bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tinnitus Handicap Inventory for Evaluating Treatment Effects
Authors: Zeman Florian , Koller Michael , Figueiredo Ricardo , Aazevedo Andreia , Rates Marcello , Coelho Claudia , Kleinjung Tobias , de Ridder Dirk , Langguth Berthold , Landgrebe Michael
Published: April 2011

Objective

To determine the minimum change of the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) score that could be considered clinically relevant, the authors compared the absolute change of the THI with the Clinical Global Impression–Improvement (CGI‐I) score.

Study Design

International studies register with standardized data collection.

Setting

Tinnitus Research Initiative (TRI).

Subjects and Methods

Two hundred ten patients of the TRI database were eligible for this study. In the first analysis, the THI score change and CGI‐I ratings were compared with equipercentile linking. In a second analysis, the authors categorized the CGI‐I into the 4 groups much better or better, minimally better, no change, and worse and calculated the corresponding differences of the THI score and the effect sizes. An effect size separating the minimally better and the no‐change groups was chosen, and the referring THI mean score difference was calculated.

Results

According to the linking method, a CGI‐I value of 3 (minimally better) corresponded to a THI score reduction of 6 to 16, whereas the CGI‐I value of 4 (no change) corresponded to the range between improvement by 5 points and worsening by 4 points. For separating the no‐change and minimally better groups, an effect size d = 0.5 was determined, resulting in a minimal clinically relevant difference of ΔTHI = 7.

Conclusion

Two different methods yielded comparable results in identifying a reduction in the THI score of 6 and 7 points, respectively, as the minimal clinically relevant change. This study provides a first orientation for sample size calculations and for planning the design of future studies.
Explication of the Nature and Meaning of Nursing Diagnosis
Authors: Renpenning Katherine McLaughlin , SozWiss Gerd Bekel , Denyes Mary J. , Orem Dorothea E. , Taylor Susan G.
Published: April 2011

The purpose of this article is to stimulate discussion and further investigation about the nature and meaning of nursing diagnosis. Premises that place nursing diagnosis within the framework of self-care deficit nursing theory are presented. Also presented are propositions about nurses as diagnosticians, the process features of nursing diagnosis, and propositions about nursing diagnostic questions. The intellectual/cognitive processes essential to nursing diagnosis are discussed and investigative questions for nursing diagnostic stages proposed.
The Lingering Presence of the Nightingale Legacy
Authors: Hegge Margaret J.
Published: April 2011

The history of the nursing profession is still evolving. One-hundred years ago, Nightingale died, leaving a legacy of philosophical cornerstones that still infuses the profession. Her idealism flows through her writings, as fresh today as 150 years ago. The initiatives of nursing today had their roots in Nightingale ideals. The alignment of current trends in nursing with Nightingale constructs is striking. Contemporary nurses are challenged to propel these ideals forward. The author here tracks Nightingale quotes, events, and writings with current initiatives, linking philosophical ideals to practical realities of current nursing practice. Nightingale constructs influencing nursing theories and models are examined.
Nursing as if the Future Matters
Authors: Clarke Pamela N. , Butterfield Patricia
Published: April 2011

Issues related to environmental nursing science are presented in an interview with Patricia Butterfield. She addresses the importance of thinking about the future from an environmental macro perspective in terms of science, teaching and practice.
Pharmacist’s Role in Dispensing Opioids for Acute and Chronic Pain
Authors: Marlowe Karen F. , Geiler Richard
Published: April 2011

Pain continues to be a serious health care concern in the United States. Patients with chronic pain experience the impact of the disease throughout their lives including their social interactions, family relationships, and in many cases economic productivity. Multiple surveys have found that many pharmacists hold misconceptions regarding opioids, pain disease states, and their understandings of current regulations. Multiple barriers affect the ability of pharmacists to deliver care to patients' prescribed opioid therapy. Inadequate communication between health care professionals and patients is one of the hurdles, which prevents quality care. Increased communication between health care providers including access to health information is one step, which is crucial to improving provision of pharmacotherapy. Finally, the quality of educational opportunities relative to opioids and pain management specifically for pharmacists needs to be increased, and consideration needs to be given for making appropriate pain management education mandatory.
Poly(styrene-acrylamide-acrylic acid) copolymer fluorescent microspheres with improved hydrophilicity: preparation and influence on protein immobilization
Authors: Pan Xinghua , Ju Jianhui , Li Jianjun , Wu Daocheng
Published: April 2011

