bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the road: Postglacial history and recent expansion of the annual Atriplex tatarica in Europe
Authors: Hodková Eva , Doudová Jana , Douda Jan , Krak Karol , Mandák Bohumil
Published: August 2019

Aim

The Holocene history of annual plant species is at best shadowy because, for most, the palaeobotanical data are scarce or absent. Hence, there is limited information on their glacial refugia and postglacial colonization pathways. Also, little is known on how human activity has affected their expansion. Here, we outline the joint influences of postglacial colonization and recent expansions on the genetic diversity of the continental, sub‐halophyte species Atriplex tatarica during the late Pleistocene and the Holocene.

Location

Europe.

Taxon

Atriplex tatarica (Amaranthaceae).

Methods

We analysed 780 individuals from 80 populations throughout the current European distribution range, employing chloroplast DNA sequences and microsatellite markers.

Results

Five haplotype lineages were recognized based on the results of the cpDNA phylogenetic analyses. These lineages originated 0.43–0.22 myr BP. Bayesian clustering analyses divided populations of A. tatarica into two clusters: (a) populations in the Pannonian Basin and the Bohemian Massif and (b) populations in the North European Plain, the Balkan Peninsula, the Carpathian Arc and the Pontic region. The ABC approach provided the strongest statistical support for a model proposing refugia in the Balkan Peninsula and the Pannonian Basin. Expansions from these refugia occurred around 7,000 yr BP.

Main conclusion

Atriplex tatarica represents a continental species growing exclusively in man‐made habitats. It serves as a phylogeographic model for annual ruderal taxa currently spreading in central Europe along highways and representing a large group of alien plant species, the so‐called archaeophytes. Atriplex tatarica survived the last glaciation in both a southerly located Balkan refugium and in a more northerly refugium in the Pannonian Basin. From these, the species has colonized Europe as a result of expansion of humans and the anthropogenic climate change. The massive colonization of central north Europe is very recent, with the expansion estimated to have occurred only hundreds of years ago.
Disentangling the fundamental branching patterns of phylogenetic divergence to refine eco‐phylogenetic analyses
Authors: Molina‐Venegas Rafael , Fischer Markus , Hemp Andreas
Published: August 2019

Aim

Previous studies have shown that phylogenetic divergence (i.e. the average phylogenetic displacement between species in a community) is highly sensitive to the underlying branching patterns of phylogenies, suggesting that there is a need to integrate both facets of phylogenic information to obtain a better understanding of assemblage structure. Here, we formally conceptualize the three fundamental branching patterns that can drive phylogenetic divergence, and propose a method to identify their signature in the communities based on the mean pairwise distance (MPD) metric.

Location

Global.

Taxa

All.

Methods

Our approach consists of the joint interpretation of two MPD‐derived metrics that summarize the differential contribution of individual phylogenetic branches to the observed divergence, which serves to evaluate to what extent the later emerges from contrasting branching patterns. We conduct simulation analyses to compare our two metrics with eight classical descriptors of phylogenetic structure, and use multi‐strata tropical plant communities along a gradient of land use intensity (LUI) to further illustrate our method.

Results

As expected, our metrics correlated to some extent with the classical descriptors of phylogenetic structure, although the relationships were complex and varied systematically with species richness and the specific combination of metric values considered. Consequently, the information provided by our two indexes was only partially captured by their most correlated classical descriptors. We detected differential signatures of the fundamental branching patterns in our real‐world dataset, either across vegetation strata and also within strata along the LUI gradient, which provided greater insight into potential assembly mechanisms.

Main conclusions

While the sole use of phylogenetic divergence may lead to spurious interpretations in eco‐phylogenetic studies, our approach can help to obtain a better understanding of assemblage structure by systematically analyzing phylogenetic divergence in the light of its fundamental branching patterns.
Barriers and facilitators to reducing anticholinergic burden from the perspectives of patients, their carers, and healthcare professionals: A protocol for qualitative evidence synthesis
Authors: Stewart Carrie , Gallacher Katie , Nakham Athagran , Cruickshank Moira , Newlands Rumana , Bond Christine , Myint Phyo Kyaw , Bhattacharya Debi , Mair Frances S.
Published: August 2019

Anticholinergic drugs are prescribed for a range of conditions including gastrointestinal disorders, overactive bladder, allergies, and depression. While in some circumstances anticholinergic effects are therapeutic, they also pose many undesired or adverse effects. The overall impact from concomitant use of multiple medications with anticholinergic properties is termed anticholinergic burden (ACB). Greater ACB is associated with increased risks of impaired physical and cognitive function, falls, cardiovascular events, and mortality. This has led to the development of interventions aimed at reducing ACB through the deprescribing of anticholinergic drugs. However, little is known about the implementation issues that may influence successful embedding and integration of such interventions into routine clinical practice. In this paper, we present the protocol for our systematic review that aims to identify the qualitative evidence for the barriers and facilitators to reduce ACB from the perspectives of patients, carers, and healthcare professionals. A comprehensive search strategy will be conducted across OVID Medline, EMBASE, PsycInfo, and CINAHL. The review will be conducted in accordance with ENTREQ (Enhancing Transparency in Reporting the Synthesis of Qualitative Research) and has been registered with PROSPERO (Registration CRD42018109084). Normalization process theory (NPT) will be used to explore, understand, and explain qualitative data in relation to factors that act as barriers or facilitators to ACB reduction.
Interactions between white mealybugs and red spider mites sequentially colonizing coffee plants
Authors: Peñaflor Maria Fernanda G. V. , Andrade Fernanda M. , Sales Lara , Silveira Erika C. , Santa‐Cecília Lenira V. C.
Published: August 2019

