bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Avaliação do efeito antifúngico do óleo resina e do óleo essencial de copaíba (Copaifera multijuga Hayne)
Authors: Deus R.J.A , Alves C.N , Arruda M.S.P
Published: April 2011

Óleo de Copaifera multijuga Hayne, in natura e as frações foram avaliados quanto às suas atividades fungitóxicas, frente a cinco espécies de fungos filamentosos do gênero Aspergillus e três espécies de leveduras do gênero Candida. Concentrações de óleo resina e de óleo essencial na faixa de 0,08 mg mL-1a 1,6 mg mL-1 foram usadas para as análises qualitativa e quantitativas. As amostras foram dispostas sobre discos de papel de 5 mm de diâmetro e distribuídos sobre o meio Saboraud em placas de Petri, inoculadas com esporos dos microrganismos e incubadas a 28ºC durante 10 dias. Utilizou-se uma solução com 1,6 mg mL-1 de nitrato de miconazol como controle positivo. Os resultados qualitativos mostraram que o óleo resina apresentou boa atividade, porém uma das frações do óleo essencial se mostrou altamente efetivo contra C. parapsilosis IOC - 2882, A.flavus IOC-3874 e A. tamarii IOC-187 com halos de inibição de 16,0±1,4 mm, 19,5±2,1 mm e 12,5±3,5 mm, respectivamente. Já a avaliação quantitativa mostrou que 0,3 mg mL-1 do óleo resina inibiu o crescimento de A. flavus e C. parapsilosis, enquanto que 0,08 mg mL-1 da fração do óleo essencial atingiu esta mesma atividade.
Estudo da divergência genética por características morfológicas entre acessos de mentrasto (Ageratum conyzoides L.) coletados no estado do Tocantins em diferentes épocas
Authors: Castro H.G , Santos G.R , Momenté V.G , Silva D.J.H , Ribeiro Júnior J.I
Published: April 2011

Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a divergência genética entre nove acessos de mentrasto (Ageratum conyzoides) por métodos multivariados utilizando caracteres morfológicos, em quatro épocas de colheita. Os nove acessos de mentrasto foram obtidos de plantas que ocorrem naturalmente nas cinco regiões climáticas do Estado do Tocantins. Em cada época de colheita foram avaliadas as características como biomassa fresca da parte aérea, biomassa seca, área foliar, número de folhas, floração e altura. Pela análise de agrupamento (método de Tocher) foram formados dois grupos na primeira e quarta épocas de colheita, três grupos na segunda época e quatro grupos na terceira época de colheita. Observou-se variação na constituição dos grupos pelos acessos nas épocas de colheita. A divergência genética entre acessos de mentrasto, avaliada por caracteres morfológicos, foi influenciada pelo estádio de desenvolvimento da espécie. A existência de variabilidade entre os acessos coletados em diferentes localidades fornece subsídio para a coleta sistematizada de germoplasma em A. conyzoides no Estado do Tocantins.
Influência de citocininas na micropropagação de Mentha x gracilis Sole
Authors: Garlet T.M.B , Flores R , Messchmidt A.A
Published: April 2011

Mentha x gracilis Sole é um híbrido que produz óleos essenciais ricos em monoterpenos. Tendo em vista a propagação clonal desta planta, segmentos nodais provenientes de plantas assépticas, foram cultivados em meio de Murashige e Skoog (MS) suplementado com 0; 0,5; 1,0 e 2,0 µM de cinetina, benzilaminopurina (BAP) ou thidiazuron (TDZ). Após 30 dias, as plantas foram transferidas para meio MS não suplementado com citocinina. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos em meio suplementado com 2 µM de TDZ, mostrando ser método viável para a produção rápida de grande número de mudas. Após a transferência das plantas para a casa de vegetação, as plantas propagadas com TDZ apresentam maior número de tricomas glandulares.
Biorregulador e pré-condicionamento osmótico na germinação de sementes e no crescimento inicial da muda de carobinha (Jacaranda decurrens subsp. symmetrifoliolata Farias & Proença) - Bignoniaceae
Authors: Kissmann C , Scalon S.P.Q , Scalon Filho H , Vieira M.C
Published: April 2011

