bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE COORDINATION ABILITIES AND THEIR CONNECTION WITH THE TECHNICAL TRAINING OF 6-7-YEAR-OLD GYMNASTS
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Hristova Veneta , Petrova Marina ,   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT In recent years, artistic gymnastics has been characterized by a constantly increasing complexity of the exercises performed. In this regard, the control and assessment of coordination abilities strongly activate the system for sports selection in adolescents. The research aims to establish the connection of coordination abilities with the technical training of young gymnasts. We selected coordination tests to identify the most significant component of its structure in the initial selection in gymnastics. We determined the technical level of the studied gymnasts through expert assessment in natural conditions of competition – State Championship 2022. The object of the research are the coordination abilities in the selection of 6-7-year-old girls, and the subject of the study are the components of coordination and their connection with technical training. In this research, we used the following methods: testing method, expert evaluation method, and mathematical-statistical methods – variation and correlation analysis. The processed results show that the overall score from the coordination tests has a moderate correlation with the technical level of the results taken from the competition. The static equilibrium stability test shows the highest degree of correlation on the technical level of all gymnastic apparatus. The results of the other tests, which showed a lower correlation, remain debatable. In conclusion, we can summarize that establishing the level of coordination skills will help the process of selecting talented gymnasts.
ROLE OF AUXILIARY APPARATUS WHEN STUDYING A KIP OF THE UNEVEN BARS
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Bozhinova Irina , Petrova Marina ,   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
Published: November 2022

The trends and development of artistic gymnastics have required the complication of the competitive combinations in individual apparatus. This has led to the need to improve the technique of basic exercises with the help of auxiliary apparatus in artistic gymnastics. The aim present study is to establish the role of auxiliary apparatuses in the study a kip of uneven bars. The ten best performances were selected through expert evaluation. Using frame-by-frame motion analysis, we measured the angles in the different phases of the impact of the exercise. The object of the study is the technique of the basic exercises of the uneven bars, and the subject is the need for auxiliary apparatuses in practice. To achieve this aim, we used the methods of expert evaluation, biomechanical analysis, and mathematical-statistical methods – variation analysis. The analysis shows that the average value of the angle in the hip joints in the preparatory phase and in the main information closes to or decreases with the angle when performing the exercise of the auxiliary apparatuses – a ball in the preparatory phase; per cylinder – in the main phase; on a simulator – also in the main phase. At the angle in the shoulder joints, both the coincidences and the differences in the individual parts when performing a kip. The results for angles that do not coincide with the angles of the auxiliary apparatuses are considered. We don’t know whether the auxiliary apparatus will give the necessary effect in learning the correct technique when performing a kip. In conclusion, we can summarize that the obtained data will help specialists in gymnastics to study the technique of basic exercises of individual apparatuses in artistic gymnastics in adolescent gymnasts.
INVESTIGATION OF THE SPEED OF THE INDIVIDUAL MOVEMENT AND THE SPECIFIC MOTOR REACTION IN TAEKWONDO
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Avramov Dimitar , Grigorova Spasiana ,   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT Taekwondo WT is a complex Olympic sport and a martial art. As such, the reaction time and the speed of the individual movement are of great importance. Our study aimed to establish values in terms of the specific reaction time and the speed of the individual movement in two taekwondo kicks. Twelve active taekwondo athletes took part in the study. We measured the speed of the single movement for two taekwondo kicks and also the time for inflicting those two kicks using KICK.AI ankle bracelets and software. The variation analysis we applied on dollyo chagi showed an average execution speed of 5.53 m/s for the right leg and 5.51 m/s for the left. For dollyo chagi with the front leg, the corresponding mean values were 4.64 m/s for the right and 4.08 m/s for the left leg, respectively. The specific reaction time for those two kicks required the subjects to perform the kicks after a signal from the software, which measured the time from giving the audio signal to the impact on the target. The time required to apply the dollyo chagi with the right leg was 785.70 ms, while the average values for the left were 781.65 ms. The specific reaction time for the front leg dollyo chagi was 788.25 ms for the right and 767.49 ms for the left. After processing the results, we came to the conclusion that it is necessary to establish the relationship between the speed of the individual movement, height of the subject, weight category, and length of the lower limb. We found that the dominant leg affects the guard with which an athlete competes. Such tests can be used not only for quality control of speed but also as a psychological training. Some of the data obtained lead us to believe that the KickAI device must be subjected to a thorough technical analysis to prove its objectivity. We recommend further study into the influence between the technique of execution, the speed, and the force of the kick.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANTHROPOMETRIC INDICATORS AND FITNESS ABILITIES OF ADOLESCENT HANDBALL PLAYERS
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Avramova Milena
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT Modern handball is characterized by high motor activity and high intensity of game actions, requiring the player to mobilize his physical, mental, and technical-tactical abilities to the limit. Naturally, this is possible only by maintaining a high level of conditioning abilities, which find external expression in the form of various movements. Objective - The present work is to investigate the relationship between some anthropometric parameters and conditioning abilities of adolescent handball players. The contingent of the study are 11-12-year-old handball players who participated in handball groups at HC “Lokomotiv” Gorna Oryahovitsa. Mathematical and statistical methods - variation and correlation analysis. The analysis of the obtained results for the anthropometric parameters of 11-12-year-old handball players shows that the individual units and segments are relatively uniform. This is due to the selection, as well as the development of the child’s organism. The established level of special motor fitness shows that the studied group is homogeneous in terms of the measured fitness indicators. The presence of certain fluctuations in the handball throw and 800 y ball tests is due to the still un-strengthened musculoskeletal system and the level of technical training.
