bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Which lake is bigger?
Authors: Bachour Reagan , Braun Sarah , Tyminski Andrew M.
Published: October 2016

Each month, this section of the problem solvers department showcases students' in-depth thinking and discusses classroom results of using problems from previous issues of Teaching Children Mathematics. In these solutions to the November 2015 problem, readers have a window into early elementary students' problem solving and understanding of measurement. Third graders were presented with tasks using maps of two lakes and various manipulatives to determine the bigger lake. Students discovered and were able to articulate that identifying the bigger lake depends on the attributes, area, and perimeter explored and that different attributes could result in different solutions.
5 Ways to Improve Children's Understanding of Length Measurement
Authors: Lee Mi Yeon , Francis Dionne Cross
Published: October 2016

These activities can support elementary school teachers in building students' conceptions of measurement.
Selecting and Sequencing Students' Solution Strategies
Authors: Meikle Erin M.
Published: October 2016

For orchestrating whole-class discussions, note these suggestions to fine tune problem-solving techniques into cognitively challenging tasks.
Redesigning Caesar's Wheel with a modeling perspective
Authors: Durmus Soner , Karabork Mehmet Akif
Published: October 2016

Use this example of a model-eliciting activity to teach cryptology. Contributors to the iSTEM (Integrating Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) department share ideas and activities that stimulate student interest in the integrated fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) in K–grade 6 classrooms.
What Are the Most Common Disinfection Methods?
Authors:   AWWA Staff
Published: October 2016

Microbial contaminants exist in many forms ‐ amoebic cysts, protozoa, viruses, or bacteria ‐ and may be the result of human or animal waste. Even in small quantities, their presence in potable drinking water may result in an outbreak of waterborne disease, including cryptosporidiosis, dysentery, gastroenteritis, giardiasis, and infectious hepatitis. All cause painful symptoms, and many are fatal.
Declining trend in transmitted drug resistance detected in a prospective cohort study of acute HIV infection in Bangkok, Thailand
Authors: Colby Donn J , Crowell Trevor A , Sirivichayakul Sunee , Pinyakorn Suteeraporn , Kroon Eugene , Benjapornpong Khunthalee , Intasan Jintana , Trichavaroj Rapee , Tovanabutra Sodsai , Robb Merlin , Phanuphak Praphan , Ananworanich Jintanat , Phanuphak Nittaya ,   on behalf of the Search 010/RV 254 Study Group
Published: October 2016

Introduction

As availability of antiretroviral therapy expands in developing countries, the risk for transmission of drug‐resistant HIV also increases. Patients with acute HIV infection (AHI) provide an opportunity for real‐time monitoring of transmitted drug resistance (TDR). SEARCH 010/RV 254 study is a prospective, longitudinal study of AHI. This analysis was performed to characterize changes in TDR over time in persons enrolled in the AHI cohort.

Methods

Genotype testing for TDR mutations was performed on 229 subjects enrolled from 2009 to 2014.

Results

The cohort was predominantly male (95%) and men who have sex with men (92%). TDR prevalence was 7.0%, declining from 12.5% in 2009–2010 to 4.8% in 2013–2014 (p=0.08). By drug class, resistance prevalence was 3.6% for proteases inhibitors, 2.6% for nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors and 2.2% for non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. The greatest decline in prevalence was seen in the non‐nucleoside reverses transcriptase inhibitors, from 9.4% in 2009–2010 to 0.7% in 2013–2014 (p=0.005).

Conclusions

TDR appears to be declining among individuals with AHI in Bangkok and in 2013 to 2014 met the World Health Organization definition for low prevalence. Continued surveillance is necessary to determine if this trend persists.
Solid–liquid phase epitaxial growth of Li4Ti5O12 thin film
Authors: Li Ning , Katase Takayoshi , Zhu Yanbei , Matsumoto Takao , Umemura Tomonari , Ikuhara Yuichi , Ohta Hiromichi
Published: October 2016

A thin film of Li4Ti5O12, a candidate anode material for solid-state Li-ion batteries, was heteroepitaxially grown on a (001) SrTiO3 substrate using solid–liquid phase epitaxy. An amorphous Li4Ti5O12 film deposited at room temperature was first heated with LiNO3 powder in air and then washed with distilled water. The Li4Ti5O12 epitaxial film was obtained by heating with molten LiNO3 at 600 °C; the liquid LiNO3 completely covered the film, suppressing the formation of Li deficiencies and enhancing the low-temperature crystal growth. Solid–liquid phase epitaxy is a powerful approach to grow Li-containing-oxide films, which are difficult to fabricate because of the loss of Li species at high temperature.
Value of Ultrasound Elastography in the Differential Diagnosis of Cervical Lymph Nodes
Authors: Acu Leyla , Oktar Suna Özhan , Acu Rusen , Yücel Cem , Cebeci Süleyman
Published: October 2016

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to determine the usefulness of ultrasound elastography in the evaluation of enlarged cervical lymph nodes in comparison with B‐mode and color Doppler sonography.

Methods

A total of 220 lymph nodes in 168 consecutive patients who were referred for sonography of the neck were included in this study. B‐mode sonograms were evaluated according to short‐axis diameter, long‐to‐short‐axis ratio, hilum, echogenicity, and microcalcification. For color Doppler sonography, 5 different patterns were defined according to vascularity. Elastographic patterns of the lesions were categorized to 5 main types. The mean strain index values were calculated for all lymph nodes. Histopathologic findings, clinical and laboratory data, and imaging findings were used as reference standards for the diagnosis of benign and malignant lymph nodes.

