bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prenatal diagnosis of fetal bilateral adrenal carcinoma
Authors: Izbizky G. , Elias D. , Gallo A. , Farias P. , Sod R.
Published: October 2005

Fetal malignancies that are capable of metastasizing to other fetal organs and the placenta are exceedingly rare. Fetal tumors are suspected on ultrasonography in the presence of structures of abnormal shape or size that are occasionally associated with polyhydramnios and hydrops. Most of the large abdominal masses detected antenatally are renal in origin, although adrenal tumors should also be kept in mind in their differential diagnosis.

We report a case of a large‐for‐gestational‐age fetus with abdominal distention secondary to bilateral adrenal carcinoma, polyhydramnios and placental enlargement. Postmortem histological findings included nesidioblastosis, (i.e. hyperplasia of the cells of the islets of Langerhans) and adrenocortical cytomegaly, suggestive of a form of Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome. Copyright © 2005 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antiphonal duetting in Steere's liocichla (Liocichla steerii): male song individuality and correlation between habitat and duetting behavior
Authors: Mays Herman L. , Yao Cheng‐Te , Yuan Hsiao‐Wei
Published: October 2005

We studied duet song and vocal duetting behavior in an endemic Taiwanese passerine, Steere's liocichla (Liocichla steerii). We found that the leading male song in duets was highly individualistic. Also, we found duetting behavior varied significantly across different habitat types. Females were more likely to answer male songs in densely vegetated, steep forest habitat compared to open agricultural habitat. These findings provide quantitative evidence for vocal individuality for a duet song and provide tentative support for the idea that females are duetting to reveal their location to their mates.
Immersion in warm water induces improvement in cardiac function in patients with chronic heart failure
Authors: Cider Åsa , Sveälv Bente Grüner , Täng Margareta Scharin , Schaufelberger Maria , Andersson Bert
Published: October 2005

Background:

The effects of immersion and training of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) in warm water has not been thoroughly investigated. The aim of this study was to assess the acute hemodynamic response of immersion and peripheral muscle training in elderly patients with CHF.

Methods:

Thirteen CHF patients and 13 healthy subjects underwent echocardiography on land and in a temperature‐controlled swimming pool (33–34° C).

Results:

Rest. Heart rate decreased (CHF,p=0.01; control,p=0.001) and stroke volume increased (CHF,p=0.01; control,p=0.001) during water immersion in both groups, with no change in systolic or diastolic blood pressure. Ejection fraction (p<0.05) and transmitral Doppler E/A ratio (p=0.01) increased in the CHF group, with no changes in left ventricular volumes. The healthy subjects had similar responses, but also displayed an increase in cardiac output (p<0.01) and left ventricular volumes (p<0.001).Exercise. Cardiac output and systolic blood pressure increased significantly in water, in both groups.

Conclusion:

A general increase in early diastolic filling was accompanied by a decrease in heart rate, leading to an increase in stroke volume and ejection fraction in most patients with CHF during warm water immersion. These beneficial hemodynamic effects might be the reason for the previously observed good tolerability of this exercise regime.
Mannose‐binding lectin and vulvovaginal candidiasis
Authors: Liu Fei , Liao Qinping , Liu Zhaohui
Published: October 2005

Objective: To investigate the effect of mannose‐binding lectin (MBL) gene polymorphism on the immune system and the significance of vaginal MBL concentration in the pathogenesis of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) and recurrent VVC (rVVC). Patients and methods: Mannose‐binding lectin concentrations in CVL samples from 111 women were collected between August 2004 and November 2004, 51 with VVC, 6 with rVVC patients, and 54 healthy women. CVL MBL concentrations were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and MBL gene polymorphism was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and the restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Results: Cervicovaginal lavage MBL concentration (17.80 ng/mL) and gene mutation frequency (33.33%) were both significantly higher in women with VVC (P < 0.01) than in controls (odds ratio [OR], 2.93; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14–7.57; P < 0.05). On the other hand, MBL concentration was lower in women with rVVC (0.30 ng/mL) than in controls (1.28 ng/mL) (P < 0.05), although MBL gene mutation frequency (83.33%) was significantly higher in women with rVVC than in controls (OR, 26.87; 95% CI, 2.76–261.65; P < 0.01). Conclusions: The presence of VVC can increase vaginal MBL level, which may be an immune response against Candida albicans infection; in women with rVVC, the low level of MBL in the vagina caused by mutation in the MBL gene may play a role in the recurrence of the infection.
Report on the Surgical Clinic at the Hotel-Dieu
Authors: ALEXANDRE PAILLARD , MARX
Published: October 2005

Concerning finger contracture as a result of a condition affecting the palmar fascia. A description of the illness. A surgical operation that is suitable for it.
Influence of a glacial buzzsaw on the height and morphology of the Cascade Range in central Washington State, USA
Authors: Mitchell Sara Gran , Montgomery David R.
Published: October 2005

