bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationship of upper and lower urinary tract infection and bacterial invasion of uroepithelium to antibody-coated bacteria test results in female dogs
Authors: Ling Gerald V. , Cullen John M. , Kennedy Peter C. , Ruby Annette L. , Brooks Dale L.
Published: February 2025

Urinary tract infection was demonstrated in 12 female dogs via bacteriologic culture of a specimen of bladder urine collected by antepubic cystocentesis. Escherichia coli was isolated in pure culture from the urine of 9 dogs. Urine specimens from 2 dogs contained E coli and α-streptococci and from 1 dog contained Streptococcus zymogenes in pure culture. In 6 dogs, urinary tract infection was limited to the urinary bladder, whereas 6 dogs had unilateral or bilateral culture-positive renal pelvic urine as well (specimens collected by percutaneous nephropyelostomy). An antibody-coated bacteria (acb) test was conducted on a portion of the bladder urine specimen from each dog, and the urinary tissues from these 12 dogs and from 6 healthy, noninfected female dogs were examined at necropsy. Tissues were given a subjective score based on the severity of the lesions seen microscopically.

Histologic scores, bacterial cultural results, and acb test results were examined for significance. A significant difference was found in the histologic scores between infected and noninfected dogs (P < 0.025), but comparisons among histologic scores, cultural results, and acb test results were not significant among infected dogs. The acb test could neither be used to localize bacterial infection within the urinary tract nor could it be used to indicate the presence of bacterial invasion of the uroepithelium in dogs.
Effects of urinary bladder distension on the length of the dog and cat urethra
Authors: Johnston Gary R. , Osborne Carl A. , Jessen Carl R.
Published: February 2025

Urethral lengths were determined in male and female cats and in female dogs from positive contrast retrograde urethrocystograms at 2 levels of urinary bladder distension. Urethral lengths were longer on urethrograms obtained after urinary bladder distension in female cats and in 7 of 8 female dogs. The intrapelvic and penile urethra were longer after bladder distension in 4 of 6 male cats. In female cats, urethral lengths significantly increased (P < 0.05) after urinary bladder distension.
Effects of furosemide on the racing times of horses with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage
Authors: Soma L. R. , Laster L. , Oppenlander F. , Barr-Alderfer V.
Published: February 2025

In 3 groups of horses with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (eiph), comparisons of racing times and finishing positions were made between the 5 races before the horses were given furosemide and 5 races after furosemide administration. The horses were grouped according to 3 methods used to diagnose eiph: group 1, observation of hemorrhage at the nostrils within 1 hour after a workout or race; group 2, observation of pulmonary hemorrhage only by endoscopic examination after a race or workout; and group 3, observation of hemorrhage at the nostrils during a race or immediately after a race. Group 4 horses were randomly selected horses running during the study period and were not given furosemide.

The statistical method was analysis of covariance and the dependent variable was horses’ time per distance. The study compared the 4 groups of horses, using the estimated value of the horses (≤ +10,000 or > $10,000), and the horses’ interaction in races 1 through 5 before and races 6 through 10 after furosemide treatment. The horses’ times were adjusted by the relevant covariates, distance, track variant, and winning time per distance. Significant changes in horses’ time per distance were not noticed when comparing values from races 1 through 5 with those in races 6 through 10 in group 1 horses. Group 3 horses had changes in the adjusted racing time per distance in the higher estimated value and group 2 horses had a consistent change in time per distance when the performance in the 2 racing periods were compared. There were no changes in group 4 horses’ time per distance. Furosemide administered 4 hours before racing did not have an effect in all horses with eiph nor did eiph affect all horses uniformly.
Accelerated bovine mammary involution induced by infusion of concanavalin A or phytohemagglutinin
Authors: Breau W. C. , Oliver S. P.
Published: February 2025

Right mammary quarters of dairy cows were infused with concanavalin A (conA) or phytohemagglutinin (pha) near drying off. Significant changes in milk yield and composition were observed by 24 hours after infusion. In general, conA or pha treatment resulted in significantly greater compositional changes earlier in the dry period compared with control quarters. As involution progressed, lactoferrin, serum albumin, immunoglobulin G, pH, and numbers of somatic cells increased, whereas citrate and the molar ratio of citrate:lactoferrin decreased. Mammary secretion accumulation at 7 days of involution was significantly lower in treated compared with control quarters. The data indicated that intramammary infusion of conA or pha near drying off accelerates bovine mammary involution, resulting in elevated levels of natural protective factors.
Xylazine-pentobarbital anesthesia in dogs and its antagonism by yohimbine
Authors: Hsu Walter H.
Published: February 2025

Once a week for 4 weeks, 5 dogs were given im injections of xylazine (2.2 mg/kg of body weight) followed in 10 minutes by iv injections of pentobarbital (14 mg/kg). The resultant duration of anesthesia, absence of pedal reflex, and time from return of consciousness to ambulation were consistent from week to week. The mean times were 137.3, 111.8, and 56.9 minutes, respectively.

A second experiment using 5 other dogs was performed to evaluate the antagonistic effect of yohimbine on the anesthesia induced by the xylazine-pentobarbital combination. When yohimbine (0.1 mg/kg, iv) was administered 10, 60, and 120 minutes after the xylazine-pentobarbital injection (given as in the 1st experiment), it abolished or markedly reduced the duration of anesthesia, absence of pedal reflex, and the time from return of consciousness to ambulation. After being given yohimbine, the dogs had a smooth recovery without postanesthetic excitement.

