bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
America's Long-Term Interest in Hong Kong
Authors: MUELLER RICHARD W.
Published: March 2007

U.S. interests in Hong Kong are extensive and have grown along with the territory's prosperity and role in the international community. These interests will be maintained as sovereignty over Hong Kong shifts from Britain to China, providing that the conditions that have led to Hong Kong's dynamism continue. These include, but are not limited to, considerable autonomy, stability, and prosperity; the presence of a free market system; a favorable attitude toward business; the rule of law, accompanied by the protection of civil liberties and human rights; continued development of open, accountable, and democratic institutions; and cooperation between Hong Kong and foreign law enforcement agencies. The United States has areas of concern but is hopeful that these conditions will be met.
The Employment of People with and without Disabilities in an Age of Insecurity
Authors: YELIN EDWARD H.
Published: March 2007

Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) holds that persons with disabilities must be given equal access to jobs for which they are capable of performing the essential functions, and it mandates that employers provide reasonable accommodation to accomplish this goal. The passage of the ADA raised expectations about employment among persons with disabilities, but this expectation has been tempered by growing job insecurity throughout the economy. In this article, I review the major trends in employment in the United States and show that persons with disabilities have experienced these trends in exaggerated form. Thus women with disabilities have experienced substantial increases in employment rates, while men with disabilities have seen their employment rates decrease. Persons with disabilities have experienced a disproportionate amount of the growth in part-time work. Overall, persons with disabilities have become one of the principal ways of accommodating change in the demand for labor.
Religion and Social Change at the Grass Roots in Latin America
Authors: ESCOBAR J. SAMUEL
Published: March 2007

Recent historiography and social studies in Latin America have developed new approaches to understanding the significance of movements by the poor for social change as well as the role of religion as a key factor for social mobilization. It is now possible to perceive the importance of messianic and revolutionary movements since the colonial period, and also the different forms of religious commitment that motivate people to reject modernization or to accept it. Several case studies coming from Catholicism and Protestantism are considered here.
Judaism and Jewishness in the Jewish State
Authors: LIEBMAN CHARLES , SUSSER BERNARD
Published: March 2007

While Israeli Jews would appear to be divided into a secular and a religious sector, a more appropriate division would be into three population groups. First is the majority of religiously observant Jews, who subscribe to a religiopolitical culture and who represent roughly 20 percent of the population. Second, there is a radical secular public, representing about 10 percent of the Jewish population, who define themselves as totally nonobservant religiously and who favor not only separation of religion and state but the dejudaization of the state. They are sometimes referred to as post-Zionists. Finally, there is the vast majority of the Jewish population, who are somewhat observant of religious custom and who continue to favor a Zionist—that is, a Jewish—state. This segment of the population lacks political and cultural leadership; it is subdivided into distinct ethnic and political segments; and it appears far weaker than it is in practice.
The Reweaving of Catholic Spiritual and Institutional Life
Authors: JOHNSON MARY
Published: March 2007

As we prepare to cross the bridge to the twenty-first century and to a new millennium, there is much analysis of the state of Catholicism in the United States. While the number of Catholics continues to increase, much of the analysis continues to focus on institutional decline, particularly of the priesthood and religious life and institutions dependent on them, such as schools and parishes. However, another phenomenon, more difficult to measure but equally alive in Catholic culture, is that of a spiritual resurgence. While there is clear evidence that there is a disjuncture between religion and spirituality in the thinking and behavior of some in the society, this article speculates about Catholicism in the United States in the twenty-first century as a spiritual-institutional church that weaves spiritualities through institutions in new, and old, ways. New tools will be needed for the analysis of the construction of spiritual cultures within and outside of Catholic institutions and the responses of generational cohorts to elements of those cultures.
Nixon Postmortem
Authors: SCHWARTZ BARRY , HOLYFIELD LORI
Published: March 2007

Cultural theories of communication and media events transcend naive ideas about the media as mere transmitters of information; however, they attend insufficiently to information itself. Richard Nixon's eulogists outraged his critics as they tried to bring the moral, emotional, and informational aspects of the funeral into balance. Placing the Watergate scandal in the context of Nixon's progressive administration, the eulogists not only affirmed national values and the dignity of the presidency but also provided positive information about Nixon that would have had less impact if communicated outside a symbol-laden state funeral setting. Thus, the Nixon funeral shows why the informational function of media events must occupy a more central place in communication theory.
5. Service Performance in Metropolitan Area Research
Authors: Press Charles
Published: March 2007

