bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
"Street-Level" Bureaucracy and Political Support
Authors: Comer John C.
Published: March 2007

Failure of Mexican Americans to integrate and attach themselves to American political and social life is often attributed to bad personal experiences with political authorities. In this paper, levels of contact and satisfaction with several agencies of government are correlated with measures of political participation, political efficacy, representiveness of different levels of government, and impact of different levels of living conditions among a sample of Mexican Americans in Omaha, Nebraska. Little evidence for the proposition is found. While contact with public authorities among Mexican Americans is low, satisfac tion is high. Satisfaction is not, however, correlated with the different dimensions of support. The system performance-system support hypothesis is obviously conditional, varying from one situation to another.
Residential Segregation in Postapartheid South Africa
Authors: Saff Grant
Published: March 2007

The author examines the likely course of residential desegregation in postapartheid South Africa, arguing that although the form of the apartheid city has changed, most of the black population will remain in segregated areas. The relevant literature reveals that much of the comparative work on urban segregation in the United States and South Africa has been written without sufficient attention to their differing historical specificities. After comparing urban segregation in these countries and examining the value of a study of residential desegregation in the United States, the author concludes that despite superficial similarities, the vast differences require caution about making direct comparisons between the two.
Marching to its Own Drummer
Authors: Angelo Larian
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author compares labor market trends in New York City with trends in the United States as a whole and uses a newly created index to relate these trends to differential changes in industrial structure. Although the national trend for real wage growth has been stagnant or negative for the last 15 years, New York City residents have enjoyed substantial real wage increases in the same period. Also, there is little evidence at the local level of the rising inequality of wage income distribution that has characterized the national labor market. New York City's unique industrial mix appears to be responsible for rising real income trends in the local economy.
Psychotherapy in Cyberspace
Authors: Finfgeld Deborah L.
Published: March 2007

Cyberspace is opening up new opportunities for psychotherapists to deliver mental health services. Clinicians are currently offering e-mail therapy and addressing prob lems such as substance abuse, relationship issues, depression, and sexual concerns. Potential advantages of on-line therapy include client empowerment, accountability, affordability, convenience, and privacy. Potential disadvantages involve loss of face-to- face contact, elitism, delayed on-site services, and confidentiality. Ethical, legal, and practice issues surrounding this trend have not been thoroughly addressed. In addition, research is needed to investigate the long-term efficacy and cost-effectiveness of this innovation. (J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc [1999]. 5, 105-110)
The Declining Image of the German Political Elite
Authors: Kepplinger Hans Mathias
Published: March 2007

The decline of the image of the political elite in Germany since the 1960s is related to the press coverage of German politicians. It has been argued that (1) the image of the political elite has declined because (2) the press coverage has become increasingly negative, and (3) politicians are the main source of negative statements about other politicians because (4) they get the most publicity if they attack other politicians. Press coverage, however, is not regarded as the only cause of the behavior of politicians and the opinions of the population, but rather as an indicator of general trends in the media coverage.
Gatekeepers in International News
Authors: Roberts Marilyn S. , Bantimaroudis Philemon
Published: March 2007

Previous research has demonstrated that international gatekeepers used various criteria, including proximity and conflict, to determine the newsworthiness of certain stories. Taking these under consideration, the current study used in-depth interviews with twenty-five editors and journalists representing six elite media in Athens, Greece. Through those interviews, the study attempted to trace intermedia influences, not only by other Greek media, but by European and global media. The study found that Greek editors rely on Greek sources, such as the Athenian Press Agency, more than they rely on foreign sources. Nevertheless, European influences are not negligible. The European editions of Time, Newsweek, and the French Le Monde and TV-5 appeared to be quite influential. The only contradiction to the proximity hypothesis was posed by the emergence of global television and especially CNN International, a source that broadcasts programs to more than 250 countries around the world.
Ethical Conflict and Investigative Reporting
Authors: Hunter Mark
Published: March 2007

The journalistic investigation of France's contaminated blood affair achieved unprecedented results, comparable to the Watergate affair. In attempting to counter the investigation and calm the scandal, medical reporters for Le Monde paradoxically legitimized the former and extended the latter. In the process, they faced an ethical quandary:To betray the health system or to allow themselves to be betrayed by its leaders.
Consumer Acceptance of Interactive News in the Netherlands
Authors: Elberse Anita J. T.
Published: March 2007

