bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Collective Victimisation and the Threat to Public Order
Authors: Clark Mark
Published: February 2009

The article presents, for future research, a possible conceptual model for understanding the elements of public order within postmodern society. It deconstructs public order into component parts of progressive collective victimisation, social mores and human rights. It argues that public order may be undermined by progressive collective victimisation that commences with the erosion of social mores that support networks of understandings within the community, and that continues until it creates a perception of a threat to the physical security of a defined class. It presents the view that this victimisation process can be related to social exclusion that precludes the individual from self-actualisation. This continues, unless abated, until it threatens the fundamentals of human survival. The victimisation process, if unchecked, creates within the excluded societal group, a ‘fight’ or ‘flight’ response. The article suggests that future police administrators may need a political awareness not required of their predecessors, and supportive information systems to keep the peace in the 21st century.
Children's Perceptions of the Role of Police: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Powell Martine B. , Skouteris Helen , Murfett Romana
Published: February 2009

A qualitative methodology, using open-ended questions, was employed to explore the perceptions of 112 children regarding the role of police. The children, aged 5 to 6 and 7 to 8 years, were asked to comment on what police officers do when they go to work, what direct and indirect experiences they have had with the police, and the positive and negative aspects of being a police officer. The findings revealed that children emphasise the punitive role of police; very few children identified with non-punitive roles. This punitive theme was evident irrespective of the children's experiences, age, and whether they could recall television shows involving police. The practical implications of our findings for police relations with children, particularly in a forensic interview context, are discussed.
An Investigation of the Specialist Police Service Provided to Male Rape Survivors
Authors: Jamel Joanna , Bull Ray , Sheridan Lorraine
Published: February 2009

This study involves Sexual Offences Investigative Technique (SOIT) officers completing a semi-structured questionnaire (disseminated with the assistance of a British police force). This questionnaire included questions about their specialist occupation regarding the provision of victim care, their investigative function and how it adheres to responsibilities outlined in policy documents regarding expectations of the SOIT officer. Questions about service provisions were then put to male and female rape survivors to investigate whether a differential level of service exists regarding victim gender. For example, survivors were asked as to (i) the response of the police on reporting, (ii) the procedures followed, (iii) the level of communication maintained throughout their case and (iv) their suggestions for improvement of the service received in light of their experience. The police and survivor data were analysed using thematic analysis and compared. Key issues which were highlighted by survivors and police officers included the importance of regular communications about the progress of the case. Rape survivors also expressed a lack of confidence in the judicial system; this was more pronounced in adult males. Furthermore, the limited resources available to SOIT officers were found to impact negatively on the service provided to rape survivors.
Exploring the Impact of Police Officer Education Level on Allegations of Police Misconduct
Authors: Manis Jennifer , Archbold Carol A. , Hassell Kimberly D.
Published: February 2009

The study presented in this paper examines the relationship between police officers' education levels, types of degrees, and formal and informal complaints filed against patrol officers. This study is the first of its kind to examine the impact of the type of degree (Criminal Justice (CJ) degree versus non-CJ degrees) earned by police officers on both informal and formal complaints filed against them. The findings of this study reveal that there are no statistical differences between patrol officers with CJ degrees and patrol officers with non-CJ degrees in regard to the frequency and type of complaints that are filed against them by citizens and police supervisors.
Narcoterrorism and Australia: Is a New Theoretical Lens Required?
Authors: Clark Mark
Published: February 2009

This article seeks to examine the cooperative networks between terrorists and organised criminals and lay a basis for an argument that the use of the threat assessment model, based upon a philosophy of realism, may no longer serve Australia's interests. The narcoterrorist networks that produce, transport and distribute illicit narcotics illustrates a ‘crossover’ between criminality and defence threat, and, potentially, an operational disconnect in a federated country, such as Australia. Local police may not be able to support defence measures to the fullest extent. A liberal philosophical threat assessment model, supported by a target-centric operational orientation, may enable defence and policing to act in unison to protect local and offshore communities that are vulnerable. A widening of the ‘philosophical lens' may integrate operations and intelligence to allow maximum pressure to be brought upon key points.
MicroRNAs: Novel Biomarkers for Human Cancer
Authors: Bartels Claudine L , Tsongalis Gregory J
Published: February 2009

Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small RNA molecules of approximately 22 nucleotides, have been shown to be up- or downregulated in specific cell types and disease states. These molecules have become recognized as one of the major regulatory gatekeepers of coding genes in the human genome.

Content: We review the structure, nomenclature, mechanism of action, technologies used for miRNA detection, and associations of miRNAs with human cancer. miRNAs are produced in a tissue-specific manner, and changes in miRNA within a tissue type can be correlated with disease status. miRNAs appear to regulate mRNA translation and degradation via mechanisms that are dependent on the degree of complementarity between the miRNA and mRNA molecules. miRNAs can be detected via several methods, such as microarrays, bead-based arrays, and quantitative real-time PCR. The tissue concentrations of specific miRNAs have been associated with tumor invasiveness, metastatic potential, and other clinical characteristics for several types of cancers, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and breast, colorectal, hepatic, lung, pancreatic, and prostate cancers.

