bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Educating for Moral Development: Lessons Learned from Experience
Authors: MENTKOWSKI MARCIA
Published: December 2011

Mentkowski reflects upon her own professional development, how Kohlberg influenced the formation of a new kind of educator, and how her current interest in the valuing process of college students and professionals has been shaped.
Larry Kohlberg: A Personal Tribute
Authors: MOSHER RALPH
Published: December 2011

Mosher's collaboration with Kohlberg in the Danforth Project in secondary public schools in Brookline is discussed, as are perspectives on future work.
Clergy Perceptions of Spiritual Health for Adults, Men, and Women
Authors: LONG VONDA OLSON , HEGGEN CAROLYN HOLDERREAD
Published: December 2011

A questionnaire consisting of 62 bipolar items was given to active clergy with one of three sets of instructions: Describe a spiritually healthy (a) adult (sex unspecified), (b) adult man, or (c) adult woman, by indicating which of each set of characteristics listed on the questionnaire is most descriptive. Results showed that judgments differed as a function of the sex of the person being judged; and that spiritual health for men was not viewed as significantly different from ideal adult spiritual health, whereas spiritual health for women was viewed as significantly different from spiritual health for both adults and men.
Elements of Healthy Religious Beliefs
Authors: KIVLEY LOWELL R.
Published: December 2011

Rather than characterizing religious beliefs in general as healthy or unhealthy, this article suggests criteria by which one might differentiate between healthy and unhealthy religious beliefs.
Book Review
Authors: Statz James M.
Published: December 2011

The Modes and Morals of Psychotherapy. (Second Edition), by Perry London.
Three Contributions of a Spiritual Perspective to Counseling, Psychotherapy, and Behavior Change
Authors: BERGIN ALLEN E.
Published: December 2011

This article describes three areas that a spiritual approach can contribute to the modern applied science of behavior change. One of these is a modified conception of human nature that takes into account the spiritual dimension of experience. The second is a moral frame of reference. Because treatment is guided by goals, values must be invoked to determine what are good behavior changes. The third contribution is composed of techniques that are unique to a spiritual orientation. These consist of various methods, including the transitional person technique. Together, these contributions represent a growing orientation that complements what we already know and accept from our continuing commitments to empirical science and human welfare.
Political and Nonpolitical Authority in Values Education
Authors: BROUDY HARRY S.
Published: December 2011

This article is an examination of the political (public consensus) and nonpolitical authority as a basis for values education in a democratic society. The author advocates that nonpolitical authority can be a basis for defending the teaching of values in public schools.
The Effects of Theistic and Atheistic Counselor Values on Client Trust: A Multidimensional Scaling Analysis
Authors: RICHARDS P. SCOTT , DAVISON MARK L.
Published: December 2011

Using Multidimensional Scaling (MDS), we investigated how theistic or atheistic values of an analogue counselor influenced trust of the counselor by 49 religious psychotherapy clients and 51 religious leaders.
Excursions Into the Warrior's Psyche: Confessional Implications for the Healing Arts
Authors: DENTON DONALD D.
Published: December 2011

In this article, the author examines various therapeutic approaches to Vietnam veterans and gives specific consideration to the implications for religious counselors working with this population.
Assertiveness Training and Christian Values
Authors: BOLSINGER SCOT A. , McMINN MARK R.
Published: December 2011

Assertiveness training, like any psychotherapeutic procedure, requires an understanding and tolerance of various values of clients. Studies exploring the relationship between religious values and assertiveness are reviewed. Ideological obstacles in assertion training with religious clients are considered, and appropriate therapeutic strategies suggested. The importance of presenting a rationale for treatment and of understanding the client's value system is emphasized.
Developing Moral Responsibleness Through Professional Education
Authors: STROM SHARON M. , TENNYSON W. WESLEY
Published: December 2011

Suggesting that a technical or means orientation prevails in the professional preparation and practice of counselors, the authors state that more attention must be given to development of critical reflectiveness about valued ends when making professional judgments. They describe an instructional model designed to further students' capacities and motivations for making rational moral judgments in counseling. Instructional strategies involving independent‐learning modules, critique, and dialogue are used to promote reflection on self and examination of moral questions. A pretest‐posttest evaluation of a 10‐week application of the teaching model found significant student gains in moral sensitivity.
The Use of Counselor Profanity in Counseling
Authors: MILLER MARK J.
Published: December 2011

In this article the author reviews some of the literature on counselor profanity and provides guidelines for its use in counseling.
A Multivariate Analysis of Relationships Between Personality Traits and Value Choice
Authors: MITCHELL JAMES V.
Published: December 2011

A canonical analysis disclosed significant relationships between personality traits and value choice. These relationships were interpreted in terms of their usefulness in understanding human behavior.
Psychotherapy as a Process of Value Stabilization
Authors: SCHWEHN JEFF , SCHAU CANDACE GARRETT
Published: December 2011

