bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geriatric Core Competencies for Family Medicine Curriculum and Enhanced Skills: Care of Elderly
Authors: Charles Lesley , Triscott Jean A.C. , Dobbs Bonnie M. , McKay Rhianne
Published: June 2014

BackgroundThere is a growing mandate for Family Medicine residency programs to directly assess residents’ clinical competence in Care of the Elderly (COE). The objectives of this paper are to describe the development and implementation of incremental core competencies for Postgraduate Year (PGY)-I Integrated Geriatrics Family Medicine, PGY-II Geriatrics Rotation Family Medicine, and PGY-III Enhanced Skills COE for COE Diploma residents at a Canadian University.MethodsIterative expert panel process for the development of the core competencies, with a pre-defined process for implementation of the core competencies.ResultsEighty-five core competencies were selected overall by the Working Group, with 57 core competencies selected for the PGY-I/II Family Medicine residents and an additional 28 selected for the PGY-III COE residents. The core competencies follow the CanMEDS Family Medicine roles. Both setsof core competencies are based on consensus.ConclusionsDue to demographic changes, it is essential that Family Physicians have the required skills and knowledge to care for the frail elderly. The core competencies described were developed for PGY-I/II Family Medicine residents and PGY-III Enhanced Skills COE, with a focus on thedevelopment of geriatric expertise for those patients that would most benefit.
Être écrivaine et « reine du foyer » dans les années 1920 et 1930
Authors: Smart Patricia
Published: June 2014

Dans le Québec des années 1920 et 1930, où la glorification de la femme comme « reine du foyer » était à son comble, les pressions sur les femmes pour se marier et se consacrer à la vocation maternelle étaient énormes, et la difficulté de s’imposer en tant qu’écrivaine demeurait considérable. Le journal intime de la romancière Michelle Le Normand, l’épouse du romancier Léo-Paul Desrosiers et la mère de trois enfants, est un témoignage précieux sur ce conflit, tel que vécu par une femme qui a trouvé dans les idées conservatrices de son temps à la fois un soutien et une entrave à sa liberté de penser et d’écrire.
Femmes, chroniques et billets dans les années 1930
Authors: Savoie Chantal
Published: June 2014

Alors que les chroniques avaient incarné la voie d’accès au monde littéraire pour les femmes de lettres canadiennes-françaises de la génération des Françoise, Madeleine, Gaétane de Montreuil et Eva Circé au tournant du xxe siècle, elles deviennent de plus en plus marginales au sein d’un espace médiatico-littéraire en pleine transformation à la fin des années 1920 et au cours des années 1930. Ces chroniques et billets continuent néanmoins à se distinguer par leur double ancrage, littéraire et médiatique, qui en fait le baromètre de transformations de l’espace socioculturel. Les chroniques des années 1930 marquent ainsi la fin du cycle amorcé au tournant du xxe siècle, celui où la chronique littéraire joue un rôle médiatique de premier plan dans l’économie culturelle féminine.
Désirer un « Sauvage »
Authors: Chartier Daniel
Published: June 2014

Dans cet article, l’auteur étudie la figure de l’Amérindien dans un roman méconnu des années 1930, Mon Sauvage de Laure Berthiaume-Denault, qu’il replace dans l’évolution historique de ce personnage dans la littérature. Considéré à sa parution comme le premier roman canadien-français qui représente l’Amérindien en tant que sujet, l’oeuvre de Berthiaume-Denault offre un intéressant renversement et une féminisation de la perspective littéraire sur la figure du « Sauvage », ici dépeint comme un homme urbain, contemporain, éduqué et professionnel. Malgré quelques maladresses et clichés, le roman induit une tension entre le désir de la figure de l’« Indien » et une peur des stéréotypes sociaux et culturels qui y sont liés. Il propose une vision à contre-courant des théories du début du siècle contre la mixité dans le mariage.
Dire la ferveur de la sensation
Authors: Rannaud Adrien
Published: June 2014

Dans les années 1930, la critique accusait Jovette Bernier de faire l’apologie de la sensualité, notamment avec son premier roman, qui fit scandale, La chair décevante (1931). Dans la continuité de ces remarques, cet article se propose d’étudier le discours de la sensualité qui se déploie dans La chair décevante et le recueil de poésies qui suit le roman, Les masques déchirés (1932). Il semblerait que Jovette Bernier propose à la littérature canadienne-française d’alors une façon novatrice d’appréhender le personnage/sujet lyrique féminin. Ainsi, à travers les thèmes et les récurrences sémantiques qui s’y rattachent, on verra comment l’exaltation des sens subvertit les codes esthétiques et sociaux de l’époque.
Le consentement à l’image
Authors: Lambert Vincent
Published: June 2014

En octobre 1935, un passage a lieu dans l’oeuvre poétique d’Hector de Saint-Denys Garneau, entre des « Esquisses en plein air » tournées vers les paysages du monde « extérieur » et une série de poèmes proposant des personnages et des paraboles dont la tâche est de symboliser le monde « intérieur », tels « Le Jeu » ou « Commencement perpétuel ». Curieusement, le passage s’est fait, semble-t-il, à l’insu de Garneau, qui continue dans son journal et ses lettres à adhérer à une poésie et à un art ancrés dans le sensible, alors que les poèmes qu’il écrit au même instant font un théâtre de sa vie intérieure. Le renversement est tel que l’autoréflexivité, perçue comme le plus grand obstacle à l’écriture comme à la prière, devient le moteur de la créativité. L’hypothèse formulée ici, à partir d’une citation de Goethe, est que cette poésie cherche avant tout, à l’extérieur comme à l’intérieur, une voie de réconciliation des contraires, une voie pour intérioriser le dehors et pour extérioriser le dedans. Cette confluence du dehors et du dedans est la grande intuition garnélienne.
Clutter Management for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Kalina J. Tamar
Published: June 2014