Summary: By targeting and controlling the expression of mRNA, miRNAs can control highly complex signal-transduction pathways and other biological pathways. The biologic roles of miRNAs in cancer suggest a correlation with prognosis and therapeutic outcome. Further investigation of these roles may lead to new approaches for the categorization, diagnosis, and treatment of human cancers.
Operator-Automation Interaction in Agricultural Vehicles
Authors: Sanchez Julian , Duncan Jerry R.
Published: February 2009

Over the last 25 years, considerable research has been conducted in an effort to understand human behavior in automated systems. These efforts have yielded a number of valuable findings about the overall nature of human-automation interaction across a wide range of domains, such as aviation, surface transportation, medical systems, manufacturing environments, and maritime vehicles. In this article, we provide an overview of another domain that has been heavily influenced by automation: agricultural vehicles. We share some observations about the impacts of automation on human behavior within this domain, discuss some of the tools and methods being used to investigate these issues, and speculate about the lessons to be learned about human-automation interaction from this arena.
Creative Design Solutions as a Class Exercise
Authors: Dyck Jennifer L.
Published: February 2009

This article describes a case study I use as a hands-on design assignment in a human factors psychology course. The assignment is to redesign an exit sign, taking into account principles of visual display design and environmental factors that could reduce the sign's visibility. Assigning a particular object to redesign allows in-class comparison and discussion, and it is relatively easy for students when they begin to identify human factors deficiencies in everyday objects. Students consistently rate this assignment positively, and they especially enjoy its creative aspects.
Assessment of Neutron Irradiation-Induced Grain Boundary Embrittlement by Phosphorous Segregation in a Reactor Pressure Vessel Steel
Authors: Kimura A , Shibata M , Kasada R , Fujii K , Fukuya K , Nakata H
Published: February 2009

The materials used were two sorts of reactor pressure vessel steels (RPVSs), which contain different amounts of impurity phosphorous (P) and copper (Cu). The specimens for Charpy V-notch impact tests and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) were irradiated in the Japan Materials Test Reactor (JMTR) at 290°C up to fluences of 6 × 1021 and 1 × 1024 n/m2 using a multi-division temperature control capsule which enables removal of a part of the sub-capsules during operation of the reactor.

Neutron irradiation resulted in a significant shift in the ductile-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) accompanied by a large irradiation hardening in the high P and high Cu steel. The AES measurements following the irradiations revealed that almost no phosphorous segregation occurred at grain boundaries. The DBTT shifts by neutron irradiation were reasonably interpreted in terms of a so-called hardening mechanism. The SEM observations of the fractured surface indicated that a very small amount of grain boundary fracture was induced at the irradiation conditions, and resultantly no grain boundary embrittlement was observed.

Based on the results of irradiation experiments as well as long-term thermal aging experiments beyond 16 000 h, neutron irradiation-induced grain boundary embrittlement is considered to rarely happen to the RPVS that contains 110 wppm of phosphorous.
Technological Application of Auger Electron Spectroscopy
Authors: Gjostein NA , Chavka NG
Published: February 2009

A brief review of the principles of Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) is given. The application of AES to a series of technological problems including fracture surface analysis, weathering of glass, vacuum brazing of aluminum alloys, paint adhesion on metal surfaces, and behavior of a friction material is described.
Impurity Segregation to Grain Boundaries
Authors: Joshi A , Stein DF
Published: February 2009

Minute quantities of impurities present in a material can have a major influence on the mechanical, chemical, or electrical properties of materials when they are segregated in localized regions. Since grain boundaries are often the preferred regions for segregation, it is not surprising that the properties of grain boundaries differ from the bulk resulting in such phenomena as intergranular fracture and intergranular corrosion. The objectives of this paper are to demonstrate the usefulness of Auger spectroscopy in determining segregation, the role of segregation in the deterioration of properties, and to discuss our present understanding of the mechanisms for segregation.
A Tension-Compression Test Fixture to Determine Bauschinger Effect
Authors: Hoge KG , Brady RL , Cortez R
Published: February 2009

A tension-compression alignment fixture has been designed for an MTS universal test machine. Bending stresses in the specimen are eliminated by rotation and displacement adjustments to the fixture. Lost motion is reduced by preloading in compression all mating parts of the fixture. Results of the Bauschinger effect on several metals are described.
Materials for Diffusion and Epitaxy
Authors: Gittler FL
Published: February 2009