Plants under herbivore attack often respond defensively by mounting chemical and physical defences. However, some herbivores can manipulate plant defences to their own benefit by suppressing the expression of induced defences. These herbivore‐induced changes specific to the attacking herbivore can either facilitate or impede the colonization and establishment of a second herbivore. Although recent studies have focused on the effect of multiple herbivory on plant induced response and the third trophic level, few have examined the ecological relevance of multiple herbivores sharing the host. Here, we investigated whether herbivory by the white mealybug Planococcus minor (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) or the red spider mite Olygonychus ilicis (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae), two herbivores that peak in coffee plantations during the dry season, may facilitate the colonization and establishment of the other species in coffee plants. Dual‐choice arena tests showed that white mealybugs preferred mite‐infested over uninfested coffee plants as hosts. Fifteen days after the release of 50 first‐instar P. minor nymphs, greater numbers of nymphs and adults were found on mite‐infested than uninfested plants, indicating superior performance on mite‐infested plants. On the other hand, female red spider mites did not show clear preference between uninfested and mealybug‐infested plants and deposited similar numbers of eggs on both treatments. In a no‐choice test, red spider mites performed poorly on mealybug‐infested plants with a smaller number of eggs, nymphs, females and males found in mealybug‐infested plants relative to uninfested plants. Thus, our results indicate that coffee plants are more likely to be infested by the red spider mite before white mealybug, rather than the inverse sequence (i.e. mealybug infestation followed by red spider mites). Our findings are discussed in the context of plant manipulation reported for pseudococcid mealybugs and spider mites.
Isolation and identification of a viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) isolate from wild largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides in China
Authors: Zhang Wanwan , Li Zelin , Xiang Yangxi , Jia Peng , Liu Wei , Yi Meisheng , Jia Kuntong
Published: August 2019

Fish rhabdoviruses are a family of viruses responsible for large‐scale fish die‐offs worldwide. Here, we reported the isolation and identification of a member of rhabdoviruses from wild largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) in the coastal area of the Pearl River Estuary, China. This virus isolate was identified as viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) by specific RT‐PCR. Furthermore, the virus (VHSVLB2018) was isolated by cell culture using fathead minnow cells and confirmed by RT‐PCR. Electron microscopy showed the presence of bullet‐shaped viral particles in the cytoplasm of infected cells. The complete sequencing of VHSVLB2018 confirmed that it was genome configuration typical of rhabdoviruses. Phylogenetic analysis based on whole‐genome sequences and G gene nucleotides sequences revealed that VHSVLB2018 was assigned to VHSV genogroup Ⅳa. The pathogenicity of VHSVLB2018 was determined in infection experiments using specific pathogen‐free largemouth bass juveniles. VHSVLB2018‐infected fish showed typical clinical signs of VHSV disease, including darkened skin, petechial haemorrhages and pale enlarged livers, with the cumulative mortalities reached 63.3%–93.3% by 7 days post‐infection. VHSVLB2018 was re‐isolated from dead fish and confirmed by RT‐PCR. Together, this is the first report of isolation and identification of a VHSV isolate from wild largemouth bass in China.
Flood vulnerability assessment using a GIS‐based multi‐criteria approach—The case of Attica region
Authors: Feloni Elissavet , Mousadis Ioannis , Baltas Evangelos
Published: August 2019

The identification of flood‐prone areas is a fundamental component of rational urban planning and proper natural disaster management policy. The aim of the present study is to introduce a framework for the identification of flood‐prone areas using geographical information systems techniques and decision‐making, based on a comparative evaluation for various scenarios. As a case study, the Attica region in Greece is selected, which is occasionally affected by heavy rainfall, the main cause of flooding in the region, coupled with the fact that human activities and urbanization of recent years play a significant role in flood occurrence. In this context, the development and application of a GIS‐based multi‐criteria analysis method for the determination of areas susceptible to flood events is initially presented. The entire spatial analysis is performed using SAGA 6.3.0 and ArcMap 10.2 Desktop, by applying a number of alternative modifications and, finally, by evaluating different scenarios regarding methods for the criteria standardization, criteria hierarchy and factors' weighting estimation. The proposed framework has an advantage among other approaches, since it takes into account mainly static data that are linked to flooding, such as the topography and land cover distribution and it can be easily customized in ungauged catchments.
A framework to support quality of care for patients with chronic intestinal failure requiring home parenteral nutrition
Authors: Osland Emma J , McGrath Kathleen H , Ali Azmat , Carey Sharon , Daniells Suzie , Angstmann Katerina , Bines Julie , Asrani Varsha , Watson Caitlin , Jones Lynn , De Cruz Peter
Published: August 2019

Background and Aim

Chronic intestinal failure requiring home parenteral nutrition (HPN) is a disabling condition that is best facilitated by a multidisciplinary approach to care. Variation in care has been identified as a key barrier to achieving quality of care for patients on HPN and requires appropriate strategies to help standardize management.

