bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Macro‐ and microanatomy of the lateral border of the tongue with special reference to oral hairy leukoplakia
Authors: Andersen L. , Philipsen H. P. , Reichart P. A.
Published: April 2006

The macro‐ and microanatomy of the marginal tongue mucosa were studied. Tissues were harvested from 12 individuals at autopsy. Random sections from six different locations along the margin and serial sections representing three defined section planes to the margin of the tongue were evaluated. Vertical, parallel mucosal folds alternating with shallow grooves were a characteristic macroscopical finding on the lateral border of the tongue. The mucosa presented a non‐keratinized epithelium with PAS‐positive, lightly stained spinous cells and no or slight inflammatory reaction in the connective tissue. Changes in the epithelium mimicking hyperplasia, acanthosis, keratin projections, and focal parakeratosis could be produced by changing the direction of tissue sectioning. The macro‐ and microscopical parameters recorded in normal marginal tongue mucosa are among others included in criteria for diagnosing oral hairy leukoplakia. The results emphasize the importance of a thorough knowledge of the normal anatomy of a mucosal site to arrive at reliable diagnostic criteria.
The activation of Langerhans cells in oral lichen planus
Authors: Farthing P. M. , Matear P. , Cruchley A. T.
Published: April 2006

The numbers of CD1, HLADR, HLADP and HLADQ positive, intraepithelial, dendritic cells were compared in lesions of oral lichen planus and normal oral mucosa using an immunoalkaline phosphatase technique. In normal mucosa, there were equal numbers of CD1 and HLADR positive cells but significantly fewer cells were positive for HLADP (P> 0.001)) and HLADQ (P < 0.05). In lichen planus, the cells appeared more dendritic and equal numbers of CD1, HLADR, HLADP and HLADQ positive cells were found, with significantly more HLADP (P <0.01) and HLADQ (P <0.05) positive cells than in normal mucosa. There was no change in the number of CD1 and HLADR positive cells. These results show that although there is no change in the total number of Langerhans cells (CD1 positive cells) in lichen planus, there is an increase in Class II major histocompatibility antigen expression. This suggests that in lichen planus, Langerhans cells are immunologically active and play a role in lesion development.
Development of the dentition in cleidocranial dysplasia
Authors: Jensen Birgit Leth , Kreiborg Sven
Published: April 2006

The purpose of the present investigation was to describe the formation, maturation and eruption of the dentition, including supernumerary teeth in a sample of patients with cleidocranial dysplasia. The dentition was evaluated from orthopantomograms, intraoral radiographs, cephalometric films, surgically removed teeth and intraoral photographs in 19 patients (9 men, 10 women), aged 3.5 to 34 years. Formation of primary teeth was normal, whereas all patients but one had supernumerary permanent teeth. Frequency of supernumerary teeth ranged from 22% in the maxillary incisor region to 5% in the molar regions. Supernumerary teeth were formed lingually and occlusally to the normal teeth. Maturation of the primary dentition was normal, while permanent teeth were delayed from 1 to 4 yr. Supernumerary teeth were delayed about 4 years in relation to normal permanent teeth. Eruption of primary teeth was normal, whereas all patients had severe eruption problems of permanent teeth. It was hypothesized that the dental lamina for both primary and permanent dentition is normal, but does not resolve completely and therefore may form supernumerary teeth. Abnormalities of tooth morphology is related to inadequate space and arrested eruption. Delayed or arrested eruption is probably caused by diminished resorption of bone and of primary teeth and to the presence of multiple supernumerary teeth.
Prognostic factors for adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck: a retrospective evaluation of 96 cases
Authors: Hamper Klaus , Lazar Frank , Dietel Manfred , Caselitz Jörg , Berger Jürgen , Arps Hartmut , Falkmer Ursula , Auer Gert , Seifert Gerhard
Published: April 2006

Cases of adenoid cystic carcinomas of the salivary (n = 90) and lacrimal glands (n = 6) from the years 1965–1980 were evaluated retrospectively with regard to clinical, epidemiologic and histomorphologic parameters, and in 52 cases, nuclear DNA content was assessed using a single cell scanning cytophotometry procedure in order to determine prognostic factors. Clinical courses were poor with a high incidence of recurrences, hematogenous metastases and deaths from tumor. Histology was related to prognosis, glandular tumors showing a better prognosis than solid ones. Tumor size >4 cm was correlated with an unfavorable clinical course in all cases. Cytophotometry yielded various types of histograms (7 diploid, 10 proliferative, 14 triploid, 19 atypical, 2 tetraploid). Significant correlations were found as to the time of survival, tumors with diploid histograms showing the longest intervals and those with atypical ones the shortest. Although the prognosis of adenoid cystic carcinoma remains poor, cytophotometry can offer additional prognostic information in the individual case.
Binding and uptake of N‐nitrosonornicotine by oral epithelial cells
Authors: Schuster George S. , Lubas Scott , Erbland John F. , Singh Baldev B.
Published: April 2006

