bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soil Insecticide Efficacy Trials for Managing Corn Rootworms Using Planting Time Applications in South Dakota, 1995
Authors: Boetel M. A. , Fuller B. W. , Thompson D. J.
Published: December 2017

The 1995 corn rootworm insecticide efficacy trials were conducted at 5 dryland field sites (Aurora, Cavour, Delmont, Garretson, and Lake Andes) in South Dakota. Experimental design for all studies was a RCB with 4 replications. Individual treatment plots consisted of single 15.2 m long rows which were spaced 96.5 cm apart. Untreated control data from tests containing 2 untreated plots was pooled within replicates to obtain a single mean for comparison with insecticide treatments. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units mounted on a specially adapted Kinze 4-row corn planter. Metering units were ground-driven, and all units were calibrated on the planter. Banded (B) insecticide treatments were applied in an 18-cm swath over the open seed furrow in front of furrow-closing wheels (T-band), and were incorporated by the wheels and drag chains. In-furrow (F) treatments were placed directly between double-disk furrow openers and into the open seed furrow. Five roots per replicate were dug for each treatment. Roots were washed, examined for corn rootworm larval feeding damage, and rated in accordance with the Iowa 1 to 6 scale. Root injury ratings were analyzed using SAS’s General Linear Models (GLM) procedure with root rating and percent root protection means being compared by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.
Corn Rootworm Insecticide Screening, 1995
Authors: Jarvi Keith , Echtenkamp Gerald W. , Witkowski John
Published: December 2017

The test plots were planted on 17 May. Seven inch banded (P/TB) and infurrow (P/TF) planting time treatments were applied with a cone-belt distributer mounted on a John Deere Maxemerge equipped with incorporation tines. Cultivation treatments (C/TB) were applied over the row on 22 Jun with the cone-belt distributer mounted on a hand-powered bicycle wheel applicator. The entire plot was cultivated immediately after application of the 22 Jun treatments by a tractor mounted cultivator. The seeding rate was 19,000 seeds/ acre on 30 inch rows. Soil type was silt loam (OM >3%, pH 6.5). Previous crop was late planted corn planted as a trap crop. The field was disked twice prior to planting. Preplant anhydrous ammonia was applied at the rate of 80 lb per acre prior to planting. Approximately 20% corn stalk residue was remaining after field preparation. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications, each treatment a single row 47 ft long. Five randomly selected roots from each replication were rated on the Iowa State 1-6 scale (1, no damage; 6, 3 or more nodes pruned to within 1/2 inch of the stalk). The roots were dug and rated on 24, 25, and 26 Jul. Topsoil and subsoil moisture was at field capacity at planting time.
Control of Second Generation European Corn Borer, 1995
Authors: Witkowski John , Echtenkamp Jerry
Published: December 2017

Foliar treatments of registered and non-registered insecticides for second generation European corn borer were applied to irrigated corn plots in Dixon County, NE on 9 Aug. Liquid formulated insecticides were applied with a Hahn Hi-Boy calibrated to deliver 17 gpa at 30 psi. Granular formulated insecticides were applied with Noble granulator units mounted on the same Hahn Hi-Boy with 10 inch row banders. Twenty-four hr prior to application, 6 black headed egg masses on paper disc were pinned to the middle portion of 10 marked corn plants in each replicate. Experimental design was RCB with 4 replications. On 14 Sep, the infested plants were dissected from tassel to ground, examined and the number of corn borer larvae recorded. Results were analyzed using analysis of variance produres. Treatment means were separated using LSD procedures.
Temik 15G Evaluated with Selected Fungicides and Pythium Inoculum Alone and in Combination, 1995
Authors: Burris Gene , Cook Don , Leonard B. R. , Graves J. B. , Pankey J.
Published: December 2017

Granular in-furrow applications of Temik 15G were evaluated for control of seedling diseases with Terraclor Super-X, Terraclor, Terrazole, and Ridomil fungicides. The test was conducted at the Northeast Research Station, St. Joseph, LA. Plots were replicated 4 times in a RCB design and were 4 rows wide (40-inch spacing) X 65 ft. ‘Stoneville LA 887’ cotton seed was planted 17 Apr on a commerce silt loam soil which was sidedressed with 90 lb N/acre. Cotton seed was planted with a John Deere model 7100 series planter which was equipped with 10 inch seed cones mounted to replace the seed hoppers. The seeding rate was 4 seed/row ft and all plots received 0.5 lb (AI)/acre of Temik 15G. Granular in-furrow treatments and Pythium inoculum were applied with 8 inch belt cone applicators mounted to replace the standard granular applicators. In-furrow spray treatments were applied with a CO2 charged spray system through 25015 flat fan nozzles positioned in front of the press wheels. The spray tips were turned to spray across the furrow and were calibrated to deliver 5 gpa. Stand density was measured by counting all plants in a 10 ft section of an inside row on 5 May and all plants on the center 2 rows on 5 and 24 May. On 9 May, cotton seedling height and disease ratings were made on hypocotyls and roots by evaluating 5 randomly selected plants. In general, stem injury was caused by the fungal disease, Rhizoctonia solani. A rating system of 1 for no visible lesions, 2 for non-girdling lesions, and 3 for lesions that girdled the entire stem was used for stem injury. For root decay ratings (Pythium spp. symptoms) a scale of 1 to 6 was used (1 showing no visible symptoms and 6 showing 100% death of the root system). Pest control was initiated in Jun and continued on an “as needed” basis through Aug. Plots were harvested on 11 Sep. All 4 rows of the plots were mechanically harvested using a John Deere spindle type picker. Yields were converted to lb seed cotton/acre.
Cotton Aphid Control, 1994
Authors: Elzen G. W.
Published: December 2017

