bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review: Application of High Resolution Mass Spectrometry to Monitor Veterinary Drug Residues in Aquacultured Products
Authors: Turnipseed Sherri B , Lohne Jack J , Boison Joe O
Published: May 2015

High resolution MS (HRMS) instruments provide accurate mass measurements. With HRMS, virtually an unlimited number of compounds can be analyzed simultaneously because full-scan data are collected, rather than preselected ion transitions corresponding to specific compounds. This enables the development of methods that can monitor for a wide scope of residues and contaminants in aquacultured fish and shellfish including antibiotics, metabolites, and emerging contaminants. Applications of HRMS to the analysis of veterinary drug residues in aquacultured products are summarized in this review including methods for screening, quantifying, and identifying drug residues in these matrixes. The use of targeted, semi-targeted, and nontargeted analysis of HRMS data and the implications to the global aquaculture industry are also reviewed.
The Monitoring of Triphenylmethane Dyes in Aquaculture Products Through the European Union Network of Official Control Laboratories
Authors: Verdon Eric , Bessiral Melaine , Chotard Marie-Pierre , Couëdor Pierrick , Fourmond Marie-Pierre , Fuselier Régine , Gaugain Murielle , Gautier Sophie , Hurtaud-Pessel Dominique , Laurentie Michel , Pirotais Yvette , Roudaut Brigitte , Sanders Pascal
Published: May 2015

Aquaculture has been the fastest growing animal production industry for the past four decades, and almost half of the fish eaten in the world are now farmed fish. To prevent diseases in this more intensive aquaculture farming, use of therapeutic chemicals has become a basic choice. The monitoring of malachite green, a triphenylmethane dye and one of the oldest and widely used chemicals in fish production, has gained more interest since the mid 1990s when this substance was finally proven to be toxic enough to be prohibited in seafood products destined for human consumption. The enforcement of the European Union (EU) regulation of this banned substance along with some other triphenylmethane dye congeners and their metabolites in its domestic production and in seafood imports was undertaken through the National Residue Monitoring Plans implemented in nearly all of the 28 EU member states. The reliability of the overall European monitoring of this dye contamination in aquaculture products was assessed by using the results of proficiency testing (PT) studies provided by the EU Reference Laboratory (EU-RL) in charge of the network of the EU National Reference Laboratories (NRLs). The proficiency of each NRL providing analytical support services for regulating dye residues was carefully checked during three PT rounds. In the process, the analytical methods developed and validated for this purpose have gradually been improved and extended over the last two decades.
PERSISTÊNCIA NO ESPAÇO URBANO DOS EDIFÍCIOS DA DÉCADA DE 1940 EM PRESIDENTE PRUDENTE-SP - A ESTAÇÃO FERROVIÁRIA: INVENTÁRIO E SALVAGUARDA
Authors: Bordinhon Ribeira Aviter
Published: May 2015

The objective of this study is to conduct an investigation about architectural heritage of Presidente Prudente. The study approaches about the building of the railway station from the 1940s, features art-deco and protomoderno, which still remains in the city space.The first building was inaugurated in 1926 and it had to be demolished, because, a newstation, bigger and more modern building would be built at the same place; it was inaugurated in 1944. Disabling the railway in Brazil generated the abandonment and/or changed the functionality of the railway stations.;in the case of Presidente Prudente it has housed the Procon Foundation and SEMST, whose building has undergone modifications and changes to accord new uses. Therefore, the research developed the inventory of the Railway Station ranging from historical documentation, photographic surveys, architectural-metric and also the diagnosis of their current condition.
Adolescent Perceptions of Parenting Styles in Sweden, Italy and Greece: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Olivari Maria Giulia , Hertfelt Wahn Elisabeth , Maridaki-Kassotaki Katerina , Antonopoulou Katerina , Confalonieri Emanuela
Published: May 2015

Comparative research on parenting styles among Nordic and Mediterranean countries is still missing, despite the increasing number of studies on parenting styles in adolescence. This study explores similarities and differences in adolescents’ retrospective perceptions of parenting styles, for both parents, in Sweden, Italy and Greece, using the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire. In particular, it examines the relation between parental role, adolescent gender, country of origin, SES and these perceptions. Swedish, Italian and Greek adolescents (N = 702; 30.9% Swedish, 39.6% Italian and 29.5% Greek) participated in the study. To test the principal effects three mixed 2(parent; mother and father)*2(gender; girl and boy)*3(countries; Sweden, Italy and Greece)*3(SES; low, medium and high) ANOVAs were conducted separately for each parenting style. To verify the interaction effects, a mixed 2(parent; mother and father)*3(countries; Sweden, Italy and Greece)*3(SES; low, medium and high) ANOVA was tested on authoritative style. Regarding authoritarian and permissive two mixed 2(parent; mother and father)*2(gender; girl and boy)*3(countries; Sweden, Italy and Greece) ANOVAs were tested. Mothers, as compared to fathers, were perceived as more authoritative, authoritarian and permissive. Moreover, boys perceived their parents as more authoritarian and more permissive than girls. Swedish parents were perceived as significantly less authoritarian than Italian and Greek parents and more permissive than Italian parents; Greek parents were perceived as less authoritarian and more permissive than Italian parents. The study provides an interesting contribution to parenting styles literature, showing how country legislation concerning family matters and SES are related the perception of parenting behaviours.
Young Italian NEETs (Not in Employment, Education, or Training) and the Influence of Their Family Background
Authors: Alfieri Sara , Sironi Emiliano , Marta Elena , Rosina Alessandro , Marzana Daniela
Published: May 2015

