bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Medication Nonadherence in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Systematic Review
Authors: Mehat Pavandeep , Atiquzzaman Mohammad , Esdaile John M. , AviÑa‐Zubieta Antonio , De Vera Mary A.
Published: January 2017

Objective

Medication nonadherence has not been well characterized in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Our objective was to a conduct a systematic review of the literature, examining the burden and determinants of medication nonadherence in SLE.

Methods

We conducted a systematic search of Medline (1946–2015), Embase (1974–2015), and Web of Science (1900–2015) databases and selected original studies of SLE patients that evaluated nonadherence to SLE therapies as the primary study outcome. We extracted information on study design, sample size, length of followup, data sources, type of nonadherence problem examined, adherence measures and reported estimates, and determinants of adherence reported in multivariable analyses.

Results

After screening 4,111 titles, 11 studies met the inclusion criteria. Study sample sizes ranged from 32 to 246 patients, and studies were categorized according to data source: self‐report (5), electronic monitoring devices (1), clinical records from rheumatology clinics (3), and refill information from pharmacy records (2). Overall, the percentage of nonadherent patients ranged from 43% to 75%, with studies consistently reporting that over half of patients are nonadherent. Studies also showed that up to 33% of patients discontinue therapy after 5 years. Determinants of nonadherence included having depression, rural residence, lower education level, and polypharmacy.

Conclusion

Overall, synthesis of current evidence suggests that the burden of medication nonadherence is substantial in SLE. Findings highlight the importance of developing interventions to support adherence and improve outcomes among patients.
Association Between Menopausal Factors and the Risk of Seronegative and Seropositive Rheumatoid Arthritis: Results From the Nurses’ Health Studies
Authors: Bengtsson Camilla , Malspeis Susan , Orellana Cecilia , Sparks Jeffrey A. , Costenbader Karen H. , Karlson Elizabeth W.
Published: January 2017

Objective

To investigate whether menopausal factors are associated with the development of serologic rheumatoid arthritis (RA) phenotypes.

Methods

Data were analyzed from the Nurses’ Health Studies (NHS; 1976–2010 and NHSII 1989–2011). A total of 120,700 female nurses ages 30–55 years in the NHS, and a total of 116,430 female nurses ages 25–42 years in the NHSII, were followed via biennial questionnaires on lifestyle and disease outcomes. In total, 1,096 incident RA cases were confirmed by questionnaire and chart review. Seropositive RA was defined as rheumatoid factor positive (RF) or antibodies to citrullinated protein antigen (ACPA) positive, and seronegative RA was defined as RF negative and ACPA negative. We used Cox proportional hazards models to obtain multivariable‐adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of seropositive/seronegative RA associated with menopausal status, age at menopause, type of menopause, ovulatory years, and postmenopausal hormone therapy (PMH) use.

Results

Postmenopausal women had a 2‐fold increased risk of seronegative RA, compared with premenopausal women (NHS: HR 1.8 [95% CI 1.1–3.0], NHSII: HR 2.4 [95% CI 1.4–3.9], and pooled HR 2.1 [95% CI 1.4–3.0]). Natural menopause at early age (≤44 years) was associated with an increased risk of seronegative RA (pooled HR 2.4 [95% CI 1.5–4.0]). None of the menopausal factors was significantly associated with seropositive RA. We observed no association between PMH use and the risk of seronegative or seropositive RA, except that PMH use of ≥8 years was associated with increased risk of seropositive RA (pooled HR 1.4 [95% CI 1.1–1.9]).

Conclusion

Postmenopause and natural menopause at an early age were strongly associated with seronegative RA, but only marginally with seropositive RA, suggesting potential differences in the etiology of RA subtypes.
The Posthuman City: Imminent Urban Commons
Authors: Zaera‐Polo Alejandro
Published: January 2017

Urban planning has long been governed by the classification of human activities – work, residence, leisure and transport. However, this approach is ill suited to addressing the ever more pressing environmental concerns of our age. Alejandro Zaera‐Polo – Artistic Codirector of the Seoul Biennale of Architecture and Urbanism 2017 and cofounder with Maider Llaguno of architecture practice AZPML – argues for broad new urban cosmologies and an embracing of technology to enhance the democracy of urbanism.
Biodigital Design Workflows: ecoLogicStudio's Solana Open Aviary in Ulcinj, Montenegro
Authors: Pasquero Claudia , Poletto Marco
Published: January 2017

Artificial landscapes whose human use has expired pose a major reprogramming challenge. The Solana Open Aviary, a transformation of former salt marshes into an enormous openair ornithological park, shows how cutting‐edge technology can be used to address biopolitical, operational and tectonic concerns in such situations. Claudia Pasquero and Marco Poletto – cofounders of the project‐leading London practice ecoLogicStudio – explain.
Imagined Community and Networked Hyperlocal Publics
Authors: Bingham‐Hall John
Published: January 2017

What is the place of both immediate and mediated information in forming publics and sustaining communities? And what can past communication practices teach us in our digitally hyperconnected age? With reference to the work of philosophers, sociologists and theorists including Hannah Arendt, Jurgen Habermas, Keith Hampton and Barry Wellman, cultural researcher John Bingham‐Hall reflects on the nature of place, and highlights the phatic properties of online platforms such as Southeast London's Brockley Central blog that seek to reinforce local identity.
Suburban Resonance in Segrate, Milan: The Language of Locative Media in Defining Urban Sensitivity
Authors: Pe Raffaele
Published: January 2017

