bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sex differences in scent marking in Propithecus edwardsi of Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar
Authors: Pochron Sharon T. , Morelli Toni Lyn , Scirbona Jessica , Wright Patricia C.
Published: June 2005

In this study we compared the scent‐marking rates of females with those of males. Specifically, we examined the ability of season, dominance status, and natal status to explain the frequency of scent marking in female sifakas living wild in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar, and compared the results with those published for males [Pochron et al., American Journal of Primatology, in press]. We also sought to determine whether vulnerability to infanticide affects marking frequency in adults of either sex, and whether female reproductive status affects female marking behavior. We found that males marked at twice the rate of females, and like males, females in single‐female groups marked at the highest rates. Dominant females and non‐natal females marked at higher rates than did subordinate females and natal females, a pattern also seen in males. This suggests that scent marks may convey important information about status. Neither females nor males varied their marking frequency with the presence of vulnerable infants. Females did not alter marking frequency with reproductive state, and like males, they marked at higher rates in the period prior to the mating season than they did in the mating season itself. This implies that females may use scent marks more for intrasexual aggression or territoriality than for mate attraction. Am. J. Primatol. 66:97–110, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of Helicobacter sp. in gastric mucosa from captive marmosets (Callithrix sp.; callitrichidae, primates)
Authors: de Mello Marcela Freire Vallim , Monteiro Ana Beatriz Soares , Fonseca Eliene Carvalho , Pissinatti Alcides , Ferreira Ana Maria Reis
Published: June 2005

The aim of this study was to identify the presence of Helicobacter sp. in the gastric mucosa of captive marmosets (Callithrix sp.). Histologic specimens from the fundic, corpus, and antral gastric regions of six Callithrix jacchus, 12 C. kuhli, and 12 C. geoffroyi specimens were evaluated. The sections were stained with hematoxylin‐eosin (H&E) and the Warthin‐Starry silver impregnation method, and immunostained with rabbit anti‐H. pylori polyclonal antibody. Helicobacter‐like organisms (HLOs) and coccoid forms were present in silver‐stained sections from 29 stomachs, whereas immunohistochemistry (IHC) tests revealed bacterial aggregates in 15 stomachs. No statistical difference relative to the presence of Helicobacter sp. was found among the gastric regions or marmoset species. Gastric lesions were found in the groups of marmosets that had positive and negative IHC results, but no correlation between inflammation and Helicobacter sp. infection was established. These findings demonstrate that marmosets are susceptible to naturally‐occurring Helicobacter sp. infection, and open the way to the development of comparative studies on Helicobacter sp. infection in humans. Am. J. Primatol. 66:111–118, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Testosterone and energetics in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii)
Authors: Muller Martin N. , Wrangham Richard W.
Published: June 2005

Ovarian function in female hominoids is sensitive to both energy flux and energy balance, resulting in a reduced probability of conception during periods when a successful reproductive outcome is less likely. However, the extent to which energetic factors constrain gonadal function in male hominoids is not clear. We examined the effects of both acute and chronic variation in energy availability on urinary testosterone (T) levels in adult male chimpanzees. Acute changes in energy availability, which were assayed by means of observational data on feeding behavior, did not result in decreased T production for 11 individuals at Kibale National Park, Uganda. Chronic energy shortages, on the other hand, may be associated with lower T levels in this population. Adult males in Kibale (n=11), who maintain suboptimal access to energy, exhibit significantly lower urinary T levels than males in captivity (n=11), who are more sedentary and better fed. These results suggest that data on hormonal function in captive chimpanzees should be interpreted with caution because individuals may produce T at levels well above those that are typical in the wild. They also suggest that short‐term variations in T levels in male hominoids are more likely to be explained by social factors than by energetic ones. Am. J. Primatol. 66:119–130, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proximity and estrous synchrony in Mahale chimpanzees
Authors: Matsumoto‐Oda Akiko , Kasuya Eiiti
Published: June 2005

Since McClintock [Nature 229:244–255, 1971] first reported menstrual synchrony in women, a number of studies have reported similar phenomena. Many researchers have suggested that one of the proximate factors leading to synchrony is spatial proximity among females (e.g., close friends or roommates). However, most studies on menstrual synchrony have been conducted in limited spaces, and it remains to be determined whether controlled environments, such as those used in experiments, actually exist in the wild. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between proximity and estrous synchrony using data from wild female chimpanzees at Mahale, Tanzania. In the cycling females, we observed two pairs that spent a large amount of time together. We compared the estrous synchrony indices (ESIs) between these two pairs and the other females. Our results showed that the ESIs of the high‐proximity pairs did not differ from those of other pairs. Am. J. Primatol. 66:159–166, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Disproportionate participation by age/sex classes in aggressive interactions between long‐tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and human tourists at Padangtegal monkey forest, Bali, Indonesia
Authors: Fuentes Agustín , Gamerl Scott
Published: June 2005

