bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity and predictive uncertainty of the ACASA model at a spruce forest site
Authors: Staudt K. , Falge E. , Pyles R. D. , Paw U K. T. , Foken T.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. The sensitivity and predictive uncertainty of the Advanced Canopy-Atmosphere-Soil Algorithm (ACASA) was assessed by employing the Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) method. ACASA is a stand-scale, multi-layer soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer model that incorporates a third order closure method to simulate the turbulent exchange of energy and matter within and above the canopy. Fluxes simulated by the model were compared to sensible and latent heat fluxes as well as the net ecosystem exchange measured by an eddy-covariance system above the spruce canopy at the FLUXNET-station Waldstein-Weidenbrunnen in the Fichtelgebirge Mountains in Germany. From each of the intensive observation periods carried out within the EGER project (ExchanGE processes in mountainous Regions) in autumn 2007 and summer 2008, five days of flux measurements were selected. A large number (20000) of model runs using randomly generated parameter sets were performed and goodness of fit measures for all fluxes for each of these runs were calculated. The 10% best model runs for each flux were used for further investigation of the sensitivity of the fluxes to parameter values and to calculate uncertainty bounds. A strong sensitivity of the individual fluxes to a few parameters was observed, such as the leaf area index. However, the sensitivity analysis also revealed the equifinality of many parameters in the ACASA model for the investigated periods. The analysis of two time periods, each representing different meteorological conditions, provided an insight into the seasonal variation of parameter sensitivity. The calculated uncertainty bounds demonstrated that all fluxes were well reproduced by the ACASA model. In general, uncertainty bounds encompass measured values better when these are conditioned on the respective individual flux only and not on all three fluxes concurrently. Structural weaknesses of the ACASA model concerning the soil respiration calculations and the simulation of the latent heat flux during dry conditions were detected, with improvements suggested for each.
Prediction and evaluation of nonlinear site response with potentially liquefiable layers in the area of Nafplion (Peloponnesus, Greece) for a repeat of historical earthquakes
Authors: Karastathis V. K. , Papadopoulos G. A. , Novikova T. , Roumelioti Z. , Karmis P. , Tsombos P.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. We examine the possible non-linear behaviour of potentially liquefiable layers at selected sites located within the expansion area of the town of Nafplion, East Peloponnese, Greece. Input motion is computed for three scenario earthquakes, selected on the basis of historical seismicity data, using a stochastic strong ground motion simulation technique, which takes into account the finite dimensions of the earthquake sources. Site-specific ground acceleration synthetics and soil profiles are then used to evaluate the liquefaction potential at the sites of interest. The activation scenario of the Iria fault, which is the closest one to Nafplion (M=6.4), is found to be the most hazardous in terms of liquefaction initiation. In this scenario almost all the examined sites exhibit liquefaction features at depths of 6–12 m. For scenario earthquakes at two more distant seismic sources (Epidaurus fault – M6.3; Xylokastro fault – M6.7) strong ground motion amplification phenomena by the shallow soft soil layer are expected to be observed.
Drug Delivery to the Posterior Segment of the Eye
Authors: Fischer Naomi , Narayanan Raja , Loewenstein Anat , Kuppermann Baruch D.
Published: November 2010

Drug delivery into the posterior segment of the eye is complicated by the presence of the blood-ocular barrier. Strategies for delivering drugs to the posterior segment include systemic administration, modification of the blood-eye barrier, and local drug delivery. Recently, new topical treatments have emerged for the treatment of posterior eye disease. Iontophoretic, juxtascleral, and intravitreal routes can be used to achieve therapeutic levels in the posterior segment. Extended-release intravitreal drug delivery systems can achieve sustained therapeutic levels with the goal of providing a prolonged clinical benefit.
Treatment Options for Diffuse Diabetic Macular Edema
Authors: Bandello Francesco , Iacono Pierluigi , Parodi Mauhzio Battaglia
Published: November 2010

Purpose.

To describe the current management of diffuse diabetic macular edema (DDME).

Methods.

Review and discussion of the literature regarding DDME.

Results.

Diffuse diabetic macular edema is a condition that can be managed by means of several treatment options, including focal/grid laser photocoagulation, intravitreal or periocular corticosteroids, intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and vitrectomy with or without internal limiting membrane peeling.

Conclusions.

Even though there is no randomized clinical trial specifically designed to assess the best treatment approach for DDME, new therapeutic approaches based on intravitreal injections of corticosteroid and anti-VEGF molecules offer new hope for its management.
Postsurgical Cystoid Macular Edema
Authors: Zur Dina , Fischer Naomi , Tufail Adrian , Monés Jordi , Loewenstein Anat
Published: November 2010

Cystoid macular edema (CME) is a primary cause of postoperative reduced vision. It may occur even when the intraoperative course is successful for operations such as cataract and vitreoretinal surgery. Its incidence following modern cataract surgery is 0.1%-2.35%. This risk is increased if there are certain preexisting systemic or ocular conditions and when there are intraoperative complications. The etiology of CME is not completely understood. Prolapsed or incarcerated vitreous and postoperative inflammatory processes have been proposed as causative agents. Pseudophakic CME is characterized by poor postoperative visual acuity. Fluorescein angiography is indispensable in the workup of CME, showing the classical perifoveal petaloid staining pattern and late leakage of the optic disk. Optical coherence tomography is a useful diagnostic tool, which displays cystic spaces in the outer nuclear layer. The most important differential diagnoses include age-related macular degeneration and other causes of CME such as diabetic macular edema. Most cases of Pseudophakic CME resolve spontaneously. The value of prophylactic treatment is doubtful. First-line treatment of postsurgical CME should include topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids. Oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitors can be considered complementary. In cases of resistant CME, periocular or intraocular corticosteroids present an option. Antiangiogenic agents, though experimental, should be considered for nonresponsive persistent CME. Surgical options should be reserved for special indications.
The Effect of Triamcinolone Acetonide, Sodium Hyaluronate, and Chondroitin Sulfate on Human Endothelial Cells: An in Vitro Study
Authors: Veritti Daniele , Pehssin Laura , Zorzet Sonia , Lanzetta Paolo
Published: November 2010

Purpose.

