bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Propofol inhibits hypoxia/reoxygenation‐induced human gastric epithelial cell injury by suppressing the Toll‐like receptor 4 pathway
Authors: Zhang Jiao‐Li , Fei Su‐Juan , Qin Xia , Ye Hui‐Hui , Liu He‐Xia , Dai Xiao‐Jing , Zhang Yong‐Mei
Published: May 2013

This study aimed to investigate the role of the Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway in normal human gastric epithelial (GES‐1) cells under hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) in vitro, and the effect of propofol on injured GES‐1 cells as well as its possible mechanism. Before H/R induction, GES‐1 cells were preconditioned with fat emulsion, propofol, or epigallocatechin gallate. Then cell viability, cell apoptosis, and related molecules in the cells were analyzed under experimental conditions. We found that propofol 50 μmol/L markedly inhibited the H/R injury under hypoxia 1.5 h/reoxygenation 2 hours by promoting GES‐1 cell viability and decreasing cell apoptosis. The TLR4 signal may be involved in the protective effect of propofol against H/R injury. The malondialdehyde contents and superoxide dismutase activities were recovered under propofol preconditioning. In summary, propofol preconditioning may exert a protective effect on H/R injury in GES‐1 cells and the mechanism may be via inhibition of the activated TLR4 signal under H/R conditions.
Science, Technology and Social Formation in Medieval Assam
Authors: Kakoty Sanjeeb
Published: May 2013

The beginning of the Ahom dynasty in eastern Assam dates back to AD 1228. This kingdom, which was one of the longest reigning dynasties in India, continued until the beginning of nineteenth century. This book discusses the reasons behind the durability of this state. It analyses the factors that contributed both to development of Ahom and its eventual downfall through an examination of technology, production and system of governance. The author proposes a new categorisation of the Ahom state, which he calls the paik mode of production. This involves examination of the specific tools and technologies used in rice cultivation, varieties of rice cultivated, techniques of gunpowder manufacture, different kinds of guns and canons manufactured, system of guerrilla warfare and extent of civil construction. Overall the book presents a rich account of a lesser known region in India and opens up a new area of historical examination. The book will interest graduate students and academic researchers of South Asian History, especially with a focus on northeastern part of India. General readers interested in the history of Assam will also find this book useful.
Fighting Eviction
Authors: Buckles Daniel , Khedkar Rajeev , Ghevde Bansi , Patil Dnyaneshwar
Published: May 2013

This book discusses two development themes: the land and housing rights of Indias Adivasi, and methods for engaging marginalized people in action research. It focuses on a concrete problem enclosure and eviction of the Katkari, a primitive forest tribe, from their rural hamlets on the plains of Maharashtra. The book traces the evolving relationship between Adivasi and caste-based agrarian societies in modern India, and the transformation of the Katkari into bonded workers in brick kilns and charcoal operations, serving the urban and industrial interests of Greater Mumbai. Using rigorous and participatory methods adapted from different disciplines and theoretical perspectives it also recounts Katkari efforts to exercise their rights and illustrates what it means to do research with people rather than on people. The book will appeal to development practitioners and graduate students of Sociology, Anthropology, Development Studies and Tribal Studies.
Life on the Ganga
Authors: Doron Assa
Published: May 2013

This intriguing anthropological study investigates how the boatmen of Banaras have repositioned themselves within the traditional social organization and used their privileged position on the river to contest upper-caste and state domination. The author examines the evolution of the boatmen community, drawing on a variety of sources to illuminate the cultural politics of social and economic inequality in contemporary India. Life on the Ganga: Boatmen and the Ritual Economy of Banaras offers insight into recent debates about the cultural and historical forms of social practice and resistance at the juncture between tradition and the global economy, and will therefore appeal not only to anthropologists, but to anyone working in the field of development studies, globalization, religion, politics and cultural studies.
Lectures on Ergodic Theory and Pesin Theory on Compact Manifolds
Authors: Pollicott Mark
Published: May 2013

Pesin theory consists of the study of the theory of non-uniformly hyperbolic diffeomorphisms. The aim of this book is to provide the reader with a straightforward account of this theory, following the approaches of Katok and Newhouse. The notes are divided into two parts. The first develops the basic theory, starting with general ergodic theory and introducing Liapunov exponents. Part Two deals with the applications of Pesin theory and contains an account of the existence (and distribution) of periodic points. It closes with a look at stable manifolds, and gives some results on absolute continuity.
These lecture notes provide a unique introduction to Pesin theory and its applications. The author assumes that the reader has only a good background of undergraduate analysis and nothing further, so making the book accessible to complete newcomers to the field.
Combinatorial Matrix Theory
Authors: Brualdi Richard A. , Ryser Herbert J.
Published: May 2013