The convergence of technology and industry has given rise to new interactive forms of television. The question remains: To what extent will these new forms be used by the public? This article focuses on one new form of television—interactive news programs—and describes the results of an in-depth pilot study in the Netherlands concerning the acceptance and use of interactive television news. To compensate for people's unfamiliarity with interactive news, a professional demo was developed: an example of an interactive NOS Journal, the most popular evening television news program in the Netherlands. The findings indicate that viewers are in general very interested and accepting of interactive news. The results also indicate that people prefer fairly transparent selection methods and like to have an “agent” (a news organization or anchor) select the main stories of the day for them. Hence, media organizations are advised to focus on developments in this area. The fear that the importance of their journalistic role will diminish with the rise of new media seems misguided. In fact, the agent function they fulfill might give them a head start in the new media environment.
Vanishing Relaxation Limit of Viscoelasticity
Authors: Wu Yumei , Liu I-Shih
Published: March 2007

A rate-type viscoelastic material with very small relaxation time parameter should be almost an elastic material intuitively. In this paper, we shall prove that smooth solutions of initial-boundary value problems, with periodic boundary conditions of a one-dimensional elastic body, can be obtained as the vanishing relaxation limits of the corresponding viscoelastic problems.
Generalizing Jouravski Formulas by Techniques from Differential Geometry
Authors: dell'Isola Francesco , Ruta Giuseppe C.
Published: March 2007

We deal with the flexure (flexion inegale) of a Saint Venant cylinder whose sections we call Bredtlike with variable thickness. We consider a family of sections Dc whose thickness is scaled by a parameter c. This scaling allows for the construction of an soneparameter family of coordinate mappings from a fixedplane domain D onto ZDe. We represent the Helmholtz operator in D) in terms of a fixed system of coordinates in D and represent the shear stress field in what we call the Bredt basis field, which is not the natural basis associated with any coordinate system. Assuming that the shear stress admits a formal C power series expansion, we obtain a hierarchy of perturbation problems for its coefficients, finding the wellknown Jouravski formula at the lowest iterative step and obtaining its generalization at higher stepsthat is, when the section becomes thick. Similar results are obtained for the warping, the resultant shear stress, and the shear shape factors.
Where Acute Care Meets Home Care
Authors: Hathaway Rosemary , Navage Ann D. , O’Neil Jeanne
Published: March 2007

This article describes the unique contributions the Center of Clinical Excellence and Professional Development, an acute care–based organization, has made to the state home care organization to improve patient outcomes across the continuum of care. Although highly skilled in specialty areas, the clinical nurse specialists in the center have applied and transferred their acute care knowledge and expertise to the home care environment. The authors were doing this to ready the home care agencies for providing care to the most challenging of home care patients in a new payment system. Since 1999, six educational programs have been provided for staff. Many home care visits have been made with the home care nurse. This relationship has been a positive one for the center staff, for home care staff, and especially for patients.
Careful! Don't overtreat that wound
Authors: Moore-McMahon Debra
Published: March 2007

Home health nurses face many challenges in the course of their jobs. One such challenge is that of wound care. In today's environment it is difficult to choose the appropriate therapy as we are being bombarded with new information and treatments almost daily. It is imperative for home health nurses to base their plan of care on scientific principle.
Hospice is managed care
Authors: Carroll Janet T. , Graner Mary E.
Published: March 2007

Hospice is a unique and very specialized health care delivery system established on the principle of quality, cost-effective managed care. Service is multidisciplinary and comprehensive in nature. An individualized approach is used in meeting the terminal care needs of both patients and families. Hospice meets diverse needs both effectively and efficiently by managing care for patients and families, providers, and reimbursement sources.
Trends in obstetric care
Authors: Hitt Jayne L. , Tuley Jeanne B. , Dowdle Nancy K.
Published: March 2007

Obstetric home care services for high-risk pregnancies may assist the physician in achieving successful outcomes for high-risk pregnancies. Successful outcomes may be achieved by utiliz ing a comprehensive program including experienced clinical staff, extensive patient education, and advanced technology. Key words: high-risk pregnancies, preterm labor program, clinical staff, patient education, advanced technology
Transitioning professional nurses into home care: A 6-month mentorship program
Authors: O'Shea Annie Murray
Published: March 2007

It is hoped that hiring an employee is just the beginning of a long and mutually beneficial rela tionship. The orientation process is pivotal to the success of the individual and the agency. Well-planned orientations help the employee understand the agency, its philosophy, and its methods of operation. Unique challenges brought about by hiring staff with no home care expe rience forced one agency to conduct research and to develop a program aimed at gently and effectively transitioning the professional nurse into the specialty of home health care nursing. Key words: orientation, home health, preceptors, nursing, transition
Children Orphaned, Families Torn Asunder: The Hidden Tragedy of AIDS
Authors: Carson Verna Benner , Scott Doris
Published: March 2007

