bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Loss of stromal JUNB does not affect tumor growth and angiogenesis
Authors: Braun Jennifer , Strittmatter Karin , Nübel Tobias , Komljenovic Dorde , Sator‐Schmitt Melanie , Bäuerle Tobias , Angel Peter , Schorpp‐Kistner Marina
Published: September 2013

The transcription factor AP‐1 subunit JUNB has been shown to play a pivotal role in angiogenesis. It positively controls angiogenesis by regulating Vegfa as well as the transcriptional regulator Cbfb and its target Mmp13. In line with these findings, it has been demonstrated that tumor cell‐derived JUNB promotes tumor growth and angiogenesis. In contrast to JUNB's function in tumor cells, the role of host‐derived stromal JUNB has not been elucidated so far. Here, we show that ablation of Junb in stromal cells including endothelial cells (ECs), vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and fibroblasts does not affect tumor growth in two different syngeneic mouse models, the B16‐F1 melanoma and the Lewis lung carcinoma model. In‐depth analyses of the tumors revealed that tumor angiogenesis remains unaffected as assessed by measurements of the microvascular density and relative blood volume in the tumor. Furthermore, we could show that the maturation status of the tumor vasculature, analyzed by the SMC marker expression, α‐smooth muscle actin and Desmin, as well as the attachment of pericytes to the endothelium, is not changed upon ablation of Junb. Taken together, these results indicate that the pro‐angiogenic functions of stromal JUNB are well compensated with regard to tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth.
Change and Paradox in Family Therapy
Authors: Goding Geoffrey A.
Published: September 2013

This paper shows that when the interpersonal context in a family alters, solutions which have previously been successful may paradoxically increase the family's difficulties rather than resolve them. Therapy minors this process, in that when the family system is flexible, “commonsense” interventions may be effective, whereas with a rigid dysfunctional family system therapeutic interventions may be necessary which, among other things, paradoxically imply that no change is required. Some concepts derived from Watzlawick, Weakland and Fish are redefined and the mathematical group theory used by these authors is replaced by system theory in combination with the theory of logical types.

A “behaviour disorder” family is used to illustrate the paradoxical mode of symptom development and also the use of a number of paradoxical therapeutic interventions.

Possible reasons for the therapeutic power of these interventions are discussed; the concept of first and second order therapeutic paradoxes is introduced.
Bad Therapy A Training Technique
Authors: Lang Moshe
Published: September 2013

This paper describes a new training technique. The therapist, with a role‐playing family, is instructed to do “bad therapy” — to make the family worse. Usually the “patients” and observers regard the “bad therapy” as beneficial — in fact, better than before. Several examples are given and a short discussion follows.

“When I am good I am very very good, But when I am bad I am better”.
The Family Rule Concept in the Theory of Family Therapy**
Authors: Paterson Tom
Published: September 2013

This paper is an exploration of the usefulness of the concept of a family rule in systems thinking. Wittgenstein's analysis of rule conforming behaviour is considered alongside the early contributions of Jackson, Haley and others. Confusion has resulted from using the word “rule” in both its everyday sense and as a theoretical construct. A parallel confusion shows Itself in the activity of reframing where the selection of an alternative context is often theoretically based while the client receives an explanation in the language of everyday intentional actions.
Co‐therapy — As a Mode of Intervention
Authors: Moloney Banu , Leah Rosenberg
Published: September 2013

This paper describes and discusses some of the relevant issues and implicit assumptions pertaining to co‐therapy. The ideas in this paper, though shared by many family therapists came to fruition through the authors' experiences of working together for approximately three and a half years.
Systemic Task Setting in Family Therapy
Authors: White Michael
Published: September 2013

The application of tasks to the “whole” family system as a method of restructuring family relationships is considered. The value of the introduction of such tasks is discussed.

Systemic tasks are categorized as direct or paradoxical. A formula for the construction of direct tasks is outlined. The review of direct tasks and the introduction of paradoxical tasks are discussed together. It is proposed that the partial or complete failure of direct tasks provides fertile ground for the introduction of paradox.

A clinical example, which illustrates the application of direct and paradoxical tasks, is presented.
Does the Therapeutic Relationship Matter? A Follow‐up Study of Adherence and Improvement in Family Therapy
Authors: Firestone Andrew , O'Connell Bernadette
Published: September 2013

A follow‐up study of 83 families treated by family therapy at a child guidance clinic was conducted and the relation of client/therapist interaction to (i) drop out from therapy and (ii) improvement was examined.

Early terminators were found to differ significantly from continuers as to their ratings of their relationship with the therapist, and trends were found for therapists' feelings to be associated with adherence to therapy. Early terminators were not distinguished by diagnosis, severity of case, or improvement rating.

