bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Truck driver relative pay and motor carrier safety performance
Authors: Ryley Walter T. , Belzer Michael H.
Published: November 2024

The United Nations International Labour Organization (ILO) has recently incorporated driver pay into its guidelines on the promotion of safe and decent work in road transport. ILO guideline 73 states that ‘the remuneration of … CMV [commercial motor vehicle] drivers should be sustainable and take into consideration the attractiveness and sustainability of the industry’. In the spirit of this, we explore the relationship between truck drivers’ relative income and intrastate motor carrier safety performance. We utilise the United States (US) Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage data for heavy and tractor-trailer truck driver median annual incomes and the US Census Bureau’s American Community Survey estimates of median household incomes to construct county level relative income ratios for truck drivers. This information is merged with public safety data to analyse the relationship between truck drivers’ relative pay and motor carrier safety performance. We find that, all else constant, carriers located in counties where driver earnings are relatively high tend to experience fewer crashes. This provides evidence that safety performance is better when driver pay is more attractive in the truck driver labour market and, consequently, validates the ILO’s assertion under guideline 73.
The Fulfilment Service Provider in Product Safety and Liability: A Silver Bullet for the Enhancement of Safety and Compensation in E-Commerce, or a Leap of Faith?
Authors: Veldt Gitta
Published: November 2024

The European legislator has included the fulfilment service provider (FSP) in European product safety legislation as a new responsible economic operator (EO) in e-commerce for instances where no other EO is based in the European Union. As a matter of coherency, this adjusted personal scope of product safety law will likely be mirrored in a revised product liability directive. This article explores to what extent the aims and expectations of European legislator with respect to these legal changes (law in the books) align with the perceptions of FSPs and legal advisors in the field (law in action). This is done by means of a legal analysis of the goals and envisioned effects of these changes as well as a semi-structured interview study on how FSPs and legal advisors in the field perceive this new role, responsibility, and liability. The findings provide indications that product safety law currently in force might not (yet) lead to the desired effects. The findings also make us question the extent to which victim compensation is actually improved by the proposed adjustment of the personal scope of the product liability directive.
Mental health plans and policies across the WHO European region
Authors: Guerrero Zoe , Kågström Anna , Aliev Akmal , Tomášková Hana , Yon Yongjie , Lazeri Ledia , Reinap Marge , Redlich Cassie , Tijerino Inestroza Ana Maria , Maurer Jason , Winkler Petr
Published: November 2024

Evidence is scarce in terms of tracking the progress of implementation of mental healthcare plans and policies (MHPPs) in Europe, we aimed to map and analyze the content of MHPPs across the WHO European region.

We collected data from the WHO Mental Health Atlas 2011, 2017 and 2020 to map the development of MHPPs in the region. We contacted 53 key informants from each country in the European region to triangulate the data from WHO Mental Health Atlases and to obtain access to the national mental health plans and policies. We analyzed the content of MHPPs against the four major objectives of the WHO Comprehensive Mental Health Action Plan, and we also focused on the specificity and measurability of their targets.

The number and proportion of countries which have their own MHPPs has increased from 30 (52%) to 43 (91%) between 2011 and 2020. MHPPs are generally in line with the WHO policy, aiming to strengthen care in the community, expand mental health promotion and illness prevention activities, improve quality of care, increase intersectoral collaboration, build workforce and system capacity, and improve adherence to human rights. However, specific, and measurable targets as well as a description of concrete steps, responsibilities and funding sources are mostly missing. They often contain very little information systems, evidence and research, and mostly lack information on evaluating the implementation of MHPPs.

Progress has been made in terms of the development of MHPPs in the WHO Europe. However, MHPPs are often lacking operationalization and appropriate data collection for evaluation. This is then reflected in missing evaluation plans, which in turn leads to lessons not being learned. To enhance the potential for knowledge generation and demonstration of impact, MHPPs should be more specific and contain measurable targets with allocated responsibilities and funding as well as evaluation plans.
“If John Dewey Calls, Tell Him Things Didn’t Work Out”: 1970s Activists Use History to Explain the “Failure” of Public Schooling in Australia
Authors: Proctor Helen
Published: November 2024

This essay considers the usefulness of history of education, first, through the history of Australian university-based teacher education and then through the history of how, in the postwar period of schooling expansion, the provision of public schooling was transformed discursively from a policy solution into a policy problem—with opposing viewpoints from “left” and “right” projected through the print media. With a particular focus on “conservative” critique, two contrasting snapshots are presented of public writing from the 1970s-1980s to illustrate how, by this period, the focus of public debate about education policy in Australia was no longer on the principles and logistics of widening access, but on questioning the trustworthiness of the schools themselves—what and how they were teaching the nation’s children. The essay concludes by proposing that history itself is constantly invoked in debates about schooling by people who are trying to explain what needs to be changed or preserved.
Linear instability in thermally stratified quasi-Keplerian flows
Authors: Wan Dongdong , Bose Rikhi , Zhang Mengqi , Zhu Xiaojue
Published: November 2024

