bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The team orienteering problem with variable time windows
Authors: Granda Bibiana , Vitoriano Begoña
Published: November 2024

The orienteering problem is well‐established within the domain of operational research. This paper introduces the team orienteering problem with variable time windows (TOPVTW) as a new variant of the team orienteering problem with time windows. The distinguishing feature of the TOPVTW is the adaptive time windows, which evolve dynamically as a consequence of the solution. This problem arises within the context of spread processes that must be contained. This propagation dictates the time windows, which should be observed by the teams. In turn, these teams must take actions influencing the spread and, consequently, the time windows. The time windows can affect both the nodes and the paths. Thus, two distinct versions of the problem are delineated, each supported by dedicated mixed integer programming models. An application is illustrated optimizing resources for wildfire suppression. This work serves as an initial stride toward further exploration and analysis within this domain.
Post Hoc Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) Analysis of Older Person/Student Nurse Intergenerational Café Implementation
Authors: Tuohy Dympna , Cassidy Irene , Graham Margaret , Murphy Jill , Shanahan Jacinta , Tuohy Teresa , McCarthy Jane
Published: November 2024

Aim

To determine the barriers, facilitators and effectiveness of using an intergenerational café to enable intergenerational learning.

Design

Implementation science using the ‘Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research’ framework.

Methods

Ethical approval for this research was granted by the University of Limerick. Online intergenerational cafés were held with older people and student nurses. Original data were collected through surveys and facilitator reflections. Participants were invited post‐café to participate in the study. Student nurses (n = 50) and older people (n = 49) participated in an anonymous online survey, and facilitators (n = 7) took part in a peer focus group on planning and co‐ordinating the cafés. Post hoc ‘CFIR’ analysis comprised secondary data analysis through mapping descriptive statistics and thematically analysed data to codebooks derived from CFIR domains and constructs.

Results

Barriers and facilitators to café implementation were identified. Organisational factors are important for effective implementation. More students felt that the purpose, topics and running of the café were clear and organised. In contrast, more older people wanted additional time in the discussion groups. Technical difficulties (e.g., computer, logging on) were identified by some as a barrier to participation. Overall, having a clear purpose and topics along with an online approach facilitated implementation. All participants supported the café innovation as a way of increasing intergenerational learning. Facilitators worked effectively as a team to ensure the smooth running of the cafés. The analysis helped determine the effectiveness of the intervention.

Conclusion

These cafés facilitated mutual learning and understanding and were well received by participants.

Implications for the Profession and/or Patient Care

Intergenerational cafés can support intergenerational learning.

Impact

Intergenerational cafés facilitated intergenerational learning.

Reporting Method

SRQR/EQUATOR.

Patient or Public Contribution

There was no patient/public contribution.
An Analysis of the Diversity of Skin Colour Representation in Paediatric Nursing Practitioner Textbooks
Authors: Huntsman Annabelle , Pavek Adriene , Shen Nathan , Lyon Justin , Palmer Jonathan , Ney Zachary , Hamilton Jennifer L.
Published: November 2024

Aims

Our study aims to analyse 8 commonly used textbooks to determine how diverse skin tones are represented in paediatric nursing practitioner education.

Design

Literature reviewed from 2016 to 2024 demonstrated that the lack of darkly pigmented skin colour representation in health science education leads to diminished patient outcomes for these populations. Our study sought to study representation teaching images and eight commonly referenced nursing textbooks were chosen for this study, given their use in paediatric nurse practitioner education. Of the eight textbooks selected, five were analysed based on inclusion criteria.

Methods

Two investigators trained in skin prototyping coded each textbook for skin colour representation and coded during 2023–2024. Coders used the widely accepted prototyping scale, the Fitzpatrick Scale (range I‐VI, with I being the lightest colour skin and VI the darkest). Teaching photographs were defined as all photos used to provide insight into a disease or diagnostic technique that included human skin. Two individual coders coded and documented data, ensuring each coder was blinded to the overall results.

Results

Our analysis of 5 textbooks revealed that 2112 images met the criteria as teaching images. Of the 2112 teaching images, 593.5 included images of type IV‐VI skin (darkly pigmented skin), resulting in a 28% representation of dark skin tone images. Additionally, 2 of the 82 total illustrations included patients with dark skin tones, indicating a representation of 2.5%. However, chapters addressing conditions of child abuse/neglect (55.95%) and stigmatised social issues (infectious disease, 54.88%) displayed a disproportionate representation of patients from these demographics.

Conclusions

Our results highlight the importance of enhancing equitable representation in educational resources for nursing practitioners.

Implications for the Profession/ Patient Care

There is room to collaborate with other health science institutions to establish clear guidelines for future improvement in expanding teaching images to include diversity representation in education.