TO report the in vitro effect of triamcinolone acetonide (TA), sodium hyaluronate (SH), chondroitin sulfate (CS), and their combination on human endothelial cells.

Methods.

The antiangiogenic proprieties of 2 formulations of TA (TA-1 and TA-2), 2 formulations of glycosaminoglycan-containing viscoelastic agents (V-1 and V-2), and the association of TA-1 and V-1 were investigated. Their effect on angiogenesis was tested using human endothelial cells cocultured with human fibroblasts and myoblasts. After fixation and staining for CD31, a colorimetric output was obtained. A BCIP/NBT-buffered substrate allowed image analysis of tubule formation.

Results.

Both formulations of TA significantly reduced tubule formation as compared with controls (p<0.01). Moreover, the antiangiogenic effect of TA-1 was maintained when combined with V-1 (p<0.01).

Conclusions.

Triamcinolone acetonide alone or in combination with hyaluronate and chondroitin sulfate is able to significantly reduce human endothelial cell proliferation in an in vitro model.
Intravitreal Triamcinolone Acetonide as Adjunctive Treatment with Systemic Therapy for Uveitic Macular Edema
Authors: Habot-Wilner Zohar , Sallam Ahmed , Pacheco Patricio A. , Do Helen H. , McCluskey Peter , Lightman Sue
Published: November 2010

Purpose.

TO report the outcome of a single intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) injection as an adjunctive treatment with systemic medication for refractory uveitic cystoid macular edema (CME).

Methods.

This was a retrospective, noncomparative, interventional case series. Medical records of 25 patients (35 eyes) with quiescent uveitic CME who were treated with oral immunosuppressive therapy and underwent 4 mg/0.1 mL IVTA injection were reviewed. Data was collected 6 months post-injection and included details of uveitis, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), CME, systemic therapy required, and potential complications of IVTA injection.

Results.

Thirty eyes (85%) responded with improvement in vision. The mean BCVA improvement was 0.33 (from 0.67 to 0.34 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution; Snellen equivalent, between 2 and 3 lines) (p<0.001), at a mean time of 6.2 weeks (range 2–16). Resolution of CME was achieved in 31 (88%) of the treated eyes. Following initial response to IVTA, CME relapsed in 8 eyes (26%) after a mean time of 4.2 months (range 2.5–5.5). The dosage of oral corticosteroids and/or second-line immunosuppressive agents was able to be reduced or stopped in 22 patients, 29 of 35 eyes (82.8%). The most common adverse effect was increased intraocular pressure, in 17 (49%) of the treated eyes. Steroid-induced cataract was observed in 6 eyes (17%).

Conclusions.

Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide appears to be an effective supplementary tool in the management of CME refractory to systemic immunosuppressive therapy. Retreatment might be required in some and may be associated with elevated intraocular pressure and cataract.
Study on the Sliding Friction of Endothelial Cells Cultured on Hydrogel and the Role of Glycocalyx on Friction Reduction
Authors: Chen Yong Mei , Kurokawa Takayuki , Tominaga Taiki , Yasuda Kazunori , Osada Yoshihito , Gong Jian Ping , Yamamoto Kimiko , Ando Joji
Published: November 2010

We investigate the sliding friction of HUVEC monolayers cultured on PNaSS gel, intending to elucidate the role of glycocalyx on the surface of ECs in friction reduction. Three sets of HUVEC monolayers are investigated: an as‐cultured HUVEC monolayer; a HUVEC monolayer treated with TGF‐β1, which increases the glycocalyx by 148%; and a HUVEC monolayer treated with heparinase I, which reduces the glycocalyx by 57%. When being slid on a flat, glass surface, the frictional stress of the HUVEC monolayer decreases in the order: heparinase‐I‐treated > as‐cultured > TGF‐β1‐treated samples. The results suggest that glycocalyx may play a role in reducing the friction of endothelial cell monolayer.
5‐lipoxygenase as an endogenous modulator of amyloid beta formation in vivo
Authors: Chu Jin , Praticò Domenico
Published: November 2010

Objective

The 5‐lipoxygenase (5‐LO) enzymatic pathway is widely distributed within the central nervous system, and is upregulated in Alzheimer's disease. However, the mechanism whereby it may influence the disease pathogenesis remains elusive.

Methods

We evaluated the molecular mechanism by which 5‐LO regulates amyloid β (Aβ) formation in vitro and in vivo by pharmacological and genetic approaches.

Results

Here we show that 5‐LO regulates the formation of Aβ by activating the cAMP‐response element binding protein (CREB), which in turn increases transcription of the γ‐secretase complex. Preventing CREB activation by pharmacologic inhibition or dominant negative mutants blocks the 5‐LO‐dependent elevation of Aβ formation and the increase of γ‐secretase mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, 5‐LO targeted gene disruption or its in vivo selective pharmacological inhibition results in a significant reduction of Aβ, CREB and γ‐secretase levels.

