bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The New Etching Technologies of Graphene Surfaces
Authors: V. Pham Phuong
Published: July 2020

Recently, graphene nanomaterial has drawn great interest due to its excellent electrical and optoelectrical properties. The etching of graphene based on plasma engineering to achieve atomically thin layer and extremely clean surface is a hot issue, which is highly desirable for industrial applications. The resided contaminants with high intrinsic roughness create the degradation of performance. The impurities are removed via surface cleaning method and layer-by-layer plasma etching via top-down lithography. Recently, new plasma technology-based etching causes no damage and secures its π-binding, which plays a key role in conductivity and other characteristics. Thus, this chapter presents the recent advances in new etching technologies for nanomaterials (e.g., graphene) as well as emerging applications based on these technologies.
The Epidemiology of Limb Fractures in Children Admitted to an Emergency Department in Western Iran
Authors: Shafiei Elham , Nademi Arash , Mozafari Ali Ashraf , Bastani Elham , Kokhazadeh Taleb , Yousefi Kosar , Sahebi Ali
Published: July 2020

Background: The incidence of limb fractures in children depends on environmental factors and socioeconomic backgrounds. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the epidemiology of limb fractures in 1 to 15-year-old children in Ilam City, Iran. Methods: This retrospective study enrolled all children aged 15 and below admitted to the Emam Khomeini Hospital of the Ilam University of Medical Sciences between July 2012 and March 2018. Data including age, sex, injury mechanism, and injured organs were recorded in SPSS software and analyzed using a chi-square test. Results: Out of 4877 children, 74.3% were boys, and 25.7% were girls, with the men to women ratio of 2.87 and the mean age of 9.10 ± 4.3 years. Elbow and forearm with 39.35% and leg with 21.61% were the most common sites of fractures. Home, street, and sports fields were the commonplaces of injury with 50.7%, 28.3%, and 7.2%, respectively. The age range of 8 - 15 years, with 3693 cases (75.72%) was the most vulnerable age group. Fractures occurred mostly in spring and summer and less frequently in the other seasons. Conclusions: Specific attention should be paid to the home environment and its safety for controlling injuries in preschool children. This includes increasing parents’ knowledge of preventive measures. Moreover, improving the physical condition of pavements and crosswalks in the streets is necessary for the prevention of injuries.
Study of the Relationship Between Mean Platelet Volume and LAD as a Culprit Vessel in NSTEMI
Authors: Separham Ahmad , Shahsavani Alireza , Heidari Sarvestani Ali
Published: July 2020

Background: Among acute coronary patients, the ratio of non ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) is increasing and according to recent studies, less than 30% of myocardial infarctions (MIs) are due to ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Unlike STEMI, in NSTEMI the ECG is not able to identify the culprit vessel. Objectives: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the association of mean platelet volume (MPV) and NSTEMI due to left anterior descending lesion. Methods: In this cross sectional study 349 patients with NSTEMI were included. Major cardiac risk factors (cigarette, diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HTN), hyperlipidemia (HLP), angiographic findings, and drug history of patients were extracted from patients’ medical files. Then the MPV in complete blood count results and angiography findings were analyzed for any association. According to culprit lesions patients were divided into left anterior descending (LAD) and non-LAD groups. Results: There was a significant difference between the two groups (LAD vs. non-LAD) according to platelet count (P = 0.014), MPV (P = 0.001), HLP (0.024) and DM (0.048). Multivariate regression model has shown the MPV (OR = 0.46, 95%CI = 0.27 - 0.78) and DM (OR = 0.18, 95%CI = 0.06 - 0.54) as independent risk factors for NSTEMI due to LAD lesion. The significant positive correlation was also seen between MPV and left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) (r = 0.22, P = 0.006). The area under the curve (AUC) of MPV for predicting LAD culprit lesion was calculated as 69% (P < 0.0001). At cut off point of 9.15, has sensitivity and specificity of MPV for predicting LAD as culprit vessel was 100% and 30% respectively. Conclusions: In NSTEMI patients MPV might be a good tool to differentiate patients with LAD as culprit vessel.
What Is Hermeneutic Philosophy?
Authors: Lorenc Włodzimierz , Chodzińska Karolina ,   Polish Academy of Sciences
Published: July 2020

The aim of this article is to characterize hermeneutic philosophy in a manner that differs from the usual attempts at defining this philosophical direction, especially in German philosophy, that is by referencing traditional hermeneutics. I would like to propose expounding its characteristics not in a historical, but theoretical manner. This task involves analysing the place of hermeneutic philosophy among other tendencies in contemporary philosophy as well as showcasing the advantages of its way of philosophizing. The article does not discuss issues related to this philosophy such as its limitations and unilaterality.
Títeres, represión y exilio durante la dictadura argentina: Horacio Peralta y la “confabulación poética” hacia el Bululú Teatro
Authors: Dubatti Jorge
Published: July 2020

Se reconstruye la trayectoria del titiritero Horacio Peralta (Buenos Aires, 1952), perseguido por la dictadura argentina de 1976-1983 para forzarlo a acabar con sus prácticas (y las de su grupo) de un arte político y militante con técnicas e imaginarios populares. Peralta es secuestrado por un grupo paramilitar en 1976 y debe exiliarse primero en Centroamérica y luego en Europa, donde radica actualmente y funda en 1979 la compañía Bululú Teatro, reconocida internacionalmente. El exilio le brinda a Peralta un enraizamiento en otras tradiciones populares y el contacto con nuevas técnicas y concepciones escénicas. Desde una nueva territorialidad del exilio Peralta recompone su relación con el campo teatral-titiritesco de la Argentina y Latinoamérica, al que sigue haciendo una contribución invalorable.
Los títeres son del pueblo
Authors: Oyarzún Miguel
Published: July 2020

