bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Classification of left and right foot kinaesthetic motor imagery using common spatial pattern
Authors: Tariq Madiha , Trivailo Pavel M , Simic Milan
Published: November 2019

Background and objectives: Brain-computer interface (BCI) systems typically deploy common spatial pattern (CSP) for feature extraction of mu and beta rhythms based on upper-limbs kinaesthetic motor imageries (KMI). However, it was not used to classify the left versus right foot KMI, due to its location inside the mesial wall of sensorimotor cortex, which makes it difficult to be detected. We report novel classification of mu and beta EEG features, during left and right foot KMI cognitive task, using CSP, and filter bank common spatial pattern (FBCSP) method, to optimize the subject-specific band selection. We initially proposed CSP method, followed by the implementation of FBCSP for optimization of individual spatial patterns, wherein a set of CSP filters was learned, for each of the time/frequency filters in a supervised way. This was followed by the log-variance feature extraction and concatenation of all features (over all chosen spectral-filters). Subsequently, supervised machine learning was implemented, i.e. logistic regression (Logreg) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA), in order to compare the respective foot KMI classification rates. Training and testing data, used in the model, was validated using 10-fold cross validation. Four methodology paradigms are reported, i.e. CSP LDA, CSP Logreg, and FBCSP LDA, FBCSP Logreg. All paradigms resulted in an average classification accuracy rate above the statistical chance level of 60.0% (P < 0.01). On average, FBCSP LDA outperformed remaining paradigms with kappa score of 0.41 and classification accuracy of 70.28% ± 4.23. Similarly, this paradigm enabled discrimination between right and left foot KMI cognitive task at highest accuracy rate i.e. maximum 77.5% with kappa = 0.55 and the area under ROC curve as 0.70 (in single-trial analysis). The proposed novel paradigms, using CSP and FBCSP, established a potential to exploit the left versus right foot imagery classification, in synchronous 2-class BCI for controlling robotic foot, or foot neuroprosthesis.
Entropy stability analysis of smoothed dissipative particle dynamics
Authors: Tsuzuki Satori
Published: November 2019

This article presents an entropy stability analysis of smoothed dissipative particle dynamics (SDPD) to review the validity of particle discretization of entropy equations. First, we consider the simplest SDPD system: a simulation of incompressible flows using an explicit time integration scheme, assuming a quasi-static scenario with constant volume, constant number of particles, and infinitesimal time shift. Next, we derive a form of entropy from the discretized entropy equation of SDPD by integrating it with respect to time. We then examine the properties of a two-particle system for a constant temperature gradient. Interestingly, our theoretical analysis suggests that there exist eight different types of entropy stability conditions, which depend on the types of kernel functions. It is found that the Lucy kernel, poly6 kernel, and spiky kernel produce the same types of entropy stability conditions, whereas the spline kernel produces different types of entropy stability conditions. Our results contribute to a deeper understanding of particle discretization.
HiCBricks: building blocks for efficient handling of large Hi-C datasets
Authors: Pal Koustav , Tagliaferri Ilario , Livi Carmen Maria , Ferrari Francesco
Published: November 2019

Genome-wide chromosome conformation capture based on high-throughput sequencing (Hi-C) has been widely adopted to study chromatin architecture by generating datasets of ever-increasing complexity and size. HiCBricks offers user-friendly and efficient solutions for handling large high-resolution Hi-C datasets. The package provides an R/Bioconductor framework with the bricks to build more complex data analysis pipelines and algorithms. HiCBricks already incorporates functions for calling domain boundaries and functions for high-quality data visualization.

Availability and implementation

http://bioconductor.org/packages/devel/bioc/html/HiCBricks.html.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Beyond Re-enchantment: Christian Materialism and Modern Medicine
Authors: Vest Matthew
Published: November 2019

This article explores enchantment, disenchantment, and re-enchantment in reference to modern medicine’s view of the body. Before considering Weber’s enchantment paradigm, I question some core assumptions regarding sociology as methodologically scientific and value-free. Furthermore, I draw on Jenkins who helps to illustrate the difficulty of rooting terms such as enchantment, disenchantment, and re-enchantment; the question remains “which” historical and cultural period is employed as the basis for such sociological terms. Such questions are critical, but not entirely dismissive of modern medicine as “disenchanted”; with some more explicit foundational and presuppositional context, disenchantment can be a helpful notion for approaching questions of the “new body.” St. Gregory Palamas’ Christian materialism and mystical anthropology present such an explicit foundation. Moreover, this Patristic foundation moves past the postmodern aporia of emphasizing either immanence or transcendence—two polar attractions that factor heavily in the way modern medicine views the body.
Driving Route Recommendation With Profit Maximization in Ride Sharing
Authors: Huang Longji , Huang Jianbin , Xu Yueshen , Zhao Zhiqiang , Zhang Zhenghao
Published: November 2019

