bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LARVAE OF WATER MITES OF SOME GENERA OF ATURIDAE (PROSTIGMATA: HYGROBATOIDEA) IN NORTH AMERICA WITH COMMENTS ON PHYLOGENY AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE FAMILY
Authors: Smith Ian M.
Published: December 2009

Larvae of species representing 8 genera of the family Aturidae from North America are described, including members of the genera Ljania, Neobrachypoda, Estellacarus, and Aturus for the first time adequately. Larvae of species of Woolastookia, Brachypoda, Axonopsis, and Albia are also described to provide comparative data for these genera. A key to the genera of Aturidae, and preliminary diagnoses for the family, currently accepted subfamilies, and genera are provided based upon larval characters. Information on host associations is reviewed for each taxon. Observations on morphology and host associations of larvae provide the basis for a discussion of the phylogeny of these genera, and a review of the classification of the family.
IMMATURE STAGES OF CANADIAN NEOCHLAMISUS KARREN (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE
Authors: LeSage Laurent
Published: December 2009

Eggs, larvae, and pupae of eight species of Neochlamisus Karren larvae, including all Canadian species of the genus, are described, illustrated, and keys are provided for their separation. On the basis of differences in eggs, larval cases, coloration in adult stages, and in host plant, N. alni (Brown) is removed from synonymy and is considered a valid species distinct from N. bebbianae (Brown). Rearing techniques used in the present study are also described in detail.
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT AND FLIGHT ACTIVITY OF THE SPOTTED TENTIFORM LEAFMINER, PHYLLONORYCTER BLANCARDELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: GRACILLARIIDAE), IN CONNECTICUT
Authors: Maier Chris T.
Published: December 2009

The spring emergence and seasonal abundance of the trivoltine spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella (Fabr.), were monitored in a Connecticut apple orchard to provide phenological data for control programs. Spring emergence of each sex lasted 28 or 29 days in 1980 and 1981 although large emergences (≥5% of the total) occurred over a period of 12 to 18 days. When spring emergence was forecast in 1981 by using degree-day accumulations (above 5 °C) from the 1980 emergence, the predicted and actual 10 and 50% emergence time differed by 4 or 5 days. Even though daily catches of moths in pheromone traps preceded those in emergence traps, the abundance patterns indicated by these traps were similar. Low temperature and rain reduced emergence and flight activity. Seasonal abundance in pheromone traps showed three or four peaks, which usually decreased in size as the year progressed. From 1978 to 1981, the onset of male flight activity varied by as much as 3 wk. When emergence and pheromone traps are used together, they indicate the duration and peaks of emergence and flight activity.
ABUNDANCE AND PHENOLOGY OF PARASITOIDS OF THE SPOTTED TENTIFORM LEAFMINER, PHYLLONORYCTER BLANCARDELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: GRACILLARIIDAE), IN CONNECTICUT
Authors: Maier Chris T.
Published: December 2009

Parasitoids of the trivoltine spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella (Fabr.), were studied in Connecticut apple orchards to determine their relative importance, emergence patterns, and seasonal abundance. Sixteen parasitoid species, including 12 eulophids, emerged from mines formed by 4th- and 5th-instar leafminer larvae. The species were primary, secondary, or facultative secondary parasitoids. Five were new records. The braconid Pholetesor ornigis (Weed) was the most abundant in the first and third leafminer generations, and the eulophid Sympiesis marylandensis Girault was the most abundant in the second generation. Ratios of parasitoids to Phyllonorycter spp. were generally higher in samples from unsprayed trees than in those from sprayed trees. Major parasitoids usually emerged 1 to 4 wk before their larval hosts became plentiful. Sweep samples indicated relatively high abundance of one or both major parasitoids during the first and second leafminer generations. Monitoring of parasitoids and the judicious use of insecticides may have a critical role in pest management programs utilizing native parasitoids of leafminers.
EFFECTS OF A SPLIT APPLICATION OF SEVIN-4-OIL® ON POLLINATORS AND FRUIT SET IN A SPRUCE–FIR FOREST
Authors: Hansen Richard W. , Osgood Eben A.
Published: December 2009

Counts of four pollinating insect groups were taken in unsprayed forest localities and in areas sprayed with a split application of Sevin-4-oil® (carbaryl) for spruce budworm control. Results indicate a reduction of pollinator populations due to spraying.

Fruit set, measured by fecundity ratios (fruits/flower), was determined for Cornus canadensis L., Maianthemum canadense Desf., Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf., and Viburnum cassinoides L. in sprayed and unsprayed areas. Fecundity values for C. canadensis and M. canadense were significantly lower in sprayed than in unsprayed areas. Fruit set of C. borealis was apparently unaffected by carbaryl spraying, but the seed/flower ratio was significantly reduced in the sprayed area. V. cassinoides fecundity values were unaffected by carbaryl application. Reductions in native bee populations probably had the greatest impact on fruit set.
NUTRITION OF THE ONION MAGGOT, DELIA ANTIQUA (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE)
Authors: Blaine W. D. , McEwen F. L.
Published: December 2009

A holidic diet which allowed the onion maggot, Delia antiqua (Meigen), to undergo complete development to the adult reproductive stage was developed. The effects of various concentrations of choline and salts on development were investigated. The amount of choline which gave optimal development was approximately 1/50 that used in most other artificial diets. It was found that the complex salt mixture (Wesson salts) normally used could be replaced by a solution of salts containing specific trace element ions (Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn) and the two salts CaHPO4·H2O and KH2PO4.
A REVISION OF THE NORTH AMERICAN OMALIINAE (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE): THE GENERAARPEDIUMERICHSON ANDEUCNECOSUMREITTER
Authors: Campbell J. M.
Published: December 2009

The North American species of the generaArpediumErichson, andEucnecosumReitter are revised. Five species are recognized, the holarctic speciesE. brachypterum(Gravenhorst),E. tenue(LeConte) andE. brunnescens(J. Sahlberg), the transcontinental boreal speciesA. cribratumFauvel and the eastern United States speciesA. schwarziFauvel.

