bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamical reduced basis methods for Hamiltonian systems
Authors: Pagliantini Cecilia
Published: June 2021

We consider model order reduction of parameterized Hamiltonian systems describing nondissipative phenomena, like wave-type and transport dominated problems. The development of reduced basis methods for such models is challenged by two main factors: the rich geometric structure encoding the physical and stability properties of the dynamics and its local low-rank nature. To address these aspects, we propose a nonlinear structure-preserving model reduction where the reduced phase space evolves in time. In the spirit of dynamical low-rank approximation, the reduced dynamics is obtained by a symplectic projection of the Hamiltonian vector field onto the tangent space of the approximation manifold at each reduced state. A priori error estimates are established in terms of the projection error of the full model solution onto the reduced manifold. For the temporal discretization of the reduced dynamics we employ splitting techniques. The reduced basis satisfies an evolution equation on the manifold of symplectic and orthogonal rectangular matrices having one dimension equal to the size of the full model. We recast the problem on the tangent space of the matrix manifold and develop intrinsic temporal integrators based on Lie group techniques together with explicit Runge–Kutta (RK) schemes. The resulting methods are shown to converge with the order of the RK integrator and their computational complexity depends only linearly on the dimension of the full model, provided the evaluation of the reduced flow velocity has a comparable cost.
Advanced tandem mass spectrometry in metabolomics and lipidomics—methods and applications
Authors: Heiles Sven
Published: June 2021

Metabolomics and lipidomics are new drivers of the omics era as molecular signatures and selected analytes allow phenotypic characterization and serve as biomarkers, respectively. The growing capabilities of untargeted and targeted workflows, which primarily rely on mass spectrometric platforms, enable extensive charting or identification of bioactive metabolites and lipids. Structural annotation of these compounds is key in order to link specific molecular entities to defined biochemical functions or phenotypes. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS), first and foremost collision-induced dissociation (CID), is the method of choice to unveil structural details of metabolites and lipids. But CID fragment ions are often not sufficient to fully characterize analytes. Therefore, recent years have seen a surge in alternative tandem MS methodologies that aim to offer full structural characterization of metabolites and lipids. In this article, principles, capabilities, drawbacks, and first applications of these “advanced tandem mass spectrometry” strategies will be critically reviewed. This includes tandem MS methods that are based on electrons, photons, and ion/molecule, as well as ion/ion reactions, combining tandem MS with concepts from optical spectroscopy and making use of derivatization strategies. In the final sections of this review, the first applications of these methodologies in combination with liquid chromatography or mass spectrometry imaging are highlighted and future perspectives for research in metabolomics and lipidomics are discussed.

Graphical abstract
Towards rare earth element recovery from wastewaters: biosorption using phototrophic organisms
Authors: Heilmann Marcus , Breiter Roman , Becker Anna Maria
Published: June 2021

Whilst the biosorption of metal ions by phototrophic (micro)organisms has been demonstrated in earlier and more recent research, the isolation of rare earth elements (REEs) from highly dilute aqueous solutions with this type of biomass remains largely unexplored. Therefore, the selective binding abilities of two microalgae (Calothrix brevissima, Chlorella kessleri) and one moss (Physcomitrella patens) were examined using Neodym and Europium as examples. The biomass of P. patens showed the highest sorption capacities for both REEs (Nd3+: 0.74 ± 0.05 mmol*g−1; Eu3+: 0.48 ± 0.05 mmol*g−1). A comparison with the sorption of precious metals (Au3+, Pt4+) and typical metal ions contained in wastewaters (Pb2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, Ni2+), which might compete for binding sites, revealed that the sorption capacities for Au3+ (1.59 ± 0.07 mmol*g−1) and Pb2+ (0.83 ± 0.02 mmol*g−1) are even higher. Although different patterns of maximum sorption capacities for the tested metal ions were observed for the microalgae, they too showed the highest affinities for Au3+, Pb2+, and Nd3+. Nd-sorption experiments in the pH range from 1 to 6 and the recorded adsorption isotherms for this element showed that the biomass of P. patens has favourable properties as biosorbent compared to the microalgae investigated here. Whilst the cultivation mode did not influence the sorption capacities for the target elements of the two algal species, it had a great impact on the properties of the moss. Thus, further studies are necessary to develop effective biosorption processes for the recovery of REEs from alternative and so far unexploited sources.

Key points

• The highest binding capacity for selected REEs was registered for P. patens.

• The highest biosorption was found for Au and the biomass of the examined moss.