Although home care nurses have ample experience in caring for the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patient, the needs of families and children who are affected by the death of a loved one and parent have not been addressed. The issues confronting families and children include abandonment, anger, despair, loss, sexual abuse, substance abuse, and secrecy. The interventions available to the psychiatric home care nurse include assessment; relationship building; future planning, including making community linkages and providing anticipatory guidance; arranging for respite care; and providing counseling to deal with crises and bereavement issues.
Functional Model for Centralized Intake and Care Management within a Home Health Integrated Delivery System: A Case Study
Authors: Hamm Terri Scalise , Callahan Helen E.
Published: March 2007

An integrated home care delivery system supports the ongoing efforts of local health care providers to prepare for reimbursement changes by implementing critical processes and procedures in order to achieve increased value, cost-effectiveness, and process efficiency. With the centralization of intake and case management processes for a group of affiliated home care providers, the providers are presented with opportunities to reduce costs, increase customer satisfaction, and compete for managed care contracts. Success at such an initiative requires ongoing provider commitment, automation, and consistency of practice.
One-Dimensional Man
Authors: Luke Timothy W.
Published: March 2007

Herbert Marcuse’s critical theories outline some of the most sophisticated and powerful analyses of modern capitalism’s environmental problems. Although Marcuse’s intricately crafted critiques often are difficult, these qualities are one sign of the theoretical rewards to be had from mastering his arguments about the interrelatedness of humanity and nature. One-Dimensional Man is probably Marcuse’s greatest work, and the one in which he develops most systematically his vision of how technologies, economies, and states coevolve to dominate both human beings and natural environments. In this work, Marcuse effectively outlines how the nature of humanity and the Earth’s ecology are reshaped to serve narrow class interests that benefit from the ongoing creation of such forms of domination.
Do (some) organizations cause their own crises? The cultural profiles of crisis-prone vs. crisis-prepared organizations
Authors: Mitroff Ian I. , Pauchant Thierry , Finney Michael , Pearson Chris
Published: March 2007

On the basis of interviews with over 200 executives in more than 100 firms spanning a wide variety of industries, four key factors that make an organiza tion either crisis-prone or crisis-prepared have been identified. The result is the determination of the crisis profile of an organization. The model has led to the development of computer software to allow the crisis vulnerability of an organization to be determined systematically. The computer software allows an organization to compare the differing perspectives of its key members.
Crisis management: the psychological dimension
Authors: Doepel David G.
Published: March 2007

Doepel, D.G., 1991. Crisis management: the psychological dimension. Industrial Crisis Quar terly, 5 : 177-188.

In the last decade an enormous amount of research has been conducted on the psychological aspects of the human response to traumatic events. During the same period managers and management consultants have developed sophisti cated procedures for responding to traumatic events that occur in the work place. This paper combines a number of key aspects of both and proposes strat egies for enhancing the overall effectiveness of crisis management by focusing upon the stress experienced by management and employees in the aftermath of traumatic events.
Behavioral and executive functions in children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity disorder and reading disability
Authors: Hall S.J. , Halperin J.M. , Schwartz S.T. , Newcorn J.H.
Published: March 2007

Attention, impulse control, activity level, and motor decision/response organization were assessed in 70 child psychiatric outpatients, using a continuous performance test (CPT), a solid-state actigraph, and a response incompatibility task. Subjects were divided based on the presence or absence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and/or reading disability (RD). Two-way ANOVAs yielded significant main effects for ADHD, but not RD, on objective measures of impulsivity and overactivity. No significant differences were found on a CPT measure of inattention. The response incompatibility task revealed differential performance between ADHD subgroups with and without comorbid RD. Deficits in motor decision/response organization were observed in the ADHD-only subgroup, but not in the comorbid ADHD+RD subgroup. These findings suggest that children with ADHD, RD and comorbid ADHD+RD have at least partially distinct underlying cognitive and neuropsychological disturbances, and that executive function deficits may be present primarily in ADHD children without RD.
Urban Residential Solid Waste Management in India
Authors: Joardar Souro D.
Published: March 2007

Solid waste is a potential nightmare across India’s large and growing urban population, due to inadequate policy and legislative instruments and to the deplorable organizational and financial capacities of urban local bodies. Sketching briefly the waste generation, collection, and disposal scenario across urban India, this article highlights the issues in institutional arrangements for solid waste management. It touches particularly on the impact of municipalities’ financial health and autonomy and the limitations and potentials of alternative actors, particularly the economically exploited waste collectors and vendors of the nonformal sector. Direct and indirect financial instruments of cost recovery and generation control are advocated, taking into account their operational hurdles in capacity building of local bodies. The article further suggests that the nonformal sector be organized and that the private sector participate more widely in collection and recycling; it also suggests that nongovernmental organizations begin to train marginal workers and build awareness among the poor as to the techniques and opportunities of solid waste collection.
An Empirical Analysis of Deviant Homicides in Chicago
Authors: VARANO SEAN PATRICK , CANCINO JEFFREY MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

