bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CULTURAL IMPORTANCE OF CHEESE TYPE FOR KINGDOM PERNAMBUCANO
Authors: Shinohara Neide Kazue Sakugawa , Santos Marília Cícera Gomes dos , Medeiros Selma Travassos Cirino , Padilha Maria do Rosário de Fátima , Matsumoto Masayoshi
Published: March 2015

Cheese is one of the great achievements in the preservation of milk, using simple techniques and preserving important protein source in different food crops. Originally from the Netherlands, Edam cheese was introduced in Brazil in 1880 by the Portuguese colonizers, hence the name "kingdom." Currently, in the industrial production, the legislation determines that it is classified as "kingdom type ". Due to the high lipid and sodium content, this product that is most suitable in the composition of sandwiches, in sauces added to pasta and composition along with the desserts, these associations are part of the tradition, flavors and knowledge of Pernambuco’s cooking. A ball of Kingdom cheese is something that you have to give to families, especially in Christmas time and St. John, because it symbolizes the wish for happiness and prosperity in the northeastern important religious festivals calendar, where relatives and friends gather to celebrate the dates in question, putting on their tables this precious culinary heritage of Pernambuco.
Trauma and Resiliency in Grandparent-Headed Multigenerational Families
Authors: Lee Youjung , Blitz Lisa V. , Srnka Miranda
Published: March 2015

This study explored the experiences of 23 grandparents raising grandchildren to better understand the vulnerability and resiliency of grandparent-headed multigenerational families. Three key themes emerged: (a) family trauma with multigenerational impact, (b) multiple stressors impacting the custodial grandparents, and (c) family resiliency that can promote healing and growth. The discussion highlights complex intersections of trauma and stress, and resiliency and healing. Implications for social work practice include the importance of understanding the nature of trauma and resiliency in clinical interventions to ensure the healthy development of children and older adults. Implications for social work advocacy include the necessity to promote flexible policies that address the needs of grandparent-headed households.
Establishing a Prevention-Focused Integrative Approach to Social Work Practice
Authors: Rishel Carrie W.
Published: March 2015

Establishing a prevention-focused integrative approach to practice is of critical importance for social work. The Affordable Care Act promotes a shift from fragmented health care delivery toward integrated models of service delivery that emphasize prevention. This shift prompts the need for practitioners who understand the interrelationship among mental health, substance use, and physical health care, and who are prepared to address these needs through a collaborative prevention-focused approach. This article describes such an approach to practice in which social workers integrate micro, mezzo, and macro practice efforts across service systems and, along with allied health and social service professionals, effectively and efficiently address major problems of living within the environmental context. Suggestions regarding curriculum implementation and policy advocacy are discussed.
Reflections on Theory and Outcome Measures for Fatherhood Programs
Authors: Fagan Jay , Kaufman Rebecca
Published: March 2015

Responsible fatherhood programs have proliferated in the United States during the past several decades, yet few studies have been conducted of their effects on fathers and children. Evaluation of these programs requires attention to 2 questions that have not been adequately addressed: What are the specific outcomes expected from fathers’ participation in programs, and how do we measure those outcomes? In this article, we suggest 3 theoretical frameworks for fatherhood programs: attachment theory, family systems theory, and the risk–resilience perspective. Promising outcome measures and the need to develop new measures are discussed.
The cascading impacts of livestock grazing in upland ecosystems: a 10‐year experiment
Authors: Evans Darren M. , Villar Nacho , Littlewood Nick A. , Pakeman Robin J. , Evans Sharon A. , Dennis Peter , Skartveit John , Redpath Steve M.
Published: March 2015

Livestock grazing is a major driver of land‐use change, causing significant biodiversity loss globally. Although the short‐term effects of livestock grazing on individual species are well studied, a mechanistic understanding of the long‐term, cascading impacts is lacking. We manipulated livestock densities using a unique, replicated upland experiment over a 10‐year period and found significant effects of grazing treatment on plant and arthropod biomass; the number of Anthus pratensis breeding bird territories; the amplitude of Microtus agrestis population cycles and the activity of a top predator, Vulpes vulpes. Lower plant biomass as a result of higher stocking densities led to cascades across trophic levels, with fewer arthropods and small mammals, the latter affecting predator activity. Breeding bird territories were a function of arthropod abundance and vegetation structure heterogeneity. Our results provide a novel food‐web analysis in a grazing experiment to provide a mechanistic understanding of how food‐webs in upland ecosystems respond to long‐term livestock grazing pressure, with consequences for management.
Generalization and evaluation of the process‐based forest ecosystem model PnET‐CN for other biomes
Authors: Thorn Alexandra M. , Xiao Jingfeng , Ollinger Scott V.
Published: March 2015

