bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proximate composition, mineral content and amino acid profile of Irvingia gabonensis Oâ€™Rorke baill leaf
Authors: Ewere Efosa , Etim Oboso , Usunobun Usunomena
Published: December 2016

Several plants are utilized for medicinal and nutritional purposes. Irvingia gabonensis Oâ€™Rorke Baill leaf is used in herbal medicine for treatment of a number of ailments. This study was therefore carried out to investigate the proximate composition, antinutritional factors, mineral composition and amino acid profile of Irvingia gabonensis Oâ€™Rorke Baill leaf. The proximate and antinutritional factors analyses were done using standard procedures. The mineral analyses were done using flame photometry, titrimetic method, molybdo vanadate method and atomic absorption spectrophotometry and the amino acid profile was done with the aid of Applied Biosystems PTH amino acid analyzer. Results of proximate analyses were carbohydrates (75.15Â±1.29 %), protein (11.43Â±1.07 %), fat (1.99Â±0.74 %), fibre (4.89Â±0.61 %), ash (6.71Â±0.28 %), moisture (5.12Â±0.03 %) and caloric value (364.30Â±5.95 Kcal). Antinutrients (phytate, oxalate and cyanide) levels in the leaf were also very low. Results from mineral analyses obtained revealed that the leaf is also a very rich source of calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium and so on. Compared with the World health organization (WHO) standards, results of the amino acid profile showed that the leaf is very rich in isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine and tyrosine which are nutritionally essential amino acids. Furthermore, extraction of the leaf using ethanol reduced the levels of these amino acids but not below the recommended WHO standard levels for most of the essential amino acids. Irvingia gabonensis Oâ€™Rorke Baill leaf is therefore a potential source of key nutrients.
A reinterpretation of the suprematist painterly space for the comprehension of basic design in architectural education
Mimarlık eğitiminde temel tasarımın kavranmasına yönelik olarak süprematist resim uzamının yeniden değerlendirilmesi
Authors: Kavas Kemal Reha , Erbaş İkbal , Mutlu Danacı Hacer
Published: December 2016

The basic design course is the heritage of the Bauhaus and similar avant-garde approaches, who established a practical education system and a theoretical framework comprehending art and design disciplines during the early 20th century. Today, basic design is still the most important course of the first year in the curriculum of many art and design programs in Turkey and abroad. This is also viable for architectural education. In the discipline of architecture, which is based on the definition of space, basic design has a special value for the comprehension of basic principles in the transition between two dimensional and three dimensional compositions. For the student facing the design process for the first time, it is difficult to understand the basic design principles. This study reinterprets the Suprematist painting compositions of the early 20th century Russian avant-garde through applicable examples and raises new proposals for basic design applications.   ÖzetTemel Tasarım dersi erken 20. Yüzyıl’da sanat ve tasarım disiplinlerini kapsayıcı uygulamalı bir eğitim modeli ve kuramsal çerçeve ortaya koymuş olan Bauhaus okulu ve benzer eğilimler taşıyan avant-garde ekollerin mirasıdır. Halen ülkemizde ve yurtdışında birçok sanat ve tasarım programında temel tasarım eğitimin ilk yılında en önemli ders olma özelliğini sürdürür. Bu durum mimarlık eğitimi için de geçerlidir. Mekân tanımı üzerine kurgulanan mimarlık disiplininde temel tasarım, kompozisyonda iki boyuttan üç boyuta geçişe ilişkin temel ilkelerin kavranması açısından özel bir değere sahiptir. Tasarım süreciyle ilk defa karşılaşan öğrencinin temel tasarım ilkelerini kavraması ise zor bir süreçtir. Bu çalışma söz konusu süreci sistemleştirmek için erken 20. Yüzyıl Rus Avant-garde akımlarından seçilen Süprematist resim kompozisyonlarının katkılarını gerekçeli olarak ve uygulamalı örnekler üzerinden değerlendirmekte ve temel tasarım uygulamaları için yeni öneriler ortaya koymaktadır.
An analysis of the sports injuries occurred in competitions in Men’s Volleyball League during five year period (2011-2016)
Authors: Uluöz Eren
Published: December 2016

