bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Paradox of Black Citizenship
Authors: Smith Christen A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the politics of citizenship, blackness, and exclusion in Bahia, taking up the question of Afro-nationalism. It argues that black people confront visible and invisible human walls in their everyday attempts to access resources and dignity in the city, and these walls are often subtle, elusive, and guileful. The police and other residents tasked with maintaining security act as a border patrol that delineates the boundaries of the moral racial social order. Spatial practices of race performatively and theatrically press the black body to the margins of national belonging. Through these embodied practices, the state produces national frontiers of belonging along the cartographic lines of a racial hierarchy. The maintenance of racial democracy as a national ideology depends on the diffuse, mundane repetitions of violence in states, cities, and neighborhoods as well as the more spectacular moments of state terror that we associate with police violence.
Introducing Antonín Dvořák to African American Music
Authors: Snyder Jean E.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on how Harry T. Burleigh, during his study at the National Conservatory of Music, became Czech composer Antonín Dvořák's most direct link to the African American music traditions in which he was keenly interested. Burleigh's second year at the conservatory would be a momentous one not only for him but also for the conservatory and for American music when Dvořák was appointed director. By the end of the academic year, Dvořák would complete the composition of his most famous American work, Symphony No. 9 in E Minor, “From the New World.” Burleigh would be intimately involved in the process of its creation. Dvořák validated the artistic value of African Americans' folk music during his time at the conservatory.
“Composer by Divine Right”
Authors: Snyder Jean E.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines a selection of art songs that won Harry T. Burleigh renown through their performance by an impressive roster of American and European opera and recital singers, making him one of the most respected American art song composers of the first quarter of the twentieth century. Burleigh's best-known art songs were published by G. Ricordi Music Publishing Company for more than three and a half decades. The first five years of G. Ricordi's publications (1914–1919) represent the majority of the strongest, most memorable, and most enduring of his art song oeuvre. In addition to a dozen or so art songs, more sacred songs appeared in the 1920s, especially from 1924. There were several songs written for historically black colleges such as Talladega College, several novelty songs, and a number of arrangements of folksongs and operatic choruses for choral ensembles. Two songs are especially notable: “Lovely Dark and Lonely One” (1935) and “In Christ There Is No East or West” (1940).
Burleigh Spirituals and the Harlem Renaissance
Authors: Snyder Jean E.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the controversy between Harry T. Burleigh and his colleagues and critics over the issue of spirituals during the Harlem Renaissance. Although Burleigh was still regarded as the pioneer and by most as the master arranger of spirituals during the mid-1920s, there were dissenting voices. Henry Krehbiel, for example, warned against oversophistication of African American folk music “by standardizing its form, making it conform to the standard of music of European conception.” Carl Van Vechten also criticized Burleigh and his colleagues for relying on the Hampton and Fisk collections for most of their arrangements. This chapter considers how Burleigh came to be the target of criticism from some of the most outspoken of the younger Harlem or New Negro Renaissance voices, as well as his counterargument that the movement was chauvinist and separatist, or sacrificed what he felt were basic artistic standards. It also discusses Burleigh's belief that the vast repertoire of spirituals must be preserved in simpler versions accessible to untrained singers, as well as in art-style transformations for professional singers.
Conclusion
Authors: Jin Dal Yong
Published: May 2017

This chapter first summarizes the major characteristics of the New Korean Wave. It then considers whether we need to develop non-Western media theories to explain the rapid growth of local popular culture in the global markets or whether we have to apply and utilize current forms of these theories. It also discusses what we have to keep in mind in further studies on the Hallyu phenomenon in the midst of globalization, which will be a good case study for several other emerging local markets. It argues that producers in the Korean cultural industries need to develop the unique culture through the hybridization process. The Korean government and cultural industry corporations also play a key role in developing cultural policies and cultural products. By doing so, Korea will be able to make a compelling case for the growth of local popular culture and digital technologies in the global markets.
Normalizing the Marquis de Sade
Authors: Leck Ralph M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter recognizes Iwan Bloch as the first sexual theorist since Ulrichs to rebuke sexual degeneration as a viable scientific hypothesis. Bloch accomplished this deconstruction via the invention of a new subfield of sexual science: historical sexology. Bloch's deconstructive stencil traced a logical pattern: if the sexual fantasies of Marquis de Sade—history's greatest sexual degenerate— could be normalized, then the authority of degeneration as an explanatory science would be destroyed once and for all. Bloch attempted to break out of the analytical realm of mainstream sexual science and embark on a new science of sexual diversity. His complexities allow for the perception of interpretive tension not simply between sexual scientists but within the scholarship of individual sexologists as well.
The Origins of American Anticommunism, ca. 1860–1917
Authors: Fischer Nick
Published: May 2017