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de tratamentos pré-germinativos na emergência das plantas e no crescimento inicial das mudas de Jacaranda decurrens subsp. symmetrifoliolata Farias & Proença. Foram realizados dois experimentos. No primeiro, as sementes, separadas em claras e escuras, foram submetidas aos tratamentos pré-germinativos: 1) KNO3 (20000 mg L-1); 2) ácido giberélico (GA3) 50 mg L-1, 3) GA3 100 mg L-1 4) GA3 200 mg L-1; 5) Stimulate 5 mL 0,5 kg-1 de sementes; 6) Stimulate 10 mL 0,5 kg-1 de sementes; 7) água 24 horas; 8) testemunha. A semeadura foi realizada em bandejas de células preenchidas com substrato terra + substrato comercial. Os cinco melhores tratamentos foram selecionados para avaliação do crescimento da muda. As plantas com 120 dias de idade provenientes dos seguintes tratamentos: 3) GA 100 mg L-1 4) GA 200 mg L-1; 5) Stimulate 5 mL 0,5 Kg-1 de sementes 6) Stimulate 10 mL 0,5 Kg-1 de sementes e 8) Testemunha, foram transplantadas para embalagens de plástico de 3 Kg com substrato terra + areia + cama-de-frango (1:1:1 - v:v), mantidas em sombreamento de 50% e avaliadas aos 70, 130, 170 e 210 dias após o transplante. Em geral, as sementes claras apresentaram maior germinabilidade e índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) em relação às sementes escuras. Entretanto, as plantas provenientes dessas sementes apresentaram menor crescimento do que as plantas provenientes das sementes escuras. No segundo experimento as sementes foram pré-embebidas em solução de: 1) PEG 6000 (-1,0 MPa); 2) PEG 6000 (-1,0 MPa) + KNO3 (20000 mg L-1) (-1,0 MPa); 3) KNO3 (20000 mg L-1) (-1,0 MPa); 4) Água e 5) água deionizada, e incubadas em BOD a 10ºC e 20ºC durante 0 (controle), 6, 12 e 24 horas. Após esses períodos elas foram secas em ambiente de laboratório até atingirem a massa apresentada antes do condicionamento e, posteriormente, incubadas em BOD a 20-30ºC com 8 h escuro e 12 h de luz. Os tratamentos pré-germinativos não interferiram na vitalidade e no vigor das sementes osmocondicionadas por até 12 horas. Não houve diferença entre as temperaturas de 10 e 20ºC para germinabilidade (60 %) e IVG, porém a temperatura de 10ºC originou plântulas com maior massa fresca (95,7 mg) e comprimento médio de raiz (3,2 cm) e de parte aérea (2,6 cm). O osmocondicionamento por 24 horas causou redução na qualidade das sementes e vigor das plântulas.
Avaliação de substratos orgânicos na produção de mudas de hortelã (Mentha gracilis R. Br. e Mentha x villosa Huds.)
Authors: Paulus D , Valmorbida R , Toffoli E , Paulus E , Garlet T.M.B
Published: April 2011

A determinação de substratos alternativos viáveis para a produção de mudas de plantas medicinais é de grande relevância, pois o aproveitamento de resíduos de atividades agrícolas representa alternativa para problemas ambientais e sociais. Os experimentos foram realizados em ambiente protegido e a campo, na Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Campus Dois Vizinhos, com o objetivo de avaliar substratos orgânicos para produção de mudas de hortelã para cultivo a campo. O delineamento experimental foi blocos casualizados, com três repetições, em esquema fatorial, sendo avaliados quatro substratos [esterco bovino + vermiculita + areia (1:1:1), esterco bovino + areia + solo (1:1:1), solo + vermiculita + cama-de-aviário (1:1:1) e substrato organo-mineral Plantmax® HA] e duas espécies de menta (Mentha gracilis e Mentha x villosa). Foram analisadas a altura da plantas e o número de folhas aos 07, 14 e 21 dias após o transplantio, índice de mortalidade, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea e das raízes. Não houve interação entre as espécies de menta e substratos para as variáveis analisadas. O substrato organo-mineral Plantmax® apresentou os melhores resultados para o número de folhas (8,44), altura (8,46 cm), produção de massa fresca (1,56 g planta-1), seca (0,23 g planta-1) e 100% de pegamento de mudas a campo o que para o produtor de menta é de grande interesse. Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que para a produção de mudas de Mentha gracilis e Mentha villosa o substrato Plantmax® HA é o mais recomendado.
Plantas com possível atividade hipolipidêmica: uma revisão bibliográfica de livros editados no Brasil entre 1998 e 2008
Authors: Pizziolo V.R , Brasileiro B.G , Oliveira T.T , Nagem T.J
Published: April 2011

O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar levantamento sobre as plantas medicinais indicadas para o tratamento da hiperlipidemia, hipercolesterolemia e/ou aterosclerose. Este estudo foi feito a partir da pesquisa bibliográfica em 32 livros publicados no Brasil entre 1998 e 2008, resultando em lista de 85 espécies distribuídas em 53 famílias, principalmente Asteraceae e Fabaceae, com 54 espécies exóticas e 31 nativas. As espécies mais citadas foram Allium sativum (Alliaceae), Cynara scolymus (Asteraceae), Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae), Allium cepa (Alliaceae), Echinodorus grandiflorus (Alismataceae), Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae), Vernonia condensata (Asteraceae), Cuphea carthagenensis (Lythraceae) e Curcuma zedoaria (Zingiberaceae). As espécies nativas, citadas em pelo menos 2 livros, foram investigadas para alguma evidencia científica relacionada a possíveis efeitos hipolipidêmico, hipocolesterolêmico e/ou contra aterosclerose. Somente foram encontrados estudos científicos, relacionados a estes efeitos, para as espécies nativas Cuphea carthagenensis e Echinodorus grandiflorum, indicando a necessidade de pesquisas que possam garantir a segurança e a eficácia do uso destas espécies.
Educação infantil e ensino fundamental: desafios e desencontros na implantação de uma nova política
Authors: Correa Bianca Cristina
Published: April 2011

Neste artigo, apresentamos uma análise do processo de ampliação do ensino fundamental e seus reflexos sobre a educação infantil com base em resultados de pesquisa realizada entre 2008 e 2010, cujo objetivo foi estudar esse processo em um sistema municipal de ensino do interior do Estado de São Paulo. A pesquisa, de abordagem qualitativa, desenvolveu-se em duas escolas de ensino fundamental e em uma escola de educação infantil. Os resultados revelam, de um modo geral, como nossas atuais políticas públicas têm priorizado os investimentos no ensino fundamental, sem aumentar de modo significativo o seu montante, ao mesmo tempo em que, na implantação de novas medidas, desconsideram a realidade da escola e não a preparam para as mudanças. Além dos resultados dessa pesquisa, para a produção deste artigo também analisamos dados advindos do acompanhamento de um estágio curricular na disciplina de Educação Infantil que compõe um curso de Pedagogia em universidade pública paulista. Assim, tomando como base os resultados da pesquisa e da análise dos estágios, neste trabalho discutimos, de modo mais específico, como a ampliação do ensino fundamental no município, da forma como vem se realizando, tem se refletido negativamente sobre a organização pedagógica da educação infantil. Constatamos, por exemplo, que atividades mecânicas como cópia de letras e números vêm ocorrendo de maneira cada vez mais intensa, sob o argumento de que uma preparação para o ensino fundamental durante a pré-escola seria, agora, ainda mais necessária.
A mother-child secure attachment to prevent interpersonal violence among young people
Authors: Bigras Marc , Crepaldi Maria Aparecida , Lima Maria Luiza Carvalho de
Published: April 2011

