bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Priming and Activation of Inflammasome by Canarypox Virus Vector ALVAC via the cGAS/IFI16–STING–Type I IFN Pathway and AIM2 Sensor
Authors: Liu Fengliang , Niu Qingli , Fan Xiuzhen , Liu Connie , Zhang Jie , Wei Zhi , Hou Wei , Kanneganti Thirumala-Devi , Robb Merlin L. , Kim Jerome H. , Michael Nelson L. , Sun Jiaren , Soong Lynn , Hu Haitao
Published: September 2017

Viral vectors derived from different virus families, including poxvirus (canarypox virus vector ALVAC) and adenovirus (human Ad5 vector), have been widely used in vaccine development for a range of human diseases including HIV/AIDS. Less is known about the mechanisms underlying the host innate response to these vectors. Increasing evidence from clinical vaccine trials testing different viral vectors has suggested the importance of understanding basic elements of host–viral vector interactions. In this study, we investigated the innate interactions of APCs with two commonly used HIV vaccine vectors, ALVAC and Ad5, and identified AIM2 as an innate sensor for ALVAC, triggering strong inflammasome activation in both human and mouse APCs. Microarray and comprehensive gene-knockout analyses (CRISPR/Cas9) identified that ALVAC stimulated the cGAS/IFI16–STING–type I IFN pathway to prime AIM2, which was functionally required for ALVAC-induced inflammasome activation. We also provided evidence that, in contrast to ALVAC, the Ad5 vector itself was unable to induce inflammasome activation, which was related to its inability to stimulate the STING–type I IFN pathway and to provide inflammasome-priming signals. In preconditioned APCs, the Ad5 vector could stimulate inflammasome activation through an AIM2-independent mechanism. Therefore, our study identifies the AIM2 inflammasome and cGAS/IFI16–STING–type I IFN pathway as a novel mechanism for host innate immunity to the ALVAC vaccine vector.
Nur77 Regulates Nondeletional Mechanisms of Tolerance in T Cells
Authors: Hu Qian Nancy , Suen Alexander Y. W. , Henao Caviedes Laura M. , Baldwin Troy A.
Published: September 2017

Negative selection against highly self-reactive thymocytes is critical for preventing autoimmunity. Thymocyte deletion, anergy induction, and agonist selection are all forms of negative selection that can occur following a high-affinity TCR signal. Of Bim and Nur77, two TCR-induced proteins with proapoptotic function, Bim has been shown to be important for clonal deletion in several model systems, whereas Nur77 was often dispensable. However, Nur77 has been reported to influence other aspects of T cell development by mechanisms that may not be related to its proapoptotic function. In this study, we examined the role of Nur77 during thymocyte development in the presence and absence of Bim to separate apoptotic from nonapoptotic functions of Nur77. Polyclonal Bim−/− and Bim−/−Nur77−/− mice exhibited comparable accumulation of high-affinity signaled CD4+CD8+ double-positive thymocytes and CD8+ and CD4+ single-positive thymocytes. However, combined Bim and Nur77 deficiency increased the frequency of thymic Foxp3+ T regulatory cells and Foxp3−FR4hiCD73hi anergic phenotype CD4+ T cells compared with Bim−/− mice, suggesting that Nur77 expression impairs the development of nonconventional tolerance-inducing cell fates. Using the OT-I RIP-mOVA model, we found that Nur77 deficiency did not substantially impact clonal deletion nor did it exacerbate the defect in clonal deletion in the absence of Bim. However, additional loss of Nur77 in the absence of Bim led to diabetes induction, suggesting that Nur77 promotes tolerance in this context. Together, these data reveal novel nondeletional roles for Nur77 that differ between T cell subsets and have implications for self-tolerance.
The Epidemiology of Overuse Conditions in Youth Football and High School Football Players
Authors: Morris Kevin , Simon Janet E. , Grooms Dustin R. , Starkey Chad , Dompier Thomas P. , Kerr Zachary Y.
Published: September 2017

Context: 

High-intensity sport training at the youth level has led to increased concern for overuse conditions. Few researchers have examined overuse conditions in youth sports.

Objective: 

To examine the rates, risks, and distributions of overuse conditions between youth and high school football players.

Design: 

Descriptive epidemiologic study.

Setting: 

Youth and high school football teams.

Patients or Other Participants: 

The Youth Football Safety Study (YFSS) investigated youth football athletes from age 5 to 14 years. The National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network (NATION) focused on high school football athletes 14 to 18 years old. The YFSS data consisted of 210 team-seasons, and the NATION data consisted of 138 team-seasons.

Main Outcome Measure(s): 

Athletic trainers collected football injury and exposure data during the 2012 and 2013 seasons. Injury rates, risks, and distributions were calculated, with injury rate ratios, risk ratios, and injury proportion ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) comparing youth and high school football players.