Background: Although there is substantial anecdotal evidence that clutter is common among people with multiple sclerosis (MS), the literature contains no reports of studies on the actual prevalence of the problem or its impact on functional performance in this population. Clutter promotes confusion and places individuals in potentially dangerous situations by increasing their risks of falling, losing medications, and misplacing important documents. In addition, it may negatively affect activities of daily living (ADLs). Many common MS symptoms such as decreased mobility, visual or cognitive changes, fatigue, and depression can exacerbate clutter accumulation, which in turn can have detrimental effects on physical, financial, emotional, cognitive, and social functioning. It is critical for MS clinicians to address clutter management in order to improve patients' overall functional independence and participation.

Methods: A clutter reduction protocol was developed and implemented at our institution for individuals with MS. Our group program addresses psychosocial issues preventing organization and offers practical strategies for clutter removal and management to improve performance in ADLs. A clutter questionnaire is administered to individuals before and after their participation in the group program.

Results: Anecdotal reports indicate that the intervention helped to reduce clutter, promote a more realistic attitude toward “possessions,” and establish a sense of accomplishment in controlling one's environment. Participants also reported fewer falls, feeling less isolated, increased ease in finding their medications, and a general sense of cognitive clarity in accomplishing ADLs. Outcome assessments are now being developed to objectively measure these effects as well as the prevalence of clutter within the MS population.

Conclusions: Clutter management is an important area for MS clinicians to address because it can significantly affect patients' functioning, safety, performance of ADLs, and quality of life.
The Role of Industrial Schools and Control over Child Welfare in Ireland in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Pembroke Sinead
Published: June 2014

This article explores the growth and development of Industrial Schools following independence in Ireland with a particular focus on children within the family setting and how these institutions influenced child welfare policy in Ireland. Twenty-five unstructured interviews were conducted with male and female former Industrial School ‘inmates’. This article focuses on the research gathered from these, with a particular emphasis placed on the data that emerged relating to their background and this is further supplemented by that collected in the Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse (CICA) Report (2009). This article draws on a Foucauldian perspective in order to understand how institutions regulated the lives of Irish people (in this case children and their families), through the definition of what is ‘normal’ and identifying who is seen to deviate from this.
Eminent Victorians, Bloomsbury Queerness and John Maynard Keynes' The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919)
Authors: Janes Dominic
Published: June 2014

The life and work of John Maynard Keynes should be situated in relation to his membership of the Bloomsbury Group. The members of this circle of friends experimented in their lives and works with a variety of transgressions of contemporary expectations of performances of gender and sexuality. Lytton Strachey's Eminent Victorians (1918) had a significant influence on the way in which Keynes depicted the allied leaders at the Paris Peace Conference in his book The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919). The culture of Bloomsbury queerness played a significant role in the way in which Keynes described and caricatured his political opponents. The huge popularity of Keynes' work suggests that further questions need to be asked concerning the gendered performances of allied leadership in the aftermath of World War One and the popular perceptions of those performances.
Assessing Palpation Thresholds of Osteopathic Medical Students Using Static Models of the Lumbar Spine
Authors: Snider Eric J. , Pamperin Kenneth , Johnson Jane C. , Shurtz Natalie R. , Degenhardt Brian F.
Published: June 2014

Context: Although spinal somatic dysfunction diagnosis is taught at all colleges of osteopathic medicine, few objective measures have been used to evaluate student accuracy.

Objective: To assess the palpatory skills of osteopathic medical students in evaluating positional asymmetry in the transverse plane using static block transverse process and lumbar spine models.

Methods: For this observational study, first-year osteopathic medical students completed 3 palpatory assessments using uncovered and covered block transverse process and lumbar spine models to simulate a range of positional asymmetries of the transverse processes. With use of logistic regression, 80%, 90%, and 95% thresholds were defined as the magnitude of asymmetry for which the predicted probability of students correctly determining the direction of asymmetry exceeded a specified amount (.80, .90, or .95).

Results: A total of 346 students completed the assessments. For the uncovered block transverse process model (assessment 1), students correctly identified the direction of asymmetry with .89 probability at 1 mm of asymmetry (80% threshold), .94 probability at 2 mm (90% threshold), and .95 probability at 3 mm (95% threshold). For the covered block transverse process model, students correctly identified the direction of asymmetry with .80 probability at 1 mm (80% threshold), .92 probability at 2 mm (90% threshold), and .98 probability at 3 mm (95% threshold) by the third assessment. For the uncovered lumbar spine model (assessment 2), students correctly identified the direction of asymmetry with .93 probability at 2 mm (80% and 90% thresholds) and .95 probability at 3 mm (95% threshold). For the covered lumbar spine model (assessments 2 and 3), students correctly identified the direction of asymmetry with .87 probability at 4 mm (80% threshold); 90% and 95% thresholds were not reached with the range of asymmetries tested.