This work investigates the relationship between family variables (parents’ educational level, relationship quality, intrusiveness, support, and autonomy) and young Italians’ status as NEETs (Not in Employment, Education, or Training). We used data from a representative sample of 9,087 young Italians. Each participant filled out an anonymous online questionnaire that contained several scales to measure the variables mentioned above. The results reveal that parents’ educational level and support have a protective effect on the risk of becoming a NEET for both genders. Autonomy has a specific negative impact for males while intrusiveness has a positive impact mainly for females.
Outcomes of Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment for Insomnia on Insomnia, Depression, and Fatigue for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Clancy Megan , Drerup Michelle , Sullivan Amy Burleson
Published: May 2015

Background: This clinical case series examined outcomes of cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). Current literature links insomnia with higher rates of depression and fatigue in individuals with MS. However, no research to date evaluates a targeted psychotherapeutic intervention for insomnia in this population.

Participants and Methods: Eleven individuals with a diagnosis of MS and insomnia participated in individual or group-based CBT-I sessions at the Cleveland Clinic Sleep Disorders Center between 2008 and 2013. A medical record review examined these individuals' self-reported experiences of insomnia, depression, and fatigue at the preintervention and postintervention levels using the Insomnia Severity Index, nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire, and Fatigue Severity Scale. Total sleep time was also reported at pretreatment and posttreatment intervals.

Results: Overall, participants reported improvements regarding insomnia, fatigue, and depression after CBT-I. Total sleep time also increased by an average of 1.5 hours. Despite overall improvement, symptoms of fatigue, insomnia, and depression persisted, at varying levels, for most participants.

Conclusions: These results strongly suggest that CBT-I may serve as an effective clinical intervention for individuals with MS who report symptoms of insomnia. Given the considerable overlap of experiences of insomnia, depression, and fatigue in people with MS, CBT-I may also be helpful in identifying areas that may require additional clinical intervention for persistent symptoms of depression and fatigue. Further research is necessary.
Exploration of Undertreatment and Patterns of Treatment of Depression in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Raissi Aida , Bulloch Andrew G.M. , Fiest Kirsten M. , McDonald Keltie , Jetté Nathalie , Patten Scott B.
Published: May 2015

Background: Depression is a common comorbid condition with multiple sclerosis (MS). Historically, however, it has been undertreated. Little is known about the characteristics of those who receive, or do not receive, treatment for depression in the MS population. This study evaluated depression treatment in patients with MS, associated patient characteristics, and probable determinants of antidepressant drug use in those with and without depression.

Methods: A total of 152 patients with MS completed questionnaires and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR (SCID) to determine depression status. Tabular analyses and a binary regression model were used to identify patient characteristics associated with antidepressant drug use.

Results: Of participants with major depression according to the SCID, 65% were taking antidepressant medications. With adjustment for successful treatment (antidepressant drug use by those not currently depressed and currently depressed), the prevalence of treated depression increased to 85.7%. Of those receiving treatment for depression, 19% were receiving nonpharmacologic treatment alone, 38% were taking antidepressant drugs only, and 44% were receiving both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments. Demographic and clinical variables were not statistically significantly associated with antidepressant drug use in those with depression.

Conclusions: A large proportion of participants with depression in MS are now receiving treatment, a change from previous reports. The adequacy of treatment has become a bigger question because many of the treated patients continued to have depressive symptoms. Further research is needed to identify ways to achieve better outcomes for depression.
Comrade Kemminkz in Hell: E. E. Cummings's Eimi and Anti-Communism
Authors: Miller Tyrus
Published: May 2015

In Eimi, his poetic, typographically experimental prose memoir of a 1931 trip to the Soviet Union, E. E. Cummings measured his subjective ‘I-me’ against the collectivist values and bureaucratized realities of the only existing socialist society of his time. His book overlays an allegorical Dantean descent into inferno with detailed, diary-like treatment of Cummings's encounters with various Communist Party officials, Soviet cultural intellectuals, and American political fellow-travellers and tourists. Although later in his life, Cummings would increasingly embrace a simple, binary hostility to communism, at the moment of Eimi his position is more complex with respect to the questions of communism and anti-communism. His experimental prose technique allows him a powerfully reflexive autobiographical voice that plays freely between attraction to and repulsion from his experiences in the Soviet Union. Especially focusing on his relations to other Americans in the U.S.S.R., Cummings makes his primary object of critical scrutiny not so much the Soviet system itself, as the willingness of liberal American intellectuals to embrace and make apology for that system, which openly disdained their liberal values and portended their ultimate liquidation.
Looking Back on the 1930s without Being Anti-Communist: Cornford, Orwell, Spender, Sommerfield
Authors: Hubble Nick
Published: May 2015