Resumen: El presente texto es un relato de las experiencias iniciales como titiritero de Miguel Oyarzún en las poblaciones periféricas de Chile durante la dictadura (1973- 1990). Por medio de estas memorias accedemos a las vivencias que muestran el papel que desempeñó el artista junto a los activistas en defensa de la calidad de vida de sus habitantes. El texto apunta la capacidad del arte en la comunidad para la articulación social y la educación popular en tiempos de desamparo y prohibiciones. Además, muestra la función de los talleres comunitarios, que lejos de ocuparse llanamente de trasmitir una técnica, abren el espacio de expresión y denuncia, significando el vehículo de transmisión de saberes y continuidad del arte del pueblo.Palabras claves: Teatro de títeres. Población. Chile.
A true marriage of opposites
Authors: Varley Julia
Published: July 2020

Questions of censorship and self-censorship are confronted through JuliaVarley’s experience of animating a skull mask on stilts, Mr. Peanut, and a puppet,Sheherazade. Mr. Peanut travels to many Latin American countries, and the article remembers episodes from Ayacucho, Perú, and Santiago de Chile, and the meetings with soldiers and police.
SysML Models for Discrete Event Logistics Systems
Authors: Sprock Timothy , Bock Conrad
Published: July 2020

System models and model-based engineering methods have the promise of transforming
the way that industrial engineers interact with production and logistics systems.
Model-based methods play a role in improving communication between stakeholders,
interoperability between systems, automated access to consistent analysis models, and
multi-disciplinary design methods for complex systems. However, there remains a need for
a foundation for modeling these kinds of systems – a foundation that tailors methods and
tools developed in other engineering domains to the unique concepts and semantics of
production and logistics. This foundation is the topic of these models.
De la réhabilitation au désistement assisté : transcender le modèle médical1
Authors: Maruna2 Shadd , Dubois Florence
Published: July 2020

Le concept de réhabilitation est parfois mis en opposition à celui du désistement « spontané » ou « naturel » du crime. Dans cet article, je soutiens que ces deux concepts découlent d’une vision du changement qui relève du modèle médical qui ne correspond pas à ce que nous savons sur les processus de désistement. La réhabilitation et le désistement spontané doivent être compris d’une manière plus nuancée et intégrative, comme on peut le constater dans la manière dont le phénomène est étudié au Royaume-Uni, où l’on fait plutôt référence aux concepts de désistement assisté et de désistement coproduit pour référer à ces phénomènes.
Désistement assisté en contexte formel : une étude de la portée
Authors: Villeneuve1 Marie-Pierre , F.-Dufour Isabelle , Farrall Stephen
Published: July 2020

Les indicateurs de récidive sont souvent utilisés pour évaluer l’efficacité des interventions réalisées par les acteurs formels du système de justice pénale. Ces études permettent de déterminer « ce qui fonctionne » pour prévenir la récidive. Par contre, elles donnent peu d’information sur les processus de désistement du crime, c’est-à-dire sur comment ces interventions contribuent à l’arrêt de la criminalité et à soutenir les désisteurs dans leurs efforts de changement. Cette étude de la portée montre que des agents de désistement formels peuvent jouer un rôle de soutien en offrant de l’aide pratique et des ressources qui tiennent compte des besoins des désisteurs et en favorisant les changements cognitifs et identitaires en donnant des rétroactions positives et des encouragements constants. Un modèle est proposé pour conceptualiser les impacts des interventions formelles sur les processus de désistement. Le contexte non volontaire, l’équilibre fragile entre les rôles légal et thérapeutique des agents formels, ainsi que la fragilité inhérente aux processus de désistement sont importants à considérer pour offrir des interventions visant à promouvoir le désistement. Des pistes pour les recherches futures ainsi que les implications pour le développement de politiques et la pratique sont discutées.
Les possibilités de désistement assisté pour les femmes enceintes et mères examinées à partir d’un échantillon communautaire
Authors: Stone1 Rebecca
Published: July 2020

Depuis quelques années, les chercheurs et les intervenants qui oeuvrent dans le domaine de la supervision communautaire des personnes contrevenantes réclament un nouveau paradigme de surveillance, fondé sur une compréhension du processus de désistement. Le présent article examine ce processus à partir d’un échantillon de 28 jeunes femmes enceintes ou mères qui ont des antécédents criminels et des dépendances à des substances psychoactives. Leurs expériences sont analysées en fonction des concepts de capital social et de capital humain. Les résultats mettent en évidence les avantages du capital social alors que, dans les faits, ces femmes ont des réseaux sociaux extrêmement limités, comptant peu de pairs positifs, des familles ayant peu de ressources et, souvent, des relations amoureuses abusives. S’ajoutent à cela les obstacles à l’éducation et à l’emploi auxquels se heurtent les femmes dont les enfants sont en bas âge. L’analyse se termine par des recommandations pour optimiser l’assistance au désistement et au rétablissement des femmes ayant des antécédents criminels et de toxicomanie.
Récits de désistance de jeunes radicalisés et impliqués dans des activités de groupes terroristes
Authors: Glowacz1 Fabienne
Published: July 2020

