bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Machine Learning Confirms Nonlinear Relationship between Severity of Peripheral Arterial Disease, Functional Limitation and Symptom Severity
Authors: Qutrio Baloch Zulfiqar , Raza Syed Ali , Pathak Rahul , Marone Luke , Ali Abbas
Published: July 2020

Background: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) involves arterial blockages in the body, except those serving the heart and brain. We explore the relationship of functional limitation and PAD symptoms obtained from a quality-of-life questionnaire about the severity of the disease. We used a supervised artificial intelligence-based method of data analyses known as machine learning (ML) to demonstrate a nonlinear relationship between symptoms and functional limitation amongst patients with and without PAD. Objectives: This paper will demonstrate the use of machine learning to explore the relationship between functional limitation and symptom severity to PAD severity. Methods: We performed supervised machine learning and graphical analysis, analyzing 703 patients from an administrative database with data comprising the toe–brachial index (TBI), baseline demographics and symptom score(s) derived from a modified vascular quality-of-life questionnaire, calf circumference in centimeters and a six-minute walk (distance in meters). Results: Graphical analysis upon categorizing patients into critical limb ischemia (CLI), severe PAD, moderate PAD and no PAD demonstrated a decrease in walking distance as symptoms worsened and the relationship appeared nonlinear. A supervised ML ensemble (random forest, neural network, generalized linear model) found symptom score, calf circumference (cm), age in years, and six-minute walk (distance in meters) to be important variables to predict PAD. Graphical analysis of a six-minute walk distance against each of the other variables categorized by PAD status showed nonlinear relationships. For low symptom scores, a six-minute walk test (6MWT) demonstrated high specificity for PAD. Conclusions: PAD patients with the greatest functional limitation may sometimes be asymptomatic. Patients without PAD show no relationship between functional limitation and symptoms. Machine learning allows exploration of nonlinear relationships. A simple linear model alone would have overlooked or considered such a nonlinear relationship unimportant.
FALCON: Framework for Anomaly Detection in Industrial Control Systems
Authors: Sapkota Subin , Mehdy A K M Nuhil , Reese Stephen , Mehrpouyan Hoda
Published: July 2020

Industrial Control Systems (ICS) are used to control physical processes in critical infrastructure. These systems are used in a wide variety of operations such as water treatment, power generation and distribution, and manufacturing. While the safety and security of these systems are of serious concern, recent reports have shown an increase in targeted attacks aimed at manipulating physical processes to cause catastrophic consequences. This trend emphasizes the need for algorithms and tools that provide resilient and smart attack detection mechanisms to protect ICS. In this paper, we propose an anomaly detection framework for ICS based on a deep neural network. The proposed methodology uses dilated convolution and long short-term memory (LSTM) layers to learn temporal as well as long term dependencies within sensor and actuator data in an ICS. The sensor/actuator data are passed through a unique feature engineering pipeline where wavelet transformation is applied to the sensor signals to extract features that are fed into the model. Additionally, this paper explores four variations of supervised deep learning models, as well as an unsupervised support vector machine (SVM) model for this problem. The proposed framework is validated on Secure Water Treatment testbed results. This framework detects more attacks in a shorter period of time than previously published methods.
Design of Silicon Nanowire Array for PEDOT:PSS-Silicon Nanowire-Based Hybrid Solar Cell
Authors: Moiz Syed Abdul , Alahmadi A. N. M. , Aljohani Abdulah Jeza
Published: July 2020

Among various photovoltaic devices, the poly 3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene:poly styrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and silicon nanowire (SiNW)-based hybrid solar cell is getting momentum for the next generation solar cell. Although, the power-conversion efficiency of the PEDOT:PSS–SiNW hybrid solar cell has already been reported above 13% by many researchers, it is still at a primitive stage and requires comprehensive research and developments. When SiNWs interact with conjugate polymer PEDOT:PSS, the various aspects of SiNW array are required to optimize for high efficiency hybrid solar cell. Therefore, the designing of silicon nanowire (SiNW) array is a crucial aspect for an efficient PEDOT:PSS–SiNW hybrid solar cell, where PEDOT:PSS plays a role as a conductor with an transparent optical window just-like as metal-semiconductor Schottky solar cell. This short review mainly focuses on the current research trends for the general, electrical, optical and photovoltaic design issues associated with SiNW array for PEDOT:PSS–SiNW hybrid solar cells. The foremost features including the morphology, surface traps, doping of SiNW, which limit the efficiency of the PEDOT:PSS–SiNW hybrid solar cell, will be addressed and reviewed. Finally, the SiNW design issues for boosting up the fill-factor, short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage will be highlighted and discussed.
A Novel Two-Zone Thermodynamic Model for Spark-Ignition Engines Based on an Idealized Thermodynamic Process
Authors: Wang Yuanfeng
Published: July 2020

