bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tecendo reflexões sobre sofrimento social e doença renal crônica
Authors: Zillmer Juliana Graciela Vestena , Vieira da Silva Denise Maria Guerreiro
Published: July 2017

RESUMO: Objetivo: discutir teoricamente sobre as concepções do sofrimento social de pessoas em condição crônica. Método: trata-se de uma reflexão teórica a partir de textos sobre sofrimento social e de uma narrativa de uma pessoa com doença renal crônica. A análise consistiu na leitura repetida da narrativa e imersão nos dados para articular aspectos teóricos do sofrimento social. Resultados: foram construídas três categorias reflexivas: na primeira uma contextualização acerca do sofrimento social; na segunda apresenta-se a narrativa a qual serviu como pano de fundo para a terceira etapa da reflexão, em que se teceram considerações e interfaces do referencial. Conclusão: o referencial do sofrimento social pode contribuir para ampliar a tradicional maneira de olhar para o sofrimento da pessoa em condição crônica; além de sensibilizar e nortear as disciplinas que constituem a área da saúde, tanto em nível micro, na realização do cuidado, como no macro, com elaboração de políticas públicas.
Apoio social ao doente oncológico com base na escala do Medical Outcomes Study
Authors: Portalupi da Trindade Clediane Rita , Hahn Giselda Veronice
Published: July 2017

Objetivo: mensurar o apoio social disponível aos doentes oncológicos e verificar se os resultados apresentam diferença entre os sexos.  Método: estudo quantitativo, do tipo transversal. Para a coleta e análise dos dados utilizou-se a escala do Medical Outcomes Study. Foram entrevistados 80 participantes de ambos os sexos. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística. Resultados: os homens manifestaram ter maior apoio material e emocional, acesso à informação e interação social positiva. Entre as mulheres somente a manifestação de Apoio Afetivo apresentou maior destaque. A falta de companheiro e o surgimento do câncer em mulheres mais jovens foram fatores que reduziram o nível de apoio social. Conclusão: a maioria dos participantes revelou ter apoio social disponível, o que permite avaliar que esses indivíduos suprem suas necessidades básicas de apoio. Considera-se importante os profissionais da saúde estarem atentos às necessidades de apoio manifestadas pelas mulheres, pois estas apresentaram menor disponibilidade de apoio.
Educação permanente como potencializadora da gestão do sistema de saúde brasileiro: percepção dos gestores
Authors: Vendruscolo Carine , Delazere Jociele Cristina , Zocche Denise Antunes de Azambuja , Kloh Daiana
Published: July 2017

Objetivo: identificar as percepções dos gestores de saúde no SUS em relação à EPS na Macrorregião Extremo Oeste de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Método: estudo descritivo, exploratório e qualitativo, desenvolvido com gestores de saúde que integram uma região do extremo oeste do estado de Santa Catarina. Foram entrevistados 21 gestores de saúde. Os dados foram tratados por meio da análise de conteúdo. Resultados: Destaca-se a ausência de formação na área da saúde, entre os gestores. Há equívocos referentes ao uso das terminologias educação permanente e continuada em saúde, contudo, os gestores reconhecem a educação permanente como busca de conhecimento a partir da prática laboral e como ferramenta de gestão. Considerações finais: a educação permanente vem sendo incorporada, gradativamente, ao trabalho dos profissionais, sobretudo, da enfermagem, ao reconhecer seu papel na liderança dos processos de gestão em saúde.
Comparação da potência aeróbia e anaeróbia máxima entre atletas juvenis de basquetebol e handebol
Authors: Machado Guilherme , Forner Flores Lucinar , Mendes José Carlos , Olivoto Robson , Guglielmo Luiz Guilherme , Nunes Renan
Published: July 2017

O objetivo do estudo foi comparar a potência aeróbia e anaeróbia máxima entre atletas de basquetebol e handebol. Onze atletas de basquetebol (17,3±0,8 anos) e doze atletas de handebol (16±0,8 anos) foram submetidos a avaliação antropométrica, questionário pubertário, teste de Capacidade de Sprints Repetidos (CSR) e teste de Carminatti (T-CAR). Foram encontradas diferenças significativas na idade e no tempo médio (CSR) entre os atletas. Entretanto, o T-CAR e o nível maturacional não foram encontradas diferenças. Desta forma, torna-se viável aplicar testes de potência aeróbia e anaeróbia similares para ambas as modalidades, porém, é importante controlar os níveis maturacionais.
Aspectos motivacionais para a prática de atividade física por pessoas com deficiência visual
Authors: Palma Luciana Erina , Feck Roberta Marostega , Patias Bhianca Conterato , Londero Ana Beatris , Bagatini Gabriela Zucki , Dorneles Marcele Sachete , Machado Valesca Felix
Published: July 2017

Objetivou-se identificar as motivações para a prática de atividade física (AF) por pessoas com deficiência visual (DV). A pesquisa envolveu quatorze adultos que apresentam DV, e para avaliar a motivação utilizou-se um questionário denominado IMPRAF-54. Os dados mostram que os principais fatores motivantes para a prática de AF foram saúde, seguido de prazer, controle de estresse e sociabilidade, havendo uma preocupação significativa com o aspecto da saúde. Conclui-se que reconhecendo os principais motivos que levam cada participante a buscar a prática de atividade física, é possível criar, qualificar e melhor direcionar o desenvolvimento de atividades a estas pessoas, tornando-as significativas.
Leaf arrangements are invalid in the taxonomy of orchid species
Authors: Jakubska-Busse Anna , Żołubak Elżbieta , Łobas Zbigniew , Gola Edyta Magdalena
Published: July 2017

