bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The European and eastern Nearctic fungus‐gnats in the genus Ectrepesthoneura (Mycetophilidae)
Authors: CHANDLER PETER J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The validity and composition of Ectrepesthoneura Enderlein are discussed and it is contrasted with the related genus Tetragoneura Winnertz. The occurrence of mid‐tibial sense organs in these genera and elsewhere in the subfamily Sciophilinae is considered. The European Ectrepesthoneura are revised and the secondary sexual characters of the male legs newly described. Two sgecies, E.pubescens (Zetterstedt)= messaurensis Plassmann, syn.n. and E.colyeri sp.n., are added to the British list. The Nearctic species are discussed and the two eastern species dealt with fully: the male of E.bicolor (Coquillett) is newly recognized and Elaffooni sp.n. described. Some western Nearctic Tetragoneura probably belong correctly to Ectrepesthoneura but examination of types showed that T.quintana Cole, T.longicauda van Duzee and the eastern Nearctic T.pimpla Coquillett belong to Dziedzickia Johannsen in its present broad usage. The Palaearctic Ectrepesthoneura gracilis Edwards also probably has closer affinities with Dziedzickia than with its present assignment. The Japanese Ectrepesthoneura described by Sasakawa (1961) are excluded as they are probably Sciaridae.
On some diagnostic characters of the oothecae of six common cockroaches (Blattidae)
Authors: NARASIMHAM A. UMA , SANKARAN T.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The keel characters of the oothecae of Neostylopyga rhombifolia (Stoll), Periplanetu americana (L.), P.australasiae (Fab.) and P.brunnea Burmeister are of taxonomic value. These are described and illustrated, and a key is provided to distinguish the oothecae of these common species from Blattella germanica (L.) and Supella longipalpa (Fab.).
Status of the subfamily names Charipinae and Alloxystinae (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)
Authors: QUINLAN J. , EVENHUIS H. H.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The Alloxystinae (= Allotriinae) comprises three genera (Alloxysta, Phaenoglyphis and Lytoxysta) of secondary parasites on aphids. Charipinae comprises a single monobasic genus (Dilyta # Charips = Glyptoxysta), a primary parasite of a psyllid. The relevant subfamily and generic synonymies are listed. Lectotypes are designated for Dilyta subclavata Förster and Charips microcera Haliday which are newly placed in synonymy.
Serological studies on five species of Pseudococcidae (Homoptera)
Authors: ROTUNDO G. , TREMBLAY E.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Populations of Planococcus cini, Planococcus ficus, Pseudococcus obscurus, Pseudococcus calceolanae and Pseudococcus longispinus were selected for immunoelectrophoretic tests from which correlation and distance coefficients were calculated. Cluster analysis of serological data allowed construction of a dendrogram in which the phylogenetic relationships among the five species are presented. The conclusions were found to be in agreement with modern views on taxonomic interrelations among the five species based on female and male morphology. The recent separation of Planococcus citn' and Planococcus ficus as independent species is emphasized.
Identification of European Iassus species (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) with one species new to Britain
Authors: WILSON MICHAEL R.
Published: January 2008

The form of the female ovipositor and chaetotaxy of the fifth instar nymphs have been found to distinguish the two European Iassus species, lanio (L.) and scutellaris (Fieber). The latter species is recorded in Britain for the first time.
Rhachicreagra (Acrididae, Ommatolampinae): forest grasshoppers from Central america with unique aedeagal asymmetry
Authors: JAGO N. D. , ROWELL C. H. F.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Rhachicreagra species are confined to Central American wet tropical forests, both lowland and montane. The asymmetric aedeagus with the left penis valve suppressed is unique in the Acridoidea. Keys are provided to both sexes of the seventeen recognized species: achrosta sp.n., anchidiphalara sp.n., astytophallus sp.n., brachysphagiocerca sp.n., drymocnemensis sp.n., gracilis Bruner, Haematodes sp.n., Khayachorsa sp.n., himantocerca sp.n. maya sp.n., melanota sp.n., sp.n., mexicana Hebard, nothra Rehn (=pallipes Bruner, =aeruginosa Bruner syn.n), obsidian sp.n., olmeca sp.n., pomatiaphallus sp.n., sphagicerca sp.n.; the small geographical ranges of these species argue for great care in the choice of representative forest blocks for purposes of faunal conservation in Central America.
A new cave‐inhabiting Ptomaphaginus beetle from Sarawak (Leiodidae: Cholevinae)
Authors: PECK STEWART B.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A new troglophilic species, Ptomaphaginus chapmani, is described from caves in Sarawak. it has the very unusual combination of very reduced eyes but functiobnal wings and may be interpreted as a phylogenetic relict, with characters suggesting a New World origin for this Oriental genus.
First record of Fergusoninidae (Diptera: Schizophora) outside Australia: a new species of Fergusonina on Syzygium in India
Authors: HARRIS K. M.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Adults, larvae and galls of Fergusonina syzygii sp.n. are described and illustrated from material collected on jaman plum, Syzygium cumini (L.), at Hyderabad (A.P.), India, by R. C. Joshi in 1978–79. This seems to be the first record of a fergusoninid fly outside Australia and on a host plant other than Eucalyptus. The symbiotic nematode, Fergusobia Currie, was present in galls of F.syzygii and is also recorded outside Australia for the first time.
A new Phonogaster grasshopper from China (Acrididae: Gomphocerinae)
Authors: ZHENG Z. M.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Phonogaster longigeniculata sp.n. is described from five males and four females collected on mountain slopes at Wang‐Mo, Guizhou Province. Prior to the discovery of this species, Phonogaster was a monobasic genus, its single included species, cariniventris Henry, known only from southern India.
Phylogenetic significance of the ventral nerve cord in the Chrysomeloidea (coleptera: Phytophaga)
Authors: MANN J. S. , CROWSON R. A.
Published: January 2008

