bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L’introduzione della medicina potenziativa nel nuovo codice di deontologia medica
Authors: Giglio Francesca
Published: September 2016

La nuova edizione del Codice di Deontologia Medica presenta un articolo inedito dedicato alla medicina potenziativa. Tal evenienza pone l’occasione di svolgere una riflessione in merito alla relazione fra questa nuova forma di medicina, che possiamo ricondurre al più ampio dibattito relativo allo human enhancement, e la deontologia medica: se da un lato l’inserimento nel Codice dell’articolo sulla medicina potenziativa va ad ammettere un utilizzo di trattamenti medici anche oltre il consueto obbiettivo terapeutico, a patto che alcuni criteri etici e clinici vengano rispettati, dall’altro la problematicità di questi criteri rispetto l’enhancement costituisce una fonte di ambiguità che richiede un’adeguata riflessione. ---------- The last version of the Italian Code of Medical Ethics has included a new article dedicated to the human enhancement. The article would intend to reflect about the relation between this new field of medical practice and professional ethics. On the one hand, the inclusion of the article in the Code allows medical treatments beyond the usual therapeutic goals, as long as some ethical and clinical criteria are met. However, the problematic application of these criteria to the enhancement treatments raises some issues, that have already emerged in theoretical debate on human enhancement, which requires an adequate reflection.
Editing della linea germinale: quali sono i rischi sociali e morali? / Germ-line gene editing: What are the social and moral risks?
Authors: Sutton Agneta
Published: September 2016

Dovremmo accogliere tutti i possibili sviluppi dell’editing genetico? L’editing genetico delle cellule somatiche potrebbe essere considerato alla pari delle terapie convenzionali volte a trattare particolari patologie o ad alleviarne i sintomi. Tale intervento interesserebbe esclusivamente il singolo paziente trattato. Esso potrebbe quindi essere ben accolto come un nuovo tipo di trattamento per i tumori e le malattie del sangue, come ad esempio la beta-talassemia. Diversamente, l’editing della linea germinale avrebbe effetti ereditari. Ciò solleva preoccupazioni particolari riguardo al rischio medico. I rischi medici non sono, tuttavia, gli unici tipi di rischi che possono derivare dalla modificazione genetica della linea germinale. Nel contributo non vengono discussi i rischi medici, ma quelli sociali e morali correlati alla manipolazione genetica della linea-germinale. ---------- Should we welcome all developments in gene editing? Somatic cell gene editing would be on a par with conventional therapies aimed at treating particular conditions or alleviating symptoms. It would solely affect the individual patient treated. It could thus serve as a welcome new kind of treatment for cancers and blood diseases such as ß-thalassaemia. Germ-line gene editing, on the other hand, would have hereditary effects. This raises special concerns about medical mishaps. Medical risks are, however, not the only kinds of risks in the case of germline gene editing. Discussed here are not the medical risks, but the social and moral risks of germ-line-gene editing.
The role of MRI with diffusion-weighted imaging in restaging rectal cancers after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy
Authors: Bayram Irem , Bakir Baris , Kartal Merve G.D. , Kunduz Enver , Bayram Onur , Turkay Rustu , Asoglu Oktar , Kapran Yersu
Published: September 2016

Background: It is challenging to restage rectal cancer at MRI, in patients who have had neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy.Objective: To investigate the accuracy of MRI with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in the restaging of rectal cancer.Materials and methods: Pre- and post-neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy MRI examinations of 35 patients diagnosed with locally advanced rectal cancer were evaluated and subsequently compared with post-operative pathology results.Results: The accuracy of MRI with DWI to determine the T-stage status was calculated as 54.28%. Kappa statistics revealed poor concordance with pathology results, with a κ value of 0.212 ± 0.114 (p = 0.028). The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values measured after the neoadjuvant chemotherapy revealed a significant increase when compared with pre-treatment ADC values (p < 0.000001). MRI accuracy rate for lymph node involvement was calculated as 57.14% with a κ value of 0.001 (p = 0.989). MRI had 80% sensitivity and 100% specificity in determining mesorectal fascia involvement, with a calculated positive predictive value of 100% and a calculated negative predictive value of 96%. The accuracy of MRI in overall staging according to the TNM staging system was 28%.Conclusion: The accuracy of MRI in restaging rectal cancer is not yet sufficient and is not on par with the accuracy of MRI in the primary staging of the disease. This is attributed to post-treatment changes. Adding DWI to the protocol is promising, but more expanded data are required.
Cloud and DNI nowcasting with MSG/SEVIRI for the optimised
operation of concentrating solar power plants
Authors: Sirch Tobias , Bugliaro Luca , Zinner Tobias , Möhrlein Matthias , Vazquez-Navarro Margarita
Published: September 2016

