bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Illustrations of the Influence of the Mind upon the Body in Health and Disease, with especial reference to the Imagination
Authors: Tuke Daniel H.
Published: February 2018

Passing, now, from the consideration of the influence of emotion upon motility, we proceed to examine the interesting series of phenomena resulting from the operation of the same influence upon sensation. Ever tending to be confounded with the converse succession of events, the influence of morbid states of sensibility in producing emotional disorder, its consideration requires more discrimination than that of the previous section. We can scarcely avoid employing language which is not strictly scientific, and can be only understood in a popular sense. Indeed, with two elements so closely allied as the emotional and sensational—mental feeling and bodily feeling (so-called)—it must constantly happen that in our terms, as in reality, we confound the two together, and in this blending fail to discover which is cause and which is effect, or speak of the consciousness of bodily pleasure and pain as if it were not a mental state. It is, however, perfectly easy, in spite of metaphysical difficulties of this kind, to make clear what is meant by the influence of a powerful emotion upon sensation as a part of that influence of the mind upon the body, which we are endeavouring in these papers to point out and illustrate. For example, there can be no question as to the fact that moral disgust does in some instances cause the sensation of nausea, or that distress of mind may occasion neuralgia, or fright the sensation of cold, or that the special senses may, under fear, be stimulated centrally, so as to cause subjective sensations, whether olfactory, visual, or auditory. These facts remain of interest and importance, although the bare statement of them suggests some questions of difficulty. They are so, whether our physiology regards the functions of the hemispherical ganglia as comprising the sensational as well as the ideational elements of the passions—(see ante, July, 1870, p. 174)—or whether it relegates the former to the sensory ganglia. They are so, although not only do mental and physical sensations merge imperceptibly into each other—for we constantly witness the same results from emotional as from sensational excitement, physical and corporeal pain alike acting upon the body (as, e. g., in quickening the circulation)—but mental sensations are so united with their associated ideas that it is difficult to separate the purely emotional from the ideational elements of passion. It is a penalty which we pay for our classifications and divisions that, however convenient they are up to a certain point, they sometimes lead us to do violence to nature; to dissever that which is inseparable, to sacrifice in the present case, it may be, the intimate cohesion of psychical states to the idol of reducing everything in science to orders and classes.
Observations on the President's Address, 1871
Authors: Blandford G. Fielding
Published: February 2018

An engagement prevented my reaching the meeting at the College of Physicians, on the third of August, in time to hear the President's address, and though I had something to say on the subjects contained therein, I had not the presumption to offer a criticism without having heard it, while the discussion which followed did not enable me to gather what had been put forward. By the kindness of Dr. Maudsley, however, I have been permitted to read his remarks, and have found them in every way worthy of the high encomiums passed upon them by more than one speaker; yet one or two observations occur to me. Dr. Maudsley is fond of paradoxes, and he startles us with one at the commencement. He tells us that he is convinced of the important part which hereditary predisposition plays in the causation of insanity—that he thinks no person goes mad, save from palpable physical causes, who does not show more or less plainly by his gait, manner, gestures, habits of thought, feeling and actions, that he is predestined to go mad. And yet when he is discussing the advice to be given as to the marriage of people sprung of insane ancestors, he sums up his opinion in these words—“I cannot think science yet has the right to forbid marriage to those in whom some tendency to insanity exists.”
The Morbid Psychology of Criminals
Authors: Nicolson David
Published: February 2018

We were engaged, when we left off last, in considering some points bearing on the prison-conduct of criminals in relation to their crimes; and we now proceed to show how various questions as to mental condition are started by prison-misconduct.
On the Physiology of General Paralysis of the Insane, and of Epilepsy
Authors: Thompson George
Published: February 2018

In the first and second volumes of the West Riding Asylum Medical Reports, 1871–72, there appeared two papers bearing my name, which were entitled, the one “The Sphygmograph in Asylum Practice,” and the other “The Sphygmograph in Epilepsy.” The first paper, besides containing a few general remarks, was, however, confined to the study of the physiology of General Paralysis; the other, as its name implied, referred entirely to certain phenomena observed in Epilepsy, and contained a few speculations as to the origin and nature of these phenomena. Both papers had been hastily prepared, though they really represented an amount of patient labour such as probably I shall never undertake again. The later one had also the disadvantage of being so cut and mutilated for want of space that, when finished, I hardly recognised my own work. I had begun to think that they were to be considered of no real value, and only fit to pass into the limbo of forgotten things, when they were suddenly snatched from a threatening oblivion by having assigned to them a prominent place in the new edition of the work so familiar to many engaged in this special branch of medicine by the names of Bucknill and Tuke. More recently they have been brought into further prominence by being incorporated into that clever, thorough work, “The Pathological Anatomy of the Nervous Centres,” by Dr. Long Fox, where the views originally advanced by myself are put in much clearer and more forcible language than I could ever master. It has occurred to me, then, that now is a good opportunity for considering de novo the bearings which these speculations may have on the further elucidation of the nature of the origin of two diseases, one of which, at least, has hitherto been enveloped in darkness, and which, because of such ignorance, has, until recently, baffled all attempts to effect anything like a certain cure.
On the Education of the Insane, and the School System as Carried out at Richmond District Lunatic Asylum, Dublin
Authors: Fox John
Published: February 2018