N‐nitrosonornicotine (NNN), a significant nitrosamine component of tobacco binds to and is taken up by cells prior to its activation by intracellular enzymes. A variety of factors may affect the binding of substances to a cell including the cell type, medium composition and the cell membrane lipid composition. This study examines the binding and uptake of NNN to various cell types and relates these to the cells' lipid composition. Hamster buccal pouch keratinocytes were exposed to NNN and the amount of bound NNN determined. This was compared with cells pretreated with 12‐0‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA). While the keratinocytes bound significant amounts of NNN, this binding was not specific. Pretreatment of the cells with TPA significantly increased the amount of NNN bound. Cultures of human gingival fibroblasts and a human liver cell line also bound NNN, in quantities greater than that bound to the keratinocytes. The TPA caused changes in long chain unsaturated fatty acids although major changes in lipid metabolism were not detected. The fatty acid composition of the liver cells more closely resembled that of the TPA treated keratinocytes than the untreated ones. The data suggest that NNN binds to the cells non‐specifically and the binding may be related to the amount of long‐chain, unsaturated fatty acids present.
Experimental oral candidosis in the mouse: microbiologic and histologic aspects
Authors: Lacasse Marc , Fortier Caroline , Trudel Luc , Collet André J. , Deslauriers Noëlla
Published: April 2006

A model of oral candidosis was developed in order to investigate histologic and microbiologic aspects of this host‐parasite interaction under controlled experimental conditions. Normal adult CD‐1 mice were inoculated by the topical application of 108Candida albicans blastospores, and oral colonization was monitored by the quantitative culturing of saliva samples and of digested oral mucosa. Tissue sections of the mucosa were examined in a kinetic study ranging from 2 h to 13 days postinoculation. We report here that oral colonization by C. albicans can be induced in normal adult mice without the use of any compromising agent and that the animals recover from this mucosal infection following a reproducible pattern. Temporal analysis of the oral histopathology showed that distinct patterns of inflammation are associated with particular stages in the development of the infectious foci. This experimental model offers a means of further investigating the host‐parasite interactions involved in the onset and development of oral candidosis.
Oral mucosal changes in women with genital HPV infection
Authors: Kellokoski Jari , Syrjänen Stina , Syrjänen Kari , Yliskoski Merja
Published: April 2006

Sixty different types of human papillomavirus (HPV) are currently recognized. Of these, HPV types 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 11, 13, 16, 18, 30, 32 and 57 have been identified in oral squamous cell lesions. The prevalence and incidence of clinical HPV infections of oral mucosa are incompletely established, and the figures on subclinical and latent infections are completely lacking. Similarly, no data exist on transmission of oral HPV infections. A long‐term prospective follow‐up study was started to assess the oral mucosal changes related to HPV infection in women with genital HPV infections. The aim was to elucidate whether genital HPV infections predispose the oral mucosa to this virus. This study reports the clinical, histologic and cytologic findings of oral mucosa as related to the genital status of 334 women prospectively followed‐up in Kuopio University Central Hospital since 1981. At the time of examination, 5% presented with hand warts. Clinical wart in oral cavity was found in three patients (0.9%) only. Oral mucosa was clinically normal in 207 of 334 (62%) patients examined. Biopsies (n = 255) were taken from the buccal mucosa beneath the linea alba and above the sulcus in the region of the first molar, or from a lesion whenever present. Cytologic scrapings were taken from both sides of the buccal mucosa. Koilocytes were found in 0.9% of the cytologic scrapings, and in 9.4% of the biopsies. Altogether, four squamous cell papillomas and five flat condylomas were found in the biopsies. Morphologic changes suggestive for HPV were present in 25 biopsies. Hyperkeratosis proved to be a frequent finding (34%) in these biopsies. Parakeratosis, dyskeratosis, single cell dyskeratosis, vacuolized cells and sickle cell koilocytes were found in 68%, 27%, 51%, 62% and 29% of the biopsies, respectively. In the present series, oral mucosal changes suggestive for HPV infection are infrequent in women with genital HPV infection. Thus, the current results do not support the concept that women with genital HPV infection would be at risk for oral HPV infections.
Immunohistologic analysis of epithelial cell populations in oral lichen planus
Authors: Walsh L. J. , Ishii T. , Savage N. W. , Gemmell E. , Seymour G. J.
Published: April 2006

Previous studies have demonstrated heterogeneity within lesional lymphocytes in drug‐related oral lichen planus (D‐LP) and idiopathic lichen planus (I‐LP). This study examined the phenotype of Langerhans cells (LC) and keratinocytes in non‐erosive D‐LP and I‐LP. In I‐LP, keratinocytes expressed HLA‐DR antigens whilst LC co‐expressed CDIa, MHC Class II and CD4 antigens. The high levels of expression of MHC Class II antigens by LC were maintained during short term organ culture. In I‐LP, the epithelium contained occasional CD25 + dendritic cells (putative activated LC). These cell phenotypes are suggestive of cell activation and likely result from local production of gamma interferon. In D‐LP, expression of MHC Class II antigens on LC was reduced and no CD25+ cells were detected. The epithelium contained an increased number of CD45RA+ dendritic cells. While no differences between the production of interleukin‐1 and interleukin‐1 inhibitors by tissue samples could be detected, it is likely that the variations in epithelial cell phenotypes in I‐LP and D‐LP reflect altered cytokine production.
Oral hairy leukoplakia in an HIV‐seronegative heart transplant patient
Authors: Schmidt‐Westhausen Andrea , Gelderblom Hans R. , Reichart Peter A.
Published: April 2006

While oral hairy leukoplakia has been observed predominantly in patients with HIV‐infection at various stages, recent reports have shown that HL may also occur in patients immunosuppressed for other reasons. This report describes oral hairy leukoplakia in a heart transplant recipient with negative HIV serology. The histopathologic diagnosis of HL was confirmed by immunohistochemical detection of EBV‐VCA in the surface epithelium of the lesion and by negative staining electron microscopy.
Light and ultrastructural studies of human chronic periapical lesions
Authors: Bohne W.
Published: April 2006

