bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SERUM INDICES OF BROILER CHICKENS FED DIET SUPPLEMENTED WITH BIONIC PREBIOTIC (HILYSES) AND HARDCORE YEAST CELL WALL
Authors: Onunkwo D. N. , Korie G. N. , Wogu K. R. , Ezenyilimba B. N. , Ndukwe O.
Published: December 2024

The revelation that the utilization of antibiotics in livestock is contributing to the escalating challenge of transmitting antibiotic-resistant bacteria from animals to humans has prompted the exploration of alternatives to antibiotics. In pursuit of this objective, an investigation was conducted into the effects of supplementing broiler chickens' straight diet with Bionic Prebiotic (Hilyses) and Hardcore Yeast Cell Wall (Immuno Wall) on the serum indices of broiler chickens. The study employed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 120 unsexed day-old chicks distributed across four treatment groups (T1, T2, T3, and T4), each replicated three times. Blood samples were collected into labeled sterile bottles and were used in the laboratory to determine for serum biochemical analysis such as Total protein, Albumin, Globulin, Glucose, Urea, AST and ALP. Results of the serum biochemical indices revealed non-significant (P>0.05) differences in most parameters; however, exceptions were noted in Total protein (3.27-3.57g/dL), creatinine levels (0.85-0.93mg/dl), AST (43.16-45.18U/L), and ALP (56.64-60.70U/L). The study concludes that supplementing broiler chicken diets with prebiotics and yeast at an inclusion level of up to 0.75% proves beneficial in enhancing nutrient utilization, reducing wastage, and promoting favorable blood chemistry. These findings showed the inclusion of Bionic Prebiotic (Hilyses) and Hardcore Yeast Cell Wall (Immuno Wall) in broiler chicken rations to optimize results, providing valuable insights for poultry farmers.
EFFECT OF DATE PALM WASTE ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, AND NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY OF WEANER RABBITS
Authors: Essien C. A. , Sam I. M. , Okon U. M.
Published: December 2024

This study was conducted to determine the effect of date palm waste on the growth performance, and nutrient digestibility of weaner rabbits. A total of 32 weaner rabbits, crossbred from New Zealand White and Chinchilla, were used in the study. Four experimental diets were formulated and labelled T1, T2, T3, and T4. The control diet (T1) did not contain date palm waste, while T2, T3, and T4 contained date palm waste at levels of 5, 10, and 15 %, respectively, partially replacing maize in the diet. The rabbits were divided into four treatment groups of eight rabbits, with each group assigned to one of the diets in a completely randomized design. Each group was further divided into 4 replicates of 2 rabbits. The performance results indicated no significant (P>0.05) differences in all assessed parameters, including final weight, body weight gain, and feed intake. For nutrient digestibility coefficients, a notable increase (P<0.05) was observed in ash and nitrogen-free extract estimates for groups fed date palm waste compared to the control. Conclusively, incorporating date palm waste at 15 % in weaner rabbit diets was found to enhance the digestibility of ash and nitrogen-free extracts and did not adversely affect the growth performance of weaner rabbits.
EVALUATION OF THE FITNESS OF THREE MATHEMATICAL MODELS TO DESCRIBE THE LACTATION CURVE OF MASTIC AND NON-MASTITIC FRIESIAN X BUNAJI COWS
Authors: MORU N. H. , BARJE P. P. , MAKUN H. J. , GADZAMA I. U. , MOHAMMED K. , ABUBAKAR S.
Published: December 2024

This study evaluated the fitness of three mathematical models (Wood, Wimink and Dijkstra models) in describing the lactation curve of Friesian x Bunaji cows. The data used comprised of daily milk yield record between 2000-2015 kept in the Farm Unit of the Dairy Research Programme National Animal Production Research Institute, Shika-Zaria. The Goodness of fit comparison used for the models were the root mean square error (RMSE) and adjusted coefficient of determination (R2adj) values. Non mastitic cows of parities 1-4 had R2adj values ranging from 0.378 Ito 0.9993 and RMSE ranging from 0.2390 to 0.4234 for the three models. Mastitc cows of parities 1-4 had R2adj and RMSE values ranging from 0.7255-1 and 0.00002-0.2245 respectively for the three models. The results of this study shows that Dijkstra model gave best fit for parity I of non mastitc cow's lactation and parities l-4 of mastitic cow's lactation; while Wilmink model gave best fit for parities 2-4 of non mastitic cow's lactation.
FORCE-MOULTING METHOD FOR EGG PRODUCTION STABILISATION IN LAYER CHICKENS FED SUNDRIED CASSAVA PEEL AND SHEA NUT CAKE BASED DIETS FLAVOURED WITH MOLASSES
Authors: Idris H. , Kudu Y. S. , Abiodun J. A. , Malik A. A. , Usman A. , Maradun H. F. , Bello U. A.
Published: December 2024

Moulting in avian species is the periodic shedding of feathers, a reproductive quiescence found to beincomplete, resulting to low rate of lay for a prolonged period, the need to meet up with the rising demand for eggs has necessitated “Forcing” the onset of moulting. The present work evaluated the effectiveness of a less technical method on the stabilization of egg production in layer chickens fed MFSCPM and MFSNC diets (The control diet with 0% inclusion level of both MFSNCM and MFSCPM, 10 % MCP was 10% MFCPM inclusion, 20 % MCP was 20% inclusion of MFCPM, 10 % MSN was 10% inclusion of MFSNC and 20 % MSN was 20% inclusion of MFSNC). Force moulting procedure in this study commenced when the birds have laid for up to five months (152 days) and then the quantity of daily eggs laid began to reduce. The force moulting lasted over a period of 15 days. The birds were fasted for three days, and given half of their usual feed on the fourth day. But there was ad libitum access to water. Day length was also reduced from 18h – 12h day length. A satisfactory level of moulting was ascertained when most of the plumage fell off and beyond 25 % body weight had been lost all throughout the flock. The results of of all the parameters considered showed that there was no significant (P>0.05) difference between treatments. It can therefore be said that all the experimental diets supported a successful moulting procedure in this study.
COMPARATIVE GENETIC AND MORPHOMETRIC CHARACTERIZATION OF SYMPATRIC POPULATIONS OF Heterobranchus bidorsalis AND H. longifilis
Authors: OLANIYII W. A. , AKINSEMOLU F. A. , OGUNYEMI D. J. , OMITOGUN O. G.
Published: December 2024

