bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variação de peso, grau de escolaridade, saneamento básico, etilismo, tabagismo e hábito alimentar pregresso em pacientes com cancêr de estômago
Authors: Magalhães Lidiane Pereira , Oshima Celina Tizuko Fujiyama , Souza Lessileia Gomes , Lima Jacqueline Miranda de , Carvalho Luciana de , Forones Nora Manoukian
Published: July 2008

RACIONAL: Cerca de 35% dos casos de câncer estão envolvidos com fatores advindos da dieta e de outros como o álcool, o fumo, a luz solar, agentes químicos e infecções por vírus. O câncer de estômago é o segundo tipo de câncer mais diagnosticado no mundo, sendo responsável por cerca de 9,9% de todos os diagnósticos e cerca de 12,1% das mortes. OBJETIVOS: Comparar o peso corpóreo atual e habitual, grau de escolaridade, saneamento básico, tabagismo, etilismo e freqüência pregressa de consumo de alimentos entre pacientes com câncer de estômago e população controle. MÉTODO: Setenta pacientes com câncer gástrico foram pareados a outros 70 indivíduos sem diagnóstico de neoplasia. Foram coletados peso, altura, informações sobre grau de escolaridade, saneamento básico, tabagismo e etilismo e preenchido um questionário de freqüência alimentar pregressa. RESULTADOS: Dos 75 pacientes elegíveis para o estudo, 42 eram homens, com média de idade de 59,5 anos. O grupo de pacientes com câncer apresentou menor peso e índice de massa corporal atual do que o grupo controle. Em relação ao grau de escolaridade, verificou-se que, no grupo de pacientes com câncer, 21 indivíduos nunca ingressaram na escola e dos que estudaram, cerca de 55% não conseguiram concluir o primeiro grau. Nesse grupo, 32,9% dos indivíduos tiveram acesso ao saneamento básico e 37,1% à eletricidade no passado; no grupo controle, esse percentual foi de 68,6% para cada uma das variáveis. No grupo caso, 58,6% dos pacientes moraram na zona rural, enquanto no grupo controle apenas 7,1%. No grupo caso, 65.7% eram fumantes versus 44.3%, no grupo controle. Observou-se também que os pacientes com câncer fumaram por período maior. O alcoolismo também foi mais freqüente entre os pacientes com câncer (45% versus 19%). Verificou-se que, entre os pacientes com câncer, houve maior consumo de alimentos ricos em sal, condimentos, nitratos, gordura animal saturada, carboidratos complexos, açúcar refinado e salgados fritos, comparado ao grupo controle. CONCLUSÃO: Os doentes com câncer gástrico, quando comparados ao grupo controle, apresentaram: perda de peso, queda da qualidade de vida verificada pelo baixo acesso a saneamento básico, eletricidade e escolaridade, residiram predominantemente em área rural, alta incidência de alcoolismo e alta ingestão de alimentos ricos em gorduras, alimentos industrializados e álcool.
Anti-semitismo na Europa hoje
Authors: Sorj Bila
Published: July 2008

O termo "anti-semitismo" é utilizado nas manifestações de hostilidade contra os judeus desde a Antiguidade. No entanto, como fenômeno histórico, o anti-semitismo é parte integrante das dinâmicas socioculturais e políticas de cada sociedade. Este artigo enfoca particularmente as especificidades que ele assume hoje na Europa Ocidental.
Plástica e anonimato: modernidade e tradição em Lucio Costa e Mário de Andrade
Authors: Wisnik Guilherme
Published: July 2008

Há uma analogia entre o antiindividualismo uniforme e estandartizado da arquitetura moderna e o caráter anônimo e coletivo da arte popular. Tal percepção, formulada por Mário de Andrade em 1928, serve de base para a equação "modernidade-patrimônio" montada por Lucio Costa a partir do final dos anos 1930. Porém, o reconhecimento posterior da "legitimidade da intenção plástica", por parte de Lucio Costa, afastará progressivamente as leituras de ambos acerca do papel da arte na sociedade, e, a reboque, o sentido que dão ao processo de formação cultural brasileiro.
Escravidão e sociabilidade capitalista: um ensaio sobre inércia social
Authors: Cardoso Adalberto
Published: July 2008

Apoiando-se em estudos historiográficos que a partir dos anos 1980 empreenderam uma ampla revisão da história social do trabalho no Brasil, o artigo apresenta algumas hipóteses sociológicas sobre a permanência de traços estruturais do passado escravista no processo de construção da sociabilidade capitalista no país. Esse legado compreenderia uma percepção rebaixada do trabalho manual, uma imagem depreciativa do negro e mesmo do elemento nacional como trabalhadores, uma indiferença das elites quanto às maiorias pobres e uma hierarquia social extremamente rígida. Segundo o autor, esse quadro de inércia estrutural ditou os parâmetros gerais da reprodução do trabalho livre nos primórdios da ordem capitalista no Brasil.
A técnica como capital e o capital humano genético
Authors: López-Ruiz Osvaldo
Published: July 2008

