bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A tempestade e a América
Authors: Ricupero Bernardo
Published: February 2015

O artigo examina como a crítica entendeu, ao longo do tempo, a relação entre A tempestade e a América. Destaca as atitudes cambiantes sobre a peça de William Shakespeare e os habitantes da ilha onde ela se desenrola. Mostra, em especial, como Próspero, de um governante sábio, converte-se num tirano colonialista, ao passo que Caliban, de monstro selvagem, torna-se um símbolo do Terceiro Mundo. Nesse sentido, A tempestade é interpretada como uma rica fonte de metáforas para se pensar a América.
Trabalho, solidariedade social e economia solidária
Authors: Lima Jacob Carlos , Souza André Ricardo de
Published: February 2015

Este artigo propõe a discussão da solidariedade social, tendo como referência as transformações capitalistas das últimas décadas do século XX e o surgimento de formas alternativas de geração de renda, fora das relações de assalariamento formal, que estruturaram políticas sociais inclusivas. Tendo como referência o movimento de economia solidária no Brasil, abordamos algumas questões fundamentais do debate sobre a construção da solidariedade social que a configurou: o coletivismo laico e o católico, o Estado de Bem-Estar Social, a crise do trabalho e da chamada sociedade salarial.
Climate change and adaptive strategies in Brazil: the economic effects of genetic breeding
Authors: Pires Marcel Viana , Cunha Dênis Antônio da
Published: February 2015

Plant breeding through the development of seeds resistant to water stress or high temperature is an important adaptive strategy to cope climate change. In this way, by providing an analysis of adaptation to climate change using genetic breeding on Brazilian farms, this work aims to investigate how climate change will affect the adoption of genetic breeding and profitability of farmers. Temperature and rainfall projections for 2010-2099 time periods were used, considering different climate scenarios (A1B and A2), according to the 4th Assessment Report of IPCC (2007). A Treatment Effects model outlines the analytical framework in this study. Our results indicate the probability of adopting transgenic seeds will grow from 74% in the current period to 86% in 2020, 83% in 2050, and 81% in 2080. Farmers adopting this adaptation strategy will have higher profits. Land value tends to be higher in both climate scenarios in counties with cultivated areas using transgenic seeds. Farmers adopting this adaptation measure will be less exposed to adverse effects of climate change. We conclude that it is necessary to invest in adaptation strategies so that Brazil can overcome adverse effects of global climate change.
Caracterização da pluriatividade e dos plurirrendimentos da agricultura brasileira a partir do Censo Agropecuário 2006
Authors: Escher Fabiano , Schneider Sergio , Scarton Luciana Maria , Conterato Marcelo Antonio
Published: February 2015

O artigo trata do fenômeno da pluriatividade na agricultura brasileira, referente à diversificação das atividades econômicas e laborais exercidas no meio rural, e dos plurirrendimentos, referentes à diversificação das fontes de renda acessadas pelos agricultores e suas famílias. Com base nos dados do Censo Agropecuário 2006, realiza-se uma análise para o Brasil e as regiões Sul e Nordeste do País, buscando comparar os assim denominados "estabelecimentos pluriativos" pertencentes às categorias agricultura familiar e agricultura não familiar. O trabalho identifica e quantifica esses estabelecimentos; caracteriza-os segundo o tipo de pluriatividade e a relação de trabalho do pessoal ocupado; e identifica as suas distintas fontes de receitas, mensurando a importância de cada uma na formação da receita total. A constatação empírica de um percentual maior de estabelecimentos de agricultura não familiar classificados como pluriativos (51,9%) do que na própria agricultura familiar (34,1%) levou a uma intrigante questão teórica, já que a quase totalidade dos estudos sobre pluriatividade no Brasil sempre considerou o fenômeno como uma especificidade da agricultura familiar. Embora essa questão seja apenas brevemente discutida no artigo, o resultado mais significativo é que deve haver uma importante parcela dos agricultores familiares que, justamente por serem pluriativos, encontram-se inadequadamente classificados como agricultores não familiares e, portanto, excluídos das estatísticas oficiais e, possivelmente, das próprias políticas públicas voltadas à agricultura familiar.
Estimativa dos coeficientes de afetação dos custos às atividades agrícolas usando a teoria da máxima entropia
Authors: Rosário Maria do Socorro , Fragoso Rui Manuel de Sousa , Carvalho Maria Leonor da Silva
Published: February 2015

Neste artigo, pretende-se estimar os coeficientes de afetação dos custos às atividades agrícolas, a partir de informação incompleta. Um modelo de desagregação dos custos de fatores de produção variáveis por atividade foi desenvolvido com base na teoria da máxima entropia e foi aplicado à região alentejo, usando os dados da base RICA de 2008. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a teoria da entropia é uma opção flexível e robusta para realizar a estimação de coeficientes de afetação dos custos das atividades num contexto de informação incompleta. Entre as duas variantes utilizadas, o modelo da entropia cruzada generalizada revelou maior capacidade de previsão, uma vez que os coeficientes estimados são mais próximos dos valores reais.
Determinantes da demanda internacional de carne bovina brasileira: evidências de quebras estruturais
Authors: Melz Laércio Juarez , Marion Filho Pascoal José , Bender Filho Reisoli , Gastardelo Tiane Alves Rocha
Published: February 2015

