bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Obesity and the gut microbiome: pathophysiological aspects
Authors: Bradlow H. Leon
Published: March 2014

While there is a large volume of literature describing a role for obesity as a risk factor for breast cancer and many other cancers, in the main a causal relationship has not been established. If the study is limited to breast cancer risk, it has been suggested that the increase in sex steroid formation that occurs in postmenopausal women plays a role. Obesity is known to be associated with chronic low grade inflammation, but no reason for this association has been offered in the past. The gut microbiome, while known to be enormous, has not in the past been considered as a metabolic role player in the body. This is now recognized to be the case. Recent studies have found the obesity is correlated with an alteration in the gut microbiome. In obese individual there is a change in the relative proportions of the two major classes of bacteria – bacteroides and firmacutes – with the latter dominant in obesity and resulting in the formation of increased amounts of metabolic endotoxins like deoxycholic acid and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Obese individuals show a decrease in the concentration of Akkermansia muciniphila in the mucus that lines the intestinal wall, resulting in thinner mucus and a weakened intestinal lining and permitting metabolic endotoxins formed by other bacterial flora like LPS to enter the blood steam and cause the chronic inflammation associated with obesity. The change in the microbiome profile results in increases in bacterial strains that are more efficient at generating energy, leading to increased obesity. In mice, it has been shown that introducing gut bacterial flora from the cecum of obese mice into germ-free mice results in increased obesity with lesser food consumption while the reverse, introducing bacterial flora from lean mice results in a loss in weight. This raises the attractive possibility that manipulating the gut microbiome could facilitate weight loss or prevent obesity in humans.
Adipose, bone and muscle tissues as new endocrine organs: role of reciprocal regulation for osteoporosis and obesity development
Authors: Migliaccio Silvia , Greco Emanuela A. , Wannenes Francesca , Donini Lorenzo M. , Lenzi Andrea
Published: March 2014

The belief that obesity is protective against osteoporosis has recently been revised. In fact, the latest epidemiologic and clinical studies show that a high level of fat mass, but also reduced muscle mass, might be a risk factor for osteoporosis and fragility fractures. Furthermore, increasing evidence seems to indicate that different components such as myokines, adipokines and growth factors, released by both fat and muscle tissues, could play a key role in the regulation of skeletal health and in low bone mineral density and, thus, in osteoporosis development. This review considers old and recent data in the literature to further evaluate the relationship between fat, bone and muscle tissue.
Detrimental and protective fat: body fat distribution and its relation to metabolic disease
Authors: Booth Andrea , Magnuson Aaron , Foster Michelle
Published: March 2014

Obesity is linked to numerous comorbidities that include, but are not limited to, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease. Current evidence suggests, however, obesity itself is not an exclusive predictor of metabolic dysregulation but rather adipose tissue distribution. Obesity-related adverse health consequences occur predominately in individuals with upper body fat accumulation, the detrimental distribution, commonly associated with visceral obesity. Increased lower body subcutaneous adipose tissue, however, is associated with a reduced risk of obesity-induced metabolic dysregulation and even enhanced insulin sensitivity, thus, storage in this region is considered protective. The proposed mechanisms that causally relate the differential outcomes of adipose tissue distribution are often attributed to location and/or adipocyte regulation. Visceral adipose tissue effluent to the portal vein drains into the liver where hepatocytes are directly exposed to its metabolites and secretory products, whereas the subcutaneous adipose tissue drains systemically. Adipose depots are also inherently different in numerous ways such as adipokine release, immunity response and regulation, lipid turnover, rate of cell growth and death, and response to stress and sex hormones. Proximal extrinsic factors also play a role in the differential drive between adipose tissue depots. This review focuses on the deleterious mechanisms postulated to drive the differential metabolic response between central and lower body adipose tissue distribution.
A Simple Kinetic Model for the Growth of Fe2B Layers on AISI 1026 Steel During the Powder-pack Boriding
Authors: Flores-Rentería M. A. , Ortiz-Domínguez M. , Keddam M. , Damián-Mejía O. , Elias-Espinosa M. , Flores-González M. A. , Medina-Moreno S. A. , Cruz-Avilés A. , Villanueva-Ibañez M.
Published: March 2014

This work focused on the determination of boron diffusion coefficient through the Fe
Flood variation and soil nutrient content in floodplain vegetation communities in the Okavango Delta
Authors: Tsheboeng Gaolathe , Bonyongo Mphaphi , Murray-Hudson Mike
Published: March 2014