A partir da proposta de Theodore W. Schultz, fundador da teoria do capital humano, de considerar a mudança tecnológica como uma forma de capital para os fins da análise econômica, propomos estudar as implicações lógicas de uma formulação que, na atualidade, estaria abrindo espaço para pensar o humano como uma forma de capital - e até mesmo antes de o ser humano nascer. Para isso, recorremos às reflexões de Michel Foucault feitas no seu curso Nascimento da biopolítica - recentemente publicado -, no qual chamará a atenção para o que vai designar como "o problema político da genética". Refletimos, assim, sobre as implicações sociais e econômicas da informação genética quando o objeto de estudo da economia é estendido e passa a abarcar não só certos atributos humanos, considerados agora uma forma de capital, mas também o próprio progresso técnico.
Violências sexuais: incesto, estupro e negligência familiar
Authors: Prado Maria do Carmo Cintra de Almeida , Pereira Ana Carolina Covas
Published: July 2008

Este artigo discute os desafios envolvidos na assistência em Terapia Familiar Psicanalítica de uma mulher de 41 anos, vítima de incesto dos sete aos 12 anos, seguido de duas situações de estupro, que implicaram em um aborto e no nascimento de uma menina, com sete anos na ocasião do estudo. Apresentou-se infantilizada, dependente, sem autonomia, com diagnóstico de borderline. Em nenhum momento, encontrou na mãe alguma forma de apoio. Pais, em conluio perverso e abusivo, causam danos lesivos à constituição psíquica de seus filhos, cujas vidas ficam destroçadas, e levam a pensar que eles próprios tenham tido seus psiquismos danificados, marcados por vivências impensáveis, revertidas em segredos. Transformar e reparar são os objetivos de toda Terapia Familiar Psicanalítica e, nestes casos, os desafios são imensos, pois, entre as várias conseqüências clínicas de tal situação, há um ódio exacerbado à realidade, intensas vivências persecutórias e a reedição transferencial da dinâmica familiar no enquadre terapêutico.
Síndrome do aqueduto vestibular alargado: uma causa de disacusia neurossensorial
Authors: Silva Daniela Polo Camargo da , Montovani Jair Cortez , Oliveira Danielle Tavares , Fioravanti Marisa Portes , Tamashiro Ivanira Ayako
Published: July 2008

TEMA: a síndrome do aqueduto vestibular alargado (SAVA) é caracterizada pelo alargamento do aqueduto vestibular associada a disacusia. O grau da perda auditiva é variável, podendo ser flutuante, progressiva ou súbita. Sintomas vestibulares podem estar presentes. O diagnóstico é realizado por exames de imagem. OBJETIVO: relatar um caso de SAVA. MÉTODO: lactente, gênero feminino, realizou tomografia computadorizada de ouvidos e exames de audição. RESULTADO: constatou-se alargamento do aqueduto vestibular maior que 1,5mm de diâmetro e perda auditiva neurossensorial à direita. CONCLUSÃO: com a avaliação auditiva precoce é possível o diagnóstico da disacusia, mesmo em crianças com disacusias unilaterais. Embora a literatura consultada mostre que o diagnóstico da SAVA ocorra tardiamente, no presente caso, o diagnóstico etiológico foi possibilitado pela tomografia computadorizada.
Institucionalização das ciências, sistema de gênero e produção científica no Brasil (1939-1969)
Authors: Ferreira Luiz Otávio , Azevedo Nara , Guedes Moema , Cortes Bianca
Published: July 2008

As experiências de educação feminina em nível superior, proporcionadas pelas políticas educacionais implantadas a partir da década de 1930, promoveram a inserção profissional de mulheres no mundo acadêmico e científico. Largamente negligenciada na historiografia brasileira das ciências, a análise desse fenômeno lança uma nova perspectiva sobre o sentido da institucionalização e profissionalização da atividade científica, processo no qual as mulheres atuaram efetivamente. Procuramos identificar sua presença ali, por meio da análise da produção científica presente em quatro revistas, no período entre 1939 e 1969, evidenciando-se diferenças de sexo quanto ao padrão de publicação.
A presença feminina nos cursos universitários e nas pós-graduações: desconstruindo a idéia da universidade como espaço masculino
Authors: Guedes Moema de Castro
Published: July 2008

A entrada das mulheres nas universidades na recente história brasileiraé um marco das mudanças em curso em nossa sociedade. A presente análise contextualiza o contingente populacional com curso universitário no Brasil e ressalta as continuidades e rupturas da participação de homens e mulheres nesse espaço. Baseada nos últimos quatro Censos do IBGE, a análise revela que em trinta anos as mulheres conseguiram reverter o quadro de desigualdade histórica e consolidar uma nova realidade em que são maioria (60%) dos formados entre os mais jovens. A comparação entre o contingente de indivíduos com nível universitário em 1970 e 2000 revela, também, expressiva entrada feminina em cursos tradicionalmente masculinos.
O uso do tempo no cotidiano de mulheres idosas: um método indicador do estilo de vida de grupos populacionais
Authors: Doimo Leonice Aparecida , Derntl Alice Moreira , Lago Olival Cardoso do
Published: July 2008

