bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dispersion at Single Unit TiO2 Nanoparticles Reduced Tg, Induced Chain Disentanglement and Reduced Tensile Modulus in Waterborne Acrylic Coatings
Authors: Romo‐Uribe Angel
Published: December 2020

Spatially distributed TiO2 nanoparticles induced an order of magnitude decrease of glass transition temperature, Tg, and chain disentanglement in waterborne acrylic coatings. Acrylic/TiO2 coatings are synthesized in situ by batch emulsion polymerization. The copolymer is based on butyl acrylate (BA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), and acrylic acid (AA) with composition 56:42:2 mol%, and nano‐TiO2 (ca. 12 nm) is incorporated up to 3 wt% content. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that TiO2 is dispersed at nearly single unit throughout the acrylic matrix. The nanoparticle reduced Tg and broadened the temperature range of the glass transition, δTg. The considerable increase of δTg suggests gradients of dynamics. Shear rheometry demonstrated that TiO2 induced chain disentanglement, the rubbery modulus Ge decreased two orders of magnitude with only 1 wt% TiO2 content thus increasing the packing length p (and the reptation tube diameter as dt = kp, k > 1). Consequently, the tensile Young's modulus E decreased an order of magnitude, relative to the neat copolymer. The reduction of Tg, the slowdown of macromolecular dynamics, the chain disentanglement and the increase of dt suggests dynamics modification due to intercalation of the entangled web by the TiO2 nanoparticles, and these results may be ascribed to a nanoconfinement effect.
Improvement of shielding measurement for small‐sized enclosures with consideration to the shielding quality of antenna cables
Authors: Hwang Jung‐Hwan , Hyoung Chang Hee , Kwon Jong Hwa , Park Hyun Ho
Published: December 2020

This article presents an improvement to IEEE 299.1 standard used to measure the shielding effectiveness (SE) of small‐sized metallic enclosures in a reverberation chamber. The shielding quality of radio‐frequency (RF) cables used for SE measurement significantly affects measurement accuracy, especially when metallic enclosures have a high level of SE. A new measurement parameter is introduced to represent a measurable range in which SE can be measured without being affected by the shielding quality of the RF cables. The proposed parameter can be effectively used for the IEEE 299.1‐based SE measurement method to improve measurement accuracy. In our experiments, the utilization of the proposed parameter confirms that the IEEE 299.1 method can measure SE of 87.5 dB up to 4 GHz. Furthermore, to reduce coupled noise through the antenna cable, three different methods are applied together during the shielding measurement of a high‐SE enclosure. Our experimental results show that these methods extend the measurable SE range up to 95 dB at frequencies below 4 GHz.
Determination of tautomeric preference of fenobam in solution by high‐resolution NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Sha Xuming , Chen Shaodong , Zheng Xiaojing , Ye Xin , Zhang Hailu , Huang Shaohua
Published: December 2020

In this work, tautomeric preference of fenobam in solution was investigated by homonuclear and heteronuclear solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. 1H–1H nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) spectrum revealed that fenobam in liquid state exists exclusively in one of the two possible tautomeric structures, which was confirmed by 1H–13C HSQC and heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC) spectra. Moreover, difference between the two tautomeric structures was studied by theoretical calculations, which further proved the result obtained by the NMR experiments.
Cell‐mediated immunity to SARS‐CoV‐2
Authors: Wang Xiaolin , Gui Jingang
Published: December 2020

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) viruses spread unscrupulously virtually every corner on the planet in a very quick speed leading to an unprecedented world pandemic of COVID‐19 claiming a great many of people’s life. Paramount importance has been given to the studies on the virus itself including genomic variation and viron structure, as well as cell entry pathway and tissue residence. Other than that, to learn the main characteristic of host immunity responding to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection is an eminent task for restraining virus and controlling disease progress. Beside antibody production in response to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, host cellular immunity plays an indispensable role in impeding virus replication and expansion at various stages of COVID‐19 disease. In this review, we summarized the recent knowledge regarding the aberrant regulation and dysfunction of multiple immune cells during SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. This includes the dysregulation of immune cell number, Th polarity, cytokine storm they implicated with, as well as cell function exhaustion after chronic virus stimulation. Notwithstanding that many obstacles remain to be overcome, studies on immunotherapy for COVID‐19 treatment based on the known features of host immunity in response to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection offer us tangible benefits and hope for making this SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic under control.
An evaluation of selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry for rapid instrumental determination of paper type, origin and sensory attributes
Authors: Langford Vaughan S. , Du Bruyn Christel , Padayachee Diandree
Published: December 2020