• Biosorption capacities of P. patens seem to depend on the cultivation mode.
Modelling the interplay between the CD4$$^{+}$$/CD8$$^{+}$$ T-cell ratio and the expression of MHC-I in tumours
Authors: Hurry Christian John , Mozeika Alexander , Annibale Alessia
Published: June 2021

Describing the anti-tumour immune response as a series of cellular kinetic reactions from known immunological mechanisms, we create a mathematical model that shows the CD4$$^{+}$$+/CD8$$^{+}$$+T-cell ratio, T-cell infiltration and the expression of MHC-I to be interacting factors in tumour elimination. Methods from dynamical systems theory and non-equilibrium statistical mechanics are used to model the T-cell dependent anti-tumour immune response. Our model predicts a critical level of MHC-I expression which determines whether or not the tumour escapes the immune response. This critical level of MHC-I depends on the helper/cytotoxic T-cell ratio. However, our model also suggests that the immune system is robust against small changes in this ratio. We also find that T-cell infiltration and the specificity of the intra-tumour TCR repertoire will affect the critical MHC-I expression. Our work suggests that the functional form of the time evolution of MHC-I expression may explain the qualitative behaviour of tumour growth seen in patients.
Sleep behavior of infants with infantile hemangioma treated with propranolol—a cohort study
Authors: Theiler Martin , Knöpfel Nicole , von der Heydt Susanne , Schwieger-Briel Agnes , Luchsinger Isabelle , Smith Alexandra , Kernland-Lang Kristin , Waelchli Regula , Neuhaus Kathrin , Kohler Malcolm , Gnannt Ralph , Schoch Sarah F. , Weibel Lisa , Kurth Salome
Published: June 2021

Sleep problems are frequently reported in infants treated with propranolol for infantile hemangiomas, possibly serving as a marker for a negative impact on central nervous system function. In this cohort study, we objectively investigate the sleep behavior of infants with infantile hemangiomas on propranolol compared to a healthy, untreated control group. Sleep of propranolol-treated infants and controls was investigated using ankle actigraphy and a 24-h diary for 7–10 days at ages 3 and 6 months. The main outcome measures were theNumber of Nighttime AwakeningsandSleep Efficiency. The main secondary outcome measures included24-hour Total Sleep, daytime sleep behavior, and parent-rated infant sleep quality and behavioral development based on the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire (BISQ) and the age-appropriate Ages-and-Stages Questionnaire (ASQ), respectively. Fifty-four term-born infants were included in each cohort. No group difference in any investigated parameter was seen at age 3 months. At age 6 months, the propranolol group exhibited a decrease inSleep Efficiencyand a trend towards an increasedNumber of Nighttime Awakeningscompared to the control group. Treated infants at 6 months also had shorter daytime waking periods.24-hour Total Sleepwas unaffected by propranolol. No negative impact of propranolol on subjective sleep quality and behavioral development was noted.

Conclusion: Propranolol exerts a measurable yet mild impact on objectively assessed infants’ sleep measures. Behavioral developmental scores were unaffected. Our results support propranolol as first-line therapy for complicated infantile hemangiomas.What is Known:• Sleep disorders are frequently reported in infants with infantile hemangiomas treated with propranolol and often lead to treatment discontinuation.• Investigations of the sleep pattern in this patient group using objective measures are lacking.What is New:• The sleep pattern of propranolol-treated infants is assessed using actigraphy and a 24-h sleep diary and compared to healthy, untreated controls.• Propranolol leads to a decreased sleep efficiency at night and an increased demand of daytime sleep, yet effects are mild overall.
Enhanced computational homogenization techniques for modelling size effects in polymer composites
Authors: Kumar Paras , Steinmann Paul , Mergheim Julia
Published: June 2021

Several experimental investigations corroborate nanosized inclusions as being much more efficient reinforcements for strengthening polymers as compared to their microsized counterparts. The inadequacy of the standard first-order computational homogenization scheme, by virtue of lack of the requisite length scale to model such size effects, necessitates enhancements to the standard scheme. In this work, a thorough assessment of one such extension based on the idea ofinterface energeticsis conducted. Systematic numerical experimentation and analysis demonstrate the limitation of the aforementioned approach in modeling mechanical behavior of composite materials where the filler material is much stiffer than the matrix. An alternative approach based on the idea ofcontinuously graded interphasesis introduced. Comprehensive evaluation of this technique by means of representative numerical examples reveals it to be the appropriate one for modeling nano-composite materials with different filler-matrix stiffness combinations.
Correction to: A 12-month follow-up of primary and secondary root canal treatment in teeth obturated with a hydraulic sealer
Authors: Bardini Giulia , Casula Laura , Ambu Emanuele , Musu Davide , Mercadè Montse , Cotti Elisabetta
Published: June 2021

A Correction to this paper has been published: 10.1007/s00784-021-04026-z
Towards language-to-language transformation
Authors: Kopetzki Dawid , Lybecait Michael , Naujokat Stefan , Steffen Bernhard
Published: June 2021

This paper proposes a simplicity-oriented approach and framework for language-to-language transformation of, in particular, graphical languages. Key to simplicity is the decomposition of the transformation specification into sub-rule systems that separately specify purpose-specific aspects. We illustrate this approach by employing a variation of Plotkin’s Structural Operational Semantics (SOS) for pattern-based transformations of typed graphs in order to address the aspect ‘computation’ in a graph rewriting fashion. Key to our approach are two generalizations of Plotkin’s structural rules: the use of graph patterns as the matching concept in the rules, and the introduction of node and edge types. Types do not only allow one to easily distinguish between different kinds of dependencies, like control, data, and priority, but may also be used to define a hierarchical layering structure. The resulting Type-based Structural Operational Semantics (TSOS) supports a well-structured and intuitive specification and realization of semantically involved language-to-language transformations adequate for the generation of purpose-specific views or input formats for certain tools, like, e.g., model checkers. A comparison with the general-purpose transformation frameworks ATL and Groove, illustrates along the educational setting of our graphical WebStory language that TSOS provides quite a flexible format for the definition of a family of purpose-specific transformation languages that are easy to use and come with clear guarantees.
Trust repair in human-agent teams: the effectiveness of explanations and expressing regret
Authors: Kox E. S. , Kerstholt J. H. , Hueting T. F. , de Vries P. W.
Published: June 2021