Abstract. A novel approach for the nowcasting of clouds and Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) based on the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) aboard the geostationary Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellite is presented for a forecast horizon up to 120 min. The basis of the algorithm is an optical flow method to derive cloud motion vectors for all cloudy pixels. To facilitate forecasts over a relevant time period, a classification of clouds into objects and a weighted triangular interpolation of clear sky regions is used. Low and high level clouds are forecasted separately because they show different velocities and motion directions. Additionally a distinction in advective and convective clouds together with an intensity correction for quickly thinning convective clouds is integrated. The DNI is calculated from the forecasted optical thickness of the low and high level clouds. In order to quantitatively assess the performance of the algorithm, a forecast validation against MSG/SEVIRI observations is performed for a period of two months. Error rates and Hanssen-Kuiper skill scores are derived for forecasted cloud masks. For a forecast of 5 min for most cloud situations more than 95 % of all pixels are predicted correctly cloudy or clear. This number decreases towards the 2 h forecast towards 80–95 % depending on cloud type and vertical cloud level. Hanssen-Kuiper skill scores for cloud mask go down to 0.6–0.7 for a two hour forecast. Compared to persistence an improvement of forecast horizon by a factor of two is reached for all forecast up to 2 h. Comparison of forecasted optical thickness distributions and direct normal irradiance at ground against observations yields correlation coefficients larger than 0.9 for 15 min forecasts and around at least 0.65 for 2 h forecasts.
Numerical study of the generation and propagation of ultralow-frequency waves by artificial ionospheric F region modulation at different latitudes
Authors: Xu Xiang , Zhou Chen , Shi Run , Ni Binbin , Zhao Zhengyu , Zhang Yuannong
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Powerful high-frequency (HF) radio waves can be used to efficiently modify the upper-ionospheric plasmas of the F region. The pressure gradient induced by modulated electron heating at ultralow-frequency (ULF) drives a local oscillating diamagnetic ring current source perpendicular to the ambient magnetic field, which can act as an antenna radiating ULF waves. In this paper, utilizing the HF heating model and the model of ULF wave generation and propagation, we investigate the effects of both the background ionospheric profiles at different latitudes in the daytime and nighttime ionosphere and the modulation frequency on the process of the HF modulated heating and the subsequent generation and propagation of artificial ULF waves. Firstly, based on a relation among the radiation efficiency of the ring current source, the size of the spatial distribution of the modulated electron temperature and the wavelength of ULF waves, we discuss the possibility of the effects of the background ionospheric parameters and the modulation frequency. Then the numerical simulations with both models are performed to demonstrate the prediction. Six different background parameters are used in the simulation, and they are from the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI-2012) model and the neutral atmosphere model (NRLMSISE-00), including the High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP; 62.39° N, 145.15° W), Wuhan (30.52° N, 114.32° E) and Jicamarca (11.95° S, 76.87° W) at 02:00 and 14:00 LT. A modulation frequency sweep is also used in the simulation. Finally, by analyzing the numerical results, we come to the following conclusions: in the nighttime ionosphere, the size of the spatial distribution of the modulated electron temperature and the ground magnitude of the magnetic field of ULF wave are larger, while the propagation loss due to Joule heating is smaller compared to the daytime ionosphere; the amplitude of the electron temperature oscillation decreases with latitude in the daytime ionosphere, while it increases with latitude in the nighttime ionosphere; both the electron temperature oscillation amplitude and the ground ULF wave magnitude decreases as the modulation frequency increases; when the electron temperature oscillation is fixed as input, the radiation efficiency of the ring current source is higher in the nighttime ionosphere than in the daytime ionosphere.
Assimilation of MODIS Dark Target and Deep Blue
observations in the dust aerosol component of
NMMB/BSC-CTM version 1.0
Authors: Di Tomaso Enza , Schutgens Nick A. J. , Jorba Oriol , Pérez García-Pando Carlos
Published: September 2016