As the food and pharmaceutical industries move toward more sustainable forms of packaging, paper is experiencing somewhat of a comeback as a packaging material. However, by its very nature paper is rich in volatiles—both with and without significant olfactory impact. Human sensory analysis has long been the benchmark for determining that a product is fit for consumer application. However, sensory analysis is limited in its application due to the high per‐sample cost. Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT‐MS) is an instrumental approach that has potential to rapidly screen paper samples for both sensory and chemical composition attributes in a single broad‐spectrum and sensitive analysis of volatiles. In this study, a combined approach utilizing SIFT‐MS sample analysis with multivariate statistical data processing is evaluated for its ability to distinguish between samples of different paper composition (in particular, virgin, recycled, or mixed fibres), mill of origin (manufacturing mill), sensory odour intensity rating, and sensory odour note. Paper samples from four mills were analysed using instrumental and sensory methods, together with one pulp sample. The key discriminating volatiles varied depending on the classification model but typically included hydrogen sulfide, ethanol, acetone, hexanal, dimethyl sulfide, and formaldehyde. The pulp sample generally exhibited significantly higher concentrations of volatiles—especially methanol and hydrogen sulfide. Because it was so different, it was eliminated from certain models—in particular, for determination of the mill of origin. Chemical analysis with multivariate statistical processing exhibited near‐perfect classification of the fibre type and the mill of origin. Evaluation of instrumental prediction of odour intensity rating and odour note used multivariate statistical analysis to correlate sensory and instrumental results. It was found that concentration data provided superior classification of odour intensity rating and odour note than did odour activity values (compound concentrations divided by their human odour detection thresholds [ODTs]). This result is tentatively attributed to significant uncertainties introduced by literature ODTs and the method's limit of quantitation being higher than the ODT for several compounds. When using SIFT‐MS concentration data—when coupled with multivariate statistical data processing—this preliminary study demonstrates potential for rapid, instrumental determination of the odour intensity rating and odour note traditionally determined using human sensory analysis.
Reduced adenosine diphosphate sensitivity in skeletal muscle mitochondria increases reactive oxygen species production in mouse models of aging and oxidative stress but not denervation
Authors: Pharaoh Gavin , Brown Jacob , Ranjit Rojina , Ungvari Zoltan , Van Remmen Holly
Published: December 2020

Background

Mitochondrial bioenergetics are sensitive to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) concentration. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and respiration [oxygen consumption rate (OCR)] are altered at physiological ADP concentrations (i.e. ADP insensitivity) in aged human muscle. Here, we investigate ADP sensitivity in mouse muscle mitochondria.

Methods

We measured OCR and ROS production in permeabilized gastrocnemius fibres using an ADP titration protocol and the Oroboros O2k respirometer and fluorometer. We measured changes in ADP sensitivity in muscle from mice at different ages, after sciatic nerve transection (denervation), and in response to increased oxidative stress (Sod1−/− mice). Further, we asked whether the mitochondrial‐targeted peptide SS‐31 can modulate ADP insensitivity and contractile function in the Sod1−/− mouse model.

Results

Reduced ADP sensitivity is associated with increases in mitochondrial ROS production in aged (62%) and Sod1−/− (33%) mice. The maximal capacity to produce ROS does not increase with age, and there is no effect of age on ADP sensitivity for OCR in mouse gastrocnemii. Denervation does not induce ADP insensitivity for either ROS generation or OCR. Treatment of Sod1−/− mice with SS‐31 increases ADP sensitivity for both OCR and ROS, decreases maximal ROS production (~40%), and improves resistance to muscle fatigue.

Conclusions

Adenosine diphosphate sensitivity for ROS production decreases in aged mouse gastrocnemius muscle fibres, although aged mice do not exhibit a difference in OCR. Denervation does not induce ADP insensitivity; however, insensitivity to ADP is induced in a model of oxidative stress. ADP insensitivity could contribute to muscle fatigue, and SS‐31 may be the first drug capable of targeting this aging phenotype.
Finite‐time extended state observer‐based exact tracking control of an unmanned surface vehicle
Authors: Wang Ning , Zhu Zhongben , Qin Hongde , Deng Zhongchao , Sun Yanchao
Published: December 2020

In the presence of complex unknowns consisting of system dynamics and environmental disturbances, it is rather meaningful to exactly track an unmanned surface vehicle (USV) to the desired trajectory in practical scenarios including routing inspection, marine survey, and guard patrol, etc. In this paper, the exact trajectory tracking problem is solved by establishing a finite‐time extended state observer‐ (FESO) based exact tracking control (FESO‐ETC) scheme. By virtue of nonsmooth analysis, the FESO is firstly devised by only requiring continuous differentiability and is incorporated into the nonsingular fast terminal sliding mode control framework, and thereby further enhancing disturbance rejection and tracking accuracy. Moreover, global finite‐time stability of the entire FESO‐ETC closed‐loop system is derived from rigorously theoretical analysis, and thereby contributing to a model‐free finite‐time control paradigm. Simulation studies and comparisons demonstrate that the proposed FESO‐ETC approach can achieve exact trajectory tracking in the presence of complex unknowns.
On Bollobás‐Riordan random pairing model of preferential attachment graph
Authors: Pittel Boris
Published: December 2020

Bollobás‐Riordan random pairing model of a preferential attachment graph is studied. Let {Wj}j ≤ mn + 1 be the process of sums of independent exponentials with mean 1. We prove that the degrees of the first vertices are jointly, and uniformly, asymptotic to , and that with high probability (whp) the smallest of these degrees is , at least. Next we bound the probability that there exists a pair of large vertex sets without connecting edges, and apply the bound to several special cases. We propose to measure an influence of a vertex v by the size of a maximal recursive tree (max‐tree) rooted at v. We show that whp the set of the first vertices does not contain a max‐tree, and the largest max‐tree has size of order n. We prove that, for m > 1, . We show that the distribution of scaled size of a generic max‐tree in converges to a mixture of two beta distributions.
Mass Fabrication of 3D Silicon Nano‐/Microstructures by Fab‐Free Process Using Tip‐Based Lithography
Authors: Jo Jeong‐Sik , Choi Jihoon , Lee Seung‐Hoon , Song Changhoon , Noh Heeso , Jang Jae‐Won
Published: December 2020