In order to prevent injuries, reasons and risk factors should be known before injuries occur. In this context, the main purpose of this study was to investigate sports injuries that have occurred in matches in the First Turkish Men’s Volleyball League during the period between 2011 and 2016.In this study, 250 matches played in the Turkish Men’s Volleyball League during the period between 2011 and 2016 have been analyzed. “A Sports Injuries Observation Form” developed by the researcher was used in the study. This form contains different variables related to sports injuries such as “number of injury”, “injury sites of body”, “severity of injury”, “techniques-related injury”, “injury reason” and “match duration”. In addition to the researcher, two independent expert observers in volleyball have analyzed the match recordings and filled out the forms. All forms were crosschecked closely. The matches analyzed included 121.680 player hours defined as active playing time. Descriptive statistics were calculated for the variables such as mean, standard deviation, percentage and frequency. The Pearson coefficient was used to measure correlations between match durations and total number of injuries, number of temporary injuries, and number of serious injuries.In these matches, 83 injuries have occurred. However, 68.67% (57) of all injuries were temporary injuries where players continued to the play following the minor treatment and where 31.33% (26) were serious injuries which hindered players and were not able to continue to the play. In this context, there were 0.33 injuries per match. Upper extremity injury rate was 61.45% (51) whereas the lower extremity injury rate was 38.55% (32). While “block” was the most dangerous technique of the play with 65.06% (54) injury rate, “spike”, defense and other techniques had a slightly lower risk rate of 14.46% (12) and 20.48% (17), respectively. In other words, 79.51% (66) of the injuries occurred in front of the net where block and spike techniques were repeatedly performed.In conclusion, injury risk was remarkable in volleyball. Especially, the players playing in the front area were at greater risk than back area players. Correct jumping and landing practices may reduce the injury risks. It has been suggested that there is relationship between injuries and the game rules related to net contact and middle line.  Future studies should address the relationship between injuries and official game rules.
Do Older Adults Who Meet 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines Have Better Physical Performance Than Those Who Do Not Meet?
Authors: Trudelle-Jackson Elaine , Jackson Allen W.
Published: December 2016

Background and Purpose:

An observed consequence of aging is a decline in muscle performance that includes a loss in both muscle strength and muscle power. This decline can lead to loss of function and independence and is a predictor of disability in older adults. Although the 2008 Physical Activity (PA) Guidelines for Americans provides a guideline for muscle strengthening, there is no evidence that performing muscle strengthening 2 times a week for all major muscle groups is related to better performance on measures known to be important factors in development or progression of frailty in older adults. The purposes of this study were to assess muscle-strengthening and aerobic PA behaviors in older adults and to determine the relationship between the PA behaviors and physical performance measures.

Methods:

This was a cross-sectional study of 85 community-dwelling, ambulatory adults (50 women, 35 men) with a mean (standard deviation) age of 67.5 (5.6) years. All used an internet-based survey, TREST (Tracking Resistance Exercise and Strength Training), to report muscle-strengthening and aerobic PA behavior. Physical performance measures of grip strength, 10-m walk test (10-MWT), five-time sit-to-stand test (FTSST), and stair climb test (SCT) were obtained following completion of the survey. Participants were grouped by whether they met 2008 PA Guidelines for (1) muscle strengthening 2 or more days per week, (2) muscle strengthening 2 or more days per week using all major muscle groups, or (3) 150 minutes or more per week of aerobic moderate to vigorous physical activity. Comparisons of physical performance measures were conducted between participants who met and did not meet guidelines using multivariate analyses. Significant multivariate results were followed with one-tailed t tests.

Results and Discussion:

The participants meeting muscle strengthening 2 or more days per week performed significantly better on measures of grip strength and SCT. Only 27% of participants met the more stringent-strengthening guideline of 2 or more days per week using all major muscle groups, and these individuals performed significantly better on the SCT and FTSST. The participants meeting the aerobic activity guideline performed significantly better on the SCT, the FTSST, and the 10-MWT.

However, participants who met both the strengthening and aerobic activity guidelines performed significantly better on all 4 physical performance measures than participants who met neither of the guidelines.

Conclusions:

Meeting guidelines for both aerobic and muscle-strengthening activities may be the most effective way of preserving muscle strength, muscle power, and gait velocity in older adults, but this conclusion must be tested with an intervention study.
Reproducible Measurements of Muscle Characteristics Using the MyotonPRO Device: Comparison Between Individuals With and Without Paratonia
Authors: Van Deun Bieke , Hobbelen Johannes S. M. , Cagnie Barbara , Van Eetvelde Birgit , Van Den Noortgate Nele , Cambier Dirk
Published: December 2016

Background and purpose:

The MyotonPRO is a portable device that measures muscle tone and biomechanical muscle properties objectively. MyotonPRO has already proven to be effective in measuring muscle properties in healthy and diseased populations. However, to the best of our knowledge, it has never been tested in individuals suffering from paratonia, a form of hypertonia frequently accompanying dementia. The aims of the present study were to (1) compare muscle tone, elasticity, and stiffness between 3 different subpopulations of young and old healthy adults and individuals with paratonia, and (2) investigate the intra- and interrater reproducibility of MyotonPRO measurements of the biceps brachii (BB) muscle in each subpopulation.

Methods:

MyotonPRO measurements of muscle tone, elasticity, and dynamic stiffness were carried out by 2 investigators on 2 different days over the BB muscles of 54 participants (18 healthy young adults, 20 healthy older adults, and 16 older individuals with paratonia). Muscle properties were compared between subpopulations using ANOVA/Welch and post hoc tests. Reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient) and agreement parameters (standard error of measurement and the minimal detectable change) were calculated.

Results:

Statistically significant differences between subpopulations were found in all parameters, except for stiffness between healthy elderly and individuals with paratonia. In the healthy subpopulations, (a) intrarater reliability was very high and intrarater agreement was good between 2 consecutive series, (b) between days intrarater reliability was low to high and intrarater agreement was variable, (c) interrater reliability was high to very high and interrater agreement was good. In individuals with paratonia, (a) intrarater reliability was moderate to high and agreement was variable between series, (b) between days intrarater reliability was poor to moderate and agreement was poor, (c) interrater reliability ranged from low to high with poor agreement.

