bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE TRADITIONAL MOLDOVAN DWELLING FROM THE SEC. XVIII-XX FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND SOLUTIONS USED
Authors:   Technical University of Moldova, Marian Maria-Liliana
Published: September 2021

The article represents a research of the traditional houses from the Republic of Moldova specific to the period XVIII - XX centuries. Life, always conditioned by life, is a major program that, in the vernacular architecture of the Republic of Moldova, plays the role of the function of continuity. The main objectives of this article are to bring in heritage practice, beneficial information, both for the historical monument and for architects, specialists and the general public interested in the future of heritage objects, locally or nationally and how they influence the factors of decision involved. The slow transformations, recorded over the last two thousand years, in which we distinguish evidence of its evolution, are the result of slow transformations, both of techniques and instructional materials, as well as of the specific occupations and way of life sec. XVIII - XX. Starting from the semi-buried dwellings, the surface houses with a single level, constituted the architectural solutions with the widest spread on the whole territory of the country, until the middle of the century. XX. The architecture of traditional residential buildings - plan, size and appearance - were influenced by physical, social, historical, geographical conditions, the natural environment and the specifics of the household. The knowledge of the architecture of the traditional house contributes to the reconstruction of some aspects of the ancient culture, inextricably linked to the problem of the continuity of the local population on these lands. In the architecture of the traditional house, the normative thinking, common at the technical level of the society, is combined with the adaptation to the individual requirements. The lack of this information, especially important for those interested in the fate of the architectural heritage, can cause serious damage to the historical monument, namely the loss of structural elements, functional and stylistic elements, elements of composition, volume and structure. The ambiguities can distort the real value of the monuments and even the loss of the value of architectural heritage, so the historical monument becomes vulnerable in the future.
BEE HONEY: HISTORY, CHARACTERISTICS, PROPERTIES, BENEFITS AND ADULTERATION IN THE BEEKEEPING SECTOR
Authors:   Technical University of Moldova, Chirsanova Aurica , Capcanari Tatiana ,   Technical University of Moldova, Boistean Alina ,   Technical University of Moldova, Khanchel Imen ,   .Manouba University, Tunisia
Published: September 2021

This review aims to share the history of bees and the use of honey as the only natural sweetener available to mankind for more than 40,000 years. At the same time, the characteristic of the beekeeping sector is presented, highlighting the top honey producers worldwide. The botanical origin of honey is the basis for the characterization of the 14 types of honey presented. Honey standards were analyzed to provide an overview of quality and physico-chemical indices. The data indicated in the national and regional honey standard are identical to the data for the international Codex Alimentarius standard. After the comparative analysis of these 3 sources, no significant deviations were identified. The tendencies of using honey from ancient times as a nutritious food product, as a preservative, as a medicine for treating various diseases and for performing certain rituals, etc. were highlighted. At the same time, the population must be encouraged to consume this incomparable bee product.
Variations des représentations genrées dans les Oraisons funèbres de Bossuet
Authors:   CELIS-EA 4280, Université Clermont Auvergne, PELLETON Nicolas
Published: September 2021

Bossuet inherited both from doxa and catholic dogma representations of man and woman, which are unfavorable to the last one. Nevertheless, epidictic rhetorics, which is one of the aspects of funeral oration, supposes that the preacher exceeds this dichotomy and creates an image of extraordinary men but also women, according to there aristocratic origines or their exceptional destiny. This article analyses how poetics of funeral oration can change doxical representations of male and female aspects.
Princesses in Wondertales: from Traditional Representations to Contemporary Reappropriations
Authors: LE GUERN-CAMARA Gaëlle
Published: September 2021

Wondertales generate today a lot of interest with a large audience. But this interest may seem surprising if we consider retrogressive messages they sometimes seem to deliver, especially about women. Nevertheless, princesses of fairy tales sometimes have heavy prejudices, and a careful examination allows to rehabilitate them. Remains of pasts times, they become modern in contemporary adaptations. And the detour by oral tradition versions, too often neglected in favor of masterpieces of literature, lets to discover unexpected portraits of women, very far from stereotypes.
Tea with the Divorcees: Five’o Clock Figures
Authors:   Université Paris 3-Sorbonne nouvelle, GLAUMAUD-CARBONNIER Marion
Published: September 2021

Promulgated in July 1884, the divorce law introduces a new character in late nineteenth century French literature: the figure of the divorcee. This woman, who is very little portrayed in novels, however intrigues the press because of her unprecedented social status. In the short stories published in newspapers, the divorced woman often appears at tea time, a gallant Parisian hour that serves as a setting for gossip. The aim of this paper is therefore to enlighten, by using a sociopoetic approach, these figures of the crépuscule.
Literary Figures of ‘New Women’ in the Early Twentieth Century
Authors:   CRLC, Sorbonne Université, Tomiche Anne
Published: September 2021

Based on a comparative reading of Virginia Woolf’s second novel, Night and Day (1919), where one of the main characters is a suffragist, and of Victor Margueritte’s La Garçonne (1922), whose title explicitly indicates the status of the protagonist as a flapper, this article explores figures of “new women” insofar as they are literary representations of social realities and insofar as such representations draw from a collective imaginary which they also contribute to forge. I
Virtual Vs In-Personal Teaching of Infection Control Essentials: A Quasi-Experimental Multi-Center Nonequivalent Groups Design
Authors: Alshamrani Fatimah , Aljrary Dalia , Bin Nafisah Sharafaldeen
Published: September 2021

