bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L’honneur des religieuses
Authors: Hirbodian Sigrid
Published: January 2021

À la lumière d’un scandale au couvent de Sainte-Claire-au-Marais à Strasbourg dans les années 1411-1413, cet article pose la question du rôle de l’honneur blessé et de sa réhabilitation dans les motivations qui ont inspiré l’action des religieuses, de leurs familles, de l’ensemble du couvent, ainsi que de l’ordre des Franciscains et des Clarisses. Après avoir présenté les événements, dans lesquels quelques Clarisses et plusieurs Franciscains (dont leur provincial Johannes Löw) ont été soupçonnés de relations sexuelles illicites, l’auteur analyse la composition sociale et la structure interne du couvent, l’arrière-plan politique de ces événements, ainsi que les relations entre Franciscains et Clarisses. Il apparaît que pour les religieuses, mais aussi pour leurs familles et pour l’ensemble du couvent, la restitution de leur honneur était un enjeu majeur. En effet, dans la société urbaine de la fin du Moyen Âge, l’honneur était la base essentielle du capital social, qui, à son tour, déterminait le pouvoir et l’influence d’une personne ou d’un groupe social. (trad. E. C.)
Honneur ou déshonneur ?
Authors: Bischoff Georges
Published: January 2021

Aux yeux de leurs contemporains, le bailli bourguignon Pierre de Hagenbach ou des « chevaliers brigands » comme les frères Heinrich et Reinhard Mey von Lambsheim sont des figures du déshonneur. La réprobation dont ils font l’objet est fortement médiatisée ; elle s’inscrit dans la durée. Mais la tyrannie imputée au premier ou les forfaits des seconds sont-ils vraiment contraires à l’honneur nobiliaire ? Le discrédit qui s’attache à leurs entreprises ne procède-t-il pas plutôt du triomphe de leurs ennemis ? L’honneur de la chevalerie est le fruit des circonstances : la gloire, la vaillance et la dignité sont subordonnées à la réussite. C’est une valeur utilitaire.
La protection de l’honneur mennonite bruchois par la discipline au XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Fischer Françoise
Published: January 2021

En tant que groupe religieux minoritaire, les mennonites étaient tolérés en Alsace, mais entretenaient une certaine distance géographique et sociale avec les communautés villageoises proches. Les voyageurs qui ont sillonné l’Alsace au XVIIIe siècle louent l’honnêteté laborieuse et la vertu de ces anabaptistes. Cette vertu et ces qualités vantées par les contemporains seront mises en avant face aux autorités françaises un siècle plus tard lorsque les assemblées mennonites seront dans la tourmente. Il en est de même pour les mennonites installés dans la vallée de la Bruche qui illustrent notre propos. La question de l’honneur des mennonites se pose selon deux axes. Il s’agit tout d’abord d’un axe religieux : nous nous interrogeons sur les mennonites, Dieu et l’honneur, en documentant ce rapport avec des textes de références de l’anabaptisme. La discipline dans l’Église occupe une place importante dans le maintien de l’honorabilité de la communauté. Dans un deuxième temps, il semblait important de considérer l’honneur des mennonites dans leurs relations à leurs contemporains : quelles images laissaient-ils ? En jouaient-ils également ? Les épreuves du temps et l’évolution de la société ont profondément changé le paysage des assemblées mennonites en Alsace. Aujourd’hui, la relation à la discipline dans les communautés mennonites a changé et la confession de foi de 2001 l’évoque moins comme un instrument d’exclusion que comme un outil de transformation. Cependant, l’honneur des mennonites réside toujours dans la réalisation de ce but : vivre et agir pour la gloire de Dieu, notamment par le biais d’institutions caritatives à travers le monde.
Le Général Augustin Dubail (1851-1934), grand chancelier de la Légion d’honneur
Authors: Grandhomme Jean-Noël
Published: January 2021

Créé par Napoléon Bonaparte le 19 mai 1802, l’Ordre de la Légion d’honneur a compris et comprend encore de nombreux membres alsaciens à titre militaire. Parmi eux, Augustin Dubail, né à Belfort, dans le seul arrondissement du Haut-Rhin resté en majorité français en 1871. Désireux de récupérer les « Provinces perdues », il choisit la carrière des armes et arrive jusqu’au grade de général de division, commandant de la 1re armée en août 1914. Bien que battu à Sarrebourg, il est appelé par la suite au commandement d’un groupe d’armées, mais il s’enlise dans la guerre de positions et fait, pour finir, l’objet d’un « limogeage » avec les formes. Ses amis politiques radicaux lui ménagent alors deux portes de sortie successives : gouverneur militaire de Paris, puis grand chancelier de la Légion d’honneur. En quinze ans d’administration et de représentation, il s’implique beaucoup dans la politique commémorative – à l’occasion de la visite de prestigieux hôtes étrangers, des obsèques des principaux personnages de l’armée et de l’État, des inaugurations de monuments, et d’autres cérémonies extrêmement nombreuses. Dubail s’attache aussi à améliorer le fonctionnement de l’Ordre et de ses œuvres : instauration des décorations à titre posthume, réorganisation de l’enseignement dans les trois maisons d’éducation pour jeunes filles, création de la Société d’entraide des membres de la Légion d’honneur. Dubail meurt à la tâche en 1934, à deux pas du « reliquaire de la gloire », le musée qu’il avait également créé.
Le rôle des officiers Monuments, Fine Arts and Archives de l’armée américaine dans le sauvetage des œuvres d’art d’Alsace 1944-1945
Authors: Igersheim François
Published: January 2021