Interactive platforms are opening up the possibility of an aural approach to spatial design. Raffaele Pe, a lecturer in the Department of Architecture and Urban Studies at the Politecnico di Milano, here examines the advantages of a locative media approach to architecture, urban and landscape design, with specific reference to the urban‐rural Milanese suburb of Segrate, the focus of an investigative project led with his department.
Digital Neighbourhoods: Hyperlocal Village Hubs in Rural Communities
Authors: Willis Katherine
Published: January 2017

What does hyperlocal mean in a non‐urban context? Katharine Willis – Associate Professor in Digital Environments at Plymouth University's School of Art, Design and Architecture – considers what happens when rural‐dwellers use technology to connect in real time both within and beyond their village, by examining a Cornwall project that has involved a series of innovative socio‐digital interventions.
Development of Graphene Nano‐Platelet Ink for High Voltage Flexible Dye Sensitized Solar Cells with Cobalt Complex Electrolytes
Authors: Baker Jennifer A. , Worsley Carys , Lee Harrison K. H. , Clark Ronald N. , Tsoi Wing C. , Williams Geraint , Worsley David A. , Gethin David T. , Watson Trystan M.
Published: January 2017

Graphene nanoparticles have been subject to intensive investigation as a replacement for platinum as the catalyst in dye sensitized solar cells (DSCs), but few of these investigations examine the application for flexible cells with deposition processes suitable for industrial fabrication. This work introduces a transparent water based graphene ink that can be dried rapidly at less than 110 ºC making it particularly suitable for roll to roll deposition on plastic substrates. This ink has application as a catalyst for dye sensitized solar cells utilizing cobalt complex electrolytes with efficiency of over 6 % and a Voc of 0.89 V at 1 sun demonstrated. A flexible DSC with a printed catalyst and cobalt redox mediator is reported, with efficiency of over 6.0 % and Voc of 0.6 V at 800 lux.
A Biomimetic Mussel‐Inspired ε‐Poly‐l‐lysine Hydrogel with Robust Tissue‐Anchor and Anti‐Infection Capacity
Authors: Wang Rui , Li Jingzhe , Chen Wei , Xu Tingting , Yun Shifeng , Xu Zheng , Xu Zongqi , Sato Takashi , Chi Bo , Xu Hong
Published: January 2017

In situ hydrogels have attracted considerable attention in tissue engineering because of their minimal invasiveness and ability to match the irregular tissue defects. However, hydrous physiological environments and the high level of moisture in hydrogels severely hamper binding to the target tissue and easily cause wound infection, thereby limiting the effectiveness in wound care management. Thus, forming an intimate assembly of the hydrogel to the tissue and preventing wound infecting still remains a significant challenge. In this study, inspired by mussel adhesive protein, a biomimetic dopamine‐modified ε‐poly‐l‐lysine‐polyethylene glycol‐based hydrogel (PPD hydrogel) wound dressing is developed in situ using horseradish peroxidase cross‐linking. The biomimetic catechol–Lys residue distribution in PPD polymer provides a catechol–Lys cooperation effect, which endows the PPD hydrogels with superior wet tissue adhesion properties. It is demonstrated that the PPD hydrogel can facilely and intimately integrate with biological tissue and exhibits superior capacity of in vivo hemostatic and accelerated wound repair. In addition, the hydrogels exhibit outstanding anti‐infection property because of the inherent antibacterial ability of ε‐poly‐l‐lysine. These findings shed new light on the development of mussel‐inspired tissue‐anchored and antibacterial hydrogel materials serving as wound dressings.
Controllable Crystallization of CH3NH3Sn0.25Pb0.75I3 Perovskites for Hysteresis‐Free Solar Cells with Efficiency Reaching 15.2%
Authors: Zhu Hugh Lu , Xiao Junyan , Mao Jian , Zhang Hong , Zhao Yong , Choy Wallace C. H.
Published: January 2017

While SnPb alloyed perovskites have been considered as an effective approach to broaden the absorption spectrum, it is still challenging to modify the crystallization (and thus morphology, crystallinity, and orientation) in a controllable manner and thus boost the efficiency of SnPb alloyed perovskite solar cells. Here, it is unveiled that controlling the crystallization of CH3NH3Sn0.25Pb0.75I3 films can be simply realized by adjusting the amount of dimethyl sulfoxide in precursors, which has not been reported in SnPb alloyed perovskite systems. The remarkable perovskite crystallinity enhancement by the 20‐fold enhanced (110) plane intensity in the X‐ray diffraction spectrum of CH3NH3Sn0.25Pb0.75I3 and the preferred (110) orientation with the texture coefficient enhanced by 2.6 times to reach 0.88 are demonstrated. Importantly, it is discovered that the introduction of dimethyl sulfoxide avoids the formation of the colloidal coagulation observed in prolonged‐storage precursors and ameliorates inhomogeneous Sn/Pb distributions in resultant perovskite films. Through optimizing perovskite films and device structures, hysteresis‐free planar‐heterojunction CH3NH3Sn0.25Pb0.75I3 solar cells with the efficiency reaching 15.2%, which are the most efficient SnPb alloy‐based perovskite solar cells, are achieved.
Role of Pyridoxal 5′‐Phosphate at the Titanium Implant Interface In Vivo: Increased Hemophilicity, Inactive Platelet Adhesion, and Osteointegration
Authors: Lee Jung Seung , Kim Kyuri , Park Joseph P. , Cho Seung‐Woo , Lee Haeshin
Published: January 2017

