bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
География новостей в российских массмедиа: формирование картины мира до и во время пандемии
Authors:   МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова, факультет журналистики, Янгляева Марина Михайловна , Мишина Юлия Олеговна ,   МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова, факультет журналистики, Хасан Дениз Ай ,   МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова, факультет журналистики
Published: September 2021

Авторы анализируют деятельность российских массмедиа по формированию картины мира у аудитории на современном этапе с учетом влияния пандемии COVID-19 на повестку дня. Опираясь на понятийный аппарат политической медиаметрии и медиагеографии, авторы провели количественный и качественный контент-анализ публикаций и составили рейтинги стран, которые чаще остальных освещаются в позитивном или негативном ключе. Исследователи пришли к выводу, что симпатии российских журналистов ограничиваются скромным набором, «ближайшим соседом» в ментальном поле россиян продолжают быть Соединенные Штаты Америки.
Heating pad vs. infusion warmer to prevent hypothermia in intraopera-tive patients: which one is more effective?
Authors: Arinjaya I Gede Eka , Suyasa I Gede Putu Darma , Rismawan I Made , Suyasa Agus Baratha
Published: September 2021

Background: The use of heating pads and infusion warmers on intraoperative patients has been proven to prevent hypothermia. However, the differences in the effectiveness of the two methods have not been studied.Purpose: This study aims to compare the effectiveness of a heating pad and infusion warmer in preventing hypothermia (decreased body temperature and the incidence of shivering) in intraoperative patients.Methods: This research was a quasi-experimental design by a Posttest-Only Design with Nonequivalent Groups. The populations in this study were surgical patients with regional anesthesia, with a total sample of 64 respondents (32 respondents in the heating pad group and 32 respondents in the infusion warmer group) selected randomly. The incidence of hypothermia was perceived from two indicators: a decrease in body temperature and the prevalence of shivering, which was observed and recorded during the intraoperative period. The data were analyzed by discrimination tests (mean discrimination test and proportion discrimination test) to determine the difference in the effectiveness of the two groups.Results: The average decrease in body temperature during the intraoperative period (0-40 minutes of operation) in the group given the infusion warmer was greater than the group given the heating pad (p<0.001). The group given the infusion warmer was 8.750 times more likely to experience shivering than the group given the heating pad (p<0.001; OR=8.750).Conclusion: Using a heating pad is better in preventing hypothermia in intraoperative patients than using an infusion warmer.
Design and development of electronic stethoscope for auscultation
Authors: Munir Sahrul , Endiyono Endiyono
Published: September 2021

Background: Currently, several companies offer Bluetooth-based electronic stethoscopes. However, the stethoscopes are pretty overpriced. In this case, we need a stethoscope innovation with a more affordable price that carries the same function and improves ear sensitivity during auscultation of heart and lung sounds.Technic: This stethoscope is equipped with a condenser mic that functions as a sound catcher on the stethoscope membrane. The analog data of the condenser mic is regulated by the potential of the pre-amp mic amplifier; then, analog data is forwarded using Bluetooth 5.0 A2DP BT600 USB Wireless Audio Transmitter and received by Bluetooth receiver using earphones.Conclusion: A electronic stethoscope has been successfully developed, which can function adequately to detect, increase heart, lung, bowel sounds, and prenatal sounds.
In vivo study of the antihypertensive effect of bidara leaf (Ziziphus spina-christi) during pregnancy
Authors: Dilla Tasya Nurlaila , Hadisaputro Suharyo , Santjaka Aris
Published: September 2021

Background: Bidara is drought tolerant and very easy to grow in tropical climates such as Indonesia. Bidara contains a combination of calcium, potassium, and magnesium, and active flavonoid compounds, and antioxidant activity that play a role in inhibiting free radical damage, improving endothelial function so that it can potentially lower blood pressure. Previous studies explained that a dose variant of no more than 300mg/kg BW is beneficial while minimizing pathological changes. However, there has been no research related to the effect of bidara leaf in lowering blood pressure, so it is necessary to do related research.Objective: Analyze the effect of bidara leaf extract at a 200 mg/kg BW dose and 300 mg/kg BW on systolic and diastolic blood pressure.Methods: 24 pregnant female Wistar rats induced hypertension, aged 6-8 weeks with a weight of 130-230 grams. The rats were randomized so that they consisted of 2 control groups and two experimental groups, which were given various doses of bidara leaf for nine days. Blood pressure was measured using non-invasive CODA.Results: The blood pressure of rats in the bidara leaf extract group at doses of 200mg/kg BW and 300mg/kg BW decreased systolic and diastolic compared to the control group (p<0.05). The 200mg/kg BW dose group experienced a decrease in blood pressure of 12.3% for systolic and 16.32% for diastolic; the 300mg/kg BW dose group experienced a decrease in blood pressure of 19.99% for systolic and 27.73% for diastolic.Conclusion: Bidara leaf extract can reduce the blood pressure of pregnant rats with hypertension.
Preparation of Natural Ouw Clay-Chitosan Composite and Its Application as Lead and Cadmium Metal Adsorbent
Authors: Bijang Catherina M. , Tanasale M.F.J.D.P. , Kelrey Adhi G. , Mansur Inda Ulfa , Azis Thamrin
Published: September 2021

