bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Selected Insecticides for West Indian Canefly Control, 1995
Authors: Woolwine A. E. , Rodriguez L. M. , Ostheimer E. A. , Reagan T. E. , White W. H.
Published: December 2017

Three different insecticide treatments were used to control WIC on Little Texas Plantation, Napoleonville, LA. Treatments were randomly assigned to plots (ca. 2-3.5 acres each) according to a RCBD with 4 replications. Plots were treated on 11 Jul, when a heavy field-wide infestation of WIC (Avg = 18 per 3rd leaf below the whorl on 10 Jul) was producing copious amounts of honeydew on which sooty mold was beginning to develop. Treatments were applied using an AG Cat flying swaths of 54 ft delivering 2 gpa finished formulation. On 14, 18 and 26 Jul, the total numbers of WIC and YSA (18 and 26 Jul only) on the 3rd leaf down from the 1st visible dewlap of 20 to 30 plants were recorded.
Sunflower Beetle Larval Control, Langdon, Nd, 1994
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Holen Carlyle
Published: December 2017

The trial was established in a commercial sunflower field with approximately 20 SB larvae per plant. Plots were 4-30 inch rows by 25 ft in length. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design, replicated 4 times. Insecticides were broadcast at 40 psi in 20 gpa using a hand-held CO2 sprayer. Plots were treated on 2 Jul. Larval counts were collected on 2 and 16 Jul, and whole plant defoliation on 16 Ju. Twenty ft of row were harvested from the center 2 rows of each plot, threshed, cleaned and weighed for yield. Means were compared using LSD.
Apple, Airblast Evaluation Experiment of Acaricides, 1995
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: December 2017

A number of experimental and registered acaricides were evaluated for activity against two phytophagous mites and toxicity to a number of mite natural enemies. The acaricide treatments were applied to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 1 replicate of ‘Golden Delicious’ and 3 replicates of ‘Yorking’. The trees were planted to a spacing of 20 X 20 ft and were 22 yr old. All treatments were applied with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gpa, driven at 2 mph. Spray dates were 30 Jun all treatments and 13 Jul TD-2365, Agri-Mek and Kelthane treatments. All plots received a regular maintenance schedule of fungicides (Nova 40WP, Penncozeb 80WP, Topsin 85DF and Ziram 76WP) and nutrients (CaCl). Post-bloom insecticides (Guthion 50WP, Swat 8EC) were applied as needed at I - to 2-week intervals beginning at petal-fall in early May. Effect of the treatments on ERM, TSSM and ZM was evaluated by counting the mites at approximately weekly intervals during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. Stethorus was observed by making 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the trees. Russet evaluations were made on Golden Delicious fruits (30 per replicate). The apples were rated as 0 (no russet), 1 (raised lenticels), 2 (1-10% russeted surface), 3 (11-25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface), or 5 (>51% russeted surface). The individual ratings were added to calculate a russet rating for each replicate. Possible ranges for the replicate russet ratings (and estimate of range of percentage of surface russeted) are 0-30 (none to raised lenticels), 31-60 (raised lenticels to 1-10% russeted surface), 61-90 (1-10% to 11-25% russeted surface, 91-120 (11-25% to 26-50% russeted surface), and 121-150 (26-50% to >51% russeted surface).
Aphid and Thrips Control in Georgia Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1994
Authors: Crowe Bert D. , McPherson Robert M. , Taylor J. Delano
Published: December 2017

Flue-cured tobacco was transplanted on 24 Mar. at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station in Tifton, GA. Production practices were used according to Georgia Cooperative Extension Service guidelines and included Tillam and Devrinol for weed control, Ridomil for blue mold, and Nemacur for nematode suppression. Fertilizer (6-6-18) was applied in a split application at a rate of 1000 lb/acre. Plots 3 rows wide (36 inch row spacing) by 20 ft long were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Plots were separated on each side with one untreated border row and on each end with an alley 3 ft wide. On 5 May, 13 insecticide treatments were applied to selected plots using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with three TX-12 nozzles directed over a single row, delivering 28.6 gpa at 40 psi. 14 DAT, the N. g. 5691 and Nicotiana gossei extract treatments were reapplied. The number of live aphids and thrips on plants 2, 4, and 6 of the center row was recorded from each plot prior to treatment (Pre-t), and 4, 7, 14, 21, and 28 DAT. Also on each sampling date the total number of budworms and hornworms was recorded on plants 2-9 on the center row. Plants 2-9 on the center row were harvested on 4 dates from 20 Jun through 7 Jul, and cured. Then they were weighed and graded by USDA graders. Grade indices (from 1-99) were computed based on equivalent goverment grades being of equal value. All data were subjected to ANOVA and Waller-Duncan K-ratio tests (P = 0.05).
Tobacco Aphid Control on Burley Tobacco with Transplant Water and Foliar Treatments, 1995
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Dara Surendra K. , Wilkinson William B.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted at the VPI & SU Southern Piedmont Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Blackstone, VA, to evaluate various insecticides applied as foliar and transplant water (TPW) treatments for control of TA on burley tobacco. Tobacco ‘Tennessee 90’ was transplanted into experimental plots on 23 May. Nine treatments and an untreated control were established in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plots, 4 X 40 ft (1 row X 24 plants), were separated by single untreated guard rows. Transplant water treatments were applied around each plant at 4 fl oz solution/plant (204 gal/acre) using a measuring cup and bucket. Foliar treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 28 gal/acre at 60 psi through 3 TX-12 nozzles/row on 3 Jul. Temperatures ranged from 85-88 °F during application. TA counts were made on the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants per plot before treatment and at 3, 7, 14 and 21 DAT. Except for insect control, burley tobacco production methods including transplanting, fertilization, topping, sucker control, and herbicide and fungicide applications followed recommendations by the Virginia Cooperative Extension Service. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated WD test (K-ratio = 100). TA count data were transformed to Log10(X+l) before analysis. Actual means are presented in the table.
Control of Tobacco Aphid in Tennessee Burley Tobacco, 1995
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Burgess E. E. , Roberts C. H.
Published: December 2017

