bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systemic and local inflammation in colorectal cancer
Authors: Rumba Roberts , Cipkina Sandra , Cukure Fanija , Vanags Andrejs
Published: April 2019

Background. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the world. The cornerstone of CRC treatment is surgical resection. However, patients in the same TNM stage show different recurrence rates and survival. Of patients with a local disease without lymph node or a distant metastasis, 20–25% still develop recurrence. There is evidence that inflammatory reaction is one of the key elements in tumour development.
Materials and methods. We reviewed literature on colorectal cancer and its relationships with the immune system, with special focus on local and systemic inflammatory reaction. The Pubmed and ClinicalKey databases were searched using the key words colorectal cancer, local inflammation, systemic inflammation, markers of inflammation. The relevant literature was reviewed and included in the article.
Results. The immune system has two-sided relationships with cancer, so it not only performs anti-tumour activities, but can also promote tumour growth and spread. Research has shown that signs of local inflammation are associated with a better prognosis in CRC. Systemic inflammation has been associated with more aggressive behaviour and a worse prognosis for patients with several cancers, including CRC.
Conclusions. Recent findings in tumour biology have improved our understanding of colorectal cancer and of the natural course of this disease. Several markers of local and systemic inflammatory reaction have been identified. The next step is to find the most accurate and applicable marker, so that this promising tool can be used in clinical practice and aid in decision making.
Sternal resection of a solitary renal cell carcinoma metastasis: a case report and a literature review
Authors: Čerškutė Minija , Kinčius Marius , Januškevičius Tomas , Cicėnas Saulius , Ulys Albertas
Published: April 2019

Background. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) may be metastatic, although solitary sternal metastasis of RCC is a rare medical condition. Here we report an unusual case of a 63-year-old male with a solitary sternal metastasis as an initial presentation of clear-cell renal cell carcinoma.
Materials and methods. A 63-year-old male presented with a small sternal mass. Chest computer tomography (CT) and a biopsy from the sternal tumour were performed. Histopathological examination revealed the diagnosis of renal clear cell carcinoma metastasis to the sternal bone. On the basis of a subsequently performed abdominal CT the patient was confirmed with a suspicion of a left renal lower pole tumour. Treatment with sunitinib was initiated. Due to the limited response and a growing sternal mass, the patient was admitted to the National Cancer Institute after two cycles of sunitinib therapy. Open left partial nephrectomy was performed followed by the resection of the sternal metastasis two months later. The chest wall was reconstructed with polypropylene mesh combined with transversal rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap.
Results. The postoperative course after the partial nephrectomy was uneventful. The postoperative course of metastasectomy complicated with the right pneumothorax which was successfully treated by insertion of a chest tube. Bleeding from the upper digestive tract also occurred on the seventh postoperative day but was successfully controlled by haemostasis with three 20 ml endoscopic injections of 1:10,000 solution of epinephrine. The patient had been followed up after the surgery for 30 months with biannual chest and abdominal CT scans that showed neither local nor distant recurrence of the disease.
Conclusions. Radical surgical treatment of a solitary renal clear cell carcinoma metastasis may offer the best cancer-specific outcomes and improve the quality of life in some patients.
Cantu in paghjella : Patrimoine Culturel Immatériel et nouvelles technologies dans le projet I-Treasures
Authors: Herrgott Catherine
Published: April 2019

Le Cantu in paghjella est une pratique traditionnelle corse de chants polyphoniques, qui a été reconnue par l’UNESCO comme Patrimoine Culturel Immatériel (PCI) et inscrit en 2009 sur la Liste de Sauvegarde d’urgence. Le Cantu in paghjella, combinant trois registres vocaux masculins, représente un pilier de la culture corse et se chante a cappella dans diverses occasions festives, sociales et religieuses. Le principal objectif du projet I-Treasures est de développer une plate-forme ouverte et extensible pour fournir un accès aux ressources du PCI, permettre l’échange de connaissances entre chercheurs et contribuer à la transmission des savoir-faire rares des trésors humains vivants, par l’apprentissage de chants traditionnels, comme le Cantu in paghjella. Nous présentons dans cet article, le travail effectué avec les chanteurs sur la capture et la transmission de ce type de chant à plusieurs voix. Nous aborderons les technologies permettant de sauvegarder et de transmettre le chant polyphonique corse et comprenant une étude préalable à la mission de collectage afin de recueillir des témoignages pertinents des chanteurs traditionnels sur les différents aspects de leurs pratiques et techniques vocales. Il y sera fait une présentation sur l’utilisation de notre nouveau système de capture de données à l’aide d’un casque multi-capteurs qui permet l’enregistrement simultané de voix multiples et la synchronisation de données acoustiques et articulatoires. Nous verrons comment ce travail peut contribuer aux initiatives locales visant l’amélioration de l’accès aux données sonores, mais aussi aux mesures de sauvegarde d’urgence de l’UNESCO.
Représentations sociales comparées. Le regard des enseignants et des conseillers pédagogiques sur les finalités de l’enseignement de l’histoire
Authors: Lanoix Alexandre
Published: April 2019

