bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular classification and immunologic characteristics of immunoreactive high‐grade serous ovarian cancer
Authors: Liu Zheran , Wu Haifang , Deng Jiachen , Wang Haoqing , Wang Zixuan , Yang Ailin , Liang Bowen , Luo Ji , Li Jianyong , Xu Yanmei , Tang Xiaoli , Fu Fen , Deng Libin
Published: June 2020

High‐grade serous ovarian cancer (HGS‐OvCa) is one of the most lethal gynaecological malignancies. Molecular classification identified an immunoreactive subtype of HGS‐OvCa; however, the immunologic characteristics of immunoreactive HGS‐OvcA remain unclear. In this study, 121 immunoreactive HGS‐OvCa samples were identified from a meta‐analysis of 5 large transcriptome profiling data sets using a cross‐platform immunoreactive HGS‐OvCa subgroup‐specific classifier. By comparing the gene expression profiles of immunoreactive HGS‐OvCa samples and normal tissues, 653 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that the leukocyte transendothelial migration pathways were significantly enriched in the immunoreactive HGS‐OvCa. Protein‐protein interaction analysis identified a module that showed strong involvement of the immune‐related chemokine signalling pathway. Moreover, the GSEA enrichment analysis showed a T‐cell subgroup and M1 macrophages were significantly enriched in immunoreactive OvCa compared with normal samples. Macrophage infiltration levels were significantly elevated in immunoreactive HGS‐OvCa compared with other OvCa subtypes. In addition, expression of immune checkpoint molecules VTCN1 and IDO1 was significantly increased in immunoreactive HGS‐OvCa. In summary, our results suggest that the immunoreactive HGS‐OvCa has unique molecular characteristics and a tumour‐associated immune microenvironment featured by increased infiltration of macrophages, rather than lymphocytes. VTCN1 could be potential targets for the treatment of immunoreactive HGS‐OvCa.
Radiation‐induced myocardial fibrosis: Mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies
Authors: Wang Bin , Wang Huanhuan , Zhang Mengmeng , Ji Rui , Wei Jinlong , Xin Ying , Jiang Xin
Published: June 2020

Radiation‐induced myocardial fibrosis (RIMF) is a potentially lethal clinical complication of chest radiotherapy (RT) and a final stage of radiation‐induced heart disease (RIHD). RIMF is characterized by decreased ventricular elasticity and distensibility, which can result in decreased ejection fraction, heart failure and even sudden cardiac death. Together, these conditions impair the long‐term health of post‐RT survivors and limit the dose and intensity of RT required to effectively kill tumour cells. Although the exact mechanisms involving in RIMF are unclear, increasing evidence indicates that the occurrence of RIMF is related to various cells, regulatory molecules and cytokines. However, accurately diagnosing and identifying patients who may progress to RIMF has been challenging. Despite the urgent need for an effective treatment, there is currently no medical therapy for RIMF approved for routine clinical application. In this review, we investigated the underlying pathophysiology involved in the initiation and progression of RIMF before outlining potential preventative and therapeutic strategies to counter this toxicity.
LncRNA WDFY3‐AS2 suppresses proliferation and invasion in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma by regulating miR‐2355‐5p/SOCS2 axis
Authors: Zhang Qing , Guan Fangxia , Fan Tianli , Li Shenglei , Ma Shanshan , Zhang Yanting , Guo Wenna , Liu Hongtao
Published: June 2020

Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) widely participate in ESCC development and progression; however, the prognostic factors and therapeutic strategies implicated in ESCC development and progression remain to be under investigation. The purpose of the current study was to explore whether WDFY3‐AS2 may be a potential prognostic factor and investigate its biological functions in ESCC. Here, WDFY3‐AS2 was frequently down‐regulated in ESCC tissues and cells, and its expression was correlated with TNM stage, lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis of ESCC patients. Moreover, WDFY3‐AS2 down‐regulation significantly promoted cell proliferation and invasion, whereas WDFY3‐AS2 up‐regulation markedly suppressed cell proliferation and invasion in ESCC EC9706 and TE1 cells, coupled with EMT phenotype alterations. WDFY3‐AS2 functioned as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) for sponging miR‐2355‐5p, further resulted in the up‐regulation of its target gene SOCS2, followed by suppression of JAK2/Stat5 signalling pathway, to suppress ESCC cell proliferation and invasion in EC9706 and TE1 cells. These findings suggest that WDFY3‐AS2 may participate in ESCC development and progression, and may be a novel prognostic factor for ESCC patients, and thus targeting WDFY3‐AS2/miR‐2355‐5p/SOCS2 signalling axis may be a novel therapeutic strategy for ESCC patients.
Pseudo‐hyperglucagonemia was observed in pancreatectomized patients when measured by glucagon sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Kobayashi Masaki , Waki Hironori , Nakayama Hitomi , Miyachi Atsushi , Mieno Eri , Hamajima Hitoshi , Goto Moritaka , Yamada Kentaro , Yamauchi Toshimasa , Kadowaki Takashi , Kitamura Tadahiro
Published: June 2020

