bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
„UrbanUtopiaLAB“ – einen Möglichkeitsraum zur Produktion von Transformationswissen schaffen
Authors: West Christina , Kück Svenja
Published: July 2019

Ein „UrbanUtopiaLAB“ dient dazu, transdisziplinäres Wissen zu erzeugen über die gewünschte Entwicklung von urbanen Räumen wie Quartier, Stadt, Region, d. h. von Räumen, in denen häufig auf engem Raum multiple Bedeutungszuschreibungen und Raumerfahrungen sowie unterschiedliche Vorstellungen über die Nutzung des öffentlichen Raums bestehen. Das „UrbanUtopiaLAB“ setzt bei individuellen Wahrnehmungen, Nutzungen und Visionen an. Darauf aufbauend werden in mehreren Schritten direkt umsetzbare Vorhaben oder Handlungsempfehlungen für Politik bzw. Verwaltung entwickelt. Das „UrbanUtopiaLAB“ umfasst die vier Phasen (1) StadtERFORSCHEN (mit Emo/Action-Mapping, d. h. kollektivem Kartieren), (2) StadtERKUNDEN, (3) StadtEXPERIMENTIEREN, und (4) StadtMITENTSCHEIDEN. Der Beitrag erläutert, wie die Phasen (1) und (2) im Rahmen einer eintägigen Veranstaltung umgesetzt werden. Er geht nicht nur auf Aspekte wie Zeitplan, Räumlichkeiten, Anforderungen an die Moderation sowie Auswahl und Einladung der Teilnehmenden ein, sondern insbesondere auch auf das Material, das nötig ist für das Emo/Action-Mapping. Phasen (3) und (4) werden nicht gleichermaßen detailliert beschrieben, da diese maßgeblich von den Ergebnissen in den Phasen (1) und (2) bestimmt werden.
Unterschiedliche Handlungslogiken in transdisziplinären und transformativen Forschungsprojekten – Welche Risikokulturen entwickeln sich daraus und wie lassen sie sich konstruktiv einbinden?
Authors: Gonser Monika , Eckart Jochen , Eller Charlotte , Köglberger Katharina , Häußler Elke , Piontek Felix M.
Published: July 2019

In transdisziplinären und transformativen Forschungsprojekten arbeiten Akteure zusammen, deren Handeln verschiedenen Wertsystemen und Regeln folgt, die unterschiedliche Dinge als Risiko und Chance begreifen und nicht dieselben Strategien im Umgang mit Risiken anwenden. Die Herausforderung besteht darin, das Potenzial dieser Vielfalt fruchtbar zu machen und mit den Konflikten, die daraus entstehen können, konstruktiv umzugehen. Voraussetzung dafür ist, die Unterschiedlichkeit der Handlungslogiken und Risikokulturen zu verstehen und sie nicht (allein) an den Individuen festzumachen. Der Beitrag stellt dafür einen systemtheoretischen Analyserahmen zur Verfügung, in dem die Projektbeteiligten als Angehörige gesellschaftlicher Teilsysteme verstanden werden und der bei der Planung eines Projekts oder zur Selbstreflexion während der Durchführung verwendet werden kann. Der Analyserahmen wird vorgestellt und auf die Teilsysteme Wissenschaft, Politik, Recht, Wirtschaft und Zivilgesellschaft angewendet. Am Beispiel kommunaler Akteure wird gezeigt, dass ein Akteur mehreren Teilsystemen angehören kann. Anhand vielfältiger Erfahrungen wird diskutiert, was das Zusammentreffen von Teilsystemen für die Arbeit und das Risikomanagement in einem Projekt bedeutet.
Kommunale Akteure verstehen: Komplexe Entscheidungswege in Kommunen beachten
Authors: Gonser Monika , Riel Jan , Eckart Jochen , Erl Thorsten , Häußler Elke
Published: July 2019

Eine Akteursanalyse liefert wertvolle Grundlagen für die Gestaltung der Partizipation in einem Reallabor. Bleiben dabei relevante Besonderheiten unbeachtet, entstehen ‚blinde Flecken‘. Der Kurz-Beitrag erörtert den ‚blinden Flecken‘, der entsteht, wenn ausgeblendet wird, dass die Entscheidungswege in Kommunen komplex sind und Entscheidungen von verschiedenen Akteuren getroffen werden, je nachdem, um welche Art Entscheidung es geht. Der Beitrag zeigt, welche Aspekte der Entscheidungswege innerhalb kommunaler Strukturen zu beleuchten sind und weshalb es wichtig ist, diese zu kennen. Die weiteren ‚blinden Flecken‘, die im Buch beleuchtet werden, sind die, die durch einen verkürzten Blick auf die Vorgeschichte bzw. auf die Verteilung der Wissensbestände in Kommunen entstehen.
Die „Exchange-Veranstaltungsreihe“ – ein Planungs- und Steuerungsinstrument für transdisziplinäre Forschungsprojekte
Authors: Benighaus Christina , Zevallos Belen , Eller Charlotte , Hilligardt Martina , Alimardani Mandana , Benighaus Ludger
Published: July 2019

