bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emotional intelligence, alexithymia and borderline personality disorder traits in young adults
Authors: Webb Daniel , McMurran Mary
Published: September 2008

Background A relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and borderline personality disorder (BPD) has recently been identified. EI has also been found to overlap considerably with alexithymia, a construct associated with emotion processing and emotion regulation. EI and alexithymia may further our understanding of the relationship between emotion processing, emotion regulation and BPD.

Aims We examined the relationships between EI, alexithymia and BPD traits, hypothesizing that EI and alexithymia would correlate negatively with each other, that EI would correlate negatively with BPD traits and that alexithymia would correlate positively with BPD traits. We also hypothesized that low EI and high alexithymia would predict BPD traits.

Method A sample of 134 male and female university students completed the Bar‐On Emotional Quotient Inventory: Short (EQ‐i:S), the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS‐20) and the Personality Assessment Inventory‐Borderline Scale (PAI‐BOR). Relationships were examined using correlation and multiple regression.

Results The EQ‐i:S and the TAS‐20 correlated moderately with each other. None of the EQ‐i:S scales predicted PAI‐BOR. The TAS‐20 total significantly predicted PAI‐BOR.

Conclusions The relationship between alexithymia and BPD suggest that difficulty identifying, differentiating, understanding and communicating emotions and feelings (somatic sensations) impairs ability to regulate emotions. It may be that an inability to discriminate emotions and somatic sensations explains why people with BPD who are distressed use deliberate self‐harm as a means to emotion regulation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Linear and A2+B3‐type hyperbranched polyesters comprising phenylbenzothiazole unit: Preparation, liquid crystalline, and optical properties
Authors: Sato Moriyuki , Nakashima Atsushi , Sato Yuzuru , Yamaguchi Isao
Published: September 2008

Novel liquid crystalline (LC) hyperbranched (HB) polyesters comprising phenylbenzothiazole (PBT) unit as mesogen in the interiors were prepared at various feed mole ratios (A2/B3) by solution polycondensation of a dioxydiundecanol derivative of PBT (A2 monomer) with trimesic acid trimethyl ester (B3 monomer) via A2+B3 approach and their LC and optical properties were investigated. Analogous linear polyesters containing the PBT unit in the main chains were also prepared by the solution polycondensation of A2 monomer with aromatic or aliphatic dimethyl esters. FTIR and 1H‐NMR spectroscopies indicated that the HB polyesters are produced without gelation during the polycondensation and have degree of branching (DB) of 7–46%. The structures of HB polymers changed depending on the feed mole ratios and the polymer prepared in the mole ratio of A2/B3 = 3/2 had the highest inherent viscosity and DB. Acetylation of terminal OH group‐having HB polyesters prepared in excess mole ratios of A2/B3 afforded ones bearing acetoxy groups in the terminals. DSC measurements, polarizing microscope observations of textures, and X‐ray analyses suggested that only the terminal OH group‐having HB polymer prepared in the mole ratio of A2/B3 = 3/1 form smectic C phase. In the linear polymers, the polymers derived by using the aromatic dimethyl esters had no LC melt, but those from the aliphatic dimethyl esters formed LC smectic C phase. The acetoxy group‐bearing HB polymers showed more stable smectic A or C phase than those with the OH terminals. Solution UV‐vis and photoluminescent (PL) spectra indicated that the linear and the HB polymers have analogous optical properties and display maximum absorbances and blue‐light emission on the basis of the PBT unit, where the Stokes shifts were observed because of intermolecular aggregation effects, but there is a large difference between the optical behaviors of the linear and the HB polymers in film, whose Eg values of the linear polymers decreased and those of the HB polymers vice versa. Quantum efficiencies (Φ) had a tendency of increase in the linear polymers and the HB polymers forming LC phases. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 6688–6702, 2008
Silicon‐containing azo polymers with paired mesogens and their applications to optical memory media
Authors: Lee Min‐Jeong , Ji Han‐Na , Han Yang‐Kyoo
Published: September 2008

We synthesized a novel photoresponsive monomer, silicon‐containing azo monomer with paired mesogens in the side chain, by reacting 3‐methacryloxypropylmethyldichlorosilane with 2‐[2‐(4‐cyano‐azobenzene‐4′‐oxy)ethylene‐oxy]ethyl alcohol, a mesogenic group. Corresponding homopolymer and copolymers with methyl methacrylate were generated via radical polymerization with AIBN as a radical initiator. Investigations of their thermal properties and optical textures confirmed the monomer and the homopolymer have smectic structures. Homo‐ and copolymer films showed high potential as reversible data recording media via photoinduced alignment of azobenzene groups with irradiation of a linearly or circularly polarized light. Out of all the samples, the copolymer films with high azo dye contents showed the best resolution in the recorded data as well as the fastest response to a pump beam due to large optical birefringence induced in a write‐in process. Strong dependence of the stability of the data stored in the films on the glass transition temperature of the polymers was also observed. In addition, high‐quality holographic grating patterns were inscribed even on the copolymer film with azo molar content of only 7.0% using a modified two‐wave mixing technique. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 6734–6745, 2008
Synthesis and characterization of fluorene‐based copolymers containing benzothiadiazole derivative for light‐emitting diodes applications
Authors: Yoon Kyung‐Jin , Park Jin Su , Lee Seung‐Joon , Song Myungkwan , Shin In Ae , Lee Jae Wook , Gal Yeong‐Soon , Jin Sung‐Ho
Published: September 2008

