bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rotational and varus–valgus laxity affects kinematics of the normal knee: A cadaveric study
Authors: Wada Keizo , Hamada Daisuke , Takasago Tomoya , Goto Tomohiro , Tonogai Ichiro , Tsuruo Yoshihiro , Sairyo Koichi
Published: September 2019

Purpose:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between soft tissue laxity and kinematics of the normal knee using a navigation system.

Methods:

Fifteen cadaveric knees from 11 fresh frozen whole-body specimens were included in this study. The navigation system automatically recorded the rotation angle of the tibia as the internal–external (IE) kinematics and the coronal alignment of the lower limb as the varus–valgus (VV) kinematics. These measurements were made with the joint in maximal extension, at 10° intervals from 0° to 120° of flexion, and at maximal flexion during passive knee motion. For evaluation of laxity, the examiner gently applied maximum manual IE and VV stress to the knee at 0°, 30°, 60°, and 90° of flexion.

Results:

The measurements showed almost perfect reliability. The mean correlation coefficient between the intraoperative tibial rotation angle and the intermediate angle of IE laxity was 0.82, while that between the coronal alignment of the lower limb and the intermediate angle of the VV laxity was 0.96. There was a statistically significant correlation between kinematics and laxity at all degrees of knee flexion.

Conclusion:

The present study revealed that the rotation angle of the tibia was correlated to the intermediate angle of IE laxity at 0°, 30°, 60°, and 90° of knee flexion and the coronal alignment of the lower limb also correlated to the intermediate angle of VV laxity. These findings provide important reference data on soft tissue laxity and kinematics of the normal knee.
Survival by Race and Ethnicity in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients With Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Children’s Oncology Group Study
Authors: Kahn Justine M. , Kelly Kara M. , Pei Qinglin , Bush Rizvan , Friedman Debra L. , Keller Frank G. , Bhatia Smita , Henderson Tara O. , Schwartz Cindy L. , Castellino Sharon M.
Published: September 2019

PURPOSE

Population-based studies of children and adolescents with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) report a survival disadvantage in nonwhite—non-Hispanic black (NHB) and Hispanic—patients. Whether disparities persist after adjustment for clinical and treatment-related variables is unknown. We examined survival by race/ethnicity in children receiving risk-based, response-adapted, combined-modality therapy for HL in contemporary Children’s Oncology Group trials.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This pooled analysis used individual-level data from 1,605 patients (younger than age 1 to 21 years) enrolled in phase III trials for low-risk (AHOD0431), intermediate-risk (AHOD0031), and high-risk (AHOD0831) HL from 2002 to 2012. Event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) were compared between non-Hispanic white (NHW) and nonwhite patients. Cox proportional hazards for survival were estimated for both de novo and relapsed HL, adjusting for demographics, disease characteristics, and therapy.

RESULTS

At median follow up of 6.9 years, cumulative incidence of relapse was 17%. Unadjusted 5-year EFS and OS were 83% (SE, 1.2%) and 97% (SE, < 1%), respectively. Neither differed by race/ethnicity. In multivariable analyses for OS, nonwhite patients had a 1.88× higher hazard of death (95% CI, 1.1 to 3.3). Five-year postrelapse survival probabilities by race were as follows: NHW, 90%; NHB, 66%; and Hispanic, 80% ( P < .01). Compared with NHW, Hispanic and NHB children had 2.7-fold (95% CI, 1.2 to 6.2) and 3.5-fold (95% CI, 1.5 to 8.2) higher hazard of postrelapse mortality, respectively.

CONCLUSION

In patients who were treated for de novo HL in contemporary Children’s Oncology Group trials, EFS did not differ by race/ethnicity; however, adjusted OS was significantly worse in nonwhite patients, a finding driven by increased postrelapse mortality in this population. Additional studies examining treatment and survival disparities after relapse are warranted.
The Economics of Everyday Life in “New” Socialism
Authors: Sommer Vítězslav
Published: September 2019

The article explores the effort by economists and economic journalists in Czechoslovakia in the 1960s to translate economic knowledge to the political language of reform communism. Czechoslovak economists aimed to cultivate public understanding of economic issues and to disseminate economic knowledge among the nonacademic public, not only through politically engaged writing in the journal Ekonomická revue, but also through research on management to change managers’ behavior, habits, and competencies. In this important communication with nonacademic recipients, experts translated their economic knowledge to the specific managerial language of advice and personal self-development. A significant part of management studies literature was concerned with capitalist economies, especially capitalist managerial praxis. It thus contributed to the social academic and journalistic genre of the 1960s that focused on exploring capitalism and the West.
Conducting sexualities research: an outline of emergent issues and case studies from ten Wellcome-funded projects
Authors: Kneale Dylan , French Robert , Spandler Helen , Young Ingrid , Purcell Carrie , Boden Zoë , Brown Steven D. , Callwood Dan , Carr Sarah , Dymock Alex , Eastham Rachael , Gabb Jacqui , Henley Josie , Jones Charlotte , McDermott Elizabeth , Mkhwanazi Nolwazi , Ravenhill James , Reavey Paula , Scott Rachel , Smith Clarissa , Smith Matthew , Thomas James , Tingay Karen
Published: September 2019