Quasi-Keplerian flow, a special regime of Taylor–Couette co-rotating flow, is of great astrophysical interest for studying angular momentum transport in accretion disks. The well-known magnetorotational instability (MRI) successfully explains the flow instability and generation of turbulence in certain accretion disks, but fails to account for these phenomena in protoplanetary disks where magnetic effects are negligible. Given the intrinsic decrease of the temperature in these disks, we examine the effect of radial thermal stratification on three-dimensional global disturbances in linearised quasi-Keplerian flows under radial gravitational acceleration mimicking stellar gravity. Our results show a thermo-hydrodynamic linear instability for both axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric modes across a broad parameter space of the thermally stratified quasi-Keplerian flow. Generally, a decreasing Richardson or Prandtl number stabilises the flow, while a reduced radius ratio destabilises it. This work also provides a quantitative characterisation of the instability. At low Prandtl numbers

$Pr$

, we observe a scaling relation of the linear critical Taylor number

$Ta_c\propto Pr^{-6/5}$

. Extrapolating the observed scaling to high

$Ta$

and low

$Pr$

may suggest the relevance of the instability to accretion disks. Moreover, even slight thermal stratification, characterised by a low Richardson number, can trigger the flow instability with a small axial wavelength. These findings are qualitatively consistent with the results from a traditional local stability analysis based on short wave approximations. Our study refines the thermally induced linearly unstable transition route in protoplanetary disks to explain angular momentum transport in dead zones where MRI is ineffective.
On the boundary-layer asymmetry in two-dimensional annular Rayleigh–Bénard convection subject to radial gravity
Authors: Bhadra Abhiroop , Shishkina Olga , Zhu Xiaojue
Published: November 2024

Radial unstable stratification is a potential source of turbulence in the cold regions of accretion disks. To investigate this thermal effect, here we focus on two-dimensional Rayleigh–Bénard convection in an annulus subject to radially dependent gravitational acceleration

$g \propto 1/r$

. Next to the Rayleigh number

$Ra$

and Prandtl number

$Pr$

, the radius ratio

$\eta$

, defined as the ratio of inner and outer cylinder radii, is a crucial parameter governing the flow dynamics. Using direct numerical simulations for

$Pr=1$

and

$Ra$

in the range from

$10^7$

to

$10^{10}$

, we explore how variations in

$\eta$

influence the asymmetry in the flow field, particularly in the boundary layers. Our results show that in the studied parameter range, the flow is dominated by convective rolls and that the thermal boundary-layer (TBL) thickness ratio between the inner and outer boundaries varies as

$\eta ^{1/2}$

. This scaling is attributed to the equality of velocity scales in the inner (

$u_i$

) and outer (

$u_o$

) regions. We further derive that the temperature drops in the inner and outer TBLs scale as

$1/(1+\eta ^{1/2})$

and

$\eta ^{1/2}/(1+\eta ^{1/2})$

, respectively. The scalings and the temperature drops are in perfect agreement with the numerical data.
Associations of fat and fat-free mass at birth and accretion from 0 to 5 years with cognitive function at later childhood: the Ethiopian infant anthropometry and body composition birth cohort
Authors: Ali Rahma , Zinab Beakal , Megersa Bikila S. , Yilma Daniel , Girma Tsinuel , Admassu Bitiya , Filteau Suzanne , Friis Henrik , Wells Jonathan C. K. , Marphatia Akanksha A. , Olsen Mette F. , Wibaek Rasmus , Abera Mubarek
Published: November 2024

Early childhood growth is associated with cognitive function. However, the independent associations of fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) with cognitive function are not well understood. We investigated associations of FM and FFM at birth and 0–5 years accretion with cognitive function at 10 years. Healthy-term newborns were enrolled in this cohort. FM and FFM were measured at birth, 1·5, 2·5, 3·5, 4·5 and 6 months and 4 and 5 years. Cognitive function was assessed using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) at 10 years. FM and FFM accretions were computed using statistically independent conditional accretion from 0 to 3 months, 3 to 6 months, 6 months to 4 years and 4 to 5 years. Multiple linear regression was used to assess associations. At the 10-year follow-up, we assessed 318 children with a mean (sd) age of 9·8 (1·0) years. A 1 sd higher birth FFM was associated with a 0·14 sd (95 % CI 0·01, 0·28) higher PPVT at 10 years. FFM accretion from 0 to 3 and 3 to 6 months was associated with PPVT at 10 years: β = 0·5 sd (95 % CI 0·08, 0·93) and β = −0·48 sd (95 % CI −0·90, −0·07, respectively. FFM accretion after 6 months showed no association with PPVT. Neither FM at birth nor 0–5 years accretion showed an association with PPVT. Overall, birth FFM, but not FM, was associated with cognitive function at 10 years, while the association of FFM accretion and cognitive function varied across distinct developmental stages in infancy. The mechanisms underlying this varying association between body composition and cognitive function need further investigation.
Talking Lions
Authors: Bifford Darren , Moser Robbie
Published: November 2024

This article is an appreciative exegesis of Steven Burns's article “If a Lion Could Talk.” In his essay, Burns clarifies Ludwig Wittgenstein's enigmatic remark “If a lion could talk, we wouldn't be able to understand him” by locating it within the broader context of Wittgenstein's work in the philosophy of psychology. We read Burns's interpretation of the remark as opening core Wittgensteinian issues of meaning and (mis)understanding, and we situate it within the context of the work of Burns's teacher, Peter Winch. Our discussion is a close exegesis of the immediate content of the lion remark and it highlights connections to Wittgenstein's remarks on James George Frazer's The Golden Bough. We show how Burns and Winch employ Wittgenstein's methods of dissolving philosophical puzzles by drawing attention to intermediate familiar cases. We conclude with some impressionistic remarks about Socrates in a short discussion of the difficulty of the philosophical technique and activity Burns demonstrates and recommends.
Understanding Stalin’s Terror against Western Minorities: The National Operations of the NKVD in Contemporary Academic Research
Authors: Kotliartchouk Andrej
Published: November 2024