À la suite des attentats qu’ont connus plusieurs pays d’Europe, la déradicalisation et le désengagement sont des concepts qui ont été fortement mobilisés et questionnés afin d’orienter les interventions à mener. Celui de la désistance l’a moins été alors qu’il propose un cadre de référence intéressant. Notre étude porte sur l’analyse de récits de désistance de trois jeunes judiciarisés pour terrorisme se considérant comme « sortis de la radicalisation et des affiliations pro-terroristes ». Elle a permis de dégager les composantes et les interventions qu’ils ont vécues comme des soutiens à leur désistance, leur désengagement et leur déradicalisation. Ils s’inscrivent pleinement dans les fondements du désistement assisté.
Logiques ordinaires de régulation et recours à la police
Authors: Vanhamme1 Françoise
Published: July 2020

Comment on en vient à appeler la police ? L’article considère ce recours comme une option dans l’éventail des modes de régulation possibles, qui sont tous placés sur un pied d’égalité, du plus formel au plus informel. Nous explorons les raisons ordinaires qui animent un tel choix selon une perspective ethnométhodologique. L’analyse des entretiens montre deux éléments liés qui régissent la décision d’appeler ou non la police : le sentiment d’agentivité, soit la sensation d’être en contrôle satisfaisant de ses actions et du monde extérieur, et sa condition pour s’actualiser, l’appréciation que l’on se situe dans un monde commun avec le protagoniste.
Dénouer les perceptions des citoyens de la police : le lien entre la confiance et la satisfaction
Authors: David1 Jean-Denis
Published: July 2020

L’article propose une clarification conceptuelle des notions de confiance et de satisfaction envers la police à travers des données empiriques. Cet article émerge dans un contexte où ces deux types de perceptions sont utilisés de manière interchangeable bien qu’ils aient des implications différentes pour les relations police-communauté. On observe dans la littérature scientifique que la satisfaction fait référence à une évaluation postérieure des attentes alors que la confiance fait référence à une évaluation du risque relativement à des actions, des comportements ou des états d’être futurs. Les résultats corroborent effectivement une distinction, mais soulignent néanmoins une association entre ces deux types de perceptions. En somme, la satisfaction envers le travail des policiers peut motiver la confiance des citoyens dans la police. Dénouer la relation entre ces deux perceptions est nécessaire pour que les études dans ce champ de recherche soient outillées de manière à présenter un portrait juste des relations police-communauté.
Translation bibliomigrancy: the case of contemporary French Caribbean literature in Sweden
Authors: Lindqvist Yvonne
Published: July 2020

This paper examines consecration mechanisms contributing to translation taking place from one local periphery in the global translation field, notably from French Caribbean literature, to another (semi-) periphery, Swedish literature. The translation bibliomigrancy of Dany Laferrière, Maryse Condé and Patrick Chamoiseau is mapped out and tested against the Double Consecration Hypothesis, which states that writers from peripheral cultures, to be selected for translation into Swedish, haveprimarilyto be consecrated within the center of their previous (colonial) culture in the global translation fieldand thenwithin the centers of the British and American literary cultures. It is shown that double consecration constitutes a favorable condition for the peripheral writers studied to reach Swedish readers in translation. However, the success of these writers within Swedish literary culture heavily depends on their consecration within the Anglo-American culture, on the prestige of the publishing houses and on the involved translators’ possession of translation capital.
Discours présidentiel. À commencer par l’eau. Le Canada, le colonialisme et l’histoire en 2019
Authors: Perry Adele
Published: July 2020

À quoi ressemblerait l’histoire si on commençait par l’eau ? Je souhaite parler ici des possibilités de penser l’eau, en particulier dans sa relation avec le colonialisme, et surtout au centre hydrographique de l’Amérique du Nord, que nous pourrions appeler la bordure occidentale du monde anishinaabe, et que nous pourrions aussi désigner comme l’espace entre la Winnipeg d’aujourd’hui et le lac des Bois. Pour parler des histoires de l’eau ici, je me baserai sur les études autochtones, les travaux critiques en histoire coloniale, l’histoire de l’environnement et l’espace urbain, ainsi que sur les questions suscitées par notre actualité de l’année 2019, sise entre la fin des travaux de la Commission de vérité et réconciliation en 2015, et le cent-cinquantième anniversaire de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1867 en 2017. C’est aussi le moment où la Société historique du Canada/Canadian Historical Association approche de son centenaire, qui sera célébré en 2022, et où nos pensées et nos actes tournent autour du rôle des disciplines universitaires, y compris l’histoire, dans l’échafaudage institutionnel, social et intellectuel du projet toujours en cours du colonialisme canadien. Ce sont quelques-unes des questions auxquelles peut nous amener l’eau. Je commencerai par parler de l’eau, de l’histoire et de la colonisation par l’installation de nouveaux venus, avant de me tourner vers les histoires de l’eau au confluent des rivières Rouge et Assiniboine, et les histoires de dépossession sur la ligne de partage des eaux du lac des Bois, avant de revenir à notre présent colonial et au rôle des histoires et des historiens dans ce présent.
Possession and the Senses in Early Modern England
Authors: Gasser Erika
Published: July 2020