Setting of measures and defining a standard are inextricably joined preludes to action on metro politan problems. When is a service "below stan dard"--When absolutist professionals say so, when below performance of a given city, when everyone agrees on the public safety? Here is a broad, im portant area of research that needs rationalization.
Africa's New Political Leaders
Authors: Smythe Hugh H.
Published: March 2007

Out of the author's 1957-58 field work in Africa a number of observa tions are made on Africa's emerging political elite, in the hope of stimulating research. The different Western experiences of African leadership, the greatly varying indigenous settings, the force of traditional patterns of culture and power, and the developing struggle for continental leadership are several im portant study themes.
Another Look at Senate Research on Foreign Policy
Authors: Robinson James A.
Published: March 2007

In the September ABS, Morton Halperin gave a generally favorable evaluation of the U.S. Senate's venture into foreign policy researches. James Robinson, of North- western University's Department of Political Science, is more critical. Though such studies have much potential, they are marred by inadequate ways of thinking about the future, ambiguous criteria for evaluating policies, and limited use of behavioral science.
The Origin of the Alphabet
Authors: Stecchini Livio C.
Published: March 2007

Some current scientific interests—game theory, computers, social invention—may hear echoes from the beginning of recorded time in Dr. Stecchini's preliminary inquiry into the origins of the alphabet. Some unheralded Sumerian grammarian probably devised a primitive alphabet as a divining, abacus-like instrument formed in a sixteen- letter square, as reconstructed in the cover drawing. Its purpose was to allow divine voices to "speak" in the language of the land. The author resides at Princeton, N.J., where he is completing his work on the HISTORY OF MEASURE. A further article on his findings will appear in the March issue of ABS.
Soviet Sociology Today
Authors: Zvorikine A.
Published: March 2007

A sociologist from The Institute of Philosophy, Soviet Academy of Sciences, seeks to dissever the special traits of sociology in his country. The comments are from a bibliography and review of Soviet sociology for 1960-2.
An Unused Research Source: A Description and Illustration of NLRB Election Case Files
Authors: Drotning John E.
Published: March 2007

Professor Drotning of the Department of Industrial Relations of the State University of New York at Buffalo describes the available National Labor Relations Board election case files, what information they contain, and how they are built up. He presents a technique for sampling the files and gives some population data and sample statistics obtained by this technique.
Self-Monitoring, Gender, and the Personal Consequences of Impression Management
Authors: RIORDAN CATHERINE A. , GROSS TAMARA , MALONEY CATHLIN C.
Published: March 2007

For an actress to be a success, she must have the face of a Venus, the brains of a Minerva, the grace of Terpsichore, the memory of a Macauley, the figure of Juno and the hide of a rhinoceros.

—Ethel Barrymore
The Structure of Organizational Earnings Inequality
Authors: KALLEBERG ARNE L. , VAN BUREN MARK E.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the organizational correlates of earnings inequality using data from the National Organizations Study. The authors conceptualize earnings inequality within organizations as comprising two distinct components: within- and between-occupations earnings dispersion. The authors test three sets of hypotheses about the determinants of organizational earnings inequality. These are related to (a) an organization's context, (b) the organization's structure, and (c) the composition of the organization's labor force. The authors find that larger and more differentiated organizations are associated with greater inequality, but only within managerial occupations. Organizations with firm internal labor markets have less inequality between occupations. And, gender heterogeneity enhances inequality between as well as within occupations.
Vickers and Postliberalism
Authors: BLUNDEN MARGARET
Published: March 2007

Geoffrey Vickers's critique of liberalism, in both its classical and modern interventionist forms, and his emphasis on individual responsibility, is resonant of philosophic conservatism. However, his systemic insights led him to radical conclusions, and he mounted a powerful argument for major change in what he called the “appreciative system” of the industrialized West. The systems concepts that Vickers developed in this context make a distinctive contribution to political philosophy and should command more serious critical attention than they have yet received.
The Role of Culture in Chronic Illness
Authors: TURNER DWAYNE C.
Published: March 2007

Provider and patient cultural approaches to disease etiology and illness affect the patient's care-seeking behaviors, treatment options, treatment choices, and compliance with Western medical diagnoses and treatments. This article provides cross-cultural examples of these impacts on several chronic illnesses and then argues for a dual medical approach for treatment, an approach that recognizes the strengths and limitations of various cultural medical systems, including those of the Western medical system. A case study of a Mexican American man with cystic fibrosis is presented to demonstrate how culture influences his and his family's understanding of disease etiology and of his illness experience and, consequently, his dual medical approach to treatment.
Resistance in Multicultural Courses
Authors: CHAN CONNIE S. , TREACY MARY JANE
Published: March 2007