BACKGROUND In setting of the current COVID-19 pandemic, it is crucial to endorse infection control competencies. However, whether virtual training is equivalent to in-person teaching to develop such competencies requires further elucidation.
AIM We aim to explore the effect of a brief, three-to-five-minute training session on infection control competencies in the major area of emergency department infection control, using virtual versus in-person training.
METHODS Two hospitals were chosen, and the study design was a quasi-experimental multi-centre nonequivalent groups design.
RESULT The learning score increased from 39.06%, SD=17.18 (95% CI 32.39-45.72) to 52.48%, SD=26.48 (95% CI 44.01-60.95) in the virtual training group, and from 47.86%, SD=22.51 (95% CI 41.47-54.26) to 79.65%, SD=21.45 (95% CI 70.14-89.16) after the in-person teaching. The mean difference between the two groups revealed a higher learning score using in-person teaching: 27.16%; t(60)=-4.12, p = 0.0001.
CONCLUSION Infection control competencies are better acquired via in-person teaching than by virtual education.
UKRmol+: a suite for modelling of electronic processes in molecules interacting with electrons, positrons and photons using the R-matrix method
Authors: Tennyson Jonathan
Published: September 2021

Fifty years ago Phil Burke spearheaded the foundation of Computer Physics
Communications.
Phil also pioneered the use of R-matrix theory for theoretical studies of electron collisions
with atoms and molecules. The R-matrix method involves partitioning the problem into an inner
region containing the full physics of the problem and an outer region for which an energy-dependent
but greatly simplified scattering problem is solved to give the required observables.
The R-matrix method is now the leading computational method for treating
electron collisions at low and, increasingly, intermediate energies. I will talk
about our recent paper Z. Masin, J. Benda, J.D. Gorfinkiel, A.G. Harvey and J. Tennyson,
UKRmol+: a suite for modelling of electronic processes in molecules interacting with
electrons, positrons and photons using the R-matrix method, Computer Phys.
Comms., 249, 107092 (2020). This paper presents the latest incarnation of the UK
molecular R-matrix codes which incorporates a range of new features most notably
closer integration with quantum chemistry codes for generating target wavefunctions
and other target properties, and the optional use of B-splines as well as or instead
of Gaussion Type Orbitals (GTOs) to represent the continuum electron.
The use of B-splines can greatly extend the size of the inner region that can be
treated successully allowing both larger molecules and more electronically excited states
to be treated successfully. Examples of such studies will be given in the talk.
To facilitate the use of the UKRmol+ code the QEC (Quantemol Electron Collisions) expert
system has been developed which provides users with an easy to use graphical interface for
the codes. QEC is now being widely used to tackle a variety of problems, particularly ones
involving the provision of electron collision data for studies of technological and other
plasmas.
Chile, desigualdad y derechos sociales
Authors: Gargarella Roberto , Bohoslavsky Juan Pablo , Fernández Karinna , Smart Sebastián , Astroza Suárez Paulina , Maturana Toledo Carlos , Porter Bruce , Saba Roberto , Courtis Christian , Moya Francisca , Salgado Constanza
Published: September 2021

Este tomo contextualiza política e históricamente el proceso constituyente en Chile, enmarcando el estado de los derechos sociales tanto dentro de América Latina como del Chile post-dictadura, para luego identificar los eventuales límites del trabajo de la Convención Constituyente. En una segunda parte, este tomo conceptualiza a los derechos sociales dentro de un espectro más amplio de los derechos humanos, enfatizando la indivisibilidad e interdependencia que existe entre todos ellos (y por consiguiente desmitificando su comprensión como derechos de segunda generación) y la necesidad de adoptar medidas afirmativas en algunos casos para lograr la igualdad sustantiva. Además, esta sección resalta algunas particularidades de los derechos sociales como la posibilidad de implementación progresiva de aquellas partes de los derechos que no corresponden al contenido mínimo (de ejecución inmediata), la prohibición de regresividad en los sucesivas reformas que se orienten a garantizar derechos sociales y el rol fundamental que juega la política fiscal en la protección de estos derechos en el contexto constitucional.
Dawning of a new age? Economics journals’ data policies on the test bench
Authors: Vlaeminck Sven
Published: September 2021

In the field of social sciences and particularly in economics, studies have frequently reported a lack of reproducibility of published research. Most often, this is due to the unavailability of data reproducing the findings of a study. However, over the past years, debates on open science practices and reproducible research have become stronger and louder among research funders, learned societies, and research organisations. Many of these have started to implement data policies to overcome these shortcomings. Against this background, the article asks if there have been changes in the way economics journals handle data and other materials that are crucial to reproduce the findings of empirical articles. For this purpose, all journals listed in the Clarivate Analytics Journal Citation Reports edition for economics have been evaluated for policies on the disclosure of research data. The article describes the characteristics of these data policies and explicates their requirements. Moreover, it compares the current findings with the situation some years ago. The results show significant changes in the way journals handle data in the publication process. Research libraries can use the findings of this study for their advisory activities to best support researchers in submitting and providing data as required by journals.
A Review on Solar Drying of Fish
Authors: Al-Ismaili Abdulrahim
Published: September 2021

