bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antibiotic Prophylaxis During Dental Procedures in Patients with Prosthetic Joints
Authors: Sendi Parham , Uçkay Ilker , Suvà Domizio , Vogt Markus , Borens Olivier , Clauss Martin
Published: August 2016

Abstract. In patients with artificial joints, the need for antimicrobial prophylaxis during dental procedures is often raised. The present document describes the pathogenic mechanisms and epidemiological data on the subject of periprosthetic joint infections (PJI) after dental procedures. The document reflects the opinion and recommendations of the expert group 'Infection' of Swiss Orthopaedics.Microorganisms belonging to oral flora can seed haematogenously to an artificial joint. The proof of a causative relation with dental procedures is not possible, because the responsible bacteraemia can originate from the oral cavity at any time, irrespective of when the dental procedure occurs. Good oral hygiene is associated with a lower risk for PJI. Transient bacteraemia occurs during daily oral hygiene activity (e.g., tooth brushing) and thus the cumulative risk for a haematogenous PJI from tooth brushing is higher than that from a dental procedure. PJI after a dental procedure are rarely reported. On the basis of an epidemiological model, several thousand patients with artificial joints must receive antimicrobial prophylaxis to prevent a single PJI. Considering this ratio, the number of adverse events due to the antimicrobial compound exceeds the benefit of administering it by a large magnitude. Therefore, as a rule for the vast majority of cases, antimicrobial prophylaxis during dental procedures is not recommended. It is important that a patient has a good oral health status before joint implantation and that good oral hygiene is continuously maintained in patients with artificial joints.
Les effets de l’exportation sur l’innovation et la productivité : le rôle clé de l’apprentissage par l’exportation
Authors: Gaussens Olivier , Movahedi Mohammad
Published: August 2016

Cet article concerne l’analyse de l’influence de l’exportation sur la productivité et l’innovation dans les entreprises. L’objectif est d’évaluer l’effet de l’exportation sur la performance des entreprises en mettant en évidence le rôle clé de l’apprentissage par l’exportation. Les différentes hypothèses proposées dans cette étude sont testées dans le cadre d’un modèle récursif à partir d’indicateurs synthétiques de l’intrant et de l’extrant d’innovation issus de l’analyse des correspondances multiples (ACM). Les estimations sont réalisées à partir des données d’un échantillon représentatif de 90 PMI de la région Basse-Normandie (France) provenant de l’enquête conduite en 2009-2010 dans le cadre du projet IDEIS. Les apports de ce travail résident principalement dans 1) la décomposition de l’influence globale de l’exportation sur les performances de l’entreprise en trois effets : un effet d’apprentissage, un effet d’« autosélection » et un effet direct sur la productivité, 2) l’explicitation de l’effet d’apprentissage, 3) la prise en compte simultanée de la persistance de l’exportation et de son intensité. Les estimations mettent en évidence un effet d’apprentissage par l’exportation de manière non biaisée contrairement aux travaux antérieurs.
Activité ou salariat ? Nouons une controverse autour du travail
Authors: Célérier Sylvie
Published: August 2016

Le travail comme activité a ouvert, en France, une nouvelle perspective épistémologique dans les analyses du travail. On en suit l’incidence sur deux questions centrales pour le travail : son dynamisme et la façon dont les normes y opèrent. On s’interroge également sur les perspectives politiques qu’ouvre ce projet. La réflexion se mène sur la base d’une confrontation au programme de la relation salariale comme l’a entrepris Pierre Naville et développé Pierre Rolle. Un programme qui oriente vers des objets et des résultats très différents, voire contradictoires, et dont on pense qu’il est utile de le mettre en discussion avec les propositions actuelles des chercheurs de l’activité. D’où l’invitation à nouer, au sein de la discipline, une controverse dont la nécessité ressort tout particulièrement quand on interroge le projet politique que porte chaque proposition. Deux projets qui décident également des finalités respectives données à la recherche. Si les positions sont inconciliables, il est néanmoins indispensable de les rendre explicites si l’on veut mieux comprendre ce que l’on fait quand on analyse le travail.
Entre arrangements et empêchements dans le nucléaire
Authors: Tillement Stéphanie , Gentil Stéphanie
Published: August 2016

Cet article montre la pertinence de la notion d’activité pour saisir le travail « en train de se faire », à partir d’une enquête conduite dans une usine nucléaire. Dans ce monde encore peu observé en actes, le travail distribué doit assurer la continuité du processus de production et la sûreté. Se posent de manière centrale les questions de gestion des aléas et de coordination intermétiers. Ces questions sont explorées à l’aune de l’activité de planification, que nous décrivons sous l’angle des temps, espaces et objets qui la fondent. Nous montrons que le planning, souvent jugé simple ou banal par les acteurs de terrain comme les chercheurs, porte en lui de nombreuses tensions. Nous explorons les rapports complexes entre planification et travail d’articulation, en nous centrant sur trois modalités particulières : les espaces, les écrits et les personnes. Nous interrogeons finalement les apports méthodologiques et théoriques d’une plongée dans l’activité de planification.
Les récits de voyage des années 1940
Authors: Rajotte Pierre
Published: August 2016

