bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Healthful vs. Unhealthful Plant-Based Restaurant Meals
Authors: Williams Kim A. , Horton Amy M. , Baldridge Rosella D. , Ikram Mashaal
Published: February 2025

Background: Vegan/vegetarian (VEG) restaurants and VEG options in omnivore (OMNI) restaurants may serve unhealthful plant-based food that may be more harmful than a typical American diet. Methods: A sample of 561 restaurants with online menus were analyzed over a 3-year period. Each plant-based menu entrée was counted, up to a maximum of ten entrées per restaurant, meaning that a restaurant customer could select from ten or more healthful plant-based choices. Entrées containing refined grains (e.g., white rice and refined flour), saturated fat (e.g., palm oil and coconut oil), or deep-fried foods were counted as zero. Results: We evaluated 278 VEG and 283 OMNI restaurants. A full menu (10 or more plant-based entrées) was available in 59% of the VEG, but only 16% of the OMNI (p < 0.0001). Zero healthful options occurred in 27% of OMNI, but only 14% of VEG (p = 0.0002). The mean healthy entrée count for all restaurants was 3.2, meaning that, on average, there were only about three healthful plant-based choices of entrées on the menu, significantly more in VEG (4.0 vs. 2.4 p < 0.0001). The most common entrée reduction was for refined grains (e.g., white flour in veggie-burger buns or white rice in Asian entrées, n = 1408), followed by fried items (n = 768) and saturated fat (n = 318). VEG restaurants had a significantly higher frequency of adequate VEG options (≥7 options, 24% vs. 13%, p = 0.0005). Conclusions: Restaurants listed as VEG have a slightly higher number of healthful entrées than OMNI restaurants, which offer more limited vegan/vegetarian options. Given the published relationship between unhealthful dietary patterns, chronic illness, and mortality, we propose that detailed nutrition facts be publicly available for every restaurant.
Whole-Genome Sequencing of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated from Human Bloodstream Infections
Authors: Sabença Carolina , Rivière Rani , Costa Eliana , Sousa Sara , Caniça Manuela , Silva Vanessa , Igrejas Gilberto , Torres Carmen , Poeta Patrícia
Published: February 2025

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative bacterium commonly associated with bloodstream infections (BSIs), which can lead to severe clinical outcomes, especially in immunocompromised individuals or patients with underlying health conditions. The increasing prevalence of K. pneumoniae that produces extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) poses a significant challenge for treatment and infection control, necessitating a swift diagnostic approach and tailored antimicrobial therapy to improve patient outcomes. A total of 32 K. pneumoniae isolates were recovered from BSIs from December 2021 to August 2022. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on the 14 ESBL-producing isolates. All ESBL isolates carried the blaCTX-M-15 gene, together with other β-lactamase-encoding genes (blaTEM-1, blaSHV-28, blaSHV-26, or blaOXA-1). Three of the isolates also carried the blaKPC-3 gene. Resistance genes to quinolones, sulfonamides, tetracycline, aminoglycosides, and chloramphenicol were also detected. We can conclude that the presence of ESBL-producing isolates among K. pneumoniae of BSIs raises concerns, since these enzymes limit the available treatment options, and future research must include studies on alternative therapies for dealing with resistant bacterial infections and developing new approaches to disease treatment.
Computational and Population-Based HLA Permissiveness to HIV Drug Resistance-Associated Mutations
Authors: Mahmud Rizwan , Krullaars Zoë , van Osch Jolieke , Rickett David , Brumme Zabrina L. , Hensley Kathryn S. , Rokx Casper , Gruters Rob A. , van Kampen Jeroen J. A. , Mesplède Thibault
Published: February 2025

The presentation of HIV peptides by the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex to CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells (CTLs) is critical to limit viral pathogenesis. HIV can mutate to evade HLA-restricted CTL responses and resist antiretroviral drugs, raising questions about how it balances these evolutionary pressures. Here, we used a computational approach to assess how drug resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) affect the binding of HIV-1 subtype B or C peptides to the most prevalent HLA alleles in US, European, and South African populations. We predict RAMs that may be favored in certain populations and report the under-representation of Y181C in people expressing HLA-B*57:01. This finding agreed with our computational predictions when Y181C was at the major anchor site P2, suggesting the potential relevance of our approach. Overall, our findings lay out a conceptual framework to study the implications of HLA alleles on the emergence of HIV RAMs at the individual and population levels.
Therapeutic Potential of Plant- and Marine-Derived Bioactive Compounds in Prostate Cancer: Mechanistic Insights and Translational Applications
Authors: Siddiqui Arif Jamal , Adnan Mohd , Saxena Juhi , Alam Mohammad Jahoor , Abdelgadir Abdelmushin , Badraoui Riadh , Singh Ritu
Published: February 2025

