bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Malaria, the Red Cell, and the Endothelium
Authors: Pasloske Brittan L. , Howard Russell J.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Erythrocytes infected with mature stages of Plasmodium falciparum malaria adhere to vascular endothelial cells in postcapillary venules of several organs. In some patients, infected cells also form rosettes with uninfected erythrocytes. The special pathology of acute cerebral malaria appears to result from excessive adherence of infected cells in cerebral vessels coupled with occlusion of cerebral blood flow in microvessels by infected cell rosettes. Several endothelial cell proteins have been identified as potential receptors for infected erythrocyte adherence to vascular endothelium, including thrombospondin, CD36, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1). The receptor on infected erythrocytes that mediates adhesion to endothelial cells has been identified as a very large malarial protein on infected cells called PfEMP1. PfEMP1 has been shown to bind to CD36 and thrombospondin in vitro. Antibody-mediated blockade or reversal of infected erythrocyte adherence to vascular endothelium is postulated not only to decrease the pathology of blood-stage malaria, but also to lead to infected cell destruction and clearance, especially in the spleen. PfEMP1 is therefore a prime candidate malarial protein for inclusion in a multicomponent asexual malaria vaccine.
Atypical Antipsychotics: New Directions and New Challenges in the Treatment of Schizophrenia
Authors: Kapur Shitij , Remington Gary
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  “Atypical” antipsychotics represent a new generation of antipsychotics with a significantly lower incidence of extrapyramidal side effects (EPS), as well as little or no effect on prolactin elevation. These advantages constitute a major improvement in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia. The exact mechanisms that make these drugs atypical is not clear. However, a preferential action on serotonin 5-HT2or D4receptors, or a more rapid dissociation from the dopamine D2receptor, may account for atypicality. Although the atypical antipsychotics have overcome EPS, other side effects such as weight gain and impaired glucose tolerance/lipid abnormalities have come to the fore. Thus, the challenges are far from over. The current atypicals are much more effective against the psychosis of schizophrenia than against the other, more enduring aspects of this disorder, e.g. negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction. At present, the atypicals use a “pharmacological shotgun” strategy to treat aspects of the disease in all patients. A more sophisticated and perhaps effective approach to schizophrenia may lie in independently targeting the pathophysiological mechanisms of each clinical dimension (i.e. positive, negative, cognitive, and affective) with more selective drugs that can be combined and individually titrated to the needs of each patient.
Addiction Modules and Programmed Cell Death and Antideath in Bacterial Cultures
Authors: Engelberg-Kulka Hanna , Glaser Gad
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  In bacteria, programmed cell death is mediated through “addiction modules” consisting of two genes. The product of the second gene is a stable toxin, whereas the product of the first is a labile antitoxin. Here we extensively review what is known about those modules that are borne by one of a number of Escherichia coli extrachromosomal elements and are responsible for the postsegregational killing effect. We focus on a recently discovered chromosomally borne regulatable addiction module in E. coli that responds to nutritional stress and also on an antideath gene of the E. coli bacteriophage λ. We consider the relation of these two to programmed cell death and antideath in bacterial cultures. Finally, we discuss the similarities between basic features of programmed cell death and antideath in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and the possibility that they share a common evolutionary origin.
Glutamine Repeats and Neurodegeneration
Authors: Zoghbi Huda Y. , Orr Harry T.
Published: July 2002

