bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
II.—Some Notes on the Gold Occurrences on Lightning Creek, B.C.
Authors: Atkin Austin J. R.
Published: May 2009

Lightning Creek occupies a wide valley in a weakened zone in the series of rocks known as the Cariboo schists. It has been stated by Mr. Bowman (Canadian Geological Survey, 1885 and 1886), and confirmed by later observations, that the centre of the deepest known erosion follows very closely the anticlinal axis in these schists. The occurrence of the very rich spots for which this stream is justly famous, both below its present level and at points many feet above it, have long been a source of discussion amongst the miners who worked here. It is hoped these notes gathered during three years studying this difficult problem may be of assistance to future observers, and perhaps lead to the discovery of rich benches in hitherto unsuspected places.
III.—A Description of Ceramurus macrocephalus, A small Fossil Fish from the Purbeck Beds of Wiltshire
Authors: Woodward Arthur Smith
Published: May 2009

Since the publication of some notes on the English Purbeckian Fishes a few months ago, the writer has been favoured by the Rev. P. B. Brodie, M.A., F.G.S., with the opportunity of re-investigating and comparing the original specimen of the small problematical fish Ceramurus macrocephalus, briefly described by Egerton from the Purbeck Beds of the Vale of Wardour. Most of the early descriptions of fossil fishes are inadequate for present needs; and no genus and species could be less satisfactorily characterized than that just referred to. A new attempt to elucidate the fossil, in the light of modern knowledge, is thus very desirable, more especially as no other specimens of the same fish have hitherto been recognized.
VI.—The Viscous Flow of Glacier-Ice
Authors: Deeley R. M.
Published: May 2009

Although, ever since the classical researches of J. D. Forbes on the phenomena presented by the Swiss glaciers were published, it has been recognized that glacier-ice behaves like a viscous liquid, and flows from high to low levels much in the same way as does a river of water, it is apparent that many who have interested themselves in the subject of glacier-flow, and have written rather dogmatically on the subject, have not clearly realized the nature of the phenomenon. Very contradictory and erroneous conclusions have consequently been arrived at, with the result that it is now somewhat difficult for those who have not made a special study of the subject to distinguish what may be fairly regarded as ascertained fact from that which is purely matter of opinion.
II.—A Restoration of Hyænodon
Authors: Scott W. B.
Published: May 2009

Hyænodon is one of the genera of fossil mammals which has been for a long time imperfectly known. Excellently preserved skulls have been described and figured by Leidy and Filhol, and some of the limb-bones and vertebræ by De Blainville and Schlosser. Material was, however, lacking for a satisfactory restoration of any of the species, and the specific refeŕence of the scattered bones found has always remained more or less uncertain. In the season of 1894 Mr. Hatcher had the good fortune to discover in the White River beds (Oligocene) of South Dakota a number of remarkably fine specimens pertaining to several species of Hyænodon, which at length enable us to gain an idea of the appearance of this most remarkable animal.
VII.—Notes on Petrological Nomenclature: Schist, Slate, Phyllade, and Phyllite
Authors: Hunt A. R.
Published: May 2009

In 1891 Professor A. H. Green wrote an interesting notice of two books, both of extreme value to the petrological student, viz. Cole's Aids in Practical Geology and Hatch's Introduction to the Study of Petrology. In the course of his review the Professor remarks: “In dealing with the foliated rocks, the author touches on the debated point of the ‘true schists.’ We are pretty well used to this phrase, and have waited long in the hopes of being told what constitutes a ‘true schist,’ but our patience has not yet met with the reward it merits. The author is of opinion that ‘the alleged distinction between schist-like rocks and schists of pre-Cambrian age requires great delicacy of definition.’ This is delicately put, and will command the assent of most geologists” (Nature, vol. xliv, p. 26).
I.—On Dikes of Oligocene Sandstone in the Neocomian Clays of the District of Alatyr, in Russia
Authors: Pavlow A. P.
Published: May 2009

The part of the province of Simbrisk lying to the north of Alatyr, in the angle between the Soura and the Alatyr rivers, is formed of Lower Cretaceous strata, chiefly Neocomian clays, covered by Boulder-clay (which is not rich in boulders), and part by Glacial and Æolian sands. The same Neocomian clay expands widely to the south and to the east from the town of Alatyr. Upon the northern border of the Alatyr valley, and on the right side of the Soura river, these clays are covered by ancient alluvial sands, deposited probably at the time when the great ice-sheet dammed the course of the Soura in the lower part of its valley, and caused colossal overflowings of its waters, the traces of which are preserved in the great masses of alluvial sands covered with fir wood, and much resembling the “Haidesand” of Northern Germany.
II.—On a Recent Boring in the Trias at Stratford-on-Avon
Authors: Brown Horace T.
Published: May 2009

The question of the water supply of the town of Stratford-on-Avon has for years past presented many difficulties. The town is situated on the uppermost beds of the Upper Keuper Marls, and the water derived from the wells sunk in these gypseous marls, or from the alluvial gravel of the river valley, contains an amount of solids equal to about 170 grains per gallon, of which about 125 grains consist of calcium sulphate. Up to a very few years ago this intensely hard water was alone available for domestic and manufacturing purposes, but the main supply of the town is now derived from catchment basins and reservoirs at Snitterfield on the adjoining hills about four miles north of Stratford. In years of average rainfall a fair supply of moderately soft water is obtained from this source, but it is one which, as regards organic impurity, bears unmistakable signs of its surface origin, and during dry seasons the town supply has to be supplemented with the hard well-water I have already referred to.
I.—Note on the Pelvis of Cryptoclidus oxoniensis (Phillips)
Authors: Andrews C. W.
Published: May 2009

