bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Metaverse as a virtual form of data-driven smart cities: the ethics of the hyper-connectivity, datafication, algorithmization, and platformization of urban society
Authors: Bibri Simon Elias , Allam Zaheer
Published: July 2022

Recent advances in computing and immersive technologies have provided Meta (formerly Facebook) with the opportunity to leapfrog or expedite its way of thinking and devising a global computing platform called the “Metaverse”. This hypothetical 3D network of virtual spaces is increasingly shaping alternatives to the imaginaries of data-driven smart cities, as it represents ways of living in virtually inhabitable cities. At the heart of the Metaverse is a computational understanding of human users’ cognition, emotion, motivation, and behavior that reduces the experience of everyday life to logic and calculative rules and procedures. This implies that human users become more knowable and manageable and their behavior more predictable and controllable, thereby serving as passive data points feeding the AI and analytics system that they have no interchange with or influence on. This paper examines the forms, practices, and ethics of the Metaverse as a virtual form of data-driven smart cities, paying particular attention to: privacy, surveillance capitalism, dataveillance, geosurveillance, human health and wellness, and collective and cognitive echo-chambers. Achieving this aim will provide the answer to the main research question driving this study: What ethical implications will the Metaverse have on the experience of everyday life in post-pandemic urban society? In terms of methodology, this paper deploys a thorough review of the current status of the Metaverse, urban informatics, urban science, and data-driven smart cities literature, as well as trends, research, and developments. We argue that the Metaverse will do more harm than good to human users due to the massive misuse of the hyper-connectivity, datafication, algorithmization, and platformization underlying the associated global architecture of computer mediation. It follows that the Metaverse needs to be re-cast in ways that re-orientate in how users are conceived; recognize their human characteristics; and take into account the moral values and principles designed to realize the benefits of socially disruptive technologies while mitigating their pernicious effects. This paper contributes to the academic debates in the emerging field of data-driven smart urbanism by highlighting the ethical implications posed by the Metaverse as speculative fiction that illustrates the concerns raised by the pervasive and massive use of advanced technologies in data-driven smart cities. In doing so, it seeks to aid policy-makers in better understanding the pitfalls of the Metaverse and their repercussions upon the wellbeing of human users and the core values of urban society. It also stimulates prospective research and further critical perspectives on this timely topic.
How Prostate Cancer Patients are Surveyed may Influence Self-Reported Sexual Function Responses
Authors: Papa Nathan , Bensley Jonathan G. , Perera Marlon , Evans Melanie , Millar Jeremy L.
Published: July 2022

Background

The side effects of prostate cancer treatment include decreases in sexual function, hence, the way patient reported outcomes are collected may affect the quantity and quality of responses.

Aim

To determine the effect that different survey modes (email, telephone, or mail) had on the quantity of missing data and self-reported function following treatment.

Methods

Men newly diagnosed with prostate cancer and enrolled in the Victorian Prostate Cancer Outcomes Registry formed the study population. The Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC-26) survey instrument was administered approximately 1 year after their initial treatment. EPIC-26 measures self-reported function in the sexual, urinary, bowel, and hormonal domains. Multivariable regression models were used to examine effects of survey mode, adjusting for age, residence, socioeconomic status, diagnosing institute type, risk group and primary treatment modality.

Outcomes

The percentage of patients for whom a domain score could not be calculated due to missing responses and the functional score within each domain.

Results

Registry staff attempted to reach 8,586 men eligible to complete the EPIC-26. Of these, 4,301 (50%) returned the survey via email, 1,882 (22%) completed by telephone, and 197 (2.3%) by mail. 2,206 (26%) were uncontactable or did not respond. Email responders had the highest proportion answering all 26 questions (95% vs 87% by phone and 67% by mail). The sexual function score was unable to be calculated due to missing responses for 1.3% of email responders, 8.8% by phone, and 8.1% by mail. After adjustment for patient and disease factors, phone responders were almost 6 times more likely than email responders to have a missing score in this domain, odds ratio = 5.84 (95% confidence interval: 4.06–8.40). The adjusted mean functional score (out of 100) was higher for those responding by phone than email or mail across all domains. The largest adjusted difference between phone and email was observed in the hormonal domain (mean difference 4.5, 95% confidence interval: 3.5–5.4), exceeding the published minimally important difference for this score.

Clinical Implications

Studies that ask questions regarding sexual health and use multi-modal data collection methods should be aware that this potentially affects their data and consider adjusting for this factor in their analyses.

Strengths and limitations

A large study sample utilizing a widely available survey instrument. Patient specific reasons for non-response were not explored.