Most semiconductor devices are built in the epitaxial layer on a silicon wafer. The properties of the starting epitaxial material are important, because they help to determine the final device parameters. In order to obtain good epitaxial material, the reactants and dopants used must be of known purity. Analytical methods are not sufficiently sensitive and a Use Test has been attempted. Section 5.2 of ASTM Committee F-1, on Materials for Diffusion and Epitaxy, is at this time designing and evaluating an epitaxial reactant purity evaluator. A cleaning method has been devised, which is an important step in the Use Test.
Measurements in Silicon Planar Technology: Mechanical Properties of Semiconductor Surfaces
Authors: Mendel E
Published: February 2009

Methods for growing silicon single crystals and then fabricating them into polished wafer form are reviewed. A survey of many of the parameters and measurement techniques needed to specify the polished surface is included. The activities of the Section on the Mechanical Properties of Semiconductor Surfaces are discussed.
Effect of Pyrolytic Temperatures on the Longitudinal Strength of Dry Douglas-Fir
Authors: Schaffer EL
Published: February 2009

Compressive and tensile strength of dry Douglas-fir was measured through rapid constant deformation rate tests at temperatures from 25 to 288°C, at initial thermoequilibrium and after 2 h of heating.

The tensile strength decreased slowly with increasing temperatures to 175°C. Above 175°C, the tensile strength reduces rapidly. This is attributed to alteration of the cellulosic fraction of wood.

The compressive strength decreases more uniformly with temperatures increasing to 288°C due to changes occurring in all three basic wood components with change in temperature.

A first-order reaction equation for bond rupture/formation was adopted to describe the response. Including only terms for bond rupture resulted in good correlation to the observed strength response at reaching thermoequilibrium.
Some Studies of the Influence of Localized and Gross Plasticity on the Monotonic and Cyclic Concentration Factors
Authors: Leis BN , Gowda CVB , Topper TH
Published: February 2009

The variation in monotonic and cyclic concentration factors (namely, Kt, Kε, Kσ) due to localized and gross plasticity is presented and discussed for two alloys of contrasting stress-strain behavior, an aluminum alloy 2024 T351 and a mild steel SAE 1015. Thin plates with circular and elliptical holes made of these alloys were subjected to monotonic and cyclic straining in a servo controlled testing machine.

Predominant in the monotonic behavior of the concentration factors is the rapid increase in strain concentration factor in notched mild steel plates, attributed to the unrestrained plastic flow (Lüders deformation) characteristic of this material. Such behavior is compared to the response of the continuously strain hardening aluminum alloy when subjected to a similar nominal strain history. The dominant feature of the cyclic behavior is the variation in the notch strains as influenced by the overall hardening or softening phenomenon which accompanies cyclic plastic deformation.

With the aid of these results, the accuracy of the Neuber rule is checked and restrictions to its application in fatigue life predictions of notched members using smooth specimen data are presented.
The Influence of a Dispersion on the Ductility and Fracture Behavior of Iron
Authors: Place TA , Lund JA
Published: February 2009

Iron and iron-thoria strips were produced by a technique involving coprecipitation, hydrogen reduction, compaction, and hot rolling. Flat specimens of iron and two thoria dispersion strengthened alloys were pulled in tension at temperatures in the range 77 to 373 K. The low temperature ductility of the hot-rolled powder compacts was improved by the dispersion, and the ductile brittle transition temperature was reduced. The onset of mechanical twinning, discontinuous yielding, and Luders band failures was suppressed to lower temperatures in the dispersion hardened material. The necking and fracture behavior was strongly influenced by the dispersion. Stringers of thoria particles acted as crack initiation sites, particularly if they lay transverse to the loading direction.
The Effect of Very Short Time-at-Temperature on the Yield Stress of 6061-T651 Aluminum
Authors: Babcock SG , Norvey DB , Green SJ , Holt DL
Published: February 2009

This paper describes the experimental methods and the results of an investigation of the effect of short time-at-temperature (achieved by using high heating rates) on the yield stress of 6061-T651 aluminum in uniaxial tension. Specimens were heated to 260°C at rates from about 10−3 to 103°C/s and then immediately pulled to failure at a constant strain rate of about 10/s. These heating rates, which correspond to approximate times-at-temperature in the range of 10−1 to 105 s, produce a large change in yield stress between times-at-temperature of 102 to 105 s. This change is explained in terms of precipitate coarsening and is substantiated by metallographic evidence. Extrapolation to times-at-temperature in the order of 10−5 s is discussed, and it is suggested that at these rates changes in yield stress would be due to strain rate effects only.
Armco Iron: New Concept and Broad-Data Base Justify Its Use as a Thermal Conductivity Reference Material
Authors: Lucks CF
Published: February 2009

A new treatment for the data generated over a period of almost 40 years, including results of a recently completed round robin, indicate no reason for not continuing the use of Armco iron as a thermal conductivity reference material in the temperature range 80 to 925 K. The correlation of thermal conductivity and temperature divided by electrical resistivity is linear in this temperature range with changes in slope at reasonable magnetic transition temperatures for α-Fe2O3 and Fe3C. The small amounts of the two compounds present coupled with electrical resistivity trends for the impurity elements hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen suggest the thermal and electrical transport properties are measurably influenced by a semicontinuous or continuous network of hydrogen and iron compounds in the grain boundaries.

