bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genre-specific features of the short story in Serbian realism
Authors: Stakić Mirjana
Published: November 2016

This paper will discuss genre-specific features of the short story in Serbian Realism. To establish genre-specific, primarily linguistic and stylistic features of the short story in Serbian Realism and prose in general, we will describe stylistic attributes that connect literary works written in the period of Realism as a movement and determine common stylistic features that link them. In addition, we will also examine the status of the prose text, the creative method of which was defined as realist in contemporary Serbian literature. Conclusions indicate that the structure of the auctorial short story is not subject to strict theoretical rules and that the term realist short story does not restrict the story to the period of the epoch of Realism, but allows it to apply to every literary period in which authors used the objective method to depict events and protagonists.
The Invisibilization and Denial of Work in Argentinian Garment Homework
Authors: Burchielli Rosaria , Delaney Annie
Published: November 2016

Homeworkers are a globally significant part of the informal workforce, commonly regarded as invisible because their work is not recognized (Burchielliet al., 2008; Prugl, 1999). In this qualitative study, we examine homeworker invisibility in the case of Argentinian garment homework using the concepts of work invisibilization and work denial.

The work invisibilization concept (Krinsky and Simonet, 2012), referring to devalorized work resulting from the neoliberal agenda, is used to understand recent global trends away from standard work arrangements/protections. Arising from the social relations of domination, invisibilized work is precarious, with irregular/ non-existent employment contracts and relationships. Invisibilization thus provides a valuable lens for analysing homework, which shares key characteristics with emerging forms of invisibilized employment. Homework however, has not transformed but has always been informal, characterized by inferior standards. To account for this, we articulate a concept of denial of work.

Cohen's (2001) concept of denial describes broad dimensions, including different forms, strategies and levels of denial. Adapting these, we construct a framework to analyze the denial of Argentinian garment homework, enabling a detailed examination of the specific social actors and processes involved in casting homework as non-work.

In considering the denial of homework in relation to invisibilization, we argue that these are related but distinct concepts. Used together, they help explain the low-power condition of two types of garment homeworkers in Argentina while also accounting for their differences: the mostly male, migrant workers employed in clandestine workshops (such as the Bolivians interviewed in our study), and the traditional, mostly female, Argentinian garment homeworkers.

Our findings suggest that Bolivian immigrant homeworkers are partially visibilized due to NGO advocacy. However, as there are no improvements to their working conditions, they remained largely invisibilized through the effects of capitalism. By contrast, traditional women homeworkers have no representation and internalize their condition: their invisibilization is explained by the cumulative effects of capitalism and patriarchy.
D’amour ou de raison ?
Authors: Deshayes Fabien
Published: November 2016

Cet article narre un mariage mixte dans des familles pauvres, entre une femme française âgée de 60 ans et un homme algérien âgé de 44 ans, qui se sont connus quelques mois avant cette union. Des préparatifs à la cérémonie en passant par les conséquences de cette alliance sur le groupe familial, nous suivons chronologiquement les épreuves administratives que doit traverser le couple ainsi que les jugements des proches sur cet événement. En recueillant la parole des divers protagonistes concernés par ce mariage, ce texte souligne les bouleversements qu’il provoque. Cette union a des effets sur les équilibres antérieurs et modifie sensiblement la place des hébergés qui vivent dans l’appartement du couple ainsi que celle des proches. Ceux qu’il s’agissait d’épauler hier reculent dans la hiérarchie et se voient contraints d’envisager de nouvelles protections. Avec cette union, c’est tout le paysage des liens interpersonnels qui se recompose. L’étude ethnographique du mariage permet de lever le voile sur l’ampleur des liens d’interdépendance qui caractérisent les milieux pauvres, que ce soit par l’intermédiaire de transferts économiques, d’hébergements ou par tout un ensemble de services rendus.
Les locataires des HLM à la première personne
Authors: Demoulin Jeanne , Morin Paul
Published: November 2016

Dans le cadre d’une réflexion scientifique globale sur le savoir d’usage fondé sur l’expérience menée au sein d’une infrastructure de recherche insérée dans le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l’Estrie — Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, une recherche partenariale a été conduite avec le milieu HLM québécois. Elle s’est structurée autour d’une méthodologie originale : la production de récits par des locataires impliqués dans leur milieu de vie. Le pari a été fait que les « présentations de soi » pouvaient être considérées comme autant de pièces qui composent la mosaïque de ce système social et constituaient ainsi un moyen d’enrichir la compréhension du milieu HLM québécois. Tout en donnant à lire des extraits de textes écrits par les locataires, l’article vise à contextualiser leur production et à mettre en évidence les apports et les limites de la démarche engagée. Ce faisant, il montre comment la production de récits peut constituer un acte tant scientifique que politique, qui conduit l’activité de recherche à se situer pleinement dans une dynamique de transformation sociale.
A locally-blazed ant trail achieves efficient collective navigation despite limited information
Authors: Fonio Ehud , Heyman Yael , Boczkowski Lucas , Gelblum Aviram , Kosowski Adrian , Korman Amos , Feinerman Ofer
Published: November 2016