Forty clinically chronic periapical granulomas and cysts and their corresponding teeth were removed. Diagnosis was by light and transmission electron microscopy. Ultrastructural features of the root surfaces concerned and the corresponding soft tissue were detected by scanning electron microscopy. Chronic periapical inflammation had caused root resorption which affected the cementum and/or the dentin. There were no ultrastructural differences between granuloma and cyst‐induced root resorption. Resorption lacunae were devoid of epithelial and connective tissue attachment. However, root surface exposed to granulomas and cysts also indicated spontanous cementum repair. Moreover, at their periphery, cellular debris, cells defined as fibroblasts, and cell projections and fibrils could be seen which were continuations of the periodontal ligament.
Benign lymphoid hyperplasia of the palate: report of two cases and immunohistochemical profile
Authors: Napier Seamus S. , Newlands Carrie
Published: April 2006

Two cases of benign lymphoid hyperplasia (BLH) of the palate are reported. The histologic appearences are those of a benign or reactive lymphoid aggregate and correlate well with other published accounts of this lesion. Using a battery of antileukocyte antibodies suitable for formalin‐fixed tissue, analysis of the antigenic profile of oral BLH has been performed. The results indicate its benign nature: the germinal centres show tingible‐body macrophages and polyclonal light chain restriction, the mantle zones are composed of both mature and immature B‐cells, and the extramantle zones contain both B‐ and T‐lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and eosinophils. The histologic and immunohistochemical features are those of a benign rather than malignant proliferation of lymphocytes. This is in agreement with published accounts of long‐term follow‐up, which have found no correlation between BLH in the mouth with either malignant association or malignant transformation.
Molluscum contagiosum associated with AIDS: a case report with ultrastructural study
Authors: Sugihara Kazumasa , Reichart Peter A. , Gelderblom Hans R.
Published: April 2006

The clinical features of perioral molluscum contagiosum in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome are described. Light microscopy and thin section electron microscopy revealed epidermal cells in different stages of degeneration showing two types of cytoplasmic inclusions. The basement membrane exhibited discontinuities and multiple laminations which may be a response to viral‐induced cytotoxic effects.
Dental enamel defects in celiac disease
Authors: Aine L. , Mäki M. , Collin P. , Keyriläinen O.
Published: April 2006

The teeth of 40 adults aged 19 to 67 yr with celiac disease (CD) were examined for dental enamel defects (ED). A total of 33 of the 40 adults with CD (83%) had systematic ED in contrast to only 5 of the 112 clinical controls (4%). Unspecific enamel lesions were found in both groups, but they were more common in the control group (80% vs. 18%). Altogether 69% of the permanent teeth in adults with CD were found to be defected, in clinical controls only 19%. In adults with CD the ED were in contrast to those in controls symmetrically and chronologically distributed in all four sections of dentition. The present study clearly shows that symmetrically and chronologically distributed enamel defects are strongly associated with CD. Therefore in the absence of symptoms and signs of malabsorption dentists could easily select the right patients possibly suffering from CD for gastroenterologic consultations.
Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical observations of a true malignant mixed tumor (carcinosarcoma) of the tongue
Authors: Takata Takashi , Nikai Hiromasa , Ogawa Ikuko , Ljuhin Naokuni
Published: April 2006

True malignant mixed tumor (TMMT) of salivary glands, with both carcinoma‐tous and sarcomatous components, is exceedingly rare. We offer a case of TMMT in a 79‐yr‐old man, which may represent the first reported example of this unusual neoplasm arising in the tongue. The carcinomatous component was mainly of solid basaloid carcinoma with focal glandular differentiation, while the sarcomatous component was composed of pleomorphic elements such as chondrosarcoma, myxosarcoma and fibrosarcoma. Carcinoma cells at the periphery of solid nests occasionally merged into these sarcomatous elements. Immunohis‐tochemically, basaloid carcinoma cells showed positive reaction for both low molecular weight cytokeratin and S‐100 protein, whereas carcinoma cells lining ductal spaces were positive for a wide spectrum of keratin and EMA. The sarcomatous elements revealed the presence of vimentin and S‐100 protein. Ultra‐structurally, basal lamina‐like material and/or mucoid precipitates often accumulated separating the tumor cells from each other singly or into a few cell group. Some sarcomatous cells assumed the myoepithelial features, such as the presence of microfilament bundles with dense bodies and pinocytotic vesicles along the cell periphery. These findings may indicate that TMMT shares a common histogenesis with pleomorphic adenoma.
Prevalence of dental caries, gingivitis, and oral hygiene in hospitalized AIDS cases in Kinshasa, Zaire
Authors: Tukutuku K. , Muyembe‐Tamfum L. , Kayembe K. , Mavuemba T. , Sangua N. , Sekeie I.
Published: April 2006

The prevalence of dental caries and periodontal disease in African HIV‐infected patients has not previously been assessed, in spite of the high prevalence of HIV‐infection in some countries and the fact that atypical gingivitis may represent an early sign of HIV infection. In the present study 83 AIDS patients hospitalized in Kinshasa, Zaire, were assessed for dental caries, gingivitis and oral hygiene status. The prevalence of dental caries was lower among AIDS patients than among healthy controls previously examined in the same area. The prevalence of gingivitis was higher in AIDS than in controls in spite of good oral hygiene observed among AIDS patients.
Non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma of the major salivary gland: a morphologic and immunohistochemical study of 15 cases
Authors: Takahashi H. , Tsuda N. , Tezuka F. , Fujita S. , Okabe H.
Published: April 2006

