bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Properties of developing lateral geniculate neurones in the mouse
Authors: MacLeod Nikki , Turner Christopher , Edgar Julia
Published: July 2002

This study describes the properties of neurones recorded in vitro from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) of the mouse between developmental stages El 6 and P36 and represents the first systematic study of the development of rodent thalamic neurones. The results demonstrate that thalamo‐cortical neurones in the mouse dLGN undergo a series of important changes as they mature. Prenatally recorded cells had low resting potentials and could not generate action potentials but as they mature, mouse dLGN neurones become more polarised and show an increase in membrane time constant and spike threshold, while action potentials increase in amplitude and decrease in width. The low‐threshold spike (LTS) complex appears at the time of birth, but does not show properties typical of adult cells until at least the third postnatal week. Immature action potentials are primarily sodium‐dependent but gain a significant calcium component in the second postnatal week, which is associated with a supra‐threshold oscillation of the membrane potential. The electrical activity during this critical period is strongly influenced by the interaction of powerful inward and outward rectification with calcium conductances which determines the appearance of voltage responses to intracellular current injection. The membrane potential in recordings from neurones during the first postnatal week was dominated by intense TTX‐sensitive depolarising synaptic‐like events which attained amplitudes of 60mV in several neurones at stages P5–P8. These changes are discussed in relationship to the formation of appropriate connections in the developing visual system.
Out with a whimper: the final days of Hungarian socialism
Authors: Barany Zoltan
Published: July 2002

The objective of this article is to provide a snapshot of Hungary's political, social, and to a lesser extent, economic conditions on the eve of the transition. The paper examines the desperate attempts of the socialist political elites to regain their legitimacy through half-hearted political and economic reform proposals, and briefly surveys the country's profound economic difficulties and its pervasive social malaise.
Enhanced Ca2+ ‐induced contractions and attenuated α‐adrenoceptor responses in resistance arteries from rats with congestive heart failure
Authors: Bergdahl Anders , Valdemarsson Stig , Sun Xiang‐Ying , Hedner Thomas , Edvinsson Lars
Published: July 2002

Aim:

The aim of the present study was to examine the role of Ca2+ ‐mediated contractile responses in isolated mesenteric resistance arteries from rats with congestive heart failure (CHF).

Methods:

Heart failure was induced by ligation of the left coronary artery. Rats exposed to the same surgical procedure except ligation served as controls (Sham). The following experiments were conducted: (1) passive increase in radial stretch (the length–tension relationship) in Ca2+ ‐free and in depolarizing high K+‐ solution; (2) the contractile responses to external application of Ca2+ and high K+ ‐solutions in the presence of nifedipine and phentolamine; and (3) a histological evaluation of CHF and Sham vessels.

Results:

The length–tension induced response in Ca2+ ‐free buffer solution was significantly lower in arteries from CHF rats, starting at a very low tension (0.9 ± 0.2 mN/mm for heart failure and 1.7 ± 0.2 mN/mm for Sham). This difference, but at a higher degree of stretch, was also present in K+ ‐activated vessels. The external application of Ca2+ in K+ ‐depolarized vascular segments in the presence of phentolamine (1 μM) induced an enhanced contractile response in arteries from CHF rats compared with Sham (4.8 ± 0.3 mN/mm and 3.6 ± 0.6 mN/mm, respectively, P = 0.059). In the absence of phentolamine the reverse response was found (4.0 ± 0.4 mN/mm and 5.7 ± 0.3 mN/mm for CHF vs. Sham respectively, P = 0.035). Application of increasing concentrations of K+ ‐solution induced a stronger contractile response in Sham compared with CHF arteries (Sham 4.9 ± 0.4 and heart failure 4.0 ± 0.3, P = 0.04). Microscopic examination of vessels yielded no difference in gross morphology, media thickness or wall to lumen ratio between CHF and Sham arteries.

Conclusion:

The results indicate an attenuation of α‐adrenoceptors and a difference of Ca2+ ‐mediated vascular contractility in resistance arteries of congestive heart failure rats.
Methanopyraceae
Authors: Shao Nana , Akinyemi Taiwo S. , Whitman William B.
Published: December 2020

Me.tha.no.py.ra.ce'ae. N.L. masc. n.Methanopyrustype genus of the family; ‐aceaethe ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.Methanopyraceaethe family ofMethanopyrus.

Euryarchaeota / Methanopyria / Methanopyrales / Methanopyraceae

Rod‐shaped cells, occurring singly and in chains, about 2–14 μm long and 0.5–0.7 μm wide. Nonsporulating. Cell division by septum formation. Cell wall consists of an inner pseudomurein and an outer proteinaceous S‐layer. Gram‐stain‐positive. Strictly anaerobic. Growth is chemolithoautotrophic with H2/CO2converted to CH4as energy‐forming reaction. Sulfur reduced to H2S, causing cell lysis. 2,3‐Di‐O‐phytanyl‐sn‐glycerol and 2,3‐di‐O‐geranylgeranyl‐sn‐glycerol present in the lipids. Cyclic 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate present intracellularly at high concentrations. Growth between pH 5.5 and 7; optimum, pH near 6.5. Hyperthermophilic. No growth occurs below 84°C; optimum growth temperature, 98–100°C; maximum, up to 116°C. Occur in deep‐sea hydrothermal fields. Currently, one genus with one species is described. Genome sequences have been determined for the type strain of the type species,Methanopyrus kandleriAV19T, and two other unclassified strains,Methanopyrussp. SNP6 and KOL6.

DNA G + C content (mol%): 57.7–61.2 (Genome).