This book, first published in 1991, is devoted to the exposition of combinatorial matrix theory. This subject concerns itself with the use of matrix theory and linear algebra in proving results in combinatorics (and vice versa), and with the intrinsic properties of matrices viewed as arrays of numbers rather than algebraic objects in themselves. There are chapters dealing with the many connections between matrices, graphs, digraphs and bipartite graphs. The basic theory of network flows is developed in order to obtain existence theorems for matrices with prescribed combinatorial properties and to obtain various matrix decomposition theorems. Other chapters cover the permanent of a matrix, and Latin squares. The final chapter deals with algebraic characterizations of combinatorial properties and the use of combinatorial arguments in proving classical algebraic theorems, including the Cayley-Hamilton Theorem and the Jordan Canonical Form. The book is sufficiently self-contained for use as a graduate course text, but complete enough for a standard reference work on the basic theory. Thus it will be an essential purchase for combinatorialists, matrix theorists, and those numerical analysts working in numerical linear algebra.
Physical Gels from Biological and Synthetic Polymers
Authors: Djabourov Madeleine , Nishinari Katsuyoshi , Ross-Murphy Simon B.
Published: May 2013

Presenting a unique perspective on state-of-the-art physical gels, this interdisciplinary guide provides a complete, critical analysis of the field and highlights recent developments. It shows the interconnections between the key aspects of gels, from molecules and structure through to rheological and functional properties, with each chapter focusing on a different class of gel. There is also a final chapter covering innovative systems and applications, providing the information needed to understand current and future practical applications of gels in the pharmaceutical, agricultural, cosmetic, chemical and food industries. Many research teams are involved in the field of gels, including theoreticians, experimentalists and chemical engineers, but this interdisciplinary book collates and rationalises the many different points of view to provide a clear understanding of these complex systems for researchers and graduate students.
Reading Piers Plowman
Authors: Steiner Emily
Published: May 2013

Reading 'Piers Plowman' is an indispensable scholarly guide to a magnificent - and notoriously difficult - medieval poem. With 'Piers Plowman', the fourteenth-century poet William Langland proved that English verse could be at once spiritually electrifying and intellectually rigorous, capable of imagining society in its totality while at the same time exploring heady ideas about language, theology and culture. In her study of Piers Plowman, Emily Steiner explores how Langland's ambitious poetics emerged in dialogue with contemporary ideas; for example, about political counsel and gender, the ethics of poverty, Christian and pagan learning, lordship and servitude, and the long history of Christianity. Lucid and comprehensive, Steiner's study teaches us to stay alert to the poem's stunning effects while still making sense of its literary and historical contexts.
A History of the Cries of London
Authors: Hindley Charles
Published: May 2013

Charles Hindley (d.1893) wrote and edited many books on British popular literature and culture, including Curiosities of Street Literature (1871), Tavern Anecdotes and Sayings (1875) and The History of the Catnach Press (1886, also reissued in this series). This 1881 study traces the distinctive 'cries' of street traders in London from the time of Chaucer to the Victorian period and maintains Hindley's characteristic focus on people rather than mere facts. His use of nearly two hundred woodcuts, including many by Bewick, and his discussion of them at the beginning of the text, testifies to his enthusiasm for the printing press. Using evidence from 'broadsides, books or engravings', music and drama, Hindley vividly portrays the sights and sounds of the streets of London from many different periods, describing the vendors to be found in particular locations, and merchandise from cherries to ballad-sheets, shellfish to lavender, and scissors to ink.
Elements of South-Indian Palaeography, from the Fourth to the Seventeenth Century, AD
Authors: Burnell A. C.
Published: May 2013

Published in 1874, this groundbreaking monograph on the palaeography of southern India gained great scholarly acclaim. Arthur Coke Burnell (1840–82) served in the Indian Civil Service and as a judge, also building up a large collection of original or copied Sanskrit manuscripts. Originally intended as an introduction to his vast and pioneering Classified Index to the Sanskrit Manuscripts in the Palace at Tanjore (1880), this work won Burnell an honorary doctorate at the University of Strasbourg. Replete with documentary evidence, it contains copies and explanations of numerous texts, the decipherment of which threw new light upon an obscure chapter in the history of writing, offering new theories for dating the introduction of writing into India and the origin of southern Indian alphabets and numerals. Although Burnell's work has since been built on and sometimes superseded, this is still a much-cited resource in South Asian palaeography and epigraphy.
Sub-Riemannian Geometry
Authors: Calin Ovidiu , Chang Der-Chen
Published: May 2013

Sub-Riemannian manifolds are manifolds with the Heisenberg principle built in. This comprehensive text and reference begins by introducing the theory of sub-Riemannian manifolds using a variational approach in which all properties are obtained from minimum principles, a robust method that is novel in this context. The authors then present examples and applications, showing how Heisenberg manifolds (step 2 sub-Riemannian manifolds) might in the future play a role in quantum mechanics similar to the role played by the Riemannian manifolds in classical mechanics. Sub-Riemannian Geometry: General Theory and Examples is the perfect resource for graduate students and researchers in pure and applied mathematics, theoretical physics, control theory, and thermodynamics interested in the most recent developments in sub-Riemannian geometry.
James Outram: A Biography
Authors: Goldsmid F. J.
Published: May 2013

