bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling the global emission, transport and deposition of trace elements associated with mineral dust
Authors: Zhang Y. , Mahowald N. , Scanza R. A. , Journet E. , Desboeufs K. , Albani S. , Kok J. F. , Zhuang G. , Chen Y. , Cohen D. D. , Paytan A. , Patey M. D. , Achterberg E. P. , Engelbrecht J. P. , Fomba K. W.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Trace element deposition from desert dust has important impacts on ocean primary productivity, the quantification of which could be useful in determining the magnitude and sign of the biogeochemical feedback on radiative forcing. However, the impact of elemental deposition to remote ocean regions is not well understood and is not currently included in global climate models. In this study, emission inventories for eight elements primarily of soil origin, Mg, P, Ca, Mn, Fe, K, Al, and Si are determined based on a global mineral data set and a soil data set. The resulting elemental fractions are used to drive the desert dust model in the Community Earth System Model (CESM) in order to simulate the elemental concentrations of atmospheric dust. Spatial variability of mineral dust elemental fractions is evident on a global scale, particularly for Ca. Simulations of global variations in the Ca / Al ratio, which typically range from around 0.1 to 5.0 in soils, are consistent with observations, suggesting that this ratio is a good signature for dust source regions. The simulated variable fractions of chemical elements are sufficiently different; estimates of deposition should include elemental variations, especially for Ca, Al and Fe. The model results have been evaluated with observations of elemental aerosol concentrations from desert regions and dust events in non-dust regions, providing insights into uncertainties in the modeling approach. The ratios between modeled and observed elemental fractions range from 0.7 to 1.6, except for Mg and Mn (3.4 and 3.5, respectively). Using the soil database improves the correspondence of the spatial heterogeneity in the modeling of several elements (Ca, Al and Fe) compared to observations. Total and soluble dust element fluxes to different ocean basins and ice sheet regions have been estimated, based on the model results. The annual inputs of soluble Mg, P, Ca, Mn, Fe and K associated with dust using the mineral data set are 0.30 Tg, 16.89 Gg, 1.32 Tg, 22.84 Gg, 0.068 Tg, and 0.15 Tg to global oceans and ice sheets.
Soil fertility controls soil–atmosphere carbon dioxide and methane fluxes in a tropical landscape converted from lowland forest to rubber and oil palm plantations
Authors: Hassler E. , Corre M. D. , Tjoa A. , Damris M. , Utami S. R. , Veldkamp E.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Expansion of palm oil and rubber production, for which global demand is increasing, causes rapid deforestation in Sumatra, Indonesia, and is expected to continue in the next decades. Our study aimed to (1) quantify changes in soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes with land-use change and (2) determine their controlling factors. In Jambi Province, Sumatra, we selected two landscapes on heavily weathered soils that differ mainly in texture: loam and clay Acrisol soils. In each landscape, we investigated the reference land-use types (forest and secondary forest with regenerating rubber) and the converted land-use types (rubber, 7–17 years old, and oil palm plantations, 9–16 years old). We measured soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes monthly from December 2012 to December 2013. Annual soil CO2 fluxes from the reference land-use types were correlated with soil fertility: low extractable phosphorus (P) coincided with high annual CO2 fluxes from the loam Acrisol soil that had lower fertility than the clay Acrisol soil (P < 0.05). Soil CO2 fluxes from the oil palm (107.2 to 115.7 mg C m−2 h−1) decreased compared to the other land-use types (between 178.7 and 195.9 mg C m−2 h−1; P < 0.01). Across land-use types, annual CO2 fluxes were positively correlated with soil organic carbon (C) and negatively correlated with 15N signatures, extractable P and base saturation. This suggests that the reduced soil CO2 fluxes from oil palm were the result of strongly decomposed soil organic matter and reduced soil C stocks due to reduced litter input as well as being due to a possible reduction in C allocation to roots due to improved soil fertility from liming and P fertilization in these plantations. Soil CH4 uptake in the reference land-use types was negatively correlated with net nitrogen (N) mineralization and soil mineral N, suggesting N limitation of CH4 uptake, and positively correlated with exchangeable aluminum (Al), indicating a decrease in methanotrophic activity at high Al saturation. Reduction in soil CH4 uptake in the converted land-use types (ranging from −3.0 to −14.9 μg C m−2 h−1) compared to the reference land-use types (ranging from −20.8 to −40.3 μg C m−2 h−1; P < 0.01) was due to a decrease in soil N availability in the converted land-use types. Our study shows for the first time that differences in soil fertility control the soil–atmosphere exchange of CO2 and CH4 in a tropical landscape, a mechanism that we were able to detect by conducting this study on the landscape scale.
Stability of ENSO and its tropical Pacific teleconnections over the Last Millennium
Authors: Lewis S. C. , LeGrande A. N.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Determining past changes in the amplitude, frequency and teleconnections of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is important for understanding its potential sensitivity to future anthropogenic climate change. Palaeo-reconstructions from proxy records can provide long-term information of ENSO interactions with the background climatic state through time. However, it remains unclear how ENSO characteristics have changed on long timescales, and precisely which signals proxies record. Proxy interpretations are typically underpinned by the assumption of stationarity in relationships between local and remote climates, and often utilise archives from single locations located in the Pacific Ocean to reconstruct ENSO histories. Here, we investigate the long-term characteristics of ENSO and its teleconnections using the Last Millennium experiment of CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5; Taylor et al., 2012). We show that the relationship between ENSO conditions (NINO3.4) and local climates across the Pacific basin differs significantly for 100-year epochs defining the Last Millennium and the historical period 1906–2005. Furthermore, models demonstrate decadal- to centennial-scale modulation of ENSO behaviour during the Last Millennium. Overall, results suggest that the stability of teleconnections may be regionally dependent and that proxy climate records may reveal complex changes in teleconnected patterns, rather than large-scale changes in base ENSO characteristics. As such, proxy insights into ENSO may require evidence to be considered over large spatial areas in order to deconvolve changes occurring in the NINO3.4 region from those relating to local climatic variables. To obtain robust histories of the ENSO and its remote impacts, we recommend interpretations of proxy records should be considered in conjunction with palaeo-reconstructions from within the central Pacific.
Solar modulation of flood frequency in Central Europe during spring and summer on inter-annual to millennial time-scales