A survey of the literature suggests that victim-offender relationship and motive are two primary characteristics that have traditionally been used to disaggregate homicide events. Previous research has clearly identified normative homicide characteristics as expressive motives between intimates and instrumental motives between strangers. However, the present research examines the prevalence of deviant homicides, or homicides with nonnormative characteristics, in Chicago. The authors test the hypothesis that deviant homicides are more likely among individuals with weak ties to social institutions. Results of a logistic regression analysis support the hypothesis that the likelihood of deviant circumstances is significantly greater when homicides involve Hispanics, African Americans, and males. In addition, deviant homicides were significantly more likely when they involved gang circumstances and, on the national level, after the appearance of crack cocaine. These findings have important implications to the explanatory power of criminological theory.
Siblicide and Seniority
Authors: DALY MARTIN , WILSON MARGO , SALMON CATHERINE A. , HIRAIWA-HASEGAWA MARIKO , HASEGAWA TOSHIKAZU
Published: March 2007

This article uses samples of siblicide from Canada, Great Britain, Japan, and Chicago to explore the possible relevance of seniority in siblicide. The tendency for the killer to be the younger party was especially true of cases in which victim and killer were same-sex adults and, especially, brothers close in age. The older party was much more likely to be the killer when one or both were children, but this tendency is adequately accounted for by the changing age-specific likelihood that one will commit a homicide at all. Only the Japanese data set contains information on actual birth orders, which were not demonstrably related to the likelihood of either killing or being killed by a sibling. An analysis of the Canadian data suggests that the rate of siblicide is unaffected by the age difference between siblings. The substance of lethal sibling conflicts is discussed in the light of these results, case descriptions, and literature on nonlethal sibling conflict.
Homicide in the Netherlands
Authors: SMIT PAUL R. , BIJLEVELD CATRIEN C. J. H. , VAN DER ZEE SIMONE
Published: March 2007

There has been little systematic information presented about homicides in the Netherlands. To address this scarcity of literature, an exploratory, descriptive survey of all homicides in 1998 in the Netherlands is presented. Following the tradition of classic U.S. studies, characteristics of offenders, victims, and characteristics of homicide incidents are presented. After a description of the characteristics of the incident, the offender, and the victim, a number of relations between these characteristics are investigated. Suggestions are made for future research, especially complex analyses to determine more precise, and perhaps more meaningful, descriptions of homicide types.
Psychotic and Conduct Disorder Symptoms in Juvenile Murderers
Authors: MYERS WADE C. , SCOTT KERRILYN
Published: March 2007

Few studies have addressed how child and adolescent murderers differ from aggressive youth who have not killed. This study had two novel aims concerning the psychopathology of such offenders. First, the prevalence and characteristics of psychotic symptoms in a sample of juvenile murderers with conduct disorder were examined in-depth. Second, these juvenile murderers were compared with violent inpatient youth with conduct disorders who had not committed murder. Juvenile murderers were significantly more likely to have experienced any psychotic symptom, paranoid ideation, and to have had previous court involvement. However, they were significantly less likely to have ever received mental health counseling. Their episodic psychotic symptoms were not due to major psychiatric illness, but instead appeared to have a multifactorial etiology consisting of constitutional, neurological, environmental, and cultural underpinnings. This study lends support for psychotic symptoms being a common neuropsychiatric risk factor for homicidal acts by violent youth with conduct disorder. Moreover, in spite of these juvenile murderers having long-standing and conspicuous emotional and behavioral disturbances antedating their crimes, they had not received needed mental health intervention.
Agenda for a City
Authors: Fitch Lyle C. , Walsh Annmarie Hauck
Published: March 2007

"Service delivery is the specialty of the city government. The more competently it performs this function, the greater will be its bargaining power in A lbany and Washington. Successful local program management and supportive local constit uents in this urban colossus cannot be ignored by other governments. ... This, therefore, is the problem-rich prospect for New York as it enters the 1970s. On the positive side, however, there are a diversified, resilient and growing economy, and a long record of comparative political stability. One may optimistically hope that the present period is one of growing pains.... " ——from the Introduction
Targets, Tradeoffs, and Economic Policy: a Generalized Phillips Curve
Authors: Maital Shlomo
Published: March 2007

Frank Bechling recently wrote that "the concentration on the trade-off between unemployment and inflation and the neglect of trade-offs between unemployment and other variables (balance of payments, economic growth, structural change, and income distribution) may lead to a suboptimal choice between inflation and unemployment. " Starting from this proposition, this paper uses a simple yet believable model to construct simulated short-run transformation curves for major economic objectives. One of these curves is the familiar Phillips curve relation between inflation and unemployment. Proper design of policy demands knowledge of subjective preferences, as well as objective tradeoffs, among economic goals. A tentative empirical method for investigating preferences is set out, along with some initial findings.
A Reevaluation of the Justifications for Property Tax Exemption
Authors: Pfister Richard L.
Published: March 2007