Cet article présente les résultats d’une enquête portant sur les représentations sociales des enseignants d’histoire et des conseillers pédagogiques en univers social à propos des finalités de l’enseignement de l’histoire. Les résultats montrent d’abord qu’il existe deux sous-groupes d’enseignants aux représentations contrastées : le premier accorde davantage d’importance au développement des compétences et de la méthode historique chez les élèves, tandis que le second porte son attention sur la transmission de la mémoire collective. Les conseillers pédagogiques, de leur côté, placent le développement des compétences et de la méthode historique au coeur de leur représentation des finalités de l’enseignement de l’histoire, et ce, encore plus que le premier sous-groupe d’enseignants. Ainsi, l’enquête révèle que trois représentations des finalités de l’enseignement de l’histoire semblent cohabiter dans le réseau scolaire québécois.
Analyse sociohistorique et épistémologique de la recherche en responsabilité sociale des entreprises
Authors: Baba Sofiane
Published: April 2019

La responsabilité sociale des entreprises (RSE) est un sujet de société en vogue qui suscite de nombreux débats tant chez les universitaires que les praticiens. La présente étude propose une analyse sociohistorique et épistémologique de la RSE afin d’en cerner la construction et de reconstituer une partie de sa généalogie. Notre étude soulève deux contributions principales. La première explicite trois tendances qui ont marqué l’évolution de la production de connaissances en RSE. La seconde contribution suggère que le projet épistémologique qu’incarne la théorisation de la RSE est en constante évolution à l’image du champ plus large des théories des organisations.
« We have our own kitchen » : distance et légitimité dans la production de savoir pour la procédure d’asile
Authors: Rosset1 Damian
Published: April 2019

La stricte séparation entre la production d’informations sur les pays d’origine (COI pour country of origin information) et l’évaluation des demandes d’asile est une norme fondamentale de la pratique professionnelle des producteurs de COI. En se penchant sur l’unité COI norvégienne, cet article examine la manière dont cette séparation est matérialisée à travers une véritable infrastructure de distanciation mise en place autour des sites de production des COI. Ce dispositif se manifeste non seulement dans les discours et les pratiques, mais aussi dans les structures organisationnelles, les lieux et les normes légales qui participent à l’écologie de la situation d’expertise particulière que constituent les COI. Il participe à la construction de la légitimité des institutions, mais aussi des acteurs impliqués dans la production du savoir.
La pensée de Paul-André Crépeau à travers ses écrits doctrinaux
Authors: Normand Sylvio , Jobin Pierre-Gabriel
Published: April 2019

Au milieu duxxesiècle, l’engagement de professeurs de carrière annonce la transformation des facultés de droit. Paul-André Crépeau compte au nombre de ces recrues qui ont poursuivi des études supérieures à l’étranger. Il se voit confier en 1965 la présidence de l’Office de révision du Code civil. Il pilote ce vaste chantier ; son nom demeure indissociable du Projet de Code civil. Comme auteur de doctrine, il publie abondamment en droit des contrats, puis s’intéresse à la codification et à la lexicographie. Il s’exprime en usant de nombreux procédés d’écriture. Il écrit souvent pour influencer l’orientation du droit ; ses propositions reçoivent un accueil tantôt favorable, tantôt critique. Son oeuvre est empreinte de principes et de droit comparé et manifeste sa volonté de constituer une solide doctrine. Il a un attachement singulier à la doctrine française, qui lui sert de source d’inspiration et exerce une indéniable influence sur sa pensée.
Le Canada et la Convention sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination à l’égard des femmes : une obligation d’enquête
Authors: Breton Véronique
Published: April 2019

Le présent article s’intéresse aux obligations du Canada à l’égard de la situation des filles et des femmes autochtones assassinées ou disparues au Canada. Plus précisément, il aborde la question suivante : le Canada avait-il l’obligation de donner suite à la recommandation du Comité chargé de la mise en oeuvre de la Convention sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination à l’égard des femmes, soit celle de faire une enquête sur les filles et les femmes autochtones disparues ou assassinées ? Les arguments avancés par l’auteure lui permettent de conclure que le Canada avait une obligation positive à cet égard.
La fiducie de protection d’actifs : un mirage ?
Authors: Naccarato Mario
Published: April 2019

Le patrimoine de la personne constitue le gage commun de ses créanciers. Le législateur québécois a rompu avec la conception classique du patrimoine unique pour instaurer un régime de fiducie permettant la création d’un patrimoine d’affectation sur lequel le constituant peut se nommer cofiduciaire et bénéficiaire à la fois sans toutefois posséder de droits réels sur ces biens. Voilà qui constitue à priori un patrimoine à l’abri des créanciers du constituant, communément appelé « fiducie de protection d’actifs ». Depuis son instauration en 1994, les tribunaux québécois ont fait un constat que ce patrimoine d’affectation en vue de protéger le débiteur de ses créanciers contrevient à des normes axiomatiques du droit civil lesquelles doivent l’emporter sur la validité de pareil patrimoine d’affectation. En effet, les tribunaux n’hésitent pas à déclarer nulles les fiducies de protection d’actifs faites au détriment des créanciers du constituant. C’est ainsi que la fiducie de protection d’actifs n’est qu’un mirage.
Deer Parks and Recreation. Zooarchaeological evidence form the Earls of Arundel Hunting Lodge in Downley (West Sussex, UK)
Authors: Nabais Mariana , Roberts Mark , Barber Nicole
Published: April 2019