Abstract The ventral nerve cord of adult Chrysomeloidea exhibits variation in the degree of fusion of the meso‐and metathoracic ganglia. similar variation occurs also in the ganglia ofthe abdominal chain, and in the single or double connectives between them. In adult Chrysomeloidea (and Curculionoidea) there never seem to be more than five separate abdominalganglia, the first two being more or less fused to the metathoracic ganglion and the lasttwo more or lessconnate; the supposed primitive condition is retained in some Cerambycidae. Trends toward the fusion of aditional abdominal ganglia appear in several differentlines in Chrysomelidae (and in Cerambycidae), and in more than one line a conditiones is reached in which only the ganglion in the third abdominal segmetn remains free. Structures possibly representing ‘perisynmpathetic organs’ have been observed in a few of the seventy‐eight European and Indian species studied. systematic and phylogenetic conclusions are drawwn.
Variability in characters commonly used to distinguish Aphidius species (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae)
Authors: PUNGERL NATASHA B.
Published: January 2008

Abstract Characters traditionally used to separate some Aphidius species commonly parasitizing pea and cereal aphids are shown to be more variable than previously supposed. Aphidius ervi, picipes and rhopalosiphi (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) were cultured and the variability of the numbers of antennal segments, sculpture on the anterolateral area of the petiole and the tentorial index were recorded. The number of antennal segments in each of the three species varied by four in males and by three in females. The numbers of ridges on the anterolateral area of the petiole of A.rhopalosiphi varied widely from six to eighteen. The tentorial index range from 0.35–0.62, 0.34–0.54 and 0.35–0.60 for A.ervi, picipes and rhopalosiphi respectively, compared with previously published ranges of 0.30–0.40, 0.28–0.37 and 0.30–0.35. A.rhopalosiphi and uzbekistanicus cannot be distinguished reliably by the wing‐vein length ratios previously used.
The enigmatic genus Heterogyna Nagy (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae; Heterogyninae)
Authors: DAY MICHAEL C.
Published: January 2008

The genus Heterogyna Nagy, 1969, is based on a single male specimen unavailable for study since description. Its affinities have remained enigmatic. Reasons are given for considering males of four additional new species to be congeneric with Heterogyna. The species are described, figured and a key is presented. On the basis of these species, the genus is placed as a previously unrecognized subfamily of Sphecidae, Heterogyninae Nagy, 1969. Brachypterous females are associated with these males. An account is given of a novel modification of the sting apparatus, which may be used in conjunction with the last tergum as a grasping organ.
Revision of the umbellatarum species group of Anthaxia (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)
Authors: LEVEY BRIAN
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The umbellatarum species group of the genus Anthaxia Eschscholtz of the Mediterranean region is characterized. A key is provided to distinguish this group from some superficially similar groups occurring in the same region, and to the five species and one subspecies referable to the group. Two new species, scylla and hamata are described. A.inculta ab. boissyi Obenberger is recognized as a distinct species and a lectotype is designated. A.domina Abeille is made a subspecies of umbellatarum (Fabricius). A.inculta ab. karamani Obenberger is found to be a colour form of cichorii (Olivier), not of umbellatarum as previously regarded. The other species belonging to the group is lusitanica Obenberger. All species belonging to the group are described.
The Hiletini, an ancient and enigmatic tribe of Carabidae with a pantropical distribution (Coleoptera)
Authors: ERWIN TERRY L. , STORK NIGEL E.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Species of the tribe Hiletini are rarely represented in collections. Of the twenty known species, only three have been adequately collected. These twenty species are here arrayed in two genera, Hiletus (six species in two spe'cies groups), Eucamaragnathus (fourteen species in five species groups). Hiletus species occur in tropical Africa. Eucamaragnathus species of the alluaudi group occur in tropical and southeastern Africa, those of the suberbiei group are found only in Madagascar, those of the bocandei group are found in tropical western Africa, species of the sumatrensis group occur in southeastern Asia (Burma, Vietnam, Sumatra and Borneo), and those of the batesi group are found in the western Amazon Basin, northeastern Amazon Basin, and along the Paraquay River drainage system. Four new species of Hiletini are described from the following type localities: Hiletus nimba, GUINEA, Nimba Mountains; Eucamaragnathus borneensis, BRUNEI, (BORNEO); E.jaws, BRAZIL, Parana; E.amapa, BRAZIL, Territory of Amapa. Most species of Hiletini live in tropical climates with a mean annual temperature above 21°C and mean annual rainfall above 200 cm (exceptions are noted in text). All species apparently frequent latosolic soils in broadleaf evergreen or deciduous forests or in grassland savannahs with scattered or gallery broadleaf evergreen trees. Records available indicate that pupation occurs during the dry season and that adults emerge with the onset of rains. The structure of the mandibles, other mouthparts, crop and proventriculus suggests that only liquid food is normally taken in, and it is probable that at least some preoral digestion occurs as in other carabids. A suite of newly discovered character states associated with the tarsal claws unites the Hiletini with Cnemacanthini, Elaphrini, Migadopini, Promecognathini, Pseudomor‐phini, Scaritini and Siagonini. These stocks together form a sister lineage to the ozaenine‐brachinine lineage, all having distinct epimera, brushy non‐styliform parameres, long empodial unguitractor plates, but not having conjunct mesocoxae (type I). Hiletini is the sister group of the combined Scaritini‐Cnemacanthini‐Pseudomorphini stocks. We suggest that the origin of the Hiletini occurred at least as early as the Jurassic Period from an equatorial position near the centre of the combined Africa/South America landmass. By mid‐Cretaceous, radiation of taxa occurred across southern Laurasia into the southeastern part of that landmass, but never leaving equatorial climates. Later in the Cretaceous or early Tertiary, when continents began their rapid break‐up, hiletines were stranded in tropical parts of South America, Africa/Madagascar, and southeastern Asia where they still occur today.
Two Indian species of Kiefferulus Goetghebuer (Diptera: Chironomidae)
Authors: CHAUDHURI P. K. , GHOSH M.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Two species, Kiefferulus barbatitarsis (Kieffer) and K.calligaster (Kieffer) are recognized as new combinations. The juvenile stages were reared in the laboratory. An outline of the biology of each species is given, including a description of the method of construction of the larval tube.
Colopha hispanica sp.n. (Homoptera: Aphidoidea: Pemphigidae): an unusual endophytic aphid living inside the stems of Scirpus holoschoenus (Cyperaceae)
Authors: NAFRIA J. M. NIETO , DURANTE M. P. MIER
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A new aphid species of the genus Colopha (Pemphigidae: Eriosomatinae), Colopha hispanica is described from Spain. The apterae differ from those of other species of Colopha in the shortness of their antennae and legs, in the greater number of their wax glands and in the underdevelopment of the setal socket on the forelegs. These aphids live inside the stems of Scirpus holoschoenus (Cyperaceae); this is the first record of a truly endophytic aphid. The adults are immobile. C. hispanica is compared with the other known species of Colopha, with Kaltenbachiella pallida, a similar species also found in Spain and with Gharesia polunini, a primitive species of Eriosomatinae. The distribution and host plants of Colopha species are reviewed and discussed.
The species of the Enicospilus americanus complex (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in eastern North America
Authors: GAULD IAN D.
Published: January 2008