Lectotypes are designated forE. brachypterum,A. cribratum,A. angulareFauvel (=A. cribratum), andA. schwarzi. The following new synonymy is established,Arpedium norvegicumvar.sallasiMunster andEucnecosum meybohmiLohse (=E. tenue) andArpedium angulareFauvel andA. columbienseHatch (=A. cribratum). All genera and species are described and illustrated with scanning electron photomicrographs and line drawings, four maps showing the North American distribution of each species are provided, and keys are presented to aid in the identification of all the species as well as the European speciesArpedium quadrum(Gravenhorst). All available records and biological data for the species are summarized.

The use of the generic nameEucnecosumReitter is discussed and the transfer ofbrachypterum,tenue, andbrunnescensfromArpediumto this genus by Lohse is confirmed.
IDENTIFICATION AND FIELD TESTING OF PHEROMONE COMPONENTS OF CHORISTONEURA ORAE (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Gray T. G. , Slessor K. N. , Grant G. G. , Shepherd R. F. , Holsten E. H. , Tracey A. S.
Published: December 2009

The chemicals cis (Z) and trans (E)11-tetradecenyl acetate (11–14:Ac), trans 11-tetradecen-1-ol (E11–14:OH) and trans 11-tetradecenal (E11–14:Ald) were isolated from unmated female Choristoneura orae Freeman and shown to be highly attractive when used as lures in sticky traps. The identification of these components of the sex pheromone facilitates the separation of C. orae from other Pinaceae-feeding Choristoneura in the same area.
MEASURING THE COST-BENEFIT OF CONTROL MEASURES FOR BERTHA ARMYWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) INFESTATIONS IN RAPESEED
Authors: Bracken G. K. , Bucher G. E.
Published: December 2009

Yield saved by insecticidal applications against the bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata Walker, in commercial fields was measured by comparing yield in protected (unsprayed) plots of 74.4 m2 and in adjacent sprayed areas. Coefficients of variation of yield from sample units 2, 1, and 0.5 m2 ranged from 0.12 to 0.51; statistical precision was increased by taking twenty-five 0.5 m2 sample units per plot. Analysis of pod damage from selected plants predicted percentage yield loss equal to that determined by area sampling.

The results showed that yield saved by control in commercial situations did not exceed 0.325 g/larva, a value that was determined in previous work by field cage trials. Using 1981 costs for spraying and rapeseed prices and a yield loss of 0.325 g/larva, the break-even point for cost-benefit occurs when larval density is 23/m2, a value double the currently recommended density of 10 to 12/m2. Many rapeseed growers therefore are controlling the bertha armyworm at net economic loss, a situation verified by an analysis of 42 separate control decisions made by growers in 1981.
EFFECTS OF SOME SEMIOCHEMICALS ON THE SEX PHEROMONE OF THE BERTHA ARMYWORM, MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Steck W. F. , Bailey B. K. , Underhill E. W.
Published: December 2009

Inclusion of traces of (Z)-11-hexadecenol in synthetic sex lure traps for bertha armyworm moths resulted in diminished trapping; substantial amounts of (Z)-9-hexadecenol or (Z)-11-hexadecenal were also suppressant. Of 22 other oxyolefins tested, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate acted in conjunction with the bertha lure components to attract Euagrotis tepperi (Walker) to traps, and (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate similarly to attract Lacinipolia vicina (Grote). No tested additive improved either the potency or the specificity of the original bertha blend.
INFLUENCE OF DATE OF OVIPOSITION ON EGG HATCHING AND EMBRYO SURVIVAL IN THE RED TURNIP BEETLE, ENTOMOSCELIS AMERICANA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Gerber G. H.
Published: December 2009

Embryological development and hatching for the red turnip beetle, Entomoscelis americana Brown, were studied at 20 °C. In eggs kept at this temperature for > 12 days, embryological development proceeded until a late stage embryo was formed, at which time the embryo entered diapause for the winter. The time required for 50% of the eggs to reach the late embryo stage was estimated to be 11 days. The late embryo stage was not reached before winter in eggs kept at 20 °C for < 11 days, but most of them survived and hatched. Embryogenesis proceeded normally after winter without any apparent adverse effects, and hatching was delayed by the amount of time required to complete embryogenesis. Although it was not essential for the eggs to reach the late embryo stage to overwinter successfully and hatch, a critical minimum stage of development had to be reached during embryogenesis for the eggs to survive. The critical minimum stage of development occurred in the germ band formation stage and was reached during the first 1.5 days of embryogenesis. Most of the eggs laid from 1 to 15 September 1980 and kept outdoors reached the late embryo stage before winter and hatched the next spring; those laid from 15 September to 15 October reached the critical minimum stage of development before winter and also hatched successfully; and those laid after 15 October did not hatch, because they apparently had not reached the critical minimum stage. An evaluation of the data for the eggs kept outdoors and of atmospheric air temperature data suggested that embryo death due to eggs not reaching the critical minimum stage of development before winter normally should not be an important factor in the population dynamics of E. americana in the rapeseed- and canola-growing areas of western Canada. The ecological significance of the data is discussed.
CHANGES IN RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF THE FLEA BEETLES PHYLLOTRETA STRIOLATA AND PHYLLOTRETA CRUCIFERAE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) IN SASKATCHEWAN PARKLAND WITH INCREASING DISTANCE FROM THE BOREAL FOREST
Authors: Burgess L.
Published: December 2009

