bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A scientific approach for evaluating extremely caked paper manuscript kept in Al-Azhar Library in Cairo
Authors: Mohamed Walid Shaaban Abdelrasoul , Mohie Mostafa Attia
Published: January 2022

Purpose

Paper aims to determinate caking paper manuscript cause through studying of the manuscript components, bio-deterioration and physio-chemical deterioration factor. It will facilitate manuscripts and paper conservators to understand paper blocking and caking phenomenon.

Design/methodology/approach

The manuscript condition has been diagnosed by focusing on adhesion and fossilization regions. To achieve this, some methods of analysis and examination were used, such as visual examination, digital microscopy and scanning electron microscope were used to studying surface changes. X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared microscopy were used to determinate of cellulose crystallinity, ink composition and identify the binding medium.

Findings

The results revealed the use of cotton pulp, and calcium carbonate was among the fillers that were used to improve the properties of paper. The crystallization of cellulose was lower in the first and last papers than the papers located in the heart of the manuscript. The most important reasons that led to the papers caking was the presence of fungi A. niger, Cladosporium sp, Chaetomium sp, by secreting some enzymes in combination with some other factors such as difference variation in temperature and moisture.

Originality/value

All deterioration factors participate with each other until rule the damage circle of the papers because one factor alone cannot stick the papers. It was inferred from the examinations and analyzes that were conducted for the samples.
Analysis of garment fit satisfaction and fit preferences of Ethiopian male consumers
Authors: Bizuneh Berihun , Destaw Abrham , Mamo Bizuayehu
Published: January 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to explore fit problems, satisfaction and preferences of Ethiopian male consumers of ready-made garments (shirt, polo shirt, sweater and khaki and jeans trousers) and highlight the need for a domestic standard garment size chart.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a structured questionnaire, 405 usable responses were collected from consumers in four cities (Bahir Dar, Kombolcha, Dessie and Addis Ababa) based on convenience sampling. Moreover, the pattern-making methods of 12 domestic garment manufacturing companies were investigated. One-way analysis of variance and multivariate analysis of variance were used to examine differences in fit satisfaction with age, body size and shape. Multiple regression was used to test hypotheses.

Findings

The participants were mostly neither satisfied nor dissatisfied with the fit of the garments irrespective of their age, body size and shape. While age was found to be insignificant, apparel sizes worn and body shape were found to be significant predictors of fit type in most garments. It was also found that most of the domestic garment manufacturing companies use the knock-off method for pattern making, which results in a bad fit as the basic garment for the knock-off is constructed based on other countries’ standards.

Originality/value

This study investigates the fit problems and preferences of ready-made garments in the context of consumers in a developing country. Moreover, it has a contribution in considering men’s body shape in the analysis of fit preferences. The results have implications for developing domestic standard garment size charts to improve fit satisfaction.
Solder void size reduction in semiconductor package by vacuum reflow and pressure cure processes
Authors: Yeo Siang Miang , Yow Ho Kwang , Yeoh Keat Hoe
Published: January 2022

Purpose

Semiconductor packaging industry has in recent years tightened the tolerance criteria for acceptable solder void size in the semiconductor packages due to the high usage in automotive applications. Semiconductor packaging component makers have strengthened the quality of the solder joint and its electrical conductivity by controlling the maximum solder void size reduction from 10-15% to 5% or below over die size. This paper aims to reduce the solder void size to minimum level that current industry could not achieve and introduce a new soldering processes by combining vacuum reflow and pressure cure to effectively reduce solder void.

Design/methodology/approach

This study is using the empirical data collection to prove the feasible in achieve the goal. It is an engineering approach. This research study is even considering sufficient data (>22 units) in each evaluation to represent the actual performance.

Findings

Successfully eliminate all the hollow solder void that current industry claimed as solder void. EDX analysis showed that the compressed solder voids remained in the solder are filled with solid carbon-based substances which could be originated from the trapped flux residues. It is empirical data proven in feasibility stage.

Research limitations/implications

The study is able to produce solder void-less. This method is suitable for high volume manufacturing process also. This may lead a new pave way for industry to resolve solder void problem. The current pressure cure machine could not apply more than 200°C temperature which limits medium and high temperature solder paste or alloy testing. Therefore, only low temperature solder alloy Pb37Sn63 was able to be evaluated.

Originality/value

This study is original and has not been published elsewhere to produce high efficiency product in semiconductor packaging performance in electrical path and heat dissipation. It also improves package reliability due to solder joint used as interconnect in semiconductor packaging.
The effects of early pregnancy loss on health outcomes and health care utilization and costs
Authors: Strumpf Erin C. , Austin Nichole , Lang Ariella , Derksen Shelley , Bolton James , Brownell Marni , Gregory Patricia , Chateau Dan , Heaman Maureen
Published: January 2022

Objective

To evaluate the effects of early pregnancy loss on subsequent health care use and costs.

Data Sources

Linked administrative health databases from Manitoba, Canada.