Analysis of climatic and topographic evidence from the Cascade Range of Washington State indicates that glacial erosion limits the height and controls the morphology of this range. Glacial erosion linked to long-term spatial gradients in the ELA created a tilted, planar zone of 373 cirques across the central part of the range; peaks and ridges now rise ≤600 m above this zone. Hypsometric analysis of the region shows that the proportion of land area above the cirques drops sharply, and mean slopes >30° indicate that the areas above the cirques may be at or near threshold steepness. The mean plus 1σ relief of individual cirque basins (570 m) corresponds to the ∼600-m envelope above which peaks rarely rise. The summit altitudes are set by a combination of higher rates of glacial and paraglacial erosion above the ELA and enhanced hillslope processes due to the creation of steep topography. On the high-precipitation western flank of the Cascades, the dominance of glacial and hillslope erosion at altitudes at and above the ELA may explain the lack of a correspondence between stream-power erosion models and measured exhumation rates from apatite (U-Th/He) thermochronometry.
Anisomeridium flavovulcanus, a new corticolous lichen from Costa Rica
Authors: KOMPOSCH Harald
Published: October 2005

A corticolous species, Anisomeridium flavovulcanus, is described. It has so far been found in the Carribean and Pacific lowland rainforests of Costa Rica, where it is a frequent lichen in the understorey. This conspicuous lichen is characterized by large conical conidiomata, which release a yellow conidial mass at the apex. Dimorphic conidia occur in the same conidiomata: 1-septate microconidia and thick walled globose macroconidia. Ascomata were found only twice; the inconspicuous perithecia are hemispherical, semi-emergent with an apical ostiole, the asci are cylindrical with a cruciform ocular chamber and the ascospores are uniseriately arranged.
A further new species of Strigula from Europe
Authors: SÉRUSIAUX Emmanuël , BERGER Franz , COPPINS Brian J. , ROUX Claude
Published: October 2005

Strigula muscicola Berger, Coppins, Cl. Roux & Sérus. is described as new to science; it is a muscicolous species with aggregated ascomata and 3-septate ascospores, growing in subalpine habitats in Austria, Norway and Scotland.
Additional species in Tetramelas
Authors: NORDIN Anders , TIBELL Leif
Published: October 2005

Tetramelas phaeophysciae, a new obligately lichenicolous species occurring in Scandinavia, Iceland and Greenland, is described, and the closely related Buellia pulverulenta, together with B. triphragmioides, are transferred to Tetramelas. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on sequence data from nITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA, using Bayesian inference and parsimony analyses, support the segregation of the new species from B. pulverulenta as well as the segregation of Tetramelas and Diplotomma from Buellia s. str.
Cryptothecia punctosorediata, a new species from Northern Thailand
Authors: SPARRIUS Laurens B. , SAIPUNKAEW Wanaruk
Published: October 2005

A new species of Cryptothecia (Arthoniales, lichenized ascomycetes) is described from Northern Thailand. The species has been collected from planted mango trees at a single site in a rural area and is characterized by the punctiform soralia, soredia containing gyrophoric acid and 8-spored asci.
The Rise of Hindu Nationalism in India: The Case Study of Ahmedabad in the 1980s
Authors: SHANI ORNIT
Published: October 2005

The massacre of Muslims in Ahmedabad and throughout Gujarat in February 2002 demonstrated the challenge of Hindu nationalism to India's democracy and secularism. There is increasing evidence to suggest that government officials openly aided the killings of the Muslim minority by members of militant Hindu organisations. The Gujarat government's intervention did little to stop the carnage. The communalism that was witnessed in 2002 had its roots in the mid-1980s. Since then, militant Hindu nationalism and recurring communal violence arose in Ahmedabad and throughout Gujarat. This study aims to shed light on the rise and nature of communalism since the mid-1980s.
From The Editor
Authors: Enders Jody
Published: October 2005

Once upon a time in medieval England, Saint Erkenwald was building his new church upon the foundations of an ancient pagan temple so that the edifice might be “torn down and turned to new ends.” All of a sudden, he and his men discovered a great tomb that housed the perfectly preserved corpse of some unknown royal ancestor. Upon opening the crypt, Erkenwald “turns to the tomb and talks to the corpse, / While he leans down to lift up the lids of its eyes: / ‘In this sepulcher stay in your silence no more! . . .' / Then the man through a miracle moved in his tomb! / And with sounds that were solemn, he spoke before all. . . .” When Erkenwald's pagan forebear “melted out of memory,” his reanimated body regained the power of speech and his listeners the power of knowledge—a stunning metaphor for the very project of theatre historiography.
Editor's Forum
Authors: Enders Jody
Published: October 2005

Theatre Survey invites letters that comment on articles in previous issues or on matters of interest to the American Society for Theatre Research. The Editor reserves the right to reject or edit contributions, and will offer TS authors whose work is discussed in published letters the opportunity to reply. Footnotes are strongly discouraged; and any letter that exceeds five hundred words will not be considered. Occasionally, the Editor's Forum will contain letters submitted at the Editor's request. Given the nature of our biennial publication schedule, a letter destined for the subsequent issue would ideally be submitted within a few weeks of receipt of the issue to which the writer is responding (in order to arrive at our offices in time).
What Are You Reading?
Authors: Case Sue-Ellen
Published: October 2005

