bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Statistical Analysis of Chromatographic Data Obtained by Stripping Techniques
Authors: Grimvall A , Sävenhed R , Borén H
Published: May 2018

The analysis of gas Chromatographie data is given a theoretical basis in terms of simple probability models. New methods and computer programs have been developed for optimal peak area standardization and increased precision of retention times. Comparisons of chromatograms are simplified by a new type of chromatogram display on a graphic terminal and a semi-automatic method to transform a sequence of chromatograms to cross-sectional data or time series data for each individual compound. The importance of probability models for the measurement errors in a chromatogram is illustrated by a study of ‘stripping intensities' for the organic compounds in a water sample. The estimates of ‘stripping intensities' thus obtained can be used in a systematic search for odourous substances in water.
Volatile Odorous Excretion Products of Algae and Their Occurrence in the Natural Aquatic Environment
Authors: Jüttner F
Published: May 2018

Members of many algal groups (Chrysophyceae, Cryptophyceae, Dinophyceae, Chlorophyceae and Bacillariophyceae) have been reported to impart characteristic odours to water when blooms of these organisms occur. The volatile compounds isolated from algal cultures under controlled laboratory conditions and from surface waters during algal bloom periods are listed. The substances identified as responsible for odour problems are alkenes, saturated and unsaturated aliphatic alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, thioesters and sulfides. Experimental conditions and criteria enabling one to distinguish between algal excretion products and contaminants, or pollution products are put forward.
An Early Warning System for Detecting Earthy-Musty Odors in Reservoirs
Authors: McGuire M J , Krasner S W , Hwang C J , Izaguirre G
Published: May 2018

A taste and odor problem in 1980 in a reservoir in Southern California was detected after it was already well under way. The purpose of this paper is to describe an early warning system devised in 1981 to detect an earthy-musty odor problem in its formative stage. The early warning system was specifically developed to monitor attached blue-green algal growths in a reservoir using closed-loop stripping analysis (CLSA) of samples collected near the growths.
Biomethanation by Immobilised Fluidised Cells
Authors: Binot R A , Bol T , Naveau H.-P , Nyns E.-J
Published: May 2018

High loading rates and high conversion rates can be obtained in biomothanation of industrial wastewaters by accumulating active biomass in anaerobic reactors. A particular technique of active biomass accumulation, using cell immobilisation on inert solid support particles fluidised in an upflow reactor, is presented. The results obtained in a lab-scale reactor of 0.5 1 total volume, using spent liquor from citric acid fermentation, are quite encouraging. Volumetric loads up to 42 000 mg COD × 1−1 reactor × d−1 with more than 70 % conversion are reached under steady state conditions and volumetric load increases of 10 % per day with stable conversion are feasible during transition steps. It is also shown that loading and conversion rates are drastically higher in immobilised fluidised cell systems than in conventional completely mixed systems, with similar food to microorganism ratios and gas production rates per active biomass unit in the reactor. It is concluded that these performances are directly related to the accumulation of active biomass, including methanogenic bacteria, in immobilised fluidised cells reactors. A more qualitative approach is used to compare the immobilised fluidised cell technique with other active biomass accumulation techniques.
Industrial Wastewater Treatment Using Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactors
Authors: Jeris John S
Published: May 2018

Pilot plant results of anaerobic treatment using granular biological fluidized bed treatment for a number of industrial wastes is presented. Wastes containing from 5,000 to 54,000 mg/ℓ, were treated with 65 to 95 percent COD removal in 0.3 to 4.9 days hydraulic detention time. Organic loadings of 3 to 38 kg COD/m3-day were used. An energy comparison showed anaerobic treatment to produce a positive energy balance compared to an energy need for comparable activated sludge treatment.
Design Operation and Economy of Anaerobic Treatment
Authors: Lettinga G , Hobma S W , Hulshoff Pol L W , de Zeeuw W , de Jong P , Grin P , Roersma R
Published: May 2018

This paper aims to contribute to the assesment of a (more) optimal design and operation of a high rate anaerobic waste water treatment process. The discussion will be made on basis of available information of modern anaerobic waste water treatment processes, such as the Anaerobic Filter Process and the Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket process and of recently introduced Attached Film processes.
Single Phase and Two Phase Anaerobic Stabilization in Fluidized Bed Reactors
Authors: Sutton P M , Li A
Published: May 2018

Pilot plant studies were completed in order to derive information for process design of single and two phase anaerobic fluidized bed systems. A better effluent quality was obtained from the two phase system than from the single phase system at comparable or higher organic loading rates. A full-scale design example is presented to illustrate the implications of the pilot plant results.
Structural-Activity Relationships of Hydrocarbons to their Toxicity to Algae
Authors: Hutchinson T C , Hellebust J , Mackay D , Tam D
Published: May 2018