This paper explores the possibility of looking back favourably on the 1930s without dismissing the anti-Communist arguments of those like George Or well and Stephen Spender. The representation and reception of John Cornford's participation and death in the Spanish Civil War are treated as a case study for examining the differences and similarities in outlook between Orwell, Spender and their rather less anti-Communist contemporary, John Sommerfield. The analysis suggests that all four shared the aims of defeating Fascism and opening up a transformed future society that characterised a 1930s intersubjective constellation, which is best understood by moving beyond the Communist/anti-Communist binary that has structured the period's reception.
Estimated age and gender profile of individuals missed by a home‐based HIV testing and counselling campaign in a Botswana community
Authors: Novitsky Vlad , Bussmann Hermann , Okui Lillian , Logan Andrew , Moyo Sikhulile , van Widenfelt Erik , Mmalane Mompati , Lei Quanhong , Holme Molly P , Makhema Joseph , Lockman Shahin , Degruttola Victor , Essex M
Published: May 2015

Introduction

It would be useful to understand which populations are not reached by home‐based HIV‐1 testing and counselling (HTC) to improve strategies aimed at linking these individuals to care and reducing rates of onward HIV transmission.

Methods

We present the results of a baseline home‐based HTC (HBHTC) campaign aimed at counselling and testing residents aged 16 to 64 for HIV in the north‐eastern sector of Mochudi, a community in Botswana with about 44,000 inhabitants. Collected data were compared with population references for Botswana, the United Nations (UN) estimates based on the National Census data and the Botswana AIDS Impact Survey IV (BAIS‐IV). Analyzed data and references were stratified by age and gender.

Results

A total of 6238 age‐eligible residents were tested for HIV‐1; 1247 (20.0%; 95% CI 19.0 to 21.0%) were found to be HIV positive (23.7% of women vs. 13.4% of men). HIV‐1 prevalence peaked at 44% in 35‐ to 39‐year‐old women and 32% in 40‐ to 44‐year‐old men. A lower HIV prevalence rate, 10.9% (95% CI 9.5 to 12.5%), was found among individuals tested for the first time. A significant gender gap was evident in all analyzed subsets. The existing HIV transmission network was analyzed by combining phylogenetic mapping and household structure. Between 62.4 and 71.8% of all HIV‐positive individuals had detectable virus. When compared with the UN and BAIS‐IV estimates, the proportion of men missed by the testing campaign (48.5%; 95% CI 47.0 to 50.0%) was significantly higher than the proportion of missed women (14.2%; 95% CI 13.2 to 15.3%;p<0.0001). The estimated proportion of missed men peaked at about 60% in the age group 30 to 39 years old. The proportions of missed women were substantially smaller, at approximately 28% within the age groups 30 to 34 and 45 to 49 years old.

Conclusions

The HBHTC campaign seems to be an efficient tool for reaching individuals who have never been tested previously in southern African communities. However, about half of men from 16 to 64 years old were not reached by the HBHTC, including about 60% of men between 30 and 40 years old. Alternative HTC strategies should be developed to bring these men to care, which will contribute to reduction of HIV incidence in communities.
Speech encoding by coupled cortical theta and gamma oscillations
Authors: Hyafil Alexandre , Fontolan Lorenzo , Kabdebon Claire , Gutkin Boris , Giraud Anne-Lise
Published: May 2015

Many environmental stimuli present a quasi-rhythmic structure at different timescales that the brain needs to decompose and integrate. Cortical oscillations have been proposed as instruments of sensory de-multiplexing, i.e., the parallel processing of different frequency streams in sensory signals. Yet their causal role in such a process has never been demonstrated. Here, we used a neural microcircuit model to address whether coupled theta–gamma oscillations, as observed in human auditory cortex, could underpin the multiscale sensory analysis of speech. We show that, in continuous speech, theta oscillations can flexibly track the syllabic rhythm and temporally organize the phoneme-level response of gamma neurons into a code that enables syllable identification. The tracking of slow speech fluctuations by theta oscillations, and its coupling to gamma-spiking activity both appeared as critical features for accurate speech encoding. These results demonstrate that cortical oscillations can be a key instrument of speech de-multiplexing, parsing, and encoding.
Age-Related Decline in Chest Wall Mobility: A Cross-Sectional Study Among Community-Dwelling Elderly Women
Authors: Adachi Daiki , Yamada Minoru , Nishiguchi Shu , Fukutani Naoto , Hotta Takayuki , Tashiro Yuto , Morino Saori , Shirooka Hidehiko , Nozaki Yuma , Hirata Hinako , Yamaguchi Moe , Aoyama Tomoki
Published: May 2015

Context: Chest wall mobility is strongly related to respiratory function; however, the effect of aging on chest wall mobility—and the level at which this mobility is most affected—remains unclear.

Objective: To investigate age-related differences in chest wall mobility and respiratory function among elderly women in different age groups.

Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was performed in Himeji City in Hyogo Prefecture and Ayabe City in Kyoto Prefecture in Japan. Inclusion criteria were female sex, age 65 years or older, community resident, and ability to ambulate independently, with or without an assistive device. Thoracic excursion at the axillary and xiphoid levels and at the level of the tenth rib was measured with measuring tape. Respiratory function, including forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), was assessed by spirometry, and FVC percent predicted (%FVC), FEV1 percent predicted (%FEV1), and FEV1/FVC were calculated. Chest wall mobility and respiratory function were compared among 4 age groups.

