bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uganda
Authors: Lloyd Robert B. , Haussman Melissa , James Patrick
Published: September 2019

This chapter describes and analyzes how religion affects the provision and consumption of health services in Uganda. This is addressed by examining the political, economic, health, and religious contexts of the Uganda, reviewing existing research on religion and health care in Uganda, and presenting the results of interviews conducted by researchers. Interview material is organized into subsections corresponding to the general importance of religion, religion and health provision, religion and health-seeking behaviour, traditional and spiritual healing, and an evaluation of the role of religion in health care. This chapter also focuses on outcomes, evaluating evidence about religious determinants of health in terms of processes (conveyed by interviewees) and outcomes (in the context of the Millennium Development Goals).
Conclusion
Authors: Lloyd Robert B. , Haussman Melissa , James Patrick
Published: September 2019

This chapter concludes the study of the role of religion in health-care processes and outcomes. The results of Uganda, Mozambique, and Ethiopia underscore the critical importance of religion concerning the provision and consumption of health care. Results affirm the frame of reference offered by the Social Determinants of Health about processes. Faith-inspired organizations are important, even essential, in health care. Health seeking behaviour is impacted upon by a holistic mindset that views physical and mental health as intertwined. Africans thus pursue health care in a rational way, with an openness to and even preference for faith-based provision. A review of gendered health outcomes, centered around the Millennium Development Goals, reveals clear progress in meeting goals.
Introduction: Understanding super-diversity in deprived and mixed neighbourhoods
Authors: Oosterlynck Stijn , Verschraegen Gert , van Kempen Ronald
Published: September 2019

This introductory chapter provides an overview of super-diversity. Contemporary cities have seen an increasing diversity of migration in terms of countries of origin, ethnic groups, languages and religions, gender, age profiles, and labour market experiences. Complex migration and asylum regimes have further contributed to the process of diversification through the multiplication of immigration legal statuses (civic stratification). Super-diversity has become especially apparent in cities that are designated as ‘global cities’, on the basis of their ability to draw heterogeneous people from all parts of the world. This book is thus concerned with the question of how urbanites from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds, occupying different socioeconomic positions, speaking different languages and often with different legal statuses, can make a common life together in their city or neighbourhood.
Who are the strangers? Neighbour relations in socially and ethnically heterogeneous residential buildings in Geneva
Authors: Felder Maxime
Published: September 2019

This chapter investigates the complex relation between interest and indifference and separation and exposure between neighbours in four socially and ethnically heterogeneous buildings in the Swiss city of Geneva. It draws an important distinction between not knowing someone personally but being familiar and not knowing of someone's existence. From this analysis, it seems that good neighbours do not need to be ‘like us’ as long as they are friendly and do not threaten one's interests and privacy. Still, the combination of physical proximity and lack of acquaintance makes neighbours into strangers. Urbanites deal with their life among strangers and the incomplete knowledge they have of their neighbours with a back-and-forth movement between normalising and fantasising. In this way, urban residents balance their need for normality with their attraction to strangeness and diversity.
Experiencing diversity in London: Social relations in a rapidly changing neighbourhood
Authors: Kesten Jamie , de Souza Tatiana Moreira
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses how residents of the London Borough of Haringey perceive the ethnic and socioeconomic diversity of their local neighbourhood. The positive perceptions of neighbourhood diversity of Haringey residents revolve mainly around the opportunities for new experiences and greater levels of tolerance, understanding, and comfort, and access to more diverse places of consumption. The chapter then assesses the extent to which positive perceptions of diversity translate into meaningful and sustained practice across lines of difference. For the majority of the Haringey residents, relations with their neighbours are ‘pleasantly minimal’, and they choose to visit spaces run or attended by people with similar characteristics. Neighbourhood diversity is a natural part of everyday life for the residents, but this typically only extends as far as the public sphere. In the private sphere, the networks and activities of most residents are far more insular than perhaps their perceptions of diversity would suggest.
Beyond the middle classes: Neighbourhood choice and satisfaction in the hyper-diverse contexts1
Authors: Tersteeg Anouk K. , Albeda Ympkje
Published: September 2019