The Enicospilus americanus species‐complex is characterized and a key presented to the seven eastern North American species. Three species, E.americanus (Christ), E.glabratus (Say) and E.texanus (Ashmead) are redescribed, and four species are described as new. These are: E. lebophagus sp.n., a Mesoamerican species whose range just extends into southern Texas; E.cushmani sp.n., a widespread eastern North American species, E.aktites sp.n., a Mesoamerican coastal species whose range extends into the very southern tip of Florida; and E.peigleri sp.n., a northern Mexican/southern U.S. species. The cephalic capsules of the final instar larvae of five species are described, and notes on the biology of all species presented. The known hosts of the species are listed.

Se caracteriza el complejo de especies Enicospilus americanus y se presenta una Have para las siete especies del este de Norte America. Se redescriben tres especies: E.americanus (Christ), E.glabratus (Say) y E.texanus (Ashmead) y cuatro se describen como nuevas: E.lebophagus, una especie mesoamericana cuya distribution apenas se extiende hasta el sur de Texas; E.cushmani, especie muy distribuida en el este norte‐americano; E.aktites, una especie mesoamericana cuya distribucion apenas se extiende hasta el sur de Florida; y E.peigleri, especies del norte de Mexico y sur de los Estados Unidos. Se describen las capsulas cefalicas del instar final de larva de cinco especies y se presentan algunas notas sobre la biologia de todas las especies, asi como tambien una lista con todos los huespedes conocidos de las especies.
Microtermes aethiopicus sp.n., a fungus‐growing termite (Isoptera: Termitidae: Macrotermitinae) from Ethiopia
Authors: BARNETT E. A. , COWIE ROBERT H. , WOOD T. G.
Published: January 2008

Abstract Microtermes aethiopicus, a new species of fungus‐growing termite (Macrotermitinae), is described from Ethiopia, where it is widespread in the central, southern and western provinces. It is distinguished from other Microtermes spp. by the soldiers' possession of distinct mandibular teeth.
Cytological and morphological differences within Palaearctic Glyphina (Homoptera: Aphididae), and their taxonomic significance
Authors: BLACKMAN R.L.
Published: January 2008

