bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An overview of the effect of medicinal herbs on pain
Authors: Yousofvand Namdar , Moloodi Boshra
Published: December 2022

This paper is typically intended to carefully collect and properly review the antinociceptive activities of medicinal plants. In this review article, by searching keywords of medicinal plants, pain, herbal medicine, antinociceptive, phytotherapy in databases of Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, Springer, Wiley, Proquest, PubMed, Nature, Magiran, Emerald, SID, ISI, and some other indexing cites, or traditional books, desired articles were obtained until 2021. The title of medicinal plants was searched diligently in Persian and English. Ultimately, 270 articles were studied. The findings possibly indicated that several medicinal plants are among the most valuable plants that have antinociceptive activities. There efficiently are various antinociceptive compounds in medicinal plants. The antinociceptive activity of these specific compounds may be through their peculiar effects on the opioid system, cholinergic pathways, and stimulation of GABA receptors, with the peripheral and central antinociceptive mechanism. Antiinflammatory processes, inhibition of the synthesis, and the release of arachidonic acid, prostaglandins, phospholipase, nitric oxide, and cyclooxygenase‐2 have been reported as analgesic mechanisms of some herbs. In a reasonable conclusion, our review thoughtfully provides a comprehensive summary of present data from some scientific studies on the common herbs with antinociceptive and antiinflammatory activities.
Nonlinear placement for networked Euler‐Lagrange systems: A finite‐time hierarchical approach
Authors: Liu Wen‐Jin , Ding Hua‐Feng , Yao Xiang‐Yu , Ge Ming‐Feng , Hua Menghu
Published: December 2022

The finite‐time nonlinear placement problem of networked Euler‐Lagrange systems (NELSs) is discussed in this paper. The problem is reformulated into a finite‐time aggregate game under an undirected graph. Then, several novel practical gradient‐based finite‐time hierarchical (GFTH) algorithms composed of a game layer, a Nash equilibrium (NE) seeking layer, and a control layer are proposed. Specifically, the game layer employs an aggregate function to reach a consensus on the potential aggregate value which is adopted by a gradient‐based finite‐time method to tackle the finite‐time NE seeking problem in the NE seeking layer, and then, the tracking problem is realized in the control layer. The convergence results are established by a nonsmooth Lyapunov function. In addition, the versatility of the GFTH algorithms is shown by extending to address the task‐space control problem of NELSs. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithms is illustrated via simulations.
Magnetic Hydrogel Microrobots as Insecticide Carriers for In Vivo Insect Pest Control in Plants
Authors: Maria‐Hormigos Roberto , Mayorga‐Martinez Carmen C. , Pumera Martin
Published: December 2022

The cost of insect pests to human society exceeds USD70 billion per year worldwide in goods, livestock, and healthcare services. Therefore, pesticides are needed to prevent insect damage despite the secondary effects of these chemical agents on non‐target organisms. Chemicals encapsulation into carriers is a promising strategy to improve their specificity. Hydrogel‐based microrobots show enormous potential as chemical carriers. Herein, hydrogel chitosan magnetic microrobots encapsulating ethyl parathion (EP)‐CHI@Fe3O4 are used to efficiently kill mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor). The mechanism takes advantage of pH‐responsive chitosan degradation at Tenebrio molitor midgut pH to efficiently deliver pesticide into the mealworm intestinal tract in just 2 h. It is observed that under a transversal rotating magnetic field, mealworm populations show higher mortality after 30 min compared to free pesticide. This example of active pesticide carriers based on soft microrobots opens new avenues for microrobots applications in the agrochemical field as active chemical carriers.
Lattice Transformation from 2D to Quasi 1D and Phonon Properties of Exfoliated ZrS2 and ZrSe2
Authors: Alsulami Awsaf , Alharbi Majed , Alsaffar Fadhel , Alolaiyan Olaiyan , Aljalham Ghadeer , Albawardi Shahad , Alsaggaf Sarah , Alamri Faisal , Tabbakh Thamer A. , Amer Moh R.
Published: December 2022

Recent reports on thermal and thermoelectric properties of emerging 2D materials have shown promising results. Among these materials are Zirconium‐based chalcogenides such as zirconium disulfide (ZrS2), zirconium diselenide (ZrSe2), zirconium trisulfide (ZrS3), and zirconium triselenide (ZrSe3). Here, the thermal properties of these materials are investigated using confocal Raman spectroscopy. Two different and distinctive Raman signatures of exfoliated ZrX2 (where X = S or Se) are observed. For 2D‐ZrX2, Raman modes are in alignment with those reported in literature. However, for quasi 1D‐ZrX2, Raman modes are identical to exfoliated ZrX3 nanosheets, indicating a major lattice transformation from 2D to quasi‐1D. Raman temperature dependence for ZrX2 are also measured. Most Raman modes exhibit a linear downshift dependence with increasing temperature. However, for 2D‐ZrS2, a blueshift for A1g mode is detected with increasing temperature. Finally, phonon dynamics under optical heating for ZrX2 are measured. Based on these measurements, the calculated thermal conductivity and the interfacial thermal conductance indicate lower interfacial thermal conductance for quasi 1D‐ZrX2 compared to 2D‐ZrX2, which can be attributed to the phonon confinement in 1D. The results demonstrate exceptional thermal properties for Zirconium‐based materials, making them ideal for thermoelectric device applications and future thermal management strategies.
A Comprehensive Review on Barium Titanate Nanoparticles as a Persuasive Piezoelectric Material for Biomedical Applications: Prospects and Challenges
Authors: Sood Ankur , Desseigne Margaux , Dev Atul , Maurizi Lionel , Kumar Anuj , Millot Nadine , Han Sung Soo
Published: December 2022

