bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estuary–ocean connectivity: fast physics, slow biology
Authors: Raimonet Mélanie , Cloern James E.
Published: November 2016

Estuaries are connected to both land and ocean so their physical, chemical, and biological dynamics are influenced by climate patterns over watersheds and ocean basins. We explored climate‐driven oceanic variability as a source of estuarine variability by comparing monthly time series of temperature and chlorophyll‐ainside San Francisco Bay with those in adjacent shelf waters of the California Current System (CCS) that are strongly responsive to wind‐driven upwelling. Monthly temperature fluctuations inside and outside the Bay were synchronous, but their correlations weakened with distance from the ocean. These results illustrate how variability of coastal water temperature (and associated properties such as nitrate and oxygen) propagates into estuaries through fast water exchanges that dissipate along the estuary. Unexpectedly, there was no correlation between monthly chlorophyll‐avariability inside and outside the Bay. However, at the annual scale Bay chlorophyll‐awas significantly correlated with the Spring Transition Index (STI) that sets biological production supporting fish recruitment in theCCS. Wind forcing of theCCSshifted in the late 1990s when theSTIadvanced 40 days. This shift was followed, with lags of 1–3 years, by 3‐ to 19‐fold increased abundances of five ocean‐produced demersal fish and crustaceans and 2.5‐fold increase of summer chlorophyll‐ain the Bay. These changes reflect a slow biological process of estuary–ocean connectivity operating through the immigration of fish and crustaceans that prey on bivalves, reduce their grazing pressure, and allow phytoplankton biomass to build. We identified clear signals of climate‐mediated oceanic variability in this estuary and discovered that the response patterns vary with the process of connectivity and the timescale of ocean variability. This result has important implications for managing nutrient inputs to estuaries connected to upwelling systems, and for assessing their responses to changing patterns of upwelling timing and intensity as the planet continues to warm.
Impact of sampling and storage technique, and duration of storage, on the composition of fresh grass when analysed using near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy
Authors: Dale A. J. , Gordon A. W. , Archer J. , Ferris C. P.
Published: November 2016

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of sampling technique (pluck or cut), storage duration (immediate analysis, 24‐h or 48‐h), storage temperature (ambient or chilled) and storage conditions (air present, air excluded or breathable) on the composition of fresh grass sampled from a sward managed to simulate grazing. Treatments were repeated across four sampling dates, with grass samples stored in grip seal bags prior to analysis using near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Grass sampled by ‘pluck’ had a higher crude protein and ME content, and a lower acid detergent fibre (ADF) content, compared to that sampled by ‘cut’. Grass stored for 48 h had a lower water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and ME content and a higher ADF content than for immediate analysis. Samples stored for 24 h did not differ from immediate analysis. Grass stored at ambient temperature had a lower WSC and ME content compared to immediate analysis. Grass stored under ‘breathable’ conditions had a lower ME content and higher ADF content than immediate analysis or samples stored with air present or air excluded. It is recommended that grass for analysis should be sampled by cutting, stored chilled (4°C) in a sealed bag to minimize exposure to oxygen and analysed within 24 h of harvest.
The spectacular fossils of the ‘water margin’: the Cambrian biota of Chengjiang, Yunnan, China
Authors: Williams Mark , Siveter David J. , Siveter Derek J. , Gabbott Sarah E. , Ma Xiaoya , Purnell Mark A. , Cong Peiyun
Published: November 2016

Shi Nai'an's fourteenth century Chinese epic ‘Water Margin’ tells of the release of 36 heavenly spirits and 72 baleful stars from their captivity beneath a tablet of stone at Mount Longhu in Jiangxi Province. They are reincarnated as the 108 heroes of the Liangshan marsh in Shandong Province, who rise against an unjust world. The virtuous exploits of the ‘108’ were brought to life through the cathode‐ray screens of 1970s television sets, as the TV series The Water Margin introduced heroes like Lin Chong battling his evil nemesis Gao Qiu. Far to the west of Jiangxi Province and several hundred years after the Water Margin during the summer of 1984, a young scientist from Nanjing was working amongst the hills and lakes of southern Yunnan Province. He too overturned a stone slab, releasing from their half‐billion year captivity a cornucopia of new Chinese legends. His name was Xianguang Hou and he had made one of the most momentous fossil discoveries in history, uncovering the exceptionally preserved marine fossils of the Chengjiang biota from the ancient water margin of Cambrian seas.
Selections Before the Selection: Earnings Advantages of Immigrants Who Were Former Skilled Temporary Foreign Workers in Canada
Authors: Hou Feng , Bonikowska Aneta
Published: November 2016

This study examines the earnings advantage of economic immigrants who initially arrived as temporary foreign workers (TFWs) over immigrants who were directly selected from abroad. Using the Longitudinal Immigration Database, this study finds that skilled versus non‐skilled prior Canadian work experience matters significantly to after‐immigration earnings. Former skilled TFWs had much higher initial earnings than immigrants who first arrived in Canada as landed immigrants. This earnings gap narrowed in the first 10 years but did not disappear. In comparison, former non‐skilled TFWs had significantly lower initial earnings and slower earnings growth than immigrants without prior Canadian experience.
The Achievements and Future of Business Education
Authors: Garrett Geoff , Saloner Garth , Nohria Nitin , Hubbard Glenn
Published: November 2016