In experiment 3, im xylazine injections caused bradycardia without changing mean arterial blood pressure. Subsequent iv pentobarbital administration abolished xylazine-induced bradycardia for approximately 20 minutes and decreased arterial blood pressure slightly and gradually. Respiration was markedly depressed for the first 20 minutes of xylazine-pentobarbital anesthesia and gradually decreased during the rest of the 50-minute monitoring period. Yohimbine injection at postpentobarbital dosing minute 50 reversed the resumed xylazine-induced bradycardia and relieved other signs of respiratory depression associated with xylazine-pentobarbital anesthesia.

The xylazine-pentobarbital combination was safe and effective for inducing and maintaining up to 2 hours of anesthesia in dogs. Yohimbine was an effective antagonist for the xylazine-pentobarbital combination. Yohimbine may be useful for arousal of dogs anesthetized with a xylazine-pentobarbital combination.
Laparoscopic sterilization of the bitch and queen by uterine horn occlusion
Authors: Wildt David E. , Lawler Dennis F.
Published: February 2025

Laparoscopic sterilization techniques, originally developed for use in women, were evaluated in the bitch and queen. In the first study (study I), the uterine horns of 6 bitches and 3 queens were occluded by electrocoagulation or plastic clips. The sites of occlusion were midway along the length of 1 cornus and at the uterotubal junction on the contralateral side. Both procedures effectively occluded the uterine horns, as evidenced by a distinctly visible separation of the reproductive tract. Laparoscopic examination 1 year after surgery revealed an enlarged, thin-walled, and fluid-filled uterine segment cranial to the midcornus occlusion sites in all animals. The contralateral horn was normal in appearance, except for the separation from the ovarian bursa. Three of the bitches developed pyometra (confined to the distended uterine segment) at 24 months, at 53 months, and at 72 months after sterilization, respectively. In a subsequent study (study II), 1 adult and 5 prepubertal bitches were sterilized by laparoscopic electrocoagulation of both uterine horns at the uterotubal junction adjacent to the ovarian bursa. Upon reexamination 1, 2, and 4 years later, the uterine horns of these females were normal in appearance, but were separated from the adjacent ovarian bursae. These females continued to be clinically healthy. Laparoscopic sterilization offers a rapid and safe alternative to ovariohysterectomy and, because of its minor invasive nature, can be performed on young, prepubertal animals. Such a procedure may have particular value as a simple, practical means of sterilizing dogs and cats on a mass basis.
Effects of bovine viral diarrhea virus on the percentages and absolute numbers of circulating B and T lymphocytes in cattle
Authors: Bolin S. R. , McClurkin A. W. , Coria M. F.
Published: February 2025

The percentage and absolute numbers of circulating B and T lymphocytes were determined for 10 healthy cattle by labeling mononuclear cells with anti-bovine immunoglobulin or peanut agglutinin. The cattle were then inoculated with a cytopathogenic isolate of bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) virus, and B- and T-lymphocyte populations were again quantitated at given intervals. Seemingly, bvd virus caused a decrease in the absolute numbers of B and T lymphocytes and in the percentage of T lymphocytes. Although these effects lasted through 7 days, all of the cattle recovered from infection and had detectable bvd virus-neutralizing antibodies in their sera 17 days after exposure.
Kinetics of antibody formation after the reactivation of bovine herpesvirus-1 infection in cattle
Authors: Guy James S. , Potgieter Leon N. D.
Published: February 2025

Holstein heifers previously infected with bovine herpesvirus-1 were treated with corticosteroids to reactivate latent infection. The kinetics of serum immunoglobulin (Ig) M, IgG1, and IgG2 antibody formation were determined.

The secondary immune response which developed as a consequence of virus reactivation was characterized by an anamnestic IgG antibody response. Secondary IgGl and IgG2 antibody formation constituted the IgG antibody response. In addition, secondary IgM antibody formation was elicited by this form of bovine herpesvirus-1 antigenic exposure.
Characterization of Brucella abortus strain 19 isolated from human and bovine tissues and fluids
Authors: Meyer Margaret E.
Published: February 2025

One hundred isolates of Brucella abortus, which were recovered from bovine and human tissues or fluids, were identified as strain 19 by conventional bacteriologic methods. Each isolate was examined using a Warburg respirometer to determine oxidative rates on substrates of d- and l-alanine, l-glutamic acid, d(+)-galactose, d-ribose, and i-erythritol. These results were compared with those of repository (seed) cultures of strain 19 used for making antigens and vaccines. Except on the substrate of i-erythritol, each of the 100 isolates oxidized these substrates with rates different from the repository cultures and indistinguishable from those of field strains of B abortus. Thus, oxidatively, i-erythritol was the only substrate useful to help distinguish between strain 19 and virulent strains of B abortus biotype 1.
Comparison of peripheral blood and uterine-derived polymorphonuclear leukocytes from mares resistant and susceptible to chronic endometritis; Chemotactic and cell elastimetry analysis
Authors: Liu Irwin K. M. , Cheung Anthony T. W. , Walsh Erin M. , Miller Michael E. , Lindenberg Patricia M.
Published: February 2025

The functional competence of peripheral blood and uterine-derived polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn) from 12 mares were analyzed for chemotactic responsiveness using a chemotactic chamber (filter) assay and for deformability by cell elastimetry analysis.

Peripheral blood pmn obtained from control mares and from 8 mares experimentally inoculated via the uterus with 1 × 109 Streptococcus zooepidemicus had similar normal chemotactic responsiveness and were highly deformable before and at 12 hours after inoculation.

Uterine pmn obtained 12 hours after uterine inoculation with S zooepidemicus from resistant mares were not as deformable as peripheral blood pmn, but were within normal functional limits. The chemotactic responsiveness of uterine pmn from these mares was normal. Uterine pmn obtained from mares considered susceptible to endometritis 12 hours after uterine infection did not have chemotactic responsiveness and were nondeformable.

