bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Generation of Industry Groups from Input—Output Data: A Comparison of Four Methods
Authors: Loviscek A L
Published: October 2006

Regional and urban analysts have developed graph-theoretic and multivariate approaches for decomposing the structure of flow tables. These developments have led to an important question: which method(s) should one use? In this study the author examines the ability of each of four approaches to generate industry groups (clusters) from a regional, survey-based input—output table. Specifically, the author deals with industry groups as generated by two graph-theoretic methods and by two multivariate techniques. The degree of similarity among the groups so generated is analyzed using measures of association. The composition of the groups depends on cutoff points. Nonetheless, the results suggest that one of the graph-theoretic methods and one of the multivariate techniques produce similar clusters. Further consideration indicates that these methods reveal more of the strongest interindustry linkages than their alternatives.
An Econometric Model of Electricity Distribution Systems in Urban Areas
Authors: Guldmann J-M
Published: October 2006

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the production structure of electricity distribution systems in urban areas. Under the assumption that electric utilities minimize their distribution capital and operating costs, input demand functions are developed for the various distribution facilities (for example, poles, wires, streetlights) and are econometrically estimated, using cross-sectional data on communities served by a major utility. These functions are then used to allocate total costs on the basis of marginal costs and to assess the extent of economies of scale and density in electricity distribution.
Regional Variations in Cyclical Employment
Authors: Howland M I
Published: October 2006

In this paper the author develops and tests a model of regional responses to national business-cycles. The model divides cyclical decline in each state into two sectors: a basic sector and a nonbasic sector. The industrial mix, capital—labor ratio, age of capital stock, level of unemployment insurance benefits, labor shortage, and extent of labor-force unionization of a state are hypothesized to influence the response to national recessions by the economy of a state. Employment decline in the nonbasic sector of the economy of a state is a function of employment decline in basic industries and is transmitted through a short-run multiplier.

The model is tested on data from five post World War 2 recessions between 1950 and 1975. The findings indicate that industry mix at the two-digit Standard Industrial Code level explains 36% of the across-state variation in cyclical employment. The results also indicate that an old capital-stock, a nonunion labor force, and generous unemployment insurance benefits promote cyclical stability in state economies.
Corporate Structure and Corporate Change in a Local Economy: The Case of Bristol
Authors: Bassett K
Published: October 2006

In this paper, I focus upon the role of large multinational corporations in the restructuring of local economies, using Bristol as a study area. In the first part of the paper, I concentrate upon the impact of the current recession on the city's manufacturing sector. The major local employers are identified and the pattern of corporate ownership and control discussed. An attempt is then made to trace out the impacts of different forms of corporate change during the period 1978–1982. In the second part of the paper, I concentrate on one large multinational corporation which has long associations with the Bristol area, and trace some of the local impacts of different phases of corporate growth over a longer time period. This paper is only a preliminary to a deeper and more wide-ranging analysis of the local economy, and, in the conclusions, I identify various lines of further inquiry.
The Measurement of Unequal Exchange
Authors: Webber M J , Foot S P H
Published: October 2006

Unequal exchange is the deviation of the prices of commodities from their values that results from intersectoral profit equalisation and from institutional barriers. Its magnitude is measured in this paper. The method of calculating unequal exchange from input—output tables is outlined, then the results are presented. The results show that, if commodities produced in the Philippines in 1961 had sold at the same price—value ratio as did commodities produced in Canada in the same year, total export revenue would have amounted to 5.269 billion pesos instead of the actual 1.129 billion pesos.
Urban Growth Models Revisited: Cities as Self-Organizing Systems
Authors: Marchand B
Published: October 2006

Spatial patterns seem to be very stable in Los Angeles, the most volatile of all US metropolises. Processes suggested by the classical growth models to explain these patterns have ceased to be applicable over the last fifty years or so, and have probably never played any important role in Los Angeles.

