bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Çarlık Rusyasının Güney Kazakistan’daki Eğitim Politikası (1850–1914)
Authors: Egamberdi̇yev Mirzahan , Di̇nasheva Lazzat
Published: April 2021

Güney Kazakistan'ın işgali, 1867'de Çarlık Rusyasının Türkistan Genel Valiliğini kurması ile tamamlanmıştır. Güney Kazakistan, merkezi Taşkent şehri olan yeni "Rus vilayeti"ne Sırderya ve Yedisu illeri olarak dahil edildi. Yeni iller Kazakistan'ın diğer bölgelerine göre önecellikle Kazakların yoğun yaşadığı bir sahadır. İkinci olarak, Müslümanlık ve milli şuur son derece güçlüdür. Üçüncü olarak, Rusya'nın bölgeyi işgal politikasına karşı güçlü bir direniş gösterdi. Bütün bunlara ek olarak bölgedeki göçebe Türk kabilelerinin denetimi son derece zordu. Bölgeyi Rusya'nın ayrılmaz bir parçası haline getiren Çarlık yönetimi bunu gerçekleştirmek için eğitimi en önemli araç olarak kullandı. Bu çalışma Çarlık yönetiminin bölgeyi Ruslaştırma aracı olarak eğitim politikasını nasıl yürüttüğünü incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada Rus okullarının eğitim programları, yeni kurulan Rus okullarında görev yapacak öğretmenlerin yetiştirilmeleri; yeni yönetimin Müslüman eğitim kurumlarına yönelik siyaseti, Rus-Tuzem (Yerli) okullarında, yerli kız çocukları arasından Rus okulları için öğretmen yetiştirme okullarının ders programları, misyonerlik faaliyetlerinin gelişmesi meseleleri ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Veriler, Özbekistan ve Kazakistan Cumhuriyetlerinin Merkezi devlet arşivlerinde yürütülen çalışmalar sonucunda elde edilmiştir. Araştırma, Çarlık Rusyası'nın bölgedeki Ruslaştırma siyasetinde, özellikle, Rus-Tuzem okullarını temel kurumları olarak gördüğünü, mektep ve medreselere karşı alternatif olarak bu okulların sayısı arttırdığını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu okulların ders programlarında ve müfredatlarında Rusça'nın ön plana çıkarıldığı ve görevlendirmelerde Rusça bilenlerin ön plana çıkarıldığı tipik sömürgeci siyasetin uygulandığı tespit edilmiştir.
Yavuz Zırhlısı ve Tamirinin Türk-Yunan İlişkilerine Etkisi
Authors: Belenli̇ Tuğba
Published: April 2021

I. Dünya Savaşı'nın hemen öncesinde Osmanlı Devleti donanmasına dâhil olan Yavuz, Türk tarihinde mümtaz bir yere sahip olan unutulmaz bir zırhlıdır. Çok kritik bir zamanda varlığıyla Osmanlı Devleti'ne güç veren bu zırhlı, savaş sırasındaki faaliyetleri ile olduğu kadar sonrasında da devlete güç ve prestij kazandırmıştır. Bu çalışmada şu konular hakkında bilgi verilmiştir; Yavuz'un Osmanlı Devleti'ne geçiş süreci, I. Dünya Savaşı sırasındaki faaliyetleri, bu faaliyetler sırasında aldığı hasarlar, tamiri için yapılanlar, tamirinin Türk-Yunan ilişkilerine etkisi ve son olarak da tamir sonrası durumu. Tamiri sürecinde Yunanlıların bir savaş tehdidi olarak gördükleri Yavuz, korkulanın aksine tamirinden sonra Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devleti'nin barış siyaseti ve politikasının en önde gelen temsilcilerinden olmuştur.
Emîr Necmeddin İlgâzi Dönemi Artuklu-Haçlı Münasebetleri ve Afrin Zaferi (28 Haziran 1119)
Authors: Meti̇n Tülay
Published: April 2021

Emîr Necmeddin İlgâzi, Mardin Artuklu Beyliği'nin kurucusu ve ilk hükümdarıdır. İlgâzi'nin tarih sahnesine çıktığı zaman Güneydoğu Anadolu'da ve Doğu Akdeniz kıyısında Haçlı Devletleri'nin kurulduğu yıllara tesadüf eder. Haçlılar, bu bölgedeki beylikler ve devletlerle münasebet kurmuşlardır. Müslümanların ise Haçlılarla münasebeti genellikle bölgeye yerleşen Haçlı varlığına karşı mücadele şeklinde gelişmiştir. Haçlıların münasebette bulunduğu en önemli güçlerden biri Artuklulardır. Özellikle Urfa ve Antakya'da yaşayan Haçlılara karşı Artuklular bazen diğer Türk beyleriyle ittifak yaparak bazen de yalnız kendileri mücadele etmişlerdir. Artuklu-Haçlı münasebetlerinde çoğu zaman Artuklular Haçlıları mağlup etmeyi başarmışlardır. Haçlılara karşı yapılan bu mücadelelerde Artuklu Beyi İlgâzi önemli rol oynayan büyük bir mücahit ve liderdir. İlgâzi'nin Haçlılara karşı 1105 yılından itibaren başlayan mücadelesi, hayatını kaybettiği 1122 yılına kadar devam etmiştir. Mardin'e ve sonrasında Halep'e hâkim olduktan sonra onun Haçlılarla münasebetleri ivme kazanmıştır. İlgâzi'nin hayatındaki en önemli olay ve başarısı Batı literatüründe Kanlı Meydan Savaşı adıyla zikredilen, Antakya Haçlı Prinkepsi Roger'e karşı Afrin'de elde ettiği galibiyettir. Onun bu zaferi Müslüman âleminde büyük bir sevince vesile olmuş, diğer yandan Hristiyan dünyası için de büyük bir facia olmuştur. Haçlıların önüne adeta set gibi çekilen İlgâzi, onları Suriye kıyı şeridine sıkıştırarak, Halep'e yaklaşmalarını engellemiştir. Bu çalışmada Artuklu Beyi İlgâzi'nin Haçlılara karşı verdiği mücadele Afrin Zaferi özelinde incelenerek, Türk-Haçlı münasebetlerinin önemli bir safhası ayrıntılarıyla ele alınmıştır. Kaynaklar ışığında detaylı bir şekilde yapılan bu çalışma vesilesiyle XII. yüzyılın başlarında bölgenin ve dönemin güç dengeleri ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır.
Moğol Neküderîlerin Kökeni ve Faaliyetleri
Authors: Subaşı Ömer
Published: April 2021