Treatments were tested for relative efficacy against cotton aphid in nonirrigated cotton planted 6 May at Stoneville, MS. Plots of 8 rows (40 inch centers) by 65 ft, separated by 15 ft alleys, were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replicates. All treatments were applied by a high-clearance spray machine equipped with a compressed air spray system. Total spray volume was 6 gpa at 5 mph and 35 psi using 2, TX10 nozzles/row. Plots within a replicate were sprayed consecutively with the boom rinsed twice and blown clear between plots. Treatments were applied on 5 Jul. Efficacy was determined by counting aphids per square inch on leaves in the top and middle portions of 40 randomly chosen plants/ treatment at 3 and 6 DAT.
Cotton Aphid Control in the Macon Ridge Region of Louisiana, 1995
Authors: Fife J. H. , Leonard B. R. , Torrey K. D. , Graves J. B.
Published: December 2017

Two tests were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides against CA in non-irrigated no-till cotton planted 5 May. Plots consisted of 4 rows (40 inch centers) X 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. No insecticides had been previously applied to the test areas. Treatments were applied to Tests 1 and 2 on 7 Jun and 13 Jun, respectively. Insecticides were applied with a tractor-mounted boom and compressed air system calibrated to deliver 10 gpa through Teejet 8001 flat fan nozzles (2/row) at 38 psi. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by sampling 10 cotton plant terminals (all apical shoot growth above and including the first fully expanded leaf) from each plot at 2 and 7 DAT in both tests. Treatments were evaluated in Test I on 9 and 14 Jun and in Test II on 15 and 20 Jun. Cotton aphids were washed from the plant foliage onto 300 mesh wire sieves, backwashed onto ruled filter paper (7 cm) and counted using a binocular dissecting scope. These plots received 0.1 and 0.9 inches rainfall on 11 and 12 Jun, respectively. Data were analyzed with ANOVA, and means were separated according to DMRT.
Evaluation of Selected Insecticides for Control of Aphids on Cotton, 1995
Authors: Sparks Alton N. , Norman John W.
Published: December 2017

A small plot test was conducted at the Texas A&M Research and Extension Center in Weslaco to evaluate selected insecticides for efficacy against aphids on cotton. Plots measured 1 row (40 inches) by 30 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a CO2 pressurized (40 psi) backpack sprayer in a total volume of 10 gpa. Nozzle arrangement consisted of three 10X nozzles per row (1 over-top, 2 on drops). Treatments were applied 13 May. Aphids were monitored by random selection of 5 plants per plot and counting all apterous aphids on the first fully expanded leaf below the terminal.
Efficacy of Selected Insecticides Against Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm in Cotton, 1995
Authors: Tugwell N. P. , Teague T. G.
Published: December 2017

Field studies to evaluate control of bollworm and tobacco budworm were conducted in a commercial cotton field planted 24 May. Phillips Co., AR. Plots were 4 rows wide (38 inch centers) X 50 ft long. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied 18 Aug using a 4-row CO2 charged back pack sprayer calibrated to deliver 9.7 gpa at 20 psi with 1, TJ60 8002vs nozzle per row. Determinations of larval damage were made by examining squares and bolls in 10 to 12 inches of 20 terminals per plot 4 d after application. Yield determinations were made by hand picking 1 row 10 ft long/plot.
Efficacy of Chlorpyrifos-Methyl to Control Tarnished Plant Bug in Cotton, 1995
Authors: Tugwell N. P. , Teague T. G. , Bearden S. L.
Published: December 2017

Two trials to evaluate the efficacy of chlorpyrifos-mefhyl to control TPB were conducted in cotton planted 17 May on the UA Cotton Branch Experiment Station in Marianna, AR. The 8 row (38 inch centers) X 50 ft plots were separated by 2 rows of buffer zone. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 3 replications. In Trial I insecticides were applied 21 Jul using a 2-row, CO2-charged back pack sprayer calibrated to deliver 10 gpa at 20 psi with 1, TX6 nozzle per row. In Trial II insecticides were applied 4 Aug using a 4-row CO2-charged back pack sprayer calibrated to deliver 13 gpa at 20 psi with 1, TJ-60 8002vs nozzle per row. For each study, 3 organdy sleeve cages, 9 inches diam by 22 inches long, had been secured to individual plants in each plot by tying the lower end of each cage around the plant ca 1 ft from the terminal with twist ties. The cages were rolled down to the tie and covered with aluminum foil. Following application the foil was removed, the cage pulled up, and 5 TPB were placed into each cage. Cage tops were secured with twist ties. Insects had been collected by sweep net on blooming mustard immediately prior to testing and held in 15 ml plastic vials (5/vial) on ice. After 72 hr, plants were cut below the cage and taken to the laboratory where TPB mortality was determined.
Sunflower Beetle Control Using Three Rates of Furadan 4F, Valley City, Nd, 1995
Authors: Noetzel David M.
Published: December 2017

Individual 0.5 mile strips were planted on 20 May using 3 rates of Furadan 4F applied at the time of planting. Four subsamples, 3 ft X 20 ft each, were collected from the 4 best appearing portions of each plot. These yield samples were distributed across the field and from different row pairs.
Aphid Control on Connecticut Shade Tobacco with Systemic Insecticides, 1995
Authors: LaMondia James A. , Rathier Thomas M.
Published: December 2017

