bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perempuan dan Teknologi Informasi
Authors: Faiz Fahruddin
Published: April 2019

The patriarchal culture that is gender biased has been proven to bring a negative effect in the harmony of human life. Men and women ideally must complete one-another and support each other in different ways. However patriarchal culture has made men became the main actors, dominant and hegemonic, and women became the figurant side, on the border and unable to express themselves. This 'sidedness' in the world of informational technology is one of the real facts in this problem. This article tries to prove how women's access to the technological world has been 'walled' since the beginning and how women are positioned only as a profitable object by exploiting their body and sexuality by technological practitioners. In the end of this article, the writer advises the need of a world-view patriarchal deconstruction, a cultural revolution, and a reformation of social structure as a way out of this problem.
Gender dan Performansi Kognitif (Book Review)
Authors: Andayani Andayani
Published: April 2019

Judul Buku : Gender Differences in Human CognitionPenulis : Paula J. Kaplan, Mary Crawford, Janet Shibley Hyde dan John TE RichardsonPenerbit : Oxford  University  PressTahun : 1997Tebal : 182 Halaman
Pendidikan dan Independensi Perempuan
Authors: Khayati Eny Zuhni
Published: April 2019

Educational right is the right for everyone in the world. There, therefore, should be no reason to discriminate against women in terms of education in Indonesia. This article discusses the importance of education and independence of women, particularly the economic independence in the family. Knowledgeable and economically strong woman will have strong self independence and be more successful in playing her role and function in both the family and society.
Marginalisasi Perempuan Dalam Dunia Pendidikan
Authors: Astutiningsih Sri Eka
Published: April 2019

Women have experienced gender inequalities in many aspects of human life, including in education. Education which is ideally accessible equally for everyone, in fact, has been discriminative against women. There are many factors that bring about women marginalization in the field of education including: 1) a strong patriarchal culture; 2) gender biased curriculum, text books, and teaching and learning process; 3) curriculum evaluator, educational advisers, and teachers who does not have gender sensitivity. The most fundamental factor has been male dominated and oriented society. In order to develop more gender equal educational system, therefore, there is a need to restructure the gender biased,curriculum and develop an inclusive gender teaching and learning process. In the process of teaching and learning teachers have to encourage both male and female students to have critical knowledge, behavior, and awareness, emphasize the importance of gender equality, and avoid using gender biased language. There are three significant aspects included in the development of gender equality in curriculum: teacher, student, and the produced knowledge. Gender inequality that results in women marginalization in education, thus, should be eliminated. AU have to work hard hand in hand to be able to create gender equality in education.
Menggagas Pendidikan Entrepreneur dan Perempuan Mandiri
Authors: Suprihatin Sri Emy Yuli
Published: April 2019

It is the time for Indonesian women to become autonomous women. This contention has a substantial reason. In fact, many husbands or fathers, who are considered the breadwinners of family, cannot provide an adequate income to fulfill their family needs. Many women have also become single parents because of getting divorce or their husbands or fathers died. How should women struggle with these mentioned conditions? How could they fulfill their individual and family needs if they do not know how to deal with the problems? How could women sustain their own and family life if they are physically and intellectually weak, poor and do not know what to do? The phenomena indicate the urgency of giving women an entrepreneurship education that will assist them to live independently and be capable of maintaining their life and family survival.
Potret Subordinasi Perempuan Dalam Pendidikan
Authors: Surjanto Agus Eko
Published: April 2019

The curriculum, both in religious and secular educations, generally tends to emphasize men's role in public spheres and highlights women's role in domestic arena. The content of curriculum, for instant, contains gender biased pictures, sentences or illustrations. The curriculum in religious education is also similar: there is an obvious tendency to maintain gender bias due to the authors' conviction that the books they refer to (fiqih books) are sacred, already final and unchangeable. Religious text books, thus, tend to maintain women subordination. In order to develop gender sensitive religious understanding, then, there is a need to revise religious text books that include gender bias. The revision is important because this gender biased religious understanding has become common understanding in society. This is because Muslim society attempt to understand their religious teachings dogmatically. They do not use a critical approach in understanding religious norms particularly the ones they accommodate in the text books related to women's status and role.
Perempuan dan Spiritualitasnya Dalam Perspektif Hadis
Authors: Suryadi Suryadi
Published: April 2019

It has been widely known that Islam is often portrayed as a religion which marginalizes and discriminates against women. This image comes from gender-biased practices of Muslim communities in some parts of the world. The author argues that if we go deeply to the authentic teachings of Islam, be they ones based on the Qur'an and Hadith, we will certainly find many riwayah that promote equality between men and women. With regard to the issue of spirituality, this article focuses on the hadith perspective, and concludes that the Prophet Muhammad had indeed provided wide space for women (as well as mean) to exercise spirituality in order to attain highest state of purity in the eyes of Allah. Both in doctrinal and practical level never did the Prophet single out one sex against the other. There is no proof whatsoever that the Prophet discriminated women from engagi,ng in spirituality.
Kedudukan Saksi Wanita Dalam Fiqh Kontemporer
Authors: Listyarini Dyah
Published: April 2019