Recent studies have demonstrated that under carefully controlled conditions there is a highly significant correlation between the solubilities of a wide range of hydrocarbons and their toxicity to unicellular green algae. Thirty-eight different hydrocarbons have been studied, including alkanes, aromatics, polynuclear aromatics, and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Toxicity has been determined in terms of the effects of hydrocarbons in solution on photosynthesis using 14C-uptake as a measure. For each hydrocarbon, it was found that the molar concentration required to cause a 50% reduction in photosynthesis could be predicted from a knowledge of its solubility alone. A regression coefficient of 0.97 was obtained on a log plot. Chlorinated hydrocarbons behaved exactly as did other hydrocarbons. The effect of adding or subtracting methyl groups influenced toxicity through the effect on solubility. The linear toxicity/solubility response suggests a common mechanism of hydrocarbon action. Since hydrocarbons are lipophilic, it was hypothesized that the cellular membranes may be the site of cellular disruption. This has been tested by determining the amount of potassium and manganese leakage from algal cells, using neutron activation analysis, when exposed for a given time to equimolar concentrations of selected hydrocarbons. Loss of 14C-labeled organic material has also been determined in previously tagged cells when exposed to these hydrocarbons. The predictions seem to be very strongly borne out. Implications for the prediction of effects of oil spills on a variety of aquatic organisms are present. The less soluble hydrocarbons are the most toxic on a per mole basis. Partition coefficients appear to provide a key to the common effects.
Swedish Experiences with Wastewater Treatment with Special Reference to Cold Climate
Authors: Balmér P
Published: May 2018

Swedish effluent discharge regulations and treatment plant design practice are briefly reviewed. The performance with respect to BOD7 and total phophorus removals of different chemical and biological-chemical treatment plants is discussed with emphasize on cold climate conditions. Operating experiences and tests with process modifications are summarized.
Treatment of Surplus Activated Sludge from the Emscher Mouth Treatment Plant, F.R.G.
Authors: Dönges H J , Kalbskopf K H
Published: May 2018

At the IAWPRC Workshop in Vienna in 1971, a report was aiven on pilot plant tests carried out in respect of heat treatment and subsequent dewatering of activated surplus sludge, as well as on the anaerobic treatment of the filtrate liquor yielded, for the planned Emscher Mouth Treatment Plant. After more than five years of onerational experience the results achieved with this plant are now renorted.
Sludge Thickening and Dewatering in the Gruppenklårwerk I of the Niersverband, F.R.G.
Authors: Braun H J , Zingler E
Published: May 2018

The Niersverband, a river basin management association, has been concerned with the agricultural utilization of liquid sludge since 1960. Altogether about 400,000 m3 of mostly digested sludge are annually transported to farmland.

The German “Law of Garbage and Waste Disposal” has caused some new restrictions in agricultural utilization; mainly they are:during growing seasons utilization is not allowed, transport to grass land is out of the question,limit values are given for heavy metal concentrations,the loadings of solid matter to farmland are limited (500 tons per km2 or 1259 tons per square mile in 3 years).

So in 1980 it was necessary to examine the technical possibilities of sludge handling during the growing season.

The construction of larger storage tanks was found to be very expensive. There were also some risks with the chromium content from leather and textile works. Moreover this alternative would include the disadvantages of additional staff and tankers.

The result of the examination has been an installation which enablessludge dewatering during growing seasons and deposition of the output in an intermediate storage basinsludge thickening by mixing liquid sludge with dewatered sludge from the storage basin or the dewatering machine

The favourable drainability of the digested sludge allows the use of centrifuges.

During the growing season the dewatered sludge is pumped by high-pressure pumps to the storage basin.

Out of the growing season the daily amount of liquid sludge is thickened in a ploughsharemixer by adding dewatered sludge. The initial solid matter concentration of about 5.3 % is increased to 10 %. Using this method no additional staff or tankers are necessary, although the annual time of agricultural utilization is shorter and the loading of solid matter on the fields has been reduced.

Finally it is pointed out that with some supplementary lime dosage the installation guarantees a final product which can be deposited on a refuse tip.
Guidelines for the Utilisation of Sewage Sludge on Land in the United Kingdom
Authors: Healey M G
Published: May 2018

The paper outlines general policy on sludge disposal in the United Kingdom and administrative arrangements for water services. It indicates the legislative controls though good practice is achieved through observance of non-statutory guidelines. Statistics largely emanating from a recent survey are given.

The resource value of sewage sludge is placed in national context and an appraisal is made of the potential risk to health, the environment and crop yield, though years of experience have shown little risk so long as good practice is followed.

The UK guidelines are designed to encourage the utilisation of sewage sludge making recommendations on suitable uses and the precautions to be observed. General advice is given on good agricultural and sewage sludge disposal practice and on the monitoring of operations.