We observed 420 aggressive interactions between tourists and Macaca fascicularis at the Padangtegal Wanara Wana Temple forest site in Bali, Indonesia, during the months of June and July 2001. The data collected included patterns of aggression, presence or absence of food, and demographic information on resident macaques and human visitors. Analyses of the interactions suggest that macaques respond differentially to humans according to the age/sex classes involved. Additionally, adult and subadult male macaques participated in more aggressive behaviors than expected, while adult female macaques and immatures participated in such behaviors less than expected. These variations in interaction patterns between macaques and tourists may have substantial implications for management issues and the potential for pathogen transmission. Am. J. Primatol. 66:197–204, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exploration of the Hellenistic fortification complex at Asea using a multigeophysical prospection approach
Authors: Dogan M. , Papamarinopoulos S.
Published: June 2005

Multi‐electrode resistivity tomography, twin‐probe and ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) geophysical techniques were applied at the multicultural archaeological site of Asea as a collaboration between the Swedish Institute at Athens and the University of Patras. This work presents the geophysical results of Grid 16 where a subsurface polygonal city wall was discovered in the field season 2002. It is intended to explore especially the location, depth and trending direction of the city wall to contribute progressive studies of methods applied to subsurface walls. The survey was performed using the Geopulse imager, with 25 electrodes at 0.8 m electrode spacing, Geoscan RM4 and SIR‐10 GPR systems. The surveys used a 20×20 m grid mode and the Wenner–Schlumberger hybrid array was selected for resistivity measurement. The Hellenistic period city wall was imaged in the south–north direction in a well‐preserved situation below subsurface. The results revealed that the resistivity method can provide a clear pseudo‐image of a medium to large size wall with high accuracy on archaeological sites. Interpretation of GPR three‐dimensional depth‐slices identified the position, dimension and orientation of the subsurface city wall. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geophysical investigation of the site of the former monastic settlement, Clonard, County Meath, Ireland
Authors: Gibson Paul J. , George Dorothy M.
Published: June 2005

Clonard, in County Meath, Ireland was a major ecclesiastical centre from the early sixth century to the twelfth century and buildings associated with the monastery were in existence until the late eighteenth century. However, today no extant buildings or features associated with the monastery are known. The geophysical investigation undertaken in this project has uncovered many anomalies which may be related to the monastic settlement at Clonard. A significant number of linear anomalies have been detected east of St Finian's church using magnetic gradiometry and twin electrode resistance surveying. Many of these anomalies are probably field boundaries; however, a much greater diversity of geophysical responses is located south and west of St Finian's church. A subsquare enclosure of 60 m sides is adjacent to a 300 m long palaeochannel. A fine network of intersecting low resistance anomalies probably represent former artificial drainage channels. Three large areas associated with anomalous magnetic readings were located which might indicate sites of human activity. In addition, there are four distinct zones which have large concentrations of high resistance values suggesting the presence of walls or buildings. Resistivity and ground‐penetrating radar depth slices show that one of these zones has characteristics which indicate the presence of an east–west aligned building approximately 7 m wide in a north–south direction and about 15 m long in an east–west direction. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A New Ligand for Immunoglobulin G Subdomains by Screening of a Synthetic Peptide Library
Authors: Verdoliva Antonio , Marasco Daniela , De Capua Antonia , Saporito Angela , Bellofiore Piero , Manfredi Vincenzo , Fattorusso Roberto , Pedone Carlo , Ruvo Menotti
Published: June 2005

