bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Suicide in Hong Kong
Authors: Yap P. M.
Published: August 2008

Enquiry into the occurrence and the pattern of S.† in different cultures promises to reveal information of importance, but there is as yet inadequate material from which definite conclusions can be drawn. Cavan (1928) and Dublin and Bunzel (1933) devoted chapters of their works on S. to this aspect of the subject. These, however, were but poorly assorted collections of descriptive items from various ethnologists, orientalists, and historians, and from them few significant relationships between S. and culture could have been deduced. Zilboorg (1936, 1937) tried to build a concept of S. as a preformed, archaic behavioural reaction on ethnological data, but it must be admitted that valuable though this formulation is he has made somewhat tendentious use of his material in weaving them into the fabric of psycho-analytic theory. His arguments have been subjected to criticism by Wile (1937). Ellenberger (1953) cited examples of S. from various cultures that could be classified under the three components of the S. impulse described by Menninger (1938), viz., the wish to die, the wish to be killed, and the wish to kill. Such a classification, however, cannot cover all the facts. The social sanctioning of S. for different motives in different cultures would seem to argue against the notion that S. everywhere involves the same “components”. The view that S. is rare in elementary and compactly organized societies has long been held, and has recently been confirmed as far as the Yorubas of West Africa are concerned by Lambo (1956).
The Differentiation of Delirium Tremens from Impending Hepatic Coma
Authors: Davidson Esther A. , Solomon Philip
Published: August 2008

The problem of differentiating impending hepatic coma from delirium tremens is one which arises less commonly in Great Britain than in the United States. It is a problem which occurs, of course, chiefly in connection with alcoholic patients and while alcoholism has declined in Great Britain it is becoming an increasing medical and social problem in certain sections of the United States (1). Thus, at the Boston City Hospital alcoholism was a factor in over 45 per cent. of patients with cirrhosis of the liver at post-mortem (2). At the Hammersmith Hospital in London alcoholism was an aetiological factor in 5 per cent. of patients with the clinical diagnosis of cirrhosis (3). There is no doubt that the problem of differentiating impending hepatic coma from delirium tremens is a common and relatively easy one in Boston, whereas in London it is a rare and therefore more difficult one.
Weyburn Assessment Scale
Authors: Blewett D. B. , Stefaniuk W. B.
Published: August 2008

Some time ago the Department of National Health and Welfare of the Government of Canada became interested in the therapeutic effects of a preparation of nucleotides in the treatment of mental illness. It was decided that the research group from the Saskatchewan Hospital, Weyburn, should assess the usefulness of the preparation in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia.
Melancholia, Glucose Tolerance and Body Weight
Authors: Pryce I. G.
Published: August 2008

A decrease of glucose tolerance in mental illness has been observed for over forty years (Kooy, 1919; Mann, 1925). Although this change in carbohydrate metabolism has been described in all types of mental disorders, the majority of investigators report that it occurs most frequently in melancholia (Kooy, 1919; Mann, 1925; McCowan and Quastel, 1931; Holmgren and Wohlfahrt, 1944). The phenomenon has usually been regarded as a secondary effect, and several theories have been suggested to explain how it is produced (Kooy, 1919; Mann, 1925; McCowan and Quastel, 1931; Holmgren and Wohlfahrt, 1944); however, no single explanation is firmly established, and the mechanism or mechanisms are still uncertain.
Depersonalization and Allied Disturbances in Childhood
Authors: Salfield D. J.
Published: August 2008

Depersonalization, derealization, unreality feelings, metamorphopsia and similar symptoms are not unusual in neuro-psychiatric patients. They are said to be extremely rare in children, Tramer (22) does not mention them, and Kanner (9) remarks only that “feelings of unreality are exceedingly rare in children. Things seem unreal to the patient, different from what he knows them to be. He is fully aware of the incongruity of his experience, which sometimes causes considerable distress.” He quotes the case of a slightly retarded boy of almost 14 years who combined feelings of unreality and derealization with occasional macropsia.
Mental Hospital Planning in Denmark
Authors: Aungle P. G.
Published: August 2008

By 1975 Denmark should have 9 new mental hospitals, each, with one exception, closely linked to a general hospital. This is the most striking of the proposals contained in the Report∗ of a Commission set up by the Danish Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1952. This Commission was to “report on trends of development of the State Mental Hospital Service in respect of organization and buildings, with special reference to the necessary adaptation of the hospitals to present-day needs and forms of treatment. The Commission's deliberations, which should principally be concerned with the modernizing and extension of the hospitals together with their position in relation to the general hospital service, should also include the possible extension of treatment to categories of patients with mental disorders other than true insanity. The Commission's work should be so arranged that its report can constitute the immediate foundation for the practical organization of future reform work.” This Report contains much of general interest and much which might merit wider application.
Azacyclonal in Mental Deficiency Practice: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Wright William B.
Published: August 2008

Schizophrenia occurring in the early years is generally recognized to be a deteriorating illness and one in which therapy has little effect. Tredgold (6) recognized schizophrenia as a cause of oligophrenia and most mental deficiency hospitals have a number of these patients. Although not numerically a large problem, they are among the most difficult patients to handle.
The Neurotic Process As the Focus of Physiological and Psychoanalytic Research
Authors: Kubie Lawrence S.
Published: August 2008

