bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CONSUMPTION VOLUMES TECHNOLOGY OF ELECTRICITY AND HEAT BY DEPARTMENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY
Authors: Pshinko O. M. , Kuznetsov V. G. , Shaptala M. V. , Shaptala D. E.
Published: May 2015

Purpose. Efficient use of natural energy resources is one of the priorities of the state policy in the sphere of universities and institutions of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine. Besides search and development the new efficient and clean energy systems it is necessary to implement optimal management of the development and operation of existing facilities, reducing their energy costs. Purpose of this work is to develop consumption volume technology of electricity and heat by scientific departments of Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport named after Academician V. Lazaryan (DNURT) for further finding the ways to reduce energy consumption. The problem is due to the specifics of University’s energy scheme. There is a difficulty for the installation of energy meters and data acquisition about their use in individual branches and structural units. At the same time it is impossible to assess qualitatively the energy position of scientific departments. Methodology. The method to determine the electricity and heat consumption for space heating of scientific departments at the university is based on «The intersectoral rules of electricity and heat energy for institutions and public sector organizations in Ukraine» and «Codes and regulations on rationing of fuel and heat energy for heating the residential buildings as well as for economic needs in Ukraine». Findings. Developed determining expenditure technology of electricity and heat for heating by scientific departments at the DNURT named after Academician V. Lazaryan allows obtaining data on energy consumption in individual units without direct measure and analyzing the effectiveness of energy saving technologies. Originality. It is represented by energy costs in the form of two components and these components are defined on the basis of the energy audit. This enables the energy inputs to implement energy efficiency measures in the research departments of the university. Practical value. The developed method can be used as practical tools to monitor energy consumption in the above mentioned university and in similar facilities.
MODEL OF FEES CALCULATION FOR ACCESS TO TRACK INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES
Authors: Mishchenko M. I.
Published: May 2015

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to develop a one- and two-element model of the fees calculation for the use of track infrastructure of Ukrainian railway transport. Methodology. On the basis of this one can consider that when planning the planned preventive track repair works and the amount of depreciation charges the guiding criterion is not the amount of progress it is the operating life of the track infrastructure facilities. The cost of PPTRW is determined on the basis of the following: the classification track repairs; typical technological processes for track repairs; technology based time standards for PPTRW; costs for the work of people, performing the PPTRW, their hourly wage rates according to the Order 98-Ts; the operating cost of machinery; regulated list; norms of expenditures and costs of materials and products (they have the largest share of the costs for repairs); railway rates; average distances for transportation of materials used during repair; standards of general production expenses and the administrative costs. Findings. The models offered in article allow executing the objective account of expenses in travelling facilities for the purpose of calculation of the proved size of indemnification and necessary size of profit, the sufficient enterprises for effective activity of a travelling infrastructure. Originality. The methodological bases of determination the fees (payments) for the use of track infrastructure on one- and two-element base taking into account the experience of railways in the EC countries and the current transport legislation were grounded. Practical value. The article proposes the one- and two-element models of calculating the fees (payments) for the TIF use, accounting the applicable requirements of European transport legislation, which provides the expense compensation and income formation, sufficient for economic incentives of the efficient operation of the TIE of Ukrainian railway transport.
INTELLECTUAL MODEL FORMATION OF RAILWAY STATION WORK DURING THE TRAIN OPERATION EXECUTION
Authors: Lavrukhin O. V.
Published: May 2015

Purpose. The aim of this research work is to develop an intelligent technology for determination of the optimal route of freight trains administration on the basis of the technical and technological parameters. This will allow receiving the operational informed decisions by the station duty officer regarding to the train operation execution within the railway station. Metodology. The main elements of the research are the technical and technological parameters of the train station during the train operation. The methods of neural networks in order to form the self-teaching automated system were put in the basis of the generated model of train operation execution. Findings. The presented model of train operation execution at the railway station is realized on the basis of artificial neural networks using learning algorithm with a «teacher» in Matlab environment. The Matlab is also used for the immediate implementation of the intelligent automated control system of the train operation designed for the integration into the automated workplace of the duty station officer. The developed system is also useful to integrate on workplace of the traffic controller. This proposal is viable in case of the availability of centralized traffic control on the separate section of railway track. Originality. The model of train station operation during the train operation execution with elements of artificial intelligence was formed. It allows providing informed decisions to the station duty officer concerning a choice of rational and a safe option of reception and non-stop run of the trains with the ability of self-learning and adaptation to changing conditions. This condition is achieved by the principles of the neural network functioning. Practical value. The model of the intelligent system management of the process control for determining the optimal route receptionfor different categories of trains was formed.In the operational mode it offers the possibility to the station duty officer or the traffic controller to determine the appropriate park (receiving, sending, transit one) and efficient reception way or handling one on condition of train safety control. The cardinal difference of this technology from the existing ones is the possibility to adapt the model to changing conditions. It means that in case of a situation that had not been encountered previously the model will calculate the most efficient way of train operation execution.
ESTIMATION MODEL OF RESIDUAL LIFE-TIME OF LOCOMOTIVE FRAME BOGIE WITH ALLOWANCE FOR CREEP
Authors: Skalskyi V. R. , Dolinska I. Ya. , Rudavskyy D. V. , Yarema R. Ya. , Bas V. R.
Published: May 2015