Der Beitrag stellt eine Anleitung zur Planung einer „Exchange-Veranstaltungsreihe“ noch vor Beginn der eigentlichen Forschung vor. Eine „Exchange-Veranstaltungsreihe“ gliedert die Laufzeit eines Projekts anhand mehrerer aufeinander aufbauender transdisziplinärer Veranstaltungen, die damit das ‚Gerüst‘ der transdisziplinären Arbeit bilden. Die transdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit anhand einer „Exchange-Veranstaltungsreihe“ zu konzipieren, eignet sich dann, wenn die transdisziplinäre Co-Produktion von Wissen maßgeblich mit externen Beteiligten erfolgt, die punktuell in die Forschungsarbeit involviert werden. Thematisch bietet sich das Vorgehen an bei gesellschaftlich aktuellen und politisch kontrovers diskutierten Themen, die mit einer hohen Dynamik einhergehen hinsichtlich neuer Erfahrungen und Praktiken und/oder hinsichtlich der sich verändernden Akteurslandschaft, weil so die jeweils aktuellen Akteure und das jeweils neue Praxiswissen in die Forschung integriert werden können. Zudem eignet sich das Instrument, wenn die Forschung eher auf eine allgemeine Problemstellung und weniger auf ihre lokale Verortung fokussiert, weil es mit diesem Vorgehen leichter gelingt, eine Vielfalt von Akteuren in das Projekt zu integrieren.
Quantum corrections to central charges and supersymmetric Casimir energy in AdS3/CFT2
Authors: Ardehali Arash Arabi , Larsen Finn , Liu James T. , Szepietowski Phillip
Published: July 2019

Abstract

We study the Casimir energy of bulk fields in AdS3 and its relation to subleading terms in the central charge of the dual CFT2. Computing both sides of the standard CFT2 relation E = −c/12 independently we show that this relation is not necessarily satisfied at the level of individual bulk supergravity states, but in theories with sufficient supersymmetry it is restored at the level of bulk supermultiplets. Assuming only (0, 2) supersymmetry (or more), we improve the situation by relating quantum corrections to the central charge and the supersymmetric Casimir energy which in turn is related to an index. These relations adapt recent progress on the AdS5/CFT4 correspondence to AdS3/CFT2 holography. We test our formula successfully in several examples, including the (0, 4) MSW theory describing classes of 4D black holes and the large (4, 4) theory that is interesting for higher spin holography. We also make predictions for the subleading central charges in several recently proposed (2, 2) dualities where the CFT2 is not yet well-understood.
Discovering and correcting a deadlock in a channel implementation
Authors: Lowe Gavin
Published: July 2019

We investigate the cause of a deadlock in the implementation of a channel in a message-passing concurrency API. We model the channel implementation using the process algebra CSP, and then use the model checker FDR to find the cause of the deadlock. The bug is rather subtle, and arguably infeasible to spot by hand. We then propose a straightforward fix to the bug, and use CSP and FDR to verify this fix.
Creating a Workplace Culture of Preventive Health: Process and Outcomes of the Colon Cancer–Free Zone at Virginia Cooperative Extension
Authors: Rafie Carlin L. , Hauser Lindsay , Michos John , Pinsky Jeffrey
Published: July 2019

Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death in the USA, yet is highly preventable and detectable at an early stage through screening. Virginia Cooperative Extension (VCE) implemented a worksite colon cancer awareness program to increase colorectal cancer screening rates and preventive lifestyle behaviors among its employees. The Colon Cancer–Free Zone program is designed using best practice principles of worksite health programs and includes information sessions covering the topics of colorectal cancer, screening guidelines, insurance coverage, and preventive lifestyle behaviors. It is conducted in a campaign format that includes a strategic communication strategy targeting relevant screening barriers and facilitators, peer champions, and incentives. The program was implemented with VCE employees statewide utilizing a web-based system for the information sessions, and resulted in broad participation, a significant increase in screening self-efficacy (4.15 ± 0.64 vs 3.81 ± 0.76, ρ = 0.006), changes in diet and physical activity (50% and 40% of participants, respectively), and a 20.6% increase in the employee colorectal cancer screening rate. A Colon Cancer–Free Zone toolkit was developed for use by Extension Agents to implement the program at worksites in their service communities.
Lessons Learned from a Medical Response Team 45 Days Post Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico
Authors: Gordon Jessica M. , Orriola Deidre , Unangst Mary , Gordon Federico , Vellon Yazmin E. Rodriguez
Published: July 2019

Objective:

Describe the lived experience of a grassroots, non-governmental disaster medical team (DMT) through a research lens and share practical lessons learned, based on the DMT’s experience to support and inform future response teams.

Methods:

Forty-five days after Hurricane Maria, a non-governmental DMT provided primary medical care via community based pop-up clinics and home visitations in 5 different areas of Puerto Rico. Observational data, photo images, and debriefing notes were collected and documented in the response team’s daily activity log. Field notes were coded using a descriptive coding method and then categorized into 2 domains specific to public health and medical diagnosis.

Results:

Medical aid was provided to nearly 300 (N = 296) residents. Field note observations identified exhaustion related to living conditions and the exacerbation of underlying conditions such as reactive airway diseases, diabetes, hypertension, and depression due to the compounding effects of multiple post-disaster triggers. During home visitations, feelings of sadness and helplessness were identified secondary to natural disaster trauma and current living conditions.

