bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance Evaluation for a Lightning Location System Based on Observations of Artificially Triggered Lightning and Natural Lightning Flashes
Authors: Chen Luwen , Zhang Yijun , Lu Weitao , Zheng Dong , Zhang Yang , Chen Shaodong , Huang Zhihui
Published: August 2012

Performance evaluation for the lightning location system (LLS) of the power grid in Guangdong Province, China, was conducted based on observation data of the triggered lightning flashes obtained in Conghua, Guangzhou, during 2007–11 and natural lightning flashes to tall structures obtained in Guangzhou during 2009–11. The results show that the flash detection efficiency and stroke detection efficiency were about 94% (58/62) and 60% (97/162), respectively. The arithmetic mean and median values for location error were estimated to be about 710 and 489 m, respectively, when more than two reporting sensors were involved in the location retrieval (based on 87 samples). After eliminating one obviously abnormal sample, the absolute percentage errors of peak current estimation were within 0.4%–42%, with arithmetic mean and median values of about 16.3% and 19.1%, respectively (based on 21 samples).
Electrically Active Convection in Tropical Easterly Waves and Implications for Tropical Cyclogenesis in the Atlantic and East Pacific
Authors: Leppert Kenneth D. , Petersen Walter A. , Cecil Daniel J.
Published: August 2012

In this study, the authors investigated the characteristics of tropical easterly wave convection and the possible implications of convective structure on tropical cyclogenesis and intensification over the Atlantic Ocean and the east Pacific Ocean. Easterly waves were partitioned into northerly, southerly, trough, and ridge phases based on the 700-hPa meridional wind from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis dataset. Waves were subsequently divided according to whether they did or did not develop tropical cyclones (i.e., developing and nondeveloping, respectively), and developing waves were further subdivided according to development location. Finally, composites as a function of wave phase and category were created using data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager, Precipitation Radar (PR), and Lightning Imaging Sensor as well as infrared (IR) brightness temperature data from the NASA global-merged IR brightness temperature dataset.

Results suggest that the convective characteristics that best distinguish developing from nondeveloping waves vary according to where developing waves spawn tropical cyclones. For waves that develop a cyclone in the Atlantic basin, coverage by IR brightness temperatures ≤240 and ≤210 K provide the best distinction between developing and nondeveloping waves. In contrast, several variables provide a significant distinction between nondeveloping waves and waves that develop cyclones over the east Pacific as these waves near their genesis location including IR threshold coverage, lightning flash rates, and low-level (<4.5 km) PR reflectivity. Results of this study may be used to help develop thresholds to better distinguish developing from nondeveloping waves and serve as another aid for tropical cyclogenesis forecasting.
Nationalism and the Cohesive Society
Authors: Reeskens Tim , Wright Matthew
Published: August 2012

A spate of work has demonstrated tensions between ethno-cultural diversity and social capital. Some have suggested that attachment to the nation can foster cross-group trust, particularly if this national self-definition is “civic” in character rather than “ethnic” (the Miller thesis). Similarly, others have argued that civic nations are less likely to suffer reduced social capital in response to increased diversity, as the sense of threat that typically emerges in ethnically diverse contexts will be mitigated (the Putnam thesis). The authors test these hypotheses on 27 countries using both contextual-level data and the latest wave of the European Values Study (2008). Though the evidence is mixed on civic nationalism, the authors find strong evidence that ethnic nationalism goes hand-in-hand with reduced social capital and that it increases the negative social impact of diversity. So although this study only partially confirms the benefits of civic nationalism, it clearly underlines the costs of its ethnic variety.
Local Dependence Diagnostics in IRT Modeling of Binary Data
Authors: Liu Yang , Maydeu-Olivares Alberto
Published: August 2012

Local dependence (LD) for binary IRT models can be diagnosed using Chen and Thissen’s bivariate X2 statistic and the score test statistics proposed by Glas and Suárez-Falcón, and Liu and Thissen. Alternatively, LD can be assessed using general purpose statistics such as bivariate residuals or Maydeu-Olivares and Joe’s M r statistic. The authors introduce a new general statistic for assessing the source of model misfit, R2, and compare its performance to the above statistics using a simulation study. Results suggest that the bivariate and trivariate X2 statistics have unacceptable Type I error rates. As for the remaining statistics, if their computation involves the information matrix (bivariate residuals and score tests), they show good power; if not ( M r and R2), they lack power. Of course, the performance of the bivariate residuals and score tests depends on how the information matrix is approximated.
Practical Ways to Facilitate Ergonomics Improvements in Occupational Health Practice
Authors: Kogi Kazutaka
Published: August 2012

Objective:

Recent advances in participatory pro-grams for improving workplace conditions are discussed to examine practical ways to facilitate ergonomics improvements.

Background:

Participatory training programs are gaining importance, particularly in promoting occupational health and safety in small-scale workplaces. These pro-grams have led to many improvements that can reduce work-related risks in varied situations.

