bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Цифровизация публичного управления: электронная демократия vs электронное правительство
Authors: Зотов Виталий Владимирович , Захаров Виктор Михайлович , Сапрыка Виктор Александрович
Published: August 2021

Сегодня концепция публичного управления претерпевает эволюцию в сторону идеи государства как цифровой платформы. Акцент делается на новом формате взаимодействия граждан с государством: диалог и партнёрство. Но такой переход нуждается в легитимизации общественным мнением. Целью исследования стало изучение мнения населения и экспертов о цифровизации публичного управления в контексте развития концепций «электронного правительства» и «электронной демократии». Результаты опросов показывают, что поддержка продвижения в России данных концептов среди экспертов больше, чем среди населения. По мнению большинства, «электронная демократия» будет способствовать получению информации по принимаемым властью решениям, проведению опросов и голосований по актуальным проблемам, подаче коллективных обращений, петиций; получению информации о деятельности органов власти, упрощению жалоб на действия/бездействия власти, активизации контроля граждан за качеством услуг. Это свидетельствует о схожести данных проектов в части обеспечения транспарентности государства. Данные об использовании электронных площадок, реализующих функционал «электронной демократии» и «электронного правительства», показывают большее проникновение второго проекта в цифровое сетевое пространство.
China in Africa: Exploring the Dividends and the Challenges
Authors: G.I. Sheriff , E. Adie , L.O. Nwokedi
Published: August 2021

The study examined China’s presence in Africa, the warm reception it has received from African states into the continent, the benefits Africa stands to gain from the relationship as well as other emerging issues. In order to arrive at a reliable outcome, the work utilized descriptive research design and obtained data from secondary sources such as textbooks, journals, research articles, magazines, newspaper, the internet, etc. While the analysis of the data was enhanced through the tool of content analysis, the linkage approach, which emphasizes the important connection between the domestic factor and the states actions and decisions at the international scene, was adopted as framework for the study. In all, the findings suggested that there are a lot of benefits accruing to Africa as a result of its relation with China. These were highlighted and discussed under various headings covering investment, training and technology transfer, scholarship, free interest loans, forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCA), job creation and skill acquisition. The study also pointed out the flip sides of China’s engagement in Africa. These issues, which are also emerging, include: human right abuse, Job loss due to competition, spying accusation and loss of confidence in China, wrong political influence and the piling up of debt traps through interest free loans. Some recommendations were made to ensure that both parties – China and Africa- mutually benefit from this engagement. Thus: Efforts should be made to sustain the relationship in such a way that both sides can benefit mutually. This could be attained by being opened and transparent in all the dealings by both parties; African states should seize the current opportunity of their engagement with China to develop their needed infrastructure and acquire the necessary skills and knowledge for their economic and industrial growth because delay may be dangerous; China should write its name in the annals of African technological breakthrough history by genuinely transfer more technology to African for self-reliance and development; All the issues considered as flip side in this study must be looked into, especially the issues of human rights abuse, wrong political influence and piling up of debt for the unborn generations; Finally, we believe that there is no engagement anywhere in the world that is devoid of issues but the ability to resolve them is what defines the texture and the contour of such engagement. Therefore, they must work hard to settle any issue that may arise between them, including the spying allegation leveled against China.
A WEB-BASED SOFTWARE FOR THE CALCULATION OF THEORETICAL PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS
Authors: YAĞIN Fatma Hilal , GÜLDOĞAN Emek , ÇOLAK Cemil
Published: August 2021

Abstract— Aim: The aim of this study is to develop a public web-based theoretical probability distributions software (KODY) that can calculate probabilities for discrete and continuous distributions.

Materials and Methods: The Discrete Uniform, Bernoulli, Binomial, Multinomial, Poisson, Geometric, Negative Binomial, Hypergeometric and Zeta (Zipf) distributions from the discrete distributions are explained. Among the continuous distributions, The Continuous Uniform, Beta, Normal, Log-Normal, Exponential, Gamma, Weibull, Rayleigh, Logistics, Pareto, Laplace, Cauchy and Erlang distributions are elucidated. Illustrative examples are presented on hypothetical medical data. The software was developed using the MATH and DASH libraries of the Python programming language.

Results: When making statistical analysis, the feature of the distribution is essential. Because the descriptive and analytical statistical methods to be applied to data with different distributions are also different. Probability distributions of variables are important in the effectiveness of these methods. For this reason, it is an essential step for researchers to determine the probability distributions of their data before starting their studies. It is thought that the software developed in this study will enable researchers to make the necessary calculations in probabilistic estimates regarding the theoretical probability distributions. The developed software can be accessed at http://biostatapps.inonu.edu.tr/KODY/.

Conclusion: The open access web-based software with Turkish/English language options may guide and contribute to researchers in probabilistic estimation processes regarding theoretical distributions. In the later stages of this study, it is foreseen to develop simulation processes based on each probability distribution.

