bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Weakened connection between spring leaf‐out and autumn senescence in the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Zhang Yichen , Hong Songbai , Peñuelas Josep , Xu Hao , Wang Kai , Zhang Yao , Lian Xu , Piao Shilong
Published: July 2024

Vegetation autumn phenology is critical in regulating the ecosystem carbon cycle and regional climate. However, the dominant drivers of autumn senescence and their temporal shifts under climate change remain poorly understood. Here, we conducted a multi‐factor analysis considering both direct climatic controls and biological carryover effects from start‐of‐season (SOS) and seasonal peak vegetation activities on the end‐of‐season (EOS) to fill these knowledge gaps. Combining satellite and ground observations across the northern hemisphere, we found that carryover effects from early‐to‐peak vegetation activities exerted greater influence on EOS than the direct climatic controls on nearly half of the vegetated land. Unexpectedly, the carryover effects from SOS on EOS have significantly weakened over recent decades, accompanied by strengthened climatic controls. Such results indicate the weakened constraint of leaf longevity on senescence due to prolonged growing season in response to climate change. These findings underscore the important role of biological carryover effects in regulating vegetation autumn senescence under climate change, which should be incorporated into the formulation and enhancement of phenology modules utilized in land surface models.
Food web collapse and regime shift following goldfish introduction in permanent ponds
Authors: Lejeune Benjamin , Lepoint Gilles , Denoël Mathieu
Published: July 2024

In a global context of invasive alien species (IAS), native predators are often eradicated by functionally different IAS, which may induce complex cascading consequences on ecosystem functioning because of the key role predators play in structuring communities and stabilizing food webs. In permanent ponds, the most abundant freshwater systems on Earth, global human‐mediated introductions of alien omnivores such as the pet trade goldfish are driving broad‐scale patterns of native predators' exclusion, but cascading consequences on food web structure and functioning are critically understudied. We compared food webs of naturally fishless ponds versus ponds where dominant native predators (newts) had been extirpated by invasive goldfish within the last decade. Integrating community‐wide isotopic, taxonomic and functional traits approaches, our study reveals that pond food webs collapsed in both vertical and horizontal dimensions following goldfish introduction and the associated exclusion of native predators. Consumer taxonomic diversity was drastically reduced, essentially deprived of amphibians as well as predatory and mobile macroinvertebrates to the profit of burrowing, lower trophic level consumers (detritivores). Changes in community structure and function underlined a regime shift from a macrophyte‐dominated system mainly characterized by benthic primary production (periphyton), to a macrophyte‐depleted state of ponds hosting communities mainly associated with phytoplankton primary production and detritus accumulation, with higher tolerance to eutrophication and low dissolved oxygen concentration. Results underline major impacts of widely introduced omnivores such as the goldfish on the functioning of pond ecosystems with potentially dramatic consequences on the key ecosystem services they deliver, such as global biodiversity support or water quality improvement. They also shed light on the key role of submerged aquatic vegetation in supporting diverse communities and complex food webs in shallow lentic systems and call for urgent consideration of threats posed by IAS on ponds' ecosystems by managers and policymakers.
Key drivers of cybersecurity audit effectiveness: A neo‐institutional perspective
Authors: Vuko Tina , Slapničar Sergeja , Čular Marko , Drašček Matej
Published: July 2024

The aim of this paper is to analyse which factors explain the effectiveness of internal audit in providing assurance about cybersecurity risk management. On the basis of neo‐institutional theory, we hypothesize that coercive (cybersecurity regulation), normative (professionalization of internal auditors and Boards) and mimetic forces (outsourcing of cyber security assurance services) positively contribute to cybersecurity audit (CSA) effectiveness. As these forces do not come about in an interest free model, we study the role of and the interaction with other actors who shape the CSA practices—Boards and security experts. We hypothesize that Board's support to CSA and the level of internal auditors' cooperation with the first and the second line of defence positively affect CSA effectiveness. To test our hypothesis, we conducted a survey involving IT auditors and Chief Audit Executives from various industries, organizations of different sizes and countries. We examined the hypothesized relationships in a series of regression analyses. We find that normative forces (professionalization of the internal auditors and Boards' competences), Board's support to CSA and cooperation between the internal audit function (IAF) and the first two line of defence significantly explain the CSA effectiveness. We find no support for the effect of regulation as a coercive force and outsourcing as a mimetic force. We discuss potential reasons for our findings and their implications. The paper is an original analysis that advances our understanding of key drivers of CSA effectiveness and their relationships.
Large and/or single‐parent families: Public attitudes towards pronatalist and anti‐poverty family policies in Hungary
Authors: Herke Boglárka
Published: July 2024

