bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Greece
Authors: Lyberaki Antigone , Georgiadis Thomas
Published: February 2020

The simultaneous experience of rapid population ageing, deep recession and a conservative social protection system was behind the dramatic social adjustments during the Greekbailout 2010–2018, affecting diverse categories of citizens whose later life wellbeing was undermined. Older women are especially vulnerable, as they were disproportionately affected by reforms. Women who retire after 2016 face abrupt and dramatic retirement age hikes, while those who managed to retire early have already faced repeated cuts in pensions in their incomes. Their predicament is exacerbated by new obstacles and disincentives which discourageolder workers. To make a dire employment situation even worse, unemployment among older workers (especially women) is especially hard to tackle. Long term careservices provided by social protection are insufficient to cover demand, implying the need for continued informalcare on the part of older women to fill gaps. Consequently, older women have had to shoulder a large part of adjustments, but will also be called to make up for retrenchment in key areas, such as caring for grandchildren and for elderly relatives- whilst being denied meaningful support to help their them respond. As long term developments unfold over the next decade, these gaps will deepen and the social predicament of older Greek women will be more pressing.
Portugal
Authors: Albuquerque Paula , Falcão Casaca Sara , Perista Heloísa , Perista Pedro
Published: February 2020

This chapter addresses the topic of extended working life from a gender-sensitive perspective, through a discussion of employment and working patterns, care arrangements, health issues, the pension system, employment policiesand other relevant public policies in Portugal. Concerning employment patterns, Portugal is similar to the ‘Nordicuniversal breadwinner model’, as both women and men tend to work on a full-time and continuous basis throughout their lifecourse. From 2002 onwards, the legislated pensionable age has been rising and early retirement was increasingly penalised until the mid-2010s. Active labour market policies, such as the transition to more flexible forms of work, the possibility to accumulate pensions and wages, incentives to the hiring ofolder workers, or promotion of lifelong learning are examples of current policies, although they seem to have been insufficient or largely ineffective so far. In Portugal, as elsewhere in Europe, women live longer than men but have higher rates of morbidity and functional limitations in old age. This implies that it is more difficult for women, on average, to keep working until a later age. Equity in promoting good health is explicitly assumed as an objective of national health programmes.
Policy Toolkits on Employment and Ageing: A Conceptual Framework
Authors: Duvvury Nata , Radl Jonas , Sarter E. K. , Scherger Simone , Spijker Jeroen
Published: February 2020

Policy toolkits provide useful information and can be drawn upon as guidance in different stages of the policy-making process. This chapter reviews existing policy toolkits on employment and ageing, aiming to distil a conceptual categorisation intended to inform research uptake strategies. As a basis, we develop a clear definition of policy toolkits and propose a typology of policy tools that consists of four types: (1) good practice, (2) social indicators, (3) programme evaluation and (4) forecasts, projections and simulations. We also describe the underlying relationship between research and policy-making, and provide a synthetic overview of toolkits available for ageing-related issues in the area of employment and pensions. We conclude with the observation that effective policy toolkits hinge on the prior formulation of clear policy goals and that different policy goals may not always be congruent with each other or be simultaneously achieved.
Perspective for Part II
Authors: Nakanishi Toshio
Published: February 2020

Pulmonary blood flow increases gradually during fetal life, and dramatic changes in the pulmonary circulation occur from the fetus to newborn, including decrease in pulmonary arterial resistance, increase in pulmonary blood flow, and closure of ductus arteriosus. Upon initiation of breathing after birth, pulmonary circulation is important for gas exchange between the alveoli and capillary vessels. Presence of congenital heart disease modifies development of the lung and pulmonary vessels, even before birth. For example, enlarged right atrium due to severe Ebstein’s anomaly compresses the fetal lung and compromises lung development. Decreases in pulmonary blood flow during fetal life and especially after birth, for example, due to pulmonary stenosis or outflow stenosis may compromise the development of pulmonary arteries. In the research of morphogenesis of congenital heart disease, it is important to understand normal and abnormal lung and pulmonary vessel developments.
Relationship Between Mutations in ENG and ALK1 Genes and the Affected Organs in Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
Authors: Iwasa Toru , Yamada Osamu , Morisaki Hiroko , Morisaki Takayuki , Kurosaki Ken-ichi , Shiraishi Isao
Published: February 2020

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a hereditary disorder that causes refractory nasal bleeding, arteriovenous malformations in the lung (pulmonary arteriovenous fistula: PAVF), central nervous system (CNS-AVF), and liver (hepatic AVF). HHT is caused by genetic abnormalities in endoglin (ENG), ACVRL1 (ALK1), and other rare genes (e.g., SMAD4). The relationship between these gene mutations and the affected organs remains unclear.
A Genetic Analysis for Patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Yoshida Yu , Uchida Keiko , Kodo Kazuki , Furutani Yoshiyuki , Nakanishi Toshio , Yamagishi Hiroyuki
Published: February 2020