Au cours des années 1940, la pratique du récit de voyage se renouvelle en accordant plus d’importance au regard personnel des auteurs et en préconisant une plus grande ouverture sur le monde. D’une part, les auteurs abandonnent peu à peu une approche essentiellement descriptive qui se limite à valider le discours et le savoir culturel convenus au sujet des lieux visités. Même les auteurs qui parcourent le Canada afin de faire la promotion d’une forme de tourisme intérieur — ou de « tourisme national », pour reprendre l’expression d’Édouard Montpetit (1940) — tentent de rapporter leur voyage d’une manière plus personnalisée. D’autre part, avec la guerre, la rhétorique essentiellement ethnocentrique et nationaliste qui caractérisait auparavant les récits de voyage à l’étranger laisse peu à peu place à plus de nuance et d’ouverture à l’égard de l’altérité des divers pays visités. À la limite, un discours anticolonialiste commence à poindre dans certains écrits. Ces modifications dans le discours et dans la façon de le diffuser, notamment par la radio, susciteront bientôt un intérêt nouveau pour la pratique du récit de voyage. À la fin des années 1940 et au début des années 1950, des écrivains comme Jacques Hébert (auteur de la série Aventures autour du monde, huit récits publiés de 1948 à 1953) et Alain Grandbois (à l’origine de l’émission radiophonique hebdomadaire « Visages du monde » de 1950 à 1952) s’emploieront à tenter de relire le monde en le parcourant. De plus en plus, les écrivains voyageurs partiront en quête d’inconnu, de dépaysement et de différence, et c’est à l’étude de cette approche que se consacre cet article.
Comprendre le risque suicidaire chez les personnes présentant une déficience intellectuelle ou un trouble du spectre de l’autisme
Authors: Bardon Cécile , Morin Daphné , Ouimet Anne-Marie , Mongeau Chantal
Published: August 2016

Les comportements suicidaires chez les personnes présentant une déficience intellectuelle ou un trouble du spectre de l’autisme sont peu reconnus et ont été peu étudiés, ce qui limite le développement d’interventions adéquates. Cet article propose une analyse des connaissances et des besoins dans ce domaine, à partir d’une synthèse des connaissances scientifiques et un forum de consultation d’experts en recherche et en clinique. Les résultats montrent qu’il est important de reconnaître l’existence des comportements suicidaires chez ces personnes, de développer les connaissances sur les liens entre permanence de la mort, perception du temps, communication et suicidalité chez ces personnes et d’analyser le besoin de développer ou d’adapter des stratégies d’estimation du risque.
Points de vue de professionnels intervenant auprès des conjoints ayant des comportements violents au sujet de la concomitance de violence conjugale et de troubles mentaux
Authors: Dallaire Louis-François , Brodeur Normand
Published: August 2016

La concomitance de violence conjugale et de troubles mentaux chez les conjoints violents est un sujet controversé, tant au plan conceptuel qu’au plan clinique. De nombreuses études ont objectivé la présence de troubles mentaux dans la population des conjoints violents, sans toutefois s’intéresser aux points de vue des professionnels qui accompagnent ces hommes dans un processus de changement. Cet article présente les résultats d’une recherche qualitative qui visait à explorer les points de vue de professionnels spécialisés dans l’intervention auprès de conjoints violents quant à la concomitance de violence conjugale et de troubles mentaux chez leur clientèle. Onze professionnels ont été rencontrés au cours d’une entrevue de recherche semi-dirigée. Les participants estiment que les conjoints violents souffrant de troubles mentaux (CVTM) se distinguent de l’ensemble des conjoints violents par un degré élevé de désorganisation, et conçoivent les troubles mentaux comme un facteur augmentant le risque d’exercer de la violence conjugale. Leurs points de vue sont observables à travers leurs énoncés verbaux et les conduites professionnelles qu’ils adoptent auprès des CVTM, soit l’évitement, la distanciation et l’intégration. Le discours des participants reflète les paradoxes associés à la catégorisation des CVTM et à l’intervention auprès de cette clientèle.
Le mal caché de la rue : le poids de l’étiquette
Authors: Nault Geneviève , Couture-Glassco Émilie , Larose-Hébert Katharine
Published: August 2016

Cet article présente une analyse interactionniste du profilage social vécu par les personnes en situation d’itinérance. Les données sont issues d’une recherche communautaire en cours portant sur le profilage social à Gatineau, au Québec. Les données ont été recueillies auprès d’actrices et d’acteurs professionnels du milieu, notamment des intervenantes et intervenants et des gestionnaires d’organismes communautaires. Elles seront analysées à la lumière de la théorie de l’étiquetage de Becker (1985). En déterminant le contexte, les agentes et agents profileurs et les facteurs sous-jacents, il sera possible de cerner comment le processus d’étiquetage se manifeste dans le profilage social des personnes itinérantes.
Travail pédagogique et construction identitaire en milieu francophone minoritaire : quelques observations à l’occasion d’un anniversaire
Authors: Lentz François
Published: August 2016