Methods for the mass fabrication of 3D silicon (Si) microstructures with a 100 nm resolution are developed using scanning probe lithography (SPL) combined with metal‐assisted chemical etching (MACE). Protruding Si structures, including Si nanowires of over 10 µm in length and atypical shaped Si nano‐ and micropillars, are obtained via the MACE of a patterned gold film (negative tone) on Si substrates by dip‐pen nanolithography (DPN) with polymer or by nanoshaving alkanethiol self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs). Furthermore, recessed Si structures with arbitrary patterning and channels less than 160 nm wide and hundreds of nanometers in depth are obtained via the MACE of a patterned gold film (positive tone) on Si substrates by alkanethiol DPN. As an example of applications using protruded Si structures, nanoimprinting in an area of up to a centimeter is demonstrated through 1D and 2D SPL combined with MACE. Similarly, submicrometer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamps are employed over millimeter‐scale areas for applications using recessed Si structures. In particular, the mass production of arbitrarily shaped Si microparticles at submicrometer resolution is developed using silicon‐on‐insulator substrates, as demonstrated using optical microresonators, surface‐enhanced Raman scattering templates, and smart microparticles for fluorescence signal coding.
Adhesion Enhancement of Micropillar Array by Combining the Adhesive Design from Gecko and Tree Frog
Authors: Liu Quan , Tan Di , Meng Fandong , Yang Baisong , Shi Zhekun , Wang Xin , Li Qian , Nie Chang , Liu Sheng , Xue Longjian
Published: December 2020

It has long been demonstrated the gecko‐inspired micropillar array with T‐shape tips possesses the best adhesion performance of a given material. The further enhancement of the adhesion performances of T‐shape micropillars can offer redundant adhesion to compensate for the inevitable improper contacts. Here, the array of T‐shape polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) micropillars is incorporated with gradient dispersed calcium carbonate nanoparticles in the micropillar stalk, termed as T‐shape gradient micropillars (TG), possessing the modulus gradient with stiff tip and soft root. The gradient modulus in TG facilitates the contact formation and regulates the stress at the detaching interface, resulting in a 4.6 times adhesion and 2.4 times friction as compared with the pure PDMS T‐shape micropillar arrays. The study here provides a new design strategy for the super‐strong structured dry adhesives.
VO2 Nanostructures for Batteries and Supercapacitors: A Review
Authors: Khan Ziyauddin , Singh Prem , Ansari Sajid Ali , Manippady Sai Rashmi , Jaiswal Amit , Saxena Manav
Published: December 2020

Vanadium dioxide (VO2) received tremendous interest lately due to its unique structural, electronic, and optoelectronic properties. VO2 has been extensively used in electrochromic displays and memristors and its VO2 (B) polymorph is extensively utilized as electrode material in energy storage applications. More studies are focused on VO2 (B) nanostructures which displayed different energy storage behavior than the bulk VO2. The present review provides a systematic overview of the progress in VO2 nanostructures syntheses and its application in energy storage devices. Herein, a general introduction, discussion about crystal structure, and syntheses of a variety of nanostructures such as nanowires, nanorods, nanobelts, nanotubes, carambola shaped, etc. are summarized. The energy storage application of VO2 nanostructure and its composites are also described in detail and categorically, e.g. Li‐ion battery, Na‐ion battery, and supercapacitors. The current status and challenges associated with VO2 nanostructures are reported. Finally, light has been shed for the overall performance improvement of VO2 nanostructure as potential electrode material for future application.
The Characterization of Electronic Noise in the Charge Transport through Single‐Molecule Junctions
Authors: Yuan Saisai , Gao Tengyang , Cao Wenqiang , Pan Zhichao , Liu Junyang , Shi Jia , Hong Wenjing
Published: December 2020

With the goal of creating single‐molecule devices and integrating them into circuits, the emergence of single‐molecule electronics provides various techniques for the fabrication of single‐molecule junctions and the investigation of charge transport through such junctions. Among the techniques for characterization of charge transport through molecular junctions, electronic noise characterization is an effective strategy with which issues from molecule–electrode interfaces, mechanisms of charge transport, and changes in junction configurations are studied. Electronic noise analysis in single‐molecule junctions can be used to identify molecular conformations and even monitor reaction kinetics. This review summarizes the various types of electronic noise that have been characterized during single‐molecule electrical detection, including the functions of random telegraph signal (RTS) noise, flicker noise, shot noise, and their corresponding applications, which provide some guidelines for the future application of these techniques to problems of charge transport through single‐molecule junctions.
Forensic age estimation in migrants: Where do we stand?
Authors: Lossois Maisy , Baccino Eric
Published: December 2020

Many countries have to respond to an influx of an increased number of refugees and asylum seekers, whose management depends on if they are minors. The age estimation, including forensic opinion, is complex and has serious implications. Several guidelines were published, in particular by The Study Group on Forensic Age Diagnostics of the German Association of Forensic Medicine (Schmeling et al., 2008, 2016). Forensic age estimation must contain, at first, an investigation into the medical history of the individual, to identify diseases or treatments that could interfere with growth. The skeletal development is, along with the dental development, the most important criterion for this estimation. For the skeleton, we use the comparison of hand and wrist radiographs with the atlas of Greulich and Pyle (Greulich, 1959), and the Schmeling's method (Kellinghaus et al., 2010) with a CT‐scan of the medial extremity of the clavicle, defining stages, and substages of ossification according to Kellinghaus et al. Dental imaging allows an evaluation of the stage of development of the crown and root, using Demirjian's stages (Demirjian et al., 1973). These methods are minimally irradiating, which is essential as they are used for a nonmedical goal. We know that, even using multiple methods, it is impossible to define a precise age, due to variability among the individuals and their respective origins. The results have to be expressed as minimum age, and the mean age with standard deviations. The majority and the claimed age have to be addressed. It is necessary to have a multidisciplinary evaluation carried out by qualified individuals.