Keywords— Discrete Probability Distributions, Continuous Probability Distributions, Web - Based Software, Python.
Investigation with Structural Equation Model of the Relationship between Covid-19 Phobia and Secondary Traumatic Stress Level in 112 Emergency Service Personnel
Authors: DERYA Serdar , TETİK Bora , ACUN DELEN Leman
Published: August 2021

The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on healthcare workers is increasing day by day. It should not be forgotten that health professionals working in risky groups will be psychologically affected much more. The aim of this cross-sectional study is determine the relationship between covid-19 phobia and secondary traumatic stress level in 112 emergency service personnel via a structural equation model(n=416).A 1-unit change that was occur in the total score of the trauma scale causes an increase of 0.68 units in the phobia scale total score (β=0.68;p
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF MULTILAYER PERCEPTRON ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK MODEL IN THE CLASSIFICATION OF HEART FAILURE
Authors: KAYA Mehmet Onur
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the classification performance of heart failure using the MLP ANN model on an open-access “heart failure clinical records” data set, as well as to identify risk factors that may be linked to heart failure.

Material and Methods: The open-access “heart failure” data collection MLP ANN model was used to classify nephritis of the renal pelvis, and risk factors that may be involved were discovered. Different output metrics are used to demonstrate MLP ANN's progress.

Results: It has been shown that the classification of renal pelvic nephritis is quite high with MLP ANN model (AUC = 0.925, Accuracy = 93.9%, Balanced Accuracy = 89.2%, Sensitivity = 98.4%, Specificity = 80.0%). Furthermore, the MLP ANN model showed that “time” is the most significant variable among the risk factors linked to heart failure.

Conclusion: Consequently, in the analysis with the heart failure data collection, the MLP ANN model generated very positive results. Moreover, this model has gained important information in identifying risk factors that may be associated with heart failure. Thus, it has been understood that the relevant model will provide reliable information about any disease to be used in preventive medicine practices.
Effects of 3-Dimension (Virtual) Exhibit in the academic performance of Selected Grade 7 Arts students
Authors: Dj. Voc John Renzal , D. Mella Jan Josef , Carlos Stephen F.
Published: August 2021

This study aimed to determine the effects of 3-Dimension (Virtual) Exhibit in the academic performance of Selected Grade 7 students. The use of 3-Dimension (Virtual) Exhibit is quite new in the Philippines, primarily because teachers use the readily available modules in the books, but according to Edgar Dale “the use of other senses can influence the student’s retention” thus the use of 3-Dimension (Virtual) Exhibit can increase the student retention. The researchers use the Experimental method to determine the effectiveness in the retention of students. The researchers use two groups, the 1st Group serves as the experimental group and the 2nd group serves as the Controlled group. Both groups take the pre-test, every lesson has 5 item questions, after conducting the pre-test the groups undergone experimentation, the experimental group uses the 3-dimension Exhibit from the website of the National Museum of the Philippines that is open for all, to teach the artworks in different regions, while the controlled group uses the readily available modules, after that post-test was conducted. Based on the findings the use of the 3-Dimension (Virtual) Exhibit has a great effect on remembering the important artworks, it also shows that students are more active and participative in class.
Learning Goes On: Students’ Attitudes and Perceptions in the Implementation of the Modular Distance Learning During Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Bordeos Michael L.
Published: August 2021

The widespread COVID-19 pandemic has affected academia, parents, and students.  Due to the sudden closure of schools, students are missing social interaction which is vital for better learning while most schools were forced to move from face-to-face (FTF) in-classroom to remote instruction. This has become a tough routine for the students working modular learning at home since they have to ensure continuing their education. The purpose of this study was to investigate students’ attitudes towards the implementation of the Modular Distance in remote learning, and their perceptions of its effects on their learning and engagement in comparison to FTF learning.  A quantitative survey was utilized to determine the students’ attitudes and perceptions in the implementation of modular distance learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Convenience non-probability sampling technique was used for data collection with one hundred respondents participated in this study. Data were collected using a 5-point Likert-type survey. The results indicated that students perceived that the implementation of Modular Distance Learning (MDL) can be used as supportive learning delivery modality during the new normal teaching, however, they faced numerous challenges in using the said modality in learning. Thus, students had a negative attitude toward the implementation of Modular Distance Learning and perceived it as having a negative effect on their learning experience and their motivation to learn. Students listed flexibility as the main advantage to using Self-Learning Modules for MDL.
Effects of Artisanal Refinery on the Environment, Public Health and Socio-Economic Development of Communities in the Niger Delta Region
Authors: Ikezam P. , Elenwo E. I. , Oyegun C. U.
Published: August 2021

