bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DETERMINAÇÃO DO CONSUMO DE FOLHAS DE Eucalyptus grandis POR FORMIGUEIROS DE Atta sexdens rubropilosa
Authors: Ukan Daniele , Sousa Nilton José , Belinovski Claudiane
Published: August 2014

Pelo fato de cortarem material vegetal e o transportarem para o interior de suas colônias, as saúvas tornam-se importantes agentes de acumulação de matéria orgânica no solo, por meio de suas câmaras de descarte (lixo). Esse material acumulado é oriundo do processamento do fungo simbionte e se torna uma fonte de nutrientes. Diante desse contexto, o objetivo do trabalho foi determinar a conversão de folhas de Eucalyptus grandis em resíduos, por colônias de Atta sexdens rubropilosa monitoradas em laboratório. Foram selecionadas 8 colônias de Atta sexdens rubropilosa, sendo 4 coletadas em 2007 (denominados adultos) e 4 coletadas em 2010 (denominadas jovens). Durante 72 dias, elas foram supridas com folhas de mudas de Eucalyptus grandis. A média do fator de conversão entre os formigueiros adultos e jovens monitorados em laboratório foi de 1,49. Observou-se que 63,65% do material fornecido aos formigueiros converteram-se em resíduos.Palavras-chave: Resíduos; formigas-cortadeiras; taxa de conversão. AbstractDetermination of consumption of Eucalyptus grandis by nests of Atta sexdens rubropilosa. Because ants cut and carry plant material inside their colonies, they become important agents for the accumulation of organic matter in the soil through their disposal chambers. This accumulated material comes from  symbiotic fungus processing and can become a source of nutrients. In the context, the objective of this study was to determine the conversion of leaves of Eucalyptus grandis into waste by colonies of Atta sexdens rubropilosa monitored in laboratory. We selected eight colonies of Atta sexdens rubropilosa, 4 collected in 2007 (called adults), and 4 in 2010 (referred to as young). During 72 days, they were supplied with leaves of Eucalyptus grandis. The average conversion factor between the young and adult colonies monitored in the laboratory was 1.49. We observed that 63.65% of the material supplied to the colonies converted to waste.Keywords: Waste; leaf-cutting ants; conversion rate.
DESEMPENHO DE MÉTODOS E PROCESSOS DE AMOSTRAGEM PARA AVALIAÇÃO DE DIVERSIDADE EM FLORESTA OMBRÓFILA MISTA
Authors: Corte Ana Paula Dalla , Sanquetta Carlos Roberto , Figueiredo Filho Afonso , Pereira Thaiza Karine , Behling Alexandre
Published: August 2014

Este trabalho objetivou testar tamanhos, processos de distribuição e intensidades de amostragem, com a finalidade de indicar os melhores tratamentos para aplicação em levantamentos que visam expressar a diversidade florestal. Foram utilizados dados da FLONA de Irati, Paraná, e ao todo foram analisados 28 tratamentos. Os resultados foram analisados considerando o número de espécies, o número de indivíduos amostrados e os índices de Margalef, Shannon e de Simpson. A curva do coletor (ou curva espécies-área) foi construída sob três abordagens: ordem numérica sequencial qualquer das parcelas; ordem crescente do número de espécies em cada parcela; e ordem da parcela com maior número de espécies para a de menor número amostradas. O processo aleatório representou melhor o número de espécies em áreas amostradas menores, ao passo que o sistemático em áreas amostradas maiores. Os índices de Simpson e de Shannon não tiveram sensibilidade para representar as variações encontradas em relação ao censo. O índice de Margalef apresentou sensibilidade melhor para expressar a diversidade de espécies presentes na área. A curva do coletor mostrou-se facilmente manipulável para representar uma situação favorável ou desfavorável para a análise da suficiência amostral.Palavras-chave: Curva do coletor; Simpson; Shannon; Margalef. AbstractPerformance of methods and sampling procedures in order to evaluate forest diversity in Araucaria forest. This research aimed at testing different plot and sample sizes, as well the sampling design to evaluate diversity indexes in a natural forest. The study was carried out in the Irati National Forest, Paraná. A combination of sampling schemes resulted in 28 treatments, which were evaluated considering the number of species, the number of sampled individuals and calculation of the Margalef, Shannon and Simpson indexes. The species accumulation curve was carried out based on three approaches: random sequential numerical order, ascending order of species number in each plot, and  order of the parcel with the highest number of species for the smaller number of species. The random sample design represented at best the number of species in smaller areas (richness), and the systematic sample design represented better the biggest sampled areas. The Simpson index and Shannon index were not sensitive to represent the variations found in relation to the census. The Margalef index had better sensitivity to express species diversity of the forested area. The species accumulation curve proved its feasibility to represent a favorable and sufficient sampling size.Keywords: Collector curve; Simpson; Shannon; Margalef.
Kyste hydatique du rein : Étude monocentrique de 15 cas
Authors: El Harrech Youness , Abakka Najib , El Anzaoui Jihad , Ghoundale Omar , Touiti Driss
Published: August 2014