A growing number of neurodegenerative diseases have been found to result from the expansion of an unstable trinucleotide repeat. Over the past 6 years, researchers have focused on identifying the mechanism by which the expanded polyglutamine tract renders a protein toxic to a subset of vulnerable neurons. In this review, we summarize the clinicopathologic features of these disorders (spinobulbar muscular atrophy, Huntington disease, and the spinocerebellar ataxias, including dentatorubropallidoluysian atrophy), describe the genes involved and what is known about their products, and discuss the model systems that have lent insight into pathogenesis. The review concludes with a model for pathogenesis that illuminates the unifying features of these polyglutamine disorders. This model may prove relevant to other neurodegenerative disorders as well.
DIET ANDAPOPTOSIS
Authors: Watson Walter H. , Cai Jiyang , Jones Dean P.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  A range of compounds in or derived from the diet modulates apoptosis in cell cultures in vitro. These observations have important implications concerning the mechanisms whereby dietary components affect health. Proapoptotic compounds could protect against cancer by enhancing elimination of initiated, precancerous cells, and antiapoptotic compounds could promote tumor formation by inhibiting apoptosis in genetically damaged cells. Proapoptotic compounds could also contribute to age-related degenerative diseases by activating cell death in postmitotic cells or shifting the normal balance of mitosis and apoptosis in tissues with regenerative capacity. Many age-related diseases, for example macular degeneration and Parkinson's disease, appear to have oxidative stress as an underlying component that interacts with genetic, dietary, and environmental factors to determine relative risk in an individual. Oxidative stress activates apoptosis, and antioxidants protect against apoptosis in vitro; thus, a central role of dietary antioxidants may be to protect against apoptosis. However, little in vivo data are available to directly link diet with altered apoptosis as an underlying determinant of disease. Moreover, the possible antagonistic effects of different dietary components and the uncertainty about whether proapoptotic compounds that may protect against cancer could contribute to degenerative diseases and vice versa indicate that there is a great need for better in vivo assessment of apoptosis and that caution should be exercised when extrapolating in vitro data on apoptosis to in vivo dietary recommendations.
GENETIC REGULATION OF GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR ION CHANNELS
Authors: Myers Scott J. , Dingledine Raymond , Borges Karin
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Transcriptional and translational regulation of glutamate receptor expression determines one of the key phenotypic features of neurons in the brain—the properties of their excitatory synaptic receptors. Up- and down-regulation of various glutamate receptor subunits occur throughout development, following ischemia, seizures, repetitive activation of afferents, or chronic administration of a variety of drugs. The promoters of the genes that encode the NR1, NR2B, NR2C, GluR1, GluR2, and KA2 subunits share several characteristics that include multiple transcriptional start sites within a CpG island, lack of TATA and CAAT boxes, and neuronal-selective expression. In most cases, the promoter regions include overlapping Sp1 and GSG motifs near the major initiation sites, and a silencer element, to guide expression in neurons. Manipulating the levels of glutamate receptors in vivo by generating transgenic and knockout mice has enhanced understanding of the role of specific glutamate receptor subunits in long-term potentiation and depression, learning, seizures, neural pattern formation, and survival. Neuron-specific glutamate receptor promoter fragments may be employed in the design of novel gene-targeting constructs to deliver future experimental transgene and therapeutic agents to selected neurons in the brain.
COMPUTATIONAL STUDIES OF CLUSTERS:Methods and Results
Authors: Freeman David L. , Doll J. D.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  The experimental and computational study of clusters has been an active field of research for over a decade. This review provides an overview of some of the methods that have been developed to study clusters and some of the results that have been obtained. Included are computational approaches to explore the potential energy surface for clusters, methods to extract thermodynamic properties from the potential surface information and approaches to insure simulation studies are performed in an ergodic fashion. The methods have proved to be useful in studying the structural transition from clusters to bulk phases, phase changes in small clusters and the importance of quantum effects. The review ends with a discussion of problems in cluster chemistry and physics that are of interest for future investigations.
CURRENT CONCEPTS OF ACTIVE DEFENSE IN PLANTS
Authors: Hutcheson Steven W.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  A growing body of evidence indicates that elicitation of primary active defense responses results from a recognition event frequently involving protein-protein interactions. Most pathogen avirulence determinants eliciting resistance gene–dependent responses have been shown to be proteins with no apparent enzymic activity. Disruption of the tertiary and quaternary structure of these proteins abolishes their elicitor activity. Critical to their elicitor activity is their display by the pathogen. Resistance genes are proposed to function as receptors for the eliciting proteins. The most consistent feature of resistance gene products is the presence of potential protein binding domains in the form of leucine-rich repeat regions, and there is direct evidence for the physical interaction of elicitor proteins and receptor proteins in several cases. Thus in many but not all cases the primary recognition event eliciting an active defense response during incompatible interactions appears to be a protein-protein interaction occurring between a specific pathogen protein and a strategically placed receptor protein in the host cell. The interaction of elicitor protein with the receptor protein activates a signal transduction pathway leading to programmed cell death and an oxidative burst.
BARLEY YELLOW RUST IN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Brown Jr William M. , Hill Joseph P. , Velasco Vidal R.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Yellow rust of barley is an invasive disease that was found in the past 10 years in North America. The causal agent, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei, was introduced into Colombia, South America, from Europe in 1975. It spread to all major barley-producing areas in South America by 1982. In 1988 it was found in Mexico and in 1991 in Texas. Since then it has been found in all major barley-producing areas of the American West. Originally described as race (R) 24, barley yellow rust in North America is now known to be a very heterogeneous population. Resistance has been identified, evaluated, and is being introduced into commercial malting and other barley cultivars. Cultural and chemical controls are effective and available. An integrated approach using general field resistance and other tactics is described for sustainable management of barley yellow rust.
INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES: The Interplay of Cognitive, Motivational, and Behavioral Activities in Social Interaction
Authors: Snyder Mark , Stukas Arthur A.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  This analytic review is concerned with the interpersonal processes, and the characteristics of situations and persons that influence them, that lead to the confirmation and disconfirmation of expectations in the course of social interaction. We examine the steps in the chain of events by which the expectations of one person guide and direct the dynamics of social interaction such that the behavior of the target of those expectations comes to confirm or disconfirm those expectations. We further inquire into the motivational and structural foundations of confirmation and disconfirmation in social interaction, using these inquiries to address frequently asked, but rarely answered, questions about expectations and social interaction. Finally, we argue that investigations of expectations in social interaction provide a paradigm for more general theoretical and empirical considerations of interpersonal processes and social relationships.
Building Bridges Between Populations and Samples in Epidemiological Studies
Authors: Kalsbeek W. , Heiss G.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  The increased use of rigorous population-sampling methods and the analysis of data from those samples in cross-sectional surveys, case-control studies, longitudinal-cohort investigations, and other epidemiological research efforts have raised important statistical issues for health analysts. We describe the origin, implications, and some plausible resolutions for several of these issues. Some of the main issues we consider include (a) establishing whom the sample represents; (b) using sample weights; (c) understanding the role of other important features, such as the use of sampling stratification and the selection of clustered groups of population members; and (d) finding ways to analyze study data with key sampling features in mind. Ultimately, resolution of all of these issues requires that analysts clearly define a reference population and then understand the role of design features in relating sample results to that population.
The Changing Nature of Death Penalty Debates
Authors: Radelet Michael L. , Borg Marian J.
Published: July 2002