A new conceptual model is proposed to integrate the rapidity of urban change and the persistence of spatial patterns. Urban forms and their content should be considered as independent of each other. Urban change appears as a dialectical process, whereas the spatial order of a city seems to be a geometrical and topological phenomenon with a logic of its own. Urban forms persist because a city is a self-organizing system. Such systems, analyzed by biologists such as Atlan, are able to absorb random perturbation while conserving their order. This model is applied to some examples in the USA, Europe, and Algeria.
Some Urban and Regional Consequences of Japanese Transnational Activity in Australia
Authors: Edgington D W
Published: October 2006

In this paper, I address the spatial patterns of Japanese transnational corporations (TNCs) in Australia over the last two decades. It is argued that—in the context of growing economic linkages between Australia, Japan, and the Western Pacific—an understanding of TNC behaviour is essential to make sense of the subnational spatial outcomes arising from economic integration between countries. Accordingly, after discussing the history and characteristics of Japanese TNCs in Australia, I consider the spatial distribution of three elements of Japanese TNC activity—mining, manufacturing, and corporate head offices. The analysis suggests that the stronger economic linkages with Japan have indeed been associated with distinctive urban and regional change within Australia and that this is also reflected in the spatial patterns of individual Japanese TNCs. I conclude that a combination of Japanese corporate characteristics, together with the peculiarities of the Australian space economy, has led to a hierarchy of spatial impacts. This in turn emphasises a more general link between economic integration, TNC world strategies, and regional change in host countries.
The Cyclic Process Decision-Heuristic: An Application in Time-Allocation Modeling
Authors: Tonn B E
Published: October 2006

Models of human behavior can be evaluated against a number of criteria. For example, does the model incorporate important exogenous variables, and are the predictions of the model specific enough for policy analysis? In this paper, the author addresses the decision-heuristic component of human behavior modeling. The term ‘heuristic’ refers to the process individuals follow when making a decision, and a heuristic, in the modeling sense, provides the framework for deriving mathematical expressions which link an individual's decisions to behavioral goals, exogenous factors, and other decisions.

The author presents the cyclic process decision-heuristic and its application in the derivation of a mathematical model of individual time-allocation behavior in two-spouse households. The heuristic incorporates specific hypotheses concerning human motivation. A mathematical model is derived for the heuristic, which is a step-by-step process. The author presents results of applying the model to explain variation in time-budget data collected by the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 1975–1976.
The Influence of Fertility, Early Housing-Career, and Socioeconomic Factors on Tenure Determination in Contemporary Britain
Authors: Murphy M J
Published: October 2006

The time-dependent proportional hazards model is used to analyse first achievement by married couples of a home in one of the two major British housing tenures, owner-occupation and local authority accommodation. The effect of demographic and socioeconomic influences such as age at marriage, social class, and previous housing and fertility histories are estimated using a combination of life-table and regression approaches. All these factors are found to have substantial independent effects. The model is applied to data for three marriage cohorts in the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys' 1976 Family Formation Survey, and conclusions are drawn about the extent to which the above factors have changed in importance over time.
Multiple Vehicle Routing and Dispatching to an Emergency Scene
Authors: Daskin M S , Haghani A
Published: October 2006

A model of the distribution of arrival time at the scene of an emergency for the first of many vehicles is developed for the case in which travel times on the links of the network are normally distributed and the path travel times of different vehicles are correlated. The model suggests that the probability that the first vehicle arrives at the scene within a given time may be increased by reducing the path time correlations, even if doing so necessitates increasing the mean path travel time for some vehicles. The model with normally distributed travel times is compared with a more complex model that assumes Erlang distributed travel times and the results are shown to be in close agreement.
Making Urban Models More Realistic: Some Strategies for Future Research
Authors: Wilson A G
Published: October 2006

A review is undertaken of progress in urban modeling in relation to six stated dimensions of model design and the range of disciplinary contributions which have been made. Particular attention is paid to the effect of recent developments, including the methods now available for dynamic modeling. The discussion of progress is related to the contribution of modeling to planning. The review provides the context for a discussion of priorities for research, ranging from a consideration of methods through particular subsystems to planning problems. Some concluding comments are made which include reference to the place of research in the research-development — application chain.
Highway-Capacity Utilization and Investment in Transportation Corridors
Authors: Berechman J
Published: October 2006

An example of highway-capacity utilization is considered in this paper. It has been observed that severe traffic conditions can exist on one freeway, while traffic on a parallel freeway may be moving almost at the speed limit. It is important to examine the possible causes of this phenomenon to avoid wasteful investments. The major objectives of this paper are, first, to examine the theoretical conditions under which the phenomenon can occur; second, to verify those conditions empirically; and, third, to suggest policies that will reduce the volume of traffic on the congested freeway by increasing the utilization of the other freeway. It is concluded that access and egress costs arising from travel on roads connecting the two main freeways have an important effect on the utilization of the freeways.
Economic Interdependence and the Structure of Interregional Trade in Central America
Authors: Seninger S F
Published: October 2006