The dean of Columbia Business School is joined by the deans of Stanford, Harvard, and Wharton in discussing the challenges and opportunities facing today's graduate business schools. Most business schools aim to provide students with a certain body of knowledge—in disciplines such as marketing, finance, and accounting—as well as some general management and leadership training and skills. The biggest challenge to this model of business education is now coming from the high cost of the traditional two‐year MBA program and the threat of disruption by “online” alternatives. But the consensus of the four deans is that the combination of training and experience provided by today's top business schools will enable them to withstand the threat from online alternatives.

And thus for the leaders of these top schools, one of the main challenges in designing and maintaining a successful business school program is to find the right mix of theory and practice, classroom and “experiential” learning. To the extent the schools succeed in achieving and maintaining this balance, they should continue to produce graduates who are sought by employers that include not only companies large and small, but non‐profits and, at some points in their careers, even the public sector.

What's more, the deans all sense the growing demand for business to play a larger role in addressing social problems that have traditionally been seen as the responsibility of government and non‐profits. And one implication of this demand is that business schools, besides producing talent that finds its way to the public as well as private sectors, should prepare to play a greater role in the public debate over solutions to social challenges, such as protecting the environment while at the same time trying to stimulate enough economic growth to limit rising inequality.
Value Creation by Active Investors (and Its Potential for Addressing Social Problems)
Authors: Hilal Paul , Carson Russ , Harris Trevor
Published: November 2016

A distinguished Columbia academic discusses the methods and outcomes of “active investing” with the co‐founder of a leading private equity firm and a former senior partner of a well‐known hedge fund. In the case studies used by both panelists to illustrate their investment selection and management processes, the investors provided not only capital, but oversight and expertise that helped bring about significant increases in the productivity and value of their portfolio companies. What's more, in both cases, the changes that contributed to high returns for investors also ended up having major benefits for the companies' non‐investor stakeholders, especially their consumers.

In the first of the two cases, Paul Hilal explains the thinking behind Pershing Square's $1.1 billion purchase of 14% of the Canadian Pacific Railway in 2012. With the help of intensive “fundamental” analysis of the company, Hilal recognized that Canadian Pacific was substantially underperforming its rival, the Canadian National Railway, in a number of important ways. And when CP's management and board rejected his plan for changes, Hilal led a proxy battle that ended in a landslide victory for the proposed slate of directors, including Hilal himself. Then, after bringing in a new CEO, the restructured board presided over operating changes that, during Pershing's four‐year ownership, increased the market value of CP from $8 billion to $30 billion. By 2016, when Pershing sold its investment (for $4 billion), Canadian Pacific was “shipping 20% more freight … 40% faster than ever before, with record on‐time performance, 40% fewer locomotives, 35% fewer people, and 14% improved fuel efficiency—all while maintaining an industry‐leading safety record.”

In the second case, Russ Carson describes the success of Welsh, Carson, Anderson, and Stowe in turning its purchase in 1998 of a single oncology practice in Denver into a publicly traded company with more than 90 outpatient cancer centers throughout the U.S. When it was sold in 2011, US Oncology was producing $4 billion in revenue while employing 1,000 oncologists, who, as significant equity owners, shared in the success of Welsh Carson. Using modern management techniques to create “enormous efficiencies out of an extraordinarily fragmented system,” Carson and his colleagues created “the single largest—and, by all accounts, most reputable—outpatient provider of cancer services in the country.” One of the keys to this success was “getting the doctors to spend their time seeing patients, not looking for records,” which contributed greatly to Welsh Carson's ability to improve “both the quantity and quality of cancer care in the 90 communities that we were operating in.”
Liddle syndrome: clinical and genetic profiles
Authors: Cui Yunying , Tong Anli , Jiang Jun , Wang Fen , Li Chunyan
Published: November 2016

Liddle syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant monogenic form of hypertension. The authors analyzed clinical and genetic features of 12 cases of Liddle syndrome, the largest sample size ever reported. Clinical data were studied retrospectively. The exon 13 of the β and γ subunits of the epithelial sodium channel were amplified and sequenced in the peripheral blood leukocytes of the patients. The onset age of the 12 patients was 15.5±3.3 years. Their blood pressures were poorly controlled, and serum potassium levels in most patients were <3.0 mmol/L. Upright plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration were suppressed in all patients. All patients were treated with triamterene, and blood pressures were well controlled and serum potassium levels returned to normal. The serum creatinine level rose to 124 and 161 μmol/L, respectively, in two patients upon triamterene treatment, and returned to normal soon after treatment was discontinued. Eight mutation alleles were identified, and three mutations were newly identified.
Angiotensin‐(1–7) protects cardiomyocytes against high glucose‐induced injuries through inhibiting reactive oxygen species‐activated leptin–p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase/extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinase 1/2 pathways, but not the leptin–c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase pathway in vitro
Authors: Lei Yiyan , Xu Qing , Zeng Bo , Zhang Wei , Zhen Yulan , Zhai Yuansheng , Cheng Fei , Mei Weiyi , Zheng Dongdan , Feng Jianqiang , Lan Jun , Chen Jingfu
Published: November 2016

Aims/Introduction

Angiotensin‐(1–7) (Ang‐[1–7]), recognized as a new bioactive peptide in the renin–angiotensin system, shows biological and pharmacological properties in diabetic cardiovascular diseases. The leptin‐induced p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway has been reported to contribute to high glucose (HG)‐induced injury. In the present study, we showed the mechanism of how Ang‐(1–7) can protect against HG‐stimulated injuries in H9c2 cells.

