bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inferred inflow forecast horizons guiding reservoir release decisions across the United States
Authors: Turner Sean W. D. , Xu Wenwei , Voisin Nathalie
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Medium- to long-range forecasts often guide reservoir
release decisions to support water management objectives, including
mitigating flood and drought risks. While there is a burgeoning field of
science targeted at improving forecast products and associated decision
support models, data describing how and when forecasts are applied in
practice remain undeveloped. This lack of knowledge may prevent
hydrological modelers from developing accurate reservoir release schemes for
large-scale, distributed hydrology models that are increasingly used to
assess the vulnerabilities of large regions to hydrological stress. We
address this issue by estimating seasonally varying, regulated inflow
forecast horizons used in the operations of more than 300 dams throughout
the conterminous United States (CONUS). For each dam, we take actual forward
observed inflows (perfect foresight) as a proxy for forecasted flows
available to the operator and then identify for each week of the year the
forward horizon that best explains the release decisions taken. Resulting
“horizon curves” specify for each dam the inferred inflow forecast horizon
as a function of the week of the water year. These curves are analyzed for
strength of evidence for contribution of medium- to long-range forecasts in
decision making. We use random forest classification to estimate that
approximately 80 % of large dams and reservoirs in the US (1553±50
out of 1927 dams with at least 10 Mm3 storage capacity) adopt medium- to
long-range inflow forecasts to inform release decisions during at least part
of the water year. Long-range forecast horizons (more than 6 weeks ahead)
are detected in the operations of reservoirs located in high-elevation
regions of the western US, where snowpack information likely guides the
release. A simulation exercise conducted on four key western US reservoirs
indicates that forecast-informed models of reservoir operations may
outperform models that neglect the horizon curve – including during flood
and drought conditions.
Dinocyst and acritarch biostratigraphy of the Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene at Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site U1307 in the Labrador Sea
Authors: Aubry Aurélie Marcelle Renée , De Schepper Stijn , de Vernal Anne
Published: March 2020

Abstract. We have analyzed marine palynomorphs (mainly dinocysts and
acritarchs) from the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site U1307 in the
Labrador Sea in order to establish a detailed biostratigraphy for the Late
Pliocene to Early Pleistocene. We have defined three
magnetostratigraphically calibrated dinocyst and acritarch biozones in the
Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene. Zone LS1 is defined based on the highest
occurrence of Barssidinium graminosum and covers the later Pliocene from 3.21 to 2.75 Ma. Zone LS2
is marked by the acme of Pyxidinopsis braboi which occurs between 2.75 and 2.57 Ma, thus
encompassing the Plio–Pleistocene transition. Finally, zone LS3 extends from
2.57 to 2.23 Ma in the Early Pleistocene. The palynostratigraphic record of IODP Site U1307 is difficult to correlate
to other North Atlantic and Nordic Seas sites mainly because of a different
temporal resolution and a lack of well-defined biostratigraphic marker species
at the basin scale. The low abundance, discontinuous occurrence and asynchronous
events of warm-water Pliocene taxa such as Invertocysta lacrymosa, Impagidinium solidum, Ataxiodinium confusum, Melitasphaeridium choanophorum and Operculodinium? eirikianum suggest cooler conditions in
the Labrador Sea than elsewhere in the North Atlantic, reflecting a strong
regionalism. Nevertheless, as recorded at other locations in the North
Atlantic, the disappearance of many dinocyst and acritarch taxa around 2.75 Ma at Site U1307 reflects a strong ecological response accompanying the
intensification of the Northern Hemisphere glaciation.
Approximate multifractal correlation and products of universal multifractal fields, with application to rainfall data
Authors: Gires Auguste , Tchiguirinskaia Ioulia , Schertzer Daniel
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Universal multifractals (UMs) have been widely used to simulate and characterize, with the help of only two physically meaningful parameters,
geophysical fields that are extremely variable across a wide range of scales. Such a framework relies on the assumption that the underlying field is generated
through a multiplicative cascade process. Derived analysis techniques have been extended to study correlations between two fields not only at
a single scale and for a single statistical moment as with the covariance, but across scales and for all moments. Such a framework of joint multifractal
analysis is used here as a starting point to develop and test an approach enabling correlations between UM fields to be analysed and approximately simulated. First, the behaviour of two fields consisting of renormalized multiplicative power law combinations of two UM fields is studied. It appears that in
the general case the resulting fields can be well approximated by UM fields with known parameters. Limits of this approximation will be quantified
and discussed. Techniques to retrieve the UM parameters of the underlying fields as well as the exponents of the combination have been developed and
successfully tested on numerical simulations. In a second step tentative correlation indicators are suggested. Finally the suggested approach is implemented to study correlation across scales of detailed rainfall data collected with the help of disdrometers
of the Fresnel platform of Ecole des Ponts ParisTech (see available data at https://hmco.enpc.fr/portfolio-archive/taranis-observatory/, last access: 12 March 2020). More precisely, four
quantities are used: the rain rate (R), the liquid water content (LWC) and the total drop concentration (Nt) along with the mass weighed
diameter (Dm), which are commonly used to characterize the drop size distribution. Correlations across scales are quantified. Their relative
strength (very strong between R and LWC, strong between DSD features and R or LWC, almost null between Nt and Dm) is discussed.
Variability in high-salinity shelf water production in the Terra Nova Bay polynya, Antarctica
Authors: Yoon Seung-Tae , Lee Won Sang , Stevens Craig , Jendersie Stefan , Nam SungHyun , Yun Sukyoung , Hwang Chung Yeon , Jang Gwang Il , Lee Jiyeon
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Terra Nova Bay in Antarctica is a formation region for high-salinity shelf water (HSSW), which is a major source of Antarctic Bottom Water. Here, we analyze spatiotemporal salinity variability in Terra Nova Bay with implications for the local HSSW production. The salinity variations in the Drygalski Basin and eastern Terra Nova Bay near Crary Bank in the Ross Sea were investigated by analyzing hydrographic data from instrumented moorings, vessel-based profiles, and available wind and sea-ice products. Near-bed salinity in the eastern Terra Nova Bay (∼660 m) and Drygalski Basin (∼1200 m) increases each year beginning in September. Significant salinity increases (>0.04) were observed in 2016 and 2017, which is likely related to active HSSW formation. According to velocity data at identical depths,
the salinity increase from September was primarily due to advection of the HSSW originating from the coastal region of the Nansen Ice Shelf. In
addition, we show that HSSW can also be formed locally in the upper water column (<300 m) of the eastern Terra Nova Bay through
convection supplied by brine from the surface, which is related to polynya development via winds and ice freezing. While the general consensus is
that the salinity of the HSSW was decreasing from 1995 to the late 2000s in the region, the salinity has been increasing since 2016. In 2018,
it returned to values comparable to those in the early 2000s.
Prototype Semantic Analysis of Abstract and Concrete Concepts Among Jordanian and American Students
Authors: Al-Ajaleen Mohammad , Al-Khanji Rajai
Published: March 2020