Terrestrial ecosystems play an important role in carbon, water, and nitrogen cycling. Process‐based ecosystem models, including PnET‐CN, have been widely used to simulate ecosystem processes during the last two decades. PnET‐CN is a forest ecosystem model, originally designed to predict ecosystem carbon, water, and nitrogen dynamics of temperate forests under a variety of circumstances. Among terrestrial ecosystem models, PnET‐CN offers unique benefits, including simplicity and transparency of its structure, reliance on data‐driven parameterization rather than calibration, and use of generalizeable relationships that provide explicit linkages among carbon, water and nitrogen cycles. The objective of our study was to apply PnET‐CN to non‐forest biomes: grasslands, shrublands, and savannas. We determined parameter values for grasslands and shrublands using the literature and ecophysiological databases. To assess the usefulness of PnET‐CN in these ecosystems, we simulated carbon and water fluxes for six AmeriFlux sites: two grassland sites (Konza Prairie and Fermi Prairie), two open shrubland sites (Heritage Land Conservancy Pinyon Juniper Woodland and Sevilleta Desert Shrubland), and two woody savanna sites (Freeman Ranch and Tonzi Ranch). Grasslands and shrublands were simulated using the biome‐specific parameters, and savannas were simulated as mixtures of grasslands and forests. For each site, we used flux observations to evaluate modeled carbon and water fluxes: gross primary productivity (GPP), ecosystem respiration (ER), net ecosystem productivity (NEP), evapotranspiration (ET), and water yield. We also evaluated simulated water use efficiency (WUE). PnET‐CN generally captured the magnitude, seasonality, and interannual variability of carbon and water fluxes as well as WUE for grasslands, shrublands, and savannas. Overall, our results show that PnET‐CN is a promising tool for modeling ecosystem carbon and water fluxes for non‐forest biomes (grasslands, shrublands, and savannas), and especially for modeling GPP in mature biomes. Limitations in model performance included an overestimation of seasonal variability in GPP and ET for the two shrubland sites and overestimation of early season ER for the two shrubland sites and Freeman Ranch. Future modifications of PnET‐CN for non‐forest biomes should focus on belowground processes, including water storage in dry shrubland soils, root growth and respiration in grasslands, and soil carbon fluxes for all biomes.
Islamic Law and the Management of Natural Resources in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Ottoman Syria
Authors: Joseph Sabrina
Published: March 2015

Drawing on evidence from seventeenth and eighteenth century Islamic legal sources in Ottoman Syria, the paper examines the laws governing the use and management of natural resources, particularly for agricultural production. Islamic jurists played a key role in mediating the state's relationship with local populations and legitimising local practices and customs that governed land and water use. Often, this translated into laws which prioritised protecting the public good while not necessarily challenging existing power structures. The paper also explains how pious endowments ( waqfs ) were integral to the management of land and water resources in Ottoman Syria. The study sheds light on indigenous narratives regarding the environment and how Islamic law adapted to social and economic circumstances on the ground. Ultimately, the law contributed to ensuring the socio-cultural sustainability of 'management' strategies implemented by local populations vis à vis the environment.
Expanding the Space for Future Resource Management: Explorations of the Timber Frontier in Northern Europe and the Rescaling of Sustainability During the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Lotz Christian
Published: March 2015

Analysing international forestry congresses and (by way of example) the exploration of Northern Norway and Finland in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the article examines the changing conditions of natural resource management in the Baltic and North Sea regions. From the mid-nineteenth century onward, the overall increasing consumption of wood and the advancing timber frontier in Northern Europe questioned the Western European perception of Northern Europe as possessing inexhaustible woodlands. At the same time, the expanding railway network in Central Europe overran traditional (local) concepts of sustainable forest management. Since 1873, at international congresses, experts have debated the consequences of these spatial changes for the future prospects of forestry. On the one hand, pessimistic voices warned about a coming worldwide shortage of timber. On the other hand, optimistic statements saw the railway as a solution, as it allowed for timber to be transported wherever rails were laid. In the countries of the Baltic and North Sea regions, state authorities, as well as forestry academies, took up the debate and tried to improve their knowledge of accessible forest resources, for instance by sending expeditions to the woodlands of Northern Europe. The expanding railway network as well as the accumulation and cross border circulation of new knowledge about forest resources led to an ongoing process of rescaling sustainability: forestry experts continuously tried to keep in step with the changing spatial conditions of forestry planning (timber frontier, railway network) and at the same time fostered these changes. Experts suggested and advocated either spatial limits - for instance laws for regional forest protection - or further spatial extensions - such as new railway lines or channels - in order to shape the spatial framework of future forest management.
Structure and mechanism of the formation of core–shell nanoparticles obtained through a one-step gas-phase synthesis by electron beam evaporation
Authors: Nomoev Andrey V , Bardakhanov Sergey P , Schreiber Makoto , Bazarova Dashima G , Romanov Nikolai A , Baldanov Boris B , Radnaev Bair R , Syzrantsev Viacheslav V
Published: March 2015

The structure of core–shell Cu@silica and Ag@Si nanoparticles obtained in one-step through evaporation of elemental precursors by a high-powered electron beam are investigated. The structure of the core and shell of the particles are investigated in order to elucidate their mechanisms of formation and factors affecting the synthesis. It is proposed that the formation of Cu@silica particles is mainly driven by surface tension differences between Cu and Si while the formation of Ag@Si particles is mainly driven by differences in the vapour concentration of the two components.
Embellie en vue pour le Québec, si...
Authors: Cardinal Jacqueline , Cléroux Pierre
Published: March 2015

