bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rad s djecom bez pratnje – stranim državljanima u Vukovarsko-srijemskoj županiji – pogledi iz perspektive stručnjaka
Authors: Brkić Miroslav , Barišić Anita , Šmuc Martina
Published: November 2024

This paper aims to gain insight into the perspective of experts (special guardians of social workers and police officers for illegal migration) on the implementation of the work procedure with unaccompanied children (minors) and foreign nationals. In the qualitative research, data were collected in two focus groups, in which ten experts from public institutions participated (Regional Office of the Croatian Institute for Social Work, social welfare institutions and the police administration). The results showed how the research participants describe their work with unaccompanied children through interdepartmental cooperation between the police and the social welfare system, based on positive legal regulations to protect the rights and welfare of the child. They describe their professional role as informing about and ensuring the rights of the unaccompanied child and offering the child psychosocial support. The problems they face in their work are the lack of professional staff and translators, problems with infrastructure, refusal to cooperate by the minors, the feeling that they are being manipulated by the children, and the occurrence of professional and ethical dilemmas in their work. At the same time, they noted that the staff working with unaccompanied children need to have specific skills, such as knowledge of how to deal with traumatic experiences, empathy and qualities such as composure. As for the guidelines that can improve this area of work, they emphasize the importance of introducing mandatory medical screening of children, psychosocial support for children and the experts who work with them and ensuring the training of experts. The results of the research may be useful for the state authorities in developing public policies for dealing with unaccompanied children, but also in planning certain interventions to mitigate the consequences once they are on the territory of the Republic of Croatia.
Elektrik dağıtım ağı tasarımı problemi için iki aşamalı bir stokastik programlama modeli
Authors: Özdamar Tuğba , Alegöz Mehmet
Published: November 2024

Elektrik enerjisinin son kullanıcılara ulaştırılmasını sağlayan ve trafo merkezleri, dağıtım merkezleri, dağıtım transformatörleri ve saha dağıtım kutuları gibi elemanlardan oluşan ağa elektrik dağıtım ağı adı verilmektedir. Elektrik dağıtım ağlarının etkin bir şekilde tasarlanması, elektrik enerjisi arzının kesintisiz devam etmesi ve elektrik dağıtım firmalarının maliyetlerinin azaltılması açısından büyük öneme sahiptir. Bu motivasyonla, bu çalışmada, trafo merkezleri, dağıtım merkezleri, dağıtım transformatörleri ve saha dağıtım kutularından oluşan bir elektrik dağıtım ağına odaklanılmış, talep belirsizliği altında lokasyon, kablo ve akış kararları için iki aşamalı bir stokastik programlama modeli öne sürülmüştür. Öne sürülen model Eskişehir iline yönelik bir gerçek hayat uygulaması üzerinde test edilmiş, bir yandan modelin gerçek hayat problemlerinde uygulanabilirliği kanıtlanırken, bir yandan da önemli yönetimsel çıkarımlar elde edilmiştir. Örnek olarak, sayısal sonuçlar, elektrik dağıtım ağlarında belirsizliği göz ardı etmenin ciddi ek maliyetleri beraberinde getirebileceğini göstermiştir.
Soda Metasomatism in the East-Shasta Copper-Zinc District, Northern California
Authors: Albers J. P.
Published: November 2024

In this paper albitic volcanic, intrusive, and tuffaceous sedimentary rocks ranging from mafic to felsic in composition and from Middle Devonian to Late Jurassic in age are described. Most of the rocks contain albite as the only feldspar and fall into the petrographic classification of keratophyre and quartz keratophyre. Spilite, meta-andesite, metadacite, metabasalt, albite diabase, meta-quartz diorite, and albite granite are other petrographic types. Virtually all the rocks retain their primary structures and textures although they contain abundant chlorite, fine-grained white mica, actinolite, and other minerals of secondary origin. Fresh augite coexists with albite in a few specimens

Albite of demonstrably secondary origin occurs as partial replacement of plagioclase, and as veinlets, amygdule fillings and overgrowths. It is concluded from the abundance and widespread distribution of demonstrably secondary albite that virtually all the albite in the rocks of the area is secondary, formed principally if not entirely by soda metasomatism during a Late Jurassic orogeny.

The albitizing agents are believed to have been hot aqueous ftuids derived from one or any combination of three possible sources: (1) resurgent sea water, (2) a subjacent pluton of trondhjemite, and/or (3) hydrous minerals undergoing metamorphism to less hydrous types.
The Source of the Deccan Trap Flows
Authors: West W. D.
Published: November 2024

A study of the Deccan Trap flows around Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, has led to a consideration of the problem of the source of the flows, and of the distances to which individual flows may have travelled.

Assuming that the flows issued from fissures, now seen as dykes, it is difficult to account for the source of the flows that make up more than half the Deccan Trap outcrop where no dykes are found, unless it be assumed that the flows were capable of travelling long distances. In the limited area studied some of the flows have been followed for 40 to 80 miles without showing signs of thinning, and they may well have extended for very much further. It is possible, therefore, that the flows originated in those areas where dykes are found, namely in Cutch, Saurashtra, the N. Konkan, the Tapti and Narmada valleys, and the Gondwana basins of the Satpuras and further east, and that they travf'lled long distances to other parts of the outcrop.