Glucagon is detected in plasma even after total pancreatectomy, and it is debated whether this glucagon is derived from the gastrointestinal tract. Here, we applied sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and liquid chromatography–high‐resolution mass spectrometry to measure plasma glucagon levels in one patient after partial pancreatectomy (one‐seventh of the pancreas remaining) and three patients after total pancreatectomy. Sandwich ELISA detected higher glucagon levels in pancreatectomy patients than in healthy individuals. In contrast, liquid chromatography–high‐resolution mass spectrometry showed that plasma glucagon levels in pancreatectomy patients were below the lower limit of quantification. Plasma glucagon measured by sandwich ELISA showed a striking correlation with plasma glicentin, suggesting cross‐reaction with this gastrointestinal glucagon‐related peptide. These results indicated that pancreatectomized patients falsely showed pseudo‐hyperglucagonemia when measured by glucagon sandwich ELISA.
Trophic morphology features allow Astyanax endemic species coexistence in a Neotropical river system
Authors: do Nascimento Carolina P. , dos Santos Natália C. L. , Dal Vesco Bianca M. , Gomes Luiz C.
Published: June 2020

Resource partitioning has an essential role in interspecific relations, especially in congener species, which share many morphological traits. In some places, small characids coexist through resource partitioning, which may reduce their interspecific competition. Astyanax species (e.g., Astyanax minor, Astyanax gymnodontus and Astyanax bifasciatus), for example, coexist in different water bodies from the Iguaçu River basin. These species have high phenotypic plasticity and many morphologic specializations that allow them to live in different habitats. Based on evidences that these species modified their feeding habits because of changes in resource availability in Iguaçu River, this study tested two hypotheses: (a) there are differences in head morphology, number of teeth and number of gill rakers among the species of Astyanax; and (b) there are differences in gill arch and gill raker morphology among the species of Astyanax, which may favour their trophic resource partitioning in Iguaçu River. The head morphological traits and quantitative morphological characters were summarized in a principal coordinates analysis (PCoA), and the analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) showed significant differences among species. Gill morphological measurements were analysed through analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), and it also showed significant differences in gill arch and gill raker morphology among species. Therefore, the analysis of ecomorphological traits related to trophic habits revealed some differences that may suggest a tendency of reducing competition for trophic resources in the Iguaçu River basin.
Natural sex change in mature protogynous orange‐spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides): gonadal restructuring, sex hormone shifts and gene profiles
Authors: Peng Cheng , Wang Qing , Shi Herong , Chen Jiaxing , Li Shuisheng , Zhao Huihong , Lin Haoran , Yang Jianchun , Zhang Yong
Published: June 2020

Sexual patterns of teleosts are extremely diverse and include both gonochorism and hermaphroditism. As a protogynous hermaphroditic fish, all orange‐spotted groupers (Epinephelus coioides) develop directly into females, and some individuals change sex to become functional males later in life. This study investigated gonadal restructuring, shifts in sex hormone levels and gene profiles of cultured mature female groupers during the first (main) breeding season of 2019 in Huizhou, China (22° 42′ 02.6″ N, 114° 32′ 10.1″ E). Analysis of gonadal restructuring revealed that females with pre‐vitellogenic ovaries underwent vitellogenesis, spawning and regression and then returned to the pre‐vitellogenic stage in the late breeding season, at which point some changed sex to become males via the intersex gonad stage. A significant decrease in the level of serum 17β‐estradiol (E2) was observed during ovary regression but not during sex change, whereas serum 11‐ketotestosterone (11‐KT) concentrations increased significantly during sex change with the highest concentration in newly developed males. Consistent with serum hormone changes, a significant decrease in cyp19a1a expression was observed during ovary regression but not during sex change, whereas the expression of cyp11c1 and hsd11b2 increased significantly during sex change. Interestingly, hsd11b2 but not cyp11c1 was significantly upregulated from the pre‐vitellogenic ovary stage to the early intersex gonad stage. These results suggest that a decrease in serum E2 concentration and downregulation of cyp19a1a expression are not necessary to trigger the female‐to‐male transformation, whereas increased 11‐KT concentration and upregulation of hsd11b2 expression may be key events for the initiation of sex change in the orange‐spotted grouper.
Metabolic signalling to somatotrophs: Transcriptional and post‐transcriptional mediators
Authors: Allensworth‐James Melody L. , Odle Angela K. , Lim Juchan , LaGasse Alex N. , Miles Tiffany K. , Hardy Linda L. , Haney Anessa C. , MacNicol Melanie C. , MacNicol Angus M. , Childs Gwen V.
Published: June 2020