African catfish species of Heterobranchus longifilis and H. bidorsalis are gaining breeding potentials and receiving great attention among catfish stakeholders. However, very few comparative research works have been done on the natural populations and cultured stocks of these economically important species. In this study, the genetic evaluation of these sample species populations obtained from Lake Kainji, New Bussa, Niger State, Nigeria, was conducted through Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacylamide Gel Electrophoresis of their serum proteins, and morphometric evaluation. Morphometric data showed that adipose fin attributes [length; depth (cm), % standard length (SL)] of 23.4±1.1; 4.2±0.5 in the H. bidorsalis confirmed its hyper-development compared to H. longifilis of 25.7±3.2; 4.4±0.6 respectively. The pre-dorsal length gave higher value (%SL) in the H. longifilis (38.6±2.2) than H. bidorsalis (34.6± I .2); while H. bidorsalis further possess more counts at dorsal and anal fin rays than H. longifilis. The comparative dendrogram of the PAST analysis showed a genetic distance of 4.2% that indicated the specificity of these species and, though significantly different, their very close relationship. Therefore, proper identification of these speciesis highly necessary to maintain genetic purity in breeding programmes and biodiversity.
EFFECT OF FERTILIZERS ON THE FODDER YIELD AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF MAIZE
Authors: Ayandiran S. K. , Adedokun M. A. , Adekunle I. , Oloidi F. F.
Published: December 2024

This study evaluated the effect of fertilizers on the fodder yield and nutritive value of maize. Urea (T2), Nat-soil (T3) and Wonder (T4) fertilizers were applied with No fertilizer (T1 – control) laid out in a completely randomized design experiment. The agronomic parameters estimated include number of leaves, plant height, plant width, leaf length, leaf width, number of cob, and cob weight. The result of this experiment indicated that T4 was significantly higher (p<0.05) in plant height, plant width, leaf number, leaf length, leaf width, stem girt and yield parameters compared to other fertilizer treatments. However, the agronomic and yield parameters of all the fertilizer treatments were significantly better (p<0.05) than the control treatment. The chemical analysis of maize hay, T1 had the highest DM value (29.95%) while T4 had the least DM value (27.50%). T4 had the highest CP value (12.19%) while T2 and T3 had relatively the same CP value (10.6% and 10.64% respectively) as the least CP value was recorded in T1. The CF value was higher in T1 and T4 (32.32% and 32.40% respectively) as the least CF value (30.34%) was recorded in T3. T2 had the highest ADF value (43.21%) while T4 had the least ADF value (35.85%). T3 had the highest NDF value while T1 had the least value. It could be concluded that maize treated with fertilizers had better growth, yield as well as nutritive value. However, maize treated with wonder fertilizer showed outstanding response.
PROXIMATE AND PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF BREADNUT (ARTOCARPUS CAMANSI) AND BREADFRUIT (ARTOCARPUS ALTILIS) LEAVES
Authors: Fatoki H. O. , Ojebiyi O. O. , Fasina F. B. , Adegbenro E. O. , Olawale S. O. , Tewogbade A. B.
Published: December 2024

Fresh breadnut (Artocarpus camansi) and breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) leaves were harvested from a reliable source at Abede area within Ogbomoso metropolis, Oyo State, Nigeria. The leaves were washed to remove debris, the leaves were air dried to retain the nutrient composition of the plant without any of the phytochemical properties been denatured by temperature. The dried leaves were ground to powder using mechanical blender. Each sample was stored in air tight properly labeled polythene bag and subsamples were sent for proximate analysis and quantitative phytochemical evaluation to test the presence of some phytochemical properties. The result shows that both breadnut (Artocarpus camansi) and breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) leaves had appreciable percent of secondary metabolites such Flavonoids, Saponin, Tannin, Phytosterol, Alkaloids, Steroids, Phenol, Gums and Resins, Anthraquinones, Carotenoids and Total Antioxidants, indicating that the plant leaves would have good medicinal application as these metabolites have been reported to be good antibacterial, antifungal and good antioxidant. However, breadnut (Artocarpus camansi) leaves has the highest mean value in all the phytochemicals with the highest mean value of 21.93% crude protein (CP) from the proximate analysis which indicates that it has antibacterial and immunostimulant properties and could be used as phytogenic feed additives to enhance animal production performance.
EFFECT OF ENSILING ELEPHANT GRASS WITH MOLASSES ON THE NUTRITIVE VALUE AND IN-VITRO DIGESTIBILITY
Authors: Ayandiran S. K. , Odeyinka S. M. , Amoo A. F. , Ojo I. F. , Ogunmola Y. E. , Olakunle T. M. , Oloidi F. F.
Published: December 2024