This letter seeks to synthesise methodological challenges encountered in a cohort of Wellcome Trust-funded research projects focusing on sexualities and health. The ten Wellcome Trust projects span a diversity of gender and sexual orientations and identities, settings; institutional and non-institutional contexts, lifecourse stages, and explore a range of health-related interventions.  As researchers, we originate from a breadth of disciplinary traditions, use a variety of research methods and data sources. Despite this breadth, four common themes are found across the projects: (i) inclusivity, representations and representativeness, (ii) lumping together of diverse groups, (iii) institutions and closed settings (iv) ethical and governance barriers.
Assessment of PrEP eligibility and uptake among at-risk MSM participating in a HIV-1 vaccine feasibility cohort in coastal Kenya
Authors: Wahome Elizabeth , Graham Susan , Thiong’o Alexander , Chirro Oscar , Mohamed Khamisi , Gichuru Evans , Mwambi John , Price Matt , Sanders Eduard J.
Published: September 2019

Introduction: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is provided free of costs to at-risk populations in Kenya, including men who have sex with men (MSM), but anal intercourse is not an eligibility criterion. We set out to determine PrEP eligibility, uptake and predictors of PrEP uptake among MSM enrolled in an HIV-1 vaccine feasibility cohort in coastal Kenya.

Methods: We compared the number of MSM identified as eligible for PrEP from June-December 2017 by Kenyan Ministry of Health (MoH) criteria, which do not include reported anal intercourse, to those identified as eligible by a published MSM cohort-derived HIV-1 risk score (CDHRS). We determined PrEP uptake and assessed factors associated with uptake at first offer among eligible MSM followed up monthly for HIV-1 testing, risk assessment, and risk reduction counselling.

Results: Out of 167 MSM assessed for PrEP eligibility, 118 (70.7%) were identified by both MoH and CDHRS eligibility criteria. However, the CDHRS identified 33 (19.8%) more cohort MSM for PrEP eligibility than the MoH criteria, of whom the majority (24 or 72.7%) reported receptive anal intercourse (RAI). Of the 162 MSM eligible for PrEP, 113 (69.7%) accepted PrEP at first offer. Acceptance of PrEP was higher for men reporting RAI (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR], 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0–1.9), having paid for sex (aPR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1–1.6) and group sex (aPR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1–1.8), after adjustment for sociodemographic factors.

Conclusions: Assessing PrEP eligibility using a CDHRS identified 20% more at-risk MSM for PrEP initiation than when Kenyan MoH criteria were used. Approximately 70% of eligible men accepted PrEP at first offer, suggesting that PrEP is acceptable among at-risk MSM. MSM reporting RAI, group sex, or paying for sex were more likely to accept PrEP, reinforcing the importance of an informed discussion of HIV-1 risk during PrEP counselling.
Open Problem—Load Balancing Using Delayed Information
Authors: Lipshutz David
Published: September 2019

Load-balancing algorithms are important for efficiently routing jobs in systems of parallel queues; however, there has been relatively little attention devoted to developing algorithms in the presence of messaging and/or routing delays. Given a system of parallel queues with infinite capacity buffers; first-come, first-serve service discipline; and a single stream of incoming jobs that are routed by a dispatcher upon arrival, it has been shown that join the shortest queue (JSQ) satisfies certain optimality properties, including minimizing mean wait time when the job sizes are exponentially distributed ( Winston 1977 , Ephremides et al. 1980 ) and state space collapse of the queue lengths under heavy traffic scaling for general service distributions ( Reiman 1984 ). However, implementation of JSQ uses up-to-date information about the state of the buffers, which requires instantaneous exchange of multiple messages between the dispatcher and the queues. This challenge has led to the development of efficient algorithms that require fewer messages, including join the shortest of d queues (JSQ(d); Vvedenskaya et al. 1996 , Mitzenmacher 2001 ), join the idle queue (JIQ; Badonnel and Burgess 2008 , Lu et al. 2011 ), and persistent idle load distribution (PILD; Atar et al. 2019a , b ); see van der Boor et al. (2018) for a survey of some recent results in the many-server limit. Although these algorithms do not use full information about the system, they still use up-to-date information about the state of some of the queues. Because of the physical separation between the dispatcher and the queues, processing effects, or periodic updates from the queues, the dispatcher may have access only to information about the delayed states of the queues. (There may also be routing delays because of the time it takes a job to travel between the dispatcher and its assigned server, for which these algorithms also do not account.) In such settings, it has been shown that JSQ can perform quite poorly and lead to sustained oscillations in queue lengths ( Mitzenmacher 2000 ).
Research roundup: September 2019
Authors: Willis Angela , Seal Joanne , Odd Dawn
Published: September 2019