In normal individuals, pituitary somatotrophs optimise body composition by responding to metabolic signals from leptin. To identify mechanisms behind the regulation of somatotrophs by leptin, we used Cre‐LoxP technology to delete leptin receptors (LEPR) selectively in somatotrophs and developed populations purified by fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS) that contained 99% somatotrophs. FACS‐purified, Lepr‐null somatotrophs showed reduced levels of growth hormone (GH), growth hormone‐releasing hormone receptor (GHRHR), and Pou1f1 proteins and Gh (females) and Ghrhr (both sexes) mRNAs. Pure somatotrophs also expressed thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin (PRL), both of which were reduced in pure somatotrophs lacking LEPR. This introduced five gene products that were targets of leptin. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that leptin is both a transcriptional and a post‐transcriptional regulator of these gene products. Our tests showed that Pou1f1 and/or the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 transcriptional regulatory pathways are implicated in the leptin regulation of Gh or Ghrhr mRNAs. We then focused on potential actions by candidate microRNAs (miRNAs) with consensus binding sites on the 3' UTR of Gh or Ghrhr mRNAs. Somatotroph Lepr‐null deletion mutants expressed elevated levels of miRNAs including miR1197‐3p (in females), miR103‐3p and miR590‐3p (both sexes), which bind Gh mRNA, or miRNA‐325‐3p (elevated in both sexes), which binds Ghrhr mRNA. This elevation indicates repression of translation in the absence of LEPR. In addition, after detecting binding sites for Musashi on Tshb and Prl 3' UTR, we determined that Musashi1 repressed translation of both mRNAs in in vitro fluc assays and that Prl mRNA was enriched in Musashi immunoprecipitation assays. Finally, we tested ghrelin actions to determine whether its nitric oxide‐mediated signalling pathways would restore somatotroph functions in deletion mutants. Ghrelin did not restore either GHRH binding or GH secretion in vitro. These studies show an unexpectedly broad role for leptin with respect to maintaining somatotroph functions, including the regulation of PRL and TSH in subsets of somatotrophs that may be progenitor cells.
Progressive Muscle Relaxation and Mindfulness Meditation on Neuropathic Pain, Fatigue, and Quality of Life in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Izgu Nur , Gok Metin Zehra , Karadas Canan , Ozdemir Leyla , Metinarikan Nuran , Corapcıoglu Demet
Published: June 2020

Purpose

To examine the effects of progressive muscle relaxation and mindfulness meditation on the severity of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain (DPNP), fatigue, and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Design

An assessor‐blinded prospective randomized controlled trial.

Methods

Participants were randomly assigned to the relaxation group (RG; n = 28), meditation group (MG; n = 25), or control group (CG; n = 24). The mean age of participants was 64.2 ± 8.1 years in the RG, 61.6 ± 8.0 years in the MG, and 64.1± 6.6 years in the CG. Patients in the intervention groups performed progressive muscle relaxation or mindfulness meditation at their home for 12 weeks, 20 min daily. The CG received only an attention‐matched controlled education on pancreas anatomy and diabetes. Data collection was performed at baseline and at weeks 12 and 14 using the VAS, FACIT Fatigue Scale (FACIT‐F), and Neuropathic Pain Impact on Quality of Life Questionnaire (NePIQoL).

Findings

VAS scores were significantly lower in the RG and MG at week 12 (p < .05) and were statistically significant in the RG at week 14. Additionally, fatigue severity decreased significantly in the RG at weeks 12 and 14, compared to that in the CG (p < .05). While no significant difference was found in the quality of life scores between the study groups at weeks 12 and 14 (p > .05), a significant improvement in quality of life scores in the RG were provided at week 12 compared to those at baseline and week 14 (p < .05).

Conclusions

Both progressive muscle relaxation and mindfulness meditation had a positive impact on providing pain relief in patients with DPNP. Moreover, progressive muscle relaxation also appeared to have a beneficial effect on fatigue.

Clinical Relevance

Based on the results, progressive muscle relaxation and mindfulness meditation can be recommended as supportive therapies for the management of DPNP.
Reduction of enlarged facial pore using ion‐paired amino acid through enhancement in skin permeation and exfoliation: A placebo‐controlled in vivo study
Authors: Kwon Koo Chul , Lee Sung Woo , Kim Hongmin , Jeon Hyungjoon , Park Sang‐Wook
Published: June 2020

Background

Serine is a hypoallergenic but inefficient chemical exfoliant. Serine paired with arginine (ion‐paired amino acid, IPA) shows enhanced lipophilicity, skin permeation, and exfoliation efficacy.

Aim

This study was conducted to determine whether exfoliation using an emulsion containing IPA could reduce enlarged facial pores and improve the dermis density.

Methods

IPA formation was validated by spectroscopic analysis. Enhanced permeability and exfoliation efficacy were evaluated ex vivo using porcine skin. In a clinical trial, healthy Korean women aged 20‐49 years (mean age ± SD: 35.6 ± 8.6, n = 64) were evaluated, and the right and left sides of the cheeks were randomly chosen. An emulsion containing 4.0% IPA and placebo emulsion were applied to each side for 6 weeks. To evaluate pore sizes following treatment, the number of enlarged facial pores, inner skin structures from the stratum corneum to epidermal‐dermal interface, and dermal density on each cheek of the participants were assessed.

Results

IPA showed a significantly increased partition coefficient in n‐octanol‐water. In porcine skin, permeation of serine after 12 hour was 70% higher for the IPA than for serine alone at the same percent weight concentrations. In the clinical trial, after 6 weeks, the number of enlarged facial pores was changed by −19.317% in the IPA emulsion group (P < .001) and −2.930% in placebo emulsion group (P = .254).

Conclusion

Exfoliation with an IPA‐containing emulsion reduced enlarged facial pores and increased the dermis density. IPA, effective mild exfoliator, can be used as a major ingredient for the cosmeceutical skincare products in the future.
Leveraging eDNA to expand the study of hybrid zones
Authors: Stewart Kathryn A. , Taylor Scott A.
Published: June 2020

Hybrid zones are important windows into ecological and evolutionary processes. Our understanding of the significance and prevalence of hybridization in nature has expanded with the generation and analysis of genome‐spanning data sets. That said, most hybridization research still has restricted temporal and spatial resolution, which limits our ability to draw broad conclusions about evolutionary and conservation related outcomes. Here, we argue that rapidly advancing environmental DNA (eDNA) methodology could be adopted for studies of hybrid zones to increase temporal sampling (contemporary and historical), refine and geographically expand sampling density, and collect data for taxa that are difficult to directly sample. Genomic data in the environment offer the potential for near real‐time biological tracking of hybrid zones, and eDNA provides broad, but as yet untapped, potential to address eco‐evolutionary questions.
A market‐financed and growth‐enhancing investment plan for the euro area
Authors: Della Posta Pompeo , Marelli Enrico , Signorelli Marcello
Published: June 2020