Materials:

Recent experiences in participatory action–oriented training programs in small workplaces and agriculture are reviewed. The emphasis of the review is on training steps, types of improvements achieved, and the use of action tools by trainers and training participants.

Results:

Immediate improvements in multiple technical areas are targeted, including materials handling, workstation design, physical environment, welfare facilities, and work organization. In facilitating ergonomics improvements in each local situation, it is important to focus on (a) building on local good practices; (b) applying practical, simple improvements that apply the basic principles of ergonomics; and (c) developing action-oriented toolkits for direct use by workers and managers. This facilitation process is effective when locally designed action toolkits are used by trainers, including local good examples, action checklists, and illustrated how-to guides. Intervention studies demonstrate the effectiveness of participatory steps that use these toolkits in promoting good practices and reducing work-related risks.

Conclusion:

In facilitating ergonomics improvements in small-scale workplaces, it is important to focus on practical, low-cost improvements that build on local good practices. The use of action-oriented toolkits reflecting basic ergonomics principles is helpful. The promotion of the intercountry networking of positive experiences in participatory training is suggested.
Bargaining and the Interdependent Stages of Civil War Resolution
Authors: Findley Michael G.
Published: August 2012

This article examines civil war resolution as a process comprised of multiple interdependent stages. It engages directly the idea that peace emerges only as a process comprised of battle, negotiation, agreement, and implementation of an agreement. I hypothesize that events at earlier stages of the peace process have implications for later stages, but not always in the same ways. Drawing on bargaining models of war, I consider how two factors that might prevent successful bargaining—stalemates and the number of actors—can encourage cooperation early in a peace process but impede lasting cooperation at later stages. Using a nested dichotomies statistical approach to capture interdependence, I find support for the argument that stalemates and the number of actors have different effects depending on the stage of the peace process. The results substantiate the need in theoretical and policy work to consider peace as an interdependent, sequential process.
Developmental Implications of HIV Prevention During Adolescence
Authors: Dinaj-Koci Veronica , Chen Xinguang , Deveaux Lynette , Lunn Sonja , Li Xiaoming , Wang Bo , Braithwaite Nanika , Marshall Sharon , Gomez Perry , Stanton Bonita
Published: August 2012

Dramatic changes occur in abstract reasoning, physical maturation, familial relationships and risk exposure during adolescence. It is probable that delivery of behavioral interventions addressing decision-making during the preadolescent period and later in adolescence would result in different impacts. We evaluated the intervention effects of an HIV prevention program (Bahamian Focus on Older Youth, BFOOY) administered to grade 10 Bahamian youth and parents to target HIV protective and risk behaviors. We also examined the effects of prior exposure to a similar intervention (Focus on Youth in the Caribbean, FOYC) four years earlier. At six months post-intervention, receipt of BFOOY by youth unexposed to FOYC increased HIV knowledge and condom-use skills. Differences based on BFOOY exposure were not present among FOYC-exposed youth, whose knowledge and condom-use skills were already higher than those of unexposed youth. Youth receiving both interventions displayed a carryover effect from FOYC, demonstrating the highest scores six months post-intervention.
The Effects of Denomination on Religious Socialization for Jewish Youth
Authors: James Anthony G. , Lester Ashlie M. , Brooks Greg
Published: August 2012

The transmission model of religious socialization was tested using a sample of American Jewish parents and adolescents. The authors expected that measures of religiousness among parents would be associated with those among their children. Interaction effects of denominational membership were also tested. Data were collected from a sample of 233 parent–child pairs in 9 Jewish schools in the Midwestern United States. Findings revealed modest support for the transmission model among American Jewish youth and parents. Parents’ religious practices were positively linked to the salience of religion among youth as well as with youth’s religious practices. No other correlations emerged between parents’ and youth’s behaviors. No interactions with denominational membership were found; however, parents’ membership in the Orthodox denomination was positively correlated with the salience of religion among youth. These findings suggest that context plays an important role in the religious socialization of Jewish youth. Broader implications for these findings are discussed.
The Visible Colleges of Management and Organization Studies: A Bibliometric Analysis of Academic Journals
Authors: Vogel Rick
Published: August 2012

Informal groups play a pivotal role in the socio-cognitive structuring and development of all scientific fields. While most social studies on such groups present a static view, taking a snapshot of them at a certain moment in time, this study sheds a dynamic perspective on invisible colleges and examines empirically how they evolve in the course of time. Drawing on the neo-Kuhnian sociology of science, it defines invisible colleges as communication networks and considers how their emergence and evolution is affected by the organizational features of fragmented adhocracies. The empirical aspect focuses on formal scholarly communication through publication in a sample of seven leading journals in the field of management and organization studies over three decades. The methodology is rooted in bibliometrics and combines co-citation analysis with network visualization. The resulting networks, which reflect the community structure of the field, map 40 different colleges. Seven patterns of how this nested structure evolves are derived: college appearance, transformation, drift, differentiation, fusion, implosion and revival. The paper closes with suggestions for further research on those patterns.
Daily symptoms, distress and interaction quality among couples coping with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Iida Masumi , Stephens Mary Ann Parris , Franks Melissa M. , Rook Karen S.
Published: August 2012

