bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A convergent interaction engine: vocal communication among marmoset monkeys
Authors: Burkart J. M. , Adriaense J. E. C. , Brügger R. K. , Miss F. M. , Wierucka K. , van Schaik C. P.
Published: July 2022

To understand the primate origins of the human interaction engine, it is worthwhile to focus not only on great apes but also on callitrichid monkeys (marmosets and tamarins). Like humans, but unlike great apes, callitrichids are cooperative breeders, and thus habitually engage in coordinated joint actions, for instance when an infant is handed over from one group member to another. We first explore the hypothesis that these habitual cooperative interactions, the marmoset interactional ethology, are supported by the same key elements as found in the human interaction engine: mutual gaze (during joint action), turn-taking, volubility, as well as group-wide prosociality and trust. Marmosets show clear evidence of these features. We next examine the prediction that, if such an interaction engine can indeed give rise to more flexible communication, callitrichids may also possess elaborate communicative skills. A review of marmoset vocal communication confirms unusual abilities in these small primates: high volubility and large vocal repertoires, vocal learning and babbling in immatures, and voluntary usage and control. We end by discussing how the adoption of cooperative breeding during human evolution may have catalysed language evolution by adding these convergent consequences to the great ape-like cognitive system of our hominin ancestors.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Revisiting the human ‘interaction engine’: comparative approaches to social action coordination’.
Sequence organization and embodied mutual orientations: openings of social interactions between baboons
Authors: Mondada Lorenza , Meguerditchian Adrien
Published: July 2022

Human interactions are organized in sequence, which is a key component of Levinson's ‘interaction engine.’ Referring back to the field where it originated, conversation analysis, we discuss its relevance within the interaction engine, before moving on to show how sequence organization is actually oriented to not only humans in social interaction, but also to non-human animals. On the basis of video-recorded encounters between baboons (Papio anubis), we study canonical sequences constituting openings and, within them, greetings. Openings are thelocuswhere future interactants adjust to each other to coordinately enter in interaction, thus achieving a common definition of their context, activity, and relationships. The analysis shows that the ways individuals spatially approach each other provide systematic interactional affordances for how the first sequences of actions in the opening are formatted, initiated, and responded to. Adopting sequential multimodal analysis, we demonstrate how participants orient to central features of sequence organization—its sequential implicativeness and the expectations it produces—building on them their interpretations of others' actions, their responsivity, and their mutual understanding of the ongoing course of action as it unfolds. This paves the way for further reflections on the pervasiveness of the interactional engine in human and non-human primate communication.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Revisiting the human ‘interaction engine’: comparative approaches to social action coordination’.
Replacement of the Alpha variant of SARS-CoV-2 by the Delta variant in Lebanon between April and June 2021
Authors: Merhi Georgi , Trotter Alexander J. , de Oliveira Martins Leonardo , Koweyes Jad , Le-Viet Thanh , Abou Naja Hala , Al Buaini Mona , Prosolek Sophie J. , Alikhan Nabil-Fareed , Lott Martin , Tohmeh Tatiana , Badran Bassam , Jupp Orla J. , Gardner Sarah , Felgate Matthew W. , Makin Kate A. , Wilkinson Janine M. , Stanley Rachael , Sesay Abdul K. , Webber Mark A. , Davidson Rose K. , Ghosn Nada , Pallen Mark , Hasan Hamad , Page Andrew J. , Tokajian Sima
Published: July 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to expand globally, with case numbers rising in many areas of the world, including the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Lebanon experienced its largest wave of COVID-19 infections from January to April 2021. Limited genomic surveillance was undertaken, with just 26 SARS-CoV-2 genomes available for this period, nine of which were from travellers from Lebanon detected by other countries. Additional genome sequencing is thus needed to allow surveillance of variants in circulation. In total, 905 SARS-CoV-2 genomes were sequenced using the ARTIC protocol. The genomes were derived from SARS-CoV-2-positive samples, selected retrospectively from the sentinel COVID-19 surveillance network, to capture diversity of location, sampling time, sex, nationality and age. Although 16 PANGO lineages were circulating in Lebanon in January 2021, by February there were just four, with the Alpha variant accounting for 97 % of samples. In the following 2 months, all samples contained the Alpha variant. However, this had changed dramatically by June and July 2021, when all samples belonged to the Delta variant. This study documents a ten-fold increase in the number of SARS-CoV-2 genomes available from Lebanon. The Alpha variant, first detected in the UK, rapidly swept through Lebanon, causing the country's largest wave to date, which peaked in January 2021. The Alpha variant was introduced to Lebanon multiple times despite travel restrictions, but the source of these introductions remains uncertain. The Delta variant was detected in Gambia in travellers from Lebanon in mid-May, suggesting community transmission in Lebanon several weeks before this variant was detected in the country. Prospective sequencing in June/July 2021 showed that the Delta variant had completely replaced the Alpha variant in under 6 weeks.
McAN: an ultrafast haplotype network construction algorithm
Authors: Li Lun , Xu Bo , Tian Dongmei , Li Cuiping , Li Na , Wang Anke , Zhu Junwei , Xue Yongbiao , Zhang Zhang , Bao Yiming , Zhao Wenming , Song Shuhui
Published: July 2022

Haplotype network is becoming popular due to its increasing use in analyzing genealogical relationships of closely related genomes. We newly proposed McAN, a minimum-cost arborescence based haplotype network construction algorithm, by considering mutation spectrum history (mutations in ancestry haplotype should be contained in descendant haplotype), node size (corresponding to sample count for a given node) and sampling time. McAN is two orders of magnitude faster than the state-of-the-art algorithms, making it suitable for analyzation of massive sequences.