STUDY OF MANUAL DEXTERITY (DEXTERITY) IN 10-11-YEAR-OLD RHYTHMIC GYMNASTS
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Ivanova Asya
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT In modern rhythmic gymnastics, there is an increasing difficulty with the apparatus, but for this to happen very good coordination of gymnasts is needed. In particular, dexterity is extremely important in order to be able to handle their de-vices very quickly and to perform as many elements of the apparatus as possible in order to receive higher grades. Manual dexterity is the ability of gymnasts to use their hands in a skillful, coordinated way to grasp and manipulate equipment and demonstrate precise movements. In view of this, the need for research on manual dexterity and its development is very much needed. The aim of the present study is manual dexterity (dexterity) in 10-11-year-old rhythmic gymnasts. Ten tests and fifteen exercises are offered as an experimental methodology for manual dexterity. A questionnaire was conducted with specialists in rhythmic gymnastics on the topic of this study After the results of the questionnaire, we can report that most coaches confuse the development of physical quality with the improvement of the technique of gymnasts. After the applied experimental methodology, we report an improvement in the results in the experimental group of 10-11-year-old gymnasts engaged in rhythmic gymnastics. In 9 of the 10 specific tests, we report a statistically significant difference in the results of an experimental group after the experiment. We believe that our methodology is one of the first of its kind. After statistically significant differences were found and proven in the present work, we can recommend to specialists working with adolescent gymnasts to get acquainted with it and use our experimental methodology. It will be suitable for improving dexterity and easier study and implementation of complex coordination elements with the apparatus.
STUDY ON EXPLOSIVE POWER OF LOWER LIMBS IN RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Margaritova Violeta
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT Explosive power is a motor quality with wide application and need for development in various sports. Every sport requires different methods and training. For this reason, we have conducted some experimental work, whose goal is to do more specific research on explosive power in rhythmic gymnastics. The aim of the experiment is to study the development of motor quality “explosive power of the lower limbs” and the transfer of motor habits among 10 – 12-year-old female gymnasts. An experimental methodology consisting of 12 exercises for the development of explosive power of lower limbs has been applied for 2 months (3 times a week) to the experimental group. The “Vertical Jump”, “Split Leap” and “Turning Split Leap” tests were used to check the transfer of motor habits. The analysis of the results has showed that after the sports-pedagogical experiment, the experimental group significantly improved their results – by 4,30 cm on the “Vertical Jump” test and by 16,10 cm on the “Standing Long Jump” test. We found a positive transfer of motor habit when comparing the results between “Vertical Jump” and “Split Leap”. The study gives us reason to conclude that the experimental methodology, developed and applied in this study, works and can be used in coaching practice. Significant development of explosive power of lower limbs has been achieved in the 10- 12-year-old gymnasts and the ease of performing jumps was increased as well, which helps them to more easily learn and master their technical performance according to the requirements of rhythmic gymnastics and the FIG Code of Points.