Conclusions:

MyotonPRO measurements of the BB muscle showed good reproducibility in both healthy subpopulations, particularly for measurements performed within the same day. In individuals with paratonia, reliability and agreement were substantially lower. MyotonPRO can be used in clinical assessment and research. However, in individuals with paratonia, careful interpretation of results is required. Research in a larger sample of persons with paratonia at different stages of disease severity is recommended.
The Effect of Bacteria Colony Pseudomonas fluorescens (UB_Pf1) and Bacillus subtilis (UB_Bs1) on the Mortality of Pratylenchus coffeae (Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae)
Authors: Purwaningtyas Presti Mardiyani , Rahardjo Bambang Tri , Tarno Hagus
Published: December 2016

Parasitic Root-Lession nematode of Pratylenchus coffeae can reduce the Indonesian coffee plants productivity. Several studies reported that Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis endophytic bacteria were antagonistic bacteria to nematode. The objective of this research was to reveal the effectiveness of bacterial colonies density of P. fluorescens (UB_Pf1), B.subtilis (UB BS1), and a combination of both bacteria on nematode mortality using median lethal concentration (LC50) and median lethal time 50 (LT50). The densities of bacteria used in this study were 107, 109, 1011 and 1013 cfu/ml. 35 testing nematodes were used and the mortality was counted at 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours after treatments. The results showed that LC50 values of P. fluorescens was (UB_Pf1) was 4,3x108 cfu/ml, LC50 B. subtilis (UB_Bs1) was 1,9x109cfu/ ml, and LC50 combination of both bacteria was, 8x107 cfu/ml. It implies that the application of the combination of both bacteria are more pathogenic than single bacterial treatment. The results also showed that the highest LT50 value was 13.21  hours combination of bacterial colonies with a density of 1013 cfu/ml and the lowest LT50 value was 52.00 hours on P. fluorescens (UB_Pf1) treatment with colonies density of 107 cfu/ml.

How to Cite

Purwaningtyas, P. M., Rahardjo, B. T., & Tarno, H. (2016). The Effect of Bacteria Colony Pseudomonas fluorescens (UB_Pf1) and Bacillus subtilis (UB_Bs1) on the Mortality of Pratylenchus coffeae (Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae). Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education, 8(3), 286-293.

 
Effects of Some Feed Suplements Types to the Growth of Javaen Barb/Brek Fish (Puntius orphoides) Second Filial as Domestication Product
Authors: Susatyo Priyo , Sugiharto Sugiharto , Hana Hana , Chasanah Titi
Published: December 2016

Aquaculture can be improved by a diversified approach in the form of domestication research  of a wild fish. The research has been done by cultivating Javaen Barb/Brek  (Puntius orphoides) from Serayu river, Banyumas at a natural pond and laboratory scale. Brek fish is relative slow in growth and development of gonad. This research is aimed to determine: (1) the rate of general growth of Brek in the provision of some kinds of additional food; (2) Relative Growth Rate (RGR); (3) Specific Growth Rate (SGR) and Feed Conversion (FC). The research used experimental methods. The method was a completely randomized design (CRD) of 4 treatments and 3 replicationsof: A = 100% pellet; B = 70% soybean sprout and 30% pellet; C = 70% Ipomoea aquatica leaf and 30% pellet; D = 35% soybean sprouts, 35% I. aquatica leaf and 30% pellet. Quantitative data were analysed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the fishes growth.The results show influence of feed types to the Relative Growth Rate (RGR) of Javaean Barb. The best RGR with the value of 72.40 was given by feed types in the D combination. Meanwhile, Specific Growth Rate (SGR) and Feed Conversion (FC) were not affected  by the feed types. The study were expected to provide suggestions for efficient feeding techniques in attempts at domestication of wild fish.

How to Cite

Susatyo, P., Sugiharto, S., Hana, H., & Chasanah, T. (2016). Effects of Some Feed Suplements Types to The Growth of Javaen Barb/Brek Fish (Puntius orphoides) Second Filial As Domestication Product. Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education, 8(3), 278-285. 
Correlation between Food Intake and Health Status with the Nutritional Status of School Children Age 9-11 in Semarang City
Authors: Ali Aiman Farag Mohammed , Muis Siti Fatimah , Suhartono Suhartono
Published: December 2016

Malnutrition, a major risk factor for a number of infectious diseases, including acute upper respiratory tract infections (AURTI), is common in developing countries. Nutritional status is an important index of the quality of life. Objectives:To analyze the correlation between food intake and health status to nutritional status of 9-11 years old children in Semarang. The study was a correlation study carried among school children in Semarang aged 9-11 years old. Data are presented in the descriptive analyses and Spearman correlation. Overall, food intake (energy and protein) of 9-11 years old children in Semarang is normal with ≥ 90% RDA, health status of them was satisfactory (very low AURTI incidence),and their nutritional status were mostly normal. There was a correlation between energy intake with nutritional status with indicators BMI, and z-score of W/A and H/A, but there was no correlation between protein intake and AURTI with nutritional status. Energy and food intake of the children correlate with all nutritional status being studied. It should be suggested to parents to implement balanced diet, to avoid the development of obesity among elementary school children through nutrition education to prevent malnutrition as well as obesity.