L’éducation en langue française en milieu francophone minoritaire dispose désormais d’acquis institutionnels, mais beaucoup reste à faire, entre autres parce que sa population scolaire et, plus largement, la francophonie elle-même sont affectées par d’importants changements. Dans cette perspective, il importe de penser le travail pédagogique en prise avec le contexte dans lequel il se déroule pour qu’il prenne sa pleine portée et d’être attentifs aux «voix des élèves». Il importe également de penser le travail pédagogique conjointement avec la construction identitaire qui est au coeur du projet de l’école francophone: ainsi, lorsque les élèves sont engagés dans des projets de communication qui valorisent la langue comme une pratique sociale et qui mettent de l’avant la dynamique de la production, ils sont des acteurs et des créateurs, qui expriment des valeurs, manifestent des comportements et posent des gestes. Dans des situations d’apprentissage en lecture et en écriture en sciences dans lesquelles les élèves développent une citoyenneté critique sur des problématiques sociétales, ils apprennent à «penser le monde» en français. Ainsi, un travail pédagogique centré sur l’oral et qui se soucie d’une articulation avec la construction identitaire conduit les élèves à prendre la parole pour construire leur parole. Une telle perspective de travail n’est pas sans enjeux, en particulier parce qu’elle vise à construire chez les élèves un pouvoir d’action sur soi, comme apprenant, comme personne et comme sujet autonome et réflexif, et à faire de la langue française le vecteur de cette émancipation. Au nom d’une cohérence, qui est également une exigence: dans quelle mesure le travail pédagogique mis en place au sein de l‘école francophone en milieu minoritaire contribue-t-il au sens que les élèves donnent à devenir francophones?
Pour apprendre et relier les connaissances, suffirait-il de co-opérer ? Esquisse de théorisation pour penser la reliance et complexifier l’alternance
Authors: Clénet Jean
Published: August 2016

Les apprentissages et les transformations constitutifs de l’alternance en formation appellent à des conceptions complexifiées. La coopération peut contribuer à saisir cette complexité quand elle suscite la reliance et l’émergence. Cela interroge les finalités, les pratiques, le sens de ses productions et les épistémologies de ce concept.
Formes et dispositifs de reliance pour la construction des identités professionnelles dans le secteur sanitaire et social
Authors: Hébrard Pierre
Published: August 2016

Dans les dispositifs de formation professionnelle en alternance, comme ceux mis en oeuvre dans le secteur sanitaire et social, le dépassement de l’écart et des tensions entre les temps et les lieux différents de la formation que sont les périodes de stage pratique sur le terrain et les séquences de formation en institut réclame l’instauration d’une coopération entre les acteurs impliqués : personnes en formation, formateurs et tuteurs. Celle-ci, regardée sous l’éclairage du construit de reliance, prend différentes formes et s’appuie sur différents moyens (dispositifs pédagogiques, livrets, portfolios, etc.). L’étude de certains d’entre eux a mis en évidence qu’ils peuvent être situés en référence à deux pôles ayant valeur de paradigmes : l’un se référant à une vision technique de la formation et de l’exercice de la profession (et à une « identité technicienne »), l’autre à une approche clinique de la formation et à une « identité clinicienne » des professions concernées.
Experimental exposure to urban and pink noise affects brain development and song learning in zebra finches (Taenopygia guttata)
Authors: Potvin Dominique A. , Curcio Michael T. , Swaddle John P. , MacDougall-Shackleton Scott A.
Published: August 2016

Recently, numerous studies have observed changes in bird vocalizations—especially song—in urban habitats. These changes are often interpreted as adaptive, since they increase the active space of the signal in its environment. However, the proximate mechanisms driving cross-generational changes in song are still unknown. We performed a captive experiment to identify whether noise experienced during development affects song learning and the development of song-control brain regions. Zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) were bred while exposed, or not exposed, to recorded traffic urban noise (Study 1) or pink noise (Study 2). We recorded the songs of male offspring and compared these to fathers’ songs. We also measured baseline corticosterone and measured the size of song-control brain regions when the males reached adulthood (Study 1 only). While male zebra finches tended to copy syllables accurately from tutors regardless of noise environment, syntax (the ordering of syllables within songs) was incorrectly copied affected by juveniles exposed to noise. Noise did not affect baseline corticosterone, but did affect the size of brain regions associated with song learning: these regions were smaller in males that had been had been exposed to recorded traffic urban noise in early development. These findings provide a possible mechanism by which noise affects behaviour, leading to potential population differences between wild animals occupying noisier urban environments compared with those in quieter habitats.
Ancient phylogenetic divergence of the enigmatic African rodentZenkerellaand the origin of anomalurid gliding
Authors: Heritage Steven , Fernández David , Sallam Hesham M. , Cronin Drew T. , Esara Echube José Manuel , Seiffert Erik R.
Published: August 2016

The “scaly-tailed squirrels” of the rodent family Anomaluridae have a long evolutionary history in Africa, and are now represented by two gliding genera (AnomalurusandIdiurus) and a rare and obscure genus (Zenkerella) that has never been observed alive by mammalogists.Zenkerellashows no anatomical adaptations for gliding, but has traditionally been grouped with the gliderIdiuruson the basis of craniodental similarities, implying that either theZenkerellalineage lost its gliding adaptations, or thatAnomalurusandIdiurusevolved theirs independently. Here we present the first nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences ofZenkerella, based on recently recovered whole-body specimens from Bioko Island (Equatorial Guinea), which show unambiguously thatZenkerellais the sister taxon ofAnomalurusandIdiurus. These data indicate that gliding likely evolved only once within Anomaluridae, and that there were no subsequent evolutionary reversals. We combine this new molecular evidence with morphological data from living and extinct anomaluromorph rodents and estimate that the lineage leading toZenkerellahas been evolving independently in Africa since the early Eocene, approximately 49 million years ago. Recently discovered fossils further attest to the antiquity of the lineage leading toZenkerella, which can now be recognized as a classic example of a “living fossil,” about which we know remarkably little. The osteological markers of gliding are estimated to have evolved along the stem lineage of theAnomalurus–Idiurusclade by the early Oligocene, potentially indicating that this adaptation evolved in response to climatic perturbations at the Eocene–Oligocene boundary (∼34 million years ago).
Moderate evidence for a Lombard effect in a phylogenetically basal primate
Authors: Schopf Christian , Schmidt Sabine , Zimmermann Elke
Published: August 2016