A series of studies published since 1951 attempted to clarify what is meant by the neurotic in human nature. In returning to this problem today, I must beg your indulgence for repeating myself at some points. Apart from the kindness of your chairman in inviting me to discuss the Neurotic Process as my contribution to this symposium, my further justification is the opportunity which it gives me to add a few considerations which may round out the hypothesis and make it more useful, and also to indicate that the neurotic process is the meeting place for the organic and psychological approaches to problems of human behaviour (4, 5, 7, 10).
Confirmation of Objective Test Factors and Assessment of Their Relation to Questionnaire Factors: A Factor Analysis of 113 Rating, Questionnaire and Objective Test Measurements of Personality
Authors: Scheier Ivan H. , Cattell Raymond B.
Published: August 2008

Cattell's basic strategy in personality research has been first to establish personality factors for each of three major types of measurement, rating (Life-Record), questionnaire (Self-Rating), and objective tests, then to compare factors from one realm with factors from another (7). A factor in any one realm is established in the first place by being replicated. As Cattell says (4, p. 291): “… a functionally unitary trait or process should nevertheless not be considered established by a pattern in a single factor analytic research, but must reappear consistently and persistently in independently rotated studies.”
Assessing a New Phenothiazine
Authors: Baker A. A. , Thorpe J. G.
Published: August 2008

7044 is a new phenothiazine derivative which can be regarded, pharmacologically, as resembling chlorpromazine much more closely than it does promethazine. It is said to have the characteristic central properties of chlorptomazine more highly developed, and in addition anti-adrenaline properties with anti-histamine properties comparable to those of promethazine. On a theoretical basis it might have the clinical indications of chlorpromazine.
A Clinical Trial of Stemetil (Prochlorperazine)
Authors: Milne Hugo B. , Berliner Fritz
Published: August 2008

Phenothiazine derivatives have been widely employed in the management of schizophrenia over the past few years. Possibly the most commonly used has been chlorpromazine under its trade name “Largactil”.
Calcium, Phosphate and Phosphatase in Mongolism
Authors: Stern J. , Lewis W. H. P.
Published: August 2008

Benda (1947) has reported values falling within the normal range for the serum calcium, phosphate and alkaline phosphatase in mongolism. More recently however Sobelet al. (1956) have stated that, while the inorganic phosphate and phosphatase are normal, the serum calcium is low in mongolism. The data on which this report was based do not appear to have been published to date. Further information on this point therefore seemed desirable.
Suicidal Behaviour in Depressive Illness
Authors: Walton H. J.
Published: August 2008

Among factors held to be causally related to suicide are: (i) social isolation (1); (ii) social degeneration (2); (iii) parental deprivation (3, 4, 5). If these factors are aetiologically related to suicide, they should present prominently in that minority of depressive patients who attempt suicide. On the other hand, these factors should be found less frequently in non-suicidal depressive patients. The hypothesis that a factor is causally related will not be supported if it is found to occur as frequently among non-suicidal depressive patients as among those showing both depression and suicidal behaviour.
A Clinical Trial Comparing Prochlorperazine (“Stemetil”) with Chlorpromazine (“Largactil”) in the Treatment of Chronic Psychotic Patients
Authors: Dransfield G. A.
Published: August 2008

Chlorpromazine (“Largactil”) was introduced to this country some five years ago, and since that time a considerable number of reports on its clinical efficacy have appeared, including Anton-Stephens (1954) and Garmany et al. (1954). There is now general agreement that it is a useful form of treatment in chronic schizophrenia, especially for the aggressive, disturbed patient (Salisbury and Hare, 1957). More recently another phenothiazine derivative, incorporating a piperazine ring in the side chain, has been produced.
The Effects of Promazine (“Sparine”) in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Simpson R. Wallace , Jesson J. G.
Published: August 2008

Promazine hydrochloride (“Sparine”) is a phenothiazine derivative which has recently been introduced to this country with claims to be a “tranquillizing” drug. It is closely related chemically to chlorpromazine but does not contain the chlorine atom which has been thought to cause the undesirable side effects of the promazine group. The structural formula of Sparine compares with that of chlorpromazine as follows:
Physiological Effects of Schizophrenic Body Fluids
Authors: McGeer Edith G. , McGeer Patrick L.
Published: August 2008

Controversy has raged for over half a century as to whether schizophrenia, the most severe of all mental illnesses, could have an organic basis or whether its origin lay strictly in the psyche. Over the years, physiologists have probed into almost every aspect of the soma in the quest for some abnormality which would account for the schizophrenic syndrome. Many possibilities have been considered, investigated to a degree and then abandoned when definitive answers were not forthcoming. A dominant approach throughout has been the search for some psychotoxic material circulating in schizophrenic body fluids. Activity has been spurred by the recurrent recognition that chemical agents such as the ergot alkaloids, mescaline, bulbocapnine and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25), could induce in normal persons transient mental disturbances similar to those seen in schizophrenia.
Observations on the Psychotogenic Effect of N-N Diethyltryptamine, a New Tryptamine Derivative
Authors: Böszörményi Z. , Dér P. , Nagy T.
Published: August 2008