Any organism faces sensory and cognitive limitations which may result in maladaptive decisions. Such limitations are prominent in the context of groups where the relevant information at the individual level may not coincide with collective requirements. Here, we study the navigational decisions exhibited by Paratrechina longicornis ants as they cooperatively transport a large food item. These decisions hinge on the perception of individuals which often restricts them from providing the group with reliable directional information. We find that, to achieve efficient navigation despite partial and even misleading information, these ants employ a locally-blazed trail. This trail significantly deviates from the classical notion of an ant trail: First, instead of systematically marking the full path, ants mark short segments originating at the load. Second, the carrying team constantly loses the guiding trail. We experimentally and theoretically show that the locally-blazed trail optimally and robustly exploits useful knowledge while avoiding the pitfalls of misleading information.
On the Nature of Legal Rights
Authors: Kramer Matthew H.
Published: July 2002

This article seeks to uphold the Interest Theory of legal rights by arguing that such a theory can withstand objections and handle difficulties that are often posed against it. Building on the author’s previous defences of the Interest Theory, the present article also seeks to expose some serious shortcomings in competing theories. Among the topics covered are the role of legal powers of enforcing or waiving legal rights; the possibility of rights to be mistreated; and the status of inoperative rights. In each case, so the article argues, the complexities of the issues involved can best be handled by a theory which maintains that the essential function of legal rights is the protection of various aspects of people’s well-being.
FOLIAR APPLICATION OF CHELATED AND NON-CHELATED METALS FOR SUPPLYING MICRONUTRIENTS TO WHEAT GROWN ON CALCAREOUS SOIL
Authors: MODAIHSH A. S.
Published: July 2002

A field experiment was conducted from 1992 to 1994 to study the effect of supplying micronutrients to wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Yecora rojo) grown on calcareous soil. Chelated and/or non-chelated forms of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu were administered through a wide range of foliar applications, sprayed either individually or in combination. All the chelated micronutrients were applied in the form of EDTA with the exception of Fe (EDDHA). However, all the non-chelated elements were in the form of sulphate. The grain yield was significantly increased by the application of individual micronutrients either in the form of sulphate or chelate, but much higher amounts of sulphates were required. Application of micronutrient combinations either in chelated or non-chelated forms gave greater biological and grain yields than individual applications of the micronutrients. Wheat response to micronutrient applications followed in rank order: combined elements > Fe > Cu = Zn > Mn. Application of the micronutrients in sulphate form generally resulted in higher concentrations of these elements in grain than when the chelated forms were applied. Foliar application of the micronutrients in the form of sulphates at higher application rates may be more effective than the chelates due to lower cost despite the higher application rates.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN NÉRÉ (PARKIA BIGLOBOSA) AND UNDER-PLANTED SORGHUM IN A PARKLAND SYSTEM IN BURKINA FASO
Authors: WILSON T. D. , BROOK R. M. , TOMLINSON H. F.
Published: July 2002

A farmer's intercropping system of white sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and néré (Parkia biglobosa) was studied in Burkina Faso. In quadrats in three differing zones of tree influence, full sun (open field), semi-shade (under the edge of the tree crown) and full shade (under the crown), tree morphology and associated sorghum growth were recorded together with micro-meterological parameters. Mean photosynthetic photon flux density (PFD) was reduced to 51 and 26% of full sun levels, in the semi-shaded and fully shaded quadrats respectively. Soil temperature and moisture were also recorded. In the season studied, the principal effect of the trees on the crop was competition for light. For plants in full shade, total shoot and panicle mass were halved compared with the crop in full sun. However, plants in semi-shade were able to compensate for decreased PFD almost entirely. Measurable compensatory effects were decreased rate of leaf senescence, greater partitioning of resources into leaf production, and larger, thinner leaf laminae. It was concluded that the current farmers' practice of sowing under the crowns of trees produced a worthwhile, if somewhat reduced, crop yield, and that socially, economically and ecologically the sorghum–néré parkland system was worth retaining.
Power of quantitative trait locus mapping for polygenic
binary traits using generalized and regression interval
mapping in multi-family half-sib designs
Authors: KADARMIDEEN HAJA N. , JANSS LUC L. G. , DEKKERS JACK C. M.
Published: July 2002

A generalized interval mapping (GIM) method to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) for binary
polygenic traits in a multi-family half-sib design is developed based on threshold theory and
implemented using a Newton–Raphson algorithm. Statistical power and bias of QTL mapping for
binary traits by GIM is compared with linear regression interval mapping (RIM) using simulation.
Data on 20 paternal half-sib families were simulated with two genetic markers that bracketed an
additive QTL. Data simulated and analysed were: (1) data on the underlying normally distributed
liability (NDL) scale, (2) binary data created by truncating NDL data based on three thresholds
yielding data sets with three different incidences, and (3) NDL data with polygenic and QTL
effects reduced by a proportion equal to the ratio of the heritabilities on the binary versus NDL
scale (reduced-NDL). Binary data were simulated with and without systematic environmental
(herd) effects in an unbalanced design. GIM and RIM gave similar power to detect the QTL and
similar estimates of QTL location, effects and variances. Presence of fixed effects caused differences
in bias between RIM and GIM, where GIM showed smaller bias which was affected less by
incidence. The original NDL data had higher power and lower bias in QTL parameter estimates
than binary and reduced-NDL data. RIM for reduced-NDL and binary data gave similar power
and estimates of QTL parameters, indicating that the impact of the binary nature of data on QTL
analysis is equivalent to its impact on heritability.
Rapid mutational declines of viability in Drosophila
Authors: FRY JAMES D.
Published: July 2002