This paper asserts tha: contextually speaking a woman is equal with a man. This opinion is based on the principles of musawah ad-dinyyah (religious equqlity) and of musawah al-ijtima'iyyah (social equality) without ever questioning their sexes. In interpreting religious texs, therefore we need to take into considerations the historical, social and cultural contexts of the revelation to find their inner spirit. The male superiority in the affair of witness, and also the leadership of men over women should not be seen to be inherent, automatic rights for all men, because the clauses mentioned in the Qur'anic verses showed tha: their distinct right are contingent upon the fulfillment of certain functions; such as liaving broader knowledge and capability to assume responsibility to feed femily member. Therefore when women have attained similar knowledge and capability, they cannot be denied their rights to perform as witnesses.
Islam Dihujat Islam Menjawab Tanggapan Atas Tuduhan dan Kesalahpahaman (Book Review)
Authors: Waryono Waryono
Published: April 2019

Judul Buku : 'Haqa'iq Islamiyyah Fi Muwajahat Hamalilt at-Tasyklk'Penulis : Prof. Dr. Mahmoud Hamdi ZaqzouqPenterjemah : Irfan Mas'ud, LC., MA.Penerbit : Lentera Hati JakartaTahun : 2008Tebal: xiv+ 228
Nikah Dini: Pelembagaan Praktik Kekerasan Terhadap Perempuan
Authors: Wahyuni Budi
Published: April 2019

This article addresses the issues of child marriages from the perspective of an activist in women's empowerment. The practice of child marriage has become a medium for institutionalizingviolence against women. This is because the practice has violated some basic human's rights of young girls; such as their rights to education, to have opinion and to express their thoughts, to have their thoughts be heard, to rest and play, and to grow fully and be prgtected.
Analisis Historis Perempuan-Perempuan di Sekitar Turunnya Al-Quran (Book Review)
Authors: Lukman Fadhli
Published: April 2019

Judul Buku : Ayat-ayat Wanita: Kisan Nyata Perempuan-perempuan Penyebab Turunnya WahyuPenulis : Fathi Fawzi 'Abd al-Mu'thiPenerjemah : Khalifurrahman FathVolume : 230 him.Penerbit : Zaman, Cilandak Timur, Jaksel.Cetakan : Cetakan I, 2008ISBN : 978-979-024-079-7
Iniciativas públicas en la industria europea de capital riesgo: una comparativa entre programas del Reino Unido y España
Authors: Ríos Sastre Susana de los , Rodríguez García Isabel , Sáenz-Díez Rojas Rocío
Published: April 2019

La industria de capital riesgo y su papel como proveedor de fondos a largo plazo para las empresas han recuperado importancia en Europa, una vez superados los peores años de la crisis financiera. En España, el tejido empresarial continúa dependiendo en exceso de la financiación bancaria como principal recurso financiero, por lo que el acceso al mercado de capital riesgo puede resultar de vital importancia, sobre todo para las empresas más pequeñas o de nueva creación. En este artículo se analiza un aspecto clave para el desarrollo de la industria de capital riesgo, como es la participación del sector público en el fomento de este tipo de financiación. Se realiza una breve revisión del estado actual del capital riesgo en España dentro del contexto europeo, comparando las iniciativas públicas españolas con las de un país referente en el mercado de capital privado europeo, como es el Reino Unido. En concreto, se examinan en profundidad las similitudes y diferencias entre dos programas públicos exitosos de ambos países: Fond-ICO Global y Enterprise Capital Funds.
Análisis del fenómeno del «Employer Branding» como herramienta de gestión de la atracción y retención del talento en las empresas
Authors: Horstmann Sendagorta Leticia , Martín Rodrigo María José
Published: April 2019

La guerra por el talento es una realidad del contexto empresarial al que las empresas se enfrentan actualmente. Ante este panorama tan competitivo, las empresas han asumido la necesidad de implementar estrategias dirigidas a la mejora de la gestión del capital humano. Especialmente destacable es la novedosa práctica del employer branding que permite a las empresas definir su marca de empleador en aras de atraer y retener al mejor talento, fruto de la aplicación de técnicas provenientes del Marketing al campo de los Recursos Humanos. Los resultados obtenidos hasta hoy, demuestran que el employer branding no sólo es efectivo como política de gestión del talento, sino que beneficia al rendimiento global de la compañía. Este estudio pretende, mediante la revisión de la literatura existente al respecto, analizar el fenómeno del employer branding en relación a las implicaciones prácticas que tiene sobre las políticas de atracción y retención de recursos humanos con el objetivo de contribuir a una comprensión más profunda de un concepto que todavía está pendiente de ser definido con precisión.
El desarrollo de las soluciones Fintech en España
Authors: Cassinello Natalia , Cervera Conte Ignacio , Ibáñez Jiménez Javier W. , López del Villar Claudia
Published: April 2019

En una primera parte de este escrito se ofrece una explanación introductoria al significado actual en el mercado y la industria financiera del término «tecnología financiera» (FinTech), su origen y su valor para cambiar el sistema financiero. La segunda describe la tecnología de registros distribuidos (DLT) como ejemplo señero del poder transformador de la industria FinTech, para seguidamente ejemplificar algunos usos financieros de la tecnología de cadenas de bloques. En la tercera parte, tras exponer los factores que impulsan, y los que frenan, el crecimiento del fenómeno FinTech, se comentan los estudios de alcance global más recientes sobre la magnitud y significación de esa expansión, y su impacto sobre los mercados financieros y el comportamiento de los clientes bancarios tradicionales, realizándose algunas consideraciones para el caso particular de España. Escriba en este punto un resumen para el artículo.
Cuestiones jurídicas en torno a la cadena de bloques («blockchain») y a los contratos inteligentes («smart contracts»)
Authors: Ibáñez Jiménez Javier W.
Published: April 2019