This chapter studies neighbourhood choice and satisfaction, more specifically what attracts people to diverse and deprived urban areas, and how perceptions of local diversity play a role in this. The importance of diversity for neighbourhood choice and satisfaction has hardly been studied among non-middle-class residents. The chapter then presents a qualitative study of neighbourhood choice and satisfaction among residents of different social classes in highly diverse and disadvantaged neighbourhoods in Antwerp (Belgium) and Rotterdam (the Netherlands). The primary motive for choosing to live in a diverse neighbourhood is the availability of affordable housing. For poor residents and migrants, the presence of family and friends in the neighbourhood is also an important motive. Only for some interviewees, mostly of minority ethnic backgrounds, neighbourhood ethnic diversity is an important factor for their neighbourhood choice, mainly because they prefer to live in neighbourhoods that are not dominated by a majority group.
Childhood Experiences of Separation and Divorce
Authors: Kay-Flowers Susan
Published: September 2019

Using innovative, participatory research methods, this book offers new insights into the issues surrounding parental separation or divorce from the unique perspective, and retrospectives, of young adults. As they look back on their childhood, their views provide valuable insights into how children experience and accommodate their parents’ separation. Drawing on the qualitative research findings, Kay-Flowers develops a new framework to provide a useful analytical tool for academics and practitioners working with children and families to make sense of young people’s experiences and puts forward suggestions for improving support for children in the future.
Constructing a new framework for understanding children’s accommodation of parental separation
Authors: Kay-Flowers Susan
Published: September 2019

This chapter shows how responses to the question which asked respondents how they felt about their childhood experience as they looked back now were categorised according to the level of satisfaction (Continuum 1) and level of acceptance (Continuum 2) they expressed. Where these coincided, a respondent’s level of accommodation of parental separation could be determined according to whether they showed a high, medium or low level of accommodation. Where they did not their account was seen to ‘lack continuity’. These levels became the central category for analysis of respondents’ accounts enabling aspects and clusters of experience influencing their level of accommodation to be identified. A range of factors and common experiences were identified allowing a new framework for understanding children’s accommodation of parental separation and post separation changes to be constructed. The framework is explained in the chapter and readers are guided in how it can be interpreted to aid understanding of children’s experience.
Setting the context for the framework: emotions
Authors: Kay-Flowers Susan
Published: September 2019

This chapter provides the context for understanding children’s experiences by describing their initial emotional responses on finding out their parents were separating. Children’s age at the time of separation influenced their awareness and ability to understand what was happening in their family, to make sense of events, therefore responses are reported according to their age at the time their parents’ separation. The following groupings are used: early years (0-4 years), middle childhood (5-8 years), late childhood (9-12 years), teenage years (13-16 years) and late teenage years (17-20 years). Children described a range of emotions including feeling sad, shocked, upset, confused sometimes angry and frustrated. Emotional responses were often tinged with anxiety about what would happen next particularly among those in late childhood or when facing transitions in their own lives such as studying for GCSEs or starting university.
Communication
Authors: Kay-Flowers Susan
Published: September 2019

This chapter focuses on the quality of communication parents had with their children during the separation and when making post-separation arrangements. The quality of parents’ communication with their children was assessed by examining accounts to establish when children learned about their parents’ separation, who told them and whether when post separation changes happened, their views were taken into account. Accounts were scrutinised for any evidence of contact with their non resident parent having taken place post separation. The chapter focuses on three specific areas: children learning about the separation in advance, having their views taken into account in post separation changes and not having their views taken into account. These factors enabled the impact the quality of parental communication had on respondents’ levels of accommodation of post separation changes to be assessed. Experiences varied widely, with some children given explanations about what was happening and feeling included in decisions about post separation arrangements and others receiving little or no explanation, and having to make sense of the situation themselves.
Future directions
Authors: Kay-Flowers Susan
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores ways in which practitioners might use the framework to support children experiencing parental separation and issues relating to post separation changes. Set within the context of what young adults had to say about whom they might like to have talked to about their parents’ separation and the information that would have been useful to them at the time, consideration is given to who might be best placed to support children in educational settings, schools and universities, and how they might best be supported. Attention is also given to how the framework might be used in work with parents to encourage a deeper understanding of how their actions, responses and decisions about arrangements can promote a higher level of accommodation of parental separation for their children. It concludes by highlighting the need for professional dialogue with practitioners to explore ways in which the framework could be used in their practice.
Introduction
Authors: Bloomer Fiona , Pierson Claire , Claudio Sylvia Estrada
Published: September 2019

