bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ACQUIRING ONCE, ACQUIRING TWICE — LESSONS LEARNED FROM REPEATED ACQUISITIONS OF INNOVATIVE FIRMS
Authors: ÖBERG CHRISTINA
Published: December 2011

This paper describes and discusses learning in repeated acquisitions of innovative firms. Researchers have pointed to how companies may improve performance through conducting repeated acquisitions, while they have not previously focused on repeated acquisitions of innovative firms. Findings of this present study are summarised in five learnings: forming a professional organisation that deals with acquisitions; acquiring present, ready-for-market innovations rather than innovative capabilities; acquiring complementary rather than diverse innovations; keeping the innovator and disbanding from him/her; and the slow process of integration. The findings indicate risk reductions and decreased diversification foci in later acquisitions. They also pinpoint learning on how to handle acquisitions, not just knowledge related to the acquired party. The paper contributes to research on acquisitions of innovative firms through discussing performance improvements and what expectations to place on acquisitions. It also contributes to the learning literature through providing a case illustration on a company that changed its acquisition strategy based on knowledge accumulated through previous acquisitions.
User Behaviors in Related Word Retrieval and New Word Detection
Authors: Liu Zhiyuan , Zheng Yabin , Xie Lixing , Sun Maosong , Ru Liyun , Zhang Yang
Published: December 2011

Nowadays, user behavior analysis and collaborative filtering have drawn a large body of research in the machine learning community. The goal is either to enhance the user experience or discover useful information hidden in the data. In this article, we conduct extensive experiments on a Chinese input method data set, which keeps the word lists that users have used. Then, from the collaborative perspective, we aim to solve two tasks in natural language processing, that is, related word retrieval and new word detection. Motivated by the observation that two words are usually highly related to each other if they co-occur frequently in users’ records, we propose a novel semantic relatedness measure between words that takes both user behaviors and collaborative filtering into consideration. We utilize this measure to perform related word retrieval and new word detection tasks. Experimental results on both tasks indicate the applicability and effectiveness of our method.
Upper-bound approximations for dynamic pruning
Authors: Macdonald Craig , Ounis Iadh , Tonellotto Nicola
Published: December 2011

Dynamic pruning strategies for information retrieval systems can increase querying efficiency without decreasing effectiveness by using upper bounds to safely omit scoring documents that are unlikely to make the final retrieved set. Often, such upper bounds are pre-calculated at indexing time for a given weighting model. However, this precludes changing, adapting or training the weighting model without recalculating the upper bounds. Instead, upper bounds should be approximated at querying time from various statistics of each term to allow on-the-fly adaptation of the applied retrieval strategy. This article, by using uniform notation, formulates the problem of determining a term upper-bound given a weighting model and discusses the limitations of existing approximations. Moreover, we propose an upper-bound approximation using a constrained nonlinear maximization problem. We prove that our proposed upper-bound approximation does not impact the retrieval effectiveness of several modern weighting models from various different families. We also show the applicability of the approximation for the Markov Random Field proximity model. Finally, we empirically examine how the accuracy of the upper-bound approximation impacts the number of postings scored and the resulting efficiency in the context of several large Web test collections.
Correlation-based retrieval for heavily changed near-duplicate videos
Authors: Liu Jiajun , Huang Zi , Shen Heng Tao , Cui Bin
Published: December 2011

The unprecedented and ever-growing number of Web videos nowadays leads to the massive existence of near-duplicate videos. Very often, some near-duplicate videos exhibit great content changes, while the user perceives little information change, for example, color features change significantly when transforming a color video with a blue filter. These feature changes contribute to low-level video similarity computations, making conventional similarity-based near-duplicate video retrieval techniques incapable of accurately capturing the implicit relationship between two near-duplicate videos with fairly large content modifications. In this paper, we introduce a new dimension for near-duplicate video retrieval. Different from existing near-duplicate video retrieval approaches which are based on video-content similarity, we explore the correlation between two videos. The intuition is that near-duplicate videos should preserve strong information correlation in spite of intensive content changes. More effective retrieval with stronger tolerance is achieved by replacing video-content similarity measures with information correlation analysis. Theoretical justification and experimental results prove the effectiveness of correlation-based near-duplicate retrieval.
Access Control Policy Translation, Verification, and Minimization within Heterogeneous Data Federations
Authors: Leighton Gregory , Barbosa Denilson
Published: December 2011

Data federations provide seamless access to multiple heterogeneous and autonomous data sources pertaining to a large organization. As each source database defines its own access control policies for a set of local identities, enforcing such policies across the federation becomes a challenge. In this article, we first consider the problem of translating existing access control policies defined over source databases in a manner that allows the original semantics to be observed while becoming applicable across the entire data federation. We show that such a translation is always possible, and provide an algorithm for automating the translation. We show that verifying whether a translated policy obeys the semantics of the original access control policy defined over a source database is intractable, even under restrictive scenarios. We then describe a practical algorithmic framework for translating relational access control policies into their XML equivalent, expressed in the eXtensible Access Control Markup Language. Finally, we examine the difficulty of minimizing translated policies, and contribute a minimization algorithm applicable to nonrecursive translated policies.
Remark on “algorithm 778: L-BFGS-B: Fortran subroutines for large-scale bound constrained optimization”
Authors: Morales José Luis , Nocedal Jorge
Published: December 2011

This remark describes an improvement and a correction to Algorithm 778. It is shown that the performance of the algorithm can be improved significantly by making a relatively simple modification to the subspace minimization phase. The correction concerns an error caused by the use of routine dpmeps to estimate machine precision.
Learning to identify educational materials
Authors: Hassan Samer , Mihalcea Rada
Published: December 2011

