bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pulse voltage induced phase change characteristics of the ZnxSbyTez phase-change prototype device
Authors: Li Rui , Xu Ling , Fang Henan , Lu Ronghua , Wu Tao , Yang Fei , Ma Zhongyuan , Xu Jun
Published: October 2016

ZnxSbyTez thin films are deposited on quartz or glass substrates by the electron beam evaporation technique in an ultra-high vacuum. A prototype phase change memory device using the ZST (ZnxSbyTez) thin film is fabricated. The current–voltage test results of the device show the threshold voltage of ZST531 (Zn5.18Sb3.75Te1.10 at.%) is 2.4 V, which is similar to that of the device based on pure Ge2Sb2Te5. It is shown that the phase-change device with the ZST film is able to perform several reading and writing cycles and the off/on resistance ratio is nearly 10 under pulse voltage. The switching performance of the device is also investigated. Most importantly, the results of the in situ resistance measurements show that the increase of crystallization temperature and the higher 10-year data retention temperature are as high as 300 °C and 191 °C, respectively. This indicates that the ZnxSbyTez material is quite stable, and thus appropriate for use in phase-change memory.
Designing evaluation plans for health promotion mHealth interventions: a case study of the Milk Man mobile app
Authors: White Becky K. , Burns Sharyn K. , Giglia Roslyn C. , Scott Jane A.
Published: October 2016

Evaluating complex health promotion interventions that use mobile apps requires comprehensive and adaptive evaluation plans. As mobile usage becomes increasingly sophisticated and personalised, broad evaluation plans are important in determining the impact and efficacy of a mobile health (mHealth) app. Evaluation should consider user feedback and outcome measures, as well as examine elements such as the robustness of the technology, the intervention principles and engagement strategies, and the interaction of the user with the technology. This paper introduces four mHealth evaluation models and tools and describes the evaluation plan that has been developed for Milk Man, a breastfeeding app targeting new and expectant fathers. Milk Man is a socially connected, gamified app that is being tested in a large Randomised Control Trial (RCT). While there is a need for mobile apps to be evaluated in adequately powered RCTs, trialling mobile apps over a long period of time presents challenges. Incorporating robust evaluation design will help ensure that technological performance, app intervention principles, as well as health and behavioural outcomes are measured. The detail and scope of the Milk Man app evaluation plan will ensure the findings add to the evidence base and have broad relevance to health promotion practitioners.

So what?

Evidence about the efficacy of mHealth interventions is an emerging area and appropriate evaluation skills are needed. This paper illustrates an evaluation planning approach for mHealth interventions that could be adapted for use by health promotion practitioners and researchers.
Differential growth triggers mechanical feedback that elevates Hippo signaling
Authors: Pan Yuanwang , Heemskerk Idse , Ibar Consuelo , Shraiman Boris I. , Irvine Kenneth D.
Published: October 2016

Significance

To form organs of correct size and proportion, growth must be tightly controlled. Previous studies have characterized how biochemical signals influence organ growth; this report describes an interrelationship between tissue mechanics and organ growth. We show that differential growth leads to accumulation of mechanical stress within tissues and describe both theoretically and experimentally how this mechanical stress can result in reduced tension within faster-growing cells. We show how this reduced tension can increase the activity of the Hippo signaling pathway, which decreases growth rates, and show that this mechanism influences patterns of cell proliferation in vivo. Our results support and extend a theoretical model, termed “mechanical feedback,” that described the relationship between growth rates and tissue mechanics.
Perceptual enhancement as a result of a top-down attentional influence in a scene viewing task: Evidence from saccadic inhibition
Authors: Glaholt Mackenzie G , Reingold Eyal M
Published: October 2016

Prior research has shown that task instructions influence the locations and durations of eye fixations during scene viewing. These task-related changes in gaze patterns are likely to be associated with a top-down influence of attention. Presently we applied a saccadic-inhibition manipulation in order to detect another expected manifestation of top-down attention: perceptual enhancement. Participants viewed eight-item arrays containing photographs from two categories of scenes. Four of the photos depicted natural landscapes (“nature”) and the other four depicted urban environments (“buildings”). Participants were instructed to memorize scenes from one of the categories in preparation for a later recognition memory test. During eye fixations the border around the fixated scene flickered briefly from black to white with a random interval between flickers ranging from 400 to 600 ms. We computed the likelihood of a saccade being initiated in the period following the flicker. Consistent with prior research, we found a strong saccadic inhibition effect with maximum saccadic inhibition occurring approximately 97 ms following the flicker. Importantly, the saccadic inhibition effect was stronger and longer lasting when the subject’s eyes were fixated on a relevant scene compared to an irrelevant scene. These findings are consistent with perceptual enhancement as a result of top-down attention.
p120-catenin regulates VE-cadherin endocytosis and degradation induced by the Kaposi sarcoma–associated ubiquitin ligase K5
Authors: Nanes Benjamin A. , Grimsley-Myers Cynthia M. , Cadwell Chantel M. , Robinson Brian S. , Lowery Anthony M. , Vincent Peter A. , Mosunjac Marina , Früh Klaus , Kowalczyk Andrew P.
Published: October 2016

Vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin undergoes constitutive internalization driven by a unique endocytic motif that also serves as a p120-catenin (p120) binding site. p120 binding masks the motif, stabilizing the cadherin at cell junctions. This mechanism allows constitutive VE-cadherin endocytosis and recycling to contribute to adherens junction dynamics without resulting in junction disassembly. Here we identify an additional motif that drives VE-cadherin endocytosis and pathological junction disassembly associated with the endothelial-derived tumor Kaposi sarcoma. Human herpesvirus 8, which causes Kaposi sarcoma, expresses the MARCH family ubiquitin ligase K5. We report that K5 targets two membrane-proximal VE-cadherin lysine residues for ubiquitination, driving endocytosis and down-regulation of the cadherin. K5-induced VE-cadherin endocytosis does not require the constitutive endocytic motif. However, K5-induced VE-cadherin endocytosis is associated with displacement of p120 from the cadherin, and p120 protects VE-cadherin from K5. Thus multiple context-dependent signals drive VE-cadherin endocytosis, but p120 binding to the cadherin juxtamembrane domain acts as a master regulator guarding cadherin stability.
LTE1 promotes exit from mitosis by multiple mechanisms
Authors: Falk Jill E. , Campbell Ian W. , Joyce Kelsey , Whalen Jenna , Seshan Anupama , Amon Angelika
Published: October 2016

In budding yeast, alignment of the anaphase spindle along the mother–bud axis is crucial for maintaining genome integrity. If the anaphase spindle becomes misaligned in the mother cell compartment, cells arrest in anaphase because the mitotic exit network (MEN), an essential Ras-like GTPase signaling cascade, is inhibited by the spindle position checkpoint (SPoC). Distinct localization patterns of MEN and SPoC components mediate MEN inhibition. Most components of the MEN localize to spindle pole bodies. If the spindle becomes mispositioned in the mother cell compartment, cells arrest in anaphase due to inhibition of the MEN by the mother cell–restricted SPoC kinase Kin4. Here we show that a bud-localized activating signal is necessary for full MEN activation. We identify Lte1 as this signal and show that Lte1 activates the MEN in at least two ways. It inhibits small amounts of Kin4 that are present in the bud via its central domain. An additional MEN-activating function of Lte1 is mediated by its N- and C-terminal GEF domains, which, we propose, directly activate the MEN GTPase Tem1. We conclude that control of the MEN by spindle position is exerted by both negative and positive regulatory elements that control the pathway’s GTPase activity.
Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIβ negatively regulates invadopodia formation and suppresses an invasive cellular phenotype
Authors: Alli-Balogun Ganiyu Olabanji , Gewinner Christina A. , Jacobs Ruth , Kriston-Vizi Janos , Waugh Mark G. , Minogue Shane
Published: October 2016

The type II phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (PI4KII) enzymes synthesize the lipid phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI(4)P), which has been detected at the Golgi complex and endosomal compartments and recruits clathrin adaptors. Despite common mechanistic similarities between the isoforms, the extent of their redundancy is unclear. We found that depletion of PI4KIIα and PI4KIIβ using small interfering RNA led to actin remodeling. Depletion of PI4KIIβ also induced the formation of invadopodia containing membrane type I matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP). Depletion of PI4KII isoforms also differentially affected trans-Golgi network (TGN) pools of PI(4)P and post-TGN traffic. PI4KIIβ depletion caused increased MT1-MMP trafficking to invasive structures at the plasma membrane and was accompanied by reduced colocalization of MT1-MMP with membranes containing the endosomal markers Rab5 and Rab7 but increased localization with the exocytic Rab8. Depletion of PI4KIIβ was sufficient to confer an aggressive invasive phenotype on minimally invasive HeLa and MCF-7 cell lines. Mining oncogenomic databases revealed that loss of the PI4K2B allele and underexpression of PI4KIIβ mRNA are associated with human cancers. This finding supports the cell data and suggests that PI4KIIβ may be a clinically significant suppressor of invasion. We propose that PI4KIIβ synthesizes a pool of PI(4)P that maintains MT1-MMP traffic in the degradative pathway and suppresses the formation of invadopodia.
A propelling neutron star in the enigmatic Be-star γ Cassiopeia
Authors: Postnov K. , Oskinova L. , Torrejón J.M.
Published: October 2016