James Outram (1803–63) was a British East India Company Army officer who became a national hero after his successful campaign at Lucknow during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Outram, who was called the 'Bayard of India' for his military exploits, had spent most of his career in India and Afghanistan, where he was involved in numerous armed conflicts. He also worked as a political agent and had much success negotiating on behalf of the British with the Princely States. This two-volume biography of Outram, published in 1880, was written by Frederic John Goldsmid (1818–1908), a British Army officer and civil servant who also spent much of his career in India, and was involved in overseeing the construction of an Indo-European telegraph line before writing about Outram. Volume 2 covers Outram's involvement in the Anglo-Persian War, his role in the Indian Rebellion, and his final years.
Divination, Prediction and the End of the Roman Republic
Authors: Santangelo Federico
Published: May 2013

This book offers a comprehensive assessment of the intersection between Roman politics, culture and divination in the late Republic. It discusses how the practice of divination changed at a time of great political and social change and explores the evidence for a critical reflection and debate on the limits of divination and prediction in the second and first centuries BC. Divination was a central feature in the workings of the Roman government and this book explores the ways in which it changed under the pressure of factors of socio-political complexity and disruption. It discusses the ways in which the problem of the prediction of the future is constructed in the literature of the period. Finally, it explores the impact that the emergence of the Augustan regime had on the place of divination in Rome and the role that divinatory themes had in shaping the ideology of the new regime.
On Sledge and Horseback to Outcast Siberian Lepers
Authors: Marsden Kate
Published: May 2013

Kate Marsden (1859–1931), the youngest of eight children from a poor family, was a highly committed nurse. She cared for soldiers in the Russo-Turkish War in 1877–8, and undertook missionary travels to various countries, but she was especially concerned about the plight of those suffering from leprosy. This volume, published in 1893, describes her remarkable journey to Siberian leper colonies. At first she travelled by sledge with a friend, but continued alone on horseback, facing appalling weather conditions with her customary courage. Her commitment to leprosy sufferers led her to found the St Francis Leprosy Guild in London in 1895, and she organised a leprosy hospital in the remote Siberian town of Vilyusk in 1897. She was made a Member of the Russian Imperial Red Cross Society, and she was also one of the first women to be appointed a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society.
The Great Frozen Land (Bolshaia Zemelskija Tundra)
Authors: Jackson Frederick George
Published: May 2013

Frederick George Jackson (1860–1938) set out on his expedition from Vaygach Island with two objectives: to test his equipment for a future voyage much further north, and to study the Samoyeds. Although his goals seemed straightforward, they proved more difficult than expected to achieve. After being left on the island ahead of schedule without most of his food supplies, and with no interpreter, he found that his principal bargaining tool was tea, and that many of the areas he had hoped to explore were too dangerous. This account of his experiences, first published in 1895, provides a glimpse into the seemingly insuperable difficulties of a nineteenth-century Arctic expedition, and the unflappable way in which Jackson dealt with them. Including notes on distraught lemmings, Samoyed customs, and the linguistic annotations of the editor, Arthur Montefiore, this entertaining book will interest historians and curious modern-day travellers alike.
The Literary Life and Correspondence of the Countess of Blessington
Authors: Madden Richard Robert , Blessington Marguerite
Published: May 2013

Following her advantageous second marriage, the famous beauty Marguerite, Countess of Blessington (1789–1849), presided over one of London's most glittering salons, variously attended by Thomas Moore, Disraeli, Bulwer Lytton, and Dickens. After her husband's death in 1829, she augmented her income by writing, most notably her Conversations with Lord Byron, which recounted her acquaintance with the poet in Genoa. Despite considerable success, her debt-ridden establishment collapsed in 1849 and Lady Blessington fled to Paris, where she died. This 1855 biography and letters, in three volumes was edited by R. R. Madden (1798–1886), colonial administrator and Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, who had first met the Blessingtons in Naples in 1821. It illuminates the intriguing social role of the salon hostess and its many financial and emotional pressures. Volume 3 contains further brief biographies of her various correspondents, followed by their letters.
A Memoir of Sebastian Cabot
Authors: Biddle Richard
Published: May 2013

Richard Biddle (1796–1847), an American politician and lawyer, published this work on the life of the explorer and cartographer, Sebastian Cabot (c.1481–1557), anonymously in 1831. He was responding to widespread criticisms of Cabot - allegedly an unscrupulous character who played the governments of England and Spain to his own ends. The work includes notes on Sebastian's discoveries on the North American continent along with his father, John, and his search for the North-West Passage. As a governor of the Muscovy Company, Cabot initiated the expansion of English trade to Russia and the East. Cabot's own accounts of his journeys have been lost; therefore, Biddle's research is derived from other sources, particularly the writings of Richard Hakylut (c.1552–1616). This study was recognised at the time as the best review of the history of maritime discovery in the period treated, and prompted further research into the Cabot legacies.
An American in Iceland
Authors: Kneeland Samuel
Published: May 2013

Samuel Kneeland (1821–88), educated at Harvard and in Paris as a doctor, served as an army surgeon during the American Civil War. After the war, he returned to lecturing on physiology, and expanded his academic interests to zoology and to natural history in general. His expedition to Iceland was fuelled by a fascination with volcanoes, volcanic islands and the flora and fauna that abounded on them, but Kneeland was as much a cultural and historical tourist as a scientist, enjoying the millennial celebration of the first settlement by Norwegians, the spectacle of geyser eruptions, and the Norse history and traditions of the Icelanders. This 1876 work offers a chronological account of his party's travels through the Scottish islands and around Iceland, bringing a very individual touch to a description of the country, its culture and its outstanding landscapes.
Alfred, Lord Tennyson
Authors: Tennyson Hallam
Published: May 2013