Interpretation

These data establish a novel functional role for 5‐LO in regulating endogenous formation of Aβ levels in the central nervous system. Thus, 5‐LO pharmacological inhibition may be beneficial in the treatment and prevention of Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 2010
Activation of central trigeminovascular neurons by cortical spreading depression
Authors: Zhang XiChun , Levy Dan , Kainz Vanessa , Noseda Rodrigo , Jakubowski Moshe , Burstein Rami
Published: November 2010

Objective:

Cortical spreading depression (CSD) has long been implicated in migraine attacks that begin with visual aura. Having shown that a wave of CSD can trigger long‐lasting activation of meningeal nociceptors—the first‐order neurons of the trigeminovascular pathway thought to underlie migraine headache—we now report that CSD can activate central trigeminovascular neurons in the spinal trigeminal nucleus (C1–2).

Methods:

Stimulation of the cortex with pinprick or KCl granule was used to induce CSD in anesthetized rats. Neuronal activity was monitored in C1–2 using single‐unit recording.

Results:

In 25 trigeminovascular neurons activated by CSD, mean firing rate (spikes/s) increased from 3.6 ± 1.2 before CSD (baseline) to 6.1 ± 1.8 after CSD (p < 0.0001) for a period >13 minutes. Neuronal activity returned to baseline level after 30.0 ± 3.1 minutes in 14 units, and remained elevated for 66.0 ± 8.3 (22–108) minutes through the entire recording period in the other 11 units. Neuronal activation began within 0.9 ± 0.4 (0–2.5) minutes after CSD in 7 neurons located in laminae I–II, or after a latency of 25.1 ± 4.0 (7–75) minutes in 9 neurons located in laminae I–II, and 9 neurons located in laminae III–V. In 27 trigeminovascular neurons not activated by CSD, mean firing rate was 2.0 ± 0.7 at baseline and 1.8 ± 0.7 after CSD.

Interpretation:

We propose that CSD constitutes a nociceptive stimulus capable of activating peripheral and central trigeminovascular neurons that underlie the headache of migraine with aura. ANN NEUROL 2011;
Amyloid‐β associated cortical thinning in clinically normal elderly
Authors: Becker J. Alex , Hedden Trey , Carmasin Jeremy , Maye Jacqueline , Rentz Dorene M. , Putcha Deepti , Fischl Bruce , Greve Douglas N. , Marshall Gad A. , Salloway Stephen , Marks Donald , Buckner Randy L. , Sperling Reisa A. , Johnson Keith A.
Published: November 2010

Objective:

Both amyloid‐β (Aβ) deposition and brain atrophy are associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the disease process likely begins many years before symptoms appear. We sought to determine whether clinically normal (CN) older individuals with Aβ deposition revealed by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging using Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB) also have evidence of both cortical thickness and hippocampal volume reductions in a pattern similar to that seen in AD.

Methods:

A total of 119 older individuals (87 CN subjects and 32 patients with mild AD) underwent PiB PET and high‐resolution structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Regression models were used to relate PiB retention to cortical thickness and hippocampal volume.

Results:

We found that PiB retention in CN subjects was (1) age‐related and (2) associated with cortical thickness reductions, particularly in parietal and posterior cingulate regions extending into the precuneus, in a pattern similar to that observed in mild AD. Hippocampal volume reduction was variably related to Aβ deposition.

Interpretation:

We conclude that Aβ deposition is associated with a pattern of cortical thickness reduction consistent with AD prior to the development of cognitive impairment. ANN NEUROL 2010;
Effects of an antagonist of neurokinin receptors 1, 2 and 3 on reproductive hormones in male beagle dogs
Authors: Enright Brian P. , Leach Michael W. , Pelletier Georges , LaBrie Fernand , McIntyre Barry S. , Losco Patricia E.
Published: November 2010

BACKGROUND:SCH 206272, a neurokinin 1, 2, and 3 receptor antagonist, administered to beagle dogs results in testicular toxicity. Therefore, a series of experiments were conducted to determine whether this observed toxicity was associated with changes in reproductive hormones and hypothalamic gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) levels.METHODS:Male beagle dogs were administered 30 mg/kg SCH 206272 for up to 7 days. Blood samples were collected at the end of the dosing period for reproductive hormone analysis. Male reproductive organs were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and the hypothalamus was stained for GnRH.RESULTS:Intact male dogs exhibited SCH 206272‐related decreases in pulsatility and magnitude of luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone, which were associated with seminiferous tubule degeneration, oligospermia, and epithelial atrophy in the prostate gland. Neutered dogs also exhibited SCH 206272‐related decreases in LH and FSH. In a subsequent reversibility study, intact male dogs exhibited decreased LH, testosterone, and FSH, which exhibited recovery by 2 weeks post‐dosing; however, seminiferous tubule degeneration and oligospermia did not exhibit recovery by 2 weeks post‐dosing. Dogs administered SCH 206272 also exhibited an increase in mean number of GnRH‐containing neurons in the hypothalamus and an increase in GnRH mRNA/neuron, which exhibited recovery by 2 weeks post‐dosing.CONCLUSIONS:SCH 206272‐dosed dogs exhibited rapid decreases in reproductive hormones and subsequent testicular pathology. Collectively, these changes in hormone levels suggest that the observed SCH 206272‐related reproductive tract findings are the result of alterations in hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal function. However, a direct effect on the testes cannot be definitively ruled out.Birth Defects Res (Part B)89:517–525, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A different approach to validating screening assays for developmental toxicity
Authors: Daston George P. , Chapin Robert E. , Scialli Anthony R. , Piersma Aldert H. , Carney Edward W. , Rogers John M. , Friedman Jan M.
Published: November 2010

