bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dear top management, please don’t make me a cynic: intention to sabotage
Authors: Abubakar A. Mohammed , Arasli Huseyin
Published: December 2016

Purpose

The conceptualization of service sabotage failed to adequately tap the domain of interest. Phenomena like turnover and service sabotage are difficult to measure and are not suitable for individual-level study. However, “intention” is suitable for individual-level or management-oriented studies. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

A new scale (eight items) to measure the intention to sabotage was developed and tested using a sample of bank (n=313) and insurance (n=258) employees in Nigeria. Cynicism and the desire for justice are the roots of sabotage. As such, the inability to stabilize institutionalized work processes and procedures may cause employees to be overcome with the intention to sabotage service, prior to the actual sabotage. Drawing on conservation of resources theory, this paper investigates the impact of employee cynicism on intention to sabotage as moderated by procedural justice.

Findings

The analyses suggest that employee cynicism is related to the intention to sabotage, and procedural justice moderates the relationship between employee cynicism and intention to sabotage. The findings endorse the model of interest, and implications of this study for research and practice are discussed.

Originality/value

The study differentiated service sabotage from intention to sabotage, and developed and tested a scale to measure the intention to sabotage.
Understanding creativity competency for organizational learning
Authors: Lau Kung Wong
Published: December 2016

Purpose

Employees’ creativity competency is indeed an unstable, but powerful tool in any development and enhancement of business in creative industry. To understand employee’ assumptions on creativity is crucial for creative industry in recruiting creative personnel, developing organizational creativity training programmes as well as nurturing a creative organization. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper aims to explore some basic assumptions of creativity competency by analysing literatures and creative employees’ feedback from a pilot study. This paper is neither going to define creativity accurately nor measuring employees’ creative outcomes for creative organizations, but rather to understand some basic assumptions of creativity competency in order to trigger further studies in organizational studies.

Findings

A pilot investigation has been done to investigate employees’ assumptions of creativity competency, and their expectation of the design of organizational creativity training programmes. The findings of this investigation have contributed to furthering the discussion and development in organizational studies and professional training programmes in creative industry.

Originality/value

Creativity and its training is getting important in developing learning organization nowadays. This paper is a study of the assumptions of employees in creative industry. This fundamental understanding of their assumption is essential for developing organization training and learning models in the future.
Between Integration and Freedom: School Segregation in Critical Perspective
Authors: Laumann Jørgensen Simon
Published: December 2016

In the Danish case, school segregation is recognized as a crisis of society, but it is also a crisis in the deeper sense that central actors disagree about in what sense it is a crisis. This raises the general questions: In what sense is school segregation a problem? What exactly is the crisis? Though these are partly normative questions, in Scandinavian contexts we can interpret them in light of the internal value‐commitments of society. Accepting this premise allows us to build on the empirically informed and philosophically rigorous work of Elizabeth Anderson according to which segregation should be viewed in light of the imperative of social integration. The demand for citizens’ equal participation in the main institutions of society is, according to her, already entailed immanently if a society is broadly commitment to democracy. Finding this immanent democratic approach to be insufficient considering widespread concerns with respecting parental freedom, this article discusses the more value‐integrative approach found in the political philosophical work of Hegel. According to this approach, our value‐commitments to both social integration and individual freedom can be integrated if central public institutions reflect a complex structure of recognition. On the basis of both of these two steps, the article suggests ways of understanding and tackling the crisis of school segregation in a Scandinavian setting.
Privacy in Crises: The NIST Privacy Framework
Authors: Hiller Janine S. , Russell Roberta S.
Published: December 2016

Information systems are essential for crisis management; therefore, maintaining the security of those systems is important. Furthermore, during a crisis, privacy and personal integrity issues can sometimes be overlooked. Yet, both security and privacy are fundamental to the survival of a civilized and democratic society. If an information system's security plan also includes privacy considerations, then the resilience of the system can provide for the resilience of privacy. The problem is that privacy principles as they have traditionally been identified are not amenable to being incorporated into system design. This study discusses the NIST Privacy Framework, privacy engineering and its relevance to crisis planning and response.
Hospital Postacute Care Referral Networks: Is Referral Concentration Associated with Medicare‐Style Bundled Payments?
Authors: Kaur Ramandeep , Perloff Jennifer N. , Tompkins Christopher , Bishop Christine E.
Published: December 2016

Objective

To evaluate whether Medicare‐style bundled payments are lower or higher for beneficiaries discharged from hospitals with postacute care (PAC) referrals concentrated among fewer PAC providers.

Data Source

Medicare Part A and Part B claim (2008–2012) for all beneficiaries residing in any of 17 market areas: the Provider of Service file, the Healthcare Cost Report Information System, and the Dartmouth Atlas.

Study Design

An observational study in which hospitals were distinguished according to PAC referral concentration, which is the tendency to utilize fewer rather than more PAC providers. We tested the hypothesis that higher referral concentration would be associated with total Medicare bundled payments.

