bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brand love: conceptual and empirical investigation of a holistic causal model
Authors: Rahman Renée , Langner Tobias , Temme Dirk
Published: July 2021

Explicating and specifying the origins of brand love, as well as how it affects consumer behavior, establishes vital insights into how brand managers might reap favorable economic consequences from promoting brand love effectively. Therefore, this article presents and validates a holistic, causal model of brand love that accounts for brand stimulus features and the internal, mental processes of consumers, along with the behavioral outcomes of their resulting brand love. Using both qualitative and quantitative approaches, the authors propose and test seven antecedents (including three mediators) and four consequences: Functional and sensory brand uniqueness emerge as indirect antecedents of brand love; brand satisfaction, brand fit with the inner self, and personal experiences are direct antecedents. Contrary to expectations, communicative uniqueness and brand pleasure are not influential factors. This study also verifies four desirable behavioral consequences of brand love: brand loyalty, willingness to pay a price premium, word-of-mouth intentions, and forgiveness of brand mistakes. These findings offer several theoretical and managerial implications.
Literature review and comparative analysis of inland waterways transport: “Container on Barge”
Authors: Bu Fan , Nachtmann Heather
Published: July 2021

Container on Barge (COB) facilitates intermodal transportation by transporting shipping containers on barge tows. COB has seen rapid expansion globally over the past 20 years, providing a cost-efficient, environmentally friendly, and congestion-reducing mode of container transportation. European countries have led COB transportation in both study and application over the past two decades. However, increasing interest is observed in both the USA and Asia. In this literature review and comparative analysis, 135 COB-focused peer-reviewed articles are reviewed and analyzed to systematically describe the development and current status of COB transportation research. The relevant literature is analyzed to reveal publication rates and titles, geographical regions of interest, research questions, applied methodologies, advantages of COB transportation, and key success factors. The aim of our effort is to provide information on various aspects of COB development among different regions in the world and to summarize the existing literature to support and guide future COB development.
Metadiffusers for quasi-perfect and broadband sound diffusion
Authors: Ballestero E. , Jiménez N. , Groby J.-P. , Aygun H. , Dance S. , Romero-García V.
Published: July 2021

Sound diffusion refers to the ability of a surface to evenly scatter sound energy in both time and space. However, omni-directional radiation of sound, or perfect diffusion, can be impractical or difficult to reach under traditional means. This is due to the considerable size required, and the lack of tunability, of typical quarter-wavelength scattering strategies necessary for producing the required complexity of the surface acoustic impedance. As such, it can be a challenge to design sound diffusing structures that can display near perfect diffusion performance within slim dimensions. In this work, we propose a method for obtaining quasi-perfect and broadband sound diffusion coefficients using deep-subwavelength acoustic diffusers, i.e., metadiffusers. The relation among the geometry of the metasurface, the bandwidth, and the diffusion performance is analytically and numerically studied. For moderate bandwidths, around 1/3 of an octave, the method results in nearly perfect sound diffusion, while for a bandwidth of 2.5 octaves, a normalized diffusion coefficient of 0.8 was obtained using panels 1/30th thinner than traditional phase-grating designs. The ratio between the wavelength and the size of the unit cell was identified as a limitation of the performance. This work demonstrates the versatility and effectiveness of metadiffusers to generate diffuse reflections outperforming those of classical sound diffusers.
Moments of the Boltzmann collision operator for Coulomb interactions
Authors: Ji Jeong-Young , Lee Min Uk , Held Eric D. , Yun Gunsu S.
Published: July 2021

Exact moments of the Boltzmann collision operator are calculated in the irreducible Hermitian moment expansion written in terms of the random-velocity variable of each species. The formulas are presented in closed, algebraic form and can be straightforwardly implemented in computer algebra systems. They are valid for two arbitrary masses, temperatures, and flow velocities, and hence include all other existing results derived for distribution functions expanded with respect to reference states of one temperature and flow velocity. In comparison, the Landau collisional moments are good approximations for large Coulomb logarithm and small relative flow velocity, but they fail to predict the correct behavior of most collisional moments for large relative flow even for weakly coupled plasmas.
High shear stress enhances endothelial permeability in the presence of the risk haplotype at 9p21.3
Authors: Teng Evan L. , Masutani Evan M. , Yeoman Benjamin , Fung Jessica , Lian Rachel , Ngo Brenda , Kumar Aditya , Placone Jesse K. , Lo Sardo Valentina , Engler Adam J.