In this article, we explore the task of automatically identifying educational materials by classifying documents with respect to their educational value. Through experiments carried out on a dataset of manually annotated documents, we show that the generally accepted notion of a learning object's “educational value” is indeed a property that can be reliably assigned through automatic classification. Moreover, an analysis of cross-topic and cross-domain portability shows that the automatic classifier can be ported to other topics and domains, with minimal performance loss.
Cache index-aware memory allocation
Authors: Afek Yehuda , Dice Dave , Morrison Adam
Published: December 2011

Poor placement of data blocks in memory may negatively impact application performance because of an increase in the cache
conflict miss
rate [18]. For dynamically allocated structures this placement is typically determined by the memory allocator. Cache
index-oblivious
allocators may inadvertently place blocks on a restricted fraction of the available cache indexes, artificially and needlessly increasing the conflict miss rate. While some allocators are less vulnerable to this phenomena, no general-purpose malloc allocator is index-aware and methodologically addresses this concern. We demonstrate that many existing state-of-the-art allocators are index-oblivious, admitting performance pathologies for certain block sizes. We show that a simple adjustment within the allocator to control the spacing of blocks can provide better index coverage, which in turn reduces the superfluous conflict miss rate in various applications, improving performance with no observed negative consequences. The result is an
index-aware allocator
. Our technique is general and can easily be applied to most memory allocators and to various processor architectures.

Furthermore, we can reduce inter-thread and inter-process conflict misses for processors where threads concurrently share the level-1 cache such as the Sun UltraSPARC-T2
™
and Intel "Nehalem" by coloring the placement of blocks so that allocations for different threads and processes start on different cache indexes.
Frontostriatal Cognitive Staging in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: de la Fuente-Fernández Raúl
Published: December 2011

Cognitive impairment and behavioural disorders are often encountered in subjects with Parkinson's disease (PD). A simple PD-related frontostriatal cognitive dysfunction (PDFCD) staging is proposed. Executive dysfunction and mental fatigue (stage I), depression/anxiety (stage IIa), apathy/pain (stage IIb), and dementia (stage III) reflect a sequential process of dopamine depletion occurring in different regions of the striatum (stages I and II) and the frontal cortex (stage III). In addition to these nonmotor manifestations present in the unmedicated (OFF) state, the PDFCD model also predicts a number of complications related to dopaminergic treatment (ON state), from impulse control disorders (stages I and IIa) to hallucinations (stage IIb) and psychosis (stage III). Although the model admittedly needs further refinements, it provides a framework for hypothesis testing and may help clinicians optimize therapeutic strategies.
Structural Characterization and Antioxidative Activity of Low-Molecular-Weights Beta-1,3-Glucan from the Residue of ExtractedGanoderma lucidumFruiting Bodies
Authors: Kao Pai-Feng , Wang Shwu-Huey , Hung Wei-Ting , Liao Yu-Han , Lin Chun-Mao , Yang Wen-Bin
Published: December 2011

The major cell wall constituent ofGanoderma lucidum(G. lucidum) isβ-1,3-glucan. This study examined the polysaccharide from the residues of alkaline-extracted fruiting bodies using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC), and it employed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) to confirm the structures. We have successfully isolated low-molecular-weightβ-1,3-glucan (LMG), in high yields, from the waste residue of extracted fruiting bodies ofG. lucidum. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay evaluated the capability of LMG to suppress H2O2-induced cell death in RAW264.7 cells, identifying that LMG protected cells from H2O2-induced damage. LMG treatment decreased H2O2-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. LMG also influenced sphingomyelinase (SMase) activity, stimulated by cell death to induce ceramide formation, and then increase cell ROS production. Estimation of the activities of neutral and acid SMasesin vitroshowed that LMG suppressed the activities of both neutral and acid SMases in a concentration-dependent manner. These results suggest that LMG, a water-solubleβ-1,3-glucan recycled from extracted residue ofG. lucidum, possesses antioxidant capability against H2O2-induced cell death by attenuating intracellular ROS and inhibiting SMase activity.
Stem Cell Pathways Contribute to Clinical Chemoresistance in Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Steg Adam D. , Bevis Kerri S. , Katre Ashwini A. , Ziebarth Angela , Dobbin Zachary C. , Alvarez Ronald D. , Zhang Kui , Conner Michael , Landen Charles N.
Published: December 2011

Purpose: Within heterogeneous tumors, subpopulations often labeled cancer stem cells (CSC) have been identified that have enhanced tumorigenicity and chemoresistance in ex vivo models. However, whether these populations are more capable of surviving chemotherapy in de novo tumors is unknown.

Experimental Design: We examined 45 matched primary/recurrent tumor pairs of high-grade ovarian adenocarcinomas for expression of CSC markers ALDH1A1, CD44, and CD133 using immunohistochemistry. Tumors collected immediately after completion of primary therapy were then laser capture microdissected and subjected to a quantitative PCR array examining stem cell biology pathways (Hedgehog, Notch, TGF-β, and Wnt). Select genes of interest were validated as important targets using siRNA-mediated downregulation.

Results: Primary samples were composed of low densities of ALDH1A1, CD44, and CD133. Tumors collected immediately after primary therapy were more densely composed of each marker, whereas samples collected at first recurrence, before initiating secondary therapy, were composed of similar percentages of each marker as their primary tumor. In tumors collected from recurrent platinum-resistant patients, only CD133 was significantly increased. Of stem cell pathway members examined, 14% were significantly overexpressed in recurrent compared with matched primary tumors. Knockdown of genes of interest, including endoglin/CD105 and the hedgehog mediators Gli1 and Gli2, led to decreased ovarian cancer cell viability, with Gli2 showing a novel contribution to cisplatin resistance.

