bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Freud, Said, and the ancient and classical worlds
Authors: Field Roger M.
Published: August 2016

Sigmund Freud’s reading of the classics and Greek mythology is well documented. By contrast, Edward Said’s reading of Freud has received little attention. This article considers three main issues: how Said and Freud thought about and used ancient and classical Greek literature; the ways in which Said has read Freud reading the ancient and classical worlds; the significance of ambivalence and analogy for these readings. The article concludes that there is a necessary relationship between analogy and ambivalence. Primarily chronological, the reading also draws on Freud’s notions of latency and repression to track how Said’s approaches to ambivalence and analogy changed. In the case of Said, it is possible to attribute some of these changes to the impact of Bernal’s Black Athena, which encouraged him to review the notions of ancient Greek society which underpin Orientalism, and to Bernal’s narrative inspiration, Kuhn’s The structure of scientific revolutions. Latency and repression make it possible to posit prehistories. Therefore, the article also examines the ways in which Freud and Said have been obliged to assume continuities between prehistory and history, and between individual and mass psychology.
Article Commentary: Group Learning Assessments as a Vital Consideration in the Implementation of New Peer Learning Pedagogies in the Basic Science Curriculum of Health Profession Programs
Authors: Briggs Charlotte L. , Doubleday Alison F.
Published: August 2016

Inspired by reports of successful outcomes in health profession education literature, peer learning has progressively grown to become a fundamental characteristic of health profession curricula. Many studies, however, are anecdotal or philosophical in nature, particularly when addressing the effectiveness of assessments in the context of peer learning. This commentary provides an overview of the rationale for using group assessments in the basic sciences curriculum of health profession programs and highlights the challenges associated with implementing group assessments in this context. The dearth of appropriate means for measuring group process suggests that professional collaboration competencies need to be more clearly defined. Peer learning educators are advised to enhance their understanding of social psychological research in order to implement best practices in the development of appropriate group assessments for peer learning.
Violence économique et stratégie de contrôle chez les couples où l'homme est joueur problèmatique
Authors: Goulet Annie , Giroux Isabelle , Jacques Christian
Published: August 2016

Gambling problems of one of the life partners bring consequences on conjugal life, including a deterioration of finances. In this context, partners may adopt control behaviors over the household finances. What strategies do partners of problem gamblers use to control their partner's gambling habits and expenses? Are these behaviors similar to economic conjugal violence? To explore these questions, telephone interviews were conducted with 156 women, 54 of which perceived their partner as having a gambling problem. Results showed that a greater proportion of women in a relationship with a problem gambler reported having committed and experienced economic violence behaviors. Some contexts and motives associated with economic violence perpetrated by women lend support to a protective function. Women consider that their partner's economic violence behaviors were aimed at ensuring continuation of gambling activities. Moreover, nearly 80% of women concerned with their partner's gambling habits used strategies to control their gambling habits, including gambling expenditure. The complexity of assessing economic conjugal violence within a problem gambling context is discussed.
Molecular distributions and stable carbon isotope compositions of oxalic acid and related SOA in Beijing before, during and after the 2014 APEC
Authors: Wang Jiayuan , Wang Gehui , Gao Jian , Wang Han , Ren Yanqin , Li Jianjun , Zhou Bianhong , Wu Can , Zhang Lu , Wang Shulan , Chai Fahe
Published: August 2016