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a lethal disease [1]. Although mutations in BMPR2 and other genes have been reported, the genetic causes in large numbers of patients, especially with sporadic PAH, remain unknown. In 2013, Kerstjens-Frederikse et al. first reported TBX4 mutations in patients with PAH [2]. TBX4 is an essential transcription factor for the development of the hindlimbs and lungs [3]. In European countries, the frequency of TBX4 mutation was reported as 2.4–4.1% in adult-onset PAH [2, 4] and as 7.5–30% in child-onset PAH [2, 5] (Fig. 27.1). However, its frequency in Asian patients with PAH has yet to be studied.
Pulmonary Hypertension Associated with Postoperative Tetralogy of Fallot
Authors: Yasuhara Jun , Yamagishi Hiroyuki
Published: February 2020

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a frequent complication in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD), before or after cardiac surgery. According to the recent clinical classification, PH associated with CHD is categorized into subclasses depending on the pathogenesis: (1) Eisenmenger syndrome, (2) left-to-right shunts, (3) PH with coincidental CHD, and (4) postoperative PH [1]. Postoperative PH means that CHD was repaired, but PH either persists immediately after surgery or recurs/develops months or years after surgery, in the absence of significant postoperative hemodynamic lesions. The anatomical features are varied and the clinical phenotype is often aggressive [2–4].
Transcriptional Profiles in the Chicken Ductus Arteriosus During Hatching
Authors: Shinjo Satoko , Akaike Toru , Ohmori Eriko , Kajimura Ichige , Goda Nobuhito , Minamisawa Susumu
Published: February 2020

The ductus arteriosus (DA) of oviparous animals differs from mammals’ in the embryonic gas exchange system and its anatomy. We performed transcriptional analysis of chicken DA, attempting to elucidate the similarity and diversity in the mechanism of DA closure among species.
Quantification of Contractility in Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes
Authors: Brockmeier Konrad , Haustein Moritz , Khalil Markus , Hannes Tobias
Published: February 2020

Murine embryonic stem cell derived cardiomyocytes (mESC-CMs) and murine induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes (miPS-CMs) were differentiated and co-cultured with irreversibly injured myocardial tissue slices. When beating clusters had integrated morphologically into the damaged tissue, isometric force measurements were performed. Effects of Ca(2+), nifedipine, and beta-adrenergic modulation were studied during loaded contractions and compared with the contractile behavior of native murine myocardial slices. Both CM variants conferred force to the myocardial tissue. Contraction increased with higher concentrations of Ca(2+) and Isoproterenol, and decreased with nifedipine in all slice variants. Differences between mESC-CMs and miPS-CMs were non-significant, however, significantly different (P < 0.05), when compared to native myocardial slices.
A Temporo-Spatial Regulation of Sema3c Is Essential for Interaction of Progenitor Cells during Cardiac Outflow Tract Development
Authors: Kodo Kazuki , Shibata Shinsuke , Miyagawa-Tomita Sachiko , Ong Sang-Ging , Takahashi Hiroshi , Kume Tsutomu , Okano Hideyuki , Matsuoka Rumiko , Yamagishi Hiroyuki
Published: February 2020

The two cardiac progenitor cell lineages, cardiac neural crest cells (cNCCs) and the second heart field (SHF), play key roles in the development of the cardiac outflow tract (OFT). Both cardiac progenitor cells interact with each other and contribute to OFT formation cooperatively. The neurovascular guiding molecule, semaphorin 3c (Sema3c), is thought to serve as a key attractant for the migration of cNCCs. A previous study reported that Tbx1 null mice showed a significant reduction in Sema3c expression in the OFT region [1]. However, the regulatory effect of Tbx1 on Sema3c was unclear. Here, we show that Sema3c plays key roles in cNCCs-SHF interactions through the regulation by Tbx1 and other molecules during OFT development [2].
Significance of Transcription Factors in the Mechanisms of Great Artery Malformations
Authors: Watanabe Yusuke , Nakagawa Osamu
Published: February 2020

Members of the Hey transcriptional factor family are Notch target genes [1], and they have unique and redundant functions in cardiovascular development. Among them, we recently reported that Hey1 had an indispensable role for the great artery formation (Fig. 60.1) [2].
A random clockwork of flavor
Authors: de Souza Fernando Abreu , von Gersdorff Gero
Published: February 2020

Abstract

We propose a simple clockwork model of flavor which successfully generates the Standard Model flavor hierarchies from random order-one couplings. With very few parameters we achieve distributions of models in excellent agreement with observation. We explain in some detail the interpretation of our mechanism as random localization of zero modes in theory space. The scale of the vectorlike fermions is mostly constrained by lepton flavor violation with secondary constraints arising from rare meson decays.
Umstrukturierung der Risikoberechnung für die intensivierte Früherkennung im Deutschen Konsortium für Brust- und Eierstockkrebs
Authors: Quante Anne S. , Engel Christoph , Kiechle Marion , Schmutzler Rita K. , Fischer Christine
Published: February 2020