Type genus:MethanopyrusKurr et al. 1991, VL41.
Desulfonauticaceae
Authors: Galushko Alexander , Kuever Jan
Published: December 2020

De.sul.fo.nau.ti.ca.ce'ae. N.L. masc. n.
Desulfonauticus
, type genus of the family; suff. ‐
aceae
, ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Desulfonauticaceae
, the family of
Desulfonauticus
.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfovibrionia / Desulfovibrionales / Desulfonauticaceae

Cells are straight or curved rods which occur singly or in pairs. Gram‐stain‐negative. Endospores are not observed. Motile. Strict anaerobes with a respiratory type of metabolism. Chemoorganoheterotroph and chemolithoheterotroph or chemolithoautotroph. One species can only use H
2
and formate as electron donors in combination with acetate as carbon source. The other species also uses some organic compounds and amino acids as carbon sources. Organic compounds except formate are not used as electron donors. Sulfate, sulfite, thiosulfate, and elemental sulfur are used as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to H
2
S. Moderate thermophile and neutrophile. Desulfoviridin is not present. Cytochromes of the
c
‐type are present. The family currently accommodates a single genus
Desulfonauticus
. Present in geothermally active areas of elevated temperature.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 32.5–41.3 (LC, genome).

Type genus
:
Desulfonauticus
Audiffrin et al. 2003
VP
.
Pasteurella
Authors: Christensen Henrik , Mutters Reinier , Bisgaard Magne
Published: December 2020

Pas.teu.rel'la. N.L. dim. fem. n.Pasteurellanamed after Louis Pasteur.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Pasteurellales / Pasteurellaceae / Pasteurella

According to 16S rRNA gene—and conserved housekeeping protein sequence phylogeny—Pasteurella sensu strictoonly includes the type speciesPasteurella multocidaand the speciesPasteurella canis,Pasteurella stomatis,Pasteurella dagmatis, andPasteurella oralis. The genusPasteurellaincludes coccobacilli or rods, generally 0.3–1.0 μm in diameter and 1.0–2.0 μm in length. Members ofPasteurellaare Gram‐negative, nonmotile, non‐acid‐fast, and endospores are not formed. Growth is aerobic to microaerophilic or facultatively anaerobic. The metabolism is chemoheterotrophic with both oxidative and fermentative types of metabolism. The electron transport system is cytochrome based, with oxygen, nitrate, or fumarate as the terminal electron acceptor. Nitrate reductase is produced. Members of the genus are oxidase‐positive (P. dagmatisvariable), alkaline phosphatase‐positive, and catalase‐positive. The optimum growth temperature is 35–37°C. No growth occurs on Simmons' citrate agar. Acid is produced from (+)‐d‐glucose, (+)‐d‐galactose, (−)‐d‐fructose, (+)‐d‐mannose, and sucrose. Acid is not produced from adonitol,meso‐inositol, (+)‐l‐rhamnose, or (−)‐l‐sorbose. Members of the genusPasteurellaare commensal or opportunistic pathogenic in mammals and birds and more rarely found in some other vertebrates such as marsupials and lizards. Members of the genus are mainly obtained from lesions in the respiratory tract. Typical infections associated withP. multocidainclude hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle and buffaloes, fowl cholera in chicken, anthropic rhinitis in pigs, and snuffles in rabbits. In human beings, these taxa are mainly obtained with wound infections inflicted by animals.

DNA G + C content (mol%): 36.8–43.5.

Type species:Pasteurella multocidaRosenbusch and Merchant 1939AL(basonym: Lehmann and Neumann 1899) emend. Mutters et al. 1985.
Thermoanaerobaculum
Authors: Losey Nathaniel A. , Lawson Paul A.
Published: December 2020

Ther.mo.an.a.e.ro.ba'cu.lum. Gr. masc. adj.
thermos
, hot; Gr. pref.
an-
, not; Gr. masc. n.
aer
, air; L. neut. n.
baculum
, rod; N.L. neut. n.
Thermoanaerobaculum
, rod that grows in the absence of air at high temperatures.

Acidobacteria / Thermoanaerobaculia / Thermoanaerobaculales / Thermoanaerobaculaceae / Thermoanaerobaculum

Cells are Gram‐stain‐negative, nonmotile, strictly anaerobic, and rod shaped. Reproduce by binary fission. Chemoheterotrophic with the ability to grow fermentatively on pyruvate, yeast extract, or peptone. Capable of reducing Fe(III) and Mn(IV). Moderately thermophilic. The major fatty acids are iso‐C
15:0
, iso‐C
16:0
, anteiso‐C
17:0
, and iso‐C
17:0
. Iso‐diabolic acid and other ether‐linked lipids are not present. The polar lipids are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylethanolamine. The major isoprenoid quinone is MK‐10, and the major polyamine is
sym
‐homospermidine. Phylogenetically,
Thermoanaerobaculum
is located in the phylum
Acidobacteria
within the family
Thermoanaerobaculaceae
, order
Thermoanaerobaculales
, and class
Thermoanaerobaculia
. Represents the first genus to be described within
Acidobacteria
subdivision 23. Known habitats are terrestrial hot springs.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 63.0 (genome sequence).

Type species:
Thermoanaerobaculum aquaticum
Losey et al. 2013
VP
.
Rodentibacter
Authors: Christensen Henrik , Nicklas Werner , Bisgaard Magne , Boot Ron , Adhikary Sadhana
Published: December 2020

Ro.den.ti.bac'ter. N.L. pl. n.rodentesrodents,rodensL. pres. part. gnawing; N.L. masc. n.bacterrod; N.L. masc. n.Rodentibacterrod from rodents.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Pasteurellales / Pasteurellaceae / Rodentibacter

The genusRodentibacterwas established based on the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of strains, predominantly from rodents. The strains formed a monophyletic group withinPasteurellaceaebased on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and showed 93.8% or higher similarity, and their unique relationship at genus level withinPasteurellaceaewas confirmed by phenotypic analysis. Comparison of a partial region of therpoBgene sequence showed 86% or higher similarity of all strains. The type speciesRodentibacter pneumotropicuswas reclassified from [Pasteurella]pneumotropica, and the genus further includes seven validly published names of species and two genomospecies. The species were classified based on comparisons of 16S rRNA gene sequences, partialrpoBgene sequences, DNA–DNA renaturation estimated from whole‐genomic sequences, and phenotypes.Rodentibacter heyliiincludes the former biovar Heyl of [P.]pneumotropica.Rodentibacter rattiincludes taxon 22 of Bisgaard, whileRodentibacter myodisincludes taxon 41 of Bisgaard.Rodentibacter raruswas based on the characterization of two strains including the reference strain of taxon 17 of Bisgaard.Rodentibacter mraziiincluded Bisgaard taxon 21. In addition, the speciesRodentibacter heidelbergensisandRodentibacter trehalosifermentanswere outlined. The eight validly published species names could be separated by phenotypic characteristics.