Data Collection/Extraction Methods

The data represent a convenience sample of market areas that were defined by the locations of grantees from the ONC Beacon Community Program.

Principal Findings

The four most‐used PAC providers accounted for an average of 60 percent of patients discharged from hospitals in the sample. Regression analysis suggested that higher referral concentration was associated with lower Medicare costs per bundle.

Conclusions

Hospitals that tend to use fewer PAC providers may lead to lower costs for payers such as Medicare. The study results reinforce the importance of limited networks for PAC services under bundling arrangements for hospital and PAC payments.
Moisture‐Absorption and Water Dynamics in the Powder of Egg Albumen Peptide, Met‐Pro‐Asp‐Ala‐His‐Leu
Authors: Yang Shuailing , Liu Xuye , Zhang Mingdi , Lin Songyi , Chen Feng
Published: December 2016

Moisture absorbed into the powder of Met‐Pro‐Asp‐Ala‐His‐Leu (MPDAHL)—a novel egg albumen antioxidant peptide—profoundly affects its properties. In this study, we elucidated water dynamics in MPDAHL using DVS, DSC, and low‐field 1H NMR. Based on the DVS data, we found that MPDAHL sorption kinetics obey a parallel exponential model. DSC results indicated that both water and heating could change the microstructure of MPDAHL. The T2 parameters of NMR reflected the different phases of moisture absorption revealed that there were 4 categories of water with different states or mobility in the MPDAHL during the moisture absorption process. The fastest fraction T2b mainly dominated the hygroscopicity of MPDAHL and the absorbed water significantly changed the proton distribution and structure of MPDAHL. Thus, this study shows that DVS, DSC, and low‐field 1H NMR are effective methods for monitoring water mobility and distribution in synthetic peptides. It can be used to improve the quality assurance of functional peptides.
Effects of Juice Matrix and Pasteurization on Stability of Black Currant Anthocyanins during Storage
Authors: Dobson Gary , McDougall Gordon J. , Stewart Derek , Cubero Miguel Ángel , Karjalainen Reijo O.
Published: December 2016

The effects of juice matrix and pasteurization on the stability of total phenols and especially total and individual anthocyanins were examined in black currant (BC) juice and mixtures with apple, persimmon, and peach juices at 4 °C and 20 °C. Total phenol content decreased in all juices at both temperatures but there was a trend to lower levels in unpasteurized over pasteurized juices. Differences in the decline of total anthocyanins between pasteurized and unpasteurized juices varied according to the juice type and the storage temperature. At 4 °C storage, anthocyanins declined in all juices according to pseudo 1st‐order kinetics and there were only small differences in the rates between pasteurized and unpasteurized juices. However, at 20 °C, although pasteurized and unpasteurized BC juices and pasteurized mixed juices followed pseudo 1st‐order kinetics, there was a different pattern in unpasteurized mixed juices; a rapid initial decline was followed by a slowing down. The effect of the added juice on anthocyanin decline was also different at either temperature. At 4 °C, the anthocyanins decreased faster in mixed juices than BC juice alone, but at 20 °C, at least in pasteurized mixed juices, the decline was similar or even slower than in BC juice; there were only small differences among the 3 mixed juices. At 20 °C, in pasteurized and unpasteurized BC juices, the rate of decrease was essentially the same for all 4 individual anthocyanins but in the mixed juices the 2 glucosides decreased significantly faster than the 2 rutinosides.
Partitioning abundance‐based multiple‐site dissimilarity into components: balanced variation in abundance and abundance gradients
Authors: Baselga Andrés
Published: December 2016

Abundance‐based assemblage dissimilarity can be partitioned into components accounting for (i) balanced variation in abundance, whereby the individuals of some species in one site are substituted by the same number of individuals of different species in another site, and (ii) abundance gradients, whereby some individuals are lost from one site to the other.

Such a method was available for pairwise dissimilarity, but not for multiple‐site dissimilarity.

New multiple‐site extensions of Bray–Curtis and Ruzicka indices based on the formulation of multiple‐site analogues of matching components (i.e. the intersection and the relative complements among multiple sites in terms of species abundances) are introduced.

These new indices can be partitioned into balanced‐variation and abundance‐gradients components.

An example assessing multiple‐site dissimilarity of birds and butterflies in a mosaic of habitats is shown to illustrate the usefulness of comparing incidence‐ and abundance‐based multiple‐site dissimilarity and its components to characterize biotic heterogeneity across multiple sites.