Karyotype variation within the genus Glyphina in Europe is described and correlated with morphological differences. G.pseudoschrankiana sp.nov., on Betula pubescens in Europe and Japan, is separated form G.schrankiana Börner, on Alnus spp. in northern and central Europe, on the basis of differences in karyotype and morphology. G.jacutensis Mordvilko is synonymized with G.schrankiana. A key is provided to palaearctic members of the genus.
Cryptostigma Ferris: a coccoid genus with a strikingly disjunct distribution (Homoptera: Coccidae)
Authors: QIN T.K. , GULLAN P.J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract This paper describes and illustrates two new species of scale insect, Cryptostigma endoeucalyptus and C.magnetinsulae from Australia. These species live in hollow stems or under the bark of the host‐plants and one in known to be associated with ants. They are of biogeographical interest because the other five described species of Cryptostigma Ferris occur in Centeral and South America insimilar specialized habitats. A brief historical review of Cryptostigma, a checklist of the species, a redescription of the genus and key to species based on adult females are provided. Cryptostigma secretus (Morrison) and C.ingae Ferris are synonymized with C.inquilina (Newstead), and Cryptostigma bunzlii Green is synonymized with C.quinquepori (Newstead). The biogeography and habitats of Crytostigma species are discussed.
Description of a Polynoncus Burmeister larva, with implications for phylogeny of the Trogidae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea)
Authors: SCHOLTZ C. H. , PECK S.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The larva of Polynoncus seymourensis Mutchler is described from the Galapagos Archipelago, Ecuador. It is the first larva recorded of any species in the genus and has a suite of characters not found in the other trogid genera. Phylogenetic analysis of characters of larvae of all the genera supports the current phylogenetic system which was based on adults.
A new apterous micropezid fly (Diptera: Schizophora) from Western Australia
Authors: McALPINE DAVID K.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Badisis ambulans gen.n. et sp.n. is described from flower‐inhabiting apterous males. There is a remarkable similarity in structure of abdominal sternite 5 to the Tertiary fossil Electrobata. The relationships of Badisis are discussed and it is referred provisionally to the tribe Metopochetini of the family Micropezidae. A few observations on its habits and ecology are recorded. It is a Batesian mimic of a dolichoderine ant.
Review of the Australian kelp flies Diptera: Coelopidae
Authors: Mcalpine David K.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The morphology of the Coelopidae is considered, particularly in relation to taxonomic characters, terminology, and sexual di morphism. Taxonomic relationships and family limits are discussed; the Coelopidae appear to be most closely related to the families Helcomyzidae and Dryomyzidae of the superfamily Sciomyzoidea. The following genera are excluded from the Coelopidae: Listriomastax and Apetaenus (Tethinidae), Orygma (Sepsidae), Heterocheila (or Oedoparea, position doubtful). The position of the genera Malacomyia, Baeopterus and Icaridion in the Coelopidae is confirmed. The Coe lopidae are divided into two subfamilies, Lopinae subfam.n. and Coe‐lopinae. The Coelopinae include four tribes: Glumini trib.n., Coelopini, Coelopellini trib.n., Ammini trib.n. The following genera and species are described as new: Lopa, Gluma, Rhis, This, Amma, Lopa convexa, Gluma keyzeri, G.nitida, G.musgravei, Rhis whitleyi, This canus, Coe‐lopella popeae, Amma blancheae. The subgenera Fucomyia and Neo‐coelopa of the genus Coelopa are rejected as invalid. Chaetocoelopa huttoni Harrison (1959) is a new synonym of Chaetocoelopa littoralis (Hutton, 1881). Coelopa palauensis Hardy (1957) is a new synonym of C.alluaudi Seguy (1941), which is recorded from Australia for the first time. Coelopa africana Malloch (1933a) is a new synonym of C.ursina (Wiedemann, 1824) from southern Africa. Keys are provided to supra‐generic groupings of Coelopidae, to the Australasian genera, and to the species of Chaetocoelopa, Coelopella, Gluma and Icaridion.

Information on the biology and ecology of Coelopidae is summarized, and additional data on Australian species are recorded. Coelopids are among the most significant organisms recycling stranded kelp, because of their often enormous biomass. Their activities can be detrimental to sea‐side recreation. Parasitism by Stigmatomyces sp. (Ascomycetes: Laboulbeniales) is recorded for several coelopid species. The distribution patterns of coelopid taxa are discussed.
Paraphyly of Homoptera and Auchenorrhyncha inferred from 18S rDNA nucleotide sequences
Authors: CAMPBELL BRUCE C. , STEFFEN‐CAMPBELL JODY D. , SORENSEN JOHN T. , GILL RAYMOND J.
Published: January 2008

Evolutionary affiliations of eighteen families of Hemiptera (s.l.) are inferred using molecular phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide (nt) sequences of 18S rDNAs. Exemplar taxa include: Archaeorrhyncha (=Fulgoromorpha): flatid, issid, dictyopharid, cixiid and delphacid; Prosorrhyncha (=Heteropterodea): Peloridiomorpha (=Coleorhyncha) ‐peloridiid, Heteroptera gerrid, lygaeid and mirid; Clypeorrhyncha [=extant (monophyletic) cicadomorphs]: cicadid, cercopoids (cercopid, aphrophorid), membracid and cicadellids (deltocephaline and cicadelline); and Sternorrhyncha: psyllid, aleyrodid, diaspidid and aphid. Analysed sequences encompass a region beginning ≅550 nucleotides (nts) from the 5'‐end to ≅200 nts upstream from the 3'‐end of the gene [≅1150 base pairs (bp) in euhemipteran to >1400 bp in sternorrhynchan taxa]. Maximum parsimony and bootstrap analyses (PAUP) identify four principal hemipteran clades, Stenorrhyncha, Clypeorrhyncha, Archaeorrhyncha and Prosorrhyncha. These lineages are identified by synapomorphies distributed throughout the gene. Sternorrhyncha is a sister group to all other Hemiptera (i.e. Euhemiptera sensu Zrzavy), rendering Homoptera paraphyletic. Within Euhemiptera, clades Clypeorrhyncha, Archaeorrhyncha, Prosorrhyncha and Heteroptera are supported by one, three, two and three synapomorphic sites, respectively. There is equitable parsimonious inference for Archaeorrhyncha as the sister group to Prosorrhyncha (Neoherriiptera sensu Sorensen et al.) or Clypeorrhyncha, in either case rendering Auchenorrhyncha paraphyletic. Neohemiptera is supported by one synapomorphy. Within Clypeorrhyncha, clade cicada + cercopoids is the sister group of the clade cicadellids + membracid (Membracoidea sensu Dietrich & Deitz). Among archaeorrhynchans, clade delphacid + cixiid is the sister group of the clade dictyopharid + flatid + issid. Within Prosorrhyncha, the peloridiid is sister to the Heteroptera. Within Heteroptera, gerrid is the sister group of the clade mirid + lygaeid (Panheteroptera sensu Schuh). Based on secondary structure of synonymous 18S rRNA, two synapomorphies each of Sternorrhyncha, Prosorrhyncha and Heteroptera are compensatory substitutions on stem substructures. All other synapomorphies identifying major lineages of Hemiptera are noncompensatory substitutions on either bulges or stems. Short basal internodal distances suggest radiation of hemipteran lineages at the suborder level occurred rapidly. Morphological, palaeoentomological and eco‐evolutionary factors supporting the 18S rDNA‐based phylogenetic tree are discussed.
Conochironomus Freeman: an Afro‐Australian Chironomini genus revised (Diptera: Chironomidae)
Authors: CRANSTON PETER S. , HARE LANDIS
Published: January 2008