DNA G + C content (mol%): 40.0–41.0.

Type species:Rodentibacter pneumotropicusAdhikary et al. 2017aVP(basonym:Pasteurella pneumotropicaJawetz 1950AL).
Desulfocicer
gen. nov.
Authors: Galushko Alexander , Kuever Jan
Published: December 2020

De.sul.fo.ci'cer. L. pref.
de
, from; L. neut. n.
sulfur
, sulfur; N.L. pref.
desulfo
‐, prefix used to characterize a dissimilatory sulfate‐reducing prokaryote; L. neut. n.
cicer
, chickpea; N.L. neut. n.
Desulfocicer
, sulfate‐reducing chickpea.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfobacteria / Desulfobacterales / Desulfobacteraceae / Desulfocicer
gen. nov.

Oval‐ to irregular‐shaped rods, 1.5–2.0 × 2.0–3.0 μm. Occur singly or in pairs. One species forms chains. Spore formation is not observed. Gram‐stain‐negative. Motility might occur depending on the species. Strictly anaerobic, having a respiratory type of metabolism. Chemoorganoheterotrophic and chemolithoautotrophic. C
2
–C
16
straight‐chain fatty acids, ethanol, pyruvate, fumarate, succinate, malate, glutamate, and glutarate are used as carbon sources and electron donors and are completely oxidized to CO
2
via the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway. Chemolithoautotrophic growth on H
2
+ CO
2
. Formate is used without acetate. Sulfate serves as a terminal electron acceptor and is reduced to H
2
S. Fermentative growth was not observed. Mesophilic. Optimal growth temperature is 25–30°C. Neutrophilic. Optimal pH for growth is 7.0–7.4. Media containing a reductant and increased levels of NaCl and MgCl
2
are necessary for growth. Vitamins might be required for growth. The genus
Desulfocicer
contains two described species and occurs in anoxic brackish and marine sediments.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 45.8–46.5 (
T
m
, genome).

Type species
:
Desulfocicer niacini
comb. nov. (basonym:
Desulfobacterium niacini
Kuever et al. 2005a, VL107).
Fundidesulfovibrio
Authors: Galushko Alexander , Kuever Jan
Published: December 2020

Fun.di.de.sul.fo.vi'brio. L. masc. adj.
fundus
, the bottom, foundation; N.L. masc. n.
Desulfovibrio
, a bacterial genus name; N.L. masc. n.
Fundidesulfovibrio
, the bottom
Desulfovibrio
, referring to the origin from a deep subsurface aquifer.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfovibrionia / Desulfovibrionales / Desulfovibrionaceae / Fundidesulfovibrio

Cells are vibrio shaped, 0.7–0.9 × 2.3–5.6 μm. Occur singly or in pairs. Spore formation is not observed. Gram‐stain‐negative. Cells are motile by a single polar flagellum. Strictly anaerobic, having both a respiratory and a fermentative type of metabolism. Chemoorganoheterotrophs using organic acids such as lactate, pyruvate, fumarate (one species), and malate (one species) as electron donors and carbon sources; these organic compounds are incompletely oxidized to acetate.
Fundidesulfovibrio butyratiphilus
can use butyrate, valerate, and 2‐methylbutyrate. Low molecular weight alcohols are also utilized. Patterns of alcohol utilization by the species of the genus for sulfate reduction are consistent with incomplete type of metabolism, and major products depend on the ability of species to utilize fatty acids. H
2
can be used as electron donor in the presence of acetate as organic carbon source (chemolithoheterotrophic growth). For
F. butyratiphilus
, chemolithoautotrophic growth with H
2
and CO
2
is described. Formate is not used. Sulfate (all species) and often sulfite, thiosulfate serve as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to sulfide. Desulfoviridin is present. In the absence of an external electron acceptor, growth may occur by fermentation of pyruvate, malate (one species), or fumarate (one species). Mesophilic; the optimum temperature for growth is 30–35°C. Neutrophilic; the optimum pH for growth is 7.0–7.1. Media containing a reductant but not NaCl are required for growth. Occurs in anoxic water‐producing wells and sewage sludge plants.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 62.9–63.3 (LC, genome).

Type species
:
Fundidesulfovibrio putealis
Waite et al. 2020
VP
(basonym:
Desulfovibrio putealis
Basso et al. 2005).
Paradesulfovibrio
Authors: Galushko Alexander , Kuever Jan
Published: December 2020

Pa.ra.de.sul.fo.vi'bri.o. Gr. prep.
para
, besides, near, like; N.L. masc. n.
Desulfovibrio
, a bacterial genus name; N.L. masc. n.
Paradesulfovibrio
, besides the genus
Desulfovibrio
.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfovibrionia / Desulfovibrionales / Desulfovibrionaceae / Paradesulfovibrio

Cells are vibrio shaped, 0.5 × 2.0–3.0 μm. Occur singly or in pairs. Spore formation is not observed. Stain Gram‐negative. Cells are motile. Strictly anaerobic, having both a respiratory and a fermentative type of metabolism. Chemoorganoheterotrophs using lactate, pyruvate, ethanol, fumarate, succinate, and malate as electron donors and carbon sources; organic compounds are incompletely oxidized to acetate. Alcohols such as propanol and butanol are used and are oxidized to their corresponding carboxylic acids. H
2
can be used as electron donor in the presence of acetate as an organic carbon source (chemolithoheterotrophic growth). Formate was not tested as substrate. Sulfate, sulfite, thiosulfate, and sulfur serve as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to sulfide. Desulfoviridin is present. Fumarate and some of brominated phenols are also used. In the absence of an external electron acceptor, growth may occur by fermentation of pyruvate and fumarate. Mesophilic; the optimum temperature for growth is 40°C. Neutrophilic; the optimum pH for growth is 7.0. NaCl and media containing a reductant are required for growth. The former
Desulfovibrio bizertensis
was transferred to the new genus
Paradesulfovibrio
. Occur in anoxic marine sediments.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 52.1 (genome).