The thermodynamic model is a valuable simulation tool for developing combustion engines. The most widely applied thermodynamic models of spark-ignition engines are the single-zone model and the two-zone model. Compared to the single-zone model, the two-zone model offers more detailed in-cylinder thermodynamic conditions, but its governing equations are numerically stiffer, therefore it is restricted when applied in computationally intensive scenarios. To reduce the two-zone model’s stiffness, this paper isolates an idealized thermodynamic process in the unburned zone and describes this idealized thermodynamic process by an algebraic equation. Assisted with this idealized thermodynamic process, this paper builds a novel two-zone model for spark-ignition engines, whose governing equations are simplified to a set of two ordinary differential equations accompanied by a set of three algebraic equations. Benchmarked against the single-zone model and conventional two-zone model, the novel two-zone model is formed and validated by experimental results, and its stiffness is quantitatively evaluated by linearizing its governing equations at simulation steps. The results show that the novel two-zone model inherits the conventional two-zone model’s ability to estimate both zones’ state variables highly accurately while its simplified structure reduces its stiffness down to the level of the single-zone model, accelerating the computation speed.
Research on the Equivalent Virtual Space Vector Modulation Output of Diode Clamped N-level Converter under Multi-Modulation Carrier Modulation
Authors: He Yingjie , Lei Chao , Liu Yunfeng , Liu Jinjun
Published: July 2020

Diode-clamped multi-level converters have DC-side capacitors in series, which will lead to the unbalance of DC-side capacitor voltage, the distortion of the output waveform, the increase of total harmonic distortion (THD), and even the damage of switching devices, which will make the system inoperable. The proposal of virtual space vector pulse-width modulation (VSVPWM) realizes the balanced control of the capacitor voltage, but when the output level of converter increases, the implementation of VSVPWM becomes very complicated, and the amount of calculation also increases greatly, thus hindering its application in the multi-level circuit. Compared with VSVPWM, the carrier-based pulse-width modulation (CBPWM) is simple to operate and easy to implement. If the equivalent relationship between CBPWM and VSVPWM can be found, the application of VSVPWM can be generalized to any level, and the advantages of VSVPWM can be fully utilized. This paper aims to study the inner relationship of VSVPWM and the multi-modulation carrier CBPWM (MCBPWM). After strict theoretical analysis, the equivalent relationship of VSVPWM and MCBPWM in the three-level and four-level and converter is realized by injecting the zero-sequence component into the modulation waves. Furthermore, the equivalent relationship between VSVPWM and MCBPWM is deduced to the N-level converter. Finally, the correctness of the relevant theoretical analysis is verified by the experiment.
Co-Digestion of Salix and Manure for Biogas: Importance of Clone Choice, Coppicing Frequency and Reactor Setup
Authors: Ohlsson Jonas A. , Rönnberg-Wästljung Ann-Christin , Nordh Nils-Erik , Schnürer Anna
Published: July 2020

Animal manure represents a major source of renewable energy that can be converted into biogas using anaerobic digestion. In order to most efficiently utilize this resource, it can be co-digested with energy dense, high biomethanation potential feedstocks such as energy crops. However, such feedstocks typically require pretreatments which are not feasible for small-scale facilities. We investigated the use of single-stage and the sequential co-digestion of comminuted but otherwise non-pretreated Salix with animal manure, and further investigated the effects of coppicing frequency and clone choice on biomethanation potential and the area requirements for a typical Swedish farm-scale anaerobic digester using Salix and manure as feedstock. In comparison with conventional single-stage digestion, sequential digestion increased the volumetric and specific methane production by 57% to 577 NmL L−1 d−1 and 192 NmL (g volatile solids (VS))−1, respectively. Biomethanation potential was the highest for the two-year-old shoots, although gains in biomass productivity suggest that every-third-year coppicing may be a better strategy for supplying Salix feedstock for anaerobic digestion. The biomethane production performance of the sequential digestion of minimally pretreated Salix mirrors that of hydrothermally pretreated hardwoods and may provide an option where such pretreatments are not feasible.
Exergetic and Economic Improvement for a Steam Methane-Reforming Industrial Plant: Simulation Tool
Authors: Durán Francisco Jose , Dorado Fernando , Sanchez-Silva Luz
Published: July 2020

Steam methane reforming (SMR) for hydrogen production was studied by simulating the reformer and pre-reformer sections. This simulation was validated by using available data taken from a real industrial plant, which enabled precise correlations with the real industrial process to be found. Moreover, the influence of the molar ratio between the raw materials (steam-to-carbon molar ratio, S/C) and the reformer outlet temperature (Tcc) was studied. The energy requirements for the reforming reaction increased with the S/C ratio. The energy needed for developing the reforming reaction also increased with Tcc, but the hydrogen yield when operating with a high S/C ratio and Tcc increased. In addition, an exergetic analysis was carried out to identify exergy losses in the SMR process, and most were destroyed in the chemical reactors. Increasing the combustion air flow was proposed for finding an optimum value for exergetic efficiency in the process, thereby reducing fuel consumption. Finally, there was a study into the economic viability of this investment, with a reduction of 22% in utility costs with the optimum exergetic value.
Virtual Reality for Smart Urban Lighting Design: Review, Applications and Opportunities
Authors: Scorpio Michelangelo , Laffi Roberta , Masullo Massimiliano , Ciampi Giovanni , Rosato Antonio , Maffei Luigi , Sibilio Sergio
Published: July 2020