It is widely recognized that prostate cancer is a multifaceted illness that is the second most common cause of cancer-related fatalities among males. Natural sources from both plants and marine organisms have long been used in treating various diseases and in the discovery of new pharmaceutical compounds. Medicinal plants, in particular, provide bioactive substances like alkaloids, phenolic compounds, terpenes, and steroids. In addition, marine natural products play a crucial role in the search for novel cancer treatments. A substantial number of anticancer drugs have been derived from natural sources, including plants, marine organisms, and microorganisms. In fact, over the past 60 years, 80% of new chemical entities have originated from natural sources, which are generally considered safer than synthetic compounds. This review seeks to emphasize the role of phytochemical compounds derived from both plant and marine sources in prostate cancer, highlighting their potential therapeutic impact. It is also intended to support global researchers working on the identification of natural-based treatments for prostate cancer.
Protegrin-1 and Analogues Against Acinetobacter baumannii: A Narrative Review
Authors: Rizzetto Giulio , De Simoni Edoardo , Molinelli Elisa , Busignani Cecilia , Tagliati Corrado , Gambini Daisy , Offidani Annamaria , Simonetti Oriana
Published: February 2025

A. baumannii is recognised as an important etiologic agent for hospital infections and increases the risk of postoperative complications, worsening mortality and prolonging hospitalisation. Protegrin-1 (PG-1) is one of the most promising antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in the literature, since its antimicrobial action covers a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including A. baumannii. PG-1 represents a valid new therapeutic option for the treatment of A. baumannii multi-drug resistant infections, showing synergic activity with traditional antibiotics, such as colistin. However, its clinical use in humans still requires studies, especially considering the haemolytic risk. For this reason, the use of PG-1 analogues, such as PLP-3, HV2, CDP-1, and IB367, seems to be the most promising way for the clinical use of this class of AMPs.
Nanotechnology to Overcome Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability and Damage in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Authors: Jiménez Adriana , Estudillo Enrique , Guzmán-Ruiz Mara A. , Herrera-Mundo Nieves , Victoria-Acosta Georgina , Cortés-Malagón Enoc Mariano , López-Ornelas Adolfo
Published: February 2025

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a critical structure that maintains brain homeostasis by selectively regulating nutrient influx and waste efflux. Not surprisingly, it is often compromised in neurodegenerative diseases. In addition to its involvement in these pathologies, the BBB also represents a significant challenge for drug delivery into the central nervous system. Nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely explored as drug carriers capable of overcoming this barrier and effectively transporting therapies to the brain. However, their potential to directly address and ameliorate BBB dysfunction has received limited attention. In this review, we examine how NPs enhance drug delivery across the BBB to treat neurodegenerative diseases and explore emerging strategies to restore the integrity of this vital structure.
Study on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Waterborne Polyurethane-Modified Aluminum Hydroxide and Its Application in LDPE Plastics
Authors: Yang Xianrong , Du Gaoxiang , Shuai Huan , Xu Xi , Wang Jiao
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the modification of aluminum hydroxide (ATH) powder using waterborne polyurethane (WPU) as a novel modifier, along with its subsequent effects on the dispersion, mechanical properties, and thermal performance of ATH-filled low-density polyethylene (LDPE) composites. ATH was modified through an optimized wet process, and the modification efficiency was evaluated using various characterization techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results show that WPU, as a modifier, effectively improved the dispersion of ATH in the organic phase, as demonstrated by the reduced settling time and enhanced interfacial compatibility between ATH and LDPE. The modified ATH demonstrated enhanced mechanical properties in LDPE-based composites, with a tensile strength of 30.02 MPa, flexural strength of 13.20 MPa, impact strength of 65.75 kJ/m2, and elongation at break of 59.84%, all reaching their maximum at 3.0 wt.% WPU modification. Additionally, the flame retardancy of the composites was significantly improved due to the incorporation of ATH, with the ATH content in the composites reaching up to 60%, further enhancing their fire resistance. This study highlights the effectiveness of WPU-modified ATH as both a flame retardant and a reinforcing filler for LDPE composites, offering potential advantages in enhancing material properties while reducing manufacturing costs.
Correction: Staszczak et al. Nucleation, Development and Healing of Micro-Cracks in Shape Memory Polyurethane Subjected to Subsequent Tension Cycles. Polymers 2024, 16, 1930
Authors: Staszczak Maria , Urbański Leszek , Gradys Arkadiusz , Cristea Mariana , Pieczyska Elżbieta Alicja
Published: February 2025

In the original publication [...]
Extracted Spent Coffee Grounds as a Performance-Enhancing Additive for Poly(Lactic Acid) Biodegradable Nursery Bags in Agriculture
Authors: Waisarikit Amonrut , Suadaung Nattawut , Khantho Benjawan , Hadad Bawan , Ross Gareth M. , Topham Paul D. , Ross Sukunya , Mahasaranon Sararat
Published: February 2025

