bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MANAJEMEN KOPERASI
Authors: putri Aulia ananda
Published: April 2022

Koperasi merupakan bagian dari tata susunan ekonomi, hal ini berarti bahwa dalamkegiatannya koperasi turut mengambil bagian bagi tercapainya kehidupan ekonomi yangsejahtera, baik bagi orang-orang yang menjadi anggota perkumpulan itu sendiri maupununtuk masyarakat di sekitarnya. Koperasi sebagai perkumpulan untuk kesejahteraan bersama, melakukan usaha dan kegiatan di bidang pemenuhan kebutuhan bersama dari para anggotannya. Koperasi mempunyai peranan yang cukup besar dalam menyusun usaha bersamadari orang-orang yang mempunyai kemampuan ekonomi terbatas. Dalam rangka usahauntuk memajukan kedudukan rakyat yang memiliki kemampuan ekonomi terbatas tersebut,maka Pemerintah Indonesia memperhatikan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan perkumpulan-perkumpulan Koperasi. Pemerintah Indonesia sangat berkepentingan dengan Koperasi, karena Koperasi didalam sistem perekonomian merupakan soko guru. Koperasi di Indonesia belum memilikikemampuan untuk menjalankan peranannya secara efektif dan kuat. Hal ini disebabkanKoperasi masih menghadapai hambatan struktural dalam penguasaan faktor produksikhususnya permodalan. Dengan demikian masih perlu perhatian yang lebih luas lagi oleh pemerintah agar keberadaan Koperasi yang ada di Indonesia bisa benar-benar sebagai sokoguru perekonomian Indonesia yang merupakan sistem perekonomian yang yangdituangkan dalam Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 . Citacita Koperasi memang sesuai dengan susunan kehidupan rakyat Indonesia.Meski selalu mendapat rintangan, namun Koperasi tetap berkembang. Seiring dengan perkembangan masyarakat, berkembang pula perundangundangan yang digunakan.Perkembangan dan perubahan perundangundangan tersebut dimaksudkan agar dapatselalu mengikuti perkembangan jaman.
Generalization On Zero-Over-Zero Form Limits of a Special Type
Authors: Nam Kyumin
Published: April 2022

In this note, we consider a more generalized proposition of Hoseana’s proposition.
Study of Ashab Al-Kahf's Story in the Book of Fadhâ’il al-Khamsah min al-Shihahi al-Sittah: A Naturalistic Hermeneutical Perspective
Authors: Manshur Fadlil Munawwar
Published: April 2022

This study discusses the story of Ashab al-Kahf in the book of Fadhâ’il al-Khamsah min al-Shihahi al-Sittah by As-Sayyid Murtadha Al-Huseiny Fairuzabadi in which there are interesting and intelligent dialogues between Ali bin Abi Talib and a Jewish priest. Ali bin Abi Talib was one of the Prophet Muhammad’s companions who was smart and very trusted. The story of Ashabul-Kahf contains many lessons and life’s wisdom for humans who consistently maintain their faith and stay away from the power oppressive center to their people. The formal object of this research is the story of Ashabul-Kahf which is very popular in Islamic society, both in the Arab world and outside the Arab world. The material object uses Fadhâ’il al-Khamsah min al-Shihahi al-Sittah Book. This study uses the naturalistic hermeneutic theory by Mantzavinos. The results showed that the actions of seven young men who fled to the cave due to they were being chased by the tyrannical King Dikyanus and they did not feel like sleeping in the cave for 309 years. This research reveals a series of material events since they fled from the kingdom and were chased by King Dikyanu’s army and finally they fell asleep in the cave for more than three centuries until they woke up from their long sleep and were again killed by God. Between one event material with others each other has a relationship of interrelated meaning. In this study, it is proven that the use of naturalistic hermeneutic theory can guide researchers in revealing the hidden actions meaning of the seven young men from the pursuit of King Dikyanus in the cave. The meaning revealed is that there is a causal relationship between the story of Ashabul-Kahf text and its readers (researchers). The story complexity in the story’s text is later explained through the nexus concept, which essentially looks for material that occurs in the historical reality area and expresses it through an exclusive causal relationship. Therefore, through this nexus, the problematic meaning of Ashabul-Kahf story can be revealed.
Analisis Permintaan dan Penawaran Agregat
Authors: Iskandar Isda
Published: April 2022

Permintaan Agregat (AD) adalah jumlah total pembelanjaan oleh rumah tangga konsumen, perusahaan, dan pemerintah pada berbagai tingkat harga. Sedangkan Penawaran Agregat (AS) menunjukkan pada total kuantitas barang yang bersedia dihasilkan oleh seluruh produsen dalam suatu perekonomian pada berbagai tingkat harga dalam suatu periode tertentu.
KERJASAMA DIBIDANG USAHA ANTAR KOPERASI DAN KERJASAMA ANTAR KOPERASI DIBIDANG BUKAN USAHA
Authors: Maharani Whenny Amelya
Published: April 2022

Koperasi Di Indonesia bekerjasama dengan baik dengan sesama koperasi maupun dengan badan usaha lain yang bukan koperasi. Kerjasama dibidang usaha antar koperasi dapat dilakukan dengan cara membentuk organisasi baru yang berbadan hukum. Dimana masing-masing jenis koperasi dapat menggalang persatuan dan kerjasama dibidang usaha maupun non usaha diantara sesama mereka dan bahwa keberadaan induk tersebut dapat mewakili kepentingan masing-masing jenis koperasi pada tingkat nasional. Kerjasama koperasi tersebut ada yang bersifat horizontal dan vertikal, bahkan sebagai konsekuensi dalam melakukan kerjasama tersebut menghendaki untuk dibentuknya wadah organisasi baru untuk mengembangkan kegiatan usahanya.
Teori Penawaran
Authors: Waasi Nur
Published: April 2022