Five new thermally robust electroluminescent fluorene‐based conjugated copolymers, including poly[2,7‐(9,9‐dioctylfluorene)‐co‐4,7‐{5,6‐bis(3,7‐dimethyloctyloxymethyl)‐2,1,3‐(benzothiadiazole)}] (PFO‐P2C10BT) were synthesized and used to fabricate the efficient polymer light‐emitting diodes (PLEDs). The glass transition temperatures of the polymers were found to be higher than that of poly(9,9‐dialkylfluorenes) and are in the range 113–165 °C. We fabricated PLEDs in indium‐tin oxide/PEDOT/light‐emitting polymer/cathode configurations using either double‐layer LiF/Al or triple‐layer Alq3/LiF/Al cathode structures. The new copolymers were found to have emission colors that vary from greenish blue (491 nm) to green (543 nm) depending on the copolymer composition. The maximum brightness and luminance efficiency of these PLEDs were found to be up to 5347 cd/m2 and 1.51 cd/A at 10 V, respectively. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 6762–6769, 2008
Acceptability and repeatability of spirometry in children using updated ATS/ERS criteria
Authors: Loeb Jeffrey S. , Blower Walter C. , Feldstein Julie F. , Koch Beth A. , Munlin Asia L. , Hardie William D.
Published: September 2008

Spirometry in pediatrics can be limited by the child's development which is usually related to age. In 2005 the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and European Respiratory Society (ERS) published updated quality control criteria for spirometry. In 2007 the ATS/ERS published specific criteria for spirometry in preschool children 6 years of age and younger. Our primary objective was to determine the influence of age on the ability of children to meet updated spirometry criteria for acceptable and repeatable tests. Our second objective was to determine which criteria are associated with unacceptable tests. Data was prospectively collected over 12 months for children 4–17 years of age performing spirometry for the first time. Unsuccessful tests were analyzed to determine specific criteria not achieved. Three hundred ninety‐three studies were collected and 292 (74%) met recently revised ATS/ERS criteria for acceptable and repeatable tests. Acceptable and repeatable test success was not correlated to the gender or race of the children. The percentage of acceptable and repeatable spirometry increased with age rising above 50% by age 6 and reached a plateau with approximately 85% success at age 10. The most common unmet criteria for an unacceptable study among preschool children was glottic closure and non‐maximal efforts, while in school‐age children was failure to plateau. These data demonstrate most children are able to perform acceptable/repeatable spirometry with their first effort based on revised ATS/ERS criteria. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2008; 43:1020–1024. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Applied aspects of neonicotinoid uses in crop protection
Authors: Elbert Alfred , Haas Matthias , Springer Bernd , Thielert Wolfgang , Nauen Ralf
Published: September 2008

Neonicotinoid insecticides comprise seven commercially marketed active ingredients: imidacloprid, acetamiprid, nitenpyram, thiamethoxam, thiacloprid, clothianidin and dinotefuran. The technical profiles and main differences between neonicotinoid insecticides, including their spectrum of efficacy, are described: use for vector control, systemic properties and versatile application forms, especially seed treatment. New formulations have been developed to optimize the bioavailability of neonicotinoids through improved rain fastness, better retention and spreading of the spray deposit on the leaf surface, combined with higher leaf penetration. Combined formulations with pyrethroids and other insecticides are also being developed with the aim of broadening the insecticidal spectrum of neonicotinoids and to replace WHO Class I products from older chemical classes. These innovative developments for life‐cycle management, jointly with the introduction of generic products, will, within the next few years, turn neonicotinoids into the most important chemical class in crop protection. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Sulfur dichloride diadducts of unsaturated fatty derivatives. I. preparation and oxidation
Authors: Grimm Robert A.
Published: September 2008

Sulfur dichloride diadducts of oleate esters, oleylnitrile, elaidate esters and ethyl linoleate were prepared by addition of the theoretical amount of sulfur dichloride to the fatty derivative. Similar diadducts were also prepared from commercial oleate esters including esters of ADM's monoenoic acid. Several of the resultingβ,β' ‐dichlorosulfide diesters were then oxidized with peracetic acid to β,β' ‐dichlorosulfoxide diesters and to β,β' ‐dichlorosulfone diesters. The latter materials were converted to the divinyl sulfone diacids.