This study introduces biodegradable nursery bags using poly(lactic acid) (PLA), a widely used biodegradable polymer, and spent coffee grounds (SCGs), a byproduct of the brewing process in the coffee industry. SCGs were oil-extracted to produce extracted spent coffee grounds (exSCGs), which were characterized by their physical properties, chemical functionality, and thermal behavior. The exSCGs were blended with PLA at loadings of 5, 10, and 15 wt%. Analysis showed that exSCGs retained 3–5 wt% residual coffee oil, exhibiting a lower surface area (1.1163 m2/g) compared to SCGs (1.5010 m2/g), along with a higher pore volume (1.148 × 10−3 cm3/g) and pore size (~410 nm). All PLA/exSCG bio-composite films displayed a light brown color, well-dispersed exSCG particles, and excellent UV light barrier properties, with transmittance reduced to 1–2%. The residual coffee oil acted as a plasticizer, reducing the glass transition temperature, melting temperature, and crystallinity with increasing exSCG content. Mechanical testing revealed enhanced flexibility compared to neat PLA. Soil burial tests showed increased biodegradability with higher exSCG content, supported by SEM analysis revealing cracks around exSCG particles. The PLA/exSCG blend containing 10 wt% exSCGs exhibited optimal performance, with a significant increase in melt flow index (from 4.22 to 8.17 g/10 min) and approximately double the melt strength of neat PLA, balancing processability and mechanical properties. This innovation provides a sustainable alternative to plastic nursery bags, addressing waste valorization and promoting eco-friendly material development for agricultural applications.
Evaluation of Semi-Continuous Anaerobic Fermentation of Alperujo by Methanogenesis Inhibition
Authors: Jiménez-Páez Elena , Serrano Antonio , Hueso Rafael , Fermoso Fernando G. , Cubero-Cardoso Juan
Published: February 2025

Two methanogenesis inhibition strategies for enhancing volatile fatty acid (VFA) production through the anaerobic fermentation of alperujo, a byproduct of olive oil production, were evaluated. Methanogenesis inhibition was implemented via two different approaches, one by pH adjustment to 5.0 and another one by chemical inhibition using 2-bromoethanesulfonate (BES) at pH 7. The VFA accumulation at the end of the experiment was 67% higher under the BES condition than under the pH 5 condition. Interestingly, the VFA profiles were similar under both conditions, with acetic acid as the dominant product, followed by propionic and butyric acids. The results demonstrated a 25% increase in alperujo solubilization under the BES condition, compared to under the pH 5 condition. This latest finding, together with the similar VFA profiles on both strategies, suggests that the hydrolysis step in alperujo solubilization was impacted by the pH difference. These findings highlight the effectiveness of chemical inhibition in enhancing solubilization, hydrolysis, and VFA accumulation during anaerobic fermentation of alperujo and, most importantly, the negative effect of pH 5 on the solubilization step.
Nonreligious Self-Transcendent Experiences Occurred in Religious Contexts: A Reflection on Religion, Science, and Human Potential
Authors: Nguyen Linh Thi Thuy
Published: February 2025

Self-transcendence has been extensively studied and discussed among scholars, both theoretically and empirically. However, further academic inquiry into self-transcendent experiences (STEs), particularly their nature, religious implications, and spiritual benefits, is still needed. This paper undertakes a qualitative exploration of the topic, phenomenologically analyzing the author’s first-person STEs within Buddhist and Christian contexts. In addition to personal journals and reflections, the dataset includes email exchanges with and reports to supervisors, as well as comparative insights drawn from testimonies shared by individuals of various religious backgrounds. The findings suggest that while religion may sometimes inhibit its adherents from experiencing STEs, it can also serve as a catalyst for such experiences among nonreligious individuals. Furthermore, the universal nature of STEs, which transcends cultural and religious boundaries, has the potential to promote interfaith dialogue and provide a theoretical framework for fostering religious harmony. Data on STEs could also act as a bridge connecting science with other forms of human knowledge, enabling shared discourse and offering a complementary perspective for understanding the world. Finally, a proposed mechanism of STEs highlights their role in achieving lifelong peace by balancing physical and mental needs, while also offering insights to help individuals maximize their potential and lead fulfilling lives.
Quantitative Remote Sensing Supporting Deep Learning Target Identification: A Case Study of Wind Turbines
Authors: Chen Xingfeng , Zhang Yunli , Xue Wu , Liu Shumin , Li Jiaguo , Meng Lei , Yang Jian , Mi Xiaofei , Wan Wei , Meng Qingyan
Published: February 2025