Improvement, on the other hand, was not associated with therapists' or clients' attitudes to each other. It is suggested that these factors are of greater significance in “joining” therapy than in its course.
Paradox and a Systems Theory Approach to a Case of Severe School Phobia**
Authors: Hawkes Raymond
Published: September 2013

A recent case of severe school phobia treated by the author and a colleague is discussed. Systemic assessment indicated high resistance to change. Our initial paradoxical strategy utilising a “therapeutic triangle” is outlined, designed to bind the family into arguing in favour of change. With the lessening of resistance, direct interventions were utilised, combined with re‐framings preventing the family developing a rationale that would allow them to escape change.
Schizophrenia and Family Therapy
Authors: Quadrio Carolyn
Published: September 2013

The case presented is of a young man hospitalized twice for schizophrenic disorder before the commencement of family therapy. The therapy which dealt with the family system, specific pathological communication patterns and intra‐psychic conflicts, is discussed. As the parents of the young man confronted their inter‐ and intra‐personal problems, the function of his illness disappeared, along with his psychotic symptoms. While demonstrating the process of psychotherapy, the thesis that psychotic decompensation in young people often signifies severe family dysfunction is also presented. Accepting the ‘identified’ patient as such and ignoring the family dynamics may serve to create a chronic schizophrenic illness.
The Theory Behind the Traps — Considerations for the Practice of Family Therapy in a Multi‐frame Work Team*
Authors: Sanders Catherine
Published: September 2013

Family systems theory as an approach to problem generation and change is practiced in many settings where other theoretical stances are also held. The issue of successful team work within a clinic where other therapists work from psychoanalytic and behavioural models is addressed. Structural, strategic and systemic approaches are compared with the psychoanalytic and behavioural. Particular attention is paid to apparent similarities between psychoanalytic and systemic family therapy theory.

It is concluded that basic differences exist which make successful merging of the two views impossible. Practical examples of difficulties and attempted solutions are offered.
Reconstructing the Family's Reality — The Struggle of a Young Anorectic Woman and Her Family's Way of Viewing the World.*
Authors: Durrant Michael
Published: September 2013

It is argued that systemic family therapy has much to gain from phenomenological social psychology and the sociology of knowledge. The similarities between social psychological concepts of social rule theory and concepts from structural/strategic therapy are discussed, as is the need for an examination of the construction of reality to complete these concepts. The theory of the social construction of reality is presented and its relevance to the ways in which families behave discussed.

A case involving a young anorectic woman and her family is presented in detail to demonstrate the process of altering the processes of reality construction in the family so as to allow the members to pursue alternatives.
The Status of Women in Australian Family Therapy*
Authors: Cross Judith
Published: September 2013

This article examines the participation of female family therapists as leaders in Australian family therapy. The involvement of women in publications, education and status positions is presented and shows that women are significantly under‐represented in these areas. A brief examination is then made of factors within the profession itself that mitigate against the advancement of women and their inclusion in the upper echelon.
Intervening in the School‐Family‐Clinic Triangle*
Authors: Relph Andrew
Published: September 2013

Ideas from family therapy have recently been applied to school and learning problems. A systems view has been advocated rather than the more traditional individual one long used by teachers, parents and school psychologists. This paper describes a model that enables school problems to be formulated systematically and details the implications of this model for designing interventions. A new project in Perth that combines simultaneous interventions in family, social and educational systems is described and its work is illustrated with a case example.
New Discoveries of Old SON: A Link Between RNA Splicing and Cancer
Authors: Hickey Christopher J. , Kim Jung‐Hyun , Ahn Eun‐Young Erin
Published: September 2013

The SON protein is a ubiquitously expressed DNA‐ and RNA‐binding protein primarily localized to nuclear speckles. Although several early studies implicated SON in DNA‐binding, tumorigenesis and apoptosis, functional significance of this protein had not been recognized until recent studies discovered SON as a novel RNA splicing co‐factor. During constitutive RNA splicing, SON ensures efficient intron removal from the transcripts containing suboptimal splice sites. Importantly, SON‐mediated splicing is required for proper processing of selective transcripts related to cell cycle, microtubules, centrosome maintenance, and genome stability. Moreover, SON regulates alternative splicing of RNAs from the genes involved in apoptosis and epigenetic modification. In addition to the role in RNA splicing, SON has an ability to suppress transcriptional activation at certain promoter/enhancer DNA sequences. Considering the multiple SON target genes which are directly involved in cell proliferation, genome stability and chromatin modifications, SON is an emerging player in gene regulation during cancer development and progression. Here, we summarize available information from several early studies on SON, and highlight recent discoveries describing molecular mechanisms of SON‐mediated gene regulation. We propose that our future effort on better understanding of diverse SON functions would reveal novel targets for cancer therapy. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 224–231, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cassini/CAPS observations of duskside tail dynamics at Saturn
Authors: Thomsen M. F. , Wilson R. J. , Tokar R. L. , Reisenfeld D. B. , Jackman C. M.
Published: September 2013

Plasma properties of Saturn's premidnight tail region are surveyed using Cassini/Cassini Plasma Spectrometer (CAPS) ion observations from 2010. Only low‐latitude (|lat| < 6°) intervals in which the CAPS viewing was roughly symmetric inward and outward around the corotation direction are used. Our numerical moments algorithm returns nonzero ion density for 70% (999) of the intervals selected. Of these, 642 had detectable water‐group ion densities, and the remainder were dominantly, if not entirely, light ions. The derived plasma parameters are similar to those found in an earlier study for the postmidnight tail region, except that we find little evidence for the systematic outflows identified in that study, and we do find numerous significant inflow events. One such inflow is identified as a dipolarization event, the first reported plasma properties of such a structure at Saturn. A second, long‐lasting event may be evidence for the existence at times of a quasi‐steady reconnection region in the premidnight tail. The large majority of the plasma flows are found to be within 20° of the corotation direction, though with flow speeds significantly lower than full corotation. While the inflow events represent plausible evidence for internally driven mass loss in the premidnight region, the absence of significant outflow events suggests that in the region surveyed here, tail reconnection has not yet proceeded to involve lobe field lines, so the disconnected plasma continues its general motion in the corotation direction.
Geomagnetic response to solar wind dynamic pressure impulse events at high‐latitude conjugate points
Authors: Kim H. , Cai X. , Clauer C. R. , R. Kunduri B. S. , Matzka J. , Stolle C. , Weimer D. R.
Published: September 2013