The method may be generally useful when the question of interest is the overall abundance‐based dissimilarity across multiple units (in space, time or other), as separating the balance‐variation (i.e. substitution) and abundance‐gradients (i.e. subsets) components of dissimilarity can shed light on the processes behind variation in species abundances.
Rice varieties with resistance to multiple races of Magnaporthe oryzae offer opportunities to manage rice blast in Australia
Authors: Fang X. , Snell P. , Barbetti M.J. , Lanoiselet V.
Published: December 2016

Rice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is the most destructive disease of rice worldwide. Development of resistant varieties is considered as the most cost‐effective and sustainable way to manage rice blast. However, there remains a lack of knowledge about the resistance of rice varieties to blast disease in Australia. This study was conducted to determine if there was any resistance existing among the rice varieties grown in Australia to M. oryzae isolates from this country that belong to different races. There was a resistant reaction of the variety SHZ‐2 to all the five races of IA‐1, IA‐3, IA‐63, IB‐3 and IB‐59, with a percent disease index (%DI) less than 40. Varieties NTR587, BR‐IRGA‐409, Ceysvoni and Rikuto Norin 20 showed a resistant reaction to races IA‐3, IA‐63, IB‐3 and IB‐59; and the variety Kyeema exhibited a resistant reaction to races IA‐3, IB‐3 and IB‐59. For the races IA‐1 and IB‐59 with more than one isolate, varieties with differential disease reactions across different isolates belonging to the same race were also revealed: five varieties, Langi, Opus, Sherpa, Viet 1 and Topaz, exhibited differential disease reactions to the three IA‐1 isolates; 10 varieties showed differential disease reactions to the four IB‐59 isolates; in addition, the varieties that had differential disease reactions to the IA‐1 isolates also exhibited differential disease reactions to the IB‐59 isolates of race. This study provides valuable resistance sources for breeding programmes to develop rice varieties with resistance to multiple races of M. oryzae in Australia.
Resilience and Risk for Alcohol Use Disorders: A Swedish Twin Study
Authors: Long Elizabeth C. , Lönn Sara L. , Ji Jianguang , Lichtenstein Paul , Sundquist Jan , Sundquist Kristina , Kendler Kenneth S.
Published: December 2016

Background

Resilience has been shown to be protective against alcohol use disorders (AUDs), but the magnitude and nature of the relationship between these 2 phenotypes are not clear. The aim of this study was to examine the strength of this relationship and the degree to which it results from common genetic or common environmental influences.

Methods

Resilience was assessed on a 9‐point scale during a personal interview in 1,653,721 Swedish men aged 17 to 25 years. AUD was identified based on Swedish medical, legal, and pharmacy registries. The magnitude of the relationship between resilience and AUD was examined using logistic regression. The extent to which the relationship arises from common genetic or common environmental factors was examined using a bivariate Cholesky decomposition model.

Results

The 5 single items that comprised the resilience assessment (social maturity, interest, psychological energy, home environment, and emotional control) all reduced risk for subsequent AUD, with social maturity showing the strongest effect. The linear effect by logistic regression showed that a 1‐point increase on the resilience scale was associated with a 29% decrease in odds of AUD. The Cholesky decomposition model demonstrated that the resilience–AUD relationship was largely attributable to overlapping genetic and shared environmental factors (57 and 36%, respectively).

Conclusions

Resilience is strongly associated with a reduction in risk for AUD. This relationship appears to be the result of overlapping genetic and shared environmental influences that impact resilience and risk of AUD, rather than a directly causal relationship.
Putamen functional connectivity during inhibitory control in smokers and non‐smokers
Authors: Akkermans Sophie E. A. , Luijten Maartje , van Rooij Daan , Franken Ingmar H. A. , Buitelaar Jan K.
Published: December 2016

The putamen has been shown to play a key role in inhibitory control and addiction, and consists of distinct subregions associated with distinct functions. The anterior putamen is thought to be specialized in goal‐directed control or response‐monitoring in connection with frontal regions, whereas the posterior part is specialized in habitual or automatic responding in connection with sensorimotor regions. The present study is the first to delineate functional networks of the anterior and posterior putamen in a Go–NoGo response inhibition task, and to examine differences between smokers (n = 25) and non‐smokers (n = 23) within these networks. Functional connectivity analyses were conducted on fMRI data from a Go–NoGo study, using the generalized form of psychophysiological interaction with anterior and posterior putamen seed regions. In the context of inhibition, the anterior putamen exhibited connectivity with the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and precuneus (pFWE < .05), which was in line with previous literature. Conversely, the posterior putamen showed connectivity with regions implicated in sensorimotor processing. When we compared smokers to non‐smokers, we did not observe the expected weaker connectivity between the anterior putamen and ACC during inhibition in smokers. Instead, our study revealed stronger inhibition‐related connectivity between the anterior putamen and right insula in smokers. This finding highlights the involvement of putamen – insula interactions in addiction and impulse control.
To connect is to be influenced: What determines a third‐party's forgiveness attitudes to conflicting groups' violent partisan members?
Authors: Noor Masi , Nazneen Sohela
Published: December 2016