Patient or Public Contribution

No patient or public contribution.
A new species of Hoplostethus from Sumatra, eastern Indian Ocean, with comments on its most similar congeners (Trachichthyiformes: Trachichthyidae)
Authors: Su Yo , Kotlyar Alexander N. , Lin Hsiu‐Chin , Kawai Toshio , Ho Hsuan‐Ching
Published: November 2024

A new species of the roughy fish genus Hoplostethus, subgenus Leiogaster, is described based on three specimens collected from Sumatra, Indonesia. This species can be distinguished from its congeners by the following characteristics: gular region covered with ctenoid scales; pelvic‐fin spine smooth on its anterior edge; head depth subequal or smaller than its length (37.2%–38.6% standard length [SL], or 94.7%–99.2% head length [HL]); pectoral‐fin length 35.6%–37.8% SL, reaching beyond a vertical through anal‐fin origin; abdominal scutes well developed, 12–16; pectoral‐fin rays uniformly black, 17–19; gill rakers on the first arch 6–7 + 1 + 13–14 = 21; pre‐dorsal scales 24–27; and pyloric caeca 32. A detailed description is provided along with comparisons with its congeners. Additionally, diagnostic characters of the congeners and literature records of Hoplostethus rubellopterus and Hoplostethus melanopus are discussed.
Change in frailty among older COVID‐19 survivors
Authors: Seligman Benjamin , Wysham Katherine D. , Shahoumian Troy , Orkaby Ariela R. , Goetz Matthew Bidwell , Osborne Thomas F. , Smith Valerie A. , Maciejewski Matthew L. , Hynes Denise M. , Boyko Edward J. , Ioannou George N.
Published: November 2024

Introduction

COVID‐19 survivors are at greater risk for new medical conditions. Among older adults, where multimorbidity and functional impairment are common, frailty measurement provides a tool for understanding how infection impacts future health beyond a one‐disease‐at‐a‐time approach. We investigated whether COVID‐19 was associated with change in frailty among older Veterans.

Methods

Data were from the Veterans Affairs (VA) COVID‐19 Observational Research Collaboratory, which extracted VA medical record data. We included Veterans who had COVID‐19 from March 1, 2020, to April 30, 2021 and matched uninfected controls. We excluded those <50 years at index or did not survive 12 months after. Frailty was assessed at the index date and 12 months using the VA Frailty Index (VA‐FI).

We assessed the number of new VA‐FI deficits over 12 months. Analysis was done by negative binomial regression adjusted for age, gender, race, ethnicity, and BMI. Coefficients are given as the ratio of the mean number of new deficits in COVID‐19 cases versus controls during follow‐up.

Results

We identified 91,338 COVID‐19‐infected Veterans and an equal number of matched controls. Median (IQR) age was 68.9 years (60.3–74.2), 5% were female, 71% were White, and baseline VA‐FI was 0.16 (0.10, 0.26). Median (IQR) number of new deficits at 1 year was 1 (0–2) for infected and 0 (0–1) for uninfected controls. After adjustment, those with COVID‐19 accrued 1.54 (95% CI 1.52–1.56) times more deficits than those who did not. The five most common new deficits were fatigue (9.7%), anemia (6.8%), muscle atrophy (6.5%), gait abnormality (6.2%), and arthritis (5.8%).

Discussion

We found a greater increase in frailty among older Veterans with COVID‐19 compared with matched uninfected controls, suggesting that COVID‐19 infection has long‐term implications for vulnerability and disability among older adults. Functional impairments such as fatigue, impaired mobility, and joint pain may warrant specific attention in this population.
Interns' and Junior Nurses' Workplace‐Violence Perceptions, Coping Confidence and Attitudes Towards Violence Management: A Structural Equation Model Analysis
Authors: Chen Li , Zhang Aihua , Feng Xianqiong
Published: November 2024

Aim

To investigate interns' and junior nurses' perceptions, coping confidence and attitudes towards workplace violence in China.

Design

Cross‐sectional survey study involving 622 interns or nurses with < 5 years of hospital experience.

Methods

Data were gathered from the largest tertiary hospital in southwestern mainland China using a general information questionnaire, the Perception of Aggression Scale, the Confidence in Coping with Patient Aggression Instrument and the Management of Aggressive and Violence Attitude Scale. Structural equation modelling was used to understand relationships and pathways between the nurses' perceptions of, confidence in dealing with and attitudes towards managing workplace violence.

Results

The average scores for the perception of workplace violence, confidence in coping with workplace violence and attitudes towards violence management were 37.44 (±11.60), 29.84 (±8.23) and 81.87 (±23.72), respectively. Perceptions of workplace violence, confidence in coping with workplace violence and attitudes towards violence management show low to moderate correlations; confidence in coping with workplace violence was the mediating variable in the interactions among the three variables.

Conclusions

Interns and junior nurses have weaker perceptions of workplace violence, lower confidence in their ability to cope with violence and more negative attitudes towards violence management. Perceptions of workplace violence affected attitudes towards violence management through the intermediary role of confidence in coping with workplace violence.

Implications

Nursing managers should increase education and training to improve interns' and junior nurses' awareness and confidence in dealing with workplace violence. Healthcare organisations should prevent and manage workplace violence to develop nurses' positive attitudes towards violence management.

Reporting Method

The study adhered to the STROBE checklist of cross‐sectional studies.