Published: July 2021

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are exceedingly common in non-coding loci, and while they are significantly associated with a myriad of diseases, their specific impact on cellular dysfunction remains unclear. Here, we show that when exposed to external stressors, the presence of risk SNPs in the 9p21.3 coronary artery disease (CAD) risk locus increases endothelial monolayer and microvessel dysfunction. Endothelial cells (ECs) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells of patients carrying the risk haplotype (R/R WT) differentiated similarly to their non-risk and isogenic knockout (R/R KO) counterparts. Monolayers exhibited greater permeability and reactive oxygen species signaling when the risk haplotype was present. Addition of the inflammatory cytokine TNFα further enhanced EC monolayer permeability but independent of risk haplotype; TNFα also did not substantially alter haplotype transcriptomes. Conversely, when wall shear stress was applied to ECs in a microfluidic vessel, R/R WT vessels were more permeable at lower shear stresses than R/R KO vessels. Transcriptomes of sheared cells clustered more by risk haplotype than by patient or clone, resulting in significant differential regulation of EC adhesion and extracellular matrix genes vs static conditions. A subset of previously identified CAD risk genes invert expression patterns in the presence of high shear concomitant with altered cell adhesion genes, vessel permeability, and endothelial erosion in the presence of the risk haplotype, suggesting that shear stress could be a regulator of non-coding loci with a key impact on CAD.
Preparation of long-lasting electret fiber felt by centrifugal air-assisted spinning process and electret post-treatment
Authors: Zeng Jun , Wang Han , Chen Rouxi , Wu Peixuan , Chen Xindu , Chen Xin , Qin Liming , Lan Xingzi , Guo Jian , Liang Jie , Xu Guojie
Published: July 2021

The electret ultra-fine fiber filter material is prepared by the centrifugal airflow-assisted process. Moreover, the material can be used in the field of air filtration. A longitudinal air pressure draft sprinkler and a refined centrifugal spinning jet were designed to improve the fiber quality. According to different process parameters, in order to optimize the process of preparing ultra-fine fiber by centrifugal spinning, including the mass fraction of SiO2 (0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%), the effect of draft pressure (0, 0.05, and 0.15 MPa) on the diameter and morphology of the fiber was investigated. In addition, the effect of air pressure on the diameter and morphology of the fiber was investigated. The effects of key process parameters within the range of common production parameters on fiber quality and fiber morphology were expounded. For the prepared fiber felt, a preliminary test of the physical properties related to the molecular structure and filtration performance of the material was carried out, including the FTIR test and surface contact angle test of the material. After that, we carried out electret treatment of the ultra-fine fiber felt prepared by the centrifugal airflow-assisted process. Besides, we compared the surface electric potential and stability of the fiber felt by the needle electret process and wire electret process, respectively. Finally, the key physical properties of the filter media were tested. In addition, the filtration efficiency and resistance indices of the fiber felt prepared with different parameters were compared. Moreover, the effects of fiber morphology and the electret process on the performance of the filter felt were obtained. The study can provide new ideas and references for the preparation of electret ultra-fine fiber filter media.
Conservation laws in coupled cluster dynamics at finite temperature
Authors: Peng Ruojing , White Alec F. , Zhai Huanchen , Kin-Lic Chan Garnet
Published: July 2021

We extend the finite-temperature Keldysh non-equilibrium coupled cluster theory (Keldysh-CC) [A. F. White and G. K.-L. Chan, J. Chem. Theory Comput. 15, 6137–6253 (2019)] to include a time-dependent orbital basis. When chosen to minimize the action, such a basis restores local and global conservation laws (Ehrenfest’s theorem) for all one-particle properties while remaining energy conserving for time-independent Hamiltonians. We present the time-dependent Keldysh orbital-optimized coupled cluster doubles method in analogy with the formalism for zero-temperature dynamics, extended to finite temperatures through the time-dependent action on the Keldysh contour. To demonstrate the conservation property and understand the numerical performance of the method, we apply it to several problems of non-equilibrium finite-temperature dynamics: a 1D Hubbard model with a time-dependent Peierls phase, laser driving of molecular H2, driven dynamics in warm-dense silicon, and transport in the single impurity Anderson model.
Science-based environmental conservation to answer the risk of pandemic, with a focus on the Republic of Korea
Authors: Borzée Amaël
Published: July 2021

The pandemic resulting from COVID-19 infections had short-term positive impacts on the environment such as improvement in air and water quality. However, long term changes still have disastrous effects in terms of loosening of conservation policies and an increase in ‘post-COVID-19’ development subsidies to boost the economy at the expense of the environment. The prevention of habitat loss and zoonoses will avert future pandemics and measures to protect the local environment should be taken. The Republic of Korea follows the global trend in the weakness of long-term environmental answer to the pandemic and other on-going zoonoses, such as the avian influenza and African swine fever. Some of the current activities may even increase the risks of pandemic as mass culling of animals is widespread despite known risks. Instead, environmental protection and decreased encroachment may be the only safe way to proactively prevent the emergence of further pandemics.