Neküderîler, Afganistan coğrafyasında hayatlarını sürdüren ve tarih sahnesine çıktıkları günden itibaren faaliyet sahası olarak İlhanlı Devleti'nin doğu sınırını tercih eden göçebe bir topluluktur. XIII. yüzyılın ortalarında bir tümen askerle yaptıkları yağma olaylarıyla kendilerinden söz ettiren Neküderîlerin isimleri Kirmân'dan Gazne'ye kadar neredeyse bütün şehirlerde kan ve gözyaşıyla özdeşleşmişti. Hayatlarını sürdürdükleri bölgelerde yerel halkın korkulu rüyası hâline gelen bu topluluk hakkında çalışmalar yapılmış olsa da onların menşei üzerine süren tartışmalar uzun zamandan beri devam etmektedir. Bu çalışmada Neküderîlerin menşeinin, Çağatay şehzâdesi Neküder Oğul ve İlhanlı hükümdarı Ahmed Teküder'in ordularının bakiyeleri olduğu yönündeki iddialar ve Neküder Noyan'ın Afganistan'a gelişinden sonraki faaliyetleri ele alınacaktır. Ardından Neküder Noyan'ın ismiyle anılmaya başlayan Neküderî topluluklarının İlhanlı tarihi boyunca giriştikleri siyasî hareketler irdelenecektir. Ayrıca Neküderîlerin kısmen yerleşik hayata geçtikleri Herât çevresindeki yaşantıları özellikle Kert kuvvetleri arasında üstlendikleri görevler ve bu hanedanın tarihi üzerindeki etkileri, İlhanlı coğrafyasında kaleme alınan gerek genel gerekse şehir ve bölge tarihi üzerine yazılan kaynaklar ışığında incelenecektir.
Kudüs’teki Memlûk Türk Devleti Armaları (‘Renk’ler)
Authors: Turan Hayrunnisa
Published: April 2021

Türk-İslam devletleri arasında Memlûklere özgü bir uygulama olarak dikkat çeken armacılık sistemi, yalnızca devletin teşkilat yapısını yansıtmakla kalmayıp aynı zamanda sanatsal gelişimine de ayna tutmaktadır. Memlûk devlet yapılanmasında emirlerin oldukça etkin konumda bulunmaları armacılık sisteminin yaygınlaşmasına ön ayak olmuştur. Memlûk sarayında sultanın özel hizmetinde bulunan emirlerin çeşitli vazifelerinin nişanesi olan armalar mimariden el sanatlarına kadar pek çok alanda kullanılmıştır. Memlûk sultanları da hükümdarlık öncesi hizmetlerinin karşılığında çeşitli armalar edinmişse de, emirlerin sayıca fazlalığı emirlere ait armaların yoğunluğunu da beraberinde getirmiştir. Memlûk hakimiyet coğrafyasında sıklıkla rastlanan söz konusu armaların Kudüs'te bulunan ve çoğunluğu emirlere ait olan örnekleri bu çalışma kapsamında incelenip değerlendirilmiştir. Armacılık sisteminin amacına uygun biçimde yapıların ya da diğer eserlerin en gösterişli yerlerinde ve ince işçiliklerle nakşedilen bu sembolik işaretlerin Kudüs'te de önemli bir iz bıraktığı anlaşılmaktadır.
EMBRIOLOGIA DO SISTEMA NERVOSO CENTRAL: ASPECTOS CLÍNICOS
Authors: Moreira da Silveira Francis , Bensson Samuel
Published: April 2021

A embriologia do sistema nervoso central (SNC) é um assunto amplo. A estrutura da embriologia, a embriogênese do cérebro e da  edula espinhal, vários testes que podem ser realizados no útero para testar anomalias do SNC e problemas que podem ser  ncontrados durante a embriogênese, com particular atenção ao SNC. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar estudos sobre embriologia  o sistema nervoso central e os aspectos clínicos. Metodologia: Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica nas bases de  ados PUBMED, SCIELO, GOOGLE ACADÊMICO, artigos publicados de 2012 a 2020, 15 artigos atenderam aos critérios de inclusão em  studos, relatos de casos e revisões sistemáticas, bem como de literaturas que foram desenvolvidas. Nessa pesquisa para coleta dos  esultados foram utilizados os bancos de dados mais recentes existentes e estão descobrindo novas evidências para mudanças  volutivas no tamanho e no número de neurônios no sistema nervoso humano, bem como a reorganização celular e molecular de  eus circuitos neurais. Salienta se os mecanismos de desenvolvimento do SNC, sua etiologia/fisiopatologia, as mudanças genéticas e moleculares subjacentes que geram essas diferenças estruturais e funcionais, revelaram também a descrição das doenças do SNC.  ste estudo possibilitou identificar a importância do tratamento precoce e prevenção.
TAMAMLAYICI-GELENEKSEL TIP KAPSAMINDA FİTOTERAPİ VE KANSER YAKLAŞIMI
Authors: KURHAN İsmail , EKİCİ Hüsamettin
Published: April 2021

