bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Local Communities’ and the Development Conundrum: Where International Investment Law Meets Human Rights and Businesses
Authors: Choukroune Leïla , Cotula Lorenzo
Published: December 2024

Large-scale investment projects often involve contestation over competing notions of ‘development’—from promises of economic growth and integration into global value chains to perspectives that emphasise strong connections between people, territory, culture and way of life. This contestation also echoes diverse theories that have variously conceptualised development as growth, freedom, right or sustainability. This article argues that, in the face of such diversity and complexity, the notion of development that underpins international investment law tends to prioritise economic considerations. In the context of investment disputes, this can marginalise the ideas of development advanced by local actors and indigenous peoples. By connecting human rights and development in immediate terms, ongoing discussions about the right to development can provide an arena to centre ‘peoples’ as the key actor in development processes. But this normative shift would also require ensuring that the wider frameworks of international economic law recognise and provide space for plural notions of development.
Resilient urbanization for water limited environments
Authors: Jenerette G. Darrel
Published: December 2024

Dryland cities are important locations for human–environmental interactions and differ in many key characteristics from cities in wetter environments. Defined by chronic water deficit, these cities face challenges that include securing essential resources, reducing vulnerability to hazards and conserving threatened species. The resilience of dryland cities depends on interactions across the entire urban continuum, from urban cores and suburban areas to teleconnected zones and wildland–urban interfaces. Resilience solutions must enhance the well-being of residents and institutions while fostering adaptive capacity throughout the urban continuum. Key axes of solutions include hydrologic integration, including stormwater capture and reuse, nature-based solutions, including expanding urban tree cover for cooling and health benefits, and landscape sustainability, including the incorporation of spatial heterogeneity into planning and development. Addressing the large uncertainties in ensuring more resilient cities requires convergence research, the integration of theoretically driven science that brings researchers and stakeholders together to identify problems, solutions and opportunities for action. While convergence approaches look to address pressing scientific uncertainties, they also are inherently place-based and address compelling case studies to understand system dynamics and improve decision-making and land management. New research is needed to address the trade-offs resulting from decision-making and urban management activities, to meet the needs of diverse stakeholders and to ensure that policies do not marginalize underserved communities. By leveraging innovative technologies, sustainable practices and community involvement, dryland cities can overcome the challenges posed by chronic water limitations and thrive in their diverse environments.
Genotyping of benzimidazole resistance using β-tubulin isotype 1 marker in Haemonchus contortus of sheep and goats in Paraná, Southern Brazil
Authors: do Prado C. Melchior , Rodrigues J. Ferreira Vasconcelos , Frota G.A. , Vieira D.L. , Monteiro J.P. , Molento M. Beltrão
Published: December 2024

Haemonchus contortus is one of the most pathogenic gastrointestinal parasites that infect small ruminants. The indiscriminate use of anthelmintics (i.e., benzimidazole class, BZ) to control infections has led to the reduction of drug efficacy in H. contortus populations worldwide. Resistance to BZ is associated with high frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphisms at F200Y, F167Y, and E198A positions of the β-tubulin isotype 1 gene. This study aimed to determine the frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with BZ resistance in H. contortus from 18 farms (545 sheep and 124 goats) in Paraná, Southern Brazil. Health management practices were identified as risk factors from individual farms. Genomic DNA was extracted from 20,000 larvae/farm and used in quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays for the three mutations. We ran a correlation analysis between flock health and quantitative polymerase chain reaction data. H. contortus was the most prevalent parasite in 67% (12/18) of the farms. Resistant allele frequencies were detected for F200Y (var. 46.4 to 72.0%) and F167Y (var. 15.7 to 23.8%). Only (100.0%) susceptible alleles were detected for the E198A. High treatment frequency (15/18), visual weight estimations for anthelmintic dose (15/18), no integration with other farm practices (14/18), treatment of all animals (14/18), and no quarantine period for newly acquired animals (10/18) were considered the most critical risk factors associated with BZ resistance. This is the first systematic prevalence study linking management practices on smallholder farms and the molecular data of BZ resistance of H. contortus in Southern Brazil.
Behavioural alterations in surface and cave populations of isopod crustacean Asellus aquaticus by Acanthocephalus anguillae
Authors: Benko G. , Fišer Ž. , Kostanjšek R.
Published: December 2024

Acanthocephalans are obligatory endoparasites that often alter the phenotype of their invertebrate intermediate host to facilitate trophic transmission to their final vertebrate host. Acanthocephalus anguillae, a widespread parasite of European freshwater fishes and isopod Asellus aquaticus, was recently discovered also in Postojna-Planina Cave System (Slovenia) parasitising olms (Proteus anguinus) and cave populations of A. aquaticus. This setting offers a unique opportunity to investigate potential fine-tuning of parasitic manipulations to the specifics of the highly divergent subterranean environment where some common phenotypic alterations lose functionality, but others might gain it. We measured three behavioural traits: movement activity, shelter-seeking, and response to light of infested and uninfested isopods from surface and cave populations. All behaviours were quantified from 1-h video-recordings via video-tracking isopod’s movement in empty or custom modified (half-sheltered/half-illuminated) Petri dishes. Infested isopods of both populations spent significantly less time sheltering and were significantly less photophobic than uninfested ones, whereas the activity of isopods was not altered. However, we observed almost no cave-specific responses upon infestation in the two altered behaviours. It seems phenotypic alterations are not particularly fine-tuned to the subterranean environment and its hosts, and likely still reflect the parasite’s surface origin.
Characterisation and serodiagnostic evaluation of a recombinant 22.6-kDa tegument protein of Schistosoma spindale
Authors: Priya M.N. , Bindu L. , Pradeep M.A. , Nisha E.A. , Amrutha A. , Nikitha S. , Asha R. , Shynu M. , Devada K.
Published: December 2024