Due to the positive impact of ride sharing on urban traffic and environment, it has attracted a lot of research attention recently. However, most existing researches focused on the profit maximization or the itinerary minimization of drivers, only rare work has covered on adjustable price function and matching algorithm for the batch requests. In this paper, we propose a request matching algorithm and an adjustable price function that benefits drivers as well as passengers. Our request-matching algorithm consists of an exact search algorithm and a group search algorithm. The exact search algorithm consists of three steps. The first step is to prune some invalid groups according to the total number of passengers and the capacity of vehicles. The second step is to filter out all candidate groups according to the compatibility of requests in same group. The third step is to obtain the most profitable group by the adjustable price function, and recommend the most profitable group to drivers. In order to enhance the efficiency of the exact search algorithm, we further design an improved group search algorithm based on the idea of original simulated annealing. Extensive experimental results show that our method can improve the income of drivers, and reduce the expense of passengers. Meanwhile, ride sharing can also keep the utilization rate of seats 80%, driving distance is reduced by 30%.
Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Indigenous Populations in the United States and Canada
Authors: Bruce Veronica , Eldredge Jonathan , Leyva Yuridia , Mera Jorge , English Kevin , Page Kimberly
Published: November 2019

American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) and Canadian Indigenous people are disproportionally affected by hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection yet are frequently underrepresented in epidemiologic studies and surveys often used to inform public health efforts. We performed a systematic review of published and unpublished literature and summarized our findings on HCV prevalence in these Indigenous populations. We found a disparity of epidemiologic literature of HCV prevalence among AI/AN in the United States and Indigenous people in Canada. The limited data available, which date from 1995, demonstrate a wide range of HCV prevalence in AI/AN (1.49%–67.60%) and Indigenous populations (2.28%–90.24%). The highest HCV prevalence in both countries was reported in studies that either included or specifically targeted people who inject drugs. Lower prevalence was reported in studies of general Indigenous populations, although in Canada, the lowest prevalence was up to 3-fold higher in Aboriginal people compared with general population estimates. The disparity of available data on HCV prevalence and need for consistent and enhanced HCV surveillance and reporting among Indigenous people are highlighted. HCV affects Indigenous peoples to a greater degree than the general population; thus we recommend tribal and community leaders be engaged in enhanced surveillance efforts and that funds benefitting all Indigenous persons be expanded to help prevent and cover health care expenses to help stop this epidemic.
A Growth and Yield Model for Eucalyptus benthamii in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Hall Kevin B , Stape Jl , Bullock Bronson P , Frederick Doug , Wright Jeff , Scolforo Henrique F , Cook Rachel
Published: November 2019

In recent Eucalyptus cold-tolerance trials, E. benthamii has shown good growth rates as well as cold tolerance for USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 8 and 9. This study developed growth and yield models for E. benthamii in the southeastern United States. A network of 182 temporary sample plots of E. benthamii ranging in age from 1.5 to 13.3 years was established, and inventory data were collected. Site quality was determined by fitting a polymorphic site index curve, whereas a function for stand basal area based on age, dominant height, and site occupancy was fitted. Stand-level volume and dry-weight biomass prediction equations were fitted as a function of dominant height and basal area. Based on the growth and yield model results, mean annual increments ranged from 26.4 m3 ha–1 year–1 at rotation age 6 years on the best sites to 13.7 m3 ha–1 year–1 at rotation age 10 years on the poorest sites. This is the first published set of management-oriented models for land managers considering planting E. benthamii in the southeastern United States.
Two perspectives of Listeria monocytogenes hazards in dairy products: the prevalence and the antibiotic resistance
Authors: Ulusoy Beyza H , Chirkena Kefyalew
Published: November 2019

Listeria monocytogenes is among the most food-borne pathogens. It has the ability to grow over a range of temperature, including refrigeration temperature. Foods kept in refrigerator more than the prescribed period of time create an opportunity for the occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes. As this review shows, the prevalence of L. monocytogenes has more likely evident in pasteurized milk than other dairy products, such as raw milk. Inadequate temperature and faults in technology during pasteurization can be the disposing factors for the presence of the organism in dairy products. The organism, on the other hand, has been found to be resistant to those commonly known antibiotics that have human and veterinary importance, namely, ampicillin, Tetracycline, and chloramphenicol, streptomycin, erytromycin, penicillin G., and others. Resistance ability of the organism can be mediated by different natural and acquired resistance mechanisms, such as self-transferrable plasmids, mobilizable plasmids, and conjugative transposons. The emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance of L. monocytogenes has serious public health and economic impacts at large. This paper has reviewed the prevalence and the antibiotic resistance of L. monocytogenes isolates of dairy products and the strategic mechanisms of the organism develop resistance against the antibiotics.
Barriers in the Decision Making About and Performance of Continuous Sedation Until Death in Nursing Homes
Authors: Robijn Lenzo , Deliens Luc , Rietjens Judith , Pype Peter , Chambaere Kenneth
Published: November 2019

Background and Objectives

While decision making about and performance of continuous sedation involve many challenges, they appear to be particularly pervasive in nursing homes. This study aims to identify barriers to the decision making and performance of continuous sedation until death in Flemish nursing homes as experienced by the health care professionals involved.