We investigated the influence of hydroperiod variation on soil nutrient content in the Okavango Delta seasonal

floodplains. Soil samples were collected from eight zones of homogenous vegetation cover after low and high

floods and analysed for pH, Na, Mg, Ca, K and P content. A Student's

t

-test was used to test for differences

in pH, Na, Mg, Ca, K and P between soils after low and high floods. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to

compare means of flooding duration and depth between low and high floods. Na, K, Mg, P and pH levels in

soils were significantly different (

p

<0.05) after low floods compared with after high floods. Na content was

lower (

p

<0.05) in Zones 2 and 8 and higher (

p

<0.05) in Zones 4, 5 and 6 during high flood than during

low flood. Ca content was lower (

p

<0.05) in Zones 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 and higher in Zone 7 (

p

<0.05) under

high flood than during low flood. Mg content was lower (

p

<0.05) in Zones 1 and 5 and higher (

p

<0.05) in

Zones 6, 7 and 8 during high flood than during low flood. K content was lower in Zones 1 and 3 and lower

in Zones 6, 7 and 8 (

p

<0.05) during high flood than during low flood. pH was significantly lower and higher

after a high flood in Zones 1 and 6, respectively, than during low flood. P content was significantly (

p

<0.05)

higher in all zones after high flood than after low flood. Flooding depth and duration increased (

p

<0.05)

in all vegetation zones during high flood. Our results have direct implications for

molapo

(flood recession)

farming. We recommend that farmers plough immediately after the onset of flood recession when the soil is

still moist and rich in nutrients.
Predicting scientific research output at the University of KwaZulu-Natal
Authors: Murray Mike
Published: March 2014

Academic members of staff at the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN) are expected to publish in research

journals that have been accredited by the South African based Department of Higher Education and Training.

However, some members of staff have chosen to focus solely on the teaching aspect of their careers and

as a result they have no publication record. In this study, a set of per annum productivity unit counts was

calculated for every academic at UKZN. Because it is possible for a publishing academic to also record a zero

count for a given year, it is necessary to develop an appropriate methodology that can distinguish this zero

count from one that will always be recorded by a non-publishing academic. By fitting a zero-inflated Poisson

model to the data, specific factors can be identified that separately drive the non-publishing and publishing

processes at UKZN. In particular, having a PhD and working in a large school has a significant impact on

improving the research output of a publishing academic. If UKZN wants to become a research-focused

university, non-publishing academics should be encouraged to under take a PhD degree.
Phase Ib of Sorafenib in Combination With Everolimus in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors, Selected on the Basis of Molecular Targets
Authors: Toffalorio Francesca , Spitaleri Gianluca , Catania Chiara , Dal Zotto Laura , Noberasco Cristina , Delmonte Angelo , Santarpia Mariacarmela , Vecchio Fabio , Brunelli Veronica , Rampinelli Cristiano , Barberis Massimo , Fumagalli Caterina , Zucchetti Massimo , Zangarini Monique , Diena Tullia , Danesi Romano , Braud Filippo , De Pas Tommaso
Published: March 2014

Author Summary

Background.

Molecular alterations of the PI3K and Ras pathways often occur in human cancer. In this trial, the pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and activity of two drugs inhibiting these pathways—everolimus and sorafenib—were investigated.

Methods.

Thirteen patients with progressing solid tumors were treated with everolimus and sorafenib, according to a 3+3 scheme. Patients were selected on the basis of immunohistochemical expression of tumor molecular targets, including phospho-AKT, -p70S6K, and -ERK1/2.

Results.

The daily recommended dose identified was 2.5 mg of everolimus and 600 mg of sorafenib. Dose-limiting toxicities included grade 3 asthenia and hand-foot skin reaction. No grade 4 adverse events were observed. The most frequent grade 3 toxicities were hypophosphatemia (30.8%), alanine aminotransferase level increase, asthenia, and anorexia (14%). No pharmacokinetic interactions were identified between everolimus and sorafenib. Of 12 evaluable patients, we observed 2 partial responses, with greater than 10% shrinkage in an additional 5 patients. Objective responses were observed in one patient with a thymoma and in one patient with a lung adenocarcinoma. Tumor shrinkage that did not qualify as a partial response was seen in an abdominal leiomyosarcoma and in adenoid cystic carcinomas.

Conclusion.

The combination of everolimus and sorafenib is safe. The tumor activity observed in different tumor types could be the result of the combined action of these drugs as well as the molecular selection of the treated population. Further research is warranted to better investigate drugs simultaneously blocking the PI3K and the Ras pathways and to refine patient selection.
A Phase I Study of Temsirolimus and Bryostatin-1 in Patients With Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma and Soft Tissue Sarcoma
Authors: Plimack Elizabeth R. , Tan Tingting , Wong Yu-Ning , Mehren Margaret M. , Malizzia Lois , Roethke Susan K. , Litwin Samuel , Li Tianyu , Hudes Gary R. , Haas Naomi B.
Published: March 2014

Author Summary

Background.

Temsirolimus, an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1, is approved for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Bryostatin-1 inhibits protein kinase C, a downstream effector of mTOR complex 2. We observed antitumor effects with the combination of temsirolimus and bryostatin-1 in RCC cell lines.

Methods.

Four cohorts of patients received weekly bryostatin-1 (20 μg/m2) with temsirolimus (10, 15, 25, or 37.5 mg) in 28-day cycles.

Results.

Thirty patients received a total of 138 cycles across four dose levels. Twenty-five patients had RCC (17 clear cell, 7 papillary, and 1 unclassified). Two sarcoma patients with prior cytotoxic therapy experienced dose-limiting toxicity at 15 mg of temsirolimus (grade 3 neutropenia and grade 3 hypophosphatemia). Subsequently, patients with prior cytotoxic therapy were excluded. Two additional dose-limiting toxicities were noted with 37.5 mg of temsirolimus (grade 3 neutropenia and grade 3 creatinine elevation). Consequently, the maximum tolerated dose was defined as temsirolimus at 25 mg and bryostatin-1 at 20 μg/m2 every 28 days. Of the 25 RCC patients, 3 patients had partial responses that lasted for 14 months, 28 months, and ≥80 months, respectively. Partial responses were seen in both clear cell and papillary histology.