Schistosomosis in animals due to Schistosoma spindale significantly burdens India’s livestock economy because of high prevalence and morbidity and is mostly underdiagnosed from the lack of sensitive tools for field-level detection. This study aimed to clone, express the 22.6-kDa tegument protein of S. spindale (rSs22.6kDa) and to utilise it in a dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serodiagnosis. RNA was extracted from adult worms recovered from the mesenteries of slaughtered cattle to amplify the gene encoding the 22.6-kDa protein. In silico analysis revealed the protein’s secondary structure, consisting of 190 amino acids forming alpha helices (47.89%), extended strands (17.37%), beta turns (8.95%), and random coils (25.79%), with α helices and β sheets in the tertiary structure. Two conserved domains were noted: an EF-hand domain at the N-terminus and a dynein light-chain domain at the C-terminus. Phylogenetic studies positioned the S. spindale sequence as a sister clade to Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma bovis. The gene was cloned into a pJET vector and transformed into Escherichia coli Top 10 cells, with expression achieved using a pET28b vector, BL21 E. coli cells, and induction with 0.6 mM isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside. The protein’s soluble fraction was purified using nickel-chelating affinity chromatography, confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting, identifying a distinct immunodominant 22.6-kDa protein. The diagnostic utility was validated using a dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay which demonstrated a of sensitivity of 89.47% and specificity of 100%. The study records for the first time the prokaryotic expression and evaluation of the 22.6-kDa tegumental protein of S. spindale, highlighting its potential as a diagnostic antigen for seroprevalence studies in bovine intestinal schistosomosis.
The revival of psilocybin between scientific excitement, evidence of efficacy, and real-world challenges
Authors: Scala Mauro , Fabbri Chiara , Fusar-Poli Paolo , Di Lorenzo Giorgio , Ferrara Maria , Amerio Andrea , Fusar-Poli Laura , Pichiecchio Anna , Asteggiano Carlo , Menchetti Marco , De Ronchi Diana ,   MNESYS - Mood and Psychosis Sub-Project (Spoke 5), Fanelli Giuseppe , Serretti Alessandro
Published: December 2024

The revival of psilocybin in psychopharmacological research heralds a potential paradigm shift for treating mood and anxiety disorders, and other psychiatric conditions beyond the psychotic spectrum. This critical review evaluates current evidence on psilocybin’s efficacy, juxtaposing potential benefits with the practical aspects of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) and the methodological constraints of existing research.

An electronic literature search was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE, selecting studies published up to December 2023 that explored the clinical use of psilocybin in mood and anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance use disorder. Despite promising preliminary results suggesting psilocybin’s efficacy in alleviating depression and anxiety, as well as obsessions, compulsions, and addictive behaviors, significant evidence gaps persist. These include evaluating the efficacy of psilocybin compared to standard antidepressants or anxiolytic molecules and identifying patient subpopulations that might benefit most from PAP. Concerns about psilocybin’s safety, long-term efficacy, and optimal dosage remain unclear due to previous trials’ limitations. Real-world implementation faces challenges, including infrastructural requirements, personnel training, and unresolved legal and ethical issues. This paper argues for further research to substantiate the evidence base, emphasizing the need for larger studies that overcome current methodological limitations and explore psilocybin’s full therapeutic potential. While psilocybin holds promise for psychiatry, its successful translation from research to clinical practice demands more robust evidence on efficacy, safety, and methodological rigor. In addition, other factors, such as cultural stigma and legal/ethical issues, need to be successfully addressed to facilitate psilocybin’s implementation in healthcare systems.
The Evolution of Parallel Electron Temperature in Magnetospheric Reconnection Inflows
Authors: Gershman Daniel J. , Chen Li‐Jen , Le Ari , Shuster Jason , Dorelli John C. , Ng Jonathan , Giles Barbara , Viñas Adolfo F. , Torbert Roy , Burch James L.
Published: December 2024

Using data from NASA's Magnetospheric Multiscale mission captured in a reconnection inflow on the magnetospheric side of Earth's dayside magnetopause, we find a region where the heat flux density gradient term balances the parallel compression term in the electron parallel temperature equation. Combining these observations with analysis of the generalized fluid equations indicates that such a behavior represents a quasi‐isothermal region, where cold magnetosheath beams that have transported across the magnetopause introduce non‐zero gradients in parallel heat flux density. This region should prevail near dayside reconnection X‐lines in inflows on the magnetospheric side due to the formation of mixed electron distributions and increased parallel temperatures that arise from three‐dimensional boundary dynamics.
Increased Predictability of Extreme El Niño From Decadal Interbasin Interaction
Authors: Ma Xuan , Liang Rizhou , Chen Xiaosong , Xie Fei , Zuo Jinqing , Sun Cheng , Ding Ruiqiang
Published: December 2024