Soviet mass operations against a number of ethnic minorities were one of the most large-scale state-run terror campaigns in European history. The partial opening up of the formerly closed Soviet archives has had an enormous impact on the study of the Great Terror and its most secret part, ‘the national operations of the NKVD’ implemented in July 1937 to November 1938. The aim of this review is threefold. The first is to discuss the main approaches in the recent studies of the national operations of the NKVD with respect to the following topics: the role of Stalin in the dramatic turn of nationalities politics, the intent, implementation, and magnitude of the national operations; and dimensions for further research. The second aim is to examine contemporary academic discussions from the perspectives of the research project ‘Swedes, emotions, and moral diplomacy in the Great Terror. Foreign Office’s rescue operation in the Soviet Union, 1937–38’, in which the author took part. The third aim is to focus on the importance of the local context when accessing both the motives and the implementations of the national operations.
Veterinary Collaboration and Modernization in the French Animal By-Products Industry, 1940–1944
Authors: Denton Chad B.
Published: November 2024

Scholars studying the Second World War animal by-products industry have underestimated the systematic nature and broad scope of German intervention. This article examines how the close co-operation between French and German veterinarians, reflecting a shared professional interest in animal slaughter and disease control, facilitated the large-scale restructuring and modernization of French carcass disposal under Nazi occupation from 1940 to 1944. Animal by-products were an important resource for Germany’s war effort. Drawing on the previously unexploited papers of Wehrmacht veterinarian Conrad Herbig and the archives of the Vichy Salvage Service, I argue that German veterinary officers, in collaboration with their French counterparts, leveraged their expertise to impose a new vision of hygienic and efficient rendering practices in France. Herbig’s experiences in the Indre-et-Loire department reveal how the Nazi occupation authorities harnessed French material and institutional resources to direct French hides, fats, and bones towards German military production, even as logistical constraints limited their ambitions. Franco-German veterinary collaboration under Vichy represented an intensification of long-term trends towards professionalization, industrial concentration, and hygienic regulation in the French meat industry. This microhistorical case-study thus sheds new light on the dynamics of the occupation and its post-war impact on French agriculture and food production.
Doses and application method of seaweed extract to enhance physiological behavior in different ‘Hass’ avocado stages in tropical environments
Authors: Cano-Benitez M. , Gross-Urrego J. A. , Pantoja-Benavides A. D. , Moreno-Poveda G. A. , Ramírez-Godoy A. , Chávez-Arias C. C. , Restrepo-Díaz H.
Published: November 2024

Knowledge of Ascophyllum nodosum extracts (ANEs) is still limited to avocado ‘Hass’ in the tropics. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of two ANEs application methods (foliar v. drench) at four different doses (0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 ml/l) on the physiological response of three different avocado stages (seedlings and young and adult trees). Foliar or drench ANEs applications were performed monthly for all plants for 16 weeks. The evaluated variables were recorded at 4 and 20 weeks after the start of treatment (WAT). The results showed that ANEs can be applied to the drench or foliar method at doses ≥5 ml/l in the different growth stages evaluated. In seedlings, foliar or drench ANEs applications increased total dry weight (34.5 and 57.9 g for 0 and ≥5 ml/l, respectively) and stomatal conductance (gs) (380 and 205 mmol/m2s for 0 and ≥5 ml/l, respectively) at 20 WAT. In young trees, both application methods also improved growing index (88.6 and 102 cm for 0 and ≥5 ml/l, respectively) and gs (516 and 636 mmol/m2s for 0 and ≥5 ml/l, respectively) at the last sampling point. Adult trees showed that foliar or drench applications at higher doses also caused an increase in fruit yield (3.4 and 8.7 kg/tree for 0 and ≥5 ml/l, respectively) at 20 WAT. In conclusion, the use of foliar and soil ANEs applications at higher doses (≥5 ml/l) can be considered for integrated crop management of ‘Hass’ avocado.
Co-occurrence between mental disorders and physical diseases: a study of nationwide primary-care medical records
Authors: Hanna Matthew R. , Caspi Avshalom , Houts Renate M. , Moffitt Terrie E. , Torvik Fartein Ask
Published: November 2024

Background

Mental disorders and physical-health conditions frequently co-occur, impacting treatment outcomes. While most prior research has focused on single pairs of mental disorders and physical-health conditions, this study explores broader associations between multiple mental disorders and physical-health conditions.

Methods

Using the Norwegian primary-care register, this population-based cohort study encompassed all 2 203 553 patients born in Norway from January 1945 through December 1984, who were full-time residents from January 2006 until December 2019 (14 years; 363 million person-months). Associations between seven mental disorders (sleep disturbance, anxiety, depression, acute stress reaction, substance-use disorders, phobia/compulsive disorder, psychosis) and 16 physical-health conditions were examined, diagnosed according to the International Classification of Primary Care.