Oman is one of the larger fish producers in the region. Due to high perishable rate of fish products, many preservation techniques were used such as smoking, drying, chilling, brining and freezing. Solar drying is the most popular technique due to its simplicity and low cost compared to other techniques. Objective. This study aims to review the different types of solar drying techniques and highlight the quality measures of solar dried fish. Review findings. Solar drying techniques can be divided into three types; open-sun drying, direct and indirect solar drying. The open-sun drying is the most adoptable method because it is the cheapest preservation technique. However, this technique has several drawbacks such as the uncertainty of weather, large implementation area, time-consuming, poor drying rate, high labour costs, attacking by insects, microorganism and birds, and mixing with dust and foreign materials. Solar dryers, on the other hand, overcome most of the drawbacks associated with open-sun drying. They have shorter drying time and higher drying rate, and at the same time they enhance the physical properties of dried fish. For better understanding of the drying processes many regression models were used and the exponential model was found to be the best fitted model describing the drying behaviour. The fish have very good nutritional value due to higher amount of proteins, lipids and ash contents with comparison to fresh fish. For higher shelf life fish has to meet certain characteristics with respect to pH, water activity, microbial load, total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N), trimethylamine nitrogen (TMA-N) and enzymatic autolysis. For a very good quality, the pH must be ranging from 6.0-6.9 and the water activity must be lower than 0.7. The TVB-N and TMA-N are indicators of spoilage and their upper acceptable limits are 10-15 mg/100g and 35-40 mg/100g, respectively. Total plate count (TPC) and total fungal count (TFC) are two attributes used to assess the microbiological quality of fish products. The autolysis changes in the fish lead to spoilage as a result of the production of biogenic amines and microbial growth. Conclusions. Studying the health aspect of dried fish is very important for the human body to obtain a greater proportion of proteins and important substances away from the harmful chemicals that may appear in traditional draying technique.
A review on the novel discoveries of Begomoviruses in Oman
Authors: Shahid M. S. , Al-Sadi Prof. Abdullah M.
Published: September 2021

Begomoviruses (family; Geminiviradae) consist of single-stranded (ss) and circular genome particles.  They are transmitted by whiteflies, and represent a major constraint to agricultural crops in different parts of the world. In Oman, they have been causing huge losses to crop (tomato, cucumber, watermelon and beans). Research on begomoviruses in Oman over the last years focused on molecular characterization, phylogenetic relationship, recombination analysis, pathogenicity test on model and host plants and the development of transgenic plants with resistance. Some studies focused on the association of DNA satellites (alphasatellite and betasatellite) molecules with begomoviruses. This review highlights the latest developments in begomovirus and associated DNA satellites discoveries in Oman over the last three decades.  This period encountered changes in agricultural practices and developments in virus detection technologies from morphological to the application of genome diagnostics to the emergence of high throughput DNA sequencing, capable to sequence multiple and diverse DNA molecules in parallel, enabling of millions of DNA molecules to be sequenced at a time.  In addition, several tomato cultivars bearing different Ty genes having resistance to TYLCD complex were developed.
Characterization of Genetic Diversity in Dhofari Wild Gazelles
Authors: Al-Abri Mohammed
Published: September 2021

Wild gazelles are scattered in most of the arid and semi-arid areas of the Sultanate of Oman particularly in valleys, mountains and sandy zones of Rub' al Khali desert. Recently, gazelles’ populations have been facing reduction in the numbers. Consequently, gradual loss of genetic diversity is inevitable. This loss is considered one of the main threats that attribute to a loss of habitat and may lead to gazelle extinction. Till now, little is known about the status of the genetic diversity of the wild Dhofari gazelle. This project aimed to determine the extent of inbreeding, population structure and genetic diversity in the Dhofari gazelles’ populations.  DNA was extracted from gazelles’ fecal samples using the human stool DNA extraction protocol. Following extraction, four microsatellite nuclear markers were used to calculate the level of inbreeding, population differentiation and genetic diversity. PCR inhibitors were significantly removed by the addition of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The mean inbreeding for the population was 0.228 for all loci with a standard error of 0.09. It is therefore postulated that Dhofari gazelles are generally undergoing gradual inbreeding which could lead to lack of fitness in future generations. The genetic differentiation (Fst) ranged between 0.071 (between Gara and Stom) and 0.231 (between Gara and Ayon). On the other hand, the Fst estimate between Solot (most distant) versus other Dhofari gazelles populations (pooled together) was 3.7%. Principle Components Analysis clustered Ayon and Gara populations apart from one another and closer to Stom while placing Solot further than all other populations which is in agreement with the Fst results and the geographical distribution. In conclusion, the results of this preliminary study will provide insight towards the conservation of wild gazelles in Dhofar. This is the first study to report the genetic diversity and status of wild Gazelles and provides a reference point for future studies assessing their genetic diversity and variability.
Physical and Chemical Fruit Quality Attributes of Two Pomegranate Cultivars Grown at Varying Altitudes of Al-Hajar Mountains in Oman
Authors: AL-Kalbani Basim
Published: September 2021