In the 2010s, new family benefits were introduced in Hungary, focusing on large families to halt population decline. However, poverty reduction became sidelined, as these schemes benefited higher‐income earners. Based on poverty statistics, the article investigates how two family types associated with a higher risk of poverty—large families and single‐parent families—fare under this new selective pronatalist system. Furthermore, based on new representative national survey data, the article explores public support for the reforms. Although the income poverty rate for large families significantly decreased during the 2010s, it remained persistently high for single‐parent families, especially large single‐parent families. The findings indicate strong public support for state assistance to large, single‐parent and poor families and state pronatalism. However, the public prioritises support for poor, single‐parent families. This underscores a partial mismatch between public attitudes and government policy. Nonetheless, this policy probably secured public legitimacy, chiefly due to the general support for state pronatalism and large families, which were vigorously implemented in family policies, albeit selectively.
The quality admission and price decisions of production capacity on the third‐party platform for shared manufacturing
Authors: Li Wenbo , Dan Bin , Zhang Xumei , Lei Ting , Zhang Shengming
Published: July 2024

Many third‐party platforms for shared manufacturing (platforms) have developed rapidly in recent years. The quality admission and pricing of production capacity are crucial issues for these platforms. This paper focuses on the platform supply chain composed of a platform, multiple manufacturers with surplus production capacity (sharers), and multiple manufacturers with insufficient production capacity (renters). Considering the impact of the production capacity quality on the shared scale and rental demand of production capacity, this paper constructs a game model for the platform supply chain under different quality admission scenarios, investigates the quality admission and price decisions of production capacity on the platform, and analyses the impact of the quality admission on the sharers’ and renters’ profits. The results show that the platform sets the quality admission when the sharers’ production capacity scale is small and the platform regulatory cost is low. The platform always increases its service price but may reduce the rental price of production capacity under the quality admission scenario. When the sharers’ production capacity scale is large, the platform lowers the threshold of quality admission with the quality elasticity of production capacity increasing. In addition, when the quality elasticity of production capacity and platform regulatory cost are low, and the sharers’ production capacity scale is small, the quality admission of the platform realizes the win–win–win situation for the platform, renters, and sharers.
Thermoelectric properties of monolayered MnBi2Te4
Authors: Chai Linlin , Zhang Fan , Bai Yu , Dong Baojuan
Published: July 2024

The thermoelectric properties of monolayered MnBi2Te4 are investigated using first‐principles calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) and Boltzmann transport theory. Our research indicates significant thermoelectric performance in monolayered MnBi2Te4, with a maximum figure of merit () and power factor () ranging from approximately 3.58 to 9.267 and 0.012  to 0.021  across a temperature range of 300–700 K. The exceptional thermoelectric performance of monolayered MnBi2Te4 can be attributed to its unique structural and electronic properties, which lead to ultralow lattice thermal conductivity and high electrical transport properties. Ultralow lattice thermal conductivity as low as at 300 K is found in the monolayered MnBi2Te4, which is mainly contributed from the anharmonic scatterings of low‐frequency phonons. And high electronic conductivity and a notable Seebeck coefficient are also observed in our system, which has close relationship with its distinctive electronic band structure. Besides, the two‐dimensional structure makes it a great candidate to holding greater PF by enhancing the quantum confinement. Our findings may lay a strong theoretical groundwork for future experimental inquiries. Subsequent experimental investigations will be crucial to confirm these findings, refine synthesis methods, and explore the practical applications of monolayered MnBi2Te4 in thermoelectric devices.
Knowledge status of skin tear prevention and its demographic and occupational influencing factors: A National cross‐sectional survey among nurses
Authors: Jiang Qingli , He Huilin , Jing Ke , Wang Miyan , He Xiaochun , Hu Rong , Yang Yuwei , He Fang
Published: July 2024

Aim

A skin tear (ST) is a common skin injury that is often misdiagnosed or overlooked. This study examined the current state of nurses' ST knowledge and its influencing factors.

Design

A national cross‐sectional survey combined with a quantitative analysis was used to provide evidence of poor ST knowledge among nurses and its influencing factors.

Methods

An electronic questionnaire survey was conducted among 1293 nurses from 32 hospitals in 18 provinces across China, including a General Information Questionnaire, ST Knowledge Assessment Instrument (OASES) and a Self‐directed Learning Competence Scale for Nurses (SLCS‐N).

Results

The mean OASES score was 9.51 ± 3.15, with a score rate of 47.55%. Pearson's correlation analysis showed positive correlations, ranging from none to strong, between every dimension in the OASES and from strong to extremely strong between every dimension in the SLCS‐N. Multivariate analysis revealed multiple independent factors influencing ST knowledge, such as hospital tier, specialized nurses in wound/ostomy/incontinence care, participation in training for wound/ostomy/incontinence management, willingness to undergo ST training, self‐assessed grade in ST care and the degree of emphasis of managers.

Conclusion

ST knowledge status was generally poor among nurses nationwide. Managers should establish a comprehensive and specialized curriculum‐based system, develop evidence‐based standardized nursing processes, and provide tailored training programs to address nurses' unique characteristics and individualized needs, thereby enhancing their proficiency in ST‐related knowledge and skills.

Impact

This study is the first to identify a poor level of ST knowledge among nurses nationwide, particularly in the four dimensions of risk assessment: prevention, treatment, classification, and observation. Based on the findings regarding demographic factors and ST experiences, an integrated management system and educational program should be implemented to improve nurses' awareness and knowledge in this field.