The results indicated profound differences in the functional competence of uterine pmn between mares considered resistant and susceptible to chronic endometritis.
Lungworms (Dictcauaulus arnfieldi): Prevalence in live equids in Kentucky
Authors: Lyons E. T. , Tolliver S. C , Drudge J. H. , Swerczek T. W. , Crowe M. W.
Published: February 2025

Prevalence of natural infections of the lungworm, Dictyocaulus arnfieldi, was investigated in Kentucky in 5,437 live equids (horses, ponies, and asses) on 91 farms by examination of fecal samples over a 15-month-period from January 28, 1983 to April 19, 1984. For the 91 farms investigated, asses only were examined on 1 farm; for the other 90 farms, examinations were made of horses on all of them, of ponies on 4 farms, and of asses on 9 farms.

Larvae of D arnfieldi were found in fecal samples of 112 (2%) of 5,379 horses on the 90 farms of which 38% had ≥ 1 infected animal; none of 19 ponies examined was infected. For 39 asses (donkeys and mules) examined, 21 (54%) were infected; infected asses were present on 80% of the 10 farms on which they were examined.

The equids, excluding asses, that were examined and the percentage (in parentheses) infected with D arnfieldi included 4,329 (2%) Thoroughbreds, 684 (2%) Standardbreds, 78 (0%) American Saddle Horses, and 307 (3%) miscellaneous (other breeds or mixed breeds of horses and ponies).

Equids were separated into 3 categories relative to previous treatment with ivermectin: A (no treatment), B (treatment), and C (treatment unknown). For categories A, B, and C, the number of equids examined and the percentage (in parentheses) infected with D arnfieldi were 4,131 (2%), 97 (0%), and 101 (3%) for Thoroughbreds, respectively; 575 (3%), 108 (1%), and 1 (0%) for Standardbreds, respectively; 52 (0%), 26 (0%), and 0 (0%) for American Saddle Horses, respectively; 257 (4%), 41 (0%), and 9 (0%) for miscellaneous other breeds or mixed breeds of horses and ponies), respectively; 28 (68%), 2 (0%), and 0 (0%) for donkeys, respectively; and 7 (29%), 2 (0%), and 0 (0%) for mules, respectively. In categories A, B, and C, the total number of equids examined, excluding asses, and the percentage infected with D arnfieldi in parentheses! were 5.015 (2%), 272 (< 1%), and 111 (3%), respectively.
Characteristics of F and H waves of ulnar and tibial nerves in cats: Reference values
Authors: Knecht Charles D. , Redding Richard W. , Wilson Sharon
Published: February 2025

The latencies and latency rates of H and F waves were determined by percutaneous stimulation of the ulnar and the tibial nerves of healthy cats. In the ulnar and tibial nerves, the latency rates of H wave evoked compound action potentials were 49.1 ± 7.3 and 44.1 ± 2.7 m/s, respectively, and of F waves were 68.1 ± 9.6 and 57.1 ± 6.2 m/s, respectively. The H wave response of cats was more variable in latency and amplitude than that reported in the dog.
Spinal fluid concentrations of mepivacaine in horses and procaine in cows after thoracolumbar subarachnoid analgesia
Authors: Skarda R. T. , Muir W. W. , Ibrahim A. I.
Published: February 2025

The csf concentrations of mepivacaine in 10 Standardised horses and of procaine in 10 Holstein cows given the drugs by thoracolumbar subarachnoid injection were determined.

Mepivacaine hydrochloride was injected into the horses (502 ± 60.5 kg) at an average dosage of 30 mg (1.5 ml of 20 mg/ml solution). Analgesia was produced 7.5 ± 4.3 minutes after injection, extended between spinal cord segments T13 and L3 on both sides of the spinal column, and lasted 47 ± 18.7 minutes at the T18 dermatome.

Procaine hydrochloride was injected into cows (614 ± 51.5 kg) at a dosage ranging between 75 mg and 100 mg (1.5 ml and 2 ml of 50 mg/ml solution). Analgesia was produced 8.2 ± 2.0 minutes after injection, extended between spinal cord segments T11 and L4 on both sides of the spinal column, and lasted 47 ± 17.5 minutes at the T13 dermatome.

The critical csf concentrations of local anesthetics required to eliminate response to pinprick stimulation were 204.4 ± 90.3 μg of mepivacaine/ml in horses and 197.0 ± 86.1 μg of procaine/ml in cows. Average csf concentrations at 120 minutes after injections were made were 16.8 ± 15.5 μg of mepivacaine/ml and 30.6 ± 17.1 μg of procaine/ml.

In in vitro experiments to determine the rates of hydrolysis of mepivacaine and procaine in csf, significant changes (P > 0.05) were not seen in the csf concentrations of mepivacaine in horses and procaine in cattle after a 120 minute incubation (37 C).

The analgesic threshold concentrations of mepivacaine in csf of horses and procaine in csf of cows were similar. The decline of the subarachnoid mepivacaine and procaine concentrations, which determine the duration of analgesia, was due to absorption of drug into the systemic circulation and not due to hydrolysis in csf.
Peripheral concentrations of cortisol as an indicator of stress in the pig
Authors: Becker B. A. , Nienaber J. A. , Christenson R. K. , Manak R. C. , DeShazer J. A. , Hahn G. L.
Published: February 2025

Twenty-four crossbred gilts (7 to 9 months old) were exposed to 3 different stressors to evaluate changes in peripheral concentrations of the adrenal hormone cortisol. Gilts were confined in a box for 1 hour, electrically stimulated for 6 minutes, or heat-stressed for 6 hours; these stressors were imposed for 3 consecutive days. Blood samples were collected repeatedly, and serum cortisol concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay.

