bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tubulin β‐III modulates seizure activity in epilepsy
Authors: Xu Xin , Shangguan Yafei , Lu Shanshan , Wang Wei , Du Chao , Xiao Fei , Hu Yida , Luo Jing , Wang Liang , He Changlong , Yang Yong , Zhang Yanke , Lu Xi , Yang Qin , Wang Xuefeng
Published: April 2017

Tubulin β‐III (TUBB3) is the most dynamic β‐tubulin isoform expressed in neurons, and is highly expressed in the central nervous system. However, the relationship between TUBB3 and epileptic seizures has not been thoroughly investigated. The aims of this study were to investigate the expression of TUBB3 in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and two different rat models of chronic epilepsy, and to determine the specific roles of TUBB3 in epilepsy. TUBB3 expression was upregulated in human and rat epileptic tissue. Moreover, TUBB3 expression was associated with inhibitory GABAergic neurons and the inhibitory postsynaptic scaffold protein gephyrin. TUBB3 downregulation attenuated the behavioural phenotypes of epileptic seizures during the pilocarpine‐induced chronic phase of epileptic seizures and the pentylenetetrazole kindling process, whereas TUBB3 overexpression had the opposite effect. Whole‐cell clamp recordings and western blotting revealed that the amplitude of GABA‐A receptor‐mediated miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents and the surface expression of the GABA‐A receptor were increased in rats in which TUBB3 expression was downregulated. Importantly, TUBB3 interacted with GABA‐A receptor‐associated protein, which is known to be involved in GABA‐A receptor trafficking. These results indicate that TUBB3 plays a critical role in the regulation of epileptic seizures via GABA‐A receptor trafficking, suggesting a molecular mechanism for new therapeutic strategies. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vegetation Succession, Carbon Accumulation and Hydrological Change in Subarctic Peatlands, Abisko, Northern Sweden
Authors: Gałka Mariusz , Szal Marta , Watson Elizabeth J. , Gallego‐Sala Angela , Amesbury Matthew J. , Charman Dan J. , Roland Thomas P. , Edward Turner T. , Swindles Graeme T.
Published: April 2017

High‐resolution analyses of plant macrofossils, testate amoebae, pollen, mineral content, bulk density, and carbon and nitrogen were undertaken to examine the late Holocene dynamics of two permafrost peatlands in Abisko, Subarctic Sweden. The peat records were dated using tephrochronology, 14C and 210Pb. Local plant succession and hydrological changes in peatlands were synchronous with climatic shifts, although autogenous plant succession towards ombrotrophic status during peatland development was also apparent. The Marooned peatland experienced a shift ca. 2250 cal yr BP from rich to poor fen, as indicated by the appearance of Sphagnum fuscum. At Stordalen, a major shift to wetter conditions occurred between 500 and 250 cal yr BP, probably associated with climate change during the Little Ice Age. During the last few decades, the testate amoeba data suggest a deepening of the water table and an increase in shrub pollen, coinciding with recent climate warming and the associated expansion of shrub communities across the Arctic. Rates of carbon accumulation vary greatly between the sites, illustrating the importance of local vegetation communities, hydrology and permafrost dynamics. Multiproxy data elucidate the palaeoecology of S. lindbergii and show that it indicates wet conditions in peatlands. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Medication errors involving anticoagulants: Data from the Danish patient safety database
Authors: Henriksen Jakob Nørgaard , Nielsen Lars Peter , Hellebek Annemarie , Poulsen Birgitte Klindt
Published: April 2017

Reporting of adverse incidents is mandatory in Denmark. All reported adverse incidents are made anonymously, and stored in an encrypted database. It is the purpose of this descriptive study to describe the severity of adverse medication incidents caused by oral anticoagulants in hospitals. All moderate, severe and fatal reports concerning non‐vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants were analyzed from date of marketing until July 8 2014. The data collection for warfarin was from January 1 2014 until July 8 2014. Three independent specialists in clinical pharmacology evaluated the severity of incident outcomes. A total of 147 adverse medication incidents were analyzed, and showed that de facto or potentially fatal and serious incidents were most frequently associated with sector change (admission to or discharge from hospital, or undergoing surgery) and resulted from insufficient or excess dosing. Physicians should be aware when prescribing and changing anticoagulant therapy to avoid severe or fatal incidents.
An industry‐oriented strategy for the finite element simulation of paperboard creasing and folding
Authors: Domaneschi Marco , Perego Umberto , Borgqvist Eric , Borsari Roberto
Published: April 2017

