bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Argininosuccinate neurotoxicity and prevention by creatine in argininosuccinate lyase deficiency: An in vitro study in rat three‐dimensional organotypic brain cell cultures
Authors: Diez‐Fernandez Carmen , Hertig Damian , Loup Marc , Diserens Gaelle , Henry Hugues , Vermathen Peter , Nuoffer Jean‐Marc , Häberle Johannes , Braissant Olivier
Published: March 2019

The urea cycle disorder (UCD) argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) deficiency, caused by a defective ASL enzyme, exhibits a wide range of phenotypes, from life‐threatening neonatal hyperammonemia to asymptomatic patients, with only the biochemical marker argininosuccinic acid (ASA) elevated in body fluids. Remarkably, even without ever suffering from hyperammonemia, patients often develop severe cognitive impairment and seizures. The goal of this study was to understand the effect on the known toxic metabolite ASA and the assumed toxic metabolite guanidinosuccinic acid (GSA) on developing brain cells, and to evaluate the potential role of creatine (Cr) supplementation, as it was described protective for brain cells exposed to ammonia. We used an in vitro model, in which we exposed three‐dimensional (3D) organotypic rat brain cell cultures in aggregates to different combinations of the metabolites of interest at two time points (representing two different developmental stages). After harvest and cryopreservation of the cell cultures, the samples were analyzed mainly by metabolite analysis, immunohistochemistry, and western blotting. ASA and GSA were found toxic for astrocytes and neurons. This toxicity could be reverted in vitro by Cr. As well, an antiapoptotic effect of ASA was revealed, which could contribute to the neurotoxicity in ASL deficiency. Further studies in human ASL deficiency will be required to understand the biochemical situation in the brain of affected patients, and to investigate the impact of high or low arginine doses on brain Cr availability. In addition, clinical trials to evaluate the beneficial effect of Cr supplementation in ASL deficiency would be valuable.
Avoiding bias and fallacy in survey research: A behavioral multilevel approach
Authors: Ketokivi Mikko
Published: March 2019

Much like researchers in general management and organization theory interested in organization‐level phenomena, operations management researchers theorize and analyze entire operational systems, such as factories, supply chains, airports, or hospital wards. In discussing threats to measurement validity, we tend to focus on motivational factors such as social desirability, acquiescence, and other self‐serving biases. In this paper, I seek to complement these discussions by examining the broader question of how individual‐level responses can provide information on system‐level traits. In an empirical illustration, I apply multilevel factor analysis to examine the factor structure of organizational commitment in a sample of 2,355 informants embedded within 265 manufacturing plants. The conclusion is that understanding the multilevel essence of theoretical concepts is crucial and that confounding levels may lead to inferences that are not only biased but—much worse—fallacious.
Pre‐operative prediction of soft tissue balancing in knee arthoplasty part 1: Effect of surgical parameters during level walking
Authors: Viceconti Marco , Ascani Daniele , Mazzà Claudia
Published: March 2019

An important reason for poor functional outcome of Total Knee Arthroplasty is inadequate soft tissue balancing. Custom‐made cutting guides or computer‐aided surgical navigation make possible to accurately achieve what is planned; the challenge is to perform a pre‐operative planning that properly accounts for soft‐tissue balancing. The first step in the development of a patient‐specific computer model that can predict during pre‐operative planning the post‐operative soft‐tissue balancing is a better understanding of the role that cutting heights and angles have on the balancing of the soft tissues after TKA as the patient perform the more common daily tasks. In the present study, we conducted a sensitivity analysis of the ligament elongations during level walking due to TKA as a function of position and orientation of the cutting guides, by means of a validated patient‐specific dynamic model of the post‐TKA knee biomechanics. The results suggest a considerable sensitivity of the collateral ligaments elongation to the surgical variables, and in particular to the varus‐valgus angles of both tibia and femur. This complete elongation map can be used as a baseline for the development of reduced‐order models to be integrated in pre‐operative planning environments. © 2019 The Authors Journal of Orthopaedic Research. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:1537–1545, 2019.
Impact of elevated carbon dioxide and temperature on strawberry polyphenols
Authors: Balasooriya Himali N , Dassanayake Kithsiri B , Seneweera Saman , Ajlouni Said
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND

The strawberry cultivars ‘Albion’ and ‘San Andreas’ (‘SA’) were grown under various combinations of day temperature (25 and 30 °C) and carbon dioxide [CO2] (400, 650 and 950 μmol mol−1) conditions. The influence of different growth combinations on the polyphenol, flavonoid, anthocyanin, antioxidant, and individual phenolic compound content of fresh strawberry fruits was studied. The content of individual phenolic compounds of fresh strawberry fruits was quantified using high‐performance liquid chromatography – ultraviolet (HPLC‐UV).

RESULTS

Elevated [CO2] and higher temperature caused significant increases in total polyphenol, flavonoid, anthocyanin and antioxidants in both strawberry cultivars when compared with plants grown under ambient conditions. Results of HPLC‐UV analysis also revealed that individual phenolic compounds of fruits were also increased with increasing [CO2] and temperature. However, the responses were significantly altered by the interaction of elevated [CO2] and higher temperature. The individual and interaction effects of [CO2] and temperature were also significantly cultivar dependent. The largest amounts of flavonoid (482 ± 68 mg kg−1 FW) and antioxidant (19.0 ± 2.1 μmol g−1 FW) were detected in ‘Albion’ grown at 30 °C and under 950 μmol mol−1, and total polyphenol (3350 ± 104 mg GAE kg−1 FW) and anthocyanin (332 ± 16 mg kg−1 FW) in ‘San Andreas’ grown at 25 °C and 950 μmol mol−1.