Peak cortisol concentrations for pigs in the box, electrically stimulated, and heat-stressed were 67.8 ± 9.9 ng/ml ( ± sem), 43.2 ± 5.8 ng/ml, and 25.2 ± 3.0 ng/ml > the control concentrations. The times at which these peaks occurred varied with each stressor. Overall serum cortisol concentrations decreased from day 1 to day 3, but the response to a given stressor was not diminished. Our data substantiate the use of cortisol as an indicator of stress in swine and emphasize consideration for the interval between exposures to stressors.
Immunologic response of sheep to inactivated and virulent bluetongue virus
Authors: Stott Jeffrey L. , Barber Thomas L. , Osburn Bennie I.
Published: February 2025

Humoral and cellular immune responses of sheep to inactivated and virulent bluetongue virus (btv) were studied. All sheep inoculated with inactivated btv developed btv group-specific nonneutralizing antibodies, as determined by agar-gel immunodiffusion. The development of group-specific, nonneutralizing, complement-fixing antibodies was variable and appeared to be dependent on immunizing btv serotype, sheep breed, and individual variation. Virus-neutralizing antibodies were never detected after inoculation with the inactivated btv.

In vitro lymphocyte stimulation to btv soluble antigen was observed with cells from all inoculated Warhill sheep and with cells from 1 of 3 inoculated Suffolk cross sheep.

Complement-fixation titers did not appear to correlate with the degree of protection observed, ie, duration of postchallenge-exposure viremia. The development of postchallenge-exposure neutralizing antibody titer was inversely correlated to protective immunity. The development of a response to btv antigen in the lymphocyte stimulation test associated most closely with protection. Warhill sheep were afforded better protection, by inoculation with inactivated btv, to live virus challenge exposure than were the Suffolk cross sheep. Approximately 30% of the inoculated Suffolk cross sheep responded to challenge exposure with intensified clinical signs of bluetongue, compared with the challenge-exposed control sheep of the same breed.
Observations of tabanid feeding on mares and foals
Authors: Foil L. , Stage D. , Adams W. V. , Issel C. J.
Published: February 2025

The occurrence of tabanid feeding between mares and foals was observed. When mares and foals were observed freely moving within a pasture situation, foals had 2.43% (4 flies in 77 observations vs 297 flies in 139 observations) of the tabanid feeding occurrences of the mares. This difference in tabanid burden varied due to herd size, herd location, and tabanid species. Lower tabanid burden of foals was indicated as a practical protective mechanism against pathogenic agents mechanically transmitted by tabanids, such as equine infectious anemia virus.
Effect of endotoxin administration on body fluid compartments in the horse
Authors: Spurlock G. H. , Landry S. L. , Sams R. , McGuirk S. , Muir W. W.
Published: February 2025

Plasma volume, extracellular fluid volume (ecfv), and total body water (tbw) were measured before and after endotoxin (Escherichia coli) administration in 6 conscious adult horses. Evan’s blue dye, sodium thiocyanate, and antipyrine were the test substances used to estimate plasma volume, ecfv, and tbw, respectively. Pharmacokinetic analysis of plasma concentration vs time was used to determine changes in body fluid compartments. The pathophysiologic effects of endotoxin were monitored by clinical evaluation, blood chemical changes, and blood gas determinations. All horses became dyspneic within 15 minutes of endotoxin administration and clinical signs of colic were evident 30 to 45 minutes after endotoxin administration. After endotoxin administration, serum glucose and creatinine concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) elevated, and all horses became hypoxic and developed marked metabolic acidosis, and plasma volume decreased approximately 15% (P < 0.05). A significant change in ecfv or tbw during the 300-minute experimental period was not observed.
Epidemiologic study of toxoplasmosis on a sheep ranch
Authors: Behymer D. E. , Ruppanner R. , Davis E. W. , Franti C. E. , Les C. M.
Published: February 2025

An epidemiologic study was done on a ranch in northern California on a flock of ewes that had a history of abortions, mummified fetuses, weak or stillborn lambs, and failure to conceive. Of 56 ewes tested, 33 (59%) had serum agglutinating antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii, with an unusually high proportion of high titers. Over a 2-year-period, reproductive problems were higher (39% to 42%) among the seropositive ewes than among the seronegative ewes (9% to 33%). Of 89 sera received from persons and 7 species of animals on the ranch, 44 (49%) were found to be seropositive to T gondii, including seropositive members of a family of 6. The rancher’s wife and teenage daughter, both of whom were involved with lambing, had serum titers exceeding 4,096. Other members of the family not involved with lambing were seronegative by the indirect hemagglutination test. The 2 infected persons are known to have come in contact with placentas, birth fluids, fetuses, and colostrums from these infected ewes.
Detection of papillomaviruses in cutaneous fibromas of white-tailed and mule deer
Authors: Sundberg John P. , Williams Elizabeth S. , Hill David , Lancaster Wayne D. , Nielsen Svend W.
Published: February 2025