This paper examines spatial—economic interdependence in a five-country interregional trade system in Central America. Different measures based on trade linkages are derived in a stochastic discrete Markov framework and include mean passage, waiting, and travel times, which are interpreted in terms of functional distances. It is demonstrated that although the Central American regional system has evolved toward a more integrated spatial—economic system, it still remains open and subservient to an external rest-of-world sector.
Towards a Flexible Framework for Regionalization
Authors: Leung Y
Published: October 2006

A theoretical framework is proposed to analyze regionalization problems consisting of quantitative and qualitative information with varying degrees of imprecision. Fuzzy set concepts of distance and similarity are formulated to construct regional grouping procedures. Depending on the data and the concepts employed, regions derived may be mutually exclusive or they may overlap to a certain degree. Hierarchical systems of regions are also analyzed on the basis of asymmetric spatial relations. Compared with conventional methods, this framework appears to be more natural and flexible in preserving information pertinent to regionalization.
Structural Changes in Residential Areas
Authors: Panayotopoulos A , Yannacopoulos N
Published: October 2006

In this paper we use the theory of graphs to study the long-term (structural) changes in residential areas. It is assumed that a region corresponds to a graph, the nodes of which are identified with communities and the set of arcs with flows of composite goods. These communities are classified into sources (communities characterized by excess supply of goods), sinks (communities characterized by excess demand of goods), and centers of exchange. It is shown that every graph corresponding to an economic region possesses a core which describes the residential pattern of the region. Long-term changes in the region which lead to the appearance or disappearance of a supply center or a center of exchange lying outside the core and which affect the core are termed structural.
Issues in National Park Administration
Authors: Brotherton D I
Published: October 2006

The history of the national parks of England and Wales involves a succession of issues, both large and small, but inevitably hard fought by the interests concerned. In the paper are reviewed the development and resolution or demise of what are seen to have been the three main issues in park administration from the late 1940s to the present day. They concern the composition of the park authorities, their position within the local government system, and the interests and experience of the members appointed to them. All three issues concern the nature of the parks, in which many different interests have a legitimate concern. But in the first two, the conflict is between the national park and the county council lobbies. In the last more recent issue, these lobbies are joined and the conflict is with other interests. Seemingly, the national–local dichotomy on which park administration is based is breaking down. It is a change that could have profound implications for the future of park administration and this is highlighted.
Migration Decisions of Transfer Applicants in the Council Housing Sector
Authors: Smith G C , Ford R G
Published: October 2006

In this paper, the migration decisions of intending-transfer households in the council housing sector of Birmingham, England are investigated. The decisions are broadly conceptualized within the two main phases of the Brown–Moore model of residential mobility: (1) the decision to seek a new residence, and (2) the relocation decision (specifically, search behaviour and evaluation procedures). The data are based on an interview survey of transfer applicants on six contrasting council estates. The findings disclose that, although many households are dissatisfied with their present estate, ‘dwelling needs’ constitute the most important category of reasons for seeking a transfer. In terms of the relocation decision, most households exhibit highly constrained search spaces, and they evaluate alternative council estates on the basis of such factors as level of security, social character, general state of repair, and accessibility. Important variations are revealed among the decisionmaking procedures of subgroups of households defined according to (a) the type of estate where they reside prior to the proposed move, and (b) family life-cycle criteria.
Spatial Competition and Agglomeration in Urban Modelling
Authors: Fotheringham A S
Published: October 2006

Many forms of urban models are retail oriented, that is, they depend to some degree on the allocation of shopping expenditures to particular destinations. Such an allocation is usually undertaken with the aid of a production-constrained gravity model, although this type of model ignores the relationship between retail expenditure patterns and spatial competition and agglomeration forces. The effect of such a relationship on urban structure is examined with the aid of a production-constrained competing destinations model in three situations: (1) in a simple facility-location problem, (2) in a Garin–Lowry model, and (3) in the use of catastrophe theory and bifurcation theory to examine urban dynamics. The replacement of the gravity model by the competing destinations model is shown to produce more realistic urban models and leads to new insights into structural dynamics.
Tests of Randomness: Unidimensional and Multidimensional
Authors: Hubert L J , Golledge R G , Costanzo C M , Gale N
Published: October 2006