Purpose. The problem of determining the residual life of frame bogie elements of locomotives is a great importance for predicting their work safely and avoidance potential failures on the track. This especially concern cases when such elements have creep-fatigue cracks which grow under action of cyclic loading with excerpts T1 in the cycle and reach their critical size. Here the question of the propagation of such defects (cracks) arises, their kinetics and about the period of subcritical cracks growth. The aim is to develop a calculation model for determination the period of subcritical creep-fatigue cracks growth in the bogies frames of electric locomotive. The model takes into account the basic parameters of load, geometry of the construction element and cracks. Methodology. The calculation model for determination the period of subcritical creep-fatigue cracks growth in structural elements of frame under conditions of variable load time has been formulated. It is based on the first law of thermodynamics concerning to mechanics of solids slow fracture at low temperature creep and variable loadings. It is assumed that the period of unsteady creep dominates here (the first section of the creep curve). Low-temperature creep is creep of materials at temperatures T0 < 0,5Tmp, where Tmp − the melting point of the material. Findings. The analytical formula for the determination of the stress intensity factor of truck bolster with technological hole has been obtained. It is shown that by experimentally established constants of the material using the proposed analytical relations can easily determine residual resource of the bogie frame elements. Originality. The new mathematical model for describing the kinetics of creep-fatigue cracks growth in the frames bogies of electric locomotive under variable in time loadings with various time excerpts and on this base the period determination of subcritical crack growth has been proposed. Practical value. Formulated model can serve as a basis for engineering calculation methods to determine the residual life of structural elements with cracks, working on joint action of cyclic loading and unsteady creep.
TO THE MODELING ISSUES OF LIFE CYCLE OF DEFORMATION WORK OF THE RAILWAY TRACK ELEMENTS
Authors: Bondarenko I. O.
Published: May 2015

Purpose. This article highlightsthe operational cycle modeling of the railway track elements for the development processes study of deformability as the basis of creating a regulatory framework of the track while ensuring the reliability of the railways. Methodology.The basic theory of wave propagation process in describing the interaction of track and rolling stock are used to achieve the goal. Findings. The basic provisions concerning the concept «the operational cycle of the deformation track» were proposed and formulated. The method was set. On its base the algorithm for determining the dynamic effects of the rolling stock on the way was obtained. The basic principles for the calculation schemes of railway track components for process evaluation of the deformability of the way were formulated. An algorithm was developed, which allows getting the field values of stresses, strains and displacements of all points of the track design elements. Based on the fields of stress-strain state of the track, an algorithm to establish the dependence of the process of deformability and the amount of energy expended on the deformability of the track operation was created. Originality.The research of track reliability motivates the development of new models, provides an opportunity to consider it for some developments. There is a need to define the criteria on which the possibility of assessing and forecasting changes in the track states in the course of its operation. The paper proposed the basic principles, methods, algorithms, and the terms relating to the conduct of the study, questions the reliability of the track. Practical value. Analytical models, used to determine the parameters of strength and stability of tracks, fully meet its objectives, but cannot be applied to determine the parameters of track reliability. One of the main factors of impossibility to apply these models is a quasi-dynamic approach. Therefore, as a rule, not only one dynamic process of the railway track is prepared and assayed, but also its consequences. In addition, such models are flat, that also adds some complexity to compare the results with the experiment, since the process is not easy to distinguish the bulk of its limited influence in parts. The application of numerical methods extends the capabilities, and makes it impossible to consider the dynamic process, because it is impossible to introduce the processes that govern the response to the load. Therefore, the proposed modeling makes it possible to examine directly the dynamic process and evaluate the process due to the new criterion, the operational cycle of the strain gauge.
EFFECT OF ALLOYING ON TEMPERATURE OF TRANSFORMATION «PEARLITE – AUSTENITE» IN COMPLEX-ALLOYED WHITE CAST IRONS
Authors: Pastukhova T. V. , Efremenko V. G. , Cheiliakh A. P. , Shimizu K. , Chabak Yu. G.
Published: May 2015