The Rokeach Value Survey (RVS) and a confidence rating scale (CRS) were given to 13 experienced psychotherapists and 62 of their clients in field settings at the beginning and termination of therapy, or after 6 months. Results from the RVS demonstrate that therapists are more value stable than their clients and that clients shift their value systems toward their therapists' value configurations. Results from the CRS indicate that therapists are more confident than are clients and that clients' confidence increases across therapy.
The Plausibility of a New Self: Self‐Esteem From a Sociology of Knowledge Perspective
Authors: COOPER TERRY D.
Published: December 2011

The significance of new reference groups for the maintenance of self‐esteem is explored from the standpoint of Peter Berger's sociology of knowledge. Berger's perspective is used to argue that even extremely powerful experiences of self‐acceptance are in desperate need of an ongoing “plausibility structure” to reinforce a new sense of self. Implications of this perspective are described for mental health professionals who attempt to help individuals maintain self‐esteem.
Interreligious Encounter Group: A Psychospiritual Experience for Faith Development
Authors: GENIA VICKY
Published: December 2011

The therapeutic potential of using the traditional group psychotherapy format for the specific purpose of helping religious and faith development in spiritually troubled clients is examined. Included is a review of the concept's historical, philosophical, and theoretical foundation. The dynamics of the group process are also explored.
The Effect of Client and Counselor Values on Clinical Judgment
Authors: GARTNER JOHN , HARMATZ MORTON , HOHMANN ANN , LARSON DAVID , GARTNER ALISON FISHMAN
Published: December 2011

The influence of patient and clinician ideology on clinical judgment is studied in the context of a clinical analogue design. These findings suggest that patient ideology, therapist ideology, and their interaction influence clinical judgment arid that clinicians need to be sensitive to what might be considered “ideological countertransference.”
The Distinctiveness of Pastoral Counseling
Authors: POWER F. CLARK
Published: December 2011

The author maintains that if the field of pastoral counseling is to achieve an identity that will satisfy both theologians and psychologists, then two issues must be faced. First, pastoral counselors must resolve the dilemma between the humanistic values of the psychotherapeutic community and the theological values of the religious community. Second, pastoral counselors must articulate the empirical distinctiveness of their practice. The author argues that the value dilemma should be approached through a Christian humanism that integrates the sacred and the secular without collapsing them. The author concludes with a discussion of the cognitive developmental approach as an example of a promising model for pastoral counseling practice and research.
The Morality of Influencing in Counseling
Authors: SCHULTE JOHN M.
Published: December 2011

It is the author's intention to help counselors think through the various ways in which they influence their clients and assess the morality of various alternative counseling decisions. The task is a complex one because of the widely varied counseling situations. To consider a wide variety of contexts simultaneously, the author formulates a matrix of influencing that is used to generate a series of questions that have moral significance in counseling contexts. Each question is given extensive discussion. Alternative answers and their moral implications are considered. Examples are used throughout to clarify moral problems and the moral implications of counseling decisions.
The Role of the African‐American Church in Education About Teenage Pregnancy
Authors: STEVENSON HOWARD C.
Published: December 2011

The sharing of ideas among the church and mental health systems must be initiated when confronting the problem of education about teenage pregnancy in the African‐American community.
Understanding Native‐American Values: Process and Content Concerns for Counselors
Authors: HERRING ROGER D.
Published: December 2011

Counselors have the responsibility to consider Native Americans' values from both content and process emphases when counseling clients from this group.
Object Relations and the Development of Values
Authors: GAZDA GEORGE M. , SEDGWICK CHARLALEE
Published: December 2011

Values acquisition as a part of the therapeutic interaction that occurs between client and therapist is a clear and focused representation of what naturally occurs between people who influence one another. As the relationship develops in therapy, and the client begins to trust the therapist, he or she also becomes inclined to emulate that therapist in greater or lesser degrees. From an object relations point of view, a developmental process unfolds between these two people, which reflects the means by which a person realizes his or her value system. The discussion begins with the etiology of identification, because according to this viewpoint, the process described above begins, and is supported by, the dynamics of identification. Referring specifically to the ideas of Heinz Kohut, the authors describe the mechanisms of idealization as the intrapsychic process most basic to the final formation of values.
Self‐Concept and Stress: A Study of a Group of Southern Baptist Ministers
Authors: HATCHER S. WAYNE , UNDERWOOD JOE RAY
Published: December 2011

In this study the authors found that trait anxiety has a negative relationship with self‐concept and a positive relationship with self‐criticism and several life changes.
The Church Confronting Adult Depression: A Challenge
Authors: McCANDLESS J. BAROARAH
Published: December 2011

Local Protestant church leaders can confront the problem of depression by providing parishioners with information in three related areas: symptoms of and reasons for depression; distorted understandings and uses of biblical ideas about perfection, self‐denial, surrender, and expression of anger and grief; and principles of parenting that encourage children's self‐esteem, problem‐solving abilities, and faith development—strong deterrents to depression.
Counseling the Depressed Christian Female Client
Authors: HEGGEN CAROLYN H. , LONG VONDA O.
Published: December 2011

