mortality. Compared with the lowest quartile of the respective lipid parameter, hazard ratios of other quartiles were <0.86. Similar, albeit weaker, associations were found with baseline lipid profile and mortality. Neither time‐dependent nor baseline associations between lipid profile and mortality were affected by inflammation/malnutrition, statin use or geography.

Conclusions

Baseline and time‐dependent lipid profile are inversely associated with mortality in a large, multicentre cohort of incident haemodialysis patients. Inflammation/malnutrition is not a confounder nor effect modificator of the associations between lipid profile and mortality in European haemodialysis patients.
Response to a letter by Jolobe: ARISTOPHANES subgroup analysis of frail and older patients with NVAF receiving low doses of novel oral anticoagulants
Authors: Lip G. Y. H. , Deitelzweig S. B.
Published: May 2021

Click here to view the Letter to the Editor by Jolobe et al.
Assembling a consensus on actinic cheilitis: A Delphi study
Authors: Seoane Juan , Warnakulasuriya Saman , Bagán José Vicente , Aguirre‐Urizar José Manuel , López‐Jornet Pía , Hernández‐Vallejo Gonzalo , González‐Moles Miguel Ángel , Pereiro‐Ferreiros Manuel , Seoane‐Romero Javier , Varela‐Centelles Pablo
Published: May 2021

Aims

To discuss the terminology to define and classify actinic cheilitis (AC) and to build a consensus on the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to AC.

Methods

Two‐round Delphi study using a questionnaire including 34 closed sentences (9 on terminology and taxonomy, 5 on potential for malignant transformation, 12 on diagnostic aspects, 8 on treatment) and 8 open questions. Experts’ agreement was rated using a Likert scale (1–7).

Results

A consensus was reached on 24 out 34 statements (73.5%) and on 5 out of 8 (62.5%) close‐ended questions. The response rate was identical in both rounds (attrition of 0%). AC is the term with the highest agreement (median of 7 (strongly agree; IQR: 6–7)) and the lowest dispersion (VC = 21.33). ‘Potentially malignant disorder’ was the preferred classification group for AC (median of 7) and 85.6% of participants showing some level of agreement (CV < 50). Experts (66.75%) consider AC a clinical term (median: 7; IQR: 4–7) and believe definitive diagnosis can be made clinically (median: 6; IQR: 5–7), particularly by inspection and palpation (median: 5; IQR: 4–6). Histopathological confirmation is mandatory for the management of AC (median: 5; IQR: 2.5–7), even for homogeneous lesions (median: 5; IQR: 3.5–6). Consensus was reached on all treatment statements (VC < 50).

Conclusions

AC is a potentially malignant disorder with a significant lack of agreement on diagnostic criteria, procedures, biopsy indications and the importance of techniques to assist in biopsy. A consensus was reached on nomenclature and management of this disorder.
From “Fast Friends” to True Friends: Can a Contact Intervention Promote Friendships in Middle School?
Authors: Echols Leslie , Ivanich Jerreed
Published: May 2021

The protective role of friendships in middle school is well established, yet no research to date has examined how to build friendships among middle school peers. In the present research, we adapted the Fast Friends procedure for inducing interpersonal closeness to promote friendships among students (n = 301) in middle school. Given the growing diversity in the K‐12 population and the benefits of cross‐ethnic friendships for ethnic majority and minority youth, we examined whether the intervention was equally effective at fostering same‐ and cross‐ethnic friendships. Results indicated that the intervention successfully increased interpersonal closeness and friendships for participants in both same‐ and cross‐ethnic conditions. Implications for using Fast Friends to promote the healthy social development of adolescent youth are discussed.
Adherence to Masking Requirement During the COVID‐19 Pandemic by Early Elementary School Children
Authors: Mickells Geoffrey E. , Figueroa Janet , West Kelly Withers , Wood Anna , McElhanon Barbara O.
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND

Top public health experts and organizations strongly recommend universal masking for children older than 2 years old during the COVID‐19 pandemic, but speculate it may be difficult for young children. This study sought to assess the usage of cloth face masks in grades pre‐K‐2 and identify associated characteristics and adverse events. It is the first data to assess mask wearing by young children in school.