L’année 2015 sera fortement marquée par le renforcement de l’économie américaine, par l’effet du vieillissement de la population et par l’évolution incertaine du prix des produits de base. Le Québec pourra tirer son épingle du jeu et bénéficier de l’accélération de la croissance économique des États-Unis, à condition qu’il améliore sa productivité.
Geoff Molson, un leadership de confiance et de passion
Authors: Cardinal Jacqueline
Published: March 2015

Geoff Molson est de la 7 e génération des Molson à avoir œuvré dans l’industrie brassicole à Montréal. Il est également de la 3 e génération associée au Club de hockey Canadien. Comme président et chef de la direction du Groupe CH, il se situe au point de jonction de ces deux héritages. Il exerce un leadership basé sur la confiance qu’il accorde à ses collaborateurs triés sur le volet et à celle qu’il inspire chez ceux et celles qui veulent le suivre dans ses projets pour Montréal, une ville pour laquelle il éprouve une véritable passion.
Sensorica – Nouveau modèle d’affaires ou mode passagère ?
Authors: d’Amours Liette
Published: March 2015

Fondé en 2011, le réseau Sensorica compte actuellement 120 membres provenant de multiples horizons (design, ingénierie, fabrication, marketing, etc.). Ces individus et ces organisations partagent tous un objectif commun : la conception de senseurs et de systèmes intelligents. L’entreprise fonctionne non seulement sans patron, sans budget et sans paie hebdomadaire, mais ne possède ni équipement ni usine. Selon Mai Thai, professeure agrégée à HEC Montréal, ce nouveau modèle d’affaires présente cinq grands défis : gérer des troupes sans moyens coercitifs ; recruter sans garantie de salaire ; mesurer adéquatement la contribution de chacun ; réduire les vulnérabilités ; et adapter la structure aux législations actuelles. À la lumière de ces constats, une interrogation surgit : le modèle d’affaires de Sensorica est-il viable ?
Watson d’IBM, le petit futé de l’informatique cognitive
Authors: Foster Yvan
Published: March 2015

Il est indéniable que les systèmes de santé à travers le monde subissent une crise majeure depuis déjà quelques années. D’aucuns l’ont répété à plusieurs reprises : les coûts des services de santé ne cessent d’augmenter et l’impact d’une population vieillissante n’améliorera pas la situation. Les solutions explorées pour redresser la situation sont multiples, mais il est indéniable que les technologies de l’information font partie de la réponse, en particulier les mégadonnées. C’est là que le logiciel Watson, lancé par IBM en 2011, entre en scène.
Interpréter, est-ce communiquer ? Cinq constats à retenir
Authors: Péloquin Madeleine , Mailhot Chantale
Published: March 2015

Une professeure et une actrice partagent leur fascination pour le parallèle à faire entre l’art d’interpréter et l’art de communiquer. Leurs échanges portent sur les cinq constats communs qu’elles ont dégagés de leurs expériences : la professeure dans ses enseignements, et l’actrice dans ses prestations au théâtre.
Student Learning Outcomes in Response to Concept-Based Teaching
Authors: Getha-Eby Teresa J. , Beery Theresa , O’Brien Beth , Xu Yin
Published: March 2015

Background:

Concept-based teaching (CBT) has been found to better facilitate students’ meaningful learning than traditional pedagogy, but little research has been conducted in nursing education.

Method:

This mixed-methods study investigated meaningful learning in nursing students. Quantitative data were extracted from archived records and analyzed through multiple regression to compare two groups: students who received CBT and students who received traditional teaching.

Results:

Students’ pretest scores were the best predictor of meaningful learning gain (i.e., difference between pre- and post-test higher order thinking [HOT] scores). No significant between-group differences were noted. Qualitative data were collected from 22 CBT students, purposefully selected for their HOT scores, and analyzed through flow mapping. Integrative analysis found that students who verbalized a greater number of knowledge connections had higher HOT scores and a deeper understanding of nursing principles than did students with lower HOT scores.

Conclusion:

CBT students’ gain in HOT scores may become more apparent over several semesters. [
J Nurs Educ.
2015;54(4):193–200.
]
Using a Simulated Mass Casualty Incident to Teach Response Readiness: A Case Study
Authors: Shannon Crystal C.
Published: March 2015

Background:

Recent occurrences of disaster events highlight the need for increased attention to improving students’ knowledge of disaster readiness. Nursing education continues to struggle with the delivery of consistent, effective, and impactful teaching methods for disaster response. This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of using a simulated mass casualty incident (MCI) and Web-based resources to teach the application of disaster nursing concepts.

Method:

Baccalaureate nursing students (
n
= 63) were evaluated on their ability and perceived readiness to respond after participation in a disaster educational session and simulated MCI.

Results:

Quantitative and qualitative data revealed that students developed an increased ability in critical thinking, functionality within the health care team, and learning from their mistakes when responding to a simulated MCI.