Materials and Methods

H9c2 cells were treated with 35 mmol/L glucose (HG) for 24 h to establish a model of HG‐induced damage. Apoptotic cells were observed by Hoechst 33258 staining. Cell viability was analyzed by cell counter kit‐8. The expression of protein was detected by western blot. Reactive oxygen species was tested by 2′,7′‐dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate staining. Mitochondrial membrane potential was measured by 5,5′,6,6′‐Tetrachloro‐1,1′,3,3′‐tetraethyl‐imidacarbocyanine iodide staining.

Results

The present results showed that treating H9c2 cells with HG obviously enhanced the expressions of both the leptin and phosphorylated (p)‐MAPK pathway. However, the overexpression levels of leptin and p‐p38 MAPK/p‐extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), but not p‐c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase, were significantly suppressed by treatment of the cells with Ang‐(1–7). Additionally, leptin antagonist also markedly suppressed the overexpressions of p38 and ERK1/2 induced by HG, whereas leptin antagonist had no influence on the overexpression of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase. More remarkable, Ang‐(1–7), leptin antagonist, SB203580 or SP600125, respectively, significantly inhibited the injuries induced by HG, such as the increased cell viability, decreased apoptotic rate, reduction of ROS production and increased mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, the overexpressions of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 and leptin were suppressed by N‐actyl‐L‐cystine.

Conclusions

The present findings show that Ang‐(1–7) protects from HG‐stimulated damage as an inhibitor of the reactive oxygen species–leptin–p38 MAPK/ERK1/2 pathways, but not the leptin–c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase pathway in vitro.
Contact allergy to preservatives: ESSCA* results with the baseline series, 2009–2012
Authors: Giménez‐Arnau A.M. , Deza G. , Bauer A. , Johnston G.A. , Mahler V. , Schuttelaar M.‐L. , Sanchez‐Perez J. , Silvestre J.F. , Wilkinson M. , Uter W.
Published: November 2016

Background

Allergic contact dermatitis caused by biocides is common and causes significant patient morbidity.

Objective

To describe the current frequency and pattern of patch test reactivity to biocide allergens included in the baseline series of most European countries.

Methods

Data collected by the European Surveillance System on Contact Allergies (ESSCA) network between 2009 and 2012 from 12 European countries were analysed.

Results

Methylisothiazolinone 0.2% aq. produced the highest prevalence of sensitization during the study period, with an overall prevalence of 4.5%. The mixture methylchloroisothiazolinone /methylisothiazolinone tested at 0.02% aq. followed closely, with 4.1% of positive reactions. Other preservatives with lower rates of sensitization, but still over 1%, include methyldibromo glutaronitrile (MDBGN) 0.5% pet. and iodopropynyl butylcarbamate (IPBC) 0.2% pet. Formaldehyde releasers and parabens yielded less than 1% positive reactions during the study period. Some regional differences in the prevalence of contact allergy to biocides among European countries were observed.

Conclusions

Contact allergy to biocides is common throughout Europe, and regional differences could be explained by differences in exposure or characteristics of the population tested. Timely regulatory action for isothiazolinones is required. Although MDBGN is banned from cosmetics products since 2005, sensitization prevalence has not appeared to plateau. IPBC is an emerging allergen with an increasing prevalence over the last few years, and its inclusion in the European baseline series may be appropriate.
Association Between Hospital Readmission and Acute and Sustained Delays in Functional Recovery During 18 Months After Elective Surgery: The Successful Aging after Elective Surgery Study
Authors: Pisani Margaret A. , Albuquerque Asha , Marcantonio Edward R. , Jones Richard N. , Gou Ray Yun , Fong Tamara G. , Schmitt Eva M. , Tommet Douglas , Isaza Aizpurua Ilean I. , Alsop David C. , Inouye Sharon K. , Travison Thomas G.
Published: November 2016

Objectives

To examine the effect of hospital readmission on functional recovery after elective surgery in older adults.

Design

Prospective cohort of individuals aged 70 and older undergoing elective surgery, enrolled from June 2010 to August 2013.

Setting

Two academic medical centers.

Participants

Community‐dwelling older adults (N = 566; mean age ± standard deviation 77 ± 5) undergoing major elective surgery and expected to be admitted for at least 3 days.