Cis andtrans‐2‐butene were used as model compounds for studying the addition of sulfur dichloride to oleates and elaidates respectively. The results on these systems, which paralleled the results with the fatty materials, indicated that substitution reactions were negligible and that the addition was stereoselective, that is, oleates and elaidates gave stereochemically different products.
Production of Low Acid Value Edible Oil with Reduced TFAs by Electrochemical Hydrogenation in a Diaphragm Reactor
Authors: Fu Hong , Yang Lin , Yuan Huijun , Xiao Feiyan , Lo Y. Martin
Published: September 2008

A new diaphragm electrochemical system was devised and tested for hydrogenation of soybean oil under moderate processing temperature and atmospheric pressure. With proper loading of the catalyst Pd‐C, the reactor was operated successfully for 6 h and yielded hydrogenated soybean oil containing 8.62% TFAs with an IV of 88.86 g I2/100 g oil and an AV of 0.7 mg KOH/g oil. The low AV (acid value) of the hydrogenated oil, indicative of the oxidization tendency of the oil, is highly desirable from the industrial application standpoint. The low specific isomerization index was reached with 0.4 mol/L of formate ions at pH 5.0 under 60 °C using a constant applied current density (10 mA/cm2). The extent of hydrogenation was found to increase with increasing current density, formate ion concentration, reaction temperature, catalyst loading, and speed of agitation. It was characterized that the extent of hydrogenation under low pH (2.0–5.0) was controlled by the regeneration of formate ion, whereas under high pH (6.0–10.0) the hydrogenation was influenced strongly by the formate ion stability.
Cohomologically rigid vector fields: the Katok conjecture in dimension 3
Authors: Kocsard Alejandro
Published: September 2008

A smooth vector field

X

on a closed orientable

d

-manifold

M

is said to be
cohomologically rigid
when given any

\xi \in C^{\infty }(M,\mathbb{R})

, there exist

u\in C^{\infty }(M,\mathbb{R})

and

c\in \mathbb{R}

satisfying

\mathcal{L}_{X}u = \xi −c,

where

\mathcal{L}_{X}

is the Lie derivative in the

X

direction. In 1984, Anatole Katok conjectured that every cohomologically rigid vector field should be smoothly conjugated to a Diophantine vector field on the

d

-torus

\mathbb{T}^{d}

. In this work the validity of the Katok conjecture for 3-manifolds is proved.

Un champ de vecteurs

X

sur une variété

M

compacte orientable de dimension

d

est dit
cohomologiquement rigide
si pour toute fonction

\xi \in C^{\infty }(M,\mathbb{R})

il existe

u \in C^{\infty }(M,\mathbb{R})

et

c \in \mathbb{R}

tels que

\mathcal{L}_{X}u = \xi −c,

où

\mathcal{L}_{X}

désigne la dérivée de Lie dans la direction de

X

. En 1984, Anatole Katok a conjecturé que tout champ de vecteurs cohomologiquement rigide devrait être conjugué par un difféomorphisme lisse à un champ linéaire diophantien sur le tore

\mathbb{T}^{d}

. Dans ce travail nous démontrons la conjecture de Katok pour les variétés de dimension trois.
Characteristic behavioral anomalies in rats prenatally exposed to 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine
Authors: Orito Kensuke , Morishima Akihiko , Ogawa Tetsuo , Muneoka Katsumasa , Kuwagata Makiko , Takata Jiro , Mishima Kenichi , Fujiwara Michihiro
Published: September 2008

The aim of the present study was to characterize behavioral anomalies in rats prenatally exposed to 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine, a useful model of hyperactive disorder. Rats were treated with BrdU at 50 mg/kg IP or carboxymethylcellulose, its vehicle, on gestational Days 9 through 15, and their offsprings were subjected to behavioral tests. Rats prenatally exposed to 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine showed higher locomotor activity levels when the lights were turned off, and these levels kept increasing throughout the dark cycle. In an elevated plus maze, the rats prenatally exposed to 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine exhibited decreased anxiety‐related behavior, including higher open arm entries and a longer time spent per one open arm entry when compared with rats prenatally exposed to carboxymethylcellulose. Methylphenidate, a psychostimulant that suppresses hyperactivity in humans with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder, increased locomotor activity in both rats, with a greater sensitivity in rats prenatally exposed to 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine. Desipramine, a specific noradrenaline uptake inhibitor, normalized the hyperactivity of rats prenatally exposed to 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine. Paroxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, also normalized the hyperactivity and the low anxiety‐related behavior in the elevated plus maze. These results suggest that rats prenatally exposed to 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine are hyperactive and exhibit a lower anxiety level. Dysfunctional monoaminergic neurons may be, at least in part, the cause of the behavioral anomalies.
Peptides affecting coagulation
Authors: Rutherfurd Kay J. , Gill H. S.
Published: September 2008