A total of 15 cases of Japanese salivary gland lymphoma was analysed by conventional histology and also by immunoperoxidase staining of paraffin sections. The initial sites included: parotid gland (14 cases, 93%) and submandibular gland (1 case, 7%). The mean age was 59 yr, with a male to female ratio of 2.8:1. The only one patient (Case 9) with clinical evidence of Sjögren's syndrome showed the development of intrasalivary malignant lymphoma. Each lymphoma was classified according to the Working Formulation for Clinical Usage. The Working Formulation grades were 20% low, 67% intermediate, and 13% high. These neoplasms fell into six categories: follicular, small cleaved type (1 case); follicular, mixed small cleaved and large cell type (2 cases); follicular, large cell type (2 cases); diffuse, mixed small and large cell type (1 case); diffuse, large cell type (7 cases); and large cell, immunoblastic type (2 cases). Fifteen tumors were studied using a indirect immunoperoxidase method. A selected antibody panel was used, including B‐cell markers (immunoglobulins, Ki‐B3, L26), T‐cell markers (UCHL‐1 and MT1) and histiocytic markers (lysozyme, α1‐antitrypsin and cathepsin D). Eleven cases reacted with pan‐B‐marker (Ki‐B3 and L26) and eight of them showed the presence of monoclonal cytoplasmic immunoglobulin (C‐Ig). Following rigid criteria, monoclonal C‐Ig of MK was demonstrated in one case of follicular, small cleaved cell type, one follicular, large cell type and two diffuse, large cell type; Mλ was demonstrated in one diffuse, large cell type; and Gλ was demonstrated in one follicular, mixed small cleaved and large cell type, and two diffuse, large cell type. Two T‐cell lymphomas which reacted with UCHL‐1 and MT1 were demonstrated in two cases of large cell, immunoblastic type. In both cases, Ber‐H2 was positive in neoplastic large cells. Two true histiocytic lymphomas that were positive for α‐antitrypsin and cathepsin D were demonstrated in two diffuse, large cell type.
In vivo effects of Candida albicans products on rat oral epithelium
Authors: Reed M. F. , Scragg M. A. , Williams D. M. , Soames J. V.
Published: April 2006

Candida albicans has been associated with epithelial hyperplasia in some diseases of oral mucosa and skin but its etiologic role in these lesions is poorly understood. To test its ability to induce epithelial proliferation, the invasive hyphal form was cultured for 5 h and 23 h in chemically defined medium and yeast‐free culture supernatants were injected below the buccal epithelium of young adult Sprague Dawley rats. The mitotic activity was assessed using the metaphase arrest technique 11 h and 31 h after supernatant injection. There was a significant increase in epithelial mitotic activity 31 h after injection with 5 h culture supernatants compared to control media indicating that the supernatants have an effect on epithelial cells, possibly by direct action on them.
Infiltrating mononuclear cells in salivary glands and kidneys in autoimmune MRL/Mp‐lpr/lpr mice express IL‐2 receptor and produce interferon‐γ
Authors: Jonsson R. , Holmdahl R.
Published: April 2006

The salivary gland inflammatory lesions and renal vasculitic lesions of autoimmune MRL/lpr mice were analyzed for the presence of activated lymphocytes. Immunohistologic analysis revealed that the majority of lymphocyte‐like cells in salivary glands and kidneys expressed CD4 antigen (>50%). Lesser numbers of interleukin‐2 receptor (IL‐2R) expressing and interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ)‐producing cells were present (1–5%). CD4+, IL‐2R+, and IFN‐γ+ mononuclear cells were found in small inflammatory foci. In larger inflammatory foci the IFN‐γ‐producing cells were detected in the periphery in comparable numbers as the IL‐2R expressing cells although with different location. Large numbers of cells in the inflammatory foci also expressed MHC Class II molecules (>50%). The expression of IL‐2R and production of IFN‐γ in the tissue lesions indicate presence of activated inflammatory T cells. Production of IFN‐γ by the infiltrating mononuclear cells may induce Class II antigens on epithelial cells and stimulate further T cell migration into the inflammatory site.
Structure and function of masticatory muscles in a case of muscular dystrophy
Authors: Bakke Merete , Kirkeby Svend , Jensen Birgit Leth , Hansen Hans Jorgen , Kreiborg Sven , Hjørting‐Hansen Erik , Michler Lars , Møller Eigild
Published: April 2006

Histologic examination of muscle biopsies and functional examination comprising electromyography and force measurements in a 19‐yr‐old boy with muscular dystrophy showed different wasting patterns of mandibular elevator and depressor muscles. Pronounced histopathologic changes were present in the masseter muscle, whereas pathologic findings in the anterior digastric muscle were limited to increased number of cells in slightly enlarged interfiber connective tissue. The masticatory pattern was distorted, and strength of mandibular elevator muscles was less than one third of the norm, whereas depressor strength corresponded more to reference values. This difference of muscular wasting might be caused by protective enzymes in the digastric muscle and/or functionally induced damage of the masseter. As affection from muscular dystrophy may vary greatly between the masticatory muscles, structural and functional examination should be used routinely to clarify prognosis before initiation of treatment procedures.
Secretion of epidermal growth factor in parotid saliva in diabetic patients: role of autonomic innervation
Authors: Lamey P.‐J. , Savage A. P. , Fisher B. M. , Bloom S. R. , Frier B. M.
Published: April 2006

