bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Results of a feasibility study for a psycho‐educational intervention in head and neck cancer
Authors: Allison P.J. , Edgar L. , Nicolau B. , Archer J. , Black M. , Hier M.
Published: June 2004

Background: With survival rates for people with head and neck (H&N) cancers static during the past 30 years and the enormous burden of psychosocial impacts they suffer well documented, the testing of psychosocial interventions in this group is a priority.

Objective: To test the feasibility of providing a psycho‐educational intervention for people with H&N cancer.

Methodology: A prospective non‐randomised design was used. Subjects were patients with H&N cancer. They were offered the Nucare coping strategies program in one of three formats: small group and one‐to‐one formats with therapists; and a home format, with material for home use, without a therapist. Outcomes measures (quality of life (QOL) and anxiety and depression) were collected at baseline and following the intervention. Analyses were performed using non‐parametric stastistics.

Results: Of 128 people invited to participate, 66 agreed, 59 completed the intervention and 50 had outcomes data. Following the intervention, there were significant improvements in physical and social functioning and global QOL, and reduced fatigue, sleep disturbance and depressive symptoms.

Conclusions: These data suggest that the intervention is desired by the target group, feasible to deliver after cancer therapy and may have some beneficial effects, although an appropriately designed study is required to confirm this. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identifying and predicting behaviour outcomes in cancer patients undergoing curative treatment
Authors: Thomas Bejoy Cherian , Pandey Manoj , Ramdas Kunnambath , Thomas Immanuel , Changat Manoj , NandaMohan Vasudevanpillai , Nair Madhavan Krishnan
Published: June 2004

A lot of emphasis is now being placed in early identification of ‘distress’, a state that lies between the feelings of sadness and apprehension, and clinically defined syndromes. It is assumed that an intervention at this stage will check the progression along the continuum in cancer patients. We have been working in global distress in cancer patients undergoing multimodality treatment with curative intent, for over 5 years. It all started with the generation of a hypothesis which led to the development of the ‘Distress Inventory for Cancer’, its refinement, and finally to modelling distress. This article gives a brief overview of our work on distress as conceptualised by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network in 1998, adopted and modified by us using informal patient interviews, expert Delphi exercise and structured patient interviews. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Induction of PSA‐specific CTLs and anti‐tumor immunity by a genetic prostate cancer vaccine
Authors: Roos Anna‐Karin , Pavlenko Maxim , Charo Jehad , Egevad Lars , Pisa Pavel
Published: June 2004

BACKGROUND

Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in Swedish and American men. Effective curative treatment modalities are debilitating and available only for localized disease. As an immunotherapy approach, DNA encoding prostate‐specific antigen (PSA), was used to immunize mice and induce PSA‐specific cellular immunity.

METHODS

A plasmid expressing PSA, alone or in combination with plasmids coding for GM‐CSF and/or IL‐2, was used for DNA immunization. Cr‐release, intracellular IFN‐γ cytokine staining, and tumor challenge assays were used to evaluate the immune response.

RESULTS

The DNA vaccine induces PSA‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and when co‐injected with IL‐2 and GM‐CSF it protects four of five mice against a PSA‐expressing tumor challenge.

CONCLUSIONS

We demonstrate that immunization with a PSA DNA vaccine can evoke PSA‐specific cellular immune responses. We also show, for the first time, that a PSA DNA vaccine can induce anti‐tumor immunity in vivo. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stable expression of C/EBPα in prostate cancer cells down‐regulates metallothionein and increases zinc‐induced toxicity
Authors: Yin Hong , Smith Mylinh , Glass Jonathan
Published: June 2004

BACKGROUND

The transcription factor C/EBPα regulates terminal differentiation of various cell types. C/EBPα is expressed in prostate epithelium but its role in prostate development and malignant transformation is unknown. In examining the effect of forced expression of C/EBPα on the global gene expression profile in prostate cancer cells, we found that C/EBPα significantly decreased the RNA level of metallothioneins (MTs).

METHODS

The prostate cancer cell lines DU145, LNCaP, and PC3 with stable overexpression of C/EBPα were established with a retroviral expression system. MT expression was assayed by Western blot analysis and with the MT promoter in a plasmid using luciferase as a reporter.

RESULTS

Under basal conditions and in response to zinc, forced overexpression of C/EBPα decreased expression of MT isoforms 1A, B, F, and H, IIA and III. Following zinc exposure C/EBPα inhibited MT promoter activity by 1.5–2.5‐fold. Overexpression of C/EBPα led to increased cytotoxicity of zinc at concentration of 150 μM in DU145 and LNCaP cells.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data demonstrated that expression of MTs in prostate cancer cells is inhibited by C/EBPα and the effect may have functional significance in regulating the growth of prostate cancer cells and the response of these cells to environment stresses. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Plant peptide hormone phytosulfokine (PSK‐α): synthesis of new analogues and their biological evaluation
Authors: Bahyrycz Agata , Matsubayashi Yoshikatsu , Ogawa Mari , Sakagami Youji , Konopińska Danuta
Published: June 2004