Results

Of the 220 lymph nodes, 69.5% were diagnosed as benign, and 30.5% were diagnosed as malignant. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of B‐mode sonography were 97.0%, 31.4%, and 51.3%, respectively; the values were 76.1%, 82.4%, and 80.5% for color Doppler sonography and 82.1%, 56.2%, and 64.1% for elastography. The strain index cutoff value for the differentiation of benign and malignant lymph nodes was accepted as 1.7. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the strain index were 71.6%, 76.5%, and 75.0%.

Conclusions

Ultrasound elastography adds no additional value to combined B‐mode and color Doppler sonography for differentiation of benign and malignant cervical lymph nodes.
Existence of the threshold pressure for seismic excitation by atmospheric disturbances
Authors: Tanimoto Toshiro , Valovcin Anne
Published: October 2016

Excitation of seismic waves by atmospheric pressure changes is examined from data for two tropical cyclones, Tropical Storm Lee (2011) and Hurricane Isaac (2012). They moved through the EarthScope Transportable Array and generated variations in pressure and ground motions that spanned 4–5 orders of magnitude in power spectral density (PSD). For vertical seismic ground velocity PSD (SV) for frequencies between 0.01 and 0.02 Hz, there is a threshold pressure at about pressure PSD (SP) of 10 Pa2 s, below which vertical motion is not affected by local atmospheric pressure. Above this threshold pressure, vertical ground motion increases with surface pressure as SV~SP1.5. In order to understand the land‐atmosphere interaction, pressure above this threshold is the only useful range. Horizontal component PSDs are about 2 orders of magnitude larger than vertical component PSDs and change with pressure for its entire range. This overall trend is most likely caused by ground tilt.
A three‐dimensional QP imaging of the shallowest subsurface of Campi Flegrei offshore caldera, southern Italy
Authors: Serlenga Vincenzo , de Lorenzo Salvatore , Russo Guido , Amoroso Ortensia , Garambois Stephane , Virieux Jean , Zollo Aldo
Published: October 2016

To improve the knowledge of the shallowest subsurface of Campi Flegrei caldera, a 3‐D P wave attenuation tomography of the area was performed. We analyzed about 18,000 active seismic traces, which provided a data set of 11,873 Δt* measurements, e.g., the differential travel times to quality factor ratios. These were inverted through an adapted tomographic inversion procedure. The 3‐D tomographic images reveal an average QP about 70, interpreted as water‐saturated volcanic and marine sediments. An arc‐like, low‐QP structure at 0.5–1 km depths was interpreted as a densely fractured, fluid‐saturated rock volume, well matching the buried rim of Campi Flegrei caldera. The spatial distribution of high‐ and low‐QP bodies in the inner caldera is correlated with low‐Vp values and may reflect either the differences in the percentage of fluid saturation of sediments or the presence of vapor state fluids beneath fumarole manifestations.
The link between extreme precipitation and convective organization in a warming climate: Global radiative‐convective equilibrium simulations
Authors: Pendergrass Angeline G. , Reed Kevin A. , Medeiros Brian
Published: October 2016

The rate of increase of extreme precipitation in response to global warming varies dramatically across climate model simulations, particularly over the tropics, for reasons that have yet to be established. Here we propose one potential mechanism: changing organization of convection with climate. We analyze a set of simulations with the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 with an idealized global radiative‐convective equilibrium configuration forced by fixed sea surface temperatures varying in 2° increments from 285 to 307 K. In these simulations, convective organization varies from semiorganized in cold simulations, disorganized in warm simulations, and abruptly becomes highly organized at just over 300 K. The change in extreme precipitation with warming also varies across these simulations, including a large increase at the transition from disorganized to organized convection. We develop an extreme precipitation‐focused metric for convective organization and use this to explore their connection.
EMIC waves and associated relativistic electron precipitation on 25–26 January 2013
Authors: Zhang Jichun , Halford Alexa J. , Saikin Anthony A. , Huang Chia‐Lin , Spence Harlan E. , Larsen Brian A. , Reeves Geoffrey D. , Millan Robyn M. , Smith Charles W. , Torbert Roy B. , Kurth William S. , Kletzing Craig A. , Blake J. Bernard , Fennel Joseph F. , Baker Daniel N.
Published: October 2016

Using measurements from the Van Allen Probes and the Balloon Array for RBSP Relativistic Electron Losses (BARREL), we perform a case study of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves and associated relativistic electron precipitation (REP) observed on 25–26 January 2013. Among all the EMIC wave and REP events from the two missions, the pair of the events is the closest both in space and time. The Van Allen Probe‐B detected significant EMIC waves at L = 2.1–3.9 and magnetic local time (MLT) = 21.0–23.4 for 53.5 min from 2353:00 UT, 25 January 2013. Meanwhile, BARREL‐1T observed clear precipitation of relativistic electrons at L = 4.2–4.3 and MLT = 20.7–20.8 for 10.0 min from 2358 UT, 25 January 2013. Local plasma and field conditions for the excitation of the EMIC waves, wave properties, electron minimum resonant energy Emin, and electron pitch angle diffusion coefficient Dαα of a sample EMIC wave packet are examined along with solar wind plasma and interplanetary magnetic field parameters, geomagnetic activity, and results from the spectral analysis of the BARREL balloon observations to investigate the two types of events. The events occurred in the early main phase of a moderate storm (min. Dst* = −51.0 nT). The EMIC wave event consists of two parts. Unlike the first part, the second part of the EMIC wave event was locally generated and still in its source region. It is found that the REP event is likely associated with the EMIC wave event.
A study of cosmic ray flux based on the noise in raw CCD data from solar images
Authors: Shen Z.‐N. , Qin G.
Published: October 2016