Stimulation of cells with electrical cues is an imperative approach to interact with biological systems and has been exploited in clinical practices over a wide range of pathological ailments. This bioelectric interface has been extensively explored with the help of piezoelectric materials, leading to remarkable advancement in the past two decades. Among other members of this fraternity, colloidal perovskite barium titanate (BaTiO3) has gained substantial interest due to its noteworthy properties which includes high dielectric constant and excellent ferroelectric properties along with acceptable biocompatibility. Significant progression is witnessed for BaTiO3 nanoparticles (BaTiO3 NPs) as potent candidates for biomedical applications and in wearable bioelectronics, making them a promising personal healthcare platform. The current review highlights the nanostructured piezoelectric bio interface of BaTiO3 NPs in applications comprising drug delivery, tissue engineering, bioimaging, bioelectronics, and wearable devices. Particular attention has been dedicated toward the fabrication routes of BaTiO3 NPs along with different approaches for its surface modifications. This review offers a comprehensive discussion on the utility of BaTiO3 NPs as active devices rather than passive structural unit behaving as carriers for biomolecules. The employment of BaTiO3 NPs presents new scenarios and opportunity in the vast field of nanomedicines for biomedical applications.
Novel isostructural iron‐series‐MOF calcined derivatives as positive and negative electrodes: A new strategy to obtain matched electrodes in a supercapacitor device
Authors: Dong Yawen , Liu Jiadi , Zhang Hui , Li Qingqing , Mao Feifei , Lu Aimin , Wu Hua , Wang Kuaibing , Zhang Cheng , Zhang Qichun
Published: December 2022

The performance of asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs) is strongly restricted by the capacity gap between the positive and negative electrodes. To address this issue, two new electrode materials deriving from Co‐ and Fe‐based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs, Co‐TAMBA‐d, and Fe‐TAMBA‐d) through a single‐step sintering method have been developed by considering the superiorities of the derivatives of MOFs including large surface areas, sufficient metal‐atom‐doping content, and extreme surface wettability to the bath solution. The as‐prepared Co‐TAMBA‐d as a positive electrode delivers typical pseudocapacitive behavior with the improvement of capacity, which is better than those of pristine MOF materials, while Fe‐TAMBA‐d as negative electrodes displays better electrochemical behavior than those of activated carbon. ASCs based on these two electrodes exhibits excellent energy density and power density of 47 W h/kg and 1658 W/kg, respectively, where this device can maintain prominent cycling stability with capacity retention after 5000 cycles being about 75%. Furthermore, the capacity can feed a series of red light‐emitting diodes, which gives solid evidence of the potential utilization. These results can afford the feasibility of isostructural MOF derivatives as promising electrodes in novel ASCs.
The Economic Structure of Maritime Trade Calling at the Port of Genoa Through the Analysis of General Average Data (Sixteenth–Seventeenth Centuries)
Authors: Piccinno Luisa
Published: January 2023

This essay will discuss the preliminary results emerging from data extrapolated from General Average (GA) procedures in Genoa, between the last decade of the sixteenth century and the 1640s. The wealth of data provided by GA procedures compensates for some of the gaps in quantitative data which have held back research on the local maritime economy. Methodologically, this essay further develops the insights of Giuseppe Felloni’s work on GA’s potential for economic analysis. The rich documentation produced during GA procedures, from the original report (testimoniale) to the final apportioning of costs (calculus), provides details for typology of vessel, provenance, route, flag and cargo. This data sheds new light on Mediterranean maritime trade during a fundamental period of structural change, characterised by the emergence of new protagonists and the creation of new equilibria.
Financing and Risk in Genoese Maritime Trade During the Eighteenth Century: Strategies and Practices
Authors: Zanini Andrea
Published: January 2023