Some researchers have suggested that traditional gender‐role conditioning for women might relate to depression and, furthermore, that religion has played a major role in defining and reinforcing gender roles. Depressed Christian women, consequently, make up a unique population with special counseling needs. This article addresses these women as a group and offers suggestions for counseling them.
Mental Health Values of Psychotherapists: How Psychologists, Psychiatrists, Psychoanalysts, and Social Workers Conceptualize Good Mental Health
Authors: HAUGEN MARK L. , TYLER JOHN D. , CLARK JAMES A.
Published: December 2011

Previous research suggests that laypersons differ as a function of gender and ethnicity in their views about the meaning of “mental health.” The current study examined agreement among psychotherapists about the nature of healthy psychological functioning. National samples of psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and psychoanalysts completed the Mental Health Values Questionnaire, a measure of value dimensions used in appraising emotional adjustment. Results indicated a relatively high degree of consensus among the four professional disciplines surveyed. Individual differences were associated with gender and with the geographic area in which the therapist was raised.
Distinguishing between Personal Preference and Conception of the Preferable in the Measurement of Values
Authors: MUELLER DANIEL J. , LAQUERRE MARC C.
Published: December 2011

Parallel sets of value scales were constructed: one with items expressing like and want; the other expressing ought and should. No empirical distinction was found between preferences and conception of the preferable.
Radical Behaviorism and the Social Order
Authors: PRILLELTENSKY ISAAC
Published: December 2011

Attempts by radical behaviorists to create a better society are marked by serious analytical and philosophical shortcomings. It is argued that the allegiance of behaviorism to the ideology of technocracy serves primarily to reinforce existing societal structures. Although behaviorism is being used mostly to preserve the regnant social order, it is suggested that behaviorism is potentially capable of becoming a significant catalyst for social change.
Ethical Principles and Standards: A Racial‐Ethnic Minority Research Perspective
Authors: CASAS J. MANUEL , THOMPSON CHALMER E.
Published: December 2011

This article directs attention to philosophical changes that if implemented would make Ethical Principles and Standards more responsive and relevant to the pragmatic research needs of minorities.
Existential Group Therapy as a Treatment Modality for Exiting Christian Fundamentalists
Authors: BRENT JOHN S.
Published: December 2011

This article suggests that existential concepts can be useful in group therapy with exiting Christian Fundamentalists.
Virus‐Like Ideas: The Role of Counselors in the Ecology of the Ideosphere
Authors: CAREY JOHN C. , LANNING WAYNE L.
Published: December 2011

This article develops an analogy between viruses and ideas. It suggests that ideas, like viruses, can invade and infect us and that immune systems need to be developed to prevent future infection of destructive ideas.
The Pinocchio Syndrome: Lying and Its Impact on the Counseling Process
Authors: MILLER MARK J.
Published: December 2011

Surprisingly little has been written in the counseling journals on the topic of lying: that is, why some clients consciously choose to be either dishonest with their counselors or deliberately hold back (i.e., keep secrets) important information from their counselors. This article discusses the dynamics of lying and offers suggestions to counselors on how to work with clients who lie.
Growing Pains: A Theory of Stress and Moral Conflict
Authors: Blakeney Ronnie Ann , Blakeney Charles David , Leahy Robert
Published: December 2011

Counselors can assist clients toward appropriate metaphorical interpretation of stress as moral “growing pains” during therapy. Kohlberg's theory of moral development generates the foundation for this approach. Current trends in the literature support the need for people to interpret their experience metaphorically. Therefore, encouraging clients to explore implications of physiological correlates of stress may offer productive directions for therapy and growth.
Existentialism in a Post‐Modern World: Meaningful Lessons for the Counselor
Authors: ROFFEY ARTHUR E.
Published: December 2011

This article advocates a humanities‐philosophy model of therapeutic practice that emphasizes empowering and promoting understanding in a client by encouraging him or her to investigate and choose between alternative meaning structures in the context of a trusting human relationship. An integration of existential and postmodern attitudes is proposed as a template for understanding human experience that must underlie the application of all therapeutic procedures.
Why Religion Should Be an Integral Part of Public School Education
Authors: ASPY CHERYL B. , ASPY DAVID N.
Published: December 2011

Studies of classroom climates completed in the 1980s concluded that religion, even broadly defined, is seldom discussed in public schools. This situation is inconsistent with important precedents of our society, and therefore, public schools ought rightly to provide opportunities for students to discuss religion, broadly defined, in a scholarly fashion throughout their normal school routine. This article delineates 10 logical and cultural underpinnings for religious instruction in public schools.
Student Attitudinal Changes in a Counseling Ethics Course
Authors: COLL KENNETH M.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate ethical attitude changes in counselors in training related to specific topics during a 16‐week, two‐credit counseling ethics course. This study indicated that significant attitudinal changes occurred related to professional ethics and self‐awareness, dual relationships, impairment, and multiculturalism.
RESPONSE TO “STEPS TOWARD A SCIENCE OF FREE WILL”: Determinism, Nondeterminism, and the Distinction Between Uncaused and Unpredictable Behavior
Authors: Howard George S. , Tinsley Diane J.
Published: December 2011