Availability

Source code is written in C/C++ and available athttps://github.com/Theory-Lun/McANandhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/biocode/tools/BT007301under the MIT license. The online web service of McAN is available athttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ncov/online/tool/haplotype. SARS-CoV-2 dataset are available athttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ncov/.
Distinct GSDMB protein isoforms and protease cleavage processes differentially control pyroptotic cell death and mitochondrial damage in cancer cells
Authors: Oltra Sara S , Sin Laura , Colomo Sara , Pérez-López María , Molina-Crespo Angela , Choi Kyoung-Han , Martinez Lidia , Morales Saleta , González-Paramos Cristina , Orantes Alba , Soriano Mario , Hernandez Alberto , Lluch Ana , Rojo Federico , Albanell Joan , Ko Jae-Kyun , Sarrió David , Moreno-Bueno Gema
Published: July 2022

The formation of Gasdermin (GSDM) pores, leading to pyroptosis or other context-dependent consequences, is directly involved in multiple diseases. Gasdermin-B (GSDMB) plays complex and controversial roles in pathologies, with pyroptosis-dependent and independent functions. GSDMB is promising oncologic therapeutic target since it exhibits either antitumor function, when immunocyte-mediated Granzyme-A (GZMA) cleaves GSDMB releasing its cytotoxic N-terminal domain, or pro-tumoral activities (invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance). However, it is still unknown the precise regulatory mechanisms of GSDMB pyroptosis as well as the differential effects of the four translated GSDMB variants (GSDMB1-4, that differ in the alternative usage of exons 6-7) in this process. Here, we first prove that exon 6 translation (in the interdomain protein linker) is essential for pyroptosis, and therefore, GSDMB isoforms lacking this exon (GSDMB1-2) cannot provoke cancer cell death. Consistently, in large series of breast cancer samples GSDMB2 expression, and not of exon6-containing variants (GSDMB3-4), associates with unfavourable clinical-pathological parameters. Moreover, cellular, and biochemical analyses combined with confocal, live cell imaging, and electron microscopy studies, demonstrated that diverse GSDMB N-terminal constructs containing exon-6 induce mitochondrial damage (increased mitochondrial ROS, membrane potential loss and mitochondrial DNA release) together with pyroptotic membrane cell lysis. While exon-6 residues are not required for membrane or mitochondrial localization, we also identified other key residues for N-terminal domain cytotoxicity. Additionally, we demonstrated that all GSDMB variants share the cleavage sites for GZMA, Neutrophil Elastase (identified in this study) and caspases. Interestingly, whereas Neutrophil Elastase and caspases produce N-terminal fragments in all GSDMB isoforms with no pyroptotic activity, thus acting as a potential inhibitory mechanism, GZMA cleavage activates pyroptosis in an isoform-dependent way. Summarizing, our results have important implications for understanding the complex roles of GSDMB isoforms in cancer and other pathologies and for the future design of GSDMB-targeted therapies.
From multi-omics data to the cancer druggable gene discovery: a novel machine learning-based approach
Authors: Yang Hai , Gan Lipeng , Chen Rui , Li Dongdong , Zhang Jing , Wang Zhe
Published: July 2022

The development of targeted drugs allows precision medicine in cancer treatment and achieving optimal targeted therapies. Accurate identification of cancer drug genes is helpful to strengthen the understanding of targeted cancer therapy and promote precise cancer treatment. However, rare cancer-druggable genes have been found due to the multi-omics data’s diversity and complexity. This study proposes DF-CAGE, a novel machine learning-based method for cancer-druggable gene discovery. DF-CAGE integrated the somatic mutations, copy number variants, DNA methylation, and RNA-Seq data across ~10000 TCGA profiles to identify the landscape of the cancer-druggable genes. We found that DF-CAGE discovers the commonalities of currently known cancer-druggable genes from the perspective of multi-omics data and achieved excellent performance on OncoKB, Target, and Drugbank data sets. Among the ~20,000 protein-coding genes, DF-CAGE pinpointed 465 potential cancer-druggable genes. We found that the candidate cancer druggable genes (CDG-genes) are clinically meaningful and can be divided into highly reliable, reliable, and potential gene sets. Finally, we analyzed the contribution of the omics data to the identification of druggable genes. We found that DF-CAGE reports druggable genes mainly based on the CNAs data, the gene rearrangements, and the mutation rates in the population. These findings may enlighten the study and development of new drugs in the future.
Development of the gut microbiota during early life in premature and term infants
Authors: Sim Kathleen , Powell Elizabeth , Cornwell Emma , Kroll J Simon , Shaw Alexander G
Published: July 2022

Background

The gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota has been linked to health consequences throughout life, from early life illnesses (e.g. sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis) to lifelong chronic conditions such as obesity and inflammatory bowel disease. It has also been observed that events in early life can lead to shifts in the microbiota, with some of these changes having been documented to persist into adulthood.