O objetivo deste artigo é verificar as variáveis de impacto na demanda internacional por carne bovina entre janeiro de 1995 e junho de 2013. O método utilizado foi de Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários com Quebras, obtendo-se quatro quebras, cinco regimes. As variáveis independentes na regressão foram os preços de exportação e internos das carnes de bovinos, frangos e suínos, além da renda e da taxa de câmbio. No primeiro regime, a demanda por carne bovina foi elástica em relação aos preços, tanto interno quanto externo, da carne de frango e preço interno da carne bovina. Porém, a elasticidade-renda foi mais significativa. No segundo regime, a relação de preços externos foi inelástica. A elasticidade-renda foi significativa neste regime e houve impacto da taxa de câmbio. No terceiro regime, a demanda foi inelástica em relação aos preços externos das carnes de frango e bovina e elástica aos preços internos das mesmas carnes. A taxa de câmbio também teve impacto significativo. No quarto regime, a demanda foi elástica em relação ao preço interno e inelástica em relação aos preços externos e internos do frango. A renda passa a ser novamente significativa. No quinto regime, a demanda é elástica em relação ao preço externo dos suínos, interno do bovino e à renda. Houve tendência significativa de crescimento no segundo regime e de recessão no primeiro e terceiro regimes.
Qual a direção da convergência na produtividade da mão de obra na agropecuária de Minas Gerais?
Authors: Pessoa Filipe de Morais Cangussu , Braga Marcelo José , Salvato Márcio Antônio , Coronel Daniel Arruda
Published: February 2015

O presente estudo tem como objetivo investigar se existiu um processo de convergência da produtividade da mão de obra no setor agropecuário mineiro, ao longo do período de 1970 a 2006, e em que regiões agropecuárias de baixa produtividade estariam reduzindo o hiato existente em relação às regiões agropecuárias de alta produtividade. Para tal finalidade, desagregou-se o estado em municípios e, como metodologias de teste, utilizaram-se densidades de distribuição e um processo estacionário de primeira ordem de Markov, em sua versão discreta. Os resultados demonstram que as distribuições de produtividade dos municípios sofreram um deslocamento de massa para a esquerda, indicando piora na produtividade, e que sua dinâmica de evolução apresentou um processo de convergência em direção a classes inferiores de produtividade.
POLÍTICAS DE EXPANSÃO DA EDUCAÇÃO SUPERIOR NO BRASIL 1995-2010
Authors: MANCEBO DEISE , VALE ANDRÉA ARAUJO DO , MARTINS TÂNIA BARBOSA
Published: February 2015

O artigo apresenta as principais tendências da expansão da educação superior no Brasil, entre 1995 e 2010, com base em quatro eixos. Primeiramente, expõe o progressivo quadro de privatização, tanto no que se refere ao crescimento das instituições privado-mercantis como à mercantilização das instituições públicas. Apresenta, em seguida, a expansão promovida pelo governo federal, analisando particularmente o Programa de Apoio a Planos de Reestruturação e Expansão das Universidades Federais (REUNI). Discute, como terceira tendência, o quadro de expansão do ensino a distância e, por fim, debate o crescimento da pós-graduação com a redefinição de seus rumos no sentido do empresariamento do conhecimento. Conclui que, em todos esses campos, foram induzidas alterações substantivas, sob a regência de um ideário que apela à economia de mercado, racionaliza os gastos públicos com base em um sistema de parceria entre Estado e mercado e suprime diversos direitos e conquistas sociais transmutados em serviços, regidos por um intenso processo de mercantilização.
Instituições de ensino superior públicas em Portugal: sua administração sob as premissas da new public management e da crise econômica global
Authors: Lira Miguel , Gonçalves Miguel , Marques Maria da Conceição da Costa
Published: February 2015

O artigo apresenta uma revisão da literatura sobre o presente cenário da administração das instituições de ensino superior públicas, com destaque para o caso de Portugal, designadamente quanto ao impacto que a introdução do paradigma da New Public Management e os efeitos que a crise económica e financeira mundial produziram nas instituições de ensino superior públicas. O estudo tem por base pressupostos teóricos interpretativos e adota como metodologia a abordagem qualitativa e como método de investigação o bibliográfico.
Quarenta anos retratando a deficiência enquadres e enfoques da literatura infantojuvenil brasileira
Authors: BARROS ALESSANDRA SANTANA SOARES E
Published: February 2015

Trata-se de pesquisa que analisou, segundo os pressupostos da Escola Francesa de Análise do Discurso, cento e cinquenta livros infantis, editados nos últimos quarenta anos, que retrataram a deficiência. Constatou-se que os livros das décadas de 1970 e 1980 eram de escritores profissionais e mais independentes ideologicamente. Autores brasileiros, que a partir da década de 1990 escreveram sobre o tema para crianças e adolescentes, eram escritores iniciantes que retiraram autoridade na experiência vivida com a deficiência. Centraram seus propósitos na oferta de informação científica e na veiculação de mensagens moralizadoras. Tal engajamento político se deu em detrimento da melhor execução estética das obras literárias, que não preservaram premissas artísticas. As informações técnicas comprometeram a prioridade lúdica da literatura e não foram bem-sucedidas, pois incorreram em equívocos conceituais graves. Esta investigação se justificou pela contribuição semiótica à critica literária e pelo uso aplicado de seus resultados no ajuste dos parâmetros que elegem os livros infantis distribuídos às escolas públicas pelo Ministério da Educação.
O letramento e o brincar em processos de socialização na educação infantil brincadeiras diferentes
Authors: NEVES VANESSA FERRAZ ALMEIDA , CASTANHEIRA MARIA LÚCIA , GOUVÊA MARIA CRISTINA SOARES
Published: February 2015