Penawaran adalah sejumlah produk (barang/jasa) yang ditawarkan oleh produsen (penjual) pada berbagai tingkat harga dan terjadi pada periode waktu tertentu.
KONSEP DASAR MANAJEMEN PEMASARAN
Authors: Ahmad Rahmayani
Published: April 2022

Pemasaran merupakan faktor penting dalam perkembangan perusahaan. Tujuan yang ingin di cxapai dari pembuatan makalah ini ialah agar lebih memahami konsep dari pemasaran itu sendiri agar jika melakukan wirausaha dapat tercapai dengan baik. Agar usaha dapat berkembang dan berjalan dengan baik sejalan dengan teknologi saat penjualan sekarang dan masa menadatang. Terutama pada penggunan bauran pemasaran agar dapat menentukan pangsa pasar dan dapat mencapai target.Kata kunci: pemasaran, bauran
MEMBANGUN KEPUASAN PELANGGAN MELALUI MUTU, PELAYANAN, DAN NILAI
Authors: Mirnawati  , Rasti Ardina , Awal Nurul
Published: April 2022

Perkembangan pasar yang begitu pesat telah mendorong perusahaan untuk mencari celah guna meningkatkan loyalitas pelanggan yang tercermin pada keuntungan yang diraih perusahaan. Salah satu strategi yang digunakan dalam mencapai loyalitas pelanggan adalah strategi pemasaran berdasar pelanggan.
Peran Orang Tua Dalam Menghilangkan Rasa Malas Melaksanakan Sholat Pada Anak Usia 10-11 Tahun
Authors: Utami Syafrilla Faigha
Published: April 2022

Keluarga merupakan unit yang paling penting dalam menddik dan mengembangkan sikap atau perilaku seorang anak. Peranan orangtua sangat penting dalam mendidik dan membimbing anak untuk terus beribadah dan menghilangkan rasa kemalasan yang ada pada diri seorang anak. Penelitian ini berjudul “Peran Orang Tua Dalam Menghilangkan Rasa Malas Melaksanakan Sholat Pada Anak Usia 10-11 Tahun”.Penelitian ini dilakukan pada orangtua dan anak praremaja berumur 10-11 tahun dengan menggunakan penelitian kualitatif. Adapun teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik wawancara tidak strktur. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan yaitu analisis kualitatif.
Kerjasama Koperasi (Siti Nurfadhilah 90500120063)
Authors: nurfadhilah
Published: April 2022

Makalah tentang pengertian dan jenis serta bentuk kerjasama koperasi di Indonesia
Cash Flow and Capital Account Liberalization on some Nigerian Firms’ Investment Growth: The Sequel (Disaggregated Approach)
Authors: Okungbowa Ewere F.O. , Monye-Emina Anthony I. , Oyefusi Aderoju S.
Published: April 2022

This study examined the impact of cash flow, capital account liberalization (CAL) on investment growth of firms from both the direct and indirect channels, using the disaggregated firm-level data of 44 tradable and 31 non-tradable firms for the period of 2006 to 2016. It employed the differenced dynamic panel regression technique. Among others the results revealed that CAL is positively but insignificantly related to investment growth, and investment growth appeared to be determined by cash flow (internal) thereby indicating the presence of financial constraint for both samples. However, when we compared the level of financial constraint of the tradable and non-tradable firms, judging by the magnitude of the coefficients of cash flows in both samples, non-tradable firms were found to be severely financially constrained. The study also determined that CAL appeared to be sensitive to investment growth for both firm types through the indirect route, precisely the capital/credit availability channel measured as cash flow. The level of capital openness is still low for tradable firms hence the need for more but monitored openness.
Up-scaling wildand fire behavior from lab to field: shortcomings and opportunities
Authors: Mrad Assaad , Lowman Lauren , Zarzar Christopher , Luthy Kyle , Banerjee Tirtha
Published: April 2022

As wildland fires become more frequent and intense, models foreshadowing their behavior and destruction have become ever more important. These models, however, are often parametrized using laboratory-scale fire experiments. We ask: to what extent are laboratory fires representative of field-scale fires? We compile and make public a dataset of wildland fire behavior measurements from the literature and from a North Carolina prescribed fire. The data show that while wind speed and flame measurements like temperature and residence time do not vary significantly between laboratory and field-scale fires, the latter are more than an order of magnitude more intense than the former. This increase in fireline intensity is attributed to higher fire rate of spread and fuel load in the field. The compiled dataset shows gaps in fire behavior measurements, including the relative lack in backing fire studies. Building on M. R. Raupach's arguments from more than three decades ago, we find that the similitude between wind momentum and inertia and plume buoyancy is difficult to maintain with a change in length scales for both laboratory and field-scale fires. The diminished role of convective cooling in laboratory fires is also discussed as a potential limitation for extrapolating lessons from experimental fires. This underscores the necessity of studying wildland fires at field scales to correctly capture the interplay of the dominant physical processes at the field scale. What provides our best chance to understand the most destructive fires is to measure air temperature, wind speed and direction, and energy released at high temporal resolution combined with a priori environmental conditions like fuel type and loading in the field. Parameterizing wildfire models from experiments conducted in more representative length scales is a precursor to a more capable fire behavior prediction system.
Resume 4 ekonomi makro syariah
Authors: SYAHRA AISYAH
Published: April 2022

Permintaan agregat adalah jumlah total yang bersedia dibelanjakan oleh sector-sektor yang berbeda dalam suatu perekonomian pada periode tertentu
KERJASAMA DI BIDANG USAHA ANTAR KOPERASI DAN KERJASAMA KOPERASI DI BIDANG BUKAN KOPERASI
Authors: Husnah Ismatul
Published: April 2022

Kerjasama antar koperasi baik pada tingkat kabupaten, propinsi, nasional dan bahkan internasional dimaksudkan untuk saling memanfaatkan kelebihan dan melemahkan kekurangan pada masing masing koperasi. Sehingga hasil yang akan dicapai akan lebih mudah dan dicapai secara optimal.
HOLLIS HARVARD ISBN 9788366675599
Authors: Mai Nhat Chi
Published: April 2022