By screening a synthetic peptide library of general formula (NH2‐Cys1‐X2‐X3‐X4)2‐Lys‐Gly‐OH, a disulfide‐bridged cyclic peptide, where X2‐X3‐X4 is the tripeptide Phe‐His‐His, has been selected as a ligand for immunoglobulin G (IgG). The peptide, after a preliminary chromatographic characterization, has proved useful as a new affinity ligand for the purification of polyclonal as well as monoclonal antibodies from biological fluids, with recovery yields of up to 90 % (90 % purity). The ligand is able to bind antibody fragments containing both Fab and Fc from different antibody isotypes, a fact suggesting the presence of at least two different antibody‐binding sites. While the recognition site on Fab is unknown, comparative binding studies with Fc, in association with the striking similarities of the peptide (named Fc‐receptor mimetic, FcRM) with a region of the human FcγRIII receptor, strongly indicate that the peptide could recognize a short amino acid stretch of the lower hinge region, which has a key role in autoimmune disease triggering. The unique properties make the ligand attractive for both the purification of antibody fragments and as a lead for the generation of Fc‐receptor antagonists.
DFT Study on the Five Isomers of PW12O403‐: Relative Stabilization upon Reduction.
Authors: Lopez Xavier , Poblet Josep M.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
X‐Ray Crystal Structures of [XF6][Sb2F11] (X: Cl, Br, I); 35,37Cl, 79,81Br, and 127I NMR Studies and Electronic Structure Calculations of the XF6+ Cations.
Authors: Lehmann John F. , Schrobilgen Gary J. , Christe Karl O. , Kornath Andreas , Suontamo Reijo J.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties of Nd4Ga2O9 and Sm4Ga2O9.
Authors: Liu F. S. , Liu Q. L. , Liang J. K. , Song G. B. , Luo J. , Yang L. T. , Zhang Y. , Rao G. H.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Luminescent Properties of LaPO4: Eu Nanoparticles and Nanowires.
Authors: Yu Lixin , Song Hongwei , Lu Shaozhe , Liu Zhongxin , Yang Linmei , Kong Xianggui
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Development of Highly Stereoselective Asymmetric 6π‐Azaelectrocyclization of Conformationally Flexible Linear 1‐Azatrienes. From Determination of Multifunctional Chiral Amines, 7‐Alkyl cis‐1‐Amino‐2‐indanols, to Application as a New Synthetic Strategy: Formal Synthesis of 20‐Epiuleine.
Authors: Tanaka Katsunori , Kobayashi Toyoharu , Mori Hajime , Katsumura Shigeo
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Microwave Irradiated Solventless Sonogashira Reaction on Nickel(0) Powder Doped KF/Al2O3.
Authors: Wang Min , Li Pinhua , Wang Lei
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Hexamethylenetetrammonium Fluorochromate. A New Reagent for Oxidation of Organic Substrates.
Authors: Turunc Ersan , Aydin Fatma
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Scope and Utility of CsOH×H2O in Amination Reactions via Direct Coupling of Aryl Halides and sec‐Alicyclic Amines.
Authors: Varala Ravi , Ramu E. , Alam M. Mujahid , Adapa Srinivas R.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Microwave‐Promoted Selective Regeneration of Carbonyl Compounds from Oximes Using N‐Bromosaccharin.
Authors: Khazaei Ardeshir , Manesh Abbas Amini
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Oxidative Deprotection of 1,3‐Dithiane Group Using NaClO2 and NaH2PO4 in Aqueous Methanol.
Authors: Ichige Takahiro , Miyake Annu , Kanoh Naoki , Nakata Masaya
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Lewis Acid Mediated Protocol for the Protection of Aryl Amines as Their Boc‐Derivatives.
Authors: Bartoli Giuseppe , Bosco Marcella , Locatelli Manuela , Marcantoni Enrico , Massaccesi Massimo , Melchiorre Paolo , Sambri Letizia
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Study of a New Rate Increasing “Base Effect” in the Palladium‐Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Iodides.
Authors: Meyers Caroline , Maes Bert U. W. , Loones Kristof T. J. , Bal Gunther , Lemiere Guy L. F. , Dommisse Roger A.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Scope and Limitations of Montmorillonite K 10 Catalyzed Opening of Epoxide Rings by Amines.
Authors: Chakraborti Asit K. , Kondaskar Atul , Rudrawar Santosh
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Practical and Mild Method for the Highly Selective Conversion of Terminal Alkenes into Aldehydes Through Epoxidation—Isomerization with Ruthenium(IV)—Porphyrin Catalysts.
Authors: Chen Jian , Che Chi‐Ming
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Identification and Optimization of 2,4‐Diketobutyric Acids as Flap Endonuclease 1 Inhibitors.
Authors: Tumey L. Nathan , et al. et al.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 2‐Hydroxybenzophenones by Oxidation of 3‐Aryl‐3H‐benzofuran‐2‐ones.
Authors: Nesvadba Peter , Bugnon Lucienne , Scheffel Marvin
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Convenient Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Tetrabenzopentakisdehydro[12]annuleno[12]annulene.
Authors: Sonoda Motohiro , Sakai Yu , Yoshimura Takashi , Tobe Yoshito , Kamada Kenji