Conclusion: Most first-year osteopathic medical students were able to discern the direction of positional asymmetry of transverse processes on static models. Depending on the model type, student performance improved (block transverse process models) or declined (lumbar spine models) over time. Future studies should evaluate whether accuracy of palpating lumbar spine models translates to accuracy of palpating human lumbar spines.
Geological structure of the Paradox Valley Region, Colorado, and relationship to seismicity induced by deep well injection
Authors: King Vanessa M. , Block Lisa V. , Yeck William L. , Wood Christopher K. , Derouin Sarah A.
Published: June 2014

The Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) operates a deep injection well at Paradox Valley in western Colorado. Seismicity has been recorded since 1985, with more than 5900 likely induced earthquakes detected since injection operations began in 1991, making this project a unique and valuable case study in the long‐term development of injection‐induced seismicity. Likely induced earthquakes occur in a complex pattern with clusters separated by aseismic gaps of 2 km or more, and have been observed up to 16 km from the injection well. To evaluate how the subsurface geologic structure may control the occurrence of induced seismicity, we compare the earthquake locations to a set of geologic models that Reclamation commissioned prior to drilling the injection well. Our analysis indicates that many aspects of the observed seismicity pattern can be attributed to the complex geologic structure. The earthquake depths and locations are generally consistent with the structural trends of the primary injection target formation, within the uncertainty of the models, and some of the mapped basement faults appear to serve as boundaries in the earthquake locations, suggesting that they are barriers to flow. Additionally, the majority of events follow the predicted fluid flow pattern, which trends northwest–southeast and wraps around Paradox Valley. Some features of the seismicity pattern, such as the early onset of seismicity to the northwest of the injection well and the distinct clustering, are not explained by the current geologic models and may be related to unmapped geologic features or local variations in the stress field.
Groundwater flow dynamics and arsenic source characterization in an aquifer system of West Bengal, India
Authors: Desbarats A. J. , Koenig C. E. M. , Pal T. , Mukherjee P. K. , Beckie R. D.
Published: June 2014

Numerical groundwater flow modeling, reverse particle tracking, and environmental tracers are used to locate the source of geogenic As affecting an aquifer in West Bengal. The aquifer is hosted by point‐bar sands deposited in a meandering fluvial environment. Wells tapping the aquifer exhibit As concentrations up to 531 μg/L. High‐As groundwaters are recharged in ponds marking an abandoned river channel. The source of As is traced to the underlying fine‐grained channel‐fill sediments. Arsenic release within these sediments is accompanied by a concomitant release of Br and DOC indicating that these species may be decay products of natural organobromines codeposited along with As. Mass transfer of As to the dissolved phase and its flushing from source sediments are described using a simplified reactive solute transport model. Based on this model, a characteristic reaction time for mass transfer is estimated at 6.7 years. Average groundwater residence times in the source are estimated to have declined from 16.6 to 6.6 years with the advent of intensive irrigation pumping. The ratio of residence and reaction times, a Damköhler number, has declined correspondingly from 2.49 to 0.99, indicating a shift from transport to reaction rate limited As mobilization. Greater insight into the As problem in SE Asia may be achieved by shifting the focus of field investigations from aquifers to potential contamination sources in aquitards.
Linking groundwater use and stress to specific crops using the groundwater footprint in the Central Valley and High Plains aquifer systems, U.S.
Authors: Esnault Laurent , Gleeson Tom , Wada Yoshihide , Heinke Jens , Gerten Dieter , Flanary Elizabeth , Bierkens Marc F. P. , van Beek Ludovicus P. H.
Published: June 2014

A number of aquifers worldwide are being depleted, mainly by agricultural activities, yet groundwater stress has not been explicitly linked to specific agricultural crops. Using the newly developed concept of the groundwater footprint (the area required to sustain groundwater use and groundwater‐dependent ecosystem services), we develop a methodology to derive crop‐specific groundwater footprints. We illustrate this method by calculating high‐resolution groundwater footprint estimates of crops in two heavily used aquifer systems: the Central Valley and High Plains, U.S. In both aquifer systems, hay and haylage, corn, and cotton have the largest groundwater footprints, which highlights that most of the groundwater stress is induced by crops meant for cattle feed. Our results are coherent with other studies in the High Plains but suggest lower groundwater stress in the Central Valley, likely due to artificial recharge from surface water diversions which were not taken into account in previous estimates. Uncertainties of recharge and irrigation application efficiency contribute the most to the total relative uncertainty of the groundwater footprint to aquifer area ratios. Our results and methodology will be useful for hydrologists, water resource managers, and policy makers concerned with which crops are causing the well‐documented groundwater stress in semiarid to arid agricultural regions around the world.
The 1891 submarine eruption offshore Pantelleria Island (Sicily Channel, Italy): Identification of the vent and characterization of products and eruptive style
Authors: Conte A. M. , Martorelli E. , Calarco M. , Sposato A. , Perinelli C. , Coltelli M. , Chiocci F. L.
Published: June 2014