In this section, a range of brief synopses of recently published articles that may be of interest to health visitors is presented. The aim of this roundup is to provide an overview, rather than a detailed summary, of the research papers selected. Should you wish to look at any of the papers in more detail, a full reference is provided.
What outcomes should be measured to evaluate the benefits of exercise for maternal mental health?
Authors: Brenchley Dawn , Mancz Gilly
Published: September 2019

The physical and mental health of women antenatally and postnatally has been described as fundamentally important to the development of children and the family. Exercise was proposed as a strategy to support maternal mental health, such as postnatal depression with an emphasis on structured and supervised activities. However, a recent systematic review by Saligheh et al (2017) revealed inconsistencies in the evidence base and could not confirm that exercise reduced symptoms of postnatal depression. This study aims to analyse the current evidence base to determine what outcomes should be measured to evaluate the benefits of exercise to maternal mental health. The research concludes that using a quantitative methodological approach, predominantly using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Score as a primary outcome measure, does not appear to capture the effects of exercise on postnatal depression and anxiety. Further research using a qualitative approach is recommended to identify outcomes that should be measured to demonstrate the benefits of exercise to maternal mental health.
Introduction
Authors: Clayton Sue , Gupta Anna , Willis Katie
Published: September 2019

This chapter provides an overview of the issues faced by unaccompanied child migrants in their search for safety and security. It highlights legal definitions used in national and international law, and the rights that such young people can claim under those laws. It outlines the demography of flows of migrant youth, including numbers, nationalities, and gender. The diversity of the group is highlighted, along with the way in which their treatment and experiences vary significantly depending on how they are framed by the immigration and welfare authorities that they come into contact with. The chapter examines the role of a social justice framework in understanding migrant experiences, an acknowledgement of young people’s agency, and the role of social workers and others working with young people. The chapter finishes with an overview of the subsequent chapters divided into three main sections: framing the youth migrant debate, exploring migrant youth identities, and international perspectives.
Dilemmas and conflicts in the legal system
Authors: York Sheona , Warren Richard
Published: September 2019

It has long been recognised that unaccompanied child asylum seekers are a particularly vulnerable sub-section of an already vulnerable population. Yet despite this recognition, child asylum seekers coming to the UK face particular obstacles in making out their claims for asylum. This chapter explores recent developments in the UK’s approach to children seeking asylum. The chapter considers how despite well-written guidelines and public awareness of the specific protection needs of children from conflict zones, the asylum system has, in many cases, failed to provide durable solutions for child refugees. It considers the legal obstacles that young asylum seekers face, including assessments of credibility, the provision of legal aid, and delays in decision making.
Narrating the young migrant journey: themes of self-representation
Authors: Clayton Sue
Published: September 2019

This chapter first offers an analysis of media representation of refugees through print press and television. UK media tends to present refugee stereotypes of these people as either hostile and threatening, or as individuated victims with little or no agency. This can have a crippling impact not only on how the young people are treated, but on their sense of identity. The chapter also considers how creative practice (specifically theatre and film-making) with young migrants can both aid them in building new forms of self-representation, and counter negative stereotypes. The chapter identifies various themes of meaning that have emerged in the author’s recording of extensive testimonies with the young people: loss and anger; mourning and survival; outpourings of grief; missing mothers and searching for symbolic mothers; the significance of friendships; experiences of rage and anger; and finally, a development of pride and aspiration for the future.
From individual vulnerability to collective resistance: responding to the emotional impact of trauma on unaccompanied children seeking asylum
Authors: Hughes Gillian
Published: September 2019

Much good therapeutic work is done with individual separated young people seeking asylum to help them overcome the effects of trauma and abuse and to reconstruct their identities in unfamiliar settings. This chapter highlights the dangers to many of the individual trauma focused interventions where young people can become defined by their vulnerabilities, stuck in relationships which position them as damaged, vulnerable and needing help. It outlines a Narrative Liberation framework to enable practitioners to reflect on what they are doing in their care of separated young people, and to help guard against isolating and unhelpful therapeutic practices. This includes a recognition of past events, but also highlighting personal accounts of survival and resistance. A key element is connections with other unaccompanied young migrants and the facilitation of collective practices where people are able to connect with life affirming aspects of their cultural and social histories.
A relational approach to unaccompanied minor migration, detention and legal protection in Mexico and the US
Authors: Bruzzone Mario , González-Araiza Luis Enrique
Published: September 2019