When exposed to enhanced background noise, humans avoid signal masking by increasing the amplitude of the voice, a phenomenon termed the Lombard effect. This auditory feedback-mediated voice control has also been found in monkeys, bats, cetaceans, fish and some frogs and birds. We studied the Lombard effect for the first time in a phylogenetically basal primate, the grey mouse lemur,Microcebus murinus. When background noise was increased, mouse lemurs were able to raise the amplitude of the voice, comparable to monkeys, but they did not show this effect consistently across context/individuals. The Lombard effect, even if representing a generic vocal communication system property of mammals, may thus be affected by more complex mechanisms. The present findings emphasize an effect of context, and individual, and the need for further standardized approaches to disentangle the multiple system properties of mammalian vocal communication, important for understanding the evolution of the unique human faculty of speech and language.
The adder (Vipera berus) in Southern Altay Mountains: population characteristics, distribution, morphology and phylogenetic position
Authors: Cui Shaopeng , Luo Xiao , Chen Daiqiang , Sun Jizhou , Chu Hongjun , Li Chunwang , Jiang Zhigang
Published: August 2016

As the most widely distributed snake in Eurasia, the adder (Vipera berus) has been extensively investigated in Europe but poorly understood in Asia. The Southern Altay Mountains represent the adder’s southern distribution limit in Central Asia, whereas its population status has never been assessed. We conducted, for the first time, field surveys for the adder at two areas of Southern Altay Mountains using a combination of line transects and random searches. We also described the morphological characteristics of the collected specimens and conducted analyses of external morphology and molecular phylogeny. The results showed that the adder distributed in both survey sites and we recorded a total of 34 sightings. In Kanas river valley, the estimated encounter rate over a total of 137 km transects was 0.15 ± 0.05 sightings/km. The occurrence of melanism was only 17%. The small size was typical for the adders in Southern Altay Mountains in contrast to other geographic populations of the nominate subspecies. A phylogenetic tree obtained by Bayesian Inference based on DNA sequences of the mitochondrial cytochromeb(1,023 bp) grouped them within the Northern clade of the species but failed to separate them from the subspeciesV. b. sachalinensis. Our discovery extends the distribution range ofV. berusand provides a basis for further researches. We discuss the hypothesis that the adder expands its distribution border to the southwest along the mountains’ elevation gradient, but the population abundance declines gradually due to a drying climate.
A computationally efficient parallel Levenberg‐Marquardt algorithm for highly parameterized inverse model analyses
Authors: Lin Youzuo , O'Malley Daniel , Vesselinov Velimir V.
Published: August 2016

Inverse modeling seeks model parameters given a set of observations. However, for practical problems because the number of measurements is often large and the model parameters are also numerous, conventional methods for inverse modeling can be computationally expensive. We have developed a new, computationally efficient parallel Levenberg‐Marquardt method for solving inverse modeling problems with a highly parameterized model space. Levenberg‐Marquardt methods require the solution of a linear system of equations which can be prohibitively expensive to compute for moderate to large‐scale problems. Our novel method projects the original linear problem down to a Krylov subspace such that the dimensionality of the problem can be significantly reduced. Furthermore, we store the Krylov subspace computed when using the first damping parameter and recycle the subspace for the subsequent damping parameters. The efficiency of our new inverse modeling algorithm is significantly improved using these computational techniques. We apply this new inverse modeling method to invert for random transmissivity fields in 2‐D and a random hydraulic conductivity field in 3‐D. Our algorithm is fast enough to solve for the distributed model parameters (transmissivity) in the model domain. The algorithm is coded in Julia and implemented in the MADS computational framework (http://mads.lanl.gov). By comparing with Levenberg‐Marquardt methods using standard linear inversion techniques such as QR or SVD methods, our Levenberg‐Marquardt method yields a speed‐up ratio on the order of
to
in a multicore computational environment. Therefore, our new inverse modeling method is a powerful tool for characterizing subsurface heterogeneity for moderate to large‐scale problems.
Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane‐Catalyzed Acceptorless Dehydrogenation of N‐Heterocycles
Authors: Kojima Masahiro , Kanai Motomu
Published: August 2016

Catalytic acceptorless dehydrogenation is an environmentally benign way to desaturate organic compounds. This process is traditionally accomplished with transition‐metal‐based catalysts. Herein, a borane‐catalyzed, metal‐free acceptorless dehydrogenation of saturated N‐heterocycles is disclosed. Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane was identified as a versatile catalyst, which afforded several synthetically important N‐heteroarenes in up to quantitative yield. Specifically, the present metal‐free catalytic system exhibited a uniquely high tolerance toward sulfur functionalities, and demonstrated superior reactivity in the synthesis of benzothiazoles compared to conventional metal‐catalyzed systems. This protocol can thus be regarded as the first example of metal‐free acceptorless dehydrogenation in synthetic organic chemistry.
Ligand‐free copper‐catalysed direct synthesis of diaryl sulfides and diaryl disulfides in wet poly(ethylene glycol)
Authors: Nowrouzi Najmeh , Abbasi Mohammad , Latifi Hadis
Published: August 2016

