bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design and Optimization Methods for Elective Hospital Admissions
Authors: Helm Jonathan E. , Van Oyen Mark P.
Published: October 2014

Hospitals typically lack effective enterprise level strategic planning of bed and care resources, contributing to bed census levels that are statistically “out of control.” This system dysfunction manifests itself in bed block, surgical cancelation, ambulance diversions, and operational chaos. This is the classic hospital admission scheduling and control (HASC) problem, which has been addressed in its entirety only through inexact simulation-based search heuristics. This paper develops new analytical models of controlled hospital census that can, for the first time, be incorporated into a mixed-integer programming model to optimally solve the strategic planning/scheduling portion of the HASC. Our new solution method coordinates elective admissions with other hospital subsystems to reduce system congestion. We formulate a new Poisson-arrival-location model (PALM) based on an innovative stochastic location process that we developed and call the patient temporal resource needs model. We further extend the PALM approach to the class of deterministic controlled-arrival-location models (d-CALM) and develop linearizing approximations to stochastic blocking metrics. This work provides the theoretical foundations for an efficient scheduled admissions planning system as well as a practical decision support methodology to stabilize hospital census.
How Emerging Organizations Take Form: The Role of Imprinting and Values in Organizational Bricolage
Authors: Perkmann Markus , Spicer André
Published: October 2014

We examine how emerging organizations acquire shape by drawing on multiple organizational forms, a process we call organizational bricolage. Studying Indymedia London, a grassroots media collective, we propose a grounded theory of organizational bricolage that identifies how various types of organizational forms are selected and how they are instantiated into the organization. Whereas extant research has emphasized imprinting as a primary mechanism shaping newly founded organizations, we point to the additional role of organizational values. Emerging organizations augment their imprinted forms by using ancillary forms aligned with their organizational values and reinforce their core features by differentiating themselves from antagonistic forms that conflict with their values. We contribute to the literature on organizational formation by developing a process model that details how imprinted forms are subsequently modified. Moreover, we extend theories of bricolage by specifying the limits to the relative arbitrariness of bricolage as an activity, and we contribute to the study of organizational values by suggesting that they act as a focusing device shaping organizational structure.
PERSPECTIVE—Shrouded in Structure: Challenges and Opportunities for a Friction-Based View of Network Research
Authors: Ghosh Anindya , Rosenkopf Lori
Published: October 2014

Whereas network ideas and approaches have become prominent in both the managerial and sociological literatures, we contend that the increasing emphasis on network structures and their evolution has distracted us from the important issue of whether and when networks actually work in the ways that our theories assume. In particular, we explore the well-established assumption that knowledge flows over network paths, with special attention to the role of friction when the supposed information transfer spans multiple dyads. Our analysis shows that friction is omnipresent and has implications at both the system and subsystem levels. More specifically, we present a rich set of research opportunities that addresses implications of friction for the variation of knowledge flows for different network structures and also for the distribution of knowledge among the actors within a particular network.
Organizational Constraints to Adaptation: Intrafirm Asymmetry in the Locus of Coordination
Authors: Aggarwal Vikas A. , Wu Brian
Published: October 2014

We assemble a panel data set of firms in the U.S. defense industry between 1996 and 2006 to examine the drivers of heterogeneous incumbent firm adaptation following the industry-wide demand shock of September 11, 2001. This shock entailed not only an increase in aggregate demand but, more importantly, a shift in the relative attractiveness of individual product areas, resulting in the need for firms to reshuffle their product portfolios in response to changing demand conditions. The exogenous nature of the shock allows us to empirically identify the effect of preshock interdependence structures on postshock adaptation outcomes. We find that the locus of coordination inside a firm can explain differential postshock adaptation performance: because interdependencies spanning organizational boundaries are more difficult to manage than those contained within such boundaries, coordination across product areas creates greater adaptation challenges compared with coordination within product areas. We further investigate the moderating effects of product complementarity and organizational grouping, finding results consistent with our hypothesized mechanisms. As one of the first studies to empirically link a firm’s locus of coordination with its adaptation performance, this study contributes to our understanding of the role of interdependence and organization design in dynamic environments.
Approval in Nanotechnology Patents: Micro and Macro Factors That Affect Reactions to Category Blending
Authors: Lo Jade Yu-Chieh , Kennedy Mark Thomas
Published: October 2014

Studies show that blending multiple categories rather than fitting one category cleanly undermines the appeal of market offerings, but in science and technology, blending multiple categories has been a formula for creating important new categories like nanotechnology. What enables such blends to earn approval and become recognized as new categories? We argue that reactions to category blending are affected by both micro and macro factors. Specifically, blend reactions are affected at the micro level by cognitive limits, especially as blends are repeated, and at the macro level by domain-specific logics for judging quality. Using data on nanotechnology patents, we test this argument by analyzing two dimensions of approval: time to approval and citations by subsequent patents. In addition to showing that blending has different effects on these two dimensions of approval, our findings suggest that reactions to blending are moderated, as argued, by (1) institutional logics that value novel combinations and (2) the repetition of blends that came to define nanotechnology. Our study contributes to theory by linking approval of category blends to cognitive limitations and cultural and institutional logics of evaluation.
The Structure of Political Institutions and Effectiveness of Corporate Political Lobbying
Authors: Choi Seong-Jin , Jia Nan , Lu Jiangyong
Published: October 2014