Method

The Australasian Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (AuSPEN) assembled a multidisciplinary working group of 15 clinicians to develop a quality framework to assist with the standardization of HPN care in Australia. Obstacles to quality care specific to Australia were identified by consensus. Drafts of the framework documents were based on the available literature and refined by two Delphi rounds with the clinician work group, followed by a further two involving HPN consumers. The Oxford Centre for Evidence‐Based Medicine Levels of Evidence was used to assess the strength of evidence underpinning each concept within the framework documents.

Results

Quality indicators, standards of care, and position statements have been developed to progress the delivery of quality care to HPN patients.

Conclusion

The quality framework proposed by AuSPEN is intended to provide a practical structure for clinical and organizational aspects of HPN service delivery to reduce variation in care and improve quality of care and represents the initial step towards development of a national model of care for HPN patients in Australia. While developed for implementation in Australia, the evidence‐based framework also has relevance to the international HPN community.
Reply to From Frailty to Gerastenia
Authors: Walston Jeremy , Bandeen‐Roche Karen , Ferrucci Luigi
Published: August 2019

This letter comments on the letter by Strandberg et al.
Biological and mechanical complications of angulated abutments connected to fixed dental prostheses: A systematic review with meta‐analysis
Authors: Omori Yuki , Lang Niklaus P. , Botticelli Daniele , Papageorgiou Spyridon N. , Baba Shunsuke
Published: August 2019

Objectives

To evaluate the biological and mechanical complications of angulated abutments on full‐arch and partial jaw rehabilitations with a follow‐up for at least 1 year.

Methods

Electronic search was carried out in MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science. Studies published between January 2000 and January 2019 were included. The quality of the included studies was assessed. The data extraction was focused on implant loss, marginal bone loss and mechanical complications, and meta‐analyses were performed for marginal bone loss, mechanical complications and implant failure.

Results

Nine studies, three prospective and six retrospective cohort studies were included. They reported on 797 patients that received 4127 implants. The total number of abutments was 4079 of which 1673 were angulated, and 2406 were straight. All abutments were prefabricated. Angulated abutments were associated with increased implant failure rates (two studies; RR = 7.30; 95% CI = 2.79‐19.08) and an effect that was both statistically significant (P < .001) and clinically relevant. Three studies reported differentiated data for mechanical and technical complications at 1 year of follow‐up, being mostly related to the retention screw while screw fracture. Angulated abutments were associated with a statistically significant increase in MBL 1 year after insertion compared to straight abutments (three studies; MD = 0.08 mm; 95% CI = 0.01‐0.14 mm; P = .02), which might be, however, clinically negligible.

Conclusions

The prosthetic complications such as screw loosening and abutment loosening were frequent. After 1 year of follow‐up, implants supporting angulated abutments yielded significantly more marginal bone loss than those supporting straight abutments.
The Experiences of Microaggressions against Women with Visible and Invisible Disabilities
Authors: Olkin Rhoda , Hayward H'Sien , Abbene Melody Schaff , VanHeel Goldie
Published: August 2019

Only two prior studies have examined the experiences of microaggressions for persons with disabilities. Our study was specific to women with both visible and invisible disabilities. Using mixed methods, we asked about the frequency and bothersomeness of microaggression experiences, and in six focus groups with a total of 30 women, we gained more depth about those experiences. Guiding the semistructured focus groups were the 10 domains of microaggressions reported by Keller and Galgay. The women were over age 18 and had either a visible (77%) or hidden disability (33%). Eight (27%) were women of color. Findings supported the previous 10 domains, but we found two additional microaggressions: symptoms not being believed by medical professionals and thus delaying diagnosis, and disability being discounted by others based on looking healthy or young. We make five policy recommendations: (i) curriculum on unconscious bias against women and people with disabilities for medical professionals; (ii) targeted public campaigns to reduce specific types of microaggressions; (iii) changes to public transportation systems to increase accessibility; (iv) journal policy changes to encourage more attention to intersectionality in studies; and (v) greater transparency in psychotherapy about disability‐friendly practices.
Beta‐glucan from Agrobacterium sp. ZX09 improves growth performance and intestinal function in weaned piglets
Authors: Luo Junqiu , Liu Shuli , Yu Bing , He Jun , Mao Xiangbing , Cheng Long , Chen Daiwen
Published: August 2019

Beta‐glucan is currently under consideration as an alternative to in‐feed antibiotics. The aim of the study was to investigate Agrobacterium sp. ZX09 beta‐glucan on intestinal morphology, cytokine concentration, mucin expression and microbial populations of weaning piglets. Pigs were randomly assigned to one of five dietary treatments supplemented with 0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg beta‐glucan. Data showed an increase in ADG at the 100 mg/kg group (p = .03). A significant increase in villus height and reduction in crypt depth were fund in ileal tissue at the 100 mg/kg inclusion level (p < .05). Dietary supplementation of 100 mg/kg beta‐glucan enhanced IL‐10 concentration (p = .04) and gene expression of MUC1 and MUC2 (p < .05) in the jejunum. Dietary supplementation of 100 mg/kg beta‐glucan provoked the up‐regulation of Lactobacillus counts and down‐regulation of Escherichia coli counts in the caecum (p = .05). Data suggested that improved growth performance in response to beta‐glucan supplementation at 100 mg/kg in weaned piglets may be explained by the improved intestinal function.
Genotype and dietary lysine deficiency affect carcass and muscle amino acid composition of pigs growing from 10 to 25 kg body weight
Authors: Palma‐Granados Patricia , Lara Luis , Seiquer Isabel , Aguilera Jose F. , Nieto Rosa
Published: August 2019