Authors: Czymzik M. , Muscheler R. , Brauer A.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Solar influences on climate variability are one of the most controversially discussed topics in climate research. We analyze solar forcing of flood frequency in Central Europe on inter-annual to millennial time-scales using daily discharge data of River Ammer (southern Germany) back to AD 1926 and revisiting the 5500 year flood layer time-series from varved sediments of the downstream Lake Ammersee. Flood frequency in the discharge record is significantly correlated to changes in solar activity during solar cycles 16–23 (r = −0.47, p < 0.0001, n = 73). Flood layer frequency (n = 1501) in the sediment record depicts distinct multi-decadal variability and significant correlations to 10Be fluxes from a Greenland ice core (r = 0.45, p < 0.0001) and 14C production rates (r =0.36, p < 0.0001), proxy records of solar activity. Flood frequency is higher when solar activity is reduced. These correlations between flood frequency and solar activity might provide empirical support for the solar top-down mechanism expected to modify the mid-latitude storm tracks over Europe by model studies. A lag of flood frequency responses in the Ammer discharge record to changes in solar activity of about one to three years could be explained by a modelled ocean–atmosphere feedback delaying the atmospheric reaction to solar activity variations up to a few years.
Observationally based analysis of land–atmosphere coupling
Authors: Catalano F. , Alessandri A. , De Felice M. , Zhu Z. , Myneni R. B.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. The variance of soil moisture, vegetation and evapotranspiration over land has been recognized to be strongly connected to the variance of precipitation. However, the feedbacks and couplings between these variables are still not well understood and quantified. Furthermore, soil moisture and vegetation processes are associated to a memory and therefore they may have important implications for predictability. In this study we apply a generalized linear method, specifically designed to assess the reciprocal forcing between connected fields, to the latest available observational datasets of global precipitation, evapotranspiration, vegetation and soil moisture content. For the first time a long global observational dataset is used to investigate the spatial and temporal land variability and to characterize the relationships and feedbacks between land and precipitation. The variables considered show a significant coupling among each other. The analysis of the response of precipitation to soil moisture evidences a robust coupling between these two variables. In particular, the first two modes of variability of the precipitation forced by soil moisture appear to have a strong link with volcanic eruptions and ENSO cycles, respectively, and these links are modulated by the effects of evapotranspiration and vegetation. It is suggested that vegetation state and soil moisture provide a biophysical memory of ENSO and major volcanic eruptions, revealed through delayed feedbacks on rainfall patterns. The third mode of variability reveals a trend very similar to the trend of the inter-hemispheric contrast in SST and appears to be connected to greening/browning trends of vegetation over the last three decades.
AEGIS: a wildfire prevention and management information system
Authors: Kalabokidis K. , Ager A. , Finney M. , Athanasis N. , Palaiologou P. , Vasilakos C.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. A Web-GIS wildfire prevention and management platform (AEGIS) was developed as an integrated and easy-to-use decision support tool (http://aegis.aegean.gr). The AEGIS platform assists with early fire warning, fire planning, fire control and coordination of firefighting forces by providing access to information that is essential for wildfire management. Databases were created with spatial and non-spatial data to support key system functionalities. Updated land use/land cover maps were produced by combining field inventory data with high resolution multispectral satellite images (RapidEye) to be used as inputs in fire propagation modeling with the Minimum Travel Time algorithm. End users provide a minimum number of inputs such as fire duration, ignition point and weather information to conduct a fire simulation. AEGIS offers three types of simulations; i.e. single-fire propagations, conditional burn probabilities and at the landscape-level, similar to the FlamMap fire behavior modeling software. Artificial neural networks (ANN) were utilized for wildfire ignition risk assessment based on various parameters, training methods, activation functions, pre-processing methods and network structures. The combination of ANNs and expected burned area maps produced an integrated output map for fire danger prediction. The system also incorporates weather measurements from remote automatic weather stations and weather forecast maps. The structure of the algorithms relies on parallel processing techniques (i.e. High Performance Computing and Cloud Computing) that ensure computational power and speed. All AEGIS functionalities are accessible to authorized end users through a web-based graphical user interface. An innovative mobile application, AEGIS App, acts as a complementary tool to the web-based version of the system.
Quantifying the effect of sea level rise and flood defence – a point process perspective on coastal flood damage
Authors: Boettle M. , Rybski D. , Kropp J. P.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. In contrast to recent advances in projecting sea levels, estimations about the economic impact of sea level rise are vague. Nonetheless, they are of great importance for policy making with regard to adaptation and greenhouse-gas mitigation. Since the damage is mainly caused by extreme events, we propose a stochastic framework to estimate the monetary losses from coastal floods in a confined region. For this purpose, we follow a Peak-over-Threshold approach employing a Poisson point process and the Generalised Pareto Distribution. By considering the effect of sea level rise as well as potential adaptation scenarios on the involved parameters, we are able to study the development of the annual damage. An application to the city of Copenhagen shows that a doubling of losses can be expected from a mean sea level increase of only 11 cm. In general, we find that for varying parameters the expected losses can be well approximated by one of three analytical expressions depending on the extreme value parameters. These findings reveal the complex interplay of the involved parameters and allow conclusions of fundamental relevance. For instance, we show that the damage always increases faster than the sea level rise itself. This in turn can be of great importance for the assessment of sea level rise impacts on the global scale. Our results are accompanied by an assessment of uncertainty, which reflects the stochastic nature of extreme events. While the uncertainty of flood damage increases with rising sea levels, we find that the error of our estimations in relation to the expected damage decreases.
Projected 21st century changes in snow water equivalent over Northern Hemisphere landmasses from the CMIP5 model ensemble
Authors: Shi H. X. , Wang C. H.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Changes in snow water equivalent (SWE) over Northern Hemisphere (NH) landmasses are investigated for the early (2016–2035), middle (2046–2065) and late (2080–2099) 21st century using a multi-model ensemble from 20 global climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). The multi-model ensemble was found to provide a realistic estimate of observed NH mean winter SWE compared to the GlobSnow product. The multi-model ensemble projects significant decreases in SWE over the 21st century for most regions of the NH for representative concentration pathways (RCPs) 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5. This decrease is particularly evident over the Tibetan Plateau and North America. The only region with projected increases is eastern Siberia. Projected reductions in mean annual SWE exhibit a latitudinal gradient with the largest relative changes over lower latitudes. SWE is projected to undergo the largest decreases in the spring period where it is most strongly negatively correlated with air temperature. The reduction in snowfall amount from warming is shown to be the main contributor to projected changes in SWE during September to May over the NH.
De prijs voor transparantie en publicatie
Authors: Brouwer O.W.
Published: October 2015