The chapter considers the state systems of protection for unaccompanied migrant minors in Mexico and the United States. The transits and arrivals of Central American minors – from El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras – offer important opportunities for scholars to consider the sociolegal practices of migrant care, especially how legally-accepted but institutionally-unfulfilled claims might signify something more than system failures. Instead this chapter takes the law and state institutions as sites for power relations to play out, rather than as outcomes of legislative power struggles or as resources for mutual claims by states and individuals. The aim of the chapter is to analyse the distinctive – and perhaps constitutive – tensions that govern state systems of protection for unaccompanied minors, looking to both legal texts and the empirical realities of state activities in Mexico and the United States.
Representations of female ageing and sexuality in Penelope Lively’s Moon Tiger, Angela Carter’s Wise Children and Doris Lessing’s ‘The grandmothers’
Authors: Piqueras Maricel Oró
Published: September 2019

The binary old age and sexuality is still taboo in contemporary society, despite the exponential ageing of the population. Age Critics such as Lynne Segal and Kathleen Woodward have argued that the negative cultural conceptions attached to the ageing body are the ones that relate old age to a lack of desire. In this sense, fiction is a powerful media that allows the reader to go into the deeper recesses of protagonists in their old age and witness the culturally-based contradictions which seem to limit desire and sexuality to youth and youthful appearance. By analysing two novels and a short story of well-known contemporary British writers, this chapter aims to discern the vicissitudes of sexuality and ageing as portrayed in these fictional texts..
‘Last-minute mothers’: the construction of age and midlife motherhood in Denmark and Israel
Authors: Lahad Kinneret , Hvidtfeldt Karen
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines the question of how age, gender and personal status intersect, as well as the ways in which they are “done” by analysing the discursive construction of midlife mothers in Denmark and Israel. Drawing on a textual analysis of online web columns and magazine articles interviewing midlife women, we explore women’s vulnerability and resilience to ageist stigmas. In this chapter we are particularly interested in how midlife mothers negotiate ageist stigmatisation and normative timelines in general and thus pave the way for alternative knowledge of ageing, age and family life. By incorporating a critical feminist approach, we argue that in both case studies, age relations and age-based hierarchies come about. We have found that both Danish and Israeli mothers increasingly seem to perceive their age as an ageing capital (Simpson, 2013) and integrate it with the good mother ideal and the regulatory ideal of intensive mothering (Hays, 1996)
Health and well-being of lesbians, gay men and bisexual people in later life: examining the commonalities and differences from quantitative research
Authors: Hughes Mark
Published: September 2019

Findings from quantitative research speak to majority experiences and general patterns within populations. However, the aggregation of people into one LGBT category risks quantitative research – and the translation of its results into policy or practice – misrepresenting the issues and needs across the diversity of LGBT people. This chapter argues that what is needed is careful unpacking of quantitative findings to ensure that this diversity is respected. To facilitate this, the chapter examines some of the commonalities and differences in quantitative findings on lesbian, gay and bisexual older people’s health and wellbeing. By parsing the findings from international studies, the chapter identifies trends in relation to physical wellbeing, disability, alcohol consumption, smoking, and mental health. Despite their limitations, it is argued that these quantitative studies provide insights into the structural intersectionality, alongside political and representational intersectionality, that operates to marginalise lesbian, gay and bisexual people in later life..
Cultural boundaries and transnational consumption patterns
Authors: Hanquinet Laurie , Savage Mike
Published: September 2019

We still know little about how Europeans differentiate each other in terms of cultural tastes and practices and how the latter relate to mobility practices and socio-demographic characteristics. We explore two areas of tastes (music and food) and investigate the role of concrete or symbolic geographic boundaries in people’s tastes. We assess whether there is a European cultural field that works with its own specific rules and tensions. The main cultural divisions and affinities between countries are discussed in light of debates about tensions between openness versus localness, highbrow versus lowbrow, and old versus young cultures. Cultural practices are seen as especially important in the Europeanisation of everyday life as they reflect cultural but also symbolic boundaries that cross the European social space.
Exercise
Authors: Bates Charlotte
Published: September 2019

The second chapter, Exercise, considers the rhythm of our bodies in motion and the complicated relationships between exercise and illness, as both a necessity and a joy. Like eating, the significance of exercise is redefined by illness, and the body is maintained, challenged, and re-known through it. Exercise regimes can provide control, treatment and an alternative form of medication so that through physical activity bodies feel strong, independent, and free in spite of illness. But ill bodies are prone to overexertion, and exercise can reinforce their dependence and vulnerability as well as their strength. For Anna, who has depression, exercise has become a form of self-medication. Running and cycling regularly make her feel less depressed, so she tries to be physically active at least four times a week. Disruption to this routine can cause her mood to plummet quickly, showing the dependence that she has on her body.
Feet and legs
Authors: Bates Charlotte
Published: September 2019