Brustkrebs ist die häufigste Krebserkrankung bei Frauen. Bei etwa 30 % der Betroffenen liegt eine familiäre Belastung entsprechend der Einschlusskriterien des Deutschen Konsortiums (DK) Familiärer Brust- und Eierstockkrebs vor. Frauen aus diesen Familien, bei denen eine Mutation in einem der bekannten Krebsgene nachgewiesen wird, erhalten u. a. das Angebot der Teilnahme am intensivierten Nachsorge- bzw. Früherkennungsprogramm (INFP). Wird in einer Familie allerdings keine Veränderung gefunden, basiert das Angebot auf einer Risikoberechnung. Erste Ergebnisse des DK legen es nahe, das INFP effizienter zu gestalten und diese Strategie weiter wissenschaftlich auszuwerten. Bisher wurde im DK das Risikoberechnungsprogramm Cyrillic verwendet. Da Cyrillic inhaltlich und technisch jedoch überholt ist, wird das DK die Risikoberechnung auf das Programm BOADICEA umstellen. BOADICEA wurde aus folgenden Gründen ausgewählt: (i) Es ist wissenschaftlich auf dem aktuellsten Stand, (ii) es liefert genauere Risikoberechnungen unter Einbezug neuer Risikogene und (iii) es wurde anhand von Daten des DK und weiterer Populationen entwickelt und validiert. Die Veränderung des Risikoberechnungsverfahrens beinhaltet, dass für die betroffenen Frauen abweichende Brustkrebsrisiken errechnet werden. Daher müssen neue Regeln zur Risikoklassifikation definiert werden, um die Effizienz des bisherigen INFP zu prüfen und ggf. weiter zu steigern.
Häusliche Gewalt gegen Männer – auch ein rechtsmedizinisches Problem?
Authors: Kolbe V. , Büttner A.
Published: February 2020

Hintergrund

Auch männliche Geschädigte von häuslicher Gewalt wenden sich mit ihren Verletzungen häufig zunächst an ihre Hausärzte/Hausärztinnen oder Ärzte/Ärztinnen in Notaufnahmen. Daher ist das weiterhin eher schambesetzte Thema „häusliche Gewalt gegen Männer“ für alle medizinischen Professionen relevant.

Methode

Es wurde eine retrospektive Datenanalyse für einen Fünfjahreszeitraum durchgeführt. Dabei wurde analysiert, wie viele Männer nach häuslicher Gewalt das Angebot einer rechtsmedizinischen Befunddokumentation angenommen haben. Darüber hinaus wurden die Art der erfahrenen Gewalt sowie die erlittenen Verletzungen untersucht.

Ergebnis

Zwischen 2013 und 2018 wurden insgesamt 867 Personen in der Rostocker Gewaltopferambulanz untersucht, darunter 455 Erwachsene (52,5 %). Auffallend ist die Zunahme von männlichen Geschädigten häuslicher Gewalt im Jahr 2018, die in diesem Untersuchungsjahr 10,3 % der untersuchten Erwachsenen ausmachten. Die Untersuchten wiesen Folgen gering- bis höhergradig intensiver, stumpfer Gewalteinwirkungen auf; überwiegend wurden kratzerartige Hautdefekte und Hämatome festgestellt.

Schlussfolgerung

Die Ergebnisse betonen Bedeutung und Notwendigkeit von rechtsmedizinischen Untersuchungsstellen. Die Weiterentwicklung der Präventionsarbeit sowie ein spezielles Angebot für betroffene Männer wären wünschenswert.

Es ist mehr belastbares Wissen zu dieser Thematik erforderlich, um auch als Mediziner*in dem stereotypen Bild gewalttätiger Männer mit einer faktenbezogenen Kenntnis begegnen zu können.
A Comparison of Intrathecal and Intravenous Morphine for Analgesia After Hepatectomy: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Niewiński Grzegorz , Figiel Wojciech , Grąt Michał , Dec Marta , Morawski Marcin , Patkowski Waldemar , Zieniewicz Krzysztof
Published: February 2020

Background

Effective analgesia is essential for patient recovery after liver resection. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the addition of preoperative intrathecal morphine to multimodal intravenous analgesia in patients undergoing liver resection.

Methods

In this single‐blind randomized controlled trial, patients undergoing liver resection were randomly assigned to the patient‐controlled analgesia with (ITM‐IV) or without (IV) preoperative intrathecal morphine groups. All patients received acetaminophen and dexketoprofen. The primary outcome was pain severity at rest over three postoperative days, assessed using the numerical rating scale (NRS).

Results

The study included 36 patients (18 in each group). The mean maximum daily NRS scores over the first three postoperative days in the ITM‐IV and IV groups were 1.3, 1.1, and 0.3 and 1.6, 1.1, and 0.7, respectively (p = 0.580). No differences were observed in pain severity while coughing, with corresponding scores of 2.8, 2.1, and 1.1, respectively, in the ITM‐IV group and 2.3, 2.2, and 1.5, respectively, in the IV group (p = 0.963). Proportions of patients reporting clinically significant pain at rest and while coughing were 11.1% and 44.4%, respectively, in the ITM‐IV group, and 16.7% and 44.4%, respectively, in the IV group (both p > 0.999). Cumulative morphine doses in the ITM‐IV and IV groups were 26 mg and 17 mg, respectively (p = 0.257). Both groups also showed similar time to mobilization (p = 0.791) and solid food intake (p = 0.743), sedation grade (p = 0.584), and morbidity (p = 0.402).

Conclusions

Preoperative intrathecal morphine administration provides no benefits to multimodal analgesia in patients undergoing liver resection.