Phytosulfokine‐α (PSK‐α), a sulfated growth factor (H‐Tyr(SO3H)‐Ile‐Tyr(SO3H)‐Thr‐Gln‐OH) universally found in both monocotyledons and dicotyledons, strongly promotes proliferation of plant cells in culture. In our studies on structure/activity relationship in PSK‐α the synthesis of a series of analogues was performed: [H‐D‐Tyr(SO3H)1]‐ (9), [H‐Phe(4‐SO3H)1]‐ (10), [H‐D‐Phe(4‐SO3H)1]‐ (11), [H‐Phg(4‐SO3H)1]‐ (12), [H‐D‐Phg(4‐SO3H)1]‐ (13), H‐Phe(4‐NHSO2CH3)1]‐ (14), [H‐D‐Phe(4‐NHSO2CH3)1]‐ (15), [H‐Phe(4‐NO2)1]‐ (16), [H‐D‐Phe(4‐NO2)1]‐ (17), [H‐Phg(4‐NO2)1]‐ (18), [H‐D‐Phg(4‐NO2)1]‐ (19), [H‐Hph(4‐NO2)1]‐ (20), [H‐Phg(4‐OSO3H)1]‐ (21), [Phe(4‐NO2)3]‐ (22), [Phg(4‐NO2)3]‐ (23), [Hph(4‐NO2)3]‐ (24), [H‐Phe(4‐SO3H)1, Phe(4‐SO3H)3]‐ (25) [H‐Phe(4‐NO2)1, Phe(4‐NO2)3]‐ (26), [H‐Phg(4‐NO2)1, Phg(4‐NO2)3]‐ (27), [H‐Hph(4‐NO2)1, Hph(4‐NO2)3]‐ (28) and [Val3]‐ PSK‐α (29). For modification of the PSK‐α peptide chain the novel amino acids and their derivatives were synthesized, such as: H‐L‐Phg(4‐SO3H)‐OH (1), H‐D‐Phg(4‐SO3H)‐OH (2), Fmoc‐Phg(4‐SO3H)‐OH (3), Fmoc‐D‐Phg(4‐SO3H)‐OH (4), Boc‐Phg(4‐NHSO2CH3)‐OH (5), Boc‐D‐Phg(4‐NHSO2CH3)‐OH (6) Boc‐Phe(4‐NHSO2CH3)‐OH (7), and Boc‐D‐Phe(4‐NHSO2CH3)‐OH (8). Peptides were synthesized by a solid phase method according to the Fmoc procedure on a Wang‐resin. Free peptides were released from the resin by 95% TFA in the presence of EDT. All peptides were tested by competitive binding assay to the carrot membrane using 3H‐labelled PSK according to the Matsubayashi et al. test. Copyright © 2004 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure–activity relationship of an antibacterial peptide, maculatin 1.1, from the skin glands of the tree frog, Litoria genimaculata
Authors: Niidome Takuro , Kobayashi Kazuhisa , Arakawa Hiromi , Hatakeyama Tomomitsu , Aoyagi Haruhiko
Published: June 2004

Maculatin 1.1 (Mac) is a cationic antibacterial peptide isolated from the dorsal glands of the tree frog, Litoria genimaculata, and has a sequence of GLFGVLAKVAAHVVPAIAEHF‐NH2. A short peptide lacking the N‐terminal two residues of Mac was reported to have no activity. To investigate the structure–activity relationship in detail, several analogs and related short peptides of Mac were synthesized. CD measurement showed that all the peptides took more or less an α‐helical structure in the presence of anionic lipid vesicles. Analogs which are more basic than Mac had strong antibacterial and hemolytic activities, while short peptides lacking one or two terminal residues exhibited weak or no activity. Outer and inner membrane permeabilization activities of the peptides were also reduced with shortening of the peptide chain. These results indicate that the entire chain length of Mac is necessary for full activity, and the basicity of the peptides greatly affects the activity. Copyright © 2004 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advances in in situ evaluation of timber structures
Authors: Kasal Bo , Anthony Ronald W
Published: June 2004

This paper discusses recent advances in nondestructive and semi‐destructive techniques that are used to evaluate the condition and mechanical properties of wood members in structures with emphasis on historic buildings. Traditional methods for assessing the condition of timber are generally nondestructive, but may require probing or removal of small samples for species identification. Nondestructive techniques are useful for rapid screening of timber for potential problem areas or implying internal conditions, but typically are not particularly reliable for identifying material properties. Semi‐destructive techniques require extraction of a small specimen for subsequent testing to determine elastic and strength parameters while preserving the integrity of the structural member. Both nondestructive and semi‐destructive techniques are powerful aids to building conservation decisions.
Investigation of the 1,4‐butanediol dehydrogenation over SiO2 using AM1 method
Authors: Fleisher M. , Stonkus V. , Leite L. , Lukevics E.
Published: June 2004

Using a semiempirical Austin model 1 method, the dehydrogenation of 1,4‐butanediol over SiO2 was studied. The model consisting of the four‐membered cyclic cluster of SiO4 fragments, the surface basic centers of silica (SiO−), and proton as an acidic site were used in calculation. According to our mechanism, the reaction is thought to proceed as follows: a proton from the Brønsted site attack Hα of 1,4‐butanediol and then diol loses a hydrogen molecule to form the carbocation, which transfers the proton from OH group to the basic site of the catalyst and converts simultaneously into 4‐hydroxybutanal. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Cognitive Foundations of Ethical Development
Authors: Guthrie Victoria L.
Published: June 2004

Current research on moral development, reflective judgment, and character development provides new understanding of the ways in which respect for cultural and gender differences develops.
Nomograms of sonographic measurements throughout gestation of the fetal hard palate width, length and area
Authors: Sherer D. M. , Sokolovski M. , Santoso P. G. , Dalloul M. , Abulafia O.
Published: June 2004