Study Design

This was a population‐based cohort study. The exposure of interest was first recorded ectopic pregnancy or miscarriage (EPM). Outcomes included visits to all ambulatory care providers, family physicians (FPs), specialists, and hospitals, as well as the costs associated with these visits. We also assessed the impact of EPM on a global measure of health service utilization and the incidence and costs of psychotropic medications.

Data Collection/Extraction Methods

We identified women who experienced their first recorded loss (EPM) from 2003–2012 and created a propensity score model to match these women to women who experienced a live birth, with outcome measures available through 31 December 2014. We used a difference in differences approach with multivariable negative binomial models and generalized estimating equations (GEE) to assess the impact of EPM on the aforementioned health care utilization indicators.

Principal Findings

EPM was associated with a short‐term increase in visits to, and costs associated with, certain ambulatory care providers. These findings were driven in large part by increased visits/costs to FPs (rate difference [RD]: $19.92 [95% CI: $16.33, $23.51]) and obstetrician‐gynecologists (OB‐GYNs) (RD $9.41 [95% CI: $8.42, $10.40]) in the year immediately following the loss, excluding care associated with the loss itself. We also detected an increase in hospital stays and costs and a decrease in the use of psychotropic medications relative to matched controls.

Conclusion

Pregnancy loss may lead to subsequent increases in certain types of health care utilization. While the absolute costs associated with post‐EPM care are relatively small, the observed patterns of service utilization are informative for providers and policy makers seeking to support women following a loss.
Towards Statistical Best Practices for Gender and Sex Data
Authors: Thornton Suzanne , Roy Dooti , Parry Stephen , LaLonde Donna , Martinez Wendy , Ellis Renee , Corliss David
Published: January 2022

Suzanne Thornton, Dooti Roy, Stephen Parry, Donna LaLonde, Wendy Martinez, Renee Ellis and David Corliss call for a more inclusive – and informative – approach to collecting data on human gender and sex
Trehalose‐6‐phosphate phosphatases are involved in trehalose synthesis and metamorphosis in Bactrocera minax
Authors: Wang Jia , Fan Huan , Li Ying , Zhang Tong‐Fang , Liu Ying‐Hong
Published: January 2022

Trehalose is the principal sugar circulating in the hemolymph of insects, and trehalose synthesis is catalyzed by trehalose‐6‐phosphate synthase (TPS) and trehalose‐6‐phosphate phosphatase (TPP). Insect TPS is a fused enzyme containing both TPS domain and TPP domain. Thus, many insects do not possess TPP genes as TPSs have replaced the function of TPPs. However, TPPs are widely distributed across the dipteran insects, while the roles they play remain largely unknown. In this study, 3 TPP genes from notorious dipteran pest Bactrocera minax (BmiTPPB, BmiTPPC1, and BmiTPPC2) were identified and characterized. The different temporal‐spatial expression patterns of 3 BmiTPPs implied that they exert different functions in B. minax. Recombinant BmiTPPs were heterologously expressed in yeast cells, and all purified proteins exhibited enzymatic activities, despite the remarkable disparity in performance between BmiTPPB and BmiTPPCs. RNA interference revealed that all BmiTPPs were successfully downregulated after double‐stranded RNA injection, leading to decreased trehalose content and increased glucose content. Also, suppression of BmiTPPs significantly affected expression of downstream genes and increased the mortality and malformation rate. Collectively, these results indicated that all 3 BmiTPPs in B. minax are involved in trehalose synthesis and metamorphosis. Thus, these genes could be evaluated as insecticidal targets for managing B. minax, and even for other dipteran pests.
Ketamine use in relation to depressive symptoms among high school seniors
Authors: Palamar Joseph J. , Kumar Sakthi , Yang Kevin H. , Han Benjamin H.
Published: January 2022

Background and Objectives

Ketamine is efficacious in treating treatment‐resistant depression in medical settings and the drug was approved for such use by the US Federal Drug Administration in 2019. However, little is known about how use outside of medical settings relates to depression. We determined whether recreational ketamine use, relative to the use of other drugs, is related to the current experience of depression among adolescents.

Methods

We examined data from the 2016 to 2019 Monitoring the Future nationally representative survey of high school seniors in the United States (N = 15,673). We determined how past‐year drug use and frequency of past‐year drug use were associated with students reporting a high level of current depressive symptoms relative to other students.

Results

Ketamine use was associated with highest risk for a high level of depression (aPR = 1.55, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.24–1.94), followed by use of cannabis (aPR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.19–1.39), and nonmedical use of tranquilizers (aPR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.04–1.44) and amphetamine (aPR = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.01–1.34). Alcohol use was associated with decreased risk (aPR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.85–0.99). With respect to frequency of past‐year use, more frequent use of ketamine and cannabis was associated with increased risk for a high level of depression in a dose‐response‐like manner, with past‐year use of ketamine and cannabis ≥10 times associated with increased risk for depression by 70% and 40%, respectively.

Discussion and Conclusions

Past‐year recreational ketamine use is a risk factor for reporting current depression than most other drugs.