Conclusion

Completion mode effects should be considered when analyzing responses to sexual function questions in an older, male population.
China's Strategic Opportunity
Authors: Deng Yong
Published: July 2022

This book offers a systematic study of China's great-power diplomacy under President Xi Jinping. It critically applies the Chinese concept of 'strategic opportunity', which is defined by the national ambitions as set by the ruling communist party leadership, the opportunities and risks presented in the international environment, and the policy instruments at the nation's disposal. Applying the dynamic concept, the book identifies key Chinese beliefs that seek to best match its resources with its policy ends and investigates policy patterns in China's management of competition with the United States, the Belt and Road Initiative, economic statecraft, regional and global institutional orders, and its multipolar diplomacy. Taking seriously China's choice, Yong Deng challenges the mainstream structural analysis in International Relations that focuses merely on rising powers' insecurity and discontent in the international system. His study shows how the world's leading contender to, and major stakeholder in, the world order actually evaluates, and actively seeks to control, its international environment.
A numerical approach to evaluate temperature-dependent peridynamics damage model for destructive atmospheric entry of spacecraft
Authors: Peddakotla S.A. , Yuan J. , Minisci E. , Vasile M. , Fossati M.
Published: July 2022

The evaluation of the on-ground casualty risk assessments due to a controlled or uncontrolled re-entry is highly sensitive to the accurate prediction of fragmentation events during an atmospheric re-entry. The main objective of this study is an investigation into the use of peridynamics (PD) to improve the analysis of fragmentation during atmospheric re-entry with respect to currently adopted semi-empirical approaches. The high temperatures characterising such scenarios may substantially impact fragmentation, which requires appropriate modelling of the damage process within the PD method. The damage models in PD require experimentally determined fracture mechanical properties that are unavailable as a function of temperature. This work proposes a numerical methodology to estimate the PD damage parameters changes with temperature to enable the study of fragmentation during atmospheric re-entry. Initially, tensile-testing simulation experiments are performed in peridynamics to calibrate material parameters for steel and aluminium alloys as a function of temperature. Then, a parametric study is carried out to evaluate the temperature-dependent damage model parameters for the same materials. The applicability of the proposed methodology is showcased using a re-entry test case scenario.
The complex life course of mobility: Quantitative description of 300,000 residential moves in 1850–1950 Netherlands
Authors: Fedorova Natalia , McElreath Richard , Beheim Bret A.
Published: July 2022

Mobility is a major mechanism of human adaptation, both in the deep past and in the present. Decades of research in the human evolutionary sciences have elucidated how much, how and when individuals and groups move in response to their ecology. Prior research has focused on small-scale subsistence societies, often in marginal environments and yielding small samples. Yet adaptive movement is commonplace across human societies, providing an opportunity to study human mobility more broadly. We provide a detailed, life-course structured demonstration, describing the residential mobility system of a historical population living between 1850 and 1950 in the industrialising Netherlands. We focus on how moves are patterned over the lifespan, attending to individual variation and stratifying our analyses by gender. We conclude that this population was not stationary: the median total moves in a lifetime were 10, with a wide range of variation and an uneven distribution over the life course. Mobility peaks in early adulthood (age 20–30) in this population, and this peak is consistent in all the studied cohorts, and both genders. Mobile populations in sedentary settlements provide a productive avenue for research on adaptive mobility and its relationship to human life history, and historical databases are useful for addressing evolutionarily motivated questions.
Synchronization of detonations: Arnold tongues and devil's staircases
Authors: Goldin Andrei Yu. , Kasimov Aslan R.
Published: July 2022

We report on the phenomenon of detonation synchronization and demonstrate the existence of the Arnold tongues and devil's staircases in the problem of gaseous detonation in a periodically inhomogeneous reactive medium. Universal properties of these dynamical structures – the Farey tree, fractal dimension and period-doubling bifurcations – are revealed.
A comprehensive and systematic literature review on the employee attendance management systems based on cloud computing
Authors: Ardebili Afshin , Latifian Ahmad , Aziz Chya Fatah , BinSaeed Rima H. , Alizadeh S. M. , Kostyrin Evgeniy V.
Published: July 2022

Attendance is critical to the success of any business or industry. As a result, most businesses and institutions require a system to track staff attendance. On the other hand, cloud computing technology is being utilized in the human resource management sector. It may be an excellent option for processing and storing large amounts of data and improving management effectiveness to a desirable level. Hence, this paper examines cloud infrastructures for employee attendance management in which the articles are categorized into three groups. The results show that cloud infrastructure has a significant and positive impact on the management of employee attendance systems. Also, the results reveal that the radio frequency identification authentication protocol protects the privacy of tags and readers against database memory. When references operate properly, they help the people concerned and society by making workplaces more efficient and safer.
Rate of convergence for particle approximation of PDEs in Wasserstein space
Authors: Germain Maximilien , Pham Huyên , Warin Xavier
Published: July 2022

We prove a rate of convergence for the N-particle approximation of a second-order partial differential equation in the space of probability measures, such as the master equation or Bellman equation of the mean-field control problem under common noise. The rate is of order
$1/N$
for the pathwise error on the solution v and of order
$1/\sqrt{N}$
for the
$L^2$
-error on its L-derivative
$\partial_\mu v$
. The proof relies on backward stochastic differential equation techniques.
Coordinates, Structure, and Classical Mechanics: A review of Jill North’s Physics, Structure, and Reality
Authors: Barrett Thomas William
Published: July 2022

This is an essay review of Jill North’s book Physics, Structure, and Reality. It focuses on two of the main topics of the book. The first is North’s idea that we can use coordinates as a window into the structure that a theory posits; the second is North’s argument for the inequivalence of Lagrangian and Newtonian mechanics.
Petrogenesis of Early Cretaceous adakites from the Liaodong Peninsula: insight into the lithospheric thinning of the North China Craton
Authors: Wang Chao , Sun Jinlei , Shen Yanjie , Tian Tao , Li Jinyu , Qian Ye , Sun Fengyue
Published: July 2022