Se tratan algunas cuestiones clave que, desde la óptica legal, y en particular del derecho de la contratación, comienza a plantear en España la introducción y generalización en la práctica de sistemas de contratación electrónica fundados en la tecnología denominada de cadenas de bloques o registros distribuidos, y en el empleo de los llamados contratos inteligentes.
La evolución de la estrategia de inversión del fondo soberano noruego (GPFG)
Authors: Wirth Eszter
Published: April 2019

El Fondo Gubernamental de Pensiones Global de Noruega ( Government Pension Fund Global –GPFG–) es el fondo soberano más grande del mundo, con activos bajo gestión equivalentes a un billón de dólares estadounidenses en septiembre de 2017. Es un instrumento macroeconómico de estabilización para suavizar los ciclos económicos al ahorrar en época de precios altos del crudo o auge económico, y gastar en épocas de tiempos difíciles para evitar la recesión en caso de un desplome de los precios del crudo. Pero también es un fondo de ahorro para asegurar la sostenibilidad de las cuentas fiscales y el reparto intergeneracional de los recursos hidrocarburíferos con un horizonte de inversión amplio. Este artículo se centra sobre todo en la evolución de su estrategia de inversión entre 1996 y 2016, desde un enfoque conservador hacia una mayor diversificación en cuanto a tipo de activos y ámbito geográfico, aunque los últimos seis años han estado caracterizados por cierto inmovilismo y conflicto de intereses entre las autoridades políticas y los gestores financieros.
Experiencias y reflexiones. La ética en el manejo de la información contablefinanciera
Authors: Ceballos-Amandi José Angel , Ballesteros García Carlos , García Domonte Aurora
Published: April 2019

El artículo constituye una reflexión sobre la relevancia antropológica de la acción moral sobre su propio sujeto, más allá de los criterios al uso basados en modelos interpretativos orientados a dilucidar la validez ética de las acciones externas. En este caso, el interés se centra en los efectos que las acciones tienen en el propio sujeto que las realiza, como base para una justificación de la ética desde su propio sujeto. Para ello se toma como referencia de partida un contexto profesional concreto, como es el área financiera.
Optimization of the proposed hybrid denoising technique to overcome over-filtering issue
Authors: Kushwaha Sumit , Singh Rabindra Kumar
Published: April 2019

Image denoising has become a crucial task in medical ultrasound (US) imaging due to the presence of speckle or multiplicative noise and additive Gaussian noise. Recently, several denoising techniques such as adaptive wavelet thresholding & joint bilateral (AWT + JB) filter, adaptive fuzzy switching weighted mean (AFSWM) filter and median patch-based locally optimal Wiener (MPBLOW) filter have been proposed to remove the speckle noise. However, these denoising techniques were found to remove noise along with the essential parts of the actual image data which is known as over-filtering. Thereby, it reduces the accuracy of the recognition process. In this paper, a new hybrid filter technique is proposed by combining anisotropic diffusion (AD) with Butterworth band pass filter to overcome over-filtering of the image. In addition, the performance of the proposed hybrid filter and its design parameters are enhanced using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The simulation results show that the proposed filtering technique achieves a better denoising performance when compared with other filtering techniques in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), structural similarity index (SSIM) and edge preservation index (EPI). Moreover, the results validated that the proposed filtering technique using PSO achieves effective performance than using the harmony search algorithm (HSA) and other filtering techniques.
A pilot study of new promising non-coding RNA diagnostic biomarkers for early-stage colorectal cancers
Authors: Liu Hanshao , Ye Deji , Chen Aijun , Tan Dan , Zhang Wenpeng , Jiang Wenxia , Wang Mingliang , Zhang Xiaoren
Published: April 2019

Background

Diagnostic biomarkers for the detection of colorectal cancers (CRCs) are lacking. Recent studies have demonstrated that circulating long non-coding RNAs have the potential to serve as biomarkers for the detection of cancers. We analyzed the significance of lncRNAs 91H, PVT-1 and MEG3 in the detection of CRC.

Methods

We examined the expression levels of 13 candidate lncRNAs in the plasma of 18 CRC patients and 20 non-cancerous controls. Then, we validated our findings by determining the expression levels of six promising lncRNAs in CRC tissues and normal colorectal tissues. Finally, we evaluated the clinical relevance of lncRNAs 91H, PVT-1 and MEG3 in the plasma of 58 CRC patients and 56 non-cancerous controls.