Seven foliar and 2 granular insecticides were evaluated at the Tobacco Experiment Station, Greeneville. Burley tobacco ‘TN 90’ was transplanted with no transplant solution insecticide in the setter water on 17 May. Plots were 20 ft X 4 rows spaced 40 inches apart and plants were spaced 18 inches within rows. Four randomized complete blocks were separated by 5 ft alleys. Soil was Hermitage silt loam with 2-5% slope, pH 6.0. Foliar treatments were applied on 28 Jun when at least 50 aphids infested an upper leaf of 10% of the plants. Sprays were applied using a 2.5 gal compressed CO2 sprayers at 38 gpa and tank pressure of 40 psi. Granular insecticide treatments were applied at layby as a sidedress on 6 Jul using shaker jars and worked into soil on both sides of treatment rows. The number of live aphids on the 4 uppermost leaves was recorded on 6 Jul. Aphid ratings ranged from 0 (no evident live aphids) to 5 (heavy populations with necrosis of lower leaf bases and were recorded on 13, 20, 26 Jul. All data were subjected to ANOVA.
Foliar Sprays to Control Insects in Wheat, 1995
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Wheat was planted on 2 Nov, 1994, at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Plots were 25 ft long by 5 ft wide, with 7 inch spacing between rows. Each plot was separated from each other by 3 ft of bare ground and replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Insect pressure from all species was low this year. Treatments were applied on 5 May using a propane compressed gas backpack sprayer with a 3 flat fan nozzle boom which delivered 20 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Evaluation criteria consisted of counts of insects present on 6 ft of row. EGA was the dominant aphid species with low numbers of BCOA present. Numbers of both species were analyzed together as a complex.
Control of Grasshopper Spp. in Seedling Winter Wheat Using a Systemic Seed Treatment, 1995
Authors: Blodgett S. L. , Johnson G. D. , McLendon M. E. , Wichman D. M.
Published: December 2017

Gaucho 480 (imidacloprid) was applied as a seed treatment at 2, 3, and 4 oz/cwt rates and evaluated for control of grasshopper damage in winter wheat. Additionally, all seed was treated with RTU-Vitavax-Thiram at 6oz/cwt. Gaucho treated seed was planted at 55 lb/acre rate in a RCB design with 4 row plots (12 inch spacing) by 35 ft on 15 Sep at the MSU-Central Agricultural Research Center, Moccasin, MT. Treatments were replicated 6 times. Grasshopper populations in the area adjacent to the test area were estimated to be 10 grasshoppers per ft2. Number of plants and number of grasshopper-damaged plants per row ft were recorded and data was expressed as percent damaged plants. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and means separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.
Control of Fungus Gnats in Greenhouse Grown Plants, 1995
Authors: Smifley D. R. , Davis T. W.
Published: December 2017

Bachelor buttons grown in 6 inch clay pots at the Pesticide Research Center greenhouses on the MSU campus were used for this test. Each treatment was replicated 6 times with each replication consisting of a single plant. Marathon and Oxamyl were applied with a hand-held shaker according to the rate per pot on the label. Each pot received 100 ml of irrigation after treatment. The Dycarb was applied as a drench; 250 ml of solution to each pot. All other treatments were applied at a rate of 200 gal of spray solution per acre. Each pot received 3.5 ml of finished spray to the soil surface, followed with 100 ml of irrigation. All of the above treatments were applied on 16 Jun. Precounts were taken on 14 Jun and post spray evaluations were made on 23 Jun and 30 Jun. To monitor the larvae two 1/2 inch-diameter, 3/4 inch-long slices of potato were cut using a large cork borer and placed into the pots 1/2 inch deep in the soil. After 2 days the potato slices were removed along with about 0.7-1.0 g (1 ml) of soil from beneath the potato. The soil and potato slices were placed in a 2 oz plastic cup and brought back to the lab where 20% ethanol extractions were performed using a Buchner funnel. Live larvae were counted under a dissecting microscope, both from the potato and the soil.
Black Cutworm and Sod Webworm Larval Control on Short Cut Bentgrass, Columbus, OH, 1995
Authors: Shetlar D. J. , Power K. T. , Belcher M. , Niemczyk H. D.
Published: December 2017