More and more cities are evolving into smart cities, increasing their attractiveness, energy efficiency, and users’ satisfaction. Lighting systems play an important role in the evolution process, thanks to their ability to affect city life at night along with people’s mood and behaviour. In this scenario, advanced lighting design methods such as virtual reality (VR) became essential to assess lighting systems from different points of view, especially those linked with the city users’ expectations. Initially, the review highlights a list of objective and subjective parameters to be considered for the lighting design of three main city areas/applications: roads, green areas and buildings. Besides, the state-of-art in using VR for outdoor lighting design is established. Finally, the Unreal game engine is used to analyse the ability of VR to take into account the lighting parameters, not yet investigated in current literature and to highlight the VR potential for augmenting lighting design. The results confirm the benefit of using VR in lighting design, even if further investigations are needed to establish its reliability, especially from the photometrical point of view.
Fractional-Order Finite-Time, Fault-Tolerant Control of Nonlinear Hydraulic-Turbine-Governing Systems with an Actuator Fault
Authors: Yang Ying , Wang Bin , Tian Yuqiang , Chen Peng
Published: July 2020

Hydropower units undertake tasks such as peak shaving, frequency modulation, and providing accident reserves in the power system. With the increasing capacity and structural complexity of power systems, hydropower units have become more important. Hydraulic-turbine-governing systems (HTGSs) need to have higher control performance and automation levels to meet the higher regulatory requirements of the power system. To achieve high-quality control, we proposed a new finite-time, fault-tolerant control method for HTGSs with an actuator fault. First, a fractional-order model for HTGSs with uncertainty, external disturbance, and an actuator fault was introduced. Second, a fault estimator that could quickly track the fault signal for an actuator fault was proposed. Then, based on the fractional-order finite-time stability theorem, a finite-time, fault-tolerant controller was proposed for the stabilization of an HTGS. Furthermore, a controller was developed as a fractional differential form combined with a smooth bounded arctangent function to effectively suppress jitters and uncertainties. Finally, numerical experimental results verified the validity and robustness of the proposed scheme.
A Novel Methodology for the Scalability Analysis of ICT Systems for Smart Grids Based on SGAM: The InteGrid Project Approach
Authors: Potenciano Menci Sergio , Le Baut Julien , Matanza Domingo Javier , López López Gregorio , Cossent Arín Rafael , Pio Silva Manuel
Published: July 2020

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructures are at the heart of emerging Smart Grid scenarios with high penetration of Distributed Energy Resources (DER). The scalability of such ICT infrastructures is a key factor for the large scale deployment of the aforementioned Smart Grid solutions, which could not be ensured by small-scale pilot demonstrations. This paper presents a novel methodology that has been developed in the scope of the H2020 project InteGrid, which enables the scalability analysis of ICT infrastructures for Smart Grids. It is based on the Smart Grid Architecture Model (SGAM) framework, which enables a standardized and replicable approach. This approach consists of two consecutive steps: a qualitative analysis that aims at identifying potential bottlenecks in an ICT infrastructure; and a quantitative analysis of the identified critical links under stress conditions by means of simulations with the aim of evaluating their operational limits. In this work the proposed methodology is applied to a cluster of solutions demonstrated in the InteGrid Slovenian pilot. This pilot consists of a Large Customer Commercial Virtual Power Plant (VPP) that provides flexibility in medium voltage for tertiary reserve and a Traffic Light System (TLS) to validate such flexibility offers. This approach creates an indirect Transmission System Operator (TSO)—Distribution System Operator (DSO) coordination scheme.
Hybrid Consensus Algorithm Based on Modified Proof-of-Probability and DPoS
Authors: Wang Baocheng , Li Zetao , Li Haibin
Published: July 2020

As the core of blockchain technology, the consensus algorithm plays an important role in determining the security, data consistency, and efficiency of blockchain systems. The existing mainstream consensus algorithm is experiencing difficulties satisfying the needs of efficiency, security, and decentralization in real-world scenarios. This paper proposes a hybrid consensus algorithm based on modified Proof-of-Probability and Delegated Proof-of-Stake. In this method, the work of block generation and validation is, respectively, completed by the nodes using the modified Proof-of-Probability consensus algorithm and Delegated Proof-of-Stake consensus algorithm. When a transaction occurs, the system sends several target hash values to the whole network. Each modified Proof-of-Probability node has a different sorting algorithm, so they have different mining priorities. Every time a hash is decrypted by a modified Proof-of-Probability node, the modulo operation is done to the value of nonce, which is then compared with the expected value given by the supernode selected by the Delegated Proof-of-Stake nodes. If they are not the same, the Proof-of-Probability node enters the waiting time and the other Proof-of-Probability nodes continue to mine. By adopting two consensus algorithms, the malicious nodes must control more than 51% of the nodes that adopt the two consensus algorithms, at the same time, to effectively attack the system, that is, they must have more than 51% of the computing power and more than 51% of the tokens. This not only increases the cost of malicious attacks, but also reduces waste of computing power. In addition, the efficiency of the DPoS algorithm makes up for the deficiency of the PoP algorithm in system efficiency, and the mining behavior based on probability in the PoP algorithm also significantly weakens the ability of supernodes in the DPoS algorithm to conduct monopoly behavior or other malicious behaviors. In a word, the combination of the two algorithms makes the system perform better in terms of security, system efficiency, and decentralization.
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy as a Beef Quality Tool to Predict Consumer Acceptance
Authors: Barragán-Hernández Wilson , Mahecha-Ledesma Liliana , Angulo-Arizala Joaquín , Olivera-Angel Martha
Published: July 2020