A variety of tests for randomness are reviewed based on simple product—moment statistics defined between two matrices, { aij} and { bij}. Typically, the first matrix, { aij}, contains proximity data on the spatial placement of n observations, { x1…. xn} the second matrix, { bij}, is obtained from the relationships among the n observations themselves. Depending on the definitions of { aij} and { bij}, a variety of well-known tests of randomness and/or trend (those attributed to Mann, Daniels, Moore and Wallis, Cox and Stuart, and Goodman and Grunfeld) as well as various approaches to serial correlation and spatial autocorrelation can be encompassed. Finally, these notions of randomness can be extended to an assessment of spatial association between two variables. A numerical example is given within this latter context.
Research Policy and Review 3. Raising the Levels of Ambition in Research: Some Lessons from the Journal
Authors: Wilson A G
Published: October 2006

The content of Environment and Planning A relating to a six-year period is broadly reviewed. This illuminates some features of the styles of research of its contributors and provides the basis for some speculations on research policy. It is argued that research funding and training at the institutional level, and corresponding decisions at the individual level, should be more ambitious in scope. Five suggestions are made to help achieve this.
Spatial Structure, Spatial Interaction, and Their Integration: A Review of Alternative Models
Authors: Bennett R J , Haining R P , Wilson A G
Published: October 2006

Models of spatial structure, spatial interaction, and integrated location-interaction models are reviewed and the nature of their contribution to the geographer's understanding of patterns and change is explored. The main discussion focuses first on spatial structure and then on spatial interaction. Integrated models are explored in relation to six categories employed by Zeeman, the first of these being concerned with pattern, the rest with increasingly complicated aspects of dynamics. The categories are: equilibrium, ‘fast’ dynamics, ‘slow’ dynamics, feedbacks, noise, and diffusion. The argument is illustrated by examples at each stage.
The Impact of Monetary Activity upon Regional Housing Markets: A Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis
Authors: Marchand C
Published: October 2006

The application of maximum entropy spectral analysis to time series measuring economic activity in Canada allows the identification of the time scales of cyclical variations specific to given sectors and to five diverse regions. Aggregate economic activity as measured by the unemployment rate is influenced by a major cycle and seasonal variations. In contrast, monetary activity is solely dominated by a [Formula: see text]-year cycle and can only be an efficient policy device for sectors which fluctuate around the same periodicity on the short term. Such is the case for residential construction which is shown to cohere moderately with interest rates as well as to lag changes in such rates by a significant time span.
Accessibility and Regional Development in Britain: Some Questions Arising from Data on Freight Flows
Authors: Chisholm M
Published: October 2006

Economic potential measures generalised accessibility but the use of this model depends on the extent to which the different regions within the defined area do in fact trade with all areas in the system. From inland freight data for 1982 and 1983, and oversea trade figures for 1978, some aspects of the actual behaviour of regional trade flows are explored in this paper. At the standard region level, the “peripheral” regions are relatively self-sufficient and also engage in oversea trade to a comparatively large extent. However, whereas the “peripheral” regions draw a large proportion of their imports from deep-sea locations, their exports are biassed toward the near Continent. From the evidence it can be seen that the economic potential model is substantially inadequate, in that the firms in the regions do in fact adapt in some measure to regional circumstances.
Research Policy and Review 4. Services in a Postindustrial Economy
Authors: Marshall J N
Published: October 2006

Service activities are major employers in developed countries, and it is widely believed that they will remain the main source of job creation. In this paper the processes of technological, employment, and locational change in tertiary activities in the United Kingdom are described. Although the UK economy is in employment terms a service economy, contrary to some predictions, this has coincided with material need and high unemployment. Employment growth in the tertiary sector is constrained by the poor performance of manufacturing and by ‘self-servicing’ within the household economy. However, contrary to some speculation, it seems unlikely that the introduction of computer-based technology will have a major impact on service employment during the 1980s. Nevertheless, concern is expressed about the quality of employment provided in some services, and spatial disparities in the location of tertiary employment.
The Geography of ‘Successful’ Small Firms in the United Kingdom
Authors: Mason C M
Published: October 2006

One significant contributory factor to regional economic disparities in the United Kingdom is the much higher rate of new firm formation in the South East and adjacent counties compared with the peripheral regions. However, recent evidence tentatively suggests that contrasts between regions in the emergence of rapid-growth small firms might be a still more significant source of uneven regional development. In the absence of a suitable data source, recourse is made to listings of small firms that have been judged either on technological or on financial criteria as being ‘successful’ and, by implication, growing rapidly; this evidence confirms that such firms are disproportionately concentrated in the South East and parts of East Anglia and the South West and scarce in peripheral regions. This geographical pattern is interpreted as being largely an outcome of the underlying occupational structure of the United Kingdom which results in southern England having the greatest supply of new firm founders with the necessary abilities, skills, and motivation to establish businesses with the capability of achieving rapid growth. The economic milieu of southern England reinforces its structural advantage. Recent economic developments in Scotland support the view that policymakers can, over the longer term, achieve changes in regional industrial and occupational structures and economic milieu which make an area more conducive for the emergence of rapid-growth small firms. However, current UK regional policy makes no attempt to achieve such changes; it therefore seems likely that the geographical distribution of successful small firms will continue to be highly concentrated in southern England to the detriment of peripheral regions.
Shortcut ‘Input-Output’ Multipliers, Alive and Well: Response to Jensen and Hewings
Authors: Burford R L , Katz J L
Published: October 2006