The paper concludes with reference to research being undertaken for the purpose of confirming or refining the guidelines.
Energy Saving Sludge Incineration in Stuttgart's Central Sewage Works, F.R.G.
Authors: Vater Wolfgang
Published: May 2018

The sludge of the main sewage works of Stuttgart is incinerated since 20 years around the clock. Now it was necessary to renew and extend great parts of the old installations. The new conception ought to avoid odors and save energy. It is now in operation for about one and a half years and enables not only an autothernic incineration but also an extensive utilization of the excess heat. Gravity thickening and mechanical dewatering (centrifuges) are same as before. New are the construction of the incinerator (now fluidized bed oven) and the devices for using the heat. The hot gases leaving the incinerator have a temperature of about 900 °C and are in practice odorless. They are cooled in a steam boiler down to 250 °C. The produced steam heats sludge dryers (rotating disc system) which reduce the water content of the centrifuges sludge cake down to about 50%. The 100 °C warm vapor of the dryers is condensed with liquid sludge before its dewatering, and the warm centrate can be finally used for heating purposes (rooms and digesters).
A Decade of Change at West-Southwest Sewage Treatment Works, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
Authors: Melas Nicholas J , Rimkus Raymond R
Published: May 2018

The Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago's West-Southwest Sewage Treatment Works consists of the West Side Treatment Works, an Imhoff facility placed in operation in 1930, and the Southwest Sewage Treatment Works, an activated sludge plant placed in operation in 1939. This paper focuses on the decade of “1970's” and examines changes in plant operating procedures along with plant additions and improvements that were implemented in order to meet stringent water quality and effluent standards. The effect of the energy crisis and the measures taken at the West-Southwest Sewage Treatment Works to lessen its impact are reported. Over the study period, very costly and energy intensive solids processing operations were either curtailed or eliminated. New and innovative processes of sludge handling were developed and implemented. The net effect of these changes in solids processing coupled with modifications in the secondary wastewater treatment operations have resulted in a significant improvement in the effluent quality of the plant. In the early seventies, the effluent concentration for suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand, and ammonia-nitrogen were 30, 23, and 12 mg/l, respectively; the corresponding values for these parameters in 1981 averaged 6, 6, and 1.4 mg/l.
Modified Operational Modes at Swedish Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants
Authors: Hultman B , Lind J E , Reinius L.-G , Eklund L , Engberg H , Lilja S , Nordström B
Published: May 2018

During the rapid development of advanced sewage works in Sweden in the 1970's interest was primarily focused on the construction of treatment works. Practical experience from ten years of operation have shown that it may be advantageous to operate the plants in ways other than those they originally were planned for, for instance using two-stage precipitation or different techniques for recirculation of chemical and biological sludges.

In order to facilitate the introduction of more efficient operational modes a joint project was started in 1980 between the Swedish Water and Waste Water Works Association (VAV) and the National Swedish Environment Protection Board (SNV). The purpose of the project, Sewage Works Evaluation Project (SWEP), is to evaluate and optimize biological-chemical treatment of municipal wastewater. Results from this project will be reported in this paper with special emphasis on the sewage works at Boras, Eskilstuna, Hässleholm, Landskrona, and Link ö ping.

Within the SWEP, a lot of information is collected including physical and chemical data (analytical values from the laboratory), operational data (measurement values from the sewage works) and plant data. Methods of handling and evaluating these data will also be discussed in this paper.
Experimental and Theoretical Basis for Expanding and Upgrading the Åkeshov-Nockeby Plant
Authors: Hultgren J , Hultman B
Published: May 2018

The second largest municipal wastewater treatment plant in Stockholm, Åkeshov-Noc-keby, has a design flow of 160,000 m3/d. The plant uses pre-precipitation with ferrous sulphate as the coagulant. More stringent requirements are being discussed at present with the authorities concerning the effluent; these are about 0.3 mg total P/l, 10 mg total BOD7/l and nitrification during the summer period. Decisions have already been made to expand the final sedimentation basins and to improve the aeration system in the activated sludge process. However, these expansions may not be sufficient to reach the stringent requirements. Further expansions such as building new aeration basins or a post-precipitation stage are difficult to bring about due to space limitations and high costs. Thus, more efficient operational modes have been studied in order to improve the plant performance. The studies have mainly been done on a laboratory scale and are evaluated together with field data from the existing plant as the basis for further improvements of plant performance. The studies include laboratory studies of nitrification of sidestreams from dewatering of digested sludge and the use of different chemical combinations in pre-precipitation as well as field studies of nitrification.
Ten Years Experience with a Highly Loaded Activated Sludge Plant
Authors: Balmér P , Hallquist S , Hernebring M
Published: May 2018

The Rya wastewater treatment plant in Gothenburg, Sweden serves 640 000 population equivalents. It is an extremely highly loaded activated sludge plant without presetting with a mean cell residence time of about 0.5 days. Ten years experience proves that the plant is capable of removing about 70% of the BOD load. The effluent BOD is mainly caused by non settleable suspended solids due to the partly dispersed growth of the activated sludge. The low mean cell residence time and the high suspended solids concentration in the aeration basin influent gives an activated sludge with low viability and in mass balance studies it was determined that only 12% of the influent COD and about 40% of the BOD was oxidized by the activated sludge. The activated sludge has consistently had a very low sludge volume index and the settling basins could thus be very highly loaded.