Mean catches of Phyllotreta striolata (F.) in allyl isothiocyanate baited traps decreased southwards from the boreal forest and northern parkland to the central parkland of Saskatchewan, while the opposite was true for Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze). Similar trends in the relative numbers of the two species were evident in sweep net catches in canola crops.
NUMBER AND SIZE OF EGGS IN EGG MASSES OF THE WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Campbell Robert W. , Torgersen Torolf R. , Srivastava Nilima
Published: December 2009

Foliage of Douglas-fir and grand fir bearing egg masses of the western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, was collected from sites in Oregon, Idaho, and Montana. Later, 4154 of these egg masses were examined in the laboratory. The average number of eggs per mass was 47.5 ± 10.65 (range 23–58). The number of eggs in a mass increased as defoliation of current foliage increased from none to moderate. The average number of eggs per linear millimeter of a single row ranged among sites from 1.24 ± 0.02 to 2.43 ± 0.21. The average number of eggs per linear millimeter of a row was highest (1.99) among the sites studied in Idaho, and lowest (1.58) among the sites studied in Oregon.
THE EFFECT OF LIGHT ON THE RESISTANCE OF HARD RED SPRING WHEATS TO THE WHEAT STEM SAWFLY, CEPHUS CINCTUS (HYMENOPTERA: CEPHIDAE)
Authors: Holmes N. D.
Published: December 2009

Sawfly-resistant bread wheats varied widely among years in resistance to the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort. Experimental evidence showed that the major factor involved was a reduction in the intensity of sunlight. A reduction in the intensity of sunlight by up to 50%, which was produced by shading the growing plants with cotton sheeting, caused minor decreases in sawfly resistance. More intensive shading with solid-sided cages and with combined light filters of red and yellow caused the plants to become hollow-stemmed and very susceptible to sawfly damage.

Annual variations in sawfly resistance in plants grown in the field from 1949 to 1978 were significantly related to variations in the number of days with measurable precipitation, to the amounts of precipitation, and to the hours of bright sunshine in the period between 25 May and 5 July. These weather variables were significantly interrelated and were important primarily because they indicated the amounts of light received by the plants. A sufficient reduction in the amount of light (particularly during mid-June) significantly reduced sawfly resistance.
MORPHOLOGY OF LARVAE, DEUTONYMPHS, AND ADULTS OF THE WATER MITENAJADICOLA INGENS(PROSTIGMATA: PARASITENGONA: HYGROBATOIDEA) WITH REMARKS ON PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AND REVISION OF TAXONOMIC PLACEMENT OF NAJADICOLINAE
Authors: Simmons Thomas W. , Smith Ian M.
Published: December 2009

Adults and deutonymphs ofNajadicola ingens(Koenike) are redescribed and larvae are described for the first time. In light of larval, deutonymphal and adult character states, the phylogenetic relationship ofNajadicolawith genera in the families Pionidae and Unionicolidae is re-evaluated and transfer of the subfamily Najadicolinae to Pionidae is proposed. Original life history information is presented to supplement existing literature. Parasitism by larvalN. ingenson an adult chironomid of the genusPolypedilumis reported. The unique behavioural and morphological characteristics of members ofNajadicolasuggest that mussel parasitism evolved independently from a parallel adaptive sequence in the genusUnionicola.
SPECIES RICHNESS, DENSITY, AND DIVERSITY OF GRASSHOPPERS (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE) IN A HABITAT OF THE MIXED GRASS PRAIRIE
Authors: Pfadt Robert E.
Published: December 2009

An assemblage of 24 grasshopper species inhabited a mixed grass prairie site near Livermore, Colorado. Ten species were gomphocerines, 9 melanoplines, and 5 locustines; the gomphocerines represented ca. 80% of total density, melanoplines 15%, and locustines 5%. Grass feeders, gomphocerines and most locustines, made up 85% of total density. The dominant species was Ageneotettix deorum which contributed 52% of the grasshopper density in 1981 and 37% in 1982. The grasshopper population was at outbreak density both years, 60/m2 in 1981 and 36/m2 in 1982. The pasture had never been treated with insecticide or herbicide. The Shannon-Wiener index of ca. 2.00 indicated a high grasshopper diversity.
A CATALOGUE OF TYPES OF COLEOPTERA IN THE CANADIAN NATIONAL COLLECTION OF INSECTS, SUPPLEMENT II
Authors: McNamara Jean
Published: December 2009

The type material, added to the Coleoptera Section of the Canadian National Collection of Insects from 1 January 1974 to 31 December 1980, is catalogued. This new material consists of 416 holotypes, 188 allotypes and 4 neotypes; 2 species are represented by syntypes and 718 by paratypes or paralectotypes. The reference to the original description for each species is cited. All data associated with the specimens are quoted, except in the case of paratypes, paralectotypes and syntypes.
VARIATION AMONG INDIVIDUALS AND THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON FOOD CONSUMPTION AND REPRODUCTION IN THE COCKROACH, PERIPLANETA AMERICANA (ORTHOPTERA: BLATTIDAE)
Authors: Rollo C. David , Gunderman Marvin W.
Published: December 2009