High rates of mildly deleterious mutation could cause the extinction of small populations, reduce
neutral genetic variation and provide an evolutionary advantage for sex. In the first attempts to
estimate the rate of mildly deleterious mutation, Mukai and Ohnishi allowed spontaneous
mutations to accumulate on D. melanogaster second chromosomes shielded from recombination
and selection. Viability of the shielded chromosomes appeared to decline rapidly, implying a
deleterious mutation rate on the order of one per zygote per generation. These results have been
challenged, however; at issue is whether Mukai and Ohnishi may have confounded viability
declines caused by mutation with declines resulting from environmental changes or other
extraneous factors. Here, using a method not sensitive to non-mutational viability changes, I
reanalyse the previous mutation-accumulation (MA) experiments, and report the results of a new
one. I show that in each of four experiments, including Mukai's two experiments, viability declines
due to mildly deleterious mutations were rapid. The results give no support for the view that
Mukai overestimated the declines. Although there is substantial variation in estimates of genomic
mutation rates from the experiments, this variation is probably due to some combination of
sampling error, strain differences and differences in assay conditions, rather than to failure to
distinguish mutational and non-mutational viability changes.
Optimization of breeding programmes under index selection
and constrained inbreeding
Authors: VILLANUEVA B. , WOOLLIAMS J. A.
Published: July 2002

A method for finding optimum breeding schemes which maximize
genetic gain under index
selection with constraints on the rate of inbreeding is derived.
The selection index includes
information on the candidate and its sibs. Optimization is for the
numbers of males and females to
be selected and for the index weights when fixed numbers of
offspring per generation, heritabilities
and time horizons are considered. The expected rate of gain after
a number of generations of
selection is combined with the expected asymptotic rate of
inbreeding (ΔF) in a single objective
function which is maximized for finding the optimum solutions.
Under restricted inbreeding,
optimum designs are very similar for maximizing gains at
different time horizons. The optimum
number of selected males (for giving maximum gains) increases with
the size of the scheme and
with the severity in restricting ΔF and decreases with the heritability.
Low heritability, less severe
restrictions on ΔF and large schemes lead to increases in the
relative weights given to performance
of relatives in the index. The presence of common environmental
effects leads to increases in
optimum mating ratio when the heritability is low, to increases in
the number of selected males
and to more intense selection within families. Gains from index
selection are compared with gains
from mass selection. Under restricted inbreeding the advantage of
optimized index selection over
mass selection is only notable when the heritability is low and
the scheme is large (in which case
indices put more emphasis on family information than mass selection)
and when the heritability is
high and the scheme is small (in which case indices put less
emphasis on family information).
The full-sib intercross line (FSIL): a QTL mapping design
for outcrossing species
Authors: SONG J. Z. , SOLLER M. , GENIZI A.
Published: July 2002

A full-sib intercross line (FSIL) is constructed in an outcrossing
species by mating two parents and
intercrossing their progeny to form a large intercross line. For given
statistical power, a FSIL
design requires only slightly more individuals than an F2 design derived
from inbred line cross, but
6- to 10-fold fewer than a half-sib or full-sib design. Due to population-wide
linkage
disequilibrium, a FSIL is amenable to analysis by selective DNA pooling.
In addition, a FSIL is
maintained by continued intercrossing so that DNA samples and phenotypic
information are
accumulated across generations. Continued intercrossing also leads to map
expansion and thus to
increased mapping accuracy in the later generations. A FSIL can thus provide
a bridge to
positional cloning of quantitative trait loci (QTL) and marker-assisted
selection in outcrossers; and
is particularly effective in exploiting the QTL mapping potential of crosses
between selection lines
or phenotypically differentiated populations that differ in frequency,
but are not at fixation, for
alternative QTL alleles. In the course of the power analyses, it is shown
that for F2 and FSIL
designs, power is a function of Nd2 alone, where N

is the total size of the mapping population and
d is the standardized gene effect; while for half-sib and full-sib
populations, power is a function of
Nd2 and of the number of families included in the mapping
population. This provides a convenient
means of estimating power for a wide variety of mapping designs.
Resurge morphology of the marine Lockne impact crater,

Jämtland, central Sweden
Authors: STURKELL ERIK F. F.
Published: July 2002

In the Brunflo area of Jämtland, central Sweden, a

Cambrian to Ordovician sedimentary

sequence rests on a Proterozoic crystalline basement. The area

lies just outside the site of the middle

Ordovician Lockne impact, and it later experienced Caledonian

overthrusting. The degree of Caledonian

tectonization of the Palaeozoic varies, but an autochthonous

Cambrian and Ordovician sequence apparently

occurs in the greater part of the area, particularly in the

north. The pre-impact sedimentary succession is 81 m thick in

the autochthon, with the Middle Ordovician Furudal Limestone as

uppermost member. Brunflo

village is located just outside the crater, 8–9 km north

of its centre, but the area was affected by the impact.

