bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Financing the Future: The Lessons of Innovative Finance and the TIES That Bind
Authors: Keohane Georgia Levenson
Published: September 2017

A globalized world means that the challenges we face are not confined to any one geography or sector; nor must be the solutions. Local carbon emissions produce global warming. Epidemics spread with rapid and cruel caprice. Conflict drives people over fences and oceans in search of sanctuary. Poverty exacerbates all of these problems, and investing in its alleviation is the paramount public good. Accordingly, innovative finance allows and encourages integrative, borderless thinking that makes critical linkages and investments across issues and regions: poverty and environmental degradation, public health and global warming, humanitarian disasters and long-term resilience, and community development that is both place- and people-centric. That is why, when it comes to finance, innovation is not so much about a new product or service as it is about creative application in different circumstances: an expert in securitization who translates future development aid pledges into vaccines today; an entrepreneur who turns a mobile phone into pay-as-you-go solar electricity; the conversion of pay-for-success contracts from bridges and roads to affordable housing, early childhood education, and maternal health. This adaptive approach—the ability to think beyond bounds, to overcome market failure in one context with market solutions from another—is a hallmark of innovative finance....
Revolutionary Cinema and the Logic of Reform
Authors: Atwood Blake
Published: September 2017

Establishes reform as a cinematic category, the inheritor of revolutionary cinema in certain state-controlled cinemas. It surveys the contentious position of film in revolutionary discourse in Iran and connects "reform cinema" to the scholarship on Third Cinema and Post-Third Cinema aesthetics. This chapter also establishes Mohammad Khatami's professional career as an organizing scheme for the book and discusses the tenets most important to his political platform.
Video Democracies
Authors: Atwood Blake
Published: September 2017

This chapter speaks to the ways in which reform cinema was wrapped up in the technological changes during Khatami’s presidency. In particular, video technology, which was banned in Iran between 1982 and 1993, gained widespread acceptance during Khatami’s presidency. Meanwhile, the proliferation of digital video at the beginning of the 21st century was changing what it meant to make and watch movies around the world. Abbas Kiarostami’s Taste of Cherry (1997) and Ten (2002) and Bahman Farmanara’s The Smell of Camphor, the Scent of Jasmine (2001) speak to this changing technology, and they play with video in order to show how this technology was democratizing filmmaking in Iran. This chapter contextualizes Kiarostami’s and Farmanara’s films by suggesting a history of video technology in Iran, one which demonstrates that the changing cultural value of video developed in tandem with Khatami’s discourse of reform.
Who Killed the Tough Guy?
Authors: Atwood Blake
Published: September 2017

This chapter moves beyond the art-house films that typically determine the scholarship on Iranian cinema and asks how Khatami’s presidency impacted popular cinema as well. A comparison between Mas’ud Kimiai’s Protest (1999) and Qeysar (1969) foregrounds a discussion about the fate of the tough guy film, a genre popular both before and after the Revolution of 1978-1979. While Qeysar celebrates vigilante justice and creating a space in which one’s moral code supersedes the rule of law, Protest kills its vigilante character and replaces him with a new hero, a thoughtful, sensitive man who discusses politics and thinks critically about the Reformist Movement. In this way, Protest announces the death of the tough guy genre in Iranian cinema, a death initiated not by revolution but rather by the rise of Reformist Movement.
Film Archives and Online Videos
Authors: Atwood Blake
Published: September 2017

With the end of Khatami's eight-year presidency in mind, chapter 6 attends to the legacy of reform cinema by examining Massoud Bakhshi’s Tehran Has No More Pomegranates (2007), an experimental documentary, and the music video "Love of Speed" (2007), performed by the underground band Kiosk and released on YouTube. Bakhshi’s film and Kiosk’s video establish that reform cinema as an aesthetic movement functions outside of the temporal limits of its political antecedent. Although both works were released two years after Khatami’s presidency ended, and did not benefit directly from his cultural liberalism, they still participate in central reformist debates.
Justified and Unjustified Belief
Authors: Shapiro Larry
Published: September 2017

Some beliefs are justified, some not. Some beliefs are true, some not. Even justified beliefs might be false, and even true beliefs might not be justified. These ideas are important for understanding why beliefs in miracles, even if true, may not be justified.
Justifying Belief in Improbable Events
Authors: Shapiro Larry
Published: September 2017

Miracles are supposed to be extraordinarily rare. But a mathematical result shows that the rarer a phenomenon, the more reliable any testimony regarding its occurrence must be in order for us to be justified in believing it. This means that testimony on behalf of miracles must be especially good if it is to be accepted as true.
Jesus’s Resurrection
Authors: Shapiro Larry
Published: September 2017

The lessons of the previous chapter can be applied to the New Testament account of Jesus's resurrection. Should the testimony in the New Testament be taken to justify belief that Jesus was resurrected? It fails in this task because the sources on which the New Testament depend were unreliable, and the processes by which today's version of the New Testament was produced were also unreliable. Belief in Jesus's resurrection fails to meet the proper standard of justification.
Should We Care That Beliefs in Miracles Are Unjustified?
Authors: Shapiro Larry
Published: September 2017