Patient or Public Contribution

Interns and nurses with < 5 years of experience participated by voluntarily completing a paper questionnaire.
From bonds to bounds: The cultural diversity experiences of police officers as custodians of their own social capital
Authors: Baygeldi Merve Reyhan , Günay Fatma Nur
Published: November 2024

This study is an attempt to understand police officers' interactions with cultural diversity within the framework of social capital. Utilizing semi‐structured interviews and thematic analysis within a phenomenological research framework, the findings reveal that being a police officer enhances and limits the trust relation at the same time. Although they are expected to transfer to other cities in certain periods and encounter diverse cultures, thereby enhancing their social capital, as officers' discretionary power diminishes and they increasingly adhere to established regulations, which constrain their flexibility and autonomy in public interactions. This regulatory reliance often results in a withdrawal from discretionary engagements with the social diversity. The data informing these findings originate from Türkiye; however, the conclusions regarding the cultural aspects of police‐citizen interactions, viewed through the lens of social capital, have broader implications that extend beyond national boundaries, which is evaluated in comparison with international studies.
The Central Role of Daily Hopeful Feelings in Predicting Well‐Being: A Network Perspective
Authors: Miao Miao , Wen Jie , Gan Yiqun , Edwards Megan E. , King Laura A.
Published: November 2024

Objective

Hope is associated with many positive outcomes. However, most research on hope has focused on its cognitive aspect, with few studies examining the affective aspect. To further clarify the nature of hope and its association with well‐being, this study examined the relationship between the affective aspect of hope—namely, hopeful feelings—and various aspects of well‐being.

Method

A daily diary analysis was conducted with 187 Chinese adults (meanage = 28.17 ± 5.56). Hopeful feelings and affective (positive and negative emotions), eudaimonic (meaning in life), and evaluative (life satisfaction) aspects of well‐being were assessed twice per day (morning and night) for 14 consecutive days. A multilevel vector autoregressive model was used to investigate the temporal, contemporaneous, and between‐person networks of hopeful feelings with positive emotion and well‐being.

Results

Hopeful feelings had the strongest outstrength in the temporal networks and were the most central node in the between‐person networks. In addition, hopeful feelings exhibited significant cross‐lagged predictive roles on all the well‐being nodes except negative emotion.

Conclusions

These findings revealed a close association between hopeful feelings and well‐being, with hopeful feelings predicting various aspects of daily well‐being. Future interventions to improve well‐being should focus on the enrichment of daily hopeful feelings.
Agency and Communion in Brief Entire Life Narratives Across the Life Span
Authors: Kemper Nina F. , Martin Theresa , Cohrs Lea , Schmiedek Florian , Habermas Tilmann
Published: November 2024

Objective

The evolving life story is integral to personality, and motivational themes are central features of the life story. Personality implies individual differences that are relatively stable over time, but still allow for developmental processes. This study explored both long‐term stability and developmental change in thematic content of the life story.

Method

Fulfilled and unfulfilled agency and communion were studied in brief entire life narratives across 4 measurements in 12 years in a cohort‐sequential design including six cohorts (n = 172; age 8–77).

Results

Fulfilled agency and communion, as well as unfulfilled agency exhibited moderate rank order stability over 4 and 8 years, fulfilled communion showed even a modest 12‐year stability, whereas unfulfilled communion displayed an unsystematic pattern. Developmentally, multilevel analyses revealed an inverted U‐shaped association between age and both fulfilled and unfulfilled agency, peaking in mid‐life. Fulfilled communion declined after emerging adulthood, but unexpectedly did not increase again in old age. Unfulfilled communion showed no systematic age trends. Girls and women told life narratives with more fulfilled and unfulfilled communion, whereas genders did not differ in either kind of agency.

Conclusion

The content of the life story exhibits rank‐order stability over time and systematic mean‐level development across the life span.
Development of Self‐Reported Reward Responsiveness and Inhibitory Control and the Role of Clinical and Neural Predictors
Authors: Mattoni Matthew , Sullivan‐Toole Holly , Olino Thomas M.
Published: November 2024

Objective

Understanding the development of adolescent reward responsiveness and inhibitory control is important as they are implicated in key outcomes, such as depression. However, relatively few studies have examined the self‐reported experience of this development longitudinally, and past findings have been mixed. Here, we examined the longitudinal development of self‐reported reward responsiveness and inhibitory control in youth, as well as clinical and neural measures as predictors of these longitudinal trajectories.

Method

We assessed 223 youth aged 9–17 across 36 months. We modeled growth trajectories of several measures of reward responsiveness and inhibitory control using multilevel models. We tested reward‐related functional connectivity, depression symptoms, and parental risk for psychopathology as moderators of longitudinal growth.

Results

Self‐reported inhibitory control increased linearly across adolescence. However, contrary to hypotheses and common models of adolescent development, self‐reported reward responsiveness decreased linearly across adolescence. Baseline functional connectivity and clinical risk measures did not significantly moderate trajectories.

