bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structure-Guided Identification of Black Cohosh (Actaea racemosa) Triterpenoids with In Vitro Activity against Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Jöhrer Karin , Stuppner Hermann , Greil Richard , Çiçek Serhat Sezai
Published: February 2020

Black cohosh is a well-established medicinal plant and preparations of its rootstock are used for the treatment of mild climacteric complaints. The compounds considered responsible for the therapeutic effect are triterpene glycosides, characterized by a cycloartane scaffold and a pentose moiety. Because some of these triterpenoids were found to exhibit relevant cytotoxic effects against human breast cancer cells, we decided to investigate their activity on multiple myeloma cell lines NCI-H929, OPM-2, and U266. In a systematic approach, we initially tested three known cytotoxic compounds of three different triterpenoid types, revealing the cimigenol-type triterpenoid as the most active constituent. In a second round, seven naturally occurring cimigenol derivatives were compared with respect to their sugar moiety and their substitution pattern at position C-25, leading to 25-O-methylcimigenol-3-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside as the most potent candidate. Interestingly, not only the methyl group at position C-25 increased the cytotoxic effect but also the arabinose moiety at position C-3 had an impact on the activity. The variety of cimigenol derivatives, moreover, allowed a detailed discussion of their structure–activity relationships, not only for their effect on multiple myeloma cells but also with regard to previous studies on the cytotoxicity of black cohosh triterpenoids.
EPR Spectroscopy: A Powerful Tool to Analyze Supramolecular Host•Guest Complexes of Stable Radicals with Cucurbiturils
Authors: Liu Fengbo , Karoui Hakim , Rockenbauer Antal , Liu Simin , Ouari Olivier , Bardelang David
Published: February 2020

Stable organic free radicals are increasingly studied compounds due to the multiple and unusual properties imparted by the single electron(s). However, being paramagnetic, classical methods such as NMR spectroscopy can hardly be used due to relaxation and line broadening effects. EPR spectroscopy is thus better suited to get information about the immediate surroundings of the single electrons. EPR has enabled obtaining useful data in the context of host•guest chemistry, and a classical example is reported here for the stable (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-oxo-piperidin-1-yl)oxyl or 4-oxo-TEMPO nitroxide (TEMPONE) inside the macrocycle host cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]). Generally and also observed here, a contraction of the spectrum is observed as a result of the reduced nitrogen coupling constant due to inclusion complexation in the hydrophobic cavity of the host. Simulations of EPR spectra allowed determining the corresponding binding constant pointing to a weaker affinity for CB[7], compared to TEMPO with CB[7]. We complement this work by the results of EPR spectroscopy of a biradical: bis-TEMPO-bis-ketal (bTbk) with cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]). Initial investigations pointed to very weak effects on the spectrum of the guest and incorrectly led us to conclude an absence of binding. However, simulations of EPR spectra combined with NMR data of reduced bTbk allowed showing inclusion complexation. EPR titrations were performed, and the corresponding binding constant was determined. 1H NMR spectra with reduced bTbk suggested a shuttle mechanism, at nearly one equivalent of CB[8], for which the host moves rapidly between two stations.
Star-Shaped Fe3-xO4-Au Core-Shell Nanoparticles: From Synthesis to SERS Application
Authors: Nguyen Thi Thuy , Lau-Truong Stephanie , Mammeri Fayna , Ammar Souad
Published: February 2020

In this work, the preparation of magneto-plasmonic granular nanostructures and their evaluation as efficient substrates for magnetically assisted surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) sensing are discussed. These nanostructures consist of star-shaped gold Au shell grown on iron oxide Fe3-xO4 multicores. They were prepared by seed-mediated growth of anisotropic, in shape gold nanosatellites attached to the surface of polyol-made iron oxide polycrystals. In practice, the 180 nm-sized spherical iron oxide particles were functionalized by (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) to become positively charged and to interact, in solution, with negatively charged 2 nm-sized Au single crystals, leading to nanohybrids. These hybrids acted subsequently as nucleation platforms for the growth of a branched gold shell, when they were contacted to a fresh HAuCl4 gold salt aqueous solution, in the presence of hydroquinone, a reducing agent, for an optimized nominal weight ratio between both the starting hybrids and the gold salt. As expected, the resulting nanocomposites exhibit a high saturation magnetization at room temperature and a rough enough plasmonic surface, making them easily attracted by a lab. magnet, while exhibiting a great number of SERS hot spots. Preliminary SERS detection assays were successfully performed on diluted aqueous thiram solution (10−8 M), using these engineered substrates, highlighting their capability to be used as chemical trace sensors.
The Nanosized Dye Adsorbents for Water Treatment
Authors: Homaeigohar Shahin
Published: February 2020