The selection and validation of proper distinguishing characters are of crucial importance in taxonomic revisions. The modern classifications of orchids utilize the molecular tools, but still the selection and identification of the material used in these studies is for the most part related to general species morphology. One of the vegetative characters quoted in orchid manuals is leaf arrangement. However, phyllotactic diversity and ontogenetic changeability have not been analysed in detail in reference to particular taxonomic groups. Therefore, we evaluated the usefulness of leaf arrangements in the taxonomy of the genusEpipactisZinn, 1757. Typical leaf arrangements in shoots of this genus are described as distichous or spiral. However, in the course of field research and screening of herbarium materials, we indisputably disproved the presence of distichous phyllotaxis in the speciesEpipactis purpurataSm. and confirmed the spiral Fibonacci pattern as the dominant leaf arrangement. In addition, detailed analyses revealed the presence of atypical decussate phyllotaxis in this species, as well as demonstrated the ontogenetic formation of pseudowhorls. These findings confirm ontogenetic variability and plasticity inE. purpurata. Our results are discussed in the context of their significance in delimitations of complex taxa within the genusEpipactis.
COMPOSIÇÃO DE ESPÉCIES E ÍNDICES ARBÓREOS NOS PÁTIOS DE TRÊS ESCOLAS DE GURUPI-TOCANTINS
Authors: Batista Enery Martins Cezar , Santos André Ferreira dos , Oliveira Lucicléia Mendes de , Souza Patrícia Aparecida de , Silveira Marcela Cristina Augistini Carneiro da
Published: July 2017

O crescimento da população humana, bem como das áreas urbanizadas, têm despertado a atenção do poder público sobre a arborização das cidades. No entanto, em relação aos ambientes escolares tem se observado que há carência de informações sobre a arborização. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi fazer o levantamento florístico das espécies arbóreas encontradas em três escolas de Gurupi -TO e calcular os índices arbóreos como: Índice de Densidade Arbórea (IDA), Índice de Sombreamento Arbóreo (ISA) e Índice de Área Verde Escolar (IAVE), nas três escolas. Para isso, foram coletadas informações referentes à identificação e ao diâmetro da projeção da copa de cada indivíduo arbóreo presente nas escolas. No levantamento florístico encontraram-se 50 indivíduos arbóreos distribuídos em 13 famílias e 19 espécies sendo que a espécie dominante foi Licania tomentosa (Benth) Fritsch representada por 30%. Os maiores índices arbóreos foram observados na escola municipal Vila Nova, IDA de 0,737m²; ISA de 21,161 e IAVE de 1,555m²/aluno. Pode-se concluir que nas escolas ainda há carência de árvores para melhorar o aspecto paisagístico e fornecer sombra sendo ainda necessária uma maior prioridade para as espécies nativas da flora brasileira.
Secondary gravity wave generation over New Zealand during the DEEPWAVE campaign
Authors: Bossert Katrina , Kruse Christopher G. , Heale Christopher J. , Fritts David C. , Williams Bifford P. , Snively Jonathan B. , Pautet Pierre‐Dominique , Taylor Michael J.
Published: July 2017

Multiple events during the Deep Propagating Gravity Wave Experiment measurement program revealed mountain wave (MW) breaking at multiple altitudes over the Southern Island of New Zealand. These events were measured during several research flights from the National Science Foundation/National Center for Atmospheric Research Gulfstream V aircraft, utilizing a Rayleigh lidar, an Na lidar, and an Advanced Mesospheric Temperature Mapper simultaneously. A flight on 29 June 2014 observed MWs with horizontal wavelengths of ~80–120 km breaking in the stratosphere from ~10 to 50 km altitude. A flight on 13 July 2014 observed a horizontal wavelength of ~200–240 km MW extending from 20 to 90 km in altitude before breaking. Data from these flights show evidence for secondary gravity wave (SGW) generation near the breaking regions. The horizontal wavelengths of these SGWs are smaller than those of the breaking MWs, indicating a nonlinear generation mechanism. These observations reveal some of the complexities associated with MW breaking and the implications this can have on momentum fluxes accompanying SGWs over MW breaking regions.
Anthropogenic pollution elevates the peak height of new particle formation from planetary boundary layer to lower free troposphere
Authors: Quan Jiannong , Liu Yangang , Liu Quan , Jia Xingcan , Li Xia , Gao Yang , Ding Deping , Li Jie , Wang Zifa
Published: July 2017

New particle formation (NPF) and subsequent growth are primary sources of atmospheric aerosol particles and cloud condensation nuclei. Previous studies have been conducted in relatively clean environments; investigation of NPF events over highly polluted megacities is still lacking. Here we show, based on a recent yearlong aircraft campaign conducted over Beijing, China, from April 2011 to June 2012, that NPF occurrence peaks in the lower free troposphere (LT), instead of planetary boundary layer (PBL), as most previous studies have found and that the distance of NPF peak to PBL top increases with increasing aerosol loading. Further analysis reveals that increased aerosols suppress NPF in PBL, but enhance NPF in LT due to a complex chain of aerosol‐radiation‐photochemistry interactions that affect both NPF sources and sinks. These findings shed new light on our understanding of NPF occurrence, NPF vertical distribution, and thus their effects on atmospheric photochemistry, clouds, and climate.
Seismic velocity structure in the source region of the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake sequence, Japan
Authors: Shito Azusa , Matsumoto Satoshi , Shimizu Hiroshi , Ohkura Takahiro , Takahashi Hiroaki , Sakai Shinichi , Okada Tomomi , Miyamachi Hiroki , Kosuga Masahiro , Maeda Yuta , Yoshimi Masayuki , Asano Youichi , Okubo Makoto
Published: July 2017