This article addresses the history of possession and preternatural interference through the lens of the senses. Because these sorts of cases featured the intersection of embodied and ephemeral perception, they provide singular opportunities to evaluate elite and popular conceptions of humans’ capacity to sense what lay within and beyond the natural realm. Possession cases also offer a prime opportunity to examine how attempts to ascribe meaning to bodily acts required that writers present the senses of afflicted individuals and those who attended them as intricately connected. Published possession texts thus provide an entry point from which to evaluate aspects of “intersensorality,” when witnesses appeared both to experience overlapping senses themselves and occasionally to find their perceptions linked with afflicted persons in ways that surpassed what was natural. The paper also examines the role that insensibility played in some instances of possession propaganda, both when subjects experienced complete trances and when they displayed selective inability to see, hear, or speak in reaction to cultural cues.
A inserção social e laboral de grupos vulneráveis nos empreendimentos sociais no Brasil por meio das cooperativas
Authors: Urbano Maffioletti Emanuelle , Sato Camila
Published: July 2020

El presente estudio aborda sociedades cooperativas cuyo objetivo es la inserción social y laboral de los grupos clasificados como vulnerables en la legislación brasileña. Con ese reto, el estudio contextualiza las políticas públicas existentes en el país con respecto a los grupos vulnerables y las formas de inserción social y laboral, centrándose en medidas normativas e institucionales que fomentan la participación de estos grupos en las empresas sociales. Teniendo en cuenta la dificultad de datos y de investigación cuantitativa sobre las empresas dedicadas al tema, este trabajo trae ejemplos concretos de acciones y agentes, entre ellos cooperativas, que han estado trabajando en la inserción de grupos vulnerables, centrándose en drogadictos y personas con discapacidad. Para ilustrar el escenario problemático observado en Brasil, también se mencionaron ejemplos de cooperativas que actualmente están inactivas, principalmente debido al desafío de la autosostenibilidad de su estructura organizativa.
La inclusión socio-laboral de los grupos vulnerables. Colectivos y formas de inclusión a través del trabajo
Authors: Bengoetxea Alkorta Aitor
Published: July 2020

La noción de los grupos vulnerables se encuentra cada vez más extendida en la literatura sociológica, y también en la jurídica. Pero no hay un concepto jurídico-positivo sobre los mismos, ni una lista que los enumere con carácter exhaustivo. Se propone analizar el origen y contornos de esa noción, esbozando un concepto jurídico. En materia de acceso al empleo, la ley de empleo los denomina colectivos prioritarios. Estudiaremos cuáles son, por qué se les considera colectivo prioritario, en función de las peculiaridades de cada uno de ellos, y qué medidas de acción positiva se les aplican,  artiendo de su desventaja, para procurar ayudarles en su esfuerzo hacia la consecución de un empleo.
O fim mutualístico desinteressado ou altruísta das cooperativas de solidariedade social
Authors: Meira Deolinda
Published: July 2020

Las cooperativas de solidaridad social persiguen, principal o exclusivamente, un fin mutualista desinteresado o altruista, que el legislador denomina "fines de solidaridad social". El objetivo de estas cooperativas es lograr una clara misión de asistencia en situaciones de vulnerabilidad social y económica, dando expresión a los valores de altruismo y solidaridad. Esto justifica que su régimen jurídico tenga ciertas peculiaridades, tanto en lo que se refiere a las categorías de miembros, la estructura organizativa y el régimen económico. Estas cooperativas se caracterizan por la heterogeneidad de sus miembros, lo que exige la definición de normas que permitan una gestión verdaderamente participativa y democrática, y en este sentido se requieren cambios en el régimen jurídico vigente. El régimen económico es plenamente apropiado para este fin mutualista desinteresado, lo que justifica la prohibición de lo retorno de los excedentes y hace más intenso el principio de la devolución desinteresada.
Derechos de sindicación y libertad sindical en las Cooperativas de Trabajo Asociado. Comentario a la Sentencia del Tribunal Supremo (Sala de lo Social), de 8 de mayo de 2019. Roj: 1944/2019
Authors: García Jiménez Manuel
Published: July 2020

El Tribunal Supremo, en su Sala de lo Social, declara que “los socios trabajadores de las cooperativas de trabajo asociado tienen derecho a afiliarse al sindicato de su elección y el sindicato tiene derecho al ejercicio de la acción sindical en defensa de los derechos e intereses de sus afiliados en este tipo de cooperativas”. Dicho pronunciamiento, rompe con la tradicional negación de los derechos colectivos laborales de los socios en las cooperativas de trabajo y supone un reto organizativo para su armonización con los causes democráticos propios de la identidad cooperativa, pero, al mismo tiempo, abre una vía para cuando, a través de dichos cauces, el ejercicio de derechos laborales básicos se ve limitado. Todo un reto, en especial para las grandes cooperativas.
Práctica concertada de boicot a terceros de los socios cooperativistas y responsabilidad de la cooperativa. Sentencia de la Sala de lo Contencioso-Administrativo del Tribunal Supremo núm. 1497/2018
Authors: Guillem Carrau Javier
Published: July 2020

Este comentario de jurisprudencia aborda una cuestión de gran interés en el ámbito de derecho cooperativo que consiste en la aplicación del derecho de la competencia a las cooperativas por actuaciones de sus socios; esto es, el levantamiento del velo en la imputación por conductas anticompetitivas en un caso de boicot es la pieza clave de este litigio.
Fundamentos del derecho de la discapacidad, de Rafael de Lorenzo y Luis Cayo Pérez Bueno (dirs.) (Aranzadi, Madrid, 2020)
Authors: Cabra de Luna Miguel Ángel
Published: July 2020