A particularly extreme example of a divergent early GI microbiota occurs in premature neonates, who display a very different GI community to term infants. Certain characteristic patterns have been associated with negative health outcomes during the neonatal period, and these patterns may prove to have continual damaging effects if not resolved.

Results

In this study we contrast a set of premature infants with a paired set of term infants (n=37 pairs) at six weeks of life and at two years. In the samples taken at six weeks we find microbial communities differing in both diversity and specific bacterial groups between the two infant cohorts. We identify clinical factors associated with over-abundance of potentially pathogenic organisms (e.g. Enterobacteriaceae) and reduced abundances of some beneficial organisms (e.g.Bifidobacterium).

We contrast these findings with samples taken at two years of age, which show that despite a very different initial microbiota, the two infant groups converge to a similar, more adult-like state. We identify clinical factors, including both prematurity and delivery method, that remain associated with components of the microbiota. Both clinical factors and microbial characteristics are compared to the occurrence of childhood wheeze and eczema, revealing associations between components of the GI microbiota and the development of these allergic conditions.

Conclusions

The faecal microbiota differs greatly between infants born at term and those born prematurely during early life, yet it converges over time. Despite this, early clinical factors remain significantly associated with the abundance of some bacterial groups at two years of age. Given the associations made between health conditions and the microbiota, factors that alter the makeup of the gut microbiota, and potentially its trajectory through life, could have important lifelong consequences.
Closed-loop brain stimulation to reduce pathologic fear
Authors: Ordoñez Sierra Rodrigo , Pedraza Lizeth Katherine , Barcsai Lívia , Pejin Andrea , Kozák Gábor , Takeuchi Yuichi , Lőrincz Magor L. , Devinsky Orrin , Buzsáki György , Berényi Antal
Published: July 2022

Maladaptive processing of trauma related memory engrams leads to dysregulated fear reactions. In post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), dysfunctional extinction learning prevents discretization of trauma-related memory engrams and leads to generalized fear responses. PTSD is postulated as a mnemonic-based disorder, but we lack markers or treatments targeting pathological fear memory processing. Hippocampal sharp wave-ripples (SWRs) and concurrent neocortical oscillations are scaffolds to consolidate contextual memory, but their role during fear processing remains poorly understood. We demonstrate that closed-loop SWRs triggered neuromodulation of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) can enhance the consolidation of fear extinction. It modified fear memories that became resistant to induced recall (i.e., ‘renewal’ and ‘reinstatement’) and did not reemerge spontaneously as a PTSD-like phenotype. The effects are mediated by D2 receptor signaling induced synaptic remodeling in the basolateral amygdala. These results suggest that SWRs help consolidating fear extinction memories. Furthermore, enhancing the consolidation of extinction engrams by SWR-triggered induction of reward signals can alleviate pathologic fear reactions in a rodent model of PSTD. No adverse effects were seen, suggesting this potential therapy for PTSD and anxiety disorders.
Enhanced surface nano-analytics of transient biomolecular processes
Authors: Miller Alyssa , Chia Sean , Toprakcioglu Zenon , Hakala Tuuli , Schmid Roman , Feng Yaduo , Kartanas Tadas , Kamada Ayaka , Vendruscolo Michele , Ruggeri Francesco Simone , Knowles Tuomas P. J.
Published: July 2022

The study of the physical and chemical properties of biomolecules enables the characterisation of fundamental molecular processes and mechanisms in health and disease. Bulk and single-molecule analytical methods provide rich information on biomolecules, but often require high concentrations and sample preparation away from physiologically relevant conditions. Here, we present the development and application of a lab-on-a-chip approach which combines rapid sample preparation, mixing and deposition to integrate with a range of nano-analytical methods in chemistry and biology, providing enhanced sensitivity and single molecule resolution. We demonstrate that this method empowers multidimensional study of heterogenous biomolecular systems in physiological buffers and concentrations over multiple length scales by nanoscopy and vibrational spectroscopy. We illustrate the capabilities of this platform by capturing and analysing the structural conformations of transient oligomeric species formed at the early stages of the self-assembly of α-synuclein, which are associated with the onset of Parkinson’s disease.