Ensiling is the process of preserving a forage crop and its nutrients to be fed later on as silage. In this study, elephant grass was ensiled with varying levels of molasses as additive to evaluate its effect on the nutritive value and in-vitro digestibility of the silage. Four treatments of Pennisetum purpureum grass silage were produced with molasses at 0 (T1), 2.5 (T2), 5 (T3) and 7.5% (T4) inclusion levels. Silages containing inclusions of molasses (T2, T3 and T4) had higher contents of dry matter (71.4- 73.10%), crude protein (10.15-12.15%) and nitrogen-free extract (21.05-23.43) than T1. All the fibre fractions such as acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose contents were lower in silage containing molasses as additive (T2, T3 and T4). At 6 and 15 hours incubation, there were no significant differences (p>0.05) in the in-vitro gas production. However, gas production was significantly higher (p<0.05) in silages with inclusion of molasses additives (T2, T3 and T4) at 9 (23.33-28.00), 12 (28.00-34.00), 18 (30.33-38.00), 21 (33.00-38.67) and 24 (34.00-40.33) hours of incubation. Conspicuously, silages containing graded levels of molasses as additive had significantly higher (p<0.05) methane gas, carbon dioxide, gas volumes, in-vitro digestibility, metabolisable energy and organic matter digestibility than the control silage. It could be concluded that inclusion of graded levels of molasses as additives in elephant grass silage led to higher nutrient contents, increased in-vitro gas production as well in-vitro dry matter digestibility and reduced fibre fraction of silage.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF PANICUM MAXIMUM FERMENTED WITH FUNGI (SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE) AND MOLASSES
Authors: Garba M. G. , Gaddafi S. , Ahmed A. , Nasir M.
Published: December 2024

Fortification of quality ruminant feed with yeast plays a profound role in improving the physical appearance and proximate compositions of feed thereby promoting feed intake, utilization and ruminant productivity. A total number of 12 empty Bamma bottles was randomly divided into four (4) Treatments containing 50g of Panicum maximum each and replicated into three (3) in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Treatment one composed 0 g of Saccharomyces cerevisiae + 20 mL Molasses. While. 2.5g, 5g, and 7.5g, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and molasses 20 mL each treatment as T2, T3 and T4 respectively. The fortified Bottles were kept at a room temperature for a period of 10 days. The fermented samples were opened after 10 days. Samples were taken to the laboratory for physical and chemical analyses, dried under a shed for a period of 2 hours and offered to goats to assess their feeding behaviour. The results revealed that Panicum maximum fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae significantly (p<0.05) affected the pH and changed the odour, texture and colour of Panicum maximum. Panicum maximum fermented with 7.5g Saccharomyces cerevisiae + 20 mL molasses (T4) had the highest crude protein and ether extract contents. Similarly, feeding behavior of the goats to the diets in terms of eating, sniffing, snorting and vocalization were higher for T4 In conclusion, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and molasses improved the physicochemical properties and proximate composition of fermented Panicum maximum.
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE NUTRIENT VALUES OF DIFFERENT PRODUCTS FROM PROCESSED MORINGA OLEIFERA LEAVES
Authors: Ojo V. O. A. , Adeyemi T. A. , Joseph R. O. , Adeoye S. A. , Oyaniran D. K. , Dada F. I. , Ojo P. I. , Lala A. O.
Published: December 2024

The study was carried out to determine the nutrient values of different products of Moringa oleifera leaves after processing. The experiment entailed comparison of M. oleifera fresh leaf, M. oleifera leaf residue, M. oleifera leaf protein concentrate and M. oleifera sediment, each treatment had three replicates. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design and the data obtained for the study was subjected to one-way analysis of variance. Result shows that the highest (p<0.05) values of dry matter, ether extract, ash and crude protein contents were recorded for M. oleifera leaf residue, sediment, fresh leaves and leaf concentrate, respectively, while the leaf residue had significantly higher (p<0.05) neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and hemicellulose contents above other treatments. The highest significant (p<0.05) values of organic matter were recorded for M. oleifera leaf residue (95.00 %) and sediments (96.50 %), while leaf protein concentrate had the highest (p<0.05) significant values for dry matter digestibility, dry matter intake, relative feed value and cell content above other treatments. The results of the present study indicated that all the products of processed M. oleifera had an appreciable nutritive value with high digestibility. However, better nutrient availability was observed in M. oleifera leaf protein concentrate when compared with other products after processing.
GROWTH PATTERN OF HYDROPONIC FODDER PRODUCED FROM SORGHUM SEEDS AS INFLUENCED BY SPROUTING MEDIA
Authors: Etuk U. N. E. , Etuk E. B. , Okoli I. C.
Published: December 2024

This study determined the effect of sprouting media on the growth pattern of hydroponic fodder produced from Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) seeds. Two hundred and fifty grammes (250 g) of sorghum seeds were grown for 7 days in two media; borehole water (SW) and banana pseudo-stem/borehole water (SBW), respectively. Leaf height of the sorghum seed fodder was recorded daily for seven days. The completely randomised design was employed in this study. Data obtained from the study were subjected to student’s t-test. Results obtained indicated that the fodder height were similar (p>0.05) among the growth media within the growth period except day 5 (8.93 cm versus 7.23cm) and 7 (16.63 versus 12.40 cm). The average daily fodder growth rate (height) was, significantly higher in the SBW (2.37 cm) than SW (1.76 cm) The percentage daily increase in fodder height (growth rate) were however, similar (p>0.05) across media (14.18% versus 14.26%). Banana pseudo-stem meal is recommended as a medium for hydroponic production of fodder from sorghum seeds.
ASSESSMENT, CONTRIBUTIONS AND MANAGEMENT OF RANGELANDS: A REVIEW
Authors: Muhammad A. S. , Abdurrahaman S. L. , Umar A. M. , Muhammad Y. , Dahiru M. , Kabir A. U. , Alhassan A.
Published: December 2024