Small Target Detection and Identification (TDI) methods for Remote Sensing (RS) images are mostly inherited from the deep learning models of the Computer Vision (CV) field. Compared with natural images, RS images not only have common features such as shape and texture but also contain unique quantitative information such as spectral features. Therefore, RS TDI in the CV field, which does not use Quantitative Remote Sensing (QRS) information, has the potential to be explored. With the rapid development of high-resolution RS satellites, RS wind turbine detection has become a key research topic for power intelligent inspection. To test the effectiveness of integrating QRS information with deep learning models, the case of wind turbine TDI from high-resolution satellite images was studied. The YOLOv5 model was selected for research because of its stability and high real-time performance. The following methods for integrating QRS and CV for TDI were proposed: (1) Surface reflectance (SR) images obtained using quantitative Atmospheric Correction (AC) were used to make wind turbine samples, and SR data were input into the YOLOv5 model (YOLOv5_AC). (2) A Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) was added to the YOLOv5 network to focus on wind turbine features (YOLOv5_AC_CBAM). (3) Based on the identification results of YOLOv5_AC_CBAM, the spectral, geometric, and textural features selected using expert knowledge were extracted to conduct threshold re-identification (YOLOv5_AC_CBAM_Exp). Accuracy increased from 90.5% to 92.7%, then to 93.2%, and finally to 97.4%. The integration of QRS and CV for TDI showed tremendous potential to achieve high accuracy, and QRS information should not be neglected in RS TDI.
Fiducial Reference Measurements for Greenhouse Gases (FRM4GHG): Validation of Satellite (Sentinel-5 Precursor, OCO-2, and GOSAT) Missions Using the COllaborative Carbon Column Observing Network (COCCON)
Authors: Sha Mahesh Kumar , Das Saswati , Frey Matthias M. , Dubravica Darko , Alberti Carlos , Baier Bianca C. , Balis Dimitrios , Bezanilla Alejandro , Blumenstock Thomas , Boesch Hartmut , Cai Zhaonan , Chen Jia , Dandocsi Alexandru , Mazière Martine De , Foka Stefani , García Omaira , Gillespie Lawson David , Gribanov Konstantin , Gross Jochen , Grutter Michel , Handley Philip , Hase Frank , Heikkinen Pauli , Humpage Neil , Jacobs Nicole , Jeong Sujong , Karppinen Tomi , Kiel Matthäus , Kivi Rigel , Langerock Bavo , Laughner Joshua , Lopez Morgan , Makarova Maria , Mermigkas Marios , Morino Isamu , Mostafavipak Nasrin , Nemuc Anca , Newberger Timothy , Ohyama Hirofumi , Okello William , Osterman Gregory , Park Hayoung , Pirloaga Razvan , Pollard David F. , Raffalski Uwe , Ramonet Michel , Sepúlveda Eliezer , Simpson William R. , Stremme Wolfgang , Sweeney Colm , Taquet Noemie , Topaloglou Chrysanthi , Tu Qiansi , Warneke Thorsten , Wunch Debra , Zakharov Vyacheslav , Zhou Minqiang
Published: February 2025

The COllaborative Carbon Column Observing Network has become a reliable source of high-quality ground-based remote sensing network data that provide column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of carbon dioxide (XCO2), methane (XCH4), and carbon monoxide (XCO). The fiducial reference measurements of these gases from the COCCON complement the TCCON and NDACC-IRWG data. This study shows the application of COCCON data for the validation of existing greenhouse gas satellite products. This study includes the validation of XCH4 and XCO products from the European Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P) mission, XCO2 products from the American Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) mission, and XCO2 and XCH4 products from the Japanese Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT). A total of 27 datasets contributed to this study; some of these were collected in the framework of campaign activities and covered only a short time period. In addition, several permanent stations provided long-term observations. The random uncertainties in the validation results, specifically for S5P with a lot of coincidences pairs, are found to be similar to the comparison with the TCCON. The comparison results of OCO-2 land nadir and land glint observation modes to the COCCON on a global scale, despite limited coincidences, are very promising. The stations can, therefore, expand on the coverage of the already existing ground-based reference remote sensing sites from the TCCON and the NDACC network. The COCCON data can be used for future satellite and model validation studies and carbon cycle studies.
A Simple and Precise Procedure for a Complete Characterization of a Cone-Beam Computed Tomography System
Authors: Shih Kun-Long , Jin Shih-Chun , Wang Chia-Wei , Chen Jyh-Cheng
Published: February 2025

In the calibration of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), two factors must be checked: the alignment of the imaging detector of the CBCT system and the effect of the slanted sample platform. Previously, we developed and validated a distinct procedure to accurately calibrate any misalignment of the detector by using a cylindrical phantom with beads in a straight line, parallel to the axis of rotation of the CBCT system. Here, we generalize our earlier procedure to calibrate the CBCT system while also detecting and rectifying a slight slant of the sample platform. We revise and validate our new procedure by calibrating the CBCT system, which also determines the tilt angle between the central axis of the phantom and the axis of rotation, when not 0°. The errors in misaligned angles for our new procedure are within ±0.03°, calibrating the CBCT system more precisely than our earlier work. To confirm this, we have performed a complete, precise calibration of a dental CBCT system with a tilting sample platform. We also reconstruct a HA phantom in this CBCT system to analyze the quality of reconstruction. We present here a validated method for calibrating a CBCT system and rectifying the effect of its tilting sample platform with good accuracy.
Optimal Algorithms for Improving Pressure-Sensitive Mat Centre of Pressure Measurements
Authors: Bincalar Alexander Dawid , Freeman Chris , schraefel m.c.
Published: February 2025