El libro constituye un estudio detallado y exhaustivo del tratamiento jurídico de la discapacidad en nuestro país. La Fundación Derecho y Discapacidad ha conseguido consolidarse como un instrumento esencial en el reconocimiento y la protección de los derechos de las personas con discapacidad y sus familias. Su actividad ha estado siempre orientada hacia el único enfoque posible cuando se habla de personas con discapacidad, que no es otro que el de los derechos humanos. Hablar de discapacidad, en el contexto de la Fundación, equivale a la búsqueda del pleno reconocimiento a estas personas de tales derechos en igualdad de condiciones que a las demás. En este contexto, el Presidente de la Fundación, Luis Cayo Pérez Bueno y el Secretario General, Rafael de Lorenzo García, dirigen esta publicación.
The cytokine GDF15 signals through a population of brainstem cholecystokinin neurons to mediate anorectic signalling
Authors: Worth Amy A , Shoop Rosemary , Tye Katie , Feetham Claire H , D'Agostino Giuseppe , Dodd Garron T , Reimann Frank , Gribble Fiona M , Beebe Emily C , Dunbar James D , Alexander-Chacko Jesline T , Sindelar Dana K , Coskun Tamer , Emmerson Paul J , Luckman Simon M
Published: July 2020

The cytokine, GDF15, is produced in pathological states which cause cellular stress, including cancer. When over expressed, it causes dramatic weight reduction, suggesting a role in disease-related anorexia. Here, we demonstrate that the GDF15 receptor, GFRAL, is located in a subset of cholecystokinin neurons which span the area postrema and the nucleus of the tractus solitarius of the mouse. GDF15 activates GFRALAP/NTS neurons and supports conditioned taste and place aversions, while the anorexia it causes can be blocked by a monoclonal antibody directed at GFRAL or by disrupting CCK neuronal signalling. The cancer-therapeutic drug, cisplatin, induces the release of GDF15 and activates GFRALAP/NTS neurons, as well as causing significant reductions in food intake and body weight in mice. These metabolic effects of cisplatin are abolished by pre-treatment with the GFRAL monoclonal antibody. Our results suggest that GFRAL neutralising antibodies or antagonists may provide a co-treatment opportunity for patients undergoing chemotherapy.
Genome-wide Cas9 binding specificity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Waldrip Zachary J. , Jenjaroenpun Piroon , DeYoung Oktawia , Nookaew Intawat , Taverna Sean D. , Raney Kevin D. , Tackett Alan J.
Published: July 2020

The CRISPR system has become heavily utilized in biomedical research as a tool for genomic editing as well as for site-specific chromosomal localization of specific proteins. For example, we developed a CRISPR-based methodology for enriching a specific genomic locus of interest for proteomic analysis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which utilized a guide RNA-targeted, catalytically dead Cas9 (dCas9) as an affinity reagent. To more comprehensively evaluate the genomic specificity of using dCas9 as a site-specific tool for chromosomal studies, we performed dCas9-mediated locus enrichment followed by next-generation sequencing on a genome-wide scale. As a test locus, we used the ARS305 origin of replication on chromosome III in S. cerevisiae. We found that enrichment of this site is highly specific, with virtually no off-target enrichment of unique genomic sequences. The high specificity of genomic localization and enrichment suggests that dCas9-mediated technologies have promising potential for site-specific chromosomal studies in organisms with relatively small genomes such as yeasts.
Metagenomic next-generation sequencing for the clinical diagnosis and prognosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by severe pneumonia: a retrospective study
Authors: Zhang Peng , Chen Yan , Li Shuyun , Li Chaoliang , Zhang Shuang , Zheng Weihao , Chen Yantang , Ma Jie , Zhang Xin , Huang Yanming , Liu Shengming
Published: July 2020

Background

Metagenome next-generation sequencing (mNGS) is a valuable diagnostic tool that can be used for the identification of early pathogens of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in severe pneumonia. Little is known about the use of this technology in clinical application and the evaluation of the prognostic value of ARDS.

Methods

We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients with ARDS caused by severe pneumonia. Samples were collected from patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) of Jiangmen Central Hospital from January 2018 to August 2019. The no-next generation sequencing (NGS) group was composed of patients given conventional microbiological tests to examine sputum, blood, or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The NGS group was composed of patients tested using mNGS and conventional microbiological tests. We evaluated the etiological diagnostic effect and clinical prognostic value of mNGS in patients with ARDS caused by severe pneumonia.

Results

The overall positive rate (91.1%) detected by the mNGS method was significantly higher than that of the culture method (62.2%, P = 0.001), and antibody plus polymerase chain reaction (28.9%, P < 0.001). Following adjustment of the treatment plan based on microbial testing results, the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation-II (APACHE II) score of the NGS group was lower than that of the no-NGS group 7 days after treatment (P < 0.05). The 28-day mortality rate of the NGS group was significantly lower than that of the no-NGS group (P < 0.05). Longer ICU stay, higher APACHE II score and sequential organ failure assessment score were risk factors for the death of ARDS, and adjusting the medication regimen based on mNGS results was a protective factor. The detection of mNGS can significantly shorten the ICU stay of immunosuppressed patients (P < 0.01), shorten the ventilation time (P < 0.01), and reduce the ICU hospitalization cost (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Metagenome next-generation sequencing is a valuable tool to determine the etiological value of ARDS caused by severe pneumonia to improve diagnostic accuracy and prognosis for this disease. For immunosuppressed patients, mNGS technology can be used in the early stage to provide more diagnostic evidence and guide medications.
The dingo-domestic dog interface: implications for disease spread
Authors: Ward Michael P. , Sivieng Kathryn Qing-Ling , Brookes Victoria
Published: July 2020