Since Evarts, Fabing and Marrazzi reported on bufotenine and Szára on N-N dimethyltryptamine (DMT) the tryptamine derivatives have been arousing increased interest. A team of the above Institute was the first to test DMT and N-N diethyltryptamine (DET) in man. These compounds were synthesized by Szára, by the method of Speeter and Anthony. DET was then synthesized again and analysed pharmacologically by Borsi and Lénárt.
Response to Drugs and Psychiatry
Authors: Marley Edward
Published: August 2008

Fashion is more deep-rooted than contemporary custom will allow, and the current enthusiasm for drug treatment in psychiatry is no evanescent fad. The Greeks made good use of the pharmacopœia, prescribing borage, buglosse, marigold, polypodie and epithyme for melancholy, more specifically recommending wormwood, centaury and pennyroll for the hypochondriac malady. Burton (a) discussing black hellebor, relates that its virtues were extolled by Galen, Pliny and Coelius Aurelianus, the mentally afflicted being sent to the Anticyrae, or to Phocis in Achaia to be purged, the plant growing there in abundance. Burton (b) describes how the Melangoga, or melancholy purging medicines, were classified as simple or compound, purging upwards or downwards. Asarum, brassivola, laurel, scilla, white hellebor, and antimony purged upwards, whereas polypodie, epithyme, black hellebor, lapis lazuli and aloes purged downwards. Sceptics throve then, no doubt, as they do now. Meryon (1861) mentions Asclepiades—dismissed by Pliny as an impudent quack, who contended that drugs injured the stomach and induced complaints more dangerous than those which they were intended to cure.
The Relative Efficacy of “Vespral” and Chlorpromazine in the Treatment of a Group of Chronic Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Walsh G. P. , Walton D. , Black D. A.
Published: August 2008

Vespral, or triflupromazine Squibb, is a new phenothiazine derivative. Chemically the compound is 10-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-2-(trifluoro methyl) phenothiazine hydrochloride. Its structural formula compares with that of chlorpromazine as follows:

Until recently “Vespral” has been available in this country only for clinical trials, but its supposed therapeutic effects have been investigated fairly extensively in the United States and Canada (Goldman; Gallagher and Pfeiffer; Niswander, Lind and Schlesinger; Freed; Azima; Pennington; Saunders; Freyhan; Cahn and Levy).
“Stemetil” in the Treatment of Chronic Psychotics
Authors: Galbraith A. J. , Hewat J. K. , MacNamara D.
Published: August 2008

The range of Phenothiazine tranquillizers continues to expand. Among more recent introductions is prochlorperazine (“Stemetil”) which incorporates a piperazine ring in the side chain.
The Inadequate Personality in Psychiatric Practice
Authors: Monro A. B.
Published: August 2008

This paper is an attempt to clarify and give content to the concept of inadequacy of the personality, for the concept has gained considerable currency in psychiatry as a hypothesis to account for difficultieg encountered in diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Before the theory can be evaluated, it should be stated in a reasonably precise form. This enquiry starts from a very general statement about the idea of inadequacy as usually encountered in psychiatric practice, and proceeds towards a formulation in more exact terms.
Disulfiram and Citrated Calcium Carbimide in the Treatment of Alcoholism
Authors: Glatt M. M.
Published: August 2008

Since disulfiram (tetraethylthiuram disulphide) was first reported to cause intolerance to alcoholic beverages (Haldet al., 1948) it has been used extensively as an adjunct in the treatment of alcoholism. Impressions of most therapists have been favourable (e.g. Martensen-Larsen, 1953; Wallersteinet al., 1957). At Warlingham Park Hospital the drug has been administered over the past five years to more than 250 alcoholics (as part of a fairly comprehensive therapeutic programme—Glatt, 1955) and has been found by a great many patients very helpful after discharge from hospital.
Indoluria in Schizophrenia:
Authors: Forrest A. D.
Published: August 2008

Investigation of the urinary excretion of indoles in psychotic illnesses has a certain historical precedent. Thus Townsend (1905) and Bruce (1906) reported excess of indican in the urine of melancholic patients. Bruce correlated this finding with the recognized tendency to constipation in depressives and treated his patients with enemata. Ross (1913) reported that schizophrenic subjects excreted an excess of indole-acetic acid in the urine. De Jong (1945) reported the experimental induction of catalepsy in cats by the intravenous administration of indolethylamine and noted in his monograph that this substance, if perfusedin vitrothrough the liver, is converted to indole-acetic acid. Buscaino (1952) reported finding abnormal amounts of primary and secondary amines in the urine of schizophrenics. More recently Riegelhaupt (1956, 1958) has reported an excess of tryptophan metabolites in schizophrenic urine while McGeer and co-workers (1957) have reported a difference in the excretion of aromatic substances as between normals and schizophrenics. Though these authors do not make the point clear, yet in fact indoles come under the general heading of aromatic substances.
Prognostic Factors in the Electro-Shock Treatment of Depressive States
Authors: Roberts Julian M.
Published: August 2008