O estudo do uso do tempo considera a heterogeneidade do envelhecimento, analisando-o multifatorialmente, permitindo vislumbrar o estilo de vida de indivíduos idosos. Este estudo objetivou descrever o uso do tempo de 75 idosas (68,04 ± 8,36 anos), através das suas atividades diárias. Instrumentos utilizados: teste de cognição (Clock Completion Test), formulário para dados pessoais e entrevista estruturada (Time Diary) para relato das atividades diárias. Para decodificação e classificação das atividades diárias, utilizou-se a classificação australiana para estudos de uso do tempo, distribuindo-as em nove grupos de atividades principais. Foram verificados os contextos físico (local) e social (parceiros sociais) das atividades. Verificou-se que grande parte do tempo destinou-se às atividades obrigatórias (atividades domésticas e de cuidados pessoais). A maior proporção do tempo livre destinou-se ao lazer passivo (assistir televisão) com pouco envolvimento em atividades físicas. A casa e estar com membros da família ou sozinhas representaram o contexto físico e social mais presentes. O estudo permitiu um vislumbre do estilo de vida do grupo. Provavelmente houve influência de fatores individuais como idade, gênero, grau de instrução, estado civil e nível socioeconômico sobre os padrões encontrados para o uso do tempo.
Percepções de profissionais de saúde sobre duas definições de fragilidade no idoso
Authors: Teixeira Ilka Nicéia D'Aquino Oliveira
Published: July 2008

O objetivo desse estudo foi descrever as percepções de profissionais de saúde sobre duas definições de fragilidade em idosos. A amostra foi constituída de doze profissionais de saúde, integrantes da equipe de um ambulatório de geriatria. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados foram entrevistas individuais semi-estruturadas e o questionário Definições de Fragilidade. Os dados foram organizados e analisados utilizando-se o Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo, que consiste em expressões-chave, idéias centrais e o Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. Os resultados indicaram que os profissionais de saúde tiveram dificuldades para aceitar uma definição unidimensional de fragilidade, o que está de acordo com a literatura internacional. As seis Idéias Centrais emergentes foram: 1) As definições são complementares; 2) Não há potencial para prevenção; 3) Definir fragilidade é uma tarefa complexa; 4) Qual é o conceito de fragilidade? 5) A definição multidimensional está completa; 6) A fragilidade é um estado que pode perdurar. Os participantes consideraram que as definições são complementares porque fragilidade envolve uma interação de fatores biológicos, psicológicos e sociais no curso de vida. Apenas um profissional aceitou a definição multidimensional como completa. Definir fragilidade é uma tarefa complexa.
Uma reconstituição da estratégia freudiana para a justificação do inconsciente
Authors: Caropreso Fátima , Simanke Richard Theisen
Published: July 2008

A justificativa freudiana para a hipótese da existência do inconsciente é freqüentemente reduzida aos seus elementos empíricos ou a um argumento meramente heurístico. Trata-se aqui, primeiramente, de discutir a estratégia que Freud utiliza para incorporar o conceito de inconsciente em sua teoria; a seguir, de recapitular os diversos argumentos elaborados para justificá-lo; e, por fim, de reconstruí-los sistematicamente, procurando evidenciar os aspectos semânticos e conceituais do quadro teórico no qual as provas empíricas se inserem, assim como sua convergência com estratégias argumentativas contemporâneas de programas de investigação psicológica (as ciências da cognição, por exemplo) que também operam com a hipótese do inconsciente.
Padrões de sibilância respiratória do nascimento até o início da adolescência: coorte de Pelotas (RS) Brasil, 1993-2004
Authors: Muiño Adriana , Menezes Ana Maria Baptista , Reichert Felipe Fossati , Duquia Rodrigo Pereira , Chatkin Moema
Published: July 2008

OBJETIVO: Estudar a prevalência dos padrões de sibilância respiratória e suas associações com variáveis independentes. MÉTODOS: Coorte de nascidos vivos, 1993, Pelotas (RS); subamostra sistemática de 20% da coorte original acompanhada aos 6 e 12 meses e 4 anos; aos 10-12 anos localizou-se 87,5% da coorte original. Definição dos padrões: transitório: chiado até 4 anos e ausência de chiado aos 10-12 anos; persistente: chiado em todos acompanhamentos; início tardio: chiado aos 10-12 anos. Variáveis independentes: gênero; cor da pele; renda familiar; fumo/asma na gravidez; amamentação; infecção respiratória/diarréia (1º ano); alergia e asma na família (4 e 10-12 anos); diagnóstico médico de rinite/eczema (10-12 anos). RESULTADOS: O total da subamostra foi de 897 adolescentes. Prevalência (IC95%) dos padrões de sibilância: transitório 43,9% (40,7-47,2);persistente 6,4% (4,8-8,0); de início tardio 3,3% (2,2-4,5). O transitório foi mais freqüente em crianças de famílias de baixa renda, com menor duração da amamentação, relato de infecções respiratórias (1º ano) e história familiar de asma (4 anos); o persistente foi quase duas vezes mais freqüente em meninos, em filhos de mulheres com asma na gravidez, com infecções respiratórias (1º ano) e história familiar de asma (4 e 10-12 anos); de início tardio mostrou maior prevalência naqueles com asma na família (10-12 anos) e diagnóstico médico de rinite (10-12 anos); menor prevalência em quem relatou infecções respiratórias (1º ano) e diagnóstico médico de eczema (10-12 anos). CONCLUSÕES: O conhecimento das associações dos padrões sibilantes permite a adoção de medidas preventivas e terapêuticas.
Caso raro de pneumotórax: adamantinoma metastático
Authors: Gonçalves Roberto , Saad Junior Roberto , Dorgan Neto Vicente , Botter Marcio
Published: July 2008