The accurate measurement of human balance is required in numerous analysis and training applications. Force plates are frequently used but are too costly to be suitable for home-based systems such as balance training. A growing body of research and commercial products use Pressure-Sensitive Mats (PSMs) for balance measurement. Low-cost PSMs are constructed with a piezoresistive material and use copper tracks as conductors. However, these lack accuracy, as they often have a low resolution and suffer from noise, non-repeatable effects, and crosstalk. This paper proposes novel algorithms that enable the Centre of Pressure (CoP) to be computed using low-cost PSM designs with significantly higher accuracy than is currently achievable. A mathematical model of a general low-cost PSM was developed and used to select the design of the PSM (track width and placement) that maximises CoP accuracy. These yield new optimal PSM geometries that decrease the mean absolute CoP error from 17.37% to 5.47% for an 8 × 8 sensor layout. Then, knowledge of the footprint was used to further optimise accuracy, showing a decrease in absolute error from 17.37% to 3.93% for an 8 × 8 sensor layout. A third algorithm was derived using models of human movement to further reduce measurement error.
Enhancing Orthotic Treatment for Scoliosis: Development of Body Pressure Mapping Knitwear with Integrated FBG Sensors
Authors: Lee Ka-Po , Wang Zhijun , Zheng Lin , Liang Ruixin , Fok Queenie , Lu Chao , Lu Linyue , Cheung Jason Pui-Yin , Yick Kit-Lun , Yip Joanne
Published: February 2025

Bracing is a widely used conservative treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients, yet there is no consensus on the optimal amount of force applied. Although a number of different sensors have been developed to continuously monitor the applied pressure and force, they have several limitations, including inadequate overall force distribution and displacement. They also cause discomfort with limited wearability. In this study, body pressure mapping knitwear (BPMK) integrated with fourteen silicone-embedded fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors is developed to monitor immediate and overall changes in force during the bracing treatment. A wear trial of the BPMK is conducted by using a validated soft AIS mannequin, and prediction equations have been formulated for the FBG sensors at individual locations. The findings indicate that the measured forces are in good agreement with those obtained from clinical studies, with peak forces around the padding regions reaching approximately 2N. This was further validated by using finite element (FE) models. When comparing X-ray images, the estimated differences in Cobb angles were found to be 0.6° for the thoracic region and 2.1° for the lumbar region. This model is expected to provide valuable insights into optimal force application, thus minimizing the risk of injury and enhancing bracing compliance and efficacy. Ultimately, this innovative approach provides clinicians with data-driven insights for safer and more effective bracing applications, thus improving the quality of life of AIS patients.
An Optimized YOLOv11 Framework for the Efficient Multi-Category Defect Detection of Concrete Surface
Authors: Tian Zhuang , Yang Fan , Yang Lei , Wu Yunjie , Chen Jiaying , Qian Peng
Published: February 2025

Thoroughly and accurately identifying various defects on concrete surfaces is crucial to ensure structural safety and prolong service life. However, in actual engineering inspections, the varying shapes and complexities of concrete structural defects challenge the insufficient robustness and generalization of mainstream models, often leading to misdetections and under-detections, which ultimately jeopardize structural safety. To overcome the disadvantages above, an efficient concrete defect detection model called YOLOv11-EMC (efficient multi-category concrete defect detection) is proposed. Firstly, ordinary convolution is substituted with a modified deformable convolution to efficiently extract irregular defect features, and the model’s robustness and generalization are significantly enhanced. Then, the C3k2module is integrated with a revised dynamic convolution module, which reduces unnecessary computations while enhancing flexibility and feature representation. Experiments show that, compared with Yolov11, Yolov11-EMC has improved precision, recall, mAP50, and F1 by 8.3%, 2.1%, 4.3%, and 3% respectively. Results of drone field tests show that Yolov11-EMC successfully lowers false and under-detections while simultaneously increasing detection accuracy, providing a superior methodology to tasks that require identifying tangible flaws in practical engineering applications.
Real-Time Evaluation of Ground Insulation Degradation and Fault Warning Method Under Multiple Operating Conditions for Train Traction Drive System
Authors: Cheng Zhenglin , Liu Kan , Li Xueming , Xu Shaolong , Chen Zhiwen , Jiang Fengbing
Published: February 2025

Aiming at the problem that the main circuit grounding fault in the traction drive system of locomotives and high-speed trains can only be diagnosed under a single operating condition and cannot be warned about early, a mechanism and data-driven real-time evaluation and full operating condition fault warning method for ground insulation degradation is proposed. Firstly, based on the mechanism of grounding faults, the circuit characteristics of the main circuit of the traction transmission system under different grounding fault conditions are analyzed, and mathematical models are established for the detection of various grounding faults and sensor signals under different operating conditions, as well as for evaluating the degree of degradation of grounding faults. Secondly, based on engineering application experience, a feature index set that can accurately classify different types of grounding faults is extracted. Combined with on-site fault case data, a decision tree method is used to establish a classification model between the feature index set and typical grounding fault sources under different operating conditions, which is then converted into a fault diagnosis rule library. Finally, real-time collection of relevant sensor signals, based on the fault diagnosis rule library and the degradation degree evaluation model of grounding faults, enables real-time detection and warning of grounding faults under all operating conditions to ensure train safety and provide key information support for optimal degraded operation in the future. The test result based on controller hardware in the loop shows that the method proposed in this paper can achieve accurate detection and localization of grounding faults under different operating conditions and can provide real-time warning of the severity of grounding faults, which has good engineering application value.
PyTSC: A Unified Platform for Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning in Traffic Signal Control
Authors: Bokade Rohit , Jin Xiaoning
Published: February 2025

