bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the experimental characterization of the fluid volume influence on the friction between rough surfaces
Authors: Stahl Lukas , Müller Michael , Ostermeyer Georg-Peter
Published: October 2022

The load-bearing behaviour of lubricated contacts depends primarily on the normal force, the relative velocity, and the geometry. Thus, with the aid of the Stribeck curve, it is usually well possible to characterize whether hydrodynamics, mixed friction, or boundary friction is more likely to be present. The fact that the load regime can also depend on the fluid quantity is obvious, but has hardly been systematically investigated so far. Especially for contacts with microscopic roughness, the defined application of a very small amount of fluid is a very challenging requirement. In this paper, a very fundamental study shows how a pin-on-disc tribometer can be used to achieve the transition from dry friction via mixed friction to predominant hydrodynamics by the amount of supplied fluid. The experiments are carried out on samples filed with different coarseness. In addition, the simultaneous influence of partial filling and normal force as well as relative velocity is also shown. Very good reproducibility has been practically reached over the entire range of the tests. Regarding the quantities for the coefficient of friction (COF), it was concluded that close to full filling, a reduction of the fluid quantity has a similar effect on the COF as the reduction of the velocity. This property goes along with the common theory of starved lubricated systems. Such behaviour was not observed to the same extent for the normal force. In the vicinity of smaller fluid quantities, the COF increases very rapidly with further reduction in fluid quantity, far more disproportionately than that with reduction in velocity. With a deeper understanding of this problem, various practical issues such as idling or the run-up process in bearings can also be studied in a more focused manner.
The failure of drug repurposing for COVID-19 as an effect of excessive hypothesis testing and weak mechanistic evidence
Authors: Maziarz Mariusz , Stencel Adrian
Published: October 2022

The current strategy of searching for an effective treatment for COVID-19 relies mainly on repurposing existing therapies developed to target other diseases. Conflicting results have emerged in regard to the efficacy of several tested compounds but later results were negative. The number of conducted and ongoing trials and the urgent need for a treatment pose the risk that false-positive results will be incorrectly interpreted as evidence for treatments’ efficacy and a ground for drug approval. Our purpose is twofold. First, we show that the number of drug-repurposing trials can explain the false-positive results. Second, we assess the evidence for treatments’ efficacy from the perspective of evidential pluralism and argue that considering mechanistic evidence is particularly needed in cases when the evidence from clinical trials is conflicting or of low quality. Our analysis is an application of the program of Evidence Based Medicine Plus (EBM+) to the drug repurposing trials for COVID. Our study shows that if decision-makers applied EBM+, authorizing the use of ineffective treatments would be less likely. We analyze the example of trials assessing the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for COVID-19 and mechanistic evidence in favor of and against its therapeutic power to draw a lesson for decision-makers and drug agencies on how excessive hypothesis testing can lead to spurious findings and how studying negative mechanistic evidence can be helpful in discriminating genuine from spurious results.
Geometric Feedback System for Robotic Spraying
Authors: Frangez Valens , Taha Nizar , Feihl Nicolas , Lloret-Fritschi Ena , Gramazio Fabio , Kohler Matthias , Wieser Andreas
Published: October 2022

In this paper, we tackle the task of replacing labor intensive and repetitive manual inspection of sprayed concrete elements with a sensor-based and automated alternative. We present a geometric feedback system that is integrated within a robotic setup and includes a set of depth cameras used for acquiring data on sprayed concrete structures, during and after fabrication. The acquired data are analyzed in terms of thickness and surface quality, with both sets of information then used within the adaptive fabrication process. The thickness evaluation is based on the comparison of the as-built state to a previous as-built state or to the design model. The surface quality evaluation is based on the local analysis of 3D geometric and intensity features. These features are used by a random forest classifier trained using data manually labelled by a skilled professional. With this approach, we are able to achieve a prediction accuracy of 87 % or better when distinguishing different surface quality types on flat specimens, and 75 % when applied in a full production setting with wet and non-planar surfaces. The presented approach is a contribution towards in-line material thickness and surface quality inspection within digital fabrication.
Socio-spatial aspects of creativity and their role in the planning and design of university campuses’ public spaces: A practitioners’ perspective
Authors: Soares Isabelle , Van Quoc Thai N. , Yamu Claudia , Weitkamp Gerd
Published: October 2022

This paper investigates how socio-spatial aspects of creativity, operationalized as the causal relations between the built environment and perceived creativity in university campuses’ public spaces, are currently applied in practice. Moreover, it discusses practitioners’ perceptions regarding research-generated evidence on socio-spatial aspects of creativity according to three effectiveness aspects: credibility, relevance, and applicability. The “research-generated evidence” is herein derived from data-driven knowledge generated by multi-disciplinary methodologies (e.g., self-reported perceptions, participatory tools, geospatial analysis, observations). Through a thematic analysis of interviews with practitioners involved in the (re)development of campuses public spaces of inner-city campuses and science parks in Amsterdam, Utrecht, and Groningen. We concluded that socio-spatial aspects of creativity concepts were addressed only at the decision-making level for Utrecht Science Park. Correspondingly, while presented evidence was considered by most practitioners as relevant for practice, perceptions of credibility and applicability vary according to institutional goals, practitioners’ habits in practice, and their involvement in projects’ roles and phases. The newfound interrelationships between the three effectiveness aspects highlighted (a) the institutional fragmentation issues in campuses and public spaces projects, (b) the research-practice gap related to such projects, which occur beyond the university campuses’ context, and (c) insights on the relationship between evidence generated through research-based data-driven knowledge and urban planning practice, policy, and governance related to knowledge environments. We concluded that if research-generated evidence on socio-spatial aspects of creativity is to be integrated into the evidence-based practice of campuses’ public spaces, an alignment between researchers, multiple actors involved, policy framing, and goal achievements are fundamental.
“A Privilege That Cannot Be Bought”: Jews of Turkey and Citizenship Restitution from Portugal and Spain
Authors: Altaras Nesi
Published: October 2022