Ten insecticide treatments were evaluated for tobacco aphid control in a cloth-covered shade tent at the CT Agricultural Expt. Stn. Valley Laboratory in Windsor CT. The soil was an entic haplorthod (71.8% sand, 23.0% silt, 5.2% clay, pH = 6.0 and OM = 4.0%). There were 4 replicate, 4-row plots of each treatment (15 X 15-ft), each with 2 replicate treated rows in the center and 2 adjacent untreated rows. Admire 2F (NTN33893) greenhouse-drenches were applied on 30 May to 2-month-old ‘O-40’ plants in 128-cell flats (25-cm3 mix per cell). Admire was applied at 0.12, 0.24, and 0.48 lb (AI)/acre in 1.0 ml/plant (10,800 plants/acre). On 31 May, Vydate (2.0 lb [AI] in 107 gpa) was broadcast in a 39-inch swath using a 8004E nozzle and raked to incorporate. Tobacco was transplanted on 1 Jun to rows 39-inches apart with plants 1-ft apart within rows. Vydate was also band-applied (2.0 lb [AI]/acre) on 2 Jun to 4-inches on either side of rows using a TG-3 nozzle and incorporated by hoeing. Admire was applied on 2 Jun as a soil drench, using a TG-3 at 15 psi to apply 20 ml/plant in 2, 10-ml applications 2-cm to either side of plants. Foliar Orthene or Admire was applied using a TG-3 nozzle at 15 psi on 12 Jul and 4 Aug in 204 gpa. One leaf each from 10 plants per row was removed on 24 Jul, 8 and 21 Aug (1600 leaves per date), and rated for apterous aphids (scale: 0 = no aphids or winged only; 1 = 1 aphid per leaf; and 10 = more than 1 aphid per leaf). Ratings from the 10 plants were added and treatments compared to adjacent untreated rows by the nonparametric Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Test. Treatment means within dates were compared by the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis Test.
Comparision of Seed Treatments and Foliars for Control of Aphids in Spring Wheat, Morris, Mn, 1994
Authors: Noetzel Dave M. , Warnes Dennis
Published: December 2017

A trial was established at the West Central Experiment Station. Plots were 5 ft X 20 ft in size, treatments were arranged in an RCB, replicated 4 times. Seed treatments were prepared by Gustafson, Inc., Piano, TX. Severe scab in 1993 prompted adding a fungicide (Vitavax Xtra) to all treatment, and adding an insecticide and fungicide-free check. Foliars were applied at flag leaf at 60 gpa. Plots were combined using a standard plot combine, the seed dried, and final yields adjusted on the basis of a standard moisture.
Rescue Insecticide Applications for Management of Pale Western Cutworms in Winter Wheat, 1995
Authors: Boetel M. A. , Fuller B. W. , Thompson D. J. , Voss T. S. , Smith M. P.
Published: December 2017

An established winter wheat field near Bruce, SD, was chosen to evaluate the performance of foliar-applied insecticide treatments in plots artificially infested with PWCW larvae. The field had been planted on 15 Sep at a rate of 1.2 million seeds/acre using 17.8-cm row spacing. Each treatment plot consisted of a 1 m2 section (5 1-m long rows) of winter wheat enclosed within a metal barrier. Barriers were constructed of 30.5-cm wide strips of galvanized steel flashing material that were folded to form a square, then driven 20.3 cm below the soil to prevent emigration of larvae from treatment plots. Infestation took place on 6 and 17 May with a total of 18 laboratory-reared PWCW larvae being placed into each plot. The study involved a performance comparison of 16 insecticide treatments combinations and an untreated check. Treatments were arranged in a CRD and replicated 4 times. Insecticide applications were carried out (24 May) using a CO2-propelled backpack canister sprayer system equipped with TeeJet 8003 flat fan nozzles delivering 20 gpa. Live cutworm counts (to determine insecticide efficacy) began at 21 DAT (14 Jun) and continued through 11 Jul. Sampling of an individual plot consisted of extracting all soil within the metal barrier to a depth of ca. 20 cm and sifting it through 0.6-cm mesh hardware cloth to retrieve all live larvae. Data were analyzed via SAS’s General Linear Models (GLM) procedure and means were compared using DMRT.
Control of Black Cutworm With Merit Used Preventatively and Pyrethroids Used Curatively, 1995
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Rollins Alan
Published: December 2017

The experimental design was an RCB, replicated 4X, plot size was 7 X 7 ft. All treatments were applied with a CO2 boom sprayer, 8004 nozzles, at 40 PSI, in 2 gal water per 10002. All plots were lightly preirrigated. Merit was applied 3 Jul and irrigated (0.1 in). The remaining treatments were applied 31 Jul to a mixed population of 3-6 instar larvae and were not immediately watered. Plots were rated 7 Aug using a soap flush and counting live larvae. Conditions at the time of treatment on 3 Jul were: air temperature, 86.4°F; wind, calm; sky, clear; soil temperature, 90.6°F; thatch depth, 0.25 inch; slope, 0%; soil texture, loamy sand, sand 80%, silt 13%, clay 7%; soil organic matter, 1.7%; soil moisture 8%; post treatment precipitation, light irrigation daily; mowing height 0.125 inch.
Black Turfgrass Ataenius Larval Control With Bifenthrin, 1995
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Rollins Alan
Published: December 2017