Fitoterapi özellikle kanser hastaları tarafından sıklıkla başvurulan tedavi yöntemlerindendir. Bu incelemede fitoterapinin kanser ile ilişkisi ve kanser türlerinde farmakolojik ilaç kullanımına ek olarak tercih edilmesi değerlendirilmiştir. Literatür 2000- 2021 yılları arasında yayınlanmış fitoterapi çalışmaları yönünden taranmıştır. Veriler “Pubmed ve Siencedirect” gibi veri tabanlarında “complementary and alternative medicines, phytotherapy, herbal medicine, cancer” kelimeleri aranarak elde edilmiştir. Fitoterapinin Çin ve Güney Kore gibi uzak doğu ülkelerinde yaygın bir şekilde kullanıldığı, ilk uygulandığı Mezopotamya bölgesi sınırları içerisindeki Filistin’de ise kullanımının %90 düzeylerinde olduğu gözlenmiştir. Gelişmiş ülkelerde, Uzakdoğu ülkelerine kıyasla daha az tercih edilen bitkisel ilaç uygulamalarının günümüzde daha çok tercih edildiği görülmüştür. Bunun nedenleri arasında geleneksel tıbbi yöntemler ve farmakolojik ilaç kullanımlarının yan etkileri sayılmaktadır. Ayrıca kanser vakalarındaki yaygınlık oranlarının yükselmesi bu yönelimi desteklemektedir. 2020 yılı dünya kanser vakaları; cinsiyet gözetmeksizin göğüs, akciğer, kolo-rektal, ölümler; akciğer, kolo-rektal, karaciğer şeklinde sıralanmaktadır. Fitoterapi tahmin edilemeyen yan etkilerine rağmen tüm dünyada hızla uygulanmaya devam etmektedir. Özellikle modern tıbbın tam olarak tedavi edemediği kanser gibi hastalıkların olması bunu tetiklemektedir. Sonuçta, kontrolsüz bitkisel ilaç kullanımı geleneksel tedavilerde tehditler ortaya çıkartmakta, bu durum ülkeleri yasal düzenlemeler yapmaya teşvik etmektedir. Yapılması gereken, fitoterapi uygulamalarında kullanılan bitkilerin farmakolojik ve toksikolojik parametrelerinin belirlenmesi, belirlenen parametreler ile bitkisel ilaçların kalite, güvenlik ve etkinlik yönünden standartlarının oluşturulmasıdır.
Az információ kriminalisztikai ontológiája, bizonyításelméleti transzformációjának kérdései a nyomozásban
Authors: Orbán Csaba
Published: April 2021

The author provides a theoretical overview of the process of how information is being processed in criminal investigations.
İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliğinde Metal İşleme Sıvıları
Authors: DUMAN Okan , BOZKURT Yahya
Published: April 2021

Talaşlı imalat başta olmak üzere metallerin işlenmesi operasyonlarında metal işleme sıvıları ihtiyaç duyulan en temel malzemelerden biridir. Endüstride bilinen ismi bor yağı olmakla beraber kesme yağı, emülsiyon sıvısı, soğutma sıvısı, metal uzaklaştırma sıvısı, metal işleme sıvısı/yağı vb. tabirler ile tanımlanır. Söz konusu akışkanlar çalışan sağlığı yönünden cilt rahatsızlıkları, solunum rahatsızlıkları, kanser vb. riskler barındırmaktadır. Bu sıvılar, operasyon sürecinde sıcaklık etkisiyle buhar (sis, bulut, buğu) haline gelerek ciddi solunum problemlerine sebep olabileceği gibi ortam şartlarından etkilenmesiyle özellikleri kötüleşerek temas sonucu cilt hastalıklarına da yol açabilmektedir. Bu bağlamda birçok ülkede söz konusu akışkanlara maruziyeti azaltmak için araştırmalar ve tartışmalar yapılmaktadır. Metal işleme sıvılarından kaynaklı tehlikelerin öncelikle yeterli ve güncel bilgiler edinilerek tanımlanması önem teşkil etmektedir. Söz konusu sıvıların çalışan sağlığına etkileri maruziyet türü, düzeyi, şiddeti ve kullanılan akışkanın tipine göre değişiklik göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada metal işleme sıvıları tanıtılarak kısa veya uzun vadede söz konusu akışkanların çalışan sağlığına etkileri ve alınması gerekli tedbirlere ilişkin iş sağlığı ve güvenliği açısından bir perspektif sunulması amaçlanmış olup sonuç olarak metal işleme sıvılarının çalışan sağlığına etkileri ve bunlara karşın alınması gerekli teknik ve organizasyonel tedbirler ulusal mevzuat ile uluslararası çalışmalar da dikkate alınarak ortaya konulmuştur.
Propagation of Torsional Alfvén Pulses in Zero-beta Flux Tubes
Authors: Scalisi Joseph , Oxley William , Ruderman Michael S. , Erdélyi Robertus
Published: April 2021

In this study, we investigate analytically the generation of mass flux due to a torsional Alfvén pulse. We derive that the presence of torsional Alfvén waves, which have been observed in, e.g., photospheric magnetic bright points (MBPs), can result in vertical plasma motions. The formation of this mass flux may even be a viable contribution to the generation of chromospheric mass transport, playing potential roles in the form of localized lower solar atmospheric jets. This relationship is studied using a flux tube model, with the waves introduced at the lower boundary of the tube as a magnetic shear perturbation. Due to the nature of MBPs we simplify the model by using the zero-beta approximation for the plasma inside the tube. The analytical results are demonstrated by an example of the type of Alfvén wave perturbation that one might expect to observe, and comparison is made with properties of spicules known from observations. We find that field-aligned plasma flux is formed nonlinearly as a result of the Lorentz force generated by the perturbations, and could be consistent with jet formation, although the current model is not intended to determine the entire evolution of a jet. Critical discussion of the model follows, including suggestions for improvements and for high-resolution proposed observations in order to constrain the driving magnetic and velocity shear.
OH Megamasers in H i Surveys: Forecasts and a Machine-learning Approach to Separating Disks from Mergers
Authors: Roberts Hayley , Darling Jeremy , Baker Andrew J.
Published: April 2021