Jews of Turkey have been applying for citizenship restitution from Spain and Portugal through processes formalized in 2015. Using 29 interviews, I analyze applicant motivations and find that cultural connections play a minor role in applicant decisions. The citizenship application process did not lead to self-questioning of identity for these applicants, unlike Sephardic Jews in other contexts. The more important motivators were Jewish fears about the future of Turkey, the practical benefits of easy travel on a European Union passport, and the desire for global mobility, allowing individuals to chase prosperity wherever it may go. While Jewish fears are mostly in the background, the other two motivations were more pressing. I place these motivations in the context of changing conceptions of citizenship in Europe and the global inequality of citizenship, crystallized in a hierarchy of passports. I find that after acquiring Iberian citizenship, Jews from Turkey relate to their new citizenship solely in practical ways.
Deepest far ultraviolet view of a central field in the Coma cluster byAstroSatUVIT
Authors: Mahajan Smriti , Singh Kulinder Pal , Postma Joseph E. , Pradeep Kala G. , George Koshy , Côté Patrick
Published: October 2022

We present analysis of the far ultraviolet (FUV) emission of sources in the central region of the Coma cluster ($z=0.023$) using the data taken by the UVIT aboard the multi-wavelength satellite missionAstroSat. We find a good correlation between the UVITFUVflux and the fluxes in both wavebands of theGalexmission, for the common sources. We detect stars and galaxies, amongst which the brightest ($r \lesssim 17$mag) galaxies in the field of view are mostly members of the Coma cluster. We also detect three quasars ($z = 0.38, 0.51, 2.31$), one of which is likely the farthest object observed by the UVIT so far. In almost all the optical and UV colour-colour and colour-magnitude planes explored in this work, the Coma galaxies, other galaxies and bright stars could be separately identified, but the fainter stars and quasars often coincide with the faint galaxies. We have also investigated galaxies with unusual FUV morphology which are likely to be galaxies experiencing ram-pressure stripping in the cluster. Amongst others, two confirmed cluster members which were not investigated in the literature earlier, have been found to show unusual FUV emission. All the distorted sources are likely to have fallen into the cluster recently, and hence have not virialised yet. A subset of our data have optical spectroscopic information available from the archives. For these sources (${\sim} 10\%$of the sample), we find that 17 galaxies identify as star-forming, 18 as composite and 13 as host galaxies for active galactic nuclei, respectively on the emission-line diagnostic diagram.
Muslim philosophers on the privation theory of evil
Authors: Saeedimehr Mohammad
Published: October 2022

Muslim philosophers commonly endorse a version of the so-called ‘privation theory of evil’ (PTE), according to which all essential evils consist in the non-existence of an entity or privation of a deserved perfection. In this article, I first provide a short sketch of PTE based on clarification of its main conceptual components. Then I examine the main reasons for the truth of PTE offered by Muslim philosophers and show that none of them is sufficiently plausible. Finally, I investigate the most significant objections against PTE and criticize the proposed responses.
Playwriting Manuals, 1888–1925: Jerome K. Jerome, Alfred Hennequin, Agnes Platt, and Moses Malevinsky
Authors: Morash Karen
Published: October 2022

Since the 1990s, there has been a large number of ‘how-to’ manuals published in English for aspiring playwrights. By and large, these texts treat the pedagogy of playwriting as a recent phenomenon. However, a series of relatively unknown books from the mid-nineteenth century were written with the purpose of teaching the craft of dramatic writing, emphasizing the importance of a hands-on understanding of the theatre and the individual roles within it. This article argues that, while these books are representative of the historical context in which they were written, they also contain advice which is still useful for playwrights, along with fascinating individual characteristics. Texts featured include one of the earliest manuals discovered, written by the anonymous ‘A Dramatist’; a text by the first (known) woman to write a how-to manual in English; and a book which uses a mathematical formula as a foundation for writing a script. Karen Morash is Lead Academic Tutor on the BA Theatre Studies at Rose Bruford College of Theatre and Performance. She is a playwright and poet, and works as a dramaturg with the theatre company Head for Heights.
KERNEL ESTIMATION OF SPOT VOLATILITY WITH MICROSTRUCTURE NOISE USING PRE-AVERAGING
Authors: Figueroa-López José E. , Wu Bei
Published: October 2022