Conclusion

Results suggest that within‐person changes in the phenomenological experience of reward responsiveness may not match developmental expectations based on cross‐sectional and neuroimaging studies. More attention is needed to the longitudinal study of subjective experience of reward responsiveness.
Characterising the power spectrum dynamics of the non‐REM to REM sleep transition
Authors: Serantes Diego , Cavelli Matías , Gonzalez Joaquín , Mondino Alejandra , Benedetto Luciana , Torterolo Pablo
Published: November 2024

The transition from non‐rapid eye movement (NREM) to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is considered a transitional or intermediate stage (IS), characterised by high amplitude spindles in the frontal cortex and theta activity in the occipital cortex. Early reports in rats showed an IS lasting from 1 to 5 s, but recent studies suggested a longer duration of this stage of up to 20 s. To further characterise the IS, we analysed its spectral characteristics on electrocorticogram (ECoG) recordings of the olfactory bulb (OB), primary motor (M1), primary somatosensory (S1), and secondary visual cortex (V2) in 12 Wistar male adult rats. By comparing the IS with consolidated NREM/REM epochs, our results reveal that the IS has specific power spectral patterns that fall out of the NREM and REM sleep state power distribution. Specifically, the main findings were that sigma (11–16 Hz) power in OB, M1, S1, and V2 increased during the IS compared with NREM and REM sleep, which started first in the frontal part of the brain (OB −54 s, M1 −53 s) prior to the last spindle occurrence. The beta band (17–30 Hz) power showed a similar pattern to that of the sigma band, starting −54 s before the last spindle occurrence in the M1 cortex. Notably, sigma infraslow coupling (~0.02 Hz) increased during the IS but occurred at a slower frequency (~0.01 Hz) compared with NREM sleep. Thus, we argue that the NREM to REM transition contains its own local spectral profile, in accordance with previous reports, and is more extended than described previously.
Characteristics and clinical course of myoclonus in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels
Authors: James Matthew , Lowrie Mark , Rusbridge Clare
Published: November 2024

Background

Myoclonus has been described in aging Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS), but the natural course of the disease and response to treatment have not been described.

Objectives

Report the clinical features and course of myoclonus in CKCS.

Animals

Twenty‐seven caregivers provided questionnaire responses at a median of 24 months after the onset of myoclonus in their CKCS. Fifteen caregivers completed a second follow‐up questionnaire at a median of 17 months after submission of the first questionnaire.

Methods

The caregivers of affected CKCS were invited to provide video footage for review. Owners of CKCS with videos demonstrating myoclonus then completed the online questionnaire for further evaluation. A second shortened questionnaire was sent to participants at least 6 months after completion of the first.

Results

Most CKCS displayed spontaneous myoclonus affecting predominantly the head (25/27). Overall, the majority had episodes that increased in frequency (20/27) and severity (17/27). Eighteen dogs had developed changes in behavior since the onset of myoclonus. These dogs were typically older and had experienced myoclonic episodes for longer than dogs without behavioral changes. Generalized epileptic seizures were reported in 4/27 dogs. Ten dogs received medical treatment. Eight were prescribed levetiracetam; all had an initial decrease in episode frequency, but a subsequent increase in both frequency and severity of episodes was common.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Myoclonus in CKCS tends to progress in frequency and severity regardless of treatment. Progressive behavioral changes suggestive of cognitive decline are common. These findings support the possibility of an underlying neurodegenerative process.
Review of osteoderm function and future research directions
Authors: Ebel R. , Herrel A. , Scheyer T. M. , Keogh J. S.
Published: November 2024

Osteoderms, bone plates in the skin, are widely but discontinuously distributed across the phylogeny of tetrapods. This and their pronounced morphological disparity has inspired many hypotheses on possible osteoderm functions. Most of these have not been systematically studied or summarised based on the published disparate literature. We provide here a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge in this field with a focus on extant non‐avian reptiles. We also discuss functions in other extant osteoderm‐bearing taxa and those inferred from the fossil record. The hypotheses are categorised into protection, lifestyle and locomotion, physiology, and visual functions. A comprehensive overview of future directions in this field is provided. With this review, we hope to encourage future research to investigate the functional aspect of osteoderms. This might inspire biomimetics and shed light on the role that osteoderm expression may have played in shaping present‐day biodiversity.
Physicians in congress: Professional backgrounds and legislative effectiveness
Authors: Fountaine Alexandra , Shepherd Michael E. , Skinner Daniel
Published: November 2024

Despite a long history of physician service in the U.S. Congress, scholars have not yet provided a systematic study of physician members of Congress (PMCs) behavior once elected. Using publicly available data, the authors built a database of all PMCs, including years served, gender, and party affiliation since 1921, merging these data with information on PMC lawmaking activities since 1973. We show that, relative to other members, PMCs are substantially more likely to sponsor and have their health policies passed relative to other members. Further, PMCs are 66% more legislatively effective on health policy matters relative to other members. We show that these health policy effectiveness gains are isolated to health policy making and are not driven by committee assignments or ideological moderation. This work expands on the literatures related to the descriptive and substantive representation of occupational and economic class groupings as well as lawmaking effectiveness.
Microscopic mineralogy of zoned pyroxene in NWA 12522: Implications for the crystallization histories of the shergottites
Authors: Guo Zhuang , Zhu Yu , Li Yang , Coulson Ian M. , Li Xiongyao , Liu Jianzhong
Published: November 2024