This article explores the objectives and classroom dynamics of multicultural courses, describes various forms of student resistance to these courses, and suggests methods of teaching that can prevent and alleviate student resistance. Teachers should anticipate resistance from students in courses on multiculturalism and can view such challenges to the material or to the teacher as opportunities to make the issues relevant to the students' own experiences. Teaching preparation and techniques, including use of the syllabus as a guiding structure for the course, use of a case studies approach, short feedback evaluations, setting of ground rules for discussion, establishing a climate of trust and open inquiry, and using anecdotal texts to illustrate historical information are discussed as ways to engage students and work productively with resistance.
The Embedded Actor and the Invention of Natural Economic Law
Authors: DOWD TIMOTHY J. , DOBBIN FRANK
Published: March 2007

Economic sociologists stress that economic actors are embedded in a sociohistorical context that shapes and constrains activity. Neoinstitutionalists build on this idea and argue that economic actors are embedded in two key ways. First, they are embedded in the rationalized worldview described by Weber in which every end has an optimal means. Second, economic actors are embedded in a local context in which they collectively search for optimal strategies. Whereas local contexts and strategies vary greatly, neoinstitutionalists find great regularity in the script by which economic actors converge in strategies. The present article expounds on this “double embeddedness” by way of a single historical case: the construction of strategy by early American railroaders.
What We Know About Engendering Civic Identity
Authors: YOUNISS JAMES , McLELLAN JEFFREY A. , YATES MIRANDA
Published: March 2007

Taking the position that there is a developmental process in the formation of citizenship, the authors reviewed studies that reported a link between youth's participation in organized activities and civic behaviors 15 or more years later in adulthood. Data uniformly showed that students who participated in high school government or community service projects, meant in the broad sense, are more likely to vote and to join community organizations than are adults who were nonparticipants during high school. Results support the authors' view that participation during the youth era can be seminal in the construction of civic identity that includes a sense of agency and social responsibility in sustaining the community's well-being.
Civic Elites and Corporate Delocalization
Authors: HEYING CHARLES H.
Published: March 2007

This article presents an alternative to Robert Putnam's explanation for the decline of social capital in America. The author suggests that the complex impacts of economic transformations—in particular, the destabilization of communities that results when corporate ownership is disconnected from place—have been unfairly dismissed by Putnam in his determination to link the decline in social capital to television and generational effects. The author's argument begins at the level of elite leadership, presenting evidence from Atlanta and other cities that demonstrates declining rates of elite engagement. This decline is logically connected to corporate delocalization and decreasing incentives for elites to mobilize communities to enhance place-based development. The author offers some informed speculation that nationwide mergers in the banking and utility industries are likely to lead to a further deterioration of elite commitment to civic participation. It is also suggested that elite withdrawal will have cascading consequences on the philanthropic sector and the community's ability to sustain a dynamic associational life.
Freemasonry's Educational Role
Authors: RICH PAUL , REYES GUILLERMO DE LOS
Published: March 2007

Freemasonry in its myriad varieties has been a strong force in Mexico since the time of the wars for independence from Spain of the 1820s. Given its highly secretive and cabalistic nature, scholarship and research on its effects on Mexican society have been severely limited. One overlooked possibility is that in a society where educational opportunities were restricted by economics and by social caste, local lodges afforded some young Mexicans with political aspirations the chance to sharpen their rhetorical and organizational abilities. The close connection between a number of Mexican presidents and the Masonic movement may illustrate that.
Affirmative Action
Authors: GUERRERO M. A. JAIMES
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the arguments for and against the passing of Proposition 209 in California. Those who are against the California initiative hold the position that this is an initial step to dismantle affirmative action. They see this federal mandate as a significant civil rights precedent for equal opportunity of women, ethnic minorities, and other under-represented populations that is now being threatened by a “White backlash” in U.S. society. Those who advocate for the proposition think the time has come to make changes in the theory and practice of affirmative action in ways that will emphasize class and income over the designated race and gender issues. The article also cites current data to substantiate the present and predicted climate around the stated issues and criteria on this volatile public policy controversy nationwide.
Toward a Dialogical Self
Authors: RICHARDSON FRANK C. , ROGERS ANTHONY , McCARROLL JENNIFER
Published: March 2007