During the past ten years varying degrees of prognostic value have been claimed, directly or indirectly, for a number of specific factors in connection with the treatment of depressive illnesses by E.C.T. These have included the blood pressure responses to adrenaline and methacholine (Funkensteinet al., 1948, 1950); the “sedation threshold” to intravenous sodium amylobarbitone (Shagass, 1954; Shagass and Jones, 1958); EEG changes under thiopentone following electroshock (Roth, 1951; Rothet al., 1957); and psychological tests based on items derived from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (Pearson, 1950; Feldman, 1957, 1958; Welsh, 1952). Other studies have been made on the prognostic value of adrenocortical activity (Faureet al., 1957); serum calcium levels (Gour and Chaudhry, 1957); the “amytal test” (Kahnet al., 1956); and the administration of methylamphetamine (“methedrine”) (Rudolf, 1956). Some of the techniques employed appear too complicated or unreliable in their interpretation to be of any practical clinical value, although a few are of great theoretical value in the contributions to further knowledge of the rationale of E.C.T.
The Relative Stability of Personality Measures Compared with Diagnostic Measures
Authors: Foulds G. A.
Published: August 2008

In previous investigations (Foulds and Caine, 1958 and 1959) psychoneurotic subjects were classified in terms of the presenting syndrome (Hysteria or Dysthymia) and of the personality type (hysteroid or obsessive) as rated by psychiatrists. It was found that some psychological test measurements differentiated between Hysterics and Dysthymics regardless of personality type; whilst other measures differentiated between hysteroid and obsessive personalities regardless of diagnosis. The successful measures were not, however, identical for men and women. It was argued that one of the advantages of this double classificatory system should be that we would have one set of measures—the diagnostic—which should vary with the patient's clinical condition and another set—the personality measures—which should remain relatively constant.
A Controlled Study of the Effectiveness of Trifluopromazine Hydrochloride
Authors: Hegarty J. G. , Dabbs A. R.
Published: August 2008

Vespral, chemically designated as 10-(3-dimethylaminopropyl-2-trifluoro-methyl)-phenothiazine hydrochloride, or trifluopromazine hydrochloride is a new ataractic drug which has only recently become available in this country. A clinical field trial with Vespral has been reported in a previous issue of this journal (1). It was then suggested that the drug was most effective in the treatment of psychotic disorders, schizophrenia in particular. The aim of this study was to evaluate, with some claim to objectivity, the effectiveness of the administration of trifluopromazine hydrochloride on the behaviour of a small population of chronic schizophrenic patients.
A Short Scale for Rating Paranoid Schizophrenia
Authors: Venables P. H. , O'Connor N.
Published: August 2008

Experimental studies by O'Connor (2) and O'Connor and Rawnsley (3) have indicated the value of separating chronic schizophrenics into those who exhibit and those who do not exhibit paranoid symptoms. Other work by O'Connor and Venables (4) and Venables and O'Connor (6) has shown that performance of schizophrenic patients on experimental laboratory tasks may be clarified by dividing them into active or withdrawn groups by means of a rating scale (Venables, 5) in addition to a division on the basis of the presence of paranoid symptoms.
Anticonvulsants and Megaloblastic Anaemia
Authors: Johnson John
Published: August 2008

The development of megaloblastic anaemia as a complication of anticonvulsant therapy is now well recognized, and a total of thirty cases has been recorded.

Badenoch (1) reported the first detailed studies of megaloblastic anaemia developing in epileptic patients treated with phenobarbitone and epanutin, whilst Fuld and Moorhouse (6) reported the association with primidone (Mysoline) alone. In all the cases reported, the anaemia responded to folic acid therapy, whilst anticonvulsant drugs were continued.
Changes in Catechol Amine Response to Successive Electric Convulsive Treatments
Authors: Havens Leston L. , Zileli M. Sheref , DiMascio Alberto , Boling Lenore , Goldfien Alan
Published: August 2008

Changes in sympathetic nervous system responses have been noted to accompany changes in psychological states during psychiatric treatment. Funkenstein, Greenblatt and Solomon, observing the blood pressure response to epinephrine and methacholine, have reported a change in blood pressure patterns on the part of patients who benefited from electric shock treatment (1). Gellhorn has presented evidence that improvement in the psychoses is associated with heightened sympathetic reactivity (2).
Trifluoperazine (Stelazine) in Psychoneuroses
Authors: May A. R. , Whiteley J. Stuart , Gradwell B. G.
Published: August 2008

Trifluoperazine (Stelazine) is a phenothiazine derivative and is 2-trifluoromethyl-10-(3′ 1″-methyl piperazinyl-4″-propyl) phenothiazine dihydrochloride. It is related to prochlorperazine, and in fact differs only in having a trifluoromethyl group in place of the latter's chlorine atom in position 2 of the nucleus. However, in laboratory studies, tests based on the inhibition of conditioned responses have indicated that this compound was 5 times as effective as prochlorperazine and 10 times as potent as chlorpromazine on a weight for weight basis.
An Investigation and Survey of 27 Cases of Akinesis with Mutism (Stupor)
Authors: Smith Stanley
Published: August 2008