This chapter contextualised the politicisation of abortion and sets out the significant gap in the synthesis of the literature examining global trends in abortion politics and the need for a critical, comparative analysis of contemporary issues within the global north and south. The authors each provide a personal perspective on their motivations to write about abortion politics.
The biomedicalisation of abortion
Authors: Bloomer Fiona , Pierson Claire , Claudio Sylvia Estrada
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses the development of the bio-medicalisation of abortion. Recent history reveals the key role played by pharmaceutical companies in the development of a medication to induce abortion (Mifepristone) and how localised knowledge amongst women identified the abortifacient properties of a second medication (Misoprostol). Whilst the bio-medicalisation of abortion was initially hailed as a way to put women at the centre of the process, its implementation was not without problems. The impact of commercial pressures on pharmaceutical companies is discussed, as well as challenges faced by those accessing the medication without adequate information on dosage and usage. The case study of Brazil highlights the hugely significant role played by women in communities experiencing multiple barriers to accessing abortion, sharing knowledge about medication which having been developed for other purposes, became known for its abortifacient purposes. The impact of the Zika virus in 2015 highlights how severe inadequacies within reproductive health policy affected women and their families. The chapter concludes by considering the impact of the bio-medicalisation on health professionals and the changing dynamic in the relationship between clinician and the woman seeking an abortion.
International interventions
Authors: Bloomer Fiona , Pierson Claire , Claudio Sylvia Estrada
Published: September 2019

International organisations play a role in challenging restricted access to abortion in national contexts. This chapter considers the use of human rights treaties and an analysis of how access to reproductive health is impacted in situations of conflict and humanitarian crisis. The role of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), is considered with reference to the case study of the Philippines. This case study illustrates how access to contraception provided a driver for legal action in a setting where access to abortion was severely restricted and how a post abortion care policy has provided an alternative way to deal with unsafe abortion. The impact of the Global Gag rule, which has restricted funding from the US to those working on reproductive health around the world, is explored. The case study of the IPPF organisation and its work on humanitarian issues provides insight into the challenges faced in providing reproductive health services in settings where resources are extremely limited.
Conclusion
Authors: Bloomer Fiona , Pierson Claire , Claudio Sylvia Estrada
Published: September 2019

In the concluding chapter, the themes of the book as a whole are considered with a reflection on the overarching findings uncovered during the process of writing this book of issues related to morality, lived experience, access to abortion and activism. The chapter concludes with a consideration of what lies ahead in terms of challenges and opportunities and identifies what further research needs to be conducted.
Co-producing research: A community development approach
Authors: Banks Sarah , Hart Angie , Pahl Kate , Ward Paul
Published: September 2019

This is the introductory chapter of the book Co-producing research: A community development approach. It introduces the co-editors and explains the genesis of the book, based on the learning from a complex community-university research project, Imagine – connecting communities through research. It outlines a community development approach to the co-production of research, described as: research undertaken collaboratively by several parties that values multiple perspectives and voices; contributes to creating and developing communities of place, interest and identity; builds collective capacity for action; and works towards social change. It offers an overview of the chapters in the book and argues for an interdisciplinary collaborative approach.
A radical take on co-production? Community partner leadership in research
Authors: Martikke Susanne , Church Andrew , Hart Angie
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores the process of a community-based researcher and two academics working together on one of the sub-projects of the wider Imagine project described in Chapter 1. This sub-project was a collaboration between the research officer at Greater Manchester Centre for Voluntary Organisation, and two academics at the University of Brighton. Many research collaborations are based on the notion that the research expertise is situated within the university, with community partners providing practical expertise. This chapter is about inverting this dynamic, with the community partner becoming the lead researcher. We reflect on our own experience of working together in the broader context of the findings of our research study and on how Community-University partnership working can contribute to community development especially, through the subsequent actions of the community partners.
Community-university partnership research retreats: A productive force for developing communities of research practice
Authors: Cameron Josh , Wenger-Trayner Beverly , Wenger-Trayner Etienne , Hart Angie , Buttery Lisa , Kourkoutas Elias , Eryigit-Madzwamuse Suna , Rathbone Anne
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores the challenges of fostering learning across traditional academic and non-academic boundaries when conducting participatory research in community-university partnerships. The authors were all active collaborators in the Imagine – Social programme. They focus on the role of research retreats in including a diversity of partners in this long-term research project. After introducing the key terms of ‘community of practice’ and ‘retreats’, the chapter describes the types of boundaries that were addressed and the challenges that were faced in crossing them. Next the authors present their approach to crossing these boundaries by cultivating a community of practice through these retreats. The stages of development of a community of practice (Wenger et al, 2002) are then set out and are reframed to focus on boundary issues drawing on the successive retreats as illustrations. Finally, the chapter closes by identifying the key enablers that supported the development of such a boundary-crossing community.
Co-production as a new way of seeing: Using photographic exhibitions to challenge dominant stigmatising discourses
Authors: Kyneswood Ben
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses how a research project focussing on historic regeneration in the Hillfields area of Coventry, UK, led to a co-produced photographic exhibition which challenged dominant narratives of ‘territorial stigmatisation’ (Wacquant, 2007) by attracting positive media and policy attention. The chapter examines the difficult but rewarding process of co-producing this exhibition as a new body of knowledge and a way of seeing historic Hillfields’ life from the situated perspectives of the community partners in the project. This process is assessed as an exploration of how to illustrate historic and competing community narratives. By elevating local knowledge in the public sphere, community partners benefited from positive outcomes. The chapter concludes that this sensitive and emergent approach may challenge both local perceptions of academia and methodological issues when working in and with communities.
Narrative identity and resilience for people in later life with dementia living in care homes: the role of visual arts enrichment activities
Authors: Newman Andrew , Davenport Bruce , Howson-Griffiths Teri
Published: September 2019