In attempting a description of the School System as carried out in this institution, I am undertaking a task the accomplishment of which I feel at the outset must be very imperfect indeed; but considering how often I have had to answer such questions as the following—“What is the use of a school for lunatics?” “What can you possibly teach them?” I think it is due to my position to describe as well as my abilities permit our system, inviting at the same time all interested in the welfare of the insane to come and see for themselves its beneficial influences.
Notes of a Case—Mania followed by Hyperesthesia and Osteomalacia, Singular family tendency to excessive constipation and self-mutilation
Authors: Howden James C.
Published: February 2018

J. C., a mason's wife, æt. 26. First admitted to the Montrose Asylum 6th March, 1855, labouring under acute mania. No special cause alleged, except a feeble constitution inherited from a mother mentally and physically weak. Had been ill for some days before admission. Imagined that God ordered her to mutilate herself. Attempted to pull out her tongue, and on being restrained, she pushed it out of her mouth, and suddenly clenching her teeth, bit a large portion off.
Some Relations of Delirium Tremens to Insanity
Authors: Savage Geo. H.
Published: February 2018

At the last moment I have been asked to fill up a gap in the programme of to-day, and if my paper be short and uninteresting, I must crave your indulgence.
The Neuropathic Diathesis, or the Diathesis of the Degenerate
Authors: Revington G. T.
Published: February 2018

Section 5. Law of Latency.—A diathesis may be transmitted through a generation without giving outward and visible sign of its existence, and may appear in full vigour in the next; or a strong neurosis may manifest itself in the intermediate generation by a temperament (group 1); and in the third break out as one of the forms comprised in third or fourth groups. The neurotic diathesis is a creeping parasite, which though a mere line on the parent trunk, yet follows each branch to its uttermost offshoots, and here and there kills a delicate twig, or envelops a whole branch, and destroys it; but sometimes, under favourable circumstances, is itself eradicated by the vigorous growth of the stock.
Cases of Masturbation (Masturbatic Insanity)
Authors: Spitzka E. O.
Published: February 2018

The following case illustrates the influence of heredity on the protracted types of insanity originating from or excited by self-abuse.
Lecons sur les Maladies du Système Nerveux faites à la Salpêtrière
Authors: Charcot J. M.
Published: February 2018

In the sixteenth lecture, Professor Charcot narrates the history of an epidemic of hysteria occurring in a family which had devoted itself to the vagaries of modern spiritualism. It is very probable that many such instances of the grave forms of hysteria are to be ascribed to practices which tend to impress with awe the imagination of neurotic subjects. In the succeeding lecture the treatment of such cases is discussed, and the importance of isolation is insisted on. Statical electricity and cold baths are also recommended, but the bromides are, according to the author, of no service.
Tennyson as a Psychologist
Authors: J. C. B.
Published: February 2018

That Tennyson touched the finest chords in our nature none will dispute. But there are poets who have done this without being what the lamented Laureate* unquestionably was—a psychologist. “In Memoriam” is full of psychology as well as feeling. He went deep down into the springs of human thought and action. “Lucretius” is psychological if any poem in the language is.
On the present State of our Knowledge regarding General
Paralysis of the Insane
Authors: Westphal C.
Published: February 2018

Medical Psychologists have long been familiar with a peculiar form of
disease which is characterised by a combination of disorders of the
intellectual and motor faculties. The French physicians, to whom is due the
honour of having first minutely described it, have given to it various
names, according to the views then generally held and the special opinions
of the individual observers: General incomplete paralysis (Delaye); general
paralysis of the insane (Calmeil); general progressive paralysis (Requin,
Sandras); paralytic insanity (Parchappe), &c. In Germany the terms
general paralysis, paralysis of the insane, and most recently paralytic
dementia have been generally employed. Familiar though this disease has
become to medical psychologists, and though much discussion has taken place
regarding it, within a narrow sphere, still slight has been the interest
hitherto taken in extending that sphere. These poor patients, whose
treatment either cannot or can only with great difficulty be pursued in the
ordinary relations of life, who from henceforth appear hopeless, are gladly
handed over to physicians to the insane, and with the entrance of the
patient into the asylum all interest in the disease ceases. The time is, I
believe, at hand when in regard to this, as well as to many other matters,
the veil of the asylum will be removed, when once for all the barriers will
be thrown down which divide mental pathology, as we must still call it, from
that of the remainder of the nervous system. Each has a series of facts to
oppose to the other, and it is certainly surprising how many points of
connection there are between them. The question is merely one of
comprehension: mental pathology often manifests itself in a manner which
outwardly is not easily understood, though it must be admitted sufficient
pains have not always been taken to understand these manifestations.
The Alleged Increase of Lunacy
Authors: Robertson C. Lockhart
Published: February 2018

