bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Huntington's disease like‐2 neuropathology
Authors: Greenstein Penny E. , Vonsattel Jean‐Paul G. , Margolis Russell L. , Joseph Jeffrey T.
Published: May 2007

Huntington's disease like‐2 (HDL‐2) neurodegeneration is a recently described autosomal dominant disorder with features similar to Huntington's disease (HD). Only one case report has described neuropathology from an affected patient. We describe the clinical presentation and illustrate the pathology in two additional molecularly confirmed patients, compare these with the previously published case, and contrast them with HD. We examined two patients with HDL‐2. Their charts were reviewed, their brains were examined using standard neuropathology techniques, including immunoperoxidase stains, and their diagnoses were confirmed with a PCR‐based assay for repeat length. The first patient presented with obsessive suspiciousness, while the second had depression and decreased visual acuity. Both patients developed increased tone and cogwheel rigidity, but neither developed choreoathetosis. Extensive degeneration affected the caudate nucleus and putamen, especially dorsally and laterally. In addition, the first patient showed lateral temporal, lateral frontal, and orbitofrontal cortical atrophy, while the second patient displayed marked degeneration in the occipital and parietal cortices. Neither patient showed significant changes in the cerebellum or brainstem. Both cases had ubiquitin‐immunoreactive neuronal intranuclear inclusions (NII). The patients with of HDL‐2 reviewed here were remarkable for significant frontal inhibition with parkinsonism, a lack of choreiform movements, and African ancestry. Pathologically, HDL‐2 is similar to HD in its effect on the neostriatum but may differ, at least in some cases, in its degree of focal cortical involvement, including the occipital lobe.
Paul Blocq and (psychogenic) astasia abasia
Authors: Okun Michael S. , Koehler Peter J.
Published: May 2007

The Greek term astasia–abasia literally translates to mean inability to stand and to walk. Although today we would classify the syndrome as a conversion disorder, it was considered a separate disease by Paul Blocq (1860–1896), who described this phenomenon as the inability to maintain an upright posture, despite normal function of the legs in the bed. Paul Blocq's original 1888 articles on astasia abasia were read, partly translated from French to English, and the cases were summarized. A review of a selection of the literature following Blocq's description on astasia abasia was performed. Present day literature was consulted as well. Blocq reviewed what was known about astasia abasia in two papers. Although he was the first to use the combined term astasia abasia, he referred to similar descriptions of Charcot, Richer, Mitchell, Jaccoud, Roméi, and Erlenmeyer. Blocq's contribution was in compiling the experiences and observations of preeminent 19th century neurologists. He recognized that paralysis, jumping, fits, tremor, and bizarre behavior could all be associated with the syndrome. He distinguished the disorder from hysteria. Moreover, he presented a formal delineation of the gait disorder and provided a pathophysiologic concept. Prognosis was considered favorable. Paul Blocq directed attention to psychogenic gait disorders by publishing a small case series on astasia abasia. Today, these case descriptions would be likely considered cases of conversion or psychogenic gait disorder, with or without other conversion/psychogenic movement disorders. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Thirty days complication rate following surgery performed for deep‐brain‐stimulation
Authors: Voges Jürgen , Hilker Rüdiger , Bötzel Kai , Kiening Karl L. , Kloss Manja , Kupsch Andreas , Schnitzler Alfons , Schneider Gerd‐Helge , Steude Ulrich , Deuschl Günther , Pinsker Markus O.
Published: May 2007

Serious adverse events (SAEs) during the first 30 postoperative days after stereotactic surgery for Deep‐Brain‐Stimulation performed in 1,183 patients were retrospectively collected from five German stereotactic centers. The mortality rate was 0.4% and causes for death were pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, hepatopathy, and a case of complicated multiple sclerosis. The permanent surgical morbidity rate was 1%. The most frequently observed SAEs were intracranial hemorrhage (2.2%) and pneumonia (0.6%). Skin infection occurred in 5 of 1,183 patients (0.4%). Surgical complications caused secondary AEs (e.g. pneumonia) preferentially in older patients and in patients treated for Parkinson's disease (PD). Complication rates did not differ among the five centers. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Pathophysiological concepts of restless legs syndrome
Authors: Paulus Walter , Dowling Pascal , Rijsman Roselyne , Stiasny‐Kolster Karin , Trenkwalder Claudia , de Weerd Al
Published: May 2007

Pathophysiological concepts of restless legs syndrome (RLS) are based mainly on neuroimaging and on neurophysiological data. Furthermore treatment effects contribute essentially to the present understanding of the disease, unless the genetic progress expected in the near future will clarify substantially open issues. The concept agreed on assumes a dysfunction of the dopaminergic system, possibly on the level of striatal and/or spinal dopamine receptors, and the A11 neuron group localized in the hypothalamus as an integrated part of the system. These neurons modulate spinal excitability, alterations of which in turn affect sensory processing predominantly of leg afferents in brain stem structures. Neurophysiologically excitability alterations can be measured by a variety of methods such as determination of pain thresholds, H‐reflex testing, and quantitative sensory testing. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
The suitability of patient‐based measures in the field of Parkinson's disease: A systematic review
Authors: Den Oudsten Brenda L. , Van Heck Guus L. , De Vries Jolanda
Published: May 2007

