bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magnetism of Nd–Fe films as a model of grain boundary phase in Nd–Fe–B permanent magnets
Authors: Sakuma Akimasa , Suzuki Tsuneaki , Furuuchi Takahiro , Shima Toshiyuki , Hono Kazuhiro
Published: December 2015

To clarify the magnetism of an amorphous grain boundary (GB) phase in Nd–Fe–B sintered magnets, the magnetic properties of Nd100−

x
Fe
x
films with various compositions have been investigated both experimentally and theoretically. The model films exhibit ferromagnetism at room temperature when the Nd content is lower than 70 at. %. First-principles calculations indicate ferromagnetism in fcc Nd–Fe alloys for x < 70, which supports recent experimental works on the intergrain exchange coupling of Nd–Fe–B sintered magnets.
Dislocation filtering and polarity in the selective area growth of GaN nanowires by continuous-flow metal organic vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Coulon Pierre-Marie , Alloing Blandine , Brändli Virginie , Vennéguès Philippe , Leroux Mathieu , Zúñiga-Pérez Jesús
Published: December 2015

The early growth stages of GaN nanowires on GaN-on-sapphire templates with a patterned dielectric mask have been characterized by using transmission electron microscopy. The dielectric mask aperture (200–800 nm) determines the presence or absence of threading dislocations arising from the underlying template, which results in dislocation-free nanowires for small apertures and dislocation bending for larger apertures, owing to three-dimensional (3D) growth. The Ga polarity of the underlying template is conserved in all nanowires irrespective of the aperture size, even in regions grown laterally above the mask. The pure Ga polarity assures spatially homogeneous optical properties as evidenced by cathodoluminescence.
Evaluating pharmacological models of high and low anxiety in sheep
Authors: Doyle Rebecca E. , Lee Caroline , McGill David M. , Mendl Michael
Published: December 2015

New tests of animal affect and welfare require validation in subjects experiencing putatively different states. Pharmacological manipulations of affective state are advantageous because they can be administered in a standardised fashion, and the duration of their action can be established and tailored to suit the length of a particular test. To this end, the current study aimed to evaluate a pharmacological model of high and low anxiety in an important agricultural and laboratory species, the sheep. Thirty-five 8-month-old female sheep received either an intramuscular injection of the putatively anxiogenic drug 1-(m-chlorophenyl)piperazine (mCPP; 1 mg/kg;n= 12), an intravenous injection of the putatively anxiolytic drug diazepam (0.1 mg/kg;n= 12), or acted as a control (saline intramuscular injectionn= 11). Thirty minutes after the treatments, sheep were individually exposed to a variety of tests assessing their general movement, performance in a ‘runway task’ (moving down a raceway for a food reward), response to startle, and behaviour in isolation. A test to assess feeding motivation was performed 2 days later following administration of the drugs to the same animals in the same manner. The mCPP sheep had poorer performance in the two runway tasks (6.8 and 7.7 × slower respectively than control group;p< 0.001), a greater startle response (1.4 vs. 0.6;p= 0.02), a higher level of movement during isolation (9.1 steps vs. 5.4;p< 0.001), and a lower feeding motivation (1.8 × slower;p< 0.001) than the control group, all of which act as indicators of anxiety. These results show that mCPP is an effective pharmacological model of high anxiety in sheep. Comparatively, the sheep treated with diazepam did not display any differences compared to the control sheep. Thus we suggest that mCPP is an effective treatment to validate future tests aimed at assessing anxiety in sheep, and that future studies should include other subtle indicators of positive affective states, as well as dosage studies, so conclusions on the efficacy of diazepam as a model of low anxiety can be drawn.
PARTICIPAÇÃO DA CONTROLADORIA NO PROCESSO DE GESTÃO DAS ORGANIZAÇÕES: UMA ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA ENTRE GRANDES INDÚSTRIAS DE SANTA CATARINA E DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL
Authors: Z. Fietz Édina Elisangela , Costa Adilson , Beuren Ilse Maria
Published: December 2015

Knowing the role of the Controller and its functions is the first step in implanting a Controllership department in a company, but it is also important to make managers conscious of the need to work together in order to make the enterprise viable. The objective of this article is to present a comparative of the participation of controllership in the process of managing large industries in the states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande Sul. As a basis for comparison, a questionnaire that was originally utilized in the dissertation of Juliano Giongo (2005) was reused. The questionnaire surveyed large industries from Rio Grande do Sul and 20 textile companies from the Vale do Itajaí in Santa Catarina. The research results show the performance of controllership in companies from different regions and states, showing different methods of management. This work presents information from the industries in relation to the growth of controllership and from the persons responsible for that control, analyzing its applicability and objectivity. From the analysis, similar and divergent factors were found with regard to the participation of financial control in the process of company management between the two states researched. Key words: Controllership. Process of company management. Companies from Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina.
O EMPREENDEDORISMO E A EVOLUÇÃO ECONÔMICA DAS NAÇÕES: IDÉIAS E CONCEITOS PARA SEU SUCESSO NO BRASIL
Authors: Peleias Ivam Ricardo , Macedo da Silva Amauri Jorge , Guimarães Iolanda Do Couto , Machado Lúcio De Souza , Segreti João Bosco
Published: December 2015