The aim of the present study was to investigate the extent to which culture may play a role in constructing the prototypical structure of every daily life concepts. Two concepts were investigated in this study: an abstract concept (freedom) and a concrete concept (drinks). The sample of the study comprised two distinct cultures, Jordanians and Americans, who are undergraduate students. To come up with the findings, the researchers carried out two experiments. The first experiment aimed at examining the impact of culture on generating semantic features and examples of the target concepts. The second one investigated the effect of culture on rating the prototypicality of the generated features and examples. To answer the first research question, the researcher calculated the frequency and the percentage of each response. The researcher used the SPSS to answer the second research question. The researcher used the t-test for independent samples (Jordanians and Americans) to calculate the means and the standard deviations in order to examine any possible significant differences that may result from cultural difference. Briefly, the findings showed that culture affected, to a considerable extent, the processes of generating and prototypicality rating of the examples and features of the target concepts.
An Optimality Analysis of the Phonology of French Loanwords as Manifested in the Eastern Part of Algeria
Authors: Kessar Sara , S. Mahadin Radwan
Published: March 2020

The present study sheds lights on the French loanwords which are integrated in the Algerian Spoken Arabic (ASA), particularly the dialect spoken in the Eastern part. It identifies the phonological processes used to adapt them within an Optimality Theory (OT) framework. A thorough scrutiny of the data indicated that the French loanwords underwent a number of adaptations to fit into the phonological system of the Algerian Arabic. Moreover, the results revealed that this nativization process involves a number of phonological processes, namely unpacking of nasal vowels, nasal place assimilation, vowel deletion, front vowel raising, voicing, devoicing and stopping, in addition to lateral assimilation. The application of optimality framework as to explicate the adaptations of French loanwords has shown that they emanate from a steady conflict between the faithfulness constraints, which condition the preservation of original input forms, and the markedness constraints describing the Algerian Arabic marked phonological system.
Sex hormones in Strombus pugilis (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in different gonadal stages
Authors: Sánchez Fabiola Chong , Díaz Martha Enríquez , Aranda Dalila Aldana
Published: March 2020

Sex hormones play an essential role in sexual differentiation, maintenance of sexual characteristics, gamete maturation, and mating behavior. However, very little is known about their dynamics in molluscs. We conducted a study on sex hormone (17β-estradiol, testosterone, and progesterone)
concentrations in male and female Strombus pugilis to identify their variations at different gonadal stages. A total of 90 organisms (30 per month) were collected in February, September, and November 2016. The gonadal digestive gland complex of each specimen was dissected and divided
into two sections. One section was set in alcoholic Bouin's fluid and processed with classic histological techniques; the second was macerated with 80% ethanol to extract steroids and analyzed by enzyme immunoassays. Histological section analysis was used to classify gonadal development into
three stages: gametogenesis, mature, and undifferentiated. Mature females were observed in September. Testosterone and 17β-estradiol concentrations in both sexes were highest in the mature stage. In S. pugilis, 17β-estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone were all present,
with higher concentrations associated with reproductive activity.
Design Thinking in STEM Education: A Review
Authors: Alashwal May
Published: March 2020

Design thinking plays an important role in grooming creative and innovative ideas. Design and design thinking are attributed as vital traits in STEM education. Design ability is important in shaping students’ mindsets for future challenges and advancements in technology. STEM education will strengthen learning and will help to foster creativity, critical thinking, design thinking ability, problem solving and innovative skills. In this research, we try to focus on different factors and theories regarding design thinking and role of STEM education in inducing design thinking and innovative ideas. Design is not confined to just few academic and professional subjects. Design thinking ability helps in about each and every discipline of life. In this review, different research studies and their findings regarding importance of design thinking in STEM education have been explained.
Construction of a Plane From an Angular Vector
Authors: Kharchenko Yevhen
Published: March 2020