Hemileia vastatrix
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Hemileia vastatrix
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Coffea arabica, C. canephora, C. liberica
, and other
Coffea
spp. DISEASE: Coffee leaf rust. Produces yellowish-orange, powdery, rounded blotches on the lower surface of the leaves, which may coalesce with others to form an irregularly shaped lesion, accompanied by a chlorosis of the upper surface. With age, the centre of the leaf turns dark brown and dies, followed by premature defoliation and die-back of the branches. Has also on rare occasions been recorded on berries and young shoots. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa, Asia, Australasia, end Oceania (CMI Map 5). TRANSMISSION: Earlier workers [Ward,
J. Linn. Soc
. (Bot.) 19: 299-335, 1882, Mayne (12: 285)] attributed spore dispersal to wind but more recent investigations have emphasised the role played by rain-splash over short distances (Bock,
Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc
. 45: 289-300, 1962). Air currents may be implicated in long-range inter-continental dispersal (Wellman, 1957). Two species of thrips have been found feeding on and aiding the dispersal of urediospores in India (40: 467) and urediospores have also been observed to be mechanically transported on the bodies of two species of hymenopterous parasites of larvae of cecidomyid midges commonly found feeding on urediospores in Kenya (Crowe,
Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc
. 46: 24-26, 1963).
Hemileia coffeicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Hemileia coffeicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Coffea arabica; also on C. abeokutae, C. aruwimiensis, C. canephora, and C. liberica. DISEASE: Coffee rust. Producing a dusty coating of orange-coloured urediospores completely covering the undersides of the leaves, in contrast to the common coffee rust caused by
H. vastatrix
, which produces rounded blotches. There is at first no accompanying discoloration of the upper surface of the leaf; however, infected leaves eventually turn yellow and become desiccated. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Sao Tome and Principe Islands, Cameroon Republic, Northern Nigeria and Uganda.
Physopella zeae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Physopella zeae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Zea mays
. DISEASE: Rust causing premature death of leaves and reduction in crop yield. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: In tropical areas of Central and South America (Colombia, Guatemala, Mexico, and Nicaragua) and the Caribbean (Grenada, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, St. Vincent, Santo Domingo and Trinidad). TRANSMISSION: Presumably aerial.
Xanthomonas citri
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hayward A. C. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas citri
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Citrus
spp. and numerous relatives. All plants of the sub-tribe
Citrineae
are apparently susceptible. Cankers formed abundantly on
Swinglea glutinosa
in the Philippine Islands. One non-rutaceous host
Lansium domesticum
has been reported [Caravan (36: 525) p. 260]. For full host list see Elliott [31: 105] p. 110 and Lee (
J. Agric. Res
. 15: 661-666, 1918). DISEASE: Citrus canker, cancrosis. The disease occurs on leaves, twigs, thorns, older limbs and fruit, causing infected fruit to drop, and general defoliation of the tree. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa. Asia, Australasia and Oceania. South America and Afghanistan (CMI Map 11, ed. 3, 1963). Eradicated from Mozambique, South Africa, Northern Territory of Australia and the United States of America (U.S. Dept. Agric. Quarantine No. 75 against Hawaii was rescinded in 1957 following a negative resurvey of the Islands for the pathogen). TRANSMISSION: Wind driven rain and air current, flood water, man, animals and insects. Fruit or other plant parts and nursery stock serve to carry the disease to new areas. The pathogen enters through natural openings or wounds.
Xanthomonas malvacearum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hayward A. C. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas malvacearum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Gossypium
spp. ; also on
Thurberia thespesioides, Eriodendron anfractuosum, Jatropha curcas
(32: 378) and
Hibiscus vitifolius
(33: 525). DISEASE: Bacterial blight. infecting leaves, bracts, stems (blackarm symptom) and bolls. The disease is also known as gummosis and is of major importance to rain-grown cotton in Africa. The leaf spots are usually angular, initially water soaked and vein delimited. Gummy bacterial exudations in the form of a crust or scales are often found on the under surface of leaves. Bacterial blight is primarily a disease of the parenchyma but veinal infection of leaves also occurs and has been well illustrated (11: 511; 35: 891; 38: 145; 40: 334). Veinal infection is not due to infection by a different strain of the pathogen (40: 334), as originally suspected. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: The disease occurs in cotton growing regions throughout the world (CMI Map 57, Ed. 3, 1961). TRANSMISSION: The pathogen is seed-borne. Secondary infection occurs through the agency of wind driven rain (Faulwetter,
J. Agric. Res
. 8: 457-475, 1917). In the Sudan the major climatic factors involved are wind-driven rainstorms, which spread the bacteria, alternating with hot sunny periods, which promote rapid incubation. An average daily maximum temperature of about 95°F, about 8 hr sunshine daily and a rainfall of 1-12 inches a week provides optimum conditions.