Titanium is the most biocompatible inorganic biomaterial with a long history of use in orthopedic and dental implants. However, promoting rapid and effective bone formation and integration onto etched, rough TiO2 surfaces has been a challenging topic. Here, 21 commercially available molecules are examined that met the following criteria: (1) contain phosphonic acid for stable immobilization onto TiO2 surfaces and (2) have a molecular weight less than 500 Da for negligible coating thickness. Of these molecules, the surface immobilization of pyridoxal 5′‐phosphate (PLP), an active form of vitamin B6, dramatically increases the hemophilic property of the surface and accelerated osteointegration in vivo. Analysis shows that PLP promotes surface binding of serum albumin and other plasma proteins by Schiff‐base formations via its aldehyde group, providing a platform suitable for osteoblast adhesion. PLP also retards blood coagulation more than the widely used citric acid at the TiO2 surface. As PLP is capable of maintaining an inactivated status of surface‐adsorbed platelets, delayed coagulation at the implant–blood interface allows for sufficient supply of growth factors from blood plasma and migration of osteoblasts. The results suggest that PLP can be widely applicable as a biocompatible, effective coating compound to promote osteointegration of titanium‐based implants.
Melt‐Quenched Hybrid Glasses from Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Tao Haizheng , Bennett Thomas D. , Yue Yuanzheng
Published: January 2017

While glasses formed by quenching the molten states of inorganic non‐metallic, organic, and metallic species are known, those containing both inorganic and organic moieties are far less prevalent. Network materials consisting of inorganic nodes linked by organic ligands do however exist in the crystalline or amorphous domain. This large family of open framework compounds, called metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) or coordination polymers, has been investigated intensively in the past two decades for a variety of applications, almost all of which stem from their high internal surface areas and chemical versatility. Recently, a selection of MOFs has been demonstrated to undergo melting and vitrification upon cooling. Here, these recent discoveries and the connections between the fields of MOF chemistry and glass science are summarized. Possible advantages and applications for MOF glasses produced by utilizing the tunable chemistry of the crystalline state are also highlighted.
A facile route to develop hydrophilicity on the polyolefin surface for biomedical applications
Authors: Siddiqa Akhtar J. , Maji Somnath , Chaudhury Koel , Adhikari Basudam
Published: January 2017

In this study, the surface of low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) was functionalized with maleic anhydride (MA) using solution grafting method in the presence of benzoyl peroxide (BPO), an initiator. The surface chemistry of the grafted LDPE was characterized using different characterization tools. The effect of MA grafting for analysis of bulk properties such as the change in mechanical strength and thermal properties was studied. Further, the nanoindentation study was performed to analyze the surface mechanical property after MA grafting. Biocompatibility studies were carried out using NIH‐3T3 cells through MTT assay test. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of carboxylic groups on LDPE surface. The contact angle value was found to be 44 ± 3°, which confirms the development of hydrophilicity in LDPE. Cell viability was found >75% in MTT assay. These results suggested that the prepared hydrophilic LDPE is a potential candidate for biomedical applications and surface coatings with other polar polymer.
Quantifying Recombination Losses during Charge Extraction in Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells Using a Modified Charge Extraction Technique
Authors: Wright Brendan , Nakajima Yukihiro , Clarke Tracey M. , Okuda Kouichi , Paananen Heikki , Mozer Attila J. , Mori Shogo
Published: January 2017

A variety of charge extraction (CE) techniques have been developed to measure charge density and recombination coefficients in bulk heterojunction solar cells. Charge recombination during charge extraction as a major limitation of this method has not been systematically quantified. This study reports CE measurements using a newly designed fast switch, which enables the application of a reverse bias to the solar cells facilitating charge extraction. With applied reverse bias, more than 40% increase in the extracted charge is obtained in solar cells with thicker active layers or with fast recombination. The measured charge carrier lifetime increases by up to a factor of three at sufficiently high applied biases (up to 8 V), suggesting significant errors in CE measurements without applied bias. The increased extracted charges with increasing applied bias are attributed to a combination of three cases: (i) slightly faster charge extraction due to the larger electric field; (ii) increased charge extraction rate at high light intensities when the transients are space charge disturbed; (iii) increased charge separated lifetime during charge extraction attributed to the spatial separation of the electron and hole density due to the applied electric field.
Hay fever, asthma, and eczema and early infectious diseases among children in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
Authors: Wander Katherine , Shell‐Duncan Bettina , Brindle Eleanor , O'Connor Kathleen
Published: January 2017

Objectives

To investigate the hygiene (or “old friends”) hypothesis in a high‐infectious disease (ID) environment, rural Kilimanjaro, Tanzania.

Methods

Among a cross‐sectional sample of 2‐ to 7‐year‐old children, we collected physician‐diagnosed hay fever, asthma, and eczema, history of hospitalization, family size, and household environment information via questionnaire; performed active and passive surveillance for ID; and, evaluated total immunoglobulin E (IgE) and biomarkers of inflammation in dried blood spot specimens. We used regression models to describe patterns in allergic diseases.

Results

Complete information was available for 280 children: 12.5% had been diagnosed with hay fever; 18.9% with eczema; 2.1% with asthma. There was a positive association between hay fever and eczema diagnoses (π2: 4.07; P = 0.044); total IgE was positively associated with eczema (β: 0.24; P = 0.100) and allergic diseases together (β: 0.26; P = 0.042). ID were common: the incidence of any ID diagnosis was 28 per 100 children per month. Hay fever was inversely associated with household animals (OR: 0.27; P = 0.006), and positively associated with earth housing materials (OR: 1.93; P = 0.079) and hospitalization in infancy with an ID (3.16; P = 0.066); patterns were similar when allergic disease outcomes were considered together. Few associations between these predictors and eczema or asthma alone were apparent.