Results

Of 112 mental-disorder/physical-health condition pairs, 96% of associations yielded positive and significant ORs, averaging 1.41 and ranging from 1.05 (99.99% CI 1.00–1.09) to 2.38 (99.99% CI 2.30–2.46). Across 14 years, every mental disorder was associated with multiple different physical-health conditions. Across 363 million person-months, having any mental disorder was associated with increased subsequent risk of all physical-health conditions (HRs:1.40 [99.99% CI 1.35–1.45] to 2.85 [99.99% CI 2.81–2.89]) and vice versa (HRs:1.56 [99.99% CI 1.54–1.59] to 3.56 [99.99% CI 3.54–3.58]). Associations were observed in both sexes, across age groups, and among patients with and without university education.

Conclusions

The breadth of associations between virtually every mental disorder and physical-health condition among patients treated in primary care underscores a need for integrated mental and physical healthcare policy and practice. This remarkable breadth also calls for research into etiological factors and underlying mechanisms that can explain it.
Use and discontinuation of antipsychotic medication in 20 years following a first episode of schizophrenia: results from the OPUS trial
Authors: Hansen Helene Gjervig , Speyer Helene , Stürup Anne Emilie , Hjorthøj Carsten , Öngür Dost , Nordentoft Merete , Albert Nikolai
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Short-term exposure to antipsychotics has proven to be beneficial. However, naturalistic studies are lacking regarding the long-term use of antipsychotics. This study aimed to investigate changes in use of antipsychotics over 20 years after a first-episode schizophrenia.

Methods

This study is part of the Danish OPUS trial (1998–2000), including 496 participants with first-episode schizophrenia. Participants were reassessed four times over 20 years. The main outcomes were days on medication, redeemed prescriptions of clozapine, psychiatric hospitalizations, and employment.

Results

At the 20-year follow-up, an attrition of 71% was detected. In total, 143 out of 496 participated, with 36% (n = 51) in remission-of-psychotic-symptoms-off-medication. The lowest number of days on medication (mean [s.d.], 339 [538] days) was observed in this group over 20 years. Register data on redeemed antipsychotics were available for all trial participants (n = 416). Individuals in treatment with antipsychotics (n = 120) at the 20-year follow-up had spent significantly more days in treatment (5405 [1857] v. 1434 [1819] mean days, p = 0.00) and more had ever redeemed a prescription of clozapine (25% v. 7.8%, p = 0.00) than individuals who had discontinued antipsychotics (n = 296). Further, discontinuers had significantly higher employment at the 20-year follow-up (28.4% v. 12.5%, p = 0.00).

Conclusion

In a cohort of individuals with first-episode schizophrenia, 36% were in remission-of-psychotic-symptoms-off-medication. However, high attrition was detected, potentially affecting study results by inflating results from individuals with favorable outcomes. From register data, free from attrition, approximately 30% were in treatment with antipsychotics, and 70% had discontinued antipsychotics. Individuals in treatment had the least favorable outcomes, implying greater illness severity.
Increased measles and rubella seroprevalence in children using residual blood samples from health facilities and household serosurveys after supplementary immunization activities in two districts in India
Authors: Prosperi Christine , Hasan Alvira Z. , Winter Amy K. , Chaaithanya Itta Krishna , Salvi Neha R. , Sharma Sandeep , Bansal Avi Kumar , Chauhan Sanjay L. , Kulkarni Ragini N. , Lachyan Abhishek , Gawali Poonam , Kapoor Mitali , Shrivastava Arpit Kumar , Chonker Saurabh K. , Bhatt Vaishali , Kaduskar Ojas , Deshpande Gururaj Rao , Esteban Ignacio , Sabarinathan R. , Saravana Kumar Velusamy , Truelove Shaun A. , Kumar Muthusamy Santhosh , Thangaraj Jeromie W. Vivian , Sangal Lucky , Mehendale Sanjay M. , Sapkal Gajanan N. , Gupta Nivedita , Hayford Kyla , Moss William J. , Murhekar Manoj V.
Published: November 2024

Residual blood specimens provide a sample repository that could be analyzed to estimate and track changes in seroprevalence with fewer resources than household-based surveys. We conducted parallel facility and community-based cross-sectional serological surveys in two districts in India, Kanpur Nagar District, Uttar Pradesh, and Palghar District, Maharashtra, before and after a measles-rubella supplemental immunization activity (MR-SIA) from 2018 to 2019. Anonymized residual specimens from children 9 months to younger than 15 years of age were collected from public and private diagnostic laboratories and public hospitals and tested for IgG antibodies to measles and rubella viruses. Significant increases in seroprevalence were observed following the MR SIA using the facility-based specimens. Younger children whose specimens were tested at a public facility in Kanpur Nagar District had significantly lower rubella seroprevalence prior to the SIA compared to those attending a private hospital, but this difference was not observed following the SIA. Similar increases in rubella seroprevalence were observed in facility-based and community-based serosurveys following the MR SIA, but trends in measles seroprevalence were inconsistent between the two specimen sources. Despite challenges with representativeness and limited metadata, residual specimens can be useful in estimating seroprevalence and assessing trends through facility-based sentinel surveillance.
An exceptional anomaly of the coronary venous drainage: anatomic description
Authors: Hily Manon , Bessières Bettina , Bonnet Damien , Houyel Lucile
Published: November 2024

Background:

Anomalies of the coronary sinus are rare in the general population but are more frequent in patients with congenital heart defects. Whatever the cardiac anatomy, the coronary sinus is invariably located in the left atrioventricular sulcus, inferior to the wall of the morphologically left atrium.