TEASER

Maintaining the heterogeneity and structural integrity of monomers and oligomers enables their quantitative study.
Telemonitoring System Architecture for Emotion Recognition with WBSN and Ensemble Learning
Authors: El Azhari Maryam
Published: July 2022

Telemonitoring provides a set of technologies that enables remote monitoring of patients with critical health conditions.Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN) technology has emerged as a major factor contributor to the need for ubiquitous healthcare.It provides a real-time telemonitoring system to treat several chronic diseases using wireless biosensors.The first standard to support communication between biosensors is IEEE 802.15 Task Groups 6 (TG6). The standard regulates the communication in,on or inside the human body for a short-range and low power wireless communications.IEEE 802.15.6 operates on a Medium Access Control (MAC) layer that supports several Physical (PHY) layers such as narrowband (NB),ultra-wideband (UWB),and human body communication (HBC).In this paper,a realtime telemonitoring system architecture for EEG brainwave emotion recognition is presented.The system aims to collect EEG data and forward them to clinicians in order to detect the evolution of the monitored diseases based on brain wave emotion analysis.Ensemble Learning techniques are used for decision making to discern the current health state of the patient.
Structural basis of plp2-mediated cytoskeletal protein folding by TRiC/CCT
Authors: Han Wenyu , Jin Mingliang , Liu Caixuan , Zhao Qiaoyu , Wang Shutian , Wang Yifan , Yin Yue , Peng Chao , Wang Yanxing , Cong Yao
Published: July 2022

The eukaryotic chaperonin TRiC/CCT assists the folding of ~10% cytosolic proteins. The essential cytoskeletal proteins tubulin and actin are the obligate substrates of TRiC and their folding involves cochaperone and co-factors. Here, through cryo-EM analysis, we present a more complete picture of yeast TRiC-assisted tubulin and actin folding in the ATPase-cycle, under the coordination of cochaperone plp2. Our structures revealed that in the open C1 and C2 states, plp2 and substrates tubulin/actin engage with TRiC inside its chamber, one per ring. Noteworthy, we captured a ternary TRiC-plp2-tubulin complex in the closed C3 state, engaged with a full-length β-tubulin in the native folded state even loaded with a GTP, and with a plp2 occupying the opposite ring, not reported before. Another closed C4 state revealed an actin in the intermediate state of folding and a plp2 occupying the other ring. Intriguingly, along with TRiC ring closure, we captured a large translocation of plp2 within TRiC chamber coordinating substrate translocation on the CCT6 hemisphere, potentially facilitating substrate stabilization and folding. Our findings provide structural insights into the folding mechanism of the major cytoskeletal proteins tubulin/actin under the coordination of the complex biogenesis machinery TRiC and plp2, and could extend our understanding on the links between cytoskeletal proteostasis and related human diseases.
Trade openness relationship with macroeconomic factors on Saudi Arabian economy: ARDL application
Authors: Tarchoun Monaem , Ghraieb Ikram
Published: July 2022

Purpose

This paper examines the relationship of financial market inclusion, economic growth, foreign direct investment and real output on trade openness for the Saudi Arabia Economy. Trade openness potentially is a major source of economic growth and development.

Design/methodology/approach

This study is the first employing mixed methods and approaches of autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) to estimate the long-run and short-run models for the Saudi Arabia Economy.

Findings

The results indicate that the inclusion of financial markets has an important role in the short term and has an effect on trade openness on this economy.

Practical implications

These results listed are only implications for decision-makers to achieve their objectives. Indeed, to have better economic growth, economic and financial decision-makers can rely on financial inclusion and trade openness.

Originality/value

This article investigates an approach testing the relationship of variables in a short and long term by using annual data from 1990 to 2017 for the Saudi Arabia economy. This paper tests the relationship between finance and economy with an econometric model.
Passionate about food: exploring “foodie” segmentation by nutritional knowledge
Authors: Gunarathne Anoma , Hemmerling Sarah , Labonte Naemi , Zühlsdorf Anke , Spiller Achim
Published: July 2022

Purpose

This paper aims to empirically identify foodie features and examine their relevance in segmenting German consumers. Furthermore, this study explored potential differences between foodie segments in terms of food involvement and food knowledge.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected from 500 German respondents in October 2015 by means of two online surveys using a newly developed version of the foodie instrument based on existing literature. Confirmatory factor analysis, cluster analysis, analysis of variance and post hoc tests were applied to analyse the data.

Findings

Six distinct consumer segments were identified: passionate foodies (12.0%), interested foodies (21.5%); moderate foodies (21.7%), traditional foodies (17.1%), light foodies (18.2%) and non-foodies (9.5%). The nutritional knowledge questionnaire suggests that passionate foodies have only an average level of food literacy compared to other segments.

Research limitations/implications

Behavioural traits and socio-demographic characteristics of foodies and other culinary consumer segments could be time-sensitive, thus future research should take a longitudinal approach so that subsequent decision-making is appropriately dynamic.