Purpose. Pearlite is not accepted in the microstructure of wear resistant steels and cast irons. To prevent the pearlite by means of appropriate selection of mode of quenching requires the knowledge of the temperature of the critical points Ac1 and Ac3 for various steels and cast irons. Purpose of work is determine the effect of V (5-10%) and Cr (up to 9%) on the temperature range of the phase-structural transformation "pearlite®austenite in the complex-alloyed V-Cr-Mn-Ni white cast irons with spheroidal vanadium carbides. Methodology. Nine Mg-treated cast irons smelted in laboratory furnace were used for investigation. The metallographic and optical dilatometric analysis methods as well as energy-dispersive spectroscopy were used. Findings. It is shown that in irons studied the critical point Ac1 is in a temperature range from 710-780 °C (lower limit) up to 730-850 °C (upper limit). The data on the concentrations of chromium and vanadium in a matrix of iron are presented, the regression equation describing the effect of vanadium and chromium on the temperature limits of the transformation «pearlite ® austenite» are obtained. Originality. It is shown that increase the chromium content leads to growth of lower and upper limits of the temperature interval of transformation "pearlite ® austenite"; vanadium increases only the upper limit of the range. It was found that the effect of chromium on the critical point Ac1 is attributed to its solubility in the metallic matrix (concentration of Cr in the austenite reaches 7%); vanadium, due to its slight dissolution in the matrix (vanadium content does not exceed 1.75%), affects the critical point indirectly by increasing of chromium concentration in the matrix due to enhanced carbon sequestration in VC carbides. Practical value. The temperature ranges of heating for quenching of V-Cr-Mn-Ni cast irons with spheroidal vanadium carbides, which provides the formation of austenitic-martensitic matrix without pearlite, is transformation proposed.
MODELING WORK OF SORTING STATION USING UML
Authors: Gorbova O. V.
Published: May 2015

Purpose. The purpose of this paper is the construction of methods and models for the graphical representation process of sorting station, using the unified modeling language (UML). Methodology. Methods of graph theory, finite automata and the representation theory of queuing systems were used as the methods of investigation. A graphical representation of the process was implemented with using the Unified Modeling Language UML. The sorting station process representation is implemented as a state diagram and actions through a set of IBM Rational Rose. Graphs can show parallel operation of sorting station, the parallel existence and influence of objects process and the transition from one state to another. The IBM Rational Rose complex allows developing a diagram of work sequence of varying degrees of detailing. Findings. The study has developed a graphical representation method of the process of sorting station of different kind of complexity. All graphical representations are made using the UML. They are represented as a directed graph with the states. It is clear enough in the study of the subject area. Applying the methodology of the representation process, it allows becoming friendly with the work of any automation object very fast, and exploring the process during algorithms construction of sorting stations and other railway facilities. This model is implemented with using the Unified Modeling Language (UML) using a combination of IBM Rational Rose. Originality. The representation process of sorting station was developed by means of the Unified Modeling Language (UML) use. Methodology of representation process allows creating the directed graphs based on the order of execution of the works chain, objects and performers of these works. The UML allows visualizing, specifying, constructing and documenting, formalizing the representation process of sorting station and developing sequence diagrams of works of varying degrees of detail. Practical value. The usage of the Unified Modeling Language (UML) based on software package IBM Rational Rose and allows to create processes of varying degrees of detail, reduce the time expenditure for the process research of sorting station and get a clear graphical representation, as well as to reduce the human costs at the construction and improvement of existing technological processes.
REMOTE DIAGNOSTICS OF TURNOUTS STATE ON TIMING AND SPECTRAL COMPOSITION IN CURRENT CURVE
Authors: Buryak S. Yu. , Gavrilyuk V. I. , Hololobova O. O. , Kovryhin M. O.
Published: May 2015

Purpose. Development and implementation the points system diagnostics that would allow determining remotely the current state of turnout with all possible faults, gradual and sudden failures, damages, and in real time to report about their appearance. Methodology. State diagnostics on the values analysis of turnout main parameters is proposed to carry out with the help of a computer and analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Connecting measurements performance is advisable to produce to a shunt ammeter, installed in the working circuit of the point feed panel. ADC converts the analog signal of lost volts at the shunt into digital form and transmits it to a computer which stores the received data on its own recording medium for their further processing and storage. There is special software that is capable to reconnect signal and construct its temporal characteristic as well as decompose it on the spectral components. Using it one can analyze the obtained data, which allows diagnosing state of points upon change the nature, values and composition of the current curve. Findings. The computer diagnosis method was confirmed in practice for possible indications of problems that are associated with both the mechanical part of the turnout and the electrical part of it, while controlling parameters such as the amount of current normal transition, when working on frictions, the duration of the transition, properly adjusted headset and attachment points, the state of the motor. Originality. The use of computer technology in the diagnosis of the state of turnouts during their operation to monitor the current values of technical indicators, analysis and storage for all types of electric switches with different types of engines both DC and AC occurs through digitization and recording signal from measuring shunt of point feeder panel. Practical value. The proposed method enables timely, still in the early stages of defect parts, damages or failures of nodes mechanisms to detect and eliminate them. In addition, it reduces the load on the electrical engineers during schedule maintenance. The introduction of a diagnostic analysis of the turnout using computer technology will allow defining the appearance of faults in the early stages of their formation and preventing development the difficult avoidable damages or necessity for their complete replacement.
CONTROL COMMAND SYSTEMS IMPACT ON THE RAILWAY OPERATIONAL SAFETY
Authors: Pawlik Marek
Published: May 2015

