bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beyond Freedom and Dignity: Behavioral Fixated Delusion?
Authors: Hammes John A.
Published: February 2018

A response is given to Skinner's premise that the traditional concept of autonomous man, one who has freedom and dignity, has been shown to be unscientific by behavioristic data. However, it is not Skinner's data which is attacked, but the theoretical assumptions which he relates to the data. Since the data is compatible with both the traditional and Skinnerian views it does not prove or disprove either view. Arguments are presented showing the inadequacies of Skinner's view as well as the strengths of the traditional view that man does have freedom and dignity.
The Effect of Different Reality Perspectives on Psychotherapy
Authors: Amundson Norman E. , Willson Stanley
Published: February 2018

The view that the therapist adopts on the issue of what constitutes reality will affect the decisions he makes in the therapeutic situation. By contrasting the Materialistic-Naturalistic position (which sees material entities and their derivative forces constituting all that is) with the Christian-Supernaturalistic position (which sees self-existent nonmaterial forces as being part of what is) on this reality dimension, it follows that there are differences in the resulting conceptions of health and, consequently, what is advised to attain it. The matching of counselor and client reality perspectives may be found to be a helpful criterion for enhancing therapeutic success.
Contract Therapy and Behavior Modification
Authors: Tweedie Donald F.
Published: February 2018

To add to its usefulness as a therapeutic technique and aid in future research on its therapeutic effectiveness, Contract Therapy needs to be related to a theoretical orientation. Basic aspects of Contract Therapy are related to behavior modification theory and practice. However, the use of a behavioral focus does not necessitate a belief in behaviorism with its mechanisitic view of man. Instead, Contract Therapy is a behavioral counseling technique developed from a biblical perspective, both with regard to the nature of man and the nature of marriage.
Therapist Identification and Role Identity as a Barrier to Integrative Christian Counseling
Authors: Narramore Bruce
Published: February 2018

In spite of the increasing number of Christian therapists, we still have no truly integrative approach to Christian counseling. Most attempts at integration of biblical and psychological concepts that do exist tend to be on a “hit or miss” or “proof text” basis. The thesis proposed is that one of the major barriers to an integrative approach to Christian counseling is the subtle anxiety and hidden guilt over vocational role identification experienced by most Christian counselors. The developmental origin and possible resolution of this barrier is discussed.
Abortion: A Survey of Attitudes and Research Materials
Authors: Barber Cyril J.
Published: February 2018

A survey of the attitudes of people and religious bodies toward, as well as the literature presently available on, the subject of abortion. It points out the theological and ethical questions being asked and the answers being given. It does not attempt to arrive at any value judgments or conclusions, but highlights areas which require further research.
Should Children be Spanked? A Reply to Mcthomas
Authors: Ruble Richard
Published: February 2018

Spanking children should occur rarely as it generates a continuing round of physical and psychological harm. Children need firm and patient guidance—happy, well-adjusted, integrated Christian parents who resist the impulse to strike out when frustrated by the child's behavior.
In Defense of the Sermon: A Communicational Approach
Authors: Litfin A. Duane
Published: February 2018

Many are critical of the sermon today because it is essentially a “oneway” type of communication which offers little opportunity for feedback. But such arguments neglect the fact that the sermon does not have to stand alone. On the contrary, from a communicational point of view the sermon can and should be seen as simply one part of an overall communication network which exists in the church as a whole and which is largely unrestricted, allowing open feedback on the part of all. Thus, the real point to be emphasized is not that the sermon should be eliminated, but that conscious efforts should be made to complement the sermon with as many different avenues for feedback as possible. Only when this happens can preaching be maximally effective.
Maturity: Psychological and Biblical
Authors: Carter John D.
Published: February 2018

Five dimensions of maturity are outlined and described: having a realistic view of oneself and others, accepting oneself and others, living in the present but having long range goals, having values and developing one's abilities and coping with daily living. A parallel description of biblical maturity is also made on these dimensions, but differences in content are noted. Psychological maturity is grounded in the image of God in man as created but fallen for both the Christian and the non-Christian, but the additional aspects of biblical maturity are grounded in the renewed image.
Guilt: Its Universal Hidden Presence
Authors: Narramore Bruce
Published: February 2018

This article, the second in a series of four, develops the proposition that the emotion of guilt is to some degree involved in the etiology of all psychological maladjustments. A discussion of the Genesis record of the origin of guilt is followed by a discussion of the major defensive processes utilized to deny and distort the subjective experience of guilt. The psychological and theological implications of the failure to recognize the extent of guilt's involvement in the problems of adjustment is then considered.
Development of Religious Perception — Integration of Life
Authors: Ludwig David J. , Weber Timothy
Published: February 2018