O objetivo do presente texto é examinar, com base na análise do cotidiano de uma escola pública de educação infantil em Belo Horizonte, MG, os significados do ler, escrever e brincar para crianças pequenas. Este estudo situa-se no contexto das discussões sobre o lugar do letramento e da alfabetização na educação infantil que foram intensificadas com o estabelecimento da obrigatoriedade do ensino fundamental de nove anos (leis federais n. 11.114/2005 e n. 11.274/2006 e emenda constitucional n. 59/2009). A análise apresentada faz parte de estudo mais abrangente, desenvolvido tomando-se por base a abordagem etnográfica interacional (Green; Dixon; Zaharlick, 2005), a abordagem interpretativa da sociologia da infância (Corsaro, 2005) e a perspectiva social do letramento (Castanheira; Green; Dixon, 2007; Soares, 1999; Street, 1984). Tal análise nos permite demonstrar a possibilidade da integração do letramento e do brincar na educação infantil.
Más condutas científicas uma abordagem crítico-comparativa para in-formar uma reflexão sobre o tema
Authors: VILAÇA MURILO MARIANO
Published: February 2015

As más condutas científicas constrangem a ciência pelo mundo. Em educação, há poucos artigos sobre o tema. Silva (2008) e Krokoscz (2011) são importantes exceções. No entanto, como focalizam o problema do plágio, outras práticas são negligenciadas. Reconhecendo a relevância do debate feito por esses autores, viso a ampliar o escopo analítico, contribuindo para a formação de uma reflexão do/no campo educacional. Neste artigo, meus objetivos são: (1) comparar as definições das agências internacionais e nacionais; (2) argumentar que a tríade FFP (fabricar, falsificar, plagiar) é insuficiente para compreender o problema; (3) criticar a opção por um foco no indivíduo, desconsiderando equivocadamente o papel do contexto cientométrico sobre essas práticas.
Composição mineral da cana-de-açúcar in natura hidrolisada com cal virgem (CaO)
Authors: Domingues Felipe Nogueira , Oliveira Mauro Dal Secco de , Mota Diego Azevedo , Oliveira Raimundo Parente de , Santos Juliana dos , Miranda Augusto Sousa , Godoy Bruno Spacek
Published: February 2015

Objetivou-se avaliar a composição mineral da cana-de-açúcar in natura hidrolisada com doses crescentes de cal virgem e diferentes tempos de exposição ao ar. As doses de cal virgem (CaO) utilizadas foram 0,0 (controle); 0,5; 1,0; 1,5 e 2,0% com base na matéria natural da cana e os tempos de exposição ao ar 0; 24; 48; 72 e 96 horas. A composição mineral foi avaliada através das concentrações cálcio (Ca), fósforo (P), potássio (K), magnésio (Mg); zinco (Zn), cobre (Cu), manganês (Mn), cromo (Cr), chumbo (Pb) e cádmio (Cd). Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os dados foram analisados utilizando uma análise de variância com medidas repetidas, para a comparação das médias foi utilizado o teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. A variação no teor de Ca (P<0,05) ocasionou alteração na relação Ca:P da cana-de-açúcar hidrolisada, chegando a relação de 36,46:1 na dose mais elevada de cal (2,0%). Os teores de P, K, Mg, Zn e Cu diminuíram com a elevação da dose de cal (P<0,05). Em relação ao fator tempo, houve um acréscimo na concentração K, Mg e Mn (P<0,05). O tratamento da cana-de-açúcar com cal virgem (CaO) microprocessada aumenta o teor de Ca do volumoso ocasionando um aumento na relação Ca:P. Há presença de Pb na cal virgem, porém abaixo da concentração tóxica para ruminantes.
Relação do nível de sombreamento artificial e da adubação sobre o desenvolvimento da forrageira Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu
Authors: Martins Athila Damasceno , Sousa Luciano Fernandes , Nóbrega Eucivan Bento da , Donizetti José Geraldo dos Santos , Santos Antonio Clementino dos , Sousa Jhone Tallison Lira de
Published: February 2015

O estudo foi realizado na Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), na Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnias, Campus de Araguaína, foram avaliadas as características morfogênicas, agronômicas e o índice de área foliar da Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu, submetido a crescentes níveis de sombreamento artificial com e sem adubação, sendo os níveis de sombreamento (0%; 30%; 50% e 70%) e adubação de (80 kg ha-1 ano). O solo onde a forragem encontrava-se implantada era o Neossolo Quartizarênico Órtico típico. Tendo em vista a necessidade de mais conhecimento sobre os sistemas Silvipastoris na região Norte do país, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar as mudanças morfológicas ocorrida pelo vegetal através do estudo da morfogênese e de como a adubação atua nesse processo, o delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados (DBC), em arranjo fatorial 4x2. O sombreamento aumentou, comprimento de bainha (CB) e consequentemente no comprimento médio de lâmina foliar aparecida (CMLFAP) e adubação conferiu influências na duração de vida de folha (DVF), CB, taxa de alongamento de colmo (TALC), número de folhas mortas (NFM). A produtividade em kg de matéria seca não foram alterados pelos tratamentos e não alterou de forma significativa a taxa de senescência foliar (TSF). A Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu mostrou capacidade de adaptação aos níveis crescentes de sombreamento, sendo capaz de produzir um percentual de matéria seca (MS) considerável em comparação ao sol pleno, ambos implantados em solo arenoso.
Correlated responses and genetic parameters for performance and carcass traits in a broiler line
Authors: Peertile Simone Fernanda Nedel , Zampar Aline , Petrini Juliana , Gaya Leila de Genova , Rovadoscki Gregori Alberto , Ramírez-Díaz Johanna , Ferraz José Bento Sterman , Michelan Filho Tércio , Mourão Gerson Barreto
Published: February 2015