Parotid saliva was collected over a 12‐min period from 24 insulin dependent diabetic patients with varying degrees of autonomic neuropathy and 12 age and sex matched non‐diabetic controls. Epidermal growth factor (EOF) concentrations in saliva were measured by radio‐immunoassay. The EGF concentrations in diabetics with no autonomic neuropathy or with combined autonomic neuropathy were equivalent but secretion of EGF was significantly elevated at the 6‐and 12‐min periods of collection in diabetic patients with early or established autonomic neuropathy. It is postulated that when parasympathetic autonomic neuropathy is present a relative “over‐activity” of the sympathetic innervation promotes release of salivary EGF. This sympathetic predominance may maintain salivary EGF concentration despite the elevated salivary flow and volume which is associated with parasympathetic autonomic neuropathy.
Cytotoxic and immunostimulatory effects of Bacteroides cell products
Authors: Fotos Pete G. , Lewis Daniel M. , Gerencser Vincent F. , Gerencser Mary Ann
Published: April 2006

The etiologic role of Bacteroides in both periodontal and periapical infections has been well documented, with current interest focusing on the specific pathogenic mechanisms involved. The effects of cell fractions derived from Bacteroides gingivalis (BG), Bacteroides intermedius (BI), and Bacteroides asaccharolyticus (BA) have been studied in vitro through: an assessment of the direct cytotoxic effects on human gingival fibroblasts using a tetrazolium dye reduction assay, an evaluation of murine lymphocyte stimulation and interleukin‐1release, and the induction of human lymphocyte‐mediated cytotoxicity. Both BG and BI stimulated interleukin‐1release (P<0.001), while BA, a nonoral organism, was not significantly active in this respect. Only BG sonicates were able to induce lymphocyte‐mediated cytotoxicity (P < 0.005). All three Bacteroides species demonstrated direct cytotoxic effects on cultured gingival fibroblasts, and these effects were related to the relative protein content and endotoxin activity of the sonicate preparations for each organism. These data show that BG and BI possess factors which may enhance their virulence through activities not shared with BA.
Negative staining EM for the detection of Epstein‐Barr virus in oral hairy leukoplakia
Authors: Sugihara K. , Reupke H. , Schmidt‐Westhausen A. , Pohle H. D. , Gelderblom H. R. , Reichart P. A.
Published: April 2006

The performance of two different EM techniques applied for the detection of Epstein‐Barr Virus (EBV) in oral hairy leukoplakia (HL) was assessed, i.e. the conventional two‐step method of negative staining (CNS) and negative staining after Airfuge enrichment (ANS). Scrape specimens from the lateral borders of tongue of 66 HIV‐positive patients with or without HL, of 3 patients with infectious mononucleosis and of 10 HIV‐negative patients were evaluated. While CNS resulted in virus detection only in 25% of clinically diagnosed HL cases, EBV was detected by ANS in 85% of clinically suspected cases of HL. Scrape specimens of individuals negative for HIV were negative in EM while 2 of 3 mononucleosis patients were positive without clinical evidence for HL. Due to this high sensitivity the method of negative staining after Airfuge enrichment appears to be useful in the diagnosis of HL. The finding of EBV in clinically normal oral mucosa in HIV‐seropositive individuals is interesting and indicates that EBV expression may precede the clinical appearance of HL.
Oral senile amyloidosis in senescence accelerated mouse (SAM)
Authors: Sashima Mieko , Satoh Masanobu , Suzuki Atsumi
Published: April 2006

Oral senile amyloidosis in senescence accelerated mouse (SAM) was examined for two SAM sublines (P/2/Iw and R/l/Iw) and for various ages by light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy. The amyloid deposition, identified by green birefrigence following Congo red stain, was observed only in P/2/Iw. In P/2/Iw, no amyloid deposition was found at age 6 months; however, frequency and extent of such deposits increased with advancing age. Distribution of amyloid deposition was as follows: along papillary layers of mucous epithelium in the tongue, the gingiva, the palate, and the buccal mucosa; foci in connective tissues; along vessels, muscles, and minor salivary glands. Immunohistochemically, the amyloid deposition was positive with anti‐ASSAM serum being raised against a unique amyloid protein ASSAM which probably induced “senile systemic amyloidosis”. P/2/Iw is useful as an animal model of oral senile amyloidosis.
Effect of phenytoin and nifedipine on collagen gene expression in human gingival fibroblasts
Authors: Salo Tuula , Oikarinen Kyösti S. , Oikarinen Aarne I.
Published: April 2006

Phenytoin (PHT), a widely used anticonvulsant, and nifedipine (NF), an antianginal drug, cause clinically similar gingival overgrowths in some patients. The aim of this work was to investigate their effects on collagen and protein synthesis and cellular proliferation in normal human gingival fibroblasts in vitro. Gingival fibroblasts were cultured from biopsies taken from three healthy individuals during operations on maxillary canines and incubated with various concentrations of NF (100 and 200 ng/ml) and PHT (5 and 10 ng/ml) for up to 7 days. The results showed that NF and PHT have a specific effect in reducing total protein and collagen synthesis but do not influence cell proliferation in healthy gingival fibroblasts in vitro. In addition the level of mRNA for type I collagen was decreased after incubation of the cells with the drugs for 1 or 2 days. The decrease in the level of type I collagen mRNA seemed to be specific since the level of type IV collagenase mRNA used as a reference RNA did not decrease.
Expression of c‐erbB2 and c‐myc in squamous epithelia and squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck and the lower female genital tract
Authors: Riviére A , Wilckens C , Löning T
Published: April 2006

