bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Papastergiadis Nikos , Barikin Amelia , McQuire Scott
Published: September 2017

This chapter reflects on contexts of contemporary urbanism, and on artistic experiments with perspective and sensory perception, to develop a concept of ambient awareness as a mode of inhabiting mediated cities. Ambient awareness refers to the sensibility that attends to the field by relating elements that are peripheral to each other and organising them into a new form. This chapter argues that large screens constitute a key platform for both the new aesthetic genre of ambient art and the emergence of new forms of public communication. It outlines the concept ‘ambient perspective’ as a means for clarifying: the dynamics of interaction in knowledge production; the sensory processes in play in the casual observer’s reactions to urban screens; and the more general activities of symbolic and cognitive work in the media city.
Intellectual Artillery
Authors: Chen Song-Chuan
Published: September 2017

This chapter observes that the Warlike party launched an informational war to penetrate the soft borders that constrained information flow and interaction. Their efforts concentrated on the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge in China, with the objective of spreading knowledge about the European world to the Chinese. They prepared, as they termed it, ‘intellectual artillery’ in the form of Chinese-language publications, especially material related to world geography, to distribute among the Chinese to inform them of the truth about the British in the hope that it would lead China to ‘open up’ from the inside. In establishing the society, the Warlike party conceived the metaphor of a war of information, which contributed to the developing conceptualisation of a literal war against China in the years before actual military action.
The Rise of Cantopop
Authors: Chu Yiu-Wai
Published: September 2017

The rise of Cantopop can be attributed to the huge growth in local audiences in Hong Kong in the 1970s, when local Cantonese cultural industries became profitable business. The radical transformation of the socio-political background and the swift development of local mass media in the 1970s provided a historical juncture in which a local Hong Kong consciousness came into being at long last. While Cantonese television and cinema became central to the colony’s cultural industries, Cantopop industry also provided a new source of stars. Thanks to its thriving vitality, the changing mediascape, and the developing economy, Cantopop had grown into a highly profitable business with a quickly expanding market by the end of the 1970s.
The Best of Times, the Worst of Times
Authors: Chu Yiu-Wai
Published: September 2017

In the early 1990s, the swift development of global media had a very significant impact on the Cantopop industry, which later proved to be a heavy blow to its operation. Cantopop further expanded its business around the world, and Cantopop stars continued to be the trendsetters of popular culture across Chinese communities. Meanwhile, music was no longer the central concern of these multi-media stars. The Cantopop industry had to rely upon idol worshipping much more than it did in the 1980s. The impact would not have been so negative had it not happened at the dawning of the age of global media. As the development of the Chinese music industry became transnational and media consumption deterritorialised, Cantopop industry had to face an irreversible structural change it did not realise at the outset.
Epilogue
Authors: Chu Yiu-Wai
Published: September 2017

In the new millennium, Cantopop has been overtaken by Mandapop as the trendsetter of pan-Chinese popular culture. The rise of a global Chinese music industry and media and the subsequent loss of the hybridity of Cantopop is the major reason behind its decline. Cantopop, some say, have been replaced by ‘local’ pop – including Mandapop, Japanese, Korean and English pop songs. While there would be possible hybridity of these genres, the survival of a more diversified Cantopop can contribute to the development of Hong Kong and the Chinese music industry. This chapter discusses the possibility of a “new” Cantopop in this context.
Eco-Socialism and Green City Making in Postwar Vietnam
Authors: Schwenkel Christina
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines shifts in the meaning and use of green space in socialist housing blocks in Vinh City, Vietnam, a ‘model’ socialist city rebuilt by East Germany (GDR) after its destruction by US aerial bombing. Unique to the eight-year project was the central role that ecological design played in urban reconstruction owing to financial and material constraints on the one hand, and ideological imperatives on the other. Green technology transfers served to radically transform the landscape with parks and cultivated green spaces that catered to the needs of workers and their families. These ‘eco-socialist’ practices, as I refer to them, constituted a fundamental effort on the part of GDR planners to rationally manage and order urban space that was deemed disorderly and too rural for the city. Yet utopian visions of urban modernity often came up short as they revealed more about East German lifestyles than about the pragmatic possibilities for recovery in postwar Vietnam. Ensuing struggles over the appropriate use of urban nature emerged at the center of the modernizing project and the creation of new socialist persons in Vietnam.
Tales from the Concrete Cave
Authors: Jain Kajri
Published: September 2017