The numerical simulation of paperboard creasing and folding processes is of increasing importance for the design and production of safe and reliable packaging systems. The extreme material anisotropy and the complexity of these processes require however simulation capabilities which are seldom available in commercial codes. Several approaches have been proposed in the literature over the years, in most cases making use of non‐linear material models developed ad hoc for this purpose. These models, some of which are very effective and accurate, are not in general available in commercial codes and are often based on the definition of a large number of parameters. In this paper, the possibility to obtain acceptable, first‐hand simulation results using only features already available in a commercial code is investigated. An advanced continuum constitutive model, recently presented in the literature, has been used as a reference for tuning the model and for assessing its accuracy. It is shown how standard features, usually available in state‐of‐the‐art commercial codes, can be employed to deal with the extreme material anisotropy, obtaining qualitatively good results in both the creasing and folding phases. The used standard model accounts for the extremely high anisotropy by means of embedded shell elements, playing the role of reinforcements in the fibre direction. The matrix is assumed to be isotropic and elastoplastic, with properties determined based on the behaviour in the thickness direction. The adopted plasticity model is a modified Drucker–Prager model with a cutoff on the tensile pressure side, available in the used commercial code. The procedure adopted for the identification of the small number of required material parameters is also discussed. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of model chemistries for hydrofluoropolyethers: A DFT/M08‐HX benchmark study
Authors: Viegas Luís P.
Published: April 2017

In this work, we report the first detailed theoretical comparative conformational investigation between two different classes of hydrofluoropolyethers: dihydro‐ and dimethoxyfluoropolyethers. The main objective was to determine a cost‐effective computational methodology that could accurately reproduce the energetic rankings and thermal weight factors of the simplest examples of those two classes calculated with M08‐HX/triple‐ζ//M08‐HX/double‐ζ benchmark model chemistries. Between the tested methodologies, M08‐HX/aug‐pcseg‐2//M08‐HX/pcseg‐1 was found to be the most appropriate, exhibiting a good accuracy and considerable reduction in computational cost with respect to the benchmark, being more than three times faster than M08‐HX/aug‐pcseg‐2//M08‐HX/aug‐pcseg‐1. This cost‐effective approach will be essential in future work when studying larger hydrofluoropolyethers, where the computational complexity associated with increasing number of conformers will require such approximations.
Compound‐specific hydrogen isotope analysis of fluorine‐, chlorine‐, bromine‐ and iodine‐bearing organics using gas chromatography–chromium‐based high‐temperature conversion (Cr/HTC) isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Authors: Renpenning Julian , Schimmelmann Arndt , Gehre Matthias
Published: April 2017

Rationale

The conventional high‐temperature conversion (HTC) approach towards hydrogen compound‐specific isotope analysis (CSIA) of halogen‐bearing (F, Cl, Br, I) organics suffers from incomplete H2 yields and associated hydrogen isotope fractionation due to generation of HF, HCl, HBr, and HI byproducts. Moreover, the traditional off‐line combustion of highly halogenated compounds results in incomplete recovery of water as an intermediary compound for hydrogen isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), and hence also leads to isotope fractionation. This study presents an optimized chromium‐based high‐temperature conversion (Cr/HTC) approach for hydrogen CSIA of various fluorinated, chlorinated, brominated and iodinated organic compounds. The Cr/HTC approach is fast, economical, and not affected by low H2 yields and associated isotope fractionation.

Methods

The performance of the modified gas chromatography/chromium‐based high‐temperature conversion (GC‐Cr/HTC) system was monitored and optimized using an ion trap mass spectrometer. Quantitative conversion of organic hydrogen into H2 analyte gas was achieved for all halogen‐bearing compounds. The corresponding accuracy of CSIA was validated using (i) manual dual‐inlet (DI)‐IRMS after off‐line conversion into H2, and (ii) elemental analyzer (EA)‐Cr/HTC‐IRMS (on‐line conversion).

Results

The overall hydrogen isotope analysis of F‐, Cl‐, Br‐ and I‐bearing organics via GC‐Cr/HTC‐IRMS achieved a precision σ ≤ 3 mUr and an accuracy within ±5 mUr along the VSMOW‐SLAP scale compared with the measured isotope compositions resulting from both validation methods, off‐line and on‐line. The same analytical performance as for single‐compound GC‐Cr/HTC‐IRMS was achieved compound‐specifically for mixtures of halogenated organics following GC separation to baseline resolution.

Conclusions

GC‐Cr/HTC technology can be implemented in existing analytical equipment using commercially available materials to provide a versatile tool for hydrogen CSIA of halogenated and non‐halogenated organics. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Possible ability of bovine follicular fluid to attract migrating bull spermatozoa
Authors: Mondal MD Anisuzzaman , Takagi Yuji , Baba Shoji A. , Hamano Koh‐ichi
Published: April 2017

Aim

To examine the potential of bovine follicular fluid (BFF) to attract bull spermatozoa.

Methods

The ability of the BFF to attract bull sperm was evaluated by observing changes in sperm migration after being placed in a cross‐column chamber. The movement parameters of the heads and flagella of the sperm that were attracted to the BFF were analyzed by using the Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis system.

Results

It was observed that 61.6% of the bull sperm migrated toward the BFF when the BFF was used at a concentration of 0.1%, but 67.2% of the sperm did not migrate toward the BFF at a concentration of 10%. Relatively larger numbers of both precapacitated and postcapacitated bull sperm migrated toward the BFF (0.1%). The ability of the 0.1% BFF to attract sperm probably affected both the normal artificial insemination (AI) fertility sperm and the poor AI fertility spermatozoa. The flagellar curvilinear ratio of the sperm winding to the 0.1% BFF was significantly higher than that of the prewinding sperm.