Lithospheric thinning occurred in the North China Craton (NCC) that resulted in extensive Mesozoic magmatism, which has provided the opportunity to explore the mechanism of the destruction of the NCC. In this study, new zircon U–Pb ages, geochemical and Lu–Hf isotopic data are presented for Early Cretaceous adakitic rocks in the Liaodong Peninsula, with the aim of establishing their origin as well as the thinning mechanism of the NCC. The zircon U–Pb data show that crystallization occurred during 127–120 Ma (i.e. Early Cretaceous). These rocks are characterized by high Sr (294–711 ppm) content and Sr/Y ratio (38.5–108), low Yb (0.54–1.24 ppm) and Y (4.9–16.4 ppm) contents, and with no obvious Eu anomalies, implying that they are adakitic rocks. They are enriched in large-ion lithophile elements (e.g. Ba, K, Pb and Sr) and depleted in high-field-strength elements (e.g. Nb, Ta, P and Ti). These adakitic rocks have negative zirconϵHf(t) contents (−28.9 to −15.0) with two-stage Hf model ages (TDM2) of 3004–2131 Ma. Based on the geochemical features, such as low TiO2and MgO contents, and high La/Yb and K2O/Na2O ratios, these adakites originated from the partial melting of thickened eclogitic lower crust. They were in an extensional setting associated with the slab rollback of the Palaeo-Pacific Ocean. In combination with previous studies, as a result of the rapid retracting of the Palaeo-Pacific Ocean during 130–120 Ma, the asthenosphere upwelled and modified the thickened lithospheric mantle, which lost its stability, resulting in the lithospheric delamination and thinning of the NCC.
Steinernema populin. sp. (Panagrolaimomorpha, Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode species from China
Authors: Tian C.L. , Zhu F. , Li X.Y. , Zhang J.H. , Půža V. , Shapiro-Ilan D. , Zhao D. , Liu J.W. , Zhou J.J. , Ding Y. , Wang J.C. , Ma J. , Zhu X.F. , Li M.H. , Li J.P.
Published: July 2022

Steinernema populin. sp. was recovered by baiting from beneath poplar trees in China. Morphological and molecular features provided evidence for placing the new species into theKushidaiclade. The new species is characterized by the following morphological features: third-stage infective juveniles (IJ) with a body length of 1095 (973–1172) μm, a distance from the anterior end to excretory pore of 77 (70–86) μm and a tail length of 64 (55–72) μm. The Body length/Tail length (c) ratio and Anterior end to Excretory pore/ Tail length × 100 (E%) ofS.populin. sp. are substantially greater than those of all other ‘Feltiae–Kushidai–Monticolum’ group members. The first-generation males can be recognized by a spicule length of 66 (57–77) μm and a gubernaculum length of 46 (38–60) μm. The new species is further characterized by sequences of the internal transcribed spacer and partial 28S regions of the ribosomal DNA. Phylogenetic analyses show thatSteinernema akhurstiandSteinernema kushidaiare the closest relatives toS.populin. sp.
Clitic left dislocation and inverse scope: Plain indefinites versus numerals
Authors: OIKONOMOU DESPINA , GOLCHER FELIX , ALEXIADOU ARTEMIS
Published: July 2022

The syntax of Clitic Left Dislocation (CLLD) has been widely debated due to its mixed properties, which in some cases indicate movement (e.g. island sensitivity, certain connectivity effects) and in other cases base generation of the CLLD-ed phrase (wide scope, lack of weak crossover). In this paper we discuss scope facts with CLLD in Greek, revealing a contrast depending on the type of quantifier. We present experimental evidence that whereas CLLD-ed plain indefinites take wide scope, CLLD-ed numerals can get a low scope interpretation. We argue that the inverse scope interpretation with CLLD-ed numerals is only apparent, presenting, in fact, an instance of split scope between the degree quantifier and the existential operator. This analysis presents evidence in favor of a movement analysis for CLLD, thus patterning with the observation that binding reconstruction is possible. At the same time, the non-availability of scope reconstruction with CLLD is attributed to stricter locality constraints which have been discussed for quantifier raising as opposed to other types of movement and dependencies.
Seawater warming favours the northward range expansion of Lessepsian species in the Mediterranean Sea: the cephalaspidean Lamprohaminoea ovalis
Authors: Azzola Annalisa , Furfaro Giulia , Trainito Egidio , Doneddu Mauro , Montefalcone Monica
Published: July 2022

Monitoring the spread of non-indigenous species is fundamental to study global warming effects on marine biodiversity. A valuable tool is represented by the continuous updating of the geographic range expansion of non-indigenous species. Lamprohaminoea ovalis is a Lessepsian mollusc initially recorded in the Mediterranean Sea in 2001. This paper reports its range expansion over the last 20 years related to water warming. The first record of Lamprohaminoea ovalis from the Ligurian Sea (NW Mediterranean) is also reported. Two individuals (about 10 mm length) were observed on a sub-vertical rocky bottom at 26 m depth displaying potential trailing behaviour. This recent finding extends the currently known distributional range of Lamprohaminoea ovalis, representing the northernmost occurrence of this non-indigenous species in the western Mediterranean Sea.
DNA barcoding of commercially relevant marine fish species in Tunisian waters
Authors: Francisco Sara M. , Lima Cristina S. , Moreira Inês , Shahin Adel A. Basyouny , Ben Faleh Abderraouf
Published: July 2022

