bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Instrumentos para articulação da rede de atenção às mulheres em situação de violência: construção coletiva
Authors: Cortes Laura Ferreira , Padoin Stela Maris de Mello , Kinalski Daniela Dal Forno
Published: June 2017

RESUMO Objetivo Identificar as informações necessárias para a construção de instrumentos destinados a viabilizar a articulação de profissionais de serviços de atendimento com mulheres em situação de violência com vistas à constituição de uma rede de atenção. Método Estudo qualitativo, convergente assistencial, cujas informações foram produzidas de fevereiro a agosto de 2015 por meio de 10 encontros grupais, com 32 participantes do Grupo de Trabalho Integrado de Enfrentamento às Violências de Santa Maria-RS, situado na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Utilizou-se a análise de conteúdo temática. Resultados Definiu-se o direcionamento do fluxo; os pontos para compor a rede; o que seria preciso comunicar entre os serviços: dados de identificação da mulher e da família, relato acerca da situação e a continuidade do cuidado. Conclusões Há necessidade de formalização institucional dos dispositivos construídos. A articulação entre os serviços requer comunicação, envolvimento e compromisso dos profissionais para garantir a continuidade do cuidado.
Recomendações para elaboração, tradução, adaptação transcultural e processo de validação de testes em Fonoaudiologia
Authors: Pernambuco Leandro , Espelt Albert , Magalhães Junior Hipólito Virgílio , Lima Kenio Costa de
Published: June 2017

RESUMO Objetivo apresentar um guia com recomendações para a tradução, adaptação, elaboração e processo de validação de testes em Fonoaudiologia. Método as recomendações apresentadas foram baseadas em diretrizes internacionais tradicionais cujo enfoque está na elaboração, tradução, adaptação transcultural e processo de validação de testes. Resultados as recomendações foram compiladas em dois quadros, sendo um deles referente aos procedimentos para tradução e adaptação transcultural e o outro à obtenção de evidências de validade, confiabilidade e medidas de acurácia dos testes. Conclusão foi apresentado um guia com as principais recomendações para a organização e sistematização do processo de elaboração, tradução, adaptação transcultural e processo de validação de testes em Fonoaudiologia.
O Labirinto Bergson-Merleau-Pontiano
Authors: Moutinho Luiz Damon Santos
Published: June 2017

Resumo: O artigo investiga a presença de Bergson na obra de Merleau-Ponty e o labirinto de questões que aí se desdobra. Procura mostrar como, na avaliação de Merleau-Ponty, o conceito de natureza em Bergson o impede de passar à história. Para tanto, toma como referência e debate Presença e campo transcendental, de Bento Prado Júnior.
Ocorrência de diclofenaco e naproxeno em água superficial no município de Três Lagoas (MS) e a influência da temperatura da água na detecção desses anti-inflamatórios
Authors: Américo-Pinheiro Juliana Heloisa Pinê , Isique William Deodato , Torres Nádia Hortense , Machado Angela Aparecida , Carvalho Sérgio Luís de , Valério Filho Walter Veriano , Ferreira Luiz Fernando Romanholo
Published: June 2017

RESUMO Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a presença e a concentração dos anti-inflamatórios diclofenaco e naproxeno em um córrego urbano localizado no município de Três de Lagoas, Mato Grosso do Sul, que recebe efluente de uma estação de tratamento de esgoto; e verificar a influência da temperatura da água na ocorrência dos fármacos em águas superficiais. Foi realizado monitoramento dos anti-inflamatórios e dos parâmetros temperatura, pH e oxigênio dissolvido na água durante 12 meses consecutivos (outubro de 2008 a setembro de 2009). Foram coletadas amostras de água mensalmente em seis pontos, representando diferentes seções do córrego. As amostras foram submetidas ao processo de extração em fase sólida e analisadas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. Para verificar a influência da temperatura da água na ocorrência dos anti-inflamatórios diclofenaco e naproxeno nos ambientes aquáticos, utilizou-se um modelo de regressão logística do Statistical Analysis System versão 9.0. Os anti-inflamatórios diclofenaco e naproxeno foram detectados nos diferentes pontos monitorados no Córrego da Onça. Os demais parâmetros avaliados neste estudo foram comparados com os padrões de qualidade de água estabelecidos pela Resolução CONAMA nº 357/2005. A maior concentração do diclofenaco foi detectada no ponto localizado à jusante da estação de tratamento de esgoto do município, enquanto a maior concentração de naproxeno foi registrada na foz do córrego. A temperatura da água influencia de forma inversamente proporcional a ocorrência dos dois anti-inflamatórios no córrego, ou seja, quanto maior a temperatura do corpo hídrico, menor a probabilidade de detecção dos fármacos diclofenaco e naproxeno.
Tendências de mudanças climáticas na precipitação pluviométrica nas bacias hidrográficas do estado de Pernambuco
Authors: Silva Roberto Omena Barbosa da , Montenegro Suzana Maria Gico Lima , Souza Weronica Meira de
Published: June 2017

