bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Occurrence of eye disorders and need for treatment in the elderly in nursing homes
Authors: Rifaat René , Kivelä Sirkka‐Liisa
Published: May 2009

Abstract The prevalence of eye disorders and need for ophthalmological procedures due to pathological processes were studied among elderly people living in 8 nursing homes in northern Finland (N = 268). The participation rate was 100%. Hyperopia was the most common disorder found (men: 78%, women 77–78%). Macular degeneration was found in 54–55% of men and 45–46% of women, senile cataract in 32–33% of men and 28–31% of women and palpebral dermatochalasis or ble‐pharochalasis in 25–26% of men and 31% of women. Hyperopia was more common in younger persons, but senile cataract, macular degeneration and palpebral dermatochalasis or blepharochalasis were more common in older persons. Basic ophthalmological examinations led to a high number of secondary procedures. Ophthalmological treatment and rehabilitation seemed to be neglected in these Finnish nursing homes. Because sight is an important determinant of elderly people's ability to manage their daily activities, the authors propose that more attention should be paid to the screening of ophthalmological problems and to ophthalmological treatment and rehabilitation in nursing homes.
Inter‐familial variability and intra‐familial similarities of granular corneal dystrophy Groenouw type I with respect to biomicroscopical appearance and symptomatology
Authors: Møller H. U.
Published: May 2009

Abstract 140 patients from 8 countries with granular corneal dystrophy Groenouw type I are described, and 21 slit‐lamp photographs demonstrate inter‐familial differences and intra‐familial similarities. The clinical appearance varied from mild, with only a few granules on the cornea, to a monstrous course with an almost opaque cornea. The following diagnostic criteria are suggested for the disease, as these signs are described in extensively quoted key references and meet the descriptions in most papers on this subject: Dominant inheritance, as well as 1) typical slit‐lamp appearance and/or 2) granules that stain with Masson trichrome histologically, and/or 3) rod‐shaped bodies seen electron microscopically.
Linkage relations of the locus for granular corneal dystrophy Groenouw type I with 35 polymorphic systems
Authors: Møller H. U. , Eiberg Hans , Kruse Torben A.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The paper presents preliminary results of linkage relations of the lotus for granular corneal dystrophy Groenouw type I employing 35 classic genetic markers. Blood and saliva from 124 members of one family with this disorder were examined with the aim of localizing the disease to a certain chromosome. The highest lodscore was 1.04 in females at theta 0.00 to the system C1R, thus supplying a clue for continued gene‐mapping investigations on the short arm of chromosome No. 12.
Rod‐cone dystrophy of the retina Continuation of a family study described in 1923
Authors: Forsius Henrik , Erkkilä Heikki , Eriksson Aldur W.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. In 1923 Alkio described a sibship with 4 children showing macular dystrophy. In the literature this has been classed among the cone dystrophy group. However, Alkio's patients later became completely blind by the age of 50. According to the hospital records one of them showed marked destruction and pigment degeneration throughout the fundus. The daughter of one of those affected has healthy eyes, but two of her three sons are affected in the same way as their grandfather. They were studied by us in 1987. These two males showed the bull's eye type of macular dystrophy with visual acuity of 20/30 resp 20/50, marked dyschromatopsia, central scotoma in the visual field for weak markers, extinguished ERGs and subnormal EOGs. Dark adaptation was considered pathological especially during the cone phase. The peripheral fundus was within normal limits. The parents of the two patients have a common ancestor born in 1720. Autosomal recessive inheritance is therefore very likely. We think that the disorder is closer to the rod‐cone dystrophy group than to cone or cone‐rod degenerations.
Long‐term efficacy of low power argon laser trabeculoplasty
Authors: Shirakashi Motohiro , Iwata Kazuo , Nakayama Toru , Fukuchi Takeo
Published: May 2009

Abstract. We studied the long‐term efficacy of argon laser trabeculoplasty, applying low‐power (a mean of 450 mW), a duration of 0.1 second, and a small number of burns (a mean total energy of 1.85 J) over 90 to 120 degrees of the trabecular meshwork. Fifty‐four eyes with poorly controlled open‐angle glaucoma were treated. The mean follow‐up was 46 months. The mean intraocular pressure decrease was 5.3 mmHg in 35 eyes at one year, 6.1 mmHg in 23 eyes at 3 years, 5.1 mmHg in 13 eyes at 5 years, and 5.4 mmHg in 5 eyes at 6 years. Life‐table analysis showed that the probability of success was 58% at one year, 49% at 3 years, and 46% at 5 years. Both the incidence and magnitude of the intraocular pressure rise in the early post‐laser period were minimal and no serious complications were observed.
The effects of intraocular pressure elevation on optic nerve axonal transport in the monkey
Authors: Shirakashi Motohiro
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Blockage of axonal transport by intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation was studied quantitatively in monkey eyes, using liquid scintillation counting. After 5 h of IOP elevation (perfusion pressure of 30 mmHg), axonally transported protein was measured in the distal third of each optic nerve, which was divided into superotemporal, inferotemporal, superonasal, and inferonasal portions. The ratio of the amount of radioactive protein in each portion of the optic nerve to that in the whole optic nerve was calculated. In eyes with IOP elevation, the mean ratio for the temporal optic nerve was significantly lower than that for the nasal optic nerve. It appeared that axonal transport was not affected homogenously throughout the optic nerve but was more impaired in the temporal half of the optic nerve following IOP elevation.
An objective and rapid method for the determination of light dissemination in the lens
Authors: Söderberg Per G. , Chen Enping , Lindström Bo
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A method for the objective measurement of light dissemination in the lens was developed. There is an exponential relationship between the concentration of standard solutions and the intensity of light disseminated forwards. The light disseminated in non‐pathological lenses from Sprague Dawley rats was registered as the equivalent standard concentration, C, and then transformed to log10 (C + 1) and was found not to deviate from the normal distribution. The tolerance limit for light dissemination was derived by setting the probability to classify a non‐pathological lens as pathological. An analysis of variance demonstrated that the inter‐animal variation was the dominating source of imprecision. It is anticipated that the developed system will be useful in experimental toxicological risk assessment.
Pigmentation of the eye and hair in relation to age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: Vinding Troels
Published: May 2009