This paper investigates how the structure of political institutions influences the effectiveness of corporate political lobbying by shaping the “veto points” and “entry points” that lobbying firms encounter and require, respectively, when attempting to influence public policies; in so doing, this study deepens our understanding of the strategic implications of institutional environments. Using large-sample and cross-country firm-level data, we find that the influence of firms’ lobbying activities on public policies is weakened when there are tighter constraints generated as a result of greater political (partisan) competition and more subnational government tiers. We find that the negative association between the effectiveness of lobbying and political (partisan) competition is particularly pronounced in countries with lower electoral accountability and that the negative association between the effectiveness of lobbying and subnational government tiers is particularly pronounced in more centralized political systems.
Social Comparisons and Deception Across Workplace Hierarchies: Field and Experimental Evidence
Authors: Edelman Benjamin , Larkin Ian
Published: October 2014

We examine how unfavorable social comparisons differentially spur employees of varying hierarchical levels to engage in deception. Drawing on literatures in social psychology and workplace self-esteem, we theorize that negative comparisons cause senior employees to seek to improve reported relative performance measures via deception. In a first study, we use deceptive self-downloads on the Social Science Research Network, the leading working paper repository in the social sciences, to show that employees higher in a hierarchy are more likely to engage in deception, particularly when the employee has enjoyed a high level of past success. In a second study, we confirm this finding in two scenario-based experiments. Our results suggest that longer-tenured and more successful employees face a greater loss of self-esteem from negative social comparisons, and they are more likely engage in deception in response to reported performance that is lower than that of peers.
Exact and Approximate Solving of the Aircraft Collision Resolution Problem via Turn Changes
Authors: Alonso-Ayuso Antonio , Escudero Laureano F. , Martín-Campo F. Javier
Published: October 2014

The aircraft conflict detection and resolution problem in air traffic management consists of deciding the best strategy for an arbitrary aircraft configuration such that all conflicts in the airspace are avoided. A conflict situation occurs if two or more aircraft do not maintain the minimum safety distance during their flight plans. A two-step approach is presented. The first step consists of a nonconvex mixed integer nonlinear optimization (MINLO) model based on geometric constructions. The objective is to minimize the weighted aircraft angle variations to obtain the new flight configuration. The second step consists of a set of unconstrained quadratic optimization models where aircraft are forced to return to their original flight plan as soon as possible once there is no aircraft in conflict with any other. The main results of extensive computation are reported by comparing the performance of state-of-the-art nonconvex MINLO solvers and an approximation by discretizing the possible angles of motion for solving a sequence of integer linear optimization (SILO) models in an iterative way. Minotaur, one of the nonconvex MINLO solvers experimented with, gives better solutions but requires more computation time than the SILO approach, which requires only a short time to obtain a good, feasible solution. Its value in the objective function has a reasonable goodness gap compared with the Minotaur solution. Given the need to solve the problem in almost real time, the approximate SILO approach is favored because of its short computation time and solution quality for the testbeds used in the experiment, which include both small- and real-sized instances. However, Minotaur is useful in this particular case for simulation purposes and for calibrating the SILO approach.
Giving children control over their own progress
Authors: Putnam Claire
Published: October 2014

How can schools allocate funding effectively and ensure it fuels pupil progress? Challenge the Gap is a dynamic programme which provides an effective strategy.
Fall under the spell of classic fairytales
Authors: Williams Brenda
Published: October 2014

The darker side of fairy stories holds much appeal for younger children, who will enjoy exploring their good and evil characters. Can they create their own villain?
Perform sequences to rock, pop and indie
Authors: Donohoe Tom
Published: October 2014

Are you ready to raise the roof by using music in your gym sessions? Carefully chosen tracks will enhance performance and children are guaranteed to love it.
How to make your move!
Authors: Howard Meg , Moore Bryony
Published: October 2014

A new dance programme provides a structured approach to dance and gives teachers the confidence to create their own dynamic lesson plans.
Initial stabilisation and treatment of traumatic wounds
Authors: Kirk Michelle
Published: October 2014

Traumatic wounds occur as a result of a myriad of different circumstances including; environmental factors, road traffic accidents, chemical and thermal exposure, or incidents relating to interactions with other people and animals. Successful treatment of traumatic wounds requires initial stabilisation and assessment of the patient, including management of haemorrhage, application of temporary dressings, intravenous fluid therapy, oxygen, antibiotics and analgesia. Further investigation of the wound under sedation or a general anaesthetic may also be necessary to assess the level of wound contamination, the degree of trauma to the tissues, and the presence of or potential for infection. Through accurate assessment a wound can be classified and prepared for treatment in order to prevent or minimise complications from deep infection, wound dehiscence, seroma formation and wound contracture. The intention of wound management is to support and assist the body's own natural healing processes with a wound healing environment that provides viable, vascularised tissue, infection control and adequate oxygen to supply damaged tissues. As with all traumatic wounds an understanding of factors affecting wound repair and principals of healing is mandatory in making appropriate wound management assessment and treatment decisions.
Canine osteoarthritis: pathophysiology and management
Authors: Waring Nicola
Published: October 2014