Conclusion.

This combination of 37.5 mg of temsirolimus with 20 μg/m2 of bryostatin-1 was reasonably safe and well tolerated. Durable responses were observed in 3 of 25 patients with RCC.
An Open-Label Phase II Study Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of Ramucirumab Combined With mFOLFOX-6 as First-Line Therapy for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Garcia-Carbonero Rocio , Rivera Fernando , Maurel Joan , Ayoub Jean-Pierre M. , Moore Malcolm J. , Cervantes Andres , Asmis Timothy R. , Schwartz Jonathan D. , Nasroulah Federico , Ballal Shaila , Tabernero Josep
Published: March 2014

Author Summary

Background.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) are believed to mediate angiogenesis in colorectal cancer (CRC). Ramucirumab (RAM; IMC-1121B) is a human IgG1 monoclonal antibody that inhibits VEGF ligand binding to VEGFR-2, inhibiting VEGFR-2 activation and signaling.

Methods.

Patients with metastatic CRC, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0–1, and adequate organ function who had not received chemotherapy for metastatic disease received RAM and the modified FOLFOX-6 regimen every 2 weeks. Endpoints included progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate, overall survival, and safety. The sample size was based on a potentially improved median PFS from 8 months to 11 months.

Results.

Forty-eight patients received therapy. Median PFS was 11.5 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8.6–13.1 months). The objective response rate was 58.3% (95% CI: 43.21–72.39). The disease control rate (complete or partial response plus stable disease) was 93.8% (95% CI: 82.8–98.7). Median overall survival was 20.4 months (95% CI: 18.5–25.1 months). The most frequent grade 3–4 adverse events included neutropenia (grade 3: 33.3%; grade 4: 8.3%), hypertension (grade 3: 16.7%), and neuropathy (grade 3: 12.5%). Two patients died during the study due to myocardial infarction and cardiopulmonary arrest.

Conclusion.

RAM may enhance the efficacy of modified FOLFOX-6 chemotherapy with an acceptable safety profile in metastatic CRC.
Electro-biogrouting stabilisation of soft soil
Authors: Keykha Hamed A. , Huat Bujang B. K. , Asadi Afshin
Published: March 2014

This paper describes a new method called electro-biogrouting for the improvement of soft soil with low hydraulic conductivity. In this method, bacteria, urea and calcium ion are injected by an applied electric field. Initially, the calcium ions are moved across the specimen by electromigration from the anode to the cathode. Then, the urea, which is non-ionic and solvable, is transported by electro-osmotic flow from the anode to the cathode. Finally, the bacteria with negative surface charge are induced as particles by electrophoresis mobility from the anode to the cathode. Polarity reversal is applied to ensure homogeneous distribution of agents. As the bacteria expose the urea, the urease enzyme is released, and carbonate ions are produced, which results in CaCO3 precipitation in the porous media of the soil. This increases the shear strength of the soil up to 1080%. The CaCO3 was detected using the acid washing technique.
Obtaining shape memory alloy thin layer using PLD technique
Authors: Cimpoeşu N. , Stanciu S. , Vizureanu P. , Cimpoeşu R. , Achiţei Cristian , Ioniţă I.
Published: March 2014

Copper-based shape memory alloy (SMA) was obtained through a classic melting
method. The material was analyzed in heat treated and deformed states using
scanning electrons microscopy (SEM), dilatometry (DIL), differential
scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) and energy
dispersive X-ray analyze (EDAX) to establish the material microstructure,
memory properties like martensitic transformation domain and rate or damping
capacity. The material exhibits a good shape memory effect and high internal
friction and it is proposed as target in a pulsed laser deposition (PLD)
process for obtaining thin films. The deposition process is described in
this paper through presented experimental results on the layer.
Influence of copper content on microstructure development of AlSi9Cu3 alloy
Authors: Brodarac Zovko , Dolic N. , Unkic F.
Published: March 2014

Microstructure development and possible interaction of present elements have
been determined in charge material of EN AlSi9Cu3 quality. Literature
review enables prediction of solidification sequence. Modelling of
equilibrium phase diagram for examined chemical composition has been
performed, which enables determination of equilibrium solidification
sequence. Microstructural investigation indicated distribution and morphology
of particular phase. Metallographic analysis tools enable exact determination
of microstructural constituents: matrix ?Al, eutectic ?Al+?Si, iron base
intermetallic phase - Al5FeSi, Alx(Fe,Mn)yCuuSiw and/or Alx(Fe,Mn)yMgzCuuSiw
and copper base phases in ternary eutectic morphology Al-Al2Cu-Si and in
complex intermetallic ramified morphology Alx(Fe,Mn)yMgzSiuCuw.
Microstructure development examination reveals potential differences due to
copper content which is prerequisite for high values of final mechanical,
physical and technological properties of cast products.
N-methylimidazole mediated synthesis of aryl alkyl ethers under microwave irradiation and solvent free conditions
Authors: Djahaniani Hoorieh , Aghadadashi-Abhari Laila , Mohtat Bita
Published: March 2014