Abstract. So far, no epidemiological studies have dealt with the relationship between dark and light pigmented Caucasians and the risk of developing age‐related macular degeneration (AMD). Based upon hospital referred eye patients, dark ocular pigmentation has previously been suggested as a protective factor. The present study reviews macular degeneration, defined as macular changes implicating a vision of 6/9 or less, in prevalence rates in relation to ocular pigmentation and hair colour in an ethnic homogeneous and random population of 1000 Danes, 60–80 years of age. The population was predominantly light pigmented. Brown iris colour was only present in 15.9%, dark pigmented fundi in 19.0% and a black juvenile hair colour supposed in 6.5%. The prevalence rates of AMD ranged from 16.0 to 10.5% for brown respectively blue iris colour, and from 13.3% to 9.0% for dark respectively light pigmented fundi. The presented data indicate that no significant differences in prevalence rates of AMD seem to exist between dark and light ocular pigmented Danes. An additional comparison between 100 AMD patients referred to hospital and the epidemiological sample did not reveal a difference in pigmentation. The prevalence analysis also showed that neither is juvenile hair colour of prognostic value in terms of later occurrence of AMD nor seems greyness of hair to be an independent indicator of AMD, but related to age as is AMD, when simultaneously entered into a logistic regression model.
Tear buffering in contact lens wearers
Authors: Carney Leo G. , Mauger Thomas F. , Hill Richard M.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The buffering capacity of tears collected from contact lens wearers was compared to that from non‐contact lens wearers. Three groups of subjects were investigated: 6 subjects not wearing contact lenses, 3 subjects wearing rigid contact lenses, and 3 subjects wearing hydrogel contact lenses. Each of the 12 subjects provided, on 6 separate occasions, 100 μl of tears. The pH of the tears was measured with a closed chamber, temperature stabilized micro‐electrode system firstly on collection and then after titration with acid and base. In all, 28 titration steps across the acid‐base spectrum were completed for each subject's tears on each occasion. These tear pH responses to acid‐base challenge were compared to that of unbuffered distilled water for the same titration procedure. There was no statistically significant effect of contact lens wear on tear buffering capacity, but considerable inter‐subject variability was noted.
The effect of jogging on visual field indices
Authors: Koskela Pentti U. , Airaksinen P. Juhani , Tuulonen Anja
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The Humphrey 30–2 visual field was examined 9 times before and after an 8–km jog in one subject, whose contrast sensitivity had been found to improve after jogging. The mean deviation improved statistically significantly suggesting better sensitivity of the visual system after jogging. Our results suggest that in some individuals physical exercise influences the factors which lie behind the visual field long‐term fluctuation.
Granular corneal dystrophy Groenouw type I: Clinical aspects and treatment
Authors: Møller H. U.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The paper describes the comparatively benign nature of granular corneal dystrophy Groenouw type I and the results of treatment of the disease. 71 patients with a classic clinical appearance comprised the largest pedigree in medical literature. The disorder was confined to the eyes only. Visual acuity was close to normal in children; the children had small, superficial, corneal opacities, often arranged in lines, and for the most part with a smooth exterior surface when examined with Javal keratometry. In adult patients visual acuity was around 0.5, the exterior surface uneven, the corneal opacities larger, and distributed superficially as well as deeper in the corneal stroma. In elderly patients visual acuity was between 0.5 and 0.1 and they all had additional cataract. Fourteen patients were treated with corneal grafting during the past 15 years and all grafts remained clear.
Coexistence of localized scotomata and neovascularizations in proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Bek Toke
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Fifteen eyes of 15 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy within the central 60 degrees of the eye fundus were examined with computerized perimetry, and the visual field data were accurately correlated with the corresponding morphology as seen on fundus photographs and fluorescein angiograms. In 12 out of 13 eyes with neovascularizations outside the optic disc area an absolute scotoma could be correlated with a retinal area distal from the neocascularization, and in one case no scotoma was found in this area. The localized scotomata corresponded in 8 cases to non‐perfusion areas as seen on fluorescein angiograms, whereas in 5 cases no pathological morphology was detected in these areas. Seven eyes which had neovascularizations at the optic disc showed the same pattern, but with visual field loss of more pronounced degree. Furthermore, other scotomata which not corresponded to any pathological fundus morphology occured at approx. 30 degrees eccentricity in the visual field. The findings are discussed in relation to the current hypothesis about the initiation and development of neovascularizations in proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
Retinal nerve fibre layer photography in glaucomatous and normal eyes
Authors: Pugesgaard Torleif , Autzen Torben , Nielsen Norman , Work Kresten
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The technique of retinal nerve fibre photography has been developed and tested in specialized centres and glaucoma clinics. The usefullness of a modifed technique in clinical practice is the subject of this prospective study. Retinal nerve fibre photos from 41 patients with open‐angle glaucoma and 40 normal patients were examined in a blind study, a total of 161 eyes. Photos from 5 eyes were of insufficient quality to allow evaluation. Nerve fibre loss was found in 36% of the normal eyes, 42% of glaucomatous eyes without visual field defects, and 87% of eyes with glaucomatous visual field defects. Sensitivity was 86% and specificity was 62% totally. In the younger patients aged less than 65 years both values were 82%. Photographic nerve fibre loss was found in 69% of normal eyes from patients aged more than 65 years, leading to a low specificity of 31% in this age group. Age related nerve fibre loss and clinically insignificant cataracts were the most obvious causes of non‐glaucomatous nerve fibre loss.
Role of aqueous and vitreous cultures in diagnosing infectious endophthalmitis in rabbits
Authors: Koul Sunendha , Philipson Agneta , Arvidson Staffan
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Staph. aureus endophthalmitis was induced in both eyes of 32 rabbits. Endophthalmitis developed in all the 64 eyes within 24–36 h. All vitreous cultures were positive while only 21 simultaneous aqueous cultures were positive. Thus, the importance of vitreous cultures in diagnosing bacterial endophthalmitis is emphasised.
Immunohistochemical demonstration of epidermal growth factor in the lacrimal and submandibular glands of rats
Authors: van Setten G.‐B. , Tervo K. , Virtanen I. , Tarkkanen A. , Tervo T.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The extraorbital and intraorbital lacrimal glands, the Harderian glands, and the submandibular glands of five rats were excised after ethanol perfusion under general anesthesia. Indirect immunohistochemistry with antibodies specific to epidermal growth factor (EGF) was performed. EGF‐like immunofluorescence (EGF‐LI) was shown to be present both in the lacrimal glands (extra‐ and intraoribtal) and in the submaxillary gland. In the lacrimal glands the specific immunoreaction appeared within the lumen of the acini and the cells of the tubular ducts close to the acini. Only faint EGF‐LI was observed within the acinar cells. The submandibular glands showed intense EGF‐LI only in the cells of the granular convoluted tubules. The Harderian gland did not show any EGF‐LI. The results strongly support the idea that the lacrimal gland is a source of EGF in tear fluid (TF). Diseases of the lacrimal gland therefore may lead to decreased concentrations of EGF in tears. This may account in part for the pathophysiology of tear deficiency syndromes and may serve as the basis of a new rationale for the external application of EGF.
Retinal nerve fiber layer in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Elbøl Peter , Work Kresten
Published: May 2009

