bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Audience
Authors: Davis Richard
Published: November 2023

The final player to discuss is the political blog audience. As mentioned earlier, traditional news media audiences intermingle with other players in agenda setting. But do blog audiences do so as well? Before answering that question, it is important to understand who this audience is. Are they unemployed twenty somethings who spend their days hunched over a computer screen reading the latest gossip about a presidential candidate or smirking over the blogosphere’s report on still another media failure? Are they social outcasts who live in a virtual world disconnected from others? Or are they mainstream voters, average Americans? Do they represent the broad spectrum of social life—truckers, physicians, accountants, manicurists, and PhDs as well as high school dropouts, voters and nonvoters? Are they ordinary people seeking more information in order to make decisions about issues and candidates? What are their attitudes about traditional media? Have these readers given up on mainstream media? Or are they supplementing blog and media news sources? And why do they read? What motivates them to spend time reading someone else’s political opinions? Is it pure entertainment? Or do blogs offer news they don’t get elsewhere? What is the relationship between blogs and their audience? Are they affected by what they read? Do they read blogs in order to glean information, but also, perhaps, to shape opinions as well?
Survival Skills: Becoming A “Knight of Faith”
Authors: Scioli Anthony , Biller Henry B
Published: November 2023

Hope lets you breathe a little easier. It gives you a chance to live a more peaceful life, one that is defined by a deep sense of trust, a strong feeling of support, and considerably less fear and worry. Hope can also help you to transform experiences of loss and rise above the gloom and doom of a death that appears devoid of honor or purpose. These might be considered valuable gifts in any era, but they are particularly prized in our time, an age of anxiety fraught with war, disease, and a host of other threats.

These threats have of course been a part of the human experience since the beginning of recorded time. But things are different today. The weapons are more deadly, the spread of disease more rapid, and our awareness of danger more thorough. Moreover, these are only the more proximate or obvious sources of our unease. We are faced with other, more covert problems as well, such as diminished community, disengaged families, mistrust of institutions, and a sense of nihilism manifest in the widespread lack of faith in God or a higher power. Given all these stresses and uncertainties, is it at all surprising that anxiety disorders have become the world’s most prevalent form of psychopathology, affecting roughly one in every nine individuals?
MacAndrew: The Engineer and the Celtic Fringe
Authors: Harvie Christopher
Published: November 2023

A scheme for the development of Irish tourist traffic in and around Dublin by means of petrol-propelled riverboats, plying in the fluvial fairway between Islandbridge and Ringsend, charabancs, narrow gauge railways, and pleasure steamers for coastwise navigation (10/per person per day, guide (trilingual) included). A scheme to connect by tramline the Cattle Market (North Circular Road and Prussia Street) with the quays ... Leopold Bloom was doing what the Irishman— as much as the Jew— was not supposed to be doing. When Bernard Shaw argued, in John Bull’s Other Island (1904), that Celts were as good at engineering as the Saxons, if not better at it, he challenged an ideology, evolved between the 1840s and the 1870s, which, along with various dubious bits of anthropological lore, claimed technical ability as a racial endowment.
‘Night’s Candles are Burnt Out’
Authors: Harvie Christopher
Published: November 2023

In 1928 the Electricity Supply Board of the Irish Free State allowed the painter Sean Keating to document the opening of the Shannon Power Scheme. The river had been diverted fifteen miles upstream from Limerick, and its waters carried along a ten-mile head-race to one of Europe’s largest hydroelectric power stations. Pylons took 152 megawatt hours throughout the new country.This was a young man’s ploy: the engineer Thomas McLaughlin was only 27, and his political boss as Minister of Commerce Patrick McGilligan 34, when the scheme was decided on in 1923, as the civil war ended. Keating’s ‘Night’s Candles are Burnt Out’ was as ambiguous as his master William Orpen’s Versailles paintings had been six years earlier.
Peasant Markets, Commercialization, and Urban Capitalism
Authors: Clarke Colin
Published: November 2023

Oaxaca’s peasantries are not being destroyed by the inroads of capitalism—especially in remote mountain areas, though many communities are changing, some at a rapid rate. However, peasantries are becoming increasingly differen tiated internally. This is either because the economic value of what they contro1 has been altered by government investment, perhaps in the form of new roads, improved access to electricity, technology, or the market, or because they are influenced by improved education and health provision, once again largely state financed.