The study was located on the Ohio State University Turfgrass Research Facility. Insecticides were applied on 31 Aug to plots 4 X 5 ft arranged in a RCB, replicated 3 times, with the blocks separated by 4 ft. Liquid treatments were applied using a CO2 sprayer with TeeJer™ 8006VS nozzles at 19 psi pressure that delivered a volume of 1.0 gal/1000 ft2. Granular treatments were applied using a drop spreader calibrated for each product. Sprays were not irrigated after application. Granular treatments received 3 gal/plot irrigation. Environmental conditions at time of treatment were as follows: Turf: level, moderately dense, 3/16 (5 mm) height, light dew present; Thatch: loose, moist, ¼inch or less. Soil: moist 78°F at 1.0 inch, 74°F at 3.0 inch, clay loam; Weather: mostly sunny, 84 to 88°F, 0 to 12 mph wind. Efficacy data taken 7 Sep (7 DAT) were based on the number of BCW and SWW larvae flushed to the surface in a 1.0 yd2 area using a soap irritant drench of 15 ml Joy™ dishwashing detergent in 2.0 gal water.
Control of Black Turfgrass Ataenius, Nh, 1994
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Rollins Alan
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted on a golf course fairway in Moultonboro, NH. Plots were 10 X 100 ft, replicated 4 times. Treatments were timed to coincide as close as possible with first adult emergence. Adults were first seen 22 May and treatments were applied 26 May. The second application of Dursban was applied on 9 Jun, 2 weeks later. Treatments were applied with a Chempro hydraulic sprayer and a walking boom in 1.5 gal water/1000 ft2. After treatment, all plots were irrigated with 0.5 inch water. Plots were rated on 14 Jul by counting the number of live grubs in two 0.35 ft2 plugs per plot. Conditions at the time of treatment on 26 May were: air temperature 50°F; wind, 2 MPH; sky, cloudy; soil temperature, 1 inch 51°F; thatch depth, 0.5 inch; soil pH, 5.9; slope, 0%; soil texture, loam, 50% sand, 40% silt, 10% clay; soil organic matter, 9.7%; soil moisture, 30.1%.
Apple, Secondary Pest Evaluation, 1995
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: December 2017

Experimental and registered insecticides and acaricides were applied to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 2 replicates of ‘Golden Delicious’ and 2 replicates of ‘Yorking’. Treated single trees were separated by others not sprayed with insecticides and/or acaricides. The trees were 11 yr old and planted at a spacing of 20 X 30 ft. The CGA-215944 treatments were applied with a handgun at 400 psi on a truck mounted sprayer equipped with Kohler 23 gpm pump. All other treatments were applied with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated to deliver 80 GPA at 2.0 mph for a complete spray. Dates of applications for the treatments were: 17 May (all airblast treatments), 13 Jun (CGA and Provado treatments only), 28 Jun (CGA treatments only) and 26 Jul (Omite and Vydate treatments). All plots received a regular fungicide maintenance schedule of Benlate 50DF, Dithane 75DF, Nova 40WP and Ziram 76WP and the insecticide Imidan 70WP. All maintenance materials were applied using the alternate row middle method. The effect of the sprays on WALH was evaluated by counting the number of nymphs/25 injured leaves/tree. Effectiveness on SA was evaluated by counting the number of aphid-infested leaves/10 top terminals and the number of aphids/most infested leaf. Effectiveness of the test chemicals on ERM and ZM was evaluated by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 25 random leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. The predator Stethorus was evaluated by making 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the trees. STLM was evaluated by a 5-min count of tissue-feeding mines around the periphery of the trees at the end of each generation. On 8 Jun, only spur leaves were examined, on 25 Jul and 18 Aug only shoot leaves were examined for mines. Russet evaluations were made on Golden Delicious fruits (30 per replicate). Each replicate (2) was rated as 0 (no russet), 1 (raised lenticels), 2 (1-10% russeted surface), 3 (11-25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface), or 5 (>51% russeted surface). The individual ratings were added to calculate a russet rating for each replicate. Possible ranges for the replicate russet ratings (and estimate of range of percentage of surface russeted) are 0-30 (none to raised lenticels), 31-60 (raised lenticels to 1-10% russeted surface), 61-90 (1-10% to 11-25% russeted surface), 91-120 (11-25% to 26-50% russeted surface), and 121-150 (26-50% to >51% russeted surface).
Japanese Beetle Larval Control With Bifentrhin and B.T. Var. Japonica, 1995
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Rollins Alan
Published: December 2017

Thirteen treatments were applied to a golf course fairway in Ossippee, NH for Japanese Beetle control, Plots were 7 X 7 ft, replicated 4 times, in a RCB design. Treatments were applied 15 Aug and rated 24 Sep. Granules were applied with a salt shaker and sprays with a CO2 boom sprayer, 8004 nozzles, at 40 PSI, in 2 gal water per 1000 ft2. Plots were rated by counting the number of live larvae in 2 ft2. Pretreatment density was 18.8 larvae per ft2. Larvae were 91% second and 9% third instar. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temperature, 69.8°F; wind, 2 mph; sky, cloudy, light showers; soil temperature, 1 inch; 76.6°F; thatch depth, 0.5 inch; soil pH, 5.6; slope, 2%; soil texture, sandy loam; sand 58%, silt 23%, clay 19%; soil organic matter, 6.4%; soil moisture, 13.6%; post treatment precipitation, 0.2 inch immediately, irrigation every other day.
Evaluation of Merit and Tempo as a Preventative Treatment to Control Black Cutworm (Bcw) on Golf Course Greens, Wv, 1995
Authors: Weaver Joseph E. , Farren James C.
Published: December 2017