Among the Plesiosaurian remains recently mounted for exhibition in the Reptile Gallery at the Natural History Museum is a very fine pelvic-girdle belonging to a species of the genus Cryptoclidus (Seeley), and forming part of the same skeleton (Leeds Coll., R. 2616) as the pectoral-girdle recently described and figured by the present writer. These specimens are perhaps the most perfect known, the bones being quite uncrushed, free from matrix, and, except that they are cracked and broken to a slight degree, in much the same condition as if they had been obtained by maceration from a recent reptile. They clearly belonged to an old individual in which ossification had nearly reached its maximum: this is shown (1) by the complete union of the coracoid and scapula with one another in the middle line closing the coraco-scapular foramen; (2) by the sharpness of some of the edges of the bones, e.g. of part of the anterior border of the pubis; (3) by the great solidity of the bones, and by the accuracy with which the pectoral and pelvic elements fit together to form the glenoid and acetabular cavities respectively, showing that the cartilage which separates them in the young animal had been ossified.
III.—Notes on the “Pleistocene Beds” of the Maltese Islands
Authors: Cooke John H.
Published: May 2009

In August, 1891, I published in the Geological Magazine the results of my work on the Pleistocene beds of Gozo. Since then I have made a careful and systematic survey of the islands, and have discovered and traced out several important beds that had escaped the notice of those who had preceded me in working out the islands' geology. In the following “notes” I have briefly summarized the results in the hope that they may be of use, not only to other students of the geology of the district, but also to the agriculturist, who, by drawing on the resources that they offer, may bring into cultivation much of that portion of the western parts of the islands which from its supposed dearth of soil has hitherto been looked upon as uncultivable. I have elsewhere described this district and its capabilities; there is, therefore, no need for me to enlarge upon that part of the subject here.
VI.—The Fossils of the Warminster Greensand
Authors: Jukes-Browne A. J.
Published: May 2009

The fossils of the Upper Greensand of Warminster have long been known to collectors and geologists on account of their number, variety, and excellent state of preservation; but little information has ever been published regarding the beds which yield them. Collections of the fossils are to be seen in most of the museums of the country, and the fauna represented by these collections has often been regarded as the typical fauna of the English Upper Greensand. This, however, is a mistake, for where fully developed, as in Wiltshire, the Upper Greensand includes two faunas which differ considerably from one another—(1) that of the malmstone and micaceous sand (Devizes Beds), (2) that of the greensands and chert beds (Warminster Beds). The complete succession of the Gault and Greensand Beds near Warminster is as follows:—
III.—Note on some fragments of Belemnites from Somali-land
Authors: Crick G. C.
Published: May 2009

All the fragments appear to be referable to the same species. There is not a complete specimen among them; some show the alveolar region, but the majority exhibit only the post-alveolar part, and there is not an example with the apex preserved.
V.—Clays, Shales, and Slates
Authors: Hutchings W. Maynard
Published: May 2009

In pursuance of my studies of clays, shales, and slates, I have recently been examining some specimens to which a good deal of interest attaches. Some of them are Carboniferous shales from deep collieries in South Wales. Another, also a Carboniferous shale, is from a deep boring in the Isle of Man.
III.—On the Existence of Rich Phosphate of Lime in the London Basin
Authors: de Mercey M. N.
Published: May 2009

The proof which I gave in June, 1891, of the production of “rich phosphate” by enrichment of phosphatic chalk through the influence of the Tertiary deposit called “bief,” enabled us to foresee the existence of similar rich phosphate in the London Basin; since phosphatic chalk, analogous to that which I had described or discovered in Picardy, especially at Hardivilliers and Hallencourt, had been discovered by Mr. Strahan and described by him in an interesting paper “On a Phosphatic Chalk with Belemnitella quadrata.”
VII.—Notes on some Rocks from the Solomon Islands
Authors: Watts W. W. , Newton E. T.
Published: May 2009

After he had published his account of the geology of the Solomon Islands, Dr. Guppy was good enough to present to the Museum of Practical Geology a series of typical specimens showing the chief varieties of calcareous and argillaceous deposits met with in the islands. This collection includes rocks, washings, picked organisms, with a few microscopic slides, and it constitutes a series very valuable for reference.
III.—On a Specimen of Coccoteuthis Hastiformis, Rüppell, sp., from the Lithographic Stone, Solenhofen, Bavaria
Authors: Crick G. C.
Published: May 2009

The specimen which forms the subject of the present notice belongs to the genus which is termed by some authors Trachyteuthis, and by others Coccoteuthis. Both names were originally given to the internal shell of a Sepia-like Cephalopod; the former to examples from the Lithographic Stone (Lower Kimeridgian) of Bavaria, and the latter to a specimen from the Kimeridge Clay of Dorset. They are regarded as synonymous, but some authors use one and some the other.
II.—Notes on the Superficial Deposits of North Shropshire
Authors: Callaway C.
Published: May 2009