Results

Our data revealed that the expression levels of lncRNAs 91H, PVT-1 and MEG3 were significantly higher in plasma samples from CRC patients than in those from non-cancerous controls. The combination of 91H, PVT-1 and MEG3 could discriminate CRC patients from non-cancerous controls with an area under the receiver-operating curve (AUC) of 0.877 at a cut-off value of 0.3816, with a sensitivity of 82.76% and 78.57% specificity. More importantly, the combination of lncRNAs shows more sensitivity in the detection of early-stage CRC than the combination of CEA and CA19-9, biomarkers currently used for CRC detection (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions

lncRNAs 91H, PVT-1 and MEG3 are promising diagnostic biomarkers for early-stage CRC.
Financial Regulation & Digital Money: How Russia Dips Its Toes into the Waters of Cryptocurrency
Authors: Tsindeliani Imeda
Published: April 2019

Digital technologies are opening new opportunities for business. The article is devoted to the analysis of the legal nature of the cryptocurrency as an object of financial and legal regulation from the point of view of Russian legislation. The analysis of the qualification of the cryptocurrency is described as money, electronic money, foreign currency, other property, as well as the possibility of assigning crypto-loans to obligations rights. The conclusion is made about the possibility of treating the cryptocurrency as private money on a par with national currencies.
试析流行构式 “X一把” ——兼论流行构式形成过程中体现的当代特色
Authors: 红永 梁
Published: April 2019

20 世纪 90 年代，随着王朔的小说《过把瘾就死》的出版和由其改编的电视剧《过把瘾》的热播，流行构式 “X一把” 产生。这一构式中的 X 为非手部动作动词、形容词和名词，“把” 表示抽象的动作量，整体具有[+量度较强]的特征。当代汉语流行构式的出现不仅表现为对原构式的发展，而且还有理据性不太明显的全新创造；在扩散方面，以辐射式为主，速度也非常快，这些正是流行构式的当代特色之所在。
Stress wave evaluation for predicting the properties of thermally modified wood using neuro-fuzzy and neural network modeling
Authors: Nasir Vahid , Nourian Sepideh , Avramidis Stavros , Cool Julie
Published: April 2019

This study investigated using the stress wave method to predict the properties of thermally modified wood by means of an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and neural network (NN) modeling. The stress wave was detected using a pair of accelerometers and an acoustic emission (AE) sensor, and the effect of heat treatment (HT) on the physical and mechanical properties of wood as well as wave velocity and AE signal is discussed. The AE signal was processed in the time and time-frequency domains using wavelet analysis and different features were extracted for network training. The auto-associative NN is used as a dimensional reduction method to decrease the dimension of the extracted AE features and enhance the ANFIS performance. It was shown that while the stress wave velocity using the accelerometer did not result in an accurate model, the network performance significantly increased when trained with the AE features. The AE signal exhibited a significant correlation with wood treatment and porosity. The best ANFIS performance corresponded to predicting the wood swelling coefficient, equilibrium moisture content (EMC) and water absorption (WA), respectively. However, the AE signal did not seem suitable for predicting the wood density and hardness. The performance of ANFIS was compared with the “group method of data handling” (GMDH) NN. Both the ANFIS and GMDH networks showed higher accuracy than the multivariate linear regression (MVLR) model.
Mass spectrometry of membrane protein complexes
Authors: Bender Julian , Schmidt Carla
Published: April 2019

Membrane proteins are key players in the cell. Due to their hydrophobic nature they require solubilising agents such as detergents or membrane mimetics during purification and, consequently, are challenging targets in structural biology. In addition, their natural lipid environment is crucial for their structure and function further hampering their analysis. Alternative approaches are therefore required when the analysis by conventional techniques proves difficult. In this review, we highlight the broad application of mass spectrometry (MS) for the characterisation of membrane proteins and their interactions with lipids. We show that MS unambiguously identifies the protein and lipid components of membrane protein complexes, unravels their three-dimensional arrangements and further provides clues of protein-lipid interactions.
Assessment of the WHO Health Promoting Schools Framework among schools in selected villages of rural Puducherry, South India – a mixed method study
Authors: Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy , Kumar Dinesh , Priyan Shanthosh , Subitha Lakshminarayanan , Tanmay Gokhale , Vaishnavi Sreenivasan
Published: April 2019

Background

The health of children and adolescents can be promoted through schools as they spend most of their time in school. The Health Promoting Schools (HPS) framework provides a set of policies to be followed in schools for improving the health status of school-going children and adolescents. The current study was done to assess this framework among schools in rural Puducherry.

Methods

Key informant interviews were done with the teachers under the six World Health Organisation (WHO) HPS framework domains to develop an observation checklist for the assessment of schools in the study area. After the survey, in-depth interviews were conducted as an approach to explore the existing health promotion activities, facilitating or hindering factors in the implementation of health promotion framework and suggestions for improving the same.

Results

A quantitative survey on nine schools showed that almost all the schools were lacking in domains such as health promotion policy, behaviour counselling and mental and social support. Physical education, facilities and policies for nutrition and community collaboration exist in only some of the schools. Qualitative interviews also showed similar findings and most of the teachers suggested to include training for general health emergencies and behaviour counselling.