Poly(styrene-acrylamide-acrylic acid) copolymer fluorescent microspheres (PSAAFMs) with improved surface hydrophilicity were synthesized through an improved soap-free emulsion copolymerization method, in which the proportion of acrylamide on the surface of the microspheres was increased. Azidocarbonyl groups, which can be rapidly coupled with proteins under mild conditions, were introduced onto the PSAAFMs using an azido reaction. The PSAAFMs were characterized using a fluorescence microscope, an ultraviolet/visible spectrometer, a Fourier transforms infrared spectrometer, a transmission electron microscope (TEM), a size analyzer, and a fluorescence spectrophotometer. Furthermore, covalent linking through the azidocarbonyl groups and physical nonspecific attachments of bovine serum albumin (BSA), trypsin, and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) onto the surface of the microspheres were also determined to evaluate the influence of improved surface hydrophilicity on nonspecific protein adsorption. Results from the TEM and size analyzer showed that the PSAAFMs maintained spherical shapes with an average diameter of 2.5 ± 0.22 µm. Fluorescence measurement indicated that the maximum emission wavelength underwent a slight blue shift from 514 to 512 nm. Environmental factors, such as pH value, imposed certain effects on fluorescence intensities. The linear relationship between fluorescence intensity and microspheres' concentration, which ranged from 1 × 10−3 to 10 × 10−3 g L−1, suggest their quantitative application. The significant decrease in the physical nonspecific adsorption of BSA, trypsin, and HCG in comparison with the microspheres without improved hydrophilicity suggest the increased amount of acrylamide on the surface of the microspheres. The protein covalent immobilization experiments revealed significant increases in BSA and HCG immobilization in comparison with the nonspecific physical attachment. The combination of high hydrophilicity and electrostatic repulsion could severely inhibit nonspecific protein attachment onto the surface of the microspheres.
An Iterative Approach to the Development of a Professional Development Intervention for Head Start Teachers
Authors: Diamond Karen E. , Powell Douglas R.
Published: April 2011

Access to high-quality education is uneven, particularly for preschool children who are at risk for school failure. Professional development (PD) for teachers, including the use of coaching, is an increasingly common approach for promoting evidence-based instruction. Existing research suggests that the frequency of teacher participation in a PD intervention is related to the magnitude of PD effects, but there is little research on how to engage teachers in learning about and implementing evidence-based practices. In this article, the authors describe an iterative approach to the development of a PD intervention that employs coaching aimed at helping Head Start teachers improve their language and literacy instruction. The authors describe sequential, small-scale studies that influenced their approach to PD. Results of a pilot study of the PD intervention suggested that teachers had positive responses to the intervention content and approach. Implications for developing and implementing PD interventions designed to improve classroom instruction are included.
Health Care Reform’s Impact on Home Medical Equipment (HME) Providers
Authors: Lepelstat Lawrence
Published: April 2011

Durable Medical Equipment (DME) suppliers will be impacted by numerous provisions of the health reform legislation collectively known as the Affordable Care Act. Specifically, the areas of greatest impact are in reimbursement, access and government oversight.
The Analysis of Mean Differences Using Mean and Covariance Structure Analysis
Authors: Sharma Subhash , Durvasula Srinivas , Ployhart Robert E.
Published: April 2011

Many studies in the social and organizational sciences are concerned with estimating and testing between-group mean differences. Typically, responses to these scales are summed, and the summed score or the mean of the summed score is then compared across groups using standard statistical tests ( t tests) and described using d values. Even though there is a call for establishing measurement invariance prior to examining mean differences, very few studies seem to follow this advice. In this study, the authors extend prior invariance work to demonstrate how a lack of invariance can obscure the effect size, direction, and statistical significance of mean differences. In particular, the authors show how manifest mean differences can be exaggerated, reduced, or even switch in direction relative to latent mean differences. Thus, they emphasize the statistical and substantive consequences that may occur when the scales used to perform mean comparisons do not possess measurement invariance.
The effect of exercise therapy on fatigue in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Andreasen AK , Stenager E , Dalgas U
Published: April 2011

Background: Fatigue occurs in the majority of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and therapeutic possibilities are few. Exercise therapy is a therapeutic option but no studies have systematically reviewed the existing literature evaluating the effect of exercise therapy on MS fatigue.

Objective: To determine the effect of exercise therapy on MS fatigue by systematically reviewing the literature.

Methods: A comprehensive literature search (PubMed, SweMed +, Embase, Cochrane, CINAHL, PEDro, Sport Discuss and Bibliotek.dk) was conducted.

Results: Studies evaluating the effect of exercise therapy on MS fatigue show heterogeneous results and only few studies have evaluated MS fatigue as the primary outcome. The heterogeneous findings seem to be related to the selected study population, which in many studies are non-fatigued. Most studies that have included fatigued patients with MS show positive effects, although it is not clear whether any exercise modalities are superior to others because there are no comparative studies regarding different exercise interventions.

Conclusion: Exercise therapy has the potential to induce a positive effect on MS fatigue, but findings are heterogeneous probably because many studies have applied non-fatigued study populations. Furthermore, only few studies have evaluated MS fatigue as the primary outcome measure, emphasizing the need for future studies within this field.
Genotype association of C(-735)T polymorphism of the MMP-2 gene with the risk of carotid atherosclerosis-vulnerable plaque in the Han Chinese population
Authors: Feng Wang  , Jin Xiao-ping , Min Zhu  , Lin Xian-fang , Hu Xiao-fei , Wang Wan-fen , Zhao Han  , Huang Ling-zhi
Published: April 2011