Originality/value

To the best of the authors' knowledge, this paper is a first step towards the development of a new foodie lifestyle scale which will be useful to identify, characterise and develop effective marketing strategies for targeting highly involved food consumers.
On the association between fast induced polarization in frozen rocks and dielectric polarization of ice
Authors: Kozhevnikov Nikolai O.
Published: July 2022

Most often, fast induced polarization in frozen rocks appears in the transient electromagnetic data at early (less than a few hundreds of microseconds) times as a nonmonotone voltage response. Usually, such transients are interpreted in terms of Pelton's resistivity/conductivity model. The relaxation time τIS found in this way determines the decay rate of transient voltage response to a current step. Conversion of τIS into the relaxation time τVS, determining the decay rate of the current response to a voltage step, gives τVS values typical for dielectric relaxation of ice at temperatures of about several degrees below zero. This result, along with the fact that both fast induced polarization and dielectric polarization of ice are described by the Debye relaxation model, suggests that fast induced polarization in frozen rocks is controlled by the dielectric polarization of ice. As a possible mechanism for such a control, the effect of ice polarization on the surface conductivity of frozen rocks is considered.
Cucumber mosaic virus epidemiology in pepper: Aphid dispersal, transmission efficiency and vector pressure
Authors: Khaled‐Gasmi Wafa , Souissi Rebha , Boukhris‐Bouhachem Sonia
Published: July 2022

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) causes significant damage and yield losses in peppers. The objective of this study is to determine the efficiency of prevalent aphid species occurring in pepper fields to transmit this virus within pepper plants and to identify their vector pressure in order to target the critical species implicated in CMV epidemics spread. Alatae and apterae were monitored in an experimental pepper field in northern Tunisia for 3 years. Sixty‐eight species were captured in winged form in yellow water traps. The most abundant species were Myzus persicae, Aphis gossypii, Aphis fabae, Aphis spiraecola, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Metopolophium dirhodum, Rhopalosiphum maidis, Aphis craccivora, Aphis nerii, Hyalopterus pruni, Sitobion avenae and Rhopalosiphum padi constituting 90% of aphid populations in the field. Their temporal dynamic showed a high period of flight activity from April to June and a second peak in September was registered. Two of these species, M. persicae and A. gossypii were also found in their wingless form on pepper leaves with a prevalence of 99.5% and 0.5%, respectively. The 12 most abundant aphid species were tested for their transmission efficiency of CMV (CMV‐pepp2 isolate) with A. gossypii as a reference vector. All aphids tested, including colonizing and non‐colonizing species on pepper, were verified to be vectors of this isolate. However, significant differences in the transmission efficiency were found between the aphid species (p < .001, SE = 7.29). M. persicae (60%) scored the highest transmission efficiency rate. Additionally, A. fabae solanella (50%) had higher transmission efficiency than the reference vector, A. gossypii (40%). H. pruni (16.67%) was documented as a new CMV vector to pepper. The single‐aphid transmission probabilities ranged from 0.7% to 16.7%. The calculated mean Vector Pressure Index (VPI) for these 12 species showed a stronger relationship with the specific aphid population variance (R = 0.89, p < .01) than the variation of the specific single‐aphid transmission probabilities (R = 0.62, p < .05). Indeed, for alate non‐colonizer vectors, A. spiraecola has recorded the highest mean VPI (27.5), despite its moderate transmission efficiency (23.33%). Nevertheless, for colonizer vectors in both winged and wingless forms, M. persicae had the highest mean VPI (49.26) of all vector species and was mostly present in its apterous form. The 12 vector species contributed to a total mean VPI of 133.48 during the surveyed periods. This research determined key features of CMV epidemiology in pepper crops that might be helpful for CMV disease management at an early stage.
Comparative efficacy of sedation or analgesia methods for reduction of anterior shoulder dislocation: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis
Authors: Hayashi Minoru , Kano Kenichi , Kuroda Naoto , Yamamoto Norio , Shiroshita Akihiro , Kataoka Yuki
Published: July 2022

Background

We performed a network meta‐analysis (NMA) to compare the efficacy and safety of intravenous sedation (IVS), intraarticular anesthetic injection (IAA), and peripheral nerve block (PNB) as sedation or analgesia methods for the reduction of anterior shoulder dislocation.

Methods

We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing different sedation or analgesia methods for anterior shoulder dislocation reduction. The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, ICTRP, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Google Scholar databases were searched in October 2021. We conducted a random‐effects NMA within a frequentist framework. We evaluated the confidence in each outcome using the CINeMA tool.

Results

Sixteen RCTs (957 patients) were included. Regarding the primary outcomes, the three methods might result in little to no difference in the immediate success rate of reduction and patient satisfaction. The IAA method had a shorter emergency department length of stay than that of the IVS method (mean difference [MD] −107.88 min, 95% confidence interval [CI] −202.58 to −13.18). In the secondary outcomes, the IAA method had a lower pain score than that of the PNB method (standardized MD −1.83, 95% CI −3.64 to −0.02). The IAA and PNB methods might require a longer time for reduction than that of the IVS method (MD 5.3 min, 95% CI 2.4 to 10.36; MD 15.25, 95% CI 5.49 to 25.01). The three methods might result in little to no difference in the number of reduction attempts and total success rate of reduction. However, the confidence ratings for all treatment comparisons were very low. IAA and PNB had no adverse respiratory events.