Rangelands are regarded as the cheapest sources of forages, supporting over 200 million pastoralists living in close association with about 960 million ruminants. Despite the significant contribution of rangeland to the socio-economic lives of the inhabitants of developing countries, the resource is often abused and neglected in terms of planned utilization, development and management for sustainability. Range improvement programme involves evaluating the contributions of forage species to animal nutrition. Therefore, this review was aimed at assessing and highlighting the contributions of rangeland to sustainable animal production through planned management in terms of stocking rate, grazing capacity as grazing affects multiple rangeland characteristics including biomass, soil nutrients, soil carbon, plant species composition, and forage quality.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BRACHIARIA RUZIZIENSIS AS INFLUENCED BY FERTILIZER RATE, PLANT SPACING, AND HARVEST AGE
Authors: Sobande O. A. , Olanite J. A. , Ojo V. O. A. , Amisu A. A. , Adeoye S. A. , Odebode T. E.
Published: December 2024

The study was aimed to evaluate the chemical composition of Brachiaria ruziziensis forage as influenced by fertilizer rate, plant spacing, and harvest age. The study was a 3 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with 3 fertilizer rates of NPK 15:15:15 (0, 120, and 240 kgN ha-1), 2 plant spacing (0.5m x 0.5m and 1.0m x 1.0m), and 2 age at harvest (8 and 10 weeks after planting (WAP). The proximate and fibre fractions of the forage based on different treatments were determined. Results showed that fertilizer rates significantly (P<0.05) increased the crude protein (40%) and ash (11.42%) contents of B. ruziziensis that received 240kgN ha-1, while higher crude fibre (16.45%) was recorded in B. ruziziensis with fertilizer rate of 120 kgN ha-1. Sowing of the grass at an interval of 1.0 m2 recorded a higher significant (P<0.05) effect on ether extract (EE) (4.82%). The highest values for acid detergent lignin (16.78%), acid detergent fiber (48.23%), neutral detergent fiber (63.79%), cellulose (31.45%), and hemicellulose (63.79%), as influenced by harvest age, were recorded for the grass sowed at 1.0m2. In conclusion, the application of fertilizer at 240kg N/ha rate, spacing of 1.0m2, and harvested at 10 weeks promotes better nutrient quality of Brachiaria ruziziensis grass.
BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF SOKOTO RED BUCKS FED GRADED LEVELS OF UREA TREATED GROUNDNUT SHELL (ARACHIS HYPOGEA)
Authors: Aruwayo A. , E. A. Rotimi , Micheal E. P.
Published: December 2024

The study was conducted to evaluate the biochemical parameters of Red Sokoto Bucks fed graded levels of urea treated groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) shell. The shell was treated by dissolving 2.5kg of urea in 50L of water and used to ferment the shell which weighed 50g/kg. In the study three treatment diets were formulated containing T1 untreated groundnut shell (UNTGNS), T2 (10%) urea treated groundnut shell (UTGNS), and 20% urea treated groundnut shell (UTGNS). Twelve (12) Sokoto Red goat (Bucks) were used and randomly assigned to three treatments diets with three animals per treatment in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). All appropriate management practices were observed during the period of the feeding trial that lasted 84 days. Blood was collected through the jugular vein of three randomly selected ones from the experimental animals in the morning for serum biochemical analysis. The result indicated that there were no significant differences (p>0.05) in the total bilirubin, AST and albumin among the treatments. The key findings indicated that dietary inclusion of urea treated groundnut shell for up to 20% had no adverse effect on the kidney and liver functions of the animals. Goats can then be fed diets that contain up to 20% level of inclusion in view of the positive results from the growth trial using in this same study.
HAEMATOLOGICAL AND SERUM PROFILE OF YANKASA RAMS FED ENSILED CORNCOB LAYER-LITTER BASED DIET WITH GRADED LEVELSOF F. POLITA LEAF MEAL IN A TOTAL MIXED RATION
Authors: Chukwu C. G. , Abdu S. B. , Adamu H. Y. , Musa A.
Published: December 2024

Provision of feed for ruminants in a profitable livestock enterprise is a challenge. Use of conventional diets often results to high cost of input. Animal based fed may be available and cheaper but may detrimental to the animal consuming it. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the haematological and serum profile of Yankasa rams fed ensiled corncob layer-litter based diet with different levels of Ficus polita leaf meal in a Total Mixed Ration. Sixteen rams weighing averagely 21kg were assigned to four diets containing 0, 15, 30, and 45% inclusion levels of FPLM in a completely randomized design. The rams were fed 4% of their body weight daily at 8:00am and 4:00pm for 90 days. Blood samples were collected at the end of 90days for haematological and serum analysis. The results showed that significant (P<0.05) differences were recorded in the PVC, HB and RBC levels with higher values of 30.50%, 11.23g/dL, and 5.28 x1012/L, respectively recorded in the rams fed the experimental diet with FPLM at 45% inclusion level. The white blood cell, neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocytes counts of Yankasa rams fed experimental diets were not significantly (P>0.05) influenced. The serum biochemistry results showed that the total protein of rams fed the control diet was significantly (P<0.05) lower than those on 15% inclusion level of FPLM. The blood urea, and albumin level were significantly (P<0.05) affected and decreased as inclusion level of FPLM increased, while the levels of globulin and creatinine significantly (P<0.05) increased with increase in inclusion levels of FPLM. The result obtained in this study falls within the normal range reported for a healthy ram and showed that ensiled corncob layer-litter with FPLM did not have adverse effects on health status of Yankasa rams.
CARCASS YIELD OF WEST AFRICAN DWARF (WAD) BUCKS FED GMELINA ARBOREA LEAVES SUPPLEMENTED WITH BREWER’S DRIED GRAIN (BDG) AND MAIZE OFFAL IN EQUAL PROPORTION.
Authors: Yaikyur N. S.
Published: December 2024