The role of intelligent agents becomes more social as they are expected to act in direct interaction, involvement and/or interdependency with humans and other artificial entities, as in Human-Agent Teams (HAT). The highly interdependent and dynamic nature of teamwork demands correctly calibrated trust among team members. Trust violations are an inevitable aspect of the cycle of trust and since repairing damaged trust proves to be more difficult than building trust initially, effective trust repair strategies are needed to ensure durable and successful team performance. The aim of this study was to explore the effectiveness of different trust repair strategies from an intelligent agent by measuring the development of human trust and advice taking in a Human-Agent Teaming task. Data for this study were obtained using a task environment resembling a first-person shooter game. Participants carried out a mission in collaboration with their artificial team member. A trust violation was provoked when the agent failed to detect an approaching enemy. After this, the agent offered one of four trust repair strategies, composed of the apology components explanation and expression of regret (either one alone, both or neither). Our results indicated that expressing regret was crucial for effective trust repair. After trust declined due to the violation by the agent, trust only significantly recovered when an expression of regret was included in the apology. This effect was stronger when an explanation was added. In this context, the intelligent agent was the most effective in its attempt of rebuilding trust when it provided an apology that was both affective, and informational. Finally, the implications of our findings for the design and study of Human-Agent trust repair are discussed.
Modular design patterns for hybrid learning and reasoning systems
Authors: van Bekkum Michael , de Boer Maaike , van Harmelen Frank , Meyer-Vitali André , Teije Annette ten
Published: June 2021

The unification of statistical (data-driven) and symbolic (knowledge-driven) methods is widely recognized as one of the key challenges of modern AI. Recent years have seen a large number of publications on such hybrid neuro-symbolic AI systems. That rapidly growing literature is highly diverse, mostly empirical, and is lacking a unifying view of the large variety of these hybrid systems. In this paper, we analyze a large body of recent literature and we propose a set ofmodular design patternsfor such hybrid, neuro-symbolic systems. We are able to describe the architecture of a very large number of hybrid systems by composing only a small set of elementary patterns as building blocks. The main contributions of this paper are: 1) a taxonomically organised vocabulary to describe both processes and data structures used in hybrid systems; 2) a set of 15+ design patterns for hybrid AI systems organized in a set of elementary patterns and a set of compositional patterns; 3) an application of these design patterns in two realistic use-cases for hybrid AI systems. Our patterns reveal similarities between systems that were not recognized until now. Finally, our design patterns extend and refine Kautz’s earlier attempt at categorizing neuro-symbolic architectures.
The Dirichlet Heat Kernel in Inner Uniform Domains in Fractal-Type Spaces
Authors: Lierl Janna
Published: June 2021

This paper proves two-sided estimates for the Dirichlet heat kernel on inner uniform domains in metric measure Dirichlet spaces satisfying the volume doubling condition, the Poincaré inequality, and a cutoff Sobolev inequality. More generally, we obtain local upper and lower bounds for the Dirichlet heat kernel on locally inner uniform domains under local geometric assumptions on the underlying space.
Psychometric properties of the PROMIS-57 questionnaire, Norwegian version
Authors: Rimehaug Stein Arne , Kaat Aaron J. , Nordvik Jan Egil , Klokkerud Mari , Robinson Hilde Stendal
Published: June 2021

Purpose

The aims of this cross-sectional study were to explore reliability and validity of the Norwegian version of the Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement System®—Profile 57 (PROMIS-57) questionnaire in a general population sample, n = 408, and to examine Item Response properties and factor structure.

Methods

Reliability measures were obtained from factor analysis and item response theory (IRT) methods. Correlations between PROMIS-57 and RAND-36-item health survey (RAND36) were examined for concurrent and discriminant validity. Factor structure and IRT assumptions were examined with factor analysis methods. IRT Item and model fit and graphic plots were inspected, and differential item functioning (DIF) for language, age, gender, and education level were examined.

Results

PROMIS-57 demonstrated excellent reliability and satisfactory concurrent and discriminant validity. Factor structure of seven domains was supported. IRT assumptions were met for unidimensionality, local independence, monotonicity, and invariance with no DIF of consequence for language or age groups. Estimated common variance (ECV) per domain and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) model fit supported unidimensionality for all seven domains. The GRM IRT Model demonstrates acceptable model fit.

Conclusions

The psychometric properties and factor structure of Norwegian PROMIS-57 were satisfactory. Hence, the 57-item questionnaire along with PROMIS-29, and the corresponding 8 and 4 item short forms for physical function, anxiety, depression, fatigue, sleep disturbance, social participation ability and pain interference, are considered suitable for use in research and clinical care in Norwegian populations. Further studies on longitudinal reliability and sensitivity in patient populations and for Norwegian item calibration and/or reference scores are needed.
Offene Familientreffs – ein Instrument der Gesundheitsförderung?
Authors: Schmid Franziska , Niederberger Marlen , Immerfall Stefan
Published: June 2021

Hintergrund

Offene Familientreffs gelten als niederschwellige Angebote der Familienbildung. Sie ermöglichen Begegnungen und stellen Förderangebote für Familien aus unterschiedlichen Bevölkerungsgruppen bereit.