This article presents a comparative analysis between the data of the researchs carried by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) in 2002 and 2003, in special those relative to the entrepreneurship in Brazil, with international researchs. The main goal is to contribute for the better understanding of the brazilian enterprising movement, having as reference the international experiences, and to offer new approachs to be considered for potential lentrepreneurs. This is a exploratory, documentary, bibliographical, descriptive and qualitative research. In its begin it looks for to evidence that the entrepreneurship can be understood by the study of examples occurred throughout history. During the historical description the innovation concept is introduced as a basic element in the enterprising process. In the sequence, the work looks for to demonstrate, by means of the comparative analysis, some similarities between the brazilian enterprising process and what occurs in other countries, presents and it argues the concept of social networks as an instrument that helps to develop the enterprises, and finishes with the presentation of the concept of grouping of companies, its advantages and requirements for an efective implementation. Key words: Entrepreneurship. Innovation. Social networks. Business grouping.
UMA AVALIAÇÃO DAS DIMENSÕES DA ESCALA DE ORIENTAÇÃO PARA O MERCADO DE GEORGE DAY
Authors: Rocha de Souza Angela Cristina , De Mello Sérgio C. Benício
Published: December 2015

Market orientation has been studied by several researchers in various respects. Much of this research refers to how to measure the orientation towards the market of the businesses developing scales, testing their applicability or searching for the refinement of them. Other studies aim to identify the influences of this orientation over, as an example, the performance of businesses. This exploratory research carried out in conjunction with medium and large businesses of the Northeast region of Brazil, sought to evaluate the dimensions of the scale of market orientation developed by Day (1999). The result of the factorial analysis shows that the aforementioned scale presents some dimensionality problems which suggests the need to purify and validate it. As this is an initial research project, it is opportune and necessary to continue to test the scale in other contexts and with other types of samples. Key words: Marketing. Market Orientation. Scale.
ESTRATÉGIAS E AÇÕES PARA A IMPLEMENTAÇÃO DO ICMS ECOLÓGICO POR MEIO DA CO-PRODUÇÃO DO BEM PÚBLICO
Authors: Nadir Júnior Amery Moisés , Salm José Francisco , Menegasso Maria Ester
Published: December 2015

The ICMS Ecologico was instituted with the purpose of compensating the municipal governments for the potential loses in tax collection. This article presents a set of strategies and actions to implement the ICMS Ecologico by means of the co-production of the public good. The strategies and actions were obtained through bibliographical and documental research, and field research developed at the States in which the the ICMS Ecológico is in use. It also presents a discussion on ICMS Ecologico and the co-production of public good, as well as, it reports the experiences resulting from the implementation of ICMS Ecologico in the Brazilian States. The strategies and action used for the implementation of the ICMS Ecologico through the co-production of public good are also discussed and outlined in a chart. Some final considerations are made about the implementation of the ICMS Ecologico. Key words: Public Administration. Co-Production. Ecological ICMS. Environment.
TESTE EMPÍRICO DA EFICIÊNCIA DO MERCADO BRASILEIRO NA OCORRÊNCIA DE EVENTOS FAVORÁVEIS E DESFAVORÁVEIS
Authors: Barbosa Glauber de Castro , Medeiros Otávio Ribeiro de
Published: December 2015

The study has the purpose of analyzing the behavior of the Brazilian stock market in order to verify the existence of market efficiency immediately after the occurrence of favorable and unfavorable events (shocks). To achieve this purpose, an event study is performed in which the return on the Brazilian stock market index (Ibovespa) is regressed against the return on the Dow Jones stock market index, which represents the New York Stock Exchange, adopted as a proxy for the world stock market index. Regression residuals appearing as outliers above +2.5% or below –2.5% were adopted to determine positive and negative events, respectively. Cumulative Abnormal Returns were computed and tested for a period of 10 days after the events. The empirical results led to the conclusion that market efficiency is not observed both after positive and negative shocks, but an overreaction behavior is observed instead. Key words: economic shocks. Market efficiency. Overreaction. Uncertain information hypothesis. Underreaction. Event study.
A INFLUÊNCIA DO CONTEXTO DE CONSUMO SOBRE A QUALIDADE PERCEBIDA DE ALIMENTOS CONSUMIDOS FORA DE CASA
Authors: Almeida Elisângela Da Costa , Lima Filho Dario De Oliveira , Lucena da Silva Danielle Mantovani
Published: December 2015

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the consumption environment influences the perception of quality of the food by the consumer. Edwards et al. (2000) previous study was used as a basis for this research, which showed that the environment produces influence on the perception of quality of the food. Through an experimental method, were served the same meal in three distinct environments, for the same group of individuals. The environments were classified as low, medium and high value-added service, according to the level of services offered. The sample was composed of 50 mid-level workers belonging to a company's commercial, at a brazilian middle-west capital. To assess the results were used techniques such as discriminant analysis and analysis of variance.The results showed that individuals can differentiate the environments just in same ways, because they feel the conventional environment (average sophistication) as being the best.
A INFLUÊNCIA DO ENSINO DO EMPREENDEDORISMO NO POTENCIAL EMPREENDEDOR DO ALUNO
Authors: Almeida Kátia De , Souza Neto Silvestre Prado de , Nunes Alessandra Quintella , Sttefanello Marinês
Published: December 2015