However, peasants in favourable agricultural niches in the Central Valleys are fully capable of conducting their own development by obeying market forces, as Waterbury attests in his detailed account of San Antonino over the period 1970 to 1998. Here over-pumping of groundwater for flower and vegetable production for the Oaxaca City market has reduced output, but producers have adapted by moving into dress embroidery, extending their trading connections to the tourist centres of the Pacific coast, and by out-migration (Waterbury 1989, 1999).
Community, Class, and the Rural Municipio
Authors: Clarke Colin
Published: November 2023

Administrative fragmentation occurs to an extreme degree in Oaxaca, and this is a result both of its mountain and valley physiography and the insular nature of its settlements, the origins of which go back to early colonial or pre-Hispanic times. The current archipelago of towns, villages, and hamlets, set in a sea of near-uninhabited mountains and valleys, is reflected in the spatial pattern of municipios, the principal units of local government below the level of the state. There are 570 municipios in Oaxaca, about 24 per cent of all those in Mexico (Brito de Marti 1982), with an average of 5,200 persons per unit. Not only are these municipal jurisdictions much smaller and more numerous than else where, but they are also relatively more autonomous (Fox and Aranda 1996). Social fragmentation does not end with the municipio. Within each there is usually a miniature hierarchy of settlements, reaching down from the nucleated cabacera municipal (head settlement) to smaller offshoots, often having a recognized, but subordinate, legal status. In 1950, for example, 3,000 distinctive population aggregates (localidades) in Oaxaca were recognized by the census, ranging from ciudades, villas, and pueblos down to rancherias and congregaciones. Each of the two latter had less than 200 inhabitants, with congregaciones being typified by scattered populations: 79 per cent of the Oaxaca population at that date lived in places with fewer than 2,500 persons.
PRI ‘Hegemony’ and Political Dissent
Authors: Clarke Colin
Published: November 2023

A major thrust of the argument so far has been that the Mexican state, under the aegis of the PRI, has been responsible for the reconstitution and reinforcement of Oaxaca’s peasantries. It has also played a major role in the post-revolutionary construction of weak peasant ethnicities, and of subordinate, but quasi-autonomous, peasant communities. By delaying, until the late 1970s, the implementation of a population policy based on modern methods of contraception, the state has contributed to the creation of potential surplus population throughout the rural and urban communities of Oaxaca.
Boundaries and Country Planning: Ancient and Modern
Authors: Rackham Oliver
Published: November 2023

All members of Cambridge University know the back wall of Peterhouse, where it adjoins the town fen: a wall of ancient stone and brick, much patched and recycled, which runs in a curiously erratic course with many angles and offsets. The college was founded on its present site in 1284, but it was not Peterhouse that established the boundary. The college took over the site of the Friars of the Sack (sacked by the Pope for reasons that do not concern us), but it was not the Friars that established the boundary. They, in turn, had taken over houses in a ribbon development along the main road south of Cambridge, but it was not the house-owners that established the boundary. The house-plots were successors to arable strips laid out between the road and the town fen as part of an exercise in country planning in the Norman or Anglo-Saxon period. The owners of these strips had disturbed the originally regular plan by pushing out their back fences into the fen (usque ad mariscum) —farmers, then as now, were not above encroaching on public land (Hall and Lovatt 1989).
Rangeland Livestock Management
Authors: Baker Kathleen M
Published: November 2023

Throughout West Africa the keeping of livestock is of major social and economic importance. Animals kept are of many different types and methods of their management are varied. Of major importance are herd animals such as cattle, camels, donkeys, sheep, and goats but equally important to many households are small animals such as pigs, chickens, and guinea fowl which are kept in or near the compound. The importance of wildlife, non domesticated animals to the livelihoods of Africans is increasingly being recognized and the farming of ostrich, crocodile, deer, and a variety of rodents both supplements the protein gap in the diets of many Africans and is a tourist attraction.
Conclusions
Authors: Baker Kathleen M
Published: November 2023

Balancing resources against opportunities is a skill developed over generations by African smallholders. By exploiting variations in the local environment, both in time and in space, farmers and pastoralists minimize the risk of loss in an unpredictable environment. This is an indigenous alternative to more tecnologically developed systems where ecological variation is eliminated, or significantly reduced, with the aid of technology. Constantly juggling the limited resources available to them, indigenous farmers adjust to a non-equilibrial physical environment and changing social and economic circumstances by working round problems rather than by combating them directly. The case of farmers in Gambia’s Western Division is a good example. In response to protracted drought and to the loss of labour from rural-urban migration, dryland farmers adjusted their cropping patterns, growing less labour-intensive and more drought resistant crops such as cassava and tree crops, particularly fruit (see Chapter 6). Irrigation and labour-saving mechanization were never options. As the drought has continued, labour remains a problem, the cost of living has risen, the cost of education, with which most families are concerned, has escalated, and farmers have begun to specialize in the production of mangoes and more recently, cashew. These tree crops are more drought resistant than oranges and are higher in value, as long as they can be marketed. Contrary to expectations, cassava production has fallen back slightly because farmers find it difficult to successfully fence more than one, or at most two, cassava plots. Fencing is critical because cassava grows through the dry season and unless very well protected, is easy prey for animals which, in this part of the region, are not herded in the dry season. Thus adaptations to change are being made constantly but there is little evidence that such changes are being noticed either by government or by the aid agencies involved in the agricultural sector in The Gambia. This reinforces a personal view that in spite of verbal acknowledgement of the competence of smallholder producers, their skill in coping with problems receives little recognition from policy makers. Smallholders are not perceived as a resource and their potential contribution to agricultural development remains invisible to those with the power to influence change.
Losing Hope
Authors: Lewis Gilbert
Published: November 2023