In studying the rocks of Shropshire, I have paid some attention to the superficial deposits that lie irregularly scattered over the solid strata in the northern half of the county. They had previously been noticed by Miss C. Eyton, in her little book “On the Geology of North Shropshire,” while special areas occupied by them have been described by Mr. G. Maw, Mr. C. J. Woodward, and Mr. A. C. Nicholson. Nevertheless, it seemed to me that it would be useful to present a summary of my own observations on the district in question, at the same time incorporating in my notes the most important results of the work of preceding geologists.
IX.—The Great Submergence: an Interpretation of the Clava Section, near Inverness, Scotland
Authors: Smith John
Published: May 2009

The interesting section at Clava, near Inverness, was first examined geologically by Mr. James Fraser, C.E.; and his remarks on it were published in the Transactions of the Geological Society of Edinburgh, vol. iv, part 2, and in the Transactions of the Inverness Field Club, vol. ii.
VI.—The Chemical Composition of Igneous Rocks: A New Method of obtaining it
Authors: Wade Arthur
Published: May 2009

Any science which cannot express its conclusions by means of number must still be regarded as in its infancy. Such an expression is the only test of precision and accuracy of thought on the part of its workers, and such important characters only develop, as in the human mind, when the romance and rashness of youth have given place to the more cautious and matter-of-fact features of maturity. It is therefore a sign of healthy development when those engaged in the study of petrology begin to turn their attention towards careful numerical calculation as a basis of classification.
III.—On a Pebbly Quartz-Schist from the Val d'Anniviers (Pennine Alps)
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

IN 1893 I described in this Magazine a group of quartz-schists which may be traced for many miles along the Alps—a group belonging to the series which appear to be the newest among the crystalline schists of that chain. I may refer to this paper for a description of their mode of occurrence, distribution, and structure, both macroscopic and microscopic, merely stating that, while considering them to have had a clastic origin—in other words, to be metamorphosed sandstones—I pointed out that they presented some material differences from ordinary quartzites, and that “original fragments [could not] be distinguished with certainty in any of them,” though “here and there a clastic structure,” of which I gave instances, “may be suspected.”
V.—On Goniatites Evolutus, Phillips and Nautilus Tetragonus, Phillips; With a list of the Species Belonging to the Genus Subclymenia
Authors: Crick G. C.
Published: May 2009

In 1836, Prof. J. Phillips described and figured from the Carboniferous Limestone, Goniatites evolutus, and for this species D'Orbigny, in 1850, instituted the genus Subclymenia.
VI.—Notes on Jurassic Ammonites
Authors: Buckman S. S.
Published: May 2009

Two valuable pamphlets on Jurassic Ammonites have lately appeared. One of these is entitled “Cephalopodes nouveaux ou peu connus des Étages jurassiques de Normandie, par Louis Brasil.” This author, who has paid very considerable and successful attention to the Jurassic rocks in the neighbourhood of Caen, describes and figures (there are four plates) nineteen new species of Ammonites belonging to fourteen genera, viz.: Lytoceras, Phylloceras, Catulloceras, Zurcheria, Dorsetensia, Bajocia, Pæcilomorphus, Hammatoceras, Erycites, Oppelia, Cadomoceras, Strigoceras, Cosmoceras, Œcotyphius. Of these genera one is new, namely, Bajocia, founded on an unique specimen; and it must be confessed that the example is sufficiently distinct in every way to warrant this treatment. Although the author does not say so, it is evident the genus belongs to the subfamily Sonniniæ and M. Brasil practically admits as much when he states that it is very near to Dorsetensia. He further says that he considers it to be a branch from Haplopleuroceras, whose representatives have lost not only the two rows of spines, but even the keel and the furrows. We find ourselves unable to agree with this opinion, because the periphery is rounded and flattened; in our experience the keel and furrows do not disappear without leaving some trace of their former existence on the configuration of the periphery. We agree with the author that Bajocia is near to Dorsetensia, and we are inclined to think it is a late-surviving example of the stock whence Dorsetensia originated, and a “cousin” of Zurcheria.
VIII.—On the Occurrence of the Genus Listracanthus in the English Coal—measures
Authors: Bolton Herbert
Published: May 2009

During the last few months two spines, or Ichthyodorulites, belonging to the genus Listracanthus, have come under my observation. Since both are well-preserved specimens, and not hitherto recorded from the English Coal-measures, some information as to their appearance and stratigraphical position may be of interest.
IV.—Sympterura Minveri, n. g. et sp.: A Devonian Ophiurid from Cornwall
Authors: Bather F. A.
Published: May 2009

The specimen (Fig. 6), kindly entrusted to me for description by Mr. Howard Fox, consists of the oral skeleton surrounded by portions of the disc and of portions of the five rays, all seen from what is believed to be the ventral or actinal surface, and lying on a fragment of the dark slate of the locality, Epphaven. The skeletal parts being preserved in pyrites, it has proved possible to develop the specimen slightly by washing with weak hydrofluoric acid and then brushing with a soft brush. The specimen is, however, so minute and delicate that this process could not be carried very far.
V.—A Description of the Big Diamond recently found in the Premier Mine, Transvaal
Authors: Hatch F. H. , Corstorphine G. S.
Published: May 2009