Amino acid (AA) composition of body protein is considered constant although there are evidences that AA pattern in pigs may be altered by different factors. Pigs with different body composition and protein deposition rates—like fatty and lean pigs—may differ in AA composition, with possible consequences on their AA requirements. This work investigates effects of genotype and dietary lysine deficiency on AA composition of carcass and muscles of Iberian and Landrace × Large White pigs. Twenty‐eight barrows (10 kg body weight [BW]), 14 from each breed, were used. They were randomly assigned to two experimental diets according to a factorial arrangement (two breeds × two diets). Diets were isonitrogenous and isoenergetic (200 ± 1 g CP/kg dry matter (DM); 14.7 ± 0.1 MJ ME/kg DM) and with identical chemical composition except for lysine concentration (10.9 and 5.20 g lysine/kg DM, for lysine‐adequate (AL) diet and lysine‐deficient (DL) diet respectively). Pigs were individually housed, and daily feed allowance was adjusted on a weekly basis according to BW. Pigs were slaughtered at 25 kg BW. Isoleucine, valine and phenylalanine concentration were higher in carcass protein of Iberian pigs (p < .01). In longissimus muscle, higher concentration of arginine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, lysine and valine (p < .001–p < .05), and lower of methionine (p < .001) were detected in Iberian pigs, whereas phenylalanine, leucine, lysine, threonine and methionine concentration decreased and arginine increased (p < .001–p < .05) when pigs were fed DL diet. Genotype and lysine deficiency effects were moderate in the AA composition of protein of biceps femoris muscle. The results show that AA proportions in protein of carcass and longissimus muscle can be influenced by pig genotype and conditions of lysine shortage. The biceps femoris muscle, with different functional and metabolic properties, shows more constant AA composition than longissimus, which seem to prevail independent from genotype or nutritional challenges.
Hepatic lipidosis: Liver characteristics and acute phase proteins in affected turkeys
Authors: Middendorf Lea , Schmicke Marion , Düngelhoef Kristian , Sieverding Erwin , Windhaus Heinrich , Mischok Dieter , Radko Dimitri , Visscher Christian
Published: August 2019

The hepatic lipidosis (HL) in fattening turkeys is a disease has been known for a long time, but the cause and pathogenesis is still not clarified. A recent study reported unexplained high levels of iron in liver tissue of fattening turkeys suffering from HL. In this study, the iron status, possible infectious or inflammatory influences in form of an acute phase reaction and the analysis of fatty acid pattern in liver tissue of turkeys affected by HL were examined. Three cases of HL on three different fattening turkey farms were investigated during the outbreak of the disease. Clinically affected and non‐affected animals were subjected to a pathological examination, where the diagnosis HL or non‐affected was made. In total, 70 birds were examined (40 with HL, 30 without HL) and blood and liver samples were taken. Additionally, samples from 15 slaughtered birds were taken as a further control group. In liver tissue, the iron content and the content of long‐chain fatty acids were determined; in blood samples, ferritin and transferrin were measured. The iron content in liver tissue was more than three times higher for animals with HL than among non‐affected animals and the control group. The transferrin levels were lowest for animals with HL, highest in the control group and in between for non‐affected animals. The fatty acid pattern in liver tissue of affected animals indicated a shift from polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids compared to the control group and the non‐affected animals. Overall, the non‐affected animals of a flock affected by HL were similar to the healthy animals of the abattoir. The low acute phase protein levels for animals with HL together with high iron contents could indicate a previous malnutrition/starvation period and/or severe liver damage for those animals suffering from HL.
A political‐economic theory of relevance: Explaining climate change inaction
Authors: Gunderson Ryan , Stuart Diana , Houser Matthew
Published: August 2019

Why have societies failed to effectively respond to climate change? We address the question of climate change inaction by (1) examining how an unambiguously ominous report about climate change (IPCC 2018) was made palatable by news media and (2) explaining why climate change is typically unthematized in everyday life. Drawing on Adorno and Schutz, we develop a political‐economic theory of relevance. The imperative to accumulate capital is not only a social‐structural reality but also shapes why particular facts are regarded as relevant in experience (topical relevance) as well as how relevant material is interpreted (interpretative relevance) and acted toward (motivational relevance). Applying this framework, we (1) argue that media popularizations of the IPCC's dire Global Warming of 1.5°C (2018) are constituted by relevance systems conditioned by a capitalist social context and (2) strengthen Ollinaho's (2016) Schutzian explanation for climate change inaction by examining how productive relations and the culture industry perpetuate climate change irrelevance in everyday life. Schutz's framework helps conceptualize the intricacies of ideology and, when revised with Adorno's sociology, shines new light on an old question: the relations between social conditions and knowledge.
Flocculation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is dependent on activation of Slt2 and Rlm1 regulated by the cell wall integrity pathway
Authors: Sariki Santhosh Kumar , Kumawat Ramesh , Singh Vikash , Tomar Raghuvir Singh
Published: August 2019