Trial registration number

Clinicaltrial.gov Identifier: NCT03620916
Three-dimensional topography of scapular nutrient foramina
Authors: Donders J. C. E. , Prins J. , Kloen P. , Streekstra G. J. , Cole P. A. , Kleipool R. P. , Dobbe J. G. G.
Published: February 2020

Purpose

The aim of this study is to describe the number and location of the nutrient foramina in human scapulae which can minimize blood loss during surgery.

Methods

30 cadaveric scapulae were macerated to denude the skeletal tissue. The nutrient foramina of 0.51 mm and larger were identified and labeled by adhering glass beads. CT scans of these scapulae were segmented resulting in a surface model of each scapula and the location of the labeled nutrient foramina. All scapulae were scaled to the same size projecting the nutrient foramina onto one representative scapular model.

Results

Average number of nutrient foramina per scapula was 5.3 (0–10). The most common location was in the supraspinous fossa (29.7%). On the costal surface of the scapula, most nutrient foramina were found directly inferior to the suprascapular notch. On the posterior surface, the nutrient foramina were identified under the spine of the scapula in a somewhat similar fashion as those on the costal surface. Nutrient foramina were least present in the peri-glenoid area.

Conclusion

Ninety percent of scapulae have more than one nutrient foramen. They are located in specific areas, on both the posterior and costal surface.
Informatik – Kompetenzentwicklung bei Kindern
Authors: Humbert Ludger , Best Alexander , Micheuz Peter , Hellmig Lutz
Published: February 2020

Informatik ist notwendiger Bestandteil der allgemeinen Bildung. Die offensichtliche Durchdringung aller Lebens- und Arbeitsbereiche mit Artefakten der Informatik führte zu einer gesellschaftlichen Diskussion über die notwendigen informatikbezogenen Voraussetzungen in der schulischen Bildung. Im hexadezimalen Bildungssystem der Bundesrepublik finden sich vielfältige Bemühungen, die Verfügbarkeit von Infrastrukturelementen – Informatikmittel – für Bildungs- und Ausbildungskontexte zu verbessern. Die notwendige, informatikbezogene Vorbereitung der Lehrkräfte sowie der Erzieherinnen und Erzieher im Sinne einer Qualifikation fällt hinter Bemühungen um Ausstattungsinitiativen deutlich zurück. Die Bemühungen der Bildungsadministration bestehen wesentlich in der Ermöglichung des Erwerbs von Kompetenzen der Schülerinnen und Schüler zur Benutzung und zur Bedienung; allenfalls wird eine kritische Betrachtung gefordert. Die von der GI in den Empfehlungen zu einem Gesamtkonzept zur informatischen Bildung im Jahr 2000 vorgenommene Gesamtsicht auf die Bildungsbiographie wurde für alle weiterführenden Schulen, für die gymnasiale Oberstufe und zuletzt für den Primarbereich ausgearbeitet. Inzwischen hat Informatik als Schulfach in sieben von 16 Bundesländern Eingang in den verpflichtenden Bildungskanon für die weiterführenden Schulen gefunden. Es ist notwendig, sich der Ermöglichung informatischer Bildung bereits in der Grundschule konstruktiv zuzuwenden. So ist die Empfehlung der GI „Kompetenzen für informatische Bildung im Primarbereich“ ein weiterer Schritt auf dem Weg zur Etablierung der Informatik in der allgemeinen Bildung.
Influence of Ranibizumab versus laser photocoagulation on radiation retinopathy (RadiRet) - a prospective randomized controlled trial
Authors: Seibel Ira , Vollhardt Daniela , Riechardt Aline I. , Rehak Matus , Schmied Sabine , Schiller Petra , Zeitz Oliver , Hellmich Martin , Joussen Antonia M.
Published: February 2020

Purpose

To demonstrate superiority of intravitreal ranibizumab 0.5 mg compared to focal and peripheral laser treatment in patients with radiation retinopathy for choroidal melanoma.

Methods

Inclusion criteria were as follows: patients with radiation retinopathy and visual acuity impairment due to radiation maculopathy accessible for laser therapy, age ≥ 18 years, and BCVA less than 20/32. The main objective was to study the change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) over 6 months from ranibizumab 0.5 mg (experimental) compared to focal laser of the macula and panretinal laser treatment of the ischemic retina (control) in patients with radiation retinopathy in choroidal melanoma. The secondary objectives of the radiation retinopathy study were to compare functional and anatomical results between ranibizumab and laser group over 12 months and to measure the frequency of vitreous hemorrhage and rubeosis iridis.

Results

The intention-to-treat analysis included 31 patients assigned to ranibizumab (n = 15) or laser treatment (n = 16). In terms of BCVA at month 6, ranibizumab was superior to laser treatment, with an advantage of 0.14 logMAR, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.25, p = 0.030. The positive effect of ranibizumab disappeared after treatment was discontinued. Similar results without statistically significant difference were found with respect to macular thickness. In both groups, no change was observed at month 6 in the size of ischemia in the macula or periphery compared to baseline. There was 1 case of vitreous hemorrhage in the laser group and no case of rubeosis iridis over time.

Conclusions

This study showed a statistically significant improvement in visual acuity and clear superiority of ranibizumab compared to laser treatment up to 26 weeks, but this effect disappeared at week 52 after completion of intravitreal treatment. Ranibizumab and PRP are considered equivalent in terms of the non-appearance of proliferative radiation retinopathy during the study.