RESUMO Diversos estudos têm demonstrado que o aumento da temperatura média do planeta causa uma intensificação do ciclo hidrológico, o que poderá ocasionar mudanças nos regimes das chuvas, como o aumento da ocorrência de eventos hidrológicos extremos, alterando fortemente a disponibilidade hídrica de uma região e a qualidade de vida da população. A análise da tendência de séries históricas de precipitação pluviométrica é uma das maneiras de se inferir a ocorrência de mudança climática local. Nesse contexto, este trabalho objetiva a estimativa da tendência dos índices de detecção de mudanças climáticas elaborados pela Organização Meteorológica Mundial (OMM), referentes à precipitação pluvial diária, utilizando o software RClimDex, e a avaliação dessas tendências nas bacias hidrográficas do estado de Pernambuco. Para isso, foram utilizados 75 postos pluviométricos distribuídos de forma uniforme pelo estado com séries históricas variando de 1962 a 2011, com cerca de 50 anos de dados. Foram observadas tendências em vários índices de detecção de mudanças climáticas nas bacias dos rios Goiana, Capibaribe, Ipojuca, Sirinhaém, Una, Mundaú, Ipanema, Moxotó, Terra Nova, Brígida, Garças e Pontal. Concluiu-se que existem evidências de mudanças no clima de algumas bacias hidrográficas principais, diagnosticando indícios de aceleração no processo de aridez das bacias dos rios Ipanema, Brígida e Garças, e tendência de aumento dos eventos extremos máximos de precipitação para as bacias dos rios Mundaú, Sirinhaém e Garças.
Avaliação das concentrações de metano gerado em um biorreator de bancada com base em parâmetros físico-químicos
Authors: Ferreira Natalí Acioly de Luna , Aires Kellianny Oliveira , Almeida Márbara Vilar de Araújo , Melo Márcio Camargo de , Monteiro Veruschka Escarião Dessoles
Published: June 2017

RESUMO O monitoramento do metano (CH4) gerado em biorreatores permite avaliar o desenvolvimento da biodegradação anaeróbia dos resíduos sólidos orgânicos (RSO). O objetivo deste artigo foi avaliar as interposições ocasionadas por fatores físico-químicos nas concentrações de metano gerado em um biorreator de bancada preenchido com RSO provenientes de uma escola da cidade de Campina Grande (PB), Brasil. A metodologia empregada na pesquisa consistiu na confecção e instrumentação de um biorreator de bancada de 0,03 m3 de capacidade, no qual foi realizado o monitoramento das concentrações de metano, análise microbiológica e dos parâmetros físico-químicos durante um período de 355 dias. A partir da análise dos resultados, foi constatado que o pH esteve acima de 7,0 durante a maior parte do monitoramento, indicando que a alcalinidade apresentada pelo material utilizado no preenchimento do biorreator foi suficiente para impedir que o acúmulo de ácidos voláteis ocorrido na fase inicial do monitoramento acarretasse a desestabilização do sistema. Dessa forma, foi possível concluir que os parâmetros físico-químicos analisados contribuíram de forma satisfatória para a biodegradação dos resíduos, levando em consideração que as concentrações de metano atingiram os níveis esperados para esse tipo de reator, chegando a valores próximos a 60%.
Avaliação da cobertura do solo como indicador de gestão de recursos hídricos: um caso de estudo na sub-bacia do Córrego dos Bois, Minas Gerais
Authors: Silva Mirian de Sousa , Bueno Inácio Thomaz , Acerbi Júnior Fausto Weimar , Borges Luis Antônio Coimbra , Calegario Natalino
Published: June 2017

RESUMO No presente artigo realizou-se uma avaliação da ocupação da sub-bacia Córrego dos Bois, no município de Oliveira (MG) - com base nos resultados foram obtidas as classes de uso e ocupação do solo, delimitadas as áreas de preservação permanente, identificadas a ocorrência de conflito entre o uso do solo e a legislação e elaborados indicadores ambientais. Foi construído um mosaico a partir de três imagens provenientes dos satélites RapidEye. O método de classificação adotado foi a classificação orientada a objetos e para isso utilizou-se o software Ecognition Developer 8.0®. O algoritmo utilizado no processo de classificação foi o vizinho mais próximo, que leva em consideração a proximidade dos objetos segmentados na imagem em um espaço de características. A avaliação da exatidão da classificação foi realizada com base na coleta de amostras de acurácia obtidas aleatoriamente em áreas previamente conhecidas na imagem. Foram obtidas as classes água, café, eucalipto, floresta, infraestrutura, mineração, pastagem, rodovia, solo exposto e várzea, e encontradas somente duas categorias de áreas de preservação permanente (APP), ao longo dos cursos d’água e no entorno das nascentes. Conclui-se que a área total da sub-bacia Córrego dos Bois é de 1.540,18 ha, dos quais 40,70% são ocupados por pastagem, 35,84%, por cafezal e 18,84%, por vegetação nativa. O conflito do uso e da ocupação do solo nas áreas destinadas à preservação corresponde a 25,58% do território das APPs.
O efeito do hidrograma e da concentração afluentes na remoção de material particulado em canal gramado
Authors: Moruzzi Rodrigo Braga , Barbassa Ademir Paceli , Shinzato Alexandre
Published: June 2017