Recently Ruby Cohn, the expert on Samuel Beckett, was staying at my house. One morning she announced to me in a disapproving tone: “Your library has no focus.” Nor, I fear, would Ruby find a focus in my reading. I read several books at once from various disciplines and approaches. They lay about in different rooms of the house, where I read them at different times of the day. For example, the 4:00 p.m. read in the library is something less demanding, suggesting rather than theorizing or documenting; whereas the morning read in my study is a note-taking venture, in proximity to little yellow stickies or the computer so I can type in passages as they generate new ideas. Worse yet, I am on the Internet multiple times daily, The New Yorker is usually open to some article I read while waiting for my partner to get ready for a date, and various novels are next to the bed for reading before going to sleep. Reading is not what it used to be. It more closely resembles online surfing than the removed, “focused” (as Ruby would say) reading in, say, the British Library. In part, my selection of books reflects the variety of articles I will be completing within the coming months; in part, the nature of current postcanon scholarship, which is held to account for a complex and variegated critical perspective.
The Orient on the Victorian Stage. By Edward Ziter. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003; pp. ix + 235, 20 illustrations. £45 or $75 cloth.
Authors: Mayer David
Published: October 2005

On 5 January 1813, an anonymous London theatre critic, reviewing Covent Garden's Harlequin and the Red Dwarf; or, The Adamantine Rock for The Times, enthused over the pantomime's oriental (i.e., Middle Eastern) subject matter, insisting that:
Pathogenesis of congenital cardiac malformations and mechanisms of cardiac remodelling
Authors: Wenink Arnold C. G. , Gittenberger-de Groot Adriana C.
Published: October 2005

At first sight, the venous and arterial poles of the heart seem to belong to a single structure. This feature is demonstrated by the continuity seen in the fibrous skeleton between the leaflets of the aortic valve with those of both the mitral and tricuspid valves. Moreover, the orifice of the aortic valve is deeply wedged in between the fibrous annuluses supporting the two atrioventricular valves.
Stem cells and cardiac hypertrophy
Authors: Castellani Chiara , Barbera Mila Della , Valente Marialuisa , Thiene Gaetano , Angelini Annalisa
Published: October 2005

The concept that the adult heart is a terminally differentiated organ has been generally accepted for many years. As a post-mitotic organ, the heart has been considered to be characterized by a predetermined number of parenchymal cells. This number is held to be defined at birth, and is preserved until death of the organ and/or the organism. According to this concept, the increase of myocardial mass, or in other words, myocardial hypertrophy, is interpreted on the basis of growth of single terminally differentiated myocytes, able to produce contractile elements and organelles, but not capable of division. Ventricular remodelling has been envisaged, therefore, as a balance between the phenomenon leading to either increase in cardiac mass, in other words hypertrophy, or loss of myocytes, as occurring in apoptosis or necrosis.
Cardiac and pulmonary physiology in the functionally univentricular circulation with reference to the total cavo-pulmonary connection
Authors: Sidi Daniel
Published: October 2005

Cardiac and pulmonary physiology in patients with functionally univentricular hearts is markedly different from that found in the setting of the normal circulation. The physiology of both the heart and the lungs remains abnormal after palliative procedures, such as creation of systemic-to-pulmonary shunts, banding of the pulmonary trunk, or creation of the cavo-pulmonary connections. In this brief review, I will concentrate on two main aspects of physiology, namely oxygenation and haemodynamics. I will make comparisons between the normal circulation and the functionally univentricular circulation, the latter both before and after creation of a cavo-pulmonary connection. To finish, I will discuss the physiology of the cavo-pulmonary connection itself, and consider some clinical implications.
Mathematical modelling of the impact of preoperative hypertrophy on the outcomes of completion of the Fontan circuit
Authors: Ripoli Andrea , Berti Sergio , Latta Daniele Della , Rocca Emiliano , Crucean Adrian , Luisi Vincenzo Stefano
Published: October 2005

The identification of the important relationship between shape and function of ventricular chambers represents a milestone of modern cardiology. Application of the law of Laplace for an ideal sphere furnishes intuitive insights on the progression of heart failure. A dilated heart, by virtue of its large size, must generate greater stress in the myocardial wall to achieve sufficient pressure so as to eject the required amount of blood. The mural hypertrophy represents a compensatory mechanism, guaranteeing a lower stress. When the ratio between the radius of the chamber and the thickness of its wall increases abnormally, the heart fails.
Valveless pump models that laid a false but fortuitous trail on the way towards the total cavopulmonary connection
Authors: Kilner Philip J.
Published: October 2005

When Fontan and Baudet devised what has become known as the Fontan operation, they understandably assumed that inflow and outflow valves should be included to achieve a pump-like action of the subpulmonary right atrial cavity. Over the following years, however, it became apparent that valves did not function satisfactorily in this situation. Worse, the implanted valves had a tendency to become obstructive, which often lead to critical elevation of the already raised systemic venous pressure. Surgeons gradually realised that the outcomes of surgery designed to create the Fontan circulation were likely to be better without inclusion of valves in the subpulmonary right atrium, and they stopped putting them in.
Atmospheric forcing of the Oregon coastal ocean during the 2001 upwelling season
Authors: Bane J. M. , Levine M. D. , Samelson R. M. , Haines S. M. , Meaux M. F. , Perlin N. , Kosro P. M. , Boyd T.
Published: October 2005