Seven treatments were applied to a golf course fairway in Dover, NH, for BTA larval control. Plots were 7 X 7 ft, replicated 4 times, in a RCB design. Treatments were applied 3 Jul and rated 21 Jul by removing 2 ft2 of sod and counting live larvae and pupae. Granules were applied with a salt shaker and sprays with a CO2 boom sprayer, 8004 nozzles, at 40 PSI, in 1.74 gal water per 10002. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temperature, 63.8°F; wind, 2 mph; sky, clear, soil temperature, 1 inch, 69.0°F; thatch depth, 0.6 inch; soil pH, 5.8; slope, 3%; soil texture, silt loam, sand 46%, silt 47%, clay 7%; soil organic matter, 8.1%; soil moisture, 31.24%; post treatment precipitation, 0.2 inch immediately.
Evaluation of Imidacloprid and Rh0345 Formulations to Control Green June Beetle Grubs on A Golf Course Fairway In Wayne, Pennsylvania, 1994
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (50%) and creeping bentgrass (50%). Treatment plots were 9 X 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 4 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 1021 ml of water/54 ft2 or delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. At treatment time one (1 Aug), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 78°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 78°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 78°F; RH, 95%; amount of thatch, 0.125 inches; soil textural class, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 37.0% sand, 51.1% silt, 11.9% clay; soil moisture (oven dried soil), 38.1%; organic matter, 14.3%; water pH, 6-7; soil pH, 5.3; and cloudy skies. Immediately after treatment one the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. At treatment time two (29 Aug), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 64°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 68°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 68°F; RH, 84%; amount of thatch, 0.125 inches; soil type, silt-clay-loam loam; soil particle size analysis: 17.0% sand, 52.8% silt, 30.2% clay; soil moisture (oven dried soil), 33.7%; organic matter, 12.8%; water pH, 6–7; soil pH, 6.2; and cloudy skies. Immediately after treatment two the experimental area was irrigated with 0.3 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made on 20 Sep. The total number of new freshly constructed green June beetle burrows were recorded from each replicate (54 ft2).
Evaluation of Merit And Rh0345 Formulations to Control Green June Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Fairway In Gulph Mills, Pennsylvania, 1994
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (30%) and creeping bentgrass (70%). Treatment plots were 9 x 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a COCO2 compressed air sprayer with 4 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 1021 ml of water/54 ft2 or delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. At treatment time one (20 Jul), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 83°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 82°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 80°F; RH, 83%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.5 inches; soil textural class, clay-loam; soil particle size analysis: 21.0% sand, 47.1% silt, 31.9% clay; soil moisture (oven dried soil), 23.7%; organic matter, 4.5%; water pH, 6-7; soil pH, 5.1; and cloudy skies. Immediately after treatment one the experimental area was irrigated with 0.375 inches of water. At treatment time two (30 Aug), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 66°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 63°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 63°F; RH, 72%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.5 inches; soil type, silt-clay-loam; soil particle size analysis: 16.7% sand, 46.7% silt, 36.6% clay; soil moisture (oven dried soil), 26.9%; organic matter, 5.4%; water pH, 6-7; soil pH, 5.4; and clear skies. Immediately after treatment two the experimental area was irrigated with 0.3 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made on 20 Sep. The total number of new freshly constructed green June beetle burrows were recorded from each replicate (54 ft2).
Evaluation of Merit to Control Green June Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Fairway in Wayne, Penn-Sylvania, 1995
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (50%) and creeping bentgrass (50%). Treatment plots were 9 X 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 4 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 1021 ml of water/54 ft2 or delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. Granular treatments were applied with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (6 Jun), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 77°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 80°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 78°F; RH, 74%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.5 inches; soil textural class, silt-loam; soil particle size analysis: 32.1% sand, 53.8% silt, 14.2% clay; soil moisture (oven dried), 31.1%; organic matter, 8.3%; water pH, 6.5; soil pH, 5.2; application time, late-morning; and cloudy skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.3 inch of water. Posttreatment counts were made on 6 Sep. The total number of new freshly constructed green June beetle burrows was recorded from each replicate (54 ft2) as well as the total number of green June beetle larvae flushed to the surface following an application of Sevin 80WSP over a 24 hr observation interval.
Management of Japanese Beetle Grubs With Rh0345 and Conventional Formulations on a Golf Fairway in Centre County, Pennsylvania, 1994
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The turfgrass area consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (20%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (40%). Treatment plots were 9 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 4 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 1021 ml of water/54 ft2 or delivering 5 gal/1,000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (25 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 81°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 74°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 72°F; RH, 76%; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.25 inches; soil textural class, loam; soil particle size analysis: 43.6% sand, 36.4% silt, 20.0% clay; organic matter, 7.6%; soil moisture (oven baked), 31.3; water pH, 6-7; soil pH, 6.6; and clear skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.2 inches of water. Three hours prior to treatment the area received 0.3 inches of natural rainfall. Posttreatment counts were completed on 28 Sep. Three ft2 sod samples were taken from each replicate, and the total number of viable Japanese beetle grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Efficacy of Several Formulations of Chlorpyrifos Against Annual Bluegrass Weevils, Golf Course Fairway, 1995
Authors: Vittum P. J.
Published: December 2017