Howard's (1993) reconceptualization of free will and determinism is elaborated to distinguish between uncaused and unpredictable actions by drawing on principles derived from chaos theory. Findings from research on the career alternatives pursued by women are related to the distinctions proposed in these models. Further debate, elaboration, and empirical scrutiny of these ideas are encouraged.
Spirituality, Religion, and Counseling: Dimensions and Relationships
Authors: INGERSOLL R. ELLIOT
Published: December 2011

Although United States culture is experiencing a resurgence of interest in spirituality, little work has been advanced that specifically operationalizes definitions or descriptions of spirituality or discusses the relationship between spirituality and religion. In addition, there is an absence of literature addressing how counselors may work with explicitly spiritual issues in the counseling session. This article aims to describe spirituality, discuss spirituality in relation to religion, and approach spiritual issues in the clinical setting.
Preparing to Counsel Clients of Different Religious Backgrounds: A Phenomenological Approach
Authors: GEORGIA ROBERT T.
Published: December 2011

With a clientele reflecting the profound demographic changes taking place in the United States, counselors in the 1990s need to acquire a practical understanding of religious beliefs that may be new and different to them. In their religious research and study, counselors must avoid the pitfalls of bias and stereotyping. The phenomenological method is proposed as a means of studying religion with minimum distortion from personal prejudices and presuppositions.
Therapist Spiritual and Religious Values in Psychotherapy
Authors: GRIMM DONALD W.
Published: December 2011

In training and in supervision, counselors learn to be cognizant of personal values (e.g., spirituality, religiosity), yet they are enjoined to except them from practice. This article examines the nature of therapist spiritual and religious values and the impact of these values on the practice of psychotherapy. A goal of effective treatment should be the integration of therapist spiritual and religious values with therapist epistemic values in order to accommodate the spiritual and religious needs of both client and counselor. Counselor spiritual and religious values can contribute to therapy, even when the therapist is engaged in a dialectic involving personal and epistemic values.
Leaving Protestant Fundamentalism: A Qualitative Analysis of a Major Life Transition
Authors: BRENT JOHN S.
Published: December 2011

Protestant Fundamentalism is a popular theological orientation that some adherents choose to leave. Due to the pervasive nature of the fundamentalist life‐style, the process of departing may amount to a major life transition beset with emotional difficulties. This study is a qualitative analysis of the experience of leaving Protestant Fundamentalism. Analysis of transcribed in‐depth interviews with seven disaffected fundamentalists, revealed common themes that were used to construct a general description of the experience. The article also discusses implications for counseling and suggests topics for further research.
A Survey of Counselor Educators' Ethical Concerns
Authors: SCHWAB REIKO , NEUKRUG EDWARD
Published: December 2011

This survey examined counselor educators' ethical concerns. Responding to a series of vignettes, respondents considered unethical those behaviors that are self‐serving (e.g., dating a client or a student and not fulfilling work responsibilities) while perceiving ethical those practices that raise the question of dual relationship. Respondents were also in favor of allowing students with serious mental health problems to become counselors as long as their problems are under control. A significant gender difference was observed in their response to one vignette. The majority of respondents expressed satisfaction with the current ethical standards of the American Counseling Association, although slightly over half indicated that ethical standards specifically applicable to counselor education would be helpful.
Impaired Clergy: Applications of Ethical Principles
Authors: VON STROH S. PATRICE , MINES ROBERT A. , ANDERSON SHARON K.
Published: December 2011

Impaired clergy present problems for themselves, for those whom they serve, and for the profession itself. An ethical decision‐making model is described to assist professionals in clarifying ethical issues and deciding on an appropriate course of action.
Authorship Credit and Ethical Guidelines
Authors: HOLADAY MARGOT , YOST TRACEY E.
Published: December 2011

This article examines the literature concerning problems in the assignment of authorship credits resulting from collaborative research within and between psychological, counseling, and medical professions. In addition to previously cited reasons for the proliferation of multiauthored articles, we argue that the determination of authorship is correlated with the ethical standards of the professional organization to which a researcher belongs. Thus, possible conflicts between collaborators can spring from two sources: (a) ambiguous language regarding authorship in an ethical code within a discipline and (b) lack of guidelines for working across disciplines, especially if individual collaborators have competing goals and expectations.
Exploring the Meaning of Spirituality and Its Implications for Counselors
Authors: PORTER GERALD
Published: December 2011