We revisit the problem of estimating the spot volatility of an Itô semimartingale using a kernel estimator. A central limit theorem (CLT) with an optimal convergence rate is established for a general two-sided kernel. A new pre-averaging/kernel estimator for spot volatility is also introduced to handle the microstructure noise of ultra high-frequency observations. A CLT for the estimation error of the new estimator is obtained, and the optimal selection of the bandwidth and kernel function is subsequently studied. It is shown that the pre-averaging/kernel estimator’s asymptotic variance is minimal for two-sided exponential kernels, hence justifying the need of working with kernels of unbounded support. Feasible implementation of the proposed estimators with optimal bandwidth is developed as well. Monte Carlo experiments confirm the superior performance of the new method.
Preserving consistency in geometric modeling with graph transformations
Authors: Arnould Agnès , Belhaouari Hakim , Bellet Thomas , Le Gall Pascale , Pascual Romain
Published: October 2022

Labeled graphs are particularly well adapted to represent objects in the context of topology-based geometric modeling. Thus, graph transformation theory is used to implement modeling operations and check their consistency. This article defines a class of graph transformation rules dedicated to embedding computations. Objects are here defined as a particular subclass of labeled graphs in which arc labels encode their topological structure (i.e., cell subdivision: vertex, edge, face) and node labels encode their embedding (i.e., relevant data: vertex positions, face colors, volume density). Object consistency is defined by labeling constraints which must be preserved by modeling operations that modify topology and/or embedding. Dedicated graph transformation variables allow us to access the existing embedding from the underlying topological structure (e.g., collecting all the points of a face) in order to compute the new embedding using user-provided functions (e.g., compute the barycenter of several points). To ensure the safety of the defined operations, we provide syntactic conditions on rules that preserve the object consistency constraints.
Affective Polarisation and Emotional Distortions on Social Media
Authors: Tanesini Alessandra
Published: October 2022

In this paper I argue that social networking sites (SNSs) are emotion technologies that promote a highly charged emotional environment where intrinsic emotion regulation is significantly weakened, and people's emotions are more strongly modulated by other people and by the technology itself. I show that these features of social media promote a simplistic emotional outlook which is an obstacle to the development and maintenance of virtue. In addition, I focus on the mechanisms that promote group-based anger and thus give rise to affective polarisation. In the final section, after a discussion of the positive value of some forms of anger, I argue that SNSs should not be designed to prohibit or suppress anger, but that its encouragement should also be avoided. I conclude with a suggestion about how this might be achieved.
The Effect of Semantic Transparency in a Flanker Task
Authors: Lázaro Miguel , García Lorena , Illera Víctor , García Ana , Acha Joana
Published: October 2022

Abstract. This study tried to replicate and extend the semantic transparency morphological effect using the flanker lexical decision paradigm ( Grainger et al., 2020 ). In the first experiment, stems were used as flankers of target words that could be truly morphological ( hunt hunter hunt), pseudomorphological ( corn corner corn), or form-related with the flanker ( broth brothel broth). In half of the trials, a related flanker was employed, and in the other half, an unrelated word was presented as flanker (e.g., table player table). The results showed a facilitative effect for the related condition as a main effect with no difference between experimental conditions. These results were interpreted in terms of an orthographic facilitation taking place when whole stems are presented as flankers. In the second experiment, short derivational suffixes were used as flankers of the same targets employed in the first experiment. The results showed an inhibitory effect of the same magnitude for the transparent and pseudomorphological conditions with no effect for the form condition. This finding suggests an inhibitory effect by which morphemes activate several lexical candidates that compete for recognition. Overall, the results are interpreted in terms of the cognitive requirements of the experimental task, the items selected, and the current models of morphological processing.
Ground Surface Displacement After a Forest Fire Near Mayya, Eastern Siberia, Using InSAR: Observation and Implication for Geophysical Modeling
Authors: Abe Takahiro , Iwahana Go , Tadono Takeo , Iijima Yoshihiro
Published: October 2022

Forest fires significantly impact permafrost degradation in the subarctic regions. However, interannual and seasonal variations in surface deformation due to permafrost thawing in burned areas were poorly understood. Measuring the ground surface displacement in fire scars helps us understand the freeze‐thaw dynamics of near‐surface ground and predict the future state, particularly in ice‐rich permafrost regions. This study used the L‐ and C‐band interferometric synthetic aperture radar technique to reveal interannual subsidence and seasonal thaw settlement/frost heave in a fire scar near Mayya, Sakha Republic in Eastern Siberia burned in 2013. We found that the cumulative subsidence was up to 7 cm between 2014 and 2020, most of which had occurred by 2016. The magnitude of seasonal thaw settlement and frost heave varied each year from 2017 to 2020 after the fire, but the interannual change in frost heave corresponded to the temporal variation in precipitation during the thawing season from 2017 to 2020. This suggests that the precipitation amount during the thawing season is related to the magnitude of segregation‐ice formation in the sediments, which determines the frost heave amount. The observed seasonal displacements could not be quantitatively explained by models inferred from the Stefan's equation and volume changes associated with ice‐water phase change. This implies that other models associated with segregated ice (ice lens) formation/thaw are required to explain the observed seasonal displacement.
Tracing Anthropogenically Emitted Carbon Dioxide into the Ocean
Authors: Sidder Aaron
Published: October 2022

Researchers labeled anthropogenically emitted carbon and tracked it with an ocean circulation model to determine whether it winds up in the sky or sea.
Gas Migration Episodes Observed During Peridotite Alteration in the Samail Ophiolite, Oman
Authors: Aiken John M. , Sohn Robert A. , Renard François , Matter Juerg , Kelemen Peter , Jamtveit Bjørn
Published: October 2022