The impact-generated ejecta and resurge deposits rest on a

surface which cuts the sedimentary strata at a low

angle. This surface cuts at progressively higher stratigraphic

levels at increasing distance from the crater.

According to observations in the autochthon the impact generated

an erosion surface dipping 1–2° towards

the crater centre. The sequence of events that shaped this

surface began with bombardment with high-speed

ejecta closely followed by resurging water. The resurge mixed

ejecta clasts with the products of resurge erosion

to form the resurge deposits. No rim wall can be traced at the

Lockne impact structure, probably

because a rim wall, if it formed, collapsed in the modification

stage owing to local lithological conditions

and because the remains of it were completely eroded in the

resurge phase. It is suggested the rim wall

formed in sedimentary strata with unlithified clays at their

base, and that this clay was unable to support it.
ELITE WOMEN, SOCIAL POLITICS, AND THE POLITICAL WORLD OF LATE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND
Authors: CHALUS ELAINE
Published: July 2002

Political historians have recognized that politics and high society interacted in
eighteenth-century England; and most would also recognize the presence of elite women in the social
world of politicians. These assumptions have not, however, been subjected to much scrutiny. This
article takes the social aspects of politics seriously and aims to provide an introduction to social
politics – the management of people and social situations for political ends – and, specifically, to the
involvement of women therein. Politics in eighteenth-century England was not just about parliament
and politicians; it also had a social dimension. By expanding our understanding of politics to include
social politics, we not only reintegrate women into the political world but we also reveal them to have
been legitimate political actors, albeit on a non-parliamentary stage, where they played a vital part in
creating and sustaining both a uniquely politicized society and the political elite itself. While specific
historical circumstances combined in the eighteenth century to facilitate women's socio-political
involvement, social politics is limited neither to women nor to the eighteenth century. It has wider
implications for historians of all periods and calls into question the way that we conceptualize politics
itself. The relationship between the obstinately nebulous arena of social politics and the traditional
arena of high politics is ever-changing, but by trivializing the former we limit our ability to understand
the latter.
A GREAT DEBATE REVISITED From Slave Trade to ‘Legitimate’ Commerce: the

Commercial Transition in Nineteenth-Century West Africa. Edited

by ROBIN LAW. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

1995. Pp. xii + 279. £35 (ISBN 0-521-48127-9).
Authors: AUSTEN RALPH A.
Published: July 2002

One of the great debates running through the first decades of

academic research on West African history concerned the degree to

which the unilateral ending of the Atlantic slave trade constituted a

crisis for local societies and what link there was between this change

and the imposition of formal European rule in the late 1800s. In its

original form this debate has been over for some time. Most historians

now agree that there was no long-term ‘crisis of

transition’ on the West African coast in the early nineteenth

century. Robin Law justifies the present volume by shifting attention

to two secondary issues associated with the end of the slave trade:

first, the transformations around inland production rather than

coastal-dominated bulking and transport of vegetable exports; and

second, the relationship of all these changes to the advent of

colonialism. All the authors in this volume do discuss the

connection between the end of the slave trade and internal systems of

African production in the nineteenth century (including issues of

indigenous slavery and gender relationships). Only a few concern

themselves with colonial partition, although this becomes the main

theme of Hopkins' concluding essay.
Strain-specific response of Trifolium semipilosum to

inoculation with Rhizobium and the significance of

waterlogging in Vertisols
Authors: LUPWAYI N. Z. , HAQUE I. , HOLL F. B.
Published: July 2002

Glasshouse and field experiments were conducted in 1993 at the

International Livestock Research

Institute (ILRI) in Addis Ababa to identify effective combinations of

Trifolium semipilosum

genotypes and Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii strains

and to investigate the effects of

waterlogging of Vertisols on the response of clover to inoculation. In
the

glasshouse, the Rhizobium

strain ILCA372str produced nearly ten times as much nodule DM, three times
as

much shoot DM,

five times as much root DM, and twice as much plant N on cv. Safari as
it

did on accession ILCA7609

under normal watering conditions. This spontaneous streptomycin-resistant

mutant strain performed

better than its parent strain. Shoot DM and N yields of this combination
were,

however, only 55 and 71%, respectively, of the corresponding N-fertilizer

(150 kg N ha−1) treatment. Waterlogging

reduced nodule DM by 33%, shoot DM by 41%, root DM by 25% and N yield by
33%, and

responses of both plant genotypes to inoculation and to N fertilizer were

reduced. In the field, there

were no significant differences in nodulation, plant DM and plant N between

seed and soil inoculation methods. Dry matter and N yields of Safari inoculated
with

strain ILCA372str were at

least twice as high as those produced by any other strain or N fertilizer

supplied at 100 kg N ha−1.