The aim of the current study was to explore the possible association of the polymorphism of C(-735)T in MMP-2 with the vulnerable plaque risk in ultrasound-confirmed carotid atherosclerosis cases. Serum MMP-2 levels were measured to investigate the relationship between the MMP-2 level and the genetic variability. The MMP-2 polymorphism was detected by PCR-RFLP in the 243 cases with stable plaque and 221 cases with vulnerable plaque. Serum MMP-2 levels were measured with ELISA. The results showed that MMP-2 was significantly higher in the cases with vulnerable plaque than in the cases with stable plaque. A statistical difference was found between the genotype distributions in the vulnerable plaque cases and that in the stable cases. T-allele frequency was also found to be over-represented in the stable plaque cases than in the vulnerable plaque cases, which might partially explain the observed difference in the serum MMP-2 levels in the different plaque cases. The current results also suggested that MMP-2 was a risk factor in the cases with vulnerable plaques, whereas TT genotype and T allele might be protective factors in the cases with vulnerable plaques.
Contextualization and value-in-context: How context frames exchange
Authors: Chandler Jennifer D. , Vargo Stephen L.
Published: April 2011

The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of context in service provision and, more broadly, in market co-creation. We oscillate foci from an individual actor at the micro level to a market at the macro level to make the scaleable influence of context more salient. This reveals the meso level, which is nestled between the micro and macro levels. We discuss how these market levels influence one another. We conceptualize markets as simultaneous, continuous exchanges that are bounded by each of these levels of context.
Inside and Outside: The Relation between Emotional States and Expressions
Authors: Lewis Michael
Published: April 2011

The association between emotional expression and physiological emotional states is at best, modest. Using data from the autonomic nervous system (ANS), central nervous system (CNS), and hormonal systems there appears to be an association which accounts for approximately 10—20% of the variance between them. Excluding measurement error, it is proposed that the need for action and regulation accounts for the low levels of synchrony. Understanding system responses allows for the study of individual differences as a way of understanding both emotional expressions and states.
Mutations in ANKRD26 are responsible for a frequent form of inherited thrombocytopenia: analysis of 78 patients from 21 families
Authors: Noris Patrizia , Perrotta Silverio , Seri Marco , Pecci Alessandro , Gnan Chiara , Loffredo Giuseppe , Pujol-Moix Nuria , Zecca Marco , Scognamiglio Francesca , De Rocco Daniela , Punzo Francesca , Melazzini Federica , Scianguetta Saverio , Casale Maddalena , Marconi Caterina , Pippucci Tommaso , Amendola Giovanni , Notarangelo Lucia D. , Klersy Catherine , Civaschi Elisa , Balduini Carlo L. , Savoia Anna
Published: April 2011

Until recently, thrombocytopenia 2 (THC2) was considered an exceedingly rare form of autosomal dominant thrombocytopenia and only 2 families were known. However, we recently identified mutations in the 5′-untranslated region of the ANKRD26 gene in 9 THC2 families. Here we report on 12 additional pedigrees with ANKRD26 mutations, 6 of which are new. Because THC2 affected 21 of the 210 families in our database, it has to be considered one of the less rare forms of inherited thrombocytopenia. Analysis of all 21 families with ANKRD26 mutations identified to date revealed that thrombocytopenia and bleeding tendency were usually mild. Nearly all patients had no platelet macrocytosis, and this characteristic distinguishes THC2 from most other forms of inherited thrombocytopenia. In the majority of cases, platelets were deficient in glycoprotein Ia and α-granules, whereas in vitro platelet aggregation was normal. Bone marrow examination and serum thrombopoietin levels suggested that thrombocytopenia was derived from dysmegakaryopoiesis. Unexplained high values of hemoglobin and leukocytes were observed in a few cases. An unexpected finding that warrants further investigation was a high incidence of acute leukemia. Given the scarcity of distinctive characteristics, the ANKRD26-related thrombocytopenia has to be taken into consideration in the differential diagnosis of isolated thrombocytopenias.
Sponge non-metastatic Group I Nme gene/protein - structure and function is conserved from sponges to humans
Authors: Perina Drago , Bosnar Maja Herak , Bago Ružica , Mikoč Andreja , Harcet Matija , Deželjin Martina , Ćetković Helena
Published: April 2011

Background

Nucleoside diphosphate kinases NDPK are evolutionarily conserved enzymes present in Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya, with human Nme1 the most studied representative of the family and the first identified metastasis suppressor. Sponges (Porifera) are simple metazoans without tissues, closest to the common ancestor of all animals. They changed little during evolution and probably provide the best insight into the metazoan ancestor's genomic features. Recent studies show that sponges have a wide repertoire of genes many of which are involved in diseases in more complex metazoans. The original function of those genes and the way it has evolved in the animal lineage is largely unknown. Here we report new results on the metastasis suppressor gene/protein homolog from the marine sponge Suberites domuncula, NmeGp1Sd. The purpose of this study was to investigate the properties of the sponge Group I Nme gene and protein, and compare it to its human homolog in order to elucidate the evolution of the structure and function of Nme.

Results

We found that sponge genes coding for Group I Nme protein are intron-rich. Furthermore, we discovered that the sponge NmeGp1Sd protein has a similar level of kinase activity as its human homolog Nme1, does not cleave negatively supercoiled DNA and shows nonspecific DNA-binding activity. The sponge NmeGp1Sd forms a hexamer, like human Nme1, and all other eukaryotic Nme proteins. NmeGp1Sd interacts with human Nme1 in human cells and exhibits the same subcellular localization. Stable clones expressing sponge NmeGp1Sd inhibited the migratory potential of CAL 27 cells, as already reported for human Nme1, which suggests that Nme's function in migratory processes was engaged long before the composition of true tissues.