Improved results are effected in the use of Armco iron as a reference material in the range 80 to 925 K by the use of three equations correlating thermal conductivity and temperature divided by electrical resistivity. The equations provide a tool for monitoring changes in thermal conductivity during use of the iron as a reference material and a means of adjusting thermal conductivity values for the normal compositional variations of Armco iron.
The Effect of the Intermediate Principal Stress on Triaxial Fatigue of 7075-T6 Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Findley WN , Tracy JF
Published: February 2009

Fatigue tests of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy under synchronous pulsating triaxial stresses were performed with three different values of the intermediate principal stress. Thick-walled tubes were subjected to internal pressure plus axial stress such that the state of stress at the inner surface was as follows: in the first case, the intermediate principal stress was a compression equal to the internal pressure; in the second, it was a tension equal to the internal pressure; and in the third, it was a tension equal to the hoop stress at the inner surface. Results showed no effect of the intermediate principal stress.
Flow and Fracture of High Strength Steels in Torsion
Authors: Chait R
Published: February 2009

The torsional flow and fracture characteristics of several high strength steels are examined. Comparison is made to flow curves obtained in uniaxial tension. It is noted that the flow curve obtained in torsion may not necessarily duplicate the flow curve determined in tension. It is suggested that lack of agreement may be due to the presence of microcracks. Nonuniform deformation localizes the formation of microcracks. It is shown that the tendency to deform locally is influenced not only by strength level but by the value of the strain hardening exponent as well. Torsional strains are also presented and compared to corresponding tensile fracture strain data. It is noted that the value of the torsional fracture strain may be low and less than the tensile fracture strain despite a fracture surface which appears ductile.
Fatigue Properties of a Tin-Modified Copper Nickel Alloy (CA-725)
Authors: Fox A
Published: February 2009

The reversed bending fatigue properties of a Cu-9Ni-2Sn alloy, designated CA-725, were studied as they might be influenced by prior cold rolling and by the orientation of the normal stress with respect to the direction of rolling. The fatigue strength of this alloy was found to increase as a function of prior cold work for cold reductions ranging from 21 to 95 percent. In this respect this material is different from 5 percent tin phosphor bronze (CA-510) and 12 percent nickel silver (CA-762) for which no further improvement in fatigue strength is noted in the range of cold reductions 50–70 percent. For cold reductions greater than 37 percent (hard temper) the fatigue strength for material stressed at 90 deg to the direction of rolling is consistently higher than for material stressed in the parallel direction. This anisotropic effect becomes more pronounced with increasing prior cold work.
A Laboratory Method of Preparing Isotropic Samples of Clay
Authors: Khera RP
Published: February 2009

A method of preparing isotropic clay soil samples in the laboratory is given, where consolidation is accomplished under hydrostatic pressure. Direct shear tests were performed on specimens trimmed at different inclinations to the physical horizontal from the block samples prepared by this method. The ratio of undrained shear strengths in any direction to that in the vertical direction was found to be practically equal to one. Similar tests performed on specimens trimmed from samples of the same clay consolidated one-dimensionally showed this ratio to be maximum for horizontally trimmed specimens. Thus, for laboratory investigation, where isotropic test specimens are desired, soil samples should be consolidated hydrostatically and not one-dimensionally as the latter yields anisotropic samples.
Confidence Limits of Stress Values Measured by X-Ray Diffraction
Authors: Kurita M
Published: February 2009

The confidence limits of stress values measured by X-ray diffraction are usually determined from the equation of the t distribution for the linear regression analysis. Experimentation has shown that not all of the four assumptions on which the equation is based hold for X-ray stress measurement. X-ray residual stress measurement on a quenched structural steel was repeated 65 times. A slight failure of the assumption of linearity of the sin2ψ diagram gives confidence limits of the stress determined from the equation 1.5 to 6 times larger than the actual values depending on the preset times used. However, the confidence limits of the stress determined from the equation derived analytically from X-ray counting statistics agree very closely with the actual values. The standard error of the confidence limits determined from this equation is much smaller than that determined from the equation of the t distribution by a factor of 1∕15 to 1∕67.
High Pressure Fatigue Testing with Results for Tubing and Fittings
Authors: Findley WN , Reed RM
Published: February 2009

Means are described for raising by a factor of about three the allowable cyclic pressure provided by a high pressure fatigue machine for fatigue testing of thick-walled tubes. Fatigue test results are given for 7.9- and 6.4-mm high pressure tubing of 316 (Unified Numbering System [UNS] S31600) stainless steel, crosses, tees, and seals.
Prediction of the Shift in the Brittle-Ductile Transition Temperature of Light-Water Reactor (LWR) Pressure Vessel Materials
Authors:   Metal Properties Council Subcommittee 6 on Nuclear Materials
Published: February 2009