Microwave-assisted three-component reaction has been established for the
synthesis of aryl alkyl ethers. The reaction was carried out under solvent
free conditions in the presence of N-methylimidazole and
dialkylacetylenedicarboxylate to furnish a novel approach to O-alkylation of
phenol derivatives in high yield
Oral Delivery of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD)-65 and IL10 byLactococcus lactisReverses Diabetes in Recent-Onset NOD Mice
Authors: Robert Sofie , Gysemans Conny , Takiishi Tatiana , Korf Hannelie , Spagnuolo Isabella , Sebastiani Guido , Van Huynegem Karolien , Steidler Lothar , Caluwaerts Silvia , Demetter Pieter , Wasserfall Clive H. , Atkinson Mark A. , Dotta Francesco , Rottiers Pieter , Van Belle Tom L. , Mathieu Chantal
Published: March 2014

Growing insight into the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and numerous studies in preclinical models highlight the potential of antigen-specific approaches to restore tolerance efficiently and safely. Oral administration of protein antigens is a preferred method for tolerance induction, but degradation during gastrointestinal passage can impede such protein-based therapies, reducing their efficacy and making them cost-ineffective. To overcome these limitations, we generated a tolerogenic bacterial delivery technology based on live Lactococcus lactis (LL) bacteria for controlled secretion of the T1D autoantigen GAD65370–575 and the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 in the gut. In combination with short-course low-dose anti-CD3, this treatment stabilized insulitis, preserved functional β-cell mass, and restored normoglycemia in recent-onset NOD mice, even when hyperglycemia was severe at diagnosis. Combination therapy did not eliminate pathogenic effector T cells, but increased the presence of functional CD4+Foxp3+CD25+ regulatory T cells. These preclinical data indicate a great therapeutic potential of orally administered autoantigen-secreting LL for tolerance induction in T1D.
Hyaluronan and Hyaluronan-Binding Proteins Accumulate in Both Human Type 1 Diabetic Islets and Lymphoid Tissues and Associate With Inflammatory Cells in Insulitis
Authors: Bogdani Marika , Johnson Pamela Y. , Potter-Perigo Susan , Nagy Nadine , Day Anthony J. , Bollyky Paul L. , Wight Thomas N.
Published: March 2014

Hyaluronan (HA) is an extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan that is present in pancreatic islets, but little is known about its involvement in the development of human type 1 diabetes (T1D). We have evaluated whether pancreatic islets and lymphoid tissues of T1D and nondiabetic organ donors differ in the amount and distribution of HA and HA-binding proteins (hyaladherins), such as inter-α-inhibitor (IαI), versican, and tumor necrosis factor–stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6). HA was dramatically increased both within the islet and outside the islet endocrine cells, juxtaposed to islet microvessels in T1D. In addition, HA was prominent surrounding immune cells in areas of insulitis. IαI and versican were present in HA-rich areas of islets, and both molecules accumulated in diabetic islets and regions exhibiting insulitis. TSG-6 was observed within the islet endocrine cells and in inflammatory infiltrates. These patterns were only observed in tissues from younger donors with disease duration of <10 years. Furthermore, HA and IαI amassed in follicular germinal centers and in T-cell areas in lymph nodes and spleens in T1D patients compared with control subjects. Our observations highlight potential roles for HA and hyaladherins in the pathogenesis of diabetes.
Meningioangiomatosis in a Second Trimester Fetus
Authors: Hakim Sofia , Sanz-Cortes Magda , Puerto Bienvenido , Ribalta Teresa , Nadal Alfons
Published: March 2014

We describe to our knowledge the first case of meningioangiomatosis identified in a second trimester fetus. A 30-year-old pregnant woman was attended at our hospital for a second-trimester ultrasound screening scan. With a diagnosis of partial agenesis of the corpus callosum, the parents requested termination of the pregnancy. At autopsy, frontal serial sections of the fetal brain disclosed a short corpus callosum that lacked the posterior splenium, confirming the sonographic diagnosis. At close inspection, a slight bilateral hardening of both medial aspects of the frontal lobes and anterior genu of the corpus callosum was found associated with meningeal adhesion between both frontal lobes. Microscopically, cerebral cortex and corpus callosum were permeated by intersecting bundles of spindle cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm and bland, round nuclei, with a fibroblast or meningothelial-like appearance surrounding abundant blood vessels, consistent with the diagnosis of meningioangiomatosis. According to this finding, meningioangiomatosis must be included in the differential diagnosis of meningocortical fetal lesions.
Analysis of complex-valued functional magnetic resonance imaging data: are we just going through a “phase”?
Authors: Calhoun V.D. , Adali T.
Published: March 2014