In this electronic diary study ( N = 127 couples), we examined how a diabetic partner’s symptoms and distress are associated with relationship interactions over 24 days. Using dyadic multilevel models, we examined the effects of patients’ daily diabetes symptom severity and diabetes-specific distress on each partner’s evaluations of their daily interaction enjoyment and tension. For both patients and spouses, diabetes symptoms were associated with a decrease in enjoyment and an increase in tension. For spouses, but not for patients, daily diabetes distress was marginally associated with an increase in tension. Among spouses whose patients’ diabetes was of longer duration, the negative association of symptoms and spouses’ enjoyment was stronger. These findings suggest that the stress of patients’ disease and distress affects both partners on a daily basis.
The Road to Psychological Safety
Authors: Shain Martin , Arnold Ian , GermAnn Kathy
Published: August 2012

In Part 1 of this article, the legal and scientific origins of the concept of psychological safety are examined as background to, and support for, the new Canadian National Standard on Psychological Health and Safety in the Workplace (CSA Z1003/BNQ 9700). It is shown that five factors influencing psychological safety can be identified as being common to both legal and scientific perspectives: job demands and requirements of effort, job control or influence, reward, fairness, and support. This convergence of evidence from legal and scientific perspectives creates a powerful case for the development of a national standard built around these five factors. In Part 2, it is proposed that the introduction of a national standard can be expected in the long run to have positive social benefits since the health or harm that is generated in the workplace does not remain there but migrates into families, communities, and society at large in the form of either social capital or social exhaust. Consequently, psychological safety is a concept that connects the dynamics of the workplace to the health, resilience, and well-being of society at large.
Macromarketing Teaching Materials
Authors: Shapiro Stanley J.
Published: August 2012

Mark Peterson’s is the latest in a number of efforts to provide macromarketing teaching materials. This commentary discusses two important monographs published in the early 1970s; Fisk’s early attempt to spell out the domain of macromarketing; the first macromarketing bibliography, which appeared in 1990; and an important article by Tamilia in which he argued that, for purposes of both pedagogy and further disciplinary development, a macromarketing textbook was urgently required. Attention is then called to more recent efforts to provide macromarketing reading lists and to promote a “controversies-based” approach to the study of macromarketing. The closing section explores the similarities and shared macromarketing dimensions of Peterson’s Sustainable Enterprise and Michael Baker’s expanded concept of a Social Business.
Effects of exogenous nitric oxide in wheat seedlings under chilling stress
Authors: Esim Nevzat , Atici Okkes , Mutlu Salih
Published: August 2012

The effects of nitric oxide (NO) on chilling tolerance (contents of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide anion (O2–) and lipid peroxidation level (malondialdehyde, MDA)) and the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX) and catalase (CAT)) were investigated in the leaves of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) exposed to chilling. NO treatment was carried out through spraying of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), which is a donor of NO. To do this, SNP concentrations of 0.1 and 1 mM were applied on the leaves of 11-day plants and the plants were then exposed to chilling conditions (5/2°C) for 3 days. The chilling stress treatment increased both the activities of antioxidant enzymes and the levels of MDA, H2O2 and O2–. Similarly, NO treatment enhanced SOD, POX and CAT activities under chilling stress, whereas it decreased H2O2 and O2.– contents as well as MDA level. The most effective concentration was determined as 0.1 mM SNP. Exogenous SNP application as a donor of NO was found to have an important ameliorative effect on cold tolerance of seedling exposed to chilling stress by stimulating antioxidant enzyme activity.
Outcome of Pediatric Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients Requiring Mechanical Ventilation
Authors: Aspesberro François , Guthrie Katherine A. , Woolfrey Ann E. , Brogan Thomas V. , Roberts Joan S.
Published: August 2012

Purpose:

To assess the risk factors for intensive care unit admission among children receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and to test the hypothesis that multiple organ failure (MOF) increases the odds of death among HSCT patients who receive mechanical ventilation (MV).

Methods:

The chart of all consecutive HSCTs at Seattle Children’s Hospital and pediatric HSCT patients admitted to the pediatric critical care unit of a tertiary care pediatric hospital from January 2000 to September 2006 were reviewed retrospectively.

Results:

Charts of 266 HSCT patients were reviewed. Nonmalignant disease compared to hematologic malignancy, acute graft versus host disease grades III and IV, and second transplant increased the odds of pediatric intensive care unit admission. Among patients receiving MV for >24 hours, 9 (25%) survived for 6 months, while 8 patients (22%) were long-term survivors with a median follow-up time of 3.6 years, a significant improvement compared to a long-term survival of 7% (odds ratio 0.25, 95% confidence intervals: 0.09-0.72, P = .01) reported in a previously published cohort of pediatric HSCT patients at the same institution from 1983 to 1996. Cardiovascular failure, duration of MV for greater than 1 week, and prolonged receipt of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) increased the risk of mortality.