Conclusions: These data indicate that ovarian tumors are enriched with CSCs and stem cell pathway mediators, especially at the completion of primary therapy. This suggests that stem cell subpopulations contribute to tumor chemoresistance and ultimately recurrent disease. Clin Cancer Res; 18(3); 869–81. ©2011 AACR.
GSK-3β regulates cell growth, migration, and angiogenesis via Fbw7 and USP28-dependent degradation of HIF-1α
Authors: Flügel Daniela , Görlach Agnes , Kietzmann Thomas
Published: December 2011

The hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1α (HIF-1α) is a major regulator of angiogenesis, carcinogenesis, and various processes by which cells adapt to hypoxic conditions. Therefore, the identification of critical players regulating HIF-1α is not only important for the understanding of angiogenesis and different cancer phenotypes, but also for unraveling new therapeutic options. We report a novel mechanism by which HIF-1α is degraded after glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3)–induced phosphorylation and recruitment of the ubiquitin ligase and tumor suppressor F-box and WD protein Fbw7. Further, experiments with GSK-3β and Fbw7-deficient cells revealed that GSK-3β and Fbw7-dependent HIF-1α degradation can be antagonized by ubiquitin-specific protease 28 (USP28). In agreement with this, Fbw7 and USP28 reciprocally regulated cell migration and angiogenesis in an HIF-1α–dependent manner. Therefore, we have identified a new pathway that could be targeted at the level of GSK-3, Fbw7, or USP28 to influence HIF-1α–dependent processes like angiogenesis and metastasis.
Synthesis of an antiviral drug precursor from chitin using a saprophyte as a whole-cell catalyst
Authors: Steiger Matthias G , Mach-Aigner Astrid R , Gorsche Rita , Rosenberg Erwin E , Mihovilovic Marko D , Mach Robert L
Published: December 2011

Background

Recent incidents, such as the SARS and influenza epidemics, have highlighted the need for readily available antiviral drugs. One important precursor currently used for the production of Relenza, an antiviral product from GlaxoSmithKline, is N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuNAc). This substance has a considerably high market price despite efforts to develop cost-reducing (biotechnological) production processes. Hypocrea jecorina (Trichoderma reesei) is a saprophyte noted for its abundant secretion of hydrolytic enzymes and its potential to degrade chitin to its monomer N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). Chitin is considered the second most abundant biomass available on earth and therefore an attractive raw material.

Results

In this study, we introduced two enzymes from bacterial origin into Hypocrea, which convert GlcNAc into NeuNAc via N-acetylmannosamine. This enabled the fungus to produce NeuNAc from the cheap starting material chitin in liquid culture. Furthermore, we expressed the two recombinant enzymes as GST-fusion proteins and developed an enzyme assay for monitoring their enzymatic functionality. Finally, we demonstrated that Hypocrea does not metabolize NeuNAc and that no NeuNAc-uptake by the fungus occurs, which are important prerequisites for a potential production strategy.

Conclusions

This study is a proof of concept for the possibility to engineer in a filamentous fungus a bacterial enzyme cascade, which is fully functional. Furthermore, it provides the basis for the development of a process for NeuNAc production as well as a general prospective design for production processes that use saprophytes as whole-cell catalysts.
Desmin expression in colorectal cancer stroma correlates with advanced stage disease and marks angiogenic microvessels
Authors: Arentz Georgia , Chataway Tim , Price Timothy J , Izwan Zaipul , Hardi Gemma , Cummins Adrian G , Hardingham Jennifer E
Published: December 2011

Introduction

Biomarkers that improve stratification of colorectal cancer patients for adjuvant therapy versus resection alone, or that are predictive of response to therapeutic agents, have the potential to greatly improve patient selection for such therapies. The aim was to determine proteins differentially expressed within the malignant epithelial glands and closely associated stromal elements compared to matched normal mucosa, and to characterise the over-expression of one such protein as a potential biomarker.

Methods

Protein from laser microdissected tumor and normal mucosa was analysed by two dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D DIGE) and mass spectrometry to determine differentially over expressed tumor proteins. Tumor over-expression of one such protein, desmin, was quantified using immunofluorescence staining in a larger cohort. Dual staining for desmin and vimentin, or desmin and von Willebrand factor, was performed to determine the cell type of interest.

Results

Desmin expression was significantly increased between stage I and III tumors, (P < 0.0001), and stage II and III tumors, (P < 0.0001). Strong focal desmin expression was found in stroma directly adjacent to carcinomatous glands and microvessels. These cells showed co-localisation of desmin and vimentin in close association with cells expressing VWF, indicating they were pericytes. Significantly higher levels of desmin-positive pericytes were observed in late stage tumors, consistent with increased angiogenesis.