Nigeria discovered crude oil in 1956. Instead of making sustainable economic progress since, the country spiraled into serious economic waste and loss, due to pollution from crude oil, corruption, neglect of the oil producing regions and high handedness of the IOCs/NOCs. Today, not only are legitimate oil exploration pipelines leaking oil into the environment, illegal artisanal refineries are contributing to pollution problems and by extension economic and health effects. This study thus investigated, effects of artisanal refinery on the environment, public health and socio-economic development of communities in the Niger Delta Region. The cross-sectional research design was used in this study. The target population comprised of illegal bunkering/artisanal refining sites and households that dwell within the artisanal refinery sites. The Taro Yamane formula was used to determine the sample sizes for state and 400 was realized for each state. 1324 artisanal refining sites were determined and using Taro Yamane equation 313 sites were derived. The Kruskal-Wallis H test was used for data analysis. The study found that, locals complained about how artisanal refineries affected their environment, health and economics. These effects varied spatially based on the result of the Kruskal Wallis test at P<0.05. However, some of the locals identified that, despite the environmental pollution because of illegal artisanal refining in the area, some economic gains abound. It is therefore the position of this study that artisanal refining be improved, so that the environmental and health effects be reduced, while making room for sustainable economic development.
Structure of Remote Work in Public Education: A Rapid Scoping Review
Authors: Coker David C.
Published: August 2021

Remote learning predominates the research literature during the COVID-19 pandemic, while remote work structures and workflow research were unknown. A rapid scoping review was conducted for remote work and workflow for 2020-2021. After locating and screening articles, a qualitative synthesis of the literature explored trends and themes using thematic analysis. A discussion of the perplexities of remote work and workflow, issues which impact every student and teacher, examined the problems of the new normal. Recommendations were to use Fayol’s principles as a guide within the context of using a holistic schooling experience focus, a formalized policy, and making leadership and management standardized and present within a remote environment. Limitations were discussed, and future directions for research gave a plan to improve remote work and learning.
The Investigation of the relationship between age difference and life time with the factors of divorce among Iranian women (20-35) with their husbands in Tehran province
Authors: Narges Rastegarinia  , Azam Alik Khademi
Published: August 2021

This prospective study was an attempt to examine the relationship between age difference and marital with divorce among Iranian women (20-35) with their husband in Tehran province. The participants of the study were eighty one Iranian divorced women (20-35) in Tehran. The participants were randomly chosen among women (20-35). The participants were given a questionnaire included age difference life time and effective external and internal factors of divorced. The researchers applied one way ANOVA in order to analyze the data .so the findings of the study revealed that there isn’t statistically difference between external factors and the different age of women with their husbands. On the other hand there is a meaning full difference between life time of women with their husband and external factors. The descriptive statistics revealed that there is significant relationship between difference age and life time of women with their husbands and internal factors.
“Studying Up” in World Christianity: A Feminist Analysis of Caste and Settler Colonialism
Authors: Thomas Sonja
Published: August 2021

In this article, based on a keynote address delivered in 2019 at the conference on “Currents, Perspectives, and Ethnographic Methodologies for World Christianity” held at Princeton Theological Seminary, I discuss studying up and how scholars of World Christianity need to grapple with the ways Christianity has facilitated the work of and supported state policies and institutional structures of settler colonialism, white supremacy, and brahmanical patriarchy. “Studying up” refers to studying the functionings and institutionalized nature of racist, casteist and settler heteropatriarchies. For me, Laura Nader’s “Up the Anthropologist” opened up new ways to think about, critique, and intervene into the colonialist framework of Anthropology’s roots. Accordingly, I examine potential reasons why we study down, and the difficulty in studying up. I start by looking at studying up as it pertains to Christianity in India, where Christians are a minority. I consider the intersections of casteism and brahmanical patriarchy, how privileged academics may fail to recognize spaces and activism outside the academy that always studies up, access to sites of power, and potential retaliation against scholars who attempt to study up. I then move to talk about studying up in the Christian majority country of the United States, white supremacy, Catholic settler colonialism, and the sexual abuse of Native children in Catholic boarding schools. To fully understand and support anticaste, decolonial, and feminist antiracist movements for social justice worldwide, I argue that the time for studying up in World Christianity is long overdue.
Perspectivas de jóvenes universitarias durante la pandemia de COVID-19
Authors: Osorio Vázquez María Cristina , A. Bressers Hans Th
Published: August 2021

This paper aims to describe the perceptions of undergraduate female students from public and private institutions about distance education during confinement due to COVID-19 in three cities in the state of Yucatan. The methodology used was mixed research methods, based on semi- structured interviews and data analysis from national and international sources. Among the findings the challenges of both groups of students in the implementation of online education during the first months of the pandemic in 2020 were recorded. This paper's distinctiveness is that it contributes to research on the advancement of girls’ education, through the collection of primary information, in order to make suggestions that allow them to continue in the national educational system.
Analiza factorilor determinanți ai evoluției speranței de viață la naștere în România (1990-2018)
Authors:   Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, Romania, Muntele Ionel , Banica Alexandru ,   Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, Romania, Istrate Dumitru-Marcel ,   Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, Romania
Published: August 2021