ЕXPLORATION ON SALTO “JAEGER” PIKED TO HANG ON UNEVEN BARS
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Stoimenov Emil , Kyuchukov Iliya ,   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT The study of sports technique is of most importance for the improvement of elements in artistic gymnastics. Flight elements on uneven bars are a compositional requirement for any competitive apparatus combination. That is why the object of the study is one of the basic flight elements performed on the uneven bars – salto “Jaeger”. It is performed on the backswing and consists of a front salto over the bar and regrip on the bar to hang. Jaeger salto is the most performed element in this structural group, and an analysis of the technique would reveal technical insights to optimize the sports technique. A comparative kinematic analysis of the performances of two gymnasts was made, who applied different technical solutions while moving the arms in the flying phase of the element. The software product SkillSpector Version 1.3.2 was applied for the analysis. The main joint units (toes, ankle, knee, pelvis, shoulder, elbow, wrist, fingers, chin, and forehead) are digitized. A mathematical model for computer simulations was applied to determine the effects of different arms movements. After the simulations, it was found that the applied two technical variants of arms movement also cause certain differences in the orientation and angular velocity of the body at the end of the flight phase. Recommendations have been made that can be useful for sports educators in practice to optimize the technique of the element.
AN INVESTIGATION OF LOWER EXTREMITY CONTROL OF ADOLESCENT FOOTBALL PLAYERS
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Bukarev Asen , Stefanov Zdravko ,   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Zagorski Dimitar ,   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Tishinov Ognian ,   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Ivanov Ivan ,   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Rusimova Galina ,   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Janakiev Ivan ,   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT The aim of the present experiment is to make a combined kinematics and dynamic analysis of test movements in adolescent football players and to perform an assessment of the muscle control of the lower limbs. 22 adolescent (12-years old) football players have been researched by means of a complex method for simultaneous registration of dynamometric and kinematic parameters of motor control. Two video cameras and a tens platform were used. The researched persons have been performing two test movements landing on the tens-platform from a standardized height of 35 centimeters and a jump and landing on the tens-platform. The analysis was effectuated by joining a software program for kinematic analysis “KINOVEA” and the dynamometric one by a specialized computer dynamometric system by a measuring platform. At the moment of maximum exertion, the angle between the thigh and the shank was measured. The distance between the knees at the moment of amortization was shot by means of the video camera placed in front. The juxtaposition of the change of the distances between the knee joints with the initial values shows a medialization in all researched persons. This is an indication of a deficit in the muscle control of the lower limbs. The coefficient of variation and the range demonstrate the presence of significant differences in the distance between the knee joints in different persons. The values in both tests prove to be rather close landing from a standardized height and a jump from a platform. In the angle of flexion at the moment of the maximum foothold reaction upon landing from a standardized height there are no big differences in the studied persons. In the jump from a platform the maximum values of the flexion are greater and the range of the values as well. This indicated to a greater individual dependency of the amortization phase of the landing on the very jump.
TRENDS AND EFFORT DISTRIBUTION OF MEN’S 50 KM RACE WALKING
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Peev Petar
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT Race walking has been a highly technical event in the Olympic games since 1908. In the whole history of the discipline, the rules of walking define the technique and respectively the result. Since the last change of the rules in 1996, the results in 50 km race walking have constantly developed. No matter the facts, the Olympic committee decided to change the race distance to 35 km. The research aims to find reasons why they did this by analyzing the effort distribution of elite race-walking competitors in major championships. Tasks of the research are: 1) To analyze the development of the results in world championships; 2) To research some trends in effort distribution of elite race walkers. Methods: To accomplish the research task, we made a literature review and statistical analyses of the data of the last five major championships. Result: The champions have greater average speed than the other athletes. All of the first ten competitors have negative splits e.g., faster second half of the race but the medalists are the only athletes that maintain a speed that is similar to their average in the last 10-15 km. The leaders in the ranking have slower starting splits than the other walkers. Conclusion: Better results can be achieved if the athlete starts a little bit slower than the average speed and steadily increases it till the end of the race as much as possible.
ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF THE SPORTS PREPAREDNESS OF FEMALE BASKETBALL PLAYERS UP TO 16 YEARS OF AGE
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Tsankov Tsanko , Tzankova-Kaloyanova Maria ,   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT Sports preparedness is one of the most important aspects of the multi-year sports training, and it is the base for building sports mastery in players. Reaching the optimal sports condition, pending the realistic abilities and qualities of each one of the women basketballers, to a great extent depends on the good and correct planning and selection of specific training methods characteristic for the certain age group. The purpose of our study is to establish the level of sports preparedness before the final tournament of the national women’s championship of basketball players up to 16 years old from the NSA representative basketball team. That momentary status has been revealed through analysis and assessment of their physical development, physical and technical-tactical preparedness before the official championship match. The following research methods have been used: thorough review of the specialized literature and sports-pedagogical testing in 14 indicators (3 anthropometric, 5 for physical preparedness and 5 for technical-tactical preparedness). The results from the conducted tests have been processed mathematically and statistically via: comparative analysis, variation analysis and sigma method of assessment. Based on the gathered results, we can conclude that there is some lagging behind in the speed of movement without the ball, in performing of the technique of dribbling combined with running, and in the strength of the abdominal muscles as compared to the best-performing basketball playing women in the same age group. The applied training programs should be adequate to the objective patterns of the adaptation process, as well as consistent with the sports calendar of the basketball players of the respective age group. The assessment of the momentary status of the sports preparedness of female basketball players under 16 is a proof for the adequate periodization of their training, and a prerequisite for high sports results in their competition career.