Raw solar images from CCDs are often contaminated with single‐pixel noise which is thought to be made by cosmic ray hits. The cosmic ray‐affected pixels are usually outstanding when compared with the perimeter zone. In this work, we use a method based on the median filtering algorithm to identify and count the cosmic ray traces from SOHO/EIT solar images to estimate the cosmic ray (CR) flux. With such cosmic ray flux, we study the transient variations associated with the violent solar activities, such as the solar proton events (SPEs), which show good similarity with the observations of GOES 11 P6 channel with an energy interval 80–165 MeV. Further, using SPE list observed by SOHO/ERNE proton channels with more narrow energy intervals, it is found that CRs in the energy range 118–140 MeV affect the SOHO/EIT images the most. In addition, by using a robust automatic despiking method, we get the background of the cosmic ray flux from solar images, which is considered to be the galactic cosmic ray (GCR) flux. The GCR flux from solar images shows an 11 year period due to the solar modulation, similar to the SOHO/ERNE GCR flux and Newark neutron monitor count rates. Furthermore, GCRs from solar images have a 27 day period and show good anticorrelation with the changes of solar wind velocity.
Biomaterials Act as Enhancers of Growth Factors in Bone Regeneration
Authors: Chen Rui , Wang Jing , Liu Changsheng
Published: October 2016

Inspired by the physiological events of the “wound healing cascade”, the integration of biomaterials and growth factors is generally accepted as an emerging and powerful strategy for bone regenerative therapy. As a type of biological mediator, growth factors play a key role in functional bone regeneration. In this review, recent progress in the enhancement of bone‐related growth factors via a biomaterial strategy will be discussed. Two main reinforcing mechanisms, temporal regulation and efficacy manipulation, are described in detail, highlighting the potential capability of biomaterials to harness the interactions between growth factors and specific cells. The effects of biomaterials for promoting bone formation via growth factor‐mediated osteogenesis are further elucidated. Finally, an outlook of the prospects in terms of superior communication among growth factors, cells, and biomaterials in the microenvironment is presented, which might provide new directions for the design of medical devices for bone regeneration.
A Synergetic Effect of Molecular Weight and Fluorine in All‐Polymer Solar Cells with Enhanced Performance
Authors: Chen Shanshan , An Yujin , Dutta Gitish K. , Kim Yiho , Zhang Zhi‐Guo , Li Yongfang , Yang Changduk
Published: October 2016

A synergetic effect of molecular weight (Mn) and fluorine (F) on the performance of all‐polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs) is comprehensively investigated by tuning the Mn of the acceptor polymer poly((N,N′‐bis(2‐octyldodecyl)‐naphthalene‐1,4,5,8‐bis(dicarboximide)‐2,6‐diyl)‐alt‐5,5′‐(2,2′‐bithiophene)) (P(NDI2OD‐T2)) and the F content of donor polymer poly(2,3‐bis‐(3‐octyloxyphenyl)quinoxaline‐5,8‐dyl‐alt‐thiophene‐2,5‐diyl). Both Mn and F variations strongly influence the charge transport properties and morphology of the blend films, which have a significant impact on the photovoltaic performance of all‐PSCs. In particular, the effectiveness of high Mn in increasing power conversion efficiency (PCE) can be greatly improved by the devices based on optimum F content, reaching a PCE of 7.31% from the best all‐PSC combination. These findings enable us to further understand the working principles of all‐PSCs with a view on achieving even higher power conversion efficiency in the future.
Osmotic Power Generation with Positively and Negatively Charged 2D Nanofluidic Membrane Pairs
Authors: Ji Jinzhao , Kang Qian , Zhou Yi , Feng Yaping , Chen Xi , Yuan Jinying , Guo Wei , Wei Yen , Jiang Lei
Published: October 2016

In nature, hierarchically assembled nanoscale ionic conductors, such as ion channels and ion pumps, become the structural and functional basis of bioelectric phenomena. Recently, ion‐channel‐mimetic nanofluidic systems have been built into reconstructed 2D nanomaterials for energy conversion and storage as effective as the electrogenic cells. Here, a 2D‐material‐based nanofluidic reverse electrodialysis system, containing cascading lamellar nanochannels in oppositely charged graphene oxide membrane (GOM) pairs, is reported for efficient osmotic energy conversion. Through preassembly modification, the surface charge polarity of the 2D nanochannels can be efficiently tuned from negative (−123 mC m−2) to positive (+147 mC m−2), yielding strongly cation‐ or anion‐selective GOMs. The complementary two‐way ion diffusion leads to an efficient charge separation process, creating superposed electrochemical potential difference and ionic flux. An output power density of 0.77 W m−2 is achieved by controlled mixing concentrated (0.5 m) and diluted ionic solutions (0.01 m), which is about 54% higher than using commercial ion exchange membranes. Tandem alternating GOM pairs produce high voltage up to 2.7 V to power electronic devices. Besides simple salt solutions, various complex electrolyte solutions can be used as energy sources. These findings provide insights to construct cascading nanofluidic circuits for energy, environmental, and healthcare applications.
Creating the Smallest BN Nanotube from Bilayer h‐BN
Authors: Xu Tao , Zhou Yilong , Tan Xiaodong , Yin Kuibo , He Longbing , Banhart Florian , Sun Litao
Published: October 2016