Perhaps one should continue to believe in miracles even granting that such a belief is unjustified. But, just as one seeks more justification for a serious medical diagnosis than for an insignificant one, so too one should desire justification for a belief in miracles if such a belief plays an important role in your life. Surprisingly, faith makes more sense for those who don't care about miracles in the first place.
Incomparable Empires
Authors: Rogers Gayle
Published: September 2017

The Spanish-American War of 1898 seems to mark a turning point in both geopolitical and literary histories. The victorious American empire ascended and began its cultural domination of the globe in the twentieth century, while the once-mighty Spanish empire declined and became a minor state in the world republic of letters. But what if this narrative relies on several faulty assumptions?
Following networks of American and Spanish writers, translators, and movements, Gayle Rogers uncovers the arguments that forged the politics and aesthetics of modernism. He revisits the role of empire—from its institutions to its cognitive effects—in shaping a nation’s literature and culture. Ranging from universities to comparative practices, from Ezra Pound’s failed ambitions as a Hispanist to Juan Ramón Jiménez’s multilingual maps of modernismo, Rogers illuminates modernists’ profound engagements with the formative dynamics of exceptionalist American and Spanish literary studies. He reads the provocative, often counterintuitive arguments of John Dos Passos, who held that “American literature” could only flourish if the expanding U.S. empire collapsed like Spain’s did. And he also details both a controversial theorization of a Harlem–Havana–Madrid nexus for black modernist writing and Ernest Hemingway’s unorthodox development of a version of cubist Spanglish in For Whom the Bell Tolls. Bringing together revisionary literary historiography and rich textual analyses, Rogers offers a striking account of why foreign literatures mattered so much to two dramatically changing countries at a pivotal moment in history.
Introduction
Authors: Rogers Gayle
Published: September 2017

Spaniards know that there is no agreement, neither the landscape with the houses, neither the round with the cube, neither the great number with the small number, it was natural that a Spaniard [Picasso] should express this in the painting of the twentieth century, the century where nothing is in agreement, neither the round with the cube, neither the landscape with the houses, neither the large quantity with the small quantity. America and Spain have this thing in common, that is why Spain discovered America and America Spain, in fact it is for this reason that both of them have found their moment in the twentieth century....
Restaging the Disaster
Authors: Rogers Gayle
Published: September 2017

Demonstrates how the young leftist Dos Passos hoped, during World War I, that a collapse of the bourgeoning American empire might be a boon for the American literature he scorned, just as Spain’s imperial loss in 1898 had been for its writers. This chapter situates his work against his own father’s celebrations of “Anglo-Saxon” empire and against his fellow socialist, anti-imperialist, and Hispanophile William Dean Howells’s readings of American literature’s rise and of Spanish realist novels. His contribution, then, is to reduce and unravel “American literature” by using Spain’s imperial decline and literary rise as its comparative foil, a tactic that he ends up reversing in Spain in 1937 when he effects his turn to the political right of US nationalism.
Negro and Negro
Authors: Rogers Gayle
Published: September 2017

Examines the reception of black US writing in Spain in order to contextualize and defamiliarize it as literatura negra norte-americana. By studying the translations, anthologies, and bilingual Spanish-English texts in which works by Hughes and Claude McKay appeared alongside works by leading figures of the Afro-Caribbean negrismo movement (Nicolás Guillén and Emilio Ballagas), this chapter reveals the ways in which black diasporic writing was given a unique new genealogy. Moving away from the Francophone négritude movement and reducing Africa to a source of a remote cultural past, figures like Ballagas collaborated with Spanish critics like Guillermo de Torre to reinterpret contemporary black writing as produced distinctly by the crossings of the US and Spanish empires. US black writing thus illuminated and complicated Spain’s racial past. Hughes, in turn, became for Spaniards and Spanish Americans alike the poet of an uncertain vision of blackness and leftist revolution. This vision was adopted by the Spanish Republicans during the civil war, just as they were paradoxically purging any notion of Moorish “blackness” or Africanism from their own political identity—something that Hughes himself engaged when he translated their poems on “Moorish traitors.”
Between the Heavenly and the Human
Authors: Yü Ying-shih
Published: September 2017

This article traces the origin and development of the first spiritual awakening in Chinese intellectual tradition during what some scholars call the age of “axial breakthrough”. It defines this awakening as an “inward transcendence” that helped re-orient the path of the Chinese value system, and distinguishes it from other forms of transcendence that occurred in the similar time period.
New Evidence on the Early Chinese Conception of Afterlife
Authors: Yü Ying-shih
Published: September 2017

This extended review article discusses how various death-related myths of pre-Buddhist origins helped reveal both early Chinese beliefs about the hereafter and basic Chinese values regarding the nature and meaning of life, as does the symbolism of funeral rituals in practically all cultures.
Food in Chinese Culture
Authors: Yü Ying-shih
Published: September 2017