Type species
:
Paradesulfovibrio bizertensis
Waite et al. 2020
VP
(basonym:
Desulfovibrio bizertensis
Haouari et al. 2006
VP
).
Thermogutta
Authors: Slobodkina Galina
Published: December 2020

Ther.mo.gutt'ta Gr. masc. adj.
thermos,
hot; L. fem. n.
gutta
a drop; N.L. fem. n.
Thermogutta
, a drop‐shaped thermophile.

Planctomycetes / Planctomycetia / Pirellulales / Thermoguttaceae / Thermogutta

The genus
Thermogutta
consists of Gram‐stain‐negative bacteria with oval cells that occur singly or in aggregates. Cells reproduce by budding. Daughter cells are motile; mature cells are nonmotile. Members of the genus are thermophilic and neutrophilic anaerobes, which are also capable of microaerobic growth. The genus is characterized by chemoorganotrophic growth by oxidation of organic substrates, primarily sugars, with external electron acceptors or by fermentation. The major cellular fatty acids are hexadecenoic (C
16:0
) and octadecanoic (C
18:0
) fatty acids. Unsaturated or hydroxy fatty acids are lacking. The type species is
Thermogutta terrifontis
. This genus is a member of the phylum
Planctomycetes
, class
Planctomycetia,
order
Pirellulales
, and family
Thermoguttaceae
. Representatives of this genus inhabit terrestrial, subsurface, and anthropogenic ecosystems with elevated temperatures.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 57.3–66.6 (
T
m
and genome data).

Type species
:
Thermogutta terrifontis
, Slobodkina et al. 2015
VP
.
Thermostilla
Authors: Slobodkina Galina
Published: December 2020

Ther.mo.stil'la. Gr. masc. adj.
thermos
hot; L. fem. n.
stilla
a drop; N.L. fem. n.
Thermostilla
a drop‐shaped thermophile.

Planctomycetes / Planctomycetia / Pirellulales / Thermoguttaceae / Thermostilla

The genus
Thermostilla
, represented by a single species,
Thermostilla marina
, consists of Gram‐stain‐negative, budding bacteria with oval cells assembled in aggregates or occurring as single cells. Daughter cells are motile; mature cells are nonmotile. The members of the genus are thermophilic, neutrophilic, and facultatively anaerobic with the ability to grow under microoxic conditions. The genus is characterized by chemoorganotrophic growth with external electron acceptors or by fermentation. Growth substrates include mono‐, di‐, and polysaccharides. The predominant cellular fatty acid is hexadecenoic (C
16:0
) acid. Unsaturated and hydroxy fatty acids are lacking. This genus is a member of the phylum
Planctomycetes
, class
Planctomycetia,
order
Pirellulales
, and family
Thermoguttaceae
. Habitats of the genus are marine hydrothermal vents.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 58.5 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Thermostilla marina
, Slobodkina et al. 2016
VP
.
Methanopyrales
Authors: Shao Nana , Akinyemi Taiwo S. , Whitman William B.
Published: December 2020

Me.tha.no.py.ra'les. N.L. masc. n.
Methanopyrus
type genus of the order; ‐
ales
the ending to denote an order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Methanopyrales
the order of
Methanopyrus
.

Euryarchaeota / Methanopyria / Methanopyrales

The order currently consists of one family
Methanopyraceae
and one genus
Methanopyrus
with one species
Methanopyrus kandleri
. Cells are rods and nonsporulating. Cell division by septum formation. Cell wall consists of an inner pseudomurein and an outer proteinaceous S‐layer. Gram‐stain‐positive. Strictly anaerobic. Growth is chemolithoautotrophic with H
2
/CO
2
converted to CH
4
as energy‐forming reaction. 2,3‐Di‐
O
‐phytanyl‐
sn
‐glycerol and 2,3‐di‐
O
‐geranylgeranyl‐
sn
‐glycerol present in the lipids. Cyclic 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate present intracellularly at high concentrations. Growth optimum near pH 6.5. Hyperthermophilic. No growth occurs below 84°C. Optimum growth temperature, 98–100°C; maximum, up to 116°C. Occur in deep‐sea hydrothermal fields. Genome sequences have been determined for the type strain of the type species,
Methanopyrus kandleri
AV19
T
, and two other unclassified strains,
Methanopyrus
sp. SNP6 and KOL6.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 57.7–61.2 (Genome).

Type genus
:
Methanopyrus
Kurr et al. 1991, VL41.
Development and Evaluation of a Clinic for Elderly Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Multimorbidity: A Pilot Study
Authors: van Moerbeke Anne , Magdelijns Fabienne , Cleutjens Fiona , Boonen Annelies , van Onna Marloes
Published: December 2020

Objective

Integrating patient’s and physician’s goals, especially in elderly patients with multimorbidity, might ultimately improve care. Efforts to develop such care innovations in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are lacking. The objective of our study was to develop and to pilot test a clinic for elderly patients with RA and multimorbidity.