This article outlines four broad notions of the self or human agency. They are a traditional understanding of the self as defined by a meaningful cosmic order, a modern notion of the self as highly individualized and autonomous, often termed self-contained individualism, a decentered conception of the self as developed recently by postmodern and social constructionist thought, and a dialogical understanding of self and agency elaborated by hermeneutic thinkers and Bakhtin. Much modern social science presupposes self-contained individualism as the unquestioned nature of things and thereby tends to prepetuate views and ideals that are a source of modern dilemmas in living that social science itself tries to address. It is argued that postmodern, constructionist notions of human action restore a sense of its embeddedness in culture and history but still are colored by individualistic and scientistic elements of the modern view they seek to displace. A dialogical, partly decentered, view of human agency may offer a way to do justice to how selves are woven into the fabric of culture and history without thereby undermining our best conceptions of freedom and responsibility.
Is Tenure Necessary to Protect Academic Freedom?
Authors: CHEMERINSKY ERWIN
Published: March 2007

This article reviews court cases pertaining to infringements on academic freedom and considers if tenure is necessary. In particular, the author raises issues such as how the First Amendment protects the academic freedom of faculty and if there are alternatives that might provide equal safeguards. Although the author weighs the pros and cons of tenure, he concludes that without tenure, academic freedom is jeopardized.
Uncertainty and Creativity
Authors: WALLERSTEIN IMMANUEL
Published: March 2007

In this article, three premises about the present of the world-system are stated from which four moral and political conclusions about the future of the world-system are drawn.
Past and Future
Authors: WAGAR W. WARREN
Published: March 2007

Although few practicing historians consider themselves futurists, the study of the future is in effect the history of the future, a continuation of the historian's effort to reconstruct the past by projecting what may come next. Postmodernist theory, however, suggests that just as historians cannot literally reconstruct the past, so futurists cannot literally predict the future. Rather, historians engage the evidence of the past by telling stories about it; futurists, by the same token, engage whatever evidence of the past may bear upon the future by writing scenarios of times to come. The future, like the past, will consist of all people everywhere doing all the things that people do. The article concludes with examples of how the author has sought to apply these perspectives in teaching futures studies courses since 1974 in the Department of History at Binghamton University, State University of New York.
Postmodern Education
Authors: HICKS DAVID
Published: March 2007

This article reports on futures-oriented teaching and research in the United Kingdom, which derives its inspiration from the field of futures studies. The article focuses on the need for a futures dimension within the school curriculum and appropriate training and support for teachers and student teachers. Attention is drawn to related educational research on young people's hopes and fears for the future, how college students envision their preferred futures, and the sources of hope that educators draw on in troubled times.
Simulation in Sociology
Authors: HALPIN BRENDAN
Published: March 2007

Simulation has a long and checkered history in areas of substantive interest to sociology, from before Forrester's model of overpopulation to up-to-the-minute approaches based on complexity theory or distributed artificial intelligence. Although in some respects it has failed to live up to its inflated promise, it offers nonetheless a very useful paradigm. Moreover, advancing simulation technology offers some advantages, particularly the modelling of macro-micro links too complex to deal with linguistically or mathematically. This article briefly reviews the history of simulation in sociology and goes on to consider in more detail specific areas such as system dynamics, cellular automata, iterated game theory, distributed artificial intelligence, neural networks, multilevel simulation, simulation of social networks and organizations, and policy-oriented tax-benefit microsimulation. It concludes with a consideration of the role of statistics in simulation and the very good potential for expanded use of simulation in sociology.
Arts and Leisure Activities in the St. Louis Region
Authors: CROWTHER BETTY , KAHN ALFRED
Published: March 2007

Using their own 1978 survey of metropolitan St. Louis, Crowther and Kahn show that different age, race, and educational attainment segments of the sample have approximately the same patterns of interest, participation, and enjoyment in leisure activities. They then describe the leisure activities of three types of fine arts actives.
Private Management and Public Policy
Authors: Buchholz Rogene A.
Published: March 2007

The book Private Management and Public Policy by Lee E. Preston and James E. Post has had a major impact on the business and society field. The authors introduced the concept of public policy into the field as an alternative way of thinking about social issues that was different from the concept of social responsibility that was so popular in the early years of the field. The concept of interpenetrating systems theory they developed attempted to provide theoretical support for business's involvement in public policy and to deal with the problem of atomic individualism that has only recently been recognized. The field is indebted to the authors for developing the broad outlines of an alternative theory of the firm in society that offers the possibility of overcoming traditional dichotomies that have plagued the field since its inception.
Coalition Policy in Parliamentary Democracies
Authors: WARWICK PAUL V.
Published: March 2007