Measurements

Readmission was assessed in multiple interviews with participants and family members over 18 months and validated against medical record review. Physical function was assessed according to ability to perform instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) and activities of daily living (ADL), Medical Outcomes Study 12‐item Short‐Form Survey Physical Component Summary score, and a standardized functional composite.

Results

Two hundred fifty‐five (45%) participants experienced 503 readmissions. Readmissions were associated with delays in functional recovery in all measures of physical function. Having two or more readmissions over 18 months was associated with persistent and significantly greater risk of IADL dependence (relative risk (RR) = 1.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.5–2.3) and ADL dependence (RR = 3.3, 95% CI = 1.7–6.4). Degree of functional impairment increased progressively with number of readmissions. Readmissions within 2 months resulted in delayed functional recovery to baseline by 18 months, and readmissions between 12 and 18 months after surgery resulted in loss of functional recovery previously achieved.

Conclusion

Readmission after elective surgery may contribute to delays in functional recovery and persistent functional deficits in older adults.
An Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis‐Like Illness in the Elderly: Neuroimaging and Neuropathology Findings
Authors: Kaunzner Ulrike W. , Salamon Elliott , Pentsova Elena , Rosenblum Marc , Karimi Sasan , Nealon Nancy , Lavi Ehud , Jamieson Dara G.
Published: November 2016

INTRODUCTION

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a rare demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that classically occurs in children and adolescents. It characteristically presents with acute inflammation, resulting in demyelination, often following an infectious disease. ADEM has been described in adult patients, but the incidence in the adult and especially elderly population is low.

CASES

We describe five older adults (age 57 to 85) who presented with acute neurological symptoms. Three patients presented with an infectious illness preceding the event, 4 patients were encephalopathic, and oligoclonal bands (OCBs) were negative in all tested cases. The clinical scenario and imaging studies suggested alternative diagnoses, such as metastasis, primary CNS tumor, or stroke. Two patients had contrast enhancing lesions, two other patients had lesions with restricted diffusion on diffusion‐weighted imaging. Neuropathologic diagnostic from biopsy or autopsy was eventually conclusive, showing perivascular zones of myelin loss with relative axonal sparing in all five cases.

CONCLUSION

Each of these patients was found to have pathological findings of acute demyelination on tissue diagnosis, suggesting ADEM or ADEM‐like disease. The initial presentation and imaging was pointing toward other diagnoses. Broad differential diagnosis is important, especially for older patients, and pathological proof might be warranted for a conclusive diagnosis.
Internalizing Symptoms and Personality Traits Color Parental Reports of Child Temperament
Authors: Clark D. Angus , Durbin C. Emily , Donnellan M. Brent , Neppl Tricia K.
Published: November 2016

Objective

Depressed parents have negatively distorted views of the personalities and behaviors of their children. Our goal was to evaluate how other internalizing symptoms and personality traits relate to perceptions of child temperament using data from mothers and fathers as well as a novel statistical method for modeling multi‐informant data.

Method

We applied the trifactor model (Bauer et al., 2013) to data collected from the parents of 273 children (aged 3–5 years).

Results

Internalizing symptoms and personality traits were related to both mothers' and fathers' perceptions of their children. Effects varied somewhat across dimensions of child temperament.

Conclusions

These results support concerns that psychological characteristics influence parental perceptions of their children. This research also provides insights about psychological predictors of potential parental biases.
Identifying the location of epidermal growth factor‐responsive element involved in the regulation of type IIb sodium‐phosphate cotransporter expression in porcine intestinal epithelial cells
Authors: Xing T. , Tan X. , Yu Q. , Yang T. , Fang R.
Published: November 2016

Phosphate is an important mineral nutrient for both human and animals in growth and physiological functions; thus, much effort in the past has been made to clarify the mechanisms governing its absorption. Previous studies have found that epidermal growth factor (EGF) inhibits phosphate absorption in human intestinal cells via modulating the interaction of transcriptional factor c‐myb with sodium‐phosphate cotransporter (NaPi‐IIb) gene promoter. This finding provoked our interest in determining the effect of EGF on NaPi‐IIb gene expression in intestinal cells of pigs and the location of EGF‐responsive element in the gene promoter. Using quantitative PCR, it was observed that EGF significantly reduced NaPi‐IIb gene expression in porcine intestinal epithelial IPEC‐J2 cells. Transfection with a series of constructs that contain different lengths of the 5′‐flanking promoter region of the NaPi‐IIb gene manifested that EGF‐responsive element is located in the −1200 to −800 region. Further, c‐myb was extracted from the cell nucleus of IPEC cells that were exposed to EGF or not via immunoprecipitation. The electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed a specific binding of transcription factor c‐myb to labelled probes encompassing DNA sequence from −1092 to −1085 (‐TCCAGTTG‐). This protein‐DNA complex was decreased with cells exposed to EGF and abrogated when c‐myb was pre‐incubated with excessive unlabelled competitive probes. Results from mutagenesis studies demonstrated that the c‐myb‐binding site is the EGF‐responsive element involved in the regulation of NaPi‐IIb expression. Identifying the location of EGF‐responsive element contributes to understanding mechanisms underlying EGF down‐regulated NaPi‐IIb gene expression and provides a foundation for further investigating EGF‐regulatory functions in phosphate absorption in pig intestine.
Preference of goats (Capra hircus L.) for tanniniferous browse species available in semi‐arid areas in Ethiopia
Authors: Mengistu G. , Bezabih M. , Hendriks W. H. , Pellikaan W. F.
Published: November 2016