The aim of this study is to appraise the suitability of current quality of life (QOL) questionnaires for use in the field of Parkinson's disease (PD). Computerized bibliographic databases were screened for publications from 1960 to December 2006. Predefined selection criteria were used to identify QOL questionnaires in PD studies. Two investigators independently assessed and, subsequently, agreed on a set of multidimensional generic and PD‐specific QOL questionnaires. Data were extracted concerning the internal structure, reliability, validity, and responsiveness of the included questionnaires. Sixteen‐questionnaires were found, of which 14 questionnaires were included (six generic measures and eight PD‐specific). In general, the psychometrics of all the questionnaires were adequately described. Sensitivity to change, however, has been reported for only a limited number of instruments. Almost all included questionnaires used QOL as a keyword, but only two questionnaires fitted the broad QOL definition used in this review. Considering the few “real ” QOL questionnaires, we conclude that there is a strong need for such instruments. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Bright light therapy in Parkinson's disease: A pilot study
Authors: Paus Sebastian , Schmitz‐Hübsch Tanja , Wüllner Ullrich , Vogel Antje , Klockgether Thomas , Abele Michael
Published: May 2007

Several observations suggest a beneficial effect of melatonin antagonism for Parkinson's disease (PD). Although bright light therapy (BLT) suppresses melatonin release and is an established treatment for depression and sleep disturbances, it has not been evaluated in PD. We examined effects of BLT on motor symptoms, depression, and sleep in PD in a randomized placebo‐controlled double‐blind study in 36 PD patients, using Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) I–IV, Beck's Depression Inventory, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale. All patients received BLT for 15 days in the morning, 30 min daily. Illuminance was 7.500 lux in the active treatment group and 950 lux in the placebo group. Although group differences were small, BLT led to significant improvement of tremor, UPDRS I, II, and IV, and depression in the active treatment group but not in the placebo group. It was very well tolerated. Follow up studies in more advanced patient populations employing longer treatment durations are warranted. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Alien limb following posterior cerebral artery stroke: Failure to recognize internally generated movements?
Authors: Coulthard Elizabeth , Rudd Anthony , Playford E. Diane , Husain Musad
Published: May 2007

We describe two rare cases of alien limb syndrome following right posterior cerebral artery (PCA) stroke. Both patients present with left hemianopia, visual neglect and proprioceptive loss in addition to their alien limb symptoms. Lesion subtraction from seven control PCA patients revealed that medial parietal‐occipital and thalamic areas were selectively damaged in the alien limb patients. We propose that loss of the sense of motor intention and internal model of the current state of the arm, combined with deficient proprioceptive and visual feedback of the moving limb, are critical for genesis of posterior alien limb and discuss how affected regions normally function to ensure awareness of self‐generated motor activity. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Does ageing influence deep brain stimulation outcomes in Parkinson's disease?
Authors: Ory‐Magne Fabienne , Brefel‐Courbon Christine , Simonetta‐Moreau Marion , Fabre Nelly , Lotterie Jean Albert , Chaynes Patrick , Berry Isabelle , Lazorthes Yves , Rascol Olivier
Published: May 2007

We sought to define the influence of ageing in clinical, cognitive, and quality‐of‐life outcomes after subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN‐DBS) in Parkinson's disease (PD). We performed motor assessment (UPDRS), mood tests, cognitive, and quality of life evaluation (PDQ‐39) on PD patients before surgery, and 12 and 24 months after, and we recorded adverse events. The variations of these parameters after surgery were correlated with age using regression statistical tests. Cerebral bleeding risk was evaluated by a nonparametric test. We enrolled 45 patients (mean age 60 ± 9 years, range 40–73). No significant correlation was found between age and motor scores and PDQ‐39 improvements at 12 months. At 24 months, there was a significant negative correlation between age and the improvement of three dimensions of PDQ 39 (mobility, activities of daily life, and cognition). Cognitive impairment showed no correlation, but apathy and depression were positively correlated with age. Significant statistical difference was observed between cerebral bleeding and age. STN‐DBS is an effective treatment for elderly patients with advanced PD. A longer follow‐up duration and a larger population seem necessary to better assess the quality of life perception in elderly patients and to determinate the real risk of hemorrage. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Oral festination in Parkinson's disease: Biomechanical analysis and correlation with festination and freezing of gait
Authors: Moreau Caroline , Ozsancak Canan , Blatt Jean‐Louis , Derambure Philippe , Destee Alain , Defebvre Luc
Published: May 2007