The surplus activated sludge could be thickened to solids concentrations over 6%. After dewatering the sludge was either lime treated or co-composted with bark. The plant is manned only eight hours five days a week. During unmanned time there are standby personnel. Data is presented on man power, energy and chemical use, and on costs.
Automation Aspects of Wastewater Treatment Plant Design and Operation
Authors: Briggs R
Published: May 2018

This paper provides primarily a discussion of the instrumentation, control and automation aspects of improving the efficiency of certain wastewater treatment facilities including control and operation of sewerage systems, primary and secondary sewage treatment and sludge handling and disposal.

Relevant aspects of the activities of the recently constituted IAWPRC's Instrumentation Group receive brief mention including its activities in the areas of evaluation of existing sensors and systems, their relevance to particular needs, attributes and deficiencies, and also in the area of promotion of relevant research and development.

A brief appraisal and description of existing sensors and systems, an indication of their usefulness to date and details of alternative instrumentation configurations for use in the enhancement of their general utility is provided.

Relevant research and development is reviewed, including relevant remote sensing aspects, and developments in micro electronics and computing: finally some new horizons are explored.
The Influence of Nutrient Availability on the Ecosystem Behaviour of a Salt Water Lake
Authors: de Vries I , Veul M F
Published: May 2018

The influence of the availability of silicon, nitrogen and phosphorus on the behaviour of the ecosystem in the salt Lake Grevelingen is evaluated. Quantification of the nutrientcycling is essentially based on a dynamic calculation of detritus formation resulting from mortality of phytoplankton and microphytobenthos, including mineralization as function of temperature and substrate concentration.

Also changes of the dissolved inorganic nutrientpools resulting from primary production, mineralization and net loading are dynamically ca1culated.

Silicon and nitrogen are reversibly fixed in bottomdetritus during the summer halfyear, which implies that primary production depends on the balance between accumulation of detritus in the bottom and mineralization. In contrast the dynamics of phosphorus depend only to a minor extent on primary production and net loading.

The net yearly load of nitrogen equals the amount of nitrogen present in the waterphase during the winterperiod. However winter concentrations do not increase and nitrogen remains a limiting factor for primary production. 3-4 g N/m2/year is apparently removed from the lake by denitrification.

The environmental factors enabling denitrification are important for consolidation of the ecosystem behaviour. From a management point of view stratification which inhibits denitrification, should be avoided.
Nakanoumi Land Reclamation and Freshening Project
Authors: Ohtake Hisao
Published: May 2018

Lake Nakanoumi is a shallow coastal lagoon connected with the Japan Sea only by a narrow channel. The Nakanoumi Land Reclamation and Freshening Project was started in 1963. The objectives of this project were to reclaim agricultural lands of 25 km2 from Lake Nakanoumi and to convert the remaining water basin of some 3.6 × 108 m3 into a fresh-water reservoir by damming its narrow entrance. However, socio-economic conditions have drastically changed since the late 1960's. The originial plan of agriculture in newly reclaimed lands had to be changed because of a rice overproduction since 1967 and the future land-use plan has not yet been determined. It was widely appreciated in the 1970's that a natural environment was indispensable for human life. Under these circumstances local people began to raise cries for reconsideration of the project which seemed to lose its original purpose and significance. Until now the full enclosure of Lake Nakanoumi has not been started, despite the completion of a tidal gate in 1974. An inter-disciplinary approach becomes increasingly more necessary to solve the problem.
Nakdong Estuary Barrage and Land Reclamation – Ecological Aspects
Authors: Post J C
Published: May 2018

In Korea, construction of a barrage in the mouth of the Nakdong river is planned. This barrage will be situated in a Nature Reserve, designated as a wintering ground for migratory birds. The Nakdong estuary appeared to be of great National and probably International importance for bird preservation. The construction of the barrage and associated land reclamation will have a negative impact on the bird population. Alternative designs and locations for the barrage and land-reclamation sites have been made to minimize the ecological impact of the project. A compromise between technical requirements and ecological desirabilities has been reached. An ecological research and management programme has been drafted as a part of the barrage project.
Assessing the Environmental Impact of the Annapolis Tidal Power Project
Authors: Gordon Tidmarsh W
Published: May 2018

An 18 MW pilot tidal power project is being developed in an existing tidal barrage on the Annapolis River Estuary in southwestern Nova Scotia to evaluate the performance of a prototype STRAFLO turbine. An environmental assessment to identify potential impacts on regional biophysical and socio-economic features was completed.