High‐resolution bathymetry and seafloor sampling have been used to characterize the 1891 submarine eruption of the Pantelleria volcanic complex. This submarine eruption has been documented mainly by historical reports, describing basaltic scoria bombs floating on the sea surface (i.e., lava balloons). In this study, the 1891 eruptive vent has been identified as a small cone (volume of ∼700,000 m3) rising ∼90 m from 350 m w.d., and located within a newly discovered submarine volcanic field covering a wide area offshore from the NW coast of Pantelleria; recently, Kelly et al. (2012) confirmed this location by a multibeam and ROV survey. Pyroclasts from the 1891 eruption crop out directly on the seafloor and are fresh scoria clasts (i.e., small bombs, bomb fragments, and lapilli) and glass ash‐sized grains; both have been characterized in their morphology, textures, and geochemistry. The distinctive vesicularity and crystallization characteristics displayed by the scoriaceous pyroclasts reflect modes of degassing in both syn and posteruptive regimes; these characteristics, along with the distribution of deposits suggest for the strongest eruptive phase of the 1891 eruption a style analogous to Hawaiian fountaining. Glass grains from a buoyant plume were dispersed northward from the vent, up to distances of 1.5 km, redirected by the Levantine Intermediate Water. The identification of the 1891 submarine eruptive vent offshore Pantelleria, as well as the features of erupted pyroclasts improve our knowledge of submarine explosive eruptions that occur at shallow‐intermediate depths and, among these, of the rare eruptions producing lava balloons.
Intensity of the geomagnetic field in Europe for the last 3 ka: Influence of data quality on geomagnetic field modeling
Authors: Pavón‐Carrasco Francisco Javier , Gómez‐Paccard Miriam , Hervé Gwenaël , Osete María Luisa , Chauvin Annick
Published: June 2014

One of the main challenges of paleomagnetic research is to obtain high‐resolution geomagnetic field intensity reconstructions. For the last millennia, these reconstructions are mostly based on archeomagnetic data. However, the quality of the intensity data available in the databases is very variable, and the high scatter observed in the records clearly suggests that some of them might not be reliable. In this work we investigate how the geomagnetic field intensity reconstructions and, hence, our present knowledge of the geomagnetic field in the past, are affected by the quality of the data selected for modeling the Earth's magnetic field. For this purpose we rank the European archeointensity data in four quality categories following widely accepted paleomagnetic criteria based on the methodology used during the laboratory treatment of the samples and on the number of specimens retained to calculate the mean intensities. Four geomagnetic field regional models have been implemented by applying the revised spherical cap harmonic analysis to these four groups of input data. Geomagnetic field models strongly depend on the used data set. The model built using all the available data (without any preselection) appears to be the less accurate, indicating some internal inconsistencies of the data set. In addition, some features of this model are clearly dominated by the less reliable archeointensity data, suggesting that such features might not reflect real variations of the past geomagnetic field. On the contrary, the regional model built on selected high‐quality intensity data shows a very consistent intensity pattern at the European scale, confirming that the main intensity changes observed in Europe in the recent history of the geomagnetic field occurred at the continental scale.
Segmentation of the Sumatran fault
Authors: Burton Paul W. , Hall Thomas R.
Published: June 2014

Segmentation of the Sumatran fault is discerned using an analytical approach in which ak‐means algorithm partitions earthquakes into clusters of seismicity along the fault. Clusters are tessellated into segment zones from which segment lengths and maximum credible magnitude are estimated. Decreasing the depth of seismicity sampled from 70 to 60 to 50 km reduces interaction with deeper seismicity, and results from thek‐means algorithm initially suggest that the fault hasK = 14, 16, and 16 clusters, respectively. After inspection, it becomes clear that the optimum number of clusters is 16. The 16 cluster model developed into zones generates segment lengths ranging from 22 to 196 km and maximum earthquake potentials in the range ofMw6.5–7.8.The Sumatran fault is dominated by eight great central segments distributed approximately symmetrically about Lake Maninjau. These central fault segments dominate the hazard, which is less in the far north because segments are shorter.
The Siding Spring cometary encounter with Mars: A natural experiment for the Martian atmosphere?
Authors: Moores John E. , McConnochie Timothy H. , Ming Douglas W. , Archer Paul Douglas , Schuerger Andrew C.
Published: June 2014

On 19 October 2014 comet C/2013 A1 will encounter Mars. The planet is anticipated to pass through the coma resulting in a greater than four order‐of‐magnitude increase in the accretion of dust with 430 tonnes of dust with diameters between 1 µm and 12.4 mm surviving atmospheric passage. At high altitude, the dust would impact temperature and may affect limb dust extinction and cloud formation. The UV photolysis of the organic carbon content of the dust, 1.9 to 4.6 tonnes, would have a negligible effect on atmospheric methane. Should C/2013 A1 brighten, increases in upper atmospheric accretion of coma particles will exceed the background dust and the population of small coma particles may be constrained from orbital measurements. For M1 < –1.3, methane produced might be measurable by the Sample Analysis at Mars Tunable Laser Spectrometer instrument onboard Curiosity.
Detection of tsunami‐driven phase and amplitude perturbations of subionospheric VLF signals following the 2010 Chile earthquake
Authors: Rozhnoi A. , Shalimov S. , Solovieva M. , Levin B. , Shevchenko G. , Hayakawa M. , Hobara Y. , Walker S. N. , Fedun V.
Published: June 2014

We report on specific fluctuations in phase and amplitude of VLF signals that correlate both spatially and temporally with the passage of the tsunamis recorded by the Deep‐ocean Assessments and Reporting of Tsunamis bottom pressure stations. Measurements from the VLF/LF receiver sited in Petropavlovsk‐Kamchatsky and sensor buoys placed throughout the Pacific Ocean at great distances (Hawaii and Japan) from the epicenter are consistent with the hypothesis that the ocean tsunami following the Chile earthquake on 27 February 2010 radiated internal gravity waves which propagated through the lower ionosphere.
Mediators of the Relationship Between Life Events and Memory Functioning in a Community Sample of Adults
Authors: Korten Nicole C. M. , Sliwinski Martin J. , Comijs Hannie C. , Smyth Joshua M.
Published: June 2014