Conclusions

This study suggests that the ancestor of all animals possessed a NmeGp1 protein with properties and functions similar to evolutionarily recent versions of the protein, even before the appearance of true tissues and the origin of tumors and metastasis.
PTPRF is disrupted in a patient with syndromic amastia
Authors: Ausavarat Surasawadee , Tongkobpetch Siraprapa , Praphanphoj Verayuth , Mahatumarat Charan , Rojvachiranonda Nond , Snabboon Thiti , Markello Thomas C , Gahl William A , Suphapeetiporn Kanya , Shotelersuk Vorasuk
Published: April 2011

Background

The presence of mammary glands distinguishes mammals from other organisms. Despite significant advances in defining the signaling pathways responsible for mammary gland development in mice, our understanding of human mammary gland development remains rudimentary. Here, we identified a woman with bilateral amastia, ectodermal dysplasia and unilateral renal agenesis. She was found to have a chromosomal balanced translocation, 46,XX,t(1;20)(p34.1;q13.13). In addition to characterization of her clinical and cytogenetic features, we successfully identified the interrupted gene and studied its consequences.

Methods

Characterization of the breakpoints was performed by molecular cytogenetic techniques. The interrupted gene was further analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting. Mutation analysis and high-density SNP array were carried out in order to find a pathogenic mutation. Allele segregations were obtained by haplotype analysis.

Results

We enabled to identify its breakpoint on chromosome 1 interrupting the protein tyrosine receptor type F gene (PTPRF). While the patient's mother and sisters also harbored the translocated chromosome, their non-translocated chromosomes 1 were different from that of the patient. Although a definite pathogenic mutation on the paternal allele could not be identified, PTPRF's RNA and protein of the patient were significantly less than those of her unaffected family members.

Conclusions

Although ptprf has been shown to involve in murine mammary gland development, no evidence has incorporated PTPRF in human organ development. We, for the first time, demonstrated the possible association of PTPRF with syndromic amastia, making it a prime candidate to investigate for its spatial and temporal roles in human breast development.
Assessing the severity of conjunctivochalasis in a senile population: a community-based epidemiology study in Shanghai, China
Authors: Zhang Xingru , Li Qingsong , Zou Haidong , Peng Jinjuan , Shi Caicai , Zhou Huanming , Zhang Guili , Xiang Minhong , Li Yijie
Published: April 2011

Background

In a previous hospital-based study, conjunctivochalasis was diagnosed in 85.24% of 1416 patients aged 1 to 94 years and in 98.5% of patients aged 60 or older. This report is the first to present data from a large scale epidemiologic study on conjunctivochalasis in a community-based population, thereby helping to better identify the severity of conjunctivochalasis in the general population.

Methods

This community-based epidemiologic study was conducted to evaluate prevalence rates and related factors of conjunctivochalasis among people over 60 years old in the CaoYangXinCun community, Shanghai, China. Cluster sampling was used in randomly selected local residents aged no less than 60 years. A cross-sectional study using a slit-lamp ophthalmoscope for examination was carried out from September 2008 to October 2008. A modified grading system based on the well-accepted Meller and Tseng's system was used. SPSS10.0 software was used for data and statistical analysis.

Results

A total of 2110 residents took part in this study, with a response rate of 94.85%. Among these, 930 cases were confirmed as conjunctivochalasis, with a prevalence rate of 44.08%. The prevalence rate increased with age (X2 = 10.44, P < 0.01). A total of 1762 eyes were confirmed as conjunctivochalasis eyes. Of these eyes, 943 were classified as Grade I (53.52%), 647 as Grade II (36.72%), 162 as Grade III (9.19%), and the remaining 10 eyes as Grade IV (0.57%). The conjunctiva usually accumulated on the nasal and temporal areas of the conjunctival sac (944 eyes, 53.58%).

Conclusions

Although the rate estimated in the present study is not as high as reported in the former hospital-based study, conjunctivochalasis is considered a common age-related eye disease, deserving more attention to its early diagnosis.
Automated surveillance of 911 call data for detection of possible water contamination incidents
Authors: Haas Adam J , Gibbons Darcy , Dangel Chrissy , Allgeier Steve
Published: April 2011

Background

Drinking water contamination, with the capability to affect large populations, poses a significant risk to public health. In recent water contamination events, the impact of contamination on public health appeared in data streams monitoring health-seeking behavior. While public health surveillance has traditionally focused on the detection of pathogens, developing methods for detection of illness from fast-acting chemicals has not been an emphasis.

Methods

An automated surveillance system was implemented for Cincinnati's drinking water contamination warning system to monitor health-related 911 calls in the city of Cincinnati. Incident codes indicative of possible water contamination were filtered from all 911 calls for analysis. The 911 surveillance system uses a space-time scan statistic to detect potential water contamination incidents. The frequency and characteristics of the 911 alarms over a 2.5 year period were studied.

Results

During the evaluation, 85 alarms occurred, although most occurred prior to the implementation of an additional alerting constraint in May 2009. Data were available for analysis approximately 48 minutes after calls indicating alarms may be generated 1-2 hours after a rapid increase in call volume. Most alerts occurred in areas of high population density. The average alarm area was 9.22 square kilometers. The average number of cases in an alarm was nine calls.