Normal tongue and cervical mucosa, premalignant cervical and vulvar lesions, primaries and metastases of squamous cell carcinomas from the oral, laryngeal, cervical and vulvar mucosa were analyzed for c‐erbB2 and c‐myc transcription with northern‐blots using 32P single‐stranded RNA probes. Transcription of c‐erbB2 and c‐myc could be detected for almost all tissues including normal samples. A slightly enhanced transcription level was found in three cervical intraepithelial neoplasias of Grade IIT (CIN III) but in none of the malignant lesions. Increased transcription of c‐myc was observed in premalignancies and malignancies. It was more frequent in oral and laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) (8 of 9 cases) than in genital SCC (3 of 11 cases) or premalignancies (3 CIS of 14 CIN/VIN). No relationships of c‐myc enhanced transcription level with tumor grading and staging were noticed. Thus, mere oncogene expression is a widespread phenomenon in tissues of different histogenesis and quantitative analysis is necessary prior to ascribe any diagnostic or prognostic relevance. Moreover, the frequency of tumors with enhanced transcription may vary for phenotypically closely related tumors of different organs.
Degenerative changes in masseter and temporalis muscles in limited mouth opening and TMJ ankylosis
Authors: El‐Labban N. G. , Harris M. , Hopper C. , Barber P.
Published: April 2006

The masseter and temporalis muscles were studied ultrastructurally in eight cases suffering from restricted mouth opening and TMJ ankylosis. The changes varied from slight degeneration of muscle fibers, such as accumulation of lipid or lipofuscin deposits, Z‐band streaming and derangement of myofilaments, in one case to moderate or severe changes of muscle atrophy and necrosis in the remaining seven cases. Nemaline bodies were also observed in one of these seven cases. In addition to these muscle changes neural degeneration especially of myelinated nerves were found in three of the cases studied. The present findings showed that in spite of the diversity of the underlying factors affecting the joint, there was many similarities in the changes observed within the muscle. It is postulated that these degenerative muscle changes probably play an important role in restricted mouth opening and TMJ ankyiosis, and that some of these muscle pathology may be the result of neural involvement.
Oral Candida and Entembacteriaceae in HIV‐1 infection: correlation with clinical candidiasis and antimycotic therapy
Authors: Schmidt‐Westhausen Andrea , Schiller Reinhold‐Andreas , Pohle Hans Dieter , Reichart Peter A.
Published: April 2006

Oral swabs of 73 HIV‐1 infected men (32 under conditions of antimycotic treatment (43,8%)) and 58 controls were cultured for Candida species and Enterobacteriaceae. In Group A without antimycotics, yeasts were isolated from 35/41 swabs (85,4%) (range 2× 106−4 × 106 cfu/ml). In Group B with antimycotics, yeasts were cultured from 27/32 swabs (84,4%) (4×101−1 × 106cfu/ml). Oral Enterobacteriaceae (o.e.) were grown from 22% of the swabs of both Group A (2× 101−2 × 106cfu/ml) and Group B(4×106−1,6× 106cfu/ml). Growth of o.e. and yeasts (2 × 106−4 × 106cfu/ml). Correlation between yeasts and o. e. were isolated in 14% (2×101−6,4 × 106cfu/ml). Correlation between yeasts species to local and systemic treatment deserves further investigations.
Recurrent aphthous ulceration and food sensitivity
Authors: Nolan A. , Lamey P‐J. , Milligan K. A. , Forsyth A.
Published: April 2006

Forty patients with recurrent aphthous ulceration (RAU) were investigated to ascertain the possibility of food sensitivity being a significant precipitating factor in their recurrent oral ulceration. All patients were hematologically normal and did not respond to vitamin Bl and B6 therapy. Patch testing (Standard European Series) was undertaken in 21 patients. Twenty patients showed a positive reaction to a number of substances which were considered clinically relevant. Professional advice on avoidance of the allergen was given, resulting in an improvement in eighteen patients. It is concluded that food sensitivity and allergies to other substances should be considered as an etiologic factor in hematologically normal patients with recurrent oral ulceration.
Gliadin antibodies identify gluten‐sensitive oral ulceration in the absence of villous atrophy
Authors: O'Farrelly Cliona , O'Mahony C. , Graeme‐Cook F. , Feighery C. , McCartan B. E. , Weir D. G.
Published: April 2006

This study demonstrates gluten‐sensitive recurrent oral ulceration (ROU) in the absence of gastrointestinal abnormalities which is associated with a humoral response to wheat protein. Ten patients with severe ROU were investigated; all had normal small intestinal biopsies. Four patients had raised levels of antibodies to alpha gliadin, a wheat protein fraction; in three of these four, the ulceration remitted on treatment with a gluten‐free diet (G.F.D.) and relapsed on gluten challenge. None of the remaining six patients had raised alpha gliadin antibody (AGA) levels and none responded to G.F.D. Thus raised AGA levels can be used to identify patients with ROU who are likely to respond to a GFD.
Creatine kinase isoenzymes activity in serum and buccal pouch tissue of hamsters during DMBA‐induced squamous cell carcinogenesis
Authors: Lin L. M. , Chen Y. K.
Published: April 2006

The sequential changes of creatine kinase (CK) isoenzyme activity in serum and hamster buccal pouch tissue (HBPT) of normal, premalignant, and malignant stages during 13 wk of DMBA induced hamster buccal pouch squamous cell carcinogenesis, were studied. We found that the total CK activity in both serum and HBPT of the DMBA painted groups increased during the premalignant period (3‐7 wk), with the peak being at 7 wk, while declining in the malignant period (9‐13 wk). No significant difference in the serum and HBPT CK‐MM, CK‐MB and CK‐BB activity, in DMBA‐induced carcinogenesis, could be established. However, the macro CK type 2 (MCK‐2), a cathodically migrating atypical creatine kinase isoenzyme, initially appeared in the sera and tissues of the 3rd wk DMBA‐treated group. Its activity gradually increased during the premalignant and malignant stages, parallelling the increasing number of DMBA applications. There was a correlation between the degree of differentiation, and the size and number of the induced tumors with MCK‐2. No MCK‐2 could be detected in any of the sera or tissues of the control, nor in the 1st wk DMBA‐treated group. We propose that MCK‐2 is a potential tumor marker in oral malignancy and its presence may provide valuable information for early diagnosis of a possibly premalignant transforming oral lesion.
Electron microscope characteristics of dentin repair after hydroxylapatite direct pulp capping in rats
Authors: Jaber Louay , Mascres Christiane , Donohue William B.
Published: April 2006