The deer park at Downley is one of many medieval parks known from the county of Sussex (UK), 8km north of Chichester. The park belonged to the Earls of Arundel and there is evidence of its occasional use by high-status figures, such as King Henry VIII. The park perimeter measures 6.6km and covers an area of 261.7ha. During the first season of excavation in 2014 the presence of a substantial lodge building was proven within the pale, the features associated with the lodge contained various archaeological and environmental remains. This paper focuses on the study of zooarchaeological materials recovered from the 16 trenches opened in 2014. All faunal remains were studied, revealing domestic animals such as cattle and sheep, as well as wild animals such as deer and boar. Fallow deer is the most frequent species showing a very complete body part representation, suggesting it was hunted and processed locally. Further work is carried out looking at body part representation, which is particularly important when looking at the ritualised dismemberment of hunted animals. In any hunting milieu dogs/hounds are prevalent, and are represented by some anatomical elements, but also by considerable evidence of gnawing marks on bones that were clearly humanly processed before being fed to the animals.
Rapid remote sensing assessment of landscape-scale impacts from the California Camp Fire
Authors: Chambers Jeffrey , Gorman Caralyn , Feng Yanlei , Torn Margaret , Stapp Jared
Published: April 2019

The Camp Fire rapidly spread across a landscape in Butte County, California, toward the city of Paradise in the early morning hours of 8 November 2018. Here we provide a set of initial tools and analyses that are useful to a variety of stakeholders, including: (1) a visualization app for GOES 16 data and the surrounding landscape showing the rapid spread of the fire from 6:37-10:47 a.m. local time; (2) processed Landsat 8 images for before, during, and after the fire, along with a tool for visualizing regional impacts; (3) a timeline of fire spread from ignition over the first four hours; and (4) a description of a potential early warning app that could make use of existing data, visualization, and analysis tools, to provide additional information for effective evacuation of communities threatened by rapidly moving wildfires. Using these tools we estimate that, over the first hour, the Camp Fire was consuming ~200 ha/minute of vegetation with a linear spread rate of 14 km over the fire’s first 25 minutes, or ~33km/hr. We briefly discuss broader use of remote sensing and geospatial analysis for fire research and risk management.
Porównawcza lingwistyka dyskursu. Założenia, zasady, problemy
Authors: Czachur Waldemar , Dreesen Philipp
Published: April 2019

This article outlines theoretical and methodical principles of linguistic comparative discourse analysis from a re ective viewpoint. First, we raise key questions such as ’what are the reasons for comparingf discourses?’ and ‘what exactly comparing means?’ in order to nd the objectives and limits for these kinds of comparative analyses. After that, we discuss existing comparative discourse analysis approaches within linguistics and point out premises and methods as well as knowledge potentials, problems and desiderata.
Milcząca wojna na dwa głosy w wybranym dyskursie naukowym. Konceptualne i pojęciowe światy równoległe
Authors: Woźniak-Wrzesińska Ewelina
Published: April 2019

The analysis focuses on the Polish scientific discourse of the George Lako ’s and Mark Johnson‘s theory. The author wonders whether two Polish terms “cognitive metaphor” and “conceptual meta- phor” can be guided by the same principles in the examined discourse. At the outset of the text, a quantitative survey took place, followed by qualitative ones: the first aimed to identify the key words and examine in which contexts they occur, the second attempted to verify whether both described terms are similarly conceptualized or not. It appears that additional review of the methods of pro ling the analyzed terms de nitely confirms the identified correlation. Namely: the way of naming one phenomenon depends on the text and the context (Polish and original) of the discourse, which the researchers refer to.
O metaforze choroby w polskim i angielskim prasowym dyskursie politycznym
Authors: Brożyna-Reczko Małgorzata
Published: April 2019

The article deals with ‘disease’ metaphors and those related to ‘death’ and ‘health’. The metaphors were extracted from selected newspapers and magazine articles published between 2006 and 2013. The aim of the research was to determine which elements from the semantic eld are used to create metaphors occurring in political discourse in Poland and in Great Britain, what roles they play and whether these roles are identical in these two countries.
Anterior insular cortex plays a critical role in interoceptive attention
Authors: Wang Xingchao , Wu Qiong , Egan Laura , Gu Xiaosi , Liu Pinan , Gu Hong , Yang Yihong , Luo Jing , Wu Yanhong , Gao Zhixian , Fan Jin
Published: April 2019

Accumulating evidence indicates that the anterior insular cortex (AIC) mediates interoceptive attention which refers to attention towards physiological signals arising from the body. However, the necessity of the AIC in this process has not been demonstrated. Using a novel task that directs attention toward breathing rhythm, we assessed the involvement of the AIC in interoceptive attention in healthy participants using functional magnetic resonance imaging and examined the necessity of the AIC in interoceptive attention in patients with AIC lesions. Results showed that interoceptive attention was associated with increased AIC activation, as well as enhanced coupling between the AIC and somatosensory areas along with reduced coupling between the AIC and visual sensory areas. In addition, AIC activation was predictive of individual differences in interoceptive accuracy. Importantly, AIC lesion patients showed disrupted interoceptive discrimination accuracy and sensitivity. These results provide compelling evidence that the AIC plays a critical role in interoceptive attention.
A cross-modality enhancement of defensive flight via parvalbumin neurons in zona incerta
Authors: Wang Xiyue , Chou Xiaolin , Peng Bo , Shen Li , Huang Junxiang J , Zhang Li I , Tao Huizhong W
Published: April 2019