Hallam Tennyson's biography of his father Alfred, Lord Tennyson, remains the authoritative source of information on the poet's life. Begun after his death in 1892 and published five years later, this work was produced in order to 'preclude the chance of further and unauthentic biographies', and is formed largely of a wealth of documentary evidence: the letters, journals, and personal reminiscences of the poet and those close to him. Adhering to Tennyson's wishes, on his death his son and wife destroyed over three-quarters of the 40,000 letters he left behind, but those selected and reprinted here nonetheless give a fascinating insight into the personal life of the poet; guarded and respectful in its commemorative tone, but avoiding overzealous eulogy or critical review. Volume 1 contains letters and manuscript notes from the period up to 1864, including those relating to the life and death of Tennyson's close friend, Arthur Hallam, and his own marriage.
A Compendious System of Astronomy
Authors: Bryan Margaret
Published: May 2013

Throughout her lifetime, Margaret Bryan (fl.1795–1816) ran several schools for girls. Although science and maths were not usually considered suitable subjects for young women, Bryan was convinced that the use of one's reasoning faculties was all but a religious obligation. She taught across a huge range of topics, including optics, trigonometry and the history of astronomy. This book is a collection of ten of her lectures and was first published in 1797. Largely non-technical and written for those without a thorough knowledge of mathematics, the lectures explain contemporary science as simply as possible, using everyday experiments and clear diagrams. From astronomical predictions for the flooding of the Nile in Ancient Egypt to Newton's theory of the aether, the material covered is still readable and fascinating today, and represents a remarkable example of female scholarship long before the acceptance of the first woman into the Royal Society.
Autobiography
Authors: Conway Moncure Daniel
Published: May 2013

Published in 1904, three years before his death, Conway's Autobiography is a peaceful and introspective account of a compelling life. Born to a slave-owning Methodist family in Virginia, Conway (1832–1907) turned away from his roots to become a proponent of anti-slavery, free religion, reform and women's suffrage. Observing and becoming involved in the developments of late nineteenth-century religious, political, scientific, literary and artistic thought, he formed friendships with central figures of the age, such as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Thomas Carlyle, which feature in the work alongside his devoted family life. Volume 1 describes his childhood and education; antebellum Virginia and Maryland; Concord and Harvard with Emerson, Hawthorne, and Thoreau; and Washington and Cincinnati on the eve of civil war. It also covers his arrival in England in 1863 and his first encounters at London's South Place Chapel and in the circles of social, legal and religious reform.
Lexicon Platonicum
Authors: Ast Friedrich
Published: May 2013

The German philosopher and philologist Friedrich Ast (1778–1841) published this monumental lexicon in three volumes (1835–8). A professor of classical literature at the University of Landshut and member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences, Ast wrote widely on the history of philosophy. He edited a complete edition of Plato with Latin translation, identifying spurious interpolations and false attributions, using this as a basis for his Lexicon. The work is arranged alphabetically, Volume 3 (1838) covering Pi to Omega. The entries give citations both from Plato and from later works that extensively quote Plato. Though the Lexicon met with criticism for omissions of particles, prepositions and proper names, and the lack of systematic arrangement, it had a high reputation throughout the nineteenth century. It remains a milestone in Plato scholarship and is an indispensable resource for readers interested in the history of philology and methods in textual criticism.
Bibliotheca Spenceriana
Authors: Dibdin Thomas Frognall
Published: May 2013

At his death, George Spencer (1758–1834) had created the greatest private library in Europe. At the time, many aristocrats were spending huge sums acquiring rare printed books. With monastic and aristocratic libraries in Europe being dissolved, collectors had access to thousands of examples. The Second Earl Spencer's interests were in English 'black-letter' printing, especially the works of Caxton, and continental incunables, particularly first editions of Greek and Latin classics. Thomas Dibdin (1776–1847) was employed as Spencer's librarian and visited Europe searching for new acquisitions. Published in 1814–15, this catalogue is of the earliest and rarest items in the collection. Each is described in detail, with reproductions of woodcuts and engravings, making this a fascinating record of one man's commitment to collecting the earliest examples of this revolutionary invention. Volume 1 covers the collection's oldest items, including a Gutenberg Bible and work by the great Nicholas Jenson.
Unexplored Syria
Authors: Burton Richard Francis , Drake Charles Frederick Tyrwhitt
Published: May 2013

After his diplomatic sojourn in Syria as consul in Damascus, Richard Francis Burton (1821–90) published, in 1872, this two-volume account of nineteenth-century Syria. It is the result of collaboration with several partners with specific expertise, primarily Charles Frederick Tyrwhitt Drake (1846–74) but also Burton's wife. Throughout his life Burton immersed himself in as many different cultures as possible. His natural aptitude for languages and disguise allowed him to frequently pass himself off as a native. The two years he was consul were eventful, including local uprisings, an assassination attempt and religious strife. This work reveals the unknown and extraordinary side of Syria. In Volume 1, Burton and Drake use their experiences of living and travelling in the country, and those of friends and colleagues, to explore the geography, natural history, politics and culture of remote provinces.
Very-low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet v. low-fat diet for long-term weight loss: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Bueno Nassib Bezerra , de Melo Ingrid Sofia Vieira , de Oliveira Suzana Lima , da Rocha Ataide Terezinha
Published: May 2013