A patient in a state of stupor presents one of the most remarkable phenomena seen in medicine. The term “stupor” itself is in widespread use in general medicine and usually refers to partial or near coma. Its precise use in psychiatric practice implies a condition of immobility and muteness without loss of consciousness or organic paralysis. The term “akinetic mutism” is sometimes used to describe such states, particularly by neurologists. The actual clinical appearance or syndrome is too well known to warrant a detailed description. Essentially, for the purposes of this paper, it is equated with akinesis and mutism.
National Statistics in the Epidemiology of Mental Illness
Authors: Brooke Eileen M.
Published: August 2008

For a long time epidemiology was a term associated with the study of outbreaks of disease which were sudden and large-scale. The attempt to find common causative agents to which the majority of cases could be attributed has provoked a literature worthy to rank with some of the best detective fiction. So many of the guilty agents have now been either liquidated or rendered impotent that infectious illnesses have ceased to occupy the centre of the public health stage, and have yielded place, as objects of concern, to such chronic diseases as cancer, rheumatism, heart disease and the schizophrenias. These diseases do not generally show explosive outbreaks, although mental disorders have been known to behave in this way, as witness the outbreaks of Dancing Mania which originated in Italy in the thirteenth century. All this has led to a more exact concept of epidemiology as “the study of the distribution of a disease or condition in a population and of the factors that influence this distribution” (Lilienfeld (1)).
Body Image and Self-Concept in Schizophrenia
Authors: Weckowicz T. E. , Sommer R.
Published: August 2008

Disturbances of ego, self-concept and body-image have always been regarded as central in the psychopathology of schizophrenia. The passivity phenomena, automatisme superieur of the French authors, are indeed very common in this disease. There is a disturbance of the self which is shown in depersonalization and in feelings of influence and passivity. The boundaries of the self become loose or blurred and the patient may feel, for example, that parts of his body do not belong to him or that he is part of the plants, animals, clouds, other people or of the whole world and that they are part of him. He may feel at one with the whole of mankind. Self-concept is closely related to what has been termed “body image” or “perceived body”. Head (29, 30) has shown that what he called “body schema” is very important for motor co-ordination and performance of purposeful movements and also for orientation in space. Schilder (53) in his monograph has analysed the problem of body-image in great detail. He has found in the idea of the body image the basis for the body or physical ego. He follows Head in stating that the body image consists of the proprioceptions of the whole body and that it changes with the body's varying postures. Yet neither Head's body schema nor Schilder's body image are identical with the body ego. The body schema represents the constant mental knowledge of one's body; the body image is the changing presentation of the body in one's mind. Throughout the changes of the body image there is an awareness of continuity of one's body, a sense of basic identity and oneness. This constitutes the bodily or physical ego. The body ego in its turn is the basis of a wider “self” which can be called self-concept or selfhood. This self-concept or selfhood contains, in addition to the awareness of the continuity and the identity of one's own body in spite of its constant change, the awareness of the continuity of one's self as a person in spite of constantly changing relationship with the external world, and in spite of the playing and taking different “roles” in social interactions. According to Mead (38) and Coutu (16), selfhood is a social phenomenon and emerges only through interaction with other people, through “taking their roles” and viewing oneself from their point of view.
A Controlled Study of Post-Partum Mental Illness
Authors: Seager C. P.
Published: August 2008

Although modern opinion recognizes that there is no such entity as puerperal insanity, views on the part played by the pregnancy in producing mental illness are not so unanimous. The fact that the onset of a patient's illness is related to the puerperium is considered by some authors to have a favourable, and others an unfavourable, prognostic significance. Puerperal mental illness achieves the distinction of separate identification in the International Nomenclature of Disease, not as “Schizophrenia in association with the Puerperium” or “Manic depressive psychosis in association with the Puerperium” but as Puerperal Psychosis, 688.1.
Schizophrenic Symptoms and Cerebral Pathology
Authors: Kleist Karl
Published: August 2008

The illness which was first described by Kraepelin and which he called dementia praecox was more correctly designated as a Zerfallskrankheit (disintegrative illness) by Eugen Bleuler, who called the illness schizophrenia. In this disease, or rather group of diseases, not only does one find characteristic symptoms and symptoms which occur in other functional psychoses, but, if suitable methods of examination are employed, symptoms which are found in gross brain diseases, especially those associated with focal lesions, are also elicited. Apart from this, many other symptoms acquire a new aspect when viewed from the standpoint of neuropathology. This may justify our attempt to consider all schizophrenic symptomatology from the point of view of neuropathology. I attempted to do this in my “Report on Cerebral Pathology and its Importance for Neurology and Psychiatry” which I delivered 21 years ago at the annual meeting of the Association of German Neurologists and Psychiatrists at Frankfort-on-Main. Not much space was devoted to the problem of schizophrenia in this report. However, since that time more neuropathological knowledge has been acquired as a result of the Second World War, and this has added to the not inconsiderable knowledge of neuropathology which we already had in 1936 as a result of the First World War. The increasing number of brain injuries due to road accidents has also increased our knowledge of neuropathology. New approaches to the schizophrenic syndromes have been made possible by this growth of our knowledge of the effects of brain injury. Apart from this, I was able, in collaboration with Professor Leonhard and others, to finish a few years ago the clinical follow-up studies on schizophrenia which I began in 1936. In this work we encountered a large number of schizophrenic symptoms which had neurological characteristics.
Mental Diseases in Peking Between 1933 and 1943
Authors: Chu Liang-Wei , Liu Mei-Chen
Published: August 2008