We investigate seismic wave velocity structure and spatial distribution of the seismicity in the source region of the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake sequence. A one‐dimensional mean velocity shows that the seismogenic zone has a high‐velocity and low‐Vp/Vs ratio relative to the average velocity structure of Kyushu Island. This indicates that the crust is relatively strong, capable of sustaining sufficiently high strain energy to facilitate two large (Mj > 6.5) earthquakes in close proximity to one another in rapid succession. Three‐dimensional tomography of the seismogenic zone around the source of the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake sequence yields Vp = 6 km/s and Vs = 3.5 km/s. Most large‐displacement areas (asperities) of the Mj 7.3 event overlap with the seismogenic zone and the overlying surface layer. Aftershock seismicity is distributed deeper than the conventional seismogenic zone, which suggests decreased strength due to fluids or increased stress, both caused by coseismic slip.
Observation and simulation of the ionosphere disturbance waves triggered by rocket exhausts
Authors: Lin Charles C. H. , Chen Chia‐Hung , Matsumura Mitsuru , Lin Jia‐Ting , Kakinami Yoshihiro
Published: July 2017

Observations and theoretical modeling of the ionospheric disturbance waves generated by rocket launches are investigated. During the rocket passage, time rate change of total electron content (rTEC) enhancement with the V‐shape shock wave signature is commonly observed, followed by acoustic wave disturbances and region of negative rTEC centered along the trajectory. Ten to fifteen min after the rocket passage, delayed disturbance waves appeared and propagated along direction normal to the V‐shape wavefronts. These observation features appeared most prominently in the 2016 North Korea rocket launch showing a very distinct V‐shape rTEC enhancement over enormous areas along the southeast flight trajectory despite that it was also appeared in the 2009 North Korea rocket launch with the eastward flight trajectory. Numerical simulations using the physical‐based nonlinear and nonhydrostatic coupled model of neutral atmosphere and ionosphere reproduce promised results in qualitative agreement with the characteristics of ionospheric disturbance waves observed in the 2009 event by considering the released energy of the rocket exhaust as the disturbance source. Simulations reproduce the shock wave signature of electron density enhancement, acoustic wave disturbances, the electron density depletion due to the rocket‐induced pressure bulge, and the delayed disturbance waves. The pressure bulge results in outward neutral wind flows carrying neutrals and plasma away from it and leading to electron density depletions. Simulations further show, for the first time, that the delayed disturbance waves are produced by the surface reflection of the earlier arrival acoustic wave disturbances.
Propagation and evolution of electric fields associated with solar wind pressure pulses based on spacecraft and ground‐based observations
Authors: Takahashi N. , Kasaba Y. , Nishimura Y. , Shinbori A. , Kikuchi T. , Hori T. , Ebihara Y. , Nishitani N.
Published: July 2017

We investigate spatial and temporal evolution of large‐scale electric fields in the magnetosphere and ionosphere associated with sudden commencements (SCs) using multipoint equatorial magnetospheric (THEMIS, RBSP, and GOES) and ionospheric (C/NOFS) satellites with radars (SuperDARN). A distinct SC event on 17 March 2013 shows that the magnetospheric electric field in the equatorial plane propagates from dayside toward nightside as a fast‐mode wave. The ionospheric electric field responds ~41 s after the onset of dayside magnetospheric electric field, which can be explained by the propagation of the Alfvén wave along magnetic field lines. The wavelet analysis shows that the Alfvén wave is dominant in the plasmasphere. Poynting fluxes toward the ionosphere support these propagations. From a statistical analysis of response time, tailward propagation speed is estimated at about 1000–1100 km/s. We also statistically derive a spatial distribution and time evolution of the magnetospheric electric field in the dawn‐dusk direction (Ey). Our result shows that negative Ey (dawnward) propagates from noon toward the magnetotail, followed by positive Ey (duskward). The propagation characteristics of electric fields in the equatorial plane depend on magnetic local time. At noon, negative Ey lasts for about 1 min, and positive Ey becomes dominant about 2 min after the SC onset. Negative Ey soon attenuates in the nightside region, while the positive Ey propagates fairly well to the premidnight or postmidnight regions while maintaining a certain amplitude. The enhancement of positive Ey is due to the enhancement of magnetospheric convection associated with the main impulse of SCs.
Current‐driven flare and CME models
Authors: Melrose D. B.
Published: July 2017

Roles played by the currents in the impulsive phase of a solar flare and in a coronal mass ejection (CME) are reviewed. Solar flares are magnetic explosions: magnetic energy stored in unneutralized currents in coronal loops is released into energetic electrons in the impulsive phase and into mass motion in a CME. The energy release is due to a change in current configuration effectively reducing the net current path. A flare is driven by the electromotive force (EMF) due to the changing magnetic flux. The EMF drives a flare‐associated current whose cross‐field closure is achieved by redirection along field lines to the chromosphere and back. The essential roles that currents play are obscured in the “standard” model and are described incorrectly in circuit models. A semiquantitative treatment of the energy and the EMF is provided by a multicurrent model, in which the currents are constant and the change in the current paths is described by time‐dependent inductances. There is no self‐consistent model that includes the intrinsic time dependence, the EMF, the flare‐associated current, and the internal energy transport during a flare. The current, through magnetic helicity, plays an important role in a CME, with twist converted into writhe allowing the kink instability plus reconnection to lead to a new closed loop and with the current‐current force accelerating the CME through the torus instability.
Nearly identical cycles of the quasi‐biennial oscillation in the equatorial lower stratosphere
Authors: Dunkerton T. J.
Published: July 2017