Analysis of the determinants of life expectancy at birth evolution in Romania (1990-2018). For Romania, the year 1990 constituted a turning point in the evolution of one of the most illustrative indicators of quality of life: life expectancy at birth. From the stagnation that characterized the last part of the communist period, in the first phase, the deterioration of living conditions, transposed in the decline of this indicator, especially in the rural environment and for the male gender. Starting with 2000, however, there is a continuous recovery, an expression of the improvement of the standard of living but also of some behavioral changes. In this context we can legitimately ask ourselves what were the determining factors of this evolution and to what extent each one intervened. The identification in the specialized literature of a number of 8 factors and the creation of a related database allowed, through linear regression and multiple regression, to establish a possible answer. The evolution of life expectancy at birth in territorial profile and its correlation with the distribution of the main causes of death were analyzed. It was observed the persistence of regional disparities but also the change of the weight of some explanatory factors. These developments can be accounted for by the unequal adaptation to the new context imposed by the transition to the market economy, especially benefiting the cities with a strong medical infrastructure.
Aspecte privind evoluția numerică a populației municipiului Chișinău în perioada 1990-2019
Authors:   Universitatea de Stat Tiraspol, Republica Moldova, Sochirca Elena
Published: August 2021

This article analyzes the numerical evolution of the population of Chisinau municipality over the last three decades. There are highlighted several stages in the numerical evolution of the population of the municipality, determined by the political, economic and social changes that took place on the territory of the Republic of Moldova. In the last decade, the population of Chisinau municipality has increased, this being the main urban center and space attraction of the population, in which the main economic and intellectual potential of the republic is concentrated.
Considerații privind morfologia văii râului Bâc
Authors:   Universitatea de Stat din Tiraspol, Republica Moldova, Volontir Nina , Prepelita Afanasie ,   Universitatea de Stat din Tiraspol, Republica Moldova, Jechiu Iradion ,   Institutul de Ecologie si Geografie, Republica Moldova
Published: August 2021

The Bâc river valley presents one of the most important centers of human habitat concentration since ancient times. This fact stimulated the interest towards studying this ecosystem, and a series of geographical, historical and literary descriptions appeared. They reflected the specific nature of this habitat, sometimes in a mystical form, in particular, with reference to some enigmatic elements of the valley. The morphology of the Bâc river valley is briefly characterized in the work. In particular, there are presented the opinions of scientists, researchers, historical and cultural personalities regarding one morphological phenomenon in the Bâc valley - the Bâc Gorges.
Resursele ecoturistice ale Regiunii de Dezvoltare Nord
Authors:   Institutul de Ecologie si Geografie, Republica Moldova, Moroz Ivan
Published: August 2021

In this study is carried out a complex evaluation of ecotourism resources from the Northern Development Region of the Republic of Moldova. The main ecotourism objectives are identified, systematized and analyzed.. Compared to the other development regions, the ecotourism potential of the region is less utilized. This fact is conditioned by: the peripheral position of the region; the particularly pronounced rural and agrarian character; weaker development of transport, accommodation and leisure infrastructure, etc.
Lacune, alternative și impacturi ale structurii administrativ-teritoriale în Republica Moldova: context și raționalități demografice
Authors:   Academia de Studii Economice din Moldova, Sainsus Valeriu
Published: August 2021

The population is the basic criterion of the territorial-administrative structuring of the country, and the demographic evolution is contrary. Demographic inequalities create disproportionality, consumption of economic resources. The districts are administrative units of the Soviet bill can no longer be considered engines of territorial development. The reform requires complex criteria to ensure sustainable functionality in the context of EU accession.
Reglementarea economică a utilizării resurselor de apă în orașele Regiunii de Dezvoltare Centru
Authors:   Institutul de Ecologie si Geografie, Republica Moldova, Bacal Petru , Railean Veronica ,   Institutul de Ecologie si Geografie, Republica Moldova
Published: August 2021

The scope of this study is application of economic regulation of water use in the urban area of Central Development Region from Republic of Moldova. The main objectives of studies are: 1) the analysis of the costs and tariffs of the water supply and sanitation services; 3) the cost recovery instruments of water use; 4) evaluation of financial performance of water supply companies; 5) elaboration of recommendations for reforming of economic mechanism for sustainable use of water resources.
Effect of Three Species of Stylosanthes on The Performance of West African Dwarf Sheep
Authors: Ogunbode S. M. , Akinlade J. A.
Published: August 2021

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of feeding three species of Stylosanthes as supplements to a basal diet consisting of Cyonodon dactylon on the performance of West African dwarf sheep. The three treatments imposed were: Treatment 1, a basal diet consisting of poor quality grass (Cyondon dactylon) and Stylosanthes scabra in the ratio of 70:30. Treatment 2, the basal diet added with Stylosanthes guianensis (70:30); and Treatment 3,the basal diet with Stylosanthes hamata (70:30). The study lasted for 24 days, a 10 day adjustment period and a 14- day data collection, using 3 rams of comparable age and weight. Data were analyzed as a 3 x 3 Latin square. Animals supplemented with S. guianensis had the highest DM intake while S. scabra was least consumed by sheep (p<0.05). Digestibility of crude protein and DM however showed that animals on S. guianensis performed better. It could be concluded that sheep can be supplemented with Stylosanthes guianensis in the savannah zone of Nigeria.
Keywords: Stylosanthes guianensis; Stylosanthes scabra; Stylosanthes hamate; West African Dwarf sheep; crude protein digestibility
Phytochemical Content, Radical Scavenging and Antibacterial Properties of Aqueous Extract of Jatropha curcas Linn Leaves
Authors: Oloyede O B
Published: August 2021