Interactions between dingoes and domestic dogs in Australia have implications for disease spread, but to understand the potential impact, better knowledge of the nature of this dingo-domestic dog interface is needed. Driven by a need to assess the risk of a rabies incursion in northern Australia and its likely impact, a field research program was initiated in 2012, focused on the Northern Peninsula Area (NPA) of Cape York, Queensland. There is scant information available on how and under what circumstances dingoes interact with domestic dogs, which is a gap in disease preparedness and response, and studies have been conducted on both domestic dogs and dingoes in this area. Here we describe one study that used camera-trap data to assess fixed and variable characteristics of NPA dingo populations. Because of the dingo-domestic dog interface and hybridisation in the NPA, we hypothesised that some dingo-type dogs might exhibit domestic dog traits. During 12 months of monitoring, 24 phenotypically-based dingo-type dogs were identified. Seven of these that were studied in more detail exhibited both dingo-like and domestic dog-like traits. Activity was concentrated at an unofficial waste site and mostly at night, and interactions between these seven dingo-like dogs were observed. Although interactions between this subset of highly active dingoes and domestic dogs were not observed, two such interactions were observed within the larger group of dingoes. Whilst this study provides baseline information about the role that the dingo-domestic dog interface could play in disease spread – such as in the event of a rabies incursion – it is a snapshot in a single region. To inform disease surveillance, control and management plans, multidisciplinary research involving ecologists, epidemiologists and veterinarians, together with indigenous communities, is needed to further define the dingo-domestic dog interface in Australia.
Moisture and Aflatoxin Contents of Kenyan Market Peanuts and Decontamination with Water, Lime and Ultraviolet Radiation Treatments
Authors: Wanjiru Joyce W. , Imungi Jasper K. , Njue Lucy G.
Published: July 2020

In the recent past, aflatoxin in peanuts and products has been a subject of controversy in Kenya. In the early 2019, some brands of locally manufactured peanut butter were withdrawn from the market shelves on account of containing aflatoxin higher than the national tolerance. It has been established that Kenyan market peanuts contain high levels of aflatoxin. Roasting is reported to have little effect on the aflatoxin content. This study was designed to assess the effect of specific treatments prior to roasting in reducing the aflatoxin levels to below the tolerance. This would then ensure compliance of the toxin levels in the roasted peanuts and the products with the national tolerance. The treatments included soaking in water, in lime, and UV irradiation. The peanut samples were collected from 20 vendors in the Main Cereal Market in Nairobi and brought to the laboratory of the Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS). They were analysed for moisture and aflatoxin content. Each sample was subjected to the treatment and reduction was evaluated in aflatoxin to the tolerance. The moisture content of the peanuts varied from 5.2 – 8.4% with mean of 6.5%. Moisture almost complied with the optimum for storage of 8.0%. The total aflatoxin contents varied from 3.3 – 38.5 ppb with mean of 14.8 ppb. Up to 45% samples had aflatoxin above tolerance of 10 ppb.

There was positive and significant (p < 0.01) correlation between aflatoxin levels and moisture content. Treatment of the peanuts with water (cold & warm) and warm lime and irradiation with UV all managed to reduce the aflatoxin contents to below the tolerance, in the order lime>warm water>cold water>UV irradiation. The study concluded that the moisture content of the market peanuts in Kenya, almost complies with recommended optimum for storage the tolerance, but the mean aflatoxin content was well above the tolerance. However, the aflatoxin levels can be lowered effectively by soaking in water, lime, and by irradiation with UV.
Soil Texture, Organic Matter and Nutrients Affect Production of Acacia in Northeast Vietnam
Authors: Dung Pham Tien , Ban Do Van , Tuyen Pham Quang , Trung Phung Dinh , Hoang Nguyen Huy , Thanh Luu Quoc , Khuong Ninh Viet , Tuan Nguyen Van , Long Tran Hai , Tan Bui Thanh , Thinh Nguyen Huu , Thuong Bui Huu , Quynh Pham Thi , Do Tran Van
Published: July 2020

Soil provides nutrients, water, and growing space for plants, and thus is the basis for life on earth. Soil nutrient availability impacts productivity of terrestrial ecosystems i.e. forest. However, support for this phenomenon in the tropics remains elusive. In this study, the effects of soil properties including texture, organic matter and nutrients on production of Acacia hybrid and A. mangium plantations in Northeast Vietnam were studied. Thirtythree sample plots of 500 m2 (20 m × 25 m) each were established in plantations of 1–14 years old for measuring stem diameter at breast height and height for all Acacia trees. In each plot, a 0–30 cm depth soil sample was taken for analyzing soil texture, organic matter, and nutrients. While allometry was used to estimate standing volume (production) of all measured stems. The results indicated that both species had rapid growth until 8th year after planting, then growth speed decreases as age increasing. The ratio of loam particles in soil controls production of both species, as higher loam ratios lead to lower production in terms of the standing volume. While higher phosphorous availability in the soil will lead to higher production of A. mangium but not A. hybrid. There weren’t any relationships between production and soil nitrogen and potassium for both species. It is concluded that A. hybrid and A. mangium should be logged at the age earlier than 8 years old for pulpwood to maximize production, rapid reinvestment, and benefit return. Fertilizing phosphorus to acacia plantations should be conducted to increase production, while potassium and nitrogen should not be applied.
Prevalence of Human Intestinal Helminthic Infections among School-Age Children in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria
Authors: Ukam Usang Anok , Enogiomwan Imalele Edema , Offiong Effanga Emmanuel , Chinyere Osondu-Anyanwu
Published: July 2020

Aims: The study aimed at determining the prevalence and risk factors for intestinal helminth infection among school-age children in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria.