OH megamasers (OHMs) are rare, luminous masers found in gas-rich major galaxy mergers. In untargeted neutral hydrogen (H i) emission-line surveys, spectroscopic redshifts are necessary to differentiate the λ
rest = 18 cm masing lines produced by OHMs from H i 21 cm lines. Next-generation H i surveys will detect an unprecedented number of galaxies, most of which will not have spectroscopic redshifts. We present predictions for the numbers of OHMs that will be detected and the potential “contamination” they will impose on H i surveys. We examine the Looking at the Distant Universe with the MeerKAT Array (LADUMA), a single-pointing deep-field survey reaching redshift z
H I
= 1.45, as well as potential future surveys with the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) that would observe large portions of the sky out to redshift z
H I
= 1.37. We predict that LADUMA will potentially double the number of known OHMs, creating an expected contamination of 1.0% of the survey’s H i sample. Future SKA H i surveys are expected to see up to 7.2% OH contamination. To mitigate this contamination, we present methods to distinguish H i and OHM host populations without spectroscopic redshifts using near- to mid-IR photometry and a k-Nearest Neighbors algorithm. Using our methods, nearly 99% of OHMs out to redshift z
OH ∼ 1.0 can be correctly identified. At redshifts out to z
OH ∼ 2.0, 97% of OHMs can be identified. The discovery of these high-redshift OHMs will be valuable for understanding the connection between extreme star formation and galaxy evolution.
Anisotropies in Compressible MHD Turbulence: Probing Magnetic Fields and Measuring Magnetization
Authors: Hu Yue , Xu Siyao , Lazarian A.
Published: April 2021

Probing magnetic fields in the interstellar medium (ISM) is notoriously challenging. Motivated by the modern theories of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence and turbulence anisotropy, we introduce the Structure Function Analysis (SFA) as a new approach to measure the magnetic-field orientation and estimate the magnetization. We analyze the statistics of turbulent velocities in three-dimensional compressible MHD simulations through the second-order structure functions in both local and global reference frames. In the sub-Alfvénic turbulence with the magnetic energy larger than the turbulent energy, the SFA of turbulent velocities measured in the directions perpendicular and parallel to the magnetic field can be significantly different. Their ratio has a power-law dependence on the Alfvén Mach number M
A, which is inversely proportional to the magnetic-field strength. We demonstrate that the anisotropic structure functions of turbulent velocities can be used to estimate both the orientation and strength of magnetic fields. With turbulent velocities measured using different tracers, our approach can be generally applied to probing the magnetic fields in the multiphase ISM.
Exploring the Nature of EUV Waves in a Radiative Magnetohydrodynamic Simulation
Authors: Wang Can , Chen Feng , Ding Mingde
Published: April 2021

Coronal extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) waves are large-scale disturbances propagating in the corona, whose physical nature and origin have been discussed for decades. We report the first three-dimensional (3D) radiative magnetohydrodynamic simulation of a coronal EUV wave and the accompanying quasi-periodic wave trains. The numerical experiment is conducted with the MURaM code and simulates the formation of solar active regions through magnetic flux emergence from the convection zone to the corona. The coronal EUV wave is driven by the eruption of a magnetic flux rope that also gives rise to a C-class flare. It propagates in a semicircular shape with an initial speed ranging from about 550 to 700 km s−1, which corresponds to an average Mach number (relative to fast magnetoacoustic waves) of about 1.2. Furthermore, the abrupt increase of the plasma density, pressure, and tangential magnetic field at the wave front confirms fast-mode shock nature of the coronal EUV wave. Quasi-periodic wave trains with a period of about 30 s are found as multiple secondary wavefronts propagating behind the leading wave front and ahead of the erupting magnetic flux rope. We also note that the true wave front in the 3D space can be very inhomogeneous; however, the line-of-sight integration of EUV emission significantly smoothes the sharp structures in 3D and leads to a more diffuse wave front.
Cold Traps of Hypervolatiles in the Protosolar Nebula at the Origin of the Peculiar Composition of Comet C/2016 R2 (PanSTARRS)
Authors: Mousis Olivier , Aguichine Artyom , Bouquet Alexis , Lunine Jonathan I. , Danger Grégoire , Mandt Kathleen E. , Luspay-Kuti Adrienn
Published: April 2021

Recent observations of the long-period comet C/2016 R2 (PanSTARRS; hereafter R2) indicate an unusually high N2/CO abundance ratio, typically larger than ∼0.05, and at least 2–3 times higher than the one measured in 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. Another striking compositional feature of this comet is its heavy depletion in H2O (H2O/CO ∼ 0.32%), compared to other comets. Here we investigate the formation circumstances of a generic comet whose composition reproduces these two key features. We first envisage the possibility that this comet agglomerated from clathrates, but we find that such a scenario does not explain the observed low water abundance. We then alternatively investigate the possibility that the building blocks of R2 agglomerated from grains and pebbles made of pure condensates via the use of a disk model describing the radial transport of volatiles. We show that N2/CO ratios reproducing the value estimated in this comet can be found in grains condensed in the vicinity of the CO and N2 ice lines. Moreover, high CO/H2O ratios (>100 times the initial gas-phase value) can be found in grains condensed in the vicinity of the CO ice line. If the building blocks of a comet assembled from such grains, they should present N2/CO and CO/H2O ratios consistent with the measurements made in R2’s coma. Our scenario indicates that R2 formed in a colder environment than the other comets that share more usual compositions. Our model also explains the unusual composition of the interstellar comet 2l/Borisov.
Global Vegetation Project: An Interactive Online Map of Open-Access Vegetation Photos
Authors: Fleri Jesse R. , Wessel Sienna A. , Atkins David H. , Case Nicholas W. , Albeke Shannon E. , Laughlin Daniel C.
Published: April 2021