Results: 

The YFSS reported 1488 injuries, of which 53 (3.6%) were overuse conditions. The NATION reported 12 013 injuries, of which 339 (2.8%) were overuse conditions. The overuse condition rate did not differ between high school and youth football (3.93 versus 3.72/10 000 athlete-exposures; injury rate ratio = 1.06; 95% CI = 0.79, 1.41). However, the 1-season risk of overuse condition was higher in high school than in youth football players (2.66% versus 1.05%; risk ratio = 2.53; 95% CI = 1.84, 3.47). Compared with high school football players, youth football players had greater proportions of overuse conditions that were nontime loss (ie, <24 hours participation-restriction time; 83.0% versus 67.0%; injury proportion ratio = 1.24; 95% CI = 1.07, 1.43) and affecting the lower extremity (92.5% versus 62.5%; injury proportion ratio = 1.48; 95% CI = 1.32, 1.65).

Conclusions: 

Overuse conditions may not present a primary concern in youth and high school football players. However, differences existed between the 2 levels of competition. Although additional research on the incidence of overuse conditions across all youth and high school sports is needed, these findings may highlight the need for programming that is specific to competition level.
GeoHab's role in the presentation of scientific facts, a global challenge
Authors: Greene H G
Published: September 2017

Politics should never play a role in how scientific facts are determined and presented. Yet the so-called "alternative facts" have entered our lexicon from a political stage in the US and scientists around the world are scrambling to secure a voice that
articulates what "facts" mean and how they are obtained. In general, science is under attack by politics. Although small and informal in comparison to other scientific organizations around the world, GeoHab is not immune from such attacks and scientists involved with GeoHab need to consider how to
keep their organization scientifically pure with a strong voice of creditability. A brief review will be made on how GeoHab got where it is and the beneficial impacts made on the science of habitat and geologic mapping, and examples provided that illustrate the social and civil benefits of the
organization and its scientists. A discussion will be made on what we see as the way forward and how GeoHab can put to rest the concept of "alternative facts".
Arctic Ocean seafloor geomorphic features and benthic habitats - relevance for conservation and marine spatial planning
Authors: Harris P T , Macmillan-Lawler M
Published: September 2017

The Arctic Ocean is geomorphically unique among ocean basins for its large percentage areas of continental shelf (51.8%), plateau (9.2%), spreading ridges (4.8%), shelf valleys (14.0%), submarine canyons (16.1%), and terraces (24.6%), all
of which are greater in area proportionately compared with the earth's other ocean basins. It also is distinguished by its proportionately small areas of abyssal plains, escarpments and seamounts as well as the absence of any hadal zones or deep ocean trenches (Fig. 1). These observations are
relevant to the distribution of benthic species and Arctic biogeography, because seafloor geomorphic features are surrogates for benthic habitats, at the relevant (broad) spatial scale.
Two categories of geomorphic feature can, in particular, be attributed to Pleistocene glaciation and the attendant export of sediment to the ocean basin: glacial troughs and submarine canyons. Glacial troughs characterize 24% of the Arctic shelf, second only to Antarctica where 40% of shelf
area is glacial trough. Arctic submarine canyons are twice the size of those in non-polar regions. Canyons in the Arctic have an average size of 890 square kilometres compared to the overall (global) average size of 463 square kilometres. Canyons comprise an average of 11.2% of the continental
slope area, attaining maxima of 16.1% of the continental slope of the Arctic Ocean. The larger size and greater fractional slope-area of Arctic canyons is attributed to glacial export of sediments into the Arctic Ocean during Pleistocene ice ages.
Conservation measures in the Arctic include the declaration of marine protected areas (MPAs) that are located mainly along the coasts and continental shelf areas of Arctic countries. This MPA configuration results in a lack of protection for categories of deep sea features such as submarine canyons,
seamounts and spreading ridges, and the unique benthic ecosystems that inhabit them. As anthropogenic climate change causes a gradual decline in sea ice cover, previously inaccessible benthic habitats may become vulnerable, for the first time, to human exploitation (i.e. fisheries and oil and gas
industries).
Mapping benthic habitat and fish populations on the West Florida Shelf: integration of marine acoustics and towed video technologies
Authors: Hommeyer M , Grasty S , Lembke C , Locker S , Brizzolara J , Gray J , Hughes E , Ilich A , Murawski S
Published: September 2017

It has been demonstrated though hydrographic modeling that oil from the Deepwater Horizon blowout likely reached the West Florida Shelf (WFS) not long after the time of the incident in the spring of 2010. Fortunately, the majority of the benthic habitat on the
WFS was less impacted than the ecosystems in closer proximity to the wellhead. However, the extensive impact of this event within the Gulf of Mexico underscored the need for more baseline data to better understand the potential impacts of any future oil spills. Robust assessment is difficult when
the baseline condition of the resource is largely unknown. A gap analysis of coastal and marine data sets conducted in 2012 identified "benthic habitat" and "living marine resources" as the top two categories for which increased research in the eastern Gulf should be prioritized. Yet, only a small
fraction of the seafloor on the WFS has been characterized at the spatial resolution achievable by contemporary instrumentation.
The Continental Shelf Characterization, Assessment and Mapping Project (C-SCAMP) is surveying areas on the WFS that are likely to contain essential habitat for reef fish and sea turtles. Multiple complementary technologies are employed in this effort, including multibeam and split-beam echosounders
as well as a towed camera system. As of the end of this project's first full field season (2016), ultra-high resolution bathymetry and co-registered acoustic backscatter data has been collected for over 800 square kilometres of seafloor, and more than 80 hours of imagery has been recorded.
Preliminary results of the benthic habitat analyses and fish assessments for selected areas will be presented. Many of the areas mapped by C-SCAMP have been found to contain extensive hard bottom communities and support high reef fish abundance and diversity. The overall aims of the project and
other areas of research will also be briefly discussed, including benthic faunal analysis and the synthesis of water column data from the split-beam echosounder with visual survey data from the towed camera system.
Scaling of interpretation with OBIA with backscatter data
Authors: Le Bas T P
Published: September 2017