This chapter analyses data from a large-scale, mixed methods project wherein groups of people with dementia were invited to take part in visual arts activities. It assesses how visual arts enrichment activities might play a role in the resilience of people in later life living with dementia in care homes, through the development or preservation of narrative identities. The respondents demonstrated narrative intelligence that was expressed through the poem and the theatrical poses. Both of the activities supported the resilience of those who took part through facilitating narrative expression, for which those living in care homes often have few opportunities. The forms of narrative involved focused on the present and demonstrated that those with dementia were capable of creativity. Ultimately, this work contributes to thinking about the nature of narrative care, suggesting new approaches that help those in care institutions to retain their existing and develop new identities, facilitating narrative openness and resilience.
Ageing in place: creativity and resilience in neighbourhoods
Authors: Bailey Cathy , Gilroy Rose , Reynolds Joanna , Douglas Barbara , Saaremets Claire Webster , Nicholls Mary , Warwick Laura , Gollan Martin
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores older people's experiences of resilience in their neighbourhoods through a creative, participatory approach. Creative participatory engagement can help to translate public conversations into public policy and practice. The chapter argues that solutions cannot all be created within the neighbourhood. The notion that ageing and living well in neighbourhoods is down to individual capability, or can be managed collectively at a local level, is an abdication of state responsibility. If resilience is built from the situated self, then neighbourhoods need to be ‘ready for ageing’ and to recognise that older people wish to remain involved, connected, and engaged with all generations. Such resilient neighbourhoods should enable everyone to age well in place, particularly if influenced by a responsive policy landscape and strong lobbying for appropriate resources.
Governance and the media: exploring the linkages
Authors: Peters B. Guy
Published: September 2019

To understand contemporary governance, one needs to be cognisant of the manner in which media, and perhaps more generally, information, is used as a component of the process. The fundamental contention of the mediatisation literature is that institutions and organisations adapt to the pervasive role of the media, and this paper argues that the same is true for processes of governance. Thus, contemporary governance reflects the extent to which the formal and informal actors in governance have adapted their behaviours to the media environment within which they function. Whatever the goals of a government, they must pursue those goals within the environment shaped (in part) by mediatisation.
The mediatisation of university governance: a theoretical and empirical exploration of some side-effects
Authors: Friedrichsmeier Andres , Marcinkowski Frank
Published: September 2019