Conclusions

Allergic diseases were common among children in Kilimanjaro. The inverse association between household animals and allergy is consistent with the hygiene/old friends hypothesis; however, positive associations between allergic diseases and earth housing materials and early hospitalization with ID bear further explanation.
Cryptosporidiosis outbreak at an academic animal research laboratory―Colorado, 2014
Authors: Hancock‐Allen Jessica , Alden Nisha B. , Cronquist Alicia B.
Published: January 2017

Background

After cryptosporidiosis was reported in three workers caring for preweaned calves at an academic research laboratory, we sought to identify cases, determine risk factors, and implement control measures.

Methods

A cryptosporidiosis case was defined as diarrhea duration ≥72 hr, abdominal cramps, or vomiting in an animal research laboratory worker during July 14–July 31. A confirmed case had laboratory evidence of Cryptosporidium infection. Staff were interviewed regarding illness, potential exposures, training, and personal protective equipment (PPE) standard operating procedures (SOPs).

Results

The cryptosporidiosis attack rate (AR) was 74% (20/27); five were laboratory‐confirmed. Median job training was 2 hr including respiratory‐fit testing. No SOPs existed for doffing PPE. AR for workers who removed their gloves first was 84% (16/19) compared with 20% (1/5) for workers who removed gloves last (risk ratio = 4.2; P < 0.02).

Conclusions

This outbreak highlights the importance of adequate training, enforced proper PPE procedures, and promoting a culture of safety. Am. J. Ind. Med. 60:208–214, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
First‐principle calculations of optical properties of monolayer arsenene and antimonene allotropes
Authors: Xu Yuanfeng , Peng Bo , Zhang Hao , Shao Hezhu , Zhang Rongjun , Zhu Heyuan
Published: January 2017

Recently a stable monolayer of antimony in buckled honeycomb structure called antimonene was successfully grown on 3D topological insulator Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3, which displays novel semiconducting properties. By first‐principle calculations, we systematically investigate the electronic and optical properties of α‐ and β‐allotropes of monolayer arsenene/antimonene. The obtained electronic structures reveal that the direct band gap of α‐arsenene/antimonene is much smaller than the indirect band gap of their β‐counterpart, respectively. Significant absorption is observed in α‐antimonene, which can be used as a broad saturable absorber. For β‐arsenene/antimonene, the reflectivity is low and the absorption is negligible in the visible region when the polarization along the out‐plane direction, indicating that β‐arsenene/antimonene are polarizationally transparent materials.

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Solubilisierung von Membranproteinen in funktionelle Lipiddoppelschicht‐Nanodiscs mithilfe eines Diisobutylen/ Maleinsäure‐Copolymers
Authors: Oluwole Abraham Olusegun , Danielczak Bartholomäus , Meister Annette , Babalola Jonathan Oyebamiji , Vargas Carolyn , Keller Sandro
Published: January 2017

Nach Entfernung aus ihrer natürlichen Umgebung sind Membranproteine auf membranmimetische Systeme angewiesen, um ihre nativen Strukturen und Funktionen beizubehalten. Als Alternativen zu Detergensmizellen und Liposomen wurden für die In‐vitro‐Membranproteinforschung Lipiddoppelschicht‐Nanodiscs eingeführt, die von Gerüstproteinen oder amphiphilen Polymeren wie Styrol/Maleinsäure(SMA)‐Copolymeren umgrenzt sind. Hier zeigen wir, dass ein alternierendes Diisobutylen/Maleinsäure(DIBMA)‐Copolymer bei der Solubilisierung von Phospholipiden SMA ebenbürtig ist, ein integrales Membranenzym in funktionellen Doppelschicht‐Nanodiscs stabilisiert und Proteine unterschiedlicher Größen direkt aus zellulären Membranen extrahiert. Im Gegensatz zu aromatischem SMA hat aliphatisches DIBMA nur einen milden Effekt auf die Lipid‐Acylkettenordnung, interferiert nicht mit optischer Spektroskopie im fernen UV‐Bereich und präzipitiert nicht in Gegenwart von niedrigen millimolaren Konzentrationen zweiwertiger Kationen.
Ein S‐oxygenierter [NiFe]‐Komplex als Modell für Sulfenat‐ intermediate einer O2‐toleranten Hydrogenase
Authors: Lindenmaier Nils J. , Wahlefeld Stefan , Bill Eckhard , Szilvási Tibor , Eberle Christopher , Yao Shenglai , Hildebrandt Peter , Horch Marius , Zebger Ingo , Driess Matthias
Published: January 2017

Um das Wissen über die aerobe Umsetzung von Diwasserstoff durch eine lösliche, NAD+‐reduzierende [NiFe]‐Hydrogenase auf molekularer Ebene zu vertiefen, wird hier der erste bioinspirierte, heterobimetallische S‐oxygenierte [NiFe]‐Komplex als strukturelles und schwingungsspektroskopisches Modell des sauerstoffinhibierten aktiven Zentrums vorgestellt. Dieser S‐oxygenierte Komplex und seine nicht‐S‐oxygenierte Variante wurden vollständig charakterisiert. Die elektronischen Strukturen beider Verbindungen wurden experimentell sowie durch theoretische Untersuchungen aufgeklärt, wobei ein besonderes Augenmerk auf der verbrückenden Sulfenatogruppe lag. Aufbauend auf den schwingungsspektroskopischen Eigenschaften dieser Verbindungen können außerdem neue Strategien zur Untersuchung von S‐oxygenierten Intermediaten in Hydrogenasen und verwandten Enzymen vorgeschlagen werden.
Clamped Hybridization Chain Reactions for the Self‐Assembly of Patterned DNA Hydrogels
Authors: Wang Jianbang , Chao Jie , Liu Huajie , Su Shao , Wang Lianhui , Huang Wei , Willner Itamar , Fan Chunhai
Published: January 2017