SIGNIFICANCE OF SPEED TESTS WITH MAXIMAL AND SUBMAXIMAL INTENSITY REFERRED TO ANAEROBIC CAPACITY IN ADOLESCENT VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Gadev Marin , Nurja Anisa ,   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Peev Petar ,   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Kotev Vladimir ,   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Hristov Oleg ,   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT One of the major problems in strength and conditioning of volleyball is connected with development and control of the anaerobic capacity. At this point, the aim of the study is to research the significance and the possibility of evaluating the speed test that characterizes anaerobic capacity in volleyball. The tasks of the research are: To establish a correlation between speed tests with maximal and submaximal intensity; To determine the relationship between indicator that characterizes anaerobic capacity and speed abilities. The study group was 19 female volleyball players of the under-18 national team of Bulgaria. Methods: To determine the anaerobic capacity and the indicators that characterize it we used the Wingate laboratory test and anthropometric indicators. Field tests were measured through chronometry. The results of the test were further analyzed by statistical methods. Results: The data from the descriptive statistics define the study group as homogeneous. Variation coefficient vary from 3.47% to 17,85%. This is a reason to assume that the received correlation results would be reliable enough. The research identified a high correlation between the speed tests with maximal intensity and the two types of test with submaximal intensity (r = .714; r = .732) but the high and significant correlation between the height of the subjects and the shuttle running type 1 (r = .714) were basis to recommend implementation of the shuttle running type 2 as a field test that characterizes anaerobic abilities in female volleyball players. A negative correlation between the results in sprint tests and the Wingate test determined that better results of speed tests correspond to: higher relative minimal power; smaller power decrement and coefficient of fatigue. At the same, time moderate correlation between results in speed tests and peak power and a negative moderate correlation between speed tests and relative peak power could be interpreted as underdeveloped anaerobic capacity.
MODELING OF RUNNING TRAINING IN THE ANNUAL CYCLE FOR ELITE FEMALE TRIPLE JUMPERS
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Marinova Tereza
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT Triple jump is a discipline of the horizontal track and field jumps where one of the factors of the sports achievement is the acceleration speed. A number of authors have studied this indicator, however without taking into account the specifics of running training for women competing in this discipline. The objective of this study is to enrich the theory of running training in highly qualified female triple jump athletes in the annual training cycle. Study tasks: 1) Analysis of the structure and content of Tereza Marinova’s annual training cycle in the year of winning the Olympic title. 2) Analysis of the dynamics of running training tools, their inclusion and elimination in individual periods. 3) Creation of a running training model over the annual cycle. Methods: 1) Summary and analysis of the data from the training diary of the study athlete; 2) Mathematical data processing; 3) Sports and pedagogical analysis. Results: 1) The running training of the study athlete starts with an emphasis on developing the aerobic capabilities of the body; 2) The tools used to develop maximum speed reach their highest levels in the pre-competition period, the most used being sections with a length of 40 m.; 3) Various tools are used to develop strength endurance, but the scope of sections with 2.5-5 kg sled at maximum speed has a significant advantage. Conclusion: Taking into account the individuality and preferences of each individual athlete, we believe that the established highlights in Tereza Marinova’s training can be used as a guide for building the running training of elite female triple jumpers.
CORRELATION BETWEEN CONTROL TEST TIMES RELATED TO THE ANAEROBIC THRESHOLD DETERMINED BY THE X-METHOD IN ROWERS
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Stefanov Lachezar , Neykov Svilen ,   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Mladenov Lubomir ,   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT Aim: The aim of the study is to investigate the correlation between the times for overcoming the distance of 2000 m achieved in control tests on the water and the anaerobic threshold determined by the X-method in laboratory conditions. Material and Methods: Includes collection and analysis of the times achieved in overcoming the distance of 2000 m and the anaerobic threshold determined by the X-method, related to the individual ergometric power and heart rate for each participant. Five elite rowers from the National Team of Bulgaria, men, for the period from 2018 to 2021 were examined. To determine the anaerobic threshold by the X-method, we used the data from minute pulmonary ventilation and heart rate recorded every 20 s during the maximum spiroergometric test with increasing intensity. The test was performed on a Concept II rowing machine and equipment measuring pulmonary ventilation and heart rate. Results: The Pearson coefficient r = .457 ( = .05) shows a moderate correlation between the times for overcoming the distance of 2000 m, and the heart rate recorded at the anaerobic threshold determined by the X-method. Conclusion: The X-method for determining the anaerobic threshold is an relevant method in the control of the training process and has prognostic value in determining the functional status of rowers. An advantage is the significantly lower cost of the used diagnostic equipment compared to the cost of a conventional gas analyzer.