Flocculation is an essential characteristic of yeast cells required for survival under adverse conditions. The multicellular structure (flocs) of yeast provides a suitable microenvironment to enhance the chances of survival during stress conditions. Although the signaling events triggering flocculation have been studied earlier, molecular mechanisms remain elusive. In the present study, we used flocculating sen1 mutants to identify the mechanism of flocculation. Based on the abnormal cell surface morphology and constitutive phosphorylation of Slt2p in flocculating sen1 mutant cells, we hypothesized if flocculation was regulated by the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway. Up‐regulation of FLO genes in wild‐type cells was observed upon the activation of CWI pathway either by chemical treatment or by deleting Slt2 phosphatase (Msg5). Our study with Slt2 mutants reveals that the active state of Slt2 is indispensable for flocculation. Deletion of either SLT2 or RLM1 leads to reduced flocculation. Furthermore, we observed overlapping binding sites for Rlm1 and Tup1 at the promoters of almost all the FLO genes. Finally, we show higher Rlm1 and lower Tup1 occupancy at the promoters of FLO1 and FLO5 in flocculating cells. Altogether we demonstrate that CWI MAPK (Slt2) pathway uses a non‐catalytic mechanism to activate the transcription of FLO genes.
Clinical practice guideline for chronic headache 2013
Authors: Araki Nobuo , Takeshima Takao , Ando Naoki , Iizuka Takahiro , Igarashi Hisaka , Ikeda Yukio , Ito Yasuo , Inagaki Mieko , Imamura Keiko , Ohkuma Hirohisa , Ogawa Karin , Kato Yuji , Kikui Shoji , Kitamura Takayuki , Kudo Masako , Kuwabara Kentaro , Gono Yukari , Kowa Hisanori , Saigoh Kazumasa , Sato Shinya , Shibata Koichi , Shibata Mamoru , Shimazu Tomokazu , Shimizu Toshihiko , Suzuki Michiyasu , Takahashi Yuji , Takekawa Hidehiro , Doi Hikaru , Nagata Eiichiro , Nakano Toshiya , Hashizume Masahiro , Hashimoto Shiori , Hamada Junichi , Hirata Koichi , Fujiki Naoto , Fujita Mitsue , Yamane Kiyomi , Wajima Koichi , Watanabe Yuka
Published: August 2019

International Headache Society published the International Classification of Headache Disorders 2nd Edition (ICHD‐II) in 2004. In response to this development, the “Clinical Practice Guideline for Chronic Headache” was compiled in Japan by the Study Group for Chronic Headache Clinical Practice Guideline Development. In 2006, the book entitled “The Clinical Practice Guideline for Chronic Headache (edited by Japanese Headache Society)” was published as the first edition. As triptans have become widely used, clinical practice for chronic headache has also been changed in Japan and there was a need to revise the first edition. Essentially based on the first edition, the new guideline has added the latest information and presented the concept of international standards of chronic headache care. This guideline included eight chapters and appendix: I. headache: general considerations, II. migraine, III. tension‐type headache, IV. trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias, V. other primary headache disorders, VI. medication‐overuse headache, VII. headaches in children, and VIII. genetics. We have published the second version in Japanese in 2013, but 1 month after we published the original guideline, the International Classification of Headache Disorders 3rd Edition beta version (ICHD‐3beta) was published. We changed this guideline to the new version in English based on ICHD‐3beta. This guideline is the final product of the Committee's efforts in 2015, which was opened in the home page of the Japanese Headache Society. This manuscript was written to show the main part of this guideline as Recommendation of each CQ. Among 121 CQs, only five CQ was selected to present full sentences including not only Recommendation but also other parts.
Gazing into the anthosphere: considering how microbes influence floral evolution
Authors: Rebolleda‐Gómez María , Forrester Nicole J. , Russell Avery L. , Wei Na , Fetters Andrea M. , Stephens Jessica D. , Ashman Tia‐Lynn
Published: August 2019

The flower is the hallmark of angiosperms and its evolution is key to their diversification. As knowledge of ecological interactions between flowers and their microbial communities (the anthosphere) expands, it becomes increasingly important to consider the evolutionary impacts of these associations and their potential eco‐evolutionary dynamics. In this Viewpoint we synthesize current knowledge of the anthosphere within a multilevel selection framework and illustrate the potential for the extended floral phenotype (the phenotype expressed from the genes of the plant and its associated flower microbes) to evolve. We argue that flower microbes are an important, but understudied, axis of variation that shape floral trait evolution and angiosperm reproductive ecology. We highlight knowledge gaps and discuss approaches that are critical for gaining a deeper understanding of the role microbes play in mediating plant reproduction, ecology, and evolution.
The practice of phenomenology: The case of Max van Manen
Authors: Zahavi Dan
Published: August 2019