Objective

To assess the feasibility of sonographic depiction of the fetal hard palate and secondarily to create nomograms throughout gestation of its sonographic width, length and area.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional study of pregnant patients between 15 and 41 weeks' gestation. Inclusion criteria consisted of well‐established dates (confirmed by early ultrasound), and singleton, non‐anomalous fetuses. Sonographic measurements obtained included biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdominal circumference and femur length. Fetal hard palate measurements included maximum width, maximum length and the calculated area. Tables were prepared depicting the estimated mean ± SD and 5th, 50th and 95th centiles at each gestational week between 15 and 41 weeks. Pearson's correlation coefficient and associated P‐values for the relationships between fetal hard palate measurements and other sonographic measurements and coefficients of variation for each of the fetal hard palate measurements were calculated.

Results

The study included 602 consecutive patients. The mean maternal age was 28.7 ± 6.3 years, with median gravidity of 2 (range, 1–12) and parity 1 (range, 0–8). All attempts at obtaining fetal hard palate ultrasound measurements were successful. Mean fetal hard palate width (cm) = −0.73579345 + 0.11370432 × GA − 0.00083919 × GA2 and SD = −0.017842055 + 0.005142475 × GA, where GA is gestational age in weeks. Mean fetal hard palate length (cm) = −0.82020463 + 0.11767777 × GA − 0.00092801 × GA2 and SD = −0.043064317 + 0.006378869 × GA. Mean fetal hard palate area (cm2) = −2.40090641 + 0.17136556 × GA + 0.00097308 × GA2 and SD = −0.603647741 + 0.040740282 × GA. Sonographic measurements of the fetal hard palate width, length and area correlated significantly and strongly with gestational age (all P < 0.001) and significantly but less strongly with femur length (P = 0.004).

Conclusion

The fetal hard palate may be depicted sonographically with relative ease between 15 and 41 weeks' gestation and measurements of the fetal hard palate width, length and area correlate well with gestational age, biparietal diameter, abdominal circumference, sonographic estimated fetal weight, and femur length. Copyright © 2004 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐dimensional ultrasound diagnosis of Larsen syndrome with further characterization of neurological sequelae
Authors: Shih J. C. , Peng S. S. , Hsiao S. M. , Wang J. H. , Shyu M. K. , Lee C. N. , Hsieh F. J.
Published: June 2004

Larsen syndrome consists of skeletal dysplasia with multiple joint dislocations and a characteristic facies. The basis of this abnormality is a generalized mesenchymal disorder involving connective tissues. We describe our findings in a woman who was referred at 28 weeks' gestation due to multiple fetal anomalies suspected initially at an 18‐week ultrasound examination. On three‐dimensional (3D) ultrasound we found the fetus had bilateral genu recurvatum. Further 3D examination at 36 weeks confirmed the lower limb anomaly and revealed facial anomalies that led to the diagnosis of Larsen syndrome. An elective Cesarean section was performed at 38 weeks' gestation to minimize neurological sequelae. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed postnatally and showed pachygyria, colpocephaly and agenesis of the corpus callosum. In this case, 3D ultrasound facilitated the prenatal diagnosis of Larsen syndrome. A careful prenatal investigation for other associated anomalies such as those of the cardiovascular or neurological systems is warranted with this diagnosis. These associated lesions are likely to have a greater impact on prognosis than the classic symptoms of Larsen syndrome and a collaborative approach is necessary to optimize delivery and postnatal management of an affected fetus. Copyright © 2004 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Should we be examining the ovaries in pregnancy? Prevalence and natural history of adnexal pathology detected at first‐trimester sonography
Authors: Condous G. , Khalid A. , Okaro E. , Bourne T.
Published: June 2004

Objective

To assess the prevalence and natural history of ovarian pathology in pregnancy.

Methods

Three thousand consecutive pregnant women presenting before 14 weeks' gestation at the early pregnancy unit at St George's Hospital, London, underwent ultrasound examination during which both ovaries were visualized. Women found to have a simple ovarian cyst with a minimum diameter ≥25 mm or a complex ovarian cyst of any size were included in the study. They were followed up with ultrasound scans every 4–6 weeks until either resolution of the ovarian cyst occurred, intervention was required or the pregnancy was concluded. If the cyst persisted at 20 weeks' gestation, these women were rescanned 6 weeks after conclusion of the pregnancy. Women were managed expectantly throughout their pregnancy.

Results

One hundred and sixty one women with a total of 166 cysts were included for analysis. At presentation, 43.7% of the women were asymptomatic and 56.3% had pain and/or vaginal bleeding. The mean gestational age at presentation was 53 (range, 28–98) days, the mean maternal age was 30 (range, 17–42) years, and the mean ovarian cyst diameter was 48 (range, 12–115) mm. The first‐trimester pregnancy diagnoses were 106 intrauterine pregnancies, 40 miscarriages, five ectopic pregnancies, three pregnancies of unknown location and seven terminations of pregnancy. The sonographic features of the ovarian cysts included: 117 simple and anechoic, 21 hemorrhagic, 16 with mixed echogenicity, seven with a ground‐glass appearance, three solid/cystic with papillary projections and two with low‐level echoes. One hundred and nineteen (71.7%) of the cysts resolved spontaneously and were presumed to be physiological, 40 (24.1%) persisted and seven (4.2%) required intervention, four of these as an emergency because of pain. There was one case of borderline malignancy and no cases of malignancy. Five (3.0%) of the cysts underwent torsion. Only 0.13% (4/3000) of all women who initially presented to our unit required acute intervention during their pregnancy.