The role of very-low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets (VLCKD) in the long-term management of obesity is not well established. The present meta-analysis aimed to investigate whether individuals assigned to a VLCKD (i.e. a diet with no more than 50 g carbohydrates/d) achieve better long-term body weight and cardiovascular risk factor management when compared with individuals assigned to a conventional low-fat diet (LFD; i.e. a restricted-energy diet with less than 30 % of energy from fat). Through August 2012, MEDLINE, CENTRAL, ScienceDirect, Scopus, LILACS, SciELO, ClinicalTrials.gov and grey literature databases were searched, using no date or language restrictions, for randomised controlled trials that assigned adults to a VLCKD or a LFD, with 12 months or more of follow-up. The primary outcome was body weight. The secondary outcomes were TAG, HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, glucose, insulin, HbA1c and C-reactive protein levels. A total of thirteen studies met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. In the overall analysis, five outcomes revealed significant results. Individuals assigned to a VLCKD showed decreased body weight (weighted mean difference − 0·91 (95 % CI − 1·65, − 0·17) kg, 1415 patients), TAG (weighted mean difference − 0·18 (95 % CI − 0·27, − 0·08) mmol/l, 1258 patients) and diastolic blood pressure (weighted mean difference − 1·43 (95 % CI − 2·49, − 0·37) mmHg, 1298 patients) while increased HDL-C (weighted mean difference 0·09 (95 % CI 0·06, 0·12) mmol/l, 1257 patients) and LDL-C (weighted mean difference 0·12 (95 % CI 0·04, 0·2) mmol/l, 1255 patients). Individuals assigned to a VLCKD achieve a greater weight loss than those assigned to a LFD in the long term; hence, a VLCKD may be an alternative tool against obesity.
Red meat consumption is associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes in men but not in women: a Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study
Authors: Kurotani Kayo , Nanri Akiko , Goto Atsushi , Mizoue Tetsuya , Noda Mitsuhiko , Oba Shino , Kato Masayuki , Matsushita Yumi , Inoue Manami , Tsugane Shoichiro ,   for the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study Group
Published: May 2013

The relationship between different types of meat intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes remains unclear. We prospectively examined the association between total meat, total red meat, unprocessed red meat, processed meat and poultry intake and the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Subjects were 27 425 men and 36 424 women aged 45–75 years who participated in the second survey of the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study, and had no history of type 2 diabetes, cancer, stroke, IHD, chronic liver disease or kidney disease. Meat intake was estimated using a validated 147-item FFQ. OR of self-reported, physician-diagnosed type 2 diabetes over 5 years were estimated using a multiple logistic regression. A total of 1178 newly diagnosed cases of type 2 diabetes were self-reported. Intakes of total meat and total red meat were associated with the increased risk of type 2 diabetes in men but not in women. The multivariate-adjusted OR for the highest quartile compared with the lowest quartile of total meat and total red meat intake were 1·36 (95 % CI 1·07, 1·73; P for trend = 0·006) and 1·48 (95 % CI 1·15, 1·90; P for trend = 0·003) for men, respectively, and 0·82 (95 % CI 0·62, 1·09; P for trend = 0·14) and 0·77 (95 % CI 0·57, 1·02; P for trend = 0·08) for women, respectively. Intakes of processed red meat and poultry were not associated with the increased risk of diabetes in either men or women. In conclusion, elevated intake of red meat is associated with the increased risk of type 2 diabetes in Japanese men but not in women.
A new Eugeniella from a small Atlantic rainforest remnant in Sergipe, NE Brazil
Authors: CÁCERES Marcela Eugenia da Silva , ANDRADE Dannyelly Santos , OCÉA Grayce Kelly , APTROOT André
Published: May 2013

The new species Eugeniella nigrodisca is described from Fazenda Cafuz, Serra de Itabaiana, Sergipe, NE Brazil, where it was found on bark. It is characterized by the clavate, consistently 7-septate ascospores.
EumitrioidUsneaspecies (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) in tropical South America and the Galapagos
Authors: TRUONG Camille , CLERC Philippe
Published: May 2013

EumitrioidUsneaspecies are characterized by a tubular central axis throughout the entire thallus. Four species were identified in South America:Usnea baileyiis a (sub-) tropical species occurring both in continental South America and the Galapagos;U. perplectatahas a scattered distribution worldwide and occurs in continental South America, mainly on the eastern range;U. flaveolaand the newly described speciesU. subflaveolaare both so far endemic to the Neotropical Andes. Distinct chemotypes, as well as anatomical characters, such as the thickness ratio of the medulla or the presence of medullar pigmentation, are diagnostic in delimiting these species. A detailed description of the species is provided together with an identification key.
Rediscovery of pycnidia inThamnolia vermicularis: implications for chemotype occurrence and distribution
Authors: LORD Janice M. , KNIGHT Allison , BANNISTER Jennifer M. , LUDWIG Lars R. , MALCOLM William M. , ORLOVICH David A.
Published: May 2013