Methods:

A complete morphological examination of a fetal cardiac specimen of the M3C collection, according to segmental analysis, was performed by two observers.

Results:

We report here for the first time a cardiac specimen with a venous channel receiving the majority of coronary veins, located in the right atrioventricular sulcus and therefore inferior to the wall of the morphologically right atrium, in a fetal cardiac specimen with congenitally corrected transposition in situs solitus. In addition, the anatomy of the venous drainage of the heart was mirror-imaged to that observed in a normal heart and different compared to that usually observed in congenitally corrected transposition.

Conclusion:

This very particular anatomy occurring in association with congenitally corrected transposition might be related with an additional disturbance in the laterality pathway.
Navigating life with single-ventricle CHD: psychosocial needs across adulthood
Authors: Hoyos Maria E. , Well Andrew , Van Diest Heather , Lopez Hannah , Morris Marian , Carberry Kathleen E. , Johnson Gregory , Fraser Charles D. , Mery Carlos M. , Lamari-Fisher Alexandra
Published: November 2024

Objective:

The population of adults with single-ventricle congenital heart disease (CHD) is growing. This study explores their lived experiences through an adult developmental psychology framework.

Methods:

Individuals aged 18 and older with single-ventricle CHD participated in Experience Group sessions and 1:1 interviews. Sessions were transcribed and analysed thematically. Themes were categorized by developmental domains and age group.

Results:

Of the 29 participants, 18 (62%) were female, 10 (35%) were emerging (18–29 years), 13 (45%) were established (30–45 years), and 6 (21%) were midlife adults (46–60 years). Emerging adults expressed reluctance to initiate romantic relationships and fear of burdening partners, while established adults reported strong relationships with partners deeply involved in caregiving. Emerging adults struggled with finding fulfilling work that meets their health needs, whereas established and midlife adults faced unemployment or early retirement due to health limits. Family dynamics shifted, with established and midlife adults educating their children to become caregivers. Physical limitations and low self-rated health were consistent across life stages, and midlife adults did not worry about traditional chronic conditions. Mental health concerns, including anxiety and depression, persisted across all life stages, but resiliency and positive affect were also evident.

Conclusion:

Adults with single-ventricle CHD experience developmental milestones differently, indicating the need for early anticipatory guidance in these domains to achieve optimal outcomes in adulthood.
Monitoring abdominal near-infrared spectroscopy during feeds in neonates with CHD recovering from surgery: a feasibility study
Authors: Holleran Evan M. , Brown Marshall D. , Sassano Claudia , Musa Ndidiamaka , Colyer Jessica , Sagiv Eyal
Published: November 2024

Objective:

Monitoring cerebral and renal near-infrared spectroscopy for regional venous oxygenation is a common practice in the postoperative care of neonates recovering from surgery for CHD. In this study, we aimed to test the feasibility of using this technology for monitoring changes in splanchnic perfusion during feeds in infants recovering from cardiac surgery.

Methods:

We monitored renal and splanchnic near-infrared spectroscopy in 29 neonates once recovered from the critical postoperative state and tolerating full enteral nutrition. Infants were tested over 3 feeds for splanchnic regional oxygenation (rO2), arterial to splanchnic saturation difference and splanchnic to renal regional oxygenation ratio.

Result:

Splanchnic regional oxygenation data were obtained with no failure or interruptions. Interclass correlation for agreement between measurements suggested good repeatability: 0.84 at baseline and 0.82 at end of feed. Infants with physiologic repair (n = 19) showed a trend towards increased splanchnic regional oxygenation at the end of feeds and were more likely to achieve regional oxygenation > 50% compared to infants with shunt-dependent circulation (n = 10, p = 0.02). Calculating AVO2 and regional oxygenation index did not result in improved test sensitivity.

Conclusion:

Monitoring splanchnic regional oxygenation during feeds for infants recovering from congenital heart surgery is feasible and reliable. These results suggest that near-infrared spectroscopy could be further studied as a tool for bedside monitoring to assist in feeding management and prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in this sensitive patient population.
Effects of vegetative ground cover on seedling establishment of the invasive liana old man’s beard (Clematis vitalba)
Authors: Jarvis-Lowry Brenda , Harrington Kerry C. , Ghanizadeh Hossein , Robertson Alastair W.
Published: November 2024

