bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Propagation of a second sound waves in a resonator with a deuterium gel
Authors: Efimov V. B. , Izotov A. N. , Mezhov-Deglin L. P.
Published: November 2020

Investigations of the propagation of the second sound waves were made in a resonator with the presence of a deuterium-helium gel. The technique was used in experiments for measuring the parameters of standing waves in the resonator in the presence or the absence of a gel. It is shown that the propagation of the second sound waves changes drastically in the presence of the gel: the attenuation of the waves increases sharply and their speed decreases. This behavior of the second sound velocity differs from the propagation of the waves of the second sound in aerogel with conditions of braking of the normal component and can be associated with changes in the properties of superfluid liquid in a limited geometry in a soft matter.
The effect of the chaotic pinning potential on intrinsic pinning in YBa2Cu3O7−δ single crystals
Authors: Vovk N. R. , Vovk R. V. , Khadzhai G. Ya. , Biletskyi V. I. , Samoylov A. V. , Solovyov A. L. , Matsepulin A. V.
Published: November 2020

We study the temperature dependence of the in-plane magneto-resistance ρab(T) in the untwined YBa2Cu3O7−δ single crystals after irradiation by fast electrons (energy 0.5–2.5 MeV, dose 1018 cm−2), also with a small oxygen hypostoichiometry at different angles between the external magnetic field 15 kOe and the ab-planes α. We found that at high temperatures in the pseudogap region external magnetic field does not affect the ρab(T), but it broadens transitional region Tc – Tc0 from 0.3 K at zero field and α = 0 to approximately 6 K at α = 90° in the field. In the case of an unirradiated sample, ρab(T) display a 3D to 2D dimensional crossover when temperature decreases from Tc to Tc0 and scaling near the Tc0 which we relate to the flux-flow and vortex-lattice melting. The reasons for the appearance of low-temperature “tails” (paracoherent transitions) on resistive transitions corresponding to different phase regimes of the vortex matter are discussed.
Magnetic proximity effect in multiband superconductor/ferromagnetic metal structures
Authors: Koshina E. A.
Published: November 2020

Magnetic proximity effect in multiband superconductor/ferromagnetic metal (S/F) structures was studied. Analytical solutions of the Usadel equations obtained for a number of limiting cases are applied in the case when the transport properties of both metals correspond to the diffusion type of conductivity. The induced (proximity) magnetic characteristics are shown to reflect the multiband structure of the superconductor and significantly depend on the state of the S/F boundary for each of the S layer bands and the magnitude of the exchange interaction in the F layer. The main manifestations of induced magnetism for each S layer band near the S/F interface are considered: additional suppression of the superconducting order parameter by the exchange field, spin splitting of quasiparticle states, formation of local states inside the energy gap, and induced equilibrium magnetization of unpaired electrons in the S layer.
Soliton dynamics in the domain structure of a biaxial ferromagnet
Authors: Kiselev V. V. , Raskovalov A. A.
Published: November 2020

A detailed analysis of solutions to the Landau–Lifshitz equation describing solitons in a physically selected domain structure of a biaxial ferromagnet is presented. The structure and properties of new types of solitons that are strongly bound to the domain structure are investigated. Soliton behavior near the boundaries of their region of existence is considered. A comparative analysis of soliton cores in the domain structures of easy-axis and biaxial ferromagnets is performed, and their connection with solitons against a uniformly magnetized background is established.
Effect of doping level and compensation on thermal conductivity in CexSn1−xSe solid solutions
Authors: Ismailov Sh. S. , Huseynov J. I. , Musaev M. A. , Abbasov I. I. , Abdurakhmanova V. A.
Published: November 2020

The paper reports the results of experimental studies of the thermal conductivity and density of CexSn1−xSe solid solutions in the temperature range 80–480 K. Under the assumption of elastic scattering of charge carriers, parabolic band and arbitrary degeneracy, the electronic and lattice components of thermal conductivity have been calculated. The characteristic features of the thermal conductivity of these crystals have been analyzed, it has been shown that with an increase in cerium content and with an increase in temperature, the total (χtot) and lattice (χph) thermal conductivity significantly decrease, while the density increases slightly (at 300 K). The dependence of thermal conductivity on the percentage of cerium in the composition has been established. With prolonged annealing, the total and lattice components of thermal conductivity increase. It has been established that heat transfer in CexSn1−xSe is carried out mainly by phonons.
On thermal stability of cryovacuum deposited CH4+H2O films
Authors: Aldiyarov A. , Sokolov D. , Akylbayeva A. , Nurmukan A. , Tokmoldin N.
Published: November 2020

Whereas stable homogenous states of aqueous hydrocarbon solutions are typically observed at high temperatures and pressures far beyond the critical values corresponding to individual components, the stability of such system may be preserved upon transition into the region of metastable states at low temperatures and low pressures. This work is dedicated to the study of the thermal stability of a water-methane mixture formed by cryogenic vapor phase deposition. The obtained thin films were studied using vibrational spectroscopy in the temperature range of 16–180 K. During thermal annealing of the samples, characteristic vibrational C–H modes of methane were monitored alongside the chamber pressure to register both structural changes and desorption of the film material. The obtained results reveal that upon the co-deposition of methane and water, methane molecules appear both in non-bound and trapped states. The observed broadening of the characteristic C–H stretching mode at 3010 cm−1 upon an increase in temperature of the sample from 16 to 90 K, followed by narrowing of the peak as the temperature is reduced back to 16 K, indicates localization of methane molecules within the water matrix at lower temperatures.
Compact broadband high-resolution Compton spectroscopy for laser-driven high-flux gamma rays
Authors: Zhang Zhen-Chi , Yang Tao , Hu Guang-Yue , Li Meng-Ting , Luo Wen , An Ning , Zheng Jian
Published: November 2020