This report presents the results of an investigation undertaken by The Metal Properties Council Subcommittee 6 on Nuclear Materials and ASTM Subcommittee E10.02 on Behavior and Use of Metallic Materials in Nuclear Systems to determine the feasibility of establishing standard design curves for the purpose of predicting changes in the toughness properties of reactor pressure vessel materials as a result of exposure to neutron irradiation. It is based on a statistical treatment of irradiation data available as of November 1977. Since the conclusion of the analytical phase of the MPC-ASTM effort, more data have been published (particularly from commercial surveillance programs) that would statistically enhance various ranges within the present analysis. Some of the recently acquired data suggest a saturation effect and nickel contribution on radiated material behavior. For these and other reasons, the expressions presented in this report should be re-evaluated on a periodic basis as new data become available.

One of the important products of the MPC-ASTM effort is the computer data bank. It has been carefully scrutinized by members of the MPC and ASTM and its applicability for the present study was unmatched. The periodic updating and expanding the data bank should be considered for future analyses involving revisions to the present study or in conjunction with studies aimed at determining the response of the Charpy upper shelf energy to neutron radiation exposure or both.

This report represents the opinion of MPC Subcommittee 6 concerning the predictability of the shift in the brittle-ductile transition temperature based on data available as of November 1977. The data are presented as three sets of curves: total data base, experimental data, and surveillance data. The selection of the appropriate set of curves for a given application is left to the discretion of the user. Similarly, the use of the family of mean curves versus the family of bounding curves is also left to the discretion of the user.

The MPC Subcommittee 6 has recommended that this report together with its Appendix be evaluated by ASTM Subcommittee E10.02 with respect to development of a Standard Practice. Furthermore, the Subcommittee has also recommended that the ASTM Standard Practice should clearly state that the Standard Practice be used until surveillance data from a specific plant become available, at which time, the specific plant surveillance information should be controlling.
Summary Report of Round Robin Testing by the ASTM Task Group E24.01.06 on Rapid Loading Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness KIc Testing
Authors: Shoemaker AK , Seeley RR
Published: February 2009

A task group designated ASTM E24.01.06 conducted round robin tests to estabish guidelines for preparing a test specification for rapid-loading plane-strain fracture-toughness testing, KIc( ) (the time of the test from zero to maximum load, in milliseconds, is included in the parentheses). Procedures described in ASTM Test for Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness of Metallic Materials (E 399) were adhered to in the program. KIc( ) tests of A533 Class steel were conducted at −18 (0) and −51°C (−60°F) for loading times as short as about 1 ms using compact tension and bend specimens with 25, 38, and 51 mm (1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 in.) thickness in high-speed closed-loop testing machines and with quasi-impact and impact testing methods.

Although the recommended test procedure will only be for testing specimens with clip gages and will exclude quasi-impact and impact testing, the test results show that additional programs could extend the method to include quasi-impact and impact testing. The round robin test results show that the procedures outlined in the recommendations of this report should give reproducible KIc( ) results consistent with the data scatter expected for fracture toughness testing of temperature- and strain-rate sensitive steels.
A Basis for Predicting Longtime Behavior from Short-Time Tests of Geothermal Sealants
Authors: Kearsley EA
Published: February 2009

The failure of sealants aging in geothermal downwell atmospheres is usually a result of the cumulative effects of both the forming of cross-links and their destruction in the rubbery sealant materials. Methods are discussed to distinguish between these mechanisms using measurement of stress relaxation and permanent set. Some data on oxidative aging of natural rubber are recalled as a paradigm of chemically degrading elastomers and some simple scaling laws are described which (when they can be established) are useful for predicting longtime behavior from short-time tests.
The Effectiveness of Passenger Security Screening—an Overview
Authors: Tsacoumis TP
Published: February 2009

A review of the Civil Aviation Security Program is presented. The history of the program is outlined as well as the training of operators, and tests of the effectiveness of the system are discussed. Finally, the magnitude and effectiveness of the program are addressed.
Cost-Effectiveness of the Passenger Security Screening System
Authors: Childs RA
Published: February 2009