This paper analyses potential negative effects of mediatisation of university governance in Germany. Mediatisation reflects a change in expectations of how higher education institutions (HEI) should relate to the public. We explore two sets of developments that spawned this change of expectations. Firstly, the policy idea of a trend to a knowledge society affected what public contributions are expected of HEI. Secondly, reforms to decentralise HEI-governance compelled universities to orient themselves more directly towards demands of external stakeholder. Both developments reinforce each other, both are associated with extended needs for actor intermediation, and for consolidating means of orientation. Since performance figures and competition solely allow for a partial mapping of society's demands and needs, HEI and state administrators can be expected to make additional use of public discourse to evaluate comparatively a multitude of demands and expectations. This results in what we call a model of mediatised university governance. Since media discourse on higher education is strongly biased towards news values, this type of governance has potentially unintended side effects. In the second part of the paper, two empirical illustrations are discussed. First, the role of media attention in accidentally reinforcing a reputational mismatch of teaching and research is investigated. Secondly, we focus on an overstretching of the information value of media-effective rankings for decision making. The cases draw upon survey data, semi-standardised expert-interviews and content analysis of news media coverage.
Punishment, powerlessness and bounded agency: exploring the role of welfare conditionality with ‘at risk’ women attempting to live ‘a good life’
Authors: Povey Larissa
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores the lived experiences of women at the penal-welfare nexus, a space where social policy and penal policy overlap.
Drawing on new empirical data from qualitative interviews with 24 women who have been subject to criminal justice supervision and interventions in the community and who are in receipt of social assistance benefits, it explores their attempts to move away from the social margins and move closer to the labour market. It therefore examines how UK social institutions, and in particular a welfare system characterised by increasing conditionality, impact on women engaged in community-based services which aim to divert them from prison and reduce recidivism. In doing so, it foregrounds the context of gendered precariousness which criminalized women inhabit at the penal-welfare nexus. This author argues that the problem for this group is not so much the behaviour change agenda and sanctions that underpin the UK’s increasingly conditional social security system; many make attempts to live a 'good life', and the experience of sanctioning is low – rather, for women experiencing advanced marginality, it is the dearth of support available to help them reach their goals.
Resisting welfare conditionality: constraint, choice and dissent among homeless migrants
Authors: Serpa Regina
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines the ways in which welfare conditionality impacts upon homeless migrants in the UK. Legal status, eligibility requirements and behavioural controls determine access to benefits, housing and State assistance, compounding the precarity of homeless migrants who are situated at the interstices of multiple (and competing) systems. The chapter looks how specific conditions both constrain the choices of homeless migrants and how efforts at behavioural change are resisted. Using data from a study of Polish rough sleepers in Scotland, this chapter asks: To what extent is non-participation a consequence of passivity or a feature of active choice? In what ways do those facing extreme precarity and constrained choice resist welfare conditionality? The study argues that for some rough sleepers, homelessness can be a form of resistance to eligibility and behavioural conditions attached to welfare and sleeping rough can be an act of dissent to forms of State control.
Editor’s afterword
Authors: Dwyer Peter
Published: September 2019

As noted in the introductory chapter of this edited collection, welfare conditionality – which links recipients’ eligibility to collectively provided social security benefits and wider welfare services to compulsory, specified individual responsibilities and behavioural requirements, under threat of sanction for non-compliance – has become a core element of welfare reform in many nations since the mid-1990s. Within a diversity of national and regional settings across the globe, politicians of all hues from across the mainstream political spectrum have been happy to embrace and endorse the mantra of ‘no rights without responsibilities’ (...
Pride and shame in the creation of the ‘appropriate’ professional
Authors: Gibson Matthew
Published: September 2019

This chapter extends the theory of pride and shame in professional practice by considering how pride, shame and other self-conscious emotions are strategically used to regulate the emotions of the social workers to alter not just what they do and how they do it, but also who they are. It develops the idea of organisational control by conceptualising pride and shame as central to this process. It is argued that it is through the regulation of employee emotions, and specifically through self-conscious emotions, that what people do, how they do it and how they define themselves can be shaped, influenced and manipulated. Organisational leaders and managers can be seen to regulate the emotions of the social workers directly, and therefore their identities indirectly, so that they perform the ‘appropriate’ tasks, in the ‘appropriate’ way, at the ‘appropriate’ time. After considering the theory of regulating the emotions of social workers, this chapter returns to the case example used throughout the book to take a deeper look at these processes in practice.
Theorising social workers’ experiences of self‑conscious emotions
Authors: Gibson Matthew
Published: September 2019

This chapter provides a conceptual framework to understand the processes, relevant to self-conscious emotions, through which social workers come to acquiesce or resist organisational attempts at control. It first outlines the research on compliance and resistance in social work practice before developing and extending these ideas through the analysis of pride and shame in professional practice. Drawing on Oliver’s (1991) analysis of strategic responses within organisations to wider institutional processes, how social workers perform professional practice in the context of organisational attempts at control, and the strategies that social workers employ to manage the organisational pressures, expectations and demands, are outlined. While some social workers can actively identify with the organisational representation in the moment, motivating them to enact its meanings and expectations, some reluctantly identify with it as a defensive strategy to avoid being shamed and humiliated, motivating them to comply despite reservation. However, some social workers, in some contexts, resist the organisational representation, feeling unable to comply, and, therefore, seek to compromise what they are expected to do, conceal their acts of resistance or influence the source of organisational attempts at control.
Forms of identification: a case example
Authors: Gibson Matthew
Published: September 2019

