bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ADUBAÇÃO NITROGENADA DE COBERTURA EM DIFERENTES ESTÁDIOS FENOLÓGICOS E CULTIVARES DE ALGODÃO EM TANGARÁ DA SERRA-MT
Authors: Guimarães Hugo Almeida , Rodrigues Juliene Oliveira , Ferraz Yweenns Teixeira , Mariano Daiane de Cinque , Okumura Ricardo Shigueru
Published: October 2017

RESUMO: O estudo objetivou avaliar o desenvolvimento vegetativo e produtividade de cultivares de algodão em função da aplicação de nitrogênio em diferentes estádios fenológicos, o experimento foi realizado na Unemat, na região de Tangará da Serra – MT, no período de janeiro a julho de 2012. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3x5, com 3 repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de cinco épocas de aplicação do N em cobertura conforme o estádio fenológico do algodão, na dose de 145 kg ha-1 de N para todos os tratamentos, e três cultivares de algodão. As avaliações de altura de planta, número de nós por planta, número de maçãs por planta e massa seca da parte aérea ocorreram aos 120 dias após a emergência. A mensuração da produtividade do algodão em caroço foi realizada aos 180. Os dados experimentais foram submetidos aos testes de normalidade Shapiro-Wilk e homogeneidade de variância de Levene, ambos a 1% de significância. Em seguida, procedeu à análise de variância e aplicou-se o teste de Duncan a 5% de significância. Todas as cultivares mostraram-se indiferentes quanto às épocas de aplicação do N em cobertura. Na produtividade, o cultivar FMX 993 foi o que apresentou maior média produtiva.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Gossypium hirsutum L., fenologia, híbridos, produtividade de algodão.
Identifying and Exploring the Informational and Emotional Support Needs of Primipara Women: A Focus on Supportive Communication
Authors: Fakhraei Romina , Terrion Jenepher Lennox
Published: October 2017

Primipara women may require greater informational and emotional support than multipara women. Supportive communication, including informational and emotional support, can help to build a strong caregiver–patient relationship and can alleviate the difficulties associated with first-time birth. The objective of this study was to explore first-time mothers’ experiences of labor and birth. Three hundred primipara women completed self-report questionnaires. Qualitative analysis of one open-ended question about the women’s experience was conducted. Nine themes emerged from the data. Eight themes reflected informational and emotional support needs, whereas the final theme reflected instrumental support needs. The study concluded that informational and emotional supports are important factors of supportive communication and influence the birthing experience of primipara women.
A viagem, ou as ilusões da comunicação
Authors: Libis Jean
Published: October 2017

Na França, e para além dela, viajar se tornou atualmente objeto de tamanho interesse que a viagem já não se trata mais de um fenômeno da moda, mas constitui um dos elementos fundamentais do comportamento contemporâneo. As razões levantadas pelos incontáveis nômades ocasionais pertencem ao registro da comunicação: ir ao encontro do Outro, dizem eles, responde a uma grande preocupação com a cultura e a humanização. Esta visão reconfortante pode e deve nos satisfazer? Em uma célebre diatribe, o antropólogo Claude Levi-Strauss criticou esta grande obsessão com a transumância. O filósofo Jean Brun, por sua vez, desenvolveu uma interpretação particularmente redutora sobre os vagabundos do Ocidente, atormentados pela finitude fundamental de seu estar-no-mundo. Certamente, existiram e existem viajantes verdadeiramente abertos ao desejo do desconhecido e expostos aos riscos concomitantes a ele. E é possível, como sugere o diário de viagem de Heidegger, que a viagem autêntica seja aquela que, mesmo de maneira fugaz, nos coloca de fronte não a uma perambulação infinita, mas a um recentramento ontológico.
Uma teoria para as formas e forças próprias da imaginação simbólica
Authors: Barros Ana Tais Martins Portanova
Published: October 2017

Resenha da nova edição francesa de Les structures anthropologiques de l'imaginaire, de Gilbert Durand.
Pagamento por Serviços Ambientais como instrumento econômico de gestão das águas: o caso da sub-bacia do córrego Cambucaes, Bacia Hidrográfica do rio São João - Silva Jardim/RJ
Authors: Carvalho Camila De Souza Alexandre , Ferreira Maria Inês Paes
Published: October 2017

Neste trabalho buscou-se propor o Pagamento por Serviços Ambientais como instrumento de gestão da Bacia Hidrográfica do rio São João, iniciando-se pela sub-bacia do córrego Cambucaes, por meio da definição de um valor de pagamento calculado a partir da aplicação dos métodos de valoração ambiental. A área de estudo justificou-se pela sua relevância. A Bacia Hidrográfica estudada possui diversos usos que vão desde o abastecimento público e o suprimento de pequenas indústrias, até a mineração e recreação, porém tem sofrido degradação a partir do desmatamento, da especulação imobiliária, extração desenfreada de alguns recursos naturais e práticas convencionais da agropecuária, entre outras formas. Destaca-se no abastecimento público por abrigar a represa de Juturnaíba, responsável pelo abastecimento de oito municípios da Região dos Lagos do estado do Rio de Janeiro e por ser cogitada para atendimento da demanda hídrica de outras regiões do estado. Localizada a montante da represa de Juturnaíba e próxima do rio São João, a sub-bacia priorizada é uma área importante de recarga e descarga da bacia hidrográfica, que da mesma forma sofre degradação e precisa de intervenção urgente.
News & Announcements
Authors: Pearce Hanne
Published: October 2017