During the early modern age, maritime trade and finance were the two pillars of the Genoese economy. Despite this, the existing literature tends to focus on one of the two sectors, while it does not pay attention to their mutual interconnections. However, credit was crucial also for the development of maritime trade: merchants, ship-owners and captains were often forced to borrow money to finance their activities or share risks. Over time, the flourishing of maritime trade led to the diffusion of several financial and legal instruments, such as commenda contracts, sea loans, bottomry, marine insurance and, of course, General Average, able to share risks or transfer risks on third parties. However, as regards the case of Genoa, these mechanisms, as well as connections between credit provision in maritime trade and leading financial operators, are almost neglected. This essay aims to shed light on these dynamics and to show to what extent maritime trade represented an attractive option for Genoese investors during the eighteenth century.
Divide and Rule: Risk Sharing and Political Economy in the Free Port of Livorno
Authors: Dyble Jake
Published: January 2023

In the late-seventeenth century, the Tuscan authorities were accused of abusing General Average procedures (GAs) to ‘invite captains to the free port of Livorno’. This contribution shows how GAs had indeed become a political-economic tool but argues that this was a defensive response to an increasingly mercantilist environment rather than a proactive attempt to promote the free port. GA procedures were readily adapted to confront new threats such as the French cottimo tax, which aimed to squeeze Livorno out of the Levant trade, and English attempts to wrest maritime jurisdiction from the Tuscan courts. As in Venice, commercial justice, particularly the procedural element, was being used defensively to protect the status quo in a period of new pressure. These findings demonstrate the limitations of the state-centred, protectionist policies of the period. They also show how commercial justice, or administration-as-justice, reflected a wider Tuscan commercial strategy, which was both highly creative and intensely pragmatic.
Rules and Practices of General Average in the Islamic Mediterranean on the Eve of the Emergence of the Italian Communes
Authors: Khalilieh Hassan
Published: January 2023

This essay underlines the rules of jettison and the financial settlements arising from losses at sea. Muslim jurists did not hold a consensus as regards the jetsam’s value and offered four legal opinions: based on the its cost at the market place from which it was purchased, at market place of the port of embarkation, the nearest port where they were jettisoned, or on its price at the destined port. However, as for the time, the great majority of jurists agreed on calculating the jetsam’s value at the market prices on the day of embarkation rather than the day of purchase. The paper also demonstrates that the ship was subject to contribution and how was it valued. The same applies to the freight charges; human cargo was treated as commodities.
General Average, Compulsory Contributions and Castilian Normative Practice in the Southern Low Countries (Sixteenth Century)
Authors: Dreijer Gijs
Published: January 2023

This essay investigates the influence of the Castilian normative practice (in both legislation and legal practice) on the development of GA and other Averages in the Southern Low Countries in the sixteenth century. It argues that three important developments for risk and cost management were drawn from Castilian normative practice: first, the insurability of GA claims, as evidenced by the ledgers of the Antwerp-based Castilian insurer Juan Henriquez; second, the broadening of GA to include, for example, uninsurable costs, following lobbying by Castilian merchants; and third, the adoption by the Castilian and Biscayer nationes in Bruges of compulsory contributions to cover protection costs. Castilian normative practice therefore had a long-lasting and significant impact on the development of GA and other Averages, both in formal law and in mercantile practice.
Whaling, Seal Hunting and the Effect of Fisheries on Marine Mammals
Authors: Koss Mikołaj , Stjernstedt Martin , Pawliczka Iwona , Reckendorf Anja , Siebert Ursula
Published: January 2023

There are various types of interactions between marine mammals and fisheries, and their presence in the same area inevitably leads to conflicts. Marine mammals may lose their lives as bycatch, which is the incidental catch of non-target species in fishing gear. On the other hand, some marine mammals specialise in feeding on fish caught in fishing gear, resulting in damaged and reduced catch as well as destroyed fishing gear. There are different methods to reduce bycatch and catch damage, such as reducing fishing efforts, using acoustic deterrent devices, employing temporal and zonal closure of fishing areas and using alternative fishing gear. Here we give an overview of whaling and sealing from historical and present perspectives, with examples for Baltic marine mammals. We present hands-on activities to familiarise students and teachers with investigations of prey remains, such as otoliths (fish ear stones) found in faeces, to learn about marine mammal diet. Additionally, we introduce a whaling role play designed as a debate between interest groups, to better understand whaling from different perspectives.
Plastic Debris and Its Impacts on Marine Mammals
Authors: Kruse Katrin , Knickmeier Katrin , Brennecke Dennis , Unger Bianca , Siebert Ursula
Published: January 2023

In recent decades, global plastic consumption has rapidly increased. Large quantities of plastics enter the environment in various ways, often ending up in the oceans. Plastic debris is nowadays found in any aquatic ecosystems. Due to its long durability, plastics may drift around with ocean currents for decades. Nowadays, plastic debris can be found in any aquatic ecosystem. Eventually, plastics decay into smaller fragments and sink to the seafloor. Marine mammals are affected by plastics in three major ways: They confuse large pieces of plastics with food, they become entangled in fishing nets, and they ingest smaller plastic fragments together with prey items. Here we discuss causes and solutions to these problems. We use exercises to investigate plastic debris in the environment and discuss how we all can become part of the solution through our own actions.
Science, Photography, and Objectivity? Exploring Nineteenth-Century Visual Cultures through the HMS Challenger Expedition (1872–1876)
Authors: Hood Stephanie L.
Published: January 2023