In Parkinson's disease (PD), festination corresponds to a tendency to speed up when performing repetitive movements. First described in gait (and then in handwriting and speech), festination is one of the most disabling axial symptoms. To establish the phenomenology of oral festination (OF) and the condition's potential links with other axial disorders, we submitted a simple, rhythmic, repetitive, vocal motor task to 40 PD patients and 20 controls. Forty‐five percent of the 40 patients presented OF, which was strongly associated with gait festination but not with the severity of freezing of gait (FOG) or dysarthria. With respect to the two pathophysiological hypotheses that have been put forward, a possible link with tremor (as previously suggested in tapping) was not confirmed in this study and so, in view of the significant increase in variability observed, we conclude that OF shares the same pathophysiology as gait disorders. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Adaptive multiresolution refinement with distance fields
Authors: Tsukanov I. , Shapiro V.
Published: May 2007

This paper describes a multiresolution approach to field modeling that can be used with any meshfree or mesh‐based method for adaptive solution refinement. The refined solution is represented as a superposition of a coarse (unrefined) solution and a sequence of refinements that provide additional degrees of freedom with higher spatial or functional resolution. Each refinement is treated as a solution to a boundary‐value problem within a specified refinement window. The proposed approach is based on the meshfree method with distance fields (Comput. Mech. 2000; 25:305–316, Eng. Comput. 2002; 18(4):295–311) and guarantees Cm continuity of the refined solutions with matching or non‐matching grids. The method does not restrict the shape of the refinement window and does not place any constraints on the type of basis functions, or relative position and resolution of the refinement grids. Combining the proposed approach with hierarchical space decompositions and a posteriori error estimators results in an effective tool for automatic solution refinement. Carefully chosen numerical examples illustrate the power and advantages of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liberation regimes and land reform in Africa. Land politics transcending enmity in South Africa
Authors: Gran Thorvald
Published: May 2007

Truthfulness, the norm of science, is etymologically related to trust. Both concepts are related to ‘tree’, as a symbol for grounded knowledge, for differentiation (the tree of knowledge), for uprightness and reliability (Searle, 1995). Truthfulness generates trust. Trust generates community. The land politics and trust project in South Africa (Askvik and Bak, 2005) investigated how trust relations intervened within and between government institutions engaged in redistribution and management of land. It enquired into trust relations between the land state and stakeholders in land. It assessed how the new ANC‐controlled state intervened into the relation between market‐oriented urban industry and subsistence‐oriented livelihoods on communal land. Could that intervention explain the slow pace of land redistribution? The field work was done in the Northern and the Western Cape provinces. A hypothesis is that unconditional personal trust across institutional boundaries is a condition for post‐colonial, post‐liberation community building. In 2001, aspects of political democracy were in place. Trust relations between government institutions and to stakeholders in land varied, but were limited. Trusted mediators between the institutions, across cultures, were few and far apart. Subsistence‐oriented livelihoods on communal land were there to be transformed to commercial farming. The three‐step Government strategy, growth in the urban economy, commercialisation of rural subsistence production and rural welfare from the urban surplus, augmented separation, disbelief and distrust. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relative impact of polar‐orbiting and geostationary satellite radiances in the Aladin/France numerical weather prediction system
Authors: Montmerle Thibaut , Rabier Florence , Fischer Claude
Published: May 2007

For its short‐range forecasts over Western Europe, Météo‐France runs the limited‐area model ALADIN operationally with four daily analyses obtained with a 3D‐Var data assimilation system. This system includes, among other observation types, radiances from AMSU‐A, AMSU‐B, HIRS and SEVIRI radiometers. SEVIRI is on board the geostationary platform Meteosat‐8 and provides continuous observations in space and in time over the region of interest at several wavelengths, while the others, which are on board polar‐orbiting satellites, have poorer temporal and horizontal resolutions but a better spectral resolution than SEVIRI. Observing System Experiments (OSEs) have been performed with the operational 3D‐Var to assess the impact of such satellite data on analyses and on forecasts. DFS (Degrees of Freedom for Signal) have been computed and have shown the complementarity between WV channels from the different radiometers. In the operational version of the 3D‐Var, DFS values show that analyses are strongly controlled by SEVIRI data in the mid to high troposphere. This is consistent with the large number of assimilated SEVIRI radiances. HIRS and AMSU‐B WV data would provide more information if SEVIRI data were not assimilated and if ATOVS data were used with a higher density. However, using ATOVS data with a higher horizontal resolution makes the analyses more dependent on these data, and it does not appear to be beneficial in this particular context, probably because of a non‐optimal bias correction. In that case however, the individual impact of each pixel decreases because of the horizontal correlation lengths of the structure functions. Forecast scores and predicted precipitation patterns display the positive impact of SEVIRI data. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Spectral and spatial localization of background‐error correlations for data assimilation
Authors: Buehner Mark , Charron Martin
Published: May 2007

In this study, the localization of background‐error correlations in both the spectral and the spatial domains is examined. While spatial localization has become a standard approach for reducing the sampling error of background‐error correlations, localization of spectral correlations has not yet been fully explored. It is shown that spectral localization results in a spatial smoothing of the correlation functions in grid‐point space. The use of correlations that are diagonal in spectral space, resulting in globally homogeneous correlations, has been frequently employed with data assimilation applications for numerical weather prediction (NWP). More recently, correlations that are diagonal in the space defined by an expansion of wavelet functions have been used to implicitly localize the correlations in a particular way in both spectral and grid‐point spaces simultaneously. In this study, the explicit localization of correlations by varying amounts in both the spatial and the spectral domains is applied, to evaluate their complementary ability to reduce sampling error.