Research Design and Methods

Ten focus groups were held with 71 health care professionals including 16 palliative care physicians, 42 general practitioners, and 13 nursing home staff. Discussions were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using a constant comparative approach.

Results

Perceived barriers concerned factors prior to and during sedation and were classified according to three types: (a) personal barriers related to knowledge and skills including the lack of clarity on what continuous sedation should be used for (linguistic ambiguity) and when and how it should be used (practical ambiguity); (b) relational barriers concerning communication and collaboration both between health care professionals and with family; (c) organizational barriers related to the organization of care in nursing homes where, for example, there is no on-site physician, or where the recommended medication is not always available.

Discussion and Implications

The findings suggest there are considerable challenges for sound decision making about and performance of continuous sedation until death in nursing homes. There is a need for multicomponent initiatives that provide guidance in the context of the complexity of a resident’s medical situation, the family, and the specific organization of care, which would have the potential to facilitate and improve the decision-making process and performance of continuous sedation in nursing homes.
An Internal Replication Examining the Role of Issue Involvement, Relevance, and Additional Requirements to Maintain an Established Freedom among Older Adults
Authors: Al-Ghaithi Salah H , Reynolds-Tylus Tobias , Quick Brian L , Gonzalez Andrea Martinez , Nead Kaitlyn E
Published: November 2019

The current research aimed to advance the psychological reactance theory literature by extending this framework to older adults (N = 525) age 55 or older. In doing so, this project tests two principles of reactance theory as well as exploring the relationship between reactance and a behavioral outcome. Results demonstrated that the threat of additional driver’s license requirements, issue involvement, and the personal relevance of the threatened freedom increased freedom threat perceptions. In turn, freedom threat perceptions were positively associated with reactance. Reactance was positively associated with agreeing to sign a petition protesting the proposed requirements. The same pattern of findings was replicated within the context of maintaining low cost health insurance premiums. In addition to these main effects, two interactions (additional test requirements * issue involvement and additional test requirements * personal 2 relevance) were explored. Results are discussed with an emphasis on the theoretical and practical implications for psychological reactance theory among older adults.
‘Genes versus children’: if the goal is parenthood, are we using the optimal approach?
Authors: Kirkman-Brown Jackson C , Martins Mariana V
Published: November 2019

First medical contact for couples trying for a child will usually emphasise the array of assistance available to ‘help them have their own child’, usually with options involving ART, after diagnosis. For many poorer prognosis couples, this means repetitive unsuccessful cycles of invasive and stressful treatment. What is sometimes lost at this stage is a reflection on the likelihood of success of different options, which may lead patients to focus on hoping for their own ‘genetic’ progeny, but failing to consider the alternative and potentially more successful other options, including donation and adoption, for achieving parenthood of a child. Factors not only such as female age but also advanced requirements such as preimplantation genetic testing or even mitochondrial replacement therapies all have reduced chances of success but further tend to reinforce the importance of a genetic link. The financial, physical and psychosocial burden associated with cumulative failure also lead to a higher probability of dropout and consequently an even higher probability of remaining in involuntary childlessness. We advocate formulation of a detailed roadmap for discussion of parenthood, with reference explanation to genetics and epigenetics, which gives due consideration to the psychological effects from the beginning to end of the treatment process, alongside a balanced consideration of the likelihood of treatment success and discussion of other options. Only when we provide patients with the service of a clear and transparent discussion of these matters, we will really realise the true potential of our field, which may then be better considered as assisted families.
TuThor: an innovative new training model for video-assisted thoracic surgery
Authors: Domhan Lorenz , Johannink Jonas , Miller Johanna , Steger Volker , Linder Albert , Kirschniak Andreas , Wilhelm Peter
Published: November 2019

OBJECTIVES

Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) is a complex technique requiring dedicated surgical training. Platforms for such training are scarce and often rely on the use of live animals, which raises ethical concerns. The objective of this study was to develop a box trainer that is dedicated for VATS training and able to reproduce bleeding scenarios.

METHODS

The developed Tuebingen Thorax Trainer comprises 5 components that are mounted on a human anatomy-like thoracic cavity containing a porcine organ complex. Any standard thoracoscopic instrument can be used. The organ complex is attached to a perfusion module. We assessed the applicability of the system in four 1-day VATS training courses at the Tuebingen Surgical Training Center. Assessment was performed using a questionnaire handed out to all participants.

RESULTS

Forty participants have been trained with the Tuebingen Thorax Trainer at our institution since November 2016. Thirty-five (87.5%) participants stated that the Tuebingen Thorax Trainer is an adequate model for VATS training. The ex vivo organ complex was reported to be realistic with regards to the level of detail and scale (76%). A large proportion of participants (27.5%) were experienced with VATS and reported having performed >50 procedures before taking the training course.