Preparing to set off from England in 1872 on an oceanographic expedition around the globe, the officers and crew of HMSChallengergathered on board the ship for a photographic portrait. It was one of the first photographs of crew on a scientific voyage of exploration ever taken. Over eight hundred photographs were taken or acquired on theChallengerin addition to drawings and paintings. This chapter uses these photographs to reexamine Daston and Galison’s theory that photography was successful in nineteenth-century science on account of its perceived “objectivity” as an epistemic ideal. The chapter first outlines the history and historiography of photography and of theChallengerexpedition, proceeding to outline photographic practices on the voyage, and evaluating the photographs’ place within longer aesthetic traditions. It then examines theChallengerphotographs’ circulation and use in its official scientific report,and in wider scientific contexts. The chapter finally analyzes the photographs’ personal, and then broader public, economic, and political circulation and uses. It concludes by arguing that drawing and painting were the preferred scientific visual strategies on theChallenger, indicating that photography was not preferred on account of its perceived “objectivity” for science. Instead, photographs afforded other benefits such as speed of capture, replicability, and adaptability—for economic, social, and political use as well as scientific. Photography was therefore an effective visual strategy not on account of its perceived scientific “objectivity” but due to itsflexibility, which corresponded to the expedition’s scientific aims as well as its broader economic, social, and political context.
Patient Work before World War I
Authors: Freebody Jane
Published: January 2023

Freebody situates the origin of using work as a medical therapy in moral treatment, which emerged during the early nineteenth century. Work was incorporated as an integral part of moral treatment, which provided the medical and managerial framework for the asylums of England and France. Work was believed to help patients develop self-control and boost their self-esteem. As faith in the efficacy of moral treatment waned in the second half of the nineteenth century, the nature of patient work changed. From work programmes designed to suit the needs of individual patients, work became routinised and bureaucratised. While still percieved as beneficial for the mentally disordered, the financial value of patient work to institutions could outweigh its therapeutic value for patients, as the French psychiatrist Auguste Marie emphasised in 1905. Freebody demonstrates how the evolution of patient work highlights changing medical perceptions of mental disorder as well as prevailing socio-economic conditions.
New Approaches to Patient Work and Occupation
Authors: Freebody Jane
Published: January 2023

Freebody demonstrates how new theories regarding the therapeutic use of occupation, developed during the early twentieth century in Germany and the USA, were received very differently by French and English psychiatrists, highlighting the disparity in their respective interpretations of mental disorder. In England, where psychiatrists had come to regard mental disorder holistically after World War I, the new approaches were adopted as curative treatments. French psychiatrists, the majority of whom maintained their belief in the physiological nature of mental disorder, largely ignored the new theories. In England, occupational therapy (either in the form of arts and crafts or of carefully allocated and supervised work around the hospital) became the hallmark of a modern hospital. In France, patient work remained much as it had done before World War I, with the exception of the Henri Rousselle Hospital in Paris.
Feeling-Into the Civic Body: Affect, Emotions and Moods
Authors: Bakir Vian , McStay Andrew
Published: January 2023

This chapter accounts for the energising role of affect, emotions and moods in circulating false information throughout thecivic body. It starts by charting the trajectory of the role of feelings in understanding citizen-political communications. Their persuasive importance was recognised millennia ago and have been recognised anew in recent decades with the advent of neuroscience and the understanding that emotions are important for decisions and judgements. The chapter highlights three main mechanisms through which governments can try to manage public feeling and hence behaviour: discursive, decision-making based and datafied. It then considers the prevalent claim that we live in a post-truth condition (where appeals to emotion and personal belief are more influential in shaping public opinion than objective facts). While the relative importance of emotion and facts in everyday life is difficult to ascertain, the chapter demonstrates that the media from which people would normally derive their facts (namely, news media and social media) have become more emotionalised and affective, and suggests that we live in an informational environment that is sub-optimal for a healthycivic body. Finally, the chapter examines the challenges faced by governments in managing their population’s feelings during the COVID-19 pandemic where uncertainty, anxiety and false information proliferate.
Introduction
Authors: Sutterlütti Simon , Meretz Stefan
Published: January 2023