Results: Of 251 potential participants, 132 met the inclusion criteria. Participants were divided into 4 age groups: group 1, 65 to 69 years; group 2, 70 to 74 years; group 3, 75 to 79 years; and group 4, 80 years or older. Statistically significant differences were found in thoracic excursion at the axillary level between groups 1 and 4 and between groups 2 and 4 when adjusted for height and weight (F
4.52, P=.01). In addition, statistically significant differences were found in the FVC and FEV1 values between groups 1 and 3 and between groups 2 and 3 (FVC: F
4.97, P=.01; FEV1: F
6.17, P=.01).

Conclusion: Chest wall mobility at the axillary level and respiratory function decreased with age in community-dwelling women aged 65 years or older. Further longitudinal studies are required to clarify the effects of aging on chest wall mobility and respiratory function.
The Doctors Hospital and Nationwide Children’s Hospital Dually Accredited Pediatric Residency Program: A Potential Best Model for Pediatric Osteopathic GME Training
Authors: Rakowsky Alexander , Mahan John , Donthi Rajesh , Backes Carl
Published: May 2015

With the commitment on the part of the American Osteopathic Association, the American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine, and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education to transition to a single graduate medical education accreditation system by 2020, a legitimate concern exists about the future of pediatric residency training that maintains an osteopathic focus. The authors describe a dually accredited pediatric residency program at one of the nation’s largest children’s hospitals, which may serve as a potential model of how to integrate a robust osteopathic-based education into a general pediatric residency program.
Participation strategies and student performance: An undergraduate health science retrospective study
Authors: Starmer David J. , Duquette Sean , Howard Loretta
Published: May 2015

Objective

This research explores participatory evidence-based teaching methods in a health science course to see if a relationship emerged between the level of student participation and course performance, the type of participation and course performance, or the amount of participation and course performance and level of demonstrated learning.

Methods

Level of student participation was dichotomous (100% or <100%), and differences between groups on a knowledge test were compared using an unpaired t test. Type of participation was also dichotomous (in class or out), and differences in course performance on the knowledge test were compared using the unpaired t test. Amount of participation and course performance and level of demonstrated learning were also tested after the knowledge test was measured using a matrix based upon Bloom's taxonomy.

Results

Students who participated 100% of the time scored 6% higher on average than students with less than 100% participation (t[183] = 3.55, p = .0005, d = 0.52). There was no difference between groups when assessing for differences in course performance by type of participation. Students with 100% participation scored higher on the short answer question section of the examination (t[183] = 4.58, p = .0001, d = 0.68), but there was no difference on the multiple choice question part of the examination.

Conclusion

Full participation in the course was related to higher examination scores and higher scores on examination questions assessing higher levels in the cognitive domain.
(De)compaction of porous viscoelastoplastic media: Model formulation
Authors: Yarushina Viktoriya M. , Podladchikov Yuri Y.
Published: May 2015

A nonlinear viscoelastoplastic theory is developed for porous rate‐dependent materials filled with a fluid in the presence of gravity. The theory is based on a rigorous thermodynamic formalism suitable for path‐dependent and irreversible processes. Incremental evolution equations for porosity, Darcy's flux, and volumetric deformation of the matrix represent the simplest generalization of Biot's equations. Expressions for pore compressibility and effective bulk viscosity are given for idealized cylindrical and spherical pore geometries in an elastic‐viscoplastic material with low pore concentration. We show that plastic yielding around pores leads to decompaction weakening and an exponential creep law. Viscous and plastic end‐members of our model are consistent with experimentally verified models. In the poroelastic limit, our constitutive equations reproduce the exact Gassmann's relations, Biot's theory, and Terzaghi's effective stress law. The nature of the discrepancy between Biot's model and the True Porous Media theory is clarified. Our model provides a unified and consistent formulation for the elastic, viscous, and plastic cases that have previously been described by separate “end‐member” models.
Stress changes, focal mechanisms, and earthquake scaling laws for the 2000 dike at Miyakejima (Japan)
Authors: Passarelli Luigi , Rivalta Eleonora , Cesca Simone , Aoki Yosuke
Published: May 2015