Great interest has been excited, not only in the Transvaal, but throughout the world, by the discovery at the Premier Mine, on Wednesday, the 25th January, 1905, of the largest diamond hitherto known. The stone was found by Mr. Wells, Surface Manager, in the yellow ground about 18 feet from the surface, a brilliant flash of light from a projecting corner having caught his attention. After a preliminary cleaning it weighs 3,024¾ carats. According to Gardner Williams the South African carat is equivalent to 3.174 grains; consequently the diamond weighs 9600.5 grains troy or 1.37 lbs. avoirdupois. Through the courtesy of the Directors of the Company, we have been enabled to make an examination of the stone, with the following result:—Roughly speaking, it measures. 4 by 2½12 by 2 inches; but its size and shape will be best realized by reference to the photographs reproduced on Plates VII and VIII, which represent the diamond from four different points of view and its actual size. These beautiful photographs were taken by Mr. E. H. V. Melvill for the purposes of this description. The stone is bounded by eight surfaces, four of which are faces of the original crystal, and will be referred to in this description under the letters A, B, C, D, and four are cleavage surfaces, the cleavage being of course parallel to the face of the octahedron. In the following description these cleavage surfaces are referred to under the letters E, F, G, H. They are distinguished from the original octahedral faces by greater regularity and smoothness.
II.—Notes on British Dinosaurs. Part I: Hypsilophodon
Authors: Nopcsa Francis Baron
Published: May 2009

During a recent stay in London the kindness of Dr. A. S. Woodward enabled me to study some of the splendid Dinosaurian remains in the British Museum.

Having principally occupied myself till now with Ornithopodous Dinosaurs, first of all Hypsilophodon attracted my attention, and my expectation that this type would prove to be the clue for the understanding of all the other Orthopoda has been perfectly fulfilled.

Hypsilophodon was described and figured at various times by Owen, Huxley, and Hulke; a restoration of this animal was given by Marsh in the Geological Magazine for 1896 (p. 6, Fig. 2), and the complete bibliographical list concerning this Dinosaur is compiled in my paper “Synopsis und Abstammung der Dinosaurier” (Földtani Közlöny, 1901, Budapest).

In consequence of our more recent knowledge of Dinosaurs in general I managed to detect some new points of remarkable interest.

Mandible. What Hulke, in describing the Hypsilophodon skull, No. 110, supposed to be the parietal, frontal, and post-frontal bones (Phil. Trans., 1882, pl. lxxi, fig. 1, pa., fr., ps.f.), turned out to be the outer view of a complete right mandibular ramus, so that the parietal changes into an articular, the frontal becomes the dentary, and the post-frontal the coronoid bone. This piece (p. 207, Fig. 4) is, in fact, the finest mandibulum of Hypsilophodon I have seen in the whole collection, and as such worthy to be refigured.

The general outline of the mandibulum, with its strongly abbreviated post-coronoidal part and its blunt processus coronoideum, reminds one somewhat of the under jaw of Placodus gigas, though it differs of course in nearly every detail, being built up after the Iguanodon type.
I.—Notes on British Dinosaurs. Part II: Polacanthus
Authors: Nopcsa Francis Baron
Published: May 2009

Next to Hypsilophodon it was Polacanthus which attracted my attention. A careful study soon showed that, after the death of the animal, the remains of some Crocodilian had accidentally become commingled with this Dinosaur. Besides this, some pieces, namely, the back part of a skull and a cervical, showed remarkably Iguanodon-like characters, and the same is also true of the pubic bone described by Seeley in 1892 as belonging to Polacanthus.

As I intend pointing out further on, and as has also already been done by Seeley, Polacanthus was constructed essentially after the Struthiosaurus plan, and this is the reason why this Iguanodon-like basi-occipital has to be removed from the Polacanthus remains.
II.—On the Occurrence and Origin of Laterite and Bauxite in the Vogelsberg
Authors: Kilroe J. R.
Published: May 2009

A recent visit to Central Germany afforded the writer an opportunity of studying the conditions under which the Vogelsberg iron-ore and bauxite have been formed, and a brief account of what was observed may assist in broadening the basis upon which a sufficiently comprehensive view of the origin of those substances may ultimately stand. On this account my visit to the region was approved by the Department of Agriculture in Ireland, in connection with the work now in progress on the iron-ore and bauxites of co. Antrim. In my traverses I enjoyed the very agreeable companionship of Dr. Schottler, of the Grossherzoglich Hessischen Geologischen Landestaldt, and the advantage of his guidance. His elaborate description of the basalts in the vicinity of Giessen has since been issued, and is referred to in this paper. The admirable and exhaustive accounts of the bauxite by Professor Adolf Liebrich, and of the iron-ore by H. Münster, are also appealed to frequently. Among other important papers consulted regarding the chemical processes involved may be mentioned those of M. H. Coquand, Professor G. A. Cole, F.G.S., M.E.I.A., Max Bauer, Sir T. H. Holland, A.R.C.S., F.E.S., H. Warth, D.Sc., & F.J. Warth, B.Sc., Malcolm Maclaren, B.Sc, F.G.S., H. Brantwood Muff, B.A., and the summaries by F. Wigglesworth Clarke and Dr. C. Doelter.
IX.—Additional Note on Loricula
Authors: Woodward H.
Published: May 2009