How to Cite

Ali, A. F. M., Muis, S. F., & Suhartono, S. (2016). Correlation between Food Intake and Health Status with The Nutritional Status of School Children Age 9-11 in Semarang City. Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education, 8(3), 249-256. 
The Community Structure of Phytoplankton in Seagrass Ecosystem and its Relationship with Environmental Characterstics
Authors: Setiabudi Gede Iwan , Bengen Dietriech G. , Effendi Hefni , Radjasa Ocky Karna
Published: December 2016

The aimed of this study was to determine  the plankton communities and its relationship with the chemical and physical condition in seagrass ecosystem at Pegametan Bay. The composition and abundance of plankton were observed in the sea water underneath the surface and were identified based on the guideline of Illustration of the Marine Plankton of Japan. The water quality was measured in situ using WQC HI 9829. The water sample was measured using closed reflux spectrometry for COD, TOC analyzer for DOC and APHA 2102 (4500) method for Nt and Pt. There are 27 species of plankton identified, which can be classified into three groups. Diatom group consists of 18 species with a 74.56% abundance. The non-litoral group consists of 6 species with a 23.35% abundance. Moreover, dinoflagellate group consist of 3 species with a 2.09% abundance. An abundance of plankton greater than 104 cell.L-1 was found in diatome group (Nitzschia sp., Thalassiosira sp., Chaetoceros sp., Flagillaria sp., Thalassiothrix sp., and Melosira sp.) and non-litoral group (Oscillatoria sp. and Spirogyra sp.). The abundance of those species indicated the algae bloom phenomenon. Dinophysis sp. was also identified, which was harmful algal blooms.

How to Cite

Setiabudi, G. I., Bengen, D. G., Effendi, H., & Radjasa, O. K. (2016). The Community Structure of Phytoplankton in Seagrass Ecosystem and its Relationship with Environmental Characterstics. Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education, 8(3), 257-269.
Phylogenetic Relationships of Local Durian Species based on Morphological Characteristics and PCR-RFLP Analysis of the Ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) DNA
Authors: Fibriana Fidia , Hadiyanti Lutfia Nur
Published: December 2016

In this study, twenty local durian accessions obtained from Central Java in situ collection were characterized using the morphological characteristics and the restriction patterns which generated from the region spanning the internal transcribed spacers ITS LEU and ITS 4. Morphological characteristics of durian leaf, stem, tree, and fruit showed variations for the different accessions, whereas polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products of ribosomal DNA region showed a low length of variation. The size of the PCR products and the restriction analyses with the restriction endonucleases Bsp1431yielded a restriction pattern for each accessions. The results of this study can be utilized by local durian farmers as a preliminary reference for durian propagation. The data obtained need to be supported by further research using the other molecular markers to obtain more accurate data. The clear identity of durian species can help the management of propagation systems by farmers to get superior local durian.

How to Cite

Fibriana, F., & Hadiyanti, L. N. (2016). Phylogenetic Relationships of Local Durian Species based on Morphological Characteristics and PCR-RFLP Analysis of the Ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) DNA. Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education, 8(3), 362-370. 
In Vitro Selection of Local Maize (Zea mays) on NaCl Stress and Its Genetic Characterization using RAPD
Authors: Saputro Triono Bagus , Finariyah Fathin , Dianawati Siti , Sholihah Nur Fadlilatus , Ermavitalini Dini
Published: December 2016

Maize (Zea mays) is one of graminae plants that widely spread for many purposes wheter in food industry, feed, or bioenergy. Those high utilization required an increment in production, but unfortunately the needs were not meet to the demands since conversion of agricultural area increase lately. Indonesia has 99.093 km of shoreline that recognize as marginal land where the salinity is high as well. This research try to obtain tolerant variant from two local cultivars that planted in Madura Island. Manding and Talango varieties were used as an explant for callus induction stage in MS supplemented with 2.4 D. The result show that 4 ppm of 2.4 D were the best concentration to induce the callus in both varieties. The induced callus were exposed to medium MS that contain NaCl (0, 2500, 5000, and 7500 ppm). In 7500 ppm of NaCl, Manding variety has 100% of surviving callus, while Talango variety only 66.7%. Furthermore, Manding variety shows a better performance in callus weight improvement with 170 mg, while Talango shows no improvement of callus weight. The result of RAPD analysis indicate that the genome characteristic were different between initial callus and surviving callus. Out of ten primers, only five primers shows polymorphism i.e OPA 13, OPB 07, OPC 02, OPK 20, and OPU 19. Manding can be further developed as high tolerance variety in Salinity stress, thus it proposed to be developed furthermore.