DNA hydrogels hold great potential for biological and biomedical applications owing to their programmable nature and macroscopic sizes. However, most previous studies involve spontaneous and homogenous gelation procedures in solution, which often lack precise control. A clamped hybridization chain reaction (C‐HCR)‐based strategy has been developed to guide DNA self‐assembly to form macroscopic hydrogels. Analogous to catalysts in chemical synthesis or seeds in crystal growth, we introduced DNA initiators to induce the gelation process, including crosslinked self‐assembly and clamped hybridization in three dimensions with spatial and temporal control. The formed hydrogels show superior mechanical properties. The use of printed, surface‐confined DNA initiators was also demonstrated for fabricating 2D hydrogel patterns without relying on external confinements. This simple method can be used to construct DNA hydrogels with defined geometry, composition, and order for various bioapplications.
Enantioselective and Regiodivergent Addition of Purines to Terminal Allenes: Synthesis of Abacavir
Authors: Thieme Niels , Breit Bernhard
Published: January 2017

The rhodium‐catalyzed atom‐economic asymmetric N‐selective intermolecular addition of purine derivatives to terminal allenes is reported. Branched allylic purines were obtained in high yields, regioselectivity and outstanding enantioselectivity utilizing a Rh/Josiphos catalyst. Conversely, linear selective allylation of purines could be realized in good to excellent regio‐ and E/Z‐selectivity with a Pd/dppf catalyst system. Furthermore, the new methodology was applied to a straightforward asymmetric synthesis of carbocyclic nucleoside abacavir.
Elasticity in Macrophage‐Synthesized Biocrystals
Authors: Horstman Elizabeth M. , Keswani Rahul K. , Frey Benjamin A. , Rzeczycki Phillip M. , LaLone Vernon , Bertke Jeffery A. , Kenis Paul J. A. , Rosania Gus R.
Published: January 2017

Supramolecular crystalline assembly constitutes a rational approach to bioengineer intracellular structures. Here, biocrystals of clofazimine (CFZ) that form in vivo within macrophages were measured to have marked curvature. Isolated crystals, however, showed reduced curvature suggesting that intracellular forces bend these drug crystals. Consistent with the ability of biocrystals to elastically deform, the inherent crystal structure of the principal molecular component of the biocrystals—the hydrochloride salt of CFZ (CFZ‐HCl)—has a corrugated packing along the (001) face and weak dispersive bonding in multiple directions. These characteristics were previously found to be linked to the elasticity of other organic crystals. Internal stress in bent CFZ‐HCl led to photoelastic effects on the azimuthal orientation of polarized light transmittance. We propose that elastic, intracellular crystals can serve as templates to construct functional microdevices with different applications.
Coordination of KrF2 to a Naked Metal Cation, Mg2+
Authors: Lozinšek Matic , Mercier Hélène P. A. , Brock David S. , Žemva Boris , Schrobilgen Gary J.
Published: January 2017

Examples of coordination compounds in which KrF2 functions as a ligand are very rare. In contrast, XeF2 provides a rich coordination chemistry with a variety of main‐group and transition metal cations. The reactions of Mg(AsF6)2 and KrF2 in HF or BrF5 solvent have afforded [Mg(KrF2)4(AsF6)2] and [Mg(KrF2)4(AsF6)2]⋅2 BrF5, respectively, the first examples of a metal cation ligated by KrF2. Their X‐ray crystal structures and Raman spectra show that the KrF2 ligands and [AsF6]− anions are F‐coordinated to a naked Mg2+ cation. Quantum‐chemical calculations are consistent with essentially non‐covalent ligand‐metal bonding. These compounds significantly extend the XeF2–KrF2 analogy and the limited chemistry of krypton by introducing a new class of coordination compound in which KrF2 functions as a ligand towards a naked metal cation.
Soluble and electrically conductive polyaniline‐modified polymers: Incorporation of biocompatible polymeric chains through ATRP technique
Authors: Massoumi Bakhshali , Shafagh‐kalvanagh Mostafa , Jaymand Mehdi
Published: January 2017

This article describes the incorporation of biocompatible polymeric chains [poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)] into the polyaniline backbone through atom transfer radical polymerization technique to produce soluble and electrically conductive polyaniline‐based materials. The chemical structures of all samples as representatives were characterized by means of Fourier transform‐infrared and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies. The electroactivity behaviors and electrical conductivities of the synthesized samples were verified under cyclic voltammetric conditions, and the standard four‐probe method, respectively. In addition, the thermal behaviors and morphologies of the synthesized samples were investigated by means of thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. We envision that the synthesized polyaniline‐modified polymers may be find applications in biomedical fields such as tissue engineering, mainly due to their water solubilities, electrical conductivities, and biocompatibilities. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2017,134, 44720.
The morphology, rheological, and mechanical properties of wood flour/starch/poly(lactic acid) blends
Authors: Lv Shanshan , Gu Jiyou , Tan Haiyan , Zhang Yanhua
Published: January 2017