Abstract. To ensure the good air quality for the 2014 APEC, stringent emission controls were implemented in Beijing and its surrounding regions, leading to a significant reduction in PM2.5 loadings. To investigate the impacts of the emission controls on aerosol composition and formation, high-volume PM2.5 samples were collected in Beijing from 08/10/2014 to 24/11/2014 and determined for secondary inorganic ions (SIA, i.e., SO42−, NO3− and NH4+), dicarboxylic acids, keto-carboxylic acid and α-dicarbonyls, as well as stable carbon isotope composition of oxalic acid (C2). Our results showed that SIA in PM2.5 are 52 ± 47, 18 ± 13 and 33 ± 29 μg m−3 before-, during- and after-APEC, accounting for 29 %, 18 % and 20 % of PM2.5, respectively. As the leading dicarboxylic acid, C2 in PM2.5 during the three phases are 502 ± 564, 101 ± 69 and 166 ± 157 ng  m−3, accounting for 46 %, 31 % and 34 % of total detected organic compounds (TDOC, i.e., the sum of dicarboxylic acids, keto-carboxylic acids and α-dicarbonyls). The higher values of concentrations and relative abundances of SIA and C2 before-APEC suggest that PM2.5 aerosols during this period are more enriched with secondary products, mainly due to an enhanced photochemical oxidation under the higher temperature and more humid conditions. SIA, C2 and related SOA in PM2.5 during-APEC were 2–4 times lower than those before-APEC. C2 in the regional air masses, which mostly occurred before-APEC, are abundant and enriched in 13C. On the contrary, C2 in the long-range transport air masses, which mostly occurred during-APEC, is much less abundant but still enriched in 13C. In the local air masses, which mostly occurred after-APEC, C2 concentration is lower than that before-APEC but higher than that during-APEC and enriched in lighter 12C. A comparison on chemical composition of PM2.5 and δ13C values of C2 in two events that are characterized by the highest PM2.5 levels before- and after-APEC, respectively, further showed that after-APEC SIA and TDOC are much less abundant and fine aerosols are enriched with primary organics and relatively fresh, compared with those before-APEC. Such reduction in secondary aerosols after-APEC, along with a similar reduction during-APEC, is largely due to the decreasing temperatures. Our results indicate that the significant reduction in PM2.5 during-APEC is mainly due to the efficient emission controls, but the effect of the decreasing temperatures, which suppressed secondary aerosol production, may also take an important role.
Secondary inorganic aerosols in Europe: sources and the significant
influence of biogenic VOC emissions especially on ammonium nitrate
Authors: Aksoyoglu Sebnem , Ciarelli Giancarlo , El-Haddad Imad , Baltensperger Urs , Prévôt André S. H
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Contributions of various anthropogenic sources to the secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) in Europe as well as the role of biogenic emissions on SIA formation were investigated using the three-dimensional regional model CAMx (Comprehensive air quality model with extensions). Simulations were carried out for two periods of EMEP field campaigns (February–March 2009 and June 2006), which are representative of cold and warm seasons, respectively. Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) are known mainly as precursors of ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA), but their role on inorganic aerosol formation has not attracted much attention so far. In this study, we showed the importance of the chemical reactions of BVOCs and how they affect the oxidant concentrations leading to significant changes in inorganic nitrate and sulfate. A sensitivity test with doubled BVOC emissions in Europe during the warm season showed a large increase in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) concentrations (by about a factor of two) while particulate inorganic nitrate concentrations decreased by up to 35 %. Sulfate concentrations decreased as well, the change, however, was smaller. The changes in inorganic nitrate and sulfate concentrations occurred at different locations in Europe indicating the importance of precursor gases and biogenic emission types for the negative correlation between BVOCs and SIA. Further analysis of the data suggested that reactions of the additional terpenes with nitrate radicals at night were responsible for the decline in inorganic nitrate formation, whereas oxidation of BVOCs with OH radicals led to a decrease in sulfate. Source apportionment results suggest that the main anthropogenic source of precursors leading to formation of particulate inorganic nitrate is road transport (SNAP7), whereas combustion in energy and transformation industries (SNAP1) was the most important contributor to sulfate particulate mass. Emissions from international shipping were also found to be very important for both nitrate and sulfate formation in Europe. In addition, we examined also contributions from the geographical source regions to SIA concentrations in the most densely populated region of Switzerland, the Swiss Plateau. The results suggest that sources of particulate sulfate were mostly of foreign origin (the domestic contributions were 11 % and 3 % in winter and summer, respectively). On the other hand, about 20 % of the particulate nitrate was from domestic sources while contributions from the neighboring countries Germany and France were significant as well. Particulate ammonium was estimated to originate mainly from local agricultural activities.
A systematic examination of the relationship between CDOM and
DOC for various inland waters across China
Authors: Song Kaishan , Zhao Ying , Wen Zhidan , Ma Jianhang , Shao Tiantian , Fang Chong , Shang Yingxin
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) plays a vital role in aquatic ecosystems. Strong relationship has been proven between CDOM and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), which set the basis for remote estimation of DOC with remote sensing data. An algorithm has been developed to retrieve DOC via CDOM absorption at 275 and 295 nm with coastal waters. However, the relationship between DOC and aCDOM(275) and aCDOM(295) for different types of inland waters are still not clear. Further, is the relationship stable with different types of inland waters? In the current investigation, samples from fresh lakes, saline lakes, rivers or streams, urban water bodies, ice-covered lakes were examined. The regression model slopes range from 1.03 for urban waters to 3.13 for river water, with extreme low slope value for highly saline waters (slope is about 0.3); while coefficient of determinations (R2) range from 0.71 (urban waters) to 0.93 (winter waters). The specific CDOM absorption (SUVA254) showed the similar trend, i.e., low values were observed for saline water and waters from semi-arid or arid regions, where strong photo-bleaching is expect due to thin ozone layers, less cloud cover, longer water residence time and sunshine hours. In the contrast, high values were measured with waters developed in wetlands or forest in Northeast China, where inverse environmental settings were witnessed. The investigation also demonstrated that stronger relationships between CDOM and DOC were revealed when CDOM275 were sorted by SUVA254 (0.78 < R2 < 0.98) or the ratio of CDOM250:CDOM365 (0.78 < R2 < 0.99). Our results highlight that non-unified relationship exhibits for different types of inland waters, and remote sensing models for DOC need to be tuned with different inherent optical parameters obtained from various types of waters for quantification of DOC in inland waters.
The Irrational Thoughts among Najran University Students and Its Relation with Some Variables
Authors: Zawahreh Najeh Mohammad , Ismail Ahmed Mohammed Bani
Published: August 2016

The current study aimed to identify the irrational thoughts among Najran University students and its relationship with some variables [gender, academic level, type of college “humanities, scientific”].To achieve the objectives of the study, Albert Ellis’ Irrational Beliefs Scale was utilized, which was modified and developed by Alrihani (1987) to keep up with the Arab environment. The sample consisted of (293) male and female students from various colleges of Najran University, who randomly chosen. The results showed that the irrational thoughts spread moderately, and the study indicated that there are statistical differences in the degree of spread due to gender in favor of males; the study also revealed that there are statistical differences in the degree of spread due to college type in favor of colleges of humanities. It also showed that there are statistical differences in the degree of spread due to the academic level in favor of the first and second levels.
The Effect of Management Skills of School Administrators on Organizational Citizenship Behavior of Teachers
Authors: INCE Zuhal , ÇAVUŞ Mustafa Fedai
Published: August 2016

