bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of First Generation Black Turfgrass Ataenius Adults on a Golf Course Fairway, 1992:
Authors: Vittum P. J.
Published: March 2022

Two study sites were established, using large (>110 m2) plots to determine the efficacy of chlorpyrifos (Dursban 4E) against black turfgrass ataenius adults. In each case, chlorpyrifos was applied twice, at two week intervals. The first site was a golf course fairway in Concord, MA–creeping bentgrass (40%), annual bluegrass (40%), perennial ryegrass (20%), maintained at 1.3 cm. Plots were 11.6 x 10 m, replicated 3 times, applied with hydraulic sprayer at 880 liter/ha. Plots were treated on 6 and 20 May or on 20 May and 3 Jun, and sample 13 Jul. The second site was a golf course fairway in South Hadley, MA–annual bluegrass (50%), creeping bentgrass (25%), Kentucky bluegrass (25%), maintained at 1.3 cm. Plots were 19 X 10m, replicated 3 times, applied with Hahn sprayer at 704 1/ha. Plots were treated on 7 and 21 May or on 21 May and 4 June and sampled 21 July. Both sites were evaluated by collected 10 soil cores (10.6 cm diam., 4 cm deep), at least 3m from the nearest edge, from each plot. Cores were inspected under magnification in the Amherst laboratory.
Effect of Date of Application on Efficacy of Dursban and Oftanol Against Annual Bluegrass Weevils, Golf Course Fairway, 1992:
Authors: Vittum P. J.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied on 28 Apr or 12 May or on both dates to 2.6 x 2.3 m plots, which were replicated 5 times in a RCB design. The plots were established on a golf course fairway in Scarborough, NY-annual bluegrass (60%), creeping bentgrass (40%), maintained at 1.3 cm. All materials were applied with watering cans, using 3 liters water per plot. The entire test area received 0.3 cm irrigation 1 h after application. Soil pH was 6.2, water pH varied from 7.0 to 7.4. Product efficacy was evaluated on 11 Jun by removing 5 soil cores (10.6 cm diam) per plot and inspecting the cores under magnification in the Amherst laboratory (each plug was ca 0.01 m2). At the time of sampling, the population was 8% 3rd instar, 19% 4th instar, 63% 5th instar,and 10% pupae.
Control of Southern Masked Chafer Grubs with Rates of Dursban Using Subsurface and Conventional Broadcast Applications, 1991:
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Vittum P. J.
Published: March 2022

This study was conducted on a Kentucky bluegrass golf course rough in Lincoln, NE. Plots were 1.1 x 4.6 m and the experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. The turf was maintained at a mowing height of 7.6 cm and thatch accumulation (finger compressed) in the plot area was 1.3 to 2.5 cm. Field conditions at the study site were: soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.7; water pH, 7.0; soil moisture, 10%. Insecticide treatments were applied on 19 Aug using a newly developed Cushman prototype subsurface applicator to place insecticides at the soil/thatch interface (average depth 1.9 cm). Granular material was applied using a Grandy 24 H 12 drop spreader and liquids were applied using a CO2 backpack sprayer with LF-4 nozzle at 165 KPa and 18.9 liter/93m2. Immediately following application, plots were irrigated with 1.3 cm of water. An additional 5.7 cm of irrigated water was applied and 2.1 cm of rain fell during the post-treatment period. Treatments were evaluated 21 DAT (9 Sep) by removing from each plot six, 20.3 cm diam turf-soil cores (0.19 m2 total area) to a depth of 7.6 cm and counting the number of surviving grubs.
Subsurface Applications of Myx-678 and Turcam for Control of Annual White Grubs, 1992
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Ali M. A. A.
Published: March 2022

This study was conducted in Lincoln, NE on a Kentucky bluegrass golf course fairway. The turf (95% Kentucky bluegrass) was maintained at a mowing height of 1.6 cm and thatch accumulation (finger compressed) in the plot area was 1.3 to 1.9 cm. Field conditions at the time of application were: air temperature, 27.2°C; soil temperature (10-cm depth), 16.7°C; soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.0 to 7.0; water pH, 7.0; soil moisture, 15%. Plots were 1.05 X 4.5 m and the experimental design was a RCB with 3 replications. Insecticides were applied 18 Aug; subsurface treatments were applied using a Cushman prototype subsurface applicator designed to place liquid insecticides at the soil-thatch interface (average depth, 1.9 cm), and a Cushman prototype high pressure liquid injector. Conventional liquid insecticide treatments were applied with a C02 sprayer. Immediately following applications, plots were irrigated with 1 cm of water. The test area received approximately 3.8 cm of irrigated water during the post-treatment period. Treatments were evaluated 21 DAT on 8 Sep by removing from each plot three, 20.3 cm diam turf-soil cores (.09 m2 total area) to a depth of 7.6 cm and counting the number of surviving grubs
Residual Activity on NTN 33893 and Triumph 4E for Control of Annual White Grubs on A Golf Course Rough, 1992
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Gaussoin R. E.
Published: March 2022

This study was conducted on a golf course rough in Lincoln, NE. The turf (50% Kentucky bluegrass and 50% perennial rye) was maintained at a mowing height of 3.8 cm and thatch accumulation (finger compressed) in the plot area was 0.64 to 1.3 cm. Field conditions were: soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.0 to 7.0; water pH, 7.0; soil moisture, near field capacity. Plots were 1.5 x 1.5 m, and the experimental design was a RCB with 5 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied 28 May and 29 Jul. Triumph was applied with a CO2 sprayer using a LF-4 nozzle at 165.6 KPa and 18.9 liter/93 m2 and the NTN 33893 0.62G was applied with a precalibrated Gandy 30H12 spreader. Immediately following applications the test area was irrigated with approximately 1.3 cm of water. Product efficacy was evaluated 26 Aug (28 days following the last application) by removing from each plot six 20.3 diam turf-soil cores (0.19 m2 total area) to a depth of 7.6 cm and counting the number of surviving grubs.
Greenbug Control, 1992
Authors: Nixon Philip L.
Published: March 2022