In order to study the osteogenic action of hydroxylapatite (HA) on the dental pulp, a pulp capping experiment was designed using the rat upper molar. Under general anesthesia, rnolar teeth in 14 male Sprague‐Dawley rats were pulp capped with Osteogen (HA) or with Dycal as a control material. After pulp capping, the maxillary molars cavities were restored with amalgam and a pedodontic steel crown was adjusted and sealed over the molar teeth on either side of the maxilla. After 7 days, the areas of necrosis and acute inflammation were more evident in the pulps treated with Dycal than with Osteogen. Hard tissue formation began to appear around dentinal chips in the pulp and extended from the cavity walls into the pulp regardless of the material that was used. Furthermore, this calcified material was scattered throughout the pulp when Osteogen was used, but was not observed in the Dycal treated pulps. The hard tissue formation was thought to be due to the putative fibroblasts and odonloblasts found in the pulp. After 28 days dense dentinal tissue was observed bridging the exposure site when Dycal was used, The dentinal tissues formed with Osteogen was always of a globular type, and showed an irregular distribution. Since Osteogen tends to cause areas of dystrophic calcification in the pulp, its use is not be recommended for pulp capping purposes in humans, because these areas of calcification would make future endodontic treatment difficult.
Demonstration of Epstein‐Barr virus in scrape material of lateral border of tongue in heart transplant patients by negative staining electron microscopy
Authors: Schmidt‐Westhausen Andrea , Gelderblom Hans R. , Hetzer Roland , Reichart Peter A.
Published: April 2006

Scrape material from the lateral border of the tongue of 50 heart transplant patients and 20 controls was studied for the presence of EBV by negative staining electron microscopy. Mild oral hairy leukoplakia was observed in two cases. Particles of the herpes virus were found in 20% of the specimens. Controls were negative for EBV. The study has shown that EBV may be expressed at the lateral border of the tongue during immunosuppression, occasionally resulting in the clinical appearance of hairy leukoplakia.
Effect of IFN–γon the expression of MHC class I and class II antigens in a human malignant oral epithelial cell line
Authors: Mutlu S. , Scully C. , Prime S. S.
Published: April 2006

This study examined the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens in the KB human carcinoma cell line. MHC class I antigens (HLA–ABC and β2microglobulin) were constitutively expressed but not significantly enhanced by interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ). By contrast, MHC class II antigens were absent or expressed minimally on unstimulated KB cells, but DR and DP were significantly stimulated in a non–coordinated pattern (HLA‐DR > −DP > −DQ) by IFN–γ.
Ultrastructural alterations associated with in vivo and in vitro bound pemphigus antibodies in cultured oral epithelial cells
Authors: Barlow Y. , Wray D.
Published: April 2006

Pemphigus vulgaris is characterized by bound and circulating IgG antibodies to an epithelial antigen, antibody binding resulting in acantholysis. This study examines the role of pemphigus serum in the initiation and perpetuation of acantholysis. Oral epithelial cells derived from a patient with pemphigus vulgaris were cultured in vitro in the presence of normal serum. Also, normal oral epithelial cells were cultured in pemphigus serum for between 0.5 and 72 h or exposed to pemphigus serum for 72 h and then cultured in normal serum for 2 wk. Oral epithelial cells from the pemphigus patient continued to display Acanthocystis for the 3‐wk duration of the culture. Normal oral epithelial cells showed Acanthocystis within 30 min exposure to pemphigus serum and the acanthocystis persisted in the cultures, pulse exposed to pemphigus serum, for the duration of the explant culture. These results support the notion that pemphigus serum is directly responsible for acantholysis which may then be persistent.
Spontaneous ameloblastic fibro‐odontomainafemalemouse
Authors: Nyska Abraham , Waner Trevor , Tal Haim , Dayan Dan
Published: April 2006

A spontaneous ameloblastic fibro–odontoma is described in a 73–wk–old female mouse. The tumor was located in the molar mandibular region. The diagnosis was made on the basis of the histologic presence of odontogenic epithelial tissue embedded in mesodermal tissue resembling dental papilla, and containing in addition dentin and enamel. The positive reaction for keratin and vimentin confirmed the presence of ectodermal and mesodermal elements respectively in the tumor.
Sequence of changes in rat buccal mucosa induced by zinc deficiency
Authors: Hsu Dora , Meyer Julia , Gerson Stanley , Daniel Jon
Published: April 2006

In weanling rats, after receiving a zinc‐deficient diet (<1 ppm) for 4 wk, the buccal mucosa appears hyperplastic. This study determines changes at earlier stages of the lesion. After 9 days of deficiency, the keratin layer had partially converted to parakeratosis and thickened, and the size of the capillary bed was increased. After 18 days, the keratin layer was fully parakeratotic and thickened further. The cellular layer was thickened. The mitotic rate was doubled and rate ridges were convoluted. After 27 days, the keratin and cellular layers were further thickened, and the mitotic rate remained elevated. The rate ridges were further convoluted. The number of mast cells was doubled and the size of the vascular bed had increased further. These findings suggest early and late interactions between the epithelium and lamina propria. After four days on a control diet following 27 days of zinc deficiency, the mucosa returned normal.
Cytokeratin pattern in normal and HPV infected oral mucosa in women with genital HPV infections
Authors: Kellokoski Jari , Syrjänen Stina , Tosi Piero , Cintorino Marcello , Leoncini Paolo , Syrjänen Kari
Published: April 2006