Study Design: Cross-sectional observational study was conducted in two Local Government Areas (Calabar South and Calabar Municipality) in Calabar.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in Calabar, from May to October, 2018.

Methodology: Faecal samples were collected from pupils in sterile dry specimen bottles with the use of applicator sticks and analyzed using sedimentation and floatation techniques. Data obtained was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.

Results: Overall prevalence of intestinal helminth was 18.5%. Parasites recovered were Ascaris lumbricoides (9.3%), Trichuris trichiura (4.0%), Hookworm (2.6%), Taenia solium (0.9), Enterobius vermicularis (0.9), Strongyloides stercoralis (0.4%) and Schistosoma mansoni (0.4%) (P = 0000). Males (22.1%) were more infected than females (14.0%) in the study area (P = 0.031). Prevalence of intestinal helminths was lowest in age group 11-15 years (14.4%) and highest in age group 6-10 years (23.5%) (P = 0.005). After multivariate analysis, source of water [OR=3.355, 95% CI 1.448 – 7.770], type of sewage system [OR=7.547, 95% CI 5.011 – 8.358], hand washing before meal [OR=4.069, 95% CI 1.719 – 9.631] and hand washing after defecation [OR=2.281, 95% CI 1.059 – 4.917] were statistically associated with the detected intestinal helminthic infections in faecal samples (p = .05).

Conclusion: The presence of these intestinal parasites in these schools is a public health problem and there is therefore a need to prevent these infections by improving individual personal hygiene through health education, general sanitation and provision of adequate social amenities.
Seasonal Variation in the Haematological Parameters of the Adult Mallard Duck in a Tropical Environment
Authors: Olawuwo O. S. , Azeez O. I. , Oyewale J. O.
Published: July 2020

Duck production is a growing poultry enterprise in Nigeria and they are mostly reared in extensive management system. However, the haematological profiles as influenced by the tropical environment have not been well documented. The objective of the present study was to examine the seasonal variation in the haematological parameters of the adult Mallard duck in the tropical environment of Nigeria; as they effects duck production adversely. The Erythrocyte, leucocyte and platelet counts, as well as the erythrocyte osmotic fragility of the domestic duck of the mallard breed during the wet and dry seasons in the hot humid tropical environment of the Experimental Animal Unit of the Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria was investigated.

The study showed that the values of the packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and platelet were significantly higher in the dry season than in the wet season, but the red blood cell (RBC), haemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), total and differential leucocyte values were similar in the two seasons. The erythrocyte fragility was also higher in the dry season.

In conclusion the higher PCV, MCH and platelet values in the dry season might have resulted from haemoconcentration occasioned by higher evaporative heat loss, which is a common occurrence in the dry season. The higher erythrocyte fragility could have been the result of stress induced by the high ambient temperature during the dry season, or higher metabolic rate associated with lactic acid accumulation, which has been shown to increase erythrocyte osmotic fragility.
A chegada portuguesa à Costa Ocidental Africana e a imagem dos negros segundo a crônica de Gomes Eanes de Zurara (1453)
Authors: Eugenio Alisson , Marcelino Mara Lúcia De Cabral
Published: July 2020

O objetivo deste artigo é compreender as narrativas como uma forma de ação política, ou seja, como elas foram utilizadas como instrumento de poder; nesse caso, o poder de construir uma imagem sobre o outro e, a partir dessa construção, justificar a dominação sobre ele. Assim, analisa-se como Gomes Eanes de Zurara, autor da Crônica da Guiné, narrou o processo inicial da chegada portuguesa à costa ocidental africana e construiu uma imagem detratora dos seus habitantes, a fim de obter do papado autorização para explorar a região.

Palavras-chave: Zurara -  Crônica da Guiné - África e negros.

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to understand narratives as a form of political action, that is, how they were used as an instrument of power; In this case the power to build one image on the other and, from this construction, justify domination over it. Thus, it will be analyzed how Gomes Eanes de Zurara, author of the Chronicle of Guinea, narrated the initial process of the Portuguese arrival of the West African coast and built a detractive image of its inhabitants, in order to obtain from the papacy to explore the region.

Keywords: Zurara - Chronicle of Guinea -  Africa and blacks.

 

 

 

 
Espanca e estanca, livro duplo de Luz Ribeiro expõe a versatilidade literária da jovem poeta paulistana
Authors: Gonçalves Evanilton
Published: July 2020

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Revisitando o Brasil da primeira república através da biografia de um escritor negro
Authors: Botelho Denilson
Published: July 2020

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O papel do governo na segregação racial da moradia nos Estados Unidos
Authors: Trotter, Jr. Joe William
Published: July 2020

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A estética da exclusão: imigrantes chineses em culturas visuais brasileiras na virada do século XX
Authors: Lee Ana Paulina
Published: July 2020