The ability to adjust defensive behavior is critical for animal survival in dynamic environments. However, neural circuits underlying the modulation of innate defensive behavior remain not well-understood. In particular, environmental threats are commonly associated with cues of multiple sensory modalities. It remains to be investigated how these modalities interact to shape defensive behavior. In this study, we report that auditory-induced defensive flight behavior can be facilitated by somatosensory input in mice. This cross-modality modulation of defensive behavior is mediated by the projection from the primary somatosensory cortex (SSp) to the ventral sector of zona incerta (ZIv). Parvalbumin (PV)-positive neurons in ZIv, receiving direct input from SSp, mediate the enhancement of the flight behavior via their projections to the medial posterior complex of thalamus (POm). Thus, defensive flight can be enhanced in a somatosensory context-dependent manner via recruiting PV neurons in ZIv, which may be important for increasing survival of prey animals.
Dynamic repression by BCL6 controls the genome-wide liver response to fasting and steatosis
Authors: Sommars Meredith A , Ramachandran Krithika , Senagolage Madhavi D , Futtner Christopher R , Germain Derrik M , Allred Amanda L , Omura Yasuhiro , Bederman Ilya R , Barish Grant D
Published: April 2019

Transcription is tightly regulated to maintain energy homeostasis during periods of feeding or fasting, but the molecular factors that control these alternating gene programs are incompletely understood. Here, we find that the B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) repressor is enriched in the fed state and converges genome-wide with PPARα to potently suppress the induction of fasting transcription. Deletion of hepatocyteBcl6enhances lipid catabolism and ameliorates high-fat-diet-induced steatosis. InPpara-null mice, hepatocyteBcl6ablation restores enhancer activity at PPARα-dependent genes and overcomes defective fasting-induced fatty acid oxidation and lipid accumulation. Together, these findings identify BCL6 as a negative regulator of oxidative metabolism and reveal that alternating recruitment of repressive and activating transcription factors to shared cis-regulatory regions dictates hepatic lipid handling.
Lg = 25 nm InGaAs/InAlAs high-electron mobility transistors with both fT and fmax in excess of 700 GHz
Authors: Jo Hyeon-Bhin , Yun Do-Young , Baek Ji-Min , Lee Jung-Hee , Kim Tae-Woo , Kim Dae-Hyun , Tsutsumi Takuya , Sugiyama Hiroki , Matsuzaki Hideaki
Published: April 2019

In this paper, we report an L
g = 25 nm InGaAs/InAlAs HEMT on InP substrate that delivers excellent high-frequency characteristics. The device exhibited a value of maximum transconductance (g
m_max) = 2.8 mS μm−1 at V
DS = 0.8 V and on-resistance (R
ON) = 279 Ω μm. At I
D = 0.56 mA μm−1 and V
DS = 0.5 V, the same device displayed an excellent combination of f
T = 703 GHz and f
max = 820 GHz. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a transistor with both f
T and f
max over 700 GHz on any material system.
Factors Responsible for Livelihood Diversification of Unirrigated Farmers
Authors: Eswaran Sathyapriya , Murugan Asokhan
Published: April 2019

Livelihood diversification is the process by which households construct a diverse portfolio of activities and social support capabilities for survival and in order to improve their standard of living. Farmers were shifting their occupation from one to another because of several reasons. Hence, this study was undertaken with the objective to elucidate the factors responsible for the occupational change of agrarians. The study was conducted in the western zone of Tamil Nadu, with a sample size of 120. The samples were drawn by using purposive sampling method. The factors were collected from relevant literature, farmers, extension personnel and scientists and finally, the collected items were sent for the judge’s opinion. Based on the judges rating the valid items were selected and used for interview schedule construction. The information was gathered by using a pretested well-structured interview schedule. The respondents asked for responding to each and every factor based on the nature of influence. The calculated index score was ranked to identify the higher influencing factors for livelihood diversification of agrarians. Notable findings of the study were, production factors contributed vastly for agrarian’s livelihood change among all other categories either pushing or pulling the respondents.
Editorial
Authors: Tudor Keith , Hall Alayne
Published: April 2019

E ngā waka, e ngā mana, e ngā hau e wha, ngā mihi nui ki a koutou arā me to whānau hoki. Tenā koutou, tenā koutou, tenā koutou katoa. He tino hari maua, i te tari putanga tuatoru na Ata: Journal of Psychotherapy Aotearoa New Zealand. To the many talented and esteemed who are propelled together by the four winds, spread throughout the islands we greet you and your families, and welcome you to the journal and, specifically, to this first issue of the online-only version of the journal.
A Very Human Need
Authors: Driver James
Published: April 2019