The present study examines the association of frequency and severity of life events with memory functioning in a community sample of adults. We tested the hypothesis that stress‐related cognitive interference mediated the effects of recent life events on cognition, in addition to examining the potential roles of fatigue, sleep disturbances, and depression. The sample consisted of 310 adults (age range 19–83 years) who received a battery of cognitive tests assessing their primary memory, episodic memory, and working memory. Individuals rated how stressful previous life events were when they occurred, as well as how stressful the events were for them currently. Ratings of current but not past severity were negatively associated with working memory performance. Both stress‐related cognitive interference and depressive symptoms independently mediated this association. These findings highlight the importance of intrusive and avoidant thinking as a potential focus of psychosocial treatment for remediating stress‐related memory dysfunction. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implementation Intentions Improve Prospective Memory and Inhibition Performances in Older Adults: The Role of Visualization
Authors: Burkard Christina , Rochat Lucien , Emmenegger Joëlle , Juillerat Van der Linden Anne‐Claude , Gold Gabriel , Van der Linden Martial
Published: June 2014

Implementation intentions have been shown to be a very effective strategy in improving prospective memory in older adults. However, their efficacy in improving inhibition has never been assessed in aging. We thus examined the efficacy of implementation intentions in a prospective memory task and an inhibition task in 87 older participants. Following a crossover design, half of the participants were instructed to form an implementation intention in the prospective memory task, the other half in the inhibition task. The moderating role of working memory, visualization and verbalization habits, and impulsivity were also assessed. Regression analyses revealed that for both tasks, participants benefited from implementation intentions but only if they were used to using visual strategies in daily life. The efficacy of implementation intentions was not moderated by working memory, impulsivity, or the use of verbal strategies in everyday life. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predicting the J–V Curve in Organic Photovoltaics Using Impedance Spectroscopy
Authors: Basham James I. , Jackson Thomas N. , Gundlach David J.
Published: June 2014

Impedance spectroscopy is used as a method to predict the current–voltage curve in organic photovoltaic devices. This technique allows the quantification of the recombination rate, series resistance, carrier density, and lifetime very close to normal operating conditions. The current density is reconstructed from the generation and recombination rates. Excellent agreement with measured results is observed using this simple model. The order of recombination is found to be strongly bias dependent, displaying a shift in the dominant form of recombination from trap‐mediated at low carrier densities to bimolecular at high carrier densities. Mobility is shown for a range of intensities and is found to vary significantly with fabrication conditions.
High‐Surface‐Area Porous Platinum Electrodes for Enhanced Charge Transfer
Authors: Hu Yelin , Yella Aswani , Guldin Stefan , Schreier Marcel , Stellacci Francesco , Grätzel Michael , Stefik Morgan
Published: June 2014

Cobalt‐based electrolytes are highly tunable and have pushed the limits of dye‐sensitized solar cells, enabling higher open‐circuit voltages and new record efficiencies. However, the performance of these electrolytes and a range of other electrolytes suffer from slow electron transfer at platinum counter electrodes. High surface area platinum would enhance catalysis, but pure platinum structures are too expensive in practice. Here, a material‐efficient host‐guest architecture is developed that uses an ultrathin layer of platinum deposited upon an electrically conductive scaffold, niobium‐doped tin oxide (NTO). This nanostructured composite enhances the counter electrode performance of dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs) using a Co(II/III)BPY3 electrolyte with an increased fill factor and power conversion efficiency (11.26%), compared to analogous flat films. The modular strategy is elaborated by integrating a light scattering layer onto the counter electrode to reflect unabsorbed light back to the photoanode to improve the short‐circuit current density and power conversion efficiency.
Grundprinzipien in der Katalyse: Wie entwickelt man einen Katalysator theoretisch?
Authors: van Santen Rutger A.
Published: June 2014

Der perfekte Katalysator: Es wird untersucht, welche Vorzüge der gezielte Entwurf von Katalysatoren aus theoretischen Grundprinzipien bietet. Aspekte der Computerchemie sowie der Kinetik und des physikalischen Zustands des reaktiven Katalysators werden diskutiert.
Insights into the Decomposition of Olefin Metathesis Precatalysts
Authors: Manzini Simone , Poater Albert , Nelson David J. , Cavallo Luigi , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Nolan Steven P.
Published: June 2014

The decomposition of a series of benzylidene, methylidene, and 3‐phenylindenylidene complexes has been probed in alcohol solution in the presence of base. Tricyclohexylphosphane‐containing precatalysts are shown to yield [RuCl(H)(H2)(PCy3)2] in isopropyl alcohol solutions, while 3‐phenylindenylidene complexes lead to η5‐(3‐phenyl)indenyl products. The potential‐energy surfaces for the formation of the latter species have been probed using density functional theory studies.
Enantioselektive Katalyse der intermolekularen [2+2]‐Photocycloaddition von 2‐Pyridonen mit Acetylendicarbonsäureestern
Authors: Maturi Mark M. , Bach Thorsten
Published: June 2014