A close look is given to the understanding of faith as the integrating thrust of life in this article. One of the basic problems facing the modern Christian is the compartmentalization of his faith because of conflicting values in different aspects of his life. The development of a true religious perception, however, is the integration of the different facets of life around one's faith by the power of the Holy Spirit. Implications of this concept upon religious education are then discussed.
Some Thoughts on a Biblical view of Anger
Authors: Pedersen John E.
Published: February 2018

Anger is seen as a part of the image of God in man. Consequently, the nature of God's anger is considered the key in understanding human anger. If anger is part of the image of God in man, then it must be basically good. In the fall man took the control from God and now has the tendency to be vengeful in his anger. God has given us a model for dealing with our anger in the context of relationships with others.
Referral Patterns of Clergy
Authors: Hong Barry A. , Wiehe Vernon R.
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this research was to explore the referral pattern of a group of clergy in a large midwestern city; to examine the type of problems being seen in counseling by clergy; and, to determine the status of pastoral counselors among mental health professionals. The data showed that clergy use a variety of mental health professionals for referrals for different types of problems. A large portion of problems- seen by clergy in counseling are in the areas of marriage and family problems. Pastoral counselors are viewed as important mental health therapists along with psychiatrists, psychologists and social workers.
The Psuche in Psychology and Theology
Authors: Jackson Basil
Published: February 2018

The traditional view of the soul derived as it has been from pagan, Hellenistic speculative thinking is not synonymous with the biblical concept. The use of the word psuche in Scripture does not support the common theological interpretation of the soul as a nonphysical and separate metaphysical appendage to man. The biblical idea of soul is consistent with the views of modern psychology and stresses the wholeness of man. Man must be considered as a totality “in function” as an organism which expresses the vitality of his existence through his functioning. This is his personality. When this concept of personality is considered as an interlocking of functions and traits, an architectural unity involving the whole person, it will be seen to closely equate the biblical use of psuche.
Kierkegaard and Jung on the Self
Authors: Sobosan Jeffrey G.
Published: February 2018

Is it possible for theology and psychology to complement each other in their respective visions of the self? To answer this question some correlations can be drawn between a theology such as Soren Kierkegaard's (with its analyses, for example, of the finite and infinite components of the self, despair, man's becoming in time, and God as an effective Power) and a psychology such as Carl Jung's (with its analyses of the ego and the collective unconscious, neurosis, the process of individuation, and God as an effective Archetype). These correlations will demonstrate that a complementarity is not only possible between theology and psychology, but of mutual benefit to both.
Atheistic Humanistic and Christian Humanistic Perspectives on the Human Condition
Authors: Hammes John A.
Published: February 2018

Alienation, estrangement, and in general the human condition of mankind is intimately related to the so-called myth of Adam and Eve. The Christian interpretation of the Adam and Eve story is contrasted with that of contemporary atheistic humanism. The latter position is critiqued, followed by a Christian perspective on the implications of the human condition.
A Behavioristic Analysis of the Book of Job
Authors: Reynierse James H.
Published: February 2018

A behavioristic analysis based on current principles and empirical findings of learning psychology is applied to the Old Testament Book of Job. Specifically, the psychological origins of Job's helplessness are analyzed from such a behavioristic perspective. This analysis compares the behavior of Job with the phenomenon of “learned helplessness,” indicating that there is almost perfect correspondence between Job's situation and established experimental conditions which produce “learned helplessness” in the laboratory. Central to the argument is the idea that Job's misfortunes were noncontingent, i.e., that they were not imposed because of Job's wickedness. Biblical evidence for Job's helplessness and the case for noncontingency are documented.
The Role of Emotional Feelings: A Social Psychological Perspective and Case Study
Authors: Paloutzian Raymond F.
Published: February 2018

Two divergent views regarding the role of emotional feelings exist among psychologists and Christians. These are that (a) behavior should follow from and be consistent with feelings, and (b) feelings are primarily reactions to behavior. A case of a male suffering from cyclic negative and positive emotional states as a consequence of deviant behavior and alternating comparison groups is analyzed from the perspectives of a cognitive consistency principle and the theory of social comparison. The implication is that behaviors and emotions stabilize when Christ is the focus of comparison.
Popular Christian Psychologies: Some Reflections
Authors: Collins Gary R.
Published: February 2018

Within the past ten years a number of Christians, largely untrained in psychology, have attracted great numbers of followers who are seeking advice and self-help formulae for solving personal problems. This article identifies nine characteristics which the popular leaders have in common, suggests reasons for the attractiveness of these leaders, and examines the significance of these popularizers for mental health professionals. The article suggests that the popularizers have arisen to fill a gap left vacant by church leaders and professional counselors who have not shown lay people how to cope with the problems of everyday living.
Adams’ Theory of Nouthetic Counseling
Authors: Carter John D.
Published: February 2018