BACKGROUND: There continue to be many efforts around the world to develop assays that are shorter than the traditional embryofetal developmental toxicity assay, or use fewer or no mammals, or use less compound, or have all three attributes. Each assay developer needs to test the putative assay against a set of performance standards, which traditionally has involved testing the assays against a list of compounds that are generally recognized as “positive” or “negative” in vivo. However, developmental toxicity is highly conditional, being particularly dependent on magnitude (i.e. dose) and timing of exposure, which makes it difficult to develop lists of compounds neatly assigned as developmental toxicants or not. APPROACH: Here we offer an alternative approach for the evaluation of developmental toxicity assays based on exposures. Exposures are classified as “positive” or “negative” in a system, depending on the compound and the internal concentration. Although this linkage to “internal dose” departs from the recent approaches to validation, it fits well with widely accepted principles of developmental toxicology. CONCLUSIONS: This paper introduces this concept, discusses some of the benefits and drawbacks of such an approach, and lays out the steps we propose to implement it for the evaluation of developmental toxicity assays. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 89:526–530, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neural indicators of error processing and intraindividual variability in reaction time in 7 and 9 year‐olds
Authors: Richardson Cassandra , Anderson Mike , Reid Corinne L. , Fox Allison M.
Published: November 2010

Childhood is associated with improvements in task accuracy, response time, and reductions in intraindividual trial‐to‐trial variability in reaction times. The aims of this study were to investigate neural indicators of error monitoring to better understand the mechanisms underlying these cognitive developments in primary school aged children. Specifically, this study explored the development of error processing in 36 children aged 7 years and 41 children aged 9 years, as indexed by two electrophysiological indices of error processing, the error‐related negativity (ERN) and the error positivity (Pe). Notably, the amplitude and latency of the ERN and Pe did not differ significantly between the age groups. However, intraindividual variability in response time (RT) was strongly related to ERN amplitude. These data suggest the utility of comparing neural and behavioral indicators of cognitive performance in children and uniquely highlight the importance of considering intraindividual variability in task performance in studies that explore error processing. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 53:256–265, 2011.
Curvularin‐Type Metabolites from the Fungus Curvularia sp. Isolated from a Marine Alga
Authors: Dai Jingqiu , Krohn Karsten , Flörke Ulrich , Pescitelli Gennaro , Kerti Gábor , Papp Tamás , Kövér Katalin E. , Bényei Attila Csaba , Draeger Sigfried , Schulz Barabara , Kurtán Tibor
Published: November 2010

Two new curvularin‐type macrolides, curvulone A (1) and B (2), and two known ones (3a, 4) of the rare 15R series have been isolated from the fungus Curvularia sp., which has been isolated from the marine alga Gracilaria folifera. Their structures were determined by extensive 2D NMR experiments and supported by the single‐crystal X‐ray analysis of 1. The structural elucidation of 1, which has a benzo[b]furanone moiety as part of a 12‐membered macrolactone, has led to a revision of the structure of the previously reported (11S,15S)‐11β‐hydroxy‐12‐oxocurvularin. The absolute configuration of curvulone A was established independently by the solid‐state TD‐DFT ECD method and by measuring the anomalous dispersion effect. The absolute configuration of curvulone B was determined by TD‐DFT ECD calculations on the computed solution conformers. Two different solid‐state conformers of 4 were identified by X‐ray analysis of the single crystals obtained from different solvents; TD‐DFT ECD calculations were performed to reproduce the experimental ECD spectra. All four metabolites were biologically active against fungal, bacterial and algal test organisms.
Gene expression changes in female zebrafish (Danio rerio) brain in response to acute exposure to methylmercury
Authors: Richter Catherine A , Garcia-Reyero Natàlia , Martyniuk Chris , Knoebl Iris , Pope Marie , Wright-Osment Maureen K , Denslow Nancy D , Tillitt Donald E
Published: November 2010

Methylmercury (MeHg) is a potent neurotoxicant and endocrine disruptor that accumulates in aquatic systems. Previous studies have shown suppression of hormone levels in both male and female fish, suggesting effects on gonadotropin regulation in the brain. The gene expression profile in adult female zebrafish whole brain induced by acute (96 h) MeHg exposure was investigated. Fish were exposed by injection to 0 or 0.5 µg MeHg/g. Gene expression changes in the brain were examined using a 22,000-feature zebrafish microarray. At a significance level of p < 0.01, 79 genes were up-regulated and 76 genes were down-regulated in response to MeHg exposure. Individual genes exhibiting altered expression in response to MeHg exposure implicate effects on glutathione metabolism in the mechanism of MeHg neurotoxicity. Gene ontology (GO) terms significantly enriched among altered genes included protein folding, cell redox homeostasis, and steroid biosynthetic process. The most affected biological functions were related to nervous system development and function, as well as lipid metabolism and molecular transport. These results support the involvement of oxidative stress and effects on protein structure in the mechanism of action of MeHg in the female brain. Future studies will compare the gene expression profile induced in response to MeHg with that induced by other toxicants and will investigate responsive genes as potential biomarkers of MeHg exposure. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:301–308. © 2010 SETAC
Biomarkers in laryngeal dysplasia: A systematic review
Authors: Nankivell Paul , Weller Matthew , McConkey Christopher , Paleri Vinidh , Mehanna Hisham
Published: November 2010

Background.

Prediction of which laryngeal dysplasia cases will progress to cancer is poorly achieved. The differential expression of biomarkers in dysplastic and cancerous lesions may help to improve this.

Methods.

We carried out a systematic review of laryngeal dysplasia biomarkers. Risk ratios were calculated for each biomarker. Individual study data were pooled only for the biomarker p53.

Results.