Explicitly artificial “nature” (animals, trees, mountains, the colour green) proliferates intensely in contemporary India, notably in peri-urban theme parks. While this could be seen as post-liberalization “Disneyfication” or as a symptom of modernity more broadly, this chapter argues that there are other aesthetico-moral economies at work alongside such universalizing formulations of a hegemonic capitalist modernity and its “nature-culture.” It does so through a focus on the Lakshminarayan Temple or Birla Mandir, built in the 1930s as a “native” addendum to colonial New Delhi. The temple’s innovative architecture, and particularly its theme park-like garden, inaugurated a new, inclusive public (sarvajanik) religious space at the nexus of colonial planning, momentous debates on caste, religious patronage in the late colonial economy, and resignifications of nature and the sacred through new visual forms. This genealogy of the post-reform theme park illuminates the nature of “nature” on an uneven postcolonial terrain that both discursively negotiates and performatively refutes the separation of culture, religion and the social from “nature” and from political economy.
Courts, Public Cultures of Legality, and Urban Ecological Imagination in Delhi
Authors: Sivaramakrishnan K.
Published: September 2017

Courts, Public Cultures of Legality, and Urban Ecological Imagination in Delhi
Chapter abstract: This essay provides an analysis of the legal contests over the forests and groundwater in the city of Delhi over the last three decades. It examines the ways in which the iconic Delhi Ridge, which runs along a north to south axis through most of the city, is imagined and litigated as a natural resource, an environmental amenity, and a provider of ecosystem services for the national capital region of India. Based on research in courts and among litigators, with activists and technocrats, this study describes the formation of legal public spheres around environmental disputes and the rights of urban residents of all classes in Delhi. This essay identifies emergent environmental jurisprudence in India; even as it considers the material consequences of the biotic and sedimentary ecologies of the Delhi Ridge for urban environmental change in the national capital territory.
Re-imagining the Indian Underground
Authors: Acciavatti Anthony
Published: September 2017

Long heralded as a crucial technological input for the successes of the Green Revolution in South Asia, for over half a century tubewell technologies have played a decisive, yet unacknowledged role in sustaining cities and towns as well as farms and factories across India. Drawing on a decade of fieldwork and archival research, this chapter recounts the biography of this fantastic technology and its importance to farmers and urbanites as well as its shifting position within larger geopolitical debates and technology transfers. As cities and towns continue to compete with industry and agriculture for groundwater, distribution and access to tubewells will become central to landscape and urban development within the region.
News Under Fire
Authors: Wei Shuge
Published: September 2017

News under Fire: China’s Propaganda against Japan in the English-Language Press, 1928–1941 is the first comprehensive study of China’s efforts to establish an effective international propaganda system during the Sino-Japanese crisis. It challenges the notion of Chinese passivity in international propaganda and demonstrates how the fractured government was able to carry out an effective propaganda scheme in spite of Japan’s advanced international news network and the general Western bias against China’s nationalist foundations. By retrieving the long neglected history of English-language papers published in the treaty ports, Shuge Wei reviews a multilayered and often chaotic English-language media environment in China, and demonstrates its vital importance in defending China’s sovereignty.
Chinese bilingual elites played an important role in linking the party-led propaganda system with the treaty-port press. Yet the development of propaganda institution did not foster the realization of individual ideals. As the Sino-Japanese crisis deepened, the war machine absorbed their hopes of maintaining a liberal information order.
Bridge or Barrier
Authors: Wei Shuge
Published: September 2017

Chapter 1 provides an overview of the treaty-port media environment in China. It sketches the background of the key British and American-owned English-language papers in China’s treaty ports, particularly the North China Daily News, the China Press, and the China Weekly Review, and reveals the transnational feature of the treaty-port newspapers. By exploring China’s efforts to complete with Japan in establishing international news networks during the 1910s and the 1920s, it explores the intricate rivalries among various interest groups in the English-language press, and tensions between the treaty-port press and metropolitan papers.
Shadowed by the Sun
Authors: Wei Shuge
Published: September 2017

Chapter 4 analyses how English-language newspapers controlled by China and Japan defended their cases during the Mukden and Shanghai incidents. Drawing on the experiences of the Jinan Incident, Chinese-operated papers formed a united anti-Japanese line during the two incidents and endeavored to convince the Western public that the two events were successive steps of Japan’s imperial expansion. Having witnessed the atrocities committed by the Japanese army in Shanghai, Western journalists in the treaty ports gradually withdrew their support for Japan’s case, and warned the international public against Japan’s military expansion in China. Yet the concern was not entirely shared by metropolitan editors who were more eager to downplay the conflict.
Confronting Encirclement
Authors: Wei Shuge
Published: September 2017

Chapter 8 examines the Nationalist government’s foreign propaganda activities after Chiang Kai-shek moved the capital to Chongqing. Despite Japan’s constant air attacks and the lack of news infrastructure in the inner land, the International Department managed to transmit the Chongqing government’s view abroad via wireless devices. Tong continued to nurture friendship with foreign journalists by providing them comfortable living conditions despite the austerity and hardship in wartime. Yet he had to compromise his liberal control of the press following Chiang Kai-shek’s spy master Dai Li’s attempt to heighten scrutiny of the journalists’ activities. Tong also competed with the Communist party for foreign correspondents’ attention and challenged the propaganda efforts of the Wang Jingwei regime through his clandestine propaganda branch office in Shanghai. The International Department led by Tong successfully broke Japan’s encirclement of China’s out-going information and won US public’s sympathy to China’s case.
In the Realm of the Senses
Authors: Yip Man-Fung
Published: September 2017