The present research seeks to answer the question of what determines an uninvolved third party's forgiveness attitudes toward conflicting groups' violent partisan members. Specifically, Bangladeshi participants read a fictitious interview with a radicalized Palestinian who declared his intention to avenge himself against Israelis for his personal and collective plight by carrying out a suicide bombing attack. Findings reveal that an empathy manipulation (high empathy = other focused or low empathy = objective focused) influenced participants' forgiveness attitudes towards the radicalized Palestinian such that in the high empathy condition participants were more forgiving of the target than participants in the low empathy condition. Moreover, while the strength of their religious identification (Islam) played no significant role, participants' tendency to attribute the target's decision to situational factors fully mediated the effects of empathy on forgiveness.
Commitment through Employee Volunteering: Accounting for the Motives of Inter‐Organisational Volunteers
Authors: Breitsohl Heiko , Ehrig Nathalie
Published: December 2016

This study investigated whether participating in inter‐organisational (i.e. self‐directed, non‐strategic) employee volunteering, which is common but rarely studied, is associated with increased organisational commitment. We find evidence for this relation in a sample (N = 385) of employee volunteers and their non‐volunteering co‐workers. We statistically account for self‐selection into the volunteering program by incorporating individual motives for volunteering. Volunteers compared to non‐volunteers exhibited relatively stronger motives of expressing altruistic values and avoiding negative affect, but a weaker motive of attaining career advancement. Our findings point to an efficient way of increasing organisational commitment that is relatively inexpensive to implement. They also complement existing research from other employee volunteering contexts, pointing to a possible trade‐off between the desired outcomes of effectively managing volunteering programs.
The humanitarian infrastructure and the question of over‐research: reflections on fieldwork in the refugee crises in the Middle East and North Africa
Authors: Pascucci Elisa
Published: December 2016

Drawing on fieldwork conducted in Egypt between 2011 and 2015, this paper brings together recent discussions of over‐research in refugee communities with theorisations of the ‘humanitarian infrastructure’, defined as the ensemble of technologies and spaces through which refugee migration and its governance are mediated and reproduced. It argues that engagements with the question of over‐research in geography need to focus on the material conditions that make ‘access to the field’ possible, leading to some places and people being far more researched than others. In the case of refugee research in the Global South, these conditions are often linked to the infrastructures of international humanitarianism, from international hotels to translation services. In increasingly unstable and ‘closed’ research settings, such as refugee settlements in North Africa and the Middle East, researchers’ presence, it is shown, often both relies on and feeds into the local infrastructures and economies associated with the humanitarian enterprise. Implications of the analysis for debates on access and ‘closure’ in dangerous field contexts are discussed.
Do Women Have a Choice? Care Providers’ and Decision Makers’ Perspectives on Barriers to Access of Health Services for Birth after a Previous Cesarean
Authors: Munro Sarah , Kornelsen Jude , Corbett Kitty , Wilcox Elizabeth , Bansback Nick , Janssen Patricia
Published: December 2016

Background

Repeat cesarean delivery is the single largest contributor to the escalating cesarean rate worldwide. Approximately 80 percent of women with a past cesarean are candidates for vaginal birth after a cesarean (VBAC), but in Canada less than one‐third plan VBAC. Emerging evidence suggests that these trends may be due in part to nonclinical factors, including care provider practice patterns and delays in access to surgical and anesthesia services. This study sought to explore maternity care providers’ and decision makers’ attitudes toward and experiences with providing and planning services for women with a previous cesarean.

Methods

In‐depth, semi‐structured interviews were conducted with family physicians, midwives, obstetricians, nurses, anesthetists, and health service decision makers recruited from three rural and two urban Canadian communities. Constructivist grounded theory informed iterative data collection and analysis.

Results

Analysis of interviews (n = 35) revealed that the factors influencing decisions resulted from interactions between the clinical, organizational, and policy levels of the health care system. Physicians acted as information providers of clinical risks and benefits, with limited discussion of patient preferences. Decision makers serving large hospitals revealed concerns related to liability and patient safety. These stemmed from competing access to surgical resources.

Conclusions

To facilitate women's increased access to planned VBAC, it is necessary to address the barriers perceived by care providers and decision makers. Strategies to mitigate concerns include initiating decision support immediately after the primary cesarean, addressing the social risks that influence women's preferences, and managing perceptions of patient and litigation risks through shared decision making.
Fatigue in an adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder population: A trans‐diagnostic approach
Authors: Rogers Denise C. , Dittner Antonia J. , Rimes Katharine A. , Chalder Trudie
Published: December 2016

Objectives

Trans‐diagnostic approaches suggest that key cognitive and behavioural processes maintain symptoms across a wide range of mental health disorders. Fatigue is a common clinical feature of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adulthood; however, empirical data supporting its prevalence are lacking. This study aimed to collate outcomes from outpatient services to (1) investigate the prevalence of fatigue in adults with ADHD, (2) examine symptoms of ADHD in adults with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), and (3) consider secondary clinical characteristics common to both disorder groups.

Methods

Measures of self‐reported fatigue were compared across groups of adults with ADHD (N = 243), CFS (N = 86), and healthy controls (HC) (N = 211) using a between‐subjects cross‐sectional design. Groups were also compared on secondary clinical measures of functional impairment, mood, anxiety, sleep, self‐efficacy, and their beliefs about the acceptability of expressing emotions.