“We have not found any reasons supporting the opinion generally entertained that the community are more subject than formerly to attacks of Insanity.”— Fifteenth Report of the Commissioners in Lunacy to the Lord Chancellor, 1861.
On Medico-Legal Uncertainties
Authors: Eastwood J. W.
Published: February 2018

To wander over the whole field of medico-legal uncertainties would lead us amongst railway injuries, criminal cases of every kind, disputed wills, and various subjects, psychological and non-psychological. Such a wide scope is not the object of this paper, but I wish to place before you some facts of an important department, which I trust will, sooner or later, be brought seriously before the profession and the legislature.
The Objects and Organization of the Medico-Psychological Association; The Anniversary Address
Authors: Laycock T.
Published: February 2018

My first duty is to repeat my most cordial thanks to you for the high honor you have done me in electing me to be your President; my next to proceed at once to the delivery of the address which your successive Presidents are expected to give. I feel reluctant to depart from the order laid down by our Secretary, but perceiving that it is my duty to guide your proceedings, and as the business to be brought before you is two-fold, I will divide my address. This morning I will examine into the organization and objects of the association, since these must come before you, and in the afternoon, if time permit, will make a few remarks on the progress and prospects of Mental Science.
An Apology for Lord Brougham on Psychological Grounds
Authors: Tuke Daniel H.
Published: February 2018

Lord Brougham's career has repeatedly been the theme of mingled admiration and regret—admiration of his remarkable talents and eloquence; regret that one so gifted should have failed to sustain the position and reputation which he once enjoyed.
Emanuel Swedenborg
Authors: Maudsley Henry
Published: February 2018

In July 1745 Swedenborg returned to Sweden, and soon afterwards resigned his assessorship, so that he might be at liberty to devote himself to the new function to which he imagined that he had been especially called. Accordingly, all scientific studies and pursuits he now abandoned entirely; all worldly honours and interests he counted worthless; he devoted himself to that sacred office “to which the Lord Himself has called me, who was graciously pleased to manifest Himself to me, His unworthy servant, in a personal appearance in the year 1743; to open in me a sight of the spiritual world, and to enable me to converse with spirits and angels. … Hence it has been permitted me to hear and see things in another life which are astonishing, and which have never come to the knowledge of any man, nor entered into his imagination. I have been there instructed concerning different kinds of spirits, and the state of souls after death—concerning Hell, or the lamentable state of the unfaithful—concerning Heaven, or the most happy state of the faithful, and particularly concerning the doctrine of faith, which is acknowledged throughout Heaven.” He is well aware that many persons will affirm that such intercourse is impossible, and that it must be mere fancy and illusion on his part, but for all this he cares not, seeing that “he has seen, heard, and had sensible experience” of what he declares.
The Care and Treatment of the Insane Poor. The President's Address
Authors: Boyd Robert
Published: February 2018

In succeeding, as President of the Medico-Psychological Association, the distinguished professor whose term of office now expires, I beg to return you my best thanks for the honour you have conferred upon me. I must at the same time express my regret that I was unable to attend the last annual meeting of the Association, when I might, as on previous occasions, have pleaded my total unfitness for the office, and have again obtained your assent to the selection of one more suited for that honourable distinction. Having, however, been placed in what I consider a false position, I have now only to trust to your kind forbearance and beg your support in the fulfilment of the duties.
Illustrations of the Influence of the Mind upon the Body in Health and Disease, with especial reference to the Imagination
Authors: Tuke Daniel H.
Published: February 2018

To some extent we have anticipated the consideration of the influence of emotion on spasmodic action of the muscles, in describing the effects produced by powerful emotional states, as terror, which often causes excessive or spasmodic contraction, sometimes amounting to tetanic rigidity. The sobbing of grief, the laughter of joy, afford daily examples of spasmodic muscular contraction from emotional stimulus. The spasm which chokes the voice and converts the fibres of the platysma myoides into rigid cords in terror, the convulsion and tremors of the facial muscles in despair, the clenched hands, the convulsive opening of the mouth and spasm of the diaphragm and muscles of the chest in fear, the spasm of the jaws in rage, the spasmodic rigidity of the muscles in a maniacal paroxysm, are they not written in the graphic pages of Bell ? With the exception of mania, these spasmodic contractions are consistent with health. We shall include under the present section all convulsive attacks, whether epileptic or not, whether infantile, puerperal, or hysterical, trembling palsy, chorea, spasms of the larynx and pharynx, nervous hydrophobia, and tetanus. Physiologically, when of emotional origin, they may all be referred to disturbance, more or less serious, of the functions of the sensori-motor apparatus, including the medulla oblongata.
Felo-de-se. By
Authors: Davey J. G.
Published: February 2018