Trial registration

EudraCT Number: 2011-004463-69
High level of unmet needs and anxiety are associated with delayed initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy for colorectal cancer patients
Authors: Zhu Li , Tong Yi Xin , Xu Xiang Shang , Xiao Ai Tang , Zhang Yu Jie , Zhang Sheng
Published: February 2020

Aims

Adjuvant chemotherapy is recommended for patients with curatively resected colorectal cancer. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of unmet supportive care needs and anxiety on the initiation of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy in colorectal cancer patients.

Methods

This is a retrospective study from a single tertiary referral hospital. Patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer who met the inclusion criteria were included. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and modified 34-item Supportive Care Needs Survey (SCNS-SF34) were applied to assess patient’s anxiety level and unmet needs. The time intervals between initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy and operation were recorded. Factors associated with delayed initiation of chemotherapy were investigated in univariate and multivariate analysis.

Results

A total of 135 patients with colorectal cancer were included. In total, 16.3% (22/135) and 5.2% (7/135) reported symptoms of anxiety and depression. In multivariate analysis, low to moderate income status, postoperative complications, anxiety, and high level of unmet needs are independent risk factors for late initiation of chemotherapy.

Conclusions

Our findings showed that psychological problems such as anxiety and high unmet supportive needs are correlated with delayed initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy in colorectal cancer patients.
Ecology, Economy, and Upland Landscapes: Socio-Ecological Dynamics in the Alps during the Transition to Modernity
Authors: Carrer Francesco , Walsh Kevin , Mocci Florence
Published: February 2020

Human interaction with mountain environments is generally perceived as an adaptation of local communities to the constraining ecological and morphological characteristics of their territory, a preconception challenged by many historians and ecologists yet still largely accepted for seasonally exploited uplands. Traditional upland seasonal practices are considered timeless and immutable as the mountain landscapes shaped by such practices. We combine the methodologies of landscape archaeology, ethnoarchaeology, and historical ecology in order to examine the validity of this assumption. Our analysis of two case studies from the French and Italian Alps between the eighteenth and the twenty-first century shows that socioeconomic dynamics affect the resilience of local montane ecosystems and the historical character of upland landscapes, and reveals that historical social, economic, and ecological driving forces contributed to upland landscape change, so that the sustainability of ‘traditional’ mountain land-use should not be presumed.
Earth’s gravity from space
Authors: Rummel Reiner
Published: February 2020

Satellite gravimetry began with the launch of the satellites Sputnik 1 and 2 in 1957. During the following 43 years, more and more details were discovered and the models of the Earth’s gravity could be refined. Methods improved and more and more satellite orbits and ground stations were added in the analysis, employing more advanced and precise measuring techniques. A new era started with the dedicated gravimetry missions CHAMP (2000–2010), GRACE (2002–2017), and GOCE (2009–2013). The methods of satellite-to-satellite tracking and satellite gradiometry resulted in a substantial improvement of our knowledge of the Earth’s gravity field in terms of accuracy and its spatial and temporal variations. There are three basic ways of using gravity and geoid models in Earth sciences and geodesy. First, in solid Earth physics, the highs and lows of the field are investigated in comparison with an idealized Earth, e.g., a hydrostatic equilibrium figure. In particular, in South America, Africa, Himalaya and Antarctica the gravity field is known much better now, due to GOCE and lead to an improved understanding of the continental crust and lithosphere. Second, in oceanography, the geoid serves as surface in equilibrium, a hypothetical ocean at rest. The ocean topography is the deviation of the actual ocean surface, measured by satellite altimetry, from this reference. The ocean topography serves as a new and independent input to ocean circulation modeling and leads to an improved understanding of ocean transport of mass, heat, and nutrients. Similarly, geodetic heights of the land surface will soon be referred to the geoid, leading to globally consistent heights and enabling the removal of existent systematic deformations and offsets of national and continental height systems. Third, the GRACE time series of monthly gravity models, reflecting seasonal, inter-annual and long-term gravity changes, became one of the most valuable data sources of climate change studies.
The perspectives of a service user academic and a psychiatric trainee on engagement in supervision
Authors: Gordon S. , Higgins M.
Published: February 2020

This paper describes the perspectives of a service user academic and a psychiatric trainee in response to their engagement in service user supervision, now offered as part of our psychological medicine education, as a feature of an innovative service user-led, recovery and human rights focused, contact-based education programme. The supervision, being deliberately focused on exploring and addressing responsiveness to the traditionally underprivileged service user’s perspective, and hence vastly different to clinical supervision, was acknowledged by the trainee as being of distinct value, translating into changes in practice, particularly in terms of addressing power imbalances, enhancing communication with patients, supporting recovery and enabling supported decision-making. The main barrier to implementation of such changes was identified as being the lack of support of senior clinicians. The active support and enablement of trainees who want to share and apply new perspectives, models and approaches being advocated, including through current training, would likely be of benefit to all.
“We Go Totally Subjective”: Discretion, Discrimination, and Tenant Screening in a Landlord’s Market
Authors: Reosti Anna
Published: February 2020