Xanthomonas malvacearum
can survive for many years in dry excised infected leaves (38: 208) and on surface trash throughout the season until sowing time. Loss of infectivity is more rapid on the surface of heavy, poorly drained soil types, than the free-draining ridges of the hill sands in Lake Province, Tanganyika. Buried trash loses infectivity more rapidly than trash lying on the surface (41: 154). The cotton bug,
Lygus vosseleri
, has been shown experimentally to disseminate the pathogen in Uganda (39: 581).
Xanthomonas phaseoli var. fuscans
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hayward A. C. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas phaseoli var. fuscans
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Phaseolus vulgaris, P. lunatus
and
P. coccineus
; also on other leguminous hosts on inoculation (39: 3). DISEASE: Fuscous blight. On seeds, pods, leaves and stem. The symptoms of fuscous blight are very similar to common blight,
X. phaseoli
, with small water-soaked lesions on the leaves which develop into spots with dry, brown centres but
X. phaseoli
var.
fuscans
is stated to be more virulent on inoculation to bean and to produce a slight hypertrophy of the tissues about stem wounds. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Sudan, Uganda): Australasia (New South Wales): Europe (Hungary, Switzerland, U.S.S.R., Yugoslavia); North America (Canada, U.S.A.); (CMI Map 402, 1965). TRANSMISSION: Seed-borne and by wind driven rain splash or wind blown soil in the field (31: 128). The pathogen can survive for long periods both in seed and on dead plant material.
Uromyces appendiculatus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Uromyces appendiculatus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Dolichos, Phaseolus
and
Vigna
species. DISEASE: Rust on leaves of French, Lima, and Scarlet Runner beans, and other
Phaseolus
spp., and cowpeas. The reddish-brown, circular sori may be surrounded by a yellow halo in some varieties. Complete defoliation and total loss of crop results in seasons favouring severe infection. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide wherever beans are grown (CMI Map 290, Ed. 2, 1964). TRANSMISSION: By urediospores disseminated by wind, and through contact with animals including man and his implements. Indirect evidence of the possibility of introduction into Sierra Leone on seed imported from Ghana and S. Africa has been given by Deighton (25: 253). Some 40% of urediospores stored for 2 yr. at -60°C, and 16% stored more than 600 days at -18°C, have survived with virulence unimpaired, and it is thought that the rust is thus able to overwinter on bean trash and trellis poles in the United States (42: 167; 43, 299).
Nannizzia grubyia
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stockdale P. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Nannizzia grubyia
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Only four cases of infection by this species have been reported so far. These were in a Malabar squirrel (
Ratufa indica malabarica
), a boxer dog, and two humans. Guinea-pigs have been experimentally infected. DISEASE: Ringworm (dermatophytosis, tinea). Infected hairs contain some hyphae within the hair shaft but no ectothrix spore sheaths have been observed. In one (human) case infected hairs fluoresced light green under Wood's light. Both human cases were confined to the scalp (tinea capitis). In both animals and man the usual symptom was scaling patches with some hair loss and little tissue reaction, but one human case was a kerion with much secondary infection (RMVM 4, 1587; 5, 493). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: U.S.A. (Illinois, La, Miss.).
Nannizzia incurvata
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stockdale P. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Nannizzia incurvata
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Recorded only from man and dog (but see NOTES). Guinea-pigs have been experimentally infected. DISEASE: Ringworm (dermatophytosis, tinea).
Nannizzia incurvata
is present in soil and apparently only rarely a cause of disease. In man the scalp (tinea capitis) and glabrous skin (tinea corporis) may be infected. Skin lesions are inflammatory but details of known scalp infections are not available. In experimental inoculations of guineapigs (Rdzanek, pers. comm.)
N. incurvata
was intermediate between
N. gypsea
and
N. fulva
in virulence, the reaction varying from negative to strongly inflammatory. Ectothrix hyphae breaking up into large arthrospores were seen on some hairs, and infected hairs did not fluoresce under Wood's light. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India), Europe (Czechoslovakia, Great Britain and Ireland, Germany, Netherlands, Poland); U.S.A. (Tenn.);
N. incurvata
is probably of world-wide distribution in the soil.
Sphacelotheca destruens
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ainsworth G. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Sphacelotheca destruens
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Panicum miliaceum
(common millet) and other
Panicum
spp. and the weed
Echinochloa crus-galli
. Hybrid maize (
Zea mays
) has been experimentally infected (44: 2126). DISEASE: Head smut of common millet. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, N. and S. America; see CMI Map 219, 1951. TRANSMISSION: The disease is transmitted by seed (Noble
et al., An annotated list of seed-borne diseases
, p. 49, 1958) contaminated with spores. Spores have remained viable for eight years.