Mindsponge-Based Investigation into the Psycho-Religious Mechanism Behind Suicide Attacks (HOLLIS Harvard University)
Origins of hacker events, dns revolution, outsider operating systems (comp. sci. source materials III 10)
Authors: Akmut Camille
Published: April 2022

Computer science historiography and sourcematerials III (10)
KERJASAMA DIBIDANG USAHA ANTAR KOPERASI DAN KERJASAMA ANTAR KOPERASI DIBIDANG BUKAN USAHA
Authors: Muthmainnah
Published: April 2022

KERJASAMA DIBIDANG USAHA ANTAR KOPERASI DAN KERJASAMA ANTAR KOPERASI DIBIDANG BUKAN USAHA
Under the Background of "Internet +," the Pain Points and Reflections of Participation in the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Competition of Liberal Arts College Students
Authors: Lihua Zuo , Zhen Yang , Vasileiadis Nikolaos , Yipeng Liu , Huiming Chen
Published: April 2022

China International "Internet +" College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Competition is one of the important starting points for the country to cultivate innovative and entrepreneurial talents. After investigation and research, it was found that the proportion of liberal arts projects advancing to the national finals was much lower than that of science and engineering projects, and the degree of compatibility between innovation and entrepreneurship projects and competition requirements was relatively lower. Liberal arts college students have many pain points such as little interest in innovation and entrepreneurship competitions, low participation, solidification of innovative concepts, and insufficient innovation. Colleges and universities should pay attention to their core advantages in text expression, topic speeches, information collation and other core advantages when cultivating the ability of liberal arts students in innovation and entrepreneurship competitions, combined with the current political hotspots to cultivate awareness of problems. They can stimulate the innovation vitality of liberal arts students through educational means such as "practical" professional course learning, "cross-border" second classroom construction and "immersive" innovation and entrepreneurship guidance, and then inject new momentum into social innovation and entrepreneurship.
Ecological notes on the Annulated Treeboa (Corallus annulatus) from a Costa Rican lowland tropical wet forest
Authors: Lewis Todd R , Grant Paul B.C. , Henderson Robert , Figueroa Alex , Dunn Mike
Published: April 2022

The Annulated Treeboa (Corallus annulatus) is one of nine currently recognized species in the boid genus Corallus (Henderson et al. 2009). Its disjunct range extends from eastern Guatemala into northern Honduras, southeastern Nicaragua, northeastern Costa Rica, and southwestern Panama to northern Colombia west of the Andes. It is the only species of Corallus found on the Caribbean versant of Costa Rica, where it occurs at elevations to at least 650 m and perhaps as high as 1,000 m. Corallus annulatus occurs mostly in primary and secondary lowland tropical wet and moist rainforest and it appears to be genuinely rare. Besides C. cropanii and C. blombergi (the latter closely related to C. annulatus), it is the rarest member of the genus. Aside from information on habitat and activity, little is known regarding its natural history. In November 2001, a herpetological investigation at Caño Palma Biological Station, Tortuguero, in northeastern Costa Rica discovered the presence of C. annulatus from a single preserved specimen held at the biological station. Further surveys in the area detected the species in Manicaria swamp forest that apparently held locally common populations of the snake. Further inventory and abundance surveys over the next ten years resulted in some preliminary morphometric and ecological data on C. annulatus.
UC Berkeley Library - Religions and the end of life
Authors: Mai Nhat Chi
Published: April 2022

A Mindsponge-Based Investigation into the Psycho-Religious Mechanism Behind Suicide Attacks, 2021, p.10-17IdentifierEISBN: 9788366675599EISBN: 8366675599DOI: 10.2478/9788366675599-008
Profiles of School Refusal Behaviors among Neurodivergent Youth
Authors: Granieri Jessica , Morton Hannah , Romanczyk Raymond , Gillis Jennifer
Published: April 2022

Background: Neurodivergent youth (i.e., youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder and/or Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) are at high risk for engaging in school refusal behaviors, which are associated with negative consequences across multiple domains. However, the literature on factors associated with risk for school refusal behavior among neurodivergent youth is scarce. Method: Latent Profile Analysis is used to identify homogenous groups of neurodivergent youth that are at higher risk for school refusal. Parent-reported data on 482 school-aged youth (Mage = 11.51; SDage = 3.44) with varying levels of neurodivergence were collected. Results: Findings suggest that there are four profiles of youth with varying levels of school refusal: (1) community youth with low school refusal and frequent time in general education, (2) neurodivergent youth with low school refusal and infrequent time in general education, (3) neurodivergent youth with high school refusal and infrequent time in general education, and (4) neurodivergent youth with high school refusal and frequent time in general education. Discussion: Findings provide important insight into different profiles of community and neurodivergent youth at risk for school refusal. Neurodivergent youth with different constellations of autism- and ADHD-related traits, behaviors and school experiences are at a differential likelihood for engaging in school related behaviors. Implications are presented pertaining to the ability to identify and intervene with certain groups of youth, with the intention of preventing negative consequences associated with school refusal behaviors.
UC Berkeley Library - Suicide attacks: trends and psychological research
Authors: Mai Nhat Chi
Published: April 2022

A Mindsponge-Based Investigation into the Psycho-Religious Mechanism Behind Suicide Attacks, 2021, p.10-17IdentifierEISBN: 9788366675599EISBN: 8366675599DOI: 10.2478/9788366675599-008
Resume Permintaan
Authors: Najjar Nadilah Anisah
Published: April 2022

Permintaan adalah keinginan konsumen membeli suatu barang pada berbagai tingkat harga selama periode waktu tertentu dan tempat tertentu.
Predation by Atractosteus tropicus on Bufo marinus and its possible affect on population in a lowland tropical wet rainforest
Authors: Lewis Todd R , Ryall Colin , LaDuke Thomas , Grant Paul B.C.
Published: April 2022