Abstract. A data assimilation system has been developed for the chemical transport forecast model NMMB/BSC-CTM, with a focus on mineral dust, a prominent type of aerosol. Before this work, the system did not have an aerosol data assimilation capability and dust was produced uniquely from model estimated surface emission fluxes. As emissions are recognized as a major factor limiting the accuracy of dust modelling, remote sensing observations from satellites have been used to improve the description of the atmospheric dust load in the model. An ensemble-based Kalman filter technique (namely the Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter – LETKF) has been utilized to optimally combine model background and satellite retrievals. Our implementation of the ensemble is based on known uncertainties in the physical parametrizations of the dust emission scheme. We have considered for assimilation satellite Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) at 550 nm retrieved from measurements of top-of-atmosphere reflectances by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor on-board the NASA Aqua and Terra satellites, after applying a mineral dust filter. In particular we have assimilated two MODIS Level 3 AOD products: the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) and University of North Dakota AOD, which is available over land and ocean, with the exclusion of bright reflective surfaces and is based on the MODIS Dark Target Collection 5 Level 2 product, and the MODIS Deep Blue Collection 6 AOD, which is available over land including bright arid surfaces, such as deserts. Data assimilation experiments using the LETKF scheme have been evaluated against observations from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) of ground-based stations and against MODIS satellite retrievals. Experiments showed that AOD retrievals using the Dark Target algorithm can help NMMB/BSC-CTM to better characterize atmospheric dust. This is particularly true for the analysis of the dust outflow in the Sahel region and over the African Atlantic coast. The additional assimilation of retrievals based on the Deep Blue algorithm has a further positive impact in the analysis downwind from the strongest dust sources of Sahara and in the Arabian peninsula. An analysis-initialized forecast performs better (lower forecast error and higher correlation with observations) than a standard forecast, with the exception of underestimating dust in the long-range Atlantic transport and degradation of the temporal evolution of dust in some regions after day 1. Particularly relevant is the improved forecast over Sahara throughout the forecast range thanks to the assimilation of Deep Blue retrievals over areas not easily covered by other observational datasets. The present study on mineral dust is a first step towards data assimilation with a complete aerosol chemical transport model that includes multiple aerosol species.
Citrate and malonate increase microbial activity and alter microbial community composition in uncontaminated and diesel-contaminated soil microcosms
Authors: Martin Belinda C. , George Suman J. , Price Charles A. , Shahsavari Esmaeil , Ball Andrew S. , Tibbett Mark , Ryan Megan H.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs) are among the most prevalent sources of environmental contamination. It has been hypothesized that plant root exudation of low molecular weight organic acid anions (carboxylates) may aid degradation of PHCs by stimulating heterotrophic microbial activity. To test their potential implication for bioremediation, we applied two commonly exuded carboxylates (citrate and malonate) to uncontaminated and diesel-contaminated microcosms (10 000 mg kg−1; aged 40 days) and determined their impact on the microbial community and PHC degradation. Every 48 h for 18 days, soil received 5 µmol g−1 of (i) citrate, (ii) malonate, (iii) citrate + malonate or (iv) water. Microbial activity was measured daily as the flux of CO2. After 18 days, changes in the microbial community were assessed by a community-level physiological profile (CLPP) and 16S rRNA bacterial community profiles determined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Saturated PHCs remaining in the soil were assessed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Cumulative soil respiration increased 4- to 6-fold with the addition of carboxylates, while diesel contamination resulted in a small, but similar, increase across all carboxylate treatments. The addition of carboxylates resulted in distinct changes to the microbial community in both contaminated and uncontaminated soils but only a small increase in the biodegradation of saturated PHCs as measured by the n-C17 : pristane biomarker. We conclude that while the addition of citrate and malonate had little direct effect on the biodegradation of saturated hydrocarbons present in diesel, their effect on the microbial community leads us to suggest further studies using a variety of soils and organic acids, and linked to in situ studies of plants, to investigate the role of carboxylates in microbial community dynamics.
PATANJALI: Discoverer, Differentiator and Disruptor’
Authors: Raizada Sumesh
Published: September 2016

‘However old the product category may be, there is always a scope for innovation’. To be a disruptor, firm need to be an innovator in creating demand and adopting unique branding strategies. Present paper is a case study of Patanjali, a rapidly growing FMCG and Ayurveda brand in India, which has within a short span of time, changed the dynamics of MNC dominated market. Firms such as Hindustan Unilever, Nestle, P&G, Colgate Palmolive, Gillette, Dabur, Godrej Consumers, etc. are now revisiting their traditional marketing strategies, to retain their customers. Patanjali has demonstrated that a new entrant in a competitive market can very well succeed by becoming a game changer and differentiator. Present paper shall trace the journey of brand Patanjali and explore the distinguishing approaches that have brought it in the league of reputed brands. It shall attempt to identify the errors committed by the competitors and their possible future tactics to defend the market share. Upcoming challenges and expansion plans of the firm shall also be discussed briefly. Paper shall finally conclude by summarizing the sales strategies of Patanjali and key learnings out of them. The data and information have been sourced from the newspapers and related websites.
Editorial
Authors: Hoffmann-Horochovski Marisete T.
Published: September 2016

Editorial do Dossiê Temático Soberania Alimentar, Desenvolvimento Territorial e Sustentabilidade: olhares e contextos
Expediente
Authors: Guaju Revista
Published: September 2016

Guaju, Revista Brasileira de Desenvolvimento Territorial Sustentável
Midiatização e espetacularização do turismo
Authors: Moraes Lauro Almeida de , Gândara José Manoel Gonçalves
Published: September 2016

Este artigo baseia-se em discussão iniciada na dissertação de mestrado de um dos autores (MORAES, 2012) e apresentada em congresso por Moraes et al. (2015), a qual preconiza que a teatralidade envolve a comunicação promovida pelo turismo. Os lugares preparam-se para captar e direcionar o olhar do turista, bem como este busca determinados aspectos locais já consagrados. Neste aspecto, influi também o conteúdo divulgado pelos meios de comunicação de massa, que, comumente, também acionam o espetáculo e demandam a adaptação dos atrativos turísticos à lógica do discurso midiático. O artigo tem como objetivo, portanto, refletir acerca da midiatização e espetacularização do turismo, destacando as características elementares que denotam a presença do espetáculo nos destinos turísticos. Recorreu-se a uma revisão bibliográfica com recorte sócio-antropológico, capaz de fornecer subsídios para pesquisas empíricas. Defende-se então que a midiatização e a cultura do espetáculo contemporânea produzem novas formas de relações sociais e modelos de experiência. Desta forma, o turismo, como atividade socioeconômica indissociável da atual vida cotidiana, orienta-se pela lógica do “infoentretenimento”.
DNA Barcoding of Philippine Herbal Medicinal Products
Authors: Pedales Ronniel D , Damatac Amor M , Limbo Carlo A , Marquez Cielo Mae D , Navarro Anna Isabel B , Molina Jeanmaire
Published: September 2016