Sphacelotheca sorghi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ainsworth G. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Sphacelotheca sorghi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Sorghum bicolor
(
S. vulgare
) (sorghum),
S. sudanense
(Sudan grass),
S. halepense
(Johnson grass). DISEASE: Covered smut of sorghum. Covered smut is the most important disease of sorghum and has been estimated to be responsible for general level of loss of 5% of the potential crop with local losses of up to 60% (Harris,
Ann. appl
.
Biol
. 51: 367-370, 1963). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa, Asia, Australasia, C., N. and S. America co-extensive with the cultivation of sorghum; see CMI Map, 220, Ed. 2, 1965. TRANSMISSION: Covered smut is transmitted by seed contaminated by spores (Noble
et al., An annotated list of seed-borne diseases
, 1958, p. 66). Soil transmission does not occur.
Septoria apiicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Septoria apiicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Apium
spp. DISEASE: Leaf spot (or late blight) of cultivated and wild celery and celeriac. On leaves, seeds and seedling roots, reducing yield and causing wastage through blemishes on the edible petioles. Leaf lesions of variable size, 1-6 mm diam., abundant, amphigenous, circular or sometimes vein-limited, confluent when severe, becoming depressed pale brown, margin diffuse. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide on
Apium
spp. TRANSMISSION: Seed-borne (Noble
et al.
, 1958; Sheridan, 1966). Also disseminated by rain-splash, in irrigation water, by contact as well as by animals and workman's tools (Chupp & Sherf, 1960). The pathogen may remain viable in the soil for 18 months in buried celery crop refuse, but for less than 6 weeks in the absence of intact host tissue (42: 82). Viability in infected seed may drop to 2% within 8 months from harvest and both mycelium and conidia can stay alive in seed stored up to 14 months (42: 508; 44, 1332) but not beyond 2 yr.
Septoria tritici
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Septoria tritici
[Mycosphaerella graminicola]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Triticum aestivum
and other
Triticum
spp., as well as
Secale vulgare
(Sprague, 1950). DISEASE: Leaf spot (or speckled leaf blotch) of wheat. Occurs chiefly on leaves forming light green to yellow spots between the veins. A speckled appearance is later produced when the pycnidia develop in the leaf and sheath lesions which are various shades of brown, elongated, linear to elliptical, sometimes vein-limited, with a diffuse margin, variable in size but not normally exceeding 1 cm in length. Where infection is severe, shrivelling of leaves, defoliation and invasion of the crown tissues may result in weakened or dead plants. Seedlings may also be killed. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Algeria, Ethiopia, Kenya, Morocco, South Africa, Tanzania); Asia (Afghanistan, China, India, Iran, Iraq, Israei, Japan, Korea, Pakistan, Turkey, U.S.S.R.); Australasia (Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania); Europe (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Cyprus, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Rumania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, U.S.S.R., Yugoslavia); North America (Canada, U.S.A.); Central America (Guatemala); South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay). (CMI Map 397, 1963.) TRANSMISSION: By seed which may be contaminated with infected chaff and plant debris (Noble
et al.
, 1958). The fungus has been intercepted in the United States on stem and leaf fragments in shiploads of wheat grain from Australia (24: 308). Fragments of infected leaves maybe wind dispersed and seed sown with infected leaf debris transmits the disease in the field (38: 687; 42: 11). Spores produced on infected plant residues lose their viability after burial for 1 month in soil (Bilu & Bever, 1957). Pycnidia survive the summer in volunteer wheat plants or in leaves and leaf sheaths lying on the ground, and there are records of conidia from stacked wheat remaining viable for 5-18 months according to the amount of exposure to rain (Weber, 1922; Bilu & Bever, 1957; 36: 389; 38: 657).
Penicillium digitatum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Onions A. H. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Penicillium digitatum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On decaying citrus fruit. DISEASE: Green mould of citrus fruit. Growth is rapid atter infection, the fruit surface becoming covered in a white mould which quickly becomes olive due to the production of the conidia. The fruit then softens and begins to shrink and if exposed to the air becomes a hollow mummified shell. Distinct from
Penicillium italicum
(see CMI Descript. 99) which is blue-green and finally reduces the fruit to a slimy mass. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Common in all citrus producing areas, but widespread as a storage rot of citrus fruit. TRANSMISSION: Common in soil of citrus producing areas and enters the fruit as a wound parasite but will not penetrate undamaged fruit. Said to occur more frequently than
P. italicum
on fallen fruit on light soil in Israel (31: 603). Spores also particularly abundant in air of citrus packing houses and fruit conditioning rooms (40: 400; 41: 89).