DNA barcoding based on the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene in mitochondrial DNA has been adopted as a global biological identification system for animals due to its accuracy compared with other classical taxonomic methods. The objective of this study was to establish a reference library with generated barcodes. A total of 84 fish specimens belonging to 37 commercially important marine fish species, representing five orders, 14 families and 30 genera, were sampled along the Tunisian coast and barcoded for the first time, obtaining 637 bp sequences. The average Kimura 2-parameter (K2P) distances within species, genera and families were 0.52, 6.86 and 14.60%, respectively. The Maximum likelihood (ML) tree revealed distinct clusters in concurrence with the taxonomic status of the species. Our results confirmed the authentication of the barcode approach for the identification of the species examined and provide valuable information that would help ichthyologists to achieve better monitoring, conservation and management of fisheries in Tunisia.
Decision-making under risk and ambiguity in adults with Tourette syndrome
Authors: Atkinson-Clement Cyril , Lebreton Mael , Patsalides Leïla , de Liege Astrid , Klein Yanica , Roze Emmanuel , Deniau Emmanuelle , Hartmann Andreas , Palminteri Stefano , Worbe Yulia
Published: July 2022

Background

Tourette syndrome (TS) as well as its most common comorbidities are associated with a higher propensity for risky behaviour in everyday life. However, it is unclear whether this increased risk propensity in real-life contexts translates into a generally increased attitude towards risk. We aimed to assess decision-making under risk and ambiguity based on prospect theory by considering the effects of comorbidities and medication.

Methods

Fifty-four individuals with TS and 32 healthy controls performed risk and ambiguity decision-making tasks under both gains and losses conditions. Behavioural and computational parameters were evaluated using (i) univariate analysis to determine parameters difference taking independently; (ii) supervised multivariate analysis to evaluate whether our parameters could jointly account for between-group differences (iii) unsupervised multivariate analysis to explore the potential presence of sub-groups.

Results

Except for general ‘noisier’ (less consistent) decisions in TS, we showed no specific risk-taking behaviour in TS or any relation with tics severity or antipsychotic medication. However, the presence of comorbidities was associated with distortion of decision-making. Specifically, TS with obsessive–compulsive disorder comorbidity was associated with a higher risk-taking profile to increase gain and a higher risk-averse profile to decrease loss. TS with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder comorbidity was associated with risk-seeking in the ambiguity context to reduce a potential loss.

Conclusions

Impaired valuation of risk and ambiguity was not related to TS per se. Our findings are important for clinical practice: the involvement of individuals with TS in real-life risky situations may actually rather result from other factors such as psychiatric comorbidities.
“Africa, the tragedy; Africa, the challenge” NEPAD and the new humanitarian agenda
Authors: Abraham Garth
Published: July 2022

L'action humanitaire est associée à la fourniture d'une assistance extérieure en temps de crise. Le « nouvel agenda humanitaire » fait valoir aue ce type d'action humanitaire est impropre à combattre de manière adéquate les causes profondes des crises. L'action humanitaire devrait plutôt être orientée vers le développement. Tel est le principal objectif du Nouveau Partenariat pour le développement de l'Afrique (NEPAD). De nombreux obstacles potentiels pourraient empêcher l'initiative de réaliser son objectif de régénération du continent. Celle-ci représente néanmoins quelque chose d'unique, et mérite donc l'attention – c'est une initiative d'inspiration africaine, qui tente d'imposer aux Africains la nécessité de véritablement reconnoître leurs responsabilités à l'égard de leurs concitoyens et du continent.
Citizens of the Wor(l)d? Metaphor and the Politics of Roman Language
Authors: Elder Olivia
Published: July 2022

In his discussion of Roman wind-names, Seneca the Younger employs a striking metaphor to describe the integration of the name of the south-east wind, Eurus, into Latin. The name Eurus, Seneca says, has been ‘granted citizenship’. This is one of six instances of the metaphor of ‘granting citizenship to words’ in surviving ancient texts. In this article, I use this metaphor as an entry-point to reconsider the importance of citizenship and language to ancient conceptions of Roman identity and status. The metaphor is revelatory of ancient thinking about what citizenship meant, what it depended on, and to whom and on whose authority it should be granted, questions that became urgent as citizenship spread across the Empire. Different versions of the metaphor offer tellingly divergent views of citizenship and of language. These reflect the tensions between origin and culture, inclusion and exclusion, cosmopolitanism and nativism, in contemporary notions of what it meant to be or belong as Roman.
Educated Nollywood artistes’ accent as a Normative Standard of English pronunciation in Nigeria
Authors: Oladipupo Rotimi , Akinfenwa Elizabeth
Published: July 2022