Abstract. To evaluate the usefulness of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) appearance in estimation of optic nerve damage in MS, we examined 20 patients with definite MS and 20 normal control patients. Photographs of the RNFL in 80 eyes were classified as normal or abnormal by two examiners working independently. The results were very similar, even though the clinical data of which they were informed and their experience with RNFL‐evaluation differed. We found RNFL defects in 80% of MS patients and in 73% of MS eyes. In the control group the values were 5% and 2.5%. Subclinical optic neuropathy in eyes without any history of optic neuritis was demonstrated by RNFL defects in 68%. We conclude, that in detecting clinical and subclinical optic neuropathy, RNFL‐evaluation is to be recommended as the method of choice.
Contact lenses and corneal deformation: Cause, correlate or co‐incidence?
Authors: Phillips Calbert I.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Sporadic reports describing cases of corneal deformation (i.e. corneal warpage with astigmatism or keratoconus) after a minimum of about 4 years' contact lens wear are condensed into Table 1. Some severe cases required corneal grafting. Eight personal cases are described in Table 2, including two who have worn only soft lenses and one who has worn soft lenses for 6 out of 7 years. It is suggested that although some cases of this corneal distortion might well have occurred without contact lenses, the trauma of years of contact lens wear is causative if the individual's cornea is predisposed, possibly by the carrier state of hereditary naturally‐occurring keratoconus. A risk‐averse patient and practitioner would probably add this to other possible complications, and restrict contact lenses to eyes with more severe refractive errors, and minimise the wearing time.
Threshold variability using different Goldmann stimulus sizes
Authors: Gilpin Lewis B. , Stewart William C. , Hunt Hurshell H. , Broom Catrine D.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. We tested 10 healthy subjects on the Humphrey Field Analyzer using Goldmann stimulus sizes I‐V to determine the effect of varying the area of the stimulus upon threshold fluctuation. Our results show similar components of fluctuation for the size III stimulus as in past studies. However, an increased total fluctuation was observed for Goldmann stimulus sizes I (3.69 decibels) and II (3.17 decibels) and a similar fluctuation for stimulus sizes IV (2.64 decibels) and V (2.51 decibels) as compared to stimulus size III (2.52 decibels). The study suggests no advantage results in reduced threshold fluctuation by changing the Goldmann stimulus from a size III when testing normal individuals on the Humphrey Field Analyzer.
Molteno implant surgery in uncontrolled glaucoma
Authors: Airaksinen P. Juhani , Aisala Pirjo , Tuulonen Anja
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Molteno implant surgery was performed on 33 eyes of 29 patients with complicated and uncontrolled glaucoma. Average preoperative IOP was 34.0 + 8.8 mmHg. After a mean postoperative follow‐up period of 18.3 months the IOP was 15.8 + 8.3 mmHg. Three patients had an IOP over 22 mmHg. Overall, success rate was 73% with IOP and medication as criteria. In 75% of eyes visual acuity improved or remained within two lines of the preoperative value. The highest success rate was 83% (10 of 12 eyes) in congenital and uveitic glaucoma when both IOP, medication and visual acuity were taken into account. At the end of the study 52% of eyes were controlled without medication. Complications included transient hyphema (21%), flat anterior chamber with hypotony, with or without choroidal detachment (12%), tube touch to lens or cornea (9%), and tube block with vitreous (3%).
Orbital CT in the management of blow‐out fractures of the orbital floor
Authors: Elsås Tor , Anda Svein
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The CT‐examinations of 15 patients with blow‐out fractures of the orbital floor were reviewed. All patients were examined with coronal/semicoronal CT‐imaging, and 7 patients also were evaluated with semisagittal projections. Only in one case the semisagittal images gave more information than coronal sections when using the classification of Gilbard et al. (1985) of the inferior rectus muscle/fracture relationship. The anterior and posterior fracture margins were better delineated with semisagittal imaging. Two patients exhibiting positive traction tests with hooked, and not entrapped muscles on CT still had diplopia 5 1/2 and 12 weeks after the trauma.
Periocular anaesthesia: Technique, effectiveness and complications with special reference to postoperative ptosis
Authors: Ropo A. , Ruusuvaara P. , Paloheimo M. , Maunuksela E.‐L. , Nikki P.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The effectiveness of periocular anaesthesia and its complications were examined in 100 successive cataract operations. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to the duration of ocular compression with an Autopressor® device after administration of periocular anaesthesia. In the control group, no compression was used (C‐0, n = 36 patients). In the other two groups, compression was used for 10 (C‐10, n = 32) and for 20 (C‐20, n = 32) min. No differences in globe or orbicular akinesia were found between the groups. At 10 min, immobilisation of the globe in different directions was attained in 60.1–84.5% of the patients. Compression for an additional 10 min did not significantly improve the akinesia. In contrast, the hitherto undescribed loss of light perception increased with time: 15 patients at 10 min and 22 at 20 min were unable to see light. Chemosis and haematomas in the upper eyelid occurred more often in C‐0 than in the other 2 groups. One day postoperatively the average palpebral aperture was smaller in C‐0 than in the other two groups. The frequent postoperative ptosis (74.3% on the 1st day) decreased rapidly, but on postoperative day 7, 9 patients still had ptosis. In only one patient was ptosis still recognizable at 6 weeks postoperatively. No serious complications occurred. This study demonstrates that periocular anaesthesia with ocular compression is a suitable method for cataract surgery.
Cataract, hearing loss and hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Nucci Paolo , Mets Marilyn B.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A new syndrome of congenital cataract, hearing loss, hypercholesterolemia, spasticity of the lower extremities, and perhaps mental retardation, is described. Manifestation in two brothers with no other affected family members suggests an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. A discussion of the differential diagnosis of oculo‐auditory syndromes is presented.
Bilateral non‐traumatic carotid cavernous sinus fistula with spontaneous closure
Authors: Haugen Olav H. , Sletteberg Odd , Thomassen Lars , Kråkenes Jostein
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A case of bilateral spontaneous carotid cavernous sinus fistula is presented. The diagnostic value of Doppler ultrasound examination is discussed, as well as therapeutic measurements, such as manual compression of the carotid artery and embolization treatment. The frequent spontaneous closure of these fistulas is emphazised, and a conservative attitude is recommended.
Orbital blowout fractures — the influence of age on surgical outcome
Authors: Leitch R. J. , Burke J. P. , Strachan I. M.
Published: May 2009