Predicting extreme El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events remains a formidable task. Utilizing eigen microstates (EMs) of complex systems, we elucidate the interplay of two key sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly modes, the newly identified Atlantic‐Western Pacific Multidecadal mode (AM‐WPM) and discovered Pacific Meridional Mode (PMM). Our findings demonstrate that a cold AM‐WPM phase coupled with a positive PMM phase markedly elevates the probability of extreme El Niño events; AM‐WPM's decadal variability serves as a key modulator of extreme El Niño events' frequency. Our empirical model, capitalizing on these modes, achieves robust forecasts with a 6–8 months lead time and boasts a 0.73 correlation with the observed ENSO index in hindcasts. Notably, the model precisely forecasts the intensity of four extreme El Niño episodes: 1982/1983, 1987/1988, 1997/1998, and 2015/2016. Our findings offer promising avenues for refining ENSO predictive frameworks and deepen our understanding of the key climatic drivers.
New Zealand Southern Alps Blanketed by Red Australian Dust During 2019/2020 Severe Bushfire and Dust Event
Authors: Winton V. Holly L. , Charlier Bruce L. A. , Jolly Ben H. , Purdie Heather , Anderson Brian , Hunt John E. , Dadic Ruzica , Taylor Sally , Petherick Lynda , Novis Phil M.
Published: December 2024

Episodic deposition of light absorbing impurities on glaciers reduces albedo and exacerbates snow melt. In 2019/2020 a devastating Australian bushfire and desert dust event combined with favorable meteorological conditions transported an unprecedented mass of impurities across the Tasman Sea turning the Southern Alps of Aotearoa New Zealand red. Here we use time lapse cameras, airmass back trajectories, snow impurity geochemistry, and remote sensing to quantify the timing, provenance, and mass deposition of the event. Deposited in late November 2019, the impurities were dominated by mineral dust with a distinct southeastern Australian geochemical fingerprint. The event deposited ∼4,500 ± 500 tons of red dust to Southern Alps permanent snow and ice with a mean dust mass concentration of 6.5 ± 0.7 g m−2. A southeast Australian desert dust storm generated by the same type of meteorological conditions as the 2020 New Year bushfires was the main driver of the glacier discoloration.
Using Digital Camera and Eddy Covariance Data to Track Vegetation Phenology and Carbon Dioxide Fluxes in the Badain Jaran Desert
Authors: Meng Nan , Wang Nai’ang , Zhao Liqiang , Lv Haoyun , Chen Xiaowen , Yang Ping , Lee Sung‐Ching
Published: December 2024

Understanding on relationships between seasonality of vegetation phenology and photosynthesis is lacking for desert ecosystems. We used digital camera (i.e., PhenoCam) to monitor the phenology of forest (i.e., 2 sites with one being closer to a lake) and grassland (i.e., 1 site) ecosystems in the Badain Jaran Desert, China. The vegetation phenology was quantified using vegetation indices calculated from the red, green, and blue digital numbers in images obtained by the PhenoCams. Additionally, various meteorological variables were continuously measured, and gross primary production (GPP) was obtained using the eddy covariance technique at the grassland site. The difference between the phenological periods extracted from the PhenoCam images and the artificial visual method was small (≤6 days), indicating that the digital camera can effectively obtain desert vegetation phenology. The key meteorological factors affecting changes in the vegetation indices were identified, with temperature being the most important factor (i.e., correlation coefficients = 0.4–0.8 and p‐value < 0.001 for all three study sites). Although precipitation showed weak correlation with the vegetation index (correlation coefficient = 0.18–0.14, p‐value < 0.01), rapid increases in the vegetation index were observed in response to precipitation events. Vegetation indices were strongly correlated with GPP variations at the grassland, and the strongest correlation was observed in the green‐up stage (correlation coefficient = 0.67 to 0.85, p‐value < 0.001). The highest GPP lagged about 1 month behind the peak in the vegetation indices in summer (June–August). Our results can markedly improve the knowledge of desert ecosystem processes and aid in assessing the influence of future climate changes in drylands.
Neural basis of adolescent THC-induced potentiation of opioid responses later in life
Authors: Hubbard Elizabeth , Derdeyn Pieter , Galinato Vivienne Mae , Wu Andrew , Bartas Katrina , Mahler Stephen V. , Beier Kevin T.
Published: December 2024

Use of one addictive drug typically influences the behavioral response to other drugs, either administered at the same time or a subsequent time point. The nature of the drugs being used, as well as the timing and dosing, also influence how these drugs interact. Here, we tested the effects of adolescent THC exposure on the development of morphine-induced behavioral adaptations following repeated morphine exposure during adulthood. We found that adolescent THC administration paradoxically prevented the development of anxiety-related behaviors that emerge during a forced abstinence period following morphine administration but facilitated reinstatement of morphine CPP. Following forced abstinence, we then mapped the whole-brain response to a moderate dose of morphine and found that adolescent THC administration led to an overall increase in brain-wide neuronal activity and increased the functional connectivity between frontal cortical regions and the ventral tegmental area. Last, we show using rabies virus-based circuit mapping that adolescent THC exposure triggers a long-lasting elevation in connectivity from the frontal cortex regions onto ventral tegmental dopamine cells. Our study adds to the rich literature on the interaction between drugs, including THC and opioids, and provides potential neural substates by which adolescent THC exposure influences responses to morphine later in life.
Linear oligopeptide formation from alanine-diketopiperazine in acidic aqueous solutions using interfacial nano-pulsed discharge plasma
Authors: Sasaki Mitsuru , Nonaka Kouki , Sakai Yuka , Honma Tetsuo , Furusato Tomohiro , Kawamura Kunio
Published: December 2024