A compact broadband Compton spectrometer with high spectral resolution has been designed to detect spectra of laser-driven high-flux gamma rays. The primary detection range of the gamma-ray spectrum is 0.5 MeV–13 MeV, although a secondary harder gamma-ray region of 13 MeV–30 MeV can also be covered. The Compton-scattered electrons are spectrally resolved using a curved surface detector and a nonuniform magnetic field produced by a pair of step-like magnets. This design allows a compact structure, a wider bandwidth, especially in the lower-energy region of 0.5 MeV–2 MeV, and optimum spectral resolution. The spectral resolution is 5%–10% in the range 4 MeV–13 MeV and better than 25% in the range 0.5 MeV–4 MeV (with an Al converter of 0.25 mm thickness and a collimator of 1 cm inner diameter). Low-Z plastic materials are used on the inner surface of the spectrometer to suppress noise due to secondary X-ray fluorescence. The spectrometer can be adjusted flexibly via a specially designed mechanical component. An algorithm based on a regularization method has also been developed to reconstruct the gamma-ray spectrum from the scattered electrons.
Effects of Opuntia stricta on floristic composition and diversity within Broughton Island Nature Reserve, North Coast, New South Wales
Authors: Hunter John T. , Hunter Briannon , Mitchell-Williams James
Published: November 2020

Aeolian sand dunes on the Broughton Island are heavily disturbed by nesting birds and invaded by Opuntia stricta (Prickly Pear). Biological control agents do not establish well on exposed coastal systems and thus herbicide treatment is currently the main control, but it is expensive in terms of resource allocation. Invasive species are generally considered by many to be controlled at all cost but in many situations, they are benign or even beneficial. We test if O. stricta causes significant change to the vegetation on aeolian sands on Broughton Island. 40100m2 plots were placed randomly over areas of differing cover of O. stricta. Within these plots additional six subplots of 4m2 were placed. All flora species were scored for cover. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed testing the effects of O. stricta on floristic composition and species density and turnover. Regression models showed a non-significant (r2=0.95; P=0.0557) negative effect of O. stricta cover on species density at the 100m2 plot size and at the 4m2 scale (r2=0.013; P=0.0858). Global comparison of species density between plots with and without O. stricta at the 4m2 scale was non-significant. Homogenisation occurred (lowered beta diversity) across plots with O. stricta presence at the 4m2 scale. More species had their average cover reduced by O. stricta presence than those that were benefited. The scale at which the investigation was undertaken (4 or 100m2; species density and beta diversity) affected the magnitude and significance of O. stricta on the results obtained. The scale at which investigations are made was found to be of importance. Overall, although negative changes were noted in flora species diversity and homogenisation was apparent the negative impact may not be sufficient to justify the costs and resources needed to control the species which is unlikely to be eradicated from the site.
Anaphor reconstruction in Japanese relative clauses
Authors: Chen Yunchuan
Published: November 2020

This study conducted two experiments to examine the derivation of the head noun phrase in Japanese relative clauses, with a focus on whether the anaphorsjibun‘self’ andjibun-jishin‘self-self’ within the head noun phrase can be co-referential with the relative clause subject. It aims to settle a long-standing debate among the previous studies concerning the interpretation of the anaphors inside the head noun phrase: while several studies claimed that the co-reference between the anaphorjibun‘self’ and the relative clause subject is prohibited, many other studies argued that such co-reference is possible. In addition, it has been claimed that while co-indexing the anaphorjibunwith the relative clause subject might be marginally acceptable, it would become fully acceptable if we replacejibunwith the morphologically complex anaphorjibun-jishin‘self-self’, which implies that the morphological make-up of an anaphor may affect its ability to be co-indexed with the relative clause subject.

The results of two carefully controlled truth value judgment experiments show that neither the simplex anaphorjibunnor the complex anaphorjibun-jishinwithin the head noun phrase of relative clauses can take the relative clause subject as its antecedent, which suggests that the head noun phrase does not reconstruct and therefore lends support to thepro-binding analysis of Japanese relative clauses. Moreover, the findings also suggest that the morphological make-up of an anaphor does not affect its ability to take the relative clause subject as its antecedent, despite the claim that it is more acceptable to co-index the complex anaphorjibun-jishinwith the relative clause subject than the simplex anaphorjibun.
A well-engineered path into cell biology and academia
Authors: Carpenter Anne E.
Published: November 2020

Winning the American Society for Cell Biology’s Women in Cell Biology Mid-career Award is incredibly meaningful to me, as it validates that someone focusing on engineering and applications can be a “real” cell biologist, too. Single-minded devotion to studying a particular biological process is not a prerequisite for a career in science and academia. The more diverse the scientific styles and demographics of scientists who feel welcome, the stronger science will be.
Aesthetic Surgery Research Funding: Where Does It Come From and to Whom Does It Go?
Authors: Hammond Jacob B , Armstrong Valerie L , McMullen Kaley , Bernard Robert W , Teven Chad M
Published: November 2020

Background

Recent data show that aesthetic surgery research is lagging compared with reconstructive surgery: research funding and institutional disparities within aesthetic surgery are potential factors in this trend.

Objectives

The authors sought to determine if disparities exist in aesthetic surgery research based on funding sources or practice settings.