Scientific Significance

This was the first study to compare the risk of use of various drugs in relation to depression.
Markups and export behavior: Firm‐level evidence from the French food processing industry
Authors: Jafari Yaghoob , Koppenberg Maximilian , Hirsch Stefan , Heckelei Thomas
Published: January 2022

The relationship between a firm's markups and its export behavior is highly relevant to individual firms' strategic decisions as well as to governments' policies regarding competition. We investigate the impact of markups on firms' decisions to export and resulting export intensity in the French food processing industry. Moreover, we assess the effect of entry into and remaining in the export market on firms' markups and evaluate differences in markups between exporters and non‐exporters. Our results suggest that higher markups lead to both increased participation in the export market and greater export intensity. In addition, we find that firms obtain higher markups by entering and remaining in the export market. Finally, our results suggest that exporters generate higher markups, on average, than non‐exporters. Similar results are found when controlling for differences in firms' productivity. Our findings suggest that trade policies designed to increase firms' participation in export markets, such as limits to border restrictions, may counteract domestic competition policies targeted at price–cost margins.
Ageing attitudes and mental health in middle and later adulthood: The buffering effect of education
Authors: Chu Li , Burton Nicola W. , Pachana Nancy A.
Published: January 2022

Objective

Negative attitudes towards ageing have been associated with poor mental well‐being, and protective factors are not well‐understood. This study examined the relationship between ageing attitudes and symptoms of anxiety and depression, and the potential moderating effect of age, and buffering effects of social support, physical activity and education.

Methods

This study used a subsample of 482 adults aged 50+ years from a mail questionnaire study in Brisbane, Australia. Data were analysed using linear regression.

Results

People with more positive ageing attitudes reported fewer symptoms of anxiety and depression, with no moderating effect of age. There was a significant interaction between ageing attitudes and education on depression, and a similar trend for anxiety.

Conclusions

This study confirmed the adverse impacts of negative ageing attitudes on mental health and indicated that those with low education may be most vulnerable. This has implications for future research and targeting interventions for mental health promotion.
Telehealth experiences of vulnerable clients living in Tasmania
Authors: Van Dam Pieter Jan , Caney Diane , Turner Richard C. , Griffin Phoebe , Dwyer Mitchell , Prior Sarah
Published: January 2022

Objective

To understand the experiences of vulnerable clients who used telehealth during the Coronavirus pandemic.

Design

The study employed a qualitative enquiry, utilising semi‐structured interviews lasting 30‐60 minutes with a thematic analysis approach to explore factors influencing client experience with telehealth.

Setting

A wide range of locations across Tasmania, Australia.

Participants

Twelve participants who were considered to be vulnerable on a number of domains, including: health and human wellbeing factors, social risk factors, functional limitations, and individual behavioural factors.

Interventions

The provision of telehealth consultations to vulnerable clients.

Main outcome measures

Four global themes were discovered: i) Telehealth saves time, money and energy; ii) User friendly technology facilitates care; iii) Rapport and confidentiality helps clients to feel safe; and iv) Fit for purpose telehealth provides a quality service.

Results

The discovered themes entailed the major finding that most participants were satisfied with the overall quality of the telehealth service they received and the convenience of this service. Concerns were raised regarding the limitations around social interaction, physical examination, and access to fit‐for‐purpose telehealth devices.

Conclusion

This research with vulnerable clients, from Tasmania, supports the evidence that the utilisation of telehealth allows more convenient access to care. To optimise the service, however, concerns regarding the desire for social interaction, appropriate physical examination, and access to fit‐for‐purpose telehealth devices will need to be addressed.
Who do you like? Who will you vote for? Political ideology and person perception in the 2020 U.S. presidential election
Authors: Godbole Maya A. , Flores‐Robles Grace , Malvar Noelle A. , Valian Virginia V.
Published: January 2022

This work separately applies two psychology frameworks—the three dimensions along which people are evaluated (competence, morality, and warmth) and individual sociopolitical attitudes (modern sexism [MS], right‐wing authoritarianism [RWA], and social dominance orientation (SDO)—to explore voter evaluations of Donald Trump and Joseph Biden both prior to (Study 1), and in the month following (Study 2), the 2020 U.S. presidential election. At both time points, Democrats and Republicans rated their own party's candidate similarly on the three trait dimensions and overall favorability. They differed, however, in evaluations of the other party's candidate. Republicans viewed Biden more positively both overall and on the trait dimensions than Democrats viewed Trump. Favorability ratings and trait perceptions for one's own party candidate were comparable pre‐ and postelection but were more negative postelection for the opposite party's candidate. RWA predicted favorability toward Trump, above and beyond political affiliation and sociodemographic factors, at both time points in addition to MS preelection and SDO postelection; RWA negatively predicted favorability toward Biden pre‐ but not postelection. Moreover, RWA predicted a vote for Trump versus Biden above and beyond political affiliation, highlighting the importance of considering sociopolitical attitudes in political decision‐making.
Cryodevices developed for minimum volume cooling vitrification of bovine oocytes
Authors: Hochi Shinichi
Published: January 2022