Three formulations of chlorpyrifos (Dursban Pro, Dursban Turf, and Empire 20) were tested for efficacy against annual bluegrass weevil larvae on a golf course fairway in Scarhorough, New York. The fairway consisted of 60% creeping bentgrass, 30% annual bluegrass, 10% perennial ryegrass, and was mowed at ca. 0.8 inches. Treatment plots were 7 ft by 7 ft, replicated 5 times, arranged in a RCB. All applications were made between 7:15 and 9:00 AM on 17 Apr 95. Liquid formulations were applied by hand with a watering can, 3 liters per plot. Conditions at the time of application were as follows: air temp. 48°F, light overcast following a light rain overnight, calm; forsythia just past peak blossom; soil temp. (2 inch), 49°F; soil type, silty loam; soil pH 6.5; water pH, 7.2; thatch 0.6 inch thick with moderate density. The trial was irrigated with 0.1 inch water 30 min after application. Product efficacy was evaluated on 5 June (42 DAT) by inspecting 12 cores (2.1 inch diam) from near the center of each plot, and recording the number of small (lst, 2nd, or 3rd instar), medium (4th instar), and large (5th instar) larvae, pupae, and adults. At the time of sampling, the population was: 28% small larvae, 24% medium larvae, 48% large larvae. Each observation consisted of 3 cores, and there were 4 observations per plot.
Control of Bluegrass Billbug Adults on a Kentucky Bluegrass Lawn in Saunders Co., Nebraska, 1995
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Heng-Moss T. M.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were evaluated for control of bluegrass billbug adults on a Kentucky bluegrass lawn at the University of Nebraska Agricultural Research and Development Center near Mead, Nebraska. The turf (95% Kentucky bluegrass, 5% tall fescue) was maintained at a mowing height of 3 inches. Thatch accumulation (finger compressed) in the plot area was 0.50 to 0.75 inches. Field conditions at the study site were: soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.7; water pH, 7.0. Environmental conditions at the time of application were as follows: soil moisture 17%; air temperature 69°F; soil temperature 57°F; relative humidity 59%; wind direction and velocity 45° at 9 mph. Plots were 6 X 17 ft and the experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Treatments were applied on 24 May 1995. Granular insecticides were applied with a pre-calibrated 24H12 Gandy spreader. Liquid insecticides were applied using a CO2 sprayer with an LF-4 nozzle at 30 psi and delivering 2 gal finished spray/1000 ft2. Following applications, plots were irrigated with 0.5 inches of water. A total of 3.13 inches of rain fell during the post treatment period. Surviving larva were collected (31 May, 7 DAT and 7 Jun, 14 DAT) by removing three 8-inch diam turf-soil cores (1.05 ft2 total area) to a depth of 3 inches, trimming the soil to 0.5 inches of the thatch, and placing the soil core into Berlese funnels for 48 h. Turf-soil cores on the final evaluation (12 Jul, 48 DAT) were processed by removing the cores as described in the first two evaluations and examining the soil and thatch for larva. Approximately 25% of billbug oviposition had been completed at the time of application.
Summer Management of Hairy Chinch Bug with Dursban, Talstar, and Experimental Formulations on Established Fescue Turfgrass in Somerset, Pennsylvania, 1995
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The turfgrass area consisted primarily of fine leafed fescue. Treatment plots were 5 X 6 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a hand held sprinkling can with 2 gal of water. At treatment time (25 Jul) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 81° F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 82.0° F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 75.0° F; RH, 61%; amount of thatch, 0.5-1.0 inches; soil textural class, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 28.8% sand, 50.4% silt, 20.9% clay; soil moisture (oven dry weight), 23.5%; organic matter, 7.9%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.8; application time, early evening; and overcast skies. Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6 inch-diam stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling it with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface during a 15 min period on 2 Aug or a 10 min period on 8 Aug. Three flotation samples were taken randomly from each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a ft2 count.
Control of Silverleaf Whitefly on Poinsettia, 1995
Authors: Lindquist R. K. , Casey M. L. , Moore T. , Taylor R. A. J.
Published: December 2017

One hundred and forty-four Poinsettia cuttings were planted in 6 inch pots and grown in a silverleaf whitefly-infested greenhouse compartment at the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio. Plants were fertigated using 250 ppm 15-16-17 on a 3 fertilizer:l leach schedule. On 7 September 1995, when the plants were 11 wk old, treatments of two systemic insecticides were applied at a range of rates, separately and in combination. Applications were weighed out on a Sartorius balance and poured onto the soil surface from plastic spoons. The plants were watered following the application. Twelve treatments were applied to four plants in each of three replicates of a completely randomized design. Each replicate occupied a separate bench in the compartment. Pre-treatment counts were made immediately prior to the treatments; post-treatment counts were made 14 and 45 DAT. Adult whitefly were sampled by counting on 2 upper, 2 middle and 2 lower leaves of each plant. In addition late instars were sampled at 45 DAT by binocular microscope examination of 2.5 cm leaf disks removed from 2 upper, 2 middle and 2 lower leaves from each plant. Temperature and humidity were 25±5 °C and 60±25 %RH during the trial.
Control of Western Flower Thrips on Dwarf Roses, 1995
Authors: Lindquist R. K. , Casey M. L. , Moore T. , Taylor R.A.J.
Published: December 2017