Patient or Public Contribution

No patient or public contributions.
Psychoeducation group facilitation training for nurses: A quality improvement project
Authors: McLeay Shanon G. , Mathews Therese , Leeza Struwe
Published: July 2024

Background

According to the 2020−2021 National Survey of Children's Health, 23.3% of children and adolescents met criteria for one or more mental, emotional, developmental, or behavioral problems. However, the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and post traumatic stress disorder have risen dramatically since the COVID‐19 pandemic, leading to an increase in suicidal ideations, completed suicides, and pediatric psychiatric hospitalizations. There is a critical need for high quality mental healthcare treatments, including psychoeducation. Inpatient psychiatric nurses are well positioned to lead psychoeducation groups, but few receive training.

Local Problem

Nurses at a designated inpatient pediatric psychiatric unit expressed discomfort in facilitating psychoeducation groups.

Methods

This is a one‐group prepost and follow‐up quality improvement study designed to improve the quality of psychoeducation group facilitation skills provided by nurses at a child and adolescent inpatient psychiatric unit. A convenience sample of nurses (N = 16) participated. Baseline (T1), post‐test (T2), and follow‐up (T3) data were collected regarding nurses' self‐efficacy, evidence based‐practice attitudes, and knowledge of psychoeducation group facilitation.

Interventions

Nurses received 45 min of psychoeducation group facilitation education and 15 min of skills simulation.

Results

The nurses' knowledge, self‐efficacy, and attitudes toward evidence‐based practice when facilitating psychoeducation groups increased significantly from the baseline to the post‐test, which was sustained from the post‐test to the follow‐up period.

Conclusion

Study findings indicate the importance of supporting nurses in their role of psychoeducation group facilitation through education and program structure. Further research is needed to assess longer term sustainability and efficacy in leading psychoeducation groups.
Celastrol alleviates atopic dermatitis by regulating Ezrin‐mediated mitochondrial fission and fusion
Authors: Wang Dandan , Jin Shan , Liu Hanye , Song Xinyi , Jin Hongyu , Song Yilan , Zhao Hongwei , Li Liangchang , Yan Guanghai
Published: July 2024

Celastrol, a bioactive molecule extracted from the plant Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F., possesses anti‐inflammatory, anti‐obesity and anti‐tumour properties. Despite its efficacy in improving erythema and scaling in psoriatic mice, the specific therapeutic mechanism of celastrol in atopic dermatitis (AD) remains unknown. This study aims to examine the role and mechanism of celastrol in AD using TNF‐α‐stimulated HaCaT cells and DNCB‐induced Balb/c mice as in vitro and in vivo AD models, respectively. Celastrol was found to inhibit the increased epidermal thickness, reduce spleen and lymph node weights, attenuate inflammatory cell infiltration and mast cell degranulation and decrease thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) as well as various inflammatory factors (IL‐4, IL‐13, TNF‐α, IL‐5, IL‐31, IL‐33, IgE, TSLP, IL‐17, IL‐23, IL‐1β, CCL11 and CCL17) in AD mice. Additionally, celastrol inhibited Ezrin phosphorylation at Thr567, restored mitochondrial network structure, promoted translocation of Drp1 to the cytoplasm and reduced TNF‐α‐induced cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) production. Interestingly, Mdivi‐1 (a mitochondrial fission inhibitor) and Ezrin‐specific siRNAs lowered inflammatory factor levels and restored mitochondrial reticular formation, as well as ROS, mtROS and MMP production. Co‐immunoprecipitation revealed that Ezrin interacted with Drp1. Knocking down Ezrin reduced mitochondrial fission protein Drp1 phosphorylation and Fis1 expression while increasing the expression of fusion proteins Mfn1 and Mfn2. The regulation of mitochondrial fission and fusion by Ezrin was confirmed. Overall, celastrol may alleviate AD by regulating Ezrin‐mediated mitochondrial fission and fusion, which may become a novel therapeutic reagent for alleviating AD.
Using Automated Procedures to Score Educational Essays Written in Three Languages
Authors: Firoozi Tahereh , Mohammadi Hamid , Gierl Mark J.
Published: July 2024