Naturally occurring cutaneous fibromas affecting white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (O hemionus), and cutaneous fibropapillomas of domestic cattle were tested for papillomavirus using indirect immunofluorescence (if), peroxidase-antiperoxidase (pap), and negative-stain electron microscopic techniques. Papillomavirus was consistently detected using rabbit antiserum against papillomavirus group-specific antigen in all mule deer fibromas and bovine fibropapillomas; only 16 of 28 white-tailed deer fibromas tested by if and 9 of 15 tested by pap were detected. Normal skin from white-tailed deer or cattle was consistently negative for virus. Similar results were obtained by negative-stain electron microscopic examination of partially purified tumor homogenates. Using deer fibroma virus or bovine papillomavirus type 1-specific antisera, viruses were typed by if, pap, and immunoelectron microscopy.
Measurement of canine plasma fibronectin by rocket immunoelectrophoresis
Authors: O’Neill Sharron L. , Feldman Bernard F. , Boothby John T.
Published: February 2025

Plasma fibronectin concentrations of 148 normal canine samples were measured by rocket immunoelectrophoresis. Electrophoresis was accomplished, using 2.0% rabbit anticanine fibronectin by volume in 0.7% agarose in buffer. Films were electrophoresed 18 hours in barbital buffer, 7.5 mA/film. The mean fibronectin concentration for normal citrated dog plasma was 290 μg/ml ± 50 μg/ml.
Ultrastructure of cellular changes in the replication of the alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 of malignant catarrhal fever
Authors: Castro A. E. , Heuschele W. P , Schramke M. L. , Dotson J. F.
Published: February 2025

Cell cultures inoculated with 5 different viral isolates from 4 species of ruminants with clinical signs of malignant catarrhal fever (from the San Diego Wild Animal Park) were examined by electron microscopy. Each had the morphology of a herpesvirus (118 to 220 nm) and was icosahedral, and the nucleocapsid matured in the nucleus of the infected cell. Envelopment of budding occurred with each viral isolate at the nuclear and the plasma membranes. The virions egressed from the cell by budding from the plasma membrane or through channels of the Golgi apparatus or the endoplasmic reticulum. A proposed scheme for the morphogenesis of the herpesvirus of malignant catarrhal fever is presented.
Effect of human leukocyte A interferon on prevention of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus infection of cattle
Authors: Roney Charles S. , Rossi Charles R. , Smith Paul C. , Lauerman Lloyd C. , Spano Joseph S. , Hanrahan Lynn A. , William John C.
Published: February 2025

Human leukocyte A interferon was evaluated for its ability to prevent infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus-induced respiratory tract disease in cattle. Weanling calves were treated daily for 1 week with 50 × 106 U of interferon, intranasally (by nebulization) and im, and inoculated with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus on the first day of treatment. Respiratory tract disease was less severe in treated as compared with nontreated calves which were given only infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, and infection in the treated calves occurred later than in the untreated calves. Viral shedding and appearance of viral neutralizing antibodies occurred later in treated calves than in calves given only virus. Because several calves in a treatment group were housed together, whether the late appearance of infection in some interferon-treated calves was due to emergence of suppressed virus or to horizontal transmission from calves shedding virus could not be determined. One calf in the interferon-treated group developed antibody to human interferon and a few treated calves had transient elevation of hepatic enzymes. Interferon-treated calves developed a high temperature which subsided on termination of treatment. Production of disease was considerably dependent on the amount of virus and interferon given, since calves given 300 times more virus and approximately half as much interferon showed no evidence of protection against infection.
Prevalence of Trypanosoma theileri in cows and fetuses at slaughter
Authors: Hussain Khadim , Brodie Bruce , Ott Randall S. , Montealegre Frederico
Published: February 2025

Blood from 171 pregnant and 65 nonpregnant cows was taken at slaughter for culture and examined during the culturing period for Trypanosoma theileri once a week for 5 weeks. Of the 171 fetuses from the pregnant cows, 119 (69.6%) were ≥ 4 months gestation; blood samples from these fetuses were also taken for culture. Of 236 cows (81 of 171 [47.4%] pregnant and 20 of 65 [30.8%] nonpregnant cows), 101 (42.8%) were culture positive. More of the pregnant than nonpregnant cows were culture positive (P < 0.05). More beef cows (48.0%) than dairy cows (34.1%) were culture positive (P < 0.025). Two of the 119 (1.7%) fetus samples were found culture positive.

The percentages of positive cultures from Brucella-reactor cows, 18 of 40 (45.0%), and from non-Brucella-reactor cows, 83 of 196 (42.3%), were similar. However, both of the culture-positive fetuses were from Brucella-reactor cows.
Compartmental and noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analyses of minocycline hydrochloride in the dog
Authors: Wilson Robert C. , Kitzman Joseph V. , Kemp Douglas T. , Goetsch Dennis D.
Published: February 2025

Six adult dogs were given 5 mg of minocycline hydrochloride/kg of body weight iv. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of the serum drug concentration versus time data was performed, using the 2-compartment open model, the 3-compartment open model, and a noncompartmental model involving use of the statistical moment theory. All pharmacokinetic values except clearance were model independent. Minocycline half-life ranged between 6.48 and 7.24 hours; volume of distribution at steady state, between 1.859 ± 0.368 and 2.001 ± 0.468 L/kg; and clearance, between 3.195 ± 0.618 and 3.424 ± 0.684 ml/min/kg. These data are similar to those reported for oxytetracycline and indicate that the frequency of administration of the 2 tetracyclines should be the same.