Single‐wall nanotubes of boron nitride (BN) are among the most promising quasi‐1D materials with outstanding mechanical strength. However, synthesizing them in a controlled and reproducible way remains challenging. Here the authors show a technique of creating BN tubes by cutting bilayer BN sheets with an electron beam and interconnecting the two layers at an open edge. The in situ experiments in an electron microscope show that the spontaneous interlinking of the two layers leads to flattened tubular structures when a narrow ribbon is created. Below a certain width of the ribbon, van der Waals interaction between the layers is overbalanced by the stress in the layer so that the walls separate and a tube with circular diameter forms. The smallest stable BN tubes with a diameter of 0.45 nm, corresponding to a (3,3) tube, can be produced by this technique. The diameter can only be decreased in discrete steps, showing that all possible BN tubes with a given axis alignment relative to the BN lattice can be made. This is a novel top‐down approach that allows the authors to create and study a variety of ultrathin nanotubes from related 2D materials.
Near‐Infrared Fluorescent Nanomaterials for Bioimaging and Sensing
Authors: Reineck Philipp , Gibson Brant C.
Published: October 2016

A great challenge in noninvasive biomedical imaging is the acquisition of images inside a biological system at the cellular level. Common modalities used today such as magnetic resonance or computed tomography imaging have the advantage that any part of a living organism can be imaged at any depth, but are limited to millimeter resolution and can usually not be employed e.g., for surgical guidance. Optical imaging techniques offer resolution on the 100 nanometer scale, but are limited by the strong attenuation of visible light by biological matter and are traditionally used to image on the surface. Near‐infrared light in the “biological windows” can penetrate much deeper into biological samples, rendering fluorescence‐based imaging a viable alternative. In the past two decades, many fluorescent nanomaterials have been developed to operate in the near infrared, yet only few materials emitting above 1000 nm exist and none are approved for clinical use. This review describes recent advances in the development and use of near‐infrared fluorescent nanomaterials for biomedical imaging and sensing applications. The physical and chemical properties as well as the bioconjugation and application of materials such as organic fluorophores, semiconductor quantum dots, carbon‐based materials, rare earth materials, and polymer particles are discussed.
Retraction: Copper‐Catalyzed Cascade Reaction for Practical and Efficient Synthesis of Alkyl 2H‐Isoindole‐1‐carboxylates
Authors: Biswas Subhasish , Nayak Maloy , Kanojiya Sanjeev , Batra Sanjay
Published: October 2016

The above article in Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis, published online on December 8, 2011, in Wiley Online Library (onlinelibrary.wiley.com), and in print Volume 353, Issue 18, 2011, pages 3330–3334 (DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100451), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal Editor, Joe P. Richmond, and Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. The retraction has been agreed to for the following reasons.

As determined by X‐ray analysis carried out by Jérôme Thibonnet and co‐workers, Université François Rabelais, Tours, the products reported are not isoindoles, but rather the corresponding indoles. The reaction mechanism reported is therefore also incorrect.
Magnesocene‐Based Electrolytes: A New Class of Electrolytes for Magnesium Batteries
Authors: Schwarz Rainer , Pejic Marijana , Fischer Philipp , Marinaro Mario , Jörissen Ludwig , Wachtler Mario
Published: October 2016

Unlike ferrocene, bis(η5‐cyclopentadienyl)magnesium (magnesocene, MgCp2) is slightly dissociated in solvents, such as ethers, resulting in electrolyte solutions with low conductivity. MgCp2/tetrahydrofuran solutions make possible reversible magnesium plating and stripping with low over‐potentials for many cycles. The Mg deposits appear with a cauliflower‐like morphology. IR and NMR spectroscopy confirm that the electrolyte is stable and not decomposed during prolonged cycling. The anodic stability limit is in the range of 1.5 V (at platinum) and 1.8 V versus Mg/Mg2+ (at stainless steel), which may be sufficient for low‐voltage cathode materials. MgCp2 is a first example of a completely new class of halide‐free electrolytes, which may open up a new research direction for future magnesium metal and magnesium‐ion batteries.
A Synthetic Loop Replacement Peptide That Blocks Canonical NF‐κB Signaling
Authors: Bruno Paul A. , Morriss‐Andrews Alex , Henderson Andrew R. , Brooks Charles L. , Mapp Anna K.
Published: October 2016

Aberrant canonical NF‐κB signaling is implicated in diseases from autoimmune disorders to cancer. A major therapeutic challenge is the need for selective inhibition of the canonical pathway without impacting the many non‐canonical NF‐κB functions. Here we show that a selective peptide‐based inhibitor of canonical NF‐κB signaling, in which a hydrogen bond in the NBD peptide is synthetically replaced by a non‐labile bond, shows an about 10‐fold increased potency relative to the original inhibitor. Not only is this molecule, NBD2, a powerful tool for dissection of canonical NF‐κB signaling in disease models and healthy tissues, the success of the synthetic loop replacement suggests that the general strategy could be useful for discovering modulators of the many protein–protein interactions mediated by such structures.
An M2L4 Molecular Capsule with a Redox Switchable Polyradical Shell
Authors: Yazaki Kohei , Noda Shogo , Tanaka Yuya , Sei Yoshihisa , Akita Munetaka , Yoshizawa Michito
Published: October 2016

Preparation of molecular nanostructures with polyradical frameworks remains a significant challenge because of the limited synthetic accessibility which is entirely different from that of neutral and ionic ones. Herein we report the quantitative formation of a new M2L4 molecular capsule from metal ions and dihydrophenazine‐based ligands. The capsule has a spherical nanocavity (ca. 1 nm in diameter) enclosed by eight redox‐active, dihydrophenazine panels. Electrochemical oxidation of the capsule leads to the generation of multiple radical cations on the shell framework. Moreover, a stable tetra(radical cation) capsule can be reversibly obtained by chemical as well as electrochemical oxidation.
Temperature‐Controlled Switchable Photochromism in Solid Materials
Authors: Julià‐López Alex , Hernando Jordi , Ruiz‐Molina Daniel , González‐Monje Pablo , Sedó Josep , Roscini Claudio
Published: October 2016