Abstract We report the frequency of troublesome diplopia in 17 patients (11 patients ≤ 21 years) who underwent surgical repair of traumatic orbital blowout fractures. Thirteen patients had primary surgery performed within 21 days of injury, 2 patients at 4 and 6 weeks and 2 cases at 6 and 24 months. The latter continues to complain of diplopia. Contrary to previous studies, we found that young patients were no more likely to suffer from symptomatic post‐operative residual diplopia than their adult counterparts.
The response of the light reflex of retinal vessels to reduced blood pressure in hypertensive patients
Authors: Brinchmann‐Hansen Olaf , Christensen Carl C. , Myhre Kjell
Published: May 2009

Abstract The response of retinal arteries and veins to 3 months of antihypertensive medication was studied in 10 patients (39–56 years old) with essential hypertension. We used computerized microdensitometry on fundus photographs, a technique allowing for objective and simultanous measures of the caliber of blood columns and the width and intensity of their central ‘light reflex’. A moderate lowering of diastolic and systolic blood pressures (P < 0.001) resulted in a significant reduction in the intensity of reflection from retinal arteries (38.6%; P < 0.005). An increase in the width of the blood column (2.8%; n.s.) and the reflex (8.6%; n.s.) was indicated. Traditionally, changes in light reflectivity has been associated with arteriosclerosis of the vessel wall. The study shows, however, that the vascular reflex is most sensitive to changes in the systemic blood pressure. This signals a need for critical reviewal of interpretation and usefullness of classical grading systems of ophthalmoscopic signs of hypertensive retinopathy.
Histopathology of anterior parts of the optic pathway in patients with multiple sclerose
Authors: Mogensen Poul Henning
Published: May 2009