Educational institutions are establishments that concern the majority of the society. The administrator of teachers and students in a school should motivate them to work together in the direction of the purposes of the school. The place of learning in education system is important. It should be known in which situations learning is adapted to teaching process. The school administrator should include the teachers to the decisions and should recognize the influencing factors of school management. Defining the skill levels about the management process of the school administrators who are the responsible ones for managing schools, the effect of this skills of the school administrators on organizational citizenship behaviors of the teachers constitute the purpose of the research. “Management Skills Scale” that was developed by Quast and Hazucha (1992) was used in the research. Level of the effect of management skills of the school administrators on organizational citizenship behaviors of the teachers is determined in the research. It has importance because the effectiveness in management skills of the school administrators who will lead the schools to success is going to be defined.
Silence, Sympathy, and Violence: A Meditation
Authors: Bhalla Alok
Published: August 2016

Through a variety of literary texts (including Ramayana) and historical events (India's 1947 Partition; 1992 Demolition of the Babri Masjid), I offer a brief meditation on three intertwined themes: the possibilities of nonviolence; identity politics, which almost always leads to violence and genocide; and the need for sympathy as invoked by poet William Blake and philosopher Simone Weil. Blake reminds us that there is, on any given day when violence threatens to disrupt the life cycle, an unexpected moment of peace or love—let's call it “the good”—that tempts us to act with sympathy and imagination toward the Other, who is radically different from us. A similar double-consciousness marks Weil's deeply troubled thoughts on brute power, the “sleep of reason” and the “disasters of war.” We must acknowledge, she insists, that violence, used to resolve human affairs, is both intoxicating and degrading. Only if we understand this in the quietude of our being, she avers, can we overcome hate and find imaginative ways of living with all that is sentient and nonsentient on earth.
Altered Realities, New Experiences: Bhisham Sahni, Nirmal Verma, and the “Nayi Kahani” Movement
Authors: Singh Madhu
Published: August 2016

The Nayi Kahani (New Story) movement was a new trend in the post-Independence Hindi short fiction that flourished between 1954 and 1963, with writers like Mohan Rakesh, Bhisham Sahni, Nirmal Verma, Rajendra Yadav, Kamleshwar, and Amarkant among its established practitioners. These writers believed that art could not be alienated from the material world and hence thought and emotion were equally important in the context of Nayi Kahani. Disintegration in middle class families, erosion of values, insecurity, melancholy, loneliness, and anxiety became the major concerns in Hindi short fiction. It was felt that Hindi fiction was experiencing literary modernism with a new shift in the writer's sensibility grown out of the changed social and cultural contexts. However, “New Story” did not share a common ideology, trends, or concerns, but represented and grappled with multiple realities and tendencies. Although critics often linked Sahni and Verma as practitioners of this “new” genre, I argue that as writers of urban sensibilities they apprehended and rendered life experiences differently. Therefore, it is problematic to identify common denominators and fit them in a single mold. As part of my project, I examine select stories to understand how the two writers navigate through time and place to express reality. Finally, I explore how Verma's stories stand at the confluence of “native” and “Western” sensibilities.
Las Lenguas de Signos españolas: su necesaria presencia en el debate social y doctrinal sobre la reforma de la Constitución española
Authors: Belda Pérez-Pedrero Enrique
Published: August 2016

Resumen:La lengua de signos es una lengua natural, de uso principal o preferente, de personas que viven en España y gozan de la ciudadanía española. Si el resto de las lenguas que se hablan en este Estado disfruta de mención constitucional, carece de sentido que no se otorgue el mismo trato a la lengua de signos. Para ello se precisa una reforma de la Constitución en el art. 3.2. Reflejando al máximo nivel normativo la realidad de uso de la lengua de signos, se efectúa una remoción de obstáculos para la integración de las personas sordas y sordociegas, y se previenen afecciones a la igualdad en este grupo humano susceptible de discriminación.Abstract:Sign language is a common lenguage, of main or preferent use by individuals living in Spain and enjoying Spanish citizenship. Given that the rest of the lenguages spoken in the State are mentioned in the Constitution, it is non sense that same treatement is not accorded to sign language. For this to be solved, it is necessary to reform article 3.2 of the Constitution. Thus, placing at the highest legal level the reality of sign language, obstacles to integration of deaf and deaf-blind persons are removed and infingements to equality of this group —very sensitive to discrimination— are prevented. Summary:1. Introduction. 2. A proposal of constitutional reform. 3. Disabilityprotection rules in general, and of the sign language in particular. 4.Sign Language as element worthy of express constitutional mention.5. The specific location of sign language in the Constitution and theeffects of their constitutionalization. 6. The reform proposal refersto all the spanish signs languages. 7. The process of constitutionalreform for the proposal. 8. Conclusions. 9. Bibliography.
Forensic Identification of Suspected Poached Wild Boar (Sus scrofa affinis)
Authors: Patil Sunil kumar , Shambhulingappa Y.B. , Maheshkumar S. , Jamuna K.V. , Ramkrishna V.
Published: August 2016

A case of suspected wild boar death due to dynamite blast by poachers was received by us for confirmation. The skin sample was collected and examined histologically for identification based on hair follicle arrangement in the horizontal section of skin. The horizontal sections of skin from both domestic and wild boar was stained in order to study the distribution of hair follicles. Linear arrangement of hair follicles comprising three primary follicles in a row was observed in both domestic and suspected wild boar. Based on circumstantial evidence it was concluded that it may be belonging to wild boar.
Uloga porodice u liječenju bolesnika sa shizofrenijom
Authors: Stojcic Vladimir
Published: August 2016