An entirely biosourced blend composed of poly(lactic acid) (PLA), starch, and wood flour (WF) was prepared by a co‐extruder with glycerol as a plasticizer. The morphology, rheological properties, and mechanical properties of the WF/starch/PLA blends were comprehensively analyzed. The results showed that with the decrease of the starch/WF ratio, the morphology experienced a large transformation, and the compatibility of the blends was found to be superior to other blends, with a starch/wood flour ratio of 7/3. The dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMA) results demonstrated the incompatibility of the components in WF/starch/PLA blends. Following the decrease of the starch/WF ratio, the storage modulus (G″) and the complex viscosity (η*) of the blends increased. The mechanical strength first increased, and then decreased with the increase of the WF concentration. The water absorption results showed that the water resistance of the blends was reduced with the lower starch/WF ratio. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44743.
ZD, ZG and IOL Controllers and Comparisons for Nonlinear System Output Tracking with DBZ Problem Conquered in Different Relative‐Degree Cases
Authors: Li Jian , Mao Mingzhi , Zhang Yunong , Chen Dechao , Yin Yonghua
Published: January 2017

This paper considers the output tracking control of general‐form single‐input single‐output (SISO) nonlinear system, which may encounter the problem of division by zero (DBZ). First, via the Zhang dynamics (ZD) method, a ZD controller is proposed. Then, based on the ZD controller with the aid of gradient dynamics (GD) method, a Zhang‐gradient (ZG) controller is proposed. For comparison, the conventional input‐output linearization (IOL) controller is presented. The ZD, ZG and IOL controllers are compared in different relative‐degree cases (i.e., the standard relative‐degree case, the loose relative‐degree case and the DBZ relative‐degree case). Note that the ZG controller is valid in three relative‐degree cases, while the ZD and IOL controllers are valid only in the standard relative‐degree case and the loose relative‐degree case. In addition, performances of ZD and ZG controllers are guaranteed via theoretical analyses and computer simulations for the output tracking of general‐form nonlinear system with the DBZ problem conquered.
Empirical and modeling analyses of the circulation influences on California precipitation deficits
Authors: Lin Yen‐Heng , Hipps Lawrence E. , Wang S.‐Y. Simon , Yoon Jin‐Ho
Published: January 2017

Amplified and persistent ridges in western North America are recurring features associated with drought conditions in California. The recent drought event (2012–2016) lasted through both La Niña and El Niño episodes, suggesting additional climate drivers are important in addition to the commonly perceived El Niño‐Southern Oscillation. Diagnostic analyses presented here suggest that, while the Pacific North American (PNA) and North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) do not directly cause drought in California, the relationships between them and with the upper air circulation pattern do modulate the spatial drought pattern. The positive PNA relative circulation leads drier northern California, and (‐NPO) relative circulation leads southern California to be drier. The types of drought in this region emerge mostly from the combination of two PNA and NPO relative oceanic and atmospheric oscillations. At present, climate model projections do not indicate any significant change in these particular drought‐modulating processes.
The Role of Technology in Managing People Who Have Been Convicted of Internet Child Abuse Image Offences
Authors: Lilley Claire M.
Published: January 2017

The last 20 years have seen an explosion in the availability, ownership and use of devices used to access the internet. There has been a simultaneous increase in the number of people viewing child abuse images. The ease of access to this material online has removed a key inhibitor for offenders. Technology has facilitated the distribution of child abuse images, but is also used to prevent and identify offending, as well as to manage offenders. There is a range of technological tools currently used in England and Wales to manage those offenders who have been convicted of accessing child abuse images and who are living in the community. Some are specific to the computer as the situation of the crime. This article analyses the evidence base for each. The article concludes that each tool has features which might contribute to the management of internet child sex offenders, but that none have yet been proven or disproven to be effective. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

‘The ease of access to this material online has removed a key inhibitor for offenders’

Key Practitioner Messages

Technology to help manage the risk posed by internet child sex offenders is developing and may offer promise.

None of these technological tools have been proven or disproven to be effective management tools for internet child sex offenders.

Offender managers in the police and probation services should be mindful of this and not be overly reliant on them.

Robust evaluations of these types of technology for these offenders are needed.

‘Technology to help manage the risk posed by internet child sex offenders is developing and may offer promise’
Synthesis of 2,3‐Disubstituted Indoles from α‐Diketones and N‐Substituted Anilines: One‐Pot Pd‐Catalyzed Reductive Amination
Authors: Benitez‐Medina G. Eliad , Amézquita‐Valencia Manuel , Cabrera Armando , Sharma Pankaj
Published: January 2017

Herein, we report a new straightforward catalytic synthesis of 2,3‐disubstituted indoles from α‐diketones 1 and N‐substituted anilines 2 by employing a palladium(II) trifluoroacetate/1,1′‐bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene ([Pd(tfa)2]/dppf; 1:1.5) under reductive conditions and without an external oxidant. The tandem reaction involves ketoenamine and ketoamine as intermediates and a final dehydration–annulation reaction to obtain the 2,3‐disubstituted indole. New palladium hydride species, which catalyze the reaction, could not be isolated but Pd–H species were observed by NMR and IR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (FAB+) studies. This work presents a new regioselective route with a plausible mechanism to synthesize 2,3‐disubstituted indoles under reductive conditions.
Improved Void Fraction Correlation for Two‐Phase Flow in Large‐Diameter Annuli
Authors: Wang Ning , Sun Baojiang , Gong Peibin , Wang Zhiyuan
Published: January 2017