One hundred and twenty mini-rose cuttings of each cultivar were planted in 6 inch pots and grown in a western flower thrips-infested greenhouse compartment at the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio. Plants were fertigated using 150 ppm 15-16-17 on a 3 fertilizeni leach schedule. On 13 February 1995, when the plants were 13 wk old, treatments of two systemic insecticides were applied at a range of rates. Applications were weighed out on a Sartorius balance and poured onto the soil surface from plastic spoons. The plants were watered following the application. Ten treatments were applied to three pairs of plants (a pair comprising both cultivars) in each of four replicates of a completely randomized design. Each replicate occupied a separate bench in the compartment. Post-treatment counts were made 21, 35, and 49 DAT. WFT were sampled by alcohol-washing flowers picked from each of the plants in a treatment group. Number of immature thrips were recorded on a per plant basis. Larval WFT density was expressed as number of thrips per flower to compensate for the variable number of flowers per plant. Temperature and humidity were 25±5 °C and 60±25 %RH during the trial.
Apple, Treatment Combinations for Season-Long Broad-Spectrum Insect Control, 1995
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were applied to mature trees in Fennville, MI (Blue Block) at a rate of 100 gpa with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design of single trees replicated 4 times. Applications of materials were made on 12 May (Pink), 30 May (Petal Fall), 11 Jun (1C), 22 Jun (2C), 7 Jul (3C), 19 Jul (4C), 31 Jul (5C), 11 Aug (6C), 22 Aug (7C), 1 Sep (8C) and 12 Sep (9C) as indicated in the table. Captan, Dithane, Nova, Manzate, Funginex and Streptomycin were applied separately to all treatments. Mid-season fruit evaluations were made on 3 Jul by randomly picking 25 apples per replicate, or 100 apples per treatment, and evaluating the fruit for damage from various insect pests. Harvest fruit evaluations were made on 25 Sep by randomly picking 100 apples per replicate, or 400 apples per treatment, and evaluating the fruit for damage from various insect pests. Leafhopper evaluations were made on 7 Jun, 20 Jun and 25 Aug by randomly selecting 100 terminals (PLH) or 100 leaves (WALH) per replicate (400 per treatment), and examining them for presence of WALH or PLH nymphs. Leafroller evaluations were made on 7 Jun, 14 Jul, 28 Jul and 25 Aug by randomly selecting 50 or 100 terminals per replicate (200 or 400 terminals per treatment), and examining them for leafroller damage.
Ataenius Efficacy On A Golf Course Fairway In Muskegon County Mi, 1995
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W.
Published: December 2017

A section of irrigated bent grass fairway at Spring Lake Country Club in Spring Lake, MI, that had a history of Ataenius and Aphodius problems was divided into 36 10ft X 10ft plots. Each treatment was replicated six times. The treatments were applied on 5 Jun for Aphodius control. Six cup-cutter samples were taken from the center of each plot on 19 Jun and no Aphodius grubs were found. The same plots were retreated on 26 Jun to evaluate Ataenius grub control. Treatments 2, 3, and 4 were applied with a modified salt shaker, while treatments 1 and 5 were sprayed with a hand held CO2 pressurized boom sprayer at 50 psi with four 8008 nozzles. 175 gal/acre of finished spray was applied. On 10 Jul, six cup-cutter samples were taken from the center of each plot.
Persistence of Foliar-Applied Insecticides for Elm Leaf Beetle Control, Trial One, 1995
Authors: Sclar D. Casey , Cranshaw Whitney S.
Published: December 2017

The mortality of elm leaf beetle larvae to foliar-applied insecticides sprayed on different dates was assessed. Four different insecticides were examined for differences in performance. Siberian elm foliage was treated with foliar-applied insecticides on each of 4 different dates. Treatments were applied with a pump-mister sprayer to the point of run-off. All foliage was collected and bagged on 17 July. In the laboratory, 10 larvae were placed in a petri dish and treated foliage was introduced for consumption. Mortality was assessed at 24 and 72 h after exposure by counting the number of dead, live, moribund and pupated larvae present in a petri dish at a given time interval. Only dead larvae were used to calculate percent mortality estimates. The experiment was analyzed as a CRD with 10 replications per treatment.
Control of Hawthorn (Two Circuli) Mealybug and A Woolly Aphid, Fort Collins, Colorado, 1995
Authors: Sclar D. Casey , Cranshaw Whitney S.
Published: December 2017

Plots were established at the W.D. Holley Plant Environmental Research Center located on the campus of Colorado State University. Two trees, approximately 8-20 ft (4 inch dbh) and established at the site for approximately 10 years were utilized in the experiment. Individual branches were sprayed with different compounds to run-off. Each branch was treated as a single experimental unit, with a complete replication being a group of branches with similar orientation on the tree. Plot design was a RCB with 5 replications. Treatments were applied on 5 May by spraying 2 ft terminal branch segments with a pump-mister sprayer to the point of run-off. Although weather was clear at the time of application, soil moisture was high at the site due to prior rainfall and V5 inch of rain fell at the site in the 24 h following application. Treatments were sampled on 7 Jun by counting the number of mealybugs present on 19 inches of terminal branch segment. Aphid ratings were taken on the same date by assessing the damage and curling caused by an infestation of a woolly aphid. An eleven point rating system was used to rate leaf curling damage by the aphids per 19 inches of terminal branch segment. The rating scale was as follows: 0 = No leaves curled, 1 = 1-5 leaves with light curling, 2 = 6-10 leaves with light curling, 3 = 10+ leaves with light curling, 4 = 1-5 leaves with moderate curling, 5 = 1-5 leaves with moderate curling, 6 = 6-10 leaves with moderate curling, 7 = 10+ leaves with moderate curling, 8 = 1-5 leaves with severe curling, 9 = 6-10 leaves with severe curling, 10 = 10+ leaves with severe curling.
Pine Tortoise Scale, Soil Treatment Trial, 1995
Authors: Cooper Dayna , Cranshaw Whitney
Published: December 2017