Recent geodetic computations by E. A. Glennie support this view, and in particular suggest that the main source of the lavas was off the west coast of India north and south of Bombay, where remarkable gravity anomalies are found.

To have covered such large areas the flows must have been extremely fluid, and the possible causes of their fluidity are briefly considered.
Petrology of the Lavas of Pavagad Hill, Gujarat
Authors: Chatterjee S. C.
Published: November 2024

In a previous communication (1957) the author of this paper had recorded the occurrence of mugearite among the lava flows of the Pavagad Hill. Further work has led to the discovery of a large number of other petrographic types, and these have been described in this paper together with an account of their inter-relationship. The nature of the parent magma has also been discussed and it is shown to be alkaline olivine-basalt.
Studies on the Petrological and Electrical Conductivity Characters of Jharia XIV Seam Coal, Affected by Igneous Intrusive, from Keshargarh Colliery, Dhanbad District, Bihar
Authors: Mukherjee Bankim
Published: November 2024

A coal seam affected by a mica-lamprophyre dyke is studied. Samples of strongly affected, partially affected and unaffected portions of the coal, at the actual contact of the dyke with the seam and at increasing distances from this point respectively are subjected to proximate chemical analysis and petrological studies including reflectance measurements by Seyler's method. Electrical conductivity of these samples is also measured. It is concluded that the coal affected by the igneous intrusive undergoes a progressive increase in rank and also suffers a natural process of carbonisation with gradual development of the characters of a coke, as it approaches the contact with the igneous intrusive.
An Outline of the Stratigraphy and Structure of the Southern Part of Pithoragarh District, Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Valdiya K. S.
Published: November 2024

Three stratigraphical formations have been recognized in the southern part of the frontier district of Pithoragarh. (i) The Calc Zone, (consisting of dolomitic and cherty limestones, slates, stromatolite-limestone and magnesite beds), has been compared with the Deoban Limestone, Shali Series and the Naldera-Kakarhatti-Limestone of the Simla Series. On the basis of the contained Collenia, the position of this Calc Zone could be fixed anywhere between late Precambrian and Cambrian. (ii) The Quartzite Zone, (composed of phyllites, quartzites, conglomerates and sericite quartzites with associated chlorite schists and amphibolites) is correlated with the Nagthat (= Jaunsar) series. (iii) The crystalline Zone of Askot (consisting of ortho- and para-gneisses and schists) is correlated with the Chandpur (= Daling-Darjeeling) series.

The sedimentary zone, occupying a vast tectonic window between the crystalline zones to the north and south corresponds to the Krol nappe, or its eastern analogue, the Nawakot nappe. The whole sedimentary pile represents the lower limb of a mighty recumbent anticlinal fold, thrust from north to south; the minimum distance of translation is about 115 miles. The thrust-bound Crystalline Zone of Askot and the Crystalline Zone of Lohaghat to the south represent two detached outliers of a single thrust sheet corresponding to the Garhwal nappe, or its eastern equivalent, the Kathmandu Nappe. The width of thrusting of the crystallines is approximately 106 miles.
Magnetic Anomalies in Granites of Hyderabad
Authors: Balakrishna S. , Christopher G. , Vijaya Raghava M. S.
Published: November 2024

Granites of the Osmania University area, Hyderabad, have been studied in detail in order to understand their geological setting and magnetic anomalies. An area comprising nearly 8 sq. miles has been mapped for structural elements and the distribution of pink and grey granites in the field have been marked out. The area has been divided into a square grid of 200 meters interval and vertical intensity of magnetic field has been measured at nearly 600 stations and a magnetic anomaly map has been prepared. It is interesting to note that the magnetic anomaly map follows the distribution of various types of granites and the location of dykes in the field. A few magnetic highs have been noted and these are generally correlatable to the grey granite massifs.
Geo-Electrical Investigations of the Brine Resources of Bharatpur, Rajasthan
Authors: Kailasam L. N.
Published: November 2024

The results of geo-electrical investigations conducted over an area of roughly 50 square miles comprising the salt tracts near and around the city of Bharatpur in Rajasthan are presented. Resistivity determinations of well water were made in more than 600 wells located within this area and, in addition, a number of surface resistivity depth probes were conducted. These measurements, besides indicating the wells in which the brine, is of sufficiently high concentration as to render it suitable for salt manufacture, have enabled a rough delineation of the zones of maximum brine concentration. The resistivity depth probes have yielded useful information regarding the vertical extent of the saturation zones which would be helpful in assessing the brine resources available for the manufacture of salt in the area surveyed. Also, on the basis of chemical analyses of a number of brine samples from the wells, with concentrations varying between wide limits, a correlation graph has been prepared showing the relation between the electrical resistivity of the brine in the wells and brine concentration.
Notes on Three Cretaceous Foraminiferal Genera, Asterorbis, Orbitocrclina and Pseudorbitella
Authors: Hanzawa Shoshiro
Published: November 2024

Critical reviews on Asterorbis rooki Vaughan and Cole, A? aguayoi Palmer, A? macei Palmer, A? cubensis Palmer, A? havantnsis Palmer, Orbitocyclina nortoni Vaughan, O. minima (Douvillfe), O. cardtnascnsis (Galloway), O. rutteni (Thiadens), O. rutteni var. armata (Thiadens), O. macgillaviyi (Thiadens), O. palmerae (Thiadens), O. planasi (Rutten) and O. floridensis (Cole) were carried out.