Greenbug infested turf was treated with four insecticides in the right-of-way area between the sidewalk and street adjacent to a residential lawn in Urbana, IL on 23 Jul. The bluegrass turf was maintained at a mowed height of approximately 2-2.5 inches. Applications were made between 10:00 a.m. and 12:30 p.m. CDT at 85°F and 74% relative humidity. The experimental area consisted of turf areas under and near the canopies of two small Norway maple trees (Acer platanoides L.). The turf in these areas was somewhat uniformly infested with greenbugs as determined through visual observation, the turf generally orangish-brown with numerous green grassblades infested with greenbugs dispersed through the area. Each treatment plot was 25 ft2 with four replications in a RCB design, two replications per tree area. The two experimental plot areas were separated from each other by 14 ft. Applications were applied with a hand-pressurized portable sprayer at 5 gal/1000 ft2. Insecticide treatments were diluted with water; controls consisted of water only. No rainfall fell for 24 h after the application. Counts were made of surviving greenbugs 5 DAT in each plot. The number of greenbugs in a 4 inch square area (16 in2) in three locations in each plot were counted and then averaged.
Evaluation of Conventional and Experimental Insecticides to Control White Grubs on A Golf Course Fairway in Lewis Co., Wv, 1992
Authors: Weaver Joseph E.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied 19 Aug at Deerfield C.C. Experimental plots were arranged in a RCB design, replicated 4 times. Plot size was 8 X 8 ft. The average no. grubs in pretreat samples was 37.7/ft2 (73% Japanese beetle, 27% northern masked chafer). Granules were applied with a hand held glass jar shaker and liquids with a sprinkler can. Liquid formulations were applied in two liters of water per plot and all plots irrigated with about two liters of water about five min after application. Water pH was 6.9. Environmental and soil conditions at treatment were as follows: air temperature, 20°C; RH, 83%; overcast (fog); soil, moist to wet; soil temperature, 22°C (1 inch); pH, 4.55; organic matter, 10.10%; soil type, silt loam (sand 22.2%, silt, 64.1%, clay 13.7%); thatch layer 1/8 to 3/8 inches (compressed). Total precipitation during trial period was 3.90 inches. Plots were sampled 35 DAT with a cup changer (4.25 inches diam) to a depth of 2-3 inches; 4 random samples were taken per plot.
Insecticidal Control of First Generation Chinch Bugs on Buffalograss, 1992
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Riordan T. P. , Steinegger D. H.
Published: March 2022

The study was conducted on a buffalograss lawn in Lincoln, NE. The buffalograss was maintained at a mowing height of 10 cm and was mowed to 5 cm prior to insecticide applications., Thatch accumulation ranged from 0 to 0.64 cm. Conditions at the time of application were as follows: air temperature, 21°C; soil temperature (10-cm depth), 21°C; soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.0 to 7.0; water pH, 7.0; soil moisture, near field capacity. Insecticides were applied on 17 Jun to 1.2 x 1.2 m plots arranged in a RCB design with 5 replications. Liquid insecticides were applied with a COa sprayer using a LF-4 nozzle at 165.5 KPa and delivering 18.9 liter spray/93 m2. Granular formulations were applied with a calibrated Grandy 24H12 spreader. Immediately following application, plots were syringed with 0.32 cm of water. Product efficacy was evaluated 5 DAT (22 Jun) by removing from each plot three turf-soil cores to a depth of 1.3 cm with a 10.8 cm diam cup cutter (0.03 m2 total area per plot). Cores were returned to the laboratory and placed in Berlese funnels. Extracted chinch bugs were counted after 48 h.
Summer Management of Hairy Chinch Bug with Insecticidal Soap, and Experimental and Conventional Formulations on Established Fescue Turfgrass in State College, Pa, 1992
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: March 2022

The turfgrass area consisted primarily of fine leafed fescue. Treatment plots were 5 x 6 ft arranged in a RCB design, replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a C02 sprayer with 4 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade of top dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (30 Jul) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 70°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 68°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 68°F; RH, 30%; amount of thatch, 0.5 inches; soil type, silt-loam; soil particle size analysis: 18.0% sand, 67.0% silt, 15.0% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 31.3%; organic matter, 3.5%, water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.6; and cloudy skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6 inch-diam stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling it with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface during a 15 min period. Three flotation samples were taken randomly from each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a ft2 count.
ontrol of Japanese Beetle and Southern Masked Chafer Grubs, 1992
Authors: Spicer P. , Terry L. , Potter D. A. , Redmond C. T.
Published: March 2022

CThis study was conducted in a 2-yr old stand of tall fescue at Elkhorn Springs Sod Farm, near Frankfort, KY. The turf was on a Maury silt loam soil (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Paleudalf). Soil texture was 23% clay, 74% silt, and 3% sand, with 8.8% organic matter and pH = 6.4 Thatch accumulation was negligible. Plots (7 x 10 ft) were established in a RCB with five replications, with 2 ft untreated boundaries between plots. The turf was mown to 3" height before treatment, with the clippings raked and removed. Treatments were applied on 18 Aug. Liquid formulations were applied with a high pressure CO2 sprayer that delivered 2 gal of spray per 1000 ft2. Granular treatments were diluted with dry sand and applied to the plots by gloved hand. Nematode treatments were applied last, after which all plots were irrigated with about 0.5 inch of water, beginning 5-10 min after the final treatment was applied. Conditions at the time of application were sunny, 78°F, 57% relative humidity, and 5 mph winds. The soil was moist due to the 0.45 of rain that had fallen in the previous 4 d. The grub population at the time of treatment consisted of a mixture of 2nd and 3rd instars of each species. Treatment effectiveness was assessed 29-30 DAT by cutting a strip (25 X 18 inches, 2.5 inches deep) from the center of each plot with a motorized sod cutter. The sod strips were broken apart and examined for living grubs in the field. Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Fisher's protected LSD test to separate treatment means.
Rifa Quarantine Treatments in Commercial Grass Sod, 1992
Authors: Collins H. L. , Callcott A. M.
Published: March 2022