This chapter traces the origins of American anticommunism by focusing on the years between 1860 and 1917. It suggests that anticommunism was a response to the failure of US political institutions and traditions to resolve the fundamental challenges of the latter nineteenth century. Anticommunism became an effective and influential political doctrine and strategy woven into America's “countersubversive” tradition of politics, prosecuted by a blend of corporate, government, and social entities comprising powerful public-private or state-society partnerships. This chapter first provides an overview of capitalism and corruption in the Gilded Age before discussing how the combination of fear, resentment, and denial culminated in the birth and support of a doctrine that styled labor organization, industrial action, and unemployment relief as illegitimate and even subversive threats to American civilization. It also examines the political purposes of anticommunism, along with several incidents of national importance that associated political and industrial radicalism with labor organization, immigration, and communism. Finally, it describes organized labor at the close of the Gilded Age.
Jacob Spolansky
Authors: Fischer Nick
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the rise of Jacob Spolansky as part of a class of professional spies fostered by the growth of anticommunism during the First World War and the Red Scare. Spolansky was a migrant from Ukraine who arrived in the United States around 1910 and was recruited into the US Army's Military Intelligence Division as well as the Bureau of Investigation. During a thirty-year career, Spolansky rotated in and out of government and corporate service and spied on and infiltrated radical and labor organizations. He used legislative committees, business associations, and media outlets to engender support for harsh measures to deal with political and industrial radicals. His career highlights included coordinating the Palmer Raids in Chicago, arresting several Communist Party leaders in Michigan in 1922, and formulating Michigan's 1931 “Spolansky Act.” This chapter first considers Spolansky's early life and how he became a spy active both in law enforcement and political and industrial counterespionage before discussing his career highlights, his later years, and his legacy as a professional spy and anticommunist.
Antidemocracy and Authoritarianism
Authors: Fischer Nick
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines antidemocracy and paranoid authoritarianism as part of the Anticommunist Spider Web. It shows how anticommunist conspiracy theory, anticommunist propaganda, and the actions of many anticommunists encouraged the destruction of democracy and its replacement by a system of government by kinship group or tribe. It argues that the propaganda issued by the Spider Web, stressing the inherent disloyalty and degeneracy of huge sections of the community, inevitably pointed toward the restriction of American citizenship to those who truly deserved it. Anticommunism sought to restrict the franchise to people of the same ethnic background and religious and political beliefs. So even though anticommunist rhetoric emphasized the virtues of republican government and the universal basis of citizenship, it ultimately sought to legitimize an antidemocratic and even authoritarian society.
Against Citizenship
Authors: Brandzel Amy L.
Published: May 2017

Numerous activists and scholars have appealed for rights, inclusion, and justice in the name of “citizenship.” This book shows that there is nothing redeemable about citizenship, nothing worth salvaging or sustaining in the name of “community” practice, or belonging. According to the book, citizenship is a violent dehumanizing mechanism that makes the comparative devaluing of human lives seem commonsensical, logical, and even necessary. The book argues that whenever we work on behalf of citizenship, whenever we work toward including more types of peoples under its reign, we inevitably reify the violence of citizenship against non-normative others. The book's focus on three legal case studies—same-sex marriage law, hate crime legislation, and Native Hawaiian sovereignty and racialization—exposes how citizenship confounds and obscures the mutual processes of settler colonialism, racism, sexism, and heterosexism. In this way, the book argues that citizenship requires anti-intersectionality, that is, strategies that deny the mutuality and contingency of race, class, gender, sexuality, and nation—and how, oftentimes, progressive left activists and scholars follow suit.
The Specters of Citizenship
Authors: Brandzel Amy L.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the violent maintenance of citizenship through the police state, and the uses of hate crime legislation to both name and disallow any recognition of this violence. The intervention into how we understand citizenship to be violently organized functions at two interconnected levels, that is, at the structural level of state violence, and at the social level of identity categories. At the level of the state, hate crime legislation offers us important information on how the violence of citizenship is managed, controlled, and directed. At the structural level of the state, the chapter adds to left critiques of hate crime legislation by unpacking how these laws are used to create a dangerous discontinuum, in which hate crimes are marked as individualized errors, while police brutality is systemically assuaged. By examining the machinations of hate crime legislation at these two levels, it is argued that hate crime legislation works, simultaneously, to recognize and deny: (1) the violence of citizenship; and (2) the fear that the oppressed will seek revenge and retaliate for this experience by using violence themselves.
Spending the Queen’s Shilling
Authors: Dominy Graham
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the economic influence of the Natal garrison and its costs to the taxpayer in times of both peace and war. In particular, it analyzes the influence of the British Army's prolonged presence on the local economy from five angles: the imperial government's financial expenditure on the garrison; the question of supplies; the degree of economic security provided by the presence of the garrison; its impact on the livestock market and on transport; and the exploitation of African labor, particularly during times of war. The chapter also considers the two major strands in the colonial economy that produced competing political interests: the commercial and the agricultural sectors.
Introduction
Authors: Meyer Stephen
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter briefly examines the roots and evolution of working-class manhood. It shows how working-class masculine identity had many roots. The relations of social class, gender, race, and ethnicity influenced and shaped male attitudes, values, and behaviors. Most important, boys becoming men, young men, and adult men fashioned and refashioned their manliness in a variety of all-male settings—such as the workplace. The workplace was central to the forming, nurturing, widening, and deepening of this masculine culture. Generally, this working-class masculine culture has surfaced in two distinct forms—a respectable culture and a rough one. Though analytically quite discrete, these two contradictory forms might result from either personal disposition or social position. Yet they sometimes coexisted with, overlapped with, or blended into each other.
The Street Is My Pulpit
Authors: Ntarangwi Mwenda
Published: May 2017