Objectif : étudier le profil épidémiologique, l’aspect clinique, radiologique, et thérapeutique de kyste hydatique de rein (KHR). Matériels et méthodes : 15 cas de KHR colligés sur entre 2004 et 2010 ont été revus. Les données cliniques, radiologiques (AUSP, échographie, Tomodensitométrie), biologique (éosinophilie et sérologie hydatique) ont été analysées ainsi que les traitements instaurés, l’évolution et les complications. Résultats l’âge moyen de découverte des KHR a été de 56,13 ans, avec une prédominance masculine (12 hommes, 3 femmes). La symptomatologie clinique a été dominée par les lombalgies (60% des cas). La sérologie hydatique a été demandée chez 6 patients et a été positive chez 3. L’Abstention thérapeutique a été l’attitude adoptée chez 2 malades ayant un kyste hydatique type 5. Aucun patient n’a eu un traitement médical seul. 13 patients (86,66%) ont été traités chirurgicalement. Onze ont eu une résection du dôme  saillant. 1 patient a eu une néphrectomie partielle et 1 une néphrectomie totale a été réalisée chez un patient chez qui le rein était totalement détruit. Aucune Complication per ou post opératoire n’a été notée notamment pas de fistule urinaire ou d’infection de la cavité résiduelle. Aucune récidive n’a été constatée sur un recul moyen de 2ans. Conclusion : le kyste hydatique du rein est une pathologie rare avec une sémiologie non spécifique. Si la chirurgie occupe une place primordiale dans le traitement de ces kystes, de nouvelles perspectives mini invasives surtout percutanée et laparoscopique sont à développer.
Obstruction-induced alterations within the urinary bladder and their role in the pathophysiology of lower urinary tract symptomatology.
Authors: Komninos Christos , Mitsogiannis Iraklis
Published: August 2014

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is considered a frequent cause of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) and lower urinary tract symptoms. This review addresses the bladder response to BOO and focuses on the alterations and biochemical adaptability of the bladder wall in the presence of hypoxia. A literature review of published articles has been performed, including both in vivo and in vitro studies on human and animal tissue.
Vas deferens invasion: A neglected issue in the sampling of radical prostatectomy materials
Authors: Yigit Nuri , Karslioglu Yildirim , Kurt Bulent
Published: August 2014

A radical prostatectomy affects the prostate, bilateral seminal vesicles (SV), and the distal parts of the bilateral vasa deferentia (VD). SV invasion (SVI) is associated with an increased risk of lymph node metastasis and recurrence. However, the significance of VD invasion (VDI), either with or without the involvement of their surgical margins, has not been fully appreciated. We think VDI might have an independent prognostic significance, as does SVI, and should be incorporated into the pathology guidelines and the staging systems of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Our case illustrates this.
Renal collision tumour of papillary cell carcinoma and chromophobe cell carcinoma with sarcomatoid transformation: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Zhiqiang Zhang , Jie Min , Dexin Yu , Haoqiang Shi , Dongdong Xie
Published: August 2014

The simultaneous occurrence of different histological types of adjacent neoplasms in the same organ is called a collision tumour, and rarely occurs in the kidney. A 63-year-old female presented to the urology department with a 1-month history of a painless hematuria. The computed tomography scans of the abdomen revealed 2 heterogeneous incidental right renal masses. The patient underwent radical nephrectomy including lymphadenectomy without adjuvant therapy. Histopathological examination showed a type 2 renal collision tumour of the papillary renal cell carcinoma with eosinophilic cytoplasm and pseudo stratified nuclei on papillary cores, and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma characterized by large polygonal cells with transparent reticulated cytoplasm and prominent cell membranes, which exhibited sarcomatoid transformation in the local area. Routine follow-up demonstrated no localor distant metastasis signs of recurrence at 20 months.
The role of preoperative prophylactic antibiotics in hypospadias repair
Authors: Baillargeon Emilie , Duan Kai , Brzezinski Alex , Jednak Roman , El-Sherbiny Mohamed
Published: August 2014

Introduction: We sought to determine whether the use of preoperative antibiotics is effective in reducing postoperative wound infections and urinary tract infections (UTI) in hypospadias repair.Methods: We retrospectively reviewed all hypospadias repairs performed at the Montreal Children’s Hospital between March 2009 and September 2012. All types of primary hypospadias repairs and redo cases were included. Patients with no adequate follow-up or with missing records of antibiotics were excluded. Preoperative antibiotics were given in the form of cefazolin (50 mg/kg intravenously) when appropriate. Postoperative oral antibiotics were administered as decided by the pediatric urologist. Primary outcomes included postoperative wound infection and UTI. Secondary outcomes included the need for reoperation of hypospadias due to urethrocutaneous fistula, meatal stenosis, urethral stricture and wound dehiscence.Results: In total, 157 cases of hypospadias repair were reviewed; of these 7 were excluded due to lack of follow-up. Of the remaining 150 patients, 62 received preoperative antibiotics and 88 did not. The groups were well-matched for age, hypospadias characteristics, type of repair and repair of curvature. The group that received preoperative antibiotics had a significantly higher number of stented cases (82% vs. 52% of the non-preoperative antibiotic group). Two cases of wound infection were reported (1 in the preoperative antibiotic group and 1 in the non-preoperative antibiotic group). There was no symptomatic UTI or culture-demonstrated UTI in either group. Moreover, there was no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups in terms of primary outcomes. The complication rate was 11% (17/150 repairs) and all patients needed reoperation. This study’s important limitations include the rarity of studied end points combined with the small sample and the retrospective nature of our study.Conclusion: Our findings do not support the routine use of preoperative antibiotics in hypospadias repair.
A rare case of solitary fibrous tumour of the bladder
Authors: Otta Renan Javier , Acosta Marco Antonio , Gordillo Carlos
Published: August 2014