The enigmatic X-ray emission from the bright optical star, γ Cassiopeia, is a long-standing problem. γ Cas is known to be a binary system consisting of a Be-type star and a low-mass (M ∼ 1 M⊙) companion of unknown nature orbiting in the Be-disk plane. Here we apply the quasi-spherical accretion theory onto a compact magnetized star and show that if the low-mass companion of γ Cas is a fast spinning neutron star, the key observational signatures of γ Cas are remarkably well reproduced. Direct accretion onto this fast rotating neutron star is impeded by the propeller mechanism. In this case, around the neutron star magnetosphere a hot shell is formed that emits thermal X-rays in qualitative and quantitative agreement with observed properties of the X-ray emission from γ Cas. We suggest that γ Cas and its analogs constitute a new subclass of Be-type X-ray binaries hosting rapidly rotating neutron stars formed in supernova explosions with small kicks. The subsequent evolutionary stage of γ Cas and its analogs should be the X Per-type binaries comprising low-luminosity slowly rotating X-ray pulsars. The model explains the enigmatic X-ray emission from γ Cas, and also establishes evolutionary connections between various types of rotating magnetized neutron stars in Be-binaries.
Evidence for strong evolution in galaxy environmental quenching efficiency between z = 1.6 and z = 0.9
Authors: Nantais Julie B. , Muzzin Adam , van der Burg Remco F. J. , Wilson Gillian , Lidman Chris , Foltz Ryan , DeGroot Andrew , Noble Allison , Cooper Michael C. , Demarco Ricardo
Published: October 2016

We analyse the evolution of environmental quenching efficiency, the fraction of quenched cluster galaxies that would be star-forming if they were in the field, as a function of redshift in 14 spectroscopically confirmed galaxy clusters with 0.87 < $z$ < 1.63 from the Spitzer Adaptation of the Red-Sequence Cluster Survey (SpARCS). The clusters are the richest in the survey at each redshift. Passive fractions rise from $42_{-13}^{+10}$% at $z$ ∼ 1.6 to $80_{-9}^{+12}$% at $z$ ∼ 1.3 and $88_{-3}^{+4}$% at $z$ < 1.1, outpacing the change in passive fraction in the field. Environmental quenching efficiency rises dramatically from $16_{-19}^{+15}$% at $z$ ∼ 1.6 to $62_{-15}^{+21}$% at $z$ ∼ 1.3 and $73_{-7}^{+8}$% at $z$ ≲ 1.1. This work is the first to show direct observational evidence for a rapid increase in the strength of environmental quenching in galaxy clusters at $z$ ∼ 1.5, where simulations show cluster-mass halos undergo non-linear collapse and virialisation.
1 Clement
Authors: Maier Harry
Published: October 2016

1 Clement is a letter attributed to Clement of Rome (fl. second half of the 1st century ce). It is from a single hand, comprising sixty-five chapters, written from a body of Christ followers in Rome to those in Corinth. It is a long and often rambling writing whose chief aim does not appear until chapters 39–44. Clement, on behalf of the Roman community, advises his audience to restore harmony to the Corinthian church through the reappointment of leaders some have deposed. Parts of the early church treated it as canonical. In Codex Alexandrinus it appears, together with 2 Clement, directly after the Book of Revelation, and in a Syriac manuscript both writings appear before the Apocalypse. Clement of Alexandria quoted the letter as a canonical text. It nowhere states it is from Clement but there are three warrants for accepting the attribution: in the 2nd century Dionysius of Corinth cited him as its author; the Shepherd of Hermas, a document many argue to be contemporary with the writing, identifies a Clement who has the responsibility of sending writings to other cities (Vision 2.4.3), arguably a direct allusion to 1 Clement; the possibility of association as a freed person with the aristocratic family of Titus Flavius Clement and his wife Flavia Domitilla, the latter of whom Eusebius of Caesarea records as persecuted by Domitian for Christian belief. Its chief importance is that it is the earliest preserved Christian letter outside the New Testament. As a text that is contemporary with, if not earlier than, several canonical writings, it offers a snapshot of emergent Christianity in Rome and Corinth. Since its discovery it has played a central role in debates concerning the earliest conceptions of leadership in the ancient church and it is here where most attention has been directed. Scholarly study has also centered on its uses of rhetorical conventions, philosophical traditions, liturgical formulae, and lengthy Old Testament quotations, as well as possible echoes of New Testament texts.
Natural Kinds
Authors: Bird Alexander
Published: October 2016

It appears to us that things in the natural world divide into different kinds. The most obvious examples come from biology. Cats are clearly distinct from mice; while both kinds show variation, all the cats are more similar to one another than they are to any mouse. We see different kinds of tree and different kinds of lichen. These are kinds that are apparent to any reasonably careful observer. Other kinds seem to be revealed by science. The chemical revolution gave us new ideas about what it is to be a chemical element, and in the subsequent decades many dozens of these different basic chemical kinds were revealed. The following century uncovered a multiplicity of different kinds of fundamental physical particle. While at a different set of scales, geologists distinguish different kinds of rock, meteorologists distinguish different kinds of weather system, and astronomers distinguish different kinds of galaxy. The philosophical questions that natural kinds generate can themselves be categorized into three types as they relate to metaphysics, philosophy of language, and philosophy of science. (It should be noted nonetheless that discussion of these questions quite rightly overlaps these fields. Consequently, works listed in this article may be relevant to further sections in addition to the ones they are listed under.) Here are examples of the philosophical questions surrounding natural kinds. Does the world itself genuinely have a structure of objective natural kinds, so that there are natural divisions of things by kinds? And do our actual natural classifications match those kinds? Or are what we take to be kinds merely the product of a particular non-objective perspective? How does a natural kind (or belonging to a natural kind) differ from other natural properties? In virtue of what do things group themselves into kinds? How is kind membership determined—for example, by necessary and sufficient conditions or by something else? Do, indeed, natural kinds have essences? Are there entities that are the natural kinds? Do our natural kind terms refer to such entities rather as names refer to objects? Is there a non-trivial way of spelling out the idea of rigid designation for natural kinds terms? Do the semantics of natural kind terms vindicate essentialism about kinds? Does what we discover about kinds in the special sciences (e.g., concerning chemical substances and biological species) support or undermine philosophical conceptions of kinds?
LGBT Politics in the United States
Authors: Haider-Markel Donald Patrick
Published: October 2016