Conclusion

These results could suggest that BFF potentially attracts bull sperm at a certain concentration, irrespective of the capacitation status of the sperm. Although the mechanism by which this attraction occurs remains unclear, these data imply that it could be related to BFF‐dependent changes in the sperm flagellar curvilinear ratio.
Core Vocabulary: Its Morphological Content and Presence in Exemplar Texts
Authors: Hiebert Elfrieda H. , Goodwin Amanda P. , Cervetti Gina N.
Published: April 2017

This study addresses the distribution of words in texts at different points of schooling. The first aim was to identify a core vocabulary that accounts for the majority of the words in texts through the lens of morphological families. Results showed that 2,451 morphological families, averaging 4.61 members, make up the core vocabulary of school texts. The 11,298 words in the 2,451 morphological families account for 58% of the approximately 19,500 most frequent words in written English. The majority of the morphological families appear by the end of the elementary school period (85%), but a small group of morphological families (15%) is added through the middle to high school period. Analyses of the ranks of words across grade bands indicated that late‐appearing words gain in prominence in higher level texts as some elementary‐level words become less frequent. The second aim of the study was to determine the degree to which the core vocabulary accounted for the words in an independent but critical set of texts: the exemplar texts identified within the Common Core State Standards. The 2,451 families accounted for 97.1% (grades K and 1) to 89.1% (grade 11 through college) of the total words in texts and 95.6% (grades K and 1) to 74.9% (grade 11 through college) of the unique words in texts. Implications of the findings on the nature and role of the core vocabulary in complex texts are suggested for researchers, curriculum developers, and publishers.
Autologous Cord Blood Infusions Are Safe and Feasible in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Results of a Single-Center Phase I Open-Label Trial
Authors: Dawson Geraldine , Sun Jessica M. , Davlantis Katherine S. , Murias Michael , Franz Lauren , Troy Jesse , Simmons Ryan , Sabatos-DeVito Maura , Durham Rebecca , Kurtzberg Joanne
Published: April 2017

Despite advances in early diagnosis and behavioral therapies, more effective treatments for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are needed. We hypothesized that umbilical cord blood-derived cell therapies may have potential in alleviating ASD symptoms by modulating inflammatory processes in the brain. Accordingly, we conducted a phase I, open-label trial to assess the safety and feasibility of a single intravenous infusion of autologous umbilical cord blood, as well as sensitivity to change in several ASD assessment tools, to determine suitable endpoints for future trials. Twenty-five children, median age 4.6 years (range 2.26–5.97), with a confirmed diagnosis of ASD and a qualified banked autologous umbilical cord blood unit, were enrolled. Children were evaluated with a battery of behavioral and functional tests immediately prior to cord blood infusion (baseline) and 6 and 12 months later. Assessment of adverse events across the 12-month period indicated that the treatment was safe and well tolerated. Significant improvements in children's behavior were observed on parent-report measures of social communication skills and autism symptoms, clinician ratings of overall autism symptom severity and degree of improvement, standardized measures of expressive vocabulary, and objective eye-tracking measures of children's attention to social stimuli, indicating that these measures may be useful endpoints in future studies. Behavioral improvements were observed during the first 6 months after infusion and were greater in children with higher baseline nonverbal intelligence quotients. These data will serve as the basis for future studies to determine the efficacy of umbilical cord blood infusions in children with ASD.
Innovating Corporate Accounting and Reporting for Sustainability – Attributes and Challenges
Authors: Schaltegger Stefan , Etxeberria Igor Álvarez , Ortas Eduardo
Published: April 2017

The environmental and social impacts of companies and their processes, products and supply chains are a widespread concern. At the same time, such impacts provide opportunities for firms to engage in sustainability practices, to transform their businesses or to start new ventures contributing to sustainable development. In this context, innovation can be an important supportive vehicle for developing corporate sustainability management and accounting practices to effectively contribute to sustainable development. Based on the six attributes proposed by Baregheh et al. () to characterise innovations, this paper discusses what innovation in accounting for sustainability may encompass. Although significant efforts have been made, a reorientation and more research are needed to develop corporate accounting approaches to address environmental and social challenges more effectively. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Basic psychological need experiences, fatigue, and sleep in individuals with unexplained chronic fatigue
Authors: Campbell Rachel , Tobback Els , Delesie Liesbeth , Vogelaers Dirk , Mariman An , Vansteenkiste Maarten
Published: April 2017

Grounded in self‐determination theory, this study tested the hypothesis that the satisfaction and frustration of the psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness would relate to fatigue and subjective and objective sleep parameters, with stress and negative sleep cognitions playing an explanatory role in these associations. During a stay at a sleep laboratory in Belgium, individuals with unexplained chronic fatigue (N = 160; 78% female) underwent polysomnography and completed a questionnaire at 3 different points in time (i.e., after arrival in the sleep lab, before bedtime, and the following morning) that assessed their need‐based experiences and stress during the previous week, fatigue during the preceding day, and sleep‐related cognitions and sleep during the previous night. Results indicated that need frustration related to higher stress, which in turn, related to higher evening fatigue. Need frustration also related to poorer subjective sleep quality and shorter sleep duration, as indicated by both subjective and objective shorter total sleep time and subjective (but not objective) longer sleep latency. These associations were accounted for by stress and negative sleep cognitions. These findings suggest that health care professionals working with individuals with unexplained chronic fatigue may consider focusing on basic psychological needs within their therapeutic approach.
Novel Methods for Sodium‐Ion Battery Materials
Authors: Zhao Chenglong , Lu Yaxiang , Li Yunming , Jiang Liwei , Rong Xiaohui , Hu Yong‐Sheng , Li Hong , Chen Liquan
Published: April 2017