Greetings Everyone! There are only a few news items for the fall issue: International Board on Books for Young People (IBBY) Announces  List of 100 Children’s Books in Arabic "Here is a selection of 100 children’s books in Arabic published in various countries of the Arab world. This selection reflects the dynamism of a sector that has truly taken off in the past twenty years, with the publication of a wide range of titles whose quality is often recognised by international awards."Finalists Announced for the 2017 Canadian Children’s Book Centre AwardsThe CCBC has announced the finalists in for their annual book awards. This includes the $30,000 TD Canadian Children’s Literature Award. See the CCBC website for a full list of finalists."So you want to get Published?" SeminarThe Canadian Children's Book Centre is hosting a seminar for aspiring children's book authors on November 4, 2017 at 10:00 AM at the Northern District Library in Toronto, ON.  Details are found on the CCBC website.Vancouver Children's Literature Roundtable (VCLR) The VCLR, announced the 2017 Information Book Award Shortlist. The shortlist can be found on the VCLR webiste. The winner will be announced in November 2017.Wishing you bright fall days!Hanne Pearce - Communications Editor
Outstanding in the Rain: A Whole Story With Holes by F. Viva
Authors: Borle Stephanie
Published: October 2017

Viva, Frank. Outstanding in the Rain: A Whole Story With Holes. Tundra Books, 2015.Frank Viva is an illustrator and designer, so design, rather than storyline, is the strength of this work. The illustrations are a simple, retro-modern, cartoon-like style. Viva uses a palette of five tints: blue, yellow, red, brown, and white. This gives Outstanding in the Rain a “vintage” look.This children’s picture book is a collection of oronyms, words or phrases that sound the same but have different meanings, woven into a simple story about a boy’s trip to the amusement park. For each oronym pair, Viva incorporates a die-cut hole into the text. Words from the following page are shown as part of the sentence of the page being read. When you flip the page, the die-cut reveals a different picture and the second part of the oronym is also revealed. For example, the words “night rain” in the phrase “The night rain is just beginning to fall” turn into “night train” in the text of next page, “The night train is coming-I hear its call”. The combination of die-cuts, oronyms, and rhyme is complex and clever. Even the title and subtitle, “Outstanding in the rain” and “A whole story with holes”, both include plays on words.Children will have fun playing with the words in the same way that Viva has played with them. This book would be a great tool for teachers to introduce having fun with language, specifically oronyms. Upper elementary children would have the most fun with the double meanings, but even adults would enjoy this book.Highly recommended: 4 stars out of 4Reviewer: Stephanie BorleStephanie Borle is a University of Alberta student of linguistics who enjoys working with children and new immigrants. She spent a year teaching English as a Second Language in Japan to kindergarten and junior high school students.
The Explanation of the Secret Real Reasons for the Financial Crises in Greece Based on the Lord Momchil Dobrev-Halachev’s “Theory of Generate Crises “and the Lord Momtchil Dobrev-Halachev’s “Theory of Mafia”
Authors: Halachev Momtchil Dobrev , Garibova Mariola
Published: October 2017

In this paper is described the explanation of the real reasons for the financial crise in Greece based on the Lord Prof PhD PhD Momtchil Dobrev-Halachev developed 2008 “Theory of generating of crises “ and 2001 “ Theory of the mafia”. Based on these two theories this paper explane the establishment of the financial crises 2008 all over the world (Dobrev, 2015).Lord prof PhD PhD Momtchil Dobrev-Halachev developed 2008 “Theory of generating of crises “and 2001 “ Theory of the mafia”. Based on these two theories this paper explane the establishment of the financial crises in Greece.
The Impact of the Choice of Magnetometers and Gradiometers in Source Reconstruction after Signal Space Separation
Authors: Garcés Pilar , López-Sanz David , Maestú Fernando , Pereda Ernesto
Published: October 2017

Background: Modern MEG devices include 102 sensor triplets containing one magnetometer and two planar gradiometers. The first processing step is often a signal space separation (SSS), which provides a powerful noise reduction. A question commonly raised by researchers and reviewers is which data should be employed in source reconstruction: (1) magnetometers only, (2) gradiometers only, (3) magnetometers and gradiometers together. The MEG community is currently divided about the proper answer and strong arguments in favor and against these three approaches often expressed. Methods: First, we provide theoretical evidence that both gradiometers and magnetometers contain the same information after SSS, and argue that they both result from the backprojection of the same SSS components. Then, we compare beamforming source reconstructions from magnetometers and gradiometers in real MEG recordings before and after SSS. Results: Without SSS, the correlation between source time series extracted from magnetometers and gradiometers was high, with Pearson correlation coefficient r=0.5-0.8. After SSS, these correlation values increased dramatically, reaching over 0.90 across all cortical areas. Conclusions: After SSS, almost identical source reconstructions (r>0.9) can be obtained with magnetometers and gradiometers, as long as regularization is selected appropriately to account for the different properties in magnetometers and gradiometers covariance matrices.
An opportunistic Pathogen Afforded Ample Opportunities: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
Authors: Mackay Ian M. , Arden Katherine E.
Published: October 2017