A standard treatment and two candidate RIFA quarantine treatments were applied 21-23 May 1991 to a nonproduction field of common St. Augustine grass near Wadsworth, TX. Plots were 0.4 ha (210 x 210 ft) arranged in a CRD with 6 replicates per treatment. Granular formulations were applied with a Herd GT-77® granular applicator mounted on a John Deere AMT 600 all-terrain vehicle. Sprays were applied with a roller pump boom sprayer comprised of five KSS-3 spray tips spaced 0.9 m apart. The system was pressurized to 1.0-1.25 kg/cm2 and towed behind a Honda 300 all-terrain vehicle, providing a delivery rate of 115.5 liter/ha. RIFA population assessments were made in 0.1 ha circular subplots in the center of each treatment plot immediately prior to, and at 4, 8, 12, 20, and 36 wk after application using a population indexing system described elsewhere (Lofgren and Williams; 1982. J. Econ. Entomol. 75: 798-803). Data were analyzed for treatment differences using ANOVA and the Tukey test.
Twospotted Spider Mite Control on Greenhouse Marigolds, 1992
Authors: Merchant M. E.
Published: March 2022

Selected insecticides were evaluated for control of twospotted spider mites on potted marigolds in a greenhouse. Plants were transplanted from four-inch to one-gal pots 15 May and plants were watered once a day by drip irrigation. Plots consisted of a single, potted plant and treatments were assigned as a CRD with four replications per treatment. Sprays were applied to the point of runoff using a one gal B&G compressed air sprayer with a hollow cone nozzle tip. Insecticide applications were made on 16 and 22 Jun. Control plants received a water spray treatment. Adult and nymphal mites were counted on 6 randomly selected leaves per plant. Leaf size was estimated to the nearest cm2 by comparison with charts of marigold leaves of known area, the number of mites were converted to numbers per cm2 by dividing by leaf size prior to analysis. Visual damage estimates were made on 10 Jul by two observers.
Ground Application of Dimilin 1.0% Bran Bait to Rangeland Grasshoppers, 1991
Authors: Fuller B. W. , Wang T.
Published: March 2022

A 160-acre pasture near Belle Fourche, SD was chosen for evaluating the efficacy of Dimilin (diflubenzuron) 1.0% bait to rangeland grasshoppers. Major forage species in the site were cool and warm-season perennial grasses. Basal coverage by all plants ranged from 50 to 70%. The site was divided into 16 contiguous plots of ten acres. Pre- and posttreatment densities were assessed by grasshopper counts in 40, 0.1 m2 rings arranged in a circle in the center of the plot. Before the treatments, Aulocara elliotti were 50% 2nd and 30% 3rd instars, M. confusus were 10% 3rd, 20% 4th and 50% 5th instars, and M. bivittatus were 60% 2nd instars. These three species respectively constituted 60, 15, and 10% of the grasshopper population in the site. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB. The 16 plots were grouped into four blocks using 1-day pretreatment counts. The bait was applied on 14-15 Jun. The delivery system consisted of a Brie-Mar Model 60 bran applicator mounted on a pickup truck and provided a 13 m swath. Grasshopper counts were conducted 7, 14, 21, 28, and 60 DAT. Natural change in grasshopper densities was determined by counts from untreated plots. Posttreatment survival rates based on pretreatment counts on the same treated plots were adjusted for natural population fluctuations by a modified Abbott's formula and expressed as percent grasshopper reduction. Prior to treatment, the average grasshopper density in untreated plots was lower than that in plots to be treated.
Subsurface Placement of Insecticides for Control of Japanese Beetle Larvae on A Golf Course Fairway in Lucas County, Oh, 1992
Authors: Power K. T. , Shetlar D. J. , Niemczyk H. D. , Belcher M. G.
Published: March 2022

The study was located on a golf course fairway at Maumee, OH. Insecticides were applied 9 Sep to plots 3.1 m in length x the width allowed by the application equipment arranged in a RCB replicated 4 times. Granular insecticides were placed in two passes using a Cushman Ryan prototype subsurface applicator. The prototype cut 11 slits into the turf on 5.1 cm centers and deposited granules 1-2 cm deep. Liquid products were subsurfaced placed with one pass using a modified Rain Saver Jr liquid polymer injection machine at a 1344 liter/ha volume. The machine cut 16 slits in the turf 5.1 cm apart placing the solution 1-2 cm into the thatch-soil profile. Surface sprays were applied using a CO2 sprayer with Teejet XR8006VS nozzles at 2.46 kb/cm2 pressure that delivered a volume of 1263 liter/ha and hand irrigated with 13 mm water immediately after each plot was treated. Treatments included each subsurface machine without product and a board with nails protruding 3.8 cm on 2.5 cm centers pressed into the turf to evaluate potentials for mechanical control. The site received 23 mm rainfall within 24 hours after applications were made. JB populations at time of treatment were: JB; ca .28/ 0.1m2, 73% 2nd, 27% 3rd instars. Environmental conditions were: Turf: level, dry, 25mm height, 80% perennial ryegrass, 15% annual bluegrass, 5% bentgrass; Thatch: dense, moist, 6mm.; Soil: moist, 78°F at 2.54 cm and 74°F at 7.62 cm; Weather: sunny, 64°F, 0-24 km/h; Water: pH 6.31. Efficacy data taken 7 Oct (28 DAT) were based on the number of live JB larvae in six 17.8 x 17.8 cm in diam samples from each plot. No phytotoxicity or excessive equipment damaged was observed.
Birch Leafminer Control, Michigan, 1992
Authors: Smithley D. R. , Davis T. W.
Published: March 2022