On the night of 8 December, Dauwaras rolled and fell from his bed onto the fire beside it. His shout woke Wairi and Wainem, her daughter, who managed to pull him aside and move the fire so that he was not burned. They were sleeping in the house with him. That was how they had been able to pull him away fast enough. But his left hip was bruised by the fall, and hurt. The pain set him back. Dauwaras stayed inside the hut, keeping still, so as not to move the hip. I resumed daily visits to rub his back and joints and try to get him movmg. A dispute between Bi’ip and Dagetasa was revived by trouble over Selaukei’s daughter Simi. One evening, there was a brawl in the dark at Bi’ip in
Husbandry of Large, and Woody Plants
Authors: Doolittle William E
Published: November 2023

The ability of native Americans to make plants produce yields greater than were capable under natural conditions was not limited strictly to small herbaceous plants, but extended beyond to include large herbs and woody plants, particularly giant succulents, trees, shrubs, and vines. Indigenous North Americans did not possess any domesticated trees prior to the arrival of the Europeans. Their husbandry of large, and woody plants for economic purposes, therefore, has not been well-recognized. Most of the research conducted on such activities during both pre-contact and recent times in the New World has involved various trees in Middle and South America (e.g., E. Anderson 1952: 89–106; Puleston 1968). Evidence presented here confirms that inhabitants of North America not only manipulated large, and woody plants prior to the arrival of the Europeans, but that the activity was widespread.
Dry Farming
Authors: Doolittle William E
Published: November 2023

That agriculture, be it modern or ancient, requires water is a truism. It is similarly true that when we think of water in the context of farming we typically, and rightfully, place importance on rain. As the two previous chapters have illustrated, native agriculture in North America was not only dependent on rainfall wherever it was adequate, but rainfed agriculture was a wide-spread practice with a long and distinguished history. The principal reason for this rich tradition and broad distribution is the relative ease in which rainfed agriculture can be, and was, carried out. Besides various clearing, planting, tending, and harvesting activities, which are required of all types of agriculture, nothing else needs to be done in order to practice rainfed agriculture. When it comes to farming drylands, however, the picture changes dramatically.
Regional Overview
Authors: Doolittle William E
Published: November 2023

The lands inhabited by native North Americans were certainly varied. In terms of biophysical characteristics, the continent’s environment is a complex mosaic of soils, slopes, vegetation, temperature, and moisture conditions. Aboriginal farmers had a myriad of factors with which to deal—some favorable, some unfavorable—and they dealt with them in some rather ingenious ways. These people developed a plethora of techniques for increasing their food supply. And, as a result, they created a variety of cultivated landscapes.
The Confederation of British Industry and Policy-Making in the European Community
Authors: Eberlie Richard
Published: November 2023

I start from the premiss that British industry’s interests are not being taken as fully into account by the European Community institutions as they should be. I first report how the Brussels office of the Confederation of British Industry (CBI) is organized and what we are doing at the moment, and how we relate to UNICE, our European confederation. Secondly, I go on to explain how we have recently developed our operations in concert with some member trade associations. We have a very long way to go in attaining the same degree of influence over the Brussels legislators as we presently have over those in Whitehall and Westminster.
Islands as Laboratories
Authors: Cliff A D , Haggett P , Smallman-Raynor M R
Published: November 2023

Islands possess many advantages for the study of the laws and phenomena of distribution … It is not too much to say that when we have mastered the difficulties presented by the peculiarities of island life we shall find it com paratively easy to deal with the more complex and less clearly defined problems of continental distribution.
The production of chemical warfare agents by the Third Reich, 1933-45
Authors: Appler Bernd
Published: November 2023

Soon after the end of World War I the German military (Reichswehr) became convinced that the 1919 Treaty of Versailles was so humiliating for Germany that another war was inevitable. A so-called ‘struggle for liberation’ was expected to start in the years just after the war. German military strength had been greatly weakened and it would not have been possible to increase Germany’s conventional weapon capability rapidly. Instead chemical warfare agents were considered as a possible way to compensate for the lack of conventional capability.
Legal problems related to old chemical munitions dumped in the Baltic Sea
Authors: Heintze Hans-Joachim
Published: November 2023

Old, dumped chemical munitions pose a significant pollution problem in the Baltic Sea area, and one which was long neglected owing to political reasons. In recent years public concern about chemical munitions dumped after World War II has increased, especially in Scandinavia.2 The incidents that have occurred merely suggest the potential for disaster. For instance, it has become known that ‘surprisingly high levels of arsenic in the Baltic Sea led recently to the discovery that 7000 tons of arsenic had been dumped almost 40 years ago in concrete containers, reportedly enough to kill the population of the world three times over if properly administrated’.
The Emergence and Development of ‘Democratic’ Groups and Embryonic Political Parties
Authors: Lukin Alexander
Published: November 2023