RESUMO Neste trabalho buscou-se avaliar o efeito do hidrograma e da concentração afluentes na remoção de material particulado em canal gramado construído em escala real. Para tal, foram investigados três hidrogramas de entrada e concentrações iniciais (Co) de material particulado: 65; 130; 195; 263, 327 e 400 mg/L, os quais foram descarregados em canal gramado de 100 m de extensão e declividade de 2%. O pico dos hidrogramas investigados foi da ordem de 11±2 L/s; e o tempo de base (tB), determinado no ponto de descarregamento no canal, variou entre 15, 25 e 35 minutos. O tempo de trânsito no canal (tT) foi da ordem de 10,5±2,5 minutos, o que corresponde à velocidade de 0,14±0,02 m/s. Para tB de 15 minutos, a média das máximas eficiências foi da ordem de 64±3%, para posição de 31±26 m. Para tB de 25 minutos, a média das máximas foi da ordem de 73±3%, para posições de 59±24 m. Finalmente, para tB de 35 minutos, a média das máximas eficiências obtidas foi da ordem de 65±3%, nas posições de 73±15 m. Verificou-se que 70% dos valores da constante de decaimento (k d) estão entre 0,005 e 0,015 s-1, e, ao desconsiderar o hidrograma representado por tB de 15 minutos, 90% dos dados estão no intervalo 0,005 ≤ k d ≤ 0,015 s-1. Além disso, foi identificada relação direta e proporcional entre a concentração final (C*) e as concentrações iniciais (Co).
On the Receiving End of Autonomy and Law
Authors: van Laarhoven Hanneke W. M. , Pijnenburg Lisa J. , Hulshof Maarten C. C. M.
Published: June 2017

It is well-recognized that mental illness is associated with a higher case fatality rate from cancer, although the incidence of cancer is no greater than in the general population. This narrative focuses on the efforts of a multidisciplinary team to guide a patient, who was experiencing psychotic episodes, through chemotherapy while staying within the limits of the law.
The role of local government in evictions
Authors: Van Wyk Jeannie
Published: June 2017

Local government occupies a unique place in the South African system of government. This is circumscribed by the Constitution which contains directives. enjoining municipalities inter alia to provide democratic and accountable government for local communities and to promote social and economic development (section 152) as well as to undertake developmentally-oriented planning (section 153). In addition local government has a specific role to play regarding access to adequate housing and, in that context, evictions.

In terms of sections 25 and 26 of the Constitution as well as legislation enacted in terms of these provisions new and different procedures have been put in place to demarcate the role of municipalities in evictions. The interpretation, by the courts, of these legislative provisions, has created a framework within which municipalities must react to and deal with evictions. In terms of that framework a number of duties and responsibilities are placed on municipalities, which include that they do the following: have policies, actions and programmes in place, draw up proper housing plans, be notified of evictions, mediate and engage with all stakeholders and provide temporary - and suitable alternative - accommodation of a specific standard, all of which must be consistent with principles of human dignity and be reasonable.

Against this background this paper will interrogate the role of local government in evictions, concentrating on the constitutional directives for municipalities, the different eviction procedures and the duties and responsibilities of municipalities.
Foreword
Authors: Böhler Werner
Published: June 2017

The seminar hosted Potchefstroom in April 2010, entitled 'Good Governance in Land Tenure', followed in the tradition of cooperation between the Faculty of Law of the North West University and Konrad Adenauer Stiftung in South Africa.

 

We started our cooperation fourteen years ago with a joint series of seminars under the title 'Constitution and Law'. In 2008 we started our joint project on good governance in Southern Africa with the focus on the impact of globalisation on good governance in Southern Africa, and in 2009 we discussed the topic 'good governance as a mechanism to promote sustainable development in Southern Africa'.
Response to Prof Thilo Marauhn's Opening Address on ’Land Tenure and Good Governance from the Perspective of International Law
Authors: Ferreira Gerrit
Published: June 2017

In an earlier  judgment[1] on the right to education delivered by the South African Constitutional Court (the Constitutional Court), the principal focus was on the restriction of access to education through the implementation of the language policy of the school. Language, however, is only one barrier preventing access to education in South Africa. Learners countrywide are denied the right to basic education because of the levying of school fees and other educational charges.[2] This practice is prevalent in spite of the international obligation imposed on the South African government to provide free primary education. This article examines the exact nature of this obligation by exploring the concept of "free" basic education.

 

*      Lorette Arendse, Lecturer, Department of Legal History, Coparative Law and Legal Philosophy                                                 University of Pretoria. E-mail: Lorette.arendse@up.ac.za

[1]     Head of Department: Mpumalanga Department of Education v Hoërskool Ermelo 2010 2 SA 415 (CC).