This article is one counselor's personal exploration of the nature of spirituality and its relevance to counseling practice. The personal and immediate experience of the spirit is emphasized as the foundation of any counselor's effective engagement of this issue with clients. Those clients whose encounter with the spirit is sudden and nonconsensual have a particular need for counselors who are knowledgeable of the processes of spiritual emergence and emergency.
Cognitive‐Developmental Psychology and the Baha'i Faith: Meaningful Connections
Authors: DIESSNER RHETT
Published: December 2011

This article explores the relationship between a newly emerging world religion, the Baha'i Faith, and the cognitive‐developmental school of psychology. It does so by illustrating three major concepts shared by the protagonists of cognitive‐developmentalism, such as Piaget and Kohlberg, and the primary authors of the sacred writings of the Baha'i Faith: Baha'u'llah, ‘Abdu'l‐Baha, and Shoghi Effendi. These concepts include (a) a developmental teleology, (b) the stage‐like nature of development, and (c) the importance of a cognitive, or epistemic focus. It is intended that this article chart an avenue of communication between members of the Baha'i Faith and the therapeutic community over topics of mutual interest (cf. Laszlo, 1989a, 1989b).
A Right to Die?: Ethical Dilemmas of Euthanasia
Authors: ALBRIGHT DIANNE E. , HAZLER RICHARD J.
Published: December 2011

Euthanasia is considered an important social issue of the 1990s. Mental health professionals should understand the differences between voluntary, involuntary, passive, and active euthanasia; mercy killing, and assisted suicide. This article encourages counselors to ethically formulate client‐supportive positions to help clients face life‐and‐death decisions.
Making Sense of It All: Hermeneutics and Family Therapy
Authors: JANKOWSKI PETER J.
Published: December 2011

In this personal narrative, the author presents his journey as a beginning therapist. He focuses on the changes that have taken place in his personal and therapeutic worldview as a result of conceptualizing therapy as a hermeneutic process. Three constructs essential to hermeneutics are discussed. The author illustrates how each construct is used in the interpretation of a biblical text and then discusses how the same construct is applied to therapy. Finally, he offers his ideas to stimulate conversation to further clarify his own thinking about therapy.
Psycho‐Palliation and the Enlightened Counselor
Authors: SMITH DOUGLAS C.
Published: December 2011

The counseling process of psycho‐palliation is presented as a type of spiritual journey that leads to enlightenment. First, the theory of psycho‐palliation is defined. Then, a step‐by‐step outline is given on how a psycho‐palliative attitude produces enlightenment for the counselor. Throughout the exposition, the theory of psycho‐palliative counseling is expanded upon through the use of parables and spiritual references from the world's religions.

Wosong had learned much and thought that he was ready to enter Heaven. So he went to the doors of Heaven and knocked. A voice said, “Who is there?” “It is Wosong, and I am ready to enter.” The voice replied, “I am sorry Wosong, but there is not room for me and thee.”

Dejected, Wosong returned to his place, studied all the prophets and gave all he had to the poor. Once again he returned to the doors of Heaven and knocked. A voice said, “Who is there?” “It is Wosong.” The voice replied, “I am sorry Wosong, but there is not room for me and thee.”

In complete confusion, Wosong returned to his place. For 7 years, he meditated on the voice of Heaven. Then, in complete humility, he knocked on the doors of Heaven. A voice said, “Who is there?” Wosong replied, “It is thyself.” So the voice said, “Enter. I always have room for myself.”
Practitioners' Value‐Orientation: Examination of Core Values and Influence of Theoretical Orientation
Authors: MAHALIK JAMES R.
Published: December 2011

Examining Kluckhohn's Value‐Orientation Model applied to counseling practitioners, the author hypothesized that practitioners would (a) endorse alternatives within value‐orientations according to their counseling orientation, and (b) as a group, endorse certain alternatives within value‐orientations over others. One hundred and nineteen practitioners who identified themselves as either cognitive‐behavioral, psychoanalytic, humanistic, or family‐systems oriented completed the Intercultural Values Inventory (Carter & Helms, 1990). Repeated measures analyses of variance failed to find between‐group differences examining theoretical orientation, but found that practitioners, as a group, endorsed certain alternatives within value‐orientations over others, and these reflected humanistic values. The lack of differences between counseling orientations, the idea of a practitioner culture, limitations, and future research are discussed.
Chaos and Change in a Suicidal Family
Authors: CHAMBERLAIN LINDA
Published: December 2011

Chaos theory is an important paradigm shift in science that has significant implications for psychological theory and psychotherapy. The concepts evolving from chaos theory can help clinicians identify patterns in family interactions that are critical if transformations are to occur. This article explores a specific case example from the perspective of chaos theory. Observing how suicidal behavior becomes part of a pattern of family interaction may offer a framework for clinicians to observe the dynamics of chaos.
Chaos Theory and Counselor Training
Authors: WILBUR MICHAEL P. , KULIKOWICH JONNA M. , ROBERTS‐WILBUR JANICE , TORRES‐RIVERA EDIL
Published: December 2011