Conclusions

The results of our NMA indicated that three sedation or analgesia methods (IVS, IAA, and PNB) might result in little to no difference in the success rate of reduction and patient satisfaction. IAA and PNB had no adverse respiratory events.
Social identities and the achievement gap: Incompatibility between social class background and student identity increases student disidentification, which decreases performance and leads to higher dropout rates
Authors: Matschke Christina , de Vreeze Jort , Cress Ulrike
Published: July 2022

Education is not equally distributed across all people. It has often been found that students from low social class background have lower access to universities, less academic achievement and higher dropout rates compared with their peers (called the ‘achievement gap’). We investigate how the student social identity contributes to the emergence of the achievement gap and focus on student disidentification, a negative internalized relation to the in‐group. We predict that disidentification reduces academic performance (Hypothesis 1) and increases university dropout rates (Hypothesis 2). Moreover, we predict that social class background affects identity incompatibility which, in turn, increases student disidentification (Hypothesis 3). We explore whether social class background affects long‐term identity incompatibility, or whether identity incompatibility affects long‐term disidentification by comparing two mediation models. Hypotheses 1 and 3 were supported cross‐sectionally in a large sample (N = 2768), and longitudinally in a sub‐sample 1.5 years later (N = 591). The data demonstrate that social class background has a long‐term effect on incompatibility, which is related to disidentification. Hypothesis 2 was also supported in a (partly overlapping) sub‐sample (N = 1077). The current research demonstrates that students with low social class background suffer from identity‐related adaptation problems that affect their academic trajectories.
The promise of space—Prospect for a brighter future or tourist destination?
Authors: Waltemathe Michael
Published: July 2022

The Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space from 1962 describes space as a new frontier that is understood by the United Nations as an inspiration and a prospect for a brighter future for humanity. The declaration describes space in almost religious terms and commits nations to high standards conduct when engaging in space exploration. With the advent of NewSpace and private actors in space exploration it seems necessary to look at the spirit and the religious undertones of the declaration and see where it is still applicable and where a comparison of space exploration and the religious promise of the original declaration can help shape the future of space exploration today.
Clinical course of pain intensity in individuals with cerebral palsy: A prognostic systematic review
Authors: Shearer Heather M. , Verville Leslie , Côté Pierre , Hogg‐Johnson Sheilah , Fehlings Darcy L.
Published: July 2022

Aim

To describe the clinical course of pain intensity in individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) resulting from usual care or specific interventions.

Method

We conducted an exploratory prognostic systematic review searching electronic databases from inception to 31st December 2021. Evidence from low and moderate risk‐of‐bias studies was synthesized.

Results

We retrieved 2275 citations; 18 studies met the inclusion criteria and 10 were synthesized. The course of pain intensity in children with CP receiving usual care was stable over 15 weeks (χ2[2] = 1.8, p = 0.5). Children who received continuous intrathecal baclofen (CITB) reported significant pain intensity reduction (visual analogue scale [VAS] = −4.2 out of 10, 95% confidence interval [CI] = −6.3 to −2.1]) 6 months postinsertion but similar children receiving usual care had no significant change over 6 months (VAS = 1.3 out of 10, 95% CI = −1.3 to 3.6). Children receiving botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT‐A) injections had significant decreases in pain after 1 month (numeric rating scale = −6.5, 95% CI = −8.0 to −5.0). Adults with chronic pain receiving usual care reported stable pain intensity over time; pain intensity improved in ambulatory adults exercising and those treated surgically for cervical myelopathy.

Interpretation

The course of pain intensity in individuals with CP is unclear. Evidence suggests that children and adults receiving usual care had stable pain intensity over the short or long term. Interventions (CITB and BoNT‐A in children and exercise and surgical treatment for cervical myelopathy in adults) had pain intensity reduction. Larger study samples are needed to confirm these results.

What this paper adds

Pain intensity was stable in children with cerebral palsy (CP) receiving usual care.

Adults with CP and chronic pain receiving usual care had stable, persistent pain intensity.

Children receiving continuous intrathecal baclofen via pump and botulinum neurotoxin A reported significantly lower pain intensities.

Adults with chronic pain and dyskinetic CP and cervical myelopathy reported significantly lower pain intensity with exercise or cervical decompression.

Limited high‐quality evidence exists describing non‐procedural pain changes in individuals with CP.
Agenesis of the venous duct with abnormal return of the umbilical vein into the superior vena cava: A case report
Authors: Mori Hidehiro , Kawasaki Yuki , Murakami Yosuke , Fujino Mitsuhiro , Sasaki Takeshi , Nakamura Kae , Yoshida Yoko , Suzuki Tsugutoshi , Ehara Eiji
Published: July 2022

Introduction

Agenesis of the venous duct is rare, with an incidence rate of .04%–.6%. Abnormal drainage of the umbilical vein (UV) to superior vena cava (SVC) is seen in .5% of agenesis of the venous duct cases. We present a case of agenesis of the venous duct with drainage of the UV into the SVC accompanied by tetralogy of Fallot.