Merit 75W and Tempo 20W were compared as side by side treatments on whole greens with ½ half of a green being a replicate of each treatment. Treatments were applied 23 May, replicated 4 times; there was no untreated control. Compounds were applied with a Cushman Turfmaster 125 sprayer and watered in with the same sprayer at 120 gal/acre. Water pH was 8.33. Environmental conditions at start (8:35 am) and finish (11:30 am) of treatment applications were, respectively: air temperature, 23.5°C and 32.5°C; RH, 43% and 54%; sky clear; soil temperature (surface), 25.5°C and 33.5°C, (1 inch) 25.5°C and 29°C; soil very moist. Efficacy was evaluated on 31 Jul (69 DAT) by treating entire greens with Tempo 2 at the rate of 0.04 lb (AI)/acre, syringing the green 8-10 min and counting the no. of cutworms flushed to the surface in a sample area of 4 m2. Two areas were sampled on each treated half of each green. Within these sample areas, the no. of obvious cutworm feeding holes were also counted.
Management of Japanese Beetle Grubs With Experimental Mycogen Formulations on a Golf Course Fairway in Centre County, Pennsylvania, 1995
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The turfgrass area consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (30%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (30%). Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 4 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 1021 ml of water/54 ft2 or delivering 5 gal/1,000 ft2. At treatment time (16 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 79°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 84°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 84°F; RH, 79%; amount of thatch, 0.375-0.5 inches; soil type, sandy loam; soil particle size analysis: 55.9% sand, 32.6% silt, 11.4% clay; organic matter, 7.9%; soil oven dry weight, 36.4; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 7.7; treatment time, early-morning; and clear skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.225 inch of water. Posttreatment counts were completed on 16 Sep. Three ft2 sod samples were taken from each replicate, and the total number of viable Japanese beetle grubs/ft2 by instar was recorded.
Fall Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs With Dursban Pro, Talstar F, and Experimental Formulations on a Golf Course Fairway in Lewistown, Pennsylvania, 1995
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (40%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (20%). Treatment plots were 9 X 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 4 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 1021 ml of water/54 ft2 or delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. At treatment time (29 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 80°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 80°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 79°F; RH, 75.0%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.50 inches; soil textural class, loam; soil particle size analysis: % sand, 44.4; % silt, 34.6; % clay, 21.0; organic matter, 4.6%; soil moisture (oven dry weight), 20.9; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 4.7; application time, mid-morning; and skies partly cloudy. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 41d later (9 Oct). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs ft2 was recorded.
Control of Sod Webworm on A Kentucky Bluegrass Lawn in Scotts Bluff Co., Nebraska, 1995
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Schild J.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were evaluated for control of sod webworm larvae on a Kentucky bluegrass lawn at the Gering Cemetery, in Scotts Bluff County, Nebraska. The turf (80% Kentucky bluegrass, 20% perennial rye and tall fescue) was maintained at a mowing height of 2.5 inches. Thatch accumulation (finger compressed) in the plot area was 0.25 inches. Field conditions at the study site were: soil type, silt loam; soil organic matter, 1%; soil pH, 8.0. Weather conditions at the time of treatment were as follows: soil moisture 16%; air temperature 56°F; soil temperature 62°F; relative humidity 74%; wind direction and velocity 136° at 10 mph. Plots were 10 X 10 ft and the experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Treatments were applied on 11 May 1995. Liquid insecticides were applied using a CO2 sprayer with an LF–4 nozzle at 30 psi and delivering 3 gal finished spray/1000 ft2. Following applications, plots were irrigated with 0.125 inches of water. A total of 0.52 inches of rain fell during the post treatment period. Treatments were evaluated 4 and 7 DAT (15 and 18 May) by mixing 0.5 oz of Lemon Dawn® per gal of water and applying one gal of the dilution to each of two 6 ft sampling areas per plot (12.0 ft2 total area). Larvae that moved to the grass surface were collected and counted after twenty minutes.
Efficacy of Entomophagous Nematodes Against Japanese Beetle Grubs in Large Plot Trials, Nh, 1994
Authors: Swier Stanley R.
Published: December 2017

The large plot study was conducted at the Amherst Country Club, Amherst; NH. Plot size was 20 X 80 ft, replicated 4 times. Treatments were applied in 1 gal water/1000 ft2 with a Chem Pro sprayer using MC5 nozzles. Each plot was sprayed for a total volume of 2 gal/1000 ft2. The first treatments were applied in the evening on 19 Aug to predominantly 2nd instar larvae and watered in. The second half of the split application of Vector WG was applied on 9 Sep (21 days later). Plots were irrigated as necessary 2-3 times per week with 0.2 inch water to keep soil moist. Three 1 ft2 samples were removed from each plot and the number of live larvae counted. Conditions at the time of treatment on 19 Aug were: air temperature, 68.3°F; wind, <3 mph; sky, clear; soil temperature 2 inch, 69.3°F; thatch depth, 0.5 inch soil pH, 6.5; soil texture, loam, 38% sand, 45% silt, 17% clay; soil organic matter, 5.2%; soil moisture, 23.4%; post treatment precipitation, 0.3 inch soils were moist due to recent rain. Conditions at the time of treatment on 9 Sep were: air temperature, 72.3°F; wind, 0 mph; sky, clear; soil temperature 2 inch, 63.5°F; soil moisture, 25.6%; post treatment precipitation, 0.3 inch soils were moist due to recent rain. Plots were rated on 7 Oct (42 days after initial treatment).
Effect of Insecticides on Control of Blue Gum Psyllid Infesting Commercial Cut Eucalyptus, 1991
Authors: Tjosvold Steven A. , Chaney William E
Published: December 2017

Two experiments were conducted in a commercial Eucalyptus field near Watsonville, California where cut terminal stems are grown for the fresh and preserved market. Treatments were applied to established Eucalyptus trees. The treatments were arranged in a RCB experimental design: trial 1 treated on 19 Aug had 4 replications and trial 2 treated on 27 Sep had 5 replications. Single trees were used as plots with treated trees separated from each other by 2 trees down the row and 1 row across the field. Treatments were applied to runoff using a CO2 backpack sprayer at 40 psi with a flat fan nozzle. Dry formulated treatments in trial 1 were applied with Nufilm P spreader at 4 fl oz/100 gal and all treatments in trial 2 were applied with Nofoam B at 16 ft oz/100 gal. Samples were taken from each tree by clipping 6 inch terminal sections from the 4 ordinal directions of the tree. Samples were processed by brushing the psyllids from the shoots with a mite brushing machine onto a Vaseline-coated glass plate. Psyllid eggs, nymphs and adults were counted under a dissecting scope. Nymph counts are the most representative of the population dynamics and are presented in this report. After trial 1 was completed, the most effective treatments were selected for trial 2.
Control of the Palm Mealybug with Insecticides, Hawaii, 1995
Authors: Hara A. H. , Hata T. Y. , Hu B.K.S.
Published: December 2017