Conclusion:

A varied approach of didactic, Web-based, and simulation education is effective in improving student’s perceived readiness for disaster response. Continued efforts are recommended to support student development in disaster response. [
J Nurs Educ.
2015;54(4):215–219.]
Use of Quick Response Coding to Create Interactive Patient and Provider Resources
Authors: Bellot Jennifer , Shaffer Kathryn , Wang Mary
Published: March 2015

Background:

Since their creation more than 20 years ago, the proliferation of Quick Response (QR) codes has expanded tremendously. Little was found in the literature to support the innovative use of QR coding in the classroom or in health care provision. Thus, the authors created a doctoral-level practicum experience using QR coding to create interactive, individualized patient or provider resource guides.

Method:

Short, descriptive surveys were used before and after implementation of the practicum experience to determine students’ comfort level using QR technology, their knowledge base, ease of use, and overall satisfaction with the practicum.

Results:

Students reported high levels of satisfaction with this exercise, and all agreed that use of QR coding could have important implications in the clinical environment.

Conclusion:

This practicum experience was a creative, practical, and valuable example of integrating emerging technology into individualized patient care. [
J Nurs Educ.
2015;54(4):224–227.]
Incorporating the QSEN Competency in Evidence-Based Practice in a Mental Health Clinical Rotation
Authors: Helms Kimberly D. , Walker Laura Pruitt
Published: March 2015

Background:

Nurse educators continually search for alternative methods of instruction that provide a meaningful experience while meeting clinical objectives. One approach incorporated the Quality Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) competencies’ evidence-based practice (EBP) into the clinical setting.

Method:

The Paint a Picture of Mental Illness assignment is a creative teaching approach in the Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing course. Students prepare a poster presentation using pictures, drawings, and illustrations demonstrating the mental, emotional, physical, financial, and spiritual impact of the mental illness. Students must perform a library search, locate an evidence-based research article related to best practices in patient care, and summarize pertinent information for presentation to the peer group.

Results:

Nursing students developed an understanding of mental health concepts, addressed real-life issues, researched EBP, and effectively communicated their findings to the peer group.

Conclusion:

This assignment helped students to develop empathy for patients with mental health issues and promoted understanding of patients’ inner experiences. [
J Nurs Educ.
2015;54(4):232–234.]
A Crustal Structure Model of the Beaufort-Mackenzie Margin, Southern Canada Basin
Authors: Oakey G.N. , Saltus R.W. , Shimeld J.W.
Published: March 2015

Canada and the United States collaborated in geophysical survey operations in the Amerasia Basin from 2007 to 2011 using the Canadian icebreaker CCGS Louis S. St. Laurent and the US icebreaker USCGC Healy. Over 15000 km of bathymetry, sub-bottom profiles, and 16-channel seismic reflection data were acquired over the Canada Basin and Alpha Ridge. Expendable sonobuoys were deployed to collect P-wave refraction and wide angle reflection data to define the regional velocity structure of the sedimentary successions. Although the new seismic profiles tie with existing GSC multichannel seismic lines on the Beaufort Shelf, water-bottom multiples obscure direct correlation of deeper stratigraphic horizons and (at best) basement is poorly imaged.

We present a 2-D gravity and magnetic model for the southern Canada Basin margin and Beaufort-Mackenzie Basin integrating the new LSSL data with an existing deep crustal seismic reflection profile. The model crosses the slope region, where bathymetry shallows, base-of-sediments is deep, and basement is not imaged because of the water-bottom multiple. The density values used in the model are constrained by empirical relationships between velocity and density rock properties; however, magnetic susceptibility values are based on typical values for the inferred crustal lithologies. Velocity analyses of the new sonobuoy data provide constraints on the composition of the sediments, and enable quantitative mapping of continental, oceanic, and transitional domains within the Canada Basin. The 2-D gravity and magnetic forward model provides estimates for basement and Moho depths, the distribution and depths of magnetic sources, and visualization of the underlying crustal architecture controlling basin formation.
Navigating the NSR: The Arctic Ice-Breaking LNG Carrier
Authors: Hannon Frederic , Giboin Pierre , Kalinin Andrey
Published: March 2015

The Yamal LNG Project in Russia involves a number of challenges; besides those of building a liquefaction plant in the Arctic Circle, along with a port accessible all year round for exporting the LNG production, the very issue of marine export - to ensure safe and reliable transportation at optimized costs - hinges on the development of Arctic LNG Carriers capable of breaking ice themselves with no assistance from ice-breakers. This paper addresses some of the preliminary steps and the stages of development of the final solution: the Arctic ice-breaking LNG Carrier.
Prediction of Arctic Sea Ice for Ship Routing: Forecast Experiment and Ship Cruise
Authors: Dobrynin Mikhail , Fock Björn Hendrik , Gierisch Andrea M. U. , Pohlmann Thomas , Kaleschke Lars , Schlünzen Heinke
Published: March 2015