This chapter investigates how, in the context of Hong Kong’s rapidly growing urban-industrial modernity of the 1960s and 1970s, the proliferation of sense stimuli and sense activities had radically altered the sensory-affective experience of the real. This, in turn, is shown to have a paradigmatic impact on the martial arts film, which was rapidly embracing a new, unprecedented level of sensationalism—or “sensory realism,” that is, a mode of realism grounded not so much in visual resemblance between image and world as in the correlations between a film’s sensory and visceral stimulations and the viewer’s real-life sense experiences. It is from this perspective that martial arts films of the period can be seen as bringing a “modern” or “modernist” style to Hong Kong cinema—a style predicated on speed, impact, and new forms of cinematic materiality and tactility.
Myth and Masculinity
Authors: Yip Man-Fung
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the rise of the yanggang (“stanch masculinity”) martial arts films from the late 1960s on, focusing in particular on the recurrent motif of male bonding—not only the horizontal bonding between sworn brothers but also the vertical one between masters and disciples. In imagining and valorizing an exclusively male realm seemingly able to transcend both women and other antagonistic forces in society, this fixation on male homosocial relationships constituted in many ways an attempt to cope with the increasing threats to hegemonic masculinity posed by the rise of female social power and by the growth of a ruthless capitalist order in a rapidly modernizing Hong Kong. These threats, however, were never completely contained, and this explains why the prevailing male order needed to keep reinventing itself, through cinema and other means, to maintain and reaffirm its semblance of control.
The Difficulty of Difference
Authors: Yip Man-Fung
Published: September 2017

Eschewing a reductive reading, this chapter considers the complex and often ambivalent gender politics associated with the woman warrior figures—or nüxia, meaning literally “female knights-errant”—in Hong Kong martial arts films of the late 1960s and early 1970s. In particular, it argues that the truly transgressive aspect of these fighting female characters lies not so much in their taking on of qualities (such as violent physicality) historically aligned with men; rather, what is potentially more radical is their adeptness in assuming and performing multiple gender identities, from female masculinity (the appropriation and refunctionalization of hegemonic masculine norms) to the feminine masquerade (the deliberate flaunting of femininity). Such gender play bears a more destabilizing potential by virtue of its ability to bring about a blurring of gender identities, and thus to undermine and challenge the notion of masculinity and femininity as fixed, immutable categories.
Marginal Cinema, Minor Transnationalism
Authors: Yip Man-Fung
Published: September 2017

In contrast to the hegemonic operations of “global Hollywood,” Hong Kong martial arts films of the late 1960s and 1970s exemplify a case of “minor transnationalism” in adhering to more “lateral” and nonhierarchical network structures and modes of exchange. This can be seen not just in the way Hong Kong’s cosmopolitan film culture in the period, one with a strong presence of American, Japanese, and European cinema, provided an array of ideas and styles which local martial arts films drew upon in developing a new idiom for the articulation of the complex experience of modern life. No less important are the micropractices of transnationality in the other direction: the efforts to open up regional/international markets, and the interactions with other “minor” action genres.
As a “contact zone,” martial arts/action cinema of the era constituted a symbolic space of exchange in which films from diverse national origins, often with different textual, cultural, and ideological materials, met and acted upon one another to produce not only new hybrid texts but also new forms of identification that actively negotiated with national, racial, and other types of identity boundaries.
Khenry and Anatol
Authors: Moss Richard A.
Published: September 2017

Richard Nixon endorsed the use of a back channel between Henry Kissinger, as his personal representative, and Anatoly Dobrynin, as the intermediary to the Kremlin. Over time, the relationship came to be known as “the Channel” and was the primary back channel in U.S.-Soviet relations during the Nixon administration. Long before Nixon became president, the executive branch had utilized private correspondence with foreign leaders, presidential emissaries, confidential channels, and other types of communication beyond the purview of the normal foreign policy bureaucracy. Despite the earlier precedents, the Dobrynin-Kissinger channel was novel in its breadth, its sweeping exclusion of the State Department, and most significantly for its central role in shaping détente. Back-channel diplomacy with the Soviets was not dominant until 1971, when the Channel became “operational,” as Kissinger later wrote, to cover the Berlin negotiations, break an impasse in SALT, and begin tentative planning for a summit meeting.
Precedents and Back-Channel Games, 1968–1970
Authors: Moss Richard A.
Published: September 2017