Fish predation can affect amphibian populations. Most examples report invasive fish species and their negative effect on specific amphibians. Here we provide an occurrence of natural fish predation by the tropical gar Atractosteus tropicus on the cane toad Bufo marinus. We observed physical damage caused by A. tropicus attacking B. marinus. When adult B. marinus were removed from the population subadult toads re-filled the adult’s niche, re-supplementing the population. Local observations of predation by fish on amphibians are important to differentiate natural population fluctuations from amphibian population declines.
ANALISIS PERMINTAAN DAN PENAWARAN AGRERATIF
Authors: Annisa Nur
Published: April 2022

Adanya pengaruh permintaan dan penawaran terhadap penentuan harga.Hal ini sangat penting untuk diketahui karena peranan permintaan dan penawaran terhadap penentuan harga tidak begitu baik dipahami di Dunia Bara
Penerapan Terapi Generalis SP 1 – 4 Dengan Masalah Halusinasi Pendengaran Pada Penderita Skizofrenia
Authors: Mendrofa Yarni Kristina , SIREGAR ROY RONNI , Anugrah Teguh
Published: April 2022

Halusinasi pendengaran adalah ketika klien mendengar suara-suara jelas maupun tidak jelas dimana suara tersebut biasa mengajak klien berbicara atau melakukan sesuatu tetapi tidak berhubungan dengan hal nyata yang orang lain tidak mendengarnya. Pasien yang mengalami halusinasi pendengaran yaitu pasien tampak berbicara atau tertawa-tawa sendiri, pasien marah-marah sendiri, menutup telinga seketika karena menganggap bahwa ada yang berbicara dengannya. Pasien yang menderita halusinasi akan mengalami hilangannya kontrol diri yang menyebabkan seseorang menjadi panik dan perilakunya dikendalikan oleh halusinasi.
Kerja Sama Dibidang Usaha Antar Koperasi
Authors: Awal Nurul
Published: April 2022

Kerjasama Koperasi adalah Suatu organisasi yang bersifat sosial, politik & ekonomi tidak mampu berdiri sendiri, karena membutuhkan bantuan orang lain atau organisasi lain alam rangka meningkatkan kegiatan usahannya.
Jenis, Bentuk, & Perjenjangan Koperasi
Authors: Maharani Whenny Amelya
Published: April 2022

Koperasi syariah dalam kegiatan usahanya bergerak pada bidang simpanan, pembiayaan dan investasi dengan sistem bagi hasil atau lebih dikenal dengan koperasi simpan pinjam dan pembiayaan syariah (KSPPS). Produk-produk yang terdapat di koperasi yaitu mudharabah atau simpanan dengan bagi hasil, murabahah atau jual beli. Sistem operasional yang digunakan berbeda dari koperasi umum, dari sistem konvensional ke sistem syari’ah yang sesuai dengan aturan Islam berdasarkan pengertian dari kementrian koperasi.Koperasi syariah yang telah berkembang sejak beberapa tahun terakhir ini memiliki karakter unik dan spesifik serta memberikan warna bagi perekonomian Indonesia. Karena karakternya, sistem ini dinilai memiliki prospek yang menjanjikan untuk beberapa tahun ke depan. Prospek menjanjikan ini dinilai karena koperasi syariah memiliki fungsi ganda, yaitu fungsi ekonomi dan sosial. Sebagai lembaga keuangan yang berusaha meraup keuntungan dalam fungsi ekonominya, koperasi syariah juga memberdayakan sumber daya manusia dalam fungsi sosialnya. Koperasi juga mampu melakukan penghimpunan dana sosial seperti Zakat, Infaq, Sodakoh dan Wakaf dikutip dalam Insan Koperasi Syariah Indonesia (Ikosindo).
Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca as Palaeothermometers: New data from Middle Jurassic Belemnites from Germany and Portugal.
Authors: Wilkin Jack
Published: April 2022

In belemnite macrofossil calcite, Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios have long been proposed as a palaeotemperature proxy. However, its use has proved controversial with different studies yielding contradictory results. Oxygen isotopes (
Is There a Better Way to Assess COVID-19 Anxiety? Comparing Structure and Item Parameters Across Multiple Measures
Authors: Coelho Gabriel Lins Holanda , Monteiro Renan P. , de Queiroz Kelourine Kévia Ramos , Dianni Niccole Varela Ribeiro , Nakamura Paula Medeiros , Diniz Thaís Neves
Published: April 2022

To provide a more in-depth understanding of the COVID-19 implications, it is necessary to assess the underlying psychological mechanisms linked to the disease. One of these key mechanisms is COVID-19 anxiety. The present research aims to evaluate and compare three measures: The Coronavirus Anxiety Scale, the COVID-19 Anxiety Syndrome Scale, and the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale. One study (N = 204) was performed using a Brazilian sample, a country highly affected by COVID-19, and therefore highly prone to developing this specific type of anxiety. Through several statistical analyses, we assessed the psychometric parameters of the measures and their items, with results indicating reliable and robust structures. Item parameters showed that the measures covered different portions of COVID19 anxiety levels, suggesting that they are suitable for distinct target populations. Using a more suitable questionnaire for the samples can help to lead to more reliable results and a better comprehension of how COVID-19 anxiety works and its relation to other variables.
Do Left-Wingers Discriminate? A Cross-Country Study on the Links Between Political Orientation, Values, Moral Foundations, and the Covid-19 Passport
Authors: Coelho Gabriel Lins Holanda , Wolf Lukas J. , Vilar Roosevelt , Monteiro Renan P. , Hanel Paul H. P.
Published: April 2022