To some, Christianity and hip hop seem antithetical. Not so in Kenya. There, the music of Julius Owino, AKA Juliani, blends faith and beats into a potent hip hop gospel aimed at a youth culture hungry for answers spiritual, material, and otherwise. This book explores the Kenyan hip hop scene through the lens of Juliani's life and career. A born-again Christian, Juliani produces work highlighting the tensions between hip hop's forceful self-expression and a pious approach to public life, even while contesting the basic presumptions of both. This book forges an uncommon collaboration with its subject that offers insights into Juliani's art and goals even as the book explores the author's own religious experience and subjective identity as an ethnographer. What emerges is an original contribution to the scholarship on hip hop's global impact and a passionate study of the music's role in shaping new ways of being Christian in Africa.
Kama Si Sisi Nani?
Authors: Ntarangwi Mwenda
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Juliani's philosophy and program, both of which aim at improving youth lives as generated by youth themselves, especially his Kama Si Sisi Program expressed through his Mtaa Challenge project. Kama Si Sisi is a self-described “one of a kind attitude change campaign” for youth and community empowerment. The Mtaa Challenge is indicative of the campaign's philosophy. It involves a group of young people from different residential areas in Nairobi coming together, working with trainers and coaches to brainstorm ideas, surveying their neighborhoods, and identifying possible projects to undertake. These project ideas are arrived at through a process involving communal discussions and prioritization. To make them more meaningful, the projects are organized as competitions with the best three projects awarded 100,000, 75,000, and 50,000 Kenyan shillings for first-, second-, and third-place winners, respectively.
Epilogue
Authors: Wierzbicki James
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter urges readers to reflect on how American music from the Fifties is received today. Historians have described America's postwar years in various monikers: the age of doubt, the age of abundance, the proud decade, and the decade of fear. According to a 1972 article in Newsweek magazine, they were “The Fabulous Fifties,” a simple decade when “hip was hep and good was boss.” In America, the long decade of the Fifties was all of that. Even as it transpired, astute observers of human behavior noted the period's seemingly opposite trends. It can be argued that it is precisely these paradoxes—the national pride in America's wartime triumph versus a collective doubt about the nation's future directions—that gives the Fifties its special frisson.
“I Hate Parading My Serenading”
Authors: Davis Eric
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyzes Porter's performing style by drawing on published reports and eyewitness accounts of his abilities. It compares aspects of his performances with those of some of his favorite singers in order to identify shared stylistic elements, as well as ways in which his interpretations were unique. Though it will be impossible to appreciate the full measure of Porter's art from the scant historical evidence that documented his performing, we certainly have more to work with than is the case with Irving Berlin, Jerome Kern, Vincent Youmans, and Richard Rodgers. The recordings not only make it possible to reconcile Porter's reputation as a performer with the evidence he left behind but also give us a rare opportunity to gain some insight into the interpretive qualities Porter was accustomed to and was able to bring out in the performance of his music.
Introduction
Authors: Greenland Thomas H.
Published: May 2017

This book challenges the convenient distinction between jazz musicians and audiences by calling attention to the collaborative interactions of performers with the other “nonperforming” participants. It provides a realistic representation of jazz in New York City by taking a somewhat paradoxical and ironic approach: it examines small, specialized jazz scenes to suggest broad-based patterns of jazz participation while also deemphasizing what is happening on stage in favor of the offstage listeners—in other words, the unseen scene. This introduction provides an overview of research on the themes addressed in the book; the symbiosis and synergism that characterize New York City's jazz scene, particularly the avant-jazz scene; and the ideological debate between essentialist and universalist positions—the former emphasizing African American cultural values and the latter emphasizing multiculturalism, individual merit, and colorblindness. The book's main argument is that jazz's deeper meanings and expressions are conveyed when both artists and audiences participate in collective improvisation.
Radical Aesthetics and Modern Black Nationalism
Authors: Avilez GerShun
Published: May 2017