CONCLUSION

Strawberry fruit was rich with polyphenols and antioxidants when grown under elevated [CO2] and higher temperature. There were also interactions between [CO2] and temperature affecting the fruits' content. An increase in the polyphenol and antioxidant content in strawberry fruits would be highly beneficial to human health. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Rapid return to function and stability with dual mobility components cemented into an acetabular reconstructive cage for large osseous defects in the setting of periacetabular metastatic disease
Authors: Plummer Darren , Passen Edward , Alexander John , Vajapey Sravya , Frantz Travis , Niedermeier Steven , Pettit Robert , Scharschmidt Thomas
Published: March 2019

Background and Objectives

Large acetabular defects secondary to metastatic disease frequently require extensive acetabular reconstruction. Techniques of acetabular reconstruction have been described, but no consensus for the management of these defects has been reached so far. We present our technique and patient outcomes for acetabular reconstruction by cementing a dual mobility cup into an acetabular cage.

Methods

We reviewed 152 total hip arthroplasties and identified 19 patients with periacetabular metastatic disease and large defects who required acetabular reconstruction utilizing a dual mobility cup cemented into an acetabular reconstructive cage. The following outcomes were evaluated: pain relief, functional improvement, postoperative complications.

Results

Mean follow‐up was 3 years, with 13 of the 19 patients eligible for 2‐year follow‐up. Patients reported a significant improvement in both pain and functional outcomes. There were no dislocations or signs of loosening. Two patients developed postoperative infections. One patient required hemipelvectomy 16 months postop due to recurrence of metastatic disease.

Conclusions

Cementing a dual mobility cup into an acetabular cage provides a highly stable and durable option for patients with periacetabular metastatic disease and large defects. Patients are able to return to immediate full weight bearing with significant improvement in both function and pain at 2 years.
Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress Symptom Trajectories Following the Fatal 2011 Christchurch, New Zealand Earthquake
Authors: Jones Hannah , Dorahy Martin J. , Britt Eileen , Rowlands Amy , Renouf Charlotte , Carter Janet D. , Hanna Donncha
Published: March 2019

People respond differently to potentially traumatic events. To explore predictors of a chronic and delayed trajectory of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) after a natural disaster, we analyzed psychometric data collected from 412 residents of Christchurch, New Zealand after a 6.3 magnitude earthquake struck in February 2011. Participants from suburbs with different levels of socioeconomic status (SES) and earthquake impact completed a door‐to‐door survey 4–7 months after the earthquake (Time 1; N = 600) and again 10–11 months after the earthquake (Time 2; N = 412). The survey included the Acute Stress Disorder Scale, the Patient Health Questionnaire's nine‐item Depression subscale, and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder–7 scale, along with single‐item measures of variables including aftershock anxiety and family tension. Hobfoll's conservation of resources theory was used to guide data interpretation. High levels of depression, odds ratio (OR) = 1.24, and anxiety, OR = 1.24, at Time 1 significantly predicted membership in the chronic trajectory. Predictors of a delayed onset of symptoms included increased aftershock anxiety, OR = 1.29, and family tension, OR = 1.35, over time, as well as living in an area defined as being of low, OR = 5.36, or medium, OR = 11.39, SES. Results highlight risk factors for elevated PTSS and resources that individuals can use to offset threatened loss. These findings have implications for service providers, agencies, and the public.
Carbon debris and fiber cleaving: Effects on potassium‐titanyl‐phosphate laser energy and chorioallantoic membrane model vessel coagulation
Authors: Tracy Lauren F. , Kobler James B. , Van Stan Jarrad H. , Burns James A.
Published: March 2019

Objectives/Hypothesis

Photoangiolytic precision afforded by the 532‐nm potassium‐titanyl‐phosphate (KTP) laser relies on predictable energy delivery. Inadequate energy output can cause vessel rupture, and excessive energy can cause thermal damage. The quality of the cleaved surface and carbon deposits from ablated tissue are two factors that could negatively impact fiber performance. The effects of these on energy output and blood vessel coagulation were assessed using a chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model.

Study Design

Comparative analysis.

Methods

Laser fibers with carbon debris, optimal fiber cleaving, and suboptimal cleaving were inspected at three times magnification, and the light dispersion pattern of each fiber was rated. The average energy output from consecutive pulses through each fiber configuration was recorded. The effect of these fiber conditions on clinical efficacy was estimated by measuring vessel coagulation versus rupture in the CAM model. Repeated measures analysis of variance compared results.

Results

Carbon debris and suboptimal cleaving resulted in decreased energy output in comparison to optimal cleaving ([−Δ244 mJ, d = 4.31, P < .001] and [−Δ195 mJ, d = 6.04, P < .001]). Optimal cleaving resulted in immediate coagulation of vessels. Fibers with suboptimal cleaving and carbon debris had unpredictable outcomes, requiring multiple pulses for coagulation or causing vessel rupture.