Based on amino acid sequence similarities that exist between the fibrinogen γ-chain and κ-casein, and also functional similarities between milk and blood coagulation, considerable effort has been made to investigate the effects of milk proteins and peptides on platelet function and thrombosis. In particular, a number of peptides derived from the glycomacropeptide segment of κ-casein, have been shown to inhibit platelet aggregation and thrombosis. KRDS, a peptide from lactoferrin has also been shown to inhibit platelet aggregation but to a lesser extent than its fibrinogen analogue RGDS. Despite their functional and structural similarities they do not act in the same way on platelet function and are thought to affect thrombus formation differently. Further investigation is needed to determine if these milk-derived bioactive peptides are released naturally following ingestion and might therefore be useful as the basis for milk-based products with anti-thrombotic properties.
Natural bioactive substances in milk and colostrum: effects on the arterial blood pressure system
Authors: Groziak Susan M. , Miller G. D.
Published: September 2008

High blood pressure is a significant public health problem worldwide which is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and renal disease. The development of this disease is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. The results of many studies have linked increased consumption of milk and milk products with lower blood pressure and reduced risk of hypertension. The intake of several minerals found in milk has been demonstrated to have an inverse relationship with blood pressure. Peptides formed during the digestion of milk proteins have also been demonstrated to have a blood pressure lowering effect. Other components in milk that have been examined for their effects on blood pressure have been less promising. More recent data indicate that a dietary pattern that is low in fat, with fruits, vegetables, and low fat dairy products can significantly reduce blood pressure and lower risk of developing high blood pressure.
Impairment of the serotonergic control of feeding in adult female rats exposed to intra-uterine malnutrition
Authors: Pôrto Laura C. J. , Sardinha Fátima L. C. , Telles Mônica M. , Guimarães Regina B. , Albuquerque Kelse T. , Andrade Iracema S. , Oyama Lila M. , Nascimento Cláudia M. O. , Santos Oscar F. P. , Ribeiro Eliane B.
Published: September 2008

We have previously shown that adult female rats exposed to intra-uterine malnutrition were normophagic, although obese and resistant to insulin-induced hypophagia. The present study aimed at examining aspects of another important catabolic component of energy homeostasis control, the hypothalamic serotonergic function, which inhibits feeding and stimulates energy expenditure. Pregnant dams were fed ad libitum or were restricted to 50 % of ad libitum intake during the first 2 weeks of pregnancy. Control and restricted 4-month-old progeny were studied. The restricted rats had increased body adiposity with normal daily food intake but failed to respond with hypophagia to an intracerebroventricular injection of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT). Stimulation, by food ingestion, of extracellular levels of serotonin in medial hypothalamus microdialysates was more pronounced and lasted longer in the restricted than in the control rats. In the restricted group, hypothalamic levels of 5-HT2C receptor protein tended to be reduced (P = 0·07) while the levels of 5-HT1B receptor and serotonin transporter proteins were significantly elevated (36 and 79 %, respectively). In conclusion, female rats undernourished in utero had normophagic obesity as adults but had an absence of serotonin-induced hypophagia and low hypothalamic levels of the 5-HT2C receptor. Compensatory adaptations for the functional serotonergic impairment were evidenced, such as an enhanced release of serotonin in response to a meal allied to up-regulated hypothalamic 5-HT1B and transporter expression. Whether these compensations will persist in later life warrants further investigation. Moreover, it cannot be ruled out that the serotonergic component of energy expenditure was already impaired, thus contributing to the observed body-fat phenotype.
A new Early Silurian turbidite system in Central Wales: insights into eustatic and tectonic controls on deposition in the southern Welsh Basin
Authors: SCHOFIELD D. I. , DAVIES J. R. , WATERS R. A. , WILLIAMS M. , WILSON D.
Published: September 2008

The newly recognized Nant Brianne turbidite system was a focus of laterally supplied coarse-grade sediment deposition that, along with the Caban–Ystrad Meurig system, punctuated late Hirnantian to early Telychian, mudstone-dominated slope apron deposition along the SE margin of the southern Welsh Basin. Geological mapping coupled with detailed biostratigraphy enable the depositional influence of sea-floor topography, an active Llyn Brianne Fault and eustatic sea-level changes to be tracked. The latter may represent ‘far field’ effects relating to the retreat and advance of contemporary Gondwanan ice sheets. Slope apron mudstone facies reveal a strong response to high order eustatic events; however, the response of contemporary, easterly sourced, coarse-grade turbidite systems was more complex, with some periods of increased sand and gravel input coinciding with times of rising global sea level. These anomalous relationships are explained by invoking a series of smaller-scale movements in marine base level. It was the interaction of these lower order events with the main eustatic cycles that appears to have been the primary control on sand and gravel input to the Welsh Basin. An early Telychian expansion of the Nant Brianne turbidite system records a marked increase in tectonically generated sediment at a time of palaeo-plate collision between Baltica/Avalonia and Laurentia before intra- and peri-basinal faulting led to its abandonment as a supply path to the basin centre.
Explaining German Selectivity Regarding European Union Pension Directives
Authors: HENNESSY ALEXANDRA
Published: September 2008