This article summarizes virtually all of the articles of food and culinary methods and tools in ancient China in the Han Dynasty. It reveals a major aspect of Han culture through its food and culinary methods.
The Seating Order at the Hong Men Banquet
Authors: Yü Ying-shih
Published: September 2017

Through investigating historical examples from both literary and archaeological sources, this essay discusses how and why the seating order at the Hongmen banquet of Xiang Yu and Liu Bang, competitors for the Han throne in the third century B.C.E., reveals the limitations of Xiang Yu’s aristocratic background and thus serves as a harbinger of his later defeat by Liu Bang. It also demonstrates how and why Xiang Yu made a great mistake in giving up his idea of killing Liu.
Individualism and the Neo-Daoist Movement in Wei-Jin China
Authors: Yü Ying-shih
Published: September 2017

This study explores the Neo-Daoist movement as an example of one type of Chinese individualism. It shows how this individualism arose along with the profound social and intellectual crisis at the end of the Han and carried on into the Wei-Jin period. In contrast to the generally accepted political interpretation, this essay demonstrates that the transition from Confucianism to Neo-Daoism in the Wei-Jin period can be more sensibly viewed as an outgrowth of the discovery of the individual. It concludes with the reconciliation of Daoist individualism and Confucian ritualism in the late fourth century.
The Intellectual World of Jiao Hong Revisited
Authors: Yü Ying-shih
Published: September 2017

This essay is a critical review of Edward T. Ch’ien’s Chiao Hung and the Restructuring of Neo-Confucianism in the Late Ming (1986). After a re-studying of Jiao Hong’s basic writings as well as other related texts of the late Ming period, this review points out how and why Ch’ien’s depiction of the life and thought of this important late Ming intellectual is more than problematic. Ch’ien is seen to be asking phenomenological-structuralist questions of Jiao Hong’s texts, not placing them in their historical context, and thus misrepresenting or distorting what the author actually said in these texts.
Toward an Interpretation of the Intellectual Transition in Seventeenth-Century China
Authors: Yü Ying-shih
Published: September 2017

This is a positive review of Wm. Theodore de Bary, ed., The Unfolding of Neo-Confucianism (1975) in which readers are urged to see Neo-Confucianism as a spirituality of universal significance. It sees the book as illuminating some of the fundamental changes in seventeenth-century Chinese thought.
Chinese History and Culture
Authors: Yü Ying-shih
Published: September 2017

The recipient of the Kluge Prize for lifetime achievement in the humanities, Ying-shih Yü is a premier scholar of Chinese studies. Chinese History and Culture volumes 1 and 2 bring his extraordinary oeuvre to English-speaking readers. Spanning two thousand years of social, intellectual, and political change, the essays in these volumes investigate two central questions through all aspects of Chinese life: what core values sustained this ancient civilization through centuries of upheaval, and in what ways did these values survive in modern times?
Some Preliminary Observations on the Rise of Qing Confucian Intellectualism
Authors: Yü Ying-shih
Published: September 2017

This essay describes the internal development of Neo-Confucianism from the Song (960-1279) to the Qing (1644-1911). It sees the central problem in Qing intellectual history as arising from a renewed tension between “erudition” and “essentialism,” but with a shift from moral grounds to intellectual grounds. It proposes a new scheme of three-stage periodization of Neo-Confucianism, according to which its development from early Song to mid-Qing times may be understood in terms of the inner logic of intellectual history.
Zhang Xuecheng Versus Dai Zhen
Authors: Yü Ying-shih
Published: September 2017

This examination of the intellectual relationship between Dai Zhen and Zhang Xuecheng (1738-1801) throws light on the inner complexities as well as tensions in the academic community of eighteenth-century China. It shows that Dai’s influence on Zhang was much more profound and enduring than previously believed, that Zhang knew that Dai’s philology was seeking to understand the Confucian Dao, and that a true philosophical vision worthy of pursuit could only be built on solid philological grounds. The article also traces the origin of Zhang Xuecheng’s dictum that “the Six Classics are all history.’”
The Two Worlds of Honglou meng (Dream of the Red Chamber)
Authors: Yü Ying-shih
Published: September 2017

This is a thematic literary study of the “Utopian world” and the “world of reality” in China's greatest pre-modern novel. It shows how an ideal imaginary world where youth, beauty and love are kept safe is closely connected with the harsh, ugly and lustful world of reality. Thus, the collapse of the ideal world is seen as inevitable because it can never resist the erosion and invasion of the world of reality.
Neither Renaissance nor Enlightenment
Authors: Yü Ying-shih
Published: September 2017