The human coronaviruses (CoV) include HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1, some known for decades. The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) CoV briefly emerged into the human population but was controlled. In 2012 another novel severely human pathogenic CoV – Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)-CoV was identified in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, where 80% of over 2,000 human cases have been recorded across five years. Targeted research remains key to developing control strategies for MERS-CoV, a cause of mild illness in its camel reservoir. A new therapeutic toolbox being developed in response to MERS is also teaching us more about how CoVs cause disease. Travel-related cases continue to challenge the world’s surveillance and response capabilities and more data are needed to understand unexplained primary transmission. Signs of genetic change have been recorded but it remains unclear whether any impact on clinical disease. How camels came to carry the virus remains academic to the control of MERS. To date, human-to-human transmission has been inefficient, but virus surveillance, characterisation and reporting are key to responding to any future change. MERS-CoV is not currently a pandemic threat; it is spread mainly with the aid of human habit and error.
A Longitudinal Approach to Biological Psychiatric Research: The PsyCourse Study
Authors: Budde Monika , Anderson-Schmidt Heike , Gade Katrin , Reich-Erkelenz Daniela , Adorjan Kristina , Kalman Janos L. , Senner Fanny , Papiol Sergi , Andlauer Till F. M. , Comes Ashley L. , Schulte Eva C. , Klöhn-Saghatolislam Farah , Gryaznova Anna , Hake Maria , Bartholdi Kim , Flatau Laura , Reitt Markus , Quast Silke , Stegmaier Sophia , Meyers Milena , Emons Barbara , Haußleiter Ida Sybille , Juckel Georg , Nieratschker Vanessa , Dannlowski Udo , Schmauß Max , Zimmermann Jörg , Reimer Jens , Schulz Sybille , Wiltfang Jens , Reininghaus Eva , Anghelescu Ion-George , Arolt Volker , Baune Bernhard T. , Konrad Carsten , Thiel Andreas , Fallgatter Andreas J. , Figge Christian , von Hagen Martin , Koller Manfred , Lang Fabian U. , Wigand Moritz E. , Becker Thomas , Jäger Markus , Dietrich Detlef E. , Stierl Sebastian , Scherk Harald , Spitzer Carsten , Folkerts Here , Witt Stephanie H. , Degenhardt Franziska , Forstner Andreas J. , Rietschel Marcella , Nöthen Markus M. , Falkai Peter , Schulze Thomas G. , Heilbronner Urs
Published: October 2017

In current diagnostic systems, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are still conceptualized as distinct categorical entities. Recently, both clinical and genetic evidence have challenged this Kraepelinian dichotomy. There are only few longitudinal studies addressing the potential overlaps between these conditions. Here, we present design and first results of the PsyCourse study, an ongoing transdiagnostic study of the affective-to-psychotic continuum that combines longitudinal deep phenotyping and dimensional assessment of psychopathology with an extensive collection of biomaterial. Within the DSM-IV framework, we compare two broad diagnostic groups: one consisting of predominantly affective and one of predominantly psychotic disorders. Depressive, manic, and psychotic symptoms as well as global functioning over time were analyzed. Furthermore, we explore the effects of polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia on diagnostic group membership and address their effects on non-participation in follow-up visits. While phenotypic results show differences in both current psychotic and manic symptoms, depressive symptoms did not vary between both groups. Polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia significantly explained part of the variability of the diagnostic group. Furthermore, there was a trend that a higher polygenic loading for schizophrenia was associated with attrition. Because of its unique properties, the PsyCourse study presents a prime resource for the interrogation of complex genotype-phenotype relationships.
Prebiotic Dietary Fiber and Gut Health: Comparing the In Vitro Fermentations of Beta-Glucan, Inulin and Xylooligosaccharide.
Authors: Caelson Justin L. , Erickson Jennifer M. , Hess Julie M. , Gould Trevor J. , Slavin Joanne L.
Published: October 2017

Prebiotic dietary fiber supplements are commonly consumed to help meet fiber recommendations and improve gastrointestinal health by stimulating beneficial bacteria and the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), molecules beneficial to host health. The objective of this research project was to compare potential prebiotic effects and fermentability of five commonly consumed fibers using an in vitro fermentation system measuring changes in fecal microbiota, total gas production and formation of common SCFAs. Fecal donations were collected from three healthy volunteers. Materials analyzed included: pure beta-glucan, Oatwell (commercially available oat-bran containing 22% oat β-glucan), xylooligosaccharides (XOS), WholeFiber (dried chicory root containing inulin, pectin, and hemi/celluloses), and pure inulin. Oatwell had the highest production of propionate at 12 h (4.76 μmol/mL) compared to inulin, WholeFiber and XOS samples (p<0.03). Oatwell’s effect was similar to those of the pure beta-glucan samples, both samples promoted the highest mean propionate production at 24 h. XOS resulted in a significant increase in the genus Bifidobacterium after 24 h of fermentation (0 h: 0.67 OTUs; 24 h: 5.22 OTUs; p = 0.038). Inulin and WholeFiber increased the beneficial genus Collinsella, consistent with findings in clinical studies. All analyzed compounds were fermentable and promoted the formation of beneficial SCFAs.
Examination of a Low-Profile Spinal Implant
Authors: Iwade Takuto , Hisamori Noriyuki , Fujita Junichi , Yamaya Kenji ,   Graduate School of Science and Technology, Sophia University 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan,   Department of Engineering and Applied Science, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan,   MIZUHO Corporation, Niigata, Japan
Published: October 2017