The aim of this chapter is to present an objective picture of the activities and types of independent ‘democratic’ political groups in the years 1985-91 in Russia as a whole and with particular attention to the regions where the interviews were conducted. This is helpful for a better understanding of the context of the activities of the interviewees and the authors of the documents which form the sources of this study. An effort has been made to avoid value judgements or generalizations, and to provide only information. However, in cases where this was not possible the reader is welcome to check the generalizations of this chapter by using the same sources.
Hell on Earth: Attitudes toward the Existing Soviet State and Social Structure
Authors: Lukin Alexander
Published: November 2023

The beliefs shared by Russian ‘democrats’, like any other beliefs, were not static but developed in the course of time and events. One of the strands in this evolution can be characterized as ‘growing criticism’. For many activists in the movement, it took only one or two years to transform themselves from supporters of ‘true Leninism’ into fighters against the ‘totalitarian Communist dictatorship’.
Between Dependence and Influence: Jews and Liberalism in Frankfurt am Main, 1864-1933
Authors: Palmowski Jan
Published: November 2023

‘German history is not a one-way street to Auschwitz.’ Peter Pulzer’s aversion to historical teleology has characterized his own reuvre consistently, while at the same time few historians have been as keen to consider history, and the forces shaping it, in the longue duree. In one of his most important contributions to scholarship, Pulzer has developed a rationale for the relationship between Jews, liberalism, and anti-Semitism which was closely intertwined, but never predetermined.
Convergence and Stability in the Numerical Approximation of Dynamical Systems
Authors: Stuart Andrew
Published: November 2023

In this article we give an overview of the application of theories from dynamical systems to the analysis of numerical methods for initial-value problems. We start by describing the classical viewpoints of numerical analysis and of dynamical systems and then indicate how the two viewpoints can be merged to provide a framework for both the interpretation of data obtained from numerical simulations and the design of efficient numerical methods. This is done in Section 2. >In addressing the question of how to interpret data, we will show in Section 3 how the concept of convergence can be generalized to the numerical approximation of dynamical systems. The main theory is developed for one-step methods for ordinary differential equations and extensions to the study of multistep methods, adaptive time-stepping algorithms and partial differential equations are then outlined.
Numerical Analysis of Volterra Functional and Integral Equations
Authors: Baker Christopher T H
Published: November 2023

The type of problem that we are interested in here has arisen in the study of such diverse topics as electric locomotives, economic growth, and cardiorespiratory control. Our starting point is the solution of such a problem and the first step is to marry the theoretical understanding to a realistic mathematical model. The solution of the mathematical problem relies upon insight based on analysis and (numerical or symbolic) computation informed by an understanding of the reallife problem. The transition between analytical and computational techniques and the. choice of numerical procedures require an understanding of the underlying mathematics and of what may be feasible, computationally. The efficient implementation of the numerical procedures requires an approach that exploits mathematical insight but borders on computational science.
Setting the scene
Authors: Priestley H A
Published: November 2023

Two millennia ago the Greeks calculated areas by the method of exhaustion. This was the process by which an area was approximated from the inside by regular figures, for example rectangles, until the residual area (or the human calculator?) was exhausted. Figure 1.1 gives an illustration. Nowadays numerical approximations to integrals are obtained by computer, less arduously but in essentially the same way.
Intervals and step functions
Authors: Priestley H A
Published: November 2023

According to our manifesto in Chapter 1, any finite linear combination of characteristic functions of bounded intervals must be integrable. We now investigate these functions in detail. They have step-like graphs, as in Fig. 1.4, and serve as approximations to more familiar continuous functions, as shown in Fig. 3.1.
Integrals of step functions
Authors: Priestley H A
Published: November 2023

We have already pointed out that this gives a finite value for the integral. Before proceeding we must pay our debts and check consistency of the definition. In part, what this consistency result amounts to geometrically is simply this: if we have a bounded region of the plane with its boundary made up of a finite number of horizontal and vertical lines and we calculate its area by breaking it into rectangles, then we get the same answer irrespective of the way we divide it up. Trusting readers may skip the formal proof given below.
Non-integrable functions
Authors: Priestley H A
Published: November 2023

Our next task is to show the limitations of our theory, by investigating functions which are not integrable.

In order to be integrable a function f must be neither ‘too big’ nor ‘too wild’. In this chapter we explore the first of these imprecise terms, deferring consideration of the second until Chapters 21 and 22. Informally, a non-negative function is ‘too big’ if the area under its graph is infinite.
The character of integrable functions
Authors: Priestley H A
Published: November 2023

This chapter contains various results which we could have scattered through the text, where the theorems needed to prove them first appeared. Because of their usefulness we have chosen to bring them together for reference, along with some related results already proved. Unless otherwise stated, functions may be real-or complex-valued.
L2-spaces: orthogonal sequences
Authors: Priestley H A
Published: November 2023