The present study investigated the differences in fruit physical and chemical quality characteristics of two popular local pomegranate cultivars, namely Helow and Malasi, as influenced by the altitudinal microclimates. Three sites of varying altitudes were selected for this study at Al-Hajar Mountains in northern Oman that included, high (2019 m, Saiq), mid (1876 m, Sograh) and low altitudes (1540 m, Wakan). The results showed that at lower altitudes of Wakan, the Malasi cultivar had better color attributes than Helow cultivar. Malasi also had more lightness (L), yellowness (b) and color intensity (chroma) but less greenness (a), while in mid-altitude, Helow had better color compared with Malasi cultivar. Furthermore, Helow colors was developed as evidenced in terms of brightness, skin and arils redness at higher altitude compared to the two lower altitude sites. Physical fruit qualities were also investigated and the results indicated that in most measured parameters, the Malasi fruit quality was better in both locations (Sograh and Wakan) than Helow cultivar, while Helow cultivar had superior fruit quality at higher elevation in Saiq. Additionally, Malasi had higher juice volume (JV), total soluble solid (TSS) and titratable acidity (TA) than Helow in Wakan. Helow fruits in Saiq showed better performance and higher results for juice volume (JV), total soluble solid (TSS) and maturity index (MI) as followed by those in Sograh and Wakan. Our study showed that the fruit physical and chemical quality attributes of local pomegranate cultivars are strongly influenced by growing location and altitude.
Anti-diabetic Potential Properties of Two Edible Omani Wild Plants (Pteropyrum scoparium and Oxalis corniculata)
Authors: Al-Qalhati Iman R. S. , Waly Mostafa Ibrahim , Al-Subhi Lyutha , Al-Attabi Zahir
Published: September 2021

Background:The use of plant for medicinal purposes has a long history worldwide.  There is a lack of research that identifies the antidiabetic effect of edible Omani wild plants. Oxidative stress mediates the pathogenesis of diabetes and it has been suggested that natural antioxidants might be considered as an effective intervention for combating diabetes. Objective: This study aimed to assess the anti-diabetic and antioxidant potential properties of two edible Omani wild plants (Pteropyrum scoparium and Oxalis corniculata) or their mixture in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Thirty-seven male Sprague Dawley rats, weighting 250–300 grams, were allocated into 5 groups: non-diabetic (9 rats/group), diabetic group (7 rats/group), and three diabetic groups that received oral feeding of either Pteropyrum scoparium, Oxalis corniculata, or their mixture (7 rats/group). Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection dose of STZ drug, 50 mg/kg body weight. At the end of the experimental trial, after 8 weeks, all rats were fasted overnight and sacrificed; blood glucose was measured, meanwhile pancreatic tissues were dissected and homogenized for the biochemical assessment of oxidative stress markers (glutathione, GSH, and total antioxidant capacity, TAC). Results: STZ resulted in hyperglycemia and oxidative stress (GSH depletion and TAC impairment) in diabetic group as compared to non-diabetic group. Meanwhile the concomitant treatment of diabetic groups with the two wild the edible Omani plants or their mixture have shown a protective effect against the STZ-induced hyperglycemia, but with no effect on oxidative stress. It was noted that for the final boy weight, the improvement was not significant as well. Histopathological examination of the pancreatic tissues showed that the STZ injection lead to pathological changes associated with diabetes in the pancreatic tissues of all diabetic groups. Conclusion:  Pteropyrum scoparium and Oxalis corniculata combated the STZ-induced hyperglycemia with no effect on oxidative stress. Also, there was no synergistic effect of Pteropyrum scoparium and Oxalis corniculata on hyperglycemia or oxidative stress.
PROTAGONISMO DO ENFERMEIRO NA CONSULTA DO PRÉ-NATAL DE BAIXO RISCO: REFLEXÕES DA EDUCAÇÃO EM SAÚDE
Authors: Santos da Rocha Mônica , De Oliveira Monteiro Braga Antônia , De Paula Enimar , Ribeiro Wanderson Alves
Published: September 2021

A importância do cuidado do enfermeiro no pré-natal de baixo risco mostra a necessidade de ações educativas para um pré-natal de qualidade. Objetivo geral: analisar as atribuições do enfermeiro na consulta pré-natal na ótica educação e saúde. Objetivos específicos: Identificar a atribuição do enfermeiro na consulta de pré-natal de baixo risco e descrever as contribuições do enfermeiro para educação e saúde da gestante. Método: revisão bibliográfica, descritivo e qualitativa. Resultados: Na maioria dos artigos pesquisados houve um predomínio na qualidade do pré-natal assistido pelo Enfermeiro e a educação em saúde durante o pré-natal pela Enfermagem Obstétrica. Sabemos que a atuação do enfermeiro na atenção do pré-natal de baixo risco é fundamental para a saúde materna e neonatal, o primeiro contato dessa gestante ao serviço de saúde vai influenciar sua permanecia durante todo o pré-natal. Conclusão: a mortalidade materna é um grande problema de saúde pública que pode ser evitado precocemente, a melhora da qualidade do pré-natal é de extrema importância. Atuação do enfermeiro na atenção ao pré-natal de baixo risco tem elevada importância pois é ele que terá o primeiro contato da gestante com a unidade, promovendo um ambiente de confiança e bem-estar através do diálogo seguro, objetivo. O enfermeiro como profissional do cuidar atuará nesse momento conseguindo orientar e promover a educação em saúde, contribuindo para um pré-natal de qualidade, conduzindo a gestação até o parto de uma forma segura, reduzindo riscos materno e a mortalidade materno e infantil.
The Rise of Translation Studies in Bulgaria
Authors:   Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Kristeva Irena
Published: September 2021