Methods

The authors reviewed Aesthetic Surgery Journal articles from 2009 to 2019. Chi-square, t test, bivariate, and multivariate regression analyses were employed to evaluate research trends.

Results

A total of 2262 publications were identified, with 318 funded articles meeting inclusion criteria. The majority of studies (294, 92%) received external funding, with 281 (88%) being supported solely by external funds. Externally funded studies were financed by private industry (194, 66%), foundations/societies (53, 18%), government grants (23, 8%), or a combination of agencies (24, 8%). The majority of funded studies were at academic institutions (266, 84%), followed by private practice (46, 14%) and private industry (6, 2%). Analysis of annual publications revealed a rising percentage of academic-based research, which correlated with decreasing research from private practice (r = −0.95, r2 = 0.89, P < 0.001). Compared with academic institutions, private practice relied more heavily on industry funding (55% vs 87%, respectively, P = 0.001), exhibiting lower rates of foundational/societal (20% vs 2%), governmental (9% vs 0%), combined (8% vs 7%), and internal department funding (8% vs 4%). Article citations and level of evidence were unaffected by funding source, agency, or practice setting.

Conclusions

Lack of diversity in research funding among private practice surgeons may explain the reported discrepancies that currently exist between aesthetic and reconstructive surgery research.
Safety of Large-Volume Liposuction in Aesthetic Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Kanapathy Muholan , Pacifico Marc , Yassin Ahmed M , Bollen Edward , Mosahebi Afshin
Published: November 2020

Background

Current literature clearly outlines the complication rates of liposuction in general; however, data specific to large-volume liposuction (LVL) remain unclear.

Objectives

The authors aimed to synthesize the current evidence on the safety of LVL with this systematic review.

Methods

A comprehensive search in the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL databases was conducted for primary clinical studies reporting on safety or complications related to aesthetic LVL from 1946 to March 2020. The primary outcome measure was the incidence of surgical complication, and the secondary outcome measure was changes in metabolic profile. Meta-analyses were conducted to pool the estimated surgical complication incidence and metabolic changes.

Results

Twenty-three articles involving 3583 patients were included. The average aspirate volume was 7734.90 mL (95% CI = 5727.34 to 9742.45 mL). The pooled overall incidence of major surgical complications was 3.35% (95% CI = 1.07% to 6.84%). The most common major complication was blood loss requiring transfusion (2.89% [95% CI = 0.84% to 6.12%]) followed by pulmonary embolism (0.18% [95% CI = 0.06% to 0.33%]), hematoma (0.16% [95% CI = 0.05% to 0.32%]), necrotizing fasciitis (0.13% [95% CI = 0.04% to 0.29%]), and deep vein thrombosis (0.12% [95% CI = 0.03% to 0.27%]). No fat embolism or death was reported in the included studies. The pooled overall incidence of minor surgical complication was 11.62% (95% CI = 6.36% to 18.21%), with seroma being the most common minor complication (5.51% [95% CI = 2.69% to 9.27%]). Reductions in lipid profile, glucose profile, body weight, and hematocrit level were observed after LVL.

Conclusions

The authors meta-analyzed and highlighted the complication rates specifically related to LVL in this study; however, the current data are limited by the lack of level 1 evidence.

Level of Evidence: 4
Evolutionary and ecological significance of photosynthetic organs inPhyllocladus(Podocarpaceae)
Authors: Dörken Veit M , Hill Robert S , Jordan Gregory J , Parsons Robert F
Published: November 2020

The structure of phylloclades and true leaves in Phyllocladus was investigated with emphasis on function, ecology and evolution. Only in the earliest ontogenetic stages are true, needle leaves developed. The earliest phylloclades comprise a fusion product of a shoot axis of the first order and its inserted leaves. Later, this is augmented by the expansion of axillary short shoots from the base of some of the fused leaves. Phylloclades of mature individuals are entire short shoot systems, including leaves and shoots, becoming fused with photosynthetic tissue. These phylloclades represent one of the adaptations for increasing functional photosynthetic area that are present in Podocarpaceae. Such adaptations were probably needed because Podocarpaceae are usually medium-sized trees faced with competition from the ever-expanding angiosperm forests at mid to high latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere from the Late Cretaceous, but especially during the Palaeocene–Eocene, when dense and diverse angiosperm-dominated rainforests were common. The data obtained from living species were compared to those from fossil material of Phyllocladus. Phyllocladus with fully developed phylloclades have been in place since at least the early Cenozoic.
85 The effect of drying and warming piglets at birth on pre-weaning mortality
Authors: Vande Pol Katherine , Tolosa Andres , Ellis Michael , Shull Caleb M , Brown Katie , da Silva Stephan
Published: November 2020