Purpose. Safety is seen as a must, for railway transport market. However it is not so obvious what does safety exactly mean as it means different things for different experts. Showing safety ensured by control command systems as a component of the railway operational safety and pointing associated challenges especially those arising from subdivision of the national railway system into different entities. Methodology. To achieve this purpose control command and signalling systems keeping safe distances between trains, preventing setting conflicting train routs, locking of the mobile elements of the switches, protecting the level crossings, enabling safe incorporation of additional trains were analyzed. Findings. Article analyses how control command system influence operational safety taking into account safety of the control-command system itself, interfaces on one side between signalling systems and control command system and on the other side between control command system and vehicle control systems, transmission, maintenance, and operation in degraded modes of running. Originality. New and high-effective scope of tests which are necessary for putting new control command installation into service both track-side and on-board are proposed. Practical value. Control command implementations will significantly improve operational safety, however it is possible only when recommendations defined in this article are taken into account. This means that all the components including interfaces have to meet acceptable hazard rate 10E-9 and have to be properly design, constructed, assembled and maintained, all taking into account whole chain of functions performed and supervised by different railway entities.
LIFETIME OF AUXILIARY MACHINES OF AC ELECTRIC TRAINS
Authors: Baliichuk O. Yu.
Published: May 2015

Purpose. In this paper it is necessary to analyze increase the efficiency of auxiliary machinesof AC electric trains, series ER 9M during operating under the real conditions. Methodology. An engineering method to determine the relative reduction of the lifetime of asynchronous motors, selected with a certain design factor of power reserve, under normal operating conditions and with decrease of the electric power supply quality in auxiliary circuits of rolling stock, which takes place in real operation in sections of Ukrzaliznytsia was proposed. Findings. As a result of a study, conducted by the author it was found that long-term operation of asynchronous motors, selected with a sufficient reserve of power kз = 1,6, when the supply voltage unbalance is 16 … 20% leads to a reduction of their lifetime on 9,5…33,2%, depending on the type of motors. It proves that the choice of auxiliary machines with a large margin of power is not a rational way to increase the efficiency of auxiliary machines of electric trains, series ER9M. Recommendations were suggested for the introductions of symmetry-balancing and protective devices based on modern microprocessor and microcontroller hardware components. They make impossible operation of auxiliary machines during a low level of electric energy quality in onboard electric circuits of AC electric train in general, and on the trains, series ER9M in particular. Originality. The issues of the analytical study of the energy supply quality effect on the lifetime of auxiliary machines of AC electric trains, series ER9M through the determination of the relative reduction of the lifetime of auxiliary machines, depending on the general overheating temperature were highlighted firstly. The effect of safety factor for motor capacity on the average overheating and on the heating process of electrical machines on the whole was taken into consideration. Practical value. Obtained results allow forming critical opinion about the existing protection of auxiliary machines of AC electric train and develop recommendations for the implementation of complex organizational and technical measures to improve operability of auxiliary machines of AC electric trains, series ER 9M.
MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF SEMICONDUCTOR CONVERTER WITH FIVE-ZONE REGULATION OF THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE AND ELECTROMECHANICAL LOAD
Authors: Mikhailenko V. V. , Abdulaiev S. A. , Ernst V. V. , Chupak V. V.
Published: May 2015