This article sets out to outline the evolution of the Translation Studies in Bulgaria from 1970 till the beginning of the 21st century. It aims to provide a brief overview of some pioneering articles, the studies that marked the development of translation theory from 1970 to 1990 and some works from the post-totalitarian period. In 1976 the Publishing House Narodna kultura lays the foundation stone for Translation studies, creating the collection “The Art of Translation”. From the 1970s, the Theory and Practice of Translation are included in the courses offered by the Faculty of Western Languages of Sofia University. If the key word defining the translating activity in Bulgaria from the Second World War to the 1990s is confinement, the one that qualifies its state at the beginning of the 21st century is openness. Very controlled in the years 1970 – 1990, the translatological reflection frees itself from the ideological pressure at the turn of the 20st and 21st centuries.
Debata Benedykta XVI i jego uczniów nad stworzeniem i ewolucją
Authors: Sagan Dariusz
Published: September 2021

Artykuł prezentuje komentarze i opinie na temat spotkania Benedykta XVI ze swoimi dawnymi uczniami, które miało miejsce 1-3 września 2006 roku w Castel Gandolfo. Na spotkaniu dyskutowano o stosunku Kościoła katolickiego wobec teorii ewolucji. Niektórzy komentatorzy sugerowali na przykład, że debata ta przyniesie zmianę oficjalnego stanowiska Kościoła w tej sprawie.
Darwin, projekt i wiara katolicka
Authors: Miller Kenneth R.
Published: September 2021

Jest to komentarz do artykułu kardynała Christopha Schönborna, Odnajdywanie zamysłu w przyrodzie.
Nieredukowalna złożoność: problem dla ewolucjonizmu Darwinowskiego
Authors: Behe Michael J.
Published: September 2021

W artykule tym Michael J. Behe pokrótce przedstawia ideę inteligentnego projektu, kładąc szczególny nacisk na własną koncepcję nieredukowalnej złożoności układów biochemicznych. Wskazuje na nieporozumienia i odpowiada na różne zarzuty wobec swojej koncepcji, wysuwane pod adresem podanych przez niego przykładów nieredukowalnej złożoności, takich jak wić bakteryjna, kaskada krzepnięcia krwi czy pułapka na myszy, która jest mechanicznym odpowiednikiem biochemicznych układów nieredukowalnie złożonych. Behe rozmyśla ponadto nad przyszłością teorii inteligentnego projektu.
Jak w zaprojektowanym Wszechświecie zdefiniować to, co niezaprojektowane
Authors: Snoke David W.
Published: September 2021

Argument z projektu, przeformułowany obecnie przez sympatyków ruchu Inteligentnego Projektu, jest oparty przede wszystkim na przeciwstawieniu rzeczy zaprojektowanych rzeczom niezaprojektowanym. Fakt ten jest jednak kłopotliwy dla chrześcijan. Skoro bowiem twierdzą oni, że Bóg zaprojektował cały Wszechświat, to jak można mówić, że coś nie jest zaprojektowane? W mojej opinii problem ten jest równoważny problemowi wolnej woli, czy też moralnego zła, a jako taki może znaleźć rozwiązanie na gruncie dawnych koncepcji filozoficznych, które dotyczyły tych kwestii – chodzi zwłaszcza o pojęcie różnych poziomów opisu oraz Augustyńską koncepcję różnych poziomów zdolności.
Artefakty zwierzęce i pozaziemskie - inteligentnie zaprojektowane?
Authors: Petrich Loren
Published: September 2021

Autor, podając przykłady ze świata zwierząt i analizując domniemane świadectwa istnienia istot pozaziemskich, dowodzi, że teoria inteligentnego projektu nie jest odrzucana współcześnie przez wzgląd na światopoglądowe uprzedzenia społeczności naukowców (jak twierdzą zwolennicy tej teorii), lecz dlatego, że istnieją przekonujące wyjaśnienia alternatywne.
Czy teoria inteligentnego projektu może być naukowa w tym samym sensie, co program SETI?
Authors: Camp Robert
Published: September 2021

Autor analizuje metodologiczną specyfikę takich dziedzin nauki jak kryminalistyka, kryptografia, archeologia czy program SETI, wskazując, że wbrew twierdzeniom zwolenników teorii inteligentnego projektu, którzy utrzymują, iż stosują analogiczną metodologię, teoria ta istotnie się od nich różni na płaszczyźnie metodologicznej i nie posiada znamion naukowości.
Cuda a molekuły
Authors: Futuyma Douglas J.
Published: September 2021

Jest to recenzja książki Michaela J. Behe'ego Darwin's Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution (The Free Press, New York 1996), zawierającej krytykę ewolucjonizmu. Futuyma krytykuje tezę Behe'ego, że nieredukowalna złożoność układów biochemicznych świadczy o tym, iż zaprojektował je jakiś inteligentny projektant, tj. nie zostały one utworzone stopniowo dzięki działaniu doboru naturalnego. Futuyma twierdzi, że nieredukowalną złożoność mógł wytworzyć ewolucyjny proces zwany duplikacją genu. Uważa też, że odwoływanie się do czynnika nadprzyrodzonego przy wyjaśnianiu zjawisk występujących w przyrodzie jest jak wyjaśnianie owych zjawisk cudami. Według Futuymy, nie jest to postępowanie naukowe. Naukowcy powinni trzymać się zasady naturalizmu metodologicznego.
Filozoficzne zarzuty stawiane hipotezie inteligentnego projektu: odpowiedź na krytykę
Authors: Behe Michael J.
Published: September 2021