Long term daily feeding in individual adult males and females of Periplaneta americana (L.) was quantified using a standardized diet. There was considerable variation among days, probably related to digestive processes with a period greater than 1 day. Female feeding was correlated with the reproductive cycle, most feeding occurring during the first few days after depositing an oötheca. Females differed with respect to the length of their reproductive cycles, and the amount of food that was accumulated prior to producing an oötheca. Females with high feeding rates produced oöthecae at a faster rate, but they were less efficient at converting food into oöthecal biomass than females that ate more slowly. A decrease in temperature from 25 °C to 20 °C more than doubled the length of the reproductive cycle, but the amount of food accumulated during inter-ovipositional intervals and the size of the oöthecae were not affected.
EFFECT OF EXPOSING ADULTS OF THE GYPSY MOTH PARASITE COMPSILURA CONCINNATA (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE) TO HOSTS ON THE PARASITE'S SUBSEQUENT BEHAVIOR
Authors: Weseloh Ronald M.
Published: December 2009

Two-day-old females of Compsilura concinnata (Meigen) were exposed to hosts for several days after which their host-related behavior was observed. Parasites retained their preference for gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), larvae over greater wax moth larvae, Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), whether conditioned to gypsy moths, wax moths, or no hosts. However, parasites conditioned to gypsy moth larvae examined and attacked hosts less frequently than those conditioned to wax moths or to no hosts. By exposing female flies to gypsy moth larvae for short times before tests and by dissecting them it was found that the number of progeny a female was capable of producing was not closely related to subsequent levels of parasite activity. Thus the activity differences appear to be behavioral rather than physiological in origin. The explanation appears to be that C. concinnata is unusually active when it first encounters a preferred host such as the gypsy moth. The invariance of the preference for gypsy moth larvae despite the exposure history of adult females means that C. concinnata probably could be reared on wax moths in the laboratory without concern that newly-emerged parasites might contact wax moths. They would still successfully attack gypsy moths in the field.
SPATIAL SEGREGATION BETWEEN APHIS VERNONIAE (APHIDIDAE) AND PUBLILIA RETICULATA (MEMBRACIDAE), TWO SPECIES OF COLONIAL HOMOPTERA ON NEW YORK IRONWEED
Authors: Bristow Catherine M.
Published: December 2009

Spatial segregation between the colonial homopterans Aphis vernoniae Thomas and Publilia reticulata Van Duzee on New York ironweed, Vernonia noveboracensis L., does not occur either among plant patches or among plants. Before August, spatial separation occurs on the plants, with A. vernoniae concentrated in the inflorescences and P. reticulata concentrated on the middle leaves. Apparent overlap increases as A. vernoniae moves onto senescing leaves late in the season. However, the A. vernoniae colonies are found nearer to the petiole, and there is little actual overlap in the distributions of the two species.
MULTITROPHIC MODELS OF PREDATOR–PREY ENERGETICS: I. AGE-SPECIFIC ENERGETICS MODELS—PEA APHID ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) AS AN EXAMPLE
Authors: Gutierrez A. P. , Baumgaertner J. U. , Summers C. G.
Published: December 2009

A simple age-specific energetics (calories or biomass) model for the growth and development, reproduction, respiration, ageing, and intrinsic survivorship as a function of temperature and per capita energy availability for pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)) is reported. The ratio of energy supply–demand is used to scale all of the rates in the model. The maximum demand for energy based upon current state values is used to drive the Frazer–Gilbert functional response model (i.e. food acquisition), which is a component of the metabolic pool model used to assimilate energy to growth, reproduction, respiration, and egestion. The extensive data sets on pea aphid energetics published by Randolph et al. (1975) were used to develop the model. As the model estimates reproduction (Mx) and survivorship (Lx) values, extensive published age-specific life-data sets on pea aphids are used to test it. The results suggest:

(1) the lower thermal threshold for development is raised and the upper threshold is lowered as food resources are decreased

(2) the temperature-dependent rate of development is slowed with decreasing energy resources

(3) the size of individuals and reproduction become smaller as temperature approaches the upper and lower thermal thresholds.A simple model for multitrophic level interactions incorporating the acquisition and assimilation functions is presented.
SEX PHEROMONE OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE): EVIDENCE FOR A MISSING COMPONENT
Authors: Sanders C. J.
Published: December 2009

Wind tunnel experiments confirmed the optimum blend of the two major components of the sex pheromone of the spruce bud worm Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), (E)- and (Z)-11-tetradecenal, to be close to a ratio of 95(E):5(Z). The addition of two minor components, (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and the saturated tetradecanal, previously identified in the effluvia of calling virgin females, showed that the acetate alone reduced the level of some responses, while the addition of tetradecanal to the acetate:aldehyde blend restored response to previous levels. Addition of tetradecanal alone showed only minor effects on responses. Males responding to calling females showed higher levels of response and sustained flight longer than did males responding to the four-component blend, and this fact suggests that the blend is incomplete.
MULTITROPHIC MODELS OF PREDATOR–PREY ENERGETICS: III. A CASE STUDY IN AN ALFALFA ECOSYSTEM
Authors: Gutierrez A. P. , Baumgaertner J. U. , Summers C. G.
Published: December 2009

The field population dynamics of pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) and blue alfalfa aphid (A. kondoi) in alfalfa (Medicago sativa), as influenced by weather, competitors (Egyptian alfalfa weevil = EAW, Hypera brunneipennis), predation from coccinellids (Hippodamia convergens) and harvesting practices, are examined with a stochastic multitrophic level simulation model. The model incorporates a demand-driven functional-response model to estimate prey consumption, and a metabolic pool model to determine the rates and priorities of food allocation to respiration, growth, reproduction, and egestion.