Solitary fibrous tumour of the bladder is a rare mesenchymal neoplasm with a favourable prognosis. Its symptoms are usually secondary to obstructive symptoms rather than hematuria or other findings typical of other bladder neoplasms. We describe a case of solitary fibrous tumour of the bladder and review the literature.
Onset of hydronephrosis and lower urinary tract symptoms in a previously healthy young man: Phyllodes tumour of the prostate as a potential diagnosis.
Authors: Ferrari Matteo , Capitanio Umberto , Rizzo Nathalie , Freschi Massimo , Montorsi Francesco , Rigatti Patrizio
Published: August 2014

We report the case of a 50-year-old healthy man with early onset of micturition symptoms associated with an elevated total prostate-specific antigen. On physical examination, we found an enlarged prostate; a first-line ultrasound of the urinary tract revealed local disease which covered the entire small pelvis. A computed tomography scan confirmed the presence of a 12.5 × 11.0 × 9.5-cm multicystic prostatic mass, compressing the bladder and pelvic ureters, associated with right hydronephrosis. Renal function was preserved and prostatic biopsies was negative for malignant disease. The mass was completely removed through transvesical approach and histological analysis diagnosed a low-grade phyllodes tumour of the prostate. The patient was free of local recurrence and metastasis 36 months after surgery.
Multilocular cystic nephroma treated with laparoscopic nephron-sparing surgery: A case report
Authors: Dong Biao , Wang Yuantao , Zhang Jianjian , Fu Yaowen , Wang Gang
Published: August 2014

Multilocular cystic nephroma is a relatively rare benign tumour of the kidney, which usually presents as a unilateral multicystic renal mass without solid elements. The lesions typically have a bimodal age, with peak incidence in male children under 24 months and another one in women over 40 old. We present an unusual case report of multilocular cystic nephroma in the right kidney in a 30-year-old male. Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy was performed. The pathologic examination confirmed a multilocular cystic nephroma in the right renal specimens. We present the image findings, pathological features, treatment alternatives and a review of the literature.
Stemming the tide of mild to moderate post-prostatectomy incontinence: A retrospective comparison of transobturator male slings and the artificial urinary sphincter
Authors: Hoy Nathan Y. , Rourke Keith F.
Published: August 2014

Introduction: The AUS remains the gold standard treatment for post-prostatectomy incontinence (PPI), although most patients with mild-moderate PPI prefer a sling without strong evidence of procedural equivalence. This study compares outcomes of 2 procedures for the treatment of mild-moderate PPI.Methods: A retrospective review of 124 patients (76 transobturator sling, 48 AUS) with mild-moderate PPI requiring intervention over an 8-year period. The primary outcome was continence. Secondary outcomes included global patient satisfaction, improvement, and complication rates. Mild to moderate incontinence was defined as requiring ≤5 pads/day.Results: There was no significant difference in age (66.2 vs. 68.1 years; p = 0.17) or prostate cancer characteristics for slings and AUS, respectively. AUS patients had higher Charlson comorbidity scores and were more likely to have previous radiotherapy. Median length of follow up was 24 months for slings and 42 months for AUS. There was no difference in continence rates, 88.2% vs. 87.5% (p = 0.79), rate of improvement, 94.7% vs. 95.8% (p = 1.00), or patient satisfaction, 93.4% vs. 91.7% (p = 0.73), for slings and AUS, respectively. Complication rates were equivalent (19.7% vs.16.7%; p = 1.00), though a significantly higher proportion of complications with AUS were Clavien Grade 3 (0% vs. 75%; p = 0.006).Conclusions: For mild to moderate PPI there is no difference incontinence, satisfaction, or improvement rates, between AUS and slings. AUS complications tend to be more severe. Our study supports the use of slings as first-line treatment for mild-moderate PPI.
Men’s mental health: Connection to urologic health
Authors: Matthew Andrew , Elterman Dean
Published: August 2014

Historically, the specialty of urology has focussed on single-system diseases. In recent years, however, there has been increasing recognition of the interconnectivity between the various systems, such as cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, erectile dysfunction, and prostate cancer. This constellation of disease/syndrome and dysfunction may place urologists at the centre of men’s overall health concerns. As urologists consider taking on a leadership role in men’s health, they should also consider their potential in helping men suffering from the significant burden of mental health disorder. Urologists may have a unique opportunity to identify mental health issues in their male patients, influence healthy behaviour change, and successfully refer men, who might otherwise not seek help, to appropriate medical/psychological care.
Physical functioning for prostate health
Authors: Segal Roanne
Published: August 2014

Men who undergo long-term androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) may experience systemic side effects similar to the classical metabolic syndrome. Exercise is a potential strategy for offsetting the adverse effects of ADT among patients with prostate cancer, resulting in improved muscular resistance and positive outcomes on body size and composition. Fitness (aerobic capacity), fatigue, and certain quality of life (QOL) outcomes may also improve in response to a regular exercise regimen. Caution and cardiovascular screening is merited given the elderly population with this disease.
Small Trends and Big Cycles in Crude Oil Prices
Authors: Mu Xiaoyi , Ye Haichun
Published: August 2014