Multibeam Echosounder systems provide two datasets: a bathymetry grid and backscatter imagery. These can be combined together to produce an interpretation of these data using OBIA. The resulting interpretation divides the data into classes of similar attributes.
However the question is what scale of interpretation is appropriate for the data and how does the scale of the data processing affect the results? Are the features that are extracted dependent on the processing resolution and the particular OBIA parameters?
Bathymetry and backscatter processing can be relatively automated and only have minor subjective input from the user, such as editing of outlier depths or removal of cross lines of backscatter, together with the resolution and level of smoothing.
Data will be presented at a variety of resolutions and with a variety of OBIA variables. The results will be compared to show whether the OBIA can distinguish seafloor features in the same manner as the human eye, for example to interpret either individual corals at high resolution or fields of
coral at low resolution. Two sets of data will be showcased, one from shipboard multibeam over coral reefs (figure below) and one from an AUV multibeam and sidescan over rocky reef. It must be remembered however that OBIA will initially only classify areas has having similar "look" statistically,
and not provide habitat identification or classification.
4D at its highest: interactive and reliable acoustic and optic imagery workflow
Authors: Neville D , Febres Urdaneta D , Malzone C
Published: September 2017

The evolution of technology allows the collection of ever higher resolution data, which is needed to fully understand our underwater environment. These increased resolutions, and corresponding data sizes, make the combination of technologies and data types more
and more difficult. Attempting to work in different software packages with these large datasets can be costly and time consuming, and might include ad hoc methods, that will make results of the process unreliable and not as accurate as the technology evolution promised. For example, for any habitat
analysis to be successful and reliable; it needs to follow a rigorous methodology that would support subsequent studies and is easily repeatable.
The use of video and imagery-based data, from camera drops or an ROV/AUV, is becoming a sound source for added value to acoustic surveys, and key for a ground truthing process. We will present a proof of concept workflow for online or post acquisition analysis of video data in combination with
high-resolution multi-beam, both bathymetry and backscatter, as well as auxiliary data types. This workflow will be illustrated for different example scenarios, such as quantitative habitat analysis, infrastructure/anthropological structure analysis, and fisheries examples for habitat mapping.
Through the application of the interactive 4D visualization and intuitive analysis tools within Fledermaus, we provide a robust and efficient bridge between high volumes of video data, high-resolution bathymetry and backscatter data, and diverse auxiliary data, to enable high precision
interpretation and eventing.
The opportunity to work with these data types, merged and time synced, allows further advanced analysis even to quantitative samples, albeit with further increases in data volumes. Our solution overcomes the data volume challenges and maximizes the benefits of using a single stop software package
that readily enables the creation of a spatial database model to be exploited for statistical and quantitative analysis. Combining multiple time-sensitive 3D objects into a scene allows discovery and analysis within that environment. This additionally provides insight for any future planning by
integrating both the raw survey data and the interpretation of the data at difference user levels.
Full-coverage seafloor mapping in the German Exclusive Economic Zone: interim results on coverage and geodata
Authors: Propp C , Bartholoma A , Hass C , Holler P , Papenmeier S , Richter P , Schwarzer K , Tauber F , Zeiler M
Published: September 2017

Offshore activities and marine environment protection promote the substantial need of habitat maps that sufficiently characterize and represent the abiotic and biotic conditions on the sea floor. Therefore, detailed information of seabed sediment types is
essential for a wide range of applications. According to the implementation of EU directives, high-resolution sediment data are a prerequisite for the identification, monitoring and protection of marine benthic biotopes in European marine waters.
Midyear 2012, the Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH) of Germany has started a sediment mapping program in cooperation with the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN) based on side-scan sonar and ground truthing using grab sampler and underwater video. To establish a standardized
mapping procedure, BSH and its R&D partners AWI, CAU, IOW and SaM have developed a technical guideline on the requirements for the collection, processing and interpretation of side-scan sonar backscatter data. For the latter, standardized strategies were defined for the classification and
discrimination of different seafloor sediment types in order to minimize the subjectivity of expert interpretation.
Different levels of classification have been introduced for the sediment types, primarily based on the FOLK scheme. In addition, sand is classified according to the national classification scheme (Figge classification) to meet the requirements for biotope modelling on the sandy shelf of the German
North Sea sector. Datasets of sediment distribution include additional information about the genesis of sediment types as well as the type of transition between them.
Data collection and processing could be finalized for large areas, older data has been processed and the interpretation of backscatter mosaics according to the guideline is ongoing steadily. Here, the actual status of these works is shown and latest difficulties are
discussed.
Mapping of complex structures: high resolution 3D renditions of vertical coral reefs
Authors: Robert K , Huvenne V A I , Jones D O B , Marsh L , Georgiopoulou A
Published: September 2017