The objectives were to determine browse species preference of goats using dry matter intake (DMI) as a proxy, to compare preference when offered in combination with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and to establish relationships between browse species intake and chemical compositional data. Air‐dried leaves of Acacia etbaica, Cadaba farinosa, Capparis tomentosa, Dichrostachys cinerea, Dodonaea angustifolia, Euclea racemosa, Maerua angolensis, Maytenus senegalensis, Rhus natalensis and Senna singueana were used. Two cafeteria trials, each lasting 10 days, were conducted using four local mature male goats of 2–2.5 years receiving a daily ration of grass hay (4% of body weight) and 200 g wheat bran. In trial 1, goats were offered 25 g of each browse species for a total of 30 min with intake, time spent on consumption and the number of visits to specific browse species recorded at 10‐min intervals. In trial 2, the same procedure was followed except that 25 g of PEG 4000 was added to the daily wheat bran ration. Crude protein and neutral detergent fibre in browse species ranged from 69.0–245.5 to 159.8–560.6 g/kg dry matter (DM) respectively. Total phenols and total tannins contents ranged between 3.7–70.6 and 2.5–68.1 mg tannic acid equivalent/g DM, respectively, and condensed tannins 1.7–18.4 Abs550 nm/g DM. Preference indicators measured in the first 10 min of browse species intake differed significantly among browse species and with PEG (p < 0.0001). Principal components explained 69.9% of the total variation in browse species DMI. Despite the high tannin levels, D. cinerea, R. natalensis and A. etbaica were the most preferred species regardless of PEG presence. Tannin levels at the observed browse species DMI did not determine preference, instead, preference appeared to be based on hemicellulose. Determining browse species preference is essential to exploit them to improve nutrient utilization and control parasites in goats.
The Open‐Ended Tale of Open‐Pit Mining in the Province of San Juan, Argentina
Authors: Gonzalez Adriana T.
Published: November 2016

Foreign great‐scale mining is a recent phenomenon in Argentina, including in the province of San Juan. Since the approval of the new mining code and the implementation of laws passed in 1993, several foreign companies dedicated to exploration—some of them focused on the extraction of minerals—have set up in the province, during the 1990s and 2000s. Most of the mining projects are currently under construction or in exploitation stages and are owned by medium and large Canadian companies. Mining activity in the province has led to interesting new discussions about the costs and benefits of great‐scale mining, focused mainly on the environmental aspects. There has not been a more‐detailed, systematic discussion on the socioeconomic benefits, so the aim of this article is to research and asses these effects.
Mining, Taxes, and Development in Guatemala: The State and the Marlin Mine
Authors: Deonandan Kalowatie , Ortiz Loaiza Paola
Published: November 2016

The objective of this article is to investigate the contributions, in terms of taxes and royalties, of Goldcorp's Marlin mine to the Guatemalan state and to the host communities. The article also seeks to assess the potential of these contributions to strengthen local and national government capacities and enhance national development.
Canadian Mining Interests in Bolivia, 1985–2015: Trajectories of Failures, Successes, and Violence
Authors: Díaz-Cuellar Vladimir , Francescone Kirsten
Published: November 2016

Over the past decade there has been a growing interest in and concern about the actions of Canadian mining companies in Latin America. In this article we contribute to these debates by combining economic, social, and political analyses to examine the development of the Canadian government and the role of Canadian‐headquartered companies in Bolivia's mining industry. First, we review the influence of the Canadian government's development assistance on Bolivian mining policy. Second, we analyze the characteristics of Canadian FDI and its effects on the Bolivian mining sector. We argue that the economic effects of Canadian mining companies in Bolivia have been less than significant. We consider it a failed attempt, since our data suggests that the Canadian government attempted to “make Bolivia work” for mining companies. Finally, we illustrate the specific trajectories of Canadian mining companies with four brief case studies, two mines in operation, and two “failed attempts.” In the first two case studies we examine the development and accumulation of capital. In the second two cases, we focus on the social conflicts, which arose around the exploration activities of two junior mining companies. We argue that junior companies are important to consider when surveying the Canadian government's role in the country.
Duration of exclusive breastfeeding is a positive predictor of iron status in 6‐ to 10‐month‐old infants in rural Kenya
Authors: Uyoga Mary A. , Karanja Simon , Paganini Daniela , Cercamondi Colin I. , Zimmermann Sophie A. , Ngugi Benjamin , Holding Penny , Moretti Diego , Zimmermann Michael B.
Published: November 2016