All the species of Asterorbis are quite the same in their juvenile features. No regular series is found in the arrangement of the nepionic chambers in this genus excepting for the principal auxiliary chambers. All the species of Asterorbis ever proposed art suggested to be assembled into a single species as to be synonymous with Asterorbis rooki. Furthermore, Asterorbis rooki may be canaliferous and would be referred to a family independent from the Lepidorbitoididae and cannot be assigned to the Pseudorbitoid- idae which is characterized by the sulcoperculine juvenarium although this family is canaliferous.

Orbitocyclina nortoni, O. mimina, O. cardtnascnsis, O. rutteni, O. rutteni var. armata and O. palmerae are plausible to be united into a single species, Orbitocyclina minima. O. planasi may possibly be distinguished from O. minima in having the thicker roofs and floors of lateral chambers. O. floridensis is distinguishable from 0. minima in having thicker pillars.

The occurrence of Pseudorbitella americana Hanzawa is reported from Cuba.
Tertiary Biostratigraphy of a Part of North-Western Kutch
Authors: Gupta Barun K. Sen
Published: November 2024

The marine Tertiary strata around Lakhpat, north-western Kutch, range approximately from the Lutetian to the Burdigalian. Essential details are brought out in the lithic characters of these strata, mostly limestones, and the distribution of fossils in them. A number of breaks can be identified in the sequence, including the Eocene-Oligocene and the Oligocene-Miocene unconformities. Seven faunal zones have been recognised in this stratigraphic column, mainly with the help of the following larger Foraminifera: Alveolina elliptica (Sowerby), Asterocyclina alticostata (Nuttall), Dictyoconoides cooki (Carter), Discocyclina (Discocyclina) dispansa (Sowerby), D. (D.)sowerbyi Nuttall, Lepidocyclina (Eulepidina) sp., Miogypsina (Miogypsina) irregularis (Michelotti), Nummulites acutus (Sowerby), N. beaumonti d'Archiac and Haime, N. exponens (Sowerby), N. fichteli Michelotti, N. bagelensis Verbeek, N. perforatus (de Montfort), and "Operculina" sp. A striking vertico-lateral biofacies variation exists in the local zone 2, between strata rich in Nummulites exponens and those rich in species of Discocyclina (Discocyclina). Most of these larger Foraminifera are of considerable significance in the Indo-Pacific lower/middle Tertiary correlation. Certain aspects of this inter-regional stratigraphic correlation are discussed.
Abyssal Non-Biogenic Origin of Oil and Gas and the Problem of the Origin of Life on the Earth
Authors: Kropotkin P. N.
Published: November 2024

The paper deals with the problem of non-biogenic (inorganic) abyssal origin of oil and gas. This question is closely connected with an interesting problem of the appearance of life. In brief we may ask a question "Oil from life or life from oil"?
Study of Geochemical Changes in the Metasediments, Occurring Around the Richughuta Granite, District Palamau, Bihar
Authors: Sinha R. C. , Ghose N. C.
Published: November 2024

The present studies deal with the nature of the chemical changes induced in a suite of Archaean metasediments of varying lithologies during the emplacement of a granitic pluton. On the basis of a large number of analyses of the affected and unaffected rocks it has been shown that the nature and magnitude of the chemical changes have been primarily governed by the original composition of the respective zones, while the other factors have played only a secondary role. It has been suggested that the idea of 'basic front' is out of place in the context of granitization and that it refers to an altogether different process. Similarly it has been shown that the process of granitization, truly speaking, is very restricted in its application and that it is not correct to ascribe such processes as metamorphic differentiation, feldspathization and alkali metasomatism to it.
Modern Conceptions about the Structure and Development of the Earth's Crust and Upper Mantle of Continents
Authors: Beloussov V. V.
Published: November 2024

Based on the latest studies, the paper deals with the modern conceptions about the structure and development of the Earth's crust and Upper mantle of Continents, and the observations and arguments in support of these concepts are detailed under the following headings: (I) Composition of the Earth's crust (2) Thickness of the Earth's crust (3) Composition of the Upper mantie (4) Processes in the Upper mantie, and (5) Influence of the Upper mantle on the crust.

The following are some of the important conclusions arrived at: (I) The so-called "basaltic layer" of the crust is actually a layer of degranitised metamorphic rocks of the granulitic facies (2) The thickness of the crust in geological history can change many times and such changes are in accordance with the changes of direction of the vertical crustal movements (3) The vertical tectonic movements are caused by processes not only in the crust, but in the mantle as well, and that the Upper mantie, undoubtedly, has horizontal inhomogeneities associated with the structure and movements of the crust (4) The most important peculiarity of Zone B of the Upper mantle is the presence of a waveguide in it, i.e. of a layer with reduced seismic velocities (5) An essential difference is marked in the relationship between the mantle and the crust in geosynclines, on the one hand, and on platforms, on the other.
Petrology of the Rocks of St. Mary Islands, Near Malpe, South Kanara District, Mysore State
Authors: Naganna C.
Published: November 2024

The rocks of St. Mary Islands consist of dacite, rhyodacite and granophyre, showing close similarity in texture, mineralogy and petrochemistry, to similar rocks described from the islands of Salsette and Bassein, near Bombay. Based on the petrological study, it is surmised that the rocks of these islands are genetically connected with the Deccan Trap igneous activity. The study suggests a wider Deccan Trap igneous activity extending to several hundred kilometres south of the now known outcrops of trap. It also hints the association of a rhyolite magma with Deccan Trap igneous activity.
Deformation Twinning in Stibnite from Punjab, India
Authors: Rao N. K. , Rao G. V. U.
Published: November 2024

Prismatic sections of stibnite obtained from-Punjab, India, show various types of twinning, whose nature indicates deformation origin of the twinning . The twinning is simple or repeated or polysynthetic; in the latter case the twin lamellae may be parallel, wedge-, lens- or spindle-shaped, twisted and sinuous.