Methods

First, a referral strategy for and the content of an Elderly Multimorbidity Clinic (EMC) was developed. Next, the EMC was implemented, and it primarily focused on the personal goals of patients and medication review. The EMC was evaluated in a quantitative–qualitative approach.

Results

Referral considered useful by the rheumatologist was chosen as the referral criterion. A rheumatologist and internist–geriatrician provided care to referred patients (≥ 55 years) at the EMC during three visits over 1 year. Twenty patients with RA participated in the pilot study (mean age 76.8±7.7 years; 30% male). Only 12 (60%) patients attended the first follow‐up consultation, and three (15%) attended the second follow‐up consultation. During any follow‐up visit, 9/12 (75%) patients achieved one or more goals. Examples of accomplished goals were reduction of medication and improvement of mobility. In 19/20 (95%) patients, medication was remediated (stop medication for 13 patients; start medication for five patients) during the first visit. After 1 year, medication was changed back in 10 patients. Rheumatologists revealed uncertainty about meaningful referral, and patients and rheumatologists mentioned high (caregiver) burden because of extra visits as reasons for not attending follow‐up. Patients were satisfied with the care provided.

Conclusion

This goal‐directed EMC led to the accomplishment of at least one goal in 75% of patients. Sustained benefits could not be demonstrated because of low follow‐up.
Wearable Soft Technologies for Haptic Sensing and Feedback
Authors: Yin Jessica , Hinchet Ronan , Shea Herbert , Majidi Carmel
Published: December 2020

Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) systems have garnered recent widespread attention due to increased accessibility, functionality, and affordability. These systems sense user inputs and typically provide haptic, audio, and visual feedback to blend interactive virtual environments with the real world for an enhanced or simulated reality experience. With applications ranging from immersive entertainment, to teleoperation, to physical therapy, further development of this technology has the potential for impact across multiple disciplines. However, VR/AR devices still face critical challenges that hinder integration into everyday life and additional applications; namely, the rigid and cumbersome form factor of current technology that is incompatible with the dynamic movements and pliable limbs of the human body. Recent advancements in the field of soft materials are uniquely suited to provide solutions to this challenge. Devices fabricated from flexible and elastic bio‐compatible materials have significantly greater compatibility with the human body and could lead to a more natural VR/AR experience. This review reports state‐of‐the‐art experimental studies in soft materials for wearable sensing and haptic feedback in VR/AR applications, explores emerging soft technologies for on‐body devices, and identifies current challenges and future opportunities toward seamless integration of the virtual and physical world.
Nano Polymorphism‐Enabled Redox Electrodes for Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Mei Jun , Wang Jinkai , Gu Huimin , Du Yaping , Wang Hongkang , Yamauchi Yusuke , Liao Ting , Sun Ziqi , Yin Zongyou
Published: December 2020

Nano polymorphism (NPM), as an emerging research area in the field of energy storage, and rechargeable batteries, have attracted much attention recently. In this review, the recent progress on the composition and formation of polymorphs, and the evolution processes of different redox electrodes in rechargeable metal‐ion, metal–air, and metal–sulfur batteries are highlighted. First, NPM and its significance for rechargeable batteries are discussed. Subsequently, the current NPM modulation strategies of different types of representative electrodes for their corresponding rechargeable battery applications are summarized. The goal is to demonstrate how NPM could tune the intrinsic material properties, and hence, improve their electrochemical activities for each battery type. It is expected that the analysis of polymorphism and electrochemical properties of materials could help identify some “processing–structure–properties” relationships for material design and performance enhancement. Lastly, the current research challenges and potential research directions are discussed to offer guidance and perspectives for future research on NPM engineering.
Recent Progress of 3d Transition Metal Single‐Atom Catalysts for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
Authors: Xu Chaochen , Vasileff Anthony , Zheng Yao , Qiao Shi‐Zhang
Published: December 2020

Recent studies have shown that single‐atom catalysts (SACs) have significantly better catalytic activity and selectivity for the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CRR) compared to their bulk metal and nanostructured counterparts. However, there are few relevant articles reviewing SACs for the CRR, despite their importance in the field. Herein, the scope of this review is the recent development of single‐atom 3d‐block transition metal catalysts (metal = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) and their application as electrocatalysts for the CRR. The recent representative works by metal are summarized. Results show that 1) Ni and Fe SACs exhibit superior catalytic performance for CO evolution; 2) Co, Mn, Zn SACs are less reported due to their relative inertness for the CRR; 3) Cu SACs have ordinary catalytic activity for the CRR, however, C2 products are observed in a few reports. Point (3) is attractive to the prospective study of CO2 to highly reduced products. Finally, some suggestions for the future development of SACs for the CRR are briefly proposed.
Recent Progress of Nanoscale Metal‐Organic Frameworks in Synthesis and Battery Applications
Authors: Zhong Ming , Kong Lingjun , Zhao Kun , Zhang Ying‐Hui , Li Na , Bu Xian‐He
Published: December 2020

As one type of promising inorganic–organic hybrid crystal material, metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted widespread attention in many potential fields, particularly in energy storage and conversion. Recently, effective strategies have been developed to construct uniform nanoscale MOFs (NMOFs), which not only retain inherent advantages of MOFs but also develop some improved superiorities, including shorter diffusion pathway for guest transportation and more accessible active sites for surface adsorption and reaction. Additonally, their nanometer size provides more opportunity for post‐functionalization and hybridization. In this review, recent progress on the preparation of NMOFs is summarized, primarily through bottom‐up strategies including reaction parameter‐ and coordination‐assisted synthesis, and top‐down strategies such as liquid exfoliation and salt‐template confinement. Additionally, recent applications of NMOFs in batteries as electrodes, separators, and electrolytes is discussed. Finally, some important issues concerning the fabrication and application are emphasized, which should be paid attention in future.
In Situ Polymerized Conjugated Poly(pyrene‐4,5,9,10‐tetraone)/Carbon Nanotubes Composites for High‐Performance Cathode of Sodium Batteries
Authors: Shi Ruijuan , Liu Luojia , Lu Yong , Li Yixin , Zheng Shibing , Yan Zhenhua , Zhang Kai , Chen Jun
Published: December 2020