Piglets are susceptible to chilling early after birth, which is a major pre-disposing factor for pre-weaning mortality (PWM). This study evaluated the effect of drying and warming piglets at birth on PWM at a commercial facility. A CRD was used with 802 sows (litters), allotted at start of farrowing to 2 treatments (applied at birth): Control (no treatment); Dried+Warmed (dried with a cellulose-based desiccant and warmed in a heated box for 30 min). Piglets were weighed at birth and weaning; PWM was recorded. The effects of farrowing room temperature on PWM were evaluated by classifying litters as being born under Cool or Warm conditions (< 25° C and ≥ 25°C, respectively). Similarly, effects of birth weight on PWM were evaluated by classifying piglets into 3 Birth Weight Categories (BWC; < 1.0 kg, 1.0-1.5 kg, or > 1.5 kg). PROC GLIMMIX and MIXED of SAS were used to analyze PWM and other data, respectively. Litter was the experimental unit; piglet a subsample of litter. The model included fixed effects of treatment, and farrowing room temperature or BWC as appropriate, and the random effect of piglet within litter. Rectal temperature at 30 min after birth, measured on a sub-sample of 10% of litters, was greater (P < 0.05) for the Dried+Warmed than the Control treatment. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of drying and warming piglets on weaning weight or overall PWM. Additionally, PWM was similar across treatments within each BWC. However, the Dried+Warmed treatment reduced (P < 0.05) PWM compared to the Control under Cool but not Warm farrowing room temperatures. In conclusion, this suggests that drying and warming piglets at birth increases rectal temperature and may be an effective method to reduce piglet PWM under cooler farrowing room temperatures. This research was funded by the National Pork Board.
211 Biosecurity practices associated with antimicrobial usage in farrow-to-finish pig farms
Authors: Calderon Diaz Julia A , O'Neill Lorcan , da Costa Maria Rodrigues , Manzanilla Edgar Garcia
Published: November 2020

The objective of this study was to identify biosecurity practices associated with antimicrobial usage (AMU, mg/live body weight, BW) in pig farms. Biosecurity practices were assessed using the Biocheck.UGentTM questionnaire in 54 Irish farrow-to-finish pig farms. For each farm, information on antimicrobial usage in-feed and water and critically important antimicrobials (CIA) usage was collected. Data were analysed using univariable general linear models in PROC GLM of SAS v9.4. Results are presented as least square means ± SE. In-feed AMU was lower in farms where farm staff wore farm specific clothing and shoes, and washed their hands before entering the stables (55.1±19.12 vs. 159.4±31.49 mg/BW; P=0.007) and it tended (P< 0.10) to be lower in farms where animals were loaded for transport from a centrally located corridor, rather than from separately located corridor (69.5±18.79 vs. 148.4±41.07 mg/BW) and had a maximal density of 0.7 m2/pig in the finisher stage (66.5±29.819.152 vs. 145.1±36.98 mg/BW). Similarly, in water AMU was 14.6 mg/BW lower in farms where farm staff wore farm specific clothing and shoes, and washed their hands before entering the stables and 11 mg/BW lower in farms where carcass storage was regularly cleaned (P< 0.05) compared with farms that did not carry out these practices. Wearing gloves when manipulating carcasses (0.3±0.14 vs. 1.0±0.25 mg/BW having footbaths at the entrance of each building (0.2±0.17 vs. 0.7±0.17 mg/BW), loading animals for transport from a central corridor (0.3±0.13 vs. 1.2±0.28 mg/BW) and a maximal density of 0.7 m2/pig in the finisher stage (0.3±0.13 vs. 1.1±0.25 mg/BW) were associated with lower CIA usage (P< 0.05). The implementation of biosecurity practices was associated with lower AMU. Many of these practices could easily be implemented on farms with relatively low costs. Our results highlight the usefulness of cleaning, disinfections and farm compartmentalization to reduce AMU in pig farms.
215 Assessment of the Diagnostic Sensitivity and Specificity of Pain Biomarkers in Cattle Using Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves
Authors: Martin Miriam S , Kleinhenz Michael , Schwartzkopf-Genswein Karen , Coetzee Johann
Published: November 2020

Biomarkers are commonly used to assess pain and analgesic drug efficacy in livestock. However, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of these biomarkers for different pain conditions over time have not been described. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves are graphical plots that illustrate the diagnostic ability of a test as its discrimination threshold is varied. The objective of this analysis was to use area under the curve (AUC) values derived from ROC analysis to assess the predictive value of pain biomarkers at specific timepoints. The biomarkers included in the analysis were blood cortisol, salivary cortisol, hair cortisol, infrared thermography (IRT), mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT), substance P, and outcomes from a pressure/force measurement system and visual analog scale. A total sample size of 7,992 biomarker outcomes were collected from 6 pain studies involving pain associated with castration, dehorning, lameness, and surgery were included in the analysis. Each study consisted of three treatments; pain, no pain, and analgesia. All statistics were performed using statistical software (JMP Pro 14.0, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC). Results comparing analgesia verses pain yielded good diagnostic accuracy (AUC > 0.7; 95% CI: 0.40 to 0.99) for blood cortisol (timepoints 1.5, 2, and 6 hours); IRT (timepoints 6, 8, 12, and 72 hours); and MNT (timepoints 6, 25, and 49 hours). These results indicate that ROC analysis can be a useful indicator of the predictive value of pain biomarkers and certain timepoints seem to yield good diagnostic accuracy while many do not.
188 Teaching animal handling through classrooms and hands-on experiences
Authors: Carroll Heidi K , Rovai Maristela , Erickson Tracey
Published: November 2020