A flow pattern‐independent void fraction correlation for gas‐liquid two‐phase flow in vertical large‐diameter annuli is established. Two equations are proposed for the parameters of a drift flux model‐based correlation: the distribution parameter and the drift flux velocity. These equations are expressed as a function of two‐phase flow variables including void fraction, fluid properties, pipe geometry, and phase flow rates. Experiments were performed to study the void fraction of vertical air‐water two‐phase flow in large‐diameter annuli. The obtained experimental data along with the literature data of Caetano are used to verify the performance of the proposed void fraction correlation. The accuracy of this correlation is compared with nineteen frequently used correlations in literature. The proposed correlation was found to predict the void fraction consistently with a better accuracy.
Induction of Antibodies Directed Against Branched Core O‐Mannosyl Glycopeptides—Selectivity Complimentary to the ConA Lectin
Authors: Yu Jin , Grant Oliver C. , Pett Christian , Stahl Sabine , Woods Robert J. , Westerlind Ulrika
Published: January 2017

Mammalian protein O‐mannosylation, initiated by attachment of α‐mannopyranose to Ser or Thr residues, comprise a group of post‐translational modifications (PTMs) involved in muscle and brain development. Recent advances in glycoproteomics methodology and the “SimpleCell” strategy have enabled rapid identification of glycoproteins and specific glycosylation sites. Despite the enormous progress made, the biological impact of the mammalian O‐mannosyl glycoproteome remains largely unknown to date. Tools are still needed to investigate the structure, role, and abundance of O‐mannosyl glycans. Although O‐mannosyl branching has been shown to be of relevance in integrin‐dependent cell migration, and also plays a role in demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, a broader understanding of the biological roles of branched O‐mannosyl glycans is lacking in part due to the paucity of detection tools. In this work, a glycopeptide vaccine construct was synthesized and used to generate antibodies against branched O‐mannosyl glycans. Glycopeptide microarray screening revealed high selectivity of the induced antibodies for branched glycan core structures presented on different peptide backbones, with no cross‐reactivity observed with related linear glycans. For comparison, microarray screening of the mannose‐binding lectin concanavalin A (ConA), which is commonly used in glycoproteomics workflows to enrich tryptic O‐mannosyl peptides, showed that the ConA lectin did not recognize branched O‐mannosyl glycans. The binding preference of ConA for short linear O‐mannosyl glycans was rationalized in terms of molecular structure using crystallographic data augmented by molecular modeling. The contrast between the ConA binding specificity and that of the new antibodies indicates a novel role for the antibodies in studies of protein O‐mannosylation.
Glycerol hydrogenolysis using a Ni/Ce‐Mg catalyst for improved ethanol and 1,2‐propanediol selectivities
Authors: Menchavez Russel N. , Morra Matthew J. , He B. Brian
Published: January 2017

Glycerol, a byproduct from biodiesel production, is an inexpensive and renewable alternative feedstock for producing valuable chemicals. Hydrogenolysis of glycerol produces ethanol and 1,2‐propanediol (1,2‐PDO) with the help of appropriate catalysts. Commercially available non‐specific Ni‐based catalysts have been reported for use in producing ethanol along with 1,2‐PDO. In this work, a new Ni catalyst on various support materials was developed for the selective production of ethanol and 1,2‐PDO using glycerol hydrogenolysis. The Ni catalyst on CeO2 showed the highest potential for producing both ethanol and 1,2‐PDO. The catalyst with 0.15–0.50 g/g (15–50 wt%) Ni on CeO2 improved glycerol conversion at reaction temperatures of 215–245 °C, however 1,2‐PDO selectivity was unsatisfactory. An improvement in 1,2‐PDO selectivity was attained when Al, Si, Zn, and/or Mg were added as promoters to the Ni catalyst on CeO2, while improvement in the selectivity for ethanol occurred only with the addition of Si or Mg. A variation in Mg content showed that 1,2‐PDO selectivity was favoured at higher Mg content, while ethanol selectivity peaked at 10 % Mg. Systematic investigations found that the catalyst with 0.25 g/g (25 wt%) Ni on a Ce:Mg (4:1 mol:mol) support provided good selectivities for 1,2‐PDO at 68.10 % and ethanol at 9.0 %, respectively.
Synthesis and Cytotoxic Activity of Triterpenoid Thiazoles Derived from Allobetulin, Methyl Betulonate, Methyl Oleanonate, and Oleanonic Acid
Authors: Borkova Lucie , Adamek Richard , Kalina Petr , Drašar Pavel , Dzubak Petr , Gurska Sona , Rehulka Jiri , Hajduch Marian , Urban Milan , Sarek Jan
Published: January 2017