This study investigates several hypotheses relating to the policy positions adopted by coalition governments in parliamentary democracies. Previous research, based on the comparative manifestos project's coding of party manifestos and coalition government declarations, has found that the linkage between the left-right positions of coalition governments and the positions of the parties that compose them is surprisingly weak. This investigation uses the same data to reveal a much closer correspondence between the two in West European systems. This linkage initially appeared to be weak because it is partially masked by additional influences on government policy emanating from the formateur party, the finance minister's party, the external support parties sustaining the government (if any), and the parliamentary center of gravity. In addition, government policy is affected by the position of the preceding government and shows a marked tendency to drift rightward with the passage of time since the last election.
Social Change and Political Partisanship
Authors: BASHEVKIN SYLVIA B.
Published: March 2007

This article employs 1965 and 1979 survey data in an analysis of two specific questions. First, to what extent did a historical alliance between feminism and the Liberal Party affect party identification in Quebec, particularly among women voters who came of age politically during the suffragist period? Second, how have more recent processes of social change that are broadly associated with Quebec's “Quiet Revolution” influenced partisanship, and especially Parti québécois support, among newer female cohorts? It was found that identification with the Liberals remains strong among women who formally entered the electorate during the height of suffragist activism in Quebec, and that substantial gender differences in party identification exist among younger respondents in the contemporary period. Overall, this study suggests that the treatment of women by political parties may be an important determinant of female attitudes in Canada as well as in other Western democracies.
Variations in the Duration of Reign of Monarchs
Authors: SHIN EUI HANG , KIM IK KI
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes cross-national variations and longitudinal changes in the duration of the reigns of monarchs. Data cover 439 monarchs from 10 selected nations for the period from 877 to 1972. Using multiple classification analysis, we examine the effects of kinship type of succession, cause of removal of predecessor, age at ascent, duration of life, nation, and year of ascent on the duration of monarchical reigns. The results of our analysis indicate that about 43% of successions to the throne have been by the eldest sons, and the monarchs whose successions have been on the principles of the primogeniture system have tended to have longer durations of reign than those who have gained their monarchical power through other types of succession systems. The five independent variables jointly account for up to 37% of the variance in the duration of the reigns of monarchs. Significant cross-national and European-Asian variations in the characteristics of monarchs are observed. However, no consistent historical trends in causal relationships are apparent from observed interrelationships between variables.
Democracy, Political Stability, and Economic Growth in Developing Countries
Authors: GOLDSMITH ARTHUR A.
Published: March 2007

Mancur Olson has theorized recently that interest groups and “distributional coalitions” are a major factor in the rise and decline of nations. He argues that the tendencies of these organizations to multiply and to support distributive policies lead to economic and political stalemate, particularly in the most stable, democratic societies in which pluralism has its greatest scope. The bulk of evidence for Olson's theory comes from the industrialized world; in this article I test three of its propositions against the experience of seven stable liberal democracies in the developing world. The theory predicts that with time such societies will reduce investment for the sake of consumption, will expand their public sectors, and will grow slowly in economic terms. Economic trends in the sample countries fail to confirm the first two propositions but offer tentative support for the third.
Restructuring the Cultural Division of Labor in Malaysia and Sri Lanka
Authors: GROVE D. JOHN
Published: March 2007

This article examines preferential treatment strategies in Malaysia and Sri Lanka that are designed to restructure the cultural division of labor. National culture is redefined and labor-market closure mechanisms are altered in order to elevate the position of the Sinhalese and Malays who are politically, but not economically, dominant. The results show that cultural preferential systems can restructure employment practices, and help those groups that have some economic and political resources to bargain with. The Sri Lankan Tamils and Malaysian Indians had few economic or political resources and, consequently, became the losers in the three-way competition.
The Determinants of Western European Government Growth 1950-1980
Authors: RICE TOM W.
Published: March 2007

European publics and politicians are concerned about big and growing governments. Such concern is not ill founded: Government size, measured as the ratio of government expenditures to gross domestic product, has marched upwards steadily since 1950 in the 12 European nations examined here. The present research represents an initial step toward solving the mystery of why these governments have grown. To begin, a modest theoretical framework for understanding government growth is advanced. Next, specific hypotheses of growth are fitted into the framework, and operationalized for empirical testing. Finally, statistical models to account for public sector expansion in each of the dozen nations over the 1950-1980 period are developed. The models suggest that a variety of forces have worked to enlarge European governments, with perhaps the most important being pressure for government assistance from groups disadvantaged by sour economic conditions.
Models of Core and Periphery Dynamics
Authors: WELLHOFER E. SPENCER
Published: March 2007

The essay reviews developments of the Core-Periphery paradigm. Two variants of the paradigm are isolated: the neoclassical model and neo-Marxian model. Both variants define core-periphery relations by three features: characteristics distinguishing core from periphery, the goods exchanged, and the pattern of core-periphery relations. The models differ in their analyses and assumptions derived from neoclassical and neo-Marxian economic theories. An examination of these assumptions reveals some strengths and weaknesses of each. Recent contributions to both variants seek to overcome previous criticisms, but largely fail.
The Left-Right Semantics and the New Politics Cleavage
Authors: KITSCHELT HERBERT , HELLEMANS STAF
Published: March 2007