Clean water is a vital element for survival of any living creature and, thus, crucially important to achieve largely and economically for any nation worldwide. However, the astonishingly fast trend of industrialization and population growth and the arisen extensive water pollutions have challenged access to clean water across the world. In this regard, 1.6 million tons of dyes are annually consumed. Thereof, 10%–15% are wasted during use. To decolorize water streams, there is an urgent need for the advanced remediation approaches involving utilization of novel materials and technologies, which are cost and energy efficient. Nanomaterials, with their outstanding physicochemical properties, can potentially resolve the challenge of need to water treatment in a less energy demanding manner. In this review, a variety of the most recent (from 2015 onwards) opportunities arisen from nanomaterials in different dimensionalities, performances, and compositions for water decolorization is introduced and discussed. The state-of-the-art research studies are presented in a classified manner, particularly based on structural dimensionality, to better illustrate the current status of adsorption-based water decolorization using nanomaterials. Considering the introduction of many newly developed nano-adsorbents and their classification based on the dimensionality factor, which has never been employed for this sake in the related literature, a comprehensive review will be presented.
Performance of Intrinsic and Modified Graphene for the Adsorption of H2S and CH4: A DFT Study
Authors: Gao Xin , Zhou Qu , Wang Jingxuan , Xu Lingna , Zeng Wen
Published: February 2020

In this study, the adsorption performances of graphene before and after modification to H2S and CH4 molecules were studied using first principles with the density functional theory (DFT) method. The most stable adsorption configuration, the adsorption energy, the density of states, and the charge transfer are discussed to research the adsorption properties of intrinsic graphene (IG), Ni-doped graphene (Ni–G), vacancy defect graphene (DG), and graphene oxide (G–OH) for H2S and CH4. The weak adsorption and charge transfer of IG achieved different degrees of promotion by doping the Ni atom, setting a single vacancy defect, and adding oxygen-containing functional groups. It can be found that a single vacancy defect significantly enhances the strength of interaction between graphene and adsorbed molecules. DG peculiarly shows excellent adsorption performance for H2S, which is of great significance for the study of a promising sensor for H2S gas.
Comparative Study of Synthesis Methods to Prepare New Functionalized Adsorbent Materials Based on MNPs–GO Coupling
Authors: Montoro-Leal Pablo , García-Mesa Juan Carlos , López Guerrero María del Mar , Vereda Alonso Elisa
Published: February 2020

In this work, the synthesis of new adsorbent nanomaterials based on the coupling of magnetic nanoparticles and graphene oxide (MNPs–GO) was addressed. Separately, MNPs and GO have adsorbent properties of great interest, but their use involves certain difficulties. The coupling seeks compensation for their disadvantages, while maintaining their excellent properties. Three different routes to synthesize coupled MNPs–GO were studied and are compared in this work. The three synthesized materials were functionalized with chelating groups: [1,5-bis (di-2-pyridyl) methylene] thiocarbonohydrazide (DPTH) and [1,5-bis(2-pyridyl)3-sulfophenylmethylene] thiocarbonohydrazide (PSTH). The new adsorbent nanomaterials were characterized adequately. Moreover, their capacities of adsorption toward heavy and noble metals were determined, in order to apply them as extractants in magnetic solid-phase extraction to preconcentrate metals in environmental samples. The results showed that one of the routes provided nanomaterials with better adsorbent characteristics and higher yields of functionalization.
Genotoxicity of Aluminum and Aluminum Oxide Nanomaterials in Rats Following Oral Exposure
Authors: Jalili Pégah , Huet Sylvie , Lanceleur Rachelle , Jarry Gérard , Hegarat Ludovic Le , Nesslany Fabrice , Hogeveen Kevin , Fessard Valérie
Published: February 2020

Due to several gaps remaining in the toxicological evaluation of nanomaterials (NMs), consumers and public health agencies have shown increasing concern for human health protection. In addition to aluminum (Al) microparticles, Al-containing nanomaterials (Al NMs) have been applied by food industry as additives and contact materials. Due to the limited amount of literature on the toxicity of Al NMs, this study aimed to evaluate the in vivo genotoxic potential of Al0 and Al2O3 NMs after acute oral exposure. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered three successive gavages at 6, 12.5 and 25 mg/kg bw. A comparison with AlCl3 was done in order to assess the potential effect of dissolution into Al ions. Both DNA strand breaks and oxidative DNA damage were investigated in six organs/tissues (duodenum, liver, kidney, spleen, blood and bone marrow) with the alkaline and the Fpg-modified comet assays. Concomitantly, chromosomal damage was investigated in bone marrow and colon with the micronucleus assay. The comet assay only showed DNA damage with Al2O3 NMs in bone marrow (BM), while AlCl3 induced slight but non-significant oxidative DNA damage in blood. No increase of chromosomal mutations was observed after treatment with the two Al MNs either in the BM or in the colons of rats.
Titania/Electro-Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanohybrid as an Efficient Electrochemical Sensor for the Determination of Allura Red
Authors: Li Guangli , Wu Jingtao , Jin Hongguang , Xia Yonghui , Liu Jun , He Quanguo , Chen Dongchu
Published: February 2020