CONCLUSIONS

This new training device allows realistic training for VATS procedures. ‘Stagnant hydrostatic perfusion’ permits simulation of reproducible bleeding scenarios. The device is low in production costs and offers a strong resemblance to the clinical scenario. It reduces the use of animal models and contributes to the efforts in making surgical skills training for VATS more accessible.
Appraising causal relationships of dietary, nutritional and physical-activity exposures with overall and aggressive prostate cancer: two-sample Mendelian-randomization study based on 79 148 prostate-cancer cases and 61 106 controls
Authors: Kazmi Nabila , Haycock Philip , Tsilidis Konstantinos , Lynch Brigid M , Truong Therese ,   The PRACTICAL Consortium, CRUK, BPC3, CAPS, PEGASUS, Martin Richard M , Lewis Sarah J
Published: November 2019

Background

Prostate cancer is the second most common male cancer worldwide, but there is substantial geographical variation, suggesting a potential role for modifiable risk factors in prostate carcinogenesis.

Methods

We identified previously reported prostate cancer risk factors from the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF)’s systematic appraisal of the global evidence (2018). We assessed whether each identified risk factor was causally associated with risk of overall (79 148 cases and 61 106 controls) or aggressive (15 167 cases and 58 308 controls) prostate cancer using Mendelian randomization (MR) based on genome-wide association-study summary statistics from the PRACTICAL and GAME-ON/ELLIPSE consortia. We assessed evidence for replication in UK Biobank (7844 prostate-cancer cases and 204 001 controls).

Results

WCRF identified 57 potential risk factors, of which 22 could be instrumented for MR analyses using single nucleotide polymorphisms. For overall prostate cancer, we identified evidence compatible with causality for the following risk factors (odds ratio [OR] per standard deviation increase; 95% confidence interval): accelerometer-measured physical activity, OR = 0.49 (0.33–0.72; P = 0.0003); serum iron, OR = 0.92 (0.86–0.98; P = 0.007); body mass index (BMI), OR = 0.90 (0.84–0.97; P = 0.003); and monounsaturated fat, OR = 1.11 (1.02–1.20; P = 0.02). Findings in our replication analyses in UK Biobank were compatible with our main analyses (albeit with wide confidence intervals). In MR analysis, height was positively associated with aggressive-prostate-cancer risk: OR = 1.07 (1.01–1.15; P = 0.03).

Conclusions

The results for physical activity, serum iron, BMI, monounsaturated fat and height are compatible with causality for prostate cancer. The results suggest that interventions aimed at increasing physical activity may reduce prostate-cancer risk, although interventions to change other risk factors may have negative consequences on other diseases.
Learning Experience Reverses Catecholaminergic Effects on Adaptive Behavior
Authors: Mückschel Moritz , Eggert Elena , Prochnow Astrid , Beste Christian
Published: November 2019

Background

Catecholamines are important for cognitive control and the ability to adapt behavior (e.g., after response errors). A prominent drug that modulates the catecholaminergic system is methylphenidate. On the basis of theoretical consideration, we propose that the effects of methylphenidate on behavioral adaptation depend on prior learning experience.

Methods

In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study design, we examined the effect of methylphenidate (0.25 mg/kg) on post error behavioral adaptation processes in a group of n = 43 healthy young adults. Behavioral adaptation processes were examined in a working memory, modulated response selection task. The focus of the analysis was on order effects within the crossover study design to evaluate effects of prior learning/task experience.

Results

The effect of methylphenidate/placebo on post-error behavioral adaptation processes reverses depending on prior task experience. When there was no prior experience with the task, methylphenidate increased post-error slowing and thus intensified behavioral adaptation processes. However, when there was prior task experience, (i.e., when the placebo session was conducted first in the crossover design), methylphenidate even decreased post-error slowing and behavioral adaptation. Effect sizes were large and the power of the observed effects was higher than 95%.

Conclusions

The data suggest that catecholaminergic effects on cognitive control functions vary as a function of prior learning/task experience. The data establish a close link between learning/task familiarization and catecholaminergic effects for executive functions, which has not yet been studied, to our knowledge, but is of considerable clinical relevance. Theoretical implications are discussed.
Breast Imaging During Pregnancy and Lactation
Authors: Abramson Lisa , Massaro Lindsey , Alberty-Oller J Jaime , Melsaether Amy
Published: November 2019

Breast imaging during pregnancy and lactation is important in order to avoid delays in the diagnosis and treatment of pregnancy-associated breast cancers. Radiologists have an opportunity to improve breast cancer detection by becoming familiar with appropriate breast imaging and providing recommendations to women and their referring physicians. Importantly, during pregnancy and lactation, both screening and diagnostic breast imaging can be safely performed. Here we describe when and how to screen, how to work up palpable masses, and evaluate bloody nipple discharge. The imaging features of common findings in the breasts of pregnant and lactating women are also reviewed. Finally, we address breast cancer staging and provide a brief primer on treatment options for pregnancy-associated breast cancers.
Dialysis initiation improves calcification propensity
Authors: Ponte Belen , Pruijm Menno , Pasch Andreas , Dufey-Teso Anne , Martin Pierre-Yves , de Seigneux Sophie
Published: November 2019

Background

Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality is high in patients starting dialysis and could be related to modifications of calcification inducers and inhibitors by dialysis, promoting cardiovascular events. The impact of dialysis initiation on serum calcification propensity evolution and arterial stiffness is unknown. We therefore prospectively determined the evolution of the one-half maximal transition time (T50) value and its main determinants as well as pulse wave velocity over the first 3 months of dialysis initiation.