Conclusion:

Our non-governmental DMT displayed similar characteristics demonstrated by federal DMTs post natural disaster. A number of strategic lessons learned emerged from the public health intervention important to future non-governmental DMTs.
Film thickness distribution in gravity-driven pancake-shaped droplets rising in a Hele-Shaw cell
Authors: Shukla Isha , Kofman Nicolas , Balestra Gioele , Zhu Lailai , Gallaire François
Published: July 2019

We study here experimentally, numerically and using a lubrication approach, the shape, velocity and lubrication film thickness distribution of a droplet rising in a vertical Hele-Shaw cell. The droplet is surrounded by a stationary immiscible fluid and moves purely due to buoyancy. A low density difference between the two media helps to operate in a regime with capillary number $Ca$ lying between $0.03$ and $0.35$, where $Ca=\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}_{o}U_{d}/\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}$ is built with the surrounding oil viscosity $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}_{o}$, the droplet velocity $U_{d}$ and surface tension $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}$. The experimental data show that in this regime the droplet velocity is not influenced by the thickness of the thin lubricating film and the dynamic meniscus. For iso-viscous cases, experimental and three-dimensional numerical results of the film thickness distribution agree well with each other. The mean film thickness is well captured by the Aussillous & Quéré (Phys. Fluids, vol. 12 (10), 2000, pp. 2367–2371) model with fitting parameters. The droplet also exhibits the ‘catamaran’ shape that has been identified experimentally for a pressure-driven counterpart (Huerre et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 115 (6), 2015, 064501). This pattern has been rationalized using a two-dimensional lubrication equation. In particular, we show that this peculiar film thickness distribution is intrinsically related to the anisotropy of the fluxes induced by the droplet’s motion.
Moisture transfer by turbulent natural convection
Authors: Zhang Lu , Chong Kai Leong , Xia Ke-Qing
Published: July 2019

We present an experimental and numerical study of natural convection with moist air as convecting fluid. By simplifying the system as two-component convection, an experimental method is proposed for indirectly measuring the moisture transfer rates in buoyancy-driven flows. We verify the results using direct numerical simulations. It is found that the non-dimensionalized transfer rates for both sensible heat ($Nu_{T}$) and water vapour ($Nu_{e}$) are essentially determined by a generalized Grashof number$Gr$(the ratio of combined buoyancy generated by the imposed temperature and vapour pressure gradients to viscous force), and are only weakly dependent on the buoyancy ratio$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}$(the ratio of buoyancy induced by temperature variation to that due to vapour pressure variation). Moreover, we show that the full set of control parameters$\{Gr,\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC},Pr,Sc\}$is more suitable than other choices for characterizing the two-component system under investigation. As a special case, the Schmidt number dependence for passive scalar transport rates in buoyancy-driven flows is also deduced.
A numerical investigation of fluid flows induced by the oscillations of thin plates and evaluation of the associated hydrodynamic forces
Authors: Nuriev Artem N. , Kamalutdinov Airat M. , Egorov Andrey G.
Published: July 2019

The paper is devoted to the problem of harmonic oscillations of thin plates in a viscous incompressible fluid. The two-dimensional flows caused by the plate oscillations and their hydrodynamic influence on the plates are studied. The fluid motion is described by the non-stationary Navier–Stokes equations, which are solved numerically on the basis of the finite volume method. The simulation is carried out for plates with different thicknesses and shapes of edges in a wide range of control parameters of the oscillatory process: dimensionless frequency and amplitude of oscillations. For the first time in the framework of one model all two-dimensional flow regimes, which were found earlier in experimental studies, are described. Two new flow regimes emerging along the stability boundaries of symmetric flow regimes are localized. The map of flow regimes in the frequency–amplitude plane is constructed. The analysis of the hydrodynamic influence of flows on the plates allow us to establish new effects associated with the influence of the shape of the plates on the drag and inertia forces. Due to these effects, the values of hydrodynamic forces can differ by 90 % at the same parameters of the oscillation. The lower and upper estimates of hydrodynamic forces obtained in the work have a good agreement with the experimental data presented in the literature.
The effect of turbulence on mass transfer rates between inertial polydisperse particles and fluid
Authors: Karchniwy Ewa , Klimanek Adam , Haugen Nils Erland L.
Published: July 2019

The current work investigates how turbulence affects the mass transfer rate between inertial particles and fluid in a dilute, polydisperse particle system. Direct numerical simulations are performed in which all scales of turbulence are fully resolved and particles are represented in a Lagrangian reference frame. The results show that, similarly to a monodisperse system, the mass transfer rate between particles and fluid decreases as a result of particle clustering. This occurs when the flow time scale (based on the turbulence integral scale) is long relative to the chemical time scale, and is strongest when the particle time scale is one order of magnitude smaller than the flow time scale (i.e. the Stokes number is around 0.1). It is also found that for larger solid mass fractions, the clustering of the heavier particles is enhanced by the effect of drag force from the particles on the fluid (momentum back-reactions or two-way coupling). In particular, when two-way coupling is accounted for, locations of particles of different sizes are much more correlated, which leads to a stronger effect of clustering, and thus a greater reduction of the particle–fluid mass transfer rate.
A physical conjecture for the dipolar–multipolar dynamo transition
Authors: McDermott B. R. , Davidson P. A.
Published: July 2019