METHODS

This online, prospective, observational, survey in multiple schools within a single school district in a major metropolitan area measured adherence to face covering mandates by students in grades pre‐K‐2 as measured by percentage of day with appropriate face mask wearing per report via daily teacher surveys for the first 4 weeks of school.

RESULTS

The primary outcome was percent of the day that the entire class was wearing their masks appropriately. Of the estimated almost 1000 students and 1048 classroom days reported, the mean percentage of the school day with appropriate mask usage was 76.9%.

CONCLUSIONS

For a majority of the day while conducting in‐person instruction, children in grades pre‐K‐2 are able to adhere to mask wearing as a key mitigation strategy for limiting SARS‐CoV2 infection spread and possible future use.
Findings from a caries risk assessment registry quality improvement initiative in an oral health partnership model
Authors: Herndon Jill Boylston , Horton Roger A. , Ruff Jesley C.
Published: May 2021

Objectives

This quality improvement study evaluates the impact of a caries risk assessment (CRA) registry on the following: percentage of children with a documented CRA, receipt of preventive and restorative services, and costs of care.

Methods

We used 2014–2019 data for patients aged 0–17 years from 22 locations in a group practice in Wisconsin. Paired t‐tests and Wilcoxon signed‐rank tests were used to evaluate changes over time in the following practice‐level outcomes: CRA documentation, fluoride receipt, continuing care procedures, restorative procedures, total procedures, and inflation‐adjusted costs of care. The same tests were used to compare average procedures and cost for patients a) enrolled and not enrolled in the registry, b) with and without CRA documentation, and c) at high and low caries risk.

Results

CRA documentation increased from 13 percent in 2014 to 87 percent in 2019 (P < 0.0001). There were statistically significant increases in the average number of continuing care procedures (from 1.47 to 1.54, P < 0.001), average total procedures (from 7.40 to 8.36, P < 0.001), and inflation‐adjusted average cost (from $491.51 to $553.37, P < 0.001) after accounting for multiple comparisons. The average number of restorative procedures decreased, with borderline statistical significance. Average cost was stable for registry‐enrolled patients and increased for those not enrolled.

Conclusions

The registry achieved the primary goal of improving CRA documentation among children. This quality improvement initiative appears to have had value‐enhancing effects by promoting increased receipt of preventive services and decreased restorative services, while maintaining stable average cost of care for registry‐enrolled patients over time.
Validity and Reliability of the Counseling Center Assessment of Psychological Symptoms‐Japanese Version
Authors: Horita Ryo , Nishio Akihiro , Kawamoto Aki , Sado Tadahiro , Locke Benjamin D. , Yamamoto Mayumi
Published: May 2021

To identify students who are struggling with mental distress and provide them with early and appropriate support, a valid and reliable multidimensional measure is required. The aim of this study was to investigate the convergent validity and the test–retest reliability of the Counseling Center Assessment of Psychological Symptoms‐Japanese (CCAPS‐Japanese). For the validity examination, 1,627 undergraduate students were randomized into five groups. Each group completed one of five questionnaires, comprised of the CCAPS‐Japanese along with one, two, or three validation scales depending on the group. For the reliability examination, a total of 184 and 106 students completed the CCAPS‐Japanese at one‐week and two‐week intervals, respectively. In the validity study, the highest correlation for each CCAPS‐Japanese subscale was found to exist with its referent measure except for the Generalized Anxiety subscale. In the reliability study, correlations for subscale scores at test and retest were significant, ranging from .66 to .88. These findings suggest that the 55‐item CCAPS‐Japanese is applicable for use with Japanese university students.
Decolonizing Care at Diagnosis: Culture, History, and Family at an Urban Inter‐tribal Clinic
Authors: Smith‐Morris Carolyn , Rodriguez Sylvia , Soto Rose , Spencer Morningstar , Meneghini Luigi
Published: May 2021