This study aims to obtain the optimum ratio of Ouw Natural Clay  (LAO):Chitosan in the manufacture of chitosan-LAO composites. The composite will be used as an adsorbent for heavy metals Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd). LAO-Chitosan composites were made with the ratio of LAO:Chitosan = 1.25:1, 2.5:1, 5:1. XRD and SEM were carried out for each composite. The performance as a Cd metal adsorbent was determined by calculating the adsorption capacity. Composites with a ratio of 1.25:1 have the best adsorption capacity. The performance as adsorbent for Cd metal was determined by calculating the absorbed Cd concentration. Maximum results are achieved by composites with a ratio of 5:1.
Synthesis of Pentapeptide FWKVV (Phe-Trp-Lys-Val-Val) and Its Activity as Antioxidants
Authors: Yanti Eka Fitri , Nazareth Eviyanti , Agustin Yuana Dwi , Usman Mohammad Rofik
Published: September 2021

Antioxidant pentapeptides are pentapeptide compounds that have antioxidant activity. One of the pentapeptide compounds that have antioxidant activity is FWKVV. FWKVV is a linear pentapeptide with the amino acid sequence phenylalanine-tryptophan-lysine-valine-valine, which was first isolated to hydrolyzate the muscle protein of Miiuy croaker (Miichthysmiiuy). In addition to isolation, FWKVV compounds can be produced by the peptide synthesis method because this method requires a shorter time than the isolation method from natural materials. Synthesis methods commonly used are solution-phase peptide synthesis and solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). However, the SPSS method is more efficient because it does not require purification in every process. The purpose of this study was to synthesize FWKVV compounds using the SPPS method and test their antioxidant activity. FWKVV has been synthesized using the SPPS method with HBTU/HOBt coupling reagent and Fmoc protective group. The FWKVV crud produced was 148.8 mg and had antioxidant activity against DPPH radicals with an IC50 value of 4.2 mg/mL.
Pyrolysis Reaction Kinetics of Styrofoam Plastic Waste
Authors: Kauwo Feybi A. G. , Anom I Dewa K. , Lombok John Z.
Published: September 2021

Pyrolysis at the temperature range of 170 °C-237 °C against polystyrene (Styrofoam) type plastic waste is carried out without a catalyst and added a catalyst. The purpose of this research was to study the reaction kinetics of Styrofoam pyrolysis to liquid smoke products. Pyrolysis using a series of tools made of glass to observe the processes that occur in the reactor. The results showed that Styrofoam pyrolysis for liquid smoke products without catalyst and added catalyst took place in the first-order reaction. The kinetics of the pyrolysis reaction without a catalyst to observe the formation of liquid smoke products obtained by the equation of the reaction constant following the Arrhenius equation k = Ae2111.4 / T, with an activation energy value (Ea) of 17.554 x 103 kJ/mol and pyrolysis using a catalyst obtained k = Ae10330/T, with an activation energy value (Ea) of 85.883x103 kJ/mol. Using catalysts during pyrolysis will reduce the temperature so that the reaction will be slow.
Chemical Analysis of Rice from Converted-to-Organic Paddy Field in Lombok Island
Authors: Savalas Lalu Rudyat Telly , Loka I Nyoman , 'Ardhuha Jannatin
Published: September 2021

Chemical analysis has been undertaken to investigate the nutrients compositions and the presence of residual pesticides from rice cultivated from converted-to-organic paddy fields in Lombok Island. The nutrients being investigated were macronutrients (carbohydrates, fat, and proteins), micronutrients (beta-carotene), metal ions, and minerals, whereas pesticides being investigated were organo-chlorides residues such as endrin, delta-BHC, dieldrin, etc. The chemical analysis results were compared to those from rice cultivated from conventional farming, which uses chemical pesticides. It was revealed that there is no difference in the nutrients compositions of rice produced from converted-to-organic paddy fields to those from conventional farming. Moreover, it was shown that both rice samples from converted-to-organic and conventional farming paddy fields have no detectable residual pesticides. This finding suggests that the absence of residual pesticides from rice samples does not necessarily correspond to the application of organic farming in the converted-to-organic land. There is not robust evidence that the application of organic alters the nutrient composition of rice. This result also underlines the need to further investigate the real benefits of organic rice farming products in terms of nutritional composition and safety.
Synthesis of Methyl Ester Nitrate from Mahogany Seed Oil (Swietenia mahagoni Linn)
Authors: Musta Rustam , Nurliana Laily , Halulanga Muh. Mahatir
Published: September 2021

Nitration of methyl ester from mahogany oil (Swietenia mahagoniLinn) can be produced by Methyl Ester Nitrate (MEN), an additive that is useful for increasing Cetane Numbers in diesel fuel. This study aims to determine the yield of MEN that can be produced from mahogany seed oil after esterification, trans-esterification, and nitration and to identify the MEN compounds produced. Mahogany oil is obtained by pressing mahogany seeds and then degumming to remove the gum. Mahogany oil-free gum is esterified using methanol with the mole ratio of oil: methanol (1: 6), then trans-esterified, also using methanol with mole ratio (1:15) and a methyl ester is obtained. Then the methyl ester was nitrated with HNO3, sulfuric acid, and acetic anhydride to obtain a translucent reddish colored MEN product with a yield of 24.99%. The success of the synthesis was shown by the FTIR spectrophotometer in the presence of absorption at 1550 cm-1 which indicated the presence of the C-ONO2 group, the absorption at 1365 cm-1 indicated the presence of the NO2 group, and at 1118 cm-1 indicated the presence of the C-N group. The reaction mechanism that occurs during the predicted nitration reaction is an electrophilic substitution reaction and nucleophilic addition.
ANALISIS KEMAMPUAN PENGOLAHAN DATA BERBASIS MS. EXCEL PADA MAHASISWA SEMESTER AKHIR UNIVERSITAS TEUKU UMAR
Authors: Niani Cukri Rahmi , Lewaherilla Norisca
Published: September 2021