There is a growing conviction among researchers and stakeholders that youth violence is often a result of the absence, or the disturbance, or even the disruption of significant relationships with adults. In this article, we propose to apply the mother-child attachment theory to an intervention of public health in order to prevent personal and social damages as consequences of youth violence. Many consider indeed that this theory is mature enough for social innovations and can lead to a light but structured program in support to young parents that favors the outbreak of basic necessary elements for the harmonious socialization of their children.
Condições socioeconômicas e padrões alimentares de crianças de 4 a 11 anos: estudo SCAALA - Salvador/ Bahia
Authors: D'Innocenzo Silvana , Marchioni Dirce M. L. , Prado Matildes S. , Matos Sheila M. A. , Pereira Sheila R. S. , Barros Antoniel P. , Sampaio Lílian R. , Assis Ana M. O. , Rodrigues Laura C. , Barreto Maurício L.
Published: April 2011

OBJETIVOS: identificar os padrões alimentares de crianças e sua associação com o nível socioeconômico das famílias. MÉTODOS: estudo transversal com 1260 crianças de 4 a 11 anos, residentes em Salvador-Bahia que incluiu aplicação de um Questionário de Frequência Alimentar semi-quantitativo. Os padrões alimentares foram identificados, empregando-se análise fatorial por componentes principais. O nível socioeconômico foi avaliado por meio de um indicador socioeconômico composto. Regressão logística multivariada foi empregada. RESULTADOS: identificaram-se quatro padrões que explicaram 45,9% da variabilidade dos dados de frequência alimentar. Crianças que pertencem ao nível socioeconômico mais alto têm 1,60 vezes mais chance (p<0,001) de apresentarem maior frequência de consumo de alimentos do padrão 1 (frutas, verduras, leguminosas, cereais e pescados) e 3,09 vezes mais chance (p<0,001) de apresentarem maior frequência de consumo dos alimentos do padrão 2 (leite/ derivados, catchup/ maionese/ mostarda e frango), quando se compara com aquele de crianças de nível socioeconômico mais baixo. Resultado inverso foi observado no padrão 4 (embutidos, ovos e carnes vermelhas); isto é, quanto maior o nível socioeconômico menor a chance da adoção desse padrão. Tendência similar foi notada para o padrão 3 (frituras, doces, salgadinhos, refrigerante/ suco artificial). CONCLUSÕES: padrões alimentares de crianças são dependentes das condições socioeconômicas das famílias e a adoção de itens alimentares mais saudáveis associa-se aos grupos de mais altos níveis socioeconômicos.
Estimating gestational age and its relation to the anthropometric status of newborns: a study comparing the Capurro and ultrasound methods with last menstrual period
Authors: Nunes Maria de Fátima Pussick , Pinheiro Sandra Maria Conceição , Medrado Fabíola Eloy da Rocha , Assis Ana Marlúcia Oliveira
Published: April 2011

OBJECTIVE: to assess the accuracy of the Capurro somatic and ultrasound methods, taking date of last menstruation as a reference point, for evaluating gestational age and anthropometric classification of term newborns. METHODS: a prevalence study was carried out involving 309 pregnant women and their term newborns, 92 of whom were small for gestational age and 217 appropriate sized for gestational age, at two public maternity hospitals in the Brazilian city of Salvador. The evaluation of the differences between the median gestational age according to the two methods was carried out using the non-parametric "Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test." The accuracy of the methods for evaluating gestational age for the small for gestational age newborns was estimated by calculating the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curve. RESULTS: compared to ultrasound, the Capurro method overestimated the gestational age in newbornsof less than 39 weeks and underestimated it in older newborns. Ultrasound underestimated gestational agein newborns with more than 37 weeks. CONCLUSION: ultrasound was found to have greater sensitivity for prediction of small for age newborns (96.6%), while the Capurro method presented greater specificity (75.5%). The highest accuracy was obtained using ultrasound in the 41st gestational week (ROC=77.0%).
Equidade e inclusão de grupos sociais na política de saúde: o caso do Recife, Brasil
Authors: Albuquerque Maria do Socorro Veloso de , Costa André Monteiro , Lima Luci Praciano , Melo Filho Djalma Agripino de
Published: April 2011