A novel strategy to achieve thermally switchable photochromism in solid materials is reported, which relies on the preparation of polymeric core–shell capsules containing solutions of photochromic dyes in acidic phase‐change materials. Upon changing the phase (solid or liquid) of the encapsulated medium, one of the two photochromic states of the system is selectively stabilized on demand, allowing for reversible interconversion between direct and reverse photochromism when thermally scanning through the melting temperature of the phase‐change material. This strategy, which does not require the addition of external agents or chemical modification of the dyes, proved to be general for different spiropyran photochromes and to be applicable to the fabrication of a variety of functional materials by simply embedding the capsules obtained into a solid matrix of choice.
Determining the Attenuation Factor in Molecular Wires Featuring Covalent and Noncovalent Tectons
Authors: Vela Sonia , Bauroth Stefan , Atienza Carmen , Molina‐Ontoria Agustín , Guldi Dirk M. , Martín Nazario
Published: October 2016

Hybrid covalent/supramolecular porphyrin–fullerene structures were synthesized as highly efficient molecular wires with a remarkably low attenuation factor (β=0.07±0.01 Å−1). Hydrogen‐bonding interactions and p‐phenylene oligomers of different lengths are responsible for efficient electron transfer in the molecular wires.
Lead‐Free, Blue Emitting Bismuth Halide Perovskite Quantum Dots
Authors: Leng Meiying , Chen Zhengwu , Yang Ying , Li Zha , Zeng Kai , Li Kanghua , Niu Guangda , He Yisu , Zhou Qingchao , Tang Jiang
Published: October 2016

Lead halide perovskite quantum dots (QDs) are promising candidates for future lighting applications, due to their high quantum yield, narrow full width at half maximum (FWHM), and wide color gamut. However, the toxicity of lead represents a potential obstacle to their utilization. Although tin(II) has been used to replace lead in films and QDs, the high intrinsic defect density and oxidation vulnerability typically leads to unsatisfactory material properties. Bismuth, with much lower toxicity than lead, is promising to constitute lead‐free perovskite materials because Bi3+ is isoelectronic to Pb2+ and more stable than Sn2+. Herein we report, for the first time, the synthesis and optical characterization of MA3Bi2Br9 perovskite QDs with photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) up to 12 %, which is much higher than Sn‐based perovskite nanocrystals. Furthermore, the photoluminescence (PL) peaks of MA3Bi2X9 QDs could be easily tuned from 360 to 540 nm through anion exchange.
Palladium(0)‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Arylative Dearomatization of β‐Naphthols
Authors: Xu Ren‐Qi , Yang Ping , Tu Hang‐Fei , Wang Shou‐Guo , You Shu‐Li
Published: October 2016

The first Pd0‐catalyzed intermolecular arylative dearomatization of β‐naphthols with aryl halides is described. It was found that Q‐Phos could facilitate the palladium‐catalyzed cross‐coupling‐type dearomatization of β‐naphthols, while avoiding O‐arylation, to construct 2‐naphthalenones in excellent yields and with high chemoselectivity.
Confidently Biased: Comparisons with Anchors Bias Estimates and Increase Confidence
Authors: Smith Andrew R. , Marshall Lindsay D.
Published: October 2016

Across a wide variety of situations, exposure to anchors has been shown to bias people's estimates. What is not known, however, is whether externally provided anchors influence the confidence that people have in their estimates. Our studies had two goals. First, we tested whether exposure to anchors influenced people's subjective confidence levels (Studies 1 and 2). These studies revealed that people who made estimates after making comparisons with externally provided anchors tended to be more confident in their estimates than people who did not see anchors. The second goal was to test two explanations as to why anchors increase people's confidence. In Study 3, we tested the explanation that anchors increase confidence because participants thought the anchors provided useful information. In Study 4, we tested the explanation that exposure to anchors causes people to consider a narrower range of plausible values as compared to when not exposed to anchors. Support was found only for the explanation that comparisons with anchors increase confidence because people who are exposed to anchors consider a narrower range of plausible values. Taken together, these studies reveal the powerful influence anchors can have—they not only bias estimates, but also increase people's confidence in their biased estimates. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative molecular field analysis of chromatographic hydrophobicity indices for some coumarin analogs
Authors: Fatemi Mohammad Hossein , Shakoori Zahra , Samghani Kobra
Published: October 2016

The chromatographic hydrophobicity index (CHI) is an HPLC‐based parameter that provides reliable guidance in optimization of pharmacological efficiency and adsorption, distribution, metabolism and exertion (ADME) profile of drug candidates. In the present work, classical and three‐dimensional quantitative structure–property relationship (QSPR) models were developed for prediction of CHI values of some 4‐hydroxycoumarin analogs on immobilized artificial membrane column. Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) as 3D–QSPR methods were performed to gain insight into the key structural factors affecting on the chromatographic hydrophobicity of interested chemicals. The calculated parameters of Q2, R2 and standard error were 0.545, 0.996 and 0.773 for CoMFA model and 0.815, 0.986 and 1.44 for CoMSIA model, respectively. The contour maps for steric fields of the CoMFA model illustrate that the hydrophobicity of chemicals will be higher when the positions of R6, R7 and R8 in the 4‐hydroxycuomarin ring are substituted by alkyl groups. Moreover, by the analysis of the plots of electrostatic fields, it was concluded that the CHI value greatly increases if one hydrogen on coumarin ring is substituted by the F, Cl, Br, OH or OCH3 group.
LR12‐peptide quantitation in whole blood by RP‐HPLC and intrinsic fluorescence detection: Validation and pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Parent M. , Boudier A. , Maincent P. , Gibot S. , Ait‐Oufella H. , Boufenzer A. , Jolly L. , Derive M. , Kouach M. , Goossens J.‐F. , Leroy P. , Clarot I.
Published: October 2016