The study was conducted to evaluate the effect on carcass, and visceral organs of the West African Dwarf (WAD) goat fed Gmelina arborea leaves supplemented with brewer’s dried grain (BDG) and maize offal in equal proportion. Twenty (20) West African Dwarf bucks with average weight of 8.04 kg were randomly allocated to four treatments with five animals per treatment in a complete CRD. Treatment one (T1) was given Gmelina arborea leaves ad libitum. Animals on treatment two (T2), three (T3) and four (T4) were fed 100, 200, and 300 g/head/day of a mixture of Brewers dried grain and maize offal and Gmelina arborea leaves ad libitum. The chemical composition of diets during the study shows that parameters across the treatments were significantly affected (P<0.05). Significant difference was observed across treatments in the head weight and the dressed carcass weight. It was observed that T1, which received only Gmelina arborea leaves i.e 0% MO/BDG, consistently showed the lowest values in the most parameters of carcass yield. Treatments on concentrate mixture i.e T2, T3 and T4 with 100% MO/BDG, 200% MO/BDG and 300% MO/BDG respectively showed the best performance. The superiority of T2, T3 and T4 was also shown clearly in dressed carcass. It seemed that animals on diets containing MO/BDG better utilized feed for meat production.
THE ROLE OF ETIINOVETERINARY MEDICINE IN ANIMAL IIEALTII CARE	DELIVERY IN TIIE FACE, OF ECONOMIC RECESSION IN NIGERIA
Authors: ABDULLAHI M. , KALTUNGO B. Y. , MUSA I. W. , SAIDU N. A.
Published: December 2024

The remoteness of nomadic people have made them to narrow animal care delivery to traditional methods due to expensiveness and unavailability or modern veterinary drugs in addition to resistance of certain infectious diseases to those drugs compared to traditional remedies (plants and animal origin) that can be accessed easily and at lower cost. The Nigeria government should therefore, develop policies that will validate the claims of traditional livestock owners so as to develop viable veterinary and even human drugs for the support of animal and public health which in the end may generate substantial revenue for the government and source of employment to the youth as a forward to improving economy.
DRY SEASON SURVEY ON ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF IXODID TICKS IN CATTLE IN AUYO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF JIGAWA STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: GUMEL M. A. , INUWA S. , QADEER M. A. , ABDURRAHMAN S. L.
Published: December 2024

Dry season survey on ticks was conducted to determine the genera, prevalence and distribution in various breeds of cattle in Auyo Local Government Area of Jigawa State, Nigeria. A total of 258 cattle were examined, out of which 51(19.8%) were males and 207(80.2%) females. An overall prevalence of 58.9% was recorded in all cattle examined. One hundred and seventy three ticks of three genera belonging to the family ixodidac were collected and identified of which Red Bororo recorded 65(37.6%), crossbreeds had 41(23.7%), White Fulani had 40(37.6%) while Sokoto gudali had 27 (15.6%). Of the tick genera identified, their prevalence showed, Amblyomma spp 87(50.3%) as the commonest, followed by Boophilus spp 69 (39.9%) and Hyalomma spp 17(9.8%). Distribution of ticks infestation by sex was significantly higher (P<0.05) in males 38(74.5%) then in females 114(55.1%). Tick infestation was significantly (P<0.05) higher in adults 115(65.3%) than in calves 37(57.2%). Dunkan Fulani recorded highest revalence 89(70.6%) of tick infestation by location.
EFFECT OF FEEDING BALANITE AEGYPTIACA ON THE HEAT STRESS ADAPTIVE RESPONSE OF UDA SHEEP
Authors: Badmus K. A. , Abdullahi U. , Saidu I. S. , Abubakar A. , Adamu M. , El Hassan K. A. , Abdullahi T. A.
Published: December 2024

This work was designed to evaluate the use of acute phase protein as biomarker of stress in measuring nutrigenomic effect of balanite on the response of Uda Sheep to heat stress. This research was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm, Department of Animal Science , Federal University, Gashua. Twelve (12) Uda rams age range between 8-12 months with average initial weight of 17kg were used for this work. Body weight, haematological parameters and biochemical parameters as negative acute phase proteins were measured. Treatments 3 (10 % balanite) and 4 (15 % balanite) reveled significantly (P < 0.05) higher body weights than treatments 1 and 2. There were no significant (p ˃ 0.05) differences in all serum biochemical parameters measured except in the Urea (p ˂ 0.05). Monocytes (MON), Neutrophils (NEU), atypical lymphocytes (ALY) and Basophils (BAS) where there were significant differences (P < 0.05). It is therefore, concluded that balanite has nutrigenomic effect and improved the adaptability of Uda and that urea could be used as biomarker of heat of stress.
THE FEED AND WATER INTAKE OF LACTATING WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOAT FED CASSAVA LEAF MEAL CONCENTRATE DIET DURING THE RAINY SEASON
Authors: Adeniran A. A. , Adewumi O. O. , Isaac W. E.
Published: December 2024