Waterlogging during early establishment in the field probably reduced

the availability of N fertilizer

to the plants. Further field testing of the Safari-ILCA372str combination

is recommended, particularly in combination with broad-bed and furrow

(BBF) technology to drain Vertisols.
Effects of plant growth regulators on stem extension
and yield components of linseed (Linum usitatissimum)
Authors: LEITCH M. H. , KURT O.
Published: July 2002

The response of linseed to treatment with two plant growth regulators
(PGRs), chlormequat and
ethephon, applied at a range of growth stages (corresponding to average
mainstem lengths of 10, 23,
46, 55 and 64 cm) and in various combinations (single and repeated applications
of chlormequat and
ethephon, either alone or mixed) was studied in field experiments over
two seasons in 1992 and 1993
at the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth. Reduction in mainstem
length was dependent upon
the type of PGR and the timing of its application. Chlormequat alone was
consistently more effective
than ethephon alone, while a mixture of the two at half rates was similar
to chlormequat alone. The
largest reductions in mainstem length (16·6% with chlormequat and
6·1% with ethephon, averaged
over the two years) were achieved when the PGRs were applied when mainstems
averaged 22–23 cm
in length. Response to PGRs became progressively smaller with later applications.
However, the
reduction in mainstem length, when expressed as a percentage of that part
of the stem yet to extend
(i.e. final untreated stem length−stem length at the time of PGR
application), was shown to be
remarkably consistent across all (apart from the first) timings of application,
with average values of
28·4 and 7·4% for chlormequat and ethephon respectively.

Application of both PGRs increased tillering and increased significantly
the number of stems per
unit area at maturity. This response occurred irrespective of timing of
application and was greater
following treatment with ethephon than with chlormequat. In the first year,
the effects of PGRs on
dry matter production and seed yield were small and not statistically significant.
In the second year,
significant reductions in seed yield were associated with those PGR treatments
which promoted
tillering most, i.e. early application of ethephon. Smaller yields were
the result of fewer capsules per
plant. Furthermore, a significant correlation between mainstem length and
the number of seeds per
capsule indicated a reduction of 0·78 seeds per capsule for every
10 cm reduction in stem length. While
total oil content of seed remained unaffected by PGR applications, treatments
which included
chlormequat at an early growth stage (either alone or in combination with
ethephon) altered the
relative proportions of fatty acids, reducing the content of linolenic
acid while increasing that of oleic
acid.
In vitro digestibility response of cocksfoot
(Dactylis glomerata L.) to growth and defoliation:
a simple model
Authors: DURU M. , FEUILLERAC E. , DUCROCQ H.
Published: July 2002

Herbage digestibility, which to a large extent governs the animal's intake, is not easily predicted for
grazing animals, and can vary due to different grazing managements. The objective of this study was
to build a model for a range of defoliation managements, which takes account of vegetative grass tiller
structure, rather than dates of cutting or grazing, as done usually. An experiment was conducted in
1997, near Toulouse, to examine the digestibility of cocksfoot whole lamina and lamina segments
(15 cm) for three defoliation regimes. These regimes mimicked severe and lenient intermittent
defoliations plus a frequent defoliation treatment over a six-week period. Data were collected for (i)
lamina mass and digestibility for the youngest expanded lamina, (ii) lamina appearance rate, lamina
and sheath lengths.

Laminae digestibility, measured over time, varied greatly with the defoliation regime both for the
youngest full expanded lamina and all laminae on a tiller. Digestibility of the youngest fully expanded
lamina decreased from one leaf insertion level to the next, but this decrease was lowest when the
defoliation regime was frequent. There was also a consistent decrease in the digestibility of a lamina
from its tip to its base. Sheath and lamina lengths varied with treatment in a different way to lamina
digestibility. During frequent defoliation, sheath and lamina lengths both increased slightly while
they showed substantial increases in the two other treatments. Lamina length increased from one
insertion level to the next, and resulted in the addition of less digestible lamina segments rather than
reducing overall lamina digestibility. Sheath length, through its influence on leaf appearance rate and
lamina length, could be used to predict the digestibility of laminae over time according to leaf
insertion level and the difference in the digestibility observed from the tip to the base of a particular
lamina. Sheath length could therefore provide a basis for predicting the time course of grass
digestibility for different combinations of defoliation frequency and height.
The effect of the 1B/1R translocation and endosperm
texture on amino acid digestibility in near-isogenic
lines of wheat for broilers
Authors: SHORT F. J. , WISEMAN J. , BOORMAN K. N.
Published: July 2002

Four near-isogenic lines of wheat were employed to compare the effects of endosperm texture (hard
v. soft) and the presence or absence of the 1B/1R translocation on amino acid digestion as determined
with young broilers. Wheat samples were incorporated into diets at rates of inclusion of 250, 500 and
750 g/kg, with wheat as the only protein source. Diets included a mineral/vitamin mixture (50 g), oil
(50 g) and were made up to 1000 g with a 50[ratio ]50 starch[ratio ]glucose mixture. Titanium dioxide was
included at 5 g/kg as an inert marker. Each of the 12 diets was fed to 6 pairs of growing male (Ross)
chickens for 3 days. Samples of ileal digesta were obtained from the birds following slaughter at 21
or 22 days of age and analysed for amino acid and titanium dioxide content. True and apparent
digestibility coefficients were determined by regressing the amount of dietary apparently digestible
amino acid in the diet against the rate of wheat inclusion and extrapolating the response to 1000 g
and 0 g wheat/kg. The ordinate intercept was assumed to represent endogenous losses. Both the
presence of the translocation and hard endosperm texture were associated with decreases in the
apparent digestibility of amino acids, although the latter characteristic was not as important. As
examples, for methionine the translocation was associated with a decrease in the coefficient of
digestibility from 0·872 to 0·802 and a change in endosperm texture from soft to hard was associated
with a decrease from 0·845 to 0·829.
THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN HEALTH-RELATED BEHAVIOURS AND THE RISK OF DIVORCE IN THE USA
Authors: FU HAISHAN , GOLDMAN NOREEN
Published: July 2002