This article examines the history of how the May Fourth Movement in China became widely known as a Chinese Renaissance or Enlightenment. It shows why neither of these Western analogies fit the Chinese context and concludes that May Fourth is primarily an age of cultural contradictions that were both multidimensional as well as multidirectional because there were several May Fourth projects constantly undergoing changes and often conflicting with one another, and each project also had different versions.
Modernization Versus Fetishism of Revolution in Twentieth-Century China
Authors: Yü Ying-shih
Published: September 2017

This study discusses the predicament of China’s modernization by relating it to changing conceptions of revolution. It argues that the so-called “modernizing process” was a process set in motion by the unique aggressiveness inherent in Western modernity. It outlines the “predicament of modernization” in China—Japan’s success and China's failure, contrasted with Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore—and refers it to what the author calls the “fetishism of revolution” (with Mao Zedong as the prime example). The tension between revolution and modernization in China is seen to have led to a radical disjunction.
China’s New Wave of Nationalism
Authors: Yü Ying-shih
Published: September 2017

This essay takes issue with Samuel P. Huntington’s negative view of Confucianism in relation to democracy as well as with Minxin Pei and Andrew Nathan’s ideas that “Confucian culture” is an impediment to the rise of democracy in China. It also discusses why constitutionalist reform failed, explains that contemporary China practices “rule by law” not the “rule of law,” that the judicial system is a tool of the Chinese Communist Party, and that the post-1989 extreme nationalism and rule by the Chinese Communist Party are the real reasons why China cannot develop democracy.
Confucianism and China’s Encounter with the West in Historical Perspective
Authors: Yü Ying-shih
Published: September 2017

This study takes issue with Samuel P. Huntington’s identification of the Chinese Communists as “Confucians” and discussion of contemporary China in terms of Confucianism. It gives a brief account of how the Chinese Confucian elite—the best-known reform-minded Confucians—responded, mostly positively, to Western civilization when China encountered the West in recent centuries. The encounter is discussed under the three headings of religion, science, and democracy. “Sinic civilization” is demonstrated to have been remarkably open to foreign influence. The essay concludes that it is not Confucianism but Communism that inhibits China's development of democracy.
For and Against the Universal—Doing Justice
Authors: Desmond William
Published: September 2017

THE QUESTION OF THE UNIVERSAL SO CONSTANTLY RECURS throughout the philosophical tradition that one might be tempted to think of it as being a perplexity, more or less universal. The quest of the universal is also deeply intimate to that long tradition, though that intimacy is not often, if at all, made a theme for reflection. Why are the intimate quest and the universal question not held together? Can we wed the intimacy of the quest with the universality of the question? Can we speak of the intimate universal? What is this intimate universal? Why speak of it at all? How can we speak of the intimate universal? Does this universal withdraw from our grasp with a transcendence of which we are not the measure? Does it elude us in an intimacy verging on the inarticulate? Or is the intimate the space wherein the universal comes to articulation? Do we need a plurality of lines of approach to do justice to its significance? The different explorations of this work will suggest how we might respond to such questions, and do so diversely. Can we, how can we, do justice to the intimate universal? This will be our concern....
Religion and the Intimate Universal
Authors: Desmond William
Published: September 2017

Considers our being religious as closest to the fecund matrix of significance in relation to what is often called our sense of the “whole,” or our being in the between. The intimate universal is addressed in terms of the contrast of cosmopolis and ghetto as two possibilities reflecting responses to the frequently posed question as to what comes after modernity. Cosmopolis and ghetto might be taken as emblematic of two fundamental orientations to the universal and the intimate, the first suggesting a universality beyond particularity, the second a particularity intractable to subsumption into the universal. Desmond argues against an “either/or” between the universal and the intimate, as seems suggested by this contrast. In connection with a certain understanding of our being religious, the intimate universal can be held to address the rightful claims of singularity and universality.
Art and the Intimate Universal
Authors: Desmond William
Published: September 2017

Chapter 2 asks if and how art throws light on the intimate universal, or if and how the intimate universal might light up art. Unlike Hegel in his doctrine of absolute spirit, Desmond does not treat of art first, since the religious is the more primal, though the permeability of art and the sacred will not be far from the thoughts tried out here. Aristotle famously said poetry was more philosophical than history because more implicating the universal, but what sense of universality is at stake? Is there not something ineluctably singular about the work of art? Desmond questions if and how in the singularity of the work we find the communication of the universal.
Politics and the Intimate Universal
Authors: Desmond William
Published: September 2017

Chapter 4 considers the intimate universal in relation to politics, for some the space of the public par excellence. Does ontology or metaphysics have relevance for how we understand that relation? Desmond argues that we need to ask as much about a political metaphysics (ontology) as a political theology, or a political aesthetic. If the intimate universal has metaphysical significance, this has relevance for our political orientations, not least in relation to the meaning of freedom, here explored with reference to something beyond servility and sovereignty, the slave and the master.
The Idiotics of the Intimate Universal
Authors: Desmond William
Published: September 2017