We employ an unobserved components model to disentangle the long-term trend from cyclical movements in the price of internationally traded crude oil using data from 1861 to 2010. The in-sample estimation of the model identifies a deterministic quadratic trend and two types of cycles, with the short cycle having a period of 6 years and the long cycle of 29 years. Compared to the large amplitude of the cycles, the growth rate of the long-term trend is small. The out-of-sample forecasting performance of various competing models is compared to that of a “no change” random walk forecast. While the random walk forecast tends to be the most accurate at shorter horizons, it is outperformed by the trend-cycle models at horizons longer than one year. The results provide evidence of predictability in the price of crude oil at long horizons.
Systemic Review for The Effectiveness of Current Conservative Treatment in Necrotizing Pancreatitis
Authors: Park Jungik , Yang Ungseok
Published: August 2014

The standard treatment of pancreatic necrosis has been surgical necrosectomy. There has been debate on whether early surgical intervention can reduced by infected pancreatic necrosis (IPN). Early emergency laparotomy and multiple organ failure remain associated with high mortality. However, reports have presented during the last 10 years of survival of severe acute pancreatitis with medical management. Large and multicenter study showed that about two thirds of patients with necrotizing pancreatitis can be treated conservatively with relatively low mortality. Patients with IPN benefit from postponding intervention and minimal invasive treatment. We reviewed 4 literatures including 2 Korean institute reseached reports concerning non-surgical, conservative treatments of necrotizing pancreatitis including IPN. Large and multicenter study showed that about two thirds of patients with necrotizing pancreatitis can be treated conservatively with relatively low mortality.
Efficacy of Foreign Body Removal using a Cryoprobe in Flexible Bronchoscopy
Authors: Yeo Go Eun , Nam Sung-Jin , Han Yu Jin , Kim Eun Jeong , Kim Nam Kyu , Ock So Young , Lee Weon Hyoung , Oak Chul Ho , Jung Mann Hong , Jang Tae Won
Published: August 2014

Abstract

Objectives

Endobronchial foreign body impaction is a medical emergency because of the air way obstruction. Therefore, immediate foreign body removal is crucial in such situations. Recently, there have been several reports about cryoprobe use as a tool for removal of foreign bodies. In this study, we determined the efficacy and complications of foreign body removal using a cryoprobe during flexible bronchoscopy.

Methods

This is a retrospective review of 27 patients who visited Kosin University Gospel Hospital from August 2007 to August 2010 with respiratory symptoms due to a foreign body in the airway. There were 17 males and 10 females, aged from 7 to 78 years. The foreign bodies were more frequently located (55%) in the right bronchus. The cryoprobe was inserted through the forceps channel of the flexible bronchoscope under local anesthesia. The lesion was quickly frozen for 5 seconds at -80℃, and the bronchoscope was removed with the probe after crystal formation on the contacted area.

Results

The success rate of removal of foreign bodies was 85% (23/27) using the cryoprobe. One case of broncholith did not undergo attempted removal because of the possibility of excessive hemorrhage by the tight bronchus impaction, and three cases (plastic, silicon, and implant) failed due to limited crystal formation. There were no severe hemorrhages, arrhythmias, or casualties during the procedure.

Conclusions

The removal of foreign body using a cryoprobe during flexible bronchoscopy was shown to be safe and effective. The nature of the material should be attempted before removing a foreign body.
A Case of Adult onset Bartter Syndrome with Nephrocalcinosis
Authors: Park Min Gyu , Lim Tae Won , Oh Hee Taek , Song Seung Un , Heo Dong , Rim Hark
Published: August 2014

Bartter syndrome is a renal tubular defect in electrolyte transport characterized by hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, hyperreninemia, hyperaldosteronism, normal blood pressure, and other clinical symptoms. As a clinical and genetical heterogeneous disorder, this syndrome can be classified into two clinical variants, antenatal Bartter syndrome and classic Bartter syndrome according to the onset age. Nephrocalcinosis is common in antenatal Bartter syndrome, but is rare in classic Bartter syndrome. It can also be classified into five genetic subtypes by the underlying mutant gene, all of which are expressed in the tubular epithelial cells of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. Patients with Bartter syndrome type 1, 2 and 4 present at a younger age than classic Bartter syndrome type 3. We have experienced a case of Bartter syndrome with nephrocalcinosis in a 42-year-old woman diagnosed by biochemical and radiologic studies. We had successful response with potassium chloride and spironolactone.
Paucitas, simplicitas, gravitas: individ, samvittighet og orden i dansk-norsk ritualdebatt i første del av 1700-tallet
Authors: Amundsen Arne Bugge
Published: August 2014

[no abstract]
Polhems huvudvärk
Authors: Dunér David
Published: August 2014

[no abstract]
Linné, apostlarna och de utrikes forskningsresorna
Authors: Nyberg Kenneth
Published: August 2014

[no abstract]
Effects of super typhoons on cyclonic ocean eddies in the western North Pacific: A satellite data‐based evaluation between 2000 and 2008
Authors: Sun Liang , Li Ying‐Xin , Yang Yuan‐Jian , Wu Qiaoyan , Chen Xue‐Tao , Li Qiu‐Yang , Li Yu‐Bin , Xian Tao
Published: August 2014