Opportunistic use of limited resources is often attributed to invasive species, and as a mature vine, old man’s beard (Clematis vitalba L.) is known to have devastating negative impacts on the trees it colonizes. No previous experimental studies have been published on how easily C. vitalba seedlings can colonize ground covered by other established vegetation. This species has had an increasing presence in forestry blocks and riparian zones in New Zealand, both of which usually maintain some grass cover. To determine the importance of vegetative ground cover for preventing ingress of new C. vitalba plants, this study looked at seedling emergence through the soil and establishment of C. vitalba within four different levels of grassy cover at three sites: (1) ground kept bare after vegetation removal; (2) ground bare at C. vitalba seed sowing, but thereafter allowed to recover; (3) vegetative cover trimmed to 4 cm high at C. vitalba sowing, and then allowed to recover; and (4) unmanaged vegetation. At the highest level of vegetation density (unmanaged vegetation), no C. vitalba seedlings were ever detected throughout a 1-yr monitoring period. At lower ground cover densities, poor seedling emergence was observed, with a maximum of 36% of seeds sown in bare plots producing a seedling. Also, seedlings did not survive past 1 yr, except in bare plots or in plots where vegetation grew sparsely. However, seedlings that did survive began producing multiple stems within 6 mo of emergence. These results indicate that obstacles to seedling emergence and poor development at the young seedling stage when vegetative cover is dense severely limit C. vitalba’s chances to invade new sites via seed. Yet some successful seedling recruitment does occur due to the magnitude of the propagule pressure on the landscape and the difficulty of maintaining high-density ground cover across large areas throughout the year.
Case Management im Umfeld von Pflegebedürftigkeit und das Belastungserleben pflegender An- und Zugehöriger
Authors: Cordes Janet , Jalaß Isabel , Wirth Lena Marie , Bläser Philipp , Ruppert Nicole , Hülsken-Giesler Manfred
Published: November 2024

Zusammenfassung: Hintergrund: Pflegende An- und Zugehörige stellen den größten Anteil häuslich Pflegender in Deutschland dar. Ihr Belastungserleben gerät unter anderem vor dem Hintergrund vielfältiger Ressourcenknappheit zunehmend in den Fokus. Case Management als innovatives Versorgungskonzept für die Pflege adressiert auch das Belastungserleben pflegender An- und Zugehöriger. Fragestellung/Ziel: Es stellt sich die Frage, ob ein pflegebezogenes Case Management das Belastungserleben pflegender An- und Zugehöriger positiv beeinflussen kann. Methoden: In einem Mixed-Method-Ansatz wird anhand eines Prä-Post-Designs mit Kontrollgruppe quantitativ (N = 251) und qualitativ (N = 40) der Einfluss des Case Managements auf das Belastungserleben mittels Gruppenunterschiedstests auf Basis der HPS-Skala und inhaltsanalytischer Auswertung teilstrukturierter Interviews untersucht. Ergebnisse: Die Untersuchungen legen nahe, dass Case Management einen positiven Einfluss auf das Belastungserleben nehmen kann. Aus quantitativer Perspektive zeigt sich in der Interventionsgruppe ein stabilisierender Einfluss auf das Belastungserleben, während es in der Kontrollgruppe anstieg. Qualitativ zeigt sich ein Einfluss auf subjektiv erlebte Entlastungen. Besondere Bedeutung hat dabei die Rolle von Case Manager_innen als zentrale Ansprechpersonen für alle Belange eines Pflege- und Sorgearrangements. Schlussfolgerungen: Durch Identifikation und Unterstützung von Ressourcen und Coping-Strategien kann pflegebezogenes Case Management das Belastungserleben pflegender An- und Zugehöriger wirksam beeinflussen.
Community Nursing für Menschen mit Migrationsbiografie
Authors: Neyer Stefanie , Zabrodsky Thomas , Kühne Sarah
Published: November 2024

Zusammenfassung: Hintergrund: Menschen mit Migrationsbiografie bzw. mit besonderen sozio-kulturellen Bedürfnissen finden erschwert den Zugang zu Gesundheitsdienstleistungen bzw. sind von einer Über-, Unter- oder Fehlversorgung betroffen. Durch Community Nursing (CN) kann die Gesundheitskompetenz gestärkt werden. Ein solches Angebot wurde im Jahr 2022 in einer Gemeinde in Österreich implementiert. Ziel: Das Ziel war eine Analyse des Bedarfs und der aktuellen Akzeptanz von CN durch Menschen mit Migrationsbiografie sowie die Identifikation von adäquaten Maßnahmen zur Förderung der Inanspruchnahme. Methodik: Im März 2023 wurden in einer österreichischen Gemeinde in Vorarlberg im Rahmen einer Bedarfs- und Akzeptanzanalyse zwei Fokusgruppeninterviews mit Stakeholdern sowie Adressat_innen betreffend der Nutzung des CN-Angebots durchgeführt, inhaltsanalytisch ausgewertet und in Workshops validiert. Ergebnisse: Vielfältige Barrieren (fehlende Sprachkompetenz, Unwissenheit bzgl. Versicherungsschutz, fehlende Informationen zu CN, gefühlsbezogene hemmende Faktoren wie Angst, Scham und Vorbehalte gegenüber Pflegeangeboten) konnten identifiziert werden. Die gemeinsam erarbeiteten Lösungsansätze für ein niederschwelliges Angebot reichen vom Einsatz von Schlüsselpersonen über Gesundheitsberatung in Begegnungscafés bis hin zu einer gezielten Informationsstrategie. Schlussfolgerungen: Ein erfolgreiches CN-Angebot erfordert eine umfassende Implementierungsstrategie und bedarfsgerechte Maßnahmen. Die sichtbar gewordenen Barrieren, Ängste und Vorbehalte sollten berücksichtigt werden, um den Zugang zum CN für Menschen mit Migrationsbiografie zu erleichtern.
Use of the Time-Based Experience Sampling Method in Older Adults
Authors: Vanhollebeke Jelena , Appel Judith E. , Dezutter Jessie , Dewitte Laura
Published: November 2024