It is commonly assumed that geomagnetic activity is symmetrical between interhemispheric conjugate locations. However, in many cases, such an assumption proved to be wrong. Especially in high‐latitude regions where the magnetosphere and the ionosphere are coupled in a more complex and dynamic fashion, asymmetrical features in geomagnetic phenomena are often observed. This paper presents investigations of geomagnetic responses to sudden change in solar wind pressure to examine interhemispheric conjugate behavior of magnetic field variations, which have rarely been made mainly due to the difficulty of facilitating conjugate‐point measurements. In this study, using magnetometer data from three conjugate stations in Greenland and Antarctica, solar wind pressure impulse events (>5 nPa in <16 min) and their geomagnetic responses, typically seen as magnetic impulse events, have been examined. Our results suggest that asymmetry in ground response patterns between the conjugate locations often shows little correlation with interplanetary magnetic field orientation, season, and ionospheric conductivity, indicating that much more complex mechanism might be involved in creating interhemispheric conjugate behavior.
Long‐term stress‐strain analysis of volcano flank instability: The eastern sector of Etna from 1980 to 2012
Authors: Alparone S. , Bonaccorso A. , Bonforte A. , Currenti G.
Published: September 2013

We investigated the evolution of seismicity and deformation in the unstable eastern flank of Etna volcano over a 30 year period (from 1980 to 2012). A significant temporal correlation has been revealed between periods of flank acceleration and intensified seismic activity by comparing seismicity along the northern border (Pernicana fault system) of the sliding flank and the deformation of the eastern flank. Two marked phases have been observed in 1984–1986 and in the years following 2002. These two phases are separated by an intermediate phase from 1987 to 2001, in which the flank sliding slowed down and the seismicity dropped drastically. This common temporal evolution in the deformation rate and seismic release supports the hypothesis that the seismicity in the northern border can be viewed as a marker of the response to accommodate the stress exerted by the traction of the eastern flank sliding. This interplay has also been corroborated by finite element method numerical computations that highlight a good correlation between the seismicity pattern and areas of positive stress changes induced by the sliding surface. The two intense phases of flank acceleration are representative of two main different sources: volcano flank instability stretching the eastern sector in the first 1984–1986 phase and magmatic intrusions pushing the eastern flank seaward since the 2002–2003 eruption. Establishing the relationship between flank acceleration and seismic activation therefore contributes to understanding Etna's mechanical behavior and provides insights into the processes regulating the unstable flank response.
Syntectonic sedimentation controls on the evolution of the southern Pyrenean fold‐and‐thrust belt: Inferences from coupled tectonic‐surface processes models
Authors: Fillon Charlotte , Huismans Ritske S. , van der Beek Peter , Muñoz Josep Anton
Published: September 2013

Numerous studies in the Central Pyrenees have provided evidence for a rapid phase of exhumation of this mountain belt during the Late Eocene (37–30 Ma). Simultaneously, the closure of the Ebro foreland basin allowed the accumulation of sediments at the southern Piedmont, which partially covered the fold‐and‐thrust belt from Late Eocene (e.g., when it was still actively deforming) to Miocene times. We aim here at understanding the consequences of such syntectonic sedimentation on the Southern Pyrenean fold‐and‐thrust belt by using a 2‐D numerical model that reproduces the development of a thin‐skinned wedge subject to different modes of sedimentation and erosion. The results show contrasting fold‐and‐thrust belt behavior when applying aggrading or prograding sedimentation, which we link to the critical state of the wedge. When the sediments are sourced from the hinterland (progradation), the thrusting propagates toward the foreland; whereas when the sediments aggrade from the basin, the thrusting sequence migrates backward. This latter mode shows patterns of deformation that compare favorably to the Pyrenean thrusting sequence observed during Eocene‐Miocene times.
Lymph node dissection for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a critical review of the literature to date
Authors: Adachi Tomohiko , Eguchi Susumu
Published: September 2013

Definite policy or evidence in regards to the lymph node dissection (LND) for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) does not exist at present. We review and summarize the current knowledge about LND for ICC in reference to the literature to date. A Pubmed search was done to find the relevant literature. Only English literature from 2000 to 2013 was retrieved, using key words “intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma” and “lymph node”. In all selected articles, those which included a description of the difference in the survival results between the presence of lymph node metastasis (LNM), execution rate of LND, or institutional policy for LND were included in this review. In all reviewed articles, survival results of the LNM‐positive group, evaluated by the 5‐year survival rate, median survival time, or recurrence‐free survival time were clearly worse than the LNM‐negative group. However, the execution rate of LND was not often assessed, and therefore precise evaluation for the efficacy of LND is still controversial. Randomized controlled trials under the definite LND policy should be conducted to obtain precise survival results and clinical evaluation criteria for LND.
Umlagerungen vinyloger Carbonsäurechloride, VIII1) 1.5‐Pentadien‐Sauerstoffverschiebung nicht‐perhalogenierter Pentadienale
Authors: Roedig Alfred , Ruch Werner
Published: September 2013