The chironomid genus Conochironomus is revised, with diagnoses provided for both sexes of adults and, for the first time, the immature stages. The Afrotropical genotype C.acutistilus Freeman and the newly described Australian species C.australiensis (for misidentified acutistilus in Australia), C.cygnus and C.kakadu are described in all stages. C.avicula Freeman is redescribed from the male, and C.deemingi is described as new from the male alone, both from the Afrotropical Region. The Australian species C.cervus is described as new, based on the pupa alone. Comments are made on the ecology and distribution. A previously little‐recognized ‘tropical’ Gondwanan biogeographic explanation for Conochironomus distribution is postulated.
THE EFFECT OF RED AND FAR RED LIGHT ON CAROTENOID AND CHLOROPHYLL FORMATION IN PEA SEEDLINGS
Authors: Henshall J.D. , Goodwin T.W.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— Treatment of etiolated pea seedlings with a short exposure to red light caused a stimulation of growth (size and dry wt production) and carotenoid synthesis during the following 48 hr compared with seedlings kept entirely in darkness.The effect is nullified by a following dose of far red light and thus the phenomenon is probably phytochrome‐controlled.

Similar treatment with red light one hour before continuous illumination with white light tended to reduce the lag period for chlorophyll synthesis.Again a following dose of far red light reversed this response.
SOME PROBLEMS IN THE MEASUREMENT OF RADIATION UNDER WATER: A REVIEW
Authors: Westlake D. F.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— A brief review is given of generally agreed current practice in the terminology and methodology of radiation measurement underwater. The use of energy units is recommended for the presentation of ecological irradiance data, together with details of the spectral composition. Absolute values may be determined above the water but relative values, determined, with selenium photocells, are more usual underwater. Some controversial or historically confused topics are discussed in more detail. The uses of ‘absorption’ and ‘extinction‘ are critically examined. Current proposals to replace extinction by ‘attenuation‘ are endorsed with the qualifications that absorption is only used when losses of radiant energy by transformation are related to path length and Bouguer‐Beer constants, and that attenuation is used when losses of radiant energy are related to depth and empirical coefficients. The advantages of optical density for calculations combining and analysing the transmissions of different components of equipment or the environment are presented. Calculations for designing equipment for the analysis of spectral energy distributions and the interpretation of the results are described in detail. Use of photometers with opal discs can introduce errors when control readings on a surface cell are compared with submerged readings. The sources of these errors are described and procedures suggested to overcome them.
STUDIES ON FLAVINS IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS—II*. PHOTODECOMPOSITION OF RIBOFLAVIN IN THE PRESENCE OF OXYGEN
Authors: Koaiol Jacek
Published: January 2008

Abstract— The photodegradation of riboflavin by 436 mμ monochromatic light and of lumichrome by white nonfiltered light was studied in a set of organic solvents including ethanol, acetone, dioxane, pyridine and acetic acid. For comparison, water was used as a solvent. Photolysis was carried out in the presence of atmospheric oxygen.

Riboflavin and lumichrome were found to be effectively stabilized towards the action of light by hydrogen bonds with solvent molecules, and consequently are most light‐stable in water solutions. The overall scheme of riboflavin photolysis in organic solvents seems to be the same as in aqueous solutions. Lumichrome has been found as the main product of riboflavin photolysis in the organic solvents tested.
OXYGEN EFFECT IN THE PROTECTION OF E. COLI AGAINST U.V. INACTIVATION AND MUTAGENESIS BY ACRIDINE ORANGE*
Authors: Webb R. B. , Petrusek R. L.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— Protection by acridine orange against ultraviolet light effects in resting cells of E. coli B/r/1, try‐ was studied with special reference to a possible oxygen effect. Dose‐response relationships were described by the function S= 1–(1 ‐ e‐kD)n where S is the surviving fraction and D is the u.v. dose in ergs/mm2. For cells suspended in 5 × 10‐‐6M acridine orange (AO) in air, the radiation sensitivity k was reduced from 0.010 (ergs/mm2))‐1 in the absence of the dye to 0.0053 (ergs/mm2)‐1 in the presence of the dye. Under anoxia at this AO concentration, k was further reduced to 0.0015 (ergs/mm2)‐1. The oxygen effect ratio, kO2/kN2, was 3.5 at this concentration of AO. Greater protection was observed in cells suspended in 2 × 10‐‐5M AO, the oxygen effect ratio was unchanged. No oxygen effect was detected in the u.v. response in the absence of the dye. The value of n was reduced from about 12 with no dye to about 5 at dye concentrations of 5 × 10‐‐6M AO or more when oxygen was present. Under anoxia, in the presence of AO, n was further reduced to about 1.3. Atebrin, an efficient u.v. protective agent but an inefficient photodynamic agent, had no oxygen effect for protection against u.v. inactivation. Acridine orange protected against u.v.‐induced reversion to tryptophan indepence in E. coli WP2 to about the same extent as it did for inactivation. A similar oxygen effect was observed for both inactivation and mutagenesis.
PHOTOTAXIS IN EUGLENA — III. LAG PHENOMENA AND THE OVERALL MECHANISM OF THE TACTIC RESPONSE TO LIGHT*
Authors: Diehn Bodo , Tollin Gordon
Published: January 2008