OBJETIVOS: analisar a concepção e operacionalização do princípio da equidade no reconhecimento de necessidades de grupos sociais pela Secretaria Municipal de Saúde (SMS) do Recife entre 20012008. MÉTODOS: estudo de caso com triangulação de técnicas (entrevistas semiestruturadas e análise documental). Sujeitos: gestores da SMS. Selecionaram-se quatro grupos sociais: trabalhadores, portadores de sofrimento psíquico, mulheres e pobres. Utilizou-se a análise temática de conteúdo para analisar as categorias: participação social, racionalidade técnica-política e integralidade. RESULTADOS: a política de saúde da SMS incluiu diversos grupos sociais mais desassistidos, alocando recursos não restritos à atenção básica, porém com frágil articulação entre níveis de atenção, destacando-se limitações a superar: o Programa de Saúde da Família apresenta excesso de encaminhamentos à atenção especializada, indicando problemas na identificação/incorporação das necessidades dos usuários; a política de saúde do trabalhador não consolidou ações de vigilância em saúde; foi incipiente o processo de desospitalização/desinstitucionalização dos portadores de sofrimento psíquico; foi além das ações relativas à gravidez/parto, mas enfrenta dificuldades para atender adiversidade de necessidades das mulheres; são pontuais as capacitações para os profissionais de saúde em gênero, raça, etnia e classe. CONCLUSÕES: a SMS do Recife adotou a concepção de equidade vertical ao incluir diversos grupos sociais com necessidades distintas, porém apresenta dificuldades em atendêlas na perspectiva de integralidade da atenção.
Heterosis performance in industrial and yield components of sweet corn
Authors: Assunção Aracelle , Brasil Edward Madureira , Oliveira Jaison Pereira de , Reis Américo José dos Santos , Pereira André Ferreira , Bueno Luíce Gomes , Ramos Michelle Ribeiro
Published: April 2011

Heterosis and its components were evaluated in a diallel crossing system of sweet corn. In the 38 treatments, eigth parents, 28 hybrids and two controls were used, arranged in a randomized block design with three replications.The diallel analysis followed the methodology of Gardner and Eberhart (1966). The following traits were evaluated: male and female flowering, plant and ear height, ear index (number of ears/number of plants), ºBrix, total ear weight, standard ear weight, industrial yield and total sugar content. There was genetic variability among genotypes, with significant differences except for the traits ear index, industrial yield and ºBrix.Heterosis was found for most traits. The mean heterosis of hybrids compared with the parents was positive for most traits. There was a contribution of additive and dominance effects.The contribution of dominant genes was greatest to flowering, plant and ear height and standard ear weight.
Half-sib progenies evaluation in velvet grass
Authors: Mittelmann Andréa , Buchweitz Elizandra Döring
Published: April 2011

Velvet grass (Holcus lanatus L.) has a great potential use for winter pasture in subtropical regions due to its good establishment, persistence, high forage production, cold resistance, palatability and tillering ability. The objective of this work was to estimate genetic variability and heritability of agronomic traits and to identify superior progenies. Sixty half-sib progenies were assessed for natural height at the vegetative stage (NH), plant diameter (diameter), heading date (cycle), final height (after flowering) (FH), and tiller number (tillers). Difference among progenies was observed for all traits. Heritability estimates were 38%, 32%, 92%, 57% and 64% for NH, diameter, cycle, FH and tillers, respectively. The highest genetic gain estimate was 30.77 % for the tiller number. There is genetic variability for all the traits and gains after selection among half-sib progenies can be expected.
Phenotypic divergence among wine grap accessions in the semi-arid region of Brazil
Authors: Borges Rita Mércia Estigarribia , Alves Elaini Oliveira dos Santos , Gonçalves Nadja Pollyanna da Silva , Gomes Ana Patrícia de Oliveira , Andrade Daniela Correia Leite , Albuquerque Teresinha Costa Silveira de
Published: April 2011

The objective was to estimate the phenotypic divergence in wine grapes based on 11 agronomic variables. Two contrasting groups, both for white as for red grapes, were formed by principal component analysis. In white grapes, greatest divergence was observed in the accessions Baco Blanc, Campanário and Palomino. In red grapes, the most divergent were Aramon and Tannat; Castelão and Mars. The standardized Euclidean distance indicated 52.4 and 40.0% white and red grape accessions, respectively, with means exceeding the overall mean. By UPGMA, four major groups were formed for white and red grapes. Both principal component analysis and UPGMA showed that the genealogy of the accessions Petite Sirah FR and Petite Sirah RS is similar. The accessions with most divergence in the traits studied should be used to produce hybrids, as well as for selection of accessions with a view to regional wine making.
Detection of QTL associated with rust resistance using IBD-based methodologies in exogamic Eucalyptus spp. populations
Authors: Rosado Tatiana Barbosa , Tomaz Rafael Simões , Ribeiro Junior Marcio Fernandes , Rosado Antônio Marcos , Guimarães Lúcio Mauro da Silva , Araújo Elza Fernandes de , Alfenas Acelino Couto , Cruz Cosme Damião
Published: April 2011

In Brazil the rust caused by Puccinia psidii Winter stands out as the most important disease of eucalyptus. The use of resistant genotypes is the main control method, which makes the detection of markers linked to rust resistance essential to the selection of resistant genotypes. In this study, an F1 progeny of 131 plants from interspecific crossings of Eucalyptus was used to identify markers linked to resistance genes for this pathogen. An integrated map was constructed for linkage group three based on microsatellite markers. For QTL mapping two methodologies based on alleles identical-by-descent (IBD) were used: single marker analysis of Haseman and Elston and the interval mapping procedure of Fulker and Cardon. Both methods showed significant association for the Embra 125 marker.The QTL that explained 42 % of the phenotypic variation was mapped to 0.02 cM of this marker by the Fulker and Cardon. Marker Embra 125 has potential use in assisted selection, thus increasing the efficiency of the selection of resistant genotypes.
Estimation of genetic progress after eight cycles of recurrent selection for common bean grain yield
Authors: Silva Graciele Simoneti da , Ramalho Magno Antonio Patto , Abreu Ângela de Fátima Barbosa , Nunes José Airton Rodrigues
Published: April 2011