Ausgehend von den Aldehyden 3a und 3b wird durch Wittig‐Olefinierung mit Triphenylphosphin‐carbomethoxymethylen, Bromierung, Dehydrobromierung und Verseifung der Ester 4 bzw. 5 zur En‐in‐säure 6 mit nachfolgender cis‐Halogenierung der Dreifachbindung über die weiteren Zwischenstufen 7 und 8 eine Synthese von umlagerungsfähigen polyhalogenierten 2H‐ bzw. 2‐ Methylpentadien‐(1.3)‐alen‐(5) 9 versucht. In der 2H‐Reihe scheitert dieses Vorhaben an einer Acetylen‐Allen‐Umlagerung der nicht faßbaren Säure 6a. Die bei der Dehydrobromierung und Verseifung von 5a gebildete Säure 11a lagert sich leicht von der cis‐ in die trans‐Form um. Die Derivate 11b–e sind sämtlich trans‐konfiguriert. Schließlich wird in dem Methyl‐substituierten Aldehyd cis‐9d erstmals eine nicht‐perhalogenierte Verbindung erhalten, die der 1.5‐Pentadien‐Sauerstoffverschiebung zugänglich ist. Der Vollzug der Umlagerung wird präparative durch Isolierung der Carbonsäure 17 und der Pyrone 18 und 19 gesichert.
Chlorierung von N‐Alkyl‐carbonsäureamiden
Authors: Grohe Klaus , Degener Eberhart , Holtschmidt Hans , Heitzer Helmut
Published: September 2013

Die Chlorierung von N‐Alkyl‐carbonsäureamiden 1 führt zu N‐Acyl‐imidchloriden 2. Eine Ausnahme bilden im N‐Alkyl‐Res α‐verzweigten N‐Alkyl‐carbonsäureamide 6, die in N‐Acyl‐ketimine 8 übergehen. Die wichtigsten Eigenschaften und einige spektroskopische Daten von 2 und 8 werden angegeben.
Darstellung und Reaktionen α‐polychlorierter tertiärer Amine
Authors: Grohe Klaus , Klauke Erich , Holtschmidt Hans , Heitzer Helmut
Published: September 2013

Tert. α‐Polychloramine 3a–j werden durch photochemische Chlorierung von tert. Aminen 1a–h, tert. Formamidchloriden 4a–c und tert. Thioformamiden 5a–b erhalten. N.N‐Bis‐trichlormethyl‐aniline 3a–b zerfallen bei 160 – 200° in Isocyaniddichloride 2a–b und Tetrachlorkohlenstoff. Die Reaktionen von tert. α‐Polychloraminen mit wasserfreier Ameisensäure und Flußsäure werden beschrieben.
Isonitrile, V1) β‐ und γ‐Lactame aus 2.3‐Bis‐alkylimino‐oxetanen und Halogencarbonsäuren
Authors: Kabbe Hans‐Joachim , Joop Normann
Published: September 2013

2.3‐Bis‐alkylimino‐oxetane 1 reagieren mit α‐ und β‐Halogencarbonsäuren unter Abspaltung von Halogenwasserstoff zu β‐ bzw. γ‐Lactamen 8–10, 13. Als Zwischenstufe werden α‐Halogenacylamino‐β‐ketocarbonsäureamide 6 diskutiert, die in einigen Fällen nicht isoliert werden können, sondern schon ohne Basenzusatz zu den Lactamen cyclisieren.
Zur weiteren Kenntnis des Chlorophylls und des Hämins, XXX1)Photoprotoporphyrine und ihre Umwandlung in Spirographis‐ sowie Isospirographis‐porphyrin2)
Authors: Inhoffen Hans Herloff , Jr. Hans Brockmann , Bliesener Klaus‐Michael
Published: September 2013

Das durch Einwirkung von Licht und Sauerstoff auf Protoporphyrin‐IX‐dimethylester(1a)entstehende Photoprotopophyrin wird chromatographisch in zwei Isomere getrennt. Spektroskopische Daten und chemische Reaktionen beweisen hierfür die Strukturen2und3. Reduktion, Umlagerung und anschließende Glykolspaltung lassen aus2und3in guten Ausbeuten Spirographis‐ und Isospirographis‐porphyrin(14abzw.15)entstehen. Die Konstitution von14aist durch Umwandlung in 2‐Methoxycarbonyl‐deuteroporphyrin‐IX‐dimethylester(16b)bewiesen worden.
Zur Biosynthese von Pilocerein und Lophocerin
Authors: Schütte Horst Robert , Seelig Gerald
Published: September 2013

An Pachycereus marginatus (DC.) Britt. et Rose [Marginatocereus marginatus (DC.) Backeb.] wird gefunden, daß Tyrosin‐[2]14C, Mevalonsäure‐3′.4‐14C, Leucin‐2‐14C und Methionin‐[14CH3] in Lophocerin und Pilocerein inkorporiert werden. Nach Methionin‐14CH3‐Applikation findet sich die Radioaktivität zum überwiegenden Anteil in den O‐ und N‐Methyl‐Gruppen. Mevalonsäure‐[3′4‐14C] wird spezifisch in den Isobutyl‐Rest inkorporiert.
4‐Methyl‐hexadien‐(2.4)‐al und 6‐Methyl‐heptadien‐(3.5)‐on‐(2) als weitere Autoxydationsprodukte des Alloocimens
Authors: Suhadolc Tatjana , Hadzši Dušan
Published: September 2013