Abstract— Lag phenomena in the phototactic response of Euglena gracilis are observed both when the actinic light is turned on and when it is turned off. The on‐lag period is found to decrease exponentially with increasing actinic light intensity. The off‐lag, on the other hand, exhibits a considerably more complex behavior as the light intensity varies. As the temperature is increased above 25°C, the on‐lag period remains constant, whereas below 25°C it increases rapidly. Again, the off‐lag behavior is more complex. Organisms which have been bleached either by growing them in the dark or by exposing them to the antibiotic furadantin exhibit only negative phototaxis. No lag phenomena are observed with these cultures. The mechanistic implications of these results are discussed. Apparently, phototactic accumulation in a lighted region is a dynamic process composed of several component responses. Ultimately, a steady‐state is established in which the rates of in‐ and outflux of organisms are equal. The observed behavior of the lag periods is caused by contributions due to positive topophototaxis as well as negative and positive phobophototaxis.
CINETIQUE DES ECHANGES D'OXYGENE ET DE LA FLUORESCENCE DES CHLOROPLASTES ISOLES
Authors: Joliot. Yaroslav de Kouchkovsky et Pierre
Published: January 2008

Abstract Oxygen evolution and fluorescence have been studied with isolated chloroplasts illuminated, in the absence of Hill reagents, by flashes or continuous light. As in whole cells, at least two substances are involved in the primary process leading to the oxygen evolution. The first, called E, probably is the photochemical “complex” of System II. After a long period of darkness, E is not active. It is activated in two steps. Step one is a photochemical reaction, induced by a quantum of light absorbed by pigment‐system II, which results in the production of E in a reduced state. Step two is a dark oxidation of the reduced E by the second substance, A. The oxidized E can then enter the normal photochemical cycle of system II. Reduced E might alternatively be oxidized by oxygen, this reaction being responsible for a very rapid and brief light‐induced oxygen uptake. Substance A is measured by the oxygen burst and is present in the chloroplasts at the approximate ratio of 1 molecule for 70 molecules of total chlorophyll while E is at the ratio of about 1/2800. This gives a E over A value of 1/35 which is much smaller than the one found in whoe cells (ca. 1/10). This independent behavior of E and A suggests that chloroplast extraction destroys some photochemical centers without having a direct impact on A, which might diffuse from one center to another. Besides the brief light‐induced oxygen uptake above mentioned, there is another one which is related to System I functioning.

The kinetics of the oxygen evolution and of the fluorescence have been compared. During the activation process of the oxygen evolving ability, rate of oxygen evolution and fluorescence yield increase in a parallel way. After the maximum velocity of the oxygen burst is reached (i.e. after activation), the fluorescence yield keeps growing up until the steady‐state is attained (with an intermediary plateau), whereas the rate of oxygen emission slows down. The time‐course curves of fluorescence obtained with inactivated or activated chloroplasts are essentially different in that the initial yield is higher in the latter case.
STUDIES OF THE ROLE OF THE COAT PROTEIN IN THE U.V. PHOTOINACTIVATION OF U(1) AND U(2) STRAINS OF TMV*
Authors: Streeter D. G. , Gordon M. P.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— Two properties of the u.v. inactivation process in the u.v. sensitive U(2) strain have been investigated: (1) The increased binding of protein to RNA induced by irradiation of the virus at 254 nm; (2) The action spectrum for u.v. inactivation of U(2) between 250 nm and 285 nm. The extent of the u.v. induced binding of protein to RNA is similar to that previously found in the resistant U(1) strain, thereby eliminating the possibility that the capacity for this binding phenomenon bears any correlation to the difference in u.v. sensitivities of these two viruses at 254 nm. The results indicate that the radiation induced interaction of protein and RNA in U(1) and U(2) are probably similar.

The action spectrum for U(2) resembles the absorption spectrum of the RNA between 250 nm and 285 nm implicating the RNA as the primary absorber leading to inactivation of the virus in this region of the spectrum.

Quantum yields calculated for U(2) virus and free TMV‐RNA irradiated at 254 nm reveal that the irradiated free RNA may be as much as 1–4 times more sensitive to inactivation at this wavelength than RNA in the intact virus.

It is concluded that the coat protein of U(2) probably offers some protection to the enclosed RNA against u.v. damage at 254 nm, therefore, the difference in u.v. sensitivity between U(1) and U(2) TMV at this wavelength is a consequence of a difference in the degree of protection offered by the respective coat proteins to the enclosed RNA.
STUDIES ON LYSOZYME: EFFECT OF VISIBLE LIGHT ON THE CONFORMATION OF THE ENZYME IN THE PRESENCE OF METHYLENE BLUE
Authors: Gurnani Shantoo
Published: January 2008