A simple, sensitive, selective and robust HPLC method based on intrinsic fluorescence detection was developed for the quantitation of a dodecapeptide (designated as LR12), inhibitor of Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells‐1, in rat whole blood. Sample treatment was optimized using protein precipitation and solid‐phase extraction. Chromatographic separation was carried out in a gradient mode using a core–shell C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 3.6 μm) with mobile phases of acetonitrile and water containing trifluoroacetic acid at 1.0 mL/min. The method was validated using methodology described by the US Food and Drug Administration guidelines for bioanalytical methods. Linearity was demonstrated within the 50–500 ng/mL range and the lower limit of quantitation was 50 ng/mL. Finally, a preliminary pharmacokinetic study after intraperitoneal injection of LR12 in rats was conducted to evaluate both LR12 monomer and its corresponding disulfide dimer, the main product of degradation. Beyond the fact that this paper describes the first fully validated method for LR12 analysis in blood samples, the approach followed here to optimize pre‐analytical steps could be beneficial to develop HPLC and/or MS methods for other pharmaceutical peptides.
Adjuvant treatment combining cellular immunotherapy with chemotherapy improves the clinical outcome of patients with stage II/III gastric cancer
Authors: Wang Yizhuo , Wang Chang , Xiao Huijie , Niu Chao , Wu Haitao , Jin Haofan , Yao Cheng , He Hua , Tian Huimin , Han Fujun , Li Dan , Han Wei , Xu Jianting , Chen Jingtao , Cui Jiuwei , Li Wei
Published: October 2016

Postsurgical relapse remains a common issue for resectable gastric cancer (GC). Here, we investigated the efficacy and safety of an adjuvant treatment combining chemotherapy with cellular immunotherapy (CIT) using autologous natural killer cells, γδT cells, and cytokine‐induced killer cells in the treatment of stage II/III GC. A pilot prospective cohort study was conducted in 169 patients with stage II/III GC who had undergone gastrectomy with D2 lymph node dissection. Patients were assigned into two groups according to the patient choice of treatment, including chemotherapy alone (chemo) or chemotherapy combined with CIT (chemo/CIT). Disease‐free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), and adverse events were evaluated. Univariate and multivariate Cox models were used to analyze the impact of chemo/CIT on DFS and OS. Kaplan–Meier analysis with the log‐rank test was used to compare the clinical outcome between two groups. Three‐year DFS rate was 60.6% and 74.7% (P = 0.036) and 3‐year OS rate was 64.9% and 83% (P = 0.051) for the chemo and chemo/CIT group, respectively. TNM stage and chemo/CIT were independent prognostic factors for both DFS (for TNM stage, P < 0.001, hazard ratio [HR]: 5.599, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.791–11.232; for chemo/CIT, P = 0.013, HR: 0.478, 95% CI: 0.266–0.858) and OS (for TNM stage, P < 0.001, HR: 6.559, 95% CI: 2.903–14.817; for chemo/CIT, P = 0.04, HR: 0.506, 95% CI: 0.264–0.970). In subgroup analysis, 3‐year DFS and OS rates of patients with stage III GC in the chemo/CIT group were significantly higher than those in the chemo group (38.4% vs. 57.1%, P = 0.038; and 45.9% vs. 76%, P = 0.06, respectively), while there was no significant difference between the two groups in patients with stage II GC. Only 15.9% of patients (10/63) in the chemo/CIT group had mild and manageable fever (grades 1 and 2), while no other side effects were observed. The adjuvant treatment combining chemotherapy with cellular immunotherapy is well tolerated and significantly improves the clinical outcome of patients with stage II/III GC, when compared with chemotherapy alone, therefore warrants further attention in treatment for relapsed GC after tumor resection.
Influence of Label and Charge Density on the Association of the Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies Trastuzumab and Cetuximab Conjugated to Anionic Fluorophores
Authors: Pauli Jutta , Pochstein Marieke , Haase Andrea , Napp Joanna , Luch Andreas , Resch‐Genger Ute
Published: October 2016

The design of bright and functional dye–protein conjugates requires hydrophilic and stable fluorophores with high molar absorption coefficients and high fluorescence quantum yields, which must not be prone to dimerization, as well as conservation of protein function and suppression of protein association. Although many synthetic dyes meet these needs, the influence of dye charge on bioconjugate performance is commonly neglected. This encouraged us to assess the spectroscopic properties, antibody functionality, binding behavior, folding, and association of conjugates of the therapeutic antibodies trastuzumab and cetuximab with the red cyanine dyes S0586, S2381, and 6SIDCC (bearing two, three, and six sulfonate groups, respectively). Our results demonstrate a negligible effect of dye labeling on antibody folding, yet a strong influence of label charge and density on antibody isoelectric points and association. Especially 6SIDCC decreased strongly the isoelectric points of both antibodies and their heavy or light chains even at low labeling degrees, thus favoring protein association. Although an increasingly negative dye charge reduces antigen affinity as shown in a competitive immunoassay, all conjugates still bound to cells overexpressing the target of the respective antibody. Obviously, dyes that cause minimum dimerization with a small number of charged groups are best for conjugate brightness, minimum protein association, and strong target binding. This underlines the need to consider dye charge for the rational design of conjugates with optimum performance.
Diagnostic and response assessment FDG PET‐CT in neurolymphomatosis
Authors: Bruce David , Eagleton Helen , Subesinghe Manil
Published: October 2016