How to Cite

Saputro, T. B., Finariyah, F., Dianawati, S., Sholihah, N. F., & Ermavitalini, D. (2016). In Vitro Selection of Local Maize (Zea mays) on NaCl Stress and Its Genetic Characterization using RAPD. Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education, 8(3), 344-352. 
Effect on Polysaccharide Krestin from Coriolus versicolor Extract on Phagocytic Activity and Capacity of Mus musculus Exposed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Wahyuningsih Sri Puji Astuti , Savira Nadyatul Ilma Indah , Darmanto Win
Published: December 2016

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic bacterium that causes infections in human. The wall cell of its bacteria contains lipopolysaccharide as virulency factors to protect it from human immunity. Lipopolysaccharide can inhibit phagocytosis in the body. Polysaccharide krestin (PSK) from Coriolus versicolor extract contains β-glucan that can increase phagocytic activity and capacity. This research aimed to identify the effect on polysaccharide krestin from C. versicolor extract on phagocytic activity and capacity of mice exposed by P. aeruginosa. The design of this research was experimental design. There were six treatment groups. The phagocytic activity and capacity were counted on slide smears of mice peritoneal fluid. The data was analyzed by using one way ANOVA. The results of the phagocytic activity and capacity showed that PSK was added before exposure (P1) or after exposure (P2) or before-after exposure (P3) had potential to increase phagocytic activity and capacity.  The conclusion of the research was that adding polysaccharide krestin either before exposure or after exposure or both of them could increase phagocytic activity and capacity. The benefits of this research to development of science are expected to reduce human infection and to utilize natural ingredients as immunomodulator.

How to Cite

Wahyuningsih, S. P. A., Savira, N. I. I, & Darmanto, W. (2016). Effect on Polysaccharide Krestin from Coriolus versicolor Extract on Phagocytic Activity and Capacity of Mus musculus Exposed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education, 8(3), 308-313. 
A felső és alsó endoszkópiák indikációja, a diagnózisok megoszlása és minőségi mutatók 2010–2011-ben a Semmelweis Egyetem I. Belgyógyászati Klinikáján
Authors: Gönczi Lóránt , Kürti Zsuzsanna , Golovics Petra , Végh Zsuzsanna , Lovász Barbara , Dorkó Andrea , Seres Anna , Sümegi Liza , Menyhárt Orsolya , Kiss Lajos , Papp János , Gecse Krisztina , Lakatos Péter László
Published: December 2016

Abstract:

Introduction and aim: The aim was to assess the incidence of endoscopic findings based on the indication of the procedures in upper/lower endoscopies, and measuring quality indicators of colonoscopies at the 1st Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest. Method: Data of 2987 patients (male/female:1361/1626, mean age: 60.7 years(y), SD: 16.7y) between 01.01.2010 and 31.12.2011 were analyzed. Both inpatient and outpatient records were collected. Results: Incidence of peptic ulcer disease, esophageal varices, gastric polyps and gastric cancer were 10.8%, 4.5%, 6.1%, 2.9% in upper endoscopies, respectively. In colonoscopies colorectal polyps, diverticulosis, colorectal cancer and IBD were found in 29.9%, 22.4%, 6.9%, 9.7%, respectively. In patients having upper endoscopy with GI bleeding indication, older age (p<0.001), male gender (p<0.001, OR: 1.64), acenocoumarol/heparin use (p<0,001, peptic ulcers and esophageal varices were more frequent (p<0.001, OR: 2.83 and p<0.001, OR: 2.79), while in colonoscopies colorectal cancer had higher incidence (p<0.001, OR:3.27). 81% of colonoscopies were complete. Causes of incomplete procedures were ineffective bowel preparation (38.2%), technical difficulties (25.1%) and strictures (20.5%). Conclusion: The endoscopic findings and quality indicators (adenoma detection rate, coecal intubation rate) were in line with that reported in published series. Orv. Hetil., 2016, 157(52), 2074–2081.
Halottvizsgálati bizonyítványok adatainak elemzése nem boncolt elhunytak esetén
Authors: Turzó Csaba , Juhász Péter , Papp Zoltán , Szöllősi Zoltán
Published: December 2016

Abstract:

Introduction and aim: The practices of autopsies and waivers in three Hungarian counties subject to the same statutory framework in a 5-year interval have been examined, with special attention to cases of non-natural death. Method: The summary data included in the post mortem examination certificates, for the years between 2006 and 2010, in a breakdown according to counties, covering all cases of death were analysed. The work was assisted by a Java-based software programme. Results: In terms of the waiving of autopsies, a comparison of the three counties revealed significant differences. The persons who issue waivers from the performance of autopsies also vary across the counties. In case of deaths caused by accidents, no autopsy was performed in 844 cases. Similar situation was found in case of various identified and non-identified injuries, which were entered as the direct cause of death in 28 cases, as well as road traffic accidents entered in 32 cases and the unidentified consequences of road traffic accidents, which we found in 26 cases. No autopsy was performed in 25 cases of deaths assumed to be suicides and in one homicide. Conclusions: The Hungarian laws follow the recommendation of the Committee of Ministers to Member States of the Council of Europe, and provide that in all cases where the death is due to non-natural causes or the possibility of non-natural causes is raised, an autopsy should be performed. In this given legal context it is unclear how autopsies in the cases of death due to homicides, suicides and accidents as detailed above could possibly be dispensed with. The purpose of this paper was to provide a baseline study on the current practice of certification. The findings could be used in the course of governmental reviews for the purpose of drawing up recommendations. Orv. Hetil., 2016, 157(52), 2082–2087.
O USO DE TÉCNICAS COMPENSATÓRIAS DE DRENAGEM PARA CONTROLE DOS IMPACTOS DA URBANIZAÇÃO
Authors: Gonçalves Luciana Márcia , Baptista Luana F. da Silva , Ribeiro Rochele Amorim
Published: December 2016