The model results compare favorably with field data, and are used to examine the effects of removal of each of the above factors on the dynamics of the aphids. The model shows that the observed density of EAW did not affect the aphid dynamics, but did reduce the standing crop of alfalfa. The predator H. convergens had a significant effect on the population dynamics of the aphids and the plant. Harvesting greatly affected the aphid population dynamics, as well as the dynamics of plant growth and reserve accumulation. However, high temperatures mediated through species-specific respiration costs and possibly a fungal pathogen were responsible for the observed dominance of blue aphid populations in the cool parts of the year and pea aphid populations during warmer parts of the year.
Insecticide Resistance in Mosquitoes and Root Maggots
Authors: Brown A. W. A. , Klassen W. , Pillai M. K. K. , Hooper G. S. H.
Published: December 2009

This exhibit represents part of the work of the Department of Zoology in the past 5 years, and others who have contributed to it are F. Matsumura, Z. H. Abedi, T. Kimura, P. G. Fast, J. G. Towgood, J. N. Telford and N. H. Khan.

The work with the mosquito Aedes aegypti has involved study of 8 susceptible strains. The mechanism of DDT-resistance has been found to be associated with its detoxication by an enzymic process of dehydrochlorination to DDE; the amount of DDE produced has been found to be directly proportional to the resistance level, both by experiments with larvae in vivo and with larval homogenates incubated with DDT and glutathione in vitro. A secondary resistance mechanism in American strains has been a very pronounced secretion and excretion of peritrophic membrane by the larvae.
The Genus Chrysopophthorus Goidanich (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
Authors: Mason W. R. M.
Published: December 2009

Chrysopophthorus has a very wide distribution, occurring in four continents. C. chrysopimaginis Goidanich is placed as a new synonym of C. hungaricus (Z.-Kiss), which is transferred here from Helorimorpha (new combination). The other European species, C. elegans Tobias, is distinguished. Five new species are described; C. americanus from the United States, C. tropicalis, C. caribbeanus and C. brasileanus from South and Central America, and C. orientalis from Malaya.
A New Arctic Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: December 2009

A new species of Metapolophium is described, this being the first record of the genus from the Canadian arctic.
Histoire des Invasions Passées de la Tordeuse des Bourgeons de l'Épinette
Authors: Blais J. R.
Published: December 2009

La tordeuse des bourgeons de l‘épinette, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), fait partie intégrale du complex biologique des forêts de conifères de l'Amérique du Nord. Périodiquement elle multiplie d'une façon extraordinaire et entraîne la destruction généralisée du sapin et de l'épinette. La cause principale des invasions de cet insecte, c'est la présence sur de vastes territoires de peuplements contenant un fort pourcentage de sapins rendus à maturité. Notre pays a été le théâtre de deux invasions spectaculaires de cette tordeuse depuis le début du siècle, mais on savait fort peu de choses sur celles qui ont sévi auparavant. Nous avons cherché à obtenir des renseignements à ce sujet par l'examen des anneaux de croissance, car, comme l'on sait, toute perturbation dans la croissance d'un arbre au cours d'une même saison de végétation entraîne une réduction dans l'épaisseur des couches de bois. En conséquence, la comparaison de l'accroissement en épaisseur des anneaux ligneux sur de très vieux arbres appartenant à diverses essences rencontrées dans un même site, permet de dépister les années où l'insecte a exercé ses ravages.
Mosquito Abundance within a Minnesota Metropolitan Area, 1956–1962
Authors: Price Roger D.
Published: December 2009

Light traps were operated in northern Minneapolis-St. Paul to determine effects of precipitation and control activities upon abundance of Aedes vexans. Data show that the number of female A. vexans taken at the traps is correlated fairly closely with total rainfall, in spite of intensive mosquito abatement operations within the area.
Sexual Behavior in Blister Beetles (Coleoptera: Meloidae): I. The GenusPyrota
Authors: Selander Richard B.
Published: December 2009

The sexual behavior of 11 species ofPyrotais described. Analysis of the functional significance of anatomical secondary sexual characters in these species and a survey of similar modifications in others indicates that the general pattern observed is characteristic of the genus. Adults exhibit little aggressive behavior, and courtship involves prolonged physical contact between the sexes. Male courtship activities follow a regular cyclic pattern, as he alternately mounts above the female to perform one series of acts (palpation, dorsal antennation, and rocking) and orients behind her to perform another (leg grasp, palpal insertion beneath her elytra, lifting of her body, posterior antennation, abdominal curvature and stroke, and genital hold). Copulation entails abdominal pumping by the male.

As a prelude to comparative studies, a new classification of the Meloidae is proposed. Characters of sexual and related behavior at the subfamilial level and anatomical characters associated with them are discussed in an evolutionary context. Nemognathinae and, by inference, Eleticinae have simple courtship behavior, copulate dorso-ventrally for short periods of time, and do not prepare sites for oviposition. Meloinae have more elaborate courtship, copulate in a linear position for extended periods, and oviposit in specially prepared cavities in the ground.