Dans un rapport du début décembre 1944, le capitaine Marvin Chancey Ross décrit le soulagement, l’émotion, l’émerveillement de Hans Haug, découvrant dans ce demi-jour hivernal d’une pièce du Haut-Koenigsbourg, la Crucifixion du retable d’Issenheim dont il ne parvient pas à détacher les yeux. Tout près de là, contre un mur, la Vierge au buisson de roses. Et pourtant, souligne Ross, Haug a écrit un livre sur la Vierge au Buisson de roses. L’officier et conservateur américain avait associé son confrère français à la recherche des dépôts d’objets d’art des musées alsaciens. Depuis 1918, conservateur des musées que Strasbourg s’est fait un devoir et un honneur de développer après 1871, Haug a donné à sa mission un sens particulier qu’il exprime éloquemment dans son L’Art en Alsace : « A toutes ses grandes époques, l’Alsace a fait preuve d’un génie créateur : introduisant sa propre poésie, son propre humour, sa propre introspection dans l’esprit et la matière des choses […] elle voit périodiquement naître sur son sol des œuvres qu’on ne saurait voir ailleurs ». Et il ajoute, parlant de lui, « il a tenté de donner [dans les collections publiques] une image vivante de ce que fut l’Alsace artistique à travers les siècles ». Au mois d’août 1939, Haug avait présenté, dans la Revue du Touring Club de France, un article bilan de son œuvre pour les musées de Strasbourg. Mais dès décembre 1939, la Revue du Touring Club annonçait : « les trésors de l’art français sont à l’abri ». Les trésors de l’Alsace – vitraux de la cathédrale, tableaux et sculptures des musées de Strasbourg et de Colmar, manuscrits et incunables des bibliothèques – avaient été regroupés au château de Hautefort. Ils seront récupérés par les Allemands en octobre 1940, puis en décembre 1942, pour être ramenés en Alsace où ils restent en caisses, pour être à nouveau enlevés et emportés on ne savait où.De retour en Alsace, Haug participe avec les officiers Monuments, Fine Arts and Archives de l’armée américaine qui libère l’Alsace, à la recherche des trésors des musées alsaciens enlevés par les Allemands. C’est le rôle de ces officiers dans le sauvetage des trésors des musées alsaciens que se propose de décrire cet article.
Une caractérisation des indicateurs élaborés dans l’activité. Perspectives sémiotiques sur la formation professionnelle
Authors: Dépret Christian , Vadcard Lucile
Published: January 2021

Nous nous intéressons ici à la notion d’indicateur dans le cadre de l’analyse de l’activité pour la formation. Cette notion permet, en échappant au piège dualiste, de concevoir un individu qui n’a pas un réel objectif sous les yeux, mais plutôt des éléments concrets potentiellement signifiants (signes ou indicateurs potentiels). Cette lecture sémiotique n’est pas exclusive, et doit être articulée avec les approches théoriques qui occupent le champ de la didactique professionnelle (l’articulation au constructivisme est en particulier défendue). Nous présenterons trois catégories d’indicateurs, et les questions inhérentes à leur validité. Nous développerons une « méthode des indicateurs » à travers la caractérisation des indicateurs en cinq dimensions : la relativité, la subjectivité, la sûreté, la responsabilité et la convertibilité. Chacune de ces dimensions relie les modalités du processus interprétatif aux aspects de l’activité qu’ils risquent d’influencer (par exemple, si la sûreté de la chaine indicielle doit toujours être suspectée, elle ne l’est, dans les faits, que pour certaines valeurs de l’indice). Nous mettons en évidence ces rapports par des exemples dans le domaine de la maïeutique (par exemple, les étudiantes sages-femmes sont rassurées par la technicité d’une chaîne indicielle longue – imagerie ou tracé – alors que les sages-femmes expérimentées cherchent à vérifier par accès direct – palpation ou toucher vaginal – la sûreté d’une imagerie ou d’un tracé).
Sens de l’expérience scolaire dans l’apprentissage des cadres juridiques de la formation professionnelle : l’exemple de la filière éducateur spécialisé
Authors: Laheyne Cédric
Published: January 2021

À partir d’une enquête par entretiens biographiques visant à identifier les différents mobiles de l’apprentissage des cadres juridiques en formation d’éducateur spécialisé, cet article se propose, d’une part, de montrer ce que le rapport au savoir juridique doit à la socialisation scolaire et comment cette dernière en lien avec la série du baccalauréat joue de manière distinctive à l’avantage des élèves déjà initiés au droit. D’autre part, il tentera d’éclairer ce que le rapport au savoir doit aux diverses socialisations constitutives de l'expérience du monde social, démarche particulièrement féconde pour comprendre les ressorts de l’investissement d’une discipline spécifique, au faible volume horaire, dans le cursus considéré.
Resgatando memórias: a experiência dos(as) historiadores(as) na preservação de processos judiciais no Rio Grande do Sul
Authors: Harres Marluza Marques , Vianna Marcelo , Brum Cristiano Enrique de , Oliveira Luciana Da Costa de
Published: January 2021