Uvod. Uključenost porodice u liječenje bolesnika je značajno, jer utiče natroškove i ishod oboljenja. Cilj rada je ispitati kolika je uključenost i podrškaporodice u liječenju pacijenata oboljelih od shizofrenije.Metode. Uzorak je činilo 100 bolesnika sa dijagnozom shizofrenije koji suliječeni u JZU „Sveti apostol Luka“ u Doboju. Uključeni su pacijenti oba polastariji od 18 godina, od kojih 39 žena. Pacijenti su izabrani metodom slučajnogizbora. Kriterijum za uključivanje je bila dijagnoza shizofrenije postavljenaod strane psihijatra. Za studiju je dizajniran upitnik koji omogućava uvid usociodemografske podatke, dužinu, način liječenja, uključenost i podrškučlanova porodice tokom liječenja.Rezultati. Među ispitanim bolesnicima 42% se nikada nije ženilo, 21% je bilorazvedenih, a 31% u braku. Iz grupe razvedenih, 7/21 bolesnika je imalo prekotri komorbiditeta, dok je kod onih u braku komorbiditet imalo 3/31 bolesnika.Najčešći komorbiditet je bila hipertenzija (25 bolesnika) i hiperlipidemija (16bolesnika). Proporcionalno veći broj razvednih bolesnika je hospitalizovan dvaili tri puta (7/22) u odnosu na one u braku (4/37). Stalna saradnja porodice ibolesnika postojala je kod 28%, povremena kod 32%, slaba kod 28%, a nikakvakod 14% bolesnika. Bolesnici kod kojih je saradnja sa porodicom slaba ili nijepostojala imali su veći broj hospitalizacija (15/42 preko tri hospitalizacije) odonih čije su porodice sarađivale u liječenju (7/58 preko tri hospitalizacije).Zaključak. Kod manje od jedne trećine ispitanih bolesnika sa shizofrenijompostojala je stalna saradnja porodice u liječenju. Liječenje bolesnika bez podrške,saradnje i uključenosti članova porodice je povezano sa češćim pogoršanjimai hospitalizacijama.
Komorbiditeti kod oboljelih od reumatoidnog artritisa
Authors: Radić Ivan , Prodanović Verica
Published: August 2016

Uvod. Reumatoidni artritis je sistemsko, autoimunsko oboljenje koje dovodido deformacija i destrukcija zglobova, smanjujući radnu sposobnost oboljelogi značajno utičući na kvalitet života. Bolest u oko 80% bolesnika počinje postepeno,a klinički se ispolji nakon neke infekcije, tjelesne ili psihičke traume,ili porođaja. Komorbiditeti (pridružena oboljenja) nisu rijetki kod bolesnikasa reumatoidnim artritisom, pa prosječno kod pojedinog bolesnika sa reumatoidnimartritisom postoji 1,6 komorbiditeta. Cilj istraživanja je ispitivanjeučestalosti pridruženih bolesti kod bolesnika sa reumatoidnim artritisom, kaoi promjene te učestalosti tokom jednogodišnjeg praćenja.Metode. Istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno 50 bolesnika sa reumatoidnim artritisomkoji su liječeni ambulantno i hospitalno na području Hercegovine. Dijagnozaje postavljena prema revidiranim kriterijumima Američkog udruženja reumatologaiz 1987. godine.Rezultati. Među bolesnicima liječenim od reumatoidnog artritisa bilo jeviše žena (74%) nego muškaraca (20%). Prosječna starosna dob žena bilaje 55,6±12,6 godina, a muškaraca 58,1±11,2 godine. Najveći broj ispitanika(26%) oboljelih od reumatoidnog artritisa imalo je kardiovaskularne bolesti(hipertenzija, angina pektoris, valvularne bolesti srca), 12% ispitanika bolestiendokrinog sistema (diabetes mellitus i bolesti štitaste žlijezde) i 4% ispitanikabolesti gastrointestinalnog trakta. Tokom praćenja povećavala se učestalostsvih komorbiditeta.Zaključak. Visok procenat bolesnika sa reumatoidnim artritisom ima pridruženaoboljenja među kojima svojom učestalošću prednjače bolesti kardiovaskularnogsistema.
A new motor synergy that serves the needs of oculomotor and eye lid systems while keeping the downtime of vision minimal
Authors: Khazali Mohammad Farhan , Pomper Joern K , Smilgin Aleksandra , Bunjes Friedemann , Thier Peter
Published: August 2016

The purpose of blinks is to keep the eyes hydrated and to protect them. Blinks are rarely noticed by the subject as blink-induced alterations of visual input are blanked out without jeopardizing the perception of visual continuity, features blinks share with saccades. Although not perceived, the blink-induced disconnection from the visual environment leads to a loss of information. Therefore there is critical need to minimize it. Here we demonstrate evidence for a new type of eye movement serving a distinct oculomotor demand, namely the resetting of eye torsion, likewise inevitably causing a loss of visual information. By integrating this eye movement into blinks, the inevitable down times of vision associated with each of the two behaviors are synchronized and the overall downtime minimized.
Overexpression of OsMYB1R1–VP64 fusion protein increases grain yield in rice by delaying flowering time
Authors: Wang Jiachang , Wu Fuqing , Zhu Shanshan , Xu Yang , Cheng Zhijun , Wang Jiulin , Li Chaonan , Sheng Peike , Zhang Huan , Cai Maohong , Guo Xiuping , Zhang Xin , Wang Chunming , Wan Jianmin
Published: August 2016