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Cucumis sativus
. DISEASE: A temperate and subtropical wilt of cucumber which caused up to 40% losses in Florida in 1949. The pathogen causes pre-emergence and post-emergence damping-off and wilt of older plants. In Florida mature plants with runners may first show wilt in a single crown branch, followed by collapse of the whole plant. Vascular necrosis may extend into the vine for 6-8 nodes (35: 265, 266). A cortical decay, absent from older plants, occurs in seedlings. In England, wilt symptoms have been described as beginning in the lower leaves and the vascular system of the lower nodes becomes prominent, standing out as white lines (45, 3013). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: In U.S.A., in glasshouses in the north and in the field in California,. Florida, Mich., N. Mex., Texas and Wis. The disease has also been reported from: Africa (S. Africa); Asia (Iraq, Japan, Thailand); Australasia (Australia); Europe (England, France, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, U.S.S.R.); North Amenca (Canada). TRANSMISSION: Presumably through soil.
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Citrullus lanatus
. DISEASE: Causes a widespread wilt of watermelon which is the only important host, also damping-off, cortical rot and stunting of seedlings and sudden or progressive wilt of older plants. Necrotic lesions occur on the roots and browning, gum and tyloses are found in the vascular system. In mature plants the wilt may be confined to a particular part, depending on which portion of the root system has been invaded from the soil. Chlorosis and stunting in maturing plants can occur and sometimes there is temporary recovery from wilt. Sporulation is found on dead stems in wet weather. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Throughout North America (U.S.A., Canada); South America (Argentina, Chile), South Europe including U.S.S.R. ; North and South Africa; Asia (India, Iraq, Japan, Pakistan, Philippines); Australasia (Australia, New Zealand). TRANSMISSION: Through soil; also seed infection has been reported (7: 760; 43, 2170).
Crinipellis perniciosa
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Crinipellis perniciosa
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Restricted to
Theobroma
spp. and
Herrania
spp. Recorded on:
T. bicolor, T. cacao, T. calodesmis, T. glauca, T. grandiflora, T. microcarpa, T. obovata
and
T. subincana
(37: 151);
H. albiflora, H. nitida
and
H. purpurea
(39: 684). DISEASE: Witches' broom disease of cacao. Infection of the breaking vegetative buds, flower cushions and young fruit leads to hypertrophy, reduction in leaf size, abnormal proliferation of axillary buds, growth of vegetative shoots from cushions and distortion of the fruit. These pathogenic effects may be due to the production of enzymes which inactivate the host auxins (48, 9g, 2864). The pathogen is generally confined to the hypertrophied areas which eventually become necrotic and later develop sporophores. At the epidemic level (reached in Ecuador, Surinam, Trinidad and Tobago) nearly all the vegetative growing points are infected and killed, up to 75% of the crop being directly destroyed. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Confined to parts of lowland tropical South America, Trinidad, Tobago and Grenada (CMI Map 37 ed. 2, 1965). Endemic on wild species of
Theobroma
in the Amazon and Orinoco river systems (17: 801; 23: 56; 42: 78). TRANSMISSION: Air dispersed basidiospores, released mostly between 1800 hr and 0600 hr, probably do not survive the day following the night on which they are shed. No conidial state is known.
Pseudomonas setariae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pseudomonas setariae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Oryza sativa, Setaria italica, Panicum mililaceum
and
Hordeum vulgare
. Also reported naturally infecting
Agropyron intermedium, A. trichophorum, Bromus catharticus
and
Bromus marginatus
(47, 2746). DISEASE: Bacterial stripe, bacterial brown stripe. On rice it is a disease of seedlings and young plants in the nursery; not found in the field. Water-soaked, dark green lesions appear usually near the bases of leaf sheaths. They rapidly elongate under humid conditions, become reddish-brown to dark brown, and may extend the whole length of the sheath and even on to the blade. The width remains usually about 1 mm (2 or 3 veins only). Infection on unfolding leaves results in a bud rot which prevents further development of the plant. Common and Italian millet are attacked at all ages. Narrow brown streaks, confined between the veins, 0.2-0.7 mm wide, are formed mostly on leaves. These may later coalesce to give wide dark brown lesions. Occasionally the whole upper part of the plant is killed. The symptoms on barley are similar, but only seedlings are attacked. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Japan, Taiwan and Philippines (Ou, 1971). TRANSMISSION: Presumably in moisture. The disease is favoured by warm humid weather.
Alternaria carthami
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Alternaria carthami
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Carthamus tinctorius
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of safflower. Symptoms appear before flowering on all parts, but especially on the leaves. The brown to dark brown spots expand to 1 cm diam., the centre, lighter in colour, being surrounded by dark rings where sporulation occurs. Shot-holes may develop and coalescence of the spots leads to large, irregularly outlined lesions and break up of the lamina. Spotting is less severe on the petioles and stems. Infected flower buds do not open and become shrivelled. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Canada, Ethiopia, India, Israel, Kenya, Tanzania, U.S.S.R., Zambia and possibly also Rhodesia, Rumania and U.S.A. TRANSMISSION: No studies reported.