Ziel der Arbeit

Untersucht wird, ob offene Familientreffs ein Instrument der Gesundheitsförderung für Familien in benachteiligten Lebenslagen sein können. Dazu wurden in verschiedenen offenen Familientreffs eines Landkreises die Gründe für die Besuche vergleichend für Familien mit und ohne Risiko einer Benachteiligung analysiert. Das Risiko einer Benachteiligung wird durch fünf Dimensionen operationalisiert (materiell, sozial, kulturell, familial, physisch-psychisch).

Methoden

Durchgeführt wurde eine quantitative Befragung der Besucher*innen in 12 offenen Familientreffs eines Landkreises in Baden-Württemberg. Die statistische Analyse beruht auf bivariaten Berechnungen und einer explorativen Faktorenanalyse.

Ergebnisse

Im Ergebnis zeigen sich in vielen Aspekten keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den Familien. Aber Familien mit einem Risiko der Benachteiligung der materiellen Dimension geben häufiger als Besuchsgrund die Unterstützung durch Fachkräfte und das Wohlbefinden während der offenen Familientreffs an. Familien mit benachteiligter Lebenslage der kulturellen Dimension begründen signifikant häufiger ihren Besuch mit dem Wunsch der Entwicklungsförderung des Kindes.

Schlussfolgerung

Offene Familientreffs erreichen Familien unterschiedlicher Lebenslagen. Wünschenswert wäre eine stärkere Ausrichtung der Angebote an den Bedürfnissen der benachteiligten Familien, um deren Inanspruchnahme weiter zu erhöhen.
Non-uniform Berry-Esseen bound by unbounded exchangeable pairs approach
Authors: Liu Da-li , Li Zheng , Wang Han-chao , Chen Zeng-jing
Published: June 2021

In this paper, a new technique is introduced to obtain non-uniform Berry-Esseen bounds for normal and nonnormal approximations by unbounded exchangeable pairs. This technique does not rely on the concentration inequalities developed by Chen and Shao [4,5] and can be applied to the quadratic forms and the general Curie-Weiss model.
T-tail flutter simulations with regard to quadratic mode shape components
Authors: Schäfer Dominik
Published: June 2021

It is known that the dynamic aeroelastic stability of T-tails is dependent on the steady aerodynamic forces at aircraft trim condition. Accounting for this dependency in the flutter solution process involves correction methods for doublet lattice method (DLM) unsteady aerodynamics, enhanced DLM algorithms, unsteady vortex lattice methods (UVLM), or the use of CFD. However, the aerodynamic improvements along with a commonly applied modal approach with linear displacements results in spurious stiffness terms, which distort the flutter velocity prediction. Hence, a higher order structural approach with quadratic mode shape components is required for accurate flutter velocity prediction of T-tails. For the study of the effects of quadratic mode shape components on T-tail flutter, a generic tail configuration without sweep and taper is used. Euler based CFD simulations are applied involving a linearized frequency domain (LFD) approach to determine the generalized aerodynamic forces. These forces are obtained based on steady CFD computations at varying horizontal tail plane (HTP) incidence angles. The quadratic mode shape components of the fundamental structural modes for the vertical tail plane (VTP), i.e., out-of-plane bending and torsion, are received from nonlinear as well as linear finite element analyses. Modal coupling resulting solely from the extended modal representation of the structure and its influence on T-tail flutter is studied. The g-method is applied to solve for the flutter velocities and corresponding flutter mode shapes. The impact of the quadratic mode shape components is visualized in terms of flutter velocities in dependency of the HTP incidence angle and the static aerodynamic HTP loading.
The dispersionless Veselov–Novikov equation: symmetries, exact solutions, and conservation laws
Authors: Morozov Oleg I. , Chang Jen-Hsu
Published: June 2021

We study symmetries, invariant solutions, and conservation laws for the dispersionless Veselov–Novikov equation. The emphasis is placed on cases when the odes involved in description of the invariant solutions are integrable by quadratures. Then we find some non-invariant solutions, in particular, solutions that are polynomials of an arbitrary degree $$N \ge 3$$

N
≥
3

with respect to the spatial variables. Finally we compute all conservation laws that are associated to cosymmetries of second order.
SARS-CoV-2 seroconversions and chains of infection in healthcare professionals in a German maximum care provider (The CoSHeP study)
Authors: van Bremen Kathrin , Monin Malte , Eis-Hübinger Anna Maria , Marx Benjamin , Aldabaggh Souhaib , Streeck Hendrik , Wasmuth Jan-Christian , Menting Tanja , Schlabe Stefan , Rieke Gereon J. , Schwarze-Zander Carolynne , Rockstroh Jürgen K. , Boesecke Christoph
Published: June 2021

Introduction

The CoSHeP study provides novel data on SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion rates in healthcare professionals (HP) at risk at the University Hospital Bonn, a maximum healthcare provider in a region of 900.000 inhabitants.