The objective of this paper is to argue the efficiency of the education of the Entrepreneurship in Business Schools. The text detaches the importance of the Entrepreneurship for development, jobs generation and the consequent formation of demand through the increase of the population purchasing power. A historical profile of the education of Entrepreneurship in Brazil is traced. The research, carried through a questionnaire, with business students of the Universidad Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro and Universidade Privada de Barra Mansa, it looks for to establish if it exists a parallel between the education of disciplines of Entrepreneurship and the students will to undertake.
RESPOSTAS ESTRATÉGICAS DE PROGRAMAS E PROFESSORES PARANAENSES DE MESTRADO/DOUTORADO EM ADMINISTRAÇÃO À AVALIAÇÃO DA CAPES: CONFIGURANDO PROPOSIÇÕES INSTITUCIONAIS A PARTIR DE REDES DE COOPERAÇÃO ACADÊMICA
Authors: Crubellate João Marcelo , Rossoni Luciano , Mello Cristiane Marques , Valenzuela Juanita Bruneau
Published: December 2015

The main purpose of this paper was to present theoretical propositions for the relation between strategic responses (related to Brazilian Evaluation System for High Education) in Business Administration Post-graduate Courses and co-authorship network embeddedness of professors and lecturers in Paraná State Universities. Based on new institutional theory and network analysis, we elaborate thirteen propositions to the study of strategic responses of researchers (professors and lecturers) and the Post-Graduate Units in four Paraná State´s Universities, in Brazil. The network analysis was developed using UCINET 6.0 and Pajek softwares. Data was collected from researchers curricula (CNPq – Base Lattes), during May, 2007. We hope that those thirteen propositions will permit to conduct empirical research about those relations implied in this paper and, after all, to better understand recursive relationship between organizations and institutional environment.
Liderança e Programas de Recompensas: limites e possibilidades.
Authors: Gomes Dione Fagundes Nunes , Amorim Maria Cristina Sanches
Published: December 2015

There are many theories about leadership that converge on the importance of motivation as an attribution to the leader. There are two models of motivation: intrinsic and extrinsic. Although both of them deal with rewards, their execution is not the same. The aim of this study is to analyze the limits and possibilities of the reward programs used by the leadership team within organizations. According to some non-behaviorist’s authors, the extrinsic rewards are translated as manipulating ways or bribes, in order to favor those who hold the power. To some behaviorists, the organization of extrinsic and intrinsic reward systems is the method of choice to motivate, which should be used by the leader. Our thoughts point to the possibilities of a balanced and planned use of the extrinsic and intrinsic rewards, taking into consideration the context, goals and the duration of the group. We used as methodology the study of very prolific authors within the business administration courses, focusing on placing our contribution for the critical reading of this public.
Relações de Confiança em Cadeias de Suprimentos: reflexões e proposições a partir da economia dos custos de transação
Authors: Vieira Frederico Luiz , Xavier Wescley Silva , Oliveira Marcos Paulo Valadares
Published: December 2015

The presence of some partnership elements in studies about integration between supply chain management members has been noticed but it still in a preliminary stage, mainly considering the discussion about trust. Avoiding the discussion about trust is a dangerous roadway specially due to the fact of trust potentially can reduce the transaction costs and mitigate the opportunistic behavior. In spite of the initial development stage of this field of study, this paper, from a theoretical and exploratory nature, aims to announce some research hypotheses based in a conceptual model considering the convergence between trust and transaction costs (taking the premises of opportunistic behavior and bounded rationality) in the context of supply chain management. After to discuss about the theoretical background of the study, a conceptual model is proposed with tree hypotheses to be tested, as follow: i) there is a negative relationship between trust and transaction costs; ii) there is a negative relationship between trust and bounded rationality in companies; and iii) there is a negative relationship between trust and opportunistic behavior in companies.
INTERNACIONALIZAÇÃO DO VAREJO ALIMENTAR: ANÁLISE DE TRES CASOS A LUZ DE DUAS TERORIAS
Authors: Minadeo Roberto -
Published: December 2015

The article deals with the internationalization of the retail, focusing the supermarkets, through the studies of multiple cases. The main aspects of the groups adopted were based in scholarly articles - there are also contributions from the technical literature on business. Depending on the entry of several international networks in our market, the study gets interesting contours to present strategic opportunities to larger national retailers that are still restricted only in our market and, thus, need to evaluate the wisdom of maintaining such a strategy against the strong growth of the competition that is being observed in the sector. The study showed clear advantages of the process of internationalization, is how to find new markets aiming to maintain growth, is to defend itself because of the internationalization of the main players. The theories of Alexander (1997) and Al-Yeung/Henley (2003) proved to be practical for the analysis of the cases.
PLANEJAMENTO ESTRATÉGICO E OPERACIONAL NA PEQUENA EMPRESA: UM ESTUDO SOBRE SUA INFLUENCIANO DESEMPENHO
Authors: Silva Stefano Junqueira Torres da , Escrivão Filho Edmundo , Terence Ana Cláudia Fernandes
Published: December 2015