This article examines the challenges that the contemporary political economy of rental housing poses for new efforts to regulate tenant screening using antidiscrimination law. I draw on a case study of landlord practices in Seattle, Washington, where policy makers have been on the forefront of legal efforts to regulate how landlords screen and select rental applicants in the face of an acute housing crisis. The case study investigates tenant screening and selection practices from the divergent perspectives of the targets and intended beneficiaries of new fair housing regulations, using forty-six in-depth interviews with spokespersons or experts from the rental housing industry, independent landlords and property managers, and renters with criminal, eviction, and/or damaged credit histories. I use these data to examine how landlords’ discretionary decision-making and responses to regulation are shaped by the broader legal, institutional, and economic context in which they operate. The findings illuminate how a “landlord’s market” amplifies the power imbalance that is characteristic of landlord-tenant relations, exacerbates the housing access problems posed by the proliferation of background checks, and frustrates new legal efforts to dismantle screening-related barriers to rental housing.
Comparing and combining ethnographic records with active Māori histories to provide insights on tsunami hazard
Authors: King Darren N. , Manawatu Maurice , Shaw Wendy S.
Published: March 2020

Tectonic hazards have profoundly influenced Māori relationships with, and understandings of, the environment, with oral histories and ethnographic records referencing recurring encounters with volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and tsunamis across Aotearoa-New Zealand. This research works alongside members of the Māori kin-group Ngāti Kuri to deliberate and compare active oral histories with two ethnographic records that potentially refer to ancestral experience with past tsunami(s) in the Kaikōura region. It applies an inductive-based methodology informed by “collaborative storytelling,” with the intent to appreciate the manner in which Ngāti Kuri interpret their past and present. The research affirms past catastrophic saltwater inundations and potential tectonic disturbances in the Kaikōura region. It also affirms that ethnographic records are not necessarily full or accurate accounts of historical events. The accounts presented here contribute to the reclaiming of Ngāti Kuri histories and point to new plural learning opportunities about coseismic tsunami hazard and history across the region.
Late Holocene fluctuations of Stoppani Glacier, southernmost Patagonia
Authors: Menounos Brian , Maurer Lyssa , Clague John J. , Osborn Gerald
Published: March 2020

Some lateral moraines contain a rich record of Holocene glacial expansion. Previous workers have used such evidence to document glacial fluctuations in western Canada, Alaska, and the U.S. Pacific Northwest, but similar studies in Patagonia are uncommon. Here we report on the late Holocene behavior of Stoppani Glacier, a 75 km2 glacier sourced in the Cordillera Darwin, southernmost Patagonia. Based on radiocarbon-dated wood and organic material contained in the glacier's northeast lateral moraine, we infer that Stoppani Glacier advanced shortly before 3.8–3.6, at 3.2–2.8, 2.3–2.1, and 0.3–0.2, and possibly sometime before 1.4–1.3 and 0.8–0.7 cal ka BP. These advances culminated at 0.3–0.2 cal ka BP, when the glacier constructed a prominent end moraine, marking its greatest extent of the past 4000 years. Although the timing of several of the advances overlap with the age range of glacial expansion recognized elsewhere in Patagonia, some do not. Asynchronous behavior observed in the glacial record may arise from the type of evidence (e.g., lateral stratigraphy vs. end moraine) used to document glacial fluctuations or variations in climate or glacial response times. A significant difference between the Stoppani record and some other Patagonian records is that the former indicates general expansion of ice over the last 4000 years, whereas the latter indicate a net decrease in extent over that period.
Roman History
Authors: Corke-Webster James
Published: February 2020

Some questions never go out of fashion. My main focus in this issue is the spread of Roman power across the Mediterranean, with multiple new publications appearing on this oldest of subjects. First up is Dexter Hoyos’ Rome Victorious. This work of popular history aims to cover what Hoyos dubs in his subtitle The Irresistible Rise of the Roman Empire, though that is rather an odd choice, since Hoyos stresses that Rome's imperial efforts did not always succeed. Hoyos walks us through the unification of Italy and the acquisition of the Republican provinces in the first two chapters, taking the narrative up to the death of Caesar in 44 bc. The next two chapters consider the consequences of those conquests: what a province actually meant, how it was controlled, and the effects both on the new territories’ inhabitants and on Rome's social and political make-up. In Chapter 5, Hoyos turns to the extensive imperial efforts of Augustus and those around him; those of his successors over the next two centuries are dealt with in Chapter 6. Chapter 7 surveys the shifting make-up of the Romans as a result of their conquests, focusing on the spread of citizenship and the changing origins of senators, generals, and artists. Chapter 8 looks at legitimate and illegitimate rule in Rome's provinces, Chapter 9 considers both Rome's self-reflexivity on imperial questions and the view from those regions themselves, and Chapter 10 bolsters the latter by treating concrete resistance to Rome. Chapter 11 looks at the degree to which the provinces became Roman.
Art and Archaeology
Authors: Squire Michael
Published: February 2020