Spectral and spatial localization are first applied to an idealized one‐dimensional problem where the true correlations are known. In this context it is found that there is an optimal combination of spectral and spatial localization that minimizes the sampling error for a given ensemble of error realizations. Then the implementation of spectral localization is demonstrated in both a realistic three‐dimensional variational assimilation system for NWP and an ensemble‐based data assimilation system applied to an idealized model of the atmosphere's mesoscale dynamics. Two very different practical approaches are used to implement spectral localization for these two types of data assimilation systems. For the application to the ensemble‐based data assimilation system, spectral localization is shown to systematically reduce analysis error without requiring additional model forecasts to be performed. Copyright © 2007 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Aerosol optical depth and Ångström exponent climatology at El Arenosillo AERONET site (Huelva, Spain)
Authors: Toledano C. , Cachorro V. E. , Berjon A. , de Frutos A. M. , Sorribas M. , de la Morena B. A. , Goloub P.
Published: May 2007

Routine aerosol measurements have been carried out at INTA–El Arenosillo (Huelva, Spain) since February 2000 with a Cimel sun photometer integrated in the global aerosol monitoring network AERONET. A 5‐year aerosol database allows characterization and classification of aerosol properties, which define the local aerosol climatology. In this work two basic parameters for aerosol characterization, aerosol optical depth (AOD) and Ångström exponent, α, are used for aerosol analysis. The mean AOD is 0.18 ( ± 0.14) and the mean α is 1.05 ( ± 0.43). The AOD presents two peaks during the year, at the end of the winter and during the summer, which are related to the seasonal patterns of the desert dust aerosols which arrive at the south‐western Iberian Peninsula from North Africa. The Ångström exponent presents two frequency modes, related to the two main aerosol types present at El Arenosillo: coastal marine aerosols and desert dust. A main aerosol scenario (66% of data) is defined as coastal marine aerosols, with the influence of local sources of continental and polluted aerosols. Continental aerosols are present in 11% of cases, while the desert dust has a very relevant occurrence in around 20% of the data. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
A comparison of cloud‐resolving model simulations of trade wind cumulus with aircraft observations taken during RICO
Authors: Abel S. J. , Shipway B. J.
Published: May 2007

This paper presents results from simulations of trade wind cumulus with the Met Office Large Eddy Model (LEM) based on observed environmental profiles from the Rain In Cumulus over the Ocean (RICO) field experiment. Comparisons of updraught core parameters are made with the in situ data collected onboard the three research aircraft that participated in RICO. The default set‐up of the LEM was unable to produce sufficient amounts of rainwater content when compared to measurements by the aircraft. As a main aim of RICO was to quantify the importance of precipitation in the trade cumulus regime, we test the sensitivity of the model to changes in the rain microphysics, the large‐scale forcing, and horizontal resolution. By changing these model variables we are able to obtain reasonably good agreement with the observations of updraught core vertical velocity, cloud and rainwater contents. Furthermore, the LEM produces comparable surface precipitation rates to those derived from radar measurements during RICO in a previous study. This gives us some confidence in the ability of the LEM to simulate realistic precipitating trade cumulus. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Adaptive bias correction for satellite data in a numerical weather prediction system
Authors: Auligné T. , McNally A. P. , Dee D. P.
Published: May 2007

Adaptive bias corrections for satellite radiances need to separate the observation bias from the systematic errors in the background in order to prevent the analysis from drifting towards its own climate. The variational bias correction scheme (VarBC) is a particular adaptive scheme that is embedded inside the assimilation system.

VarBC is compared with an offline adaptive and a static bias correction scheme. In simulation, the three schemes are exposed to artificial shifts in the observations and the background. The VarBC scheme can be considered as a good compromise between the static and the offline adaptive schemes. It shows some skill in distinguishing between the background‐error and the observation biases when other unbiased observations are available to anchor the system. Tests of VarBC in a real numerical weather prediction (NWP) environment show a significant reduction in the misfit with radiosonde observations (especially in the stratosphere) due to NWP model error. The scheme adapts to an instrument error with only minimal disruption to the analysis.

In VarBC, the bias is constrained by the fit to observations—such as radiosondes—that are not bias‐corrected to the NWP model. In parts of the atmosphere where no radiosonde observations are available, the radiosonde network still imposes an indirect constraint on the system, which can be enhanced by applying a mask to VarBC. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Interaction between bias correction and quality control
Authors: Auligné T. , McNally A. P.
Published: May 2007

An interaction between the quality control (QC) and the bias correction of satellite radiances has been identified. If the bias correction is recalibrated intermittently, or if it is adaptive, a feedback process is possible. Indeed, the bias is calculated over a population of quality‐controlled observations. Since QC usually acts upon bias‐corrected observed‐minus‐first‐guess departures, the value of the bias correction influences the next population that passes the QC, and so on.