This study investigated phytochemical content, radical scavenging and antibacterial activities of aqueous extract of leaves of Jatropha curcas Linn. Quantitative phytochemical analyses of alkaloids, phenols, tannins and flavonoids contents were carried out; radical scavenging activity was assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and hydrogen peroxide inhibition assays while Disc diffusion and Agar well (ditch) diffusion methods were used for antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphilococcus aureus and Proteus species at 62.5, 125, 250 and 500 mg/mL. The extract contained alkaloids (1.600Â± 0.58 %), tannins (0.121 Â± 0.00 mg/mL), phenols (0.463 Â± 0.06 mg/mL) and flavonoids (0.672 Â± 0.00 mg/mL), and showed radical scavenging activities against DPPH (IC50 = 21.24) and hydrogen peroxide (15.67 mg/mL) which were less than that of Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA); IC50 = 3.92 (DPPH) and 6.19 mg/mL (hydrogen peroxide) respectively. It also showed antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 250 and 500 mg/ml (MIC = 125 mg/mL), which were resistant to ampicillin, chloxacillin and erythromycin, and the extract was inactive against Staphilococcus aureus and Proteus species at these concentrations, though all were sensitive to gentamycin. This shows that the aqueous extract of leaves of Jatropha curcas Linn may possess some of the folkloric properties claimed.
Partial Purification of Amylase from the Culture Filtrates of Aspergillus flavus Grown on Cassava Peels
Authors: Oyewale M O
Published: August 2021

Amylase from a Cassava peel culture of Aspergillus flavus was partially purified by Ammonium Sulphate precipitation as well as dialysis. The dialysed 60% (NH4)2 SO4 precipitated enzyme had an activity of 1.087 mg T.R.S released/ min/mg protein which was two folds of the activity of the crude culture filtrate. Hydrogen ion concentration as well as temperature had profound influence on enzyme activity of the partially purified enzyme while Amylase activity increased progressively as pH was increased from 3 to 7 reaching a maximum of 1.68 mg T.R.S released/min/mg/protein at PH 7.0. A rapid decrease in amylase activity was observed as pH was increased from 7 to 9 while the amylase activity increased with increase in temperature from 300C to 450C and reached a maximum of 1.15 mg T.R.S. released/min/mg/protein at 450C. Subsequent increase in temperature resulted into decrease in activity of the amylase enzyme.
In Search of a General IFPUG-Cosmic Conversion Method
Authors: Olorisade B K
Published: August 2021

International Function Point User Group Function Points (IFPUG - FP) is the earliest function size estimation method; however, with the introduction of a more scientific method like the COmmon Software Measurement International Consortium Full Function Points (COSMIC - FFP) which has a wider applicability than the IFPUG, and both methods using the same measuring unit and principle, the continued relevancy of the IFPUG is called to question. In order to save organizations from losing all their investment because of migrating to using COSMIC, researchers have been trying to explore the possibility of converting the output of one method to the other. Several formulas have been proposed but none that can be generally applied yet. This paper reviews some of the popular conversion formulas that have been suggested so far, then, it used each formula to convert the IFPUG values presented in the different studies to equivalent COSMIC values. The converted COSMIC values are compared to direct measurement values to see a trend or how generalized, consistent and reliable the formulas have a tendency to or could be.Â It also collated IFPUG and COSMIC values of all the applications used in the different experiments plus three new ones and generated a new formula â€“ a formula borne out of heterogeneous data. The result varied widely and nothing conclusive can be said, though, two of the formulas gave closer estimation range than others. Also, the new formula generated from the fifty eight applications gave improved results over others.
Assessment of Erythrocytes as a Model for In Vitro Drug Toxicity
Authors: Akanji M A
Published: August 2021

Mitochondria and lysosome have been used to study drug-cell interactions both in vitro and in vivo. However, their preparations to free them from other sub-cellular organelles are tedious and cumbersome. Erythrocytes (being a simple type of cells without sub-cellular organelles and very easy to obtain in pure form) was assessed for in-vitro toxicity testing of selected chemical compounds by monitoring the release of its hemoglobin content as an index of damage to cell membrane. Washed erythrocytes from male wistar rats were prepared in sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) incubated with and without acetylsalicylic acid (a membrane stabilizer) and chloroquine (a membrane labilizer). The light scattering properties of the suspensions and the hemoglobin released were determined using standard methods. Acetylsalicylic acid did not significantly alter the degree of hemolysis (P > 0.05) whereas the chloroquine alone as well as the mixture of acetylsalicylic acid and chloroquine significantly increased (P < 0.05) it. Acetylsalicylic acid stabilized the erythrocytes membrane while chloroquine destroys it causing lysis of the cell membrane. Results obtained in this study suggest that the drugs have interacted with the erythrocytes in a manner that corresponds to their mode of action. Erythrocytes can therefore be used to study interactions between drug molecules and cell membrane.
Reclamation of Spent Automobile Engine Lubricating Oil
Authors: Owolabi R U
Published: August 2021