Osteoarthritis (OA), is one of the most commonly seen, chronically painful conditions in dogs and, if left unmanaged often leads to debilitating, painful lameness. In geriatric dogs, the incapacity caused by degenerative joint disease may be the major contributing factor in a decision for euthanasia. This highlights the importance of appropriate, multi-modal management of the disease and good nursing management to facilitate the best quality of life possible for the dog.

The main objectives when treating OA is to slow down the progression of the disease, provide analgesia and address aggravating factors. Carmichael (2006) has devised the ABCDE (analgesia, bodyweight, control, disease modification, exercise) approach to OA, which may be helpful when formulating a holistic treatment plan for patients with the disease.

For veterinary nurses involved in the provision of analgesia for these patients, it is important to understand the rationale behind using a combination of agents, rather than the reliance on a single drug. In addition, knowledge of the most appropriate analgesic agents for individual patients is essential in order to provide optimal pain relief and reduce the negative effects of specific drugs in high risk or ageing patients.

Veterinary nurses play an integral role in the care of patients with OA and can be a huge source of support and guidance for the patient and owner. A good outcome and improved quality of life for these patients requires a multidisciplinary team that involves the entire pathway of care. Veterinary nurses can facilitate this care via careful assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation of the patient and continued support for the owner.
How to reduce the impact of firework season for owners of sound sensitive pets
Authors: Hargrave Claire
Published: October 2014

Introduction

Studies estimate that 49% of the canine population are affected by sound sensitivity, with fireworks and thunderstorms being particularly problematic. It is reasonable to assume that a large proportion of pet species will be similarly affected, particularly those from prey species (including cats, horses and rabbits) for whom sensitivity to changes in sound is highly adaptive. As a consequence, firework displays and thunder storms are a major welfare problem for the majority of companion animals. Yet the seasonal nature of the problem leads many owners to overlook the enormity of the issue and its potential to infiltrate into other aspects of their pet's life. This article aims to assist veterinary staff in providing practical guidance to all pet owners, ensuring that fewer pets are sensitised in the future, and that the welfare of pets with existing sound sensitivity is not further depleted.
1950s made in Brisbane: Italian tailors and the continental suit
Authors: Ferrero-Regis Tiziana
Published: October 2014

During the 1950s and 1960s, when the French couturiers Dior, Balenciaga, Givenchy and Chanel dominated the fashion industry, the Italian community in Brisbane, Australia, was very active in the local industry through retail, dress-making and tailoring. Australia is geographically at the margins of the developed countries and has been dependent on European trends and taste. In the 1950s, communication was based on magazines and especially newsreels and film; each ethnic group dressed as they liked and according to their custom. Moreover, ‘Made in Italy’ was not yet the prestigious concept that revolutionized ready-to-wear design from the 1970s. However, Italian tailors and demi-couturiers brought to Brisbane their trans-national sense of elegance (the Italian style) and the taste in fashion that influenced new generations in England and elsewhere in Europe from the 1950s. They brought quality and workmanship, offering excellence through the use of quality fabrics from prestigious English and Italian brands. These tailors and dress-makers also contributed towards the local industry through passing on the skills that they brought from Italy. This article is based on a project that seeks to understand the connection between fashion, history and place. The area under examination is the Valley, short for Fortitude Valley, an area adjacent to the Brisbane CBD. Fundamental to this connection between place and fashion was the presence of many Italian migrants in the area. Through archival research and oral history, the aim of this ethnographic project is to bring to the fore an untold story about the economic and aesthetic contribution of Italian migrants to Queensland. Central to the understanding of this aesthetic change is the Italian suit. This research is innovative in that it opens a new area of study in Australian fashion history, connected to the history of migrants and their identity.
L’Isola dei Famosi: Minority politics in Italy via reality television
Authors: Cosentino Gabriele
Published: October 2014

This article interrogates the potential for reality television shows to serve as outlets for the representation of social and political issues on Italian television. To this end the article offers an in-depth critical analysis of selected episodes of two editions of the popular Italian reality television show L’Isola dei Famosi/Celebrity Island, which aired on public television channel RAI 2 from 2003 to 2012. In particular, the article focuses on the 2008 season, characterized by the victory of Vladimir Luxuria, a transgender entertainer and activist of the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transexual and Queer (LGBTQ) community in Italy; and on the 2010 season, which featured the participation of homosexual writer Aldo Busi, who was expelled from the show for his remarks against religious and political institutions. A close analysis of these two seasons reveals the ways in which popular prime time entertainment programmes such as a reality television show can generate significant public exposure for marginal identities and controversial political topics.
Making a star on the small screen: The case of Mina and RAI
Authors: Haworth Rachel
Published: October 2014