In this paper, we analyze the problem of public debt‐to‐GDP stability in the Eurozone. We suggest that a feasible solution might be the realization of a market‐financed, growth‐enhancing investment program, which would be particularly welcome because of the positive short‐ and long‐term repercussions it would have on GDP growth and the stabilizing effects on interest rates. Some simulations allow us to quantify these effects. The consequences of the COVID‐19 pandemic further reinforce our policy implications in terms of public debt sustainability.
Drone scheduling for construction site surveillance
Authors: Yi Wen , Sutrisna Monty
Published: June 2020

Using drones to monitor construction site is a flexible approach with low manpower costs. We study a drone scheduling problem in which a drone flies on a fixed path over a construction site. The flying speed of the drone is optimized to ensure that the drone spends the most time monitoring areas of the construction site that deserve the most attention while ensuring that the drone completes the route within a certain time and without depleting its battery. We propose a nonlinear optimization model for the problem and develop a dynamic programming algorithm to solve the model. A case study is carried out to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed drone scheduling model.
Tangled pasts, healthier futures: Nursing strategies to improve American Indian/Alaska Native health equity
Authors: Pool Natalie M. , Stauber Leah S.
Published: June 2020

American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations in the United States continue to experience overall health inequity, despite significant improvement in health status for nearly all other racial‐ethnic groups over the past 30 years. Nurses comprise the bulk of healthcare providers in the U.S. and are in an optimal position to improve AI/AN health by transforming both nursing education and practice. This potential is dependent, however, on nurses’ ability to recognize the distinct historical and political conditions through which AI/AN health inequities have been produced and sustained. Nurse providers, educators, and leaders must in turn recognize how the sustained conditions of marginalization and expropriation that underpin current AI/AN health inequities continue to shape contemporary AI/AN health outcomes. This manuscript builds upon the extant literature of AI/AN historical health policy and utilizes decolonial theorizations of nursing and a cultural safety framework to propose a series of immediately actionable steps for nursing intervention into AI/AN health inequity. Ultimately, we suggest that it is crucial for nurses to collaborate with AI/AN individuals and communities across educational and clinical settings to further refine these approaches in alignment with the disciplinary obligation of promoting social justice within healthcare.
Independent evolutionary changes in fine‐root traits among main clades during the diversification of seed plants
Authors: Valverde‐Barrantes Oscar J. , Maherali Hafiz , Baraloto Christopher , Blackwood Christopher B.
Published: June 2020

Changes in fine‐root morphology are typically associated with transitions from the ancestral arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) to the alternative ectomycorrhizal (ECM) or nonmycorrhizal (NM) associations. However, the modifications in root morphology may also coincide with new modifications in leaf hydraulics and growth habit during angiosperm diversification. These hypotheses have not been evaluated concurrently, and this limits our understanding of the causes of fine‐root evolution.

To explore the evolution of fine‐root systems, we assembled a 600+ species database to reconstruct historical changes in seed plants over time. We utilise ancestral reconstruction approaches together with phylogenetically informed comparative analyses to test whether changes in fine‐root traits were most strongly associated with mycorrhizal affiliation, leaf hydraulics or growth form.

Our findings showed significant shifts in root diameter, specific root length and root tissue density as angiosperms diversified, largely independent from leaf changes or mycorrhizal affiliation. Growth form was the only factor associated with fine‐root traits in statistical models including mycorrhizal association and leaf venation, suggesting substantial modifications in fine‐root morphology during transitions from woody to nonwoody habits.

Divergences in fine‐root systems were crucial in the evolution of seed plant lineages, with important implications for ecological processes in terrestrial ecosystems.
Different levels of energetic coupling between photosynthesis and respiration do not determine the occurrence of adaptive responses of Symbiodiniaceae to global warming
Authors: Pierangelini Mattia , Thiry Marc , Cardol Pierre
Published: June 2020

Disentangling the metabolic functioning of corals' endosymbionts (Symbiodiniaceae) is relevant to understanding the response of coral reefs to warming oceans. In this work, we first question whether there is an energetic coupling between photosynthesis and respiration in Symbiodiniaceae (Symbiodinium, Durusdinium and Effrenium), and second, how different levels of energetic coupling will affect their adaptive responses to global warming.

Coupling between photosynthesis and respiration was established by determining the variation of metabolic rates during thermal response curves, and how inhibition of respiration affects photosynthesis. Adaptive (irreversible) responses were studied by exposing two Symbiodinium species with different levels of photosynthesis–respiration interaction to high temperature conditions (32°C) for 1 yr.

We found that some Symbiodiniaceae have a high level of energetic coupling; that is, photosynthesis and respiration have the same temperature dependency, and photosynthesis is negatively affected when respiration is inhibited. Conversely, photosynthesis and respiration are not coupled in other species. In any case, prolonged exposure to high temperature caused adjustments in both photosynthesis and respiration, but these changes were fully reversible.