The growth rate of broilers has triplicated in the last decades. The body weight is used as one of the selection criteria whereas the carcass traits are valuable market requirements. Thus, the meat industry like animals with high weights at slaughter and better carcass traits. However, the genetic relation of carcass traits with several body weights is unknown. Therefore, we established genetic associations among performance and carcass traits in a broiler chicken line and estimated genetic gain and trends. We also evaluated what age of selection would lead to a more efficient indirect selection of carcass traits. The data set with information of weights in different ages and carcass traits of 128,459 chickens was used. The pedigree data used contained 132,442 chickens. Genetic analysis were realized using ASREML® software applied a restricted maximum likelihood method. Heritability estimates ranged from moderate to high, which indicates that these traits can have high selection response. Genetic correlations between performance and carcass traits varied from moderate to high, which indicates the presence of a genetic association whereas genetic trends indicated that direct selection is occurring for body weight at different ages. Theselection at 30 and 38 days should be considered instead of the slaughter weight, as it anticipates selection in around 12 days.
Desempenho e características de carcaça de tourinhos alimentados com dietas contendo silagem de bagaço de laranja substituindo a silagem de sorgo
Authors: Gobbi Kátia Fernanda , Abrahão José Jorge dos Santos , Moletta José Luiz , Santos Tiago Machado dos , Batt Vanderlei , Lugão Simony Marta Bernardo
Published: February 2015

Avaliou-se o desempenho e as características de carcaça de tourinhos mestiços confinados, alimentados com dieta contendo diferentes níveis de silagem de bagaço de laranja (0, 20, 40 ou 60%) substituindo a silagem de sorgo (% da matéria seca). Foram utilizados 36 animais distribuídos em baias individuais, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com nove repetições. A ingestão de matéria seca (IMS) apresentou incremento quadrático (P<0,01) em função dos níveis de silagem de bagaço de laranja na dieta. O ganho médio diário (GMD) também teve comportamento quadrático (P<0,01) em função do incremento da silagem de bagaço de laranja, estimando-se que o nível que permite máximo GMD é de 24,50%. Entretanto, ao se comparar as médias de GMD observou-se que a dieta com 20% de silagem de bagaço de laranja não diferiu das dietas com silagem de sorgo exclusiva e 40% de silagem de bagaço. A conversão alimentar não foi afetada pelas dietas (P>0,05), apresentando valor médio de 6,52. As características de carcaça não sofreram alterações (P>0,05) em função dos tratamentos. Foram observados valores médios de 298,37 kg; 13,50; 135,14 cm; 26,35 cm; 72,17 cm²; 5,26 mm; 5,81; 64,54%; 21,05%; 15,09%, para peso de carcaça quente, conformação, comprimento de carcaça, espessura de coxão, área de olho de lombo, espessura de gordura subcutânea, marmoreio e porcentagens de músculo, gordura e osso, respectivamente. A silagem de bagaço de laranja pode substituir a silagem de sorgo em até 40% da matéria seca, mas o nível de 24,5% é o que proporcionou máximo desempenho dos animais.
Adaptabilidade de caprinos Sannen e Marota mantidos em clima tropical semiúmido
Authors: Santos Francisco Sérgio Medeiros dos , Pires João Eduardo Pinto , Pereira Alécio Matos , Azevedo Danielle Maria Machado Ribeiro , Rocha Raimundo Rômulo Costa , Cardoso Francimarne Sousa , Araujo Adriana Mello , Muratori Maria Christina Sanches , Costa Amilton Paulo Raposo
Published: February 2015

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os parâmetros ambientais e os parâmetros e fisiológicos dos caprinos Saanen e Marota na cidade de Teresina, estado do Piauí, Brasil, nos períodos chuvosos e secos, durante os meses de abril a novembro. Utilizaram-se fêmeas caprinas adultas Saanen (n=7) e Marota (n=7), clinicamente saudáveis, de mesmas faixas etárias e submetidas às mesmas condições de manejo. Os índices fisiológicos foram a frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (FR) e temperatura retal (TR) nos horários de 7-8, 10-11, 14-15 e 17-18horas. Os índices ambientais analisados foram a temperatura ambiente, umidade relativa do ar,temperatura de globo negro e índices de temperatura e umidade. Os resultados dos parâmetros ambientais mostram que o período seco é mais estressante que o chuvoso e que o turno da tarde é mais estressante que o da manhã e, dentre os esses parâmetros, observa-se que a umidade relativa do ar tem comportamento inverso ao da temperatura do ar, temperatura de globo negro e índices de temperatura e umidade, mostrando maiores valores no período chuvoso e no turno da manhã. Quanto aos parâmetros fisiológicos dos animais, observou-se que todos os animais conseguiram manter a temperatura retal dentro dos limites normais, e que a frequência respiratória foi o indicador de estresse mais sensível, mostrando que os animais da raça Marota apresentaram menores valores e mais próximos da normalidade, indicando maior adaptabilidade em relação aos da raça Saanen
Los newagers: el efecto colibrí. Artífices de menús especializados, tejedores de circuitos en la red, y polinizadores de culturas híbridas
Authors: Torre Renée de la
Published: February 2015