Ms.Excel merupakan sebuah aplikasi lembar kerja yang menyediakan menu pengolahan data. Aplikasi pengolahan data pada Ms.Excel dapat diaktifkan secara gratis di menu Toolbar yaitu menu Analysis ToolPak. Berdasarkan menu analisis tersebut hampir seluruh data statitik dapat diselesaikan sama dengan menggunakan aplikasi-aplikasi statistik yang berbayar saat ini. Jika mahasiswa mampu menggunakan Ms.Excel secara  optimal pastinya sangat memudahkan dalan hal pengolahan data pada penelitian tugas akhir. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan analisis data menggunakan Ms.Excel pada mahasiswa tingkat akhir di Universitas Teuku Umar (UTU). Data kemampuan diperoleh melalui soal pengolahan data yang dikerjakan pada lembar kerja Ms.Excel. Soal meliputi materi statistik deskriptif, penyajian data, uji instrumen dan uji hipotesis. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh fakta bahwa mahasiswa mampu menghitung statistik deskriptif sebesar 34%, penyajian data 43%, 13% pada uji instrumen dan terakhir 10% pada uji hipotesis. Secara kumulatif, kemampuan pengolahan berbasis Ms.Excel pada mahasiswa akhir Universitas Teuku Umar berada pada kategori sedang.
KODE SIKLIK BERULANG DARI KODE LINEAR F_p ATAS LAPANGAN HINGGA F_(p^l ) DENGAN l BILANGAN PRIMA TERTENTU
Authors: Butar-Butar Juli Loisiana , Siringoringo Yan Batara Putra
Published: September 2021

Kode blok adalah skema penyandian yang menggunakan sistem kode-kode pada suatu lapangan hingga dengan panjang yang sama dan tetap. Kode blok linear atau lebih sering disebut kode linear atas suatu lapangan hingga merupakan himpunan kode-kode blok dengan panjang  yang membentuk suatu subruang bagian atas lapangan hingga  dengan  adalah bilangan prima dan  bilangan bulat positif. Sedangkan kode linear  dikatakan kode siklik jika setiap elemennya diputar masih terdapat di himpunan kode linear . Setiap kode blok di kode siklik mempunyai korespondensi dengan semua faktorisasi polinomial tak tereduksi dari polinmial . Umumnya, pembahasan mengenai kode siklik pada lapangan hingga hanya dibatasi oleh Hal ini menyebabkan setiap faktor dari polinomial  adalah tunggal. Untuk , memunculkan suatu pendefinisian baru dari konsep kode siklik. Kode siklik ini disebut disebut kode siklik berulang (repeated cyclic code). Penelitian ini mencakup sifat dan struktur ring  dari kode linear atas ring rangkaian komutatif hingga, kontruksi kode siklik berulang, algoritma dari kontruksi kode siklik atas lapangan hingga  dengan  bilangan prima tertentu.
PEMODELAN ANGKA HARAPAN HIDUP DAN ANGKA KEMATIAN BAYI DI KALIMANTAN DENGAN REGRESI NONPARAMETRIK SPLINE BIRESPON
Authors: Padatuan Aprianti Boma , Sifriyani Sifriyani , Prangga Surya
Published: September 2021

Penelitian ini menggunakan model regresi nonparametrik birespon dengan pendekatan spline truncated. Model tersebut digunakan untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan analisis regresi yang bentuk kurvanya tidak diketahui. Pendekatan spline truncated memiliki fungsi polinomial tersegmen yang memberikan sifat fleksibilitas. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari dua variabel respon yaitu Angka Harapan Hidup (AHH) dan Angka Kematian Bayi (AKB) di Pulau Kalimantan. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk menentukan model regresi nonparametrik spline truncated birespon pada data AHH dan AKB dan mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi AHH dan AKB. Hasil penelitian diperoleh model terbaik yaitu model regresi nonparametrik spline linier birespon dengan nilai R2 sebesar 80,51 persen dan model spline tiga titik knot dengan nilai Generalized Cross Validation (GCV) minimum 7,1454. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi AHH dan AKB adalah persentase keluarga menerapkan Perilaku Hidup Bersih dan Sehat (PHBS), persentase bayi diberi Air Susu Ibu (ASI) usia 0-6 bulan, laju pertumbuhan ekonomi, persentase persalinan yang dibantu oleh tenaga medis dan persentase penduduk miskin.
QUADRATIC PROGRAMMING: AN OPTIMIZATION TOOL FOR BUILDING GLOBAL MINIMUM VARIANCE PORTFOLIO WITH NO SHORT SALE
Authors: Nurwahidah Nurwahidah
Published: September 2021