A composite time series of the merged satellite altimeters sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) data and satellite‐observed sea surface temperature (SST) data were used to identify eddies in the Western North Pacific Ocean (WNPO), where there were numbers of intense typhoons. This study systematically investigated 15 super typhoons during the period of 2000‐2008 in the WNPO to study their impacts on the pre‐typhoon ocean features, e.g., the cyclonic ocean eddy (COE) feature (closed contours of SSHA < −6 cm) and neutral condition (SSHA between −6 and 6 cm). Two new COEs are generated by two super typhoons, and 18 pre‐existing COEs are intensified by 13 super typhoons. 5 of the 13 super typhoons each influenced two pre‐exisiting COEs. Although the typhoon‐induced maximum cooling centers had a right bias along the tracks due to wind conditions, pre‐existing COEs also play a significant role in determining the strength and location of large SST cooling. Three possible factors (maximum wind speed, typhoon translation speed and the typhoon forcing time, Tf) are employed to explain the interactions. Above all, the changes of the COE geometric and physical parameters (e.g., effective radius, area, SST, SSHA, and eddy kinetic energy) were mostly related to the typhoon forcing time, Tf. This is because Tf is a parameter that is a combination of the typhoon's translation speed, intensity and size. Although the typhoons may significantly impact COEs, such samples were not commonly observed. Thus, the impact of typhoon on the strength of COEs is generally inefficient.
Central Andean mantle and crustal seismicity beneath the Southern Puna plateau and the northern margin of the Chilean‐Pampean flat slab
Authors: Mulcahy Patrick , Chen Chen , Kay Suzanne M. , Brown Larry D. , Isacks Bryan L. , Sandvol Eric , Heit Benjamin , Yuan Xiaohui , Coira Beatriz L.
Published: August 2014

Earthquake hypocenters recorded in the Andean Southern Puna seismic array (25–28°S, 70–65°W) provide new constraints on the shape of the subducting Nazca plate beneath the Puna plateau, the transition into the Chilean‐Pampean flat slab and the thermal state of the mantle and crust. Some 270 new mantle hypocenters suggest that the subducting slab under the Puna shoals into the flat‐slab segment more abruptly and farther to the north than previously indicated. The revised geometry is consistent with the Central Volcanic Zone Incapillo caldera being the southernmost center with Pleistocene activity until reaching the southern side of the flat‐slab region. Evidence for the revised slab geometry includes three well‐defined hypocenter clusters in the Pipanaco nest (27.5–29°S, 68–66°W), which are interpreted to reflect slab‐bending stresses. A few low‐magnitude earthquakes with strongly attenuatedSwaves in the long‐recognized Antofalla teleseismic gap (25.5–27.5°S) support a continuous slab under the Southern Puna. The paucity of gap earthquakes and the presence of mafic magmas are consistent with a hot mantle wedge reflecting recent lithospheric delamination. Evidence for a hot overlaying Puna crust comes from new crustal earthquake hypocenters concentrated at depths shallower than 5 km. Two notable short‐duration swarms were recorded under the resurgent dome of the ~2 Ma back‐arc Cerro Galán caldera and the near‐arc Cerro Torta dome. New crustal earthquake focal mechanisms from 17 events in the array along with two existing mechanisms have strike slip, oblique reverse, and oblique normal solutions fitting with regional E‐W compression and N‐S extension.
Modeling cross L shell impacts of magnetopause shadowing and ULF wave radial diffusion in the Van Allen belts
Authors: Ozeke Louis G. , Mann Ian R. , Turner Drew L. , Murphy Kyle R. , Degeling Alex W. , Rae I. Jonathan , Milling David K.
Published: August 2014

We present simulations of the outer electron radiation belt using a new ULF wave‐driven radial diffusion model, including empirical representations of loss due to chorus and plasmaspheric hiss. With an outer boundary condition constrained by in situ electron flux observations, we focus on the impacts of magnetopause shadowing and outward radial diffusion in the heart of the radiation belt. Third invariant conserving solutions are combined to simulate the L shell and time dependence of the differential flux at a fixed energy. Results for the geomagnetically quiet year of 2008 demonstrate not only remarkable cross L shell impacts from magnetopause shadowing but also excellent agreement with the in situ observations even though no internal acceleration source is included in the model. Our model demonstrates powerful utility for capturing the cross‐L impacts of magnetopause shadowing with significant prospects for improved space weather forecasting. The potential role of the plasmasphere in creating a third belt is also discussed.
External versus internal triggering of substorms: An information‐theoretical approach
Authors: Johnson Jay R. , Wing Simon
Published: August 2014

The role of external triggering of substorms through northward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field has been examined in a number of recent studies. While Hsu and McPherron (2002, 2004) argue that the strong association between external triggers defined by Lyons et al. (1997) and substorm onsets could be responsible for most substorms, Morley and Freeman (2007) argue that the association between northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) turnings and substorm onsets are coincidental rather than causal, because the same external triggers are also closely associated with an artificial list of substorm onsets generated with the Minimal Substorm Model, which has no requirement of northward IMF turning. We examine an expanded list of substorms using conditional redundancy, an entropy‐based measure of conditional dependency, to examine whether northward IMF turning as an external trigger provides any additional information about substorm onset beyond knowing that there has been a period of sustained loading of energy flux (southward IMF). Our analysis reveals that only a few percent additional information is provided by the northward turning criterion, which is consistent with the statistics of surrogate data sets of external triggers constructed to coincide with 2% of substorms. We therefore conclude that northward turning of the IMF is, in general, coincidentally, rather than causally, associated with substorm onsets.
Detection of a hidden Boso slow slip event immediately after the 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake, Japan
Authors: Kato Aitaro , Igarashi Toshihiro , Obara Kazushige
Published: August 2014