Two situations that can trigger a feedback are described: residual outliers that have not been detected by the QC; and an asymmetric QC that selects a sub‐population of the good dataset. In both cases, the bias correction is strongly influenced by the feedback, and the performance of the QC is also degraded.

The use of a new metric for the bias correction (called the ‘pseudo‐mode’), approximating the mode of the radiance‐departure distribution, significantly reduces the feedback due to outliers and asymmetric QC. The variational bias correction scheme VarBC, which updates the bias inside the analysis, also constrains the feedback triggered by an asymmetric QC, but it has limited skill for outliers in a population of infrared window channel observations. A combination of VarBC with the pseudo‐mode benefits from the advantages of both approaches. The bias correction is less sensitive to the QC, and more robust with respect to residual outliers. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Some considerations of the concept of climate feedback
Authors: Bates J. R.
Published: May 2007

A conceptual study of climate feedbacks is carried out using two simple linear two‐zone models and the commonly‐used zero‐dimensional model to which they reduce under simplifying assumptions. The term ‘feedback’ is used in many different senses in the climate literature. Two prototype usages, stability‐altering feedback (defined in terms of a system's asymptotic response to an impulsive forcing, negative when stability‐enhancing) and sensitivity‐altering feedback (defined in terms of a system's steady‐state response to a step‐function forcing, negative when sensitivity‐diminishing) have been isolated for study. These two climate feedback concepts are viewed against the background of control theory, which provides a generalized feedback perspective embracing all forms of forcing and which is often seen as providing the paradigm for the concept of feedback as used in climate studies.

The relationship between the prototype climate feedbacks is simple in the context of the zero‐dimensional model. Here, the stability‐altering and sensitivity‐altering feedbacks provided by a given interaction are of the same sign, and the sign of the stability‐altering feedback as measured by initial tendencies always coincides with its sign as measured by the defining asymptotic tendencies. Even in this simple model, however, the sign of the prototype climate feedbacks can be opposite to the sign of the system's feedback as defined in control theory.

In the two‐zone models, the relationship between the prototype climate feedbacks is not so simple. It is shown that, contrary to the common assumption, these feedbacks can be of opposite signs. Moreover, the sign of the stability‐altering feedback as measured by initial tendencies can be opposite to its sign as measured by asymptotic tendencies. It is further shown that there is no simple relationship between the sign of either of the prototype climate feedbacks in the two‐zone models and the sign of these models' feedback as defined in control theory.

These results point to the need for greater precision and explicitness in the definition and use of the term ‘climate feedback’, both to facilitate interdisciplinary dialogue in relation to feedback and to guard against erroneous inferences within the climate field. Explicit definitions of the two prototype categories of climate feedback studied here are proposed. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Non‐optical bimorph‐based force sensor for scanning near‐field optical microscopy of biological materials: characteristics, design and applications
Authors: Lei Franck , Manfait Michel
Published: May 2007

A non‐optical force sensor that allows operation both in lateral (shear) and in vertical (tapping) force detection modes has been introduced for dynamic tip–sample distance regulation in scanning near‐field optical microscopy (SNOM) of biological samples. The sensor is based on a rectangular bimorph cantilever consisting of two thin piezoceramic layers bonded to a brass centre shim. One of the piezo layers serves as the probe dither and another as the responder of the sensed forces. The sensor is driven with a home‐made Q‐control electronics so that its sensitivity and bandwidth can be adjusted. The dynamics, characteristics and design considerations of the sensor are theoretically and experimentally discussed. Driving the bimorph cantilever at its eigenfrequency with appropriate force feedback allows one to obtain a quality factor (Q‐factor) up to 103 in water, suitable for different sample softness and imaging environments. The high sensitivity of the sensor is demonstrated both by shear force and by tapping mode imaging of soft biological samples in their natural state. Near‐field optical resolution of better than 100 nm on red blood cells in water has been obtained. The experimental results suggest that this SNOM sensor would be a promising set‐up for biological applications. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonaligned Carbon Nanotubes Anchored on Porous Alumina: Formation, Process Modeling, Gas‐Phase Analysis, and Field‐Emission Properties
Authors: Lysenkov Dmitry , Engstler Jörg , Dangwal Arti , Popp Alexander , Müller Günter , Schneider Jörg J. , Janardhanan Vinod M. , Deutschmann Olaf , Strauch Peter , Ebert Volker , Wolfrum Jürgen
Published: May 2007