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data are acquired as a natively complex data set, however for various reasons the phase data is typically discarded. Over the past few years, interest in incorporating the phase information into the analyses has been growing and new methods for modeling and processing the data have been developed. In this paper, we provide an overview of approaches to understand the complex nature of fMRI data and to work with the utilizing the full information, both the magnitude and the phase. We discuss the challenges inherent in trying to utilize the phase data, and provide a selective review with emphasis on work in our group for developing biophysical models, preprocessing methods, and statistical analysis of the fully-complex data. Of special emphasis are the use of data-driven approaches, which are particularly useful as they enable us to identify interesting patterns in the complex-valued data without making strong assumptions about how these changes evolve over time, something which is challenging for magnitude data and even more so for the complex data. Finally, we provide our view of the current state of the art in this area and make suggestions for what is needed to make efficient use of the fully-complex fMRI data.
Trajectory tracking control with obstacle avoidance capability for unicycle-like mobile robot
Authors: Kowalczyk W. , Michałek M. , Kozłowski K.
Published: March 2014

In this paper the trajectory tracking control algorithm with obstacle avoidance capability is presented. As a robot gets into a neighborhood of the obstacle, the collision avoidance behavior is turned on. It is implemented using the artificial potential function (APF) that increases to infinity as the robot approaches a boundary of the obstacle. This feature guarantees collision avoidance. As avoidance behavior is active only in the neighborhood of the obstacle it does not affect the motion when there is no risk of the collision. Authors show that trajectory of the robot converges to desired one when a robot is out of the APF area. Due to a local characteristic of the APF, the implementation of the algorithm of the robot that uses only on-board sensors is possible. The stability proof is presented for both a near obstacle and obstacle-free areas. Effectiveness of the algorithm is illustrated with experiments on a real robot in an environment with static circle-shaped obstacles.
PCA-based approximation of a class of distributed parameter systems: classical vs. neural network approach
Authors: Bartecki K.
Published: March 2014

In this article, an approximation of the spatiotemporal response of a distributed parameter system (DPS) with the use of the principal component analysis (PCA) is considered. Based on a data obtained by the numerical solution of a set of partial differential equations, a PCA-based approximation procedure is performed. It consists in the projection of the original data into the subspace spanned by the eigenvectors of the data covariance matrix, corresponding to its highest eigenvalues. The presented approach is carried out using both the classical PCA method as well as two different neural network structures: two-layer feed-forward network with supervised learning (FF-PCA) and single-layer network with unsupervised, generalized Hebbian learning rule (GHA-PCA). In each case considered, the effect of the approximation model structure represented by the number of eigenvectors (or, in the neural case, units in the network projection layer) on the mean square approximation error of the spatiotemporal response and on the data compression ratio is analysed. As shown in the paper, the best approximation quality is obtained for the classical PCA method as well as for the FF-PCA neural approach. On the other hand, an adaptive learning method for the GHA-PCA network allows to use it in e.g. an on-line identification scheme.
Precision spectroscopy of cold strontium atoms, towards optical atomic clock
Authors: Bober M. , Zachorowski J. , Gawlik W. , Morzyński P. , Zawada M. , Lisak D. , Cygan A. , Bielska K. , Piwiński M. , Trawiński R.S. , Ciuryło R. , Ozimek F. , Radzewicz C.
Published: March 2014

This report concerns the experiment of precision spectroscopy of cold strontium atoms in the Polish National Laboratory of Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics in Toruń. The system is composed of a Zeeman slower and magneto-optical traps (at 461 nm and 689 nm), a frequency comb, and a narrow-band laser locked to an ultra-stable optical cavity. All parts of the experiment are prepared and the first measurements of the absolute frequency of the 1S0-3P1, 689 nm optical transition in 88Sr atoms are performed.
Laser modification of the materials surface layer – a review paper
Authors: Kusinski J. , Kac S. , Kopia A. , Radziszewska A. , Rozmus-Górnikowska M. , Major B. , Major L. , Marczak J. , Lisiecki A.
Published: March 2014

The state of laser processing in surface materials modification in Poland is reported, based on own experience, coworkers and coauthors results, as well the literature review. The curriculum concerning historical development of lasers and laser technology in Poland, laser-matter interaction, as well basis of different laser techniques applied in materials surface engineering (solid state hardening, melting, alloying, cladding, ablation, shot peening, cleaning and texturing) are reviewed, and compared with results of coauthors, as well with a wide range of Polish authors papers. Finally, it is concluded that overall state of research on laser application in surface engineering in Poland is well developed and still growing industrial application is observed.
Patellofemoral Joint Stress During Weight-Bearing and Non—Weight-Bearing Quadriceps Exercises
Authors: Powers Christopher M. , Ho Kai-Yu , Chen Yu-Jen , Souza Richard B. , Farrokhi Shawn
Published: March 2014

Study Design

Single-group, repeated-measures design.

Objective

To compare patellofemoral joint (PFJ) stress among weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing quadriceps exercises.

Background

An important consideration when prescribing exercises to strengthen the quadriceps in persons with patellofemoral pain is to minimize PFJ loading. Currently, there is disagreement in the literature as to which exercises and ranges of motion best accomplish this goal.

Methods

Ten healthy subjects participated. Lower extremity kinematics, kinetics, and electromyography of the knee musculature were obtained during a weight-bearing squatting exercise and 2 non-weight-bearing knee extension exercises: (1) knee extension with variable resistance, and (2) knee extension with constant resistance. A previously described biomechanical model was used to estimate PFJ stress at 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, and 90° of knee flexion. PFJ stress was compared among the 3 exercises using a 2-way analysis of variance with repeated measures.