This report is based on a survey of 1,716 Chinese patients admitted to the Peking Municipal Psychopathic Hospital during the years 1933–1943. It is mainly concerned with a statistical presentation of the relative frequency of the various mental disorders and with certain other data which may be of interest to psychiatrists and other members of the medical profession.
The Effects of 5-Hydroxytryptophan (A Serotonin Precursor) in Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Klee Gerald D. , Bertino Joseph , Goodman Alvin , Aronson Harriet
Published: August 2008

Woolley has repeatedly drawn attention to the possible role of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) in mental functioning (1, 2, 3, 4). In particular, this author has stressed the possibility that some forms of mental illness, such as schizophrenia, may be related to disorders in cerebral serotonin metabolism.
The Effects of Meprobamate on Perception
Authors: Costello C. G.
Published: August 2008

A review of the history and experimental findings relating to the spiral after-effect can be found elsewhere (5) and will not be repeated here. The reliability of the after-effect, the major role played by the cortex in its production and the evidence already obtained that the after-effect is modifiable in accordance with Eysenck's drug action hypothesis (2) indicated it to be a promising test in the investigation into the effects of meprobamate on perception.
Natural History Studies in Mental Illness
Authors: Pollitt J. D.
Published: August 2008

The history of mediaeval medicine shows clearly that the decline of a science takes place whenever the tendency to theorize overruns the desire to observe and measure. Psychiatry with its shorter medical history has suffered from this tendency until fairly recent times. Even now, it is possible to estimate the efficiency of a nation's psychiatric progress by comparing the amount of factual research with the emphasis placed on unproven theoretical concepts in clinical practice.
The First Commissioners: Reform in Scotland in the Mid-Nineteenth Century
Authors: MacNiven Angus
Published: August 2008

My first duty is to thank you for the very great honour you have done me in electing me to the office of President of the Royal Medico-Psychological Association, an office which in the past has been held by so many distinguished men in comparison with whom I feel very unworthy. I am greatly touched by this evidence of your goodwill.
The “Brain Fag” Syndrome in Nigerian Students
Authors: Prince Raymond
Published: August 2008

There has recently been a good deal of concern expressed in the Press, both of Nigeria and Ghana, over the high incidence of psychiatric disturbance among West African students in the United Kingdom. Whether the incidence of such disturbances is in fact greater among Africans than among other foreign students in the British Isles is not known; nor has it been determined whether the African student abroad is more prone to illness than his counterpart studying at home. Relevant to the latter question, it is clear that a high proportion of the cases seen in the psychiatric clinics both at Aro Hospital, Abeokuta and at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, are students, teachers and other “brain workers” who have never left Nigeria.
Personal Background, Emigration and Mental Disorder in Hungarian Refugees
Authors: Mezey A. G.
Published: August 2008

Attention has been focused on the ecological aspects of mental illness since Faris and Dunham (1939) showed a higher incidence of schizophrenia in the centre of Chicago than in its peripheral parts. Earlier, Ødegaard (1932) had described a disproportionately high rate of psychotic breakdowns in Norwegian immigrants to Minnesota and in those who had returned to their homeland after a period of time in the U.S.A.
A Pilot Trial of Orphenadrine (“Disipal”) in Patients Treated with Reserpine
Authors: Langley G. E. , Robin A. A.
Published: August 2008

β-Dimethylamine ethyl 2-methylbenzhydryl ether hydrochloride (Orphenadrine, “Disipal”) is a synthetic substance closely resembling in chemical structure the antihistamine dephenhydramine (“Benadryl”). It was developed in Holland (Harms, 1957) for use in parkinsonism and in this context reported upon favourably in this country by Gillhespy and Ratcliffe (1956). Claims have also been made that the drug is (i) effective in treating the pseudo-parkinsonism produced by reserpine, (ii) active in alleviating other (e.g. autonomic or vasomotor) side-effects of reserpine, (iii) has independent “psychic” activity, or (iv) enhances the tranquillizing effect of reserpine (Frieswinkel, 1957a, 1957b; Van Rhijn, 1957; Meulenbeld, 1957; Scheurle, 1957). The following trial is designed to assess some of these claims.
Treatment of Chronic Psychotics with B.A.S.
Authors: Jillett R. L.
Published: August 2008

In the past few years papers have appeared in the U.S.A. and in Europe which discuss the role played by 5 hydroxy-tryptamine (serotonin) in cerebral metabolism, both in health and disease. The aim of this paper is to report a trial of a benzyl analogue of serotonin, a serotonin antagonist, and to shed some light upon its possible side-effects.
Phenelzine (“Nardil”) in the Treatment of Endogenous Depression
Authors: Hutchinson John T. , Smedberg Daphne
Published: August 2008

“Let him take a course of chymistry, or a course of rope dancing or a course of anything he is inclined at the time.”