Conclusions:

Six-month survival of pediatric HSCT patients was 25% and the odds of death were increased by cardiovascular failure but not by MOF. Receipt of mechanical support (ventilation, CRRT) or cardiovascular support (inotropic agents) decreased the likelihood of long-term survival.
Differential Expression of Cancer-Related Proteins in Paired Breast Milk Samples from Women with Breast Cancer
Authors: Arcaro Kathleen F. , Browne Eva P. , Qin Wenyi , Zhang Ke , Anderton Douglas L. , Sauter Edward R.
Published: August 2012

Background:

Breast cancer risk increases during pregnancy and remains elevated for a number of years thereafter. Cancer-associated proteins that are secreted into breast milk may provide a means to detect cancer in the lactating breast or to assess future breast cancer risk.

Objective:

To determine whether proteins linked to breast cancer would be differentially expressed in matched (both breasts from each participant) human milk samples collected from women with unilateral breast cancer.

Methods:

Five cancer-associated proteins (basic fibroblast growth factor [bFGF], YKL-40, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, and transforming growth factor β1 and β2) were analyzed in milk provided by 5 lactating women, 4 of whom were known to have cancer in 1 breast (and the opposite breast clinically disease free) at the time of milk collection and 1 who developed breast cancer 2 years after milk collection.

Results:

Expression was significantly higher for TGFβ2 ( P = .03) and bFGF ( P =.03) in the breasts with cancer.

Conclusion:

These proteins may play a role in assessing a woman’s risk of pregnancy-associated breast cancer. Because of variable protein concentration among patients and the limited sample size, the results are considered preliminary.
Sources of governmentality
Authors: Korvela Paul-Erik
Published: August 2012

The article scrutinizes Michel Foucault’s interpretation of Machiavelli in his famous lecture on governmentality. Foucault is slightly misguided in his search for the origins of governmentality, the article asserts. Foucault gives credit for the development of what he calls a new art of government to anti-Machiavellian treatises, but also follows those treatises in their distorted interpretation of Machiavelli. Consequently, Foucault’s analysis gets confused and regards as novel those arguments and developments that were essentially of ancient pedigree compared with Machiavelli’s ideas. The article discusses especially two points in Foucault’s interpretation of Machiavelli: Foucault’s insistence on the singularity of the prince in Machiavelli and the importance of territory to Machiavelli. In both of these points Foucault is beside the mark. Foucault’s interpretation inverts the development of an art of government and regards as new those ideas that were fundamentally reactionary vis-à-vis Machiavelli’s ideas. The article suggests that a more viable lead in searching for an art of government might be found from Machiavelli’s writings and the republican experience of the late medieval Italian city-states rather than from the birth of administrative monarchies of the 16th and 17th centuries. Therefore, the article concludes that Foucault is somewhat misled in contextualizing the birth of governmentality, a view which also has some wider implications for the whole framework of governmentality Foucault is trying to develop.
Characterization of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from captive wild felids with bacteremia
Authors: Carvalho Vania M. , Osugui Lika , Setzer Ariela P. , Lopez Rodrigo P. G. , Pestana de Castro Antonio F. , Irino Kinue , Catão-Dias José L.
Published: August 2012

Diseases caused by extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) in wild felids are rarely reported. Although urinary tract infections are infrequently reported in domestic cats, such infections when present are commonly caused by ExPEC. The present work characterized ExPEC strains isolated from 2 adult felines, a snow leopard ( Panthera uncia) and a black leopard ( Panthera pardus melas), that died from secondary bacteremia associated with urinary tract infections. Isolates from both animals were classified into the B2 phylogenetic group and expressed virulence genotypes that allowed them to cause severe disease. In addition, strains from the black leopard showed multidrug resistance.
Right ventricular hypertrophy with heart failure in Holstein heifers at elevation of 1,600 meters
Authors: Malherbe Christopher R. , Marquard Jana , Legg David E. , Cammack Kristi M. , O’Toole Donal
Published: August 2012

A syndrome of progressive right-sided heart failure occurred among yearling Holsteins at a heifer-raising facility and 2 dairies on the Colorado Front Range between 2007 and 2011. Most cases were seen at the heifer-raising facility, where the disease ranked second only to pneumonia as a major cause of death in animals aged <1.5 years. The disease resulted in the death or premature sale of 55 animals over the 5-year period. Affected heifers were 4–15 months old when they developed dyspnea, tachycardia, distention and pulsation of jugular veins, lethargy, and weight loss. Clinical progression in most was rapid (2 days to 2 weeks). Ten cattle with typical clinical signs were examined postmortem between 2008 and 2010. Seven developed clinical signs after transportation 57–238 days earlier from Wisconsin (elevation: < 275 m); the remaining 3 animals were born and raised at an altitude of 1,600 m. At necropsy, the 10 cattle had marked hypertrophy of right ventricular myocardium, dilated right atria, right ventricles, and pulmonary trunks, as well as hepatomegaly, ascites, and serous atrophy of fat. The principal histological change in lungs was hypertrophied tunicae adventitia and media of muscular arteries. Hepatic changes were typical of chronic passive congestion. Ultrastructural changes in heart were consistent with uncomplicated hypertrophy of cardiocytes with no evidence of primary cardiomyopathy. The syndrome most likely represents brisket disease due to pulmonary hypertension at the modest elevation of 1,600 m.
Lysine at position 222 of the goat prion protein inhibits the binding of monoclonal antibody F99/97.6.1
Authors: Mazza Maria , Guglielmetti Chiara , Pagano Marianna , Sciuto Simona , Ingravalle Francesco , Martucci Francesca , Caramelli Maria , Acutis Pier Luigi
Published: August 2012