Construction of the barrage had already substantially altered the environment. The assessment focussed on impacts associated with construction and operation of the power plant itself, and the increased maximum operating elevation of the impounded basin. Environmental issues associated with the power plant included release of suspended sediment, scour in existing channels and at adjacent shorelines, flood flow management, and passage of anadromous fish through the barrage. Concerns with increased basin water levels included interference with existing agriculture, flooding, and accelerated rates of bank erosion.
Environment in the World Bank1 – Policies and Practices
Authors: Lee J A
Published: May 2018

Environmental criteria (including conservation, pollution control and human ecology) are systematically integrated into World Bank projects in the belief that sustainable economic development depends on sound environmental management. Procedures are outlined by which the Bank incorporates necessary environmental safeguards into each stage of the project cycle, from initial identification, planning and design through construction operation and final evaluation. The Bank's other environmental functions (including technical assistance liaision work) are also outlined.

Specific Bank projects with significant coastal implications are noted.

1The views presented in this paper are solely those of the author and do not necessarily fully reflect the policies and procedures of the World Bank.
Ecological Effects of Various Coastal Defense Systems
Authors: Silvester Richard
Published: May 2018

The interaction of storm waves with persistent swell from an obligue direction produces pulses of littoral drift which are of great significance in coastal engineering. The natural construction of offshore bars for beach protection should be aided by man by the provision of adequate sources of material. Groynes have been found to be ineffective in protecting a shoreline suffering from erosion. Seawalls erode the seabed in front of and downcoast of them. Beach renourishment is a transitory solution to beach denudation. The best stabilization concept is that of headland defense of coasts which copies Nature in its attempt to minimize longshore drift.
Shore Protection – A Tension Field between Two Types of Conservation
Authors: Leewis R J , Misdorp R , Al J , de Haan Tj
Published: May 2018

This paper describes the experience with a number of different types of shore protection and the environmental consequences of different designs, built up in more than 20 years of working on parts of a large storm-surge protection scheme. Influences on landscape as well as effectiveness of different designs are shown. Observations on the effects of stone size applied to underwater parts of dykes on the abundance and diversity of underwater life are described. Toxicity of a number of artificial stone types is discussed, referring to the effects on water quality as a whole and on local coverage with organisms. It is shown that careful designing combined with knowledge of the natural environment can enhance man's as well as nature's possibilities to use an area optimally.
Ecological Impact of a 4-km Causeway on an Arctic Environment
Authors: Colonell J M , Robilliard G A
Published: May 2018

The Prudhoe Bay Causeway is a gravel-fill structure that extends 4 km into the Beaufort Sea at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. Concern over the impact of this structure on the marine Arctic environment prompted regulatory agencies to require owners of the causeway to sponsor a multidisciplinary monitoring program that encompasses the physical and biological realms of possible impact. This paper describes how such concerns are being addressed and also includes results of the initial studies of possible environmental impact of the causeway.
An Environmental Impact Assessment for the Dredging and Reclamation Works at South Bontang Bay, Indonesia
Authors: Coppes Jan , Lubbers Adolf , Soemarto Soepangat , Yuwono Sugiyo
Published: May 2018

In order to widen the access channel to the LNG plant at Bontang a part of a coral reef will be dredged. In order to investigate all effects of this project an environmental impact statement has been prepared.
Integrated Approach to Coastal Zone Management in Puerto Galera, Oriental Mindoro, Philippines
Authors: Iriberri O C A
Published: May 2018

Coastal zone management requires an understanding of the complex milieu of interactions and activities taking place in an environmental system. Man is beginning to recognize that the old method of dealing with individual issues and problems as single fragment of a whole ecosystem is not enough.

This paper tries to deal with the integrated manner in carrying out effectively the management of the coastal zone in Puerto Galera, Oriental Mindoro by the Man and the Biosphere Interagency Committee on Ecological Studies. To attain the objective of the project, the different agencies monitor, identify, observe, investigate various natural and physical parameters contributing to the ecological balance and study the rational use of the resources along the coastal zone. Result of the study showed that although such factors as land use practices of shifting cultivation (kaingin), human attitude towards forest and its resources, and continuous increase in population and migration of people were observed, such pressure on lands has not greatly affected the Puerto Galera coastal zone resources.
The Effects of Constructing a Barrage across the Tawe Estuary
Authors: Broyd T W , Hooper A G , Kingsbury R S W M
Published: May 2018

A proposed barrage across the tidal reaches of the R. Tawe, South Wales, was modelled to simulate its effect on the environment. Both computer and physical models were prepared, tested and run for a variety of tidal and fresh water flow conditions.

A comprehensive data review identified further information essential for model calibration and information. Field surveys to gather physical, chemical and biological information were performed as part of the overall study.

The numerical models predicted hydrodynamic and pollutant behaviour upstream of the barrage and sedimentation effects downstream. The physical model was used for navigational effects and for identifying problems during the construction phase.