Faulting processes in volcanic areas result from a complex interaction of pressurized fluid‐filled cracks and conduits with the host rock and local and regional tectonic setting. Often, volcanic seismicity is difficult to decipher in terms of the physical processes involved, and there is a need for models relating the mechanics of volcanic sources to observations. Here we use focal mechanism data of the energetic swarm induced by the 2000 dike intrusion at Miyakejima (Izu Archipelago, Japan), to study the relation between the 3‐D dike‐induced stresses and the characteristics of the seismicity. We perform a clustering analysis on the focal mechanism (FM) solutions and relate them to the dike stress field and to the scaling relationships of the earthquakes. We find that the strike and rake angles of the FMs are strongly correlated and cluster on bands in a strike‐rake plot. We suggest that this is consistent with optimally oriented faults according to the expected pattern of Coulomb stress changes. We calculate the frequency‐size distribution of the clustered sets finding that focal mechanisms with a large strike‐slip component are consistent with the Gutenberg‐Richter relation with abvalue of about 1. Conversely, events with large normal faulting components deviate from the Gutenberg‐Richter distribution with a marked roll‐off on its right‐hand tail, suggesting a lack of large‐magnitude events (Mw > 5.5). This may result from the interplay of the limited thickness and lower rock strength of the layer of rock above the dike, where normal faulting is expected, and lower stress levels linked to the faulting style and low confining pressure.
Revisiting borehole strain, typhoons, and slow earthquakes using quantitative estimates of precipitation‐induced strain changes
Authors: Hsu Ya‐Ju , Chang Yuan‐Shu , Liu Chi‐Ching , Lee Hsin‐Ming , Linde Alan T. , Sacks Selwyn I. , Kitagawa Genshio , Chen Yue‐Gau
Published: May 2015

Taiwan experiences high deformation rates, particularly along its eastern margin where a shortening rate of about 30 mm/yr is experienced in the Longitudinal Valley and the Coastal Range. Four Sacks‐Evertson borehole strainmeters have been installed in this area since 2003. Liu et al. (2009) proposed that a number of strain transient events, primarily coincident with low‐barometric pressure during passages of typhoons, were due to deep‐triggered slow slip. Here we extend that investigation with a quantitative analysis of the strain responses to precipitation as well as barometric pressure and the Earth tides in order to isolate tectonic source effects. Estimates of the strain responses to barometric pressure and groundwater level changes for the different stations vary over the ranges −1 to −3 nanostrain/millibar(hPa) and −0.3 to −1.0 nanostrain/hPa, respectively, consistent with theoretical values derived using Hooke's law. Liu et al. (2009) noted that during some typhoons, including at least one with very heavy rainfall, the observed strain changes were consistent with only barometric forcing. By considering a more extensive data set, we now find that the strain response to rainfall is about −5.1 nanostrain/hPa. A larger strain response to rainfall compared to that to air pressure and water level may be associated with an additional strain from fluid pressure changes that take place due to infiltration of precipitation. Using a state‐space model, we remove the strain response to rainfall, in addition to those due to air pressure changes and the Earth tides, and investigate whether corrected strain changes are related to environmental disturbances or tectonic‐original motions. The majority of strain changes attributed to slow earthquakes seem rather to be associated with environmental factors. However, some events show remaining strain changes after all corrections. These events include strain polarity changes during passages of typhoons (a characteristic that is not anticipated from our estimates of the precipitation transfer function) that are more readily explained in terms of tectonic‐origin motions, but clearly the triggering argument is now weaker than that presented in Liu et al. (2009). Additional on‐site water level sensors and rain gauges will provide data critical for a more complete understanding, including the currently unresolved issue of why, for some typhoons, there appears to be a much smaller transfer function for precipitation‐induced strain changes.
Real‐time estimation of Arctic sea ice thickness through maximum covariance analysis
Authors: Dirkson Arlan , Merryfield William J. , Monahan Adam
Published: May 2015

A challenge for model‐based seasonal predictions of sea ice is an accurate representation of sea ice initial conditions, particularly sparsely observed sea ice thickness (SIT). The Canadian Seasonal to Interannual Prediction System (CanSIPS) currently initializes SIT by nudging simulated values toward a model‐based climatology. To improve on this, we use sea ice data from Pan‐Arctic Ice Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System to investigate how accurately SIT can be estimated in real time using better observed and physically relevant predictors. We (1) test the skill of several predictors using maximum covariance analysis (MCA), (2) apply an approach which blends sea ice concentration and lagged (4 month averaged) sea level pressure, and (3) compare this method against the current CanSIPS initialization scheme over 1981–2012. The MCA‐based statistical model reduces SIT areal mean and temporal mean absolute errors by 48% relative to the current CanSIPS initialization and shows consistent skill estimating ice volume in all months (r = 0.95).
The Langmuir waves associated with the 1 December 2013 type II burst
Authors: Graham D. B. , Cairns Iver H.
Published: May 2015

The Langmuir waves associated with an interplanetary type II source region are presented. The type II burst was first observed on 29 November 2013 by STEREO A and B, with the shock crossing STEREO A on 1 December 2013. In the foreshock region upstream of the shock, 11 Langmuir‐like waveforms were recorded by STEREO A's Time Domain Sampler on three orthogonal antennas. The observed Langmuir wave electric fields are of large amplitude and aligned with the background magnetic field. Some of the waveforms show evidence of electrostatic decay, and several are consistent with Langmuir eigenmodes of density wells. Harmonic electric fields are observed simultaneously with the Langmuir waveforms and are consistent with fields produced by nonlinear currents. The beam speeds vb exciting the Langmuir waves are estimated from the waveform data, yielding speeds vb≈ (0.01–0.04)c. These are consistent with previous observations. The beam speeds are slower than those associated with type III solar radio bursts, consistent with the Langmuir wave electric fields being field aligned. The evidence found for electrostatic decay and against strong perpendicular fields, and so low‐wave number Langmuir/z‐mode waves, suggests that the dominant emission mechanisms for this type II foreshock involve electrostatic decay and nonlinear wave processes, rather than linear‐mode conversion. Harmonic radio emission via antenna mechanisms involving Langmuir waves remains possible.
Global features of the disturbance winds during storm time deduced from CHAMP observations
Authors: Xiong Chao , Lühr Hermann , Fejer Bela G.
Published: May 2015