Conclusions

The majority of cysts detected in early pregnancy are physiological and resolve. Very few persist and intervention during the pregnancy is rarely indicated. The expectant management of ovarian cysts detected in the first trimester is safe and should be encouraged. Examining the ovaries in the first trimester is of limited value. Copyright © 2004 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal sonographic patterns in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: a multicenter study
Authors: Brun M. , Maugey‐Laulom B. , Eurin D. , Didier F. , Avni E. F.
Published: June 2004

Objective

To determine whether a specific prenatal sonographic pattern can be identified for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and if so whether it would be helpful in orienting complementary analysis, properly counseling parents and adapting pregnancy management.

Methods

A retrospective multicenter study was conducted in four prenatal diagnostic centers. The records of fetuses with a prenatal ultrasound examination revealing abnormal kidneys and with a final diagnosis of ADPKD were analyzed. Ultrasound analysis included: amount of amniotic fluid, bladder size, renal length, presence or absence of renal cysts and size of renal pelves, and was focused on parenchyma echogenicity and status of corticomedullary differentiation. Postnatal follow‐up was reviewed.

Results

Of the 27 patients included in the study, 25 had hyperechogenic renal cortex and 20 had hypoechogenic medulla resulting in increased corticomedullary differentiation (CMD). In six cases, the medulla was hyperechogenic leading to absent or decreased CMD. One patient had normal cortical echogenicity and CMD. Renal cysts were present during the prenatal period in four patients (at 22 weeks in one case and after 30 weeks in three cases). In 12 patients, the cysts appeared after birth (within the first 6 months of postnatal life in 10 cases and by the age of 1 year in two cases). Elevated blood pressure was observed in only two cases and moderate chronic renal failure in one case.

Conclusion

We have described the sonographic presentation in fetuses with ADPKD: moderately enlarged hyperechogenic kidneys with increased CMD. Although not specific to ADPKD, these findings should prompt familial screening. Other prenatal sonographic features (absent or decreased CMD and cortical cysts) are less frequent. Copyright © 2004 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perceived academic performance, self‐esteem and locus of control as indicators of need for assessment of adolescent suicide risk: implications for teachers
Authors: Martin Graham , Richardson Angela S. , Bergen Helen A. , Roeger Leigh , Allison Stephen
Published: June 2004

Introduction: There is currently a need for research into indicators that could be used by non‐clinical professionals working with young people, to inform the need for referral for further clinical assessment of those at risk of suicide.

Method: Participants of this repeated measures longitudinal study, were 2603, 2485, and 2246 school students aged 13, 14, and 15, respectively, from 27 South Australian Schools.

Results: Perceived academic performance, self‐esteem and locus of control are significantly associated with suicidality. Further, logistic regression of longitudinal results suggests that perceived academic performance, over and above self‐esteem and locus of control, in some instances, is a good long‐term predictor of suicidality.
Facilitated folding and subunit assembly in Escherichia coli and in vitro of nucleoside diphosphate kinase from extremely halophilic archaeon conferred by amino‐terminal extension containing hexa‐His‐tag
Authors: Ishibashi Matsujiro , Arakawa Tsutomu , Tokunaga Masao
Published: June 2004

We have previously reported that nucleoside diphosphate kinase (HsNDK) from extremely halophilic archaeon Halobacterium salinarum was expressed in Escherichia coli as a soluble, but inactive form and required high salt concentrations for in vitro folding and activation. Here, we found that fusion of extra sequence containing hexa‐His‐tag at amino‐terminus of HsNDK (His‐HsNDK) facilitated folding and activation of HsNDK in E. coli. This is a first observation of active folding of halophilic enzyme from extremely halophilic archaeon in E. coli. The in vitro refolding rate of His‐HsNDK after heat denaturation was greatly increased over the native HsNDK. Folded His‐HsNDK isolated from E. coli formed a hexamer in both 0.2 M and 3.8 M NaCl at 30 °C, while the native HsNDK purified from H. salinarum dissociated to dimer in 0.2 M NaCl. The observed hexameric structure in 0.2 M NaCl indicates that amino‐terminal extension also enhances dimer to hexamer assembly and stabilizes the structure in low salt. These results suggest that positive charges in fused amino‐terminal extension are effective in suppressing the negative charge repulsion of halophilic enzyme and thus, facilitate folding and assembly of HsNDK.
Calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase I inhibits neuronal nitric‐oxide synthase activity through serine 741 phosphorylation
Authors: Song Tao , Hatano Naoya , Horii Mariko , Tokumitsu Hiroshi , Yamaguchi Fuminori , Tokuda Masaaki , Watanabe Yasuo
Published: June 2004