Descrevem-se dois casos de metástases pulmonares de adamantinoma de ossos longos, o qual é uma neoplasia óssea de baixo grau que raramente metastatiza. Nos dois casos a apresentação clínica das metástases se deu por pneumotórax espontâneo secundário a escavação tumoral, fenômeno descrito em apenas três dos trabalhos consultados na literatura. São descritos os achados clínicos, radiológicos e anatomopatológicos, bem como os procedimentos adotados nos dois casos.
Folate and Clefts of the Lip and Palate—A U.K.-Based Case-Control Study: Part I: Dietary and Supplemental Folate
Authors: Little J. , Gilmour M. , Mossey P. A. , FitzPatrick D. , Cardy A. , Clayton-Smith J. , Fryer A. E.
Published: July 2008

Objectives:

We sought to determine the associations between nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL−P) and cleft palate only (CP) and maternal intake of dietary folate and supplemental folic acid, in an area where the prevalence at birth of neural tube defects has been high and flour is not fortified with folic acid.

Methods:

Interviews regarding periconceptional dietary intake and supplement use were completed with the mothers of 112 CL−P cases, 78 CP cases, and 248 unaffected infants. The data were analyzed by logistic regression methods.

Results:

There was no overall association between CL−P and CP and either energy-adjusted total folate intake or supplemental folic acid use, irrespective of dosage.

Conclusion:

Overall, higher intakes of total folate do not appear to prevent oral clefts in this population.
A Comparison of Shepard's Osteotome versus Trapdoor Flap Technique to Harvest Iliac Crest Bone for Secondary Alveolar Bone Grafting
Authors: Constantinides J. , Chhabra P. , Turner P. J. , Richard B.
Published: July 2008

Objective:

To compare the postoperative donor site morbidity and alveolar bone graft results following two different techniques for iliac crest bone graft harvest: a closed (Shepard's osteotome) and an open (trapdoor flap) technique.

Design:

A retrospective review of two cohorts of alveolar bone grafts performed from 1998 to 2004 in Birmingham Children's Hospital by two surgeons using different harvest techniques. Medical and nursing anesthetic notes and medication charts were reviewed. Alveolar bone graft results were assessed using preoperative and postoperative radiographic studies.

Patients:

A total of 137 patients underwent an operation. Of these, 109 patients were compatible with the inclusion criteria (data available, first operation, no multiple comorbidities). Sixty-four patients had iliac bone harvested using the open trapdoor technique, while 45 had the same procedure using the closed osteotomy technique.

Results:

Maximum bone graft volumes harvested were similar with both techniques. The mean length of hospital stay was 50.9 hours for the osteotome and 75.5 hours for the open technique group (p < .0001). The postoperative analgesia requirement was higher and the postoperative mobilization was delayed and more difficult for the open technique patients (p < .0005). Kindelan scores performed by two independent orthodontists were similar for both techniques.

Conclusion:

The findings demonstrate that harvesting bone from the iliac crest using an osteotome technique reduces time in hospital, analgesia requirements, and postoperative donor site morbidity with no detrimental outcome.
Crossmodal Temporal Processing Acuity in Children with Oral Clefts
Authors: Mäenpää Pia , Laasonen Marja , Haapanen Marja-Leena , Pulkkinen Joonas , Virsu Veijo
Published: July 2008

Objective:

We have previously found that, in children with certain oral clefts, the rate of sequential information processing is significantly impaired in vision and tactile somatosensation but not so clearly in audition. Here, we studied crossmodal functions by investigating temporal processing acuity of cleft children with audiovisual, audiotactile, and visuotactile tasks.

Participants:

Temporal processing acuity was studied in 10-year-old children, 19 with cleft lip with or without cleft palate and 38 with cleft palate or submucous cleft palate.

Design:

Children estimated whether brief stimuli of two concurrent three-stimulus sequences, each in a different modality, were simultaneous or not when the stimulus interval varied adaptively. The 8-millisecond stimuli were flashes in vision, tone bursts in audition, and solenoid touches of a finger in somatosensation.

Results:

The group with cleft lip with or without cleft palate performed better than the group with cleft palate or submucous cleft palate in audiovisual temporal processing acuity, but the group's superiority was not statistically significant in audiotactile or visuotactile temporal processing acuity.

Conclusions:

Audiovisual crossmodal sequential information processing is probably impaired in some cleft children in the group with cleft palate or submucous cleft palate. Our results suggest further studies on the audiovisual capacities of children with cleft.
Briefing: Searching: the key to successful knowledge management
Authors: Iddon Nicky
Published: July 2008

Most civil engineering organisations rely on intranets for corporate knowledge management, but finding what you need is not always easy. Nicky Iddon, group knowledge manager of Halcrow, reports on the dramatic improvements made possible with a new search system.
CAVEATS TO QUANTIFYING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES: FRUIT ABORTION BLURS BENEFITS FROM CROP POLLINATION
Authors: Bos Merijn M. , Veddeler Dorthe , Bogdanski Anne K. , Klein Alexandra-Maria , Tscharntke Teja , Steffan-Dewenter Ingolf , Tylianakis Jason M.
Published: July 2008