Anna Maria Quaini (née Mazzini), or Mina as she is more commonly known, is a prolific Italian pop singer who rose to fame in the late 1950s. She was particularly dominant from the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s, before her retirement from television appearances in 1974 and public performances in 1978. In particular, it was her relationship with and continued appearances on Radiotelevisione Italiana/Italian Radio-Television (RAI) programmes during this dominant period, which helped to cement her popularity with Italian audiences. This article examines Mina’s celebrity status through a detailed analysis of the construction of her star persona in a televisual context, taking as case studies her appearances on three RAI television series: Studio Uno/‘Studio One’ (1961–1962), Canzonissima 1968/‘Lots of Songs 1968’ (1968–1969) and Teatro 10/‘Theatre 10’ (1972). A comparative reading of her performances on these variety shows enables us to evaluate the extent to which RAI facilitated the construction of Mina’s star persona according to a specific set of cultural and ideological values. Ultimately, this article demonstrates the ways in which Mina’s evolving celebrity came to challenge the homogenizing mission of RAI during the period.
Programming democracy: Neorealism, popular TV and improvised humanity of the Chi legge documentary series
Authors: Ritter Courtney
Published: October 2014

While scholarship increasingly positions Italian as the seminal movement in the post-war realignment towards liberal humanist democracy, the approach to early Italian television has remained rigidly national and insulated from these currents. This article examines the stylistic continuities between cinematic Neorealism and early television styles. It argues that early Italian television participated in the creation of a new notion of citizenship that was highly compatible with Neorealism’s own project for post-war Italy. Using the example of Cesare Zavattini’s documentary series Chi legge? Viaggio lungo il Tirreno/‘Who reads? A voyage along the Tyrrhenian Sea’ (1960), which abandoned traditional documentary motifs and took up what Zavattini described as popular, participatory programming’s ‘improvised humanity’, this article explores how the series restructured the engagement between subject and audience to give everyday Italians unprecedented sense of participation in national culture.
The final days of the RAI hegemony: On the sociocultural reasons behind the fall of the public monopoly
Authors: Richeri Giuseppe , Balbi Gabriele
Published: October 2014

This article examines contributory factors and main influences that made a pivotal contribution to the fall of the public radio and television monopoly in Italy in the second half of the 1970s. Four reasons are more relevant than others: changes in post-World War II Italian society; political issues such as the role of Constitutional Court and the establishment of the regions; economic factors such as the rise of industrial groups, pressure from advertisers and mass retail; and finally, technological elements such as new video-recording devices and the rise of cable television. Based mainly on secondary sources, this article pinpoints a series of reasons that go beyond – or are only partially linked to – the media world to explain a phenomenon that revolutionized Italian and European radio and television. Understanding them means understanding Italian culture at that time and, specifically, the significance of phenomena whose ramifications are still felt in the country’s contemporary media ecology.
Sixty years of political talk shows on RAI: From educating viewers to party-democracy to entertaining them with social television
Authors: Novelli Edoardo
Published: October 2014

This article retraces the evolution of RAI’s show schedule for political talk-shows, a heterogeneous and motley macro-genre of programmes that includes journalistic programmes and debates that recall squares or public places: there is a laid-back atmosphere on a television set where the private and personal side prevails over the public one, creating personal moments within entertainment programmes and satire shows. From the first Tribuna Elettorale/Electoral Forum (1960) up to the recent Ballarò (2002–) or Che Tempo che fa/What’s the Weather Like (2003–), the article analyses the production and formal aspects – like formats, staging, scenography, direction – as well as the messages and meaning either directly or indirectly related to the different programmes. The aim of the article is to demonstrate that RAI has played an important role in the education of Italians to the rules of democracy as well in the formalization of the different models of public debate that have taken place over the years. Initially, RAI was subordinate to the needs and requests of the political parties and institutions, thus strengthening them; in a second stage it started to being increasingly more autonomous until it brought about changes both within the rules of the public arena and in its protagonists, moving from an educational role to becoming a form of entertainment; in a third stage it started competing with the political system for the representation of public opinion and legitimizing new ways of political participation and behaviour.
Desenvolvimento de uma Escala de Comparação Social através da Aparência Física: Estudo exploratório da estrutura factorial e das propriedades psicométricas numa amostra feminina da população geral
Authors: Ferreira Cláudia , Gouveia José Pinto , Duarte Cristiana
Published: October 2014