Conclusions

KTP laser fiber function is significantly affected by fiber tip condition. Carbon debris and suboptimal cleaving create significant attenuation of energy, which results in an unpredictable angiolytic effect, as demonstrated by increased vessel rupture in the CAM model. Optimal recleaving of KTP laser fibers restores prior energy output and predictable coagulation. Care should be taken to avoid carbon debris on laser‐fiber tips and to cleave fibers properly.

Level of Evidence

NA

Laryngoscope, 129:2244–2248, 2019
Preoperative characteristics of over 1,300 functional septorhinoplasty patients
Authors: Justicz Natalie , Gadkaree Shekhar K. , Fuller Jennifer C. , Locascio Joseph J. , Lindsay Robin W.
Published: March 2019

Objective

To identify characteristics of patients presenting preoperatively for functional septorhinoplasty associated with increased Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) scores.

Study Design

Retrospective analysis of a prospective cohort at a tertiary medical center. Only baseline assessments were analyzed in this cross‐sectional study.

Methods

1,338 patients completed baseline nasal evaluation, resulting in 1,034 NOSE scores. Demographics, medical history, surgical history, and physical exam findings were recorded.

Results

The average preoperative NOSE score was 59.8 out of 100 (standard deviation: 24.9). Fifty‐four percent (578 per 1,074) of respondents were female, although sex did not affect baseline NOSE score (P = 0.7). Forty‐five percent (404 per 896) reported prior nasal surgery. History of rhinoplasty was not associated with a difference in baseline NOSE score (P = 0.1924); however, history of septoplasty (P = 0.0390) was associated with an increased baseline NOSE score. Snoring was also both associated with higher baseline NOSE score (P = 0.0003). All 12 septal/nasal valve measurements were associated with higher preoperative NOSE score, whereas the internal nasal valve narrowing variables retained significance in multivariate analysis (left: P = .0490; right: P = .0077).

Conclusion

Patients presenting for nasal airway obstruction were evaluated. Sex was not associated with difference in NOSE score. History of septoplasty was associated with higher baseline NOSE score, as were snoring and internal nasal valve narrowing at rest.

Level of Evidence

2C Laryngoscope, 130:25–31, 2020
Our data, our society, our health: A vision for inclusive and transparent health data science in the United Kingdom and beyond
Authors: Ford Elizabeth , Boyd Andy , Bowles Juliana K.F. , Havard Alys , Aldridge Robert W. , Curcin Vasa , Greiver Michelle , Harron Katie , Katikireddi Vittal , Rodgers Sarah E. , Sperrin Matthew
Published: March 2019

The last 6 years have seen sustained investment in health data science in the United Kingdom and beyond, which should result in a data science community that is inclusive of all stakeholders, working together to use data to benefit society through the improvement of public health and well‐being.

However, opportunities made possible through the innovative use of data are still not being fully realised, resulting in research inefficiencies and avoidable health harms. In this paper, we identify the most important barriers to achieving higher productivity in health data science. We then draw on previous research, domain expertise, and theory to outline how to go about overcoming these barriers, applying our core values of inclusivity and transparency.

We believe a step change can be achieved through meaningful stakeholder involvement at every stage of research planning, design, and execution and team‐based data science, as well as harnessing novel and secure data technologies. Applying these values to health data science will safeguard a social licence for health data research and ensure transparent and secure data usage for public benefit.
Field weighs in on criminal justice issues impacting people with mental illness
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: March 2019

Field leaders and advocates are calling on government agencies to address the unnecessary incarceration of people with mental health needs and provide them with access to community‐based services. Meanwhile, lawmakers have recently introduced bipartisan legislation that would allow states to expand access to treatment through Medicaid for individuals up to 30 days before their release from jails or prisons.
Free‐breathing quantification of regional ventilation derived by phase‐resolved functional lung (PREFUL) MRI
Authors: Klimeš F. , Voskrebenzev A. , Gutberlet M. , Kern A. , Behrendt L. , Kaireit T.F. , Czerner C. , Renne J. , Wacker F. , Vogel‐Claussen J.
Published: March 2019

Purpose

To test the feasibility of regional fully quantitative ventilation measurement in free breathing derived by phase‐resolved functional lung (PREFUL) MRI in the supine and prone positions. In addition, the influence of T2* relaxation time on ventilation quantification is assessed.

Methods

Twelve healthy volunteers underwent functional MRI at 1.5 T using a 2D triple‐echo spoiled gradient echo sequence allowing for quantitative measurement of T2* relaxation time. Minute ventilation (ΔV) was quantified by conventional fractional ventilation (FV) and the newly introduced regional ventilation (VR), which corrects volume errors due to image registration. ΔVFV versus ΔVVR and ΔVVR versus ΔVVR with T2* correction were compared using Bland–Altman plots and correlation analysis. The repeatability and physiological plausibility of all measurements were tested in the supine and prone positions.

Results

On global and regional scales a strong correlation was observed between ΔVFV versus ΔVVR and ΔVVR versus ΔVVRT2* (r > 0.93); however, regional Bland–Altman analysis showed systematic differences (p < 0.0001). Unlike ΔVVRT2*, ΔVVR and ΔVFV showed expected physiologic anterior–posterior gradients, which decreased in the supine but not in the prone position at second measurement during 3 min in the same position. For all quantification methods a moderate repeatability (coefficient of variation <20%) of ventilation was found.