The procedure of constructions of a plane from an angular vector in a rectangular coordinate system has been described. The method of creating of an angular vector from two rectilinear vectors has been considered. The property of equality of angular vectors has been described.
Desafios no Processo de Inclusão Digital no Ensino de Matemática em Escolas Públicas: Um Relato de Experiência do Projeto InfoMat
Authors: Assis Cibelle , Dantas Ayla , Souza Flávia , De Souza José , Figueiredo Renata
Published: March 2020

Sabe-se que a tecnologia vem modificando o panorama da educação e a escola precisa se adaptar a este cenário, oferecendo a seus alunos recursos do mundo digital que facilitem o seu aprendizado e os motivem a estudar de uma maneira diferente do método tradicional de ensino. Neste artigo será descrito um relato de experiência a respeito do planejamento e execução de um projeto de extensão em que se buscou efetivar o uso de tecnologias na educação matemática nas escolas da rede pública do município de Rio Tinto-PB e onde se teve de enfrentar uma série de desafios. Acredita-se que a experiência aqui relatada será útil para incentivar outros casos de sucesso na superação de desafios em outros municípios de nosso país.
Abordagens, Práticas e Desafios da Avaliação Automática de Exercícios de Programação
Authors: De Oliveira Márcia , Oliveira Elias
Published: March 2020

A avaliação automática de programação surgiu como um importante método para auxiliar professores na correção de exercícios e possibilitar feedbacks imediatos a estudantes, principalmente em turmas numerosas. As soluções propostas têm avaliado itens como a execução correta de um programa, a codificação, o estilo de programação, as métricas de software, o plágio e até aspectos psicológicos. Mas, embora os sistemas de avaliação automática de programação tenham evoluído, tais sistemas ainda são limitados em avaliar se de fato objetivos educacionais foram alcançados. Dessa forma, entre tantos desafios, o principal desafio da avaliação automática de programação é avaliar o que de fato um professor de programação quer avaliar. Com os objetivos de discutir e propor soluções para esse desafio, este trabalho apresenta um sumário do estado da arte da avaliação automática de programação e aponta caminhos para tornar essa avaliação funcional nos próximos dez anos.
Hilary of Poitiers on the inter-Trinitarian Relation of the Son and the Holy Spirit
Authors: Crean Thomas ,   Instituto Patristico Augustinianum
Published: March 2020

Given the authority accorded to Hilary of Poitiers by ecumenical councils of the 1st millennium, it is of interest to determine his teaching about the disputed question of the eternal relation of the Son and the Holy Spirit. The question is complex, partly because it is one that Hilary in most cases touches upon only indirectly, when arguing for the divinity of the Son, and partly because the meaning of the relevant passages, even on the level of Latin syntax, is often hard to determine, and a matter of disagreement between different translators or editors. Y. Congar and A. E. Siecienski, in their surveys of the discussions of the inter-trinitarian relations of the Son and the Holy Spirit in the patristic age do not examine all these textual difficulties, nor do they discuss the Opus Historicum, which contains a highly relevant passage on this subject. The present article attempts to throw light on the question by examining the key texts and suggesting answers to the problems of translation and interpretation that they present. It concludes that Hilary’s position is substantially identical to that which would later be agreed by the Greek and Latin churches at the council of Florence, and enshrined in the decree Laetentur caeli.
Augustine’s Eucharistic Spirituality in his Easter Sermons
Authors: Chabi Kolawole ,   Instituto Patristico Augustinianum
Published: March 2020

This article studies Augustine’s Eucharistic Spirituality as it emerges primarily from his preaching, in his catechesis during the Easter Season. It investigates how the bishop of Hippo explains to the neophytes the transformation that makes bread and wine into the Body and Blood of Christ in order to ignite their awareness about what it is that they receive at the Altar. It further considers what Augustine indicates as the spiritual disposition necessary for the reception of the sacrament and its effects in the life of those who worthily share in it. Finally, the article explores the link Augustine establishes between the Eucharist and the Church to demonstrate the importance of Unity among those who approach the Altar of the Lord and the need to continuously become what we receive even today as we perpetuate the memorial of the Lord in our Eucharistic celebrations.
Juego, luego comparto y aprendo
Authors: Sanz Martos Sandra
Published: March 2020

Lo lúdico se ha convertido en uno de los principales protagonistas de nuestro ocio. Además de los deportes de equipo y los videojuegos, poco a poco han ido apareciendo otro tipo de entretenimientos en los que el juego es el gran protagonista. De la mano de este fenómeno ha ido surgiendo la tendencia a aprender de manera colaborativa sobre la dinámica del juego, tanto desde el punto de vista del jugador como del que lo crea. En este artículo vamos a hablar de cómo se generan estos intereses por aprender de la experiencia lúdica del otro.
Los proyectos como generadores de conocimiento en las organizaciones
Authors: Cerezuela Berta
Published: March 2020

Para todos aquellos que estamos implicados en I+D, los proyectos forman parte de nuestro día a día. Estamos atentos a convocatorias, generamos ideas de potenciales proyectos, montamos equipos, definimos los proyectos y presentamos solicitudes y, si tenemos la suerte de ser elegidos y recibir financiación, gestionamos el día a día de nuestro proyecto, siempre con la meta clara: alcanzar aquello a lo que nos comprometimos inicialmente. Pero, en todo este intenso proceso, ¿capitalizamos todo el conocimiento que estamos generando? En este artículo queremos hablar de las herramientas que nos aportan las metodologías de gestión de proyectos y que facilitan el aprendizaje del equipo y de la organización.
Cross- Hiper- Trans- Medialidad y otros neologismos afines
Authors: Cavaller Víctor
Published: March 2020