Compared with that in other Meloidae, courtship behavior inPyrotais both complex and highly distinctive. Interspecific differences, considered in detail for six species, involve variation in the precise manner of performance of acts and their temporal relationships. Systematically the ethological data are in reasonable accord with those from other sources except that the courtship behavior ofP.concinnais more divergent from that of its presumed relatives than would be expected on the basis of anatomical and ecological characters. An explanation of this discrepancy is proposed in terms of the evolutionary reinforcement of ethological differences functioning in interspecific reproductive isolation.
A Re-collection of the Water Mite Fauna of the Rideau-Ottawa Region
Authors: Crowell Robert M.
Published: December 2009

The paper of Koenike (1895) on the North American water mite fauna (Abh. naturw. Ver. Brewmen 42: 167-266) and a subsequent revision (Koenike 1912, Trans. R. Canad. Inst. 9: 281-296) together listed thirty-seven species of Hydracarina. These reports were based on materials collected and transmitted to Dr. F. Koenike by the eminent Canadian geologist, Dr. J. B. Tyrrell. Seven of the thirty-seven species were reported from localities in the Rideau Lakes district and in the vicinity of Ottawa.
Mating Behaviour of the Oriental Fruit Moth, Grapholitha molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae)
Authors: Dustan G. G.
Published: December 2009

Experiments and observations on Oriental fruit moths in cages and in a peach orchard showed that both males and females may mate more than once. The maximum recorded number of matings was 7 for males and 5 for females. Mating usually occurred in the late afternoon and early evening during the daily flight and egg-laying period. Males seldom mated oftener than once in 24 hours and they transferred only one spermatophore to the female per mating. In cages, males mated approximately 1.4 times each when confined with equal numbers of females. Of the females taken in bait traps in a peach orchard, an average of 2.9% had not mated, 78.8% had mated once, 14.6% twice, and 3.7% more than twice. The mating behaviour of the Oriental fruit moth was shown to be similar to that of the codling moth.
On the Determination of the Approximate Age of a Black Fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) and its Significance
Authors: Fredeen F. J. H.
Published: December 2009

Female black flies may be sorted into two age groups, the nulliparous and the parous, by the changes in the ovary including the absence or presence of follicular relics. This highly accurate method, developed in Russia and England for Anopheles mosquitoes (Beklemishev 1944; Lewis 1958a), has been recently adapted for use with black flies (Lewis 1958b; Davies 1961).
AsiphonaphisWilson and Davis in North America (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Robinson A. G.
Published: December 2009

A synopsis is given of what is known from the literature of the genusAsiphonaphisin North America. Four species have been described:pruni,anogis,utahensisandcarolinensis. There is evidence that the species described asA.carolinensisis the same asA.anogis. Measurements are given of series of fundatrices, alate and viviparous females, males and oviparae ofA.prunicollected in Manitoba.
Comparative Morphology of some Chrysobothris Larvae (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) of Eastern Canada
Authors: Benoit Paul
Published: December 2009

This study deals with the larval morphology of the six commonest species of Chrysobothris that occur in eastern Canada. The morphology of the genus is presented as a guide to the terminology. For each species, a short diagnosis is given, followed by a detailed description, its geographical distribution and a list of its host-plant genera. A key to the larvae is provided.
The Separation of Insect Haemolymph Proteins
Authors: Loughton B. G. , Rueffel P. , Stich H. , West A. S.
Published: December 2009

It has been suggested that information on the phylogenetic relationships of genera and species could be obtained by comparing the amino acid sequence in the homologous proteins of different species. This procedure is extremely difficult and time-consuming.

However, a relatively rapid characterization of proteins can be obtained by analysing their mobilities with starch-gel electrophoresis and examination of antigenic diversity by the agar gel diffusion technique of Ouchterlony.
The Taxonomic Significance of Leaf-Mining Habits in Closely Allied Species of Some Microlepidoptera
Authors: Freeman T. N.
Published: December 2009

Most of the animal species have developed specific feeding habits, and this applies especially to the larvae of leaf-mining Lepidoptera. The genus Nepticula comprises about 60 species of minute moths. In general, the forewing is purple to black with a transverse, golden or silvery band. Because of this similarity of pattern, it is often impossible to identify many of the species in the adult stage. The larvae mine within the tissues of leaves, usually just beneath the upper epidermis, consuming the palisade layer of cells. Each of the species feeds in a characteristic manner. For example, N. rosaefoliella Clem. forms a serpentine mine usually along the edge of a rose leaf, and N. juglandifoliella Clem. forms a linear mine along a vein. The mine of an undescribed species on elm starts as a semi-serpentine track and abruptly enlarges into a viscera-like blotch; that of another undescribed species on willow terminates in an irregular blotch; and so on. Each species engraves its own symbolic characters, and whoever has learned to read the symbols can readily determine the species that made them.
The Nearctic Species of the Xysticus labradorensis Subgroup (Araneae: Thomisidae)
Authors: Buckle D. J. , Redner J. H.
Published: December 2009

The labradorensis subgroup consists of three nearctic species, namely, X. labradorensis Keyserling, 1887, from the low arctic and the Rocky Mountains, X. deichmanni Soerensen, 1898, from the arid arctic, and X. rugosus new name (= X. bimaculatus Emerton, 1894 preoccupied by X. bimaculatus L. Koch 1867) from the Rocky Mountains.
The Value of Physical Factors in Insect Control
Authors: Belton P. , Maw M. G.
Published: December 2009

For several years we have been investigating the effects of natural and artificial acoustical and electrical phenomena on the behaviour of insects with a view to the development of new methods of control.