To increase Covid-19 vaccine uptake and protect vulnerable people, many countries have introduced a Covid-19 passport, allowing vaccinated individuals to access indoor facilities more freely and travel to foreign countries. However, the passport has unintended consequences in discriminating against those who do not want to get vaccinated for medical, religious, or political reasons or do not have access to vaccines. The present study (N = 678) assessed across the USA, Brazil, the UK, and a group of other countries, the links between political orientation, human values, and moral foundations and attitudes towards the Covid-19 passport and whether people perceive it as a discriminatory measure. Results showed that left-wingers, who are typically more inclined to recognize discrimination, are more in favor of the passport and perceive it to be less discriminatory than right-wingers. This pattern remains consistent even after controlling for human values and moral foundations, which independently predict attitudes towards the passport. Overall, our findings provide novel insights into the conditions under which left-wingers support measures that can directly and presumably involuntarily discriminate against those they usually hold favorable views.
Beyond "Hey Hun!" and #BossBabe: Motivations for Military Spouse Involvement in Multi-Level Marketing
Authors: Brown Stephanie Erin Vis
Published: April 2022

Military spouses are one of the most under- and unemployed groups in the United States labor market. Many attribute this to a transient lifestyle that is characterized by relocation every three to five years, disrupting the careers of many spouses. As one means of employment, some military spouses have turned to multi-level marketing (MLM) organizations. However, MLMs are known to be risky and costly, with high levels of financial failure. Why, then, are military spouses involved with MLMs at such high rates? Using a mixed methods approach, this study examined survey data (n = 161) and interview data (n = 16) from military spouses who are involved in multi-level marketing organizations in order to answer two key research questions: 1) Why do military spouses join multi-level marketing organizations? And 2) Why do military spouses remain with multi-level marketing organizations? Using data from exploratory analyses and follow up one-on-one interviews, I highlight various factors that influence a military spouse’s journey in MLMs. Experiencing the life shifts of having children, enduring military moves, and undergoing periods of self-reflection creates various needs for the military spouse. These needs merge with existing MLM product use to lead the military spouse to believe that joining the MLM organization will meet those needs. The decision to stay or leave the MLM organization ultimately comes down to the degree to which a military spouse experiences job embeddedness across four different categories: lifestyle, finances, community, and organizational practices. This study contributes data which shed light on why military spouses pursue and maintain MLM employment, concluding that MLM employment does meet the varied needs of military spouses. Additional supports for military spouses from various organizational and governmental sources are discussed to help ensure that military spouses are better equipped to make the best employment-related decisions to meet their needs.
Ultrasound Guided Central Chemotherapy Port Insertion by Surgeon in Cancer Patients.
Authors: Devkota Mukti , Thakur Binay , Chaudhary Manish
Published: April 2022

Purpose: The aim of the study is to report early experience in ultrasound guided central chemo port insertion by surgeons in cancer patients who required chemotherapy.
Materials and methods: The procedure was carried out in operation theatre under local anesthesia with intravenous sedation. Linear high frequency ultrasound probe was used to visualize and cannulate left or right internal jugular vein in the neck. The reservoir was kept through a separate incision over anterior chest wall.
Results: Fifty patients with mean age of 48 years underwent chemo port insertion. The indications were neoadjuvant, adjuvant and palliative chemotherapy in 30%, 58% and 12%, respectively. Cannulation was successful in 100% of cases. Two patients (4%) required port removal due to wound infection (one patient) and blockade (one patient). One patient (2%) had kinking of the catheter which required repositioning.
Conclusion: Ultrasound guided central chemo port insertion by surgeons is a safe procedure with 100% success rate and minimal complications.
Progress in the understanding of C1q-like protein 4 (C1ql4) and its use in oncology
Authors: Qing Zhang , Qing-Shan Li , Wan-Yue Han , Fan Xu
Published: April 2022

C1q and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related proteins (CTRPs) are a superfamily of proteins secreted in adipose tissues that are highly homologous to lipocalin. Previous studies have shown that this family has important biological functions in diseases such as metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases and inflammation in many types of tissues. C1q-like protein 4 (C1ql4) is one of the members of this family, which is mainly expressed in the testis and adipose tissue, and plays an important role in promoting angiogenesis, regulating lipid synthesis, inducting testosterone secretion, inhibiting ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis and myoblast fusion. This article reviews the current progress on molecular structure, tissue expression, and the main biological functions of C1ql4.
Histopathological spectrum of breast lesions at B.P Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital
Authors: Pandey Greta , Rana Asmita , Bhatta Ranjan Raj , Upreti Suraj , Jha Nandita , Dhungana Ishan
Published: April 2022

Background: Breast lumps are the commonest presentation in surgical outpatient clinics in females. Breast is a complex organ structure. It shows a wide range of pathologies from benign inflammatory lesions to invasive life threatening lesions. Breast cancer has become the commonest cancer in females after cervix cancer also in Nepal. Modern diagnostic facilities have helped a lot for early detection of breast lesions and treatment. The present study was conducted at a tertiary cancer center in Nepal that focused on the identification of histopathological spectrum of breast biopsies received and their relations with epidemiological variables.
Methods: This is a retrospective study of all the breast biopsies which were received, processed and analysed at Department of Pathology at B.P. Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital from January to December 2019. The data were retrieved from the Department of Pathology. They were entered in Microsoft excel.
Results: A total 216 breast tissues specimen of true-cut biopsy and lumpectomy were examined in the year 2019. The age range was from 18-75 years. There were 37.1% benign cases and 62.9% of malignant. There were 7 male patients in this study. Most of the cases belonged to age group of 40-49 years.
Conclusion: This study shows the burden of breast cancer in Nepal. It also highlights the importance of histopathology in breast lesions not only in diagnosing the lesion but also in predicting the prognosis. Malignant lesions of breast were frequent in this study due to our center being a cancer referral hospital. This retrospective study shows that a variety of lesions are encountered in breast and histopathology helps to differentiate between various benign and malignant lesions.
Application of SPECT combined with CT and MRI in malignant tumors Clinical value in the diagnosis of bone metastasis
Authors: Li Xiao , Shi Wenda , Xu Fan , Li Qingshan , Xiao Xu
Published: April 2022