Abstract: Older adults represent an increasing proportion of the world’s population and are an important target group for psychological research. The experience sampling method (ESM) has the potential to generate unique insights into the daily lives of older adults, but its application also brings challenges. We provide a systematic review of studies applying time-based ESM (tb-ESM) with participants of 65 years and older in their natural environment, focusing on the studies’ specific (1) (sub)populations and contexts, (2) tb-ESM designs, and (3) rate of study adherence. We searched Medline, Web of Science, Cinahl, Psychology Database, and OSF preprints for eligible reports published from 2007 onwards. After screening 549 records, 54 reports on 31 unique studies were included in the narrative synthesis. Most studies sampled healthy community-dwelling older adults and applied semi-randomized signal schedules. Mobile assessments were much more common than in an earlier review with studies published before 2007 and could be implemented successfully. Recommendations for future tb-ESM studies in older adults are made regarding training and follow-up, custom signal modalities and schedules, and adapted response recording methods. Future aging tb-ESM studies should be mindful of the inclusion of more diverse samples and the evaluation of participant adherence and burden.
Reducing the Influence of Time Pressure on Risky Choice
Authors: Jiang Yixuan , Huang Pin , Qian Xiuying
Published: November 2024

Abstract: While the impact of time pressure on decision-making is extensively studied, how individuals regulate their behavior under such conditions is less understood. This study addressed this gap by prompting participants to use cognitive reappraisal, an emotion regulation strategy. Participants were instructed to reinterpret their emotions during the decision-making process and asked to answer within 1,000 ms. Findings revealed that cognitive reappraisal mitigated the effects of time pressure in gain-framed trials by decreasing risk aversion that is usually induced by time pressure. A post hoc moderated mediation analysis indicated that this was attributed to the dual influence of cognitive reappraisal: less emotional intensity toward options and less overall emotional reliance during the cognitive process, both modulating risky preferences. However, this modulation was not observed in loss-framed trials. These results enhance our understanding of cognitive reappraisal’s role in moderating the behavioral impact of time pressure and suggest interventions to reduce affect heuristics in decision-making.
Responses of Sr, Nd, and S Isotopes of Seawater to the Volcanic Eruptions During the Early Middle Triassic, South China
Authors: Shen L. J. , Zhao Y. J. , Zhu Z. J. , Liu C. L.
Published: November 2024

The wide distribution of tuff layers, locally named the “green bean rocks” (GBRs) in the Yangtze Block straddling the Early Middle Triassic marine sequence indicates intense volcanic eruption(s). Sr, Nd, and S isotope compositions and trace elements of marine sediments were analyzed spanning the tuff layers to elucidate their responses to the volcanic eruptions and related environmental changes. The Sr isotope compositions of marine sediments are comparable to those of open seawater during the time interval of ca. 245–248 Ma. Sr and Nd isotope compositions of the samples show synchronous increases in the 87Sr/86Sr ratios and εNd(t) values during the deposition of GBRs. The elevated 87Sr/86Sr ratios and εNd(t) values are proposed to be caused by the input of volcanic tephra and increased influx of weathering product of mafic rocks (most likely the Emeishan flood basalts). The S isotope compositions of sulfates exhibit a negative shift in the GBRs, which could possibly be attributed to greater input of lighter 32S from weathering products and volcanic eruptions. The variation of Th/U ratios indicate that the GBRs formed in an anoxic environment, resulting from high marine productivity as a consequence of more nutrients from weathering and volcanic materials. The responses of Sr, Nd, and S isotopes to volcanic eruptions during the Early Middle Triassic indicate this event resulted in adverse effects, namely enhanced eutrophication and low O2 levels, acidic precipitation, toxic components, etc., that could cause ecological destruction both on land and in the sea.
A More Transparent Infrared Window
Authors: Mlawer Eli J. , Mascio Jeana , Turner David D. , Payne Vivienne H. , Flynn Connor J. , Pincus Robert
Published: November 2024

The infrared window region (780–1,250 cm−1, 12.8 to 8.0 μm) is of great importance to Earth's climate due to its high transparency and thermal energy. We present here a new investigation of the transparency of this spectral region based on observations by interferometers of downwelling surface radiance at two DOE Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program sites. We focus on the dominant source of absorption in this region, the water vapor continuum, and derive updated values of spectral absorption coefficients for both the self and foreign continua. Our results show that the self continuum is too strong in the previous version of Mlawer‐Tobin_Clough‐Kneizys‐Davies (MT_CKD) water vapor continuum model, a result that is consistent with other recent analyses, while the foreign continuum is too weak in MT_CKD. In general, the weaker self continuum derived in this study results in an overall increase in atmospheric transparency in the window, although in atmospheres with low amounts of water vapor the transparency may slightly decrease due to the increase in foreign continuum absorption. These continuum changes lead to a significant decrease in downwelling longwave flux at the surface for moist atmospheres and a modest increase in outgoing longwave radiation. The increased fraction of surface‐leaving radiation that escapes to space leads to a notable increase (∼5–10%) in climate feedback, implying that climate simulations that use the new infrared window continuum will show somewhat less warming than before. This study also points out the possibly important role that aerosol absorption may play in the longwave radiative budget.
Origins of Extreme CAPE Around the World
Authors: Tuckman P. J. , Emanuel Kerry
Published: November 2024