A atuação dos historiadores na Comissão Interdisciplinar de Preservação de Processos Judiciais Aptos a Descarte (COMINTER) tem sido conhecer e preservar o acervo de processos judiciais sob a guarda do Poder Judiciário do Rio Grande do Sul. Apresentamos aqui um breve relato de experiência a partir da nossa atividade de preservação junto ao acervo do Judiciário. De 2011 até o final de 2018 foram analisados processos cíveis e criminais nos quais os historiadores identificam possibilidades de pesquisa histórica a fim de justificar sua preservação entre as diferentes tipologias de processos analisados (como falências, cobrança de impostos, dívidas bancárias, guarda familiar, etc.), definindo-se critérios de descarte ou de guarda. Com o intuito de apresentar parte do acervo, selecionaram-se, para o presente relato, processos analisados pelos membros da COMINTER, apontando o potencial da documentação do Tribunal de Justiça e os possíveis interesses de pesquisa nos diferentes campos da história a partir de estudos de caso.
SMEs and Entrepreneurship Development Determinants in Practice
Authors: Akino Susan
Published: January 2021

The dawn of the global pandemic has prompted more need to pay attention to entrepreneurship development because it is profoundly important to find ways of stimulating the economy towards sustainable development, especially during this difficult time, and this is through SMEs. This chapter focuses on the determinants of SMEs and entrepreneurship development as an integral part of bigger picture-entrepreneurial sustainability in the post-COVID-19 era. This chapter identifies different triggers of SMEs and entrepreneurship, and it brings forth contextual evidence and views that are currently in place. The chapter further highlights different strategies that SMEs can use to cope and provides some recommendations for future development.
The Ugly Duckling Turned to Swan: A Change in Perception of Bystander-Activated Memory CD8 T Cells
Authors: Maurice Nicholas J , Taber Alexis K , Prlic Martin
Published: January 2021

Memory T cells (Tmem) rapidly mount Ag-specific responses during pathogen reencounter. However, Tmem also respond to inflammatory cues in the absence of an activating TCR signal, a phenomenon termed bystander activation. Although bystander activation was first described over 20 years ago, the physiological relevance and the consequences of T cell bystander activation have only become more evident in recent years. In this review, we discuss the scenarios that trigger CD8 Tmem bystander activation including acute and chronic infections that are either systemic or localized, as well as evidence for bystander CD8 Tmem within tumors and following vaccination. We summarize the possible consequences of bystander activation for the T cell itself, the subsequent immune response, and the host. We highlight when T cell bystander activation appears to benefit or harm the host and briefly discuss our current knowledge gaps regarding regulatory signals that can control bystander activation.
Identification and evaluation of antimicrobial resistance of enterococci isolated from raw ewes’ and cows’ milk collected in western Sicily: a preliminary investigation
Authors: Palmeri Marisa , Mancuso Isabella , Gaglio Raimondo , Arcuri Luigi , Barreca Santino , Barbaccia Pietro , Scatassa Maria Luisa
Published: January 2021

The present work was carried out to investigate the Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) of enterococci isolated from raw ewes’ and cows’ milk. The samples were collected from eighteen semi-extensive dairy sheep and cow farms throughout western Sicily. Plate counts, carried out on Rapid Enterococcus Agar commonly used to detect food enterococci, revealed a maximal enterococcal concentration of approximately 4.58 Log Colony Forming Unit (CFU)/mL. Colonies were isolated and differentiated based on genetic analysis by Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR. Thirty-eight different strains were identified. Analysis by a species-specific multiplex PCR assay grouped the strains into three Enterococcus species such as Enterococcus durans, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. The 38 strains were also investigated for their antimicrobial resistance by a phenotypic approach. All 38 Enterococcus displayed resistance to at least one or more of the antimicrobials tested confirmed that the dairy enterococci could be a vector for the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance. This work showed that enterococci with AMR traits are commonly present in semiextensive dairy sheep and cow farms of western Sicily pointed out the relevance of informing dairy makers and veterinary regarding the antimicrobial use in order to mitigate problems of public health and veterinary medicine.
LA DINAMICA DEI DOVERI E LE FORME DELLA GIUSTIZIA NEL MODELLO POLITICO DEL GIOVANE GROZIO
Authors: Pizza Ilaria
Published: January 2021

Questo lavoro si propone di muovere dalla disamina delle diverseforme di diritto individuate da Ugo Grozio nel suo De jure praedae (1604-08)1, al fine di poter, poi, mettere a fuoco le tipologie di giustizia e la dinamicadei doveri, che operano all’interno della Respublica qui descritta.Tuttavia, una lettura critica di questo primo trattato di stampo internazionalisticodel giusnaturalista olandese non può prescindere daltenere debitamente in conto che negli anni in cui l’autore si dedica allastesura di esso, è ancora legato ad una concezione volontaristica deldiritto di chiara impronta calvinista, destinata ad essere poi superata inseguito alla sua successiva adesione all’arminianesimo2.
Specialised training in paediatric anaesthesia
Authors: Sen Indu , Dave Nandini , Bhardwaj Neerja , Juwarkar Chitra , Beegum Shamshad
Published: January 2021