[2]     Centre for Applied Legal Studies and Social Surveys Africa National Survey.
Information and Knowledge Management at South African Law Firms
Authors: Du Plessis T
Published: June 2017

Global and national law firms alike operate in a challenging business environment and managing the firm's information and knowledge assets is increasingly viewed as a key factor in efficient legal service delivery. In legal practice, information management technologies, for example intranets, portals, workflow management systems, document and content management systems, case and project management systems and online dispute resolution systems are becoming important means of legal service delivery. The reason for applying information management technologies and implementing knowledge management strategies in law firms is not only to satisfy clients' growing need for a trusted online platform to interact with legal service providers, but for law firms to capitalise on their intellectual assets, to continuously modernise legal practice management, to empower lawyers, to increase productivity, to use time efficiently, to transfer skills and knowledge from senior to junior professionals, to improve service delivery and to gain competitive advantage. This article firstly reviews the role of information and knowledge management in providing an effective legal service to clients and compares foreign and South African law firms' information management related contexts, challenges and benefits. Secondly, it presents the findings of a survey conducted at South African law firms based on their knowledge management practices. The aim of the article is to provide insights into law firm knowledge management and its effect on providing legal services in an online business environment.
The Southern African Development Community Trade Legal Instruments Compliance with Certain Criteria of GATT Article XXIV
Authors: Saurombe A
Published: June 2017

Article XXIV of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) lays down the legal principles with which regional trade agreements have to conform.  Based on these principles, WTO members have the mandate to determine the legality of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) under the GATT.  Article XXIV permits both regional and bilateral preferential trade agreements leading to the formation of customs unions and free trade areas, and seeks to integrate them in the multilateral trading system envisioned for the world.  SADC is an RTA created under this Article. Notwithstanding the controversies surrounding the provisions and interpretation of Article XXIV, this paper seeks to establish the extent to which the SADC Protocol on Trade and free trade area comply with WTO rules. An analysis of selected Article XXIV provisions and the SADC Trade Protocol provisions will be undertaken in trying to establish this compliance.
The Value Added Tax Implications of Illegal Transactions
Authors: Van Zyl SP
Published: June 2017

In the case of MP Finance Group CC (In Liquidation) v CSARS the High Court of Appeal ruled that income "received by" a taxpayer from illegal gains will be taxable in the hands of the taxpayer. This article explores whether or not the decision in the MP Finance-case (and preceding cases on the taxation of illegal receipts) can be applied to determine if illegal transactions are subject to VAT and moreover if a trader in illegal goods and services should register as a VAT vendor. Although strictly speaking no analogy can be drawn between the charging provisions for income tax and VAT, it is clear that in the determination of the taxability of illegal income, the courts applied the principle of tax neutrality. In terms of the principle of tax neutrality, taxes are not concerned with the legality or illegality of a transaction, but rather with whether the transaction complies with the requirements for it to be taxed or not.  That said, the European Court of Justice has a different approach in applying this principle. According to the European Court of Justice where the intrinsic nature of the goods excludes it from the commercial arena (like narcotic drugs) it should not be subject to VAT, but where the goods compete with a legal market it must be subject to VAT. Charging VAT on illegal transactions might give the impression that government benefits from criminal activities. However, if illegal transactions are not subject to VAT the trader in illegal goods will benefit as his products will be 14% cheaper than his rival’s. Is this necessarily a moral dilemma? In conclusion three arguments can be deduced on the question if illegal transactions should be subject to VAT:

1. Illegal transactions should not be taxed at all. Illegal goods or services fall outside the sphere of the application of the charging provision in section 7(1) of the VAT Act. Moreover, taxing illegal transactions lends a quasi-validity to the contract and gives the impression that government benefits from crime.

2. The intrinsic nature of the goods concerned should determine the VAT-ability thereof. Where the nature of the goods excludes it from the commercial sphere, like narcotics, it should not be subject to VAT. Where the illegal goods compete with a legal market the goods should be subject to VAT to eliminate unjust competition.

3. The principle of tax neutrality makes it clear that the illegality of a transaction has no influence on its taxability. The charging provision in terms of section 7(1) of the VAT act is not concerned with the legality of the transaction. If the transaction complies with the requirements for it to be taxed, it should be subject to VAT.
Editorial
Authors: Venter Francois
Published: June 2017

This edition, one of the most voluminous to date, opens with an oratio by IT Cohen Professor of International Law and Human Rights, Emory University School of Law, Johan van der Vyver. The paper was delivered in the HL Swanepoel series of lectures on 26 May in Potchefstroom. In a well documented paper covering historical perspectives on the right to self-determination, the definition thereof and limitations thereupon, Van der Vyver concludes that the "[d]rafters of the South African Constitution rejected segregation of rival ethnic, religious and linguistic communities, as well as the promotion of cultural, religious or linguistic homogeneity within our nation, as a means of counteracting group-related tensions in the country's social construct. . . . The new constitutional dispensation accordingly seeks to promote pride in one's group identities." He also points out that "[p]luralism, tolerance and broadmindedness have been singled out by the European Court of Human Rights as indispensable components of a democratic society." A link to video material of the lecture is also included.
The Right to Self-Determination of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities in South Africa
Authors: Van der Vyver JD
Published: June 2017