Results

The ADHD group were significantly more fatigued than HC with 62% meeting criteria for fatigue caseness. ADHD symptoms were significantly greater in the CFS group than in HC. ADHD and CFS groups did not differ significantly on measures of functional impairment, mood, and self‐efficacy. No significant differences were detected on measures of anxiety when items relating to physical restlessness were removed from the analysis.

Conclusions

Adults with ADHD experience greater fatigue than HC. Adults with CFS and ADHD share many trans‐diagnostic clinical characteristics, including difficulties with low mood, anxiety, and reduced self‐efficacy, which impact upon their overall functioning. Further research is required to investigate extraneous factors mediating fatigue severity in these clinical groups.

Practitioner points

Fatigue is a common clinical feature of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adulthood.

Evidence‐based interventions for chronic fatigue syndrome could be adapted to address fatigue in ADHD in adults.
Collaborative learning in architectural education: Benefits of combining conventional studio, virtual design studio and live projects
Authors: Rodriguez Carolina , Hudson Roland , Niblock Chantelle
Published: December 2016

Combinations of Conventional Studio and Virtual Design Studio (VDS) have created valuable learning environments that take advantage of different instruments of communication and interaction. However, past experiences have reported limitations in regards to student engagement and motivation, especially when the studio projects encourage abstraction or are detached from context or reality. This study proposes a hybrid approach that overcomes these limitations by blending conventional studio, VDS and live projects. This blend aims to foster opportunities from within a real design situation, while promoting different levels of motivation and engagement. Two case studies comprising academic projects between the University of Los Andes, Colombia and the University of Nottingham, UK were used to validate the approach. In these, students interacted with peers, teachers, people from industry and the community to build 1:1 scale projects, with budgets and timeframe constraints. The study proved that students could successfully work collaboratively and build confidence in their own abilities when placed in a real setting, which enabled interactions face‐to‐face and at a distance to solve a challenge and achieve a common goal. The article reports on lessons learnt from these collaborative learning experiences, which reflect on contemporary cross‐cultural design practiced today.
Time trends of contact allergy to the European baseline series in Lithuania
Authors: Linauskienė Kotryna , Malinauskienė Laura , Blažienė Audra
Published: December 2016

Background

Monitoring trends of positive patch test reactions is useful for epidemiological surveillance and contact allergy prevention, and has not previously been reported in Lithuania.

Objectives

To examine and compare changes in the prevalence of contact allergy to European baseline series allergens in adults with suspected contact dermatitis during a 9‐year period.

Methods

In this retrospective study, patch test results of 297 consecutive patients, tested with the European baseline series in 2014–2015, were analysed and compared with the data published earlier in Lithuania.

Results

The most common allergens were nickel sulfate (30.6%), methylisothiazolinone (MI) (13.5%), methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI)/MI (7.4%), potassium dichromate (6.1%), cobalt chloride (6.1%), Myroxylon pereirae resin (5.4%), p‐phenylenediamine (5.4%), fragrance mix I (4.7%), formaldehyde (4.4%), and methyldibromo glutaronitrile (3.7%). Increases in the prevalence of sensitization to MCI/MI (2.3% in 2006–2008 and 7.4% in 2014–2015; p < 0.0001) and nickel sulfate (16.4% in 2006–2008 and 30.6% in 2014–2015; p < 0.0001) and decreases in the prevalence of sensitization to paraben mix (3.2% in 2006–2008 and 0.3% in 2014–2015; p = 0.006) were observed. Prevalences for the other allergens remained stable or showed a decreasing trend (Myroxylon pereirae resin; p = 0.06).

Conclusion

This study provides current information on the prevalence of contact allergy in Lithuania. Changing trends in sensitivity to some allergens probably reflect changes in exposure.
Extinction is Imminent for Mexico's Endemic Porpoise Unless Fishery Bycatch is Eliminated
Authors: Taylor Barbara L. , Rojas‐Bracho Lorenzo , Moore Jeffrey , Jaramillo‐Legorreta Armando , Ver Hoef Jay M. , Cardenas‐Hinojosa Gustavo , Nieto‐Garcia Edwyna , Barlow Jay , Gerrodette Tim , Tregenza Nicholas , Thomas Len , Hammond Philip S.
Published: December 2016

The number of Mexico's endemic porpoise, the vaquita (Phocoena sinus), is collapsing primarily due to bycatch in illegal gillnets set for totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldi), an endangered fish whose swim bladders are exported to China. Previous research estimated that vaquitas declined from about 567 to 245 individuals between 1997 and 2008. Acoustic monitoring between 2011 and 2015 showed a decline of 34%/year. Here, we combine visual line transect and passive acoustic data collected simultaneously in a robust spatial analysis to estimate that only 59 (95% Bayesian Credible Interval [CRI] 22–145) vaquita remained as of autumn 2015, a decrease since 1997 of 92% (95% CRI 80–97%). Risk analysis suggests that if the current, temporary gillnet ban is maintained and effectively enforced, vaquitas could recover to 2008 population levels by 2050. Otherwise, the species is likely to be extinct within a decade.
Visual complications in diabetes mellitus: beyond retinopathy
Authors: Khan A. , Petropoulos I. N. , Ponirakis G. , Malik R. A.
Published: December 2016