Sodium batteries have attracted much attention in recent years because of their comprehensive electrochemical performance, high abundance, and low cost of sodium resources. However, the unsatisying energy density and poor cycling stability of current sodium batteries restrict their large‐scale applications. Here an in situ polymerization method to construct π‐conjugated poly(pyrene‐4,5,9,10‐tetraone)/carbon nanotubes (PPTO–CNTs) composites as cathode materials for sodium batteries is used. It is found that the π–π interaction between PPTO and CNTs in PPTO–CNTs composites overcomes the repulsion between each PPTO unit, leading to a flat configuration of PPTO and enhancing the electronic conductivity and active sites accessibility of PPTO–CNTs composites. Thus, PPTO–CNTs electrodes display a high discharge capacity of 360.2 mAh g−1, long cycling stability (a capacity retention of 95.1% after 1300 cycles), and high rate capability (194.5 mAh g−1 at 10.0 A g−1). Moreover, a pouch‐type Na//PPTO–CNTs cell with an energy density of ≈204.0 Wh kg−1PPTO+Na is fabricated, exhibiting a capacity retention of 91.2% after 100 cycles. In addition, the combination of experiments and theoretical calculations demonstrates the four‐sodium‐ion redox chemistry mechanism of each PPTO molecule unit. This work should promote the practical application of conjugated polymers in high‐performance sodium batteries.
Synergistic Effect of Nitrogen and Sulfur Dual‐Doping Endows TiO2 with Exceptional Sodium Storage Performance
Authors: Fan Mengna , Lin Zhihua , Zhang Pei , Ma Xiangdong , Wu Kaipeng , Liu Meilin , Xiong Xunhui
Published: December 2020

Improving the diffusion kinetics of sodium ions within TiO2 and its intrinsic electronic conductivity is indispensable to enhance the rate capability and long cyclic stability of TiO2 anodes for sodium‐ion batteries. Although single‐heteroatom doping into TiO2 has been widely investigated, a comprehensive understanding of the effects of dual‐heteroatoms doping on the sodium storage performance of TiO2 is still lacking. Herein, nitrogen and sulfur dual‐doping is proposed to achieve a high doping concentration for anatase TiO2 hollow spheres. Experimental data and theoretical calculations reveal that N doping can efficiently narrow the bandgap of TiO2, while S doping is effective in facilitating Na+ diffusion within TiO2. Thus N and S codoped TiO2 shows remarkably boosted electronic conductivity, as well as accelerated sodium ion transfer kinetics owing to the synergistic effect of different doping heteroatoms, which leads to exceptional rate performance (307.5 and 156.4 mAh g−1 at 33.5 and 5025 mA g−1, respectively), and extraordinary cycling stability (90.5% retention over 2400 cycles at 3350 mA g−1). The greatly improved electrochemical performance emphasizes the importance of defects engineering in the rational design of advanced battery materials.
Beef quality assurance schemes: Can they improve farm economic performance?
Authors: Tsakiridis Andreas , Wallace Michael , Breen James , O'Donoghue Cathal , Hanrahan Kevin
Published: December 2020

Beef quality assurance initiatives have been developed to assure consumers of the quality and safety of supplied beef, as well as the environmental‐orientation of farm production practices. However, the potential economic benefits of quality schemes to European beef cattle farmers have been overlooked. This paper uses farm‐level data to identify the drivers of Irish farmers’ participation in Bord Bia's Beef and Lamb Quality Assurance Scheme (BLQAS) in 2012, and assesses the impact of participation on farm gross margins. After controlling for potential self‐selection bias, we cannot find reliable evidence that the gross margins of participants in beef quality assurance schemes have been affected by their decision to participate. Consequently, lack of financial incentives can be a barrier to farmer participation in beef quality assurance schemes [EconLit citations: L25, M21, Q12].
Screen‐printing of nanocube‐based flexible microchips for the precise biosensing of ethanol during fermentation
Authors: Zhang Sijian , Xie Ying , Feng Jingyu , Chu Zhenyu , Jin Wanqin
Published: December 2020

The real‐time and full concentration analysis of ethanol during the fermentation reaction allows the precise control of the microbial metabolism to promote the conversion rate; however, only few techniques can directly detect the fermentation broth without pretreatment. To address this issue, a screen‐printed biosensing microchip (SPBM) was proposed to analyze the ethanol concentration in fermentation, relying on designing a well‐defined nanocubic structure of an Au nanoparticles/nickel hexacyanoferrate nanocomposite. This nanocomposite was then made into a printing ink for the direct fabrication of a SPBM. The as‐prepared microchip exhibits an ultrahigh electrocatalysis on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide with a high sensitivity of 96.2 ± 2.9 μA·mM−1·cm−2. Moreover, after the immobilization of alcohol dehydrogenase, the accurate and rapid monitoring of the ethanol concentration during the real fermentation reaction can be realized within an ultrawide linear range of 0.1–10 M in the broth without any pretreatment.
The character of conflict: A bioarchaeological study of violence in the Nasca highlands of Peru during the Late Intermediate Period (950–1450 C.E.)
Authors: McCool Weston C. , Tung Tiffiny A. , Coltrain Joan Brenner , Accinelli Obando Aldo Javier , Kennett Douglas J.
Published: December 2020

Objectives

This study uses osteological and radiocarbon datasets combined with formal quantitative analyses to test hypotheses concerning the character of conflict in the Nasca highlands during the Late Intermediate Period (LIP, 950–1450 C.E.). We develop and test osteological expectations regarding what patterns should be observed if violence was characterized by intragroup violence, ritual conflict, intermittent raiding, or internecine warfare.