Unfertilized bovine oocytes can be efficiently cryopreserved only when an extremely rapid cooling rate (>20,000°C/min) is applied to oocytes with a very limited amount of surrounding vitrification solution. This protocol is defined as minimum volume cooling (MVC) vitrification. Various types of cryodevices, such as open pulled straw, Cryoloop, and Cryotop, have been developed to accelerate the cooling efficacy. Furthermore, hollow fibers with nano‐scale pores, triangle nylon mesh sheets, and multilayer silk fibroin sheets have been optimized for the loading of large quantities of oocytes and/or the subsequent removal of excess vitrification solution, without requiring skillful operation to transfer individual oocytes using fine capillaries. This article provides an up‐to‐date review of cryodevices suitable for the MVC vitrification of bovine oocytes at the immature (germinal vesicle‐) and mature (metaphase II‐) stages.
Successive approximation of horses to their first work on a treadmill: The effect of previous loading into a trailer
Authors: Maśko Małgorzata , Lewczuk Dorota , Szarska Ewa , Domino Małgorzata
Published: January 2022

A horse learning about the entrance to narrow, cage‐shaped places may be challenging both for the horses as well as for the owners. For some behaviors, such as loading into a trailer or climbing onto a treadmill, the final behavioral goal can be achieved by working towards it in stages. This study compared the successive approximation of horses to their first work on a treadmill with horses hardly ever loaded (HE L) and regularly loaded (R L) into a trailer. Fourteen horses were divided into two groups (HE L n = 7 and R L n = 7) based on their experiences of entering into a trailer. All horses were taught using four stages of successive approximation. The average lead time was longer in the HE L than in the R L group, both in the first (HE L: 33.8 ± 12.4 s; R L: 17.6 ± 12.9 s; p = 0.035) and last stages (HE L: 12.0 ± 10.3 s; R L: 3.7 ± 1.0 s; p = 0.032) of trials. With the subsequent repetitions of each step, the heart rate decreased in both groups. Very few behaviors indicating fear or unwillingness (“rearing,” “sideways,” and “backwards”) were observed. Horses that were regularly loaded exhibited signs of relaxation. The successive approximation of horses to the first work on a treadmill differed and may depend on the previous experiences with loading and travelling in the confined space of a trailer.
The double‐edged sword: A work regulatory focus perspective on the relationship between organizational identification and innovative behaviour
Authors: Chen Liangyong , Ruan Rongbin , He Peixu
Published: January 2022

Prior research on the organizational identification‐innovative behaviour link has produced contradictory findings. Based on regulatory focus theory, we propose that work promotion focus and work prevention focus are two parallel mechanisms that motivate or demotivate employees to innovate and which of the processes will be activated depends on the level of learning goal orientation. Data were collected through a time‐lagged and multisource survey. The final sample included 268 employees, whose innovative behaviour was assessed by their line managers. Hypotheses were tested using hierarchical regression analyses. Results indicated that organizational identification was associated with more innovative behaviour via work promotion focus, but less innovative behaviour via work prevention focus. Meanwhile, employees high on both organizational identification and learning goal orientation were more likely to be work promotion focused and behave more innovatively, whereas those high on organizational identification and low on learning goal orientation were more likely to be work prevention focused and behave less innovatively. Theoretical and practical contributions of this study were discussed.
The proxy dilemma: Informed consent in paediatric clinical research ‐ a case study of Thailand
Authors: Varadan Sheila , Sirinam Salin , Limkittikul Kriengsak , Cheah Phaik Yeong
Published: January 2022

Informed consent is an essential requirement for the ethical conduct of research. It is also a necessary requirement for the lawful conduct of research. Informed consent provides a legal basis to enrol human subjects in clinical research. In paediatric research, where children do not generally enjoy a presumption of competence, a legal representative must authorise a child's enrolment. Determining who should act on behalf of the child is a matter of law, rather than ethical principle. But, if national laws are lacking or do not reflect socio‐cultural realities, legal uncertainty can arise, which can have implications for children's enrolment in clinical research. Using Thailand as its case study, this paper contemplates how international legal frameworks, such as the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, could be leveraged to navigate legal uncertainty in the informed consent process, enabling more children to access and participate in paediatric clinical research.
Metapopulation‐level associations in positively interacting stream fishes
Authors: Kim Seoghyun , Dolph Christine L. , Terui Akira
Published: January 2022