Focusing on the last 25 years of debate, this paper examines the changing nature of death penalty arguments in six specific areas: deterrence, incapacitation, caprice and bias, cost, innocence, and retribution. After reviewing recent changes in public opinion regarding the death penalty, we review the findings of social science research pertinent to each of these issues. Our analysis suggests that social science scholarship is changing the way Americans debate the death penalty. Particularly when viewed within a historical and world-wide context, these changes suggest a gradual movement toward the eventual abolition of capital punishment in America.
Myocyte Redistribution of GRK2 and GRK5 in Hypertensive, Heart-Failure–Prone Rats
Authors: Yi Xian Ping , Gerdes A. Martin , Li Faqian
Published: July 2002

G protein–coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) are known to be involved in the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Their exact role and subcellular distribution during cardiac hypertrophy and failure remain to be elucidated. We examined expression and subcellular distribution of GRK2 and GRK5 in the left ventricle of female spontaneously hypertensive heart failure (SHHF) rats at 6 months of age using Western blots and fluorescent confocal microscopy. GRK2 was expressed mainly in the Triton X-100 soluble fraction in the left ventricle with similar expression levels between SHHF and age-matched Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. GRK2 had a striated pattern which colocalized with sarcomeric α-actinin and G protein in both SHHF and WKY rat myocytes and specifically accumulated in the intercalated disks of myocytes from SHHF but not WKY rats. GRK5 was expressed in both the Triton X-100 soluble fraction and Triton X-100 insoluble fraction in the left ventricle with similar expression levels between SHHF and WKY rats. GRK5 distributed diffusely in the cytoplasm in both SHHF and WKY rat myocytes and specifically accumulated in the nucleus of myocytes from SHHF but not WKY rats. GRK5 colocalized with coilin, the major component of the nuclear substructure involved in RNA synthesis and processing. The results suggest different roles for GRK2 and GRK5 in G-protein signaling and RNA biogenesis. Subcellular redistribution of GRK2 and GRK5 may be involved in cardiac hypertrophy resulting from chronic hypertension.
Constructing an Atrocities Regime: The Politics of War Crimes Tribunals
Authors: Rudolph Christopher
Published: July 2002

From the notorious “killing fields” of Cambodia to programs of “ethnic cleansing” in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, the grizzly nature of ethnic and identity-centered conflict incites horror, outrage, and a human desire for justice. While the drive to humanize warfare can be traced to the writing of Hugo Grotius, current efforts to establish an atrocities regime are unparalleled in modern history. Combining approaches in international relations theory and international law, I examine the role political factors (norms, power and interests, institutions) and legal factors (precedent and procedure) play in the development of an atrocities regime. International tribunals have convicted generally low-level war criminals in both Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia, but they have had much more limited success in achieving their more expansive goals—deterring atrocities and fostering national reconciliation in regions fraught with ethnic violence. This analysis reveals additional institutional modifications needed to construct a more effective regime and highlights the importance of placing this new regime within a comprehensive international strategy of conflict management.
What Makes the World Hang Together? Neo-utilitarianism and the Social Constructivist Challenge
Authors: Ruggie John Gerard
Published: July 2002

Social constructivism in international relations has come into its own during the past decade, not only as a metatheoretical critique of currently dominant neo-utilitarian approaches (neo-realism and neoliberal institutionalism) but increasingly in the form of detailed empirical findings and theoretical insights. Constructivism addresses many of the same issues addressed by neo-utilitarianism, though from a different vantage and, therefore, with different effect. It also concerns itself with issues that neo-utilitarianism treats by assumption, discounts, ignores, or simply cannot apprehend within its characteristic ontology and/or epistemology. The constructivist project has sought to open up the relatively narrow theoretical confines of conventional approaches—by pushing them back to problematize the interests and identities of actors; deeper to incorporate the intersubjective bases of social action and social order; and into the dimensions of space and time to establish international structure as contingent practice, constraining social action but also being (re)created and, therefore, potentially transformed by it.
The New Wave of Regionalism
Authors: Mansfield Edward D. , Milner Helen V.
Published: July 2002