The objective of this article is to report the results of a research that aims to determine the relation between the strategic and the operational planning and the performance achieved by the technology based small business in São Carlos - SP (Brazil). Moreover, another objective is to identify the planning formalization level of then. In the last years, the strategic planning has become a very important management tool, because it permits to the entrepreneur to analyze the market situation, and, through it, to lead the business to achieve the goals in the long time. Furthermore, the operational planning support the daily activities management, lining the organization with its strategic objectives. To the empiric datum collection, a survey was made with the small business managers of the technology based sector. The tool used to collect the datum was a questionnaire. Like a result of this project, it´s possible to say that both planning, strategic and operational, improved the small business performance. However, there are not conclusive results about the relation between the strategic planning sophistication (formalization) and the business performance.
A COMPETÊNCIA DE RELACIONAMENTO CONTRIBUINDO PARA O DESENVOLVIMENTO DE CAPITAL SOCIAL DA EMPRESA DE BASE TECNOLÓGICA
Authors: Paiva Júnior Fernando Gomes de , Fernandes Nelson Da Cruz Monteiro , Almeida Larissa Fernanda De Lima
Published: December 2015

At the new context of the emergency of the network organizations and the global businesses, the establishment of cooperation relationships provides costs reduction and the increment of competitive advantages. However, these partnerships fail because of the low attention to the relational component in business-oriented interpersonal interactions. The formation of alliances indicates that the knowledge, confidence and social network provides conditions for reach opportunities and add wealth that guarantee the sustainability of organizations. The study aims to observe how the relationship competence acts in the aggregation of those elements. We carry through a qualitative analysis of important elements to initiate and keep a cooperation relationship. The results demonstrate that interpersonal sensitivity emerges as primordial dimension in the quality of the relationship, also shows up the emergency of the negotiation ability between partners and promotion of consensus among the actors as the element constituent of the negotiation capacity for maintenance of healthful relations. The entrepreneur’s sustainability in the network is supported by the development of alliances, and in this scene the relationship ability is a key element for the success of partnerships
Evolution of fracture permeability of ultramafic rocks undergoing serpentinization at hydrothermal conditions: An experimental study
Authors: Farough A. , Moore D. E. , Lockner D. A. , Lowell R. P.
Published: December 2015

We performed flow‐through laboratory experiments on five cylindrically cored samples of ultramafic rocks, in which we generated a well‐mated through‐going tensile fracture, to investigate evolution of fracture permeability during serpentinization. The samples were tested in a triaxial loading machine at a confining pressure of 50 MPa, pore pressure of 20 MPa, and temperature of 260°C, simulating a depth of 2 km under hydrostatic conditions. A pore pressure difference of up to 2 MPa was imposed across the ends of the sample. Fracture permeability decreased by 1–2 orders of magnitude during the 200–330 h experiments. Electron microprobe and SEM data indicated the formation of needle‐shaped crystals of serpentine composition along the walls of the fracture, and chemical analyses of sampled pore fluids were consistent with dissolution of ferro‐magnesian minerals. By comparing the difference between fracture permeability and matrix permeability measured on intact samples of the same rock types, we concluded that the contribution of the low matrix permeability to flow is negligible and essentially all of the flow is focused in the tensile fracture. The experimental results suggest that the fracture network in long‐lived hydrothermal circulation systems can be sealed rapidly as a result of mineral precipitation, and generation of new permeability resulting from a combination of tectonic and crystallization‐induced stresses is required to maintain fluid circulation.
Propagation of Pi2 pulsations through the braking region in global MHD simulations
Authors: Ream J. B. , Walker R. J. , Ashour‐Abdalla M. , El‐Alaoui M. , Wiltberger M. , Kivelson M. G. , Goldstein M. L.
Published: December 2015

We investigate the propagation of Pi2 period pulsations from their origin in the plasma sheet through the braking region, the region where the fast flows are slowed as they approach the inner edge of the plasma sheet. Our approach is to use both the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and Lyon‐Fedder‐Mobarry (LFM) global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) computer codes to simulate the Earth's magnetosphere during a substorm that occurred on 14 September 2004 when Pi2 pulsations were observed. We use two different MHD models in order to test the robustness of our conclusions about Pi2. The simulations are then compared with ground‐based and satellite data. We find that the propagation of the pulsations in the simulations, especially through the braking region, depends strongly on the ionospheric models used at the inner boundary of the MHD models. With respect to typical observed values, the modeled conductances are high in the UCLA model and low in the LFM model. The different conductances affect the flows, producing stronger line tying that slows the flow in the braking region more in the UCLA model than in the LFM model. Therefore, perturbations are able to propagate much more freely into the inner magnetosphere in the LFM results. However, in both models Pi2 period perturbations travel with the dipolarization front (DF) that forms at the earthward edge of the flow channel, but as the DF slows in the braking region, −8≤x≤−6 RE, the Pi2 period perturbations begin to travel ahead of it into the inner magnetosphere. This indicates that the flow channels generate compressional waves with periods that fall within the Pi2 range and that, as the flows themselves are stopped in the braking region, the compressional wave continues to propagate into the inner magnetosphere.
Causes for intraseasonal sea surface salinity variability in the western tropical Pacific Ocean and its seasonality
Authors: Li Yuanlong , Han Weiqing
Published: December 2015