In this study, some of the property reclamation methods for spent lubricating oil (SLO) were demonstrated. Firstly, 3.5 L of SLO was subjected to physical methods such as natural settling, sedimentation, magnetisaton and filtration to remove all forms of particles irrespective of size. The remaining samples were either subjected to acid treatment using concentrated sulphuric acid or solvent treatment using methanol, butanol and toluene including their blends to study their performance in the extraction process to recover the lubricating oil. The key parameter considered is the volume ratio of solvent/acid to used lubricating oil.Â In all, 5, 10, 15 and 20 ml respectively were used for each of the treatments. Activated carbon was equally introduced as adsorbent. A ratio of 4:1 (B20 formulation) for the treated spent oil and additives was used in this study for the final reclamation of the spent oil. The performance of each of the treatments process was investigated by subjecting all samples to laboratory analysis using American Standards for Testing and Methods (ASTM) to evaluate certain lubricating/tribological properties such as density, viscosity, pour point, cloud point etc. Both virgin oil and used oil were also simultaneously subjected to analysis with other recovered oil samples. The results suggest that the oil recovered by solvent treatments, particularly methanol exhibited better lubricating properties and can be rendered as good as virgin lubricants with the addition of certain additives. However, acid treatment demonstrated improved colour and appearance recovery compared to solvents.
Safety Evaluation of Aqueous Extract of Crateva adansonii Leaves on Selected Tissues of Rats
Authors: Akanji M A
Published: August 2021

The phytochemical constituents and safety of aqueous extract of Crateva adansonii leaves on rats were investigated. Forty rats were grouped into 4 (A-D) of 10 animals each. Group A rats received 1 mL of distilled water, while groups B, C and D received equal volume corresponding to 325, 650 and 1300 mg/kg body weight of the extract, respectively, for seven days. Five rats were sacrificed from each group 24 h after 7 doses, while the remaining five were sacrificed 24 h after discontinuing the administration for another 7 days (recovery period, day 14). Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins (2.36%), alkaloids (1.34%), tannins (0.94%), phenolics (1.06%), flavonoids (0.09%), phlobatannins (0.54%) and anthraquinones (0.47%). The extract significantly increased (P<0.05) the kidney, small intestine and serum activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), liver and serum Î³glutamyl transferase (Ï’-GT), levels of serum globulin, white blood cells and lymphocytes, whereas the liver aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity decreased. By the end of the recovery period, the levels of these biomolecules compared well (P>0.05) with their respective controls. In contrast, the increases in the serum total protein, ALP and AST as well as decreases in liver alanine aminotransferase (ALT), serum chloride and sodium ions were sustained during the recovery period. Furthermore, the levels of serum albumin, total and conjugated bilirubin, urea, creatinine, potassium, bicarbonate, haematological parameters and computed organ-body weight ratios were not significantly (p>0.05) altered. The histology of the kidney and small intestine were preserved whereas there was mild degeneration and congestion of the hepatocytes surrounding the central veins in the liver. Overall, the extract caused mild, selective and reversible changes in the haematological profile and biochemical parameters of organ function. Therefore, because the rats recovered from the assault of the extract, the plant may still be explored as oral remedy.
Amino Acid Composition of Tamarind Fruit Growing Wild in Oyo Town
Authors: Adeola A A
Published: August 2021

Tamarind ( Tamarindus indica L.) fruit grows wild in some parts of the savannah region of Nigeria. The fruit is grossly underutilised in Nigeria, despite its invaluable contribution to the food security and economy of some Asian countries. The amino acid composition of tamarind pulp was determined using amino acid analyser. Tamarind pulp was found to contain both essential and non-essential amino acids. Tamarind pulp could supply 53.8 %, 52.8 %, and 87.6 % of total essential, total sulphur and total aromatic amino acids respectively (FAO/WHO/UNU standard).
Proximate composition, phytochemical and mineral contents of young and mature Polyalthia longifolia Sonn.leaves
Authors: Ojewuyi O B
Published: August 2021