This book explores the long-overlooked links between Black Nationalist activism and the renaissance of artistic experimentation emerging from recent African American literature, visual art, and film. The book charts a new genealogy of contemporary African American artistic production that illuminates how questions of gender and sexuality guided artistic experimentation in the Black Arts Movement from the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s. As the book shows, the artistic production of the Black Arts era provides a set of critical methodologies and paradigms rooted in the disidentification with Black Nationalist discourses. The book studies how this emerging subjectivity, termed aesthetic radicalism, critiqued nationalist rhetoric in the past. It also continues to offer novel means for expressing black intimacy and embodiment via experimental works of art and innovative artistic methods. A bold addition to an advancing field, this book rewrites recent black cultural production even as it uncovers unexpected ways of locating black radicalism.
The Suspicion of Kinship
Authors: Avilez GerShun
Published: May 2017

This chapter clarifies how the impulse to close ranks raised concerns about the prioritizing of the collective over the individual. Black collectivity is expressed as kinship in the nationalist imagination, so there is an overriding anxiety about metaphors of family, which assume an intimacy or affiliation that might not be present. The chapter then examines texts informed by nationalism that challenge this investment in kinship. These include John A. Williams's Black Arts historical novel The Man Who Cried I Am (1967), Alice Walker's debut novel The Third Life of Grange Copeland (1970), and Gloria Naylor's fictionalized memoir 1996 (2005). Williams, Walker, and Naylor all acknowledge the need for closing ranks efforts within oppressive environments, but their disjointed narratives gesture toward alternative terms of unity.
The Demands on Reproduction
Authors: Avilez GerShun
Published: May 2017

This chapter tracks how artists investigate the discourse of reproduction not simply to explore dual meanings, but rather to consider how the politicized concept of reproduction functions as a contested means for conveying gender identity. In her painted quilt sequence The Slave Rape Series, Faith Ringgold uses reproduction to establish a visual interrogation of Black gender identity and to probe the implications of the commitment to reproductive paradigms. Her paintings of the pregnant body create the opportunity to recast the images circulating in political discourse, which favor restrictive conceptions of gender expression, especially in regard to femininity. On the other hand, Toni Morrison's novel Paradise (1997) moves the questioning of reproduction to the realm of narrative and enhances the exploration of masculinity. Meanwhile, Spike Lee's feature film She Hate Me (2004) evokes nationalist strategies by offering an exploration of reproduction as a viable mechanism for resolving social anxieties about gender identity and for rearticulating Black social agency.
Making the News Popular
Authors: Nadler Anthony M.
Published: May 2017

The professional judgment of gatekeepers defined the American news agenda for decades. This book examines how subsequent events brought on a post-professional period that opened the door for imagining that consumer preferences should drive news production—and unleashed both crisis and opportunity on journalistic institutions. The book charts a paradigm shift, from market research's reach into the editorial suite in the 1970s through contemporary experiments in collaborative filtering and social news sites like Reddit and Digg. As the book shows, the transition was and is a rocky one. It also goes back much further than many experts suppose. Idealized visions of demand-driven news face obstacles with each iteration. Furthermore, the post-professional philosophy fails to recognize how organizations mobilize interest in news and public life. The book argues that this civic function of news organizations has been neglected in debates on the future of journalism. Only with a critical grasp of news outlets' role in stirring broad interest in democratic life, the book suggests, might journalism's digital crisis push us toward building a more robust and democratic news media.
Popularizing News 2.0
Authors: Nadler Anthony M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines attempts to popularize and democratize news online through collaborative filtering. Collaborative filtering offers a means to replace the role of professional editors in setting the news agenda and deciding which stories deserve the most prominence. Instead of professional editors, collaborative filtering relies on algorithms to sort, rank, and prioritize the news based on the activity of large groups of web users. Various news sites have added some aspect of collaborative filtering, but the chapter focuses on social news sites (Reddit, Newsvine, and Slashdot) because they allow their users to make conscious voting choices about which stories should be most prominent. These sites epitomize the defining characteristics of the social Web and apply them to news.
Beyond the Phantom Public
Authors: Nadler Anthony M.
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter discusses the intellectual resources of critical media studies and applies them to debates about the future of news. The changes taking place in news media concern not only content but the very modes through which people engage the media in everyday life, as well as the ways media connect individuals to larger communities. Although interactive media is not inherently destined to level hierarchies of power, it is certainly possible that societal appropriations of new media technologies could mean a reworking of the infrastructure that regulates which ideas and visions circulate from point to point in the media system. The issue lies in how crucial decisions at this critical juncture will be made and what course they will set for the years to come.
John Lasseter and the Rise of Pixar Style
Authors: Neupert Richard
Published: May 2017