Vertical and overhanging walls in complex deep-sea environments can harbour high biodiversity and host vulnerable marine ecosystems, to which they provide natural protection from certain human activities (e.g. trawling) as a result of their geometry. As such, it
is important to understand their ecology, but traditional ship-board multibeam echosounders cannot adequately replicate the complete 3D structure of vertical habitats, and towed video systems are challenging to operate in these rugged environments. In this study, we employed novel photogrammetry
techniques (structure from motion, SfM) to create 3D representations of ROV video transects along vertical walls on the Rockall Bank Slide Complex and the Whittard Canyon, Northeast Atlantic. SfM allows such reconstructions to be created using a single camera moving around a scene, dispensing from
more complex stereo-pair acquisition systems and allowing previously collected footage to be re-examined. With these reconstructions, it was possible to interact in 3D with extensive sections of video footage which cannot otherwise be visualized in their entire context. Once georeferenced, these
models allowed for positioning of individual organisms at very fine scales and terrain variables could be derived on scales similar to those experienced by megabenthic individuals (<1cm for photogrammetry). The finer resolutions now achievable through these advances allowed differences in
terrain conditions selected by different morphospecies of cold-water corals to be quantified. In addition, since the SfM reconstructions retained colours, they were employed to separate and quantify in 3D (e.g. surface area, volume) live coral colonies versus dead framework. These new technologies
allow us, for the first time, to map the physical 3D structure of previously inaccessible habitats at very high resolutions and demonstrate the complexity and importance of vertical walls.
This work is part of the ERC CODEMAP project (Starting Grant no 258482) and data were collected during the CODEMAP2015 cruise and the SORBEH expedition (Marine Institute, Ireland).
Historical environmental measurements reveal drastic decrease on Baltic Sea keystone species
Authors: Sahla M , Kurvinen L , Ruuskanen A
Published: September 2017

Human activities have been drastically reshaping the distribution of Baltic marine biotopes during the past 100 years. The Baltic Sea is especially vulnerable to human pressures due to its limited water exchange. A large variety of human activities occur in the
marine areas. However some of the most notable pressures, such as eutrophication and increased sedimentation, can be traced to activities happening in the surrounding drainage areas. Eutrophication increases the amount of algal material in the water column, which together with suspended sediments
can reduce the light penetration significantly. Light availability is crucial for benthic plants and therefor declining light penetration will result in deep areas becoming unsuitable for plant growth.
In this study we have combined new habitat modeling techniques and historical water quality data to show how changes in light availability have affected to the extent of favorable areas for bladderwrack (Fucus spp.), which is one of the most important keystone species in the northern Baltic Sea.
This study is as far as we know the first attempt to quantify large scale change of favorable areas for bladderwrack using spatial analysis. We have found that decreased light availability at the seafloor has reduced suitable areas for Fucus spp. in Finnish coastal waters up to 60% during past
100 years. Similar trend has been found when examining long term surveillance data on maximum depth limits on Fucus spp. occurrence during the past decades.
We have been able to successfully map areas where large scale habitat degradation has been taking place. The results are being used in the assessment of Finnish Red List of Ecosystems and the methodology is applied for other biotopes as well. The resulting data can also be used when making
conservation and restoration plans for marine areas. The importance of these findings lies in future planning. We know now what kind of status can again be achieved if sufficient protection measures are taken into action. We can also use this methodology to project future scenarios for habitat
distribution with changes in salinity, nutrients, turbidity or even sea level rise.
Habitat mapping in support of improved assessment and management of scallop fisheries in the Maritimes region, Canada
Authors: Sameoto J A , Brown C J , Smith S J
Published: September 2017

The importance of incorporating spatial information into the assessment and management of scallop populations has long been recognized. Due to the strong association between scallops and substrate type, scallop distributions can be relatively well represented by
seafloor habitat maps. These maps, combined with geospatial fishery data, have tremendous potential to improve our understanding of the spatial patterns and complexities of scallop populations and their dynamics in response to fishing. Further, marine habitat maps provide spatial classification of
patterns which can be used to understand ecosystem dynamics and support ecosystem-based fisheries management.
In the Maritimes Region of Atlantic Canada, the majority of commercial scallop fishing areas (SFAs) have been surveyed using multibeam echosounders (MBES). In 2010, a detailed underwater imagery survey was conducted in SFA 29W off south-west Nova Scotia and these data were subsequently modelled with
MBES bathymetry, backscatter, and associated metrics to derive both a species-specific habitat map for the sea scallop, Placopecten magellanicus, and a benthoscape map of broad bio-physical characteristics of the seafloor. These habitat maps have subsequently been used to improve the understanding
of scallop population dynamics, develop a habitat based population model, set biological reference points for fisheries management that incorporates habitat associations, and evaluate overlap between the fishery and benthic communities; all of which demonstrates the tremendous potential of habitat
mapping as a tool for improving fisheries science and management.
Glacial and postglacial landforms and processes adjacent to King William Island, Nunavut, Canadian Arctic Archipelago
Authors: Shaw J , Todd B J
Published: September 2017