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Titanium Dioxide as a Mild and Efficient Catalyst for Conversion of Epoxides to Thiiranes.
Authors: Yadollahi Bahram , Tangestaninejad Shahram , Habibi Mohammad Hossein
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Organic Reactions in Ionic Liquids: A Simple and Highly Regioselective N‐Substitution of Pyrrole.
Authors: Le Zhang‐Gao , Chen Zhen‐Chu , Hu Yi , Zheng Qin‐Guo
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Unusual Reaction of 1‐Acetyl‐5‐bromo‐1H‐indole‐2,3‐dione with Ethyl (Triphenylphosphoranylidene)acetate.
Authors: Kozminykh V. O. , Lomidze K. Sh. , Kozminykh E. N. , Berezin A. N.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ring‐Substituted Imidazoles as a New Class of anti‐Tuberculosis Agents.
Authors: Gupta Preeti , Hameed Shahul , Jain Rahul
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Molluscicidal Activity of 5‐Oxo‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐4H‐chromene Derivatives.
Authors: Abdelrazek Fathy M. , Metz Peter , Farrag Ebtehal K.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Stereoselective Synthesis of Chiral Nonracemic cis‐ and trans‐3‐Alkyl‐4‐aminopiperidines.
Authors: Lukyanenko E. R. , Borisenko A. A. , Grishina G. V.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Bisbenzothieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐e]pyridine.
Authors: Goerlitzer K. , Meyer H.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Efficient Synthesis of 1,2,4‐Triazolo[5,1‐b]quinazolin‐9(3H)‐ones via a Tandem Aza‐Wittig/Heterocumulene‐Mediated Annulation.
Authors: Ding Ming‐Wu , Chen Yun‐Feng , Huang Nian‐Yu
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Modeling of the D2 Dopamine Receptor Arylpiperazine Binding Site for 1‐{2‐[5‐(1H‐Benzimidazole‐2‐thione)]ethyl}‐4‐arylpiperazines.
Authors: Sukalovic Vladimir , Zlatovic Mario , Andric Deana , Roglic Goran , Kostic‐Rajacic Sladjana , Soskic Vukic
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Selective tert‐Butyl Ester Deprotection in the Presence of Acid Labile Protecting Groups with Use of ZnBr2.
Authors: Kaul Ramesh , Brouillette Yann , Sajjadi Zohreh , Hansford Karl A. , Lubell William D.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Scaffold for the Stereoselective Synthesis of α‐O‐Linked Glycopeptide Mimetics.
Authors: Venturi Francesca , Venturi Chiara , Liguori Francesca , Cacciarini Martina , Montalbano Monica , Nativi Cristina
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Fungerin, a Fungal Alkaloid, Arrests the Cell Cycle in M Phase by Inhibition of Microtubule Polymerization.
Authors: Koizumi Yukio , Arai Masayoshi , Tomoda Hiroshi , Omura Satoshi
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Total Syntheses of Natural Pseurotins A, F2, and Azaspirene.
Authors: Aoki Shin‐ya , Oi Takahiro , Shimizu Kazuya , Shiraki Ryota , Takao Ken‐ichi , Tadano Kin‐ichi
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Design and Synthesis of Conformationally Constrained 3‐(N‐alkylamino)propylphosphonic Acids as Potent Agonists of Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) Receptors.
Authors: Yan Lin , et al. et al.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nanotechnology: Applications and Potentials for Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Kung Harold H. , Kung Mayfair C.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Mechanochemical Approach for Preparing Nanostructural Materials
Authors: Saito Fumio , Zhang Qiwu , Kano Junya
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cyclophosphazenes with P—C Bond(s). Part 1. Syntheses and Reactivity
Authors: Cristau Henri‐Jean , Fruchier Alain , Plenat Francoise , Taillefer Marc , Vicente Virginie
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Oxidative Solid‐State Crosslinking of Polymer Precursors to Pattern Intrinsically Conducting Polymers
Authors: Jang Sung‐Yeon , Marquez Manuel , Sotzing Gregory A.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stereochemistry of [2 + 2]Cycloaddition of Chlorosulfonyl Isocyanate to Olefins
Authors: Furman Bartlomiej , Borsuk Katarzyna , Kaluza Zbigniew , Lysek Robert , Chmielewski Marek
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Carboranes, Including Their Metal Complexes
Authors: Jelliss Paul A.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Alkali and Coinage Metals
Authors: Linton D. J. , Wheatley A. E. H.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Transition Metal Fragment Substituted Silanols of Iron and Tungsten: Synthesis, Structure, and Condensation Reactions
Authors: Malisch Wolfgang , Hofmann Marco , Voegler Matthias , Schumacher Dirk , Sohns Andreas , Bera Holger , Jehle Heinrich
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
O,N‐Bidentate Ligands Coordinated on Ruthenium‐Based Olefin Metathesis Catalysts
Authors: Clercq B. D. , Verpoort F.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Snapshot Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Nobel Lecture)
Authors: Mansfield Peter
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A corotational finite element formulation for the analysis of planar beams
Authors: Urthaler Y. , Reddy J. N.
Published: June 2005