Chapter 5 explores the idiotics, addressing first the pre-determinate intimacy of the intimate universal, an intimacy very difficult to address directly, since all addresses are already more determinately articulated in a more or less public space than the idiotics of the intimate as such. Desmond explores what lies at the deepest ontological intimacy of our being, what he call the porosity of being, the patience of being, the endeavor to be, the love of being as good and its mutation into evil and will to power, the piety of the family.
Introduction
Authors: Lee Ji-Young
Published: September 2017

This chapter introduces the puzzle of the book and then situates its importance in the larger international relations literature. The focus is on the emerging body of research “East Asia IR history.” The chapter presents the book’s central arguments in a nutshell before providing a brief description of the Chinese hegemonic order in early modern East Asia. It ends with a discussion of the structure of the book.
Understanding the Tribute System
Authors: Lee Ji-Young
Published: September 2017

This chapter offers a comprehensive review of the tribute system, which shows that the existing literature has largely ignored the role played by less powerful East Asian states. It is in this chapter that I suggest a new, more nuanced interpretation of the tribute system through the lens of “practices” rather than the “system.” The chapter then discusses in some details the concept of authority in the specific early modern East Asian context, while drawing on the writings of Chinese and Korean tributary envoys. The chapter also addresses questions of research design and explains the selection of case studies.
Chinese Hegemonic Authority
Authors: Lee Ji-Young
Published: September 2017

The chapter begins by challenging the prevailing view on hegemony in the field of international relations. Whereas most scholars have long approached hegemony in terms of an international phenomenon resulting from the preponderant power of one actor, this theory chapter proposes that one should also consider domestic politics, particularly the domestic political legitimation needs of other less powerful actors.
The Imjin War (1592–1598)
Authors: Lee Ji-Young
Published: September 2017

Chapter 4 explains the Imjin War of 1592-98, which marks a major international war in pre-nineteenth century Asia. Japan directly challenged the Ming empire and invaded Korea in an attempt to conquer the Ming. The chapter demonstrates that in addition to Japan’s growing military power vis-à-vis the Ming, Hideyoshi’s post-unification efforts for building a new domestic political order against his rivals explain why Japan challenged the Ming empire in the way that he did at that particular timing. Similarly, one must consider the internal crisis the Korean king found himself in after his failures in the war. Korea’s unusually high compliance with Ming hegemony should be understood in the context of the Korean king’s manipulation of the moral authority of the Ming emperor in an attempt to compensate for his lack of domestic legitimacy vis-à-vis his own domestic constituencies.
Little exiled magazines
Authors: Bulson Eric
Published: September 2017

Chapter Four looks at some of the most prominent “exile” magazines produced by British and American editors who fled to countries across Europe to combat this increased Anglo-American provincialism. Broom (1921-24), Secession (1922-24), Gargoyle (1921-22), The Exile (1927-28), Tambour (1929-30), This Quarter (1925), the transatlantic review (1924-25), and transition (1927-38) represent a collective attempt to establish an international system for production and distribution that worked in reverse. Instead of producing magazines in England or America, they published them in European cities and had them transported back across the Atlantic Ocean and the English Channel. This story about the “little exiled magazine,” as Malcolm Cowley called it, doesn’t end here. In the 1930s and 1940s, it became a lifeline for so many of the critics and writers, who fled the Fascists and Nazis, and came to include anti-fascist communist magazines such as Das Wort (a German language magazine printed in Russia) and Surrealist magazines such as VVV and Dyn (one printed in New York City, the other in Mexico City). Taking the long view of the little magazine’s exilic history and geography allows us to foreground a political reality that is so often ignored or forgotten.
Little postcolonial magazines
Authors: Bulson Eric
Published: September 2017

In Nigeria and Uganda during 1950s and 60s, the little magazine was being nurtured by postcolonial nations looking to produce a literature that was regional, national, and global. By importing the foreign form of the little magazine, a diasporic network was created linking newly independent African nations with cities in the United Kingdom, Europe, North America, and the West Indies. Black Orpheus (Nigeria), Transition (Uganda), Bim (Barbados), Kyk-Over-al (Guyana), and The Beacon (Trinidad), accommodated a black internationalism that challenged the hegemony of a globalized book business (anchored in London and New York) actively repackaging “African writers” for a Western audience.
Little wireless magazines
Authors: Bulson Eric
Published: September 2017

Chapter Six examines how Guglielmo Marconi’s invention of the wireless telegraph in 1895, which eventually enabled the widespread use of radio broadcasting in the 1920s, challenged avant-garde movements like Futurism and Dada to develop new modes of print production and distribution that would allow them to communicate faster and farther. Instead of using a single magazine model to consolidate their movements, the Futurists and Dadaists relied on the wild proliferation of magazine titles in many different locations all at once (110 for the Futurists in Italy between 1910 and 1940; 175 for the Dadaists around the world between 1916 and 1926). In doing so, they made the magazine function like a wireless transmitter capable of sending and receiving information quickly, and, in the process, they established expansive communication networks that were not bound by the infrastructure of the postal system.
Chimeras of Form
Authors: Vadde Aarthi
Published: September 2017