Materials and methods

Crania (n = 267) were examined for antemortem and perimortem, overkill, and critical trauma. All age groups and both sexes are represented in the sample. One hundred twenty‐four crania were AMS dated, allowing a detailed analysis of diachronic patterns in violence among various demographic groups.

Results

Thirty‐eight percent (102/267) of crania exhibit some form of cranial trauma, a significant increase from the preceding Middle Horizon era. There are distinct trauma frequencies within the three subphases of the LIP, but Phase III (1300–1450 C.E.) exhibits the highest frequencies of all trauma types. Males exhibit significantly more antemortem trauma than females, but both exhibit similar perimortem trauma rates.

Discussion

There was chronic, internecine warfare throughout the Late Intermediate Period with important variations in violence throughout the three temporal phases. Evidence for heterogeneity in violent mortality shows a pattern consistent with social substitutability, whereby any and all members of the Nasca highland population were appropriate targets for lethal and sublethal violence. We argue that by testing hypotheses regarding the targets and types of conflict we are better able to explain the causes and consequences of human conflict.
Broadening the Horizon of the Bell–Evans–Polanyi Principle towards Optically Triggered Structure Planarization
Authors: Chen Yi , Chang Kai‐Hsin , Meng Fan‐Yi , Tseng Sheng‐Ming , Chou Pi‐Tai
Published: December 2020

Finding a relationship between kinetics and thermodynamics may be difficult. However, semi‐empirical rules exist to compensate for this shortcoming, among which the Bell–Evans–Polanyi (B‐E‐P) principle is an example for reactions involving bond breakage and reformation. We expand the B‐E‐P principle to a new territory by probing photoinduced structure planarization (PISP) of a series of dibenz[b,f]azepine derivatives incorporating bent‐to‐planar and rotation motion. The latter involves twisting of the partial double bond character, thereby inducing a barrier that is substituent dependent at the para N‐phenyl position. The transition‐state structure and frequency data satisfy and broaden the B‐E‐P principle to PISP reactions without bond rearrangement. Together with dual emissions during PISP, this makes possible harnessing of the kinetics/thermodynamics relationship and hence ratiometric luminescence properties for excited‐state structural transformations.
Anion Texturing Towards Dendrite‐Free Zn Anode for Aqueous Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Yuan Du , Zhao Jin , Ren Hao , Chen Yingqian , Chua Rodney , Jie Ernest Tang Jun , Cai Yi , Edison Eldho , Manalastas William , Wong Ming Wah , Srinivasan Madhavi
Published: December 2020

The reversibility of metal anode is a fundamental challenge to the lifetime of rechargeable batteries. Though being widely employed in aqueous energy storage systems, metallic zinc suffers from dendrite formation that severely hinders its applications. Here we report texturing Zn as an effective way to address the issue of zinc dendrite. An in‐plane oriented Zn texture with preferentially exposed (002) basal plane is demonstrated via a sulfonate anion‐induced electrodeposition, noting no solid report on (002) textured Zn till now. Anion‐induced reconstruction of zinc coordination is revealed to be responsible for the texture formation. Benchmarking against its (101) textured‐counterpart by the conventional sulphate‐based electrolyte, the Zn (002) texture enables highly reversible stripping/plating at a high current density of 10 mA cm−2, showing its dendrite‐free characteristics. The Zn (002) texture‐based aqueous zinc battery exhibits excellent cycling stability. The developed anion texturing approach provides a pathway towards exploring zinc chemistry and prospering aqueous rechargeable batteries.
Tailoring the Pore Size and Chemistry of Ionic Ultramicroporous Polymers for Trace Sulfur Dioxide Capture with High Capacity and Selectivity
Authors: Suo Xian , Yu Ying , Qian Siheng , Zhou Lin , Cui Xili , Xing Huabin
Published: December 2020

Here we demonstrate the deep removal of SO2 with high uptake capacity (1.55 mmol g−1) and record SO2/CO2 selectivity (>5000) at ultra‐low pressure of 0.002 bar, using ionic ultramicroporous polymers (IUPs) with high density of basic anions. The successful construction of uniform ultramicropores via polymerizing ionic monomers into IUPs enables the fully exploitation of the selective anionic sites. Notably, the aperture size and surface chemistry of IUPs can be finely tuned by adjusting the branched structure of ionic monomers, which play critical roles in excluding CH4 and N2, as well as reducing the coadsorption of CO2. The swelling property of IUPs with adsorption of SO2 contributed to the high SO2 uptake capacity and high separation selectivity. Systematic investigations including static gas adsorption, dynamic breakthrough experiments, stability tests and modeling studies confirmed the efficient performance of IUPs for trace SO2 capture.
Centrifugally spun carbon fibers prepared from aqueous poly(vinylpyrrolidone) solutions as binder‐free anodes in lithium‐ion batteries
Authors: Chavez Roberto Orrostieta , Lodge Timothy P. , Huitron Juan , Chipara Mircea , Alcoutlabi Mataz
Published: December 2020

Aqueous solutions of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) of various concentrations (20, 25, and 28 wt%) were successfully spun into fibers by centrifugal spinning. The pristine PVP fibers were annealed and carbonized to produce flexible carbon fibers for use as binder‐free anodes in lithium‐ion batteries. These flexible carbon fibers were prepared by developing a novel three‐step heat treatment to reduce the residual stresses in the pristine PVP precursor fibers, and to prevent fiber degradation during carbonization. The thermogravimetric analysis data showed that the annealed fibers yielded a residual mass percentage of 36.0% while the pristine PVP fibers suffered a higher mass loss and only retained 26.5% of original mass above 450 °C (under nitrogen). The electrochemical performance of the carbon‐fiber anodes was evaluated by conducting galvanostatic charge/discharge, rate performance, and cycle voltammetry experiments. The 20, 25, and 28 wt% derived binder‐free anodes delivered specific charge capacities of 205, 189, and 275 mAh g−1, respectively, after the first cycle at a current density of 100 mA g−1. The results obtained in this work indicate that a feasible pathway towards a large‐scale production of carbon‐fiber anodes from a 100% aqueous solution can be achieved via centrifugal spinning and subsequent heat treatment.
Preparation and antibacterial properties of waterborne UV cured coating modified by quaternary ammonium compounds
Authors: Wu Yan , Gan Jian , Yang Feng , Zhang Haiqiao , Wang Wei
Published: December 2020