The South African nation comprises perhaps the most diverse plural composition in the entire world and is furthermore known for the polarization of factions of the population.[1] This raises the question how to bring about and to maintain the peaceful co-existence of the cultural, religious and linguistic varieties within its fold. Several models to cope with group-related tensions within a political community have been put to the test in different countries of our troublesome times. Nepal is a most recent case in point.*       JD van der Vyver. BComm, LLB, Honns BA (PU for CHE) LLD (Pret). IT Cohen Professor of International Law and Human Rights, Emory University School of Law; Extraordinary Professor in the Department of Private Law, University of Pretoria (JVAND02@emory.edu).[1]      See S v Makwanyane 1995 3 SA 391 (CC) para 308 (Mokgoro J referring to South Africans having "a history of deep division characterised by strife and conflict"); Du Toit v Minister for Safety and Security 2009 6 SA 128 (CC) para 17 (Lange CJ stating: "The South African nation was for decades a deeply divided society characterised by gross violations of fundamental human rights").
Seeking Deliberation on the Unborn in International Law
Authors: De Freitas Shaun A
Published: June 2017

International human rights instruments and jurisprudence radiate an understanding of international law as also serving to protect fundamental rights and the interests of the individual. The idea that human rights provide a credible framework for constructing common norms among nations and across cultures is both powerful and attractive. If the protection of being human serves as the common denominator in human rights discussion, and if human rights are deeply inclusive, despite being culturally and historically diverse, then a failure to deliberate on the legal status and protection of the unborn may be seen as a failure to extend respect where it is due. Such deliberation is required, irrespective of the fact that jurisprudential debate on the unborn and on abortion is complex and controversial. The protection of human life, well-being, and dignity are essential aims of the United Nations Charter and the international system created to implement it. Although there have been collective efforts resulting in substantial development in international human rights law, the international community has not approached the legal status and protection of the unborn as a matter of urgency – this, while much has been accomplished regarding women, children, animals and cloning. This article therefore argues for the development of a deliberative framework so as to further the recognition (not necessarily in an absolute sense) of the unborn in international law, bearing in mind that opposition to abortion does not of itself constitute an attack on a woman's right to respect for privacy in her life. The article also sets out what such deliberation on the legal status and protection of the unborn entails, against the background of a procedurally-rational approach.
Delictual Liability of the School Sports Coach - A Security Matter
Authors: Rossouw JP , Keet Wilna
Published: June 2017

Sports law can be regarded as one of the latest developments in law. As applied to the school setting, and with special reference to sport coaching, this article deals with the five fundamental elements of the law of delict that influence and inform the execution of the duty of care of the educator-coach. This article pays special attention to the legal aspects related to the security, on the one hand, of the learners as participants, but also the educator-coach in his or her respective roles as coach, organiser of sport events, referee and sport official on the other.

 

The basic research question is: To what extent can educator-coaches increase their own security by ensuring safer participation of learners? How can these educators prevent or minimise the occurrence of serious injuries during practices (as coaches) and during meetings, contests or matches (as officials, such as being referees)? A certain amount of risk is typical of and inherent to most types of sports, especially those that involve physical contact or in which potentially dangerous implements are used. In contrast, many learners are coached by educators that do not necessarily have enough experience, skills or knowledge regarding the more advanced techniques of the specific sports code. This contrast between the inherent risks and the lack of expertise of many educator-coaches creates an amount of insecurity for both the participants and the coaches.

 

This article includes a discussion of the application of the five fundamental elements of the South African law of delict to school sports coaching. To illustrate the ways in which courts consider sports law issues, examples from court cases related to different types of sports are analysed, and, where applicable, cases from other countries and from outside the sphere of education are also included. This discussion is followed by an overview of those legal provisions that impact on sports participation at school.

 

The legal duty of care of all educators stems from the special relationship between an educator and a learner. Not acting to ensure the safety of a participant constitutes wrongfulness on the side of the educator-coach, which may lead to being held liable for damage to the participant. This article specifically considers the higher standard of care expected from the educator-coach, as compared to the normal reasonable person, based on the former's specific training in working with learners. The acts or omissions of higher qualified and more experienced educator-coaches will also be measured against a higher standard.

 

This article concludes with the recommendation that educator-coaches should not be overly reassured by section 60 of the South African Schools Act. Ensuring the safety and security of learners should still be the main priority for all educators. Educator-coaches should remember that, true to their calling as educators, and consistent with section 28(2) of the Constitution, a child's best interests are of paramount importance in every matter concerning the child.
Religious and Cultural Dress at School: A Comparative Perspective
Authors: De Waal Elda
Published: June 2017

This article investigates and compares the different approaches towards the dress code of learners[1] in South Africa and the United States of America (US), as the US mainly base litigation concerning school dress code on their freedom of speech/expression clause, while similar South African court cases focus more on religious and cultural freedom.