Serpentinization and carbonation of mantle rocks (peridotite alteration) are fundamentally important processes for a spectrum of geoscience topics, including arc volcanism, earthquake processes, chemosynthetic biological communities, and carbon sequestration. Data from a hydrophone array deployed in the Multi‐Borehole Observatory (MBO) of the Oman Drilling Project demonstrates that free gas generated by peridotite alteration and/or microbial activity migrates through the formation in discrete bursts of activity. We detected several, minutes‐long, swarms of gas discharge into Hole BA1B of the MBO over the course of a 9 month observation interval. The episodic nature of the migration events indicates that free gas accumulates in the permeable flow network, is pressurized, and discharges rapidly into the borehole when a critical pressure, likely associated with a capillary barrier at a flow constriction, is reached. Our observations reveal a dynamic mode of fluid migration during serpentinization, and highlight the important role that free gas can play in modulating pore pressure, fluid flow, and alteration kinetics during peridotite weathering.
How Does Topography Control Topography‐Driven Groundwater Flow?
Authors: Zhang Xiaolang , Jiao Jiu Jimmy , Guo Wensi
Published: October 2022

How topography controls topography‐driven groundwater flow is investigated with varying rainfall and topography using a two‐dimensional groundwater‐surface water coupled model. Results show that the penetration depths of local flow systems present a good relation with capture zone size (Cl) and topography rise (Hl) of local flow systems, but poor and opposite relation with the two topographic indices of the surface water watershed. The stagnant zones are formed due to the movement of stagnation points, whose velocity magnitude is almost zero. The area and depth of stagnant zones below the mountains have a good or no relation with the mountain size, depending on the hydraulic conductivity. The fractal behavior of penetration depth variations with rainfall presents a good or no relation with Cl and Hl, depending on the rainfall rate and hydraulic conductivity. The topography control may be less important when rainfall rate or hydraulic conductivity is significantly reduced.
Proton Precipitation in Mercury's Northern Magnetospheric Cusp
Authors: Raines Jim M. , Dewey Ryan M. , Staudacher Natalie M. , Tracy Patrick J. , Bert Christopher M. , Sarantos Menelaos , Gershman Daniel J. , Jasinski Jamie M. , Bowers Charles F. , Fisher Erik , Slavin James A.
Published: October 2022

Ion precipitation onto Mercury's surface through its magnetospheric cusps acts as a source of planetary atoms to both Mercury's exosphere and magnetosphere. Through the process of ion sputtering, solar wind ions (∼95% protons) impact the surface regolith and liberate material, mostly as neutral atoms. We have identified 2760 northern magnetospheric cusp crossings throughout the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry and Ranging (MESSENGER) mission, based on enhancements in proton flux observed by the Fast Imaging Plasma Spectrometer (FIPS). We find cusp crossings spanning 50–85° in magnetic latitude with a geometric center typically at 60–70°. The cusp center is stable about its average but its latitudinal extent varies orbit‐to‐orbit. The mean latitude weakly depends on the magnitude of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), dropping by about 1.3° magnetic latitude for each increase of 10 nT in IMF strength. We have used these identified cusp boundaries to estimate the flux of protons which will precipitate onto Mercury's surface. We find an average proton precipitation flux of 1.0 × 107 cm−2 s−1, ranging 3.3 × 104–6.2 × 108 cm−2 s−1, and that this flux can vary substantially between subsequent 10‐s measurements. We also tabulated the peak precipitation fluxes for each cusp crossing. They range 9.8 × 104–1.4 × 109 cm−2 s−1, with a mean of 3.7 × 107 cm−2 s−1. We find strong dependencies on the local time of the cusp crossing as well as on Mercury's orbit around the Sun, which warrant further investigation.
Seismic and Tsunamigenic Characteristics of a Multimodal Rupture of Rapid and Slow Stages: The Example of the Complex 12 August 2021 South Sandwich Earthquake
Authors: Metz M. , Vera F. , Carrillo Ponce A. , Cesca S. , Babeyko A. , Dahm T. , Saul J. , Tilmann F.
Published: October 2022

On 12 August 2021, a >220 s lasting complex earthquake with Mw > 8.2 hit the South Sandwich Trench. Due to its remote location and short interevent times, reported earthquake parameters varied significantly between different international agencies. We studied the complex rupture by combining different seismic source characterization techniques sensitive to different frequency ranges based on teleseismic broadband recordings from 0.001 to 2 Hz, including point and finite fault inversions and the back‐projection of high‐frequency signals. We also determined moment tensor solutions for 88 aftershocks. The rupture initiated simultaneously with a rupture equivalent to a Mw 7.6 thrust earthquake in the deep part of the seismogenic zone in the central subduction interface and a shallow megathrust rupture, which propagated unilaterally to the south with a very slow rupture velocity of 1.2 km/s and varying strike following the curvature of the trench. The slow rupture covered nearly two‐thirds of the entire subduction zone length, and with Mw 8.2 released the bulk of the total moment of the whole earthquake. Tsunami modeling indicates the inferred shallow rupture can explain the tsunami records. The southern segment of the shallow rupture overlaps with another activation of the deeper part of the megathrust equivalent to Mw 7.6. The aftershock distribution confirms the extent and curvature of the rupture. Some mechanisms are consistent with the mainshocks, but many indicate also activation of secondary faults. Rupture velocities and radiated frequencies varied strongly between different stages of the rupture, which might explain the variability of published source parameters.
Observations of Modified Warm Deep Water Beneath Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica, From an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle
Authors: Davis Peter E. D. , Jenkins Adrian , Nicholls Keith W. , Dutrieux Pierre , Schröder Michael , Janout Markus A. , Hellmer Hartmut H. , Templeton Rob , McPhail Stephen
Published: October 2022