A. Sounds can be exploited in two ways:–firstly to affect insects whose behaviour is stimulated by naturally-occurring sounds; secondly to use the very rapid pressure changes associated with sounds as a sort of “death ray.”
Development in Neodiprion excitans Rohwer as Related to Oviposition and Pine Needle Growth
Authors: Wilkinson R. C.
Published: December 2009

The end of an outbreak of a sawfly, Neodiprion excitans Rohwer, on Pinus taeda L. first was observed in north-central peninsular Florida during December 1962. To aid in dating oviposition, the position of egg pockets in 1962 summer-shoot pine needles was compared with growth of 1963 summer-shoot pine needles. By this method, peaks of adult emergence and oviposition were judged to have occurred during the last half of August and first half of October 1962.

Eggs hatched in the fall when laid in growing pine needles during October 1962. Larval development was protracted during unusually cold weather and cocoons were spun as late as mid-January 1963. Adult emergence from these cocoons began in late May 1963, two months later than had been previously recorded for Florida.

In contrast, eggs overwintered in the foliage when laid after needle growth had ceased in the fall of 1962. Larval eclosion was in late February and March 1963 and cocoons were spun by mid-May.

This combination of events suggested how a new species overwintering in the egg stage (Neodiprion hetricki Ross) might have evolved in temporal isolation from an ancestral species ordinarily overwintering only in the cocoon (N. excitans).
The Caudal Appendage of Final-Instar Larvae of Some Porizontinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Finlayson Thelma
Published: December 2009

Presence of a caudal appendage or tail in the last larval instar of three genera of the Porizontinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) is reported. The structure is described and illustrated and it is suggested that it may be responsible for the jumping of cocoons known to occur in some of the species considered and not known in species that lack the tail.
The Biology of Pissodes terminalis Hopping (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in California
Authors: Stark R. W. , Wood D. L.
Published: December 2009

Pissodes terminalis Hopping attacks the terminal leaders of jack pine and at least two of the four geographic subspecies of lodgepole pine. The development on Pinus contorta murrayana in central California is described and compared with the development on jack pine in Canada. The oviposition period is synchronized with leader elongation, early spring to mid-summer. Feeding of the first three instars is in the phloem-cambial region and the fourth (last) instar is found in the pith. Part of the population completes development in late summer; adults emerge and presumably overwinter in the ground. The balance overwinter usually as mature larvae and occasionally as pupae, completing their development in the spring.

Mortality is high and is caused by feeding of associated insects, possibly resin flow, high parasitism and other unknown factors. Seven parasite species from five families were reared.
Erythroneura Leafhoppers from Birches in New Brunswick: 1. Subgenus Erythridula (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)
Authors: Varty I. W.
Published: December 2009

Five species of leafhoppers in the genus Erythroneura subgenus Erythridula have been collected and reared on birch hosts in New Brunswick. These species, E. cornipes Beamer, E. sinua Johnson, E. noeva (Gillette), E. aspera Beamer and Griffith, and E. betulaspera Richards and Varty, have similar seasonal histories and habits, but there are differences in their host relationships and ecology. The morphology of adults and nymphs is described and illustrated.
Ovarioles and Developing Eggs in Grasshoppers
Authors: Smith D. S.
Published: December 2009

The average number of ovarioles in three species of grasshopper reared in the laboratory was: Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.) 28.1 ± 2.4, M. bivittatus (Say) 80.1 ± 10.1, and Camnula pellucida (Scud.) 27.6 ± 2.7. Not all ovarioles developed mature eggs; some eggs were resorbed. The number of egg rudiments in the ovarioles increased somewhat with age of the grasshopper and would not limit the number of eggs laid. Some abnormalities are described and some discussion of the corpus luteum is included, particularly the relationship between a pigmented corpus luteum and ovulation.
Soil Micro-arthropods in Eastern Canada
Authors: Kevan D. K. McE. , Marshall V. G. , Sharma G. D.
Published: December 2009

Soil micro-arthropods, as such, have hitherto been little studied in North America. Investigations, particularly of woodland soils, near Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, have, however, been in progress for several years. Micro-arthropods are present in very large numbers in most soils. They include mites, Collembola, Diplura, Protura, Symphyla, Pauropoda and pseudoscorpions.
New Genera and Species of Glaphyriinae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: December 2009