The subaerial morphology of coastal King William Island and the bathymetry of adjacent offshore channels of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago have been explored with terrestrial/marine LiDAR and multibeam sonar surveys. During the Late Wisconsinan, the Laurentide
Ice Sheet extended northward across most of the Canadian Arctic and imprinted the buried landscape. Analysis of the survey data elucidates both glacial and postglacial processes that have shaped the seafloor in channels of the south-central Canadian Arctic Archipelago.
Glacial landforms include multiple, parallel, elongated, ridges many kilometres in length (mega-scale glacial lineations), and fields of drumlins; both of these features are indicative of ice flow direction, generally to the north. During ice sheet retreat, eskers and tunnel valleys formed beneath
the ice and swarms of icebergs were released at the calving front. The keels of numerous icebergs incised the seabed with a pattern of furrows flanked by berms; these iceberg ploughmarks provide insight into paleocurrent directions in the archipelago during glacial retreat. Iceberg ploughmarks
subaerially exposed on King William Island indicate a formerly higher sea level than at present.
Postglacial landforms include raised beaches on King William Island, formed during the lowering of sea level to its present elevation. Extensive fields of small seabed pockmarks, 2 to 3 m in diameter, were likely formed by the release of gas within the sea floor sediment. A biogenic or petrogenic
source for the gas has yet to be determined. Enigmatic, flat-bottomed pits, about 30 m in diameter, may be strudel scour or may be also related to gas release.
Work is continuing to determine if Hexactinellid sponge reefs populate Victoria Strait west of King William Island. The seabed morphology in Victoria Strait strongly resembles that of sponge reefs mapped in the Pacific Ocean off British Columbia, where these reefs preferentially grow on ridges of
coarse-grained glacial deposits exposed on the seabed.
Using topo-bathymetric LiDAR to map near shore benthic environments
Authors: Webster T L , McGuigan K , Crowell N , Fee N
Published: September 2017

The Chiroptera II shallow water topo-bathymetric LiDAR sensor has been used to survey several coastal areas in Maritime Canada since 2014. In addition to the production of seamless elevation models, the green laser reflectance amplitude has been used in
combination with the seabed roughness to map seagrass beds. The LiDAR is coupled with a 5 MPIX quality assurance camera and a 60 MPIX RCD30 multispectral camera (RGB+NIR). Utilizing the camera information with the LiDAR derivatives has allowed us to improve our bottom mapping capabilities and expand
the number of benthic classes that can be derived. The amplitude of the green laser, 515 nm, decays exponentially with water depth. The strength of the signal is dependent on several factors including: water surface specular reflection, local incidence angle (scan angle + aircraft orientation),
water column properties and the seabed material. We have developed a method to normalize the amplitude of the green laser points between flight lines. The energy of the light exponentially decays with depth and the amplitude of the signal is not scaled accordingly. We have developed an empirical
method to depth normalize the amplitude image so it can be used in image classification.
We will present various classification methods using the LiDAR and photo derived products to map the benthic environment. These methods include: semi-empirical, pattern recognition (maximum likelihood, k-means), machine learning such as random forest and object based segmentation. The results are
validated using drop camera point based ground truth or echosounding data from a Biosonics system. We will also present research related to extracting attributes directly from the waveform of the green laser return that offers additional potential for habitat classification.
Revisiting the combinatorics of the 2D Ising model
Authors: Chelkak Dmitry , Cimasoni David , Kassel Adrien
Published: September 2017

We provide a concise exposition with original proofs of combinatorial formulas for the 2D Ising model partition function, multi-point fermionic observables, spin and energy density correlations, for general graphs and interaction constants, using the language of Kac–Ward matrices. We also give a brief account of the relations between various alternative formalisms which have been used in the combinatorial study of the planar Ising model: dimers and Grassmann variables, spin and disorder operators, and, more recently, s-holomorphic observables. In addition, we point out that these formulas can be extended to the double-Ising model, defined as a pointwise product of two Ising spin congurations on the same discrete domain, coupled along the boundary.
A symbol calculus for foliations
Authors: Benameur Moulay-Tahar , Heitsch James L.
Published: September 2017

The classical Getzler rescaling theorem of [15] is extended to the transverse geometry of foliations. More precisely, a Getzler rescaling calculus, [15], as well as a Block–Fox calculus of asymptotic pseudodifferential operators (A

\Psi

DOs), [10], is constructed for all transversely spin foliations. This calculus applies to operators of degree

m

globally times degree

\ell

in the leaf directions, and is thus an appropriate tool for a better understanding of the index theory of transversely elliptic operators on foliations [13]. The main result is that the composition of A