Conclusion

Pericyte coverage of vasculature is a marker of vessel maturation, hence desmin expression may have use as a marker for microvessel maturation. Clinical trials will be needed to determine its use in identifying tumors that will be less responsive to anti-angiogenic therapy.
Wnt/PCP proteins regulate stereotyped axon branch extension inDrosophila
Authors: Ng Julian
Published: December 2011

Branching morphology is a hallmark feature of axons and dendrites and is essential for neuronal connectivity. To understand how this develops, I analyzed the stereotyped pattern of Drosophila mushroom body (MB) neurons, which have single axons branches that extend dorsally and medially. I found that components of the Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) pathway control MB axon branching. frizzled mutant animals showed a predominant loss of dorsal branch extension, whereas strabismus (also known as Van Gogh) mutants preferentially lost medial branches. Further results suggest that Frizzled and Strabismus act independently. Nonetheless, branching fates are determined by complex Wnt/PCP interactions, including interactions with Dishevelled and Prickle that function in a context-dependent manner. Branching decisions are MB-autonomous but non-cell-autonomous as mutant and non-mutant neurons regulate these decisions collectively. I found that Wnt/PCP components do not need to be asymmetrically localized to distinct branches to execute branching functions. However, Prickle axonal localization depends on Frizzled and Strabismus.
Differences of Structures and Electronic Properties in the Triplet States between Dibromo and Dichloro Mononuclear Polypyridine Iridium(III) Complexes
Authors: Yoshikawa Naokazu , Yamabe Shinichi , Kanehisa Nobuko , Inoue Tsuyoshi , Takashima Hiroshi , Tsukahara Keiichi
Published: December 2011

Emission and electronic properties of eight iridium(III)-centered polypyridine complexes were studied systematically. A crystal structure of [IrBr2(phen)2]PF6 was obtained by X-ray diffraction study, where phen is 1,10-phenanthroline. Those in the triplet states were also determined by DFT calculations to investigate the source of emission spectra. Two triplet structures of [IrX2(bpy)2]+ and [IrX2(phen)2]+ and the transition state of interconversion were obtained with X− = Cl− and Br−. Here, bpy is 2,2′-bipyridine. For the chloro complexes, two triplet species have nonequivalent bpy and phen ligands through pseudo-Jahn–Teller geometric distortion. The dichloro complexes with asymmetric spin density distributions were found to correspond to stronger emission spectra than those for the dibromo compounds. Energies (Eem’s) corresponding to the observed emission wavelengths (λem’s) are in good agreement with the theoretical S0–T1 energy differences (ΔE’s). For [IrBr2(bpy)2]+, Eem = 2.29 eV and ΔE = 2.26 eV. For [IrCl2(bpy)2]+, Eem = 2.29 eV and ΔE = 2.33 eV. For [IrBr2(phen)2]+, Eem = 2.26 eV and ΔE = 2.28 eV. For [IrCl2(phen)2]+, Eem = 2.28 eV and ΔE = 2.34 eV. For all the four complexes, 1A, 1B, 3A, and 3B, DFT calculations indicate Ir–N bond rupture. Tc with a small S0–T1 energy-gap would undergo nonradiative relaxation. Tc indicates a triplet state which is a five-coordinate species with triplet metal-centered character. Coexistence of the triplet state species are discussed in terms of their electronic structures.
The Promotion of Particulate Matter Oxidation by Oxide Ion Conductors, Zr–Y–O and Zr–Nd–O
Authors: Harada Koichiro , Yamada Hiroshi , Takami Akihide
Published: December 2011

Catalytic particulate matter oxidation and its promotion by high oxide ion conductors, Zr–Y–O and Zr–Nd–O, has been studied. Zr-Based oxides show higher particulate matter oxidation activity by O2 compared to a Ce-based conventional catalyst using Pt-loaded oxide coated on a DPF substrate. Isotopic tracer methods involving 18O indicate Zr-based oxides release a large amount of lattice oxygen during carbon oxidation. Also, unique to the Zr-based oxides is an electron and electromotive force generation between carbon-deposited sites and carbon-free sites during carbon oxidation. Zr-Based oxides appear to have the capability to effectively generate oxide ions well suited for carbon oxidation.
Wide Variation in Reference Values for Aluminum Levels in Children
Authors: Zeager Michelle , Woolf Alan D. , Goldman Rose H.
Published: December 2011

Background:

Some parents are requesting aluminum testing in their children with developmental issues. Although aluminum can be measured in plasma, serum, or urine, there is scant scientific information about normal ranges. We sought to determine the basis for laboratory reference ranges and whether these ranges are applicable to children.

Methods:

From texts, published lists, and Internet sources, we obtained the names of 10 clinical laboratories that perform aluminum testing. Contact was made by telephone or e-mail, or Internet sites were viewed to obtain information regarding the establishment of aluminum reference ranges and testing methods in biological samples. Seven laboratories provided supporting literature that was reviewed regarding details of the study populations.

Results:

For laboratories using the atomic absorption spectrometry method, aluminum reference ranges varied from <5.41 μg/L to <20 μg/L (serum), <7.00 μg/L to 0 to 10 μg/L (plasma) and 5 to 30 μg/L (urine). For those using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy methodology, ranges varied from 0 to 6 μg/L to <42 μg/L (serum), 0 to 10 μg/L to 0 to 15 μg/L (plasma), and 0 to 7 μg/L to 5 to 30 μg/L (urine). None of the reference ranges are known to be derived from studies of healthy children, but relied instead on small studies of adult populations, adult dialysis patients, workers, or sick children on aluminum-containing parenteral therapy.