The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic progress of eight cycles of recurrent selection for common bean lines with high yield. The base population was obtained from 10 parents differing in several characters. To date, eight selection cycles have been performed. In each cycle the selection process continues after recombination, until lines are established, which are then evaluated more extensively in the experiment of evaluation of elite lines together with lines of other programs. The genetic progress was estimated based on the data of evaluations of these lines in each cycle over the years. The estimated genetic progress of 3.3 % per cycle allows the conclusion that recurrent selection for grain yield is efficient.
Civil engineering employers warned to beware of fraudulent qualifications
Authors: Bowdery Martin
Published: April 2011

The Institution of Civil Engineers is receiving an increasing number of applications for professional membership from candidates with fraudulent qualifications. Barrister Martin Bowdery reports on a 2010 court case that provides a salutary warning to employers who fail to spot the fakes.
The Interaction of Annual Ryegrass and Nitrogen on Arrowleaf Clover in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Evers Gerald
Published: April 2011

Nitrogen enhances annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) growth on the infertile Coastal Plain soils in the southeastern United States but N can be antagonistic to clovers. Nitrogen rate and time of application were evaluated on an arrowleaf clover (Trifolium vesiculosum Savi.)–annual ryegrass mixture growing on a Coastal Plain soil for 3 yr in northeast Texas. Fertilizer treatments were 0, 34, 67, or 101 kg N ha−1 at planting or first true clover leaf (FCL) stage followed by 0 or 67 kg N ha−1 in December and March. Planting, FCL, and December N applications enhanced ryegrass production but had little effect on arrowleaf clover production by mid March. The general trend was for clover percentage and yield to decrease and ryegrass yield to increase as the total amount of N fertilizer applied increased. The no‐N treatment always had the greatest percentage clover usually followed by single N application treatments with clover percentages greater than 50%. Average annual yield of ryegrass alone without N was 1139 kg ha−1 compared to 4038 kg ha−1 with 201 kg N ha−1 Applying 67 kg N ha−1 at FCL and in December and March was always one of the most productive N treatments. Applying 67 kg N ha−1 only twice at FCL and in December was the best compromise for maintaining a high clover percentage and clover–ryegrass yield and was always equal to ryegrass alone with three applications of 67 kg N ha−1
Drought Tolerance Evaluation of Bread Wheat Genotypes Using Water Use Efficiency, Evapotranspiration Efficiency, and Drought Susceptibility Index
Authors: Siahpoosh Mohammad Reza , Dehghanian Ebrahim , Kamgar Akbar
Published: April 2011

Evaluating physiological traits involved in the response of plants to drought stress could lead us to improve drought tolerance in crops. In this regard, the current project was conducted under a line‐source sprinkler irrigation system. Eight commercial bread wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) were evaluated at four water levels (WL) based on evapotraspiration (ET; WL1, supplying 100% of ET water to WL4, supplying 25% of ET water). Among the cultivars Chamran and Kavir had the highest grain yield at WL4 (4450.7 and 4317.3 kg ha−1, respectively) and noticeable grain yield stability in different water levels. Water use efficiency (WUE) ranged between 5.092 and 7.296 kg ha−1 mm−1and significantly varied among cultivars in different WLs. Under WL4, Niknejad and Kavir had the highest and Shiraz had the lowest value for WUE. Regression analysis confirmed that the relationship between dry matter and ET follows a linear function. Furthermore, evapotranspiration efficiency (ETE) as calculated by dividing the total biomass by ET was a reliable physiological indicator for cultivar evaluation with regard to water deficit tolerance in different growing stages. Based on this indicator, it was discovered that Mahdavie has the highest ETE from planting to stem elongation, Niknejad from planting to flowering, Pishtaz from planting to dough development and ripening, and Kavir has tolerance against water deficit throughout the growing season.
Yield Response of Winter Wheat to Agro‐Ecological Conditions Using Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction and Cluster Analysis
Authors: Paderewski Jakub , Gauch Hugh G. , Mądry Wiesław , Drzazga Tadeusz , Rodrigues Paulo C.
Published: April 2011

Genetic improvement of crop performance is essential to increase yield. The aims of this paper are to present combined additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis and cluster analysis to winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain‐yield data collected in preregistration trials performed over many years in an incomplete three‐way genotype × location × year (GLY) classification and to demonstrate the usefulness of this procedure for studying the patterns of cultivar adaptation. The 21 genotypes were divided into three groups that were homogeneous in their pattern of genotype × location (GL) interactions. These groups of genotypes were further divided into subgroups with homogeneous genotype means. In this study 11 genotypes that were grouped in three subgroups had wide adaptability. Among them the cultivar TONACJA was identified as a good check cultivar for preregistration trials. One cultivar had narrow adaptation and nine were relatively poorly adapted. The combined AMMI and cluster analysis method proved effective for describing diverse patterns of yield response to agro‐ecological conditions in locations spread across most of the Polish winter wheat growing areas.
Another Look at Interpreting Research to Manage the Effects of Ethylene in Ambient Air
Authors: Morgan Page W.
Published: April 2011