The Philippine government established the Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act in 1997 to promote traditionally used herbal products and to provide an effective yet affordable alternative to conventional medicines. However, government regulation of herbal medicinal products (HMPs) is not stringent, relying only on submitted quality data from the manufacturer. In this study we validated the taxonomic identity of 26 plant samples contained within 22 HMPs, each produced by different local manufacturers, through DNA barcoding of the nuclear internal transcribed spacer-2 (ITS2) region. We recovered 19 ITS2 barcodes from 26 samples. These were compared to sequences in GenBank using MEGABLAST, but ambiguous results (similar max scores for different species) were phylogenetically analyzed. Twelve of the 19 samples matched the indicated species on the product label, three were equivocal in specific identity but were placed in the expected genus, and four other samples from three manufacturers contained contamination and/or substitution. GenBank's reference database was at times problematic because some sequences were lacking or were misidentified, but the database was still useful. Overall, ITS2 barcoding was successful in authenticating the HMPs, and it is recommended during the premarket evaluation process so as to obtain a certificate of registration from the government. The government should also develop a comprehensive database of barcodes for Philippine plants, and should prioritize the development of the traditional pharmacopeia because many locally produced HMPs are not indigenous.
Pulmonary Manifestations of Acute Lung Injury: More Than Just Diffuse Alveolar Damage
Authors: Hughes Kenneth T. , Beasley Mary Beth
Published: September 2016

Context.—

Acute pulmonary injury may occur as a result of myriad direct or indirect pulmonary insults, often resulting in hypoxemic respiratory failure and clinical acute respiratory distress syndrome. Histologically, most patients will exhibit diffuse alveolar damage on biopsy, but other histologic patterns may be encountered, such as acute eosinophilic pneumonia, acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia, and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage with capillaritis.

Objective.—

To review the diagnostic features of various histologic patterns associated with a clinical picture of acute lung injury, and to discuss key features in the differential diagnosis.

Data Sources.—

The review is drawn from pertinent peer-reviewed literature and the personal experience of the authors.

Conclusions.—

Acute pulmonary injury is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. In addition to diffuse alveolar damage, pathologists should be aware of alternate histologic patterns of lung disease that may present with a similar clinical presentation because this may impact treatment decisions and disease outcome.
Linking Pluripotency Reprogramming and Cancer
Authors: Iglesias Juan Manuel , Gumuzio Juan , Martin Angel G.
Published: September 2016

Tumor development and the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells are highly comparable processes with striking similarities. Cellular plasticity is inherent to tumor evolution, rendering cells that acquire a stem cell-like phenotype, for which Sox2 activation has proved instrumental for the plastic acquisition of stemness properties in tumor cells. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying both events might uncover novel approaches for the development of anticancer therapeutics and constitute model systems for understanding tumor generation and ensuring the biosafety of cell-based therapies.
Nanoarchitectonic atomic switch networks for unconventional computing
Authors: Demis Eleanor C. , Aguilera Renato , Scharnhorst Kelsey , Aono Masakazu , Stieg Adam Z. , Gimzewski James K.
Published: September 2016

Developments in computing hardware are constrained by the operating principles of complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology, fabrication limits of nanometer scaled features, and difficulties in effective utilization of high density interconnects. This set of obstacles has promulgated a search for alternative, energy efficient approaches to computing inspired by natural systems including the mammalian brain. Atomic switch network (ASN) devices are a unique platform specifically developed to overcome these current barriers to realize adaptive neuromorphic technology. ASNs are composed of a massively interconnected network of atomic switches with a density of ∼109 units/cm2 and are structurally reminiscent of the neocortex of the brain. ASNs possess both the intrinsic capabilities of individual memristive switches, such as memory capacity and multi-state switching, and the characteristics of large-scale complex systems, such as power-law dynamics and non-linear transformations of input signals. Here we describe the successful nanoarchitectonic fabrication of next-generation ASN devices using combined top-down and bottom-up processing and experimentally demonstrate their utility as reservoir computing hardware. Leveraging their intrinsic dynamics and transformative input/output (I/O) behavior enabled waveform regression of periodic signals in the absence of embedded algorithms, further supporting the potential utility of ASN technology as a platform for unconventional approaches to computing.
A genetic programming approach to oral cancer prognosis
Authors: Tan Mei Sze , Tan Jing Wei , Chang Siow-Wee , Yap Hwa Jen , Abdul Kareem Sameem , Zain Rosnah Binti
Published: September 2016

Background

The potential of genetic programming (GP) on various fields has been attained in recent years. In bio-medical field, many researches in GP are focused on the recognition of cancerous cells and also on gene expression profiling data. In this research, the aim is to study the performance of GP on the survival prediction of a small sample size of oral cancer prognosis dataset, which is the first study in the field of oral cancer prognosis.