Conclusion

A fully quantified regional ventilation measurement using ΔVVR in free breathing is feasible and shows physiologically plausible results. In contrast to conventional ΔVFV, volume errors due to image registration are eliminated with the ΔVVR approach. However, correction for the T2* effect remains challenging.
A nonlocal computational homogenization of softening quasi‐brittle materials
Authors: Khoei Amir R. , Saadat Mohammad A.
Published: March 2019

In this paper, a computational counterpart of the experimental investigation is presented based on a nonlocal computational homogenization technique for extracting damage model parameters in quasi‐brittle materials with softening behavior. The technique is illustrated by introducing the macroscopic nonlocal strain to eliminate the mesh sensitivity in the macroscale level as well as the size dependence of the representative volume element (RVE) in the first‐order continuous homogenization. The macroscopic nonlocal strains are computed at each direction, and both the local and nonlocal strains are transferred to the microscale level. Two RVEs with similar geometries and material properties are introduced for each macroscopic Gauss point, in which the microscopic damage variables and the macroscale consistent tangent modulus and its derivatives are obtained by imposing the macroscopic nonlocal strain on the first RVE, and the macroscopic stress is computed by employing the microscopic damage variables and imposing the macroscopic local strain over the second RVE. Finally, numerical examples are solved to illustrate the performance of the proposed nonlocal computational homogenization technique for softening quasi‐brittle materials.
High‐resolution imaging and monitoring of animal tunnels using 3D ground‐penetrating radar
Authors: Allroggen Niklas , Booth Adam D. , Baker Sandra E. , Ellwood Stephen A. , Tronicke Jens
Published: March 2019

Ground‐penetrating radar is widely used to provide highly resolved images of subsurface sedimentary structures, with implications for processes active in the vadose zone. Frequently overlooked among these structures are tunnels excavated by fossorial animals (e.g., moles). We present two repeated ground‐penetrating radar surveys performed a year apart in 2016 and 2017. Careful three‐dimensional data processing reveals, in each data set, a pattern of elongated structures that are interpreted as a subsurface mole tunnel network. Our data demonstrate the ability of three‐dimensional ground‐penetrating radar imaging to non‐invasively delineate the small animal tunnels (∼5 cm diameter) at a higher spatial and geolocation resolution than has previously been achieved. In turn, this makes repeated surveys and, therefore, long‐term monitoring possible. Our results offer valuable insight into the understanding of the near‐surface and showcase a potential new application for a geophysical method as well as a non‐invasive method of ecological surveying.
India's regional disparity and its policy responses
Authors: Jose Annmary
Published: March 2019

Regional disparities are an alarming issue in India, and it has been widening in spite of various policy initiatives by the government to develop backward areas. The fruit of high growth have not been distributed fairly across India's different regions and have given rise to the threat of regional inequality. Disparities in social and economic development, employment, and infrastructure amenities across the regions and within regions have been a major challenge to policy makers and economists. This paper is an attempt to understand the recent picture of regional imbalance in India across its states. The paper tries to analyze the existing regional disparity in India in terms of macroeconomic aggregates, social and economic infrastructure, and human development. The paper also examines the various policy initiatives taken by the government of India to achieve the regional balance in development.
Identifying barriers to treatment of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma in resource‐limited settings: A literature review
Authors: Papyan Ruzanna , Tamamyan Gevorg , Danielyan Samvel , Tananyan Armen , Muradyan Armen , Saab Raya
Published: March 2019

We performed a literature review to examine barriers for rhabdomyosarcoma treatment in low‐resource settings, and identified 29 articles from 14 middle‐income countries, with none from low‐income countries. Notable findings included inconsistent use of local control modalities, lack of diagnostics in some settings, and high rate of abandonment specifically in low middle‐income countries. Reported limitations included lack of surgical expertise and/or radiation therapy, advanced stage of disease, and absence of health insurance. Although very poor outcomes were prevalent in several settings, good outcomes were achievable in others when multidisciplinary therapy and financial coverage of medical care were made available.
Efficiency above 6% in poly(3‐hexylthiophene):phenyl‐C‐butyric acid methyl ester photovoltaics via simultaneous addition of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) based grafted graphene nanosheets and hydrophobic block copolymers
Authors: Mohammadi‐Arbati Ehsan , Agbolaghi Samira
Published: March 2019