Since the appearance of my paper on Loricula Darwini in the November Number of this Magazine (pp. 491–9) my attention has been called by Mr. C. D. Sherborn to two American Loriculæ described by W. N. Logan, “On some new Cirriped Crustaceans from the Niobrara Cretaceous of Kansas,” U.S.A., published in the Kansas University Quarterly (series A, October, 1897, vol. vi, No. iv, pp. 187–9, 8vo) and in the University Geological Survey of Kansas (vol. iv (Paleontology), pt. viii, 4to, Arthropoda, pp. 498–501, pi. cxi) under the names of Stramentum haworthii, Williston, type-specimen figured much enlarged, and S. tabulatum, Logan. The other two species on p1. ex, figs. 3–5, of the same work, described under the name of Squama spissa and S. lata, Logan, are quite distinct from Loricula, but are said to have been found adhering to a fragment of shell of Inoceramus by their entire length. The arrangement of the capitulum and peduncle differ very widely from those of Loricula and resemble Pollicipes.
III.—Notes on the Æolian Deposits on the Coast at Étel, Morbihan
Authors: Bullen R. Ashington
Published: May 2009

Étel is situated on the west of the Megalithic district of which Carnae is the centre. It stands about 2 kilometres from the sea on the Rivière d'Étel. This so-called river is really an arm of the sea, which drains the extensive estuarine basin to the north-east, which is, in its way, almost another Morbihan (Little Sea) similar to the well-known one farther east. The tide rushes into the latter at a rate of from 7 to 11 knots per hour, at neap and spring tides respectively, and its ingress into and egress from the Rivière d'Étel cannot be much less. M. P. Le Strat, who has been much at sea in different parts of the world, considered that the incoming tide was rushing in at a rate of 7 or 8 knots an hour under the bridge of Lorrois, where the river narrows, when we passed it on October 11, 1909. The channel of the Rivière d'Étel is thus kept permanently open, and ships of from 50 to 150 tons are engaged in the tunny fishery and smaller boats in the sardine trade. Messrs. Peneau have a sardine-curing establishment at La Magoire, just opposite, across the river (Diagram, Text-fig. 1, p. 7).
IV.—Pleochroic Halos
Authors: Mennell F. P.
Published: May 2009

The subject of ‘pleochroic halos’ has become endowed with peculiar interest since Professor Joly suggested that they are due to the radio-activity of the inclusions round which they occur. On looking into such petrographical literature as I possess, it appears that very few precise observations have been made regarding these halos, and it has occurred to me, therefore, that some of my own notes on the subject may be of general interest.
VI.—On the Discovery of Archœeosigillaria Vanuxemi (Göppert) at Meathop Fell, Westmorland, with a Description of the Locality
Authors: Jackson J. Wilfrid
Published: May 2009

In September last I discovered a number of plant remains in the Carboniferous Limestone at Meathop Fell, Westmorland, amongst which were several fragments of what, at first sight, looked like a species of Lepidodendron. A closer examination, however, of one or two of the better preserved specimens, which showed traces of leaf-scars, at once suggested Archœsigillaria Vanuxemi, specimens of which I had previously seen in the Kendal Museum.
III.—Notes on a pre-Tertiary Dyke, on the Usway Burn
Authors: Heslop M. K.
Published: May 2009

A Dyke of pre-Tertiary age is exposed in the lower course of the Usway Burn, a tributary of the Coquet. It is intruded among the Cheviot igneous rocks, and crosses the burn in a somewhat northeasterly direction. In hand-specimens the rock appears black or dark brown with a sub-vitreous lustre, and contains porphyritic crystals which are quite visible to the unaided eye. It weathers a bright red colour and even the fresh portions are streaked with red veins of agate.
V.—Glacier Granule-markings
Authors: Deeley R. M.
Published: May 2009

I have already described the granular appearance of glacier ice as seen in polarized light and also the striations on the granules as shown by pencil rubbings. Last summer I succeeded in obtaining exact reproductions, in plaster of Paris, of the ice surface-structure in the upper cave in the Rhone Glacier. These are shown in Figs. 1–3.
I.—Notes on new or imperfectly known Chalk Polyzoa
Authors: Brydone R. M.
Published: May 2009

My next four species are linked together by their avicularia, which in each case have the side walls infolded over a long deep-set area.
II.—The Charleston Earthquake of August 31st, 1886, in a New Light
Authors: Hobbs William Herbert
Published: May 2009

With few exceptions, surface dislocations within the earth's crust or ‘earthquake-faults,’ have been described in connection with all earthquakes of large proportions. The Charleston earthquake of August 31st, 1886, stands out in some contrast with most others in this particular, and it is further in contrast with some other earthquakes for the reason that the phenomena recorded in connection with it have not as yet been brought into any relation with the structural geology of the district. A partial explanation of this may perhaps be found in the fact that the area most disturbed—the so-called ‘epicentral tract’—is entirely included within the coastal plain of the South-Eastern United States. Upon this plain the basement of rock is covered to very considerable depths by unconsolidated material, and it would perhaps be too much to expect that displacements upon fracture planes in the rock would be revealed in full measure at the surface.
VI.—Plant Remains in Basalt, Mexico
Authors: Solórzano M. M. , Hobson Bernard
Published: May 2009