This chapter uses the case example, used throughout this book, to demonstrate how pride and shame were constructed to manufacture identification in the social workers to the organisational representation for social work within the organisation. Those who enacted the organisational representation felt safe from being shamed and humiliated as a result of focusing on meeting the pressures, expectations and demands placed on them. The focus on the organisational needs reduced their capacity for empathy with the family, protecting them from any feelings of shame, guilt or embarrassment as a result of organisationally sanctioned actions and could, therefore, feel proud of what they were doing. Those who complied with the organisational representation, meanwhile, did not accept the organisational representation for social work. Consequently, social workers felt unsure as to what they should do but prioritised shame avoidance, while, at the same time, seeking to alleviate any subsequent feelings of shame and guilt. Despite the differences in experience for the social workers, practising in the ‘appropriate’ manner often resulted in shaming and humiliating experiences for the parents.
Forms of resistance: a case example
Authors: Gibson Matthew
Published: September 2019

This chapter uses the case example used throughout this book to illustrate the forms of resistance to the organisational representation for social work. A social worker began to resist the expectations placed upon them where they felt that they conflicted with their own identity. In some situations, the consequences for feeling ashamed and guilty of one’s actions outweighed the consequences for potentially being shamed by people within the organisation. Not being able to cope with what one had done led social workers to resist the pressures and expectations designed to direct their actions in a particular manner. In some situations, this required action that compromised the organisational expectations, forgoing any desire for praise and acceptance, yet still complied with the minimum standards to avoid being shamed. In other situations, the social workers sought to conceal actions that they felt were right but defied the organisational expectations. In still other situations, it was considered necessary to challenge the pressures and expectations to influence action that they considered inappropriate or immoral and avoid feeling ashamed of their actions. Such acts of resistance provided greater opportunities for relational engagement, recognising both social workers and parents as human, with individual strengths and struggles.
Introduction: heritage as community research
Authors: Vergunst Jo , Graham Helen
Published: September 2019

This introductory chapter provides an overview of heritage as community research. Many scholars have explored how discursive processes shape the past and how the past is understood in the present, deconstructing the ‘Authorised Heritage Discourse’ of professional museums and official heritage sites. From the point of view of the communities involved with heritage through research, it is not simply about discursively arguing against a mainstream interpretation of the past, but about making their own way into an exploration of the past. While the cases in this book function on the ‘local’ level in one sense, they are considerably more than just local history. Instead, they locate what may be much broader processes in specific situations of places and people. Framing this work as ‘inquiry’ draws attention to the ways in which ‘ways of knowing’ are also ways of acting in the world, ways of creating change and using the past for future-making.
The Caerau and Ely Rediscovering Heritage Project: legacies of co-produced research
Authors: Davis Oliver , Horton Dave , McCarthy Helen , Wyatt Dave
Published: September 2019

This chapter addresses, through different perspectives, the role that shared archaeology and heritage work in the Caerau and Ely Rediscovering Heritage Project (CAER). From the beginning, the guiding principle has been to actively involve community members, groups, and heritage professionals in the co-production of archaeological and historical research. The project is focused on the Cardiff suburbs of Caerau and Ely. The knowledge, energy, and creativity of local people have been expressed through their engagement both with their local heritage and each other. It is the action of doing things together that has led to local communities having a stake both in the archaeology and the future of the area. Through enabling people to contribute in different ways, and to different intensities, the project has sought to hold the production of archaeological knowledge and social and political change in dynamic relationship.
Do-it-yourself heritage: heritage as a process (designing for the Stoke ‘Ping’)
Authors: Brookfield Karen , Callaghan Danny , Graham Helen , Fair Jayne , Roberts Jan , Rowley Phil
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses the idea of do-it-yourself (DIY) heritage, that is, heritage as it is produced through people's actions, conversations, and relationships. The chapter looks at the Do-It-Yourself Heritage Day event and how it worked to create moments of connection — what the Ceramic City Stories team call the ‘Stoke Ping’. It draws on wider DIY traditions ‘to describe an ethos of horizontal community action, of mutual aid and of making alternatives now’. DIY approaches challenge models of exponential growth that often exist in funding, policy, and activism, and instead favour the magic of small moments and connections. Yet, they also show — through a recent innovative Heritage Lottery Fund initiative — how funding can be deployed to enable rather than constrain DIY horizontal, small-scale, and action-led approaches.
Co-productive research in a primary school environment: unearthing the past of Keig
Authors: Curtis Elizabeth , Murison Jane , Shepherd Colin
Published: September 2019