Key Clinical Message

FDG PET‐CT is a useful imaging tool in the diagnosis and response assessment of neurolymphomatosis, especially in cases of otherwise unexplained neuropathy following conventional diagnostic work‐up including lumbar puncture, CT, and MRI. The use of a novel PET reconstruction algorithm improves image quality and lesion detection through increased signal‐to‐noise ratio.
Aneurysmal bone cyst of the mandible affecting the articular condyle: a case report
Authors: Marín Fernández Ana Belén , García Medina Blas , Martínez Plaza Adoración , Aguilar‐Salvatierra Antonio , Gómez‐Moreno Gerardo
Published: October 2016

Key Clinical Message

Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) is a benign osteolytic lesion that is fast‐growing, expansile, and locally destructive. The present case is of a young girl with facial asymmetry, which had become accentuated during the previous months. A conservative treatment was performed to reduce morbidity and affectation of the lower dental nerve.
Dehydration of 2‐Octanol over Ca‐doped CeO2 Catalysts
Authors: Gnanamani Muthu Kumaran , Jacobs Gary , Shafer Wilson D. , Davis Burtron H.
Published: October 2016

Vapor‐phase catalytic dehydration of 2‐octanol was investigated over Ca‐doped CeO2 at 375 °C and atmospheric pressure. Ca doping up to 0.15 wt % was found to increase the dehydration activity for 2‐octanol, whereas further increases in Ca content (0.50 and 1.25 wt %) detrimentally affected the conversion. Catalyst surface area and pore volume increased with increasing Ca content in Ca‐doped CeO2. Hydrogen temperature‐programmed reduction (TPR) profiles indicate that the partially reduced state of surface ceria (i.e., Ce3+), which increases with increasing Ca loading up to 0.15 wt %, might play an important role in promoting dehydration.
Influence of Electrode Geometry on the Response of Solid‐Contact Ion‐Selective Electrodes when Utilizing a New Coulometric Signal Readout Method
Authors: Han Tingting , Vanamo Ulriika , Bobacka Johan
Published: October 2016

This article describes the influence of electrode geometry on the response of solid‐contact ion‐selective electrodes (SC‐ISE) with a conducting polymer (CP) as solid contact, when using a recently reported signal readout method based on constant potential coulometry. Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) doped with poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS) was electropolymerized on glassy carbon disk electrodes with areas ranging from 0.031 cm2 to 0.79 cm2. The polymerization charge was kept constant (1 mC) for all electrodes, meaning that the redox capacitance of PEDOT was constant for all electrodes while the PEDOT thickness decreased with increasing electrode area. The thickness of the K+‐selective membrane covering the CP was kept constant, so that the total resistance of the K+‐selective membrane decreased with increasing electrode area. When utilizing the coulometric signal readout method, the response time of the SC‐ISEs was significantly shortened by increasing the electrode area.
Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose Derived Oxygen‐Rich Porous Carbon Anodes for High‐Performance Lithium/Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhang Yongzhi , Meng Yan , Wang Yujue , Chen Li , Guo Yong , Xiao Dan
Published: October 2016

Sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), which contains large amounts of carboxymethyl and hydroxy groups, has been used as an oxygen‐containing carbon precursor to prepare oxygen‐rich porous carbon (OPC) in a silica‐template process. CMC can be mixed homogeneously with the silica template because of its excellent water solubility and viscosity, which is one of the key reasons for the successful preparation of OPC. The obtained OPC possesses some micropores, many mesopores with different sizes, a large specific surface area of 1792.6 m2 g−1, and a high oxygen content of 8.63 wt %, and exhibits superb dual functionality as anodes for lithium‐ion and sodium‐ion batteries.
The Unanticipated Dimerization of Ce@C2v(9)‐C82 upon Co‐crystallization with Ni(octaethylporphyrin) and Comparison with Monomeric M@C2v(9)‐C82 (M = La, Sc, and Y)
Authors: Suzuki Mitsuaki , Yamada Michio , Maeda Yutaka , Sato Satoru , Takano Yuta , Uhlík Filip , Slanina Zdenek , Lian Yongfu , Lu Xing , Nagase Shigeru , Olmstead Marilyn M. , Balch Alan L. , Akasaka Takeshi
Published: October 2016

We report that Ce@C2v(9)‐C82 forms a centrosymmetric dimer when co‐crystallized with Ni(OEP) (OEP = octaethylporphyrin dianion). The crystal structure of {Ce@C2v(9)‐C82}2⋅2[Ni(OEP)]⋅4 C6H6 shows that a new C−C bond with a bond length of 1.605(5) Å connects the two cages. The high spin density of the singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO) on the cage and the pyramidalization of the cage are factors that favor dimerization. In contrast, the treatment of Ni(OEP) with M@C2v(9)‐C82 (M = La, Sc, and Y) results in crystallization of monomeric endohedral fullerenes. A systematic comparison of the X‐ray structures of M@C2v(9)‐C82 (M = Sc, Y, La, Ce, Gd, Yb, and Sm) reveals that the major metal site in each case is located at an off‐center position adjacent to a hexagonal ring along the C2 axis of the C2v(9)‐C82 cage. DFT calculations at the M06‐2X level revealed that the positions of the metal centers in these metallofullerenes M@C2v(9)‐C82 (M = Sc, Y, and Ce), as determined by single‐crystal X‐ray structure studies, correspond to an energy minimum for each compound.
A Phosphorescent Platinum(II) Bipyridyl Supramolecular Polymer Based on Quadruple Hydrogen Bonds
Authors: Liu Fang‐Wei , Niu Li‐Ya , Chen Yong , Ramamurthy Vaidhyanathan , Wu Li‐Zhu , Tung Chen‐Ho , Chen Yu‐Zhe , Yang Qing‐Zheng
Published: October 2016