This study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to predict beef consumers’ perceptions. Photographs of 200 raw steaks were taken, and NIRS data were collected (transmittance and reflectance). The steak photographs were used to conduct a face-to-face survey of 400 beef consumers. Consumers rated beef color, visible fat, and overall appearance, using a 5-point Likert scale (where 1 indicated “Dislike very much” and 5 indicated “Like very much”), which later was simplified in a 3-point Likert scale. Factor analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used to generate a beef consumer index. A partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used to predict beef consumers’ perceptions using NIRS data. SEM was used to validate the index, with root mean square errors of approximation ≤0.1 and comparative fit and Tucker–Lewis index values <0.9. PLS-DA results for the 5-point Likert scale showed low prediction (accuracy < 42%). A simplified 3-point Likert scale improved discrimination (accuracy between 52% and 55%). The PLS-DA model for purchasing decisions showed acceptable prediction results, particularly for transmittance NIRS (accuracy of 76%). Anticipating beef consumers’ willingness to purchase could allow the beef industry to improve products so that they meet consumers’ preferences.
Characterization of Traditional Croatian Household-Produced Dry-Fermented Sausages
Authors: Lešić Tina , Vahčić Nada , Kos Ivica , Zadravec Manuela , Sinčić Pulić Blanka , Bogdanović Tanja , Petričević Sandra , Listeš Eddy , Škrivanko Mario , Pleadin Jelka
Published: July 2020

Characterization of five types of traditional Croatian dry-fermented sausages produced by family farms was performed via identification of superficial mycobiota, physicochemical, sensory, instrumental color, fatty acids & fat quality indices. Detailed characterization of these sausages aimed to achieve standardization of their production and composition and to establish and/or improve their specification protocols. Traditional sausages varied significantly (p < 0.05) in all analyzed parameters except for the number of mold isolates. Sausages coming from eastern Croatia had a greater mold species diversity, with the highest number of isolated mycotoxigenic species in Slavonian domestic sausage. Sensory evaluation showed good acceptability of all sausages. According to health recommendations, Kulenova Seka showed the most representable values for most of fat quality indices. The results suggest the need for certain modifications in fat & fatty acid composition and, to a lesser extent, in salt content, however not at the expense of product safety, quality and acceptability.
Evaluation of Subchronic Oral Dose Toxicity of Freeze-Dried Skimmed Powder of Zophobas atratus Larvae (frpfdZAL) in Rats
Authors: Kim Sun Young , Kwak Kyu-Won , Park Eun-Sung , Yoon Hyung Joo , Kim Yong-Soon , Park Kwanho , Kim Eunsun , Kim Sun-Don
Published: July 2020

Zophobas atratus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), the giant mealworm beetle, is known as an edible insect containing a high protein content which may serve as new sources of human food and animal feed. However, potential toxicity and food safety analyses of Z. atratus have not been previously investigated. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to evaluate toxicity of freeze-dried skimmed powder of Z. atratus larvae (frpfdZAL), known as the super mealworm. Toxicological assessments were performed at the doses of 1250, 2500, and 5000 mg/kg/day in a 2- and a 13-week oral repeated-dose toxicity study of frpfdZAL in male and female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats in accordance with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines and the principles of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP). No toxicological changes in clinical signs, body weights, water and food consumption, urinalysis, hematology, clinical biochemistry, gross findings, and histopathological examinations were observed. In conclusion, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of frpfdZAL was 5000 mg/kg/day and target organ was not identified in both sexes of rats. In addition, frpfdZAL did not induce increases of serum ImmunoglobulinE (IgE), an identifier of allergic reactions in rats. Collectively, these results suggest that frpfdZAL is safe with no adverse effects, and able to be applied as an edible ingredient or other biological uses.
Development of a Remote Psychological First Aid Protocol for Healthcare Workers Following the COVID-19 Pandemic in a University Teaching Hospital, Malaysia
Authors: Sulaiman Ahmad Hatim , Ahmad Sabki Zuraida , Jaafa Mohd Johari , Francis Benedict , Razali Khairul Arif , Juares Rizal Aliaa , Mokhtar Nor Hazwani , Juhari Johan Arif , Zainal Suhaila , Ng Chong Guan
Published: July 2020