While most video game players play in moderation and for fun or to relax, a significant minority of players develop problematic or addictive patterns of gaming. Research has indicated that gamers’ motivations for playing differ between addicted and non-addicted gamers. Accordingly, as with other addictions, if clinicians are able to understand the function of the addictive behaviour in the overall context of a client’s life and the motivations that drive the addictive behaviour, they will be better placed to assist the client to overcome the addiction. Motivations for gaming associated with addiction can be summarised as gaming in order to experience meaning and purpose, to experience potency and achievement, to experience community and belonging, to experience escape and emotional regulation, and to experience a stronger sense of identity and self. This article examines each of these motivations in the context of modern gaming and provides clinicians with sample questions to guide an exploration of these motivations when working with clients affected by gaming addiction.
Waitara
Ahakoa he tākaro taurite whakapārekareka, whakatā noa rānei tā te nuinga o ngā kai tākaro ataata, ka whanake tonu ake he raru he hanga petipeti warawara. E tohu ana ngā rangahau he rerekē anō te hiringa ngākau ki te petipeti o te kai petipeti warawara ki tō te kai petipeti makere. Heoi, pērā anō ki ētahi atu warawaranga, mēnā ka mātau ngā kai haumanu ki te mahi a te whanonga warawara huri noa i te ao o te kiritaki me te hihiko whakaū i te whanonga warawara, ka mārama ake tā rātau āwhina i te kiritaki ki te whai oranga. Ko ngā hīanga petipeti whakapiri ki te warawara ka taea te kī he tākaro whai wheako tikanga wheako aronga, wheako taikaha paetae hoki, wheako hapori me te whanaungatanga, ki te wheako pahiko me te whakarite kare ā-roto, ā, ki te whai wheako whakamana tuakiri whaiaro hoki. Ko tā tēnei tuhinga he aromatawai i ēnei hiringa katoa i roto i te horopaki o te ao petipeti hou ka hoatu pātai hei ārahi i tētahi rapunga o ēnei hiringa inā mahi tahi me ngā kiritaki kainga e te petipeti warawara.
A Review of Maria Teresa Savio Hooke’s Lecture and Workshop
Authors: Thorpe Mark
Published: April 2019

The development of psychoanalysis in new areas, revisiting the analytic attitude and Melanie’s Klein’s depressive position.
Editorial
Authors: O'Connor John , Morice Margaret Poutu , Woodard Wiremu
Published: April 2019

E ngā mana, e ngā reo, e ngā manu tioriori, tēnā koutou, tēnā koutou, tēnā koutou katoa!
Madness of the Mind
Authors: O'Connor John
Published: April 2019

The art of psychotherapy has been defined as the capacity of the psychotherapist’s mind to receive the psyche of the patient, particularly its unconscious contents. This deceptively simple definition implies the enormously complex art of receiving the most disturbed, dissociated, maddening, often young and primitive, frightening, and fragmented aspects of the patient’s multiple ages and selves, in the hope perhaps that we might make available to our own mind, to the patient’s mind, and within the therapeutic relationship, whatever it is that we discover together, perhaps with the possibility that this may allow that these dissociated, fragmented, lost, and potentially transformative aspects of self might become more accessible to both therapist and patient. The complexity of this process is further intensified when cultural difference is an important aspect of therapeutic engagement. This paper will explore this rich and complex art. It will include exploration of psychoanalytic, relational, and transpersonal psychotherapeutic perspectives as they inform the potentials and mysteries of this deeply receptive process. The paper will consider the potential this receiving of the other might have for the growth of both the therapist and patient within the life span of clinical engagement and will include consideration of implications for cross cultural clinical work. Clinical vignettes illustrating and informing the ideas explored in this paper will be woven throughout the paper.
Whakarāpopotonga
Kua tautuhia te toi whakaora hinengaro ko te kaha o te hinengaro o te kaiwhakaora hinengaro ki te pupuri i te hinengaro o te tūroro, mātuatua nei ko ngā matū maurimoe. E tohu ana te tautuhinga ngāwari nei i te kaha uaua o te mahi pupuri i ngā maramara tirohanga, ngā tau, ngā whaiaro tini o ngā tūroro arā noa atu te wairangi, te noho wehe, te kārangirangi, he taiohi, he māori, whakawehiwehi, i runga i te wawata tērā pea ka tuwhera ki ō tātau ake hinengaro, ko tō te tūroro ki waenga hoki i te whakapiringa haumanu. E kene pea mā te mea ka kitea, e tuku ēnei tirohanga pūreirei, kongakonga, ngaro, ā, ngā tirohanga hurihanga whaiaro e whakamāmā ake ki te kaiwhakaora me te tūroro. Ka kaha ake te auatanga o tēnei hātepe i te mea ko te rerekētanga o te ahurea te wāhanga nui o te mahi haumanu. Ka wheraina e tēnei tuhinga te tirohanga toitaurea mōmona nei. Ka whakaurua te wherawherahanga o te wetewetenga hinengaro, te tātanga, me ngā tirohanga whakaoranga hinengaro wairua i te mea ko ēnei ngā kaiwhakamōhio i ngā pirikoko o tēnei hātepe toropupū tino hōhonu. Ka whakaarohia e te pepa nei te ēkene pea o te whakaurunga mai o tētahi kē atu mō te whakatipuranga o te kaihaumanu me te tūroro i roto i te wā huitahi ai. Ka whakaarohia ake anō hoki ngā hīkaro mō te mahi haumanu ahurea whakawhiti. Ka rarangahia ngā kōrero haumanu e whakaahua e whakaatu ana i ngā whakaaro tūhuraina i roto i tēnei tuhinga.
A Samoan Sense of Self
Authors: Mamea Karlene , Ioane Julia , Slater Peter
Published: April 2019