Thamnolia vermicularisis a globally widespread arctic-alpine lichen with two distinct chemotypes. The intermixing of these chemotypes at the local scale and lack of genetic variation between them is puzzling given the apparent absence of specialized reproductive structures. Apothecia and conidiomata were originally reported forThamnoliain the second half of the 19th century, but putative apothecia proved to be parasitic in origin. This study presents conclusive microscopic evidence for the existence of pycnidial conidiomata containing conidia on thalli ofThamnolia vermicularisfrom geographically widespread locations. Sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA from excised pycnidial conidiomata matched that of thallus tips from individualThamnoliathalli. Our examination of the historic literature found that the occurrence of pycnidial conidiomata was never disproved, but this information was lost from the post-1920s English-language literature. Our rediscovery of pycnidial conidiomata indicates thatThamnolia vermicularispossesses a reproductive strategy with the potential for long-distance dispersal of multitudes of mitotically produced conidia, providing a plausible explanation for the cosmopolitan distribution of the species and the low levels of genetic variation among populations. Reversible processes, for example alternative splicing, warrant consideration as explanations for chemotype intermixing.
Detection of Protein Structure of Frozen Ancient Human Remains Recovered from a Glacier in Canada Using Synchrotron Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy
Authors: Quaroni Luca , Christensen Colleen R. , Chen Becky , Vogl Wayne , Monsalve Maria Victoria
Published: May 2013

We previously used synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy to describe the biochemical signature of skeletal muscle (biceps brachii) from the frozen ancient remains of a young man. In this current paper, we use light microscopy to assess the state of preservation of cellular components in the trapezius muscle from these same ancient remains and then use mid-infrared analysis at the Canadian Light Source synchrotron facility to further analyze the tissue. We compare spectra between the trapezius samples from the ancient remains and a recently deceased cadaver (control). Infrared spectra indicate preservation of secondary structure, with the α-helix being the principal component, along with triple helical portions of the protein backbone. Our mid-infrared analysis indicates an energy reserve in the skeletal muscle in the ancient remains.
The formation of growth coalitions: the role of the rural sector
Authors: GRABOWSKI RICHARD
Published: May 2013

The political elite require resources in order to survive politically. Given the conditions existing in most developing nations, this implies following an inward-oriented development strategy promoting a large-scale, capital-intensive industrial sector. This strategy impoverishes agriculture and implies that the leaders of the industrial sector will make up a critical component of the coalition providing political support to the political elite. Reform allowing for outward-oriented growth will be extremely difficult. Dramatically increasing agricultural productivity provides a means to provide political legitimacy for the ruling elite as well as the political leverage to bring about reform.
Economics of identity and economics of the firm: why and how their three central questions overlap
Authors: BOULU-RESHEF BÉATRICE
Published: May 2013

This paper shows how the literature on identity can enhance the so-far underdeveloped appreciation of social context in the theory of the firm. While taking context into account, I explain why the literatures overlap in significant ways and I propose an analytical map which relies on and matches the three central questions of both literatures. The three central questions on identity – identification, individuation and multiple social identities – are coupled respectively with the three central questions on the firm – the nature of the firm, internal organization and firm boundaries. This identity-based extension of the economics of the firm contributes to the organization of the literature by extending the analysis of identity to questions that go beyond the primary question of identification. In doing so, it identifies two key research agendas: the role of internal organization in enabling individuation and the role of firm boundaries in enabling collective intentions.
Work Engagement Among Employees Facing Emotional Demands
Authors: Xanthopoulou Despoina , Bakker Arnold B. , Fischbach Andrea
Published: May 2013

This two-wave study examined work engagement as a function of personal resources and emotionally demanding conditions at work. We hypothesized that personal resources (self-efficacy and optimism) buffer the effect of emotional demands and emotion-rule dissonance on work engagement. Furthermore, we expected that emotional demands/dissonance boost the effect of personal resources on work engagement. One-hundred sixty-three employees, who provide service to customers, participated at both measurement times. Analyses supported (a) the buffering hypothesis, since emotional demands and dissonance related negatively to work engagement when self-efficacy – but not optimism – was low, and (b) the boosting hypothesis, since self-efficacy – but not optimism – related positively to engagement particularly when emotional demands and dissonance were high.
Proteolysis of meat and bone meal to increase utilisation
Authors: Piazza G. J. , Garcia R. A.
Published: May 2013