The Global Vegetation Project (http://gveg.wyobiodiversity.org) is a new initiative to host an online database of open-access, georeferenced vegetation photos. The mission of the Global Vegetation Project is ‘to inspire and empower people of all ages to learn about the diversity of vegetation on our planet and to provide educators with a resource for teaching ecology online’. The beta release includes two R-Shiny web applications that allow users to 1) submit photos of plant communities through a user-friendly online portal and 2) explore submissions made by others through an interactive global map. The spatial coordinates of each photo are used to extract information about the location including long-term and recent climate data to create Walter and Leith climate diagrams for each photo. User submitted photos can be filtered by biome, temperature, precipitation, and elevation on the map. The Global Vegetation Project will evolve to match the needs of vegetation scientists and ecology educators. We intend to enhance the educational value of the mapping application by incorporating additional search features, global data layers, and the publication of curricula geared towards primary, secondary, and post-secondary education. We encourage the global community of vegetation scientists to use this resource in their classrooms and to contribute photos of vegetation to grow this valuable resource for the world.
Taxonomic complexity in the genus Merodon Meigen, 1803 (Diptera, Syrphidae)
Authors: Vujić Ante , Radenković Snežana , Likov Laura , Veselić Sanja
Published: April 2021

The genusMerodonMeigen, 1803 is distributed across the Palaearctic and Afrotropical Regions. The present work summarizes the knowledge from recent taxonomic and systematic revisions and includes an identification key for the five monophyletic lineages (namelyalbifrons,aureus,avidus-nigritarsis,desuturinusandnatans), 24 species groups, two species subgroups and 10 unplaced species, along with diagnosis and illustrations. A list of 234 taxa, including 194 described and 40 undescribed species, is appended. Most of the species are distributed in the Palaearctic (209 taxa, 181 described), while 27 species (14 described) are known from the Afrotropical Region. Three lineages (aureus,desuturinusandnatans) are present in the Afrotropical Region, as well as in the Palaearctic. The Afrotropicalmelanocerusspecies group of thedesuturinuslineage and thebombiformisspecies group of theaureuslineage are endemic to the Afrotropical Region, and all other species groups belong to the Palaearctic fauna. Thealbifronslineage contains six species groups (albifrons,constans,equestris,geniculatus,ruficornisandrufus) and two unplaced taxa. Theaureuslineage includes five species groups (aureus,bombiformis,funestus,nanusandspinitarsis). Theavidus-nigritarsislineage is divided into 10 species groups (aberrans,aurifer,avidus,clavipes,fulcratus,italicus,nigritarsis,pruni,serrulatusandtarsatus) and eight unplaced taxa. Thedesuturinuslineage contains two species groups: the Afrotropicalmelanocerusgroup, with themelanocerusandplanifaciessubgroups plus the speciesM. cuthbertsoniCurran, 1939, and the Palaearcticmurorumspecies group. Thenatanslineage consists of thenatansspecies group plus the speciesM. segetumFabricius, 1794.
La performance des PME au Cameroun : une explication par le diptyque compétence et capacité organisationnelle
Authors: Boubakary Ben , Moskolaï Doumagay Donatienne
Published: April 2021

La quête de la performance est l’un des défis majeurs pour toute organisation. Elle l’est davantage pour les petites et moyennes entreprises (PME), de par leur vulnérabilité. Cet impératif explique certainement le développement accéléré des systèmes de gestion de la performance. Cependant, même si les initiatives sont nombreuses, on peine souvent à mesurer les facteurs susceptibles d’expliquer la performance organisationnelle des PME. Par ailleurs, de la pléthore des travaux sur le sujet, peu ont tenu compte des compétences et capacités organisationnelles des PME. En plus, on note une carence d’études empiriques sur les facteurs explicatifs de la performance organisationnelle des PME dans le contexte camerounais. Cet article qui vise à combler quelque peu cette carence a pour but de contribuer à enrichir la connaissance théorique et empirique que l’on a du rôle des compétences et capacités organisationnelles des PME sur leur performance. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que, les combinaisons de ressources, les compétences collectives et la capacité d’innovation influencent significativement et positivement la performance organisationnelle des PME.
L’influence des stratégies RSE sur la performance financière : cas des entreprises du CAC 40
Authors: Jahmane Abderrahman , Hofaidhllaoui Mahrane
Published: April 2021

Dans ce papier nous examinons l’influence de la présence d’une stratégie RSE sur la performance financière des 39 entreprises cotées en bourse CAC 40 en mars 2019. Nous analysons comment la performance sociale, gouvernementale et environnementale ne peuvent pas exister sans la performance financière et économique. Le modèle d’analyse des données est appliqué pour la période d’étude de 2002 à 2017. En utilisant la méthode de Moindre Carré Ordinaire (MCO) et la régression multiple, les résultats indiquent qu’il y a des liens négatifs mais non significatifs, entre la stratégie RSE (CSR Strategy) et la performance financière même en changeant son indicateur de mesure.
Le comportement responsable des consommateurs face à l’agriculture belge
Authors: Giuliano Romina , Eloy Florine
Published: April 2021

Nous analysons le comportement des consommateurs face aux difficultés du secteur agricole en Belgique. L’étude s’est premièrement concentrée sur une présentation très détaillée du contexte marquant l’agriculture mais également sur le soutien des politiciens et des citoyens dans le cadre des difficultés professionnelles rencontrées par le secteur agricole. Ainsi, dans un deuxième temps, nous avons mené une enquête par questionnaire en Flandre et en Wallonie auprès de personnes consommant des produits agricoles belges. Les résultats de cette étude mettent en avant la part grandissante de la préoccupation des consommateurs belges envers leur agriculture mais également le lien qui existe entre la consommation de produits agricoles belges et la réalisation d’autres comportements socio- responsables, l’influence de l’information et la primauté de la proximité à la labélisation dans ce type de consommation.
La colère d’Achille
Authors: Mozzone Claude
Published: April 2021