Utilizing a cross‐correlation detector technique, we discovered an increase in swarm‐like seismicity within the source area of the Boso slow slip events (SSEs) immediately after the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake. The epicentral distribution of the detected seismicity was similar to that of previously recognized Boso SSEs. In addition, small repeating earthquakes were identified within this seismic swarm sequence. These seismic observations indicate that a hidden SSE occurred along the top surface of the subducting Philippine Sea plate immediately after the Tohoku‐Oki earthquake. We propose that external stress transfer by the coseismic slip of the Tohoku‐Oki earthquake and the following afterslip could have led to the occurrence of the newly detected Boso SSE. In contrast to previous work, we demonstrate that the recurrence interval of the Boso SSEs has not shortened over time but has shown a more complex evolution as a result of external stress perturbations imposed by the Tohoku‐Oki earthquake.
Detecting the anthropogenic influences on recent changes in ocean carbon uptake
Authors: Séférian Roland , Ribes Aurélien , Bopp Laurent
Published: August 2014

Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions have modified the rate at which oceans have absorbed atmospheric CO2 over the last centuries through rising atmospheric CO2 and modifications in climate. However, there are still missing pieces in our understanding of the recent evolution of air‐sea CO2 exchanges related to the magnitude of their response to anthropogenic forcings versus that controlled by the internal variability. Here, to detect and attribute anthropogenic influences on oceanic CO2 uptake between 1960 and 2005, we compare an ensemble of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) climate model simulations forced by individual drivers to ocean‐only model reconstructions. We demonstrate that the evolution of the global oceanic carbon sink over the last decades can be understood without invoking climate change, attributing rising atmospheric CO2 as prominent driver of the oceanic sink. Nonetheless, at regional scale, the influence of climate change on air‐sea CO2 exchanges seems to emerge from the internal variability within the low‐latitude oceans.
Characteristics of electron holes generated in the separatrix region during antiparallel magnetic reconnection
Authors: Huang Can , Lu Quanming , Wang Peiran , Wu Mingyu , Wang Shui
Published: August 2014

In this paper, two‐dimensional particle‐in‐cell simulations are performed to investigate the characteristics of these electron holes generated in the separatrix region of antiparallel magnetic reconnection. The electron holes with bipolar structures of the parallel electric field are formed in the border between the electron inflow channel (where electrons move toward the X line) and outflow channel (where electrons flow away from the X line), where the electrons satisfy the bump‐on‐tail distribution. Quasi‐monochromatic electrostatic waves, which propagate with a speed near the bulk velocity of the fast electron beam, are first excited by the electron bump‐on‐tail instability. These waves then coalesce with each other, and at last electron holes are formed in the separatrix region which then propagate away from the X line along the magnetic field lines.
Particle acceleration at a pair of parallel shocks near the Sun
Authors: Zhao Lulu , Li Gang
Published: August 2014

A “twin‐coronal mass ejection (CME)” scenario has been proposed recently to account for extreme solar energetic particle (SEP) events. In this scenario, two CMEs erupt from the same or nearby active regions within a short period of time. They both drive shocks, and the presence of the first CME‐driven shock leads to a more efficient particle acceleration process at the second shock. All Ground Level Enhancement events in solar cycle 23 and many large SEP events support the twin‐CME scenario. In a subset of these events, the two CMEs are separated by only a few minutes and particle acceleration is further enhanced due to particles reflecting between the two shocks. Here we examine particle acceleration at a parallel shock pair using a test particle approach. We follow single‐particle trajectories using two methods: close to the shock we follow particle's motion by solving the Lorentz equation directly; beyond certain distances, we ignore the gyration degree of freedom of a particle and approximate its motion by its guiding center motion and pitch angle scattering. We do not consider wave generation due to the streaming protons at both shocks. Instead, we assume the background turbulence upstream of the first shock is given and follow its transmission to the downstream of the second shock. Our results show that the intensity of accelerated particles in the shock pair case is significantly enhanced over a single shock case, and the maximum energy obtained in a shock pair system can be a few to 10 times that of a single shock case.
GPS observation of continent‐size traveling TEC pulsations at the start of geomagnetic storms
Authors: Pradipta R. , Valladares C. E. , Doherty P. H.
Published: August 2014

We report our experimental observation of continent‐size traveling plasma disturbances using GPS measurements of total electron content (TEC) over the North American sector. These plasma disturbances occurred at the beginning of geomagnetic storms, immediately after the shock arrived, and prior to the appearance of large‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (LSTIDs) from the auroral region. Specifically, these supersize TEC perturbations were observed when the interplanetary magnetic field Bz was oscillating between northward and southward directions. They were found to propagate zonally with a propagation speed of 2–3 km/s. We interpret these TEC pulsations as ion drift waves in the magnetosphere/plasmasphere that propagate azimuthally inside the GPS orbit.
Magnetic reconnection, buoyancy, and flapping motions in magnetotail explosions
Authors: Sitnov M. I. , Merkin V. G. , Swisdak M. , Motoba T. , Buzulukova N. , Moore T. E. , Mauk B. H. , Ohtani S.
Published: August 2014