Titania/electro-reduced graphene oxide nanohybrids (TiO2/ErGO) were synthesized by the hydrolysis of titanium sulfate in graphene oxide suspension and in situ electrochemical reduction. It provides a facile and efficient method to obtain nanohybrids with TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) uniformly coated by graphene nanoflakes. TiO2/ErGO nanohybrids were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, cyclic voltammogram, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in detail. Compared with pure ErGO and TiO2 NPs, TiO2/ErGO nanohybrids greatly enhanced the electrocatalytic activity and voltammetric response of Allura Red. In the concentration range of 0.5–5.0 μM, the anodic peak currents of Allura Red were linearly correlated to their concentrations. However, the linear relationship was changed to the semi-logarithmic relationship at a higher concentration region (5.0–800 μM). The detection limit (LOD) was 0.05 μM at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. The superior sensing performances of the proposed sensor can be ascribed to the synergistic effect between TiO2 NPs and ErGO, which provides a favorable microenvironment for the electrochemical oxidation of Allura Red. The proposed TiO2/ErGO/GCE showed good reproducibility and stability both in determination and in storage, and it can accurately detect the concentration of Allura Red in milk drinks, providing an efficient platform for the sensitive determination of Allura Red with high reliability, simplicity, and rapidness.
Numerical Investigation on Multiple Resonant Modes of Double-Layer Plasmonic Grooves for Sensing Application
Authors: Chu Shuwen , Wang Qiao , Yu Li , Gao Huixuan , Liang Yuzhang , Peng Wei
Published: February 2020

A high-performance multi-resonance plasmonic sensor with double-layer metallic grooves is theoretically constructed by introducing a polymethyl methacrylate groove with a numerical simulation method. Multiple resonance wavelengths can be generated at the oblique incidence, and the number and feature of resonant mode for sensing detection is different for various incident angles. Specifically, at the incident angle of 30°, the reflection spectrum exhibits two resonant dips, in which the dip at the wavelength of 1066 nm has an extremely narrow line width of ~4.5 nm and high figure of merit of ~111.11. As the incident angle increases, the electric dipole mode gradually weakens, but the surface plasmon resonance and cavity resonance mode are enhanced. Therefore, for an incident angle of 65°, three resonance dips for sensing can be generated in the reflection spectrum to realize three-channel sensing measurement. These double-layer plasmonic grooves have potential in the development of advanced biochemical surface plasmon polariton measurements.
Independent and Joint Associations of Physical Activity and Dietary Behavior with Older Adults’ Lower Limb Strength
Authors: Lai Ting-Fu , Lin Chien-Yu , Chou Chien-Chih , Huang Wan-Chi , Hsueh Ming-Chun , Park Jong-Hwan , Liao Yung
Published: February 2020

Studies have indicated that sufficient physical activity levels and balanced dietary behavior are independently related to physical function in older populations; however, their joint association with physical function remain unclear. This study examined the independent and combined associations of sufficient physical activity and balanced selection of foods with lower limb strength among 122 older Taiwanese adults living in community (mean age: 69.9 ± 5.0 years). The assessments included accelerometer-measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and self-reported selection of foods. Lower limb strength performance was measured using the five times sit-to-stand test. Binary logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate the associations in question before and after adjusting for potential confounders. The results showed that in the adjusted model, lower limb strength had no significant independent association with either meeting the recommended level of MVPA or balanced selection of foods. Compared to older adults who neither met the recommended MVPA level nor reported a balanced selection of foods, those who conformed to both these criteria were more likely to have better lower limb strength (odds ratio = 6.28, 95% confidence interval = 1.36–29.01) after adjusting for covariates. Health promotion initiatives addressing disability prevention for older adults need to consider promoting both MVPA and food selection.
Fucose Ameliorates Tryptophan Metabolism and Behavioral Abnormalities in a Mouse Model of Chronic Colitis
Authors: Borisova Mariya A. , Snytnikova Olga A. , Litvinova Ekaterina A. , Achasova Kseniya M. , Babochkina Tatiana I. , Pindyurin Alexey V. , Tsentalovich Yuri P. , Kozhevnikova Elena N.
Published: February 2020

Growing evidence suggests that intestinal mucosa homeostasis impacts immunity, metabolism, the Central Nervous System (CNS), and behavior. Here, we investigated the effect of the monosaccharide fucose on inflammation, metabolism, intestinal microbiota, and social behavior in the Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)-induced chronic colitis mouse model. Our data show that chronic colitis is accompanied by the decrease of the serum tryptophan level and the depletion of the intestinal microbiota, specifically tryptophan-producing E. coli and Bifidobacterium. These changes are associated with defects in the male mouse social behavior such as a lack of preference towards female bedding in an odor preference test. The addition of fucose to the test animals’ diet altered the bacterial community, increased the abundance of tryptophan-producing E. coli, normalized blood tryptophan levels, and ameliorated social behavior deficits. At the same time, we observed no ameliorating effect of fucose on colon morphology and colitis. Our results suggest a possible mechanism by which intestinal inflammation affects social behavior in male mice. We propose fucose as a promising prebiotic, since it creates a favorable environment for the beneficial bacteria that promote normalization of serum tryptophan level and amelioration of the behavioral abnormalities in the odor preference test.
Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia: Implications and Impact in Pregnancy, Fetal Development, and Early Childhood Parameters
Authors: Means Robert T.
Published: February 2020

A normal pregnancy consumes 500–800 mg of iron from the mother. Premenopausal women have a high incidence of marginal iron stores or iron deficiency (ID), with or without anemia, particularly in the less developed world. Although pregnancy is associated with a “physiologic” anemia largely related to maternal volume expansion; it is paradoxically associated with an increase in erythrocyte production and erythrocyte mass/kg. ID is a limiting factor for this erythrocyte mass expansion and can contribute to adverse pregnancy outcomes. This review summarizes erythrocyte and iron balance observed in pregnancy; its implications and impact on mother and child; and provides an overview of approaches to the recognition of ID in pregnancy and its management, including clinically relevant questions for further investigation.
Effects of Supplementing the Usual Diet with a Daily Dose of Walnuts for Two Years on Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in an Elderly Cohort
Authors: Al Abdrabalnabi Ahmed , Rajaram Sujatha , Bitok Edward , Oda Keiji , Beeson W. Lawrence , Kaur Amandeep , Cofán Montserrat , Serra-Mir Mercè , Roth Irene , Ros Emilio , Sabaté Joan
Published: February 2020