On 5 Dec. 1972, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) promulgated Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR) 121.538, requiring that effective 5 Jan. 1973, all commercial airlines implement a system to screen all passengers and their carryon items to insure that no weapons, explosives, or incendiary devices were boarded in the cabin of aircraft. This regulation was issued as a direct response to the increased number of acts of air piracy, as well as the increased severity and danger resulting from these criminal acts. This afforded the air carriers only 30 days to implement the requirements of the FAR at over 500 airports of various sizes across the country. Initially, all inspections of hand carried items were conducted by individuals physically opening and checking the contents of each item carried by passengers before they boarded their flight. While this procedure could be used effectively at smaller airports boarding only a few passengers, it was obviously not a cost-effective or efficient method of fulfilling the requirements of the regulation at larger airports. Soon after the implementation of the screening program, the FAA approved the use of cabinet X-rays to meet the search requirements; sterile concourses were created to centralize the screening process and eliminate the need to conduct passenger inspections at each boarding gate. By the use of the sterile concourse concept, cabinet X-rays could be effectively used and the number of persons conducting searches drastically reduced. An individual conducting a hand search of carryon items took an average of 45 s to 1 min to conduct a thorough search of a carryon item; where the X-ray could reduce the amount of time required to an average of 5 to 7 s. From the beginning of the screening program to the present time, the number of passengers carried in commerical air transportation has steadily increased each year necessitating corresponding advances in the sophistication of the system and the equipment. The image quality of the X-ray, passenger flow patterns, and compatibility of the X-ray systems with the metal detectors are all necessary ingredients to a successful and cost-effective program.
Passenger Screening Requirements—The View from Europe
Authors: Keane AG
Published: February 2009

This paper examines the existing passenger screening procedures in use at airports throughout Europe. The question of numerous national boundaries over a relatively small distance and the problems these raise because of differing interpretation of national and international law is discussed. The function of the European Civil Aviation Conference in setting up a working group on security problems is explained and the matters under discussion by the two subgroups which deal with passenger screening. The one subgroup dealing with the study of administrative and operational aspects and the other subgroup focusing upon the study of technical aspects are put into perspective. The methods of financing security measures are explained, and a brief comparison of the systems used follows. The paper concludes with advice to security operatives on methods and practices for good screening.
Reference Materials—What is Available?
Authors: Bingham CD
Published: February 2009

The availability of certified reference materials by which to calibrate and standardize measurements throughout the nuclear fuel cycle is described and summarized.
Estimation of Fatigue Life at Elevated Temperature of Electron Beam Weldments of Alloy 718
Authors: Fukakura J , Mori T
Published: February 2009

Axial displacement-controlled fatigue tests were conducted at 600°C on smooth solid cylindrical specimens of Alloy 718 with electron beam weldments. By monitoring the diametral strain response of the heat-softened region, relationships between strain amplitude and fatigue life, and between cyclic stress and strain, were obtained. Using the cyclic stress-strain curve of the soft region, the load-controlled fatigue test results corresponded to the axial displacement-controlled test results. Subsequently, a simple model of strain sharing in the weldment was established for cyclic loading in order to estimate the fatigue life. Using the model, the fatigue life of a welded specimen under axial loading was estimated as a function of gage length, considering the effect of gage length on strain concentration in the soft region.
References and Conference Proceedings Towards the Understanding of Fracture Mechanics
Authors: Toor PM , Hudson CM
Published: February 2009

The study of the structural integrity of components using fracture mechanics has become an integral part of new designs and is being used to reevaluate old designs. ASTM Subcommittee E24.06, concerned with the application of fracture mechanics to real hardware, is dedicated to the education of its members in the areas of fracture application. As a first step, a list of basic references towards the understanding of fracture mechanics has been compiled. Textbooks, ASTM Special Technical Publications (STPs), ASTM standards, national and international journals, symposia and conferences, and basic references in the development of fracture toughness, stress intensity factors, fatigue crack growth, fracture testing, fracture of brittle materials, and fractography are listed by sections in chronological order. This is a first effort by Subcommittee E24.06 to compile the references; an update will include brief abstracts/descriptions of the references.
Simple Analysis of Gluconate in Cleaner
Authors: Hwang R
Published: February 2009

Two simple methods of gluconate analysis in a cleaner are described:

1. Gluconate is oxidized by periodate. The amount of formic acids are titrated by standard alkaline. 2. In the presence of acidic iodide solution, gluconate oxidized by hydroperiodic acid liberates iodine. At the same time its unreacted acid also liberates iodine. The amount of iodine is titrated by standard sodium thiosulphate.
In Situ Dynamic Estimates of the Equation of State for Alluvium for Intermediate Pressures and High Rates
Authors: Rinehart EJ
Published: February 2009

Predictions of ground motion and stresses generated by high explosive events are only as good as the constitutive relationships used. Data for stress states in excess of 5 MPa (50 bar) that are reached with strain rates above 102 s−1 are very limited, especially for in situ materials. Three planar and one spherical in situ tests were fired in an attempt to obtain a direct estimation of the constitutive relationships for stresses up to 1 GPa at rapid loading rates. Reduction of the data by inverting the equations of motion in conjunction with the data directly has shown that there is an approximate doubling of the loading constrained modulus when rise times are shorter than 1 ms and stresses are in excess of 30 MPa (0.3 kbar). For the spherical case, peak stresses arrive earlier than peak strains at the higher loading rates. This appears to indicate a severe strength reduction at peak stress. The apparent modulus increase could be due to high shear strengths upon initial loading which become degraded after peak stress passage.
On the Determination of Crack Initiation Using Standard Test Methods
Authors: Hellmann D , Schwalbe K-H
Published: February 2009