Abstract Multiple sclerosis involves the anterior part of the optic pathway of 5 patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis. No pathological changes were found in the retina. Plaques were found in all optic nerves, in two of three chiasms and in the optic track from one patient. Periphlebitis was found in three optic nerves, and in one chiasm. One patient had plaques as well as periphlebitis in the optic nerves and chiasm but did not show any changes in the brain or the spinal cord.
Cryosurgery of eyelid basal cell carcinomas
Authors: Gunnarson Gun , Larkö Olle , Hersle Kjell
Published: May 2009

Abstract One hundred and twenty‐one patients have been treated for eye lid basal cell carcinomas with cryosurgery during the last 7 years. The condition resolved completely after treatment in all patients with no recurrences observed so far. Most patients have been followed for more than 2 years. Complications were few and minor. In 14 cases conjunctival overgrowth was noted. We conclude that this treatment modality is excellent, cost‐effective and easily tolerated as compared with other methods.
Diabetic retinopathy related to degree of albuminuria and tubular (low molecular weight) proteinuria in insulin‐dependent (Type I) diabetes mellitus
Authors: Nielsen Niels Vesti , Holm Jan , Hemmingsen Lars
Published: May 2009

Abstract The urinary excretion of albumin (a marker of glomerular damage) and retinol binding protein (a low molecular weight protein marker of tubular dysfunction) was determined by sensitive immunochemical methods in 110 insulin‐dependent (Type I) diabetic patients. We observed a statistically significant correlation between the urinary excretion levels of both proteins, in particular albumin, and the degree of retinopathy. The incidence of macroalbuminuria and tubular proteinuria was significantly higher in patients with manifest background retinopathy and proliferative retinopathy as compared to patients with no or slight retinopathy. The duration of diabetes was significantly correlated to the degree of retinopathy, but not to the urinary excretion of albumin and retinol binding protein.
Pseudo‐exfoliation pattern on posterior IOL
Authors: Ringvold Amund , Bore John
Published: May 2009

Abstract Extracapsular cataract extraction with posterior chamber lens implantation was performed in a 75‐year‐old man. Eight months later PE syndrome had developed with a distinct peripheral band on the anterior surface of the pseudophacos. This case clearly shows that the peripheral band is added to the lens surface from outside, and is not derived from the lens epithelium.
Conjunctival vessel abnormalities in sickle cell diseases: the influence of age and genotype
Authors: Siqueira W. C. A. , Figueiredo M. S. , Cruz A. A. V. , Costa F. F. , Zago M. A.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Conjunctival vessels were examined with a slit‐lamp and the abnormalities were graded in 77 patients with sickle cell diseases, including 48 with sickle cell anaemia, 17 with sickle cell β°‐thalassaemia and 12 with HbS/HbC disease. The study demonstrated the occurrence of similar conjunctival vessel abnormalities for the three sickle cell diseases which are, however, more severe in HbS homozygotes than in the two other genotypes. An increase of the severity of the vascular abnormalities with the increase of patient age was also observed for HbS homozygotes. The data suggest that the conjunctival lesions accumulate and increase in severity in a similar fashion as other tissue damages observed in sickle cell diseases.
The effects of donor age and cause of death on corneal graft survival
Authors: Chipman M. L. , Basu P. K. , Willett P. J. , Cherry P. M. H. , Slomovic A. R.
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe Ontario Corneal Recipient Registry followed 299 recipients of 326 corneal transplants performed between October 1985 and October 1987. This report describes the joint effects of donor age and cause of death on subsequent graft survival in these procedures up to two years after surgery. Cox regression analysis established that grafts from donors dying of injury experienced half the risk of graft failure of those from donors dying of heart disease or other natural causes (P< 0.05). Although donor age differed substantially between these causes of death, controlling for donor age did not alter the association. There were no statistically or clinically significant differences in graft survival associated with either donor age or recipient age. These results suggest that the health of the donor and the circumstances surrounding death may influence the quality of corneal tissue, and deserve more attention and detailed study.
The effect of oral metyrapone on aqueous humor dynamics in normal human eyes
Authors: Mito Takezo , Shiono Takashi , Kimura Ryozo , Tamai Makoto
Published: May 2009

Abstract We studied the possible influence of oral metyrapone tartrate (which inhibits the adrenal biosynthesis of cortisol) on the rate of aqueous humor flow in 9 eyes of 8 normal subjects by fluorophotometry. On the control day, the mean value of K0 was 1.04 ± 0.32 min−1 × 10−2, where K0 was the loss coefficient from the anterior chamber. On the metyrapone trial day, the mean value of K0 was 0.63 ± 0.15 min−1 × 10−2. The mean difference in K0 between the two periods was significant (P < 0.005). These results indicated that systemic metyrapone administration decreases the rate of aqueous humor flow…
Eye injuries in Northern Sweden
Authors: Mönestam Eva , Björnstig Ulf
Published: May 2009