The subfamily Glaphyriinae is briefly discussed. To the six nominal genera placed here by Forbes a further 18 described nominal genera are added, together with the following 13 new genera, 1 new generic name and 32 new species:–Scybalista amazonica, n. sp., Brazil; S. himerta, n. sp., Peru; Aethiophysa, n. g., type-sp. Homophysa lentiflualis Zeller; Aethiophysa consimilis, n. sp., southeastern U. S. A.; Ae. surinamensis, n. sp., Guiana; Ae. acutipennis, n. sp., Brazil; Ae. delicata, n. sp., Florida; Xanthophysa, n. g., type-sp. Botis psychialis Hulst; Abegesta, n. g., type-sp. Orobena reluctalis Hulst; Abegesta concha, n. sp., Arizona; Scybalistodes, n. g., type-sp. Glaphyria periculosalis Dyar; Scybalistodes vermiculalis, n. sp., Arizona; S. regularis, n. sp., Arizona; S. reducta, n. sp., Tres Marias Is.; S. violetalis, n. sp., Chiapas; S. rivuloides, n. sp., Tres Marias Is.; Stegea, n. n., for Egesta Ragonot nec Conrad, type-sp. Homophysa eripalis Grote; Stegea mexicana, n. sp., Mexico; S. clarkei, n. sp., Colombia; S. jamaicensis, n. sp., Jamaica; Paregesta, n. g., type-sp. P. californiensis, n. sp., California; Nephrogramma, n. g., type-sp. Homophysa reniculalis Zeller; Chilomima, n. g., type-sp. Pyrausta clarkei Amsel; Chilozela, n. g., type-sp. Loxostege bifilalis Hampson; Macreupoca, n. g., type-sp. M. penai, n. sp., Chile; M. spectralis, n. sp., Chile; Contortipalpia, n. g., type-sp. C. masculina, n. sp., Brazil; Eupoca definita, n. sp., Brazil; E. micralis, n. sp., Mexico; Vinculopsis epipaschia, n. sp., Peru; Aureopteryx infuscatalis, n. sp., Bolivia; Lipocosmopsis, n. g., type-sp. Lipocosma intermedialis Barnes and McDunnough; Lipocosmodes, n. g., type-sp. Lipocosma fuliginosalis Fernald; Heptalitha, n. g., type-sp. H. boliviensis, n. sp., Bolivia; Dicymolomia micropunctalis, n. sp., California; D. grisea, n. sp., Florida; Lipocosma forsteri, n. sp., Bolivia; L. teutonialis, n. sp., Brazil; L. saralis, n. sp., Bolivia; L. antonialis, n. sp., Bolivia; L. coroicalis, n. sp., Bolivia; L. isola, n. sp., Tres Marias Is. The following additional taxonomic changes are made: Aethiophysa lentiflualis Zeller is separated from the South American Homophysa invisalis Guenée, which is not identified; Abegesta remellalis (Druce) is considered distinct from A. reluctalis (Hulst); Phlyctaenia prusalis Druce is referred to Scybalistodes; Stegea salutalis (Hulst) is separated from S. eripalis (Grote); Eupoca Warren is separated from Scybalista Lederer, and bifascialis (Walker), sanctalis (Schaus), polyorma (Meyrick), and chicalis (Schaus) are referred to it; Symphysa glorialis Schaus is transferred to Aureopteryx Amsel; Ambia argyractalis Schaus, A. enallasialis Dyar, A. enantialis Dyar, A. enareralis Dyar, Aulacodes odulphalis Schaus, Lipocosma punctissimalis Dyar, and L. teliferalis Dyar are transferred to Heptalitha; Ambia metalophota Hampson is transferred to Dicymolomia Zeller; Glaphyria calla Kaye and ausonialis Druce are transferred to Lipocosma Lederer.
Arthropods of the Bleakest Barren Lands: Composition and Distribution of the Arthropod Fauna of the Northwestern Queen Elizabeth Islands
Authors: McAlpine J. F.
Published: December 2009

The Northwestern Queen Elizabeth Islands, i.e., Meighen, Ellef Ringnes, Amund Ringnes, King Christian, Lougheed, Borden, Mackenzie King, and Brock, constitute the most barren part of the high arctic fell field. Within this group, the richest area is at Isachsen on Ellef Ringnes Island; there the relief is higher and the variety of habitats greater and richer than at any other place on any of these islands. Despite this relative richness, however, Isachsen has the coldest summer climate of any arctic weather station (July mean, about 38°F.) and the smallest arthropod fauna (55 species of spiders, mites, collemboles and insects, according to studies conducted there in 1960) of any locality investigated during the Northern Insect Survey.
Some Simple and Useful Technological Developments in Light Traps
Authors: Lowe R. B. , Putnam L. G.
Published: December 2009

To minimize travel to light traps sited at a considerable distance from headquarters, the authors have developed a battery of seven light traps, to keep nightly catohes separate and in good condition for a period of up to one week.

The 100-watt clear, incandescent attractant lights are switched on in succession by a programmed multiple switch based on a seven-day, clock-driven thermograph drum. Seven cams are fitted at intervals equivalent to 24 hours on the drum surface, each of arc length to keep one of the seven roller lever actuator switches closed for the night hours of orie dav per week.
Nutritional Methods for Phytophagous Insects
Authors: McGinnis A. J. , Kasting R.
Published: December 2009

In biochemical studies of resistance of plants to insects knowledge of the nutritional needs of the insect is required. Some methods that have been developed or were adapted from studies with large animals are displayed.

Larvae of the pale western cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia Morr., have been reared on diets prepared from wheat sprouts that have been lyophilized and ground to a fine meal. Diets may be prepared by adding water (two parts) to the meal (one part), packaging in aluminum foil, and storing in the frozen state. By lyophilization, other plant tissues have also been preserved successfully for periods up to one year. The lyophilized tissue provides a uniform dietary medium that can be readily extracted or supplemented in nutritional studies.
Effect of Pre- and Post-Treatment Temperatures, Age of Deposit, and Repellency on the Toxicity of Kelthane to the Two-spotted Mite, Tetranychus telarius (L.) (Acarina: Tetranychidae)
Authors: Fisher R. W. , Hansell R. I. C.
Published: December 2009

Kelthane MF showed a positive temperature coefficient of toxicity to the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus telarius. An increase of about 1.2% mortality occurred for each degree rise in the range from 50-90°F. Pre-treatment of adult, female mites at three different temperatures for three days caused no significant difference in mortality at 74°F. Acaricidal potency of Kelthane MF on peach leaves declined rapidly both indoors and outdoors for the first two days. Thereafter the potency decreased at about the same rate outside, but much slower in the laboratory. Deposits on peach leaves repelled mites strongly for two days, but weakened rapidly over the next six days. Mites entered treated leaf areas after the acaricidal potency had dropped low, and so a larger than expected number of susceptible mites may have survived.