Most spine implant devices are fabricated outside Japan, and therefore do not always fit the bodies of Japanese people. This causes a quality-of-life (QOL) problem in which patients feel the embedded implant devices on their back. The aim of this study was to develop more compact and lower-profile spine implant devices. Three types of devices with different heights and different screw threads were created, and the removal torque (fitting force) of the devices was measured after a static load test and cyclic load test. In addition, the screw thread surface was observed in detail after the tests. The results indicated that the mechanism of the reduction in the fitting force was related to partial contact due to abrasion or plastic deformation of the screw thread surface and decrease in the contact area between the screw threads caused by the increased diameter of the upper opening of the implant device after tightening. Therefore, we concluded that lowering the height of the implant device, securing the number of the screw threads, and securing the contact area of the threads are important in developing a low-profile spine implant.
PENGARUH PENDEKATAN PELATIHAN BERBASIS KOMPETENSI TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN PRAKTEK MAKING BED DALAM PEMBELAJARAN ROOM SECTION DI SMK AKOMODASI PERHOTELAN
Authors: Kusdamayanti Popy , Abas Tati , Jubaedah Yoyoh
Published: October 2017

AbstrakMasalah penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh kondisi kesenjangan antara kompetensi SMK dengan kompetensi SKKNI (Standar Kompetensi Kerja Nasional Indonesia), sementara SKKNI sudah menegaskan bahwa SMK untuk menyesuaikan dengan standar kompetensi dunia kerja. Program CBT (Competency Based Training) adalah salah satu pendekatan agar peserta didik lebih mudah menguasai kompetensi yang dibutuhkan dunia kerja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui besarnya pengaruh pendekatan pelatihan berbasis kompetensi terhadap kemampuan praktek making bed dalam pembelajaran room section di SMK akomodasi perhotelan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif analitik. Sampel yang digunakan sampel purvosive sebanyak 35 peserta didik. Hasil penelitian tentang gambaran pengaruh pendekatan pelatihan berbasis kompetensi terhadap kemampuan praktek making bed berada pada kategori tinggi. Hasil pendekatan pelatihan berbasis kompetensi memberikan pengaruh positif terhadap kemampuan praktek making bed dalam pembelajaran room section di SMK akomodasi perhotelan.Kata kunci: Pendekatan Pelatihan Berbasis Kompetensi, Praktek Making Bed, Pembelajaran Room Section.

AbstractThis research issues motivated by the condition of the gap between vocational competence with competence SKKNI (Indonesian National Competence), while SKKNI already confirmed that the high schoo vocational competence for vocational schools adjust to the world of work competency standards. Programs CBT (Competency Based Training) is one approach that learners more easily master the competencies required work force. This study aims to determine the influence of competency based training approach to the practice of making beds in the ability of the learning room section at the vocational high school hospitality accommodation. This study used a descriptive a nalytic method. Samples used purvosive sample as many as 35 students. The results of the study illustrates the effect of a competency based training approach to making bed practical skills in the high category.The results of competency based training approach had a positive effecton the ability of the practice of making beds in a room learning in vocational high school accommodation section hospitality.Keywords: Competency Based Training Approach, Practice Making Bed, Learning Room Section.
HUBUNGAN STIMULASI IBU DENGAN PERKEMBANGAN MOTORIK PADA ANAK USIA 2-3 TAHUN (TODDLER)
Authors: Mitayani Yuli , T Nur Rizka , Nursetiawati Sitti
Published: October 2017

Abstrak

Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis hubungan antara Stimulasi Ibu dengan Perkembangan Motorik Kasar khususnya pada anak usia 2-3 tahun (toddler). Penelitian dilakukan di wilayah Kelurahan Larangan Selatan, Kota Tangerang, selama bulan April 2015 hingga Juni 2015. Metode penelitian menggunakan metode survei dengan pendekatan kuantitatif korelasional. Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh ibu yang memiliki anak usia 24 â€“ 36 bulan di wilayah Kelurahan Larangan Selatan, Kota Tangerang dan aktif membawa anaknya ke Posyandu dengan pengasuhan ibu sepenuhnya. Sampel penelitian berjumlah 136 responden. Hasil uji normalitas data berdistribusi normal. Hasil uji linieritas adalah linier. Hasil uji hipotesis yaitu uji keberartian regresi adalah signifikan. Koefisien korelasi Product Moment dari Pearson menghasilkan rxy = 0,9747. Hasil hipotesis pada penelitian dan uji mengenai hubungan diperoleh bahwa terdapat hubungan yang positif antara stimulasi ibu dengan perkembangan motorik kasar pada anak usia 2-3 tahun (toddler) di wilayah Kelurahan Larangan Selatan, Kota Tangerang. Koefisien determinasi yang diperoleh sebesar 95% menunjukkan besarnya pengaruh perkembangan motorik kasar pada anak yang dipengaruhi oleh stimulasi dari ibu.Kata kunci: Stimulasi Ibu, Perkembangan, Motorik Kasar.