As a nonlinear dynamical system with limit cycles but subject to periodic forcings associated with the seasonal cycle, the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) displays seasonal modulation such that phase transitions are more likely to occur in certain months than in others. Modulation is distinct from seasonal synchronization, defined as quantized QBO periods and identical cycles. Instead, nearly identical QBO cycles can be identified in the data having similar period, internal structure, and (optionally) timing with respect to the calendar year. Four such categories are found using a spectral phase method based on the 2‐D phase space of the leading rotated principal components (RPCs) of near‐equatorial monthly mean zonal wind in the layer 70–10 hPa. The most prominent category, containing as many as 15 cycles of the 28 observed thus far, is “nearly biennial” with period slightly greater than 24 months. All results, prior to the recent QBO anomaly in Cycle 28, are demonstrated to be statistically stationary in the sense that the RPCs are temporally invariant and insensitive to the inclusion of data to 100 hPa and with higher vertical resolution. Inclusion of Cycle 28 has no effect on the rotated empirical orthogonal functions but a microscopic change in the long‐term average, since strong easterlies are missing in the anomalous cycle. For objective definition of QBO cycles in physical space‐time, westerly onsets in the 40–53 hPa layer are least likely to stall and provide unambiguous starting times. Half of these onsets cluster in April–May, consistent with the seasonal modulation obtained with the spectral phase method.
Investigating the contribution of secondary ice production to in‐cloud ice crystal numbers
Authors: Sullivan S. C. , Hoose C. , Nenes A.
Published: July 2017

In‐cloud measurements of ice crystal number concentration can be orders of magnitude higher than the precloud ice nucleating particle number concentration. This disparity may be explained with secondary ice production processes. Several such processes have been proposed, but their relative importance and even the exact physics are not well known. In this work, a six‐hydrometeor‐class parcel model is developed to investigate the ice crystal number enhancement, both its bounds and its value for different cloud states, from rime splintering and breakup upon graupel‐graupel collision. The model also includes ice aggregation and droplet coalescence, ice hydrometeor nonsphericity, and a time delay formulation for hydrometeor growth. Conditions to maximize the breakup contribution, as well as the effects of nonsphericity and turbulence, are discussed. We find that the largest enhancement of ice crystal number occurs for “intermediate” conditions, characterized by moderate updrafts and activation and nucleation rates. In this case, vertical motion is strong enough, and new hydrometeor formation limited enough, to sustain supersaturation as hydrometeors grow to larger sizes. After these larger hydrometeors form at sufficient number concentrations, the ice crystal number can be enhanced by a factor of 104 in some cases relative to the number generated by primary ice nucleation alone. Excluding ice hydrometeor nonsphericity limits secondary production significantly, and the parcel updraft can modulate it by about an order of magnitude.
A climatology of Rossby wave generation in the middle atmosphere of the Southern Hemisphere from MERRA reanalysis
Authors: Rodas Claudio , Pulido Manuel
Published: July 2017

A climatological characterization of Rossby wave generation events in the middle atmosphere of the Southern Hemisphere is conducted using 20 years of Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) reanalysis. An automatic detection technique of wave generation events is developed and applied to MERRA reanalysis. The Rossby wave generation events with wave period of 1.25 to 5.5 days and zonal wave number from one to three dominate the Eliassen‐Palm flux divergence around the stratopause at high latitudes in the examined 20 year period. These produce an eastward forcing of the general circulation between May and mid‐August in that region. Afterward from mid‐August to the final warming date, Rossby wave generation events are still present but the Eliassen‐Palm flux divergence in the polar stratopause is dominated by low‐frequency Rossby waves that propagate from the troposphere. The Rossby wave generation events are associated with potential vorticity gradient inversion, and so they are a manifestation of the dominant barotropic/baroclinic unstable modes that grow at the cost of smearing the negative meridional gradient of potential vorticity. The most likely region of wave generation is found between 60° and 80°S and at a height of 0.7 hPa, but events were detected from 40 hPa to 0.3 hPa (which is the top of the examined region). The mean number of events per year is 24, and its mean duration is 3.35 days. The event duration follows an exponential distribution.
Rapid transport of ash and sulfate from the 2011 Puyehue‐Cordón Caulle (Chile) eruption to West Antarctica
Authors: Koffman Bess G. , Dowd Eleanor G. , Osterberg Erich C. , Ferris David G. , Hartman Laura H. , Wheatley Sarah D. , Kurbatov Andrei V. , Wong Gifford J. , Markle Bradley R. , Dunbar Nelia W. , Kreutz Karl J. , Yates Martin
Published: July 2017