THE CHANGES IN THE COD OF POINTS – MEN`S ARTISTICS GYMNASTICS (2021 - 2024)
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Kurtev Zdravko
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT The main task of the cod of points in artistic gymnastics - men is to provide objective means for evaluating men’s gymnastics exercises at all levels - at regional, national and international competitions, to ensure the identification of the best gymnasts in each competition, to guide coaches and gymnasts in creating their competitive exercises. The aim of this study is to analyze the changes in the cod of points in artistic gymnastics - men / 2020 - 2024 /, and to establish their influence on the composition of the competitive exercise of the floor exercise. Exercises were chosen at random performed randomly by elite gymnasts who participated in international championships in 2021 and 2022, on which diagrams have been prepared in order to establish the difference in the start value of their exercises in the respective competitions. In the research, we used the following methods: video analysis, expert evaluation, and pedagogical observation. Every four years, cod of points in artistic gymnastics – men undergo changes aimed at reducing the subjectivity of the judges in the evaluation of competitors, more correct and accurate recording of the exercises. We believe that the obtained results will help the specialists dealing with artistic gymnastics in compiling the competitive combinations of floor exercises.
LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF THE SPECIFIC INDICATORS DETERMINING THE OLYMPIC SWIMMING FINALISTS
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Angelov Bogomil
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT Introduction: Systematic analysis of statistics from the Olympic Games and World Championships is the most accurate guide to defining the dynamics of performances. The analysis of biographies of finalist swimmers in the highest sports forums proves that age indicator is a reliable parameter for personalized sports realization. Different age indicators in the structure of the long-term training of elite swimmers are decisive, but age is a fundamental category for achieving maximum sports results. Methodology: Information on the age indicators of 72 participants was collected. They took part in the final swims of the Olympic Games in 9 disciplines in a 24-year period (1992-2016). The data was systematized and analyzed, and the analysis is structured around the age of women finalists from the studied Olympic Games. Results: The comparison of the indicator of the average age of the participants in the final swims in 1992 and the participants in the final swims in the last studied Olympics (2016) shows that the difference between the two groups is significant. The critical value at df = 144 and α = .05 is equal to 1.98, which makes the difference statistically significant. Discussion: The analysis of the average age of the Olympic finalists in the period 1992-2016 provides an excellent opportunity to identify trends in the dynamics of this important parameter. For the whole set of finals, summarizing all styles and distances, an increase in the age of women by 1.4-4 years was registered. Conclusion: The average age of women finalists from the studied Olympic Games in 1992 (72 final results) is 20.0 years, and in 2016 it increased to 23.2 years (+ 3.2 years), and in the distance swimmers - from 20.4 years to 23.3 years. (+2.9 years).
DIFFERENCES IN THE EXPLOSIVE POWER OF BASKETBALL PLAYERS OF DIFFERENT AGE
Authors:   Faculty of Sport and Physical Education - University of Niš, Serbia, Stanković Dušan , Radenkovic Jovan ,   Faculty of Sport and Physical Education - University of Niš, Serbia, Velikovic Petar ,   Faculty of Sport and Physical Education - University of Niš, Serbia, Antonijević Maša ,   Faculty of Sport and Physical Education - University of Niš, Serbia, Tzankova-Kaloyanova Maria ,   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT Physical performance and fitness in basketball are mostly influenced by lower-limb explosive power. The aim of this study was to examine the differences in the explosive power of the lower extremities measured by countermovement jump (CMJ) in basketball players of the regional level of competition in relation to the age category. Forty-one male participants regional level were divided in three age categories U18 (N = 14; height: 1.85 ± 0.04 m; body mass: 80.18 ± 10.71 kg; age: 17.2 ± 0.6 years), U16 (N = 13; height: 1.79 ± 0.06 m; body mass: 67.8 ± 7.4 kg; age: 15.4 ± 0.6 years), U14 (N = 14; height: 1.72 ± 0.12 m; body mass: 56.35 ± 14.11 kg; age: 13.2 ± 0.5 years) and participated in cross-sectional study. Each subject performed three maximal CMJs on a Quattro Jump force platform to determine differences in vertical jump parameters between groups. The performances of jump height from flight time (JHFT), relative maximal force (RMF), relative maximal power (RMP), relative energy (RE), jump time (JT), countermovement time (CMT), push-off time (POT). ANOVA analysis showed statistically significant differences between groups in JHFT, RMF, and POT (p less than 0.05). The post hoc test indicates that the youngest U14 age group was accountable for these differences. However, no significant differences were observed between tested age categories in RMP, JT, RE, and CMT. These results reveal differences in some of the force parameters, suggesting that these differences are attributed to the youngest group of basketball players.