In the twentieth century traditional alternative to capitalism—socialism—suffered a catastrophic defeat. However, although emancipatory movements developed many new practices to tackle domination, injustice and exploitation, they have not found a new societal alternative and therefore struggle to develop a consistent approach to make capitalism history. From a bird’s eye view, many movements try to reform capitalism, revive traditional socialist ideas or remain vague about an alternative. To investigate an alternative to capitalismandreal socialism, this chapter begins with a critic of capitalism and state socialism. With Marx and other critical theorists, the authors develop capitalism as an exchange- and market-based society. Capitalism produces a logic of exploitation, destruction and exclusion that even left-wing, ecologically oriented governments can only marginally limit, because the state has only a relative autonomy vis-à-vis the dominant economy. But state socialism is no real alternative either, because—like the market economy—it is based on wage labour and money and thus acts much more like an inefficient, more egalitarian, authoritarian brother, subject to many similar logics and defects.
Categorical Utopia Theory
Authors: Sutterlütti Simon , Meretz Stefan
Published: January 2023

Often utopias are dreams with little theoretical basis or are banned as abstract “complete other”, that cannot be thought of today. Categorical utopia is a method for discussing and examining non-existent socio-economic systems. It is based on a thorough critic of existing society and develops an alternative based on explicit considerations about human beings and society. Categorical utopias lay out their theoretical basis so that both their foundations and their developed socio-economic system can be discussed scientifically. Therefore, it can be possible to turn utopias into science. At the end of the chapter, some limits and dangers of utopia are discussed.
1948–1974: Community Nursing Services as a Local Government Service
Authors: Bramwell Donna , Checkland Kath , Shields Jolanta , Allen Pauline
Published: January 2023

Taking the first era from the inception of the NHS through to 1974, this chapter documents the establishment of the service as a home nursing service. Known as the ‘tripartite era’ because of the way provision of health services were divided between three types of bodies—Local Authorities (LA), Executive Councils of the Ministry of Health and Hospital Boards—this era would see a split enshrined between LA-provided community nursing services and medical services provided by the others. This split has been a feature of the NHS ever since, despite successive unifying re-organisations of the health service, and has come to define the way community nursing is perceived by policy apparent in this review. In line with the format of the chapters, we start to look at the role and function of district nurses (DNs) and begin to see how the role was focused on home care for the sick, management of infectious diseases and supporting doctors. We also begin to examine how DNs were managed and paid for and identify the enduring tensions in how they are organised—either geographically or attached to GP practices. We conclude this chapter with a brief paragraph summing up that for this era the role of district nurse services, despite becoming a national requirement, is rarely fully set out in policy. In other words, the district nursing service was largely invisible in policy terms.
2015–Date: Focus on Integration
Authors: Bramwell Donna , Checkland Kath , Shields Jolanta , Allen Pauline
Published: January 2023

This chapter centres on the publishing of the NHS Long Term Plan in 2019 and subsequent revised Health and Social Care Act (2022), both of which focus on integrated, out-of-hospital approaches to health service delivery. The creation of a layered system across geographical levels is advocated, with nested levels of ‘place’ and ‘neighbourhood’ intended to be the building blocks of Integrated Care Systems (ICS), which replaced CCGs in July 2022. We introduce the concept of newly created, ‘neighbourhood level’, Primary Care Networks (PCNs) of general practices and how district nurses fit into them, especially with regard to their organisation around geographical versus GP registered lists. Whilst not explicitly mentioned in the H&SC Act, it is clear that the Act situates community-based services as essential in the context of the desire to reduce the amount of hospital care, which has implications for district nursing services in particular. This mode of care delivery will require multi-disciplinary team working across all levels of the new system whereby community nurses will be required to liaise and co-ordinate with primary and social care to deliver services. Continuance of case management approaches for patients with complex needs and lack of funding in the social care system, means that we discuss in this chapter, the further strain on already pressured community nursing teams.
Expectations
Authors: Broch Trygve B.
Published: January 2023

How does the ponytail maneuver gendered expectations? Although in the introduction I distinguish cultural sociology from critical theory and the cultural studies tradition, which reveal foremost the reproduction of social inequalities and hierarchies, there is no denying that the ponytail is gendered. This chapter explores ponytailed agency within the plausible limits of culture. I stress the ways that women may use ponytails to meet a multitude of expectations, and I argue that codes of fashion and customs permit women (and men) to wear this hairstyle to display gendered expectations in amplified and sober ways. This dynamic process generates a half-life of the ponytail in which its many forms and imitations are manifest in diverse situations that intensify and condense customs to make fashion and to recreate customs. What directs the ponytail’s performativity are the codes that define the ways we meet fashion and customs: as commercial ploys or with altruistic intentions, as normal or deviant in diverse situations. Ponytailed women, in style or simply by habit, can fight for democracy or represent commercial interests, and media critics ensure we see this wealth of prospective role models: some standing on the barricades and some imitating neoliberal and patriarchal ideals.
Unsupervised Factor Extraction from Pretrial Detention Decisions by Italian and Brazilian Supreme Courts
Authors: Sabo Isabela Cristina , Billi Marco , Lagioia Francesca , Sartor Giovanni , Rover Aires José
Published: January 2023