Why do German policymakers support some aspects of a single European pension market, but not others? This article argues that the German government’s preferences towards European Union (EU) pension directives are best explained by combining historical institutionalism (HI) and domestic discourse analysis (DA). Each approach by itself is insufficient to account for the observed variation between 1991 and 2007. Arguments based on party ideologies offer less explanatory power. HI explains why all governments – Kohl, Schröder, and Merkel – protected employer-sponsored book reserve pensions, a cornerstone of Germany’s coordinated market economy, from the scope of EU directives. DA allows us to grasp how interests were reframed. While the status quo stance of the Kohl government succeeded in delegitimizing supporters of alternative pension security concepts, the Schröder administration imposed an economically efficient pension reform without much public support. The grand coalition, in turn, abandoned Chancellor Merkel’s initial plan to expand second-tier pensions in the light of rising pressures that the Left Party posed for the Social Democratic coalition partner.
Performance Measurement under Rational International Overpromising Regimes
Authors: VON FURSTENBERG GEORGE M.
Published: September 2008

Promising somewhat more than anyone expects to be delivered remains ingrained in international agreements, clouding their expected aggregate outcomes and how to assess the Parties’ performance. This persistence is explained by systematic overpromising being predictable and, up to a point, productive. I characterize this regime and its consequences and provide an empirical application to the Kyoto Protocol. Overpromising by governments or Parties can be part of a sustainable strategy for electoral success, and varies with socio-economic determinants that characterize the group regime. Thus targets need to be adjusted for regression-predicted overpromising to reveal the rationally-expected outcomes and individual countries’ performance is best identified by deviations of outcomes from their adjusted rather than the agreed targets.
Health services use by older people with disabilities in Spain: do formal and informal care matter?
Authors: GARCÍA JESÚS ROGERO , PRIETO-FLORES MARÍA-EUGENIA , ROSENBERG MARK W.
Published: September 2008

As people grow older in late life, their need for help with the activities of daily living increases. In Spain, those who need such help constitute about 20 per cent of the population aged 65 or more years. Support may be from formal care, informal care or both, and the type has different consequences for care receivers and their social networks. The aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between informal and formal care and the use of health services among older people in Spain. Using a sample of 1,148 respondents aged 65 or more years from the Spanish National Health Survey of 2003, we analysed the association between the sources of care (formal, informal, both, or no care) and the frequency of three types of health-care utilisation: hospitalisation, emergency services and medical consultations. After controlling for sex, age, level of difficulty in the activities of daily living, self-perceived health status, and social class, it was found that older people with disabilities who received neither informal nor formal care were more likely to consult physicians than those who received informal care, but that there were no significant relationships between the type of care and health-services utilisation. The findings provide new information about the consequences of the different types of care of older people with disabilities, and suggest specifically that informal care substitutes for some tasks usually done by health professionals.
Caught between Law and Practice: Migrants and Settlement Legislation in the Southern Low Countries in a Comparative Perspective, c. 1700–1900
Authors: WINTER ANNE
Published: September 2008

Historiographical debates on the causes and implications of early modern and early industrial settlement legislation, which determined the locality where one could apply for poor relief, have so far focused mainly on England and Wales. These regions are deemed exceptional for the national character and universality of their Poor Laws (1601), associated Act of Settlement (1662) and later amendments. However, if the focus is shifted from the national legislative framework to actual practice, several continental regions had relief and settlement arrangements that bore many resemblances to those in England and Wales. This article draws on existing literature and archival research to explore the evolution of settlement law and practice in the Southern Netherlands, i.e. present-day Belgium, from the seventeenth to the late nineteenth centuries, and compares its main features with the situation in England and Wales. This comparative exercise brings to the fore a number of striking resemblances and remarkable differences, which question the precise nature of the British exception. While further research is needed to gauge fully the causes and consequences of the observed similarities and differences, this article aims to demonstrate how a comparative approach towards issues of settlement and relief not only elucidates our understanding of the particularities and generalities of the English/Welsh case, but also widens our insight into the social, economic, and cultural implications of settlement arrangements in general.
‘The Fetishes of So-Called International Bankers’: Central Bank Co-operation for the World Economic Conference, 1932–3
Authors: Clavin Patricia
Published: September 2008

With his sharp denunciation of the ‘old fetishes of so-called international bankers’ for fixed exchange rates on the gold-exchange standard, President Franklin D. Roosevelt allegedly consigned the World Economic and Monetary Conference to failure.1The conference had been convened in June 1933 to tackle the crippling levels of ‘beggar-thy-neighbour’ economic policies which were strangling the international economy during the Great Depression; its brief was so appealing and its concerns so broad, that sixty-five nations came to London that summer. But from the outset of conference preparations, which began in the autumn of 1932, the issue of central banking co-operation was to highlight many of the difficulties which plagued not only co-operative central bank efforts to revive the international economy but also dilemmas which faced central banks in their relations with their domestic governments.
The Long Fifties: The Politics of Socialist Programmatic Revision in Britain, France and Germany
Authors: Hodge Carl Cavanagh
Published: September 2008