Proximate composition, phytochemical and mineral composition of young and matureÂ Polyalthia longifolia Sonn. leaves were investigated using standard analytical procedures. Young leaves of Polyalthia longifolia contained 9% protein, 4% ash, 0.21% lipid, 25% fibre, 8% moisture and 54% carbohydrate while the mature leaves contained 10% protein, 5% ash, 0.26% lipid, 19% fibre, 9% moisture and 57% carbohydrates. The results for the quantitative phytochemicals revealed that the young leaves contained 3.91 (ppm) tannins, 0.34 (ppm) phenols and 62% flavonoids with the mature samples showing a relative result of 3.69 (ppm) tannins, 0.33 (ppm) phenols and 63% flavonoids. The mineral analysis of both samples showed that they contained appreciable quantities of minerals with the mature sample having higher concentrations of Na (30.03 mg/100 g), K (23.55 mg/100 g), Ca (89.18 mg/100 g) and Mg (27.55 mg/100 g) relative to Na (20.30 mg/100 g), K (16.93 mg/100 g), Ca (57.03 mg/100 g) and Mg (14.48 mg/100 g) found in the young leaves. The study showed that the leaves examined contained high levels of carbohydrates and fibre, low fat and phenols but very rich in minerals. These findings suggest that the leaves of Polyalthia longifolia might be a potential source of carbohydrates, fibre, phytochemicals and mineral elements for human and animal use.
Assessment of Pollution Status around â€˜Awosuuruâ€™ Dump-Site, Osogbo, Nigeria.
Authors: Akanfe F A
Published: August 2021

The physicochemical properties with their distribution pattern and sources of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) listed as priority pollutants were investigated in underground water, sediment and soil samples around â€˜Awosuuruâ€™ dump-site in Osogbo Nigeria. The physicochemical parameters; degree of acidity (pH), total organic carbon (TOC), Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (BOD), in the samples were determined using standard methods. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively in the samples using gas chromatography coupled with flame ionisation detector (GC-FID). The values of pH and TOC ranged from 7.76 to 8.02 and 0.82 to 1.01 (wt%) in water; 7.70 to 8.34 and 0.35 to 1.17(wt%) in sediment; 8.03 to 8.56 and 0.51 to 1.05 (wt%) in soil respectively, BOD ranged from 0.02 to 0.07 (mg/L) and COD from 36.40 to 64.40 (mg/L) in water samples. The physicochemical parameters result showed that the samples have some amount of carbonates, biodegradable and oxidizable pollutants and organic matter reflecting pollution in the study area. The concentrations of PAHs recorded in the samples indicated moderate pollution. Various diagnostic PAHs ratios indicate pyrolytic source majorly from burning of refuse. Also, the health implication of the pollution status of the study area was discussed.
Comparative Assessment of Antibacterial Efficacy of four popular hand sanitizers sold in Nigeria
Authors: Odebisi-Omokanye M B
Published: August 2021

Despite the increase in popularity of hand sanitizers (HS) in Nigeria, there is a dearth of literature on the efficacies of these products. This study assessed the efficacies of four popular brands of HS in Nigeria against some clinically important bacterial pathogens. Using the well variant of the agar dilution method to determine antimicrobial susceptibility and the broth dilution method to determine minimum inhibitory concentration, the activities of the HS (HSF, HSM, HDT, and HSK) were evaluated against Staphyl ococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumonia . Each of the products displayed varying activities against the test organisms. HSM had the highest inhibitory effect against all the test organisms, while HSF was the least effective. S. aureus was the most susceptible organism, with the highest susceptibility to HSM (12.0 mm). P. aeruginosa was the most resistant organism, with the highest resistance to HSM (9.0 mm). Each of the HS was bacteriostatic against all of the test bacteria and none displayed bactericidal activity. HSM and HDT reduced the mean colonyforming unit (cfu) counts of bacteria on the hands of subjects by 72% and 62%, respectively. A onetailed t-test showed that HSM was more effective than HDT in this regard. None of the products could reduce bacterial counts by 99.9%, as the manufacturers claim. Such claims need to be verified to ensure that these products contain the correct quantities of active ingredients, and sellers need to store such products according to the manufacturersâ€™ instructions.
Modelling and Simulating Access Control in Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks
Authors: Azeez N A
Published: August 2021

There has been a great increase in the use of wireless networks over the years; Mobile Ad hoc Network is an example of such wireless network. It functions without any central administration and the network is made up of a collection of nodes within a radio frequency.Â Security in mobile network has been an area of great research over the years mainly because most ad hoc protocols do not provide the basic security framework and services.Â This paper aims at simulating access control in wireless ad-hoc networks. The objectives are to ensure that the network is not vulnerable and should also devoid of any form of malicious attack that could prevent authorized access. Two metrics (packet delivery ratio and traffic overhead) were used to measure the effectiveness and efficiency of the networks. Through a detailed simulation study, we show that the protocol is efficient and allows a trade-off between security and performance. This research focuses on designing an access control mechanism that was incorporated within ad-hoc routing protocols with the aim of adding an extra layer of security against threats in the network. The three stage-process for access control was implemented with NS-2 v 35. The nodes in the simulation were created dynamically, the movement between nodes was generated randomly and the connections between the nodes were done using Constant Bit Rate (CBR) connection which was aimed at enabling the network to mimic a real life scenario. Through different experiments and simulations done, it was observed that the access control model works and also provides a higher level of security for ad-hoc networks even when under security threats and attacks.
A review on antifungal agents against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger
Authors: Vishnuvardhini R  , Priya R Iyer
Published: August 2021