The English language, although a second language, plays a prominent role in Nigeria. As the official language in the media, governmental administration, education, law courts, commerce, entertainment and politics, it has assumed a hegemonic position over indigenous Nigerian languages (Oladipupo, 2021). In view of its long years of interaction with these languages, the absence of native models, and the influence of Nigerian teachers who lack Standard English pronunciation competence (Awonusi, 2015; Akinjobi, 2020), it has been nativised and acculturated (Adegbija, 2004). This has, therefore, resulted in a Nigerian English (NigE) variety that is markedly different from Standard British English, its precursor and target model, at the syntactic (e.g., Akinlotan, 2021), pragmatic (e.g., Fuchs, Gut & Soneye, 2013) and phonological (e.g., Awonusi, 2015; Akinola & Oladipupo, 2021) levels.
A Profile of Social Participation in a Nationally Representative Sample of Canadian Older Adults: Findings from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging
Authors: Reynolds Kristin A. , Sommer Jordana , Mackenzie Corey S. , Koven Lesley
Published: July 2022

Social participation has tremendous implications for the physical and mental health of older adults. A growing body of Canadian literature has examined social participation among older adults, including frequency of participation; gender, age, and regional differences in participation; and associations with self-perceived health, loneliness, and life dissatisfaction. The current study adds to this important body of research, using a large, nationally representative sample of adults 45–85 years of age (Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging [CLSA] baseline data [n = 51,338]), to examine nuanced characteristics associated with social participation (socio-demographics, social support, cognitive ability, mental health, physical conditions), frequency of participation, and the relationship between the aforementioned characteristics and frequency of participation. Findings indicated that compared with those who reported infrequent/no participation, more frequent participation was associated with greater social support, higher cognitive abilities, increased satisfaction with life, fewer depressive symptoms, reduced odds of self-reported mood and anxiety disorders, and fewer self-reported physical conditions. Findings highlight the importance of active social participation, and have important implications for the development and implementation of accessible community programs across Canada.
Life Satisfaction and Influenza Vaccination Among Older Adults in Canada
Authors: Manneh Balanding , Andrew Melissa K. , Okechukwu Chidubem Ekpereamaka
Published: July 2022

Older adults have an increased risk of complications or death from influenza. Despite the benefits of vaccination for older adults, vaccination coverage among older adults ages 65 years and over is still below Canada’s national target of 80 per cent. As health–care-seeking behaviours are influenced by several factors, including life satisfaction, we investigated the relationship between life satisfaction and influenza vaccination among older adults. A sample (n = 22,424) from the 2015–2016 Canadian Community Health Survey data was analysed using descriptive and multinomial logistic regression analyses. Higher life satisfaction was associated with a more recent influenza vaccination history. Vaccination differed by gender, age, and self-reported health status, as women, much older adults, and those with the poorest health status were more likely to be vaccinated. The study suggests an association between life satisfaction and influenza vaccination. More research into the factors that impact influenza vaccination in older adults is needed to increase vaccination coverage in the older adult population.
There are more women in joggeur·euses than in joggeurs: On the effects of gender-fair forms on perceived gender ratios in French role nouns
Authors: Tibblin Julia , van de Weijer Joost , Granfeldt Jonas , Gygax Pascal
Published: July 2022

The present paper reports findings from a controlled large-scale (N = 1018) experimental study investigating how four different gender-fair forms influenced native French speakers’ estimated percentage of women compared to the masculine form (interpretable as generic) in 22 non-stereotyped French role nouns. The findings show that the masculine form generated lower perceived percentages of women compared to all other tested forms. In addition, gender-neutral and double forms were found equally efficient in resolving the male bias induced by the masculine form. Since the role nouns were non-stereotyped in terms of gender, these results suggest that the actual form of a role noun has indeed a strong influence on how the gender ratio of that role noun will be perceived. Moreover, the direction of the questionnaire’s response scale had a significant effect on the results, which entails methodological implications for future research. Finally, the provided ratios can be used for future studies investigating French role nouns in different gender-fair forms. In sum, our study suggests that gender-fair forms in French are an efficient tool for increasing the visibility of women, at least in nouns representing non-stereotypical activities.
A Reply to “Myths About the Physical Sciences and Their Implications for
Teaching Political Science”
Authors: Ozminkowski Mariusz
Published: July 2022

Well, let us admit, we all suffer from at least a mild case of “social sciences
inferiority complex.” So it seems does Kim Quaile Hill in his spirited defense of the “less
exact” part of academe. He finds his students' skepticism about (maybe even disdain for)
political science troubling and frustrating. He is unhappy with students questioning the
validity and certainty of social sciences. He fights back. However, his solution to the
problem is not only ill-conceived, but it has the potential of harming his (our?) own cause.
Instead of dealing with students' skepticism of the scientific character of social sciences,
he blames that skepticism on students' misperceptions and misconceptions about physical
sciences. Still, initially his argument sounds convincing when the misconceptions are framed
in terms of scientific illiteracy, pseudo-science, and superstition. The first impression
is—of course, how one can appreciate social sciences without a good understanding of science
in the more traditional hard-sciences sense. Yet, we quickly discover that is not the
author's point. It is the opposite. It is not so much about distrusting physical sciences,
but rather about trusting it too much. With so much faith in physical sciences, social
sciences are perceived as soft, inaccurate, and uncertain.
The Latino Vote in the 2004 Election
Authors: Leal David L. , Barreto Matt A. , Lee Jongho , de la Garza Rodolfo O.
Published: July 2022