Prion protein (PrP) is encoded by the PRNP gene, which is highly polymorphic in goats, with polymorphisms encoding amino acid substitutions at the protein level. In the current study, the reactivity of monoclonal antibody (mAb) F99/97.6.1 in binding PrP from goats polymorphic at PRNP codon 222 was investigated. Nervous tissue from 30 scrapie-negative goats with 3 different genotypes (222Q/Q, 222Q/K, and 222K/K) was analyzed by Western blot using mAbs P4 and F99/97.6.1. Although PrP was detected in all 30 samples by mAb P4, detection of PrP by mAb F99/97.6.1 was limited to 222Q/Q (12/12). No PrP was detected by mAb F99/97.6.1 in the 222K/K samples ( n = 6), and the signal intensity of mAb F99/97.6.1 for PrP was lower for the 222Q/K samples (12/12 samples). To further investigate these results, additional Western blot analyses were performed, and the PrP signals detected by mAbs F99/97.6.1 and SAF84 were then quantified. The mean F99/SAF84 ratio (± standard deviation) calculated for the 222Q/Q group was 0.73 ± 1.26, and the mean for the 222Q/K group was 0.27 ± 1.31. Statistical analysis of these values evidenced statistically significant differences between the 222Q/Q and 222Q/K samples. The results of the study thus revealed an inhibition by lysine at position 222 on the binding of mAb F99/97.6.1 to goat PrP. This has implications for the use of mAb F99/97.6.1 for diagnostic purposes. Because the 222K allele could be a target for genetic selection in goats, the differential reactivity of mAb F99/97.6.1 could be exploited with a genotyping test setup.
Providing Support for English Language Learners With Behavioral Needs
Authors: Dobbins Nicole , Draper Rodríguez Cathi
Published: August 2012

The group of students whose primary language is not English, commonly referred to as English language learners, is one of the fastest-growing groups of students. Teachers need to have a clear understanding that English learners may exhibit internalizing or externalizing behaviors related to their language development. When English learners exhibit behaviors that impede their learning or the learning of others, educators need to develop appropriate behavior plans that consider these language-learning factors. This article describes the impact that learning English may have on student behavior, as well as the necessary design modifications for appropriate functional assessments and behavior plans for this population.
An Overview of Principles for Special Educators to Guide Mathematics Instruction
Authors: van Garderen Delinda , Thomas Cathy Newman , Stormont Melissa , Lembke Erica S.
Published: August 2012

Teaching mathematics to diverse learners can be a challenge. The extensive and specialized knowledge that special education teachers need to possess to be considered high-quality teachers is often lacking in preservice and inservice education, yet is mandated by current teacher reforms and rigorous measures of accountability. To provide direction for supporting teacher growth in these areas, this article highlights four knowledge bases that special education teachers should develop and expand upon as a way to improve their instruction for diverse learners in mathematics. Numerous resources and materials are provided to support the development of teacher expertise in content, characteristics of diverse learners, technology, and pedagogy.
Seeing Motion Otherwise
Authors: Fitzsimons J. Kent
Published: August 2012

Accessibility considerations tend to dominate discussions about disability and the built environment. Although many architects object to the constraints of accessibility regulations, the shallow ramps, wide passages, and spatial continuity typical of barrier-free design are not foreign to architectural discourse. They rather mesh effortlessly with architecture’s long-standing preoccupation with movement. Unfortunately, the proximity between architectural discourse’s focus on mobile experiences and the demands of disability activists distract from considering other relationships between architecture and the human body. This article explores the similarities and differences between mobility disabilities and sensory disabilities and proposes the notion of “perceiving otherwise” to reconsider how architectural space may be conceptualized. It discusses that notion through readings of selected contemporary architectural works, including Rem Koolhaas’s Bordeaux House (1998) and Peter Eisenman’s Memorial to the Murdered European Jews in Berlin (2005).
Simulating transient wear characteristics of journal bearings subjected to mixed friction
Authors: Bartel Dirk , Bobach Lars , Illner Thomas , Deters Ludger
Published: August 2012

This article describes a calculation model for the simulation of the transient wear characteristics of journal bearings subjected to mixed friction. For predetermined time steps the local wear is calculated for circumference and width. The resulting changes to the gap geometry then flow directly into the further calculation process. The solid contact load ratio and boundary friction ratio in the mixed friction area are calculated on the basis of real rough surfaces. Modifications to the rough surfaces resulting from the running-in process are taken into consideration. In addition the microhydrodynamic effects, elastic deformations of the bearing environment and mass conserving cavitation are also recorded. The calculation model’s potential is demonstrated by means of an unsteady loaded conrod bearing.
Multiple domains of health literacy as reflected in breastfeeding promotion practice: A Canadian case study
Authors: Gillis Doris E , Gray Nicola J , Murphy Elizabeth
Published: August 2012