This article is categorized under:

Forensic Anthropology > Age Assessment
Cutting across the Durand: Water dispute between Pakistan and Afghanistan on river Kabul
Authors: Ranjan Amit , Chatterjee Drorima
Published: December 2020

All nations firmly believe in the absolute sovereignty over the waters flow in their areas and that only riparian states have any legal right, apart from an agreement, to use the water from the shared river. To address some of their water concerns, the co‐riparian states compete to have more quantity of waters. Significantly, no water agreement exists between upper riparian Afghanistan and lower riparian Pakistan, despite sharing nine big and small rivers. The simmering water dispute between them on the River Kabul is rarely noted mainly because it is overshadowed by their political tensions, differences, and the dispute over the Durand Line. Using an analytical framework, this article examines three aspects of the River Kabul water dispute: its context, identifying the challenges that hinder a formalized bilateral agreement from being implemented, and its future.
Ionic Liquid Synthesis of (Et3S)[Ag4I5] – A Structure Containing Basket‐Like Silver‐Iodide Cages with Ag22+ Pairs
Authors: Svensson Per H. , Kloo Lars
Published: December 2020

The compound (Et3S)[Ag4I5], 1, is readily synthesized from room‐temperature, ionic‐liquid media and displays a complex network structure of Ag6I6 cages with Ag22+ pairs forming 1D‐chains linked into layers distinctly separate from the disordered sulphonium cations. The compound should be regarded as a large‐bandgap semiconductor, but its significant structural voids qualify the compound a candidate for optoelectronic applications through the inclusion of suitable guest molecules.
Access to Water Resources and Household Vulnerability to Malaria in the Okavango Delta, Botswana
Authors: Motsholapheko M. R. , Ngwenya B. N.
Published: December 2020

Malaria is a persistent health risk for most rural communities in tropical wetlands of developing countries, particularly in the advent of climate change. This chapter assesses household access to water resources, livelihood assets, and vulnerability to malaria in the Okavango Delta of north-western Botswana. Data were obtained from a cross-sectional survey of 355 households, key informant interviews, PRA-based focus group discussions (FDGs), interviews with experts in various related fields, PRA workshop participant interviews, and literature review. There was high access to natural capital, and most households engaged in nature-based livelihood activities. Access to resources determined type of livelihood activities that households engaged in. However, there was no association between household exposure and/or susceptibility, and type of livelihood activities pursued by households. Household vulnerability to malaria was higher in remote and rural locations than in urban neighborhoods. Malaria prevention and vulnerability aversion programs need to be coupled with improvements in housing and well-being in the Okavango Delta and similar wetlands.
Cutoff AdS3 versus $$ T\overline{T} $$ CFT2 in the large central charge sector: correlators of energy-momentum tensor
Authors: Li Yi , Zhou Yang
Published: December 2020

Abstract

In this article we probe the proposed holographic duality between $$ T\overline{T} $$
T

T
¯

deformed two dimensional conformal field theory and the gravity theory of AdS3 with a Dirichlet cutoff by computing correlators of energy-momentum tensor. We focus on the large central charge sector of the $$ T\overline{T} $$
T

T
¯

CFT in a Euclidean plane and a sphere, and compute the correlators of energy-momentum tensor using an operator identity promoted from the classical trace relation. The result agrees with a computation of classical pure gravity in Euclidean AdS3 with the corresponding cutoff surface, given a holographic dictionary which identifies gravity parameters with $$ T\overline{T} $$
T

T
¯

CFT parameters.
Light dark photon dark matter from inflation
Authors: Nakai Yuichiro , Namba Ryo , Wang Ziwei
Published: December 2020

Abstract

We discuss the possibility of producing a light dark photon dark matter through a coupling between the dark photon field and the inflaton. The dark photon with a large wavelength is efficiently produced due to the inflaton motion during inflation and becomes non-relativistic before the time of matter-radiation equality. We compute the amount of production analytically. The correct relic abundance is realized with a dark photon mass extending down to 10−21 eV.
„Selten Gehörte“ für partizipative Gesundheitsforschung gewinnen: Herausforderungen und Strategien
Authors: Schaefer Ina , Kümpers Susanne , Cook Tina
Published: December 2020

Hintergrund

Die partizipative Gesundheitsforschung gewinnt im Bereich Public Health zunehmend Anerkennung. Dabei werden Menschen, deren Leben oder Arbeit im Mittelpunkt der jeweiligen Forschung stehen, in die Projekte eingebunden. Die Integration des Wissens und der Perspektiven von Menschen, die bisher nur selten gehört wurden, eröffnet dabei die Möglichkeit, gesundheitliche Chancengleichheit in den jeweiligen Lebenswelten zu stärken. Partizipative Gesundheitsforschung (PGF) wird häufig mit Gemeinschaften (Communitys) durchgeführt. Jedoch stellt es eine besondere Herausforderung dar, Personen zu erreichen, die kaum oder keinen Zugang zu Netzwerken oder Angeboten haben. Deren Lebensbedingungen und -qualität müssen in der Forschung berücksichtigt werden. Im vorliegenden narrativen Übersichtsartikel wird diese Problematik beleuchtet und Lösungsansätze für die Forschungspraxis werden entwickelt.