Method

GP is applied on an oral cancer dataset that contains 31 cases collected from the Malaysia Oral Cancer Database and Tissue Bank System (MOCDTBS). The feature subsets that is automatically selected through GP were noted and the influences of this subset on the results of GP were recorded. In addition, a comparison between the GP performance and that of the Support Vector Machine (SVM) and logistic regression (LR) are also done in order to verify the predictive capabilities of the GP.

Result

The result shows that GP performed the best (average accuracy of 83.87% and average AUROC of 0.8341) when the features selected are smoking, drinking, chewing, histological differentiation of SCC, and oncogene p63. In addition, based on the comparison results, we found that the GP outperformed the SVM and LR in oral cancer prognosis.

Discussion

Some of the features in the dataset are found to be statistically co-related. This is because the accuracy of the GP prediction drops when one of the feature in the best feature subset is excluded. Thus, GP provides an automatic feature selection function, which chooses features that are highly correlated to the prognosis of oral cancer. This makes GP an ideal prediction model for cancer clinical and genomic data that can be used to aid physicians in their decision making stage of diagnosis or prognosis.
Heparin promotes fibril formation by the N‐terminal fragment of amyloidogenic apolipoprotein A‐I
Authors: Mikawa Shiho , Mizuguchi Chiharu , Nishitsuji Kazuchika , Baba Teruhiko , Shigenaga Akira , Shimanouchi Toshinori , Sakashita Naomi , Otaka Akira , Akaji Kenichi , Saito Hiroyuki
Published: September 2016

Glycosaminoglycans are known to be associated with extracellular amyloid deposits of various amyloidogenic proteins. In this study, we found that the glycosaminoglycan heparin greatly accelerates the elongation step in fibril formation by the N‐terminal 1–83 fragment of human apolipoprotein A‐I (apoA‐I), especially in the amyloidogenic W50R variant. Using fragment peptides, we demonstrate that heparin significantly promotes β‐transition and fibril formation of the highly amyloidogenic region spanning residues 44–65 and colocalizes with fibrils formed by the W50R variant. These results suggest the possible role of glycosaminoglycans in fibril formation by amyloidogenic apoA‐I variants.
Assessment of DSDs of GPM‐DPR with ground‐based disdrometer at seasonal scale over Gadanki, India
Authors: Radhakrishna Basivi , Satheesh S. K. , Narayana Rao T. , Saikranthi K. , Sunilkumar K.
Published: September 2016

Characteristics of raindrop size distribution (DSD) obtained by Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission dual‐frequency precipitation radar (DPR) are assessed over Gadanki region during southwest (SW) and northeast (NE) monsoon seasons utilizing 2 years (2014–2015) of DSD measurements by an impact‐type disdrometer. The mass weighted mean diameter (Dm in mm) and normalized DSD scaling parameter for concentration (Nw in mm−1 m−3) show pronounced seasonal differences at low to medium rain rates in the disdrometer data, in accordance with the previous studies, but not in the GPM‐DPR data. Similar features are observed every year in disdrometer measurements and over different spatial domains in GPM‐DPR measurements, indicating that sampling mismatch errors are insignificant. The reasons for the absence of seasonal differences in DSDs derived from GPM‐DPR are examined by simulating the reflectivities at Ku‐ and Ka‐bands, utilizing the disdrometer measurements and T‐matrix scattering indices. Results suggest that the Dm and Nw retrieved from single‐frequency and dual‐frequency algorithms utilizing the disdrometer data also show seasonal differences in accordance with the observations with under and overestimation of Dm and Nw, respectively. When compared with the disdrometer, the Dm values retrieved from the GPM‐DPR (official products) are severely underestimated at high rain rates (R > 8 mm h−1) during the SW monsoon season. On the other hand, during low rain rates (R < 8 mm h−1), a slight underestimation (overestimation) of Dm is seen during the SW (NE) monsoon. The mean Nw values retrieved from GPM‐DPR agree poorly with disdrometer data during both the monsoon seasons.
Thermochronological evidence of a low‐angle, mid‐crustal detachment plane beneath the central South Island, New Zealand
Authors: Warren‐Smith Emily , Lamb Simon , Seward Diane , Smith Euan , Herman Frédéric , Stern Tim
Published: September 2016

Oblique continental convergence and uplift in the Southern Alps, New Zealand is largely accommodated by dextral transpression on the Alpine Fault. However, toward the south of the orogen the Alpine Fault becomes increasingly strike‐slip, despite evidence for high exhumation rates in the Pacific plate. Here we present 41 new apatite and zircon fission‐track ages to investigate the role of the southern Alpine Fault in Pacific plate exhumation since the Miocene. Through development of a new, maximum likelihood fission‐track age calculation method (to overcome extremely low (<0.1 ppm) 238U concentrations in apatites) we estimate the width of the fully reset apatite zone (ages <5 Ma) southeast of the southern Alpine Fault, which has been previously overestimated. Instead, this zone is ∼30 km wide, rather than 60 km. We combine our exhumation profile with thermo‐kinematic modeling to impose constraints on fault kinematics and deformation history. The surface cooling age pattern can be well reproduced by exhumation along a listric reverse fault, which shallows to a low‐angle (6–10°) mid‐crustal detachment beneath the Southern Lakes. This structure is comparable to the listric central Alpine Fault geometry previously constrained by thermo‐kinematics models to the north of our study region. We propose this detachment plane is continuous beneath a large region of central South Island and may be acting to accommodate underthrusting of Australian crust beneath the Pacific plate.
New modes and mechanisms of thermospheric mass density variations from GRACE accelerometers
Authors: Calabia Andres , Jin Shuanggen
Published: September 2016