The purpose of this study is to describe and evaluate a multilingual automated essay scoring (AES) system for grading essays in three languages. Two different sentence embedding models were evaluated within the AES system, multilingual BERT (mBERT) and language‐agnostic BERT sentence embedding (LaBSE). German, Italian, and Czech essays were holistically scored using the Common European Framework of Reference of Languages. The AES system with mBERT produced results that were consistent with human raters overall across all three language groups. The system also produced accurate predictions for some but not all of the score levels within each language. The AES system with LaBSE produced results that were even more consistent with the human raters overall across all three language groups compared to mBERT. In addition, the system produced accurate predictions for the majority of the score levels within each language. The performance differences between mBERT and LaBSE can be explained by considering how each language embedding model is implemented. Implications of this study for educational testing are also discussed.
Presentation and Management of Postpartum Granulation Tissue: A Single‐Institution Retrospective Study
Authors: Kette Bethany , Kumnick Allison , Budd Serenity , Gaddam Neha , Hazen Nicholas
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Although the development of postpartum granulation tissue (PPGT) is an expected phase of healing of perineal and vaginal lacerations, the persistence of this tissue can result in delayed wound healing, pain, bleeding, and discharge. There is a paucity of information on the efficacy of the treatments used for pathologic PPGT. The objective of this study was to describe characteristics associated with the development of PPGT and the treatment methods currently used for management.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study of 140 patients diagnosed with PPGT within one year of birth from 2012 through 2022 within a single health care system. Patients were identified by International Classification of Diseases and Current Procedural Terminology codes. Demographics, birth characteristics, symptoms, and treatment information were obtained and assessed in frequencies and means. Treatments were compared with 95% CIs and P values. Time to resolution was assessed by the number of weeks and the number of visits.

Results

It was the first vaginal birth for 129 (92%) patients in the study cohort. The majority (84.3%) of patients presented with pain. Almost half of all patients (45%) were diagnosed after 6 weeks postpartum. 30.0% of patients were initially treated conservatively. 76.4% of patients were treated with silver nitrate, and 33.6% had an excisional procedure. Successful conservative management had the lowest average number of visits to resolution with 1.39 visits (95% CI, 1.15‐1.69), followed by silver nitrate alone with 1.95 visits (95% CI, 1.73‐2.19), and excision with or without silver nitrate with 2.40 visits (95% CI, 2.07‐2.78). Conservative management was unsuccessful 45% of the time, requiring additional treatment with silver nitrate or excision. 30% of patients treated with silver nitrate or excision continued to report pain even after the resolution of granulation tissue upon examination.

Conclusion

PPGT is commonly associated with first vaginal births, often presents beyond 6 weeks postpartum, and frequently requires treatment.
Does the brain make prolactin?
Authors: Grattan David R.
Published: July 2024

The prolactin receptor (Prlr) is widely expressed in the brain, particularly in the hypothalamus. Prolactin also has an increasing range of well‐characterised effects on central nervous system function. Because of this, over many years, there has been interest in whether the hormone itself is also expressed within the brain, perhaps acting as a neuropeptide to regulate brain function via its receptor in neurons. The aim of this invited review is to critically evaluate the evidence for brain production of prolactin. Unlike the evidence for the Prlr, evidence for brain prolactin is inconsistent and variable. A range of different antibodies have been used, each characterising a different distribution of prolactin‐like immunoreactivity. Prolactin mRNA has been detected in the brain, but only at levels markedly lower than seen in the pituitary gland. Importantly, it has largely only been detected by highly sensitive amplification‐based techniques, and the extreme sensitivity means there is a risk of false‐positive data. Modern in situ hybridisation methods and single‐cell RNA sequencing have not provided supporting evidence, but it is hard to prove a negative! Finally, I acknowledge and discuss the possibility that prolactin might be produced in the brain under specific circumstances, such as to promote a neuroprotective response to cell damage. Collectively, however, based on this analysis, I have formed the opinion that brain production of prolactin is unlikely, and even if occurs, it is of little physiological consequence. Most, if not all of the brain actions of prolactin can be explained by pituitary prolactin gaining access to the brain.
Kisspeptins centrally modulate food intake and locomotor activity in mice independently of gonadal steroids in a sexually dimorphic manner
Authors: Velasco Inmaculada , Daza‐Dueñas Silvia , Torres Encarnación , Ruiz‐Pino Francisco , Vázquez María J. , Tena‐Sempere Manuel
Published: July 2024

Kisspeptins are essential regulators of the reproductive axis, with capacity to potently activate gonadotropin‐releasing hormone neurons, acting also as central conduits for the metabolic regulation of fertility. Recent evidence suggests that kisspeptins per se may also modulate several metabolic parameters, including body weight, food intake or energy expenditure, but their actual roles and site(s) of action remain unclear. We present herein a series of studies addressing the metabolic effects of central and peripheral administration of kisspeptin‐10 (Kp‐10; 1 nmol and 3 nmol daily, respectively) for 11 days in mice of both sexes. To assess direct metabolic actions of Kp‐10 versus those derived indirectly from its capacity to modulate gonadal hormone secretion, kisspeptin effects were tested in adult male and female mice gonadectomized and supplemented with fixed, physiological doses of testosterone or 17β‐estradiol, respectively. Central administration of Kp‐10 decreased food intake in male mice, especially during the dark phase (~50%), which was accompanied by a reduction in total and nocturnal energy expenditure (~16%) and locomotor activity (~70%). In contrast, opposite patterns were detected in female mice, with an increase in total and nocturnal locomotor activity (>65%), despite no changes in food intake or energy expenditure. These changes were independent of body weight, as no differences were detected in mice of both sexes at the end of Kp‐10 treatments. Peripheral administration of Kp‐10 failed to alter any of the metabolic parameters analyzed, except for a decrease in locomotor activity in male mice and a subtle increase in 24 h food intake in female mice, denoting a predominant central role of kisspeptins in the control of energy metabolism. Finally, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity were not significantly affected by central or peripheral treatment with Kp‐10. In conclusion, our data reveal a potential role of kisspeptins in the control of key metabolic parameters, including food intake, energy expenditure and locomotor activity, with a preferential action at central level, which is sex steroid‐independent but sexually dimorphic.
Exploring patients with COPD self‐care behaviours and self‐efficacy and their interconnections: A network analysis
Authors: Wang Xinyu , Liu Yuan , Liu Yong , Zhang Jinlin , Liu Ling , Matarese Maria , Wang Lan
Published: July 2024