This chapter traces the development of the Nixon administration’s foreign policy structure, early back-channel overtures to the Soviets, the evolution of bureaucratic rivalries within the administration, and the early development of the Channel between Kissinger and Dobrynin. In a vicious and destructive cycle, leaks by officials of highly classified documents deepened Nixon’s longtime hatred of the press, exacerbated his fears, and reaffirmed the use of back channels to shelter sensitive negotiations.
Before his narrow victory in the November 1968 election, Nixon used two back channels to message the Soviets. The first overture and the closest precedent to the Kissinger-Dobrynin channel developed during the presidential campaign and went active immediately after the election, when Nixon dispatched his longtime aide and personal friend Robert Ellsworth to make contact with Ambassador Dobrynin and Soviet chargé d’affaires Yuri Tcherniakov. The second channel, between Kissinger and a KGB intelligence officer, Boris Sedov, functioned informally during the presidential campaign and petered out shortly after Nixon’s inauguration.
At a Crossroads
Authors: Moss Richard A.
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the moribund state of U.S.-Soviet relations during 1970 and how the White House used back channels to break the SALT impasse, delay the negotiations and ratification of the Quadripartite Agreement, and push for a summit meeting in 1970–1971. Both the U.S. and the Soviet Union used linkage in the back channel, and domestic political considerations increasingly affected the White House policy calculus. In 1970, the back channel was only one means of communications with the Soviet leadership in addition to regular diplomacy through Foggy Bottom. As Kissinger outmaneuvered Secretary of State William Rogers in bureaucratic struggles within the Nixon administration, however, the use of the Channel became the primary mechanism for U.S.-Soviet relations and in shaping superpower détente by resolving matters of concern for both sides.
Asking What’s for Dinner
Authors: Sanford A. Whitney
Published: September 2017

This chapter illustrates how intentional communities translate their bundled values of nonviolence, self-sufficiency, equity, and voluntary simplicity through producing and consuming food. These communities ask what constitutes violence in terms of food and make choices that accord with their specific contexts, goals and geographies, e.g., local vs organic. Catholic worker houses must balance goals of hospitality to the poor with their goals of sustainability. Food rescue helps them combat waste and feed the poor. Whether to eat meat and communal eating become two areas of tension in communities. This chapter explores first, how these communities perform these bundled values in their food practices, including what they eat, what they grow, and what they purchase or gather; and second, the processes and trade-offs of practicing these values.
Sustainability in Community
Authors: Sanford A. Whitney
Published: September 2017

This chapter explores the role of participatory democracy in sustainability-oriented intentional communities. These communities share goals of social equity and nonviolence and have created a variety of governance structures and practices to enfranchise all residents, ranging from consensus to sociocracy, incorporating nonviolent communication and restorative justice circles. Residents echo Gandhi’s assertion that inner change must precede social change, and communities such as the Possibility Alliance stress integral nonviolence, that nonviolence must permeate all aspects of life. Intentional communities demonstrate multiple patterns for interweaving lives, resolving tensions, and creating balance between their obligations to communities and maintaining integrity of the individual.
Extreme DIY for Interdependence
Authors: Sanford A. Whitney
Published: September 2017

This chapter explores how intentional communities strive for interdependence or regional self-sufficiency in areas such as transportation, building, and food. These communities link themselves to individuals and communities in broader networks of interdependence, sharing goods, information, and expertise. They run demonstrations and workshops—open source education—to pass on skills that contribute towards self-sufficiency and negotiate legal obstacles such as building codes. These communities experiment in areas including: natural building, sustainable agriculture, alternate currencies and time banks, and alternate energy such as bio-fuel. Communities that identify as feminist still must address tensions that arise when women enter male-dominated areas such as building.
Bringing It Home
Authors: Sanford A. Whitney
Published: September 2017

The final chapter illustrates how these bundled values— nonviolence, self-sufficiency or interdependence, participatory democracy, and voluntary simplicity—might be brought home to the mainstream to address broad social tensions such as rampant consumerism and environmental degradation. Cohousing communities—the closest to suburban patterns of living—offer potential to rethink existing patterns in urban and suburban areas and illustrate how shared spaces in places such as apartment buildings offer ‘unintentional sustainability’. Intentional communities and the sustainability movement continues as primarily white middle-class spaces, and urban communities, in particular, attempt to create broader coalitions through outreach and micro-industry. Despite challenges from entrenched financial interests, solar power energy, and transportation alternatives such as bike commuting and bus travel have engaged the mainstream, and communities such as cohousing groups offer solutions to problems such as aging.
Integrated
Authors: Miller James W.
Published: September 2017