We have developed a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process for the catalytic growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), anchored in a comose‐type structure on top of porous alumina substrates. The mass‐flow conditions of precursor and carrier gases and temperature distributions in the CVD reactor were studied by transient computational fluid dynamic simulation. Molecular‐beam quadrupole mass spectroscopy (MB‐QMS) has been used to analyze the gas phase during ferrocene CVD under reaction conditions (1073 K) in the boundary layer near the substrate. Field‐emission (FE) properties of the nonaligned CNTs were measured for various coverages and pore diameters of the alumina. Samples with more dense CNT populations provided emitter‐number densities up to 48 000 cm−2at an electric field of 6 V μm−1. Samples with fewer but well‐anchored CNTs in 22‐nm pores yielded the highest current densities. Up to 83 mA cm−2at 7 V μm−1in dc mode and more than 200 mA cm−2at 11 V μm−1in pulsed diode operation have been achieved from a cathode size of 24 mm2.
Standards for services for people with severe mental illness
Authors: Hollingsworrh Ellen Jane
Published: May 2007

The majority of community support programs throughout Wisconsin have met voluntary standards for certifcation that require high levels of clinical responsibility, twenty‐to‐one client‐staff ratios, comprehensive assessment at intake, and increased accountability.
The program of assertive community treatment (PACT): The model and its replication
Authors: Allness Deborah J.
Published: May 2007

The Program of Assertive Community Treatment (PACT) has been investigated in Madison and at other replication sites, and the positive results for clients have led to more widespread dissemination of the PACT model. This chapter presents a basic introduction to the model of care, research findings, and views on PACT model replication.
A model of the dissemination of self‐help in public mental health systems
Authors: Knight Edward L.
Published: May 2007

Self‐help in public mental health systems has been disseminated with five different strategies; these strategies sometimes overlap and complement one another: The four forms of self‐help discussed are mutual support, advocacy, consumer/survivor‐run services, and coping.
Stages in realizing the international diffusion of a single way of working: The clubhouse model
Authors: Propst Rudyard N.
Published: May 2007

From modest beginnings, Fountain House has assisted the spread of the clubhouse philosophy across the United States, and more recently the clubhouse movement has spread internationally. At the same time that dissemination of the innovative clubhouse approach has taken place, there has been careful specification of the contents of the clubhouse approach.
Implementing supported housing: Current trends and future directions
Authors: Carling Paul J. , Curtis Laurie C.
Published: May 2007

Supported housing, preferred by consumers and demonstrated as effective for individuals with psychiatric disabilities, has taken four approaches: residential services, intensive case management, hybrid, and homeless outreach. Evaluating the choices for local settings requires confronting issues offlexibility and responsibility.
The mental health service consumer's perspective on mandatory treatment
Authors: Frese Frederick J.
Published: May 2007

The nature of serious mental illness is such that patients are not always willing to accept the treatments providers deem appropriate for them. At times such treatment is mandated against the expressed wishes of the client. This chapter provides an overview of consumer perspectives on this process.
Mandatory treatment: An examination of therapeutic jurisprudence
Authors: Winick Bruce J.
Published: May 2007

Mandatory treatment may have both positive and negative effects on patient outcomes. This chapter discusses empirical research and psychological theory bearing on the effects of coercion and choice and suggests ways that clinicians can apply the law more effectively in mandatory treatment contexts.
What happens when effective outpatient civil commitment is terminated?
Authors: Munetz Mark R. , Grande Thomas , Kleist Jeffrey , Peterson Gregory A. , Vuddagiri Sangeeta
Published: May 2007

Outpatient civil commitment can be effective in slowing the revolving door for selected patients, but it may not be the best mechanism for ensuring treatment over time.
Court‐authorized medication for incompetent hospitalized patients
Authors: Wilson Daniel R. , Wilson Rodgers , Tepe Kenneth
Published: May 2007

The authors provide an overview of recent developments affecting court‐authorized treatment of incompetent patients, focusing on a state psychiatric system that has historically been in the vanguard in this arena in the United States.
An overview of mental health services for the elderly
Authors: Raue Patrick J. , Meyers Barnett S.
Published: May 2007

The authors present an overview of mental health service use among the elderly. Research on factors associated with service use and barriers to appropriate care are summarized.
Update on the use of antidepressants in the elderly
Authors: Hay Donald P. , Zayas Elsa M. , Franson Kari L.
Published: May 2007

This chapter presents a review of the current status of depression treatment for the elderly. The authors describe currently available antidepressants and discuss special considerations when they are used to treat elderly patients.
Accommodation to contrast: Being different in the organization
Authors: Sodano Andrea G. , Baler Sheila G.
Published: May 2007

Being different from the majority in an organization has its costs both for the individual and for the system, but there are strategies that can help each to accommodate to the other.
Stress in the workplace: An integrated approach
Authors: Goldberg R. J.
Published: May 2007

The general characteristics, causative factors, and treatment of stress in the workplace are reviewed.
Treating the young adult chronic patient: An update
Authors: Pepper Bert , Ryglewicz Hilary
Published: May 2007

The young adult chronic patient population is reexamined in the light of emerging data, issues, needs, and guidelines for treatment and programming.
Treatment resisters or system resisters?: Toward a better service system for acute care recidivists
Authors: Goldfinger Stephen M. , Hopkin John T. , Surber Robert W.
Published: May 2007