Positive biotic interactions are recognized as important factors determining species distributions. Although effects of positive interactions have often been observed at local scales, much less is known about consequences at larger spatial scales. Here, we study nest associations of stream fishes – widespread reproductive facilitation between host (nest‐builder) and beneficiary (nest associate) species in North America – as a model system to examine the role of positive interactions in determining the metapopulation‐level relationship between host and beneficiary species. Using regional data of fish distribution in the Midwestern US, we found that watershed‐level occupancy of host species (i.e. metapopulation occupancy) remarkably increased that of nest associates. Our results illustrated that the effects of positive biotic interactions at the metapopulation level were comparable or even stronger than environmental drivers, i.e. factors that have been studied most extensively in metapopulation studies. Further, our model supported the hypothesis that the metapopulation‐level relationship between hosts and nest associates was mediated by a gradient of environmental conditions: strong associations occurred under stressful habitats. This study provides insightful evidence that positive biotic interactions have larger scale consequences for distributions of organisms than previously thought. Successful biodiversity conservation may need a broader framework that appreciates the role of positive biotic interactions at larger spatial scales.
Electrophysiological hallmarks of location‐based and object‐based visual multiple objects tracking
Authors: Merkel Christian , Hopf Jens‐Max , Schoenfeld Mircea Ariel
Published: January 2022

Converging evidence shows that our visual system can track multiple visual, independently moving items over time. This is accomplished location‐based by maintaining the individual spatial information of each target item or object‐based by constructing an abstract object‐based representation out of the tracked items. Previous work showed specific behavioural, electrophysiological and haemodynamic markers for location‐based or object‐based representations of the relevant targets by probing the encoded information subsequently after tracking. However, domain‐specific differences of representational correlates during visual tracking itself have not been reported yet. The current study aims to identify spectral properties of the electrophysiological signal during tracking that might indicate location‐based versus object‐based maintenance of visual information. Subjects had to covertly track four out of eight visually identical items for several seconds while electrophysiological signals were recorded. Subsequently, a probe consisting of four items appeared and the subjects had to indicate with a button press whether the probe matched all targets or not. Subjects employing an object‐based strategy showed an enhanced gamma response during the presentation of the target items at the beginning of the trial. On the other hand, subjects using a location‐based strategy showed enhanced gamma synchronization throughout the tracking itself. Both the object‐ and location‐based gamma responses yielded identical spatial topographical field distributions. These results indicate that object‐based tracking is supported by enhanced encoding during the initial presentation of the targets to be tracked. Location‐based tracking is characterized by the sustained maintenance of the individual targets during the entire tracking period in that same processing network.
LncRNA NONRATT009773.2 promotes bone cancer pain progression through the miR‐708‐5p/CXCL13 axis
Authors: Chen Junjie , Lu Cui'e , Wang Xiaodong , Wang Lin , Chen Jia , Ji Fuhai
Published: January 2022

Bone cancer pain (BCP) is the most frequently observed chronic cancer pain, and its development remains largely unexplored. Dysregulation of non‐coding RNAs greatly contributes to the pathogenesis of BCP. In the present study, we found a new long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), NONRATT009773.2, and investigated its role in the spinal cord of BCP rats. Our results showed that NONRATT009773.2 was significantly up‐regulated in BCP model rats, whereas depletion of NONRATT009773.2 attenuated BCP. In contrast, overexpression of NONRATT009773.2 triggered pain‐like symptoms in normal animals. Moreover, NONRATT009773.2 functioned as a microRNA (miRNA) sponge to absorb miR‐708‐5p and up‐regulated miRNA downstream target CXCL13, which plays fundamental roles in the initiation and maintenance of neuroinflammation and hyperalgesia. Collectively, our current findings indicated that NONRATT009773.2 could be employed as a new therapeutic target for BCP.
Repeatability of alert and flight initiation distances in king penguins: Effects of colony, approach speed, and weather
Authors: Hammer Tracey L. , Bize Pierre , Saraux Claire , Gineste Benoit , Robin Jean‐Patrice , Groscolas René , Viblanc Vincent A.
Published: January 2022

Alert distance (AD) and flight initiation distance (FID) are popular measures used to explore the reaction of prey to approaching predators, and thus the economics underlying optimal escape strategies. AD likely mirrors the effort invested into vigilance, while FID provides an estimate of the perceived risk of an approaching threat. Although individual variation in AD and FID is influenced by environmental factors such as variation in predation pressure and human disturbance, the repeatabilities of these traits (especially AD), and therefore their designation as personality traits, remain under‐investigated. Here, we studied the repeatability of AD, FID, and the decision to flee in a flightless, ground‐breeding seabird, the king penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus). A single experimenter approached three times over three consecutive days 47 incubating king penguins from two different colonies with varying human disturbance levels. We explored the effects of weather, time of day, and approach speed of the experimenter on these behaviors. Weather had an effect on all three behaviors. In warm, sunny weather AD increased. In rainy, windy weather birds were more likely to flee, but waited longer before initiating flight. Faster approach speeds between AD and FID increased FID. Weather conditions and speed of approach affected repeatability estimates, highlighting the need to consider external sources of variation when refining such estimates. FID and the decision to flee were significantly and moderately repeatable (r = 0.26 and 0.57, respectively), while AD was not. There was no evidence of behavioral habituation or sensitization in either colony.
One hundred‐seventy years of stressors erode salmon fishery climate resilience in California’s warming landscape
Authors: Munsch Stuart H. , Greene Correigh M. , Mantua Nathan J. , Satterthwaite William H.
Published: January 2022