Filchner‐Ronne Ice Shelf (FRIS) is the world's largest ice shelf by volume. It helps regulate Antarctica's contribution to global sea level rise, and water mass transformations within the sub‐ice‐shelf cavity produce globally important dense water masses. Rates of ice shelf basal melting are relatively low, however, as the production of cold (−1.9°C) and dense High Salinity Shelf Water over the Weddell Sea continental shelf isolates the ice shelf from large‐scale inflow of warm water. Nevertheless, a narrow inflow of relatively warm (−1.4°C) Modified Warm Deep Water (MWDW) that hugs the western flank of Berkner Bank is observed to reach Ronne Ice Front, although the processes governing its circulation and fate remain uncertain. Here we present the first observations taken within the ice shelf cavity along this warm water inflow using the Autosub Long Range autonomous underwater vehicle. We observe a core of MWDW with a south‐westward velocity of 4 cm s−1 that reaches at least 18 km into the sub‐ice cavity. The hydrographic properties are spatially heterogeneous, giving rise to temporal variability that is driven by tidal advection. The highest rates of turbulent dissipation are associated with the warmest MWDW, with the vertical eddy diffusivity reaching 10−4 m2 s−1 where the water column is fully turbulent. Mixing efficiency is close to the canonical value of 0.2. Modeling studies suggest MWDW may become the dominant water mass beneath FRIS in our changing climate, providing strong motivation to understand more fully the dynamics of this MWDW inflow.
Assessing Vertical Allocation of Wildfire Smoke Emissions Using Observational Constraints From Airborne Lidar in the Western U.S.
Authors: Ye Xinxin , Saide Pablo E. , Hair Johnathan , Fenn Marta , Shingler Taylor , Soja Amber , Gargulinski Emily , Wiggins Elizabeth
Published: October 2022

Wildfire emissions are a key contributor of carbonaceous aerosols and trace gases to the atmosphere. Induced by buoyant lifting, smoke plumes can be injected into the free troposphere and lower stratosphere, which by consequence significantly affects the magnitude and distance of their influences on air quality and radiation budget. However, the vertical allocation of emissions when smoke escapes the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and the mechanism modulating it remain unclear. We present an inverse modeling framework to estimate the wildfire emissions, with their temporal and vertical evolution being constrained by assimilating aerosol extinction profiles observed from the airborne Differential Absorption Lidar‐High Spectral Resolution Lidar during the Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality field campaign. Three fire events in the western U.S., which exhibit free‐tropospheric injections are examined. The constrained smoke emissions indicate considerably larger fractions of smoke injected above the PBL (f>PBL, 80%–94%) versus the column total, compared to those estimated by the WRF‐Chem model using the default plume rise option (12%–52%). The updated emission profiles yield improvements for the simulated vertical structures of the downwind transported smoke, but limited refinement of regional smoke aerosol optical depth distributions due to the spatiotemporal coverage of flight observations. These results highlight the significance of improving vertical allocation of fire emissions on advancing the modeling and forecasting of the environmental impacts of smoke.
On the Origin of the Solar Cycle Modulation of the Winter North Atlantic Oscillation
Authors: Kuroda Yuhji , Mukougawa Hitoshi
Published: October 2022

Using data from recent 64 years, we found that the zonal wind signal associated with the winter‐mean North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) tends to extend into the upper stratosphere when solar activity is high, but the vertical extension is limited when solar activity is low. To examine the physical source of this phenomenon, the momentum and wave‐energy budget are analyzed using the 63‐winter record of the Japanese Reanalysis data set from 1958 to 2021. These analyses show that (a) the zonal‐mean momentum acceleration is driven by eddies throughout the entire depth of the atmosphere around 60°N, (b) the barotropic energy conversion from eddies to zonal‐mean flow is centered in the middle stratosphere around 55°N, and (c) the baroclinic energy conversion from zonal‐mean flow to eddies from the surface to the middle stratosphere around 60°N tends to be enhanced from December to February associated with the positive winter‐mean NAO index in High Solar (HS) activity years. These energy transfers are closely related to enhanced zonal wind. These analyses suggest that the structural modulation of the NAO due to the solar cycle comes from the enhanced sensitivity of the wave‐mean flow interaction in the stratosphere in HS years, which is broadly shared with the solar cycle modulation of the late‐winter Southern Annular Mode (SAM).
Some Features of the Ionospheric Radio Wave Characteristics Over China Observed During the Solar Eclipse of 21 June 2020
Authors: Chernogor L. F. , Garmash K. P. , Guo Q. , Luo Y. , Rozumenko V. T. , Zheng Y.
Published: October 2022