The Volcanic Explosivity Index 5 eruption of the Puyehue‐Cordón Caulle volcanic complex (PCC) in central Chile, which began 4 June 2011, provides a rare opportunity to assess the rapid transport and deposition of sulfate and ash from a midlatitude volcano to the Antarctic ice sheet. We present sulfate, microparticle concentrations of fine‐grained (~5 μm diameter) tephra, and major oxide geochemistry, which document the depositional sequence of volcanic products from the PCC eruption in West Antarctic snow and shallow firn. From the depositional phasing and duration of ash and sulfate peaks, we infer that transport occurred primarily through the troposphere but that ash and sulfate transport were decoupled. We use Hybrid Single‐Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory back trajectory modeling to assess atmospheric circulation conditions in the weeks following the eruption and find that conditions favored southward air parcel transport during 6–14 June and 4–18 July 2011. We suggest that two discrete pulses of cryptotephra deposition relate to these intervals, and as such, constrain the sulfate transport and deposition lifespan to the ~2–3 weeks following the eruption. Finally, we compare PCC depositional patterns to those of prominent low‐ and high‐latitude eruptions in order to improve multiparameter‐based efforts to identify “unknown source” eruptions in the ice core record. Our observations suggest that midlatitude eruptions such as PCC can be distinguished from explosive tropical eruptions by differences in ash/sulfate phasing and in the duration of sulfate deposition, and from high‐latitude eruptions by differences in particle size distribution and in cryptotephra geochemical composition.
On the aliasing of the solar cycle in the lower stratospheric tropical temperature
Authors: Kuchar Ales , Ball William T. , Rozanov Eugene V. , Stenke Andrea , Revell Laura , Miksovsky Jiri , Pisoft Petr , Peter Thomas
Published: July 2017

The double‐peaked response of the tropical stratospheric temperature profile to the 11 year solar cycle (SC) has been well documented. However, there are concerns about the origin of the lower peak due to potential aliasing with volcanic eruptions or the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) detected using multiple linear regression analysis. We confirm the aliasing using the results of the chemistry‐climate model (CCM) SOCOLv3 obtained in the framework of the International Global Atmospheric Chemisty/Stratosphere‐troposphere Processes And their Role in Climate Chemistry‐Climate Model Initiative phase 1. We further show that even without major volcanic eruptions included in transient simulations, the lower stratospheric response exhibits a residual peak when historical sea surface temperatures (SSTs)/sea ice coverage (SIC) are used. Only the use of climatological SSTs/SICs in addition to background stratospheric aerosols removes volcanic and ENSO signals and results in an almost complete disappearance of the modeled solar signal in the lower stratospheric temperature. We demonstrate that the choice of temporal subperiod considered for the regression analysis has a large impact on the estimated profile signal in the lower stratosphere: at least 45 consecutive years are needed to avoid the large aliasing effect of SC maxima with volcanic eruptions in 1982 and 1991 in historical simulations, reanalyses, and observations. The application of volcanic forcing compiled for phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) in the CCM SOCOLv3 reduces the warming overestimation in the tropical lower stratosphere and the volcanic aliasing of the temperature response to the SC, although it does not eliminate it completely.
Technical Note: Using k‐means clustering to determine the number and position of isocenters in MLC‐based multiple target intracranial radiosurgery
Authors: Yock Adam D. , Kim Gwe‐Ya
Published: July 2017

Purpose

To present the k‐means clustering algorithm as a tool to address treatment planning considerations characteristic of stereotactic radiosurgery using a single isocenter for multiple targets.

Methods

For 30 patients treated with stereotactic radiosurgery for multiple brain metastases, the geometric centroids and radii of each met were determined from the treatment planning system. In‐house software used this as well as weighted and unweighted versions of the k‐means clustering algorithm to group the targets to be treated with a single isocenter, and to position each isocenter. The algorithm results were evaluated using within‐cluster sum of squares as well as a minimum target coverage metric that considered the effect of target size. Both versions of the algorithm were applied to an example patient to demonstrate the prospective determination of the appropriate number and location of isocenters.

Results

Both weighted and unweighted versions of the k‐means algorithm were applied successfully to determine the number and position of isocenters. Comparing the two, both the within‐cluster sum of squares metric and the minimum target coverage metric resulting from the unweighted version were less than those from the weighted version. The average magnitudes of the differences were small (−0.2 cm2 and 0.1% for the within cluster sum of squares and minimum target coverage, respectively) but statistically significant (Wilcoxon signed‐rank test, P < 0.01).

Conclusions

The differences between the versions of the k‐means clustering algorithm represented an advantage of the unweighted version for the within‐cluster sum of squares metric, and an advantage of the weighted version for the minimum target coverage metric. While additional treatment planning considerations have a large influence on the final treatment plan quality, both versions of the k‐means algorithm provide automatic, consistent, quantitative, and objective solutions to the tasks associated with SRS treatment planning using a single isocenter for multiple targets.
Prevalence of Sacroiliitis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Using a Standardized Computed Tomography Scoring System
Authors: Chan Jonathan , Sari Ismail , Salonen David , Silverberg Mark S. , Haroon Nigil , Inman Robert D.
Published: July 2017

Objective

There is an increasing emphasis on the early identification and treatment of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) of which the hallmark is sacroiliitis. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at increased risk of AS and often receive computed tomography (CT) scans of their abdomen, affording clinicians the opportunity to determine the presence of sacroiliitis. Previous studies using CT have relied only on the radiologist's gestalt or a nonvalidated adaptation of the modified New York criteria. Our aim is to assess the prevalence of sacroiliitis in IBD using a validated screening tool and to determine how frequently these patients are referred for rheumatologic evaluation.

Methods

Patients with IBD were recruited from an IBD clinic. Control patients were recruited from a urology clinic and were confirmed to be without back pain, spondylitis, psoriasis, colitis, or uveitis by chart review. CT scans were read by 2 blinded readers and sacroiliitis was defined by the presence of ankylosis or a total erosion score of ≥3.