Pretrial detention is a debated and controversial measure since it is an exception to the principle of the presumption of innocence. To determine whether and to what extent legal systems make excessive use of pretrial detention, an empirical analysis of judicial practice is needed. The paper presents some preliminary results of experimental research aimed at identifying the relevant factors on the basis of which Italian and Brazilian Supreme Courts impose the measure. To analyze and extract the relevant predictive-features, we rely on unsupervised learning approaches, in particular association and clustering methods. As a result, we found common factors between the two legal systems in terms of crime, location, grounds for appeal, and judge’s reasoning.
Prüfung und Reklamation
Authors: Klingner Stephan , Miller Mihail , Schumacher Frank , Thomas Patrick , Becker Michael
Published: January 2023

Nach Erhalt der Tantiemenzahlungen und den zugehörigen Abrechnungen, in welchem Datenformat auch immer, gilt es aufseiten des Verlages darauf basierende Geschäftsprozesse durchzuführen. Dazu gehört die Zuordnung der Tantiemen zu Rechteinhaber*innen, Erstellung entsprechender Abrechnungen sowie Durchführung der Zahlungen.
Arbeiten mit den EDI-Formaten der CISAC
Authors: Klingner Stephan , Miller Mihail , Schumacher Frank , Thomas Patrick , Becker Michael
Published: January 2023

Neben den kreativen Teilen der Wertschöpfungskette in der Musikindustrie geht die Digitalisierung auch an den verwaltungstechnischen Prozessschritten nicht spurlos vorüber. Spannungspunkte entstehen dabei zumeist dort, wo Ambitionen, Innovationen und neue Marktakteure auf etablierte, vorgeprägte und wenig dynamische Strukturen der Musikindustrie treffen. Beispielhaft sei hier das Ende der Aktivitäten zur Global Repertoire Database 2014 genannt – ein aus technischer Sicht wertvoller Baustein zur Erreichung von Transparenz, Rechtssicherheit und Effizienz in der Musikwirtschaft, bei dem die Kosten für die Implementierung jedoch zu hoch waren.
Quo Vadis Musikindustrie – Verlage und Verwertungsgesellschaften und der Trend der Digitalisierung
Authors: Klingner Stephan , Miller Mihail , Schumacher Frank , Thomas Patrick , Becker Michael
Published: January 2023

Verlage und Verwertungsgesellschaften stellen einen wichtigen, oftmals in ihrer Rolle und Relevanz in der Gesellschaft wahrgenommenen Teil der Musikindustrie dar. Lange Zeit agierten Verlage und Verwertungsgesellschaften in einem vergleichsweise statischen Gefüge. Digitalisierung und die daraus beschleunigte Internationalisierung, rechtliche Entwicklungen sowie neue Marktakteur*innen haben nun Spielräume, Wettbewerb und damit die Marktdynamik deutlich erhöht.
Introduction
Authors: Greiner-Petter André
Published: December 2022

This thesis addresses the issue of translating mathematical expressions from LATEX to the syntax of Computer Algebra Systems (CAS), which is typically a time-consuming and error-prone task in the modern life of many researchers. A reliable and comprehensive translation approach requires analyzing the textual context of mathematical formulae. In turn, research advances in translating LATEX contribute directly towards related tasks in the Mathematical Information Retrieval (MathIR) arena.
Mathematical Information Retrieval
Authors: Greiner-Petter André
Published: December 2022

Making presentational math computable implies a transformation from one mathematical representation to another. In order to frame this task, we need to introduce presentational and computable formats, and analyze available transformation tools between these formats. There is a large variety of different formats available to encode mathematical expressions, from visual formats, such as LATEX [220] or MathML [60], to semantic enhanced encodings, such as content MathML [270], semantic LATEX [260], STEX [200], or OpenMath [19], and entire programming languages, such as CAS syntaxes [36, 128, 173, 175, 176, 177, 178, 393], theorem provers [37, 266, 287, 340, 354, 384], or mathematical packages in C++ [168], Python [252] or Java [79]. This chapter introduces what we understand as presentational and computable formats, provides an overview of math formats, and discusses existing transformation tools between these formats.
Research Trends in Open, Distance, and Digital Education
Authors: Zawacki-Richter Olaf , Bozkurt Aras
Published: January 2023