People seek reliable natural resources despite climate change. Diverse habitats and biologies stabilize productivity against disturbances like climate, prompting arguments to promote climate‐resilient resources by prioritizing complex, less‐modified ecosystems. These arguments hinge on the hypothesis that simplifying and degrading ecosystems will reduce resources’ climate resilience, a process liable to be cryptically evolving across landscapes and human generations, but rarely documented. Here, we examined the industrial era (post 1848) of California's Central Valley, chronicling the decline of a diversified, functional portfolio of salmon habitats and life histories and investigating for empirical evidence of lost climate resilience in its fishery. Present perspectives indicate that California's dynamic, warming climate overlaid onto its truncated, degraded habitat mosaic severely constrains its salmon fishery. We indeed found substantial climate constraints on today's fishery, but this reflected a shifted ecological baseline. During the early stages of a stressor legacy that transformed the landscape and ‐‐ often consequently ‐‐ compressed salmon life history expression, the fishery diffused impacts of dry years across a greater number of fishing years and depended less on cool spring‐summer transitions. The latter are important given today's salmon habitats, salmon life histories, and resource management practices, but are vanishing with climate change while year‐to‐year variation in fishery performance is rising. These findings give empirical weight to the idea that human legacies influence ecosystems’ climate resilience across landscapes and boundaries (e.g., land/sea). They also raise the question of whether some contemporary climate effects are recent and attributable not only to increasing climate stress, but to past and present human actions that erode resilience. In general, it is thus worth considering that management approaches that prioritize complex, less‐modified ecosystems may stabilize productivity despite increasing climate stress and such protective actions may be required for some ecological services to persist into uncertain climate futures.
Weight‐based cybervictimization: Implications for adolescent health
Authors: Lessard Leah M. , Puhl Rebecca M.
Published: January 2022

Background

Despite the ubiquity of cybervictimization among youth, attention to weight‐based cybervictimization is scarce.

Aims

This study assessed the prevalence of electronic forms of weight‐based peer victimization (i.e., cybervictimization) and its associations with adolescent health, as indicated by somatic symptoms, stress, depression, and sleep trouble.

Materials & Methods

A cross‐sectional survey was conducted online with a community sample of 452 adolescents aged 11–17 years old (Mage = 14.91 years).

Results

Thirty‐three percent of adolescents reported at least one experience of weight‐based cybervictimization, with elevated rates among those with overweight (45%) and obesity (60%). Weight‐based cybervictimization was associated with higher levels of somatic symptoms (β = 0.24; p < 0.001), stress (β = 0.22; p < 0.001), depression (β = 0.27; p < 0.001), and sleep trouble (β = 0.20; p < 0.001); these associations were consistent across adolescent weight status.

Discussion and Conclusion

Findings suggest that the health implications of weight‐based victimization extend to the electronic context, and underscore the importance of addressing weight‐based cybervictimization in antibullying initiatives to support healthy adolescent well‐being.
Effectiveness of telemedicine psychoeducational interventions for adults with non‐oncological chronic disease: A systematic review
Authors: Sánchez‐Gutiérrez Carmen , Gil‐García Eugenia , Rivera‐Sequeiros Adriana , López‐Millán José M.
Published: January 2022

Aim

To evaluate the effectiveness of telemedicine psychoeducational interventions (PIs) in adult patients on the clinical management of chronic non‐oncological diseases compared with another therapeutic option or no treatment.

Design

Systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

Data sources

Six databases were searched between January 2011 and August 2021.

Review methods

A systematic review was reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Study selection, quality appraisal and data extraction were conducted independently by two reviewers. A third arbiter was available if discrepancies.

Results

A total of 719 articles were reviewed and 17 studies met the inclusion and quality criteria. The included studies related to smoking, chronic pain, obesity and mental illness. Most interventions were based on cognitive behavioural theory. Most of the included studies (12/17, 70.5%) showed improvements in health and significant reductions in anxiety, pain and depression with variable effect sizes. Patients reported a high satisfaction rate and indicated lectures or self‐report writings as helpful in their recovery compared with more interactive items. Only financial incentives demonstrated greater adherence. A specific intervention format or complementary professional support was not associated with health outcomes.

Conclusions

Telemedicine PIs are a safe and effective option for the clinical management of adults with chronic diseases. Future longitudinal studies are needed to assess the impact of these interventions on chronic physical and mental disease, evaluating the quality of life, morbidity and mortality.