Le mythe théâtralise pour nous l’inconscient. Achille, dans sa funeste colère illustre comment, au-delà de l’exploit, surgit la pulsion de mort. Jusqu’où la jouissance du guerrier est-elle compatible avec l’art de la guerre ? Le discours ramène la violence à la mesure de l’homme (qu’il soit d’hystérie ou de maîtrise) et prend en compte la castration.
Violence et discours capitaliste
Authors: Terral François
Published: April 2021

L’apport de la psychanalyse ne se résumant pas à l’appréhension de l’individuel, nous essaierons de dire en quoi la notion de discours chez Lacan, et son glissement dans sa version capitaliste, permet de mieux situer certaines réalités collectives et les responsabilités individuelles de l’analyste et de son patient.
Thomas Müntzer
Authors: Gilet-Le Bon Stéphanie
Published: April 2021

C’est l’histoire de Thomas Müntzer que nous raconte Éric Vuillard, dont le nom porte la violence de la parole, dont l’impétuosité des mots est une expression violente de la misère. C’est la violence qui relève de la haine qui passe au verbe, en tant que rapport à l’être de l’autre. Elle cible le Un-dire de l’Église, des riches et des puissants, l’argent la force et le pouvoir et vise leur disparition et leur destruction. Cette haine qui passe au verbe n’est pas la violence de la barbarie des pulsions comme dans la guerre.
Rature et lacérations : De Shih-t’ao à David Nebreda
Authors: Gaudin Denys
Published: April 2021

David Nebreda se lacère, il exerce ce qu’il nomme « une autoviolence ». Loin des aspects morbides qu’une telle pratique évoque, l’artiste témoigne d’atteintes salutaires, de coupures qui, selon ses dires, portent la vie. Nous proposons d’interroger cette singulière connexion entre vie et lacérations. Nous tenterons de souligner en quoi l’enseignement de Nebreda permet de prolonger les indications de Lacan sur les notions de marque, de trait unaire et de rature.
Le quadrilatère de Desroche appliqué à l’entreprise d’ESS : nouvel exercice de géométrie coopérative
Authors: Cariou Yves
Published: April 2021

Le quadrilatère de Desroche, avec ses quatre angles symbolisant les populations de managers, de l’administration (conseil d’administration), des employés et des sociétaires, a été formalisé en 1976 pour expliciter le fonctionnement spécifique de la coopérative et sa dynamique interne. Cet article montre comment ces catégories de population mais aussi les projets et les fonctions internes peuvent concourir à l’équilibre démocratique d’une structure. En prenant appui sur des observations réalisées au sein d’une soixantaine de coopératives et d’associations loi 1901, l’auteur propose une lecture des dysfonctionnements de l’entreprise d’économie sociale et solidaire contemporaine, en présentant les quadrilatères pathologiques que l’on retrouve parfois dans certaines associations, Scop, CAE ou Scic, mais aussi les voies pour retrouver le quadrilatère d’origine et son équilibre.
Financement public des associations et écart salarial entre hommes et femmes : nouvelles perspectives pour l’égalité professionnelle ?
Authors: Prouteau Lionel , Tchernonog Viviane
Published: April 2021

Cet article examine la relation susceptible d’exister entre le financement d’origine publique perçu par les associations et l’écart de salaire entre les hommes et les femmes qui y travaillent. À cette fin, les auteurs apparient deux bases de données, l’enquête de l’Insee « Associations 2014 » qui présente la situation de ces organisations en 2013 et les Déclarations annuelles de données sociales (DADS) de la même année. Les résultats obtenus montrent que, dans plusieurs cas, une part plus importante de ressources en provenance des fonds publics est accompagnée d’un écart de salaire plus faible entre les deux sexes. A l’heure où les pouvoirs publics ont la possibilité d’inclure des clauses sociales dans les marchés publics, cette recherche ouvre des perspectives nouvelles en matière d’égalité professionnelle entre les hommes et les femmes.
Quand une femme en situation de handicap s’invite dans les affaires… Une analyse par les récits de vie des handipreneures camerounaises
Authors: Nga Nkouma Tsanga Rosalie Christiane
Published: April 2021

S’il est vrai que les politiques d’entrepreneuriat inclusif visent à offrir la possibilité à toutes les couches de populations de créer une activité indépendante, la question de la situation des femmes handicapées entrepreneures (handipreneures) demeure un sujet très peu développé. De ce fait, l’objectif de cette recherche est (i) d’identifier les activités menées par les handipreneures, (ii) d’explorer leurs motivations et obstacles et (iii) de cerner leurs besoins de soutien. Pour cela, après avoir montré l’importance des théories de la résilience et de construction identitaire, nous nous penchons sur une approche qualitative basée sur une quinzaine de récits de vie réalisés. Les résultats révèlent une prédominance des activités du secteur informel guidées par des motivations extrinsèques et intrinsèques et soulignent le rôle primordial de la résilience. Ils montrent par ailleurs la nécessité de soutenir ces femmes sur les plans financier, stratégique et psychologique.
L’entrepreneuriat éducatif peut-il être un facteur d’émancipation des femmes ? Le cas de la ville de Bejaia
Authors: Abbaci Madjid , Houanti L’Hocine , Dang Rey
Published: April 2021

L’entrepreneuriat est de plus en plus perçu par les femmes des pays en voie de développement comme un moyen d’émancipation et d’indépendance économique et sociale. Face aux obstacles du marché du travail et aux pressions sociales, certaines optent pour la création de leur propre entreprise. Elles sont motivées par le pouvoir économique, la nécessité de répondre aux besoins de leur famille, mais aussi par la volonté de contribuer au développement économique de leur territoire. Elles font face à des contraintes supplémentaires liées à leur statut de femme dirigeante. Dans cette recherche, nous tentons de mettre en lumière tous ces éléments liés à l’entrepreneuriat féminin en Algérie, dans le secteur de l’éducation, avec un focus sur le cas de dix femmes dans la région de Kabylie (Bejaia). Les résultats obtenus confirment le caractère libérateur de l’entrepreneuriat pour ces femmes, leurs motivations, ainsi que les obstacles rencontrés.
Interferometric Ex Vivo Evaluation of the Spatial Changes to Corneal Biomechanics Introduced by Topographic CXL: A Pilot Study
Authors: Wilson Abby , Jones John , Marshall John
Published: April 2021

PURPOSE:

To determine the efficacy of interferometry for examining the spatial changes to the corneal biomechanical response to simulated intraocular pressure (IOP) fluctuations that occur after corneal cross-linking (CXL) applied in different topographic locations.