Among the LP-spaces, L2 is special. Like the Euclidean spaces ℝk, its norm comes from an inner product. This gives the notion of orthogonality which underlies Fourier theory in L2, and gives a rich geometrical theory. In this chapter we assume familiarity with rudimentary linear algebra. Where exactly the same arguments work in an arbitrary inner product space as in the special case of an L2-space we work in the general setting. Our results are motivated by the geometry of the most familiar inner product spaces, namely the real Euclidean spaces ℝk (k = 1, 2, 3), with the usual scalar product as the inner product. They subsume the corresponding results in Chapter 30.
Tauberian theorems
Authors: Boos Johann , Cass Peter
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 2 we dealt mainly with inclusion theorems and with Toeplitz-Silverman-type theorems and, in Chapter 3, with their application to special matrix methods. In contrast to that, in this chapter we turn to Tauberian theorems.
Functional analytic basis
Authors: Boos Johann , Cass Peter
Published: November 2023

The aim of this chapter is to familiarize the reader with functional analytic tools which we will apply in the remaining parts of the book. We assume that the reader is already familiar with basic notions about topological spaces, semi-metric spaces and semi-normed spaces. However, to make the book more self-contained, we give, in Sections 6.1-6.3, a compact introduction to these concepts. We concentrate on basic notions, facts, examples and theorems and omit almost all proofs. In view of our main concern, most of the examples are related to sequence spaces. Among other things we recall, in Section 6.2, the Baire category theorem for metric spaces and, in Section 6.3, the Hahn-Banach theorem, the uniform boundedness principle and the Banach-Steinhaus theorem for semi-normed spaces.
Topological sequence spaces: Kand FK-spaces
Authors: Boos Johann , Cass Peter
Published: November 2023

With the aim of to pologizing domains of matrices with natural topologies, we mainly study FK-spaces in this chapter. These are sequence spaces carrying a metrizable locally convex topology which is complete (F-space) such that convergence implies coordinatewise convergence (K-space). FK-space theory was initiated by K. Zeller in 1949. On the one hand it makes possible the application of functional analytic methods to a number of major problems in summability and, on the other hand, it has proved very fruitful in the development of some topics in functional analysis, for example that of topological sequence spaces. Definitely, the inspiration for FK-space theory came from the Polish school around S. Banach, S. Mazur and W. Orlicz in which functional analytic methods were applied, for instance, to prove the bounded consistency theorem. Around 1949, K. Zeller published some seminal papers, for example, [261], [260], [262]. The subject was then further developed by Zeller and many other mathematicians. Wilansky’s book, [254], traces the development of the subject up to 1984.
Consistency of matrix methods
Authors: Boos Johann , Cass Peter
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we continue the investigation of the following question. Given matrices A and B and a subspace φ ⊂ Y ⊂ c  a with Y ⊂ c  B, if A and B are consistent on the ‘basic subset’ φ Θ〈u〉, for a suitable u, are A and B consistent on Y ?
Measure theory
Authors: Ambrosio Luigi , Fusco Nicola , Pallara Diego
Published: November 2023

We present the basic notions of measure theory which are useful in the book, with the aim of fixing the notation and making the exposition self-contained, at least as far as the results are concerned; as regards the proofs, we present mainly those that cannot be found in the standard books.
The Mumford-Shah Functional
Authors: Ambrosio Luigi , Fusco Nicola , Pallara Diego
Published: November 2023

This chapter is entirely devoted to the Mumford-Shah image segmentation problem. We have tried to gather all the present knowledge on this problem and, to keep the length of the chapter within reasonable limits, the statements are usually given without proof, referring either to the original papers or to other, more formal, parts of this book.
Regularity of the Free Discontinuity Set
Authors: Ambrosio Luigi , Fusco Nicola , Pallara Diego
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we study the partial regularity of the discontinuity set of the quasi minimisers of the functional.
Conjugacy classes and special elements
Authors: Geck Meinolf , Pfeiffer Golz
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we study the distribution of the elements of a finite Coxeter group W into conjugacy classes. We derive structural properties of the conjugacy classes with respect to the length function of W and achieve a full classification of the conjugacy classes of W. Our point of view is inductive with respect to parabolic subgroups. If everything is known about the conjugacy classes of the proper parabolic subgroups of W then the interesting conjugacy classes are those which do not contain an element of a proper parabolic subgroup. We call them the cuspidal classes of W. The two other important concepts in this chapter are minimal length (in a conjugacy class) and cyclic shift (in the sense of cyclically permuting the factors in a reduced expression). One of our main results shows that the elements of minimal length in a cuspidal class form a single cyclic shift class. Another one shows that cuspidal classes are ‘‘rigid” in the sense that elements of different cuspidal classes of W will not be conjugate in any Coxeter group which contains W as a parabolic subgroup.
Irreducible characters of finite Coxeter groups
Authors: Geck Meinolf , Pfeiffer Golz
Published: November 2023

Let W be a finite Coxeter group. In this chapter we begin the systematic study of the irreducible characters of W. This will be based on two basic constructions, involving the natural module V of W. Recall from Chapter 1 that W is defined in terms of a Cartan matrix and this gives rise to a natural embedding i⊂ GL(V), where V is an ℝ.-vector space on which the generators of W act as reflections. The main theme of this chapter is to study the induced actions of W on the exterior and on the symmetric powers of V.
Parabolic subgroups and induced characters
Authors: Geck Meinolf , Pfeiffer Golz
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 5, we determined the irreducible characters for each finite Coxeter group W. For the exceptional types, this was done using some explicit computations, which yield the complete character tables. For the classical types, we described explicit constructions which yield parametrizations of the irreducible characters in terms of partitions or pairs of partitions.