Paediatric anaesthesia is an upcoming speciality which is gaining wide interest and can be a career choice for the new trainees. The need to develop paediatric anaesthesia as a speciality was realised with the progress in the field of paediatric surgery. The profile of the 'patient' encountered by a paediatric anaesthesiologist spans from an extremely premature neonate on the fringes of survival, to a full-grown adolescent equivalent to an adult. Perioperative morbidity and mortality are 2-3 times higher in infants and neonates compared to adults particularly in middle and low-income countries. The anatomical, physiological, pharmacological variations and presence of congenital cardiac, pulmonary and metabolic diseases in young children make perioperative management challenging. Special expertise and training are required for anaesthetic management of these preverbal children. In India, 3-years DM and 1-year Fellowship courses in paediatric anaesthesia are now available for specialisation. An ideal paediatric anaesthesia training centre should have substantial paediatric and neonatal patient load with exclusive intensive care facility. Paediatric anaesthesiologists, having knowledge of several facets of paediatrics and anaesthesia are capable of coordinating with health care professionals performing procedures outside the operating room. Paediatric anaesthesia, as a career thus offers a great opportunity to enhance quality and safety of anaesthesia in this high-risk surgical population. Persistent coordinated team efforts improve patient outcomes, reduce stress at work and increase job satisfaction.
Medico-legal and ethical issues in anaesthesiology profession
Authors: Shinde Surekha S , Parak S C , Bhati Sushil , Sahay Nishant , Battu Gurpreet Singh
Published: January 2021

Extant legislation, professional and societal ethics provide fundamental guidance to professionals in practising their profession. Legal rules are enforced by courts of law whereas rules of ethics are enforced by professional bodies like the Medical Council of India (now National Medical Commission). In this article, we explore some of the principal guidelines that regulate medical ethics. The role of informed written consent is vital in safeguarding the patient as well the doctor's interests; the approach for getting consent will differ depending on patient and procedure. Medical records document every aspect of the patient's history and details of the procedure and are the only means to settle disputes as they provide legitimate, real-time and accurate details of events that have occurred in the past. Although not explicitly listed as a 'service' in the Consumer Protection Act (CPA), healthcare-related complaints can be filed under the Consumer court and the precedent has been established that it is a service. CPA of 2019 provides detailed regulations for performing scrutiny of cases, fines that can be levied, the directives for seeking compensation, etc., Every anaesthesiologist must have some knowledge of law and ethics in order to protect himself/herself from avoidable litigation or disciplinary action.
Pain medicine as a career
Authors: Malhotra Naveen , Joshi Muralidhar , Gehdoo R P , Usmani Hammad , Sharma Gaurav
Published: January 2021

Pain is one of the most common causes of seeking medical care. In the day to day clinical practice, incidence of pain of some origin is next only to common cold. The average life span of an Indian has also increased and this population is vulnerable to chronic and cancer pain. Anaesthesiologists are well-versed with the art and science of treating pain and their role as pain physician is a natural extension of the professional work. ‘Pain Medicine’ is growing as a speciality. Last two decades have seen an explosive growth in the scientific study of pain and anaesthesiologists taking up pain medicine as a career. Postgraduate students can certainly adopt this super speciality. This article highlights the merits and depicts various aspects of ‘pain medicine’ as a career.
Heads-up 3D viewing system in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with proliferative vitreoretinopathy - A prospective randomized trial
Authors: Rani Deeksha , Kumar Atul , Chandra Parijat , Chawla Rohan , Hasan Nasiq , Agarwal Divya
Published: January 2021

Purpose:

To compare the outcomes of vitreoretinal surgery in patients with primary and recurrent rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) with proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) on 3 dimensional digitally assisted visualization system (3D-DAVS) and conventional analogue microscope (CAM).

Methods:

68 patients with primary (50) and recurrent (18) RRD with PVR > C1 were included. One group underwent surgery on 3D-DAVS while the other on CAM. The parameters studied included detachment rate, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), duration of surgery, mean endo-illumination levels of 23 G (Gauge) micro incision vitrectomy system (MIVS) and microscope and satisfaction of surgeon and observers based on a framed questionnaire. The mean duration of follow up was three months.

Results:

68 eyes of 68 patients with median age 52.5 (range 18–68) years were included. 50 had primary RRD and 18 had recurrent RRD. Detachment rate at the end of three months was comparable in both groups of primary (P > 0.99) and recurrent (P = 0.21) RRD. Mean duration of surgery in minutes for 3D DAVS and CAM group was 61.8 (±22.07) and 58.04 (±12.33), respectively, in primary RRD and 37.22 (±10.27) and 36.55 (±5.92), respectively, in recurrent RRD group. Mean endo-illumination in 3D DAVS (14.5%) group was half of that in CAM (34.17%) group. Surgeon and observer satisfaction scores were significantly higher for 3D DAVS group.

Conclusion:

3D DAVS is a safe and effective modality or performing VR surgery in RRD with PVR. 3D DAVS allows lower endo-illumination levels provides superior surgeon ergonomics and offers better learning opportunities to the trainees.
Comparative analysis of safety and efficacy of Alcaftadine 0.25%, Olopatadine hydrochloride 0.2% and Bepotastine besilate 1.5% in allergic conjunctivitis
Authors: Ayyappanavar Shruti , Sridhar Sriya , Kumar Kiran , Jayanthi C R , Gangasagara Suresh Babu , Rathod B L Sujatha , Preethi B , Mittal Preeti
Published: January 2021

Purpose:

To compare the efficacy and safety of Alcaftadine 0.25%, Olopatadine hydrochloride 0.2%, and Bepotastine besilate 1.5% ophthalmic solutions in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis.

Methods:

This is a prospective, observer-masked, comparative study of 180 patients with mild to moderate allergic conjunctivitis, randomized into three groups of 60 patients each. Each group was assigned to be treated with one of the three treatment options namely Alcaftadine 0.25%, Olopatadine hydrochloride 0.2% and Bepotastine besilate 1.5% ophthalmic solutions. Patients were followed-up at regular intervals with relief and resolution of symptoms and signs noted using Total Ocular Scoring System (TOSS) and hyperaemia scale.