The study revealed that conditions would change but not significantly deteriorate provided that certain remedial actions were taken.
Management of the Dutch Waddensea
Authors: Vreugdenhil D
Published: May 2018

It was not until the late Middle Ages that the sea penetrated far into the interior of The Netherlands, thus flooding three quarters of a million hectares of land.

Since then half a million hectares have been reclaimed from the sea. The Dutch Government chose to preserve the remaining quarter of a million hectares of shallow sea with mudflats of the Waddensea as a nature reserve. The management objectives are at one hand to preserve all characteristic habitats and species with a minimal interference by human activities in geomorphological and hydrological processes, and at the other hand to guarantee the safety against the sea of the inhabitants of the adjacent mainland and islands and to facilitate certain economic and recreational uses of the Waddensea without jeopardizing the natural qualities. These objectives are being elaborated in managementplans.
Arctic Marine Shore Classification for Regional Planning and Environmental Assessment
Authors: Welch D M
Published: May 2018

Proposed developments of oil and gas in Canada's Arctic may impact severely on shorelines, wildlife and habitats, and native land uses in the coastal zone. The large scale of these projects requires prior comprehensive planning and environmental assessment at regional scales. Along with other social and environmental information, data on shore types is required. This paper describes a Canadian program of Arctic marine shore classification at regional scales. To date, 20 classes of landform association are used to map, at 1:250,000, shore types for about one-third of the Arctic islands. Applications can include the rating of sensitivity to oil spills, logistics planning for monitoring and emergency measures, site selection and habitat assessment, etc. Examples of shore classes and evaluations are given.
Integrating Environmental Aspects into Decision Making
Authors: Bidwell Robin
Published: May 2018

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) was designed to provide a procedure for integrating environmental factors into planning decision. But EIA has gained a reputation of causing delay, providing irrelevant and unusable reports.

The paper draws on a number of examples of coastal water environmental assessments carried out in Europe, United States and elsewhere both to demonstrate the reasons for the failure of EIA and to put forward ways in which the problem may be overcome. These are examined under the following headings.(1)Procedural: environmental impact procedures have been developed that are carried out separately from the central decision-making process.(2)Impact selection: the need to identify key questions to be answered in the course of the environmental study.(3)Impact quantification: the problem of providing ‘answers' that are scientifically justifiable in the absence of the resources necessary for a proper scientific investigation.(4)Presentation: the need to present results in a form that can be easily understood and handled by the decision makers.
Eco-Engineering Aspects of the Heated Water Disposal in the Black Sea
Authors: Roman P
Published: May 2018

The paper analyses the hydraulics and the related excess temperature diffusion pattern of the heated freshwater discharged from the navigation channel in the Black Sea.
Organochlorine Contamination of the Dutch Delta Region as “Watched” by Mussels*
Authors: Duursma E K , Nieuwenhuize J , van Liere J M
Published: May 2018

*Extended abstract
Techniques for Reducing Contaminant Release during Dredging Operations
Authors: Palermo M R , Montgomery R L , Raymond G L
Published: May 2018

Dredging practices in the United States have evolved primarily to achieve the greatest possible economic returns through maximizing production. Recently, more consideration has been given to environmental impacts because various Federal and State regulatory agencies have implemented restrictions on the dredging cleanup activities. Conventional dredges are not specifically designed or intended for use in dredging highly contaminated material. However, dredges are the logical, and perhaps only, means of removing contaminated sediments that may be found in the Nation's waterways. Some modification to equipment and/or dredging techniques could result in their use for that purpose with minimal adverse impact on the environment. In some instances special dredges may be needed for cleanup activities.

The Corps of Engineers has initiated research to develop a method for predicting resuspension and release of contaminants using various types of dredging equipment and techniques and to improve and/or develop new equipment and techniques for dredging highly contaminated sediments. The investigation includes an evaluation of the resuspension of solids and potentially toxic constituents in the immediate vicinity of operating cutterheads, dragheads, and clamshells. Because the environmental impact associated with each type of dredge and dredging technique is directly related to the dynamics of the dredging operation, in situ sampling systems are being used when possible.

A dredging demonstration on the James River, Virginia, compared the performance of a conventional cutterhead and a modified dustpan dredge operating in sediments contaminated with Kepone. Demonstrations comparing performance of conventional and watertight clamshell buckets were conducted in the Tampa, Florida area. These will be used as case studies to illustrate the advantages of various equipment types for dredging contaminated sediments.
A Two Dimensional Water Quality Model Application for Hong Kong Coastal Waters
Authors: Postma L
Published: May 2018

Water quality modelling is presented as a means of quantification of environmental impacts of civil engineering projects in coastal areas. This is illustrated with an application concerning the operation of a replacement airport for Hong Kong in Lantau Bay.

The water movement to be expected, after the planned reclamation, is calculated separately with the two dimensional depth averaged model WAQUA on a minute to minute basis.