Intermolekulare [2+2]‐Photocycloadditionen sind die vielseitigsten und am breitesten anwendbaren Reaktionen der Photochemie. Es gelang nun zum ersten Mal, solche Reaktionen durch Verwendung eines chiralen Triplett‐Sensibilisators mit hoher Enantioselektivität (bis zu 92 % ee) durchzuführen. Die niedrige Katalysatorbeladung (2.5–5 Mol‐%) belegt die hohe Effektivität des Prozesses sowohl bezüglich der Reaktionsbeschleunigung als auch bezüglich der Differenzierung enantiotoper Seiten des Substrats. Hierbei sind nichtkovalente Wechselwirkungen (Wasserstoffbrücken) beteiligt, die für eine Fixierung des Substrats in der chiralen Katalysatorumgebung sorgen. Die hohe Dichte von funktionellen Gruppen in den Produkten eröffnet zahlreiche Möglichkeiten für weitere präparative Transformationen.
Catalytic Ethanolysis of Kraft Lignin into High‐Value Small‐Molecular Chemicals over a Nanostructured α‐Molybdenum Carbide Catalyst
Authors: Ma Rui , Hao Wenyue , Ma Xiaolei , Tian Ye , Li Yongdan
Published: June 2014

We report the complete ethanolysis of Kraft lignin over an α‐MoC1−x/AC catalyst in pure ethanol at 280 °C to give high‐value chemicals of low molecular weight with a maximum overall yield of the 25 most abundant liquid products (LP25) of 1.64 g per gram of lignin. The LP25 products consisted of C6–C10 esters, alcohols, arenes, phenols, and benzyl alcohols with an overall heating value of 36.5 MJ kg−1. C6 alcohols and C8 esters predominated and accounted for 82 wt % of the LP25 products. No oligomers or char were formed in the process. With our catalyst, ethanol is the only effective solvent for the reaction. Supercritical ethanol on its own degrades Kraft lignin into a mixture of small molecules and molecular fragments of intermediate size with molecular weights in the range 700–1400, differing in steps of 58 units, which is the weight of the branched‐chain linkage C3H6O in lignin. Hydrogen was found to have a negative effect on the formation of the low‐molecular‐weight products.
Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheet–Carbon Nanotube Three‐Dimensional Porous Composites as High‐Performance Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysts
Authors: Ma Tian Yi , Dai Sheng , Jaroniec Mietek , Qiao Shi Zhang
Published: June 2014

A new class of highly efficient oxygen evolution catalysts has been synthesized through the self‐assembly of graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets and carbon nanotubes, driven by π–π stacking and electrostatic interactions. Remarkably, the catalysts exhibit higher catalytic oxygen evolution activity and stronger durability than Ir‐based noble‐metal catalysts and display the best performance among the reported nonmetal catalysts. This good result is attributed to the high nitrogen content and the efficient mass and charge transfer in the porous three‐dimensional nanostructure.
The Virtue of Defects: Stable Bromine Production by Catalytic Oxidation of Hydrogen Bromide on Titanium Oxide
Authors: Moser Maximilian , Czekaj Izabela , López Núria , Pérez‐Ramírez Javier
Published: June 2014

Rutile TiO2 is a heavily investigated oxide with, to date, scarce applications in industrial catalysis. The inactivity of this material in oxidations has been related to its inability to dissociate molecular oxygen. Herein we show how rutile catalyzes the oxidation of HBr to Br2 through defect states that are introduced during the reaction. The identification of active, stable, and abundant materials for bromine production is key to the future implementation of Br2‐mediated alkane functionalization processes. The catalytic properties of TiO2 are discussed in comparison to expensive rutile‐type oxides, such as RuO2 and IrO2, on the basis of surface characterization and molecular modeling.
Mechanism and kinetics of ultra‐high molecular weight polytetrafluoroethylene sintering
Authors: Ganguly Ranadip , Lesser Alan J.
Published: June 2014

The effect of sintering time on the melt evolution of Ultra‐High Molecular Weight Polytetrafluoroethylene was studied in situ by high temperature Wide Angle X‐ray Scattering, and by cyclic thermal loading profiles within a Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) and Thermo‐Mechanical Analyzer (TMA). Results obtained from these techniques support the concept of molecular ordering in the melt state as a function of sintering time well above the melting temperature. TMA, which is not a conventional technique for monitoring thermal transitions, is shown to be sensitive enough for such purposes. Both DSC and TMA exhibit nonequilibrium melt behavior even 30°C above its equilibrium melting temperature for long time periods. A correlation between the DSC and TMA results is established. The cyclic thermal profile leads to a dramatic growth in enthalpy of crystallization/melting. The mechanism for this growth is associated with two independent processes; isothermal annealing at the sintering temperature and lamellar thickening in the solid state. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40967.
Enzymatic and ionic crosslinked gelatin/K‐carrageenan IPN hydrogels as potential biomaterials
Authors: Wen Cai , Lu Lingling , Li Xinsong
Published: June 2014

Hydrogels of a natural origin have attracted considerable attention in the field of tissue engineering due to their resemblance to ECM, defined degradability and compatibility with biological systems. In this study, we introduced carrageenan into a gelatin network, creating IPN hydrogels through biological methods of enzymatic and ionic crosslinking. Their gelation processes were monitored and confirmed by rheology analysis. The combination of biochemical and physical crosslinking processes enables the formation of biohydrogels with tunable mechanical properties, swelling ratios and degradation behaviors while maintaining the biocompatibilities of natural materials. The mechanical strength increased with an increase in carrageenan content while swelling ratio and degradability decreased correspondingly. In addition, the IPN hydrogels were shown to support adhesion and proliferation of L929 cell line. All the results highlighted the use of biological crosslinked gelatin‐carrageenan IPN hydrogels in the context of tissue engineering. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2014,131, 10.1002/app.40975.
Shewhart‐ und CUSUM‐Kontrollkarten zur gleichzeitigen Prozesssteuerung und Konformitätsbewertung
Authors: Schmidt Wolfram , Kühne Hans‐Carsten , Haamkens Frank
Published: June 2014