Results:

All three topical medications were effective in resolving symptoms of the patients with mild to moderate allergic conjunctivitis. Baseline mean TOSS scores for Alcaftadine group, Olopatadine group and Bepotastine besilate group were (7.68±2.32), (7.65±2.32) and (7.45±2.27) respectively as compared to the corresponding TOSS scores on 14th Day (4th visit) which were (0.2 ± 0.43), (0.4 ± 0.56) and (0.1 ± 0.36) respectively. The resolution of symptoms in the Bepotastine and Alcaftadine groups was significantly profound as compared to the Olopatadine group (p = 0.008). Bepotastine and Alcaftadine groups significantly reduced allergic conjunctivitis symptoms compared to Olopatadine group (p = 0.008).

Conclusion:

All three topical ophthalmic medications used in the study are safe and effective in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. However, Bepotastine and Alcaftadine appear to outweigh Olopatadine in resolving the symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis.
Virus containment box for retinopathy of prematurity screening and laser
Authors: Nayak Sameera , Reddy Y P , Behera Shashwat , Adish T S , Satyanarayana D
Published: January 2021

Purpose:

Health care workers are susceptible to contracting infection with COVID-19 by aerosol transmission. This is a risk while examining and/or treating an un-sedated neonate in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening and treatment. But screening for neonates for ROP and treating with laser, when required, should not be delayed to avoid the blindness. We describe a cost-effective method of containing aerosols generated during such a procedure in an un-sedated baby.

Methods:

An acrylic transparent containment box was prepared to accommodate an average-sized infant. The box had four walls and a roof. The floor was open to place the container box over the baby. The walls have two types of openings, large ones to allow passage of hands to examine the baby, small ones to enable passage of oxygen tubing when required. A simulation was created to examine the impact of aerosol spray on examining healthcare personnel.

Results:

The cost of the acrylic box was negligible. It could be assembled locally with available acrylic sheets and craftsmen. It was not difficult to examine the baby inside the box, and the simulation demonstrated that it protected the health personnel from the aerosol contamination.

Conclusion:

The described method is likely to increase healthcare personnel's confidence not to delay or deny ROP screening and laser treatment and save the babies from blindness.
Resuming eye bank services during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Acharya Manisha , Biswas Saurabh , Das Animesh , Dave Abhishek , Mathur Umang
Published: January 2021

Purpose:

The aim of this study was to formulate a methodological approach for resuming eye bank services during COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods:

Eye bank operations were temporarily halted in March after the government-mandated “Lockdown” in response to COVID-19 pandemic. Before restarting eye bank operations in May, we studied sources of exposure, performed risk assessment, instituted additional process validations and redefined the Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) in consultation with the guidelines published by the Eye bank Association of India and All India Ophthalmological Society. The eye bank staff were rigorously trained before and after operations were restarted. We conducted a survey at the end of July to gauge staff attitude and reaction.

Results:

Eye banks services resumed on 20th May 2020. Since reopening till the end of July total 41 keratoplasties have been done. 91.75% of all keratoplasties done were therapeutic surgeries and 17% of the surgeries were done using glycerine preserved tissues. No staff had COVID-19 symptoms when the operations restarted and none developed symptoms up to the end of July. All eye bank staff were aware of COVID-19 pandemic and 86% said they felt safe working at the eye bank. 86% of the staff said that they received adequate training and 66% of the staff expressed that they always received proper PPE and kits. Overall, 93% of the staff expressed that the measures taken by the eye bank ensured their safety.

Conclusion:

Based on our experience we suggest the following activities for planned resumption of eye bank services during the pandemic: Exposure Risk Analysis, Personal Protective Equipment usage training, SOP Revision and staff training on modified SOPs. Criteria based selection of donor sources, participatory planning involving the staff and double-checking at critical process junctions helped us in managing a smooth transition.
Resurgence of combined intravenous Ketamine and regional anesthesia in pediatric ocular surgery in COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Rajput Vimal K , Tuvar Subhash , Bhalsing Shweta , Bhalsing Snehal
Published: January 2021

Purpose:

The current pandemic of COVID-19 has made airway procedures like intubation and extubation, potential sources of virus transmission among health care workers. The aim of this work was to study the safety profile of combined ketamine and regional anesthesia in pediatric ocular surgeries during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods:

This prospective study included pediatric patients undergoing ocular surgery under general anesthesia from April to October 2020. Children were premedicated with oral midazolam (0.25–0.50 mg/kg) or intramuscular ketamine (7-10 mg/kg), ondensetron (0.1 mg/kg) and atropine (0.02 mg/kg). Anesthesia was achieved with intravenous ketamine (4–5 mg/kg) and local anesthesia (peribulbar block or local infiltration). The patient's vital signs were monitored. Serious complications and postoperative adverse reactions related to anesthesia were documented.

Results:

A total of 55 children (62 eyes) were operated. Lid tear was the most common surgical procedure performed [n = 18 (32.7%)]. Dose of ketamine needed ranged from 30 to 120 mg (66.67 ± 30.45). No intubation or resuscitation was needed. Four children complained of nausea and two needed an additional dose of intravenous ondansetron due to vomiting in the post-operative period. Incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting was not affected by age, duration of surgery or dose of ketamine used (P > 0.05). There was no correlation between increase in pulse and dose of ketamine.