When the members of the “Jorullo Excursion” of the Tenth International Geological Congress were in the city of Morelia, in Mexico, they visited the College of St. Nicholas (founded in 1540), in the buildings of which is the Museo Michoacano. One of the most interesting objects in the Museum in question is a piece of basaltic lava containing remains of maize, which has been described by Dr. M. M. Solórzano, the Curator of the Museum, in an article entitled “Breve noticia acerea de algunos productos volc´nicos de las immediaciones de esta ciudad” in the “Boletin de la Sociedad Michoacana de Geographia y Estadistica,” Tomo ii, Núm. 8, Morelia, Julio 15 de 1906, pp. 59, 60.
I.—Eminent Living Geologists
Authors: Seeley H. G.
Published: May 2009

In presenting to our readers a brief notice of the life and work of Professor Seeley, one of the most eminent of Vertebrate Palæontologists, we feel that we are offering but a scant tribute to one who has for more than thirty years occupied a leading position in the world of science. He is not only an accomplished teacher in Geology and the allied sciences in the University of London, but has long been recognized as a distinguished worker in the fields of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy. His investigations into the Fossil Reptilia of the Secondary period, and especially his remarkable researches in the Anomodont Reptilia from the Trias of South Africa, are already classic and-unsurpassed. His purely geological work in the field has also made substantial contributions to our knowledge of the strata in the South of England.
IV.—The Rotiform Bryozoa of the Isle of Wight
Authors: Gregory J. W.
Published: May 2009

A Small fossil with a wheel-shaped body borne on a narrow stem has long been known from the base of the Holaster planus zone in the Isle of Wight. It has been recognized as one of the Bryozoa, but has not been described, although once recorded as “near Defrancia diadema, Hag.” It has also been recorded by Dr. A. W. Rowe as “the beautiful little rotiform Bryozoon.”

The following diagnosis has been lying unpublished for eight years in the manuscript of the second volume of the Catalogue of Cretaceous Bryozoa in the British Museum. A preliminary account of the species is now issued, as the name is wanted for reference in the course of Dr. A. W. Rowe's forthcoming memoir on the Chalk of the Isle of Wight. A fuller account of the species with illustrations, on plates drawn in 1900, will be given in the Catalogue, which it is hoped will be issued during this Winter.

Blcavea Rotaformis, n.Sp.

Diagnosis.—Zoarium simple or compound, with a narrow cylindrical stem, attached in a circular concavity in the lower part of the body. The body of the zoarium is discoid, or wheel-shaped, and has on the margin a series of vertical radial projections like cog-wheels. The cogs usually project for a distance nearly equal to the radius of the disc. The cogs may be prolonged at their upper, outer corner into spike-like fasciculi. The upper surface between the bases of the fasciculi is depressed, and occupied by the small, crowded, irregular apertures of the intermediate, subordinate zoœcia.
I.—Notes On Fossil Plants From South Africa
Authors: Seward A. C.
Published: May 2009

The specimen represented in Fig. 1 was found by Mr. J. A. Whaits at Prince Albert in shale lying between the Witteberg Series and the Dwyka conglomerate: it consists of a single whorl of leaves of which the longest has a length of 4–5 cm. and a breadth of 3 mm. The linear segments converge towards a narrow axis about 5mm. in diameter; they show faint indications of a midrib and have acuminate apices.

In spite of the fact that Fig. 1 represents the only example so far discovered I propose, for the sake of convenience, to describe it under a new name, thus placing on record Mr. Whaits's contribution to our knowledge of a flora the discovery of additional records of which would be of exceptional interest. It must, however, be admitted that the specimen for which the generictitle Phyllotheca is chosen hardly affords satisfactory evidence as to its affinity.

The material on which this species is founded was obtained from the Uitenhage Series at Herbertsdale in Cape Colony and presented to the South African Museum by Mr. Kolbe. It consists of several pieces of what appears to have been a large stem rèaching a length of about 90 cm. The outline drawing reproduced in Fig. 2 from a photograph sent to me from the Museum by Miss Wilman shows the curious shape of the fossil, tapering to a blunt point at one end and flatter and broader at the other; Figs. 3 and 4 illustrate the surface features as seen on portions of the weathered stem.
IV.—Notes On Some Coastal Features in Co. Waterford
Authors: Cowper Reed F. R.
Published: May 2009

On previous occasion (Geol. Mag., Dec. V, Vol. IV, 1907, pp. 17–20) an account was given by the author of lornagnt Strand in the estuary of the River Suir; and the nature anddevelopment of the drift deposits further up the river may now be described.

On the north side of Knockavelish Head (which bounds Fornaght Strand on the north), the coastfrom Ballyglan is bordered by low sand dunes for a distance of about a mile and a half, and thereis no cliff or exposure of any solid rock, the old sea margin being apparently situated now some way inland behind an area of more or less marshy laud at the back of the dunes. Traces of the former sea-cliff can, however, be recognised here and there by a sudden slight rise in the ground. A wide flat expanse of sand and mud, known as Woodstown Strand, is uncovered at low tide along this stretch of coast, extending out fully a mile from high-water mark, but so far no trace of the submerged forest of Fornaght has been here discovered.
II.—The Geology of the Dolegelley Gold-Belt, North Wales
Authors: Andrew Arthur R.
Published: May 2009