Sodium‐ion batteries (NIBs) as an ideal candidate for large‐scale energy‐storage systems (ESSs) have been the subject of extensive attention worldwide as a result of the ever‐growing energy demands. Development of advanced NIB techniques with potentially higher performance is of great concern to meet the requirements of ESSs. Based on modern material characterization methods and technological optimizations, the systematic understanding of rechargeable batteries has been further developed. Novel methods for NIB materials could provide a rational guideline for the fundamental understanding and practical optimization of battery systems. Here, the focus is mainly on a discussion of novel or fresh experimental methods and characterization techniques for NIB materials from the relationships between properties and performances, which are roughly classified into four parts: structure‐related techniques, composition‐related techniques, size‐ and morphology‐related techniques, and surface‐ and interface‐related techniques. Respective detection mechanisms of each method will be discussed, and special attention is paid to examples of these characterization techniques for NIB devices. It is hoped that by the study of NIB‐related details, a certain reference to the development of advanced materials can be provided.
Exogenous coordination of concurrent software components with JavaBIP
Authors: Bliudze Simon , Mavridou Anastasia , Szymanek Radoslaw , Zolotukhina Alina
Published: April 2017

A strong separation of concerns is necessary in order to make the design of domain‐specific functional components independent from cross‐cutting concerns, such as concurrent access to the shared resources of the execution platform. Native coordination mechanisms, such as locks and monitors, allow developers to address these issues. However, such solutions are not modular; they are complex to design, debug, and maintain. We present the JavaBIP framework that allows developers to think on a higher level of abstraction and clearly separate the functional and coordination aspects of the system behavior. It implements the principles of the Behavior, Interaction, and Priority (BIP) component framework rooted in rigorous operational semantics. It allows the coordination of existing concurrent software components in an exogenous manner, relying exclusively on annotations, component APIs, and external specification files. We introduce the annotation and specification syntax of JavaBIP and illustrate its use on realistic examples, present the architecture of our implementation, which is modular and easily extensible, and provide and discuss performance evaluation results. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Construction and Management of Stigma Based on a Voluntary‐Achieved Status
Authors: Ritter Lacey J. , Ueno Koji
Published: April 2017

Previous research on stigma has focused on ascribed personal attributes that are either impossible or difficult to change. Less is known, however, about how people voluntarily join stigmatized groups and manage stigma based on an achieved status. This paper sought to answer this question by focusing on stigma management strategies used by a Humans vs. Zombies (HvZ) gaming organization in a southeastern university. Data were collected through four months of fieldwork and twelve interviews with HvZ gamers and moderators. Results showed that gamers' decision to join the group reflected their effort to strengthen a sense of moral worth. Furthermore, in order to keep receiving this benefit and minimize potential costs, they used three strategies to manage their stigma based on the voluntary, achieved status: (1) by “othering” stereotypical members; (2) by challenging the stereotype; and (3) by reappropriating the stigma. As they employed these strategies, gamers drew on social discourses available in the organizational and life course context.
1,8‐Naphthalimide: A Potent DNA Intercalator and Target for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Tandon Runjhun , Luxami Vijay , Kaur Harsovin , Tandon Nitin , Paul Kamaldeep
Published: April 2017

The poor pharmacokinetics, side effects and particularly the rapid emergence of drug resistance compromise the efficiency of clinically used anticancer drugs. Therefore, the discovery of novel and effective drugs is still an extremely primary mission. Naphthalimide family is one of the highly active anticancer drug based upon effective intercalator with DNA. In this article, we review the discovery and development of 1,8‐naphthalimide moiety, and, especially, pay much attention to the structural modifications and structure activity relationships. The review demonstrates how modulation of the moiety affecting naphthalimide compound for DNA binding that is achieved to afford a profile of antitumor activity. The DNA binding of imide and ring substitution at naphthalimide, bisnaphthalimide, naphthalimide‐metal complexes is achieved by molecular recognition through intercalation mode. Thus, this synthetic/natural small molecule can act as a drug when activation or inhibition of DNA function, is required to cure or control the cancer disease. The present study is a review of the advances in 1,8‐naphthalimide‐related research, with a focus on how such derivatives are intercalated into DNA for their anticancer activities.
Chinese Investment in Advanced Economies: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Deng Ping , Yang Xiaohua , Wang Liang , Doyle Barry
Published: April 2017