AbstractThe research aims to find out and analyze the relations between maternal stimulation and development of gross motor, especially at children ages 2-3 years (toddler). Research done in the area of the village of Larangan Selatan, during of April 2015 until June 2015. Research methods using method survey approach a quantitative correlation. The population of this research are all mothers who have children ages 24-36 months in the territory of the village Larangan Selatan, Tangerang city and active to bringing her son to Posyandu with the nurturing mother completely. Sample research amounted to 136 respondents. Test result data to Gaussian normality. Test result linieritas is linear. The results of the test hypothesis that is a test of regression is significant. The correlation coefficients of Pearson Product Moment produces rxy= 0,9747. The results of hypothesis in research and test about the relationship is obtained that there is a positive relations between maternal stimulation and development of gross motor at children ages 2-3 years (toddler) in the territory of the village Larangan Selatan, Tangerang city. The determination coefficient obtained 95% indicate the magnitude of the influence of the development of gross motor at children affected by stimulation of the motherKeywords: maternal stimulation, development, gross motor.
Guest Editorial: Innovation Will Drive Shale Survival
Authors: Rao Vikram
Published: October 2017

Guest editorial

That which does not kill us, makes us stronger.—Friedrich Nietzsche, 1889

The petroleum industry has seen up and down cycles. In the past, they have been driven by politics, such as in the case of the Arab oil embargo, or supply and demand imbalances, driven primarily by unrest and recessions. The creation of OPEC dampened the latter. But this time it is different. Shale, a new, abundant source of oil and gas has more than halved oil prices. It has kept prices low for nearly 3 years, and threatens to do so for many more. This threat will be realized if the industry can be profitable at sustained prices below $40/bbl.

History informs us that this is likely. The last long-lived drop in activity roughly spanned the decade from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s. The rig count was more than halved from 1984 levels for well over a decade. This trailed the oil price drop, which nearly halved from 1980 to 1985, and stayed that low for over a decade. For the industry to survive, oil companies needed lower production costs and the service companies still needed to make a profit at low activity levels. This is precisely the situation today in shale oil and gas. On that occasion, the industry responded with innovation in technology and, to a lesser degree, in business models. This too will happen today.

Horizontal Wells and More

Horizontal wells, possibly the single greatest productivity improvement innovation in the business, came into their own during that earlier downturn. They had been known for decades, but this period produced additional key enablers for economic construction. Desktop 3-D seismic interpretation allowed for placement in the most productive portions of reservoirs. Polycrystalline diamond composite (PDC) bits improved drilling rates. Measurement while drilling (MWD) gave crucial position information on the fly. Later, MWD systems allowed formation evaluation, which was prohibitive with conventional logging methods in hole angles greater than 60 degrees. At this point, drillers knew where to be, and where they were, in 3-D and geologic space.
Shale Water: Turning Dirty Produced Water Into Fresh Water and Salt To Sell
Authors: Rassenfoss Stephen
Published: October 2017

Turning Dirty Produced Water Into Fresh Water and Salt To Sell

In a little more than a decade, the way water is supplied for fracturing in the Marcellus play has gone from “a truck with a hose in the creek” to “a massive industrial system” for water transport and treatment.

The description was offered by Conrad Baston, general manager of civil design for Antero Resources, who has played a key role in a major example of the change: a $750-million system to transport, store, and convert produced water into fresh water for use in its operations in West Virginia and Ohio.

The first stage was the most expensive—$500 million spent on 200 miles of buried and temporary pipelines to deliver fresh water for fracturing and 23 large freshwater impoundments to ensure a ready supply of water to fracture ever-longer horizontal wells. The water delivered by the system since 2014 would have required 1.4 million truck trips, and it has also reduced the volume of water drawn from local streams.

Stage 1 was part of a larger industry trend. What comes next is different. It is a one-of-a-kind $275-million plant that will convert 60,000 B/D of dirty, high-salinity water into fresh water and salt when it is fully operational next spring.

 

Drilling Slowdown Sparks Water Trading

It is known that a well injecting a lot of water near a big fault can lead to earthquakes. The problem is, more often than not those faults are not known until after a tremor.

“There was a time in the Marcellus where nearly every barrel of water produced was needed for the next well fractured. And then drilling slowed and some operators were stuck with produced water and no well to put it in.

It was a costly problem to have. The obvious solution was hiring a lot of trucks for the long haul to Ohio where injection disposal costs $8-10/bbl. It was so bad that operators changed their ways and began seeking out competitors to take the water off their hands, said Joseph Frantz, vice president of engineering in Range’s Marcellus division, which was a big buyer.