Efficacy trials were conducted from 12 Dec 94 through 27 Jan 95 at a certified export nursery in Hilo, Hawaii on 30 inch rhapis palms growing in 6 inch diameter pots. Treatments were arranged in a RCB with 4 replicates, 4 plants per replicate. In study 1, insecticides were applied to runoff (49 ml per plant) on 12 and 20 Dec with a backpack sprayer (Solo Inc., Newport News, Va) equipped with an 8004 Teejet nozzle (Spraying Systems Co., Wheaton, IL) at 276 KPa. The control was sprayed with water. A spreader-sticker (Ad-here, J. R. Simplot, Lanthrop, CA) was added to all treatments including the control at a rate of 0.5 ml per liter solution. In study 2, Marathon, a systemic insecticide, was applied on 12 Dec and watered immediately after treatment. The palm mealybug occurs deep in the fibrous material covering the rhapis stem and may not be readily seen. Therefore, treatments were evaluated by dissecting rhapis terminals and counting the number of live and dead mealybugs on 6 and 26 Jan for studies 1 and 2, respectively. The time between insecticide application and evaluation was longer in study 2 to ensure systemic uptake. Mortality percentages were transformed to arcsine(sqrt) and subjected to ANOVA (study 1) or t test (study 2).
Hot Water as A Potential Treatment Against Root Mealybugs, Hawaii, 1995
Authors: Hu B.K.S. , Hara A. H. , Hata T. Y.
Published: December 2017

Efficacy trials were conducted from 20 Jan through 1 Feb 95 at the University of Hawaii at Manoa Waiakea Experiment Station in Hilo, Hi. Rhapis palms (approximately 3–4 ft) growing in 3 gal pots were randomly selected from an infested nursery in Mt. View, HI. Treatments consisted of 1 plant. Temperature probes were inserted in the center of each pot. Pots (not including foliage) were submerged in 49° C water until the center of the pot reached the target temperature. Pots were held in the water for 10 min after reaching the target temperature then cooled in water at ambient temperature (26° C) until the internal temperature was reduced to 30° C. Controls were submerged in water at ambient temperature (26° C) for the time equal to the longest treatment plus cooling time. Efficacy was determined by removing the media from the roots and counting the number of live and dead mealybugs on 1 Feb with the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope. The criterion for adult and nymph mortality was no movement; the criterion for egg mortality was no crawler emergence. Mortality percentages were calculated.
Evaluation of Victor Roach Magnet Traps, 1995
Authors: Kaakeh Walid , Bennett Gary W.
Published: December 2017

A field test determined the effectiveness of the Victor Roach Magnet™ traps in an attempt to detect, monitor or control the cockroach populations. The Munsyana Homes, a multi-family public housing complex located in Muncie, Ind., served as the test site; individual apartments served as the replicated experimental unit. Six Lo-Line™1 Cockroach traps were left in place overnight in the cabinets under and above the kitchen sink, under or adjacent to the stove, under or behind the refrigerator, adjacent to the utility area, and on the floor behind the bathroom toilet. A minimum catch of 5 cockroaches per trap was required for any apartment to be considered an experimental unit. Eleven replicate test apartments were established. Victor traps (with aggregation pheromones), used as a control tool, were placed at day 1 in 12 locations in each test apartment and left in place for 1 month to obtain the total trap catch. All filled, wet, and missing traps were replaced with new traps on a weekly basis. Locations (number of traps in parenthesis) of the Victor traps in each apartment were: the cabinets under the kitchen sink (2), the cabinets above the sink (2), under and adjacent to the stove (2), under, behind, and adjacent to the refrigerator (3), under and adjacent to the utility area where water heater and furnace are located (2), and on the floor behind the bathroom toilet (1). At the end of the test, trap catch from the Victor traps was determined noting the stage of all cockroaches. Cockroach population level in each apartment during the test was estimated for up to 4 wks by the use of six Lo-Line traps. At each sample interval, the Lo-Line traps were left in place overnight and collected the next morning to determine trap catch reduction. Weekly trap catch was counted, noting the number of adults and nymphs. Analyses among time periods, using a Kruskal-Wallis signed rank test (X2; P = 0.05), were conducted to determine whether or not the average trap catch per apartment was reduced by the treatment.
Ld Evaluation of Eradicator for Fire Ant Control, 1992
Authors: Gold Roger , Howell Harry , Summerlin Bill
Published: December 2017

To determine the efficacy of water, chlorpyrifos and permethrin as control agents when applied with the Eradicator pest control device, sixty mounds of RIFA were selected for treatment. Each mound was characterized and mapped before treatment to determine any colony movement resulting from treatments. Treatments were made using an Eradicator control device attached to a water source providing ca 40 psi (actual pressure was measured). The Eradicator is a hose end sprayer fitted with a 2.5 ft probe, open at the end, which when inserted into fire ant mounds released a stream of water and pesticide. A reservoir attached to the underside of the Eradicator held the pesticide drawn into the water stream by the venturi effect. Treatments involved the insertion of the Eradicator application probe and injection of liquid into the mound. A flow meter determined the amount of liquid injected into each mound.
Field Test to Determine the Feasibility of Using Microwave Technology to Control Fire Ants, 1994
Authors: Summerlin Bill , Gold Roger , Howell Harry , Cook Jerry
Published: December 2017