Impact

The results reinforce the telemedicine PIs with effects on clinical management similar to those of the face‐to‐face modality and can be carried out in a safe environment for patients at a lower cost to the health system. These conditions make them suitable for comprehensive care in the epidemiological COVID‐19 context with the highest safety conditions for the patients and professionals.
Kin recognition by cannibals is modulated by hunger level in a generalist predatory mite Amblyseius herbicolus (Chant) (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
Authors: Zhang Keshi , Zhang Zhi‐Qiang
Published: January 2022

Cannibalism is a commonly found behaviour in the animal kingdom. The biggest concern of cannibalism is that it reduces the inclusive fitness of the cannibals by eliminating close relatives. Kin recognition is a strategy used by many cannibals to benefit from cannibalism without the cost of reducing their inclusive fitness by eating close relatives. Most members of the family Phytoseiidae are cannibalistic. Previous studies suggest that specialist phytoseiids practice kin recognition, while generalists use species recognition or discrimination due to the diet specification and frequent intraspecific interactions. We examined whether kin recognition is used by a type‐III generalist phytoseiid, Amblyseius herbicolus (Chant) (Acari: Phytoseiidae). The cannibalistic adults with different hunger levels (0‐, 24‐ and 48‐hr starvation) were given a choice of kin and a non‐kin larva. Kin recognition of A. herbicolus was affected by the hunger level. Adults not starved before the test significantly preferred cannibalizing non‐kin larva. Conversely, adults starved for 24 and 48 hr showed no statistically significant preference between kin and non‐kin larvae. Furthermore, the latency reflected hunger level, where not starved adults had the most prolonged latency, while adults starved for 24 and 48 hr had intermediate and shortest latency. This study suggests A. herbicolus use innate recognition mechanisms to avoid kin cannibalism since the adults and larvae had no prior association before the experiment. The effect of familiarization on kin recognition in A. herbicolus should be further investigated.
Digital and microscopic tools for ultimate esthetics and precision
Authors: Mykhaylyuk Nazariy , Mykhaylyuk Bogdan , Blatz Markus B.
Published: January 2022

Objective

This clinical report describes and illustrates step‐by‐step protocols for interdisciplinary esthetic treatment with current digital and microscopic tools.

Clinical Considerations

Digital dentistry is no longer limited to impression making and restoration fabrication but starts already in the diagnostic and treatment planning phase. In particular, digital smile design tools have significantly improved clinical and laboratory workflows, allowing for natural and facially driven smiles, based on the patient's specific needs and preferences. Digital technologies also facilitate high precision and accuracy in the laboratory, which are interconnected with the quality of the clinical care. Precision and minimally invasive dentistry require visual magnification aids through high‐power loupes or, even better, surgical microscopes. For optimal clinical success, however, these tools must be integrated into efficient workflows and made part of a comprehensive clinical and laboratory concept.

Conclusions

Digital and high‐magnification tools in clinics and dental laboratories facilitate highly esthetic and precise outcomes when integrated into a comprehensive treatment concept.

Clinical Significance

While a plethora of new tools and technologies is available for the dental laboratory and clinical practice, they can be daunting. Clear step‐by‐step workflows and protocols must be followed to apply them in a most efficient and effective manner for optimal outcomes.
The effect of contemporary finishing and polishing systems on the surface roughness of bulk fill resin composite and nanocomposites
Authors: Gömleksiz Seda , Gömleksiz Oğuzhan
Published: January 2022

Objective

To evaluate the effects of various finishing and polishing (F/P) systems regarding the surface roughness (Ra) value of two nanocomposites and a bulk fill resin composite.

Methods and Materials

Three resin composites (Filtek Z550, Filtek Ultimate Body, Filtek Bulk Fill Posterior) were tested. Forty disk‐shaped specimens of each material were cured under Mylar strip and then randomly divided into four subgroups according to the F/P method (n = 10): Control, Sof‐Lex Spiral Wheels, Astropol, and Clearfil Twist Dia. Ra values was measured and the surfaces were examined under scanning electron microscope. The data were analyzed by generalized linear models (p < 0.05).

Results

The Filtek Bulk Fill Posterior had the highest Ra value while Filtek Ultimate Body was the resin composite with the lowest roughness (p < 0.05). Considering the average Ra values after polishing, while the lowest Ra in all groups was obtained with the control group, the Clearfil Twist Dia showed similar Ra to the control group (p > 0.05). The samples polished with Sof‐Lex Spiral Wheels had the highest Ra (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

In addition to the resin composite type, the F/P technique greatly affected the Ra value of resin composite. The nanocomposites exhibited with the lowest Ra compared to the bulk fill resin composite after F/P. It was observed that the diamond containing‐polishing system created smoother surfaces than the aluminum oxide containing‐ and silicon carbide containing‐polishing systems.

Clinical Significance

In terms of Ra, the nanocomposites exhibited better performance than the bulk fill resin composites. Nowadays, newly developed polishing systems containing diamonds can be successful at a comparable level to existing polishing systems. For this reason, these systems are preferable for polishing both nanocomposites and bulk fill resin composites.
Prediction of bruise in peach with impact energy
Authors: Yeşiloğlu Cevher Elçin , Öztekin Yeşim Benal
Published: January 2022

The aim of this study is to find out the factors affecting mechanical bruising of peach and to develop a model for the prediction of the bruise that occurs in peach in harvest and post‐harvest processes. For this purpose, experiments were carried out with Redhaven, Glohaven, and Dixired peach varieties. The peaches were harvested in three different periods. Researches on experiment materials were carried out after storing in two different environments, room temperature and cold storage conditions. In the study, pendulum impact test setup was used to create different degrees of bruise on peaches. Regression models were created with “Multiple Linear Regression” analysis to prediction the amount of bruise volume by using impact energy, maximum contact force, radius of curvature, and Magness–Taylor force factors obtained based on the measurement and calculation results. As a result, it was found that all of the multiple linear regression models created for the prediction of bruising in peach fruit were statistically significant (p ≤.01).