Since the 1960s, political scientists have debated the continued relevance of the left-right vocabulary for structuring policy choices and party affiliation in the mass publics of modern democracies. With the rise of “new politics” and “left-libertarian” movements and parties that try to redefine the political agenda of advanced democracies this issue has gained additional interest. In this article we first present four theories about the decline, persistence, transformation, or pluralization of the meaning new politics activists give to the left-right language. Then we explore how new politics activists in the Belgian ecology parties Agalev and Ecolo construct the meaning of left and right. For ecology party militants, this terminology still has an economic meaning, yet also gains a cultural significance that relates to the choice between a modern, highly centralized, and differentiated society and efforts to create a postmodern, decentralized, and more communitarian social order. Thus our data support the argument of pluralization theory that the meaning of left and right becomes multidimensional.
The Public/Private Sector Cleavage in North America
Authors: BLAIS ANDRÉ , BLAKE DONALD E. , DION STÉPHANE
Published: March 2007

This article explores the private/public sector cleavage in voting and political attitudes in Canada and the United States. The authors use public choice theory to hypothesize that the interest of public sector employees in the growth of the state inclines them to vote for parties of the left, to support increased state spending, and to place themselves on the left ideologically in both countries. However, given differences between Canadian and U.S. party systems as well as differences over time in the prominence of issues related to state size and growth, the sectoral cleavage should be more prominent in the United States than in Canada but of greater significance in recent elections than in earlier ones in both countries. The authors proceed by adding a sectoral-cleavage variable to multivariate models of party support and attitudinal position. On the whole the effect is greater in the United States, and mainly for presidential voting, and seems to have been particularly significant in the 1984 election. In Canada, sector is related mainly to the choice of the New Democratic Party over the two larger parties. In Canada, but not the United States, an ideological difference between sectors may have emerged that could strengthen sectoral differences based on self-interest.
Models of Statehood in the German Nuclear Energy Debate
Authors: JOPPKE CHRISTIAN
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the role of the state in the development of, and controversy over, civilian nuclear energy in West Germany. The static and uniform categories of state strength and state weakness are found insufficient to account for the capacity or incapacity of the state to formulate and implement nuclear policy. Instead, the analysis uncovers the existence of conflicting and contradictory models of statehood in postwar German politics. They shaped the particular contours of nuclear development and conflict.
Political Culture
Authors: LANE RUTH
Published: March 2007

Political culture as a concept for empirical political analysis has been so promiscuously employed within the political sciences as to render it meaningless. In an effort to locate some basic structural principles that will reorient political culture studies in a more constructive direction, six case studies from a classic compendium in the field are analyzed in comparative perspective. The resulting models of the several political cultures can be integrated with formal political decision-making models to provide the foundation for a formal theory of cultural rationality.
Presidentialism, Multipartism, and Democracy
Authors: MAINWARING SCOTT
Published: March 2007

Starting from recent analyses that have argued that presidentialism is less favorable for building stable democracy than parliamentary systems, this article argues that the combination of a multiparty system and presidentialism is especially inimical to stable democracy. None of the world's 31 stable (defined as those that have existed for at least 25 consecutive years) democracies has this institutional configuration, and only one historical example—Chile from 1933 to 1973—did so. There are three reasons why this institutional combination is problematic. First, multiparty presidentialism is especially likely to produce immobilizing executive/legislative deadlock, and such deadlock can destabilize democracy. Second, multipartism is more likely than bipartism to produce ideological polarization, thereby complicating problems often associated with presidentialism. Finally, the combination of presidentialism and multipartism is complicated by the difficulties of interparty coalition building in presidential democracies, with deleterious consequences for democratic stability.
Transfers of Governmental Power
Authors: ALT JAMES E. , KING GARY
Published: March 2007

King, Alt, Burns, and Laver (1990) proposed and estimated a unified model in which cabinet durations depended on seven explanatory variables reflecting features of the cabinets and the bargaining environments in which they formed, along with a stochastic component in which the risk of a cabinet falling was treated as a constant across its tenure. Two recent research reports take issue with one aspect of this model. Warwick and Easton replicate the earlier findings for explanatory variables but claim that the stochastic risk should be seen as rising, and at a rate which varies, across the life of a cabinet. Bienen and van de Walle, using data on the duration of leaders, allege that random risk is falling. We continue in our goal of unifying this literature by providing further estimates with both cabinet and leader duration data that confirm the original explanatory variables' effects, showing that leaders' durations are affected by many of the same factors that affect the durability of the cabinets they lead, demonstrating that cabinets have stochastic risk of ending that is indeed constant across the theoretically most interesting range of durations, and suggesting that stochastic risk for leaders in countries with cabinet government is, if not constant, more likely to rise than fall.
The Local Political Economy of Industrial Adjustment
Authors: CONTARINO MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