Results are presented from a sea ice forecasting experiment combined with a field campaign undertaken in the Barents Sea in March 2014. The simulations were performed with the regional coupled atmosphere-sea ice-ocean model HAMMER, recently developed within the project IRO-2 dealing with ice forecast and route optimization. The model HAMMER is driven by the high-resolution forecasts provided by the ECMWF and by results of the Arctic wide ice ocean data assimilation system ICEDAS, ran by project partners. For initial conditions of sea ice thickness and concentration remote sensing information from SMOS and AMSR2 are used. Project partners used the model output to run a ship route optimization system. The experiment took place during a two-week period in March 2014 onboard RV Lance, to test the sea ice prediction system under operational conditions. The model results are compared to ice observations as well as to hydrographic measurements conducted during this cruise. By this means, it was possible to analyze the skill of the model system, and hence, its potential for a customized ship routing under ice conditions.
Mud-weight Control During Arctic Drilling Operations
Authors: Torsæter Malin , Cerasi Pierre
Published: March 2015

In Arctic regions, permafrost and gas hydrate bearing sediments below the seabed present a technical problem for drilling operations. The first and most important challenge is to be able to control the well if pressured gas is encountered in or below such formations, and the second problem is the stability of the borehole if these sediments begin thawing during drilling. Both these issues are strongly dependent on the choice of mud - and mud-weight. In the present paper we outline a methodology that can aid mud and mud-weight choices during Arctic drilling. It involves using a numerical borehole stability code, which calculates safe mud-weight windows by applying time-dependent physico-chemo-thermo rock mechanical models. It takes as input available information on the subsurface that is to be drilled, and if field data is not available it can be given input from scientific literature or from correlation analyses in a large database of laboratory test results on North Sea core samples.

As a part of the process of adapting the numerical borehole stability code to Arctic environments, several simulations were done using Arctic well parameters from literature as input. These are presented in this paper, and they reveal that the mechanical and petrophysical properties of gas hydrate bearing sediments make them difficult to drill - even without taking thawing or thermal/gas induced changes in mud rheology into account. Our analyses indicate that similar drilling problems as those encountered when drilling in shales are likely to be met also when drilling through clay/silt based permafrost and gas hydrate sediments. Even if our simulations do not include the tricky sediment thawing during drilling - the impact of this process on borehole stability is discussed. It is concluded that with more detailed input on the Arctic subsurface, the presented methodology has the potential to predict safe mud-weight windows for drilling through permafrost and gas hydrate bearing sediments - and it can thereby contribute to safer and more cost-efficient exploitation of Arctic petroleum resources.
Oil and Gas Development in The Faroese Islands, Iceland and Greenland: How Local Competence Development Contributes to a Social License to Operate
Authors: Smits C.C.A. , Justinussen J.C.S. , Bertelsen R.G.
Published: March 2015

Offshore oil and gas projects in the Arctic are to an increasing extent subject to global public opinion and scrutiny. Over the past decade the Arctic has turned into the World's back yard, where potential impacts can easily become a global topic for discussion. Looking from an industrial perspective to Arctic operations, it is thus of major importance to gain the support of local stakeholders counter balancing international tumult.

Gaining local support for developing offshore operations is dependent on a number of factors, including the benefits for local societies besides the taxes paid to a national government. Local support cannot be fooled, tricked or manipulated over a resisting population just as soft power is not empty propaganda. Not always the initiative to support local societies comes from the oil companies themselves. Often it is the regulation of a country making it mandatory for oil companies to exercise these efforts. These efforts could thus be seen as obligatory while they do not necessarily only cost money, but also increases local resilience which could lead to support for a company's operations. However, these longer term positive externalities are often hard to measure and quantify.

This manuscript will look at three case studies: the Faroese Islands, Iceland and Greenland. These three microstates have the aim to develop an oil & gas sector. Potential impacts of these developments are mostly felt locally, while the product will be mainly exported globally. For this reason the local societies are aiming to maximise their benefits and use a number of policy instruments to ensure this will happen. This manuscript will examine the measures that are incorporated into the Faroese, Greenlandic and Icelandic policies to stimulate local competence development via higher and vocational education. Furthermore it will try to illustrate how supporting and funding local competence development could contribute to increasing the resilience of local societies in the Arctic and obtaining a social license to operate.
Four Oil and Gas Operators Join Forces to Make a Joint Social Baseline Study in Greenland
Authors: Krarup Hans Christian , Björnsson Haukur
Published: March 2015

This paper summarises the process and findings of a recent Social Baseline Study (SBS) that four companies recently undertook jointly in Baffin Bay, Greenland. It explains how the companies came to the decision to join forces on the SBS a joint study and describes the one year process.

The majority of the paper is devoted to advantages and disadvantages of a joint approach. Examples of advantages were less stakeholder fatigue, consistency of baseline and overall higher value of the project. Inefficient review process and different timelines of drilling are examples of disadvantages. The overall outcome was that the joint approach was widely beneficial, especially for Greenlandic stakeholders.