Conclusions

The 911 surveillance system provides timely notification of possible public health events, but did have limitations. While the alarms contained incident codes and location of the caller, additional information such as medical status was not available to assist validating the cause of the alarm. Furthermore, users indicated that a better understanding of 911 system functionality is necessary to understand how it would behave in an actual water contamination event.
Complex modulation of androgen responsive gene expression by methoxyacetic acid
Authors: Bagchi Gargi , Zhang Yijing , Stanley Kerri A , Waxman David J
Published: April 2011

Background

Optimal androgen signaling is critical for testicular development and spermatogenesis. Methoxyacetic acid (MAA), the primary active metabolite of the industrial chemical ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, disrupts spermatogenesis and causes testicular atrophy. Transcriptionaltrans-activation studies have indicated that MAA can enhance androgen receptor activity, however, whether MAA actually impacts the expression of androgen-responsive genesin vivo, and which genes might be affected is not known.

Methods

A mouse TM3 Leydig cell line that stably expresses androgen receptor (TM3-AR) was prepared and analyzed by transcriptional profiling to identify target gene interactions between MAA and testosterone on a global scale.

Results

MAA is shown to have widespread effects on androgen-responsive genes, affecting processes ranging from apoptosis to ion transport, cell adhesion, phosphorylation and transcription, with MAA able to enhance, as well as antagonize, androgenic responses. Moreover, testosterone is shown to exert both positive and negative effects on MAA gene responses. Motif analysis indicated that binding sites for FOX, HOX, LEF/TCF, STAT5 and MEF2 family transcription factors are among the most highly enriched in genes regulated by testosterone and MAA. Notably, 65 FOXO targets were repressed by testosterone or showed repression enhanced by MAA with testosterone; these include 16 genes associated with developmental processes, six of which areHoxgenes.

Conclusions

These findings highlight the complex interactions between testosterone and MAA, and provide insight into the effects of MAA exposure on androgen-dependent processes in a Leydig cell model.
In vitro migration of cytotoxic T lymphocyte derived from a colon carcinoma patient is dependent on CCL2 and CCR2
Authors: Berencsi Klara , Rani Pyapalli , Zhang Tianqian , Gross Laura , Mastrangelo Michael , Meropol Neal J , Herlyn Dorothee , Somasundaram Rajasekharan
Published: April 2011

Background

Infiltration of colorectal carcinomas (CRC) with T-cells has been associated with good prognosis. There are some indications that chemokines could be involved in T-cell infiltration of tumors. Selective modulation of chemokine activity at the tumor site could attract immune cells resulting in tumor growth inhibition. In mouse tumor model systems, gene therapy with chemokines or administration of antibody (Ab)-chemokine fusion proteins have provided potent immune mediated tumor rejection which was mediated by infiltrating T cells at the tumor site. To develop such immunotherapeutic strategies for cancer patients, one must identify chemokines and their receptors involved in T-cell migration toward tumor cells.

Methods

To identify chemokine and chemokine receptors involved in T-cell migration toward CRC cells, we have used our previously published three-dimensional organotypic CRC culture system. Organotypic culture was initiated with a layer of fetal fibroblast cells mixed with collagen matrix in a 24 well tissue culture plate. A layer of CRC cells was placed on top of the fibroblast-collagen layer which was followed by a separating layer of fibroblasts in collagen matrix. Anti-CRC specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) mixed with fibroblasts in collagen matrix were placed on top of the separating layer. Excess chemokine ligand (CCL) or Abs to chemokine or chemokine receptor (CCR) were used in migration inhibition assays to identify the chemokine and the receptor involved in CTL migration.

Results

Inclusion of excess CCL2 in T-cell layer or Ab to CCL2 in separating layer of collagen fibroblasts blocked the migration of CTLs toward tumor cells and in turn significantly inhibited tumor cell apoptosis. Also, Ab to CCR2 in the separating layer of collagen and fibroblasts blocked the migration of CTLs toward tumor cells and subsequently inhibited tumor cell apoptosis. Expression of CCR2 in four additional CRC patients' lymphocytes isolated from infiltrating tumor tissues suggests their role in migration in other CRC patients.

Conclusions

Our data suggest that CCL2 secreted by tumor cells and CCR2 receptors on CTLs are involved in migration of CTLs towards tumor. Gene therapy of tumor cells with CCL2 or CCL2/anti-tumor Ab fusion proteins may attract CTLs that potentially could inhibit tumor growth.
Preparation and evaluation of novel mixed micelles as nanocarriers for intravenous delivery of propofol
Authors: Li Xinru , Zhang Yanhui , Fan Yating , Zhou Yanxia , Wang Xiaoning , Fan Chao , Liu Yan , Zhang Qiang
Published: April 2011