The dairy industry’s Farmers Assuring Responsible Management (F.A.R.M.) program expects annual employee training in cattle handling. Offering meaningful, accessible educational courses should be a priority of the industry as consumers demand quality care for cattle from farm to table when they make purchasing decisions. In response to this industry expectation, SDSU Extension offered multiple formats for cattle handling trainings. Methods used with University students and dairy employees to teach skills of proper cattle handling as it relates to quality products and animal well-being will be discussed. The objective is to evaluate knowledge gained and present outcomes learned from the trainings. In 2018, cattle handling and a brief introduction to the F.A.R.M. program was taught in an upperclassman Physiology of Lactation course (n=25 students) through two 50-minute lectures and one 2-hour hands-on cattle lab. Students were evaluated using multiple-choice questions as part of an exam. In 2019, one 50-minute lecture introducing the F.A.R.M. program and one 2-hour lecture/hands-on cattle lab on basic stockmanship skills was presented to the underclassman Introduction to Dairy Science course (n=27 students). Students were evaluated using a 10-question lab worksheet with multiple-choice, true-false, and short answer questions plus seven questions on a later exam. The same year, a pre and post evaluation quiz was implemented with farm employees for cattle handling trainings on a commercial dairy (n=19 employees). Students in 2018 had an average score of 79.43%, while students in 2019 had an average score of 93.60% on the lab worksheet and 84.26% on the exam questions. The employee average score on the pre-test was 78.95% and 87.89% on the post-test. Students scored well overall. Despite improvement in the post-test scores, employees scored high on the pre-test. Further evaluation of cattle handling teaching methods using strategic assessments is needed to better understand whether implementation of proper skills is occurring from the knowledge learned. Adding follow-up accountability may enhance implementation of consistent proper care and maintain consumer confidence in dairy products.
206 Meta-analysis of the response of piglets to dietary valine: impact of other branched chain amino acids
Authors: Zouaoui Maroua , Simongiovanni Aude , Létourneau-Montminy Marie-Pierre
Published: November 2020

Branched chain amino acids (BCAA), valine (Val), isoleucine (Ile) and leucine (Leu) share the same metabolic pathways. An excess of Leu stimulates the catabolism of Val and Ile that may lead to a decrease in piglet growth performance. The objective of this study is to quantify the response of piglets to dietary Val and the influence of Leu and Ile on this response through a meta-analysis approach. A total of 16 articles published between 2001 and 2018, including 23 experiments and 126 treatments were used. Multiple regression models were fitted with the MIXED procedure of Minitab software with the random effect of the experiment. The Y variables were Average Daily Gain (ADG), Average Daily Feed Intake (ADFI) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR). The main X variable was the Standardized Ileal Digestible Val (ValSID) and the other ones were Leu (LeuSID) and Ile (IleSID). The response of ADG, ADFI and FCR to ValSID was curvilinear (P< 0.001: ADG, R2 = 0.93%; ADFI, R2= 0.97%; FCR, R2=0.93%). Results showed that increasing dietary LeuSID reduced ADG and ADFI (P< 0.05) but also that the response of piglets to ValSID was stronger in high LeuSID diet (P < 0.05; Interaction ValSIDxLeuSID; ADG and ADFI). Based on these models, increasing dietary ValSID from 7 to 8.5g/kg generates in wheat-based diets (10 g /kg of LeuSID) an improvement of ADG of 4.7% and ADFI of 2.5% compared to 7.4% for ADG and 5.2% for ADFI in corn-based diets (14 g/ kg of LeuSID). The response of ADG, ADFI and FCR to ValSID was not modified by IleSID. This study showed that ADG, ADFI and FCR are improved with increasing dietary Val and this effect was modulated by dietary Leu content except for FCR. Results can help piglet nutritionists to optimize dietary Val levels based on other BCAA content.
13 Opportunities for using low-protein diets for weanling pigs to improve intestinal health
Authors: Nyachoti Martin , Lee Jinyoung
Published: November 2020

Dietary manipulation with respect to crude protein (CP) content has been suggested as part of the overall strategy for the nutritional management of weanling pigs to improve intestinal health. This has focused on the use of low CP diets that are appropriately fortified with crystalline amino acids (AA). Use of low CP diets minimizes the amount of undigested dietary protein entering the large intestine and being subjected to bacterial fermentation. This is important because protein fermentation leads to the production of toxic metabolites and encourages the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria, thus causing enteric problems such as post-weaning diarrhea. There have been considerable efforts to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the potential benefits of feeding low CP diets to piglets. In addition to impacting the intestinal microbiome and its associated activities, it is clear that feeding a low CP diets interferes with the attachment of enterotoxigenic E. coli to the intestinal mucosa, thus minimizing its ability to cause disease. Another area of interest has been how use low CP diets in combination with other dietary manipulations to further enhance intestinal health in piglets. In this regards, existing evidence suggests that a low CP diet may be used in combination with other dietary interventions, such as probiotics and dietary fiber, to further enhance gut health outcomes in piglets. Also, addressing the potential reduction in piglet performance when feeding low CP diets by looking more into diet formulation to avoid deficiencies of essential AA or even some of non-essential AA, is critical for successful use low CP diets. Based on the available information, a reduction of dietary protein by four percentage units coupled with appropriate AA supplementation can be a useful dietary strategy to improve intestinal health.
111 Pathogenic Bacterial Levels in US Silages
Authors: Rehberger Tom , Thompson Jesse
Published: November 2020