Patients who overutilize acute care services are responding to systemic as well as to individual difficulties. Designing a service system for these patients requires us to rethink our approach to care delivery on many dimensions.
Intervention for the severely disturbed mother
Authors: Stott Frances M. , Musick Judith S. , Cohler Bertram J. , Spencer Katherine Klehr , Goldman Judith , Clark Roseanne , Dincin Jerry
Published: May 2007

Judith S. Musick is executive director of The Ounce of Prevention Fund in Chicago. Use of milieu and home‐nursing intervention strategies suggest some optimism in helping mothers of young children function better at home and in the community.
Impact project: Reducing the risk of mental illness to children of distressed mothers
Authors: Lucas Lauren E. , Montgomery Suzanne H. , Richardson David A. , Rivers Patricia A.
Published: May 2007

A disturbed mother's perception of her child's psychological state reflects her own symptomatology, and is often not in accord with teachers' perceptions of the same child.
Continuum of care for the chronically mentally ill elderly
Authors: Abramson Nancy S.
Published: May 2007

The CMI elderly have been overlooked and underserved in our communities. The continuum of care that does exist includes seven major setting prototypes, which range from most to least restrictive Gaps in service are identified, and fiue areas needing further development are suggested.
The use of psychotropic drugs in elderly patients with chronic mental illness
Authors: Howell Timothy , Diamond Ronald J.
Published: May 2007

Treatment of elderly patients with chronic mental illness requires an understanding of the physiological changes associated with aging and with age‐related diseases. It also requires an understanding of some of the special problems arising from medication side effects in the elderly. Drug interactions are a major source of difficulty in elderly patients, and both prescribed and nonprescription drugs must always be considered potential contributors to the patient's mental illness as well as to medication side effects.
Aftercare: A patient‐centered model of advocacy for relocated mental health patients
Authors: Winogrond Iris R.
Published: May 2007

Psychiatric symptoms in the mentally ill elderly are often the result of medical or drug‐induced conditions. These conditions and means for their detection are presented in this chapter.
Expedited social security disability determinations: The Ohio experience
Authors: Kennedy Cille , Tully Rick , Craft Linda , Ullery Beth , Champney Timothy F. , Goldman Howard H.
Published: May 2007

Preliminary evaluation of Ohio's expedited review of claims for the SSI and SSDI disability benefits of mentally impaired claimants supports the efficacy of the program in reducing mean processing time and reducing the use of consultative examinations.
The social security disability evaluation study
Authors: Kennedy Cille , Simmens Samuel J. , Pincus Harold Alan , Goldman Howard H. , Sharfstein Steven S.
Published: May 2007

The 1985 medical standards and guidelines for the adjudication of mentally impaired claimants for SSI and SSDI disability benefits were evaluated and basically found to reflect the statutory definition of disability according to the current perspective of psychiatry.
Employment programming and psychiatric disabilities
Authors: Yankowitz Robert B.
Published: May 2007

Recent technical advances in psychiatric vocational rehabilitation and related developments have dramatically increased the ability of persons with psychiatric disabilities to attain and maintain competitive employment.
Multiple sclerosis program: A model for neuropsychiatric disorders
Authors: Larocca Nicholas G. , Hall Harry L.
Published: May 2007

Traditional approaches to vocational rehabilitation may not always be the best choice for individuals who are challenged both physically and psychologically. Self‐empowerment models offer a viable alternative and may have applicability across different conditions.
New funding strategy for housing for people with mental disabilities
Authors: Rubenstein Leonard S. , James Linda B.
Published: May 2007

New sources and methods are necessary to finance housing for people with long‐term mental illness. This chapter describes an innovative program to increase the amount of capital available for such housing.
Integrating a research agenda into a new psychosocial rehabilitation program
Authors: Hansburg Freda , Solomon Phyllis , Meyerson Arthur T.
Published: May 2007

The authors discuss the benefits of including a research component in psychosocial programming and strategies for evaluating the outcomes and implementation of a rehabilitation program.
The uses of therapy in case management
Authors: Bryan Cheryl M.
Published: May 2007

Clinical case management can facilitate the chronically mentally ill patient's ability to function effectively in the community. Case examples demonstrate the use of psychodynamic principles in the delivery of community mental health services.
Therapy and chronicity
Authors: Bloom Richard
Published: May 2007

In this age of deinstitutionalization and community‐based services for those suffering from chronic mental disorders, mental health practitioners—both psychotherapists and providers of other services—need to understand the psychodynamics as well as the social realities of chronicity.
Administering a national medical association: The joys, the sorrows, and other challenges
Authors: Sabshin Melvin
Published: May 2007

One of the key factors in successful administration of a large national association involves the judicial use of implicit power. Failures can occur from aggressivity as well as from passivity, and too great an enjoyment of power can lead to maladaptive administrative practices.
Courage, creativity, and cost‐effectiveness: The challenge for a psychiatric program administration
Authors: Visotsky Harold M.
Published: May 2007

Assessing trends, designing strategies, and implementing plans are essential to competent and creative administration.
Dual diagnosis of major mental illness and substance disorder: An overview
Authors: Drake Robert E. , McLaughlin Peggy , Pepper Bert , Minkoff Kenneth
Published: May 2007