Meteorological conditions during an intensive oceanographic observational program in May through August 2001 along the central Oregon coast are described and related to larger‐scale and longer‐term conditions. Southward wind stresses of 0.05−0.1 N m−2 occurred roughly 75% of the time, with a sustained period of dominantly southward stress from mid‐June through July. Wind variations were correlated with variations in the large‐scale Aleutian Low and North Pacific High pressure centers; correlations with the continental Thermal Low were small. Intraseasonal oscillations in alongshore wind stress (periods near 20 days) correlated with the north‐south position of the jet stream. These stress oscillations drove 20 day oscillations in upper ocean temperature, with a lag of roughly 5 days for maximum correlation and amplitudes near 4°C. The sum of sensible and latent air‐sea heat fluxes was generally into the atmosphere through June, then weakly into the ocean thereafter, with fluctuations on synoptic timescales. Semidiurnal fluctuations in surface air temperature were observed at two northern moorings, apparently forced indirectly by nonlinear internal ocean tides. The diurnal cycle of wind stress was similar for both southward and northward wind conditions, with the diurnal alongshore fluctuation southward in the evening and northward in the morning. During southward winds the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) was typically defined clearly by a strong temperature inversion, and a shallow stable internal boundary layer often formed within the MABL over cool upwelled waters, with surface air temperature roughly 1°C lower inshore than offshore. During northward winds, essentially no low‐level temperature stratification was observed.
Time‐dependent, wind‐driven flow over a shallow midshelf submarine bank
Authors: Barth J. A. , Pierce S. D. , Castelao R. M.
Published: October 2005

During summer 2001, high‐resolution hydrographic, velocity, and bio‐optical surveys were conducted over Heceta Bank off central Oregon. North of the bank, upwelling over simple bottom topography exhibited a classic response with a midshelf, baroclinic coastal jet and upwelled isopycnals. The coastal upwelling jet follows the bank topography as it widens offshore before reaching the southern end of the bank, where the shelf break turns almost 90° back toward the coast. The ensuing adjustment involves the offshelf transport of coastal water and the material it contains. The jet meanders anticyclonically in the “lee” of the bank before resuming its equatorward path seaward of the shelf break. A pool of high‐chlorophyll (>15 mg m−3) near‐surface water is found in the low‐velocity “lee” region created by the bank. A low‐temperature, high‐salinity bottom water pool, supplied primarily from the south, lies over the inshore region of the bank. This bottom pool is up to 40 m thick and contains elevated levels of suspended material. By creating an east‐west perturbation in the coastal upwelling front, the flow‐topography interaction introduces an alongshore pressure gradient. When southward upwelling‐favorable winds relax, this alongshore pressure gradient can drive flow back to the north. This leads to northward flow on the inshore side of the bank, ultimately setting up the potential for recirculation around the entire bank complex on a timescale of about 10 days. Strong northward winds during summer lead to downwelling within 15 km of the coast, accompanied by significant (>0.2 m s−1) wind‐driven northward currents.
Direct radiative forcing of anthropogenic organic aerosol
Authors: Ming Yi , Ramaswamy V. , Ginoux Paul A. , Horowitz Larry H.
Published: October 2005

This study simulates the direct radiative forcing of organic aerosol using the GFDL AM2 GCM. The aerosol climatology is provided by the MOZART chemical transport model (CTM). The approach to calculating aerosol optical properties explicitly considers relative humidity–dependent hygroscopic growth by employing a functional group–based thermodynamic model, and makes use of the size distribution derived from AERONET measurements. The preindustrial (PI) and present‐day (PD) global burdens of organic carbon are 0.17 and 1.36 Tg OC, respectively. The annual global mean total‐sky and clear‐sky top‐of‐the atmosphere (TOA) forcings (PI to PD) are estimated as −0.34 and −0.71 W m−2, respectively. Geographically the radiative cooling largely lies over the source regions, namely part of South America, Central Africa, Europe and South and East Asia. The annual global mean total‐sky and clear‐sky surface forcings are −0.63 and −0.98 W m−2, respectively. A series of sensitivity analyses shows that the treatments of hygroscopic growth and optical properties of organic aerosol are intertwined in the determination of the global organic aerosol forcing. For example, complete deprivation of water uptake by hydrophilic organic particles reduces the standard (total‐sky) and clear‐sky TOA forcing estimates by 18% and 20%, respectively, while the uptake by a highly soluble organic compound (malonic acid) enhances them by 18% and 32%, respectively. Treating particles as non‐absorbing enhances aerosol reflection and increases the total‐sky and clear‐sky TOA forcing by 47% and 18%, respectively, while neglecting the scattering brought about by the water associated with particles reduces them by 24% and 7%, respectively.
Flow and grain size control of depth‐independent simple subaqueous dunes
Authors: Bartholdy J. , Flemming B. W. , Bartholomä A. , Ernstsen V. B.
Published: October 2005