Diabetic retinopathy is the most common cause of vision loss in people with diabetes mellitus; however, other causes of visual impairment/loss include other retinal and non‐retinal visual problems, including glaucoma, age‐related macular degeneration, non‐arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy and cataracts. Additionally, when a person with diabetes complains of visual disturbance despite a visual acuity of 6/6, abnormalities in refraction, contrast sensitivity, straylight and amplitude of accommodation should be considered. We review and highlight these visual problems for physicians who manage people with diabetes to ensure timely referral and treatment to limit visual disability, which can have a significant impact on daily living, especially for those participating in sports and driving.
Patterns and drivers of aquatic invertebrate diversity across an arid biome
Authors: Davis Jenny , Sim Lien , Thompson Ross M. , Pinder Adrian , Box Jayne Brim , Murphy Nicholas P. , Sheldon Fran , Morán‐Ordóñez Alejandra , Sunnucks Paul
Published: December 2016

Managing and restoring faunal diversity across large areas requires an understanding of the roles of connectivity and dispersal in driving community patterns. We sought to determine the influence of connectivity, water regime, water source, geographical location, and dispersal traits on patterns of aquatic invertebrate diversity across a continent‐wide arid biome. We compiled data on freshwater invertebrate assemblages from sites spanning the breadth of arid Australia. Univariate analyses (analysis of variance and rarefaction) revealed that alpha and gamma diversity across sites decreased as latitude increased. Multivariate analyses (ordination and analysis of similarity) revealed that community composition had considerable fidelity to geographic regions. Hydrological connectivity was strongly associated with riverine community composition although water rarely flowed (often less than annually). Hydrologically isolated sites (springs and rockholes) supported communities that were markedly dissimilar to hydrologically connected sites, and to each other. We investigated the influence of dispersal on diversity patterns by examining distance decay relationships for each of four dispersal trait groups (obligate aquatic and passive, weak, and strong aerial dispersers) on the basis of geodesic (shortest path) distances between pairs of sites and Mantel tests. We did not detect clear differences between dispersal traits and distance decay relationships at the continental scale, even for the two groups with the lowest dispersal ability (obligate aquatics and passive dispersers). Our results suggest that the loss of hydrological connectivity from water developments in arid lands (for example, the impoundment of intermittent rivers) is likely to affect macroinvertebrates. However, the exact flow mechanisms underlying such changes remain to be determined.
Distributional shifts – not geographic isolation – as a probable driver of montane species divergence
Authors: Knowles L. Lacey , Massatti Rob
Published: December 2016

As biodiversity hotspots, montane regions have been a focus of research to understand the divergence process. Like their oceanic counterparts, the diversity of the ‘sky islands’ might be ascribed to geographic isolation of mountaintops. However, because the sky islands, and especially those in northern latitudes, are subject to extreme climatic events such as the glacial cycles that drove both altitudinal and geographical shifts in species’ distributions, the dynamic colonization process is also a possible factor driving divergence. Here we test these two hypotheses (i.e. isolation versus colonization) in a flightless montane grasshopper, Melanoplus oregonensis, which is a member of a diverse group that radiated across the Rocky Mountains of North America. Using approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) and spatially explicit simulations that account for spatial heterogeneity and temporal shifts in species distributions, we show that a colonization model of the sky islands from refugial populations provides a significantly better fit to the empirical genetic data than a model of the geographic isolation among sky islands. Moreover, support for the colonization model holds irrespective of whether the movement of individuals was modeled as a diffusion process or was informed by differences in habitat suitabilities across the landscape. With validation analyses to confirm the models provide a good fit to the data, as well as general power and quality analyses, the research not only adds to a growing body of work on the complex dynamics underlying montane biodiversity, but it also provides much needed evaluation of competing hypotheses based on explicit models of the divergence process, as opposed to inferences about diversification drivers from species diversity patterns.
Student perceptions of exodontia competency assessment in a UK dental school
Authors: Redford R. , Durkan C. , Sivarajasingam V. , Emanuel C.
Published: December 2016

Introduction

Modern medical and dental training has migrated from assessing only the quantity of procedures performed to a combined assessment of both competency and quantity. This study explores student perceptions of competency assessment in exodontia at a UK dental school.

Materials and Methods

Anonymous questionnaires were distributed to dental students in years three, four and five at the School of Dentistry, Cardiff University (n=149). Responses consisted of dichotomous tick boxes and 5‐point Likert scales, with thematic analysis of free‐text responses. Discrete variables were analysed using simple descriptive statistics. Recurring themes were identified from the responses.