Autor jest zwolennikiem teorii inteligentnego projektu, która - w jego ujęciu - głosi, że pewne systemy biochemiczne zostały zaprojektowane przez jakiegoś inteligentnego projektanta. Rozpatruje kwestię falsyfikowalności tej teorii. Stara się usunąć nieporozumienia związane z pojęciem nieredukowalnej złożoności (nieredukowalna złożoność to cecha, dzięki której - według Behe'ego - można poznać, czy dany układ biochemiczny został zaprojektowany). Autor zastanawia się też nad słusznością postulowania naturalizmu metodologicznego w naukach przyrodniczych i opowiada się ostatecznie za stanowiskiem przeciwnym.
Największe odkrycie Darwina: projekt bez projektanta
Authors: Ayala Francisco J.
Published: September 2021

Największym wkładem Darwina do nauki jest to, że dopełnił on rewolucji kopernikańskiej, przenosząc na grunt biologii koncepcję natury jako systemu materii w ruchu, który podlega prawom przyrody. Wraz z odkryciem doboru naturalnego Darwin sprowadził zagadnienie pochodzenia i przystosowania organizmów do sfery nauki. Adaptacyjne cechy organizmów można obecnie wyjaśnić, podobnie jak zjawiska świata nieożywionego, jako rezultat procesów przyrodniczych bez odwoływania się do Inteligentnego Projektanta. Rewolucje kopernikańską i darwinowską można postrzegać jako dwa etapy jednej rewolucji naukowej. Wspólnie dały one początek nauce we współczesnym sensie tego słowa, czyli takiej, w której wyjaśnianie polega na odwoływaniu się do praw przyrody. Darwinowska teoria doboru naturalnego wyjaśnia "projekt" i niezwykłą różnorodność organizmów jako rezultat procesów naturalnych - stopniowej kumulacji spontanicznie powstających zmian (mutacji) przesiewanych przez dobór naturalny. Jakie cechy zostaną wyselekcjonowane, uzależnione jest od tego, do jakich zmian dojdzie w danym czasie i miejscu, a to z kolei zależy zarówno od losowego procesu mutacji, jak też od uprzedniej historii organizmów. Mutacje i dobór wspólnie napędzały ten cudowny proces, który - począwszy od mikroskopijnych organizmów - doprowadził do powstania storczyków, ptaków i ludzi. Teoria ewolucji postuluje, że w realnym życiu splatają się ze sobą przypadek i konieczność, losowość i determinizm. Fundamentalnym odkryciem Darwina było to, że istnieje proces, który jest twórczy, chociaż pozbawiony świadomości.
Słabości eksplanacyjne teorii inteligentnego projektu
Authors: Grobler Adam
Published: September 2021

Artykuł powstrzymuje się od polemiki merytorycznej z teorią inteligentnego projektu, dalej TIP, a jedynie wskazuje na jej niedostatki metodologiczne. Dowodzi, że wbrew twierdzeniom jej zwolenników TIP nie jest falsyfikowalna. W odróżnieniu od teorii ewolucji nie może pełnić nawet roli metafizycznego programu badawczego w sensie Poppera. Co jednak ważniejsze, TIP nie pełni żadnych funkcji eksplanacyjnych. W grę wchodzą jedynie wyjaśnienia intencjonalne, TIP zaś nie jest w stanie zidentyfikować motywów domniemanego projektanta. Argument jest zilustrowany przykładami zaczerpniętymi od Stanisława Lema, które pokazują, że możliwych jest wiele alternatywnych hipotez na temat celów domniemanego projektu i nie ma żadnych wskazówek na temat wyboru między nimi. Ponadto artykuł podważa argument probabilistyczny na korzyść TIP oraz argument z nieredukowalnej złożoności, wskazując, za S. Lemem, że artefakty charakteryzują się względną prostotą w porównaniu z obiektami naturalnymi.
Nonoverlapping Magisteria
Authors: Gould Stephen Jay
Published: September 2021

There is no conflict between science and religion. Creationism is only a local movement, prevalent only among the few sectors of American Protestantism that read the Bible as an inerrant, literally true document. Creationism based on biblical literalism makes little sense in either Catholicism or Judaism, for neither religion maintains any extensive tradition for reading the Bible as literal truth. The lack of conflict arises from a lack of overlap between the respective domains of professional expertise of science and religion. No conflict should exist because the magisteria of science and religion do not overlap. According to the principle of NOMA — “nonoverlapping magisteria” — science covers the empirical universe, while religion covers questions of moral meaning and ethical value. This principle was obeyed by both Pius XII and John Paul II. They both saw no conflict between Catholic faith and a theory of evolution. However, there is one important difference between their positions. Pius XII admitted evolution as a legitimate hypothesis, but at the same time he proclaimed that the theory of evolution had not been proven and might well be wrong. On the other hand, John Paul II stated that evolution can no longer be doubted. Now, he stated, evolution must be accepted not merely as a plausible possibility but also as an effectively proven fact. This fact is no threat to religion if one accepts the principle of NOMA. As a consequence of this principle, religion can no longer dictate the factual conclusions that belong to the magisterium of science, nor may scientists decide on moral truths.
Darwin’s Greatest Secret Exposed: Response to Grzegorz Malec’s De Facto Fact Denying Review of My Book
Authors: Sutton Mike
Published: September 2021