Im Hinblick auf die Konformitätsbewertung der Druckfestigkeit von Beton wird es in der für 2014 geplanten Fassung der EN 206 signifikante Änderungen geben. Neben den bisher bekannten Verfahren werden auch sogenannte Kontrollkartensysteme als Konformitätsnachweis zugelassen. Dabei können beliebige Kontrollkartensysteme verwendet werden, sofern nachgewiesen werden kann, dass der maximale Durchschlupf (Average Outgoing Quality Limit, AOQL) 5 % beträgt. Im informativen Normenanhang werden zwei grundlegende Verfahren, das sogenannte Shewhart‐Verfahren sowie das CUSUM‐Verfahren (Cumulative Sum) beschrieben, welche beide die Forderung an das AOQL erfüllen.

Kontrollkartensysteme sind eigentlich Werkzeuge zur Prozesssteuerung. Sie können effektiv dabei helfen, die Produktion technisch, ökonomisch und ökologisch zu optimieren. Allerdings sind Kontrollkarten deutlich komplexer in der Anwendung als die bisher normativ erfassten Methoden. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt die neuen Verfahren und deren Besonderheiten anhand von Beispielen vor. Darüber hinaus werden der Zusatznutzen bei sachgerechter Anwendung im Vergleich und Vor‐ und Nachteile zu den bisherigen Verfahren dargestellt und diskutiert.

Shewhart and CUSUM Control Charts for simultaneous process control and conformity assessment – New conformity verification methods for the upcoming EN 206

With regard to the conformity assessment of the compressive strength of concrete, there will be significant changes in the EN 206, which is scheduled for publication in 2014. So called control chart systems will be approved supplementary to the existing methods. Any control chart can be used as long as the system can grant an average outgoing quality limit (AOQL) of 5 %. The informative appendix of the standard presents two fundamental control chart methods, the so called Shewhart method and the CUSUM method (cumulative sum), both of which fulfill the required AOQL.

Control card systems are actually tools for process control. They can effectively help to optimise production processes technically, economically, and ecologically. However, control charts are much more complex to use than the methods known from the recently applied standard. This paper presents these new methods and their characteristics using examples. Furthermore, the additional benefit of these systems is illustrated and advantages and disadvantages are discussed in comparison to existing methods.
Tunnel Königshainer Berge – Vom Brandschaden zum Instandsetzungskonzept
Authors: Schmidt Jörg , Orgass Marko , Renger Steffen , Dehn Frank
Published: June 2014

Am 18. Mai 2013 kam es ca. 600 m vor dem östlichen Tunnelportal zu einem LKW‐Brand in der Südröhre des Tunnels Königshainer Berge. Nach dem Brand waren im Bereich der Unglücksstelle Betonabplatzungen festzustellen. Zur Bewertung des Schädigungsgrads an Tunnelschale, Dichtung, Dränage, Kabelleerrohren, Kappen, Entwässerung, Schlitzrinne, Markierung und Fahrbahn wurden mit dem Ziel der Ableitung von Instandsetzungsmaßnahmen experimentelle Untersuchungen und numerische Berechnungen durchgeführt. Unter Zugrundelegung der ermittelten Brandlast wurde die Temperaturbeanspruchung der Tunnelschale orts‐ und zeitabhängig bestimmt, um mit diesen Informationen das Durchwärmungsverhalten zu berechnen und die statisch‐konstruktiven Auswirkungen auch im Vergleich zu den experimentellen Untersuchungen und Werkstoffprüfungen zu verifizieren. Im Ergebnis der Untersuchungen konnte ein Instandsetzungskonzept für den Konstruktionsbeton abgeleitet und umgesetzt werden.

Tunnel Königshainer Berge from fire incident to repair concept

On May 18, 2013, a truck fire happened in the southern tube of the Tunnel Königshainer Berge – 600 m before the eastern tunnel portal. After the fire, concrete spalling was observed in the crash area. For the evaluation of the damage degree of tunnel lining, sealing, drainage, cable ducts, sidewalks etc. experimental investigations and numerical calculations have been conducted in order to derive repair measures. On the basis of the evaluated fire load, the temperature loading on the tunnel lining was determined – both site‐ and time‐orientated. These information were used to calculate the temperature ingress and distribution and to verify the static and structural effects in comparison to the experimental investigations and material tests. As a conclusion, a repair concept for the structural concrete was derived and executed.
Study on the fluorescence resonance energy transfer between CdS quantum dots and Eosin Y
Authors: Yan Zhengyu , Zhang Zhengwei , Yu Yan , Chen Jianqiu
Published: June 2014