The purpose of this article is to discuss the importance of addressing the psychological impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on healthcare workers (HCWs) who are frontliners directly involved in mitigating the spread of the disease. This paper focuses on the utilization of a clinical practice protocol for identifying HCWs who are COVID-19-positive or under investigation and surveillance for suspected infection, in a tertiary, university teaching hospital of Malaysia. The protocol for Psychological First Aid (PFA), which is applied remotely via a mobile application and phone calls, outlines the work process in stages, with expected immediate, intermediate, and long-term goals within a “Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, and Realistic Timeframe” (SMART). This protocol is developed to provide a guideline for psychological crisis interventions that promote safety, calm, and hope in HCWs, allowing them to return to psychological functioning without being stigmatized. The unprecedented remote PFA protocol may serve as a platform for further research on the application of a goal-directed approach in a healthcare organization.
On the True Number of COVID-19 Infections: Effect of Sensitivity, Specificity and Number of Tests on Prevalence Ratio Estimation
Authors: Altman Eitan , Mounir Izza , Najid Fatim-Zahra , Perlaza Samir M.
Published: July 2020

In this paper, a formula for estimating the prevalence ratio of a disease in a population that is tested with imperfect tests is given. The formula is in terms of the fraction of positive test results and test parameters, i.e., probability of true positives (sensitivity) and the probability of true negatives (specificity). The motivation of this work arises in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in which estimating the number of infected individuals depends on the sensitivity and specificity of the tests. In this context, it is shown that approximating the prevalence ratio by the ratio between the number of positive tests and the total number of tested individuals leads to dramatically high estimation errors, and thus, unadapted public health policies. The relevance of estimating the prevalence ratio using the formula presented in this work is that precision increases with the number of tests. Two conclusions are drawn from this work. First, in order to ensure that a reliable estimation is achieved with a finite number of tests, testing campaigns must be implemented with tests for which the sum of the sensitivity and the specificity is sufficiently different than one. Second, the key parameter for reducing the estimation error is the number of tests. For a large number of tests, as long as the sum of the sensitivity and specificity is different than one, the exact values of these parameters have very little impact on the estimation error.
Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Interventions for the Elderly: A Scoping Review from 2015–2019
Authors: Chiu Ching-Ju , Hu Jia-Chian , Lo Yi-Hsuan , Chang En-Yu
Published: July 2020

In this study, a scoping review method is used to review the distribution and trends in health promotion research and explore the use and contribution of eHealth technologies in health promotion in the elderly. The study includes six search databases: PubMed, CINAHL, the CochraneLibrary, EMBASE, PubPsych, and ERIC (EBSCOhost), and studies published from January 2015 to October 2019, written in English, were included and analyzed. The findings of the study reveal that the amount of literature on promoting health for the elderly has increased, and some specific types of interventions are still favored in current health promotion efforts for older adults. The most commonly used methods were found to be health promotion (n = 322), followed by screening (n = 264), primary prevention (n = 114), and finally social support (n = 72). Beyond the above interventions, eHealth technology is also used in health promotion activities to prevent the elderly from falling and to improve home safety, etc. However, although the application of eHealth technology has been applied in areas such as fall prevention, mental health promotion, and home security monitoring, it is still immature, and thus more rigorous research is needed in different areas, especially in older populations, various professions, women, and people with dementia.
Right Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction after Marathon Run
Authors: Lewicka-Potocka Zuzanna , Dąbrowska-Kugacka Alicja , Lewicka Ewa , Gałąska Rafał , Daniłowicz-Szymanowicz Ludmiła , Faran Anna , Nabiałek-Trojanowska Izabela , Kubik Marcin , Kaleta-Duss Anna Maria , Raczak Grzegorz
Published: July 2020

It has been raised that marathon running may significantly impair cardiac performance. However, the post-race diastolic function has not been extensively analyzed. We aimed to assess whether the marathon run causes impairment of the cardiac diastole, which ventricle is mostly affected and whether the septal (IVS) function is altered. The study included 34 male amateur runners, in whom echocardiography was performed two weeks before, at the finish line and two weeks after the marathon. Biventricular diastolic function was assessed not only with conventional Doppler indices but also using the heart rate-adjusted isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRTc). After the run, IVRTc elongated dramatically at the right ventricular (RV) free wall, to a lesser extent at the IVS and remained unchanged at the left ventricular lateral wall. The post-run IVRTc_IVS correlated with IVRTc_RV (r = 0.38, p < 0.05), and IVRTc_RV was longer in subjects with IVS hypertrophy (88 vs. 51 ms; p < 0.05). Participants with measurable IVRT_RV at baseline (38% of runners) had longer post-race IVRTc_IVS (102 vs. 83 ms; p < 0.05). Marathon running influenced predominantly the RV diastolic function, and subjects with measurable IVRT_RV at baseline or those with IVS hypertrophy can experience greater post-race diastolic fatigue.
Diurnal Profiles of Locomotive and Household Activities Using an Accelerometer in Community-Dwelling Older Adults with Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Cross-Sectional Survey
Authors: Sakakima Harutoshi , Takada Seiya , Norimatsu Kosuke , Otsuka Shotaro , Nakanishi Kazuki , Tani Akira
Published: July 2020