Jensen and Hewings have devoted most of their comments to our work as presented in a number of papers dated between 1977 and 1982. It might be noted that the tone and content of their current paper is quite different from that adopted in an earlier paper by Jensen. In the present paper we attempt to respond to their major criticisms and reservations one by one and to clarify a number of points where there appears to be some confusion about our purposes and our approach.
Physical and Social Conditions Affecting Recreation Site Preferences
Authors: Lieber S R , Fesenmaier D R
Published: October 2006

Recreation managers have focused much of their efforts on the analysis of relationships between perceived user satisfaction, participation levels, and the manipulation of supply features whereas other managers have been concerned with unwanted social interactions that take place at recreation facilities. This study focuses upon an analysis both of the environmental preferences of recreators and of the social conditions present at facilities which affect visitor satisfaction and use. Preferences for five attributes of trail areas within Chicago forest preserves were examined so that a predictive model for visitor satisfaction could be derived and used to evaluate alternative management strategies for trail design. The number of changes in views contributed more to visitor satisfaction than the type of trail surface, trail length, and the type of terrain on the trail. Proximity to residence was more important than the combination of all other physical characteristics. In addition, a positive correlation was found between the level of social interaction that one might experience and one's preference for a trail area. Neither one's choice of activity nor the characteristics of the person or persons encountered with regard to age, race, or behavior along the trail areas significantly affected concerns for social interactions or use of trail areas. However, differences did exist among the recreators with regard to the perceived effectiveness of alternative management strategies designed to mitigate social interactions. Last, the joint effects of recreators' preferences for environmental attributes and the effect of environmental management policies aimed at controlling social interaction were examined and shown to have interlocking and, sometimes, offsetting effects.
Multiday Samples, Parameter Estimation Precision, and Data Collection Costs for Least Squares Regression Trip-Generation Models
Authors: Pas E I
Published: October 2006

In this paper it is shown that substantial benefits may be achieved by employing a multiday sample in least squares estimation of linear regression models of travel behaviour. Specifically, by using a multiday sample one can reduce data collection costs while maintaining a given level of precision in the parameter estimates, or one can obtain improved precision in the parameter estimates for a given data collection cost. Furthermore there is an optimal length of observation period that either minimizes the cost of data collection (for a given level of precision in the parameter estimates) or maximizes the precision of the parameter estimates (for a given data collection cost). The characteristics of the optimal multiday sample depend on the cost structure of data collection and the degree of intrapersonal variability in the aspect of travel behavior being modeled. The results also clearly show the superiority of two-day samples relative to traditional single-day samples, under a wide variety of circumstances. Empirical analysis, using data collected in Reading, England, is used to verify the analytic relationships and to assess the benefits of multiday samples in a particular context.
Measuring Connectedness of Input — Output Models: 2. Total Flow Concept
Authors: Szyrmer J M
Published: October 2006

Several aspects of the notion of model connectedness are examined. Connectedness is defined as the property of the system elements (economic industries or ecological components) of being interdependent and is measured by the volume of total intermediate flow. The concept of total flow is reviewed and applied as a basis for calculation of a number of indexes, such as the average total flow coefficient and the average internal multiplier, both of which are sensitive to (1) number, (2) diversity, and (3) volume of input — output linkages and express approprialely the overall connectedness.
Research Policy and Review 8. Party Political Approaches to Rural Conservation in Britain
Authors: Brotherton D I
Published: October 2006

The three main political groupings in Britain (the Conservative Party, the Labour Party, and the Liberal/Social Democratic Party Alliance), the two nationalist parties (Plaid Cymru and the Scottish National Party), and the Ecology Party are now unanimous in accepting conservation as a legitimate policy goal. But they are far from unanimous when it comes to proposing the means by which conservation goals should be achieved. These party divisions are particularly marked in relation to the most critical rural conservation issue of the day, that is, the extent to which agriculture and forestry should be controlled to benefit conservation interests.