A combination of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets grafted with regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) (rGO‐g‐P3HT) and P3HT‐b‐polystyrene (PS) block copolymers was utilized to modify the morphology of P3HT:[6,6]‐phenyl‐C71‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) active layers in photovoltaic devices. Efficiencies greater than 6% were acquired after a mild thermal annealing. To this end, the assembling of P3HT homopolymers and P3HT‐b‐PS block copolymers onto rGO‐g‐P3HT nanosheets was investigated, showing that the copolymers were assembled from the P3HT side onto the rGO‐g‐P3HT nanosheets. Assembling of P3HT‐b‐PS block copolymers onto the rGO‐g‐P3HT nanosheets developed the net hole and electron highways for charge transport, thereby in addition to photoluminescence quenching the charge mobility (μh and μe) values increased considerably. The best charge mobilities were acquired for the P3HT50000:PC71BM:rGO‐g‐P3HT50000:P3HT7000‐b‐PS1000 system (μh = 1.9 × 10−5 cm2 V–1 s–1 and μe = 0.8 × 10−4 cm2 V–1 s–1). Thermal annealing conducted at 120 °C also further increased the hole and electron mobilities to 9.8 × 10−4 and 2.7 × 10−3 cm2 V–1 s–1, respectively. The thermal annealing acted as a driving force for better assembly of the P3HT‐b‐PS copolymers onto the rGO‐g‐P3HT nanosheets. This phenomenon improved the short circuit current density, fill factor, open circuit voltage and power conversion efficiency parameters from 11.13 mA cm−2, 0.63 V, 62% and 4.35% to 12.98 mA cm−2, 0.69 V, 68% and 6.09%, respectively. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
How are caregivers involved in treatment decision making for older people with dementia and a new diagnosis of cancer?
Authors: Martin Charlene , Shrestha Anne , Burton Maria , Collins Karen , Wyld Lynda
Published: March 2019

Objective

To explore how caregivers are involved in making treatment decisions for older people living with dementia and a new diagnosis of cancer.

Method

A systematic review of PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Scopus databases was conducted. Studies recruiting formal or informal caregivers for older people with dementia and a diagnosis of cancer were considered for inclusion.

Results

Of 1761 articles screened, 36 full texts were assessed for eligibility, and six were included in the review. This review has identified that health care professionals (HCPs) are often unaware of the coexistence or severity of dementia in cancer patients, and therefore fail to properly address care needs as a result. While caregivers are relied on to help make decisions, they have unmet information needs and feel excluded from decision‐making.

Conclusion

Treatment decision making in the context of older adults with dementia and a new diagnosis of cancer needs further research. This will help HCPs to understand their needs and improve the experience of decision making for both caregivers and the people that they care for.
Silicon MOS Optoelectronic Micro‐Nano Structure Based on Reverse‐Biased PN Junction
Authors: Xu Kaikai
Published: March 2019

Photon emission from Si p‐channel MOS field‐effect transistor (PMOSFET) having 6‐μm effective gate length that is operated as a three‐terminal gate‐controlled light‐emitting diode is fabricated. Using a photon‐emission microscope with a detector responsive to the range of 200–1000 nm, continues emission spectra is obtained in the range of 1.38–2.76 eV), which includes visible light radiation. Since the MOS‐like diode utilizes the field effect induced by the gate for modulation of diode's space charge electric field and hence the optical output from the light emitting diode, the modulation speed for visible and infrared bands can attain higher frequencies with a significant offset. The fabrication of the device is fully compatible with CMOS processing procedures. Therefore, the device can serve as an optical signal modulator in the high frequency range in the optoelectronic systems fabricated by the existing standard silicon technology. This approach of light generation from silicon light‐emitting device (Si‐LED) provides a solution for the challenging task of manufacturing of all‐silicon monolithically integrated optoelectronic systems composed of CMOS transistors and Si‐LED fabricated on the same chip, in the same CMOS standard processing and in the same production lines.
Effects of French maritime pine bark extract (Oligopin®) supplementation on bone remodeling markers in postmenopausal osteopenic women: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Panahande Seyed Bahman , Maghbooli Zhila , Hossein‐nezhad Arash , Qorbani Mostafa , Moeini‐Nodeh Shermineh , Haghi‐Aminjan Hamed , Hosseini Saeed
Published: March 2019

French maritime pine bark extract (FMPBE; Oligopin®), a dietary supplement, is rich in procyanidin. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of FMPBE on bone remodeling in postmenopausal osteopenic women. This randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled clinical trial was conducted on 40 postmenopausal osteopenic women. Individuals were randomly assigned to either FMPBE (250 mg/day,n = 21) or placebo (250‐mg starch/day,n = 19) for 12 weeks. Biochemical indices, including bone remodeling marker, were assessed before and after the intervention. After the 12‐week intervention, that is, FMPBE supplementation, a significant increase in bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP), procollagen type 1 amino‐terminal propeptide (P1NP) levels and a significant decrease in C‐terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTx1) were observed. Compared with the control group, FMPBE supplementation resulted in a significant increase in P1NP (0.015), BAP levels (0.001), and BAP/CTx1 ratio (p = 0.001) and a significant decrease in CTx1 levels (0.006). FMPBE supplementation for 12 weeks in postmenopausal osteopenic women produced favorable effects on bone markers. Meanwhile, further research is needed to determine whether FMPBE supplements can be used as a preventive strategy for bone loss in postmenopausal osteopenic women.
Invasive buffelgrass detection using high‐resolution satellite and UAV imagery on Google Earth Engine
Authors: Elkind Kaitlyn , Sankey Temuulen T. , Munson Seth M. , Aslan Clare E.
Published: March 2019