In the Grådyb tidal inlet (Danish Wadden Sea) simple medium to large dunes, which are superimposed on large to very large dunes, increase in size with decreasing grain size under quasi‐constant ebb dominated mean flow conditions. The mean height of the superimposed dunes increases from 0.1 m to 0.5 m and the mean dune length from 7 m to 12 m. This happens over a distance of 1.5 km from the inner to the outer part where mean depth (12 m) and the dominant ebb current (1.0 m s−1) remain constant. Over this reach, the grain size changes from 0.6 mm in the inner part to 0.3 mm in the outer part. As the water depth is constant and more than 1 order of magnitude larger than the height of the dunes, these are regarded as being depth‐independent. Relationships between dune dimensions and grain size established in previous studies are transformed into more general statements, bed form dimensions being directly related to the form‐corrected Shields parameter (θ′). In this way, dune dimensions and flow strength/grain size have, for the first time, been directly related to both bed load and free stream velocity in deeper flow systems. The former relationship is based on a recalibrated (form migration) version of the Meyer‐Peter and Müller bed load formula. Four diagrams describing flow conditions and dune migration rates as a function of grain size and dune length are presented.
Two‐stage exhumation of midcrustal arc rocks, Coast Mountains, British Columbia
Authors: Rusmore M. E. , Woodsworth G. J. , Gehrels G. E.
Published: October 2005

New geologic data from the Central Gneiss Complex along Douglas Channel help delineate the burial and exhumation of the Late Cretaceous to Eocene Coast Mountains magmatic arc. Arc plutonism was on going between ∼90 and 60 Ma, replaced by formation of dikes to 52 Ma. Supracrustal rocks were buried to midcrustal levels by 90 Ma, and garnet and kyanite grew from ∼90 through 70 Ma. Subsequent exhumation was nearly isothermal and took place in two stages. The first occurred from ∼70 to 59 Ma as the arc contracted obliquely and sillimanite replaced kyanite. Exhumation was slow (∼0.5 mm/yr), probably accomplished by erosion aided by coaxial crustal thinning. Exhumation rates about doubled in the second stage of exhumation, after 59 Ma and before ∼52 Ma. Penetrative deformation ended prior to intrusion of the Quottoon pluton at 59 Ma and ∼6.5 kbar. Production of cordierite rims on garnet at 4.5 kbar and ∼700°C signaled the end of near‐isothermal decompression prior to 52 Ma. Rapid cooling (100°C/106 years) of the Central Gneiss Complex followed cordierite growth; temperatures dropped to ∼250° by ∼48 Ma. The increase in exhumation rate and the subsequent rapid cooling are attributed to excision of >6 km of crust on a detachment system on the northeastern side of the Central Gneiss Complex. Comparison to other parts of the Coast Mountains arc, the Sierra Nevada, and Fiordland, New Zealand, shows that the amount and tempo of exhumation vary greatly within and between arcs, suggesting that the processes accommodating exhumation vary significantly.
Hydrological model selection: A Bayesian alternative
Authors: Marshall Lucy , Nott David , Sharma Ashish
Published: October 2005

The evaluation and comparison of hydrological models has long been a challenge to the practicing hydrological community. No single model can be identified as ideal over the range of possible hydrological situations. With the variety of models available, hydrologic modelers are faced with the problem of determining which model is best applied to a catchment for a particular modeling exercise. The model selection problem is well documented in hydrologic studies, but a broadly applicable as well as theoretically and practically sound method for comparing model performance does not exist in the literature. Bayesian statistical inference, with computations carried out via Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods, offers an attractive alternative to conventional model selection methods allowing for the combination of any preexisting knowledge about individual models and their respective parameters with the available catchment data to assess both parameter and model uncertainty. The aim of this study is to present a method by which hydrological models may be compared in a Bayesian framework. The study builds on previous work (Marshall et al., 2004) in which a Bayesian approach implemented using MCMC algorithms was presented as a simple and efficient basis for assessing parameter uncertainty in hydrological models. In this study, a model selection framework is developed in which an adaptive Metropolis algorithm is used to calculate the model's posterior odds. The model used to illustrate our approach is a version of the Australian Water Balance Model (Boughton, 1993) reformulated such that it can have a flexible number of soil moisture storages. To assess the model selection method in a controlled setting, artificial runoff data were created corresponding to a known model configuration. These data were used to evaluate the accuracy of the model selection method and its sensitivity to the size of the sample being used. An application of the Bayesian model identification methodology to 11 years of daily streamflow data from the Murrumbidgee River at Mittagang Crossing in southeastern Australia concludes our study.
The relationship between the 0°C isotherm and atmospheric forcing in the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Moon Sookmi , Johnson Mark A.
Published: October 2005

Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis was performed on the gridded data of the depth to the 0°C isotherm to better understand Atlantic layer variability in the Arctic Ocean. The first mode accounts for 51% of the total variance. The second mode accounts for 26% of the variance, and shows high variability in the region of inflow from the Barents Sea, and large but oppositely signed variability in the region near the Canadian Archipelago and along the path of the Transpolar Drift. This second mode is correlated with the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) indices. Composite analyses of the data using the AO and NAO indices to partition the data reinforces the physical relationship between the second EOF and atmospheric forcing. This study shows that the variability of the Atlantic Layer characterized by the 0°C isotherm across the Arctic Ocean is significantly correlated with atmospheric driving.
Effects of bias in solar radiative transfer codes on global climate model simulations
Authors: Arking Albert
Published: October 2005

Codes commonly used in climate and weather prediction models for calculating the transfer of solar radiation in the atmosphere show systematic differences amongst each other, and even the best of codes show systematic differences with respect to observations. A 1‐dimensional radiative‐convective equilibrium model is used to show the effects of such bias on the global energy balance and on the global response to a doubling of CO2. We find the main impact is in the energy exchange terms between the surface and atmosphere and in the convective transport in the lower troposphere, where it exceeds 10 W m−2. The impact on model response to doubling of CO2, on the other hand, is quite small and in most cases negligible.
Did expanded porous patches guide rupture propagation in 2003 Tokachi‐oki earthquake?
Authors: Tsuru T. , Park J.‐O. , Kido Y. , Ito A. , Kaneda Y. , Yamada T. , Shinohara M. , Kanazawa T.
Published: October 2005

A time‐lapse seismic reflection survey before and after the 2003 Tokachi‐oki interplate earthquake (MW8.0) detected spatio‐temporal evolution in reflectivity near the source area. From the evolution pattern and the aftershock observations, we attribute the change in reflectivity to gradual fluid flow, and estimate the subsequent permeability in the plate boundary shear zone to be 10−15 m2. The magnitude of the reflectivity change implies a 1.6% increase in porosity and a 2.2–5.6 MPa reduction in shear strength. As a hypothesis to test, we propose that expanded porous patches guided the seismic rupture propagation in the Tokachi‐oki earthquake.
Variations of illite/chlorite ratio in Chinese loess sections during the last glacial and interglacial cycle: Implications for monsoon reconstruction
Authors: Zhao Liang , Ji Junfeng , Chen Jun , Liu Lianwen , Chen Yang , Balsam William
Published: October 2005

The variations of the clay minerals illite and chlorite were measured by XRD in the <2 μm fraction of four loess sections along a North‐South transect on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP). The ratio of illite to chlorite (I/C) provides a tool to evaluate strong monsoon conditions on the CLP. I/C ratios above 2.5 indicate strong chlorite (silicate) weathering, a process that takes place under a regime which, at present, in the southern CLP has annual precipitation and temperature exceeding ∼600 mm and 10°C, respectively. The weathering regime during the last previous interglacial period in the southern CLP may have been warmer and had higher rainfall. During weathering the chlorite may release iron, so that nanometer‐sized iron oxide minerals may form, and the free Fe2O3 and magnetic susceptibility are increased in the resulting paleosol. If that has occurred in the four sections studied, it is only in the southern two.
Day‐to‐day changes in the latitudes of the foci of the Sq current system and their relation to equatorial electrojet strength
Authors: Stening Robert , Reztsova Tamara , Minh Le Huy
Published: October 2005

The latitudes of the foci of the Sq current systems over Australia and Japan are determined on a daily basis during the period from December 1989 to June 1990. The availability of a dense network of observatories in Australia during that time enabled a better determination in that region. Latitudinal movements of the foci are compared with the strength of the equatorial electrojet, and generally an increase in electrojet strength is accompanied with a poleward movement of the focus, especially in Japan. Some examples are noted where the foci in the two hemispheres move poleward or equatorward together from one day to the next, but this relationship was not found to be statistically significant. It is hard to disentangle effects due to other current systems such as Sqp from changes related to atmospheric tides. If some of the observed effects are due to tides, then the (2,3) and (2,4) semidiurnal modes are more likely contributors than the (2,2) mode.
Electron surfing acceleration in magnetic reconnection
Authors: Hoshino M.
Published: October 2005

We discuss that energetic electrons are generated near the X‐type magnetic reconnection region due to a surfing acceleration mechanism. In a thin plasma sheet the polarization electric fields pointing toward the neutral sheet are induced around the boundary between the lobe and plasma sheet in association with the Hall electric current. By using a particle‐in‐cell simulation, we demonstrate that the polarization electric fields are strongly enhanced in an externally driven reconnection system, and some electrons can be trapped by the electrostatic potential well of the polarization field. During the trapping phase the electrons can gain their energies from the convection/inductive reconnection electric fields. We discuss that relativistic electrons with MeV energies are quickly generated in and around the X‐type neutral region by utilizing the surfing acceleration.
Penetration of mantle plumes through depleted lithosphere
Authors: Jurine D. , Jaupart C. , Brandeis G. , Tackley P. J.
Published: October 2005