Methodik

Es wurde auf eine umfangreiche Literaturrecherche der Katholischen Hochschule für Sozialwesen Berlin nach deutschsprachigen Artikeln zu partizipativer Forschung zurückgegriffen; ergänzend wurde internationale Literatur gesichtet. Darüber hinaus wurden Prozesse von 3 partizipativen Forschungsprojekten ausgewertet.

Ergebnisse und Diskussion

Die dargestellten Zugangswege zu „selten Gehörten“ beziehen sich auf die Reduzierung systemischer Barrieren und die Verbesserung lokaler Voraussetzungen. Beispielsweise wird vor Beginn der Forschung im engeren Sinn eine Vorbereitungsphase empfohlen. Diese kann für den Beziehungs- und Kooperationsaufbau genutzt werden, um die Distanz der Menschen aus der Lebenswelt gegenüber Forschung zu überbrücken.
The influence of soak temperature and forging lubricant on surface properties of steel forgings
Authors: Hill S. , Turner R. P. , Wardle P.
Published: December 2020

A small series of ring compression tests were performed on BS970:708M40 alloy steel. The samples were tested using a 2-factor temperature variable, and a 4-factor lubricant variable, as the design parameters. Two differing soak temperatures were used, namely 1030 °C and 1300 °C respectively. The lubricants applied at the billet to tooling interface were synthetic water–based, graphite water–based, graphite and molybdenum disulphide viscous grease, and finally, unlubricated samples were tested. The ring compression tests were performed using a traditional drop forging hammer and induction heating to minimise any unintentional process variability. The impact that the two varying process parameters have upon the compression sample was then assessed by measuring each sample’s surface hardness and surface roughness prior to and post forging with fully calibrated equipment. It was demonstrated that the higher soak temperature of 1300 °C yielded a lower surface hardness value and higher surface roughness than the lower soak temperature, 1030 °C. The two water-based lubricants offered negligible change in results compared with the unlubricated forging, strongly suggesting that the lubricants were evaporated off the surface prior to forging. However, the results from the graphite–molybdenum disulphate grease do indicate in particular higher surface roughness than other lubricants, and a non-symmetric distortion pattern.
Aktuelle Ist-Analyse zur Situation des nichttraumatologischen Schockraummanagements in Deutschland
Authors: Michael M. , Bax S. , Finke M. , Hoffmann M. , Kornstädt S. , Kümpers P. , Kumle B. , Laaf T. , Reindl M. , Schunk D. , Pin M. , Bernhard M.
Published: December 2020

Einleitung

In Notaufnahmen kommen bundesweit nichttraumatologische kritisch kranke Patienten zur Aufnahme. Zur Struktur, Organisation und Ausstattung des nichttraumatologischen Schockraummanagements ist bisher wenig bekannt. Mittels einer Umfrage sollte daher der Ist-Zustand analysiert werden.

Methodik

Durch die Arbeitsgruppe „Schockraum“ der Deutschen Gesellschaft Interdisziplinäre Notfall- und Akutmedizin (DGINA) wurde mittels E‑Mail den 420 ärztlichen Leiter*Innen des DGINA-Mitgliederregisters eine Onlineumfrage zugesendet. Zwei Wochen nach initialem Anschreiben erfolgte eine Erinnerung. Die Ergebnisse wurden in einer anonymisierten Datenbank extrahiert und ausgewertet.

Ergebnisse

Insgesamt lag die Rücklaufquote mit 131 verwertbaren Antworten bei 31 %. Die Umfrage erfasste Krankenhäuser der Basis- (24 %), erweiterten (39 %) und umfassenden Notfallversorgung (37 %). Korrespondierend zur Versorgungsstufe stiegen die jährlichen Patientenkontakte (21.000 vs. 31.000 vs. 39.000), die Monitorplätze in den Notaufnahmen (9 ± 4 vs. 13 ± 6 vs. 18 ± 10), die Betten der assoziierten Notaufnahmestationen (4 ± 5 vs. 10 ± 17 vs. 13 ± 12), die verfügbaren Schockräume (1 ± 1 vs. 2 ± 1 vs. 3 ± 1) und deren Größe (31 ± 16 vs. 35 ± 9 vs. 38 ± 14 m2) an. Hinsichtlich verschiedener Ausstattungsmerkmale (z. B. Röntgenlafette: 58 vs. 65 vs. 78 %, Computertomographie im Schockraum: 6 vs. 12 vs. 27 %) zeigten sich deutliche Unterschiede in Abhängigkeit von der Versorgungsstufe. Während Kühlungssysteme in 30 % in allen Versorgungsstufen vorgehalten wurden, fanden sich andere Ausstattungsmerkmale (z. B. Videolaryngoskopie: 65 vs. 80 vs. 86 %, Bronchoskopie: 29 vs. 22 vs. 45 %) und spezielle Notfallprozeduren (z. B. REBOA [„resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta“]: 3 vs. 5 vs. 12 %, ACCD [„automated chest compression device“]: 26 vs. 57 vs. 61 %) häufiger in höheren Versorgungsstufen.