This chapter chronicles the rise of John Lasseter's career and the groundbreaking animated films he directed, revealing ways he and his colleagues at Pixar changed the direction of commercial animation forever. Lasseter is the much-celebrated chief creative officer for Pixar Animation Studios, Walt Disney Animation Studios, and Disneytoon Studios. He is also one of the best known and most successful animators in the world. He has contributed to the revival of character animation and helped propel a return to feature-length animation in Hollywood and beyond. Moreover, Lasseter may have done more to foster thinking, embodied computer-generated characters than anyone else. The chapter details the creation of films such as Toy Story (1995), A Bug's Life (1998), and Cars (2006).
Introduction
Authors: Speiser Peter
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter provides a review of the political and social impact of the British attempt to transform the British Army of the Rhine (BAOR) from an occupation force of the defeated Nazi Germany to an alliance partner of the Federal Republic of Germany. The study begins in 1948, when it became increasingly evident that the western zones of Germany would merge into a semi-sovereign state; it ends in 1957, when the generally good political, economic, and cultural cooperation that had been established between Britain and Germany in the postwar decade began to deteriorate. The study seeks to establish the extent to which the BAOR provided an effective tool for the improvement of Anglo-German relations in a crucial period of the Cold War.
The Soldiers, the Airmen, and the Germans
Authors: Speiser Peter
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyzes the BAOR's own attempts to adapt to the changing nature of Anglo-German relations between 1948 and 1957. This involves constraints caused by the organizational structure of the British armed services in Germany, the impact of service accommodation on levels of contacts, official attempts by military units to improve relations in local towns, and the experiences of individual officers and ranks. Secondary source material on the official relationship between the British army and the Germans is limited and so far covers only the period immediately following the German surrender in May 1945. Nonetheless, most of the recollections of servicemen in Germany during the 1940s and 1950s tend to focus on army life rather than on the contacts made with the local German population.
Political Economic Transformation of Media in the 1990s
Authors: Yesil Bilge
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the post-1980 transformation of the media system in Turkey under converging developments such as the military coup, the neoliberal restructuring of the economy, the flow of transnational capital and culture into the country, the increasing investment in telecommunications, and the commercialization of broadcasting. In doing so, it also maps the connections between Turkish and other national contexts with regard to marketization and democratization. Turkey's media system came to be defined by the articulation of economic liberalization with weak democratic consolidation and patrimonial institutions. In this regard, it resonates with its counterparts in the Middle East and Southeast Asia, where late twentieth-century media commercialization took place against the background of a certain political economic order with persistent state interference and weak democratic institutions.
Epilogue
Authors: Yesil Bilge
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes events surrounding Turkey's general elections in 2015. The outcome of June 7 elections was a huge disappointment for Erdogan. For the first time since 2002, the AKP failed to secure a parliamentary majority. It still garnered 40 percent of the votes, but with the entry of the HDP into the Parliament (also a historic first for a pro-Kurdish party), it no longer had the outright majority to change the constitution and pave the way to Erdogan's super-presidency. In August, Erdogan announced that talks to form a coalition government had failed, and he called snap elections. On November 1, 2015, Turkey held its second general elections in five months. The AKP won the parliamentary majority it had desperately sought, and it formed a new government. Emboldened by its win, it quickly moved to have two prominent journalists, Can Dundar and Erdem Gul arrested on charges of “aiding and abetting a terrorist organization, revealing state secrets, and spying.”
Mister Pulitzer and the Spider
Authors: Barnhurst Kevin G.
Published: May 2017

