Basal Cell Carcinoma of the Lip and Mentum
Authors: Saquian Florence Yul N. 
Published: April 2019

CASE

            A 52-year-old non-diabetic female presented with a 20-year history of hyperpigmented lower lip ulcer which gradually involved the mentum, and on punch biopsy revealed basal cell carcinoma. As a housewife, she had no excessive exposure to sunlight or radiation, and no family history of cancer. On examination, a non-healing ulcer with hyperpigmented rolled-up borders had eroded the lower lip and mentum, extending into the alveolus and mandible. Wide excision with segmental mandibulectomy, bilateral supraomohyoid neck dissection and pectoralis major myocutaneous flap reconstruction were performed and radiotherapy scheduled 6 weeks after surgery.

            Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common skin malignancy with estimated annual incidences of 1 million, over 500,000 and 190,000 in the USA, Europe and Australia, respectively1. More than 60% of all skin cancers in the Philippines are basal cell carcinoma2.

            A slow-growing, locally invasive malignant epidermal tumor, it infiltrates tissues in a three-dimensional contiguous fashion through the irregular growth of sub-clinical fingerlike outgrowths3. It rarely metastasizes, with morbidity related to local tissue invasion and destruction4. Most can be treated easily with a high cure rate; however, there are some lesions that are much more aggressive. Advanced basal cell cancers may be arbitrarily defined as tumors > 2cm; that invade bone, muscle, or nerves; that have lymph node metastasis; or that require removal of a cosmetic or functional unit5. Complications are highlighted when lesions occur in the face, particularly near orifices of the eyes, nose, ears and mouth. As with lesions close to vital structures, these pose a greater clinical challenge4.

            BCCs develop from pluripotential cells in the basal layer of the epidermis. Ultraviolet induced mutations in the TP53 tumor-suppressor gene, which resides on chromosome arm 17p, have been implicated in some cases of BCC. Furthermore, the loss of inhibition of the patched/hedgehog pathway also appears to play a role in development of BCCs and influences differentiation of a variety of tissues during fetal development6.

            Recognizing the various histological subtypes of BCC is important because aggressive therapy is often necessary for some variants3. Nodular BCC appear as waxy or pearly papules with central depression, erosion or ulceration, bleeding or crusting, and rolled (raised) borders. Tumor cells typically have large, hyperchromatic, oval nuclei and little cytoplasm. Cells appear uniform, with few mitotic figures. Pigmented BCC contain increased brown or black pigment and are most common in individuals with dark skin. Superficial BCC appears as scaly patches or papules that are pink to red-brown, often with central clearing, commonly with a threadlike border, may mimic psoriasis or eczema, but they are slowly progressive. Micronodular BCC, an aggressive subtype, is not prone to ulceration, it may appear yellow-white when stretched, firm to touch, and may have a seemingly well-defined border. Morpheaform and infiltrating BCC present with sclerotic (scarlike) plaques or papules with ill defined borders extending beyond clinical margins. Ulceration, bleeding, and crusting are uncommon. It may be mistaken for scar tissue7.

            Treatment is based on clinical diagnosis and a pre-operative biopsy3. A complete history relating the onset and rate of growth of the lesion as well as sun and radiation exposure should be taken. It is also necessary to examine and palpate the extent of lesion, with special attention given to high risk areas. Large extensive lesions may require radiographic examinations such as MRI or CT to assess soft tissue or bony involvement, respectively8. The most appropriate treatment options should be discussed with the patient. Co-morbidities may influence the choice between surgical and non-surgical treatment. Elderly patients with symptomatic and high-risk tumors may opt for less aggressive treatment options, which are palliative in intent3.

            Various surgical and non-surgical treatments are currently available. Non-surgical techniques include thrice-weekly intralesional injection of human recombinant interferon -2 for three weeks for low-risk BCCs. This option is still investigational, unlikely to benefit high-risk tumor patients, and may be expensive and time-consuming3. Photodynamic and oral retinoid therapies are other options undergoing investigation and are not yet widely available3. Radiotherapy is an extremely useful form of treatment, but faces the same problem of accurately identifying tumor margins as standard excisional surgery9. It has been used to treat many types of BCC, including those with bony and cartilaginous involvement, but is less suitable for treating large tumors in critical sites, as these are often resistant and require radiation doses that closely approach tissue tolerance3.

            Topical treatment options have been used in patients with contraindications for surgery and with lesions not entirely amenable to extirpative excision. 5-flourouracil (5FU) has been used for lowrisk, extrafacial BCC with unexciting results2,3. Imiquimod (an immune response modifier) 5% cream has been used alone and as adjunct to Mohs’ microsurgery for the treatment of BCC, with reported regression but not complete eradication of the tumor. Topical neomycin was also reported to cause regression in one case3. A prospective study involving topical application of Cashew nut extract (DeBCC®) on 14 patients with BCC in different parts of the face had no detected recurrences on follow – up periods of 11 – 49 months (28.7 months)2.

            Excisional surgery removes the tumor entirely with a peripheral margin of normal tissue. For small lesions in the face, wide excision with adequate margins is sufficient, and various reconstructive methods can be used depending on the location of the lesion. Larger lesions which involve deeper structures such as bone, warrant more radical approaches to ensure adequate margins10. In our patient, infiltration of skin, mucosa, muscle, alveolus and mandible led to a segmental mandibulectomy and subsequent reconstruction.

            Mandibular reconstruction aims to reconstitute the mandibular arch. Anterior defects result in the worst functional defects with the so-called “Andy Gump” deformity11. The preferred method for reconstructing anterior mandibular defects uses osseocutaneous free flaps, with the fibular free flap being most popular. The peroneal vessels act as the major blood supply to the periosteum in a segmental fashion allowing for multiple osteotomies, which are required for bone shaping with anterior defects. For reconstruction of the intra-oral structures, a large soft tissue paddle based on septal and intramuscular perforators can be used, and osteointegrated implants can be placed in the bone graft12.

            Another option for reconstruction is a pedicled flap, and the more commonly used is the pectoralis major osteomyocutaneous flap. Its dominant pedicle is the thoracoacromial artery and vein that runs on the undersurface of the muscle. The underlying rib is also harvested to reconstitute the mandible13. The advantages of pedicled flaps include less morbidity, shorter operative time, and a more definitve blood supply, which ensures the survival of the skin flap and bone11. However, these flaps tend to be difficult to harvest and have limited arcs of rotation and limited bone graft mobility relative to the soft tissue portion of the flap. The blood supply of the bony portion is often tenuous following transfer, and the lack of bony bulk limits dental rehabilitation12.

            Postoperative management of flap reconstruction includes gentle cleansing and application of topical antibiotics. Diligent oral hygiene offsets potential complications from post operative drooling. Partial or total flap failure is a common postoperative concern. Partial distal flap necrosis can be managed expectantly. Cyanosis may be due to excessive wound tension or vascular pedicle compromise, and should be explored as necessary15.

 

Acknowledgement :

We thank Dr. Camille Sidonie A. Espina for providing the case for discussion.