This study evaluated the feed and water intake of lactating West African dwarf does offered cassava leaf meal concentrate. Twenty animals were distributed into 2 treatments (0% and 30% cassava leaf inclusion levels). The goats' daily feed and water consumption was recorded, and their weights were taken. Data were analyzed using T-test using Minitab 2.0 statistical package for windows. The maximum concentrate intake (281.3g) and water intake (1150) was reported in 30% inclusion level although there was no difference between treatments (P>0.05).These results showed that supplementation of concentrates based on cassava leaf meal at 30% level of inclusion improved feed intake. It is therefore recommended that lactating West African Dwarf Does could be fed up to 30% inclusion level of cassava leaf meal.
PHYTOCHEMICAL AND MINERAL COMPOSITION OF AFRICAN BLACK PLUM (VITEX DONIANA) FEED BLOCK
Authors: Audu R. , Garba Y. , Rano N. B. , Tijjani A. , Babangida L.
Published: December 2024

Mineral deficiencies can have negative effects on animal health whereas anti-nutritional composition can limit feed utilization by animals. Thus, a study was conducted to assess the mineral and phytochemical composition of African black plum feed blocks. Drying, crushing and milling of African black plum leaves and fruits were carried out separately and used to formulate feed blocks. The formulations consisted of F1 [0% African black plum (ABP)], F2 (ABP leaf meal) and F3 (ABP fruit meal) feed blocks. Ingredients used for the formulation were thoroughly mixed in a 200L drum and the mixture placed in wooden moulds lined with polythene sheets and pressed manually. The mixtures in moulds were left for 24 hours prior to removal and drying in well ventilated shade for two weeks. The tannin, oxalate, phytate and saponin contents as well as the mineral composition (Ca, Mg, K, P, Na, Zn and Mn) of the feed blocks were determined. The phytochemical composition of the feed blocks did not differ (p<0.05) across the treatments and were 0.02%, 0.12%, 0.21-0.23% and 0.13- 0.15 for tannin, oxalate, phytate and saponin respectively. The mineral contents of the feed blocks differed significantly (p<0.05) across the treatments, with higher values (2.41% Ca, 0.89% Mg, 1.62% K, 3.28% P, 0.75% Na, 50.55% Zn and 113.25% Mn) of all the minerals (except iron) recorded in African black plum fruit meal (F3) feed block. Conclusively, the feed blocks produced contained sufficient quantities of minerals and the composition of the phytochemicals in the feed blocks was low. The use of African black plum feed as a strategy to augment mineral deficiencies in ruminant livestock was recommended.
EMERGING TRENDS: THE RISE OF BIOFLOC FISH FARMING IN MODERN AQUACULTURE
Authors: Auwalu J.
Published: December 2024

Modern aquaculture is continually evolving to meet the growing demand for sustainable and efficient methods of fish production. One emerging trend gaining considerable attention is biofloc fish farming, a revolutionary approach that integrates microbial-rich environments to enhance water quality and optimize fish growth. This paper provides an overview of the key principles and benefits of biofloc technology, shedding light on its potential to shape the future of aquaculture. Biofloc technology involves the cultivation of dense communities of microorganisms, primarily bacteria and algae, within the aquaculture system. These microorganisms form aggregates known as bioflocs, creating a dynamic ecosystem that contributes to water purification and nutrient recycling. This approach stands in contrast to traditional aquaculture systems that rely on water exchange, often leading to environmental concerns and increased resource usage. The main advantages of biofloc fish farming include improved water quality, enhanced biosecurity, and increased production efficiency. This paper reviews case studies and research findings that showcase the successful implementation of biofloc technology in different fish species, highlighting its versatility and adaptability. The potential economic benefits, coupled with environmental sustainability, position biofloc fish farming as a viable and attractive option for modern aquaculture. As the global demand for seafood continues to rise, exploring innovative and sustainable practices becomes imperative. The rise of biofloc fish farming represents a paradigm shift in aquaculture practices, offering a promising solution to address the challenges of traditional systems while fostering a more environmentally responsible and economically viable industry.
NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF SELECTED TROPICAL FORAGES AND THEIR EFFECT ON ACCEPTABILITY IN RABBIT FEEDING
Authors: Okpakpor U. E. , Adegbenro M. , Adeleke M. L. , Onibi G. E.
Published: December 2024

The ability of rabbits to make use of forages is an important factor in rabbit nutrition. Tridax procumbens, Euphobia heterophylla, Alternanthera brasiliana, Aspilia africana, Tithonia diversifolia are common forages for rabbits. Previous authors have reported the nutrient composition of these plants but there is scanty of information on the how the available nutrient affects consumption of the plants. This study was designed to ascertain the effect of nutrients present in these plants on its preferences. A total of thirty weaner rabbits (Breeds of rabbit should be indicated) were used in the experiment. Omale, J The rabbits were separated into groups A and B, fifteen rabbits are in each group. Animals in group A were offered fresh forages while those in group B were offered dry forages in a cafeteria arrangement. With the aid of cameras installed in the pens, the behaviours of experimental animals were recorded to help study the frequency of visitation to the various forages. Results of this study showed that Euphorbia heterophylla was the most visited while Aspilia africana was the least visited. The crude protein in the forages ranged from 4.70% - 5.62% with Tithonia diversifolia and Euphobia heterophylla having the significantly (p≤0.05) highest and least values, respectively. Aspilia africana recorded significantly highest (p≤0.05) values for NDF, ADF and ADL followed by Tridax procumbens. Hemicellulose of Euphobia heterophylla was the significantly (p≤0.05) highest. It was concluded that of the selected forages, Euphobia heterophylla was the most preferred while the least was Aspilia africana.
EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES OF XYLOPIA AETHIOPICA LEAVES EXTRACTS AGAINST SOME GRAM POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE BACTERIAL ISOLATED FROM AQUATIC ANIMALS
Authors: Olusola S. E. , Uguh P. , Ayebidun O. V.
Published: December 2024