In this article, the antibacterial properties and mechanism of waterborne UV cured acrylic coatings (WUV) modified by quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) is discussed, as well as the changes in the antibacterial properties of QAC under the action of different additives. (60 wt% methanol, 60 wt% ethanol, and 75 wt% ethanol). And the chemical cross‐linking method is used to combine WUV with QAC. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transforms infrared spectrometer (FTIR), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was employed to characterize the modified WUV. The antibacterial properties of three antibacterial agents in liquid coatings (WUV‐L) and cured coating films (WUV‐C) are investigated. The SEM images showed many irregular wrinkles appeared on the surface of modified coating films. The FTIR result showed the hydroxyl groups promoted the binding ability of the antibacterial agents and coating, and the XPS result revealed that the increase of −NR4+ concentration enhanced the antibacterial properties of coating films. The antibacterial properties of WUV‐L and WUV‐C improved with the increase of QAC. Theoretical antibacterial agents mass fraction of 5% or higher was found to have the highest antibacterial rate (>90.00%) for WUV modification, among, the WUV modified by QAC‐m60 is the best with the antibacterial rate reaching to 99.73% in WUV‐L and 99.67% in WUV‐C.
The biological characteristics of the canine adenovirus type 1 from fox and the transcriptome analysis of the infected MDCK cell
Authors: Zhu Yanzhu , Sun Jie , Yan Minghao , Lian Shizhen , Hu Bo , Lv Shuang , Li Yali , Zhang Yufei , Yan Xijun
Published: December 2020

Canine adenovirus type 1 (CAdV‐1) is the etiologic agent of fox encephalitis, and a virus strain from fox encephalitis is isolated and related research are conducted. In this experiment, the results showed that the F1301 strain was confirmed to be the CAdV‐1. The whole genome of the CAdV‐1 F1301 strain isolated from fox was 30,535 bp and had higher homology to the other reported CAdV‐1 strains. After 0, 12, and 36 h of CAdV‐1 infection, the difference gene of the 592 long noncoding RNA and 11,215 microRNA were involved in cell responses to CAdV‐1 infection through the PI3K‐AKT, Wnt, Herpes simplex, hepatitis C, and Epstein–Barr virus infection pathway in Madin–Darby canine kidney cell line (MDCK). The results indicate that the biological characterization of the CAdV‐1 and the MDCK cell‐CAdV‐1 interaction are clarified.
Safety of same‐day discharge after uncomplicated, minimalist transcatheter aortic valve replacement in the COVID‐19 era
Authors: Perdoncin Emily , Greenbaum Adam B. , Grubb Kendra J. , Babaliaros Vasilis C. , Keegan Patricia , Ceretto‐Clark Brendan , Wei Jane , Guyton Robert A. , Paone Gaetano , Byku Isida , Gleason Patrick T. , Biven Kelby , Mathew Preethy , Mortorano Cecilia , Inci Errol K. , Faaborg‐Andersen Christian , Mitchell Rae , Devireddy Chandan M.
Published: December 2020

Objectives

We sought to evaluate the safety, efficacy and feasibility of same‐day discharge after uncomplicated, minimalist TAVR.

Background

At the start of the COVID‐19 pandemic, we created a same‐day discharge (SDD) pathway after conscious sedation, transfemoral (minimalist) TAVR to help minimize risk of viral transmission and conserve hospital resources. Studies support that next‐day discharge (NDD) for carefully selected patients following minimalist TAVR is safe and feasible. There is a paucity of data regarding the safety of SDD after TAVR.

Methods

In‐hospital and 30 day outcomes of consecutive patients meeting pre‐specified criteria for SDD after minimalist TAVR at our institution between March and July of 2020 were reviewed. Outcomes were compared to a NDD cohort from July 2018 through July 2020 that would have met SDD criteria. Primary endpoints were mortality, delayed pacemaker placement, stroke and cardiovascular readmission at 30 days.

Results

Twenty nine patients were discharged via the SDD pathway after TAVR. 128 prior NDD patients were identified who met all criteria for SDD. The STS scores were similar between the two groups (SDD 2.6% ±1.5 vs. NDD 2.3% ± 1.2). There were no deaths at 30 days in either group. There was no significant difference in delayed pacemaker placement (SDD 0% vs. NDD 0.8%, p > .99) or cardiovascular readmission (SDD 0% vs. NDD 5.5%, p = .35) at 30 days.

Conclusions

Same day discharge following uncomplicated, minimalist TAVR in selected patients appears to be safe, achieving similar 30 day outcomes as a cohort of next day discharge patients.
Photocatalytic Giese‐Type Reaction with Alkylsilicates Bearing C,O‐Bidentate Ligands
Authors: Morofuji Tatsuya , Matsui Yu , Ohno Misa , Ikarashi Gun , Kano Naokazu
Published: December 2020

Herein, a photocatalytic Giese‐type reaction with alkylsilicates bearing C,O‐bidentate ligands as stable alkyl radical precursors has been reported. The alkylsilicates were prepared in one step from organometallic reagents. Not only primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl radicals, but also elusive methyl radicals, could be generated by using the present reaction system. The generated radicals were trapped by electron‐deficient olefins bearing various functional groups to give the desired alkyl adducts. The silicon byproduct can be recovered after the photoreaction. The radical generation process was investigated by theoretical calculations, which provided an insight into the facile generation of methyl radicals from methylsilicate bearing C,O‐bidentate ligands.