Three microwave devices manufactured by Armstrong Marine, Inc., Stuart, FL, were tested against field colonies of RIFA. Twenty-six active colonies were located and characterized in Brazos County, TX, rangeland. All colonies were located within 0.5 ha and in the same soil type. Colonies were characterized in terms of ant activity using a Lichert scale of 0-3, with 0 = inactive, 1 = minor activity, 2 = moderate activity, and 3 = full activity. A metal wire inserted in mounds and vibrated determined ant activity. The number of ants responding to the disturbance in the first 30 s was rated as above. Posttreatment evaluations also used this procedure. Following the last assay interval, the mounds were dug with a spade and an observation made as to the relative numbers of foragers, brood and queens surviving.
Control of Rough Harvester Ants in Low Water-Use Urban Parks, New Mexico, 1994
Authors: Ward Charles R. , McGinn Damon , Walters Suzanne , Leeuwen Dawn Van
Published: December 2017

Rough harvester ant control was evaluated in an urban forest park in the city of Albuquerque. Treatments were randomized within blocks and replicated 4 times. Ant mounds were checked for activity, selected and marked, and counts made of active ants on and in the clear area of each mound prior to treatment. Treatments were made on 2 June under sunny weather conditions while ants were active (7:30-11:30 a.m.). Broadcast granular treatments were made by applying measured amounts to a 100 ft2 area around each mound with an Ortho® Whirly-Bird® granular applicator. The broadcast spray treatment was applied with a CO2 pressured back-pack, small-plot sprayer with 6 X-4 tips spaced 20 inches apart. At 60 psi and 4 mph the sprayer delivered 5.63 gal of finished spray per acre. However, the 10 ft by 10 ft (100 ft2) area around each plot was sprayed in each direction to give a spray volume of 11.3 gal per acre. Dry Mound (M) treatments were made by sprinkling measured amounts of each form on the mound area around the entrance hole only. The Orthene 75SP mound drench was applied in 3.78 liters of water sprinkled over a 0.37 m2 area around the center of each mound.
Python™, Yt–615, and Optimizer™ Ear Tags for Winter–Time Control of Cattle Lice in Wyoming, 1992
Authors: Lloyd J. E. , Kumar R. , Waggoner J. W.
Published: December 2017

The objective of this study was to evaluate PYthon™, YT𠄣615, and Optimizer™ ear tags applied at one tag per animal, and PYthon™ ear tags at two tags per animal for winter-time control of cattle lice. The experiment was performed at the University of Wyoming Research and Extension Center, Torrington, Wyoming. The experimental cattle were born in the spring of 1991. All were male castrates and were primarily Gelbvieh X Angus crosses. Animals were individually identified by numbered ear tags in both ears. The cattle were housed in ten separate pens at the rate of 5 or 6 animals per pen. Each pen was 20 X 60 ft with a 20-ft feed bunk across one end. Each animal received a finishing ration, free-choice, average weight gain was 2 lb per head per d. Salt, mineral mix, and water were provided ad libitum. Lice infestations were naturally acquired. Most cattle were infested with Linognathus vituli and Bovicola bovis. A few animals were infested with Solenopotes capillatus. Prior to treatment, the pens were ranked by total counts of L. vituli. The five pens with the highest mean counts and the five pens with the lowest mean counts were randomly assigned to one of the five ear tag treatments. All species of lice present on the animals were counted. Counts were performed by visual inspection of the cattle on d 0 (pretreatment), and 14, 28, 42, and 56 DAT. Lice were counted in eight examination sites on each animal. Specimens were identified by species and life stage (either adult or nymph). Examination sites and dimensions were as follows: topline 5 X 15 cm, withers 5 X 15 cm, around right eye 10 X 15 cm, around left eye 10 X 15 cm, right cheek 5 X 10 cm, left cheek 5 X 10 cm, muzzle 5 X 25 cm and dewlap 5 X 15 cm. These sample sites include predilection areas of L. vituli, B. bovis, and S. capillatus. For purposes of examination, cattle were individually restrained in a squeeze chute with a head catch. A high intensity light provided illumination. Total lice counts were transformed using In (total count + 1). A general linear model procedure (SAS) was used to analyse the transformed counts. Total variation in the lice count was partitioned into that attributable to the treatment, animal within treatment, sampling d, treatment X sampling d interaction, and residual. Geometric means for lice counts were estimated for each treatment group on each sampling d. Percentage reduction in lice numbers from the first to the last d of the study were calculated from the geometric means of the treated and untreated cattle using the formula:
Survival of Ground Beetles (Carabidae) Fed on Western Corn Rootworm Adults Killed by Semiochem-Ical-Based Baits, 1992-93
Authors: Ellsbury M. M. , Gaggero J. M. , Johnson T. B.
Published: December 2017

Two semiochemical-based com rootworm baits, Slam and Compel, were evaluated for indirect effects on five ground beetle (Carabidae) species fed on bait-killed WCR. Ground beetles were collected alive using ramp type pitfall traps oriented perpendicularly to rows of com planted on 30 inch centers. Baits were applied at IX, 2X, 3X and 4X the labelled rate (Compel + carbaryl: 1.16 oz carbaryl [AI]/acre; Slam 1.56 oz [AI]/acre) to 10 ft by 30 ft plots of com grown in rows 40 inches apart. Five WCR adults, killed 24 hr prior to each experiment by exposure to bait treatments on excised whole leaves taken from the field, were offered as a food source to single adult ground beetles. Ground beetles were starved for 24 h before confinement with bait-killed rootworm adults. Because supplies of ground beetles trapped were sporadic and variable, bioassays were repeated several times in a randomized incomplete block design. Our intent was to test each ground beetle species two to four times with WCR beetles killed at each application rate. Controls were untreated corn leaves with artificial diet provided for food.
Laboratory Activity of Spinosad on the European Corn Borer 1994
Authors: Larson L. L.
Published: December 2017