An efficient and accurate locking‐free corotational beam finite element for the analysis of large displacements and small‐strain problems is developed in this paper. Three different finite element models based on three different beam theories, namely, the Euler–Bernoulli, Timoshenko, and simplified Reddy theories are presented. In order to develop a single corotational finite element that incorporates the kinematics of all three theories, the unified linear finite element model of beams developed by Reddy (Comm. Numer. Meth. Eng. 1997; 13:495–510) is included in the formulation. An incremental iterative technique based on the Newton–Raphson method is employed for the solution of the non‐linear equilibrium equations. Numerical examples that demonstrate the efficiency and large rotation capability of the corotational formulation are presented. The element is validated by comparisons with exact and/or approximate solutions available in the literature. Very good agreement is found in all cases. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computation of the logarithm of Bessel functions of complex argument
Authors: Rothwell E. J.
Published: June 2005

Algorithms for computing the logarithm of Bessel functions of complex argument and integer order are presented. These algorithms will be useful when direct evaluation of the Bessel function causes computer overflow or underflow. Several numerical results are presented, and an example of radiation by a line source is given. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Why two kinds of color order systems are necessary?
Authors: Nayatani Yoshinobu
Published: June 2005

Two kinds of color order systems—Type I (Munsell system, its representative) and Type II (Swedish Natural Colour System (NCS), its representative)—are widely used for systematic ordering of object colors. The reasons are clarified why two kinds of systems are necessary. The reasons are (1)the problem caused by the use of the present CIE photometric and colorimetric system and (2)the neglection of chromatic strength (CS) of each hue to perceived color attributes. In addition, a comparison is made between NCS and Nayatani Theoretical (NT) systems, which are in the same category of color order system–Type II. The importance of CS function is clarified in the comparison of the three color order systems studied. Special features of the three color order systems (Munsell, NCS, and NT) are described in detail. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 30, 295–303, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20127
Grafting Poly(4‐vinylpyridine) with a Second‐Order Nonlinear Optically Active Nickel(II) Chromophore
Authors: Caruso Ugo , Centore Roberto , Panunzi Barbara , Roviello Antonio , Tuzi Angela
Published: June 2005

Metal‐containing polymers are obtained by grafting commercial poly(4‐vinylpyridine) (average molecular weight 60000 or 160000) with a NiII chromophore complex. The metal‐containing chromophore was obtained from a tridentate benzoylhydrazine ligand. Chromophore fragments were grafted onto the polymer by formation of a coordinative bond between the metal and the pyridinic nitrogen. Two acentric mononuclear NiII complexes containing pyridine as an additional ligand, in a square‐planar or in an octahedral environment, have been prepared and characterised also by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. The chemical and thermal properties of the model complexes and of the grafted polymers were examined and compared with those of CuII‐ and PdII‐based ones, in particular with reference to their NLO properties. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Multiple‐locus variable number tandem repeats analysis for genetic fingerprinting of pathogenic bacteria
Authors: Lindstedt Bjørn‐Arne
Published: June 2005

DNA fingerprinting has attracted considerable interest as means for identifying, tracing and preventing the dissemination of infectious agents. Various methods have been developed for typing of pathogenic bacteria, which differ in discriminative power, reproducibility and ease of interpretation. During recent years a typing method, which uses the information provided by whole genome sequencing of bacterial species, has gained increased attention. Short sequence repeat (SSR) motifs are known to undergo frequent variation in the number of repeated units through cellular mechanisms most commonly active during chromosome replication. A class of SSRs, named variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs), has proven to be a suitable target for assessing genetic polymorphisms within bacterial species. This review attempts to give an overview of bacterial agents where VNTR‐based typing, or multiple‐locus variant‐repeat analysis (MLVA) has been developed for typing purposes, together with addressing advantages and drawbacks associated with the use of tandem repeated DNA motifs as targets for bacterial typing and identification.
Evaluation as sensemaking: Knowledge construction in a realist world
Authors: Julnes George , Mark Melvin M.
Published: June 2005

Realism offers an alternative to the traditional positivist and constructivist paradigms. The principles of this approach are described here, as are its implications for knowledge construction.
A realist theory and analysis of utilization
Authors: Henry Gary T. , Rog Debra J.
Published: June 2005

A theory of evaluation use must be contextualized within the venue in which use is expected. Use in policy‐making and social programming is analyzed with particular emphasis on shaping realist practice to increase the potential for utilization.
Employee stock ownership plans: Using tax data in a quasi‐experimental design
Authors: Hanford Terry J.
Published: June 2005

A study of the impact of employee stock ownership plans on corporate performance illustrates the possibility of using tax data for a quasi‐experimental design and some attendant evaluation issues.
The history of participatory evaluation and current debates in the field
Authors: Brisolara Sharon
Published: June 2005

This chapter traces the history and philosophical roots of participatory evaluation and examines some current debates in the field.
Evaluating for a change: Reflections on participatory methodology
Authors: Burke Beverley
Published: June 2005

This chapter begins with a discussion of participatory evaluation as a set of principles and a process. Drawing on her own experience and that of other practitioners, the author highlights key moments in the implementation of this process, with an emphasis on the how‐to.
Making sense of participatory evaluation practice
Authors: King Jean A.
Published: June 2005

The author examines three of her experiences with practical participatory evaluation (or “meliorative participatory evaluation,” as she suggests) and reflects on what makes this approach work in practice.
The use of systems modeling in legislative program evaluation
Authors: McIntire Patrick W. , Glaze Ann S.
Published: June 2005

The development of systems models for program evaluations provides unique benefits. Computer simulations can facilitate an understanding of multi‐issue legislation and help policymakers reach comprehensive conclusions.
The nature of knowledge and language in the legislative arena
Authors: Zajano Nancy C. , Lochtefeld Shannon S.
Published: June 2005

The fact that state legislators belong to an oral culture affects the evaluation reports written for them. The culture affects both the nature of the knowledge generated for legislators' use and the nature of the language used to describe that knowledge.
The impact of term limits on legislative program evaluation
Authors: Mohan Rakesh , Stutzman Mary
Published: June 2005

Term limits are likely to shape legislative program evaluation for the next decade. As legislatures turn over more quickly, nonpartisan legislative evaluation offices may play a greater role in the public policy arena. They hold the promise of being a source of institutional memory and credible information for the legislature.
Ethics in disciplines and professions related to evaluation
Authors: Fitzpatrick Jody L.
Published: June 2005