Results

CT scans were available in 233 Crohn's disease (CD) patients, 83 ulcerative colitis (UC) patients, and 108 control patients, and sacroiliitis was seen in 15%, 16.9%, and 5.6% of patients, respectively. The prevalence was higher in patients with IBD than in controls (P = 0.007), with no significant difference between CD and UC patients. Of the 49 IBD patients found to have sacroiliitis by CT scan, only 5 had been referred to a rheumatologist.

Conclusion

There is a 3‐fold higher prevalence of sacroiliitis in IBD compared with controls. Despite a growing awareness of this increased prevalence, many patients are not referred to a rheumatologist.
Bisphosphine‐Ligated Nickel Pre‐catalysts in C(sp2)–N Cross‐Couplings of Aryl Chlorides: A Comparison of Nickel(I) and Nickel(II)
Authors: Lavoie Christopher M. , McDonald Robert , Johnson Erin R. , Stradiotto Mark
Published: July 2017

The influence of ancillary ligand and nickel oxidation state in the nickel‐catalyzed C(sp2)–N cross‐coupling of aryl chlorides is examined by use of experimental and DFT methods for the first time, focusing on (L)NiCl and (L)Ni(o‐tolyl)Cl pre‐catalysts (PAd‐DalPhos, L1; dppf, L2). Whereas Ni(II) pre‐catalysts generally out‐performed Ni(I) species in our study, the viability and in some cases superiority of Ni(I) pre‐catalysts in challenging aminations is established. Computational analyses support the viability of Ni(0)/Ni(II) cycles featuring rate‐limiting C–N reductive elimination, as well as parallel Ni(I)/Ni(III) mechanisms involving rate‐limiting C–Cl oxidative addition.

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High‐Performance Bottom‐Contact Organic Thin‐Film Transistors by Improving the Lateral Contact
Authors: Zhang Xiaodong , Wang Zi , Zhou Xu , Wang Zhifang , Huang Lizhen , Chi Lifeng
Published: July 2017

One of the main challenges to achieve high‐performance bottom‐contact transistors involves the organic/electrodes contacts. This study provides a simple approach to address the contact issue by incorporating an inducing layer prior to the organic semiconductor deposition. The molecules of the inducing layer nucleate into lamellar grains from the edge to the channel, resulting in a good morphological contact to the bottom electrodes. The following active layer maintains nearly layer‐by‐layer growth mode and yields uniformed terraced‐like films both on the electrode edges and in the channels. With the inducing layer, pentacene thin‐film bottom‐contact transistors are obtained with a hole mobility exceeding 1 cm2 V−1 s−1.
Phenyl Derivative of Dibenzothiopheno[6,5‐b:6′,5′‐f]Thieno[3,2‐b]Thiophene (DPh‐DBTTT): High Thermally Durable Organic Semiconductor for High‐Performance Organic Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Lee Eun‐Kyung , Lee Moo Yeol , Choi Ajeong , Kim Joo‐Young , Kweon O. Young , Kim Jung‐Hwa , Jung Ji Young , Shin Tae‐Joo , Oh Joon Hak , Park Jeong‐Il , Lee Sang Yoon
Published: July 2017

Phenyl‐substituted heteroacene, diphenyl‐dibenzothiopheno[6,5‐b:6′,5′‐f]thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene (DPh‐DBTTT), is introduced as a thermally durable high‐performance organic semiconductor. The DPh‐DBTTT single crystals exhibit hole mobility up to 31.9 cm2 V−1 s−1, and the vacuum‐deposited DPh‐DBTTT thin‐film transistors show a maximum mobility of 6.32 cm2 V−1 s−1. X‐ray crystallographic analysis reveals that the small tilting angle between the phenyl substituent and the DBTTT core reduces the reorganization energy dramatically. The structure–property relationships are thoroughly investigated using atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and grazing incidence X‐ray diffraction analyses, in addition to charge‐transport studies. The vacuum‐deposited DPh‐DBTTT thin‐film transistors show superior thermal durability compared to the core DBTTT, which is highly valuable for device processability.
Surface and Interface Engineering of Silicon‐Based Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Luo Wei , Chen Xinqi , Xia Yuan , Chen Miao , Wang Lianjun , Wang Qingqing , Li Wei , Yang Jianping
Published: July 2017

Silicon is one of the most promising anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries because of the highest known theoretical capacity and abundance in the earth' crust. Unfortunately, significant “breathing effect” during insertion/deinsertion of lithium in the continuous charge‐discharge processes causes the seriously structural degradation, thus losing specific capacity and increasing battery impedance. To overcome the resultant rapid capacity decay, significant achievements has been made in developing various nanostructures and surface coating approaches in terms of the improvement of structural stability and realizing the long cycle times. Here, the recent progress in surface and interface engineering of silicon‐based anode materials such as core‐shell, yolk‐shell, sandwiched structures and their applications in lithium‐ion batteries are reviewed. Some feasible strategies for the structural design and boosting the electrochemical performance are highlighted. Future research directions in the field of silicon‐based anode materials for next‐generation lithium‐ion batteries are summarized.
“Water‐in‐Salt” Electrolyte Makes Aqueous Sodium‐Ion Battery Safe, Green, and Long‐Lasting
Authors: Suo Liumin , Borodin Oleg , Wang Yuesheng , Rong Xiaohui , Sun Wei , Fan Xiiulin , Xu Shuyin , Schroeder Marshall A. , Cresce Arthur V. , Wang Fei , Yang Chongyin , Hu Yong‐Sheng , Xu Kang , Wang Chunsheng
Published: July 2017