Candidiasis is the fungal infection caused by Candida albicans. It causes different type of candidiasis infections in the blood, heart, eyes, brain, bones also other parts of our body. Different types of candidiasis are vaginal candidiasis, pulmonary candidiasis, oral candidiasis. It may be acute or chronic. It can be cured by using natural compounds or synthetic compounds or semisynthetic compounds. Apergillosis is the fungal infections in human caused by Aspergillus niger. Aspergillosis infections are classified into allergic pulmonary sinusitis, cutaneous aspergillosis, invasive aspergillosis, chronic necrotising pulmonary aspergillosis can be cured by using synthetic compounds like intravenous injections, oral medicines of capsules, tropical medicines like creams and some other natural products from plants. Natural products like saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, xanthones, lectins and polypeptides, quinones, terpenoids, coumarins, essential oils and other compounds are the secondary metabolites extracted from the plants. Those plants are effective against fungal infections. Synthetic drugs like Azole group of drugs composed of imidazoles which includes miconazole, clotrimazole, ketoconazole, and triazoles include itraconazole, Posaconazole, isavuconazole are used to inhibit the ergosterol synthesis of cell membrane of fungi. Echinocandins are antifungal agent and it is used to disrupt the cell wall of fungi and inhibiting the synthesis of beta- 1,3 glucan fungal cell wall. Echinocandins are classified into caspofungin, anidulafungin, micafungin which having antifungal activity and amphotericin B used to treat both candidiasis and aspergillosis. Combination of drugs like synthetic drugs and natural compounds used to treat Candidiasis and Aspergillosis. Comparison and effectiveness of drugs depends upon the infections they are getting affected. Amphotericin B and azole group of drugs are commonly more effective than other group of drugs, but ketoconazole is widely used. Adverse effects of antifungal agents include, skin rashes, irritation, itching, nausea and vomiting, fever, abdominal pain, muscle and joint pain, etc.
Study the efficacy of cyproterone and metformin in modulation of hormonal disturbances in estrogen valerate induced PCOS in female rats
Authors: Wajdy Jabbar Majid  , Tayseer Ali Talab  , Muslim Nahi Saeed
Published: August 2021

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder affecting women in child bearing age and is considered the main cause of infertility. This study aims to determine the efficacy of cyproterone 12 mg/ kg and metformin 50 mg/kg as a single oral daily dose for 20 days, in PCOS induced in female rats by estrogen valerate. In untreated group PCOS, the level of serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) was significantly (P< 0.0001) decrease, while estradiol and testosterone levels were increased significantly (P< 0.0001 and P< 0.001 respectively) in comparison with control group. Both cyproterone and metformin significantly increased LH and FSH levels (P< 0.05) compared to the untreated PCOS group. Both cyproterone and metformin reduced the level of estradiol hormone significantly (P <0.001 and P <0.05, respectively). Cyproterone also decreased the level of testosterone (P <0.0001) compared to the untreated PCOS group, and the testosterone level became less than that recorded in the control group (P <0.05), Metformin also significantly decreased the level of testosterone compared to the untreated PCOS group (P <0.01), but it still more than that in control. According to the results of the current study, we can conclude that cyproterone and metformin showed an efficacy in the treatment of PCO, and can restore the normal hormonal levels and should be considered in the treatment of this disease.
Indicador qualitativo de tensões no uso das águas em identidades territoriais de vida rural e urbana: evidências empíricas na Região Metropolitana de Salvador, Bahia (Brasil)
Authors: Porciuncula Débora Carol Luz da , Gonçalves Manuel Vitor Portugal , Alencar Cristina Maria Macêdo de
Published: August 2021

Este artigo almejou compreender a distribuição das evidências empíricas que tencionam os modos de vida rural e urbano na relação com o uso das águas e identidades territoriais na Região Metropolitana de Salvador (RMS), Bahia, Brasil. Foi desenvolvida uma metodologia para a identificação de tensões territoriais, observadas de 2005 a 2015, no tocante à disputa pelo uso das águas na RMS, denominada de Indicadores Qualitativos de Tensão no Uso das Águas (IQTA). A utilização da IQTA permitiu a identificação de evidências e categorização de tensões no uso da água na RMS, ou seja, categorias metodológicas interpretativas e analíticas de eventos empíricos, de modo a lhes atribuir conteúdo de fenômeno e, a partir daí, tipificá-los. Obteve-se uma predominância da tensão pela apropriação da água (T-1), em especial nas áreas de maior demanda por água para usos urbano-industriais. A tensão dos usos da água em atividades culturais (T-3), a menos frequente, confirmou a permanência contra-hegemônica da ruralidade no espaço metropolitano e revelou um nítido potencial para o desenvolvimento humano e conservação da natureza, porque tais usos demandam por boas condições ambientais dos mananciais. A aplicação do IQTA deslindou uma dimensão da realidade social, que emergiu das noções de rural e ruralidade metropolitana em sua relação com o uso das águas, ignorada nas políticas públicas da RMS, cuja questão ambiental poderia ser ressignificada no espaço da metrópole como rural-urbana.