In presidential elections over the last several decades, observers have noticed two
patterns involving Latinos. The first, according to DeSipio and de la Garza (2002, 398), is that “With each presidential election, the media and the
punditocracy discover Latinos anew.” As Jorge Ramos (2004) pointed
out, “Without fail every four years, many politicians in the United States rediscover
Latinos, only to forget them all over again for the next three years…It is a phenomenon so
predictable that I have dubbed it the ‘Christopher Columbus Syndrome.”’
Memoir of a Jersey Girl
Authors: Scott Joanna Vecchiarelli
Published: July 2022

Carolyn Heilbrun famously observed that women of the early 20th century had no models for
their public lives, no way to learn the “tone of voice in which to speak with authority.”
One is reminded of Jean Elshtain's classic study of the tyranny of gender stereotyping as
“public” men and “private” women (Elshtain 1981). The mentoring project at APSA invites us,
men and women together, to break down the unspoken barrier between our personal stories and
our professional persona. As Heilbrun said, we can't be authentic mentors if we don't “tell
the truth about (our) own lives” (Heilbrun [1988] 2002, 25). The trouble is that facts are
mute. “Facts need testimony to be remembered,” articulate witnesses with sufficient
imagination to make the experiences of modern life understandable (Arendt [1969] 1972, 6).
Yet to be useful, as well as authentic, imagination must at least attempt to be truthful.
Accordingly, please indulge me while I commit an act of public disclosure and do what my
mother always said a lady should never do—talk about herself. Doing so is bad manners and,
besides, no one really wants to hear it, she said. I plead guilty to the former, but about
the latter I have my doubts. Mentoring in political science is based on the premise that
other people need to see reflections of their own careers and lives in yours and vice versa.
So at least in this specific context, self-referential writing, the dreaded pronoun “I” may
be forgiven.
Academic Jobs in Political Science: A Review of Listings with the APSA Jobs
Service
Authors: Brintnall Michael
Published: July 2022

The academic job market for political scientists has been relatively strong in recent
years, with job listings in the last several years outpacing those in the 1980s and 1990s.
The number of jobs posted for academic year 2003 was the highest in over 20 years. Listings
for last year, AY2004, dipped from these recent highs. But early numbers of listings in
AY2005 seem to have rebounded and are greater than those for corresponding quarters in the
last few years. In AY2004, 920 positions were listed with the association, compared with
1,123 the year before. The 2004 level still exceeded all openings posted annually during the
1990s. Total numbers of academic jobs listed with APSA are charted in Figure 1.
The International Relations of APSA
Authors: Breuning Marijke
Published: July 2022

In the July 2004 issue of PS, Ashu Varshney discussed the
internationalization of the APSA and made a number of valuable suggestions. I applaud the
APSA for bringing the discussion about internationalization into the association and
Varshney for reporting a list of suggestions. Here, I would like to offer a perspective that
supports the initiative but speaks from a different perspective in two ways:

I am a faculty member at a primarily undergraduate
public liberal arts institution, the sort of institution that Varshney correctly claims
needs the assistance of the association to take advantage of the opportunities offered by
international connections. My institution is located in the Midwest, which is of some
relevance for the argument.

I am, in Varshney's definition,
an international scholar. I obtained my Ph.D. in the U.S., but was born and raised in the
Netherlands.

In addition, I would like to offer some further
observations regarding the reasons why and for whom internationalization is useful.
Cross-sectional examination of ultra-processed food consumption and adverse mental health symptoms
Authors: Hecht Eric M , Rabil Anna , Martinez Steele Euridice , Abrams Gary A , Ware Deanna , Landy David C , Hennekens Charles H
Published: July 2022

Objective:

To explore whether individuals who consume higher amounts of ultra-processed food (UPF) have more adverse mental health symptoms.

Design:

Using a cross-sectional design, we measured the consumption of UPF as a percentage of total energy intake in kilo-calories using the NOVA food classification system. We explored whether individuals who consume higher amounts of UPF were more likely to report mild depression, more mentally unhealthy days and more anxious days per month using multivariable analyses adjusting for potential confounding variables.

Setting:

Representative sample from the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2007 and 2012.

Participants:

10 359 adults aged 18+ without a history of cocaine, methamphetamine or heroin use.

Results:

After adjusting for covariates, individuals with the highest level of UPF consumption were significantly more likely to report at least mild depression (OR: 1·81; 95 % CI1·09, 3·02), more mentally unhealthy (risk ratio (RR): 1·22; 95 % CI 1·18, 1·25) and more anxious days per month (RR: 1·19; 95 % CI 1·16, 1·23). They were also significantly less likely to report zero mentally unhealthy (OR: 0·60; 95 % CI 0·41, 0·88) or anxious days (OR: 0·65; 95 % CI 0·47, 0·90).