Abstract An analysis of 927 eye injuries treated at the University Hospital of Umeå, Northern Sweden, during a one‐year period has been made. The estimated incidence was 8.1 per 1000 population. 86% of the injuried were men. An overrepresentation of severe injuries were found in children and young adults, aged 10–19 years. 94.5% of the injuries were minor. The most common diagnosis was foreign body adherent to cornea or conjunctiva (40%). All chemical injuries were superficial. One‐third of the sports injuries were caused by hockey‐bockey and indoor bandy. Most of these were major injuries. The total cost of the injuries was assessed at SEK 1300 000. More information to the public concerning use of safety glasses and potential risks of eye trauma could reduce eye injury incidence.
Localised scotomata and types of vascular occlusion in diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Bek Toke
Published: May 2009

Abstract In 13 patients with diabetic retinopathy who had localised scotomata in the central visual field that could not be ascribed to haemorrhages, cotton woll spots or hard exudates, visual field data obtained by computerised perimetry were correlated with the corresponding retinal morphology as seen on fundus photographs and fluorescein angiograms. It was attempted to relate the retinal areas corresponding to the scotomata to areas of distribution from the central retinal artery. In six cases localised scotomata could be correlated with focal areas of angiographical non‐perfusion in the macular area. When these areas of non‐perfusion were traversed by a patient vessel, the retinal zone adjacent to this vessel was found to have retained light sensitivity. Two localised scotomata could be correlated with retinal areas peripheral from occluded arterioles, but no scotoma was found which could be related th retinal venous occlusion. In five cases scotomata occurred, however, which could not be related to areas of distribution from the central retinal artery. It is concluded that factors other than retinal vascular occlusion probably are involved in causing impairment of neurosensory function in diabetic maculopathy.
In vitro and in vivo studies with sodium hyaluronate as a carrier for intraocular gentamicin
Authors: Moreira Carlos A. , Moreira Ana T. , Armstrong Deborah K. , Jelliffe Roger W. , Woodford Coreen C. , Liggett Peter E. , Trousdale Melvin D.
Published: May 2009

Abstract We compared the in vitro growth of common intraocular pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in rabbit vitreous and in sodium hyaluronate (SH) with and without gentamicin. The minimal inhibitory concentration for gentamicin/SH was 0.5, 0.062 and 2.0 mcg/ml for these pathogens, respectively. After posterior capsulotomy, P. aeruginosa was inoculated into the anterior vitreous and all 15 untreated eyes developed endophthalmitis. In a similar group, aqueous gentamicin administered in the anterior chamber reduced the incidence of endophthalmitis to 10 of 15 eyes. Under similar circumstances, the SH/gentamicin combination lowered the incidence of endophthalmitis significantly to 4 of 15 eyes. The half‐life of aqueous gentamicin was 0.9 h, which was shorter than the 2.2 h for SH/gentamicin combination. These results suggest that SH may be a useful carrier for intraocular drug therapy.
Quantitative tear meniscus cytology versus quantitative conjunctival fluid cytology
Authors: Norn Mogens
Published: May 2009

Abstract A technique for quantitative cytology of tear fluid collected by a micropipette from the tear meniscus is presented. This technique has been compared with that using the standardized Norn‐pipette collecting fluid from the lateral part of the inferior fornix. The two methods show the same magnitude of sensitivity and specificity, the same coefficient of variation, as regards neutrophilic leucocytes and erythrocytes (200 samples). The normal tear meniscus contains less than 40 leucocytes or erythrocytes per μl. The tear cell concentration is about 200 times lower in the meniscus than in the fornix inferior in normal eyes. This observation supports the compartment‐theory of a rapid flow in the tear meniscus and a slow flow with insignificant admixture in the conjunctival fluid in the fornices. The tear meniscus cytology is of use in association with testing of other parameters in the tears, for instance. The conjunctival fluid cytology is quicker and more convenient for the patient. In addition, it is necessary in connection with observation for pathological epithelial desquamation, because the tear meniscus cytology brings about an artificial increase of the epithelial cell concentration.
Lowe's oculocerebrorenal syndrome ‐ variation in lens changes in the carrier state
Authors: Fagerholm Per , Annerén Göran , Wadelius Claes
Published: May 2009

Abstract The lens changes in DNA based analysis compatible carriers of the gene of Lowe's syndrome in one family are discribed. The lens changes consist of a large amount of characteristic punctate cortical opacities. In two of the three carriers, formed lens opacities were found, appearing like congenital riders. In one lens containing congenital‐like riders a posterior subcapsular cataract had developed. In comparison with a previously examined family, the lens changes in the present family were overall much more extensive. It appears there is a variation in expressivity of the gene in carriers of different families.
Intentional retention of Descemet's membrane during keratoplasty
Authors: Lazar Moshe , Loewenstein Anat , Geyer Orna
Published: May 2009

Abstract Detachment of the host's Descemet membrane inadvertently occurred while removing the decompensated graft in a patient undergoing rekeratoplasty. The membrane was purposefully left intact and the new graft sutured on top of it. In this way, opening of the anterior chamber was avoided and the operation completed as an ‘extraocular’ procedure. The graft and the membrane have remained clear during 3 years of follow‐up.
Congenital retinal arteriovenous communication associated with a full‐thickness macular hole
Authors: Muñoz Francisco J. , Rebolleda Gema , Cores Francisco J. , Bertrand Josefina
Published: May 2009