This chapter sets out to explore the research field of open, distance, and digital education (ODDE) building upon the 3 M-Framework developed in the context of distance education along three broad lines of research: ODDE systems and theories (global macro-level); management, organization, and technology (institutional meso-level); and teaching and learning in ODDE (individual micro-level). Based on various bibliographic analyses, the flow of research areas and trends is described. The COVID-19 pandemic is discussed as a turning point that already has a huge impact on research and practice of the entire field of ODDE. According to thematic similarities and dissimilarities in the academic fields of educational technology (EdTech), distance education (DE), and instructional design (ID), four clusters of academic journals are identified with different thematic foci in various educational contexts. This information can be used to guide researchers to choose an appropriate journal in which to submit their work.
Open Schools in Developing Countries
Authors: Jha Jyotsna , Ghatak Neha
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the reach and experiences of virtual and Open and Distance Learning (ODL)-based education in the context of developing countries with high socioeconomic inequalities and highly uneven access to literacy and technology, through a study of the ODL experience in India. Using the perspective of inclusiveness, the chapter first examines the available evidence related to the virtual schooling experiences during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic made virtual schooling suddenly a reality in the entire country, as has been the case in most parts of the globe. It then moves to analyze the available evidence with regards to the existing ODL-based system in India, which also happens to be one of the largest in terms of the numbers covered through this mode in the world. Based on these analyses, the chapter identified three kinds of thresholds: access related, learning related and systems related, to outline the prerequisites for the success of virtual or open schooling, especially from the perspective of those who belong to educationally disadvantages groups or locations and face marginalization of some kind. While arguing for making the ODL-based education far more inclusive and responsive to specific disadvantages, the chapter recognizes the need for the mainstream regular school system to become more flexible and open by learning form the ODL-based education system. Finally, the chapter argues for the need for adopting a proactive and layered learner support approach in order to ensure that virtual teaching actually leads to meaningful learning.
Leading in Changing Times
Authors: Brown Mark
Published: January 2023

This chapter reflects on the challenges and opportunities of leading educational change in today’s digitally connected world. It offers personal insights and critical reflections on learning leadership framed by a wide-angle, multifocal lens that helps zoom in and out to visualize preferred futures. Before outlining a collection of leadership touchstones and critical questions for guiding institutional transformation and then reporting their application in the practice of digital education, the chapter begins by illustrating how the new learning ecology is complex and entangled in competing images of the future. Efforts by educational leaders to build agile and sustainable transformative organizational cultures need to be guided by a clear sense of direction and anchored in a living institutional mission. The role of the National Institute for Digital Learning (NIDL) hosted at Dublin City University (DCU) in Ireland is central to this story, as harnessing the transformative potential of new digital technology is at the heart of its change agenda. After briefly introducing DCU, the chapter reports how the NIDL’s commitment to leadership development and active engagement in global networks are helping to reshape the higher education landscape with a critical digital edge. However, forging a future-focused mission based on multifocal criticality and transformative leadership is not something for the faint-hearted; it requires agency, relational capital, and strategic foresight to move from digital in part to digital at the heart of your organizational culture.
Resilient Leadership in Time of Crisis in Distance Education Institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Makoe Mpine
Published: January 2023

As leaders of distance education in sub-Saharan Africa were dealing with myriad challenges of high numbers of young people seeking access to higher education, lack of technologies, and inadequate expertise for online teaching, Covid-19 pandemic emerged, and, almost overnight, quick decisions had to be made to pivot to online spaces to ensure that learning occurred even in the midst of the crisis. Leaders who were flexible and adaptive to changing environment were able to respond effectively to this crisis. Hence the focus of the study is on the character of a distance education leader who is exhibiting personality traits that will enable him or her to move a distance education institution forward.

The futures triangle was used to contextualize and historicize the character of a leader who has the ability to be innovative and willing to take risks in the face of crisis. The aim of this chapter is to illustrate how some historical factors have not only influenced the leadership practices in distance education, but they have molded the characters of distance education leaders. The futures triangle mapping process revealed that the legacy of colonialism, the lack of managerial skills, the slow adoption of using technologies, the growing number of people who cannot be accommodated in higher education, and, most recently, the Covid-19 pandemic were drivers of change that illustrated how leaders responded in time of crisis. Moving distance education forward requires resilient leaders who are agile and adaptable to lead in an open and technology-rich distance education environment.
Managing Innovation in Teaching in ODDE
Authors: Bates Tony
Published: January 2023

Innovation is the lifeblood of open, distance and digital education (ODDE), but it has often proved difficult for ODDE institutions to continue to innovate in response to a changing world outside. Innovation though is not “magic” or serendipitous. There are well-established methods by which innovation can be nurtured and managed in ODDE. Following a literature review of innovation in ODDE, the chapter discusses common myths regarding innovation, several barriers to change in ODDE institutions, then offers five strategies to support innovation. A case study is provided that illustrates a number of factors that support sustained innovation in ODDE, and the chapter ends by suggesting that innovation is not an end in itself but is best managed by focusing on the major, long-term goals of ODDE, and the main challenges that ODDE institutions face. In particular, ODDE institutions need to remain innovative to meet increasing competition from the conventional higher education institutions and above all from large, digital technology companies.
Evolving Learner Support Systems
Authors: Panda Santosh
Published: January 2023