Aim

The aim of this study was to investigate self‐care behaviours of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), understand their complex interconnections and identify key behaviours influencing self‐care and self‐efficacy.

Design

An observational, cross‐sectional study design.

Setting(s)

The outpatient department of two tertiary hospital.

Methods

A convenience sample of patients with a diagnosis of COPD were included (n = 222). Self‐care behaviours were assessed using the Chinese version of self‐care of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease inventory based on the Middle‐Range Theory of Self‐Care of Chronic Illness. Patient self‐care efficacy was evaluated using Chinese version of Self‐Care Self‐Efficacy Scale in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Employing network analysis, associations between behaviours (nodes) and their interrelationships (edges) were deciphered. The study was reported following the STROBE checklist.

Results

Among the spectrum of self‐care behaviours, patients exhibited the most pronounced deficiencies in behaviours directed to enhancing breathing, monitoring extra‐respiratory symptoms and problem‐solving. Within the network, the most central emerging behaviour was the modification of prescribed therapy at the worsening of symptoms, as suggested by healthcare providers, which drives all self‐care behaviours. The confidence in being able to do something to relieve symptoms, despite difficulties, was a bridging activator of self‐care. The network structure underscored the prominence of self‐care self‐efficacy in driving self‐care maintenance, monitoring, and management behaviours.

Conclusions

Education programs for COPD should prioritise enhancing breathing, symptom monitoring and problem‐solving skills. The crucial self‐care behaviour in COPD involves adjusting treatments in response to symptom changes. Patient confidence in symptom alleviation acts as a catalyst for self‐care engagement. Targeted assessments addressing these aspects could enhance educational interventions, ultimately improving COPD patient outcomes.

Registration

This study has been registered in the Chinese Clinical Trials Registry (registration number: ChiCTR2200059764; registration date: 11 May 2022).
Correlation networks in economics and finance: A review of methodologies and bibliometric analysis
Authors: Esmalifalak Hamidreza , Moradi‐Motlagh Amir
Published: July 2024

This paper presents an in‐depth review of the methodologies and innovations in the study of correlation networks in economics and finance. We explore the development of filtering algorithms and distance measures, emphasizing their critical role in extracting meaningful financial interconnections. Our study underscores the relevance of the minimum spanning tree, planar maximally filtered graph, and other advanced tools in interpreting financial dynamics. Empirical insights emphasize the increasing interconnectedness of global financial markets, underscoring the necessity of grasping correlation levels, market structures, and time‐varying dynamics. A notable observation is the marked increase in studies focusing on econometrics, economics, and finance post‐2015, indicating a paradigm shift in research emphasis. Through bibliometric analysis of 1200 publications, we highlight key authorship clusters, the instrumental contributions of individual researchers, trending keywords, and the growing influence of countries like Italy and China. We conclude with an overview of the software tools essential for both academic research and practical applications in financial network analysis.
Melatonin Rescues Influenza A Virus–Induced Cellular Energy Exhaustion via OMA1‐OPA1‐S in Acute Exacerbation of COPD
Authors: Wei Yuan‐Yuan , Ye Jing‐Jing , Zhang Da‐Wei , Hu Lei , Wu Hui‐Mei , Fei Guang‐He
Published: July 2024

Although rapid progression and a poor prognosis in influenza A virus (IAV) infection–induced acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) are frequently associated with metabolic energy disorders, the underlying mechanisms and rescue strategies remain unknown. We herein demonstrated that the level of resting energy expenditure increased significantly in IAV‐induced AECOPD patients and that cellular energy exhaustion emerged earlier and more significantly in IAV‐infected primary COPD bronchial epithelial (pDHBE) cells. The differentially expressed genes were enriched in the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway; additionally, we consistently uncovered much earlier ATP exhaustion, more severe mitochondrial structural destruction and dysfunction, and OXPHOS impairment in IAV‐inoculated pDHBE cells, and these changes were rescued by melatonin. The level of OMA1‐dependent cleavage of OPA1 in the mitochondrial inner membrane and the shift in energy metabolism from OXPHOS to glycolysis were significantly increased in IAV‐infected pDHBE cells; however, these changes were rescued by OMA1‐siRNA or melatonin further treatment. Collectively, our data revealed that melatonin rescued IAV–induced cellular energy exhaustion via OMA1‐OPA1‐S to improve the clinical prognosis in COPD. This treatment may serve as a potential therapeutic agent for patients in which AECOPD is induced by IAV.
Investigating the impact of nanoemulsion of curcumin‐loaded olive oil on growth performance, feed utilization, immunological responses, and redox status of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp with emphasis on economic efficiency of supplementation
Authors: Fath El‐Bab Ahmed F. , El‐Ratel Ibrahim T. , Abdel‐Warith Abdel‐Wahab A. , Younis Elsayed M. , Davies Simon J. , El‐Raghi Ali Ali
Published: July 2024