Este estudo apresenta o desenvolvimento de uma medida de Comparação Social através da Aparência Física (ECSAF) e as suas características psicométricas, numa amostra de 1728 sujeitos do sexo feminino da população normal. São efectuadas Análises Factoriais em Componentes Principais para cada parte do instrumento, na Versão A: Pares foi encontrada uma estrutura de 2 factores (atractividade/ hierarquia e ajustamento ao grupo) que explica 72.14% da variância; a Versão B: Modelos apresenta uma estrutura unidimensional que explica 67.25% da variância. Foram encontrados valores de consistência interna muito bons. As duas versões apresentam-se significativamente associadas a medidas de comparação social e vergonha, a indicadores de ansiedade, depressão e stress e a índices de patologia alimentar. Esta escala apresenta boa validade discriminante entre uma amostra clínica de 91 doentes com perturbação alimentar e uma amostra de 102 participantes da população normal. A ECSAF mostrou ter boa estabilidade temporal.
Características psicométricas da versão portuguesa da Escala Multidimensional de Suporte Social Percebido (Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support - MSPSS)
Authors: Carvalho Serafim , Pinto-Gouveia José , Pimentel Paulo , Maia Dulce , Mota-Pereira Jorge
Published: October 2014

A Escala Multidimensional de Suporte Social Percebido (MSPSS), originalmente desenvolvida por Zimet, Dahlem, Zimet, e Farley (1988), foi criada para avaliar subjectivamente o suporte social proveniente da família, dos amigos e de outros significativos. Neste trabalho apresentam-se as características psicométricas da versão portuguesa da MSPSS. A escala foi avaliada num grupo de estudantes (n = 454), num grupo da população geral (n = 261) e num grupo de doentes com depressão major (n = 100). A análise factorial demonstrou a existência de três factores (Família, Amigos e Outros Significativos). Igualmente apresentou uma boa consistência interna, entre .85 e .95, considerando os três factores, os três grupos e ambos os géneros; apresentou uma adequada validade de construto e a estabilidade teste-reteste no grupo de estudantes e população geral apresentou valores entre .40 e .91. Os alfas de Cronbach no reteste oscilaram entre .87 e .95. A presente versão da MSPSS mostrou ter qualidades psicométricas adequadas para ser utilizada em estudantes, em sujeitos da população geral bem como em populações com psicopatologia depressiva, sendo necessária agora a continuação da investigação em outras amostras e utilizando estudos de seguimento.
Entrapment - conceito, definição e características psicométricas da versão portuguesa da Escala de Entrapment
Authors: Carvalho Serafim , Pinto-Gouveia José , Castilho Paula , Pimentel Paulo
Published: October 2014

O papel das estratégias evolucionárias na psicopatologia vem sendo amplamente estudado nos últimos anos, particularmente os mecanismos de luta e fuga. O entrapment designa a inibição da estratégia de fuga quando esta está psicobiologicamente activada. Contextos de vida com características de entrapment estão ligados a stress, ansiedade, depressão e suicídio. Neste trabalho apresentam-se as características psicométricas da Escala de Entrapment (EE) originalmente desenvolvida por Gilbert & Allan (1998); é composta por duas escalas, a escala de Entrapment Interno (EEI) relacionada com activação para a fuga motivada por estados emocionais aversivos e a escala de Entrapment Externo (EEE), quando o desejo de fuga é estimulado por acontecimentos externos. A escala foi avaliada em três amostras: estudantes (n = 608), população geral (n = 406) e doentes deprimidos (n = 106). A escala reproduziu os resultados dos seus autores. Demonstrou uma elevada consistência interna, com α de Cronbach oscilando entre .85 e .93; uma estrutura unidimensional para cada escala e os factores extraídos explicam entre 50.9% e 67.6% da variância total. A estabilidade temporal foi moderada a muito forte (r = .66 a r = .92). Os doentes tem valores significativamente mais elevados na EEI e na EEE do que os controlos, fortalecendo a validade de construto. As correlações moderadas (de r = .50 a r = .64) entre a EE e o Inventário Depressivo de Beck indiciam uma convergência entre estes instrumentos. A Escala de Entrapment apresenta boas características psicométricas, sendo necessário agora ampliar a sua aplicação em contextos clínicos de carácter prospectivo.
O papel dos esquemas emocionais na transgeracionalidade do processo de socialização das emoções negativas
Authors: Palmeira Lara , Gouveia José Pinto , Dinis Alexandra , Lourenço Sara
Published: October 2014

Recentemente, com o reacender do interesse na temática das emoções nas diversas áreas da psicologia, tem-se verificado uma crescente preocupação com o estudo da socialização das emoções. Esta investigação foca-se primordialmente neste processo, procurando verificar a existência de um efeito transgeracional, numa amostra de 172 mães de crianças dos 8 aos 12 anos. Dos resultados obtidos sobressaem evidências que comprovam o efeito transgeracional, com os esquemas emocionais das mães a mediarem a relação entre a expressividade emocional da sua família de origem e as reacções maternas à expressão de emoções negativas da criança.
Auto-Criticismo: Estudo de validação da versão portuguesa da Escala das Formas do Auto-Criticismo e Auto-Tranquilização (FSCRS) e da Escala das Funções do Auto-Criticismo e Auto-Ataque (FSCS)
Authors: Castilho Paula , Gouveia José Pinto
Published: October 2014