Conclusions:

Individuals reporting higher intakes of UPF were significantly more likely to report mild depression, more mentally unhealthy and more anxious days and less likely to report zero mentally unhealthy or anxious days. These data add important information to a growing body of evidence concerning the potential adverse effects of UPF consumption on mental health.
Humanitarianism and conflict in a post-Cold War world
Authors: Munro Alan
Published: July 2022

La fin de la guerre froide, caractérisée entre autres, par des relations
relativement stables entre les super-puissances, a laissé un vacuum dans les
rapports intemationaux. Dans certaines parties du monde, les conflits font
rage. Cette situation accroît les responsabilités de tous les acteurs sur la
scène internationale — États, Nations Unies, organisations non
gouvemementales —, en vue de résoudre ces tensions. Les organisations à but
humanitaire jouent un rôle plus important à cet égard et ont acquis une
légitimité internationale, en même temps qu'une position de force. Mais pour
elles aussi, les données ont changé. Dans son article, l'auteur examine le
nouvel environnement dans lequel ces organisations doivent trouver leur
chemin. Le rôle du Mouvement international de la Croix-Rouge et du
Croissant-Rouge est particulièrement mis en évidence.
L'action de l'Agence centrale de recherches du CICR dans les Balkans
durant la crise des réfugiés kosovars
Authors: Schreyer Thierry
Published: July 2022

Any mass movement of civilians leaving their homes under the pressure of
war creates a number of urgent humanitarian problems. Refugees have to be
fed and given shelter and medical care, etc. However, refugees also want to
know the whereabouts of and what happened to relatives who stayed at home,
were lost on the way or were arrested. It is the task of the ICRC's Central
Tracing Agency to restore contact between the victims of conflict situations
and, if necessary, to help reunite separated family members, especially
children and their parents. The article deals with the last chapter of the
Balkan crisis, with its immense and rapid flow of refugees out of Kosovo,
and describes the Central Tracing Agency's response to it.
International humanitarian law and the Kosovo crisis: Lessons learned or
to be learned
Authors: Burger James A.
Published: July 2022

L'auteur passe en revue quelques problèmes importants qui se sont posés
pendant l'intervention des troupes de l'OTAN au Kosovo et intéressant sur le
plan du droit international humanitaire. La première question est évidemment
celle de savoir si le droit des conflits armés était applicable à la
campagne militaire ou non, question à laquelle l'auteur répond par
l'affirmative. Vue sous l'angle juridique, la situation prévalant au Kosovo
après la fin des hostilités actives est cependant moins claire. L'auteur
analyse ensuite, entre autres, les règles juridiques relatives à la conduite
des hostilités, telles que codifiées par le Protocole I de 1977, ainsi que
la question du statut des combattants (appartenant aux différentes forces
armées) tombés aux mains de l'adversaire. En conclusion, Burger souligne le
rôle important que les juristes militaires et experts en droit international
humanitaire ont joué dans ce conflit, notamment comme conseillers des
officiers chargés de désigner les objectifs des attaques aériennes. L'action
militaire au Kosovo aurait selon lui permis de faire des expériences
précieuses quant à la mise en œuvre du droit international humanitaire en
vigueur.
Respect du droit international humanitaire par les forces des Nations
Unies
Authors: Ryniker Anne
Published: July 2022

Ever since the Security Council decided for the first time to send armed
forces into a troubled area, the question has remained open as to whether
such peace-keeping or peace-enforcement contingents were required to comply
with international humanitarian law when they had to use force. The ICRC has
always argued in favour of the applicability of that body of law, in
particular the 1949 Geneva Conventions, to operations conducted under the
control of the United Nations. Under the title « Observance by United
Nations forces of international humanitarian law» the United Nations
Secretary-General has now issued a set of fundamental principles and rules
of international humanitarian law applicable to forces conducting operations
under United Nations command and control. The text is given below.
Alfred Bernhard Nobel and the Peace Prize
Authors: Nobel Peter
Published: July 2022

Par son testament (daté du 27 novembre 1895), Alfred Nobel a établi,
entre autres, un prix pour récompenser un effort particulier en faveur de la
paix : le Prix Nobel de la Paix. L'auteur de l'article (un descendant de la
famille Nobel) rappelle qu'Alfred Nobel était impressionné par les multiples
guerres qui ont caractérisé la seconde moitié du XIXe
siècle. Certains prétendent que la création d'un prix pour la paix n'était
qu'un geste pour calmer la mauvaise conscience d'un homme qui avait acquis
une partie de son immense fortune grâce à l'industrie de l'armement.
Pourtant, très tôt, Alfred Nobel a montré une réelle sympathie pour les
mouvements en faveur de la paix (les contacts avec Bertha von Suttner en
sont une preuve), ce qui amène l'auteur à appeler Alfred Nobel «un homme de
paix». Il énumère ensuite les personnalites les plus en vue qui ont recu le
Prix apres Henry Dunant et Frederic Passy. L'auteur se déclare convaincu,
encore aujourd'hui, que l'existence même du Prix Nobel de la Paix valorise
l'engagement pour la paix et contribue ainsi à établir un monde sans
guerres.
Action humanitaire: une légitimité en question?
Authors: Pasquier André
Published: July 2022