METHODS:

Displacement speckle pattern interferometry (DSPI) was used to measure the total anterior surface displacement of human and porcine corneas in response to pressure variations up to 1 mm Hg from a baseline pressure of 16.5 mm Hg, both before and after CXL treatment, which was applied in isolated topographic locations (10-minute riboflavin soak [VibeX-Xtra; Avedro, Inc], 8-minute ultraviolet-A exposure at 15 mW/cm
2
). Alterations to biomechanics were evaluated by directly comparing the responses before and after treatment for each cornea.

RESULTS:

Before CXL, the corneal response to loading indicated spatial variability in mechanical properties. CXL treatments had a variable effect on the corneal response to loading dependent on the location of treatment, with reductions in regional displacement of up to 80% in response to a given pressure increase.

CONCLUSIONS:

Selectively cross-linking in different topographic locations introduces position-specific changes to mechanical properties that could potentially be used to alter the refractive power of the cornea. Changes to the biomechanics of the cornea after CXL are complex and appear to vary significantly depending on treatment location and initial biomechanics. Hence, further investigations are required on a larger number of corneas to allow the development of customized treatment protocols. In this study, laser interferometry was demonstrated to be an effective and valuable tool to achieve this.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2021;37(4):263–273.]
Clinical Outcomes With a New Continuous Range of Vision Presbyopia-Correcting Intraocular Lens
Authors: Gabrić Nikica , Gabrić Ivan , Gabrić Krešimir , Biščević Alma , Piñero David P. , Bohač Maja
Published: April 2021

PURPOSE:

To evaluate the clinical outcomes including patient-reported outcome measures in a sample of eyes undergoing bilateral cataract surgery with implantation of a new model of presbyopia-correcting intraocular lens (IOL).

METHODS:

This non-randomized prospective case series enrolled 206 eyes of 103 patients undergoing phacoemulsification cataract surgery with bilateral implantation of the TECNIS Synergy IOL (Johnson & Johnson Vision). High and low contrast visual acuity, refractive, defocus curve, and patient-reported visual performance (Catquest-9SF questionnaire) outcomes were evaluated during a 3-month follow-up.

RESULTS:

A total of 96.1% (99 of 103) and 91.3% (94 of 103) of patients achieved binocular postoperative uncorrected distance (UDVA) and near visual acuity (UNVA) of 0.00 logMAR (20/20), respectively. Mean postoperative mesopic UNVA for both eyes was 0.14 ± 0.03 logMAR. Likewise, mean binocular UDVA and UNVA were 0.00 ± 0.03 and 0.04 ± 0.02 logMAR. An almost flat mean defocus curve was obtained, with visual acuities between 0.00 and 0.10 logMAR for most defocus levels in both eyes. A reduction of contrast led to a limited but statistically significant change in UNVA in both eyes (
P
< .001). The Rasch calibrated scoring of item 2 and the Rasch calibrated mean score of the Catquest-9SF questionnaire increased significantly with surgery (
P
< .001).

CONCLUSIONS:

This new presbyopia-correcting IOL provides a continuous range of functional focus, with a limited deterioration under mesopic conditions, which is perceived as a satisfactory outcome by the patient if proper patient selection is performed.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2021;37(4):256–262.]
Emergency Medical Services for Children: Office Emergency and Disaster Readiness
Authors: Ashraf Hala , Riech Teresa J. , Krug Steven
Published: April 2021

Pediatricians are resources for families to provide ongoing care, education, and guidance during emergencies. They must be prepared to handle both office emergencies and local disasters. In office emergencies, readiness should focus on stabilizing life-threats until patients can be transported to an emergency department. Preparedness must also focus on providing aid in the setting of large-scale disasters in conjunction with local public health officials, hospitals, health care coalitions, emergency medical services systems, and local emergency officials, and plans should address hazards local to the area.

[
Pediatr Ann
. 2021;50(4):e160–e164.]
Gonad Size Measured by Ultrasound to Assign Stage of Maturity in Burbot
Authors: McGarvey Lauren M. , Ilgen Jason E. , Guy Christopher S. , McLellan Jason G. , Webb Molly A.H.
Published: April 2021

We measured gonad size (diameter and circumference) by ultrasound and used it as a metric to assign stage of maturity in Burbot Lota lota from Lake Roosevelt, Washington. We collected paired gonad tissue and ultrasound measurements monthly from November 2017 to March 2018 and processed gonad tissue for histological analysis to confirm stage of maturity. We measured gonad diameter and circumference by ultrasound. We also measured excised gonad diameter (i.e., true gonad diameter) by digital calipers and excised gonad circumference (i.e., true gonad circumference) by a measuring tape. All late vitellogenic (stage 6) ovaries measured by ultrasound had a diameter greater than 3.90 cm, suggesting a value of 3.90 cm or greater may be used to characterize females capable of spawning in the current reproductive cycle. One mid-spermatogenic (stage 3) and all ripe (stage 4) testes were too large to be measured and were assigned a diameter of 5.11 cm, the maximum value capable of being measured by our ultrasound transducer. A value of 5.11 cm or greater may be used to characterize males capable of spawning in the current reproductive cycle. Testis circumference measured by ultrasound is not reported because some testes were wider than the ultrasound transducer and could not be measured. Measurements of testis diameter did not differ between measurement methods (ultrasound versus true), but ultrasound measurements of ovary diameter and circumference were higher than true measurements. We attributed the difference between measurement methods to flattening of the ovary while applying the ultrasound transducer. Gonad diameter and circumference measured by ultrasound were highly correlated with gonadosomatic index and ovarian follicle diameter, indicating gonad size measured by ultrasound is an appropriate index of gonad development in Burbot.
A relationship between the Avogadro’s number NA and the transition frequency of the caesium 133 atom ΔνCs
Authors: Ognean Teodor
Published: April 2021