An improved protocol has been developed for the one‐pot CuI‐catalysed preparation of symmetric diaryl sulfides from their available aryl halides in the presence of thiourea as sulfur transfer agent and in the absence of both ligand and organic solvent. This catalytic system was also used for the high‐yielding preparation of diaryl disulfides in the presence of C2Cl6 as oxidant.
Comparing crowdsourcing initiatives: Toward a typology development
Authors: Ali‐Hassan Hossam , Allam Hesham
Published: August 2016

Although numerous studies have examined the crowdsourcing phenomenon, little consensus exists regarding the classification of distinct types of activities within crowdsourcing. In this study, we identify and classify 12 crowdsourcing initiatives that comprise the key categories of crowdsourcing: Crowdpedia, Fansourcing, Crowdnetworking, Crowdsharing, Crowdvoting, Crowdfunding, Ideation, Open Innovation, User Innovation, Scisourcing, Crowd‐Relief, and Open Source Software. Our main objective is to establish the similarities and differences between basic crowdsourcing initiatives and develop a typology based on nine crowdsourcing dimensions that we develop. This crowdsourcing typology will provide a roadmap on which researchers can anchor their research and practitioners can make more informed decisions about which category of crowdsourcing they should seek. Copyright © 2016 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Freeze–Thaw Phenomena on Controlled Nutrient Release: Application to Bioremediation
Authors: Freidman Benjamin L. , Gras Sally L. , Snape Ian , Stevens Geoff W. , Mumford Kathryn A.
Published: August 2016

Cold region soils are often devoid of sufficient nutrients essential for timely bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants. While materials that release nutrients in a controlled manner have been shown to stimulate biodegradation over extended time periods, the physical and chemical response of these materials to repetitive freeze–thaw stresses typical of cold regions remains poorly understood. This study reports the performance of four controlled release materials in water (Osmocote™, Nutricote™, Polyon™, Zeopro™) exposed to freeze–thaw cycling or control temperature of 4°C. Additionally Zeopro™‐activated carbon mixtures are investigated for application to permeable reactive barriers. Osmocote™ experienced higher nutrient release under control conditions compared with samples exposed to freeze–thaw after 20 days. Nutrient release from Nutricote™ and Polyon™ was similar under freeze–thaw and control conditions. Zeopro™ delivered low nutrient concentrations into solution in both freeze–thaw and control samples with calcium phosphate dissolution accelerated in the presence of activated carbon. Osmocote™, Nutricote™ and Polyon™ revealed strong resistance to breakdown under freeze–thaw. Zeopro™ experienced only partial disintegration, while significant break‐up of activated carbon occurred under freeze–thaw. A physical and chemical understanding of the response of multiple fertilisers can guide the selection of materials for biostimulation and biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in environments exposed to freeze–thaw cycling.
Probing the Azaaurone Scaffold against the Hepatic and Erythrocytic Stages of Malaria Parasites
Authors: Carrasco Marta P. , Machado Marta , Gonçalves Lídia , Sharma Moni , Gut Jiri , Lukens Amanda K. , Wirth Dyann F. , André Vânia , Duarte Maria Teresa , Guedes Rita C. , dos Santos Daniel J. V. A. , Rosenthal Philip J. , Mazitschek Ralph , Prudêncio Miguel , Moreira Rui
Published: August 2016

The potential of azaaurones as dual‐stage antimalarial agents was investigated by assessing the effect of a small library of azaaurones on the inhibition of liver and intraerythrocytic lifecycle stages of the malaria parasite. The whole series was screened against the blood stage of a chloroquine‐resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain and the liver stage of P. berghei, yielding compounds with dual‐stage activity and sub‐micromolar potency against erythrocytic parasites. Studies with genetically modified parasites, using a phenotypic assay based on the P. falciparum Dd2‐ScDHODH line, which expresses yeast dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), showed that one of the azaaurone derivatives has the potential to inhibit the parasite mitochondrial electron‐transport chain. The global urgency in finding new therapies for malaria, especially against the underexplored liver stage, associated with chemical tractability of azaaurones, warrants further development of this chemotype. Overall, these results emphasize the azaaurone chemotype as a promising scaffold for dual‐stage antimalarials.
Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation and Hydrogen Production in the Ketonization of Aldehydes
Authors: Orozco Lina M. , Renz Michael , Corma Avelino
Published: August 2016

Aldehydes possess relatively high chemical energy, which is the driving force for disproportionation reactions such as Cannizzaro and Tishchenko reactions. Generally, this energy is wasted if aldehydes are transformed into carboxylic acids with a sacrificial oxidant. Here, we describe a cascade reaction in which the surplus energy of the transformation is liberated as molecular hydrogen for the oxidation of heptanal to heptanoic acid by water, and the carboxylic acid is transformed into potentially industrially relevant symmetrical ketones by ketonic decarboxylation. The cascade reaction is catalyzed by monoclinic zirconium oxide (m‐ZrO2). The reaction mechanism has been studied through cross‐coupling experiments between different aldehydes and acids, and the final symmetrical ketones are formed by a reaction pathway that involves the previously formed carboxylic acids. Isotopic studies indicate that the carboxylic acid can be formed by a hydride shift from the adsorbed aldehyde on the metal oxide surface in the absence of noble metals.
Synthesis of Fluoroalkyl Pyrazoles from In‐Situ‐Generated C2F5CHN2 and Electron‐Deficient Alkenes
Authors: Mykhailiuk Pavel K. , Ishchenko Aleksandr Yu. , Stepanenko Viatcheslav , Cossy Janine
Published: August 2016