Three of the 6 dogs developed an adverse response to the iv injection of minocycline. Dog 1 developed urticaria and had initial serum drug concentrations of approximately 2 times the mean concentrations for the other dogs; values were not included in the pharmacokinetic analysis. Two other dogs had transient signs indicating cardiovascular depression or hypotension; their data were included. Due to the frequency of the unexpected reactions found in this study, it was concluded that dogs should not be given minocycline rapidly iv.
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation testing in healthy dogs
Authors: Evinger J. V. , Nelson R. W. , Bottoms G. D.
Published: February 2025

Serum triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) concentrations were determined after iv administration of 200 μg of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (trh) to 10 healthy euthyroid dogs. Significant (P < 0.05) changes were not found in the T3 concentration throughout an 8-hour sampling interval. All dogs had a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the T4 concentration at 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 hours after trh administration. The largest increase in the serum T4 concentration occurred 4 hours after trh injection. From 4 to 8 hours after trh administration, the mean increase above basal T4 concentrations was 13.9 ± 5.4 ng/ml.
Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide-methemoglobin reductase activity in erythrocytes from cats
Authors: Baker Dale C. , Gaunt Stephen D.
Published: February 2025

Reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (nadh)-methemoglobin reductase activity in feline erythrocyte lysates was determined, using potassium ferricyanide as substrate. The optimum conditions for the assay were pH 8 and 37 C. Mean nadh-ferricyanide reductase activity in cats was 15.7 ± 4.1 μmoles of substrate converted/g of hemoglobin/min. The migration of nadh-ferricyanide reductase was similar to that of the nadh-methemoglobin reductase (nadh diaphorase) on starch gel electrophoresis.
Percutaneous trephine biopsy of the vertebral body in the rhesus monkey (Macaco mulatta)
Authors: Hermann Linda M. , Smith Katherine C.
Published: February 2025

Two methods of percutaneous vertebral body biopsy were performed in the Rhesus monkey, using a 3-mm diameter trephine and a pneumatic driver placed at a 30° angle of approach to the transverse plane of the spine. The freehand method involved placing needle landmarks in the spine, followed by examination of a lateral radiograph of the lumbar region to verify landmark positioning and to estimate placement of the trephine. In the 2nd method, a pneumatic trephine guide was oriented according to a trigonometric calculation based on radiographic data. The pneumatic trephine guide allowed precise placement of the driver and steadied the trephine as it passed through the bone.
Correlation of macrophage migration-inhibitionfactor and protection from challenge exposure in calves vaccinated with Salmonella typhimurium
Authors: Habasha Faisal G. , Smith Bradford P. , Schwartz Les , Ardans Alex , Reina-Guerra Mario
Published: February 2025

Migration of bovine macrophages under agarose was used to assess cellular immunity in 7 nonvaccinated calves and 9 calves vaccinated with Salmonella typhimurium. The 9 vaccinated calves were allotted to 4 groups. Group I calves were vaccinated twice orally with small doses of virulent S typhimurium; group II calves were vaccinated twice orally with genetically altered aromatic-dependent (aro−)S typhimurium SL3261; group III calves were vaccinated twice im with small doses of virulent S typhimurium; and group IV calves were vaccinated twice im with aro− S typhimurium SL1479.

Samples of blood were obtained from these calves at 2 weeks after the 2nd vaccinal dose was given, and lymphocytes were harvested, using lymphocyte separation medium. Lymphocytes in serum-free medium were then incubated with S typhimurim antigen for 48 hours. Lymphocytes were then transferred to antigen-free medium and incubated for 48 hours, and the supernatant was assayed for the migration-inhibition factor (mif).

Lymphocyte supernatant was assayed for mif by incubating it for 48 hours with 2.0 × 104 alveolar macrophages in agar wells. The macrophage migration distance was measured and compared with control values. Macrophage migration was inhibited in the presence of supernatant of lymphocytes from vaccinated calves that had been incubated with antigen, indicating the presence of the mif in the supernatant. Migration distances, as a percentage of control, were 33% for group I calves (oral vaccination, virulent vaccinal organism), 60% for group II calves (oral vaccination,. aro− vaccinal organism), 41% for group III (im vaccination, virulent organism), and 25% for group IV (im vaccination, aro− vaccinal organism).

Six of 7 nonvaccinated (control) calves died 3 to 8 days after oral challenge exposure with 1011 virulent S typhimurium, as did the 2 group II calves, None of the groups I, III, and IV calves died. There was a correlation between immunity (survival after challenge exposure) and a high degree of macrophage-migration inhibition,
Creatine kinase isoenzymes in bovine tissue
Authors: Galitzer S. J. , Oehme F. W.
Published: February 2025

Brain, heart, liver, kidney, spleen, lungs, rumen, abomasum, small intestine, skeletal muscle, and urinary bladder from healthy cattle were analyzed for creatine kinase isoenzymes as a possible aid in the diagnosis of myocardial disease. Creatine kinase was detected in all organs evaluated. In addition, 6 different fluorescing bands were detected by isoenzyme analysis. Large quantities of the same isoenzymes were in cardiac and skeletal muscle, but not in other organs. Creatine kinase isoenzyme analysis does not necessarily indicate cardiac damage, but may narrow the range of tissue damage possibilities to be included in the differential diagnosis.
Intestinal phospholipase B activity in pigs inoculated with transmissible gastroenteritis virus
Authors: Goven Arthur J. , DeBuysscher Eduard V.
Published: February 2025

Intestinal phospholipase B activity in pigs inoculated with transmissible gastroenteritis (tge) virus was studied. Phospholipase activity was quantified by measuring the hydrolytic release of free fatty acids in homogenized intestinal tissue incubated with lysophosphatidylcholine. An increase in enzyme activity was observed in the cranial and caudal portions of the ileum and jejunum in pigs killed 3, 6, and 8 days after inoculation with tge virus. Seemingly, phospholipase B may be part of the host immune response against tge viral infection.
Radiotelemetric determination of gastrointestinal pH in four healthy Beagles
Authors: Youngberg Carole A. , Wlodyga John , Schmaltz Steven , Dressman Jennifer B.
Published: February 2025

A radiotelemetric technique for monitoring canine gastrointestinal function with clinical and research applications is described. Continuous gastrointestinal pH profiles for base-line (fasted) and postprandial states were recorded for a 6-hour test period in 4 Beagles, using a radiotelemetric device (Heidelberg capsule).