Este artigo examina os processos que levaram trabalhadores chineses ao Brasil, analisando documentos escritos por diplomatas e funcionários da dinastia Qing que viajaram ao Brasil para abrir rotas de imigração chinesa. As autoridades Qing utilizavam nesse contexto uma palavra que pode significar tanto imigração quanto colonização (yizhi). O Brasil, para eles, apresentava-se como uma opção viável tanto para a colonização quanto para a imigração devido ao seu vasto território e a suas leis de cidadania inclusivas. Discuto as questões levantadas por intelectuais ligados ao governo Qing sobre a abertura de rotas de imigração e comércio entre a China e o Brasil, em relação às preocupações dos abolicionistas brasileiros com a emancipação, a independência nacional e o desejo de branquear a composição racial da nova nação. Este artigo explora o que chamo de estética da exclusão para descrever a produção e a circulação de culturas visuais sobre os chineses enquanto raça, as quais contribuem para o discurso global da exclusão chinesa como uma necessidade da modernização brasileira e de seu investimento no branqueamento.
Famílias africanas em tempos do tráfico atlântico: o resgate de parentes em cinco cartas de alforria (Bahia, 1818-1830)
Authors: Castillo Lisa Earl , Andrade Urano
Published: July 2020

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Sobre a vida política na Angola contemporânea
Authors: Dulley Iracema
Published: July 2020

Resenha de:SCHUBERT, Jon. Working the System: a Political Ethnography of the New Angola. Ithaca e Londres: Cornell University Press, 2017. 247p.
A luta continua? A guerra em Moçambique em perspectivas múltiplas
Authors: Figueiredo Fábio Baqueiro
Published: July 2020

Resenha de:MOURIER-GENOUD, Eric; CAHEN, Michel; ROSÁRIO, Domingos M. (orgs.). The War Within: New Perspectives on the Civil War in Mozambique, 1976-1992. Suffolk: James Curry; Nova York: Boydell & Brewer, 2018. 268p.
Escravidão e liberdade nas Américas: um convite à renovação histórica
Authors: Silva Júnior Waldomiro Lourenço da
Published: July 2020

Resenha de:FREIRE, Jonis; e SECRETO, María Verónica (orgs.). Formas de liberdade: gratidão, condicionalidade e incertezas no mundo escravista nas Américas. Rio de Janeiro: Mauad/Faperj, 2018. 272p.
Trabalho livre, trabalho escravo: experiências em comum
Authors: Negro Antonio Luigi
Published: July 2020

Resenha de:MATTOS, Marcelo Badaró. Laborers and Enslaved Workers: Experiences in Common in the Making of Rio de Janeiro’s Working Class, 1850–1920. Nova York: Berghahn Books, 2017. 175p.
As crianças que vingaram: sete formas de ser negro no Brasil oitocentista
Authors: Rosa Marcus Vinicius de Freitas
Published: July 2020

Resenha de:PINTO, Ana Flávia Magalhães. Escritos de liberdade: literatos negros, racismo e cidadania no Brasil oitocentista. Campinas: Editora da UNICAMP, 2018. 376p.
A Pharmacokinetics‐Informed Approach to Navigating Hydroxychloroquine Shortages in Patients With Rheumatic Disease During the COVID‐19 Pandemic
Authors: Scheetz Marc H. , Konig Maximilian F. , Robinson Philip C. , Sparks Jeffrey A. , Kim Alfred H.J.
Published: July 2020

Objective

The recent hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) shortage due to use in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has forced some rheumatic disease patients to choose between continuing their current dose of HCQ but exhaust their supply early or ration it in order to prolong its use. Blood HCQ concentrations are directly correlated with disease activity in rheumatic diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus. We sought to model how changes in HCQ dosage will best maintain sufficient blood HCQ concentrations for the longest period of time in order to avoid potential future flares.

Methods

A one‐compartment pharmacokinetic model was used to predict mean blood HCQ concentrations. Monte Carlo simulations with 10‐fold inflated model parameter variance was utilized to assess the impact of variability.

Results

Maintenance of 400 mg/d resulted in mean therapeutic whole‐blood HCQ concentrations that exceeded 700 ng/ml for 10.5 days, whereas HCQ rationing by reducing the dose by half resulted in the mean concentration remaining above 700 ng/ml for 2.4 days (net gain = 8 days). Variability analysis demonstrates that results may differ at the individual level, dependent on baseline blood HCQ concentrations.

Conclusion

Although mean blood concentrations exceed 700 ng/ml for a longer time if patients maintain their full dose of HCQ, more information is needed to fully understand the elimination of HCQ at the patient level, particularly the contribution of tissue stores of HCQ transiting back into the blood.
Electrochemical Intercalation in Atomically Thin van der Waals Materials for Structural Phase Transition and Device Applications
Authors: Li Yang , Yan Hang , Xu Bo , Zhen Liang , Xu Cheng‐Yan
Published: July 2020

In van der Waals (vdWs) materials and heterostructures, the interlayers are bonded by weak vdWs interactions due to the lack of dangling bonds. The vdWs gap at the homo‐ or heterointerface provides great freedom to enrich the tunability of electronic structures by external intercalation of foreign ions or atoms at the interface, leading to the discovery of new physics and functionalities. Herein, the recent progress on electrochemical intercalation of foreign species into atomically thin vdWs materials for structural phase transition and device applications is reviewed and future opportunities are discussed. First, several kinds of electrochemical intercalation platforms to achieve the intercalation in vdWs materials and heterostructures are introduced. Next, the in situ characterization of electrochemical intercalation dynamics by state‐of‐the‐art techniques is summarized, including optical techniques, scanning probe techniques, and electrical transport. Moreover, particular attention is paid on the experimentally reported phase transition and multifunctional applications of intercalated devices. Finally, future applications and challenges of intercalation in vdWs materials and heterostructures are proposed, including the intrinsic intercalation mechanism of solid ion conductors, exact identification of intercalated foreign species by near‐field optical techniques, and the tunability of intercalation kinetics for ultrafast switching.