Methods

Single-center, longitudinal observational study investigating rate of SARS-CoV-2 IgG seroconversion in HP at 2 time-points. SARS-CoV-2 IgG was measured with Roche Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 assay.

Results

Overall, 150 HP were included. Median age was 35 (range: 19–68). Main operational areas were intensive care unit (53%, n = 80), emergency room (31%, n = 46), and infectious disease department (16%, n = 24). SARS-CoV-2-IgG was detected in 5 participants (3%) at inclusion in May/June 2020, and in another 11 participants at follow-up (December 2020/ January 2021). Of the 16 seropositive participants, 14 had already known their SARS-CoV-2 infection because they had performed a PCR-test previously triggered by symptoms. Trailing chains of infection by self-assessment, 31% (n = 5) of infections were acquired through private contacts, 25% (n = 4) most likely through semi-private contacts during work. 13% (n = 2) were assumed to result through contact with contagious patients, further trailing was unsuccessful in 31% (n = 5). All five participants positive for SARS-CoV-2 IgG at inclusion remained positive with a median of 7 months after infection.

Discussion

Frontline HP caring for hospitalized patients with COVID-19 are at higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Noteworthy, based upon identified chains of infection most of the infections were acquired in private environment and semi-private contacts during work. The low rate of infection through infectious patients reveals that professional hygiene standards are effective in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infections in HP. Persisting SARS-CoV-2-IgG might indicate longer lasting immunity supporting prioritization of negative HP for vaccination.
The canine counts! Significance of a craniodental measure to describe sexual dimorphism in canids: Golden jackals (Canis aureus) and African wolves (Canis lupaster)
Authors: Hatlauf Jennifer , Krendl Lisa Maria , Tintner Johannes , Griesberger Paul , Heltai Miklós , Markov Georgi , Viranta Suvi , Hackländer Klaus
Published: June 2021

Sexual dimorphism is a widespread phenomenon among mammals, including carnivorans. While sexual dimorphism in golden jackals (Canis aureus) has been analysed in the past, in the related and apparently convergent canid, the African wolf (Canis lupaster), it is poorly studied and showed to be relatively small. Previously, sexual size dimorphism (SSD) research in these species was mostly based on skull and body measurements. In our study, we also included dental measurements, namely the diameter of the canine. We used 11 measured sections of 104 adult specimens, comprising 61 golden jackal and 43 African wolf skulls. Data analyses were carried out through logistic regression and conditional inference trees (CIT). To compare the results of SSD to other species, sexual dimorphism indices (SDI) were calculated. Golden jackals and African wolves show significant sexual size dimorphism, both in cranial and dental size. The logistic regression revealed that the mesiodistal diameter of the upper canine is most effective in discerning the sexes. The difference in the calculated SDI of the canine diameter between the sexes amounted to 8.71 in golden jackals and 14.11 in African wolves, respectively—with regional diversity. Thus, the canine diameter is an important measure to investigate SSD as well as an easy tool to apply in the field.
Building a trusted guardian for our biometric identities
Authors: Black Philip
Published: June 2021

These days, unlocking a phone with a quick glance or the touch of a finger – rather than a passcode – has become so popular that we almost forget that we are using our biometric information to log in. The same can be said for authenticating payments or signing up to the latest challenger bank. In return for convenience, and to prove we are who we say we are, most of us now happily allow commercial companies and other organisations to process our biometric facial, fingerprint, iris or voice print data.
Group Agents and Moral Status: What Can We Owe to Organizations?
Authors: Lovett Adam , Riedener Stefan
Published: June 2021

Organizations have neither a right to vote nor a right to life. But we can owe them to keep our promises or show them gratitude. So we owe some things to organizations, but not everything we owe to people. What explains this? Individualistic views explain it just in terms of features of organizations’ individual members. Collectivistic views explain it just in terms of features of those organizations. Neither view works. Instead, we need to synthesize these approaches. Some individual interests are distinctively collective. Individuals have an interest in participating in successful collective action. This explains organizations’ apparently fragmented moral status.
Pronoun Usage as a Measure of Power Personalization: A General Theory with Evidence from the Chinese-Speaking World
Authors: Liu Amy H.
Published: June 2021

How can the growing personalization of power be identified and measured ex ante? Extant measures in the authoritarian literature have traditionally focused on institutional constraints and more recently on individual behaviour – such as purging opposition members from (and packing allies into) government bodies. This article offers a different strategy that examines leaders’ individual rhetoric. It focuses on patterns of pronoun usage for the first person. The author argues that as leaders personalize power, they are less likely to use ‘I’ (a pronoun linked to credit claiming and blame minimizing) and more likely to use ‘we’ (the leader speaks for – or with – the populace). To test this argument, the study focuses on all major, scheduled speeches by all chief executives in the entire Chinese-speaking world – that is, China, Singapore and Taiwan – since independence. It finds a robust pattern between first-person pronouns and political constraints. To ensure the results are not driven by the Chinese sample, the rhetoric of four other political leaders is considered: Albania's Hoxha, North Korea's Kim Il Sung, Hungary's Orbán and Ecuador's Correa. The implications of this project suggest that how leaders talk can provide insights into how they perceive their rule.
Automatic identification system data-driven model for analysis of ship domain near bridge-waters
Authors: Jinyu Lei , Lei Liu , Xiumin Chu , Wei He , Xinglong Liu , Cong Liu
Published: June 2021