The American lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) political movement has its roots in the post–World War II era. Through the 1950s and 1960s early LGBT groups focused on social mobilization and education, with limited observable political activities. Political activity increased in the 1960s and caught fire after the rioting that broke out in 1969 at the Stonewall Inn in New York City following a regular raid of the bar by police. A modern and diverse movement arose in the 1970s; early local victories on city ordinances banning employment discrimination based on sexual preference/sexual orientation generated an anti-LGBT backlash movement manifested in a series of ballot measures to repeal these laws and ban the adoption of similar laws. A chain of LGBT victories included the high-profile defeat of the Briggs Initiative in California. The decade also saw the political mobilization of the LGBT community at the ballot box and the election of openly lesbian and gay candidates for local and state offices. By the early 1980s, sizable local, state, and national LGBT groups gained footing just as the first cases of HIV/AIDS began to disproportionately appear among gay men. Although public attitudes had become more positive toward homosexually and LGBT rights, fear of AIDS generated a negative public and political backlash. However, by the late 1980s LGBT groups had built a political infrastructure for a series of legal, policy, and candidate victories throughout the 1990s. These achievements included state and local anti-discrimination protections, hate crime laws, a Supreme Court ruling that ended attempts to pass laws that prevented any LGBT antidiscrimination, and the start of a long national debate to end the ban on homosexuals serving in the military. The 1990s also saw the start of a broad-based effort to gain marriage equality and family protections for same-sex couples. Early legal victories in Hawaii helped to generate a negative backlash in Congress and most states throughout the decade, but some localities and states began to consider alternative recognition through civil unions. At the same time the number of openly LGBT public officials grew each election cycle. With the Supreme Court repeal of all standing anti-sodomy laws in 2003 and the Massachusetts judicial legalization of same-sex marriage later that fall, same-sex marriage again became a national issue and many states adopted constitutional amendments to ban its recognition. Unprecedented shifts in public opinion and legal victories paved a path toward the 2015 Supreme Court decision to effectively legalize same-sex marriage. In the wake of the victory LGBT activists have struggled to maintain political mobilization for antidiscrimination protections and long-ignored transgender issues.
Student Engagement in Tertiary Education
Authors: Coates Hamish , Dollinger Mollie
Published: October 2016

The student experience and engagement field is a rare mix of scholars and research on both the psychological theories that enhance student engagement and the everyday institutional and school policies that promote student engagement. It is an undeniably popular field, with practitioners, experts, university and school leaders, policymakers, and students all hoping to understand what they can do to foster engagement practices. This article provides a wide breadth of the historical and current research that has shaped student engagement today. First, it includes general overviews, books, and journals that contribute basic dimensions and theories for understanding the evolution of student engagement. Next is an examination of student engagement assessment practices and multiple perspectives on the ongoing discourse of how researchers and scholars should evaluate student engagement. Following are five key areas for improving student engagement: institutional efforts, the role of teachers, student self-efficacy and self-motivation, pedagogy developments, and finally, the impact of technology on the field of student engagement. Also discussed are the outcomes of student engagement, with sections devoted to academic outcomes, emotional and behavioral outcomes, and the relationship between student engagement and extracurricular activities. Student engagement through the perspectives of those outside the majority—minority students and international students—is then examined. The final section covers the best practices discovered so far within student engagement. An active attempt was made to include scholars from the international community. Although this article focuses on higher education, research on primary and secondary education is also referenced. A rich theoretical literature exists; however, student engagement is invariably an applied phenomenon, and many key studies are policy oriented.
Conductors and Conducting
Authors: Holden Raymond
Published: October 2016