Accumulating evidence links nut consumption with an improved risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS); however, long-term trials are lacking. We examined the effects of a daily dose of walnuts for two years on MetS in a large elderly cohort. A total of 698 healthy elderly participants were randomly assigned to either a walnut supplemented or a control diet. The participants in the walnut group were provided with packaged walnuts (1, 1.5, or 2 oz. or ~15% of energy) and asked to incorporate them into their daily habitual diet. The participants in the control group were asked to continue with their habitual diet and abstain from eating walnuts and other tree nuts. Intake of n-3 fatty acid supplements was not permitted in either group. Fasting blood chemistries, blood pressure, and anthropometric measurements were obtained at baseline and at the end of intervention. A total of 625 participants (67% women, mean age 69.1 y) completed this two-year study (90% retention rate). Triglycerides decreased in both walnut (−0.94 mg/dl) and control (−0.96 mg/dl) groups, with no significant between-group differences. There was a non-significant decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the walnut group (−1.30 and −0.71 mm Hg, respectively) and no change in the control group. Fasting blood glucose decreased by ~1 point in both the walnut and control groups. There were no significant between-group differences in the development or reversion of MetS. In conclusion, supplementing the diet of older adults with a daily dose of walnuts had no effect on MetS status or any of its components, although the walnut group tended to have lower blood pressure.
Dietary Sodium Intake and Food Sources among Chinese Adults: Data from the CNNHS 2010–2012
Authors: Fang Kehong , He Yuna , Fang Yuehui , Lian Yiyao
Published: February 2020

The present study was done to examine the status of dietary sodium intake and dietary sources of sodium among Chinese adults. Data were obtained from China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance (CNNHS) 2010–2012. All adults recruited in this study provided complete dietary data on three-day consecutive 24-h dietary recalls combining with the household weighing method. Sodium intake was adjusted for energy to 2000 kcal/day using the residual method. Average sodium intake was 5013 (95% Confidence Interval, CI: 4858, 5168) mg/day, and 92.6% of adults’ sodium intake exceeded the standard in the Chinese proposed intake for preventing non-communicable chronic diseases (PI-NCD). The salt added to food was the main contributor to daily sodium intake, representing 69.2% of the total sodium consumption. The proportion of sodium from salt was different in some subgroups. The contribution ranged from 64.8% for those who came from urban areas aged 18–49 years old to 74.7% for those who came from rural areas with education levels of primary school or less, and sodium from soy sauce was the next highest contributor (8.2%). The proportion of the subjects with sodium intake contributed by flour products was higher in the north with 7.1% than the south with 1.4%. The average consumption of sodium among Chinese was more than the recommended amount, and salt was the main source of sodium.
Acute Responses to Low and High Intensity Exercise in Type 1 Diabetic Adolescents in Relation to Their Level of Serum 25(OH)D
Authors: Myśliwiec Artur , Skalska Maria , Knechtle Beat , Nikolaidis Pantelis , Rosemann Thomas , Szmigiero-Kawko Małgorzata , Lejk Agnieszka , Jastrzębska Joanna , Radzimiński Łukasz , Wakuluk Dorota , Czapiewska Karolina , López-Sánchez Guillermo , Jastrzębski Zbigniew
Published: February 2020

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in glycaemic reaction in response to various physical activities in 20 young boys (14.4 ± 1.6 years) with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and with either vitamin D deficiency or with suboptimal levels of vitamin D. Participants were divided into two groups (deficiency group—DG, n = 10; suboptimal group—SG, n = 10) according to their vitamin D levels. All patients performed aerobic and mixed (aerobic-anaerobic) physical efforts. During the exercise, the respiratory responses and glucose levels were monitored. Biochemical blood analyses were performed before each physical effort. The oxygen consumption was not significantly lower in SG during both aerobic and mixed effort (4.0% and 5.6%, respectively). The glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level was higher by 6.1% and the total daily dose of insulin (DDI) was higher by 18.4% in the DG. The differences were not statistically significant. Patients with lower vitamin D levels demonstrated an insignificantly higher glycaemic variability during days with both aerobic and mixed exercises. An appropriate vitamin D concentration in T1DM patients’ blood may constitute a prophylactic factor for hyperglycaemia during anaerobic training and hypoglycaemia during aerobic training.
Effects of Coriandrum sativum Seed Extract on Aging-Induced Memory Impairment in Samp8 Mice
Authors: Mima Yurina , Izumo Nobuo , Chen Jiun-Rong , Yang Suh-Ching , Furukawa Megumi , Watanabe Yasuo
Published: February 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether or not Coriandrum sativum seed extract (CSSE) can ameliorate memory impairment in senescence-accelerated mouse-prone 8 (SAMP8) mice. Sixteen 10-week-old male SAMP8 mice were divided into two groups, which were orally administrated water (SAMP8(−)) or CSSE (200 mg/kg/day; SAMP8(+)). Eight 10-week-old male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were used as a normal control group and were also orally administrated water. The mean escape time in the Barnes maze test of SAMP8(−) mice was significantly longer than that of ICR mice. However, SAMP8(+) mice showed a shorter mean escape time compared to that of SAMP8(−) mice. Neurofilament messenger (m)RNA levels significantly decreased in the frontal lobe of SAMP8(−) mice when compared with ICR mice, but significantly increased in SAMP8(+) mice relative to SAMP8(−) mice. In addition, mRNA levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and neuronal (n)NOS significantly increased in the frontal lobe of SAMP8(−) mice, but only the mRNA level of nNOS significantly decreased in SAMP8(+) mice. These results indicated that continuous oral administration of CSSE for 12 weeks could ameliorate aging-induced memory declines in the senescence-accelerated SAMP8 mouse model.
Transient Transfection of the Zoonotic Parasite Babesia microti
Authors: Liu Mingming , Ji Shengwei , Rizk Mohamed Abdo , Adjou Moumouni Paul Franck , Galon Eloiza May , Li Jixu , Li Yongchang , Zheng Weiqing , Benedicto Byamukama , Tumwebaze Maria Agnes , Asada Masahito , Xuan Xuenan
Published: February 2020