Case presentation

The fetus was diagnosed with agenesis of the venous duct and tetralogy of Fallot at 29 gestational weeks. The UV directly returned to the SVC. Cardiomegaly and pericardial effusion were observed but did not deteriorate. The female infant was born at 40 gestational weeks. Contrast‐enhanced computed tomography showed that the UV was occluded at its proximal aspect. No abnormality of the portal system was noted. The infant underwent intracardiac repair and was doing well at 16 months of age.

Discussion/Conclusion

Although the extrahepatic drainage type of agenesis of the venous duct is occasionally associated with heart failure and hydrops, severe hydrops was absent in this case. It was speculated that vascular resistance in the long pathway to the SVC restricted direct inflow from the UV. Portosystemic shunts and agenesis of the portal system are reported complications of agenesis of the venous duct. Prenatal agenesis of the venous duct diagnosis may be crucial for early postnatal diagnosis of these conditions.
Responses of soil fauna communities to the individual and combined effects of multiple global change factors
Authors: Peng Yan , Peñuelas Josep , Vesterdal Lars , Yue Kai , Peguero Guille , Fornara Dario A. , Heděnec Petr , Steffens Christina , Wu Fuzhong
Published: July 2022

Soil fauna plays a key role in regulating biogeochemical cycles, but how multiple global change factors (GCFs) may affect faunal communities remains poorly studied. We conducted a meta‐analysis using 1154 observations to evaluate the individual and combined effects of elevated CO2, nitrogen (N) addition, warming, increased rainfall and drought on soil fauna density and diversity. Here we show that, overall, individual and combined effects of GCFs had negligible effects on soil fauna density and diversity, except that density was negatively affected by drought (−27.4%) and positively affected by increased rainfall individually (+24.9%) and in combination with N addition (+67.3%) or warming (+70.4%). GCF effects varied among taxonomic groups both in magnitude and direction. Variables such as latitude, elevation and experimental setting significantly impacted both individual and combined effects. Our results suggest that soil fauna density is affected by changed rainfall regimes, while diversity is resistant against individual and combined effects of multiple GCFs.
Comparative study of keratinocyte primary culture methods from paediatric skin biopsies for RNA‐sequencing
Authors: Salik Déborah , El Kaderi Yousra , Hans Christine , Lefort Anne , Libert Frederick , Smits Guillaume
Published: July 2022

Background

Keratinocyte culture is a standard method used to study gene expression, cell differentiation and proliferation. Numerous protocols exist, however their application is frequently unsuitable for small specimens, such as 4‐mm punch skin biopsies.

Aims

This study compared 3 different methods of keratinocyte culture from paediatric skin biopsies to evaluate which one ensures adequate cell growth for RNA extraction and sequencing.

Materials and methods

Thirty‐six skin samples were obtained from 4‐mm punch skin biopsies from residual human body material from healthy children. They were cultured in vitro according to 3 different methods: enzymatic method, epidermis explant and direct explant method. Keratinocytes were characterized by immunocytochemistry using pan‐cytokeratin. RNA extraction was performed with RNeasy Mini kit. Quantity and quality of the extracted RNA was assessed to meet the requirements of library preparation for sequencing.

Results

The direct explant method had largely shown its superiority over the two other methods, with a 100% success rate and an average of 15 days of culture. RNA extraction yielded a mean of 8545.85 ng of RNA per sample with an RQN of 10. Cover‐clip immunochemistry staining with pan‐cytokeratin had confirmed the absence of fibroblast contamination.

Discussion

Although the enzymatic method is the most frequently used for keratinocyte culture, it is not suitable small samples required in dermatology. The direct explant method guarantees a high growth rate and the extraction of high quality RNA. Variation in the amount of RNA harvested are related to inter‐ and intra‐individual variations and to the conditions of the experiment.

Conclusion

This study allowed to conclude that the direct explant method is the most efficient and easy method to ensure cell growth when the samples are from 4‐mm punch skin biopsies. This technique avoids fibroblasts contamination and obtains a sufficient quantity and quality of RNA to sequence it.
Being a parent, emotional stability, and adjustment disorder symptoms in the face of COVID‐19
Authors: Kestler‐Peleg Miri , Pitcho‐Prelorentzos Shani , Mahat‐Shamir Michal , Kagan Maya , Lavenda Osnat
Published: July 2022

Objective

The current study examines the correlation between emotional stability and symptoms related to adjustment to the stresses related to the pandemic for parents and nonparents at the initial stage of the COVID‐19 outbreak in Israel.

Background

At the early stage of the COVID‐19 outbreak, governments prohibited public gatherings and demanded social distancing. These challenges may be especially difficult for individuals with low levels of emotional stability as adaptation difficulties may lead to stress‐related outcomes, such as adjustment disorder symptoms. Additionally, in the face of a significant external threat and the demand for intensive joint familial time at home, the parental role becomes especially salient.