With the concept of humanitarian action becoming disproportionately vast
and politicized, scaled down or diluted, the question is to what extent it
can, without seeing its own legitimacy seriously challenged, fill the vacuum
created by the lack of a consistent and predictable worldwide political
system. Between war and peace, this question casts its shadow on the broader
horizon of a world in search of a new political order, one that would be
better able to reconcile humanitarian requirements and political interests,
State sovereignty and respect for the fundamental rights of the individual.
The author looks for answers in the vast experience accumulated over the
years by the ICRC whose legitimacy in providing humanitarian assistance and
protection to war victims has traditionally been upheld by three elements.
The first of these is a set of principles whose raison d'être is to mark out
and define the humanitarian space within which it operates; the second is a
legal framework, made up today of the 1949 Geneva Conventions and their
Additional Protocols of 1911, which enjoy universal acceptance; and the
third is the product of time, the legitimacy acquired through activities
conducted in the long term and through constant practice.
Global norms and international humanitarian law: an Asian
perspective
Authors: Thakur Ramesh
Published: July 2022

La communauté internationale, telle qu'elle est organisée actuellement,
est l'œuvre des pays occidentaux. Ainsi, parmi les 51 États qui ont fondé
les Nations Unies en 1945, on ne compte que huit États du continent
asiatique. Il en est de même du droit international humanitaire moderne et
codifié: c'est un « produit » occidental. Certes, les États asiatiques
acceptent les valeurs à la base des traités de droit humanitaire, mais
l'auteur attire notre attention sur les divergences de vues qui peuvent
surgir dans le choix des moyens utilisés pour leur mise en œuvre. En parlant
de l'action humanitaire, il faut se rappeler que ce sont souvent d'anciens
États coloniaux qui en assurent activement la promotion. Les frontières
disparaissant, il faut trouver de nouvelles justifications aux règles
internationales, dont celles du droit international humanitaire. Il est
urgent d'associer à ce processus les pays qui n'y participaient pas jusqu'à
ce jour, à savoir, les pays en développement. Un nouveau consensus pourra
ainsi se faire jour qui renforcera les fondements du droit international
humanitaire.
International humanitarian law: an Indo-Asian perspective
Authors: Mani V. S.
Published: July 2022

Par son analyse de l'histoire indienne, l'auteur démontre que les
principes humanitaires font partie de l'héritage intellectuel et culturel de
toutes les civilisations. Loin d'être une exclusivité de l'Occident
européen, les principes fondamentaux du droit international humanitaire ont
des racines profondes en Inde également. L'auteur rappelle des règles et la
pratique en matière humanitaire observées au cours de différents conflits du
passé, de l'Antiquité jusqu'à l'époque moderne. Dans la seconde partie de
son essai, V. S. Mani examine la législation actuellement en vigueur en Inde
pour la mise en œuvre des Conventions de Genève de 1949. Par ailleurs, il
souligne l'importance du travail de diffusion entrepris au sein des forces
armées indiennes afin de mieux faire connaître les règles de base du droit
international humanitaire au personnel militaire.
The ICRC's policy on refugees and internally displaced civilians
Authors: Krill Françoise
Published: July 2022

Depuis sa fondation en 1863, le Mouvement international de la
Croix-Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge — et plus particulièrement le CICR — s'est
préoccupé du sort des réfugiés et des populations civiles déplacées à
l'intérieur de leur propre pays. La Croix-Rouge est ainsi à l'origine de la
création d'une structure qui s'interésse au sort des réfugiés sur le plan
international et au centre de laquelle se trouve aujourd'hui le Haut
Commissariat des Nations Unies pour les réfugiés. L'article porte
principalement sur le défi relativement nouveau que doit relever la
communauté internationale, à savoir le déplacement des personnes à
l'intérieur de leur propre pays. En guise de conclusion, l'auteur en appelle
à la communauté internationale et aux institutions chargées de la protection
des réfugiés et des personnes déplacées pour qu'elles veillent à ce que les
intérêts de ces personnes soient sauvegardés en tout temps, à l'intérieur de
leur propre pays, et que l'efficacité de l'aide dont elles ont besoin soit
toujours garantie.
Humanitarian protection: The International Committee of the Red Cross and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Authors: Forsythe David P.
Published: July 2022

Le CICR et le HCR ont tons deux pour mandat international d'œuvrer en faveur d'une meilleure protection des personnes touchées par une situation de conflit. Quelles sont les similitudes entre ces deux organisations et qu'est-ce qui les différencie? L'auteur examine d'abord la notion de «protection humanitaire». Il arrive à la conclusion que les deux institutions ont, dans l'ensemblà, adoptà le même concept et qu'un lien àtroit existe entre la protection et l'assistance. Même si les deux institutions n'exercent pas leurs compàtences sur le même cercle de personnàs, leurs activitàs se rejoignent souvent dans la pratique. L'auteur compare ensuite la manière dont les deux institutions abordent certaines questions telles que la discrétion institutionnelle, les relations avec les donateurs et la tension entre l'approche juridique et le pragmatisme. Cette analyse le conduit à constater que le CICR et le HCR défendent une notion semblable de «protection humanitaire». Toutefois, l'engagement des deux institutions est nécessaire pour affronter les problèmes humanitaires du présent et de l'avenir.