This article presents the perspective that chaos theory may provide a more flexible, nonlinear, and effective model and basis for the preparation and education of counselors than competing linear‐causal models.
A Typology of Ritual: Paradigms for Healing and Empowerment
Authors: PARKER RADHA J. , HORTON H. SHELTON
Published: December 2011

Myth and ritual are the keys to collective and individual cognitive consonance. Because the postmodern cultural landscape is littered with “broken” myths, people need to learn how to birth viable symbols and create contemporary rituals. This article examines ritual from theoretical, clinical, and practical perspectives. Symbolic cognition and its relation to myth and ritual are discussed. A typology of ritual is abstracted from phenomenological sources. Examples of liberation, transformation, and celebration rituals are given. Elements commonly employed in ritual activity are identified as guides to ritual construction. Finally, suggestions are given concerning how to create powerful and effective personal rituals.
Effects of Community Service on Adolescent Personality Development
Authors: MIDDLETON ERIC B. , KELLY KEVIN R.
Published: December 2011

Community service programs have been implemented to promote positive personality development in adolescents. Theoretical and anecdotal evidence suggests that such programs are important in instilling values and nurturing development of positive personality and behavioral characteristics. The study sought to determine the effects of participation in community service activities on the personality development of high school students. We used quantitative and qualitative analyses to evaluate the research question. Quantitative analyses yielded limited evidence of positive change, but qualitative analyses indicated that community service produced strong positive effects for participants. Implications of these findings are discussed.
The Psychospiritual Dynamics of Adult Survivors of Abuse
Authors: LEMONCELLI JOHN , CAREY ANDREW
Published: December 2011

The authors discuss the challenges of treating adult survivors of physical, emotional, and sexual abuse, and specifically how the relationship with God can psychologically promote healing or maintain an abusive cycle. With this population, it is critical that clinicians understand the dynamic bonding process between abuser and survivor and how this “bonded” relationship is typically transferred to God. The authors detail a theory of psychospiritual bonding between abuser and survivor and survivor and God and provide implications for treatment.
Using the Spiritual Perspective in Counseling Persons with HIV/AIDS: An Integrative Approach
Authors: BURKE MARY THOMAS , MILLER GERI
Published: December 2011

The authors explore counseling persons infected with HIV and AIDS, within the specific themes of rejection, powerlessness, and death. These themes have been chosen because they are common concerns of people with HIV and AIDS. Selected quotations from 14 interviews with persons diagnosed with HIV/AIDS are used to clarify these concerns. Specific counseling recommendations are provided to make counseling an effective, compassionate endeavor with this population. Counselors are encouraged to struggle with these themes to enhance the counseling they provide to people with HIV and AIDS.
Muslims in the United States: An Exploratory Study of Universal and Mental Health Values
Authors: KELLY EUGENE W. , ARIDI AMANY , BAKHTIAR LALEH
Published: December 2011

The authors surveyed the universal and mental health values of 121 Muslims in the United States and their counseling preferences. The respondents were generally well educated and highly religious. They responded high in the universal values of benevolence and conformity; low in power, hedonism, and stimulation; and high in many humanistic mental health values. A comparison with typical counselor values showed both similarities and differences. A substantial minority indicated a willingness to go to a non‐Muslim counselor but most would want a counselor with an understanding of Islam. Implications for counseling practice and future research are discussed.
Naturalistic Inquiry and Counseling: Contemplating Commonalities
Authors: MAY KATHLEEN M.
Published: December 2011

Drawing on the recognized or developed skills of the counselor and adapting them to the research context can improve both research and the practice of counseling. The similarities between conducting naturalistic inquiry and providing counseling are contemplated. The values, skills, and characteristics of counselors as practitioners and as naturalistic inquirers are discussed.
Book Review
Authors: White Lyle J.
Published: December 2011

Raising Children You Can Live With: A Guide for Frustrated Parents by Jamie Raser. (1995).
Islamic Spirituality in America: A Middle Path to Unity
Authors: ALTAREB BELKEIS Y.
Published: December 2011

This article summarizes the concept of Islamic spirituality, with its emphasis on personal and community forms of worship. In addition to reviewing the pillars of faith that are the foundation of the Islamic religion, this article explains the concept of the “middle path.” The author shows how integration of various realms (spiritual, social, moral, and individual) allows the Muslim person to live a peaceful life, with the center of Muslim existence being God's unity. Through this concept of unity, Muslims may be able to assist the rest of the United States in working towards solutions for the loss of community in modern society. Implications for working with American Muslims are offered.
Spirituality in the Treatment of Alcoholism: A Worldview Approach
Authors: CHAPMAN ROBERT J.
Published: December 2011

To consider alcoholism an addiction with a spiritual dimension has historically posed a problem for the logical positivism and egalitarian orientations of most Western‐trained therapists and academics. Many of these professionals argue that to define alcoholism as including a spiritual component invites nonscientific if not mystical approaches to treatment. For this reason, it has been difficult to legitimize a definition of alcoholism that considers spiritual components to etiology or treatment. In this article, the author suggests that issues of spirituality are an important focus in the treatment of alcohol dependence. To consider spirituality as representative of how one views the world and his or her role in creation may well relieve some of a professional counselor's apprehension about inserting a “theology” into treatment.
Community and Christianity in the Black Church
Authors: MORRIS JOSEPH R. , ROBINSON DIANNE T.
Published: December 2011