De prijs voor transparantie en publicatie

Toegang tot processtukken met standpunten die de Europese instellingen en Lidstaten innemen in procedures bij de EU-rechter ondervindt toenemende belangstelling.

Dit is de tweede zaak waarin de grenzen worden verkend van toegang tot processtukken via de Eurowob.

Breyer is deels succesvol in zijn verzoek tot toegang maar wordt in de proceskostenveroordeling gestraft voor het plaatsen van kritische kanttekeningen en processtukken van zijn Eurowobzaak op zijn website. De vraag is of dit rechtens juist is. De Commissie heeft hogere voorziening ingesteld tegen het hier besproken arrest.

Gerecht 27 februari 2015, zaak T-188/12, Patrick Breyer (gesteund door interveniënten Republiek Finland, Koninkrijk Zweden)/Europese Commissie, ECLI:EU:T:2015:124. Hogere voorziening verzocht in C-213/15 P.
State Estimation for Robots with Complementary Redundant Sensors
Authors: Carnevale Daniele , Martinelli Francesco
Published: October 2015

In this paper, robots equipped with two complementary typologies of redundant sensors are considered: one typology provides sharp measures of some geometrical entity related to the robot pose (e.g., distance or angle) but is not univocally associated with this quantity; the other typology is univocal but is characterized by a low level of precision. A technique is proposed to properly combine these two kinds of measurement both in a stochastic and in a deterministic context. This framework may occur in robotics, for example, when the distance from a known landmark is detected by two different sensors, one based on the signal strength or time of flight of the signal, while the other one measures the phase-shift of the signal, which has a sharp but periodical dependence on the robot-landmark distance. In the stochastic case, an effective solution is a two-stage extended Kalman filter (EKF) which exploits the precise periodic signal only when the estimate of the robot position is sufficiently precise. In the deterministic setting, an approach based on a switching hybrid observer is proposed, and results are analyzed via simulation examples.
Epithelial cells supply Sonic Hedgehog to the perinatal dentate gyrus via transport by platelets
Authors: Choe Youngshik , Huynh Trung , Pleasure Samuel J
Published: October 2015