Ethylene is a plant hormone that regulates many aspects of plant growth and development. The gas also occurs in the atmosphere from both natural and artificial sources. Sufficient concentrations of ethylene in air can cause damage by adverse effects on flower senescence, abscission, fruit ripening, and other processes. Recent discoveries regarding ethylene receptors and signal transduction now provide a firm basis to understand the dynamics of ethylene effects. Receptor proteins act as negative regulators of ethylene signaling so that the concentration of both ethylene and receptor proteins influence the plant response. Studies with carefully controlled levels of ethylene and environmental conditions have shown that plants grown outdoors are less sensitive to ethylene than those grown and exposed under artificial conditions. Additionally, intermittent exposures, common in many circumstances, allow time for ethylene to diffuse away from receptors. During flower senescence and fruit ripening, synthesis of ethylene often accelerates, reducing the effectiveness of environmental ethylene on plant behavior. Workers interested in promoting crop yields and extending the life of flowers, plants, and vegetative produce can be most effective if they evaluate species characteristics, the nature of the environment, and the sources of ethylene for their location. A universal air quality standard for ethylene is not advisable.
Influence of Biotic and Abiotic Factors on Dark Discoloration of Durum Wheat Kernels
Authors: Fernandez M. R. , Sissons M. , Conner R. L. , Wang H. , Clarke J. M.
Published: April 2011

Black point (BP, discoloration restricted to the germ end of cereal seed) and dark smudge (DS, discoloration mostly along the crease) are believed to be caused by fungal infection in grain exposed to high humidity, although it has also been reported that BP might result from abiotic stresses causing physiological changes in grain. The objective of this growth‐chamber study was to determine the effects of abiotic (temperature and high humidity) and biotic (infection by Cochliobolus sativus [Ito and Kurib.] Drechs. ex Dast. (anamorph Bipolaris sorokiniana [Sacc.] Shoemaker); or Alternaria alternata [Fr.] Keissl.) factors on the development of BP and DS in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum [Desf.] Husn.). Five treatments under two temperature regimes (Low T, 17°C day and 12°C night; or High T, 26°C day and 18°C night) were conducted: inoculation with A. alternata or C. sativus at mid‐milk with 30‐h incubation at 100% humidity; one exposure to 100% humidity at mid‐milk (HUMo); multiple exposures to 100% humidity from heading to maturity (HUMm); and no exposure to 100% humidity or fungal inoculum (DRY). Kernels were evaluated for incidence and extent of discoloration. The highest incidences of discoloration occurred in the C. sativus treatment, followed by the A. alternata treatment, with HUMm producing low incidences, and HUMo and DRY only occasional discoloration. In general, High T favored BP and Low T favored DS. In the C. sativus treatment, Low T also favored extent of discoloration. Whether fungal infection was promoted or unhindered by a primary effect of high humidity on the physiology of the kernel and its defenses could not be determined given that exposure to high humidity is a requirement for fungal infection.
Irrigation Quantity Effects on Anthracnose Disease of Annual Bluegrass
Authors: Roberts Joseph A. , Inguagiato John C. , Clarke Bruce B. , Murphy James A.
Published: April 2011

Irrigation can influence both turf vigor and playability of putting greens. Anthracnose (Colletotrichum cereale Manns sensu lato Crouch, Clarke, and Hillman) has become an increasingly destructive disease of annual bluegrass (ABG) [Poa annua L. f. reptans (Hausskn.) T. Koyama] putting greens, particularly when turf is under stress. This 3‐yr field study evaluated the effects of irrigation quantity (100, 80, 60, and 40% of reference evapotranspiration [ETo]) on anthracnose severity of ABG mowed daily to 3.2 mm. Severe drought stress (40% ETo) increased anthracnose severity in 2006, 2007, and 2008. Anthracnose was less severe under 60% ETo irrigation, and irrigating at 80% ETo reduced severity compared to 60% ETo Irrigating at 100% ETo initially reduced anthracnose severity compared to 40% ETo; however, 100% ETo resulted in similar disease severity later in the 2006 and 2008 seasons. While this response was not observed late in the 2007 season, plots maintained at 100% ETo had turf quality similar to plots irrigated at 40% ETo later in each year due in part to increased algal development. Irrigation to replace 80% ETo typically resulted in the least amount of disease and the best turf quality throughout the trial. Thus, irrigation to minimize drought stress while also avoiding continuous high soil water content is beneficial in reducing anthracnose and maintaining acceptable turf performance.
Population Structure and Diversity in Valencia Peanut Germplasm Collection
Authors: Kottapalli Pratibha , Upadhyaya Hari D. , Kottapalli Kameswara Rao , Payton Paxton , Dwivedi Sangam , Burow Mark , David Kalule Okello , Sanogo Soum , Puppala Naveen
Published: April 2011

Valencia peanuts [Arachis hypogaeaL. subsp.fastigiataWaldron var.fastigiata(Waldron) Krapov. & W. C. Greg.] are well known for their in‐shell market value. Assessment of genetic diversity is key to the success of developing improved cultivars with desirable agronomic and quality traits. Seventy‐eight U.S. Valencia core collection accessions together with 36 Valencia accessions representing the global peanut mini‐core collection were used to study population structure and diversity and to identify genetically diverse Valencia germplasm for use in peanut breeding. Fifty‐two simple sequence repeats loci amplified 683 alleles, with an average of 13 alleles per locus. The mean polymorphism information content and gene diversity, respectively, were 0.270 and 0.335. The pairwise genetic distance ranged from 0.143 to 0.474, with an average of 0.631. Neighbor‐joining clustering, principal coordinate analysis, and STRUCTURE analysis consistently separated the Valencia germplasm into five clusters with two distinct major groups. The first major group consisted of genotypes from South America (64%) with few accessions from Africa, North America, Caribbean, and European regions. The second group consisted of accessions mostly from diverse regions of Africa, North and South America, Asia, and the Caribbean. However, the structuring was not related to the geographic origin and several admixtures were observed. The information generated in this study and phenotyping of this material for biotic and abiotic stress responses and yield‐quality traits will facilitate selection of trait‐specific, genetically diverse parents for developing Valencia peanut cultivars with a broad genetic base.
Herbage Nitrogen, Fiber, and In Vitro Disappearance of Three Great Plains Grasses during Establishment
Authors: Lee A. E. , Muir J. P. , Lambert B. D. , Reilley J. L. , Whitney T. R.
Published: April 2011