Pronounced intraseasonal variability (ISV; 20–90 day) of sea surface salinity (SSS) with a standard deviation of 0.12–0.20 psu is detected in the western tropical Pacific Ocean (PO) from measurements of Aquarius/SAC‐D satellite. These variations are not spatially uniform but show distinct regional features. The Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) well simulated the observed SSS variations, and a suite of parallel experiments were performed to understand the underlying physical processes. Surface forcing by atmospheric intraseasonal oscillations which are dominated by the Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO) is largely responsible for producing the SSS ISV, while ocean internal variability plays a secondary role. Impact of atmospheric forcing is primarily through precipitation and wind stress‐driven oceanic processes. Their relative importance shows spatial variations. They have approximately equal importance in the western equatorial PO west of 155°E and the southwestern tropical PO. Wind stress effect dominates SSS ISV in the equatorial PO east of 155°E, while precipitation effect is larger in the northwestern tropical PO. In comparison, the effect of evaporation induced by wind speed change is smaller. The SSS ISV also shows evident seasonality in some areas, particularly in the far western equatorial basin and southwestern tropical PO. During boreal summer (winter), SSS ISV is enhanced (weakened) in the northwestern PO and weakened (enhanced) in the southwestern PO. Comparing with the strength of atmospheric forcing, seasonal variation of the ocean state, especially the mixed layer depth, is generally more important in causing such seasonality.
Physical mechanisms controlling the initiation of convective self‐aggregation in a General Circulation Model
Authors: Coppin David , Bony Sandrine
Published: December 2015

Cloud‐resolving models have shown that under certain conditions, the Radiative‐Convective Equilibrium (RCE) could become unstable and lead to the spontaneous organization of the atmosphere into dry and wet areas, and the aggregation of convection. In this study, we show that this “self‐aggregation” behavior also occurs in nonrotating RCE simulations performed with the IPSL‐CM5A‐LR General Circulation Model (GCM), and that it exhibits a strong dependence on sea surface temperature (SST). We investigate the physical mechanisms that control the initiation of self‐aggregation in this model, and their dependence on temperature. At low SSTs, the onset of self‐aggregation is primarily controlled by the coupling between low‐cloud radiative effects and shallow circulations and the formation of “radiatively driven cold pools” in areas devoid of deep convection, while at high SSTs it is primarily controlled by the coupling between surface fluxes and circulation within convective areas. At intermediate temperatures, the occurrence of self‐aggregation is less spontaneous and depends on initial conditions, but it can arise through a combination of both mechanisms. Through their coupling to circulation and surface fluxes, the radiative effects of low‐level clouds play a critical role in both initiation mechanisms, and the sensitivity of boundary layer clouds to surface temperature explains to a large extent the temperature dependence of convective self‐aggregation. At any SST, the presence of cloud‐radiative effects in the free troposphere is necessary to the initiation, growth, and maintenance of convective aggregation.
Does Practice Make the Perfect Liar? The Effect of Rehearsal and Increased Cognitive Load on Cues to Deception
Authors: Gawrylowicz Julie , Fairlamb Samuel , Tantot Emily , Qureshi Zehra , Redha Amadeus , Ridley Anne M.
Published: December 2015

Recent studies have explored ways to increase cognitive load in liars to identify cues to deception. This study used a driving simulator as a load‐inducing technique to explore differences between truth‐tellers and liars during an investigative interview scenario and also investigated the effect of rehearsing lies in this context. Deception affected driving performance. Truth‐tellers drove more slowly compared with their own baseline, whereas unrehearsed liars sped up. There was no difference in speed between truth‐tellers and rehearsed liars. In addition, truth‐tellers had significantly faster reaction times compared with their own baseline, than both rehearsed and unrehearsed liars. During the interviews, truth‐tellers provided significantly more visual and auditory details and mentioned significantly fewer cognitive operations than liars. The findings add to the body of literature exploring the optimal relationship between cognitive load and secondary task performance to identify cues to deception.Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What Is a Rheumatologist and How Do We Make One?
Authors: Brown Calvin R. , Criscione‐Schreiber Lisa , O'Rourke Kenneth S. , Fuchs Howard A. , Putterman Chaim , Tan Irene J. , Valeriano‐Marcet Joanne , Hsieh Evelyn , Zirkle Sarah , Bolster Mary B.
Published: December 2015

Objective

Graduate medical education is a critical time in the training of a rheumatologist, and purposeful evaluation of abilities during this time is essential for long‐term success as an independent practitioner. The internal medicine subspecialties collectively developed a uniform set of reporting milestones by which trainees can be assessed and receive formative feedback, providing clarity of accomplishment as well as areas for improvement in training. Furthermore, the reporting milestones provide a schema for assessment and evaluation of fellows by supervisors. The internal medicine subspecialties were also tasked with considering entrustable professional activities (EPAs), which define the abilities of a subspecialty physician who has attained sufficient mastery of the field to be accountable to stakeholders and participate in independent practice. Although EPAs have been established for a few specialties, they had not yet been described for rheumatology. EPAs have value as descriptors of the comprehensive abilities, knowledge, and skills of a practicing rheumatologist. The rheumatology EPAs have a role in defining a specialist in rheumatology upon completion of training, and also represent the ways our specialty defines our abilities that are enduring throughout practice.

Methods

We describe the collaborative process of the development of both the subspecialty reporting milestones and the rheumatology EPAs. The reporting milestones evolved through discussions and collaborations among representatives from the Association of Specialty Professors, the Alliance for Academic Internal Medicine, the American Board of Internal Medicine, and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. The EPAs were a product of deliberations by the Next Accreditation System (NAS) working group of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) Committee on Rheumatology Training and Workforce Issues.