It is 1960, six years after the US Supreme Court ruled that segregation in the public schools was prohibited and states were ordered to come up with plans for integrating African Americans into the white school systems. An unanticipated response to desegregation was that not all African Americans favored the process, because it meant that some of their cherished institutions would be changed forever. Few such institutions were affected more than the strong tradition of black high school basketball. And nowhere in the nation was that tradition stronger than in basketball-mad Kentucky, where more than fifty black high schools proudly competed in their own league for more than a quarter century. The Kentucky experience of desegregation reflects the dissonance when logic meets emotion.
The story centers on Lincoln Institute, a black high school near Louisville founded in 1912 after the state legislature passed a law “to prohibit white and colored persons from attending the same school.” Lincoln Institute was led by a charismatic academic and theologian named Whitney M. Young. In more than three decades as the school's leader, Young overcame prejudice, funding issues, and politics to create a bastion of excellence and respect in the black community. In Integrated, former Lincoln Institute players, students, and teachers tell their stories of angst, regret, and resilience during a largely ignored transitional period in the nation's story of desegregation. Their experiences within the broader racial themes of the 1950s and 1960s provide a unique perspective on one of America's most transformative periods.
Prejudice versus Common Sense
Authors: Miller James W.
Published: September 2017

This chapter traces the history of segregated education in Kentucky by focusing on Berea College, which enrolled African American students shortly after the Civil War. After a state legislator visited the campus in 1904 and saw black and white students living together, he pushed a bill through the state legislature banning white students and students of color from attending the same school. The Berea governing board responded by establishing a school in Simpsonville, Kentucky, for the education of young African Americans: Lincoln Institute. The curriculum was based on Booker T. Washington's view that vocational education was the key to black advancement, although W. E. B. DuBois argued that educating black students in subjects such as humanities, mathematics, and science would achieve both political and economic progress.
The Faith Plan
Authors: Miller James W.
Published: September 2017

This chapter describes Whitney Young's efforts to keep Lincoln Institute open despite the economic effects of the Great Depression. Young and Lincoln's white financial officer, J. Mansir Tydings, persuaded Lincoln's board to allow them to operate the school under an innovative yet dangerous plan that would free the board from all financial responsibility. The two men devised the “Faith Plan,” an intense effort to recruit new students while paying teachers prorated salaries, with the promise that they would be made whole when the institution regained a sound financial footing. With the financial crisis temporarily averted, Young was named the school's principal and set about building a quality faculty. The Lincoln basketball team became a power in the KHSAL and won state championships in 1937 and 1938.
At the Highest Level
Authors: Miller James W.
Published: September 2017

Principals and coaches from African American high schools in Kentucky began peppering the formerly all-white Kentucky High School Athletic Association (KHSAA) with questions regarding membership. Young acted quickly, and in 1956 Lincoln Institute became one of the first KHSAL members to be accepted into the KHSAA. The KHSAA state tournament had its first African American participants in March 1957, and the KHSAL ceased operations. A dozen African American schools closed after their local school boards submitted plans for integration, and their former students strengthened the teams at some of the newly integrated schools. The Lincoln basketball team faced a rebuilding year in 1955–1956 after John Cunningham and members of the 1955 state championship team graduated. Young hired Walter Gilliard as athletic director, and he succeeded Herbert Garner as head basketball coach the following year.
A Whistle from Midcourt
Authors: Miller James W.
Published: September 2017

This chapter tells the story of the controversial final minutes of Lincoln's state tournament game that began in chapter 1. Lincoln led Owensboro by 5 points with five minutes to play when Gilliard ordered his players to freeze the ball in order to protect the lead. The strategy failed, and Lincoln trailed by 2 points with eleven seconds remaining. Jewell Logan scored what would have been the tying basket and was fouled as time expired, but the referee at midcourt called Logan for walking, and Lincoln lost the game. Logan fielded reporters' questions with dignity, a trait that Young had worked to instill in his students. Flaget won the tournament, and McGill, chosen for the all-tournament team, became the first African American to start for a KHSAA champion. But he still couldn't play tennis at the Louisville Boat Club because of his color.
Strictly Political
Authors: Hayter Julian Maxwell
Published: September 2017

Chapter 1 reimagines the origins of the civil rights movement by examining the suffrage crusades that predated the Voting Rights Act (VRA) of 1965. The women and men of the Richmond Crusade for Voters were the legatees of a drawn-out struggle against racist civility and white paternalism in Virginia. Moderate racial reforms, led by men such as Gordon Blaine Hancock, characterized race relations in Richmond before the 1950s. Brown v. Board of Education (1954) ended racist civility in Virginia. The Crusade and the National Organization for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) more immediately emerged in opposition to massive resistance to public-school integration and racist urban-renewal policies. This organization eventually outmobilized Harry Byrd’s political machine by paying poll taxes. With the help of the NAACP and its “Miracle of 1960” campaign, the Crusade elected an African American, B.A. “Sonny” Cephas, to the Richmond City Council in 1964.
“All He Gave Me Was a Foot”
Authors: Hayter Julian Maxwell
Published: September 2017