Resistance to antibiotics by antibacterial agents resulted in the consideration for natural products with novel antibacterial activity that will help to manage or control the menace caused by resistant organisms. Therefore, this study was carried out to assess the curative potential effects of Xylopia aethiopica leaves extracts on seven fish pathogens: Aeromonas hydrophila, Staphylococcus iniae, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Samonella typhi, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus pyogenes using pour plate method. The antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration of ethanolic and methanolic extracts of X. aethiopica leaves were determined using standard methods. The ethanolic leaf extracts of X. aethiopica revealed antibacterial properties against all the pathogens tested except S. iniae and S. pyogenes while the methanolic leaf extracts displayed antibacterial properties against all the pathogens tested. The ethanolic and methanolic leaf extracts of X. aethiopica exhibited the highest antibacterial activities against Bacillus subtilis (20.50 mm) and Salmonella typhi (20.00 mm) respectively. No antibacterial effects were recorded in the negative control (distilled water). The minimum inhibitory concentration of ethanolic and methanolic leaf extracts of X. aethiopica was 450 µg/ml and 225 µg/ml respectively. This study attests to the possibility of using X. aethiopica leaf extracts in the treatment of bacterial infections in fish.
USAGE AND CHALLENGES OF LIVE MAGGOT AS FISH FOOD AMONG FISH FARMERS IN IBI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, TARABA STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Ogunremi J. B. , Shaibu A. L. , Yusuf A.
Published: December 2024

The usage and challenges of live maggot as fish food among fish farmers in Ibi Local Government area; Taraba State, Nigeria was investigated. Sixty (60) fish farmers were randomly selected from four Districts to obtain a total sample size of two hundred and twenty (240) respondents. Questionnaire and scheduled interview approach were used to obtain information from the respondents. Data obtained were analyzed through descriptive statistics such as (frequency and percentage) while inferential statistics used was Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) at P<0.05. Majority (80.4%) of the fish farmers were aware of maggot usage as fish food, 45.0% were aware that live maggot is rich in nutrient compared to other conventional food, fish fed with live maggot grow faster (53.8%). Only 23.3% of the respondents fed their fish with live maggot and 58.3% of the fish farmers were willing to feed their fish with live maggot. The major challenges on use of maggot as fish food; inability to get enough quantity to buy (78.3%), dead maggot on water attract pathogenic organisms (75.0%), there is a significant relationship between awareness on live maggot as fish food and usage among the fish farmers (r=.341, n=240, p (.000) <.05). It was recommended that fish farmers should be encouraged to practice intensive system of fish cum poultry to generate enough quantity of maggot as feed to reduce the cost of fish production.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SNAIL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS USING CROPS AS COVER: GROWTH PARAMETERS AS INDICATORS
Authors: Akinwale W. E. , Omoyakhi J. M. , Ewansiha S. U.
Published: December 2024

This study was carried out to evaluate the different snail production systems using crops as cover. Open and screened paddocks systems of rearing snails were compared with the conventional snailery. The conventional system involved raising snails in pens. In the open and screened paddocks, leaves from four different plants (Pueraria phaseoloides, Centrosema mole, Calapogonium mucunoides and Manihot esculenta) commonly called Puereria, Centrosema, Calapogonium and Cassava, respectively. were cultivated to simulate the natural environment of the snails. A total number of three hundred and twenty (320) apparently healthy Archachatina marginata with liveweight between 50 to 60 g were used in the study, which was laid out in a 2 X 4 factorial in Randomized Complete Block Design with four replicates. Data collected on body weight changes were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using GenStat version 12.0 statistical software. Significant level was taken at P < 0.05. The conduct of the study spanned through three climatic conductions (0 week -Cold wet; 6 weeks -Cold dry; 12 weeks - Hot dry). There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the body weight of the snails among the four cover treatments when compared on the basis of the production systems. The snails in the Calapogonium, Centrosema, Puereria and Cassava screened paddock recorded 10.75, 5.90, 5.63 and 4.43 g body weight gain, respectively while the snails reared under the open paddock in Calapogonium, Pueraria, Centrosema and Cassava had weight gain of 4.28, 3.7, 2.9 and -2.8 g, respectively. The snails in the conventional paddock had an average weight gain of 6.5 g. It is therefore evident that weight gain and other performance indices of snail is a function of the nutritional composition of their diet and the environment in which they are reared.
USE OF PLANT EXTRACT AND PROBIOTICS IN PREVENTING PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA INFECTION IN CLARIAS GARIEPINUS
Authors: Obisesan O. M. , Oladosu G. A. , Olajuyigbe O. O. , Ajibade A. O.
Published: December 2024

This study was aimed at investigating the use of plant extract and probiotics (Bacillus subtilis) in preventing bacterial infection in Clarias gariepinus. 120 post-juvenile C. gariepinus were challenged with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and neem leaves extract and B. subtilis were administered concurrently with the infected fish for fourteen days. Clinical signs and mortality were the parameters measured to observe if fresh aqueous neem leaves extract and Bacillus subtilis can prevent P. aeruginosa infection in C. gariepinus. Lesions were more in group infected with P. aeruginosa bacterial only, while lesions were absent to minimal in groups treated with neem extract and Bacillus subtilis. Mortality rate of P. aeruginosa infected group was 30%, while those treated with neem extract and Bacillus subtilis groups were 10 and 5% respectively. Both neem leave extract and B. subtilis were able to prevent P. aeruginosa infection in C. gariepinus base on the clinical sign observed, but mortality rate was higher in group administered with neem than group administered with Bacillus.
COMPARATIVE SENSITIVITY OF FAECAL AND BILE SAMPLES IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF LIVER FLUKE INFECTION IN SHEEP AND GOATS IN ZARIA, NIGERIA
Authors: YUSUF K. H. , AJANUSI O. J. , ALUKO O. M. , JATAU I. D. , OWOLABI Y. H.
Published: December 2024