The disposition of the twinning lamellae and their relation to the (010) cleavage indicate that twin gliding has taken place in the plane (001) along [010]. This is probably due to the least coherence along [010]. The various patterns of twin lamellae are due to (a) trans­ lation gliding (010) [001] (b) bending about [100] and © twisting about [001] subsequent to the twinning. The simple types of twins are either due to accumulation of localised stresses during alteration or due to grinding and polishing, and the complex ones are due to shearing movements during or after deposition of stibnite.
The Genus Globotruncana and Biostratigraphy of the Lower Ariyalur Stage (upper Cretaceous) of Vridhachalam, South India
Authors: Banerji Ranjit K.
Published: November 2024

The Lower Ariyalur Stage (Upper Cretaceous) cropping out in the north of Vridhachalam, has been sampled for detailed foraminiferal study. Nine species and subspecies and one new species of the genus Globotrunrana and several benthonic species are identified. On the basis of the vertical distribution of these species, the Lower Ariyalur Stage, earlier described as a [single uniform formation, is subdivided into five biostratigraphic zones and subzones, 'commencing from the? Late Turonian and continuing up to the Lower Maestrichtian. This sequence of strata is correlated with the well known Upper Cretaceous formations of North America, Trinidad, Middle East, Europe and Australia. The systematic description and evolutionary trends of the species and subspecies of Globutruncana are given. On the basis of percentage distribution of the planktonic forms, the depth of the basin is calculated. There is indication of a shallowing of the Upper Cretaceous sea at the end of the Globutruncana linneiana trlcarinata zone (Lower Maestrichtian).
Charnockites and their Colour
Authors: Howie R. A.
Published: November 2024

The characteristic dark colour of charnockite is due to thin pale greenish or brownish yellow veins and stringers throughout the rock. These veins are seen particularly in the feldspars but also occur in quartz and other minerals. The colour is removed from charnockite if it is leached as chips or thin slices with warm hydrochloric acid, when the rock becomes almost identical in appearance with a normal Ieucocratic granite. In thin section the yellow veins can then be seen to have disappeared. Chemical analyses show that the material leached out contains appreciable iron, and comparison of analyses of the rock before and after acid treatment shows that the leaching has decreased the amount of iron present. From this and other evidence obtained on heating, the colour of charnockite is attributed to the presence of a yellowish mineral containing ferric iron, which occurs in veins and wisps throughout the light minerals giving them their characteristic dark olive-brown appearance in hand specimen. The exact nature of this mineral is still problematical.

Although recent work has demonstrated that some charnockitic rocks have almost certainly been derived by the metamorphism of rocks laid down contemporaneously with the surrounding sediments and probably have originated as sediments, it is maintained that the charnockite series of the type area around Madras represents a regionally metamorphosed suite of rocks of original igneous parentage.
On a New Fossil Fish Known from an Otolith from the South Indian Cenomanian
Authors: Sambe Gowda S.
Published: November 2024

A brief reference is made to the abundant occurrence of fish ossiculiths in the Odhium Clay member of the Utatur Group of the Trichinopoly District, South India. The first fossil otolith (sagittal) from India in the same clay has been shown to be the first Cenomanian otolith of the world. After discussing the relationship of the Indian otolith to the already known Mesozoic otoliths, new Linnean taxa of the rank of family (Lycoclupeidae) , genus (Lycoclupea) and species (menakiae) are instituted. Although the age of the new taxa is Upper Cenomanian, a suggestion as to its probable range in time, from Cenomanian to Dogger, is made for future verification.
Modal Composition Variations in the Dalima Biotite Granodiorite Member of the Singhbhum Granitic Complex
Authors: Chatterjee P. K. , Saha A. K.
Published: November 2024

Analysis of variance and polynomial trend surface techniques are used to determine the levels of variability and geographic variability, of five modal attributes and specific gravity of the Dalima Biotite Granodiorite. It is found that modal analyses from one measurement area in one hand specimen collected from one exposure in the pluton gives a reasonable estimate of that exposure, but that more than one exposure per one-square-mile grid is needed to estimate the variability within the grid. There are significant differences between the samples from each one-square-mile grid. The degree 6 polynomial trend surface maps of the modal attributes and specific gravity, based on149samples, represent good appraisals of the regional variability; there is good correspondence between the trends of primary foliation and the compositional contours of the trend surfaces. The structural evidence of the existence of two distinct intrusive units within the pluton is supported by (a) comparison of the cumulative frequency distributions of the modal attributes, and (b) the distinctive patterns of the individual trend surfaces for the two units. Compositional and structural evidences suggest that the western unit is the older of the two.
The Lonar Crater-Some Geochemical Data
Authors: Venkatesh V.
Published: November 2024