Schlussfolgerung

Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse zeigen erstmals den Ist-Zustand der nichttraumatologischen Schockraumversorgung in verschiedenen Versorgungsstufen in Deutschland. Empfehlungen zu Ausstattungsmerkmalen für das nichttraumatologische Schockraummanagement müssen zukünftig formuliert werden.
Compositional Properties of Alignments
Authors: Berkemer Sarah J. , Höner zu Siederdissen Christian , Stadler Peter F.
Published: December 2020

Alignments, i.e., position-wise comparisons of two or more strings or ordered lists are of utmost practical importance in computational biology and a host of other fields, including historical linguistics and emerging areas of research in the Digital Humanities. The problem is well-known to be computationally hard as soon as the number of input strings is not bounded. Due to its practical importance, a huge number of heuristics have been devised, which have proved very successful in a wide range of applications. Alignments nevertheless have received hardly any attention as formal, mathematical structures. Here, we focus on the compositional aspects of alignments, which underlie most algorithmic approaches to computing alignments. We also show that the concepts naturally generalize to finite partially ordered sets and partial maps between them that in some sense preserve the partial orders. As a consequence of this discussion we observe that alignments of even more general structure, in particular graphs, are essentially characterized by the fact that the restriction of alignments to a row must coincide with the corresponding input graphs. Pairwise alignments of graphs are therefore determined completely by common induced subgraphs. In this setting alignments of alignments are well-defined, and alignments can be decomposed recursively into subalignments. This provides a general framework within which different classes of alignment algorithms can be explored for objects very different from sequences and other totally ordered data structures.
Ambulante Jugendhilfe: Ein systematisches Literatur-Review zur Arbeits- und Gesundheitssituation
Authors: Lengen Julia C. , Kersten Maren , Gregersen Sabine
Published: December 2020

Das vielfältige Tätigkeitsfeld der Jugendhilfe im ambulanten Bereich ist von diversen – unter anderem psychischen – Einflussfaktoren geprägt, die sich auf die Gesundheit der pädagogischen Fachkräfte auswirken können.

Die Zusammenhänge zwischen den gesundheitsförderlichen (Ressourcen) sowie gesundheitsgefährdenden (Stressoren) psychischen Belastungsfaktoren und der psychischen Gesundheit sollen mit Hilfe einer systematischen Literaturrecherche betrachtet werden. Nach dem PEO-Schema wird der Forschungsfrage im Zeitraum 2000–2018 in den Datenbanken Medline, PsyInfo und Psyndex nachgegangen, um einen Überblick über die Arbeits- und Gesundheitssituation der Zielgruppe zu erlangen.

Eine Vielzahl von Stressoren und Ressourcen, vor allem in den Bereichen Arbeitsinhalt, Arbeitsorganisation und soziale Beziehungen stehen in einem Zusammenhang mit der psychischen Gesundheit der Beschäftigten. Starke bis mittlere Zusammenhänge weisen die Stressoren Arbeitsmenge, Rollenstress, Klientenverhalten/-charakteristika und die personenbezogenen Faktoren Neurotizismus und Pflichtbewusstsein auf. Bei den Ressourcen gilt dies für die Kontrolle, Rollenklarheit, moderate Arbeitsmenge, Wertschätzung, Einbindung/Beteiligung und die personenbezogenen Ressourcen Werteübereinstimmung und Achtsamkeit.

Die gesichteten zehn Studien vermitteln einen ersten Eindruck über Faktoren, die mit der psychischen Gesundheit der Beschäftigten im untersuchten Berufsfeld im Zusammenhang stehen.

Praktische RelevanzDie Zahl der Beschäftigten in den Einrichtungen der Kinder- und Jugendhilfe steigt seit Jahren. Rund 21 % der krankheitsbedingten Abwesenheitstage in der Berufsgruppe der Sozialarbeiter*innen sind auf psychische Erkrankungen zurückzuführen. Damit ist das Sozial- und Gesundheitswesen im Vergleich zu anderen Branchen besonders stark von psychischen und Verhaltens-Störungen betroffen.
The Namibian bioeconomy: transformation to a sustainable society?
Authors: Heeren-Hauser Anne , Cheikhyoussef Ahmad , Chimwamurombe Percy M.
Published: December 2020

Worldwide, bioeconomy is promoted as an ‘engine for sustainable development’. However, increasingly, the notion that ‘the bioeconomy’ will facilitate sustainable development per se is challenged. Based on the assumption that when leaving the relations between ‘nature’ and ‘society’ unquestioned, inherent inequalities are rather reproduced than overcome, we draw upon a social-ecological framework to analyse the societal relations to nature in the Namibian bioeconomy. In Namibia, with independence, an array of different benefit-sharing mechanisms have been developed to implement local participatory governance structure, which will be further streamlined under the newly introduced access and benefit-sharing law. Results show that despite efforts to facilitate a diversity-based bioeconomy, separating structures and trade-offs are persistent. Images of ‘nature’, like the ‘eternal Namibian landscape’, that draw upon colonial notions are frequently used to market indigenous natural products. Institutions to ‘nature’ that guarantee fair and equitable terms of trade are often only short-term and/or small-scale, e.g. as shown at the case of Devil’s claw, Hoodia and Namibian Myrrh. Even when perspectives cannot be assigned in a stereotypical way between user and provider, and instead, all actors refer to biodiversity and traditional knowledge as ‘welfare of the people’, ‘cultural heritage’, ‘input for R&D’, ‘community benefit’, and ‘marketing tool’, a rational-instrumental reasoning tends to be favoured of a normative-ethical one. A more diversified awareness towards the dialectics entailed in the conception, making, and management of ‘nature’ potentially inhibiting an inclusive sustainable development is relevant at any theory–practice interface, including development project-management and environmental policy-making.
Generic homeomorphisms have full metric mean dimension
Authors: CARVALHO MARIA , RODRIGUES FAGNER B. , VARANDAS PAULO
Published: December 2020