The author argues that insufficient attention has been given to the study of ethical codes in evaluation‐related consulting professions. She examines the ethical codes within evaluation and related disciplines and professions and discusses implications for content, dissemination, and compliance.
Ethical challenges in evaluation with communities: A manager's perspective
Authors: Nee David , Mojica Maria I.
Published: June 2005

Foundation staff share their perspectives, as managers and practitioners, on the ethical challenges and opportunities facing professionals engaged in the evaluation of comprehensive, community‐based initiatives and other nontraditional program strategies.
The ethics of evaluation neutrality and advocacy
Authors: Datta Lois‐ellin
Published: June 2005

Few ethical issues seem to arouse the passion generated by discussions of whether or when evaluators should be advocates, adversaries, or neutral in light of the social goals that programs seek to achieve. The arguments for and against evaluation advocacy are examined in terms of the American Evaluation Association's “Guiding Principles for Evaluators,” more recent statements on advocacy and neutrality, and one aspect of practice: “closeness” to intended beneficiaries. The conclusion? It is time for a revised definition of Guiding Principle C (Integrity/Honesty), one that more effectively reflects our common ground and permits better articulation of standards.
The importance of a discovery capacity in community‐based health and human service program evaluation
Authors: Leviton Laura C. , Schuh Russell G.
Published: June 2005

Maintaining a discovery capacity in evaluation promotes better fit between the evaluation and the dynamic, complex contexts of community‐based programs. A continuing discovery capacity also fits well with the long‐term, systemic changes to which these programs aspire.
Evaluating community‐based health programs that seek to increase community capacity
Authors: Parker Edith A. , Eng Eugenia , Schulz Amy J. , Israel Barbara A.
Published: June 2005

Central to most community‐based programs is the goal of improving the community's capacity to address its own problems. Evaluating changes in community capacity requires contextualized definitions that (1) respect geographic, political, academic, and community perspectives and (2) inclusive evaluation approaches.
The process of selling a community evaluation to a community: Cumberland County's experience
Authors: Bicknell Rhode Yolanda Crago Alvarez , Telfair Joseph
Published: June 2005

How to engage local program stakeholders meaningfully in evaluation is a continuing challenge for many community‐based program evaluators. Lessons learned from a Smart Start evaluation in North Carolina are offered.
Using multimedia records to support mixed‐method evaluation
Authors: Bennington Tammy L. , Gay Geri , Jones Michael L. W.
Published: June 2005

This chapter explores how multimedia records, particularly digital video, can enhance the analysis and presentation of research findings and can facilitate mixed‐method research designs. The authors draw analogies between mixing methods and mixing technologies.
Using verbal protocol methodology in the evaluation of software and hardware
Authors: Mathison Sandra , Meyer Tricia R. , Vargas Juan D.
Published: June 2005

Verbal protocols constitute a useful tool for evaluating computer hardware and software, especially if informed by activity theory, although they cannot stand alone in a thorough evaluation design.
Ethical implications of computer‐mediated evaluation
Authors: Bennington Tammy L.
Published: June 2005

New technologies challenge conventional notions of research ethics, thus requiring evaluators to creatively address new kinds of threats to privacy, confidentiality, anonymity, and the disposition of data and to develop alternative notions of professional identity and responsibility.
Deliberative democratic evaluation
Authors: House Ernest R. , Howe Kenneth R.
Published: June 2005

Judging evaluations on the basis of their potential for democratic deliberation includes consideration of three interrelated criteria: inclusion, dialogue, and deliberation.
Democratizing evaluation: Meanings and methods from practice
Authors: Ryan Katherine E. , Johnson Trav D.
Published: June 2005

The way in which participation is constructed by the evaluator and perceived by the participants was found to influence evaluation impact.
Commentary on deliberative democratic evaluation
Authors: Hood Stafford
Published: June 2005

The realities of democracy in the United States have been experientially different for its oppressed groups. How might that affect the practice of democratic evaluation?
Deliberation, evaluation, and democracy
Authors: Mathison Sandra
Published: June 2005

The field has not fully addressed the challenges to the pragmatic use of democratic evaluation.
Language in defining social problems and in evaluating social programs
Authors: Madison Anna Marie
Published: June 2005

This chapter explores the sociopolitical nature of language in evaluation and illustrates the role evaluators can play as the translator and interpreter in assessing the outcomes of social programs.
Sociolinguistic dynamics of gender in focus groups
Authors: Brown Courtney L.
Published: June 2005

The language used in mixed‐sex focus groups and the resulting potential for missing information are discussed in this chapter.
Beyond the literal: Metaphors and why they matter
Authors: Kaminsky Alexis
Published: June 2005

As our language of evaluation changes, so do the metaphors we use to describe our work. In this chapter, the author discusses how examining metaphors in language of individuals and groups offers insight into how people frame and resolve problems.
Program theory evaluation: Practice, promise, and problems
Authors: Rogers Patricia J. , Petrosino Anthony , Huebner Tracy A. , Hacsi Timothy A.
Published: June 2005

The historical development of program theory evaluation, current variations in theory and practice, and pressing issues are discussed.
Causal models in program theory evaluation
Authors: Rogers Patricia J.
Published: June 2005