To evaluate the European corn borer control of spinosad, the first example of the naturalyte insect control class, two techniques were utilized. First, corn seedlings were cut and confined with spinosad corn cob granules in a 150 mm petri dishes with corn borer eggs and a moist dental wick. For each material, four replicates per rate and 4 rates were evaluated after 10 days. The amount of feeding present in the dishes was scored and compared to the untreated to determine percent control. After activity was seen in these preliminary tests, a more field correlated study was run utilizing large whorl stage (18“) corn plants previously infested with egg masses of European corn borer. The plants were treated in the whorl with various granular treatments at the shot-holing stage approximately 2 weeks following infestation. After 3 weeks in the greenhouse, the corn stalks were split and the number of larvae and the length of the tunnels were recorded. These were compared to the untreated check to obtain percent control.
Microbial Control of Cabbage Maggot-Preliminary Screenings of Fungal Isolates, 1995
Authors: Meadow Richard , Vandenberg John D. , Shelton Anthony M. , Wesley Watson D.
Published: December 2017

Adult CM were exposed to dry conidia of isolates of Beauvaria bassiana (Bb), Metarhizium anisopilae (Ma) or Paeciomyces fumosoroseus (Pf). Two B. bassiana isolates were from Cornell University (P89, L90) isolated from Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), one was from Mycoteh Corp., Butte, MT (Myc 726) originally isolated from southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpuntata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), re-isolated from a grasshopper, Melanoplus sp. (Orthoptera:Acrididae), and then re-isolated from silverleaf whitefly, Bemesia argentiflora (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). The other isolates were from the USDA-ARS Collection of Entomophagous Fungal Cultures. One B. bassiana isolate, 4012, was isolated from Delia radicum (Diptera: Anthomyiidae). The P. fumosoroseus isolates were number 1626 from M. autumnalis (Diptera: Muscidae), 1644, 1645, 1867 and 1868 from M. domestica, 1646 from Calliphora spp. (Diptera: Calliphoridae), and 887 from unidentified Diptera. The M. anisopilae isolates were 2521 from Deois spp. (Homoptera: Cercopidae), 3540 from Gelleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and 4862 and 4865 from soil. Flies from rearings at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY, were exposed to the fungi by placing 5 flies in a centrifuge tube containing conidia scraped directly from culture plates. The flies were then released into small screened plastic cages, which were placed in chambers with constant temperature of 21° C and L:D 15: 9. There were 3 replicates. Mortality was assessed after 48, 120 and 160h. Dead flies were placed in petri dishes with moistened filter paper to assess infection.
Evaluations Of Square Damage On Bollgard (Bt) Cotton, 1995
Authors: Burris Gene , Cook Don , Leonard B. R. , Graves J. B. , Pankey J.
Published: December 2017

Plots were four rows (40-inch spacing) wide X 30 feet long and consisted of a randomized complete design with 4 replications. Cotton seed was planted on 15 May on a Commerce silt loam soil which was sidedress fertilized with 90 lb N/acre. Cotton seed was planted with a John Deere model 7100 series planter equipped with 10 inch seed cones mounted to replace the seed hoppers. The seed rate was 4 seeds/row ft. The granular in-furrow treatment (Temik 15G, 0.5 lb Al/acre) was applied with 8 inch belt cone applicators mounted to replace the standard granular applicators. Terraclor Super-X 2E, 2 quarts formulated/acre, was applied with a compressed air sprayer system attached to 2501 nozzles on the planter. The spray tips were positioned to thoroughly cover the sides and bottom of the seed furrow and were calibrated to deliver 5 GPA finished spray. Stand and plant height data were taken on 16 Jun (data not shown). BWTBW treatments (H. spp.) were applied to Coker 312 (Spray/H. spp.) and Bollgard­ (Spray/8%) on 17 Jul and 2, 10, 17, 24, and 31 Aug. Square and terminal infestation ratings were taken (larvae/25) on 3, 12, 17, 20, 24, 26 Jul and 1, 3, 9, and 14 Aug. Boll damage and foliage damage ratings were taken on 29 Aug. The test was conducted in the presence of high boll weevil population densities. Eight overspray treatments were used to control aphids, plant bugs, and boll weevils in all plots as follows: Provado 1.6F + Vydate 3.77L, 0.04 + 0.25 lb Al/acre, (20 June); Bidrin 8E + Ovasyn 1.5E, 0.4 + 0.25 lb Al/acre, (28 June); Guthion 2L, 0.25 lb Al/acre, (10 July); andMethyl parathion 4E, 0.33 lb Al/acre, (12 July); Methyl parathion 4E, 0.33 lb Al/acre, (28 July and 12, 18 August). Bollgard­ threshold treatments 2% and 5% were sprayed with Karate IE + Larvin 3.2F at 0.033 + 0.25 lb Al/acre on 10 August. Bollgard­ threshold treatments 2%, 5% and 8% were sprayed wit Baythroid 2E + Curacron 8E + Larvin 3.2Fat 0.04 + 1.0 + 0.4 lb Al/acre respectively (17 Aug). All Bollgard­ threshold treatments were sprayed with Methyl parathion 4E + Pirate 3SC + Curacron 8E at 0.33 + 0.25 + 1.0 lb Al/acre on 24 Aug.
Field Evaluation Of Sorghum Midge-Resistant Sorghum Hybrids, 1995
Authors: Peterson Gary C. , Teetes George L. , Anderson Roger M. , Pendleton Bonnie B.
Published: December 2017