Fundamental to any discussion concerning this literature is Richard Wagner’s highly influential article Über das Dirigieren (Leipzig: Neue Zeitschrift für Musik, 1869). This was read, discussed, and emulated by subsequent generations of performing musicians and continues to provoke fierce debate even in the early 21st century. Consequently, a string of similar treatises was written by leading figures that included Bruno Walter, Sir Adrian Boult, Erich Leinsdorf, and Nikolaus Harnoncourt. As such treatises tended to deal with interpretation rather than technique, it was also apparent that manuals explaining and describing the physical gestures used by conductors were equally necessary. One of the earliest and most important examples of these was Hector Berlioz’s Le chef d’orchestre: Théorie de son art (1856), arguably the basis for the French conducting school. This book was one of the first in a long series of such manuals that has culminated in Christopher Seamen’s recent Inside Conducting (Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2013). Autobiographies and memoirs of conductors have also been influential and never cease to enthrall professionals and amateurs alike. For many, they provide an insider’s view of a world that often seems fascinating and mysterious. It was probably inevitable, then, that a market also emerged for biographies and group biographies of conductors during the late 19th century. While readers of these often believe they are afforded another chance to peek behind the scenes, the reality is somewhat different. With very few exceptions, these books are written by nonprofessional musicians whose knowledge is often that of an interested amateur. This means, of course, that the true bases of the conductor’s art—the interpretative and technical imperatives that are fundamental to any reading of a great musical masterwork—are regularly pushed aside in favor of biographical tittle-tattle. Then there are histories of orchestras and opera houses. As conductors are mute without the help of players and singers, it is self-evident that any history of these institutions is also, at least in part, a history of conducting. Finally, there are discographies and chronicles of performances. Often viewed as the province of musical taxonomists, these documents can be fascinating insights into programming, orchestral and operatic logistics, performance trends, and performance spaces. Given all of this, it is no wonder that readers find the literature on conductors and conducting something of a maze. This article will endeavor to help lead the reader through that maze.
Jerome Bruner
Authors: Takaya Keiichi
Published: October 2016

Jerome Seymour Bruner was born on 1 October 1915 in New York City, and he died on 5 June 2016 in New York City. He is one of the most influential figures in psychology, cognitive science, and education in the past one hundred years. Although he was a psychologist by training, his interests spanned over a wide range of disciplines and issues, including psychology, philosophy, linguistics, education, literature, and law. His research and writings were also notable for their interdisciplinary and collaborative approaches; he freely borrowed findings and insights from other areas, and, in return, he inspired not only psychologists but also philosophers, educators, and anthropologists. He led the cognitive revolution and the cultural turn in psychology and the curriculum reform movement, and he was involved (albeit indirectly) in the introduction of Head Start in the United States. Bruner wrote in his 1983 autobiography that he was “an intellectual first and a scientist in support. . . . I used psychology to pursue matters that existed for me in their own right. Psychology was (and remains) only one way to use mind in behalf of these pursuits” (Bruner 1983a, cited under General Overviews, p. 77). His colleagues and collaborators included people in almost every field of intellectual activity, and his research locations were widespread from laboratories in Harvard to villages in Senegal, nursery schools in Oxfordshire, and preschools in Reggio Emilia, Italy. His overall interests lay in how the human mind works and develops in sociocultural contexts and by acquiring cultural tools. His interests lay also in developing finer research methods that are more attuned to the human mind in real, lived experiences. In his early career in the 1940s and 1950s, he worked on the foundations and limits of human perception and thought. In doing so, his “New Look” psychology critiqued behaviorism for being narrowly scientistic and devised clever research methods in seemingly standard experimental studies. Dissatisfaction with the existing psychological approaches had led him to initiate the cognitive revolution in the 1950s, but he later became disenchanted with cognitive science’s increasing reliance on computer or information-processing models in understanding how the human mind works. More recently, his research focused on the role of narrative in our individual thoughts and collective culture.
Psychological Perspectives on Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Miller-Graff Laura
Published: October 2016

Intimate partner violence (IPV) refers to acts or threats of physical, sexual, or psychological violence against a current or former partner. Although many of the psychological and physical ramifications of victimization are shared across contexts, it is critical to recognize that the cultural, social, and legal meanings and implications of victimization—and the access that survivors have to protection and support in the aftermath of violence—vary dramatically across contexts. Because of this, understanding the evolving history of IPV is necessarily context-specific, yet it is also important to recognize that there have been dramatic changes in policy in many nations since 2000 that have been motivated by growing awareness and advocacy. Examining contemporary research on IPV across contexts, a few summative points are evident. First, although the rates of bidirectional and male victimization vary across studies, women are generally victimized and injured at greater rates than are men—dramatically so in some contexts. Recent research has also suggested that individuals identifying as sexual and gender minorities may also be at greater risk for IPV. The negative effects of IPV on mental health, physical health, and development are profound and long lasting. These negative effects are not only evident in those directly victimized by of IPV, but also “trickle down” intergenerationally, and there is strong evidence documenting serious and enduring effects of IPV on the health and well-being of children. As discussed in more detail in the following sections, a substantial minority of IPV-exposed individuals have more than one violent partner in their lifetime, and these relationships often persist for years. Despite the wealth of research on the negative effects of IPV, intervention research is still in its nascence. There is relatively poor support for existing batterer intervention programs, especially those that are court-mandated and oriented toward identifying and changing stereotyped beliefs about gender relations. There is much stronger support for post-abuse care for survivors, with many available interventions demonstrating success in addressing depression and PTSD. There is also small, but growing, support for the effectiveness of programs with at-risk groups, such as IPV-exposed pregnant women. Innovative new directions for intervention include promising community-based and mobile health approaches that may improve the dissemination and scope of available services for survivors. For child witnesses, several intervention programs are available, but it is not yet clear from existing research which are the most advantageous or what the primary agents of change within these programs are. This bibliographic review of the literature is designed to highlight contemporary research in the field of partner violence and discuss some of its key controversies. It should be noted, however, that although it is rapidly changing, a great proportion of the available research has taken place in Western countries.
Are the Appropriate Use Criteria for the management of pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures useful in clinical practice?
Authors: Kazimoglu Cemal , Turgut Ali , Reisoglu Ali , Kalenderer Önder , Önvural Burak , Agus Haluk
Published: October 2016