Novel mixed polymeric micelles formed from biocompatible polymers, poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactide) (mPEG-PLA) and polyoxyethylene-660-12-hydroxy stearate (Solutol HS15), were fabricated and used as a nanocarrier for solubilizing poorly soluble anesthetic drug propofol. The solubilization of propofol by the mixed micelles was more efficient than those made of mPEG-PLA alone. Micelles with the optimized composition of mPEG-PLA/Solutol HS15/propofol = 10/1/5 by weight had particle size of about 101 nm with narrow distribution (polydispersity index of about 0.12). Stability analysis of the mixed micelles in bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution indicated that the diblock copolymer mPEG efficiently protected the BSA adsorption on the mixed micelles because the hydrophobic groups of the copolymer were efficiently screened by mPEG, and propofol-loaded mixed micelles were stable upon storage for at least 6 months. The content of free propofol in the aqueous phase for mixed micelles was lower by 74% than that for the commercial lipid emulsion. No significant differences in times to unconsciousness and recovery of righting reflex were observed between mixed micelles and commercial lipid formulation. The pharmacological effect may serve as pharmaceutical nanocarriers with improved solubilization capacity for poorly soluble drugs.
A review on boiling heat transfer enhancement with nanofluids
Authors: Barber Jacqueline , Brutin David , Tadrist Lounes
Published: April 2011

There has been increasing interest of late in nanofluid boiling and its use in heat transfer enhancement. This article covers recent advances in the last decade by researchers in both pool boiling and convective boiling applications, with nanofluids as the working fluid. The available data in the literature is reviewed in terms of enhancements, and degradations in the nucleate boiling heat transfer and critical heat flux. Conflicting data have been presented in the literature on the effect that nanofluids have on the boiling heat-transfer coefficient; however, almost all researchers have noted an enhancement in the critical heat flux during nanofluid boiling. Several researchers have observed nanoparticle deposition at the heater surface, which they have related back to the critical heat flux enhancement.
Solution-processed germanium nanowire-positioned Schottky solar cells
Authors: Yun Ju-Hyung , Park Yun Chang , Kim Joondong , Lee Hak-Joo , Anderson Wayne A , Park Jeunghee
Published: April 2011

Germanium nanowire (GeNW)-positioned Schottky solar cell was fabricated by a solution process. A GeNW-containing solution was spread out onto asymmetric metal electrodes to produce a rectifying current flow. Under one-sun illumination, the GeNW-positioned Schottky solar cell yields an open-circuit voltage of 177 mV and a short-circuit current of 19.2 nA. Schottky and ohmic contacts between a single GeNW and different metal electrodes were systematically investigated. This solution process may provide a route to the cost-effective nanostructure solar architecture.
Enhanced convective heat transfer using graphene dispersed nanofluids
Authors: Baby Tessy Theres , Ramaprabhu Sundara
Published: April 2011

Nanofluids are having wide area of application in electronic and cooling industry. In the present work, hydrogen exfoliated graphene (HEG) dispersed deionized (DI) water, and ethylene glycol (EG) based nanofluids were developed. Further, thermal conductivity and heat transfer properties of these nanofluids were systematically investigated. HEG was synthesized by exfoliating graphite oxide in H2 atmosphere at 200°C. The nanofluids were prepared by dispersing functionalized HEG (f-HEG) in DI water and EG without the use of any surfactant. HEG and f-HEG were characterized by powder X-ray diffractometry, electron microscopy, Raman and FTIR spectroscopy. Thermal and electrical conductivities of f-HEG dispersed DI water and EG based nanofluids were measured for different volume fractions and at different temperatures. A 0.05% volume fraction of f-HEG dispersed DI water based nanofluid shows an enhancement in thermal conductivity of about 16% at 25°C and 75% at 50°C. The enhancement in Nusselts number for these nanofluids is more than that of thermal conductivity.
Particle shape effect on heat transfer performance in an oscillating heat pipe
Authors: Ji Yulong , Wilson Corey , Chen Hsiu-hung , Ma Hongbin
Published: April 2011

The effect of alumina nanoparticles on the heat transfer performance of an oscillating heat pipe (OHP) was investigated experimentally. A binary mixture of ethylene glycol (EG) and deionized water (50/50 by volume) was used as the base fluid for the OHP. Four types of nanoparticles with shapes of platelet, blade, cylinder, and brick were studied, respectively. Experimental results show that the alumina nanoparticles added in the OHP significantly affect the heat transfer performance and it depends on the particle shape and volume fraction. When the OHP was charged with EG and cylinder-like alumina nanoparticles, the OHP can achieve the best heat transfer performance among four types of particles investigated herein. In addition, even though previous research found that these alumina nanofluids were not beneficial in laminar or turbulent flow mode, they can enhance the heat transfer performance of an OHP.
A case of IgG4-related tubulointerstitial nephritis concurrent with Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis
Authors: Tamai Rukako , Hasegawa Yoshiyuki , Hisano Satoshi , Miyake Katsuhisa , Nakashima Hitoshi , Saito Takao
Published: April 2011

We describe a 72-year-old man, who had been suffered from Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) several times, presented with hematoproteinuria with granular cast, and general lymphadenopathy. The immunological examination of the serum showed polyclonal hypergammagloburinemia with high value of IgG4. The renal biopsy revealed interstitial inflammatory cell infiltration, including infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells, and segmental glomerulonephritis. Direct immunofluorescence microscopy revealed apparent positive staining with anti-human IgA, and anti-human IgG in glomeruli, anti-human IgG4 antibody staining showed many positive plasma cells in the interstitium. The patient was diagnosed with HSP nephritis that was complicated by IgG4-related nephropathy. As a result of the treatment with 30mg prednisolone, the swelling of the LNs decreased, but the patient continued to have persistent hematoproteinuria.
Use of deferred consent for severely ill children in a multi-centre phase III trial
Authors: Maitland Kathryn , Molyneux Sassy , Boga Mwamvua , Kiguli Sarah , Lang Trudie
Published: April 2011