With changing scenarios in globalization, technologization, and conception of twenty-first-century learners and learning, distance teaching institutions are also gradually changing their delivery strategies and learner support systems. This is more visible in the following: from separation of course design and learner support to both forming an integral part of blended teaching-learning; from physical and geography-based operation to more technology-enabled networked operation; from largely behaviorist model to more of constructivist and connectivist models of course design and learner support; and from a humanistic support system to more of strategic support system. In these changing scenarios, however, the changes in academic practices have not kept pace with technology changes; and technology and market, rather than the scholarship of teaching and support, dominate the support discourse and practice. These developments raise various research questions which need to be investigated further. The analysis in the chapter shows that the future of distance and online learning vis-à-vis learner support is poised to shift from the “course material-tutoring” system to the “networked-interactive-intelligent” system, though both will continue for quite some time to come. Institutional leaders, faculty, and other stakeholders need to engage with further articulation and reflection toward evolving a quality, productive, pedagogy-led, and learner-friendly support system.
Asynchronous Tools for Interaction and Collaboration
Authors: Davidson-Shivers Gayle , Rand Angela
Published: January 2023

The shift from conventional classrooms to the use of various types of distributed education is well documented in the literature. This shift occurred over the past 30 years, if not longer. Open, distance, and digital education (or ODDE) has become ubiquitous in education and training in a variety of settings such as the military, business, higher education, and K12 schools. More recently, ODDE has seen a rise in use in other settings, such as health care organizations. Although both synchronous and asynchronous technologies are available for teaching and learning, it appears that asynchronous tools are predominant in these settings. The use of asynchronous tools is the primary focus of this chapter, with consideration of both the technologies employed and the strategies applied. The purposes are to summarize their appropriate uses in terms of collaborative learning and share any insights to guide future research and practice. The chapter begins with a brief definition of terms used in this chapter along with descriptions of the types and purposes of asynchronous tools. The chapter culminates in directions for future research as well as any improvements in ODDE practice.
Learning Analytics in Open, Distance, and Digital Education (ODDE)
Authors: Prinsloo Paul
Published: January 2023

Data, and specifically student data, has always been an integral part of good teaching as well as providing evidence for strategic and operational planning, resource allocation, pedagogy, and student support. As Open, Distance, and Digital Education (ODDE) become increasingly datafied, institutions have access to greater volumes, variety, and granularity of student data, from more diverse sources than ever before. This provides huge opportunity for institutions, and specifically educators and course support teams, to better understand learning, and provide more appropriate and effective student support.

With the emergence of learning analytics (LA) in 2011, the measurement, collection, analysis, and reporting of data about learners and their contexts, for purposes of understanding and optimizing learning and the environments in which it occurs, gained momentum, both as research focus and practice. Since then, LA have become institutionalized in many higher education institutions, mostly in residential institutions located in the Global North, and established a prolific presence in research on student learning in digitized environments. While LA has become institutionalized in the Open University (UK), it remains an emerging research focus and practice in many ODDE institutions across the world.

This chapter considers the implications of LA for ODDE research and practice by first providing a brief overview of the evolution of LA, and specifically the theoretical influences in this evolution. A selection of major research findings and discourses in LA are then discussed, before the chapter is concluded with some open questions for a research agenda for LA in ODDE.
The Rise of Multimodal Tutors in Education
Authors: Di Mitri Daniele , Schneider Jan , Drachsler Hendrik
Published: January 2023

This chapter describes the insights derived by the design and development of the Multimodal Tutor, a system that uses artificial intelligence for providing digital feedback and to support psychomotor skills acquisition. In this chapter, we discuss the insights which we gained from eight studies: (1) an exploratory study combining physiological data and learning performance (Learning Pulse); (2) a literature survey on multimodal data for learning and a conceptual model (the Multimodal Learning Analytics Model); (3) an analysis of the technical challenges of Multimodal Learning Analytics (the Big Five Challenges); (4) a technological framework for using multimodal data for learning (the Multimodal Pipeline); (5) a data collection and storing system for multimodal data (the Learning Hub); (6) a data annotation tool for multimodal data (the Visual Inspection Tool); (7) a case study in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation training (CPR Tutor) consisting of a feasibility study for detecting CPR mistakes; and (8) a real-time feedback study.
Artificial Intelligence in Education and Ethics
Authors: du Boulay Benedict
Published: January 2023

This chapter traces the ethical issues around applying artificial intelligence (AI) in education from the early days of artificial intelligence in education in the 1970s to the current state of this field, including the increasing sophistication of the system interfaces and the rise in data use and misuse. While in the early days most tools were largely learner-facing, now there are tools that are teacher-facing, supporting their management of the classroom, and administrator-facing, assisting in their management of cohorts of students. Learner-facing tools now take into account the affective and motivational aspects of learning as well as the cognitive. The rise of data collection and its associated analytic tools has enabled the development of dashboards for the dynamic management and reflective understanding of learners, teachers, and administrators. Ethical issues hardly figured in the early days of the field but now they loom large. This is because of the legitimate fears that learners’ and teachers’ autonomy will be compromised, that learner data will be collected and potentially misappropriated for other purposes, and that AI will introduce extra biases into educational decisions and increase existing inequity and also because of the scary reputation that AI has in general.