VP64 is widely used as a transcriptional activator to investigate the biological function of genes, but its potential for application in genetic improvement of crops has not been fully investigated. Here, we characterized an OsMYB1R1–VP64 fusion protein that enhanced the grain yield of rice cultivar ‘Kita‐ake’ by 35%. OsMYB1R1–VP64 regulated grain yield of transgenic plants mainly by extending the vegetative growth stage. Further analysis indicated that OsMYB1R1–VP64 delayed flowering by down‐regulating expression of Heading date 3a (Hd3a) and RICE FLOWERING LOCUST 1 (RFT1) through repression of Early heading date 1 (Ehd1). The expression pattern of OsMYB1R1 was constitutive and rhythmically controlled. OsMYB1R1 protein had transcriptional activation activity and was localized to the nucleus. Our findings suggest that the OsMYB1R1–VP64 construct can be used to increase grain yield in rice.
Low‐frequency Pliocene climate variability in the eastern Nordic Seas
Authors: Risebrobakken Bjørg , Andersson Carin , De Schepper Stijn , McClymont Erin L.
Published: August 2016

The Pliocene (5.3–2.6 Ma) is often described as a relatively stable climatic period, with warm temperatures characterizing high latitudes. New suborbital resolved stable isotope records from Ocean Drilling Program Hole 642B in the eastern Nordic Seas document that the Pliocene was not a stable period characterized by one climate. Rather, seven distinct climate phases, each lasting between 150,000 and 400,000 years, are identified and characterized in the time interval 5.1–3.1 Ma. Four of the transitions between the defined climate phases occurred close to an eccentricity minimum and a minimum in amplitude of change for Northern Hemisphere summer insolation, while two occurred around an eccentricity maximum and a maximum in amplitude in insolation change. Hence, a low‐frequency response of the Nordic Seas to insolation forcing is indicated. In addition, paleogeographic and related paleoceanographic changes, expansion of the Arctic sea ice cover, and onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciation were important factors behind the evolving Pliocene low‐frequency variability in the eastern Nordic Seas. It is likely that the identified climate phases and transitions are important beyond the Nordic Seas, due to their association with changes to both insolation and paleogeography. However, a strong and variable degree of diagenetic calcite overgrowth is documented for the planktic foraminifera, especially influencing the planktic δ18O results; the absolute values and amplitude of change cannot be taken at face value.
Upper limit of electron fluxes generated by kinetic Alfvén waves in Maxwellian plasma
Authors: Artemyev A. V. , Rankin R. , Vasko I. Y.
Published: August 2016

We consider electron acceleration by kinetic Alfvén waves in the equatorial inner magnetosphere and plasma sheet boundary layer. The competition between the accelerating effect of the wave parallel electric field and mirror force acting on particles in an inhomogeneous background magnetic field generates an effective potential well where electrons can be trapped and accelerated. We compare energy variations of trapped and transient resonant electrons and show that these variations almost compensate each other. Thus, energy provided to waves by transient particles is transferred to trapped particles. This effect allows waves accelerate trapped electrons without being significantly damped. Using energy balance equations, we estimate the maximum flux of electrons accelerated via trapping into Landau resonance with kinetic Alfvén waves. For a wide range of system parameters (i.e., ion to electron temperature ratio, magnetic field amplitude, and wave number and wave frequency), acceleration of trapped electrons can generate fluxes with amplitude about 5–25% of the background thermal fluxes. We determine parametric regions for the most efficient acceleration.
Improving the Property–Function Tuning Range of Thiophene Materials via Facile Synthesis of Oligo/Polythiophene‐S‐Oxides and Mixed Oligo/Polythiophene‐S‐Oxides/Oligo/Polythiophene‐S,S‐Dioxides
Authors: Di Maria Francesca , Zangoli Mattia , Palamá Ilaria Elena , Fabiano Eduardo , Zanelli Alberto , Monari Magda , Perinot Andrea , Caironi Mario , Maiorano Vincenzo , Maggiore Antonio , Pugliese Marco , Salatelli Elisabetta , Gigli Giuseppe , Viola Ilenia , Barbarella Giovanna
Published: August 2016

A platform is described for the first time for the facile synthesis of oligo‐ and polythiophene‐S‐oxides and the corresponding ‐S,S‐dioxides in short times, mild conditions, high yields. Employing ultrasound assistance, brominated thiophenes are selectively mono‐ or dioxygenated at room temperature. These building blocks are then combined with metalated thiophenes via microwave‐assisted cross‐coupling reactions through a “Lego‐like” strategy to afford unprecedented oligo/polythiophene‐S‐oxides and mixed ‐S‐oxides/‐S,S‐dioxides. It is demonstrated that depending on the number, type, and sequence alternation of nonoxygenated, monooxygenated, and dioxygenated thiophene units a very wide property–function tuning can be achieved spanning from frontier orbital energies and energy gaps, to charge transport characteristics and supramolecular H‐bonding interactions with specific proteins inside live cells.
Challenges in Liquid‐Phase Exfoliation, Processing, and Assembly of Pristine Graphene
Authors: Parviz Dorsa , Irin Fahmida , Shah Smit A. , Das Sriya , Sweeney Charles B. , Green Micah J.
Published: August 2016

Recent developments in the exfoliation, dispersion, and processing of pristine graphene (i.e., non‐oxidized graphene) are described. General metrics are outlined that can be used to assess the quality and processability of various “graphene” products, as well as metrics that determine the potential for industrial scale‐up. The pristine graphene production process is categorized from a chemical engineering point of view with three key steps: i) pretreatment, ii) exfoliation, and iii) separation. How pristine graphene colloidal stability is distinct from the exfoliation step and is dependent upon graphene interactions with solvents and dispersants are extensively reviewed. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of using pristine graphene as nanofillers in polymer composites, as well as as building blocks for macrostructure assemblies are summarized in the context of large‐scale production.
Architecting Nitrogen Functionalities on Graphene Oxide Photocatalysts for Boosting Hydrogen Production in Water Decomposition Process
Authors: Chen Liang‐Che , Teng Chiao‐Yi , Lin Chun‐Yu , Chang Hsin‐Yu , Chen Shean‐Jen , Teng Hsisheng
Published: August 2016