A crescente urbanização, gerada pelas novas demandas de oportunidades e de consumo, resultou no excesso de impermeabilização do solo e na alteração do ciclo hidrológico. Como forma de conter estes impactos negativos e estimular o planejamento urbano que possibilite o escoamento adequado das águas urbanas, propõe-se a implantação de técnicas compensatórias. Com o intuito de verificar sua funcionalidade, analisou-se a inserção de dispositivos através da desconexão da rede publica pluvial em uma microbacia de estudo em um campus universitário. Foram comparados os aspectos urbanísticos, hidrológicos, ambientais e sanitários, e seus respectivos parâmetros em dois cenários de desenvolvimento. Os resultados comparados com a urbanização convencional demonstraram uma diminuição de 42,94% do volume de escoamento superficial e de 41,93% da vazão de pico.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: técnicas compensatórias, urbanização de baixo Impacto, planejamento urbano sustentável   ABSTRACT The growing urbanization, generated by new demands and opportunities of consumption, resulted in excessive soil sealing and impacts on hydrological cycle. This study proposes the compensatory techniques in order to avoid negative impacts of urbanization and to encourage the urban planning to improve a suitable urban water drainage. Traditional infrastructure drainage was disable by means of the disconnection of water pipes and replaced for compensatory techniques devices. These techniques were built in a watershed in a university campus and were evaluated by this research. The urban, hydrological and environmental aspects, and their parameters, were evaluated in two development scenarios. The results, when compared with traditional urban drainage, show a decrease of 42.94% of runoff volume and 42.94% of the peak flow.KEYWORDS: compensatory techniques; low impact development; sustainable urban planning.  RESUMEN La creciente urbanización, generada por las nuevas exigencias del consumo y oportunidades resulta in el exceso de estanqueidad del suelo y en los cambios en el ciclo del agua. Con el fin de detener los impactos negativos y también estimular la planificación urbana adecuada para la condición del flujo de aguas pluviales, se propone la implementación de técnicas compensatorias. Con el fin de comprobar su funcionalidad, analizado los dispositivos de inserción a través de la desconexión de la red pública de lluvia en el estudio de las cuencas hidrográficas en el campus de la universidad. Fueron comparados los aspectos urbanos, hidrológicos, ambientales y sanitarios, y sus parámetros en dos escenarios de desarrollo. Los resultados se compararon con los de la urbanización convencional y demostraron una disminución 42,94% del volumen de la escorrentía y 41,93% de flujo máximo.PALABRAS CLAVE: técnicas compensatorias, bajo  impacto de la urbanización, la planificación urbana sostenible
Earnings Versus Cash Flows: The Valuation Perspective
Authors: Agarwal Megha
Published: December 2016

This paper is an effort to compare the earnings based and cash flow based methods of valuation of an enterprise. The theoretically equivalent methods based on either earnings such as Residual Earnings Model (REM), Abnormal Earnings Growth Model (AEGM), Residual Operating Income Method (ReOIM), Abnormal Operating Income Growth Model (AOIGM) and its extensions multipliers such as Price/Earnings Ratio, Price/Book Value Ratio; or cash flow based models such as Dividend Valuation Method (DVM) and Free Cash Flow method (FCFM) all provide different estimates of valuation of the Indian giant corporate Reliance India Limited (RIL). An ex-post analysis of published accounting and financial data for four financial years from 2008-09 to 2011-12 has been conducted. A comparison of these valuation estimates with the actual market capitalization of the company shows that the complex accounting based model AOIGM provides closest forecasts. These different estimates may be derived due to inconsistencies in discount rate, growth rates and the other forecasted variables. Although inputs for earnings based models may be available to the investor and analysts through published statements, precise estimation of free cash flows may be better undertaken by the internal management. The estimation of value from more stable parameters as Residual operating income and RNOA could be considered superior to the valuations from more volatile return on equity.
Net Banking in India: Prescriptions for Safe Banking and Protection from Hackers
Authors: Roy Swapan Kumar , Roy Suhas
Published: December 2016

The use of innovation and computerization of the banking sector of India has increased manifold after the economic liberalisation of 1991. Banking industry has grown by leaps and bounds with the inception of electronic banking. Net banking, which is destined to be the future face of banking services, provides a lot of benefits to the customers like bill payment services, fund transfer, credit card customers, cheque deposit inquiry, view balances, and many more. Although online banking sites are heavily encrypted with the developing technology, it is still hard to rule out the ‘hackers’ who may obtain access to information related to personal identification and password. So the customers must be aware of the security issues and protect their identity and other personal details from hackers. In this backdrop, this paper highlights the growth of net banking and the reasons behind its gaining popularity. It then provides prescriptions before using net banking, and discusses the legal aspects relating to online banking operations. Further, it focuses on the challenges and opportunities of ‘online banking’.
Investors' Grievances in India: Role of SEBI
Authors: Deepa J. , Kaur Jasmindeep
Published: December 2016