Objective：To evaluate the value of single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) combined with CT and MRI in the diagnosis of bone metastasis of malignant tumors.
Method：Eighty patients with bone metastasis from malignant tumors who admitted to Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College were selected from March 2019 to June 2021. SPECT bone imaging, CT and MRI were used to analyze the regional distribution of primary tumor bone metastasis and the efficacy of three detection methods in the diagnosis of bone metastasis.
Results: A total of 464 lesions were detected by SPECT and CT in the same scanning field，with SPECT detection rate of 92. 5% ( 429 /464) and CT detection rate of 77. 8% ( 361 /464) ( P＜0. 05). In addition，143 lesions were detected by SPECT beyond the same scanning field. A total of 321 lesions were detected by SPECT and MＲI in the same scanning field，with SPECT detection rate of 95. 6% ( 307 /321) and MRI detection rate of 82. 6% ( 265 /321) ( P＜0. 05)，and other 286 lesions were detected by SPECT beyond the same scanning field. In all，259 lesions were detected by CT and MＲI scans in the wild same scanning field. The detection rate was 71. 4% ( 185 /259) for CT，and 95. 7% ( 248 /259) for MRI( P＜0. 05). The sensitivity，specificity and accuracy of SPECT imaging combined with CT and MＲI were higher than single SPECT imaging，CT and MＲI ( P＜0. 05).
Conclusion: SPECT may be the preferred screening modality for suspected bone metastases and when combined with CT and MＲI，it can clarify the regional distribution of bone metastasis from malignant tumors and improve the sensitivity，specificity and accuracy of diagnosis with high clinical significance.
Research Progress on the effect of radiotherapy on immune function of tumor patients
Authors: Li Wenxin , Yu Xiaolei , Li Qingshan , Xu Fan , Zhang Sheng Lin , Li Xiao
Published: April 2022

With the cure rate of 21%, radiotherapy is one of the most effective methods for tumor treatment, and about 70% of solid tumors need radiotherapy.With the in-depth study of human impact by radiotherapy and immune system and tumor microenvironment, radiotherapy is no longer used as a local treatment. It is found that irradiation of tumor can activate body immunity. There exist two different views: one is that radiotherapy inhibits immunity, because it can kill tumor cells and normal cells at the same time.The other is that radiotherapy promotes immunity, causing tumor cell necrosis or apoptosis, releasing immune cytokines or promoting immune cell activation, and bystander effect. In recent years, the idea of radiotherapy promoting immunity has been more and more supported by literatures. Whether radiotherapy promotes or inhibits immunity is a research hot spot in recent years. This paper reviews the research progress of the effect of radiotherapy on immune function of tumor patients.
Use of Indocyanine green (ICG) angiography to minimize anastomotic leak in the neck after esophagectomy
Authors: Devkota Mukti , Thakur Binay , Adhikari Puroshattam , Regmi Yogesh
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Anastomotic leak after esophagectomy for cancer of mid and lower esophagus and gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) still remains a major challenge. Poor perfusion of the gastric conduit remains the main factor for leak. Intra-operative assessment of the gastric conduit with indocyanine green (ICG) angiography helps to select a properly perfused site for anastomosis, thus minimizing the leak.
Methods: Patients undergoing surgery for cancer of esophagus and GEJ either through open or minimally approach were taken up for this study. Stomach was used for reconstruction and anastomosis was made in neck. A 0.1ml of test dose of ICG was given intra-dermally to look for any reaction. After that a dose of 5-10 milligrams was injected intravenously. Perfusion was assessed with infrared light using laparoscopic telescope. The timing of perfusion of the conduit was recorded. Well perfused segment was used for gastroesophageal anastomosis. Different parameters including leak were compared with non-ICG group.
Results: We studied 474 patients. Among these patients 67 were in ICG group and 407 were in non-ICG group. Mean age, mean weight loss and co-morbidities were similar in both groups. 72% of patients in ICG group and 50% of patient in non-ICG groups had multimodality treatment. 67% of patients in ICG group and 46% of patients in non-ICG group underwent minimally invasive surgery (p<0.001). Post-operative complications like pneumonia, recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy and surgical site infection were similar in both groups. Post-operative mortality was seen in 1.5% and 3.7% in ICG group and non-ICG group respectively (p=0.4). Overall leak in ICG group was 9% and 16.5% in non-ICG group (p=0.06). In ICG group with the perfusion time of more than 60 seconds, the leak rate was only 3.5% in comparison to 16.5% in non ICG group (p=0.009).
Conclusion: ICG angiography provides an objective assessment about the perfusion of gastric conduit during the time of anastomosis. Anastomosis at area of gastric conduit with perfusion time less than 60 seconds, minimizes leak rate in neck.
The clinicopathological profile of Renal cell carcinoma at BP Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital
Authors: Pokhrel Gyan Prasad , Jalan Aditya , Pradhan Erena , Pokhrel Bharatmani , Gharti Binod Babu , Nepal Umesh , Lamichhane Nirmal
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Renal cell carcinoma accounts for 3-5%of all oncological diagnoses. In this study, we aim to assess the clinicopathological profile of Renal cell carcinoma in a cancer hospital of Nepal.  
Method: This is a retrospective study conducted at BP Koirala Memorial Cancer hospital Nepal. All patients with localized and locally advanced RCC who underwent radical or partial nephrectomy at our hospital between Jan 2012 to Dec 2018 were included. Normally distributed continuous variables were expressed as median, mean ± standard deviation (SD). Categorical variables were expressed as frequencies and percentages of an appropriate denominator. 
Results: Among 94 patients with RCC, the median age was 55 years (53.56 ±12.83). Most of the patients were male (56.4%, n=53) and Hindu by religion (67.02%, n=63). Eighty-three percent (n=78) of patients were smokers, 58.5 % (n=55) were hypertensive and 40.4% (n= 38) had history of diabetes mellitus. The most common symptom was incidental renal mass (42.55%, n=40). Ninety-five percent (n=89) of the patients underwent radical nephrectomy and five percent (n=5) of the patients underwent partial nephrectomy. The median duration of postoperative hospital stay was 8 days. The most common histological finding was Clear cell type (86.17, n=81) followed by papillary cell type (10.63%, n= 10) followed by chromophobe type (2.12%, n=2), and duct of Bellini( 1.06%, n=1). Most of the patients had pathological T2 (41.48%, n=39) disease followed by T3 (26.59%, n=25) disease. 
Conclusion: Smoker males in the fifth to sixth decade of life are at risk for developing RCC. Radical Nephrectomy is the standard of care with Clear cell carcinoma as the most common histological subtype.
Adenosquamous Carcinoma of the Pancreas: a Rare Entity
Authors: Kharel Ashish , Shrestha Shashank , Shrestha Rashes , Bhattarai Niraj , Acharya Bigyan , Thakur Binay
Published: April 2022