Conclusions:

Aluminum reference ranges provided by laboratories are widely divergent, may not represent “normal” ranges of a healthy population, especially children, and thus it is difficult to interpret serum or urine aluminum ranges clinically. Further studies of aluminum in children are warranted and should be considered as part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Biomonitoring Project.
Structural conditions in German water supply
Authors: Merkel W. , Staben N. , Bräcker J. , Levai P. , Neskovic M. , Petry D. , Weiss M.
Published: December 2011

Against the background of price controls for drinking water supply utilities in Germany, the comparability of utilities with regard to their specific structural conditions comes into focus. Relevant structural conditions were identified for the two main technical processes, namely water production (WP) and treatment, storage and distribution (TSD). A defined clustering process for comparable utilities has been developed. At the end of the process, groups of comparable utilities are obtained including information to what extent and in which structural condition these utilities are similar. These sets of relevant structural conditions and the clustering process were verified in a data assessment study with 45 German utilities. Applying the clustering process to the sample, WP and TSD peer groups of a certain utility are obtained, where structural similarities are above a certain threshold value. Performance and cost indicators of comparable utilities have been evaluated, providing interesting data on general performance levels and spread among individual utilities. The survey underlines the high standard of German water supply in terms of reliability, quality, customer service, sustainability and economic efficiency.
Detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by PCR in tap-water and bottled mineral water in the Isfahan province of Iran
Authors: Momtaz Hassan , Rahimi Ebrahim , Moshkelani Saadat
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to consider the use of a simple polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as an accurate, safe and rapid method to detect Pseudomonas aeruginosa in tap-water and bottled mineral water from Isfahan province, Iran. A total of 224 tap-water and bottled mineral water samples were taken over six months, from July to December 2010. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) was extracted from water samples after filtration and culture and PCR was performed by primers derived from the ETA (Exotoxin A) operon gene sequence of the P. aeruginosa. Out of all the samples, 13.8% and 1.97% were positive by this molecular method for tap-water and bottled mineral water, respectively. The results show that PCR assay could become a valuable diagnostic or screening test for water quality.
Disproportionate Minority Contact in Canada: Police and Visible Minority Youth
Authors: Fitzgerald Robin T. , Carrington Peter J.
Published: December 2011

There is a consensus that some racial groups are over-represented in their contact with the Canadian justice system, but a lack of agreement about possible reasons for this over-representation. The two dominant explanations for disproportionate minority contact (DMC) with the police are differential involvement in crime and differential treatment by the police. Differential treatment may be due to disproportionate possession by minorities of risk factors for police contact or to discriminatory policing. This paper uses data on self-reported delinquency and police contacts from a representative sample of Canadian youth aged 12 to 17 years from the National Longitudinal Study of Children and Youth to test the hypotheses that DMC is due to differential involvement or to differential treatment due to disproportionate risk factors. The results indicate that there was disproportionate minority contact with the police, but no support was found for explanations of DMC in terms of either differential involvement or differential treatment due to risk factors. Distinguishing between youth who report violent delinquency and all other youth, DMC was found only for the non-violent youth; this DMC was also not explained by differential treatment due to risk factors. By eliminating other explanations, the results suggest that racially discriminatory policing may be one explanation for DMC in Canada.
N-(3-Phenyl-2-propinoyl)benzamide
Authors: Hubmann Dieter , Séquin Urs
Published: December 2011

During the synthesis of a series of carboximides using acyl isocyanates [1], the title compound 3 was synthesised as a model compound from benzoyl isocyanate (1) and lithium phenylacetylide (2).[...]
3a,4,5,6,7,8,8a-Heptahydro-3-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohept[d]isoxazole
Authors: Hathaway Bruce , Mueller Ryan
Published: December 2011

To a solution of 4-chlorobenzaldehyde oxime ( 0.40g) in CH2Cl2 (10 mL) in a large test-tube were added 1.0 mL of cycloheptene and 3 drops of triethylamine.[...]
6-Methyl-3-nitroso-1-phenethyl-4-(phenethylamino)-2(1H)-pyridinone
Authors: Stoyanov Edmont , Ivanov Ivo
Published: December 2011

In the course of our recent studies on the reactivity of some 4-amino-2-pyridones [1-3] we accomplished the nitrosation of the N,N-disubstituted 4-amino-2-pyridone 2.[...]
3-[5-(tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxy)-3-p-nitrobenzoyl-1-oxo- 2-(phenylmethoxy)hexyl]-4-(phenylmethyl)-2-oxazolidinone
Authors: Brimble Margaret , Park Josephine
Published: December 2011

A mixture of alcohol 1 (121 mg, 0.23 mmol) [1], triethylamine (48 l, 0.34 mmol) and p-nitrobenzoyl chloride (51 mg, 0.28 mmol) in dichloromethane (2 ml) was stirred for 2 h. at 30ºC.[...]
1-[(2-Acetoxyethoxy)methyl]-3-methyl-6-azauracil
Authors: Radi Smaail , Lazrek Hassan
Published: December 2011

The product 2 was prepared via a direct condensation under solid-liquid phase transfer catalysis (S.L.P.T.C.) [1] conditions.[...]
1-[(2-Acetoxyethoxy)methyl]-3-ethyl-6-azauracil
Authors: Radi Smaail , Lazrek Hassan
Published: December 2011

The product 2 was prepared via a direct condensation under solid-liquid phase transfer catalysis (S.L.P.T.C.) [1] conditions.[...]
1-[(2-Acetoxyethoxy)methyl]-3-ethyl-5-bromo-6-azauracil
Authors: Radi Smaail , Lazrek Hassan
Published: December 2011

The product 2 was prepared via a direct condensation under solid-liquid phase transfer catalysis (S.L.P.T.C.) [1] conditions.[...]
N-(9-Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl)-L-serine Amide
Authors: Schmél Zoltán , Kupihár Zoltán
Published: December 2011

The synthesis of N-Fmoc-L-serine amide was performed by the well known Schotten-Baumann acylation method [1].[...]
2-Methyl-5-methylmercapto-3-dimethylsulfoxymethine-7-phenyl-1,2,4-triazepine
Authors: Ait Itto My. Y. , Hasnaoui A , Riahi A. , Huet A.
Published: December 2011