In 2016, when Range reported reusing 99% of its produced water in the Marcellus, it bought enough from others to push that total to 141% of its produced water, exceeding its fresh water use for fracturing, according to the company’s website.

“It saved us a lot of money last year,” Frantz said. “It really came out of sharing, and helping each other out.” The volume of water selling has dropped as drilling has come back, but it is still going on, he said.

More trading with competitors with nearby wells could allow deals that reduce one the highest costs of water management—moving it. “For us the goal is to be as flexible as possible and able to move water around really cost effectively,” said Frantz.

While there are entrepreneurs trying to create water trading markets, Frantz said they worked directly with others to set up deals.
High-Performance Brine Viscosifiers for High Temperatures
Authors: Carpenter Chris
Published: October 2017

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 183964, “High-Performance Brine Viscosifiers for High Temperatures,” by Peter J. Boul, Suhaib Abdulquddos, and Carl J. Thaemlitz, Saudi Aramco, prepared for the 2017 SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference, Manama, Bahrain, 6–9 March. The paper has not been peer reviewed.

Many viscosifiers currently used in high-density solids-free reservoir drilling fluids (RDFs) and completion fluids (CFs) are incompatible with high-density brines or require the use of prohibitively expensive brines to achieve target densities. There is substantial commercial benefit to developing a brine viscosifier with a higher temperature tolerance than is currently offered. A supramolecular viscosifier package has been developed that uses noncovalent associations between additives to enhance the thermal resilience of divalent brine fluids. Static aging-test data indicate that the supramolecular viscosifier outperforms high-performance, commercially available starch/xanthan brine viscosifier.

Background

The exploitation of oil and gas reservoirs found at increasing depths and the development of horizontal and slimhole drilling have increased the demand for high-density solids-free RDFs, CFs, and workover fluids (WFs). The use of divalent brine-based drilling fluids and CFs in well sections with temperatures exceeding 260°F is limited because of degradation of the polymers used to viscosify the fluid and suspend drill cuttings. 

Effective drilling fluids have numerous functions in well construction. They must have the physical properties required to carry cuttings from beneath the drill bit up the annulus of the well for separation at the surface. They must also provide cooling for the bit and be able to reduce-friction between the drillstring and the formation being drilled. This must be accomplished without damaging the formation. The inflow of fluids or solids from the drilling mud can cause formation damage, which can reduce the rate of penetration during drilling and can also decrease the rate of hydrocarbon production from a producing well. 

RDFs, CFs, and WFs must be density-adjusted to provide the hydrostatic head to preserve the integrity of the wellbore walls and to prevent blowouts. Although drilling through much of the well can be accomplished with oil- or water-based fluids weighted by solid particles of such minerals as barite, the reservoir sections offer a different challenge because of the concern that these solids could plug pores in the formation and reduce hydrocarbon-flow rates. It is for this reason that operators look to brines to provide density in RDFs. Recently, research in nanomaterials has revealed the potential of low-solids nanofluids for the prevention of formation damage.
Horizontal Drilling With Dual-Channel Drillpipe
Authors: Carpenter Chris
Published: October 2017

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 184683, “Horizontal Drilling With Dual-Channel Drillpipe,” by O.M. Vestavik and J. Thorogood, Reelwell; E. Bourdelet, Total; and B. Schmalhorst and J.P. Roed, DEA Deutsche Erdoel, prepared for the 2017 SPE/IADC Drilling Conference and Exhibition, The Hague, The Netherlands, 14–16 March. The paper has not been peer reviewed.

A new drilling method provides a solution for challenges encountered in drilling of long horizontal wells, incorporating a dual drillstring with a separate channel for the return fluid from the well. This arrangement enables managed-gradient drilling (i.e., to drill with a constant downhole pressure gradient that can be controlled to be nearly independent of the flow rate). The solution is similar to managed-pressure drilling (MPD) but differs in that the downhole pressure gradient is managed instead of the pressure at one depth in the well.

Introduction

The technology for drilling and completion of long horizontal sections has improved significantly in recent years. However, challenges such as hole c leaning, equivalent-circulating-density (ECD) control, and torque-and-drag reduction still exist. ECD is linked to hole cleaning and is often a limiting factor. Long-reach horizontal wells can also be limited by the torque and drag of the drillstring.

The dual-drillstring configuration has specifically been developed to provide solutions to these challenges, as follows:

Hole cleaning: Drill cuttings are removed from the bottom of the hole through a separate flow channel inside the drillstring.

ECD control: Managed-gradient drilling creates a constant downhole pressure gradient independent of the flow rate.

Torque and drag: A heavy-over-light fluid solution reduces torque and drag through buoyancy.