(Boswell'sLife of Johnson) (1)

To many minds there can be but little change in the treatment of depression since Johnson prescribed these remedies in 1776. Indeed the place of chemistry is now prominent, although its application is apparently more important to the patient than its study. It is believed that an enzyme, mono-amine oxidase, found in cerebral tissues, plays a part in the genesis of depression. Amphetamine inhibits the destruction of adrenaline by amine oxidase (McIlwain, 6) and amphetamine is of value in the treatment of mild depression (Guttmann and Sargant, 5). Another substance is 5-hydroxytryptamine, or serotonin, which is said to excite cerebral neurones briefly between its liberation and destruction; it is a cerebral vasoconstrictor and is destroyed rapidly by amine oxidase (McIlwain, 6). Iproniazid (Marsilid) is a drug which inhibits amine oxidase and has been used in the treatment of depression (West and Dally, 10). Its central actions are considered to be similar to those of 5-hydroxytryptamine. Recently, Chessin (3) has described yet another amine oxidase inhibitor, phenelzine, which is the study of this paper.
Effects of Repetition of Verbal Signals Upon the Behaviour of Chronic Psychoneurotic Patients
Authors: Cameron D. Ewen , Levy Leonard , Rubenstein Leonard
Published: August 2008

Studies of the effects of the repetition of statements, i.e., verbal signals, upon the behaviour of chronic psychoneurotic patients have been carried out in the Allan Memorial Institute continuously since 1953 (1).
Phenothiazine Derivatives in the Treatment of Schizophrenia
Authors: Hurst Lindsay
Published: August 2008

The use of drugs in order to calm excited mental patients dates back to the 5th Century B.C. or earlier.

The employment of extracts of the mandrake, Mandragora, in states of motor excitement is attributed to Hippocrates (Belloni, 1957). One disadvantage of such extracts was that reduction of agitation and anxiety could only be achieved at a cost of clouding of consciousness. This is also the case with many modern sedatives.
The Mechanism of the Combined Treatment of Depression with Iproniazid and Reserpine
Authors: Assael M. , Gabay F. , Khazan N. , Sulman F. G. , Winnik H. Z.
Published: August 2008

The beneficial effect of monoamine oxidase blockers on depressive states has been established. Their therapeutic effect has been assessed at ranging between 60 and 80 per cent. of all cases treated. We have tried to improve on this rate by combined treatment with iproniazid and reserpine, a combination which has been used in experimental animals by Chessinet al.(1, 2) and Brodieet al.(3). The results of our treatment will be briefly described in this paper.
A Review of the Literature on the Relationship of Epilepsy and Intelligence in Schoolchildren
Authors: Keating Leslie E.
Published: August 2008

A review such as this is not the place, nor has it the space in which to discuss the nature of intelligence. Some conclusion, however, must be reached as to the factors to be considered in estimating any correlation, positive or negative, between level of intelligence and degree of epilepsy.
Obtaining Factor Scores on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
Authors: Maxwell A. E.
Published: August 2008

Problem

Elsewhere (3) it has been argued that, when reporting a subject's results on the WISC (5), it is preferable to give them in the form of scores or intelligence quotients on orthogonal factors than as Verbal and Performance I.Q.s since the latter overlap in a rather arbitrary fashion. In this study a similar recommendation is implied when dealing with a subject's results on the WAIS (6) and the problem is to indicate how factor scores on this test can be obtained.
Family Data Concerning the Hypothesis of Hereditary Predisposition Toward Alcoholism
Authors: Gregory Ian
Published: August 2008

There is evidence of unduly high frequencies of alcoholism, psychopathy and criminality among the relatives of alcoholics. Åmark (1951) found a frequency of alcoholism among the brothers and fathers of 645 Swedish alcoholics to be about 25 per cent. (Fremming's estimate of alcoholism among 1,730 males from the Danish population being 3·4 per cent.). In a more recent study of family data on 1,000 patients admitted to a Canadian mental hospital that included 56 patients with alcoholism, the present author (Gregory, 1959) found a recorded history of excessive drinking among 23·2 per cent. of the fathers of the alcoholics, among 1·8 per cent. of the mothers, and among 4·2 per cent. of their siblings. Allowing for the age and sex of these siblings, it would appear that there was a lifetime expectancy of excessive drinking of at least 14 per cent. among the brothers of these alcoholic patients. These figures compare with a minimal estimated lifetime expectancy of alcoholism amounting to 1·6 per cent. of the total population, or at least 2·7 per cent of the corresponding male population of Ontario.
Drugs and Personality
Authors: Eysenck H. J. , Easterbrook J. A.
Published: August 2008

In a previous study H. Holland (3) had found an increase of static ataxia under a depressant drug, as compared with a “no drug” condition, and in view of the close relation between static ataxia and the body sway test of suggestibility (1), which in turn is a frequently used measure of personality, it appeared desirable to investigate the general problem of the relation between drugs and behaviour on the ataxia test.
A Clinical Consideration of Psychopathic Personalities
Authors: Diethelm Oskar
Published: August 2008

The concept of psychopathic personality in this presentation stresses a disorder of personality development. In these patients one finds a poorly organized personality with contradictory strivings, lacking consistency and unity in experiencing and acting. Disturbances of organization may be noticed in any phase of personality development but for various reasons they are most noticeable in adolescence and adult life. In this concept of personality organization and its disorders, psychologic, physiologic, and social aspects are considered but none of them is made the basic issue. The organization of the personality may be too loose or too rigid. In the too rigid organization, we find unbending persons with, or without, projection. In these persons certain personality features may be exaggerated and adaptation to the demands of life might be difficult. This discussion will be limited to the loosely organized personality with its features of immaturity, dependency and inadequacy, impulsiveness, aggressiveness, and inappropriate control of drives and desires.
Changes in Porteus Maze Scores of Brain-Operated Schizophrenics After an Eight-Year Interval
Authors: Smith Aaron
Published: August 2008