While the joint SBS revealed a number of interesting socio-economic issues and trends, some of which are described in this paper, the true value of a joint SBS was in the process rather than the product. Private companies, regulators and stakeholders can all benefit from such an approach, and the authors recommend that this becomes a standard approach when situations allow.
Offshore Newfoundland and Labrador Metocean Study
Authors: King Tony , Wright Richard , Drover Keith , Fleming Greg , Gillis Erin
Published: March 2015

In 2013, Nalcor announced the mapping of three newly defined sedimentary basins off the Labrador coast (the Henley, Chidley and Holton Basins) as well as the extension of the previously defined Hawke Basin. This mapping was based on the Nalcor and TGS regional 2D seismic surveys conducted in 2011 and 2012. These newly defined sedimentary basins are located primarily in deep water in the Labrador Sea, off the east coast of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. To date there has been no regional study of the Metocean conditions offshore Newfoundland and Labrador, and as part of Nalcor's exploration strategy, a metocean study was seen as a crucial piece of information in an area of frontier exploration. Nalcor commissioned C-CORE to characterize the metocean environment, covering topics such as winds, waves, currents, icing, fog, pack ice, icebergs and ice islands, changes in conditions expected due to climatic change and comparisons with other frontier regions. Conditions were summarized for 391 study area sub-sections (mostly one degree longitude by half degree latitude blocks). While there is a perception that the Labrador Sea is essentially an arctic environment, it is subarctic and conducive to oil and gas exploration and development. While the pack ice and iceberg regime is challenging along the Labrador coast, conditions improve substantially further offshore in deeper water. The regional characterization of iceberg frequency was difficult due to limited data, as most surveillance effort has been focused on and immediately north of the northeast Grand Banks in support of existing oil and gas production operations in the Jeanne d'Arc Basin. The characterization of iceberg frequency in the deep water basins was achieved through analysis of archived Envisat satellite data. The quantification of the sea ice and iceberg presence for these areas shows that the ice risk is significantly less than off Greenland and near-shore Labrador, and over much of the deep water basins similar to (or even less than) the Grand Banks.
Designing New Arctic Ships to Incorporate Cloud Computing for Improved Information Systems and Vessel Management
Authors: McGillivary Philip A. , Stecca Michele , Maresca Massimo , Baglietto Pierpaolo
Published: March 2015

Cloud Computing is rapidly becoming the key technology to implementat and manage computing centers. This paper describes how Cloud Computing can be effectively used in ships to support reconfigurable and versatile computing facilities. At the moment the application of Cloud Computing in ships is still at its infancy. The paper describes a project aiming at building a ship which incorporates Cloud Computing in its data management system, from engine room control and monitoring to bridge operations, for managing ship to shore communications, and for all the other ship subsystems. The main advantages of the adoption of the Cloud Compuing paradigm in ships are described and discussed.
Permafrost Impact on Gas Fields Development in the Russian Onshore Arctic (Yamal Peninsula)
Authors: Yakushev Vladimir S.
Published: March 2015

Permafrost in Arctic is one of the most important factors when exploration and production of gas and gas condensate fields due to its sensitivity to any technogenic (humane-made) impact or climatic change. Exploration and production procedures in the areas with instable permafrost cause such processes like thermokarst, thermoerosion, flooding, frost heave, surface subsidence, shallow gas blowouts et al. These processes require their forecast and prevention when gas field development designing. However permafrost sometimes is very different in its properties even within area of one production well cluster, so careful study of permafrost behavior is needed before and during gas production. Russian experience of gas field development at complicated permafrost (geocryologic) conditions of Yamal peninsula (Kara Sea shore) is presented.
Monotower Steel GBS Concept and Design Considerations
Authors: Wu Chunfa , Ji Chunqun
Published: March 2015

This paper presents the design considerations for conical steel Gravity Based Structures (GBS). Concrete GBS have been used to support hydrocarbon production facilities and offshore wind turbines in the North Sea, Sub-Arctic and Arctic regions for many years. This paper outlines the design drivers that govern the dimensions and weight of the conical steel GBS. The conical steel GBS concept has advantages and disadvantages compared with conventional concrete construction that ultimately impact the design criteria. The different design considerations to focus on include fabrication, topside installation, marine transportation, installation and the expected performance. The GBS geometry considered is a hexadecagon (16) which allows maximum topside capacity and the ability to withstand extreme weather conditions. Also, there is a challenge that has to be resolved which is to have a foundation designed for different soil properties. An ideal concept is to have a skirt design which allows the ice wall to be designed to resist the local and global ice loads. This allows optimal performance of the conical steel GBS concept.
Detection of Oil Under Ice Utilizing Active Acoustic Multibeam Sonars
Authors: Eriksen Peter Koldgaard , Pocwiardowski Pawel
Published: March 2015

The objective of this paper is to demonstrate active acoustic multibeam sensors usability as an oil detection survey tool under ice. This is a crucial element of all drilling, exploration taking place when there is partial or full ice cover. This paper will discuss some of the preliminary findings done during an experiment conducted as part of the IOGP funded contract.