A wind‐driven disturbance dynamo has been postulated many decades ago. But due to the sparseness of thermospheric wind measurements, details of the phenomena could not be investigated. In this study we use the CHAMP zonal wind observations from 2001 to 2005 to investigate the global features of the disturbance winds during magnetically disturbed periods. The disturbance zonal wind is mainly westward, which increases with magnetic activity and latitude. At subauroral region, the westward zonal wind is strongly enhanced in the magnetic local time (MLT) sector from afternoon to midnight, which we relate to the plasma drift within the subauroral polarization streams. At middle and low latitudes, the disturbance zonal wind is largely independent of season. Peak values of the disturbance zonal wind occur at different MLTs for different latitudes. That is around 1800 MLT at subauroal region, with average values of about 200 m/s; around 2300 MLT at middle latitudes, with average values of about 80 m/s; and around 0300 MLT at low latitudes, with average values up to 50 m/s. The shift of the peak values of the westward disturbance zonal wind in local time at different latitudes could be considered as a response of the disturbance wind when it propagates from high to low latitudes. Further by applying for the first time a superposed epoch analysis, we show that the disturbance zonal wind responds with a delay to the sudden changes of solar wind input, which is different for the various latitudinal ranges. The propagation time of disturbance wind from the auroral region to the equator is about 3–4 h. This is consistent with the speed of traveling atmospheric disturbances. Based on CHAMP observations, we try to illustrate the whole chain of processes from the solar wind driving to the ionospheric effects at lower latitudes.
Seismogenic strain across the transition from fore‐arc slivering to collision in southern Taiwan
Authors: Lewis Jonathan C. , O'Hara Daniel J. , Rau Ruey‐Juin
Published: May 2015

Tectonic slivers have profound implications on the mechanical behavior of fore arcs and subduction zones. Southern Taiwan is characterized by precollision fore‐arc slivering that likely exerts important controls on the evolution of collision. Inversion of focal mechanism solutions for seismogenic strain reveals spatially partitioned plate motion south of Taiwan, with dip‐slip faulting nearer the Manila trench and strike‐slip faulting nearer the Luzon arc. To the north these kinematics are less clearly segregated, and both types of faults appear to occur in the same volume of crust. Further north deformation is dominated by oblique slip on potentially reactivated steep reverse faults in the collision zone. Existing work on the active fault zones in Taiwan suggests that the subduction‐to‐collision transition is marked by a releasing step between the strike‐slip fault that bounds the fore‐arc sliver and the oblique thrusts of the collision zone. This configuration may help to explain the lack of fore‐arc basement and cover exposed in the suture zone marked by the Longitudinal Valley.
Data stacking methods for isolation of normal‐mode singlets of Earth's free oscillation: Extensions, comparisons, and applications
Authors: Ding Hao , Chao Benjamin F.
Published: May 2015

We review three data stacking methods developed for attaining the splitting parameters of normal modes of the Earth's free oscillation, namely, SHS (spherical harmonic stacking), OSE (optimal sequence estimation), and MSE (multistation experiment), that take advantage of the spatial orthogonality of the (scalar and vector) spherical harmonic functions. We further extend these methods to broader applicability as appropriate, in particular SHS extended to matrix‐SHS (MSHS) to better accounting for the nonglobal distribution of recording stations, and OSE and MSE extended to transverse components and arbitrary harmonic degrees. We conduct synthetic numerical experiments and conclude that OSE and MSHS stackings yield superior results. Based on the lessons learned, we apply the methods on real global seismic records after the 2004 Sumatra earthquake and report the complete resolution of all singlets for 13 selected multiplets: 8 are mantle‐sensitive (1S2, 0S4, 1S4, 0S5, 0S6, 1T2, 0T4, and 0T6) and 5 inner‐core sensitive and of anomalous splitting (13S2, 10S2, 2S3, 3S2, and 11S1), among them the singlet resolution of 1T2, 0T4, 10S2, 2S3, 3S2, and 11S1 are reported for the first time.
Three‐dimensional streaming in the seabed boundary layer beneath propagating waves with an angle of attack on the current
Authors: Afzal Mohammad Saud , Holmedal Lars Erik , Myrhaug Dag
Published: May 2015