Conclusion:

Combined ketamine and regional anesthesia is a safe and effective alternative to administer anesthesia in a child during ocular surgeries.
Ocular biometric measurements and optical coherence tomography parameters in children with refractive errors and emmetropia
Authors: Kavitha V , Mahesha S , Narendran B S , Heralgi Mallikarjun M
Published: January 2021

Purpose:

The aim of this study was to estimate and compare the differences in ocular biometric measurements (OBMs), central macular thickness (CMT), and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) between children with refractive errors and those with emmetropia.

Methods:

A cross-sectional observational study of 205 children (334 eyes) aged between six and 18 years consisting of four groups (emmetropia, hypermetropia, myopia, and astigmatism) was carried out. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), a detailed ocular examination, OBMs, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT) for RNFLT and CMT in both eyes were evaluated for each child.

Results:

Mean age of 205 children was 12.4 ± 3.2 years. 55.6% (n = 114) were girls and 44.4% (n = 91) were boys. There was a significant difference between the four groups for the parameters spherical equivalent (SE), keratometer readings K1and K2, axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), vitreous chamber depth (VCD) and lens thickness (LT) (P < 0.0001). The mean central corneal thickness (CCT) was not significantly different between the four groups (P = 0.076). The mean RNFLT was thinner in the myopic group compared with the emmetropic group (P = 0.0048) There was no significant difference in the mean CMT across the four groups (P = 0.458).

Conclusion:

The data obtained are helpful in providing the normative as well as a comparative database on OBMs, RNFLT and CMT of the pediatric population. This also facilitates evaluation of RNFLT and CMT measurements in children with amblyopia, optic neuropathies, glaucoma, macular and retinal diseases.
Sleep-disordered breathing among Saudi children seeking orthodontic treatment
Authors: Al Ehaideb Ali A , Almufadhi Norah M , Ab Alhassn Ghaida M , Fallatah Amal A , Adnan Shazia , Alsubaie Areej A
Published: January 2021

Aims:

The aim of this research is to assess the prevalence of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) and evaluate the risks and symptoms in children seeking orthodontic treatment in a Saudi dental center.

Settings and Design:

It is a cross-sectional survey-based study.

Methods and Material:

Pediatric sleep questionnaire (PSQ) was used to survey 285 children and adolescents aged 5 to 18 years old who are undergoing orthodontic screening in a Saudi Dental Center.

Statistical Analysis Used:

PSQ scores were tested with multiple variables including gender, parents' education, academic performance using Mann-Whitney-U test. Correlation of study sample scores with age were calculated using the Spearman rank correlation coefficient (rho).

Results:

In this study 136 (47.7%) of the participants were deemed to be high risk for developing SDB and 149 (52.3%) were low risk, males were significantly at higher risk compared to females (P ≤ 0.05). Participants with previous adenoidectomy surgery were more likely to be identified as high-risk for SDB (P-value = 0.000) as well as participants with a family history of snoring (P-value = 0.000).

Conclusions:

Sleep disordered breathing was prevalent among Saudi children seeking orthodontic therapy, it is important to screen children and adolescents in dental pediatric and orthodontic clinics for SDB risk as this is a prevalent disorder among this population, early detection of SDB will improve patients' quality of life and prevent future complications associated to this disorder.
Study designs
Authors: Ranganathan Priya , Aggarwal Rakesh
Published: January 2021

The previous two articles in this series gave an overview of the methodology of systematic reviews and meta-analysis. In this third and concluding article, we look at the different types of biases that can confound the results of a meta-analysis and briefly describe some special types of meta-analysis.
Comparative Study of Reproductive Traits in Gangetic Hairfin Anchovy, Setipinna phasa (Hamilton, 1822) from Estuarine and Freshwater Ecosystems
Authors: Chaubey Brijesh Kumar , Bano Farah , Serajuddin Mohammad
Published: January 2021

The Gangetic hairfin anchovy, Setipinna phasa (Hamilton, 1822) were collected from river Ganga (Kanpur) and Hooghly estuary (Kolkata) to study the comparative reproductive traits (sex ratio, spawning season, gonado-somatic index, fecundity and egg diameter). Female outnumbered the male in the population of river Ganga but it was non-significant in the population of the estuary. Five maturity stages were identified in males and females of the fish of both ecosystems. Occurrence of multimodal (immature, maturing and mature) and uni-modal (matured) type of ova in the ovary of the fish of Hooghly estuary and river Ganga respectively and the values of gonado-somatic index confirmed the double and single spawning in a year in the fish in estuary and river respectively. The absolute fecundity was found to be higher in the fish of river Ganga compared to that of the estuary (P < 0.05). Linear and positive correlations between fecundity and the total length, body weight, ovary length and ovary weight were noted in the fish of both ecosystems (R2 > 0.90). The present study provides the comparative account of the reproductive and spawning strategies of S. phasa for the first time in favour of the proper management and conservation of the fish.
Combined Effects of Leucas aspera, Oxy-Cyclodextrin and Bentonite on the Growth, Serum Biochemistry, and the Expression of Immune-Related Gene in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Authors: Kurian Amitha , Lakshmi Sreeja , Fawole Femi John , Faggio Caterina , Elumalai Preetham
Published: January 2021