Traditionally, synthesis of peptides using solid- or liquid-phase methods requires organic solvents, which goes against the fundamentals of green chemistry.
Au nanoparticle-modified hollow carbon spheres as an advanced electrochemical sensing platform for effective detection of homocysteine in human serum
Authors: Li Na , Zhang Yan , Zhang Dongyu , Zhang Xiaoli , Wei Ning , Liu Xiuhui
Published: December 2024

A novel electrochemical sensor is constructed based on AuNPs@HCS/GCE, which can be used for the determination of homocysteine in human serum samples.
Rapid determination of chemical losses in a microplate bioassay using fluorescence spectroscopy
Authors: Huizenga Juliana M. , Truong Lisa , Semprini Lewis
Published: December 2024

A novel fluorescence spectroscopy method that can be used as a low resource, rapid, and green approach for measuring chemical losses in polystyrene microplates commonly used in bioassays.
A xylenol orange-based pH-sensitive sensor array for identification of bacteria and differentiation of probiotic drinks
Authors: Yang Changmao , Xiao Yue , Yan Yunjun , Zhang Houjin
Published: December 2024

The development of straightforward and cost-efficient methods for bacterial identification is very important.
The electrochemical ion membrane system (EIMs) enhanced light reactions of photosynthesis with intermittent electrical stimulation
Authors: Deng Bicheng , Hou Yuyong , Lu Sihan , Yan Suihao , Guo Zhile , Liu Zhiyong , Wang Xinqi , Jia Changhong , Wang Weijie , Yu Longjiang , Zhao Lei
Published: December 2024

The present article demonstrates that EIMs enhance the light reactions by increasing photochemical activity and ATP and NADPH levels through electrical stimulation.
Transition metal-catalyzed cascade C–H activation/cyclization with alkynes: an update on sulfur-containing directing groups
Authors: Xu Fen , Zhang Shi-Yu , Li Ya-Peng , Huo Jia-Qi , Zeng Fan-Wang
Published: December 2024

This review covers sulfur-directed TM-catalyzed cascade C–H activations/cyclizations with alkynes and encompasses the literature mainly from 2012 to 2024.
Recent progress using novel tetraphenylethylene-based macrocyclic hosts in water
Authors: Zhu Yujie , Gao Ya , Liu Wanyu , Rebek Julius , Yu Yang
Published: December 2024

In this highlight, we discussed the latest developments in novel TPE-based water-soluble cages and their applications in biomolecular recognition and detection, chiral drug delivery and artificial photofunctional systems.
Chiral resolution of dl-leucine via salifying tartaric acid derivatives
Authors: Shi Linlin , Guo Zhiqiang , Luo Xiaofang , Hou Lingli , Wu Hongchang , De Ruiyu , Huang Xin , Wang Ting , Hao Hongxun , Wang Na , Zhou Lina
Published: December 2024

dl-LEU and d-DTTA form diastereomeric salt pairs consisting of d-LEU:d-DTTA:0.5H2O and l-LEU:d-DTTA:0.357CH3OH:0.75H2O.
A novel bis-(triazolyl)-furoxan energetic compound—graphene-like crystal structure for balancing energy and sensitivity
Authors: Wang Jiapeng , Wang Jianhua , Liu Yucun , Yuan Junming , Yu Yanwu , Zhang Yankang , Yan Xuejian
Published: December 2024

A novel bis-(triazolyl)-furoxan structure has been developed to balance detonation and sensitivity, attributed to its graphene-like layered stacking arrangement of crystals.
Ligand-induced growth of Co/Cu bimetallic metal organic frameworks with different morphology for energy storage
Authors: Dai Yuyu , Xu Haoran , Huang Jiapeng , Yan Xinhuan , Wang Yaquan , Xu Xiangsheng
Published: December 2024

Co/Cu–IPA MOF exhibits a loose lamellar structure while Co/Cu–PA MOF and Co/Cu–TPA MOF display thin-strip structures, which enables Co/Cu–IPA MOF with a high specific capacitance of 369.1 F g−1 at 1 A g−1.
Synthetic developments on the preparation of thioethers via photocatalysis
Authors: Liu Yingtian , Li Jiahong , Jiang Hezhong
Published: December 2024

Sulfide is a widely occurring natural product and pharmaceutically active compound. This review highlights the photochemically mediated thioether synthesis reactions, with emphasis on catalytic mechanism.
Plasma-assisted destruction of polystyrene nanoplastics
Authors: Winburn Matthew R. , Alvarado Maria F. , Cheung Chin Li
Published: December 2024

Plasma-assisted treatment with a falling-film plasma reactor can destroy polystyrene nanoplastics in aqueous solutions, yielding solutions with low particle counts, short-chain polystyrene oligomers, and decreased total carbon content.
An efficient method of moments for analysis of electromagnetic scattering from a multilayered arbitrary‐shape anisotropic dielectric object
Authors: Kalantari Mona , Sadeghi Seyed Hossein Hesamedin
Published: December 2024