The aim of this study was to evaluate our treatment modalities in pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures according to the recently published Appropriate Use Criteria (AUC) by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. A total of 991 patients with supracondylar humerus fractures were included. After reviewing medical records, 38 different clinical scenarios described in the AUC were observed. Of the 991 patients, 127 were type I, 423 were type II, and 405 were type III fractures according to the Gartland classification. The AUC was appropriate for 100% of type I, only 25 (5.9%) of type II, and 389 (96.0%) of type III fractures. Overall, the total appropriateness rate was 54.5%. We concluded that application of the AUC is useful but burdensome and that AUC provides important guidance especially for rarely encountered urgent clinical scenarios.
Probiotics-mediated suppression of cancer
Authors: So Stephanie S.Y. , Wan Murphy L.Y. , El-Nezami Hani
Published: October 2016

Purpose of review

Probiotics can be used as an adjuvant for cancer prevention or/and treatment through their abilities to modulate intestinal microbiota and host immune response. Although most of the recent reviews have focused on the potential role of probiotics against colon cancer, only few of them include the probiotic effect on extraintestinal cancers. The present review covers the most important findings from the literature published during the past 20 months (from January 2015 to August 2016) regarding the probiotics-mediated suppression of both gastrointestinal and extraintestinal cancers and the underlying mechanisms.

Recent findings

A comprehensive literature search in Pubmed, Science direct and Google scholar databases was conducted to locate all relevant articles that investigated the effect of probiotics on prevention/treatment of both gastrointestinal and extraintestinal cancers. Different mechanisms for the beneficial effects of probiotics against cancer were also discussed, mainly via modulation of gut microbiota which thereby influences host metabolism and immunity.

Despite laboratory-based studies having demonstrated encouraging outcomes that probiotics possess antitumor effects, the benefits should not be exaggerated before we get more results from human clinical trials. These are very important before the medical community can accept the use of probiotics as an alternative therapy for cancer control.
Vitamin D receptor immunohistochemistry variability in sun-exposed and non-sun-exposed melanomas
Authors: Paolino Giovanni , Panetta Chiara , Cota Carlo , Didona Dario , Moliterni Elisa , Di Mattia Cinzia , De Vita Gaetano , Bottoni Ugo , Donati Pietro , Calvieri Stefano
Published: October 2016

Ultraviolet rays are one of the leading factors in the development of melanoma (MM); however, ultraviolet rays seem not to play a role in non-sun-exposed MM, where systemic immunosuppression, anatomical, and physiological features may contribute toward the development of the malignancy. Our aim was to evaluate vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression in shield-site melanoma (ST-MM) and non-shield-site melanoma (NST-MM) to find features that could explain the different biological behavior of MM according to the area of onset. We reviewed 118 specimens of MM. VDR expression was assayed using immunohistochemistry by dividing the specimens according to the anatomical area. We included MM of the soles, feet, hands, gluteus, scrotum, skin of the penile shaft, and large vaginal labia in the ST-MM group. The NST-MM group was divided into two main categories: NST-MM of chronic sun-exposed areas, including MM of the face, scalp, neck, back of the hands, and NST-MM of intermittent sun-exposed areas, including MM of the trunk, lower, and upper limbs. In shield sites, 66.67% of MMs showed VDR expression; in intermittent sun-exposed areas, 33.3% showed VDR expression; and in chronic sun-exposed areas, only 4.66% showed VDR expression. A similar behavior was observed for Breslow’s thickness, where VDR staining intensity was higher in thicker lesions, ranging between 60 and 100%. We found that VDR expression decreased from ST-MM to NST-MM. These findings confirm the hypothesis that different pathways are involved in ST-MM and NST-MM.
Prevention and Management of Injection-Related Adverse Effects in Facial Aesthetics: Considerations for ATX-101 (Deoxycholic Acid Injection) Treatment
Authors: Fagien Steven , McChesney Patricia , Subramanian Meenakshi , Jones Derek H.
Published: October 2016