Die O2‐Übertragung auf Alloocimen (1) liefert polymeres Peroxid (2), das sich durch thermische Umlagerung in das bekannte Bis‐epoxid (3a, 3b), 4‐Methyl‐hexadien‐(2.4)‐al (4) und 6‐Methyl‐heptadien‐(3.5)‐on‐(2) (5) überführen läßt.
Electrochemical techniques correlation study of on‐line corrosion monitoring probes
Authors: Wu J.‐W. , Bai D. , Baker A. P. , Li Z.‐H. , Liu X.‐B.
Published: September 2013

Electrochemical techniques, such as linear polarization resistance (LPR), weak polarization (WP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), are effective tools to characterize instantaneous corrosion rates. In this work, LPR, WP, EIS techniques have been applied to calculate corrosion rates based on various electrode probe systems. These include classical three electrode systems (CTES), three identical electrode systems (Three‐IES), three electrode systems of stainless steel as reference Three‐ES (SS‐RE), two identical electrode systems (Two‐IES). Weight loss coupons were used to set a baseline for comparison between the different electrode probe systems. Polarization resistances calculated by EIS and LPR follows the order: CTES/Two‐IES/Three‐ES (SS‐RE) > Three‐IES. Corrosion rates measured by various techniques follow the order: LPR > WP > EIS >> coupon. Then effects of electrode systems and the electrochemical techniques are discussed, and combinations of electrode probe systems and electrochemical techniques are suggested for industrial applications.
Microstructural evolution and self‐healing mechanism of a 2D C/SiC‐BCx composite under constant load in static wet oxygen and dynamic combustion atmosphere
Authors: Liu Y. S. , Men J. , Zhang L. T. , Cheng L. F. , Yang W. B. , Zhang W. H.
Published: September 2013

A 2D C/SiC‐BCx composite was tested under static load in both wet oxygen and dynamic combustion atmospheres. The microstructural evolution and self‐healing mechanisms of the composites were investigated by a scanning electron microscope. The results indicated that the multi‐scale deflection of cracks played an important role in improving the performance of 2D C/SiC‐BCx in both atmospheres. The glass phase could seal the matrix cracks and flow into the fiber bundles through the cracks. As a result, the fibers and fiber/matrix interface within 2D C/SiC‐BCx were protected from oxidation. The retention rate of high‐temperature tensile strength of 2D C/SiC‐BCx got a significant improvement in wet oxygen atmosphere at 700 °C, compared with 2D C/SiC. The damage rate of 2D C/SiC‐BCx remained in a smaller scope in dynamic combustion atmosphere. The damage rates of the 2D C/SiC‐BCx were about 80% and 90% lower than that of 2D C/SiC, respectively at 700 and 900 °C.
Microstructural examination of TGO formed during pre‐oxidation on Pt‐aluminized Ni‐based superalloy
Authors: Swadźba R. , Wiedermann J. , Hetmańczyk M. , Swadźba L. , Witala B. , Moskal G. , Mendala B. , Komendera Ł.
Published: September 2013

The study concerns electron beam physical deposition (EB‐PVD) of yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) deposited on pre‐oxidized Pt‐modified aluminide bond coating. The coating was prepared by the means of Pt galvanizing followed by vapor phase aluminizing at 1050 °C. During annealing at 1100 °C in air atmosphere for 4 h a 1 µm thick layer of thermally grown oxide (TGO) consisting of equiaxed α‐alumina grains was formed. Focused ion beam and scanning/transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed the presence of nanoscale Cr‐rich precipitates distributed in the TGO as well as Cr precipitation in the grain boundaries of the β phase at the interface between the TGO and bond coat. Deposition of the YSZ on a pre‐oxidized substrate provided mechanical keying with the TGO. Void formation was observed at the TGO and bondcoat interface presumably due to initial transient alumina formation.
High temperature corrosion investigation in an oxyfuel combustion test rig
Authors: Montgomery M. , Bjurman M. , Hjørnhede A. , Rombrecht H. B. , Lisk A. , Krautz H. J.
Published: September 2013

Oxyfuel firing and subsequent capture of CO2is a way to reduce CO2emissions from coal‐fired boilers. Literature is summarized highlighting results which may contribute to understanding of the corrosion processes in an oxyfuel boiler. Tests were conducted in a 500 kWth oxyfuel test facility constructed by Brandenburg Technical University to gain understanding into oxyfuel firing. Two air‐cooled corrosion probes were exposed in this oxyfuel combustion chamber where the fuel was lignite. Gas composition was measured at the location of testing. Various alloys from aCr steel, austenitic steels to nickel alloys were exposed at set metal temperatures of 570 and 630 °C for 287 h. The specimens were investigated using light optical and scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. The deposit on the probe contained predominantly CaSO4and Fe2O3. Oxide thickness and depth of the precipitated (perhaps carburized) zone was used as a measure of corrosion rates. The lowest alloyed steel had the highest corrosion rate, and the other austenitic and nickel alloys had much lower corrosion rates. Precipitates in the alloy adjacent the corrosion front were revealed for both Sanicro 28 and C‐276. However, it was observed that precipitates were present on both the concave and fireside convex tube surfaces, thus oxyfuel conditions cannot be responsible for these precipitations.
Factor analysis of 27Al MAS NMR spectra for identifying nanocrystalline phases in amorphous geopolymers
Authors: Urbanova Martina , Kobera Libor , Brus Jiri
Published: September 2013