Chapter 5 describes how structural forces beyond the realm of politics led to fissures in black leadership. Urban retrenchment, rising poverty and crime, and the persistence of residential segregation had taken their toll on Richmond, the black-majority council, and the Crusade by the 1980s. As the Reagan administration put New Federalism into action, cities struggled to pay the bills. Black leaders struggled to meet these challenges; they also no longer agreed on how to solve their communities’ mounting problems. Women such as Alma Barlow led the charge against the black establishment. Yet Roy West defeated Willie Dell more soundly in 1984, and his victory symbolized the arrival of technocratic, middle-class black politicians. Technocrats such as West supplanted the first wave of civil rights–era black politicians—a phenomenon that was not specific to Richmond. West, who was Richmond’s second black mayor, became the cause célèbre when he secured 30 percent set-asides for minority business contracts. These contracts did little, however, to address the poverty that enveloped Richmond. By 1986, the Crusade failed to challenge West’s approach to black governance. After allegations of discrimination in municipal employment rocked city hall, African Americans realized that the Crusade’s strictly political approach to the freedom struggle had fallen short.
Introduction
Authors: Nance William Stuart
Published: September 2017

This chapter introduces the reader to the key military terms in the book, such as security operations, reconnaissance, and economy of force. It also summarizes the previous scholarship and historiography of American World War II cavalry and places the work in the context of those previous works. Finally, the chapter lays out the argument that corps cavalry were highly successful despite their equipment and doctrinal challenges.
Background
Authors: Nance William Stuart
Published: September 2017

This chapter briefly summarizes the development of American mechanized cavalry doctrine and organization from the First World War to the Second. It highlights the tension in the cavalry branch over how best to incorporate new technology while still maintaining the core skill sets required of cavalry. It shows how mechanized cavalry doctrine became stunted by the creation of the armored force, as well as by ideological differences across the branch and Army Ground Forces.
Race to Glory
Authors: Nance William Stuart
Published: September 2017

This chapter covers corps cavalry operations from Operation COBRA to the slowdown of operations in late September and early October 1944. It highlights how corps cavalry enabled Patton's freewheeling attack across France, led the liberation of Paris, and helped leap the Seine and Marne rivers. It also details the heavy fighting around Metz and the siege of Brest, as well as the fighting through Belgium and the Netherlands. Finally, it highlights Operation ANVIL, the invasion of southern France. It details operations throughout the Rhone River valley, including the Battle of Montélimar.
A Desperate Winter
Authors: Nance William Stuart
Published: September 2017

This chapter covers not only the Battle of the Bulge in the Ardennes, but the lesser known Operation NORDWIND against the Sixth Army Group in the Vosges Mountains. Spanning December 1944 and January 1945, this chapter covers corps cavalry operations as part of both battles, as well as their contributions on the forgotten flanks of these famous events. Moreover, this chapter tells the whole story of both campaigns, from beginning to end, highlighting the vicious fighting that continued well after both battles were considered over.
To the Rhine
Authors: Nance William Stuart
Published: September 2017

This chapter covers from February 1945 to approximately March 1945. It highlights corps cavalry contributions to Operations GRENADE and LUMBERJACK, involving the U.S. Ninth and First Armies driving across the Cologne Plain. It also discusses the seizure of the Remagen Bridge and the role of cavalry in that action. Finally, it also details the offensives of both Patton's U.S. Third Army and Patch's U.S. Seventh Army across the Saar-Palatinate.
Conclusions
Authors: Nance William Stuart
Published: September 2017

This chapter summarizes the points of the book, highlighting the areas where the cavalry proved valuable, as well as those times when the cavalry failed. It also provides a short discussion on the relationship between combat, security, and reconnaissance, and how they are inextricably linked. It also argues that the army needs a balance of different kinds of forces to succeed, and that cavalry is an absolutely critical member of that team. It agrees that the doctrine of the cavalry was inadequate, but that that mattered less than has often been argued.
Harry Langdon
Authors: Oldham Gabriella , Langdon Mabel
Published: September 2017

Harry Langdon (1884–1944) was a silent comedian in the early days of the American film industry. Although he is often compared with other silent comedians of the era, including Charlie Chaplin, Buster Keaton, and Harold Lloyd, Langdon’s career is underappreciated. Following a series of disastrous professional and personal missteps, Langdon faced demotion from his place as a king of silent comedy. The advent of talkies did not bode well for him, as his greatest strengths were rendered irrelevant. He was largely forgotten until audiences in the 1970s became reacquainted with his work nearly three decades after his death. In Harry Langdon: King of Silent Comedy, author Gabriella Oldham claims that Langdon’s catalog of work merits an equal rank alongside his great contemporaries. This biography seeks not only to redeem Langdon’s position in the pantheon of silent comedians but also to accurately portray his life story. The narrative of Langdon’s life explores his early work on the stage at the turn of the twentieth century, his iconic routines and persona in silent films, and his checkered career in the early sound period. This invaluable biography of Langdon relies on film screenings, files, and interviews with those who were closest to him to capture his true genius during the time when comedy was king.
Vaudeville Roots
Authors: Oldham Gabriella , Langdon Mabel
Published: September 2017