Native warm‐season grasses have the potential to provide summer grazing because of their adaptation and persistence. Little nutritive value information is available, however, on the effects of maturity and soil amendments for native North American warm‐season grasses during establishment. Multiflower false rhodesgrass (Chloris pluriflora E. Fourn.), pink pappusgrass (Pappophorum bicolor E. Fourn.), and plains bristlegrass [Setaria vulpiseta (Lam.) Roem. & Schult.] were harvested monthly during the first 2 yr after establishment on a Windthorst sandy loam soil and fertilized with 0 or 67 kg N and P ha−1 yr−1 Spring application of fertilizer resulted in early season herbage N concentrations 58 to 79% greater (p ≤ 0.10) than unfertilized herbage and maintained N concentrations (p ≤ 0.10) above the 11.2 g kg−1 considered minimum for cattle maintenance through September for most entries. Multiflower false rhodesgrass had the least (p ≤ 0.10) fiber and greatest N and in vitro organic matter disappearance (IVOMD). During Year 1 and early in Year 2, IVOMD was sometimes greater (p ≤ 0.10) when goat rumen liquid was used compared to steer liquid. This relationship was nullified or even reversed as plants matured in Year 2, indicating that donor species of rumen liquid should be considered when interpreting IVOMD results for native warm‐season grasses.
Competitive Ability of Tall Fescue against Alfalfa as a Function of Summer Dormancy, Endophyte Infection, and Soil Moisture Availability
Authors: Malinowski D. P. , Butler T. J. , Belesky D. P.
Published: April 2011

Management practices of summer‐dormant cool‐season grasses, including compatible legume species, are not well understood. In a greenhouse experiment, competitive ability of two summer‐dormant (Flecha and TX06V) and a summer‐active (PDF) tall fescue [Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort = Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.] was evaluated in associations with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cv. Bulldog 505. Fescue cultivars were either infected with Neotyphodium coenophialum (Morgan‐Jones & Gams.) Glenn, Bacon, & Hanlin comb. nov. fungal endophyte or noninfected. Monocultures and binary mixtures were exposed to a gradually imposed soil moisture deficit stress (30% soil water capacity [SWC]) from June through August or maintained at 90% SWC (control). Indices of competitive interactions (relative yield [RY], relative yield total [RYT], and aggressivity [AGR]) were calculated. The RY of summer‐dormant tall fescue was less, whereas RY of summer‐active tall fescue was similar to that of alfalfa. The RYT values for alfalfa–tall fescue mixtures were not different from 1 under nonlimited soil moisture, but alfalfa–Flecha mixture had RYT <1 under soil moisture deficit. The AGR of summer‐dormant tall fescue was lower, but AGR of summer‐active tall fescue was similar to that of alfalfa. Results suggest that summer‐active tall fescue effectively competes with alfalfa, but summer‐dormant tall fescue cultivars have lower competitive ability than alfalfa. In addition, endophyte infection increased competitive ability of TX06V and PDF but not of Flecha.
Resistance to Tan Spot and Insensitivity to Ptr ToxA in Wheat
Authors: Noriel Angelo Jay , Sun Xiaochun , Bockus Willium , Bai Guihua
Published: April 2011

Tan spot, caused by the fungus Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis, is an important foliar disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) worldwide. Growing resistant cultivars is an effective approach to reduce the losses caused by the disease. To identify resistance genes in common wheat, 380 wheat accessions from different geographical origins were evaluated for resistance to P. tritici‐repentis race 1, the predominant race in the Great Plains of the United States and western Canada, and insensitivity to Ptr ToxA, a host‐selective toxin produced by race 1. Most accessions tested (60%) were resistant and only 93 accessions (24%) were as susceptible as TAM 105, the susceptible control. Among 379 accessions, 230 were insensitive to Ptr ToxA, but only 158 of them showed resistance to race 1. A weak correlation between tan spot score and sensitivity to Ptr ToxA suggests that pathogenicity factors other than Ptr ToxA (like Ptr ToxC) also contributed to tan spot development in these accessions. The accessions with resistance to tan spot identified in this study should be useful sources for developing new tan spot resistant cultivars.
Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Marker Diversity among High Yielding Perennial Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Core Collection Accessions
Authors: Bhandari H. S. , Lawati A. H. Al , Ray I. M.
Published: April 2011

Understanding the genetic structure of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) plant introductions, including the identification of divergent populations, may benefit their utilization in cultivar development programs. Two independent experiments (Exp. 1 and Exp. 2) were conducted to assess amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) marker diversity among 18 high‐yielding alfalfa core collection accessions that were previously evaluated by diallel analysis for forage yield combining abilities and heterosis in southern New Mexico. Each experiment involved nine different M. sativa subsp. sativa populations and one control accession of M. sativa subsp. falcata (L.) Arcang. Both experiments indicated that the M. sativa subsp. sativa populations were genetically distinct from the M. sativa subsp. falcata accession. Genetic distances among the M. sativa subsp. sativa accessions were predominantly governed by the geographic distances of their historic origins in Exp. 1. In Exp. 2 such relationships were less obvious, perhaps because multiple accessions possessed South American and/or central Asian lineage. Genetic distances in both experiments were also influenced by the intersubspecific or intrasubspecific hybrid nature of some accessions. Multiple correspondence analysis of the AFLP data for the 18 accessions, in conjunction with yield performance and heterosis response of their diallel hybrids, indicated that most hybrids that exhibited positive heterosis and high yield possessed a genetically divergent accession as a parent.
Species Relationships in the Genus Agrostis Based on Flow Cytometry and MITE‐Display Molecular Markers
Authors: Amundsen Keenan , Warnke Scott
Published: April 2011