If I were asked the especial and characteristic features of this present day, I should most certainly take good care to enumerate that one (feature) which seeks to modify or even undo the legislative acts of our progenitors, that is to say, of those who, living in the new or early times—not the old times—were without that needful experience and knowledge wherewith to realise the truth. As you know well, the science of our forefathers was, at its best, a poor and sickly thing—sadly misshapen and badly used; and as to Psychology, it was, indeed, at a miserable discount.
Nut Consumption and Survival in Patients With Stage III Colon Cancer: Results From CALGB 89803 (Alliance)
Authors: Fadelu Temidayo , Zhang Sui , Niedzwiecki Donna , Ye Xing , Saltz Leonard B. , Mayer Robert J. , Mowat Rex B. , Whittom Renaud , Hantel Alexander , Benson Al B. , Atienza Daniel M. , Messino Michael , Kindler Hedy L. , Venook Alan , Ogino Shuji , Ng Kimmie , Wu Kana , Willett Walter , Giovannucci Edward , Meyerhardt Jeffrey , Bao Ying , Fuchs Charles S.
Published: February 2018

Purpose

Observational studies have reported increased colon cancer recurrence and mortality in patients with states of hyperinsulinemia, including type 2 diabetes, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and high glycemic load diet. Nut intake has been associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and insulin resistance. However, the effect of nut intake on colon cancer recurrence and survival is not known.

Patients and Methods

We conducted a prospective, observational study of 826 eligible patients with stage III colon cancer who reported dietary intake on food frequency questionnaires while enrolled onto a randomized adjuvant chemotherapy trial. Using Cox proportional hazards regression, we assessed associations of nut intake with cancer recurrence and mortality.

Results

After a median follow-up of 6.5 years, compared with patients who abstained from nuts, individuals who consumed two or more servings of nuts per week experienced an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for disease-free survival of 0.58 (95% CI, 0.37 to 0.92; Ptrend= .03) and an HR for overall survival of 0.43 (95% CI, 0.25 to 0.74; Ptrend= .01). In subgroup analysis, the apparent benefit was confined to tree nut intake (HR for disease-free survival, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.34 to 0.85; Ptrend= .04; and HR for overall survival, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.27 to 0.82; Ptrend= .04). The association of total nut intake with improved outcomes was maintained across other known or suspected risk factors for cancer recurrence and mortality.

Conclusion

Diets with a higher consumption of nuts may be associated with a significantly reduced incidence of cancer recurrence and death in patients with stage III colon cancer.
Brachytherapy-Based Radiotherapy and Radical Prostatectomy Are Associated With Similar Survival in High-Risk Localized Prostate Cancer
Authors: Ennis Ronald D. , Hu Liangyuan , Ryemon Shannon N. , Lin Joyce , Mazumdar Madhu
Published: February 2018

Purpose

There are no randomized trials to guide treatment decisions between radiotherapeutic and surgical options for patients with high-risk localized prostate cancer. Comparative studies have been limited by their ability to match patients on the basis of pretreatment prognostic variables and to adjust for the cancer-related, medical, and socioeconomic differences between patients who choose radiotherapeutic or surgical approaches.

Methods

We analyzed the outcome of all patients in the National Cancer Database with high-risk, clinically localized prostate cancer with complete prognostic data who were treated with either radical prostatectomy (RP), external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) combined with androgen deprivation (AD), or EBRT plus brachytherapy with or without AD. Inverse probability of treatment weighting was used to adjust for covariable imbalance among treatment groups. The weighted time-dependent Cox proportional hazards model was then used to estimate the effects of treatment groups on survival, accounting for differential treatment initiation times. A predictive model of pathologic nodal (pLN) status was built using prostate-specific antigen level, Gleason score, and clinical T stage; predicted pLN status was used to repeat the inverse probability of treatment weighting and time-dependent Cox proportional hazards model.

Results

A total of 42,765 patients were analyzed. There was no statistically significant difference in survival between RP and EBRT plus brachytherapy with or without AD (hazard ratio [HR], 1.17; 95% CI, 0.88 to 1.55). However, EBRT plus AD was associated with higher mortality than RP (HR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.22 to 1.92). Adjustment for predicted pLN status did not yield statistically different results. A sensitivity analysis showed that EBRT plus AD ≥ 7920 cGy narrowed the difference, but a significantly higher mortality remained (HR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.68).

Conclusion

After comprehensively adjusting for imbalances in prostate cancer prognostic factors, other medical conditions, and socioeconomic factors, this analysis showed no statistical difference in survival between patients treated with RP versus EBRT plus brachytherapy with or without AD. EBRT plus AD was associated with lower survival.
Comparison of the Accuracy of Papanicolaou Test Cytology, Visual Inspection With Acetic Acid, and Visual Inspection With Lugol Iodine in Screening for Cervical Neoplasia in Southeast Nigeria
Authors: Egede John , Ajah Leonard , Ibekwe Perpetus , Agwu Uzoma , Nwizu Emmanuel , Iyare Festus
Published: February 2018

Purpose

This study aimed to compare the accuracy of Papanicolaou test cytology, visual inspection with 5% acetic acid (VIA), and visual inspection with Lugol iodine (VILI) in the detection of premalignant and malignant lesions of the cervix.