The prevalence of iron‐deficiency anemia (IDA) is high in infants in Sub‐Saharan Africa. Exclusive breastfeeding of infants to 6 months of age is recommended by the World Health Organization, but breast milk is low in iron. Some studies suggest exclusive breastfeeding, although beneficial for the infant, may increase risk for IDA in resource‐limited settings. The objective of this study was to determine if duration of exclusive breastfeeding is associated with anemia and iron deficiency in rural Kenyan infants. This was a cross‐sectional study of 6–10‐month‐old infants (n = 134) in southern coastal Kenya. Anthropometrics, hemoglobin (Hb), plasma ferritin (PF), soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), and C‐reactive protein were measured. Body iron stores were calculated from the sTfR/PF ratio. Socioeconomic factors, duration of exclusive breastfeeding, nature of complementary diet, and demographic characteristics were determined using a questionnaire. Mean ± SD age of the infants was 7.7 ± 0.8 months. Prevalence of anemia, ID, and IDA were 74.6%, 82.1%, and 64.9%, respectively. Months of exclusive breastfeeding correlated positively with Hb (r = 0.187; p < .05) and negatively with sTfR (r = −0.246; p < .05). sTfR concentrations were lower in infants exclusively breastfed at least 6 months compared with those exclusively breastfed for less than 6 months (7.6 (6.3, 9) vs. 8.9 (6.7, 13.4); p < .05). Controlling for gender, birth weight, and inflammation, months spent exclusively breastfeeding was a significant negative predictor of sTfR and a positive predictor of Hb (p < .05). The IDA prevalence in rural Kenyan infants is high, and greater duration of exclusive breastfeeding predicts better iron status and higher Hb in this age group.
Nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy: Effects on food intake and diet quality
Authors: Crozier Sarah R. , Inskip Hazel M. , Godfrey Keith M. , Cooper Cyrus , Robinson Sian M. ,   SWS Study Group
Published: November 2016

Experiences of nausea and/or vomiting in pregnancy (NVP) vary greatly, but the paucity of studies with pre‐pregnancy dietary data mean that little is known about the effects of NVP on diet. Using an administered food frequency questionnaire, diet was assessed before pregnancy and at 11 and 34 weeks' gestation in 2270 participants in a UK birth cohort study (Southampton Women's Survey). Experience of NVP in early pregnancy was graded as none, mild, moderate, or severe. Participants reported their level of food consumption as more, the same, or less than before pregnancy. “Prudent” diet scores (derived using principal component analysis) were used to describe participants' diet quality before, in early and late pregnancy.

In early pregnancy, 89% of women were nauseous, although most commonly, the NVP experienced was mild (48%) or moderate (30%); 11% had severe NVP. A total of 39% of women reported an increase in their level of food intake in early pregnancy; 34% reported a reduction. Increasing severity of nausea was associated with changes in intake of a range of foods, most notably reduced consumption of vegetables, tea/coffee, rice/pasta, breakfast cereals, beans/pulses and citrus fruits/fruit juices and increased consumption of white bread, and soft drinks. Increasing severity of nausea was also associated with decreasing prudent diet score from before to early pregnancy, such that women with severe nausea had prudent diet scores 0.29 SDs lower than those with no nausea (P < 0.001). However, this was transient as NVP was not related to change in diet quality from before to late pregnancy.
“Involve me and I learn”: Teaching and applying anthropology
Authors: COPELAND TONI J. , FRANÇOIS DENGAH H. J.
Published: November 2016

The role of anthropology to inform and shape public discourse has never been more necessary. Yet, the discipline struggles, at times, to remain relevant and accessible to students. It is increasingly important to provide students with skills that are useful outside academia. The ability to make the anthropological research process accessible is a critical determinate of the future of our discipline. This introduction situates the articles of this issue in a discussion of mentorship and hands‐on training for students. Drawing on discussions within anthropology, social sciences, and education, it addresses the importance of training undergraduate and graduate students in methods that connect professional and community needs. Examples of engaging students and communities with “hands‐on” anthropological experiences are highlighted within diverse themes including health, community, gender, volunteer tourism, online virtual worlds, and technology, serving as frameworks for extending and connecting research with students, faculty, and community members.
Thinking outside anthropology's box: Socializing undergraduates through collaborative research, teaching, and service
Authors: STEIN MAX J. , DAUGHERTY ASHLEY , RIVERA ISABELLA , MUZZO JESSICA , LYNN CHRISTOPHER D.
Published: November 2016

Most undergraduate anthropology majors will not pursue postgraduate careers in the discipline, so the greatest value of anthropological training is in providing a holistic sense of cultural relativity and appreciation for human diversity. However, translating anthropology's value to other career paths is frequently hindered by students’ limited exposure to theory and methods and further complicated by the discipline's emphasis on individualistic fieldwork models and research outcomes. We argue these obstacles can be overcome by engaging students in mixed‐methods collaborative groups that integrate students and faculty in local research, teaching, and outreach. This socializes undergraduates to view anthropology as naturally collaborative and applicable beyond careers in research. In this article, we outline a program that fuses experimental and field approaches to train students in qualitative and quantitative methods and critical thinking. We then detail implementation of this pedagogical model as a generalizable template that trains students for postgraduate careers outside anthropology.
Teaching collaborative environmental anthropology: A case study embedding engaged scholarship in critical approaches to voluntourism
Authors: BRONDO KERI VACANTI , KENT SUZANNE , HILL ARLEEN
Published: November 2016