If the Lonar depression is a meteorite crater, a giant meteorite several-fold richer in nickel and cobalt than the basaltic country rock, should have produced localised enrichment of these metals. Weathering and secondary dispersion, aided by favourable centripetal drainage conditions, should have produced anomalous concentrations of the metals in plants, soil and silt at the site. This is not borne out by the average and below average values of the metals in geochemical samples from the crater area; and recent experimental sampling in the meteorite crater of Arizona also showed similar lack of anomalous metal values. The use of geochemical anomalies in recognising meteorite craters should, therefore, await investigations in other established craters.
Charnockitic Rocks of Tinnevelly District, Madras
Authors: Narayanaswamy S. , Lakshmi Purna
Published: November 2024

The charnockitic rocks of the Tinnevelly district are conformable in strike and dip with the enclosing gneissic rocks and nowhere show cross-cutting intrusive relationship. The geological structure consists of an earlier period of folding about a NW-SE axis, followed by a second stage cross-folding about a NNW-SSE axis, and discordance of rock types as well as structural elements in the north-east part of the district by a zone of thrust. The charnockitic rocks thus appear to have been subjected to two periods of deformation, granitic intrusion and metamorphic episodes.,

The mineralogical compositions, lithological associations, mutual field relationships and structural history of the district, suggest that Tinnevelly charnockitis represent a geosynclinal association of sediments, basic volcanics and intrusives, folded and refolded during possibly two periods of orogeny, accompanied by granitic and migmatitic activity and deep-scated plutonic palingenetic recrystallisation.
Petrography and Origin of Miliolite Limestone of Western Saurashtra Coast
Authors: Shrivastava P. K.
Published: November 2024

The Miliolite Limestone of the Western Saurashtra coast consists of a succession of mostly high-energy calcarinites, calcirudites, coquinoid bands, and minor carbonate-mud. Petrographic examination of these rocks shows that the sediments were formed under shallow, warm, agitated waters of tropical sea shores. These are mainly calcareous beach deposits which have been cemented by secondary calcium carbonate precipitated from sea water which was saturated with it. There were minor variations in the beach environment which are reflected in the associated sediments. The occurrence of these rocks over the Tertiary coastal plains and in the interior of the Deccan Trap country indicates a higher stand of the sea during Pleistocene time than at present.
Differentiation of Alkali Basaltic Magma Towards the Salic Ends
Authors: Bose Mihir K.
Published: November 2024

Alkali basaltic magma fractionating towards the salic ends, in plutonic environment,. shows characteristic crystallisation behaviour for which both magma chemistry and physical conditions seem to be responsible. Both pressure and iron enrichment of the magma appear to inhibit reaction relation of olivine with the rest liquid. The hydrous magma may experience prolonged precipitation of chain-silicates whose field of crystallisation is extended at the expense of plagioclase and olivine. Both pyroxene and amphibole show parallel trend in compositional variations by inviting calcium, titanium and aluminium along with a progressive Fe-Mg diadochic replacement with fractionation. Compositions of the precipitating mafic phases highly influence the nature of residual liquid which may thus show wide variation in silica saturation. High pressure fractionation of an alkalic basic magma under favourable condition may even lead to a peralkalic silica rich differentiate.
Larger Foraminifera from the Subathus of Beragua-Jangalgali Area, Jammu & Kashmir State
Authors: Singh Pratap
Published: November 2024

A rich assemblage of the larger foraminifera has been recorded for the first time from the Subathus of Beragua-Jangalgali Area, Jammu & Kashmir State. Eleven species of the larger foraminifera belonging to four genera represented by three families, have been studied and described in this paper. This foraminiferal assemblage suggests a Laki (Lower Eocene) age for these formations. The Subathus of the present area have been correlated with the other similar formations occurring in India. The micropalaeontological investigation of the area leads to the conclusion that the Subathus were deposited in neritic environment.
A Contribution to the Methodology of Palaeocurrent Determination
Authors: Sharma B. L. , Damle G. V.
Published: November 2024

Palaeocurrent directions in sandstone around Jodhpur (Vindhyan or early Palaeozoic) were determined by measuring direction of cross-bedding, grain orientation, quartz 'c' axis orientation, and also with the help of asymmetrical ripples. A comparison was made of the results derived from these different methods. It was found that there is a fairly good agreement between the directions derived from the study of grain orientation, quartz 'c' axis orientation and cross-bedding. Usually asymmetrical ripples also agree and indicate the general direction of the palaeocurrent; hut occasionally asymmetrical ripples turn out to be climbing ripples and indicate a direction opposite to the true palaeocurrent direction. This paper attempts to correlate the results obtained by different methods and concludes that a fairly good correlation exists between the results obtained by different methods. The grain orientation studies indicate that there is an up-current imbrication of the elongate quartz grain a in general; but in the case of fore-set surface in the cross-bedded strata, they tend to be parallel to the fore-set bedding and therefore develop a down-current imbrication. It is also found that existence of climbing ripples may indicate the necessity of caution and should be used only to assess the depositional strike.
Quantitative Differences in the Living Benthic Foraminifera of Vellar Estuary, Tamil Nadu
Authors: Ramanathan Rm.
Published: November 2024

Seasonal quantitative distributions of the species of the living benthic foraminifera forming the greater part of the foraminiferal population in the Vellar estuary, South India have been studied. Recorded physico-chemical factors have played an important role in controlling the relative abundances of this microfauna. Estuarine foraminiferal assemblage in general shows a quantitative increase with increasingly marine conditions.
Petrology of the Intrusive Alkalic Suite of Koraput, Orissa
Authors: Bose Mihir K.
Published: November 2024

The late Pre-Cambrian intrusive suite of Koraput, Orissa comprises of alkali-gabbro-calc-alkali syenite-perthite syenite (perthosite)-nepheline syenite, arranged in the sequence of emplacement. Alaskitic granite develops as a direct offshoot from the hydrous alkali-gabbro magma during fractional crystallisation.