In Chimeras of Form, Aarthi Vadde vividly illustrates how modernist and contemporary writers reimagine the nation and internationalism in a period defined by globalization. She explains how Rabindranath Tagore, James Joyce, Claude McKay, George Lamming, Michael Ondaatje, and Zadie Smith use modernist literary forms to develop ideas of international belonging sensitive to the afterlife of empire. In doing so, she shows how this wide-ranging group of authors challenged traditional expectations of aesthetic form, shaping how their readers understand the cohesion and interrelation of political communities. Drawing on her close readings of individual texts and on literary, postcolonial, and cosmopolitical theory, Vadde examines how modernist formal experiments take part in debates about transnational interdependence and social obligation. She reads Joyce's use of asymmetrical narratives as a way to ask questions about international camaraderie, and demonstrates how the "plotless" works of Claude McKay upturn ideas of citizenship and diasporic alienation. Her analysis of the contemporary writers Zadie Smith and Shailja Patel shows how present-day issues relating to migration, displacement, and economic inequality link modernist and postcolonial traditions of literature. Vadde brings these traditions together to reveal the dual nature of internationalism as an aspiration, possibly a chimeric one, and an actual political discourse vital to understanding our present moment.
Alternating Asymmetry
Authors: Vadde Aarthi
Published: September 2017

Chapter two reconfigures the opposition between modernism’s aesthetic individualism and postcolonialism’s political collectivism by analyzing what I call, borrowing from Walter Benjamin, Joyce’s mediated solidarity with the Irish people. Mediated solidarity entails a critique but not an outright rejection of solidarity, both national and international, particularly when expressions of solidarity rely on rather than contest practices of self-deception. Joyce treated the self-deceptions of individual desire and collective national fantasies as chimeras with the potential to deflate the grandiose comparative claims of Irish revivalism. In a rejoinder to revivalism’s politically specious comparisons, Joyce developed his own techniques of international comparison in his fiction – techniques this chapter gathers under the heading “alternating asymmetry.” Its claim is that Joyce developed strategies of uneven and disproportionate comparison in order to explore the psychological and material effects of colonialism on ordinary Irish people and, further, to propose that the reassurances of collective solidarity do not always constitute an adequate solution to the challenges facing structurally underdeveloped communities. Eschewing narratives of progress and social acceptance for those of unlit pathways, failed unions, and betrayed friendships, Joyce brings attention to the residual inequalities and exclusions haunting nationalist and transnationalist projects of political unification from postcolonial Ireland to the continental fellowship of Europe.
Root Canals
Authors: Vadde Aarthi
Published: September 2017

This chapter follows Zadie Smith’s “root canals,” a metaphor and a narrative form she developed in her first novel White Teeth (2000), to describe the transnational historical networks obscured by nation-centered accounts of the past. It argues that Smith develops modernist literary forms of unboundedness like the root canal in order to entwine different groups’ collective memories; she then uses that strategy to address head on the topic of causality within a global framework. Smith asks what economic, political, and personal conditions bring migrants to Europe and the United Kingdom and, in turn, how residents in metropolitan countries might be implicated in stories of migration, distant violence, and global economic inequality that they see as irrelevant to their everyday lives. Focusing specifically on Smith’s northwest London fictions (“The Embassy of Cambodia” (2013) and NW (2012) in addition to White Teeth), I show how their strategies of formal division (sectioning, chapter construction, and unsynthesized narrative remainders) address the problem of drawing boundaries around accounts of both personal attention and structural inequality. Smith uses the dyads of form and matter, parts and wholes, in her fiction to bring ongoing (and sometimes competing) stories of uneven development within a globalized modernity to bear on tarnished dreams of upward mobility and leftist demands for collective resistance against neoliberal policies of privatization.
Migritude—The Re-Mediated Work of Art and art’s Mediating Work
Authors: Vadde Aarthi
Published: September 2017

The epilogue examines Kenyan writer Shailja Patel’s Migritude (2010) within the context of the global migrant crises of 2014-2016. It shows how this experimental work of art transforms the figure of the migrant from an object of knowledge into a subject of it. Migritude is a one-woman theatrical show, which Patel remediated into a book that combined the script of the show with a poetic account of the show’s and the book’s production. The book version is the epilogue’s focus and the final chimera of form from which to reflect on the major principles of modernist internationalism as outlined in my study. I argue that the remediated work does more than simply give voice to an oppressed and precarious collective; from within its conjuncture of performance and print, it contemplates the medium dependency of voice, the indirect political agency of art, and the always incomplete nature of cosmopolitical knowledge. The eponymous migritude emerges as a powerfully contemporary “public feeling” for modernist internationalism – one that is conducive to analyzing and surviving the violence of forced displacement.
Daughter of Golok
Authors: Gayley Holly
Published: September 2017