Methods

We analysed the evolution of T50, fetuin-A and mineral metabolism parameters before dialysis initiation (M0) and monthly until Month 3 (M3) in incident patients starting haemodialysis (HD) or peritoneal dialysis (PD) in two tertiary Swiss university hospitals. Arterial stiffness was assessed by pulse tonometry at M0 and M3 and biological parameters were compared between M0 and M3 and before/after HD. Linear mixed models were used to assess parameter evolution over time, taking into account repeated measures and other influencing variables.

Results

Forty-six patients on HD and 12 on PD were followed. Among them, 45 were male (78%) with a median age of 67 years (25th–75th quartile range 54–77). T50 significantly increased between M0 and M3 from 183 (120–266) to 246 min (175–330) (P < 0.001). Fetuin-A, calcium and magnesium also increased while phosphate decreased. Factors associated with T50 changes over time were fetuin-A, phosphate and magnesium (P < 0.001). Fetuin-A changes were associated with inflammation-related factors (albumin, C-reactive protein) but not calcium and phosphate levels. Arterial stiffness was not significantly modified over 3 months. PD and HD initiation showed similar trends.

Conclusions

Dialysis initiation significantly improves calcification propensity and fetuin-A levels. These modifications do not explain the high mortality related to dialysis initiation. The clinical relevance of using T50 values to initiate dialysis awaits further studies.
Seizures in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis: Predictors and Outcomes
Authors: Pastick Katelyn A , Bangdiwala Ananta S , Abassi Mahsa , Flynn Andrew G , Morawski Bozena M , Musubire Abdu K , Eneh Prosperity C , Schutz Charlotte , Taseera Kabanda , Rhein Joshua , Hullsiek Kathy Huppler , Nicol Melanie R , Vidal Jose E , Nakasujja Noeline , Meintjes Graeme , Muzoora Conrad , Meya David B , Boulware David R
Published: November 2019

Background

Seizures commonly occur in patients with cryptococcal meningitis, yet risk factors and outcomes related to seizures are not well described.

Methods

We performed post hoc analyses on participants prospectively enrolled in 3 separate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated cryptococcal meningitis clinical trials during 2010–2017. Documentation of seizures at presentation or during hospitalization and antiseizure medication receipt identified participants with seizures. We summarized participant characteristics by seizure status via Kruskal-Wallis and χ 2 tests. Cox proportional hazards models analyzed the relationship between seizures and mortality. We compared mean quantitative neurocognitive performance Z (QNPZ-8) scores, and individual domain z-scores, at 3-months using independent t tests.

Results

Among 821 HIV-infected cryptococcal meningitis participants, 28% (231 of 821) experienced seizures: 15.5% (127 of 821) experienced seizures at presentation, and 12.7% (104 of 821) experienced incident seizures. Participants with seizures at presentation had a significantly lower Glasgow coma scale ([GCS] <15; P < .001), CD4 count (<50 cells/mcL; P = .02), and higher cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) opening pressure (>25 cm H2O; P = .004) when compared with participants who never experienced seizures. Cerebrospinal fluid fungal burden was higher among those with seizures at presentation (125 000 Cryptococcus colony-forming units [CFU]/mL CSF) and with seizures during follow-up (92 000 CFU/mL) compared with those who never experienced seizures (36 000 CFU/mL, P < .001). Seizures were associated with increased 10-week mortality (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.45; 95% confidence interval, 1.11–1.89). Participants with seizures had lower neurocognitive function at 3 months (QNPZ-8 = −1.87) compared with those without seizures (QNPZ-8 = −1.36; P < .001).

Conclusions

Seizures were common in this HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis cohort and were associated with decreased survival and neurocognitive function.
On the detection of stellar differential rotation based on the Fourier transform of spectral line profiles
Authors: Takeda Yoichi
Published: November 2019

It is known that stellar differential rotation can be detected by analyzing the Fourier transform of spectral line profiles, since the ratio of the first and second zero frequencies is a useful indicator. This approach essentially relies on the conventional formulation that the observed flux profile is expressible as a convolution of the rotational broadening function and the intrinsic profile, which implicitly assumes that the local intensity profile does not change over the disk. Although this postulation is unrealistic in the strict sense, how the result is affected by this approximation is still unclear. With the aim of examining this problem, flux profiles of several test lines (showing different center-to-limb variations) were simulated using a model atmosphere corresponding to a mid-F dwarf by integrating the intensity profiles for various combinations of vesin i (projected rotational velocity), α (differential degree), and i (inclination angle), and their Fourier transforms were computed to check whether the zeros are detected at the predicted positions or not. For this comparison a large grid of standard rotational broadening functions and their transforms/zeros were also calculated. It turned out that the situation depends critically on vesin i: In the case of vesin i ≳ 20 km s−1, where rotational broadening is predominant over other line broadening velocities (typically several km s−1), the first/second zeros of the transform are confirmed almost at the expected positions. In contrast, deviations begin to appear as vesin i is lowered, and the zero features of the transform are totally different from those expected at vesin i as low as ∼10 km s−1, which means that the classical formulation is no longer valid. Accordingly, while the zero-frequency approach is safely applicable to studying differential rotation in the former broader-line case, it would be difficult to practice for the latter sharp-line case.
Ultrasound-Guided Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Knee Pain: A Mini-Review of the Neuroanatomy and the Evidence from Clinical Studies
Authors: Lin Chih-Peng , Chang Ke-Vin , Wu Wei-Ting , Özçakar Levent
Published: November 2019