The recent trend to place monetary values on ecosystem services has led to studies on the economic importance of pollinators for agricultural crops. Several recent studies indicate regional, long‐term pollinator declines, and economic consequences have been derived from declining pollination efficiencies. However, use of pollinator services as economic incentives for conservation must consider environmental factors such as drought, pests, and diseases, which can also limit yields. Moreover, “flower excess” is a well‐known reproductive strategy of plants as insurance against unpredictable, external factors that limit reproduction. With three case studies on the importance of pollination levels for amounts of harvested fruits of three tropical crops (passion fruit in Brazil, coffee in Ecuador, and cacao in Indonesia) we illustrate how reproductive strategies and environmental stress can obscure initial benefits from improved pollination. By interpreting these results with findings from evolutionary sciences, agronomy, and studies on wild‐plant populations, we argue that studies on economic benefits from pollinators should include the total of ecosystem processes that (1) lead to successful pollination and (2) mobilize nutrients and improve plant quality to the extent that crop yields indeed benefit from enhanced pollinator services. Conservation incentives that use quantifications of nature's services to human welfare will benefit from approaches at the ecosystem level that take into account the broad spectrum of biological processes that limit or deliver the service.
METHANE AND CARBON DIOXIDE DYNAMICS IN WETLAND MESOCOSMS: EFFECTS OF HYDROLOGY AND SOILS
Authors: Altor Anne E. , Mitsch William J.
Published: July 2008

Methane and carbon dioxide fluxes in created and restored wetlands, and the influence of hydrology and soils on these fluxes, have not been extensively documented. Minimizing methane fluxes while maximizing productivity is a relevant goal for wetland restoration and creation projects. In this study we used replicated wetland mesocosms to investigate relationships between contrasting hydrologic and soil conditions, and methane and carbon dioxide fluxes in emergent marsh systems. Hydrologic treatments consisted of an intermittent flooding regime vs. continuously inundated conditions, and soil treatments utilized hydric vs. non‐hydric soils. Diurnal patterns of methane flux were examined to shed light on the relationship between emergent macrophytes and methane emissions for comparison with vegetation–methane relationships reported from natural wetlands. Microbially available organic carbon content was significantly greater in hydric soils than non‐hydric soils, despite similar organic matter contents in the contrasting soil types. Mesocosms with hydric soils exhibited the greatest rates of methane flux regardless of hydrology, but intermittent inundation of hydric soils produced significantly lower methane fluxes than continuous inundatation of hydric soils. Methane fluxes were not affected significantly by hydrologic regime in mesocosms containing non‐hydric soils. There were no diurnal differences in methane flux, and carbon dioxide and methane fluxes were not significantly correlated. The highest rates of CO2uptake occurred in the continuously inundated treatment with non‐hydric soils, and there were no significant differences in nighttime respiration rates between the treatments. Implications for hydrologic design of created and restored wetlands are discussed.
HEMIPARASITES GENERATE ENVIRONMENTAL HETEROGENEITY AND ENHANCE SPECIES COEXISTENCE IN SALT MARSHES
Authors: Grewell Brenda J.
Published: July 2008

Tidal inundation and salinity are considered to be controlling factors in salt marsh species distributions. Parasitic plants may also influence community organization as parasite–host interactions may play a functional role in stress amelioration due to physiological mechanisms for salinity tolerance and resource acquisition. Endangered root hemiparasites (Cordylanthus maritimus ssp. palustris and Cordylanthus mollis ssp. mollis) occupy unique habitat within fragmented northern California tidal wetlands. My objective was to examine the effects of these root hemiparasites on soil salinity, aeration, and community composition. I compared experimentally established bare patches, shaded and unshaded, and parasite removal patches to controls with hemiparasites across intertidal elevation gradients. Plant community composition, soil salinity, and redox potential were measured as response variables. In this field removal experiment, I demonstrated that parasite–host associations can enhance the amelioration of physical stress conditions in the salt marsh exceeding the passive role of shading by vegetation. Consumer‐driven reduction of physical stress resulted in increased plant species richness, and the effect was most pronounced with elevated salinity and hypoxia stress. Although previous studies have demonstrated that removal of dominant plant biomass by herbivores can increase physical stress in salt marshes, this is one of the first examples of a positive indirect effect of a consumer on community diversity through physical stress relief. Greater understanding of biological interactions coupled with abiotic factors may improve rare plant conservation and salt marsh restoration success.
SPATIAL CONTROLS OF OCCURRENCE AND SPREAD OF WILDFIRES IN THE MISSOURI OZARK HIGHLANDS
Authors: Yang Jian , He Hong S. , Shifley Stephen R.
Published: July 2008

Understanding spatial controls on wildfires is important when designing adaptive fire management plans and optimizing fuel treatment locations on a forest landscape. Previous research about this topic focused primarily on spatial controls for fire origin locations alone. Fire spread and behavior were largely overlooked. This paper contrasts the relative importance of biotic, abiotic, and anthropogenic constraints on the spatial pattern of fire occurrence with that on burn probability (i.e., the probability that fire will spread to a particular location). Spatial point pattern analysis and landscape succession fire model (LANDIS) were used to create maps to show the contrast. We quantified spatial controls on both fire occurrence and fire spread in the Midwest Ozark Highlands region, USA. This area exhibits a typical anthropogenic surface fire regime. We found that (1) human accessibility and land ownership were primary limiting factors in shaping clustered fire origin locations; (2) vegetation and topography had a negligible influence on fire occurrence in this anthropogenic regime; (3) burn probability was higher in grassland and open woodland than in closed‐canopy forest, even though fire occurrence density was less in these vegetation types; and (4) biotic and abiotic factors were secondary descriptive ingredients for determining the spatial patterns of burn probability. This study demonstrates how fire occurrence and spread interact with landscape patterns to affect the spatial distribution of wildfire risk. The application of spatial point pattern data analysis would also be valuable to researchers working on landscape forest fire models to integrate historical ignition location patterns in fire simulation.
ROLE OF PLANT ENEMIES IN THE FORESTRY OF INDIGENOUS VS. NONINDIGENOUS PINES
Authors: Lombardero María J. , Vázquez-Mejuto Patricia , Ayres Matthew P.
Published: July 2008