A key process in the interaction of magnetospheres with the solar wind is the explosive release of energy stored in the magnetotail. Based on observational evidence, magnetic reconnection is widely believed to be responsible. However, the very possibility of spontaneous reconnection in collisionless magnetotail plasmas has been questioned in kinetic theory for more than three decades. In addition, in situ observations by multispacecraft missions (e.g., THEMIS) reveal the development of buoyancy and flapping motions coexisting with reconnection. Never before have kinetic simulations reproduced all three primary modes in realistic 2‐D configurations with a finite normal magnetic field. Moreover, 3‐D simulations with closed boundaries suggest that the tail activity is dominated by buoyancy‐driven instabilities, whereas reconnection is a secondary effect strongly localized in the dawn‐dusk direction. In this paper, we use massively parallel 3‐D fully kinetic simulations with open boundaries to show that sufficiently far from the planet explosive processes in the tail are dominated by reconnection motions. These motions occur in the form of spontaneously generated dipolarization fronts accompanied by changes in magnetic topology which extend in the dawn‐dusk direction over the size of the simulation box, suggesting that reconnection onset causes a macroscale reconfiguration of the real magnetotail. In our simulations, buoyancy and flapping motions significantly disturb the primary dipolarization front but neither destroy it nor change the near 2‐D picture of the front evolution critically. Consistent with recent multiprobe observations, dipolarization fronts are also found to be the main regions of energy conversion in the magnetotail.
Long‐lived plasmaspheric drainage plumes: Where does the plasma come from?
Authors: Borovsky Joseph E. , Welling Daniel T. , Thomsen Michelle F. , Denton Michael H.
Published: August 2014

Long‐lived (weeks) plasmaspheric drainage plumes are explored. The long‐lived plumes occur during long‐lived high‐speed‐stream‐driven storms. Spacecraft in geosynchronous orbit see the plumes as dense plasmaspheric plasma advecting sunward toward the dayside magnetopause. The older plumes have the same densities and local time widths as younger plumes, and like younger plumes they are lumpy in density and they reside in a spatial gap in the electron plasma sheet (in sort of a drainage corridor). Magnetospheric‐convection simulations indicate that drainage from a filled outer plasmasphere can only supply a plume for 1.5–2 days. The question arises for long‐lived plumes (and for any plume older than about 2 days): Where is the plasma coming from? Three candidate sources appear promising: (1) substorm disruption of the nightside plasmasphere which may transport plasmaspheric plasma outward onto open drift orbits, (2) radial transport of plasmaspheric plasma in velocity‐shear‐driven instabilities near the duskside plasmapause, and (3) an anomalously high upflux of cold ionospheric protons from the tongue of ionization in the dayside ionosphere, which may directly supply ionospheric plasma into the plume. In the first two cases the plume is drainage of plasma from the magnetosphere; in the third case it is not. Where the plasma in long‐lived plumes is coming from is a quandary: to fix this dilemma, further work and probably full‐scale simulations are needed.
On the day‐to‐day variation of the equatorial electrojet during quiet periods
Authors: Yamazaki Y. , Richmond A. D. , Maute A. , Liu H.‐L. , Pedatella N. , Sassi F.
Published: August 2014

It has been known for a long time that the equatorial electrojet varies from day to day even when solar and geomagnetic activities are very low. The quiet time day‐to‐day variation is considered to be due to irregular variability of the neutral wind, but little is known about how variable winds drive the electrojet variability. We employ a numerical model introduced by Liu et al. (2013), which takes into account weather changes in the lower atmosphere and thus can reproduce ionospheric variability due to forcing from below. The simulation is run for May and June 2009. Constant solar and magnetospheric energy inputs are used so that day‐to‐day changes will arise only from lower atmospheric forcing. The simulated electrojet current shows day‐to‐day variability of ±25%, which produces day‐to‐day variations in ground level geomagnetic perturbations near the magnetic equator. The current system associated with the day‐to‐day variation of the equatorial electrojet is traced based on a covariance analysis. The current pattern reveals return flow at both sides of the electrojet, in agreement with those inferred from ground‐based magnetometer data in previous studies. The day‐to‐day variation in the electrojet current is compared with those in the neutral wind at various altitudes, latitudes, and longitudes. It is found that the electrojet variability is dominated by the zonal wind at 100–120 km altitudes near the magnetic equator. These results suggest that the response of the zonal polarization electric field to variable zonal winds is the main source of the day‐to‐day variation of the equatorial electrojet during quiet periods.
The pattern and variability of winter Kuroshio intrusion northeast of Taiwan
Authors: Liu Xiaohui , Dong Changming , Chen Dake , Su Jilan
Published: August 2014