Quantitative method in portfolio selection is a fascinating issue to make a decision in investment. Portfolio optimization is a very important to manage investment risk. There are many papers dealing with the Markowitz portfolio model, but not all of the papers studied about positive weight portfolio or no short sale constrained portfolio. Positive weight portfolio describes that short sale is allowed for the investor. While, short sale is banned in a certain economic condition due to its ability in decreasing stock market index. Besides, Islamic capital market does not allow speculative transaction such as short selling. Hence, portfolio with no short sale constraint is needed. This study aims to build Global Minimum Variance Portfolio (GMVP) with no short sale constraint. The GMVP with positive asset allocation based on Markowitz model can be built by using quadratic programming with interior point method. The main theory applied in this research is Markowitz portfolio optimization model. Mean and variance of stocks closing price are two things that should be considered in this model. The result shows that the positive weight of GMVP includes 0% of ADRO shares; 2, 65% of ANTM shares; 0% of CTRA shares; 30,27% of EXCL shares; 37,21% of ICBP shares; 3,37% of INCO shares; 13,89% of KLBF shares; 0% of PGAS shares; and 12,61% of PTBA shares.
SOFT CLUSTERING DENGAN ALGORITMA FUZZY K-MEANS (STUDI KASUS : PENGELOMPOKAN DESA DI KOTA TIDORE KEPULAUAN)
Authors: Johra Muhamad Budiman
Published: September 2021

Mengembangkan wilayah untuk mengurangi kesenjangan dan menjamin pemerataan merupakan salah satu dari tujuh agenda Pembangunana RPJMN IV Tahun 2020-2024. Setiap wilayah tentunya memiliki potensi yang berbeda, baik potensi fisik maupun non-fisik. Perbedaan inilah yang menjadi dasar dalam pengelompokan desa sehingga pembangunan desa menjadi lebih terarah. Secara umum metode klaster dapat dibedakan menjadi dua kelompok yaitu hard clustering dan soft clustering. Pada hard clustering setiap objek dipetakan terhadap setiap kelompok. Metode yang populer pada kelompok hard clustering adalah Cluster K-Means. Sedangkan pada soft clustering objek tidak hanya dipetakan kedalam satu kelompok. Fuzzy K Means (FCM) merupakan salah satu metode dalam soft clustering, dimana Fuzzy K Means merupakan pengembangan dari Cluster K-Means. Cara kerja FCM adalah objek diberi probabilitas yang pada dasarnya menggambarkan kepemilikan objek ke dalam Cluster.
MAKNA HIDUP PERSPEKTIF VICTOR FRANKL: KAJIAN DIMENSI SPIRITUAL DALAM LOGOTERAPI
Authors: Mukharom Rohmah Akhirul , Arroisi Jarman
Published: September 2021

This article aims to reveal the concept of logotherapy of Victor Frankl. This study uses descriptive analysis. First, the concept of logotherapy has three pillars in its philosophical foundation, the freedom of will, in this context every human being free to make choices to determine his own choice and destiny. The will to meaning, which every human being has the desire to have meaning in life. The meaning of life is an awareness of the possibility to realize what is being done at that time which then if successfully fulfilled will produce happiness. Second, in logotherapy, there is a noetic dimension which equivalent to the spiritual dimension, which tends toward the anthropological dimension rather than the theological dimension and does not contain religion. Third, the spiritual logotherapy dimension is different from Sufism. If Sufism spiritual affirms the sharia, then logotherapy departs from human existence. The implications of these differences give to a variety of happiness, both spiritual and physical.

 

Artikel ini bertujuan mengungkap konsep logoterapi yang diformulasikan oleh Victor Frankl. Dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif analitis kajian ini menghasilkan beberapa kesimpulan: pertama, konsep logoterapi memiliki tiga landasan filosofis yaitu, kebebasan berkeinginan (the freedom of will). Dalam konteks ini setiap manusia bebas menentukan pilihan dan nasibnya sendiri. Keinginan akan makna (the will to meaning), yaitu manusia memiliki hasrat untuk memiliki makna hidup. Makna hidup adalah sebuah kesadaran untuk mengetahui apa yang dilakukan saat itu hingga menghasilkan kebahagiaan. Kedua, di dalam logoterapi terdapat dimensi spiritual yang cenderung ke arah antropologis daripada kearah teologis serta tidak mengandung konotasi agama. Ketiga, dimensi spiritual logoterapi berbeda dengan dimenssi dalam tasawuf. Jika para sufi mengafirmasi spiritual pada syariat maka logoterapi berangkat dari human exsistence. Implikasi dari kedua perbedaan tersebut melahirkan ragam kebahagiaan baik kebahagiaan ruhani dan ragawi.
Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Desa Renon Melalui Pembuatan Hand Sanitizer Organik di Tengah Pandemi Covid-19
Authors: Apriyati Maria Yunita
Published: September 2021

Antiseptics are substances that can inhibit the growth and development of pathogenic microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi. aloe vera  is a functional plant that is widely cultivated in Indonesia. Research shows aloe vera contains saponins, flavonoids, polyphenols, and tannins which are antiseptic. By utilizing aloe vera in Renon village, especially on Jalan Tukad Badung 18, Bali, South Denpasar, it can help local communities to maintain or develop the family economy during this pandemic. By introducing innovative and creative antiseptic products or hand sanitizers and the addition of aloe vera and lime juice, this product can make this product a way of dealing with viruses and bacteria in the midst of the Covid-19 virus in Indonesia so that people can maintain a healthy lifestyle.One of the goals is to make innovative products that are good for health and open employment opportunities for students and the general public. Hand sanitizers made of aloe vera are effective at killing germs and are also very efficient and economical during the Covid-19 pandemic.
(What about) the Further Enlargement of the EU? In between European Enlargement Fatigue and Balkan Instability Challenges
Authors: Petrovic Milenko
Published: September 2021