A systematic reevaluation of the traditional justifications for property tax exemptions is presented. The paper explicitly considers the effects of exemptions upon local governments. Most traditional arguments for property tax exemptions are not valid today. Considerations of equity and efficiency strongly suggest the elimination of the exemptions, yet the elimination of property tax exemptions for local governments-and perhaps for certain private institutions-would lead to serious practical problems. The paper concludes by recommending a selective elimination of exemptions the property of local governments should continue to be exempt from property taxation, but federal and state property should be subject to local property taxes. The theoretical arguments also suggest eliminating exemptions for eleemosynary, fraternal, and religious organizations, but popular support for such exemptions probably justifies keeping them.
An Empirical Economic Analysis of Voters' Preferences
Authors: Bickley James M.
Published: March 2007

In this study, 1970 census data are employed to analyze the influence of socioeconomic factors on North Carolina local-option sales tax referenda voting. The effect of different socioeconomic variables on voting was predicted using the behavioral assumption that voters pursued their perceived self-interest. The empirical results yielded positive evidence that voters not only pursue that self-interest, but also that it may be possible to forecast the outcome of voting on economic issues by examining the socioeconomic traits of the citizenry. This knowledge may allow public officials to make economic decisions which are more consistent with public preferences. The results also indicate that it is critical that voters have a substantial flow of accurate information from the mass media.
Fiscal Decentralization and Economic Development
Authors: Woo Sik Kee
Published: March 2007

Empirical tests of several hypotheses are performed for 64 selected countries. The results of the analyses indicate that the degree of fiscal decentralization in both developed and developing countries is greatly dependent on the ratio of intergovernmental transfer payment, form of government (federal versus nonfederal), level of per capita income, and the degree of urbanization. In a sample of developing countries only, however, the government form as an explanatory variable loses its statistical significance. and the degree of openness of the economy emerges as an important explanatory variable. Although decentralization and centralization of public finances are analyzed here only in aggregate, the knowledge of their determinants may be useful in finding the limits to which decentralization of fiscal programs can be carried out.
Alternative Circuit-Breaker Programs: an Analysis of the Size and Distribution of Benefits
Authors: Schroeder Larry D. , Sjoquist David L.
Published: March 2007

This paper develops and applies a method for estimating the sensitivity of the Abstract size and distribution of benefits to changes in property tax circuit-breaker formulas. Distributions of housing values and rental values by income classes are calculated using available data. Based on these distributions, several alternative circuit-breaker formulas are then simulated to derive estimates of the total benefits from each formula and the distributions of benefits among income classes, between owners and renters, and between metro and nonmetro residents in Georgia.
Tenants and Homeowners Under Property Tax Relief
Authors: Eapen A.Thomas , Eapen Ana N.
Published: March 2007

Clamor for property tax relief is universal among the states. Such relief is generally considered to be egalitarian, although seldom has any attempt been made to study its redistributive effects, particularly between homeowners and tenants. This study examines the redistributive effects of property tax relief measures enacted by the state of New Jersey in 1976. The results indicate that the relief measures engender a considerable subsidy from tenants to homeowners. Adoption of property tax relief measures prevailing in New Jersey would lead to a substantial reinforcement of the tax preferences already enjoyed by homeowners under the federal income tax legislation.
Rental Housing and the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981
Authors: Brueggeman William B. , Fisher Jeffrey D. , Stern Jerrold J.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a study of the impact of ERTA on the market for rental housing. Major changes in capital recovery periods and in the methods of depreciation available to investors in rental housing have been brought about because of ERTA. The effects of these changes are modeled, and short-run changes in demand price and rents are simulated with a baseline case deemed typical of a rental housing development. Results indicate that depending on inflation, declines in rent-to-value ratios ranging from 20% to 33% and 24% to 48% for conventional and low-income housing, respectively, may be expected. This implies some substitution of low-income rental housing, for otherwise, identical housing may occur and, because of new capital recovery provisions, properties will be bought and sold more frequently than previously.
Is Income From Capital Subject To Individual Income Taxation?
Authors: Steuerle Eugeive
Published: March 2007

Although real capital income from certain sources may be subject to tax at very high rates in an inflationary economy, this article suggests that individuals avoid individual income taxation on most capital income by saving in tax- preferred assets, and by not realizing or not reporting capital income. It is found that the average marginal rate of federal individual income tax on all capital income is about 9%. Additionally, the net amount of income from capital reported on individual returns is less than one-third of net income from capital (excluding inflationary returns) in the economy. For nominal capital income, both the inclusion rate and the average marginal rate are much lower.
Externalities, Public Goods, and Counternormal Effect
Authors: Tran Huu Dung
Published: March 2007