AGE-SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE MAXIMUM ALACTATE POWER OF HIGHLY SKILLED HOCKEY PLAYERS (FIELD HOCKEY)
Authors:   Moscow State Academy of Physical Culture, Shishkov Igor , Antonov Аntonio ,   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT Objective: to study the long-term dynamics of peak power and anaerobic capacity (PP and AnС) and its relationship with the athlete’s age. Materials and methods. The research was conducted on the example of elite field hockey players n=11, who were regularly tested for 14 years. Initial mean study age 19.0±4.31 final mean study age 31.8±4.89. We obtained data on the long-term dynamics of the PP􀁏AnС index, which characterizes the power of the speed and strength training of the lower limb muscles. To evaluate this index in laboratory studies, we used the Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) modified in the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT) laboratory. Results. On the results of regression and correlation analyses, we obtained significant data (p less than .01) on the increase of PP and AnC indexes with the age of all researched hockey players. Conclusion. On the example of the obtained data, coaches of other playing sports can take into account the PP and AnC indicator when forming teams in the Olympic cycle. The PP and AnC index tends to increase with age in highly skilled athletes, which is proven by the standard of the WAnT over 14 years.
ANALYSIS OF THE COMPETITIVE EFFICIENCY OF THE TEAM OF CHERNOMORETS (BURGAS)
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Asparuhov Yavor , Tsarova Asya ,   Technical University - Sofia
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT The implementation of high-efficiency control over the game realization of the basketball players and teams makes it possible to reveal the specific features and assessment of their competitive effectiveness, which is a necessary condition for optimizing the future sports-racing process. The purpose of this study is to reveal the specifics and assess the competitive effectiveness of the team of “Chernomorets” (Burgas) during the playoff phase of the National Basketball League (NBL) during the sports-competitive 2020/2021. The subject of research is the game actions of the basketball players from the team in the extreme conditions of the competition. The test site is the signs of team competitive efficiency, found quantitative expression in the so-called “game indicators“ witch integrate all sides of sports preparation. A contingent of survey is the basketball players included in the 8 teams that are participants in the said playoffs. For realization of the purpose and tasks of the study the following test methods have been used: theoretical study of specialized literary sources and monitoring and registration of game activity with the help of 16 game indicators, using a specialized computer method-ology of FIBA. The source data are subjected to mathematical and statistical processing by: alternative analyses, variational analyses and sigma evaluation method. The average level and variability of all game indicators in the observed team has been revealed. On the basis of the average level for the entire population (NBL), an assessment of the results of “Chernomorets” was carried out, which outlines as the strongest strengths in its game realization the next actions: high activity in shooting for 2 points, accuracy of the shooting from the penalty line and successful rebounds in defense. In order to increase its overall game efficiency, in the future the team should focus primarily on: increasing shooting activity from the 3-points zone, improving the accuracy of shooting in the basket from all distances and increasing the activity of the game in defense.
RESEARCH ON THE RISKS IN CYBERSPACE DURING SPORTING EVENTS
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Yordanov Petar , Petkov Krassimir ,   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Yordanov Sasho ,   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Klenovska Nina ,   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Terziiski Ivan ,   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT Introduction: Every major sporting event, is a huge challenge in terms of information security. The main reason for this is the huge spectator interest, the active media coverage of the event, which „attracts“ and an unwanted contingent of people seeking to acquire „assets“ in a dubious way. Developing more innovative and effective malware protection mechanisms is considered an urgent requirement in the cybersecurity community. Methodology: In the research process we have applied: information research, document analysis, historical analysis, conclusions based on personal experience, monitoring, synthesis, and theoretical analysis. A theoretical overview of the basics of security and requirements for information technology supporting sports events. Results: The purpose of the report is to analyze the cybersecurity of information systems supporting mass sporting events and to create systems of measures to prevent cyberterrorist attacks during sporting events. Discussion: In support of the allegations made so far concerning the information security of any mass sporting event, we will cite various examples. As with any Internet-related system, hackers can try to manipulate the content or interfere with sports websites and e-mail systems. Conclusion: One way to increase cybersecurity during a „mass sporting event“ is to hire specialized companies to control cyberspace activities. Although cybercriminals are becoming more advanced, with the right approach and a little common sense, we can learn to stay one step ahead. The sport will continue to use more and more technology.