Plantations of rapidly growing trees are becoming increasingly common because the high productivity can enhance local economies, support improvements in educational systems, and generally improve the quality of life in rural communities. Landowners frequently choose to plant nonindigenous species; one rationalization has been that silvicultural productivity is enhanced when trees are separated from their native herbivores and pathogens. The expectation of enemy reduction in nonindigenous species has theoretical and empirical support from studies of the enemy release hypothesis (ERH) in the context of invasion ecology, but its relevance to forestry has not been evaluated. We evaluated ERH in the productive forests of Galicia, Spain, where there has been a profusion of pine plantations, some with the indigenousPinus pinaster,but increasingly with the nonindigenousP. radiata. Here, one of the most important pests of pines is the indigenous bark beetle,Tomicus piniperda. In support of ERH, attacks byT. piniperdawere more than twice as great in stands ofP. pinastercompared toP. radiata. This differential held across a range of tree ages and beetle abundance. However, this extension of ERH to forestry failed in the broader sense because beetle attacks, although fewer onP. radiata, reduced productivity ofP. radiatamore than that ofP. pinaster(probably because more photosynthetic tissue is lost per beetle attack inP. radiata). Productivity of the nonindigenous pine was further reduced by the pathogen,Sphaeropsis sapinea, which infected up to 28% ofP. radiatabut was absent inP. pinaster. This was consistent with the forestry axiom (antithetical to ERH) that trees planted “off‐site” are more susceptible to pathogens. Fungal infections were positively correlated with beetle attacks; apparentlyT. piniperdafacilitatesS. sapineainfections by creating wounds and by carrying fungal propagules. A globally important component in the diminution of indigenous flora has been the deliberate large‐scale propagation of nonnative trees for silviculture. At least forPinusforestry in Spain, reduced losses to pests did not rationalize the planting of nonindigenous trees. There would be value in further exploration of relations between invasion ecology and the forestry of nonindigenous trees.
BREEDING SUCCESS OF TREE SWALLOWS ALONG A GRADIENT OF AGRICULTURAL INTENSIFICATION
Authors: Ghilain Arnaud , Bélisle Marc
Published: July 2008

The intensification of agricultural practices has been identified as the main cause of population decline in farmland birds since the 1960s in both Europe and North America. Although the links between species richness or abundance and various components of agricultural intensification are well established, the mechanisms underlying these trends have rarely been addressed along a gradient of intensification or have been quantified at only one spatial scale. Here we quantified the influence of landscape structure on the nest box occupancy and breeding success of Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) at seven spatial scales (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, and 20 km radii) over a 10200‐km2 gradient of agricultural intensification in southern Québec, Canada. A network of 400 nest boxes distributed among 40 farms was visited every two days over three breeding seasons, 2004–2006. Nest box occupancy decreased with the proportion of intensive cultures (maize, cereals, and soybeans) in the landscape, especially when manure heaps and tanks were abundant, and was also determined by local variables (i.e., nest box clearance, interspecific competition) and by previous‐year fledging success. Clutch size decreased as the breeding season progressed and with the proportion of intensive cultures in the landscape, with no consistent variation across spatial scales. Hatching success was not related to any landscape variables but increased with clutch size. Both the number of fledglings and fledging probability increased with the proportion of extensive cultures (hayfields, pastures, and fallows). These effects increased with spatial scale and reached a plateau at the 5 km radius: the maximum distance from the nest reached by foraging Tree Swallows. Our results can likely be attributed to lower food availability in intensive cultures compared to extensive ones. This study suggests that several components of breeding that impact on population structure and dynamics of insectivorous birds will be negatively affected by agricultural intensification.
HABITAT AND LANDSCAPE CHARACTERISTICS UNDERLYING ANURAN COMMUNITY STRUCTURE ALONG AN URBAN–RURAL GRADIENT
Authors: Pillsbury Finn C. , Miller James R.
Published: July 2008

Urbanization has been cited as an important factor in worldwide amphibian declines, and although recent work has illustrated the important influence of broad‐scale ecological patterns and processes on amphibian populations, little is known about the factors structuring amphibian communities in urban landscapes. We therefore examined amphibian community responses to wetland habitat availability and landscape characteristics along an urban–rural gradient in central Iowa, USA, a region experiencing rapid suburban growth. We conducted call surveys at 61 wetlands to estimate anuran calling activity, and quantified wetland habitat structure and landscape context. We used canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) to examine patterns in anuran community structure and identify the most important variables associated with those patterns. Urban density at the landscape scale had a significant negative influence on overall anuran abundance and diversity. While every species exhibited a decrease in abundance with increasing urban density, this pattern was especially pronounced for species requiring post‐breeding upland habitats. Anurans most affected by urbanization were those associated with short hydroperiods, early breeding activity, and substantial upland habitat use. We suggest that broad‐scale landscape fragmentation is an important factor underlying anuran community structure in this region, possibly due to limitations on the accessibility of otherwise suitable habitat in fragmented urban landscapes. This study underscores the importance of a regional approach to amphibian conservation in urban and urbanizing areas; in fragmented landscapes, a network of interconnected wetland and upland habitats may be more likely to support a successful, diverse anuran community than will isolated sites.
Why Psychiatric Drugs “Work”: The Attribution of Positive Effects Due to Psychological Factors
Authors: Danco Jeffrey C.
Published: July 2008