This article draws attention to the kind of externalities that can only be used as inputs for multi-input public goods. It contrasts the effect on relative prices of a corrective Pigovian scheme for these externalities with those for the more familiar types. Implications of the results are suggested .
Inflation and Federal Budget Deficits: some Empirical Results
Authors: Darrat Ali F.
Published: March 2007

This article examines empirically the potential link between federal budget Abstract deficits and inflation in the post-1960 period. Based on established economic theory, and contrary to most previous empirical studies, the article estimates a model in which monetary and other financial assets (government bonds) are treated equally. The empirical results suggest that both monetary growth and federal deficits exert a significant influence on inflation during the 1960s and 1970s. The results further indicate that, relative to monetary growth, federal deficits have had a stronger and more reliable impact on inflation. Thus, along with restraints in monetary expansions, restrictive fiscal policy is also found to be an important anti-inflationary measure.
A Simultaneous Equations Model of the Demand for and Production of Local Public Services: the Case of Education
Authors: Baum Donald N.
Published: March 2007

In this article I specify a simultaneous equations model of the demand for and production of educational outputs, estimate the model for 46 Los Angeles County school districts, and use the model to simulate the effects of a county-wide property tax base sharing policy. The price elasticity estimates for educational outputs are far more inelastic than previous estimates. My income elasticity estimates are mildly inelastic and similar to previous estimates. I demonstrate that previous studies, which estimated reduced-form expenditure functions, were misspecified and did not estimate the demand elasticities for local public services. I also demonstrate that an areawide tax base sharing plan assists the poorest school districts but also benefits middle- to upper-middle-income low-property tax base districts and harms lower- to middle-income high-property tax base districts.
Regulating Bureaucratic Polluters
Authors: Lyon Randolph M.
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the behavior of polluting public-sector agencies and other bureaucracies under environmental polices based on economic incentives-such as transferable permits and pollution taxes—and underdirect regulations.A theoretical model is developed to consider the incentives for bureaucratic, as opposed to cost-minimizing, behavior that can arise where the provision of pollution control services increases the salary, prestige, and other perquisites of decision makers. The possible existence and magnitudes of the effects suggested by the model are then respectively examined by considering actual and simulated environmental management programs. The statistical evidence considered suggests that public-sector polluters may participate in a manner somewhat different from private-sector polluters under programs relying upon economic incentives. Because the available data are very limited, however, it is not possible to conclude that this difference, while consistent with bureaucratic incentives, is actually caused by them and not by other factors. The simulations suggest that even in the presence of bureaucratic distortions, programs relying upon economic incentives are likely to be less costly than direct regulations.
Demand for Local Public Services Revisited: the Case of Fire Protection
Authors: Duncombe William D.
Published: March 2007

This article estimates a more general demand function for local fire services simultaneously with a flexible cost function. Besides the standard income and price variables, the demand model includes estimates of marginal cost, tax exporting, and debt financing. Using these results, it is possible to reject several of the common assumptions about public sector technology and costs made in past demand re search. When the estimates of the demand model proposed in this study are compared to a standard expenditure demand model, there are major differences. In particular, the elasticity with respect to median income was found to be significantly higher using the more general model, which suggests that misspecification of the demand function may partially account for previous findings of a "flypaper effect."
Exploring the Tax Revolt: an Analysis of the Effects of State Tax and Expenditure Limitation Laws
Authors: Elder Harold W.
Published: March 2007

This article explores what has come to be known as the Tax Revolt, which reached Abstract its zenith during the late 1970s with the widespread enactment of fiscal constraints at the state and local level in the United States. The focus here is on expenditure and revenue limitation laws and their effects on the growth of state government. To consider whether these laws have been effective in constraining the growth of government, an empirical analysis is conducted for the states that have enacted such laws. Data is analyzed from these states over a thirty-five year period, and considers the effects on tax growth due to the presence of a limitation measure. The results show quite strongly that revenue and expenditure limitation laws can be effective tools to contain tax burdens. The results also indicate that the form of the constraint is important and that the effect of limitation rules may also be tied to other constraint mechanisms.
Representative Versus Direct Democracy: a Test of Allocative Efficiency in Local Government Expenditures
Authors: Deller Steven C. , Chicoine David L.
Published: March 2007

The influence of government structure on the efficient allocation of public resources is examined A test developed by Brueckner is used to examine differences in the allocative efficiency of representative versus direct democracy forms of local government. The empirical results suggest that the form of government has no influence on the level of allocative efficiency.
Tax Incidence With Variable Labor Supply
Authors: Islam Muhammad Q.
Published: March 2007