En este artículo se describe la trayectoria de búsqueda espiritual de un agente nodal en la red espiritual alternativa comúnmente conocida como New Age para atender el impacto de su trayectoria en la hibridación de una espiritualidad neoindia. Se proponen tres procesos a tenerse en cuenta para una metodología del estudio del impacto de hibridación cultural que genera el New Age: 1) Su condición de diseñador de menús creyentes individualizados hechos con retazos de distintas tradiciones religiosas (Champion y Hervieu-Lèger 1990); 2) su agencia como “agente nodal” para tejer articulaciones, alianzas y conexiones en la red: entre otros agentes nodos, entre diversos circuitos y otros campos sociales especializados; y 3) su competencia de “polinizador” (Soares 2009) de culturas y religiones. El argumento de este trabajo destaca que los buscadores espirituales en su andar no sólo recogen fragmentos culturales de distintas tradiciones para armar menús personalizados de creencias, sino que además son transmisores de significados que contribuyen a hibridar las culturas por donde van pasando. Muchas de las cuales coinciden con comunidades étnicas valoradas por su relación con la naturaleza, su ancestralidad y su exotismo a los ojos de los occidentales.
Surgical Complications in 1408 Primary Cleft Palate Repairs Operated at a Single Center in Guwahati, Assam, India
Authors: Schönmeyr Björn , Wendby Lisa , Campbell Alex
Published: February 2015

Objective

To analyze surgical complications after primary cleft palate repair in a setting with limited resources.

Patients and Design

A total of 1608 consecutive cleft palate repairs with 1408 follow-ups, operated upon between 2011 and 2013, were reviewed retrospectively through medical records. Patients were 10 months to 50 years old at the time of surgery, with a median age of 9 years.

Setting

Guwahati Comprehensive Cleft Care Center, Guwahati, India.

Intervention

Primary cleft palate repair.

Main Outcome Measures

Postoperative complications in terms of necrosis, dehiscence, fistula, infection, and “hanging palate” were assessed, as was perioperative bleeding. Logistic regression was used with complication (yes/no) as the binary dependent variable and with age, cleft type, and surgeon (visiting/long-term) as covariates.

Results

The overall incidence of postoperative complications was 16.9% with a fistula rate of 13.6%. The incidence of perioperative bleeding was 1.8%. Logistic regression analysis identified cleft severity ( P ≤ .001) and visiting surgeon ( P ≤ .01) as factors related to the incidence of postoperative complications. Age at surgery was related to both the incidence of postoperative complications ( P ≤ .001) and perioperative bleeding ( P < .05).

Conclusion

Due to increased risks of surgical complications, older patients with complete clefts should only be operated upon after careful consideration. In addition, these patients should be assigned to surgeons experienced with this cleft type.
Building a resilient system of defence against flooding from the Rhône
Authors: Cheetham Mark , Mallet Thibaut , Chastel Emilie , Tourment Rémy , Robustelli Philippe , Pelt Philippe
Published: February 2015

The River Rhône in the south of France is susceptible to periodic flooding, leaving communities and vast areas of agricultural land inundated for significant periods of time. Efforts to control flooding in the lower Rhône valley have been undertaken since the middle of the nineteenth century, notably through the construction of levees and other flood defence and river management structures. These have subsequently been raised and widened following each major flood event, making their capacity to resist floods difficult to evaluate. Recent flood events have resulted in numerous breaches in the existing system of protection. The recent introduction of a global strategy for flood management in the lower Rhône catchment (Plan Rhône) includes for major infrastructure improvements to enhance the resilience of existing flood defences. This paper examines the application of the Plan Rhône since its release, presenting case studies and, where appropriate, the collaborative work undertaken by the main actors involved. This paper examines the application of the Plan Rhône since its release, presenting case studies and, where appropriate, the collaborative work undertaken by the main actors involved. Details of the different approaches undertaken to evaluate the risks associated with the levees are provided, together with proposed solutions to enhance the resilience of the global system of protection against a flood with a probability of exceedance of 10−3 (1 in 1000 year return period).
Factors that influence on efficiency of educating to physical exercises of boys of junior classes
Authors: Худолій О. М. , Іващенко О. В. , Черненко С. О.
Published: February 2015