Methods to detect and monitor the spread of invasive grasses are critical to avoid ecosystem transformations and large economic costs. The rapid spread of non‐native buffelgrass(Pennisetum ciliare) has intensified fire risk and is replacing fire intolerant native vegetation in the Sonoran Desert of the southwestern US. Coarse‐resolution satellite imagery has had limited success in detecting small patches of buffelgrass, whereas ground‐based and aerial survey methods are often cost prohibitive. To improve detection, we trained 2 m resolution DigitalGlobe WorldView‐2 satellite imagery with 12 cm resolution unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery and classified buffelgrass on Google Earth Engine, a cloud computing platform, using Random Forest (RF) models in Saguaro National Park, Arizona, USA. Our classification models had an average overall accuracy of 93% and producer's accuracies of 94–96% for buffelgrass, although user's accuracies were low. We detected a 2.92 km2 area of buffelgrass in the eastern Rincon Mountain District (1.07% of the total area) and a 0.46 km2 area (0.46% of the total area) in the western Tucson Mountain District of Saguaro National Park. Buffelgrass cover was significantly greater in the Sonoran Paloverde‐Mixed Cacti Desert Scrub vegetation type, on poorly developed Entisols and Inceptisol soils and on south‐facing topographic aspects compared to other areas. Our results demonstrate that high‐resolution imagery improve on previous attempts to detect and classify buffelgrass and indicate potential areas where the invasive grass might spread. The methods demonstrated in this study could be employed by land managers as a low‐cost strategy to identify priority areas for control efforts and continued monitoring.
Progress in the Use of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Cells for Traumatic Spinal Cord Injuries in Animal Populations: Meta-Analysis and Review
Authors: Ramotowski Christina , Qu Xianggui , Villa-Diaz Luis G.
Published: March 2019

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are cells genetically reprogrammed from somatic cells, which can be differentiated into neurological lineages with the aim to replace or assist damaged neurons in the treatment of spinal cord injuries (SCIs) caused by physical trauma. Here, we review studies addressing the functional use of iPSC-derived neural cells in SCIs and perform a meta-analysis to determine if significant motor improvement is restored after treatment with iPSC-derived neural cells compared with treatments using embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived counterpart cells and control treatments. Overall, based on locomotion scales in rodents and monkeys, our meta-analysis indicates a therapeutic benefit for SCI treatment using neural cells derived from either iPSCs or ESCs, being this of importance due to existing ethical and immunological complications using ESCs. Results from these studies are evidence of the successes and limitations of iPSC-derived neural cells in the recovery of motor capacity. Stem Cells Translational Medicine  2019;8:681&693
A Fluorescent Hexanuclear Zn(II) Complex
Authors: Kushvaha Saroj Kumar , Shankar Bhaskaran , Gorantla N. V. T. Sai Manoj , Mondal Kartik Chandra
Published: March 2019

Zn(II) Schiff base complexes are good precursors for preparation of ZnO nanoparticles which find several biomedical applications. Herein, a fluorescent hexanuclear Zn(II) Schiff base complex [Zn(II)6(L−Me)6(MeOH)2]⋅12MeOH(1) [H2L‐Me=diprotic Schiff base ligand] has been synthesized and characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction, NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Fluorescence properties of this Zn(II)6‐complex have also been studied in solid state and solution. Lifetime measurement and quantum yield calculation have been performed to further investigate the fluorescence properties. Temperature dependent stability of complex1has been studied in air and inert gas atmospheres. Fluorescent ZnO nano‐particles were prepared by thermal decomposition of1at 400 °C and higher temperatures under aerobic atmosphere.
TMSOTf‐Promoted Synthesis of 4‐(2‐Aryl or 2‐Alkyl‐3,6‐dihydro‐2H‐pyran‐4‐yl)‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine Derivatives
Authors: Satteyyanaidu Vallabhareddy , Sridhar Balasubramanian , Reddy Basi V. Subba
Published: March 2019

A novel Prins strategy has been developed for the synthesis of 2,4‐disubstituted dihydro‐2H‐pyran derivatives. This is the first report on the Prins cyclization of N‐benzyl‐4‐(4‐hydroxybut‐1‐en‐2‐yl)piperidin‐4‐ol with aldehydes to produce tetrahydropyridine conjugated dihydropyran derivatives.
Hydration of α‐Pinene over SO42−/Zr‐MCM‐41 in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Zhang Huimin , Yu Shitao
Published: March 2019

The hydration of α‐Pinene to α‐Terpineol was studied using SO42−/Zr‐MCM‐41 mesoporous molecular sieves as catalysts in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2). The reaction results showed SO42−/Zr‐MCM‐41 was of better selectivity to the α‐Terpineol in scCO2 than in conventional conditions, and was of the same catalytic activities in scCO2 and in conventional conditions. The effect of some factors on the catalytic activities and the regenerable performance of SO42−/Zr‐MCM‐41, such as different Zr source, the method of introducing SO42−, the concentration of SO42−, calcination temperature and calcination time, were studied. These results showed the cooperation of Zr and SO42− was the main reason that SO42−/Zr‐MCM‐41 was of excellent catalytic activity, and Zr(SO4)2, as the Zr source, was active for the regenerable performance of SO42−/Zr‐MCM‐41.
An Efficient Cobalt Phosphide Electrocatalyst Derived from Cobalt Phosphonate Complex for All‐pH Hydrogen Evolution Reaction and Overall Water Splitting in Alkaline Solution
Authors: Wu Jiadong , Wang Depeng , Wan Shuao , Liu Huiling , Wang Cheng , Wang Xun
Published: March 2019