Despite an initial delay in post-communist reforms and opening the EU accession process, Bulgaria and Romania have already succeeded in becoming EU members while Croatia is just a ‘step away’ from full membership status. Although considerably behind these three, the remaining (Western) Balkan states have been progressing fairly well in the association negotiations (i.e. Stabilisation and Association Process) with the European Union since the early 2000s and expect to officially open negotiations for accession (as is the case with FYR Macedonia) or get full candidate status by the end of 2009 or in 2010 at the latest. However, on their way to Europe, these countries have still to overcome some challenges which the previous EU membership candidates from post-communist Europe faced to a significantly lesser extent or not at all. Focusing on the problems of the increased toughness of EU accession criteria due to the declining public support in the ‘old’ EU member states for further EU enlargement and on the interior political instability in the countries of the Western Balkans, caused primarily by their still ‘undefined’ statehood status, this paper investigates the character and strength of the remaining obstacles for further enlargement of the European Union into the Balkan region.
Middle-power internationalism in-between European ‘paradise’ and American ‘power’? Canada’s political role in an age of Trumpism and Brexit
Authors: Zyla Benjamin
Published: September 2021

Hyper forms of globalization have contributed to the diffusion and de-institutionalization of state power (Chin and Mittelman, 1997) and to growing populism, nationalism, and authoritarianism in Europe thathave questioned the liberal international order’s effectiveness, legitimacy and authority. What has come under threat is not only the order itself, but the economic prosperity, security, peace, and normative foundations that has nurtured it. In this context of a emerging world order we examine what function so-called middle powers on both sides of the Atlantic could play?While often overseen in recent years, middle powers are important units of analysis to study because during the times of the ‘old’ order in the aftermath of WWII they had benefitted most of the stable liberal international order, and as a result they have the most to lose today in case that order changes dramatically or even disappears. In looking back at middle power’s presence at creation of the liberal international world order in the aftermath of WWII, we suggest, helps us to comprehend what function middle powers could play in this current wave of changing transatlantic orders. Especially their intraalliance bridgebuilding function is important in this regard that in the past helped to balance the interests of the major powers. Canada is discussed as a case study.
Threats to multilateralism and the future of the EU-Canada Strategic Partnership: A view from Canada
Authors: Rayroux Antoine
Published: September 2021

Current threats to the international multilateral order affect the EU and Canada to a fundamental degree. While this is an observation that transpires in most contributions to this special issue, this conclusion adds to the reflection by making three observations that we should bear in mind when trying to reflect on the future of the EU-Canada strategic partnership: first, the partnership will depend on the ability of both parties to build on the latter’s recent institutionalization; second, it remains to be seen whether the US’ retreat from multilateralism will prove surmountable for EU and Canada; and third, the partnership will only acquire true meaning if the EU and Canada succeed in working together on a series of crucial issues that require a multilateral effort – such as the environment and hybrid threats.
Governing education policy: the European Union and Australia
Authors: Klatt Gosia , Milana Marcella
Published: September 2021

This paper considers the changing modes of governance of education policy in the European Union (EU) and Australia through a lens of ‘soft governance’. It considers the increased use of ‘policy instruments’ such as benchmarking, targets, monitoring, data-generation in policy-making in recent decades. It considers the roles these policy instruments play in coordinating education policy in the EU and Australia as well as their intended and unintended consequences. It shows that in the EU, these instruments played a role in strengthening the coordination through the links between individuals and programs, and networking, which is seen as resulting in enhanced creativity in policy solutions, development of new norms and new means for achieving policy goals. While in Australia it seems that the role of these instruments is focused on consolidating the role of the Commonwealth’s oversight and control over what constitutionally is a responsibility of States which adds to several policy tensions already existing in the federal coordination of education.
Exporting environmental objectives or erecting trade barriers in recent EU free trade agreements
Authors: Mcneill Jeffrey
Published: September 2021

The European Union (EU) has historically sought to influence environmental policies of other countries through multilateral environmental agreements. Under its 7th Environmental Action Plan and Trade for All strategy it now seeks to extend its environmental policy projection through trade; its recent free trade agreements now contain chapters addressing environment and sustainable development. However, by adopting high environmental standards the EU can also advance its own economic interests suggesting an ambiguous motivation. The recent Korean, Japanese and Canadian FTAs and the Mercosur agreements are examined in order to place the extent of this environmental turn within the context of economic advantage. The finding is that while environmental protection provisions in these FTAs may have environmental benefits, they may also serve EU domestic economic interests. This motivation has implications for new FTA negotiations, such as those with New Zealand and Australia, and now the UK.
Member state's lawlessness and European law – the case of Poland
Authors: Mezyk Robert
Published: September 2021