The decolonization framework in medical anthropology is slowly reframing tropes of cultural competency toward decolonizing health care. For decolonization of health care to occur, both colonial histories and continuing postcolonial inequities must be recognized from the first diagnostic moment. We report on qualitative research into the role of culture, history, and family experience in person‐specific reactions to receipt of a diagnosis. A collaborative approach at an urban inter‐tribal clinic was used to interview patients with a recent (within six months) diagnosis of diabetes or related condition. Interviews revealed ways that the Relocation Act eventuated in isolation, poverty, and diabetes among now‐urban Native Americans. We discuss how patients may or may not have the ability to (re)connect with their heritage and may simultaneously perceive only recent family contexts as influential in their diabetes. We conclude by acknowledging how postcolonial harms are not captured in diagnoses but should not be left out of diagnostic discussions.
Large‐Scale Structure, Performance and Brahms's Op. 119 No. 2
Authors: Behan Adam
Published: May 2021

Research in musical performance studies has generated a healthy scepticism of the importance of large‐scale structure to performance (in terms of both interpretation and perception): on the one hand, it might well be hardwired into notation; on the other, prioritising it risks simply repeating outworn maxims that neglect the performer's musical contributions. Recently some scholars have begun to rethink the potential structural relevance of performance rather than necessarily determining structure on the basis of the musical score alone. In this article I consolidate some of this thinking and draw out its implications for performers’ handling of large‐scale structure; in doing so, I suggest that we consider moving away from conventional large‐scale score‐based forms as structural mandates or certainties. I support this through a case study of Johannes Brahms's Intermezzo in E minor, Op. 119 No. 2, in which I analyse recorded performances by Wilhelm Backhaus, Maria Yudina and Ilona Eibenschütz. I conclude by arguing that the inclusion and prioritisation of any particular musical material – whether the score, performance, or other – requires serious consideration and reflection in any analytical act.
MALDI‐TOF MS characterisation, genetic diversity and antifungal susceptibility of Trichosporon species from Iranian clinical samples
Authors: Ahangarkani Fatemeh , Ilkit Macit , Vaseghi Narges , Zahedi Nina , Zomorodian Kamiar , Khodavaisy Sadegh , Afsarian Mohammad Hosein , Abbasi Kiana , de Groot Theun , Meis Jacques F. , Badali Hamid
Published: May 2021

Background

Trichosporonosis is an emerging fungal infection caused by Trichosporon species, a genus of yeast‐like fungi, which are frequently encountered in human infections ranging from mild cutaneous lesions to fungemia in immunocompromised patients. The incidence of trichosporonosis has increased in recent years, owing to higher numbers of individuals at risk for this infection. Although amphotericin B, posaconazole and isavuconazole are generally effective against Trichosporon species, some isolates may have variable susceptibility to these antifungals.

Objectives

Herein, we evaluated the species distribution, genetic diversity and antifungal susceptibility profiles of Trichosporon isolates in Iran.

Methods

The yeasts were identified by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS). Phylogenetic analysis was performed based on amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). The in vitro susceptibilities of eight antifungal agents were analysed using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute broth microdilution methods.

Results

The isolates belonged to the species T asahii (n = 20), T japonicum (n = 4) and T faecale (n = 3). A dendrogram of the AFLP analysis demonstrated that T asahii and non‐asahii Trichosporon strains (T japonicum and T faecale) are phylogenetically distinct. While voriconazole was the most active agent (GM MIC = 0.075 μg/ml), high fluconazole MICs (8 μg/ml) were observed for a quarter of Trichosporon isolates. The GM MIC value of amphotericin B for T asahii and non‐asahii Trichosporon species was 0.9 μg/ml.

Conclusions

The distribution and antifungal susceptibility patterns of the identified Trichosporon species could inform therapeutic choices for treating these emerging life‐threatening fungi.
Utrophin modulator drugs as potential therapies for Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies
Authors: Soblechero‐Martín Patricia , López‐Martínez Andrea , de la Puente‐Ovejero Laura , Vallejo‐Illarramendi Ainara , Arechavala‐Gomeza Virginia
Published: May 2021