Alternaria ricini
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Alternaria ricini
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Ricinus communis
. DISEASE: Seedling blight, leaf spot, inflorescence and pod rot of castor. Leaf lesions are irregular in outline, variable in size but often quite large, brown, zonate, with a yellow halo. Defoliation can be extensive. The inflorescence is attacked at any age and eventually develops a sooty appearance as sporulation occurs under high humidity conditions. The capsules can wilt suddenly and become purple dark brown, the seed is poorly filled and may become infected; normal dehiscence fails. Alternatively a sunken area appears on one side of the capsule and eventually covers the whole of it, the seed is fairly well grown and dehiscence is normal. Seedlings which are infected have stunted cotyledons, become spotted and may be killed. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Occurs in E. & W. Africa, S. Asia and S. & E. U.S.A., see CMI Map 345, ed. 2; one additional record is Angola. TRANSMISSION: Seed-borne. Infected capsules can give rise to seed which may have the coat, caruncle or endosperm infected. Seeds from such capsules give diseased seedlings. Seed dressings did not completely control the disease (39: 211).
Alternaria sesami
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Alternaria sesami
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Sesamum indicum
. DISEASE: Pre-emergence and post-emergence damping off and leaf, stem and pod spot. On the leaves the brown, round or irregular spots are up to 2 crn diam. with concentric zonations on the upper surface, coalescent; leaf fall can be severe. Stem and capsule lesions may be less conspicuous but those on the former can present a water-soaked appearance, spreading almost the whole length of the stem. Infected seed leads to reduced emergence. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Fairly widespread in Asia, E. & W. Africa, S. America and S.E. U.S.A. Details are given in CMI Map 410, ed. 1; Ethiopia is an additional recent record. TRANSMISSION: Seedborne; spread may have occurred mainly through seed.
Verticillium nubilum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hawksworth D. L.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Verticillium nubilum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Solanum tuberosum, Lycopersicon esculentum
and
Antirrhinum
. DISEASE: Only weakly pathogenic. Twisted sprout of potato. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Britain. TRANSMISSION: Unknown.
Cumminsiella mirabilissima
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cumminsiella mirabilissima
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Mahonia aqulfolium, M. dicryota, M. japonica
var.
beali, M. nervosa, M. pumila
and
M. repens
. DISEASE: Rust of mahonia. Forming conspicuous reddish spots on older leaves. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe, North and Central America. TRANSMISSION: Spread of the disease is thought to be mainly by infected nursery stock (15: 230). Heavy snow storms have also been implicated in the dissemination of uredospores which have been found capable of withstanding very low temperatures. Uredospores exposed to -10°C to -20°C for a month retained their viability. The min. temp. for the development of the rust is only a few degrees above 0°C, with opt. 8-12°C and max. 20°C (10: 109).
Puccinia malvacearum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Puccinia malvacearum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Althaea, Protex, Kitaibelia, Lavatera, Malva, Malvastrum, Malope, Sidalcea
and a total of about 50 species in 10 genera of
Malvaceae
. DISEASE: Rust of hollyhock. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide. TRANSMISSION: Farlow (1886) reported the introduction of the pathogen into U.S.A. on seed of
Malope
sp. imported from Europe. However, it is doubtful whether true seed transmission occurs. Taubenhaus (1911) showed that teliospores, overwintering in soil on infected bracts and carpels in late autumn, remain viable for over four months and act as a source of infection of seed in the spring and that mycelium may also overwinter in a viable condition in young host shoots. The importation of the pathogen on plants introduced into New Zealand is recorded by Cunningham (1931: 154).
Ustilago nuda
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ustilago nuda
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On species of
Agropyron, Hordeum, Lolium, Secale
and
Triticum
. DISEASES: Loose smut of wheat, barley, oats and rye, characterized by the complete destruction of the spikelets of affected heads. Infected seed may be reduced in size and lighter. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide (CMI Map 368, ed. 2, 1969). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne spores from smutted spikes to healthy flowers up to 150 m from a point source (19: 334; 44, 2114a) and by seed-borne dormant mycelium in the embryo, chiefly the scutellum (40: 41). Infection is favoured by frequent light showers but heavy rainfall reduces infection by washing spores into the ground (42: 193; 49, 1322). Spores are normally short-lived but many remain viable after 12-13 yr storage at -2-0C (34: 591).