Results

Twenty‐three subspecialty reporting milestones and 14 rheumatology EPAs were advanced and refined over the course of 3 subspecialty reporting milestone development summits and 3 ACR NAS working group meetings, respectively.

Conclusion

The subspecialty reporting milestones and rheumatology EPAs presented here stipulate reasonable and measurable expectations for rheumatologists‐in‐training. Together, these tools aim to promote enrichment and greater accountability in the training of fellows. Additionally, the EPAs define, for all stakeholders, the expertise of a rheumatologist in practice.
Development and Validation of the Body Concealment Scale for Scleroderma
Authors: Jewett Lisa R. , Malcarne Vanessa L. , Kwakkenbos Linda , Harcourt Diana , Rumsey Nichola , Körner Annett , Steele Russell J. , Hudson Marie , Baron Murray , Haythornthwaite Jennifer A. , Heinberg Leslie , Wigley Fredrick M. , Thombs Brett D. ,   the Canadian Scleroderma Research Group
Published: December 2015

Objective

Body concealment is a component of social avoidance among people with visible differences from disfiguring conditions, including systemic sclerosis (SSc). The study objective was to develop a measure of body concealment related to avoidance behaviors in SSc.

Methods

Initial items for the Body Concealment Scale for Scleroderma (BCSS) were selected using item analysis in a development sample of 93 American SSc patients. The factor structure of the BCSS was evaluated in 742 Canadian patients with single‐factor, 2‐factor, and bifactor confirmatory factor analysis models. Convergent and divergent validity were assessed by comparing the BCSS total score with the Brief‐Satisfaction with Appearance Scale (Brief‐SWAP) and measures of depressive symptoms and pain.

Results

A 2‐factor model (Comparative Fit Index [CFI] 0.99, Tucker‐Lewis Index [TLI] 0.98, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation [RMSEA] 0.08) fit substantially better than a 1‐factor model (CFI 0.95, TLI 0.94, RMSEA 0.15) for the 9‐item BCSS, but the Concealment with Clothing and Concealment of Hands factors were highly correlated (α = 0.79). The bifactor model (CFI 0.99, TLI 0.99, RMSEA 0.08) also fit well. In the bifactor model, the omega coefficient was high for the general factor (ω = 0.80), but low for the Concealment with Clothing (ω = 0.01) and Concealment of Hands (ω = 0.33) factors. The BCSS total score correlated more strongly with the Brief‐SWAP Social Discomfort (r = 0.59) and Dissatisfaction with Appearance (r = 0.53) subscales than with measures of depressive symptoms and pain.

Conclusion

The BCSS sum score is a valid indicator of body concealment in SSc that extends the concepts of body concealment and avoidance beyond the realms of body shape and weight to concerns of individuals with visible differences from SSc.
High‐Efficiency InP‐Based Photocathode for Hydrogen Production by Interface Energetics Design and Photon Management
Authors: Gao Lu , Cui Yingchao , Vervuurt Rene H. J. , van Dam Dick , van Veldhoven Rene P. J. , Hofmann Jan P. , Bol Ageeth A. , Haverkort Jos E. M. , Notten Peter H. L. , Bakkers Erik P. A. M. , Hensen Emiel J. M.
Published: December 2015

The solar energy conversion efficiency of photoelectrochemical (PEC) devices is usually limited by poor interface energetics, limiting the onset potential, and light reflection losses. Here, a three‐pronged approach to obtain excellent performance of an InP‐based photoelectrode for water reduction is presented. First, a buried p–n+ junction is fabricated, which shifts the valence band edge favorably with respect to the hydrogen redox potential. Photoelectron spectroscopy substantiates that the shift of the surface photovoltage is mainly determined by the buried junction. Second, a periodic array of InP nanopillars is created at the surface of the photoelectrode to substantially reduce the optical reflection losses. This device displays an unprecedented photocathodic power‐saved efficiency of 15.8% for single junction water reduction. Third, a thin TiO2 protection layer significantly increases the stability of the InP‐based photoelectrode. Careful design of the interface energetics based on surface photovoltage spectroscopy allows obtaining a PEC cell with stable record performance in water reduction.
Manipulation of Electric Field Effect by Orbital Switch
Authors: Cui Bin , Song Cheng , Mao Haijun , Yan Yinuo , Li Fan , Gao Shuang , Peng Jingjing , Zeng Fei , Pan Feng
Published: December 2015

The semiconductor industry has seen a remarkable miniaturization trend, where the size of microelectronic circuit components is expected to reach the scale of atom even subatom. Here, an orbital switch formed at the interface between BaTiO3 (BTO) and La0.5Sr0.5MnO3 (LSMO) is used to manipulate the electric field effect in the LSMO/BTO heterostructure. The orbital switch is based on the connection or breakdown of interfacial Ti–O–Mn bond due to the ferroelectric displacement under external electric field. This finding would pave the way for the tuning of the material performance or device operation at atomic level and introducing the orbital degree of freedom into the terrain of microelectronics.
Hypoxia Created Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Sheet for Prevascularized 3D Tissue Construction
Authors: Zhang Lijun , Xing Qi , Qian Zichen , Tahtinen Mitchell , Zhang Zhaoqiang , Shearier Emily , Qi Shaohai , Zhao Feng
Published: December 2015