The Harbin Engineering University, the People's Republic of China, multifrequency multiple‐path coherent radio system operates continuously and provides data for post analysis. The data collected during the solar eclipse of 21 June 2020 have been chosen for this study with the objectives to interpret the variations in the Doppler spectra, Doppler shift, and in the reflected radio wave amplitudes that are associated with the solar eclipse, establish the magnitude and find physical significance of these variations, determine the reduction in the electron density caused by the solar eclipse, and to estimate an increase in wave activity in the ionosphere. The eclipse was accompanied by Doppler spectrum diffuseness resulting from an increase in the number of rays, the temporal variations in the Doppler shift were observed to be bi‐polar, asymmetrical, and anomalously small, with extreme Doppler shift magnitudes varying from −11 to −40 mHz and from 22 to 56 mHz. The duration of processes with negative Doppler shifts varied from 50 to 80 min, and the duration of processes with positive Doppler shifts changed from 30 to 80 min. The multi‐hop propagation (from two to five hops) took place along all propagation paths, with a 360 to 560‐km one‐hop length, due to the anomalous radio wave propagation via the sporadic‐E layer present about 80% of the time on 21 June 2020. The Doppler shift exhibited 4–18‐min period quasi‐sinusoidal variations with 20–10‐mHz amplitudes.
LCAT1 is an oncogenic LncRNA by stabilizing the IGF2BP2-CDC6 axis
Authors: Yang Juze , Qian Xinyi , Qiu Qiongzi , Xu Lingling , Pan Meidie , Li Jia , Ren Jiayi , Lu Bingjian , Qiu Ting , Chen Enguo , Ying Kejing , Zhang Honghe , Lu Yan , Liu Pengyuan
Published: October 2022

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) is known to play vital roles in modulating tumorigenesis. We previously reported that LCAT1, a novel lncRNA, promotes the growth and metastasis of lung cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. However, the underlying mechanism(s) of LCAT1 as an oncogenic regulator remains elusive. Here, we showed that LCAT1 physically interacts with and stabilizes IGF2BP2, an m6A reader protein, by preventing its degradation via autolysosomes. IGF2BP2 is overexpressed in lung cancer tissues, which is associated with poor survival of non-small cell lung cancer patients, suggesting its oncogenic role. Biologically, IGF2BP2 depletion inhibits growth and survival as well as the migration of lung cancer cells. Mechanistically, the LCAT1/IGF2BP2 complex increased the levels of CDC6, a key cell cycle regulator, by stabilizing its mRNA in an m6A-dependent manner. Like IGF2BP2, CDC6 is also overexpressed in lung cancer tissues with poor patient survival, and CDC6 knockdown has oncogenic inhibitory activity. Taken together, the LCAT1-IGF2BP2-CDC6 axis appears to play a vital role in promoting the growth and migration of lung cancer cells, and is a potential therapeutic target for lung cancer. Importantly, our finding also highlights a previously unknown critical role of LCAT1 in m6A-dependent gene regulation by preventing autolytic degradation of IGF2BP2.
SHANK family on stem cell fate and development
Authors: Liu Xu , Yuan Mengmeng , Lau Benson Wui-Man , Li Yue
Published: October 2022

SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein (SHANK) 1, SHANK2, and SHANK3 encode a family of postsynaptic scaffolding proteins present at glutamatergic synapses and play a crucial role in synaptogenesis. In the past years, studies have provided a preliminary appreciation and understanding of the influence of the SHANK family in controlling stem cell fate. Here, we review the modulation of SHANK gene expression and their related signaling pathways, allowing for an in-depth understanding of the role of SHANK in stem cells. Besides, their role in governing stem cell self-renewal, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and metabolism are explored in neural stem cells (NSCs), stem cells from apical papilla (SCAPs), and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Moreover, iPSCs and embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have been utilized as model systems for analyzing their functions in terms of neuronal development. SHANK-mediated stem cell fate determination is an intricate and multifactorial process. This study aims to achieve a better understanding of the role of SHANK in these processes and their clinical applications, thereby advancing the field of stem cell therapy.
Public and occupational health risks related to lead exposure updated according to present-day blood lead levels
Authors: Yu Yu-Ling , Yang Wen-Yi , Hara Azusa , Asayama Kei , Roels Harry A. , Nawrot Tim S. , Staessen Jan A.
Published: October 2022

Lead is an environmental hazard that should be addressed worldwide. Over time, human lead exposure in the western world has decreased drastically to levels comparable to those among humans living in the preindustrial era, who were mainly exposed to natural sources of lead. To re-evaluate the potential health risks associated with present-day lead exposure, a two-pronged approach was applied. First, recently published population metrics describing the adverse health effects associated with lead exposure at the population level were critically assessed. Next, the key results of the Study for Promotion of Health in Recycling Lead (SPHERL; NCT02243904) were summarized and put in perspective with those of the published population metrics. To our knowledge, SPHERL is the first prospective study that accounted for interindividual variability between people with respect to their vulnerability to the toxic effects of lead exposure by assessing the participants’ health status before and after occupational lead exposure. The overall conclusion of this comprehensive review is that mainstream ideas about the public and occupational health risks related to lead exposure urgently need to be updated because a large portion of the available literature became obsolete given the sharp decrease in exposure levels over the past 40 years.
Structure of the proteolytic enzyme PAPP-A with the endogenous inhibitor stanniocalcin-2 reveals its inhibitory mechanism
Authors: Kobberø Sara Dam , Gajhede Michael , Mirza Osman Asghar , Kløverpris Søren , Kjær Troels Rønn , Mikkelsen Jakob Hauge , Boesen Thomas , Oxvig Claus
Published: October 2022