It is believed that the ancient Britons and the Welsh were fully aware of the precious metal which lay among their hills. Three Welsh chieftains are known to have possessed chariots of gold, and it is inferred that this gold was derived from mines which the Welsh worked at an early date. Many gold ornaments have from time to time been unearthed, and as their style differs entirely from that customary at the early Christian period, they are believed to belong to a time long anterior to that of Christianity. Again, it is known that the Romans under Julius Cæsar worked minerals in various parts of Britain, and there are many evidences of Roman mine-workings where gold must have been the principal, if not the sole, object of search. One of the most remarkable of these is outside Merionethshire, at Gogofau, near Pumpsaint, in Carmarthenshire, where the traces of Roman occupancy are undoubted. Another locality, this time in Merionethshire, is reported by Ramsay (12, p. 64) as on the banks of the Allt-y-Wenallt.
IV.—Petrology and Structure of the Pyritic Field of Huelva, Spain
Authors: Finlayson A. Moncrieff
Published: May 2009

The great copper-mining district of Southern Spain and Portugal has been studied by several eminent geologists, and the problems presented in the geology of the field and of its ore-deposits have given rise to conflicting opinions. The three most debated points have been the origin of the ore-deposits, the relations of the igneous rocks, and the age of the sedimentary formations. The present paper, the field work for which was carried out during the last summer season, deals in the main with the two latter points, and the writer takes this opportunity of expressing his indebtedness to Professor W. W. Watts and to Dr. C. G. Cullis for their advice and suggestions during the subsequent petrological studies at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London.
V.—Organic Remains in the Trias of Nottingham
Authors: Swinnerton H. H.
Published: May 2009

The city of Nottingham is built upon the outerop of the Trias. Building and road-making operations consequent upon its rapid growth often lead to the laying bare of the underlying Bunter, Keuper Waterstones and Marls. Unfortunately the wort is usually carried on with such rapidity that good exposures are often missed. A temporary cessation of activities in one part of the Sherwood suburb, however, left a beautiful exposure of the Waterstones. A careful examination of this during the past few months has led to the discovery of footprints and fish-remains. The footprints are of a type which does not seem to fit into the generally used system of classification. In 1857 the Rev. A. Irving found a Cheirotheroid print in the railway cutting at Colwick. This is the only record of the previous discovery of footprints in this district.
II.—On the Glaciation of the Navis Valley in North Tirol
Authors: Young Alfred P.
Published: May 2009

In a previous paper it was shown that one prominent topographical feature of the Tarntal district, the great cirque called the ‘Grübl’,. could be explained as the effect of erosion by a short icetongue which formed when the snow-line persisted for a time at about 2400 metres above sea-level. The basin-shaped hollow of the Upper Tarntal was held to be due to another stand of the snow-limit at 2650 metres. It remains to be seen whether these conclusions are supported by evidence of a similar nature collected over a wider area.
V.—The Geology of the Dolgelley Gold-belt, North Wales
Authors: Andrew Arthur R.
Published: May 2009

Bryn-y-groes Lode.—About 500 yards east of the Clogau lode, there is a parallel lode which has been worked for copper. Striking 50° east of north, its outcrop may be traced for about 1½ miles; its width is very variable. Chalcopyrite and pyrites and a little gold are present in the quartz. The lode is confined to the Vigra Beds, and running with the beds, it is associated throughout its length with greenstone sills.
II.—Some Observations on the Brighton Cliff Formation
Authors: Martin Edward A.
Published: May 2009

During the past eighteen years I have made certain observations on the cliff formation on the east of Brighton and on the sections successively brought into view by repeated falls of the cliff. The chief item to be noted from them is, that as the cliff wears back, the base-platform of chalk grows in height, that is, the old surface of the chalk dips towards the south. Also, that the layer of sand which Prestwich found above the chalk grew thinner and thinner, until it has now completely disappeared. At the same time the raised beach has grown in thickness from 1½ feet to 12 feet.
VI.—The Origin of the British Trias
Authors: Horwood A. R.
Published: May 2009

As a result of an investigation covering the Midland area, and especially from a study of the Upper Keuper of Leicestershire, the author, who has been aided in this research by a grant from the Government Grant Committee of the Royal Society, has arrived at the conclusion that, in so far as Great Britain is concerned, the Trias was laid down under delta conditions, during which, as in the Nile area to-day, æolian action took place, but was not responsible for deposition except locally on a small scale, and following the prevalent wind course.
II.—On a Drift at Bostall Common, near Plumstead
Authors: Chandler R. H.
Published: May 2009

Capping a small patch of London Clay on the highest part of Bostall Common (234 O.D.), there is a ‘drift’ that presents peculiarities identical with part of the gravel on Shooters Hill (2 miles distant) at 424 O.D.
IV.—“How Long Ago” in Geology
Authors: Martin Edward A.
Published: May 2009

One is frequently asked the question, how long ago is it since certain geological phenomena took place in which the questioner is interested for the time being. How long ago were the great coal-beds deposited, or how long ago is it since the chalk was formed at the bottom of the sea?
II.—On the Age of the Reptile Faunas contained in the Magnesian Conglomerate at Bristol and in the Elgin Sandstone
Authors: Huene Friedrich Baron
Published: May 2009