How is a Samoan sense of self created and used? This article explores Samoan concepts of self within traditional stories. Implications for therapy as a Samoan therapist, or with Samoan clients are offered, with reflections on the nature of the relationship between Samoan understandings of self and psychodynamic theory.
Whakarāpopotonga
Pēhea ai te whakaara, te whakamahi kiritau o te tairongo Hāmoana. E tūhurua ana e tēnei tuhinga ngā ariā kiritau i roto i ngā kōrero tūturu. Ko ngā tohu haumanu mā te kaihaumanu Hāmoana, mō ngā kiritaki Hāmoana rānei e hoatu tahi ana me ngā whakahoki maharahana ki te āhua o te whanaungatanga i waenga i te mātauranga Hāmoana mōna ake me te aria whakanekenekenga hinengaro.
CFTR interacts with Hsp90 and regulates the phosphorylation of AKT and ERK1/2 in colorectal cancer cells
Authors: Liu Kaisheng , Jin Hongtao , Guo Yaomin , Liu Ying , Wan Yong , Zhao Pan , Zhou Zhifan , Wang Jianhong , Wang Maolin , Zou Chang , Wu Weiqing , Cheng Zhiqiang , Dai Yong
Published: April 2019

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. CF cells and tissues exhibit various mitochondrial abnormalities. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we examined the mechanisms through which CFTR regulates Bcl‐2 family proteins, which in turn regulate permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane. Notably, inhibition of CFTR activated Bax and Bad, but inhibited Bcl‐2. Moreover, degradation of phosphorylated extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and AKT increased significantly in CFTR‐knockdown cells. Dysfunction of CFTR decreased heat‐shock protein 90 (Hsp90) mRNA levels, and CFTR was found to interact with Hsp90. Inhibition of Hsp90 by SNX‐2112 induced the degradation of phosphorylated AKT and ERK1/2 in Caco2 and HRT18 cells. These findings may help provide insights into the physiological role of CFTR in CF‐related diseases.
Environmental Issues in Africa's Cities
Authors: Myers Garth
Published: April 2019

Cities are increasing in size and significance in Africa. The study of the environment is a mainstay of scholarship on or about the continent across many disciplines, and yet it is still rare to find environmental analyses of urban issues or urban analyses of environmental issues for Africa. This is beginning to change, but thus far most of the works produced target one issue – for example, water or solid waste – and usually for one city. This entry provides an overview of an array of environmental issues across the region's cities, to provide a fuller picture of urban Africa's diversity and complexity when it comes to urban environments.
Shopping Arcades: Covered Galleries and Passages from the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Vera José Rosas
Published: April 2019

This entry looks at the origins and development of shopping arcades, also known as covered galleries and passages, in the modern city. The text discusses the cultural and social contexts, the major dimensions of the topic, and the principal types in Latin American capital cities, including Santiago de Chile.
Urban Assemblage
Authors: Wang June
Published: April 2019

Assemblage has been called on to understand the city as both relational and territorial. Initially introduced by Deleuze and Guattari, assemblage refers to a dynamic process of forming provisional constellations of different elements. The concept is employed in large, loosely related bodies of work such as actor‐network theory, “new materialist” geographies, and politics of knowledge, among others. The two schools of political economy and poststructuralism treat assemblage in different ways and therefore focus on different scholarly questions. Concepts like splintering urbanism, global assemblage, worlding cities, and fast policy transfer are introduced.
Barcelona
Authors: García Marisol
Published: April 2019

This entry traces the history of Barcelona since the foundation of the city during the Roman empire. In the Middle Ages it was a major commercial center in the western Mediterranean. It later became one of the first industrial cities in Spain and went through various stages of expansion. The city grew through newly planned large‐scale construction and through the annexation of surrounding villages. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth‐century building boom, the city saw the creation of remarkable architecture which has become a major attraction in modern times. Important spurts of urban development were the Universal Exhibition (1888), the International Exhibition (1929), and the Olympic Games (1992). Local democratic governance and planning have guided urban regeneration and distinctive public spaces. Today Barcelona is a globalized city that attracts large numbers of visitors.
Beijing
Authors: Yang Zan , Fan Ying
Published: April 2019

In China, it has been discovered that a sustainable increase in household wealth and housing ownership is accompanied by a decrease in the rate of consumption. Following a brief introduction on housing development and household consumption in Beijing, we provide a literature review on the correlation between housing and consumption, as well as studies that explore this puzzle. The direction for further related studies is discussed.
Border Regions
Authors: Scott James W.
Published: April 2019

Border regions reflect the impacts of state borders on political spaces, economic relationships, and social life. As their constitution and function are very much context‐dependent, conceptualizations of border regions reveal a great deal of fluidity and ambiguity. Furthermore, the way in which border regions are comprehended, studied, and interpreted reflects the increasing complexity and scope of social geography. There is a clear difference between definitions that are nationally oriented and those that assume a cross‐border element to border “regionness.” During recent decades, the focus of border studies has shifted toward the latter understanding, reflecting increasing concerns with globalization, trade liberalization, political and economic integration, and the end of Cold War geopolitics.
Brasília
Authors: de Faria Rodrigo , Pescatori Carolina
Published: April 2019