Abstract We present here a patient suffering from an unilateral retinal arteriovenous communication, belonging to group 2 in Archer classification, associated to a homolateral vascular malformation into the ophthalmic artery area, and a full‐thickness macular hole. This is the first case with such an association reported in the literature.
Ultrasonography in optic nerve head avulsion
Authors: Talwar D. , Kumar A. , Verma L. , Tewari H. K. , Khosla P. K.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The diagnosis of post traumatic optic nerve avulsion is often obscured by the presence of concomitant vitreous haemorrhage. Electrodiagnostic tests, CT scan and fluorescein angiography have not proved helpful in substantiating the diagnosis of this entity in the early stages. We herein present the echographic features in a case of post traumatic optic nerve avulsion that, to the best of our knowledge, have not been previously described. The role of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of suspected optic nerve head avulsion has been highlighted.
Correlation of conjunctival impression cytology results with lacrimal function and age
Authors: Paschides C. A. , Petroutsos G. , Psilas K.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Impression specimens were obtained from the bulbar conjunctiva of 146 eyes of 73 healthy volunteers (mean age, 52 years). Goblet cell densities and nuclear‐cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio were determined. Break‐up time (BUT), Schirmer‐I test (S‐I), Rose Bengal scores (RBs) were also recorded. Using a simple linear regression analysis, no correlation between the number of Goblet cells and age, BUT and S‐I was found. Negative correlation with RBs (P = 0.05) was found. The N/C ratio has a negative correlation (P < 0.01) with age and RBs and a positive correlation with BUT (P < 0.01) and S‐I (P = 0.03).
Trabeculectomy with 5‐fluorouracil
Authors: Watanabe Joji , Iwata Kazuo , Sawaguchi Shoichi , Nanba Katsuhiko
Published: May 2009

Abstract The effect of subconjunctival injection of 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) after trabeculectomy was studied retrospectively in 205 eyes of 168 patients. A life table analysis of the surgical outcome was based on the type of glaucoma and age related differences, and a comparison was made with patients who had trabeculectomy without subconjunctival 5‐FU. The success rate at 30 months after trabeculectomy with 5‐FU therapy was considerably higher in primary open‐angle glaucoma at 93.6% (72.7%), secondary glaucoma at 88.9% (72.4%), and refractory glaucoma at 72.2% (32.5%) with (or without) the use of ocular hypotensive drops when compared with historical control groups treated without 5‐FU (60.0% (41.7%), 35.5% (24.0%), and 18.0% (8.0%), respectively). In patients aged over 70 years, no statistically significant improvement could be demonstrated with the use of 5‐FU after trabeculectomy in primary open‐angle glaucoma. Our study may provide data on the appropriate dosage and indications for the use of this drug after glaucoma surgery.
Electrondense cell inclusions of the human cone inner segments
Authors: Ringvold Amund , Davanger Martin
Published: May 2009

Abstract Electrondense cell inclusions resembling lysosomes are described in macular human cone inner segments. The organelles were regularly localized just outside the external limiting membrane, and only one or very few of them were present in each cell. For the first time it is shown that these organelles drain their content into the intercellular space between the photoreceptors.
High‐pass resolution perimetry in uncomplicated myopia
Authors: Martin‐Boglind Lene
Published: May 2009

Abstract Fifteen subjects (28 eyes) with uncomplicated myopia (3–9 D) were examined using high‐pass resolution and Goldmann perimetry. In the central 30 degree field a slight increase was observed in mean resolution threshold significantly correlated to the degree of myopia. In the Goldmann visual fields threshold increase was observed in the area around the blind spot in eight subjects (10 eyes). In the resolution fields only one subject (one eye) showed a corresponding abnormality.
A model for testing the mutagenicity of excimer laser radiation in ophthalmology
Authors: Förster W. , Scheid W. , Weber J. , Traut H.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Because excimer laser radiation is applied more and more in therapeutic and refractive corneal surgery, the possibility of mutagenic side effects of this treatment should be considered. A mutagenicity model is presented approximating closely the ophthalmological conditions when mutagenic effects are studied: Heparinized human blood is filled into the anterior chamber of an enucleated cow eye. After irradiation of the cornea with the excimer laser, the blood is removed and whole blood cultures are set up. Lymphocytes are stimulated, fixed during metaphase, and scored for chromatid and chromosome aberrations. First results obtained with this model after 248 nm laser irradiation (500 J, 277 mJ/cm2, 10 or 20 Hz) revealed no mutagenic effects. However, when the blood was exposed under the same physical conditions in a quartz chamber (positive control), statistically highly significant increases of the yields of chromatid aberrations were observed.
Ocular irritation leads to the appearance of proteolytic activity in the aqueous humor
Authors: Tervo Timo , van Setten Gysbert‐Botho , Joutsimo Laila , Tarkkanen Ahti , Tervo Kaarina
Published: May 2009

Abstract Aqueous humor (AH) collected from healthy eyes of man and rabbit was analysed for proteolytic activity using a casein‐agar assay. Normal AH collected during surgery or rabbit AH aspirated before ocular irritation contained no caseinolytic activity. In rabbits, mechanical irritation of the iris and subconjunctival as well as intra‐cameral injection of capsaicin led to ocular irritative response. AH samples collected after such manipulation contained a considerable caseinolytic activity. On the other hand, anterior chamber puncture alone did not seem to induce elevation of caseinolytic activity in AH. The clinical significance of this phenomenon and the mechanisms behind it are discussed.
Epikeratophakia for high myopia
Authors: Hjortdal Jesper Ø. , Ehlers Niels
Published: May 2009