A total of 41 new triterpenoids were prepared from allobetulone, methyl betulonate, methyl oleanonate, and oleanonic acid to study their influence on cancer cells. Each 3‐oxotriterpene was brominated at C2 and substituted with thiocyanate; subsequent cyclization with the appropriate ammonium salts gave N‐substituted thiazoles. All compounds were tested for their in vitro cytotoxic activity on eight cancer cell lines and two non‐cancer fibroblasts. 2‐Bromoallobetulone (2 b) methyl 2‐bromobetulonate (3 b), 2‐bromooleanonic acid (5 b), and 2‐thiocyanooleanonic acid (5 c) were best, with IC50 values less than 10 μm against CCRF‐CEM cells (e.g., 3 b: IC50=2.9 μm) as well as 2′‐(diethylamino)olean‐12(13)‐eno[2,3‐d]thiazole‐28‐oic acid (5 f, IC50=9.7 μm) and 2′‐(N‐methylpiperazino)olean‐12(13)‐eno[2,3‐d]thiazole‐28‐oic acid (5 k, IC50=11.4 μm). Compound 5 c leads to the accumulation of cells in the G2 phase of the cell cycle and inhibits RNA and DNA synthesis significantly at 1×IC50. The G2/M cell‐cycle arrest probably corresponds to the inhibition of DNA/RNA synthesis, similar to the mechanism of action of actinomycin D. Compound 5 c is new, active, and nontoxic; it is therefore the most promising compound in this series for future drug development. Methyl 2‐bromobetulonate (3 b) and methyl 2‐thiocyanometulonate (3 c) were found to inhibit nucleic acid synthesis only at 5×IC50. We assume that in 3 b and 3 c (unlike in 5 c), DNA/RNA inhibition is a nonspecific event, and an unknown primary cytotoxic target is activated at 1×IC50 or lower concentration.
Direct numerical simulation of transitional hydrodynamics of the cerebrospinal fluid in Chiari I malformation: The role of cranio‐vertebral junction
Authors: Jain Kartik , Ringstad Geir , Eide Per‐Kristian , Mardal Kent‐André
Published: January 2017

Obstruction to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) outflow caused by the herniation of cerebellar tonsils as a result of Chiari malformation type I leads to altered CSF hydrodynamics. This contribution explores the minutest characteristics of the CSF hydrodynamics in cervical subarachnoid space (SAS) of a healthy subject and 2 Chiari patients by performing highly resolved direct numerical simulation. The lattice Boltzmann method is used for the simulations because of its scalability on modern supercomputers that allow us to simulate up to approximately 109 cells while resolving the Kolmogorov microscales. The results depict that whereas the complex CSF flow remains largely laminar in the SAS of a healthy subject, constriction of the cranio‐vertebral junction in Chiari I patients causes manifold fluctuations in the hydrodynamics of the CSF. These fluctuations resemble a flow that is in a transitional regime rather than laminar or fully developed turbulence. The fluctuations confine near the cranio‐vertebral junction and are triggered due to the tonsillar herniation, which perturbs the flow as a result of altered anatomy of the SAS.
Culturing and Neuronal Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells
Authors: Goorha Sarita , Reiter Lawrence T.
Published: January 2017

A major issue in studying human neurogenetic disorders, especially rare syndromes affecting the nervous system, is the ability to grow neuronal cultures that accurately represent these disorders for analysis. Although there has been some success in generating induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from both skin and blood, there are still limitations to the collection and production of iPS cells from these biospecimens. We have had significant success in collecting and growing human dental pulp stem (DPS) cells from exfoliated teeth sent to our laboratory by the parents of children with a variety of rare neurogenetic syndromes. This protocol outlines our current methods for the growth and expansion of DPS cells from exfoliated (baby) teeth. These DPS cells can be differentiated into a variety of cell types including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and mixed neuron and glial cultures. Here we provide our protocol for the differentiation of early passage DPS cell cultures into neurons for molecular studies. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Measuring Cognitive Judgement Bias in Rats Using the Ambiguous‐Cue Interpretation Test
Authors: Papciak Justyna , Rygula Rafal
Published: January 2017

An active‐choice, operant, ambiguous‐cue interpretation (ACI) paradigm is described that can be used for measuring cognitive judgement bias in rats. In this behavioral test, animals in an operant conditioning chamber are trained to press a lever to receive a food reward when a specific tone is presented, and to press another lever in response to a different tone to avoid punishment by an electric foot‐shock. The tones, which serve as discriminative stimuli, acquire a positive or negative valence, and the training continues until the rats demonstrate a stable, correct discrimination between these two stimuli. The animals are tested after they have attained stable discrimination performance. The ambiguous‐cue test consists of a discrimination task, as described above, but includes the presentation of additional tones with frequencies that are intermediate between the trained positive and negative tones. The lever‐press response pattern to these ambiguous cues is considered an indicator of the rat's expectation of a positive or negative event; in other words, it is a measure of ‘optimism’ or ‘pessimism’, respectively. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Local and landscape drivers of predation services in urban gardens
Authors: Philpott Stacy M. , Bichier Peter
Published: January 2017

In agroecosystems, local and landscape features, as well as natural enemy abundance and richness, are significant predictors of predation services that may result in biological control of pests. Despite the increasing importance of urban gardening for provisioning of food to urban populations, most urban gardeners suffer from high pest problems, and have little knowledge about how to manage their plots to increase biological control services. We examined the influence of local, garden scale (i.e., herbaceous and arboreal vegetation abundance and diversity, ground cover) and landscape (i.e., landscape diversity and surrounding land use types) characteristics on predation services provided by naturally occurring predators in 19 urban gardens in the California central coast. We introduced sentinel pests (moth eggs and larvae and pea aphids) onto greenhouse‐raised plants taken to gardens and assigned to open or bagged (predator exclosure) treatments. We found high predation rates with between 40% and 90% of prey items removed in open treatments. Predation services varied with local and landscape factors, but significant predictors differed by prey species. Predation of eggs and aphids increased with vegetation complexity in gardens, but larvae predation declined with vegetation complexity. Smaller gardens experienced higher predation services, likely due to increases in predator abundance in smaller gardens. Several ground cover features influenced predation services. In contrast to patterns in rural agricultural landscapes, predation on aphids declined with increases in landscape diversity. In sum, we report the relationships between several local management factors, as well as landscape surroundings, and implications for garden management.