Basaltic shergottites are the most abundant rock type of Martian meteorites, and pyroxene grains within shergottites commonly show a zoned structure. Here, the detailed microscopic mineralogical characteristics of patchy zoned pyroxene in basaltic shergottite NWA 12522 were investigated by a combination of scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe, Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The results show that the cores of zoned pyroxene in NWA 12522 have a homogeneous Mg# value and consist mainly of augite and pigeonite. By contrast, the rim of zoned pyroxene is extremely ferroan and can be further divided into two regions based on quite distinct mineralogy and textures (i.e., far‐core and near‐core pyroxene rims). The near‐core rim shows narrow exsolution lamellae (~35 nm) that were cross‐cut by thin pigeonite veinlets and contain abundant nano‐sized particles of metastable pyroxferroite and pigeonite. Only relatively coarse exsolution lamellae (~80 nm) were observed in the far‐core pyroxene rim regions. The distinct mineralogical characteristics of the pyroxene rims and cores in NWA 12522 imply different crystallization conditions, and the homogeneous Mg‐rich pyroxene cores should have slowly crystallized from magma within a deep‐seated chamber, followed by an overgrown evolved melt on these pyroxene cores during their ascent to the Martian surface, and disequilibrium crystallization of nano‐sized metastable phase (pyroxferroite) occurred in the near‐core region. The abnormally low ΣREE contents and steep REE pattern (high Yb/La ratio) of the pyroxene rims in NWA 12522 imply that merrillite should have crystallized prior to the pyroxene rims, making the residual melt become REE‐depleted and HREE‐enriched.
Inhibition of Orthodontic Relapse by Local Application of Simvastatin‐Loaded Gelatin Hydrogel in a Rabbit Model
Authors: Rosyida Niswati Fathmah , Ana Ika Dewi , Pudyani Pinandi Sri , Nugroho Akhmad Kharis
Published: November 2024

Objectives

This study aims to determine the effect of gelatin–simvastatin hydrogel application on bone remodelling during relapse.

Materials and Methods

Twenty‐four rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were divided into a control group (n = 12) and a treatment group (n = 12). The lower incisors were subjected to orthodontic force and moved distally by an open coil spring. The force (50 cN) was extended for 1 week and retained in a new position for 2 weeks (stabilisation period). The treatment group received a local gelatin–simvastatin hydrogel administration during stabilisation, and the control group received only gelatin hydrogel. The springs were debonded after the stabilisation phase from both groups to facilitate a relapse. The percentage of relapse was measured in a model study using digital callipers. Levels of OPG and RANKL were analysed using ELISA.

Results

The local application of gelatin–simvastatin hydrogel in the treatment group significantly decreases the relapse percentage and RANKL level. Additionally, the gelatin–simvastatin hydrogel significantly increases the level of OPG and ratio of OPG/RANKL.

Conclusions

Applying gelatin–simvastatin hydrogel in the retention period can induce bone formation, inhibit orthodontic relapse and increase tooth stability (in vivo).
Factors associated with the use of regional anesthesia for calcaneal osteotomy in pediatric patients: A single‐center, retrospective cohort study
Authors: Andrew Benjamin Y. , Pfaff Kayla E. , Jooste Sarah , Einhorn Lisa M.
Published: November 2024

Background

Despite known disparities in pediatric perioperative outcomes, few studies have examined factors associated with the use of regional anesthesia for pediatric orthopedic surgery.

Aims

This investigation aimed to determine if minority and developmental disability status were associated with the allocation of peripheral nerve blocks in calcaneal osteotomy.

Methods

We conducted a single‐center, retrospective study of records of patients <18 years who underwent calcaneal osteotomy from 2013 to 2023. Regional technique was classified into three groups: popliteal‐sciatic single‐shot block, popliteal‐sciatic catheter, and no block. Patients were classified as either nonminority (white, non‐Hispanic) or minority. Developmental disability status was defined based on medical history and classified as binary. Anesthesiologists were classified as “regional” or “nonregional” based on clinical expertise. A Bayesian hierarchical multinomial model with random intercepts for patients and surgeons was used to investigate the association of minority status, developmental disability, and anesthesiologist expertise with block selection.

Results

We analyzed 287 cases in 225 patients; of these, 55% occurred in minority patients and 28% occurred in patients with developmental disability. Catheters were placed in 45% of cases, single shot blocks in 41%, and no block in 14%. Minority and nonminority patients had a similar likelihood of receiving of any block. Patients with developmental disability had a −22% absolute difference of receiving any block (95% credible interval [−38%, −7%]) compared to those without developmental disability (55% vs. 77%), an effect primarily driven by a lower rate of catheter placement in these children. Regional anesthesiologists were more likely to place catheters (23% absolute increase; 36% vs. 13%) and more likely to perform any block in children with developmental disability (30% absolute increase; 67% vs. 37%) than nonregional anesthesiologists.