We prove that for
$C^0$
-generic homeomorphisms, acting on a compact smooth boundaryless manifold with dimension greater than one, the upper metric mean dimension with respect to the smooth metric coincides with the dimension of the manifold. As an application, we show that the upper box dimension of the set of periodic points of a
$C^0$
-generic homeomorphism is equal to the dimension of the manifold. In the case of continuous interval maps, we prove that each level set for the metric mean dimension with respect to the Euclidean distance is
$C^0$
-dense in the space of continuous endomorphisms of
$[0,1]$
with the uniform topology. Moreover, the maximum value is attained at a
$C^0$
-generic subset of continuous interval maps and a dense subset of metrics topologically equivalent to the Euclidean distance.
Brachial supporting structure of Spiriferida (Brachiopoda)
Authors: Yuan Zhiwei , Guo Wen , Lyu Dan , Sun Yuanlin
Published: December 2020

The filter-feeding organ of some extinct brachiopods is supported by a skeletal apparatus called the brachidium. Although relatively well studied in Atrypida and Athyridida, the brachidial morphology is usually neglected in Spiriferida. To investigate the variations of brachidial morphology in Spiriferida, 65 species belonging to eight superfamilies were analyzed. Based on the presence/absence of the jugal processes and normal/modified primary lamellae of the spiralia, four types of brachidium are recognized. Type-I (with jugal processes) and Type-II (without jugal processes), both having normal primary lamellae, could give rise to each other by losing/re-evolving the jugal processes. Type-III, without jugal processes, originated from Type-II through evolution of the modified lateral-convex primary lamellae, and it subsequently gave rise to Type-IV by evolving the modified medial-convex primary lamellae. The evolution of brachidia within individual evolutionary lineages must be clarified because two or more types can be present within a single family. Type-III and Type-IV are closely associated with the prolongation of the crura, representing innovative modifications of the feeding apparatus in response to possible shift in the position of the mouth towards the anterior, allowing for more efficient feeding on particles entering the mantle cavity from the anterior gape. Meanwhile, the modified primary lamellae adjusted/regulated the feeding currents. The absence of spires in some taxa with Type-IV brachidium might suggest that they developed a similar lophophore to that in some extant brachiopods, which can extend out of the shell.
Backscratching in banks: political cycles in bank manager appointments
Authors: Markgraf Jonas
Published: December 2020

Close ties between politicians and businesses affect firms’ performance and political outcomes, and while direct political control over firms has been curtailed by tightened regulation, political connections remain ubiquitous in many countries. Yet, it is unclear through which channels these linkages are maintained in strictly regulated environments. I speculate that one such channel of political control over firms is politicians’ ability to influence corporate appointment decisions. To test the claim, I employ survival models that analyze chairpersons’ turnovers in 90 Spanish savings banks between 1985 and 2010 and find strong evidence for electoral appointment cycles: bank chairpersons are more likely to lose office shortly after regional elections and when new governments enter office.
Sand calcites as a key to Pleistocene periglacial landscapes
Authors: Thiry Médard , Innocent Christophe , Girard Jean-Pierre , Milnes Anthony Richard , Franke Christine , Guillon Sophie
Published: December 2020

We tested the potential for sand calcites to serve as a novel paleoclimate archive by investigating their age and formation conditions. Fontainebleau sand calcites are Pleistocene in age (based on14C and U-Th dating) and were primarily formed during glacial periods. δ13C values increase with the depth at which these sand calcites formed, consistent with open and closed CO2systems. Interpretation of the δ18O-T relationship in sand calcites points primarily to their formation at a low temperature, around 2°C in shallow ground water and at about 9°C in deeper ground-water settings. Their occurrence, characteristics, and compositions suggest crystallization from paleo-ground waters in permafrost environments. Crystallization of sand calcites was triggered by degassing of cold carbonate-containing surface waters as they infiltrated warmer subsurface ground-water environments. We consider sand calcites to be important indicators of interactions between meteoric water and ground water in Pleistocene periglacial landscapes. Their disposition may point to specific features of periglacial landscapes, and their ages could permit an assessment of landscape incision rates. Large crystals and zoned spheroliths may, in fact, encapsulate continuous high-resolution records of continental glacial and periglacial paleoenvironments.
Exploring the effects of oily fish consumption on measures of acute and long-term stress in healthy 8–9-year-old children: the FiSK Junior randomised trial
Authors: Teisen Marie N. , Vuholm Stine , Rantanen Jesper M. , Christensen Jeppe H. , Damsgaard Camilla T. , Lauritzen Lotte
Published: December 2020