With an increasing importance of outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) by multinationals (MNCs) from China in advanced economies, there is a need for deepening our knowledge of these Chinese MNCs not simply regarding their benefits and concerns, but more importantly regarding their dynamic and complex contexts. In this article, we investigate challenges that Chinese investors face in managing multiple embeddedness across heterogeneous contexts and why this multiple contextual embeddedness is particularly evident when Chinese firms acquire Western firms for competitive catch‐up. We contend that the interaction of Chinese investors with various local contexts depends on the extent to which these contexts are not only interrelated, but also overlain by temporal and spatial dimensions of context. Accordingly, contextualizing globalization of Chinese companies temporally and spatially will allow us to better understand their international expansion. More generally, we stress the need to place Chinese OFDI research in its broader context, temporally and spatially, and go beyond the mere institutional or cultural distance variables. Finally, we outline the key contributions from the six articles in this special issue and discuss the future research agenda stimulated by the issues raised in these articles. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of Fabp1/Scp‐2/Scp‐x Ablation on Whole Body and Hepatic Phenotype of Phytol‐Fed Male Mice
Authors: Landrock Danilo , Milligan Sherrelle , Martin Gregory G. , McIntosh Avery L. , Landrock Kerstin K. , Schroeder Friedhelm , Kier Ann B.
Published: April 2017

Liver fatty acid binding protein (Fabp1) and sterol carrier protein‐2/sterol carrier protein‐x (SCP‐2/SCP‐x) genes encode proteins that enhance hepatic uptake, cytosolic transport, and peroxisomal oxidation of toxic branched‐chain fatty acids derived from dietary phytol. Since male wild‐type (WT) mice express markedly higher levels of these proteins than females, the impact of ablating both genes (TKO) was examined in phytol‐fed males. In WT males, high phytol diet alone had little impact on whole body weight and did not alter the proportion of lean tissue mass (LTM) versus fat tissue mass (FTM). TKO conferred on dietary phytol the ability to induce weight loss as well as reduce liver weight, FTM, and even more so LTM. Concomitantly TKO induced hepatic lipid accumulation, preferentially threefold increased phospholipid (PL) at the expense of decreased triacylglycerol (TG) and total cholesterol. Increased PL was associated with upregulation of membrane fatty acid transport/translocase proteins (FATP 2,4), cytosolic fatty acid/fatty acyl‐CoA binding proteins (FABP2, ACBP), and the rate limiting enzyme in PL synthesis (Gpam). Decreased TG and cholesterol levels were not attributable to altered levels in respective synthetic enzymes or nuclear receptors. These data suggest that the higher level of Fabp1 and Scp2/Scpx gene products in WT males was protective against deleterious effects of dietary phytol, but TKO significantly exacerbated phytol effects in males.
On the influence of Si:Al ratio and hierarchical porosity of FAU zeolites in solid acid catalysed esterification pretreatment of bio-oil
Authors: Osatiashtiani Amin , Puértolas Begoña , Oliveira Caio C. S. , Manayil Jinesh C. , Barbero Brunella , Isaacs Mark , Michailof Chrysoula , Heracleous Eleni , Pérez-Ramírez Javier , Lee Adam F. , Wilson Karen
Published: April 2017

A family of faujasite (FAU) zeolites with different Si:Al ratio, and/or hierarchical porosity introduced via post-synthetic alkaline desilication treatment, have been evaluated as solid acid catalysts for esterification pretreatments of pyrolysis bio-oil components. Acetic acid esterification with aliphatic and aromatic alcohols including methanol, anisyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, p-cresol and n-butanol was first selected as a model reaction to identify the optimum zeolite properties. Materials were fully characterised using N2 porosimetry, ICP, XRD, XPS, FT-IR, pyridine adsorption, NH3 TPD, In-situ ATR and inverse gas chromatography (IGC). IGC demonstrates that the surface polarity and hence hydrophobicity of FAU decreases with increased Si:Al ratio. Despite possessing a higher acid site loading and acetic acid adsorption capacity, high Al-content FAU possess weaker acidity than more siliceous catalysts. Esterification activity increases with acid strength and decreasing surface polarity following the order FAU30>FAU6>FAU2.6. The introduction of mesoporosity through synthesis of a hierarchical HFAU30 material further enhances esterification activity through improved acid site accessibility and hydrophobicity. Methanol was the most reactive alcohol for esterification, and evaluated with HFAU30 for the pretreatment of a real pyrolysis bio-oil, reducing the acid content by 76% under mild conditions.
Prognosis in Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Diagnosed During Fetal Life
Authors: Morgan Tara A. , Shum Dorothy J. , Basta Amaya M. , Filly Roy A.
Published: April 2017

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a malformation that continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality and can be difficult to clinically manage. Determination of prognosis can greatly add to the decision-making process in prenatally recognized CDH, predominantly by the recognition of specific ultrasound findings. Ultrasound findings that are important include hernia type, laterality, lung size, position of the fetal liver and stomach, and the presence or absence of other anomalies. In general, prognosis is best in cases where CDH is an isolated anomaly, the liver and stomach remain within the abdominal cavity, and the lung size corresponds to a lung area to head circumference ratio of ≥1. Position of the stomach also corresponds with prognosis, is easier to reliably determine with ultrasound, and can indirectly predict the position of the liver. The following is a review of the literature and experience in the care of fetuses with CDH at the University of California, San Francisco, a large tertiary referral center, in using these ultrasound findings to predict prognosis.
Aplicación del modelo de revaluación de propiedades, planta y equipo en empresas chilenas del sector energético
Authors: Orellana Fuentes Claudia , Azúa Álvarez Digna
Published: April 2017