Results

Compared to the 2 non-weight-bearing exercises, the squat exercise produced significantly higher PFJ stress at 90°, 75°, and 60° of knee flexion. Conversely, the 2 non-weight-bearing exercises produced significantly higher PFJ stress at 30°, 15°, and 0° of knee flexion when compared to the squat exercise. The knee-extension-with-variable-resistance exercise produced significantly lower PFJ stress than the knee-extension-with-constant-resistance exercise at 90°, 75°, and 60° of knee flexion.

Conclusion

To minimize PFJ stress while performing quadriceps exercises, our data suggest that the squat exercise should be performed from 45° to 0° of knee flexion and the knee-extension-with-variable-resistance exercise should be performed from 90° to 45° of knee flexion. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2014;44(5):320–327. Epub 27 March 2014. doi:10.2519/jospt.2014.4936
Are the Hierarchical Properties of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment Scale the Same in Acute Stroke and Chronic Stroke?
Authors: Crow J. Lesley , Kwakkel Gert , Bussmann Johannes B.J. , Goos Jos A.G. , Harmeling-van der Wel Barbara C. ,   for the Early Prediction of Functional Outcome After Stroke (EPOS) Investigators
Published: March 2014

Background

The motor function section of the Fugl-Meyer assessment scale (FM motor scale) is a robust scale of motor ability in people after stroke, with high predictive validity for outcome. However, the FM motor scale is time-consuming. The hierarchical properties of the upper extremity (UE) and lower extremity (LE) sections of the FM motor scale have been established in people with chronic stroke. These data support the use of a more concise method of administration and confirm scores can be legitimately summed.

Objective

The aim of this study was to establish that a similar hierarchy exists in people within 72 hours after stroke onset.

Design

A prospective, cross-sectional design was used.

Methods

Data were obtained from 75 eligible people in a nationwide prospective study (the Early Prediction of Functional Outcome After Stroke). The full version of both sections of the FM motor scale was administered within 72 hours after stroke onset. The hierarchy of item difficulty was investigated by applying Guttman scaling procedures within each stage and each subsection of the UE and LE sections of the scale. The scaling procedures then were applied to item difficulty between stages and subsections and finally across all scale items (stage divisions ignored) of the FM motor scale.

Results

For all analyses, the results exceeded acceptable levels for the coefficient of reproducibility and the coefficient of scalability.

Limitations

The sample was a population of people with stroke of moderate severity.

Conclusions

The unidimensional hierarchy of the UE and LE sections of the FM motor scale (already established for chronic stroke) within 72 hours after stroke onset was confirmed. A legitimate total summed score can indicate a person's level of motor ability.
Validity of Maximal Exercise Testing in People With Multiple Sclerosis and Low to Moderate Levels of Disability
Authors: Heine Martin , Hoogervorst Erwin L.J. , Hacking Hub G.A. , Verschuren Olaf , Kwakkel Gert
Published: March 2014

Background

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing can be considered the gold standard for assessing cardiorespiratory fitness. Little is known about the criteria for maximal exercise testing in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) and how these criteria behave across different levels of neurological disability.

Objective

The study objectives were to determine the criteria for maximal exercise testing across various levels of disability and to assess concomitant subgroup differences in measures related to the participant, disease, and function.

Design

This was a cross-sectional study.

Methods

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing was conducted with a sample of 56 participants with MS. Analysis of variance was used to assess the criteria in participants with MS and low, mild, and moderate levels of disability.

Results

Mean peak oxygen consumption (V̇o2peak) was 21.4 (SD=7.1) mL·kg−1·min−1. An oxygen consumption (V̇o2) plateau was seen in 37.5% of participants. A respiratory exchange ratio of 1.10 or greater was achieved by 69.6% of the participants, a maximal heart rate within 90% of their age-predicted maximal heart rate was achieved by 48.2% of the participants, and 23.2% of the participants perceived their exertion to be 18 or greater on the Borg Scale of Perceived Exertion (scores of 6–20). The values for achieved heart rate and incidence of a V̇o2 plateau were significantly lower in participants with moderate levels of disability than in those with mild levels of disability.

Limitations

The primary limitations of this study were its cross-sectional nature and relatively small sample of participants with moderate levels of disability.

Conclusion

The findings suggest that the outcome of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in people with MS and low to mild levels of disability (Expanded Disability Status Scale scores of ≤4.0) is a valid measure of cardiorespiratory fitness, whereas the outcome in people with moderate levels of disability (Expanded Disability Status Scale scores of >4.0) is most likely symptom limited.
iMatrixSpray: A Free and Open Source Sample Preparation Device for Mass Spectrometric Imaging
Authors: Stoeckli Markus , Staab Dieter , Wetzel Michael , Brechbuehl Matthias
Published: March 2014

A device was built for matrix deposition in mass spectrometric imaging. This spray-type instrument requires no user interaction other than providing the spray solution and selecting the pre-defined or custom-built method. Robustness was achieved by utilizing a delta-robotics design
in combination with a simple liquid system. All the information describing the systems is provided as open source and hardware and the design is therefore suitable for wide distribution and adaption by the scientific community.
Freshness Indices of Roasted Coffee: Monitoring the Loss of Freshness for Single Serve Capsules and Roasted Whole Beans in Different Packaging
Authors: Glöss Alexia N. , Schönbächler Barbara , Rast Markus , Deuber Louis , Yeretzian Chahan
Published: March 2014