The variations of the Kuroshio path and velocity northeast of Taiwan are analyzed based on along‐track satellite altimeter data as well as high‐resolution model experiments. Observations reveal that in winter the Kuroshio intrusion into the East China Sea (ECS) at this location is manifested by a secondary maximum current core (SMCC) shoreward of the Kuroshio's main path. The SMCC varies significantly on interannual time scale, and its variability is strikingly out of phase with that of the Kuroshio entering the ECS, meaning that the stronger the Kuroshio, the weaker the SMCC, and vice versa. Model experiments corroborate the observational results and, more importantly, indicate that the Kuroshio intrusion here follows two primary routes, a large anticyclonic loop that separates from the Kuroshio at the northern end of Taiwan and moves forward to form the SMCC, and a straight northward path onto the shelf when the Kuroshio turns sharply eastward along the continental slope of the ECS. The intrusion is controlled by both local forcing and remote effect, with its pattern and variability depending mostly on the local heat flux and the inertia of the Kuroshio Current.
Microspectroscopic imaging and characterization of individually identified ice nucleating particles from a case field study
Authors: Knopf D. A. , Alpert P. A. , Wang B. , O'Brien R. E. , Kelly S. T. , Laskin A. , Gilles M. K. , Moffet R. C.
Published: August 2014

The effect of anthropogenic and biogenic organic particles on atmospheric glaciation processes is poorly understood. We use an optical microscopy setup to identify the ice nuclei (IN) active in immersion freezing (IMF) and deposition ice nucleation within a large population of particles collected on a substrate from an ambient environment in central California dominated by urban and marine aerosols. Multimodal microspectroscopy methods are applied to characterize the physicochemical properties and mixing state of the individual IN and particle populations to identify particle‐type classes. The temperature onsets of water uptake occurred between 235 and 257 K at subsaturated conditions, and the onsets of IMF proceeded at subsaturated and saturated conditions for 235–247 K, relevant for ice nucleation in mixed‐phase clouds. Particles also took up water and nucleated ice between 226 and 235 K and acted as deposition IN with onset temperatures below 226 K, a temperature range relevant to cirrus cloud formation. The identified IN belong to the most common particle‐type classes observed in the field samples: organic coated sea salt and Na‐rich, secondary, and refractory carbonaceous particles. Based on these observations, we suggest that the IN are not always particles with unique chemical composition and exceptional ice nucleation propensity; rather, they are common particles in the ambient particle population. The results suggest that particle‐type abundance and total particle surface area are also crucial factors, in addition to particle‐type ice nucleation efficiency, in determining ice formation within the particle population.
Life in a fishbowl: Prospects for the endangered Devils Hole pupfish (Cyprinodon diabolis) in a changing climate
Authors: Hausner Mark B. , Wilson Kevin P. , Gaines D. Bailey , Suárez Francisco , Scoppettone G. Gary , Tyler Scott W.
Published: August 2014

The Devils Hole pupfish (Cyprinodon diabolis) is a federally listed endangered species living solely within the confines of Devils Hole, a geothermal pool ecosystem in the Mojave Desert of the American Southwest. This unique species has suffered a significant, yet unexplained, population decline in the past two decades, with a record low survey of 35 individuals in early 2013. The species survives on a highly variable seasonal input of nutrients and has evolved in a thermal regime lethal to other pupfish species. The short lifespan of the species (approximately 1 year) makes annual recruitment in Devils Hole critical to the persistence of the species, and elevated temperatures on the shallow shelf that comprises the optimal spawning habitat in the ecosystem can significantly reduce egg viability and increase larval mortality. Here we combine computational fluid dynamic modeling and ecological analysis to investigate the timing of thresholds in the seasonal cycles of food supply and temperature. Numerical results indicate a warming climate most impacts the heat loss from the water column, resulting in warming temperatures and reduced buoyancy‐driven circulation. Observed climate change is shown to have already warmed the shallow shelf, and climate change by 2050 is shown to shorten the window of optimum conditions for recruitment by as much as 2 weeks. While there are many possible reasons for the precipitous decline of this species, the changing climate of the Mojave region is shown to produce thermal and nutrient conditions likely to reduce the success of annual recruitment of young C. diabolis in the future, leading to continued threats to the survival of this unique and enigmatic species.
Hydrogel Doped with Nanoparticles for Local Sustained Release of siRNA in Breast Cancer
Authors: Segovia Nathaly , Pont Maria , Oliva Nuria , Ramos Victor , Borrós Salvador , Artzi Natalie
Published: August 2014

Of all the much hyped and pricy cancer drugs, the benefits from the promising siRNA small molecule drugs are limited. Lack of efficient delivery vehicles that would release the drug locally, protect it from degradation, and ensure high transfection efficiency, precludes it from fulfilling its full potential. This work presents a novel platform for local and sustained delivery of siRNA with high transfection efficiencies both in vitro and in vivo in a breast cancer mice model. siRNA protection and high transfection efficiency are enabled by their encapsulation in oligopeptide‐terminated poly(β‐aminoester) (pBAE) nanoparticles. Sustained delivery of the siRNA is achieved by the enhanced stability of the nanoparticles when embedded in a hydrogel scaffold based on polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer cross‐linked with dextran aldehyde. The combination of oligopeptide‐terminated pBAE polymers and biodegradable hydrogels shows improved transfection efficiency in vivo even when compared with the most potent commercially available transfection reagents. These results highlight the advantage of using composite materials for successful delivery of these highly promising small molecules to combat cancer.