Investors’ participation is essential for the development of securities market, which can be done by providing them adequate protection. Investors’ protection means protection of interest of investors from malpractices of various market intermediaries. SEBI was set up in 1992 to protect the interest of investors. For the growth of securities market it is necessary to build the confidence of retail investors in securities market, which can be done by timely redressing of complaints/grievances of investors. So in this paper, an attempt has been made to check the process of grievances redressal mechanism for investors and to check the performance of SEBI in redressing the grievances of investors over the period 2004-05 to 2013-14. The findings indicate that maximum investigations taken up and completed by SEBI were related to Market Manipulation and price rigging, success rate of investigation cases completed varies between 25.47 per cent and 60.36 per cent.
Corporate Debt Restructuring and Strategic Debt Restructuring: Defaulters’ Envy and Banker’s Pride
Authors: Sharma Sunita
Published: December 2016

The world over, Non-Performing Loans (NPLs) have been a matter of concern for depositors, bank employees and management, governments and the public at large. The concept of restructuring and rescheduling loans has existed in India for several decades. Several steps have been taken by Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to reduce the amount of NPLs and one step is Corporate Debt Restructuring (CDR). During the last few years, there has been an extraordinary rise in cases referred and reworked under CDR. RBI has come out with Strategic Debt Restructuring (SDR) mechanism, through which banks have been empowered to recover their long outstanding dues from the restructured stressed companies. This research paper explains progress report of CDR cases and SDR mechanism. It also highlights the risk, challenges attached with the implementation of SDR package and concludes.
Bioactivity and toxicity of Bridelia micrantha, Chenopodium ambrosoides and Ocimum americanum plant extracts
Authors: Osebe Tom , Mbaria James , Yole Dorcas , Odongo David , Nderitu Joseph , Ochanda Horace
Published: December 2016

Background: Bridelia micrantha, Chenopodium ambrosoides and Ocimum americanum plant species are commonly used in traditional medicine for a number of ailments. The extracts of these plants have been shown to have anti-schistosomal activity suggesting that they could be used for the development of new chemical entities (NCEs) for the treatment of schistosomiasis. However there is limited knowledge on their toxicological profile and their use in traditional medicine may not be a satisfactory safety indication.Methods: In this study the extracts were first screened for bioactivity using brine shrimp lethality test for the determination of LC50 followed by rodent acute toxicity and 28 day subchronic studies.Results: B. micrantha water extract with a LC50 of 77µg/ml was deemed toxic while C. ambrosoides methanol and water extracts were moderately toxic with LC50 of 104.63µg/ml and 696.44µg/ml respectively. O. americanum hexane and water extracts toxicity varied from moderate to slightly toxic with LC50 of 887.59µg/ml and 2254.60µg/ml respectively. C. ambrosoides and O. americanum water extracts which were preferentially selected for subsequent studies were found to have mild to no irritation to rodent eyes and skin. Moreover, the aminotransferases AST and ALT which were used to detect liver injury suggested negligible effect.Conclusions: This therefore confirms that C. ambrosoides and O. americanum water extracts are safe for clinical use with O. americanum water extract having a slight edge.
Treatment of dermatophyte toenail onychomycosis with itraconazole
Authors: Giri Vishal P. , Gupta Sudhir K. , Giri Om P. , V. Kirti
Published: December 2016

Background: Onychomycosis is fungal infection of nail. The prevalence of onychomycosis varies across the world. It is lower in tropical countries (3.8%) than in sub-tropical countries and countries in the temperate zone (23%). The risk of onychomycosis is higher in persons with diabetes mellitus and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Systemic antifungals are recommended for treatment. Topical antifungals are less effective. Different cure rates have been reported by different authors for terbinafine, itraconazole and fluconazole therapy. A variety of regimens (continuous or pulse) have also been suggested.Methods: Here in this study we report a prospective, observational, cohort study of pulse itraconazole therapy in toenail onychomycosis caused by dermatophytes over a period of one year in patients with SCIO scores between 6 to 9.Results: It was observed that mean age of patients was 38.96 years. 57.27 % study subjects had complete clinical improvement to oral itraconazole three pulses regimen. One pulse consisted of 200 mg twice per day given for one week, followed by a three weeks interval. Thus, this regimen was repeated thrice.Conclusions: This study shows the substantial benefit with itraconazole pulse regimen in toenail onychomycosis. The outcome this study is comparable with previously published data and may encourage the usage of itraconazole pulse regimen for the treatment of dermatophyte toenail onychomycosis in adults.
Evaluation of different teaching-learning methods according to students’ preference and perception
Authors: Mehta Maulin , Adwal Sandeep , Chourishi Ashutosh
Published: December 2016