\Psi

DOs is again an A

\Psi

DO, and includes a formula for the leading symbol. Our formula is more complicated due to its wide generality but its form is essentially the same, and it simplifies notably for Riemannian foliations. In short, we construct an asymptotic pseudodifferential calculus for the “leaf space” of any foliation. Applications will be derived in [5,6] where we give a Getzler-like proof of a local topological formula for the Connes–Chern character of the Connes–Moscovici spectral triple of [20], as well as the (semi-finite) spectral triple given in [5], yielding an extension of the seminal Atiyah–Singer

L^2

covering index theorem, [2], to coverings of “leaf spaces” of foliations.
Chikungunya Detection during Dengue Outbreak in Sumatra, Indonesia: Clinical Manifestations and Virological Profile
Authors: Sasmono R. Tedjo , Perkasa Aditya , Yohan Benediktus , Haryanto Sotianingsih , Yudhaputri Frilasita A. , Hayati Rahma F. , Ma’roef Chairin Nisa , Ledermann Jeremy P. , Aye Myint Khin Saw , Powers Ann M.
Published: September 2017

Chikungunya fever (CHIK) is an acute viral infection caused by infection with chikungunya virus (CHIKV). The disease affects people in areas where certain Aedes species mosquito vectors are present, especially in tropical and subtropical countries. Indonesia has witnessed CHIK disease since the early 1970s with sporadic outbreaks occurring throughout the year. The CHIK clinical manifestation, characterized by fever, headache, and joint pain, is similar to that of dengue (DEN) disease. During a molecular study of a DEN outbreak in Jambi, Sumatra, in early 2015, DENV-negative samples were evaluated for evidence of CHIKV infection. Among 103 DENV-negative samples, eight samples were confirmed (7.8%) as positive for CHIKV by both molecular detection and virus isolation. The mean age of the CHIK patients was 21.3 ± 9.1 (range 11–35 years). The clinical manifestations of the CHIK patients were mild and mimicked DEN, with fever and headache as the main symptoms. Only three out of eight patients presented with classical joint pain. Sequencing of the envelope glycoprotein E1 gene and phylogenetic analysis identified all CHIKV isolates as belonging to the Asian genotype. Overall, our study confirms sustained endemic CHIKV transmission and the presence of multiple arboviruses circulating during a DEN outbreak in Indonesia. The co-circulation of arboviruses poses a public health threat and is likely to cause misdiagnosis and underreporting of CHIK in DEN-endemic areas such as Indonesia.
Comparative Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum Resistance-Associated Genetic Polymorphisms in Parasites Infecting Humans and Mosquitoes in Uganda
Authors: Conrad Melissa D. , Mota Daniel , Musiime Alex , Kilama Maxwell , Rek John , Kamya Moses , Dorsey Grant , Rosenthal Philip J.
Published: September 2017

Controlling malaria in high transmission areas, such as much of sub-Saharan Africa, will require concerted efforts to slow the spread of drug resistance and to impede malaria transmission. Understanding the fitness costs associated with the development of drug resistance, particularly within the context of transmission, can help guide policy decisions to accomplish these goals, as fitness constraints might lead to decreased transmission of drug-resistant strains. To determine if Plasmodium falciparum resistance–mediating polymorphisms impact on development at different parasite stages, we compared the genotypes of parasites infecting humans and mosquitoes from households in Uganda. Genotypes at 14 polymorphic loci in genes encoding putative transporters (pfcrt and pfmdr1) and folate pathway enzymes (pfdhfr and pfdhps) were characterized using ligase detection reaction-fluorescent microsphere assays. In paired analysis using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, prevalences of mutations at 12 loci did not differ significantly between parasites infecting humans and mosquitoes. However, compared with parasites infecting humans, those infecting mosquitoes were enriched for the pfmdr1 86Y mutant allele (P = 0.0001) and those infecting Anopheles gambiae s.s. were enriched for the pfmdr1 86Y (P = 0.0001) and pfcrt 76T (P = 0.0412) mutant alleles. Our results suggest modest directional selection resulting from varied fitness costs during the P. falciparum life cycle. Better appreciation of the fitness implications of drug resistance mediating mutations can inform optimal malaria treatment and prevention strategies.
Toxocara Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors in the United States
Authors: Berrett Andrew N. , Erickson Lance D. , Gale Shawn D. , Stone Allison , Brown Bruce L. , Hedges Dawson W.
Published: September 2017

Caused by the parasitic nematodes Toxocara canis and cati, toxocariasis in humans can result in covert toxocariasis, ocular toxocariasis, visceral larval migrans, and neurotoxocariasis. A common infection, toxocariasis exposure varies widely within and between countries, with a previous estimate of Toxocara seroprevalence using data from 1988 to 1994 in the United States of approximately 13%. Age, poverty, sex, educational attainment, ethnicity, and region have been associated with Toxocara seroprevalence. In this study, we sought to determine the seroprevalence of and factors associated with Toxocara seropositivity in the United States using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2011 to 2014 to provide a more recent estimate of Toxocara seroprevalence in the United States. We found an overall Toxocara seroprevalence of 5.1%. Increasing age, male sex, low educational attainment, low income, and immigration status each was associated with Toxocara seropositivity. Mexican Americans had reduced odds of exposure. These findings show that exposure to Toxocara continues in the United States and that several demographic factors influence the risk of exposure.
How to promote alternative macroeconomic ideas: are there limits to running with the (mainstream) pack?
Authors: Dullien Sebastian
Published: September 2017