Objectives

Peri- and postoperative pain frequently develops after joint replacement for severe knee osteoarthritis. A continuous nerve block is commonly used for pain relief, but the risks of infection and catheter dislodgement should be considered. The present mini-review aimed to brief the innervation and neural sonoanatomy of the knee joint and summarize the newest evidence of peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) use in the management of knee pain.

Methods

We used a systematic approach to search for relevant articles. We used the combination of “peripheral nerve stimulation” and “knee pain” as the key words for the literature search using the electronic database without language or article type restriction. The search period was from the earliest record to August 2019.

Results

The present review identified six studies, four of which were related to PNS for management of postoperative knee pain and two of which probed neuropathic pain. Most of the studies were either case series or case reports. Based on our search result, PNS is likely to be a feasible and safe treatment for knee pain, but its effectiveness remains uncertain.

Conclusions

The present review reveals that PNS is feasible for the management of knee pain, especially in the postoperative period. The procedure is safe under ultrasound guidance used for proper placement of the electrodes near the target nerves. In the future, more prospective randomized controlled trials are needed to validate the effectiveness of PNS in acute and chronic knee pain.
Public Order Policing Approaches to Minimize Crowd Confrontation During Disputes and Protests in Australia
Authors: Baker David
Published: November 2019

Traditionally, public order clashes between police and protesters in Australia were intermittent and erratic, but police responses were often repressive and violent. By the 1990s, most police leadership was advocating a low-key strategy: one of communication and dialogue, negotiated management, and a less coercive approach to large-scale protests. This article argues that policing of demonstrations responds to the dynamics of differing protest contexts and behaviours. It explores the policing of some significant contemporary demonstrations in Australia ranging from industrial disputes to anti-globalization protests (1998 national waterfront dispute, 2007 Sydney Asia-Pacific Economic Corporation summit, and the 2014 G20 mega event in Brisbane). Although the policing approaches were markedly diverse, these case studies involved limited confrontation. Despite some notable exceptions, modern-day policing of protest in Australia has usually been non-confrontational, partly the result of police–protester liaison and dialogue. The psychological threat of police force, rather than its actual implementation, has restricted potential protest participation and limited violent clashes. A delicate and fragile balance exists between the police maintenance of order and security and the facilitation of a peaceful protest.
High seroprevalence of Toxocara antibodies in pregnant women attending an antenatal clinic at a university hospital in Ile-Ife, Nigeria
Authors: Ikotun Kemisola , Sowemimo Oluyomi , Chou Chia-Mei , Ajenifuja Kayode , Chuang Ting-Wu , Asaolu Samuel , Akinwale Olaoluwa , Gyang Vincent , Nwafor Timothy , Henry Emmanuel , Fan Chia-Kwung
Published: November 2019

Background

Human toxocariasis is a neglected zoonotic disease and its impact on human health is underestimated. Studies investigating the occurrence of toxocariasis in pregnancy are very scarce in Nigeria. This study investigated the seroprevalence of Toxocara spp. antibodies as well as the possible risk factors in pregnant women who routinely attended an antenatal clinic in a university hospital in Ile-Ife, Osun state.

Methods

Blood samples were collected from 413 participating pregnant women between October 2017 and February 2018. Epidemiological data were obtained through a structured questionnaire. The sera were screened for anti-Toxocara IgG antibodies by western blot technique based on Toxocara canis larval excretory-secretory antigens, targeting low molecular weight bands of 24-35 kDa, specifically for T. canis infection.

Results

The overall seroprevalence was 92.49% (382/413). There was no significant difference in the seroprevalence rate of Toxocara spp. infection between pregnant women aged ≤30 y and those aged >30 y (91.63 vs 93.33%; OR 1.28, 95% CI 0.61 to 2.67, p=0.511). The seroprevalence rate increased with the number of miscarriages but there was no statistical significance (p>0.05). Moreover, no significant associations were found between Toxocara spp. seropositivity and other studied risk factors (p>0.05).