We conclude that energetic coupling between photosynthesis and respiration exhibits wide variation amongst Symbiodiniaceae and does not determine the occurrence of adaptive responses in Symbiodiniaceae to temperature increase.
Allelic differences of clustered terpene synthases contribute to correlated intraspecific variation of floral and herbivory‐induced volatiles in a wild tobacco
Authors: Xu Shuqing , Kreitzer Christoph , McGale Erica , Lackus Nathalie D. , Guo Han , Köllner Tobias G. , Schuman Meredith C. , Baldwin Ian T. , Zhou Wenwu
Published: June 2020

Plant volatile emissions can recruit predators of herbivores for indirect defense and attract pollinators to aid in pollination. Although volatiles involved in defense and pollinator attraction are primarily emitted from leaves and flowers, respectively, they will co‐evolve if their underlying genetic basis is intrinsically linked, due either to pleiotropy or to genetic linkage. However, direct evidence of co‐evolving defense and floral traits is scarce.

We characterized intraspecific variation of herbivory‐induced plant volatiles (HIPVs), the key components of indirect defense against herbivores, and floral volatiles in wild tobaccoNicotiana attenuata.

We found that variation of (E)‐β‐ocimene and (E)‐α‐bergamotene contributed to the correlated changes in HIPVs and floral volatiles amongN. attenuatanatural accessions. Intraspecific variations of (E)‐β‐ocimene and (E)‐α‐bergamotene emissions resulted from allelic variation of two genetically co‐localized terpene synthase genes,NaTPS25andNaTPS38, respectively. Analyzing haplotypes ofNaTPS25andNaTPS38revealed that allelic variations ofNaTPS25andNaTPS38resulted in correlated changes of (E)‐β‐ocimene and (E)‐α‐bergamotene emission in HIPVs and floral volatiles inN. attenuata.

Together, these results provide evidence that pleiotropy and genetic linkage result in correlated changes in defenses and floral signals in natural populations, and the evolution of plant volatiles is probably under diffuse selection.
Mitochondrial fatty acid β‐oxidation is required for storage‐lipid catabolism in a marine diatom
Authors: Jallet Denis , Xing Denghui , Hughes Alexander , Moosburner Mark , Simmons Mark P. , Allen Andrew E. , Peers Graham
Published: June 2020

Photoautotrophic growth in nature requires the accumulation of energy‐containing molecules via photosynthesis during daylight to fuel nighttime catabolism. Many diatoms store photosynthate as the neutral lipid triacylglycerol (TAG). While the pathways of diatom fatty acid and TAG synthesis appear to be well conserved with plants, the pathways of TAG catabolism and downstream fatty acid β‐oxidation have not been characterised in diatoms.

We identified a putative mitochondria‐targeted, bacterial‐type acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase (PtMACAD1) that is present in Stramenopile and Hacrobian eukaryotes, but not found in plants, animals or fungi. Gene knockout, protein‐YFP tags and physiological assays were used to determine PtMACAD1's role in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum.

PtMACAD1 is located in the mitochondria. Absence of PtMACAD1 led to no consumption of TAG at night and slower growth in light : dark cycles compared with wild‐type. Accumulation of transcripts encoding peroxisomal‐based β‐oxidation did not change in response to day : night cycles or to PtMACAD1 knockout. Mutants also hyperaccumulated TAG after the amelioration of N limitation.

We conclude that diatoms utilise mitochondrial β‐oxidation; this is in stark contrast to the peroxisomal‐based pathways observed in plants and green algae. We infer that this pattern is caused by retention of catabolic pathways from the host during plastid secondary endosymbiosis.
How to approach esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction?
Authors: Patcharatrakul Tanisa , Alkaddour Ahmad , Pitisuttithum Panyavee , Jangsirikul Sureeporn , Vega Kenneth J. , Clarke John O. , Gonlachanvit Sutep
Published: June 2020

The diagnosis of esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction (EGJOO) is currently based on high‐resolution esophageal manometry and is characterized by impaired EGJ relaxation with preserved esophageal peristalsis. This condition has been defined by the Chicago Classification as a major esophageal motility disorder, although its clinical significance is controversial since heterogeneous and irrelevant presentations have been reported. EGJOO commonly has a benign clinical course, with spontaneous resolution, but it can also be associated with opioid usage, early achalasia, and mechanical obstruction. A careful medical, surgical, and medication history coupled with a careful manometry interpretation focused on the factors that might affect the integrated relaxation pressure are the keys for an accurate diagnosis. The advance of esophageal physiological tests can evaluate the clearance of the esophageal contents across the EGJ. The manometry technique, including testing in an upright position and provocative tests, can also complement those tests and demonstrate the evidence of EGJ obstruction. After making a diagnosis, endoscopy should be an initial step to exclude anatomical causes if it has not yet been done. Imaging studies can identify infiltrative lesions, but the reported diagnostic yield is relatively low. Management of EGJOO depends on the underlying etiology. Functional EGJOO patients with persistent dysphagia associated with the presence of outflow obstruction may require EGJ disruption therapy.
Online health behavior: Antecedents and outcomes of employee participation in an organization's online health program
Authors: Nifadkar Sushil S. , Bhagavatula Suresh
Published: June 2020