Purpose. This work is directed on study of the electromagnetic processes in electric circuits with semiconductor commutators. It is necessary to develop the new mathematical models of functions determination and algorithmic equations for analysis of formed and transition processes in electric circuits of the variable structure. To research the mathematical models with semiconductor commutators and sections, in which sine, constant and pulsed voltages appear. Methodology. The mathematical model of the semiconductor converter with electromechanical load was created for achievement the purpose in view. It is shown that appearance of nonlinear element complicates powerfully the problems of the calculation and studies appearing in circuits of the electromagnetic processes. The most complications appear in circuits of the variable structure, in which sine, constant and pulsed current arise under the action of appropriete voltages. Findings. The new mathematical models of the electromagnetic processes were designed in three-phase electric circuit of the semiconductor converters with multiserver zoned regulation of phase voltages (without losses in semiconductor commutators) for quick estimation the load parameters influence on level and form of the output voltage. Originality. The method of multi-parameter functions was developed. The last are included in algorithmic equations for analysis of formed and transition processes in network with semiconductor commutators and reactive elements, in the considerations direction of phase to neutral voltages usage in the power circuit. It is motivated that use of the multi-parameter modulating functions method in electric circuit of variable structures is expedient if in their sections there are not more than three independent reactive elements. The new mathematical model of formed and transition processes in electric circuits of the semiconductor converters, modulation type with multiserver zoned use of phase to neutral voltages in three-phase network of the power supply was developed. At that energy loss in commutators were not taken into account. Such mathematical model was created for quick estimation the influence of parameters load on controlled features of sine and constant voltages. Practical value. New scheme technical solutions of semiconductor commutators with high-frequency impulse relative time regulation of output voltage when change parameters load in a wide range were created. It has allowed raising the speed of the electro technological systems. The increase in speed methods of regulation and determinations the energy efficient mode parameters of semiconductor commutators of the electro technological systems were developed. The new methods of analyzes of formed and transition processes in electric circuits of semiconductor converters, modulation type with constant output voltages and with miscellaneous types of modulating influence.
STUDY OF OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS OF TRACK PROFILE ESTIMATION ON THE BANDWIDTH OF THE RAILWAYS
Authors: Gorobets V. L. , Muzykina S. I. , Muzykin M. I.
Published: May 2015

Purpose. Obtaining suitable indicators for profile track classification (combining a diversity of its individual elements) to enhance the bandwidth of plots. Methodology. Analysis was done with polygon profiles. Rectified profile of each plot was grouped by the steepness of the elements within the increment of 1-2 %. For each plot was determined magnitude of the estimated rise and medium-sized rise on the working part of the profile. Longitudinal profiles were classified into four types by the magnitude of the proportion of light elements profile and estimated rises. Classification criteria are given for these four types of profiles with additional breakdown of each type into subgroups depending on the magnitude of the estimated rise. Findings.Researches proved that the maximum speed increasing on falls reduces the magnitude of the average fall and increases the proportion of the working profile. To test the proposed classification of profiles juxtaposition of freight trains time motion, calculated for real plots and by the corresponding typical profiles was carried out. Originality. Simplifying the calculations significantly, prevailing methods for assess profile track do not provide the full and accurate representation of the actual character impact of profile track at important tractional-operational and operational indicators. Conventional schemes do not accurately reflect the actual structure of track profiles, and therefore the use of them for concrete calculations can lead to wrong conclusions. Therefore, this classification of longitudinal profiles of the railway network becomes more important, which allow refer railway lines to a particular class upon longitudinal profile on the base of simple classifications marks and therefore use the tractional-operational calculations made for typical profiles in respect of certain lines. Practical value. Grouping of all explored plots by magnitude of average rise in the working part of the profile and analysis of the profile structure that is relevant to average rise, revealed that the proposed value of k is a simple, stable and specific indicator for the classification of the profile plot.
INVESTIGATION OF STRESS STATE IN THE ELEMENTS OF RAIL FASTENINGS, TYPE KPP-5 UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ROLLING STOCK
Authors: Nastechik M. P. , Bondarenko I. O. , Marcul R. V.
Published: May 2015

Purpose. To date, there is a tendency for the implementation of high-speed trains on the territory of the Ukrainian Railways, which requires increasing the strength and stability of the construction of the railway track. At the same time requirements for intermediate rail fastening have increased and widened. It is on trackwork and repair of the rail fastening labor costs during the operation are from 10 to 18%. One of the main types of fastening, which after long operational observations was included in the permanent operation (5 th. km.) is an intermediate fastening, type КПП-5. Data from previous theoretical studies reliably prevented clear science-based answers and results of the rail fastening. Therefore, the aim is to develop a methodology and rationale for the theoretical research work of rail fastening, type КПП-5 with a detailed assessment of the appearance of stress state places in its elements from the effects of rolling stock. Methodology. The basis of study methods of theoretical research work of the intermediate rail fastening, type КПП-5 (with a detailed assessment of the state of stress in its intermediate elements from the effects of the rolling stock) is the theory of finite elements method (FEM). Findings. Using the FEM it was found that one of the main elements of the intermediate rail fastening, which first perceives share of the value of the lateral force transmitted from the effects of rolling stock are elastic type terminals, type КП-5. Analyzing the data set, the bars in the terminal voltages at the inner side of the rail thread 53,1-56% are greater than the stresses on the outside of rail thread. Originality. A mathematical model of railway track with intermediate rail fastening, type КПП-5 under the action of rolling stock for the study of the stress state in the elements of fastening was developed. This mathematical model let take into account the physical and mechanical properties of the test elements and geometrical fixing fastenings as constructive and operational characteristics of the entire rail fastening in general. Practical value. The obtained results in this work of FE simulations allow reflecting and exploring the most likely places of the stress state appearance in the elements of the fastening, type КПП-5, in which damages and defects can be in the future. This in general will affect the operation stability of the railway track as a whole.
DEPENDENCE OF GRAIN SIZE OF AUSTENITE STEEL OF RAILWAY WHEEL FROM PARAMETERS OF HOT DEFORMATION
Authors: Vakulenko L. I.
Published: May 2015