This paper introduces an efficient method of moments (MoM) designed to explore electromagnetic scattering in multilayered anisotropic structures. Each layer is made up of a dielectric anisotropic material characterised by a generalised tensor for permittivity, which is unrestricted in its geometrical configuration. The authors’ approach analyses each layer independently, employing the surface equivalence theorem to substitute the interfaces between layers with suitable equivalent electric and magnetic surface current densities. The authors derive the necessary surface integral equations (SIEs) for each interface by implementing the proper boundary conditions. The analysis utilises rotated dyadic Green's functions that populate the infinite space with the material properties specific to each anisotropic layer. The rotation angle corresponds to the deviation between the local principal coordinate system of the material and the global coordinate system, which is determined by diagonalising the full dielectric tensor of the respective anisotropic material given in the global coordinate system. To address the SIEs for determining the unknown equivalent electric and magnetic surface current densities, Galerkin's MoM is applied. This involves expanding the unknown surface currents using suitable basis functions, simplifying the issue to a matrix equation solved through the inversion of a block‐tridiagonal impedance matrix. The diagonal nature and sparse structure of the impedance matrix, along with an effective block‐inversion method, significantly boost computational efficiency and reduce memory demands. To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method, the authors present a detailed derivation of the impedance matrix for the case of non‐magnetic uniaxial anisotropic media for which the Green's functions are available in closed form. The validity and efficiency of the proposed SIE‐MoM scheme are demonstrated by comparing the results of several case studies against those found in literature and results obtained via commercial numerical codes.
The effect of dynamical states on galaxy cluster populations
Authors: Véliz Astudillo S. , Carrasco E. R. , Nilo Castellón J. L. , Zenteno A. , Cuevas H.
Published: December 2024

Context. Although the influence of galaxy clusters on galaxy evolution is relatively well understood, the impact of the dynamical states of these clusters is less clear. This series of papers explores how the dynamical state of galaxy clusters affects their galaxy populations’ physical and morphological properties.

Aims. The primary aim of this first paper is to evaluate the dynamical state of 87 massive (M500 ≥ 1.5 × 1014 M⊙) galaxy clusters at low redshifts (0.10 ≤ z ≤ 0.35). This allowed us to obtain a well-characterized sample for analyzing the relevant physical and morphological properties, planned for our next work.

Methods. We employed six dynamical state proxies that utilize optical and X-ray imaging data. We applied a principal component analysis to integrate these proxies effectively, allowing for a robust classification of galaxy clusters into relaxed, intermediate, and disturbed states based on their dynamical characteristics.

Results. The methodology successfully segregates the clusters of galaxies into the three dynamical states. An examination of the projected galaxy distributions in optical wavelengths and gas distributions in X-ray further confirms the consistency of these classifications. The dynamical states of the clusters are statistically distinguishable, providing a clear categorization for further analysis.
Exclusive c → uγ transitions of Bc meson
Authors: Losacco Nicola
Published: December 2024

We study the rare decays of the Bc meson induced by the flavour changing neutral current c → uγ transition. In the Standard Model they are strongly suppressed by the Glashow-Iliopoulos-Maiani mechanism, therefore they are sensitive to new physics. The difficulty is to get rid of long-distance contributions. We study such effects in radiative Bc transitions both to B* and to the axial-vector B′1 meson.
Recent developments in HQET
Authors: Paz Gil
Published: December 2024

In this talk we review recent perturbative and non-perturbative developments in Heavy Quark Effective Theory (HQET).
Various illustrative brief glances at the flavour-cryptoexotic tetraquark states
Authors: Lucha Wolfgang
Published: December 2024

Constituting the largest subset of multiquark states so far observed by experiment, tetraquark mesons carrying overall quark flavour quantum numbers identical to those of the (conventional) quark–antiquark mesons necessitate their particularly deliberate phenomenological analyses. A collection of (more or less recent) insights specific to the latter subclass of exotic hadrons bears the promise to enable even significant improvement in the understanding of these hadrons by theoretical approaches such as, among others, the framework of QCD sum rules.
Hadronic contribution to the muon g − 2: Theoretical challenges with the MUonE experiment
Authors: Piccinini Fulvio
Published: December 2024

After briefly reviewing the present status on the theoretical predictions for the hadronic contribution to the muon anomalous magnetic moment, the MUonE approach is introduced, with a discussion on the challenges for the needed theoretical predictions.
QCD critical point: Recent developments
Authors: Stephanov Mikhail
Published: December 2024

Recent developments aimed at mapping QCD phase diagram and the search for the QCD critical point in heavy-ion collisions are briefly reviewed.
Optical assessment of scars after endoscopic mucosal resection of large colorectal polyps in a multicenter, community hospital setting: is routine biopsy still necessary?
Authors: Meulen Lonne W. T. , Bogie Roel M. M. , Siersema Peter D. , Winkens Bjorn , Vlug Marije S. , Wolfhagen Frank H. J. , Baven-Pronk Martine A. M. C. , van der Voorn Michael P. J. A. , Schwartz Matthijs P. , Vogelaar Lauran , Seerden Tom C. J. , Hazen Wouter L. , Schrauwen Ruud W. M. , Herrero Lorenza Alvarez , Schreuder Ramon-Michel , van Nunen Annick B. , de Bruin Gijs J. , Marsman Willem A. , de Bièvre Marc , Roomer Robert , de Ridder Rogier J.J. , Pellisé Maria , Bourke Michael J. , Masclee Ad A. M. , Moons Leon M. G. ,   on behalf of the OPTICAL-STAR Working Group
Published: December 2024

Background Piecemeal endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) of large (≥ 20 mm) nonpedunculated colorectal polyps (LNPCPs) is succeeded by a 6-month surveillance endoscopy to evaluate the post-EMR scar for recurrence. Data from expert centers suggest that routine tattoo placement and scar biopsies can be omitted, but data from community hospitals are lacking.