This chapter demonstrates how involving schoolchildren in active inquiry and sharing in responsibility for research can challenge the ‘content-driven model of learning’ in school. It considers a contextualised case study of work carried out in a small rural primary school in North-East Scotland. This work saw a community-based landscape researcher's commitment to the full engagement of non-experts in the planning, investigation, and dissemination of landscape research being taken up by a head teacher, her staff, and pupils at Keig Primary School. Participants recognised and valued the strength of putting children in charge of shaping what and how they learn. Indeed, from the perspective of the landscape researcher and head teacher, the Keig project was designed to evaluate the practicality of using the principles of co-productive archaeological research to support children in leading their own historical investigation.
Not so New Labour: Race and education, 2005-10
Authors: Tomlinson Sally
Published: September 2019

The legacy of wars overshadowed early positive race policies and there was intensified hostility to East European workers, Roma, Black British citizens and Muslims, a Prevent programme set up after 2005 feeding alienation among Muslims. Debates about Britishness, national identity and community cohesion persisted and education policymakers remained reluctant to recognise that market competition and school diversity were exacerbating social and racial divisions. Inequalities in wealth and income reached a high point in the early 2000s. The global financial crisis of 2008 affected all social classes but with migrants still blamed for problems, and further immigration controls were instigated. Gordon Brown took over as Prime Minister in 2007 and a contentious issue was the increase in higher education fees in 2004 to £3000, and a review which in 2010 led to fees of £9000 for university students.
A divided society: Race, class and education, 2010-16
Authors: Tomlinson Sally
Published: September 2019

This chapter covers the period of the Coalition government of Conservative and Liberal Democrats, and David Cameron’s Conservative government until the June 2016 referendum on leaving the European Union, after which Cameron resigned when there was a majority vote to leave. The governments initiated a programme of austerity and cuts to social and educational services which especially affected all working-class people, and there was more privatisation of public services. There was no acknowledgement that Britain had become a rich country helped by exploitation of an Empire, and austerity was blamed on the Labour government, immigrants and benefit claimants. It became public knowledge that as Home Secretary Theresa May had instigated a ‘hostile environment’ for immigrants which affected early Windrush generation settlers. Demonisation of Muslims reached a peak with reactions to a supposed ‘Trojan Horse’ infiltration of schools by Islamists. The ‘reforms’ introduced by Michael Gove ensured a narrowing of the curriculum, more competitive testing of children, and more control of teachers...There was no support for a curriculum which included real knowledge about the Empire, de-colonisation or the European Union. Education continued to reflect a status-based system with competition for the ‘best’ schools, higher education and employment chances.
A dog’s breakfast Brexit, 2016-18
Authors: Tomlinson Sally
Published: September 2019

The final chapter covers a turbulent period in British politics as Parties and politicians fought to present their version of a Brexit to the British public, which remained divided by nation, class, race, age, gender and geography. Civil servants joked about the creation of an Empire 2.00, and in July 2018 Prime Minister May produced a ‘Chequers Plan’ for a ‘soft Brexit’ which caused the resignation of several ministers, who were determined on a ‘hard Brexit’ which would decisively cut the country off from a European Union. Black and other minorities had made advances in plural coexistence in a reluctant society and many younger people were learning to live together. But there were few signs that the those in charge of education were willing or able to think what a system for a more equal, globally oriented, socially and racially just education system and curriculum would look like. There is little evidence that schools or higher education have come to terms with a post-imperial role and Britain’s changed position in the world, despite positive interventions by black and minority writers, academics and students. The consequences of xenophobic and racist understandings of past decades will not be changed by teaching questionable ‘British Values’ and continuing to blame migrants and minorities for the consequences of austerity programmes. Ignorance of the past and presentation of a future where Britain is ‘Great’ again is more likely to lead to hostile nationalist sentiments and continued blaming of migrants and minorities as the country comes to terms with its waning influence on world affairs.
Defeating ‘modern slavery’, reducing exploitation? The organisational and regulatory challenge
Authors: Balch Alex
Published: September 2019