Purpose. The estimation of heat temperature influence and degree of hot reduction of carbon steel on the size of grain аustenite at making of railway wheels. Methodology. The material for research was carbon steel, mark 60 with carbon content of 0,55 and 0,65 %, selected from the fragments of railway wheels. The size of grain аustenite depending on a temperature (from 800 to 1 150 ºC) and degrees of hot deformation (10−50 %) was determined. The size of grain was determined under a light microscope with the use of quantitative metallography methods. Findings. The use of cooling in the process of hot reduction of the railway wheel will allow dispergating the structure of аustenite on large distances from the surface of the rim. The reason for this is that the volumes of metal after cooling have an increased strength and will be exposed in less degree to the plastic deformation. To compare the cooling layers near-by with the surface of rim, they are more warmed-up in internal volumes of metal. In the conditions of continuity of plastic deformation distribution, having a high temperature, they will be exposed to the reduction on the large total degree of deformation. In consequence of the resulted decisions more even austenitic structure must be formed on the section of rim of railway wheel. To obtain the effect of disperse grain of аustenite at making of the whole-rolled railway wheels it is necessary to decrease the heat temperature of billet under rolling or increase the degree of reduction on the lasts stages of shape-generating deformation. The pause by duration of 1,5 min. after reduction of 20 % at a temperature 950 ºC is sufficiently for processes completion of dynamic and static recrystalization of аustenite carbon steel of the railway wheel. Originality. Increase of plastic deformation degree, especially in the central volumes of rim is accompanied by the decrease of heterogeneity of austenitic structure on his section. The mechanism of disperse structure of аustenite is based on slow down of development processes of recrystallization in carbon steel at the metal reduction temperature decrease of elements in the railway wheel when they are formed on a rolling mill. Practical value. Temperature decrease of hot reduction of billets in the conditions of flatting mill from 1240−1260 ºC to 1 150 ºC is accompanied by decrease of size grain of аustenite from a 0−1 mark to 2−5 in the different elements of the railway wheel.
RESEARCH OF A TANK-CONTAINER STRENGTH OF IMPROVED CONSTRUCTION USING THE COMPUTER SIMULATION OF OPERATING CONDITIONS
Authors: Lovskaya A. O. , Fomin O. V. , Okorokov A. M. , Melnychuk O. M.
Published: May 2015

Purpose. This article highlights the сoverage of the results and characteristics of computer research of tank-container construction strength in operation that was improved by using round pipes as supporting constructions. Methodology. To achieve this aim, operation conditions of the typical tank-container construction were investigated. To study the strength of the tank-container in operation the spatial geometric model was constructed. The maximum equivalent stresses that occur in its supporting structures under the action of the most adverse operating conditions load were defined. Calculations were carried out using the finite element method. It was found that the margin of safety of the standard design container is about 2. For the metal content contraction of the tank-container it is proposed the improvement of its supporting construction by replacing round pipes instead of square pipes, which are used in typical design (providing in terms of durability and operational reliability). Findings. The improved supporting structure of the tank-container for transporting the petroleum products was developed. For the optimal design of its frame optimality research were conducted on the criterion if minimum material consumption. Originality. A model of strength tank-container which provides the possibility to determine the equivalent stresses in its supporting structure by encountering as the most unfavorable case of load was offered. The improved supporting structure of a tank-container using simulation optimization was developed. The improved construction of a tank-container is designed for all types of loads specified in the regulations. Practical value. The results of strength calculation showed that the tension of an improved supporting construction of a tank-container in the main modes of operating does not exceed the allowable values. Technical and economic feasibility of the proposed engineering solutions to the supporting construction showed that it was possible to make substantial economic effect during their production. The obtained results prove that the introduction of round pipes as the supporting constructions of freight cars and other means of transport engineering is a promising direction of a scientific research.
Successful immune tolerance in two children with severe haemophilia A
Authors: Leenders Bert
Published: May 2015

Haemophilia A is an X-linked congenital bleeding disorder resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII (FVIII). Therapy to prevent or treat bleeding is by replacement of the missing FVIII. However, as a consequence of treatment, patients with HA may develop inhibitory IgG antibodies to FVIII, termed “inhibitors”. When this occurs, treatment becomes more complex and costly and morbidity increases. Inhibitor formation, occurring in up to 36% of patients with severe HA, is currently one of the most significant complications affecting patients with HA [1,2]. In these two case studies, the management of bleeds in patients with inhibitors, and the long-term inhibitor eradication will be discussed.
The role of the European haemophilia nurse
Authors: Schrijvers Liesbeth , Bedford Martin , Elfvinge Petra , Andritschke Karin , Leenders Bert , Harrington Christine
Published: May 2015