Now we are interested in finding systematic ways (valid for all types) of describing the irreducible characters of Win terms of the induction of characters from parabolic subgroups. Of course, we cannot expect to obtain a nice theory when we just look at all parabolic subgroups and all constituents of all induced characters. However, it turns out that we do obtain interesting results when we impose restrictions either on the choice of the characters that are induced or on the irreducible constituents that we consider in a given induced character.
Iwahori-Hecke algebras
Authors: Geck Meinolf , Pfeiffer Golz
Published: November 2023

In this book, Iwahori-Hecke algebras made their first appearance in Section 4.4, where we defined them as quotients of the group algebra of a braid group. We will now begin to develop the structure theory of these algebras, in the general framework of the theory of symmetric algebras (see Chapter 7).
Retrieval
Authors: Dudai Yadin
Published: November 2023

Until fairly recently, retrieval was an uncharted terrain in the neurobiology of memory. This was particularly striking when compared with the rich contribution of experimental psychology and modelling to the phenomenology and theory of retrieval (Semon 1904; Shiffrin and Artkinson 1969; Anderson 1983; Tulving 1983). This situation was also in sharp contrast to the signal role of retrieval in behavioural *assays of memory, for, at the end of the test, even if the intention is to study *acquisition, *consolidation, or retention of memory, it is retrieval that is tested. Hence many brain scientists study retrieval without even being aware of it.
Skill
Authors: Dudai Yadin
Published: November 2023

The first systematic investigation of skill learning involved a skill that is now obsolete. This was the study of the acquisition of the American Morse code by employees of railway and telegraph companies (Bryan and Harter 1897, 1899). On the basis of these studies, Bryan and Harter proposed that the formation of skill is a multi*phase process, which involves the mastery of specific elementary *habits that become associated in a hierarchy. The expert is then able to perform the hierarchy of habits automatically, at a speed that in certain individuals approaches the physical limit of the task (Figure 60).
System
Authors: Dudai Yadin
Published: November 2023

‘System’ (from sunistanai, ‘to combine’ in Greek) is abundant in colloquial ‘scientinglish’. ‘Let me tell you about my system’ or ‘did you try it in your system’ are only selected examples of ritualistic utterances of scientific *culture. An experimental system well-matched to the research goal is a key to successful research programmes. Prolific systems facilitate the road to academic tenure and fame, and trendy systems increase the probability of acceptance of manuscripts into respectable scientific journals. The popularity of ‘system’, therefore, deserves an attempt to put some order to the system.
Best and Worst Hotels
Authors: Hamilton W D
Published: November 2023

I mentioned in the last introduction one of my passing through Denver. There are many ways to tum there besides towards the deserts, indeed all the West opens, hut it is also a good place simply co alight. A few miles out from the airport, in a countryside where prairie dogs still dig their towns and shady cottonwood trees duster along the creeks that fan into the rain, one C8n feel to be on the foreshore of a new continent. The awesome wall of the Rocky Mountains faces you a few miles distant and all the Great Plains are behind you like a sea.
Being Rare and Successful
Authors: Hamilton W D
Published: November 2023

From the last, this chapter goes forward by one year to 1988, Around that time evolutionary interest in sex was at a peak. Begun in the 1960s and put into perspective, along with a summary of a lot of the relevant evidence, in 1982 by Graham Bell’s massive review,2 the debate seemed to reach a high point. In 1987 and 1988 two multiauthor books came out on the subject,3 one of them containing the paper of this chapter. After that the activity declined a little. The fever to organize ‘sex’ meetings likewise began to abate, I ceased to hear Bruce Levin argue with Bryan Clarke about three times a year concerning what J, B. S, Haldane might have or might not have foreseen if only we knew and I ceased to meet all the other popular players at conferences held scattered all over the evolution ‘hemisphere’.
Health and Horsemen
Authors: Hamilton W D
Published: November 2023

Securely under the seat in front of me stayed my backpack and in it was the paper I had meant to revise and the talk I intended to give: I was looking out of the window-It was late March in 1990 and I in the air travelling from London to Japan, by way of (or near to) the disc of the Arctic Circle. A sector of darkness had passed me—night, I supposed, but from the point of view of time for sleep it had seemed little more than an eclipse. Now over East Asia all of the down slope of the world lay beneath me clear of cloud and I watched the mountains and plains of Siberia slide by below.
The solution of plastic-elastic problems. Ii
Authors: Hill R
Published: November 2023