Chapter 1 situates Tāre Lhamo's early life in the vibrant Nyingma milieu of pre-1950 Golok as the daughter of a prominent religious figure, Aphang Terchen. Born to ecclesiastic elite, Tāre Lhamo had a remarkable degree of access to esoteric teachings in a male-dominated religious sphere. I explore how Tāre Lhamo's identity was embedded in the social structure of Golok through family ties and in the symbolic system of Tibetan Buddhism through her identification as a living ḍākinī with an illustrious series of female antecedents, including Yeshe Tsogyal and Sera Khandro. I argue that authoritative female antecedents—divine, mythic, and historical—provide a cultural space for exceptional Buddhist women, like Tāre Lhamo, to gain recognition and play a significant role in Tibetan religious history.
Local Heroine
Authors: Gayley Holly
Published: September 2017

Chapter 2 examines the hagiographic portrait of Tāre Lhamo as a local heroine during the years leading up to and including the Cultural Revolution. The representation of this period in her hagiography, Spiraling Vine of Faith, elides the specter of state and her own personal losses and instead narrates the period through a series of miracle tales that portray Tāre Lhamo as a tantric heroine, addressing the immediate needs of her local community. In this way, I argue that Spiraling Vine of Faith constructs a redemptive narrative amid the devastation of the Maoist period and provides a poignant means for restoring a sense of Tibetan agency in the wake of cultural trauma.
Inseparable Companions
Authors: Gayley Holly
Published: September 2017

Chapter 3 begins my analysis of the courtship between Tāre Lhamo and Namtrul Rinpoche enacted through the fifty-six letters of their correspondence, exchanged between 1978 and 1980. In this chapter, I explore their use of Indic and Tibetan literary models to express affection, to engage in the sport of attraction in tantric terms, and to convey their emergent sense of partnership, mutual reliance, and joint mission. Specifically, I contrast the idealized portrait of Tāre Lhamo and Namtrul Rinpoche found in their respective hagiographies with the more humanizing and multifaceted representation in their correspondence, in which the future couple's own voices come to the fore. I argue that the personal and prophetic dimensions of their courtship are inextricably intertwined, both being integral to their emerging agency as a couple.
Emissaries of Padmasambhava
Authors: Gayley Holly
Published: September 2017

Chapter 4 explores how Tāre Lhamo and Namtrul Rinpoche construct a vision of their shared destiny as emissaries of Padmasambhava in their correspondence. I pay attention to the Buddhist terms in which Tāre Lhamo and Namtrul Rinpoche articulate their future course of action, thereby demonstrating how destiny—as mobilized by the future couple—leaves plenty of room for human initiative. I argue that Tāre Lhamo and Namtrul Rinpoche summon the karmic momentum of the distant past, through a visionary and dialogic process, as a force to bolster their sense of agency in negotiating the contingencies of their historical conjuncture.
A Tantric Couple
Authors: Gayley Holly
Published: September 2017

Chapter Five treats the joint career of Tāre Lhamo and Namtrul Rinpoche from 1980 forward as represented in his hagiography, Jewel Garland. In contrast to the intimate words exchanged between lovers in their correspondence, Jewel Garland portrays the public personae of this tantric couple, whose visionary talents and ritual prowess formed the basis of their many accomplishments promoting the revival of Buddhism in Golok. Tāre Lhamo and Namtrul Rinpoche are depicted side by side traveling throughout Golok to unearth their revelations, bestow tantric initiations, establish ritual practices at monasteries, and construct stūpas and temples. I argue that the writing of Buddhist hagiography is itself constituent of cultural revival and a means to reposition Buddhist masters at the center of society and as the main agents of Tibetan history.
Protection Amid Chaos
Authors: Hajj Nadya
Published: September 2017

The right to own property is something we generally take for granted. For refugees living in camps, in some cases for as long as generations, the link between citizenship and property ownership becomes strained. How do refugees protect these assets and preserve communal ties? How do they maintain a sense of identity and belonging within chaotic settings? Protection Amid Chaos follows people as they develop binding claims on assets and resources in challenging political and economic spaces. Focusing on Palestinians living in refugee camps in Lebanon and Jordan, it shows how the first to arrive developed flexible though legitimate property rights claims based on legal knowledge retained from their homeland, subsequently adapted to the restrictions of refugee life. As camps increased in complexity, refugees merged their informal institutions with the formal rules of political outsiders, devising a broader, stronger system for protecting their assets and culture from predation and state incorporation. For this book, Nadya Hajj conducted interviews with two hundred refugees. She consults memoirs, legal documents, and findings in the United Nations Relief Works Agency archives. Her work reveals the strategies Palestinian refugees have used to navigate their precarious conditions while under continuous assault and situates their struggle within the larger context of communities living in transitional spaces.
Introduction
Authors: Hajj Nadya
Published: September 2017