This paper is a review of the relevant policies of the six main political parties. It identifies in particular those that advocate an extension of planning controls and whether to farming but not forestry, to forestry but not farming, or to both these activities. This produces interesting contrasts from which, by their willingness to implement controls that favour conservation, it is tempting to judge the parties' conservation credentials. But, although all six parties view conservation as a desirable goal, it is, for all but one, subordinate to more important aims and ideals. As such, it may not be surprising that conservation policies appear to reflect party ideology and interest rather than conservation commitment.
Integration of Supply and Demand Models in Transportation and Location: Problem Formulations and Research Questions
Authors: Boyce D E
Published: October 2006

The formulation of integrated supply and demand models of transportation and location problems as bilevel programming problems is considered. The status of solution algorithms is summarized and the prospects for future research are examined.
Regional Investment Functions of Material Infrastructure: Theoretical Issues and Selected Empirical Case Studies
Authors: Buhr W , Köppel M
Published: October 2006

In this paper a survey is given of the theoretical contributions essential for the derivation of regional investment functions of material infrastructure. A basic distinction is made between models of investment volume (level models) and investment-programming models (structure models). Investment functions may also be obtained from structure models by parametric programming that may be subsumed under those types of functions stemming from level models. In addition, empirical research on investment functions in selected fields of regional water-quality management, electricity supply, and provision of telephone services is summarized with respect to the main theoretical approaches—the accelerator models and the neoclassical cost model. To a substantial extent this research uses unpublished data for regression analysis.
An Integrated Land-Use-Transportation Model for the San Francisco Region: 2. Empirical Estimation and Results
Authors: Prastacos P
Published: October 2006

In this paper the empirical estimation of the POLIS model in the San Francisco Region is discussed. Data from 1975 and 1980 were used for the calibration. A three-step calibration algorithm was developed to estimate the travel parameters and the exponent of the agglomeration functions. A simulation of the calibrated model for the period 1975–1980 produced an employment and housing units allocation similar to the one observed.
The Location of Employment Growth after 1978: The Surprising Significance of Dispersed Centres
Authors: Townsend A R
Published: October 2006

Despite the overwhelming importance of job loss in labour markets in Great Britain since 1979, and the growth of unemployment everywhere, it has come to light that a proportion of areas enjoyed net job gains when recession was at its worst. Contrary to common assertion, these areas lay not entirely in the Home Counties or eastern Scotland, but included examples in most regions (for example, Exeter, York). A common denominator of many of these changes lies in relative shifts towards grade 3A service centres in the production of services. This pattern also prompts the need for thorough stocktaking over the location of elements of job growth, and the methodological implications of new sectoral patterns of growth, which continue to be represented sharply in official estimates at regional level to 1985.
Designing Secondary School Catchment Areas Using Goal Programming
Authors: Sutcliffe C M S , Board J L G
Published: October 2006

Falling school rolls have necessitated the widespread revision öf school catchment areas. It is argued that an appropriate technique for solving this problem is weighted goal programming. A study of Reading has shown that this technique is feasible and can produce results that dominate those produced by the ad hoc methods of the local education authority. Since goal programming is a very flexible technique, various ways of developing this approach to designing catchment areas are considered. Among these developments are the inclusion of additional goals (such as safety, parental choice, and compactness), goal interaction, allowance for the effects of parental choice, multiperiod models incorporating school closures, and the allocation of entire primary schools. The effects of the redefinition of the decision variable to require the joint allocation of the boys and girls at the same primary school are investigated using data for Reading.
The Export Dynamics of Firms in Traditional Industries during Recession
Authors: Hayter R
Published: October 2006

In this paper the export dynamics of firms in a traditional industrial setting during recession is examined in a manner which explicitly interprets exporting as part of an ongoing internationalization process. The analysis is based on a survey of sixty-five firms in the Sheffield region of South Yorkshire. Although the export performance of these firms varied considerably between 1979 and 1981, net exports declined sharply and the European Economic Community, in particular, remains a difficult market for Sheffield firms to penetrate. Finally, restructuring plans must necessarily address the question of foreign competition.
Privatisation of Housing and the Impact of the Conservative Government's Initiatives on Low-Cost Homeownership and Private Renting between 1979 and 1984 in England and Wales: 2. Implementation of Low-Cost Homeownership Policy
Authors: Crook A D H
Published: October 2006