All the following operations were performed under an inert atmosphere using standard vacuum line techniques. Trimethyloxosulfonium iodide (2, 0.73 g, 3.3 mmol) [1] was suspended in anhydrous DMSO (6 mL) and sodium hydride (80 % suspension in mineral oil, 0.1 g, 3.3 mmol) was added at room temperature.[...]
(2,2'-Bipyridine-N,N')dibutyldiisothiocyanotin
Authors: Hu Chun , Tan Rihong , Wang Jianping , Ji Yu , Wang Shengfu
Published: December 2011

Diorganotin dihalide complexes with bidentate nitrogen ligands exhibit some pharmaceutical activities such as antitumour activity, antiviral activity and anti-microbiological activity[1-3], we have synthesized some diorganotin dihalide and dipseudohalide complexes with bidentate nitrogen ligands, one of which is (2,2'-bipyridine-N,N')dibutyldiisothiocyanotin.[...]
2-Mercapto-5-(2'-isopropyl-5'-methylphenoxymethyl)-1,3,4-triazole
Authors: Asiri Abdullah Mohamed
Published: December 2011

The triazole derivative 2 was prepared from 4-[2'-isopropyl-5'-methylphenoxyacyl]thiosemicarbazide 1 by heating under reflux with aqueous NaOH [1,2].[...]
4-Morpholino-2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carbaldehyde
Authors: Iliev Boyan , Ivanov Ivo
Published: December 2011

The title compound 3 has been allegedly prepared earlier [1] by refluxing the same starting materials 1 and 2 in ethanol for 10 min.
(1S,6S)-Tetrazolo [1,5-g]-7-Aza-trans-himachal-2-ene
Authors: Dakir M. , Lassaba E. , Benharref A.
Published: December 2011

To a solution of 1 (2 g, 9.7 mmol) [1] in trifluoroacetic acid (15 mL) was added by portions during 30 min (1 g, 0.016 mole) sodium azoture [2,3] at -10 °C.[...]
Synthesis of 3-Bromo-2-ethoxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-6-amide
Authors: Zhuo Jin-Cong , Wyler Hugo
Published: December 2011

The amide 2 [1] was prepared by hydrolysis of the nitrile 1 according to the reported procedure [2] [...]
Bis(N,N-dibutylthiocarbamoyl) Disulfide
Authors: El Idrissi Abderrahman , Tebbji Karim , Radi Smaail
Published: December 2011

This experiment is performed according to literature method [1-3].[...]
4-(Benzylthio)acetophenone
Authors: Hathaway Bruce , Triefenbach Mary
Published: December 2011

During the course of our research on preparing parallel dipole-aligned crystals [1-2], we needed to prepare the previously unreported compound 4-benzyl-sulfonylacetophenone.[...]
6-Amino-1-(2’-deoxy-b-D-ribofuranosyl)-4,5-dihydro-8H-imidazo[4,5-e][1,3]diazepine-4,8-dione
Authors: Sood Ramesh , Bhadti Vishweshwar , Chen Huan-Ming , Hosmane Ramachandra
Published: December 2011

The starting methyl 1-(2’-deoxy-b-D-ribofuranosyl)imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylate (1) was prepared by deoxygenation of the corresponding riboside, employing the literature procedure [1].[...]
5-Phenyl-3-[1-(phenylsulphonyl)-hexyl]-1,2,4-triazine
Authors: Branowska Danuta , Ostrowski Stanislaw , Rykowski Andrzej
Published: December 2011

As part of ongoing research programme we synthesised the title compound as valuable intermediate for intermolecular cycloaddition reactions, leading to biologically active heterocycles.[...]
3-Methoxy-5,5-dimethyl-7(E),9-decadien-1-o1
Authors: Smith Douglas
Published: December 2011

To a slurry of LAH (65 mg, 1.7 mmol) in ether (4 ml) at 0 ƒC under Ar, the diene ester [1] (487 mg, 1.7 mmol) in ether (5 ml) was added dropwise.[...]
5-Methoxy-7,7-dimethyl-1,9(E),11-dodecatrien-3-one
Authors: Smith Douglas
Published: December 2011

Although the title compound has already been prepared in four steps [1] or three steps [2] from D-galactose, this selective tosylation consists of only a two step synthesis avoiding the preparation of several intermediates and affording much higher overall yields. Moreover, NMR spectral data of the title compound have not yet been published.[...]
3-Bis(5-methylfur-2-yl)methyl-2,4-pentanedion
Authors: Abaev Vladimir
Published: December 2011

To a stirred suspension of dry sodium acetylacetonate (1.83g, 15mmol) in 20 ml CH3CN at 0deg.C freshly prepared bis(5-methylfur-2-yl)methylperchlorate [1] (2.74g, 10mmol) was added in small portions waiting for decolouration between each one.[...]
Ethyl-(R,S)-5-acetyl-4,5-dihydro-3-isoxazole Acetate
Authors: Baraldi Pier Giovanni , Cacciari Barbara , Romagnoli Romeo , Spalluto Giampiero
Published: December 2011

The isoxazoline 3 was prepared by the [3+2] cycloaddition of the nitroderivative 1 [1] with methyl vinyl ketone 2 under Mukaiyama conditions [2].[...]
(E)-1-Bromo-2-methyl-4-phenyl-1-butene
Authors: Stoermer Martin , Pinhey John
Published: December 2011