In numerical simulations of planetary dynamos there is an abrupt transition in the dynamics of both the velocity and magnetic fields at a ‘local’ Rossby number of 0.1. For smaller Rossby numbers there are helical columnar structures aligned with the rotation axis, which efficiently maintain a dipolar field. However, when the thermal forcing is increased, these columns break down and the field becomes multi-polar. Similarly, in rotating turbulence experiments and simulations there is a sharp transition at a Rossby number of ${\sim}0.4$. Again, helical axial columnar structures are found for lower Rossby numbers, and there is strong evidence that these columns are created by inertial waves, at least on short time scales. We perform direct numerical simulations of the flow induced by a layer of buoyant anomalies subject to strong rotation, inspired by the equatorially biased heat flux in convective planetary dynamos. We assess the role of inertial waves in generating columnar structures. At high rotation rates (or weak forcing) we find columnar flow structures that segregate helicity either side of the buoyant layer, whose axial length scale increases linearly, as predicted by the theory of low-frequency inertial waves. As the rotation rate is weakened and the magnitude of the buoyant perturbations is increased, we identify a portion of the flow which is more strongly three-dimensional. We show that the flow in this region is turbulent, and has a Rossby number above a critical value $Ro^{crit}\sim 0.4$, consistent with previous findings in rotating turbulence. We suggest that the discrepancy between the transition value found here (and in rotating turbulence experiments), and that seen in the numerical dynamos ($Ro^{crit}\sim 0.1$), is a result of a different choice of the length scale used to define the local $Ro$. We show that when a proxy for the flow length scale perpendicular to the rotation axis is used in this definition, the numerical dynamo transition lies at $Ro^{crit}\sim 0.5$. Based on this we hypothesise that inertial waves, continually launched by buoyant anomalies, sustain the columnar structures in dynamo simulations, and that the transition documented in these simulations is due to the inability of inertial waves to propagate for $Ro>Ro^{crit}$.
Constitutive equations with pressure-dependent rheological parameters for describing ice creep
Authors: ARCANGIOLI MARTINA , FARINA ANGIOLO , FUSI LORENZO , SACCOMANDI GIUSEPPE
Published: July 2019

Experimental data from creep tests on polycrystalline ice samples highlight not only the non-Newtonian behavior of ice but also suggest a critical dependence of the various rheological parameters upon the applied hydrostatic pressure. We propose a new modeling framework, based on implicit theories of continuum mechanics, that generalizes two well-known constitutive models by taking into account the effect of the pressure in the description of ice in creep. To ascertain the validity of the proposed models, we fit the physical parameters with experimental data for the elongational flow of ice samples. The results show good agreement with the experimental creep curves. In particular, the proposed generalized models reproduce the increase of the creep rate due to the presence of hydrostatic pressure.
Prevalence and risk factors of Strongyloides stercoralis infection among Orang Asli schoolchildren: new insights into the epidemiology, transmission and diagnosis of strongyloidiasis in Malaysia
Authors: Al-Mekhlafi Hesham M. , Nasr Nabil A. , Lim Yvonne A. L. , Elyana Fatin Nur , Sady Hany , Atroosh Wahib M. , Dawaki Salwa , Anuar Tengku Shahrul , Noordin Rahmah , Mahmud Rohela
Published: July 2019

This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of S. stercoralis infection among 1142 Orang Asli primary schoolchildren in six different states of Peninsular Malaysia. Fecal samples were examined using direct smear, formalin-ether sedimentation (FES), agar plate culture (APC) and PCR techniques. Overall, 15.8% of the children were found to be infected with S. stercoralis. The prevalence was 0.2, 1.3, 15.2 and 13.7% by direct smear, FES, APC and PCR, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that an age of >10 years, being male, belonging to a Proto-Malay tribe, belonging to the Senoi tribe, indiscriminate defecation, using an unimproved water source for drinking water and not wearing shoes when outside were the significant risk factors of infection among these children. In conclusion, we provide new evidence on the occurrence of S. stercoralis in Malaysia to show that there is a relatively high prevalence of infection among Orang Asli schoolchildren. Therefore, the use of specific methods for detecting S. stercoralis should be considered when screening these children for intestinal parasites. Moreover, prevention and control measures specific to S. stercoralis should be integrated into the intestinal parasitic infections control programme in Malaysia.
Neurotropic enteroviruses co-opt “fair-weather-friend” commensal gut microbiota to drive host infection and central nervous system disturbances
Authors: Clark Kevin B.
Published: July 2019

Some neurotropic enteroviruses hijack Trojan horse/raft commensal gut bacteria to render devastating biomimicking cryptic attacks on human/animal hosts. Such virus-microbe interactions manipulate hosts’ gut-brain axes with accompanying infection-cycle-optimizing central nervous system (CNS) disturbances, including severe neurodevelopmental, neuromotor, and neuropsychiatric conditions. Co-opted bacteria thus indirectly influence host health, development, behavior, and mind as possible “fair-weather-friend” symbionts, switching from commensal to context-dependent pathogen-like strategies benefiting gut-bacteria fitness.
Neuropeptide-like signaling in the microbiota-gut-brain axis
Authors: Fetissov Sergueï O.
Published: July 2019

For gut microbiota to influence behavior, microorganisms should be able to interfere with specific brain neurochemical circuitries. Understanding these molecular mechanisms is a key task in the new microbiota-gut-brain field. Recent studies have revealed that one major mechanistic link is the modulation of neuropeptide signaling by homologous bacterial proteins acting both directly and indirectly via production of neuropeptide-reactive immunoglobulins.
Practical guidelines for gut microbiome analysis in microbiota-gut-brain axis research
Authors: Valles-Colomer Mireia , Falony Gwen , Vieira-Silva Sara , Raes Jeroen
Published: July 2019

The microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis field is at an exciting stage, but the most recent developments in microbiota research still have to find their way into MGB studies. Here we outline the standards for microbiome data generation, the appropriate statistical techniques, and the covariates that should be included in MGB studies to optimize discovery and translation to clinical applications.
Causal clarity and deeper dimensions in microbiota-gut-brain research
Authors: Hooks Katarzyna B. , Konsman Jan Pieter , O'Malley Maureen A.
Published: July 2019

Our analysis of microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) research took MGB to task for some of its methods, concepts, and interpretations. Commentators then raised numerous issues about the neuroscientific and microbiome aspects of MGB and how it can be understood as a field. We respond by addressing the dimensionality (scope and depth) and causal focus of MGB.
The role of one-carbon metabolism and homocysteine in Parkinson’s disease onset, pathology and mechanisms
Authors: Murray Lauren K. , Jadavji Nafisa M.
Published: July 2019

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. It is characterised by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons. The cause of degeneration is not well understood; however, both genetics and environmental factors, such as nutrition, have been implicated in the disease process. Deficiencies in one-carbon metabolism in particular have been associated with increased risk for PD onset and progression, though the precise relationship is unclear. The aim of the present review is to determine the role of one-carbon metabolism and elevated levels of homocysteine in PD onset and pathology and to identify potential mechanisms involved. A search of PubMed, Google Scholar and Web of Science was undertaken to identify relevant human and animal studies. Case–control, prospective cohort studies, meta-analyses and non-randomised trials were included in the present review. The results from human studies indicate that polymorphisms in one-carbon metabolism may increase risk for PD development. There is an unclear role for dietary B-vitamin intake on PD onset and progression. However, dietary supplementation with B-vitamins may be beneficial for PD-affected individuals, particularly those onl-DOPA (levodopa orl-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) treatment. Additionally, one-carbon metabolism generates methyl groups, and methylation capacity in PD-affected individuals is reduced. This reduced capacity has an impact on expression of disease-specific genes that may be involved in PD progression. During B-vitamin deficiency, animal studies report increased vulnerability of DA cells through increased oxidative stress and altered methylation. Nutrition, especially folates and related B-vitamins, may contribute to the onset and progression of PD by making the brain more vulnerable to damage; however, further investigation is required.
Big Data and Creativity
Authors: Dahlstedt Palle
Published: July 2019

Big data and machine learning techniques are increasingly applied to creative tasks, often with strong reactions of both awe and concern. But we have to be careful about where to attribute the creative agency. Is it really the machine that paints like van Gogh, or is it a human that uses a high-level tool to impart one pattern upon another, based on her aesthetic preferences? In this paper, the author analyses the problem of machine creativity, focusing on four central themes: the inherent convergence of machine learning and big data techniques, their dependence on assumptions and incomplete data, the possibility of explorative search as a new creative paradigm, and the related problem of the opacity of results from such methods. The Google Deep Dream project is brought in as an example to illustrate the discussion. Information and complexity are brought into the discussion as central concepts for both creative processes and the resulting artefacts, concluding that the complexity of the interaction between the creative agent and the environment during the creative process is a crucial parameter for meaningful creative output. Based on the exposed limitations in current technologies, the author concludes that the principal creative agency still lies in the developers and users of the tools, not in the data processing itself. Human effort and input still matters. But we can take a constructive approach, regarding big data techniques as tools one order of magnitude more complex than what was available before, allowing artists to work with abstractions previously unfeasible for computational work.
Effects of a multipronged beverage intervention on young children’s beverage intake and weight: a cluster-randomized pilot study
Authors: Grummon Anna H , Cabana Michael D , Hecht Amelie A , Alkon Abbey , McCulloch Charles E , Brindis Claire D , Patel Anisha I
Published: July 2019

Objective:

To evaluate whether a multipronged pilot intervention promoting healthier beverage consumption improved at-home beverage consumption and weight status among young children.

Design:

In this exploratory pilot study, we randomly assigned four childcare centres to a control (delayed-intervention) condition or a 12-week intervention that promoted consumption of healthier beverages (water, unsweetened low- or non-fat milk) and discouraged consumption of less-healthy beverages (juice, sugar-sweetened beverages, high-fat or sweetened milk). The multipronged intervention was delivered via childcare centres; simultaneously targeted children, parents and childcare staff; and included environmental changes, policies and education. Outcomes were measured at baseline and immediately post-intervention and included children’s (n 154) at-home beverage consumption (assessed via parental report) and overweight/obese status (assessed via objectively measured height and weight). We estimated intervention impact using difference-in-differences models controlling for children’s demographics and classroom.

Setting:

Two northern California cities, USA, 2013–2014.

Participants:

Children aged 2–5 years and their parents.

Results:

Relative to control group children, intervention group children reduced their consumption of less-healthy beverages from baseline to follow-up by 5·9 ounces/d (95 % CI −11·2, −0·6) (–174·5 ml/d; 95 % CI –331·2, –17·7) and increased their consumption of healthier beverages by 3·5 ounces/d (95 % CI −2·6, 9·5) (103·5 ml/d; 95 % CI –76·9, 280·9). Children’s likelihood of being overweight decreased by 3 percentage points (pp) in the intervention group and increased by 3 pp in the control group (difference-in-differences: −6 pp; 95 % CI −15, 3).