ATX-101 (deoxycholic acid injection; Kythera Biopharmaceuticals, Inc. [an affiliate of Allergan plc, Dublin, Ireland]) was approved in 2015 in the United States (Kybella) and Canada (Belkyra) for submental fat reduction. As expected, injection-site reactions such as pain, swelling, and bruising, which were mostly mild or moderate and transient, were common adverse events (AEs) reported in clinical trials. An exploratory Phase 3b study investigating interventions for management of injection-site AEs associated with ATX-101 treatment was recently completed. Based on its results, literature review, and our clinical experiences, we have put forward considerations for management of AEs associated with ATX-101 treatment in clinical practice. Pretreatment with oral ibuprofen and/or acetaminophen an hour before treatment and preinjection with epinephrine-containing buffered lidocaine 15 minutes before treatment can help with management of pain and bruising. Cold application to the treated area before and immediately after the procedure may help to reduce pain (if local anesthetic preinjection is not performed) and swelling. Discontinuing medications/supplements that result in increased anticoagulant or antiplatelet activity 7 to 10 days before ATX-101 treatment, when possible, can reduce the risk of bruising. In summary, injection-site AEs associated with ATX-101 treatment can be effectively managed with commonly used interventions.
SMOKING IS A RISK FACTOR FOR PROLIFERATIVE VITREORETINOPATHY AFTER TRAUMATIC RETINAL DETACHMENT
Authors: Eliott Dean , Stryjewski Tomasz P. , Andreoli Michael T. , Andreoli Christopher M.
Published: October 2016

Purpose:

To determine the incidence of retinal redetachment due to proliferative vitreoretinopathy after open-globe trauma in smokers and nonsmokers.

Methods:

A total of 892 patients comprising 893 open-globe injuries, in whom 255 eyes were diagnosed with a retinal detachment, and 138 underwent surgical repair were analyzed in a retrospective case–control study. Time to redetachment was examined using the Kaplan–Meier method and analysis of risk factors was analyzed using Cox proportional hazards modeling.

Results:

Within one year after retinal detachment surgery, 47% (95% CI, 39–56%) of all 138 repaired retinas redetached because of proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Being a smoker was associated with a higher rate of detachment (adjusted hazard ratio 1.96, P = 0.01). As shown in previous studies, the presence of proliferative vitreoretinopathy at the time of surgery was also an independent risk factor for failure (adjusted hazard ratio 2.13, P = 0.005). Treatment with vitrectomy-buckle compared favorably to vitrectomy alone (adjusted hazard ratio 0.58, P = 0.04). Only 8% of eyes that redetached achieved a best-corrected visual acuity of 20/200 or better, in comparison to 44% of eyes that did not redetach (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy is a common complication after the repair of retinal detachment associated with open-globe trauma, and being a smoker is a risk factor for redetachment. Further study is needed to understand the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying this correlation.
INCIDENCE AND CAUSES OF VISION LOSS DURING AFLIBERCEPT TREATMENT FOR NEOVASCULAR AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION
Authors: Hata Masayuki , Oishi Akio , Yamashiro Kenji , Ooto Sotaro , Tamura Hiroshi , Nakanishi Hideo , Ueda-Arakawa Naoko , Akagi-Kurashige Yumiko , Kuroda Yoshimasa , Takahashi Ayako , Tsujikawa Akitaka , Yoshimura Nagahisa
Published: October 2016

Purpose:

To investigate the incidence rate, risk factors, and final outcomes of patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) who have experienced vision loss despite periodic aflibercept treatment.

Methods:

Subjects with treatment-naive AMD were prospectively recruited and treated with three monthly injections followed by two monthly injections of aflibercept. The incidence rate and risk factors of more than two lines of vision loss at any visit were investigated.

Results:

We included 196 eyes of 196 patients. Vision loss was observed in 16 patients (8.2%). Eleven of 16 patients developed vision loss during the initial 3 months (68.8%). Vision loss remained in 11 eyes (68.8%) at the final visit. The maximum pigment epithelium detachment (PED) height (odds ratio = 1.46 for a 100-μm increase in the PED height) and disruption of the external limiting membrane (odds ratio = 4.45) were identified as risk factors for developing vision loss on logistic regression analysis.

Conclusion:

The incidence rate of vision loss during aflibercept treatment was relatively low. Identifying high-risk patients, those with a high PED height and disruption of the external limiting membrane, would be helpful in ensuring appropriate informed consent before treatment. Further studies are needed to establish optimal treatment for these patients.
CHOROIDAL THICKNESS OF CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY SECONDARY TO CORTICOSTEROID USE
Authors: Honda Shigeru , Miki Akiko , Kusuhara Sentaro , Imai Hisanori , Nakamura Makoto
Published: October 2016

Purpose:

Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is a common choroidal disorder which often affects the vision of young adults. Although the molecular mechanisms associated with CSC remain unknown, correlations between steroid hormone use and CSC have been suspected. We investigated the choroidal status of CSC secondary to corticosteroid use.

Methods:

The records of 25 eyes of 25 consecutive acute CSC cases secondary to corticosteroid use were reviewed retrospectively. Central choroidal thickness was measured by optical coherent tomography. Choroidal vessel dilation and choroidal vascular hyperpermeability were evaluated based on indocyanine green angiography findings. The parameters related to secondary CSC were compared with those of 25 eyes of 25 cases with acute idiopathic CSC.