Chapter 1 describes Harry Langdon’s childhood in Council Bluffs, Iowa, where his fascination for the theater was born. Young Harry did everything he could to pursue his passion for acting, leaving home at an early age to begin what would eventually be a thrilling and successful career. After a quarter century of honing his act, his persona, and his style, Harry was on the brink of a film career and the culmination of his childhood dreams.
Golden Silence
Authors: Oldham Gabriella , Langdon Mabel
Published: September 2017

Chapter 2 notes the beginning of the film industry and the downfall of vaudeville, causing Langdon to move from stage to screen. In March 1923 at the Hillstreet Theatre, Langdon was “discovered,” and his career as a silent film comedian began. Much of the focus is on Langdon’s early contracts and films, including detailed descriptions of his performances. This chapter also touches on Langdon’s work with Frank Capra and the personal and professional conflicts that plagued Langdon’s life and career.
Rival jihads: Islam and the Great War in the Middle East, 1914–1918
Authors: Rogan Eugene
Published: September 2017

The Ottoman Empire, under pressure from its ally Germany, declared a jihad shortly after entering the First World War. The move was calculated to rouse Muslims in the British, French and Russian empires to rebellion. Dismissed at the time and since as a ‘jihad made in Germany’, the Ottoman attempt to turn the Great War into a holy war failed to provoke mass revolt in any part of the Muslim world. Yet, as German Orientalists predicted, the mere threat of such a rebellion, particularly in British India, was enough to force Britain and its allies to divert scarce manpower and materiel away from the main theatre of operations in the Western Front to the Ottoman front. The deepening of Britain’s engagement in the Middle Eastern theatre of war across the four years of World War I can be attributed in large part to combating the threat of jihad.
Economic impossibilities for our grandchildren?
Authors: O’Rourke Kevin Hjortshøj
Published: September 2017

The paper looks at the development of the secular stagnation thesis, according to which insufficient investment demand could lead to unemployment being a problem in the long run. It does so in the context of the economic history of the time. It explores some 19th-century antecedents of the thesis, before turning to its interwar development. Not only Alvin Hansen, but Keynes and Hicks were involved in the conversations that led to Hansen’s eventual statement of the thesis that economists are familiar with today. The argument made sense in the context of the interwar period, but more so in Britain than the US. The paper concludes by looking briefly at the relevance of the thesis for today.
Food globalisation in prehistory: The agrarian foundations of an interconnected continent
Authors: Jones Martin , Hunt Harriet , Kneale Catherine , Lightfoot Emma , Lister Diane , Liu Xinyi , Motuzaite-Matuzeviciute Giedre
Published: September 2017

This article explores grain crop movement across prehistoric Eurasia. It draws on evidence from archaeobotany, stable isotope studies, and archaeogenetics to date and map the process of food globalisation, and relate it to human consumption, culinary practice and crop ecology. It reviews the findings of a project funded by the European Research Council, Food Globalization in Prehistory, placed in the context of the expansion of research across Eurasia over the last two decades. This major episode of food globalisation has discernible roots in the third millennium BC, which during the second millennium BC fully crystallises into a contiguous network following foothills and mountain corridors with the Himalayan uplift at its heart. We infer a significant bottom-up component to the establishment of this pattern, which serves as a prelude for the top-down valley-bottom agrarian systems that recur from the second millennium BC onwards.
The Shakespearean unscene: Sexual phantasies in A Midsummer Night’s Dream
Authors: Hutson Lorna
Published: September 2017

Post-Freudian and post-Foucauldian readings of A Midsummer Night’s Dream assume that the play celebrates the freeing-up of female sexual desire from neurotic inhibitions or disciplinary norms. But this is incompatible with what we know historically about 16th-century society’s investment in female chastity. This paper addresses the problem of this incompatibility by turning to Shakespeare’s use of forensic or legal rhetoric. In the Roman forensic rhetoric underlying 16th-century poetics, probable arguments of guilt or innocence are ‘invented’ from topics of circumstance, such as the Time, Place or Manner of the deed. The mysterious Night, Wood and Moonlight of Shakespeare’s play can be seen as making sexual crimes (violence, stealth, infidelity) take on the form of probability and fairy agency. The play thus brilliantly represents the stories of Theseus’s notorious rapes, abandonments and perjuries as fearful ‘phantasies’ or imaginings experienced by Hermia and Helena. This explains how the Victorians could interpret the play as a chaste, childlike ballet, while moderns and postmoderns take it to be a play about psychological repressions working against the free play of sexual desire.
The rise of ‘no religion’ in Britain: The emergence of a new cultural majority
Authors: Woodhead Linda
Published: September 2017