 

In South Africa, school principals and School Governing Bodies are in dire need of clear guidelines on how to respect and honour the constitutionally entrenched right to all of the different religions and cultures. The crisis of values in education arises from the disparity between the value system espoused by the school and the community, and that expressed in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, which guarantees learners' fundamental rights, including those of freedom of religion, culture, expression and human dignity. On the one hand, the South African Schools Act requires of School Governing Bodies to develop and implement a Code of Conduct for learners, and on the other, that they strictly adhere to the Constitution of the country when drawing up their dress codes. The right of a religious group to practise its religion or of a cultural group to respect and sustain its culture must be consistent with the provisions of the Bill of Rights (which is entrenched in the Constitution) and this implies that other rights may not infringe on the right to freedom of religion and culture.

 

In the US, although there is no legislation that protects learners' freedom of religion and culture at schools, their First Amendment guides the way. Their Supreme Court respects the religious values of all citizens provided that they are manifested off public school premises. While we acknowledge the existence of religious and cultural diversity at South African schools, this paper focuses on the tension among and on the existence of different approaches towards the human rights of learners from different religious and cultural backgrounds in respect of dress codes.

   The terms learner/s and student/s are used interchangeably in the article, since South Africa uses the one and the US uses the other to indicate school-going persons.
The Obligation to Provide Free Basic Education in South Africa: An International Law Perspective
Authors: Arendse Lorette
Published: June 2017

In South Africa many learners are denied the right to basic education because of the levying of school fees and other educational charges, in spite of the international obligation imposed on government to provide free primary education. This article examines the exact nature and extent of this obligation by exploring the concept of "free" basic education. The applicable international instruments and their interpretation as well as the significance of the right to education as a central, facilitative right are examined in order to establish the content of the right to basic education and the legal obligations that ensue. Against this background, the implications of the South African Constitutional Court's approach to the realisation of socio-economic rights and the possibility of  the establishment of a core minimum obligation are analysed. It is argued that learners in South Africa may come from different socio-economic backgrounds but as learners in the same public school domain and as equal bearers of their constitutional right to basic education all of them are entitled to the same type and quality of free basic education.
African Indigenous Land Rights in a Private Ownership Paradigm
Authors: Du Plessis Elmien
Published: June 2017

It is often stated that indigenous law confers no property rights in land. Okoth-Ogenda reconceptualised indigenous land rights by debunking the myth that indigenous land rights systems are necessarily "communal" in nature, that "ownership" is collective and that the community as an entity makes collective decisions about the access and use of land.[1] He offers a different understanding of indigenous land rights systems by looking at the social order of communities that create "reciprocal rights and obligations that this binds together, and vests power in the community members over land". To determine who will be granted access to or exercise control over land and the resources, one needs to look at these rights and obligations and the performances that arise from them. This will leave only two distinct questions: who may have access to the land (and what type of access)[2] and who may control and manage the land resources on behalf of those who have access to it?[3] There is a link with this reconceptualisation and the discourse of the commons. Ostrom's classification of goods leads to a definition of the commons (or common pool of resources) as "a class of resources for which exclusion is difficult and joint use involves subtractablity".[4] The questions this article wishes to answer are: would it firstly be possible to classify the indigenous land rights system as a commons, and secondly would it provide a useful analytical framework in which to solve the problem of securing land tenure in South Africa?
Analysing the Onus Issue in Dismissals Emanating from the Enforcement of Unilateral Changes to Conditions of Employment
Authors: Ismail Riaz , Tshoose Clarence Itumeleng
Published: June 2017

The main objective of this article is to analyse the issue of onus emanating from the enforcement of unilateral changes to conditions of employment. At the heart of the controversy that has faced the Labour Appeal Court was how to interpret dismissals that appear to be based on operational requirements, and yet at the same time, such dismissals also appear to have the effect of compelling an employee to accept a demand in respect of a matter of mutual interest between the employer and the employee.

 

The core section in the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 relating to disputes of this nature is section 187(1)(c) of the Act, and the central enquiry to such disputes is whether they are automatically unfair or operationally justifiable. The fine line that determines whether a dismissal is acceptable or not merits an analysis of the overall onus that faces an employer and employee. This analysis is the focus of the article, which deals predominantly with procedural issues. The issue relating to the promotion of collective bargaining will be assessed against the right to dismiss, based on an analysis of the situation in South Africa, and a brief comparison with the situations in the United Kingdom and Canada. Thereafter, recommendations are made to the South African legislature.
THE SEX SYSTEM OF THE POPULATION OF SAGITTARIA SAITTIFOLIA AS AN INDICATOR OF THE ECOLOGICAL STATUS OF A RIVER
Authors: Konchina Tatyana , Sidorskaya Viola , Oparina Svetlana , Rostunov Alexander , Baronova Elena , Zhestkova Elena
Published: June 2017

The ecological state of small rivers that define the water regime of the territory, as well as the water supply of larger rivers, the quality of their waters is a matter of a serious concern. The ecosystems of watercourses in urban areas exposed to pollution by industrial and domestic wastes are under the maximum anthropogenic load. Bioindicative methods, which let to assess directly the status of aquatic ecosystems and their individual components, occupy an important place in the system of ecological monitoring of water bodies. Plants respond to toxicants in an aquatic habitat by the abnormality of biosynthesis of chlorophyll, carotenoids and other pigments, change of mineral balance, phytohormones, which leads to a change in their reproductive differentiation.