Meat and bone meal (MBM), an important by-product of the meat industry, is the ground, rendered remainder of farm animals after removal of the hide and meat. Most protein in MBM is insoluble, which limits its usefulness. Defatted, milled porcine MBM was subjected to saturating amounts of trypsin, a selective protease, and subtilisin, a protease with broad selectivity. Samples were withdrawn over a 48-h time course of hydrolysis and filtered to remove insoluble material. The rate at which the MBM protein was converted to a soluble form was equivalent for both proteases. Over the time course, trypsin generated fewer free amino groups than did subtilisin, and at a specified time, the molecular weight (MW) of the soluble trypsin hydrolysate was higher than that of the subtilisin hydrolysate. Assay of amino group formation showed that the proteases were still active even after soluble protein generation had ceased. The hydrolysates are useful for a variety of food and non-food uses. The hydrolysates were tested for flocculation activity in an ongoing effort to find sources for renewable flocculant. Kaolin flocculant activity was observed with the soluble fraction obtained before hydrolysis of MBM and also observed with the relatively high MW hydrolysates from short treatment with trypsin and subtilisin. Low MW fractions obtained from by subtilisin treatment at 30–48 h also showed kaolin-settling ability, probably through a coagulation or charge neutralisation process.
Specimens and the Currency of Honour: the Museum Trade of Ferdinand von Mueller
Authors: Lucas A. M.
Published: May 2013

As Royal Cabinets were converted to modern museums of natural history during the nineteenth century, European States used appointments to Orders of chivalry to encourage the supply of specimens. The Melbourne botanist Ferdinand von Mueller developed as a middleman a private trade in zoological specimens to accumulate an exceptional number of such memberships. He supplied museums in many countries but, in exchange for ennoblement by the King of W�rttemberg, concentrated his supply on the museum in Stuttgart. Mueller managed his botanical collecting network by recognizing his suppliers in the scientific literature and also supplied international herbaria, to his own scientific benefit by receiving specimens in exchange.
Written plans: an overlooked mechanism to develop recovery-oriented primary care for depression?
Authors: Palmer Victoria J. , Johnson Caroline L. , Furler John S. , Densley Konstancja , Potiriadis Maria , Gunn Jane M.
Published: May 2013

There is a global shift to foster patient-centred and recovery-oriented mental health services. This has resulted from the expansion of how the concept of recovery is understood in mental health literature and practice. Recovery is now more than a return to function or reduction in symptoms; it is a subjective, individualised and multi-faceted experience. To date there has not been investigation of how recovery-oriented services can be translated and implemented into the primary mental health care system. This paper presents the results of a survey from a prospective cohort of primary care patients with probable depression about the importance of written plans to recover. The benefits of having a written plan to recover from depression, as outlined by the participants, were analysed using Leximancer software. The findings provide insights into how written plans may be an important mechanism for implementing a recovery-oriented primary mental health care system. We conclude that the benefits of a written plan provide insight into how patients conceptualise recovery.
Emissions of air pollutants by Canadian wildfires from 2000 to 2004
Authors: Lavoué David , Stocks Brian J.
Published: May 2013

A wildfire emission model, based on the Canadian Forest Fire Behaviour Prediction System and the Canadian weather forecast Global Environmental Multiscale model, was applied to forest fires that occurred in Canada between 2000 and 2004. Emissions of 21 chemical species and injection heights were calculated hourly for a regular 0.4° grid, with injection heights corresponding to the maximum altitude reached by a convective plume over a fire every hour. Wildfire emissions were compared with anthropogenic fossil fuel combustion sources at provincial, territorial and national levels. The 2002 fire season in central Quebec accounted for ~30, 60 and 80% of the annual primary greenhouse gases, carbon monoxide and black carbon emissions respectively for that province. In 2003, fires represented 60 and 20% of greenhouse gas emissions in Manitoba and British Columbia respectively. During the 2004 fire season in north-western Canada, when area burned was above average, fires were responsible for almost all greenhouse gas emissions occurring in the sparsely populated Yukon Territory and Northwest Territories. On average, between 2000 and 2004, fires contributed 10, 30 and 40% of Canadian annual greenhouse gases, CO and black carbon emissions respectively. This methodology for calculating wildland fire emissions is also applicable to other regions of the world.
Parkin overexpression during aging reduces proteotoxicity, alters mitochondrial dynamics, and extends lifespan
Authors: Rana Anil , Rera Michael , Walker David W.
Published: May 2013

Aberrant protein aggregation and mitochondrial dysfunction have each been linked to aging and a number of age-onset neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson disease. Loss-of-function mutations in
parkin
, an E3 ubiquitin ligase that functions to promote the ubiquitin–proteasome system of protein degradation and also in mitochondrial quality control, have been implicated in heritable forms of Parkinson disease. The question of whether
parkin
can modulate aging or positively impact longevity, however, has not been addressed. Here, we show that ubiquitous or neuron-specific up-regulation of Parkin, in adult
Drosophila melanogaster
, increases both mean and maximum lifespan without reducing reproductive output, physical activity, or food intake. Long-lived Parkin-overexpressing flies display an increase in K48-linked polyubiquitin and reduced levels of protein aggregation during aging. Recent evidence suggests that Parkin interacts with the mitochondrial fission/fusion machinery to mediate the turnover of dysfunctional mitochondria. However, the relationships between
parkin
gene activity, mitochondrial dynamics, and aging have not been explored. We show that the mitochondrial fusion-promoting factor
Drosophila
Mitofusin, a Parkin substrate, increases in abundance during aging. Parkin overexpression results in reduced
Drosophila
Mitofusin levels in aging flies, with concomitant changes in mitochondrial morphology and an increase in mitochondrial activity. Together, these findings reveal roles for Parkin in modulating organismal aging and provide insight into the molecular mechanisms linking aging to neurodegeneration.
Modeling nuclear volume isotope effects in crystals
Authors: Schauble Edwin A.
Published: May 2013