The voluminous literature reporting the effects of cortical lesions has shown contradictory and diverse findings from the earliest studies to the present (Franz, 1907; Klebanoff, 1945; Klebanoff, Singer and Wilensky, 1954; Meyer, 1957). Some investigators found no losses in intellectual function regardless of the locus of the lesion; others, a temporary loss followed by recovery of original capacity. Still others have reported significant losses following brain damage in the forebrain or other portions of the central nervous system. But for investigators in all three categories, what did “brain damage” consist of? The neurologists Brain and Strauss have observed “The study of psychological problems without an adequate knowledge of the physiology and pathology of the central nervous system can be likened to the exploration of the uncharted seas without the aid of a compass; and yet there are many psychologists who undertake the rash venture” (1955, p. vi). And what of the criteria on which the conclusions were based? An additional source of ambiguity is indicated by the fact that the overwhelming majority of conclusions on “mental” changes by psychiatrists and neurologists have generally been based on clinical or subjective estimates.Measurement, a crucial factor in any study, is of special importance in studies of brain damage and brain function, although despite a multiplicity of tests, there are few measures designed with attention to their unique problems. Tests employed in many psychological studies of brain damage were originally oriented toward quite different problems and had been carefully developed and standardized on non-brain damaged populations.
Visual Thinking and Similar Phenomena
Authors: Lukianowicz N.
Published: August 2008

The aim of this paper is to investigate some para-hallucinatory visual phenomena, to classify them into certain groups, to describe their phenomenology, and to try to explain their psychodynamics and their significance in everyday life.
Some Recent Trends in Neuropathology
Authors: Meyer Alfred
Published: August 2008

In his presidential address to the first International Congress of Neuropathology in Rome, Gozzano (1952) raised the question of the future of neuropathology. In his opinion neuropathology was a relatively young branch of pathology and had started with the discoveries of Golgi, Cajal, Weigert and Nissl. Golgi invented “la reazione nera” in 1873; it was applied to the nervous system only a decade later. The first Weigert preparations for myelin were demonstrated in 1884 (Wallenberg, 1925). Nissl, inspired by Weigert's success with aniline dyes in nerve fibres, introduced his method for nerve cells in 1885, using first magenta red, later methylene blue and finally toluidine blue. Cajal made his first scientific appearance in 1889, at a meeting of the German Society of Anatomists.
Families of Dull Children
Authors: Stein Zena , Susser Mervyn
Published: August 2008

In this paper we have tried to demonstrate some of the ways in which social selection operates in the ascertainment of dull and subnormal children. In England backward children, by the terms of the Education Act of 1944, may be referred by their teachers for medical examination and “ascertained” as educationally subnormal, thereby qualifying for special educational treatment. Alternatively, they may be classed as mental defectives (or now, severely subnormal) and excluded from the schools altogether.
Phobia of Outer Space
Authors: Kerry R. J.
Published: August 2008

The manifest contents of most phobias concern dangers coming from the environment. It is the degree of those neurotic fears rather than their objects which makes them appear unrealistic. Fears of dangers coming from outside the environment in which the patient lives, such as fear of cosmic happenings, have usually been found to be associated with schizophrenia. Recently the knowledge of our physical environment and the scope of its exploration have been undergoing fundamental changes. This has been reflected in the symptomatology of phobias. The following four patients seen in the psychiatric outpatient department of the United Sheffield Hospitals during the last eighteen months illustrate how a change in the popular concept of physical reality can produce a new type of neurotic fear. The first case is given in greater detail than the others, because the patient's power of verbalization was above average.
The Role of Extra-Sensory Perception in Early Childhood
Authors: Fitzherbert Joan
Published: August 2008

In this paper I do not propose to argue the case for or against the existence of telepathy and other forms of E.S.P., but will simply content myself with two quotations concerning the matter.
Sedation Threshold, Personality, and the Theory of Neurosis
Authors: Claridge G. S. , Herrington R. N.
Published: August 2008

For many years it has been observed that individuals differ in their tolerance of depressant drugs. In everyday life differential susceptibility to the effects of alcohol is that most commonly observed and this fact led to McDougall's early theorizing (1929) about drug tolerance and personality. Also at this time Pavlov, in dogs, recorded differences in drug sensitivity in his various temperamental types. However, the first attempt to measure individual differences in drug tolerance was made by Shagass (1954), who proposed the concept of “sedation threshold”. This was defined in terms of the amount of sodium amytal required to bring about certain behavioural and other changes in the individual, the threshold itself lying somewhere between the state of complete wakefulness and that of complete sedation. Two methods of determining the threshold were employed by Shagass. First, the point of onset of slurred speech gave an approximate estimate of its position. Secondly, a more accurate determination was made by means of EEG changes, specifically the point at which inflexion occurs in the amplitude curve of induced fast frontal activity.