Puccinia schedonnardi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Puccinia schedonnardi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Aecial stage on species of
Abutilon, Callirhoe, Hibiscus, Gossypium
and on a few other genera of
Malvaceae
. Uredial and telial stages on species of
Limnodea, Melica, Monanthochloe, Muhlenbergia, Schedonnardus
and
Triplasis
. DISEASE: A minor leaf disease of cotton, infection also occurring on the bolls and involucral bracts. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Fairly general in USA (more abundant southwards) but absent from the N. Pacific slope. On cotton it occurs in Ariz., lower California, N. Mex., Okla and Texas (14: 628) and also in Mexico. Telial and aecial states are reported from Argentina (25: 234) and the former also from Canada (Manitoba) and S. Africa. TRANSMISSION: No studies reported.
Cochliobolus heterostrophus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cochliobolus heterostrophus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Generally on leaves of
Zea mays
, the main host,
Euchlaena mexicana, Sorghum vulgare
and many species of
Gramineae
(41: 40; 45, 3084; 48, 414; 50, 2257i). During an epidemic in USA caused by race T in 1970 no important hosts apart from Z.
mays
were noted (50, 2257b). DISEASE: Southern leaf blight of maize, forming very numerous lesions up to 2.5 cm long, mostly on the leaves. They are at first elliptical, then longitudinally elongate, becoming rectangular as restriction by the veins occurs; cinnamon-buff (sometimes with a purplish tint) with a reddish-brown margin and occasionally zonate, coalescing and becoming greyish with conidia. Symptoms caused by race T show a less well defined, somewhat diffuse lesion, with marginal chlorosis leading to leaf collapse, and all parts of the plant can be attacked. Perithecia have been recently reported in the field at the junction of leaf sheath and blade (50, 2257j). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in the tropics and subtropics (CMI Map 346, ed. 3, 1969) but not reported from Australia. Records not yet mapped are: Brunei, Guatemala, Hawaii, Israel, Laos, Mexico, Salvador and Venezuela. TRANSMISSION: Presumably air-dispersed but no detailed studies seem to have been reported. During the recent USA outbreak the disease spread from Florida to Maine in
c
. 6 months (50, 2257c). Spread by seed occurs (50, 3690, 3692; Crosier & Boothroyd,
Phytopathology
61: 427, 747).
Corynespora cassiicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Corynespora cassiicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Plurivorous, especially abundant in the tropics. Ellis (36: 666) gives 57 hosts and later records include:
Citrullus vulgaris, Cucumis melo, Cyamopsis psoraloides, Eucalyptus grandis, Gossypium
spp.,
Hydrangea macrophylla, Lupinus
spp.,
Musa
sp.,
Piper betle, Rhododendron obtusum, Ricinus communis
and
Solanum melongena
. DISEASE: Target spot; usually on the leaves but also on stems roots and flowers. The necrotic lesions becoming darker, are usually irregular, often with a wavy border and frequently zonate, up to 2 cm diam., shot-holing sometimes occurs and defoliation. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Austria, Brazil, British Solomon Islands, Bolivia, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burma, Cameroon, Cambodia, Canada, Ceylon, China, Colombia, Congo, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Dahomey, Denmark, England, Ethiopia, Fiji, France, French Guiana, Germany, Ghana, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Honduras, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Nepal, Netherlands, New Hebrides, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Rumania, Samoa (W.), Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Sudan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad, Uganda, USA, US Virgin Islands, Venezuela. TRANSMISSION: Conidia air-dispersed (43, 2801) and a diurnal periodicity with a forenoon peak is reported from India (46, 745). The fungus is seed-borne (28: 155; 39: 710; 44, 200) and survives on host debris for up to 2 yr (37: 199; 40: 754; 43, 2171).
Drechslera sacchari
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Drechslera sacchari
[Bipolaris sacchari]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Saccharum officinarum
and also reported causing diseases in
Pennisetum purpureum
(Napier or elephant grass) and
Cymbopogon citratus
[Cymbopogon nardus]
(lemon grass). DISEASE: Eye spot and seedling blight of sugarcane. Small reddish spots, surrounded by a straw-coloured halo, develop on the leaves; conspicuous on young leaves, becoming 5-12 × 3-6 mm, longer axis parallel to the main veins, coalescing. These spots may develop long chlorotic streaks running towards the leaf tip, 60-90 cm long and possibly due to toxin production. Germinating seed may be killed 12-14 days from sowing and severely attacked young plants show a top rot. On lemon grass the leaf spots have pale centres with a dark purple border, 4-10 × 1.5-2 mm (20: 229). Older leaves of Napier grass are attacked most, severe outbreaks causing death (17: 753; 21: 258). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in the tropics and subtropics (CMI Map 349, 2nd ed. 1968). Additional records not yet mapped: Cambodia, French Guiana, Panama, Salvador and Senegal. TRANSMISSION: Presumably through air-dispersed conidia; seed-borne infection also occurs (36: 350).