This study investigates the link between health-related variables and risks of divorce. The findings indicate that physical characteristics associated with poor health – namely, obesity and short stature – are not significantly related to risks of marital dissolution for either men or women. On the other hand, risk-taking behaviours – such as smoking and drug use – are strongly related to higher risks of divorce for both sexes. Overall, the results emphasize the need to accommodate health-related variables in the dominant economic and social psychological theories of marital dissolution.
GENETIC STRUCTURE THROUGH SURNAMES IN CAMPOBASSO PROVINCE, ITALY
Authors: BIONDI G. , RASPE P. , MASCIE-TAYLOR C. G. N.
Published: July 2002

The population of Campobasso Province shows a level of inbreeding that is distinct from most Italian rural populations, regardless of their geographic location (Fr=0·0040; Fn=0·0102; Ft=0·0142). The genetic structure of the Italian–Greek communities of Lecce and Reggio Calabria Provinces does not appear to be affected by ethnicity. The level of inbreeding in Italian–Greeks of Reggio Calabria Province is similar to other Italians of Campobasso Province (Fr=0·0041; Fn=0·0127; Ft=0·0168). The Italian–Greeks of Lecce Province show random mating, and their inbreeding is in fact very low (Fr=0·0038; Fn=0·0024; Ft=0·0062).
LONG-TERM TRENDS IN MARITAL STATUS MORTALITY DIFFERENCES IN THE NETHERLANDS 1850–1970
Authors: VAN POPPEL FRANS , JOUNG INEZ
Published: July 2002

This article describes the long-term trends in marital status mortality differences in the Netherlands using a unique dataset relating to the period 1850–1970. Poisson regression analysis was applied to calculate relative mortality risks by marital status. For two periods, cause-of-death by marital status could be used. Clear differences in mortality by marital status were observed, with strongly increasing advantages for married men and women and a relative increase in the mortality of widowed compared with non-married people. Excess mortality among single and formerly married men and women was visible in many cause-of-death categories, and this became more widespread during the last decades of the nineteenth century. Hypotheses are formulated that might explain why married men and women underwent a stronger decrease in mortality up until the end of World War II.
CONTRACEPTIVE USE DYNAMICS OF ASIAN WOMEN IN BRITAIN
Authors: HENNINK MONIQUE , DIAMOND IAN , COOPER PHILIP
Published: July 2002

In-depth interviews were conducted with married Asian women from Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi backgrounds, to investigate patterns of contraceptive use and influences on contraceptive decision making. The results show two distinctively different contraceptive ‘lifecycles’. Non-professional women typically have little knowledge about contraception until after their marriage or first birth. Their patterns of contraceptive behaviour show low levels of contraceptive use until after their first birth, when condom use is most prevalent. Non-professional women are influenced by their extended family, religion and cultural expectations on their fertility and family planning decisions. Professional women show an entirely different pattern of contraceptive behaviour. They are more likely to have knowledge about contraception before marriage, use some method of contraception throughout their childbearing years (typically the pill) and cite personal, practical or economic considerations in their fertility decisions rather than religious, cultural or extended family influences.
RELIABILITY OF SELF-REPORTED BODY HEIGHT AND WEIGHT OF ADULT JAPANESE WOMEN
Authors: NAKAMURA KAZUTOSHI , HOSHINO YOSHIHIKO , KODAMA KUNIKO , YAMAMOTO MASAHARU
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this study was to validate the self-reported body height and weight of adult Japanese women. The subjects were women, aged 20–42 years, who participated in a survey on eating disorders in women in 1995. Physically measured height and weight data were obtained for 368 (89·8%) of the 469 women who self-reported their height and weight. The report-based heights and weights were compared with the measured values. The correlation coefficients for height and weight were 0·990 and 0·963 (p<0·0001), respectively. Mean reported height was 0·1 cm shorter and mean reported weight 0·2 kg lighter than the measured values. Shorter women tended to report a taller height than their actual height, and heavier women to report a lower weight than their actual weight. Despite these limitations, the self-reported heights and weights of adult Japanese women were precise and accurate, and their use in epidemiological surveys is considered acceptable.
Isolation of genomic DNA from milk samples by using Chelex resin
Authors: AMILLS MARCEL , FRANCINO OLGA , JANSA MARTA , SANCHEZ ARMAND
Published: July 2002