El término medialidad y aquellas formas derivadas que se obtienen anteponiéndole diferentes prefijos comienzan a consolidarse como neologismos en nuestro idioma para definir nuevos conceptos relativamente útiles en el ámbito de la comunicación digital. Este artículo se plantea clarificar los diferentes significados que integra esta familia terminológica de creciente uso.
Analisis Biaya Satuan (Unit Cost) dengan Metode Activity Based Costing (ABC) di Poliklinik Jantung RSU dr. H. Koesnadi Bondowoso
Authors: Sumiati Sumiati , Witcahyo Eri , Ramani Andrei
Published: March 2020

AbstrakPenetapan tarif dihitung berdasarkan biaya satuan, berdasarkan Peraturan Bupati Bondowoso Nomor 62 Tahun 2017, RSU dr. H. Koesnadi Bondowoso menghitung biaya satuan dengan metode Double Distribution (DD). Metode Double Distribution (DD) tidak tepat untuk diterapkan karena tidak mencerminkan aktivitas, metode yang berdasarkan aktivitas, tepat dan akurat sehingga dapat memberikan informasi yang tepat adalah metode Activity Based Costing (ABC). RSU dr. H. Koesnadi Bondowoso belum melakukan perhitungan unit cost dengan metode Activity Based Costing (ABC) terutama untuk instalasi rawat jalan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis biaya satuan dengan metode Activity Based Costing di poliklinik jantung RSU dr. H. Koesnadi Bondowoso. Metode penelitian dilakukan berdasarkan metode perhitungan Activity Based Costing (ABC). Unit analisis dalam penelitian ini adalah poliklinik jantung RSU dr. H. Koesnadi Bondowoso. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan dengan data tahun 2017 maka diperoleh biaya satuan electrocardiogram yaitu Rp. 47.689, echocardiography Rp. 113.212 dan treadmill adalah Rp. 221.547. Kesimpulan menunjukkan bahwa unit cost lebih rendah dari tarif yang ditetapkan. AbstractDetermination of rate calculated based on unit cost, based on Bondowoso Regent Regulation Number 62 of 2017, RSU dr. H. Koesnadi Bondowoso unit cost calculates using the Double Distribution method. Double Distribution (DD) method  is not appropriate to be applied because it does not reflect activity, method based on activity, precise and accurate so that it can providethe right information is Activity Based Costing (ABC) method. RSU Dr. H. Koesnadi Bondowoso has not made unit cost calculation using Activity Based Costing (ABC) method, especially for outpatient installation. The purpose of this research is unit cost analysis with Activity Based Costing method in the heart polyclinic of RSU Dr. H. Koesnadi Bondowoso. The research methodbased on Activity Based Costing (ABC) calculation method. The unit of analysis was heart poyclinic at RSU Dr. H. Koesnadi Bondowoso. Unitcost calculated with Activity Based Costing (ABC) method.Based on the calculation resultwith 2017 data a unit costobtained, electrocardiogram is Rp. 47,689, echocardiography Rp. 113,212 and treadmill is Rp. 221,547. The conclusion shown that the unit cost is lower than the specified rate.
La detección tardía del deterioro neurológico agudo incrementa la letalidad por trauma craneoencefálico.
Authors: Rodríguez Alexander , Cervera Eliana , Tuesca Rafael , Flórez Karen , Romero Ricardo , Villalba Pedro J.
Published: March 2020

Introducción. El trauma craneoencefálico es una de las principales causas de muerte y discapacidad en adultos jóvenes. Su gravedad se define según la escala de coma de Glasgow. Sin embargo, el deterioro neurológico agudo no siempre concuerda con la gravedad inicial indicada por la escala, lo que implica una subestimación de la magnitud real de la lesión.Objetivo. Estudiar la correlación entre la gravedad inicial del trauma craneoencefálico según la escala de coma de Glasgow y la condición final del paciente, en el contexto de diferentes variables clínicas y de los hallazgos de la tomografía.Materiales y métodos. Se analizó una cohorte retrospectiva de 490 pacientes con trauma craneoencefálico cerrado que requirieron atención en la unidad de cuidados intensivos de dos centros de tercer nivel de Barranquilla. La estimación del riesgo se estableció con la razón de momios (odds ratio, OR) y un intervalo de confianza (IC) del 95 %. Se utilizó un alfa de 0,05 como nivel de significación.Resultados. El 41,0 % de los pacientes requirió intubación endotraqueal; el 51,2 % había presentado traumas inicialmente clasificados como moderados y, el 6,0 %, como leves. El retraso en la implementación de un tratamiento agresivo afectó principalmente a aquellos con trauma craneoencefálico moderado, en quienes la letalidad aumentó al 100 % cuando no se detectó a tiempo el deterioro neurológico y, por lo tanto, el tratamiento agresivo se demoró más de 4 a 8 horas. Por el contrario, la letalidad fue de menos de 20 % cuando se brindó el tratamiento agresivo en el curso de la primera hora después del trauma.Conclusiones. El riesgo de letalidad del trauma craneoencefálico aumentó cuando el deterioro neurológico se detectó tardíamente y el tratamiento agresivo se inició después de transcurrida la primera hora a partir del trauma.
Fenotipo de envejecimiento saludable de personas mayores en Manizales
Authors: Curcio Carmen Lucía , Giraldo Andrés Fernando , Gómez Fernando
Published: March 2020