This study investigated the effects of a combination of Leucas aspera, Oxy-cyclodextrin and sodium bentonite (LOB) on growth, digestive enzyme activity, innate immune response, haematology, and expression of immune-related genes in Nile tilapia. A total of 240 juvenile fish (20.15±0.05g) were randomly distributed into four dietary groups in triplicate and fed respective diets containing a graded level of LOB at 0 g kg-1 (Control), 0.3 g kg-1 (T1), 0.6 g kg-1 (T2) and 0.9 g kg-1 diet (T3) for 60 days. After 60 days, higher growth was observed in fish fed T2 diet (P < 0.05). Digestive enzyme activities and innate immune parameters were significantly higher in T3 group. Some of the haematological parameters reported statistically higher counts in T2 group (P<0.05), whereas erythrocyte indices and WBC counts were significantly higher in T3 group. Liver- kidney activities were recorded low in T3 group. Urea and creatinine were higher in control group, whereas T2 group recorded the least value. The highest relative expression of IL-1β, IgM-heavy chain, TGF-β and IFN-γ were recorded in T2 group, but TNF-α was upregulated in T3 group. The results showed that 0.6 - 0.9 g kg1 of LOB is recommended for inclusion in diet.
Powassan Virus Experimental Infections in Three Wild Mammal Species
Authors: Nemeth Nicole M. , Root J. Jeffrey , Hartwig Airn E. , Bowen Richard A. , Bosco-Lauth Angela M.
Published: January 2021

Powassan virus (POWV) is a tick-borne virus maintained in sylvatic cycles between mammalian wildlife hosts and ticks (primarily Ixodes spp.). There are two currently recognized lineages, POWV-lineage 1 (POWV-L1) and deer tick virus (DTV; lineage 2), both of which can cause fatal neurologic disease in humans. Increased numbers of human case reports in the northeastern and north central United States in recent years have fueled questions into POWV epidemiology. We inoculated three candidate wildlife POWV reservoir hosts, groundhogs (Marmota monax), striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), and fox squirrels (Sciurus niger), with either POWV-L1 or DTV. Resulting viremia, tissue tropism, and pathology were minimal in most inoculated individuals of all three species, with low (peak titer range, 101.7–103.3 plaque-forming units/mL serum) or undetectable viremia titers, lack of detection in tissues except for low titers in spleen, and seroconversion in most individuals by 21 days postinoculation (DPI). Pathology was limited and most commonly consisted of mild inflammation in the brain of POWV-L1– and DTV-inoculated skunks on four and 21 DPI, respectively. These results reveal variation in virulence and host competence among wild mammalian species, and a likely limited duration of host infectiousness to ticks during enzootic transmission cycles. However, POWV can transmit rapidly from tick to host, and tick co-feeding may be an additional transmission mechanism. The rare and low-level detections of viremia in these three, common, wild mammal species suggest that vector–host dynamics should continue to be explored, along with eco-epidemiological aspects of enzootic POWV transmission in different regions and virus lineages.
Parental Family Violence and Mental Health among parents and their offspring in the Southern Province, Rwanda
Authors: Uwitonze Thérèse , Niyonsenga Japhet , Habumugisha Emmanuel , Mukarusanga Ignatiana , Mutabaruka Jean
Published: January 2021

Background

Children who witness violence between parents have an elevated risk of developing mental disorders as well as being victims or perpetrator of family violence (FV) in their future relationships when compared with children from non-violent family.

Objectives

To assess links between both parental FV and mental disorders, and mental disorders in their offspring.

Methods

One hundred and thirty eight (138) participants dispatched in two categories: spouses/partners (N: 89; 40 Males) and offspring (N: 49; 20 Males) have been recruited from eight District Police Unities (DPU) of the Rwandan Southern Province to participate in this cross-sectional study during a 7 months period. This study used the student “t” to examine the links between parental FV and mental disorders in offspring.

Results

Parental FV was linked with PTSD, psychopathic and addiction behavior symptoms in offspring. Parental anxious attachment was linked with anxiety and addiction behavior symptoms in offspring and the risk of being perpetrator or victims of FV.  Parental avoidant attachment was linked with depression symptoms in offspring. Further, both parental low self-esteem and PTSD were linked with depression and PTSD symptoms in offspring.

Conclusion

The results indicate that FV and mental disorders experienced by parents seem to affect offspring’s mental health and generate specific mental disorders. Therefore, the intervention programs should focus on the treatment of both parental and children mental disorders.

Rwanda J Med Health Sci 2020;3(3):291-314
Positionality and Performance: Staging Antony and Cleopatra for South African schools in the context of decolonisation imperatives
Authors: Da Costa Néka
Published: January 2021

Since the start of the #RhodesMustFall and #FeesMustFall campaigns in 2015–16, decolonisation has been a prominent topic in the South African academy. Yet practical guidance as to how one might start to apply decolonisation and transformation strategies tangibly, both in education and pedagogy – and, more precisely for the purposes of this article, in theatre and performance spaces – has been in short supply. By adopting a dialogic approach which prioritises the voices of her collaborators, the author contextualises and critiques some of the key creative, philosophical and pedagogical strategies employed while rehearsing and performing a school’s touring production of Antony and Cleopatra for the National Children’s Theatre in 2018. Shakespeare is a symbol of colonial and imperial legacies, and the relevance of his work in both English and Performance Studies curricula merits scrutiny, as does the way in which we discuss, teach, perform and value it. Through an unfolding acknowledgement of the author’s own positionality in relation to the text and its performance in a contemporary South African context, this article exemplifies some of the contradictions and productive discoveries of the Antony and Cleopatra process, in the hopes of contributing to a more action-based approach to decolonisation and social justice in practising the arts and in arts education.
Kunene and the King and The Fall in the Age of #MeToo, #FeesMustFall and Black Lives Matter
Authors: Schalkwyk David
Published: January 2021