Results

A total of 129 questionnaires were returned (response rate 87%). Feedback from students indicated that they felt well prepared to undertake the competency assessment, agreeing that year three is the most appropriate year to assess competency (69%; n=86). In 50% of cases (n=65), the clinical supervisor was not present for the duration of the assessment. The undergraduate student body would like further teaching in the use of elevators (89%; n=114).

Conclusion

The competency assessment was deemed fit for purpose by the undergraduate student body. Further developments in the areas of clinical supervision and teaching on the use of elevators were considered and recommendations made to the School of Dentistry, Cardiff University. The current oral surgery course incorporates some of the recommendations.
Emotional Abuse History and Migraine Among Young Adults: A Retrospective Cross‐Sectional Analysis of the Add Health Dataset
Authors: Tietjen Gretchen E. , Karmakar Monita , Amialchuk Aliaksandr A.
Published: December 2016

Objectives

To define and examine the relationship between self‐reported childhood abuse and migraine among young adults.

Background

Headache and migraine have been linked to childhood abuse in numerous studies, but there is incomplete characterization of headache types, and limited assessment of abuse types and frequency. Only one population‐based study has examined the relationship between emotional abuse and migraine. None have investigated the temporal relationship between onset of abuse and of migraine.

Methods

We analyzed data from 14,356 adults aged 24–32 years in Wave 4, which is a cross‐sectional subset of the longitudinal Add Health study. Participants were queried regarding abuse (emotional, physical and sexual) during childhood, diagnosis of migraine, depression and anxiety by healthcare providers, and symptoms of current depression. We used logistic regression to estimate the association between childhood abuse and migraine, controlling for socio‐demographic factors, current depression, and lifetime diagnosis of anxiety and depression.

Results

About 14% (n = 2040) of respondents reported migraine. Participants with migraine (vs no migraine) reported significantly higher rates of childhood abuse overall (60.6% vs 48.9%), including emotional (57.8% vs 45.4%), sexual (8.4% vs 4.6%) and physical (22.4% vs 17.9%) abuse. Emotional abuse had a stronger association with migraine (odds ratio [OR] 1.62; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.43–1.85) when compared with physical (OR 1.06; 95% CI 0.89–1.68) and sexual abuse (OR 1.06; 95% CI 0.93–1.68), adjusting for socio‐demographic factors. The emotional abuse‐migraine association remained even when controlling for lifetime diagnosis of depression and anxiety (OR 1.37; 95% CI 1.19–1.57) and for current depression (OR 1.47; 95% CI 1.30–1.67). The odds of migraine increased with increasing number of abuse types reported. There was a U‐shaped distribution of odds of migraine associated with frequency of occurrences of emotional abuse, peaking at one time (OR 1.65; 95% CI 1.34–2.03) and ≥ six times (OR 1.77; 95% CI 1.49–2.10).

Conclusions

Emotional abuse during childhood contributed more than physical or sexual abuse to the development of migraine. There is a dose–response relationship with increasing number of abuse types associated with rising odds of migraine. In addition, the relationship between the frequency of emotional abuse and the odds of migraine follows a U‐shape pattern.
A re‐audit of the technical quality of undergraduate root canal treatment after the introduction of new technology and teaching practices
Authors: Donnelly A. , Coffey D. , Duncan H. F.
Published: December 2016

Aim

To revaluate through re‐audit the technical quality of undergraduate nonsurgical root canal treatment (RCTx) in a dental teaching hospital as a result of recommended changes to teaching practices.

Methodology

The technical quality of undergraduate RCTx was evaluated radiographically after educational changes and the mandatory introduction of new technologies (nickel‐titanium files, apex locators, greater taper gutta‐percha points) in 182 root canals. Evaluation was based on four criteria: presence of voids, root canal filling termination (0–2 mm of radiographic apex), all roots filled and the prepared canal contained the original anatomy. Chi‐squared analysis was used to determine statistically significant improvements in quality between the respective audits (P < 0.05).

Results

Twenty‐three of the 40 canals in single‐rooted teeth (57.5%) and 68 of the 129 (52.7%) canals in multirooted teeth analysed had an acceptable root filling. This compared with 48% of canals in single‐rooted teeth and 38% of canals in multirooted teeth in the original audit. Specifically, the frequency of root canal voids and unsatisfactory apical root filling termination were reduced in multirooted teeth by 23% and 14% and in single‐rooted teeth by 11% and 12%, respectively, compared with the original audit. When multirooted teeth were taken as one unit, 45.2% were considered to be acceptable, significantly better than the 18.8% multirooted teeth in the original audit (P = 0.042). Deviations from the canal anatomy on radiographic examination were rare findings in both audits.

Conclusions

Changes to endodontic teaching practices significantly improved the technical standards of undergraduate root filling in multirooted teeth. The regular auditing of undergraduate teaching practice is necessary to inform current teaching, instigate change and improve standards.
Torsional and bending resistance of WaveOne Gold, Reciproc and Twisted File Adaptive instruments
Authors: Elsaka S. E. , Elnaghy A. M. , Badr A. E.
Published: December 2016

Aim

To compare the torsional and bending resistance of WaveOne Gold (Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties, Tulsa, OK, USA), Reciproc (VDW, Munich, Germany) and Twisted File Adaptive (Axis/SybronEndo, Orange, CA, USA) instruments.