Laboratory experiments and numerical calculations are used to study how a laminar thermal plume deforms and penetrates a buoyant and viscous layer, which serves as an analog for continental lithosphere. The viscosity contrast between the two liquids and the buoyancy ratio B (the ratio between the intrinsic chemical density contrast and the thermal density contrast due to temperature differences) are varied by 3 orders of magnitude and 1 order of magnitude, respectively. The manner of plume‐lithosphere interaction is not sensitive to the viscosity contrast, which sets the timescale for displacement of the interface, and depends mostly on the B value, which sets the magnitude and shape of interface deformation. Heating of the upper layer by plume material plays an important role. For B > 0.6, plume material spreads beneath the interface and applies a buoyancy force which deforms the interface. For B < 0.6, true plume penetration into the upper layer occurs with a significant vertical velocity component. With time, the upper layer may become unstable and develop an active upwelling which entrains material from the lower layer. Approximate scaling laws allow prediction of interface displacement as a function of time for the whole parameter range studied. Applied to the continental lithosphere, these results show that true plume penetration through Archean lithosphere requires thermal anomalies larger than 300 K corresponding to buoyancy fluxes in excess of those determined today for the Hawaiian plume. Mantle plumes have different effects on lithospheres of different ages and composition, which precludes diagnosis of a single “typical” plume signature.
Distribution of stratospheric column ozone (SCO) determined from satellite observations: Validation of solar backscattered ultraviolet (SBUV) measurements in support of the tropospheric ozone residual (TOR) method
Authors: Wozniak Amy E. , Fishman Jack , Wang Pi‐Huan , Creilson John K.
Published: October 2005

The global (50°N–50°S) distribution of stratospheric column ozone (SCO) is derived using solar backscattered ultraviolet (SBUV) profiles and compared with SCO amounts derived from Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) and ground‐based measurements. An evaluation of archived SBUV (version 6) ozone profiles with ozonesonde profiles shows that the low resolution of the SBUV instrument in the troposphere and lower stratosphere leads to a low bias in the SBUV profile in the troposphere and a high bias in the lower stratosphere in regions where anthropogenic tropospheric ozone production influences the climatology. An empirical correction applied to the SBUV profile prior to separating the stratosphere from the troposphere reduces the bias in the lower stratosphere and results in a SCO distribution in good agreement with SCO derived from SAGE ozone profiles. Because the empirical correction is most pronounced at northern middle latitudes, we compare these resultant SCO values with those measured at two northern middle latitude sites (Wallops Island and Hohenpeissenberg) using concurrent measurements from Dobson spectrophotometers and ozonesondes. Our analysis shows that the empirically corrected SCO at these sites captures the seasonal cycle of SCO as well as the seasonal cycle derived from SAGE stratospheric ozone profiles. These results have important implications for the derivation of tropospheric ozone from SBUV ozone profiles in conjunction with Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) total ozone measurements using the tropospheric ozone residual (TOR) methodology.
Probing high‐altitude winds using infrasound
Authors: Le Pichon A. , Blanc E. , Drob D.
Published: October 2005

Propagation modeling based on existing semiempirical atmospheric models roughly explains seasonal changes in infrasonic observables but underestimates their fluctuations. The discrepancies between observations and predictions are probably due to the lack of precision in available upper wind models. Here we propose a continuous infrasound monitoring of active volcanoes as a remote sensing method of the upper atmosphere. A refined inversion procedure has been developed for adjusting the vertical structure of the wind in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere. The results of the inversion show that the speed of the mesospheric wind jet in the original wind model is significantly underestimated and the strong wind region in the stratosphere should be extended to the lower thermosphere. In this regard, it is expected that a global infrasound tomography would greatly enhance our understanding of the dynamics of the upper atmosphere in a region where routine measurements still remain illusive.
Retrieval of aerosol properties over the ocean from multispectral single‐viewing‐angle measurements of intensity and polarization: Retrieval approach, information content, and sensitivity study
Authors: Hasekamp Otto P. , Landgraf Jochen
Published: October 2005

We present a novel approach to the retrieval of aerosol properties from multiple‐wavelength single‐viewing‐angle measurements of intensity as well as polarization. Instead of assuming a number of standard aerosol models, the presented method aims to retrieve microphysical aerosol properties corresponding to a bimodal aerosol size distribution. Additionally, the oceanic pigment concentration and information on aerosol height are retrieved from the measurement. The retrieval approach is based on a linearized vector radiative transfer model in combination with the Phillips‐Tikhonov regularization method. Aerosol retrievals are performed on synthetic GOME‐2 measurements of intensity and polarization. Here, the information content of retrievals using intensity as well as polarization measurements is investigated and compared with retrievals using only intensity measurements. It is found that for retrievals that include polarization measurements the degrees of freedom for signal (DFS) is in the range 6–8. Here, the aerosol loading of both modes, the effective radius of at least one mode, the real and imaginary part of the refractive index, the height of the layer where the bulk of the aerosols is located, and the oceanic pigment concentration can be retrieved from the measurement. For some aerosol types also, information on the effective variance can be retrieved. If only intensity measurements are used, the DFS is in the range 3.5–5 and no significant information on aerosol imaginary refractive index, effective variance, and aerosol height can be retrieved. For most viewing geometries, the expected uncertainty on the aerosol optical thickness at 550 nm is in the range 3–5% if intensity and polarization measurements are used and is a factor 2–30 higher if only intensity measurements are used. The absolute uncertainty on the single scattering albedo at 350 nm is about 0.015 for retrievals including polarization and 0.025–0.2 for retrievals using only intensity measurements. Additionally, the effect of systematic errors has been investigated. The effect of a 1% calibration error is below 10% on the optical thickness at 550 nm but can be as large as 0.06 (absolute error) on the single scattering albedo, depending on the spectral signature and aerosol type.
A scheme for a high‐power, low‐cost transmitter for deep space applications
Authors: Scheffer L. K.
Published: October 2005