Grzegorz Malec’s “There Is No Darwin’s Greatest Secret”, a review of my book Nullius in Verba: Darwin’s Greatest Secret, takes one extremely minor finding from my book and, despite his best efforts, manages to disconfirm just one of thirty examples of that minor finding. He then takes that one disconfirmed mere minor example and presents it as evidence that he has disconfirmed all the original major findings in my book. By so doing, his deceptive review goes far beyond the counter-academic deviance of mere cherry picking, it is more a case of gross misrepresentation to the point of de facto fact denial amounting to historic revisionist behaviour.
Jaki „artyficjalizm” stanowi epistemiczny układ odniesienia nauki
Authors: Sagan Dariusz
Published: September 2021

Artykuł dotyczy koncepcji epistemiczych układów odniesienia, sformułowanej przez Kazimierza Jodkowskiego i bardziej szczegółowo opracowanej przez Krzysztofa Kiliana. Epistemiczny układ odniesienia to założenie nakładane na całą naukę, bez którego nauki nie da się uprawiać. Określa ono, jakie rodzaje przyczyn mogą lub muszą być przywoływane w wyjaśnieniach naukowych. Wyróżniane są trzy możliwe epistemiczne układy odniesienia: naturalizm metodologiczny, nadnaturalizm i artyficjalizm. W artykule skupiam się na analizie artyficjalizmu, ponieważ Jodkowski i Kilian posługują się tym terminem w sposób niejednoznaczny: traktowany jest jako epistemiczny układ odniesienia teorii inteligentnego projektu lub jako epistemiczny układ odniesienia nauki jako całości. Wyjaśniam, jak należy prawidłowo rozumieć ten termin w odniesieniu do całej nauki, wskazując przy tym, jak naukę postrzegają główni zwolennicy artyficjalizmu, to jest teoretycy projektu. Argumentuję również, że przypisywanie epistemicznym układom odniesienia tak zwanych twardych jąder, jak czyni to Kilian, jest błędem i prowadzi do zamieszania.
RP - HPLC METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF MEBEVERINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN DOSAGE FORMS EMPLOYING MS COMPATIBLE BUFF ERS
Authors: Marella Vijaya Lakshmi , Pavani M. , Devala Rao Garikapati
Published: September 2021

A simple, precise, rapid, accurate and economic reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the estimation of mebeverine hydrochloride in bulk and tablet dosage form. The separation was achieved by using kinetex column C18 (150×4.6mm, 5µ) and 15mM ammonium acetate and methanol in proportion of 30:70 v/v as mobile phase, at a flow rate of 1.0mL/min. The detection was carried out at 230nm. The retention time of mebeverine was found to be 3.346 minutes.The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were found to be 0.005µg/mL and 0.016µg/mL, respectively. The reliability of the proposed method was ascertained by evaluating various validation parameters like linearity, precision, accuracy and specificity according to ICH guidelines. The proposed method applies LC-MS compatible buffers which increases the life time of column and can be used as lc-ms compatible method. This method acts as a quality control tool for routine analysis of mebeverine hydrochloride in bulk and tablet dosage forms.
EXTRACT OF WITHANIA SOMNIFERA ATTENUATES TIBIAL AND SURAL TRANSECTION INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN
Authors: Joshi Tanmayee Amit , Tatke Pratima Arun
Published: September 2021

Neuropathic pain can result from nerve injury, complication of diabetes, HIV infection and cancer. There are no defined guidelines for treatment and available treatments have often undesirable side effects. Hence, there is a adire need to develop treatment strategies which will be safe, effective and can be taken for prolonged time. Withania somnifera, a popular medicinal herb, has not been studied scientifically with respect to neuropathic pain. In this words plant material was extracted using various solvents. Neuropathic Pain was induced by Tibial and sural transection method. After induction, it resulted in development of chemical and heat evoked hyperalgesia, cold and mechanical allodynia. Rats treated with W. somnifera extract showed improvement in all pain related symptoms. Rats treated with extract showed improvement in biochemical parameters like production of superoxide ions, TBARs. myeloperoxidase and TNF-α. Anti inflammatory and antioxidant properties of extract could be responsible for these actions, hence it can be a potential candidate for treatment of neuropathic pain.
Management of Upper Airway Bleeding in Patients Hospitalized for SARS-COV2
Authors: Perez J Mora
Published: September 2021