The paper discusses the merits and risks of heterodox economists using mainstream economic models, and especially dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models, to promote economic policy conclusions usually found in post-Keynesian economic thought such as large fiscal multipliers, importance of distributional issues for macroeconomic stability, and the role of endogenous money creation for the explanation of economic downturns after a banking crisis. It argues that using these models can help heterodox researchers to communicate with mainstream economists and might help to further one's personal academic career, but that such a strategy comes along with the risk of having to accept other, very questionable policy conclusions and of stabilizing the use of the DSGE models in mainstream economics, hence potentially delaying a Kuhnean-type ‘scientific revolution’ in macroeconomics.
Utilizacion de un modelo simple de transporte de agua y nitrógeno en el suelo en las practicas de Horticultura
Authors: Lidón A. , Ginestar D. , Gómez de Barreda D.
Published: September 2017

Los modelos de simulación del transporte de agua y nitrógeno en el suelo son herramientas útiles para evaluar distintas prácticas de cultivo sin necesidad de tener que esperar a que se complete el ciclo de crecimiento.  En concreto, los modelos compartimentales sencillos para el agua y el nitrógeno en el suelo se basan en ecuaciones de balance de masa y en la resolución de un sistema de ecuaciones diferenciales ordinarias. Se plantea la posibilidad de utilizar este tipo de modelos en las prácticas de la asignatura Horticultura, evaluando distintos escenarios posibles de riego y abonado en un cultivo de coliflor.  Los resultados muestran que distintas prácticas de cultivo producen diferencias en la lixiviación de nitrato y en la extracción de nitrógeno por el cultivo.
Aumentando la realidad química
Authors: Roqueta Buj Mª Luisa
Published: September 2017

El uso de nuevas tecnologías como la Realidad Aumentada en la enseñanza de la Química permite manejar información virtual y asociarla a elementos de la vida real. Se accede a la misma a través de un dispositivo tecnológico con un software específico. Esta herramienta tecnológica recibe el nombre de Realidad Aumentada y permite añadir contenido digital a nuestro mundo real aumentando la percepción que tenemos del mismo. Nos permite incorporar contenido en forma de texto, imagen, audio o vídeo.
Tuberculosis of the Larynx: A Review of Two Cases
Authors: Roy Kamalika P , Datta Dhruba J , Madam Srikanth , Koduru Praneeth K
Published: September 2017

Aim

To investigate the changes in the vibratory function of the vocal cords in two diagnosed cases of tuberculosis during and after completion of treatment.

Background

Laryngeal tuberculosis is one of the most common granulomatous diseases of the larynx. Patients present with hoarseness, irritation in throat, dysphagia, and breathlessness. The hoarseness occurs due to the granulomatous reaction involving the subepithelial layer of the vocal cords, which heal with fibrosis.

Case reports

A 56-year-old male presented with a 2-month history of cough, hoarseness allegedly precipitated by vocal abuse, dysphagia, weight loss, and evening rise of temperature. There was associated history of tobacco and betel nut intake. A 50-year-old female patient presented with complaints of hoarseness of 3 months duration not associated with any cough, dysphagia, fever, weight loss, or breathlessness. Clinical examination showed whitish lesions in the vocal cords. Microlaryngeal surgery done in both cases for collecting biopsy specimen showed a chronic inflammatory process with granuloma. Antitubercular treatment consisting of Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol was given for a period of 6 months. The patients were assessed at the end of 2 and 6 months of treatment symptomatically and clinically with fiber-optic laryngoscopy and stroboscopy. Significant improvement in the vibratory pattern of vocal cords and voice quality was noted in both the patients.

Conclusion

Early recognition of the disease and initiation of treatment are necessary for a desirable outcome of vibratory function of the vocal cords.

Clinical significance

As patients present with nonspecific symptoms, an accurate diagnosis of laryngeal tuberculosis can be made by a proper histopathological examination and acid-fast staining of specimen obtained by microlaryngeal surgery. Early initiation of treatment is the key to better outcome.

How to cite this article

Roy KP, Datta DJ, Madam S, Koduru PK. Tuberculosis of the Larynx: A Review of Two Cases. Int J Phonosurg Laryngol 2017;7(1):27-30.
Lessons learned from the total evacuation of a hospital after the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake
Authors: Yanagawa, MD, PhD Youichi , Kondo, MD, PhD Hisayoshi , Okawa, MD, PhD Takashi , Ochi, MD, PhD Fumio
Published: September 2017