Conclusion

The current study showed that most of the schools were lacking in almost all the domains under the HPS framework. Hence, stakeholders at all levels should be made aware of this framework and develop a strategy for uniform implementation of it in all the schools in the region.
Improving recruitment and retention of adolescents and young adults with cancer in randomized controlled clinical trials
Authors: Docherty Sharron L. , Crane Stacey , Haase Joan E. , Robb Sheri L.
Published: April 2019

Participation of adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with cancer in randomized clinical trials (RCTs) is necessary to advance treatments and psychosocial programs. Exploring AYAs experiences in an RCT will inform strategies to support recruitment and retention. A qualitative design was used to study the experiences of 13 AYAs in the Stories and Music for Adolescent and Young Adult Resilience during Transplant I (SMART I) trial. Key themes included: Weighing the Pros and Cons; Randomization Preferences; Completing Measures; and Worthwhile Experience. The experiences of AYAs during RCTs can bring insights that inform the design and management of AYA trials. Strategies include improving assent/consent processes, design of electronic interfaces and encouraging researcher flexibility.
Noticing without negotiation?: What L2 Spanish learners report hearing in peer-produced language
Authors: Peace Meghann M.
Published: April 2019

Peer interaction and corrective feedback are beneficial in promoting second language development (e. g. Lyster et al. 2013; Philp et al. 2014; Sato 2017; Sato and Lyster 2012). A prerequisite of providing feedback is that learners first be able to notice elements of their peers’ language. This study seeks to analyze the latter, examining what L2 Spanish learners report hearing in peer-produced language. Data came from notes taken during the task and a subsequent stimulated recall. Content was reported more than form, the verb phrase was noticed more than any other linguistic feature, and a portion of the learners’ comments consisted of mostly-accurate unsolicited feedback. The results may have been constrained by task specifics, assumed relative proficiency, and classroom experience. The formal study of a third language may have facilitated the learners’ ability to notice, even in the absence of attention-directing strategies. These results correspond with previous work in feedback and negotiation, but separating learner perceptions from interaction permitted a closer look at the first step involved in peer communication.
Ein astronomisch-astrologisches Gedicht des persischen Dichters Ḥusain Ḥakīm Ṯanāʾī Mašhadī auf der Berliner Indischen Weltkarte
Authors: Niewöhner Elke
Published: April 2019

One does not encounter short astronomical-astrological poems in Persian very frequently. One such poem, by the Persian-Indian poet Ṯanāʾī (d. 1587/8) is inscribed on the Indian world map in the Museum of Islamic Art in Berlin. This map probably originated in the sphere of the court of the ruler of Rajastan, Sawai Jai Singh II. (1700‒1743). The poem does not bear a relationship to the other inscriptions and paintings found on the map, and is known only from this map. It presupposes a significant degree of knowledge of astronomy and astrology on the reader’s part, especially since Ṯanāʾī had developed a style in India by means of which he was able to “pack longwinded ideas and multiple meanings into a succinct expression”. The poem reflects a world view that is based on the cosmology of Aristotle and the planetary theories of Ptolemy. In particular, it addresses the heavenly spheres, with the earth at their center, the system of astronomical coordinates, the course and the characteristics of the planets, including Sun and Moon, and a short characterization of the four elements and the twelve signs of the zodiac. This article provides a philological reading, translation, and line-by-line commentary of the poem.
Institutional Law and Development Governance: An Introduction
Authors: Dann Philipp
Published: April 2019

This paper argues that the intersection of international institutional law and “law-and-development” studies provides a rich field of themes that help to understand inequality and agency in the global order. It sketches a first overview of how this field could be understood and analysed, describing characteristics, principles and scholarly approaches to the field, some structural features (institutions and finances) as well as central mechanisms and instruments. Dealing with the distribution of power, finance and knowledge, it is an obvious object for a variety of scholarly approaches, in particular critical legal and public law scholarship.
Surface forces measurement for materials science
Authors: Kurihara Kazue
Published: April 2019

This article reviews the surface forces measurement as a novel tool for materials science. The history of the measurement is briefly described in the Introduction. The general overview covers specific features of the surface forces measurement as a tool for studying the solid-liquid interface, confined liquids and soft matter. This measurement is a powerful way for understanding interaction forces, and for characterizing (sometime unknown) phenomena at solid-liquid interfaces and soft complex matters. The surface force apparatus (SFA) we developed for opaque samples can study not only opaque samples in various media, but also electrochemical processes under various electrochemical conditions. Electrochemical SFA enables us to determine the distribution of counterions between strongly bound ones in the Stern layer and those diffused in the Gouy-Chapman layer. The shear measurement is another active area of the SFA research. We introduced a resonance method, i.e. the resonance shear measurement (RSM), that is used to study the effective viscosity and lubricity of confined liquids in their thickness from μm to contact. Advantages of these measurements are discussed by describing examples of each measurement. These studies demonstrate how the forces measurement is used for characterizing solid-liquid interfaces, confined liquids and reveal unknown phenomena. The readers will be introduced to the broad applications of the forces measurement in the materials science field.
Einfache Sozialsysteme
Authors: Luhmann Niklas
Published: April 2019

Systemtheoretische Analysen können auch auf einfache, situationsgebundene Interaktionen angewandt werden. Immer, wenn Anwesende einander wahrnehmen können, bilden sich Sozialsysteme besonderer Art, die sich durch angebbare Eigenarten der Selektion von Struktur und Verhalten unterscheiden von Gesellschaften und von organisierten Sozialsystemen. Die Grundannahmen der Systemtheorie - eine Komplexitätsdifferenz zwischen System und Umwelt und ein selektiver Aufbau system spezifischer Ordnungen - gelten auch hier. Die Besonderheiten liegen im gleichzeitigen Ablauf von Wahrnehmungsprozessen und thematisch konzentrierter verbaler Kommunikation, in der Verwendung der Interaktionsgeschichte als Struktur, in einem wenig differenzierten Umweltverhältnis, in der Benutzung moralischer Ebenen der Steuerung und Störungsabwehr und in geringen Ansätzen zu Abstraktionsleistungen und zur Systemreflexion, die vor allem dann ausgebildet werden, wenn es zu wiederholten Zusammenkünften kommt.
Delta Shock Wave in a Perfect Fluid Model with Zero Pressure
Authors: Pang Yicheng , Ge Jianjun , Hu Min , Shao Liuyang
Published: April 2019