Materials and Methods

This was a cross-sectional comparative study of 200 consenting participants at the Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki over a 6-month period. All the participants had Papanicolaou test cytology. Subsequently, they were classified into two groups of 100 each through systematic random sampling: group 1 had VIA and group 2 had VILI. Thereafter, all the participants had cervical punch biopsy at the 6 and 12 o’clock cervical positions. Cervical punch biopsy was also done on the suspicious lesions of the cervix irrespective of their positions. The tests of validity of the three methods were calculated using the histology of the biopsy specimen as the gold standard. P value ≤ .05 was considered to be statistically significant.

Results

Among the VIA group, 19 (19%) had cervical epithelial abnormalities on Papanicolaou test cytology, and VIA was positive in 14 (14%). Histology results showed cervical neoplasia in 15 (15%) of the participants. Among the VILI group, 15 (15%) had cervical epithelial abnormalities on Papanicolaou test cytology, and VILI was positive in 19 (19%). Histology results showed cervical neoplasia in 15 (15%) of the participants. There was no significant difference in overall accuracy of Papanicolaou test cytology, VIA, and VILI. The overall accuracy of the Papanicolaou test cytology plus VIA was significantly more than Papanicolaou test cytology alone.

Conclusion

VIA or VILI can be used as a stand-alone cervical cancer screening test when compared with Papanicolaou test cytology, particularly in resource-limited settings. VIA can also complement Papanicolaou test cytology.
Cytokinin signaling in plant development
Authors: Kieber Joseph J. , Schaller G. Eric
Published: February 2018

The phytohormone cytokinin plays diverse roles in plant development, influencing many agriculturally important processes, including growth, nutrient responses and the response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Cytokinin levels in plants are regulated by biosynthesis and inactivation pathways. Cytokinins are perceived by membrane-localized histidine-kinase receptors and are transduced through a His-Asp phosphorelay to activate a family of transcription factors in the nucleus. Here, and in the accompanying poster, we summarize the current understanding of cytokinin metabolism, transport and signaling, and discuss how this phytohormone regulates changes in gene expression to mediate its pleiotropic effects.
Augmenting the disease ontology improves and unifies disease annotations across species
Authors: Bello Susan M. , Shimoyama Mary , Mitraka Elvira , Laulederkind Stanley J. F. , Smith Cynthia L. , Eppig Janan T. , Schriml Lynn M.
Published: February 2018

Model organisms are vital to uncovering the mechanisms of human disease and developing new therapeutic tools. Researchers collecting and integrating relevant model organism and/or human data often apply disparate terminologies (vocabularies and ontologies), making larger scale comparisons and inferences challenging at best. A single disease ontology that connects data annotated using diverse disease terminologies, and in which the terminology relationships applicable to human and animal models are continuously maintained, is needed. The Mouse Genome Database (MGD, http://www.informatics.jax.org), Rat Genome Database (RGD, http://rgd.mcw.edu) and Disease Ontology (DO, http://www.disease-ontology.org) projects are collaborating to augment the DO, aligning and incorporating disease terms used by MGD and RGD, and improving DO as a tool for unifying disease annotations across species. Coordinated assessment of MGD's OMIM and RGD's RDO disease term annotations identified new terms that when added to DO enhance DO's representation of human diseases for which model organism data exist. Expansion of DO term content and cross-references to clinical vocabularies (e.g. OMIM, ORDO, MeSH) has enriched the DO's disease domain coverage and utility for annotating many types of data generated from experimental and clinical investigations. The extension of anatomy-based DO classification structure of disease improves accessibility of terms for users and facilitates application of the DO for computational research. A coherent representation of disease associations across data types from cellular to whole organism, generated from clinical and model organism studies, will promote the integration, mining and comparative analysis of these data. The coordinated enrichment of the DO and adoption of DO for disease annotation by MGD and RGD demonstrates DO's potential use across organisms and increases interoperability between MGD, RGD and the wider model organism database (MOD) community at the disease annotation level. Further, the human genetics/genomics community will benefit from a consistent way to interrogate model organism disease associations.
Detection and direction discrimination of single vortex rings by harbour seals (Phoca vitulina)
Authors: Krüger Yvonne , Hanke Wolf , Miersch Lars , Dehnhardt Guido
Published: February 2018

Harbour seals possess highly sensitive vibrissae that enable them to track hydrodynamic trails left behind by a swimming fish. Most of these trails contain vortex rings as a main hydrodynamic component. They may reveal information about their generator as the trails differ depending on the fish species, the fish's body shape, size, and swimming style. Additionally, fish generate single vortex rings in diverse natural situations. In this study, the ability of blindfolded stationary harbour seals to detect and analyse single vortex rings regarding directional information has been investigated. In three different behavioural experiments, the animals were trained to respond to single artificially generated vortex rings. The results show that harbour seals are able to respond to a variety of different vortex rings upon vibrissal stimulation. The investigation of the minimum hydrodynamically perceivable angle revealed that it is at least as small as 5.7°, which was the smallest adjustable angle. Moreover, harbour seals are capable of analysing the travel direction of a vortex ring perceived by the mystacial pads irrespective of whether the vibrissae were stimulated ipsilaterally or contralaterally. In situations in which no complex hydrodynamic trail is available, it is advantageous for a hunting seal to be able to extract information from a single vortex ring.
Acid-base regulation in the air-breathing swamp eel (Monopterus albus) at different temperatures
Authors: Thinh Phan Vinh , Phuong Nguyen Thanh , Brauner Colin J. , Huong Do Thi Thanh , Wood Andrew T. , Kwan Garfield T. , Conner Justin L. , Bayley Mark , Wang Tobias
Published: February 2018