Conclusions:

Our exploratory pilot study suggests that interventions focused comprehensively on encouraging healthier beverage consumption could improve children’s beverage intake and weight. Findings should be confirmed in longer, larger studies.
LYAPUNOV EXPONENTS OF THE KURAMOTO–SIVASHINSKY PDE
Authors: EDSON RUSSELL A. , BUNDER J. E. , MATTNER TRENT W. , ROBERTS A. J.
Published: July 2019

The Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation is a prototypical chaotic nonlinear partial differential equation (PDE) in which the size of the spatial domain plays the role of a bifurcation parameter. We investigate the changing dynamics of the Kuramoto–Sivashinsky PDE by calculating the Lyapunov spectra over a large range of domain sizes. Our comprehensive computation and analysis of the Lyapunov exponents and the associated Kaplan–Yorke dimension provides new insights into the chaotic dynamics of the Kuramoto–Sivashinsky PDE, and the transition to its one-dimensional turbulence.
INVARIANCE OF THE GERSTENHABER ALGEBRA STRUCTURE ON TATE-HOCHSCHILD COHOMOLOGY
Authors: Wang Zhengfang
Published: July 2019

Keller proved in 1999 that the Gerstenhaber algebra structure on the Hochschild cohomology of an algebra is an invariant of the derived category. In this paper, we adapt his approach to show that the Gerstenhaber algebra structure on the Tate–Hochschild cohomology of an algebra is preserved under singular equivalences of Morita type with level, a notion introduced by the author in previous work.
Resiliency or Resignation: Paul F. Lazarsfeld, Austro-Marxism, and the Psychology of Unemployment, 1919–1933
Authors: Clavey Charles H.
Published: July 2019

The Unemployed of Marienthal(1933) has long been esteemed as a classic of twentieth-century social science; its portrait of the effects of joblessness on individual minds and social institutions has inspired generations of researchers. But this reception has largely overlooked the political origins and implications of the study. This essay resituatesMarienthalin the context of its creation and dissemination: the distinctive Marxism of interwar Austria. Specifically, it demonstrates thatMarienthalintroduced social-psychological methods and findings into Marxist debates about the present state and future prospects of the working class. Led by Paul F. Lazarsfeld, theMarienthalresearchers adopted the Austro-Marxist goal of creating a model proletariat through a program of “anticipatory socialism.” But by finding that unemployment confounded efforts to reform the working class, Marienthal undermined the very program it aimed to support. In fact, the essay shows,Marienthalauthorized arguments that the unemployed were unreliable political actors—“declassed” workers as likely to become reactionaries as revolutionaries. The essay concludes by considering whetherMarienthalembodied a distinctively Austro-Marxist “style” of thinking and research.
Transnational society as a mirror of international society: a reinterpretation of contemporary world order
Authors: Davies Thomas
Published: July 2019

Although there has been widespread attention to the apparent rise of a transnational society of cross-border non-state actors alongside the international society of states, transnational society and international society have traditionally been treated as distinctive domains with different institutions. This article, by contrast, aims to transform theorization of world order through its investigation of how actors in transnational society have developed institutions that mirror in notable respects some of the primary institutions of the international society of states such as through serving constitutive and regulative functions. In addition to delineating these institutions of transnational society, the article interrogates the interdependence of these institutions of transnational society and those of international society, as well as their differences and repercussions for world order. The analysis considers how, in conjunction with the contribution of institutions of international society to international order, institutions of transnational society contribute to transnational order. By exploring not only the tensions between but also the complementarities of transnational and interstate institutions, the article both provides a reinterpretation of contemporary world order and helps reveal the potential for its more harmonious operation.
Modeling germination of smallflower umbrella sedge (Cyperus difformisL.) seeds from rice fields in California across suboptimal temperatures
Authors: Pedroso Rafael M. , Dourado Neto Durval , Victoria Filho Ricardo , Fischer Albert J. , Al-Khatib Kassim
Published: July 2019

Smallflower umbrella sedge is a prolific C3weed commonly found in rice fields in 47 countries. The increasing infestation of herbicide-resistant smallflower umbrella sedge populations threatens rice production. Our objectives for this study were to characterize thermal requirements for germination of smallflower umbrella sedge seeds from rice fields in California and to parameterize a population thermal-time model for smallflower umbrella sedge germination. Because the use of modeling techniques is hampered by the lack of thermal-time model parameters for smallflower umbrella sedge seed germination, trials were carried out by placing field-collected seeds in a thermogradient table set at constant temperatures of 11.7 to 41.7 C. Germination was assessed daily for 30 d, and the whole experiment was repeated a month later. Using probit regression analysis, thermal time to median germination [θT(50)], base temperature for germination (Tb), and SD of thermal times for germination [σθT(50)] were estimated from germination data, and model parameters were derived using the Solver tool in Microsoft Excel®. Germination rates increased linearly below the estimated optimum temperatures of 33.5 to 36 C. EstimatedTbaveraged 16.7 C, whereasθT(50)equaled 17.1 degree-days and σθT(50)was only 0.1 degree-day. The estimatedTbfor smallflower umbrella sedge is remarkably higher than that ofjaponicaandindicatypes of rice, as well asTbof important weeds in theEchinochloacomplex. Relative to the latter, smallflower umbrella sedge has lower thermal-time requirements to germination and greater germination synchronicity. However, it would also initiate germination much later because of its higherTb, given low soil temperatures early in the rice growing season in California. When integrated into weed growth models, these results might help optimize the timing and efficacy of smallflower umbrella sedge control measures.
Love the Way You Lie
Authors: Langer Markus , König Cornelius J. , Scheuss Annika I.
Published: July 2019