Pancreatic Adenosquamous Carcinoma is a rare subtype of pancreatic cancer. Here we present a 51 year old man who presented with features of obstructive jaundice. Radiological imaging studies revealed the presence of solid pancreatic mass. He underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy – superior mesenteric artery (SMA) first approach. Postoperative period was complicated with prolonged ascitic drainage. Histological analysis suggested adenosquamous carcinoma with 30% squamous components, pT2N0M0. Patient is being planned for adjuvant chemotherapy.
Geographical Trends in Prevalence of Stomach Cancer in Nepal
Authors: Sapkota Ganga , Mallik Dipendra Kumar , Wagle Bhawna , Dhakal Sunil , Bhandari Sapana
Published: April 2022

Background: Carcinoma stomach is a multifactorial disease accounting for second most common cancer among male and fifth most common cancer among Nepalese population. The prevalence of stomach cancer is partially influenced by geographical variation, social and cultural factors that significantly affect disease reporting and seeking medical care. In this study we have analyzed geographical trends in prevalence of stomach cancer among patients visiting BPKMCH.

Materials and Methods: A single center descriptive retrospective study to analyze the geographical trends among stomach cancer patients visiting BPKMCH from January 2013 to December 2017 was designed and patients’ information available at medical record were obtained. Analysis was completed with SPSS Statistics.

Results: During the period of 5-year total 832 cases of stomach cancer were seen at the Department of Surgical Oncology at BPKMCH. These cases comprised of 349 female and 483 males with male to female (M: F) ratio of 1.4:1. The mean age of presentation was 55 years. Maximum number of cases 57.3% (477) were from terai region of Nepal.

Conclusions: This study provides clue regarding higher cases of stomach cancer among male patients and from terai region of Nepal.
Prevalence of Breast Cancer in different geographical regions: A Retrospective Study from Central Nepal
Authors: Sapkota Ganga , Poudel Bishwa Ram , Mallik Dipendra Kumar , Wagle Bhawna , Dhakal Sunil , Bhandari Sapana
Published: April 2022

Background: Breast cancer is the second most common malignancy among Nepalese women with prevalence of 28.5 per 100,000 population.  In Nepal due to lack of uniform health resources and awareness, breast cancer cases reporting is different in three geographical regions. This study aims to look at the difference in prevalence of breast cancer in different geographical regions.
Materials and Methods: A single center descriptive retrospective study to analyze the prevalence of breast cancer in different geographical regions among patients visiting BPKMCH from January 2014 to December 2018 was designed and patients’ information available at medical record were obtained. Analysis was completed with SPSS Statistics.
Results: During the period of 5-year total 2115 cases of breast cancer were seen at the Department of Surgical Oncology at BPKMCH. These cases comprised of 2052 female and 63males. The mean age of presentation was 48 years. Maximum number of cases 65% (1376) were from terai region of Nepal.
Conclusions: This study provides clue regarding higher cases of breast cancer among individuals from terai region of Nepal.
Beta-gonadotropina coriónica humana cualitativa, herramienta diagnóstica de rotura prematura de membranas ovulares en Honduras
Authors: Zúñiga Girón Luis , Alas Pineda César , Ratliff Subillaga Paola , Ponce Pineda Fanny , Bejarano Suyapa , Aeschlimann Canizales Fabio , Murillo Guerrero Daisy , Calix Cruz Kathia , Valladares Flores Mónica
Published: April 2022

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Angina de Ludwig durante el embarazo. Reporte de caso
Authors: Soriano-Cueto Yenisey , Reyna-Villasmil Eduardo
Published: April 2022

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FISKU’R-RÂVÎ BAĞLAMINDA SAHÂBENİN ADALETİ
Authors: BESLER Süleyman
Published: April 2022

Ehl-i sünnetin cumhurunun sahâbenin hepsini âdil kabul edip onları cerh ve ta‘dîlden istisna tuttuğu bilinmektedir. Ehl-i sünnetin bu genel kabulü günümüzdeki bazı araştırmacılar tarafından tenkit edilmekte, bu bağlamda bazı âyet ve hadisler sahâbenin fıskına delil getirilerek bu âyet ve hadislerin sahâbenin hepsinin âdil kabul edilmesine engel teşkil ettiği ileri sürülmektedir. Ayrıca Velîd b. Ukbe gibi bazı sahâbîlerin işledikleri günahlar sebebiyle fısku’r-râvî bağlamında cerh edildiği iddia edilmektedir. Bizim bu çalışmadaki amacımız ise sahâbenin fıskına delâlet ettiği öne sürülen âyet ve hadisleri konu bağlamında inceleyerek bu âyet ve hadislerin sahâbenin adaletini ıskat etme konusunda delil olmaya elverişli olup olmadığını tespit etmektir. Bununla birlikte fısk ve sahâbe terimlerini bir arada kullandığımızda akla gelen ilk isim olan Velîd b. Ukbe’ye yönelik iddiaları da tahlil etmeye çalışacağız. Zira Hucurât sûresinin 6. âyeti ve Secde sûresinin 18. âyetinin kendisi hakkında nâzil olduğu rivâyet edilmiş, böylece Kur’an tarafından fâsık olarak nitelendirildiği nakledilmiştir. Ayrıca onun içki içtiği ve bu yüzden kendisine had cezası uygulandığına dair rivâyetler de mevcuttur. Biz de bu rivâyetlerin sıhhatini tespit etmeye çalışacağız. Ayrıca bu rivâyetler özelinde bazı araştırmacılar tarafından öne sürülen Velîd b. Ukbe’nin adalet yönünden fısku’r-râvî bağlamında cerh edildiği iddiasını ve bu iddiaların Velîd b. Ukbe’nin adaletini düşürüp düşürmediğini de tartışacağız. Son olarak sahâbenin adaletinden kastedilenin ne olduğunu tespit etmeye çalışacağız.
KAMU GÖZETİM OTORİTELERİNİN YÜKSEK KALİTELİ BAĞIMSIZ DENETİMLER İÇİN BİLGİ PAYLAŞIMI VE REHBERLİK ROLÜ: ENRON VE COVID-19 PANDEMİSİ AÇISINDAN BİR DEĞERLENDİRME
Authors: ÖZBİNGÖL Ayten , AKDOĞAN Nalan
Published: April 2022