After 1945, the reordering of international affairs around the ideological polarities of Washington and Moscow initiated for European social democrats an extended period of self-examination. Accustomed to a place at the centre stage of ideas on the evolution of advanced capitalist economies, they suddenly found themselves in a smaller Europe, the principal theatre of the superpower confrontation. At the point when it seemed only reasonable to suppose that the crisis of industrial capitalism in the 1930s, followed by six years of war, would at last bring a durable electoral majority to the cause of reconstruction under democratic socialism, both domestic and international politics were full of new ambiguities. The hope of the immediate post-war years gave way to uncertainty. That uncertainty, however, could not be attributed to altered circumstances alone. The fact that the decade of the 1950s turned out to be ‘long’ – involving electoral defeats to which there appeared to be no obvious answers – was due in no small part to the nature of the social democratic tradition itself.1
The First British MEPs: Styles and Strategies
Authors: Jackson Caroline
Published: September 2008

When the United Kingdom joined the European Community on 1 January 1973 it became entitled to send thirty-six representatives to the European Parliament. For the first six years of Britain's membership – from January 1973 to June 1979 – these members were nominated from the two Houses of Parliament and hence held a dual mandate. From January 1973 to June 1975 only twenty-one British members, Conservative, Liberal, Ulster Unionist and a cross-bench peer, attended the Parliament; Labour members attended from the first session after the referendum on British membership of the European Community in June 1975.
Social Policy in Europe in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Johnson Paul
Published: September 2008

The 1980s proved to be a tough decade for European welfare states. The post-war ‘welfare consensus’, which perhaps had never been quite so strong or coherent as many contemporary historians and commentators had assumed, was finally laid to rest. The five great spectres identified by Beveridge want, disease, ignorance, squalor and idleness had not been humbled by public welfare provision despite its ever growing scale and cost. At the beginning of the 1980s the OECD published a report on The Welfare State in Crisis which pointed out that as welfare state expenditure had roughly doubled as a percentage of national income in most west European countries since the late 1950s, so economic growth rates had plummeted. The European welfare states appeared to produce few positive welfare benefits, and this minimal achievement was produced at enormous cost which was to the detriment of overall economic growth and societal well-being.
Alsatian Catholics Against the State, 1918–25
Authors: Gaines Jena M.
Published: September 2008

The years that followed the return of Alsace and Lorraine to France after World War I proved that reunion was a complicated and painful process. The potential for misunderstanding, if not outright conflict, between Alsatians and French policy-makers was from the outset grossly underestimated by virtually everyone on both sides. Alsatians saw no incompatibility between the wish to preserve their regional cultural personality, or particularism, and their loyalty to France. The believers in the ‘Republic one and indivisible’, however, did. The preservation of Alsatian particularism, especially in language and religion, was regarded by French politicians as the perpetuation of German cultural and political influence. The end of the armistice celebrations and the introduction of a transitional administration brought the realisation that the cultural gulf between France and Alsace, widened by years of separation following the Treaty of Frankfurt of 1871, could not be legislated away. With few exceptions, the people on both sides of the Rhine who welcomed the end of the annexation had assumed that the commitment to reunion was sufficient to make it a success.1 This belief was nowhere more rapidly disproven than in the matter of religion. The enforcement of French legislation ending the role of the state in overseeing the congregations became the flash-point between the Catholic majority in Alsace and the Third Republic.
A. J. P. Taylor: a nonconforming radical historian of Europe
Authors: Wrigley Chris
Published: September 2008

Alan Taylor was something of a transitional figure among British historians. He began with more than a touch of the old-style gentleman scholar about him but went on to become an early example of the media personality, in some ways a second-half-of-the-twentieth-century variant of this. Yet he was a substantial scholar who could draw large academic audiences as well as someone who could present history to a big national audience. He wrote on traditional topics in a traditional manner, but he took narrative history to new heights.
Between Enthusiasm, Compliance and Protest: The Churches, Eugenics and the Nazi ‘Euthanasia’ Programme
Authors: Burleigh Michael
Published: September 2008

This account of how the two major Churches responded to the Nazi ‘euthanasia’ programme, namely the mass murder of the mentally ill and mentally or physically deficient between 1939 and 1945, deals with the responses of their hierarchies and the stratagems adopted by the asylums which were part of their respective charitable networks. It is based upon both original archival sources and a large variety of secondary literature dealing with the two Churches and the individual asylums. Before considering how the Churches conducted themselves during the Nazi period, it is necessary to establish the broader context of their response to eugenics in general.
Economists in Wartime
Authors: Cairncross Alec
Published: September 2008

The part played by economists in the Second World War has been little studied but was of an importance not appreciated by the public then or since. Equally, wartime experience had an influence on the development of economics as a discipline that has been given little attention. It was in the Second World War that economists in any number entered government service, discovered government, exercised a major influence on policy and left behind an expanding demand for economic advice from professional economists. This article seeks to provide a sketch of some of their activities.
Britain's ‘Political Romance’ with Romania in the 1970s
Authors: Percival Mark
Published: September 2008