We demonstrate here that neuronal nitric‐oxide synthase (nNOS) is phosphorylated and inhibited by a constitutively active form of Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM)‐dependent protein kinase I (CaM‐K I1‐293). Substitution of Ser741 to Ala in nNOS blocked the phosphorylation and the inhibitory effect. Mimicking phosphorylation at Ser741 by Ser to Asp mutation resulted in decreased binding of and activation by CaM, since the mutation was within the CaM‐binding domain. CaM‐K I1‐293 gave phosphorylation of nNOS at Ser741 in transfected cells, resulting in 60–70% inhibition of nNOS activity. Wild‐type CaM‐K I also did phosphorylate nNOS at Ser741 in transfected cells, but either CaM‐K II or CaM‐K IV did not. These results raise the possibility of a novel cross‐talk between nNOS and CaM‐K I through the phosphorylation of Ser741 on nNOS.
Miraculous catch of iron–sulfur protein sequences in the Sargasso Sea
Authors: Meyer Jacques
Published: June 2004

Recent shotgun sequencing of filtered Sargasso Sea water samples has yielded data in astounding amount and diversity. Iron–sulfur proteins, which are ancient, diverse and ubiquitous, have been implemented here to further probe the sequence diversity of the Sargasso Sea database (SSDB). Sequence searches and comparisons confirm that the SSDB by and large equals in diversity the combined currently available databases. The data thus suggest that microbial diversity has so far been underestimated by orders of magnitude.
Secretion of long Aβ‐related peptides processed at ε‐cleavage site is dependent on the α‐secretase pre‐cutting
Authors: Kametani Fuyuki
Published: June 2004

Aβ is the major component of amyloid in the brain in Alzheimer's disease and is derived from Alzheimer amyloid precursor protein (APP) by sequential proteolytic cleavage involving α‐, β‐ and γ‐secretase. Recently, γ‐secretase was shown to cleave near the cytoplasmic membrane boundary of APP (called the ε‐cleavage), as well as in the middle of the membrane domain (γ‐cleavage). However, the precise relationship between γ‐ and ε‐cleavage is still unknown. In this paper, I analyzed Aβ‐related peptides using immunoprecipitation and liquid chromatography ion trap mass spectrometer and found some long Aβ‐related peptides, starting at Aβ residues 16Lys–23Asp and ending at 43Thr–52Leu, in the culture media of COS‐1 cells and in human brain extract. These results indicated that longer Aβ‐related peptides cleaved at ε‐cleavage site were secreted under normal conditions and were dependent on the α‐secretase cleavage products.
Potential acoustic discrimination within boreal fish assemblages
Authors: Gauthier Stéphane , Horne John K.
Published: June 2004

Differences in the acoustic characteristics of forage fish species in the Gulf of Alaska and the Bering Sea were examined using Kirchhoff ray-mode (KRM) backscatter models. Our goal was to identify species-specific characteristics and metrics that facilitate the discrimination of species using acoustic techniques. Five fish species were analyzed: capelin (Mallotus villosus), Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), Atka mackerel (Pleurogrammus monopterygius), and eulachon (Thaleichthys pacificus). Backscatter amplitude differences exist among these species, especially between swimbladdered and non-swimbladdered fish. Echo intensities were variable within and among species. The effect of morphological variability was indexed using the ratio of the Reduced-scattering length (RSL) standard deviation over its mean. Morphological variability was low only at fish length to acoustic wavelength ratios less than eight. Target strength differences between pairs of carrier frequencies (ranging from 12 kHz to 200 kHz) differed among species, and were dependent on fish size and body orientation. Frequency differencing successfully discriminated between fish species but the choice of frequency to maximize target strength differences was not consistent among species pairs. Frequency-dependent, backscatter model predictions facilitate comparison of target strength differences prior to acoustic data collection.
Physical and Behavioral Health of Adults with Mental Retardation across Residential Settings
Authors: Freedman Ruth I. , Chassler Deborah
Published: June 2004

Objectives.

This article presents survey data about the health and behavioral characteristics of a randomly selected sample of 629 adults with mental retardation (MR) living in Massachusetts in 2000. The goals of this analysis were to: describe the health, behavioral, and functional characteristics of the sample; examine relationships between consumer health, behavior problems, and functioning; and analyze variations in health and behavior problems by type of residential setting (parent/relative home, community residence, or institutional setting).

Methods.

The authors analyzed data obtained from interviews with proxies (relatives, guardians, advocates, or program staff) on behalf of consumers and from state agency records. Chi-square analyses were conducted to examine the relationships between health, behavioral, and functional characteristics of consumers and differences in health and behaviors by type of residence.

Results.

More than 80% of consumers were reported to have either “excellent” or “good” health. Overall health status did not significantly vary by residential type, but was significantly related to the presence of additional disabilities and some functional limitations. Several health and behavioral measures varied significantly by residential type: recent physical, dental, and ob/gyn exams; medication usage; problem behaviors; and functional level.

Conclusions.