Working in organizations can result in health problems for employees, who may develop health conditions such as hypertension, cardiac problems, and obesity. To promote healthy behavior among employees, some companies use tailored online health platforms, which are customizable and accessible. Although these programs are available to all employees, they differ in terms of their participation, and we do not understand the reasons underlying variations in the use of these programs. We also have a limited understanding of the potential organizational outcomes of such participation. Thus, in this study, we develop a model of the antecedents and outcomes of employees’ participation in an organization's online health program. We propose that employees’ health beliefs, social influence to participate, and intention to participate influence their participation in an organization's online health program, which is associated with their health behavior within the organization. In turn, employees’ organizational health behavior influences organizationally relevant outcomes through mediation by availability of task‐ and family‐related support from coworkers. We tested our model through a four‐phase, multisource study by using data from 331 employees working in an Indian information technology company. Results generally supported our model. Our findings contribute to our knowledge of employees’ health behavior by examining why they may participate in online health programs and how their participation may promote health behavior and lead to organizationally relevant outcomes.
Continuous Flow Reactor for the Controlled Synthesis and Inline Photocatalysis of Antibacterial Ag2S Nanoparticles
Authors: Prakash Bhanu , Katoch Vibhav , Shah Asmita , Sharma Manju , Devi M. Manolata , Panda Jiban J , Sharma Jadab , Ganguli Ashok Kumar
Published: June 2020

The present study is focused on the integration of microreactors to synthesize visible light active nanophotocatalysts for inline photocatalytic degradation of organic dye and antibacterial activity. A wire‐assisted and a rapid laser micromachining technique has been employed for the fabrication of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)‐based microreactors, respectively. By varying the design and chemical reagents involved, different sizes of visible light active Ag2S nanoparticles were prepared via a continuous microfluidics approach using fabricated microreactors. When polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was utilized as the capping agent during the reaction, smaller particles of the size of ~ 15 nm were observed. The photocatalytic performance of these nanoparticles has been evaluated inline by employing the single‐inlet planar microreactor as a function of flow rate and channel length. The photocatalyst durability test and a comparative photocatalytic efficiency study between the microreactor and the conventional beaker reactor have also been carried out. Under visible light, these nanoparticles exhibit a remarkable enhancement of ~ 94.5% in the inline microreactor‐based photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye. The slower the flow rate and longer the channel length, gradual enhancement in the performance has been observed. Also, these nanoparticles express an antibacterial effect with very high efficacy even at very low (2 mg mL−1) concentration toward the inhibition of Escherichia Coli.
Testing the role of the timing and chronicity of maternal depressive symptoms in the associations with child behaviour and development
Authors: Moss Katrina M. , Dobson Annette J. , Mishra Gita D.
Published: June 2020

Background

There is debate regarding whether the association between maternal depressive symptoms (MDS) and child outcomes is due to the timing or chronicity of symptoms.

Objectives

To investigate whether critical periods, sensitive periods, or accumulation models provided the best explanation for the association between MDS and children's behaviour and development.

Methods

Data on mothers (N = 892) were collected from 1996 to 2015 as part of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health, a prospective longitudinal epidemiological study. Data on children (N = 978, 2‐12 years) were collected in 2016/17 as part of the Mothers and their Children's Health study. Mothers were categorised according to whether they reported MDS (scored ≥ 10 on the CESD‐10) before pregnancy, during pregnancy, or in early childhood. Child outcomes were maternal‐rated behaviour problems (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; SDQ) and teacher‐rated development (Australian Early Development Census; AEDC). We used a structured life course approach to rigorously test critical period, sensitive period, and accumulation (ie chronicity) theories by comparing the fit of a series of models.

Results

Most mothers did not report MDS at any time (69.2%), 16.9% reported MDS before pregnancy, 13.2% during pregnancy, and 16.5% in early childhood. High/very high total behaviour problems were reported for 7.0% of children, and developmental vulnerability/risk was reported for 15.9% for social competence and 15.7% for emotional maturity. An accumulation model was the best fit, with each period of MDS associated with an increase of 1.71 points (95% CI 1.26, 2.17) on the SDQ and decreases of 0.31 (95% CI −0.50, −0.12) and 0.29 points (95% CI −0.49, −0.08) on AEDC social competence and emotional maturity, respectively.

Conclusions

Chronic MDS were associated with poorer child outcomes than MDS at any single time. Sensitive and critical period models were not supported. This suggests chronicity of symptoms may be more important than timing.
Simulating the effects of improving field drainage on environmental impacts of inorganic phosphorus pollution of waterbodies from livestock farming
Authors: McGechan Malcolm B.
Published: June 2020

A simulation modelling study was carried out of the effects of poor field drainage on raising losses to the environment of inorganic phosphorus during livestock grazing and slurry spreading. The study used the weather‐driven colloid transport version of the MACRO model, as previously calibrated and tested using measurements of inorganic phosphorus in drainage water at experimental field sites. Results showed substantially higher losses with poor drainage compared to those with a properly functioning drainage system. Simulated mean losses from a single spread of slurry with poor drainage were typically at least double those with good drainage; for grazing in winter simulated mean losses were more than four times as high. These high losses arise because poor drainage raises the water table, leading to rapid movement of inorganic phosphorus attached to colloids through large water‐filled soil pores. In contrast, with good drainage leading to a lower water table, most water movements are through small soil pores where colloids with attached phosphorus become trapped. Although losses were higher in winter months (when grazing and slurry spreading would still need to be restricted even with good drainage), the benefits of improved drainage were demonstrated for all months of the year, for three soil types and at two contrasting weather sites.
Identification of a novel HLA‐DQB1 allele, HLA‐DQB1*03:168, by sequence‐based typing in a Taiwanese individual
Authors: Chang C. L. , Lin C. Y.
Published: June 2020

HLA‐DQB1*03:168 differs from HLA‐DQB1*03:03:02:01 by the single nucleotide substitution resulting in one amino acid change.
Central and peripheral muscle fatigue following repeated‐sprint running in moderate and severe hypoxia
Authors: Townsend Nathan , Brocherie Franck , Millet Grégoire P. , Girard Olivier
Published: June 2020

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

Increasing severity of arterial hypoxaemia induces a shift towards greater central, relative to peripheral, mechanisms of fatigue during exhaustive exercise. Does a similar pattern exist for ‘all‐out’ repeated‐sprint running?