A spidery network of mobile online media has supposedly changed people, places, time, and their meanings. A prime case is the news. Digital webs seem to have trapped “legacy media,” killing off newspapers and journalists' jobs. Did news businesses and careers fall prey to the digital “Spider”? To solve the mystery, the author spent thirty years studying news going back to the realism of the 1800s. The usual suspects—technology, business competition, and the pursuit of scoops—are only partly to blame for the fate of news. The main culprit is modernism from the “Mister Pulitzer” era, which transformed news into an ideology called “journalism.” News is no longer what audiences or experts imagine. Stories have grown much longer over the past century and now include fewer events, locations, and human beings. Background and context rule instead. News producers adopted modernism to explain the world without recognizing how modernist ideas influence the knowledge they produce. When webs of networked connectivity sparked a resurgence in realist stories, legacy news stuck to big-picture analysis that can alienate audience members accustomed to digital briefs. This book tells the history of an American idea: that modern knowledge can be commanding and democratic at the same time.
Local Lost Ground to Distant News
Authors: Barnhurst Kevin G.
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers the claim that that news from outside the United States has been declining. For over a century, prominent figures have been describing the citizenry as ill informed, especially about geography, and not merely inattentive but lazy or too stubborn to change. Former Sunday New York Times Editor Lester Markel, after a year of studying what he called the global challenge to the United States in the mid 1970s, concluded that “the public has scant information” and “makes little effort to understand.” After leading panel discussions with press, academic, and government experts and conducting interviews and surveys, he reported that prominent figures ranging from pollster George Gallup to Times editor C. L. Sulzberger were in consensus: people knew little about distant places. Not much has changed in the ensuing years. And as online access to information grew, the Columbia Journalism Review noted that “the American public is no better informed.”
Newscasters Appeared Closer
Authors: Barnhurst Kevin G.
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyzes the impact of location in network evening newscasts. The background surrounding newscasters is one indicator of location. Correspondents appear close to the action by going on location, where they stand before the scene itself. Or they can appear surrounded by the technology needed for direct transmission. Sitting in front of a simple backdrop or a typical TV studio set with a desk and chairs produces the impression of distance from events. Studio shots position the anchor at a vantage point for observing events dispassionately. The placement of the camera can also produce an impression of viewing newscasters up close or from a distance. Two main changes in the visual vocabulary of location were observed. Through a quarter century beginning in the 1960s, cameras moved in much closer on the faces of newscasters, conveying visually a sense of their proximity to the audience. Close-ups helped collapse the distance between the viewer and especially anchors. The other change involved the backgrounds. In the 1960s network news style amounted to a series of moderate shots of talking heads on a bland set. By the 1990s reporters began to appear on location more often than on any other backdrop.
Music from Heaven
Authors: Cron Matthew
Published: May 2017

This chapter provides an eighteenth-century context for Johann Sebastian Bach’s cantatas with obbligato organ by showing how their various components engage in a larger discourse about the German Baroque organ: namely, its intimation of Heaven. There are almost 200 surviving church cantatas by Bach, eighteen of which contain movements where the organist transitions from a continuo player to a concertist. Modern scholarship has considered such compositions primarily from two perspectives: a historiographical perspective, which places them in the larger context of the history of the keyboard concerto; and a compositional perspective, which considers them as examples of the arrangement and reworking of previous musical material. This chapters examines how a particular yet widespread way of thinking about the organ gave rise to a fruitful context for the obbligato organ cantata in the early eighteenth century by analyzing Bach’s works from the perspective of an original listener—that is, as a member of the congregation. It argues that Bach’s libretto guided his instrumentation and that he often took advantage of the longstanding identification of the organ with Heaven.
Epilogue
Authors: Pieper Lindsay Parks
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the return of sex and gender testing in international sport. The International Association of Athletics Federation and International Olympic Committee (IOC) sponsored six workshops to discuss the various techniques that could uphold sex/gender segregation in elite sport. The most influential meeting occurred in January 2010, immediately following the Second World Conference on the Hormonal and Genetic Basis of Sexual Differentiation Disorders. In a two-day closed-door gathering, the IOC invited fifteen scientists, medical experts, and sport physicians—many with previous gender verification experience—to “draw up guidelines for dealing with ‘ambiguous’ gender cases.” The group's conclusions laid the foundation for the IOC's final 2011 policy, the “IOC Regulations on Female Hyperandrogenism.”
The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Olympic Games
Authors: Rider Toby C.
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers the politics of the Olympic Games. The international sporting system, within which the Olympics reside, had emerged in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries as a force of peace and goodwill. It also grew in strength and global popularity because it was built to accommodate national rivalries. That the Olympics quickly emerged as a powerful medium to promote the state and political ideology naturally lent the festival to the propaganda battles of the Cold War. Here was a stage where deeds could be trumpeted and manipulated for psychological significance. Without a doubt, the games provided a global arena for athletes from the east and west to compete head to head in a symbolic war.
A New Olympic Challenge
Authors: Rider Toby C.
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the range of tactics used by the U.S. government in securing a favorable climate of opinion on the U.S. participation in the Olympics and discrediting the performance of the Soviet Union in the case of either victory or defeat. While it was easier to defend the U.S. sporting culture when U.S. athletes were winning athletic events around the world and dominating at the Olympics, the evolving nature of Soviet foreign policy in the aftermath of Stalin's death put pressure on the U.S. psychological warfare apparatus in the Olympic propaganda war. Thus, psychological warfare experts became even more involved in the activities of U.S. sports organizations, and began to press the boundaries of the state–private relationship.
Operation Rome
Authors: Rider Toby C.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the U.S. propaganda actions in Operation Rome. In the years following the Melbourne Olympics, the United States would cope with technological and cultural defeat at the hands of the Soviets, even as the U.S. psychological warfare apparatus would once again direct their propaganda efforts at the next Olympic Games. Rome in particular was the venue for the 1960 summer Olympics, and it would offer covert operators with another platform to destabilize and unhinge the regimes in the Soviet bloc. Adhering to the U.S. government's new direction in policy, the Free Europe Committee (FEC) sought to increase “contacts” between exiles and the people of Eastern Europe by targeting the Rome Olympic Games with a multifaceted plan that exploited the propaganda potential of the hosting city and the tourists who visited it.
Conclusion
Authors: Rider Toby C.
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter considers the scope of the U.S. Cold War propaganda efforts during the late 1950s. In many ways, the 1950s had set the stage for the remainder of the Cold War. The superpower sporting rivalry continued to elevate the political significance of athletic exchanges, track meets, and a range of other competitions and interactions between sportsmen and sportswomen from the East and the West. For the U.S. public, the Olympics were still the source of much debate as each festival arrived on its quadrennial orbit. Victory or defeat at the Olympics clearly remained important to the public and to the White House. Declassified documents also suggest that in the post-Eisenhower years the government was still deploying the Olympics in the service of psychological warfare.
Slapstick Modernism
Authors: Solomon William
Published: May 2017