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) presents a promising approach for addressing the complexity of Traffic Signal Control (TSC) in urban environments. However, existing platforms for MARL-based TSC research face challenges such as slow simulation speeds and convoluted, difficult-to-maintain codebases. To address these limitations, we introduce PyTSC, a robust and flexible simulation environment that facilitates the training and evaluation of MARL algorithms for TSC. PyTSC integrates multiple simulators, such as SUMO and CityFlow, and offers a streamlined API, enabling researchers to explore a broad spectrum of MARL approaches efficiently. PyTSC accelerates experimentation and provides new opportunities for advancing intelligent traffic management systems in real-world applications.
Exploring the Dimensions of Employability: A Qualitative Approach
Authors: Nouib Hamza , Qadech Hayat , Benatiya Andaloussi Manal , Moumen Aniss
Published: February 2025

Employability has been widely studied from various theoretical and methodological perspectives. However, certain dimensions of the determinants of employability remain underexplored, particularly in the context of a rapidly evolving labor market shaped by digital transformation and artificial intelligence and socio-economic contextual factors. The aim of this study is to analyze the dimensions influencing the employability of young Moroccans through an exploratory qualitative approach, based on structured roundtable discussions organized at the Careers and Skills Centre of Laâyoune. The findings identify eight key pillars of employability, aligned with the current labor market demands, encompassing educational and training opportunities, hard and soft skills, geographical mobility, entrepreneurial and project management skills, adaptation to emerging professions, regional economic infrastructure, and state support. These insights provide a comprehensive framework for understanding employability dynamics, offering actionable recommendations for educators, policymakers, and employers. This research stands out by integrating a contextualized approach to employability, bridging global labor market trends with region-specific socio-economic realities.
Taking Off the Mask: Examining the Biopolitics of Care Amongst Criminalized Women with Substance Use Histories
Authors: Dyett Jordan
Published: February 2025

The carceral apparatus in the U.S. can be understood as mechanisms of policing, criminalizing, and incarcerating through the criminal justice system in its traditional sense but also encompassing mechanisms of social control, surveillance, and violence exerted through other systems such as family policing organizations, social service agencies, and helping professions. As we are witnessing the impacts of the toxic drug supply crisis and continued reliance on the “war on drugs” policies, these carceral functions are deeply felt among people who use drugs and have substance use disorders. This qualitative study uses the Foucauldian lens of biopolitics and biopower to examine how power operates in carceral systems and impacts women who use substances. By conducting and analyzing in-depth interviews with four women who identify as systems-involved in the U.S., this study highlights that power operates in a multitude of ways. The findings highlight the gendered experience these individuals face navigating these systems of circularity, including the minimization of bodily autonomy, the destruction of social reproduction, and coercive performances to the patriarchal gaze. The findings also amplify the women’s perspective on systemic change and offer alternatives to current carceral approaches. This research provides insights for social service professionals in all fields for more liberatory approaches to working with women in carceral settings and proposes a radical departure from current trajectories of social control and criminalization.
Toward Climate-Resilient Freight Systems: Measuring Regional Truck Resilience to Extreme Rainfall via Integrated Flood Demand Modeling
Authors: Li Xinghua , Xie Yifan , Guo Yuntao , Wang Tianzuo , Lin Tan
Published: February 2025

Resilience against extreme rainfall and its induced flooding is critical for a truck freight system during extreme events and post-event recovery. This study presents a two-step modeling framework that integrates a flood simulation model and a freight demand model to quantify the resilience of the truck freight system against extreme rainfall events. In the initial step, using rainfall data from meteorological stations, the catchment-based macro-scale floodplain (CaMa-Flood) model was introduced to simulate the rainfall event and its impacts on each road segment’s capacity within the study region. Then, a regional truck freight demand model was built using vehicle trajectory data from heavy-duty trucks operating during the study period to simulate the travel time changes for each affected road segment as a metric to analyze their importance to both functional and topological resilience of the truck freight system. These road segments were ranked based on the travel time increases, with the segment showing the greatest increase ranked as the most critical. To validate the proposed method, an extreme rainfall event in Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei in July 2023 was modeled. The proposed method can be used to identify key infrastructure improvements to minimize disruptions to the truck freight system, providing decision support for climate-resilient transportation planning essential for achieving UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 9 on resilient infrastructure and SDG 13 on climate action).
Machine Learning-Based Carbon Emission Predictions and Customized Reduction Strategies for 30 Chinese Provinces
Authors: Hong Siting , Fu Ting , Dai Ming
Published: February 2025