This paper reviews new and existing evidence which shows that ‘no religion’ has risen steadily to rival ‘Christian’ as the preferred self-designation of British people. Drawing on recent survey research by the author, it probes the category of ‘no religion’ and offers a characterisation of the ‘nones’ which reveals, amongst other things, that most are not straightforwardly secular. It compares the British situation with that of comparable countries, asking why Britain has become one of the few no-religion countries in the world today. An explanation is offered that highlights the importance not only of cultural pluralisation and ethical liberalisation in Britain, but of the churches’ opposite direction of travel. The paper ends by reflecting on the extent to which ‘no religion’ has become the new cultural norm, showing why Britain is most accurately described as between Christian and ‘no religion’.
Introduction
Authors: Collins Paul , Tripp Charles
Published: September 2017

Gertrude Bell’s judgments as both a scholar and a civil servant were informed by her education, social position and patrician views. Her travel writings, photography and archaeological work reveal the tensions that existed between Bell’s industrial, rational background and an imagined timeless ‘Orient’, the racial origins of which were being understood as a source of Western civilisation. Bell’s expertise became strategically vital with the outbreak of the First World War and, as a member of British Army Intelligence and then ‘Oriental Secretary’ – the only woman serving as a political officer – her cultural, archaeological, historical and ethnographic knowledge and understandings were transformed into political intelligence and administrative reason. They shaped Bell’s views about those she felt should govern in Iraq, which had a fateful and lasting effect on the organisation of power and privilege in the state, and underpinned the importance she placed on the region’s archaeological past as an element in the state-building process.
What Gertrude Bell Did for Islamic Archaeology
Authors: Haddon Rosalind Wade
Published: September 2017

Gertrude Bell’s active ‘Islamic Archaeology’ phase roughly covers the period 1909–14, at a time when she was as interested in Arab tribes and Ottoman politics, and frustratingly her diaries frequently concentrate on the latter. She undertook three major expeditions in 1909, 1911 and 1913–14 – the first two covered Iraq and Anatolia and the ultimate one present-day Jordan and Saudi Arabia. She planned, mapped, photographed and provided descriptions of the major desert sites, corresponded with professional archaeologists discussing her discoveries and published the first plans of Ukhaidir, Iraq and Qasr-i Shirin, southern Iran. Fortunately for modern scholarship she published many of these journeys and left her notes, diaries and archives in the public domain.
Gertrude Bell and the Formation of the Iraqi State: The Kurdish Dimension
Authors: Eskander Saad B.
Published: September 2017

Almost all scholars agree that Gertrude Bell played a key role in the establishment of an Arab state in Mesopotamia, following the end of the First World War. But it is little known that her attitudes had a fateful effect on the political future of Southern Kurdistan (the present Iraqi Kurdistan). Some political analysts attribute the present ethnic and religious troubles in Iraq to Bell’s unrealistic plans. This chapter looks at Bell's position on the Kurdish situation within the context of the formation of the Arab state. It will examine how Bell’s insistence on subjecting Southern Kurds to Arab Hashemite rule was influenced not only by political and strategic considerations, but also by personal, cultural and social factors, her friendships with Arab notables and leaders, and her deep knowledge and appreciation of Arabic language, traditions and history.
Gertrude Bell and the Evolution of the Library Tradition in Iraq
Authors: Johnson Ian
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses Gertrude Bell’s involvement in the foundation of the Baghdad Public Library and the Iraq Museum Library, shedding light on issues that have surrounded their creation and development. It identifies Muriel Jesse Forbes as the person who actually initiated the concept for the library that, as a result of Bell’s energetic support, became the Baghdad Public Library and ultimately the National Library of Iraq. It also reviews Bell’s commitment to the development of a library as part of the Iraq Museum, and outlines its growth into a major information resource on the history and archaeology of Iraq. Finally, it considers the motives underlying the efforts of Bell and her contemporaries, and their impact on the subsequent development of library and archives services in Iraq.
The Start of the Anglo-Latin Tradition
Authors: Howlett David
Published: September 2017

The chapter surveys the beginning of Insular Latinity, with Gildas the Anglo-Latin tradition in the context of earlier Cambro- and Hiberno-Latin traditions, the distinctive approach to Latin among Insular peoples who spoke non-Romance vernacular languages, drastic changes with the arrival of Francophones at the Norman Conquest, and the relations between these Latin traditions and the emergence of the earliest and richest vernacular literatures, in Welsh, Irish, English, Norse, and French.
From Chronicles to Customs Accounts: The Uses of Latin in the Long 14th Century
Authors: Childs Wendy R.
Published: September 2017

The 14th century continued to see a predominantly trilingual society in England, with a number of vernaculars used alongside English, French, and Latin. Latin was the most widely written language and its use in the church, scholarship, and administration provides an immense range of Latin sources for the medievalist, from the highly literary to the practical. This chapter focuses on chronicles and customs accounts for shipping. The chroniclers consciously used classical styles, vocabulary, and quotations, while nonetheless incorporating the changes inevitably occurring in a living language. The customs collectors used plain, often formulaic, Latin and introduced vernaculars, but always within an accurate Latin matrix. Together they illustrate the range of content, style, and vocabulary found in 14th-century Latin sources.