The Riemann problem for a perfect fluid model with zero pressure is considered, where the external force is a given continuous function of time. All of exact solutions are given. In particular, a vacuum occurs in the solutions, although initial data stay far away from the vacuum. It is shown that a delta shock wave in which density and internal energy contain a Dirac delta function develops in the solutions. The position, velocity, and weights of the delta shock wave are presented explicitly. Moreover, all of the solutions are not self-similar because of the presence of the external force.
Surfactant-enhanced Bioremediation of n-Hexadecane-contaminated Soil Using Halo-tolerant Bacteria Paenibacillus glucanolyticus sp. Strain T7-AHV Isolated from Marine Environment
Authors: Ghafari Shokouh , Baboli Zeynab , Jorfi Sahand , Abtahi Mehrnoosh , Saeedi Reza , Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani Reza , Mirzaee S. A. , Neisi A.
Published: April 2019

A halo-tolerant bacterial strain Paenibacillus glucanolyticus sp. strain T7-AHV isolated
from marine environment was used for bioremediation of n-hexadecane-contaminated
soil. Soil/water ratio, initial inoculums volume, surfactant addition, n-hexadecane concentration, and salinity were investigated. The possibility of biosurfactant production by isolated strain was also studied, and the results demonstrated that it was not a biosurfactant producer, based on measurement of the surface tension of culture broth. Both tween 80 and rhamnolipid enhanced the biodegradation of n-hexadecane significantly up to 44 and 46 %, respectively. A biodegradation rate of 39.7 % was observed at salinity level of up to 2 %, and the biodegradation efficiency decreased significantly at higher salinity concentrations. A natural hydrocarbon-contaminated soil sample with total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentration of 1437 mg kg–1 was subjected to bioremediation using the selected conditions of operational parameters, and a biodegradation rate of 22.1 % was obtained.
Políticas y programas de Estado para la salud rural en América Latina: una revisión de la literatura
Authors: Parada Parra Lorena
Published: April 2019

El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar las principales políticas y programas estatales en Latinoamérica para el fomento de la salud rural. Se utiliza como método el estudio transversal retrospectivo para determinar las principales leyes que han permitido el surgimiento de políticas y programas rurales para la promoción de la salud, dirigidos a pobladores de zonas rurales en Latinoamérica, con ello se comprenden las acciones que se han trabajado en el ámbito rural. La revisión de la literatura muestra que existen diversos programas que dan respuesta parcial a los problemas de salud existentes en las zonas rurales. Respecto a los programas de fomento rural en América Latina, la mayor parte son programas de lucha contra la pobreza, algunos de ellos tienen impacto en los indicadores sanitarios, sin embargo, existen programas que ya expiraron y para el caso de Colombia, es necesario tener más en cuenta las zonas rurales para dar mayor alcance en salud.
Descenso, transgresión y creación: el erotismo en la poesía de Raúl Gómez Jattin
Authors: Niño Arteaga Yesid
Published: April 2019

Este artículo propone un acercamiento a la obra poética del colombiano Raúl Gómez Jattin a través de la crítica a los poemas “Veneno de serpiente cascabel” y “Elogio de los alucinógenos”, escritos en el periodo de 1983 a 1986. Bajo el intento de mostrar la multiplicidad de su poesía desde un acercamiento filosófico-literario que intente indagar en el decir poético y las connotaciones de erotismo, inmanencia y transgresión presentes en el mundo de la creación literaria. Puesto que la poesía de Raúl Gómez Jattin puede pensarse como descenso, posibilidad y desafío de indagar en la creación literaria, toda vez que puede propiciar elementos para comprender la manifestación de una transgresión interior que el poeta precisa inexcusable para la afirmación de la vida y del hecho literario.
Economía de la coca y violencia: realidades desde el Corregimiento de El Plateado, Municipio de Argelia, Cauca (Colombia)
Authors: Arboleda Suárez Denis Antonio
Published: April 2019

El artículo hace parte de una investigación realizada en el marco de la tesis de Maestría en Desarrollo Comunitario Sustentable de la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, titulada ‘‘Identidades, proyectos de vida y participación comunitaria de los jóvenes en el Corregimiento de El Plateado, Municipio de Argelia Cauca –Colombia’’. Se presentan evidencias de la violencia vivida en el corregimiento, abordando aspectos relacionados con la confrontación del aparato armado del Estado y los grupos guerrilleros, la arremetida paramilitar, efectos de las fumigaciones para la erradicación de cultivos de coca y la amenaza tras los intereses mineros en la zona.
The pitfalls of a centralized bureaucracy
Authors: Xu Chenggang
Published: April 2019