Chemical, optical and X-ray data for the rock forming minerals have been furnished, and the trend of mineralogical variation during fractionation of the magma has been traced. Structural states and geothermometric significance of the feldspars are investigated. The alkali feldspafs in the suite reveal a compositional variation tending to approach the temperature minimum on Ab-Or join. Nephelines both in syenite and pegmatite show a marked variation from the ideal composition. The major mafic silicates, namely pyroxene and amphibole, essentially show a parallel trend of variation being progressively richer in ferrous iron at the expense of magnesium while the entry of calcium in the chain structures is not much affected. The trend of increasing Fe/Mg ratio with fractionation is also imprinted on biotite. The iron-titanium oxides indicate the change of physicochemical conditions in fractionating magma.

Variations of major elements and of some trace elements as related to respective diadochic major elements have been discussed. The alkalic suite shows a progressive increase in alkali metals with advancing differentiation as reflected through increasing differentiation index though peralkalinity is never reached but in granite. Magmatic evolution in the development of the alkalic complex has been elucidated.
Metamorphic Control of the Origin of Secondary Fe-Ti Oxides in the Noritic Rocks Around Saltora, West Bengal
Authors: Roy Asit Kumar
Published: November 2024

Sub-parallel bands of noritic rocks occurring as concordant inclusions within anorthosite are abundant around Saltora (23°31'12'' N and 86°56'20" E). At places they occur as concordant intrusions in the surrounding country rocks which comprise acid and basic gneisses, granulites and migmatites. Noritic rocks are the hosts for Fe-Ti oxides of two generations, viz. primary and secondary. Secondary Fe-Ti oxide is almost exclusively ilmenite, whose proportion increases with increasing alteration of pyroxene in the noritic rocks. This trend of variation supplemented by the petrographic variation of the noritic rocks suggests that the secondary ilmenite is a product of diapthoresis, a process that involved the redistribution of Fe+2, Fe+3 and Ti+4 between the silicate and oxide phases under a low partial pressure of oxygen.
Two Faunal Associations from the Maleri Formation of the Pranhita-Godavari Valley
Authors: Kutty T. S.
Published: November 2024

In the course of a study of the Maleri formation of the Pranhita-Godavari valley exposed between Maleri and Dharmaram, a number of new fossil localities have been found. The present paper gives a brief description of two distinct faunal associations in the area. Their relationships to the rock types are discussed, and some suggestions are made as to the probable environments represented by the two associations.
Superimposed Folding in the Transitional Rocks (Precambrians) and its Influence on the Structure of South Eastern Margin of the Vindryan Basin, Jabalpur District, Madhya Pradesh
Authors: Choubey V. D.
Published: November 2024

The author outlines the general geologic setting of the Transitional rocks (Precambrians) of the Jabalpur district, describes the principal characteristics of folding, records the divergence in orientation, and suggests an explanation for the regional tectonic setting. The folds occur in a thick sequence of sub-metamorphic rocks which have been subjected to repeated folding. Two successive phases of folding have been recognised; major folds of the first phase account for the over all structural pattern shown by the lithologic units; while the second phase occurs mostly as minor folds. The major folds are isoclinal to overturned folds and their axial planes and fold limbs strike north-east and dip steeply, the fold axes plunge steeply towards NE. The general strike of the axes and axial planes of the later phase is north-west, plunging SE.

Along the south-eastern margin of the Vindhyan basin where it abuts against these repeatedly deformed rocks, a flat elongated dome has been developed around labera and Katangi. Regarding the mode of formation of the dome structure, it is suggested that it has resulted from the interference of two sets of folding in the basement rocks and the subsequent tectonic movement direction lay close to the axial plane of the second fold set.
Blaini Tillites Near Rishikesh and their Origin
Authors: Gaur Girish C. S. , Dave V. K. S.
Published: November 2024

The Blaini Formation exposed near Rishikesh, U.P., has been studied and an attempt has been made to describe its origin. It has been suggested that the lower laminated sequence and limestone were deposited during the west base glaciation; it was followed by a period of dry base glaciation during which deposition of massive tillite and limestone took place. The turbulent waters supersaturated with respect to CaCo3 have probably deposited the limestones. This sequence was followed by an interglacial period during which shales intercalated with siltstone and sandstone, and variegated shales were deposited. The second glaciation (dry base) was of a shorter duration and deposited limestone and upper tillite. Lastly, during the waning phase of the second glaciation, deposition of the topmost bleached pink and grey shales took place.
Silurian-Devonian Boundary in the Indian Subcontinent
Authors: Gupta V. J.
Published: November 2024