Utrophin is an autosomal paralogue of dystrophin, a protein whose deficit causes Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies (DMD/BMD). Utrophin is naturally overexpressed at the sarcolemma of mature dystrophin‐deficient fibres in DMD and BMD patients as well as in the mdx Duchenne mouse model. Dystrophin and utrophin can co‐localise in human foetal muscle, in the dystrophin‐competent fibres from DMD/BMD carriers, and revertant fibre clusters in biopsies from DMD patients. These findings suggest that utrophin overexpression could act as a surrogate, compensating for the lack of dystrophin, and, as such, it could be used in combination with dystrophin restoration therapies. Different strategies to overexpress utrophin are currently under investigation. In recent years, many compounds have been reported to modulate utrophin expression efficiently in preclinical studies and ameliorate the dystrophic phenotype in animal models of the disease. In this manuscript, we discuss the current knowledge on utrophin protein and the different mechanisms that modulate its expression in skeletal muscle. We also include a comprehensive review of compounds proposed as utrophin regulators and, as such, potential therapeutic candidates for these muscular dystrophies.
Healthcare workers’ distress and perceived discrimination related to COVID‐19 in Colombia
Authors: Campo‐Arias Adalberto , Jiménez‐Villamizar María Paola , Caballero‐Domínguez Carmen Cecilia
Published: May 2021

This study examined the association of perceived discrimination related to COVID‐19 with psychological distress in healthcare workers in the Colombian Caribbean region. The authors designed and conducted a cross‐sectional study, recruiting a non‐probabilistic sample by email or instant messaging. Participants filled out a questionnaire including scales for perceived discrimination, anxiety, depression, perceived stress related to COVID‐19, and suicide risk. Healthcare workers (n = 150) aged 18 to 68 years participated; of these, 72% were women, and the breakdown by occupation was 39.3% nursing assistants, 18.0% nurses, and 42.7% physicians. Perceived discrimination scores showed positive correlations with depressive symptoms among nursing assistants and physicians (rs = 0.34), and suicide risk in nursing assistants (rs = 0.35) and physicians (rs = 0.31). Among nurses, all measurements were independent of perceived discrimination. Nursing assistants scored highest in perceived discrimination. Physicians scored higher for COVID‐19 perceived stress than nursing assistants, and nurses showed similar scores to physicians. In conclusion, perceived discrimination is related to depressive symptoms and suicide risk among nursing assistants and physicians. Nursing assistants report more perceived discrimination than nurses and physicians.
13C‐gastric emptying breath tests: Clinical use in adults and children
Authors: Keller Jutta , Hammer Heinz F , Hauser Bruno
Published: May 2021

13C‐gastric emptying breath tests (13C‐GEBT) are validated, reliable, and non‐invasive tools for measurement of gastric emptying (GE) velocity of solids and liquids without radiation exposure or risk of toxicity. They are recommended and routinely used for clinical purposes in adult as well as pediatric patients and can be readily performed onsite or even at the patient's home. However, the underlying methodology is rather complex and test results can be influenced by dietary factors, physical activity, concurrent diseases, and medication. Moreover, epidemiological factors can influence gastric emptying as well as production and exhalation of 13CO2, which is the ultimate metabolic product measured for all 13C‐breath tests. Accordingly, in this issue of Neurogastroenterology & Motility, Kovacic et al. report performance of the 13C‐Spirulina breath test in a large group of healthy children and show significant effects of gender, pubertal status, and body size on test results. The purpose of this mini‐review is to evaluate the clinical use of 13C‐GEBT in adults and children, exploring available protocols, analytical methods, and essential prerequisites for test performance, as well as the role of GE measurements in the light of the current discussion on relevance of delayed GE for symptom generation.
Integration of genome wide association studies and co‐expression networks reveal roles of PtoWRKY42‐PtoUGT76C1‐1 in trans‐zeatin metabolism and cytokinin sensitivity in poplar
Authors: Song Yuepeng , Chen Panfei , Xuan Anran , Bu Chenhao , Liu Peng , Ingvarsson Pär K. , El‐Kassaby Yousry A. , Zhang Deqiang
Published: May 2021

Cytokinins are important for in vitro shoot regeneration in plants. Cytokinin N‐glucosides are produced via an irreversible glycosylation pathway, which regulates the endogenous cytokinin content. Although cytokinin N‐glucoside pathways have been uncovered in higher plants, no regulator has been identified to date.