Conclusions

Decision‐making surrounding the placement of regional anesthesia techniques is complex. In this study, developmental disability status and anesthesiologist experience were associated with a difference in the use of regional anesthesia in patients undergoing calcaneal osteotomy.
Guest Editors' Introduction to Multidimensional Perspectives Addressing the Struggle for Peace and Justice
Authors: Peterson Christian Philip , Howlett Charles F.
Published: November 2024

This special issue undertakes an examination of the multidimensional perspectives authors have written to address the ongoing struggle in the quest for peace and justice. While there is an abundance of lengthy and detailed scholarly analyses available about the issues of violence, war, and peace and justice, these short, concise essays take a rather unique approach. They look at the topic from a variety of perspectives, which includes activists not in the academy, an academic playwright, a museum curator, an international relations scholar, and historians writing about parks and gardens, music, how to best understand the war in Ukraine, and the important role pedagogy can play in the classroom. These contributions not only rely on current research but also are designed to offer a blueprint on how interested readers can work to overcome present obstacles blocking the path to peace and justice. The thread tying them together is not what they say but what they do.
The Importance of Addressing Evolutionary Mismatches in the Production Management of Aquaculture Species
Authors: Mock Thomas S. , Francis Davis S. , Dujon Antoine M.
Published: November 2024

To achieve production goals, aquaculture often modifies the environments of farmed species, creating conditions that differ significantly from their natural habitats. These alterations can result in evolutionary mismatches, where traits that evolved to optimise survival and reproduction in the wild become maladaptive in farming settings. This can lead to a conflict between traits desired for farming and those favoured by natural selection. In this opinion piece, we examine cases where such evolutionary mismatches arise, their impact on production, and strategies to mitigate these effects. We provide examples of species and farming practices that have been optimised through selective breeding and evolutionary studies and highlight practical solutions that can be applied to the many aquaculture species for which farming practices remain suboptimal. Additionally, we suggest directions for future research to deepen our understanding of evolutionary mismatches in aquaculture.
Analysis of Institutional Design of European Union Cyber Incident and Crisis Management as a Complex Public Good
Authors: Kianpour Mazaher , Frantz Christopher
Published: November 2024

Effective cyber incident response and crisis management increasingly relies on the coordination of relevant actors at supranational levels. A polycentric governance structure is one of the institutional arrangements that can promote active participation of involved actors, an aspect decisive for the rapid and effective response to cyber incidents and crises. This research aims to dissect whether, and to what extent, a polycentric structure is manifested within the cyber crisis management framework of the European Union (EU) and assesses the extent to which these policies signal a balance between centralization and decentralization. By employing Institutional Grammar 2.0, we examine the roles and interactions among actors delineated within four key policies to identify the structural characteristics, institutional essentials, and prerequisites indicative of a polycentric governance system. Additionally, we apply network analysis to evaluate dyadic relationships of actors, further assessing the balance between centralization and decentralization in the EU's cyber crisis management framework. Our analysis reveals that the EU has adopted a polycentric governance model for cyber crisis management, characterized by a nuanced distribution of responsibilities and authorities. The findings highlight a tendency toward centralization, especially in the roles of Member States and the European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA), while maintaining a polycentric structure that blends centralization and decentralization. This balance can ensure structural integrity and coherence of the system, while theoretically providing the flexibility and resilience needed to adapt to the dynamic cyber threat landscape. The study contributes methodologically, offering a framework that can be applied to other domains, and provides insights into the effective coordination of cyber incident response and crisis management at supranational levels.
Exploring the oral health status of children living with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE): A caregiver described self‐report
Authors: Adams Rachyl L. , Al‐Mayahi Sarah , Mara Mathew D.
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE) is a birth complication due to loss of oxygen flow, resulting in a wide range of physical and cognitive differences often requiring support from multidisciplinary healthcare teams. Despite this population's increased need, little is known about their oral health status and the role of the dentist as a member of the care team.

Methods

A 32‐item oral health questionnaire was shared to 8700 members within the patient advocacy non‐profit, Hope for HIE's, Facebook group. The survey assessed caregiver‐reported oral health status and facilitators and barriers to receiving dental care.

Results

Two hundred sixty‐two individuals responded to the survey. The majority were white (90%, 177/196) parents of children with HIE (99%, 259/262) that lived in the U.S. (76%, 148/195) and cared for children under 3 (42%, 106/251). 36% (85/236) reported cavity experience, 81% (180/223) reported visiting the dentist for a dental check‐up, however, 58% (147/255) considered the dentist to be a member of their child's care team.