This article pairs and compares John Kani’s play Kunene and the King (in which Kani has starred opposite Antony Sher) and the collaborative Baxter Theatre production The Fall. Kunene and the King – devised in South Africa, produced by the Royal Shakespeare Company in England, exported to Cape Town’s Fugard Theatre in May 2019, and revived at London’s Ambassadors Theatre in the West End in early 2020 – employs King Lear as a scaffold. It is a two-hander about race in contemporary South Africa: an encounter between two very different men, who find themselves trying to span the gap between black and white. The argument presented in this article is that the play’s ostensible realism is a screen, behind which lies complex metaphorical and allegorical depth. Whereas Kunene and the King attempts to deal with the present by evoking and working through memory and history located in two separate, exemplary consciousnesses, The Fall, though narrated in the past tense, is rooted in the necessities of the present. The latter play is a response to, and a re-telling of, the student protests of 2015–16; as the characters finally split along differentiated lines of regret, anger and aspiration, #RhodesMustFall is challenged by #MeToo. In this way, The Fall exposes a fatal silence between the two men of Kunene: women have no voice in Kani’s play. The article ends with a coda re-situating the two plays under discussion in the context of Black Lives Matter and other protests in 2020.
Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of Sedum sediforme extracts
Authors: Trabsa Hayat , Krach Imane , Boussoualim Naouel , Ouhida Soraya , Arrar Lekhmici , Baghiani Abderrahmane
Published: January 2021

Purpose: To evaluate the in vivo anti-inflammatory effect and in vitro antioxidant activity of the areal part of Sedum sediforme (Jacq.) extracts.Methods: The plant was extracted with solvents of varying polarity (Methanol, chloroform and ethyl acetate, respectively) allowed its separation into three sub-fractions: crude extract, chloroform extract and ethyl acetate extract (CrE, ChE and EaE, respectively). Total polyphenol contents of the extracts were determined. The phorbolmyristate acetate (PMA) induced mice ear edema method was using to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity. The in vitro scavenging activity was evaluated using enzymatic and non-enzymatic methods. Chelating ability of extracts was assessed using Fe2+–ferrozine complex.Results: The highest content of phenolics compound was in EaE. The administration of CrE (12.5 and 25 mg/kg) reduced ear edema induced by PMA (%I = 35.81 ± 3.18 % and 38.57 ± 2.80 %, respectively), the effect was comparable with that of diclofenac used as a reference drug (%I = 38.84 ± 1.87 %). The in vitro scavenging activity of S. sediforme extracts confirmed that the CrE has the highest enzymatic and non-enzymatic activity with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 0.063 ± 0.005 mg/mL and 0.178 ± 0.006 mg/mL, respectively. However, the ChE present an excellent  chelating activity with a half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 0.397 ± 0.001 mg/mL.Conclusion: The results show that S. sediforme extracts have a strong antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities which lend some support their use in the traditional medicine.

Keywords: Sedum sediforme, Anti-inflammatory, Superoxide scavenger, Cytochrome C, Metal chelating
Anti-proliferative activity of leaves of Launaea capitata Asteraceae: Phytochemical, cytotoxicity and in silico studies
Authors: Khalil Hany Ezzat , Aldakheel Turki Saeed , AlAhmed Anas , Emeka Promise Madu , Kandeel Mahmoud
Published: January 2021

Purpose: To investigate the phytochemical contents of Launaea capitata (L. capitate) and its potential cytotoxic activity. Also, to examine its molecular modeling by docking of the isolated compounds.Methods: L. capitata was methanol-extracted and successively fractionated followed by determination of the total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Major constituents were isolated and purified. 3-(4, 5- Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) cytotoxicity assays were conducted for all fractions. In silico studies were conducted using four anticancer target kinases, namely, protein kinase B (PKB/AKT), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase C (PKC), and rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma kinases (RAFK).Results: The results showed that total phenolic constituents ranged from 0.150 ± 0.004 to 60.229 ± 0.822 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent/g of dry extract, while the total flavonoid content varied from 0.004 ± 0.002 to 18.129 ± 1.599 mg quercetin equivalent/g of dry extract. Furthermore, the ethyl acetate fraction contained the highest amount of phenolic and flavonoid contents, which seemed to constitute the most effective anti-proliferative fraction. The plant’s major constituent was apigenin-7-O-glycoside and was isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction. The MTT cytotoxicity assay revealed the anti-proliferative activity of ethyl acetate and butanol fractions, and apigenin-7-O-glycoside with half-maximal concentration (IC50) comparable to that of doxorubicin. In silico studies revealed that apigenin-7-Oglycoside showed a better binding score and ligand efficiency when compared with standard ligands/inhibitors for AKT/PKB and PI3K, suggesting potential multiple targets for its anti-cancer activities.Conclusion: L. capitata contains considerable amounts of phenolic and flavonoid components. Its major constituent, apigenin-7-O-glycoside is a potential lead compound for developing new anticancer compounds.

Keywords: Launaea capitata, Total phenolics, Total flavonoids, Docking, Cytotoxicity