Since its inception, phenomenological philosophy has exerted an influence on empirical science. But what is the best way to practice, use and apply phenomenology in a non‐philosophical context? How deeply rooted in phenomenological philosophy must qualitative research be in order to qualify as phenomenological? How many of the core commitments of phenomenology must it accept? In the following contribution, I will take a closer look at Max van Manen's work. I will argue that van Manen's understanding of and presentation of phenomenology is quite problematic and that his book Phenomenology of Practice rather than amounting to a clear and accessible presentation of the phenomenological method that would make it do‐able to researchers who are not themselves professional philosophers is in fact both abstruse and excessively complicated. I will then turn to nursing, and by taking that as my example, outline a better way to apply and practice phenomenology.
The social utility of community treatment orders: Applying Girard’s mimetic theory to community‐based mandated mental health care
Authors: Jager Fiona , Perron Amélie
Published: August 2019

Serious mental illness (SMI) has long posed a dilemma to society. The use of community treatment orders (CTOs), a legal means by which to deliver mandated psychiatric treatment to individuals while they live in the community, is a contemporary technique for managing SMI. CTOs (or a similar legal mechanism) are used in every province in Canada and in many jurisdictions around the world in the care and management of clients with severe and persistent mental illness (most frequently schizophrenia) who have a history of treatment non‐compliance and subsequent relapse. Although there is ongoing controversy around CTOs, their use continues to be on the rise. René Girard's mimetic theory, in which he posits the social utility of the scapegoat mechanism, may shed some light on how established cultural patterns contribute to contemporary responses to SMI: how culture depends on the reproduction of certain narratives, and how these act to shape the identity of those involved. The CTO specifically can be seen to act as a scapegoating mechanism, wherein, by singling out and controlling individuals who appear to threaten social order, social order is restored. This paper reviews Girard's theory, looks at how it has been applied to SMI, and then considers how it may illuminate the social role of the CTO. This examination may provide mental health nurses with insight into the constructed identities of their patients, as well as the role of mental health care within broader cultural narratives.
Affinity proteomics identifies novel functional modules related to adhesion GPCRs
Authors: Knapp Barbara , Roedig Jens , Boldt Karsten , Krzysko Jacek , Horn Nicola , Ueffing Marius , Wolfrum Uwe
Published: August 2019

Adhesion G protein–coupled receptors (ADGRs) have recently become a target of intense research. Their unique protein structure, which consists of a G protein–coupled receptor combined with long adhesive extracellular domains, suggests a dual role in cell signaling and adhesion. Despite considerable progress in the understanding of ADGR signaling over the past years, the knowledge about ADGR protein networks is still limited. For most receptors, only a few interaction partners are known thus far. We aimed to identify novel ADGR‐interacting partners to shed light on cellular protein networks that rely on ADGR function. For this, we applied affinity proteomics, utilizing tandem affinity purifications combined with mass spectrometry. Analysis of the acquired proteomics data provides evidence that ADGRs not only have functional roles at synapses but also at intracellular membranes, namely at the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and mitochondria‐associated membranes (MAMs). Specifically, we found an association of ADGRs with several scaffold proteins of the membrane‐associated guanylate kinases family, elementary units of the γ‐secretase complex, the outer/inner mitochondrial membrane, MAMs, and regulators of the Wnt signaling pathways. Furthermore, the nuclear localization of ADGR domains together with their physical interaction with nuclear proteins and several transcription factors suggests a role of ADGRs in gene regulation.
Private Placements and the Cost of Borrowing in the Municipal Debt Market
Authors: Moldogaziev Tima T. , Greer Robert A. , Lee Jekyung
Published: August 2019

Private placements continue to be issued in the municipal debt market and remain a topic of interest for municipalities, investors, and regulators. Private placements are often sold without an underwriter to relatively sophisticated investors and are typically “buy‐to‐hold” transactions. Therefore, compared with traditional competitive or negotiated sales, there are fewer financial intermediaries and fewer regulatory disclosure requirements that accompany private placements. Savings on “flotation” costs can be substantial enough to make private placements a less costly method of debt offering. Conditional on selectivity in the method of sale and key market covariates, private placements offer lower arbitrage yields and issuance costs compared to both competitive and negotiated debt offerings.
Protective Effects of Ginseng Proteins on Photoaging of Mouse Fibroblasts Induced by UVA
Authors: Jiang Rui , Xu Xiaohao , Sun Zhuo , Wang Fei , Ma Rui , Feng Kai , Li Tong , Sun Liwei
Published: August 2019

UVA can penetrate dermis and cause functional damage of dermal fibroblasts leading photoaging. Ginseng is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine for skin aging. However, its effects on skin photoaging induced by UVA are not clear. In this study, we isolated ginseng proteins (GP), with molecular weights of 27 kDa and 13 kDa, and found that they alleviated the inhibitory effects of UVA on cell viability and increased percentage of NIH‐3T3 fibroblasts in the S phase of cells cycle. GP also improved cell contraction ability, increased the expression and secretion of CoL‐I, similar to MAPK phosphorylation inhibitors and reduced expression and secretion of MMP‐1, MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 as well as the enzyme activities of MMP‐2 and MMP‐9. They reduced ROS content, DNA damage and 8‐OHdG content, as well as the protein expression of p53, p21 and p16. The levels of p‐ERK, p‐p38 and p‐JNK, p‐c‐Fos and p‐c‐Jun proteins were decreased by GP. Inactivated GP did not inhibit the cellular activity and expression and secretion of CoL‐I irradiated by UVA. The results showed that GP can improve cell viability and contractile function by inhibiting DNA damage and collagen degradation to inhibit the photoaging effects of skin dermal cells caused by UVA.
Dynamics of settling‐driven convection beneath a sediment‐laden buoyant overflow: Implications for the length‐scale of deposition in lakes and the coastal ocean
Authors: Davarpanah Jazi Shahrzad , Wells Mathew G.
Published: August 2019