Abstract. In case of an applicant shortage, signaling theory and research on interviewer impression management (IM) imply that hiring managers use more IM. To test which kind of IM behavior they apply and whether it indeed influences applicants, participants fulfilled the role of hiring managers and recorded company presentation videos, either assuming an applicant shortage or a sufficient number of applicants. In the applicant shortage condition, participants used more defensive IM, indicated by self-reported, observed, and artifactual (withholding negative visual information about an organization) IM measures. Additionally, more defensive IM led to better perceived organizational attractiveness. This study contributes to IM research shedding light on hiring managers’ IM behavior and stimulating ideas on how to study IM behavior in the laboratory.
Hertz‐Mindlin Theory of Contacting Grains and the Effective‐Medium Approximation for the Permeability of Deforming Porous Media
Authors: Richesson Samuel , Sahimi Muhammad
Published: July 2019

Estimating flow and transport properties of porous media that undergo deformation as a result of applying an external pressure or stress is important to a wide variety of processes, ranging from shale formations into which a fracking liquid is injected to CO2 sequestration in geological formations. We propose a novel model for estimating the effective permeability of such porous media. Given the pore‐size distribution (PSD) of a porous medium before deformation, as well as the Young's modulus of its grains, the model uses Hertz‐Mindlin theory of contact between grains to compute the new PSD that results from applying an external pressure P to the medium and utilizes the updated PSD in the effective‐medium approximation to estimate the effective permeability at P. Comparison between the predictions and experimental data for several types of sandstones indicates excellent agreement between the two.
The 2005 Amazon Drought Legacy Effect Delayed the 2006 Wet Season Onset
Authors: Shi Mingjie , Liu Junjie , Worden John R. , Bloom A. Anthony , Wong Sun , Fu Rong
Published: July 2019

While the long‐term drought effect on tropical forests has been observed in ground‐based and remote sensing measurements, the feedback of reduced forest biomass on subsequent rainfall is not well understood. We evaluate the impact of slow forest recovery after the 2005 Amazonian drought on local evapotranspiration (ET) and wet season onset (WSO) using remotely sensed precipitation, deuterium retrievals, reanalysis data, and a new ET product. A comparison to the 2009 rainy season, which exhibits similar large‐scale moisture flux convergence, shows that 2006 experienced a 25% ET reduction and 20 days of postponed WSO in the dry‐to‐wet transition. Our results imply that ET reduction due to drought‐driven legacy effect on the Amazon rainforest could be a crucial factor triggering WSO delay in the transitional season following drought events.
An Opposite Response of the Low‐Latitude Ionosphere at Asian and American Sectors During Storm Recovery Phases: Drivers From Below or Above
Authors: Xiong Chao , Lühr Hermann , Yamazaki Yosuke
Published: July 2019

In this study, we focus on the recovery phase of a geomagnetic storm that happened on 6–11 September 2017. The ground‐based total electron content data, as well as the F region in situ electron density, measured by the Swarm satellites show an interesting feature, revealing at low and equatorial latitudes on the dayside ionosphere prominent positive and negative responses at the Asian and American longitudinal sectors, respectively. The global distribution of thermospheric O/N2 ratio measured by global ultraviolet imager on board the Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics satellite cannot well explain such longitudinally opposite response of the ionosphere. Comparison between the equatorial electrojet variations from stations at Huancayo in Peru and Davao in the Philippines suggests that the longitudinally opposite ionospheric response should be closely associated with the interplay of E region electrodynamics. By further applying nonmigrating tidal analysis to the ground‐based total electron content data, we find that the diurnal tidal components, D0 and DW2, as well as the semidiurnal component SW1, are clearly enhanced over prestorm days and persist into the early recovery phase, indicating the possibility of lower atmospheric forcing contributing to the longitudinally opposite response of the ionosphere on 9–11 September 2017.
Nearshore Lagrangian Connectivity: Submesoscale Influence and Resolution Sensitivity
Authors: Dauhajre Daniel P. , McWilliams James C. , Renault Lionel
Published: July 2019

Realistic simulation of nearshore (from the shoreline to approximately 10‐km offshore) Lagrangian material transport is required for physical, biological, and ecological investigations of the coastal ocean. Recently, high‐resolution simulations of the coastal ocean have revealed a shelf populated with small‐scale, rapidly evolving currents that arise at resolutions
100 m. However, many historical and recent investigations of coastal connectivity utilize circulation models with ≈1‐km resolution. Here we show a resolution sensitivity to simulated Lagrangian transport and coastal connectivity with a hierarchy of Regional Oceanic Modeling System simulations of the Santa Barbara Channel at Δx= 1, 0.3, 0.1, and 0.036 km. At higher resolution (
 100 m), rapid alongshore and vertical transport occurs in regions less than 1 km from the shoreline due to submesoscale shelf currents that open up new transport pathways on the shelf: submesoscale fronts and filaments, topographic wakes, and narrow alongshore jets. Shallow‐water fronts and filaments induce early time downwelling and subsequent dispersal at depth of surface material; this is not captured at coarser resolution (Δx= 1 km). Differences in three‐dimensional and two‐dimensional transport are explored in a higher‐resolution simulation: In general, three‐dimensional trajectories are more dispersive than two‐dimensional, due to a separation in their respective trajectories.
Energy Flux Observations in an Internal Tide Beam in the Eastern North Atlantic
Authors: Köhler Janna , Walter Maren , Mertens Christian , Stiehler Jan , Li Zhuhua , Zhao Zhongxiang , von Storch Jin‐Song , Rhein Monika
Published: July 2019