The present study investigates the diurnal profiles of locomotive and household activities in older adults with musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) using an accelerometer. Furthermore, we examined the effect of chronic pain on their diurnal profiles in both activities. Seventy-one older adults with MSDs (73–89 years) were included in this cross-sectional survey, and 25 age-matched older adults (75–86 years) were selected as healthy older adults. The daily physical activities, including steps walked and locomotive and household activity intensities, were recorded using a triaxial accelerometer in terms of metabolic equivalent task-hours per week (MET-h/week). The diurnal profiles of steps and locomotive activities in older adults with MSDs were considerably lower than those of healthy older adults. In contrast, there was no significant decline in household activity. However, the locomotive and household activities were reduced by severe chronic pain. This survey demonstrated that the diurnal profiles of household activity in older people with MSDs as well as those in age-matched healthy older adults were maintained. Furthermore, severe chronic pain influenced both activities. Therefore, the maintenance of household activity throughout the day, as well as the management of chronic pain, may be important strategies for the promotion of physical activity in older people with MSDs.
Perceived Job Insecurity and Depressive Symptoms among Italian Dentists: The Moderating Role of Fear of COVID-19
Authors: Gasparro Roberta , Scandurra Cristiano , Maldonato Nelson Mauro , Dolce Pasquale , Bochicchio Vincenzo , Valletta Alessandra , Sammartino Gilberto , Sammartino Pasquale , Mariniello Mauro , di Lauro Alessandro Espedito , Marenzi Gaetano
Published: July 2020

Containment measures adopted to reduce the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have produced a general perception of job insecurity. Dentists have been highly affected by such measures, as they represent an easy source of contagion. As perceived job insecurity is associated with psychological distress and Italian dentists have been highly affected by the COVID-19 outbreak in terms of potential financial loss and the risk of being infected, this study aimed at assessing whether the fear of COVID-19 moderated the effect of perceived job insecurity on depressive symptoms. This cross-sectional online study has included 735 Italian dentists recruited during the lockdown and ranging in age from 27 to 70 years old (495 men and 240 women). A quantile regression model with an inference based on the median and with an interaction term between the fear of COVID-19 and perceived job insecurity has been used to estimate the hypothesized associations. The results indicated that both perceived job insecurity and fear of COVID-19 were positively associated with depressive symptoms, and that the effect of perceived job insecurity on depressive symptoms was weaker among those with a low fear of COVID-19. The findings may inform public health policies for dentists in relation to reducing the risk of developing negative mental health outcomes.
Design of an Integrated Platform for Mapping Residential Exposure to Rf-Emf Sources
Authors: Regrain Corentin , Caudeville Julien , de Seze René , Guedda Mohammed , Chobineh Amirreza , de Doncker Philippe , Petrillo Luca , Chiaramello Emma , Parazzini Marta , Joseph Wout , Aerts Sam , Huss Anke , Wiart Joe
Published: July 2020

Nowadays, information and communication technologies (mobile phones, connected objects) strongly occupy our daily life. The increasing use of these technologies and the complexity of network infrastructures raise issues about radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (Rf-Emf) exposure. Most previous studies have assessed individual exposure to Rf-Emf, and the next level is to assess populational exposure. In our study, we designed a statistical tool for Rf-Emf populational exposure assessment and mapping. This tool integrates geographic databases and surrogate models to characterize spatiotemporal exposure from outdoor sources, indoor sources, and mobile phones. A case study was conducted on a 100 × 100 m grid covering the 14th district of Paris to illustrate the functionalities of the tool. Whole-body specific absorption rate (SAR) values are 2.7 times higher than those for the whole brain. The mapping of whole-body and whole-brain SAR values shows a dichotomy between built-up and non-built-up areas, with the former displaying higher values. Maximum SAR values do not exceed 3.5 and 3.9 mW/kg for the whole body and the whole brain, respectively, thus they are significantly below International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) recommendations. Indoor sources are the main contributor to populational exposure, followed by outdoor sources and mobile phones, which generally represents less than 1% of total exposure.
The Effect of Bariatric Surgery on Weight Loss and Metabolic Changes in Adults with Obesity
Authors: Głuszek Stanisław , Bociek Arkadiusz , Suliga Edyta , Matykiewicz Jarosław , Kołomańska Magdalena , Bryk Piotr , Znamirowski Przemysław , Nawacki Łukasz , Głuszek-Osuch Martyna , Wawrzycka Iwona , Kozieł Dorota
Published: July 2020