Vertebrates reduce arterial blood pH (pHa) when body temperature increases. In water-breathers this response occurs primarily by reducing plasma HCO3− levels with small changes in the partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2). In contrast, air-breathers mediate the decrease in pHa by increasing arterial PCO2 (PaCO2) at constant plasma HCO3− by reducing lung ventilation relative to metabolic CO2 production. Much less is known in bimodal breathers that utilize both water and air. Here, we characterize the influence of temperature on arterial acid-base balance and intracellular pH (pHi) in the bimodal breathing swamp eel, Monopterus albus. This teleost uses the buccopharyngeal cavity for gas exchange and has very reduced gills. When exposed to ecologically relevant temperatures (20, 25, 30 and 35°C) for 24 and 48h, pHa decreased by -0.025 pH units/°C (U/°C) in association with an increased PaCO2, but without changes in plasma [HCO3−]. Intracellular pH (pHi) was also reduced with increased temperature. The slope of pHi of liver and muscle was -0.014 and -0.019 U/°C, while the heart muscle showed a smaller reduction (-0.008U/°C). When exposed to hypercapnia (7 or 14 mmHg) at either 25 or 35°C, Monopterus albus elevated plasma [HCO3−] and therefore seemed to defend the new pHa set-point, demonstrating an adjusted control of acid-base balance with temperature. Overall, the effects of temperature on acid-base balance in Monopterus albus resemble air-breathing amniotes, and we discuss the possibility that this pattern of acid-base balance results from a progressive transition in CO2 excretion from water to air as temperature rises.
Stress and disease resilience differences related to emergence time for first feeding in farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Gesto Manuel , Madsen Lone , Andersen Nikolaj R. , Jokumsen Alfred
Published: February 2018

Salmonid individuals show a relatively high variability in the time required to abandon the gravel nest where they hatch, the so-called “emergence time”. Different behavioral and physiological traits have been shown to be associated to that emergence time in wild salmonids. In general, early- and late-emerging fish have traits resembling those of proactive and reactive stress coping styles, respectively. Proactive fish are considered to be more resilient to stress and probably to disease, so it was hypothesized that fish with different emergence time have different ability to resist repeated episodes of stress without suffering deleterious effects on their welfare or health status. In this study, rainbow trout eyed eggs were hatched and larvae were fractionated according to their emergence time (Early fraction: first 20 % of fish to emerge; Intermediate fraction: mid 20 %; Late fraction: last 20 %). When the fish were four months old, part of the fish were exposed to a daily repeated stress protocol for 15 days. The next day, both naïve and repeatedly-stressed fish were exposed to an acute stress challenge. Different plasma (cortisol, glucose, lactate) as well as CNS (serotonergic activity) stress markers were assessed to evaluate the stress resilience of the different fractions. Furthermore, an intraperitoneal infection challenge with Flavobacterium psychrophilum was carried out to assess the disease resilience of the different emergence fractions. Altogether, the results showed that fish from different fractions displayed different activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal axis, pointing to a higher stress resilience in the fish with shorter emergence times. However, those differences were not reflected in the ability of the different fractions to grow and perform well in terms of growth, or in the ability to overcome the infection with the bacteria, which was similar for all the emergence fractions. This suggests that discriminating fish according to emergence time would probably have little effect in improving the performance and the welfare of farmed fish.
Real Effects of Information Frictions: When the States and the Kingdom Became United
Authors: Steinwender Claudia
Published: February 2018

This paper exploits a unique historical experiment to estimate how information frictions distort international trade: the establishment of the transatlantic telegraph in 1866. I use newly collected data on cotton prices, trade, and information flows from historical newspapers and find that the average and volatility of the transatlantic price difference fell after the telegraph, while average trade flows increased and became more volatile. Using a trade model in which exporters use the latest news about a foreign market to forecast expected prices, I estimate the efficiency gains of the telegraph to be equivalent to 8 percent of export value. (JEL D83, F12, F14, L96, N71, N73)
A Model of Trading in the Art Market
Authors: Lovo Stefano , Spaenjers Christophe
Published: February 2018

We present an infinite-horizon model of endogenous trading in the art auction market. Agents make purchase and sale decisions based on the relative magnitude of their private use value in each period. Our model generates endogenous cross-sectional and time-series patterns in investment outcomes. Average returns and buy-in probabilities are negatively correlated with the time between purchase and resale (attempt). Idiosyncratic risk does not converge to zero as the holding period shrinks. Prices and auction volume increase during expansions. Our model finds empirical support in auction data and has implications for selection biases in observed prices and transaction-based price indexes. (JEL C43, D44, E32, Z11)
The “Pupil” Factory: Specialization and the Production of Human Capital in Schools
Authors: Fryer Roland G.
Published: February 2018