Adams’ theory of nouthetic counseling was analyzed with reference to the nature of man, view of pathology, the counseling model, the counseling process, and the counselor and his techniques. Biblically, Adams’ theory is found to be inadequate. It views man almost entirely in behavioral terms and fails to incorporate such biblical concepts as heart, soul, spirit, and flesh. Adams also fails to provide a biblical basis for building his theory around the word noutheteo. Psychologically, Adams offers no emperical support for his theory and seems unaware of the methodological and research problems involved in supporting his claims of success. Adams’ criticism of Rogers and Freud shows a lack of knowledge of primary sources, and his uncritical positive bias toward Mowrer and Skinner reflects an uncritical presuppositionalism. Finally, he has no theory of motivation or theory of personality.
The Development of Religious Concepts and Maturity: A Three Stage Model
Authors: Fleck J. Roland , Ballard Stanley N. , Reilly J. Wesley
Published: February 2018

Three Piagetian stages of cognitive development (i.e., preoperational thought, concrete operational thought, and formal operational thought) are proposed as a model consistent with research findings on the development of religious concepts and religious maturity. The research findings of Harms (conception of God; 1944), Deconchy (conception of God; 1965), Elkind (conception of religious denomination; 1961, 1962, 1963), Long, Elkind, and Spilka (conception of prayer; 1967), and Goldman (religious thinking; 1964; 1970) are presented as supporting the three-stage Piagetian model for religious concept development. The research findings of Allen (1965) and Allen and Spilka (1967) concerning consensual (i.e., immature) and committed (i.e., mature) religious orientation are presented as generally supporting the Piagetian model in the area of religious maturity.
An Integration of Statistics and Christianity
Authors: Koteskey Ronald L.
Published: February 2018

The Christian world-view has implications for statistics at the philosophical level as well as at the theoretical and applied levels. At the philosophical level statistics can be regarded as reflecting reality, as reflecting man's ignorance, or as reflecting both ignorance and reality. At the theoretical level our world-view influences the statistics we emphasize in our teaching. Finally, at the applied level our Christian faith must be reflected in our use of statistics in testing, counseling, and grading.
Christian Faith and Thanataphobia
Authors: Cerny Leonard J.
Published: February 2018

The problem of whether Christian faith increases or decreases thanataphobia (fear of death or anxiety regarding it) was investigated. A field survey of 248 undergraduate college students from four colleges in Orange County, California using the Boyar Fear of Death Scale demonstrated significantly less fear of death in the Christian group as compared to a non-Christian group. A Christian was defined as a person who knew he had been “born again” by God's Spirit and would thus have a living relationship with Jesus Christ. Over half of the non-Christian group considered themselves to be Christians but didn't know they were “born again” Christians. While past research showed a contradictory picture as to the effect of religious faith, a major contribution of this study is that generalized religious faith is reduced to more specifically Christian faith emphasizing the spiritual rebirth and resulting divine relationship spoken of by Jesus in John 3:3, “Truly, truly, I say to you, unless one is born again, he cannot see the kingdom of God.”
Neuropsychology and Worship
Authors: Meyer Stephen G.
Published: February 2018

In Scripture man is challenged to transform himself through the renewal of his mind. Research in neuropsychology suggests that there are at least two minds, a verbal, analytic left hemisphere and a spatial, gestalt right hemisphere. This research is reviewed and the conclusions drawn from it are applied to the biblical modes of communication. It is suggested that forms of worship be devised which emphasize the symbolic forms in the Bible as well as the rational forms of discourse in order that complete transformation of the mind may occur.
Positions on the Concept of Choice in American Psychology
Authors: Willson Stanley , Amundson Norman E.
Published: February 2018

All schools of psychology agree that man is capable of change but there is debate in American psychology as to whether that change takes place because of hereditary and environmental stimuli or because of personal volition. Behaviouristic and Freudian psychology view man as reactive whereas third force psychology and Christianity view man as active. Two arguments, used by both Humanists and Christians, which attempt to refute determinism are set forward. However, divergence of these positions, which manifests itself on the issue of meaning, occurs because of the further question of why man has the capacity to choose.
“The Compleat Person”: Some Theoretical Views and Research Findings for a Theological-Psychology of Religion
Authors: Spilka Bernard
Published: February 2018

Some basic elements of Judeo-Christian theology have been extracted, fashioned into a theoretical framework for research in the psychology of religion and shown to be heuristically fruitful. The vehicle for demonstrating the utility of this view is measures derived from a dichotomous scheme of personal religion — intrinsic-committed and extrinsic-consensual. The latter seems to picture a closeminded, superficial, instrumental version of religion that reflects inaccurate self-perceptions and like views and behavior toward others and Cod. Where an intrinsic-committed faith dominates, one gains the impression of the theologically prescribed religionist, the truly complete person, who has internalized an integrated system in which views of the self, others, and God are constructively united in a purposeful plan for living. Research support for these ideas is presented.
Perfectionism in Religion and Psychotherapy or: on Discerning the Spirits
Authors: Touchet Francis H.
Published: February 2018