Brasília was inaugurated on April 21, 1960, and since then the city has been the seat of the Brazilian federal government. It is located in the Central Highlands, or Planalto Central, and the decision to construct the city should be interpreted as part of President Juscelino Kubitschek's political and macroeconomic actions formulated to guide national development. Brasília's master plan was chosen through a national competition for the new capital pilot plan, which selected Lucio Costa's proposal. The urban plan was conceived with two basic characteristics: mobility, with individual vehicles, and an urban configuration organized by superblocks: residential multifamily buildings and green open spaces. The original plan suffered some modifications, which interfered with the construction of the city. Today, Brasília is a sprawled metropolis comprising the satellite cities and municipalities of the Federal District Integrated Development Region (RIDE‐DF). Brasília is considered a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, as an icon of modernist urbanism and architecture.
Broadacre City
Authors: Grabow Stephen
Published: April 2019

In 1932, Frank Lloyd Wright created a proposal for a low density, decentralized linear settlement pattern called Broadacre City. Anticipating urban sprawl in the United States, it represented an intermediate form of settlement between urban and rural landscapes. Initially receiving support from leading reformers and progressive intellectuals, it eventually came under severe criticism – only to crop up nearly every decade from the 1960s on as people debated the future form of the city. As postindustrial forces seek to further decentralize urban concentrations, and more people choose to live outside central urban areas, Broadacre City seems increasingly relevant.
Buenos Aires
Authors: Bertoncello Rodolfo , Cerrutti Marcela
Published: April 2019

With a population of 13.6 million, the metropolis of Buenos Aires, the federal capital of Argentina, is the third largest city in Latin America and one of the twenty largest in the world. The origin of Buenos Aires goes back to the colonial period, when Juan de Garay founded it in 1580 on behalf of the Spanish crown. From the mid‐nineteenth century, the city saw accelerated population growth linked to radical transformations, including massive immigration flows at the turn of the nineteenth century. It is now the headquarters of the most advanced and productive activities of the country. A concentrated settlement of population, the metropolis has 35.1 percent of Argentina's urban population. It consists of the federal capital of Argentina and 24 municipalities of Buenos Aires province. The area has the highest concentration of universities, museums, and theaters of the country, and in the recent past has seen significant political developments. Buenos Aires is a global city but also a megacity of the Global South, with considerable social contrasts and inequalities that have been increasing over time.
Care and Domestic Work
Authors: Petitcorps Colette Le
Published: April 2019

Care and domestic work are two concepts theorized by feminist researchers. They first shed light on the unpaid work undertaken by women in the household and located it within a sexual division of labor where men perform productive work in the public sphere while women are assigned to reproductive work in the private sphere. With the social transformation of the family structure and the rising rate of female employment, the provision of care has changed. Its commodification and externalization through the market has involved other social inequalities and power relations. Nowadays, care and domestic work are at the center of global labor markets within which migrant women represent a key workforce.
Central Place Analysis
Authors: Mori Tomoya
Published: April 2019

Central place analysis is a collection of theoretical and empirical attempts to explain the spatial coordination of the provision of goods and services. Goods and services whose production is subject to scale economies are called central goods, and they are supplied from central places, typically towns and cities. The degree of scale economies associated with each central good determines the size of each central place. The central places supplying the goods associated with larger scale economies are called higher order central places. The theory predicts the spatial coordination of central places leading to the hierarchy principle.
Cities in Developing Countries
Authors: Ren Xuefei
Published: April 2019

This entry discusses the contested meaning of “developing countries,” and then examines the evolution of urban scholarship on developing countries through four different perspectives from the 1970s: the colonial city, the world city, the global city, and the neoliberal city. It concludes with a brief discussion on how comparative scholarship on cities in developing countries can make a meaningful contribution to urban theory.
City Branding
Authors: Kavaratzis Mihalis
Published: April 2019

City branding refers to the application of the philosophy and methods of branding to the development of cities. At the heart of city branding lies the attempt to create and maintain a series of associations with the branded city that are sourced in various functional, emotional, relational, and strategic elements. These associations are thought to generate a positive reputation, which, in turn, functions as background for various city‐related decisions by the key audiences of residents, visitors, and investors. While the practice has been welcomed by many, others have emphasized its adverse consequences for cities.
Collective Consumption
Authors: Dunleavy Patrick
Published: April 2019

“Collective consumption” involves people consuming (using up) services (and some goods) that are particularly subject to political and state influence because their costs are partly socialized through government subsidies; or their provision is specially regulated to foster social equality; or government agencies organize service provision. In the 1980s, some theorists argued that collective consumption processes uniquely define the scope of urban studies within highly urbanized, industrial societies. This argument was rejected as overly restrictive from the 1990s on. Some older, more direct forms of collective consumption such as public housing also declined in importance. However, the concept has come back into focus under “austerity” economic policies. Collective consumption services remain centrally important to urban politics.
Colonial Cities
Authors: Wilde Guillermo
Published: April 2019