Fig. 1 presents a schematic of the drilling-fluid flow for this arrangement. The dual drillstring allows drilling mud to be pumped down the annulus inside the drillpipe, with the return flow up the concentric inner pipe. The system can be installed on a standard drilling rig. A topdrive adapter connects the rig’s topdrive to the top of the dual drillstring. The adapter contains a swivel that allows for pumping mud into the drillpipe annulus and for the return flow from the inner pipe to be directed back to the surface mud system. The lower end of the dual drillstring connects to a standard bottomhole assembly (BHA) by means of an inner-pipe valve, which contains entrance ports for the return fluid and isolates the well during pipe connections.
Production Pressure-Drawdown Management for Fractured Horizontal Shale Gas Wells
Authors: Wilson Adam
Published: October 2017

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper SPE 181365, “Production Pressure-Drawdown Management for Fractured Horizontal Wells in Shale Gas Formations,” by Ankit Mirani, University of Houston; Matteo Marongiu-Porcu, SPE, Schlumberger; HanYi Wang, SPE, The University of Texas at Austin; and Philippe Enkababian, SPE, Schlumberger, prepared for the 2016 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Dubai, 26–28 September. The paper has not been peer reviewed.

The primary objective of this study is to address all known causes of productivity declines in unconventional shale gas formations with horizontal multifractured wells and to develop

a fully coupled geomechanical/flow simulation model to simulate these production conditions. The model mimics the effect of depletion-induced in-situ stress variations on productivity by taking into account several phenomena, such as stress-dependent matrix and natural-fracture permeability and reduction in fracture conductivity because of fracture-face creep and proppant crushing, deformation, and embedment.

Model Formulation

Reservoir Matrix. The gas-storage mechanism in a shale gas reservoir is conceptually different from that of a conventional reservoir. Natural gas is adsorbed on the organic matter present in shales and, in some cases, on certain clay minerals. This adsorbed-gas layer further constricts the area for flow through the pore structure, thus reducing the effective pore radius. As the pressure in the pores reduces, gas is desorbed and the effective pore radius increases, resulting in an increase in the apparent matrix permeability. It has been suggested that desorption of methane might be partially responsible for the relatively long and flat production tails that have been observed in some shale reservoirs.

Fig. 1 shows the effects of different mechanisms on permeability evolution. Clearly, shale gas long-term performance forecasting will be affected severely if these effects are not properly considered.

Hydraulic Fractures. Hydraulic fractures are generally kept open and conductive by proppant. After exposure to confining stress for a long period of time, proppant can become deformed, causing degradation of its mechanical and physical properties. This leads to reductions in fracture width and fracture-pack permeability because of intermixing and plugging.

Additionally, the interaction between the proppant and fracture surfaces under the same confining stress can result in embedment, decreasing the fracture aperture and impairing conductivity.
Hybrid Microseismic and Microdeformation Monitoring of a Coal-Seam-Gas Well
Authors: Wilson Adam
Published: October 2017

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper SPE 182300, “Hybrid Downhole Microseismic and Microdeformation Monitoring of a Vertical Coal-Seam-Gas Well,” by R. Durant and T. Francis, SPE, Halliburton, and R.L. Braikenridge, SPE, and M. Roy, SPE, AGL Energy, prepared for the 2016 SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition, Perth, Australia, 25–27 October. The paper has not been peer reviewed.

Providing confidence that hydraulic-fracture geometries are relatively confined to target coal seams and do not grow upward into beneficial groundwater aquifers is a primary concern. A hybrid downhole microseismic and microdeformation array was deployed to monitor fracture stimulation of a vertical coal-seam-gas (CSG) exploration well in the Gloucester Basin in New South Wales, Australia, to provide more-accurate insight into overall fracture height. These technologies complement each other by providing unique, far-field determinations of hydraulic-fracture geometry.

Introduction

Increasing community and regulatory concern regarding exploration and production of CSG and fracture stimulation has placed extreme constraints on title-holders in New South Wales, to the point of the government rescinding some exploration permits and titleholders nearing a halt to further exploration.

The operator is determined to provide evidence that CSG pilot exploration wells and, in particular, fracture stimulation are not affecting beneficial aquifers or interacting with faults. It is important that the operator be able to provide scientific explanations that are understandable and accessible to the community and assist in regulatory approval processes for the industry.

The primary goals of the project were to assess any fracture-height growth toward aquifers and possible interaction with surrounding faults. In addition, the operator wanted to determine fracture geometry (i.e., length, height, and azimuth), pay-zone coverage, and relative degree of induced-fracture complexity to aid in the optimization of future completions, well placement, drilling strategies, and fracture designs. Hybrid downhole microseismic and microdeformation monitoring was used on the pilot project to provide independent geophysical measurements of fracture-height growth and increase confidence in the results.

Hybridized Downhole Diagnostics

The hybrid receiver array used to map this project is a relatively new technology that uses downhole microdeformation tools (tiltmeters) in conjunction with downhole microseismic geophones. The purpose of combining these two technologies, which complement each other, is to improve assessment of fracture-height growth by determining which microseismic events are likely hydraulically connected and to validate and suggest a more-precise analysis of the measured microseismic events.
Member Societies: Honoring SPE’s Heritage and Fellow SPE Members through AIME, UEF, and AAES Awards
Authors: Baker Kate , Moreau Roland
Published: October 2017

You may have heard or recall that SPE was originally part of what is now the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers (AIME). In 1985, SPE and the other three AIME member societies, the Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration (SME); The Minerals, Metals, and Materials Society (TMS); and the Association for Iron and Steel Technology (AIST), became separately incorporated from AIME.