Base-line gastric pH values were between 0.9 and 2.5 during the first 30 minutes, with a mean ± sem of 1.5 ± 0.04. Postprandial gastric pH values varied between 0.5 and 3.5 during the first 30 minutes, with a mean of 2.1 ± 0.04. Base-line duodenal pH values during the initial 5 minutes after gastric emptying varied from 4.5 to 7.5 with a mean of 6.1 ± 0.1, and for the initial 60-minute post-gastric emptying, pH ranged from 4.5 to greater than 8.0 (beyond capsule calibration limit) with a mean of 6.7 ± 0.05. The pH tended to increase linearly with time during the initial 60 minutes in the intestine. Mean gastric residence time of the capsule was 74 ± 26.5 minutes in the fasted state (range 0 to 240 minutes). Postprandially, the capsule remained in the stomach for the duration of the 6-hour observation period.
Comparison of coagulase test methods for identification of Staphylococcus intermedius from dogs
Authors: Cox Hollis Utah , Newman Susan S. , Roy Alma F. , Hoskins Johnny D. , Foil Carol S.
Published: February 2025

Staphylococcus intermedius isolates from dogs were tested for coagulase activity by 6 commercial methods and by conventional methods, using rabbit and dog plasma. When compared with the conventional tube method using rabbit plasma, none of the 6 commercial methods was suitable for identification of S intermedius, although the 6 tests performed well using strains of S aureus. Use of rabbit plasma identified more S intermedius isolates than did use of dog plasma.
Cyclopiazonic acid mycotoxicosis in the dog
Authors: Nuehring Leland P. , Rowland George N. , Harrison Lena R. , Cole Richard J. , Dorner Joe W.
Published: February 2025

The subacute toxic effects of cyclopiazonic acid (cpa; given orally) were characterized in the dog (cpa was purified from cultures of Aspergillus flavus). Four groups of dogs were given cpa in gelatin capsules for 90 days at the following dosage levels: 0.05, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg of body weight; a 5th group was used as controls. All dogs administered the 0.5 and 1.0 mg of cpa/kg dosages and 1 dog given the 0.25 mg of cpa/kg dosage died or were humanely killed before the scheduled termination of the study. Clinical signs of intoxication appeared 2 to 44 days after dosing was started and consisted of anorexia and, in 1 to 2 days, vomiting, diarrhea, pyrexia, dehydration, weight loss, and cns depression. Grossly, the entire alimentary tract had diffuse hyperemia with focal areas of hemorrhage and ulceration. Other lesions were renal infarcts, necrotizing epididymitis, and ulcerative dermatitis. Microscopic lesions included ulceration, necrosis, vasculitis, lymphoid necrosis, karyomegaly in several organs, and decreased mitotic activity in intestinal crypt epithelium. Ulcerative and necrotic lesions were usually associated with vascular lesions. Clinical pathologic changes were leukocytosis, neutrophilia, lymphopenia, monocytosis, and increased serum alkaline phosphatase activity.
Effect of gastrin, histamine, serotonin, and adrenergic amines on gastroesophageal sphincter pressure in the dog
Authors: Strombeck Donald R. , Harrold Doris
Published: February 2025

In nonrestrained dogs that had not been given chemicals and that were in the fasted and fed state, gastroesophageal sphincter pressure (gesp) was measured; results were compared with gesp induced in the same dogs by drugs that modified activity at cholinergic, adrenergic, histaminic, and gastrin receptors. Atropine reduced gesp from 38.5 ± 1.3 (mean ± se) and 55.5 ± 2.0 mm of Hg to 11.3 ± 2.0 and 14.5 ± 2.4 mm of Hg in fasted and fed dogs, respectively. Histamine induced phasic contractions that were not affected by anticholinergics or cimetidine. Iphenhydramine eliminated the phasic contractions and reduced gesp to 18.2 ± 3.9 mm of Hg. In fed dogs, diphenhydramine reduced gesp to 37.0 ± 2.5 mm of Hg, but cimetidine did not. Pentagastrin induced increases in gesp that were inversely related to basal gesp. Pentagastrin given during histamine infusion eliminated histamine-induced phasic contractions. In fed dogs, metoclopramide increased gesp from 48.8 ± 4.0 mm of Hg to 76.0 ± 4.0 mm of Hg; this increment was eliminated by diphenhydramine. Administration of atropine after metoclopramide reduced gesp the same as for dogs given atropine alone. An adrenergic amine with only α-adrenergic effects induced phasic contractions, and an adrenergic amine with only β-adrenergic effects reduced gesp. Blockers of α and β effects did not change gesp in fed dogs. Domperidone induced phasic contractions that were eliminated by feeding. Serotonin increased gesp. Canine gesp may be maintained in fed dogs by chemicals interacting with cholinergic, histaminic, gastrin, and serotonin receptors, but not by chemicals interacting with adrenergic receptors.
Effects of deficient and adequate dietary magnesium concentrations on body magnesium concentrations in wethers
Authors: Fisher D. D. , Wilson L. L. , Leach R. M. , Scholz R. W.
Published: February 2025

Effects of 2 dietary Mg concentrations (deficient and adequate: 0.04 and 0.12 g of Mg/100 g of dry matter, respectively) on body fluid and tissue Mg concentrations and performance of wether lambs were evaluated in a 28-day trial. Nine blood and 6 urine samples were collected from each wether. After 28 days, csf and wool samples were collected, and diet, body fluids, and tissues were analyzed for mineral concentration. Diet effects on serum and urine Mg concentrations were noticed after day 3 (P < 0.01; P < 0.05, respectively). Mean serum and urine Mg concentrations for 6 sampling periods were correlated (r = 0.83, P < 0.001; No. of samples = 12). The effect of dietary Mg on CSF Mg concentrations approached significance (P < 0.10). Effects of diet on cardiac muscle, liver, and 3rd metatarsal bone Mg contents or hematologic criteria were not observed.