3D tissue based on human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) sheets offers many interesting opportunities for regenerating multiple types of connective tissues. Prevascularizing hMSC sheets with endothelial cells (ECs) will improve 3D tissue performance by supporting cell survival and accelerating integration with host tissue. It is hypothesized that hypoxia cultured hMSC sheets can promote microvessel network formation and preserve stemness of hMSCs. This study investigates the vascularization of hMSC sheets under different oxygen tensions. It is found that the HN condition, in which hMSC sheets formed under physiological hypoxia (2% O2) and then cocultured with ECs under normoxia (20% O2), enables longer and more branched microvessel network formation. The observation is corroborated by higher levels of angiogenic factors in coculture medium. Additionally, the hypoxic hMSC sheet is more uniform and less defective, which facilitates fabrication of 3D prevascularized tissue construct by layering the prevascularized hMSC sheets and maturing in rotating wall vessel bioreactor. The hMSCs in the 3D construct still maintain multilineage differentiation ability, which indicates the possible application of the 3D construct for various connective tissues regeneration. These results demonstrate that hypoxia created hMSC sheets benefit the microvessel growth and it is feasible to construct 3D prevascularized tissue construct using the prevascularized hMSC sheets.
Rare copy number variants implicated in posterior urethral valves
Authors: Boghossian Nansi S. , Sicko Robert J. , Kay Denise M. , Rigler Shannon L. , Caggana Michele , Tsai Michael Y. , Yeung Edwina H. , Pankratz Nathan , Cole Benjamin R. , Druschel Charlotte M. , Romitti Paul A. , Browne Marilyn L. , Fan Ruzong , Liu Aiyi , Brody Lawrence C. , Mills James L.
Published: December 2015

The cause of posterior urethral valves (PUV) is unknown, but genetic factors are suspected given their familial occurrence. We examined cases of isolated PUV to identify novel copy number variants (CNVs). We identified 56 cases of isolated PUV from all live‐births in New York State (1998–2005). Samples were genotyped using Illumina HumanOmni2.5 microarrays. Autosomal and sex‐linked CNVs were identified using PennCNV and cnvPartition software. CNVs were prioritized for follow‐up if they were absent from in‐house controls, contained ≥10 consecutive probes, were ≥20 Kb in size, had ≤20% overlap with variants detected in other birth defect phenotypes screened in our lab, and were rare in population reference controls. We identified 47 rare candidate PUV‐associated CNVs in 32 cases; one case had a 3.9 Mb deletion encompassing BMP7. Mutations in BMP7 have been associated with severe anomalies in the mouse urethra. Other interesting CNVs, each detected in a single PUV case included: a deletion of PIK3R3 and TSPAN1, duplication/triplication in FGF12, duplication of FAT1—a gene essential for normal growth and development, a large deletion (>2 Mb) on chromosome 17q that involves TBX2 and TBX4, and large duplications (>1 Mb) on chromosomes 3q and 6q. Our finding of previously unreported novel CNVs in PUV suggests that genetic factors may play a larger role than previously understood. Our data show a potential role of CNVs in up to 57% of cases examined. Investigation of genes in these CNVs may provide further insights into genetic variants that contribute to PUV. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Facile and Chemically Sustainable One‐Pot Synthesis of a Wide Array of Fused O‐ and N‐Heterocycles Catalyzed by Trisodium Citrate Dihydrate under Ambient Conditions
Authors: Brahmachari Goutam , Banerjee Bubun
Published: December 2015

A simple, straightforward, and highly efficient multicomponent one‐pot synthesis of pharmaceutically interesting diverse functionalized O‐ and N‐heterocyclic scaffolds, such as spiro[indolin‐2‐one‐3,4′‐pyrans] (4 aa–4 ah), spiro[indolin‐2‐one‐3,4′‐pyran]‐annulated (4 ba–4 bd, 4 b′a–4 b′b, 4 ca–4 cf, 4 da–4 dd, 4 ea–4 ee), and spiro[acenaphthylen‐1‐one‐3,4′‐pyran]‐annulated (7 ba, 7 b′a, 7 ca, 7 da, 7 ea) derivatives, pyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazoles (4 fa–4 fz, 4 ha–4 hf), spiro[indolin‐2‐one‐3,4′‐pyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazoles] (4 ga–4 gh, 4 ia–4 ic), and spiro[acenaphthylen‐1‐one‐3,4′‐pyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazoles] (7 fa–7 fd), has been developed based on commercially available trisodium citrate dihydrate as an inexpensive and eco‐friendly catalyst for the tandem Knoevenagel–cyclocondensation of isatin/aldehyde/acenaphthylene‐1,2‐dione, malononitrile, and various C−H activated acids in aqueous ethanol at room temperature. The salient features of this protocol are mild reaction conditions, excellent yields, applicability for the synthesis of a large number of diverse heterocycles, high atom economy, eco‐friendliness, easy isolation of products, no column chromatographic separation, and the reusability of reaction media. It is noteworthy to mention that the present method offers a general way to synthesize various O‐ and N‐heterocyclic scaffolds following a unified approach, which could replace a huge number of alternative methods reported so far.
Tin(II) Chloride Catalyzed Multicomponent Synthesis of Propargylamines and Intramolecular [3+2] Cycloaddition
Authors: Afraj Shakil N. , Chen Chinpiao
Published: December 2015