Monitoring and understanding the upper atmosphere processes is important for orbital decay and space physics. Nowadays, Low Earth Orbit (LEO) accelerometers provide a unique opportunity to study thermospheric density variations with unprecedented details. In this paper, thermospheric mass densities variations from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) accelerometers are investigated for the period 2003–2016 using the principal component analysis (PCA). The resulting modes are analyzed and parameterized in terms of solar and magnetospheric forcing, local solar time (LST), and annual variations. A better understanding of global thermospheric air density variations is presented, which validates the suitability of our technique and model. The parameterization of the subsolar‐point annual variation shows two maxima around June and only one in December. The LST parameterization shows a new fluctuation controlling a middle latitude four‐wave pattern, with two maxima at 12 h and 21 h LST and two minima at 1 h and 17 h LST. Our parameterizations are suitable to represent small‐scale variations including, e.g., the equatorial mass density anomaly (EMA) and the midnight density maximum (MDM). Finally, the residuals are analyzed in the spectral domain, and additional contributions are found at the frequencies of the radiational tides and at the periods of 83, 93, 152, and 431 days.
Suprathermal particle energization in dipolarization fronts: Particle‐in‐cell simulations
Authors: Lu San , Angelopoulos V. , Fu Huishan
Published: September 2016

Within dipolarization fronts (DFs) in the Earth's magnetotail, significant magnetic energy is converted to plasma energy, and a significant portion of the electrons and ions therein are accelerated to suprathermal energies. The mechanism that produces these suprathermal particles while simultaneously reducing magnetic field energy is poorly understood, however. We use two‐dimensional particle‐in‐cell simulations to explore this process in conventional flux bundle‐type DFs, which are formed by single X line reconnection and connected to the Earth, and in newly proposed flux rope‐type DFs, which are formed and bracketed by two X lines. In flux bundle‐type DFs, electrons are betatron accelerated near the Bz peak, and ions are energized through reflection at the front. In flux rope‐type DFs, most suprathermal electrons and ions are confined to the flux rope's magnetic structure and are accelerated through repeated reflections at the structure's two ends.
Numerical simulation of the 6 day wave effects on the ionosphere: Dynamo modulation
Authors: Gan Quan , Wang Wenbing , Yue Jia , Liu Hanli , Chang Loren C. , Zhang Shaodong , Burns Alan , Du Jian
Published: September 2016

The Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Mesosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIME‐GCM) is used to theoretically study the 6 day wave effects on the ionosphere. By introducing a 6 day perturbation with zonal wave number 1 at the model lower boundary, the TIME‐GCM reasonably reproduces the 6 day wave in temperature and horizontal winds in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region during the vernal equinox. The E region wind dynamo exhibits a prominent 6 day oscillation that is directly modulated by the 6 day wave. Meanwhile, significant local time variability (diurnal and semidiurnal) is also seen in wind dynamo as a result of altered tides due to the nonlinear interaction between the 6 day wave and migrating tides. More importantly, the perturbations in the E region neutral winds (both the 6 day oscillation and tidal‐induced short‐term variability) modulate the polarization electric fields, thus leading to the perturbations in vertical ion drifts and ionospheric F2 region peak electron density (NmF2). Our modeling work shows that the 6 day wave couples with the ionosphere via both the direct neutral wind modulation and the interaction with atmospheric tides.
Reply to comment by Kil et al. on “The night when the auroral and equatorial ionospheres converged”
Authors: Martinis Carlos , Baumgardner Jeffrey , Mendillo Michael , Wroten Joei , Coster Anthea J. , Paxton Larry J.
Published: September 2016

One of the goals of the Martinis et al. (2015) (M15) paper was to stimulate interest in the topic of “severe events during moderate geomagnetic storms”—and we succeeded. We welcome the Comment by Kil et al. (2016) (K16) who identified weak signatures related to medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) and tried to argue that airglow depletion signatures of equatorial spread F (ESF) were not present. We agree with K16 in that MSTIDs were present to the north of the all‐sky imager, but only during the early observations. They are easily distinguished from the ESF‐related dark structures observed at the same time to the south of the imager. We stress some observational facts that K16 overlooked or erroneously used to support their case. M15 offered evidence and discussion evidence and discussion of a dynamical pattern—both in space and time domains—and the counter arguments by K16 should have dealt with the same places and same times. We also point out that the GPS data shown by K16 do not provide any information below ~30° geographic latitude in the longitude sector covered by the all‐sky imager. This is the region where the ESF structures appeared first and grew to reach higher latitudes. We believe that the issues addressed by K16 do not provide conclusive evidence to rule out the interpretation given by M15 on the nature of the airglow depletions observed at McDonald Observatory.
Resonance vibrations of the Ross Ice Shelf and observations of persistent atmospheric waves
Authors: Godin Oleg A. , Zabotin Nikolay A.
Published: September 2016