Property rights are not supposed to exist in Palestinian refugee camps. At least the existing scholarly record does not predict their presence. After all, why would a marginalized community living in uncertain political economic conditions go to all the trouble and effort of crafting institutions that lay claim to assets in a refugee camp? Yet a routine interview with a Palestinian refugee led to the discovery of formal legal titles inside refugee camps strewn across Lebanon and Jordan. The discovery triggered a new understanding of the potential for institutional innovation and evolution in transitional political landscapes, places that lack a stable sovereign state with the legal jurisdiction to define and enforce institutions....
Crafting Informal Property Rights in Fawdah
Authors: Hajj Nadya
Published: September 2017

In Chapter 2, refugees trace the formation of informal property rights in camps across Lebanon and Jordan. In Lebanon and Jordan, an informal system of property rights organically evolved. This pattern of property right formation was consistent with a spontaneous order approach because it was based on easily replicable pre-1948 experiences in property ownership.
Formal Property Rights in Refugee Camps in Lebanon
Authors: Hajj Nadya
Published: September 2017

In Chapter 4, Palestinians discuss negotiations of property rights with Fatah, a revolutionary Palestinian political organization founded by Yasser Arafat and other key Palestinian leaders, in camps across Lebanon.
Approaches to a Concept of Simulation
Authors: Hinterwaldner Inge
Published: September 2017

It can be shown that the different conceptions of ‘simulation’ (the one of culture critique on the one hand and the denomination of technical applications on the other) that seem to be incompatible with each other can be reconciled on a single spectrum. Its basis in models, its replacement of reality, its lack of reference and of precession of the referent are some pejorative characteristics often emphasized in media philosophy with regard to simulations, for which the sciences applying computer simulations have no use for. It helps crossing over the views that first seem opposite to each other, but that turn out to be compatible if its root in reality is recognized and thus the representational logic is accepted at least according to the intention. The chapter combines ideas of the 'simulacrum' retrieved in the natural sciences with traces of cybernetic thinking in media studies. The whole study builds on a definition of computer simulation in the technical sense as the involvement with and the act of execution f a dynamic mathematic or procedural model that projects, depicts, or recreates a system or process.
Iconicity and Dynamic
Authors: Hinterwaldner Inge
Published: September 2017

Within real-time simulations, the calculated simulation dynamic is only one movement-generating instance. There exist further and other movement-generating elements of a sensorial nature. Typically, the simulation program encompasses many diverse processes – internal and external ones – taking place simultaneously. Several artificial life applications are analysed with respect to the multi-layered dynamics and with a special focus on how the sensorial levels contribute motions not present in the simulation dynamics itself. Computer simulations also have the potential for deception (some applications aim at exploiting the suspense of disbelief), but surprisingly it is located in their domain, in the process and reaction or consequence design. The optical level follows other logics. Being aware of this fact with all its consequences is crucial for a critical and responsible attitude towards computer simulations.
Toward the Art and Aesthetics of the Machine
Authors: Broeckmann Andreas
Published: September 2017

This chapter provides an analysis of the basic aspects of an “aesthetics of the machine”. It focuses on two pivotal moments in the twentieth century history of machine art, one being the 1968 exhibition “The Machine as Seen at the End of the Mechanical Age”, curated by Pontus Hultén. The other example is the opening scene of Filippo Marinetti’s first futurist manifesto, published in 1909, in which the advent of futurism is marked by a symbolically charged car accident that preceded Marinetti’s hymn to the new technical culture. From here, and drawing mainly on artistic examples from Hultén’s exhibition (incl. Francis Picabia, Marcel Duchamp and Jean Tinguely), the author highlights five distinct aspects that have characterized the “machine aesthetic” until the 1960s: the “associative” reference to the social meanings of technology, often used to make a provocative claim against the assumptions of artistic ingenuity; the “symbolic” reference to mechanics as a way to describe aspects of human culture and psychology; the “formalist” appraisal of the beauty of functional forms; the play with “kinetic” functions as a way to broaden the expressive potentials of sculpture; and the “automatic” operation of machines that underpins their functional independence and their existential strangeness.
Ecology Machine
Authors: Broeckmann Andreas
Published: September 2017

The final chapter develops the hypothesis that towards the end of the twentieth century there is a fundamental shift in the understanding of the machine, and thus also of machine art. This shift is effected by the emergence, since the 1960s, of the paradigms of systems thinking and of ecology which conceive nature, the environment as well as the human body as systemic factors and inscribe them into a technological understanding of the world. The chapter looks at early examples of ecological art, especially by Joseph Beuys, Hans Haacke, and Otto Piene, which show how closely related are the conceptions of ecology and technology in their works. Detailed analyses of later works by Knowbotic Research, Marko Peljhan and Seiko Mikami show how the systemic, environmental understanding of technology increasingly decouples the relation of machine and human subjectivation. Seiko Mikami’s work in particular questions the position of the human body and its faculties in relation to technical systems which in her installations change from being neutral media interfaces into autonomous, solitary machine subjects, articulating the “ecological” crisis of the machine as a crisis of human subjectivity.