A rapid procedure for isolating genomic DNA from milk samples has
been
devised, based on the use of Chelex resin. By using this protocol, genomic
DNA was
extracted from milk samples from 15 cows and 15 goats. The suitability
of these
DNA preparations as a template for performing the polymerase chain reaction
(PCR)
was tested by amplifying three different loci of the bovine genome: exon
4 of the
κ-casein gene and the INRA5 and INRA23 microsatellites,
together with two others:
exon 19 of the αs1-casein gene and exon 2 and
part of intron 2 of the DRB gene of
the caprine genome. No amplification products could be obtained from any
samples
at 30 cycles. In contrast, at 45 cycles the number of amplified samples
ranged from
86 to 100% and at 65 cycles all the DNA targets were amplified, indicating
that the
number of cycles was a critical factor to be optimized for obtaining the
desired PCR
target. These results suggest that this method may be a useful tool for
analysing
genetic polymorphism at the DNA level by PCR and relating it to milk composition

and other traits of economic interest.
REVIEW ARTICLE Laminitis in the dairy cow: a cell biological approach
Authors: HENDRY KAY A. K. , MacCALLUM AMANDA J. , KNIGHT CHRISTOPHER H. , WILDE COLIN J.
Published: July 2002

Lameness is a major welfare concern in dairy cattle. Estimates of the annual
incidence of lameness range from 4 to 30%, and even in well managed herds as many
as 15% of animals can be affected (Esselmont, 1990). In addition to the cost in
animal suffering, lameness is accompanied by loss of production on a scale
comparable, in temperate countries, with that caused by mastitis. Lost production,
veterinary charges and milk discard costs coupled with reduced
fertility or premature
culling in turn make lameness a major economic factor in dairy farming. In the UK
alone, the estimated cost in lost production is
£44–£90 million per annum, equivalent
to £10–20 per cow (Booth, 1989; Esselmont, 1990).
Flow at the interface of a model fibrous porous medium
Authors: JAMES DAVID F. , DAVIS ANTHONY M. J.
Published: July 2002

Planar flow in the interfacial region of an open porous medium is investigated by
finding solutions for Stokes flow in a channel partially filled with an array of circular
cylinders beside one wall. The cylinders are in a square array oriented across the flow
and are widely spaced, so that the solid volume fraction ϕ is 0.1 or less. For this
spacing, singularity methods are appropriate and so they are used to find solutions
for both planar Couette flow and Poiseuille flow in the open portion of the channel.
The solutions, accurate to O(ϕ), are used to calculate the apparent slip velocity at the
interface, Us, and results obtained for Us are presented in terms of a dimensionless
slip velocity. For shear-driven flow, this dimensionless quantity is found to depend
only weakly on ϕ and to be independent of the height of the array relative to the
height of the channel and independent of the cylinder size relative to the height of the
channel. For pressure-driven flow, Us is found to be less than that under comparable
shear-flow conditions, and dependent on cylinder size and filling fraction in this case.
Calculations also show that the external flow penetrates the porous medium very little,
even for sparse arrays, and that Us is about one quarter of the velocity predicted by
the Brinkman model.
Entrainment and mixing in stratified shear flows
Authors: STRANG E. J. , FERNANDO H. J. S.
Published: July 2002

The results of a laboratory experiment designed to study turbulent entrainment at
sheared density interfaces are described. A stratified shear layer, across which a
velocity difference ΔU and buoyancy difference Δb is imposed, separates a lighter
upper turbulent layer of depth D from a quiescent, deep lower layer which is either
homogeneous (two-layer case) or linearly stratified with a buoyancy frequency N
(linearly stratified case). In the parameter ranges investigated the flow is mainly determined by two parameters: the bulk
Richardson number RiB = ΔbD/ΔU2 and
the frequency ratio fN = ND=ΔU.

When RiB > 1.5, there is a growing significance of buoyancy effects upon the
entrainment process; it is observed that interfacial instabilities locally mix heavy
and light fluid layers, and thus facilitate the less energetic mixed-layer turbulent
eddies in scouring the interface and lifting partially mixed fluid. The nature of the
instability is dependent on RiB, or a related parameter, the local gradient Richardson number
Rig = N2L/
(∂u/∂z)2,
where NL
is the local buoyancy frequency, u is the local streamwise velocity and z
is the vertical coordinate. The transition from the Kelvin–Helmholtz
(K-H) instability dominated regime to a second shear instability, namely
growing Hölmböe waves, occurs through a transitional regime 3.2 < RiB < 5.8.
The K-H activity completely subsided beyond RiB ∼ 5 or
Rig ∼ 1. The transition period
3.2 < RiB < 5 was characterized by the presence of both K-H billows and wave-like
features, interacting with each other while breaking and causing intense mixing. The
flux Richardson number Rif or the mixing efficiency peaked during this transition
period, with a maximum of Rif ∼ 0.4 at
RiB ∼ 5 or Rig ∼ 1. The interface at
5 < RiB < 5.8 was dominated by ‘asymmetric’
interfacial waves, which gradually transitioned to (symmetric) Hölmböe waves at
RiB > 5:8.