In all, 286 potential studies were identified; 9 met the inclusion criteria with 13 biomarkers assessed. Relative risks ranged from 0.60 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.10, 3.75) for mdm2 to 84.55 (95% CI 5.30, 1348.56) for Cortactin. A meta‐analysis of studies using p53 failed to show this biomarker having a significant predictive ability.

Conclusions.

Currently there is no good evidence for the use of biomarkers in predicting the future behavior of laryngeal dysplastic lesions. Only 3 studies showed statistically significant results. Better reporting of studies using the REMARK (REporting recommendations for tumor MARKer prognostic studies) consensus guidelines should help to improve this in the future. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Nano Ag loaded PVA nano‐fibrous mats for skin applications
Authors: Nguyen Thi‐Hiep , Kim Young‐Hee , Song Ho‐Yeon , Lee Byong‐Taek
Published: November 2010

Silver nano‐particles (Ag NPs) loaded polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) electro‐spun fibers were fabricated using a combination of microwave‐heated and electro‐spinning methods for wound healing. A thermic process was then applied to resurface and increase the number of the Ag NPs on the surface of the PVA fiber. The diameter of the Ag NPs loaded electrospun PVA (PVA‐Ag) mats were between 100 and 500 nm after heat treatments at different temperatures. When samples were subjected to 60 s of microwave irradiation and 150°C heat treatment, the maximum number of 50–100 nm Ag NPs resurfaced on the PVA nano‐fiber. The nano mats significantly inhibited E. coli (gram‐positive) and S. aureus (gram‐negative) bacteria and displayed high mechanical stability (>45 MPa). © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2011.
Conflict, education and the intergenerational transmission of poverty in Northern Uganda
Authors: Bird Kate , Higgins Kate , McKay Andy
Published: November 2010

This article explores the relationship between conflict, education and the intergenerational transmission of poverty in Northern Uganda using a Q‐squared approach, which combines and sequences qualitative and quantitative approaches. The focus is on whether people with education have greater resilience than those without during and following periods of conflict and insecurity. Findings include that conflict in Northern Uganda has resulted in chronic and intergenerational poverty, and that education supports resilience during and following periods of conflict and insecurity – it is a ‘portable’ asset of great value. The article concludes that education should be supported by governments and donors during and post‐conflict. This will support resilience during conflict, limiting the poverty impact of conflict on households and enabling a speedier post‐conflict recovery. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of polyolefin stabilizers and their degradation products
Authors: Reingruber Eva , Buchberger Wolfgang
Published: November 2010

Polymeric materials are complex samples, as they contain various groups of additives, compounding ingredients, and fillers. An important group of additives are stabilizers. Efficient stabilization is essential especially for polypropylene, as it is sensitive to oxidation and radical attack due to the numerous tertiary carbon atoms in its structure. How long a polymer will be sufficiently stabilized can be deduced from the contained amount of intact stabilizer. Different approaches for the analysis of stabilizers in polyolefins are available, which include sample preparation with subsequent chromatographic separation as well as direct analysis techniques. In round‐robin tests, stabilizer concentrations obtained varied strongly. This shows the demand for reliable and robust methods. Stabilizers get consumed while protecting the polymer and are then present as degradation products. They were observed while quantifying intact stabilizers, in migration studies, and – if volatile – in emission studies of polymers. Furthermore, e.g. interactions with other polymer ingredients or irradiation degraded stabilizers. The identification of degradation products provides a better insight into the reactions associated with stabilization. Their quantitation makes it possible to deduce the original level of stabilization. Furthermore, polymer ingredients degrading stabilizers can be identified. Knowledge on these interactions contributes significantly to improved polymer stabilization.
Bounded Immunity and Btt‐Reductions
Authors: Fenner Stephen , Schaefer Marcus
Published: November 2010

We define and study a new notion called k‐immunity that lies between immunity and hyperimmunity in strength. Our interest in k‐immunity is justified by the result that θ does not k‐tt reduce to a k‐immune set, which improves a previous result by Kobzev [7]. We apply the result to show that Φ′ does not btt‐reduce to MIN, the set of minimal programs. Other applications include the set of Kolmogorov random strings, and retraceable and regressive sets. We also give a new characterization of effectively simple sets and show that simple sets are not btt‐cuppable.
On Special Implicative Filters
Authors: Font Josep Maria
Published: November 2010

In her well‐known book, Rasiowa states without proof that in implicative algebras there is a one‐to‐one correspondence between kernels of epimorphisms and the so‐called special implicative filters, and that in the logic whose algebraic counterpart is the class of implicative algebras the deductive filters coincide with the special implicative filters. We show that neither claim is true, and how to repair the situation by redefining some of the notions involved. We answer other questions concerning special implicative filters, taking the theory of algebraizable logics of Blok and Pigozzi as a framework to approach the question in a systematic way.
Nearly Model Complete Theories
Authors: Kueker David W. , Turnquist Brian P.
Published: November 2010

A theory T of a language L is 1‐model complete (nearly model complete) iff for every formula ρ of L there is a formula ϕ (χ) of L which is a ∀∃‐formula (a Boolean combination of universal formulas) such that T ⊨ ∀x[ϕ↔θ]. The main results of the paper give characterizations of nearly model complete theories and of 1‐model complete theories. As a consequence we obtain that a theory T is nearly model complete iff whenever 𝔅 is a model of T and 𝔄⊆1𝔅, then T ∪ Δ1𝔄 is a complete L(A)‐theory, where Δ1𝔄 is the 1‐diagram of 𝔄. We also point out that our main results extend to (n + l)‐model complete and nearly ra‐model complete theories for all n > 0.
Fuzzy Galois Connections
Authors: Bêlohlávek Radim
Published: November 2010