This article presents lessons learned from an interdisciplinary‐engaged scholarship collaboration between the University of Memphis, Colorado State University, and four Honduran conservation organizations to assess the relationship between gender and conservation values among voluntourists on the Bay Island of Utila, Honduras. We focus on four key domains of teaching feminist and environmental anthropology through applied collaborative work: (1) teaching inclusion and collaboration; (2) understanding and valuing situatedness; (3) interrogating the idea that women are naturally conservationists; and (4) understanding neoliberal conservation and applying anthropology. Finally, we share some lessons learned from the experience, situating this discussion within the broader literature on teaching applied anthropology in higher education. [conservation voluntourism, feminist methods, engaged scholarship]
Meeting the Yeti: Learning about design ethnography and teaching anthropological habitus in a student‐led project on “disconnection”
Authors: HALE TAMARA
Published: November 2016

Our discipline fetishizes ethnography yet tends to keep the prize out of undergraduate students’ reach, citing practical constraints for letting students do real fieldwork. This leaves students already struggling with the question of what to do with a cultural anthropology degree in a difficult place. Anthropology's main promise—to understand other cultures through a deep engagement with ordinary people—is one they have never experienced personally. Yet they will have to justify their choice of university degree in years to come. This article discusses an experimental course at Colorado State University in the growing field of design anthropology in which a student team of researchers collaborated with a team of product managers, innovation strategists, and designers at Otterbox, a locally headquartered company that makes protective smartphone covers. Students practiced a condensed form of ethnographic research with smartphone users in Northern Colorado and investigated the theme of “disconnection” from technology. [design anthropology, technology, business anthropology]
Building capacity and transforming lives: Anthropology undergraduates and religious campus‐climate research on a public university campus
Authors: GLASS‐COFFIN BONNIE
Published: November 2016

This paper tells the story of how undergraduate researchers participating in an applied and participatory anthropological research project at Utah State University have used their research experience to help make our campus a more welcoming place for all who orient around religion and spirituality differently. The campus‐climate research project described herein was designed to investigate the relationship between diverse religious and spiritual commitments and feelings of discomfort or well‐being on our campus. Students who worked on this project gained valuable skills as researchers. Additionally, they became student leaders of a movement to promote a more welcoming climate on campus. Both kinds of experience—as student researchers and as campus‐change‐agents—have provided these students with value‐added skills and knowledge that will increase employability. Far from a “degree to nowhere,” applied and participatory anthropology has prepared these undergraduates to meet the challenges of a world that needs the anthropological lens now more than ever before.
The timing and prevalence of intraoperative hypotension in infants undergoing laparoscopic pyloromyotomy at a tertiary pediatric hospital
Authors: Simpao Allan F. , Ahumada Luis M. , Gálvez Jorge A. , Bonafide Christopher P. , Wartman Elicia C. , Randall England William , Lingappan Arul M. , Kilbaugh Todd J. , Jawad Abbas F. , Rehman Mohamed A.
Published: November 2016

Background

Intraoperative hypotension may be associated with adverse outcomes in children undergoing surgery. Infants and neonates under 6 months of age have less autoregulatory cerebral reserve than older infants, yet little information exists regarding when and how often intraoperative hypotension occurs in infants.

Aims

To better understand the epidemiology of intraoperative hypotension in infants, we aimed to determine the prevalence of intraoperative hypotension in a generally uniform population of infants undergoing laparoscopic pyloromyotomy.

Methods

Vital sign data from electronic records of infants who underwent laparoscopic pyloromyotomy with general anesthesia at a children's hospital between January 1, 1998 and October 4, 2013 were analyzed. Baseline blood pressure (BP) values and intraoperative BPs were identified during eight perioperative stages based on anesthesia event timestamps. We determined the occurrence of relative (systolic BP <20% below baseline) and absolute (mean arterial BP <35 mmHg) intraoperative hypotension within each stage.

Results

A total of 735 full‐term infants and 82 preterm infants met the study criteria. Relative intraoperative hypotension occurred in 77%, 72%, and 58% of infants in the 1–30, 31–60, and 61–90 days age groups, respectively. Absolute intraoperative hypotension was seen in 21%, 12%, and 4% of infants in the 1–30, 31–60, and 61–90 days age groups, respectively. Intraoperative hypotension occurred primarily during surgical prep and throughout the surgical procedure. Preterm infants had higher rates of absolute intraoperative hypotension than full‐term infants.

Conclusions

Relative intraoperative hypotension was routine and absolute intraoperative hypotension was common in neonates and infants under 91 days of age. Preterm infants and infants under 61 days of age experienced the highest rates of absolute and relative intraoperative hypotension, particularly during surgical prep and throughout surgery.
A retrospective review of anesthesia and perioperative care in children with medium‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
Authors: Allen Claire , Perkins Russell , Schwahn Bernd
Published: November 2016

Background

Medium‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency is the most common genetically determined disorder of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. Decompensation can result in hypoglycemia, seizures, coma, and death but may be prevented by ensuring glycogen stores do not become depleted. Perioperative care is of interest as surgery, fasting, and infection may all trigger decompensation and the safety of anesthetic agents has been questioned. Current guidelines from the British Inherited Metabolic Disease Group advise on administering fluid containing 10% glucose during the perioperative period.