Low‐mode internal waves propagate over large distances and provide energy for turbulent mixing when they break far from their generation sites. A realistic representation of the oceanic energy cycle in ocean and climate models requires a consistent implementation of their generation, propagation, and dissipation. Here we combine the long‐term mean energy flux from satellite altimetry with results from a 1/10° global ocean general circulation model that resolves the low modes of internal waves and in situ observations of stratification and horizontal currents to study energy flux and dissipation along a 1000 km internal tide beam in the eastern North Atlantic. Internal wave fluxes were estimated from twelve 36‐ to 48‐hr stations in along‐ and across‐beam direction to resolve both the inertial period and tidal cycle. The observed internal tide energy fluxes range from 5.9 kW m−1 near the generation sites to 0.5 kW m−1 at distant stations. Estimates of energy dissipation come from both finestructure and upper ocean microstructure profiles and range, vertically integrated, from 0.5 to 3.3 mW m−2 along the beam. Overall, the in situ observations confirm the internal tide pattern derived from satellite altimetry, but the in situ energy fluxes are more variable and decrease less monotonically along the beam. Internal tides in the model propagate over shorter distances compared to results from altimetry and in situ measurements, but more spatial details close the main generation sites are resolved.
Griffiths and Phelps Lightning Initiation Model, Revisited
Authors: Attanasio Alex , Krehbiel Paul R. , da Silva Caitano L.
Published: July 2019

In this paper we reconstruct Griffiths and Phelps' seminal model of streamer systems to test if it can reproduce the key observational features of fast positive breakdown. We first confirm that our implementation is accurate by reproducing the original results. The model describes how a system of positive streamers exhibits an initial exponential charge growth, as a function of position or time, which rapidly transitions into a quadratic steady state. The charge growth is accompanied by substantial electric field enhancement near the onset location, creating favorable conditions for lightning initiation. Due to the relatively low conductivity of streamers (effectively zero in this model), the electric field enhancement is created by the charge deposited in the first few meters of propagation, in the scale length where the charge growth transitions from exponential to quadratic. The quadratic growth of charge, combined with conical system expansion, makes the surface charge density of the moving front constant. The resulting electric field ahead of the streamer system remains nearly constant during its propagation, consistent with the observations of fast breakdown, which reveal a nearly constant propagation velocity, independently of discharge polarity. Minimal changes to the model allow for simulation of narrow bipolar events, reproducing very well their characteristic bipolar electric field change waveform. Despite its simplicity, the Griffiths and Phelps model provides valuable physical insights in the relationship between fast positive breakdown and lightning initiation.
Impact‐Induced Porosity and Microfracturing at the Chicxulub Impact Structure
Authors: Rae Auriol S. P. , Collins Gareth S. , Morgan Joanna V. , Salge Tobias , Christeson Gail L. , Leung Jody , Lofi Johanna , Gulick Sean P. S. , Poelchau Michael , Riller Ulrich , Gebhardt Catalina , Grieve Richard A. F. , Osinski Gordon R. ,   IODP‐ICDP Expedition 364 Scientists
Published: July 2019

Porosity and its distribution in impact craters has an important effect on the petrophysical properties of impactites: seismic wave speeds and reflectivity, rock permeability, strength, and density. These properties are important for the identification of potential craters and the understanding of the process and consequences of cratering. The Chicxulub impact structure, recently drilled by the joint International Ocean Discovery Program and International Continental scientific Drilling Program Expedition 364, provides a unique opportunity to compare direct observations of impactites with geophysical observations and models. Here, we combine small‐scale petrographic and petrophysical measurements with larger‐scale geophysical measurements and numerical simulations of the Chicxulub impact structure. Our aim is to assess the cause of unusually high porosities within the Chicxulub peak ring and the capability of numerical impact simulations to predict the gravity signature and the distribution and texture of porosity within craters. We show that high porosities within the Chicxulub peak ring are primarily caused by shock‐induced microfracturing. These fractures have preferred orientations, which can be predicted by considering the orientations of principal stresses during shock, and subsequent deformation during peak ring formation. Our results demonstrate that numerical impact simulations, implementing the Dynamic Collapse Model of peak ring formation, can accurately predict the distribution and orientation of impact‐induced microfractures in large craters, which plays an important role in the geophysical signature of impact structures.
Towards a Taxonomically Intelligent Phylogenetic Database
Authors: Page Roderic
Published: July 2019

This note outlines some of the key intellectual obstacles that stand in the way of creating a usable phylogenetic database. These challenges include the need to accommodate multiple taxonomic names and classifications, and the need for tools to query trees in biologically meaningful ways. Until these problems are addressed, and a taxonomically intelligent phylogenetic database created, much of our phylogenetic knowledge will languish in the pages of journals.