The results presented in this paper were obtained by participation in an ASTM experimental round-robin exercise. The roundrobin was aimed at verifying the appropriateness of ASTM Draft Test Method for Crack Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD) Testing. It was demonstrated that the Draft Method is suitable for determining initiation values of CTOD and that more unequivocal values are obtained if the crack length is measured as the average of ten instead of three individual values distributed over the specimen thickness. This is consistent with the recent revision of the Draft Method.
Design and Development of a Biaxial Strength Testing Device
Authors: Ferron G , Makinde A
Published: February 2009

The apparatus described herein is designed for the performance of biaxial stretching tests on flat cross-shaped specimens. It can be used with a conventional uniaxial tensile testing machine. The device converts the machine from one that exerts a uniaxial force to one that applies a system of forces in two perpendicular directions. A fixed value of the logarithmic strain ratio ρ = ϵ2/ϵ1 can be imposed on the test specimen along these two directions. The fixed ρ-value may be chosen between 0 and 1 according to the geometrical configuration of the device.
The Risks of Extrapolations of Metal Fatigue Data
Authors: Fuchs HO , Johns MV
Published: February 2009

The risks associated with extrapolations are quantified by simulation for the case of metal fatigue data. Extrapolations to 1% failures are made from samples of 10 or 20 or 50 specimens for four assumed distributions of the failures. Two methods of extrapolation are investigated. Method A corresponds to straight line fitting on lognormal probability paper. Method B applies extreme value theory to the 40% smallest values in a sample and gives superior results for samples of 50 specimens. For the small samples usual in metal fatigue, Method A gives equally good (or poor) results. Results are presented in several measures. An empirical risk divisor is introduced as a practical means of reducing the risk.
A Method for Generating Fatigue Marker Bands Using a ConstantKmax Test Procedure
Authors: Ragazzo C , Hertzberg RW , Jaccard R
Published: February 2009

Marker bands were introduced onto fatigue fracture surfaces by a block loading technique wherein Kmax was held constant while Kmin was varied. Materials examined included Astroloy nickelbase superalloy, 1020 hot-rolled steel. AC112-TL aluminum, and 2024-T3 aluminum. The use of a constant Kmax test procedure allowed ΔK to be varied without affecting crack growth rates, thereby providing a convenient method for documenting the shape of a progressing flaw. The nature of contrast differences between marker bands generated at different ΔK levels were examined in terms of changes in fracture micromechanisms as well as changes in fracture surface roughness. Results indicate that a micromechanism transition from cleavage-like faceted growth at low ΔK to striated growth at intermediate ΔK was responsible for the major difference in fracture surface appearance.
Indentation Characterization of Silicon Nitride
Authors: Bolse W , Peteves SD
Published: February 2009

The hardness of hot-pressed silicon nitride ceramics has been measured over a wide range of applied loads, 0.02 to 300 N, for both Vickers and Knoop indenter geometries. The indentation size effect (ISE) was evident for loads less than about 1 N. The Vickers and Knoop hardness values agree provided they are compared at a given penetration of the respective indenter. The influence of the residual stresses of the ceramic surface on the indentation response in the as-machined, polished, and post-annealed state has been investigated. The results are discussed in relation to the characterization of indentation damage in brittle materials and fracture analysis models.
Relationships between Specimen Size, Stress Rate, and Load-Controlled Tensile Properties of AISI 300 Series Stainless Steels at 4 K
Authors: Lee HM , Moon H , Pyun S-I
Published: February 2009

The effects of specimen size on the load-controlled tensile properties of AISI 304, 316, and 310S stainless steels at 4 K were examined at four different stress rates from 0.154 to 154 MPa/s. Diameters of the specimens were 4.5, 6.35, and 8 mm. The stress and strain at the onset of the discontinuous yielding decreased as the stress rate and specimen diameter increased. The effects of the discontinuous yielding on the ultimate tensile strength are discussed. The differences in the effect of the machine control mode on the mechanical properties are also discussed.
Characterization of Base/Subbase Materials under Repetitive Loading
Authors: Chen D-H , Zaman MM , Laguros JG
Published: February 2009