Este estudio analiza 14 empresas chilenas del sector energético que tienen la particularidad de haber revaluado sus propiedades, planta y equipo (PPE) en 2009 y continuado la aplicación de este modelo en los periodos posteriores hasta 2015, según la Norma Internacional de Contabilidad 16. La metodología utilizada consistió en la revisión de los estados financieros de las empresas de la muestra. Los resultados muestran que el uso del modelo de revaluación de las PPE tuvo un fuerte impacto en el patrimonio de las empresas en el periodo estudiado, en donde el método utilizado corresponde a una metodología particular, adaptada al sector energético chileno para regular las tarifas, conocida como el valor nuevo de reemplazo (VNR).
Object literacy at University College London Library Services
Authors: Tuckett Tabitha , Lawes Elizabeth
Published: April 2017

University College London (UCL) Library Services holds extensive Special Collections that are employed in various teaching and public engagement activities. Students and academic staff at the UCL Slade School of Fine Art have the opportunity to participate in the Slade Small Press Project that uses the UCL Small Press Collections as inspiration, recognising the current trend for printed material and text as a visual medium. UCL's BASc students, and participants at library public events focused on non-creative subjects, study ways in which the physical aspects of rare books contribute to understanding the text, with surprisingly creative outputs. While museums have recently adopted Object Based Learning (OBL) as a teaching strategy, this form of learning has long been familiar in libraries, particularly for special collections. However as readers increasingly access library text digitally, and perceive text as unaffected by medium, they are losing the skills to interpret physical books and printed material (skills we term ‘object literacy’), making OBL approaches more important than ever for library staff. In keeping with the UCL 2034 strategy, the Connected Curriculum encourages participation in research at all levels of study and OBL methods enable interdisciplinary enquiry and collaborative practices.
Enhancing Validity in Observational Settings When Replication is Not Possible
Authors: Fariss Christopher J. , Jones Zachary M.
Published: April 2017

We argue that political sciexntists can provide additional evidence for the predictive validity of observational and quasi-experimental research designs by minimizing the expected prediction error or generalization error of their empirical models. For observational and quasi-experimental data not generated by a stochastic mechanism under the researcher’s control, the reproduction of statistical analyses is possible but replication of the data-generating procedures is not. Estimating the generalization error of a model for this type of data and then adjusting the model to minimize this estimate—regularization—provides evidence for the predictive validity of the study by decreasing the risk of overfitting. Estimating generalization error also allows for model comparisons that highlight underfitting: when a model generalizes poorly due to missing systematic features of the data-generating process. Thus, minimizing generalization error provides a principled method for modeling relationships between variables that are measured but whose relationships with the outcome(s) are left unspecified by a deductively valid theory. Overall, the minimization of generalization error is important because it quantifies the expected reliability of predictions in a way that is similar to external validity, consequently increasing the validity of the study’s conclusions.
Comparison of linear modes in kinetic plasma models
Authors: Camporeale Enrico , Burgess David
Published: April 2017

We compare, in an extensive and systematic way, linear theory results obtained with the hybrid (ion kinetic and electron fluid), the gyrokinetic and the fully kinetic plasma models. We present a test case with parameters that are relevant for solar wind turbulence at small scales, which is a topic now recognized to need a kinetic treatment, to a certain extent. We comment on the comparison of low-frequency single modes (Alfvén/ion-cyclotron, ion-acoustic and fast modes) for a wide range of propagation angles, and on the overall spectral properties of the linear operators, for quasi-perpendicular propagation. The methodology and the results presented in this paper will be valuable when choosing which model should be used in regimes where the assumptions of each model are not trivially satisfied.
Language, procedures, and the non-perceptual origin of number word meanings
Authors: BARNER DAVID
Published: April 2017

Perceptual representations of objects and approximate magnitudes are often invoked as building blocks that children combine to acquire the positive integers. Systems of numerical perception are either assumed to contain the logical foundations of arithmetic innately, or to supply the basis for their induction. I propose an alternative to this framework, and argue that the integers are not learned from perceptual systems, but arise toexplainperception. Using cross-linguistic and developmental data, I show that small (~1–4) and large (~5+) numbers arise both historically and in individual children via distinct mechanisms, constituting independent learning problems, neither of which begins with perceptual building blocks. Children first learn small numbers using the same logic that supports other linguistic number marking (e.g. singular/plural). Years later, they infer the logic of counting from the relations between large number words and their roles in blind counting procedures, only incidentally associating number words with approximate magnitudes.
‘Chamber within a chamber’: a rare cardiac anomaly
Authors: Ghosh Gopal C. , Alex Anoop G. , George Paul V.
Published: April 2017

Double-chambered left ventricle is a rare cardiac anomaly. We report a case of double-chambered left ventricle in a one-and-half-year-old asymptomatic boy. We depict the use of three-dimensional echocardiography in the demonstration and diagnosis of the condition.
Self-Perception of Medical Students’ Knowledge and Interest in Disaster Medicine: Nine Years After the Approval of the Curriculum in German Universities
Authors: Wunderlich Robert , Ragazzoni Luca , Ingrassia Pier Luigi , Corte Francesco Della , Grundgeiger Jan , Bickelmayer Jens Werner , Domres Bernd
Published: April 2017

Background

Following the recommendations of the World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine (WADEM; Madison, Wisconsin USA) to develop standards for training the undergraduates in disaster-relevant fields (2004), a German curriculum was approved in 2006. This paper aims to describe the level of training and interest of medical students nine years later.