Methods of treating obesity, such as changes in lifestyle, physical activity, restrictive diets, and psychotherapy, are not sufficient. Currently, it is considered that in the case of patients who meet the eligibility criteria for surgery, the treatment of choice should be bariatric surgery. The aim of this study was to assess the weight loss and metabolic changes in a group of adults with obesity undergoing bariatric surgery. The study involved 163 patients whose body mass index (BMI) exceeded 40 or 35 kg/m2, concurrent with at least one metabolic sequelae. In 120 of the cases (74%), sleeve gastrectomy was used; in 35 (21%), gastric banding was used; and in 8 (5%), laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass was used. Metabolic parameters such as total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol), HDL-cholesterol (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), triglycerides, and glucose were measured preoperatively and postoperatively, as well as the creatinine, creatine kinase (CK-MB), and leptin activity. In patients undergoing bariatric surgery, a significant decrease in excess weight (p < 0.001) was observed at all the analyzed time points, compared to the pre-surgery value. Weight loss after surgery was associated with a significant improvement in glycemia (109.6 ± 48.0 vs. 86.6 ± 7.9 mg/dL >24 months after surgery; p = 0.003), triglycerides (156.9 ± 79.6 vs. 112.7 ± 44.3 mg/dL >24 months after surgery; p = 0.043) and leptin (197.50 ± 257.3 vs. 75.98 ± 117.7 pg/mL 12 months after surgery; p = 0.0116) concentration. The results of the research confirm the thesis on the effectiveness of bariatric surgery in reducing excess body weight and improving metabolic parameters in patients with extreme obesity.
Do Wildfires Cause Changes in Soil Quality in the Short Term?
Authors: Memoli Valeria , Panico Speranza Claudia , Santorufo Lucia , Barile Rossella , Di Natale Gabriella , Di Nunzio Aldo , Toscanesi Maria , Trifuoggi Marco , De Marco Anna , Maisto Giulia
Published: July 2020

Wildfires have high frequency and intensity in the Mediterranean ecosystems that deeply modify the soil abiotic (i.e., pH, contents of water, organic matter and elements) and biotic properties (i.e., biomass and activity). In 2017, an intense wildfire occurred inside the Vesuvius National Park (Southern Italy), destroying approximately 50% of the existing plant cover. So, the research aimed to evaluate the fire effects on soil quality through single soil abiotic and biotic indicators and through an integrated index (SQI). To achieve the aim, soil samples were collected inside the Vesuvius National Park at 12 sampling field points before fire (BF) and after fire (AF). The findings highlighted that in AF soil, the contents of water and total carbon, element availability, respiration and the dehydrogenase activity were lower than in BF soil; in contrast, pH and hydrolase activity were significantly higher in AF soil. The microbial biomass and activity were affected by Al, Cr and Cu availability in both BF and AF soils. Despite the variations in each investigated soil abiotic and biotic property that occurred in AF soil, the overall soil quality did not significantly differ as compared to that calculated for the BF soil. The findings provide a contribution to the baseline definition of the properties and quality of burnt soil and highlight the short-term effects of fire on volcanic soil in the Mediterranean area.
Climate Change and Childhood Respiratory Health: A Call to Action for Paediatricians
Authors: Di Cicco Maria Elisa , Ferrante Giuliana , Amato Doriana , Capizzi Antonino , De Pieri Carlo , Ferraro Valentina Agnese , Furno Maria , Tranchino Valentina , La Grutta Stefania
Published: July 2020

Climate change (CC) is one of the main contributors to health emergencies worldwide. CC appears to be closely interrelated with air pollution, as some pollutants like carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and black carbon are naturally occurring greenhouse gases. Air pollution may enhance the allergenicity of some plants and, also, has an adverse effect on respiratory health. Children are a uniquely vulnerable group that suffers disproportionately from CC burden. The increasing global warming related to CC has a big impact on plants’ lifecycles, with earlier and longer pollen seasons, as well as higher pollen production, putting children affected by asthma and allergic rhinitis at risk for exacerbations. Extreme weather events may play a role too, not only in the exacerbations of allergic respiratory diseases but, also, in favouring respiratory infections. Even though paediatricians are already seeing the impacts of CC on their patients, their knowledge about CC-related health outcomes with specific regards to children’s respiratory health is incomplete. This advocates for paediatricians’ increased awareness and a better understanding of the CC impact on children’s respiratory health. Having a special responsibility for children, paediatricians should actively be involved in policies aimed to protect the next generation from CC-related adverse health effects. Hence, there is an urgent need for them to take action and successfully educate families about CC issues. This paper aims at reviewing the evidence of CC-related environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, rainfall and extreme events on respiratory allergic diseases and respiratory infections in children and proposing specific actionable items for paediatricians to deal with CC-related health issues in their clinical practice.
The Influence of Role Models on the Sedentary Behaviour Patterns of Primary School-Aged Children and Associations with Psychosocial Aspects of Health
Authors: Hegarty Lynda , Murphy Marie H. , Kirby Karen , Murtagh Elaine , Mallett John , Mair Jacqueline L.
Published: July 2020