The authors explore the experience of Christian religion for many African Americans. In response to racial discrimination and prejudice within churches, African Americans developed a Christian tradition with distinct meanings, beliefs and practices. This tradition provides a foundation for social activism within the church, community and American society, as well as community among church members. The recent Black church burnings are discussed with respect to the more traditional Christian African American view of religion. Implications for incorporating the religious traditions of Christian African Americans into counseling practice are explored. (The authors use the term Black church or African American church as a surrogate for Christian African American church throughout the article. The terms Black and African American will also be used interchangeably).
Chaos and Christianity: A Response to Butz and a Biblical Alternative
Authors: WATTS RICHARD E. , TRUSTY JERRY
Published: December 2011

This article responds to M. R. Butz's (1995) fundamental conclusion regarding chaos and Christianity, briefly discusses the compatibility between the two perspectives, and offers a biblical model for counselors in assisting Christian clients in embracing chaos.
Potential Sources of Countertransference Among Religious Therapists
Authors: CASE PAUL W.
Published: December 2011

Relational approaches to counseling emphasize the monitoring of countertransference responses as a crucial component in the therapeutic process. Six potential sources of countertransference are discussed that are specific to religious therapists and which may be easily overlooked. These responses are related to the therapist's identification with a community of faith, and they may have a detrimental impact on therapy if they are not monitored. A brief overview of the historical and contemporary understanding of the concept of countertransference is presented. Recommendations are offered for the effective management of these countertransference responses.
The Battered Committed Christian Woman: The Value Difference
Authors: GRIFFIN JEANNE , MAPLES MARY FINN
Published: December 2011

Many studies have been conducted to examine why some battered women return to abusive relationships (Alsdurf & Alsdurf, 1989a, 1989b; Herbert, Silver, & Ellard, 1991; Hoffman, 1992; Strube, 1988; Strube & Barbour, 1983; Walker, 1977–1978). The authors review factors linked to the battered woman's return to the abusive environment and suggest an additional factor—the values of the woman. Moral development and some of the beliefs of the committed Christian woman are examined. The influence of these factors on her decision to remain in the abusive relationship are discussed. Interventions that accommodate to the framework of the committed Christian woman's value/belief system are explored. Counselors are also encouraged to explore their own value systems in relation to their clients to ascertain if and how these values may influence their clients.
Philosophical Orientation of Counselors in Iowa Secondary Schools
Authors: GIORGIS TADESSE W. , MATTHES WILLIAM A.
Published: December 2011

Guidance and counseling in the schools lack focus and direction. Some attribute this confusion within guidance and counseling to a lack of a philosophical foundation. Little is known about the philosophical assumptions of counselors functioning in secondary schools. In this study, the counselors in the secondary schools of Iowa identified most frequently with the phenomenological orientation. The experience of the counselors was related to their philosophical orientation. Counselors with less experience subscribed to an existential orientation.
Spirituality as a Component in a Treatment Program for Sexually Addicted Roman Catholic Clergy
Authors: HUDSON PATRICIA E.
Published: December 2011

This article describes one treatment program that integrates spirituality and therapy for sex abusers who are Roman Catholic priests or brothers. It includes selections from an interview with the program director covering definition, philosophy, women as therapists, daily activity, suitable candidates, as well as related research. The program is based in Europe and has a clientele representative of an international clerical community.
VISION: A Model of Culture for Counselors
Authors: BABER W. LORENZO , GARRETT MICHAEL T. , HOLCOMB‐MCCOY CHERYL
Published: December 2011

Current and popular views of multiculturalism emphasize between‐group differences attributable to race and ethnicity with little appreciation of within‐group differences, the individuality of each person's phenomenal field, or an individual's capacity to participate in different groups. VISION is a model of culture that accounts for within‐group and between‐group differences, the disappearance of groups, and the emergence of new ones. VISION has program applications pertinent to counselor education in the areas of mental health counseling and in modeling the multicultural training of counselors. A paradigmatic shift from a group level of abstraction to the individual is commonly contemplated among cultural anthropologists, but the need for this shift is illustrated in a counseling context.
Individualism and Counseling: An Empirical Examination of the Prevalence of Individualistic Values in Psychologists' Responses to Case Vignettes
Authors: FOWERS BLAINE J. , TREDINNICK MICHAEL , APPLEGATE BROOKS
Published: December 2011