Economic regionalism appears to be growing rapidly. Why this has occurred and what bearing it will have on the global economy are issues that have generated considerable interest and disagreement. Some observers fear that regional economic institutions—such as the European Union (EU), the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Mercosur, and the organization of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)—will erode the multilateral system that has guided economic relations since the end of World War II, promoting protectionism and conflict. Others argue that regional institutions will foster economic openness and bolster the multilateral system. This debate has stimulated a large and influential body of research by economists on regionalism's welfare implications.
Growth, Structural Coupling and Competition in Kinetic Art
Authors: Nees Georg
Published: July 2002

The author considers systems capable of growth within the framework of the aesthetics of kinetic art and George Rickey's morphology of movement. He explains fundamental growth types as the kinetic aspects of a class of structurally coupled autonomous systems. Two paradigms are treated with examples: the settling of clans competing for space and the concurrent sprouting of up to three plants. The author uses and explains his method of morphography, which generally requires of the artistically inclined scientist the design and usage of computer-generated figures called morphograms.
Art as a Living System: Interactive Computer Artworks
Authors: Sommerer Christa , Mignonneau Laurent
Published: July 2002

The authors design computer installations that integrate artificial life and real life by means of human-computer interaction. While exploring real-time interaction and evolutionary image processes, visitors to their interactive installations become essential parts of the systems by transferring the individual behaviors, emotions and personalities to the works' image processing. Images in these installations are not static, pre-fixed or predictable, but “living systems” themselves, representing minute changes in the viewers' interactions with the installations' evolutionary image processes.
Active Vision: Controlling Sound with Eye Movements
Authors: Polli Andrea
Published: July 2002

In this article, the author discusses the inspiration, concept, and technology behind her sound performance work using eye movements in relationship to current research on human eye movement. She also compares the playing of the eye-tracking instrument to research on musical improvisation using unconventional musical instruments and “active music.”
Preserved Recognition in a Case of Developmental Amnesia: Implications for the Acaquisition of Semantic Memory?
Authors: Baddeley Alan , Vargha-Khadem Faraneh , Mishkin Mortimer
Published: July 2002

We report the performance on recognition memory tests of Jon, who, despite amnesia from early childhood, has developed normal levels of performance on tests of intelligence, language, and general knowledge. Despite impaired recall, he performed within the normal range on each of six recognition tests, but he appears to lack the recollective phenomenological experience normally associated with episodic memory. His recall of previously unfamiliar newsreel event was impaired, but gained substantially from repetition over a 2-day period. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the recollective process of episodic memory is not necessary either for recognition or for the acquisition of semantic knowledge.
Acoustical Vision of Neglected Stimuli: Interaction among Spatially Converging Audiovisual Inputs in Neglect Patients
Authors: Frassinetti Francesca , Pavani Francesco , Làdavas Elisabetta
Published: July 2002

Cross-modal spatial integration between auditory and visual stimuli is a common phenomenon in space perception. The principles underlying such integration have been outlined by neurophysiological and behavioral studies in animals (Stein & Meredith, 1993), but little evidence exists proving that similar principles occur also in humans.

In the present study, we explored such possibility in patients with visual neglect, namely, patients with visuospatial impairment. To test this hypothesis, neglect patients were required to detect brief flash of light presented in one of six spatial positions, either in a unimodal condition (i.e., only visual stimuli were presented) or in a cross-modal condition (i.e., a sound was presented simultaneously to the visual target, either at the same spatial position or a tone of the remaining five possible positions).

The results showed an improvement of visual detection when visual and auditory stimuli were originating from the same position in space or at close spatial disparity (168). In contrast, no improvement was found when the spatial separation of visual and auditory stimuli was larger than 168. Moreover, the improvement was larger for visual positions that were more affected by the spatial impairment, i.e., the most peripheral positions in the left visual field (LVF).

In conclusion, the results of the present study considerably extend our knowledge about the multisensory integration, by showing in humans the existence of an integrated visuoauditory system with functional properties similar to those found in animals.
Cross-Modal Interactions between Audition, Touch, and Vision in Endogenous Spatial Attention: ERP Evidence on Preparatory States and Sensory Modulations
Authors: Eimer Martin , Velzen José van , Driver Jon
Published: July 2002