I conducted a randomized field experiment in traditional public elementary schools in Houston, Texas designed to test the potential productivity benefits of teacher specialization. The average impact of encouraging schools to specialize their teachers on student achievement is −0.11 standard deviations per year on a combined index of math and reading test scores. I argue that the results are consistent with a model in which the benefits of specialization driven by sorting teachers into a subset of subjects based on comparative advantage is outweighed by inefficient pedagogy due to having fewer interactions with each student, though other mechanisms are possible. (JEL D31, E32, J22, J24, J31)
Alternative miRNAs? Human sequences misidentified as plant miRNAs in plant studies and in human plasma
Authors: Witwer Kenneth W.
Published: February 2018

Background: A 2017 study reported that “Plant miRNAs found in human circulating system provide evidences of cross kingdom RNAi”. Analysis of two human blood plasma sequencing datasets was said to provide evidence for uptake of plant miRNAs into human plasma. The results were also purportedly inconsistent with contamination.

Methods: Sequences from public datasets and miRNA databases were compared with results downloaded from the website of the reporting journal.

Results: Only one putative plant miRNA (“peu-MIR2910) mapped consistently above background, and this sequence is found with 100% identity in a human rRNA. Several other rarer but consistently mapped putative plant miRNAs also have 100% or near 100% matches to human transcripts or genomic sequences, and some do not appear to map to plant genomes at all.

Conclusions: Reanalysis of public data suggests that dietary plant xenomiR uptake is not supported, but instead confirms previous findings that detection of rare plant miRNAs in mammalian sequencing datasets is artifactual. Some putative plant miRNAs, including MIR2910 and MIR2911, may represent human sequence contamination or other artifacts in plant studies, emphasizing the need for rigorous controls and data filtering strategies when assessing possible xenomiRNAs.
Embedding a user-centred approach in the development of complex behaviour change intervention to improve outcomes for young adults living with type 1 diabetes: The D1 Now Study
Authors: Walsh Deirdre M.J. , Hynes Lisa , O'Hara Mary Clare , McSharry Jenny ,   D1 Now Young Adult Panel, Dinneen Séan F. , Byrne Molly
Published: February 2018

Background: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an auto-immune condition which requires intensive self-management. Diabetes self-management is challenging, especially during young adulthood. Effective interventions to improve outcomes for young adults with T1D are needed. This paper describes the development of the D1 Now intervention, employing a user-centred approach to engage with stakeholders in parallel with the application of theory.

Methods: Intervention development consisted of 4 phases: 1) the formation of a public and patient involvement (PPI) Young Adult Panel (YAP); 2) a systematic review to synthesise evidence regarding the effectiveness of interventions aimed at improving outcomes for young adults with T1D; 3) understand young adults’ diabetes self-management behaviour through engagement with key stakeholders; and 4) an expert consensus meeting to discuss self-management strategies identified in Phase 1 and 3 that would form the core components of the D1 Now intervention.

Results: The YAP resulted in meaningful involvement between young adults, researchers and service providers. The systematic review highlighted a lack of quality intervention studies. Qualitative findings highlighted how young adult self-management is driven by complex interactions between external resources, which influence capability, and motivation. The expert panel in Phase 4 highlighted focus areas to improve outcomes for young adults and implementation strategies. Subsequent to these 4 phases, 3 intervention components have been identified: 1) a key worker to liaise with the young adult; 2) an online portal to facilitate relationship building between staff and young adults; and 3) an agenda setting tool to facilitate joint decision-making.

Conclusions: This study described the systematic development of an intervention underpinned by theoretical frameworks and PPI, and has identified components for the D1 Now intervention. The resulting intervention content will now be subject to an intervention optimisation process.
The Harm We Do: The Environmental Impact of Medicine
Authors: Schoen Julia , Chopra Vineet
Published: February 2018

While often unseen and infrequently discussed, the environmental impact of hospital systems and healthcare providers is substantial. However, some US hospitals and healthcare systems have developed innovative approaches to reduce their environmental impact while reducing costs. In this perspective, we discuss how hospitalists may support ongoing environmental efforts through education and awareness, measurement and amelioration, public reporting, and individual actions. Given the extent of healthcare's impact on the environment, the benefits of interventions, and the link between hospitalists and hospitals, We must minimize the harm we do.
Stock Market Predictability and Industrial Metal Returns
Authors: Jacobsen Ben , Marshall Ben R. , Visaltanachoti Nuttawat
Published: February 2018

Price movements in industrial metals such as copper and aluminum predict stock returns. Increasing industrial metal prices are good news for equity markets in recessions and bad news in expansions. A one-standard-deviation increase in industrial metal returns predicts a price drop of one and a half percent in monthly stock market returns in expansions and an increase of around a half percent during recessions. The predictability is distinct to and compares favorably with that from more established predictors.