According to Etheridge (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxvi, 1870, pp. 174–192) the Magnesian Conglomerate at Bristol is of the same age as the German Muschelkalk, but Moore (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxxvii, 1881, pp. 67–82) was of opinion that it was Rhætic. Since that time no special paper on the subject has been published, but now the present writer has been able to find some new evidence.
VI.—Notes on the Geology of Basutoland
Authors: Dornan S. S.
Published: May 2009

Of all the animuls of the Stormberg Beds the Theriodonts are the most interesting, as they bear strong resemblances to mammals. Dr. Broom, of Stellenbosch, says they have practically solved the problem of the origin of mammals. Of these Theriodonts only two are said to have come from Basutoland, both of small size, viz. Galesaurus and Tritylodon. They are only known from their skulls. I have not been able to discover whether they came from Molteno Red Beds or Cave Sandstone, but I imagine most likely from the first. Tritylodon has a small and decidedly mammalian-like skull, and is said to have been found at Thaba Tsuen, a mountain 16 miles south-west of Morija. It was brought to England by Dr. Exton, Curator of the Bloemfontein Museum, and described by Sir Richard Owen at a meeting of the Geological Society in 1884. Dr. Broom, who has recently discussed the affinities of the skull, inclines to the view that it is a mammal.
VII.—An Analysis of London Clay
Authors: Jenkins J. H. B.
Published: May 2009

The sample analysed was derived from a well-boring made at East Ham by Messrs. C. Isler & Co., who gave the following table of the strata passed through:—

The sample was taken from the stratum of clay between 17 and 76 feet below the surface.
III.—The Value of a Knowledge of the Rock-Soil Distribution of Plants in Tracing Geological Boundaries
Authors: Horwood A. R.
Published: May 2009

Though ecology has been studied for a long period on the Continent it is only within the last ten years that it has become an important branch of botany in this country. Now, however, it is one of the most ardently pursued sciences, and has made great progress. That branch of it which deals with soil factors, or the distribution of plants upon different soils and a knowledge of the nativity of plants upon particular soils, has received considerable attention, and sufficient data have been accumulated to state the principle that each rock-soil supports a characteristic flora: so that the type of soil may be regarded as an index to the type of vegetation of any district where that rock-soil is dominant; and in the same way it is possible to state by a recognition of the type of vegetation the character of the rock-soil.
II.—The Geology of South Georgia. 1. Notes on the Geology of South Georgia
Authors: Ferguson D.
Published: May 2009

The island of South Georgia is nine hundred miles S. 80° E. from the Falkland Islands. The coastline of the island is rock-bound and more or less precipitous, and there is neither open beach nor detrital flat on its outward margin. A narrow valley, a morainic flat, inside Cumberland Bay, runs up 4 miles to a glacier, and there are other patches of morainic material, marking the recession of the glaciers. Leith Harbour is one of these, and Elsie and Adventure harbours, originally enlarged by the ice into one channel, have been separated into two safe anchorages by morainic material.
IV.—Cordierite in Granite from Dartmoor
Authors: Mennell F. P.
Published: May 2009

The presence of cordierite does not seem to have been often recorded from the granite of Dartmoor, in spite of the abundance of that mineral amongst the contact-altered sediments surrounding the igneous mass. The recently published Survey memoirs on Dartmoor and Ivybridge cover nearly the whole area of the granite, and I can only find references to two specimens in which cordierite, or rather pinite pseudomorphs representing that mineral, have been detected microscopically. Within the limits of the granite proper the mineral does not appear to have been observed at all in an unaltered condition, at least so I infer from the absence of any record of it in the above-mentioned memoirs, as I must confess to a somewhat scanty knowledge of West of England geological literature. Having recently done a certain amount of geologising along the northern margin of Dartmoor, which has not been investigated by the Survey since the introduction of modern petrographical methods, and having obtained some rather interesting results, of which I hope to publish shortly a detailed account, I was glad to take advantage of an opportunity presented by a visit to the South of Devon to make some comparisons with the contact and other phenomena described by the Survey.
IV.—Studies in Edrioasteroidea. IV. The Edrioasters of the Trenton Limestone
Authors: Bather F. A.
Published: May 2009

Edrioaster bigsbyi was first made known by E. Billings in June, 1854, and was referred by him, though with some doubt, to Agelacrinites. He gave no specific name, but regarded his fossils as identical with the specimen found by Bigsby at the Chaudière Falls and described by G. B. Sowerby in 1825 (see Study III), and as “almost identical with A. Buchianus” of Forbes, 1848 (see Study II). This series of papers by Billings contains several important observations and reasonings not reproduced in those later more official publications of his to which alone subsequent writers seem to have gone for information. From the original account it is clear that the specimens there called Agelacrinites were the same as those which Billings described in 1857, under the name Cyclaster bigsbyi. The misapprehension that caused Billings to apply to his new species the trivial name bigsbyi has already been dealt with in Study III; the species has nothing to do with the specimen found by Bigsby. In 1858 Billings discovered and pointed out his error, and, realizing further that the generic name Cyclaster had been taken by G. Cotteau for a sea-urchin a few months before his own use of it, he redescribed the species under the name Edrioaster bigsbyi. The independence of the genus itself was denied in 1860 by E. J. Chapman, who referred the species back to Agelacrinites. The textbook writers, however, generally accepted Edrioaster, and no change was made in either name or description until Professor Haeckel in 1896 thought fit to alter the name to Edriocystis.