A series of laboratory experiments was conducted in order to determine how settling‐driven convection influences the length‐scale over which the majority of particles settle beneath a buoyant sediment‐laden plume spreading over a denser saline layer. This system is analogous to sediment‐laden river water spreading into a lake or the coastal ocean. The key dimensionless parameter that controls the settling dynamics of such flows is the density ratio, defined as the ratio of density differences due to the added salt and sediment. For a buoyant plume, this ratio has to be greater than unity, so that the experiments in the current study were performed for density ratios between one and five. When density ratio was close to one, settling‐driven convection was vigorous and the length‐scale over which sedimentation occurred was very small. A strong secondary turbidity current was generated in this case. On the other hand, for larger values of density ratio, the predicted length‐scale over which a secondary plume was generated increased in proportion to the density ratio. A complete mathematical expression for this length‐scale was developed using recent theory that described the timescale over which settling‐driven convection evolved. The theoretically predicted propagation length‐scale showed very good quantitative agreement with laboratory experiments. The use of the dimensionless density ratio allows the expression to predict which sediment‐laden river plumes in lakes and the coastal ocean could quickly form secondary turbidity currents.
Rising: Reverence, Relevance, Revelry — Commemorations of the 1916 Rising in Dublin, Easter 2016
Authors: Averill Ann C.
Published: August 2019

This article describes an empirical study examining the official commemorations of the 1916 Easter Rising, held in Dublin on Easter Sunday, 27 March 2016. Through a combination of newspaper content analysis and empirical data, this study examines the process of generating what Mabel Berezin and Rogers Brubaker have termed ‘communities of feeling’. Analysis of newspaper content between September 2014 and March 2016 highlighted four main themes: (1) a belief that Ireland would have attained sovereignty even if the 1916 Rising had not happened; (2) the equivocal stance of the government towards celebrating the 1916 Rising, which throughout the Northern Ireland troubles habitually presented difficulties for the state; (3) comparisons between commemorating the centenary in 2016 and the jubilee in 1966; and (4) reflections on the purpose of commemorations, particularly the changed emphasis on the role played by women during the Rising as well as the inclusion of religious faiths other than the Catholic Church in such commemorations. The second section of the study provides an analysis of the commemorative events and the nature of contemporary Irish nationalism based on data collected using Non‐Participant Observation. Overall, the study seeks to understand the inter‐connections between nationalism, emotions and social action in the context of Irish nationalism as portrayed during the 1916 commemorations in Dublin.
Local Solidarities: How the Arab Spring Protests Started
Authors: Charrad Mounira M. , Reith Nicholas E.
Published: August 2019

Coming as a surprise to most observers and following the self‐immolation of a street vendor in a remote town of central Tunisia, the Jasmine Revolution of 2010–2011, the first uprising of the Arab Spring, has often been seen as a success story for digital communication through widespread use of social media. We suggest that this applied to the later phase of the protests in Tunisia but not to the initial phase, which occurred in local areas in impoverished and marginalized regions with highly limited access to the Internet. The initial phase lasted a full 10 days before the protests reached major cities where social media operated. Building on Tilly's concept of trust network, we offer the concept of local solidarities as key to the beginning of the Arab Spring uprisings and as encompassing spatial proximity, shared marginalized status, and kinship, all of which combined to serve as a basis for trust and collective action.
Auranofin improves overall survival when combined with standard of care in a pilot study involving dogs with osteosarcoma
Authors: Endo‐Munoz Liliana , Bennett Tristram C. , Topkas Eleni , Wu Sherry Y. , Thamm Douglas H. , Brockley Laura , Cooper Maureen , Sommerville Scott , Thomson Maurine , O'Connell Kathleen , Lane Amy , Bird Guy , Peaston Anne , Matigian Nicholas , Straw Rodney C. , Saunders Nicholas A.
Published: August 2019