Background

Voluntary participation of a subject in research respects a subject's rights, strengthens its ethical conduct, and is formalized by the informed consent process. Clinical trials of life-saving interventions for medical emergencies often necessitate enrolment of patients where prior written individual informed consent is impossible. Although there are regulations and guidelines on protecting subjects in emergency research, these have been criticised for being limited and unnecessarily restrictive. Across Europe and the United States stringent regulations have resulted in a substantial decline of clinical trials involving emergency interventions.

Methods

We are conducting a trial of fluid resuscitation in children with hypovolaemic shock in six hospitals across three malaria-endemic African countries. The design is pragmatic as children are enrolled on clinical criteria alone and is being conducted in hospitals with facilities typical of many district hospitals across Africa. The trial aims to inform strategy for managing children with febrile illness and features of shock. In order to develop appropriate consent processes for the trial, we conducted a narrative review of current international recommendations for emergency consent.

Results

Practical or specific guidance was generally sparse or confusing with few examples in the literature to direct our informed consent process. For a sub-group of children who were critically sick or where parents themselves were otherwise too distressed to consider prior written consent, we opted for a modified form of deferred consent. This included verbal assent from guardians at the point of enrolment, with full written consent obtained after stabilising the child. For children who died prior to full written consent, ethical permission was received to waiver full consent.

Conclusions

In light of the controversy around guidance and regulations in this area we report how and why we have used a modified system of deferred consent in an emergency intervention trial in children. Although approved by all relevant ethics committees and operational in 3 countries in Africa, formal research is now necessary to explore the perceptions and experiences of parents, health workers, researchers and ethics committees of the modified method of deferred consent.
Reengineering the clinical research enterprise to involve more community clinicians
Authors: Ryan Gery , Berrebi Claude , Beckett Megan , Taylor Stephanie , Quiter Elaine , Cho Michelle , Pincus Harold , Kahn Katherine
Published: April 2011

Background

The National Institutes of Health has called for expansion of practice-based research to improve the clinical research enterprise.

Methods

This paper presents a model for the reorganization of clinical research to foster long-term participation by community clinicians.

Based on the literature and interviews with clinicians and other stakeholders, we posited a model, conducted further interviews to test the viability of the model, and further adapted it.

Results

We propose a three-dimensional system of checks and balances to support community clinicians using research support organizations, community outreach, a web-based registry of clinicians and studies, web-based training services, quality audits, and a feedback mechanism for clinicians engaged in research.

Conclusions

The proposed model is designed to offer a systemic mechanism to address current barriers that prevent clinicians from participation in research. Transparent mechanisms to guarantee the safety of patients and the integrity of the research enterprise paired with efficiencies and economies of scale are maintained by centralizing some of the functions. Assigning other responsibilities to more local levels assures flexibility with respect to the size of the clinician networks and the changing needs of researchers.
The importance of localizing pulmonary veins in atrial septal defect closure!
Authors: Amirghofran Ahmad Ali , Karimi Ashkan , Ajami Gholam Hossein , Rasekhi Alireza
Published: April 2011

An 8-year-old girl was admitted for a simple closure of echocardiographically diagnosed Atrial Septal Defect (ASD). During the operation the right pulmonary veins orifices were not detected in the left atrium and attempt to localize them led to the discovery of three additional anomalies, namely Interrupted Inferior Vena Cava (IIVC), Scimitar syndrome, and systemic arterial supply of the lung. Postoperatively these finding were confirmed by CT angiography. This case report emphasizes the need for adequate preoperative diagnosis and presents a very rare constellation of four congenital anomalies that to the best of our knowledge is not reported before.
Immune response CC chemokines CCL2 and CCL5 are associated with pulmonary sarcoidosis
Authors: Palchevskiy Vyacheslav , Hashemi Nastran , Weigt Stephen S , Xue Ying Ying , Derhovanessian Ariss , Keane Michael P , Strieter Robert M , Fishbein Michael C , Deng Jane C , Lynch Joseph P , Elashoff Robert , Belperio John A
Published: April 2011

Background

Pulmonary sarcoidosis involves an intense leukocyte infiltration of the lung with the formation of non-necrotizing granulomas. CC chemokines (chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2)-CCL5) are chemoattractants of mononuclear cells and act through seven transmembrane G-coupled receptors. Previous studies have demonstrated conflicting results with regard to the associations of these chemokines with sarcoidosis. In an effort to clarify previous discrepancies, we performed the largest observational study to date of CC chemokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis.

Results

BALF chemokine levels from 72 patients affected by pulmonary sarcoidosis were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and compared to 8 healthy volunteers. BALF CCL3 and CCL4 levels from pulmonary sarcoidosis patients were not increased compared to controls. However, CCL2 and CCL5 levels were elevated, and subgroup analysis showed higher levels of both chemokines in all stages of pulmonary sarcoidosis. CCL2, CCL5, CC chemokine receptor type 1 (CCR1), CCR2 and CCR3 were expressed from mononuclear cells forming the lung granulomas, while CCR5 was only found on mast cells.