A platinum(II) bipyridyl complex bearing bis‐ureidopyrimidinone (Pt‐bisUPy) has been designed and its self‐assembling behavior has been thoroughly investigated by 1H NMR, DOSY NMR, Ubbelohde viscometry analysis, UV/Vis, and emission spectroscopies. Pt‐bisUPy underwent concentration‐dependent ring‐chain polymerization in apolar solvents. Hydrogen‐bonding interactions play an important role during the formation of the supramolecular polymers. Hydrogen‐bonded supramolecular polymers were transformed to nanoparticles in water through the miniemulsion method. These nanoparticles showed strong π–π excimeric emission. Metal‐metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer (MMLCT) from Pt–Pt interactions was not significant in the emission spectrum. The phosphorescence of the nanoparticle persisted even under aerobic conditions. The triplet state of these phosphorescent nanomaterials were long‐lived and possessed moderate emission quantum yields. Furthermore, the low toxicity of these materials promises a place for them in in vitro and in vivo bioimaging.
Enantiopure Sulfinyl Aniline as a Removable and Recyclable Chiral Auxiliary for Asymmetric C(sp3)−H Bond Activation
Authors: Jerhaoui Soufyan , Chahdoura Faouzi , Rose Clémence , Djukic Jean‐Pierre , Wencel‐Delord Joanna , Colobert Françoise
Published: October 2016

An original and recyclable chiral bidentate aniline‐sulfoxide‐based directing group has been developed. This auxiliary allows challenging stereoselective Pd‐catalyzed direct functionalization of small cycloalkanes through C–aryl and C–alkyl bond formation. Although moderate diastereoselectivities are observed, both optically pure enantiomers of the highly functionalized products can be obtained separately by simple silica gel chromatography and cleavage of the chiral auxiliary. This strategy was further applied to the preparation of enantiomerically pure 1,2,3‐trisubstituted cyclopropane carboxylic acid derivatives, with three stereogenic centers and bearing both alkyl and aromatic substituents. These molecular scaffolds are not yet reported in the literature. The synthetic utility of this approach is validated by the chiral auxiliary being readily cleaved and recovered posteriori to the C−H activation step, without deterioration of its optical purity. Finally, an unprecedented palladacycle intermediate generated through C−H activation of the cyclopropane moiety has been isolated and fully characterized. Initial DFT calculations shed additional light on the reactivity of this original intermediate.
Effect of Atomic‐Scale Differences on the Self‐Assembly of Thiophene‐based Polycatenars in Liquid Crystalline and Organogel States
Authors: Pradhan Balaram , Vaisakh V. M. , Nair Geetha G. , Rao D. S. Shankar , Prasad S. Krishna , Sudhakar Achalkumar Ammathnadu
Published: October 2016

Two series of polycatenars are reported that contain a central thiophene moiety connected to two substituted oxadiazole or thiadiazole units. The number, position, and length of the peripheral chains connected to these molecules were varied. The oxadiazole‐based polycatenars exhibited columnar phases with rectangular and hexagonal or oblique symmetry, whereas the thiadiazole‐based polycatenars exhibited columnar phases with rectangular and/or hexagonal symmetry. All of the compounds exhibited bright emission in the solution and thin‐film states. Two oxadiazole‐based molecules and one thiadiazole‐based molecule exhibited supergelation ability in hydrocarbon solvents, which is mainly supported by attractive π–π interactions. These gels showed aggregation‐induced enhanced emission, which is of high technological importance for applications in solid‐state emissive displays. X‐ray diffraction studies of the xerogel fibers of oxadiazole‐based polycatenars revealed a columnar rectangular organization, whereas a hexagonal columnar arrangement was observed for thiadiazole‐based polycatenars. Rheological measurements carried out on the samples quantitatively confirmed the formation of gels and showed that these gels are mechanically robust. The impact of an atomic‐scale difference (oxygen to sulfur, <2 % of the molecular weight) on the self‐assembly and the macroscopic properties of those self‐assembled structures are clearly visualized.
Electrochemical Synthesis of Amorphous VO2 Colloids and Their Rapid Thermal Transforming to VO2(M) Nanoparticles with Good Thermochromic Performance
Authors: Wu Hao , Li Ming , Zhong Li , Luo Yuan Yuan , Li Guang Hai
Published: October 2016

Amorphous VO2 (a‐VO2) colloids were synthesized by electrochemical anodic oxidation of metallic vanadium. It was found that the a‐VO2 colloids have a cotton‐like morphology composed of very small clusters, and that the crystallization temperature of the a‐VO2 colloids can be adjusted either by the electrolyte of the anodic oxidation or/and the dispersion agent of the colloids. VO2(M) nanoparticles (NPs) (and a NP film) with an average size of about 50 nm can be obtained by a rapid thermal annealing of the a‐VO2 colloids at 310 °C under air, which is beneficial for practical applications. The VO2(M) NP film shows an obvious metal–semiconductor transition with a resistance less than 10 Ω in the metallic state. An integral visible transmittance of 40.7 %, a solar transmittance modulation of 9.4 %, and a resistance modulation in the order of 5×104 were realized in the VO2(M) NP film.