Water‐soluble CdS quantum dots (QDs) were prepared using mercaptoacetic acid (TGA) as the stabilizer in an aqueous system. A fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) system was constructed between water‐soluble CdS QDs (donor) and Eosin Y (acceptor). Several factors that impacted the fluorescence spectra of the FRET system, such as pH (3.05–10.10), concentration of Eosin Y (2–80 mg/L) and concentration of CdS QDs (2–80 mg/L), were investigated and refined. Donor‐to‐acceptor ratios, the energy transfer efficiency (E) and the distance (r) between CdS QDs and Eosin Y were obtained. The results showed that a FRET system could be established between water‐soluble CdS QDs and Eosin Y at pH 5.0; donor‐to‐acceptor ratios demonstrated a 1: 8 proportion of complexes; the energy transfer efficiency (E) and the distance (r) between the QDs and Eosin Y were 20.07% and 4.36 nm,respectively. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Insulin receptor antibody‐iduronate 2‐sulfatase fusion protein: Pharmacokinetics, anti‐drug antibody, and safety pharmacology in Rhesus monkeys
Authors: Boado Ruben J. , Ka‐Wai Hui Eric , Zhiqiang Lu Jeff , Pardridge William M.
Published: June 2014

Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) Type II is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the lysosomal enzyme, iduronate 2‐sulfatase (IDS). The majority of MPSII cases affect the brain. However, enzyme replacement therapy with recombinant IDS does not treat the brain, because IDS is a large molecule drug that does not cross the blood‐brain barrier (BBB). To enable BBB penetration, IDS has been re‐engineered as an IgG‐IDS fusion protein, where the IgG domain is a monoclonal antibody (MAb) against the human insulin receptor (HIR). The HIRMAb crosses the BBB via receptor‐mediated transport on the endogenous BBB insulin receptor, and the HIRMAb domain of the fusion protein acts as a molecular Trojan horse to ferry the fused IDS into brain from blood. The present study reports on the first safety pharmacology and pharmacokinetics study of the HIRMAb‐IDS fusion protein. Juvenile male Rhesus monkeys were infused intravenously (IV) weekly for 26 weeks with 0, 3, 10, or 30 mg/kg of the HIRMAb‐IDS fusion protein. The plasma clearance of the fusion protein followed a linear pharmacokinetics profile, which was equivalent either with measurements of the plasma concentration of immunoreactive HIRMAb‐IDS fusion protein, or with assays of plasma IDS enzyme activity. Anti‐drug antibody (ADA) titers were monitored monthly, and the ADA response was primarily directed against the variable region of the HIRMAb domain of the fusion protein. No infusion related reactions or clinical signs of immune response were observed during the course of the study. A battery of safety pharmacology, clinical chemistry, and tissue histopathology showed no signs of adverse events, and demonstrate the safety profile of chronic treatment of primates with 3–30 mg/kg weekly IV infusion doses of the HIRMAb‐IDS fusion protein. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 2317–2325. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Efficient odd straight medium chain free fatty acid production by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli
Authors: Wu Hui , San Ka‐Yiu
Published: June 2014

Free fatty acids (FFAs) can be used as precursors for the production of biofuels or chemicals. Different composition of FFAs will be useful for further modification of the biofuel/biochemical quality. Microbial biosynthesis of even chain FFAs can be achieved by introducing an acyl‐acyl carrier protein thioesterase gene into E. coli. In this study, odd straight medium chain FFAs production was investigated by using metabolic engineered E. coli carrying acyl‐ACP thioesterase (TE, Ricinus communis), propionyl‐CoA synthase (Salmonella enterica), and β‐ketoacyl‐acyl carrier protein synthase III (four different sources) with supplement of extracellular propionate. By using these metabolically engineered E. coli, significant quantity of C13 and C15 odd straight‐chain FFAs could be produced from glucose and propionate. The highest concentration of total odd straight chain FFAs attained was 1205 mg/L by the strain HWK201 (pXZ18, pBHE2), and 85% of the odd straight chain FFAs was C15. However, the highest percentage of odd straight chain FFAs was achieved by the strain HWK201 (pXZ18, pBHE3) of 83.2% at 48 h. This strategy was also applied successfully in strains carrying different TE, such as the medium length acyl‐ACP thioesterase gene from Umbellularia californica. C11 and C13 became the major odd straight‐chain FFAs. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 2209–2219. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rapid determination of corticosterone in mouse plasma by ultra fast liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Li Huan , Liu Xiao , Poh Yanhong , Wu Li , Zhou Qi‐Gang , Cai Bao‐Chang
Published: June 2014

Major depressive disorder is a severe, life‐threatening and highly prevalent psychiatric disorder. A high percentage of people suffering from depression are characterized by hyperactivity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, resulting in plasma glucocorticoid (cortisol in human and corticosterone in rodent) elevations. Glucocorticoid is a critical molecule in the onset of pathology of depression. A simple, highly sensitive and specific method based on ultra‐fast liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed for the quantitation of corticosterone in mouse plasma for the first time, which provides technical support for the high‐throughput measurement for clinical determination of corticosterone in biological samples. Samples were spiked with methanol to precipitate the protein, and then chromatographed on an Agilent Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 (100 × 2.1 mm,1.8 µm) column by linear gradient elution with methanol and 0.1% formic acid as the mobile phase within 5 min. The detection of corticosterone was performed on ultra‐fast liquid chromatography–triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry in the positive ion. The ions [M + H]+ m/z 347.2 → m/z 311.1 for corticosterone and [M + H]+ m/z 363.2 → m/z 327.2 for hydrocortisone (internal standard) were used for quantitative determination. The lower quantification limit for corticosterone was 1 ng/mL. The validated method was successfully applied to the quantitation of corticosterone in mouse plasma. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.