Clumps of regrowth birch trees at a 20-year-old abandoned tree farm in Carmel Township, Eaton Co., MI were treated for birch leafminer control. The trees were in clumps of 2-5 stems (1-4 inches) in diameter and were 12-20 ft high. Each treatment was replicated 6 times. All treatments were applied on 18 May with a single nozzle hand-held C02 sprayer from R&D Sprayers. The chemicals were mixed with 3.5 gal of water. Each tree was sprayed with Va gal of finished spray. The application was made at 50 psi through an 8008 nozzle. A second application of the Margosan treatments was made on 26 May. Test trees were evaluated on 30 Jun by observing 30 terminals per tree and recording the number of terminals with mined leaves.
Bagworm Control on Eastern Red Cedar, 1992
Authors: Doss M. , Pinkston K.
Published: March 2022

An eastern red cedar planting located at the entrance of a local housing addition in Stillwater, OK, was used to test efficacy of three insecticides. Applications were made on 8 Jul to four single tree replicates per treatment. A Marco R-20 sprayer which delivered 1.2 gal/min. of spray at 150 psi was used to apply all treatments. Temperature and wind velocity at time of treatment were 80° F and 0-5 mph respectively. The test area received 1.17 inches rainfall on 14 Jul and 0.73 inches on 16 Jul. Mortality was determined by opening bags and examining 10 larvae from each treatment 5 and 10 DAT.
The Effect of Phosphine Fumigation on Walnuts, 1990
Authors: Fuller Glen , Turnbaugh Jean , Hartsell Preston L. , Tebbets Jane C.
Published: March 2022

Dried, unshelled walnuts, ‘Hartley’, ‘Eureka’, and ‘Payne’, were fumigated with aluminum phosphide (AlP) pellets or magnesium phosphide (Mg3P2) Fumi-cels® to determine any adverse effects of phosphine on walnut meats. A dosage of 40g/1000 ft3 PH3 was applied for 72h to a 50% load (v/v) of each cultivar in laboratory chambers. Untreated control samples were held at the same times and temperatures as treated nuts. Each cultivar/treatment was replicated three times at 21°C. Following 24h aeration, the three treated cultivars and controls were subjected to an organoleptic study immediately (2 wks) after treatment and then again after storage. Results were statistically analyzed using Tukey‘s studentized range test (P = 0.05).
Bee Poisoning Hazard, Prosser, 1990-1991
Authors: Mayer D. F. , Lunden J. D. , Husfloen M. R.
Published: March 2022

A series of tests were conducted with insecticides applied to 0.01 acre plots of alfalfa. Applications were with a R&D C02-pressurized sprayer at a rate of 26 gal/acre using a hand held boom with 4 (LF3) nozzles. Spray water pH was 7.5. Residual test exposures were replicated 4 times by caging 45-55 honey bees, 20 alkali bees, or 20 alfalfa leafcutting bees with each of 4 samples per treatment and time interval. Bees were placed in petri dish cages with screen inserts, fed sugar syrup and held at about 75°F. for 24 h mortality counts. Abbott's formula was used to correct for the natural mortality.
Residual Mortauty of Twospotted Spider Mite From Agri-Mek Plus Various Adjuvants, 1992
Authors: Beers E. H. , Anderson A.
Published: March 2022

This study was conducted using treated leaves from a mature ‘Delicious’ orchard at the Tree Fruit Research & Extension Center in Wenatchee, Washington. The four treatments (Agri-Mek 0.15EC 11 g Al/acre; Agri-Mek 0.15EC llg Al/acre plus 0.25% Volck Supreme Oil; Agri-Mek 0.15EC llg Al/acre plus Sylgard; and an untreated check) were applied on 1 Jun. Treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer operated at 250 psi to the point of drip. Ten leaves were collected on each bioassay date. A 2-cm leaf disk was cut from each leaf and floated upside down in a jelly cup of water and cellucotton. Ten adult female TSM were loaded on each leaf disk and evaluated for mortality after 72 h at 25°C. Dead and moribund mites were classed as dead, and mites that were not found on the leaf disk were not included in the analyses. Post-treatment assays were conducted on leaves collected at ca. weekly intervals. Treatment mortality data were corrected for check mortality with Abbott's formula.
Residual Mortality of Twospotted Spider Mite From Agri-Mek and Vendex Applied at Various Leaf Ages, 1992
Authors: Beers E. H. , Anderson A.
Published: March 2022

This study was conducted using treated leaves collected from a mature ‘Delicious’ orchard at the Tree Fruit Research & Extension Center in Wenatchee, Washington. A cohort of leaves on 10 trees was tagged on 5 May, using the most recently expanded leaf on a vigorous vegetative shoot. The three treatments (Agri-Mek 0.15EC 11 g Al/acre plus 0.25% Volck Supreme Oil; Vendex 4L 454 g Al/acre; and an untreated check) were applied at three times during the season, that is, when the leaf cohort was 2, 6 and 12 wk old (19 May, 16 Jun, and 28 Jul, respectively). Treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer operated at 250 psi to the point of drip. Ten leaves were collected on each bioassay date. A 2-cm leaf disk was cut from each leaf and floated upside down in a jelly cup of water and cellucotton. Ten adult female TSM were loaded on each leaf disk and evaluated for mortality after 72 h at 25°C. Dead and moribund mites were classed as dead, and mites that were not found on the leaf disk were not included in the analyses. Post-treatment assays were collected at ca. weekly intervals. Treatment mortality data were corrected for check mortality with Abbott‘s formula.
Laboratory Evaluation of Steinernematid Nematodes Against Grasshoppers, 1992
Authors: Valovage W. D. , Siverson T.
Published: March 2022