The trail aimed to explore the effect of dietary supplementation of curcumin loaded olive oil nanoemulsion (CUR‐OLNE) on growth performance, feed utilization, blood biochemical, redox status, and immune response of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp, considering the economic efficiency of supplementation. A total of 280 healthy shrimps (3.42 ± 0.02 g) were randomly distributed into five equal groups and were fed diets containing 0 (CUR‐OLNE0), 5(CUR‐OLNE5), 10(CUR‐OLNE10), 15(CUR‐OLNE15) and 20 (CUR‐OLNE20) mg CUR‐OLNE/kg diet, respectively for 16 weeks. Among CUR‐OLNE treated groups, CUR‐OLNE20 showed the highest growth performance and feed utilization traits, including final body weight, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and protein efficiency ratio. Notably, the photomicrographs provided further compelling evidence regarding the potential effect of CUR‐OLNE supplementation on muscle structure and integrity. Compared to the control, the levels of blood protein significantly induced in CUR‐OLNE15 and CUR‐OLNE20 treated groups (p < 0.05). All CUR‐OLNE ‐supplemented groups possessed lower activities of liver enzymes as well as the levels of urea and creatinine compared to the control (p < 0.05). The addition of 20 mg CUR‐OLNE/kg diet decreased the concentrations of cortisol, glucose and triglycerides. The dietary treatment significantly improved the secretion of digestive enzymes, including amylase, lipase, and protease. The lowest levels of Malondialdehyde and the highest levels of total antioxidant capacity, super oxide dismutase, catalase, lysozyme and immunoglobulin M were detected in both of CUR‐OLNE15, and CUR‐OLNE20 treated groups compared to the control (p < 0.05). There were considerable significant effects of dietary supplementation of CUR‐OLNE on economic efficiency. In conclusion, the application of nanocarriers for the delivery of dietary immune stimulants such as CUR‐OLNE to Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp is a promising strategy for improving shrimp nutrition. The addition of 20 mg CUR‐OLNE/kg to the diets of can be recommended as an affective intervention to improve growth performance, feed utilization, and health status of shrimp. Implementing this intervention can maximize the economic efficiency of shrimp farming while promoting sustainable practices in the industry.
Evolution and mandibular sexual dimorphism in mid‐Cretaceous scorpionflies (Insecta: Mecoptera: Meropeidae)
Authors: Zhang Yanjie , Labandeira Conrad C. , Yu Jiamiao , Shih Chungkun , Ren Dong , Gao Taiping
Published: July 2024

Based on several earwigfly specimens with well‐preserved mouthparts of Meropeidae from mid‐Cretaceous Burmese amber, a detailed, initial analysis was conducted of the structure of Mesozoic meropeids. Compared to the singularly flattened mandible of modern meropeids, the new specimens reveal that Mesozoic representatives had two distinct types of mandibles: blade‐shaped and scoop‐shaped. Current fossil evidence indicates that during the Mesozoic Era, Meropeidae displayed sexual dimorphism that was reflected in the structure of their mandibles. This structural difference may indicate that about 99 million years ago, meropeids had a more complex diet than extant confamilial taxa. Phylogenetic results suggest that Torvimerope gen. nov., along with Burmomerope, two extinct genera, form a clade and that are the sister taxon to crown‐group Meropeidae. The new material offers new possibilities for inferring the feeding habits and mating behavior of early Meropeidae.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of two in‐feed chlortetracycline regimens provided to beef cattle
Authors: Toillion Alyssa R. , Apley Michael D. , Coetzee Johann F. , Kompalage Kushan
Published: July 2024