Since 2015 the Polish authorities have undertaken numerous actions subordinating the country's judiciary to political influence. These steps met resistance from the European Union (EU), including proceedings by the European Commission and at the Court of Justice of the European Union (ECJ). The judgement of the ECJ in the case A.K. and Others v Sąd Najwyższy (2019) brought the situation to another level by empowering national courts to verify the independence of other domestic judicial bodies. While the ECJ empowered Polish judges to reject the domestic court-packing, the Polish state countered this with internal disciplinary sanctions. I discuss this tension and consider the upcoming conflict between the ECJ and the Polish Constitutional Tribunal (‘CT’). I conclude by highlighting the fact that whereas Poland breaches European law, the breach will be hard to rectify due to the lack of independent enforcement mechanisms on the side of the EU.
Framing the EU and the Green Deal in Estonia: A reluctant balancing act
Authors: Vilson Maili
Published: September 2021

As the new government incorporating the populist EKRE party took office in Estonia in spring 2019, concerns emerged about Estonia’s long-standing policy outlook of strong Euro-Atlantic integration. Other coalition members had to balance EKRE’s policy positions, which manifested in contradictory statements and vague decisions. Analysing the Estonian government’s rhetoric about the EU, this paper reveals how the government in its first year in office framed the European Union (EU). The Green Deal, or the EU’s target of achieving climate neutrality by 2050, emerged as one of the cross-cutting topics in the discourse, but the pragmatic rhetoric employed by ministers and the conflict between values and actions raises questions about the motivations of the government, and therefore results in what is termed as ‘reluctant’ Europeanisation.
Rights and the post-Brexit agenda: rights protection and institutional inadequacy in the United Kingdom
Authors: Solomon Russell
Published: September 2021

The issue of protection of rights in a post-Brexit UK has been largely absent from either the final rounds of EU/UK negotiations or the internal UK debate, other than in regard to Northern Ireland and citizen rights. The UK will leave the EU with little certainty as to how various rights, now ‘brought home’, will be protected and enforced. The protection of rights in the UK has been dependent on a multi-layered framework including EU institutions. The UK’s withdrawal from the EU will produce gaps in this overall institutional framework. Rights protection is likely to be further diluted through Brexit’s unsettling of the UK’s constitutional arrangements within its current rights-averse political environment. This article adopts an institutional approach to assess the implications of Brexit for the UK’s protection of rights. It argues that even with some regulatory alignment between the EU and the UK, inadequate institutional arrangements risk undermining current levels of protection.
The Great Game of the twenty-first century: Can Europe compete?
Authors: Eggleton Oscar
Published: September 2021

ESAANZ ESSAY PRIZE WINNERWith China’s Belt and Road Initiative in full swing, this paper identifies a new “Great Game” in the Eurasian heartland. However, rather than the geopolitical chess of the nineteenth century, the new game is wei qi. In a process of gradual encirclement and subtle coercion, China is outplaying the EU on the Eurasian continent while avoiding direct confrontation. Following the logic of wei qi, China has shown a tendency to occupy the spaces that the EU has neglected – namely the Balkans and the East Mediterranean. Yet the game has not been won yet. Recent crises have undermined China’s global image, and hitherto overeager Eastern European countries are now acting with more caution towards Chinese investors. The EU can be an equal player, but it must do more to “bring along” the struggling economies in its periphery, while counterbalancing China’s influence with alternative partnerships in the Middle East and Asia.
Stepping Through the Mirror: A Dystopian Vision of Regression and Stagnation in Tatyana Tolstaya’s The Slynx
Authors: Jenkins Danica
Published: September 2021

CESAA 17TH ANNUAL EUROPE ESSAY COMPETITION 2009 - Undergraduate winner: Danica Jenkins, University of Western AustraliaIn her novel ‘The Slynx’, Tatyana Tolstaya creates a dystopian world of regression and stagnation to critically reflect upon the historical patterns of Russia. By interweaving the phantasmagorical with the real, she uses fiction as a vehicle to meditate upon the cycles of progress and degeneration that have plagued Russian history. In lieu of mere social criticism, Tolstaya’s literary dystopia links the abstract world of fiction with the contemporary post-communist context of her writing, as a means to ruminate on the future direction of Russia at a time when the nation is at a crossroads. ‘The Slyn’x thus illustrates not only the disorder of trying to rebuild society after communism, but exposes also how the turmoil of modern Russian society is intrinsically linked to deep-rooted traditions of autocracy and dehumanisation. Subsequently, she emphasises that these customs are not simply imposed upon people from a top-down system of oppression, but ascertains that they are propagated from within the Russian consciousness to form an eternal and ineradicable component of the Russian psyche.
Goal Rationality in the Formulation and Conduct of Soviet and Russian Foreign Policy
Authors: Miller Robert F.
Published: September 2021

T.H. Rigby’s concept of goal rationality, building on Max Weber’s ideas of substantive and formal-legal rationality in the functioning of bureaucracies, provided important insights into the relevance of ideology for understanding how the Soviet system worked at both the domestic and foreign policy levels. This ideological dimension has tended to be neglected in much of the Western literature on Soviet communism. Since the end of the Soviet system, Russian leaders have tended to avoid ideology as a negative example to be avoided. Nevertheless, in their search for doctrines and principles to guide foreign and domestic aspects of the pursuit of national interests, these leaders have willy-nilly fallen back on ideological ways of thinking, which Rigby’s goal rationality helps to elucidate.
Two plus Four: Revisiting a diplomatic masterpiece that paved the way for German Reunification
Authors: Luy Julius Georg
Published: September 2021

Transcript of the Talk given by Julius Georg Luy at the Christchurch Town Hall on November 25, 2010, as part of the EUCN annual conference "European Integration at 60: Progress,Problems, Perspectives."
The New Globalism:Reflections on the EU and the USA in Asia
Authors: Bevan Ruth A.
Published: September 2021