Dentate neural stem cells produce neurons throughout life in mammals. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is critical for maintenance of these cells; however, the perinatal source of Shh is enigmatic. In the present study, we examined the role of Shh expressed by hair follicles (HFs) that expand perinatally in temporal concordance with the proliferation of Shh-responding dentate stem cells. Specific inhibition of Shh from HFs or from epithelial sources in general hindered development of Shh-responding dentate stem cells. We also found that the blood–brain barrier (BBB) of the perinatal dentate gyrus (DG) is leaky with stem cells in the dentate exposed to blood-born factors. In attempting to identify how Shh might be transported in blood, we found that platelets contain epithelial Shh, provide Shh to the perinatal DG and that inhibition of platelet generation reduced hedgehog-responsive dentate stem cells.
A meta-analysis of threats to valid clinical inference in preclinical research of sunitinib
Authors: Henderson Valerie C , Demko Nadine , Hakala Amanda , MacKinnon Nathalie , Federico Carole A , Fergusson Dean , Kimmelman Jonathan
Published: October 2015

Poor study methodology leads to biased measurement of treatment effects in preclinical research. We used available sunitinib preclinical studies to evaluate relationships between study design and experimental tumor volume effect sizes. We identified published animal efficacy experiments where sunitinib monotherapy was tested for effects on tumor volume. Effect sizes were extracted alongside experimental design elements addressing threats to valid clinical inference. Reported use of practices to address internal validity threats was limited, with no experiments using blinded outcome assessment. Most malignancies were tested in one model only, raising concerns about external validity. We calculate a 45% overestimate of effect size across all malignancies due to potential publication bias. Pooled effect sizes for specific malignancies did not show apparent relationships with effect sizes in clinical trials, and we were unable to detect dose–response relationships. Design and reporting standards represent an opportunity for improving clinical inference.
Super-resolution kinetochore tracking reveals the mechanisms of human sister kinetochore directional switching
Authors: Burroughs Nigel J , Harry Edward F , McAinsh Andrew D
Published: October 2015

The congression of chromosomes to the spindle equator involves the directed motility of bi-orientated sister kinetochores. Sister kinetochores bind bundles of dynamic microtubules and are physically connected through centromeric chromatin. A crucial question is to understand how sister kinetochores are coordinated to generate motility and directional switches. Here, we combine super-resolution tracking of kinetochores with automated switching-point detection to analyse sister switching dynamics over thousands of events. We discover that switching is initiated by both the leading (microtubules depolymerising) or trailing (microtubules polymerising) kinetochore. Surprisingly, trail-driven switching generates an overstretch of the chromatin that relaxes over the following half-period. This rules out the involvement of a tension sensor, the central premise of the long-standing tension-model. Instead, our data support a model in which clocks set the intrinsic-switching time of the two kinetochore-attached microtubule fibres, with the centromeric spring tension operating as a feedback to slow or accelerate the clocks.
The Effects of Motivation and Satisfaction on Destination Loyalty at the Thailand -Laos (PDR) Border
Authors: Chindaprasert Kantimarn , Yasothornsrikul Paradee , Esichaikul Ranee
Published: October 2015

Over the past few decades, the influence of the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS) program and Asian Economic Community (AEC) framework of ASEAN has led to an increasing number of tourists visiting Thailand and Laos (PDR) border sites. Accordingly, the Thailand-Laos (PDR) border destination appears to have a high tourism market potential as it is seen as an important tourist attraction, nationally and internationally. The investigation of cross-border tourism in this area will benefit the development of the tourism industry along Thailand and Laos (PDR). Consequently, the current study aims to investigate a structural model explaining destination loyalty and its inter-relationship with push and pull motivation, and satisfaction, in the context of Thai revisits to the Thailand-Laos (PDR) border destination. A total of 400 questionnaires were collected and analysed by a Structural Equation Modeling software called Mplus version 6.12. Findings of this study reveal that push motivation and satisfaction are both determinants of Thai visitors’ destination loyalty for the Thailand-Laos border. Implications for Thailand and Laos (PDR) border destination managers are also discussed.
Clustering symptoms of non-severe malaria in semi-immune Amazonian patients
Authors: Martins Antonio C. , Araújo Felipe M. , Braga Cássio B. , Guimarães Maria G.S. , Nogueira Rudi , Arruda Rayanne A. , Fernandes Lícia N. , Correa Livia R. , Malafronte Rosely dos S. , Cruz Oswaldo G. , Codeço Cláudia T. , da Silva-Nunes Mônica
Published: October 2015