C2F5‐substituted pyrazolines were synthesized by [3+2]‐cycloaddition between in‐situ‐generated C2F5CHN2 and electron‐deficient alkenes. The addition of DBU led to the elimination of HF to give CF3CHF‐substituted pyrazoles. Depending on the structure of the pyrazolines, different products were obtained.
Effect of Food on the Bioavailability of Omadacycline in Healthy Participants
Authors: Tzanis Evan , Manley Amy , Villano Stephen , Tanaka S. Ken , Bai Stephen , Loh Evan
Published: August 2016

Omadacycline is a first‐in‐class aminomethylcycline antibiotic being evaluated in phase 3 studies as oral and intravenous monotherapy for bacterial infections. This was a phase 1, randomized, open‐label, 4‐period, crossover study that evaluated the effect of food consumption on the bioavailability of omadacycline. Healthy participant were randomized to 1 of 4 sequences, which included the following predose conditions in different orders (A) ≥6‐hour fast, (B) high‐fat, nondairy meal 4 hours before dosing, (C) high‐fat, nondairy meal 2 hours before dosing, and (D) high‐fat meal containing dairy 2 hours before dosing. Participants received a single 300‐mg oral dose of omadacycline during each treatment period; periods were separated by ≥5 days. Blood samples for pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis were collected over 24 hours after each dose, and safety assessments were performed during each treatment period. Least‐squares mean and 90% confidence intervals were compared for fed state vs fasted state. Thirty‐one participants were included in the PK analysis. Fasted AUC0‐∞, AUC0‐t, and AUC0‐24 were 10.2, 7.2, and 7.2 μg·h/mL, respectively, and Cmax was 0.6 μg/mL. Compared with a fasted dose, bioavailability was reduced by 15% to 17% by a nondairy meal 4 hours before dosing, 40% to 42% by a nondairy meal 2 hours before dosing, and 59% to 63% for a dairy meal 2 hours before dosing. Two participants experienced adverse events (mild nausea, mild somnolence). A 300‐mg oral dose of omadacycline administered within 2 to 4 hours after food had reduced bioavailability compared with the fasted state. Oral omadacycline should be administered in a fasted state.
Comparing Different Infiltration Methods of the HEC‐HMS Model: The Case Study of the Mésima Torrent (Southern Italy)
Authors: Zema Demetrio Antonio , Labate Antonino , Martino Domenico , Zimbone Santo Marcello
Published: August 2016

The Hydrologic Engineering Center – Hydrologic Modelling System (HEC‐HMS) model has been widely applied for estimating hydrological variables at event scale. The choice of the most suitable infiltration method simplifies model's applicability under different environmental conditions. A proper case study for evaluating the runoff prediction capability of HEC‐HMS by the available infiltration methods is the semi‐arid torrents typical of Southern Italy as they are small and intermittent water courses, often subject to high‐magnitude flash floods and erosive events. HEC‐HMS performance of the ‘SCS‐CN’, ‘Green‐Ampt’ and ‘Initial and Constant’ infiltration methods in predicting runoff volume and peak flow was evaluated at the outlet of the Mésima torrent, Calabria, Southern Italy. Fourteen rainfall–runoff events were simulated by HEC‐HMS and compared with the corresponding observations by a quantitative approach. A good accuracy in predicting runoff volume was achieved using the ‘SCS‐CN’ method after calibration of the initial curve numbers. Peak flow was better estimated using the ‘Initial and Constant’ method, also thanks to calibration of the ‘constant rate’ parameter. The calibrated hydrographs were very similar to the observations for both ‘SCS‐CN’ and ‘Initial and Constant’ methods. Adopting the ‘Green‐Ampt’ equations, however, showed low reliability. The evaluation of the time to flood peak was in some cases inadequate. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unambiguous metabolite identification in high‐throughput metabolomics by hybrid 1D 1H NMR/ESI MS1 approach
Authors: Walker Lawrence R. , Hoyt David W. , Walker S. Michael , Ward Joy K. , Nicora Carrie D. , Bingol Kerem
Published: August 2016

A hybrid 1D 1H NMR/ESI MS1 approach is introduced that allows accurate and unambiguous identification of catalogued, that is, known metabolites detected in 1D 1H NMR and direct infusion ESI MS1 spectra of the same sample. The approach provides more accurate identification than individual analysis of 1D 1H NMR and ESI MS1 spectra. Moreover, we developed a software tool for the approach, which works with Chenomx NMR Suite.
Urothelial ATP signaling: what is its role in bladder sensation?
Authors: Takezawa Kentaro , Kondo Makoto , Nonomura Norio , Shimada Shoichi
Published: August 2016

AIM

Bladder functional disorders are common health problems; however, their pathologies are poorly understood. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) released from the urothelium has been suggested to have an essential role in the micturition reflex, and its involvement in bladder functional disorders has been intensively investigated. Here, we review the latest advances in research on urothelial ATP signaling.