Narrow electrochemical stability window (1.23 V) of aqueous electrolytes is always considered the key obstacle preventing aqueous sodium‐ion chemistry of practical energy density and cycle life. The sodium‐ion water‐in‐salt electrolyte (NaWiSE) eliminates this barrier by offering a 2.5 V window through suppressing hydrogen evolution on anode with the formation of a Na+‐conducting solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) and reducing the overall electrochemical activity of water on cathode. A full aqueous Na‐ion battery constructed on Na0.66[Mn0.66Ti0.34]O2 as cathode and NaTi2(PO4)3 as anode exhibits superior performance at both low and high rates, as exemplified by extraordinarily high Coulombic efficiency (>99.2%) at a low rate (0.2 C) for >350 cycles, and excellent cycling stability with negligible capacity losses (0.006% per cycle) at a high rate (1 C) for >1200 cycles. Molecular modeling reveals some key differences between Li‐ion and Na‐ion WiSE, and identifies a more pronounced ion aggregation with frequent contacts between the sodium cation and fluorine of anion in the latter as one main factor responsible for the formation of a dense SEI at lower salt concentration than its Li cousin.
Wearable All‐Fabric‐Based Triboelectric Generator for Water Energy Harvesting
Authors: Xiong Jiaqing , Lin Meng‐Fang , Wang Jiangxin , Gaw Sheng Long , Parida Kaushik , Lee Pooi See
Published: July 2017

Realizing energy harvesting from water flow using triboelectric generators (TEGs) based on our daily wearable fabric or textile has practical significance. Challenges remain on methods to fabricate conformable TEGs that can be easily incorporated into waterproof textile, or directly harvest energy from water using hydrophobic textile. Herein, a wearable all‐fabric‐based TEG for water energy harvesting, with additional self‐cleaning and antifouling properties is reported for the first time. Hydrophobic cellulose oleoyl ester nanoparticles (HCOENPs) are prepared from microcrystalline cellulose, as a low‐cost and nontoxic coating material to achieve superhydrophobic coating on fabrics, including cotton, silk, flax, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyamide (nylon), and polyurethane. The resultant PET fabric‐based water‐TEG can generate an instantaneous output power density of 0.14 W m−2 at a load resistance of 100 MΩ. An all‐fabric‐based dual‐mode TEG is further realized to harvest both the electrostatic energy and mechanical energy of water, achieving the maximum instantaneous output power density of 0.30 W m−2. The HCOENPs‐coated fabric provides excellent breathability, washability, and environmentally friendly fabric‐based TEGs, making it a promising wearable self‐powered system.
Surgical management of recurrent intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: predictors, adjuvant chemotherapy, and surgical therapy for recurrence: A multi‐institutional study by the Kyushu Study Group of Liver Surgery
Authors: Yamashita Yo‐ichi , Shirabe Ken , Beppu Toru , Eguchi Susumu , Nanashima Atsushi , Ohta Masayuki , Ueno Shinichi , Kondo Kazuhiro , Kitahara Kenji , Shiraishi Masayuki , Takami Yuko , Noritomi Tomoaki , Okamoto Kohji , Ogura Yoshito , Baba Hideo , Fujioka Hikaru
Published: July 2017

Objectives of the present study were to identify predictors of the recurrence of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), and to evaluate the survival benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy and surgical treatment for ICC recurrence. A multi‐institutional retrospective study was carried out in 356 patients with ICC who underwent curative surgery at one of 14 institutions belonging to the Kyushu Study Group of Liver Surgery. A total of 214 patients (60%) had recurrence. Predictors of ICC recurrence were as follows: positive for pathological intrahepatic metastasis (im), positive for lymph node metastasis (n), positive for pathological lymphatic infiltration (ly), pathological bile duct invasion (b), and tumor size ≥4.4 cm. Adjuvant chemotherapy was given to 120 patients (34%) and, in the patients with im or tumor size ≥4.4 cm, adjuvant chemotherapy showed a survival benefit. Only 37 patients (17%) underwent surgical treatment for ICC recurrence. The surgical treatment resulted in a good 5‐year survival rate (44%), which is similar to the rate obtained by the first operation for primary ICC. Prognosis of patients with primary im after the second operation was significantly worse (5‐year survival 18%) compared to patients without primary im. Primary im+ should be considered a contraindication for surgical treatment for ICC recurrence.
Pancreas‐preserving resection of lower biliary tract adenocarcinoma: A coring‐out technique
Authors: Nishida Yasunori , Sugimoto Motokazu , Kojima Motohiro , Gotohda Naoto , Konishi Masaru , Takahashi Shinichiro
Published: July 2017