Twentysix F, sorghum hybrids were evaluated in a 3 replication RCB design for resistance to sorghum midge (SM) in field trials at the Texas A&M University Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Corpus Christi, and the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station. The trial was composed of 17 hybrids with experimental Alines crossed to released Rlines, 3 resistant X resistant checks, 2 resistant X susceptible checks, and 4susceptible X susceptible checks. Seed was planted 7 Apr with 96.5 cm between row atCorpus Christi and 29 Apr with 76.2 cm between rows at College Station. SM were not controlled during sorghum flowering to place maximum pressure on resistance genes. Grain yields and SM damage rating of experimental Alines as hybrid seed parents were compared with those of the checks. Physiologically mature sorghum was rated for SM damage on a scal of 1 = 1-10, 2 = 11-20, up to 9 = 81-100% kernel loss. For grain yields, allpanicles pe plot(0.0025 ha) were hand harvested and threshed using a stationary plot thresher. Threshed grain weight was converted to kg/ha to obtain grain yield. ANOVA and LSD.05 were used to analyze data.
Evaluation Of Tomato Cultivars, Isolines And Near-Isolines For Resistance To Silverleaf Whitefly. Spring 1995
Authors: McAuslane Heather J. , Golub Rhoda , Schuster David J.
Published: December 2017

Seeds of 7 tomato cultivars and 12 isogenic or near-isogenic mutants varying for foliar pubescence were obtained from C. M. Rick Tomato Genetics ResourceCenter (Department of Vegetable Crops, University of California, Davis). ‘Sunny’ was the control susceptible cultivar. On 20 Mar, transplants were set 18 inches apart on raised beds covered with blackpolyethylene mulch in Bradenton. The field plot consisted of 2 150ft long rows separate by 5 ft and irrigated by a seepage subirrigation system. Single plants wer replicated 1 times in a completely randomized design On 24 May, 7 Jun, and 20Jun, 2 terminal leaflets from the 6th leaf (counting from the top) and 2 terminal leaflets from the 8th leaf were collected from each plant. The area of each leaflet was measure and the numbers of eggs, nymphs and red-eyed nymphs (pupae) were recorded on a per 10 cm basis. On 1 April and on10 May, numbers of glandular (type VI) and nonglandular (types II, III and V)trichomes were counted per 8 mm2 on terminals from the 6th leaves.
Peach, Control of American Plum Borer and Sesiid Borers with Chemical Insecticides and an Ento-Mopathogenic Nematode, 1995
Authors: Kain D. P. , Agnello A. M.
Published: December 2017

Trials were conducted in a 25-year-old commercial block of peaches severely infected with a canker disease, providing openings through the bark attractive to borers. Most cankers were filled with gum. Five single-tree replicates of each treatment were selected based on likelihood of borer infestation. All materials were applied as a coarse spray with a handgun sprayer at 400 psi. The spray stream was directed into openings in the bark, as well as covering the entire trunk, from ground level up to, and including, the first scaffold limbs. Spray dates for Lorsban were 7 Jun (petal fall) or 7 Jun + 13 Jul (APB 2nd flight start). Spray dates for Asana were 7 Jun, or 7 Jun + 13 Jul + 15 Aug (postharvest). The nematode tested was Steinernema carpocapsae (Scanmask). Spray dates for Scanmask were 27 Jun (1st generation larvae present) or 27 Jun + 15 Aug (2nd generation larvae present). Trunks and lower scaffolds were sampled in the fall (28 Sep-4 Oct) by peeling back bark with a hammer and long screwdriver to slightly beyond the edge of the living cambium and counting all living larvae.
Root Weevil Control on Strawberry, 1995
Authors: Tanigoshi L. K. , Chamberlain J. D. , Shanks C. H.
Published: December 2017

Treatments were evaluated for control of a heavy population of strawberry root weevil and some black vine weevil. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a 2 year-old ‘Totem’ strawberry field in Burlington, WA. Plots measuring 3 rows wide and 25 ft long were arranged in a RCB design. Five 1 ft2 samples were randomly taken on 20 Jul from the middle row of each plot beginning at 10 PM with the aid of a flashlight. Sprays were applied on 18 Jul with a field sprayer at 100 psi delivering 100 gpa of finished spray from a hand-held boom with 3 hollow cone D4-45 TeeJet nozzles at 2 mph. Air temperature was 80° F and NW wind speed 3-5 mph.
Citrus Rust Mite Control with Ac 303,630 on Texas Citrus, 1995
Authors: French J. Victor , Villarreal Santiago
Published: December 2017

Different rates of experimental AC 303,630 and the standard acaricide Agri-Mek, alone and tank mixed with NR 435 spray oil, were compared for efficacy against CRM. Treatments were randomized and replicated 4 times on plots of 8 trees each in a 4-yr-old block of ‘Rio Red’ grapefruit planted on 15 X 24 ft spacing. Treatment sprays were applied 22 lun using an FMC 1229 single volute commercial sprayer with speed, nozzling and pressure calibrated for 250 gpa. At each count date, 50 fruit were randomly selected from the center 4 trees in each plot and examined for CRM in situ with a 10 X handlens. All live CRM (except eggs) were counted in two 1-cm2 lens fields on the shaded sides of each fruit and the two counts were averaged and recorded as one observation. In Nov, 60 randomly harvested fruit from each treatment replicate were evaluated for CRM feeding damage. If one third of the fruit surface area was damaged it was downgraded to process or juice fruit. The percent of downgraded fruit for each treatment was determined and expressed as percent russet.