A model of multiple domains of health literacy was mapped to 30 practitioners’ accounts of their breastfeeding promotion practice in a region of Canada. Fundamental/basic literacy themes were consistent with earlier literature regarding practitioners’ discomfort in addressing literacy issues with their clients. Scientific literacy was reflected in practitioners’ dilemmas about using jargon and scientific evidence when discussing breastfeeding. Cultural literacy themes related to practitioners’ understandings of the sociocultural context influencing adoption of breastfeeding. Civic literacy was reflected in the use of advocacy for creating supportive breastfeeding environments. Building capacity for health literacy, however, was not a conscious focus of practice.
Outcomes in adults with autism spectrum disorders: a historical perspective
Authors: Henninger Natalie A. , Taylor Julie Lounds
Published: August 2012

In this review, we examine the ways in which researchers have defined successful adult outcomes for individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) from the first systematic follow-up reports to the present day. The earliest outcome studies used vague and unreliable outcome criteria, and institutionalization was a common marker of poor outcomes. In the past decade, researchers have begun to standardize the measurement of adult outcomes with specific criteria based on friendships, employment, and living arrangements. Although nearly all of these studies have agreed that the majority of adults with ASD have poor outcomes, evolving concepts of what it means to be an adult could have an impact on outcomes measured. For example, some researchers have suggested that taking into account the person-environment fit could reveal a more optimistic picture of outcomes for these adults. Suggestions for future research are discussed.
Evaluating a dementia focused performance management programme
Authors: Cornes Michelle , Manthorpe Jill
Published: August 2012

This article describes a Dementia Focused Performance Management Programme run for care home managers in the north-west of England. The programme highlighted the challenges faced by managers in terms of complying with policy changes and providing adequate supervision and training for care staff in dementia care. It proposes ‘turn around simulations’ as a way of engaging more participatory approaches to raising standards but recognises the barriers to achieving this created by the limited amount of time that managers have to attend outside meetings and the need to recognise that there is a competitive marketplace among providers.
Inside the PAR group: The group dynamics of women learning to live with diabetes
Authors: Adili Fatemeh , Higgins Isabel , Koch Tina
Published: August 2012

We researched alongside older Australian women who were newly diagnosed with type II diabetes. This inquiry was guided by Koch and Kralik’s participatory action research (PAR) methodology. We asked women to talk about their self-management and learning post-diagnosis and continued to talk with them for 12 months. Once we had built relationships we asked women to join group discussion. Ten PAR group sessions were held over six months. The focus of this article will privilege the group discussion led by the women so that group dynamics can be observed. We turn to Lewin and Tuckmann’s work on group dynamics and line up Koch and Kralik’s ‘look, think and act’ process as useful in describing what happens in a group. We suggest that a closer look at the group’s working reveals a better understanding of its democratic process, and that the theoretical models provide tools for closer scrutiny. The cyclical nature of the PAR process promoted reflection and learning among women. Women learnt more about diabetes and themselves through mutual engagement and self-directed activities. We conclude that group learning was a powerful dynamic in helping women to live with a chronic illness.
Dueling Dualisms
Authors: Baglia Jay
Published: August 2012

In this essay, media analysis is combined with personal narrative and fiction in order to question the depiction of the woman in the western. The films analyzed in this study encompass a significant chronology of Hollywood Westerns (1939-2010) and gunslingers, saloon singers, society women, and schoolteachers are recognized as embodying feminist ideologies. By employing the feminist framework of dualisms suggested by Cirksena and Cuklanz (1992), depictions of these female characters are interpreted through a revisionist feminist lens.
Coil Embolization of a Gastroduodenal Artery Pseudoaneurysm Secondary to Cholangitis
Authors: Sadek Mikel , Rockman Caron B. , Berland Todd L. , Maldonado Thomas S. , Jacobowitz Glenn R. , Adelman Mark A. , Mussa Firas F.
Published: August 2012

A 72-year-old woman with end-stage renal disease was admitted with right upper quadrant pain, hypotension, an elevated bilirubin, and leukocytosis. A computed tomography scan showed a dilated common bile duct and an associated 4.5 cm gastroduodenal artery pseudoaneurysm. The pseudoaneurysm was coil embolized successfully while maintaining dual access from the brachial and femoral arteries using the “body floss” technique. Subsequently, the patient underwent endoscopic treatment for her obstructive jaundice. We report on the technical aspects of this case and review the literature.
Chylous Ascites Complicating Elective Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair
Authors: Barakat Hashem M. , Shahin Yousef , McCollum Peter
Published: August 2012

Introduction:

Chylous ascitis is a rare complication of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) surgery with only 38 cases reported since the early 70s. Due to their anatomical relation with the abdominal aorta, cisterna chyli injury is more common following open AAA repairs when compared to other surgeries; 81% of all postsurgical chylous ascites reported.