Moving from the interior to the exterior, the book continues with the fifth chapter, Feet and legs, body parts that, as our connection to the earth and our way of navigating through the world, are perhaps our most direct link to the landscapes in which we live. How do our feet and legs, as well as the shoes and canes that accompany them, connect us to, negotiate us through, and redefine how we know the built environment? How do our bodies redefine the topography of our worlds? This chapter considers the importance of these seemingly simple body parts and the influence that they have on the ways in which we move, dress and travel. Anya has muscular dystrophy and the muscles in her legs are wasting away. But by finding new ways of using her body and by learning her environment in detail, she has held onto her ability to walk and her independence.
Hands and hearts
Authors: Bates Charlotte
Published: September 2019

The sixth chapter, Hands and hearts, considers the emotional connections between bodies, minds and landscapes, and touches on themes of finding a home and belonging in the world. Through this chapter, we see how bodies find their own routes through the spaces of everyday life, and how, just as illness refuses to be contained within bodies, bodies refuse to be confined by illness. Anna, who has depression, does not have any of the same doubts about her hands that she does about her mind and its thoughts. She never thinks twice about their ability to do things, and they do not seem to suffer from the same anxiety and self-hatred that she does. Anna’s acute mind-body split illustrates how she belongs in the world through her body and at the same time feels distant from it.
Conclusion
Authors: Bates Charlotte
Published: September 2019

Learning from the lives portrayed, the conclusion seeks to relate some of the findings to other literatures and ways of thinking about illness in more detail, providing some evidence for the arguments that the book makes and offering a more theoretical discussion. This chapter explores what is at stake in these accounts, from ideas of care, control and choice, to bodily doubt and the felt politics of stigma.
Social finance and community development: exploring egalitarian possibilities
Authors: Murtagh Brendan , Goggin Niamh
Published: September 2019

This chapter argues that the expansion of social finance is critical to neoliberal rollout tactics, and is also necessary and useful for community development approaches that respond to the needs of the excluded. It focuses on the relationship between community development and economic regeneration, highlighting the importance of the ownership of assets and critically, finance, to support the social and solidarity economy. The chapter first sets social finance in the context of the relationship between money and capitalist markets, before briefly describing the development of a range of services, products, and intermediaries, nationally as well as globally. This is followed by a review of issues related to demand and supply, and two case studies of progressive social finance initiatives. It concludes by setting out the implications of social finance for community development.
Local philanthropy and women’s empowerment: the case of Tewa, the Nepal Women’s Fund
Authors: Thapa Rita
Published: September 2019

This chapter presents the author's reflections on how her commitment to community development principles has been applied to funding. She shares her experiences at Tewa, the Nepal Women's Fund, a feminist organisation she founded right after the UN World Conference on Women in Beijing in 1995, with the explicit aim of fostering local philanthropy as a means to empowering women. Over the past 21 years, Tewa has successfully raised 3.6 corer, equivalent to US$355,600, from approximately 5,000 Nepali donors and made 573 grants to over 454 community groups of women in 69 of the 75 districts of Nepal. Tewa has trained and mobilised over 680 fundraising volunteers. It has been a forerunner among the women's funds in the Global South, and a model for women's groups and others in Nepal.
Background knowledge, theorizing, and evidence
Authors: Lloyd Robert B. , Haussman Melissa , James Patrick
Published: September 2019

This chapter focuses on health services and religion in the African context, providing a foundation for the case studies of Uganda, Mozambique, and Ethiopia. The chapter reviews previously identified patterns regarding the role of religion in health within Africa. The nexus of religion and health care is of central interest. Background knowledge is gleaned from the literature on the intersection of religion, health, and Africa. Patterns are identified and subsequently to evaluated by the new evidence obtained through qualitative and quantitative research, confirming that health care is regarded in a holistic way by Africans. This informs theorizing from the perspective of the Social Determinants of Health, within which an emphasis on women’s health is applied to processes and outcomes.
Mozambique
Authors: Lloyd Robert B. , Haussman Melissa , James Patrick
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines religion and health care in Mozambique. The two basic questions are (1) “How does religion factor into the Social Determinants of Health?”; and (2) “What is its connection to outcomes?” The political, economic, health, and religious contexts of Mozambique are reviewed. The country is challenged by persistent poverty and underdevelopment. Mozambique had a Marxist government that suppressed religion. Religion nonetheless influences health care quite significantly in contemporary Mozambique. Christian and Muslim Faith-Based Organizations play an important role in fighting HIV/AIDS and the provision of health care in general. Pentecostalism is rising and plays a controversial role in its engagement with modern medicine. People often seek traditional health care and even combine such visits with more Western-style treatments from health centers and hospitals.
Nurturing solidarity in diversity: Can local currencies enable transformative practices?
Authors: Depraetere Anika , van Bouchaute Bart , Oosterlynck Stijn , Vandenabeele Joke
Published: September 2019