This chapter first charts the short history from the early anti-trafficking strategy put in place by the Labour government in 2007 through the changes and reorganisations of the subsequent 10 years, including the launch of the modern slavery strategy in 2015 under then Home Secretary May. While focusing on the impacts felt by workers in the UK, it also takes into account the position adopted by the UK in relation to international frameworks. The second section then focuses on the importance and potential impact of the creation of the most recent governance and enforcement structures — for example, the Director of Labour Market Enforcement and the evolution of the Gangmasters Licensing Authority (GLA). As of May 2017, the GLA was rebranded as the Gangmasters and Labour Abuse Authority and has new powers to investigate serious exploitation across the whole UK labour market. The third section asks how we can best assess and evaluate the effectiveness of the modern slavery agenda.
Modern slavery and transparency in supply chains: the role of business
Authors: Theron Colleen
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores how business is implicated by modern slavery, and the salient requirements of the UK Modern Slavery Act (MSA) transparency in supply chain provision, in the context of growing mandatory reporting requirements for business to report transparently on their supply chain impacts. It also examines how business has responded to the MSA. It concludes with some practical steps that business can take to address the risk of modern slavery in its supply chains. Among these are ensuring that top management is supportive of tackling modern slavery in the organisation and supply chains; understanding how these obligations fit within any wider mandatory or voluntary reporting undertaken by the business; putting policies in place; establishing robust due-diligence processes; mapping the supply and value chain of the business.
Middle childhood: A key time for healthy development and learning
Authors: Boyden Jo , Dawes Andrew , Dornan Paul , Tredoux Colin
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines middle childhood. Skills and values developed during middle childhood build on foundations established in early childhood and set the stage for adolescence. Thus, it is vital that the momentum established in the early years is sustained through this important life phase. Young Lives evidence shows that children's growth trajectories are more dynamic during middle childhood than is often recognised. This finding suggests a wider policy opportunity. The evidence from systematic reviews points to the importance of measures such as social protection, which has been shown to increase livelihood security. With near-universal access to school during middle childhood, midday meals and other nutrition programmes in schools may also help support children's growth. Moreover, the focus on strengthened education and learning quality is especially important for the early grades, given that early performance in key areas such as literacy and numeracy lays the foundation for later educational performance.
Conclusion and policy implications
Authors: Duda-Mikulin Eva A.
Published: September 2019

Finally, this ultimate chapter offers conclusions and policy implications that are relevant to EU migrant workers who are women within the context of Brexit. The book’s contribution to migration theory, economic migration, gendered migration and debates on Brexit from social policy perspective is offered here. This book offers important insights in relation to EU women migrants in light of Brexit. Policy recommendations with reference to British authorities but also the authorities of migrants’ sending countries are outlined. These are also relevant to the authorities of other EU member states, particularly the EU8 and EU2 countries. This research is relevant to a wider European context for several reasons. The potential break-up of the UK is one of them. Other European countries have also experienced deep divisions and consider holding a referendum about independence. In some EU countries anti-EU sentiment has increased and thus their future in the EU is uncertain and perhaps also depends on how the UK manages this transition. These divisions and increased hostility directed towards the European Union demonstrate that Europe is divided and many countries look inwards for protectionist measures hence nationalism is on the rise.
Realism and Democratic Renewal
Authors: Pearce Nick
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines two types of realist challenge to ideas for democratic renewal. The realist political scientists stress the role of irrational, group-based behaviour amongst the electorate, and the capture of democratic processes by powerful and wealthy elites. They see little scope of civic participation reversing the hollowing out of representative democracy and mainstream political parties. On the other hand, realist political theorists focus on practical advice and political action, rather than ideal theory; and are concerned with rhetoric and persuasion, as much as public reason. It is argued that the second type of realist challenge can help us better understand how to advance state-citizen cooperation through practical initiatives such as citizens assemblies, participation in local government, digital democracy, the opening up of political parties; and how these can be supported by applying realist theorists’ insights to the reforming of political institutions, harnessing passion in social activism, and the development of citizenship education.
Lessons From Democratic Innovations
Authors: Smith Graham
Published: September 2019

Democratic innovations, variously described as ‘empowered participation’ or ‘civic innovation’, are designed to increase and deepen citizen participation in the decisions that affect them directly. This chapter reviews current understanding of participatory processes such as citizens’ assemblies, citizens’ juries, deliberative polling, participatory budgeting, study circles, town meetings, and online dialogues; and considers their impact along with an analysis of the implications of different participatory designs on democratic qualities and policy outcomes. One of the limitations of the burgeoning literature on democratic innovations is the tendency to focus on exemplary cases, which often underplays the variety of conditions that need to be in place for the success of these forms of public engagement. Close attention is given to the different approaches taken with participatory budgeting and randomly selected mini-publics in diverse contexts, to illustrate both the substantial potential of democratic innovations to improve democratic politics and their vulnerabilities to misapplication.