METHODS

We reviewed research articles on the role of the urothelium and urothelial ATP release in bladder function.

RESULTS

Mice lacking purinergic receptors have been reported to exhibit marked bladder hyporeflexia. Based on this observation, it was commonly believed, according to the widely held ATP urothelial signaling theory, that stretch‐induced urothelial ATP release mediates the sensation of bladder filling via purinergic receptors. However, recent studies employing novel experimental methods and approaches have demonstrated that there are no significant differences in bladder function between wild‐type and purinergic receptor knockout mice under physiological conditions. Nonetheless, under pathological conditions, inhibition of purinergic receptors has been shown to improve bladder hyperactivity. Moreover, enhanced urothelial ATP release has been reported in patients with bladder functional disorders.

CONCLUSIONS

Recently, conflicting evidence has led us to question the role of urothelial ATP signaling in normal micturition reflex. In contrast, under pathological conditions, it seems likely that enhanced urothelial ATP signaling mediates bladder hyperactivity. These recent findings suggest that the urothelial ATP signaling pathway is a potential therapeutic target for bladder functional disorders.
Local vibrational modes of interstitial boron–interstitial oxygen complex in silicon
Authors: Murin L. I. , Lastovskii S. B. , Tolkacheva E. A. , Markevich V. P. , Peaker A. R. , Svensson B. G.
Published: August 2016

In the present work, we report local vibrational mode (LVM) related absorption lines which are assigned to the complex incorporating interstitial boron and interstitial oxygen atoms (BiOi), a possible precursor of the center responsible for light‐induced degradation (LID) in solar cells produced from boron‐doped oxygen‐rich silicon. Fourier transform infrared absorption (IR) spectroscopy was used for detection and analysis of absorption lines due to defects which were created in boron‐doped Czochralski‐grown Si samples by irradiation with 6 or 10 MeV electrons at room temperature. Changes in the IR absorption spectra upon isochronal annealing of the irradiated samples in the temperature range 75–225 °C have also been monitored. A set of previously unreported LVM lines with the same formation and elimination behavior has been studied. The most intense lines of the set are found to be at 991, 721, and 550 cm−1. On the basis of an analysis of changes in intensity of the lines with the concentrations of impurities in the silicon and on the similarity of their annealing features with those for the DLTS signal due to the BiOi center, it is argued that the lines are related to the LVMs of this defect. The positions of the lines have been compared with the previously reported LVMs derived from ab initio modeling calculations for different configurations of the BiOi complex. A configuration having calculated LVMs close to those determined experimentally has been found and the origins of the modes are discussed.
Rapid screening and quantification of glucocorticoids in essential oils using direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhang Jialing , Li Ze , Zhou Zhigui , Bai Yu , Liu Huwei
Published: August 2016

Rationale

There is a strong demand to develop a method capable of rapid screening for the adulteration of glucocorticoids (GCs) in cosmetics. An ambient ion source– direct analysis in real time (DART), coupled with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (QTOF MS) was used for the rapid screening of GCs in essential oils.

Methods

Liquid–liquid extraction was employed prior to the DART‐QTOF MS analysis. Calibration curves for eight GCs were obtained using methyltestosterone as an internal standard. MS/MS experiments and accurate mass measurements were carried out to provide reliable and powerful evidence for the adulteration of targeted GCs.

Results

Quantification results were obtained in terms of linearity (R2 for all GCs, 0.986–0.996), sensitivity (limit of detection, 2.0–50 ng/mL), and repeatability (RSD, 1.2–6.0%). The entire analytical process can be finished in 5 min, compared with the GC/MS or LC/MS methods for which typical analysis times range from tens of minutes to >1 h. In addition, comparison of the performance of DART and ESI ion sources showed that DART possessed a relatively low matrix effect when handling complex samples.

Conclusions

A new method for the rapid screening and quantification of GCs in essential oils was developed using DART‐QTOF MS. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ethical and Surgical Dilemmas in Patients with Neglected Surgical Diseases Visiting a Field Hospital in a Zone of Recent Disaster
Authors: Lin Guy , Marom Tal , Dagan David , Merin Ofer
Published: August 2016

Object

The massive typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) ripped across the central Philippines on November 8, 2013, and damaged infrastructure including hospitals. The Israeli Defense Forces field hospital was directed by the Philippine authorities to Bogo City in the northern part of the island of Cebu, to assist the damaged local hospital. Hundreds of patients with neglected diseases sought for medical treatment which was merely out of reach for them. Our ethical dilemmas were whether to intervene, when the treatment we could offer was not the best possible.

Methods

Each patient had an electronic medical record that included diagnosis, management and aftercare instructions. We retrospectively reviewed all charts of patients.

Results

Over 200 patients presented with neglected chronic diseases (tuberculosis, goiter, hypertension and diabetes). We limited our intervention to extreme values of glucose and blood pressure. We had started anti‐tuberculosis medications, hoping that the patients will have an option to continue treatment. We examined 85 patients with a presumed diagnosis of malignancy. Without histopathology and advanced imaging modality, we performed palliative operations on three patients. Eighteen patients presented with inguinal hernia. We performed pure tissue repair on seven patients with large symptomatic hernias. We examined 12 children with cleft lip/palate and transferred two of them to Israel. We operated on one child with bilateral club feet. Out of 37 patients with pterygium, our ophthalmologist repaired the nine patients with the most severe vision disturbance.