The colonial city is essentially a Hispano‐American creation. Although it may seem provocative, this claim is well founded. It was from the expansion of the Spanish empire in the Americas, beginning in the late fifteenth century that the city as a permanent settlement with specific urban, social, economic, demographic, and legal traits became important for a proper colonial administration. Until then, European colonial expansion had not developed this kind of colonizing strategy. The implementation of colonial cities was not only a political and economic enterprise, but also a social, cultural, and religious endeavor, which strongly affected the conquered territories and societies. New cities responded to metropolitan planning but also adapted to preexisting ecological, social, and cultural conditions. In this process, the native populations appropriated the basic elements of the colonial regime, gaining an important degree of autonomy that they kept even after the end of colonial rule.
Community Gardening
Authors: Tornaghi Chiara
Published: April 2019

Community gardening is the cultivation of edible and ornamental plants, commonly, although not exclusively, by groups of nonprofessional gardeners in urban or peri‐urban areas. Following a short historical overview, the entry discusses the three main dimensions that characterize community gardening as a phenomenon (land access, organizational structure of the community, and project goals); the main themes in existing research and policy (community‐building; health, nutrition, and the right to food; land and resource access); and future directions for research.
Cosmopolis
Authors: Rozpedowski Joanna K.
Published: April 2019

This entry provides an overview of the origins and development of cosmopolitan thought across centuries and philosophical traditions. It aims to articulate the early conceptions of Stoic interpretations of the cosmopolitan social order and their relevance to modern and contemporary political understandings of being in the world.
Costa, Lúcio
Authors: Atria Maximiano
Published: April 2019

Lúcio Costa, known internationally as the creator of Brazil's modern capital, Brasília, was also one of Brazil's most influential architects and an early promoter of modern architecture. Using his political influence, he managed to place himself in the right place to receive the commissions that would allow him to design Brazil's modern masterpieces, like the Brazilian pavilion at the New York World's Fair, the Ministry of Education building in Rio de Janeiro, and the general plan of the new capital inaugurated in 1960.
D
haka
Authors: Rana Md Masud Parves
Published: April 2019

Dhaka is one of the largest and most rapidly growing cities in the world. Its political history, huge population size, and contemporary development challenges have made this city an interesting area of study. The aim of this entry is to provide a brief description of these phenomena. Despite the city being called “a city of poverty,” it can still be “a city of opportunity.” Dhaka might be a safer place to do business and a more sustainable place to live if political stability and good governance could be ensured.
Displacement
Authors: Guevara Tomás Alejandro
Published: April 2019

In an increasingly urbanized world, population displacement is a recurrent issue in the framework of neoliberal urbanism, matching even that of rural settings. The approaches the literature uses to study these processes can be divided into two main perspectives: gentrification processes and large urban projects. Both perspectives underline the displacement phenomenon as one of the major urban issues of today in connection with ensuring the right to the city for large majorities.
Divided Cities
Authors: Gaffikin Frank
Published: April 2019

While the world is becoming more urban, the urban in many parts is becoming more “transnational” in its ethnic mix, diversity, and difference, thus producing greater urban division. Two forms of divided city can be distinguished: first, where “normal” cleavages around class, status, and power are evident; second, where these contests around pluralism and equity are interpenetrated by disputes around sovereignty, identity, and territory. In both cases, the politics of identity and bonding find spatial expression in disputed territories. Learning to live with difference is a challenge for many cities in the future.
Do It Yourself Urbanism
Authors: Douglas Gordon C. C.
Published: April 2019

“Do it yourself” (DIY) urbanism describes a group of related spatial cultural practices, generally aimed at making informal physical alterations to the urban built environment. It has been used to refer both to interventions that are explicitly functional and those that may be more radical, political, or artistic. Though informal urbanisms occur all over the world, DIY urbanism is often used in the context of the contemporary cities of the Global North. Actions can range from subtle and innocuous local improvements to potentially dangerous and illegal provocations, and some have become associated with mainstream planning trends. Some argue that these ostensibly populist activities actually reproduce their own social inequalities.
Drugs and Violence
Authors: Zaluar Alba
Published: April 2019

Violence is a means used by humans against humans to cause not only bodily but also emotional harm. In this entry, mind‐altering drugs are considered in social settings, and understood in socioeconomic or political models. Apart from the importance of the context of use, chronic substance abuse and predispositions increase the risk of aggression. The entry examines illicit drugs and the illegality of production, distribution, and use in microsocial as well as macrosocial contexts. It also discusses state policies, and considers the costs of prohibition for a drug‐free world and the possible effects of legalization.
Entrepreneurial City
Authors: Jessop Bob
Published: April 2019

This entry defines the entrepreneurial city, considers its past and present significance, and comments on its relation to recent shifts in the dynamic of capital accumulation on a world scale. Drawing on the work of Joseph Schumpeter, it suggests five kinds of strategy that can be pursued by an entrepreneurial city; it relates these to changing discourses of competitiveness and entrepreneurialism; and it considers the conditions in which a city can be treated as an entrepreneurial agent. Also discussed are the limits of urban entrepreneurial strategies, their effects on social exclusion, and the treadmill effect of constant interurban competition.