‘An anonymous product of an impersonal craft’: that is how Rhys Carpenter characterized Greek sculpture in 1960, and it's an assessment that has long dominated the field. Carpenter was challenging the traditional workings of classical archaeology, not least its infatuation with individual ‘masters’. While responding to past precedent, however, his comments also looked forward in time, heralding a decidedly postmodern turn. From our perspective in 2020, six decades after his book was first published, Carpenter can be seen to anticipate what Roland Barthes would dub the ‘death of the author’: ‘the birth of the reader must be ransomed by the death of the author’, as Barthes put it.
Early lexical acquisition in the Wichi language
Authors: TAVERNA Andrea S. , WAXMAN Sandra R.
Published: February 2020

This research brings new evidence on early lexical acquisition in Wichi, an under-studied indigenous language in which verbs occupy a privileged position in the input and in conjunction with nouns are characterized by a complex and rich morphology. Focusing on infants ranging from one- to three-year-olds, we analyzed the parental report of infants’ vocabulary (Study 1) and naturalistic speech samples of children and their caregivers (Study 2). Results reveal that: (1) although verbs predominate in the linguistic input, children's lexicons favor nouns over verbs; (2) children's early noun-advantage decreases, coming into closer alignment with the patterns in the linguistic input at a MLU of 1.5; and (3) this early transition is temporally related to children's increasing productive command over the grammatical categories that characterize the morphology of both nouns and verbs. These findings emphasize the early effects of language-specific properties of the input, broadening the vantage point from which to view the lexical acquisition process.
Magnetic fields along the star-formation sequence: bridging polarization-sensitive views
Authors: Maury Anaëlle , Hubrig Swetlana , Hull Chat
Published: March 2020

It is believed that magnetic fields play important roles in the processes leading to the formation of stars and planets. Polarimetry from optical to centimeter wavelengths has been the most powerful observing technique to study magnetic fields: the development of polarimetric capabilities on a wide range of observational facilities now allows to probe the magnetic field properties in various objects along the star formation sequence, from star-forming molecular clouds to young stars and their protoplanetary disks. However, the complexity of combining results from different observational techniques and facilities emphasizes the need to transcend historical barriers and bring together the various communities working with polarimetric observations. This Focus Meeting was a first step to compare observations of magnetic fields at the various evolutionary stages and physical scales involved in star formation processes, such that we can establish a coherent view of their key role in the multi-scale process of star formation.
Historical Novæ and Supernovæ
Authors: Pagnotta A. , Hamacher D. W. , Tanabe K. , Trimble V. , Vogt N.
Published: March 2020

This paper brings together the chief points raised during FM5 by astronomers, archaeologists, and historians whose research interests centred on novæ and supernovæ. The common focus was the use of historical observations to study transient astronomical phenomena. The presenters covered a wide variety of topics within that theme, and this report summarizes some of the aspects specific to historical novæ and supernovæ.
Discovery of Blackbody Stars and the Accuracy of SDSS photometry
Authors: Fukugita Masataka
Published: March 2020

We discovered stars that show spectra very close to the blackbody radiation without any line features. We found 17 such stars out of 0.8 million stellar objects in the SDSS archive. The blackbody temperature is approximately 104K. We identify these stars as DB white dwarfs with the helium atmosphere, possibly with a trace amount of hydrogen, that yields nearly perfect blackbody spectrum, which is also confirmed with our later study. These stars can be used to test the accuracy of the AB zero point across different colour bands, in particular including the NIR pass bands. The zero points of SDSS photometry are verified to < 0.01 mag.
Summary: FM15 Astronomy for Development
Authors: McBride Vanessa A.
Published: March 2020

This summary captures, in the broadest sense, some of the achievements, challenges and spirit of the astronomy for development community at the 30th General Assembly of the IAU.
Statistical Analysis of the Main Ionospheric Trough Using Swarm in Situ Measurements
Authors: Aa Ercha , Zou Shasha , Erickson Philip J. , Zhang Shun‐Rong , Liu Siqing
Published: February 2020

A statistical analysis of the topside main ionospheric trough is implemented by using the Swarm constellation in situ plasma density measurements from December 2013 to November 2019. The key features of the main trough, such as the occurrence rate, minimum position, width, and depth, are characterized and quantified. The distribution patterns of these parameters are investigated with respect to magnetic local time, season, longitude, solar activity, and geomagnetic activity levels, respectively. The main results are as follows: (1) The diurnal variation of the trough occurrence rate usually exhibits a primary peak in the early morning, a subsidiary peak in the late evening, and a slight reduction around midnight especially in the Northern Hemisphere. (2) The seasonal variation of the nighttime trough has maximum occurrence rates around equinoxes, higher than those in local winter. (3) The trough distribution has an evident hemispherical asymmetry. It is more pronounced in the Northern Hemisphere during the winter and equinoctial seasons, with its average nighttime occurrence rate being 20–30% higher than that in the Southern Hemisphere. The trough minimum position and the trough width also exhibit more significant fluctuation in the Northern Hemisphere. (4) The longitudinal pattern of the trough shows clear east‐west preferences, which has a higher occurrence rate in eastern (western) longitudes around the December (June) solstice. (5) Conditions for the trough occurrence are more favored in low solar activity and high geomagnetic activity periods.
Uncertainty in the Response of Sudden Stratospheric Warmings and Stratosphere‐Troposphere Coupling to Quadrupled CO2 Concentrations in CMIP6 Models
Authors: Ayarzagüena B. , Charlton‐Perez A. J. , Butler A. H. , Hitchcock P. , Simpson I. R. , Polvani L. M. , Butchart N. , Gerber E. P. , Gray L. , Hassler B. , Lin P. , Lott F. , Manzini E. , Mizuta R. , Orbe C. , Osprey S. , Saint‐Martin D. , Sigmond M. , Taguchi M. , Volodin E. M. , Watanabe S.
Published: February 2020