Practical Applications

Damages in fruits cause quality loss in the product. Mechanical damage can occur at many different stages, such as during the harvesting and postharvest processing of the material, or during manual handling. Peach fruit is sensitive to different types of damage that may occur during and after harvest. In this study, models were developed for the prediction of fruit damage by working on some peach cultivars. With the study, suggestions were made for the prevention of damage to the peach during harvest and postharvest processes. In addition, in the light of the information obtained, it will provide a reference for the improvement of systems and designs used or to be installed for harvest and postharvest processing of peach fruit.
The effect of rectus reapproximation on postoperative muscle strength and core endurance in cesarean section: A prospective case–control study
Authors: Demir Çaltekin Melike , Doğan Hanife , Onat Taylan , Aydoğan Kırmızı Demet , Başer Emre , Yalvaç Ethem Serdar
Published: January 2022

Aim

The necessity of the reapproximation technique of the rectus abdominis muscle in the cesarean section (CS) is a controversial issue. We aimed to investigate the effect of the approximation of the rectus abdominis muscle in CS on postoperative pain intensity, muscle strength, and core endurance.

Methods

Thirty‐eight women whose rectus muscle was reapproximated in CS and 36 women whose muscles were not reapproximated were included in the study. All women were called in for evaluation in the postoperative period twice, in the 8th–10th and 24–26th weeks. While muscle strength was assessed by manual muscle test (MMT), core endurance was assessed by core stability tests [trunk flexion test (TFT), trunk extensor endurance test (TEET), lateral right/left bridge test (LRBT/LLBT)]. The distance between inter‐rectus diastasis (IRD) and rectus abdominis muscle thickness were evaluated by ultrasonography.

Results

In the first evaluation; in the rectus muscle reapproximation (RMR) group, lower and upper IRD values were less than the control group, while muscle strength, TFT, TEET, LRBT, and LLBT times were higher (p < 0.001, <0.001, 0.014, <0.001, <0.001, 0.002, and <0.001, respectively). In the second evaluation; in the RMR group, lower and upper IRD values were lower than the control group, while upper rectus abdominis muscle thickness, TFT, TEET, and LRBT times were higher (p < 0.001, <0.001, 0.046, <0.001, 0.032, and 0.010, respectively).

Conclusion

RMR in CS increases muscle strength and core endurance in the early postoperative period. RMR can facilitate the daily work of mother by increasing their physical fitness, especially in the early postoperative period.
Risk tolerance and fertility: Evidence from a lottery question in Italy
Authors: Bellani Daniela , Arpino Bruno
Published: January 2022

Objective

This article offers a contribution to the fertility literature by considering the role of risk tolerance in the fertility decision‐making process.

Background

Despite a long tradition in fertility research emphasizing the great uncertainty underlying the decision to have children, the role of risk tolerance has been overlooked. Elaborating on previous theoretical approaches including those that have considered children as a “security” or as a “risky investment,” whether and how risk tolerance is related to fertility outcomes has been analyzed.

Method

The analyses are based on longitudinal data from the Survey of Household Income and Wealth carried out by the Bank of Italy and rely on a lottery question to measure risk tolerance. Probit models for the probability of having the first and second child are estimated.

Results

Results indicate that the most risk‐tolerant individuals have the lowest probability to have a (an additional) child. This is consistent with the theoretical approaches that conceptualize children as an insurance and an immanent value. These results are particularly evident for low‐income individuals.

Implications

The findings point to the importance of considering risk tolerance in fertility research to gain a more complete understanding of heterogeneities in fertility behaviors.
Guidance or Gatekeeping: An Audit Examination of Racial Discrimination in Leading STEM High Schools
Authors: Janssen Jayley , Seaton Eleanor , Jager Justin , Miller Cindy Faith
Published: January 2022

Racial discrimination remains a mechanism by which ethnic–racial minorities are restricted from power. We examined whether racial discrimination restricts ethnic–racial minority access to high‐achieving STEM schools. We conducted an audit correspondence experiment to investigate racial discrimination in guidance counselor responsiveness to 976 emails from fictitious Asian, Black, Latina, and White mothers inquiring about school enrollment. Moderation analyses revealed that guidance counselors restricted access from Asian mothers at schools characterized as rural, lower socioeconomic status, and higher STEM prestige—evidence of gatekeeping points to the restriction of Asian students from advanced STEM opportunities. Results are situated within educational audit experiments to objectively document how racism from multiple facets of the education system intersect to inhibit ethnic–racial minority youth.