Introducción. El fenotipo de envejecimiento saludable está presente en aquellos individuos que envejecen con poca morbilidad, sin deterioro funcional ni cognitivo, y con un nivel aceptable de bienestar y de participación social.Objetivo. Establecer la frecuencia del fenotipo de envejecimiento saludable según un modelo multidimensional, uno biomédico y uno psicosocial, y determinar los factores de predicción en cada uno de ellos.Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio de diseño transversal, observacional y descriptivo, que incluyó a 402 personas (50,1 % mujeres) de 65 años y más (promedio de edad, 69,2) en el área urbana de Manizales. El fenotipo de envejecimiento saludable se caracterizó en cinco dimensiones: salud metabólica y fisiológica, función física, función cognitiva, bienestar psicológico y bienestar social. Los factores asociados incluyeron aspectos sociodemográficos y de salud.Resultados. La prevalencia de envejecimiento saludable fue de 15,5 % en el modelo multidimensional, de 12,3 % en el biomédico y de 63,3 % en el psicosocial. El tener autopercepción de buena salud fue un factor de predicción independiente de envejecimiento saludable en los tres modelos, así como la satisfacción con los ingresos económicos en el modelo biomédico y en el psicosocial. Un tercer factor de predicción fue el estar casado, aunque fue significativo solamente en el modelo psicosocial.Conclusiones. La prevalencia del fenotipo de envejecimiento saludable fue baja en el modelo biológico y en el multidimensional (1 de cada 10 personas), y mayor en el modelo psicosocial (6 de cada 10). A pesar de ello, los factores predictores independientes fueron los mismos: la autopercepción de buena o muy buena salud, la satisfacción con los ingresos económicos y el estar casado.
Alternative splicing and thermosensitive expression of Dmrt1 during urogenital development in the painted turtle, Chrysemys picta
Authors: Mizoguchi Beatriz , Valenzuela Nicole
Published: March 2020

Background

The doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor 1 (Dmrt1) is a highly conserved gene across numerous vertebrates and invertebrates in sequence and function. Small aminoacid changes in Dmrt1 are associated with turnovers in sex determination in reptiles. Dmrt1 is upregulated in males during gonadal development in many species, including the painted turtle, Chrysemys picta, a reptile with temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD). Dmrt1 is reported to play different roles during sex determination and differentiation, yet whether these functions are controlled by distinct Dmrt1 spliceoforms remains unclear. While Dmrt1 isoforms have been characterized in various vertebrates, no study has investigated their existence in any turtle.

Methods

We examine the painted turtle to identify novel Dmrt1 isoforms that may be present during urogenital development using PCR, profile their expression by RNA-seq across five embryonic stages at male- and female-producing temperatures, and validate their expression pattern via qPCR with transcript-specific fluorescent probes.

Results

A novel Dmrt1 spliceoform was discovered for the first time in chelonians, lacking exons 2 and 3 (Dmrt1 ΔEx2Ex3). Dmrt1 canonical and ΔEx2Ex3 transcripts were differentialy expressed by temperature at stages 19 and 22 in developing gonads of painted turtles, after the onset of sex determination, and displayed a significant male-biased expression pattern. This transcriptional pattern differs from studies in other turtles and vertebrates that reported Dmrt1 differential expression before or at the onset of sex determination. This study provides the first insight into Dmrt1 transcriptional diversity in turtles and opens the door for future functional studies of the alternative Dmrt1 transcript uncovered here.

Conclusions

The discovery of an isoform in turtles indicate that alternative splicing may be a common feature of Dmrt1 across vertebrates, as isoforms are also found in crocodilians, birds, mammals and fish, and this variation remains unexplained. The relatively late-onset of Dmrt1 expression observed here contrasts with other turtles, indicating that Dmrt1 is not the topmost male sex -determining factor in C. picta. When placed in a phylogenetic context, this discrepancy underscores the divergent regulation of Dmrt1, and of sexual development more generally, across vertebrates.
The effect of personality measurement conditions on spontaneous swimming behavior in the pale chub Zacco platypus (Cyprinidae)
Authors: Fu Shi-Jian
Published: March 2020

Studies on personality have revealed that some personality traits are strongly correlated; thus, researchers may be able to acquire data for variables related to different personality traits from one measurement. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to test whether spontaneous movement traits used in fish personality measurements are correlated or vary among different contexts in a common Chinese cyprinid fish, the pale chub (Zacco platypus, Cyprinidae). The median swimming speed, percent time spent moving and median turning rate were measured in a boldness context (with a shelter available), then in an exploration context (with a novel object nearby) and finally in a control context (i.e., with no shelter or novel object). The median swimming speed, percent time spent moving, and median turning rate all showed positive correlations between the control and the other two contexts, which suggests that future studies might use spontaneous swimming variables measured in exploration or boldness contexts to avoid the need to carry out a separate activity test. Further analysis comparing the distance to and latency to explore the novel object between the exploration context (with the novel object present) and control context (with an imaginary object at the same position) showed that the amount of time it took for the fish to first reach the object for exploration was significantly shorter in an exploration context than in a control context. This suggests that latency to explore might be useful as a variable indicating exploration in the pale chub in the future.
Interleukin‐36α as a potential biomarker for renal tubular damage induced by dietary phosphate load
Authors: Hirano Yoshitaka , Kurosu Hiroshi , Shiizaki Kazuhiro , Iwazu Yoshitaka , Tsuruoka Shuichi , Kuro‐o Makoto
Published: March 2020