Trials were conducted on heavily infested lodge-pole pine, ca 3 to 4-inch dbh, located at the Houston Gardens in Greeley, CO. Soil type was a sandy loam. Soil injections were made using a Kioritz soil injector at a rate of 2 injections/inch dbh, introducing 85 ml per injection hole. Soil drench treatments were applied in 3 gal/tree. Plots consisted of single trees, arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. The site was irrigated weekly throughout the growing season. Evaluations were made 12 May by counting all the scales on 8 terminals (2/cardinal point) on each tree.
Control of Pinon Spindle Gall Midge With Foliar-Applied Insecticides, 1995
Authors: Sclar D. Casey , Cranshaw Whitney S. , Cooper Dayna D.
Published: December 2017

Trials were conducted on established pinon pine, approximately 12 ft in height, located on the campus of Colorado State University in Ft. Collins. Plots consisted of individual branches, each averaging approximately 2 ft in length. Plot design was a RCB with 5 replications. Treatments were applied using a hand-operated pump mister on 3 Jul, covering foliage to the point of run-off. At the time of treatment, adult midge emergence was increasing and near peak. Plots were sampled on 8 Aug by removing 3 terminals per branch and counting the number of swollen and normal new needle pairs. A percent swollen needle bundle estimate was then calculated for each experimental unit.
Fletcher Scale on Taxus, Ottawa Co., Mi, 1995
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W.
Published: December 2017

The plots were located in a commercial Taxus Field at Zelenka’s Evergreen Nursery in Robinson Twp., Ottawa Co., MI. Each treatment was replicated 6 times with each replicate consisting of six 20 inch-high Taxus shrubs. The field was not irrigated and has sandy soil with a high organic content. Marathon treatments were applied on 8 May by sprinkling with a salt shaker over a 2 ft X 12 ft area. All other treatments were applied on 11 Jul using a single nozzle, hand held R&D CO2 sprayer through an 8003 flat fan nozzle at 50 psi. Sprays were applied at a rate of 100 gal of finished spray per acre. Precounts were made on 28 Jun and postcounts were made on 27 Jul by clipping three 5-inch-long twigs from each bush (one from the top, one from the middle and one from the bottom) to make a total of 18 twigs per replicate. The twigs were taken back to the lab and examined under a dissecting scope for live scale.
Use of A Systemic Insecticide Granule Against Root Mealybugs, Hawaii, 1995
Authors: Hata T. Y. , Hara A. H. , Hu B.K.S.
Published: December 2017

Efficacy trials were conducted from 12 Dec 94 through 30 Mar 95 at nurseries in Hilo (study 1) and Mt. View, Hawaii (study 2). Study 1 consisted of 2.5 ft rhapis palms growing in 6 inch pots; study 2 consisted of 3–4 ft rhapis palms growing in 10 inch pots. In both studies, treatments were arranged in a RCB with 4 replicates, 1 plant per replicate. Marathon 1G was applied on 12 Dec 94 (study 1) and 6 Feb 95 (study 2) to the media surface and watered after treatment. Plants were transported to the laboratory on 27 Jan 95 (study 1) and 30 Mar 95 (study 2) to dissect the root ball and recover all mealybugs. The number of live mealybugs recovered from the root ball was analyzed by t test.
Apple, Acaricide Airblast Evaluation, 1995
Authors: Polk D. F. , Hamilton G. C.
Published: December 2017

Treatments were applied to plots consisting of 10 trees each in a single row, planted on M.26 rootstock. Plots were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Each replicate was composed of a grafted tree with 4 cultivars: ‘Delicious,’ ‘Empire,’ Stayman, and ‘Golden Delicious’ (4 variety trees), followed by 2 Red Delicious trees (RD), in this pattern ending with a 4 variety tree. Mite data were taken from the 2 center Delicious trees on a weekly interval starting 23 May. Treatments were applied on 24 May with an FMC 50 gal airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 138 gpa. All trees received regular maintenance sprays of fungicides (Captan 50WP, Topsin 85DF and Nova 40WP). Insecticides (Guthion 50WP, and Imidan 70WP) were applied about every 2 wks starting at petal fall. Data were collected from 20 leaf samples taken at weekly intervals starting 23 May (pretreatment). Leaves were brushed and examined for the number of motile ERM, ERM eggs, and predatory mites. The mite predator S. punctum was recorded in a 3-min count around the 2 sampled trees in each replicate. Approximately 100 fruit from each replicate and from each variety (except Empire where there were not enough fruit) were examined at harvest for spotting (spray injury) and russeting.
Timing of Confirm Applications for Codling Moth Control, 1995
Authors: Steenwyk R. A. Van , Fouche C. F.
Published: December 2017

The study was conducted on mature ‘Bartlett’ pear trees in a commercial orchard near Fairfield, Calif. Five treatments were replicated four times in a RCB design. Each replicate consisted of an individual tree. Three Confirm application timings (100, 200 and 300 degree days (DD)) were applied after the beginning of each CM flight and were compared to Guthion at 200 DD and an untreated control. DD were calculated with a 2 Apr biofix for the first generation and 25 Jun biofix for the second generation using a single sine horizontal cutoff model with a lower threshold of 50° F and upper threshold of 88° F and with air temperature from the IMPACT weather station in Cordelia. Treatments were applied with a handgun orchard sprayer operating at 200 psi and delivering 400 gal/acre of finished spray (3.85 gal/tree). Control of the first CM generation was evaluated on 13 Jun by inspecting 50 fruit from the bottom of the tree canopy and 50 fruit from the top of the tree canopy per replicate. Control of the second CM generation was evaluated at commercial harvest on 24 Jul by inspecting 125 fruit from the bottom of the tree canopy and 125 fruit from the top of the tree canopy per replicate.
Spanworm Control, 1995
Authors: Collins J. A. , Forsythe H. Y.
Published: December 2017