Laboratory tests were conducted to determine the effectiveness of a commercial preparation of steinernematid nematodes, BioSafe, on 5 species of grasshoppers. The nematode suspension was prepared according to label directions. Clipped barley (2 wk old) was spread out on toweling and sprayed with the nematode suspension. Three microscope slides were placed on the toweling at regular intervals to determine the concentration of nematodes sprayed. A small hand sprayer was used for application. The number of nematodes was counted in each of 5 randomly selected microscope fields on each slide. The concentration of nematodes sprayed averaged 2.9 ± 0.34 per mm2. After spraying, the barley was divided equally and placed in clear plastic containers (10 cm diam, 6 cm high) with screened tops. Twelve adult grasshoppers of each species were placed in each container. The test was replicated twice. As a check, untreated barley was placed in one container for each species. The containers were checked daily for 20 d and dead grasshoppers were removed and stored at 4°C for later dissection. Cumulative percent mortality was calculated for each container. Dead grasshoppers were dissected to confirm the presence of nematodes in grasshoppers from treated containers.
Interspecific Breeding for Beet Armyworm Resistance in Celery, Evaluation of Fl Hybrids
Authors: Diawara M. M. , Trumble J. T. , Quiros C. F. , Antonio V. D
Published: March 2022

The commercial celery ‘Tall Utah’ 52-70R (Apium graveolens L.), the wild species A. prostratum spp prostratum var. filiform (A230 from Australia), and the Fl (A. graveolens X A. prostratum) were obtained from germplasm resources held at the University of California, Davis, Department of Vegetable Crops. Beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hiibner), larvae were from a laboratory colony maintained on artificial diet at 27 ± 2°C and 16:8 (L:D) photoperiod. Test plants were transplanted into 1-liter pots in University of California soil mixture on 5 March 1991 for replicate 1 and on 3 October 1991 for replicates 2 and 3, and maintained under the same moisture, light, and nutrient regimes in a greenhouse equipped with charcoal filters to remove air pollutants. A one-half strength Hoagland‘s nutrient solution was used to fertilize the plants twice per week. For each replicate, bioassays were initiated 5 months after transplanting by filling 30-ml cups containing agar gel with fresh plant parts (leaf + petiole) of each plant genotype. One neonate beet armyworm was placed in each cup, which then was capped with a plastic lid with pin-holes. The plant tissue was renewed every other day and the agar gel every week. Treatment cups were arranged as a complete block with three replicates of thirty cups per replicate, i.e. a total of 90 cups per genotype were tested. All tests were maintained in environmental chambers at 27 ± 2°C, 75% RH and 16:8 (L:D) photoperiod. Weight of larvae at 7 and 9 days, time to pupation, weight of pupae, time to adult emergence, and survivorship were recorded for each treatment.
Evaluation of Permethrin for Control of Stevens Leafhopper, 1992
Authors: Kawate Michael K. , Coughlin Julie A.
Published: March 2022

Formulated permethrin (Ambush 25 W) and technical permethrin were evaluated for toxicity to SLH in the laboratory using a bioassay technique. SLH were obtained from a 4-month-old laboratory colony established on cowpea. The colony was periodically supplemented with SLH from field sources. In an experiment to determine efficacy of Ambush 25 W formulation cowpea cuttings at the 2-leaf stage were dipped into a labeled rate of Ambush, 250 u,g Al/ml (0.1 lb Al/acre in 50 gal water/acre), for 30 s and allowed to air dry for 2 h. Control cuttings were dipped in water. Each treated or control cutting was placed in an individual, ventilated cage. Cages were designed to provide water to the cuttings to keep them turgid. Each experiment consisted of 5 treated and 5 control cages. Ten adult leafhoppers (sex not determined) were aspirated (not anesthestized) from the laboratory colony and placed in each cage. Cages were kept in the laboratory at ca.27°C, 75 to 80% RH and a 14:10 L:D photoperiod. Mortality was recorded 24 h after exposure. The experiment was repeated twice. A separate experiment was conducted to determine LC30 values for permethrin. In this study, a stock solution of 250 u,g Al/ml technical grade permethrin was prepared in ethanol. Five concentrations were prepared from the stock solution by diluting it in a 20% ethanol-water carrier. The control was the 20% ethanol-water carrier. Each treatment was replicated 5 times. Cowpeas were treated and kept under conditions previously described. Twenty adult leafhoppers (sex not determined) were aspirated into each cage and mortality was recorded 24 h after treatment. Data were analyzed by regression analysis.
Response of Hickory Shuckworm Populations to Commercial Insecticides, 1990
Authors: Aguirre Luis A. , Villegas Jose L. , Sanchez Victor M. , Garcia Oswaldo
Published: March 2022

Two populations of HSW, one from Saltillo Coah. which is considered an insecticide-free area and one from Parras, Coah, in which 4-6 treatments are used each yr. The Parras population was collected from an area where 93.8% of the orchards are exposed to Guthion and 93% to Zolone, but have not been exposed to carbaryl for 5 yr. Third instar larvae (avg. wt 15 ±3 mg) were placed in treated vials (35 ml) for exposure to a range of insecticide doses. Doses in series and an acetone check were used or each insecticide with 5 larvae/vial/dose with 4 replicates; vials were held at 25±2°C and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D). Mortality was recorded after 24 h, corrected and data were analyzed using probits and the maximum likehood method. LD50 and LD95 values are reported.
Vegetable Leafminer Control on Tomato, 1977
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