This study elucidates how nitrogen functionalities influence the transition and transfer of photogenerated electrons in graphene‐based materials. Graphene oxide dots (GODs) and Nitrogen‐doped GODs (NGODs) are synthesized by thermally treating graphene oxide (GO) sheets in argon and ammonia, respectively, and then ultrasonically exfoliating the sheets in nitric acid. The nitrogen functionalities of NGODs are mainly quaternary/pyridinic/pyrrolic, and the nitrogen atoms in these functionalities are planar to the GO sheets and repair the vacancy defects on the sheets. Hydrothermal treatment of NGODs in ammonia yields ammonia‐treated NGODs (A‐NGODs), with some pyridinic/pyrrolic groups being converted to amino/amide groups. The nitrogen atoms in the amino/amide groups are not planar to the GO sheets and are prone to donate their lone pair electrons to resonantly conjugate with the aromatic π electrons. The promoted conjugation facilitates the relaxation of photogenerated electrons to the triplet states and prolongs the electron lifetime. When deposited with Pt as the co‐catalyst, the samples catalyze H2 production from an aqueous triethanolamine solution under 420 nm monochromatic irradiation at quantum yields of 7.3% (GODs), 9.7% (NGODs), and 21% (A‐NGODs). The high activity of A‐NGODs demonstrates that architecting nitrogen functionalities effectively mediate charge motion in carbon‐based materials for application to photoenergy conversion.
Die Erhaltung nativer Proteinstrukturen unter Ausschluss von Lösungsmittel: eine Untersuchung mit Hilfe der Kombination von Ionenmobilität mit Spektroskopie
Authors: Seo Jongcheol , Hoffmann Waldemar , Warnke Stephan , Bowers Michael T. , Pagel Kevin , von Helden Gert
Published: August 2016

Kann die Struktur kleinerer bis mittelgroßer Proteine beim Übergang aus der Lösung in die Gasphase bewahrt werden? Zwar haben sich eine Vielzahl von Studien dieser Frage gewidmet, jedoch steht eine eindeutige Antwort noch aus. Die Klärung dieses Problems ist gleichwohl wichtig, denn davon hängt es ab, ob die empfindlichen Methoden der nativen Massenspektrometrie Probleme der Strukturbiologie adressieren können. Mithilfe einer Kombination aus Ionenmobilitäts‐Massenspektrometrie und Infrarotspektroskopie untersuchen wir sowohl Sekundär‐ als auch Tertiärstruktur von Proteinen, die unter milden Bedingungen aus der Lösung in die Gasphase gebracht werden. In dieser Studie wurden die Moleküle Myoglobin und β‐Lactoglobulin untersucht, die prototypische Beispiele für helikale bzw. β‐Faltblatt‐reiche Proteine sind. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass für niedrige Ladungszustände und unter sanften Bedingungen Aspekte der nativen Sekundär‐ und Tertiärstuktur bewahrt werden können.
Electromagnetic interference shielding properties of PEDOT/PSS–halloysite nanotube (HNTs) hybrid films
Authors: Luo Shi‐Jun , Zhang Ping , Mei Yin‐Ang , Chang Jun‐Biao , Yan Hu
Published: August 2016

Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4‐styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS) films hybridized with halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) were for the first time investigated for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. The hybridization of the HNTs induced EMI properties for the pristine PEDOT/PSS films, and the content of the HNTs in the hybrid films significantly influenced the EMI properties of the hybrid films. The highest EMI shielding effectiveness of the hybrid film is −16.3 dB in the measured frequency range from 2 to 13 GHz for the PEDOT/PSS film hybridized with 75% HNTs, using a sample with 4.5 mm thick. The contribution of EMI shielding effectiveness in the hybrid films is mainly due to dielectric loss rather than magnetic loss. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44242.
Building on the Ccr4‐Not architecture
Authors: Villanyi Zoltan , Collart Martine A.
Published: August 2016

In a recent issue of Nature Communications Ukleja and co‐workers reported a cryo‐EM 3D reconstruction of the Ccr4‐Not complex from Schizosaccharomyces pombe with an immunolocalization of the different subunits. The newly gained architectural knowledge provides cues to apprehend the functional diversity of this major eukaryotic regulator. Indeed, in the cytoplasm alone, Ccr4‐Not regulates translational repression, decapping and deadenylation, and the Not module additionally plays a positive role in translation. The spatial distribution of the subunits within the structure is compatible with a model proposing that the Ccr4‐Not complex interacts with the 5′ and 3′ ends of target mRNAs, allowing different functional modules of the complex to act at different stages of the translation process, possibly within a circular constellation of the mRNA. This work opens new avenues, and reveals important gaps in our understanding regarding structure and mode of function of the Ccr4‐Not complex that need to be addressed in the future.
Co-morbidity after oesophageal cancer surgery and recovery of health-related quality of life
Authors: Backemar L , Wikman A , Djärv T , Johar A , Lagergren P
Published: August 2016

Background

Although health-related quality of life (HRQoL) recovers after surgery for oesophageal cancer in most long-term survivors, one in seven patients experiences a deterioration in HRQoL for reasons yet unknown. The aim of this study was to assess whether co-morbidities diagnosed after surgery influence recovery of HRQoL.