Diet affected wool and kidney cortex Mg contents (P < 0.02). Individual mean 28-day serum Mg concentration was correlated with wool Mg content (r = 0.73, P < 0.05; n = 8) and with kidney cortex Mg content (r = 0.75, P < 0.05; n = 8). Wethers fed low Mg diet excreted less urine Ca (P < 0.001) and had slightly lower serum Ca and K values (P < 0.10) than did wethers fed high Mg. Significant differences in cardiac muscle, liver, spleen, or kidney cortex Ca contents were not observed. Wethers fed low Mg diet consumed less dry matter and gained less weight (P < 0.001) than did wethers fed high Mg diet. Body fluid and tissue macromineral concentrations of 1 wether with hypomagnesemic tetany are presented for prognostic and diagnostic purposes.
Effect of povidone, povidone-iodine, and iodide on locomotion (in vitro) of neutrophils from people, rats, dogs, and rabbits
Authors: Tvedten Harold W. , Till Gert O.
Published: February 2025

The effect of the antiseptic povidone-iodine (p-i) on neutrophil locomotion was tested in vitro. Neutrophil migration into Micropore filters was significantly stimulated by p-i at concentrations between 0.03% and 0.005%. At higher concentrations (≥ 0.05%), a dose-dependent inhibition of neutrophil migration could be observed which was due to cytotoxic effects of p-i as shown by pyknosis and cell lysis. To analyze these effects, 2 components of p-i (namely, povidone and iodide) were tested separately. In these tests, povidone induced a pronounced stimulation of neutrophil migration at concentrations similar to the stimulatory concentrations of p-i. Inhibition of neutrophil migration or cytotoxic effects of povidone was not observed, even when tested at high concentrations (5.0%). Iodide (as NaI or KI) was cytotoxic and strongly inhibited neutrophil migration when it was tested at concentrations greater than that likely to be present in the inhibitory concentrations of p-i. Stimulatory effects of iodide on neutrophil migration could not be observed when tested over a wide range of noncytotoxic concentrations. Free iodine was not tested, but was considered to be the toxic component by exclusion. The patterns of response were similar for neutrophils from the 4 species tested. Migration of rabbit neutrophils, however, was inconsistently and weakly stimulated by p-i or povidone. These data indicate that the widely used antiseptic p-i, depending on its concentration, can either stimulate or inhibit neutrophil migration.
Effects of heterologous antineutrophil antibody in the cat
Authors: Chickering William R. , Brown John , Prasse Keith W. , Dawe Donald L.
Published: February 2025

Rabbit anti-cat neutrophil serum was injected intraperitoneally into cats to study its effects on blood neutrophil numbers, on development of neutrophils in bone marrow, and on the fate of circulating and developing neutrophils. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in curves of blood neutrophil numbers between antineutrophil serum (ans)- and normal rabbit serum (nrs)-injected cats; neutrophil counts tended to decrease in ans-injected cats, whereas a transient increase in counts occurred in nrs-injected cats. Significant left shifts (P < 0.05) were present in ans-injected cats, but absent in nrs-injected cats. Toxic morphologic changes were noted in blood neutrophils in all ans-injected cats. Significant bone marrow changes (P < 0.05) occurred in ans-injected cats, but were absent in nrs-injected cats. Myelocyte percentages of the granulocyte marrow population increased during the time that segmented neutrophil percentages decreased. In ans-injected cats, the percentage of cells in the mitotic pool (myeloblasts, promyelocytes, myelocytes) significantly increased (P < 0.05), with a corresponding significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the postmitotic pool (metamyelocytes, bands, segmented neutrophils). Aspirated bone marrow smears (Wright's stain) revealed marrow macrophages containing phagocytized neutrophil bands and segmented neutrophils. Sections of liver obtained after cats were necropsied revealed neutrophil phagocytosis by Kupffer's cells, but neutrophil phagocytosis was not demonstrated in other tissues examined.
Familial canine dermatomyositis: Clinicopathologic, immunologic, and serologic studies
Authors: Haupt Kirk H. , Prieur David J. , Hargis Ann M. , Cowell Rick L. , McDonald Thomas L. , Werner Linda L. , Evermann James F.
Published: February 2025

Laboratory studies were performed on 3 Collies with familial canine dermatomyositis, 6 progeny from a breeding of 2 of the Collies (incross litter), and 4 progeny from the breeding of an affected Collie male and a normal Labrador Retriever (outcross litter). Hematologic abnormalities were leukogram changes consistent with inflammation, and, in 2 severely affected incross dogs, anemia of inflammatory disease. Serum muscle enzyme activities were not markedly increased. High concentrations of immune complexes and proportionally increased total immunoglobulin G were present in the sera of moderately and severely affected incross dogs. The same dogs had weakly positive direct Coombs' tests, and 1 affected outcross dog had a strongly positive direct Coombs' test. Rheumatoid factor was present in a severely affected in-cross dog. A few dogs had polyclonal globulin increases that were attributed to inflammation. Low antibody titers to canine calicivirus were present in 3 dogs and a low titer to canine coronavirus was present in 1 dog.