Aim

To review the management of anesthesia and perioperative care for children with medium‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency and determine the frequency and nature of any complications.

Method

A retrospective review of case notes of children with medium‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency undergoing anesthesia between 1997 and 2014.

Results

Fourteen patients underwent 21 episodes of anesthesia. In 20 episodes, the patient received a glucose‐containing fluid during their perioperative fast, of which eight received fluid containing 10% dextrose throughout the entire perioperative period. No episodes of hypoglycemia or decompensation occurred, but perioperative hyperglycemia occurred in five episodes. A propofol bolus was administered at induction in 16 episodes and volatile agents were administered for maintenance of anesthesia in all episodes without any observed complications. In one episode, delayed offset of atracurium was reported.

Conclusions

Perioperative metabolic decompensation and hypoglycemia appear to be uncommon in children who are well and receive glucose supplementation. Hyperglycemia may occur as a consequence of surgery and glucose supplementation. Propofol boluses and volatile anesthetic agents were used without any apparent complications. Prolonged action of atracurium was reported in one case, suggesting that nondepolarizing muscle relaxants may have delayed offset in this patient group. We do not recommend any particular approach to anesthesia but would advise administering glucose supplementation according to current guidelines, frequent monitoring of blood glucose perioperatively, and monitoring of neuromuscular blockade.
Transcranial sonography in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder and multiple system atrophy
Authors: Li Xudong , Xue Shuang , Jia Shuhong , Zhou Zhi , Qiao Yanan , Hou Chunlei , Wei Kun , Zheng Wenjing , Rong Pei , Jiao Jinsong
Published: November 2016

Aim

We investigated preclinical abnormalities as revealed by transcranial sonography (TCS) in patients with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) compared with those revealed in patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA) or Parkinson's disease (PD) and in normal controls.

Methods

Twenty‐two patients with iRBD, 21 patients with MSA, 22 patients with PD, and 21 normal controls were included in this study. All participants underwent one night of video‐polysomnography monitoring, and the sleep parameters were analyzed using Polysmith software and by visual analysis. TCS was performed following a standardized procedure. The echogenicity of the substantia nigra and basal ganglia were evaluated.

Results

A greater proportion of PD patients were found to have substantia nigra hyperechogenicity (86.4%) when compared to iRBD patients (31.8%), MSA patients (23.8%), and normal controls (4.8%) (P < 0.001). Fourteen MSA patients (66.7%) and 11 iRBD patients (50.0%) had hyperechogenicity in the basal ganglia, whereas hyperechogenicity in the basal ganglia was less frequent in PD patients (18.2%) and normal controls (9.5%) (P < 0.001). Poor sleep efficiency, less stage II sleep time, and more periodic leg movements were found in MSA and PD patients, whereas iRBD patients had almost normal sleep.

Conclusion

Some iRBD patients had basal ganglia hyperechogenicity that was similar to that observed in MSA, which may represent another possible convert direction. The present study further confirmed iRBD as a prodromal stage of synucleinopathy. TCS could detect subclinical changes and thus might provide useful markers for identifying individuals at increased risk for developing a synucleinopathy.
Severity of phytophthora root rot and pre‐emergence damping‐off in subterranean clover influenced by moisture, temperature, nutrition, soil type, cultivar and their interactions
Authors: You M. P. , Barbetti M. J.
Published: November 2016

Studies were carried out in controlled environment rooms reflecting field situations. In the presence of the devastating soilborne pathogen Phytophthora clandestina, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) seedling emergence was significantly affected by moisture, soil type, temperature and cultivar. The level of rotting of tap and lateral roots was significantly affected by nutrition, soil type, temperature and cultivar. There were significant interactions involving temperature, moisture, soil type and cultivar; cultivar resistance, high moisture, high or medium temperature, high nutrition and sand soil all contributed towards less pre‐emergence damping‐off and tap and lateral root disease and to greater clover productivity. Host resistance of subterranean clover cultivars was critical for reducing disease severity and increasing productivity, even when favourable environmental conditions for severe disease occurred. In the presence of P. clandestina, the most resistant cultivar, Seaton Park, performed best under a high temperature, high nutrition and high moisture combination, but showed lower productivity under conditions of low nutrition or lower temperature, even when moisture level was high. In contrast, less resistant cultivars Riverina and Meteora had less disease and greater productivity under low moisture conditions. Findings reflect field observations that pre‐emergence damping‐off and root disease from P. clandestina in subterranean clover is particularly severe under colder conditions and in nutritionally impoverished sandy soils, and demonstrate how variations in soil type, nutrition, moisture, temperature and cultivar have profound effects on the expression and severity of phytophthora pre‐emergence damping‐off and root disease and the productivity of subterranean clover forages.