Using a dynamic optimization model in which the rate of time preference is endogenously determined by a household's aggregate utility, it is demonstrated that variability in labor supply has a significant effect on the long-run incidence of a capital income tax. It is demonstrated that if there is a marginal increase in the capital income tax rate, the tax burden is shared in some proportion by both capital and labor, with capital's share of the tax burden increasing with increasing elasticity of labor supply. This is in contrast with earlier results that showed that the elasticity of labor supply has no effect on the long-run incidence of a factor tax.
State-Local Revenue Diversification, Balance, and Fiscal Performance
Authors: Suyderhoud Jack P.
Published: March 2007

Revenue diversification and balanced use of revenue sources have long been held as desirable policy aims by many tax policy analysts, especially the Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations. Ladd and Weist asserted that revenue balance is not a valid policy goal in and of itself. The disagreements between the two schools of thought have been difficult to sort out in part because of differences in perspectives and in part because of the lack of an acceptable quantitative measure of diversification and definition of balance. This article uses an empirical method for determining diversification and shows that past definitions of revenue balance have been overly narrow. However, in contrast to Ladd and Weist, the empirical measures of diversification do show that revenue balance is related, at the margin, to improved fiscal performance, and thus that balance remains a worthwhile policy aim.
Stock Market Reactions To the Tax Reform Act of 1986: an Analysis of the Agribusiness Industry
Authors: Mills Timothy H. , Posey Clyde L. , Anderson Dwight C.
Published: March 2007

This study assesses the impact of tax legislation on the agribusiness industry by examining security price behavior at major stages in the development of the Tax Reform Act of 1986. The findings of the study indicate that investors in agribusiness firms responded negatively to proposed tax changes as the legislation evolved. The market reaction to the legislative developments indicates that tax-driven investment in the agribusiness industry will be significantly reduced.
Effect of Liability Limitations On the Level of Care in the Public Sector: the Case of Highway Maintenance
Authors: Clain Suzanne Heller
Published: March 2007

This article investigates the effects of government liability limits on the maintenance of interstate highways. It is found that the quality of highway maintenance varies from state to state in a manner that is related to the degree and nature of government liability for roadway conditions in each state. On the one hand, states that waive sovereign immunity and do not expressly prohibit punitive damages in judgments against the state tend to have roads of higher quality. However, states that waive sovereign immunity and do not specify a maximum dollar amount to limit liability tend to have roads of lower quality.
Lump-Sum Intergovernmental Grants Have Price Effects: a Note
Authors: Borge Lars-Erik
Published: March 2007

The aim of this note is to show that the fiscal illusion model of Wallace Oates unambiguously predicts a flypaper effect. The original contribution does not reach this result because equal increases in the lump-sum grant and the income of the median voter are compared. When the correct comparison is made, between a dollar increase in the lump-sum grant and an increase in the income of the median voter equal to his or her tax share, the Slutsky equation of the model implies that the flypaper effect is unambiguous.
The Tax Incidence of the Colorado State Lottery Instant Game
Authors: Hansen Ann
Published: March 2007

This article assesses the county-by-county incidence of the Colorado state lottery tax for instant games during 1989. Tax regressivity is found. The share of income spent on instant game tickets is negatively related to per capita income. Regressivity is confirmed by Suits's index of tax concentration. An even stronger case of regres sivity suggests that instant game tickets are an inferiorgood. Per capita instant game sales are negatively and significantly related to income in regressions, including the percentage of county population that is Hispanic, the percentage of Blacks, population density, the number of instant game outlets per capita, and variables related to the age distribution and educational attainment of county population.
"The Marginal Cost of Redistribution": Reply
Authors: Browning Edgar K.
Published: March 2007

This article is a response to the several criticisms made by Dahlby and Ruggeri in their comment on Browning's 1993 article dealing with the marginal cost of redistribution (MCR). The author concludes that the findings of the 1993 article require little or no modification. Most significantly, it is deemed unnecessary to alter the conclusion that the efficiency cost of income transfers is extremely high.
Targeted and Universal Benefits in Kind Under Take-Up Costs
Authors: Tridimas George
Published: March 2007

The article explores the redistribution properties of government provision of private goods when their consumption involves take-up costs in the form of time losses, which vary with the level of public provision. The condition for optimal public provision depends on whether the government can vary the size of the benefit in kind and taxation according to individual characteristics, or it is constrained to provide a uniform benefit and requires that the price of the private market counterpart of the benefit in kind equals the sum of the unit cost of the publicly provided good plus its marginal take-up cost adjusted for efficiency and equity considerations.
South Park, Blue Men, Anality, and Market Masculinity
Authors: GARDINER JUDITH KEGAN
Published: March 2007