Problem

The aim of this study was to assess the self-perception of medical students’ knowledge and interest in disaster medicine nine years after the implementation of a standardized disaster medicine curriculum in German medical schools.

Methods

This prospective, cross-sectional, observational study was conducted with medical students in Germany using a web-based, purpose-designed questionnaire consisting of 27 mandatory and 11 optional questions.

Results

Nine hundred ninety-two students from 36 of 37 medical schools in Germany participated. More than one-half of medical students were aware of the field of disaster medicine. One hundred twenty-one students undertook training internally within their university and 307 undertook training externally at other institutions. Only a small content of the curriculum was taught. A difference in self-perception of knowledge between trained and untrained participants was found, despite the level of training being low in both groups. Participants were generally highly motivated to learn disaster medicine in a variety of institutions.

Conclusion

German students are still largely not well educated regarding disaster medicine, despite their high motivation. The curriculum of 2006 was not implemented as originally planned and the number of trained students still remains low as the self-perception of knowledge. Currently, there is no clear and standardized training concept in place. A renewal in the agreement of implementation of the curriculum at medical schools should be targeted in order to follow the recommendation of WADEM.

WunderlichRRagazzoniLIngrassiaPLDella CorteFGrundgeigerJBickelmayerJWDomresB. Self-perception of medical students’ knowledge and interest in disaster medicine: nine years after the approval of the curriculum in German universities. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017;32(4):374–381.
Mütterliches Expressed Emotion und elterliche Angst vor negativer Bewertung bei Kindern mit sozialer Angststörung
Authors: Asbrand Julia , Heinrichs Nina , Tuschen-Caffier Brunna
Published: April 2017

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Ziel dieser Studie ist die Untersuchung von Expressed Emotion (EE) als Faktor des familiären Klimas sowie elterlicher Angst vor negativer Bewertung des Kindes als potentieller Mediator für den Zusammenhang von sozialer Angst der Eltern und Kinder. Methode: Kinder mit Sozialer Angststörung (SAS; n = 64) und ohne SAS (healthy control, HC, n = 52) sowie deren Eltern (Mütter und Väter) berichteten über eigene soziale Ängste und ihre Angst vor negativer Bewertung des Kindes. Mütter nahmen zudem am Five Minute Speech Sample (FMSS) zur Erhebung von EE teil. Ergebnisse: Berichte von Müttern von Kindern mit einer SAS wurden häufiger als High Expressed Emotion (HEE) eingestuft als Berichte von Müttern von HC Kindern. Es zeigte sich ein Zusammenhang von EE und sozialer Angst der Mutter wie auch mütterlicher Angst vor negativer Bewertung des Kindes. Zudem wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen kindlicher und mütterlicher sozialer Angst partiell durch die Angst vor negativer Bewertung des Kindes mediiert. Schlussfolgerungen: Es konnte ein Zusammenhang von kindlicher SAS und gleichzeitig erhöhtem EE der Mütter gezeigt werden. Erhöhte Angst vor negativer Bewertung des Kindes stellt einen potenziellen Mechanismus dar, wie mütterliche, nicht aber väterliche, soziale Angst an das Kind vermittelt werden kann.
Explaining Unexpected Twists in the Sun's Magnetic Field
Authors: Zastrow Mark
Published: April 2017

New research shows how the Sun's magnetic field can shift when it approaches Earth, which can throw off space weather forecasts.
Composite functional metasurfaces for multispectral achromatic optics
Authors: Avayu Ori , Almeida Euclides , Prior Yehiam , Ellenbogen Tal
Published: April 2017

Nanostructured metasurfaces offer unique capabilities for subwavelength control of optical waves. Based on this potential, a large number of metasurfaces have been proposed recently as alternatives to standard optical elements. In most cases, however, these elements suffer from large chromatic aberrations, thus limiting their usefulness for multiwavelength or broadband applications. Here, in order to alleviate the chromatic aberrations of individual diffractive elements, we introduce dense vertical stacking of independent metasurfaces, where each layer is made from a different material, and is optimally designed for a different spectral band. Using this approach, we demonstrate a triply red, green and blue achromatic metalens in the visible range. We further demonstrate functional beam shaping by a self-aligned integrated element for stimulated emission depletion microscopy and a lens that provides anomalous dispersive focusing. These demonstrations lead the way to the realization of ultra-thin superachromatic optical elements showing multiple functionalities—all in a single nanostructured ultra-thin element.
Quantum sampling problems, BosonSampling and quantum supremacy
Authors: Lund A. P. , Bremner Michael J. , Ralph T. C.
Published: April 2017