Beginning about 10 days before first harvest, insecticidal treatments were applied weekly to ‘Walter’ tomato plants in a commercial field in Hillsborough County, Florida. Plants were approximately 25% defoliated by ihe vegetable leafminer at first spray. Treatments were applied to runoff with a hand-held, 7.6-liter sprayer at 13.6 to 18.1 kg/6.5 cm pressure. Plots were seep irrigated and consisted of 5 plants 0.8 m apart grown on black polyethylene plastic mulched sand beds (0.8m wide by 0.2 m high) 1.8 m apart. Four replications were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Plots were treated April 28, May 5, 12, 19, 26, and June 2, 1977. The number of mines were counted on the first trifoliate (terminal 3 leaflets) from the top of 10 stems per plot on May 12. The percent defoliation on each plant on June 9 was calculated by dividing the approximate height of defoliation (defoliation progresses upward from the base of the plant) by the approximate height of the plant and multiplying by 100. Yields of marketable fruit (grades 1, 2, and 3), obtained on May 12, 19, 26, June 2, and 9, were combined over all dates and converted to yield per acre for analysis.
Field Corn, Northern Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1977
Authors: Gauthier Norman L. , Hower Arthur A. , Gesell Stanley G.
Published: March 2022

The test field had been in continuous corn for 4 years with an adult beetle population of approximately 1 per plant in August 1976. Test No. 1 was conventional-till planted in 30 in. single row plots each 40 ft long with 4 replications arranged in a randomized block design. Seven insecticides were compared by rate and site of application. Test No. 2 was no-till planted in 30 in. six row plots 50 ft long with 4 replications in a randomized plot design. Four insecticides were compared, all as band applications but 2 at different dosage rates.
Chemical Control of

Heltiohis

Spp. on Cotton, 1977
Authors: Pieters Edward P. , Mullins Walton , Halford William T.
Published: March 2022

Stoneville 213 cotton variety was planted on April 29, 1977 at the North Farm of the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State, MS. Eight row plots, 100 ft long were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Insecticides were applied to the center 4 rows of each plot at the rate of 4.17 gallons of mixture per acre, 4 mph, 40 psi and 3 nozzles per row. Applications for Heliothis spp. control were made 6 times on a weekly basis from July 20 to August 29, 1977. Azinphosmethyl was applied to all plots at 0.25 lb ai/acre an a weekly basis from July 5 to August 29 to control boll weevils, Anthonomusgrondis Boheman. Plots were examined weekly for Heliothis spp. damage by randomly selecting 25 squares from all parts of the plants along the center 2 rows. Yields were estimated by machine picking the center 2 rows on November 14, 1977. Heavy infestations of fall armyworms, Spodopterafrugiperda (J. E. Smith) were noted in these plots during early August. Approximately 50% of the larvae counted were fall armyworms on August 5, about 30% on August 12 and less than 5% on August 26, 1977.
Cotton Bollworm and Tabacco Budworm Control, 1977
Authors: Price Richard G. , Young Jerry H. , Bogel David , Ree Bill
Published: March 2022

Fifty-six rows of Lockett 4789-A was planted on May 26 and 54 rows on June 2, 1977, at the South Central Research Station, Chickasha, Oklahoma at 20 lb per acre. The 2 different planting dates were caused by a heavy rain on May 26 at time of planting. Eight-row plots, 150 ft long, replicated in a complete randomized block design were used. Spray applications were made with a John Deere Hi-Cycle 600 sprayer traveling at a speed of 4.5 mph at 40 psi. Insecticide applications consisted of 3 3/4 gal of total spray mixture per acre, with one number 8 (Spraying Systems) nozzle per row. Four appliplications were made between August 3 and 23rd. Intervals between applications ranged from 5 to 9 days. Plots were irrigated on July 20, 3 inches and August 11,4 inches.
Adult Bean Leaf Beetle LD-50 Studies, 1976
Authors: Chiu Paul S. -B. , H. Max
Published: March 2022

Adult bean leaf beetles were collected with sweepners in soybean fields from an insecticide-free area at the Auburn University Black Belt Substation near Marion Junction, AL. These were brought into the substation laboratory where the beetles were kept in screen wire cages. One hundred beetles were selected at random, weighed collectively, and mean weight per individual calculated. This weight was used as a basis for calculation of insecticide dosages. Stock acetone solutions of the insecticides were prepared from technical materials and further diluted with acetone to give the desired working concentrations. One ul of the insecticide-acetone solution was applied to the dorsal throacic surface of each beetle with a microapplicator (Isco, Model M). Controls were treated with acetone alone. Preliminary dosage-mortality data were obtained by using a wide range of treatment dosages for each insecticide. A narrower range of dosages was used to determine the dosage-mortality and LD5Q values presented here. Ten adults bean leaf beetles were selected randomly for each treatment level. Four dosage levels and an acetone check were used for each insecticide. Following treatment beetles were placed in ice-cream cups (4" wide and 2" deep) containing fresh soybean leaves. Mortality counts were made at 24 hr. Data obtained from these tests were analyzed statistically by probit analysis (Finney 1971).
Soybean, Green Cloverworm Control, 1977
Authors: Pedigo Larry P. , Hammond Ron
Published: March 2022