Program evaluations can be based on different causal models to suit different purposes. This chapter discusses several types of causal relationships, three causal models derived from systems theory, and the role that causal models play in program theory evaluation.
Theory‐based evaluation: Gaining a shared understanding between school staff and evaluators
Authors: Huebner Tracy A.
Published: June 2005

This chapter explores how theory‐based evaluation can be used to help conduct formative, reflective evaluations in educational settings.
Developing and using a program theory matrix for program evaluation and performance monitoring
Authors: Funnell Sue C.
Published: June 2005

The usefulness of program theory for monitoring and evaluation can be enhanced by incorporating information about the context in which the program operates, by defining success criteria and comparisons for judging and interpreting performance information, and by identifying sources of performance information.
Critical inquiry and use as action
Authors: Rossman Gretchen B. , Rallis Sharon F.
Published: June 2005

A conception of evaluation as learning focuses attention on the critical inquiry cycle that incorporates use throughout the evaluation process.
Controlled release of tethered molecules via engineered hydrogel degradation: Model development and validation
Authors: DuBose John W. , Cutshall Christopher , Metters Andrew T.
Published: June 2005

A statistical‐co‐kinetic model has been developed to predict effects of hydrolytic or enzymatic degradation on the macroscopic properties of hydrogels formed through Michael‐type addition reactions. Important parameters accounted for by the theoretical calculations are bond cleavage kinetics, microstructural network characteristics such as macromer functionality and crosslinking efficiency, and detailed analysis of degradation products. Previous work indicated the validity of this modeling approach for predicting swelling behavior of hydrolytically degradable gels during early stages of degradation and the quantitative dependence of gel degradation on kinetic and structural parameters. The theoretical methodology is extended in the current work to predict release of covalently bound proteins from the network via labile bonds. Release studies of a network‐bound fluoroscopic probe allow validation of model degradation parameters and indicate that macromer functionalization and network crosslinking efficiency can be appropriately tailored to achieve desired swelling profiles and protein release rates over the lifetime of the degradable gel. The effects of these network parameters on the timing of gel dissolution and the protein release that occurs during this phase of degradation are also identified, highlighting the utility of the developed model as a comprehensive tool for optimizing degradable hydrogels as matrices for drug delivery and tissue regeneration. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
Mitochondrial alterations and autofluorescent conversion of Candida albicans induced by histatins
Authors: Diaz Giacomo , Polonelli Luciano , Conti Stefania , Messana Irene , Cabras Tiziana , Putzolu Martina , Falchi Angela Maria , Fadda Maria Elisabetta , Cosentino Sofia , Isola Raffaella
Published: June 2005

The mechanism of the candidacidal activity of histatins 3 and 5 (Hst) is still a matter of debate. Previous studies have indicated that Hst induce cell permeabilization, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by mitochondria, inhibition of the respiratory chain, and energy‐dependent cytotoxic release of ATP. On the other hand, the multiplicity of effects and the apparent contrast between experimental data continue to render the mechanism of Hst‐induced killing of C. albicans unclear. In this investigation, using fluorescent probes (the potential‐sensitive mitochondrial probe tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester perchlorate, TMRM; the ROS‐sensitive probe dihydrofluorescein diacetate, DHF; the membrane‐impermeant probe, calcein) and autofluorescence data we observed that Hst induce ROS generation by mitochondria undergoing a high energy swelling condition, accompanied by oxidation of cytosolic NAD(P)H and mitochondrial flavoproteins. ROS generation and swelling, attributable to an inhibition of the respiratory chain and to impairment of the K/H‐exchanger, were followed by mitochondrial depolarization. Mitochondrial changes were accompanied by massive calcein influx, indicative of cell permeabilization, and prominent alterations of the cell size, shape, and optical density. The loss of proliferative activity was correlated, on a single cell basis, to the acquisition of a lipofuscin‐like autofluorescence. Microsc. Res. Tech. 66:219–228, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Perovskites in the comb roof base of hornets: Their possible function
Authors: Ishay J.S. , Joseph Z. , Galushko D. , Ermakov N. , Bergman D.J. , Barkay Z. , Stokroos I. , Van Der Want J.
Published: June 2005

On the ceiling of the Oriental hornet comb cell, there are mineral granules of polycrystalline material known to belong to the group of perovskites. In a comb cell intended to house a worker hornet, the roof base usually carries one or several such perovskite granules containing titanium (Ti), whereas in the roof base of a cell housing a developing queen, there are usually several granules containing a high percentage of silicon (Si), aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca), and iron (Fe), but very little if any Ti. In worker comb cells, Ti usually appears as ilmenite (FeTiO3). Besides documenting the above‐mentioned facts, this report discusses possible reasons for the appearance of ilmenite crystals in worker cells only and not in queen cells. Microsc. Res. Tech. 66:259–269, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ICOADS release 2.1 data and products
Authors: Worley Steven J. , Woodruff Scott D. , Reynolds Richard W. , Lubker Sandra J. , Lott Neal
Published: June 2005

The International Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS), release 2.1 (1784–2002), is the largest available set of in situ marine observations. Observations from ships include instrument measurements and visual estimates, and data from moored and drifting buoys are exclusively instrumental. The ICOADS collection is constructed from many diverse data sources, and made inhomogeneous by the changes in observing systems and recording practices used throughout the period of record, which is over two centuries. Nevertheless, it is a key reference data set that documents the long‐term environmental state, provides input to a variety of critical climate and other research applications, and serves as a basis for many associated products and analyses.