Fresh forage crops have traditionally been preserved by fermentation, either based on the spontaneous fermentation by epiphytic lactic acid bacterial populations or driven by the addition of lactic acid bacteria inoculant cultures. Although this method of preservation is effective at retarding the spoilage and pathogenic bacteria it does not eliminate these organisms from the forage. Spore-forming and other bacteria are often able to survive the low pH and organic acid levels in the fermented forages and outgrow during feed-out and in the animal. The purpose of this research was to understand the levels and diversity of pathogens in silage systems as an important prerequisite to develop effective ways to control them. From February 2016 to December of 2019, 866 corn silage samples and 577 haylage samples were collected from 457 US dairy farms across 27 states to assess the pathogenic levels in silage. Results indicate the clostridia levels in the haylage samples averaged 9.4 x 103 cfu/g with a range of less than 10 cfu/g to 4.1 x 106 cfu/g. Corn silage had a significantly lower level of clostridia (p<0.05) averaging 2.3 x 103 cfu/g. Clostridium perfringens was the dominant species identified in both haylage and corn silage and accounted for more than 60% of all the clostridia isolates. The other major clostridia species identified were C. beijerinckii, Paraclostridium bifermentens and C. butyricum. E. coli levels were also determined in the haylage and corn silage samples. In haylage, the average E. coli level was 2.1 x 104 cfu/g and ranged from less than 10 cfu/g to 2.5 x 106 cfu/g and were significantly higher (p<0.05) than levels detected in corn silage (average of 5.4 x 101 cfu/g). Further work is underway to determine the source of these pathogens and methods of controlling through the fermentation process.
47 Quantitative evaluation of hunger in pregnant sows: metabolic and hormonal responses to feeding frequency under limit-fed regime
Authors: Manu Hayford , SuHyup Lee , Ren Ping , Tostenson Blair , Tekeste Abel , Pangeni Devi , Yang Xiaojian , Baidoo Samuel Kofi
Published: November 2020

The objectives of the study were to determine the pattern of glucose, insulin, active ghrelin, and total PYY responses and indirectly quantify perceived hunger in pregnant sows under-limit fed conditions. Eighteen sows [(Landrace × Yorkshire); BW 211.86 ± 1.29 kg; parity 3.80 ± 0.16; backfat 13.50 ± 0.25 mm)] were sampled from 180 sows. Sows were blocked by parity and BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments in a RCBD. Treatments included sows fed once at [0730 h (Control, T1), twice [half ration at 0730 and 1530 h (T2)], or thrice [one-third portion at 0730, 1130, and 1530 h (T3)]. The daily feed quantity was kept at 1.25× maintenance energy intake (100 × (BW)0.75) kcal ME/d. Sows received corn-soybean meal-based diet which provided 6935 kcal ME/d and SID Lys:ME of 1.71 g/Mcal from d 30 to 60 of gestation. Hunger was quantified using total area under the curve (AUC) of the hormonal responses. Data analysis was done using PROC MIXED and GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Sow was the experimental unit. Adjustment for multiple comparisons was by Tukey’s method. The control sows had greater 23-h mean glucose concentration than sows fed 3× daily (P = 0.002). Active ghrelin concentration for sows fed 3× daily tended to be lower (P = 0.063) compared with control sows but reduced (P = 0.018) relative to sows fed 2× daily. In conclusion, sows fed 3× daily had 9.0% reduction in 23-h glucose total AUC, 42.5% greater 23-h insulin total AUC, 27.4% reduction in active ghrelin total AUC, and 14.2% greater PYY total AUC compared with pregnant sows fed 1× daily. It is suggested that hunger in pregnant sows occurs at active ghrelin/total PYY ratio of 5.06 ± 0.20 and at a mean plasma glucose concentration of 70.37 ± 1.39 mg/dL and below.
44 Pre-transit vitamin C injection improves post-transit performance of beef steers
Authors: Deters Erin , Hansen Stephanie L
Published: November 2020

This study sought to determine the effects of injectable vitamin C (VC), pre- or post-transit, on blood parameters and feedlot performance of beef steers. Seventy-two, Angus-cross steers were blocked by weight (356 ± 18 kg) and randomly assigned to intramuscular injection treatments (20 mL/steer): saline pre- and post-transit (CON), VC (Vet One; 250 mg sodium ascorbate/mL) pre-transit and saline post-transit (PRE), or saline pre-transit and VC post-transit (POST). Following pre-transit injections (d 0), steers were transported for ~18 h (1,675 km). Upon return (d 1), steers received post-transit injections and were sorted into pens (6 steers/pen) equipped with GrowSafe bunks. Steers were weighed on d 0, 1, 7, 30, 31, 56, and 57. Blood was collected on d 0, 1, 2, and 7. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using ProcMixed of SAS (experimental unit = steer; 24 steers/treatment); treatment and block were fixed effects. Blood variables were analyzed as repeated measures. Injectable VC did not affect BW shrink due to transit (P = 0.28). Compared to CON-steers, PRE or POST-steers exhibited greater dry matter intake from d 31-57 and overall (d 1-57; P ≤ 0.02). Average daily gain was greatest for PRE-steers from d 7-31 and overall (P ≤ 0.05), resulting in PRE-steers being heaviest on d 30/31 (P = 0.03) and tending to be heaviest on d 56/57 (P = 0.07). Plasma ascorbate concentrations were decreased immediately post-transit for CON and POST-steers but increased for PRE-steers (treatment × day; P < 0.01). Plasma ferric reducing antioxidant potential and malondialdehyde were decreased post-transit while serum non-esterified fatty acid and haptoglobin were increased; all blood parameters returned to baseline by d 7 (day; P < 0.01). Timing of injectable VC administration appears to influence how cattle respond to transit as pre-transit administration improved subsequent performance of steers.
256 The effect of closely meeting estimated daily lysine and energy requirements of pregnant first parity sows on offspring growth and carcass quality
Authors: Hansen Lauren , Stewart Victoria , Mandell Ira , Huber Lee-Anne
Published: November 2020