Methods The agreement between optical assessment and histological confirmation by routine biopsies was evaluated in a post-hoc analysis of the STAR-LNPCP study (NTR7477), containing prospective data on 6-month post-EMR scar assessments in 30 Dutch community hospitals (October 2019 to May 2022). A standardized protocol was followed for documentation of optical characteristics, imaging, and biopsy of the post-EMR scar.

Results In 1277 post-EMR scar assessments, identification of the scar was achieved in 1215/1277 (95 %). Tattoo placement did not influence scar identification. Scar biopsy was performed in 1050/1215 cases (86 %). Recurrences were seen in 200/1050 cases (19 %). There was good agreement between optical assessment of recurrence and histological confirmation (Cohen’s kappa 0.78 [95 %CI 0.73–0.83]). The negative and positive predictive values were 98 % (95 %CI 97 %–99 %) and 74 % (95 %CI 68 %–80 %), respectively. A higher false-positive rate was seen after prior use of clips (11 % vs. 5 %; P = 0.02). Dedicated endoscopists identified the scar more often (96 % vs. 88 %; P < 0.001), and showed a lower optical recurrence miss rate (1 % vs. 3 %; P = 0.11) compared with nondedicated endoscopists.

Conclusion Based on this multicenter community hospital study, routine tattoo placement and scar biopsies of the post-EMR scar can be omitted. Assessment of post-EMR scars by dedicated endoscopists is advised.
Clinical Application of Thyrotropin Receptor
Antibodies
Authors: Yang Yang , Chen Hui
Published: December 2024

Thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TRAb) are specific for Graves’ disease (GD) and
play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of GD. TRAb assays have recently been
greatly improved. This review discusses the clinical application of TRAb in the
differential diagnosis of hyperthyroidism, the prognosis of GD, GD in gestation
and pediatrics, and GD related ophthalmopathy (GO). In addition to the classical
competition and bioassays, a new bridging assay has emerged for TRAb assays.
TRAb is the main pathogenic mechanism of hyperthyroidism in GD. Treated GD still
has a high rate of recurrence and even a short-term surge of TRAb, leading to
rapid deterioration of GO. Fetal goiter may be associated with elevated maternal
TRAb during pregnancy, overtreatment may lead to fetal hypothyroidism. Pediatric
patients with GD have high TRAb, poor remission from treatment, and
insignificant manifestations of GO. TRAb is significantly correlated with GO
activity and severity. Currently, TRAb assay has high specificity and
sensitivity and can be used directly to identify the cause of hyperthyroidism.
TRAb can be used to predict recurrence of drug treated GD or progression of GO
after RAI therapy. TRAb should be measured regularly for GD in gestation to
guide anti-thyroid medication to avoid thyrotoxicosis or hypothyroidism in the
fetus. Monitoring TRAb in pediatric GD may help control the progression of GO.
TRAb assay is an important guide for the treatment of GO.
Direct Access to 5,6-Dihydropyrido[2′,1′:2,3]pyrido-Fused Imidazo [4,5-c]quinolines via Consecutive C–N and C–C Bond Formation in Deep Eutectic Solvent under Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Maiti Barnali , Chanda Kaushik , Dasmahapatra Upala , Choudhury Badruzzaman , Ahmad Md Gulzar
Published: December 2024

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a novel class of ionic liquids that have recently gained considerable attention as a sustainable, nontoxic substitute for traditional organic solvents; recent years have seen an increasing demand for DES systems to synthesize various heterocyclic moieties. Polyheterocycle-containing scaffolds are important as potential therapeutic agents. Herein, we reported a tandem methodology for the synthesis of rarely explored 5,6-dihydropyrido[2′,1′:2,3]imidazo[4,5-c]quinolines and pyrido[2′,1′:2,3]imidazo[4,5-c]quinolines in a choline chloride based DES medium under microwave irradiation. This sustainable approach offers a clean, straightforward synthetic strategy under mild reaction conditions for the synthesis of a wide range these compounds in excellent yields.
Effects of thermal and non-thermal structural phase transitions on the reflectance of metavalent bonding PbGeTe
Authors: Tanimura Hiroshi , Kaise Yohei , Nakajima Takumi , Sutou Yuji , Ichitsubo Tetsu
Published: December 2024