Malaria is a disease that generates a broad spectrum of clinical features. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical spectrum of malaria in semi-immune populations. Patients were recruited in Mâncio Lima, a city situated in the Brazilian Amazon region. The study included 171 malaria cases, which were diagnosed via the use of a thick blood smear and confirmed by molecular methods. A questionnaire addressing 19 common symptoms was administered to all patients. Multiple correspondence analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis were performed to identify clusters of symptoms, and logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with the occurrence of symptoms. The cluster analysis revealed five groups of symptoms: the first cluster, which included algic- and fever-related symptoms, occurred in up to 95.3% of the cases. The second cluster, which comprised gastric symptoms (nausea, abdominal pain, inappetence, and bitter mouth), occurred in frequencies that ranged between 35.1% and 42.7%, and at least one of these symptoms was observed in 71.9% of the subjects. All respiratory symptoms were clustered and occurred in 42.7% of the malaria cases, and diarrhea occurred in 9.9% of the cases. Symptoms constituting the fifth cluster were vomiting and pallor, with a 14.6% and 11.7% of prevalence, respectively. A higher parasitemia count (more than 300 parasites/mm3) was associated with the presence of fever, vomiting, dizziness, and weakness (P< 0.05). Arthralgia and myalgia were associated with patients over the age of 14 years (P< 0.001). Having experienced at least eight malaria episodes prior to the study was associated with a decreased risk of chills and fever and an increased risk of sore throat (P< 0.05). None of the symptoms showed an association with gender or with species ofPlasmodium. The clinical spectrum of malaria in semi-immune individuals can have a broad range of symptoms, the frequency and intensity of which are associated with age, past exposure to malaria, and parasitemia. Understanding the full spectrum of nonsevere malaria is important in endemic areas to guide both passive and active case detection, for the diagnosis of malaria in travelers returning to non-endemic areas, and for the development of vaccines aimed to decrease symptom severity.
No apparent correlation between honey bee forager gut microbiota and honey production
Authors: Horton Melissa A. , Oliver Randy , Newton Irene L.
Published: October 2015

One of the best indicators of colony health for the European honey bee (Apis mellifera) is its performance in the production of honey. Recent research into the microbial communities naturally populating the bee gut raise the question as to whether there is a correlation between microbial community structure and colony productivity. In this work, we used 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to explore the microbial composition associated with forager bees from honey bee colonies producing large amounts of surplus honey (productive) and compared them to colonies producing less (unproductive). As supported by previous work, the honey bee microbiome was found to be dominated by three major phyla: the Proteobacteria, Bacilli and Actinobacteria, within which we found a total of 23 different bacterial genera, including known “core” honey bee microbiome members. Using discriminant function analysis and correlation-based network analysis, we identified highly abundant members (such asFrischellaandGilliamella) as important in shaping the bacterial community; libraries from colonies with high quantities of theseOrbaceaemembers were also likely to contain fewerBifidobacteriaandLactobacillusspecies (such as Firm-4). However, co-culture assays, using isolates from these major clades, were unable to confirm any antagonistic interaction betweenGilliamellaand honey bee gut bacteria. Our results suggest that honey bee colony productivity is associated with increased bacterial diversity, although this mechanism behind this correlation has yet to be determined. Our results also suggest researchers should not base inferences of bacterial interactions solely on correlations found using sequencing. Instead, we suggest that depth of sequencing and library size can dramatically influencestatistically significantresults from sequence analysis of amplicons and should be cautiously interpreted.
Discipline‐Based Remediation: Bridging the Mathematics Gap
Authors: Wenner Jennifer M. , Baer Eric M. , Burn Helen E.
Published: October 2015

Geoscience relies on numbers, data, equations, graphical representations, and other quantitative skills; therefore, introductory geoscience courses need to accurately portray the science as quantitative [e.g., Wenner et al., 2009]. However, up to 57% of students arrive at college underprepared to perform mathematics at the level necessary to succeed in introductory courses [ACT, 2011]. Although some institutions have turned to prerequisites as a way to ensure appropriate preparation, these extra courses can place undue financial, temporal, and academic burdens on interested students, keeping them from enrolling in science courses that may interest them. As an alternative to mathematics prerequisites, geoscience faculty at the University of Wisconsin Oshkosh and Highline Community College in Des Moines, Wash., funded by the National Science Foundation, developed a model of successful integration of discipline‐based mathematics remediation into an introductory geoscience course: The Math You Need, When You Need It (TMYN; http://serc.carleton.edu/mathyouneed/).
Hayes Receives 2012 Ronald Greeley Early Career Award in Planetary Science: Response
Authors: Hayes Alexander G.
Published: October 2015

I am deeply honored to be the inaugural recipient of the Ronald Greeley Early Career Award. Ron was an icon in the field of planetary science, and the establishment of this award is a fitting way to pay tribute to his legacy. I applaud Laurie Leshin, Bill McKinnon, and the rest of the AGU Planetary Science section officers and selection committee for taking the time to organize this memorial. Ron is remembered not only for his fundamental scientific contributions but also for his mentorship and support of early‐career scientists, both his own students and postdocs and those of his colleagues.
Squyres Receives 2012 Whipple Award: Citation
Authors: Leshin Laurie A.
Published: October 2015

Steven Squyres received the 2012 Whipple Award at the 2012 AGU Fall Meeting, held 3–7 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award recognizes an individual who has made an outstanding contribution in the field of planetary science.
Kopp Receives 2012 William Gilbert Award: Citation
Authors: Kirschvink Joseph L.
Published: October 2015

Robert E. Kopp received the 2012 William Gilbert Award at the 2012 AGU Fall Meeting, held 3–7 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award recognizes outstanding and unselfish work in magnetism of Earth materials and of the Earth and planets.
The mixed mechanisms of large‐earthquake nucleation
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: October 2015