Methods

Patients who underwent surgery for cancer of the oesophagus or gastro-oesophageal junction in Sweden between 2001 and 2005 were included. HRQoL was assessed by means of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30 and QLQ-OES18 questionnaires. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used to assess mean differences in HRQoL scores between three co-morbidity status groups (healthy, stable and increased) over time. Probabilities of deterioration in HRQoL were calculated based on marginal probabilities from logistic regression models.

Results

At 5 years' follow-up, 153 (24·8 per cent) of 616 patients were alive and 137 responded to at least two of three questionnaires. The healthy and increased co-morbidity groups showed deterioration in almost all aspects of HRQoL at 6 months after surgery compared with baseline. The increased co-morbidity group also deteriorated in several aspects from 3 to 5 years after surgery. Patients with an increase in co-morbidity did not have a significantly increased probability of deterioration in HRQoL over time compared with healthy or stable patients, except with respect to cognitive function, loss of appetite, choking and coughing.

Conclusion

Patients with an increase in co-morbidities after oesophagectomy experience long-term deterioration in HRQoL.
The histological characteristics and clinical outcomes of lung cancer in patients with combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema
Authors: Zhang Meng , Yoshizawa Akihiko , Kawakami Satoshi , Asaka Shiho , Yamamoto Hiroshi , Yasuo Masanori , Agatsuma Hiroyuki , Toishi Masayuki , Shiina Takayuki , Yoshida Kazuo , Honda Takayuki , Ito Ken‐ichi
Published: August 2016

Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) is an important risk factor for lung cancer (LC), because most patients with CPFE are smokers. However, the histological characteristics of LC in patients with CPFE (LC‐CPFE) remain unclear. We conducted this study to explore the clinicopathological characteristics of LC‐CPFE. We retrospectively reviewed data from 985 patients who underwent resection for primary LC, and compared the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with LC‐CPFE and non‐CPFE LC. We identified 72 cases of LC‐CPFE, which were significantly associated with squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) histology (n = 46, P < 0.001) and higher tumor grade (n = 44, P < 0.001), compared to non‐CPFE LC. Most LC‐CPFE lesions were contiguous with fibrotic areas around the tumor (n = 59, 81.9%), and this association was independent of tumor location. Furthermore, dysplastic epithelium was identified in the fibrotic area for 31 (52.5%) LC‐CPFE lesions. Moreover, compared to patients with pulmonary fibrosis alone in the non‐CPFE group (n = 31), patients with CPFE were predominantly male (P = 0.008) and smokers (P < 0.001), with LC‐CPFE predominantly exhibiting SqCC histology (P = 0.010) and being contiguous with the tumor‐associated fibrotic areas (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that CPFE was an independent predictor of overall survival (hazard ratio: 1.734; 95% confidence interval: 1.060–2.791; P = 0.028). Our results indicate that LC‐CPFE has a distinct histological phenotype, can arise from the dysplastic epithelium in the fibrotic area around the tumor, and is associated with poor survival outcomes.
Do more with less? No. Do more with more: Try these creative budget ideas
Authors: Zacarese Lawrence M.
Published: August 2016

Anyone who has been around higher education, including both public and private institutions, for even a short time has heard the expression at some point, “We really need it, but we just don't have any money in the budget.” The “it” can take a variety of forms. People. Overtime funding. Equipment. The list goes on and on. The struggle with limited sources of funding is not reserved for colleges and universities based on size, location, or academic mission. It seems that everywhere there are fiscal challenges, and the question is not necessarily if they will happen, but rather how we as administrators will deal with them to accomplish the goals we are trying to meet.
Handbook provides latest safety and security reporting guidelines
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: August 2016

Meeting federal requirements for complying with the Jeanne Clery Disclosure of Campus Security Policy Act and other Higher Education Act safety and security reporting requirements is a critical part of your job. The U.S. Department of Education Office of Postsecondary Education has released The Handbook for Campus Safety and Security Reporting: 2016 Edition to provide guidance for this task.
In vitro Activities of Pfaffia glomerata Root Extract, Its Hydrolyzed Fractions and Pfaffic Acid Against Trypanosoma cruzi Trypomastigotes
Authors: Silva Márcio L. A. e , Pereira Ana C. , Ferreira Daniele S. , Esperandim Viviane R. , Símaro Guilherme V. , Lima Thaís C. , Januário Ana H. , Pauletti Patrícia M. , Rehder Vera L. G. , Crevelin Eduardo J. , Cunha Wilson R. , Crotti Antônio E. M. , Bastos Jairo K.
Published: August 2016

This article reports on the in vitro activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of Pfaffia glomerata roots, its hydrolyzed fractions, and pfaffic acid against Trypanosoma cruzi. The hydroalcoholic extract obtained from dried, milled P. glomerata roots was submitted to acid hydrolysis followed by partition with CHCl3. The concentrated CHCl3 fraction was suspended in MeOH/H2O and partitioned with hexane (F1), CHCl3 (F2), and AcOEt (F3), in this sequence. The trypanocidal activity of the hydrolyzed extract and its fractions was evaluated in vitro. The hydroalcoholic extract displayed low activity, but fraction F1 was active against trypomastigotes of the Y strain of T. cruzi, with IC50 = 47.89 μg/ml. The steroids campesterol (7.7%), stigmasterol (18.7%), β‐sitosterol (16.8%), Δ7‐stigmastenol (4.6%), and Δ7‐spinasterol (7.5%) were the major constituents of F1, along with fatty acid esters (7.6%) and eight aliphatic hydrocarbons (30.1%). Fractions F2 and F3 exhibited moderate activity, and pfaffic acid, one of the main chemical constituents of these fractions, displayed IC50 = 44.78 μm (21.06 μg/ml). On the other hand, the hydroalcoholic extract of P. glomerata roots, which is rich in pfaffosides, was inactive. Therefore, the main aglycone of pfaffosides, pfaffic acid, is much more active against trypomastigotes of the Y strain of T. cruzi than its corresponding glycosides and should be further investigated.
Clinical outcomes after PCI treatment of very long lesions with the XIENCE V everolimus eluting stent; Pooled analysis from the SPIRIT and XIENCE V USA prospective multicenter trials
Authors: Bouras Georgios , Jhamnani Sunny , Ng Vivian G. , Haimi Ido , Mao Vivian , Deible Regina , Cao Sherry , Sudhir Krishnankutty , Lansky Alexandra J.
Published: August 2016