Metavalent bonding is known to contribute to the high reflectivity exhibited by the crystalline phase of phase change materials. To elucidate the impact of structural changes on metavalent bonding, we investigated the reflectivity changes of PbGeTe alloys accompanying their rhombohedral-to-cubic rocksalt transition using spectroscopic ellipsometry and ultrafast optical spectroscopy. In temperature-controlled ellipsometry, this transition is found to have a positive impact on the optical properties of PbGeTe alloys. Following femtosecond (fs)-laser excitation, coherent phonon oscillations resulting from the rhombohedral phase were observed at low temperatures. However, with an increase in excitation fluence, these oscillations disappeared immediately after excitation, suggesting that the nonthermal rhombohedral–cubic phase transition was induced by fs-laser irradiation. Despite the occurrence of such a phase transition, unfortunately the reflectivity eventually decreased without showing any increase. The reflectivity decrease induced by electron excitation and also temperature rise is considered to counteract the reflectivity increase expected from the stabilization of metavalent bonding induced by the transition to cubic phase.
Measuring anisotropy field of patterned soft magnetic films by anisotropic ferromagnetic resonances
Authors: Li Na , Zhang Fangyuan , Zhao Rongzhi , Bo Guohao , Lei Ting , Zhang Jian , Zhang Xuefeng
Published: December 2024

Patterned magnetic films have been applied widely in communication technology for meeting the development of miniaturization and high frequency. However, there has been some debate about the measuring of the anisotropy field, which is significant for deciding the electromagnetic performance. In the paper, we proposed the measurement of the anisotropy field using anisotropic ferromagnetic resonances in patterned permalloy magnetic films. The anisotropy in patterned permalloy with different magnetic stripe widths can be observed qualitatively by the hysteresis loop along in-plane x and y directions, which induces the anisotropic ferromagnetic resonant behaviors. The anisotropy field can be calculated quantificationally by fitting the Kittel equation when the single resonant peak appears under applied magnetic fields. The values of the anisotropy field obtained by anisotropic ferromagnetic resonances are on the lower side to compare with the ones obtained by the energy difference between easy anis and hard axis. Our results can provide an extra method for measuring the anisotropy field, which can be useful for designing electromagnetic devices and potential applications in next-generation wireless communication.
Electromagnetic scattering imaging characteristics of micro-rough surface high-speed vehicle
Authors: Zhang Haifeng , Li Jiangting , Yu Zhefeng , Bian Zheng , Guo Lixin , Li Yuxin
Published: December 2024

We present improvements to the physical optics method for high-frequency computations. This involves refining the calculation model such that the number of triangular facets is adequate to accurately represent the target structure. An illumination assessment is performed using the mesh model, and this is followed by a predetermined subdivision of the illuminated facets to achieve the required computational resolution. Subsequently, using a group of high-speed vehicle RAM C-II models with surfaces of different roughness, we calculate their one-dimensional high-resolution range profile and two-dimensional inverse synthetic aperture radar images at different reentry heights. The results demonstrate that the smooth-surfaced RAM C-II exhibits imaging limited to its head and tail, whereas the rough-surfaced RAM C-II reveals its entire contour. Furthermore, the presence of plasma diminishes the imaging efficacy of rough-surfaced targets, with the effect becoming more pronounced at lower altitudes. This study provides valuable insights for the identification of high-speed vehicles.
Multiple high-Q Brillouin zone folding guided mode resonances in all-dielectric metasurfaces
Authors: Zhang Ying , Wang Lulu , Wang Yiyuan , He Haoxuan , Duan Hong , Gao Chenggui , You Shaojun , Qiu Mingquan , Zhou Chaobiao
Published: December 2024

High quality (Q) factors guided mode resonances (GMRs) are important platform for enhancing light–matter interactions. Conventional GMRs are excited by embedding periodic nanoholes in planar thin films, where the size of the holes determines the Q-factors. These control methods are relatively limited. In this work, we study multiple high-Q band folding GMRs in the near-infrared region and explore their sensing characteristics. By constructing a nanohole dimer metasurface, five band folding ultrahigh-Q GMRs are formed and corresponding high-Q GMRs are obtained by changing the size of one nanohole to break the mirror symmetry of the structure and thus manipulate the energy radiation of the modes. These resonance modes exhibit greater stability in momentum space, and their excitation is not strictly dependent on perpendicularly incident light, which facilitates experimental testing. We fabricate a series of samples to confirm these high-Q GMRs, with experimental Q-factors reaching 5.0 × 103. Next, we investigate the sensing characteristics of these GMRs, and due to the significant differences in their field distributions, TM0 mode has the best sensing performance among the five modes. Here, by spin-coating photoresists on the surface of the devices, we examine their sensing properties. It is proved that the specificity of the eigenfield localization of TM0 mode results in an excellent performance of the sensing properties of this mode, with an experimental sensitivity and figure of merit of 124 nm/RIU and 105, respectively. This work provides a route for the realization of metasurfaces with high Q-factors, which has potential applications in nanophotonics.
Experimental and numerical analysis of high-pressure gas-driven rock particle impact and fragmentation rock technology
Authors: Zhou Aitao , Xu Zhiyuan , Wang Kai , Liu Yifu , Feng Yufeng , Zhu Zebin
Published: December 2024