Recent behavioral and event-related brain potential (ERP) studies have revealed cross-modal interactions in endogenous spatial attention between vision and audition, plus vision and touch. The present ERP study investigated whether these interactions reflect supramodal attentional control mechanisms, and whether similar cross-modal interactions also exist between audition and touch. Participants directed attention to the side indicated by a cue to detect infrequent auditory or tactile targets at the cued side. The relevant modality (audition or touch) was blocked. Attentional control processes were reflected in systematic ERP modulations elicited during cued shifts of attention. An anterior negativity contralateral to the cued side was followed by a contralateral positivity at posterior sites. These effects were similar whether the cue signaled which side was relevant for audition or for touch. They also resembled previously observed ERP modulations for shifts of visual attention, thus implicating supramodal mechanisms in the control of spatial attention. Following each cue, single auditory, tactile, or visual stimuli were presented at the cued or uncued side. Although stimuli in task-irrelevant modalities could be completely ignored, visual and auditory ERPs were nevertheless affected by spatial attention when touch was relevant, revealing cross-modal interactions. When audition was relevant, visual ERPs, but not tactile ERPs, were affected by spatial attention, indicating that touch can be decoupled from cross-modal attention when task-irrelevant.
Probabilistic Motion Estimation Based on Temporal Coherence
Authors: Burgi Pierre-Yves , Yuille Alan L. , Grzywacz Norberto M.
Published: July 2002

We develop a theory for the temporal integration of visual motion motivated by psychophysical experiments. The theory proposes that input data are temporally grouped and used to predict and estimate the motion flows in the image sequence. This temporal grouping can be considered a generalization of the data association techniques that engineers use to study motion sequences. Our temporal grouping theory is expressed in terms of the Bayesian generalization of standard Kalman filtering. To implement the theory, we derive a parallel network that shares some properties of cortical networks. Computer simulations of this network demonstrate that our theory qualitatively accounts for psychophysical experiments on motion occlusion and motion outliers. In deriving our theory, we assumed spatial factorizability of the probability distributions and made the approximation of updating the marginal distributions of velocity at each point. This allowed us to perform local computations and simplified our implementation. We argue that these approximations are suitable for the stimuli we are considering (for which spatial coherence effects are negligible).
The Multifractal Structure of Contrast Changes in Natural Images: From Sharp Edges to Textures
Authors: Turiel Antonio , Parga Néstor
Published: July 2002

We present a formalism that leads naturally to a hierarchical description of the different contrast structures in images, providing precise definitions of sharp edges and other texture components. Within this formalism, we achieve a decomposition of pixels of the image in sets, the fractal components of the image, such that each set contains only points characterized by a fixed strength of the singularity of the contrast gradient in its neighborhood. A crucial role in this description of images is played by the behavior of contrast differences under changes in scale. Contrary to naive scaling ideas where the image is thought to have uniform transformation properties (Field, 1987), each of these fractal components has its own transformation law and scaling exponents. A conjecture on their biological relevance is also given.
Computational Models of Neuromodulation
Authors: Fellous Jean-Marc , Linster Christiane
Published: July 2002

Computational modeling of neural substrates provides an excellent theoretical framework for the understanding of the computational roles of neuromodulation. In this review, we illustrate, with a large number of modeling studies, the specific computations performed by neuromodulation in the context of various neural models of invertebrate and vertebrate preparations. We base our characterization of neuromodulations on their computational and functional roles rather than on anatomical or chemical criteria. We review the main framework in which neuromodulation has been studied theoretically (central pattern generation and oscillations, sensory processing, memory and information integration). Finally, we present a detailed mathematical overview of how neuromodulation has been implemented at the single cell and network levels in modeling studies. Overall, neuromodulation is found to increase and control computational complexity.
Comparison of SOM Point Densities Based on Different Criteria
Authors: Kohonen Teuvo
Published: July 2002

Point densities of model (codebook) vectors in self-organizing maps (SOMs) are evaluated in this article. For a few one-dimensional SOMs with finite grid lengths and a given probability density function of the input, the numerically exact point densities have been computed. The point density derived from the SOM algorithm turned out to be different from that minimizing the SOM distortion measure, showing that the model vectors produced by the basic SOM algorithm in general do not exactly coincide with the optimum of the distortion measure. A new computing technique based on the calculus of variations has been introduced. It was applied to the computation of point densities derived from the distortion measure for both the classical vector quantization and the SOM with general but equal dimensionality of the input vectors and the grid, respectively. The power laws in the continuum limit obtained in these cases were found to be identical.
Making It Up as You Go Along
Authors: Jones Stuart
Published: July 2002

The author reflects on his career as an experimental musician, both in the early improvisational group Gentle Fire and in later work, including his membership in British Summer Time Ends and Kahondo Style. He discusses some of the common threads running throughout his work, such as surreal juxtapositions, random processes and constant invention and transformation.
Faust Music On Line: An Approach to Real-Time Collective Composition on the Internet
Authors: Jordà Sergi
Published: July 2002

Collective creation and the production of open and continuously evolving works are, according to the author, two of the major and more appealing artistic breakthroughs the Internet can offer to composers and creators in general. In this context, concepts such as authorship and copyright will necessarily have to evolve and adapt to a new reality. The author discusses an Internet project for real-time collective composition commissioned by La Fura dels Baus, which has been used for the soundtrack of La Fura's play F@ust 3.0.
Saint Orlan: Ritual As Violent Spectacle and Cultural Criticism
Authors: Faber Alyda
Published: July 2002