What is the main finding and its importance?

Severe normobaric hypoxia [fraction of inspired oxygen () = 0.13] did not induce a greater contribution from central fatigue, but indices of muscle fatigue were elevated compared with normoxia ( = 0.21) and moderate hypoxia ( = 0.17). This suggests a different fatigue response to repeated‐sprint running versus other exercise modalities and, consequently, that task specificity might modulate the effect of hypoxia on the central versus peripheral contribution to fatigue.

We examined the effects of increasing hypoxia severity on repeated‐sprint running performance and neuromuscular fatigue. Thirteen active males completed eight sprints of 5 s (recovery = 25 s) on a motorized sprint treadmill in normoxia (sea level, SL;  = 0.21), in moderate hypoxia (MH;  = 0.17) and in severe hypoxia (SH;  = 0.13). After 6 min of passive recovery, in all conditions a second set of four sprints of 5 s was conducted in normoxia. Neuromuscular function of the knee extensors was assessed at baseline (Pre‐) and 1 min after set 1 (Post‐set 1) and set 2 (Post‐set 2). In set 1, the mean distance covered in SL (22.9 ± 1.2 m) was not different to MH (22.7 ± 1.3 m; P = 0.71) but was greater than in SH (22.3 ± 1.3 m; P = 0.04). No significant differences between conditions for mean distance occurred in set 2. There was a decrease in maximal voluntary contraction torque (Δ = −31.4 ± 18.0 N m, P < 0.001) and voluntary activation (%VA; Δ = −7.1 ± 5.1%, P = 0.001) from Pre‐ to Post‐set 1, but there was no effect of hypoxia. No further change from Post‐set 1 to Post‐set 2 occurred for either maximal voluntary contraction or %VA. The decrease in potentiated twitch torque in SL (Δ = −13.3 ± 5.2 N m) was not different to MH (Δ = −13.3 ± 6.3 N m) but was lower than in SH (Δ = −16.1 ± 4 N m) from Pre‐ to Post‐set 1 (interaction, P < 0.003). Increasing severity of normobaric hypoxia, up to an equivalent elevation of 3600 m, can increase indices of peripheral fatigue but does not impact central fatigue after ‘all‐out’ repeated‐sprint running.
Rationally designed indium oxide catalysts for CO
2
hydrogenation to methanol with high activity and selectivity
Authors: Dang Shanshan , Qin Bin , Yang Yong , Wang Hui , Cai Jun , Han Yong , Li Shenggang , Gao Peng , Sun Yuhan
Published: June 2020

A novel hexagonal In
2
O
3
with high proportion of exposed {104} facets shows superior performance for CO
2
hydrogenation to CH
3
OH.
High-capacity poly(2-oxazoline) formulation of TLR 7/8 agonist extends survival in a chemo-insensitive, metastatic model of lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Vinod Natasha , Hwang Duhyeong , Azam Salma H. , Van Swearingen Amanda E. D. , Wayne Elizabeth , Fussell Sloane Christian , Sokolsky-Papkov Marina , Pecot Chad V. , Kabanov Alexander V.
Published: June 2020

Polymeric micelle formulation of an immune modulator improves survival in a highly aggressive model of non–small cell lung cancer.
Aptamers against mouse and human tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells as reagents for targeted chemotherapy
Authors: De La Fuente Adriana , Zilio Serena , Caroli Jimmy , Van Simaeys Dimitri , Mazza Emilia M. C. , Ince Tan A. , Bronte Vincenzo , Bicciato Silvio , Weed Donald T. , Serafini Paolo
Published: June 2020

Aptamers specific for mouse and human tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells allow anticancer drug delivery to the tumor microenvironment in mouse models.
MHC class II invariant chain–adjuvanted viral vectored vaccines enhances T cell responses in humans
Authors: Esposito Ilaria , Cicconi Paola , D’Alise Anna Morena , Brown Anthony , Esposito Marialuisa , Swadling Leo , Holst Peter Johannes , Bassi Maria Rosaria , Stornaiuolo Mariano , Mori Federica , Vassilev Ventzislav , Li Wenqin , Donnison Timothy , Gentile Chiara , Turner Bethany , von Delft Annette , Del Sorbo Mariarosaria , Barra Federica , Contino Alessandra Maria , Abbate Adele , Novellino Ettore , Thomsen Allan Randrup , Christensen Jan Pravsgaard , Lahm Armin , Grazioli Fabiana , Ammendola Virginia , Siani Loredana , Colloca Stefano , Klenerman Paul , Nicosia Alfredo , Dorrell Lucy , Folgori Antonella , Capone Stefania , Barnes Eleanor ,   on behalf of the PEACHI Consortium, Bliss Carly , Ghaffari Emma , Hartnell Felicity , Kopycinski Jakub , Makvandi-Nejad Shokouh , Nevin Verity , Borys Dorota , Boutriau Dominique , Cochard Landry , Lin Lan , Struyf Frank , Hanke Tomáš , Bannan Ciaran , Bergin Colim , Hoffman Matthias , Schmid Patrick , Vernazza Pietro , Gardiner Clair , Woods Elena
Published: June 2020