Recently reported lidar observations have revealed a persistent wave activity in the Antarctic middle and upper atmosphere that has no counterpart in observations at midlatitude and low‐latitude locations. The unusual wave activity suggests a geographically specific source of atmospheric waves with periods of 3–10 h. Here we investigate theoretically the hypothesis that the unusual atmospheric wave activity in Antarctica is generated by the fundamental and low‐order modes of vibrations of the Ross Ice Shelf (RIS). Simple models are developed to describe basic physical properties of resonant vibrations of large ice shelves and their coupling to the atmosphere. Dispersion relation of the long surface waves, which propagate in the floating ice sheet and are responsible for its low‐order resonances, is found to be similar to the dispersion relation of infragravity waves in the ice‐free ocean. The phase speed of the surface waves and the resonant frequencies determine the periods and wave vectors of atmospheric waves that are generated by the RIS resonant oscillations. The altitude‐dependent vertical wavelengths and the periods of the acoustic‐gravity waves in the atmosphere are shown to be sensitive to the physical parameters of the RIS, which can be difficult to measure by other means. Predicted properties of the atmospheric waves prove to be in a remarkable agreement with the key features of the observed persistent wave activity.
Tsunami generation and associated waves in the water column and seabed due to an asymmetric earthquake motion within an anisotropic substratum
Authors: Bagheri Amirhossein , Greenhalgh Stewart , Khojasteh Ali , Rahimian Mohammad , Attarnejad Reza
Published: September 2016

In this paper, closed‐form integral expressions are derived to describe how surface gravity waves (tsunamis) are generated when general asymmetric ground displacement (due to earthquake rupturing), involving both horizontal and vertical components of motion, occurs at arbitrary depth within the interior of an anisotropic subsea solid beneath the ocean. In addition, we compute the resultant hydrodynamic pressure within the seawater and the elastic wavefield within the seabed at any position. The method of potential functions and an integral transform approach, accompanied by a special contour integration scheme, are adopted to handle the equations of motion and produce the numerical results. The formulation accounts for any number of possible acoustic‐gravity modes and is valid for both shallow and deep water situations as well as for any focal depth of the earthquake source. Phase and group velocity dispersion curves are developed for surface gravity (tsunami mode), acoustic‐gravity, Rayleigh, and Scholte waves. Several asymptotic cases which arise from the general analysis are discussed and compared to existing solutions. The role of effective parameters such as hypocenter location and frequency of excitation is examined and illustrated through several figures which show the propagation pattern in the vertical and horizontal directions. Attention is directed to the unexpected contribution from the horizontal ground motion. The results have important application in several fields such as tsunami hazard prediction, marine seismology, and offshore and coastal engineering. In a companion paper, we examine the effect of ocean stratification on the appearance and character of internal and surface gravity waves.
Using the Model Statement to Elicit Information and Cues to Deceit from Native Speakers, Non‐native Speakers and Those Talking Through an Interpreter
Authors: Ewens Sarah , Vrij Aldert , Leal Sharon , Mann Samantha , Jo Eunkyung , Shaboltas Alla , Ivanova Maria , Granskaya Juliana , Houston Kate
Published: September 2016

We examined how the presence of an interpreter during an interview affects eliciting information and cues to deceit, whilst using a method that encourages interviewees to provide more detail (model statement, MS). Sixty native English speakers were interviewed in English, and 186 non‐native English speakers were interviewed in English or through an interpreter. Interviewees either lied or told the truth about a mock security meeting, which they reported twice: in an initial free recall and after listening to the MS. The MS resulted in the native English speakers and those interviewed with an interpreter providing more reminiscences (additional detail) than the non‐native English speakers interviewed without an interpreter. As a result, those interviewed through an interpreter provided more detail than the non‐native English speakers, but only after the MS. Native English participants were most detailed in both recalls. No difference was found in the amount of reminiscences provided by liars and truth tellers. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive robust boundary control of coupled bending‐torsional vibration of beams with only one axis of symmetry
Authors: Tavasoli Ali , Enjilela Vali
Published: September 2016

In control design for vibration of beams in literature, the beam section is considered to have two axes of symmetry so that the bending and torsional vibrations are uncoupled; thus, the bending vibration is controlled independently without twisting the beam. However, if the cross section of a beam has only one axis of symmetry, the bending and torsional vibrations become coupled and the beam will undergo twisting in addition to bending. This paper addresses Lyapunov‐based boundary control of coupled bending‐torsional vibration of beams with only one axis of symmetry. The control strategy is based on applying a transverse force and a torque at the free end of the beam. The control design is directly based on the system partial differential equations (PDEs) so that spillover instabilities that are a result of model truncation are avoided. Three cases are investigated. Firstly, it is shown that when exogenous disturbances do not affect the beam, a linear boundary control law can exponentially stabilize the coupled bending‐torsional vibration. Secondly, a nonlinear robust boundary control is established that exponentially stabilizes the beam in the presence of boundary and spatially distributed disturbances. Thirdly, to rule out the need for prior knowledge of disturbances upper‐bound, the proposed robust control is redesigned to achieve an adaptive robust control that stabilizes the beam in the presence of disturbances with unknown upper‐bound. The efficacy of the proposed controls is illustrated by simulation results. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vergisson 4: a left‐handed Neandertal
Authors: Condemi Silvana , Monge Janet , Quertelet Sylvain , Frayer David W. , Combier Jean
Published: September 2016

Objectives

Handedness is an important marker for lateralization of humans in the modern and fossil record. For the most part, Neandertals and their ancestors are strongly right‐handed. We describe a single tooth from a Neandertal level at Vergisson 4 (Vg 4‐83). This left upper central incisor shows all the features typical of Neandertal incisors. It also exhibits a predominance of left‐handed striations.