AIME, founded in 1871, was one of the first national engineering societies established in the United States. In 1904, AIME and two other engineering societies—the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and the American Institute of Electrical Engineers—formed what is now called the United Engineering Foundation (UEF) to advance the engineering arts and sciences for the welfare of humanity. UEF received a gift of $1 million from Andrew Carnegie to build a common headquarters building in New York City and house their joint and sever-al libraries. By 1958, two other engineering societies had joined UEF: the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).

SPE is the largest engineering society among the AIME member societies, but by no means as large as some of the UEF founder societies. For example, the successor organization to the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), is the world’s largest technical professional association with roughly 450,000 members.

Both AIME and UEF founder societies have awards for which SPE members are eligible. Some of these are exclusive to SPE and administered by SPE award committees. They are familiar names: the DeGolyer and Lucas awards, and Honorary Membership. Others are available to SPE members as well as those belonging to one of the four AIME member societies. These include the

Charles F. Rand Memorial Gold Medal, honoring distinguished achievement in mining administration, including metallurgy and petroleum

Robert Earll McConnell Award, which recognizes beneficial service to mankind by engineers through significant contributions that advance a nation’s standard of living or replenishes its natural resources

Rossiter W. Raymond Memorial Award, given for the best paper written by a member under age 35
Optimization of Cement Designs for Thermal Stimulated Wells by Means of Placement Techniques, Mechanical Properties Characterization and Well Life Simulations
Authors: Soucy K. S. , Chan D.
Published: October 2017

Long term zonal isolation is critical for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) wells. The paper will present placement techniques along with the use of mechanical properties characterization and modeling software used to optimize the cement design ensuring well life integrity and longevity for thermal EOR wells in particular. Results and supporting data will also be compared to field performance.

The approach taken incorporates slurry design and mechanical properties characterization of typical standard cements compared to modern slurry design. Cement properties and well operating procedures are simulated using software to model potential failure points during well life. Multiple design and model iterations were performed by adjusting mechanical properties required to withstand well life operating procedures. This method was used to develop an optimized cement design. Field operations and placement technique processes were also developed to enhance proper placement and support overall slurry performance.

Data showing typical mechanical properties required to withstand the simulated wellbore stresses over the life of the well will be compared. This will demonstrate that enhanced mechanical properties are necessary. Standard/conventional slurry design data such as Youngs Modulus, Poissons Ratio, Long term expansion data and tensile data is compared and simulated to show how different types of cements may fail or survive under the same imposed wellbore stresses. Interesting findings demonstrated by software model simulations also show that certain properties, like expansion, are critical to the integrity of the cement sheath. Another observation shows that optimized placement techniques designed for large annulus thermal wells can result in the removal of potentially detrimental accelerating additives, which are typically used. This allows for improved slurry design and performance by reducing the potential for corrosion, shrinkage and increased permeability.

Utilizing tools such as complex well integrity software to simulate well operations can be valuable in evaluating your well life performance to develop novel cement blends and placement techniques. It can be used to determine the desired cement performance properties required to maintain long term wellbore isolation and integrity.
Investigation on Casing Damage in Liaohe Du66 Combustion Project
Authors: Zhong L. , Teng L. , Zhang S. , Wu F. , Luo E. , Liu L. , Yu D. , Ji D. , Wang C. , Zhou Y.
Published: October 2017

The dry In-situ combustion test was conducted for multilayer heavy oil reservoir such as Du66 in Liaohe Oilfield since 2005, in consideration of the limited oil recovery of cyclic steam stimulation for such multilayer heavy oil reservoir with more than 10 layers and the thickness ranging from 1m to 15m. There are more than 90 CSS wells converted into air injection wells operated in geometric well pattern in past 10 years. Field well integrity testing result shows that casing damage such as diameter shrinkage, corrosion, and local destroy, are found in about a fifth of the air injection wells. The casing damage has become one of the largest problems in the in-situ combustion project, and remedial well treatments have to be carried out urgently. It will negatively affect the development performance and also indeed a risky operation under high temperature, backfire and even explosive conditions.

In order to effectively prevent the casing damage in air injection process, casing damage in Du 66 project is investigated at first, then performance of field measured temperature and air injection were primarily analyzed combined with numerical simulation of a typical reservoir recovered by an air injection well group. Based on extensive laboratory experiments, temperature and oxidation corrosion on yield strength of different material casing are investigated, furthermore, principles of casing damage in Du66 project are discussed. At last, preventive measures for Du66 combustion project are investigated.

The results show that the causes of casing damage in Du66 project involve reduction of casing intensity because of high temperature and corrosion, and stress variation because of large temperature difference between layers, especially local extra high temperature occurring at layer(s) with low air injectivity where burning in the vicinity of wellbore will keep on for a long time. Consequently, downhole electrical ignition other than chemical ignition and self ignition is recommended for its uniformly heating advantage, and separated-zone combustion in sequence, selective separate zone combustion and air conformance control methods are effective to prevent casing damage of such multilayer reservoir as Du66.