One hundred and sixteen soybean plots (Cole) were located 3 miles southwest of Ames, Iowa. Each plot measured 50 ft by 4 rows (30 in. centers) and was bordered by 2 buffer rows. Experimental design was a randomized complete block, 4 blocks each with 29 treatments. Because of low larval numbers and large blocks, 2 checks were included. These checks were averaged by blocks for analyses. Treatments were applied on August 11, 1977 with two 4-row CO2-charged bicycle sprayers (liquid output was 41.75 ml/sec, at 30 and 36 psi for sprayers 1 and 2, respectively). Spray nozzles were Delavan HB6 70° Brass Tips. Weather conditions during application were: mostly clear, breeze ca 9 mph, temperature ca 80° F. Soybean plants were in maturity stage R5 (beans growing in size). Plants were sampled with a 15-in. diam. sweep-net (20 sweeps/plot) on 4 dates: August 11 (pretreatment), August 12 (1-day posttreatment), August 14 (4-day posttreatment), and August 18 7-day posttreatment). Samples were examined for green cloverworm larvae in the laboratory. Plants were in maturity group R5 on all sampling dates and were examined for visual signs of phytotoxicity, viz., leaf discoloration, on all sampling dates. Measureable rainfall during the experiment occurred on August 16 (2.80 in.).
Evaluation of Insecticides to Control Scale on Timothy in Washington, 1976
Authors: Pike Keith S.
Published: March 2022

Seven insecticides were evaluated at 2 locations in Kittitas County on timothy-alfalfa for control of a new scale pest of timothy. Insecticides were applied to 8 x 25 ft plots in a randomized complete block design with untreated checks in 4 replications. Sprays were applied on June 2 with a hand sprayer, using 40 psi pressure and applying 22 gal/acre when the timothy was 1 to 2 ft tall. Evaluation samples were taken June 9 and June 21. Efficacy was based on the number of scale (crawler and mature scale enclosed in felted sacs) per 150 g timothy sample. Statistical analyses were conducted for each location and both locations combined.
Tobacco Flea Beetle Control on Tobacco, 1977
Authors: Reagan T. E. , Horton R. H. , Collins W. K. , Todd F. A.
Published: March 2022

On-farm tests were conducted in Craven, Wayne, Hertford, Martin and Sampson counties to determine the effectiveness of insecticides for control of flea beetles on flue-cured tobacco. Plots consisted of 4 rows of 78 ft separated by vacant 5th middles and 10 ft alleys between each of 4 replications at Craven and Wayne counties and 2 replications at other sites. Some insecticides were disced into the soil prior to ridging of rows while others were placed in the transplanter water. Live flea beetles were counted on 20 randomly selected plants of each plot 2, 3, and 4 weeks post-transplant. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and orthogonal partitioning of treatments.
Root-Zone Application, IRRI Laboratory, 1976
Authors: Heinrichs E. A. , Valencia S. L.
Published: March 2022

Rice plants 45 days of age were transplanted into porcelain pots and placed in an air conditioned room at 25 ± 2°C. Granules (G), dispersible powder (DP), and soluble powder (SP) were placed in capsules and emulsifiable concentrates (EC), and flowable (F) formulations in a syringe and injected 3 cm below the soil surface and 2 cm beside the roots at the rate of 1 kg ai/ha.
Feeding Tests of Insecticides, 1975
Authors: Robertson Jacqueline L.
Published: March 2022

Feeding tests of the toxicity of 15 insecticides were conducted on last stage western spruce budworm. Insects were selected from the 58th to 60th generations of a non-diapausing laboratory colony. Five concentrations serially diluted from a freshly formulated concentrate were used in each of 3 replications for each insecticide. All insecticides were formulated in reagent grade acetone on the basis of weight/volume concentrations of the active ingredient. Two hundred μl of each concentration were added to 10 cc of molten artificial diet and the diet was stirred thoroughly. When hardened, each diet mold was fed to 10 larvae. Mortality was tallied after 7 days. Mexacarbate was used as the standard for comparison.
Pine Tip Moth Control, 1976
Authors: Ellis H.C.
Published: March 2022

Six treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design in a commercial planting of 3-year-old, 5 to 6 ft tall Virginia pine Christmas trees spaced 7 x 7 ft near Coolidge, Georgia. Each treatment consisted of 16 trees (4-tree plots, replicated 4 times). Pre-treatment counts indicated no significant differences in tip moth infestations between plots. Insecticide were applied with a two-gallon hand pressurized sprayer on March 29, May 5, 26, June 17, and July 15 at the rate of 1 pt of spray per tree. Five tips per plot (20 per treatment) were randomly sampled for tip moth infestation on April 19, May 19, June 3, 17, July 1, 15, and August 2.
Contact Toxicity of Insecticides to Western Pine Beetle, 1977
Authors: Robertson Jacqueline L. , Gillette Nancy L.
Published: March 2022

Topical application tests of the contact toxicity of 10 insecticides were conducted on adult western pine beetle. Toxicities were compared to a standard, lindane. Insects were gathered from bolts and bark of ponderosa pine collected at Oakhurst, California. Five concentrations serially diluted from a freshly formulated concentrate were used in each of 3 replications with each chemical. All insecticides were applied in reagent grade acetone at a rate of 1 μl/10 mg body weight. After treatment, 10 beetles were placed in a 50 x 12 mm tight-lid petri dish packed with moist alphacel. Mortality was tallied after 3 days.
Spruce Budworm Control in a White Spruce Plantation, 1977
Authors: Dimond J. B. , Morrison T. A.
Published: March 2022