Conclusion

Children diagnosed with HIE likely experience similar oral health status as their peers, however, qualitative developmental work is necessary to assess facilitators and barriers to receiving dental care, and how to integrate the dentist into the care team.
The Racial Carcerality of Migration Governance
Authors: Garneau Brianna
Published: November 2024

Bringing migration governance literature into conversation with carceral studies, this article offers a conceptual framework to account for the interconnectedness between migration governance in the global North and the racial logics of carcerality. It argues that criminalization, incarceration, detention, and deportation, converging as a carceral industrial complex, should be viewed in historically specific contexts as modes of racist exclusion that fulfill racial projects. The article first considers critical race scholarship on nation‐state formation to trace the historical and contemporary manifestations of racial exclusion within immigration legislation. Next, the article traces the carceral nature of migration and border governance, focussing particular attention to its expansion into the orbit of families and communities, to suggest that carceral migration governance crystalizes a set of power relations implicated in the reproduction of global racial ordering. To illustrate this argument, the final section engages the carceral migration racial governance framework through the empirical vantage point of ‘the family’ to advance an understanding of the work that carceral migration does for racial ordering and the production of disposable (family) life to those ends.
Ultrasonographic characteristics of splenic stromal sarcoma in 13 dogs
Authors: Sullivan Rachel M. , Hankin Elyshia J.
Published: November 2024

The identification of a solitary splenic mass on abdominal ultrasound is a common occurrence; however, diagnosis based on imaging alone remains a challenge. Multiple studies have tried to identify key characteristics that denote a benign or malignant lesion before splenectomy. Differential diagnoses commonly include hemangiosarcoma, hematoma, extramedullary hematopoiesis, and lymphoid hyperplasia. While comprehensive, this list fails to consider the less frequent neoplasms such as splenic stromal sarcoma. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate 13 dogs diagnosed with canine splenic stromal sarcoma and determine common characteristics noted on abdominal ultrasound. Masses were solid, without evidence of cavitation, and arising from the mid‐body of the spleen. While abdominal ultrasound does not provide a definitive diagnosis for splenic stromal sarcoma, it should be considered when identifying a solitary, solid, noncavitary splenic mass.
Effect of thread direction on rotational stability in lag‐screw fixation of sacroiliac luxation: An ex vivo cadaveric study in small‐breed dogs
Authors: Bae SeungPyo , Jeon YoungJin , Lee Haebeom , Jeong Jaemin
Published: November 2024

Objective

To assess the effect of screw thread direction on rotational resistance in canine sacroiliac (SI) luxation models using left‐ and right‐handed screws.

Study design

Controlled laboratory study.

Sample population

Twenty‐four adult canine pelves with proximal femora were examined.

Methods

Four groups (n = 6 each) were established: right‐handed screw/right SI luxation (RhRSI), right‐handed screw/left SI luxation (RhLSI), left‐handed screw/left SI luxation (LhLSI), and left‐handed screw/right SI luxation (LhRSI). Under fluoroscopy, 2.4 mm cortical screws were placed into the SI joint in a lag fashion. An acute failure test measured force and torque at yield and peak points, with the ilium and femur positioned at a 108° angle and displacement at 0.099 cm/s. Torque (N cm) was calculated from force (N) and the moment arm (cm).

Results

Differences in median torque were found at yield and peak points. RhRSI gave 50.08 N cm versus 16.01 N cm for RhLSI (p < .01), and LhLSI showed 39.42 N cm versus 19.93 N cm for LhRSI (p < .03). At peak, RhRSI recorded 67.55 N cm compared to 28.14 N cm for RhLSI (p < .01), and LhLSI reached 51.79 N cm versus 28.28 N cm for LhRSI (p < .05). All samples failed by rotation without screw breakage or fractures.

Conclusion

Right‐handed screws provided greater rotational resistance in right‐sided luxation, and left‐handed screws in left‐sided luxation, which demonstrated that screw thread direction influenced fixation stability in SI luxation.

Clinical significance

The findings suggest that selecting screw thread direction can enhance biomechanical stability in SI luxation repair, improving surgical outcomes for affected dogs.
Regional cerebral perfusion and sympathetic activation during exercise in hypoxia and hypercapnia: preliminary insight into ‘Cushing's mechanism’
Authors: Wan Hsuan‐Yu , Bunsawat Kanokwan , Jarrett Catherine L. , Shields Katherine L. , Bisconti Angela V. , Weavil Joshua C. , Amann Markus
Published: November 2024

We examined the interactive influence of hypoxia and exercise, and hypercapnia and exercise, on regional cerebral perfusion and sympathetic activation. Twenty healthy young adults (seven women) completed study trials including (1) rest in normoxia (: ∼96%, : ∼36 mmHg), normocapnic hypoxia (: ∼84%, : ∼36 mmHg), and normoxic hypercapnia (: ∼98%, : ∼46 mmHg) and (2) unilateral rhythmic handgrip exercise (45% of maximal voluntary contraction at 1 Hz for 3 min) under the same gas conditions. Based on the exercising arm, blood flow in the contralateral internal carotid (ICABF) and ipsilateral vertebral (VABF) arteries, anterior and posterior cerebral O2 delivery (), and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) were measured in each trial. During exercise in hypoxia, ICABF, VABF, anterior and posterior were significantly lower, whereas total MSNA was significantly greater, than the sum of the responses evoked by either hypoxia or exercise alone. During exercise in hypercapnia, ICABF and anterior were significantly greater, whereas MSNA was lower, than the sum of the responses evoked by either hypercapnia or exercise alone. The VABF and posterior responses to hypercapnic exercise were not different from the summated responses. These findings suggest that the brain is hypoperfused and sympathetic outflow potentiated during hypoxic exercise, and that the brain is hyperperfused and sympathetic discharge constrained during hypercapnic exercise. The contrasting consequences for cerebral perfusion and sympathetic activation indicate a potential involvement of Cushing's mechanism in the autonomic control during exercise in healthy humans.

image

Key points

Brain O2‐demand and ‐supply are mismatched, and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) is enhanced in humans exercising at high altitude; the link between the two phenomena remains elusive.