This chapter is concerned with problems of spherical and axial symmetry. The solution of spherically symmetric problems is straightforward in principle, and for the normal boundary conditions the equations can often be integrated explicitly. As a concrete example we shall analyse the expansion of a spherical thick-walled shell by internal pressure; in the extreme case when the outer radius is taken indefinitely large we have to do with the formation of a spherical cavity in an infinite solid medium. Problems with axial symmetry are more difficult, even when, as here, the stresses are supposed not to vary in the longitudinal direction. Even with this simplification, it is only in special circumstances that an explicit analytic solution can be derived, prolonged numerical calculations being generally unavoidable. We shall be concerned mostly with the expansion of a long cylindrical tube by uniform internal pressure. This is a long-standing problem because of its connexion with the autofrettage of pressure vessels and gun-barrels; the process has also been used to determine the influence of a stress gradient on the criterion of yielding. Although many investigators have examined the problem, it is only comparatively recently that anaccurate method of solution has been formulated.
Integrable systems and inverse scattering
Authors: Graeme Segal
Published: November 2023

The original soliton, or ‘solitary wave’, was the bow-wave of a canalbarge observed in 1834 near Edinburgh by the marine engineer John Scott Russell. The barge was stopped suddenly, and Scott Russell, galloping alongside on his horse, saw the bow-wave travel for miles along the canal without changing its shape, size, or speed.
So what are you afraid of now?
Authors: Little Peter
Published: November 2023

In this book, we have covered most of genetics, and in the future histories of Jeanne and Jean we have explored the future. We have as much information as we need to make reasoned judgements on the reality of genetics, on its power, its limitations, and on its potential. So I want to pose one final question: does gene science frighten you? Most people will generally admit to an element of fear in their attitude. From personal observation, there seem to be three main areas that cause this: the fear of knowing the future, the fear of the loss of free will and individuality, and, finally, the fear of discrimination. Let’s take each fear in turn and see what our knowledge of genetics makes of the reality behind the concerns.
Regularization methods for solving inverse problems
Authors: Engl Heinz W
Published: November 2023

Inverse Problems are concerned with determining causes for desired or observed effects: from this formulation, it is clear that inverse problems appear frequently in all kinds of applied fields. Examples of important classes of inverse problems are tomography (cf. [62]), which is import.ant both in medical applications and in nondestructive testing [33] inverse scattering (cf. [17], [65]) inverse heat conduction problems like solving a heat equation backwards in time ore “sideways” (i.e., with Cauchy data on part of the boundary) (cf. [34], [51) geophysical inverse problems like determining a spatially varying density distribution in the earth from gravity measurements (cf. [32]) inverse problems in imaging like deblurring and denoising (cf. [6]) identification of parameters in (partial) differential equations from interior or boundary meruurements of the solution (cf. [4], [45]), the latter case appearing e.g. in impedance tomography ([46]).
Sampling of multi-band signals
Authors: Moran Bill , Avdonin Sergei
Published: November 2023

This paper is about sequences (tn) of real numbers with the property that knowl edge of a signal s at these points, that is, (s(tn) tells us everything about the signal. In order that this problem makes sense it is necessary to assume that the spectrum of the signal is constrained in some way. Classically such constraints have been that the spectrum lies in a finite interval, but recently there has been considerable interest in signals whose spectra lie in finite unions of such intervals.
Exotic applications of liquid crystals
Authors: Virga Epifanio G
Published: November 2023

Liquid crystals are mesophases, that is, intermediate states of matter, which flow like incompressible viscous fluids, and yet retain several features of crystals, especially the optical ones. In the classical Friedel’s classification, liquid crystals are distinguished in nematics, chiral nematics (or cholesterics), and smectics.
Turbulent Flow in an Arterial Stenosis
Authors: Sajjadi S G , Feng Y
Published: November 2023

Cardiovascular diseases for example acute myocardial infection, congestive heart failure and stroke are still most frequent causes of death within the population of European Union (EU). To continue and accelerate the pace of the discoveries of the last decades and translate these findings into treatment, multidisciplinary cardiovascular research must be developed. Studies are best and most economically accomplished in a research setting combining the expertise of physicians and scientists with different backgrounds in basic and clinical cardiovascular re search and in molecular genetics. Although the initiating factor for the development of atherosclerosis has yet to be fully established it is believed that the development of localized arterial stenosis alters the flow and the nutrient supply to the wall at least in the neighbourhood of the constriction. Therefore, it is essential to understand the flow mechanism in the presence of a constriction, particularly the flow separation downstream of the constriction and the behaviour of turbulence in the re circulating region. This will then lead to a deeper understanding of the pathology of atherosclerosis.
Modelling of Cerebral Autoregulation Experiments in Humans
Authors: Kirkham S K , Craine R E , Birch* A A
Published: November 2023