As large numbers of individuals with MR reach adulthood and old age, public health and medical professionals face the challenges of addressing the health and behavioral needs of this population, preventing secondary health conditions, and improving environmental conditions that may influence health and mental health.
PSYCHOSOCIAL INTERVENTIONS AND THE DEMORALIZATION OF HUMANITARIANISM
Authors: PUPAVAC VANESSA
Published: June 2004

This paper critically analyses from a political sociology standpoint the international conceptualization of war-affected populations as traumatized and in need of therapeutic interventions. It argues for the importance of looking beyond the epidemiological literature to understand trauma responses globally. The paper explores how the imperative for international psychosocial programmes lies in developments within donor countries and debates in their humanitarian sectors over the efficacy of traditional aid responses. The aim of the paper is threefold. First, it discusses the emotional norms of donor states, highlighting the psychologizing of social issues and the cultural expectations of individual vulnerability. Second it examines the demoralization of humanitarianism in the 1990s and how this facilitated the rise of international psychosocial work and the psychologizing of war. Third, it draws attention to the limitations of a mental health model in Croatia, a country which has been receptive to international psychosocial programmes. Finally it concludes that the prevalent trauma approaches may inhibit recovery and argues for the need to re-moralize resilience.
POST-CIVIL WAR ADAPTATION AND NEED IN MANAGUA, NICARAGUA
Authors: AHEARN JR FREDERICK L. , NOBLE JR JOHN H.
Published: June 2004

Within seven years after the end of the Nicaraguan civil war in 1990, forced migrants, whose lives had been most disrupted by the conflict, were self-settled in a squatter community in the capital city of Managua and lived in extreme poverty with minimal health, education, security and social service supports. Compared with voluntary migrant neighbours, whose lives had been less affected by the conflict, forced migrants exhibited equal clinically significant symptoms of physical and mental health and psychosocial maladaptation. These findings run counter to generally held theory and assumptions about the negative long-lasting effects of the trauma and stress of war, forced migration and resettlement. Explanations are offered to explain the discrepancies between theory and the study findings as well as the dominance of poverty and socioeconomic status. Implications are also drawn for increasing social support and other durable forms of assistance that emerge from the study as important to meeting the needs of equally poor and unhealthy forced and voluntary migrants in proliferating squatter communities throughout the Third World.
FACTORS THAT MITIGATE WAR-INDUCED ANXIETY AND MENTAL DISTRESS
Authors: ALMEDOM ASTIER M.
Published: June 2004

The effects of war-induced anxiety and mental distress on individuals and groups can either be mitigated or exacerbated by ‘humanitarian action’. This paper focuses on two key factors that protect the mental well-being of war-affected populations: organized displacement or assisted relocation; and coordinated humanitarian aid operations that are responsive to local needs. Qualitative data from two internally displaced person (IDP) camps in Eritrea are presented. Analysis of these data serves to substantiate and refine a working hypothesis: that social support of the right type, provided at the right time and level, can mitigate the worst effects of war and displacement on victims/survivors. An integrated model of psychosocial transition is suggested. The implications of this approach for humanitarian policy and practice are discussed in the wider context of current debates and lamentations of the ‘humanitarian idea’.
THE SOCIAL DIAGNOSTICS OF STROKE-LIKE SYMPTOMS: HEALERS, DOCTORS AND PROPHETS IN AGINCOURT, LIMPOPO PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA
Authors:   THE SASPI TEAM, LEWANDO HUNDT GILLIAN , STUTTAFORD MARIA , NGOMA BULELWA
Published: June 2004

This paper focuses on the clinical and social diagnostics of stroke-like symptoms in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The research questions addressed here are: what are the lay understandings of strokelike symptoms and what are the health-seeking behaviours of Tsongan Mozambican refugees and South Africans in this area? The study site is ten villages in the Agincourt sub-district of Limpopo Province which are within the health surveillance area of the Agincourt Health and Population Unit (AHPU) of the University of Witwatersrand. The population are Tsongan who speak Shangaan and comprise self-settled Mozambican refugees who fled to this area during the 1980s across the nearby border and displaced South African citizens. The latter were forcibly displaced from their villages to make way for game reserves or agricultural development and moved to this area when it was the former ‘homeland’ of Gazankulu. The team collected data using rapid ethnographic assessment and household interviews as part of the Southern Africa Stroke Prevention Initiative (SASPI). The main findings are that stroke-like symptoms are considered to be both a physical and social condition, and in consequence plural healing using clinical and social diagnostics is sought to address both these dimensions. People with stroke-like symptoms maintain their physical, mental and social well-being and deal with this affliction and misfortune by visiting doctors, healers, prophets and churches.
PROMOTING COLLECTIVE RECOVERY THROUGH ORGANIZATIONAL MOBILIZATION: THE POST-9/11 DISASTER RELIEF WORK OF NYC RECOVERS
Authors: THOMPSON FULLILOVE MINDY , HERNANDEZ-CORDERO LOURDES , STEVENS MADOFF JENNIFER , FULLILOVE III ROBERT E.
Published: June 2004

NYC RECOVERS, an alliance of organizations concerned with New York City’s social and emotional recovery post-9/11, was formed to meet the need to rebuild social bonds strained or ruptured by the trauma to the regional system caused by the destruction of the Twin Towers. NYC RECOVERS, with minimal funding, was able to create a network of 1000 organizations spanning the five boroughs, carrying out recovery events throughout the ‘Year of Recovery’, September 2001 to December 2002. This paper describes the concepts, techniques and accomplishments of NYC RECOVERS, and discusses potentials of the model, as well as obstacles to its implementation.
MENTAL WELL-BEING IN SETTINGS OF ‘COMPLEX EMERGENCY’: AN OVERVIEW
Authors: ALMEDOM ASTIER M. , SUMMERFIELD DEREK
Published: June 2004

The mental state of people affected by war and other disasters has been a subject of special interest to academic researchers and practitioners in humanitarian assistance and public health for over two decades. The last decade in particular has seen a rise in the number of papers published in scholarly journals around the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) debate. Anthropologists have rarely engaged in this debate. Nevertheless, some of the most illuminating contributions have come from socio-medical anthropology (Last, 2000).
TRIPs and trademarks: the case of tobacco
Authors: McGRADY BENN
Published: June 2004