While outcome research has attempted to elucidate the real benefit of any treatment through randomized, double-blind studies, the role of placebo and other psychological reactions has been given scant but growing attention. This article examines the nature and power of the placebo in the context of antidepressant therapy. Other factors influencing patient reports of positive response are considered, including emotional blunting, victimization, and rebound. It is concluded that the attribution of healing properties to antidepressant drugs is complex and multifaceted, and that the modest advantage of these drugs over placebo may well derive from psychological, not physiological, factors.
Once the Wheels Are in Motion: Involuntary Hospitalization and Forced Medicating
Authors: Seitler Burton
Published: July 2008

In the wake of the recent killings at Virginia Tech, this article expresses a fear that laymen and professionals alike may overly react toward someone who seems somehow odd or different by regarding that individual as dangerous and a candidate for hospitalization. Even before this tragic incident, individuals were unwillingly hospitalized, because in the State of New Jersey an “emergency intervention unit” deemed them unstable, despite having no history of violence or self-destructive behavior and no wishes to hurt anyone, and subsequently learning that they posed no danger to others or to themselves. Once the individual was institutionalized, a medical protocol was instituted consisting of automatic medication, without the patient’s expressed consent. Despite being remanded to a psychiatric ward, no treatment (consisting of psychotherapy) was provided, only medication. This article discusses how this iatrogenically induced post traumatic stress disorder, and disillusionment in caretakers, betrayal, and distrust, impeding subsequent psychotherapy.
Practical Applications: 22 Guidelines for Counseling and Psychotherapy
Authors: Breggin Peter R.
Published: July 2008

This article describes 22 principles for the conduct of therapy or counseling, most of which are also applicable to all human relationships. The creation of a safe space and a caring, trustworthy relationship is essential to therapy and basic to the helping process. Conducting therapy requires the application of the highest ethics and ideals.
Biotic interactions modify the transfer of cesium-137 in a soil-earthworm-plant-snail food web
Authors: Fritsch Clémentine , Scheifler Renaud , Beaugelin-Seiller Karine , Hubert Philippe , Cœurdassier Michaël , de Vaufleury Annette , Badot Pierre-Marie
Published: July 2008

The present study investigated the possible influence of the earthworm Aporrectodea tuberculata on the transfer of cesium-137 (137Cs) from a contaminated (130 Bq/kg) deciduous forest soil to the lettuce Lactuca sativa and to the snail Cantareus aspersus (formerly Helix aspersa) in two laboratory experiments. In the first experiment, the International Organization for Standardization 15952 test was used to expose snails for five weeks to contaminated soil with or without earthworms. In these conditions, the presence of earthworms caused a two- to threefold increase in 137Cs concentrations in snails. Transfer was low in earthworms as well as in snails, with transfer factors (TFs) lower than 3.7 × 10−2. Activity concentrations were higher in earthworms (2.8–4.8 Bq/kg dry mass) than in snails (<1.5 Bq/kg). In the second experiment, microcosms were used to determine the contribution of soil and lettuce in the accumulation of 137Cs in snails. Results suggest that the contribution of lettuce and soil is 80 and 20%, respectively. Microcosms also were used to study the influence of earthworms on 137Cs accumulation in snail tissues in the most ecologically relevant treatment (soil-earthworm-plant-snail food web). In this case, soil-to-plant transfer was high, with a TF of 0.8, and was not significantly modified by earthworms. Conversely, soil-to-snail transfer was lower (TF, ˜0.1) but was significantly increased in presence of earthworms. Dose rates were determined in the microcosm study with the EDEN (elementary dose evaluation for natural environment) model. Dose rates were lower than 5.5 × 10−4 mGy/d, far from values considered to have effects on terrestrial organisms (1 mGy/d).
Raised plasma vitellogenin in male wild brown trout (Salmo trutta) near a wastewater treatment plant in ireland
Authors: Tarrant Heloise , Mousakitis Geriasimos , Wylde Suzanne , Tattersall Nicholas , Lyons Anne , Maloney Michelle , Llewellyn Neville
Published: July 2008

Ovotestis (intersex) and raised plasma vitellogenin in male fish are widely employed biomarkers of estrogencontamination in the aquatic environment. In the present study, these biomarkers were used to determine whether Irish rivers contain estrogenic chemicals at levels capable of affecting the reproductive health and success of exposed fish populations. A number of aquatic ecosystems were investigated (the rivers Liffey, Lee, and Bandon and the Killarney lakes). A survey of male wild brown trout (Salmo trutta) was carried out to assess the incidence of endocrine disruption in the feral fish population; no evidence of intersex was found in any of the wild fish sampled. Raised plasma vitellogenin was detected, however, in the wild brown trout downstream of a major municipal wastewater treatment plant on the river Liffey.
Temporal and geographic trends in mercury concentrations in muscle tissue in five species of hudson river, USA, fish
Authors: Levinton Jeffrey S , Ochron Sharon T. P
Published: July 2008