Cerebral autoregulation is the process by which cerebral blood flow is kept con stant despite changes in the arterial blood pressure. This process is impaired in many patient groups, however, and knowledge of a patient’s ability to autoregulate could lead to an improved understanding of their condition and thereby help to manage their therapy. The mechanisms controlling cerebral autoregulation are complex and not well understood. Current techniques for assessing it have had limited success, and development of these techniques is required in order to improve our understanding of the measurements and to establish clinical applications.
Characterisation of Monocytes by Filtration of Undiluted Blood
Authors: Evans Shelley-Ann , Cook Alison
Published: November 2023

The effect of increased adhesiveness and decreased deformability of leukocytes, following activation in vivo, can have a profound effect on flow through the microcirculation. Measurement of leukocyte deformability is therefore an important tool in the study of the pathology of vascular dis eases. Although much work has been done on the rheological properties of lymphocytes and granulocytes, there is little information available on the larger mononuclear cells, the monocytes. To investigate monocyte rheology, blood obtained from 2 groups of healthy volunteers was filtered, undiluted, through 5 μm polycarbonate filters using a fully automated constant pressure filtrometer. Flow profiles were recorded over 300 seconds and the profiles were analysed by least squares fitting to an appropriate mathematical model. In both young and elderly adults, the leukocytes fall into 4 distinct sub-populations in terms of their rheological properties. In both groups, the majority of leukocytes are in rapid equilibrium with the pores of the membrane, and are predominantly lymphocytes and granulocytes. The remaining leukocytes are not in equilibrium with the pores and analysis of the declining flow rate calculates both the number and flow properties of these cells. These cells equate numerically with the monocytes, and are sub-divided into 3 distinct sub-populations according to their rheological properties. Other workers have characterised monocytes into defined sub sets on the basis of their size or phagocytic ability. Filtration of blood seems to be an acceptable way of measuring monocyte rheology, thus Flow profile of blood through 5vm filter. The points are experimental, and the line is the least squares fit avoiding purification which may alter their morphology, and the rheological heterogeneity of monocytes is confirmed.
Splitting the Atom*
Authors: Perutz Max F
Published: November 2023

She came from a liberal Jewish family in Vienna-her father was a lawyer-and she grew up in what she herself described as a remarkably stimulating intellectual atmosphere. Toward the end of the last century and until the First World War, Vienna had one of the world’s leading medical schools and a renowned university. It was also a lively center of literature, music, and the arts. To illustrate the city’s intellectual ferment, Meitner’s biographer Ruth Sime mentions Sigmund Freud, Viktor Adler, and Theodor Herzl, but neither Adler, a socialist leader, nor Herzl, a founder of Zionism, contributed much to the cultural life of Vienna. She fails to mention Gustav Mahler or Arthur Schnitzler, or Otto Wagner and Adolf Loos, the two great pioneers of modern architecture, or Josef Hoffmann and Koloman Moser, who founded the Wiener Werkstatte, the cradle of modern design.
The Man Who Patented the Bomb*
Authors: Perutz Max F
Published: November 2023

On August 13, 1940, Lt. Col. S.V. Constant of U.S. Military Intelligence reported: “ENRICO FERMI. He is supposed to have left Italy because of the fact that his wife is Jewish He is undoubtedly a Fascist Employment of this person on secret work is not recommended:’ “MR SZELARD. [sic] He is a Jewish refugee from Hungary. It is understood that his family were wealthy merchants in Hungary and were able to come to the United States with most of their money He is stated to be very pro-German Employment of this person on secret work is not recommended:’ Fermi was not a Fascist, and Szilard lived in terror of the Germans; his family was neither wealthy nor had it come to the United States, but no matter. Had military intelligence been heeded, the atomic bomb would not have been built and the coming of the atomic age would have been at least delayed.
A Mystery of the Tropics*
Authors: Perutz Max F
Published: November 2023

Some years ago, I listened to an emotional appeal by a director of the World Health Organization to fight against the parasitic infections that kill millions of children in the Poor World every year. His speech fell flat, partly because the audience regarded it as a well-rehearsed and often repeated performance, and partly because mere numbers fail to arouse people’s emotions. By contrast, the opening of Desowitz’s book on tropical diseases strikes to the heart with the story of the illness and unnecessary death of a single child in India. Unnecessary, because the mother could have saved her child had she or the Indian government been able to afford $15 worth of medicine.
Duncan Gregory (1813-1844)
Authors: Ewald William
Published: November 2023

We have already seen in earlier texts that in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries many important mathematical problems-the justification of the calculus, the status of the axioms of geometry, the legitimacy of equations.
George Boole (1815-1864)
Authors: Ewald William
Published: November 2023

Pure mathematics was discovered by Boole, in a work which he called the Laws of Thought (1854). This work abounds in asseverations that it is not mathematical, the fact being that Boole was too modest to suppose his book the first ever written on mathematics.
William Kingdon Clifford (1845-1879)
Authors: Ewald William
Published: November 2023

Clifford, the son of a justice of the peace, was educated in mathematics at Trinity College, Cambridge. He took his degree in 1869; in the same year, at the age of twenty-four, he was elected professor of applied mathematics at University College, London.