Dual diagnosis of severe mental illness and substance disorder is a frequent and difficult challenge to the mental health and substance abuse systems. This chapter reviews the dual diagnosis problem and introduces the chapters that follow.
Program components of a comprehensive integrated care system for serious mentally ill patients with substance disorders
Authors: Minkoff Kenneth
Published: May 2007

Using an integrated theoretical framework, a continuous and comprehensive model system of care for dual diagnosis patients can be designed.
Assessment of comorbid psychiatric illness and substance disorders
Authors: Kofoed Lial
Published: May 2007

Assessment of complex dual diagnosis patients requires a careful, systematic approach to evaluating diagnosis, severity, and motivation.
New Hampshire's specialized services for the dually diagnosed
Authors: Drake Robert E. , Antosca Linda M. , Noordsy Douglas L. , Bartels Stephen J. , Osher Fred C.
Published: May 2007

New Hampshire's specialized dual diagnosis services include continuous treatment teams and substance abuse treatment groups within each mental health center. These services are embedded in an extensive system of care for the dually diagnosed.
Behavioral health: A view from the industry
Authors: Surles Richard C. , Fox Robert J.
Published: May 2007

This chapter examines ethical issues encountered in the allocation of limited behavioral health care resources.
Consumer and family views of managed care
Authors: Hall Laura Lee , Beinecke Richard
Published: May 2007

The first nationwide survey on managed care's impact shows widespread concern among consumers with severe mental illnesses and their families.
Behavioral health contracting
Authors: Rosenbaurn Sara
Published: May 2007

Managed care contracting reflects the fundamental tensions that arise when organizations whose operations depend in large part on standardization and control sell their services to purchasers with more or less specific and often nonstandardized expectations.
The effect of the Utah prepaid mental health plan on structure, process, and outcomes of care
Authors: Lurie Nicole , Christianson Jon B. , Gray Donald Z. , Manning Willard G. , Popkin Michael K.
Published: May 2007

Capitation reduced Medicaid costs but had limited effects on most measures of process and outcome. Clients under capitation with the poorest mental health at baseline performed more poorly over time on some measures.
Managed mental health experience in colorado
Authors: Hausman Jaclyn W. , Wallace Neal , Bloom Joan R.
Published: May 2007

Early experience with managed mental health among Colorado Medicaid enrollees who have severe and persistent mental illness indicates that costs can be reduced without negative short‐term outcomes.
Managed mental health experience in Massachusetts
Authors: Dickey Barbara , Norton Edward C. , Normand Sharon‐Lise T. , Azeni Hocine , Fisher William H.
Published: May 2007

Medicaid managed care experience in Massachusetts indicates that costs can be contained without harmful effects, but future developments will still need careful monitoring.
An interactive approach to training teams and developing programs
Authors: Corrigan Patrick W. , McCracken Stanley G.
Published: May 2007

A combination of educational and organizational strategies help rehabilitation teams develop programs that effectively address the needs of their consumers.
Training professionals for rehabilitation teams
Authors: Lefley Harriet P.
Published: May 2007

Transformed treatment philosophies, egalitarian roles, crossover competencies, and engagement of consumers and families are essentials in training.
A system approach to developing staff training
Authors: Giffort Daniel W.
Published: May 2007

This chapter shows how concepts from organizational psychology can be used to design a comprehensive staff training model for a statewide mental health sewice system, and emphasizes the importance of competency identqication in this model.
Developing effective team leaders
Authors: Garman Andrew N. , Corrigan Patrick W
Published: May 2007

For most staff, the most challenging leadership role they will play is their first. This chapter describes a research‐based training program being developed to help these leaders increase their effectiveness in this first role.
Training for state‐funded providers of assertive community treatment
Authors: Cook Judith A. , Horton‐O'connell Terri , Fitzgibbon Genevieve , Steigman Pamela J.
Published: May 2007

This chapter describes a training program for state‐funded providers of assertice community treatment services in Illinois and presents results of the evaluation of the didactic education component.
Consumers as providers in psychiatric rehabilitation
Authors: Solomon Phyllis , Draine Jeffrey
Published: May 2007

Issues that arise in employing consumers as providers in psychiatric rehabilation programs include readiness of the sponsoring agency, consumer disclosure, and adjustments in employment practices. Psychiatric rehabilitation agencies are obligated to seriously consider employing consumers, since they fequently ask the same of other organizations.
Psychiatric rehabilitation technology: Operationalizing the “Black Box” of the psychiatric rehabilitation process
Authors: Anthony William A.
Published: May 2007

Psychiatric rehabilitation technology helps practitioners involve their consumers more fully in the process, act more forcefully on their behalf, and more accurately document the process and its outcomes.
The place of spirituality and religion in mental health services
Authors: Fallot Roger D.
Published: May 2007

Mental health professionals have raised concerns about the role of spirituality and religion in services for people with severe mental disorders, but this chapter offers compelling reasons for increased attention to spiritual issues in service delivery.