Background: A broad scoping exercise was undertaken to assess and quantify haemophilia nursing care in Europe. Methods: A web-based survey in English was sent to known networks of haemophilia nurses working in Europe. This survey included questions concerning the haemophilia treatment centre, educational level, work activities, gaining knowledge/ expertise and development in the future. Results: In total, 94 nurses in 14 countries in Europe completed the survey. Overall, the majority (62%) of the nurses had over 20 years’ nursing experience, with 44% having more than 10 years’ experience in haemophilia. The educational level varied; with highest educational level of attainment being 41% at nondegree level nursing entry qualification, 35% BSc and 24% MSc. 21% worked in a centre where they treat only children, 26% only adults and 53% both. All had good access to treatment. The core activities (rated >80%) of a haemophilia nurse were: prepare and administer medication, venepuncture and CVADuse (except cannulation), providing education and telephone advice, coordination of (multidisciplinary) care and assistance with clinical trials. Furthermore, 35% stated that they initiated and performed nurse-led research. In the future, almost all nurses would like to develop their expertise and knowledge base by studying at Masters level and above, to have more responsibility, and to conduct research. Conclusion: This scoping exercise provides a baseline assessment of haemophilia nursing across Europe. The results may provide a basis for a more thorough investigation of the current role and the principles of haemophilia nursing care; future opportunities, and the training requirements to develop the specialty.
Nurses should become more involved in haemophilia research
Authors: Bryan Jenny
Published: May 2015

Abstrat

Brian O’Mahony, Chief Executive of the Irish Haemophilia Society and President of the European Haemophilia Consortium, tells Jenny Bryan about the special role that nurses play within the haemophilia community
IM botulinum toxin-A improves ambulation in severe haemophilia and cerebral palsy
Authors: Bladen Melanie , Edwards Karen , Khair Kate , Main Eleanor
Published: May 2015

Introduction: The use of BtA in spasticity management is well documented in the literature for the management of hypertonicity in children with cerebral palsy. Methods: We report a case of a 2-year-old boy with severe haemophilia and cerebral palsy who received intramuscular injections of botulinum toxin-A (BtA) to reduce his spastic diplegia lower limb hypertonicity. Results: Following treatment, clinical and formal assessments demonstrated positive changes in ambulation, tolerance of orthotics, functional abilities and musculoskeletal range of movement and no adverse bleeding side effects. Conclusion: The use of BtA should be considered for the management of hypertonicity in children with haemophilia and cerebral palsy.
Octapharma’s balanced portfolio built on a very special juice
Authors: Khair Kate
Published: May 2015

Octapharma's core business is the development and production of human proteins from human plasma and cell lines. As the company moves into the recombinant arena, Chairman Wolfgang Marguerre discusses opportunities and threats with Editor-in-Chief Kate Khair
HaemophiliaLIVE: an ethnographic study on the impact of haemophilia on daily life
Authors: Khair Kate , Phillott Anica , Loran Christine , Pollard Debra , Forrester Claire , Alavian Sharon , Hook Susan
Published: May 2015

Introduction: Haemophilia causes joint, muscle and soft tissue bleeds, often leading to pain and disability. These effects can have a significant impact on patients’ well-being and quality of life. There is a need to better understand patient priorities and concerns so that haemophilia healthcare professionals can develop strategies to meet these needs with individuals and their families. Methods: The HaemophiliaLIVE ethnographic study enrolled 16 families from four comprehensive care centres in the UK. Each family received a kit consisting of video recording equipment, seven sealed envelopes each containing a “secret question” and pre-paid envelopes for secure return of the video memory cards. Video footage was recorded daily to examine the impact of haemophilia. Results: Over 30 hours of recorded footage was obtained from 10 families with children/young adults, two young adults, and three older men. Six participants had a current inhibitor. The key themes identified were impact on: family relationships, school, employment and travel. The older participants and those with inhibitors reported that pain was a major factor in their day-to-day lives, and also expressed fear about loss of mobility and pending surgery. Although parents expressed anger and sadness about their child’s haemophilia, those with haemophilia were generally positive about their life experiences. Many reported that their employers were understanding and made additional provision for their haemophilia. Conclusions: Haemophilia has a significant impact on patients and their families. This research provides insight on the support needs of individuals and families.
How aid can help the haemophilia community learn to develop Karin Lindvall - an appreciation Karin Lindvall - an appreciation
Authors: Holland Mike
Published: May 2015