The general part of the experimental section [1] has been presented elsewhere.[...]
[(Z)-5-Phenyl-2-penten-2-yl]mercury Bromide
Authors: Stoermer Martin , Pinhey John
Published: December 2011

The general part of the experimental section [1] has been presented elsewhere.[...]
1-Ethyl 4-(1-methylethyl) 2-(1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1,3-dimethyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-5-yl)butanedioate
Authors: Zhuo Jin-Cong , Wyler Hugo
Published: December 2011

The diester 2 was prepared by the addition of iso-propanol to 1 according to the reported procedure [1].[...]
1-Ethyl 4-(1,1-dimethylethyl) 2-(1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1,3-dimethyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-5-yl)butanedioate
Authors: Zhuo Jin-Cong , Wyler Hugo
Published: December 2011

The diester 2 was prepared by the addition of tert-butanol to 1 according to the reported procedure [1].[...]
(1S,2S)-N-Benzyl-N-[(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)-(2-benzothienyl)methyl] Hydroxylamine
Authors: Merino Pedro , Franco Santiago , Merchan Francisco , Tejero Tomas
Published: December 2011

A cooled solution (-90°C) of benzothiophene (0.402 g, 3 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was treated with butyllithium (2 mL of a 1.6 M solution in hexane, 3.2 mmol) under an inert atmopshere.[...]
(1R,2S)-N-Benzyl-N-[(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)-(1-methylimidazol-2-yl)methyl] Hydroxylamine
Authors: Merino Pedro , Franco Santiago , Merchan Francisco , Tejero Tomas
Published: December 2011

The X-ray structural analysis of hydroxylamine 3 has been described [1].[...]
Methyl 2-Octyl-2-(phenylsulfonyl)decanoate
Authors: Ramdani Mohammed , Loupy André , Petit Alain
Published: December 2011

The product 2 was prepared from methyl phenylsulfonyl acetate in situ by the solid-liquid PTC conditions without solvent [1-2].[...]
Une ferme de la fin de l'époque gauloise à Neuville-près-Sées "Les Ruisseaux" (Orne) / A Farmstead from the end ofgaulish times: Neuville-près-Sées "Les Ruisseaux" (Orne)
Authors: Besnard-Vauterin Chris-Cécile , Besnard Michel
Published: December 2011

Dans le cadre de l'aménagement de la liaison autoroutière A28 entre Rouen et Alençon, une fouille archéologique préventive a été réalisée en été 2003 à Neuville-près-Sées au lieu-dit «Les Ruisseaux», sur l'emplacement d'un établissement de la fin de l'Age du Fer. Ce petit habitat constitue le premier de ce genre découvert dans le centre de l'Orne et diffère morphologiquement des grands sites laténiens du Calvados. Le site comporte une première installation sous forme d'un enclos incomplet, auquel s'associe sans doute un bâtiment oblong dont la tranchée de fondation pour les poteaux constitue l'unique trace conservée. L'installation suivante consiste en un enclos palissade, subdivisé en deux aires, dans lequel s'organisent un bâtiment rectangulaire sur tranchée d'implantation de poteaux et d'autres installations d'habitation. L'ensemble est complété par un parcellaire et une mare.
Biomedical Informatics – A Confluence of Disciplines?
Authors: Ammenwerth E. , Dickhaus H. , Knaup P. , Lovis C. , Mantas J. , Maojo V. , Martin-Sanchez F. J. , Musen M. , Patel V. L. , Surjan G. , Talmon J. L. , Sarkar I. N. , Hasman A.
Published: December 2011

Background: Biomedical informatics is a broad discipline that borrows many methods and techniques from other disciplines.

Objective: To reflect a) on the character of biomedical informatics and to determine whether it is multi-disciplinary or inter-disciplinary; b) on the question whether biomedical informatics is more than the sum of its supporting disciplines and c) on the position of biomedical informatics with respect to related disciplines.

Method: Inviting an international group of experts in biomedical informatics and related disciplines on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of Methods of Information in Medicine to present their viewpoints.

Results and Conclusions: This paper contains the reflections of a number of the invited experts on the character of biomedical informatics. Most of the authors agree that biomedical informatics is an interdisciplinary field of study where researchers with different scientific backgrounds alone or in combination carry out research. Biomedical informatics is a very broad scientific field and still expanding, yet comprised of a constructive aspect (designing and building systems). One author expressed that the essence of biomedical informatics, as opposed to related disciplines, lies in the modelling of the biomedical content. Interdisciplinarity also has consequences for education. Maintaining rigid disciplinary structures does not allow for sufficient adaptability to capitalize on important trends nor to leverage the influences these trends may have on biomedical informatics. It is therefore important for students to become aware of research findings in related disciplines. In this respect, it was also noted that the fact that many scientific fields use different languages and that the research findings are stored in separate bibliographic databases makes it possible that potentially connected findings will never be linked, despite the fact that these findings were published. Bridges between the sciences are needed for the success of biomedical informatics.
Confluence of Disciplines in Health Informatics: an International Perspective
Authors: Kimura M. , Kulikowski C. A. , Murray P. J. , Ohno-Machado L. , Park H.-A. , Haux R. , Geissbuhler A.
Published: December 2011

Objective: To discuss international aspects as they relate to the convergence of disciplines in health informatics.

Method: A group of international experts was invited at a symposium to present and discuss their perspectives on this topic. These have been collated in a single manuscript.