Plasma chlortetracycline (CTC) concentration data were subjected to Monte Carlo simulation of area under the concentration curve (AUC) values related to bovine respiratory disease pathogen MIC distributions to evaluate target attainment rates. Crossbred Hereford heifers were randomly assigned into two treatment groups. Treatment group (A) received chlortetracycline (CTC) at a target dose of 22 mg/kg of bodyweight daily for 5 consecutive days (n = 8) and group (B) received CTC at 350 mg/head per day (1.5 ± 0.2 mg/kg based on actual bodyweights) for seven consecutive days (n = 8). Non‐compartmental analysis was used to calculate plasma‐free drug CTC area under the concentration curves. The mean observed (±SD) free drug AUC values were 4.18 (±1.72) μg × h/mL and 0.30 (±0.06) μg × h/mL for treatment groups A and B, respectively. The probability of target attainment for AUC24/MIC values of 25 and 12.5 was modeled using Monte Carlo simulations. Treatment group A achieved >90% target attainment (AUC24/MIC of 25) at an MIC of 0.06 μg/mL, whereas treatment group B displayed only 12.6% target attainment (AUC24/MIC of 12.5) at the lowest MIC evaluated (0.015 μg/mL). Both in‐feed CTC regimens failed to obtain a reasonable target attainment rate in light of expected MIC distributions of potential pathogens.
Morphological and molecular data on the bat flies, Basilia silvae (Brèthes, 1913) and Trichobius parasiticus Gervais, 1844 parasitizing Chilean bats
Authors: Lobos‐Ovalle Dante , Herrera‐Mares Angel , Lira‐Olguin Ali Z. , Allendes Juan Luis , Rodríguez‐San Pedro Annia , Moreno‐Salas Lucila , Uribe Juan E. , Silva‐de la Fuente Maria Carolina
Published: July 2024

Among mammals, bats harbour the greatest taxonomic diversity of ectoparasitic arthropods. This is mainly due to their high mobility, wide distribution range and gregarious social behaviour. In Chile, 17 species of bats have been reported; however, their ectoparasitic arthropofauna has been little studied. There are currently 12 taxa recorded, belonging to two classes and associated with only four species of bats. This study aimed to investigate the diversity of parasitic flies associated with bats in three ecoregions: Atacama Desert, Chilean Matorral and Valdivian temperate forest. During 2021, using mist nets, bats were captured in Anzota caves (Atacama Desert ecoregion), Huelquén and Alto Jahuel (Chilean Matorral ecoregion), Cherquenco and San Patricio (Valdivian temperate forest). Each bat was carefully checked during a 15‐min interval for the collection of ectoparasites. The arthropods were deposited in vials with 96% ethanol. A total of 26 bats corresponding to three species (Vespertilionidae: Histiotus magellanicus Philippi, 1866, Myotis arescens (Osgood, 1943); Phyllostomidae: Desmodus rotundus (Geoffroy, 1810)) were captured from which a total of 142 ectoparasitic arthropods were collected. Bat flies were separated/identified under a stereomicroscope. Additionally, from the fieldwork, we report the presence of other ectoparasites associated with Chilean bats. In our study, we report new host–parasite associations between Trichobius parasiticus Gervais, 1844 (Diptera: Streblidae) on D. rotundus, and Basilia silvae (Brèthes, 1913) (Diptera: Nycteribiidae) in M. arescens in Chile. Our study extended the latitudinal range of distribution for B. silvae to Araucanía region, and we report for first time T. parasiticus in the country. Additionally, partial sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase I gene were obtained from these specimens. Although there is slight morphological variation in the specimens of T. parasiticus, phylogenetic analyses suggest that they correspond to the same species. The sequences generated for B. silvae represent the first for the species. Authors recommend the use of an integrative approach in the identification of ectoparasites in poorly studied ecoregions and hosts. The integration of different markers is necessary to determine more precisely the phylogenetic relationships between South American populations and species of the genera Basilia and Trichobius.
Understanding interobserver variability of pathologists to improve oral epithelial dysplasia grading
Authors: Ng Grace Tze Ern , Phang Sarah Carmen , Yu Kae Shyang , Tiwari Lalima , Khurram Syed Ali , Sloan Philip , Kujan Omar
Published: July 2024

Objective

This study aimed to understand reasons for interobserver variability in the grading of oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) through a survey of pathologists to provide insight for improvements in the reliability and reproducibility of OED diagnoses.

Methods

The study design included quantitative and qualitative methodology. A pre‐validated 31‐item questionnaire was distributed to general, head and neck, and oral and maxillofacial histopathology specialists worldwide.

Results

A total of 132 pathologists participated and completed the questionnaire. Over two‐thirds used the three‐tier grading system for OED, while about a third used both binary and three‐tier systems. Regular reporters of OED preferred the three‐tier system and grading architectural features. Continuing education significantly aided recognition of architectural and cytological changes. Irregular epithelial stratification and drop‐shaped rete ridges had the lowest prognostic value and recognition scores, while loss of epithelial cell cohesion had the highest. Most participants used clinical information and often sought a second opinion when grading OED.

Conclusion

Our study has found that frequency of OED reporting and attendance of CME/CPD can play an important role in grading OED. Variations in the prognostic value of individual histological features and the use of clinical information may further contribute to interobserver variability.
Maternal micronutrient biomarkers and risk of non‐syndromic cleft lip/palate: A case–control study
Authors: Pisek Araya , McKinney Christy M. , Muktabhant Benja , Pitiphat Waranuch
Published: July 2024

Objective

This case–control study investigated the associations between maternal plasma vitamin B12, homocysteine, and red blood cell (RBC) folate levels and the risk of cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) in offspring.

Subjects and Methods

The study compared 94 mothers and children with non‐syndromic CL/P from a teaching hospital in Thailand to 94 mother‐infant controls from local well‐baby clinics, frequency‐matched by birth date and mother's education. Data included anthropometric measurements, blood sample analyses, and a questionnaire. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) estimated the associations through multiple logistic regression, adjusting for confounders.