Where do big earthquakes come from? That's an important open question in seismology. High‐energy earthquakes often come from faults under high strain, but the mechanism that underlies their onset is still debated.
Statistically linking extreme precipitation to global warming
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: October 2015

Extreme rainfall can have serious effects on societies and ecosystems. Increases in extreme precipitation events are predicted to occur as Earth's climate warms, in part because warmer air has greater capacity to hold moisture, leading to more precipitation in a warmer climate. However, directly attributing changes in rainfall to global warming is difficult because climate models have limited precisions and because extreme events are rare and occur at irregular intervals.
Fluid circulation and carbonate vein precipitation in the footwall of an oceanic core complex, Ocean Drilling Program Site 175, Mid‐Atlantic Ridge
Authors: Schroeder Tim , Bach Wolfgang , Jöns Niels , Jöns Svenja , Monien Patrick , Klügel Andreas
Published: October 2015

Carbonate veins recovered from the mafic/ultramafic footwall of an oceanic detachment fault on the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge record multiple episodes of fluid movement through the detachment and secondary faults. High‐temperature (∼75–175°C) calcite veins with elevated REE contents and strong positive Eu‐anomalies record the mixing of up‐welling hydrothermal fluids with infiltrating seawater. Carbonate precipitation is most prominent in olivine‐rich troctolite, which also display a much higher degree of greenschist and sub‐greenschist alteration relative to gabbro and diabase. Low‐temperature calcite and aragonite veins likely precipitated from oxidizing seawater that infiltrated the detachment fault and/or within secondary faults late or post footwall denudation. Oxygen and carbon isotopes lie on a mixing line between seawater and Logatchev‐like hydrothermal fluids, but precipitation temperatures are cooler than would be expected for isenthalpic mixing, suggesting conductive cooling during upward flow. There is no depth dependence of vein precipitation temperature, indicating effective cooling of the footwall via seawater infiltration through fault zones. One sample contains textural evidence of low‐temperature, seawater‐signature veins being cut by high‐temperature, hydrothermal‐signature veins. This indicates temporal variability in the fluid mixing, possibly caused by deformation‐induced porosity changes or dike intrusion. The strong correlation between carbonate precipitation and olivine‐rich troctolites suggests that the presence of unaltered olivine is a key requirement for carbonate precipitation from seawater and hydrothermal fluids. Our results also suggest that calcite‐talc alteration of troctolites may be a more efficient CO2 trap than serpentinized peridotite.
Predictions for impactor contamination on Ceres based on hypervelocity impact experiments
Authors: Daly R. Terik , Schultz Peter H.
Published: October 2015

New experiments predict that Ceres should be extensively contaminated with meteoritic debris derived from the asteroid belt. All types of impactors likely contribute to the contamination. Ceres may accrete debris more efficiently if it is ice‐rich because of enhanced projectile survival and retention in porous ice targets. Experiments indicate that if a silicate regolith lag protects subsurface ice, then some of the projectile should be injected into the regolith during high‐angle impacts, thereby hiding part of the projectile component from view. If impacts excavate ice, sublimation will gradually concentrate projectile relics into a surficial lag. In contrast, if the near‐surface lacks ice, then accreted meteoritic debris should be distributed throughout a vertically mixed regolith. High‐resolution images may reveal pristine projectile relics lining some crater floors. Moreover, we predict that the surface of Ceres is not exclusively endogenic and may be dominated by delivered exogenic debris.
ENSO and meridional modes: A null hypothesis for Pacific climate variability
Authors: Di Lorenzo E. , Liguori G. , Schneider N. , Furtado J. C. , Anderson B. T. , Alexander M. A.
Published: October 2015

Pacific low‐frequency variability (timescale > 8 years) exhibits a well‐known El Niño‐like pattern of basin‐scale sea surface temperature, which is found in all the major modes of Pacific decadal climate. Using a set of climate model experiments and observations, we decompose the mechanisms contributing to the growth, peak, and decay of the Pacific low‐frequency spatial variance. We find that the El Niño‐like interdecadal pattern is established through the combined actions of Pacific meridional modes (MM) and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Specifically, in the growth phase of the pattern, subtropical stochastic excitation of the MM energizes the tropical low‐frequency variance acting as a red noise process. Once in the tropics, this low‐frequency variance is amplified by ocean‐atmospheric feedbacks as the pattern reaches its peak phase. At the same time, atmospheric teleconnections distribute the variance from the tropics to the extratropics, where the pattern ultimately decays. In this stochastic red noise model of Pacific climate, the timescale of the extra‐tropical/tropical interactions (1–2 years) permits the stochastic excitation of the ENSO‐like pattern of decadal and interdecadal variance.
Investigating the Relative Contributions of Computerised Working Memory Training and English Language Teaching to Cognitive and Foreign Language Development
Authors: Hayashi Yuko , Kobayashi Taisei , Toyoshige Tsuyoshi
Published: October 2015