Severe convection, responsible for hazards such as tornadoes, flash floods, and hail, is usually preceded by abundant convective available potential energy (CAPE). In this work, we use a Lagrangian approach to study the buildup of anomalously large values of CAPE from 2012 to 2013 in various regions. Nearly all extreme values of CAPE arise from surface fluxes underneath a layer of convective inhibition (the CIN layer) over several diurnal cycles, but the origin of the CIN layer and the diurnal cycle of surface fluxes differ around the world. In some regions, such as North America and Europe, the air above the boundary layer must be much warmer than usual to form this CIN layer, whereas in other regions, especially the Middle East and central Africa, a CIN layer is common. Additionally, high CAPE occurrences that are over land (those in the Americas, Europe, Africa, and Southeast Asia) tend to lose their CIN layers before the time of maximum CAPE due to large diurnal cycles of sensible heating, whereas those that occur over coastal waters (in the Middle East, Northern Australia, South Asia, and the Mediterranean) usually retain substantial convective inhibition. Uniquely, CAPE in Southeast Australia often builds up due to cooling aloft rather than to boundary layer warming. These results show that one hoping to understand or predict CAPE patterns must understand a variety of mechanisms acting in different regions.
Environmental Controls on Deep and Overshooting Convection Over the Contiguous U.S.
Authors: Bowman Kenneth P. , Rapp Anita D.
Published: November 2024

During the summer season, deep convection over the central United States has a significant impact on the dynamics and composition of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). These storms transport tropospheric air containing trace gases, ice particles, and aerosols into the UTLS, which can affect chemical and radiative processes over a large region. Because overshooting storms necessarily have strong updrafts, there is a marked correlation between overshooting and the occurrence of severe weather at the surface. Heat released by these storms also helps to drive the North American Monsoon Anticyclone (NAMA) in the UTLS, which partially confines air injected into the stratosphere by overshooting storms. In support of the Dynamics and Chemistry of the Summer Stratosphere (DCOTSS) project, this study is a climatological analysis of the environmental factors that affect the occurrence of deep and overshooting storms. Using hourly analyses of overshooting storms based on GridRad radar data and ERA5 reanalyzes, we focus on the roles of convective available potential energy (CAPE), convective inhibition (CIN), jet location, and other relevant dynamical and thermodynamic variables. The results show that northward intrusion of airmasses containing moist high CAPE air from the Gulf of Mexico into the central plains plays a major role in producing the conditions necessary for overshooting storms with other factors playing secondary roles.
Morphology and Climatology of Nighttime Periodic Ionospheric TEC Disturbances Associated With MSTIDs Over China
Authors: Li Ke , Zhang Donghe , Zeng Yi , Tian Yaoyu , Yang Guanglin , Hao Yongqiang
Published: November 2024

In this study, the morphology and climatology of the nighttime periodic disturbances associated with medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) are investigated over the entire China sector from January 2014 to August 2017, using data from global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) receivers. Firstly, a comparative case analysis of propagation characteristics reveals the complexity and day‐to‐day variations of nighttime MSTID activity. The main statistical findings indicate that these periodic disturbances predominantly occur during the summer months, with a higher occurrence rate during solar minimum. In summer, the disturbances occur more frequently in regions with lower latitudes (20–35°N) and tend to exhibit an extended duration. In the meantime, some disturbances are also detected at much lower latitudes (<20°N), with noticeable longitudinal differences. Additionally, there are two peaks in the geographic distribution of disturbances, located in the sector of 90–100°E and 105–125°E at lower latitudes, respectively. The distinct spatiotemporal evolution patterns of the two peak disturbance regions suggest that their formation mechanisms should be different. The disturbances in the eastern region exhibit similarities with electrified MSTIDs, which are closely related to Perkins instability, whereas the western disturbance region does not display apparent movement, but exhibits a higher occurrence rate and longer durations, which may be attributed to the frequent upward propagation of GWs in the southeastern region of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau.
Building the Albanides by Deep Underplating
Authors: Rossetti F. , Fellin M. G. , Ballato P. , Faccenna C. , Balestrieri M. L. , Muceku B. , Rondenay S. , Maesano F. E. , Crosetto S. , Durmischi C. , Bazzucchi C. , Maden C.
Published: November 2024

Subduction orogens grow by accretion of slices of continental lithosphere scraped off the downgoing slab. Although seismological and geophysical data now illuminate the deep structure of these orogens, understanding deep crustal underplating dynamics remains challenging. This study focuses on the Albanides, a subduction orogen in the central‐eastern Mediterranean, formed by the accretion of continental material during the eastward subduction of Adria beneath Eurasia. The thickening at depth of the crustal edifice occurred along with the development of a shallow fold‐and‐thrust belt. This process involved the deposition of progressively younger syn‐orogenic deposits as deformation migrated SW‐ward from the Cretaceous to the Miocene. To explore the relationship between deep‐seated structures and surface deformation, we investigate the recent crustal thickening of the Albanides using low‐temperature thermochronology and 3D thermokinematic modeling of a seismically constrained crustal section. Our data reveal a pulse of exhumation during the latest Miocene‐Pliocene, amounting to approximately 3–4 km, which we propose has been driven by a deep‐seated thrust system imaged by receiver function images. These inferences have significant implications for understanding the interactions between deep and shallow crustal processes and their role in shaping the Albanides. Furthermore, they provide insights into the timing and kinematics of subduction‐related orogenic processes and, potentially, on the separation of the Adria plate from Africa.