Methodology

Torsional strength of WaveOne Gold primary size 25, .07 taper, Reciproc size 25, .08 taper and Twisted File Adaptive M‐L1 size 25, .08 taper was measured by fastening the apical 3 mm of the instrument firmly and applying a constant rotation at 2 rpm to the instrument using a torsiometer. The fractured instruments were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The bending resistance of the instruments was measured using the cantilever bending test. The data were statistically analysed using one‐way analysis of variance (anova) and Tukey post hoc tests. The statistical significance level was set at P < 0.05.

Results

WaveOne Gold had a significantly higher torsional resistance than Reciproc and Twisted File Adaptive (P < 0.001). Reciproc had a significantly higher torsional resistance than Twisted File Adaptive (P < 0.001). WaveOne Gold had a significantly lower resistance to bend than Reciproc and Twisted File Adaptive (P < 0.001). There was a significant difference in bending resistance between Reciproc and Twisted File Adaptive instruments (P < 0.001). SEM of the fracture cross‐sectional surface displayed the classical features of torsional failure, including fibrous dimple marks near the centre of rotation and circular abrasion marks.

Conclusions

WaveOne Gold exhibited higher resistance to torsional stress and flexibility compared with Reciproc and Twisted File Adaptive instruments. Torsional resistance and flexibility properties of the instruments could be affected by the alloy from which the instrument is manufactured and different cross‐sectional design.
Effect of solvents on apically extruded debris and irrigant during root canal retreatment using reciprocating instruments
Authors: Keskin C. , Sariyilmaz E. , Sariyilmaz O.
Published: December 2016

Aim

To evaluate the effect of several solvents on the weight of apically extruded debris and irrigant during retreatment using a novel agar gel model.

Methods

Orange oil, turpentine oil and chloroform were used as solvents. Eighty single straight‐rooted extracted human mandibular premolar teeth with a single root canal were divided into four groups (n = 20). All specimens were root canal‐filled and weighed prior to their insertion into a prepared 1.5% agar gel model. The mean initial weights were measured by subtracting the weight of the specimen from the weight of the test apparatus and recorded. Following the removal of the coronal 4 mm of root filling, the test solvent was applied onto the root filling. No solvent was used in the control group. A Reciproc R25 instrument was used to remove the root filling in all groups. Apically extruded debris and test solvent were collected during retreatment procedures. The mean weights of apically extruded debris and irrigant were calculated by subtracting the mean initial weights from the weights of test apparatus without the Teflon tape and the specimen following the retreatment procedures. Data were statistically analysed using one‐way analysis of variance.

Results

Use of solvents resulted in significantly less extruded debris and irrigant compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Chloroform extruded significantly more debris than orange oil and turpentine oil (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Use of solvents during root filling removal was associated with less apically extruded debris and irrigant when compared to no solvent.
Fish pollutants MeHg and Aroclor cause permanent structural damage in male gonads and kidneys after prepubertal exposure
Authors: Garcia Mariana S. , Constantino Dulce Helena J. , Silva Ana P. G. , Perobelli Juliana E.
Published: December 2016

This study investigated whether or not prepubertal exposure to the fish contaminants methylmercury (MeHg) and the polychlorinated bisphenol Aroclor in low doses interferes with the histomorphometry of the testes, epididymis, liver and kidneys in rats. Wistar male rats, 21 days old, were allocated into the following: control (n = 17, received corn oil), MeHg (n = 17, received MeHg at 0.5 mg/kg/day), Aroclor (n = 17, received Aroclor at 1.0 mg/kg/day), low mix (n = 18, received MeHg at 0.05 mg/kg/day and Aroclor at 0.1 mg/kg/day), high mix (n = 18, received MeHg at 0.5 mg/kg/day and Aroclor at 1.0 mg/kg/day). Dosing continued from post natal day (PND) 23 to 53, by gavage. Euthanasia was performed on PND 53; or, after an interval of 62 days without exposure to chemicals, on PND 115. The degree of maturation of the seminiferous epithelium was delayed in chemical‐exposed groups and testicular interstitial oedema was observed at adulthood. The pattern of male gonad organization was changed in the Aroclor group on PND 53 and in all treated groups at adulthood. The animals from Aroclor, low mix and high mix groups showed a reduction in the number of Sertoli cells. Histological evidence of renal injury was observed in all chemical‐exposed groups in both ages. A probable target for MeHg and Aroclor in the reproductive system was Sertoli cells, in which possible dysfunctions could be linked to the other testicular alterations. Curiously, the main deleterious effects were late outcomes, along with the absence of synergistic interaction of MeHg and Aroclor in the parameters investigated. In conclusion, fish pollutants MeHg and Aroclor caused permanent structural damage in male gonads and kidneys after prepubertal exposure, without showing clear chemical interactions.