The mu1ti-dimensiona1 water quality model DELWAQ is implemented in a two dimensional depth averaged way too, with a time step of several minutes. It has been used to calculate concentrations of three nitrogen fractions, phosphorus, BOD, coliforms and oxygen deficit, due to wasteloads to be expected. Also tentative calculations of suspended solids were performed.

Results are presented in contour graphs, 3-dimensiona1 drawings and a movie of 3-d drawings.
Decision-Making in Coastal Engineering
Authors: Wessel J , Bidwell R , Pullen E J
Published: May 2018

One of the major objectives of this symposium is to promote the integration of ecological aspects into the decision-making processes associated with coastal engineering projects and the protection and longterm management of the areas around the projects. In the decision-making process we can distinguish: participants, issues, strategies, procedures and interferences in the process. Each of these elements may incorporate environmental aspects in the decision-making process. In case of very large and complex projects special measures will be required, for instance the creation of special committees or boards with adequate political support and legal power.
International River Basin Management
Authors: Waddington J I
Published: May 2018

The political difficulties in reaching agreement on water quality management between the very different interests of upstream and downstream riparian countries are stressed. The author nevertheless considers it inevitable that there will be a trend towards such agreements, albeit gradually and not necessarily in a systematic manner. Problems in relation to transboundary water quality are multiplying as pressures on limited water resources increase. Micro-pollutants in water, sediments and biota are of particular significance. Sporadic pollution causes special difficulties. There are growing sensitivities about developments located close to frontiers which pose potential threats to water quality in the downstream country. Efforts to secure rational systems for surveillance and control of transboundary water pollution are summarized and general principles proposed which could be utilized in a step by step approach towards comprehensive water quality management within international river basins.
Application of the European Communities Directive on Dangerous Substances to List II Substances in the U.K.
Authors: Mance G , O'Donnell A R
Published: May 2018

This paper discusses the environmental quality objective (EQO) approach to water quality management and defines the terms EQO and environmental quality standard (EQS). The proposed list of water uses is presented. The derivation of EQSs for each use is discussed and the EQS values proposed for six list II substances are reported. The relevence of these values, and problems associated with the control of individual substances, are discussed in relation to current practice.
Calculation of the Compliance of Discharges with Emission Standards
Authors: Warn A E , Matthews P J
Published: May 2018

Methods of assessing compliance with Emission Standards must be set up carefully because the results may decide priorities for river quality control. The Performance Value Method allows the use of sampling to estimate compliance with standards defined as percentiles. The method also provides estimates of the proportion of time a discharge spent in excess of a particular limit and the probability that the discharge has failed to achieve the standard. The method helps decide how often to sample.
Automatic Monitoring of River Water Quality
Authors: Kohonen T
Published: May 2018

Since 1972 the Finnish National Board of Waters has taken an active part in development of the automatic water quality monitoring. Eleven automatic stations liave been used minly for continuous monitoring of river water quality. The parameters used; temperature, pH, conductivity, DO and turbidity, are only the indicators about the change in loading. Automatic monitoring has in several cases revealed previously undetected variations in water quality. Continuous monitoring has produced useful information about the proportional magnitude and durability of variations in water quality. The abundance of data rakes the use of statistical methods possible for determining optimal sampling frequencies. In the near future new parameters can be used for controlling contents and thus also loadings. Then the automatic monitoring should be broadened to waste water treatment plants and to processes of factories. In that case it should be possible already to prevent waste water discharges before the watercourse.
Cadmium Balance and Restoration Strategy for a River Basin
Authors: Imhoff K R , Koppe P , Albrecht D R
Published: May 2018

Induced by stringent standards for surface and drinking water, a cadmium balance for the Ruhr river basin has been calculated. This balance indicates the dominating impact of industrial wastewater discharge while the cadmium load of other sources is comparatively small. In order to reduce cadmium concentrations in river water and in sewage sludges and to avoid disturbances in municipal wastewater treatment plant operation, a control strategy has been developed to identify discharges under cover of darkness and to consult the particular industries. First positive results are dealt with.
Monitoring Stations and Water Quality Measurements on the River Lippe: Equipment – Results – Costs
Authors: Baumgart H , Sperling F
Published: May 2018

A report is given on water quality management tasks in respect of the River Lippe and a four-part scheme for monitoring water quality presented, particular attention being given to the monitoring stations employed along the Lippe for the past 30 years. Technical and organisational criteria for the construction and operation of monitoring stations, as well as technical details of production and processing of measured values, including annual costs, are provided.
The Relationships between the Pollutants in the Sediments and in the Water of the Delaware and Raritan Canal
Authors: Granstrom M L , Ahlert R C , Wiesenfeld J
Published: May 2018

The 60-mile-long Delaware and Raritan Canal in New Jersey, USA, serves a major interbasin water source receiving water from the Delaware River and runoff from some S3 sq. miles of land in New Jersey discharging to the Raritan River Basin. Approximately 78 million gallons of water per day are withdrawn for treatment and distribution to soine 600,000 people. The water and the sediments contain some halogenated organic compounds. The study was that of the significance of these compounds in the water supplies. The sediments in the Canal are to be removed, in part, and disposal of the dredge spoils depends on the chemical pollutants.
Water Quality Modelling of the River Rhine and Its Tributaries in Relation to Sanitation Strategies
Authors: Van Pagee J A
Published: May 2018