With the intensification of global climate change, the discerning identification of carbon emission drivers and the accurate prediction of carbon emissions have emerged as critical components in addressing this urgent issue. This paper collected carbon emission data from Chinese provinces from 1997 to 2021. Machine learning algorithms were applied to identify province characteristics and determine the influence of provincial development types and their drivers. Analysis indicated that technology and energy consumption had the greatest impact on low-carbon potential provinces (LCPPs), economic growth hub provinces (EGHPs), sustainable growth provinces (SGPs), low-carbon technology-driven provinces (LCTDPs), and high-carbon-dependent provinces (HCDPs). Furthermore, a predictive framework incorporating a grey model (GM) alongside a tree-structured parzen estimator (TPE)-optimized support vector regression (SVR) model was employed to forecast carbon emissions for the forthcoming decade. Findings demonstrated that this approach provided substantial improvements in prediction accuracy. Based on these studies, this paper utilized a combination of SHapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) and political, economic, social, and technological analysis—strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (PEST-SWOTs) analysis methods to propose customized carbon emission reduction suggestions for the five types of provincial development, such as promoting low-carbon technology, promoting the transformation of the energy structure, and optimizing the industrial structure.
Optimization of Blasting Scheme of Gas-Containing Tunnel and Study on the Law of Gas Diffusion and Transportation
Authors: Tian Chenglin , Wang He , Wang Xu , Wang Tao , Sun Yong , Wang Qingbiao , Li Xuelong , Shi Zhenyue , Wang Keyong
Published: February 2025

Gas control and extraction are essential for energy use and sustainable development. In order to study the gas diffusion and transportation law of high-gas tunnels after excavation and blasting and the influence of ventilation on gas concentration, an engineering example is used as a research object. We put forward the “energy concentrating device + digital electronic detonator”, a new type of peripheral hole in the joint initiation of explosive technology, applied to a tunnel in the plateau, studied through field tests and the original “detonating cord + digital electronic detonator” joint detonation technology after a comparative analysis of the blasting effect. On this basis, the characteristics of gas diffusion and transportation near the palm face were studied by numerical simulation under the two working conditions of ventilated and unventilated, and the law of gas diffusion and transportation near the palm face was obtained. The research shows that: with the “energy concentrating device + digital electronic detonator”, a new perimeter hole joint detonation technology compared to the original “detonating cord + digital electronic detonator” joint detonation technology, the explosive unit consumption reduced by 0.2 kg/m3, half-hole retention rate increased by 5%, average charging time shortened from the original 1.3 h to 1.0 h, and stabilizing the cycle of footage at the same time greatly reduces the cost of consumables, improving the tunnel surface blasting effect; numerical simulation shows that under the condition of no ventilation, the gas accumulation near the arch top and arch waist at the tunnel face is severe, with the gas concentration close to 30%, the gas concentration is higher up to 7 m from the face after the gas state is stabilized, and the gradient of the gas concentration in the area beyond 7 m is small. The gas concentration in the area can be reduced to the safe range after ventilation in about 30 s, but gas accumulation easily occurs in the foot and arch waist on the opposite side of the wind pipe. The results of this study can provide a reference basis for similar gas tunnel blasting construction and ventilation optimization and promote the sustainable development of energy.
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions of Colombians Towards Biodiversity Regarding COP16
Authors: Bedoya-Rodríguez Francisco Javier , Pelegrín Jonathan S. , Gutiérrez-Santana Aura Cristina , Giraldo-Marín Fredy Alejandro , Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez Alexander , Pinzón-Camargo Libia Carolina , Hurtado-Martínez Jeffrey , Álvarez-Martínez Cindy del Carmen , Perdomo-Vergara Gigliola Yudit , Romero María Fernanda , Mejía-Florez Ninfa Rosa
Published: February 2025

Research on Colombians’ knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions (KAP) of biodiversity in the context of COP16 is vital due to Colombia’s significant biodiversity, which comprises about 10% of the world’s total. Understanding public awareness and attitudes towards conservation is essential for effective policy development. This study aims to fill existing research gaps by providing empirical data on how citizens perceive biodiversity and their responsibilities regarding international agreements like COP16. Previous studies have often neglected the impact of significant global events on local populations, making this research particularly relevant. The findings will help policymakers identify misconceptions and areas needing improvement, thereby enhancing conservation initiatives and public engagement. A recent survey revealed that while 80% of Colombians view biodiversity as critical, only a small percentage recognize it as a major global crisis, indicating a disconnect between awareness and action. Many citizens express a willingness to contribute to conservation efforts; however, a significant portion lacks knowledge on how to do so effectively. This study underscores the necessity for educational strategies that are adapted to Colombia’s heterogeneous cultural contexts with the aim of engaging communities. The objective is to galvanize support for biodiversity conservation by enhancing the bond between citizens and their natural heritage.
Hyperspectral Classification of Grasslands for Sustainable Management Using Feature Fusion GRCNet
Authors: Liu Yuke , Liu Yilei , Pan Xin
Published: February 2025