Taking the Mormon prophet, Joseph Smith's controversial King Follett Sermon as an expression of endemic American perfectionist strivings, the author suggests that perfectionism may be the conscious expression of its unacknowledged opposite — despair. The problem of perfectionism constantly emerges both in American religion and more recently in American psychology where it is apt to take on a cultist dimension in the newer therapies. The inheritance of the Age of Reason propels the various therapies to disguise their philosophical/theological assumptions in a cover of secularized science. Perfectionism and adulation of “science” can lead to antinomianism cloaked in professional garb if psychotherapists fail to recognize the limitations of science, the presence of a faith system in all therapy, and the possibility that psychotherapy at its best is an art with a scientific base. The danger of scientific professionalism is likened to a failure to discern the spirits.
An Unknown God Made Known (The Religion of Psychology)
Authors: De Young Quinton R.
Published: February 2018

The thesis of the article is that many of the contemporary movements in psychology, especially in the realm of psychotherapy, are in fact religious systems. They are systems of salvation for secular man. The focal point in all such systems is the doctrine of man — his nature, dilemma, and hope. The doctrines of man advanced by three major systems — psychoanalytic, behaviorist, and humanistic — are analyzed briefly. An analysis of several currently popular systems is presented schematically in terms of Cult, Messiah, Gospel, and Scriptures. A brief statement of some of the author's concerns concludes the article.
Effective Counseling and Psychotherapy: An Integrative Review of Research
Authors: Edwards Keith J.
Published: February 2018

A review of research relevant to the practice of psychotherapy is presented. Research on the central role of cognition in emotional behavior is reviewed as the basis for the therapeutic approach known as cognitive behavior modification. The three stages of the therapeutic approach offer the potential of a unified explanation for the effectiveness of a variety of therapeutic schools as well as a basis for integrating psychology and theology in therapeutic practice. The potential for a theology of the thought life informing therapeutic practice is explored. Finally, the cognitive behavior modification model is embedded in an interpersonal view of therapy to account for the overwhelming evidence of the importance of the therapeutic relationship in effective therapy. The influence of client-therapist value similarity and therapist's characteristics on the quality of the therapeutic relationship are explored. The biblical and psychological data reviewed suggest a fruitful approach to formulating effective and integrated intervention techniques.
Reflections on Schoen, the Greeks and Modern Man
Authors: Jackson Basil
Published: February 2018

A response to Edward L. Schoen's “Aristotle's Modern Conception of Man: A Reply to Basil Jackson” (Journal of Psychology and Theology, 1975, 3, 109–115). Schoen's article was in reply to Jackson's “The Psuche in Psychology and Theology” (Journal of Psychology and Theology, 1975, 3, 3–10).
New Methods in the Psychology of Religion
Authors: Malony H. Newton
Published: February 2018

Preferred assumptions for the study of religion by psychologists are noted. They are religious empathy, grounding in general psychology, and experimental methodology. Possible new approaches to the psychological study of religion are discussed as they related to (1) theory (cf. cognitive dissonance and experiencing); (2) subjects (secular religionists and encounter group participants); (3) techniques (game theory and obedience to authority); and (4) dependent measures (religiosity and value conflict).
Personality Differences between Christian and Secular College Students
Authors: Dodrill Carl B.
Published: February 2018

Evangelicals almost routinely assume that the personalities of Christians are different from those of non-Christians, but there is little objective evidence for this assertion. The Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey was used to evaluate personality differences between Christian students and two groups of secular students. A number of statistically significant differences were found which suggested that Christian students had fewer social contacts than secular students but that they saw themselves as more friendly and good-natured. In addition, Christian females saw themselves as more submissive and less energetic than their secular counterparts. These differences were so small, however, that they were of no practical significance, and the possibility that they might be related to factors other than Christian belief could not be eliminated. The implications of the study for the integration of psychology with Christianity were discussed.
Jesus’ Style of Relating: The Search for a Biblical View of Counseling
Authors: Carlson David E.
Published: February 2018

Focusing on the current discussion regarding biblical models of counseling, this study considers several problems which must be solved if integration between biblical and psychological perspectives is to be achieved. Then, Jesus’ role repertoire is explored as a possible source of biblical models of counseling. The study suggests Jesus’ style of relating provides a wide range of interventive-redemptive approaches to helping people. An integrated continuum of counseling roles is presented from the prophetic-confronting, pastoral-teaching to priestly-confessional. The paper concludes with implications of and advantages to a repertoire of counseling roles.
Nouthetic Counseling Defended: A Reply to Ganz
Authors: Carter John D.
Published: February 2018