Proposed tobacco control measures such as mandating plain packaging of products and prohibiting the use of terms such as ‘light’ and ‘mild’ when associated with tobacco products raise the issue of to what degree WTO Members have regulatory freedom in relation to trademarks under the TRIPs Agreement. This paper uses these measures as a case study to examine rules relating to registration and use of trademarks. More particularly, the scope of Article 20 is addressed, as is the issue of whether TRIPs creates a positive right to use a trademark. This paper argues that no right of use is provided for by TRIPs and that Article 20, whilst not prohibiting the measures in question, is not based upon sound principle and is difficult to interpret. Finally, this paper argues that rules relating to use of trademarks require re-negotiation and that a minimum standard of protection for use of trademarks is not justified except where such a standard relates to principles of national treatment or most-favored-nation principles.
EC–Asbestos European Communities – Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products
Authors: HORN HENRIK , WEILER JOSEPH H. H.
Published: June 2004

Some cases attain ‘landmark’ status because they constitute a jurisprudential paradigm shift. Others attain such status because in them a decisor, usually a supreme jurisdiction, renders a definitive, ‘canonical’, ruling. Sometimes it is both reasons. Sometimes, rarely, it is neither. EC–Asbestos is such a rare case. It may well qualify as a landmark. It has, justifiably, attracted huge attention and, understandably, considerable controversy. Its reasoning, however, is so decidedly non-definitive that it is not, consequently, possible to say whether it represents a veritable paradigm shift or is just a badly reasoned case by the Appellate Body (AB), albeit with a non-controversial result.
Late Cenozoic stress distribution along the Misis Range in the Anatolian, Arabian, and African plate intersection region, SE Turkey
Authors: Over Semir , Ozden Suha , Can Unlugenc Ulvi
Published: June 2004

This study defines the Mio‐Pliocene to present‐day stress regime acting at the northeastern Mediterranean along the SE border of the Neogene Adana basin along the Misis Range. The inversion of earthquake focal mechanisms shows that the present‐day state of stress is dominantly a transtension, combined the strike‐slip and extension with a consistent ENE (N83°E) trending σHmin (σ3) axis. The inversion slip vectors measured on fault planes and chronologies between striations indicate a consistent strike‐slip stress regime that varied from transpressional initially to transtensional during Pleistocene time, with the latter continuing into recent times as indicated by earthquake focal mechanism inversions. Both states have consistent NNW (N15°W) trending, compatible with NNW Arabian drift direction, and ENE (N75°E) trending σHmax (σ1) and σHmin (σ3) axes, respectively, but have significantly different mean arithmetic stress ratio (Rm) values: Rm = 0.75 indicating transpression for the old regional stress regime and Rm of 0.20 denoting transtensional for the younger regional stress regime. The crosscutting of striations confirms also the change within the strike‐slip stress regime. Both stress regimes induce sinistral displacement along the major strike‐slip fault systems, i.e., East Anatolian Fault, Karatas‐Osmaniye Fault. The temporal stress regime change probably occurred during Quaternary time and resulted from coeval influence of the superimposed forces owing to subduction processes in the southwest along the Cyprus arc, continental collision in the east, and westward escape of the Anatolian Block in the north and west.
Paleomagnetism and 40Ar/39Ar ages from volcanics extruded during the Matuyama and Brunhes Chrons near McMurdo Sound, Antarctica
Authors: Tauxe Lisa , Gans Phillip , Mankinen Edward A.
Published: June 2004

Maps of virtual geomagnetic poles derived from international geomagnetic reference field models show large lobes with significant departures from the spin axis. These lobes persist in field models for the last few millenia. The anomalous lobes are associated with observation sites at extreme southerly latitudes. To determine whether these features persist for millions of years, paleomagnetic vector data from the continent of Antarctica are essential. We present here new paleomagnetic vector data and 40Ar/39Ar ages from lava flows spanning the Brunhes and Matuyama Chrons from the vicinity of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Oriented paleomagnetic samples were collected from 50 lava flows by E. Mankinen and A. Cox in the 1965–1966 austral summer season. Preliminary data based largely on the natural remanent magnetization (NRM) directions were published by Mankinen and Cox [1988]. We have performed detailed paleomagnetic investigations of 37 sites with multiple fully oriented core samples to investigate the reliability of results from this unique sample collection. Of these, only one site fails to meet our acceptance criteria for directional data. Seven sites are reversely magnetized. The mean normal and reverse directions are antipodal. The combined mean direction has = 12, = −86, α = 4, κ = 37 and is indistinguishable from that expected from a GAD field. We obtained reproducible absolute paleointensity estimates from 15 lava flows with a mean dipole moment of 49 ZAm2 and a standard deviation of 28 ZAm2. 40Ar/39Ar age determinations were successfully carried out on samples from 18 of the flows. Our new isotopic ages and paleomagnetic polarities are consistent with the currently accepted geomagnetic reversal timescales.
Color atlas of low‐temperature alteration features in basalts from the Southern East Pacific Rise
Authors: Schramm Burkhard
Published: June 2004