The French performance artist's practice of self-directed violence creates a spectacle that violates the viewer and establishes Orlan's body as “a site of public debate.” Her work radically exposes the violence of patriarchically established “beauty standards.”
Private Women/Public Acts: Petticoat Government and the Performance of Resistance
Authors: Mullenix Elizabeth Reitz
Published: July 2002

Feminists in 19th-century America performed their politics by storming taverns, holding mock elections at polling sites, and lecturing in public. These performances exacerbated fears concerning the “Woman Question” as antebellum feminists exposed gender as ritualized acts and employed performativity as a way to enact their resistance.
Path Reproduction Tests Using a Torus Treadmill
Authors: Iwata Hiroo , Yoshida Yoko
Published: July 2002

This paper describes experiments regarding navigation performance using a new locomotion interface for walking through virtual space. Although traveling on foot is the most intuitive style of locomotion, proprioceptive feedback from walking is not provided in most applications of virtual environments. We developed an infinite surface driven by actuators for enabling a sense of walking. Torus-shaped surfaces are selected to realize the locomotion interface. The device employs twelve sets of treadmills, connected side by side and driven in perpendicular directions. The virtual infinite surface is generated by the motion of the treadmills. A walker can go in any direction while his/her position is fixed in the real world. The device is called a Torus Treadmill. Navigation performance was measured by path-reproduction tests. Subjects were immersed in a virtual grass-covered plain on which a cone-shaped target object was placed. The subjects first traveled to the target object. After they reached it, the target object disappeared and the rehomed subjects were asked to return to the place where the target object was placed. We also set two target objects, and the subject traveled along a bent path. We compared two locomotion modes: walking on the Torus Treadmill and moving purely by joystick operation. The results of the bent-path experiment showed that the accuracy of the path reproduction in the Torus Treadmill mode is better than that of joystick mode.
Eisenhower and the Berlin Problem, 1953–1954
Authors: Coleman David G.
Published: July 2002

Soon after taking office, the Eisenhower administration adopted two key decisions on Berlin and the German question that were to have far-reaching consequences in the 1950s and 1960s. First, Eisenhower reaffirmed the U.S. security commitment to West Berlin, a commitment that entailed at least some risk of general war. Second, the administration prepared to use West Berlin in a broader political strategy aimed at weakening and eventually undermining Soviet power in Eastern Europe. The implications of these early decisions did not become fully evident until 1958, when the administration was confronted by a Soviet ultimatum on Berlin.
Western Cold War Broadcasting
Authors: Critchlow James
Published: July 2002

In the 1940s and 1950s, Western governments turned to radio as the most effective means of countering the Soviet information monopoly. U.S. and West European radio stations attempted to provide listeners with the kind of programs they might expect from their own radio stations if the latter were free of censorship. For most of these listeners in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, the broadcasts were their only contact with the outside world. The importance of the foreign radio programs was confirmed not only by audience estimates, but also by the considerable efforts the Communist regimes made to jam the transmissions. Given the importance of foreign broadcasting for the political life of the Soviet bloc, it is remarkable that these broadcasts have received scant scholarly attention in the Western countries that sponsored them. The three books reviewed here help to fill that gap.
How Regime Theory and the Economic Theory of International Environmental Cooperation Can Learn from Each Other
Authors: Neumayer Eric
Published: July 2002

Economic theorists of international environmental cooperation and regime theorists who focus on the environment ask the same two basic research questions: why does international environmental cooperation emerge in some cases, but not in others, and why is cooperation wide and deep in some cases, but not in others? Unfortunately, the two schools of thought do not collaborate much in their respective attempts to answer these and related questions. Instead, mutual neglect is the general rule. This paper explores how regime theory can learn from the findings of the economic theory of international environmental cooperation and vice versa, and it examines the prospects for reciprocal learning. An exploitation of mutual learning opportunities is likely to lead to a more comprehensive understanding of international environmental cooperation, and it can ultimately result in better policy advice.
THE POLITICS OF MESHA: SEGMENTED IDENTITIES AND STATE FORMATION IN IRON AGE MOAB
Authors: Routledge Bruce
Published: July 2002

The Mesha Inscription (ca. 850 B.C.) is the longest and most informative document from Iron Age Jordan. A close reading of this text shows that it is thematically and syntactically structured in terms of a series of territorially-based social units related to one another in a segmentary manner. This segmentary structure highlights the state-forming strategies of political incorporation pursued by Mesha, the inscription's putative author. It also highlights the limits of the recent characterization of biblical Moab as "tribal," with its assumption that kinship, rather than territory, was the principle organizing metaphor of the state.
Feeding in anuran communities on islands in the Danube floodplain
Authors: Ciubuc Constantin , Palmer Michael , Cogălniceanu Dan
Published: July 2002