The development of genetic manipulation techniques has been reported in many protozoan parasites over the past few years. However, these techniques have not been established for Babesia microti. Here, we report the first successful transient transfection of B. microti. The plasmids containing the firefly luciferase reporter gene were transfected into B. microti by an AMAXA 4D Nucleofection system. Twenty-four-hour synchronization, the 5′-actin promoter, program FA100, and 50 μg of plasmid DNA constituted the best conditions for the transient transfection of B. microti. This finding is the first step towards a stable transfection method for B. microti, which may contribute to a better understanding of the biology of the parasite.
Evaluation of the Solid Dispersion System Engineered from Mesoporous Silica and Polymers for the Poorly Water Soluble Drug Indomethacin: In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Xi Ziyue , Zhang Wei , Fei Yali , Cui Mingshu , Xie Luyao , Chen Lu , Xu Lu
Published: February 2020

This work explored absorption efficacy via an in vivo imaging system and parallel artificial membrane penetration in indomethacin (IMC) solid dispersion (SD) systems. Two different polymer excipients—hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and Kollicoat IR as precipitation inhibitors (PIs)—combined with mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) as carriers were investigated. The IMC–SDs were prepared using the solvent evaporation method and characterized by solubility analysis, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It was confirmed that IMC successfully changed into an amorphous state after loading into the designed carriers. The in vitro release and stability experiments were conducted to examine the in vitro dissolution rates of IMC–SDs combined with HPMC and Kollicoat IR as PIs which both improved approximately three-fold to that of the pure drug. Finally, in vivo studies and in vitro parallel artificial membrane penetration (PAMPA) experiments ensured the greater ability of enhancing the dissolution rates of pure IMC in the gastrointestinal tract by oral delivery. In brief, this study highlights the prominent role of HPMC and Kollicoat IR as PIs in MSN SD systems in improving the bioavailability and gastrointestinal oral absorption efficiency of indomethacin.
Nanopharmaceutics: Part I—Clinical Trials Legislation and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) of Nanotherapeutics in the EU
Authors: Souto Eliana B. , Silva Gabriela F. , Dias-Ferreira João , Zielinska Aleksandra , Ventura Fátima , Durazzo Alessandra , Lucarini Massimo , Novellino Ettore , Santini Antonello
Published: February 2020

The latest advances in pharmaceutical technology are leading to the development of cutting edged approaches to produce what is now known as the “Holy Grail” of medicine—nanopharmaceutics. Over the latest decade, the pharmaceutical industry has made important contributions to the scale up of these new products. To ensure their quality, efficacy, and safety for human use, clinical trials are mandatory. Yet, regulation regarding nanopharmaceuticals is still limited with a set of guidelines being recently released with respect to compliance with quality and safety. For the coming years, updates on regulatory issues about nanopharmaceuticals and their use in clinical settings are expected. The use of nanopharmaceuticals in clinical trials depends on the approval of the production methods and assurance of the quality of the final product by implementation and verification of the good manufacturing practices (GMP). This review addresses the available legislation on nanopharmaceuticals within the European Union (EU), the GMP that should be followed for their production, and the current challenges encountered in clinical trials of these new formulations. The singular properties of nanopharmaceuticals over their bulk counterparts are associated with their size, matrix composition, and surface properties. To understand their relevance, four main clinical trial guidelines, namely, for intravenous iron-based nanopharmaceuticals, liposomal-based nanopharmaceuticals, block copolymer micelle-based nanopharmaceuticals, and related to surface coating requirements, are described here.
Recent Advancements of Magnetic Nanomaterials in Cancer Therapy
Authors: Mukherjee Sudip , Liang Lily , Veiseh Omid
Published: February 2020