Testing of granular materials for evaluation of Resilient Modulus (MR) suffers from the lack of a standardized test method. Although AASHTO over the past six years (1986 to 1992) has proposed three different testing procedures (T274-86, T292-91I, and T294-92I), some state transportation departments have adopted their own MR testing procedures. In this study, the factors affecting the measurement of MR such as the testing method used and stress applied and its sequence are investigated. In addition, the updated methodologies proposed by various agencies for MR of granular materials and the MR values obtained are reviewed and evaluated. It is found that the applied stress sequence has some effects on MR of granular materials. For the two aggregate types investigated in this study, with the same location of LVDT and dynamic waveform, the T294-92I testing procedure yields higher MR than that obtained by using the T292-91I testing procedure. The stress sequence in T294-92I infers a stiffening and strengthening effect on the specimen structure as the stress level increases from low to high. The variation of MR values due to testing procedure is found to be higher than those due to the aggregate source. The MR values obtained in this study are found to be lower than those reported in the literature. Furthermore, with the updated testing procedure for MR, the correlation between the structural layer coefficients and MR of granular base and subbase proposed by the AASHTO needs to be modified accordingly.
Evaluation of the Corrosion of MoSi2 by Molten Glass
Authors: Sundaram SK , Speyer RF
Published: February 2009

Modification of ASTM C 621 is needed in order to determine the corrosion of the material MoSi2 by molten glass since this material reacts with the prescribed platinum crucible. The latter was replaced with a fusion-cast alumina-zirconia-silica refractory crucible. A correction for the width of the saw kerf is suggested. The modified method was carried out on a number of cylindrical samples in molten E-glass at 1550°C. The specimen-glass interfacial regions were characterized using SEM, EDS, and XRD.
Crack Initiation Fracture Toughness of Transmission Line Hardware Steels
Authors: Bhuyan GS
Published: February 2009

Initiation fracture toughness of some selected steels used for transmission line hardware components was measured using an AC potential drop method. The moderate upsetting due to the forging operation of the 1541 bar material increased the initiation fracture toughness by up to 27%, as compared to that of the rolled bar. Initiation fracture toughness of the oil-quenched 4140 steel increased by 60% with the decrease in hardness from Rc 40 to 28.
Ultra-High-Vacuum Chamber for Environmental-Fatigue Testing
Authors: Ruiz J , Elices M
Published: February 2009

This paper describes an ultra-high-vacuum (UHV) chamber for environmental fatigue crack growth tests. The main components of this testing device are the working chamber, where the test is conducted, the gas entry lines, and the quadrupole chamber, which is used for analyzing the environment. Advice on the assembly and behavior of these components is also given. As an example of the performance of the system, novel results are reported of crack growth rates in an aluminum alloy (AA7017-T651) when tested in high vacuum, pure oxygen, and at different water vapor pressures.
Effect of Cooling Rate Variables on the Solidification Time and Microstructure of Permanent Mold Magnesium-Treated Iron Castings
Authors: Narendranath CS , Srinivasan MN
Published: February 2009

This paper deals with studies on the effect of cooling rate variations on the solidification times and microstructure of permanent mold magnesium-treated cast iron. Cooling rate variations were brought about by changes in the casting size or mold preheating temperature or mold wall thickness.

The results of this investigation indicate that the solidification time of magnesium-treated iron casting is always greater than that of an untreated iron casting, when the cooling rate variables are similar. Since the morphology of graphite in the two cases is different, it is thus indicated that graphite morphology affects the solidification time. Though the solidification time of magnesium-treated iron permanent mold castings shows an increase when the casting size is increased, no unilateral increase or decrease is observed when the magnitudes of the other two variables, viz., mold wall thickness and mold preheating temperature favor decrease and increase in cooling rate respectively.

Microstructural analysis indicated that random variations in the graphite morphology, despite the residual magnesium being above the required limit, were primarily responsible for the random variations in solidification times. The reason for this randomness has been discussed in terms of heat transfer. Further experiments were conducted where the heat transfer variables were chosen based on this analysis and it was possible to achieve proper trends in the solidification time. The graphite shape of the castings in these experiments had good nodularity, with the size being related to the cooling rate.
Analysis of the Coherence of Published Data on Aluminum Matrix Composites
Authors: Eliasson J , Sandström R
Published: February 2009

Data on aluminum matrix composites were previously collected from scientific articles and analyzed. The purpose was to make it possible to select composite materials. During data analysis, incomplete representation of the information was discovered in many cases. Since this situation is not uncommon for advanced materials, it was decided to characterize the information that was missing. Important information has been divided into three main groups: mandatory, essential, and recommended meta data, where the meta data is the background information to actual data.

Missing mandatory meta data make it impossible to verify the results by repeating the testing, e.g., when the composition of the matrix, the type and amount of reinforcement or the heat treatment is missing. The percentage of the 93 studied articles with such data missing was about 20%. If there is essential meta data missing, the precision in the interpretation of property data is significantly limited. Examples of essential information are processing steps, reinforcement length, and size. In about 60% of the articles some essential meta data were missing. Recommended meta data are, for example, description of the microstructure or other background information such as reinforcement distribution. The fraction of articles missing some recommended meta data is almost 100%. The lack of data leads to difficulties interpreting and modeling experimental data which will ultimately slow large-scale introduction of aluminum matrix composites.