We performed a metabolome genome‐wide association study (mGWAS), weighted gene co‐expression network analysis (WGCNA), and expression quantitative trait nucleotide (eQTN) mappings to build a core triple genetic network (mGWAS–gene expression–phenotype) for the trans‐zeatin N‐glucoside (ZNG) metabolite using data from 435 unrelated Populus tomentosa individuals.

Variation of the ZNG level in poplar is attributed to the differential transcription of PtoWRKY42, a member of WRKY multigene family group IIb. Functional analysis revealed that PtoWRKY42 negatively regulated ZNG accumulation by binding directly to the W‐box of the UDP‐glycosyltransferase 76C 1‐1 (PtoUGT761‐1) promoter. Also, PtoWRKY42 was strongly induced by leaf senescence, 6‐BA, wounding, and salt stress, resulting in a reduced ZNG level.

We identified PtoWRKY42, a negative regulator of cytokinin N‐glucosides, which contributes to the natural variation in ZNG level and mediates ZNG accumulation by directly modulating the key glycosyltransferase gene PtoUGT76C1‐1.
Effects of tip‐manipulated stylet angle on intubation using the GlideScope® videolaryngoscope in children: A prospective randomized controlled trial
Authors: Lee Ji‐Hyun , Cho Sung‐Ae , Choe Hyun‐Woo , Ji Sang‐Hwan , Jang Young‐Eun , Kim Eun‐Hee , Kim Jin‐Tae , Kim Hee‐Soo
Published: May 2021

Background

An optimal endotracheal tube curve can be a key factor in successful intubation using the GlideScope videolaryngoscope.

Aims

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of tube tip‐modified stylet curve on the intubation time in children.

Methods

Children aged 1‐5 years were randomly assigned to either the standard curve (group S, n = 60) or tip‐modified curve (group T, n = 60) groups. In group S, the endotracheal tube curve was similar to that in the GlideScope. In group T, a point approximately 1.5 cm from the tube tip was additionally angled to the left by 15°‐20°. The primary outcome was the total intubation time, and the secondary outcomes were incidence of successful intubation in the first attempt, number of additional manipulations of the stylet curve, and visual analog scale (VAS) score for the easiness of intubation.

Results

The mean total intubation time was significantly longer in group S than that in group T (13.9 [10.8] vs. 9.0 [3.4] sec, mean difference, 4.9 s; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.0‐7.8; p = .001). All patients in group T were successfully intubated in the first attempt, whereas those in group S were not (100% vs. 93.3%, relative risk [RR], 0.11; 95% CI, 0.01‐2.02; p = .1376). Three patients in group S could be intubated after modifying the ETT curve similar to that in group T. Operators reported that tracheal intubation was easier in group T than in group S (median [interquartile range] for VAS; 1 [1‐2] vs. 2 [1‐3]; p < .001).

Conclusions

Having additional angle of the endotracheal tube tip to the left could be a useful technique to facilitate directing and advancing endotracheal tube into the vocal cords.
Utility of emergent plain X‐ray for childhood acute leukemia with bone pain
Authors: Ito Ai , Osumi Tomoo , Fujimori Kentaro , Tomizawa Daisuke , Kato Motohiro , Tsuji Satoshi , Matsumoto Kimikazu , Ishiguro Akira , Miyazaki Osamu
Published: May 2021

Background

We aimed to evaluate the utility of plain X‐ray radiograph (PXR) findings in suggesting a diagnosis of acute leukemia in children presenting with bone pain in the emergency department (ED) of a children’s hospital.

Methods

Using our radiology reporting system and registered data for childhood acute leukemia, we collected data regarding patients who underwent musculoskeletal PXR examinations in the ED due to bone pain in their extremities, from March 1, 2002 to June 30, 2015. We retrospectively reviewed their PXR findings and clinical information from the electronic medical records.

Results

A total of 1,331 patients underwent PXR examinations and in 12 PXR findings showed suspected acute leukemia. From the registered data we found 12 acute leukemia patients who underwent emergency extremity PXR. Ten patients were finally confirmed to have acute leukemia by bone marrow examinations. The most common finding was lucent metaphyseal bands, demonstrated in seven cases, whereas six patients did not show any abnormalities in their peripheral blood cell counts. Sensitivity and specificity values of PXR for acute leukemia diagnosis were 90.0% and 99.8%, respectively. Positive predictive value and negative predictive values were 75.0% and 99.9%, respectively.