Conclusion

The high seroprevalence of Toxocara spp. in pregnant Nigerian women needs comprehensive health education regarding personal hygiene and how to avoid exposure to this parasite infection.
Bridging the Gap Between Single-Strain and Community-Level Plant-Microbe Chemical Interactions
Authors: O’Banion Bridget S. , O’Neal Lindsey , Alexandre Gladys , Lebeis Sarah L.
Published: November 2019

Although the influence of microbiomes on the health of plant hosts is evident, specific mechanisms shaping the structure and dynamics of microbial communities in the phyllosphere and rhizosphere are only beginning to become clear. Traditionally, plant–microbe interactions have been studied using cultured microbial isolates and plant hosts but the rising use of ‘omics tools provides novel snapshots of the total complex community in situ. Here, we discuss the recent advances in tools and techniques used to monitor plant–microbe interactions and the chemical signals that influence these relationships in above- and belowground tissues. Particularly, we highlight advances in integrated microscopy that allow observation of the chemical exchange between individual plant and microbial cells, as well as high-throughput, culture-independent approaches to investigate the total genetic and metabolic contribution of the community. The chemicals discussed have been identified as relevant signals across experimental spectrums. However, mechanistic insight into the specific interactions mediated by many of these chemicals requires further testing. Experimental designs that attempt to bridge the gap in biotic complexity between single strains and whole communities will advance our understanding of the chemical signals governing plant–microbe associations in the rhizosphere and phyllosphere.
Biologicals for severe asthma: what we can learn from real-life experiences?
Authors: Bagnasco Diego , Caminati Marco , Passalacqua Giovanni
Published: November 2019

Purpose of review

Severe asthma is a serious disease affecting about 5–10% of asthmatic patients. Often patients with this kind of asthma requires periodical courses or daily intake of oral corticosteroids, to control symptoms. In the last few years several biological drugs have been developed with the aim to decrease exacerbations and reduce or suspend intake of systemic steroids in severe asthmatic patients. Clinical trials demonstrated the efficacy and the safety of biological antibodies in asthma, but it is already known that randomized controlled trials alone are not sufficient to provide complete information on a drug.

Recent findings

After marketing of monoclonal antibodies has been developed several real-life studies with the aim to observe how drugs, tested only on trial patients, are able to provide adequate effectiveness even on ‘real’ patients; indeed, it is well known that the latter differ in some characteristics from the patients of the trials.

The results of this analysis confirm the good efficacy of the biologics similarly in real-life patients, also ensuring a promising safety even in periods of observation longer than those of the randomized controlled trials.
Framework for Patient and Informal Caregiver Participation in Research (PAICPAIR)
Authors: Staats Katrine , Grov Ellen Karine , Husebø Bettina , Tranvåg Oscar
Published: November 2019

The term user involvement is frequently applied in research. Frameworks for patient and informal caregiver participation as coresearchers in studies concerning patients with life-threatening illness are however sparse. The PhD project Dying With Dignity—Dignity-Preserving Care for Older Women Living at Home With Incurable Cancer has implemented a thorough cooperation with patients and informal caregivers from the early stages of the research process. A framework for Patient and Informal Caregiver Participation In Research (PAICPAIR) is suggested—creating a stronger foundation for democracy, equality, and research quality by also promoting active participation among vulnerable people experiencing incurable, life-threatening illness, as coresearchers.
Distal Tibial Fractures With or Without Articular Extension: Fixation With Circular External Fixation or Open Plating? A Personal Point of View
Authors: Lowenberg David W. , Smith Raymond M.
Published: November 2019

The treatment of very distal tibial (pilon) fractures remains one of the great challenges for the orthopaedic traumatologist. It is essential that the treating surgeon have a proper understanding of the fracture, the soft tissue injury, and the skills to deal with these often-complicated injuries to minimize the risk of complications that can occur after these often higher energy injuries. Bone stability can be achieved with both circular ring fixation and plating, and both can yield good results in experienced hands. This debate considers the advantages and disadvantages of each technique.
Femoral Neck Fractures in Children: Issues, Challenges, and Solutions
Authors: Barreto Rocha Daniela Furtado , Horwitz Daniel S. , Sintenie Jan Bernard
Published: November 2019

Femoral neck fractures in children are rare injuries resulting from high-energy trauma. Different methods of treatment, lack of standard management protocols, and the high risk of complications make this injury one of the biggest challenges that an orthopaedic surgeon can face. This review focuses on the general aspects of the pediatric femoral neck fracture management as well as its complications and possible solutions.
Dramatic Weight Loss Following Addition of Aripiprazole to Olanzapine in a Patient With Treatment-resistant Schizophrenia: A Case Report
Authors: BOLAND XAVIER , CHHABRA PREETI
Published: November 2019

Case summary:

A 26-year-old man with a history of longstanding treatment-resistant schizophrenia gained a substantial amount of weight while being treated with high-dose combination antipsychotic therapy with olanzapine and amisulpride. The patient was switched to combination therapy with olanzapine and aripiprazole to reverse a drug-induced hyperprolactinemia. The patient subsequently lost over 37 lb in weight over a period of 4 months despite no measurable changes in his dietary caloric intake or in his level of physical activity and without any identifiable medical cause on physical investigation.