The effect of three‐dimensional wave‐induced streaming on the seabed boundary layer is investigated for following and opposing waves and current where the wave propagation forms a nonzero angle with the current. It is shown that the seabed boundary layer flow results from an interaction between the classical wave‐current interaction (reducing the mean velocity relative to current alone), Longuet‐Higgins streaming (forcing the flow in the wave propagation direction), and streaming caused by turbulence asymmetry in successive wave half‐cycles (forcing the flow against the wave propagation direction). For waves and current which are not colinear, the mean velocity profile exhibits a veering behavior which is strongly affected by streaming, particularly for the most wave‐dominated situations. The effect of streaming on the boundary layer flow has been investigated for different wave‐current conditions and bottom roughnesses. Visualizations are given by mean Eulerian and Lagrangian velocity profiles, as well as three‐dimensional seabed boundary layer particle trajectories. The effect of streaming decreases as the flow becomes more current dominated. The mean velocity in the current direction decreases as the roughness increases. However, the mean velocity orthogonal to the current direction increases as the roughness increases due to the lack of wave‐current interaction in this direction. An excellent agreement between the predicted and recently measured velocity profiles beneath horizontally uniform asymmetric forcing is obtained.
Spatial and temporal variability of ozone sensitivity over China observed from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument
Authors: Jin Xiaomeng , Holloway Tracey
Published: May 2015

Surface ozone (O3) air pollution in populated regions has been attributed to emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO + NO2 = NOx) and reactive volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These constituents react with hydrogen oxide radicals (OH + HO2 = HOx) in the presence of sunlight and heat to produce O3. The question of whether to reduce NOx emissions, VOC emissions, or both is complicated by spatially and temporally heterogeneous ozone‐NOx‐VOC sensitivity. This study characterizes spatial and temporal variations in O3 sensitivity by analyzing the ratio of formaldehyde (HCHO, a marker of VOCs) to nitrogen dioxide (NO2), a metric known as the formaldehyde nitrogen ratio (FNR). Level 3 gridded retrievals from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) aboard the NASA Aura satellite were used to calculate FNR, with our analysis focusing on China. Based on previous studies, we take FNR < 1.0 as indicating VOC‐limited regimes, FNR > 2.0 as indicating NOx‐limited regime, and FNR between 1.0 and 2.0 as indicating transitional regime (where either NOx reductions or VOC reductions would be expected to reduce O3). We find that the transitional regime is widespread over the North China Plain (NCP), the Yangtze River Delta, and the Pearl River Delta during the ozone season (defined as having near‐surface air temperatures >20°C at the early afternoon OMI overpass time). Outside of these regions, the NOx‐limited regime is dominant. Because HCHO and NO2 have distinct seasonal patterns, FNR also has a pronounced seasonality, consistent with the seasonal cycle of surface O3. Examining trends from 2005 to 2013 indicates rapid growth in NO2, especially over less‐developed areas where O3 photochemistry is NOx limited. Over this time period, HCHO decreased in southern China, where VOC emissions are dominated by biogenic sources, but increased slightly over the NCP, where VOC emissions are dominated by anthropogenic sources. A linear regression approach suggests that most of China (70% of grid cells) will be characterized by a transitional regime during the O3 season by 2030. However, in megacities such as Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Beijing, NO2 has decreased such that the chemical regime has shifted from VOC limited in 2005 to transitional in 2013.
The effect of atmospheric radiative heating by clouds on the Madden‐Julian Oscillation
Authors: Crueger Traute , Stevens Bjorn
Published: May 2015

This article explores how atmospheric radiative heating, due to the presence of clouds, influences the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) as simulated by four comprehensive atmosphere general circulation models. Simulations in which clouds are transparent to electromagnetic radiation (“clouds‐off”) are compared with control simulations in which clouds are allowed to interact with radiation (“clouds‐on”). Making clouds transparent to radiation leads to robust changes of the mean state: the westerly winds in the equatorial Indo‐Pacific area weaken and the precipitation reveals a shift from single to double Intertropical Convergence Zones. These changes are accompanied by weaker MJOs. Also, the moisture sensitivity of precipitation changes, however not consistently within our group of models. Further analyses show that within the active phase of intraseasonal variability, cloud‐radiative effects amplify the heating profiles compared to clouds‐off. Heating from nonradiative processes is dominated by the parameterized convection, but large‐scale heating associated with cloud microphysical processes acting on the grid‐scale modifies the shape of the heating profile, leading to a top‐heaviness when cloud‐radiative effects are accounted for. The radiative heating due to clouds slows down the phase speed of the MJO. Averaged over the entire MJO life cycle, the column‐integrated radiative heating due to clouds lags the vertically integrated moist static energy by 40°–60° of longitude (equivalently 7–10 days assuming a period of 60 days). All four models studied reveal more pronounced Kelvin waves when clouds are transparent to radiation, suggesting that cloud‐radiative effects on large‐scale heating profiles damp smaller scale, or faster, Kelvin waves and amplify MJO‐like disturbances.
Conjugated Polymer Nanodots as Ultrastable Long‐Term Trackers to Understand Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy in Skin Regeneration
Authors: Jin Guorui , Mao Duo , Cai Pingqiang , Liu Rongrong , Tomczak Nikodem , Liu Jie , Chen Xiaodong , Kong Deling , Ding Dan , Liu Bin , Li Kai
Published: May 2015