Mass-independent isotope fractionations driven by differences in volumes and shapes of nuclei (the field shift effect) are known in several elements and are likely to be found in more. All-electron relativistic electronic structure calculations can predict this effect but at present are computationally intensive and limited to modeling small gas phase molecules and clusters. Density functional theory, using the projector augmented wave method (DFT-PAW), has advantages in greater speed and compatibility with a three-dimensional periodic boundary condition while preserving information about the effects of chemistry on electron densities within nuclei. These electron density variations determine the volume component of the field shift effect. In this study, DFT-PAW calculations are calibrated against all-electron, relativistic Dirac–Hartree–Fock, and coupled-cluster with single, double (triple) excitation methods for estimating nuclear volume isotope effects. DFT-PAW calculations accurately reproduce changes in electron densities within nuclei in typical molecules, when PAW datasets constructed with finite nuclei are used. Nuclear volume contributions to vapor–crystal isotope fractionation are calculated for elemental cadmium and mercury, showing good agreement with experiments. The nuclear-volume component of mercury and cadmium isotope fractionations between atomic vapor and montroydite (HgO), cinnabar (HgS), calomel (Hg
2
Cl
2
), monteponite (CdO), and the CdS polymorphs hawleyite and greenockite are calculated, indicating preferential incorporation of neutron-rich isotopes in more oxidized, ionically bonded phases. Finally, field shift energies are related to Mössbauer isomer shifts, and equilibrium mass-independent fractionations for several tin-bearing crystals are calculated from
119
Sn spectra. Isomer shift data should simplify calculations of mass-independent isotope fractionations in other elements with Mössbauer isotopes, such as platinum and uranium.
Mechanism for nitrogen isotope fractionation during ammonium assimilation by
Escherichia coli
K12
Authors: Vo Jason , Inwood William , Hayes John M. , Kustu Sydney
Published: May 2013

Organisms that use ammonium as the sole nitrogen source discriminate between [
15
N] and [
14
N] ammonium. This selectivity leaves an isotopic signature in their biomass that depends on the external concentration of ammonium. To dissect how differences in discrimination arise molecularly, we examined a wild-type (WT) strain of
Escherichia coli
K12 and mutant strains with lesions affecting ammonium-assimilatory proteins. We used isotope ratio mass spectrometry (MS) to assess the nitrogen isotopic composition of cell material when the strains were grown in batch culture at either high or low external concentrations of NH
3
(achieved by controlling total NH
4
Cl and pH of the medium). At high NH
3
(≥0.89 µM), discrimination against the heavy isotope by the WT strain (−19.2‰) can be accounted for by the equilibrium isotope effect for dissociation of NH
4
+
to NH
3
+ H
+
. NH
3
equilibrates across the cytoplasmic membrane, and glutamine synthetase does not manifest an isotope effect in vivo. At low NH
3
(≤0.18 µM), discrimination reflects an isotope effect for the NH
4
+
channel AmtB (−14.1‰). By making
E. coli
dependent on the low-affinity ammonium-assimilatory pathway, we determined that biosynthetic glutamate dehydrogenase has an inverse isotope effect in vivo (+8.8‰). Likewise, by making unmediated diffusion of NH
3
across the cytoplasmic membrane rate-limiting for cell growth in a mutant strain lacking AmtB, we could deduce an in vivo isotope effect for transport of NH
3
across the membrane (−10.9‰). The paper presents the raw data from which our conclusions were drawn and discusses the assumptions underlying them.
Optimal fold symmetry of LH2 rings on a photosynthetic membrane
Authors: Cleary Liam , Chen Hang , Chuang Chern , Silbey Robert J. , Cao Jianshu
Published: May 2013

An intriguing observation of photosynthetic light-harvesting systems is the
N
-fold symmetry of light-harvesting complex 2 (LH2) of purple bacteria. We calculate the optimal rotational configuration of
N
-fold rings on a hexagonal lattice and establish two related mechanisms for the promotion of maximum excitation energy transfer (EET). (
i
) For certain fold numbers, there exist optimal basis cells with rotational symmetry, extendable to the entire lattice for the global optimization of the EET network. (
ii
) The type of basis cell can reduce or remove the frustration of EET rates across the photosynthetic network. We find that the existence of a basis cell and its type are directly related to the number of matching points
S
between the fold symmetry and the hexagonal lattice. The two complementary mechanisms provide selection criteria for the fold number and identify groups of consecutive numbers. Remarkably, one such group consists of the naturally occurring 8-, 9-, and 10-fold rings. By considering the inter-ring distance and EET rate, we demonstrate that this group can achieve minimal rotational sensitivity in addition to an optimal packing density, achieving robust and efficient EET. This corroborates our findings
i
and
ii
and, through their direct relation to
S
, suggests the design principle of matching the internal symmetry with the lattice order.