Spontaneous epistaxis in patients with COVID-19 can represent a clinical challenge with respect to both the risk of contamination and the treatment options. Epistaxis (nosebleed) is a common condition overall but is relatively rare in adults and older patients. We herein present the data of 25 patients with COVID-19 who developed spontaneous epistaxis while hospitalized at Centro Médico Naval from March 2020 to April 2021. All patients received low-molecular-weight heparin during their hospital stay and required supplementary oxygen therapy either by a nasal cannula, continuous positive airway pressure or ventilatory mechanical support. In total, 12100 patients with laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were admitted to our hospital unit from 1 March to 31 April 2021. We only found 25 patients with epistaxis, All patients underwent anterior rhinoscopy. In all patients, the bleeding site was identified, controlled with cauterization with silver nitrate and absorbable hemostatic material. In patients with posterior epistaxis, the posterior packing was removed after 5 days. Nasal lubricants were prescribed in all patients after bleeding was controlled. All patients required suspension of anticoagulation after the bleeding event for 48 hours. Posterior, anterior and oropharyngeal epistaxis occurred in both sexes, in patients with comorbidities (Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity) without statistical difference. In those patients who were on ventilatory mechanical support, they presented the same risk of epistaxis, however, with a small tendency to present greater anterior epistaxis, in the same way, those patients who presented anterior epistaxis had higher mortality.
Major Abdominal Surgery, Neurosurgery, Orthopedic Surgery in Children aged between 10 and 18 Years and Postoperative Outcome
Authors: Kumba Claudine
Published: September 2021

Background: In a previously conducted monocentric retrospective study, predictors of postoperative outcome in children included American Society of Anesthesiologists score, transfusion, emergency interventions, surgery and age. A study has been undertaken to describe postoperative outcome in patients aged between 10 and 18 years included in the initial study in abdominal surgery, neurosurgery and orthopedics. Aims: To describe postoperative outcome in children aged between 10 and 18 years. Methods: Secondary analysis of postoperative outcome in children aged between 10 and 18 years included retrospectively in the initial study of 594 patients. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee. Results: There were 221 children with a mean age of 165.5±24.3 months in abdominal surgery, neurosurgery and orthopedics. 16.3% patients had intra-operative or postoperative complications. Intra-operatively, 3.2% had hemorrhagic shock, 0.45% anaphylaxis and 0.45% respiratory failure. Postoperatively, 3.2% had neurologic failure, 2.3% respiratory failure, 0.45% cardio-circulatory failure, 0.45% endocrinal failure, 0.45% had hepatic failure, 0.45% multiple organ failure, and 0.45% had renal failure. In-hospital mortality rate was 0.45%. Conclusion: These results emphasize the importance of optimizing intra-operative management in critically ill patients in major surgery with goal directed therapies in order to improve postoperative outcome.
Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, stroke severity and short term clinical outcomes in acute ischemic stroke
Authors: Iyigundogdu Ilkin , Derle Eda , Kibaroglu Seda , Can Ufuk
Published: September 2021

Background: Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio is an easily evaluated systemic inflammation indicator. However, there are limited reports on neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and functional outcome in ischemic stroke. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the association of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and stroke severity, short term functional outcomes and mortality in patients with acute ischemic stroke.
Methods: The clinical data of patients who were > 18 age-old and hospitalized with acute ischemic stroke in Baskent University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey between January 2018 and May 2019 were studied retrospectively. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio were measured. The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score at admission, mortality during hospitalization and Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score at discharge of the patients with acute ischemic stroke were correlated.
Results: Among the acute ischemic stroke patients due to the exclusion criteria, the data of 134 patients were evaluated. Median age of the patients were 76± 12.5 years and 82 patients (61.2%) were male. The median NIHSS scores of the patients at admission was 5±4.5. Mortality during the hospitalization was seen in 8 patients (6%). The median neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio value of the patients at admission were found to be 2.6±3.4. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and NIHSS scores of the patients at admission, duration of the hospitalization, mRS scores at discharge and mortality during hospitalization were found to be positively correlated.
Conclusion: Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio is a simple and easily measured marker and can be used as a potential indicator for prognosis in acute ischemic stroke. However further prospective multicenter investigations are required to confirm the role of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio for predicting the prognosis in acute ischemic stroke patients.
Effects of surgical clipping and endovascular embolization on the recovery of oculomotor nerve paralysis caused by posterior communicating artery aneurysm
Authors: Hu Kang , Cai Genping , Fu Liang , Huang Lili , Huang Wei , Wang Wenhao , Liu Changchun
Published: September 2021

Background and Objectives: Our study aimed to explore the therapeutic effects of surgical clipping and endovascular embolization on the recovery of oculomotor nerve paralysis (ONP) caused by posterior communicating artery aneurysm (PcomAA).
Methods: The clinical data of patients with intracranial PcomAA and ONP were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were treated with surgical clipping or endovascular embolization, then followed up for no less than 12 months. Logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze the potential risk factors influencing ONP recovery.
Results: Among 128 patients of ONP caused by PcomAA, 96 patients were treated with surgical clipping and 32 patients with endovascular embolization, respectively. Time from initial ONP onset to complete or partial recovery was 85.3 ± 36.8 days for patients receiving surgical clipping, and 135.7 ± 41.3 days for patients treated with endovascular embolization. The recovery rate was 94 (97.9%) in the surgical clipping group and 22 (68.8%) in the endovascular embolization group, and significant difference was shown between the two groups (P < 0.001). Logistic regression analyses demonstrated that the complete or partial recovery of ONP in the surgical clipping group was significantly better than that in the endovascular embolization group (OR, 5.582; 95%CI, 2.023-15.405; P <0.001). Moreover, time from initial symptom onset to receiving treatment also affect ONP recovery (OR, 0.893; 95% CI, 0.820-0.972; P = 0.009).
Conclusion: Surgical clipping was superior to endovascular embolization in the recovery of ONP caused by PcomAA, and patients who received early intervention could result in better ONP recovery.