The metzincin metalloproteinase PAPP-A plays a key role in the regulation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling by specific cleavage of inhibitory IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs). Using single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), we here report the structure of PAPP-A in complex with its endogenous inhibitor, stanniocalcin-2 (STC2), neither of which have been reported before. The highest resolution (3.1 Å) was obtained for the STC2 subunit and the N-terminal approximately 1000 residues of the PAPP-A subunit. The 500 kDa 2:2 PAPP-A·STC2 complex is a flexible multidomain ensemble with numerous interdomain contacts. In particular, a specific disulfide bond between the subunits of STC2 and PAPP-A prevents dissociation, and interactions between STC2 and a module located in the very C-terminal end of the PAPP-A subunit prevent binding of its main substrate, IGFBP-4. While devoid of activity towards IGFBP-4, the active site cleft of the catalytic domain is accessible in the inhibited PAPP-A·STC2 complex, as shown by its ability to hydrolyze a synthetic peptide derived from IGFBP-4. Relevant to multiple human pathologies, this unusual mechanism of proteolytic inhibition may support the development of specific pharmaceutical agents, by which IGF signaling can be indirectly modulated.
The hypoxia response pathway promotes PEP carboxykinase and gluconeogenesis in C. elegans
Authors: Vora Mehul , Pyonteck Stephanie M. , Popovitchenko Tatiana , Matlack Tarmie L. , Prashar Aparna , Kane Nanci S. , Favate John , Shah Premal , Rongo Christopher
Published: October 2022

Actively dividing cells, including some cancers, rely on aerobic glycolysis rather than oxidative phosphorylation to generate energy, a phenomenon termed the Warburg effect. Constitutive activation of the Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF-1), a transcription factor known for mediating an adaptive response to oxygen deprivation (hypoxia), is a hallmark of the Warburg effect. HIF-1 is thought to promote glycolysis and suppress oxidative phosphorylation. Here, we instead show that HIF-1 can promote gluconeogenesis. Using a multiomics approach, we reveal the genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic landscapes regulated by constitutively active HIF-1 in C. elegans. We use RNA-seq and ChIP-seq under aerobic conditions to analyze mutants lacking EGL-9, a key negative regulator of HIF-1. We integrate these approaches to identify over two hundred genes directly and functionally upregulated by HIF-1, including the PEP carboxykinase PCK-1, a rate-limiting mediator of gluconeogenesis. This activation of PCK-1 by HIF-1 promotes survival in response to both oxidative and hypoxic stress. Our work identifies functional direct targets of HIF-1 in vivo, comprehensively describing the metabolome induced by HIF-1 activation in an organism.
Seismic events miss important kinematically governed grain scale mechanisms during shear failure of porous rock
Authors: Cartwright-Taylor Alexis , Mangriotis Maria-Daphne , Main Ian G. , Butler Ian B. , Fusseis Florian , Ling Martin , Andò Edward , Curtis Andrew , Bell Andrew F. , Crippen Alyssa , Rizzo Roberto E. , Marti Sina , Leung Derek. D. V. , Magdysyuk Oxana V.
Published: October 2022

Catastrophic failure in brittle, porous materials initiates when smaller-scale fractures localise along an emergent fault zone in a transition from stable crack growth to dynamic rupture. Due to the rapid nature of this critical transition, the precise micro-mechanisms involved are poorly understood and difficult to image directly. Here, we observe these micro-mechanisms directly by controlling the microcracking rate to slow down the transition in a unique rock deformation experiment that combines acoustic monitoring (sound) with contemporaneous in-situ x-ray imaging (vision) of the microstructure. We find seismic amplitude is not always correlated with local imaged strain; large local strain often occurs with small acoustic emissions, and vice versa. Local strain is predominantly aseismic, explained in part by grain/crack rotation along an emergent shear zone, and the shear fracture energy calculated from local dilation and shear strain on the fault is half of that inferred from the bulk deformation.
Observation and control of Casimir effects in a sphere-plate-sphere system
Authors: Xu Zhujing , Ju Peng , Gao Xingyu , Shen Kunhong , Jacob Zubin , Li Tongcang
Published: October 2022

A remarkable prediction of quantum field theory is that there are quantum electromagnetic fluctuations (virtual photons) everywhere, which leads to the intriguing Casimir effect. While the Casimir force between two objects has been studied extensively for several decades, the Casimir force between three objects has not been measured yet. Here, we report the experimental demonstration of an object under the Casimir force exerted by two other objects simultaneously. Our Casimir system consists of a micrometer-thick cantilever placed in between two microspheres, forming a unique sphere-plate-sphere geometry. We also propose and demonstrate a three-terminal switchable architecture exploiting opto-mechanical Casimir interactions that can lay the foundations of a Casimir transistor. Beyond the paradigm of Casimir forces between two objects in different geometries, our Casimir transistor represents an important development for controlling three-body virtual photon interactions and will have potential applications in sensing and information processing.
Clinical variant interpretation and biologically relevant reference transcripts
Authors: Pozo Fernando , Rodriguez José Manuel , Vázquez Jesús , Tress Michael L.
Published: October 2022