The development of low‐cost and highly efficient electrocatalysts via an eco‐friendly synthetic method is of great significance for future renewable energy storage and conversion systems. Herein, cobalt phosphides confined in porous P‐doped carbon materials (Co‐P@PC) are fabricated by calcinating the cobalt‐phosphonate complex formed between 1‐hydroxyethylidenediphosphonic acid and Co(NO3)2 in alkaline solution. The P‐containing ligand in the complex acts as the carbon source as well as in situ phosphorizing agent for the formation of cobalt phosphides and doping P element into carbon material upon calcination. The Co‐P@PC exhibits high activity for all‐pH hydrogen evolution reaction (overpotentials of 72, 85, and 76 mV in acidic, neutral, and alkaline solutions at the current density of 10 mA cm−2) and oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline solution (an overpotential of 280 mV at the current density of 10 mA cm−2). The alkaline electrolyzer assembled from the Co‐P@PC electrodes delivers the current density of 10 mA cm−2 at the voltage of 1.60 V with a durability of 60 h. The excellent activity and long‐term stability of the Co‐P@PC derives from the synergistic effect between the active cobalt phosphides and the porous P‐doped carbon matrix.
Should patient assisted dying be legalised?
Authors: Kirby Roger
Published: March 2019

In this editorial, Roger Kirby, Editor on Trends in Urology and Men's Health, discusses the responsibilities that UK medical organisations have to reach a clear verdict on their stance towards patient assisted dying.
Rezum water vapour therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia
Authors: Johnston Maximilian J , Hindley Richard G
Published: March 2019

A new minimally invasive technique for managing benign prostatic hyperplasia provides real choice for patients. Here the authors describe the technique and discuss how it compares to the other established management options.
Primary pituitary insufficiency: a multidisciplinary approach
Authors: Ralph Oliver
Published: March 2019

Following investigation of infertility and anejaculation, a multidisciplinary approach to management resulted in a positive outcome of a spontaneous pregnancy in the patient's partner shortly after his surgery.
Light element depth distribution by the intensity ratio of incoherent and coherent scattering
Authors: Mikhailov I.F. , Baturin A.A. , Mikhailov A.I. , Knyazev S.A.
Published: March 2019

A method is proposed for analyzing the distribution of elements with a small atomic number Z < 9 over the depth of the substrate. The method is based on measuring the ratio of incoherent and coherent scattering peaks intensities at different exit angles of X‐rays from the sample surface. Varying the beam exit angle at a constant scattering angle makes it possible to vary the depth of radiation penetration into the sample by almost two orders of magnitude and, correspondingly, to vary the information averaging zone. Mathematically, the method reduces to the numerical solution of integral equations of the first kind, in which the impurity distribution profile is given by the model function. Experimental measurements were performed on model samples of beryllium (Z = 4) and aluminum (Z = 13) foils and real coatings of boron (Z = 5) and titanium nitride. The adequacy of the received solutions to the certified characteristics is shown.
On 2-group global symmetries and their anomalies
Authors: Benini Francesco , Córdova Clay , Hsin Po-Shen
Published: March 2019

Abstract

In general quantum field theories (QFTs), ordinary (0-form) global symmetries and 1-form symmetries can combine into 2-group global symmetries. We describe this phenomenon in detail using the language of symmetry defects. We exhibit a simple procedure to determine the (possible) 2-group global symmetry of a given QFT, and provide a classification of the related ’t Hooft anomalies (for symmetries not acting on spacetime). We also describe how QFTs can be coupled to extrinsic backgrounds for symmetry groups that differ from the intrinsic symmetry acting faithfully on the theory. Finally, we provide a variety of examples, ranging from TQFTs (gapped systems) to gapless QFTs. Along the way, we stress that the “obstruction to symmetry fractionalization” discussed in some condensed matter literature is really an instance of 2-group global symmetry.
Mass deformations of the ABJM theory: the holographic free energy
Authors: Bobev Nikolay , Min Vincent S. , Pilch Krzysztof , Rosso Felipe
Published: March 2019

Abstract

We find a class of new supersymmetric Euclidean solutions in four-dimensional maximal gauged supergravity. The holographic dual description of these backgrounds is given by a mass-deformation of the ABJM theory with general values for the R-charges. We calculate the S
3 free energy for the supergravity backgrounds and find agreement with the supersymmetric localization calculation of the free energy in the large N limit.
The ϕ4 model with the BPS preserving defect
Authors: Adam C. , Romanczukiewicz T. , Wereszczynski A.
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Theϕ4model is coupled to an impurity in a way that preserves one-half of the BPS property. This means that the antikink-impurity bound state is still a BPS solution, i.e., a zero-pressure solution saturating the topological energy bound. The kink-impurity bound state, on the other hand, does not saturate the bound, in general.

We found that, although the impurity breaks translational invariance, it is, in some sense, restored in the BPS sector where the energy of the antikink-impurity solution does not depend on their mutual distance. This is reflected in the existence of a generalised translational symmetry and a zero mode.