Water quality modelling techniques havebeen used to evaluate and predict the influence of taken, projected and potential sanitation measures for domestic and industrial wastewater loads in the River Rhine drainage area. 15Because of serious eutrophication problems in the Dutch fresh water lakes, that are fed by the River Rhine, special attention is given to the quantification of sanitation measures that can reduce the nutrient concentrations. As a base for modelling the River Rhine water quality, a one-dimensional steady-state model MODQUAL (a modified version of the QUAL-II model) has been developed and applied on the riversystem downstream of Lake Constance, including the main tributaries Neckar, Main and Mosel and the Dutch branches IJssel, Lek and Waal. It is shown that the development of wasteloads and the introduction of biological (secondary) treatment since 1973, has resulted in a significant improvement of water quality components as DO, B0D5, COD, Kjeldahl-N and NH4-N. The influences of tertiary treatment directed on nitrogen or phosphorus removal and the introduction of phosphate-free detergents are quantified for various hydrological conditions.
Strategy in Water Quality Management in the Republic of China
Authors: Lee Chin-Dee
Published: May 2018

Most of the major rivers in Taiwan have been more or less polluted in the past twenty years. However the water quality of these rivers has been gradually improved since the National Water Pollution Control Act was promulgated in 1974 and Taiwan Provincial Water Pollution Control Agency was set up in 1975. The measures for water pollution control that have been taken include the following: enactment of laws and regulations; conducting comprehensive planning of water quality management; control of and assistance for industrial wastewater treatment; promoting the planning and construction of municipal sewerage systems; and prevention of manure pollution from livestock farms. The above water pollution control actions which have been effectively implemented in Taiwan are described in details in this paper.
Water Quality Planning in Denmark
Authors: Jørgensen Ole Have
Published: May 2018

In 1983 the National Agency for Environmental Protection in Denmark published guiding regulations for water quality planning, based upon the rules in the Environmental Protection Act of 1974 with recent changes in 1982. The planning system contains three steps - determination of water quality objectives, calculation of discharge consents and control activities. A list of suggested quality objectives for rivers, lakes and coastal waters is included as well as a strategy for handling discharges of chemical compounds not originally found in the water.
The Selection of Priority Black List Substances for the Rhine and the Waters of the European Community
Authors: Vrijhof H
Published: May 2018

The implementation of the Rhine Chemical Convention and the Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464/EEC has resulted in the selection of priority substances for the Black List. The two lists of selected substances have been compared in respect of their contents and their elaboration. As a result of the connected screening procedures the 129 priority pollutants of the European Community overlap those selected for the Rhine.
Dissolved Oxygen Dynamics of a Stream: Model Discrimination and Estimation of Parameter Variability Using an Extended Kalman Filter
Authors: Cosby B J
Published: May 2018

A model identification procedure is presented based on an extended Kaiman filter (EKF) applied to the oxygen mass balance equation of a stream. The procedure is used with data from a small Danish stream to discriminate among eight mathematical models of the photosynthesis-light (P-I) response of macrophytes in the stream. Each model was tested for adequacy using objective criteria based on the expected behavior of the innovations sequence (the time series of differences between predicted and observed oxygen concentrations) derived from the EKF. Temporal variation of the model parameters was also examined using the EKF. The maximum photosynthetic rate (Pm) varied slowly over the year but was essentially stationary within any three to six day period. The low light efficiency of photosynthesis (Eo) varied from day to day within any short period, but three to six day means of Eo were essentially stationary over the year. The ratio (Ik = Pm/Eo) was highly correlated with both short and long term variations in daily mean light intensity.
Predictive or Explanatory Models for Aquatic Ecosystems
Authors: Gentil S
Published: May 2018

This paper presents the modelling of a small eutrophic lake of the French Alps. A mechanistic non-linear model is elaborated; this model has to be simplified in view of its identifiability study, and parameters estimates are obtained by non-linear optimization techniques. The Computer-Aided-Design package known as I.S.E.R. has been used to develop linear models describing the phytoplankton or zooplankton data. These models prove useful to understand some system properties and are really efficient for short-term forecasting.
Calculating Future Levels of Nitrate in Rivers and Pumped Storage Reservoirs
Authors: Warn A E
Published: May 2018

A method is described for calculating the effect of Water Quality Standards on the future use of water supplies drawn from rivers and impoundments. The day-to-day variations of nitrate in rivers have been modelled by Regression Analysis and these models have been used to estimate the quality of water supplies drawn from pumped storage reservoirs. Computer simulation has been used to examine ways of controlling water quality so as to comply with Water Quality Standards.