This paper was accepted by Lauren Cohen, finance.
Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty
Authors: Familiari Filippo , Rojas Jorge , Nedim Doral Mahmut , Huri Gazi , McFarland Edward G.
Published: February 2018

Since the introduction of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) in 1987 (in Europe) and 2004 (in the United States), the number of RTSAs performed annually has increased. Although the main indication for RTSA has been rotator cuff tears, indications have expanded to include several shoulder conditions, many of which involve dysfunction of the rotator cuff. RTSA complications have been reported to affect 19% to 68% of patients and include acromial fracture, haematoma, infection, instability, mechanical baseplate failure, neurological injury, periprosthetic fracture and scapular notching. Current controversies in RTSA include optimal baseplate positioning, humeral neck-shaft angle (135° versus 155°), glenosphere placement (medial, lateral or bony increased offset RTSA) and subscapularis repair. Improvements in prosthesis design, surgeon experience and clinical results will need to occur to optimize this treatment for many shoulder conditions.

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2018;3:58–69 DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.3.170044
Metaphorical and metonymical equality: From a rhetoric of society to an aesthetics of politics
Authors: Benčin Rok
Published: February 2018

The notion of the division of the sensible allows Jacques Rancière to suspend and redraw the lines between the politics of aesthetics and the aesthetics of politics, as well as between forms of political and aesthetic equality. The essay discusses Rancière’s work from a different angle, namely the distinction of two rhetorical figures, metaphor and metonymy, following Ernesto Laclau’s use of Gérard Genette’s reading of Proust as a model for his political theory. Outlining Rancière’s own use of the two figures as political models as well as his readings of Proust, the essay traces the differences between the rhetoric of society (Laclau) and the aesthetics of politics (Rancière).
The refugee issue at the heart of political film
Authors: Šprah Andrej
Published: February 2018

The article addresses the issue of the refugee crisis through the perspective of the film opus of Portuguese director Pedro Costa and especially French documentarist Sylvain George in the light of Rancière’s analyses of their works. It focuses on the radical actions of depersonalization by which refugees revolt against the intolerable regulations of the migrant and asylum policy of the European Community. It draws from the analysis of the dialogue between Rancière and George to point out aspects of political film that strive to let individuals who are excluded from economic and social trajectories take charge of their own destinies: to reclaim the possibility of their own voice and a common space. This process of transcending the intolerable is established in the relationship between politics and aesthetics, which is simultaneously the relationship between the forms of (self-) articulation of the underprivileged and the form of art utilized by the filmmaker.
Novel Scoring System for Prediction of Cardiac Syndrome X in Women with Typical Angina and a Positive Exercise Tolerance Test
Authors: Masoudkabir Farzad , Vasheghani-Farahani Ali , Hakki Elham , Poorhosseini Hamidreza , Sadeghian Saeed , Abbasi Seyed Hesameddin , Bahmanyar Shahram , Kassaian Seyed Ebrahim
Published: February 2018

A major diagnostic challenge for cardiologists is to distinguish cardiac syndrome X (CSX) from obstructive coronary artery disease in women with typical angina and a positive exercise tolerance test (ETT). We performed this study to develop a scoring system that more accurately predicts CSX in this patient population.

Data on 976 women with typical angina and a positive ETT who underwent coronary angiography at our center were randomly divided into derivation and validation datasets. We developed a backward stepwise logistic regression model that predicted the presence of CSX, and a scoring system was derived from it.

The derivation dataset (809 patients) was calibrated by uing a Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test (8 degrees of freedom; χ2=12.9; P=0.115), and the area under the curve was 0.758. The validation dataset (167 patients) was calibrated in the same way (8 degrees of freedom; χ2=9.0; P=0.339), and the area under the curve was 0.782. Independent predictors of CSX were age <55 years; negative histories of smoking, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, or familial premature coronary artery disease; and highly positive ETTs. A total score >9.5 was the optimal cutoff point for differentiating CSX from obstructive coronary artery disease.

Our proposed scoring system is a simple, objective, and accurate system for distinguishing CSX from obstructive coronary artery disease in women with typical angina and positive ETTs. It may help determine which of these patients need invasive coronary angiograms or noninvasive tests like computed tomographic coronary angiography.
Atrial Septal Defect as Unexpected Cause of Pulmonary Artery Hypertension
Authors: Parikh Rushi V. , Boyd Jack , Lee David P. , Witteles Ronald
Published: February 2018

Methamphetamine abuse is an increasingly prevalent cause of pulmonary artery hypertension in the United States. Conversely, an atrial septal defect rarely presents late as pulmonary artery hypertension.

We present the case of a 44-year-old methamphetamine abuser who had a 3-month history of worsening fatigue and near-syncope. She had elevated cardiac enzyme levels and right-sided heart strain. Angiographic findings suggested methamphetamine-induced pulmonary artery hypertension; however, we later heard S2 irregularities that raised suspicion of an atrial septal defect. Ultimately, the diagnosis was pulmonary artery hypertension and a large secundum atrial septal defect with left-to-right flow. One year after defect closure, the patient was asymptomatic.

In addition to discussing this unexpected case of a secundum atrial septal defect masquerading as methamphetamine-induced pulmonary artery hypertension, we briefly review the natural history of atrial septal defects and emphasize the importance of thorough examination in avoiding diagnostic anchoring bias.