Slapstick comedy landed like a pie in the face of twentieth-century culture. Pratfalls and nyuk-nyuks percolated alongside literary modernism throughout the 1920s and 1930s before slapstick found explosive expression in postwar literature, experimental film, and popular music. This book charts the origins and evolution of what it calls “slapstick modernism”—a merging of artistic experimentation with the socially disruptive lunacy made by the likes of Charlie Chaplin. Romping through texts, films, and theory, the book embarks on a harum-scarum intellectual odyssey from high modernism to the late modernism of the Beats and Burroughs before a head-on crash into the raw power of punk rock. Throughout, the book shows the links between the experimental writers and silent screen performers of the early century, and explores the potent cultural undertaking that drew inspiration from anarchical comedy after World War II.
Becoming-Child
Authors: Solomon William
Published: May 2017

This chapter takes the concept of “becoming-child” from Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari's study of Franz Kafka in order to account for the peculiarity of Harry Langdon's screen persona. The bizarrely babyish acting style of Langdon offers a valuable point of access to one of the fundamental traits of silent screen comedy as a whole: its sustained appeal to immature behaviors and correlative rejection of adult standards of behaviors, as well as the normative sexual roles these tend to enforce. What emerges here is one of the strongest links between slapstick film and the counterculture generation's affirmation of youthful irreverence as an oppositional stance.
Making Sense of Savagery
Authors: Coward John M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at Indian cartoons in the Daily Graphic, a New York paper that became the nation's first illustrated daily paper. It compares cartoon Indians before and after the Battle of the Little Bighorn, the fight that captured the public's imagination and quickly became the most famous battle between plains Indians and the U.S. Army. Like much of the press, the Graphic demonized the Sioux in the weeks following the battle, though it soon moderated its tone and published more tempered Indian images. Its editorials identified some good Indians, even among the hostile Sioux, and its anti-Indian cartoons disappeared. The paper's news illustrations reinforced this moderate tone, depicting Indians in more neutral terms.
Conclusion
Authors: Fields Sarah K.
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter considers the interconnectedness of the six lawsuits and how these paragons of sport attempted to protect their images and their identities. The legal cases presented in this book are essentially about identity, control, and money. Each of the sporting celebrities highlighted in the preceding chapters wanted to control his identity, image, and reputation; when he lost control of those basic parts of humanity, he turned, with varying degrees of success, to the court system. The struggle to determine who the world sees you as and who profits from you continues. The six legal cases are links in the ongoing evolution of the laws of reputation; they are the story of how celebrities struggle to control how they are viewed; and they provide a window into how the law protects our right of expression as a nation in the context of or in balance with our rights of reputation as individuals.
Table Talk
Authors: Flammang Janet A.
Published: May 2017