We also investigate scattering processes. In particular, we compare the antikink-impurity interaction close to the BPS regime, which presents a rather smooth, elastic like nature, with other scattering processes. However, even in this case, after exciting a sufficiently large linear mode on the incoming antikink, we can depart from the close-to-BPS regime. This results, for example, in a backward scattering.
Directly from H-flux to the family of three nonlocal R-flux theories
Authors: Nikolić B. , Obrić D.
Published: March 2019

Abstract

In this article we consider T-dualization of the 3D closed bosonic string in the weakly curved background — constant metric and Kalb-Ramond field with one nonzero component, B

xy
= Hz, where field strength H is infinitesimal. We use standard and generalized Buscher T-dualization procedure and make T-dualization starting from coordinate z, via y and finally along x coordinate. All three theories are nonlocal, because variable ΔV, defined as line integral, appears as an argument of background fields. After the first T-dualization we obtain commutative and associative theory, while after we T-dualize along y, we get, κ-Minkowski-like, noncommutative and associative theory. At the end of this T-dualization chain we come to the theory which is both noncommutative and nonassociative. The form of the final T-dual action does not depend on the order of T-dualization while noncommutativity and nonassociativity relations could be obtained from those in the x → y → z case by replacing H → −H.
Hyperfiniteness of boundary actions of cubulated hyperbolic groups
Authors: HUANG JINGYIN , SABOK MARCIN , SHINKO FORTE
Published: March 2019

We show that if a hyperbolic group acts geometrically on a CAT(0) cube complex, then the induced boundary action is hyperfinite. This means that for a cubulated hyperbolic group, the natural action on its Gromov boundary is hyperfinite, which generalizes an old result of Dougherty, Jackson and Kechris for the free group case.
Lyapunov optimization for non-generic one-dimensional expanding Markov maps
Authors: SHINODA MAO , TAKAHASI HIROKI
Published: March 2019

For a non-generic, yet dense subset of$C^{1}$expanding Markov maps of the interval we prove the existence of uncountably many Lyapunov optimizing measures which are ergodic, fully supported and have positive entropy. These measures are equilibrium states for some Hölder continuous potentials. We also prove the existence of another non-generic dense subset for which the optimizing measure is unique and supported on a periodic orbit. A key ingredient is a new$C^{1}$perturbation theorem which allows us to interpolate between expanding Markov maps and the shift map on a finite number of symbols.
Workplace ostracism and discretionary work effort: A conditional process analysis
Authors: Anjum Muhammad Adeel , Liang Dapeng , Durrani Dilawar Khan , Ahmed Ammarah
Published: March 2019

Drawing on affective events theory (AET) and workplace incivility spiral, this study tested a conditional process model to explain, when and how, affective workplace events (workplace ostracism and workplace incivility) affect employees’ emotions and work effort. Data for this cross-sectional study were collected via an online survey from 251 employees at three public sector universities in Quetta, Pakistan. Results indicated that both ostracism and incivility encumber work effort, and that one way via which ostracism negatively affects work effort is by provoking targets’ negative affect (NA). Results also revealed that workplace incivility exacerbated positive relationship of ostracism and NA such that this relationship was stronger when incivility was high and weaker when incivility was low. Moreover, the indirect effects of ostracism on work effort were also contingent on workplace incivility. Practical implications are discussed at the end.
Avoiding holiday seasonal weight gain with nutrient-supported intermittent energy restriction: a pilot study
Authors: Hirsh Steven P. , Pons Marianne , Joyal Steven V. , Swick Andrew G.
Published: March 2019

This pilot randomised controlled study evaluated the effects of a nutrient-supported intermittent energy restriction nutrition programme to prevent weight gain in healthy overweight adults during the 6-week winter holiday period between Thanksgiving and New Year. For 52 d, twenty-two overweight adults (mean age 41·0 years, BMI 27·3 kg/m2) were assigned to either the nutrition programme (n10; two fasting days of 730 kcal/d (3050 kJ/d) of balanced shake and dietary supplements to support weight management efforts, followed by 5 d of habitual diet) or a control group (n12; habitual diet). A significant weight loss from baseline (pre-holiday 10 d before Thanksgiving) to day 52 (post-holiday 3 January) was observed in the nutrition programme (75·0 (sd9·8)v.76·3 (sd9·8) kg;P< 0·05). Body weight did not significantly change in the control group and there was no between-group difference. Increases from baseline in fasting insulin (42·9 %;P= 0·0256), updated homoeostasis model assessment (HOMA2) (43 %;P= 0·025), LDL-cholesterol (8·4 %;P= 0·0426) and total cholesterol (7·1 %;P= 0·0154) levels were also reported in the control group. In the nutrition programme group, baseline HDL-cholesterol and TAG levels measured after two fasting days increased (13 %;P= 0·0245) and decreased (22·8 %;P= 0·0416), respectively. There was no significant change in HOMA2. Between-group differences in changes in insulin levels (P= 0·0227), total cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol ratio (P= 0·0419) and HOMA2 (P= 0·0210) were significant. Overall compliance rate was 98 % and no severe adverse events were reported. These preliminary findings suggest that this intermittent energy restriction intervention might support weight management efforts and help promote metabolic health during the winter holiday season.
Pointwise stability of reaction diffusion fronts
Authors: Li Yingwei
Published: March 2019

Using pointwise semigroup techniques, we establish sharp rates of decay in space and time of a perturbed reaction diffusion front to its time-asymptotic limit. This recovers results of Sattinger, Henry and others of time-exponential convergence in weightedLpand Sobolev norms, while capturing the new feature of spatial diffusion at Gaussian rate. Novel features of the argument are a pointwise Green function decomposition reconciling spectral decomposition and short-time Nash-Aronson estimates and an instantaneous tracking scheme similar to that used in the study of stability of viscous shock waves.