The distribution of cytokeratins Nos. 19 (CK 19), 14, 16 and 17 (CK2‐27), and 8 and 18 (CK 60–61) in 96 oral mucosal biopsies taken from women with genital HPV infections were studied by immunohistochemistry, using polyclonal antibody CK 19, as well as monoclonal antibodies CK 2–27 and CK 60–61. White staining of the buccal mucosa after acetic acid application, which recently was shown to be affected mostly by smoking and age, could not be explained by differences in cytokeratin pattern. In HPV DNA‐positive biopsies, the staining with CK 19 antibody in the basal cell layer was more intense than in HPV DNA‐negative biopsies. The staining with CK 2–27 antibody was seen in 76% and 91% of the basal and superficial layers, respectively, even though these low molecular weight cytokeratins should be found mainly from the basal and parabasal cells. CK 60–61 staining was almost similar to that seen recently in normal genital mucosa. When trying to distinguish oral HPV infections from normal mucosa, CK 2–27 and CK 60–61 stainings were of no diagnostic value. The more efficient expression of CK 19 in HPV DNA‐positive samples suggests that viral infection might accelerate the production of low molecular weight cytoskeletal protein. This could be interpreted as evidence that HPV might disturb the keratinocyte differentiation in the basal cells. As a result of the present study, CK 19 staining in oral mucosa needs to be further studied in regard to viral infections, because it may help to better understand the interaction between a virus and a host cell.
Effect of tobacco and alcohol consumption on the Langerhans cell population of human lingual epithelium determined using a monoclonal antibody against HLADR
Authors: Barrett A. W. , Williams D. M. , Scott J.
Published: April 2006

Tobacco and alcohol consumption are known predisposing factors to the development of oral cancer, though the mechanism by which they act is unclear. The density of Langerhans cells (LC) has been shown to decrease in the uterine cervix of smokers, possibly indicating reduced immune surveillance and increased risk of malignant change. This study examined biopsies of normal human lateral border of tongue taken from 41 necropsies whose histories of tobacco and alcohol consumption were known. LC were identified in fixed, wax‐embedded sections using a monoclonal antibody to HLADR and an immunoperoxidase technique. The mean density of LC in smokers of the equivalent of 11 or more cigarettes daily was significantly higher than moderate and non‐smokers when counts were expressed per mm epithelial surface and basement membrane length. There were no significant differences in LC numbers in relation to alcohol consumption, age or sex, but there was a significant interaction between tobacco and alcohol. The results suggest that either human oral LC respond to external toxins, or that physical changes in the epithelial barrier induced by such toxins necessitate the presence of more LC to maintain the integrity of the epithelium.
Immunohistochemical localization of MAM‐3 and MAM‐6 antigens in adenoid cystic carcinoma
Authors: Yamada K. , Kunikata M. , Mori M. , Chomette G. , Auriol M. , Vaillant JM. , Tubura A. , Morii S. , Hilgers J.
Published: April 2006

MAM‐3 and MAM‐6 antigens were detected immunohistochemically in 34 cases of adenoid cystic carcinomas (ACC) of the salivary glands and these patterns were compared to these of epithelial membrane antigen (EM A) and laminin. ACC was histologically divided into three types; the cribriform pattern, the tubular and trabecular pattern, and the solid cluster pattern. Immunostaining of EMA and MAM‐6 antigen had a similar distributions in the luminal borders of luminal tumor cells, whereas the MAM‐3 antigen was slight or negative in luminal borders. Myoepithelial derived tumor cells of ACC accompanying hyaline stroma demonstrated positive staining for the MAM‐6 antigen (whole cell positive type), and luminal tumor cells of microcysts showed strong staining for the MAM‐3 antigen. Laminin staining was confined to the basement membrane and surface borders in pseudocyst cavities. In salivary gland ACC, laminin staining can be used as a marker of pseudocyst surfaces and immunostaining of EMA and the MAM‐6 antigen as a marker of luminal borders of cyst. These two histo‐chemical markers were useful for discriminating pseudocyst and cyst.
Immunolocalization of transforming growth factor beta in rat molars
Authors: Wise Gary E. , Fan Wei
Published: April 2006

A prominent cellular event in tooth eruption is the influx of mononuclear cells (monocytes?) into the dental follicle at the onset of eruption. In the mandibular first molar of the rat, this influx of cells reaches its peak at three days postnatally. Because transforming growth factor‐beta 1 (TGF‐β1) is chemotactic for monocytes, we used immunocytochemical methods to determine its localization in the rat molar during postnatal days 1–4 and day 7. The results indicate that TGF‐βl displays both a spatial and temporal localization in the rat molar. It is present in the stellate reticulum (SR) on days 1 and 2 postnatally but is absent in all the subsequent days examined. None of the other soft tissue layers‐ameoblasts, stratum intermedium or dental follicle – immunostain for TGF‐βl. This localization of TGF‐β1 in the SR at a time that just precedes that influx of monocytes into the dental follicle, coupled with the fact that fenestrated capillaries are abundant in the follicle adjacent to the SR, suggests that TGF‐βl could play a role in attracting monocytes from the peripheral blood into the follicle.