This chapter analyses the relationship between super-diversity and solidarity, considering the potential of solidarity in diversity based on an extensive case study in Rabot-Blaisantvest — a super-diverse and poor neighbourhood in Ghent. It assesses if and how the introduction of a local currency system in an impoverished and super-diverse neighbourhood in the Belgian city of Ghent stimulates interpersonal practices of solidarity in diversity. The local currency triggered new activities and stimulated a more diverse group of inhabitants to participate, thus strengthening interdependency in the neighbourhood and generating new forms of solidarity, especially between residents in similar economically disadvantaged positions. Some of these new forms of solidarity in diversity have a transformative effect, that is, they question existing and normalised social structures and relationships.
Interculturalism as conservative multiculturalism? New generations from an immigrant background in Milan, Italy, and the challenge to categories and boundaries
Authors: Barberis Eduardo
Published: September 2019

This chapter focuses on interculturalism in the context of emerging national and local models of incorporating international migrants in Italy, and the city of Milan more specifically. Italy is a latecomer in the debate on immigrant policies, but it is nevertheless an interesting case because (1) it has no policy legacy in this field and does not have an explicit and consistent immigrant policy; (2) it is at the forefront of localising migration policy in Europe; and (3) it explicitly uses an intercultural approach that is not based on a retreat from multiculturalism. Although interculturalism is often presented as a consistent policy approach, which seeks a middle ground between assimilationist and multiculturalist models, in Italy, interculturalism is a form of assimilationism that works through an implicit subordination of immigrant rights and life chances to the goal of social cohesion.
Ambiguities of vertical multi-ethnic coexistence in the city of Athens: Living together but unequally between conflicts and encounters
Authors: Balampanidis Dimitris , Bourlessas Panagiotis
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores the vertical multi-ethnic coexistence or the socio-spatial dynamics of segregation and social mix in the same building, a residential apartment building in Athens, Greece. Over the last 25 years, Athens has become increasingly ethnically diverse. Athens is characterised by low levels of spatial segregation and high levels of ethnic mix both at the neighbourhood level and within residential buildings. However, living together does not mean that inequality disappears. Indeed, on closer inspection, in Athens, vertical social differentiation within buildings seems to offer an alternative to neighbourhood-level segregation, with quite a strong correlation between ethnicity and floor of residence. The chapter then considers the link between diversity and inequality, since this link is missing all too often from urban analysis.
The research study
Authors: Kay-Flowers Susan
Published: September 2019

This chapter explains the nature of the study which focused on children’s everyday lived experience of parental separation. It describes how young people were involved in designing the research, constructing the research tools and analysis of some of the data. Adopting a participatory approach, I worked with young people to determine the research design and create specific research tools to investigate young adults’ experience. As the researcher I worked as a ‘bricoleur’ with young people to co-create a short video clip of a fictionalised case study of children’s experience of parental separation, known as a Prompt Simulation Video (PSV) and an online questionnaire. The stages and processes involved in creating this bricolage are explained in the chapter. The chapter goes on to explain the process of data analysis which involved categorising responses to the question which asked respondents how they felt about their parents’ separation now according to the level of satisfaction and level of acceptance shown. Where these coincided a respondent’s level of accommodation of parental separation could be established, this became the central category for further analysis. It concludes with reflections on the strengths, weaknesses and limitations of the methodology.
Reactions
Authors: Kay-Flowers Susan
Published: September 2019

This chapter describes children’s reactions to their parents’ separation and the changes it brought to their lives. It takes account of other family member’s responses, particularly those of parents and siblings since these often impacted on their experience. Children’s reactions are reported according to their age at the time of separation, enabling the reader to build on knowledge of their emotional responses gained in chapter 5, to develop a greater understanding of individual children’s responses. Accounts highlighted the impact of contact with their non-resident parent, facing multiple changes in post separation arrangements, feelings of divided loyalty towards their parents and siblings and the sense of relief when separation brought an end to domestic violence The level of accommodation of parental separation shown, emphasised the importance of children being able to maintain contact with their non-resident parent post separation and the benefit of post separation changes being minimising or at least the pace of such changes being managed.
Conflict
Authors: Kay-Flowers Susan
Published: September 2019

This chapter describes childhood experiences of parental conflict and examines how this impacted on their accommodation of parental separation. Using respondents’ accounts, it describes the negative impact of parental conflict on children’s social and emotional well being. In some cases, where domestic violence was present this included ‘feeling frightened’. When conflict ended following parental separation, the feeling of relief was universal and children showed a high level of accommodation. Their experiences were in marked contrast to those who continued to experience their parents’ conflict who described the distress it caused them and showed a low level of accommodation. The positive role of family support in enabling children to adjust was highlighted in some accounts.
Criminalisation
Authors: Bloomer Fiona , Pierson Claire , Claudio Sylvia Estrada
Published: September 2019