It is estimated that there are between 150 and 200 species of Agrostis, and interspecific hybridization is a proven method for improving cultivated Agrostis species. The pool of publicly available Agrostis germplasm, available through the National Plant Germplasm System, represents 17% of the total number of Agrostis species. The total amount of genetic diversity of this germplasm should be assessed to determine if there are novel sources of stress resistance. Agrostis species have a base haploid chromosome number of seven and can range in ploidy from diploid (2n = 2x = 14) to dodecaploid (2n = 12x = 84). In the present study, the DNA content of 305 Agrostis accessions was measured by flow cytometry and used to predict ploidy. Ploidy assignment was difficult because the DNA content measures did not delineate the accessions into clear genome size groupings. Genetic diversity among a subset of those Agrostis accessions (75), along with four Polypogon and two Apera accessions, was also studied. Genetic markers anchored to miniature inverted‐repeat transposable elements (1309) were used in Structure 2.3.3 and unweighted pair‐grouped method analyses. Eight distinct clusters of accessions were observed, including two distinct groups of diploid germplasm. Little genetic variation was evident among the cultivated A. stolonifera accessions based on the Structure analysis, suggesting the early formation of a genetic bottleneck among cultivated germplasm.
Identification of Soybean Accessions Resistant to Cercospora sojina by Field Screening, Molecular Markers, and Phenotyping
Authors: Mengistu Alemu , Bond Jason , Mian Rouf , Nelson Randall , Shannon Grover , Wrather Allen
Published: April 2011

Frogeye leaf spot (FLS) of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], caused by Cercospora sojina K. Hara, has been a problem in the southern United States for many years. Cultivars resistant to FLS have been developed for planting in this area, and resistance in many of these cultivars is conditioned by the Rcs3 allele at the Rcs3 locus, which provides immunity to all known races of the pathogen. Frogeye leaf spot has recently become a greater problem in the northern United States, and few C. sojina resistant cultivars and breeding lines adapted to this area have been identified. The objectives of this study were to (i) identify maturity group (MG) 00 to VII accessions resistant to C. sojina race 11 by field screening at multiple locations over years and (ii) determine if FLS resistance in these accessions is likely to be conditioned by the Rcs3 allele. A total of 522 accessions were evaluated for reaction to race 11 in field trials in Missouri and Illinois during 2006 and 2007, and 84 of these lines did not develop symptoms of FLS and were field screened for reaction to natural inoculum in Tennessee during 2008. Nine accessions of the 84 lines were susceptible. The remaining 75 were subsequently tested for the possible presence of Rcs3 using five molecular markers located within 2 cM of the gene. Of these 75 accessions, only PI 437726, PI 438302B, and PI 494851 had the Rcs3 haplotype of the cultivar Davis, the source of Rcs3 The soybean accessions predicted not to have the Rcs3 allele and with no FLS symptoms in field trials may also be useful in developing soybean cultivars with resistance to FLS.
Impact of the MON89788 Event for Glyphosate Tolerance on Agronomic and Seed Traits of Soybean
Authors: De Vries Brian D. , Fehr Walter R.
Published: April 2011

Glyphosate [N‐(phosphonomethyl)glycine] is a popular herbicide for weed control in fields planted to soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars with a transgene that provides tolerance to the chemical. A transgenic event MON89788, known commercially as Roundup Ready 2 Yield (Monsanto Co., St. Louis, MO), was developed by the Monsanto Co. as an alternative to the event 40–3–2 for glyphosate tolerance in soybean. The objective of our study was to compare the agronomic and seed traits of glyphosate‐tolerant (GT) lines and glyphosate‐susceptible (GS) lines from populations segregating for MON89788. The transgene was backcrossed into three GS cultivars to develop BC2 populations. There were 27 GT and 27 GS BC2F2–derived lines from each backcross population evaluated at four Iowa environments in 2010. The means of the GT lines were not significantly different from the GS lines in any of the populations for seed yield, lodging score, and palmitate, oleate, and linoleate concentrations. The maximum significant difference between the means of the two types was 0.4 d for maturity date, 2 cm for plant height, 5 mg sd−1 for seed weight, and 2 g kg−1 for protein, 1 g kg−1 for oil, 1 g kg−1 for stearate, and 0.2 g kg−1 for linolenate concentrations. The significant differences among lines within each type and the overlap in their distributions for all of the traits indicated that it would be possible to select GT or GS lines with comparable performance from populations developed by crossing a GS parent to a GT parent with the MON89788 event.
Imputation Estimators Partially Correct for Model Misspecification
Authors: Minin Vladimir N. , O'Brien John D. , Seregin Arseni
Published: April 2011

Inference problems with incomplete observations often aim at estimating population properties of unobserved quantities. One simple way to accomplish this estimation is to impute the unobserved quantities of interest at the individual level and then take an empirical average of the imputed values. We show that this simple imputation estimator can provide partial protection against model misspecification. We illustrate imputation estimators’ robustness to model specification on three examples: mixture model-based clustering, estimation of genotype frequencies in population genetics, and estimation of Markovian evolutionary distances. In the final example, using a representative model misspecification, we demonstrate that in non-degenerate cases, the imputation estimator dominates the plug-in estimate asymptotically. We conclude by outlining a Bayesian implementation of the imputation-based estimation.