This paper is to reply to Ganz's critique of Carter's (1975a) analysis of Adams’ theory of Nouthetic Counseling. It begins with a further analysis of Adams’ thoughts. Several weaknesses were noted in Adams thought: omission of central biblical concepts, rejection of common grace, a theologically inadequate view of the fall, uncritically using psychological concepts yet claiming to be exclusively biblical, ignoring psychology as phenomena and a rhetoric which is confusing. Ganz's comments were then responded to in detail. At many points Ganz did not appear to understand the nature of the original analysis and reacted to a label he placed on my original analysis.
Human Relations Training with a Church Related Population
Authors: McCurdy M. E.
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this study was to develop materials for, and evaluate the effects of, systematic human relations training on members of church groups. Analysis of covariance revealed significant improvement in perceiving and responding skills, but no significant change in personal orientation following training.
On the Mental Health of Jesus Christ
Authors: Hyder O. Quentin
Published: February 2018

Countless skeptics worldwide are persuaded that Jesus was a great teacher but, in fact, deluded as to His identity as the Son of God. This article refutes that belief by examining what is revealed in Scripture about Jesus and by comparing it with psychiatric symptoms manifest by those who are diagnosed as deluded. Four diagnostic catagories, in which delusions are a prominent feature, are discussed. Other symptoms which always accompany delusions are presented. It is concluded that Jesus’ life showed no other psychiatric symptoms and, therefore, His claims about Himself were not delusions but fact.
God and Behavior Mod: Some Thoughts concerning the Relationships between Biblical Principles and Behavior Modification
Authors: Bufford Rodger K.
Published: February 2018

Similarities and contrasts between various biblical principles and behavioral approaches related to establishing positive behavior and eliminating negative behavior are discussed. Examination of the Bible reveals that it is to a substantial degree a behavior-oriented book. Similarities between biblical principle and behavior technology are shown. Although precautions must be taken in adopting a particular behavioral approach to ascertain whether it is consistent with the Bible in terms of its methods and goals, behavioral technology is concluded to be broadly consistent with the biblical view of man.
Personal Identity and Creative Self-Understanding: Contributions of Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson to the Psychological Foundations of Theology
Authors: Conn Walter E.
Published: February 2018

This article attempts to advance our understanding of the intrinsic relationship between psychology and theology by explicating how one facet of the work of Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson, in illuminating the question of personal identity and creative self-understanding, contributes to foundational theology. This is done by clarifying the psychological roots of one of the central categories in contemporary theology: self-transcending subjectivity. Within this context, the paper focuses on two key points: (a) that for both Piaget and Erikson not only is authentic subjectivity genuine objectivity, but personal self-realization is no more and no less than personal self-transcendence; and (b) the possibility of correlating Piaget's concept of “personality” with Erikson's “identity.”
Communication Theory and Petitionary Prayer
Authors: Ellens J. Harold
Published: February 2018

The thesis of this article contends, on the basis of the Lord's Prayer in Matthew 6, that the petitionary role of prayer is as much designed for its effect upon the person praying as upon God. The article is a psychoexegetical study of the Lord's Prayer with an analysis of the psychological and spiritual implications for Christian thought, behavior, and feeling regarding prayer's nature, objectives, function, and consequences.
The Process of Change: Sacred and Secular
Authors: Johnson Cedric B.
Published: February 2018

Theology speaks of the process of conversion, and clinical psychology deals with how people change. The essence or the nature of the person who changes is important to the discussion. The true self as well as the nature of pathology is surveyed from both a theological perspective and also from some of the systems of personality theory. The concept of the image of Cod in persons is the basis of the theological definition. Conversion and the process of change often brought about through the process of psychotherapy have observable psychological antecedents and results. Changes in therapy may take place at the analytic level, in the search for identity, and in the process of self-realization. The significant similarities and differences between Christian conversion and changes in therapy are discussed. Conversion brings a person to the realization of one's true personhood, but therapy may still be necessary to bring about changes with both intrapsychic and interpersonal deficiencies and excesses. The work and resources of the Holy Spirit are an essential part in a change that brings about the beginnings of the healing of the whole person.
Sin and Maturity
Authors: Clines David J. A.
Published: February 2018

Is sin necessary to or conducive to maturity? Evidence supporting a positive reply is explained as founded either in cases where “sin” is only apparently such, or in cases where the sin is the lesser of two evils, and so comparatively a “good.” It is argued that sin and maturity are not connected casually but come to be associated through risk-taking, which can both tend to develop maturity and lead to sin. In fact, Christian ideals of innocence and maturity are not easily harmonized with psychological standards of maturity. It is only the sin that is suffered that can promote maturity.
Self-Disclosure in biblical Perspective
Authors: Palmberg Lynn , Scandrette Onas
Published: February 2018