This article observes that local trade union responses to industrial restructuring in the 1970s and 1980s varied widely in Italy and that these variations reflect local economic, political, and organizational factors. Unions may oppose, accept, or seek to modify managerial restructuring; they may pursue their goals at the factory level or at the territorial level; and they may be generally successful or unsuccessful in accomplishing their objectives. The article argues that economic differences between Italy's “Industrial Triangle” of traditional “Fordist” mass production and the “Third Italy” of “flexible specialization” explain the generally greater activism of the unions in the former, where restructuring was a far more disruptive, traumatic phenomenon than it was in the latter. But the article also observes striking differences within the Industrial Triangle and within the Third Italy that cannot be explained in economic terms. Rather, these differences are shown to result from variations in the local unions' organizational strength and unity as well as from the existence or absence of local political authorities capable of involving the unions in “local neocorporatist” exchanges.
Trajectories of Fear and Hope
Authors: MISHLER WILLIAM , ROSE RICHARD
Published: March 2007

Prospects for the successful consolidation of democracy in post-Communist Europe hinge substantially on the trajectory and determinants of popular support. Surveys in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, and Romania demonstrate that public support for post-Communist regimes is higher on average than support for the former Communist regimes. However, there is less support for the new economic systems in comparison with the former planned economies. Among the determinants of increased support, economic hopes (prospective evaluations) have consistently greater influence than evaluations of the current or past economic conditions or than social structure characteristics. Lingering fears of the old regime are important sources of support for current regimes as well. Because the majority of East Europeans expect future economic conditions to improve rapidly, support for the new regime is expected to remain stable or increase with time. Even making “worst case” assumptions that fears of communism will fade and economic hopes will be frustrated, support for the new regimes should remain positive for the foreseeable future.
A Tribute to Harry Eckstein
Authors: CAPORASO JAMES A. , SWEET ALEC STONE
Published: March 2007

In this article, the authors attempt to provide background for this special issue in honor of Harry Eckstein and his work. A brief sketch of Eckstein's personal life is offered, focusing on his formative experiences in Hitler's Germany. The article then turns to an in-depth analysis of three of Eckstein's writings: his splendid essay titled “Political Science and Public Policy”; his unrivaled overview of the field of comparative politics in “A Perspective on Comparative Politics, Past and Present”; and his attempt to redirect the discipline of political science in “Authority Patterns: A Structural Basis for Political Inquiry.” Eckstein's work holds up well, less in the sense that it has triumphed in the discipline as a whole (both Eckstein and his critics agree that it has not) and more in the sense that it serves as a constant reference point for an ongoing dialogue about questions that will never be settled.
Polar Lessons for an Arctic Regime
Authors: ROTHWELL DONALD R.
Published: March 2007

Recent developments in the Arctic demonstrate that the region is experiencing greater international cooperation and moving towards the implementation of a more comprehensive multilateral legal regime. In the Antarctic, the state parties to the Antarctic Treaty have also recently negotiated a Protocol which seeks to implement more effective means of environmental protection and prohibit mining activities. While both regions are presently dominated by environmental protection concerns, there are other common issue areas that the polar regions share. This article argues that, by reviewing the developments that have occurred in the past 30 years in Antarctica, `polar lessons' can be learned from that experience which may prove useful for the Arctic. To that end, the Antarctic Treaty system is reviewed and a critical analysis is undertaken of the successes and weaknesses of the Antarctic regime with conclusions drawn as to how these experiences may be helpful in the Arctic context.
The Three Nordic 1994 Referenda Concerning Membership in the EU
Authors: BJØRKLUND TOR
Published: March 2007

The three Nordic referenda held in 1994 ended with Finland and Sweden inside and Norway outside the EU. Despite different outcomes, there are similarities in public opinion in the three countries regarding EU membership. The trend in opinion development from the beginning of the 1990s to the autumn of 1994 was the same, support for membership dropping in all three countries. Consequently, an international component could be observed. The most visible similarity, however, was the regional contrast — a south-north axis — with the stronghold of the opponents of membership in the rural areas in the north. A centre-periphery conflict appeared. The peripheries — defined not only geographically, but also socially (i.e. low socio-economic status) — were primarily in opposition to membership. However, the strengths of the peripheries vary. In Finland and Sweden the centre defeated the periphery, whereas in Norway the periphery defeated the centre. The strength of the Norwegian periphery is interpreted with reference to `political culture' as well as `self-interest' factors.
How Wired Are We?
Authors: Namasivayam Karthik , Enz Cathy A. , Siguaw Judy A.
Published: March 2007