With the growing demand for high-quality coffee, it is becoming increasingly important to establish quantitative measures of the freshness of coffee, or the loss thereof, over time. Indeed, freshness has become a critical quality criterion in the specialty coffee scene, where the aim
is to deliver the most pleasant flavor in the cup, from highest quality beans. A series of intensity ratios of selected volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the headspace of coffee (by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry) were revisited, with the aim to establish robust indicators of
freshness of coffee – called freshness indices. Roasted whole beans in four different packaging materials and four commercial capsule systems from the Swiss market were investigated over a period of up to one year of storage time. These measurements revealed three types of insight. First,
a clear link between barrier properties of the packaging material and the evolution of selected freshness indices was observed. Packaging materials that contain an aluminum layer offer better protection. Second, processing steps prior to packaging are reflected in the absolute values
of freshness indices. Third, differences in the standard deviations of freshness-indices for single serve coffee capsule systems are indicative of differences in the consistency among systems, consistency being an important quality attribute of capsules.
Atypical hand, foot, and mouth disease associated with coxsackievirus A6 infection, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, January to February 2014
Authors: Sinclair C , Gaunt E , Simmonds P , Broomfield D , Nwafor N , Wellington L , Templeton K , Willocks L , Schofield O , Harvala H
Published: March 2014

In January to February 2014, 16 hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) cases were identified in Edinburgh, United Kingdom. All presented with atypical features, with most (n=13) resembling eczema herpeticum or chickenpox. Coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6) was identified in all the typed cases (n=11). As atypical forms of HFMD associated with CV-A6 are likely to emerge throughout Europe, clinicians should be alert to unusual clinical presentations of HFMD and virologists aware of effective diagnostic testing and enterovirus typing methods.
Increase in scarlet fever notifications in the United Kingdom, 2013/2014
Authors: Guy R , Williams C , Irvine N , Reynolds A , Coelho J , Saliba V , Thomas D , Doherty L , Chalker V , von Wissmann B , Chand M , Efstratiou A , Ramsay M , Lamagni T
Published: March 2014

Increases in scarlet fever above usual seasonal levels are currently being seen across the United Kingdom. Medical practitioners have been alerted to the exceptional increase in incidence. Given the potential for this to signal a population increase in invasive group A streptococcal disease, close monitoring of invasive disease is essential.
Decreasing incidence and changes in serotype distribution of invasive pneumococcal disease in persons aged under 18 years since introduction of 10-valent and 13-valent conjugate vaccines in Portugal, July 2008 to June 2012
Authors: Aguiar S I , Brito M J , Horácio A N , Lopes J P , Ramirez M , Melo-Cristino J ,   on behalf of the Portuguese Group for the Study of Streptococcal Infections and the Portuguese Study Group of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease of the Paediatric Infectious Disease Society
Published: March 2014

Binary file ES_Abstracts_Final_ECDC.txt matches
Enhanced expression of proapoptotic and autophagic proteins involved in the cell death of glioblastoma induced by synthetic glycans
Authors: Faried Ahmad , Arifin Muhammad Zafrullah , Ishiuchi Shogo , Kuwano Hiroyuki , Yazawa Shin
Published: March 2014

Object

Glioblastoma is the most aggressive malignant brain tumor, and overall patient survival has not been prolonged even by conventional therapies. Previously, the authors found that chemically synthesized glycans could be anticancer agents against growth of a series of cancer cells. In this study, the authors examined the effects of glycans on the growth of glioblastoma cells both in vitro and in vivo.

Methods

The authors investigated not only the occurrence of changes in the cell signaling molecules and expression levels of various proteins related to cell death, but also a mouse model involving the injection of glioblastoma cells following the administration of synthetic glycans.

Results

Synthetic glycans inhibited the growth of glioblastoma cells, induced the apoptosis of the cells with cleaved poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP) expression and DNA fragmentation, and also caused autophagy, as shown by the detection of autophagosome proteins and monodansylcadaverine staining. Furthermore, tumor growth in the in vivo mouse model was significantly inhibited. A dramatic induction of programmed cell death was found in glioblastoma cells after treatment with synthetic glycans.

Conclusions

These results suggest that synthetic glycans could be a promising novel anticancer agent for performing chemotherapy against glioblastoma.
De novo VHL germline mutation detected in a patient with mild clinical phenotype of von Hippel-Lindau disease
Authors: Ding Xinghua , Zhang Chao , Frerich Jason M. , Germanwala Anand , Yang Chunzhang , Lonser Russell R. , Mao Ying , Zhuang Zhengping , Zhang Mingguang
Published: March 2014

Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is an autosomal dominant multiorgan tumor syndrome caused by a germline mutation in the VHL gene. Characteristic tumors include CNS hemangioblastomas (HBs), endolymphatic sac tumors, renal cell carcinomas, pheochromocytomas, and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Sporadic VHL disease with a de novo germline mutation is rare. The authors describe a case of multiple CNS HBs in a patient with a heterozygous de novo germline mutation at c.239G>T [p.S80I] of VHL. This is the first known case of a sporadic de novo germline mutation of VHL at c.239G>T. Clinicians should continue to consider VHL disease in patients presenting with sporadic CNS HBs, including those without a family history, to confirm or exclude additional VHL-associated visceral lesions.
Blunt traumatic occlusion of the internal carotid and vertebral arteries
Authors: Morton Ryan P. , Hanak Brian W. , Levitt Michael R. , Fink Kathleen R. , Peterson Eric C. , Vilela Marcelo D. , Kim Louis J. , Chesnut Randall M.
Published: March 2014