Excessive intake of phosphate has been known to induce renal tubular damage and interstitial inflammation, leading to acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease in rodents and humans. However, sensitive and early biomarkers for phosphate‐induced kidney damage remain to be identified. Our previous RNA sequencing analysis of renal gene expression identified interleukin‐36α (IL‐36α) as a gene significantly upregulated by dietary phosphate load in mice. To determine the time course and dose dependency of renal IL‐36α expression induced by dietary phosphate load, we placed mice with or without uninephrectomy on a diet containing either 0.35%, 1.0%, 1.5%, or 2.0% inorganic phosphate for 10 days, 4 weeks, or 8 weeks and evaluated renal expression of IL‐36α and other markers of tubular damage and inflammation by quantitative RT‐PCR, immunoblot analysis, and immunohistochemistry. We found that IL‐36α expression was induced in distal convoluted tubules and correlated with phosphate excretion per nephron. The increase in IL‐36α expression was simultaneous with but more robust in amplitude than the increase in tubular damage markers such as Osteopontin and neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin, preceding the increase in expression of other inflammatory cytokines, including transforming growth factor‐α, interleukin‐1β, and transforming growth factor‐β1. We conclude that IL‐36α serves as a marker that reflects the degree of phosphate load excreted per nephron and of associated kidney damage.
Anticipated Progress in the Near‐ to Mid‐Term Future of LIBs
Authors: Myung Seung‐Taek , Kim Jongsoon , Sun Yang‐Kook
Published: March 2020

Since its commercialization in 1991, lithium‐ion batteries have been continuously studied to develop its energy density, power capability, and long‐term cycling characteristics. Unlike the earlier lithium‐ion battery based on the intercalation reaction such as LiCoO
2
cathode and graphite anode, various materials and reaction mechanisms have been investigated with the development of the technology. Also, in accordance with the improvement of the overall properties, lithium‐ion batteries are also being applied as energy storage systems (ESSs) for renewable energy facilities as well as power systems for electric vehicles (EVs). Moreover, in order to reduce the risk of explosion and to improve the stability of the battery, the electrolytes and separators in lithium‐ion batteries have been widely studied. This article highlights the current trend of the developments on the representative components in lithium‐ion battery.
Numerical and Experimental Characterization of Elastic Properties of a Novel, Highly Homogeneous Interpenetrating Metal Ceramic Composite
Authors: Horny Dominik , Schukraft Joél , Weidenmann Kay André , Schulz Katrin
Published: March 2020

An interpenetrating aluminum–alumina composite is presented, based on a ceramic foam manufactured via a novel slurry‐based route resulting in a highly homogeneous preform microstructure in contrast to other preform techniques. The metal matrix composite (MMC) is produced by infiltrating the open‐porous ceramic preform with molten aluminum at 700 °C using a Argon‐driven gas pressure infiltration process. The resulting MMC and the primary ceramic foam are investigated both numerically and experimentally in terms of microstructural characteristics. In addition, the mechanical behavior of the material as well as the structural and material interactions on the microscale are investigated. To characterize the MMC regarding mechanical isotropy, elastic properties are determined experimentally via ultrasonic phase spectroscopy (UPS). A fast Fourier transform (FFT) formulation is used to simulate the complex 3D microstructure with reasonable effort based on image‐data gathered from high‐resolution X‐ray computed tomography (CT) scans of the ceramic foam as computational grid. Simulations prove that the material properties are, indeed, considered as highly homogeneous with respect to the material microstructure. A comparison with effective experimental investigations confirms these findings.
Supramolecular Chiral Nanoarchitectonics
Authors: Ariga Katsuhiko , Mori Taizo , Kitao Takashi , Uemura Takashi
Published: March 2020

Exploration of molecular functions and material properties based on the control of chirality would be a scientifically elegant approach. Here, the fabrication and function of chiral‐featured materials from both chiral and achiral components using a supramolecular nanoarchitectonics concept are discussed. The contents are classified in to three topics: i) chiral nanoarchitectonics of rather general molecular assemblies; ii) chiral nanoarchitectonics of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs); iii) chiral nanoarchitectonics in liquid crystals. MOF structures are based on nanoscopically well‐defined coordinations, while mesoscopic orientations of liquid‐crystalline phases are often flexibly altered. Discussion on the effects and features in these representative materials systems with totally different natures reveals the universal importance of supramolecular chiral nanoarchitectonics. Amplification of chiral molecular information from molecules to materials‐level structures and the creation of chirality from achiral components upon temporal statistic fluctuations are universal, regardless of the nature of the assemblies. These features are thus surely advantageous characteristics for a wide range of applications.
Deep Red Emissive Carbonized Polymer Dots with Unprecedented Narrow Full Width at Half Maximum
Authors: Liu Junjun , Geng Yijia , Li Daowei , Yao Hua , Huo Zepeng , Li Yunfeng , Zhang Kai , Zhu Shoujun , Wei Haotong , Xu Weiqing , Jiang Jinlan , Yang Bai
Published: March 2020