Background: The 2016 Kumamoto Earthquakes were a series of earthquakes that included a foreshock earthquake (magnitude 6.2) on April 14 and a main shock (magnitude 7.0) on April 16, 2016. A number of hospitals in Kumamoto were severely damaged by the two major earthquakes and required total evacuation.Methods: The authors retrospectively analyzed the activity data of the Disaster Medical Assistance Teams using the Emergency Medical Information System records to investigate the cases in which the total evacuation of a hospital was attempted following the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake.Results: Total evacuation was attempted at 17 hospitals. The evacuation of one of these hospitals was canceled. Most of the hospital buildings were more than 20 years old. The danger of collapse was the most frequent reason for evacuation. Various transportation methods were employed, some of which involved the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force; no preventable deaths occurred during transportation.Conclusions: The hospitals must now be renovated to improve their earthquake resistance. The coordinated and combined use of military and civilian resources is beneficial and can significantly reduce human suffering in large-scale disasters.
Implications of prescription drug monitoring and medical cannabis legislation on opioid overdose mortality
Authors: Phillips, MPH Elyse , Gazmararian, PhD, MPH Julie
Published: September 2017

Objectives: To determine whether specific state legislation has an effect on opioid overdose mortality rates compared to states without those types of legislation. Design: Ecological study estimating opioid-related mortality in states with and without a prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP) and/or medical cannabis legislation.Setting and participants: Opioid-related mortality rates for 50 states and Washington DC from 2011 to 2014 were obtained from CDC WONDER. PDMP data were obtained from the National Alliance for Model State Drug Laws, and data on medical cannabis legislation from the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws.Main outcomes and measures: The relationship between PDMPs with mandatory access provisions, medical cannabis legislation, and opioid-related mortality rates. Methods: Multivariate repeated measures analysis performed with software and services.Results: Medical cannabis laws were associated with an increase of 21.7 percent in mean age-adjusted opioid-related mortality (p < 0.0001). PDMPs were associated with an increase of 11.4 percent in mean age-adjusted opioid-related mortality (p = 0.005). For every additional year since enactment, mean age-adjusted opioid-related mortality rate increased by 1.7 percent in states with medical cannabis (p = 0.049) and 5.8 percent for states with a PDMP (p = 0.005). Interaction between both types of legislation produced a borderline significant decrease of 10.1 percent (p = 0.055). For every year states had both types of legislation, interaction resulted in a 0.6 percent decrease in rate (p = 0.013).Conclusion: When combined with the availability of medical cannabis as an alternative analgesic therapy, PDMPs may be more effective at decreasing opioid-related mortality.
A high-resolution and observationally constrained OMI NO2 satellite retrieval
Authors: Goldberg Daniel L. , Lamsal Lok N. , Loughner Christopher P. , Swartz William H. , Lu Zifeng , Streets David G.
Published: September 2017

Abstract. This work presents a new high-resolution NO2 dataset derived from the NASA Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) NO2 version 3.0 retrieval that can be used to estimate surface-level concentrations. The standard NASA product uses NO2 vertical profile shape factors from a 1.25°  ×  1° (∼  110 km  ×  110 km) resolution Global Model Initiative (GMI) model simulation to calculate air mass factors, a critical value used to determine observed tropospheric NO2 vertical columns. To better estimate vertical profile shape factors, we use a high-resolution (1.33 km  ×  1.33 km) Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model simulation constrained by in situ aircraft observations to recalculate tropospheric air mass factors and tropospheric NO2 vertical columns during summertime in the eastern US. In this new product, OMI NO2 tropospheric columns increase by up to 160 % in city centers and decrease by 20–50 % in the rural areas outside of urban areas when compared to the operational NASA product. Our new product shows much better agreement with the Pandora NO2 and Airborne Compact Atmospheric Mapper (ACAM) NO2 spectrometer measurements acquired during the DISCOVER-AQ Maryland field campaign. Furthermore, the correlation between our satellite product and EPA NO2 monitors in urban areas has improved dramatically: r2  =  0.60 in the new product vs. r2  =  0.39 in the operational product, signifying that this new product is a better indicator of surface concentrations than the operational product. Our work emphasizes the need to use both high-resolution and high-fidelity models in order to recalculate satellite data in areas with large spatial heterogeneities in NOx emissions. Although the current work is focused on the eastern US, the methodology developed in this work can be applied to other world regions to produce high-quality region-specific NO2 satellite retrievals.
Combining fire radiative power observations with the fire weather index improves the estimation of fire emissions
Authors: Di Giuseppe Francesca , Rémy Samuel , Pappenberger Florian , Wetterhall Fredrik
Published: September 2017

Abstract. The atmospheric composition analysis and forecast for the European Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Services (CAMS) relies on biomass burning fire emission estimates from the Global Fire Assimilation System (GFAS). GFAS converts fire radiative power (FRP) observations from MODIS satellites into smoke constituents. Missing observations are filled in using persistence where observed FRP from the previous day are progressed in time until a new observation is recorded. One of the consequences of this assumption is an overestimation of fire duration, which in turn translates into an overestimation of emissions from fires. In this study persistence is replaced by modelled predictions using the Canadian Fire Weather Index (FWI), which describes how atmospheric conditions affect the vegetation moisture content and ultimately fire duration. The skill in predicting emissions from biomass burning is improved with the new technique, which indicates that using an FWI-based model to infer emissions from FRP is better than persistence when observations are not available.