Conclusion

Medical delegations to disaster areas should prepare a plan and appropriate measures to deal with non‐urgent diseases.
On the Necessity for a Universal Notation (Report presented to the International Congress of Actuaries, Brussels 1895), September 1895
Authors: Bégault A.
Published: August 2016

The favour with which the convening of the present Congress has been received by actuaries of all nations, and the very questions submitted to it by the members, fully show that everywhere the same desire has sprung up, namely that actuaries should know each other personally, so that later on there may be more effective inter-communication of ideas by the interchange of the writings which are periodically published. The question of language is a great obstacle, which it is in our interest to reduce to a minimum. A foreign tongue becomes easier to us, when the technical symbols employed, assuming a form which is familiar to us, indicate the drift of the paragraph. On the other hand, when the same symbol represents, according to the author using it, diametrically opposite ideas, the passage is made more difficult to understand, and the formulas, instead of being an index to its meaning, become a source of error.
On the Rates of Mortality in Certain Parts of Africa
Authors: Sprague Alfred E.
Published: August 2016

As the published facts concerning the rate of mortality in tropical Africa are very scanty, and Insurance Offices are therefore often compelled to fix the extra premiums for African risks in an almost purely arbitrary manner, I venture to lay the following investigation before the members of the Institute as a contribution to our knowledge of the subject. So far as I am aware, the only publications dealing with the subject are a note by my father, Dr. T. B. Sprague, on the Rate of Mortality on the Congo (J.I.A. xxv, 437); a note read by myself before the Actuarial Society of Edinburgh on the Rate of Mortality in Sierra Leone (Transactions, iii, 365); a paper by Mr. J. R. Hart on the Mortality on the West Coast of Africa, which appeared in the Insurance Record of 2 October 1896; and a paper by Dr. T. Glover Lyon on the Mortality amongst Europeans in certain Unhealthy Districts (J.I.A., xxix, 541).
Valuations in Modern Conditions
Authors: Elderton W. Palin
Published: August 2016

A Net Premium Valuation is made when the sums assured and net premiums are valued at a given rate of interest and by a given table of mortality, and the net premiums are calculated at the same rate of interest and by the same table of mortality. Such a valuation leads to a reserve that starts with the net premium and ultimately reaches the sum assured for whole life assurances and endowment assurances; it cannot produce negative values unless the annuity value increases with the age, a case with which we are not concerned in this paper.
The Statistical Basis to National Fuel Policy
Authors: Forster C. I. K.
Published: August 2016

I cannot recall that national fuel policy has ever previously been the subject of a paper to the Institute, though it is becoming quite usual for the Institute to address itself to subjects outside the traditional actuarial fields. Nearly all the Alfred Watson Memorial Lectures, for example, have been on outside subjects and two of these, ‘Some thoughts on economic forecasting’ by Sir Alexander Cairncross (as he is now) and ‘Problems in forecasting in the chemical industry’ by Sir Paul Chambers, have certain links with the subject of this paper.
The Reversionary (or prospective) and Collective Methods of Valuing Widows' Funds, with some Notes on the Valuation of the Church of Ireland Widows’ and Orphans’ Fund
Authors: Howell Charles E.
Published: August 2016

Every Church of Ireland clergyman whose stipend is payable through the Representative Church Body (the body in whom the funds of the Church were vested at its dis-establishment) must become, and is designated, a compulsory member of its Widows’ and Orphans’ Fund, which was founded in 1876. If the member be unmarried and not more than 35 years of age at date of entry he is charged the normal subscription of £6 per annum, payable quarterly; while, if he be married or aged more than 35 years at date of entry, he must pay such subscription as the Board of the Fund, by the advice of its actuary, may determine.
An investigation into the mortality experienced by Pensioners of the Staffs of Banks and Insurance Companies, with a Note on the moratality experienced by Deferred Annuitants
Authors: Warren Cyril F.
Published: August 2016

When the subject of this paper was suggested to me, I realized that a big task would be involved, but the prospect of obtaining interesting results, combined with the fact that a mortality table applicable to such data would possibly prove of material assistance to Actuaries, emboldened me to proceed with the Investigation.

The Managers of the five large Banking Institutions were approached, and after discussing the matter with them, I was able to proceed with the certain knowledge that the clerical work involved in supplying the data would be carried out by their respective staffs. A circular letter addressed to the Insurance Companies met with an equally sympathetic response, and I was thereby able to receive the cards with the majority of the work, as regards the tabulations of the data, already done. I should like to take this opportunity of tendering my sincere appreciation of the help so readily given by the officials of the Banks and Insurance Companies, not only for allowing me to make use of the data they had available, but also for their assistance in the clerical work involved in tabulation.
On the Distribution of Life Office Profits
Authors: Coutts C. R. V. , Rich C. D.
Published: August 2016

In this essay an attempt has been made

1. To examine the principles on which the profits of a life office should be equitably distributed,

(a) As between existing policyholders and new entrants.

(b) As between the various categories of existing policyholders.

2. To consider the application of these principles generally and to illustrate by numerical examples the effect of changes in the main factors which govern profit-earning power.