Background: Improved teaching methodology is prerequisite for education systems so that students learn effectively. The present study was done with the objectives of evaluation of different teaching-learning methods according to students’ preference and perception.Methods: It was observational, non-interventional questionnaire based study. Total 100 students were selected randomly from second MBBS as participants of it. They filled questionnaires with 11 questions, by selecting appropriate options.Results: All students were interested in Pharmacology. Cardio-Vascular System and autocoids were the most interesting topics according to 40% of students. Total 53% of students preferred combination of chalk and board with PowerPoint presentation for understanding, while chalk and board alone (65%) as more interactive teaching method. Total 80% of students preferred interactive lecture session. Clinical case/bed side study was preferred by 89% of students. Total 40% of students preferred combination of teachers’ note and standard textbooks as reading materials. Total 80% of students mentioned that revision at the end of lecture is necessary. One and half year as ideal time to learn second MBBS, has been selected by 60% of students. Teaching with more clinical orientation is one of the changes suggested by 28% of students.Conclusions: Combination of traditional chalk and board method with modern powerpoint method, wherever necessary, is ideal for interactive and understandable lecture session. Integration/correlation of clinical cases with clinical Pharmacology will be more helpful in understanding and learning. Proper and effective management of time is essential for maximum utilization of MBBS duration with optimum output for students.
Cutaneous drug reactions notified by ADR monitoring centre in a tertiary care hospital of Bihar
Authors: Manjhi Pramod Kumar , Mohan Lalit , Dikshit Harihar , Mishra Hitesh , Kumar Manish , Dokania Shambhu
Published: December 2016

Background: Cutaneous drug reactions are most frequent drug related adverse events which lead to early treatment discontinuations, high treatment cost and leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to analyze the clinical patterns and offending drugs as well as their causality, severity and preventive strategies.Methods: All adverse drug reactions (ADRs) forms filled from May 2015 to April 2016 were scrutinized and forms with cutaneous drug reactions were analyzed and assessed for causality, severity and preventability.Results: Out of 300 ADR forms, 160 (53.34%) included cutaneous drug reactions. 68 (42.50%) patients were male and 92 (57.50%) were female. Maculopapular rash 58 (36.25%), fixed drug eruption (FDE) 31 (19.37), pruritus 27 (16.87%) and urticaria 19 (11.87%) were the common clinical patterns of cutaneous drug reactions. Most common offending drug classes included antibiotics, anti-inflammatory and steroidal agents. Causality assessment was done by using Naranjo’s algorithm. The result showed that out of 160 cutaneous drug reactions 141 (88.12%) ADRs were probable, 15 (9.37%) were classified as possible; 2 (1.25) doubtful and 2 (1.25%) were definitely related to the drug.Conclusions: The present study shows cutaneous drug reactions are commonly reported at ADR monitoring centre of this tertiary care hospital. Our study suggests that there is a need of intensive monitoring for ADRs in tertiary care hospital for early detection and to ensure the patient safety.
A prospective observational study of prescription pattern of drugs used in the treatment of osteoarthritis in a tertiary care hospital
Authors: Patil Lokesh V. , Nara Manisha
Published: December 2016

Background: Treatment of Osteoarthritis aims at reducing pain and improving mobility. NSAIDS are commonly prescribed for symptomatic relief despite well documented adverse effects. Paracetamol with its better safety profile is recommended as the initial analgesic of choice. Osteoarthritis has significant socio-economic impact on the patients and not many studies are available to reflect upon the prescription pattern of drugs in Osteoarthritis. Hence, this study was chosen to generate important feedback to the clinician. The objectives of the study were to study the prescribing pattern of drugs used in the treatment of Osteoarthritis in Tertiary care hospital.Methods: Prescription for 300 osteoarthritis patients collected cross-sectional for 6 months from orthopedic out-patient department were analyzed.Results: 60% of females were affected. Average age of study was 56.46+/- 7.4 years. Knee joint (87.33%) was most commonly affected joint. Average number of drugs prescribed was 2.62 +/- 0.76. Out of 786 drugs prescribed 45.8% were NSAIDs. Paracetamol was underutilized.Conclusions: Paracetamol was underutilized while other NSAIDs were over prescribed.
Study on the effectiveness of orientation class about rational prescription on interns
Authors: Thottol Reema T. , M. Anuradha , M. V. Sajna
Published: December 2016

Background: Prescribing is one aspect of patient care where it is possible to do considerable harm if not done judiciously. The first experience of unsupervised prescribing begins during the internship year. Junior doctors are the most frequent prescribers in the hospital setting and are reported to make most of the prescribing errors. The Objective of the study was to study on the effectiveness of orientation class about rational prescription on interns.Methods: Sample size was 100 students attending orientation course at the beginning of intern ship. This study was done in Government Medical College Kozhikode, after getting ethics Committee approval. Total of 100 interns were included in the study. Pre-test was conducted to assess the prescribing skills by giving one case scenario, followed by a class on rational prescription writing. 14 questionnaires are made and prescription quality is assessed. Post-test was given after 2 weeks where the same previous case scenario repeated.Results: This study shows that orientation class about rational prescription during the beginning of internship improves the quality of prescription writing. Among the 14 parameters made for assessment of quality of prescription thirteen shows significant P value. So it is very effective to take orientation class about rational prescription during the internship period.Conclusions: It is very effective to take orientation class about rational prescription and periodic updating during the internship period improves the quality of prescription. As they learn the basics of prescription writing during their third semester only. Thus we can reduce the prescribing errors.