Karşılaşılan dönemler farklı olsa da oluşturdukları etkiler bakımından bağımsız denetim alanında Enron ve sağlık alanında da Covid-19 büyük benzerlikler taşımaktadır. Gerek Enron gerekse Covid-19 eski uygulamaları normal olmaktan çıkarmıştır ve yeni normalleri (yeni normları) hayatın merkezine alan bir süreci başlatmıştır. Güvenilir bilgiye duyulan ihtiyaç ve veri güvenliği her zamankinden daha fazla önem kazanmıştır. ABD ve Çin Cumhuriyeti (Tayvan)’nin kamu gözetim otoriteleri tarafından Covid-19 hakkında yapılan bilgi paylaşımları değerlendirilmiştir. Halka Açık Şirketler Muhasebe Gözetim Kurulu (PCAOB)’nun, kapsamlı bilgi paylaşımlarıyla kamu gözetimi alanında yol göstericiliğini (önderliğini), rol model olma özelliğini devam ettirdiği tespit edilmiştir.
PANDEMİ DÖNEMİNDE MUHASEBE DERSLERİNİN UZAKTAN ÖĞRETİM YÖNTEMİYLE YÜRÜTÜLMESİNE YÖNELİK ÖĞRENCİ ALGILARI ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA
Authors: GÜNER Mehmet
Published: April 2022

Bu çalışma, Covid-19 pandemi döneminde, acil yapılandırılmış dönem sonrasında muhasebe dersi alan öğrencilerin, uzaktan muhasebe öğretimine yönelik algılarını, tercihlerini ve beklentilerini tespit etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi öğrencileri üzerinde bir anket uygulaması yapılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, 5’li Likert tipi ölçek kullanılarak tespit edilen öğrenci algılarının orta düzeyde fakat olumsuza yakın olduğu; yüz yüze öğretim yöntemiyle muhasebe dersi almış olan öğrencilerin uzaktan öğretime yönelik algılarının yüz yüze yönteme hiç katılmamış öğrencilere göre daha olumsuz olduğu; sadece uzaktan öğretim yöntemiyle ders almış öğrencilerin dahi çoğunlukla yüz yüze öğretim yöntemini tercih ettikleri tespit edilmiştir.
COVID-19 PANDEMİSİNİN MEVDUAT BANKALARININ LİKİDİTE VE KARLILIK YAPISINA ETKİSİ: BİST BANKACILIK ENDEKSİ ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME
Authors: ÇALIŞ Nevzat , SAKARYA Şakir
Published: April 2022

Çalışma Covid-19 Pandemisinin BİST Bankacılık Endeksinde yer alan mevduat bankalarının likidite ve karlılığı üzerindeki etkisini incelemektedir. Covid öncesi dönem olarak 2017, 2018 ve 2019 yılları seçilirken covid dönemini temsilen 2020 yılı seçilmiştir. Likiditeyi ölçmek için Likit Aktifler/Kısa Vadeli Yükümlülükler oranı kullanılırken karlılık oranı olarak da Özkaynak Karlılığı (ROE) kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiyi ölçmek için Wilcoxon işaretli sıralar testi kullanılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda 2017 yılında mevduat bankalarının likiditesi ile covid-19 pandemisi arasında anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Covid öncesi diğer iki dönem olan 2018 ve 2019 yıllarına uygulanan analiz sonucunda ise pandemi ile likidite arasında anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilememiştir. Diğer taraftan Covid öncesi 2017 ve 2018 yıllarında karlılık ve covid-19 pandemisi arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilirken, 2019 yılı ile anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilememiştir.
COVID-19 SÜRECİNDE KISMİ VE TAM KAPANMA KARARLARININ PAY SENEDİ GETİRİLERİNE ETKİSİ: BORSA İSTANBUL’DA SEKTÖREL BAZLI BİR ANALİZ
Authors: TURSUN Mehmet
Published: April 2022

Bu çalışmada, COVİD-19 salgın sürecinde Türkiye’de alınan 13.04.2021 tarihli kısmi kapanma ve 26.04.2021 tarihli tam kapanma kararlarının BİST piyasasındaki sektörel etkileri belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Olay Çalışması (Event Study) yönteminin kullanıldığı çalışmada, pay senedi piyasasının etkinliği ve bu piyasadan sektörel bazlı anormal getirilerin elde edilip edilemeyeceği ölçülmüştür. Yapılan analizde, COVİD-19 pandemisi sürecinde alınan kısmi kapanma kararlarının BİST bünyesindeki seçilmiş piyasalar üzerinde negatif yönde etkisinin olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca, tam kapanma kararının ise piyasalar üzerinde pozitif yönde etkisinin olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmış ve piyasanın yarı güçlü formda etkin olmadığı görülmüştür.