The paper will discuss the active acoustic detection of oil in the water/oil ice interface, practical results from tests under ice in tank environment will be presented in various stages of ice growth as well as melting phase, practical deployment of large area active acoustic survey tools under ice will be discussed briefly with examples.

Practical results from oil releases under ice during growth and the melting process in US Navy cold water lab CRREL New Hampshire, US. Example of deployment of sensors under ice in USCG trials in Lake Michigan, US. Recommendation for survey tool as well as large survey area coverage methods and interval for operations under ice during oil and gas activities.

Understanding of those topics is essential for safe exploitation of natural resources in ice affected areas, many of the new natural resources are found in those areas.
Targeted Full-Waveform Inversion of Ground-Penetrating Radar Data for Quantification of Oil Spills under Sea Ice
Authors: Bradford John H. , Marshall HP , Babcock Esther , Dickins David F.
Published: March 2015

We have implemented a targeted ground-penetrating radar (GPR) full-waveform inversion algorithm to quantify the physical characteristics of oil spills under and within sea-ice. We can invert for oil thickness, electric permittivity, and conductivity or any subset of these parameters if the others are known. We tested the algorithm with data collected during a controlled spill experiment at the US Army's Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab (CRREL). Using 500 MHz radar reflection data, the algorithm recovered the thickness of a 5 cm thick oil layer to within 8% of the control value. This approach provides a tool for rapid spill detection and mapping that is needed with increasing levels of oil exploration and production in the Arctic environment.
Research to Improve Oil Spill Response in the Arctic - A Joint Industry Programme
Authors: Mullin Joseph V.
Published: March 2015

For more than 50 years, the oil and gas industry has funded and conducted research to improve oil spill response technologies and methodologies with industry, government, academia, and stakeholders jointly involved. This research has included hundreds of studies, laboratory and basin experiments and field trials, specifically in the United States, Canada and Scandinavia. Recent examples include the SINTEF Oil in Ice JIP (2006-2009) http://www.sintef.no/Projectweb/JIP-Oil-In-Ice/Publications and research conducted at Ohmsett - The National Oil Spill Response Research and Renewable Energy Test Facility www.ohmsett.com/activities.html. This sustained and frequently collaborative effort is not commonly known and recognized by those outside the field of oil spill response.

To build on this existing research and continue improving the technologies and methodologies for arctic oil spill response, ten international oil and gas companies (BP, Chevron, ConocoPhillips, Eni, ExxonMobil, Gazprom-neft, North Caspian Operating Company (NCOC), Shell, Statoil, and Total) are working collaboratively in the Arctic Oil Spill Response Technology - Joint Industry Programme (JIP). The goal is to advance arctic oil spill response strategies and equipment as well as to increase understanding of potential impacts of oil on the marine environment. The programme is coordinated by an Executive Steering Committee comprising representatives from each company. The International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (OGP) is providing project management expertise and the world's foremost experts on oil spill response, development, and operations from across industry, academia, and independent scientific institutions are being engaged to perform the scientific research.

The JIP has completed phase one that included technical assessments and state of knowledge reviews in the following six areas: dispersants, environmental effects, trajectory modelling, remote sensing, mechanical recovery, and in situ burning (ISB). Nine research reports are available on the JIP website (www.arcticresponsetechnology.org) that identified and summarised the state-of- knowledge and regulatory status for using dispersants, remote sensing and ISB in the Arctic. Phase two activities are now underway that include laboratory, small and medium scale tank tests, and field research. Eleven projects are in progress ranging from dispersant effectiveness testing; modelling the fate of dispersed oil in ice; assessing the environmental effects of an arctic oil spill; advancing oil spill modelling trajectory capabilities in ice; extending the capability to detect and map oil in darkness, low visibility, in and under ice; improving efficiency of mechanical recovery equipment in ice; chemical herder fate and effects; and expanding the ‘window of opportunity’ for ISB response operations. This paper presents recent JIP progress.
Time Domain Analysis of Floe Ice Interactions with Floating Structures
Authors: Lubbad Raed , Løset Sveinung
Published: March 2015

The search for hydrocarbons in deep Arctic waters requires the use of drillships and floating production units (FPUs). Typically, these units require protection by using ice management, e.g. icebreakers battling large ice floes followed by icebreakers downstream that cut the ice into smaller pieces just in front of the drillship or FPU. The essence of such operations is to reduce the ice actions on the protected units by changing the ice conditions. One of the challenges facing the designers of Arctic offshore structures is to quantify the reduction of the ice loads as a function of the managed-ice conditions. Design codes and available models in the literature may provide good bases to calculate level-ice actions on floating structures where the interaction process is typically divided into several phases: breaking, rotating, sliding and clearing of ice. However, the situation is different when the floating structure interacts with ice floes in a managed-ice field, i. e., large ice floes may behave similar to level ice while smaller floes may split and the very small ones will mostly be deflected, rotated or submerged. In case of moored structures the relative velocities between the structure and ice are small and this may lead to ice accumulation upstream the floater. In 2011, the authors of this paper proposed a numerical model to simulate the interaction between managed-ice and floating structures. Over the last three years, considerable developments to the model have been carried out at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) hosting a research-based innovation centre: Sustainable Arctic Marine and Coastal Technology (SAMCoT). This paper provides a short summary of these modelling efforts and highlights the major recent development performed at NTNU that enables the industry to operate more effectively and safely in Arctic waters.
Improved Modeling of Iceberg Ice Constitutive Properties using a Multiscale Approach
Authors: Souza Flavio , Sarzynski Melanie , Cordes Roger
Published: March 2015