The current study reports on an intervention study that investigated the relative contributions of 5‐week English language training (ELT) and 5‐week working memory training (WMT) to improvements in English language knowledge and working memory capacity in university learners of English as a foreign language. The participants were allocated to one of the following three experimental groups and a control group: (i) ELT only; (ii) WMT only; and (iii) both WMT and ELT. The results showed that intervention effects were pronounced in the WMT + ELT group, who improved scores on the reading span test and all tests of verbal and visuo‐spatial short‐term and working memory. The gains on verbal short‐term (Japanese) and working memory (Japanese and English) were maintained 3 months later. None of the interventions, single or combined, were associated with gains in foreign language knowledge, however. The sustained effects of the dual approach and its implications are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Imperfect Match? Crime‐related Context Influences Fingerprint Decisions
Authors: Osborne Nikola K. P. , Zajac Rachel
Published: October 2015

Research suggests that fingerprint interpretation is vulnerable to contextual influence. Specifically, as contextual information increases in emotional intensity, people appear to increase the rate at which they deem fingerprint pairs to share the same source. We investigated three alternative explanations for this finding: (i) that participants who complete multitrial experiments might make more matches over time; (ii) that the provision of any additional information could influence decision‐making; and (iii) that the effect could be limited to dichotomous response options. In Experiment 1, participants forced to make a match or non‐match decision on 96 fingerprint pairs made more matches when pairs were preceded by crime‐related photographs, relative to neutral photographs or no photographs. In Experiment 2, where an ‘unsure’ option was available, crime‐related context did not influence matches but decreased non‐matches. Further research is necessary to determine the relative contributions of emotionality and motivation to these effects. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Looking and Drawing
Authors: Cook Peter
Published: October 2015

Peter Cook is the doyen of the architectural drawing world. He enthuses and champions the graphic in architectural schools across the globe, while producing extraordinary images within his own London‐based practice. Here he offers us the rare chance to look over his shoulder at CRAB studio, proffering some rare tips and insights; he shares his graphic predilections and recounts the evolution of some of his most recent drawings.
Plug‐In, Clip‐On, Tune‐Up: A Throwaway Architecture with Optional Extras
Authors: Herron Simon
Published: October 2015

For Simon Herron drawing is an innate, even an addictive, compulsion. Here he lets us into his own personal world of drawing: ‘a private haptic language of invention’, which simultaneously has the power to shock and resonate with its time. He traces his graphic lineage back to the work of his father, Ron Herron of Archigram, and projects it forwards through the output of his students.
All Night Long: The Architectural Jazz of the Texas Rangers
Authors: Morris Mark
Published: October 2015

In the mid‐1950s, a group of young faculty at the University of Texas School of Architecture in Austin ‐ aka the Texas Rangers ‐ entertained themselves with weekly sessions of a sophisticated, collective drawing game, ‘Dot‐the‐Dot’, in which there was an emphasis on inventive fluency in hand drawing as well as an innate knowledge of historic European city plans. What happened when Mark Morris, Visiting Associate Professor at Cornell University, decided in a design studio to ask present‐day students to revive the game?
Two Sides of the Page: The Antifact and the Artefact
Authors: Cantley Bryan
Published: October 2015

For Bryan Cantley technology has introduced new possibilities for drawing with ‘the ability to render conditions of transformation, phase shifting, entropy and revolution’. It has also prompted a rethink of the phenomenological relationship of architectural drawing with the world; between the page and objects; between the antifact and the artefact. He makes an analogy between the legal status of the unborn child and nascent, unbuilt drawn architecture.
Rhodium(I)‐Catalyzed [2+2+2] Cycloaddition between Allene, Alkyne, and Imine via a Strained Azarhodacycle Intermediate
Authors: Oonishi Yoshihiro , Hato Yoshio , Sato Yoshihiro
Published: October 2015

The rhodium(I)‐catalyzed intramolecular [2+2+2] cycloaddition between allenes, alkynes, and imines has been developed. This cyclization proceeds via a strained azarhodacycle, giving a 5,7‐fused cyclic amide or a tricyclic product containing an 8‐azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane skeleton in high yield.

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Three‐dimensional simulations of gas‐liquid cocurrent downflow in vertical, inclined, and oscillating packed beds
Authors: Iliuta Ion , Larachi Faïçal
Published: October 2015

The hydrodynamic behavior of gas‐liquid downflow in vertical, inclined, and oscillating packed beds related to offshore floating applications was analyzed by means of three‐dimensional unsteady‐state two‐fluid simulations. Angular oscillations of the column between two angled symmetrical positions and between vertical and inclined position were considered while bed non‐uniformity was described using radial porosity distributions. For vertical and slightly inclined columns, two‐phase flow was concentrated in the core area of the bed. However, the two‐phase flow was predicted to deviate significantly from axial symmetry at higher inclinations with prominent liquid accumulation in the bottommost reactor cross‐sectional area. Oscillating packed beds unveiled complex reverse secondary flows radially and circumferentially resulting in oscillatory patterns of liquid holdup and pressure drop whose amplitude and propagation frequency were affected by column inclination angle and travel time between vertical and angled positions. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 916–927, 2016
The allocation and interaction model: A new model for predicting total energy expenditure of highly active humans in natural environments
Authors: Ocobock Cara
Published: October 2015

Objective

The purpose of this study was to develop a new model, the Allocation and Interaction Model (AIM), to better predict human total energy expenditure (TEE) among a group of highly active humans living in a variety of natural environments. AIM estimates were tested to determine if it produces more accurate TEE predictions than the Factorial Method.