Feeding habits and food choice of anurans found on two islands in the lower Danube floodplain were studied for two years. The five most abundant anuran species included in this study were Bombina bombina, Hyla arborea, Pelobates fuscus, Rana esculenta and R. ridibunda. In B. bombina the niche breadths of young and adults were of similar magnitude and the degree of overlap between these size classes was high. In Rana esculenta complex young individuals had a much broader trophic niche than adults. A low degree of overlap existed between young and adults, suggesting that the various size classes exploit different segments of the prey resource. Overall, species with a larger size range consumed a higher prey diversity. Prey occurrence was sampled throughout the study on a regular basis. The analysis of selectivity in feeding using Ivlev's index showed that the prey taxa that appeared to be preferred were generally rare in the environment. Detrended Correspondence Analysis revealed that the composition of anuran diets were highly overlapping but differed from the composition of the resource base. The trophic resource was highly partitioned in space and time and thus allowed the coexistence of large populations with similar diets.
MALE WING PIGMENTATION MAY AFFECT REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS VIA FEMALE CHOICE IN A CALOPTERYGID DAMSELFLY (ZYGOPTERA)
Authors: Siva-Jothy M.T.
Published: July 2002

Male calopterygid damselflies show striking morphological and behavioural secondary sexual traits which are known to function in intrasexual contests. The distribution of pigment in the sexually dimorphic wing 'spot' is prominently displayed to the female during courtship, yet there is little empirical evidence that this trait functions in an epigamic context. Observations of marked field populations revealed (a) there was variation in wing pigment distribution in males, (b) the pigmentation was fixed in reproductively active males, (c) resource holding males had less heterogeneity in the distribution of the wing pigment than males that were never observed to hold a resource and (d) that females frequently (60.3%) rejected males after courtship. An experiment was conducted in which the frequency of key reproductive behaviours (female inspection flights, courtships, copulations, and oviposition) was measured for the same male utilising the same territory before and after treatment or control manipulation of wing pigment parameters. Increasing the heterogeneity (and decreasing the area) of the wing pigmentation by removing small areas of pigmented cuticle from their wings resulted in a decrease in the measured reproductive behaviours (control males that had non-pigmented areas removed from their wings showed no decreases). Since females cannot be coerced into these behaviours, the experimentally induced decrease suggests females avoided males with higher levels of wing pigment heterogeneity. The results are discussed in the context of the benefits females might receive as a consequence of their reproductive decisions.
Description of two species of Chiloplectus Andrássy, 1984 (Nematoda: Plectidae) from Ukraine and a revised taxonomy of the genus
Authors: Boström Sven , Susulovsky Andrij , Holovachov Oleksandr
Published: July 2002

Two species of the genus Chiloplectus are described from Ukraine. Detailed studies by light and scanning electron microscopy were made to differentiate between C. andrassyi, a new senior synonym of Plectus telekii, and C. loricatus. Some previously unknown characters like the shape of the excretory gland duct, the number and position of somatic setae, and the epiptygmata are introduced for this differentiation. C. loricatus is found to be a junior synonym of Plectus cancellatus, which is transferred to Chiloplectus. An emended diagnosis and a revised classification of Chiloplectus are proposed, and a key to the species of the genus is provided. Plectus globilabiatus Kirjanova, 1958 and P.annulatus Maggenti, 1961 are regarded as species inquirendae. Description de deux espèces de Chiloplectus Andrássy, 1984 (Nematoda: Plectidae) d'Ukraine et une classification nouvelle pour le genre - Deux espèces du genre Chiloplectus sont décrites d'Ukraine. Des études détaillées en microscopie optique et électronique à balayage ont été conduites pour différencier C. andrassyi, un nouveau synonyme majeur de Plectus telekii, et C.loricatus. Quelques caractères jusqu'à présent inconnus comme la forme du canal de la glande excrétrice, le nombre et la position des soies céphaliques et les epiptygmes ont été utilisés pour cette différentiation. C. loricatus est considéré comme un synonyme mineur de Plectus cancellatus, lequel est transféré au genre Chiloplectus. Sont proposées une diagnose amendée et une classification révisée du genre Chiloplectus; une clef des espèces du genre est proposée. Plectus globilabiatus Kirjanova, 1958 et P.annulatus Maggenti, 1961 sont considérés comme species inquirendae.
Natural and experimental associations of Caenorhabditis remanei with Trachelipus rathkii and other terrestrial isopods
Authors: Baird Scott Everet
Published: July 2002