The basic thesis of this paper is that Southeast Asia will be the crucible and the testing ground for a new Euro-American partnership. Both the United States and the European Union have vital interests in Southeast Asia. These interests certainly involve economics. They definitely concern security issues. And, for both the United States and the European Union, though for similar reasons differently nuanced, these interests aspire to the realm of ideals and idealism, of norms and normativism.
The EU in Kosovo: Operational Dilemmas, Political Priorities and the Realities of Post-Conflict Assistance
Authors: Venner Mary
Published: September 2021

The European Union was a major participant in post conflict reconstruction in Kosovo and continues to be the leading international actor. This article examines the effectiveness of the EU’s contribution to developing Kosovo’s government institutions and the implementation of its development assistance programs. The EU faced practical difficulties at the very start of its engagement which undermined its impact, and there are ongoing deficiencies in the EU’s approach to development assistance. There are also questions about the appropriateness of the EU’s strategy in Kosovo from the perspective of Kosovo’s economic development. It is argued that EU assistance activities, based on the accession process and compliance with ‘European standards,’ are excessively complex, are oriented more towards benefiting the EU and its members, and may not address the development problems of Kosovo, or agree with the priorities of Kosovo’s population.
Regional Policy in the EU Mode of Regionalism: Implications for Asian Integration
Authors: Wilson Bruce
Published: September 2021

Regional Policy continues to be a central part of the overall framework of the European Union’s (EU) approach to developing a supranational political and economic entity. It accounts for more than one third of the EU’s expenditure and involves complex challenges of redistributing resources from subnational regions in some nations to poorer regions in other nation states. What can nations in other parts of the world that are engaged in pursuit of greater integration learn from the EU’s experience, and to what extent are such understandings relevant to other nations? This paper will review both these questions, with specific attention to the Asian context. It will consider some examples of the interest in subnational regional policy within specific Asian countries, with a view to exploring the potential redistribution from richer to poorer regions in Asia.
(Mis)Interpreting Vaclav Havel: Conviction and Responsibility in Post-Communist Politics
Authors: Russell Peter
Published: September 2021

This article examines Vaclav Havel’s alleged failure to understand the need for a “realistic” approach to post-communist politics and the criticisms of his insistence on retaining his principles and focus on morality in his conduct as president of Czechoslovakia in the early 1990s. It argues that these criticisms do not stand up against an examination either of how Havel actually behaved in this period or of his writings and statements concerning his actions and beliefs, that they are based on a misunderstanding of what Havel hoped to achieve as president, and make unjustified assumptions concerning the desirability of Western political and economic systems in the early post-communist period. This article seeks to clarify Havel’s perception of his role as president, of the goals of the revolution and what he personally hoped to achieve, and his understanding of the opportunity that had been offered to Czechoslovakia by the fall of the communist government.
Vasyl’ Stus and Russian Culture: A Complex Issue
Authors: Achilli Alessandro
Published: September 2021

This article is part of a larger project, aimed at studying the many influences and intertextual connections of Vasyl’ Stus, a key figure for contemporary Ukrainian cultural identity, with writers of both Western, Ukrainian and Russian literature. Scholarship on Stus is growing rapidly, yet on the whole it fails to grasp the breadth of his knowledge of foreign literatures. More specifically, studies on the difficult last twenty years of his life often tend to obviate a truly scientific approach to his literary heritage. For fairly obvious reasons, one of the most neglected aspects of his biography as a poet is the role of Russian language, culture and literature in his artistic development. This article argues that a detailed study of the writer's Russian readings and of the possible influence they might have had on his work would help better understand his literary genealogy, his way of thinking and his poetic work. Discussions of works and authors of Russian literature constitute a significant part of Stus's letters. Russian (Soviet) reviews and translations were often for him the key to various foreign literatures and cultures. Russian writers and thinkers aroused his interest in a particular, “privileged” way. Special attention is also paid to the role of Donbas culture in shaping the identity of the young Stus.
Civil War as Musical Comedy: The Representation of the Ukrainian Revolution in the Soviet Film Wedding in Malinovka (1967)
Authors: Pressitch Olga
Published: September 2021

This article explains the continued popularity in Russia of the 1967 Soviet film Wedding in Malinovka by analyzing its reliance on the traditional Russian cultural stereotype of Ukraine embedded in the burlesque style of kotliarevshchyna. The threat that the Ukrainian Revolution historically represented to Soviet Russian identity is normalised in the film, as well as in the 1936 eponymous operetta on which it is based, by framing it as an ethnic musical sitcom with dances. Although the two main yokels of the musical hail from a long line of Ukrainian and Jewish characters of popular theatre, both are also deeply ambivalent: one is a trickster who suddenly embraces the Bolshevik cause, while the other is the funniest and least threatening villain in Soviet film.
She’ll Be Right: Some Observations on Diffused European Union Standards in a New Zealand Context
Authors: McNeill Henrietta
Published: September 2021