Magnetic nanomaterials belong to a class of highly-functionalizable tools for cancer therapy owing to their intrinsic magnetic properties and multifunctional design that provides a multimodal theranostics platform for cancer diagnosis, monitoring, and therapy. In this review article, we have provided an overview of the various applications of magnetic nanomaterials and recent advances in the development of these nanomaterials as cancer therapeutics. Moreover, the cancer targeting, potential toxicity, and degradability of these nanomaterials has been briefly addressed. Finally, the challenges for clinical translation and the future scope of magnetic nanoparticles in cancer therapy are discussed.
ACTIN7 Is Required for Perinuclear Clustering of Chloroplasts during Arabidopsis Protoplast Culture
Authors: Sheahan Michael B. , Collings David A. , Rose Ray J. , McCurdy David W.
Published: February 2020

In Arabidopsis, the actin gene family comprises eight expressed and two non-expressed ACTIN (ACT) genes. Of the eight expressed isoforms, ACT2, ACT7, and ACT8 are differentially expressed in vegetative tissues and may perform specific roles in development. Using tobacco mesophyll protoplasts, we previously demonstrated that actin-dependent clustering of chloroplasts around the nucleus prior to cell division ensures unbiased chloroplast inheritance. Here, we report that actin-dependent chloroplast clustering in Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts is defective in act7 mutants, but not act2-1 or act8-2. ACT7 expression was upregulated during protoplast culture whereas ACT2 and ACT8 expression did not substantially change. In act2-1, ACT7 expression increased in response to loss of ACT2, whereas in act7-1, neither ACT2 nor ACT8 expression changed appreciably in response to the absence of ACT7. Semi-quantitative immunoblotting revealed increased actin concentrations during culture, although total actin in act7-1 was only two-thirds that of wild-type or act2-1 after 96 h culture. Over-expression of ACT2 and ACT8 under control of ACT7 regulatory sequences restored normal levels of chloroplast clustering. These results are consistent with a requirement for ACT7 in actin-dependent chloroplast clustering due to reduced levels of actin protein and gene induction in act7 mutants, rather than strong functional specialization of the ACT7 isoform.
Proteomics Revealed Distinct Responses to Salinity between the Halophytes Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort and Salicornia brachiata (Roxb)
Authors: Benjamin Jenifer Joseph , Miras-Moreno Begoña , Araniti Fabrizio , Salehi Hajar , Bernardo Letizia , Parida Ajay , Lucini Luigi
Published: February 2020

Plant resistance to salinity stress is one of the main challenges of agriculture. The comprehension of the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in plant tolerance to salinity can help to contrast crop losses due to high salt conditions in soil. In this study, Salicornia brachiata and Suaeda maritima, two plants with capacity to adapt to high salinity levels, were investigated at proteome level to highlight the key processes involved in their tolerance to NaCl. With this purpose, plants were treated with 200 mM NaCl as optimal concentration and 500 mM NaCl as a moderate stressing concentration for 14 days. Indeed, 200 mM NaCl did not result in an evident stress condition for both species, although photosynthesis was affected (with a general up accumulation of photosynthesis-related proteins in S. brachiata under salinity). Our findings indicate a coordinated response to salinity in both the halophytes considered, under NaCl conditions. In addition to photosynthesis, heat shock proteins and peroxidase, expansins, signaling processes, and modulation of transcription/translation were affected by salinity. Interestingly, our results suggested distinct mechanisms of tolerance to salinity between the two species considered, with S. brachiata likely having a more efficient mechanism of response to NaCl.
Relationships between Nut Size, Kernel Quality, Nutritional Composition and Levels of Outcrossing in Three Macadamia Cultivars
Authors: Richards Tarran E. , Kämper Wiebke , Trueman Stephen J. , Wallace Helen M. , Ogbourne Steven M. , Brooks Peter R. , Nichols Joel , Hosseini Bai Shahla
Published: February 2020

Tree nuts play an important role in healthy diets, but their economic value and nutritional quality may be affected by their size and paternity. We assessed relationships between nut size and kernel recovery, the incidence of whole kernels, fatty acid composition and mineral nutrient concentrations in three macadamia cultivars, “Daddow”, “816” and “A4”. We determined to what extent differences in nut size and quality were the result of different levels of cross- or self-paternity. Small nuts of all cultivars had lower kernel recovery than large nuts, and small nuts provided lower incidence of whole kernels in “Daddow” and “A4”. Small kernels had a lower relative abundance of the saturated fatty acid, palmitic acid, in all cultivars and higher relative abundance of the unsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid, in “Daddow” and “A4”. Small kernels had higher concentrations of many essential nutrients such as nitrogen and calcium, although potassium concentrations were lower in small kernels. Most nuts arose from cross-pollination. Therefore, nut size and kernel quality were not related to different levels of cross- and self-paternity. Identified cross-paternity was 88%, 78% and 90%, and identified self-paternity was 3%, 2% and 0%, for “Daddow”, “816” and “A4”, respectively. Small macadamia kernels are at least as nutritious as large macadamia kernels. High levels of cross-paternity confirmed that many macadamia cultivars are predominantly outcrossing. Macadamia growers may need to closely inter-plant cultivars and manage beehives to maximise cross-pollination.
Direct Pre-lithiation of Electropolymerized Carbon Nanotubes for Enhanced Cycling Performance of Flexible Li-Ion Micro-Batteries
Authors: Sugiawati Vinsensia Ade , Vacandio Florence , Yitzhack Neta , Ein-Eli Yair , Djenizian Thierry
Published: February 2020

Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are used as anodes for flexible Li-ion micro-batteries. However, one of the major challenges in the growth of flexible micro-batteries with CNT as the anode is their immense capacity loss and a very low initial coulombic efficiency. In this study, we report the use of a facile direct pre-lithiation to suppress high irreversible capacity of the CNT electrodes in the first cycles. Pre-lithiated polymer-coated CNT anodes displayed good rate capabilities, studied up to 30 C and delivered high capacities of 850 mAh g−1 (313 μAh cm−2) at 1 C rate over 50 charge-discharge cycles.
Fabrication of Carboxylmethyl Chitosan Nanocarrier via Self-Assembly for Efficient Delivery of Phenylethyl Resorcinol in B16 Cells
Authors: Zhang Pei , Guo Huixia , Liu Chenguang
Published: February 2020

Micro-molecular drugs have special advantages to cope with challenging diseases, however their structure, physical and chemical properties, stability, and pharmacodynamics have more requirements for the way they are delivered into the body. Carrier-based drug delivery systems can circumvent many limited factors of drug delivery and increase their bioavailability. In this context, stable drug nanocarriers of alkaline amino acids (arginine, Arg) modified conjugated linoleic acid-carboxymethyl chitosan (CLA-CMCS) conjugate were developed, which could generate supramolecular micelles to effectively encapsulate the tyrosinase inhibitor phenylethyl resorcinol (PR). The resulting CCA-NPs were spherical nanoparticles with a mean size around 175 nm. The 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and cellular uptake investigation demonstrated that the CCA-NPs were non-cytotoxic and had excellent cell transport ability. In addition, these CCA-NPs were able to effectively deliver PR and inhibited melanin formation to reduce pigmentation by enhancing cellular uptake. In conclusion, our research indicated that nanocarriers based on self-assembly amphiphilic polymers constituted a promising and effective drug delivery system in hyperpigmentation targeting.
Continuous Two-Domain Equations of State for the Description of the Pressure-Specific Volume-Temperature Behavior of Polymers
Authors: Wang Jian , Hopmann Christian , Röbig Malte , Hohlweck Tobias , Kahve Cemi , Alms Jonathan
Published: February 2020

The two-domain Schmidt equation of state (EoS), which describes the pressure-specific volume–temperature (pvT) behavior of polymers in both the equilibrium molten/liquid state and non-equilibrium solid/glassy state, is often used in the simulation of polymer processing. However, this empirical model has a discontinuity problem and low fitting accuracy. This work derived a continuous two-domain pvT model with higher fitting accuracy compared with the Schmidt model. The cooling rate as an obvious influencing factor on the pvT behavior of polymers was also considered in the model. The interaction parameters of the equations were fitted with the experimental pvT data of an amorphous polymer, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), and a semi-crystalline polymer, polypropylene (PP). The fitted results by the continuous two-domain EoS were in good agreement with the experimental data. The average absolute percentage deviations were 0.1% and 0.16% for the amorphous and semi-crystalline polymers, respectively. As a result, the present work provided a simple and useful model for the prediction of the specific volume of polymers as a function of temperature, pressure, and cooling rate.
Characterization of the Structure and Transport Properties of Alginate/Chitosan Microparticle Membranes Utilized in the Pervaporative Dehydration of Ethanol
Authors: Dudek Gabriela , Borys Przemysław , Strzelewicz Anna , Krasowska Monika
Published: February 2020

The structure and transport properties of alginate/chitosan microparticle membranes used in ethanol dehydration processes were investigated. The membranes were characterized based on images obtained from high-resolution microscopy. The following parameters were determined: the observed total amount of void space, the average size of the void domains, their length and diameter, the fractal dimension, and the generalized stochastic fractal parameters. The total amount of void space was determined to be between 54% and 64%. The average size of the void domains is smaller for alginate membranes containing neat (CS) and phosphorylated (CS-P) chitosan particles when compared to those membranes filled with glycidol-modified (CS-G) and glutaraldehyde crosslinked (CS-GA) chitosan particles. Furthermore, the transport of ethanol and water particles through the studied membranes was modelled using a random walk framework. It was observed that the results from the theoretical and experimental studies are directly correlated. The smallest values of water to ethanol diffusion coefficient ratios (i.e., 14) were obtained for Alg (sodium alginate) membranes loaded with the CS and CS-P particles, respectively. Significantly larger values (27 and 19) were noted for membranes filled with CS-G and CS-GA particles, respectively. The simulation results show that the size of channels which develop in the alginate matrix is less suited for ethanol molecules compared to water molecules because of their larger size. Such a situation facilitates the separation of water from ethanol. The comparison of the structural analysis of the membranes and random walk simulations allows one to understand the factors that influence the transport phenomena, in the studied membranes, and comment on the effect of the length, diameter, number of channels, and variations in the pore diameters on these transport parameters.
Improved Desulfurization Performance of Polyethyleneglycol Membrane by Incorporating Metal Organic Framework CuBTC
Authors: Cai Caibin , Fan Xiaotao , Han Xiaolong , Li Jiding , Vardhan Harsh
Published: February 2020