The test was designed to compare two experimental numbered compounds and a new formulation of Sevin to a standard formulation, Sevimol. Treatments were assigned randomly to three 30 x 30 ft plots marked out in the plantation. Treated plots were separated by 25 ft buffers. Each plot contained about 25 trees of 15 ft average height. Sprays were applied with a back-mounted mistblower at finished spray volumes of 20 gal/acre on June 11. All dilutions were with water. Most insects were in instar VI. Postspray counts of survivors were made on June 17. These involved insects on one, 18 in midcrown branch from each of 10 trees/plot. Treatments were delayed 9 days by rain and persistent rain throughout the postspray period probably reduced efficacy.
Apple-Pear, Apple Aphid Control, 1977
Authors: Fisher G. T.
Published: March 2022

Semi-dwarf Delicious apple and 5 year old Clapps Favorite standard pear were replicated and randomized in a new orchard in Nottingham, New Hampshire. Materials were applied as a 1X dilution (lbs/100 gal H2O) in a 1 gallon B & G sprayer at 40 psi after aphid build-up was noted on terminals. Lack of pear trees only allowed for 2 replications of 3 treat-ments. Dwarf apples were replicated 4 times. Evaluations were made 3 days after treatment as aphid counts (10 leaves/terminal) calculated to number of live aphids/leaf (replicate means).
Ardisia, Hemispherical Scale Control, 1977
Authors: Poe S. L. , Matthews S. R.
Published: March 2022

Seven foliar applied insecticides were evaluated for their effects on hemispherical scale on Ardisia. Four replications of each insecticide were applied with a hand sprayer to ca 10 inch high potted greenhouse grown plants infested with all stages of scales. Counts of live scale nymphs were made on two leaves per plant before treatment and at 7 and 14 days after treatment.
White Birch, Birch Leafminer Control, 1977
Authors: Schuder Donald L.
Published: March 2022

White birch trees 8-10 ft in height were treated in a local nursery on May 17, 1977, using a Spartan sprayer operating at 125 psi. Plants were sprayed to drip. The systemic insecticides were applied at the rate of 0.5 ounce actual/per gallon of water/inch trunk diameter at breast height in a ring cultivated at the drip line of the tree. The soil was then replaced and a gallon of water per inch applied to seal the insecticide in the soil. The Medicaps were implanted into the basal portion of the tree at 4 inch intervals and the hole sealed with wound paint. The experiment was replicated 4 times.
Coleus, Citrus Mealybug Control, 1977
Authors: Bunn G. Steward , Davidson John A.
Published: March 2022

On December 20’ 76, 120 plank of Coleusblumei were propagated by cutting inserted directly in Jiffy Mix in three-inch pots. After rooting occurred, one female adult mealybug was transferred from an infested plant to each of the coleus plants, which were two inches tall. Counts were made on February 7’77 of all nymphs and adult females on each plant. The plants were divided into 3 groups according to their meolybug population and distributed so that each treatment consisted of the same approximate number of mealybugs. The average number per plant was 200. Each treatment of 7 insecticides consisted of one rate applied to 5 plants with a 1.5 gal Chapin compressed-air sprayer until run-off. The temperature was 68°F and the relative humidity was 20% at the time of application. A control consisted of 15 plants sprayed with water. The plants were laid horizontally on the ground, sprayed, rototed 180° and sprayed again, then placed upright and sprayed from the top. Another count of the nymphs and female adults was taken on each plant 7 days after spraying. The plants were inspected 14 days after spraying for phytotoxicity and a count of mealybugs was taken again. The plants were hand watered each day.
Honeylocust Pod Gall Midge Control in Washington, 1977
Authors: Campbell R. Lee
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied on May 19 and again on June 10, using a completely randomized design with 4 replicates, in Pierce County, WA. A few pod galls were already present when the first sprays were applied. Treatments were applied by spraying each tree to run-off with a gasoline-powered sprayer. Results were evaluated by collecting 5 infested leaves per tree and counting live larvae and pupae in the galls. On the first sample date, June 2, 98% of the gall inhabitants were pupae; on the second sample date, June 20, all were larvae.
Oak, Foliar Sprays Evaluated for Control of Palmerworm, Wooster, Ohio, 1977
Authors: Isen D. G. Nie , Balderston C. P.
Published: March 2022

A research block of 5-6 m tall northern red oak was used for insecticide evaluation. A Meyers Baronet hydraulic sprayer operating at 150 psi was used to apply ca 4 liters of finished spray (see table) per tree (= to drip). Four, single-tree replicates were treated June 7 when variable size larvae were actively feeding. Ambient temperature was 20°C, and the sky was overcast with a slight breeze (3-7.5 km/hr). Efficacy was evaluated both 6 hours and 3 days post treatment. A Bailey beating tray was used to capture larvae falling from each of 2 branches per tree when the branches were each struck 10 times with a rubber-covered stock.
Phytotoxicity Tests, 1977
Authors: Pinkston Ken , Price Richard , Ree Bill , Bogle David
Published: March 2022

This test consisted of evaluating Sumithion 8E at 4 lb ai/100 gal for phytotoxicity on 28 species of ornamentals in 3 different tests near or in Stillwater, Oklahoma. Application equipment consisted of a John Bean 55, series L-1565-2 and a 785 John Bean Spraymaster deluxe gun which delivered 3 gal/min of finish spray at 300 psi. All plants were treated to runoff. Plants were examined 24 hr., 72 hr., 1 week, 2 weeks and 4 weeks after treatment. Test 1 was applied on June 3 to young growing nursery stock. Twelve species were grown in containers and 4 species were permanent plants. Sumithion was applied to 4 single plant replicates and treated plants were compared to a check. Temperature at time of treatment was 80-85°F. Test 2 was treated on July 6 to established permanent plantings. Sumithion was applied to 2 single plant replicates including a check. Temperature at time of treatment was 90°F. Test 3 was treated on June 6 to established permanent plantings. Sumithion was applied to single plants including a check. Temperature at time of treatment was 90°F. Phytotoxicity was recorded as none, mild or severe.