Discussion:

The timing of the weight loss following the addition of aripiprazole and the exclusion of a medical cause point toward a causal relationship between the change in the patient’s medication and the dramatic change in his body weight. We propose that, in a subgroup of patients, the addition of aripiprazole to their antipsychotic regime (without stopping the offending antipsychotic in terms of weight gain) can result in very significant weight loss and even the reversal of antipsychotic-induced weight gain.
Texting Among Academic Psychiatrists: What Does HIPAA Allow?
Authors: GANESH KUMAR NISHANT , DROLET BRIAN C.
Published: November 2019

The texting of protected health information (PHI) has raised concerns about breach of privacy as it relates to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). Within psychiatry, limited guidelines exist on HIPAA-permissible texting. Given the legal implications of a breach, we sought to better understand texting patterns among psychiatrists by surveying members of the Association for Academic Psychiatry, 53 of whom responded. Only 63% of respondents felt confident in their knowledge of HIPAA. While 64% reported that texting PHI is prohibited, most (53%) still used texting to communicate PHI. Currently, HIPAA is technology neutral and texting PHI is not explicitly prohibited, provided safeguards are taken and physicians securely communicate PHI.
Psychiatric Advance Directives: Origins, Benefits, Challenges, and Future Directions
Authors: MURRAY HEATHER , WORTZEL HAL S.
Published: November 2019

Psychiatric advance directives (PADs) are legal documents that allow individuals with psychiatric illness to designate decisions, while competent, about their future psychiatric care were they to lose competency due to psychiatric illness in the future. Among other items, these documents often include preferences regarding a surrogate decision-maker, types of medications, doses and routes of medications, seclusion and restraints, electroconvulsive therapy, and instructions for care of their property while incapacitated. While the concept and legal recognition of PADs has existed in the United States for several decades, use of PADs by patients and familiarity with PADs among mental health providers remain limited. This column reviews the origin of PADs, discusses several commonly considered arguments for and against the use of these documents, and concludes with a discussion of how PADs are currently used in the United States and their potential future role in mental health treatment.
Off-Label Use of Second-generation Antipsychotics in Bipolar Disorder: A Survey of Italian Psychiatrists
Authors: SALVI VIRGINIO , CERVERI GIANCARLO , AGUGLIA ANDREA , CALÒ SALVATORE , CORBO MARIANGELA , MARTINOTTI GIOVANNI , SERAFINI GIANLUCA , SIGNORELLI MARIA SALVINA , AGUGLIA EUGENIO , AMORE MARIO , BIGGIO GIOVANNI , DI SCIASCIO GUIDO , MENCACCI CLAUDIO
Published: November 2019

Bipolar disorder (BD) is characterized by recurrent depressive and manic episodes. Lithium, valproate, lamotrigine, and some second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) are the most typical pharmacological treatments for BD, the main goal being mood stabilization. However, despite these treatments, most patients continue to experience recurrent mood episodes and residual symptoms. Findings from several studies suggest that some SGAs may be beneficial beyond approved indications. The goal of the survey presented in this article was to examine Italian psychiatrists’ attitudes concerning the off-label use of SGAs in depressive and maintenance phases of BD. A questionnaire about the off-label prescription of SGAs was e-mailed to 300 psychiatrists from Northern, Central, and Southern Italy affiliated with the Italian Society of Psychopharmacology (SINPF) to investigate the frequency of and motivation for off-label use of SGAs and evaluate the psychiatrists’ attitude toward use of specific SGAs in BD; 202 questionnaires were completed. The respondents were equally distributed in terms of sex, and the mean age of respondents was 44.1 years. The majority of the sample reported use of SGAs for off-label indications either very often (16.7%), often (33.7%), or occasionally (34.7%). The main motivation for off-label use of the SGAs was the presence of published evidence (51.5%), followed by patients’ nonresponse to previous treatment (37.1%). With regard to the use of specific SGAs in BD, off-label aripiprazole was considered appropriate for depressive episodes by 46% of the psychiatrists, followed by olanzapine which was considered appropriate by 33.7%. For maintenance treatment of BD, off-label asenapine was considered appropriate by 45% of the psychiatrists, followed by long-acting aripiprazole and olanzapine pamoate, which were considered appropriate by 37.1% and 23.8%, respectively. In summary, ~50% of Italian psychiatrists frequently (very often or often) prescribe SGAs for off-label indications. Given the relatively limited number of indicated effective treatments for BD, the use of some SGAs off-label may be considered appropriate when dealing with patients whose BD is resistant to medications with labeled indications for BD.
Review of “Common Factors,” Personal Reflections, and Introduction of the Shaving Brush Model of Integrated Psychotherapies
Authors: POSTER MARK F.
Published: November 2019

This column reviews and updates “common factors” in psychotherapy, as originally described by Saul Rosenzweig in 1936. The author, a psychiatrist who has used multiple modalities of psychotherapeutic treatment over 4 decades, shares personal reflections concerning these “common factors” and introduces a model of integrated psychotherapies named for his grandfather’s shaving brush.