We analyzed a New York (USA) state database of mercury concentrations in muscle tissue for five species of fish (striped bass, yellow perch, largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, and carp) over a range of locations in the Hudson River (USA) between 1970 and 2004. We used regression models to discern temporal and geographic change in the fish while controlling for a positive correlation between mercury concentration and body mass. Mercury concentrations significantly increased in fish from New York Harbor waters to the mid-Hudson River. Striped bass and yellow perch showed a shallower increase in mercury concentration with river mile than did carp, largemouth bass, and smallmouth bass. Mercury concentrations declined over the 34-year period. These results imply that a geographically restricted source of mercury may be spread throughout the watershed by toxin-laden dispersing species. The increase of mercury toward the north may relate to a point source in the mid-Hudson River, or it may indicate mercury released from the Adirondack watershed. The decline of mercury over three decades corresponds to a reduction of various inputs in the region. The temporal and geographic pattern of mercury in sediments corresponds to the geographic trend of mercury in fish.
DNA microarrays detect effects of soil contamination onArabidopsis thalianagene expression
Authors: Magrini Kimberly D , Basu Amit , Spotila James R , Avery Harold W , Bergman Lawrence W , Hammond Rachel , Anandan Shivanthi
Published: July 2008

Soil contamination, such as heavy metals and benzene compounds, is a widespread problem on military installations. It is important to be able to determine the effects of soil contamination before any adverse effects appear in organisms in surrounding areas. We examined gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana grown in soil from three sites at the Radford Army Ammunition Plant in Radford, Virginia, USA, using DNA microarrays. We analyzed soil, germination, and growth rate to compare with the microarray data. Soil contamination affected both external phenotype and gene expression. Plants grown in soil with high levels of contaminants were chloritic and were smaller than control plants grown in potting soil. Plants grown in soil with the highest copper concentration had the lowest growth rates and had genes up-regulated across several functional groups. Plants grown in soils with elevated lead had many genes down-regulated that were related to photosystem II, metabolism, cellular transport, and protein synthesis. Genes consistently up-regulated across most microarrays were genes related to photosystem I, genes related to water deprivation and oxidative stress response, heat shock proteins, and toxin catabolism genes such as glutathiones. DNA microarrays, in concert with a model genetic organism such as A. thaliana, were an effective assessment tool to determine the presence of toxic substances in soil at a site used for the production of military explosives.
Determination of physicochemical properties of tetrabromobisphenol A
Authors: Kuramochi Hidetoshi , Kawamoto Katsuya , Miyazaki Kohei , Nagahama Kunio , Maeda Kouji , Li Xian-Wei , Shibata Etsuro , Nakamura Takashi , Sakai Shin-Ichi
Published: July 2008

Aqueous solubility (Sw), 1-octanol/water partition coefficient (KOW), and vapor pressure of the nonionic form of 2,2′,6,6′-tetrabromo-4,4′-isopropylidenediphenol (tetrabromobisphenol A or TBBP-A) were measured. From this, enthalpies of solution and vaporization were estimated. Furthermore, enthalpy of fusion and melting point were measured to estimate subcooled liquid vapor pressure, the infinite dilution activity coefficient, and Henry's law constant. Since TBBP-A is expected to exit in both ionic and nonionic forms at near neutral pH, pH effects on physicochemical properties were also examined. Because of the ionization of TBBP-A, Sw increased by five orders of magnitude, while KOW decreased by eight orders of magnitude. Furthermore, an analytical model based on mass balance and dissociation of TBBP-A was applied to represent the pH dependence.
How to deal with lipophilic and volatile organic substances in microtiter plate assays
Authors: Schreiber René , Altenburger Rolf , Paschke Albrecht , Küster Eberhard
Published: July 2008

Microtiter plate-based assays are a promising technique for toxicity assessment of substances. Chemicals with physicochemical properties such as high volatility and/or high lipophilicity, however, can be lost from the exposure solution during an experiment, so that exposure concentrations are not consistent. The aim of the present study was to determine and reduce the proportion of the reference compounds phenanthrene and phenanthridine lost during exposure in the zebra fish (Danio rerio) embryo test regime. It could be shown that under the standard exposure regime (48 h), the concentration of phenanthrene decreased strongly, by more than 99%, whereas that of phenanthridine decreased by 17% during a 48-h experiment. After modifications to the microtiter plate exposure regime, the phenanthrene concentration showed a decrease of only 40%, while the phenanthridine concentration remained unchanged. The major processes of substance loss could be assigned to accumulations of these substances into the glue of commercially available adhesive foils and the polystyrene walls of the microtiter plates. Furthermore, by investigating the sorption capacity of different plastics, it was found that the phenanthrene concentration decreased less when using a plexiglass specimen (28%) compared with the same-sized polystyrene specimen (94%). Moreover, it was found, for a constant exposure regime, that concentration profiles of different phenanthrene concentrations in the microtiter plate assay during an experiment were similar. A mathematical method is proposed to predict concentration profiles in an exposure solution by scaling a determined profile.