Methods

AIM includes metabolic cost terms for basal metabolic rate, thermoregulation, and the thermic effect of food, as well as more accurate activity cost estimations. AIM was tested using doubly labeled water and Flex‐Heart Rate (Flex‐HR)‐measured TEEs of healthy, highly active adults (N = 59) participating in National Outdoor Leadership School semester‐long courses. Data from a month‐long pilot study (N = 6) were also included.

Results

AIM produced TEE estimates that were not significantly different from measured energy expenditure values. Overall, AIM came within 4.1% of measured values; the Factorial Method underestimated by over 25%. At TEEs greater than 3,000 kcal day−1, AIM underestimated TEE by 11% compared to 31.6% by the Factorial Method. Also, at TEEs greater than 3,000 kcal day−1, the Flex‐HR method overestimated TEE by 17%.

Conclusions

This analysis demonstrated that AIM is more accurate than the Factorial Method for predicting TEE across a range of climates and physical activity levels. This suggests that AIM should be used in place of the Factorial Method for estimating human TEE. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:372–380, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
N‐Heterocyclic‐Carbene‐Catalyzed Regioselective Oxidative Ring‐Opening of Epoxides with Aromatic Aldehydes: A Facile Entry to α‐Acyloxyketones
Authors: Reddi Rambabu N. , Gontala Arjun , Prasad Pragati K. , Sudalai Arumugam
Published: October 2015

A high‐yielding synthesis of α‐acyloxyketones using a N‐heterocyclic‐carbene (NHC)‐catalyzed, oxidative ring‐opening of epoxides with aromatic aldehydes is described. This regioselective, oxidative process utilizes a N‐bromosuccinimide (NBS)/DMSO combination as the oxidant system and Et3N as the base under mild reaction conditions.
Erratum to: “Superconductivity, diamagnetism, and the mean inner potential of solids” [Ann. Phys. (Berlin) 526, 63 (2014)]
Authors: Hirsch J. E.
Published: October 2015

Original article: Ann. Phys. (Berlin) 526, No. 12, 6378 (2014)/DOI 10.1002/andp.201300147
Gezielte Anreicherung von Wirkstoffen am Knochen am Beispiel von allosterischen FPPS‐Inhibitoren
Authors: Jahnke Wolfgang , Bold Guido , Marzinzik Andreas L. , Ofner Silvio , Pellé Xavier , Cotesta Simona , Bourgier Emmanuelle , Lehmann Sylvie , Henry Chrystelle , Hemmig René , Stauffer Frédéric , Hartwieg J. Constanze D. , Green Jonathan R. , Rondeau Jean‐Michel
Published: October 2015

Die Wirksamkeit und Verträglichkeit eines Medikaments kann verbessert werden, indem dieses gezielt an den gewünschten Wirkungsort gebracht wird. Bisphosphonate sind Prototypen derartiger Medikamente; allerdings ist ihre Affinität zum Knochen eher zu stark und lässt sich nicht modulieren, ohne die Aktivität auf das Enzym Farnesylpyrophosphat‐Synthase (FPPS) zu verlieren. Eine Konsequenz der hohen Knochenaffinität ist außerdem eine niedrige und stark variable orale Bioverfügbarkeit. Wir beschreiben hier Inhibitoren von FPPS mit einem Monophosphonat als Knochenanker, der eine moderate Affinität zum Knochen verleiht, die überdies noch moduliert werden kann. Über einen NMR‐basierten Knochenbindungstest wurde ein Zusammenhang von Struktur und Knochenaffinität etabliert. Das Konzept, Wirkstoffe durch Anhängen einer Monophosphonatgruppe und ohne Verlust der oralen Bioverfügbarkeit gezielt zum Knochen zu bringen, kann weitreichende Anwendungsmöglichkeiten auch für andere Wirkstoffe haben.
Heterometallic Rings: Their Physics and use as Supramolecular Building Blocks
Authors: McInnes Eric J. L. , Timco Grigore A. , Whitehead George F. S. , Winpenny Richard E. P.
Published: October 2015

An enormous family of heterometallic rings has been made. The first were Cr7M rings where M=NiII, ZnII, MnII, and rings have been made with as many as fourteen metal centers in the cyclic structure. They are bridged externally by carboxylates, and internally by fluorides or a penta‐deprotonated polyol. The size of the rings is controlled through templates which have included a range of ammonium or imidazolium ions, alkali metals and coordination compounds. The rings can be functionalized to act as ligands, and incorporated into hybrid organic–inorganic rotaxanes and into molecules containing up to 200 metal centers. Physical studies reported include: magnetic measurements, inelastic neutron scattering (including single crystal measurements), electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (including measurements of phase memory times), NMR spectroscopy (both solution and solid state), and polarized neutron diffraction. The rings are hence ideal for understanding magnetism in elegant exchange‐coupled systems.