A simple method to synthesize propargylamines along with the highly diastereoselective synthesis of a series of 4,6,7,8,8a,9‐hexahydropyrrolo[1,2‐a][1,2,3]triazolo[1,5‐d]pyrazines has been developed. The three‐component coupling of aldehydes, amines, and alkynes (A3‐coupling), which proceeds through a C−H activation process with tin(II) chloride as the catalyst, and a metal‐free [3+2] cycloaddition reaction were used to prepare the propargylamines and fused heterocycles, respectively, without the need of a cocatalyst or activator. The coupling reaction is applicable to various aldehydes, amines, and alkynes and provides the propargylamines in good to excellent yields with excellent distereoselectivities. The cycloaddition reaction also provides various tricyclic fused triazole derivatives in excellent yields with high distereoselectivities. A mechanism is proposed for the tin(II) chloride catalyzed three‐component coupling as well as the [3+2] cycloaddition reaction.
Earth‐Abundant Nanomaterials for Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Xia Wei , Mahmood Asif , Liang Zibin , Zou Ruqiang , Guo Shaojun
Published: December 2015

Replacing the rare and precious platinum (Pt) electrocatalysts with earth‐abundant materials for promoting the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at the cathode of fuel cells is of great interest in developing high‐performance sustainable energy devices. However, the challenging issues associated with non‐Pt materials are still their low intrinsic catalytic activity, limited active sites, and the poor mass transport properties. Recent advances in material sciences and nanotechnology enable rational design of new earth‐abundant materials with optimized composition and fine nanostructure, providing new opportunities for enhancing ORR performance at the molecular level. This Review highlights recent breakthroughs in engineering nanocatalysts based on the earth‐abundant materials for boosting ORR.
Increasing Electron‐Transfer Rates with Increasing Donor–Acceptor Distance
Authors: Kuss‐Petermann Martin , Wenger Oliver S.
Published: December 2015

Electron transfer can readily occur over long (≥15 Å) distances. Usually reaction rates decrease with increasing distance between donors and acceptors, but theory predicts a regime in which electron‐transfer rates increase with increasing donor–acceptor separation. This counter‐intuitive behavior can result from the interplay of reorganization energy and electronic coupling, but until now experimental studies have failed to provide unambiguous evidence for this effect. We report here on a homologous series of rigid rodlike donor‐bridge‐acceptor compounds in which the electron‐transfer rate increases by a factor of 8 when the donor–acceptor distance is extended from 22.0 to 30.6 Å, and then it decreases by a factor of 188 when the distance is increased further to 39.2 Å. This effect has important implications for solar energy conversion.
Sea levels, shorelines and settlements on Pacific reef islands
Authors: NUNN PATRICK D.
Published: December 2015

A reassessment is made of the model of Dickinson (2003, Journal of Coastal Research), which proposed that many Pacific island coasts were settled only after the palaeoreef flats or shore platforms that formed during the mid‐Holocene sea‐level highstand emerged above high‐tide level: a point in time known as the crossover date. Focusing on reef (atoll) islands, the analysis suggests that this model has potential when applied to islands east of 178°E, with some, such as Funafuti (Tuvalu) and Atafu (Tokelau), being settled around the time of their crossover dates and others to the east and north‐east a few centuries later. The model fails to explain the settlement of atolls in the north‐west Pacific (Marshall Islands and eastern Kiribati), where islands formed well before crossover dates, something that can be attributed to the larger tidal range and complex interplay between sea level and reef upgrowth. The enduring legacy of Dickinson to Pacific archaeology is the demonstration that people were operating in a dynamic environment that presented them with new challenges and opportunities rather than in an environment that was static.
Progression of Nonradiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis to Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Population‐Based Cohort Study
Authors: Wang Runsheng , Gabriel Sherine E. , Ward Michael M.
Published: December 2015

Objective

The long‐term outcome of patients with nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis (SpA) is unclear, particularly whether few or most progress to ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Our objective was to examine the progression to AS in a population‐based inception cohort of patients with nonradiographic axial SpA.

Methods

The Rochester Epidemiology Project (REP) is a longstanding population‐based study of health in the residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota. We searched the REP from 1985 to 2010 using diagnostic and procedural codes for back pain, HLA–B27, and magnetic resonance imaging of the pelvis, and we performed detailed chart reviews to identify subjects who fulfilled the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society classification criteria for axial SpA but did not have AS. We followed these subjects from disease onset to March 15, 2015, and used survival analysis to measure the time to progression to AS.

Results

After screening 2,151 patients, we identified 83 subjects with new‐onset nonradiographic axial SpA. Over a mean follow‐up of 10.6 years, progression to AS occurred in 16 patients. The probability that the condition would remain as nonradiographic axial SpA at 5, 10, and 15 years was 93.6%, 82.7%, and 73.6%, respectively. There was more frequent and more rapid progression among subjects in the imaging arm (n = 18) than among those in the clinical arm (n = 65) (28% versus 17%; hazard ratio 3.50 [95% confidence interval 1.15–10.6], P = 0.02).

Conclusion

Progression to AS occurred in a minority (26%) of patients with nonradiographic axial SpA over as long as 15 years of follow‐up. This suggests that the classification criteria for nonradiographic axial SpA identifies many patients in whom the condition is unlikely to progress to AS or that nonradiographic axial SpA represents a prolonged prodromal state that takes longer to evolve to AS and thus requires longer follow‐up.