Abstract— Lysozyme undergoes conformational changes when exposed to visible light in the presence of methylene blue. Ultracentrifugation, gel filtration and end group analysis showed that no peptide bond was cleaved. About 30 per cent of the tryptophan residues were, however, modified. The enzymic activity decreased by 50 per cent. The sedimentation coefficient and helical content decreased; the extinction in the u.v. region between 185 to 210 nm increased. The photooxidized enzyme was more susceptible to trypsinolysis than the native enzyme.
U.V. INDUCED CONFORMATIONAL CHANGES IN TRANSFER RNA
Authors: SARIN P. S. , JOHNS H. E.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— The quantum yields for the u.v. inactivation of the amino acid acceptor function of E. coli transfer RNA (for val, phe and lys) and for the loss of its conformation, as a function of exposure, have been determined following irradiation at 280, 265 and 254 nm. Our results suggest that u.v. damage produces a change in the conformation of transfer RNA which in turn inactivates it, and that the anticodon is not the u.v. sensitive site. Calculations indicate that a small number of photoproducts inactivate the transfer RNA.
THE AVAILABILITY OF SOLAR RADIATION BELOW 290 nm AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN PHOTOMODIFICATION OF POLYMERS
Authors: BARKER R. E.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— On a percentage basis, ozone is a very minor component of the atmosphere; at STP it would make a layer only about 2 mm thick. On almost every other basis (biological, meteorological, paleontological, photochemical, etc.) it is a major component, due mainly to the tremendous reduction in solar ultraviolet flux which it causes in the 220–290 nm region. Since no data are available for Λ < 285 nm, a rational basis for estimating the flux reaching the earth's surface in this region is discussed. Variations in ozone concentration are of great importance, and it is possible to have more radiation with Λ < 270 nm fall on a surface in one extreme day than in several years of typical days. Often, persons involved in studies of polymer degradation by sunlight mention that a negligible fraction (1 ppm) of the radiant flux reaching the earth's surface is associated with wavelengths below 290 nm and infer that studies at shorter wavelengths will not be of much practical value. Such inferences are questionable for at least two reasons. (1) The quantum flux density below 290 nm is about 1016 photons cm‐2 month‐1, so that considerable long‐term damage is possible since most of the flux will be absorbed in a layer only a few microns thick. (2) Even if solar radiation below 290 nm were completely absent, the existence of correlations between absorption peaks in the near ultraviolet and visible, and in the infrared with ionization potentials typically 6–12 eV or 200‐100 nm) is evidence that we may expect studies in the ultraviolet and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) to provide important clues to the problem of improving the resistance of polymers to sunlight.
THEORY ON THE RADIATIONLESS TRANSITIONS IN LARGE POLYATOMIC MOLECULES
Authors: Ting Chen‐Hanson
Published: January 2008

Abstract— The stationary perturbation theory of Robinson and Frosch is shown to be inadequate to describe the radiationless transitions in polyatomic molecules. An alternative theory of radiative transfer of excitation energy proposed by Franck and Sponer is considered. Evidence shows that this theory leads to a general mechanism for many radiationless transitions in semi‐isolated molecules.

Empirically, the rate constants of the excitation transfer between states i and f of the same energy can be expressed by a simple equation: kt‐f=1013(fi.ff)0.56sec‐1 where f's are oscillator strengths to the ground state. This equation is accurate to within an order of magnitude for various processes, such as internal conversions and intersystem crossings with rates differing by 14 orders of magnitude.

The radiative transfer is the result of second order perturbation on the molecule by the radiation field. The equation of rate constant derived from the perturbation energy agrees fairly well with the above equation.
AN E.P.R. STUDY OF PEPTIDES AFTER U.V. IRRADIATION*
Authors: MEYBECK ALAIN , WINDLE JOHN J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— Various peptides of Gly, Ala, Phe, Tyr, and Trp have been irradiated with U.V. light in the solid state or in frozen aqueous solution. The radicals produced were studied by E.P.R. spectroscopy at low temperature and at room temperature. Radicals seem to occur preferentially on Gly or Ala when in the C‐terminal position and there is evidence for a photosensitization of these amino acids by aromatic amino acids.
THE TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF PHYTOCHROME TRANSFORMATIONS
Authors: PRATT L. H. , BUTLER W. L.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— The kinetics of phytochrome transformation were examined over a 30°C temperature range (+5° to–25°C) in 75% glycerol. Two new intermediate reaction stages are described for the transformation of the red‐absorbing form, Pr to the far‐red absorbing form, Pfr The free energies, enthalpies and entropies of activation were obtained for five of the six reaction stages observed in the transformation of Pr to Pfr and for the two reaction stages observed in the reverse process. All exhibited positive entropies of activation with the maximum being 25 entropy units. The results suggest that the phototransformations between Pr and Pfr consist of relaxation processes beginning with the intermediate produced immediately upon absorption of a quantum of light and ending with either Pr or Pfr.
FLUORESCENCE LIFETIME AND QUANTUM YIELD OF PHENYLALANINE AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS. TEMPERATURE AND CONCENTRATION EFFECTS
Authors: LEROY E. , LAMI H. , LAUSTRIAT G.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— –The influence of concentration and temperature on the fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime (measured by a monophoton technique) of phenylalanine is studied in neutral aqueous solutions (8 × 10‐4‐10‐1M) over the temperature range 0–70°C. The rate constants for emission, internal conversion and intersystem crossing are evaluated and show that both non radiative processes contribute efficiently to the deactivation of the singlet state. Evidence for excited dimer formation at high concentration is presented. The binding energy of excimers was found to be 0.19 e V.
THE ASSOCIATION AND ACTIVITIES OF PTERIDINES IN PHOTOSYNTHETIC SYSTEMS*,†
Authors: FULLER R. C. , KIDDER G. W. , NUGENT N. A. , DEWEY V. C. , RIGOPOULOS N.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— Unconjugated pteridines are associated with the photosynthetic systems of several organisms. Inhibition of the development of the photosynthetic system of Rhodospirillum rubrum with the pteridine inhibitor 4‐phenoxy‐2,6‐diamino pyridine (PDAP) is reversed by biopterin, a natural pteridine. Evidence is presented which indicates an electron transport function for pteridines. Specific interaction of reduced pteridines with isolated pigment protein complexes, leading to red‐shifted absorption bands, has suggested a mechanism for photochemical energy trapping.
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS IN RIGID MEDIA‐I. THE EFFECT OF GELATIN ON THE AEROBIC PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF RIBOFLAVIN IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION
Authors: OWEN E. D. , O'BOY A. A.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— The addition of potassium iodide to dilute aqueous solutions of riboflavin reduced both the rate of the aerobic photolysis and the fluorescence quantum yield of riboflavin in the same proportions. This indicated that under these conditions the photolysis proceeded from the singlet excited state. The addition of gelatin to aqueous solutions of riboflavin also reduced the rate of the aerobic photolysis but increased slightly the quantum yield of fluorescence. The rates and the fluorescence of solutions of riboflavin to which gelatin had been added were also reduced by the addition of potassium iodide but in this case the effect on the rate was proportionately greater than the effect on the fluorescence. The data suggests that in the presence of gelatin the mechanism of the reaction is changed and that the triplet state becomes more important.
SENSITIZED PHOTOOXYGENATION ACCORDING TO TYPE I MECHANISM (RADICAL MECHANISM) ‐ PART I. FLASH PHOTOLYSIS EXPERIMENTS
Authors: KRAMER H. E. A. , MAUTE A.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— The photooxygenation of allylthiourea (ATU) sensitized by thionine does not occur according to the singlet oxygen mechanism but rather proceeds via the formation of radicals. In oxygen‐free solution the primary process is a redox reaction between the thionine triplet and ATU where a semithionine‐ and an ATU‐radical are formed. In further reaction steps the leuco form of the dye is finally produced (reductive photobleaching; D