In the present paper an attempt has been made to define the boundary between the Silurian and Devonian systems of Pakistan, Kashmir, Ladakh, Lahaul, Spiti, Kumaon and Nepal on the basis of the available palaeontological and stratigraphical data from these regions.
Petrological Studies in Parts of the Closepet Granite Pluton, Mysore State
Authors: Divakara Rao V. , Aswathanarayana U. , Qureshy M. N.
Published: November 2024

With the object of investigating the mode of origin of the Closepet granite, Mysore state, India, integrated geological, geochemical and geophysical studies have been made of the northern part of the pluton as also the adjacent Chitaldurg and Hosdurga granites and Penmsular gneiss. The Joints (post-emplacement'l) in the Closepet granite and the ratios of mineral pairs indicate that (i) the grey and the pink varieties of the Closepet granite and the Chitaldurg granite are comparable to many respects and might have had a common mode of origin, (ii) the Hosdurga granite is distinguishable from the above granites in having a lower amount of quartz and K-feldspar and higher amounts of plagioclase and mafics and (iii) the Peninsular gneiss markedly differs from the Closepet and Chitaidurg granites, and departs from them in the same direction as the Hosdurga granite but in a more accentuated way. A two-stage model for the origin of the Closepet granite is supported by the following petrological evidence presence of two generations of quartz, unzoned anhedral plagioclase, replacement of plagioclase by microcline and the presence of perthite and myrmekite along With K-feldspar and quartz. The Closepet granite was apparently formed by palingenesis (starting from the Peninsular  gneiss) and metasomatism involving enrichment in Si, K and Na, among other elements.
The Nature and Origin of the Blue Dust in Precambrian Sedimentary Iron Ores
Authors: Sahu K. C. , Gurav R. P.
Published: November 2024

In the course of study of the Precambrian sedimentary iron ore deposits of Noamundi in Singhbhum district of Bihar and of Goa, extensive occurrences of powdery iron ores known as Blue Dust have been observed and examined. Field features like the nature of occurrence, textural, structural, and mineralogical character of the Blue Dust have been observed in detail. Shape and size analysis of the mineral grains of the powdery ore have been made and their chemical, X-ray and DTA data presented to explain the mineralogy and chemistry. Etch tests and dissolution experiments have been carried out on standard ore pieces at different pH and temperature for different lengths of time to produce material equivalent to the powdery iron ore. From the above data and experiments, and with the theory of anisotropic dissolution of hematite, the mechanism of formation of the Blue Dust has been explained.
Mechanical Analyses of Middle Siwalik Sandstones from Ramnagar, Nainital District, Kumaon Himalaya
Authors: Tandon S. K.
Published: November 2024

Studies have been carried out on the size characteristics of Middle-Siwalik sandstones collected from the tract lying between Ramnagar and Kalagarh with a view to interpret the environment of deposition. Statistical parameters have been obtained from the weight frequencies recorded from the mechanical analyses of these sediments. Analysis on the Wentworth's size classification reveals that the sediments are composed essentially of fine and very fine sands, the former being predominant. It is seen that the coarser fraction behaves differently from the rest of the sediments and has been incorporated in response to fluctuations within the tectonic framework. Overall conditions of sedimentation remained more or less similar.
Dharwar Stratigraphy
Authors: Srinivasan R. , Sreenivas B. L.
Published: November 2024

Reconsideration of the stratigraphy of the Dharwars of Mysore State in the light of new data suggests that they are Paleoproterozoic and overlie Charnockites of Archean age. Classification of Dharwars based on tectonomagmatic and atmospheric evolution leads to a four fold divison. Pregeosynclinal shelf stage iS represented by two cycles of platformal sedimentation and magmatism; the earlier, under oxygen deficient conditions, on mafic platforms built by subaerial lavas, Is represented by Bababudan Series, and the latter under oxygenic conditions accompained by alkaline ultramafic intrusions gave rise to Dodguni Series. The geosynclinal Stage represented by pillow-Iava-greywacke-Iron ore deposition (third cycle of magmatism and sedimentation) constitutes the Grey trapRambennur Series. Early tectonic plagioclase granites-Champion gneisses syntectonic migmatites-Peninsular gneisses and late to post-tectonic alkali metasomatic granites Closepet granites (fourth, fifth and sixth magmatic cycles) developed during the folding and metamorphism of Dharwar geosynclinal pile. The inversion of geosyncline witnessed apogeosynclinal molasse red bed Sedimentation (fourth cycle of sedimentation) represented by G. R. Series. Paleoproterozoic epidiorites and post-Paleoproterozoic dolerites cratonised the area.
Petrology and Geochemistry of the Ultramafic Intrusion of Keshargaria, Singhbhum, Bihar
Authors: Saha A. K. , Bose M. K. , Sankaran A. V. , Bhattacharyya T. K.
Published: November 2024

An ultramafic body flanked on either side by tholeiitic dolerite occurs as a minor intrusion in the Singhbhum granite, southwest of Keshargaria (22°36' : 85°56'). The ultramafic body varies from pyroxene-rich harzburgite to olivine-rich poikilitic harzburgite, the latter being conspicuous in the central part of the intrusion. A crude planar structure defined by enstatite crystals is developed towards the contact walls. The constituent mafic silicates, arranged in paragenetic order, are: forsteritic olivine, enstatite, diopsidic augite (malacolite), phlogopite and plagioclase, the last three phases appear to represent intracummulus crystallisation.