Caenorhabditis remanei was found in association with the terrestrial isopod Trachelipus rathkii at several wooded locations in southwestern Ohio. These associations were as developmentally arrested dauer larvae. The sites of association were the inner surfaces of the dorsal plates and ventral appendages. C. remanei associations also were observed with Armadillidium nasatum, Cylisticus convexus, and Porcellio scaber. They were not observed with Porcellio spinicornis even though P. spinicornis populations were intermingled with infested populations of T. rathkii. Consistent with the observed natural associations, C. remanei dauers were experimentally able to infest T. rathkii and P. scaber . Dauer larvae responded to confinement with isopods by nictating and by climbing upon these potential hosts. Experimental infestations were able to persist for at least five days. Long-term infestations were not attempted. Naturliche und experimentelle Vergesellschaftungen von Caenorhabditis remanei mit Trachelipus rathkii unde anderen terrestrischen Isopoden - An mehreren waldigen Stellen im Sudwesten von Ohio wurde Caenorhabditis remani vergesellschaftet mit dem terrestrischen Isopoden Trachelipus rathkii gefunden. Diese Assoziationen waren wie in der Entwicklung gehemmte Dauerlarven. Sie wurden an den inneren Oberflachen der Dorsalplatten und der ventralen Anhange festgestellt. Vergesellschaftungen von C. remani wurden auch mit Armadillium nasutum, Cylisticus convexus und Porcellio scaber beobachtet. Nicht beobachtet wurden sie dagegen bei Porcellio spinicornis, obwohl Populationen dieser Art mit infizierten Populationen von T. rathkii vermischt vorkamen. In Ubereinstimmung mit den beobachteten naturlichen Assoziationen konnten Dauerjuvenile von C. remani auch im Versuch T. rathkii und P. scaber befallen. Die Dauerjuvenile reagierten auf das enge Zusammensein mit den Isopoden durch Nickbewegungen und Klettern auf diese potentiellen Wirte. So ein experimenteller Befall konnte fur mindestens funf Tage bestehen. Langfristiger Befall wurde nicht versucht.
The nature and significance of illite associated with quartz- hematite hydrothermal veins in the St. Austell pluton, Cornwall, England
Authors: Psyrillos A. , Manning D. A. C. , Burley S. D.
Published: July 2002

Quartz-hematite veins in the St. Austell pluton feature an assemblage of authigenic kaolin, illite, chlorite and hematite. Similar assemblages occur in altered granites adjacent to the veins. Complex textures in the veins and altered granites show that kaolin was an initial precipitate from hydrothermal fluids that was subsequently replaced by illite, hematite and chlorite. The sequence of mineral precipitation reflects a kinetic control on crystal growth, with early nonequilibrium precipitation of kaolin from fluids with compositions appropriate for the equilibrium formation of illite. Hematite formed under relatively oxidizing conditions that subsequently became more reducing to permit the late precipitation of chlorite. Illite associated with the quartz-hematite veins differs texturally, mineralogically and chemically from the coarsely crystalline hydrothermal muscovite (sericite or gilbertite) associated with quartz-tourmaline veins and greisen. Quartzhematite veins are thus considered to record a distinct mineralization event that is not related to the early greisenization or the economic kaolinization.
Influence of bacteria on rock-water interaction and clay mineral formation in subsurface granitic environments
Authors: Hama K. , Bateman K. , Coombs P. , Hards V. L. , Milodowski A. E. , West J. M. , Wetton P. D. , Yoshida H. , Aoki K.
Published: July 2002

Studies of the subsurface microbiology of the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory, Sweden have revealed the presence of many different bacteria in the deep groundwaters which appear to maintain reducing conditions. Experiments were conducted to study the rock-water and microbial interactions. These used crushed Äspö diorite, Äspö groundwater and iron- and sulphate-reducing bacteria in flowing systems under anaerobic conditions. In column experiments, there was evidence of loss and mobilization of fine-grained crushed material (<5 μm) which had originally adhered to grain surfaces in the starting material. The mobilized fines were trapped between grains. The degree of mineralogical alteration was greater in the experiments when bacteria were present. In both column and continuously stirred reactor experiments, there is evidence for the formation of a secondary clay. These experiments have shown that microbial activity can influence rock-water interactions even in nutrient-poor conditions.
Revision of the crystal structure of ulrichite, CaCu2+(UO2)(PO4)2·4H2O
Authors: Kolitsch U. , Giester G.
Published: July 2002

The crystal structure of ulrichite, CaCu2+(UO2)(PO4)2·4H2O (space group P21/c, a = 12.784(3), b = 6.996(1), c = 13.007(3)Å, β = 91.92(1)°, V = 1162.7(4)Å3, Z = 4) was redetermined using X-ray diffraction data measured from a twinned crystal with Mo-Kα radiation and a CCD area detector (2510 unique reflections with Fo > 4σ(Fo), R1 = 8.8%). Ulrichite crystallizes in space group P21/c rather than C2/m reported previously. The newly determined atomic positions give reasonable coordination polyhedra. One unique Ca atom is irregularly coordinated by eight O atoms ( = 2.46 Å). One unique U atom shows a {2+5} coordination with characteristic bond angles and lengths (1.806(11)Å, 1.842(12)Å and five bonds between 2.252(15) and 2.441(11)Å). Furthermore, the structure contains groups in which strongly elongated CuO6 ‘octahedra’ (also describable as CuO4 squares) are corner-linked to two PO4 tetrahedra via two opposite, equatorial O atoms. Edge- and corner-sharing UO7, CaO8 and PO4 polyhedra form heteropolyhedral sheets parallel to (001) that are linked to adjacent sheets via the CuO6 ‘octahedra’ and hydrogen bonds.