This is the second in a series of four papers describing and evaluating the British Government's policies of privatising housing. This paper is concerned with the number of houses sold under the ‘right to buy’ and of the other houses sold under each of the low-cost initiatives. It is concluded that, with the exception of right to buy, sales have been few in number and that sales have occurred to the greatest extent in the more prosperous parts of England and Wales.
A Single-Region Carrier Model for the Simulation of Hodgkin's Disease Applied to its Incidence in Greater Manchester, 1962–1976
Authors: Thomas R W
Published: October 2006

Epidemiologists have found a good deal of anecdotal and statistical evidence to suggest that Hodgkin's disease may be an infectious entity. In this paper a deterministic carrier model is developed in the light of these findings and, in particular, the equilibrium behaviour of the model is explored under various assumptions about the incidence of the disease in Greater Manchester, 1962 – 1976. The object of this analysis is to identify those equilibrium populations which seem most capable of supporting the monthly incidence of Hodgkin's disease in the region.
Work Decentralisation from Large to Small Firms: A Preliminary Analysis of Subcontracting
Authors: Imrie R F
Published: October 2006

This paper is a preliminary review of small firm subcontracting. It is argued that increasingly subcontracting and other forms of small firm activities are becoming a central part of the operations of large firms. As a result, small firms have to be viewed as central elements in the economy. In this paper three issues are reviewed as a prerequisite to empirical research. First, an outline is presented of theoretical proposals on interfirm linkages. Second, the nature of subcontracting is outlined. The paper concludes with a categorisation of different ways in which subcontracting relations are formed.
Defining the Local Labour Market: An Application of Log-Linear Modelling to the Analysis of Labour Catchment Areas
Authors: Dawson J A , Findlay A M , Sparks L
Published: October 2006

This study is an attempt to identify key factors which interact with journey-to-work characteristics to determine the delimitation of local labour markets. A case study of superstores is used. The results are useful in formulating expectations for the extent of different labour markets for superstores. This type of information may be of value in assessing the spatial employment impact of a new superstore and thus has important implications for planning decisionmaking.
The Central Business District of Melbourne and the Dispersal and Reconcentration of Capital
Authors: Moser S T , Low N P
Published: October 2006

This paper is a discussion of the complex spatial dynamic at work in the second largest state capital in Australia. What is happening to the central business district, it is argued, has to be seen in the context of the interaction between the state government and private capital. The evolving sociospatial structure of Melbourne will continue to be conditioned by the changing balance between the opportunities for capital which arise in the course of suburbanisation and the need for the state government and large-scale property interests to maintain a higher rate of investment in the central area.
Linkages in High Technology Industries: A Florida Case Study
Authors: Hagey M J , Malecki E J
Published: October 2006

In this study, survey and interview data from four high technology industrial sectors in northern Florida are used to examine the effect of several establishment and organizational characteristics on the strength of intrastate linkages both of sophisticated and of routine inputs. The empirical findings show that local linkages of Florida's high technology industries are generally weak, and are most local mainly among small, locally owned, research and development-intensive establishments.
Changes in Transport Organisations within Southeast Asian Cities: Petty Producers to Statutory Corporations
Authors: Rimmer P J
Published: October 2006

A spate of studies of West European and North American cities have charted and interpreted the remarkable and rapid transformation of public transport since the early 19th century. The question arises as to whether the attempts to superimpose metropolitan culture via public transport structures in African, Asian, and Central and South American cities were as spectacular and speedy. Attention, in tackling this question, focuses upon the transfer of public transport technological — organisational structures to Southeast Asia since the 1860s. Rather than accept the transitional process of competition through oligopoly to state-monopoly as given, a test is made of whether the basic prerequisites of these phases can be sustained in a Southeast Asian context, from an analysis of core technologies and the structure, conduct, and performance of individual firms. Past corporate growth paths of urban public transport in Southeast Asia can then be mapped out and future directions suggested.
Research Policy and Review 13. Environment-Behaviour-Design Research Techniques: An Appraisal and Review of the Literature with Special Reference to Environmental and Planning-Related Information Needs in the Third World
Authors: Chokor B A
Published: October 2006

Environment-behaviour-design research has contributed to the contextual understanding of man – environment interaction and promoted a more people-centred approach to environmental planning and design. Much of research, however, has concentrated on European and North American environments, and research techniques developed to date have not been fully assessed in the context of the Third World to stimulate an appropriate research focus and help provide much needed information on planning and designing Third World environments. In the present review, basic techniques in environmental research are explored to assess the various ways in which they may be best applied to provide a context for the growth of studies in the Third World. It is demonstrated that needed man – environment – behaviour – design information may be best derived by focusing on mundane analysis of environmental attitudes, values, and preferences of ordinary people, using a range of social survey and verbal interviews centred on surrogate stimuli environments.
The Geography of US Union Elections 1: The Crisis of US Unions and a Critical Review of the Literature
Authors: Clark G L , Johnston K
Published: October 2006