The concept of Galois connection between power sets is generalized from the point of view of fuzzy logic. Studied is the case where the structure of truth values forms a complete residuated lattice. It is proved that fuzzy Galois connections are in one‐to‐one correspondence with binary fuzzy relations. A representation of fuzzy Galois connections by (classical) Galois connections is provided.
Ultrasound‐accelerated dehydrogenation of poly(1,3‐cyclohexadiene): efficient synthesis of poly(para‐phenylene)
Authors: Natori Itaru , Natori Shizue
Published: November 2010

The effect of ultrasonication on the dehydrogenation of poly(1,3‐cyclohexadiene) (PCHD) with benzoquinones was examined with the aim of improving the rate of reaction at moderate temperature. The type of solvent and the ultrasound treatment strongly affected the dehydrogenation of PCHD. The rate of reaction of the dehydrogenation of PCHD with 2,3‐dichloro‐5, 6‐dicyano‐1,4‐benzoquinone (DDQ) or 3,4,5,6‐tetrachloro‐1,2‐(o)‐benzoquinone (TOQ) was markedly improved by the use of ultrasound, and poly(para‐phenylene) (PPP) and PPP–TOQ complex, respectively, were successfully obtained. The electron drift mobility for PPP was of the order of 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1 with a negative slope, while that for PPP–TOQ complex was of the order of 10−3 to 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1 with a negative slope. The dehydrogenation of PCHD with benzoquinones under ultrasonication is thus an effective method to obtain soluble PPP with a well‐defined polymer chain structure. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Resource usage in outpatient care and reimbursement for cystic fibrosis in Germany
Authors: Eidt‐Koch Daniela , Wagner Thomas O.F. , Mittendorf Thomas , Reimann Andreas , von der Schulenburg J.‐Matthias
Published: November 2010

Objective

Objective of this study is to assess and evaluate resource use in outpatient treatment in Germany and to compare it with remuneration.

Methods

Outpatient treatment was evaluated in seven different centers for pediatric and adult CF patients. Data were recorded during one representative month in 2006. A micro‐costing approach was used to value resource use data.

Results

For outpatient treatment mean costs (excluding drugs) of 488€ per patient per quarter occurred. Correlation analyses identified significant cost drivers including age and co‐morbidities (pancreatic insufficiency, hepatobiliary complications, lung function capacity, or bacterial lung colonization). Remuneration covered only 51% of the total costs (252€ per patient/quarter).

Conclusions

As the human resources available to these centers today are already below the requirements set by the European consensus for standards of CF care it will be important for a high level of patient care to reach a cost‐covering remuneration scheme. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2011; 46:278–285. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Excellent Si surface passivation by low temperature SiO2 using an ultrathin Al2O3 capping film
Authors: Dingemans G. , van de Sanden M. C. M. , Kessels W. M. M.
Published: November 2010

It is demonstrated that the application of an ultrathin aluminum oxide (Al2O3) capping film can improve the level of silicon surface passivation obtained by low‐temperature synthesized SiO2 profoundly. For such stacks, a very high level of surface passivation was achieved after annealing, with Seff < 2 cm/s for 3.5 Ω cm n‐type c‐Si. This can be attributed primarily to a low interface defect density (Dit < 1011 eV–1 cm–2). Consequently, the Al2O3 capping layer induced a high level of chemical passivation at the Si/SiO2 interface. Moreover, the stacks showed an exceptional stability during high‐temperature firing processes and therefore provide a low temperature (≤400 °C) alternative to thermally‐grown SiO2. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Domains and naïve theories
Authors: Gelman Susan A. , Noles Nicholaus S.
Published: November 2010

Human cognition entails domain‐specific cognitive processes that influence memory, attention, categorization, problem‐solving, reasoning, and knowledge organization. This article examines domain‐specific causal theories, which are of particular interest for permitting an examination of how knowledge structures change over time. We first describe the properties of commonsense theories, and how commonsense theories differ from scientific theories, illustrating with children's classification of biological and nonbiological kinds. We next consider the implications of domain‐specificity for broader issues regarding cognitive development and conceptual change. We then examine the extent to which domain‐specific theories interact, and how people reconcile competing causal frameworks. Future directions for research include examining how different content domains interact, the nature of theory change, the role of context (including culture, language, and social interaction) in inducing different frameworks, and the neural bases for domain‐specific reasoning.WIREs Cogni Sci2011 2 490–502 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.124

This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Reasoning and Decision Making
Beanspruchung der allgemeinen, geschlossenen sowie auch offenen Kegelschale durch Belastung ihrer Spitze
Authors: Sonntag G.
Published: November 2010

Es werden Bedingungsgleichungen zur Ermittlung der Spannungen in einer allgemeinen biegungsschlaffen Kegelschale abgeleitet für eine Belastung ihrer Spitze durch Kräfte und Momente.
Dr. Heinrich Blasius, Mechanik, Physikalische Grundlagen vom technischen Standpunkt; zweiter Teil: Elastizität und Festigkeit. VIII u. 230 S., in. 194 Abb. u. 64 Aufgaben. 3: Aufl.; unveränderter Abdruck der zweiten neubearbeiteten Auflage. Hamburg 1949. Verlag Boysen & Maasch. Preis brosch. 9,50 DM
Authors: Neuber
Published: November 2010

Neuber.
Poissonsche Formeln für die Bimetallkugel
Authors: Jentsch L.
Published: November 2010