The ship safety domain plays a significant role in collision risk assessment. However, few studies take the practical considerations of implementing this method in the vicinity of bridge-waters into account. Therefore, historical automatic identification system data is utilised to construct and analyse ship domains considering ship–ship and ship–bridge collisions. A method for determining the closest boundary is proposed, and the boundary of the ship domain is fitted by the least squares method. The ship domains near bridge-waters are constructed as ellipse models, the characteristics of which are discussed. Novel fuzzy quaternion ship domain models are established respectively for inland ships and bridge piers, which would assist in the construction of a risk quantification model and the calculation of a grid ship collision index. A case study is carried out on the multi-bridge waterway of the Yangtze River in Wuhan, China. The results show that the size of the ship domain is highly correlated with the ship's speed and length, and analysis of collision risk can reflect the real situation near bridge-waters, which is helpful to demonstrate the application of the ship domain in quantifying the collision risk and to characterise the collision risk distribution near bridge-waters.
Crystal structure of palbociclib isethionate Form B, (C24H30N7O2)(C2H5O4S)
Authors: Kaduk James A. , Gindhart Amy M. , Blanton Thomas N.
Published: June 2021

The crystal structure of palbociclib isethionate has been solved and refined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data, and optimized using density functional theory techniques. Palbociclib isethionate crystallizes in space group P-1 (#2) with a = 8.71334(4), b = 9.32119(6), c = 17.73725(18) Å, α = 80.0260(5), β = 82.3579(3), γ = 76.1561(1)°, V = 1371.282(4) Å3, and Z = 2. The crystal structure is dominated by cation⋯anion and cation⋯cation hydrogen bonds, which result in layers roughly parallel to the (104) plane. Both hydrogen atoms on the protonated nitrogen atom of the pyrimidine ring participate in strong hydrogen bonds to the anions. One proton binds to the sulfonate group, while the other bonds to the hydroxyl group of the isethionate anion. The hydroxyl group of the anion acts as a donor to a ketone oxygen atom in the cation. There are also strong N–H⋯N hydrogen bonds, which occur in pairs linking the cations into dimers with rings having a graph set R2,2(8). The powder pattern has been submitted to ICDD® for inclusion in the Powder Diffraction File™.
Baseline intracardiac echocardiography predicts haemodynamic changes and Doppler velocity patterns during follow-up after percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation
Authors: Morgan Gareth J. , Rodriguez Salvador A. , Leahy Ryan , Randall Jess , Zablah Jenny E.
Published: June 2021

Background:

Intracardiac echocardiography Doppler-derived gradients have previously been shown to correlate with post-procedure echocardiographic evaluations when compared with invasive gradients measured during percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation, suggesting that intracardiac echocardiography could offer an accurate and predictable starting point to estimate valve function after percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation.

Methods:

We performed a retrospective chart review of 51 patients who underwent percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation between September 2018 and December 2019 in whom intracardiac echocardiography was performed immediately after valve implantation. We evaluated the correlation between intracardiac echocardiography gradients and post-procedural Doppler-derived gradients. Among the parameters assessed, those which demonstrated the strongest correlation were used to create a predictive model of expected echo-derived gradients after percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation. The equation was validated on the same sample data along with a subsequent cohort of 25 consecutive patients collected between January 2020 and July 2020.

Results:

All the assessed correlation models between intracardiac echocardiography evaluation and post-procedure transthoracic echocardiographic assessments were statistically significant, presenting moderate to strong correlations. The strongest relationship was found between intracardiac echocardiography mean gradients and post-procedural transthoracic echocardiographic mean gradients. Therefore, an equation was created based on the intracardiac echocardiography-derived mean gradient, to allow prediction of the post-procedural and follow-up transthoracic echocardiographic-derived mean gradients within a range of ±5 mmHg from the observed value in more than 80% of cases.

Conclusions:

There is a strong correlation between intracardiac echocardiography and post-procedure transthoracic echocardiographic. This allowed us to derive a predictive equation that defines the expected transthoracic echocardiographic Doppler-derived gradient following the procedure and at out-patient follow-up after percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation.
Spatial and Temporal Planetary Boundary Layer Moisture‐Source Variability of Crimean Peninsula Precipitation
Authors: Langhamer Lukas , Dublyansky Yuri , Schneider Christoph
Published: June 2021

The atmospheric water cycle is a key component of the global energy and moisture exchange. In order to gain better understanding of the atmospheric processes and temporal variability and trends affecting precipitation in Crimea, we use a Lagrangian moisture source detection technique based on reanalysis data from the European Center for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts. The study presents a quantitative picture of the major moisture sources that feed precipitation on the Crimean peninsula from February 1979 to January 2017. In total 51.3% of moisture stems from marine sources. Specifically, the main individual contributors are the Mediterranean Sea (15.3%), the Black Sea (14.4%), and the North Atlantic Ocean (13.9%). Continental moisture recycling contributes additional 46.9%. The amounts of moisture contribution from marine and continental sources and their respective moisture transport pathways are subject to strong seasonality. Winter precipitation in Crimea is predominantly sourced by the Mediterranean Sea. Long‐term temporal trends in contribution from any of the major moisture sources are absent during the study period. Statistically significant negative correlation between the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index and contribution from moisture sources exists in winter for the Mediterranean (R = −0.22) and Black Seas (R = −0.23), and for the southern continental moisture source (R = −0.37). The North Atlantic Ocean moisture source exhibits a statistically significant positive correlation with NAO index during spring (R = 0.32).
Siberian Heat Wave Nearly Impossible Without Human Influence
Authors: Allen Michael
Published: June 2021