Aiming at the problems of fast tool wear and low tunneling efficiency in hard rock tunneling process, a granite particle impact rock breaking technology is proposed to impact the rock mass of the tunneling face in advance to reduce tool wear. By simulating the process of granite particle impact rock breaking, the feasibility of granite particle impact rock breaking is verified. The impact velocity and new surface area of granite were obtained by high-speed camera and three-dimensional scanner test. The influence factors of gas pressure and granite particle quality were analyzed. It is concluded that increasing gas pressure can effectively increase the new surface area of rock failure and improve the failure effect. Improving the quality of granite particles does not continuously increase the impact kinetic energy. When the product of granite particle quality and impact kinetic energy reaches a critical value, continuing to increase the quality will not improve the impact damage effect of granite. The impact kinetic energy of granite particles impacting granite shows a linear relationship with the new surface area.
Effect of velocity and angle on the structural evolution of cavity and flow field during vehicle water entry process
Authors: Yu Yilan , Shi Yao , Pan Guang , Huang Qiaogao , Song Dong
Published: December 2024

Research on vehicle water entry is crucial for enhancing the safety, performance, and survivability of vehicles in aquatic environments, particularly in scenarios such as amphibious operations, emergency landings, and naval applications. This study investigates the structural evolution of the cavity and flow field dynamics during vehicle water entry at varying velocities and angles using numerical simulations. The accuracy of the numerical method is validated through experiments, allowing for detailed analysis of air and vapor trajectories within the cavity. The results reveal that with the increase in velocity, the cavity changes from vapor to the mixed vapor and air cavity, and the flow field velocity increases proportionally. There is a cutoff velocity of 100 m/s that makes the water splash on both sides of the velocity evolve in reverse. A decrease in water entry angle causes air to enter the cavity, moving toward the dorsal side of the vehicle, which increases the air–vapor mixing area, with a higher concentration of vapor on the dorsal side during oblique entry. The finding of this work provides new insights into the evolution of multiphase fluids in high-velocity water entry.
The promising 2D monolayers supported single f-electrons atom (Ce, Th, and U) catalysts in the ammonia synthesis via electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction
Authors: Cheng Xiujuan , Zhou Xuying , Shi Mingyang , Cheng Kunyang , Jiang Gang , Du Jiguang
Published: December 2024

The production of environmentally friendly through electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction under ambient conditions holds great promise for green energy. Efficient catalysts play a crucial role in this process. In this study, we employed density functional theory calculations to examine the catalytic performance of three types of monolayers, namely four surrounding N atom doped graphene sheet (GN4), graphdiyne, and Ti2CO2, supported by three different single atoms (Ce, Th, and U) with f-electrons. Our results identified that U@GN4 exhibits excellent catalytic activity through the distal pathway, with a ΔG of only 0.64 eV for the potential determining step. Furthermore, theoretical analysis reveals that the synergistic action of U d and f electrons plays a crucial role in the N2 reduction catalyzed by the U@GN4. The catalytic performance for hydrogen evolution was also examined for these nine single-atom catalysts. Th@GN4 and Th@Ti2CO2 demonstrate promising performance in hydrogen evolution, with ΔGH* of 0.03 and 0.10 eV, respectively. This study holds significant value for the design and utilization of single-atom catalysts with f-electrons for efficient N2 reduction reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction electrocatalysts.
On the lift generation over a sphere using asymmetric roughness
Authors: Sudarsana Putu Brahmanda , Vilumbrales-Garcia Rodrigo , Sareen Anchal
Published: December 2024

This study investigates a novel phenomenon of lift generation around a sphere by pneumatically manipulating its surface topology with an asymmetric roughness distribution. A comprehensive series of systematic experiments were conducted for Reynolds numbers (Re=U∞d/ν, where U∞ is the free-stream velocity, d is the sphere diameter, and ν is the fluid kinematic viscosity) ranging from 6×104 to 1.3×105, and dimple depth ratios (k/d, where k is the dimple depth) from 0 to 1×10−2 using a smart morphable sphere. The findings show that an asymmetrically rough sphere can generate lift forces up to 80% of the drag, comparable to those produced by the Magnus effect. The dimple depth ratio affects both Re at which lift generation begins and the maximum lift coefficient (CL) achievable. The optimal k/d for maximum lift varies with Re: deeper dimples are needed at low Re, while shallower dimples are more effective at high Re. For a fixed Re, increasing k/d monotonically increases lift until a critical k/d is reached, beyond which lift decreases. Particle image velocimetry revealed that dimples delay flow separation on the rough side, while the smooth side remains unchanged, resulting in asymmetric boundary layer separation, leading to wake deflection and lift generation. Beyond the critical k/d, the flow separation location moved upstream, increasing the size of the rear wake, reducing wake deflection, and thus decreasing lift. This study is the first to report how manipulating surface topography can generate lift forces comparable to those produced by the Magnus effect, offering a new mechanism for aerodynamic control. These findings could have significant implications for the maneuvering capabilities of unmanned underwater vehicles, where fine control of lift is essential for agility.
Concentration and cavitation phenomena of Riemann solutions for the isothermal three-component model
Authors: Jiang Yiheng , Shen Chun
Published: December 2024

Riemann solutions with four different structures are explicitly derived for the one-dimensional one-velocity and one-pressure compressible three-component model under the isothermal equation of state. The vacuum and delta shock formation in the Riemann solutions for the pressureless three-component model can be specifically deduced from the corresponding ones for the above-mentioned isothermal three-component model by letting the perturbation parameter drop to zero. Additionally, the associated phenomena of cavitation and concentration are observed and explored in detail during the entire process of taking the limit.