Nanostructured materials offer enhanced physicochemical properties because of the large interfacial area. Typically, geopolymers with specifically synthesized nanosized zeolites are a promising material for the sorption of pollutants. The structural characterization of these aluminosilicates, however, continues to be a challenge. To circumvent complications resulting from the amorphous character of the aluminosilicate matrix and from the low concentrations of nanosized crystallites, we have proposed a procedure based on factor analysis of 27Al MAS NMR spectra. The capability of the proposed method was tested on geopolymers that exhibited various tendencies to crystallize (i) completely amorphous systems, (ii) X‐ray amorphous systems with nanocrystalline phases, and (iii) highly crystalline systems. Although the recorded 27Al MAS NMR spectra did not show visible differences between the amorphous systems (i) and the geopolymers with the nanocrystalline phase (ii), the applied factor analysis unambiguously distinguished these materials. The samples were separated into the well‐defined clusters, and the systems with the evolving crystalline phase were identified even before any crystalline fraction was detected by X‐ray powder diffraction. Reliability of the proposed procedure was verified by comparing it with 29Si MAS NMR spectra. Factor analysis of 27Al MAS NMR spectra thus has the ability to reveal spectroscopic features corresponding to the nanocrystalline phases. Because the measurement time of 27Al MAS NMR spectra is significantly shorter than that of 29Si MAS NMR data, the proposed procedure is particularly suitable for the analysis of large sets of specifically synthesized geopolymers in which the formation of the limited fractions of nanocrystalline phases is desired. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HCSE method for detection of small carbon–carbon couplings and their signs, comparison with SLAP pulse sequence
Authors: Blechta Vratislav , Schraml Jan
Published: September 2013

Performance of homonuclear coupling sign edited (HCSE) experiment applied to detection of signed carbon–carbon couplings is discussed using a set of already measured samples of nine monosubstituted benzenes. It is shown that coupling sign detection is insensitive to the settings of carbon–carbon polarization transfer delays. The HCSE spectra of ten from the total of 43 measured carbon–carbon couplings were considerably influenced by relaxations and proton–proton strong couplings. These effects are quantitatively discussed. The results of HCSE and SLAP experiments are compared. It is shown that the two methods may complement each other in detection of signed carbon–carbon couplings. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does Size Really Matter? Organizational Size and Innovations in Nonprofit Organizations
Authors: Jaskyte Kristina
Published: September 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between size and innovation in a sample of nonprofit organizations. The author employed a number of size estimates (personnel and financial) and assessed different types of innovations (administrative and technological). Additionally, since the failure to take into consideration important contextual variables has been attributed to producing misleading conclusions about the relationship between size and innovation, the author controlled for those variables (formalization, centralization, specialization, leadership, board size, and organization's age) when assessing this relationship. The results of hierarchical multiple regressions showed that although the personnel size estimates were important predictors by themselves, their significance disappeared when contextual variables were introduced. Board size and organization age were significant predictors of administrative innovations. Board size was the only significant predictor of technological innovations, as well as of a total number of innovations.
Efficient functionalization of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes with p‐aminophenol and their application in the fabrication of poly(amide‐imide)‐matrix composites
Authors: Mallakpour Shadpour , Zadehnazari Amin
Published: September 2013

The ultrasonically assisted preparation and characterization of poly(amide‐imide) (PAI) composites containing functionalized multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are reported. To improve the dispersion in and compatibility with the polymer matrix, the MWCNTs were surface‐modified with p‐aminophenol (p‐AP) under microwave irradiation. The process is fast, one‐pot, easy and results in a high degree of functionalization as well as dispersibility in organic solvents. The p‐AP‐functionalized MWCNTs (MWCNTs‐AP) were analysed by means of field emission and transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results consistently confirm the formation of p‐AP functionalities on MWCNTs which are able to undergo additional reactions, while the structure of the MWCNTs remains relatively intact. MWCNTs‐AP/PAI hybrid films were prepared with various MWCNTs‐AP contents (5–15 wt%) using a solution‐casting technique. Microscopic observations show that the dispersion of the MWCNTs‐AP is improved as a result of the organic groups on the MWCNT surface and functional groups in the PAI structure. The properties of the obtained composites were characterized extensively using the aforementioned techniques. TGA results show that the hybrid films exhibit a good thermal stability. Tensile mechanical testing was performed for the prepared composites, the results of which indicate an increase in the elastic modulus and tensile strength with increasing MWCNTs‐AP content. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Study of scavenging action of zingerone towards the OH radical: formation of vanillin and ferulic acid
Authors: Prasad Ajit Kumar , Mishra P. C.
Published: September 2013

The scavenging action of zingerone, a phenolic anti‐oxidant, toward the hydroxyl radical has been studied employing density functional theory. All the relevant potential energy surface extrema were located by optimizing geometries of the reactant complexes, transition states, and product complexes in gas phase. Solvent effect of aqueous media was treated by performing single point energy calculations using the polarizable continuum model. It has been shown how following certain steps of hydrogen abstraction and addition reactions and using a few OH radicals along with zingerone or its degradation products, two other anti‐oxidants, namely vanillin and ferulic acid can be formed. The mechanism of anti‐oxidant action of zingerone through single electron transfer has also been studied. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystallization and melting of poly(glycerol adipate)‐based graft copolymers with single and double crystallizable side chains
Authors: Pfefferkorn Dirk , Pulst Martin , Naolou Toufik , Busse Karsten , Balko Jens , Kressler Jörg
Published: September 2013