Research aim — to define factors that influence on efficiency of educating to physical exercises of boys of junior classes.Methods and organization of research. In research such methods of research as analysis of scientific and methodical literature, pedagogical supervisions, testing of motive preparedness, probabilistic going are used near the estimation of process of educating, methods of mathematical statistics. Conclusions. The rationed coefficients of canonical discriminator allow to define correlation of deposit of variables in the result of function. With a most contribution to the first canonical function variables № enter 12 «Level of train, exercise 1» (0,645), № 1 «Height, cm» (- 0,432), № 13 «Level of train, exercise 2» (0,393), № 3 broad «Jump, a cm» (- 0,303) : over the increase of level of train brings to the increase of value of the first function. With a most contribution to the second canonical function variables № enter 14 «Level of train, exercise 3» (1,251), №7 «Undercutting in mixed висе on a rope, times» (- 0,876), №4 «At run 300 meters, with» (- 0,386), than the best results of these indexes, the greater value of function. Foregoing testifies to influence of level of developing co-ordinating flairs on efficiency of educating to physical exercises. Structural coefficients of canonical discriminator, because and in a factor analysis allow to carry out interpretation of canonical function. Most influence on the value of canonical function has a level of обучености to physical exercises, level of developing co-ordinating and power flairs. Consequently in classification of motive preparedness of boys of junior classes a leading place occupies the level of train to physical exercises. Developing motive flairs is effective, if they become the constituent of the mastered motive skills.
Use of exercises of strong-willed gymnastics in the course of physical training of senior pupils
Authors: Кравчук Т. М. , Чуркін О. В.
Published: February 2015

Research aim: to ground expediency of the use of exercises of volitional gymnastics in the process of P.E of senior pupils and check their efficiency. For the decision of the tasks put in-process, the next methods of research were used: analysis of pedagogical and scientifically-methodical literature; conversations are with specialists; pedagogical supervision; pedagogical testing; methods of mathematical statistics. Conclusions. Exercises of volitional gymnastics, that extraordinarily simple in mastering, do not require the presence of the specially equipped place and the implementations of various exercises based on principle without a burden, with conscious tension of corresponding muscles, can be fruitfully used in P.E of senior pupils. The use of exercises of volitional gymnastics in the process of P.E of students of higher forms assists the increase of level of development of flexibility and force, that it was experimentally well-proven during research. A most increase was observed in development of force (25%) and flexibility (24,49%) for senior pupils that executed exercises of volitional gymnastics on the lessons of physical culture and independently at home.
Automated software test control of speed-power capabilities
Authors: Корягин В. М. , Блавт О. З.
Published: February 2015

An aim of work is development of electronic CAS of monitoring of speed-power possibilities engaging in a physical culture and sport. The questions test the level of speed-power capacity in the process of fitness. The technique of determining the level of speed-power capabilities using the touch electronic non-contact measurement. First demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of its use in sports and physical culture to enable rapid collection of reliable test data. In the presented work new approach is offered qualitatively to the problem of estimation of speed-power capabilities engaging in a physical culture and sport. Introduction and use of modern electronic technologies in a training process are powerful methodological basis for scientifically reasonable his purposeful continuous correction on the basis of the integral going near development of physical qualities, that allows to attain his quality improvement.
Predator identity influences the effect of habitat management on nest predation
Authors: Lyons Timothy P. , Miller James R. , Debinski Diane M. , Engle David M.
Published: February 2015

Predation is the leading cause of nest failure for many passerines and considerable effort is devoted to identifying the habitat characteristics and management practices that influence nest loss. The habitat components associated with nest loss are strongly influenced by the ecology of nest predators and differ among predator species as a result. Nevertheless, there is a tendency to generalize about the effects of habitat features and management on nest failure without considering how resulting patterns are influenced by nest predators. We examined how predator‐specific patterns of nest loss differed among predators and in response to grassland management with fire and grazing by cattle (Bos taurus). We used video cameras to monitor and identify predators at nests of the Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum), a species of conservation concern throughout its range. We observed predation by 15 different species that differed in their response to management and the habitat characteristics associated with nests they preyed on. Losses to mammals and snakes were more likely at nests with greater amounts of litter cover and tall fescue (Schedonorus phoenix). Mammals were less likely to prey on nests surrounded by greater forb cover. Nest predation by snakes was lower in burned areas, whereas predation by mammals and Brown‐headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) was unaffected by the use of fire. Neither vegetation density at the nest, nor landscape context was related to nest loss by any predator taxon. Although there were many similarities, we identified important differences in the species composing the nest predator community between our study and other published research. These differences are likely to be responsible for geographic variation in the influence of habitat features and management actions on nest success. Our results demonstrate the need for natural resource managers to incorporate knowledge of local nest predators and their ecology when developing management prescriptions aimed at enhancing the reproductive success of songbirds.
A Four-Phase Flow Model to Simulate Chemical EOR with Gas
Authors: Lotfollahi Mohammad , Varavei Abdoljalil , Delshad Mojdeh , Farajzadeh Rouhi , Pope Gary A.
Published: February 2015

The need for improved models to simulate chemical enhanced oil recovery (CEOR) methods involving either free gas or solution gas has increased in recent years as it has become more common to inject surfactants to recover live oils using surfactant-polymer or alkaline-surfactant-polymer flooding, or to inject gas with the surfactant solution (low-tension gas flooding or foam). A four-phase flow and transport formulation is needed to accurately model these EOR methods. New experimental data are now available to help in the development and validation of such models. In particular, the effect of pressure and solution gas on microemulsion phase behavior is now much better understood because of new and much more systematic experimental data. New low-tension gas or alkali surfactant foam experiments have also recently been published.