‘King takes Queen’. This is how John Sweeney summed up his view of the state visit by Romanian President Nicolae Ceausescu to Britain in June 1978, an event which marked the high point of what theTimesreferred to as ‘Britain's political romance with Romania’ in the 1970s. Sweeney's book, in common with other post-revolutionary writing on Romania, roundly condemns Britain's foreign policy-makers for supporting a repressive regime.1However, in the 1970s the situation was not viewed in such clear-cut terms. In the early part of the decade, books by British writers praised Ceausescu, and Romania often received favourable coverage in the British press.2It was almost universally seen as a country which, although internally rigidly communist, pursued an independent foreign policy and was consequently a thorn in the flesh of the Soviet Union. It was keen to industrialise and to expand its economic ties with the West in order to do so. Apologists for British policy would argue that it was therefore both politically and economically beneficial to support Ceausescu. Politically it would weaken Moscow's control over the Eastern Bloc, and economically it would benefit British industry. Indeed, the two were related – the more economic ties Ceausescu had with the West, the stronger his political independence from Moscow would become.
A Land Fit for Tories to Live In: The Political Ecology of the British Conservative Party, 1944–94
Authors: Turner John
Published: September 2008

Although the industrialised West has seen since the 1970s a very marked leaning to the right both in government and in popular politics, the experience of the British Conservative Party has been unique. The party can trace a continuous existence to the reconstruction of the King's government by William Pitt the Younger in 1784, and is probably the oldest political organisation in the world: far older, indeed, than most sovereign states. In two centuries of life it has transformed itself from the party of monarchy, aristocracy and the Established Church into a highly successful practitioner of mass politics. It has been in government, either as the sole party of government or as the dominant partner in coalition, for seventy years in the last hundred, and thirty-two years in the last fifty. This remarkable political achievement can be explained at many levels; the purpose of this article is to explore just one of them. By bringing together the explanatory insights of political scientists working on electoral sociology with the records of the party in government and opposition, it is possible to discern how the Conservatives used the opportunities of government to cultivate the society which tended, and increasingly tends, to give them victory at the ballot box. This cultivation of the political environment was not exactly social engineering – a project which contemporary Conservatives emphatically reject – but in tune with the biological metaphor of the title of this paper it could be called ‘social gardening’. The first part of the article examines very briefly how political scientists have come to understand the functioning of the British electoral process since the Second World War. The second part explores the process of adaptation which has enabled the Conservative Party to dominate British politics since the war.
Family, Civil Society and the State in Contemporary European History: Some Methodological Considerations
Authors: Ginsborg Paul
Published: September 2008

Over the past two decades, the rapid development of historical studies on the family has tended to neglect almost completely the relationship between the family and politics. On the occasion of the tenth anniversary of theJournal of Family Historyin 1987, Louise Tilly analysed the content of articles published on the family in eight historical journals (including theJournal of Family History) between 1976 and 1985. Of 233 articles on the family, just two were listed under the heading ‘Politics–Institutions’.2Family history has made great strides in a whole number of areas: in the understanding of the origins of the modern family, an enquiry launched by the path-breaking work of Philippe Ariès in i960; in the development of family reconstruction technique, initiated in the post-war period by Louis Henry and Pierre Goubert, and pursued with signal distinction by the Cambridge Group, founded in 1964; in the critiques and further refinement of the findings of the Cambridge Group, with the development, in particular, of studies on the life course; in the area of intra-family relations, especially in the analysis of the historic subordination of women within the family; in the study, finally, of the interaction between the family and major socio-economic transformation, especially industrialisation, emigration and urbanisation.3
‘Organising Talent and Disciplined Steadiness’: the German SPD as a Model for the British Labour Party in the 1920s?
Authors: Berger Stefan
Published: September 2008

In comparative Labour history there is a long tradition of adhering to a typology of labour movements which distinguishes south-western European, ‘Latin’ labour movements (France, Spain, Italy) from north-eastern European labour movements (Germany, Austria, Scandinavia, east and south-east Europe) and invokes a third category: Anglo-American labour movements. The British Labour Party is usually subsumed under this latter category, whereas the German SPD is regarded as the spiritual leader of the second. Insofar as these comparisons explicitly deal with the time before the First World War, their argument is indeed a strong one. After all, the SPD was the largest socialist party in the world before 1914, at a time when the Labour Party did not even allow individual membership. At least in its organisational strongholds, the SPD resembled a social movement providing for its members almost ‘from cradle to grave’. The Labour Party, by contrast, is often portrayed as a trade union interest group in parliament with no other purpose than electoral representation. Where the Labour Party avoided any ideological commitment before 1914, the SPD had at least theoretically adopted Marxism as its ideological bedrock after 1890.
Retailers, Fascism and the Origins of the Social Protection of Shopkeepers in Italy
Authors: Morris Jonathan
Published: September 2008

In 1926 the Fascist regime instituted a restrictive shop-licensing system which accounts for the continued prominence of small shopkeepers in Italy today. Retailers' interests were represented on the licensing panels by the Fascist Confederation for Commercial Traders in an apparently genuine grant of corporate authority. The confederation swiftly reconstituted itself after the fall of the regime and retained its power within the post-war licensing structure. This article will analyse the background to the introduction of the system as a way into debates about the relationship between the Fascist state and the petite bourgeoisie.
Coiffeurs in Vichy France: Artisans and the ‘National Revolution’
Authors: Zdatny Steven
Published: September 2008