Object

The stroke rate, management, and outcome after blunt cerebrovascular occlusion (Biffl Grade IV injury) is not well defined, given the rarity of the disease. Both hemodynamic failure and embolic mechanisms have been implicated in the pathophysiology of subsequent stroke after blunt cerebrovascular occlusion. In this study, the authors evaluated their center's experience with Biffl Grade IV injuries, focusing on elucidating the mechanisms of stroke and their optimal management.

Methods

A retrospective review identified all internal carotid artery (ICA) or vertebral artery (VA) Biffl Grade IV injuries over a 7-year period at a single institution.

Results

Fifty-nine Biffl Grade IV injuries were diagnosed affecting 11 ICAs, 44 unilateral VAs, and 2 bilateral VAs. The stroke rates were 64%, 9%, and 50%, respectively. Of the 11 Biffl Grade IV ICA injuries, 5 presented with stroke while 2 developed delayed stroke. An ipsilateral posterior communicating artery greater than 1 mm on CT angiography was protective against stroke due to hemodynamic failure (p = 0.015). All patients with Biffl Grade IV injuries affecting the ICA who had at least 8 emboli per hour on transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography developed an embolic pattern of stroke (p = 0.006). Treatment with aspirin versus dual antiplatelet therapy had a similar effect on stroke rate in the ICA group (p = 0.5) and all patients who suffered stroke either died (n = 3) or required a decompressive hemicraniectomy with subsequent poor outcome (n = 4). All 10 strokes associated with Biffl Grade IV VA injuries were embolic and clinically asymptomatic. In VA Biffl Grade IV injury, neither the presence of emboli nor treatment with antiplatelet agents affected stroke rates.

Conclusions

At the authors' institution, traumatic ICA occlusion is rare but associated with a high stroke rate. Robust collateral circulation may mitigate its severity. Embolic monitoring with TCD ultrasonography and prophylactic antiplatelet therapy should be used in all ICA Biffl Grade IV injuries. Unilateral VA Biffl Grade IV injury is the most common type of traumatic occlusion and is associated with significantly less morbidity. Embolic monitoring using TCD and prophylactic antiplatelet therapy do not appear to be beneficial in patients with traumatic VA occlusion.
Endoscopic endonasal surgery for suprasellar meningiomas: experience with 75 patients
Authors: Koutourousiou Maria , Fernandez-Miranda Juan C. , Stefko S. Tonya , Wang Eric W. , Snyderman Carl H. , Gardner Paul A.
Published: March 2014

Object

Following the introduction of the neurosurgical microscope, the outcomes in suprasellar meningioma surgery were dramatically improved. More recently, the neurosurgical endoscope has been introduced as a visualization option during removal of skull base tumors, both transcranially and endonasally. The authors retrospectively reviewed the effectiveness of endoscopic endonasal surgery (EES) in the management of suprasellar meningiomas.

Methods

Between 2002 and 2011, 75 patients (81.3% female) with suprasellar meningiomas underwent EES at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. The authors present the results of EES and analyze the resection rates, visual outcome, and complications.

Results

Seventy-one patients presented with primary tumors, whereas 4 were previously treated elsewhere. Their mean age was 57.3 years (range 36–88 years), and most patients presented with visual loss (81.3%). Tumors occupied the tuberculum sellae (86.7%) and planum sphenoidale (50.7%), with extension into the optic canals in 26.7% (unilateral in 21.3% and bilateral in 5.3%) and the pituitary fossa (9.3%). Gross-total tumor resection (Simpson Grade I) was achieved in 76% of the cases in the whole cohort and in 81.4% of the patients in whom it was the goal of surgery. Tumor location and extension into the optic canals was not a limitation for total resection. Tumor size, configuration, and vascular encasement were significant factors that influenced the degree of resection (p < 0.0001). Vision was improved or normalized in 85.7% of the cases. Visual deterioration following EES occurred in 2 patients (3.6%). Complications included postoperative CSF leaks (25.3% overall, 16.1% in recent years) resulting in meningitis in 4 cases. One patient had an intraoperative injury of the artery of Heubner resulting in associated neurological deficit. Another elderly patient died within 1 month after EES due to cerebral vasospasm and multisystem impairment. No patient developed postoperative cerebral contusions, hemorrhage, or seizures. During a mean follow-up period of 29 months (range 1–98 months), 4 patients have shown recurrence, but only 1 required repeat EES.

Conclusions

With the goal of gross-total tumor resection and visual improvement, EES can achieve very good results, (comparable to microscopic approaches) for the treatment of suprasellar meningiomas. Avoidance of brain and optic nerve retraction, preservation of the vascularization of the optic apparatus, and wide decompression of the optic canals are the main advantages of EES for the treatment of suprasellar meningiomas, while CSF leaks remain a disadvantage.