In this paper, we present a four-phase flow formulation implemented in the numerical reservoir simulator UTCHEM, a compositional model developed specifically to simulate both lab-scale and field-scale chemical EOR. UTCHEM includes a third-order TVD finite-difference method to improve numerical accuracy of the extremely non-linear chemical processes. A black-oil model for oil/water/gas is coupled with the surfactant/oil/water (microemulsion) phase behavior model through a new formulation. The new formulation includes water, oil, gas, surfactant, polymer and electrolyte components in the aqueous, oleic, microemulsion and gas phases. The PVT properties are calculated for each phase using this model. The impact of pressure and solution gas on the optimum salinity and interfacial tension will be discussed.

The four-phase flow simulator has been used to model low tension gas flooding taking into account process mechanisms. The results aid in the understanding and interpretation of four-phase flow chemical EOR processes. The simulator can be used to evaluate chemical EOR methods involving solution gas and/or free gas, to scale up lab experiments to the field and to optimize chemical EOR process design for field tests among other applications. The need for a reliable mechanistic simulator has greatly increased due to more field applications of chemical EOR with gas and the expected further increase of this type of EOR.
Verification of automatic coagulant dosage control technology based on aluminum concentration at a water purification plant
Authors: Sangu Y. , Yokoi H. , Tadokoro H. , Tachi T.
Published: February 2015

An automatic coagulant dosage control technology for water purification plants was developed to deal with rapid changes of feed water quality. Control logic was developed to decide coagulant dosage based on aluminum concentration in the mixing tanks. A coagulant-sedimentation process apparatus was installed in December 2010 in a water purification plant, and the coagulant dosage control test using feed water was started. The developed system was confirmed to be effective for managing settled water turbidity and adequacy of coagulant dosage. For actual changes of feed water quality at the water purification plant over more than one year, the developed system was able to maintain settled water turbidity at less than 1.0 mg-kaolin/L in the period of high feed-water turbidity.
The effects of ultraviolet/H2O2 advanced oxidation on the content and characteristics of groundwater natural organic matter
Authors: Molnar J. , Agbaba J. , Tubić A. , Watson M. , Kragulj M. , Rončević S. , Dalmacija B.
Published: February 2015

This work investigates the effects of ultraviolet (UV)/H2O2 advanced oxidation on the content and characteristics of natural organic matter (NOM) originating from two different groundwaters (3.03–9.69 mg/L total organic carbon (TOC), 2.71–4.31 Lmg−1m−1 specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA)). Application of UV irradiation resulted in a minor reduction in the total content of NOM. Using UV/H2O2 advanced oxidation led to a significant reduction of the aromatic character of NOM (SUVA was reduced by up to 80%) and an increase in the hydrophilic character of the residual NOM, with the optimal UV/H2O2 treatment conditions depending on the water type. In addition, fluctuations in trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) were observed depending on the UV/H2O2 process conditions, with a maximal reduction of about 40% achieved for both waters.
Consumption estimation with a partial automatic meter reading deployment
Authors: Claudio Karim , Couallier Vincent , Leclerc Cyril , Le Gat Yves , Saracco Jérôme
Published: February 2015

Automatic water meter reading (AMR) is now the best kind of technology to supply real time information on water consumption. Complete equipment of a district metered area enables the assessment of the total consumption of a finite size population, for a time scale sometimes as short as an hour. However, its cost for generalization can generate high capital expenditures (CAPEX), unaffordable for the utility, in which case sampling techniques have to be set up. With the purpose of total consumption estimation, this article describes standard methods of survey techniques applied to water networks and proposes a methodology for implementation of an operational sample. The methodology, which includes some constraints on the estimator precision, proposes a smart AMR equipment plan of the population, while reducing CAPEX. Finally, estimation of the total consumption, in addition to the knowledge of supplied volume, enables more accurate loss assessment and potential detection of new leaks.
Water microbial quality during drinking water treatment technology and distribution provided by two Romanian companies
Authors: Gheorghe S. , Catrangiu A. , Lucaciu I. , Tiron O. , Cosma C. , Stoica C. , Dinu L.
Published: February 2015

Under European Economic Area Agreement, Romania and Norway have developed a project for monitoring the quality of raw and potable water (from production technology until distribution) supplied by two Romanian water companies. In the present study was investigated the microbiological quality of water, which was compared with organic matter loads. Resulting free chlorine and trihalomethane compounds after disinfection processes were also analysed. The raw water collected from Danube hydrographical basin showed significant pollution with potential pathogenic microorganisms with faecal origin such as Salmonella sp., Escherichia coli, Enterobacter sp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter braakii, Providencia stuartii, and Enterococcus sp. Also other bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter, total number of bacteria at 22 and 37 °C were detected, being related to high water oxidability. The microbial load was reduced considerably after the disinfection process. However, the total number of bacteria at 22 or 37 °C was constantly higher than the imposed limit and Clostridium perfringens was identified occasionally. The tap water presented a sporadic microbial loading with Enterococcus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E. coli and constantly with total number of bacteria due to an improper water distribution network.
Effects of water matrix and ozonation on natural organic matter fractionation and corresponding disinfection by-products formation
Authors: Agbaba J. , Molnar J. , Tubić A. , Watson M. , Maletić S. , Dalmacija B.
Published: February 2015