Surgical resection for distal cholangiocarcinoma is usually carried out using pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). However, because PD is a complex procedure with a high rate of postoperative complications, the surgical indications should be carefully considered, especially for patients with a decreased performance status, significant comorbidities, and/or anatomical anomalies. If curatively carried out, a less invasive, local resection may be an alternative procedure for such patients. In the current study, we present pancreas‐preserving resection of the lower biliary tract in a patient with early‐stage distal cholangiocarcinoma. This procedure was selected to avoid PD with arterial reconstruction because of arterial anomalies. After an abdominal exploration, a cholecystectomy was carried out and the common hepatic duct was transected. The bile duct was dissected from the pancreatic parenchyma without pancreatic resection, downward to the biliopancreatic ductal confluence. Next, a duodenotomy was done opposite Vater's ampulla. The duodenal mucosa around Vater's ampulla was incised and dissected, and the main pancreatic duct (MPD) was divided. The bile duct was completely separated from the pancreatic parenchyma, and the lower biliary tract was totally “cored‐out”. After resection, the MPD was re‐implanted into the duodenal wall, and the duodenotomy was closed. Finally, a Roux‐en‐Y hepaticojejunostomy was created. Postoperative course was uneventful. No tumor recurrence has been observed for 21 months after the operation. Thus, pancreas‐preserving resection of the lower biliary tract appeared to be appropriate for our patient. This organ‐preserving approach can be a useful, alternative procedure in selected patients.
Risk factors for development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease after pancreatoduodenectomy
Authors: Fujii Yoshiro , Nanashima Atsushi , Hiyoshi Masahide , Imamura Naoya , Yano Koichi , Hamada Takeomi
Published: July 2017

Considerable attention has been focused on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) which occasionally develops after pancreatoduodenectomy (PD). The present study aimed to clarify the prevalence, sequential change in properties and risk factors for NAFLD development after PD. We enrolled 196 patients who underwent PD and a computed tomography (CT) scan 1 month, 6 months and 1 year after surgery. NAFLD was defined as a liver‐to‐spleen attenuation ratio on plain CT of <0.9. We compared various clinical factors between the NAFLD group and the control group. Individual prevalence of NAFLD at 1 month, 6 months and 1 year after surgery was 12%, 21% and 15%. Significantly different factors by univariate analysis were as follows: 1 month: age, sex, total protein (TP), total cholesterol (TC) and copper (Cu); 6 months: sex, disease, surgical method, portal vein resection (PVR), frequency of defecation, TC and Cu; 1 year: age, sex, disease, surgical method, PVR, frequency of defecation, TP and Cu. Risk factors by multivariate analysis were as follows: 1 month: not elderly age, female sex and a decrease in Cu; 6 months: female sex and a decrease in Cu; 1 year: a decrease in Cu. NAFLD after PD frequently developed in women with a decrease in serum Cu and was influenced by various factors related to poor digestion and absorption associated with pancreatic exocrine insufficiency.
A semianalytical model for simulating real gas transport in nanopores and complex fractures of shale gas reservoirs
Authors: Wang Weihong , Yu Wei , Hu Xiaohu , Liu Hua , Chen Youguang , Wu Kan , Wu Biyi
Published: July 2017

An efficient gridless semianalytical model was developed to simulate real gas transport in shale formation with nanopores and complex fracture geometry. This model incorporates multiple physics such as gas desorption, adsorbed gas porosity, gas slippage and diffusion, residual water saturation, non‐Darcy flow, choke skin, and pressure‐dependent matrix permeability, and fracture conductivity. Additionally, this model is easy to handle complex fracture geometry through dividing fractures into a number of segments and nodes. We verified the model against a numerical model and an analytical model for bi‐wing hydraulic fractures. After validation, the impacts of all these physics on well performance were evaluated in detail through a series of case studies. The simulation results confirm that modeling of gas production from complex fracture geometry as well as modeling important physics in shale gas reservoirs is significant. This study improves our understanding of critical physics affecting gas recovery in shale gas reservoirs. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical EngineersAIChE J, 63: 326–337, 2018
A new superstructure optimization paradigm for process synthesis with product distribution optimization: Application to an integrated shale gas processing and chemical manufacturing process
Authors: Gong Jian , You Fengqi
Published: July 2017

We propose a novel process synthesis framework that combines product distribution optimization of chemical reactions and superstructure optimization of the process flowsheet. A superstructure with a set of technology/process alternatives is first developed. Next, the product distributions of the involved chemical reactions are optimized to maximize the profits of the effluent products. Extensive process simulations are then performed to collect high‐fidelity process data tailored to the optimal product distributions. Based on the simulation results, a superstructure optimization model is formulated as a mixed‐integer nonlinear program (MINLP) to determine the optimal process design. A tailored global optimization algorithm is used to efficiently solve the large‐scale nonconvex MINLP problem. The resulting optimal process design is further validated by a whole‐process simulation. The proposed framework is applied to a comprehensive superstructure of an integrated shale gas processing and chemical manufacturing process, which involves steam cracking of ethane, propane, n‐butane, and i‐butane. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 123–143, 2018
CFD as an approach to understand flammable dust 20 L standard test: Effect of the ignition time on the fluid flow
Authors: Vizcaya Daniel , Pinilla Andrés , Amín Mariangel , Ratkovich Nicolás , Munoz Felipe , Murillo Carlos , Bardin‐Monnier Nathalie , Dufaud Olivier
Published: July 2017

A computational study based on the Euler–Lagrange approach was developed for the characterization of flammable dusts in the 20 L sphere standard test. The aim of the study was to analyze some parameters that might affect the experimental data (e.g., cold turbulence and particle size). The turbulence of a wheat starch cloud was described with the Detached Eddy Simulation model. Both the pressure of the system and the RMS velocity were compared with the flow patterns established with a particle image velocimetry analysis. It was concluded that the rebound nozzle forms a cloud that is composed by clumps. This fact implies dissimilarities between the local concentrations and the nominal value. Finally, a granulometric analysis established that the mean diameter of the particle size distribution (PSD) decreased by 69% during the dispersion. Thus, it is suggested to consider the PSD at the ignition zone rather than the PSD of the sample. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 42–54, 2018