The crystallization and melting behavior of a series of poly(glycerol adipate) (PGA) based graft copolymers with either poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL), poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), or PCL‐b‐PEO diblock copolymer side chains (i.e., PGA‐g‐PCL, PGA‐g‐PEO, and PGA‐g‐(PCL‐b‐PEO)) was studied using polarized light optical microscopy (POM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS), and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD). These results were compared with the behavior of the corresponding linear analogs (PEO, PCL, and PCL‐b‐PEO). POM revealed that spherulitic morphology was retained after grafting. However, spherulite radius as well as radial growth rate was significantly smaller in the graft copolymers. Evaluation of isothermal crystallization kinetics by means of the Avrami theory revealed that the nucleation density was much higher in the graft copolymers. The DSC results indicated that the degree of crystallinity decreased strongly upon grafting while the melting temperatures of PGA‐g‐PCL and PGA‐g‐PEO were found to be close to the values of neat PCL and PEO, respectively. This was attributed to the absence of specific thermodynamic interactions, and, additionally, to lamella thicknesses being similar to those of the homopolymers. The latter point was confirmed by SAXS measurements. In case of PCL‐b‐PEO diblock copolymers and PGA‐g‐(PCL‐b‐PEO) graft copolymers, the crystallization behavior and thus the resulting lamellar morphology is more complex, and a suitable model was developed based on a combination of DSC, WAXD, and SAXS data. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 51, 1581–1591
The validity of the distress thermometer in prostate cancer populations
Authors: Chambers Suzanne K. , Zajdlewicz Leah , Youlden Danny R. , Holland Jimmie C. , Dunn Jeff
Published: September 2013

Background

The Distress Thermometer (DT) is widely recommended for screening for distress after cancer. However, the validity of the DT in men with prostate cancer and over differing time points from diagnosis has not been well examined.

Method

Receiver operating characteristics analyses were used to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the DT compared with three commonly used standardised scales in two prospective and one cross‐sectional survey of men with prostate cancer (n = 740, 189 and 463, respectively). Comparison scales included the Impact of Event Scale – Revised (IES‐R, Study 1), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS, Study 2) and the Brief Symptom Inventory‐18 (BSI‐18, Study 3).

Results

Study 1: the DT showed good accuracy against the IES‐R at all time points (area under curves (AUCs) ranging from 0.84 to 0.88) and sensitivity was high (>85%). Study 2: the DT performed well against both the anxiety and depression subscales for HADS at baseline (AUC = 0.84 and 0.82, respectively), but sensitivity decreased substantially after 12 months. Study 3: validity was high for the anxiety (AUC = 0.90, sensitivity = 90%) and depression (AUC = 0.85, sensitivity = 74%) subscales of the BSI‐18 but was poorer for somatization (AUC = 0.67, sensitivity = 52%). A DT cut‐off between ≥3 and ≥6 maximised sensitivity and specificity across analyses.

Conclusions

The DT is a valid tool to detect cancer‐specific distress, anxiety and depression among prostate cancer patients, particularly close to diagnosis. A cut‐off of ≥4 may be optimal soon after diagnosis, and for longer‐term assessments, ≥3 was supported. © 2013 The Authors. Psycho‐Oncology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Facilitating Class Sessions for Ego‐Piercing Engagement
Authors: Lippmann Stephen
Published: September 2013

This chapter offers strategies for engaging Millennial students in ways that affirm, rather than challenge, students' egos.
From Consumers to Citizens: Student‐Directed Goal Setting and Assessment
Authors: Coon David R. , Walker Ingrid
Published: September 2013

Working with a model of students as citizens rather than consumers, this chapter focuses on assessment and evaluation as tools to motivate self‐directed learning.
The Bruised Ego Syndrome: Its Etiology and Cure
Authors: Speck Bruce W.
Published: September 2013

Asserting formal authority to address student incivility in the classroom is counterproductive. Rather, professors should employ teaching authority.
Almost BPS but still not renormalized
Authors: Bena Iosif , Puhm Andrea , Vasilakis Orestis , Warner Nicholas P.
Published: September 2013

Abstract

A key feature of BPS multi-center solutions is that the equations controlling the positions of these centers are not renormalized as one goes from weak to strong coupling. In particular, this means that brane probes can capture the same information as the fully back-reacted supergravity solution. We investigate this non-renormalization property for non-supersymmetric, extremal “almost-BPS” solutions at intermediate coupling when one of the centers is considered as a probe in the background created by the other centers. We find that despite the lack of supersymmetry, the probe action reproduces exactly the equations underlying the fully back-reacted solution, which indicates that these equations also do not receive quantum corrections. In the course of our investigation we uncover the relation between the charge parameters of almost-BPS supergravity solutions and their quantized charges, which solves an old puzzle about the quantization of the charges of almost-BPS solutions.
A strongly coupled zig-zag transition
Authors: Balasubramanian Vijay , Berkooz Micha , Ross Simon F. , Simón Joan
Published: September 2013

Abstract

The zig-zag symmetry transition is a phase transition in 1D quantum wires, in which a Wigner lattice of electrons transitions to two staggered lattices. Previous studies model this transition as a Luttinger liquid coupled to a Majorana fermion. The model exhibits interesting RG flows, involving quenching of velocities in subsectors of the theory. We suggest an extension of the model which replaces the Majorana fermion by a more general CFT; this includes an experimentally realizable case with two Majorana fermions. We analyse the RG flow both in field theory and using AdS/CFT techniques in the large central charge limit of the CFT. The model has a rich phase structure with new qualitative features, already in the two Majorana fermion case. The AdS/CFT calculation involves considering back reaction in space-time to capture subleading effects.
Improvement of cell growth and l-lysine production by genetically modified Corynebacterium glutamicum during growth on molasses
Authors: Xu Jianzhong , Zhang Junlan , Guo Yanfeng , Zai Yugui , Zhang Weiguo
Published: September 2013