In this regard, water quality assessment was carried out on the basis of chemical analysis and bioindication concerning Sagittaria sagittifolia populations in the upper and middle stream ways of the river Tyosha flowing through the Nizhny Novgorod region.

The article presents the results of some organoleptic and chemical parameters such as pH level of overall hardness, concentration of nitrates and nitrites, ions of ammonium, phosphates, mercury, concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the water. It was detected that there were exceeding quantities of ammonium ions, nitrite ions, phosphates in the water of all ranges of the river Tyosha, and also high content of iron in the downstreams of the river. The findings suggest that the reproductive structure of arrowhead inflorescences can serve as a bio-indicator of the degree of water pollution. The harder the environmental conditions of the plant habitat in the water body, the more intensive is a shift in the ratio of flowers to the feminine side. It has been shown that due to the deterioration of environmental conditions, the number of compound inflorescences of the arrowhead and the numbers of whorls in them decrease and, on the other hand, there is an increase in the percentage of plants with simple typical inflorescences. A credible shift in the reproductive ratio of arrowhead inflorescences to the female side is spotted on the downstream river station near Lukoyanov and industrial community Shatky, where the complex of environmental factors for its growth is the least favorable. It was established that anthropogenic pollution of the river has a negative effect on the reproductive sphere of Sagittaria sagittifolia, causing a reduction in pollen fertility, which is confirmed by the chemical analysis of water.

On the basis of the studies the assessment of the ecological status of the water in the Tyosha river was given.
STAKEHOLDERS READINESS TO IMPLEMENT NEW LEGISLATION ON OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
Authors: Koppel Tarmo , Vilcane Inese
Published: June 2017

– European companies are expected to check their compliance with a new legislation about occupational exposure to the electromagnetic fields . Corresponding EU directive was issued in 2013 and was to be implemented into the national legislation of member states by 2016. The current study was launched with the aim to determine the readiness of the companies and other stakeholders affected by this new legislation. The target groups investigated by this study include workers, working environment specialists, occupational health doctors and labour inspectors. A questionnaire was developed to determine the level of knowledge and other issues introduced by the new legislation. Altogether 67 responses was received from Estonia. Significant shortcomings were reported in regard to the training of workers at high EMF workplaces/companies - score 0,15 out of 1. EMF safety arrangements, as described in the new directive, were reported to be sufficiently fulfilled only in 11 per cent of the high EMF companies. Also the workers' knowledge about the EMFs propagation and health effects was low, averaging at only 0,15 out of 1. The results indicate that at present little attention is paid on training the workers that may be affected by high levels of EMFs. Shortcomings are characteristic to all sizes of companies but are less evident in large companies. Considering the requirements of the new EMF legislation, immediate planning of appropriate schooling programs is necessary for all parties involved.
FAULT TREES AND BELIEF NETWORKS IN RISK MODELLING: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Authors: Uzhga-Rebrov Oļegs , Kulešova Galina
Published: June 2017

Nowadays, an ever-growing complexity of technical systems can be observed worldwide, problems of rational use of nature resources and diminution in negative impact on the environment are not completely settled yet, and international competition in different areas is strengthening. All the above tendencies cause an increase of different risks: technical, ecological, political, military and financial. Due to their nature, most of the risks are caused by a set of factors with commonly unknown relationships. Therefore, the need to use risk modelling methods that enable visual representation of the sets of cause-risk relationships becomes evident. This paper briefly examines two widely used techniques of modelling risky situations: fault trees and belief networks, and provides their comparative analysis.
ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETRIZATION OF UNIFORMS FOR ARMED FORCES
Authors: Dāboliņa Inga , Viļumsone Ausma , Lapkovska Eva
Published: June 2017

Planning manufacture of uniforms decisions must be taken as to how many and in what size a particular model series should be manufactured, how they should be labeled and to what body-dimensions garment sizes should correspond. The purpose of anthropometric parametrization is to introduce garment size classification for mass production clothing, so as to representatively depict wearers’ body figure diversity. It is in the interests of manufacturers (design time and costs, logistics etc.) and buyers/procurement service alike to confine themselves with a minimum garment sizes and to use a possibly less complicated garment size classification. The aim of this research is to gather different impact factors for anthropometric parametrization for Uniforms of Armed Forces.

Research is formed from anthropometric data and end user survey exploring data set of 150 soldiers. Anthropometrics are performed by non-contact anthropometric methods (3D anthropometrical scanner Vitus Smart XXL® is used in the study), data processing automation systems, pattern making CAD/CAM systems, etc. National Armed Forces (NAF) technical specification provides for manufacture of a wide range of garment sizes (by height indifference interval of 6 cm). Manufacturers labeling system and charts of finished products are subjected to comparative analysis and evaluation of corresponding standard recommendations is included.