O auto-criticismo está relacionado com a psicopatologia, quer como um factor de personalidade associado a uma vulnerabilidade específica para a depressão (Blatt, 2004; Gilbert, 1998, 2002a), quer como um processo directamente associado à depressão e a outras formas de psicopatologia (Birchwood et al, 2001; Gilbert et al, 2001), quer ainda como um preditor do ajustamento interpessoal fraco e de problemas psicológicos. O presente trabalho apresenta as propriedades psicométricas e a estrutura factorial da versão portuguesa da Escala das Formas do Auto-criticismo e Auto-tranquilização e da Escala das Funções do Auto-criticismo e Auto-ataque. Os resultados obtidos mostram que as escalas possuem uma boa consistência interna e estabilidade temporal. A composição factorial revelou a existência de duas subescalas (Auto-correcção e Auto-ataque) para a FSCS e três subescalas (Eu Inadequado, Eu Tranquilizador e Eu Detestado) para a FSCRS. Estes instrumentos de auto-resposta mostram-se úteis e fidedignos para a avaliação clínica e investigação do auto-criticismo.
Estudo das Características Psicométricas da Versão Portuguesa da Escala de Expressividade Emocional
Authors: Dinis Alexandra , Gouveia José Pinto , Xavier Ana
Published: October 2014

A Escala de Expressividade Emocional (EEE; Emotional Expressivity Scale; EES; Kring, Smith, & Neale, 1994) destina-se a avaliar o grau em que os respondentes exteriorizam as suas emoções independentemente da sua valência emocional ou canal de expressão. Neste estudo apresentam-se as características psicométricas e a estrutura factorial da versão portuguesa. Numa amostra de 1008 sujeitos, estudantes e pertencentes à população geral, os resultados mostram que a escala possui uma boa consistência interna e estabilidade temporal. A composição factorial revelou-se idêntica à encontrada pelos autores originais, evidenciando-se uma estrutura unidimensional. As validades, convergente e divergente, foram estudadas através da análise das correlações com a sintomatologia ansiosa, depressiva e o stress, a regulação emocional, a inteligência emocional, a ruminação, bem como o afecto positivo e o afecto negativo. Os resultados sugerem que a Escala de Expressividade Emocional é um instrumento útil e válido para medir a expressividade emocional na população portuguesa.
Desenvolvimento de um Questionário de Experiências de (In) Validação Emocional na Família
Authors: Dinis Alexandra , Gouveia José Pinto
Published: October 2014

Vários estudos comprovam a existência de uma relação entre as experiências precoces adversas, os estilos parentais e a vinculação na infância com o desenvolvimento de psicopatologia na adultez. O presente estudo explora as propriedades psicométricas do Questionário de Experiências de (In) Validação Emocional, que foi por nós desenvolvido, com o objectivo de avaliar retrospectivamente, o ambiente de validação (e de invalidação) emocional na família. A Análise Factorial Exploratória revelou uma estrutura de dois factores, que foi posteriormente confirmada através de uma Análise Factorial Confirmatória. Os dois factores foram designados por experiências de validação emocional e por experiências de invalidação emocional. Todas as subescalas apresentam valores de consistência interna muito elevados. A validade convergente e divergente do questionário foi comprovada pelas correlações encontradas com outras medidas retrospectivas (que avaliam os estilos parentais, o ambiente de expressividade familiar e as experiências de vida adversas), e com uma medida que avalia a psicopatologia na adultez.
Auto-Compaixão: Estudo da validação da versão portuguesa da Escala da Auto-Compaixão e da sua relação com as experiências adversas na infância, a comparação social e a psicopatologia
Authors: Castilho Paula , Gouveia José Pinto
Published: October 2014

A Auto-Compaixão é uma estratégia de auto-regulação emocional com um efeito amortecedor no desenvolvimento da psicopatologia. O primeiro estudo apresenta as propriedades psicométricas da versão portuguesa da Escala da Auto-Compaixão (Self-Compassion Scale, SCS; Neff, 2003); as experiências adversas na infância associadas negativamente à auto-compaixão e a relação com a comparação social e psicopatologia, numa amostra de 631 estudantes universitários. Os valores de consistência interna, de estabilidade temporal e de validade convergente e divergente são satisfatórios. O segundo estudo mostra que o criticismo e desinteresse do pai (nos homens) e da mãe (nas mulheres) contribuem para auto-compaixão baixa. Esta é fundamental para a aceitação social, assim como a existência de uma mãe calorosa (nas mulheres). A sobre-identificação contribui para a depressão, nos homens, e o isolamento, a dificuldade em ser tolerante e amável consigo próprio e a sobre-identificação nas mulheres. A auto-compaixão e pais cuidadores protegem da depressão, nas mulheres.
RP-HPLC Method Development and Validation for the simultaneous estimation of Atazanavir sulphate and Ritonavir in bulk and tablet dosage form
Authors: Subramaniam Ananda Thangadurai , Munusamy Jambulingam , Sengodan Saravanakumar , Danapal Kamalakannan , Siva Ganga Lakshmi Haritha D , Kunan Varatha S
Published: October 2014