In recent years there has been a strong emphasis in mental health circles on the value of honesty and openness in interpersonal relationships. This emphasis has had considerable influence on evangelical thinking. Keith Miller (1973), Bruce Larson (1971], Paul Tournier (1967), and others have pointed out that meaningful Christian fellowship is impossible without self-disclosure. Encounter-like groups have been suggested for opening honest channels of communication among church members. For the Christian, biblical teaching should be the standard for life and practice insofar as Scripture has anything to say on a topic. In this paper the authors examine the biblical basis for, and limitations for, self-disclosure.
Inferential Theology: de rigueur or un Grand péril?
Authors: Countess Robert H.
Published: February 2018

This article is an essay on hermeneutics and examines relationships between the interpreter, the text, and the dangerous necessity of republishing the Gospel through succeeding ages. “Inferential theology” is a neologism which is used by the writer to describe the product of human response and reflection upon the Scriptures. Those branches of theology called Biblical, Systematic, Practical/Pastoral are viewed as containing much inferential interaction with Scripture and, as such, are necessary (de rigueur) and at the same time dangerous (un grand péril). Two concrete examples of inferential theology are exclusive psalmody and the ordination of women, the author concluding that both are inferential rather than primary revelation. The church before a watching world imperils its witness when interpreters fail to grasp the gap that exists between what they interpret the text to say and the actual text itself. Because of a proliferation of what are herein designated “personalized theologies,” the writer urges greater humility among interpreters.
Utilitarianism and Personal Faith
Authors: Spilka Bernard
Published: February 2018

Personal religion has, in recent years, been conceptualized in terms of a dichotomy. That defined as Intrinsic and Committed serves as a master-motive for living. Its Extrinsic-Consensual counterpart has been treated as utilitarian, instrumental, and superficial. Utilizing measures designed to evaluate the latter in the framework of American cultural values, Extrinsic-Consensual faith was shown to associate with concern for money, prestige and materialistic goals. In contrast, Intrinsic-Committed religion appeared to counter these tendencies while stressing social-religious-humanistic themes.
Pastoral Care Methods and Demonology in Selected Writings
Authors: Meigs J. Thomas
Published: February 2018

Styles of pastoral ministry, especially in the interpretation of exorcism in relationship to “demon possession,” is discussed in selected writings from the early Middle Ages to the later Middle Ages. The role of the Christian was to help facilitate “the casting out” of the demonic. This theme seems to have persisted throughout the Middle Ages and had antecedents in the early church. The hypothesis stated is that pastoral care in the Middle Ages attempted: (a) to restore the whole man by reclamation and reintegration from the demonic forces, especially demonic possession which was seen as related to what is known as mental illness; (b) to provide a structure by which one could become stable and unified from the prevailing culture with its environment, societal, and individual disorder and disintegration. The church provided: (a) tangible media based on the Christus Victor motif; and (b) exorcism with its emerging substitutes and parallel styles of ministry.
Glossolalia and Internal-External Locus of Control
Authors: Coulson Jesse E. , Johnson Ray W.
Published: February 2018

A group of glossolalics was compared with a group of nonglossolalics on Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control Scale. The sample of glossolalics was drawn from Foursquare Gospel and Assembly of God churches, the nonglossolalics were Methodists. There were 95 glossolalics and 79 nonglossolalics. A two-way analysis of variance (sex by glossolalic status] was applied to the data to determine if there was a difference between the groups. Nonglossolalics were found to be significantly more external than glossolalics.
Toward a Biblical Theology of Marriage and Family Part 4: Epistles and Revelation
Authors: Gangel Kenneth O.
Published: February 2018

The New Testament Epistles explain and apply the impact of the New Covenant in the life of the family, and that family of families we call church. Monogamy, fidelity, chastity — all part of God's original design are reaffirmed as the didactic pen of a brilliant Rabbi-turned-missionary interprets God's plan for the churches. Of dominance is the weight of symbolic application of truth as no fewer than 22 similes and metaphors teach church truth through family analogies. Family roles and relations for believers are clarified by both Paul and Peter.
A Cognitive Approach to Listening and Action: from Devotion to Conduct
Authors: Bennink Carl D.
Published: February 2018

Two approaches to Bible reading are discussed within the framework of a theory of cognitive modes. The characteristics of the “spectator” and “participant” modes of cognition (Harding, 1937; Britton, 1970) are outlined. Certain aspects of a participant and spectator relationship to the biblical text are discussed, and the spectator mode is proposed as that which is most influential in shaping a biblical world and life view.
Parenting: A Theological Model
Authors: Chartier Myron R.
Published: February 2018