Methods

Striations on the incisor's labial surface were mapped at 20x magnification using Photoshop. Angulations of the striations were determined from their deviation from the maximum mesio‐distal line and were analyzed using NIH's freeware, Image J.

Results

Of the 60 labial surface striations, Vg 4‐83 shows a strong predominance of left‐handed striations (46; 76.7%), which are statistically significantly different (p < .001 with a two‐tailed chi2 test) from the small number (3) of right‐handed striations.

Discussion

The identification of another left‐handed Neandertal adds to our understanding about handedness variation in this fossil hominin. Given the high frequency of right‐handed Neandertals, the 90: 10 modern ratio is still preserved in this group.
Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of N‐Chiral Amine Oxides
Authors: Bhadra Sukalyan , Yamamoto Hisashi
Published: September 2016

Direct asymmetric synthesis of N‐chiral amine oxides was accomplished (up to 91:9 e.r.) by means of a bimetallic titanium catalyst. A hydroxy group situated at the γ‐position of the N stereocenter enables the desired N‐oxidation through dynamic kinetic resolution of the trivalent amine substrates. The method was further extended to the kinetic resolution of racemic γ‐amino alcohols with a preexisting stereocenter, giving an important class of enantioenriched (up to 99.9:0.1 e.r.) building blocks that are otherwise difficult to synthesize.
Functional Sulfur‐Doped Buckybowls and Their Concave–Convex Supramolecular Assembly with Fullerenes
Authors: Liu Yu‐Min , Xia Dan , Li Bo‐Wei , Zhang Qian‐Yan , Sakurai Tsuneaki , Tan Yuan‐Zhi , Seki Shu , Xie Su‐Yuan , Zheng Lan‐Sun
Published: September 2016

Buckybowls are fascinating components of supramolecular assemblies owing to their unique bowl‐shaped π‐surfaces. Herein we present a protocol for the functionalization of a sulfur‐doped buckybowl, trithiasumanene, via a brominated intermediate, from which thiolated trithiasumanenes were derived. The curved surface and electron‐donating properties of thiolated trithiasumanenes promote their ready assembly with fullerenes to form concave–convex complexes. The supramolecular assembly behavior in solution was investigated by NMR analysis. The structures of supramolecular complexes were unambiguously characterized by crystallography. The crystals of the concave–convex complexes showed high thermal stability and photoconductivity.
Oligomerization of N‐Heterocyclic Silylene into Zwitterionic Silenes
Authors: Zabula Alexander V. , Guzei Ilia A. , West Robert , Li Jingbai , Rogachev Andrey Yu.
Published: September 2016

N‐Heterocyclic carbenes (NHC's) are known to serve as efficient substrates for the stabilization of various transient species possessing low‐valent Group 14 elements and for the generation of double E=C bonds. Herein, we report that the thermal tri‐ and tetramerizations of pyridoannulated silylene 1 lead to the formation of remarkably stable silenes 2 and 3 featuring zwitterionic distribution of electron density. Co‐oligomerization of 1 and its germanium analogue gives a related tetrameric product 4 containing low‐valent germanium atom stabilized by binding with the partial carbene‐character C atom. Bonding situations in 2–4 are best described as silene or germene with the significant zwitterionic distribution of electron density. The singlet diradical electronic state of 2 is 10 kcal mol−1 higher than the ground state configuration.
Integrated Photoelectrochemical Solar Energy Conversion and Organic Redox Flow Battery Devices
Authors: Li Wenjie , Fu Hui‐Chun , Li Linsen , Cabán‐Acevedo Miguel , He Jr‐Hau , Jin Song
Published: September 2016

Building on regenerative photoelectrochemical solar cells and emerging electrochemical redox flow batteries (RFBs), more efficient, scalable, compact, and cost‐effective hybrid energy conversion and storage devices could be realized. An integrated photoelectrochemical solar energy conversion and electrochemical storage device is developed by integrating regenerative silicon solar cells and 9,10‐anthraquinone‐2,7‐disulfonic acid (AQDS)/1,2‐benzoquinone‐3,5‐disulfonic acid (BQDS) RFBs. The device can be directly charged by solar light without external bias, and discharged like normal RFBs with an energy storage density of 1.15 Wh L−1 and a solar‐to‐output electricity efficiency (SOEE) of 1.7 % over many cycles. The concept exploits a previously undeveloped design connecting two major energy technologies and promises a general approach for storing solar energy electrochemically with high theoretical storage capacity and efficiency.