Liver fluke disease (also known as liver rot) is an economically important disease of ruminant's worldwide, causing significant morbidity and grave economic loss. In a study to determine the degree of sensitivity of bile sample and faecal sample to the detection of liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica and Dicrocoelium hospes) infection in sheep and goats slaughtered in Zaria. A total of 200 samples each of gall bladders and faeces were collected from 174 goats and 26 sheep. The contents of the gall bladder and faecal samples were analyzed using sedimentation technique to isolate the eggs of these parasites and possibly the adult stages. The percentage sensitivity for bile and faecal samples were found to be approximately 90% and 63.2% respectively as more of the parasites were isolated from bile than faeces. It was then concluded that compared to examination of faeces, bile analysis is a more reliable method for the diagnoses of liver fluke infection in small ruminants around the study area.
COST - BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF AFRICAN MUD CATFISH (CLARIAS GARIEPINUS, BURCHELL, 1822) FRY FED DIETARY BETAINE HYDROCHLORIDE BASED DIET
Authors: Ali M. E. , Maisheru J. A. , Ekaette E. E. , Yusuf Z. A. , Nababa A. S. , Useni S. S. , Ogunmefun G. S.
Published: December 2024

This study was carried out at the Aquatic Bio - Resources Unit, National Biotechnology Development Agency, Katsina, Katsina State. One of the objectives was to evaluate the cost - benefit of Clarias gariepinus fry fed dietary betaine hydrochloride based diet. Betaine hydrochloride was incorporated in the form of a feed additive at T0 (0.0g/100g,), T1 (0.25g/100g), T2 (0.5g/100g), T3 (0.75g/100g) and T4 (1.0g/100g) inclusion levels, respectively into 0.2 – 0.5mm size Coppens fish feeds containing 49% crude protein. Diet without betaine hydrochloride served as the control (T0), in triplicates. Diets were fed to fry (n = 1,500. 0.26±0.0g) for 28 days in 15 plastic hatchery tanks (n = 100). Fry were fed at a fixed feeding rate of 10% body weight 6 times daily between the hours of 07:00 and 23:00 at regular interval. Cost - benefit analysis was calculated for each of the diets. Mean net profit value (₦19.05), benefit cost ratio value (2.74) were better along treatments with the least incidence of cost value (₦1.67) in fry fed diet T2, while the mean net profit value of ₦11.30 was least in fry fed the control diet (T0), benefit cost ratio value (1.65) was least from both the fry fed diet T1 and diet T3, while the highest (poor) incidence of cost value of ₦2.37 was recorded from both fry fed diets T3 and T4 respectively. This study indicated that the incorporation of dietary betaine hydrochloride into C. gariepinus fry feed containing 0.5g/100g level was a profitable venture for African mud catfish breeders, considering the highest profit index value (4.37).
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND HAEMATOLOGY OF THREE STRAINS OF COMMERCIAL BROILER CHICKENS
Authors: MUSA A. A. , OLUMOYEGUN B. D. , PHILIP C. G. , SHOYOMBO A. J. , ADELAJA A. A.
Published: December 2024

A study was conducted to compare growth performance and haematology of three commercial broiler chicken strains. A total number of 150 (comprising of 50 chicks each of Arbor Acre, Hubbard and Anak strains) day old chicks were used for the study. The birds were randomly allotted into three treatments with five replicates each. Data were collected on growth performance and haematology. Data collected were subjected to one way analysis of variance procedure of Statistical Analysis System software and significant means were separated using Tukey. The results revealed that all the haematological parameters were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by strain at both phases of growth with the exception of packed cell volume and white blood cell counts at the finisher phase. Results on growth performance showed that all the parameters were not significantly influenced (P>0.05) by strain effect except body weight and feed intake. Arbor-acre strain recorded higher (P<0.05) body weight and feed intake than Hubbard and Anak strains who had comparable record for these parameters at starter phase while the finisher phase result showed that strain had significant (P<0.05) effect on all the growth performance parameters studied. Arbor-acre was slightly superior (P<O.05) than Anak and Hubbard. It was therefore concluded that the Arbor-acre strain had better performance due to its fast growth, feed intake, feed conversion ability and feed cost per kg gain.
EFFECT OF GRADED LEVELS OF CASSAVA PEEL MEAL ON THE HAEMATOLOGICALPARAMETERS OF COCKERELS
Authors: NWANGWU A. C. , OGAH M. D.
Published: December 2024

Twenty nine cockerels were used to investigate the effect of graded level of cassava peel meal on the haematology of cockerels. The birds were assigned to 3 treatments namely DI, D2 and D3. DI served as control. D2 and D3 contained 20% and 30% CPM. respectively. Statistical analysis of the haematological parameters showed significant differences (P<0.05) between the control diet (DI) and the cassava peel based diets (D2 and D3) in the levels of PCV and HB. Mean total WBC values were 6235.56+-19 for DI, 7888.00+-73.56 for D2 and 9906.80+-144.17 for D3, respectively. Among the differential count, significant differences (P<0.05) were observed between the 3 treatments in the levels of neutrophils, between DI and D3 in lymphocytes and between Dland D2 and DI and D3 in eosinophils. The result of this study finally suggested that the cassava peel based diets (D2 and D3) with higher haematological values in PCV and HB which ultimately reflected better physiological status of the birds seemed to be superior to the control diet (DI) with no cassava peel meal and that cassava peels could be safely used as an alternative energy source for cockerel production.