Background

Lesion length has been an important factor in predicting a worse outcome after percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI); however, the safety and efficacy of second‐generation drug eluting stents in very long coronary lesions has not been validated in large scale randomized controlled trials.

Methods

We performed a patient level pooled analysis of 13,266 patients undergoing planned overlapping stent treatment of very long coronary lesions with the XIENCE V everolimus eluting coronary stent system from 6 trials evaluating the XIENCE V stent (Spirit II, III, IV, V, Spirit Small Vessel and XIENCE V USA). Patients were divided into two cohorts, a very long lesion (VLL) group (lesions ≥35 mm) and a control group (lesions >24 to <35 mm). The primary outcome measures were Target Lesion Failure (TLF), Major Adverse Cardiac Events (MACE), and Academic Research Consortium (ARC) defined definite and probable stent thrombosis at 1 year.

Results

A total of 13,266 patients were included in the pooled analysis of which 2.4% (323 patients with 328 total lesions) had a mean lesion length of 47.1 ± 13.7 mm in the VLL group which were compared to controls comprised of 3.6% of the cohort (482 patients with 500 total lesions) with mean lesion length of 28.1 ± 2.4 mm.There was no significant difference in the rates of TLF between the VVL and control groups (8.9 vs. 10%, P = 0.63), MACE (9.2 vs. 10%, P = 0.74) or stent thrombosis (1.6 vs. 1.5%, P = 0.92) at 1 year.

Conclusions

In the treatment of very long coronary lesions, the XIENCE V stent appears as safe and effective as percutaneous coronary interventions for long lesions. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Studies on the Magnetic Ground State of a Spin Möbius Strip
Authors: Newton Graham N. , Hoshino Norihisa , Matsumoto Takuto , Shiga Takuya , Nakano Motohiro , Nojiri Hiroyuki , Wernsdorfer Wolfgang , Furukawa Yuji , Oshio Hiroki
Published: August 2016

Here we report the synthesis, structure and detailed characterisation of three n‐membered oxovanadium rings, Nan[(V=O)nNan(H2O)n(α, β, or γ‐CD)2]⋅m H2O (n=6, 7, or 8), prepared by the reactions of (V=O)SO4⋅x H2O with α, β, or γ‐cyclodextrins (CDs) and NaOH in water. Their alternating heterometallic vanadium/sodium cyclic core structures were sandwiched between two CD moieties such that O‐Na‐O groups separated the neighbouring vanadyl ions. Antiferromagnetic interactions between the S=1/2 vanadyl ions led to S=0 ground states for the even‐membered rings, but to two quasi‐degenerate S=1/2 states for the spin‐frustrated heptanuclear cluster.
Nucleophilic and Electrophilic Activation of Non‐Heteroaromatic Amides in Atom‐Economical Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Kumagai Naoya , Shibasaki Masakatsu
Published: August 2016

Recent advances in catalytic asymmetric carbon–carbon bond‐forming reactions of non‐heteroaromatic amide substrates are highlighted. Among carbonyl compounds, amides have received limited attention in catalytic asymmetric transformations mainly owing to their lower reactivity. Amides are reluctant to form enolates for nucleophilic addition, and α,β‐unsaturated amides exhibit diminished electrophilicity at the β‐carbon. Recent advances in asymmetric catalysis rendered these amides amenable to enantioselective reactions with perfect atom economy, producing synthetically useful chiral building blocks. This Minireview summarizes recent developments in the field.
Beyond Chemoselectivity: Catalytic Site‐Selective Aldolization of Diketones and Exploitation for Enantioselective Alzheimer's Drug Candidate Synthesis
Authors: Nugent Thomas C. , Najafian Foad Tehrani , Hussein Hussein Ali El Damrany , Hussain Ishtiaq
Published: August 2016

Site selectivity, differentiating instances of the same functional group type on one substrate, represents a forward‐looking theme within chemistry: reduced dependence on protection/deprotection protocols for increased overall yield and step‐efficiency. Despite these potential benefits and the expanded tactical advantages afforded to synthetic design, site selectivity remains elusive and especially so for ketone‐based substrates. Herein, site‐selective intermolecular mono‐aldolization has been demonstrated for an array of prochiral 4‐keto‐substituted cyclohexanones with concomitant regio‐, diastereo‐, and enantiocontrol. Importantly, the aldol products allow rapid access to molecularly complex ketolactones or keto‐1,3‐diols, respectively containing three and four stereogenic centers. The reaction conditions are of immediate practical value and general enough to be applicable to other reaction types. These findings are applied in the first enantioselective, formal, synthesis of a leading Alzheimer's research drug, a γ‐secretase modulator (GSM), in the highest known yield.