Administration of an MHC class II invariant chain–adjuvanted HCV vaccine in humans leads to enhanced immunogenicity via the proteasome pathway.
Role of Whole-Genome Sequencing in Characterizing the Mechanism of Action of
para
-Aminosalicylic Acid and Its Resistance
Authors: Satta Giovanni , Witney Adam A. , Begum Neelu , Ortiz Canseco Julio , Boa Andrew N. , McHugh Timothy D.
Published: June 2020

para
-Aminosalicylic acid (PAS) remains one of the drugs of last resort for the treatment of tuberculosis, but its mechanism of action is still not completely understood. The main aim of this project was to identify new potential mechanisms of action and resistance to PAS by performing whole-genome sequencing on PAS-resistant laboratory mutants. A new variant in the
folC
gene was identified, as well as some other mutations that require further study.
Ordo-Silurian assemblage in the Indochina interior: Geochronological, elemental, and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf-O isotopic constraints of early Paleozoic granitoids in South Laos
Authors: Wang Yuejun , Zhang Yuzhi , Qian Xin , Senebouttalath Vongpaseuth , Wang Yang , Wang Yukun , Gan Chengshi , Zaw Khin
Published: June 2020

In order to verify the early Paleozoic accretionary assemblage in the Indochina interior and constrain the Prototethyan tectonic evolution in Southeast Asia, this study presents a set of new U-Pb geochronological, elemental, and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf-O isotopic data for the fifty-two representative granitoids in South Laos. The granitoids from the Kontum terrane, Tam Ky-Phuoc Son tectonic zone, and southern Truong Son igneous zone in South Laos yield the crystallization ages of 464–485 Ma, 455–471 Ma, and 427–446 Ma, respectively, with a northerly younging trend within the Indochina interior. They are mainly monzogranite with A/CNK = 0.96–1.99 and K2O > Na2O, which are marked by enrichment in large-ion lithophile elements and depletion in high field strength elements with remarkable Nb-Ta, Sr-P, and Ti negative anomalies. Their initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios range from 0.70510 to 0.71559, εNd(t) from −9.5 to −3.0, (206Pb/204Pb)i from 18.65 to 19.72, (207Pb/204Pb)i from 15.66 to 15.80, and (208Pb/ 204Pb)i from 38.84 to 39.79. The corresponding zircon ɛHf(t) and δ18O values are in the range of −10.6 to +1.0 and 6.88‰ to 8.94‰, respectively. In addition, their Sr-Nd-Pb and Hf-O isotopic compositions are generally similar with those of time-equivalent granitoids in South Tibet and SW Yunnan, China, and synchronous mafic-intermediate igneous rocks in South Laos, but distinctive from those of the supracrustal sedimentary-derived South China Paleozoic granite and Lincang-Sukhothai S-type granite. The early Paleozoic granitoids in South Laos might have originated from a mixed source of the wedge-derived juvenile crust coupled with supracrustal materials. All these data synthetically suggest the southward subduction of the Tam Ky-Phuoc Son Ocean and the northerly on-growing Ordo-Silurian accretionary orogenesis within the previously defined “single-ancient” Indochina block. The assemblage of the Indochina block might initiate at ca. 430 Ma in the Silurian and terminate in the Early-Middle Devonian.
Epidemiology of visual impairment, sight-threatening or treatment-requiring
diabetic eye disease in children and young people in the UK: findings from
DECS
Authors: Ibanez-Bruron Maria Carolina , Solebo Ameenat Lola , Cumberland Phillippa , Rahi Jugnoo S
Published: June 2020

Background

We investigated the incidence and causes of sight-threatening
diabetes-related eye disease in children living with diabetes in the UK, to
inform the national eye screening programme and enable monitoring of
trends.

Methods

We undertook a prospective active national surveillance via the British
Ophthalmic Surveillance Unit. Eligible cases were children aged 18 years or
younger, with type 1 or 2 diabetes, newly diagnosed between January 2015 and
February 2017 with sight-threatening diabetic eye disease.

Results

Eight children were reported. The annual incidence of all
sight-threatening diabetes-related eye disease requiring referral to an
ophthalmologist among children living with diabetes (n=8) in the UK was 1.21
per 10 000 person-years (95% CI 0.52 to 2.39) and was largely attributable to
cataract (n=5) 0.76 per 10 000 person-years (95% CI 0.25 to 1.77). The
incidence of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy (n=3) among those eligible
for screening (12 to 18 year-olds living with diabetes) was 1.18 per 10 000
person-years (95% CI 0.24 to 3.46). No subjects eligible for certification as
visually impaired or blind were reported.

Conclusions

Secondary prevention of visual disability due to retinopathy is currently
the sole purpose of national eye screening programmes globally. However, the
rarity of treatment-requiring retinopathy in children/young people living with
diabetes, alongside growing concerns about suboptimal screening uptake, merit
new consideration of the utility of screening for primary prevention of
diabetes-related morbidity by using the screening event and findings as a
catalyst for better diabetes self-management.