Conclusions

Plain X‐ray radiograph is a useful diagnostic tool to detect possible acute leukemia in patients presenting with bone pain, earlier than abnormalities of their peripheral blood cell counts. Our results implied the possibility of re‐examining PXRs in acute leukemia more carefully, even when there are no abnormalities in blood cell counts.
Serum free carnitine levels in children with Kawasaki disease
Authors: Muto Taichiro , Nakamura Nami , Masuda Yu , Numoto Shingo , Kodama Shunsuke , Miyamoto Ryosuke , Hayakawa Tomohito , Mori Hiromitsu , Iwayama Hideyuki , Kurahashi Hirokazu , Agata Hiroatsu , Okumura Akihisa
Published: May 2021

Background

Carnitine plays an essential role in the transfer of long‐chain fatty acids to the mitochondria for β‐oxidation. No study has characterized carnitine in children with Kawasaki disease (KD). The objective of this study was to elucidate the characteristics of serum free carnitine (FC) in hospitalized pediatric patients with KD.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 45 patients with KD in whom serum FC levels were measured. We investigated the clinical and laboratory parameters before intravenous immunoglobulin was administered, including serum FC levels, according to the response to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). We also analyzed the relationship among serum FC, laboratory data, and clinical variables.

Results

IVIG was effective in 33 children (responders) and was ineffective in 12 children (non‐responders). Serum FC levels were higher in non‐responders than in responders: 35.3 μmol/L (range, 26.8–118.4 μmol/L) vs 31.4 μmol/L (range, 20.9‐81.2 μmol/L), P <0.05. FC levels before IVIG in 80% of responders were below the normal range. The levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total bilirubin, and FC were higher in non‐responders than in responders. FC levels were correlated with AST (R2 = 0.364, P = 0.0015) and ALT (R2 = 0.423, P < 0.001) levels.

Conclusions

Free carnitine levels were elevated in some patients with KD, especially in those who were refractory to IVIG. Additionally, FC levels in children with KD correlated with ASL and ALT levels.
Impact of deep‐time palaeoclimate on the sedimentary records and morphology of lacustrine shoal‐water deltas, Upper Eocene Dongying Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, China
Authors: Qin Yi , Zhu Xiaomin , Zhu Shifa , McElroy Brandon
Published: May 2021

Shoal‐water deltaic systems are predominant during the deposition of the second member of the Eocene Shahejie Formation (Es2) in the Dongying Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, China, and their presence is ascribed to low slopes, shallow water bodies and extremely slow tectonic subsidence. Integrated analyses of sedimentological, seismic geomorphological, palaeohydraulic, palynological and element‐geochemical data reveal the influence of palaeoclimate on the morphology and depositional processes of distributary networks in shoal‐water deltaic strata. Two contrasting palaeoclimatic stages were identified based on palynological and geochemical evidence, namely the earlier warm and humid climatic stage, and the later arid climatic stage. Compared with the earlier humid stage, the arid stage features much more abundant xerophytic species (Labiatae and Ephedra) as well as much higher Mg/Ca, Sr/Ba, and Th/U ratios and B content, indicating extensive evaporation. A third‐order sequence stratigraphic unit was recognized, consisting of a transgressive systems tract with landward stepping parasequence sets, a poorly developed highstand systems tract, and a falling stage systems tract with basinward stepping parasequence sets, which were products of the humid and arid climatic stages, respectively. A series of distributary channel complexes exhibiting reticular patterns was identified in the strata corresponding to the humid climatic stage, with amalgamated, multi‐storey distributary channel sandbodies showing a sinuosity range of 1.1 to 1.3. In contrast, the strata corresponding to the arid climatic stage are dominantly composed of distributary channel systems exhibiting dendritic forms, with prevalent single‐storey channel fills and a low sinuosity range of 1.0 to 1.2. The dendritic system is more stable than the reticular counterpart due to the effects of frequent incision and limited vertical aggradation. Typical modern shoal‐water deltas formed in different climatic conditions (i.e. Poyang Lake delta and Neales River delta) serve as analogues to the proposed conceptual depositional models of distributary networks related to palaeoclimate.
Skin moisture assessment using Hydration Sensor Patches coupled with smartphones via Near Field Communication (NFC). A pilot study with the first generation of patches that allow self‐recordings of skin hydration
Authors: Flament Frederic , Galliano Anthony , Abric Aurelie , Matoschitz Christoph‐Manuel , Bammer Manfred , Kampus Miha , Kanda‐Diwidi Diego , Chibout Salim , Cassier Matthieu , Delaunay Caroline
Published: May 2021