A total of 141 pigs from 24 litters were used to determine the effects of closely meeting estimated lysine and energy requirements for first parity sows during gestation on subsequent offspring growth performance until slaughter and carcass and loin quality. Sows were assigned a control (static diet composition; CON) or precision (specialized daily blend of two diets to meet estimated nutrient and energy requirements; PF) feeding regimen between d7 and 110 of gestation (n=12). At weaning (21 days of age), six pigs per litter were randomly selected and placed in a pen (1 pen per litter). All pens received ad libitum access to commercial diets in 6 phases (4-phase nursery, grower, and finisher, respectively). Individual body weights and per pen feed intakes were recorded weekly (nursery and finishing phases) or biweekly (growing phase). Four pigs per pen were slaughtered at ~125kg BW to measure carcass and loin quality. During nursery phase-3, ADG (0.60 vs. 0.53±0.02 kg/d;P< 0.05) and G:F (0.88 vs. 0.79±0.02;P< 0.05) were greater for pigs from PF versus CON sows. The ADFI in nursery phase-4 tended to be greater for pigs from PF versus CON sows (1.9 vs. 1.2±0.06 kg/d; P=0.05). By day 66 of age (end of nursery phase), pigs from PF sows had greater BW than those from CON (31.8 vs. 30.0±0.5 kg; P< 0.05); no further differences were observed for growth performance. After slaughter, there were no differences in carcass quality (e.g., hot carcass weight and lean yield) but the loin color for pigs from PF sows tended to be darker (L*; 47.4 vs. 46.5±0.1; P=0.06) and less red (a*; 6.5 vs. 6.8±0.3P=0.09) than CON. Closely meeting daily requirements for first parity sows during gestation improved offspring growth in the nursery phase, while carcass and loin quality at ~125 kg BW were generally not affected.
34 Effects of rumen-protected Capsicum oleoresin on growth performance and immune response in growing beef cattle
Authors: Westphalen Mariana Fontana , Oh Joonpyo , Hristov Alexander N , Felix Tara
Published: November 2020

Objectives were to determine effects of rumen-protected Capsicum (RPC) on growth performance and immune response in growing beef cattle. Cattle were stratified by sex (steers = 24; heifers = 12) and body weight (BW; heavy or light) and randomly assigned to treatments: Control (no additive), or RPC (15 mg/kg of dry matter intake (DMI)). Cattle were transitioned over 21 days to a final diet of 80% grain mix and 20% corn silage. Cattle were weighed on test (d0 and 1), at end of adaptation (d21), at midpoint (d48 and 49), and off test (d98 and 99). Blood samples were collected on days 0, 21, and 98 for analysis of parameters related to immune function and energy status. Health treatments were recorded. Performance and blood variables (as repeated measures) were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Pen was the experimental unit. Health data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure; animal was the experimental unit. There was no interaction (P > 0.10) of treatment and sampling day, nor main effect of treatment (P > 0.10), for any blood parameters measured. There were no treatment effects (P > 0.10) on DMI or feed efficiency. From d0 to 21, average daily gain (ADG) tended to be greater (P = 0.13) for animals fed RPC and was 22.9% greater (P = 0.10) for animals fed RPC from d22 to 49. While only 14% of the heavy animals were treated two or more times, 66% of light animals were treated two or more times (P < 0.01), of which 77% were fed Control. Supplementing RPC improved early feedlot ADG. Although there were no changes in blood parameters, ADG improvement may be related to health status.
118 Where we are at and evolving in management systems that are consumer focused?
Authors: Brad Morgan J
Published: November 2020

Begin with the end in mind. Sounds simple enough. In other words, consumer wants, and needs have to be the major focus of everyone in the food production chain. Today’s consumer has questions about food – where it comes from, who’s producing it and how, food safety, animal well-being, environmental impact, labor and human rights as well as business ethics – just to name a few. A study by the Center for Food Integrity (CFI, 2018) found a "trust deficit" that exists between consumers and food companies, federal regulators and farmers. Only 33% of survey respondents said they "strongly agree" that they are confident in the safety of the food they eat, compared to 47% in 2017. Food traceability is no longer an option for manufactures, it’s a requirement. In fact, this increasing focus by consumers on sustainability, health and freshness has placed significant pressure on the food industry to innovate and communicate. This presentation will overview technologies/programs/efforts that are continuing to play an increasingly critical role in how the food we eat is produced, how it is packaged, how it is delivered, how it tastes, feels and smells and how it is reused and repurposed. After all, we are what we eat.
126 Porcine in vitro digestion and fermentation characteristics of heat and multi-enzyme pretreated whole stillage
Authors: Jerez Bogota Kevin S , Woyengo Tofuko A
Published: November 2020