Two popular entertainments, the South Park cartoon show and The Blue Man Group theatrical performance, are analyzed as symptomatic of a new configuration of masculinity in the contemporary United States. This masculinity is shaped by young men's ambivalent resistance and accommodation to the consumer culture. It manifests itself in an expulsive anality unlike the bourgeois character traits described by Freud or the polymorphously sensual scatology that Bakhtin ascribes to folk culture. Not the breadwinner masculinity of the post-World War II era, this market masculinity is simultaneously childish, creative, homoerotic, homophobic, racist, cynical, and paranoid. It reflects young men's difficulties in maintaining individual autonomy both against the impersonal authority of the law of the father and against the more seductive power of corporate advertising, which might be called the market of the mother. This analysis furthers feminist efforts toward socially contextualized, nondualistic understandings of masculinity.
Racial Warriors and Weekend Warriors
Authors: FERBER ABBY L.
Published: March 2007

This article explores contemporary white male backlash by comparing the discourses of two movements usually assumed to have little in common: the mythopoetic men's movement and the contemporary white supremacist movement. While there are clear differences, the author argues that they are similar in important ways, and with consequences. These two discourses reinforce broader reactionary discourses about gender and share a number of common assumptions. They both construct gender in essentialist terms, depict contemporary American men as demasculinized, blame contemporary social problems on this demasculinization, blame women and the women's movement for this demasculin-ization, and seek to help men rediscover their lost masculinity and reassert their rightful authority. Both movements encourage white men to see themselves as victims and argue that (white) men are the truly oppressed minority in today's world.
Sodomitical Scandals and Subcultures in the 1720s
Authors: MERRICK JEFFREY
Published: March 2007

Published letters, memoirs, and pamphlets discuss two scandals involving sexual relations between noblemen at Versailles in 1722 and 1724. Unpublished police records document the entrapment of some forty men, many of them unmarried workingmen, in Parisian parks in 1723. This article compares the patterns in and representations of same-sex relations in the different sources and milieux. The literary sources generally describe the courtiers who committed sodomitical acts as libertines involved with both sexes and credit them with personal and political, not just sexual, motives. The archival sources, which provide information about the behavior and attitudes of what the police called “infamous types” in the sodomitical subculture, contain evidence of the emergence of a notion of distinctive sexual taste or inclination manifested but not wholly defined by sexual acts.
Freezing-Thawing Processes in Glass Fiber Board
Authors: Hokoi S. , Hatano M. , Matsumoto M. , Kumaran M.K.
Published: March 2007

For the prevention of vapor condensation and accompanying damage in cold regions, the behavior of water and ice in porous materials should be understood. In this study, experiments on the freezing-thawing processes in a glass fiber board, which is a typical insu lation, were conducted. The freezing-thawing processes were analyzed with the use of si multaneous heat and moisture transfer equations that accounted for the existence of ice.

The result of the analysis agrees well with that of the experiment. In materials with large pores such as glass fiber board, the moisture transfers mainly in the gaseous phase. As a re sult, the maximum ice content is found at the colder boundary of the wall, which differs from the result in our previous investigation [1] for Leda Clay with pores that are much smaller.
Integration of Toxic Effects With Foam Insulation
Authors: Hilado Carlos J. , Huttlinger Patricia A.
Published: March 2007

A rising temperature program appears to be a rea sonably precise means of integrating the effects of successive fixed temperatures on animal survival times upon exposure to off-gases from foam insulation under closed-system conditions.
The Effective Thermal Conductivity of Various Forms of Urea-Formaldehyde Foam
Authors: Knickle Harold N. , Kalthod Vikram
Published: March 2007

The thermal conductance of vertical panels was measured using the Guarded Hot Box Method in order to compare various forms of urea-formaldehyde foam used to fill the cavities of the panels. These forms included preshrunk and fitted, foamed in place, and shredded and blown. Age studies were performed on the panels with the urea- formaldehyde which was foamed in place. The conductance increased with time for these panels because of shrinkage and cracking of the foam. The panels with the shredded foam showed an increase of conductance as the density of the material decreased. Preshrunk panels that were smaller than the cavity showed the thermal conductance of the panel is dependent upon the placement of the foam. Polyethylene wrapped, preshrunk foam and shredded and blown foam showed excellent thermal insulation characteristics.
The Use of Rigid Cellular Plastics in Insulating Panels for Building in Australia
Authors: Martin K.G.
Published: March 2007

Cellular plastics insulation was used in sandwich panel construction in Australia several decades ago. This paper reviews the field performance of such systems and discusses the lack of growth into urban housing construction. The slow development of appropriate standards is considered to be a contributory cause and the current situation is discussed in detail particularly in relation to performance in fire of the materials used and the composite panels.