Long-chain n-3 PUFA (n-3 LCPUFA) are known to reduce blood pressure (BP), heart rate and vagal tone, but potential stress-mitigating effects of n-3 LCPUFA are not well investigated. We explored the effects of oily fish consumption on long-term stress and the stress response in schoolchildren. Healthy 8–9-year-old children were randomised to receive about 300 g/week of oily fish or poultry for 12 weeks (199 randomised, 197 completing). At baseline and endpoint, we measured erythrocyte n-3 LCPUFA, hair cortisol and the response to a 1-min cold pressor test (CPT) on saliva cortisol, BP and continuous electrocardiogram recordings. Post-intervention hair cortisol did not differ between the groups, but sex-specificity was indicated (Psex × group = 0·074, boys: −0·9 (95 % CI −2·9, 1·0) ng/g, girls: 0·7 (95 % CI −0·2, 1·6) ng/g). Children in the fish group tended to be less prone to terminate CPT prematurely (OR 0·20 (95 % CI 0·02, 1·04)). Mean heart beat interval during CPT was 18·2 (95 % CI 0·3, 36·6) ms longer and high frequency power increased (159 (95 % CI 29, 289) ms2) in the fish v. poultry group. The cardiac autonomic response in the 10 min following CPT was characterised by a sympathetic peak followed by a parasympathetic peak, which was most pronounced in the fish group. This exploratory study does not support a strong effect of oily fish consumption on stress but indicates that oily fish consumption may increase vagal cardiac tone during the physiological response to CPT. These results warrant further investigation.
GYGES AND DELPHI: HERODOTUS 1.14
Authors: Dale Alexander
Published: December 2020

Herodotus’Historiesbegin in earnest with Lydia and the infamous tale of the fall of Candaules and the rise of the Mermnad dynasty under Gyges. Yet, for all that Gyges was evidently a transformational figure in Lydian history and, through the story of his usurpation of the throne from Candaules, came to occupy a prominent place in the received memory of the Lydian world, Herodotus tells us very little about Gyges himself or his reign. Chapters 1.13–14 tell us about the role of the Delphic oracle in legitimizing the rule of Gyges in Lydia, as well as his lavish dedications at Delphi, in which he set a precedent followed by Alyattes and Croesus, the more notable among his successors. Yet, the remainder of his reign is summarized in less than one sentence: ‘He sent an army to Miletus and Smyrna as soon as he took power, and seized the citadel of Colophon, but no other great deed was done by him during his thirty-eight year reign … ’.
JOHN DARBY AND THE WHIG CANON
Authors: HONE JOSEPH
Published: December 2020

Through a co-ordinated series of publications in the final years of the seventeenth century, a diverse set of commonwealth texts was entrenched into the canon of whig political thought. This article explores that canon through the lens of the history of the book. A key figure in the formation of this canon was the printer and bookseller John Darby. This article reconstructs Darby's role in the commonwealth opposition to the perceived failures of the Williamite revolution. Using bibliographical methods to establish his output, it shows that from the earliest days of the revolution Darby reprinted a broad range of historic whig texts, ranging from works of history and memoir to collections of poems. These texts provided a language, a rationale, and a model for opposition activity. He also manufactured pamphlets that adapted country principles to contemporary political circumstances. By shifting the focus from John Toland to his printer, the article suggests that the canonical whig texts were one part of a much broader and more ambitious programme to establish an historic canon of oppositional literature.
OP139 Attaining Universal Electrocardiographic Diagnosis Coverage Through Telemedicine
Authors: Galvan Pedro , Ortellado José , Rivas Ronald , Portillo Juan , Mazzoleni Julio , Hilario Enrique
Published: December 2020

Introduction

Innovative health technologies, like telemedicine, offer advantageous telediagnostic apps that can improve the health care of populations in remote regions. However, evidence on how these developments can enhance universal coverage for electrocardiographic (ECG) diagnosis to support a cardiovascular disease prevention program is limited. The utility of telemedicine for attaining universal coverage for ECG diagnosis according to the national cardiovascular disease prevention program in Paraguay was investigated.

Methods

This cross-sectional survey included adults (aged 19 to 80 years) and children (aged 1 to 18 years) with a medical prescription. The study was carried out by the Telemedicine Unit to evaluate the utility of a telemedicine net for a countrywide detection and prevention program for cardiovascular disease. The results obtained by the tele-ECG net, which was implemented in sixty public hospitals countrywide, were analyzed and used to verify adherence to the cardiovascular prevention program.

Results

Between 2014 and 2019, 331,418 remote ECG diagnoses were performed. Of these, eighty-two percent (n = 270,539) were in adults and eighteen percent (n = 60,879) were in children. Among the adult diagnoses, the majority (52%) were pathological and included sinus bradycardia (13%), right bundle branch block (6%), left ventricular hypertrophy (5%), and ventricle repolarization disorder (5%). Among the children, only twenty percent of diagnoses pathological and included sinus bradycardia (11%) and sinus tachycardia (4%). The mean rate of adherence to the prevention program was 38.2 per 1,000 diagnoses performed.

Conclusions

The results showed that telemedicine can significantly enhance coverage for universal ECG diagnosis to support cardiovascular disease prevention and health programs. However, before carrying out the systematic implementation of such a program contextualization using the regional epidemiological profile must be performed.