R mechanism after Koizumi). The primary process in an oxygen‐containing aqueous solution is the same, since at high concentrations of ATU (0·2M) the amount of semithionine formed by a photolytic flash, as well as the time course of disappearance of semithionine, does not depend on the oxygen content of the solution.

The reformation of thionine following flash photolysis has been investigated with regard to oxygen concentration and pH dependence. Two different excitation intensities were used. A quadratic dependence of thionine reformation on excitation intensity at high oxygen concentration was observed, indicating a reaction between two photoproducts.

The dependence of the reaction rate of semithionine on the ionic strength has been investigated. These experiments show that the reaction partner of semithionine carries a charge of + 1 in oxygen‐free as well as in oxygen‐saturated solution.
FORMATION OF THYMINE DIMERS IN MAMMALIAN SKIN BY ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION IN VIVO
Authors: PATHAK M. A. , KRÄMER D. M. , GÜNGERICH U.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— Ultraviolet radiation of 220–300 nm is known to produce cyclobutyl pyrimidine dimers in extracellular DNA, in bacteria, and in mammalian cells in culture. The formation in vivo of such dimers in mammalian skin has remained inferential. We report that one of the important and recognizable biologic events that occurs in mammalian skin during irradiation is the formation of thymine dimers. [3H]‐labelled thymidine was applied to the epilated skin of guinea pigs to label their DNA. Animals were irradiated individually, using wavelengths of either 254, 285–350, or 320–400 nm. Immediately after irradiation, epidermis was separated from the rest of the skin and homogenized; DNA and RNA were isolated. Irradiation with wavelengths of 285–350 nm, which included the sunburn‐producing spectrum (i.e., 290–320 nm), produced thymine dimers (1·7–2·6 per cent of the total [3H]‐thymine incorporated into DNA). Irradiation with 254nm also produced fewer dimers (0·46–1·2 percent); and 320–400 nm produced none. The dimer could be cleaved by 250 nm radiation to form thymine. The epidermal cell damage by ultraviolet radiation, particularly by the sunburn‐producing spectrum (290–320 nm), may be related to the formation of such dimers.
QUANTUM YIELDS OF THE LUMINOL CHEMILUMINESCENCE REACTION IN AQUEOUS AND APROTIC SOLVENTS*
Authors: LEE J. , SELIGER H. H.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— Quantum yields for luminol (3‐aminophthalic hydrazide) chemiluminescence reactions fall into two classes depending on oxidizing conditions. In aprotic solvents the quantum yield is high and the excitation yield which allows for the fluorescence quantum yield of the product, is 0·09 and is unaffected by changes in solution temperature or polarity, or the presence of quenchers. In aqueous solution under optimum pH conditions (11–13), hydrogen peroxide oxidation results in a high chemiluminescence quantum yield with an excitation yield of 0·04 again unaffected by temperature, viscosity or quenchers. Other oxidizing conditions produce lower quantum yields probably by the introduction of competing chemical pathways.

The luminol chemiluminescence light standard has been used to calibrate a spectrofluoro‐meter with results in good agreement with the quantum yields of the ferrioxalate actinometer and the fluorescence of quinine sulfate and diphenylanthracene.
LOW‐TEMPERATURE PHOTCOXIDATION OF CHLOROPHYLL‐A*
Authors: SHERMAN GWENDOLYN , KORN T. MARC , LINSCHITZ HENRY
Published: January 2008

Abstract— Illumination of chlorophyll at low temperature, in solvents containing organic Lewis bases and oxygen, leads to oxidation of the C‐2 vinyl group. This oxidation proceeds through a series of thermal and photochemical changes, including initial formation of a new compound (I) absorbing at 620 nm. This undergoes further rapid photochemical (or thermal) conversion back to a chlorin‐like substance (II), and much slower phototransformation to a third intermediate (III) absorbing near 500 nm. The reaction requires complexed metal (Mg or Zn), but not an intact cyclopentanone ring. The ‘620’ photoproduct is assigned to a cyclic peroxide involving C‐1 of chlorophyll and the vinyl group.