Development of high‐performance carbon dots (CDs) with emission wavelength longer than 660 nm (deep red emission) is critical in deep‐tissue bioimaging, yet it is still a major challenge to obtain CDs with both narrow full width at half maximum (FWHM) and high deep red/near‐infrared emission yield. Here, deep red emissive carbonized polymer dots (CPDs) with unprecedented FWHM of 20 nm are synthesized. The purified CPDs in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution possess quantum yield (QY) as high as 59% under 413 nm excitation, as well as recorded QY of 31% under 660 nm excitation in the deep red fluorescent window. Detailed characterizations identify that CPDs have unique polymer characteristics, consisting of carbon cores and the shells of polymer chains, and π conjugated system formed with N heterocycles and aromatic rings governs the single photoluminescence (PL) center, which is responsible for high QY in deep red emissive CPDs with narrow FWHM. The CPDs exhibit strong absorption and emission in the deep red light region, low toxicity, and good biocompatibility, making them an efficient probe for both one‐photon and two‐photon bioimaging. CPDs are rapidly excreted via the kidney system and hepatobiliary system.
Trifluoromethylation/Difluoromethylation‐Initiated Radical Cyclization of o‐Alkenyl Aromatic Isocyanides for Direct Construction of 4‐Cyano‐2‐Trifluoromethyl/Difluoromethyl‐Containing Quinolines
Authors: Mao Shukuan , Wang He , Liu Lu , Wang Xin , Zhou Ming‐Dong , Li Lei
Published: March 2020

In this study, a radical‐triggered cyclization of o‐alkenyl aromatic isocyanides prepared from accessible starting materials is developed. The reaction provides a general and efficient method for the synthesis of 4‐CN‐2‐CF3/CF2H‐containing quinolines under copper or visible‐light photoredox catalysis in a one‐pot synthetic procedure. This protocol demonstrates good to high yields, broad substrate scope, and good functional group tolerance.

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Improved Response/Recovery Time and Sensitivity of SnSe Nanosheet Humidity Sensor by LiCl Incorporation
Authors: Zhu Kaimin , Tang Yong , Zhong Xiangli , Xiong Li , Zhang Yong , Tan Congbin , Song Hongjia , Wang Jinbin
Published: March 2020

The use of inorganic salt composite nanomaterials to form nanocomposite humidity‐sensing materials is considered to be an effective way to promote the integral performances of humidity sensors. In this work, by combining the advantages of SnSe nanosheet and LiCl, a novel composite structure of LiCl nanoparticles and SnSe nanosheet (LiCl:SnSe nanosheet) is constructed as the humidity‐sensing materials in humidity sensors. Compared with the properties of a resistance‐type humidity sensor based on SnSe nanosheet, the integral humidity‐sensing properties of LiCl:SnSe nanosheet are improved, especially in response and recovery times (shorten to 12 s/4 s) and sensitivity (up to 3.21 × 105%). These results indicate that LiCl:SnSe nanosheet may be a potential humidity‐sensing material for fabricating humidity sensors with high performance.
Recommendations for influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccination in elderly people in China
Authors: Chen Qiong , Wang Lijing , Xie Mingxuan , Li Xiaoying ,   Recommendations for Influenza, Streptococcus pneumoniae Vaccination in Elderly People in China Writing Group, Geriatric Respiratory Group and Chinese Society of Geriatrics
Published: March 2020

Influenza and pneumonia can be prevented by vaccination, but they remain major causes of morbidity and mortality in age‐related diseases. In most areas of China, the rates of influenza and pneumococcal vaccination are relatively low and public awareness of vaccination remains insufficient. Thus, it is essential to recommend influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccination to elderly people in clinical practice. Based on recently published studies and related documents issued by several vaccination authorities, such as the World Health Organization, the National Health and Wellness Committee, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the US Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, we propose official recommendations for influenza and S pneumoniae vaccination in elderly people in China.
Telomere length analysis from minimally‐invasively collected samples: Methods development and meta‐analysis of the validity of different sampling techniques
Authors: Rej Peter H. , Bondy Madison H. , Lin Jue , Prather Aric A. , Kohrt Brandon A. , Worthman Carol M. , Eisenberg Dan T. A.
Published: March 2020

Objectives

Telomeres are the protective caps of chromosomes. They shorten with cell replication, age, and possibly environmental stimuli (eg, infection and stress). Short telomere length (TL) predicts subsequent worse health. Although venous whole blood (VWB) is most commonly used for TL measurement, other, more minimally invasive, sampling techniques are becoming increasingly common due to their field‐friendliness, allowing for feasible measurement in low‐resource contexts. We conducted statistical validation work for measuring TL in dried blood spots (DBS) and incorporated our results into a meta‐analysis evaluating minimally invasive sampling techniques to measure TL.

Methods

We isolated DNA extracts from DBS using a modified extraction protocol and tested how they endured different shipping conditions and long‐term cryostorage. We then included our in‐house DBS TL validation statistics (correlation values with VWB TL and age) in a series of meta‐analyses of results from 24 other studies that published similar associations for values between TL measured in DBS, saliva, and buccal cells.

Results

Our modified DBS extraction technique produced DNA yields that were roughly twice as large as previously recorded. Partially extracted DBS DNA was stable for 7 days at room temperature, and still provided reliable TL measurements, as determined by external validation statistics. In our meta‐analysis, DBS TL had the highest external validity, followed by saliva, and then buccal cells—possibly reflecting similarities/differences in cellular composition vs VWB.