Clinical variant interpretation is highly dependent on the choice of reference transcript. Although the longest transcript has traditionally been chosen as the reference, APPRIS principal and MANE Select transcripts, biologically supported reference sequences, are now available. In this study, we show that MANE Select and APPRIS principal transcripts are the best reference transcripts for clinical variation. APPRIS principal and MANE Select transcripts capture almost all ClinVar pathogenic variants, and they are particularly powerful over the 94% of coding genes in which they agree. We find that a vanishingly small number of ClinVar pathogenic variants affect alternative protein products. Alternative isoforms that are likely to be clinically relevant can be predicted using TRIFID scores, the highest scoring alternative transcripts are almost 700 times more likely to house pathogenic variants. We believe that APPRIS, MANE and TRIFID are essential tools for clinical variant interpretation.
Lysine-targeting inhibition of amyloid β oligomerization by a green perilla-derived metastable chalcone in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Murakami Kazuma , Sakaguchi Yoshiki , Taniwa Kota , Izuo Naotaka , Hanaki Mizuho , Kawase Taiji , Hirose Kenji , Shimizu Takahiko , Irie Kazuhiro
Published: October 2022

We propose a site-specific inhibition of Aβ42 oligomerization by the green perilla-derived chalcone DDC, which is converted to its decomposed flavonoids (1–3) via nucleophilic aromatic substitution with water molecules, in vitro and in vivo.
Electronic Ni–N interaction enhanced reductive amination on an N-doped porous carbon supported Ni catalyst
Authors: Song Wenjing , Wan Yujie , Li Yuefeng , Luo Xin , Fang Weiping , Zheng Quanxing , Ma Pengfei , Zhang Jianping , Lai Weikun
Published: October 2022

Reductive amination on Ni/N-doped porous carbon catalyst was enhanced by the formation of Ni–Nx sites and the electronic interaction of N and Ni species, which promoted the reductive amination of CO bonds and reduced the activation energy.
Adsorptive dead-end filtration for removal of Cr(vi) using novel amine modified polyacrylonitrile ultrafiltration membranes
Authors: Mantel Tomi , Glass Sarah , Usman Muhammad , Lyberis Anastasios , Filiz Volkan , Ernst Mathias
Published: October 2022

The present study investigates the concept of combining the processes of ultrafiltration (UF) and ion exchange into one single filtration step.
Experimental study on interaction between wettability configuration and dewing efficiency of surfaces with a cavity array
Authors: Zhang Tongqian , Xi Yan , Wang Han , Zhang Zengzhi
Published: October 2022

Factors that dominate dew productivity of a hydrophobic surface with a spherical hydrophilic cavity array are investigated.
Astaxanthin ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injuryviainhibition of inflammatory reactions and modulation of the SOCS3/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathways in mice
Authors: Zhu Li , Wu Huihui , Ma Zhenbo , Dong Decheng , Yang Ze , Tian Jing
Published: October 2022

The results showed that astaxanthin had a protective effect on LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice, and its protective mechanism was through activating the SOCS3/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway.
Transfer printing technologies for soft electronics
Authors: Huang Zhenlong , Lin Yuan
Published: October 2022

This article reviews the strategies and applications of transfer printing techniques for soft electronics, including their working mechanisms and demonstrations in nanomaterial assembly, curvy electronics, bioelectronics and 3D integrated electronics.
Responsive polyprodrug for anticancer nanocarriers
Authors: Jobdeedamrong Arjaree , Theerasilp Man , Thumrongsiri Nutthanit , Dana Paweena , Saengkrit Nattika , Crespy Daniel
Published: October 2022

Nanocarriers responsive to glutathione (GSH), a molecule overexpressed in cancer cells, are extensively investigated for the delivery of Pt-based chemotherapeutics for cancer treatment.
Silyl-mediated photoredox-catalyzed radical–radical cross-coupling reaction of alkyl bromides and ketoesters
Authors: Jiang Hao-Luo , Yang Yu-Hao , Zhao Ya-Nan , He Yan-Hong , Guan Zhi
Published: October 2022

A strategy for cross-coupling between organic bromides and carbonyl compounds is developed by combining photocatalysis and halogen atom transfer using a photocatalyst and tris(trimethylsilyl)silane.
Synthesis of zigzag- and fjord-edged nanographene with dual amplified spontaneous emission
Authors: Xu Xiushang , Serra Gianluca , Villa Andrea , Muñoz-Mármol Rafael , Vasylevskyi Serhii , Gadea Marcos , Lucotti Andrea , Lin Zensen , Boj Pedro G. , Kabe Ryota , Tommasini Matteo , Díaz-García María Á. , Scotognella Francesco , Paternò Giuseppe Maria , Narita Akimitsu
Published: October 2022

Dibenzo[a,m]dinaphtho[ef,hi]coronene with zigzag and fjord edges was synthesized and characterized, demonstrating a nonplanar structure with near-infrared stimulated emission with a relatively long lifetime and dual-amplified spontaneous emission.
Electrification of a Milstein-type catalyst for alcohol reformation
Authors: Tocqueville Damien , Crisanti Francesco , Guerrero Julian , Nubret Esther , Robert Marc , Milstein David , von Wolff Niklas
Published: October 2022

Electrification of the Milstein catalyst enabled successful molecular electrocatalytic oxidation of ethanol to the four-electron products acetate and ethyl acetate.