The central part of the intrusion is relatively enriched in olivine whereas the marginal parts are in an advanced stage of differentiation relative to the central zone, indicated by lower Mg/Fe and Ba/Rb ratios in the former. This spatial variation in degree of differentiation is considered to have been induced during flowage of the crystal-iquid mush. The ultramafic intrusion is non-uniform in chemical and mineralogical compositions and does not represent unaltered mantle material. The significant deviation from the mantle composition is in higher aluminium and ferric iron and lower magnesium in the investigated peridotite. The Keshargaria ultramafic body which is one of several such bodies associated with the Newer Dolerite intrusions, represents a stage of fractionation of mantle derived magma.
Preliminary Results of Some Gravity Surveys, in Singhbhum Area, Orissa
Authors: Qureshy M. N. , Bhatia S. C. , Subba Rao D. V.
Published: November 2024

The regional gravity survey in the area bounded by Lat. 21°N to 23°N and Long. 85°E to 87°E has brought out a broad gravity' low' over the granite batholith south of the Singhbhum thrust zone. The amplitude of gravity' low' is more in the southern portion (about 30 mgal near Keonjhargarh) than that in the northern portion of the granite batholith (about 20 mgal near Hatgamaria). This gravity 'low' in general suggests that the granite body may continue to a considerable depth.

A broad gravity 'high' has also been observed east of Singhbhum granite where one or two outcrops of basic rocks are observed. The areal distribution of this' high' would seem to suggest the existence of a substantial amount of basic rocks in this area which may represent the Simlipal and the Dhanjori basins filled with high density material as suggested by Iyengar and Alwar.

This correlation of gravity to surface geology can be advantageously used as an aid to structural mapping and in getting the third dimensional configuration of the major rock types.
Radioactive Limonite of Lata Pahar, Singhbhum District, Bihar
Authors: Subramanyan V.
Published: November 2024

Transported, radioactive (up to about 1,000 ppm of U) limonite occurs in Lota Pahar, which is shown to be the westernmost extension of uranium mineralization in the Singhbhum thrust belt. Limonite might have acquired the uranium content by the adsorption of uranyl ions on the colloidal ferric oxide hydrate. This radioactive limonite served as a prospecting aid in the discovery of uraniferous breccia in the Lota Pahar ridge and the environs.
Clay Mineral Distribution of Dharmsala Sediments in Northwest India
Authors: Bhattacharya N. , Raiverman V.
Published: November 2024

Clay mineral distribution in Dharmsala sediments over a region extending from Palampur to Mandi and Sarkaghat in northwest India was studied using standard X-ray diffractometer techniques. Lower Dharmsala sediments show uniform clay mineral distribution over the region and contain partially degraded illite and chlorite with minor amounts of kaolinite. Upper Dharmsala sediments seem to vary in clay mineralogy from one part of the region to another. They are characterized by the presence of illite, chlorite and vermiculite at Palampur-Baijnath. The clay minerals are mainly degraded illite, vermiculite and expandable mixed layers at Jogindernagar-Mandi and Rewalsar areas. Upper Dharmsala clays at Sarkaghat consist of montmorillonite, expandable mixed layers and minor amounts of highly degraded chlorite. Differences in clay mineral distribution over the region is explained here by variations in the characters of source rocks, weathering intensity, sediment transport, drainage and topography. The present findings are compatible with information obtained from paleocurrent investigalions.
Zircons from the Granitic Rocks Around Sagtala, Panchmahal District, Gujarat
Authors: Bhaskar Rao B. , Venkataraman G.
Published: November 2024

Zircon studies have been carried out on the granitic rocks occurring around Sagtala, Panchmahal district, Gujarat, The granitic rocks are coloured grey or pink and can be classified into three types: (1) Grey quartz-monzonite, (2) Grey granodiorite, (3) Pink granite. Elongation frequency diagrams drawn for the zircons of the different granitic rocks show maxima in the range 2 - 2.5. Positional as well as slope differences are observed in the reduced major axes of the zircons of quartz-monzonite, granodiorite and granite. On the basis of zircon studies, it is concluded that the Sagtala granite is a composite intrusive consisting of three distinct intrusive phases whose emplacements were separated in time.
Mineralogy and Genesis of Barytes Deposits East of Khammam, Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Reddy B. R. G. , Sriramadas A.
Published: November 2024

Deposits of barytes, east of Khammam, Andhra Pradesh, are associated with early and late Precambrian formations. The barytes in association with chert occurs in the form of irregular veins and lenses along and across the bedding and foliation planes and along axial plane traces of the folds, in several lithological units indicating structural controls. Optical, chemical, X-ray and spectrochemical studies of four different types of barytes have been made in detail. The mineralogical studies and the mode of occurrence indicate that the barytes mineralisation resulted from residual solutions.
The Subsurface Geology of the Indo-Gangetic Plains
Authors: Ramachandra Rao M. B.
Published: November 2024

The paper presents a comprehensive account of the results of the geophysical surveys and well data available in respect of the sub-surface geology of the Indo-Gangetic Plains, pointing out the major divisions of this gigantic depression. The geological relation of this depression with the Peninsular shield on the one hand and the Extra-Peninsular region on the other has been briefly discussed, pointing out the need for further investigations to obtain a complete solution to the problem posed by this major unit in the geology of the Indian subcontinent. A few remarks are also added on the petroleum prospects in these plains.