Digital photomicrographs from thin sections of basalts dredged on the eastern flank of the Southern East Pacific Rise are used to illustrate the features of low‐temperature alteration in oceanic crust. The rocks have been altered under seawater‐dominated conditions and show typical precipitation sequences of secondary minerals covering crustal ages from 0 to 9 Ma. Fe‐oxyhydroxide and celadonite disseminated in the groundmass or as void and vein fillings are the first alteration products formed under oxidizing conditions. They are partly replaced by saponite under more reducing conditions. In older rocks phillipsite joints the alteration assemblage in fractures within the glassy rinds, sometimes occurring as a mixture with celadonite. Microprobe analyses of secondary minerals are given, and the location of all analyzed points are indicated in each photomicrograph. Additionally an overview of all thin sections with the location of each photomicrograph is presented in the appendix.
Crustal channel flows: 1. Numerical models with applications to the tectonics of the Himalayan‐Tibetan orogen
Authors: Beaumont Christopher , Jamieson Rebecca A. , Nguyen Mai H. , Medvedev Sergei
Published: June 2004

Plane strain, thermal‐mechanical numerical models are used to examine the development of midcrustal channel flows in large hot orogens. In the models, radioactive self‐heating reduces the viscosity of tectonically thickened crust and increases its susceptibility to large‐scale horizontal flow. Channels can be exhumed and exposed by denudation focused on the high‐relief transition between plateau and foreland. We interpret the Himalaya to have evolved in this manner. Channel flows are poorly developed if the channel has a ductile rheology based on wet quartz flow laws, and well developed if there is an additional reduction in viscosity to 1019 Pa s. This reduction occurs from 700°C to 750°C in the models and is attributed to a small percentage of in situ partial melt (“melt weakening”). Model HT1 provides an internally consistent explanation for the tectonic evolution of many features of the Himalayan‐Tibetan orogenic system. Erosional exhumation exposes the migmatitic channel, equivalent to the Greater Himalayan Sequence (GHS), between coeval normal and thrust sense ductile shear zones, corresponding to the South Tibetan Detachment and the Main Central Thrust systems. Outward flow of unstable upper crust rotates these shears to low dip angles. In the model both the GHS and the Lesser Himalayan Sequence are derived from Indian crust, with the latter from much farther south. Similar models exhibit a range of tectonic styles, including the formation of domes resembling north Himalayan gneiss domes. Model results are relatively insensitive to channel heterogeneities and to variations in the behavior of the mantle lithosphere beneath the model plateau.
Crustal channel flows: 2. Numerical models with implications for metamorphism in the Himalayan‐Tibetan orogen
Authors: Jamieson Rebecca A. , Beaumont Christopher , Medvedev Sergei , Nguyen Mai H.
Published: June 2004

Results from a thermal‐mechanical model (HT1) that includes midcrustal channel flow are compatible with many features of the Himalayan‐Tibetan system. Radioactive self‐heating and rheological weakening of thickened model orogenic crust lead to the formation of a hot, low‐viscosity midcrustal channel and a broad plateau. Channel material, corresponding to the Greater Himalayan Sequence (GHS), flows outward from beneath the plateau in response to topographically induced differential pressure. At the plateau flank it is exhumed by focused surface denudation and juxtaposed with cooler, newly accreted material corresponding to the Lesser Himalayan Sequence (LHS). The model channel is bounded by coeval thrust and normal sense ductile shear zones, interpreted to represent the Main Central Thrust (MCT) zone and South Tibetan Detachment system, respectively. Inverted metamorphism associated with the model MCT zone results from distributed ductile shear along the MCT and extrusion of the hot channel. A variety of model P‐T‐t path styles, resembling those observed in the GHS and LHS, are produced for points traveling through contrasting tectonic regimes that coexist in different parts of the model. Predicted times of peak metamorphism, cooling, and erosion of metamorphic facies are generally compatible with observations, although model GHS cooling ages are too young. The times of M1 and M2 metamorphic “events” observed in the GHS correspond to model times of maximum burial and maximum heating, respectively. The results highlight the need to integrate tectonics and metamorphism in continental collision models and demonstrate the importance of lateral transport of both heat and material in large hot orogens.
Multiple episodes of volcanism in the Southern Austral Islands: Flexural constraints from bathymetry, seismic reflection, and gravity data
Authors: Jordahl Kelsey A. , McNutt Marcia K. , Caress David W.
Published: June 2004

At the southeastern end of the Cook‐Austral Island chain, in the vicinity of the currently active Macdonald Seamount, multiple episodes of volcanism have left a diverse population of seamounts. Multichannel seismic reflection and shipboard gravity data provide observational constraints on the magnitude and wavelength of flexure, and multibeam bathymetry obtained by R/V Ewing and F/S Sonne within the study area provides full spatial coverage of all volcanic loads. Three‐dimensional flexural modeling of closely spaced loads emplaced at discrete times, performed both with analytical models of idealized loads and with fourier domain solutions of the observed volcanic loads partitioned into the younger and older seamounts, is compared with seismic and gravity data. This modeling provides a more complete view of the volcanic history than radiometric dating and geochemical analysis of sparse dredge samples alone. Wide‐angle seismic refraction data from ocean bottom hydrophones (OBHs) and expendable sonobuoys are also consistent with the flexural modeling results. Volume estimates of the different volcanic episodes show that one‐half to two‐thirds of the material added to the abyssal seafloor by midplate volcanic processes is due to older volcanism that erupted on young lithosphere, while the younger, higher seamounts contributed the remainder.