We evaluated the isolated and interactive effects of exercise, hypoxia, and hypercapnia on blood flow in the internal carotid (ICABF) and vertebral (VABF) arteries, and MSNA.

The interaction of hypoxia and exercise was hypo‐additive for ICABF and VABF and anterior and posterior cerebral O2 delivery (), but hyper‐additive for MSNA.

The interaction of hypercapnia and exercise was hyper‐additive for ICABF and anterior , additive for VABF and posterior , and hypo‐additive for MSNA.

These observations indicate that a suboptimal brain perfusion during hypoxic exercise coincides with a potentiated sympathetic outflow, while a (supra‐)optimal brain perfusion during hypercapnic exercise coincides with a suppressed sympathetic outflow.

Our findings suggest that Cushing's mechanism may play a role in the autonomic control in exercising humans.
Eyelid Motion Tracking During Blinking Using High-Speed Imaging and Digital Image Correlation
Authors: Seamone Andrew , Shapiro Jeremy N. , Zhao Zhenyang , Aakalu Vinay K. , Waas Anthony M. , Nelson Christine
Published: November 2024

This study presents a novel technique to measure the motion of the eyelid during blinking. High-speed imaging and digital image correlation (DIC) were employed to monitor the eyelid during blinking in a noninvasive manner. Both spontaneous and reflex blinks were studied. A black liquid eyeliner was used to generate a speckle pattern on the surface of the eyelid. Facet motion captured through a DIC analysis software generated kinematic data for each blink. Calculations using this dataset yielded information on the duration of the blink, eyelid displacements, and peak eyelid velocities. A consistent dataset quantified the difference between blink types and reinforced the repeatability of this DIC analysis method to measure the kinematics of blinking.
Analysis of Factors Influencing Y-Ring Sealing Under Ultra-High-Pressure, High-Temperature, and Low-Temperature Conditions
Authors: Feng Chunyu , He Jiulong , Wang Pengcheng , Yin Hongwei , Luo Xiaolong , Xie Qi
Published: November 2024

To study the factors affecting the sealing performance of a Y-shaped sealing ring at the stem of a 140-MPa cage throttle valve under −46 °C, 25 °C, and 180 °C operating conditions, uniaxial tensile tests were conducted on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and its modified materials. Finite element simulation software was then used to perform a simulation study of the Y-shaped sealing ring. The finite element simulation software was used to perform a sensitivity analysis on the five most critical parameters of the Y-shaped sealing ring and to perform dimensional optimization by using the multi-island genetic algorithm. The results show that compared with 25 °C, under a 180 °C condition, the contact stress at both ends of the sealing lip decreases when the valve stem moves upward. Under the condition of −46 °C, the contact stress at the sealing lip increases when the valve stem goes down, the contact stress at both ends of the sealing lip decreases when the valve stem goes up; and the impact of the stem movement speed on the maximum value of the Y-shaped sealing ring contact stress is small. The design dimensions that have the greatest influence on the maximum von Mises stress and the maximum contact stress of the inner lip of the Y-seal during stem movement are the width and the tip height of the lip, respectively. The optimum values of the design variables are determined and the feasibility of the theoretical design is verified by testing.
Estimation of Thermal Emission From Mixture of CO2 and H2O Gases and Fly-Ash Particles
Authors: Singh Kuljeet , Patil Kapilkumar , Kumar Pradeep
Published: November 2024

In the present work, the thermal emission from gases and particle mixture is studied comprehensively. The mixture consists of CO2 and H2O gases along with fly-ash particles, and their spectral radiative properties are obtained from HITEMP-2010 database and Mie theory, respectively. The line-by-line (LBL) method, known for high accuracy, is used to estimate radiative heat transfer from gases and particle mixture. Three distinct cases, i.e., pure absorption/emission, pure scattering, and their combined effects, are investigated. The spectral radiative transfer equation is solved by finite angle method (FAM), and the correctness of the results is ensured by principle of energy conservation. The anisotropic scattering is modeled using the Henyey–Greenstein method. The influence of radiative properties of the participating medium, along with wall and cavity temperatures, on heat transfer and emission spectrum is evaluated. The radiative heat transfer enhances with introduction of the particles in the gaseous mixture. For pure scattering medium, the emission spectrum on each wall differs and also varies from the emission spectrum of the emitting wall. The particle influence grows notably with higher volume fractions in gaseous mixture. While there is a notable contribution of anisotropic scattering in a purely scattering medium, its significance diminishes in an absorbing, emitting, and scattering medium.