Iceberg ice is complex to model as properties tend to vary with a wide range of parameters (temperature, strain rate, bubbles, etc.) resulting in complex failure envelopes with low tensile strengths. This is compounded by the presence of size effects where larger areas typically have lower strengths. Furthermore, small-scale features (e.g., grains, bubbles, micro-cracks, planar flaws, veins) influence the overall behaviour, especially in tension. The existing approach relies on ice failure envelopes which overestimate the compressive and, to a much larger extent, the tensile strength of ice. These models typically have difficulty capturing failure initiating in the tensile regions and the associated microcracking and spalling.

As in many other heterogeneous materials, these microstructural details have substantial impact on the overall behaviour of ice structures, but considering them all in a single-scale finite element model is impractical, if not impossible. By using a multi-scale approach, small stress risers, such as bubbles, and subsequent microcracking can be captured at the microscale and allowed to influence the global response of the iceberg ice without compromising computational performance. This, in turn, can be used to refine current ice failure envelopes to better capture low strength tensile behaviour as well as scale effects.

Validation studies based on comparison to four-point bending experiments show that the proposed approach is able to capture the influence of bubbles or other flaws on the overall flexural strength of iceberg ice and is an improvement over existing approaches to ice failure envelopes. Through improved understanding of ice strength, improved iceberg ice constitutive response can be incorporated into state-of-the-art finite element analysis of iceberg-structure interactions with the overarching goal of closer correlation with local stresses (hot-spot zones) and global response, especially for tensile loading scenarios. By improving upon the strength approach currently employed in modeling ice-structure interactions, Arctic designs can be developed and evaluated with more clarity on safety margins.
Numerical Evaluation of Cyclic Frost Heave Growth in Arctic Pipelines and Mitigation Strategies
Authors: Abdalla Basel A. , Fan Chengye , McKinnon Colin , Gaffard Vincent
Published: March 2015

Frost heave is a common phenomenon in the Arctic, where soil absorbs moisture and expands in the direction of heat loss due to ice lens growth upon freezing. It also occurs if a refrigerated structure is buried in unfrozen frost heave-susceptible soil, and thus, special considerations are required when designing chilled or LNG pipelines.

The current study focuses on the numerical modeling of frost heave of a chilled gas pipeline based on the framework of the porosity rate function. New developments to the porosity rate function are proposed to extend its application to simulate transient temperature boundary conditions under thawing scenarios. The extended functionality allows the model to simulate soil freezing and corresponding heave, as well as soil thawing and corresponding settlement for multi-year temperature cycles.

This paper first presents a cyclic frost heave numerical model validated by long-term full scale field measurement available in the literature. Then, correction factors of key parameters involved in the frost heave process, such as temperature gradient, in-situ stress, and soil porosity are introduced. Finally, recommendations to mitigate the potential hazard of cyclic frost heave and corresponding pipeline strains are presented, providing guidelines for new pipeline developments in the Arctic region.
Deepwater Arctic Subsea Separation & Storage Systems
Authors: Eie Rolf
Published: March 2015

The Arctic is the frontier area to securing energy supplies for the future. Finding oil and gas in the Arctic and subarctic regions is in itself challenging. Extracting the hydrocarbons in a safe and economical way, is considered possibly even more challenging due to extreme low temperatures, ice conditions, remoteness and a sensitive natural environment. The paper is based on ongoing development of a subsea separation and storage system for application in deepwater arctic. The paper describes solutions on how deepwater subsea separation of hydrocarbons and storage of oil can be achieved in hostile environments enabling close to continuous production also when surface production facilities has to abandon location. Overall arctic field development suggestions are presented based on the solutions.
Experimental and Numerical Investigations of a Ship-Shaped, Turret-Moored Floating Structure in Intact and Managed Sea Ice Conditions
Authors: Metrikin Ivan , Teigen Sigurd Henrik , Gürtner Arne , Uthaug Eirik Strøm , Sapelnikov Dmitry , Ervik Åse , Fredriksen Arnt , Lundamo Trine , Bonnemaire Basile
Published: March 2015

This paper presents a performance evaluation method of a floating, geo-stationary structure in sea ice. Using a turret-moored drillship as an example, the paper explains an approach to efficiently combine model-scale experiments and numerical simulations to analyze ice-structure interactions. A novel numerical simulation tool - Statoil's SIBIS model - is used to investigate the performance of the drillship concept in various design ice conditions. The presented method allows cost-efficient performance evaluations of ice-capable platforms throughout the early-phase design process, and leads to increased safety and commerciality of exploration operations in the Arctic.