The incentive problem is a vital issue in all transition economies and China is not an exception. This paper summarises how China partially solved this problem at early stages of post-Mao reforms and why the Chinese solution is only transitory, which explains severe problems that China is facing now. The paper also discusses the incentive mechanisms in the judicial system and the effect of the soft budget constraint (SBC) syndrome on incentives, including the relationship between institutions and innovation.
EU-financed peripheral large-scale infrastructure projects and the White Elephant syndrome: The example of Rail Baltica
Authors: Veebel Viljar , Markus Raul , Ploom Illimar
Published: April 2019

The present study revolves around the question of the appropriateness of “the White Elephant syndrome” to characterise the nature of the planned trans-Baltic railway project Rail Baltica (RB) in terms of its initial financing, long-term profitability and symbolic importance. Whereas, in general, the expected outcome of the project goes well together with the EU Cohesion Policy goals, in its concrete application RB could serve as an example of the tendency of politicians and public servants to institutionally lock themselves into certain irrational choices about publicly financed mega-projects. This is what “the White Elephant syndrome” metaphor illustrates. Methodologically, this paper aims to analyse whether RB meets the common criteria of “the White Elephant syndrome” of public investments or if it can be seen as a sustainable and profitable long-term project after the initial investment.
Why post-communist countries choose the flat tax: A comparative welfare approach
Authors: Ganchev Gancho , Tanchev Stoyan
Published: April 2019

Our aim is to explain why the post-communist countries were inclined to implement proportional income taxation schemes, given the broad variety of personal tax regimes and rates applied in the rest of the world. To resolve this problem a new type of social welfare function, allowing for variable (including negative) marginal utility of income, is introduced. This new approach improves our ability to comprehend the communist and post-communist social policy attitudes from a comparative standpoint. To verify our assertions, a probit regression model is applied. The empirical investigation is based on panel data including 42 countries from Europe and Central Asia for the period of 2000–2015. The primary inference is that the decisions to implement flat tax can be explained by the law of diminishing marginal utility of income and some additional policy-related factors. As it concerns the future, a successful catching-up strategy by the post-communist countries creates conditions for gradual abandonment of the flat tax practices.
Effect Of AlGaN/GaN Strained Layer Superlattice Period On InGaN MQW Laser Diodes
Authors: Hansen Monica , Abare Amber C. , Kozodoy Peter , Katona Thomas M. , Craven Michael D. , Speck Jim S. , Mishra Umesh K. , Coldren Larry A. , DenBaars Steven P.
Published: April 2019

AlGaN/GaN strained layer superlattices have been employed in the cladding layers of InGaN multi-quantum well laser diodes grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Superlattices have been investigated for strain relief of the cladding layer, as well as an enhanced hole concentration, which is more than ten times the value obtained for bulk AlGaN films. Laser diodes with strained layer superlattices as cladding layers were shown to have superior structural and electrical properties compared to laser diodes with bulk AlGaN cladding layers. As the period of the strained layer superlattices is decreased, the threshold voltage, as well as the threshold current density, is decreased. The resistance to vertical conduction through p-type superlattices with increasing superlattice period is not offset by the increase in hole concentration for increasing superlattice spacing, resulting in higher voltages.
High-Sensitivity Visible-Blind AlGaN Photodiodes and Photodiode Arrays
Authors: Brown J.D. , Matthews J. , Harney S. , Boney J. , Schetzina J.F. , Benson J.D. , Dang K.V. , Nohava Thomas , Yang Wei , Krishnankutty Subash
Published: April 2019

Visible-blind UV cameras based on a 32 × 32 array of backside-illuminated GaN/AlGaN p-i-n photodiodes have been successfully demonstrated. The photodiode arrays were hybridized to silicon readout integrated circuits (ROICs) using In bump bonds. Output from the UV cameras were recorded at room temperature at frame rates of 30−240 Hz. These new visible-blind digital cameras are sensitive to radiation from 285−365 nm in the UV spectral region.
High-Quality AlxGa1−xN Using Low Temperature-Interlayer and its Application to UV Detector
Authors: Iwaya M. , Terao S. , Hayashi N. , Kashima T. , Detchprohm T. , Amano H. , Akasaki I. , Hirano A. , Pernot C.
Published: April 2019

Low-temperature (LT-) AlN interlayer reduces tensile stress during growth of AlxGa1−xN, while simultaneously acts as the dislocation filter, especially for dislocations of which Burger’s vector contains [0001] components. UV photodetectors using thus-grown high quality AlxGa1−xN layers were fabricated. The dark current bellow 50 fA at 10 V bias for 10 μm strip allowing a photocurrent to dark current ratio greater than one even at 40 nW/cm2 have been achieved.
Advanced PENDEOEPITAXY of GaN and AlxGa1−xN Thin Films on SiC(0001) and Si(111) Substrates via Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Gehrke T. , Linthicum K. J. , Rajagopal P. , Preble E. A. , Davis R. F.
Published: April 2019

Growth of GaN and AlxGa1−xN thin films on 6H-SiC(0001) and Si(111) substrates with low densities of defects using the PENDEO™ process and the characterization of the resulting materials are reported. The application of a mask on the GaN seed structures hinders the vertical propagation of threading dislocations of the seed material during regrowth, but introduces a misregistry in the overgrowing material resulting in low quality crystal growth. This misregistry has been eliminated due to advanced processing and the exclusion of the masking layer. The new generation of samples do not show any misregistry, as shown by transmission electron microscopy.
Growth kinetics of GaN thin films grown by OMVPE using single source precursors
Authors: Fischer R. A. , Wohlfart A. , Devi A. , Rogge W.
Published: April 2019