Abstract A cryo‐technique for production of corneal epi‐lenses has been developed. During the manufacturing procedure the anterior surface of the tissue is moulded and the posterior surface cut with a microtome. After cutting, the epi‐lenses are stored for days to weeks in an organ culture medium. Twelve eyes in 10 patients have been treated with epikeratophakia for high myopia (>–7D). In all eyes, epithelialization was complete within one week, and at follow‐up 3–18 months after the operation all epi‐lenses were clear. The average refractive change in spherical equivalents was 9.7 ± 4.4 D. All eyes obtained better uncorrected visual acuity, and no eyes lost more than one line of the best corrected visual acuity. At the time of follow‐up, the patients' native cornea had regained normal hydration, whereas the epi‐lenses did not thin as much as expected.
Correlations in series of perimetric performance values
Authors: Krakau C. E. T.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The correlation function for consecutive performance (P) values in a material of simple glaucoma is studied. The outcome of perimetry sessions recorded with about 2 min intervals are significantly correlated, whereas those obtained 2 h apart or more are not so. Partial correlations of the right and left P values as well as IOP and P value are estimated and discussed in connection with a statistical model for the sensitivity fluctuations. A slow trend, a random error component and an irregular undulation of sensitivity are discerned. The cause of the fluctuations as well as procedures for reducing the dispersion of performance values are discussed.
Transcleral contact krypton‐laser photocoagulation of the retina in rabbits
Authors: Suomalainen V.‐P. , Viherkoski E. , Immonen I.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Transcleral contact retinal krypton laser photocoagulation of the retina was studied in rabbit eyes. The laser application was performed under indirect ophthalmoscope visual control with indentation of the sclera by the laser probe. Retinal lesions were produced with powers ranging from 0.2 to 0.3 W and application times between 1 and 2 sec. The lesions were studied histologically 2, 5, 10, 12, 20, 30 and 70 days after treatment. Histopathological examination of the lesions showed damage of mainly the outer retinal layers in light lesions, and to all layers of the retina in the more intense lesions. No scleral damage was observed in the light lesions, whereas transient oedema of the inner sclera was seen in the intense lesions. Studies with enucleated rabbit eyes showed that indentation of the sclera by the laser probe substantially decreased the power needed to produce a retinal lesion. It is concluded, that when used with scleral indentation, transscleral krypton laser photocoagulation of the retina can be performed with minimal damage to the sclera.
The frequency distribution of the glaucoma tolerance limit
Authors: Davanger Martin , Ringvold Amund , Blika Sigmund
Published: May 2009

Abstract The probability of having glaucoma may be expressed by the quotient p = (number of eyes with glaucomatous damage)/(total number of eyes). p has been calculated for different IOP levels, within a total population and also within groups with and without pseudo‐exfoliation (PE). The resulting quotients were plotted versus IOP. Random irregularities were reduced by regression analysis, using the equation for the logistic distribution. The resulting sigmoid curves demonstrated that the probability p of having glaucomatous damage at a certain IOP is highest in the PE group. In the total material, the glaucoma probability p was 0.5 at IOP = 27.1 mmHg, and at IOP = 25.3 and 28.0 mmHg in the groups with and without PE, respectively. The frequency distributions of the glaucoma tolerance limit have been computed from the glaucoma probability curves.
Conjunctival hyperaemia in non‐contact lens wearers
Authors: McMonnies Charles W. , Ho Arthur
Published: May 2009

Abstract Conjunctival hyperaemia was assessed in non‐contact lens wearers using a photographic reference scale. The study was carried out on a sample of 252 females and 227 males within the age range of 1 to 89 years. The results show increasing levels of hyperaemia with age and higher levels of hyperaemia in males than in females. The differences in hyperaemia level for age and sex, however, were small and were insignificant clinically.
Immunocytochemical localization of carbonic anhydrase, NaK‐ATPase and the bicarbonate chloride exchanger in the anterior segment of the human eye
Authors: Holthöfer H. , Siegel G. J. , Tarkkanen A. , Tervo T.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. We examined immunohistochemically the localization of three transport enzymes (carbonic anhydrase, Ca‐II; sodium‐potassium‐activated adenosine triphosphatase, NaK‐ATPase; bicarbonate‐chloride exchanger, band III) in the anterior segment of the human eye. In accord with earlier studies, NaK‐ATPase was primarily found in the corneal endothelium, but also in the corneal basal epithelial cell membranes. In addition, immunoreactivity for NaK‐ATPase was observed in the non‐pigmented epithelium of the ciliary processes and between the two epithelial cell layers. Ca‐II immunoreactivity was found in the corneal endothelium as well as in the non‐pigmented epithelial layer of the ciliary processes. Interestingly, band III immunoreactivity was found in the corneal endothelium, as similar to Ca‐II, but not in the ciliary processes. These results show that, similar to many other tissues, Ca‐II and band III immunoreactivities colocalize in the same cytologic site in the human corneal endothelium. Immunocytochemical detection of these key transport enzymes not only gives their accurate and reliable anatomical distribution, but also provides information on the electrolyte transport at these sites.