Due to their technical and rather specialist nature, standards are often overlooked as a form of influence over third states, yet they form an important and expanding role in the emerging global legal order. Usually developed outside of formal legal processes, regulatory standards nevertheless have hard impacts upon national and international legal frameworks. This paper examines the EU’s advancement of its regulatory agenda: producing global and domestic legal standards that are diffused to third states through multiple channels of communication. Using New Zealand as a case study, this paper draws on research to examine the success of extending the EU’s standards beyond its borders. While the extent to which adoption of EU standards by New Zealand has been varied, there is clear evidence that Europe’s regulatory reach extends far beyond its borders. The colloquialism “she’ll be right” gives a flavour of New Zealand’s approach to the adoption of EU standards in many contexts.
'Emergenza nomadi': Institutional Continuities in Italian Government Policy towards the Romanies
Authors: Armillei Riccardo
Published: September 2021

The Romani peoples today occupy a marginalised position in Italian society. A small number of these peoples live in ‘camps’ in conditions of extreme decay and abandonment. In order to address this situation and to improve these peoples’ lives, the Italian government has recently decided to implement an ‘extraordinary intervention.’ In 2008, in continuity with previous centre-left governments, the Berlusconi right-wing coalition implemented the so called ‘Emergenza Nomadi’ (nomad emergency). The state of emergency aimed to solve an issue that had been already categorised in the 1970s as the ‘problema nomadi’ (nomads problem), and was now described and handled as a ‘natural disaster.’ Based on interviews with Romani individuals, institutional and Third Sector representatives, participant observation and a broad range of secondary sources, this article argues that the enactment of an extraordinary measure was both disproportionate to the real degree of threat, and perpetuated an institutional tradition of racism and control of the Romani peoples. It was not, as the declaration of an ‘emergency’ might imply, the result of a sudden, unexpected situation which required an immediate action. The ‘emergency’ and the premises for the implementation of a ‘state of exception’ were created by protracted institutional immobility and political vacuum.
The European Union’s decision to introduce a financial transactions tax (FTT) in 2011–2012
Authors: Cadzow Lucinda
Published: September 2021

The Eurozone was left reeling after the sovereign debt crisis in 2009. Huge bailouts to governments and banks to stabilise the Euro ensued and policymakers within the European Union (EU hereafter) sought to find a solution to the vulnerability of the Euro to volatility induced by currency speculation.1 In 2011, a Financial Transactions Tax (FTT hereafter) was proposed by the European Commission as both a method of recovering some of the funds that were lost due to the remedial fiscal policies that were implemented after the crisis, and also to be used as a corrective mechanism in order to reduce the volatility apparently caused by high frequency trades and currency speculators.2 The tax was to apply to trades in stocks and bonds, as well as derivatives, at a harmonised minimum of 0.1 per cent and a 0.01 per cent tax rate respectively.
The New Fin-de-Siècle: Journeys of Nationhood through Almodóvar’s and Kieślowski’s Cinema
Authors: Tan Daniel
Published: September 2021

Literally, the French phrase fin de siècle translates as “end of the century”. The term gained prominence during the end of the 19th century, and originated from artists whose works reflected the perceived decline of social orders towards a sense of renewal.1 Although fin de siècle is associated with this particular period in history, the phrase can be transposed to the end of the 20th century, when social and political upheavals were also occurring across Europe. In addition, the use of cinema by contemporary artists to reflect these developments draws artistic parallels to the original fin de siècle. This essay will explore how journeys of nationhood and social renewal at the end of the 20th century were interpreted by filmmakers, using Krzysztof Kieśowski’s Three Colours: Blue2 and Pedro Almodóvar’s All About My Mother3 as representations of Europe’s transition from a continent characterised by division and isolation, towards a unified entity with shared values of collectivism and democracy.
Migration, Public Policy and Gentrification in Belleville, Paris
Authors: Stott Carolyn
Published: September 2021

This article is a study of the physical and social transformation of the Parisian quartier of Belleville since the 19th century. Immigration history and urban renovation have interacted and contributed to or limited the gentrification of the quartier. Certain features are known to affect the type and extent of gentrification: the nature of migrant communities; the legal status of migrants; ethnic relations between migrant and host communities; poverty; crime rates; social diversity and insalubrious housing stock. These factors will be examined in relation to Belleville with a focus on the four significant stages of urban renovation: the transformation of Paris under Haussmann and its flow-on effects; the post-WWII reconstruction period, marked principally by the Plan d’Aménagement et d’Organisation Générale de Paris (PADOG); the makeover of north-eastern Paris towards the end of the 20th century in the form of the Plan programme de l’est de Paris; and the ongoing results and repercussions of this makeover. The evidence points to the quartier being in a stage of partial gentrification. The potential for this process to extend to a state of mature gentrification will be examined with reference to quartiers such as the Marais.
Impacts of Changes in Consumption, Production and Trade Policies in China and India on the European Union and New Zealand
Authors: Guenther Meike , Saunders Caroline , Tait Peter
Published: September 2021

This study assessed the potential impacts of changes in meat and dairy consumption and production, as well as different trade policies in China and India, on agricultural trade in New Zealand (NZ) and the European Union (EU-27), using the Lincoln Trade and Environment Model (LTEM). This partial equilibrium model forecasts international trade, production and consumption of agricultural commodities. Several scenarios were developed simulating different ranges of consumption and production of meat and dairy commodities, as well as full trade liberalisation in China and India. Results showed that changing consumption, production and trade patterns in India and China could lead to higher producer returns from meat and dairy commodities in NZ and the EU-27 by 2020. However, if China and India significantly increase meat and dairy consumption and production simultaneously, producer returns in NZ and the EU-27 could decline.