This chapter details the criminalisation of abortion. A review of the history of the criminal law on abortion reveals that for most of history abortion remained outside the law. Criminalisation when it did occur was closely tied to the religious positioning of abortion in western societies. This chapter considers trends in the latter part of the 20th century abortion when countries which had criminalised abortion began to relax the laws, whilst in other settings restrictions were introduced. The impact of restrictive laws and restricted access include an exploration of the data related to death and serious injury resulting from unsafe abortion as well as the risk of criminality. A consideration of methodological issues in measuring the impact of unsafe abortion identifies new methods to quantify this. Case studies of Ireland and Uruguay highlight how restrictive laws are experienced in contrasting settings. The chapter concludes by considering the case for decriminalisation of abortion laws.
Activism
Authors: Bloomer Fiona , Pierson Claire , Claudio Sylvia Estrada
Published: September 2019

Chapter 6, activism, centres the transnational work of activists internationally whose purpose is to improve access to abortion; taking action to provide or facilitate access; improving knowledge about abortion and challenging abortion stigma. The recent history of abortion activism, is considered, beginning with the Jane Collective, which operated primarily in the Chicago area of the US, providing access to abortion and abortion services during the late 1960s / early 1970s. This chapter reflects on how in the 21st century resistance to prohibitive legal frameworks and restricted access is offered by national and international organisations who work in collaboration with grassroots groups. The chapter reflects on the wide range of work offered by activist organisations which provide short-term help or longer-term interventions to circumvent laws or change societal perceptions about abortion.
On not doing co-produced research: The methodological possibilities and limitations of co-producing research with participants in a prison
Authors: Hoult Elizabeth Chapman
Published: September 2019

To what extent is it possible to adhere to the principles of co-produced research with communities when the community involved resides in a prison? This chapter explores this question in the context of a science fiction research project which took place in a UK category D men’s prison in 2014-2015. The researcher worked with participants to form a science fiction film discussion group in which films were used to frame conversations about hope and alternative futures in global, community and individual contexts. The impetus for the project was underpinned by two ideas: the exploration of imaginative and speculative representations of utopia; and a methodological aspiration towards the application of arts-based methods to research with a community. There were significant methodological tensions involved in attempting to implement a co-produced methodology in a prison setting. In practice, co-production was jettisoned in favour of a more traditional methodology at the planning, permissions and implementation stages.
This chapter charts the course of the decision not to pursue co-production in this context and it explores the reasons why that decision was made. Specific methodological challenges involved in working in a prison are explored and it is argued that sometimes co-production is not appropriate in some settings. It is also suggested that, despite these challenges, there is an argument for the implementation of co-production in prison contexts if the understanding of co-produced methodologies can stretch across projects.
‘Who controls the past controls the future’: Black history and community development
Authors: Aslam Shabina , Brown Milton , Nubia Onyeka , Pente Elizabeth , Pinnock-Hamilton Natalie , Samra Mandeep , Ward Paul
Published: September 2019

What role does “Black history” play in community development? This chapter discusses how Black and Asian minority ethnic (BAME) communities have been excluded from contributing to national and local histories, depriving them of resources that would enable them to develop different futures in the context of a British historical narrative dominated by whiteness. It focuses on the intersection of history and community development and how community-based organisations have worked in collaboration with the University of Huddersfield (in West Yorkshire in the north of England). The chapter suggests that there are advantages in the co-production of historical knowledge, one of which is that a collaborative approach enables greater inclusion and diversity of views, especially as there is a lack of ethnic diversity amongst academic staff at British universities.
Setting the field: older people’s conceptualisation of resilience and its relationship to cultural engagement
Authors: Goulding Anna
Published: September 2019

This chapter evaluates data from a cultural animation workshop and qualitative interviews with a range of older people to understand their conceptualisation of resilience and the strategies they have used to overcome challenges experienced throughout the lifecourse. The participants felt that resilience was a useful term to describe their response to the challenges that they had encountered. They distinguished between emotional and practical resilience and tended to see it as an individual trait, albeit one that could be developed. The participants also expressed anxiety when anticipating whether they would be equipped to cope with challenges in the future. Discussions about strategies that participants used to overcome difficulties were particularly revealing. In contrast to the data gathered through interviews, using cultural animation methods provided a way for participants who were less confident or less able to express themselves verbally in a formal interview format to articulate their perspectives on resilience.
Social connectivity and creative approaches to dementia care: the case of a poetry intervention
Authors: de Medeiros Kate , Swinnen Aagje
Published: September 2019