We report the growth kinetics of GaN thin films using the single source precursor bisazido dimethylaminopropyl gallium (BAZIGA) in a cold wall reactor. Transparent, smooth, epitaxial (FWHM of the α-GaN 0002 rocking curve = 129.6 arcsec) and stoichiometric GaN films were grown on c-plane Al2O3 substrates in the temperature range of 870 – 1320K and high growth rates were obtained (up to 4000 nm/hr). Film growth was studied as a function of substrate temperature as well as reactor pressure. Although high quality films were obtained without using any additional source of nitrogen such as ammonia, we have investigated the effect of ammonia on the growth and properties of the resulting films. The films obtained were characterized by XRD, RBS, XPS, AES, AFM, SEM and the room temperature PL spectroscopy of GaN films grown exhibited the correct near band edge luminescence at 3.45 eV.
MBE Growth Of GaN Films In Presence Of Surfactants: The Effect Of Mg And Si
Authors: Mula Guido , Daudin Bruno , Adelmann Christoph , Peyla Philippe
Published: April 2019

We present here a description and an analysis of the modifications in the growth behaviour of GaN induced by the presence of foreign species. The particular cases of Mg and Si are analysed. Profound changes, both in microscopic and macroscopic scales, occur in presence of Mg, even for fluxes of about 1/1000th of the Ga flux. The growth rate can be increased by almost 50%, depending of the III/V ratio and on the amount of Mg. A theoretical model is proposed to describe the observed effect. It is found that Mg induces changes in the Ga and N diffusion barriers and acts as a surfactant. The effect is stronger on the α-GaN than on the β-GaN, where N is more tightly bonded. The effect of Si is by far less pronounced, probably because it is more easily incorporated than Mg, and its effect on the surface kinetics is then strongly reduced.
TEM Study of the Morphology Of GaN/SiC (0001) Grown at Various Temperatures by MBE
Authors: Sarney W.L. , Salamanca-Riba L. , Ramachandran V. , Feenstra R.M , Greve D.W.
Published: April 2019

GaN films grown on SiC (0001) by MBE at various substrate temperatures (600° - 750° C) were characterized by RHEED, STM, x-ray diffraction, AFM and TEM. This work focuses on the TEM analysis of the films’ features, such as stacking faults and dislocations, which are related to the substrate temperature. There are several basal plane stacking faults in the form of cubic inclusions for samples grown at low temperatures compared to those grown at high temperatures. The dislocation density is greatest for the film grown at 600°C, and it steadily decreases with increasing growth temperatures. Despite the presence of various defects, x-ray analysis shows that the GaN films are of high quality. The double crystal rocking curve full width at half maximum (FWHM) for the GaN (0002) peak is less than 2 arc-minutes for all of the films we measured and it decreases with increasing growth temperature.
Structural Properties of (GaIn)(AsN)/GaAs MQW Structures Grown by MOVPE
Authors: Giannini C. , Carlino E. , Tapfer L. , Höhnsdorf F. , Koch J. , Stolz W.
Published: April 2019

In this work, we investigate the structural properties of (GaIn)(AsN)/GaAs multiple quantum wells (MQW) grown at low temperature by metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy. The structural properties, in particular the In- and N-incorporation, the lattice strain (strain modulation), the structural perfection of the metastable (GaIn)(AsN) material system and the structural quality of the (GaIn)(AsN)/GaAs interfaces are investigated by means of high-resolution x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and secondary ion mass spectrometry. We demonstrate that (GaIn)(AsN) layers of high structural quality can be fabricated up to lattice mismatches of 4%. Our experiments reveal that N and In atoms are localized in the quaternary material and no evidences of In-segregation or N-interdiffusion could be found. TEM analyses reveal a low defect density in the highly strained layers, but no clustering or interface undulation could be detected. High-resolution TEM images show that (GaIn)(AsN)/GaAs interfaces are slightly rougher than GaAs/(GaIn)(AsN) ones.
Electrical Properties of Oxygen Doped GaN Grown by Metalorganic Vapor Phase Epitaxy
Authors: Korotkov R.Y. , Wessels B.W.
Published: April 2019

Deliberate oxygen doping of GaN grown by MOVPE has been studied. The electron concentration increased as the square root of the oxygen partial pressure. Oxygen is a shallow donor with a thermal ionization energy of 27 ±2 meV. A compensation ratio of Θ = 0.3-0.4 was determined from Hall effect measurements. The formation energy of ON of EF = 1.3 eV, determined from the experimental data, is lower than the theoretically predicted value.
High Temperature Hardness of Bulk Single Crystal GaN
Authors: Yonenaga I. , Hoshi T. , Usui A.
Published: April 2019

The hardness of single crystal GaN (gallium nitride) at elevated temperature is measured for the first time and compared with other materials. A Vickers indentation method was used to determine the hardness of crack-free GaN samples under an applied load of 0.5N in the temperature range 20 - 1200°C. The hardness is 10.8 GPa at room temperature, which is comparable to that of Si. At elevated temperatures GaN shows higher hardness than Si and GaAs. A high mechanical stability for GaN at high temperature is deduced.