In this paper, copper benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate (CuBTC) was incorporated into polyethylenglyol (PEG) to prepare a mixed matrix membrane (MMM) for pervaporation desulfurization. The characterization results showed that the prepared CuBTC particles had an ideal octahedral shape and micropores. The Cu2+ in CuBTC interacts with thiophene via π-complexation, thus enhancing the separation performance of the hybrid membranes. The effect of CuBTC content and the operating condition on the pervaporation performance of the MMMs was investigated. An optimal pervaporation separation performance was acquired with a permeation flux of 2.21 kg/(m2·h) and an enrichment factor of 8.79, which were increased by 100% and 39% compared with the pristine PEG membrane. Moreover, the CuBTC-filled PEG membrane showed a good stability in the long-term desulfurization under a high operating temperature of 75 °C for five days.
Thermomechanical Properties of SiC-Filled Polybutylene Succinate Composite Fabricated via Melt Extrusion
Authors: Lule Zelalem Chernet , Wondu Shiferaw Eyob , Kim Jooheon
Published: February 2020

Polybutylene succinate (PBS) composites filled with various mass fractions of silicon carbide (SiC) particles were fabricated via slow melt extrusion. The morphological analysis revealed that the fabrication technique assisted in achieving a good adhesion between the PBS and SiC, along with excellent filler dispersion throughout the PBS matrix. The inclusion of 40 wt.% SiC in the PBS composite afforded a 10 °C increase in the thermal degradation temperature and a 160% enhancement in the thermal conductivity relative to the neat PBS. The crystallization temperature also increased with the inclusion of SiC particles, thus making the composites easier to process. Furthermore, the improvement in the Young’s modulus of the PBS composites increased their rigidity and stiffness relative to the neat PBS.
A Control-Performance-Based Partitioning Operating Space Approach in a Heterogeneous Multiple Model
Authors: Wu Bing , Liu Ximei , Yue Yaobin
Published: February 2020

An operating space partition method with control performance is proposed, where the heterogeneous multiple model is applied to a nonlinear system. Firstly, the heterogeneous multiple model is obtained from a nonlinear system at the given equilibrium points and transformed into a homogeneous multiple model with auxiliary variables. Secondly, an optimal problem where decision variables are composed of control input and boundary conditions of sub-models is formulated with the hybrid model developed from the homogeneous multiple model. The computational implementation of an optimal operating space partition algorithm is presented according to the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation and numerical method. Finally, a multiple model predictive controller is designed, and the computational implementation of the multiple model predictive controller is addressed with the auxiliary vectors. Furthermore, a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) is used to confirm the effectiveness of the developed method as well as compare with other operating space decomposition methods.
A Perspectival Account of Acedia in the Writings of Kierkegaard
Authors: Brandt Jared , Dahm Brandon , McAllister Derek
Published: February 2020

Søren Kierkegaard is well-known as an original philosophical thinker, but less known is his reliance upon and development of the Christian tradition of the Seven Deadly Sins, in particular the vice of acedia, or sloth. As acedia has enjoyed renewed interest in the past century or so, commentators have attempted to pin down one or another Kierkegaardian concept (e.g., despair, heavy-mindedness, boredom, etc.) as the embodiment of the vice, but these attempts have yet to achieve any consensus. In our estimation, the complicated reality is that, in using slightly different but related concepts, Kierkegaard is providing a unique look at acedia as it manifests differently at different stages on life’s way. Thus, on this “perspectival account”, acedia will manifest differently according to whether an individual inhabits the aesthetic, ethical, or religious sphere. We propose two axes for this perspectival account. Such descriptions of how acedia manifests make up the first, phenomenal axis, while the second, evaluative axis, accounts for the various bits of advice and wisdom we read in the diagnoses of acedia from one Kierkegaardian pseudonym to another. Our aim is to show that Kierkegaard was not only familiar with the concept of acedia, but his contributions helped to develop and extend the tradition.
Contradictions, Contextuality, and Conceptuality: Why Is It that Luther Is Not a Feminist?
Authors: Wiberg Pedersen Else Marie
Published: February 2020

It is the aim of this article to constructively discuss some of the feminist critique that has been raised against the sixteenth century reformer, Martin Luther, and concomitantly to demonstrate the complexity, and primarily liberal aspects, of his view of women. At its outset, the article points to the fact that there are many different types of feminism, the biggest difference existing between constructivist and essentialist feminisms. Having placed myself as a constructivist feminist with a prophetic-liberating perspective, I ponder how feminism as an -ism can again earn the respect it seems to have lost in the wider academia. I suggest that feminists nuance their use of strong concepts when assessing historical texts, viewing the assessed texts against the backdrop of their historical context, and that feminists stop romanticizing the Middle Ages as a golden age for women. In this vein, I point to the problem that many feminists make unsubstantiated and counterfactual statements based on co-readings of different strands of Protestantism, and that they often uncritically repeat these statements. I problematize, first, the psycho-historian Lyndal Roper’s claim that Luther should have held some of the most misogynist formulations known, which is absurd against the backdrop of the misogyny found in the centuries before Luther, especially in medieval texts by the Dominicans /the Scholastics. Second, the claims of feminist theologian Rosemary R. Ruether’s that Luther, like Calvin, worsened the status of women, which are counterfactual.
Introduction: Teaching Dante
Authors: Metress Christopher
Published: February 2020

This introduction to the Special Issue “Teaching Dante” summarizes the volume’s essays and discusses the conference at which they were initially presented.