Case presentation:

We present a case of severe chylous ascitis following elective AAA repair in a 76-year-old caucasian male who gradually developed abdominal distension following discharge. A conservative approach was followed by a peritoneovenous shunt insertion, but this had no clinical benefit. The site of chyle leak was identified and ligated at relaparatomy to eventually resolve his ascitis.

Conclusion:

Many reports in literature demonstrate successful conservative measures and highlight the importance of nutritional status in the course of persistent postoperative chylous ascitis. In our experience, complete resolution only came after relaparatomy and repair of leaking lymphatics.
Is Freirean Transformative Learning the Trojan Horse of Globalization and Enemy of Sustainability Education? A Response to C. A. Bowers
Authors: Lange Elizabeth A.
Published: August 2012

In an earlier article in this journal, C. A. Bowers suggests that transformative learning, particularly Paulo Freire’s pedagogy, is a Trojan horse of western globalization, by deepening the ecological crisis and colonizing indigenous cultures. He charges that critical pedagogues avoid their own complicity in neoliberal globalization; he advocates for an alliance between conservative politics and environmentalism; and he promotes a “conserving education.” This article will critique the first three facets of Bowers’ argument: first, by agreeing with the critique of the enlightenment underpinnings in transformative learning theory but resolving them in more nuanced ways; second, by explaining the ontology implicit in Freire that Bowers misunderstands; and third, expanding the critical stream of transformative learning by arguing that every sustainability educator needs a strong political economic as well as cultural analysis, combined with honoring local contexts, including indigenous traditional knowledge.
Following Contemplative Education Students’ Transformation Through Their “Ground-of-Being” Experiences
Authors: Morgan Patricia Fay
Published: August 2012

This article examines a recurring phenomenon in students’ experience of contemplation in contemplative and transformative education. This ground-of-being phenomenon, which has been reported by students in higher and adult education settings, is a formative aspect of the positive changes they reported. It is examined here to highlight the ways in which the depth of felt or precognitive meaning that can occur in contemplative education impacts these changes. The subtlety and range of contemplative experience is described through the ground-of-being experience as a means to support the call from contemplative and transformative education theorists for pedagogies that include the subjective and contemplative.
Ascorbate and α-tocopherol differentially modulate reactive oxygen species generation by neutrophils in response to FcγR and TLR agonists
Authors: Chapple Iain LC , Matthews John B , Wright Helen J , Scott Ann E , Griffiths Helen R , Grant Melissa M
Published: August 2012

Periodontitis, a ubiquitous chronic inflammatory disease, is associated with reduced antioxidant defences and neutrophil hyperactivity in terms of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Its phenotype is thus characterized by oxidative stress. We have determined the effect of antioxidant micronutrients ascorbate and α-tocopherol on neutrophil ROS generation. Peripheral neutrophils from periodontally-healthy individuals ( n = 20) were challenged with phorbol myristate acetate, IgG-opsonised Staphylococcus aureus, Fusobacterium nucleatum or PBS in the presence and absence of micronutrients (50 µM). Total and extracellular ROS were measured by luminol and isoluminol chemiluminescence respectively. Total and extracellular unstimulated, baseline ROS generation was unaffected by α-tocopherol, but inhibited by ascorbate and a combination of both micronutrients. Fcγ-receptor (Fcγ-R)-stimulated total or extracellular ROS generation was not affected by the presence of individual micronutrients. However, the combination significantly reduced extracellular FcγR-stimulated ROS release. Neither micronutrient inhibited TLR-stimulated total ROS, but the combination caused inhibition. Ascorbate and the micronutrient combination, but not α-tocopherol, inhibited extracellular ROS release by TLR-stimulated cells. Such micronutrient effects in vivo could be beneficial in reducing collateral tissue damage in chronic inflammatory diseases, such as periodontitis, while retaining immune-mediated neutrophil function.
Multiculturalism and Creativity
Authors: Saad Carmel S. , Damian Rodica Ioana , Benet-Martínez Verónica , Moons Wesley G. , Robins Richard W.
Published: August 2012

Today’s diverse society often includes culturally rich environments that contain cues pertaining to more than one culture. These cultural cues can shape cognitive processes, such as creativity. Recent evidence shows that bicultural experience enhances creativity, and that for culture-related domains, this effect is particularly evident among biculturals who blend their two cultural identities. The present study tested whether enhanced creativity among more blended biculturals was due to increased idea generation (i.e., ideational fluency). Moreover, the authors tested whether these effects generalized to noncultural domains, which may indicate that bicultural experience enhances creativity in broader arenas. One hundred seventy-seven Chinese Americans completed a creativity task in either a monocultural or bicultural context (manipulated via Chinese or American symbols or both). Greater bicultural identity blendedness predicted domain-general creativity in bicultural but not in monocultural contexts, and this was mediated by ideational fluency. Implications for enhancing creativity in our diverse society are discussed.
A progression-free end-point for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis trials: lessons from cancer
Authors: Vancheri Carlo , du Bois Roland M.
Published: August 2012