Results and Conclusions: Significant challenges, as well as opportunities, appear when cumulating the intrinsic multidisciplinary nature of health informatics interventions with the diversity of contexts at the global level, in particular when considered in the perspective of a confluence, i.e., the mixing of different waters and their merging into a new, stronger entity. Health informatics experts reflect on key issues such as collaborative software development and distributed knowledge sourcing, social media and mobile technologies, the evolutions of the discipline from an historical perspective, as well as examples of challenges for implementing ubiquitous healthcare or for supporting disaster situations when infrastructures get disrupted.
Le 9 mai contre le 7 novembre : concurrence commémorative et nouvelle légitimité internationale de l'urss
Authors: Fayet Jean-François
Published: December 2011

Résumé Conscients de l’importance des commémorations pour enraciner un régime dont la légitimité était contestée, les communistes russes se sont attachés dès leur arrivée au pouvoir à la construction d’une nouvelle mémoire collective par la réorganisation du temps autour de l’acte fondateur : la révolution d’Octobre. Après 1945, la légitimité du régime est totalement renversée, et ce changement de statut sur la scène internationale n’est pas sans conséquence sur l’équilibre interne du pouvoir et sur sa représentation symbolique. À l’inverse des commémorations du 7 novembre, qui confortent la légitimité révolutionnaire du régime, c’est-à-dire le Parti, le 9 mai, jour de la victoire, est une mise en scène de l’armée et du sacrifice de la population. Le 9 mai contre le 7 novembre c’est l’histoire de la concurrence de deux légitimités et de la façon dont les équipes dirigeantes successives se sont efforcées d’en gérer la mise en scène.
Infected Tumor Prostheses
Authors: Mavrogenis Andreas F. , Papagelopoulos Panayiotis J. , Coll-Mesa Luis , Pala Elisa , Guerra Giovanni , Ruggieri Pietro
Published: December 2011

Infection of tumor prostheses has been a major concern because of the extensive soft tissue dissection, long operating times, and patients’ immunosuppression by cancer and adjuvant treatments. Infections most often present within 2 years postoperatively, with approximately 70% of postoperative deep infections presenting within 12 months after surgery. They are typically low organism burden infections, the pathogenesis of which is related to bacteria growing in biofilms.
Staphylococci
are the most common pathogens involved in prosthetic joint infections, accounting for approximately 50% of infections overall, followed by
streptococci
,
enterococci
,
Enterobacteriaceae
species,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
, and
anaerobe
species. Multiple pathogens may be isolated in approximately 25% of cases, with the most common combination being coagulase-negative
Staphylococcus
and group-D
Streptococcus
. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are necessary. However, diagnosis may be challenging because clinical symptoms are highly variable and numerous preoperative and intraoperative diagnostic laboratory tests are nonspecific. In most cases, a 1- or 2-stage revision surgery is necessary for eradicating the megaprosthetic infection. Prevention of infection is important. The future will see technical advances for infections of tumor prostheses in areas such as microbiological diagnostics and biofilm-resistant prostheses.
Cold Saline Lavage for Removal of Incarcerated Porous Ingrowth Stems
Authors: Ast Michael P. , Cabrera Bryan J. , DiMaio Frank R. , Lementowski Peter
Published: December 2011

A patient with a history of total knee arthroplasty and 5 subsequent revisions presented with pain. His preoperative construct consisted of a revision implant with porous in-growth stem extensions. He was indicated for revision surgery for a painful implant with progressive arthrofibrosis. The surgery proceeded uneventfully until we were unable to loosen the proximal portion of the ingrown femoral stem. After the distal femur was removed, a trephine was used to break the bone ingrowth from the distal portion of the stem. Flexible osteotomes were used to loosen the bone–prosthetic interface, but they were unable to penetrate deep enough, and they eventually bent under the applied loads. Nonflexible osteotomes were also used without success, and we were still unable to remove the stem from within the femur. Slap hammers, vice grips, and other devices were used to try to remove the stem, but attempts were unsuccessful. We hung a 3-liter bag of ice-cold (4°C) saline and ran all 3 liters of saline, under gravity pressure, retrograde down the femoral shaft in an attempt to contract the metal and allow for the removal of the stem. We then attached a stem extension screw to the incarcerated femoral stem and were able to remove it with minimal effort using a back-slap device. We inspected the prosthesis and found no abnormalities of the stem to explain its incarceration and no iatrogenic perforations in the femur. This case demonstrates a useful technique that should be kept in a revision surgeon’s armamentarium for the removal of incarcerated porous ingrowth stems.
Adsorption Capacity of Cr(VI) by Modified Fly Ash from Aqueous Solution
Authors: Liu Ru , Hang Xiao Xia , Wang Chun Ying
Published: December 2011

Various parameters (time, initial concentration, pH value and temperature) are investigated. The results show that with increasing the temperature decreased the absorbance. The optimal condition is that the maximum adsorption is 0.47mg•g-1 at303K, pH 1. Adsorption process fits the Langmuir isotherm equation, the adsorption reaction is exothermal reaction.
Analysis and Research of Direction Relation Based on Fuzzy Description
Authors: Liu Yong Shan , Li Yan
Published: December 2011

A fuzzy membership function was defined for each direction to predict the membership degree that an object pertains to a certain direction. Nine fuzzy membership functions were defined to describe the direction relations between fuzzy objects and crisp objects with corresponding fuzzy sets. Direction relations were described by a 3×3 fuzzy matrix, which was computed by an aggregation operator defined on the nine fuzzy sets. The fuzzy matrices and crisp matrices of direction relations between fuzzy objects and crisp objects were computed respectively, and comparison of fuzzy matrices with crisp ones reveals that the proposed fuzzy approach is more effective than existing crisp method.