Conclusions

These data suggest that CCL2 and CCL5 are important mediators in recruiting CCR1, CCR2, and CCR3 expressing mononuclear cells as well as CCR5-expressing mast cells during all stages of pulmonary sarcoidosis.
Activation of factor VII-activating protease in human inflammation: a sensor for cell death
Authors: Stephan Femke , Hazelzet Jan A , Bulder Ingrid , Boermeester Marja A , van Till JW Olivier , van der Poll Tom , Wuillemin Walter A , Aarden Lucien A , Zeerleder Sacha
Published: April 2011

Introduction

Cell death is a central event in the pathogenesis of sepsis and is reflected by circulating nucleosomes. Circulating nucleosomes were suggested to play an important role in inflammation and were demonstrated to correlate with severity and outcome in sepsis patients. We recently showed that plasma can release nucleosomes from late apoptotic cells. Factor VII-activating protease (FSAP) was identified to be the plasma serine protease responsible for nucleosome release. The aim of this study was to investigate FSAP activation in patients suffering from various inflammatory diseases of increasing severity.

Methods

We developed ELISAs to measure FSAP-C1-inhibitor and FSAP-α2-antiplasmin complexes in plasma. FSAP-inhibitor complexes were measured in the plasma of 20 adult patients undergoing transhiatal esophagectomy, 32 adult patients suffering from severe sepsis and 8 from septic shock and 38 children suffering from meningococcal sepsis.

Results

We demonstrate plasma FSAP to be activated upon contact with apoptotic and necrotic cells by an assay detecting complexes between FSAP and its target serpins α2-antiplasmin and C1-inhibitor, respectively. By means of that assay we demonstrate FSAP activation in post-surgery patients, patients suffering from severe sepsis, septic shock and meningococcal sepsis. Levels of FSAP-inhibitor complexes correlate with nucleosome levels and correlate with severity and mortality in these patients.

Conclusions

These results suggest FSAP activation to be a sensor for cell death in the circulation and that FSAP activation in sepsis might be involved in nucleosome release, thereby contributing to lethality.
A vertebrate case study of the quality of assemblies derived from next-generation sequences
Authors: Ye Liang , Hillier LaDeana W , Minx Patrick , Thane Nay , Locke Devin P , Martin John C , Chen Lei , Mitreva Makedonka , Miller Jason R , Haub Kevin V , Dooling David J , Mardis Elaine R , Wilson Richard K , Weinstock George M , Warren Wesley C
Published: April 2011

The unparalleled efficiency of next-generation sequencing (NGS) has prompted widespread adoption, but significant problems remain in the use of NGS data for whole genome assembly. We explore the advantages and disadvantages of chicken genome assemblies generated using a variety of sequencing and assembly methodologies. NGS assemblies are equivalent in some ways to a Sanger-based assembly yet deficient in others. Nonetheless, these assemblies are sufficient for the identification of the majority of genes and can reveal novel sequences when compared to existing assembly references.
Lasofoxifene: Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator for the Prevention and Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis
Authors: Peterson Gregory M , Naunton Mark , Tichelaar Lisette K , Gennari Luigi
Published: April 2011

Objective:

To review literature evaluating the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, and adverse effects of lasofoxifene (CP-336156), a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that is not approved for use in the US.

Data Sources:

Literature was accessed through the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases (1985-June 2010) using the terms lasofoxifene and selective estrogen receptor modulators. Reference lists from retrieved articles were also manually reviewed. The Food and Drug Administration and Pfizer provided additional information.

Study Selection and Data Extraction:

All clinical trials evaluating lasofoxifene were included in (his review. In addition, all articles evaluating the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and safety of lasofoxifene in humans were reviewed. DATA SYNTHESIS: Lasofoxifene is a third-generation SERM with markedly higher in vitro and in vivo potency and oral bioavailability than other SERMs. The drug has produced significant improvements in bone density and biochemical markers of bone turnover in preclinical studies and in Phase 2 and 3 clinical trials. In these trials, lasofoxifene has shown a favorable safety profile, with adverse events including hot (lushes, leg cramps, and increased vaginal moisture. One 2-year major comparative study in postmenopausal women determined that lasofoxifene and raloxifene were equally effective at increasing total hip bone mineral density (BMD), while lasofoxifene had a significantly greater effect on lumbar spine BMD.

Conclusions:

Osteoporosis is a significant health problem. While the results of further clinical trials are needed to define the risks and benefits of treatment, particularly relating to fractures, lasofoxifene may prove to be an effective and well-tolerated therapeutic option for the prevention of bone toss in postmenopausal women.
Hitchcock, the Holocaust, and the Long Take: Memory of the Camps
Authors: Jacobs Steven
Published: April 2011

In 1945, Alfred Hitchcock got involved in the production of a documentary film, which later would be called Memory of the Camps. Although Hitchcock's involvement in the project was rather minimal, his contribution interfered in an interesting way with some of the aesthetic preoccupations that particularly characterized his feature films of the 1940s. How are some of these interests, such as the fascination for morbid details, the use of fetish objects and a preference for long takes, connected to the issues of memory, trauma, and (historical) truth?