The authors examined psychologists' preference for Individualistic values in their responses to clinical case vignettes. Two samples of practicing psychologists (N = 229) were found to favor individualistic responses to clinical difficulties. The respondents chose utilitarian individualistic responses most frequently. The second most common response to the vignettes involved individualistic descriptions with expressive, growth oriented themes. Responses based on worldviews emphasizing social embeddedness and responsibility were relatively infrequent. Participants favored individualistic views for both socially integrated and socially isolated clients. The implications of this bias in favor of individualistic values are discussed with respect to the prominence and influence of counseling theory and practice in contemporary society.
Ego Identity and Drug Experimentation: The Fable of the Arrested Abstainer
Authors: WELTON GARY L. , HOUSER MIMSIE D.
Published: December 2011

Students at a traditional, conservative, independent college were measured for identity achievement status and drug use. Drug abstainers were found to be more foreclosed than drug experimenters, as implied by previous research. Unlike the findings and implications of previous research, however, drug experimenters were not more identity achieved than drug abstainers. Further analysis revealed an interaction between drug use and the experience of crisis and commitment. In comparison with drug experimenters, abstainers had higher scores on commitment, without a corresponding decrease in scores on crisis. These findings were compared with previous research. The hypothesis that the development of drug abstainers has been arrested at the identity foreclosure stage was not supported for this subculture at this time.
Individualistic and Collective Approaches to Counseling: Preference, Personal Orientation, Gender, and Age
Authors: SHILO AMY MUCHNICK , KELLY EUGENE W.
Published: December 2011

This study examined preference for an individualistic or collective approach to counseling and the relationship of preference to (a) personal orientation to individualism‐collectivism, (b) gender, and (c) age. Sixty‐six female and 47 male participants completed an individualism‐collectivism scale and a counseling approach preference measure. Results indicated situation‐specific preferences for a collective or individualistic counseling approach, no relationship between personal orientation to individualism‐collectivism and preference for a comparable counseling approach, and inconsistent, perhaps situation‐specific, relationships of gender and age to counseling approach. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
Religion and Health: Holistic Wellness From the Perspective of Two African American Church Denominations
Authors: PARMER TWINET , ROGERS TECORA
Published: December 2011

This study examined differences in beliefs, concerns, practices, and perceptions of susceptibility to illness by gender and religion in 2 Baptist and 3 Seventh Day Adventist (SDA) African American churches. A modified Health Belief Model Questionnaire was completed by 363 African Americans. Health beliefs were more related to gender than to religion. Results revealed that women were concerned about being ill, being susceptible to illness, and expressed confidence in doctors. Men exercised more frequently, were sick less, and felt less susceptible to illness. SDAs believed in following a certain diet and avoiding alcohol and cigarettes. SDA women and Baptist men thought more about health than did SDA men or Baptist women.
Defining the Nature of Spirituality in the Context of Maslow's and Rogers's Theories
Authors: BENJAMIN PHYLLIS , LOOBY JOAN
Published: December 2011

This article discusses the presence and power of the spiritual content in the counseling process and in the attainment of optimum wellness. Spirituality and spiritual wellness are defined and the intrinsic nature of spirituality is discussed in the context of Rogers's and Maslow's self‐actualization theories as well as the importance of optimum psychological wellness.
A Framework for Understanding the Wounding of Healers
Authors: MILLER GERALDINE A. , WAGNER ANGELA , BRITTON THOMAS P. , GRIDLEY BETTY E.
Published: December 2011

This article presents a theoretical framework that outlines the process whereby mental health practitioners become “wounded healers” through interactions in their work and training environments. Critical incident constructs are defined and explored. A framework for evaluating incidents is offered, and authority responses to a critical incident are discussed.
The Healing Circle: An Alternative Path to Alcoholism Recovery
Authors: VICK RONALD D. , SMITH LINDA M. , HERRERA CAROL IRON ROPE
Published: December 2011

Recovery from alcoholism has typically involved the program of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). However, the values espoused by AA, especially those related to spirituality, can be in conflict with the values of traditional Native Americans. This article discusses healing methods founded in the traditions of Native American culture in general and the Oglala Lakota (also called Oglala Sioux) nation specifically. An understanding of these methods gives non‐Native American counselors additional tools for guiding Native American clients to an effective program of recovery.
Questioning the “Slippery Slope”: Ethical Beliefs and Behaviors of Private Office‐Based and Church‐Based Therapists
Authors: McRAY BARRETT W. , McMINN MARK R. , MEEK KATHERYN RHOADS
Published: December 2011

Counselors and other mental health professionals whose primary office is in a church building often face unique challenges in maintaining appropriate client‐therapist boundaries. A sample of 497 Christian counselors responded to an 88‐item survey of their ethical beliefs and behaviors. Of the respondents, 148 reported a church as their primary work setting and 162 reported a private office as their primary work setting. Survey results were factor analyzed, then church‐based therapists were compared with private office‐based therapists regarding their views of ethical behaviors. Although church‐based therapists take greater liberties with multiple‐role relationships than private office‐based therapists, they appear similar with regard to other ethical beliefs and behaviors. Results suggest that church‐based therapists who take liberties in nonsexual multiple‐role relationships are no more likely than other therapists to violate other ethical standards.