Background: High levels of sedentary behaviour (SB) are associated with poor health outcomes in children, but the effects on mental health are less clear. This study explored the relationship between SB and psychosocial aspects of health in children, and what influence key role models, including parents and schoolteachers, have on the SB levels of children. Methods: Physical activity (PA) and SB were measured using accelerometery in 101 children, 113 parents and 9 teachers. Children were aged 9 or 10 years old and in fourth grade. Child psychosocial outcomes were assessed using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Results: Children engaged in a high volume of SB (9.6 h/day) but interrupted SB often. They accumulated less than 11,000 steps per day, and thus, many may not meet the recommended daily levels of PA. No associations were found between child SB and teacher SB during the school day or child SB and parent SB during the after-school period. No association was found between SB and self-esteem, although children with a higher body mass index had a higher number of emotional and behavioural difficulties. Conclusions: Although there was no indication that children’s SB was linked to that of parents and teachers, or that SB was associated with self-esteem or behavioural problems, school children were highly sedentary and insufficiently physically active. Therefore, there is a need to explore school practices and curriculum delivery methods, as well as school and home environments, to reduce the volume of SB children engage in.
Dry Eyes, Ocular Lubricants, and Use of Systemic Medications Known or Suspected to Cause Dry Eyes in Residents of Aged Care Services
Authors: Aljeaidi Muhamad , Keen Claire , Bell J. Simon , Cooper Tina , Robson Leonie , Tan Edwin C. K.
Published: July 2020

Ocular issues are common, burdensome, and under-researched among residents of aged care services. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of dry eyes or use of ocular lubricants among residents, and the possible association with systemic medications known or suspected to cause dry eyes. A cross-sectional study of 383 residents of six aged care services in South Australia was conducted. Data were extracted from participants’ medical histories, medication charts, and validated assessments. The main exposure was systemic medications known to cause, contribute to, or aggravate dry eyes. The primary outcome was documented dry eyes or regular administration of ocular lubricants. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between systemic medications and dry eyes/use of ocular lubricants. Dry eyes were documented for 53 (13.8%) residents and 98 (25.6%) residents were administered ocular lubricants. Overall, 116 (30.3%) residents had documented dry eyes/used ocular lubricants. Of these, half (n = 58) were taking a medication known to cause, contribute to, or aggravate dry eyes. Taking one or more medications listed as known to cause dry eyes was associated with having dry eyes/use of ocular lubricants (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.15–2.94). In sub-analyses, no individual medication was associated with dry eyes/use of ocular lubricants. Dry eyes and use of ocular lubricants are common in residential aged care. Our hypothesis generating findings suggest the need for further research into the clinical significance of systemic medications as a possible cause of dry eyes.
Exercise Levels and Preferences in Cancer Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Avancini Alice , Pala Valeria , Trestini Ilaria , Tregnago Daniela , Mariani Luigi , Sieri Sabina , Krogh Vittorio , Boresta Marco , Milella Michele , Pilotto Sara , Lanza Massimo
Published: July 2020

Background: Despite the benefits related to physical exercise, large numbers of cancer patients are not sufficiently active. Methods: To investigate exercise levels and preferences in cancer patients, a cross-sectional study was conducted on a random sample of 392 cancer outpatients who anonymously completed a questionnaire investigating general and medical characteristics, and expressed willingness to participate in exercise programs. Current exercise levels were estimated with the Leisure Score Index (LSI). Results: Most patients (93%) were insufficiently active but 80% declared an interest in exercise programs. Patients preferred oncologist-instructed programs and specified particular exercise needs. Multivariate logistic regression showed that willingness to exercise was associated with education (OR: 1.87; 95% CI: 1.15–3.04 beyond age 14 years vs. up to 14 years) and current physical activity (OR: 1.92; 95% CI: 1.92–3.63 for sweat-inducing activity >2 times/week vs. <1 time/week). Patients given chemotherapy were less inclined to exercise (OR: 0.45; 95% CI: 0.23–0.86) than those who did not. LSI was lower if cancer stage was advanced (β: -0.36; 95% CI: −0.75 to −0.02) than if it was in remission. High LSI was also associated with longer education, lower BMI, and longer time after diagnosis. Conclusion: Cancer patients are insufficiently active but are willing to participate in personalized exercise programs. Information from this survey may help in designing personalized interventions so these patients will achieve sufficient exercise.
Influence of Absolute Humidity, Temperature and Population Density on COVID-19 Spread and Decay Durations: Multi-Prefecture Study in Japan
Authors: Rashed Essam A. , Kodera Sachiko , Gomez-Tames Jose , Hirata Akimasa
Published: July 2020

This study analyzed the spread and decay durations of the COVID-19 pandemic in different prefectures of Japan. During the pandemic, affordable healthcare was widely available in Japan and the medical system did not suffer a collapse, making accurate comparisons between prefectures possible. For the 16 prefectures included in this study that had daily maximum confirmed cases exceeding ten, the number of daily confirmed cases follow bell-shape or log-normal distribution in most prefectures. A good correlation was observed between the spread and decay durations. However, some exceptions were observed in areas where travelers returned from foreign countries, which were defined as the origins of infection clusters. Excluding these prefectures, the population density was shown to be a major factor, affecting the spread and decay patterns, with R2 = 0.39 (p < 0.05) and 0.42 (p < 0.05), respectively, approximately corresponding to social distancing. The maximum absolute humidity was found to affect the decay duration normalized by the population density (R2 > 0.36, p < 0.05). Our findings indicate that the estimated pandemic spread duration, based on the multivariate analysis of maximum absolute humidity, ambient temperature, and population density (adjusted R2 = 0.53, p-value < 0.05), could prove useful for intervention planning during potential future pandemics, including a second COVID-19 outbreak.