Methods

Two hundred forty‐four Israeli adults filled in self‐reported e‐version questionnaires regarding emotional stability, adjustment disorder symptoms, and background variables. A cross‐sectional design was used to examine the association between emotional stability and adjustment disorder symptoms, as well as the potential moderation by parenting status.

Results

The findings revealed that the levels of emotional stability were negatively correlated with adjustment disorder symptoms, while being a parent mitigated this correlation. This correlation was nonsignificant among parents.

Conclusion and Implications

It appears that the identity salience of parental role in the current stressful situation and its associated strain may have overcome the advantage of emotional stability. The identity of being a parent has the potential to dismiss it. Here, the social role emerges as more forcible than the personality trait. Recommendations for practice are discussed.
The effectiveness of ūloa as a model supporting Tongan people experiencing mental distress
Authors: Vaka Sione , Hamer Helen Paris , Mesui‐Henry Anau
Published: July 2022

This article is based on a larger research project, which investigates the effectiveness of a culturally appropriate model, namely ūloa, when working with Tongan people. Ūloa is a communal method of fishing in Tonga, which includes all members of the community. A previous paper described the three phases of ūloa: presenting the concept to health providers and community groups; phase two amended the model based on phase one. This paper reports on phase three and findings related to the increased awareness of ūloa model within the mental health services and to raise awareness of how to work with Pacific people and adjust the health service to suit the needs of this population to test its effectiveness. Using reflexive thematic analysis, results highlighted a number of patterns both across the groups, described as napanapangamālie (harmony, balance), ngāue fakataha (working together/oneness), and toutai (fisher). These findings continue to support that the conventional biomedical approach employed in the mental health services overlooks elements of Tongan constructions of mental illness and the intersections between Tongan and biopsychosocial themes. Care that is based only on the ‘medicine’ rather than bringing the spiritual aspect into care planning (fake leaves) will not serve the needs of the Tongan community.
Association between sociodemographic, obstetric, and lifestyle factors among Hungarian pregnant women—A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Polanek Evelin , Karai Adrienn , Molnár Regina , Németh Gábor , Orvos Hajnalka , Balogh Péter , Paulik Edit
Published: July 2022

Aim

To learn the association between sociodemographic and obstetric factors and lifestyle characteristics of pregnant women, and to identify factors that can influence pregnant women's health consciousness.

Methods

A cross‐sectional, questionnaire‐based study was performed among women who gave birth in Szeged in 2014–2015. Data collection was based on a self‐administered questionnaire and health documentations. Overall maternal health promoting behavior (MHPB) index was defined by summarizing the scores obtained from diet, physical activity, smoking status, and alcohol consumption.

Results

The final analysis included 1548 mothers; 41.3% (n = 602) of the sample had healthy diet, 9.0% (n = 134) were physically active and attended special pregnancy exercise classes, 84.4% (n = 1279) did not drink alcohol, and 93.5% (n = 1447) were nonsmokers. Regarding the MHPB index, 0.8% (n = 11) of the women reached the maximum score (20), while the average was 14.8 (SD = 2.58). Advanced maternal age (p < 0.001), having a spouse or partner (p < 0.001), higher educational level (p < 0.001), planned pregnancy (p < 0.001), and early visit at pregnancy care (p = 0.046) were significantly associated with higher MHPB index.

Conclusion

The lifestyle of pregnant women can have a great impact on the developing fetus, either in a positive or negative way. In order to evaluate maternal lifestyle, overall health behavior should be considered. Lifestyle of the included women was not satisfactory, an improvement in health consciousness is needed at every social level; however, the differences between the various social classes may suggest the importance of further promotion and improvement of pregnancy planning and pregnancy care among younger and lower educated women.
Barriers and Facilitators to High School Meal Program Participation: A Qualitative Study of Students and Their Caregivers
Authors: O'Donnell Alexander J. , Mansfield Dana , Loiacono Bernardo , Withington Margaret H. C. , Cory Molly , Sagan Dylan , Buscemi Joanna
Published: July 2022

BACKGROUND

The school food environment is a critically important area to target the health of millions of students, especially those experiencing food insecurity. However, both students and caregivers have noted significant barriers to participation in the school meal program, including taste, lunchroom experience, and limited availability of fresh, healthy foods. There is a lack of qualitative research which considers both caregiver and adolescent perspectives, particularly among youth of color.

METHODS

Forty‐seven students (77% Black) and 24 caregivers across 4 midwestern high schools participated in focus groups and key informant interviews assessing barriers and facilitators to school meal participation. We conducted thematic analysis of the data using matrix intersection queries and reviewing frequencies of relevant nodes to identify themes.

RESULTS

Themes about the importance of freshness and quality of the foods served in the lunchroom emerged from both students and caregivers.

CONCLUSIONS

Future research may explore differences in meal participation depending on types of vender, farm to school program status, and other local variations in public schools and determine whether they increase participation, reduce food insecurity, and increase diet quality.