Major sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs), vortex formation, and final breakdown dates are key highlight points of the stratospheric polar vortex. These phenomena are relevant for stratosphere‐troposphere coupling, which explains the interest in understanding their future changes. However, up to now, there is not a clear consensus on which projected changes to the polar vortex are robust, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere, possibly due to short data record or relatively moderate CO2 forcing. The new simulations performed under the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 6, together with the long daily data requirements of the DynVarMIP project in preindustrial and quadrupled CO2 (4xCO2) forcing simulations provide a new opportunity to revisit this topic by overcoming the limitations mentioned above. In this study, we analyze this new model output to document the change, if any, in the frequency of SSWs under 4xCO2 forcing. Our analysis reveals a large disagreement across the models as to the sign of this change, even though most models show a statistically significant change. As for the near‐surface response to SSWs, the models, however, are in good agreement as to this signal over the North Atlantic: There is no indication of a change under 4xCO2 forcing. Over the Pacific, however, the change is more uncertain, with some indication that there will be a larger mean response. Finally, the models show robust changes to the seasonal cycle in the stratosphere. Specifically, we find a longer duration of the stratospheric polar vortex and thus a longer season of stratosphere‐troposphere coupling.
Engaging vocational dental practitioners in care of the dependent elderly: findings from a pilot project
Authors: Beaton Laura , Boyle Jimmy , Cassie Calum , Young Linda , Marshall Jose
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Introduction A pilot project was developed whereby vocational dental practitioners (VDPs) became involved in the Caring for Smiles programme, visiting care homes and observing staff training.

Aim The project aimed to explore VDPs' views and experiences of delivering oral healthcare in the care home environment.

Method Qualitative data were collected via an online questionnaire and reflective logs. The data were analysed using thematic analysis to extract emerging themes.

Results Six themes emerged from the data, demonstrating that the VDPs had become aware of the general health and oral health needs of the care home population, and their role as dentists in the provision of oral care. The VDPs also had an increased awareness of Caring for Smiles.

Discussion The VDPs benefited from participation in the pilot; it raised their awareness but also exposed them to an environment with which many were unfamiliar. Some VDPs expressed an interest in providing oral care in care homes in the future and discussed the need for domiciliary care.

Conclusion The participating VDPs gained a level of experience and familiarity with older patients, Caring for Smiles and the care home environment that may improve the care they provide to their patients.
MRI Cross-Modality Image-to-Image Translation
Authors: Yang Qianye , Li Nannan , Zhao Zixu , Fan Xingyu , Chang Eric I-Chao , Xu Yan
Published: February 2020

We present a cross-modality generation framework that learns to generate translated modalities from given modalities in MR images. Our proposed method performs Image Modality Translation (abbreviated as IMT) by means of a deep learning model that leverages conditional generative adversarial networks (cGANs). Our framework jointly exploits the low-level features (pixel-wise information) and high-level representations (e.g. brain tumors, brain structure like gray matter, etc.) between cross modalities which are important for resolving the challenging complexity in brain structures. Our framework can serve as an auxiliary method in medical use and has great application potential. Based on our proposed framework, we first propose a method for cross-modality registration by fusing the deformation fields to adopt the cross-modality information from translated modalities. Second, we propose an approach for MRI segmentation, translated multichannel segmentation (TMS), where given modalities, along with translated modalities, are segmented by fully convolutional networks (FCN) in a multichannel manner. Both of these two methods successfully adopt the cross-modality information to improve the performance without adding any extra data. Experiments demonstrate that our proposed framework advances the state-of-the-art on five brain MRI datasets. We also observe encouraging results in cross-modality registration and segmentation on some widely adopted brain datasets. Overall, our work can serve as an auxiliary method in medical use and be applied to various tasks in medical fields.
Giant Zeeman-type spin splitting of free electron/hole states on quasi-2D perovskite niobates: a theoretical prediction
Authors: Zhou Yi , Zhou Fei , Liu Yong , Lai Zhonghong , Liao Mingqing , Huang Yudong , Zhu Jingchuan
Published: February 2020

We study the spin-orbit interaction of two-dimensional electron/hole gas (2DEGs/2DHGs) on quasi-2D potassium niobates (KNs) via first-principles calculations. The strong surface polarity changes the free surface states from 2DEGs to 2DHGs. The in-plane dipole maintained on 2D models leads to giant Zeeman-type spin splitting, as high as 566 meV for the (001)c facet KN and 1.21 eV for the (111)c facet KN. The thickness-dependent Zeeman-type spin splitting shows a linear relation with respect to 1/r, while the corresponding in-plane polarization quantum has a linear relation of 1/(2^0.5)with respect to a decrease in thickness. Interestingly, the 2DHGs with molecular-like orbital character is solely constituted by O 2p states, showing logic switchable behavior at extremely thin samples with enormous Zeeman-type splitting that can switch between insulator and conductor by opposite spin polarization.