Some years ago, Edward Thompson famously scolded historians for their ‘enormous condescension’ towards working people of the past. His message and example struck a responsive chord, and over the past thirty years a lively historiography has rescued these and other ‘invisible’ figures from their former obscurity. However, while many among history's silent masses have thus received their ‘voices’, this has not been the case for that vast and mediocre mass, the middle classes.
A Comparison between the Extreme Right in Contemporary France and Britain
Authors: Copsey Nigel
Published: September 2008

Except for a small number of recent studies existing literature on the contemporary extreme right tends to follow a quite rigid country by country-based approach which fails to develop common theoretical perspectives. The key weakness of these specialised multi-country studies is neglect of a genuine comparative framework which often results in collections of ‘descriptive’ essays. The primary intention of this paper is to move beyond this approach and to offer a study of the extreme right in contemporary France and Britain in comparative context. This study transcends the limitations of country-specific accounts to answer the following research question: why has the contemporary extreme right in France enjoyed much more political success than the contemporary extreme right in Britain? A common conjunctural model of extreme-right political success will be constructed at the outset. This is intended to serve as a theoretical base for framing the comparison and will act as the mechanism through which the primary research question will be addressed.
From the Treasury Diaries of Sir Alec Cairncross: Four Anglo-French Conflicts 1967–8
Authors: Cairncross Alec
Published: September 2008

In the 1960s, when I was Head of the (UK) Government Economic Service, I kept a private diary of conversations and events which has just been published. The excerpts from the diary which appear below relate to what I learned in 1967–8 about French attitudes to issues of international importance in which the United Kingdom was involved. The diary deals with four such issues: (1) the British application to join the European Economic Community; (2) the proposals to add to international liquidity through the creation of a new unit or, alternatively, of Special Drawing Rights (SDRs); (3) the British devaluation of 1967; and (4) the Bonn Conference in November 1968, at which it was widely expected that agreement would be reached to devalue the franc and revalue the mark.
‘Coming to Terms with the Charm and Power of Soviet Communism’
Authors: Snyder Tim
Published: September 2008

The day of communism is done, in Europe at any rate. If Minerva's owl flies at dusk, we should now expect the appearance of works which, while conceived during the epoch of communism, have been given their sense and conclusions by the events of 1989–91. The three books considered here are the fruit not only of scholarly reflection but also of personal reconsiderations of the nature of Soviet communism. Each author recounts a story through which he has lived, with glances backwards to find the origins of an idea (in Walicki's case), an illusion (in Furet's) or a word (in Gleason's). The Marxist idea of freedom (Walicki), the appeal of the Soviet Union to Western intellectuals (Furet) and the definitions and uses of the term ‘totalitarianism’ (Gleason) are the avenues taken towards an understanding of the role of communism in this century, avenues which lead from the lives of the scholars in question. The degree of intellectual, and the kind of political, engagement with the idea of communism was different in each case, reflecting most notably the nationalities of these three historians.
History and Eastern Europe
Authors: Rady Martyn
Published: September 2008

The Institute for Human Sciences (Institut fur die Wissenschaften vom Menschen) was founded in Vienna in 1982 by a group of scholars from Eastern Europe and the West. The purpose of the Institute was to overcome the cultural and intellectual division of Europe by promoting conferences, seminars and research programmes. The latest report of the Institute stresses that the disappearance of the Iron Curtain has made the work of the Institute all the more important. As the authors of the report explain, ‘…the civil society which is reemerging in Eastern Europe will hardly be viable without living connections to the West and, equally, the Western world will be much poorer without the historical experiences of the East. The Institut fur die Wissenschaften vom Menschen views itself as a place where the experiences and perspectives of Eastern Europeans can be (re-) introduced into the Western discussion as a means of rousing, changing and broadening Western culture. Europe should be seen as a challenge: as a manifold, but also contradictory, intellectual and cultural unity.’
The Conduct of East–West Relations during the 1980s
Authors: Schmidt Gustav
Published: September 2008

More than 20 years ago, Philip Windsor proposed a succinct explanation of the East–West divide: ‘… the Cold War began with the deliberate Soviet decision to cut Europe in two and in reacting the Western powers took a deliberate decision to cut Germany in two.’ For the following two decades from 1969 to 1989, the formula ‘Peace and stability through partition” (U. Nerlich;J. Joffe) reflected widespread satisfaction with the territorial status quo in Europe. However, substantial disagreements (as L. Freedman observes p. 5) with established security policies, defence doctrines and armed forces' structures both in NATO and the Warsaw Pact (WP) might be taken as evidence that ‘Europe was on the verge of an historic change’. In respect of the state of public opinion, NATO ministers in early March 1988 declared the need gradually to overcome the unnatural division of Europe