Stem cell–based therapies hold great promise in providing desirable solutions for diseases that cannot be effectively cured by conventional therapies. To maximize the therapeutic potentials, advanced cell tracking probes are essential to understand the fate of transplanted stem cells without impairing their properties. Herein, conjugated polymer (CP) nanodots are introduced as noninvasive fluorescent trackers with high brightness and low cytotoxicity for tracking of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to reveal their in vivo behaviors. As compared to the most widely used commercial quantum dot tracker, CP nanodots show significantly better long‐term tracking ability without compromising the features of MSCs in terms of proliferation, migration, differentiation, and secretome. Fluorescence imaging of tissue sections from full‐thickness skin wound–bearing mice transplanted with CP nanodot‐labeled MSCs suggests that paracrine signaling of the MSCs residing in the regenerated dermis is the predominant contribution to promote skin regeneration, accompanied with a small fraction of endothelial differentiation. The promising results indicate that CP nanodots could be used as next generation of fluorescent trackers to reveal the currently ambiguous mechanisms in stem cell therapies through a facile and effective approach.
Integration of Self‐Lubrication and Near‐Infrared Photothermogenesis for Excellent Anti‐Icing/Deicing Performance
Authors: Yin Xiangyu , Zhang Yue , Wang Daoai , Liu Zhilu , Liu Yupeng , Pei Xiaowei , Yu Bo , Zhou Feng
Published: May 2015

The economic and safety issues caused by ice accretion have become more and more serious. Except for traditional ways of anti‐icing, such as spraying agents, mechanical/thermal removal, etc., more economic approaches are urgently required. This work demonstrates the conceptual feasibility of using a self‐lubricated photothermal coating for both anti‐icing and deicing function. The coating is generally water repellent and infiltrated with hydrocarbon or perfluorocarbon oils as the lubricant to endow a liquid interface for preventing ice accumulation and minimizing the adhesion of ice on surfaces once it is formed. Fe3O4 nanoparticles are added to the film to afford high efficiency photothermal effect under near‐infrared irradiation for rapidly melting the accumulated ice. The conceptual strategy can be easily implemented as a facile method to fabricate analogous sprayed coatings. It represents a major advance to tackle the challenging icing issue that is normally seen as a disaster in everyday life.
Controlling Crystallite Orientation of Diketopyrrolopyrrole‐Based Small Molecules in Thin Films for Highly Reproducible Multilevel Memory Device: Role of Furan Substitution
Authors: Li Yang , Li Hua , Chen Hongfei , Wan Yu , Li Najun , Xu Qingfeng , He Jinghui , Chen Dongyun , Wang Lihua , Lu Jianmei
Published: May 2015

For the organic memory device with vertically arranged electrodes, controlling the film‐packing to achieve highly oriented crystallite arrangement is critical but challenging for obtaining the satisfied performance. Here, the effect of backbone planarity on the crystallite orientation is studied. Two diketopyrrolopyrrole‐based small molecules (NI2PDPP and NI2FDPP) are synthesized with increasing planarity by furan substitution for phenyl rings. Upon thin‐film analysis by atomic force microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and grazing‐incidence small‐angle X‐ray scattering, the orientations of these crystallites are demonstrated to be well controlled through tailoring molecular planarity. The highly planar NI2FDPP in film prefers out‐of‐plane crystallite orientation with respect to the substrate normal while the nonplanar NI2PDPP displays less ordered packing with a broad orientation distribution relative to the substrate. As a result, NI2FDPP‐based memory device exhibits superior multilevel performance. More importantly, the oriented crystallite arrangement favors uniformity in NI2FDPP thin film, thus, the device displays higher reproducibility of memory effects. This study provides an effective synthetic strategy for designing multilevel memory materials with favorable crystallite orientation.
High prevalence of cannabis use among Aka foragers of the Congo Basin and its possible relationship to helminthiasis
Authors: Roulette Casey J. , Kazanji Mirdad , Breurec Sébastien , Hagen Edward H.
Published: May 2015

Objectives

Little is known about cannabis use in hunter‐gatherers. Therefore, we investigated cannabis use in the Aka, a population of foragers of the Congo Basin. Because cannabis contains anthelminthic compounds, and the Aka have a high prevalence of helminthiasis, we also tested the hypothesis that cannabis use might be an unconscious form of self‐medication against helminths.

Methods

We collected self‐ and peer‐reports of cannabis use from all adult Aka in the Lobaye district of the Central African Republic (n = 379). Because female cannabis use was low, we restricted sample collection to men. Using an immunoassay for Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol‐11‐oic acid (THCA), a urinary biomarker of recent cannabis consumption, we validated cannabis use in men currently residing in camps near a logging road (n = 62). We also collected stool samples to assay worm burden. A longitudinal reinfection study was conducted among a subsample of the male participants (n = 23) who had been treated with a commercial anthelmintic 1 year ago.

Results

The prevalence of self‐ and peer‐reported cannabis use was 70.9% among men and 6.1% among women, for a total prevalence of 38.6%. Using a 50 ng/ml threshold for THCA, 67.7% of men used cannabis. Cannabis users were significantly younger and had less material wealth than the non‐cannabis users. There were significant negative associations between THCA levels and worm burden, and reinfection with helminths 1 year after treatment with a commercial anthelmintic.

Conclusions

The prevalence of cannabis use among adult Aka men was high when compared to most global populations. THCA levels were negatively correlated with parasite infection and reinfection, supporting the self‐medication hypothesis. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:5–15, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.