At the 26th meeting of the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) held on 13‐16 November 2018 at Versailles, France, the new International System of Units (SI) was established. Following the CGPM’s decision, the new SI units were established based upon a set
of seven defining constants. This set of constants is the most fundamental feature in the definition of the entire system of units. What is truly remarkable about the new SI is the fact that all measurement units, except the amount of substance mole and Avogadro’s number NA
, are defined based on the unperturbed ground-state hyperfine transition frequency of the caesium 133 atom    Δ ν
Cs    equal to 9 192 631 770 Hz. This article, based on dimensional analysis, presents the possibility of connecting the Avogadro’s number NA and the mole, to
the transition frequency    Δν   Cs    .
Force and energy in gravitational field
Authors: Yi Yan
Published: April 2021

This is the second paper of the induction theory of gravitational field. In the first paper, a new space-time view, which considers the influence of gravity, was constructed. In the new view of time and space, classical mechanics no longer holds. In this paper, the theory of mechanics
and energy is established in the new space-time relation. In this paper, the basic mechanical law in the new space-time relationship is derived from the inertial force of the observed object relative to the reference object. Second, according to this basic law, the new formulas of gravitation
and electromagnetic force in the space-time relationship are derived. Third, the influence of the moving of the observation object on the force is discussed. Finally, the new law of mass energy conversion is discussed.
Length contraction in special relativity is a logical contradiction
Authors: Gift Stephan J. G.
Published: April 2021

Length contraction predicted by special relativity, requiring that two observers in different inertial frames measure each other's rods shorter than his own, is shown to be a logical contradiction and therefore invalid.
Psychophysical interactions with a double-slit interference pattern: Exploratory evidence of a causal influence
Authors: Radin Dean , Wahbeh Helané , Michel Leena , Delorme Arnaud
Published: April 2021

An experiment we conducted from 2012 to 2013, which had not been previously reported, was designed to explore possible psychophysical effects resulting from the interaction of a human mind with a quantum system. Participants focused their attention toward or away from the slits in a double-slit optical system to see if the interference pattern would be affected. Data were collected from 25 people in individual half-hour sessions; each person repeated the test ten times for a total of 250 planned sessions. “Sham” sessions designed to mimic the experimental sessions without observers present were run immediately before and after as controls. Based on the planned analysis, no evidence for a psychophysical effect was found. Because this experiment differed in two essential ways from similar, previously reported double-slit experiments, two exploratory analyses were developed, one based on a simple spectral analysis of the interference pattern and the other based on fringe visibility. For the experimental data, the outcome supported a pattern of results predicted by a causal psychophysical effect, with the spectral metric resulting in a 3.4 sigma effect (p = 0.0003), and the fringe visibility metric resulting in 7 of 22 fringes tested above 2.3 sigma after adjustment for type I error inflation, with one of those fringes at 4.3 sigma above chance (p = 0.00001). The same analyses applied to the sham data showed uniformly null outcomes. Other analyses exploring the potential that these results were due to mundane artifacts, such as fluctuations in temperature or vibration, showed no evidence of such influences. Future studies using the same protocols and analytical methods will be required to determine if these exploratory results are idiosyncratic or reflect a genuine psychophysical influence.
Propagation of electromagnetic wave in gravitational field
Authors: Yi Yan
Published: April 2021

This paper is the third part of the induction theory of gravitational field. It mainly discusses some propagation characteristics of electromagnetic wave in the space-time constructed in the first paper [Y. Yi, Phys. Essays 33, 219 (2020)]. In this paper, a new definition of
the basic properties of electromagnetic wave is given at first. Second, the photoelectric effect is explained by the new electromagnetic wave properties. Then, the propagation law of electromagnetic wave in space-time is discussed. Finally, the propagation law of electromagnetic wave in axisymmetric
gravitational field is analyzed. According to the analysis in this paper, the propagation path of electromagnetic wave is unique in the spherical symmetric gravitational field, while the propagation path of electromagnetic wave in the axisymmetric gravitational field is related to the wavelength.
This is the difference between the induction theory of gravitational field and the existing theory, which can be used to verify the theory of gravitational field induction.
The use of hydrogen cyanamide or nitrogen fertilizer increases vegetative and productive performance of fig cv. Roxo de Valinhos
Authors: Souza Jackson Mirellys Azevedo , Silva Marcelo de Souza , Ferraz Rafael Augusto , Modesto Joyce Helena , Ferreira Rafael Bibiano , Bolfarini Ana Carolina Batista , Tecchio Marco Antonio , Leonel Sarita
Published: April 2021

Some plants do not demand a lot of chilling hours, but methods to overcome dormancy promote more vigorous and productive plant. This study aimed to assess hydrogen cyanamide and nitrogen fertilizer with different concentration to growth and production in ‘Roxo de Valinhos’ fig tree. Two crop cycles (2015/2016 and 2016/2017) was performed in São Manuel city, São Paulo State, Brazil. Phenological and productive data was evaluated in a 2 x 5 factorial (Product x Concentration), organized in randomized complete block design, with three trees by plot. The factor products had as level hydrogen cyanamide and nitrogen fertilizer and the factor concentrations was constituted by 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4%. Furthermore, the following data was evaluated: number of days for budbreak, number of buds per plant, harvest period, branch length and diameter, leaf number, leaf area, number of fruits per plant, fruit mass, production and yield. Results indicated that both products anticipated the sprouting and promoted a higher number of buds overcome the dormancy. Plant production was higher in both cycles when the products were used (2.1 and 2.7, respectively). At last, hydrogen cyanamide showed better outcomes due to the higher number of fruits and production.