A simple, robust, precise and accurate reverse phase liquid chromatographic method was developed for simultaneous estimation of Atazanavir sulphate and Ritonavir in combined tablet dosage form by RP-HPLC method. Chromatography was carried out on a Nucleodur C18Â column (150 mm x 4.6 mm x 5 m) using Acetonitrile: Methanol: Phosphate buffer, pH was adjusted to 3.0 with orthophosphoric acid in the ratio of 44:11:45 (V/V) as a mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.5 mL min-1Â and eluents were monitored at 210 nm. The calibration curves were linear over the range of 34 102 ?g mL-1Â for Atazanavir sulphate and 10 30 ?g mL-1Â for Ritonavir. The average retention time of Atazanavir sulphate and Ritonavir was found to be 3.133 min and 6.133 min respectively. The method was reproducible, with good resolution of Atazanavir sulphate and Ritonavir. The results of the analysis have been validated statistically.
Chikungunya epidemiological survey and Current available inhibitors
Authors: Jadav Surender Singh , Korupolu Praveen , Sinha Barij Nayan , Jayaprakash Venkatesan
Published: October 2014

Chikungunya is an insect borne disease virus spread through the mosquitoes to humans, causes the severe joint pains. The recent 2005-2007 outbreak was the most severe and one of the biggest eruptions caused by this virus. The cases of virus have been reported across the globe which was initially transmitted from African subcontinent, after its first outbreak in 1952 in Tanzania. Cause of disease remains to be explore and not well known. The complete epidemiology, mode of treatment and current research scenario through scientific literature on current CHIKV inhibitors was made to understand the in depth background of this disease. The current review posses the brief epidemiology, clinical manifestations, current mode of treatment and the number of antiviral agents (natural & synthetic) available up to date against the CHIKV infections along with vaccine development.
An organ boundary‐enriched gene regulatory network uncovers regulatory hierarchies underlying axillary meristem initiation
Authors: Tian Caihuan , Zhang Xiaoni , He Jun , Yu Haopeng , Wang Ying , Shi Bihai , Han Yingying , Wang Guoxun , Feng Xiaoming , Zhang Cui , Wang Jin , Qi Jiyan , Yu Rong , Jiao Yuling
Published: October 2014

Gene regulatory networks (GRNs) control development via cell type‐specific gene expression and interactions between transcription factors (TFs) and regulatory promoter regions. Plant organ boundaries separate lateral organs from the apical meristem and harbor axillary meristems (AMs). AMs, as stem cell niches, make the shoot a ramifying system. Although AMs have important functions in plant development, our knowledge of organ boundary and AM formation remains rudimentary. Here, we generated a cellular‐resolution genomewide gene expression map for low‐abundance Arabidopsis thaliana organ boundary cells and constructed a genomewide protein–DNA interaction map focusing on genes affecting boundary and AM formation. The resulting GRN uncovers transcriptional signatures, predicts cellular functions, and identifies promoter hub regions that are bound by many TFs. Importantly, further experimental studies determined the regulatory effects of many TFs on their targets, identifying regulators and regulatory relationships in AM initiation. This systems biology approach thus enhances our understanding of a key developmental process.
Estetrol is a weak estrogen antagonizing estradiol-dependent mammary gland proliferation
Authors: Gérard C , Blacher S , Communal L , Courtin A , Tskitishvili E , Mestdagt M , Munaut C , Noel A , Gompel A , Péqueux C , Foidart J M
Published: October 2014

Estetrol (E4) is a natural estrogen produced exclusively by the human fetal liver during pregnancy. Its physiological activity remains unknown. In contrast to ethinyl estradiol and estradiol (E2), E4has a minimal impact on liver cell activity and could provide a better safety profile in contraception or hormone therapy. The aim of this study was to delineate if E4exhibits an activity profile distinct from that of E2on mammary gland. Compared with E2, E4acted as a low-affinity estrogen in both humanin vitroand murinein vivomodels. E4was 100 times less potent than E2to stimulate the proliferation of human breast epithelial (HBE) cells and murine mammary glandin vitroandin vivorespectively. This effect was prevented by fulvestrant and tamoxifen, supporting the notion that ERα (ESR1) is the main mediator of the estrogenic effect of E4on the breast. Interestingly, when E4was administered along with E2, it significantly antagonized the strong stimulatory effect of E2on HBE cell proliferation and on the growth of mammary ducts. This study characterizes for the first time the impact of E4on mammary gland. Our results highlight that E4is less potent than E2and exhibits antagonistic properties toward the proliferative effect of E2on breast epithelial cells. These data support E4as a potential new estrogen for clinical use with a reduced impact on breast proliferation.
Potency of Transgenic Effectors for Neurogenetic Manipulation inDrosophilaLarvae
Authors: Pauls Dennis , von Essen Alina , Lyutova Radostina , van Giesen Lena , Rosner Ronny , Wegener Christian , Sprecher Simon G
Published: October 2014