Applications such as planetary radars and spacecraft communications require transmitters with extremely high effective isotropic radiated power. Until now, this has been done by combining a high‐power microwave source with a large reflective antenna. However, this arrangement has a number of disadvantages. It is costly, since the steerable reflector alone is quite expensive, and for spacecraft communications, the need to transmit hurts the receive performance. For planetary radars, the utilization is very low since the antenna must be shared with other applications such as radio astronomy or spacecraft communications. This paper describes a potential new way of building such transmitters with lower cost, greater versatility, higher reliability, and potentially higher power. The basic idea is a phased array with a very large number of low‐power elements, built with mass production techniques that have been optimized for consumer markets. The antennas are built en mass on printed circuit boards and are driven by chips, built with consumer complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor technology, that adjust the phase of each element. Assembly and maintenance should be comparatively inexpensive since the boards need only be attached to large, flat, unmoving, ground‐level infrastructure. Applications to planetary radar and spacecraft communications are examined. Although we would be unlikely to use such a facility in this way, an implication for Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) is that high‐power beacons are easier to build than had been thought.
Phosphoinositide 3‐kinase is involved in the glucagon‐induced translocation of aquaporin‐8 to hepatocyte plasma membrane
Authors: Gradilone Sergio A. , Carreras Flavia I. , Lehmann Guillermo L. , Marinelli Raúl A.
Published: October 2005

Background information. PI3K (phosphoinositide 3‐kinase) mediates several signal transduction pathways in hepatocytes, including some involved in the regulation of vesicle trafficking. Hepatocytes express the water channel AQP8 (aquaporin‐8) predominantly in an intracellular location, and it redistributes to the canalicular membrane, upon stimulation with the hormone glucagon, by a cAMP/protein kinase A‐dependent mechanism. Since glucagon is capable of stimulating PI3K activity in hepatocytes and a cross talk between cAMP and PI3K has been suggested, in the present study, we examine whether PI3K activation is involved in the glucagon‐induced translocation of AQP8.

Results. By quantitative immunoblotting of purified hepatocyte plasma membranes, we found that the preincubation of cells with two structurally different PI3K inhibitors, wortmannin or LY294002, prevented the glucagon‐induced translocation of AQP8 to hepatocyte plasma membrane. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy in cultured hepatocytes confirmed the dependence of the hormone‐induced redistribution of AQP8 on PI3K activity. Functional studies showed that the PI3K inhibitors were also capable of preventing the glucagon‐induced increase in hepatocyte osmotic membrane water permeability.

Conclusions. Our results suggest that PI3K activation is involved in the glucagon‐dependent signal transduction pathways leading to hepatocyte AQP8 translocation.
Effect of H2O2 on CCK‐8‐evoked changes in mitochondrial activity in isolated mouse pancreatic acinar cells
Authors: Granados María P. , Salido Ginés M. , Pariente José A. , González Antonio
Published: October 2005

Background information. This paper studies the effect of H2O2 on mitochondrial responses evoked by CCK‐8 (cholecystokinin 8) in mouse pancreatic acinar cells. Cytosolic ([Ca2+]c) and mitochondrial ([Ca2+]m) free‐calcium concentrations, mitochondrial inner membrane potential (ψm) and FAD autofluorescence were monitored using confocal laser scanning microscopy.

Results. CCK‐8 induced an increase in [Ca2+]m that slowly declined towards the prestimulation level. Depolarization of ψm that partially recovered, as well as increases in FAD autofluorescence, could also be observed in response to the hormone. Pretreatment of cells with 1 mM H2O2 alone resulted in marked changes in mitochondrial parameters and, moreover, H2O2 inhibited the CCK‐8‐evoked changes in [Ca2+]m, ψm and FAD autofluorescence. The results of the present study have demonstrated that CCK‐8 can evoke marked changes in pancreatic acinar cell mitochondrial activity and that CCK‐8‐evoked responses are blocked by H2O2. Additionally, H2O2 releases Ca2+ from intracellular stores and inhibits pancreatic acinar cell responses to CCK‐8.

Conclusion. The effects observed reflect an impairment of mitochondrial activity in the presence of H2O2 that could represent some of its mechanisms of action to induce cellular damage leading to cell dysfunction and generation of pathologies.