Save One Life and Project SHARE were founded on the belief that offering aid to those with bleeding disorders in developing countries must be accompanied by support for growth and development. Managing editor Mike Holland caught up with the prime movers behind the two operations
Opportunity Cost Classification of Goods and Markets
Authors: Mance Davor , Vretenar Nenad , Katunar Jana
Published: May 2015

Sixty years ago, Samuelson’s “Pure Theory of Public Expenditure” expounded the classification of goods, and Bain’s “Economies of Scale, Concentration and the Condition of Entry in Twenty Manufacturing Industries” expounded the structure-conduct-performance paradigm. To the present day, rivalry in- and excludability from consumption classify goods, and subadditivity and irreversibility in production classify market structure. Opportunity costs of production in the form of prospective sunk costs incentivise investment and production, and the sunk costs themselves induce subadditivities, specialization and convexity of the marginal rate of technical substitution. Opportunity costs in consumption are determined by the marginal costs of replacement. In light of the recent Nobel price award to Jean Tirole, we revisit some of the forgotten discussions and clarify some of the terminology under a more economic framework of opportunity costs.
O legado das teorias lexicológicas tradicionais para a práxis lexicográfica: uma discussão sobre a metalinguagem da definição (com ênfase nos dicionários de língua espanhola)
Authors: Farias Virginia Sita
Published: May 2015

As teorias lexicológicas tradicionais costumam classificar as palavras em “expressões com significado” e “expressões sem significado” com base na distinção entre “significado lexical” e “significado categorial”. No âmbito (meta)lexicográfico, a oposição entre “expressões com significado” e “expressões sem significado” redunda na distinção entre metalinguagem de conteúdo/de segundo enunciado e metalinguagem de signo/de primeiro enunciado. O objetivo deste trabalho é demonstrar a insustentabilidade de uma oposição estrita entre “expressões com significado” e “expressões sem significado” e avaliar as consequências disso na seleção da metalinguagem a ser empregada na redação das paráfrases explanatórias.The traditional theories of lexicology classify the words into “meaningful” and “meaningless expressions”, according to the distinction between “lexical meaning” and “categorial meaning”. Where (meta) lexicography is concerned, the opposition between “meaningful” and “meaningless expressions” results in a distinction between “metalanguage of content” and “metalanguage of sign”. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that an opposition between “meaningful” and “meaningless expressions” stricto sensu does not hold, and to evaluate its consequences for the selection of the metalanguage that should be used to write the explanatory paraphrases.
The Association Between Thalassemia Major and Periodontal Health
Authors: Akcalı Aliye , Kahraman Çeneli Selda , Gümüş Pınar , Buduneli Nurcan , Lappin David F. , Özçaka Özgün
Published: May 2015

Background: The aim of this cross‐sectional study is to compare the local and systemic levels of soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand (sRANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), a proliferation‐inducing ligand (APRIL), B‐cell activating factor (BAFF), interleukin (IL)‐6, and IL‐8 in biofluids of patients with thalassemia major (TM) with or without gingivitis.

Methods: Seventy‐seven patients are included in this study (TM, n = 29; systemically healthy, n = 48). Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), saliva, and serum levels of IL‐6, IL‐8, sRANKL, OPG, BAFF, and APRIL were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Data were analyzed by appropriate non‐parametric or parametric statistical tests.

Results: Median GCF, serum, and saliva levels for BAFF (P <0.001) and IL‐6 and IL‐8 (P <0.005) were higher in TM gingivitis than in systemically healthy gingivitis (P <0.001). GCF, serum, and saliva levels for APRIL, sRANKL, IL‐6, and IL‐8 were higher in TM than in systemically and periodontally healthy comparison groups (P <0.05). Positive correlations were found between bleeding on probing (BOP), plaque index (PI) scores, and GCF APRIL, serum sRANKL, serum OPG, and sRANKL concentrations in TM groups (P <0.05). Several significant positive correlations were found between BOP, PI scores, and biofluid parameters also in systemically healthy groups.

Conclusion: TM may have a role in the underlying systemic hematologic condition and potentially affect gingival inflammation via dysregulation of lymphocytes and increased activation of osteoclasts.
Photoinduced processes, radiation interaction with material and damages - material hardness
Authors: Sreckovic Milesa , Ostojic Stanko , Ilic Jelena , Fidanovski Zoran , Jevtic Sanja , Knezevic Dragan , Obrenovic Marija
Published: May 2015

Photo and nuclear radiation induced processes are considered through the
interaction of radiation with semiconducting, metallic and other materials,
including the scintillator materials. The improvement of component efficiency
by the use of quantum generators, trimming and hybrid processes with nuclear
radiation has been analyzed. The studied processes can be positive or
negative depending on application. Besides the experimental approach to the
processes and chosen interactions, the analytical description of our
experiments, as well as ones from other references, has been performed. The
contemporary couplings between the nuclear physics, laser techniques and
respective dosimetric aspects have been considered.