Materials were applied on 1 Jun for middle instar BS larval control to 75- by 75-ft plots in a bearing blueberry field at Jonesboro, Maine. There was 1 replication of each treatment, applied at a rate of 20 gpa using a CIMA P55D Atomizer Low Volume sprayer mounted on a Agco Allis 6670 tractor operating at 40 psi and driven at 1.8 mph. At treatment, plants were ca. 90% loose cluster and 10% bloom. On sample dates indicated in table, 4 sets of 10 sweeps were taken in each plot and at least 25 ft from plot boundaries, with a standard 12-inch sweep net. The larvae were counted and then released over the same plot. No unusual weather conditions were noted during this test; 0.70 inches of rainfall were recorded on 8 Jun and 0.98 inches on 15 Jun.
Grasshopper Control, 1995
Authors: Collins J. A. , Forsythe H. Y.
Published: December 2017

Materials were applied on 22 Jun for control of nymphs of various grasshopper species to 75- by 75-ft plots in a pruned blueberry field at Jonesboro, Maine. There was 1 replication of each treatment, applied at a rate of 20 gpa using a CIMA P55D Atomizer Low Volume sprayer mounted on a Agco Allis 6670 tractor operating at 40 psi and driven at 1.8 mph. At treatment, plants were 3 to 4 inches tall. On sample dates indicated in table, 3 sets of 10 sweeps were taken in each plot with a standard 12-inch sweep net. The nymphs were counted and then released over the same plot. Conditions were dry throughout the test; no measurable rainfall was recorded.
Maggot Control, 1995
Authors: Collins J. A. , Forsythe H. Y.
Published: December 2017

Materials were applied on 26 Jul to 75- by 75-ft plots in a bearing blueberry field at Jonesboro, Maine. There was 1 replication of each treatment, applied at a rate of 20 gpa using a CIMA P55D Atomizer Low Volume sprayer mounted on a Agco Allis 6670 tractor operating at 40 psi and driven at 1.8 mph. At treatment, 30 to 40% of the berries were ripening and turning blue. On 10 Aug, 1 qt of berries was raked from each of 6 systematically selected areas within each treated and untreated area and at least 20-ft from plot boundaries. Berries were refrigerated and processed within 3 d by boiling the berries and extracting the maggots from the pulp. Temperatures in July were generally warm with less than adequate rainfall.
Control of Blueberry Maggot on Blueberries, 1995
Authors: Polavarapu S. , Polk D. F.
Published: December 2017

This study was conducted in a ‘Bluecrop’ blueberry field in full production, near Whitesbog, NJ. Blueberry bushes were approximately 5 ft tall and spaced 9 X 4 ft apart. Treatments were applied to 108 ft X 275 ft plots with a Rears 50 gal airblast sprayer at 140 psi, calibrated to deliver 60 gal of spray solution per acre. There was a single replication of each treatment. Four unsprayed rows (36 ft) along the length (108 ft) and 12 unsprayed bushes (48 ft) along the width (275 ft) served as buffers between treatments. Insecticides were applied once on 3 Jul, 14 days after the first BBM fly capture in Pherocon AM traps. Samples of ripe blueberries were harvested on 14 Jul from each of the 12 rows in each treatment (12 samples/treatment). Berries were collected from the top, middle, and bottom third of each bush in a row. From each sample, a 1 -pt sub-sample was cooked and the fruit pulp filtered through a screen mesh and thoroughly checked for BBM larvae.
Evaluation of Insecticides Against Cranberry Rootworm, 1995
Authors: Polavarapu S. , Schiffhauer D. E.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides for the control of CRW were evaluated on a bed of ‘Ben Lear’ cranberries near Chatsworth, NJ. Soil type at this site was sandy loam with a pH of 4.0. Treatment plots were 6-ft by 6-ft arranged in a CRD. Each treatment was replicated 5 times. A buffer strip of cranberries at least 1-m wide was maintained around each plot. Diazinon 14G was applied by spreading the granules evenly by hand. Liquid formulations were sprayed targeting the ground with a CO2 pressurized Model T backpack sprayer (R & D sprayers) equipped with a single TeeJet nozzle (8002 VS). The sprayer was operated at 35 PSI and calibrated to deliver 300 gpa of finished spray. Treatments were applied once on 13 May. Plots were irrigated immediately following insecticide treatments with approximately 1 inch of water. Population density of CRW was assessed by examining 4 randomly selected 1-ft2 by 4-inch deep areas from each replicate for larval stages. Pre-treatment estimates were made 8-10 May and post-treatment counts 5-7 Jun.
Flea Beetle Control on Broccoli, Ft. Collins, Co, 1995
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney , Sclar D. Casey , Spriggs Aaron , Bishop Jason
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted at the Colorado State University Department of Horticulture Field Research Center, Ft. Collins, CO. Plots were established 13 May by use of transplants, with an 18-inch in-row spacing. Individual plots were single row, 20-ft in length, arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied 27 June and 17 July using a CO2 compressed air sprayer delivering 15 gal/A at 45 psi. Food sprays (Good Bug Power Meal) were applied with a hand pump mister on 27 June, 5 July, 13 July and 24 July to cover the plants. Diatomaceous earth (Organic Plus Crawling Insect Killer) was applied 27 June, 4 July, and 17 July. Treatments were hand applied on the first two applications; the use of a Chapin Duster was utilized better to cover foliage on the latter treatment. Evaluations were made by counting all flea beetles on 6 sequential plants in the center of each plot.