This chapter draws together four concepts — resilience and flourishing, creativity and play — to explore the impact of poetry interventions in the lives of people with dementia living in a care facility. Participatory arts programmes can provide opportunities for people to be reminded of their humanness and re-membered as valuable human beings. Opportunities to be creative and engage with others contribute to resilience or the ability to transcend many dementia-associated losses. Through imaginative play, regardless of cognitive ability, people can express and/or enact important aspects of meaning and selfhood/personhood that might otherwise go unacknowledged in the care environment. While arts interventions may not be able to reverse cognitive decline, the case study points to ways that the poetry intervention creates a time–space in which people can ‘flourish’, express affinity with others, and foster social bonds, and how, in turn, these contribute to meaningful moments in people's lives.
After the earthquake: narratives of resilience, re-signification of fear and revitalisation of local identities in rural communities of Paredones, Chile
Authors: Schmidt Cynthia Meersohn , Osorio-Parraguez Paulina , Espinoza Adriana , Reyes Pamela
Published: September 2019

This chapter focuses on the development of a psychosocial intervention specifically designed to support rural-living elders in Chile to overcome the trauma of an earthquake. The results revealed that the construction of individual and collective narratives of resilience increased older people's awareness of the strengths they have as a community. The memory workshops allowed participants to reflect on and share their previous experiences when confronting past disasters or community crises. Likewise, symbolising their emotions through creating music and collages allowed participants to collectively resignify their fear of the earthquake. In this way, participants transformed the meanings given to the disaster and simultaneously validated their own spontaneous responses to natural disasters or community crises. Both types of interventions, the memory- and arts-based workshops, allowed these communities of older people to search their own individual and community narratives of resilience, which seemed to have a positive impact on how they intended to confront future uncertainty.
Integrating sense of place within new housing developments: a community-based participatory research approach
Authors: Fang Mei Lan , Sixsmith Judith , Woolrych Ryan , Canham Sarah L. , Battersby Lupin , Ren Tori Hui , Sixsmith Andrew
Published: September 2019

This chapter looks at a Canadian project which critically explores the potential of an action-oriented, community-based participatory research (CBPR) approach to reveal ways in which communities can be resilient to the opportunities and challenges of ageing-in-place. As part of the ‘Place-making with Seniors’ housing redevelopment project, a CBPR approach was applied in order to understand the sense of place of older adults through multiple vantage points. This resulted in a number of positive outcomes that revealed how community resilience and empowerment, articulated through participants' voices within the action research project, transformed the redevelopment in ways that were beneficial for older adults. As such, and in recognition of community requirements and aspirations, a number of changes were implemented so as to create a better living environment for older tenants.
Managing commercialised media attention in complex governance networks: positive and negative effects on network performance
Authors: Klijn Erik Hans
Published: September 2019

Despite the importance of the media and the considerable literature on media logic and the mediatisation of politicians, there is very little research on effects of – as conceptualised here – commercialised media attention on network performance. To address this lacuna, the article draws on a survey of project managers involved in complex spatial projects in the four largest cities in The Netherlands (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Utrecht and The Hague) and managers from two consultancy firms involved in similar projects (n=141). Quantitative analysis shows that perception of commercialised media attention has negative effects on network performance but that these effects are reduced considerably by network management activities.
Over-responsibilised and over-blamed: elected actors in media reporting on network governance. A comparative analysis in eight European metropolitan areas
Authors: Hasler Karin , Kübler Daniel , Christmann Anna , Marcinkowksi Frank
Published: September 2019

This article contributes to the study of democratic problems related to governance networks, by focusing on the role of the media. Two main rivalling hypotheses are examined. The functionalist hypothesis postulates that the media accurately inform the public about policy actors and their responsibilities, independent of these actors' institutional status. The media-bias hypothesis postulates an attention bias towards elected policy actors, resulting in reduced public visibility of non-elected policy actors. The analysis uses standardised data on decision-making processes and newspaper content relating to public transport and economic promotion policies in eight western European metropolitan areas. Findings are that the actor mix of governance networks is quite accurately reflected in newspaper reporting. However, elected actors are more often presented as responsible for policies ('over-responsibilised'), and they are more often blamed for policy failures than other actors ('over-blamed'). The extent of this media bias depends on commercial pressure on media outlets. We also show that variations of this general pattern are linked to different types of media systems found across the cases under scrutiny.
Conceptualising pride, shame, guilt, humiliation and embarrassment
Authors: Gibson Matthew
Published: September 2019

This chapter critically reviews the field of emotion theory and locates the different ideas relating to pride, shame and other self-conscious emotions within this. It is argued that a constructionist approach to emotions offers the most useful way of conceptualising emotions generally, and the self-conscious emotions more specifically, yet it also identifies that there is no agreement within the broad field of constructionism on what these self-conscious emotions are and how to research them. This chapter, therefore, synthesises a range of constructionist ideas to outline a new framework for theorising and researching the self-conscious emotions in professional practice.