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) and fructokinase (ScrK) have important roles in regenerating glucose-6-phosphate in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), and thus increasing l-lysine production. This article focuses on the development of l-lysine high-producing strains by heterologous expression of FBPase gene fbp and ScrK gene scrK in C. glutamicum lysCfbr with molasses as the sole carbon source. Heterologous expression of fbp and scrK lead to a decrease of residual sugar in fermentation broth, and heterologous expression of scrK prevents the fructose efflux. Heterologous expression of fbp and scrK not only increases significantly the activity of corresponding enzymes but also improves cell growth during growth on molasses. FBPase activities are increased tenfold by heterologous expression of fbp, whereas the FBPase activity is only increase fourfold during co-expression of scrK and fbp. Compared with glucose, the DCW of heterologous expression strains are higher on molasses except co-expression of fbp and scrK strain. In addition, heterologous expression of fbp and scrK can strongly increase the l-lysine production with molasses as the sole carbon source. The highest increase (88.4 %) was observed for C. glutamicum lysCfbr pDXW-8-fbp-scrK, but the increase was also significant for C. glutamicum lysCfbr pDXW-8-fbp (47.2 %) and C. glutamicum lysCfbr pDXW-8-scrK (36.8 %). By-products, such as glycerol and dihydroxyacetone, are decreased by heterologous expression of fbp and scrK, whereas trehalose is only slightly increased. The strategy for enhancing l-lysine production by regeneration of glucose-6-phosphate in PPP may provide a reference to enhance the production of other amino acids during growth on molasses or starch.
Developmental trajectories of romantic stages and associations with problem behaviours during adolescence
Authors: Connolly Jennifer , Nguyen Hien N.T. , Pepler Debra , Craig Wendy , Jiang Depeng
Published: September 2013

Normative romantic development is theorized to progress through a series of stages: affiliative activities, group‐based dating, and romantic relationships. The objectives of this research were threefold: empirically examine this progression of romantic stages during adolescence, determine normative and atypical trajectories, and examine links with internalizing and externalizing symptoms. An eight‐wave longitudinal study was conducted with 698 adolescents (53.6% female;Mage= 11.8 years at start of study). A group‐based trajectory approach was employed to identify prototypical trajectories of romantic development and a model with three distinct romantic trajectories (i.e., On‐time, Early Starters and Late Bloomers) was identified. Both timing and sequencing of romantic activity differed among trajectory groups. Analysis of Variance (ANOVAs) identified associations between Early Starters and externalizing behaviours in early, middle and later adolescence. The findings support progression through theorized stages of romantic activity and highlight the problems that are linked to early‐starting and non‐sequenced romantic development.
Addendum to “Morse theory of causal geodesics in a stationary spacetime via Morse theory of geodesics of a Finsler metric” [Ann. I. H. Poincaré – AN 27 (3) (2010) 857–876]
Authors: Caponio Erasmo , Javaloyes Miguel Ángel , Masiello Antonio
Published: September 2013

We give the details of the proof of equality (29) in Caponio et al. (2010) [3].

On donne les détails de la preuve de lʼéquation (29) dans Caponio et al. (2010) [3].
Unravelling the Rayleigh–Taylor instability by stabilization
Authors: Poehlmann A. , Richter R. , Rehberg I.
Published: September 2013

A recently proposed stabilization mechanism for the Rayleigh–Taylor instability, using magnetic fluids and azimuthally rotating magnetic fields, is experimentally investigated in a cylindrical geometry and compared with the theoretical model. This approach allows the imperfection of the experimental setup to be exploited for measuring the critical field strength of the instability without ever reaching the supercritical state. Furthermore, we use a fast increase in the magnetic field strength to prevent an already occurring instability and force the system back to its initial state. In this way we measure the growth dynamics repeatedly and acquire the characteristic time scale ${\tau }_{0} $ of the instability.
Steady gravity waves due to a submerged source
Authors: Lustri Christopher J. , Chapman S. Jonathan
Published: September 2013

In the low-Froude-number limit, free-surface gravity waves caused by flow past a submerged obstacle have amplitude that is exponentially small. Consequently, these cannot be represented using an asymptotic series expansion. Steady linearized flow past a submerged source is considered, and exponential asymptotic methods are applied to determine the behaviour of the free-surface gravity waves. The free surface is found to contain longitudinal and transverse waves that switch on rapidly across curves known as Stokes lines on the free surface. The longitudinal waves are present everywhere downstream of the singularity, while the transverse waves are restricted to two downstream wedges. As the depth of the source approaches the surface, the familiar Kelvin-wedge wave behaviour is recovered.
INCIDENCE SEMIRINGS OF GRAPHS AND VISIBLE BASES
Authors: ABAWAJY J. , KELAREV A. V. , MILLER M. , RYAN J.
Published: September 2013

We consider the incidence semirings of graphs and prove that every incidence semiring has convenient visible bases for its right ideals and for its left ideals, and that these visible bases can be used to determine the weights of all right ideals that have maximum weight and all left ideals that have maximum weight.