Die Lösung des Dirichletschen Problems für die Laplace‐Gleichung im Kugelgebiet B+ und im Außengebiet B− der Kugel kann durch die Poissonschen Formeln dargestellt werden. Für das Neumannsche Problem in B+ und B− sind ebenfalls Formeln bekannt, die nach Neumann und Bjerknes benannt werden. Haben wir das Modell der stationären Wärmeleitung im Auge, ist B+ und entsprechend B− mittels einer Ebene durch den Kugelmittelpunkt in zwei Gebiete mit verschiedenen Wärmeleitfähigkeiten geteilt, dann kommen auf der Trennebene Transmissionsbedingungen hinzu. Für all diese Probleme werden Formeln vom Poisson‐Typ mit explizit angebbaren Poissonschen Kernen hergeleitet. Auch für die entsprechenden Probleme der Bimetallkreisscheibe werden die Poissonschen Formeln aufgestellt. Abschließend werden einige Ausführungen zum Dirichletschen Problem für die Bimetallkugel bei nichtidealem Wärmeübergang gemacht.
Liquid Oscillations in a Spherical System with Sliding Edges Bounded by Two Conical Solid Surfaces in Zero‐Gravity
Authors: Bauer H. F.
Published: November 2010

Es werden die Eigenfrequenzen und gedämpften Frequenzen von annularen sphärischen Flüssigkeitssystemen, die von festen kegelförmigen Wänden begrenzt sind, untersucht. Dabei werden drei Fälle von Kontaktlinienbewegung behandelt: Die frei gleitende Kontaktlinie, die reibendgleitende und die verankerte Kontaktlinie. Die analytischen Ergebnisse werden auf den Halbkugeltropfen angewandt, wobei die Frequenzen zwischen denen der frei gleitenden und der verankerten Ergebnisse liegen. Für viskose Flüssigkeitssysteme gibt es außerdem eine Domäne, in der nur aperiodische Bewegungen möglich sind.
The Passing of Resonance Zones of a Piston in a Closed Tube
Authors: Steinrück H.
Published: November 2010

An inviscid gas in a tube closed at one end is excited by a piston oscillating around a slowly changing mean position. The response of the gas is considered when the piston passes a resonance zone, that is when the eigenfrequency (as a function of the mean position) of the gas in the tube is close to the frequency of the oscillation. Employing an asymptotic analysis with respect to small Much numbers of the piston it is shown how shocks evolve and decay again as the piston passes the resonance zone.
Nonlinear Stability and Dynamic Buckling of Autonomous Dissipative Systems
Authors: Kounadis A. N.
Published: November 2010

An analytical approach for the stability and the dynamic buckling response of multiple‐parameter dissipative systems described by autonomous differential equations is presented. Attention is focused on general imperfect structural systems with or without symmetric imperfections including statically stable systems which display also an unstable complementary path. The significance of the unstable (physcial or complementary) path, of the basin of attraction of stable equilibria, and of the inset and outset manifolds of a saddle on the dynamic buckling mechanism is comprehensively examined with the aid of basic theorems of local dynamic analysis. A contradiction between local and global dynamic analysis as well as cases of dynamic buckling with sensitivity to initial conditions and damping, discontinuity and metastability phenomena are also explored. Three simple dissipative systems of structural engineering importance are used as illustrative models.
Initial‐Boundary‐Value Stability Problem for the Blasius Boundary Layer
Authors: Brevdo Leonid
Published: November 2010

Das lineare Anfangs‐Randwert‐Stabilitätsproblem für die zwei‐dimensionalen Störungen in der Blasiusschen Grenzschicht‐strömung wird mittels Fourier‐Laplace‐Transformation formal behandelt. Das resultierende inhomogene Randwertproblem für die Orr‐Sommerfeld‐Gleichung wird analytisch untersucht, wobei im Unendlichen der Grenzschicht die „Abstrahlbedingungen”︁ angewendet werden. Die fundamental Menge der Lösungen für das homogene Randwertproblem wird formal definiert, und das inhomogene Problem wird mittels der Variation der Parameter gelöst. Mit Hilfe dieser fundamentalen Menge zeigen wir, daß die Dispersionsrelations‐Funktion des Problems D(k, ω) die Gestalt D(k, ω) = P(k, ω) + k2 + iR(k‐ω)Q.(k, ω) hat, wobei Q(k, ω) und P(k, ω) analytische Funktionen von (k, ω) sind. Hier bezeichnet k die Wellenzahl, ω die Frequenz und R die Reynoldszahl. Aufgrund dessen wird ein einfacher Nachweis der Diskretheit des Eigenwertspektrums gegeben. Die Lösung des Anfangs‐Randwertproblems nimmt die Gestalt einer inversen Fourier‐Laplace‐Transformation der Lösung des inhomogenen Problems an. Diese Lösung wird in Brevdo [5] auf die Untersuchung der instabilen Wellenpakete in der Blasiusschen Grenzschichtströmung angewendet.
On the Reduced Basis Method
Authors: Barrett A. , Reddien G.
Published: November 2010

Die Methode der reduzierten Basis wird verwendet, um den Umfang numerischer Probleme zu verringern. Dabei wird der Einfluß der getroffenen Wahl bei der Bestimmung der Anwendung einer Methode auf den Fehler diskutiert. Besondere Beachtung wird Wendepunkten und der Extrapolation geschenkt.
Three‐Dimensional Oscillatory Flow through a Porous Medium with Periodic Permeability
Authors: Singh K. D. , Verma G. N.
Published: November 2010