EXERGAMING AND EXERDANCING ENHANCE THE WELL-BEING OF OLDER ADULTS
Authors:   Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece, Zilidou Vasiliki , Bamidis Panagiotis ,   Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT The digital age and advances in technology are introducing a new attitude to medical care, bringing about significant technologies such as exergames, enhancing the promotion of active and healthy aging. This study aimed to investigate possible differences in perceived quality of life factors between older adults participating in traditional dance and physical training using new technologies, comparing them with sedentary people (control group). The study involved 84 women, with an average age of 67.6 years from Day Care Centers of the Municipality of Thessaloniki, Greece. The program duration was six months (24 weeks) with a frequency of twice a week and each session lasted 75 minutes. An evaluation was performed both before and after the end of the interventions with specialized tools that assess the physical status and functional capacity of the individuals, as well as questionnaires that assess the quality of life indicators. Regarding the usability of the systems, integrated the System Usability Scale (SUS). Statistical analysis was performed with the statistical package SPSS 26. According to the results, the intervention groups compared to the initial measurement showed a statistically significant improvement in variables that assess strength, balance, aerobic capacity, gait to avoid falls, stress, depression, and quality of life in general, in comparison with the control group (p ≤ .05). The SUS scores ranged around 80 for both systems, so it seems that the practical implementation of the programs has the potential to provide the expected results. In conclusion, these innovative technological solutions in collaboration with expert health professionals, can improve the quality of life of older adults, remain autonomous and independent, but at the same time active members of society for a long time.
ONLINE EXAMS AND THE USE OF DISHONEST PRACTICES BY STUDENTS FROM A SPORTS UNIVERSITY
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Kuleva Milena
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT Dishonest methods have been part of the educational process and are likely to be in the future. However, technological progress has undoubtedly created several preconditions for unfair methods. Over the years, many studies have been conducted, and some models have been validated to assess unethical methods that evaluate different approaches. The present study investigates whether and to what extent students studying in sports-oriented courses use such methods. A literature study was conducted to summarize current research on the topic and provide a basis for creating a questionnaire for the students of the National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”. The survey included 89 participants (38 women and 51 men) in a full-time study. The questionnaire was distributed through the National Sports Academy “Vassil Levs-ki” (NSA) professors during the summer examination session. Participation in the survey was optional and only after the end of the student’s examination. The survey was conducted in May-June 2022. The questionnaire was analyzed using Cronbach’s, which showed high-reliability (= .82). Regarding the factors of gender and faculty, no statistically significant differences were found. 30.3% (n=27) of the students responded that they had used a dishonest method and the remaining 69.7% (n=62) declared that they had not used such methods. The most common method is that of using study materials (textbooks) or notes. The following preferred method is “help by a colleague”. A correlation was found for those students who used dishonest methods that they boasted to their colleagues r = .758 ( ≤ .001) and their relatives r = .711( ≤ .001). As a major conclusion, it can be inferred that despite the dishonest methods used by the students, it generally does not lead to their desired assessment and outcome. Using more components to form a student’s final examination grade, such as exam grades from evaluations, assignments, or tests, ensures a more realistic final examination grade in the respective subject.
BULGARIAN SHORT VERSION OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE SCALE (EIS-S)
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Savcheva Evelina , Georgiev Mihail ,   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria,   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT The report presents the results from the validation of a short scale for tracing emotional intelligence. The research was done among 204 people. The survey was based on Davies, Lane, Devonport, and Scott’s approach to designing a short scale (2010). With the help of expert assessments of the contents of the items in the original scale of Schutte (1998), Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test (33 items), they excluded 13 items due to lack of their relations to emotions, 1 item which the experts did not associate with any of the five subscales, and 7 items which were related to more than one subscale. In our research, the items appearing in more than one subscale were subjected to an empirical check for cross loads. Nineteen items were included in the exploratory factor analysis. The results from the analysis led to a 4-factor solution. The subscales related to the regulation of one’s own emotions and regulation of others’ emotions were united into one factor. The model with four factors and a total number of items – 16 was subjected to confirmatory factor analysis. Two items were excluded due to low factor weights. The model shows good fit indexes and a good validity of the construct (CMIN/DF=1.475; CFI=0.961; SRMR=0.054; RMSEA=0.051; PClose=0.012; NFI=0.89; RFI=0.86). The obtained short version of the test for emotional intelligence possesses good psychometric characteristics and can be used for quick diagnostics.
ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE GOAL ORIENTATION AND THE FACTORS HINDERING THE PERFORMANCE OF ELITE ATHLETES
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Eikena Dace
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT Outstanding athletic performance is unthinkable without strong goal motivation, but at the same time, performance can be affected by a variety of challenges and distractions during an athlete’s career. This study aimed to understand the relationship between the type of goal orientation and factors that interfere with sports performance in competition and training processes. Method: This study involved 43 athletes with successful performance experiences in international competitions. Athletes were in age from 15 to 31 (M=19,3 years). There were 24 (55,8 %) men. The Perception of Success Questionnaire (Roberts et al., 1998) and Sport Interference Checklist (Donohue B. et al., 2007) for athletes’ self-assessments were used. Results: The results of the study indicate the most commonly reported athletes’ performance impairments were related to dysfunctional thoughts and stress related to both training and competition situations. The results showed a correlation between performance problems in competitions and task goal orientation. The elite athletes had higher task goal orientation than ego goal orientation, and problems that hindered athletes’ sports performance were more common during competitions than in training. There were no gender differences in athletes’ perception of issues that interfere with sports performance and no statistically significant differences between gender in athletes’ responses about ego and task goal orientation. Conclusions: The responses of elite athletes showed a correlation between athletes task goal orientation and their high motivation, which determined the low impact of disruptive factors (related to motivation) on athletic performance in competitions. The results of this study can be used for the development of targeted training programs for psychologists who would like to work in the field of sports psychology in Latvia in the future.
MOTIVATION AND LEADERSHIP STYLE OF ATHLETES
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Domuschieva-Rogleva Galina , Doneva Viktorija ,   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Yancheva Mariya ,   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT Long-term motivation, perceived motivational climate, and leadership style are factors related to the endurance of load, resistance to stress and sports results. The aim of this study was to reveal the relationships between leadership style, motivational climate, and long-term motivation of athletes differentiated by sex, kind of sport, and sports results. The research was done among 101 athletes practicing team sports (70 men, 31 women) with mean age 20.3 years (±5.4). We used the following questionnaires: Leadership Scale for Sport (LSS), Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 (PMCSQ - 2), and the Test for the study of long-term motivation assessing the long-term goals and prospects. The mastery of motivational climate is strengthened by applying democratic behavior (β=.229*) and structuring of team actions through training and instruction (β=.435**). The performance motivational climate is strengthened by using autocratic behavior (β=.426***) and avoiding: democratic behavior (β=-.459**), and giving positive feedback (β=-.236*). Long-term motivation increases with the dominance of the mastery motivational climate (β=.310**) and decreases with the performance motivational climate (β=-.202*). The obtained results give grounds to assume that the coach’s leadership style plays a significant role in shaping the perceived motivational climate, which determines the level of athletes’ long-term motivation.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE COACH LEADERSHIP STYLE AND MOTIVATIONAL CLIMATE ON THE PERCEPTION OF SUPPORT FOR AUTONOMOUS BEHAVIOR
Authors:   National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, Bulgaria, Kapitanski Alexander
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT This report presents the results of a study which aims to reveal the influence of the leadership style of the coach and the motivational climate in the sports team on the perceived support for autonomous behavior. The leadership style of the coach is seen as a multidimensional construct including: training and instruction, democracy and authoritarianism in decision making, social support and positive feedback. The motivational climate is related to the focus on mastery, improvement and performance. The need for autonomous behavior is one of the three universal psychological needs that ensure psychological growth and development (Deci, Ryan, 2017). The following methodologies have been used in the research realization: Leadership Scale for Sports (Chelladurai, Saleh, 1980); Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire 2 (Newton, Duda, Yin, 2000); The Sports Climate Questionnaire (SDT, Sports Climate Questionnaire, n.d.). The personal attitude of the coach (β = .44), social support (β = .26), democratic style (β = .15) and mastery-oriented motivational climate (β = .13) have a significant influence on the perception of support for autonomous behavior. The results present the subjective assessment of sportsmen for the importance of each of the dimensions of coaching behavior and the perceived motivational climate on the perceived support for autonomous behavior.