The study indicates the need to optimize the currently used anthropometry method in the Latvian Army, anthropometric data registration and application, thus improving the performance of military personnel and the procurement process and the use of resources, thus promoting resource planning and environmental protection. Also improvements are needed in uniform labeling and instructing of the military personnel on selection of uniform and equipment components.

Proper anthropometric parametrization and labeling of Uniforms for Armed Forces would minimize expenses of Uniforms as well as the negative waste impact to the environment.
OPTIMIZATION OF BURNING PRODUCTION PROCESS OF CERAMSITE WITH SPECIFIED DENSITY
Authors: Galitskov K. S. , Samokhvalov O. V. , Fadeev A. S.
Published: June 2017

The paper goes into peculiarities of using developed mathematical models of ceramsite burning and computational models created on their basis. The work is done in the light of analysis and synthesis of multivariate control system of kiln angular velocity and kiln charge with volumetric thermal capacity burners. It is shown that computational models of burning as an object of control are problem-oriented on producing ceramsite with specified density. Mathematical model of ceramsite burning process as an object with distributed parameters is synthesized. The transition from model with distributed parameters to the mode with lumped parameters is performed. Then the authors used a model with three bearing cross-sections along Z-axis in Matlab software and created a computational model of multivariate object of control with inter-channel connections. The paper presents experimental computational set up methods and methods of ceramsite burning optimal curve identification on the criterion of minimizing energy consumption for burning. The developed method of staging computational experiments makes it possible to predict the strength of ceramsite if values of control actions are known. The results of modeling help create methodology of choosing optimal modes of ceramsite burning with the required mark of strength and with minimum energy consumption.
EVALUATION OF HEAVY METALS AROUND THE MINING OF DECORATIVE STONE ORE IN SUSONG COUNTY LIAOHE RIVER
Authors: Lu SiHeng , Pan Chang , Jin YuJuan , Wang Xiang , Wei Xinlai , Yu ZhiMin
Published: June 2017

In order to study the pollution of heavy metals around Liaohe Fender stone mine in Susong County, the soils at six points and the sediment at four points were selected. The effects of heavy metals Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr , Ni ,Hg and As were measured, the single factor index and the Nemero index method were used to evaluate the heavy metal elements in soil and sediment. The results showed that the values of heavy metal elements in the soil and sediment were less than 1 and the Pintegrated values were less than 0.85,the mine area was not polluted by heavy metals and belonged to the clean area within the grade Ⅰ.
STUDY OF AUXILIARY GAS PRESSURE ON LASER CUTTING TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Lazov Lyubomir , Deneva Hristina , Teirumnieka Erika
Published: June 2017

Two types of electrical sheet steel M250-35A and M530-50A were used to cut by melting with a TruLaser 1030 technological system. It was observed that pressure of auxiliary gas had a major effect on kerf width b and cut angle deviation α. Nitrogen as an assisted gas has been taken. The basic parameters as laser power, cutting speed, focus position were constantly supported and the pressure was changed from 4 bar to 20 bar by step 2 bar. As well as the experimental results of gas pressure on entrance and exit kerf widths, have been analyzed and discussed in this study.
Homenaje a Chaplin y al cine burlesco en la trilogía novelesca de Jardiel Poncela
Authors: François Cécile
Published: June 2017

Este artículo analiza la influencia del cine burlesco de los años 20 en la trilogía novelesca de Enrique Jardiel Poncela en la que se multiplican las referencias y alusiones a Charles “Charlie” Chaplin y al personaje mítico creado por él. En esta obra se aprecia el afán del escritor madrileño por adaptar el gag chapliniano al ámbito de la novela e intentar proponer una versión femenina de Charlot. Este homenaje a Chaplin pone de manifiesto el vínculo entre las ideas estéticas de Enrique Jardiel Poncela y las del maestro del cine cómico al que los vanguardistas de principios de siglo consideraban un icono de la modernidad.
Irish Penelopes: rewritings of the myth in "The Midlands trilogy and Penelope"
Authors: González Chacón María del Mar
Published: June 2017

This article looks at how the myth of Penelope relates to Marina Carr’s Midlands Trilogy and Enda Walsh’s Penelope. The analysis of the articulation of Marina Carr’s Penelopes serves to approach the questions of the influence of waiting in these women’s lives as well as the different types of the resulting immobilization which affect their agency. Secondly, the spatial representation of waiting in her theatre is analyzed to identify the contexts where these processes occur. On the other hand, Enda Walsh’s Penelope constitutes a more savage version and his play has been read as “a madcap rewrite of Homer” (Pilný 2013: 219), where the myth is used to interrogate the question of the halt of Ireland as a consequence of the post-Celtic Tiger crisis. Both writers emerged in the 1990’s and were part of “a gifted generation of playwrights in contemporary Ireland” (Randolph 2012: 47).