Genetic manipulations of neuronal activity are a cornerstone of studies aimed to identify the functional impact of defined neurons for animal behavior. With its small nervous system, rapid life cycle, and genetic amenability, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster provides an attractive model system to study neuronal circuit function. In the past two decades, a large repertoire of elegant genetic tools has been developed to manipulate and study neural circuits in the fruit fly. Current techniques allow genetic ablation, constitutive silencing, or hyperactivation of neuronal activity and also include conditional thermogenetic or optogenetic activation or inhibition. As for all genetic techniques, the choice of the proper transgenic tool is essential for behavioral studies. Potency and impact of effectors may vary in distinct neuron types or distinct types of behavior. We here systematically test genetic effectors for their potency to alter the behavior of Drosophila larvae, using two distinct behavioral paradigms: general locomotor activity and directed, visually guided navigation. Our results show largely similar but not equal effects with different effector lines in both assays. Interestingly, differences in the magnitude of induced behavioral alterations between different effector lines remain largely consistent between the two behavioral assays. The observed potencies of the effector lines in aminergic and cholinergic neurons assessed here may help researchers to choose the best-suited genetic tools to dissect neuronal networks underlying the behavior of larval fruit flies.
What Kind of Leadership Fosters Pedagogically Innovative School Culture?
Authors: Vaara Lauri , Lonka Kirsti
Published: October 2014

The implementation of new engaging learning environments also calls for an innovative organizational culture. Still, there is not much knowledge about the leadership practices that foster such culture. The aim of this study was to investigate, what kinds of leadership practices can be detected behind innovative school culture and how such practices are related to the ways of teaching and learning. As a result, a wide variety of new leadership practices in innovative school context were revealed. Particularly practices of shared leadership were present, but also elements of strategic leadership could be identified. Interestingly, the interactive leadership practices seemed to foster new kinds of collaborative knowledge practices in different levels of school activity, for example, varying forms of team work and co-operation. The results indicated that an innovative school culture consists of communal and collaborative practices which are guided by practices of shared leadership. It is important that we take in account the surrounding organization culture when designing future schools. We should also be aware of the possible contradiction between the existing organizational culture and intended new pedagogical settings by arranging a comprehensive and collaborative design process.
A Heuristic Model to Measure Nonprofit Management Deficiency
Authors: Hunt Lawrence , Nooriafshar Mehryar , Krishnamurti Chandrasekhar
Published: October 2014

A mathematical technique to measure nonprofit management performance has eluded researchers for more than three decades. Traditional, analytical techniques have failed to find a solution that has broad acceptance. This problem raised the following question: will heuristic methodology provide an acceptable, approximate solution to the measurement of individual management deficiency in a nonprofit organisation? The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that a heuristic methodology can be used to build a model that will measure individual management deficiency and produce an assessment of management strengths and weaknesses for the board members of nonprofit organisations. The heuristic methodology known as simulated annealing was adopted in an attempt to find an acceptable, approximate solution to the measurement of individual management deficiency. A heuristic model was built and tested and satisfactory results were obtained. The results were validated by demonstrating that there was an alignment of the results produced by the heuristic model and those obtained by an alternate method. Therefore, it has been established that this heuristic model will produce an acceptable, approximate solution to the measurement of management deficiency across a wide range of factors in non-profit board members.
Comparison of Dexmedetomidine With Pentobarbital for Pediatric MRI Sedation
Authors: Teshome Getachew , Belani Kiran , Braun Janet L. , Constantine Diane R. , Gattu Rajender K. , Lichenstein Richard
Published: October 2014

Background and Objective:

Intravenous pentobarbital has been used in the past to sedate pediatric patients in preparation for MRI; however, the drug has unpredictable sedation time. Dexmedetomidine, because of its short half-life, is gaining popularity for pediatric MRI sedation in settings where the use of propofol is restricted for nonanesthesiologists. The objective was to compare induction time, recovery time, total sedation time, sedation failure rate, and adverse outcomes of patients sedated with pentobarbital and dexmedetomidine in preparation for pediatric MRI.

Methods:

We reviewed a sedation database that contains clinical data for all children undergoing MRI studies while sedated with pentobarbital or dexmedetomidine between May 15, 2008, and October 30, 2010.

Results:

During the study period, 281 sedations were induced in preparation for MRI (160 with pentobarbital, and 121 with dexmedetomidine). The 2 groups were comparable with regard to age, weight, gender, and American Society of Anesthesiologists status. The dexmedetomidine group had a significantly shorter recovery time (39 ± 21 vs 49 ± 27 minutes [P = .002]) and total sedation time (107 ± 28 vs 157 ± 44 minutes [P = .0001]). Induction time was similar between the groups. The adverse event rate for the study population was 3%.

Conclusions:

Dexmedetomidine and pentobarbital can both be used successfully for MRI sedation in children. However, dexmedetomidine had a significantly shorter recovery time and total sedation time in our population.