The disintegration of family relationships and the need for models of parenting is presented. A theological model of parenting is proposed. Seven mutually interdependent dimensions of God the Father's love for humanity are isolated and discussed. It is proposed that Christian parenting is to reflect the seven dimensions of the Father's love: care, respond, discipline, give, respect, know, and forgive.
Psychosexuality: A Three-Dimensional Model
Authors: Court John H. , Johnston O. Raymond
Published: February 2018

An adequate understanding of psychosexuality requires a conceptual model from which conclusions can be drawn. Most contemporary sex research and counseling adopts secular and humanistic assumptions about relationships. While such research is factually valuable, it disregards the spiritual aspects of man and fails to allow a moral dimension by which to evaluate behavior. A three-dimensional model is, therefore, proposed to represent the continuum of homosexuality-heterosexuality, of orientation and activity, and of morality. The specific case of homosexual activity is examined in the light of this model.
Mutuality in Marriage
Authors: Beck James R.
Published: February 2018

A reexamination of the Ephesians 5 passage reveals that headship and submission are more related by Paul in this context to marital process than to marital structure. Moreover, headship and submission seem to be components of an underlying process of mutuality. Mutuality in turn, forms the dynamic capable of producing oneness, God's aim for marriage. Counselors can help troubled marriages focus on a process of mutuality and thus provide them with a healing approach to the marriage relationship.
The Teachings of Jesus and Piaget'S Concept of Mature Moral Judgment
Authors: Clouse Bonnidell
Published: February 2018

The teachings of Jesus represent the highest level of moral judgment possible and thus become the criterion by which all views of morality must be appraised. A comparison of Jesus’ words and Piaget's observations show marked similarities. Implications for the Christian are explored.
Toward the Development of a Christian Psychology: Sensation and Perception
Authors: Koteskey Ronald L.
Published: February 2018

A Christian perspective on psychology is briefly reviewed. Sensation is seen as emphasizing how humans are similar to animals. Human sensory organs are similar anatomically and physiologically to those of other mammals. Humans are sensitive to similar stimuli and have similar neural pathways to the brain. Perception is seen as emphasizing how humans are created in the image of God. The central nervous system is not simply a passive receiver of sensory inputs, but an organizer of sensations, cognitions, motivations, and emotions into meaningful experiences. Extrasensory perception, meditation, drugs, dreams, and visions are also discussed from this perspective.
A Response to “God and Behavior Mod”
Authors: Vos Arvin
Published: February 2018

In a previous article, Rodger Bufford argues that behavioral technology is broadly consistent with the biblical view of man. In this response, it is argued that behavior modification as an application of behavioral psychology cannot disown its commitment to the thesis that the environment alone is a cause in human affairs. This thesis contradicts what is both implied in and asserted by biblical principles, namely, that man is an agent, free and responsible, also influenced by his environment. While there may be some practical procedures which can be isolated from the causal analyses of behavioral psychology, behavior modification as an application of behavioral psychology conflicts with the biblical view of man.
God and Behavior Mod Ii: Some Reflections on Vos’ Response
Authors: Bufford Rodger K.
Published: February 2018

The major point of Bufford (1977) was to affirm the value of behavioral psychology as a body of knowledge and as a technology. The central thrust of Vos’ response is to reject behavioral psychology as a world view or metaphysic. Vos goes on to assert that behavior modification, as an application of this world view, is in conflict with the biblical view of man. Whether such conflict in fact exists depends fundamentally in the definition of behavioral psychology which one holds. Metaphysical behaviorism is inherently in conflict with the biblical view; however, methodological behaviorism does not pose this problem. Practical application of behavior modification may make a significant contribution in helping us put biblical principles into practice.
Toward the Development of a Christian Psychology: Learning and Cognitive Processes
Authors: Koteskey Ronald L.
Published: February 2018

This is second in a series of articles placing various areas of psychology in a Christian perspective. Learning is seen as emphasizing how humans are similar to animals. Classical conditioning, instrumental learning, verbal learning, reinforcement, and theories of learning are all discussed. Cognitive processes are seen as emphasizing how humans are created in the Image of God. The need to know, theories of cognitive organization, and the specific problem areas of thinking, concept formation, language, and creativity are all discussed from this perspective.
Psychology, Christianity, and Urban Need
Authors: Ellison Craig W.
Published: February 2018