Osteosarcoma is the most common paediatric primary bone malignancy. The major cause of death in osteosarcoma is drug‐resistant pulmonary metastasis. Previous studies have shown that thioredoxin reductase 2 is a driver of metastasis in osteosarcoma and can be inhibited by auranofin (AF). Moreover, studies have shown that AF significantly reduces pulmonary metastases in xenotransplant models. Here, we describe a phase I/II study of AF in canine osteosarcoma, a well‐recognized spontaneous model of human osteosarcoma. We performed a single‐arm multicentre pilot study of AF in combination with standard of care (SOC) (amputation + carboplatin). We recruited 40 dogs to the trial and used a historical SOC‐only control group (n = 26). Dogs >15 kg received 9 mg AF q3d PO and dogs <15 kg received 6 mg q3d. Follow‐up occurred over at least a 3‐year period. Auranofin plus SOC improved overall survival (OS) (P= .036) in all dogs treated. The improved outcome was attributable entirely to improved OS in male dogs (P= .009). At the time of writing, 10 dogs (25%) survive without measurable disease in the treatment group with survival times ranging between 806 and 1525 days. Our study shows that AF improves OS in male dogs when combined with SOC. Our findings have translational relevance for the management of canine and human osteosarcoma. Our data justify a larger multicentre phase 2 trial in dogs and a phase I/II trial in human patients with refractory disease at the time of initial surgery.
Impaired metabolic and hepatic functions following subcutaneous lipectomy in adult obese rats
Authors: El‐Kafoury Bataa M. A. , Bahgat Nehal M. , Abdel‐Hady Enas A. , Samad Abeer A. Abd El , Shawky Mona K. , Mohamed Fatma A.
Published: August 2019

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

What is the impact and drawbacks of subcutaneous lipectomy on body metabolism?

What is the main finding and its importance?

Subcutaneous lipectomy resulted in deterioration of hepatic functions, atherosclerotic lipid profile and disturbed redox state. While the results support lipectomy as an effective treatment for obesity, lipectomy induces unfavourable changes in health.

The number of obese older adults is on the rise, but data about proper treatment of obesity in the elderly is controversial. The present study was designed to investigate the effectiveness and consequences of partial subcutaneous lipectomy, as a rapid medical intervention against increased accumulation of body fat, in adult obese rats. The study was conducted on adult (9–12 months) female rats, in which obesity was induced by bilateral surgical ovariectomy. They were randomized into two main groups: short term (5 weeks) and long term (10 weeks). Both groups were subdivided into control, ovariectomized (OVX) and ovariectomized lipectomized groups. Body weight (BW) was measured and body mass index (BMI) calculated. Fasting blood glucose, lipid profile and plasma levels of total proteins, albumin, liver enzymes, malondialdehyde (MDA), leptin and adiponectin were determined. The content of both blood and hepatic tissue of reduced glutathione was estimated. In addition, histological study of the liver, aorta and peri‐renal fat was performed. Compared to controls, OVX rats showed significant increase in BW, BMI and plasma levels of liver enzymes, MDA and leptin. Histological study revealed vacuolated ballooned hepatocytes and enlarged irregular visceral adipocytes with atherosclerotic changes in the wall of aorta. Following subcutaneous lipectomy, rats exhibited significant fasting hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia, lowered plasma albumin and disturbed redox state with aggravation of the histological changes. The findings indicate that although subcutaneous lipectomy appears to be effective in combating obesity in older females, it has unfavourable effects on both metabolic and hepatic functions.
Effects of solvents and polymer on photoluminescence of transferred WS2 monolayers
Authors: Wang Xiaotian , Kang Kyungnam , Godin Kyle , Fu Shichen , Chen Siwei , Yang Eui-Hyeok
Published: August 2019

The poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-assisted wet transfer is a commonly used method to transfer chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) onto another substrate. However, the transferred TMDs often show heavy photoluminescence (PL) quenching. This paper evaluates the effects of solvents and polymer involved in the PMMA-assisted wet transfer on the PL intensity of WS2, by systematically exposing CVD-grown WS2 monolayers to solvents and polymer involved during the transfer process. The PL/Raman spectra showed that acetone, IPA, water, and PMMA did not significantly affect the PL characteristics, while KOH caused a heavy PL quenching. The vacuum annealing and acid neutralization removed KOH molecules adsorbed onto WS2. This result warrants further optimization of the PMMA-assisted wet transfer.
Restricted Brachistochrone
Authors: Minkin Leonid , Whiting Percy
Published: August 2019

The motion of a bead along a path restricted to straight lines (restricted brachistochrone), sliding without friction from rest and accelerated by gravity, is considered. For two shapes of path, the geometry of the route optimized to provide the least travel time from one point to another is obtained. The bead’s travel times, path lengths, and average velocities are compared between the two presented models, and with travel along a cycloid path, which (as the solution to the original brachistochrone problem) provides the lowest possible travel time. The calculations are made with and without the use of calculus, and therefore the problems presented are comprehensible for a large variety of students.
An Alternate View of the Elliptic Property of a Family of Projectile Paths
Authors: Padyala Radhakrishnamurty
Published: August 2019

Fernández-Chapou and colleagues analyzed projectile trajectories and showed an elliptic property hidden in them. For that analysis, they considered projectiles shot from a point with a common value of speed and different angles of projection. Such projectile paths exhibit some interesting characteristics. For example, pairs of projectiles with complementary angles of projection have common values of ranges. This is a well-known property of ideal projectile motion. However, the authors pointed out and demonstrated a little known property of these projectiles, namely, the vertices of these projectiles lie on an ellipse. That ellipse is from a family of projectiles shot from a point with common speed and different angles. We present in this article an alternate view point of observing this hidden ellipse. We emphasize that we don’t use vectors or calculus or Newton’s laws in our analysis. We follow the traditions of Galileo—we use geometry principles We consider here the semi-parabolic paths of the projectiles.