Laser-induced fluorescence measurements of both the interfacial buoyancy flux and
the entrainment rate showed a large disparity (as large as 50%) between the two-layer
and the linearly stratified cases in the range 1.5 < RiB < 5.
In particular, the buoyancy flux (and the entrainment rate) was higher when internal waves were not permitted to
propagate into the deep layer, in which case more energy was available for interfacial
mixing. When the lower layer was linearly stratified, the internal waves appeared to
be excited by an ‘interfacial swelling’ phenomenon, characterized by the recurrence of
groups or packets of K-H billows, their degeneration into turbulence and subsequent
mixing, interfacial thickening and scouring of the thickened interface by turbulent
eddies.

Estimation of the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) budget in the interfacial zone
for the two-layer case based on the parameter α, where α = (−B + ε)/P,
indicated an approximate balance (α ∼ 1) between the shear production P, buoyancy flux
B and the dissipation rate ε, except in the range RiB < 5 where
K-H driven mixing was active.
Direct numerical simulation of a two-way thermally coupled droplet-laden mixing layer
Authors: LING WEI , CHUNG J. N. , CROWE C. T.
Published: July 2002

Because the three-dimensional large-scale vortex structures dominate the dispersion
of particles at intermediate Stokes numbers in shear layers, there is interest in
understanding the two-way thermal coupling effect in droplet–gas flows for practical
combustion applications. Using pseudo-spectral and Lagrangian approaches, three-dimensional
two-way thermally coupled droplet-laden mixing layers are studied with
hot air and cool water droplets. Higher air density is observed around the region of
the interface of the two streams and, thus, thermal contraction occurs in this region.
This thermal contraction results in an increase of the magnitude of the vorticity field,
a more unstable flow, a higher droplet concentration and a lower droplet dispersion
across the mixing layer.
Surfactant-induced retardation of the
thermocapillary migration of a droplet
Authors: CHEN JINNAN , STEBE KATHLEEN J.
Published: July 2002

A neutrally buoyant droplet in a fluid possessing a temperature
gradient migrates
under the action of thermocapillarity. The drop pole in the high-temperature region
has a reduced surface tension. The surface pulls away from this low-tension region,
establishing a Marangoni stress which propels the droplet into the warmer fluid.
Thermocapillary migration is retarded by the adsorption of surfactant: surfactant is
swept to the trailing pole by surface convection, establishing a surfactant-induced
Marangoni stress resisting the flow (Barton & Subramanian 1990).

The impact of surfactant adsorption on drop thermocapillary motion is studied for
two nonlinear adsorption frameworks in the sorption-controlled limit. The Langmuir
adsorption framework accounts for the maximum surface concentration
Γ′∞ that can
be attained for monolayer adsorption; the Frumkin adsorption framework accounts
for Γ′∞
and for non-ideal surfactant interactions. The compositional dependence of the
surface tension alters both the thermocapillary stress which drives the flow and the
surfactant-induced Marangoni stress which retards it. The competition between these
stresses determines the terminal velocity U′, which is given
by Young's velocity U′0 in
the absence of surfactant adsorption. In the regime where
adsorption–desorption and
surface convection are of the same order, U′ initially
decreases with surfactant
concentration for the Langmuir model. A minimum is then attained,
and U′
subsequently increases slightly with bulk concentration, but remains
significantly less than U′0. For cohesive
interactions in the Frumkin model, U′ decreases monotonically
with surfactant concentration, asymptoting to a value less
than the Langmuir velocity.
For repulsive interactions, U′ is non-monotonic, initially
decreasing with concentration, subsequently increasing for elevated
concentrations. The implications of
these results for using surfactants to control surface mobilities in thermocapillary
migration are discussed.
Topographic stress parameterization in a

quasi-geostrophic barotropic model
Authors: MERRYFIELD WILLIAM J. , HOLLOWAY GREG
Published: July 2002

The physical basis for parameterizing topographic stress due to

unresolved eddies is

examined in a quasi-geostrophic barotropic model. Topographic stress

parameterization is shown to represent two effects of eddies: attraction
of

the flow to a statistical

equilibrium featuring topographically correlated mean currents, and dissipation
of

potential enstrophy. Performance is evaluated by comparing parameterized

low-resolution models with explicit high-resolution models.
A priori testing of subgrid models for chemically

reacting non-premixed turbulent shear flows
Authors: JIMÉNEZ JAVIER , LIÑÁN AMABLE , ROGERS MICHAEL M. , HIGUERA FRANCISCO J.
Published: July 2002

The β-assumed-p.d.f. approximation of Cook & Riley

(1994) is tested as a subgrid

model for the LES computation of non-premixed turbulent reacting flows,
in the limit

of infinitely fast chemistry, for two plane constant-density turbulent
mixing

layers with

different degrees of intermittency. Excellent results are obtained in the
computation

of plane-averaged properties, such as product mass fractions and relatively
high

powers of the temperature, and even of the p.d.f. of the conserved scalar
itself. In

all these cases the errors are small enough to be useful in practical

applications. The

analysis is extended to slightly out-of-equilibrium problems, such as

the generation of

radicals, and formulated in terms of the p.d.f. of the gradient of the

mixture fraction.

It is shown that the form of the conditional gradient distribution is universal
in a

wide range of cases, whose limits are established. Within those limits,
engineering

approximations to the radical concentration are also possible. It is argued
that the

experiments in this paper are already in the limit of high Reynolds numbers.