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive fibroproliferative disease that results in increasing morbidity. To date there is only one licensed therapy for this condition and other agents are needed for this attritional disease. Efforts to study other agents have been obstructed by an increasing division of opinion about the most clinically meaningful end-point of phase III clinical trials to demonstrate efficacy. Many clinicians believe that an agent that impedes progression of the disease is more than acceptable and will encourage the pharmaceutical industry to further develop their IPF programmes. We have been impressed by the behavioural and biological similarities of cancer and IPF, and wondered if lessons could be learned about clinical trial design from lung cancer studies. Here, we set out our arguments that the similarities with cancer justify comparing the magnitude of therapeutic effects in clinical trials in nonsmall cell lung cancer with those in successful trials in IPF. We demonstrate that efficacy is of a similar magnitude in the two chronic lung diseases. We recommend that the demonstration of similar magnitudes of progression-free disease effect in IPF, using appropriate indices, should be considered as clinically meaningful benefit in future phase III clinical trials of novel therapies.
Effects of asthma severity, exacerbations and oral corticosteroids on perinatal outcomes
Authors: Namazy Jennifer A. , Murphy Vanessa E. , Powell Heather , Gibson Peter G. , Chambers Christina , Schatz Michael
Published: August 2012

This systematic review and meta-analysis sought to investigate whether asthma exacerbations, oral corticosteroid use or asthma severity are associated with prematurity and intrauterine growth restriction.

Cohort studies published between 1975 and March 11, 2012 were considered for inclusion. 138 publications were identified for possible inclusion, and nine papers met the inclusion criteria, by reporting perinatal outcomes of interest (low birth weight, <2500 g), pre-term birth (<37 weeks gestation unless otherwise stated) and small for gestational age (<10th percentile for gestational age and sex) in groups of asthmatic patients stratified by history of exacerbations, oral corticosteroid use or asthma severity.

Maternal asthma exacerbations and oral corticosteroid use had a significant effect on outcomes, including low birth weight (RR 3.02, 95% CI 1.87–4.89 and RR 1.41, 95% CI 1.04–1.93, respectively) and pre-term delivery (RR 1.54, 95% CI 0.89–2.69 and RR 1.51, 95% CI 1.15–1.98, respectively). Moderate-to-severe asthma during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of small for gestational age (RR 1.24, 95% CI 1.15–1.35) and low birth weight (RR 1.15, 95% CI 1.05–1.26) infants.

These data suggest that asthma exacerbations, oral corticosteroid use or asthma severity defined as moderate-to-severe may be associated with pre-term delivery, low birth weight, and small for gestational age infants. Further studies on the effect of maternal asthma control on perinatal outcomes are warranted.
Improving mapping and SNP-calling performance in multiplexed targeted next-generation sequencing
Authors: ElSharawy Abdou , Forster Michael , Schracke Nadine , Keller Andreas , Thomsen Ingo , Petersen Britt-Sabina , Stade Björn , Stähler Peer , Schreiber Stefan , Rosenstiel Philip , Franke Andre
Published: August 2012

Background

Compared to classical genotyping, targeted next-generation sequencing (t NGS) can be custom-designed to interrogate entire genomic regions of interest, in order to detect novel as well as known variants. To bring down the per-sample cost, one approach is to pool barcoded NGS libraries before sample enrichment. Still, we lack a complete understanding of how this multiplexed t NGS approach and the varying performance of the ever-evolving analytical tools can affect the quality of variant discovery. Therefore, we evaluated the impact of different software tools and analytical approaches on the discovery of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in multiplexed t NGS data. To generate our own test model, we combined a sequence capture method with NGS in three experimental stages of increasing complexity (E. coli genes, multiplexed E. coli, and multiplexed HapMap BRCA1/2 regions).

Results

We successfully enriched barcoded NGS libraries instead of genomic DNA, achieving reproducible coverage profiles (Pearson correlation coefficients of up to 0.99) across multiplexed samples, with <10% strand bias. However, the SNP calling quality was substantially affected by the choice of tools and mapping strategy. With the aim of reducing computational requirements, we compared conventional whole-genome mapping and SNP-calling with a new faster approach: target-region mapping with subsequent ‘read-backmapping’ to the whole genome to reduce the false detection rate. Consequently, we developed a combined mapping pipeline, which includes standard tools (BWA, SAMtools, etc.), and tested it on public HiSeq2000 exome data from the 1000 Genomes Project. Our pipeline saved 12 hours of run time per Hiseq2000 exome sample and detected ~5% more SNPs than the conventional whole genome approach. This suggests that more potential novel SNPs may be discovered using both approaches than with just the conventional approach.

Conclusions

We recommend applying our general ‘two-step’ mapping approach for more efficient SNP discovery in t NGS. Our study has also shown the benefit of computing inter-sample SNP-concordances and inspecting read alignments in order to attain more confident results.