The observational database is augmented with higher level ICOADS data products. The observed data are synthesized to products by computing statistical summaries, on a monthly basis, for samples within 2° latitude × 2° longitude and 1° × 1° boxes beginning in 1800 and 1960 respectively. For each resolution the summaries are computed using two different data mixtures and quality control criteria. This partially controls and contrasts the effects of changing observing systems and accounts for periods with greater climate variability. The ICOADS observations and products are freely distributed worldwide.

The standard ICOADS release is supplemented in several ways; additional summaries are produced using experimental quality control, additional observations are made available in advance of their formal blending into a release, and metadata that define recent ships' physical characteristics and instruments are available. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
A 1° monthly gridded sea‐surface temperature dataset compiled from ICOADS from 1850 to 2002 and Northern Hemisphere frontal variability
Authors: Minobe Shoshiro , Maeda Atsushi
Published: June 2005

Using surface marine data collected in International Comprehensive Ocean Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS) release 2.1, a gridded SST dataset on a monthly, 1° × 1° grid is produced from 1850 to 2002. Some unrealistic features, which are commonly found in the gridded SSTs of ICOADS, are removed by a subjective quality control. Based on the gridded SST data, SST variability associated with the oceanic fronts is investigated for the North Atlantic and North Pacific.

Year‐to‐year SST variability in the North Atlantic is prominent along the climatological Gulf Stream extension (GSE) in winter and spring. This correspondence is captured better in the present SST dataset than in several widely used datasets. GSE mean SST exhibits multidecadal variability similar to the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation represented by mean SSTs over the North Atlantic.

Year‐to‐year SST variability in the North Pacific in winter and spring seasons is strong along the subarctic front (SAF) and also in the subtropical front (STF), with weaker amplitudes in the latter. In particular, just east of Japan, the Kuroshio extension appears to be a core of strong variability. Winter and spring averaged SAF and STF exhibit prominent decadal warmings in the 1940s, i.e. these fronts may be two of the action centres for the 1940s climate regime shift and the previously reported 1970s shift. The warming anomalies around the SAF associated with the 1940s shift are distributed more broadly than those with the 1970s shift, and have maximal amplitudes around Japan. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
A seasonally resolved bottom‐water temperature record for the period AD 1866–2002 based on shells of Arctica islandica (Mollusca, North Sea)
Authors: Schöne Bernd R. , Pfeiffer Miriam , Pohlmann Thomas , Siegismund Frank
Published: June 2005

Existing studies on recent global warming are almost exclusively based on environmental data from the Earth's surface. Seasonal information on the effects of climate change on subsurface settings of mid to high latitudes is extremely scarce. Here, we present the first temperature proxy record from bottom (c. 50 m) water settings of the North Sea employing the oxygen isotope composition of ocean quahog shells. Results indicate that δ18Oaragonite measured across shells of Arctica islandica can provide reliable estimates (±0.25 to ±0.4 °C) of the ambient bottom water temperatures. Over the period AD 1880–2001, warming trends in bottom waters are of the order of 0.042 to 0.138 °C/decade. Apparently, the annual maximum‐temperature trend shows a twofold increase over the past four decades (0.236 °C/decade) while the minimum‐temperature trend has remained relatively stable (0.042 °C/decade). During the same time interval, however, annual maximum temperatures at the sea surface quadrupled. Shell oxygen‐isotope‐derived winter temperatures also provide a proxy for the winter North Atlantic oscillation index (WNAO). Some 28 to 50% of the variability in minimum temperatures below the thermocline can be explained by changes of the WNAO. Our new tool enables testing and verification of climate models prior to the 20th century greenhouse forcing. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Methods to homogenize wind speeds from ships and buoys
Authors: Thomas Bridget R. , Kent Elizabeth C. , Swail Val R.
Published: June 2005

Marine winds reported by Voluntary Observing Ships (VOS) and moored buoys require adjustment to provide a homogeneous record of the marine climate. Known sources of inhomogeneity arise from differences in measurement height and method, averaging method and atmospheric stability; methods are available to correct for these. However, significant differences remain in a paired dataset of ship and buoy winds. Regression methods to remove this remaining inconsistency are discussed, and a ranked regression method chosen as most appropriate to adjust ship wind speeds to yield a similar distribution. We show the factors, such as vessel type, that affect the regression results. The corrections, derived from a high‐quality paired dataset with rigorous quality control, are effective at reducing inhomogeneity in monthly mean wind speed distributions derived from the International Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Data Set. Copyright © 2005 Environment Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.