Three kinds of experiences seem to characterize the existence of millions of America's urban center dwellers: stress, negative self-regard, and interpersonal alienation. These experiences are fostered by several ecological, socioeconomic, and sociological factors which need to be understood for effective mental health intervention to occur. Effective mental health intervention in urban centers requires: (a) understanding of these factors which have a common disruptive thread centering on unpredictability and perceived lack of control; (b) extensive identification with the community from which the clients are drawn; (c) multidimensional therapy, including explicit relating of the gospel in nonmanipulative ways; and (d) a ministry rather than professional orientation. The Christian psychologist/mental health worker has a special mandate to become involved in urban centers due to the biblical emphasis on meeting the needs of the poor and oppressed. God has called his people to be agents of reconciliation and healing which includes redemption and restoration. The special contribution that the Christian can make through presentation of the whole gospel is to introduce hope, positive identity, personal worth, the comfort of the indwelling Spirit, and belonging. Factors hindering evangelical mental health professionals from such urban ministry include suspicion toward psychology on the part of those with needs, antiurban bias and prejudice toward the poor and minorities on the part of Christian psychologists, lack of adequate presentation of the need on the part of Christian psychologists, lack of adequate presentation of the need and crosscultural training programs, lack of understanding with regard to ecological and social system relationships to mental health, and a professional success/comfort orientation.
Response to Psychology as Urban Ministry Presentations
Authors: Bentley Ruth Lewis
Published: February 2018

Christian mental health practitioners must recognize the problems in the cities without automatically equating “emotional sickness” to blacks. Such problems are also among poor whites and other minorities. Minority personnel are needed, however, to counteract the feelings of powerlessness and the dependency syndrome blacks experience when relating to whites. Minority workers may need liberation from their own materialistic concerns and actually live in the urban poverty areas, assisting in the task of building “affirmative independent institutions.” Most important for effective urban work, racism must be actively tackled in the worker's own personality and in the structures of society.
Remembrances of Data Past: A Review of the Journal'S Empirical Research
Authors: Goldsmith W. Mack
Published: February 2018

Goals, methods, subjects, applications, and citations of 52 empirical research studies and 6 literature reviews appearing between 1973 and 1982 were tabulated. The data were reviewed with respect to content, methodology, and relevance to theoretical issues and applications.
Causal Schemata and the Attribution of Supernatural Causality
Authors: Ritzema Robert J. , Young Carole
Published: February 2018

The present study sought to explore the causal schemata operating in attributions to supernatural causes. The decision to attribute an event to supernatural as opposed to natural causes was expected to follow a multiple sufficient causes schema. In addition, some religious believers were expected to display partial schemata biased in favor of either natural or supernatural explanations. Students attending a church related college completed a questionnaire assessing their tendency to see God as a causal agent and rated supernatural causality for events in which presence or absence of natural and supernatural explanations was systematically varied. The results provide evidence for the presence of the multiple sufficient causes schema in attributions to supernatural causes, but not for the presence of partial schemata.
Research Methodology for Studying Attributions to Supernatural Causality
Authors: Ritzema Robert J.
Published: February 2018

Wright (1983) questions the use of hypothetical situations as stimulus material in recent research exploring attributions to supernatural causality. He advocates the use of behavioral settings in such research, and suggests that hypothetical situations be standardized when they are used. While attributional research could benefit substantially from use of behavioral settings, threats to internal and external validity can best be overcome, not by reliance on a single research method, but by use of a variety of different methods. The stimulus material presented to subjects in the typical attribution experiment can be divided into two components, a narrative description and one or more questions about this description. Establishing validity of these elements involves separate, though related, sets of problems.
Sin and Self-Functioning, Part 4: Depression, Assertiveness, and Religious Commitments
Authors: Watson P.J. , Morris Ronald J. , Hood Ralph W.
Published: February 2018

Intrinsic religiosity and a belief in grace were associated with emotional empathy, and grace was additionally predictive of less Personal Distress and depression. Earlier linkages of these variables with nonassertiveness were not replicated. One item from the Rathus (1973) Assertiveness Schedule and all of the Costello and Comrey (1967) Depression Scale were evaluated as relevant to religious commitments. Religious orientation, sin, and depression data from all eight samples of this series of studies were reexamined and clearly documented the interrelated nature of guilt and grace. Use of Allport and Ross {1967) scales to identify different religious types was also helpful in clarifying the relationship between sin and self-functioning. Overall, intrinsicness, Grace, and Self-Guilt seemed to operate within a more-or-less integrated matrix of orthodox perspectives that produced beneficial psychological effects.
The Role of Exorcism in Clinical Practice and Pastoral Care
Authors: Page Sydney H.T.
Published: February 2018

This article contends that there is a legitimate place for exorcism in the church today, but urges caution in its use. It begins with a survey of biblical, theological, historical, and practical considerations which favor the recognition of exorcism as a valid form of ministry. It then examines claims that the teaching and practice of Jesus are not normative because (a) his knowledge was limited by the incarnation, (b) he consciously accommodated himself to a prescientific world view, (c) exorcism is not mentioned in the New Testament epistles, and (d) genuine possession was limited to the ministry of Jesus. The next section discusses the following difficulties inherent in the ministry of exorcism: (a) the diagnosis of cases where exorcism is appropriate, (b) the risk of aggravating the condition of a disturbed person, and (c) the tendency to develop beliefs and practices which lack biblical support. Some guidelines for the practice of exorcism conclude the article.