Conclusions

DBS DNA is the best proxy for VWB from the three minimally‐invasively specimen types evaluated and can be used to expand TL research to diverse settings and populations.
Direct Electrochemical Ammonia Synthesis from Nitric Oxide
Authors: Long Jun , Chen Shiming , Zhang Yunlong , Guo Chenxi , Fu Xiaoyan , Deng Dehui , Xiao Jianping
Published: March 2020

NO removal from exhausted gas is necessary owing to its damage to environment. Meanwhile, the electrochemical ammonia synthesis (EAS) from N2 suffers from low reaction rate and Faradaic efficiency (FE). Now, an alternative route for ammonia synthesis is proposed from exhaust NO via electrocatalysis. DFT calculations indicate electrochemical NO reduction (NORR) is more active than N2 reduction (NRR). Via a descriptor‐based approach, Cu was screened out to be the most active transition metal catalyst for NORR to NH3 owing to its moderate reactivity. Kinetic barrier calculations reveal NH3 is the most preferred product relative to H2, N2O, and N2 on Cu. Experimentally, a record‐high EAS rate of 517.1 μmol cm−2 h−1 and FE of 93.5 % were achieved at −0.9 V vs. RHE using a Cu foam electrode, exhibiting stable electrocatalytic performances with a 100 h run. This work provides an alternative strategy to EAS from exhaust NO, coupled with NO removal.
Vancomycin Resistance Is Overcome by Conjugation of Polycationic Peptides
Authors: Umstätter Florian , Domhan Cornelius , Hertlein Tobias , Ohlsen Knut , Mühlberg Eric , Kleist Christian , Zimmermann Stefan , Beijer Barbro , Klika Karel D. , Haberkorn Uwe , Mier Walter , Uhl Philipp
Published: March 2020

Multidrug‐resistant bacteria represent one of the biggest challenges facing modern medicine. The increasing prevalence of glycopeptide resistance compromises the efficacy of vancomycin, for a long time considered as the last resort for the treatment of resistant bacteria. To reestablish its activity, polycationic peptides were conjugated to vancomycin. By site‐specific conjugation, derivatives that bear the peptide moiety at four different sites of the antibiotic were synthesized. The most potent compounds exhibited an approximately 1000‐fold increased antimicrobial activity and were able to overcome the most important types of vancomycin resistance. Additional blocking experiments using d‐Ala‐d‐Ala revealed a mode of action beyond inhibition of cell‐wall formation. The antimicrobial potential of the lead candidate FU002 for bacterial infection treatments could be demonstrated in an in vivo study. Molecular imaging and biodistribution studies revealed that conjugation engenders superior pharmacokinetics.
Functionalized CoFe2O4/lamellar mesopore silica anchored to melamine nanocomposite as a novel catalyst for synthesis of 4H‐chromenes under mild conditions
Authors: Mohammadi Somaye , Naeimi Hossein
Published: March 2020

In this research, it was displayed an efficient method for the one‐pot reaction of cyclohexanone, benzaldehyde and malononitrile for the synthesis of 4H‐chromenes by using CoFe2O4/lamellar mesopore silica anchored to melamine as a magnetic nanocatalyst. This nanocatalyst was prepared in several steps and discriminated by XRD, FT‐IR, SEM, VSM, TGA and BET techniques. The catalyst has a large active base site that has functionalized in both the surface and the pore of nanostructure. The advantages of magnetic nanocatalyst were simple accessible, heterogeneous nanocatalyst, easy work up and reusability. The various derivatives of 4H‐chromenes were synthesized in the presence of CoFe2O4/lamellar mesopore silica/melamine magnetic nanocatalyst with the excellent yields and appropriate times. The products were identified by the melting point, FT‐IR,1H NMR,13C NMR and C.H.N techniques.
Synthesis of secondary amine‐based fluorescent porous organic polymers via Friedel–Crafts polymerization reaction for adsorbing and fluorescent sensing iodine
Authors: Geng Tongmou , Liu Min , Zhang Can , Hu Chen , Xu Heng
Published: March 2020

We present the preparation and characterization of a novel class of secondary amine‐based porous organic polymers (POPs: TDPA and TTPBTA), and their iodine adsorption, fluorescence sensing properties for the first time. Two secondary amine‐based POPs were synthetized by Friedel−Crafts polymerization reaction catalyzed via methylsulfonic acid with yields of 22.51 and 54.44%. The thermal stability of resulting POPs run up to above 268 and 568°C, and their BET specific surface areas are 56.5 and 2.49 m2 g−1, respectively. Their iodine adsorption and fluorescent sensing properties are comparable to that of triphenylamine (TPA)‐based (tertiary amine) POPs. The resulting POPs display excellent sorption abilities to iodine molecules with the iodine adsorption capacity of about 3.93 and 1.64 g g−1. Adsorbed iodine is easily desorbed by heating or washing with organic solvents, which make them reusable. They can also adsorb iodine from cyclohexane solution. Moreover, the POPs possess excellent fluorescent sensing property for I2 with Ksv of 1.85 × 104 and 6.56 × 104 L mol−1, as well as the limits of detection (LODs) of 1.62 × 10−11 and 6.86 × 10−12 mol L−1. The performance of adsorbing and fluorescence sensing iodine can be explained by electron transfer mechanism.