There is a large body of evidence for the potential of greater computational power using information carriers that are quantum mechanical over those governed by the laws of classical mechanics. But the question of the exact nature of the power contributed by quantum mechanics remains only partially answered. Furthermore, there exists doubt over the practicality of achieving a large enough quantum computation that definitively demonstrates quantum supremacy. Recently the study of computational problems that produce samples from probability distributions has added to both our understanding of the power of quantum algorithms and lowered the requirements for demonstration of fast quantum algorithms. The proposed quantum sampling problems do not require a quantum computer capable of universal operations and also permit physically realistic errors in their operation. This is an encouraging step towards an experimental demonstration of quantum algorithmic supremacy. In this paper, we will review sampling problems and the arguments that have been used to deduce when sampling problems are hard for classical computers to simulate. Two classes of quantum sampling problems that demonstrate the supremacy of quantum algorithms are BosonSampling and Instantaneous Quantum Polynomial-time Sampling. We will present the details of these classes and recent experimental progress towards demonstrating quantum supremacy in BosonSampling.
Development of Mixed metal Metal-organic polyhedra networks, colloids, and MOFs and their Pharmacokinetic applications
Authors: Ahmad Nazir , Younus Hussein A. , Chughtai Adeel H. , Van Hecke Kristof , Danish Muhammad , Gaoke Zhang , Verpoort Francis
Published: April 2017

The coordination networking of discrete metal-organic polyhedra (MOPs) involving different ligands as well as metals is a challenging task due to the features of limited solubility and chemical stability of these polyhedra. An unusual approach, ligand-oriented polyhedral networking via click chemistry and further metal coordination is reported here. An alkyne decorated Cu(II)-MOP self-catalyzes the regioselective click reaction (1,3-dipolar cycloaddition) using azide-functionalized ligands under unconventional reaction conditions. Introducing new metal ions, M(II), interlinks the carboxylic groups on the MOP surfaces creating coordination networks. On the other hand, exposure of the respective individual ligand components in the presence of Cu(II) promotes an in-situ click reaction along with metal coordination generating a new 3D-framework. These materials demonstrated a high drug hosting potential exhibiting a controlled progressive release of anticancer (5-flourouracil) and stimulant (caffeine) drugs in physiological saline at 37 °C. These innovative and unconventional MOP networks provide a significant conceptual advance in understanding.
Excitation Intensity Dependent Carrier Dynamics of Chalcogen Heteroatoms in Medium-Bandgap Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Kulshreshtha Chandramouli , Son Jiwon , Pascher Torbjörn , Kim Ji-Hee , Joo Taiha , Lee Jaewon , Jeong Mun Seok , Cho Kilwon
Published: April 2017

The excitation intensity dependent carrier dynamics of blends with PC[70]BM of three new medium-band gap conjugated polymers with central chalcogen heteroatoms, PBDTfDTBX (X = O, T(Sulphur), Se) were studied. The PBDTfDTBX polymers (Poly[4,8-bis(5-(2-butyloctyl)thiophene-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b;4,5-b′]dithiophene-alt-4,7-bis(4-(2-ethylhexyl)-2-thienyl)-dithieno[3′,2′:3,4;2″,3″:5,6]benzo[1,2-c][1,2,5] furazan or thiadiazole or selenadiazole]) have symmetrical structures but exhibit different solar cell performances. In this study, we determined how the photogenerated charge carrrier dynamics of the PBDTfDTBX:PC[70]BM blends varies with the heteroatom by performing transient absorption measurements at various excitation intensities. It was found that the charge carrier dynamics of the PBDTfDTBX blends with X = T or Se heteroatoms are dependent on the excitation intensity whereas that of the PBDTfDTBO blend is independent of the intensity. The photogenerated charge carrier dynamics of the PBDTfDTBO:PCBM, PBDTfDTBT:PCBM, and PBDTfDTBSe:PCBM blends were all modeled globally and rates were estimated for different photophysical processes occurring on different time scales.
The effect of the teeth bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide on the tensile bond strength of metal brackets
Authors: Trakiniene Giedre , Daukontiene Simona , Jurenas Vytautas , Svalkauskiene Vilma , Smailiene Dalia , Lopatiene Kristina , Trakinis Tomas
Published: April 2017

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of teeth bleaching on the tensile bond strength of metal brackets bonded with light-curing adhesive system to the human enamel. 40 recently extracted human permanent molars were used for the study. The mesial buccal surface of each tooth was used as a control group and the distal buccal surface was used as an experimental group. Control group surfaces were not submitted to bleaching, while experimental group surfaces were bleached with in-office bleaching material containing 35% hydrogen peroxide. 30 days after the bleaching, identical premolar metal brackets were bonded to each surface using light-curing adhesive. Both groups were submitted to a tension test, using a universal machine. The tensile bond strength of brackets bonded to the bleached enamel was 15% lower than that of brackets bonded to the unbleached enamel. After debonding, more adhesive was left on the bracket base in experimental group than in the control group. The conclusion of this study was that bleaching with an in-office bleaching material containing 35% hydrogen peroxide reduced the tensile bond strength of orthodontic bracket adhesive to the enamel surface.