Objectives

To evaluate the potency of a new skin hydration sensor patch in the fast self‐recording of skin hydration.

Material and methods

The Skin Hydration Sensor Patch (SHSP) turns the user's smartphone into a wireless skin moisture measuring device. The SHSP combines a capacitive measurement unit and Near Field Communication technology (NFC) for transmitting data and energy. The probe is fixed onto the back of the smartphone and pressed to the skin for a few seconds where the application immediately calculates the capacitance value. Once recorded, the probe is then immediately taken off from the skin. In a first study, this system was compared to the Corneometer® technique, in vivo, on various skin sites of 23 healthy French women. In a second study, 20 women with moderate dry skin on face and forearm self‐recorded, through the SHSP the changes in skin hydration induced by a Xanthan gel containing 3% (w/w) of Glycerol, along 24 hours.

A questionnaire based on 5 types of questions was established to be filled by subjects about their perception of the use of this new system.

Results

In the first study, the values recorded by the SHSP were found highly correlated with those provided by the Corneometer®. The second study allowed to observe significant differences in skin hydration of both sites at all times, as compared to values obtained before the application of the gel. Differences between both sites were observed, the face being less hydrated than forearm. From a practical aspect, the self‐recordings on the face show a higher variability (approx. 10% than those of the forearm). The questionnaire led to positive answers on almost all points.

Conclusion

This SHSP appears as a promising approach in the field of connected skin‐related devices. As such, it opens or enlarges a new paradigm in the relationships between a consumer and a cosmetic product.
Evaluation of subclinical chronic sun damage in the skin via the detection of long‐lasting ultraweak photon emission
Authors: Gabe Yu , Takeda Katsuya , Tobiishi Megumi , Kikuchi Sho , Tsuda Koki , Haryuu Yasushi , Nakajima Yoko , Inomata Yukio , Nakamura Shun , Murase Daiki , Tokunaga Shinichi , Miyaki Masahiro , Takahashi Yoshito
Published: May 2021

Background

It is well known that solar radiation accelerates skin photoaging. To evaluate subclinical photodamage in the skin especially from the early phase of ultraviolet (UV)‐induced damage, we have focused on ultraweak photon emission (UPE), also called biophotons. Our previous study reported that the amount of long‐lasting UPE induced by UV, predominantly from lipid peroxidation, is a valuable indicator to assess cutaneous photodamage even at a suberythemal dose, although it was only applied to evaluate acute UV damage. The aim of this study was to further investigate whether long‐lasting UPE could also be a useful marker to assess subclinical chronic sun damage in the course of skin photoaging.

Materials and Methods

Forty‐three Japanese females in their 20s were recruited and were divided into two groups according to their history of sun exposure based on a questionnaire (high‐ and low‐sun‐exposure groups). Several skin properties on the cheek and outer forearm were measured in addition to UV‐induced UPE.

Results

Among the skin properties measured, water content, average skin roughness, and the lateral packing of lipids in the stratum corneum were significantly deteriorated in the high‐sun‐exposure group as were changes in some skin photoaging scores such as pigmented spots and wrinkles. In addition, those skin properties were correlated with the UPE signals, suggesting the possible impact of oxidative stress on chronic skin damage.

Conclusion

Subtle oxidative stress detected by long‐lasting UPE may contribute to subclinical cutaneous damage at the beginning phase of chronic sun exposure, which potentially enhances skin photoaging over a lifetime.