In this study the influence of water matrix and oxidation treatment by ozone on natural organic matter (NOM) fractionation and corresponding disinfection by-products formation was investigated. Three water types were selected, based on their different NOM contents (5.16–9.85 mg/L dissolved organic carbon (DOC)) and structures (42–79% proportion of hydrophobic NOM fraction). It was determined that increasing the ozone dose (0.2–0.8 mg O3/mg DOC) generally led to reductions in DOC (2–26%) and trihalomethane formation potential values (4–58%). Results of NOM fractionation showed that the reactivity of all the individual NOM fractions towards trihalomethane formation decreased after ozone oxidation (0.8 mg O3/mg DOC) by 47–69%, relative to the raw waters.
Effect of preozonation on wastewater reclamation by the combination of ozonation and soil aquifer treatment
Authors: Echigo S. , Nakatsuji M. , Takabe Y. , Itoh S.
Published: February 2015

A series of column experiments and risk evaluation showed that preozonation was a better option to enhance the performance of soil aquifer treatment (SAT) than ozonation after SAT with respect to dissolved organic carbon, trace organic contaminants, and disinfection byproducts. This is a good example to show that upgrading pretreatments can be more effective than adding extra treatments after SAT, and that it is important to optimize a water reclamation system as a whole system.
Interoperability: the key for smart water management
Authors: Hauser A. , Roedler F.
Published: February 2015

The integration of water processes with information and communication technologies systems offers huge opportunities in terms of efficiency gains, improved security, and overall sustainability. However, as this new field of water management – often denoted as ‘Smart Water Network’ (SWN) – is evolving, there are many different vendors, technologies and business models in the market. This diversity overwhelms utilities and leads to excessive piloting of smart solutions, rather than to a general adoption. In order to exploit the full potential of these SWN solutions, standardized components guaranteeing interoperability and clearly defined interfaces as well as proper guidelines for implementing such solutions are needed. We will give a general overview of a SWN, the involved technological components, its interactions, and missing elements that are needed for an interoperable solution. We finish our contribution with a brief description of a structured process for planning SWN architectures.
Prediction of water quality in South to North Water Transfer Project of China based on GA-optimized general regression neural network
Authors: Wang Zhuomin , Shao Dongguo , Yang Haidong , Yang Shuang
Published: February 2015

The safety of water delivery and water quality in the South to North Water Transfer Project of China is important to northern China. Water quality data, flow data and data on factors that influence water quality were collected from 25 May to 26 August, 2013. These data were used to forecast water quality and calculate the relative error when using a genetic algorithm optimized general regression neural network (GA-GRNN) model as well as conventional general regression neural network (GRNN) and genetic algorithm optimized back propagation (GA-BP) models. The GA-GRNN method requires few network parameters and has good network stability, a high learning speed and strong approximation ability. The overall forecasted result of GA-GRNN is the best of three models, of which the root mean square error (RMSE) of every index is nearly the least among three models. The results reveal that the GA-GRNN model is efficient for water quality prediction under normal conditions and it can be used to ensure the security of water delivery and water quality in the South to North Water Transfer Project.
Removal of norovirus from water by coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes
Authors: Shin Gwy-Am , Sobsey Mark D.
Published: February 2015

In this study, we determined the removal of a prototype human norovirus (Norwalk virus, NV) by bench-scale alum coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for norovirus assays. After determining optimum conditions for the coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in terms of turbidity reduction, jar tests were performed using the same waters seeded with test viruses. For comparison, two other important health-related viruses, poliovirus 1 (PV1) and coliphage MS2, were included in this study. The removal of NV by coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes based on RT-PCR assay in this study was 1.5 log10, which was similar to that of PV1 and a little lower than that of coliphage MS2 (2 log10) based on the same RT-PCR assay. The removal of NV in this study (1.5 log10) is considerably higher than the one in a recent study using recombinant norovirus virus-like particles (∼0.7 log10). Overall, the results of this study suggest that human noroviruses can be appreciably reduced by a properly-operated coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes and the contamination of drinking water by noroviruses should be controlled by conventional water treatment processes with conventional physico-chemical processes and disinfection.
Utilizing structural equation modeling to correlate biosand filter performance and occurrence of diarrhea in the village of Enseado do Aritapera in Para, Brazil
Authors: Voth-Gaeddert L. E. , Divelbiss D. W. , Oerther D. B.
Published: February 2015

Previously, our earlier work demonstrated the use of structural equation modeling to evaluate the effectiveness of point-of-use biosand filters (BSF) to reduce the occurrence of diarrhea in rural Guatemala. While prior research in laboratory and field locations has documented the effectiveness of BSF to remove agents of diarrhea, experience in field sites suggests that multiple local factors greatly influence the occurrence of diarrhea. In addition to the BSF, this study evaluated household education level, socioeconomic status, water source and handling, and sanitation as factors impacting the occurrence of diarrhea for households in the village of Enseado do Aritapera in Para, Brazil. Of the 18 correlations examined, 16 were negatively correlated, and the strongest correlation was between the utilization of an ‘improved’ water source and the reduction of the occurrence of diarrhea within the household. While proper operation and maintenance of the BSF was found to have a negative correlation with the occurrence of diarrhea, it was not the most influential factor. This result supports the prior findings from our earlier work suggesting that more research is needed to evaluate which intervention should be prioritized for maximum return on investment with aid distribution.