Results:

The mean central choroidal thickness of secondary CSC was 294.8 ± 95.0 μm, which was significantly thinner than that of idiopathic CSC (409.4 ± 124.7 μm, P = 0.00064). The proportion of the cases exhibiting choroidal vessel dilation was not significantly different between secondary CSC (52%) and idiopathic CSC (64%). The proportion of cases showing choroidal vascular hyperpermeability was significantly smaller in secondary CSC (62%) than idiopathic CSC (92%) (P = 0.028).

Conclusion:

The choroidal status in the acute phase of secondary CSC after corticosteroid use might be different from that of idiopathic CSC, which suggests a complex mechanism for CSC.
Serum alanine aminotransferase levels and all-cause mortality
Authors: Karaphillis Erica , Goldstein Ryan , Murphy Sharif , Qayyum Rehan
Published: October 2016

Background and objectives

Studies have examined the relationship between serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and mortality with inconsistent results. Our aims were to examine the association of normal range serum ALT with mortality, to explore a nonlinear relationship between ALT and mortality, and to investigate whether age modifies this relationship.

Study

We used the continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2010. Vital status of the participants was obtained by probabilistic matching between NHANES and the National Death Index. Cox proportional models were used to examine the relationship with and without adjustment for age, sex, race, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, alcohol use, serum triglycerides, prescription drug use, and glomerular filtration rate, and accounting for the sampling methodology of NHANES. Nonlinear relationship was examined using spline (single knot at 17 U/l) regression. Interaction terms were used to examine effect modification by age.

Results

Higher serum ALT was associated with lower all-cause mortality [adjusted hazard ratio (HR)/ALT increment=0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.97–0.99]; however, this relationship was nonlinear and present only until 17 U/l (adjusted HR/ALT increment=0.93, 95% CI=0.91–0.95) and not thereafter. Age modified the relationship between ALT and mortality; elderly patients (>64 years) had a 6% lower adjusted mortality risk than younger (<35 years) participants (HR/ALT increment=0.94, 95% CI=0.91–0.96; interaction P<0.001).

Conclusion

Increase in serum ALT within the normal range is initially associated with lower mortality, but has no effect after 17 U/l. The elderly show a significantly larger decrease in mortality with an increase in ALT than younger individuals. The mechanisms underlying this relationship need further exploration.
The External Nose: The Nasal Arteries and Their Course in Relation to the Nasolabial Fold and Groove
Authors: Pilsl Ulrike , Anderhuber Friedrich
Published: October 2016

Background:

The blood supply to the external nose is poorly described. The aim of this study was to identify the different types of blood supply to the external nose and the course of the arteries in relation to the nasolabial fold and groove and to the facial muscles.

Methods:

With 96 facial halves of 48 adult specimens, the arteries of the outer nose were dissected, and three-dimensional computed tomographic reconstructions and horizontal sections were made.

Results:

Three main types of blood supply to the external nose were identified, associated with the different types of facial arteries. Moreover, a deep course of the nasal arteries in relation to the nasolabial fold and a very superficial course in relation to the nasolabial groove were found.

Conclusion:

Knowledge regarding the nasal arteries is clinically relevant for filler injection for aesthetic improvements of the nose and nasolabial fold and for planning local flaps in facial reconstructions and also for rhinoplasty.
Practical Guidelines for Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis in Free Tissue Transfer
Authors: Ricci Joseph A. , Crawford Kayva , Ho Olivia A. , Lee Bernard T. , Patel Ketan M. , Iorio Matthew L.
Published: October 2016

Background:

Venous thromboembolism encompasses a spectrum of disease, ranging from asymptomatic deep vein thrombosis to fatal pulmonary embolism. As microsurgical techniques increase in complexity, the overriding benefit from a microsurgical versus a venous thromboembolism prophylactic regimen remains unclear. This study evaluated the current recommendations and procedure-specific strategies for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis with a focus on the utility of prophylaxis in microsurgical procedures.

Methods:

A review was performed to identify all articles discussing the rates of venous thromboembolism in patients undergoing microsurgical procedures. Data were summarized based on body area, including hand, breast, lower extremity, and head and neck. Guidelines for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in microsurgical cases were established.

Results:

The available studies demonstrate a reduction in postoperative venous thromboembolism. Unfortunately, chemoprophylaxis continues to be underused throughout plastic surgery, amid concern over the risk of bleeding complications. Based on the best available data, the use of mechanical and chemoprophylaxis should be strongly considered in all microsurgical cases. A preoperative screening algorithm based on a risk-assessment model should be used in all cases to preoperatively characterize and modify risk factors when possible, and plan for perioperative prophylaxis.

Conclusions:

Although not completely preventable, venous thromboembolism risks can be reduced with careful preoperative planning and medical history and the judicious use of chemoprophylaxis. Because there does not appear to be an increase in the rate of postoperative bleeding when prophylaxis is administered appropriately, the use of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis should be considered in all microsurgery patients except those at extremely high risk of bleeding.