More than 4,500 U.S. hotels provided information regarding technology use. This study presents and supports a six-phase model of technology adoption that ranges from signaling competitors and guests that a hotel has invested (or will invest) in new technology to experimenting with untested technology. The study results indicate that while many hotels have adopted technologies to enhance their managers' and employees' efficiency (phases 2 and 3), few have added technologies focused on customer service (phases 4 and 5)-thereby creating a strategic marketing opportunity for hoteliers willing to take risks and be innovative.
Employee Empowerment
Authors: Brymer Robert A.
Published: March 2007

Employee empowerment is an all-inclusive management philosophy that gives line employees the express authority to make decisions on the spot to resolve guest problems and complaints. Empowerment starts with the general manager's approach to operation and then is spread downward into the ranks. It can be highly structured or flexible. Hoteliers who have given their employees authority have found that the overall level of monetary adjustments declines. Establishing an empowerment program is a step-by-step process that includes informational meetings, training sessions, and follow-up diagnostic meetings. The results of an empowerment program can be measured in terms of guest satisfaction, employee satisfaction, and a management assessment that includes the effect on the bottom line.
Trends and Directions in the Chain-Restaurant Industry
Authors: Lombardi Dennis
Published: March 2007

Just-compiled figures for 1995 demonstrate the continued market power of the top-1 00 chain restaurants, which held more than a 48-percent market share in 1995. The bulk of that market-share growth occurred between 1975 and 1985, however, and in the past decade the top-100 chains have had to increase the number of units faster than their increase in market share. Many of these units are down-sized units intended to occupy niche locations. Independents continue to dominate in the fullservice restaurant segment. Prospects for the top chains are driven by the changing lifestyles of the aging baby-boom cohort.
Best Practices in Information Technology
Authors: Siguaw Judy A. , Enz Cathy A.
Published: March 2007

"The successful companies of the next decade will be the ones that use digital tools to reinvent the way they work. These companies will make decisions quickly, act efficiently, and directly touch their customers in positive ways. "1 —Bill Gates
Chicana/o Ethnic Identity Research
Authors: Pizarro Marc , Vera Elizabeth M.
Published: March 2007

Although Chicana/o ethnic identity has been studied extensively, the process of ethnic identity development and the relationship between ethnic identity and other aspects of social identity (such as racial identity) are still not well understood. This article presents a review of the research on Chicana/o ethnic identity, focusing on the early work on the National Chicano Survey, as well as more recent research with Chicana/o children, adolescents, and young adults. Important advances and shortcomings of this work are identified. The findings are discussed in the context of implications for researchers and counselors.
Directive Approach to Telephone Counseling in the People’s Republic of China
Authors: Gao Yihong
Published: March 2007

In the People’s Republic of China, telephone psychological counseling is a new phenomenon that appeared in the late 1980s, following a social transition toward a market economy. Such counseling by paraprofessionals often adopts a directive style in that the counselor gives direct advice pertaining to what the client should do on a particular issue. After a brief description of its features, this article examines factors of cultural traditions and transitions underlying the directive counseling and the interactive relationship between counseling and culture. Analysis is made regarding traditional and transitional values, social networks, and personality types. It is further argued that research and training in cross-cultural counseling should go beyond static cultural relativism and adopt an emic view of cultural change.
Religious and Spiritual Issues in Counseling Psychology Training
Authors: Schulte Daniel L. , Skinner Tad A. , Claiborn Charles D.
Published: March 2007

To explore the kind of training counseling psychology programs provide with respect to religious and spiritual issues, surveys were distributed to training directors or designated representatives of 69 counseling psychology programs in the United States. Responses were received from 40, or 58%, of the programs. Results indicated that programs offered relatively little in the way of formal course work in religious or spiritual issues. In addition, participants indicated that in their programs (a) religion and spirituality were often but not always considered a diversity issue; (b) knowledge about religious and spiritual traditions was not generally seen as important to the expertise of faculty members, practicum supervisors, and therapists; (c) religious and spiritual issues received variable attention in didactic and practicum training; and (d) there was considerable openness to research on religious and spiritual topics. Results are discussed in terms of their relevance to counseling psychology practice, research, and professional identity.