Effects of heat pretreatment (HT) and multi-enzyme predigestion (MP) of whole stillage on porcine in vitro digestibility of DM (IVDDM) and fermentation characteristics of WS were investigated. Four WS samples were obtained from 4 different sources. Half amount of WS from each source was pretreated at 70psi and 160°C for 20 min. Untreated and pretreated WS samples from each source were divided into 4 sub-samples (4 sub-samples of untreated WS per source and 4 sub-samples of pretreated WS per source) to give 32 sub-samples. Four treatments were applied to 32 sub-samples WS (1 untreated or 1 pretreated sub-sample per treatment per sample source). The treatments were WS undigested or pre-digested with 1 of 3 multi-enzymes (MTE1, MTE2, and MTE3). The MTE1 contained xylanase, β-glucanase, cellulase, mannanase, protease, and amylase; MTE2 contained xylanase, α-galactosidase, and celullase; and MTE3 contained xylanase, cellulase, β-glucanase, and mannanase. The 32 sub-samples were subjected to porcine in vitro digestion in 3 cycles of 2 batches (16 sub-samples/batch). Subsequently, residues were subjected to porcine in vitro fermentation for 72 hours, during which accumulated gas production was recorded and modeled to estimate kinetics of gas production. The IVDDM of untreated WS was 73.4%. HT improved (P< 0.05) of WS IVDMM by 8.2 percentage points. MP improved IVDDM of untreated WS and heat-pretreated WS by a means 9.1 and 6.8 percentage points, respectively. However, the magnitude of improvement in IVDDM of pretreated WS due to predigestion was lower (P< 0.05) for MTE3 than that for MTE2 (4.8 vs. 9.0 percentage points), but similar to that for MTE1 (6.7 percentage points). Similar interactions were observed for total gas production. In conclusion, the digestibility of WS was improved by the HT and MP. Combination of HT and MTE2 predigestion was the most effective in improving digestibility of WS.
133 Supplementing xylanase increased the digestibility of non-starch polysaccharides, particularly arabinoxylan, in diets high in insoluble corn fiber fed to swine with a 36-d dietary adaptation period
Authors: Petry Amy , Huntley Nichole , Bedford Mike R , Zijlstra R T , Patience John
Published: November 2020

Xylanase should increase arabinoxylan digestibility in swine, but the responses in corn-based diets are inconsistent. The experimental objective was to investigate xylanase efficacy in growing pigs fed a diet high in insoluble corn fiber and afforded a longer adaptation period than typically reported in the literature. Sixty gilts (25.4 ± 0.9 kg BW; L337 × Camborough), were blocked by weight, housed individually, and randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments: a low-fiber control [LF; 6.9% non-starch polysaccharides (NSP)], a 30% corn bran high-fiber control (HF; 17.6% NSP), HF + 100 mg xylanase/kg (HF+XY; Econase XT 25P; AB Vista, Marlborough, UK), and HF + 50 mg arabinoxylan-oligosaccharide/kg (HF+AX; 3-7 degrees of polymerization). Diets contained 0.5% CrO3. Gilts were fed ad libitum for 36 d, followed by 10-d of limit feeding (80% of average ad libitum intake) and were housed in metabolism crates. On d 46, pigs were necropsied and ileal, cecal, and colonic digesta were collected; ileal digesta was pooled within replicate for NSP analysis (n=6 per treatment). Data were analyzed as a linear mixed model using replicate and block as random effects, and treatment as a fixed effect. Compared to LF, the HF diet reduced (P< 0.01) apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of total NSP (32.7 vs. 16.3%), insoluble NSP (50.0 vs. 21.5%), and insoluble arabinoxylan (29.8 vs. 15.4%). Xylanase (HF+XY vs. HF) increased (P< 0.01) AID of total NSP by 39.8% (27.1 vs. 16.3%) and insoluble NSP by 34.0%. This may be attributed to xylanase increasing AID of total arabinoxylan by 54.5% over HF, 44.5% over LF, and 56.9% over HF+AX (33.0, 15.1, 18.3, and 14.2%, respectively; P=0.02). In conclusion, increasing insoluble fiber reduces NSP digestibility, but xylanase can increase AID of arabinoxylan and NSP. Supplementing an arabinoxylan-oligosaccharide, a potential release product of the xylanase, did not increase NSP digestibility.
198 Effects of different dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine specifications on growth performance of grow-finish pigs
Authors: Lu Ning , Vier Carine , Cast Wayne , Orlando Uislei , Hamilton Dan , Van De Stroet Denise , Spath Isaiah , Hanson Dan , Edler Roy , Scholtz Emily
Published: November 2020

The objective was to determine the effects of different standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) specifications on performance of grow-finish pigs. A total of 2,106 pigs (PIC 359×Camborough, initially 22.0±0.43 kg) were used in a 72-d growth trial with 27 pigs per pen and 13 pens per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Pigs were fed corn-soybean-meal-based diets in three phases from 22-41, 41-62, and 62-91 kg body weight (BW). Treatments consisted of low (L) or high (H) SID Lys in each phase: LLL (1.05, 0.88, and 0.73%); LLH (1.05, 0.88, and 0.82%); LHH (1.05, 0.99, and 0.82%); HLL (1.18, 0.88, and 0.73%); HHL (1.18, 0.99, and 0.73%); and HHH (1.18, 0.99, and 0.82%). Lysine curves from PIC2008 and PIC2016 nutrient specification manuals were used to estimate SID Lys levels for L or H diets, respectively. Data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models with pen as the experimental unit. From 22-41 kg, feeding high Lys improved (P< 0.10) average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency (G:F), and final BW compared to low Lys. From 22-62 kg, feeding HH Lys increased (P< 0.05) ADG compared feeding LL or HL Lys. Pigs fed HH Lys or LH Lys had improved (P< 0.05) G:F compared to those fed LL Lys. Pigs fed LH or HH Lys had greater (P< 0.05) final BW compared to pigs fed HL. Pigs fed HH Lys had greater (P< 0.05) feed intake compared to pigs fed HL. From 22-91 kg, there was no evidence for differences in ADG, feed intake, G:F, or final BW. In summary, pigs fed 1.18% SID Lys had improved ADG, G:F, and final BW compared to pigs fed 1.05% SID Lys from 22-41 kg. Feeding a range of Lys specifications resulted in similar growth performance from 22-91 kg.