Conventional literature on union growth and decline has failed to deal adequately with the local context of union elections, and has tended to rationalize the complexity of decentralized labor relations. This paper begins with a statement on the relevance of the topic for location theory, and the theory of regional growth and decline. Recent patterns in US unionization are considered before a review of early literature on unionization in relation to local labor markets structure. The institutional context of unionization is noted, with concentration on the role of the National Labor Relations Board, and state-level right-to-work legislation. The process of union representation elections is described with reference to the related literature. Suggestions are made for an empirical strategy which would deal more adequately with the local representation process.
Research Policy and Review 15. From Little Englanders into Big Englanders: Thoughts on the Relevance of Relevant Research
Authors: Gilbert A
Published: October 2006

In the geographical and planning literature there is a rather limited view of what is relevant. On the whole, the study of our own country is deemed to be highly relevant, that of other developed countries is sometimes relevant, whereas the study of poorer societies is seen generally to be irrelevant. Recent shifts towards a world-economy perspective have helped to reorientate our sights beyond the Straits of Dover, but have tended to concentrate on the more obviously relevant countries such as the United States of America, the European Economic Community, and Japan. Meanwhile, the amount of work on other, poorer, parts of the world seems to be decreasing. This is unfortunate partly because there are important issues concerned with development and poverty which need to be studied and about which we can perhaps contribute solutions. But, still more vital is the perspective that historical and international comparisons provide; perspective that is often lacking in work that is currently relevant. Sometimes the experiences of very different societies offer warnings about how to tackle a current problem at home. We need more, theoretically informed, work on the great overseas. Such work is vital for both the intellectual and the material well-being of this country.
Recent Advances in Spatial Interaction Modelling: An Application to the Forecasting of Shopping Travel
Authors: Guy C M
Published: October 2006

A common problem in the use of singly-constrained spatial interaction shopping models has been that of finding optimal parameter values. This problem has been exacerbated where improvements to the model have involved extra parameters to be estimated. In this paper it is shown that calibration of quite complex models can be achieved through modification of the conventional ‘gravity’ model to a generalised linear model with Poisson error structure and logarithmic link function. Data on observed trips between fifteen residential zones and eighty-three shopping destinations in Cardiff are used to test several models through application of the GLIM computing package. Models involving extra explanatory variables, origin-specific distance-decay parameters, and competing-destinations terms are all shown to offer worthwhile improvements in performance over the conventional singly-constrained model. An individual-specific model is also tested for a small sample of shoppers. Finally, some comments are made concerning the relevance of the Cardiff findings and the wider significance of these methodological advances.
Manufacturing-Plant Closures: A Dynamic Survival Model
Authors: O'Farrell P N , Crouchley R
Published: October 2006

In this paper the phenomenon of industrial closures among new plants which commenced production in Ireland between 1973 and 1981 is analysed. A major aim of the research is to develop a dynamic survival model of industrial plant closure which permits the introduction of time-constant and time-varying covariates. Results indicate that there is no duration-of-stay effect; that new British-owned branches are highly vulnerable; that grant aid reduces the chances of early closure; and that new clothing and footwear plants are more likely to close than are plants in other sectors.
Households Moving within the Rental Sector: Mental Schemata and Search Spaces
Authors: Aitken S C
Published: October 2006

This paper is a report on a simultaneous study of renter movers' mental schemata, their overt search behaviour, and the structure of a housing submarket. Past research suggests that the pattern of intraurban migration can be rationalised using a model based upon an individual's mental image of the city. The mental image both facilitates search, and acts as a behavioural constraint upon the resident when he or she is searching for new accommodation. However, cognitive mapping per se has been less than exemplary in exposing the elusive bond between urban images and housing search behaviour. It is suggested that mental schemata are more appropriate than mental maps in delineating behaviour, as they represent cognitive structures and coding systems which enable the individual to respond to the shifting patterns of environmental stimuli. Personal construct theory is used to investigate the mental schemata of relocating renter households in London, Ontario. A strong correspondence between the respondents' mental construction of their environment and their overt behaviour (that is, where and how they searched) is reported. Several observations are made concerning the characteristics of renters, housing search, and the suburban–downtown split in the rental housing market of London.