A new study finds that the exceptional temperatures seen in Siberia in the first half of 2020 would have been extremely unlikely without anthropogenic climate change.
A Compositional Component to the Samoa Ultralow‐Velocity Zone Revealed Through 2‐ and 3‐D Waveform Modeling of SKS and SKKS Differential Travel‐Times and Amplitudes
Authors: Krier Justin , Thorne Michael S. , Leng Kuangdai , Nissen‐Meyer Tarje
Published: June 2021

We analyzed 4,754 broadband seismic recordings of the SKS, SKKS, and SPdKS wavefield from 13 high quality events sampling the Samoa ultralow‐velocity zone (ULVZ). We measured differential travel‐times and amplitudes between the SKKS and SKS arrivals, which are highly sensitive to the emergence of the SPdKS seismic phase, which is in turn highly sensitive to lowermost mantle velocity perturbations such as generated by ULVZs. We modeled these data using a 2‐D axi‐symmetric waveform modeling approach and are able to explain these data with a single ULVZ. In order to predict both travel‐time and amplitude perturbations we found that a large ULVZ length in the great circle arc direction on the order of 10° or larger is required. The large ULVZ length limits acceptable ULVZ elastic parameters. Here we find that δVS and δVP reductions from 20% to 22% and 15% to 17% respectively gives us the best fit, with a thickness of 26 km. Initial 3‐D modeling efforts do not recover the extremes in the differential measurements, demonstrating that 3‐D effects are important and must be considered in the future. However, the 3‐D modeling is generally consistent with the velocity reductions recovered with the 2‐D modeling. These velocity reductions are compatible with a compositional component to the ULVZ. Furthermore, geodynamic predictions for a compositional ULVZ that is moving predict a long linear shape similar to the shape of the Samoa ULVZ we confirm in this study.
E3 ubiquitin ligase HECTD2 mediates melanoma progression and immune evasion
Authors: Ottina Eleonora , Panova Veera , Doglio Laura , Kazachenka Anastasiya , Cornish Georgina , Kirkpatrick Joanna , Attig Jan , Young George R. , Litchfield Kevin , Lesluyes Tom , Van Loo Peter , Swanton Charles , MacRae James , Tüting Thomas , Kassiotis George
Published: June 2021

The ubiquitin-proteasome system maintains protein homoeostasis, underpins the cell cycle, and is dysregulated in cancer. However, the role of individual E3 ubiquitin ligases, which mediate the final step in ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, remains incompletely understood. Identified through screening for cancer-specific endogenous retroviral transcripts, we show that the little-studied E3 ubiquitin ligase HECTD2 exerts dominant control of tumour progression in melanoma. HECTD2 cell autonomously drives the proliferation of human and murine melanoma cells by accelerating the cell cycle. HECTD2 additionally regulates cancer cell production of immune mediators, initiating multiple immune suppressive pathways, which include the cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) pathway. Accordingly, higher HECTD2 expression is associated with weaker anti-tumour immunity and unfavourable outcome of PD-1 blockade in human melanoma and counteracts immunity against a model tumour antigen in murine melanoma. This central, multifaceted role of HECTD2 in cancer cell-autonomous proliferation and in immune evasion may provide a single target for a multipronged therapy of melanoma.
Long-term clinical course and outcome in patients with primary Sjögren syndrome-associated interstitial lung disease
Authors: Kim Yun Jae , Choe Jooae , Kim Ho Jeong , Song Jin Woo
Published: June 2021

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is the most common lung manifestation in patients with Sjögren syndrome (SJS) and is associated with poor outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the long-term clinical course and prognostic factors in patients with SJS-ILD. Clinical data and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) images of 62 patients with primary SJS-ILD were retrospectively analyzed (biopsy-proven cases, n = 16). The mean patient age was 59.8 years; 83.9% of the patients were females, and 38.7% showed a usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern on HRCT. The median follow-up period was 61.5 months. During follow-up, 15 patients (24.2%) died, 7 (11.3%) experienced acute exacerbation (AE), and 27 (43.5%) progressed. The 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates were 93.5%, 85.8%, and 81.1%, respectively. Age (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.158, P = 0.003), C-reactive protein (CRP) level (HR: 1.212, P = 0.045), FVC (HR: 0.902, P = 0.005), and a UIP pattern on HRCT (HR: 4.580, P = 0.029) were significant prognostic factors in multivariable Cox analysis. In conclusion, death, AE, and ILD progression occurred in 25%, 10%, and 50% of the patients with SJS-ILD, respectively. Older age, higher CRP level, lower FVC, and a UIP pattern on HRCT indicated poor prognosis.
Single 3.3 fs multiple plate compression light source in ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Tamming Ronnie R. , Lin Chao-Yang , Hodgkiss Justin M. , Yang Shang-Da , Chen Kai , Lu Chih-Hsuan
Published: June 2021

Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy is a powerful tool to reveal excited state dynamics in various materials. Conventionally, probe pulses are generated via bulk supercontinuum generation or (noncollinear) optical parametric amplifiers whilst pump pulses are generated separately using (noncollinear) optical parametric amplifiers. These systems are limited by either their spectral density, stability, spectral range, and/or temporal compressibility. Recently, a new intense broadband light source is being developed, the multi-plate compression, which promises to overcome these limitations. In this paper, we analyze the supercontinuum generated by a single Multiple Plate Compression system to set a benchmark for its use in the field of ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy. We have compressed the supercontinuum to 3.3 fs using chirp mirrors alone, making it an excellent candidate for pump-probe experiments requiring high temporal resolution. Furthermore, the single light source can be used to generate both probe and pump pulses due to its high spectral density (>14.5 nJ/nm) between 490 and 890 nm. The intensity has an average shot-to-shot relative standard deviation of 4.6 % over 490 to 890 nm, calculated over 2,000 sequential shots. By using only 1,000 shot pairs, a $$\Delta T/T$$

Δ
T
/
T

noise level of $$2.6\times 10^{-4}$$

2.6
×

10

-
4

RMS is achieved. Finally, as a proof of concept, the transient absorption spectrum of a methylammonium lead iodide perovskite film is taken, showing great signal to noise with only 1,000 shot pairs. These results show great potential for the employment of this technique in other spectroscopic techniques such as coherent multidimensional spectroscopy.
Dissociated prismatic loop punching by bubble growth in FCC metals
Authors: Jin Miaomiao , Gao Yipeng , Zhang Yongfeng , Jiang Chao , Gan Jian
Published: June 2021

Materials performance can be significantly degraded due to bubble generation. In this work, the bubble growth process is elaborated in Cu by atomistic modeling to bridge the gap of experimental observations. Upon continuous He implantation, bubble growth is accommodated first by nucleation of dislocation network from bubble surface, then formation of dissociated prismatic dislocation loop (DPDL), and final DPDL emission in $$\langle 110\rangle$$

⟨
110
⟩

directions. As the DPDL is found capable of collecting He atoms, this process is likely to assist the formation of self-organized bubble superlattice, which has been reported from experiments. Moreover, the pressurized bubble in solid state manifests the shape of an imperfect octahedron, built by Cu $$\{111\}$$

{
111
}

surfaces, consistent with experiments. These atomistic details integrating experimental work fill the gap of mechanistic understanding of athermal bubble growth in Cu. Importantly, by associating with nanoindentation testings, DPDL punching by bubble growth arguably applies to various FCC (face-centered cubic) metals such as Au, Ag, Ni, and Al.
SMARCB1 deletion in atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors results in human endogenous retrovirus K (HML-2) expression
Authors: Doucet-O’Hare Tara T. , DiSanza Brianna L. , DeMarino Catherine , Atkinson Abigail L. , Rosenblum Jared S. , Henderson Lisa J. , Johnson Kory R. , Kowalak Jeffrey , Garcia-Montojo Marta , Allen Sariah J. , Orr Brent A. , Santi Mariarita , Wang Tongguang , Fathi Saeed , Lee Myoung Hwa , Sampson Kevon , Li Wenxue , Zhuang Zhengping , Nath Avindra
Published: June 2021

Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumor (AT/RT) is a rare pediatric central nervous system cancer often characterized by deletion or mutation of SMARCB1, a tumor suppressor gene. In this study, we found that SMARCB1 regulates Human Endogenous Retrovirus K (HERV-K, subtype HML-2) expression. HML-2 is a repetitive element scattered throughout the human genome, encoding several intact viral proteins that have been associated with stem cell maintenance and tumorigenesis. We found HML-2 env expression in both the intracellular and extracellular compartments in all AT/RT cell lines (n = 4) and in 95% of AT/RT patient tissues (n = 37) evaluated. SMARCB1 knock-down in neural stem cells (NSCs) led to an upregulation of HML-2 transcription. We found that SMARCB1 binds adjacent to the HML-2 promoter, repressing its transcription via chromatin immunoprecipitation; restoration of SMARCB1 expression in AT/RT cell lines significantly downregulated HML-2 expression. Further, targeted downregulation of HML-2 transcription via CRISPR-dCas9 coupled with suppressor proteins led to cellular dispersion, decreased proliferation, and cell death in vitro. HML-2 knock-down with shRNA, siRNA, and CRISPR-dCas9 significantly decreased Ras expression as measured by qRT-PCR, suggesting that HML-2 modulates MAPK/ERK signaling in AT/RT cells. Overexpression of NRAS was sufficient to restore cellular proliferation, and MYC, a transcription factor downstream of NRAS, was bound to the HERV-K LTR significantly more in the absence of SMARCB1 expression in AT/RT cells. We show a mechanism by which these undifferentiated tumors remain pluripotent, and we demonstrate that their formation is aided by aberrant HML-2 activation, which is dependent on SMARCB1 and its interaction with MYC.