Grasslands play a crucial role in ecosystems, influencing key ecological functions such as biodiversity, climate regulation, and soil and water conservation. With the impacts of environmental changes and human activities, the functional status and health of grasslands are facing challenges. Therefore, efficient identification of grassland status is of great significance for the sustainable management, ecological protection, and restoration of grassland resources. To support the sustainable development of grasslands, the GRCNet network model is proposed. Grassland sweep photography was performed via a UAV-mounted hyperspectral imager to establish a 13-category grassland hyperspectral dataset. Then, Gaussian filter and principal component analysis (PCA) were used for noise reduction and dimensionality reduction in the hyperspectral images, and the GRCNet network model, which mainly consists of the GCA module, the RDC module, and the VIT-Base module, was established for the classification task. The experiments use the average accuracy, overall accuracy, F1 score, Kappa coefficient, and running time as the performance indexes, and the eight methods are compared with GRCNet. The results showed that the GRCNet network performed the best with AA reaching 92.84%, OA reaching 94.59%, F1 score reaching 97.22, and Kappa coefficient reaching 0.93. The GRCNet method is 10–20% more accurate than other methods. Comparative tests were also conducted using two public datasets, and GRCNet performed the best with a 2–20% improvement in accuracy. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the GRCNet network model in hyperspectral grass classification tasks, which can be used as an efficient solution to the current problem of low hyperspectral accuracy and poor stability.
Agroecology and Sustainable Agriculture: Conceptual Challenges and Opportunities—A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Terán-Samaniego Karla , Robles-Parra Jesús Martín , Vargas-Arispuro Irasema , Martínez-Téllez Miguel Ángel , Garza-Lagler María Cristina , Félix-Gurrlola David , Maycotte-de la Peña Mayra Lucía , Tafolla-Arellano Julio César , García-Figueroa Jorge Alan , Espinoza-López Pablo César
Published: February 2025

The transition of agriculture towards sustainability faces significant obstacles, such as increased demand for food, food insecurity, climate variability, biodiversity loss, and food waste, among others. Moreover, agricultural activities must address ethical practices within sustainable development. The literature frequently mentions two approaches to meet these challenges: agroecology and sustainable agriculture. This study aims to delineate the conceptual boundaries of agroecology and sustainable agriculture while elucidating their interconnection. It seeks to clarify the scope and limitations inherent in these agricultural practices, which is critical given the centrality of sustainable agriculture in agrarian studies. By establishing these boundaries, the research outlines the methodologies to identify the relevant variables and indicators required for effective stakeholder engagement within agricultural systems. A systematic literature review was conducted using the PRISMA method. The databases searched were Science Direct, Scopus, Nature, and Google Scholar. The inclusion criteria were (i) written in English or Spanish, (ii) published in a peer-reviewed academic journal, and (iii) related to the conceptualization of agroecology and sustainable agriculture. Publications were selected following the method’s identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion guidelines. The main distinctions between the concepts are the scale and the scope. Agroecology reveals limitations to achieving impacts on food security and agriculture’s challenges in a large-scale system better suited for rural communities and small farms seeking locally adapted solutions. On the other hand, the literature reveals that it is crucial to adopt a multi-scale systems approach to meet the growing food demands of the global population, for which sustainable agriculture may be more effective.
Utilization and Outcomes of Pedicled Anterolateral Thigh Flaps: A Systematic Scoping Review of the Literature
Authors: Bengur Fuat Baris , Dominguez Elizabeth , Acarturk Tahsin Oguz
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Pedicled anterolateral thigh (ALT) flaps have proven their versatility through various applications including in different tissue compositions in locoregional reconstructions. However, they are underutilized compared to their free counterparts. Our aim is to systematically review the studies published on the utilization of pedicled ALT flaps in various anatomical regions. Methods: A search was conducted using the PubMed and Embase databases including the terms: (“pedicled” OR “island”) AND (“ALT” OR “anterolateral thigh flap” OR “lateral circumflex femoral” OR “vastus lateralis” OR “rectus femoris”). Outcomes regarding etiology, location, number and composition of flaps, flap and defect size, tunnel of the pedicle, flap viability and complications were collected. Results: A total number of 133 studies met the inclusion criteria, of which the majority were case series. After excluding the case reports (n = 49), studies included in the review were grouped based on anatomical locations such as abdominal (n = 12), groin (n = 12), perineal–vaginal–vulvar (n = 11), penile (n = 15), trochanteric–ischial–sacrogluteal (n = 8) and multiple (n = 19). Among a total of 1227 flaps, there were 46 partial (3.7%) and 16 total losses (1.3%). Conclusions: The pedicled ALT flap has been gaining popularity in the past decade. The overall flap loss rate is relatively low. However, the level of therapeutic evidence of published studies is not high, and there is a large heterogeneity among methods. There is a need in the literature for comparative studies with larger cohorts. Further studies will help to establish guidelines and possible algorithms that could include pedicled ALT flaps as first-line management options in different anatomical locations.
Non-Relativistic and Relativistic Lagrangian Pairing in Fluid Mechanics Inspired by Quantum Theory
Authors: Ismail-Sutton Sara , Scholle Markus , Gaskell Philip H.
Published: February 2025

The pairing of non-relativistic and relativistic Lagrangians within the context of fluid mechanics, advancing methodologies for constructing Poincare-invariant Lagrangians, is explored. Through leveraging symmetries and Noether’s theorem in an inverse framework, three primary cases are investigated: potential flow, barotropic flow expressed in terms of Clebsch variables, and an extended Clebsch Lagrangian incorporating thermodynamic effects. To ensure physical correctness, the eigenvalue relation of the energy–momentum tensor, together with velocity normalisation, are applied as key criteria. The findings confirm that the relativistic Lagrangians successfully reduce to their non-relativistic counterparts in the limit c→∞. These results demonstrate a systematic approach that enhances the relationship between symmetries and variational formulations, providing the advantage of deriving Lagrangians that unify non-relativistic and relativistic theories.