Results

Mothers with higher plasma vitamin B12 levels had a lower risk of having a child with CL/P compared to those in the lowest quartile. This association was more pronounced among mothers without a family history of orofacial clefts and those who were not underweight. Conversely, elevated homocysteine levels, a marker of impaired B vitamin metabolism, increased the risk of CL/P. No association was found between RBC folate and CL/P.

Conclusion

Higher maternal vitamin B12 levels are associated with a reduced risk of CL/P, while elevated homocysteine levels may increase the risk.
Innovating dental diagnostics: ChatGPT's accuracy on diagnostic challenges
Authors: Danesh Arman , Danesh Arsalan , Danesh Farzad
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Complex patient diagnoses in dentistry require a multifaceted approach which combines interpretations of clinical observations with an in‐depth understanding of patient history and presenting problems. The present study aims to elucidate the implications of ChatGPT (OpenAI) as a comprehensive diagnostic tool in the dental clinic through examining the chatbot's diagnostic performance on challenging patient cases retrieved from the literature.

Methods

Our study subjected ChatGPT3.5 and ChatGPT4 to descriptions of patient cases for diagnostic challenges retrieved from the literature. Sample means were compared using a two‐tailed t‐test, while sample proportions were compared using a two‐tailed χ2 test. A p‐value below the threshold of 0.05 was deemed statistically significant.

Results

When prompted to generate their own differential diagnoses, ChatGPT3.5 and ChatGPT4 achieved a diagnostic accuracy of 40% and 62%, respectively. When basing their diagnostic processes on a differential diagnosis retrieved from the literature, ChatGPT3.5 and ChatGPT4 achieved a diagnostic accuracy of 70% and 80%, respectively.

Conclusion

ChatGPT displays an impressive capacity to correctly diagnose complex diagnostic challenges in the field of dentistry. Our study paints a promising potential for the chatbot to 1 day serve as a comprehensive diagnostic tool in the dental clinic.
Metaethical angst and the solace of sentimentalism
Authors: Fleming Patrick
Published: July 2024

Perhaps, nothing matters. Life might be devoid of value and meaning. Such thoughts can prompt feelings of angst. What kind of philosophical view could provide us with comfort? Some moral realists think that moral realism can. Moral realism does not comfort me. I think the comfort it gives others is an illusion. If we are moral realists, moral facts may be forever beyond our grasp. However, if we are anti‐realist sentimentalists, then moral facts are built for us to find. If we want to avoid angst, we can find solace in sentimentalism. That is not a reason to think sentimentalism is true. However, it is a reason to prefer that it is true.
Effects of a case management‐based intervention on non‐motor risk factors for falls in older people with history of falls: a randomised clinical trial
Authors: Florido João Vitor Businaro , Caetano Maria Joana Duarte , Janducci Ana Luísa , Sossai Mariana Ignácio , Dias Ana Laura Oliveira , Gramani‐Say Karina , Ansai Juliana Hotta
Published: July 2024

Background

Falls are directly related to morbidity and mortality of older people. Multifactorial approaches that are individualised and based on fall risk factors are necessary. This study aims to verify the effects of a case management‐based intervention on non‐motor risk factors for falls in community‐dwelling older people with a history of falls.

Methods

The intervention applied a multidimensional assessment of risk factors for falls, a discussion about the identified risk factors, the preparation of an individualised plan with the participant, and the application, monitoring and review of the plan.

Results

There was a significant interaction between groups and assessments only in the visuospatial domain (P = 0.031). After simple main effects analysis, differences between groups and assessments were not significant, although there was a tendency of worse visuospatial performance in the control group in the follow‐up assessment (P = 0.099). There were no significant differences between groups or between assessments in other variables.

Conclusion

The intervention has the potential to maintain non‐motor risk factors for falls in community‐dwelling older people with a history of falls. However, more clinical trials are needed to prove its effects.
Assessing burden tolerance amid the Medicaid Great Unwinding
Authors: Haeder Simon F. , Moynihan Donald P.
Published: July 2024

The pandemic era ushered in a period of policy adaptation in how states deliver programs. One aspect of this experimentation is how burdensome safety net administrative processes should be. Using national surveys taken before and after the end of the public health emergency, we offer evidence of how tolerant the public is about burdens when allowed to choose between discrete policy implementation options. First, we show that burden tolerance beliefs are durable and largely unmovable, staying relatively consistent over time, and unaffected by experimental frames. Second, while there is varying support for specific strategies, the public is broadly supportive of tools that reduce burdens in Medicaid. Third, we find consistent predictors of burden tolerance: conservative beliefs and racial resentment are associated with support for burdens, while empathy toward others, belief in burdens as a form of systemic racism, and low administrative capital make people less tolerant of burdens.
Clearing the air: Understanding the long‐term lung effects of the Hazelwood coal mine fire
Authors: Robinson Paul D. , Vilcins Dwan
Published: July 2024

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