Die Strömungsberechnung eines viskosen, inkompressiblen Fluids durch ein stark poröses Medium wird vorgestellt für den Fall, daß die freie Strömungsgeschwindigkeit zeitlich um einen konstanten Mittelwert, der von Null verschieden ist, oszilliert. Die Permeabilität des Mediums wird als periodisch angenommen, deshalb wird das Problem dreidimensional. Die Ausdrücke für die Übergangsgeschwindigkeit, die transversale Geschwindigkeitskomponente und die Wandschubspannung werden durch Reihenentwicklung erhalten. In der Diskussion wird deutlich, daß im porösen Medium die Ablösung stark behindert wird, trotz größerer Frequenz der Schwingungen der freien Strömung.
An Impact Problem for a Non‐Linear Elastic Membrane with Non Constant Boundary Conditions
Authors: Tait R. J. , Zhong J. L.
Published: November 2010

In dieser Arbeit betrachten wir das Problem des Stoßes eines zylindrischen Objektes auf eine nichtlinear gespannte Membran für den Fall, daß die Rückstellkräfte berücksichtigt werden. Dies führt auf ein nichtkonstantes Randwertproblem. Verglichen werden die Ergebnisse mil dem linearen Problem und experimentellen Resultaten.
Simultaninvarianten bei Systemen zwei‐ und vierstufiger Tensoren
Authors: Betten J. , Helisch W.
Published: November 2010

Zu jedem System von Tensoren existiert nach Hilberts Theorem [1] eine Integritätsbasis, d.h. eine begrenzte Anzahl von Invarianten, derart, daß sich jede beliebige Invariante als ganze rationale Funktion der Elemente dieser Integritätsbasis darstellen läßt. Zu einer Integritätsbasis eines Systems von Tensoren gehören neben den Invarianten der einzelnen Tensoren auch Simultaninvarianten, d. h. Invarianten, die aus den Koordinaten mehrerer Tensoren gebildet werden. Im folgenden Aufsatz werden irreduzible Systeme von Simultaninvarianten för Tensoren zweiter und vierter Stufe im zwei‐, drei‐ und vierdimensionalen Raum aufgestellt und diskutiert.
Existence and Uniqueness of Solutions for the Steady Deep Bénard Convection Problem
Authors: Charki Z.
Published: November 2010

Die Arbeit befaßt sich in erster Linie mit den stationären, tiefen Bénard‐Konvektionsgleichungen in einem begrenzten Gebiet. Die Existenz und Eindeutigkeit der Lösungen wird für die linearen und nichtlinearen Probleme nachgewiesen, die entweder homogenen oder nichthomogenen Randbedingungen unterliegen. Der Beweis beruht auf Abschätzungen für lineare Probleme in Verbindung mit einer Fixpunktbetrachtung.
Ein Reibschwinger mit Selbsterregung ohne fallende Reibkennlinie
Authors: Brommundt E.
Published: November 2010

Es wird ein System vom Freiheitsgrad drei entwickelt, das auch dann selbsterregt schwingen kann, wenn die Reibkennlinie monoton mit der Reibgeschwindigkeit steigt.
Strong Converging Shock Waves in a Radiating Gas
Authors: Sharma V. D. , Ch. Radha
Published: November 2010

Stark implodierende Stoßwellen in ebenen und radialsymmetrischen Strömungen eines wärmestrahlenden Gases werden betrachtet. Das Gas in der Umgebung vor dem Stoß wird als inhomogen betrachtet, wobei die Dichte entsprechend einem Potenzgesetz von der Entfernung vom Zentrum der Implosion abhängt. Ähnlichkeitslösungen und der Zustand in Abhängigkeit vom Gasabsorptionskoeffizienten werden unter Verwendung der Methode der Invarianz der Lie‐Gruppe erhalten. Im Gegensatz zur Situation ohne Wärmestrahlung beinhaltet die Berücksichtigung von Strahlungseffekten eine Zwangsbedingung, welche für die Dynamik des Problems wichtig ist. Numerische Rechnungen sind durchgeführt worden, um die Werte des Selbstähnlichkeitsexponenten und der Profile der Strömungsvariablen zu bestimmen, hervorgerufen durch die Effekte der Wärmestrahlung und der Dichteschichtung.
Is Main Operating Room Sterility Really Necessary in Carpal Tunnel Surgery? A Multicenter Prospective Study of Minor Procedure Room Field Sterility Surgery
Authors: LeBlanc Martin R. , Lalonde Donald H. , Thoma Achilleas , Bell Mike , Wells Neil , Allen Murray , Chang Peter , McKee Daniel , Lalonde Jan
Published: November 2010

Background

Over 70% of Canadian carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) operations are performed outside of the main operating room (OR) with field sterility and surgeon-administered pure local anesthesia [LeBlanc et al., Hand 2 (4):173–8, 14 ]. Is main OR sterility necessary to avoid infection for this operation? This study evaluates the infection rate in carpal tunnel release (CTR) using minor procedure room field sterility.

Methods

This is a multicenter prospective study reporting the rate of infection in CTR performed in minor procedure room setting using field sterility. Field sterility means prepping of the hand with iodine or chlorhexidine, equivalent of a single drape, and a sterile tray with modest instruments. Sterile gloves and masks are used, but surgeons are not gowned. No prophylactic antibiotics are given.

Results

One thousand five hundred four consecutive CTS cases were collected from January 2008 to January 2010. Six superficial infections were reported and four of those patients received oral antibiotics. No deep postoperative wound infection was encountered, and no patient required admission to hospital, incision and drainage, or intravenous antibiotics.

Conclusions

A superficial infection rate of 0.4% and a deep infection rate of 0% following CTR using field sterility confirm the low incidence of postoperative wound infection using field sterility. This supports the safety and low incidence of postoperative wound infection in CTR using minor procedure field sterility without prophylactic antibiotics. The higher monetary and environmental costs of main OR sterility are not justified on the basis of infection for CTR cases.