Etiquette books insist that we never discuss politics during a meal. This book offers a polite rebuttal, presenting vivid firsthand accounts of people's lives at the table to show how mealtimes can teach us the conversational give-and-take foundational to democracy. Delving into the ground rules about listening, sharing, and respect that we obey when we break bread, the book shows how conversations and table activities represent occasions for developing our civil selves. If there are cultural differences over practices—who should speak, what behavior is acceptable, what topics are off limits, how to resolve conflict—our exposure to the making, enforcement, and breaking of these rules offers a daily dose of political awareness and growth. Political table talk provides a forum to practice the conversational skills upon which civil society depends. It also ignites the feelings of respect, trust, and empathy that undergird the idea of a common good that is fundamental to the democratic process.
Setting the Table
Authors: Flammang Janet A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers how academic table studies can be combined with people's table stories. It begins with a discussion of “table reservations” and some words of caution about how to interpret what goes on at family meals. It then explores the difficulties and limitations of table studies and proceeds by describing family table talk as language socialization and as hard work. It also cites the in-depth studies of Marjorie DeVault and Shoshana Blum-Kulka that focus on conversation work and dynamics in sixty-four households during the 1980s, providing many useful concepts for understanding civility at the table. Finally, it examines what we know about table conversations and mealtimes for overworked Americans and takes a close look at common tables, stories, and food.
Tables at Home
Authors: Flammang Janet A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers table talk at home in order to understand the significance of conversations in the domestic sphere for civility and democracy. It discusses the complicated relations of domesticity and family, with domination and control, on the one hand, and care and connection, on the other. More specifically, it examines kichen talk, family meals, bridging generations, kids cooking, table manners, talking about one's day, training tables, dinner parties, personal expression, and transition tables. It describes domesticity as a domain of contradictions: inegalitarianism and egalitarianism, hierarchy and democracy, domination and care, gender inequality and gender transformation. It also explores the implications of domesticity for children of blended families and shows that domestic tables are places where we learn rules about sharing, participating, and speaking. Finally, it explains how inclusion in domestic table conversation fosters self-esteem, resiliency, and a sense of belonging to something larger than oneself.
Organizing the Sexual Division of Labor
Authors: Milkman Ruth
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the effects of union organization on women workers and sexual division of labor, focusing on the 1930s and 1940s along with earlier developments in U.S. women's labor history. It draws on feminist scholarship that argued that labor unions' efforts to exclude women from membership had helped to consolidate patterns of job segregation by gender in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. After reviewing theories of occupational segregation by sex, especially with regards to the role of unions in the formation of labor-market boundaries between “women's work” and “men's work,” the chapter discusses the ways that the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations (initially called Committe for Industrial Organization) contributed to the sexual division of labor. It argues that industrial unions had the opportunity to challenge job segregation by sex during the 1930s and 1940s, but instead helped consolidate it. In both periods, the labor movement showed litte interest in recruiting women into its ranks.
The Global Games and the Intransigent Dictator
Authors: Llewellyn Matthew P. , Gleaves John
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the decline amateurism during the Cold War era. The Cold War realpolitik, rising global commerce, interorganizational friction, and the advent of television converged to deliver debilitating blows to the amateur ideal. Still, International Olympic Committee (IOC) president Avery Brundage had the opportunity to position Olympic amateurism on a more favorable and defensible footing. By lifting the hermetic seals to the IOC's financial coffers, undertaking professional and jurisdictional restructuring, and adopting an uncompromising stance toward known violators, he might have given amateurism a greater chance of survival. However, Brundage's lack of administrative foresight inadvertently pushed amateurism further down the path toward dissolution and decline.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Energy and Environment Research, Vol. 6, No. 2
Authors: Luo Lesley
Published: May 2017

Reviewer Acknowledgements for Energy and Environment Research, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2016
Understanding Land Use, Land Cover and Woodland-Based Ecosystem Services Change, Mabalane, Mozambique
Authors: Mahamane Mansour , Zorrilla-Miras Pedro , Verweij Peter , Ryan Casey , Patenaude Genevieve , Grundy Isla , Nhantumbo Isilda , Metzger Marc J , Ribeiro Natasha , Baumert Sophia , Vollmer Frank
Published: May 2017

Charcoal production constitutes a key ecosystem service in Mozambique, with an estimated market value of US$400 million a year. Due to the central role the charcoal industry plays in local livelihoods, availability of suitable wood for charcoal production has decreased because of changes in land use and land cover (LULC). This paper applied a probabilistic modelling approach combining Bayesian Belief Networks (BBNs), Geographic Information Systems, Remote Sensing data, field data, and expertise from different stakeholders to understand how changes in LULC affect woodland-based ecosystem services (ES) in the Mabalane landscape, southern Mozambique. Three scenarios of policy interventions were tested: Large private; Small holder and Balanced. A BBNs was used to explore the influence of these scenarios from 2014 to 2035 on the resulting LULC. This research facilitated stakeholder engagement and improved the understanding of the interaction between LULC changes and woodland-based ES. The results highlighted the importance and spatial distribution of woodland-based ES to the local communities and that availability of suitable wood for ES will decrease under the first scenario.