bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Complete structure of the gene encoding an immunodominant antigen ofDirofilaria immitisand larva-specific synthesis of primary transcript
Authors: Sun S. , Sugane K.
Published: June 2009

The complete gene encoding an immunodominant antigen ofDirofilaria immitiswas isolated from a Charomid 9–36 genomic DNA library. This genomic DNA clone termed ‘Dg2’ was characterized by restriction mapping, DNA sequencing of the 5′ flanking region, the exon/intron boundaries and the polyadenylation addition site. The Dg2 with 4872 bp in length consisted of five exons interspersed with four introns. These exons reveal a single open reading frame followed by a long 3′ non-coding region of 1383 bp. The open reading frame of 969 bp encodes a polypeptide of 322 amino acids with a molecular weight of 34,400. The ATG translation initiation codon starts 22 nucleotides downstream from the 5′ end of the first exon. The polyadenylation signal sequence, AATAAA, is located at the 3′ end of the last exon. The transcription initiation site was determined by primer extension technique. S1nuclease mapping analysis demonstrated that the primary transcript derived from Dg2 is synthesized in microfilariae but not in male or female adult worms. The result suggests that the stage-specific expression of Dg2 is regulated at the level of primary transcript.
Experimental infection of an isolate of Taenia solium from Hainan in domestic animals
Authors: Fan P.C. , Chung W.C. , Wu J.C.
Published: June 2009

The present study was designed to determine the susceptibility of domestic animals to an isolate of Taenia solium from Hainan Province, People's Republic of China. A total of 162 cysticerci were recovered from two pigs and 21 from two dogs after experimental inoculation. Cats, goats and a calf were not susceptible to T. solium. Cysticerci were recovered mainly from muscles of the pigs and all were alive. The remainder were in the liver and only one was alive. In the dog, all cysticerci were recovered from the muscles and all were alive.
Immunodiagnosis of human dirofilariasis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using recombinant DNA-derived fusion protein
Authors: Sun S. , Sugane K.
Published: June 2009

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using antigenic β-galactosidase-Dirofilaria immitisrecombinant fusion protein (FP) obtained by the recombinant DNA technique provided a useful diagnostic tool for human dirofilariasis.D. immitis-infected human sera reacted strongly with FP that was immobilized with anti-β-galactosidase monoclonal antibody on microplates. However, the FP did not react with sera from patients with other filariasis. In detection of anti-D. immitisIgG antibody. ELISA using FP was highly sensitive and specific compared to that using crude somatic antigen.
Radiolabelling of the excretory-secretory and somatic antigens ofAnisakis simplexlarvae
Authors: Sugane Kazuo , Sun Shu-Han , Matsuura Tadashi
Published: June 2009

Anisakis simplexlarvae were culturedin vitroin medium containing35-methionine for ten days. The medium and the larval tissues were analysed for biosynthetically labelled polypeptide by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Immunoprecipitates with positive and negative human antisera were similarly analysed, usingStaphylococcus aureusto absorb immunocomplexes. ES products ofAnisakislarvae contained many polypeptides with molecular weights of less than 200 K. 180 KDa and 40 KDa polypeptides in ES products reacted with IgG inAnisakis-infected human sera. Somatic extracts also contained many polypeptides with molecular weights of less than 200 K. One of these polypeptides with a molecular weight of 130 K reacted with IgG inAnisakis-infected human sera. These polypeptides did not react with other nematode-infected human sera.
Morphological description of Taenia saginata asiatica (Cyclophyllidea: Taeniidae) from man in Asia
Authors: Fan P.C. , Lin C.Y. , Chen C.C. , Chung W.C.
Published: June 2009

In order to clarify the taxonomic status of the Taenia saginata-like tapeworm in East Asia, the morphological characteristics of the adult and cysticercus of classical T. saginata (American, Swiss and Poland strains) and the Taiwan Taenia were compared in the present study. The morphologic characteristics of these two parasites are very similar. The protoscolex of cysticercus of the Taiwan Taenia has a sunken rostellum while that of classical T. saginata has only an apical pit. In addition, the rostellum of the Taiwan Taenia cysticercus is usually surrounded by two rows of rudimentary hooklets. However, this structure is rarely found in classical T. saginata. Based on the results of molecular studies and morphological characteristics, the T. saginata-like tapeworm in East Asia represents a subspecies of T. saginata, named T. saginata asiatica
Oogenesis and embryogenesis in Loa loa
Authors: Post R.J. , Pinder M.
Published: June 2009

The structure of the female reproductive tract, and the patterns of oogenesis, fertilization and embryogenesis were examined from two adult female Loa loa (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from Gabon. They were found to be indistinguishable in the two specimens, and almost indistinguishable from the pattern previously described from Dirofilaria immitis, except in chromosome number. Loa loa has 2n=10+X0.
Urinary schistosomiasis in rural communities of some Local Government Areas in Plateau State, Nigeria: a preliminary parasitological and malacological Survey
Authors: Akufongwe P. F. , Dakul D. A. , Michael P.D. , Dajagat P.D. , Arabs W.L.
Published: June 2009

A preliminary parasitological and malacological survey was effected in rural communities of some Local Government Areas (LGA) in Plateau State, Nigeria, to estimate the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis and identify active transmission foci. Out of 2888 persons examined in six LGAs, 1381 (47.82%) were excreting eggs of Schistosoma haematobium in their urine. Prevalence rates did not vary significantly (P > 0.05) between the LGAs: Pankshin (62.4%), Shendam (40.2%), Qua'an-Pan (22.9%), Langtang South (45.4%), Langtang North (58.8%) and Wase (50.0%). Infection rates were significantly different (P < 0.001) between the sexes. Many water bodies in the study communities were colonized by infected Bulinus snails. Snail infection rates varied significantly (P < 0.001) between the dry and wet seasons. A positive correlation was observed between snail infection rates and the prevalence of S. haematobium.
Colonization and establishment of Pomphorhynchus laevis (Acanthocephala) in an isolated English river
Authors: Kennedy C.R.
Published: June 2009

The successful colonization, establishment and spread of Pomphorhynchus laevis in a small, isolated, Devon river 128 km from the parasite's nearest focus in Dorset was followed over 11 years from 1985. The parasite was first detected in Anguilla anguilla and Platichthys flesus in 1988: by 1995 it had attained prevalence levels of 22.6% in A. anguilla and 43.6% in P. flesus and also occurred in 100% Salmo trutta, 50% Cottus gobio and Noemacheilus barbatulus. As judged by prevalence, abundance, proportion of females gravid and weight of gravid females, S. trutta was the preferred definitive host although C. gobio was a suitable host and may play a role in cycling the parasite: the other three species were unsuitable hosts. The intermediate host was the freshwater Gammarus pulex: the euryhaline G. zaddachi was not infected. On biological grounds, the P. laevis could be assigned to the English freshwater strain and was almost certainly introduced to the river by anthropochore stocking of S. trutta from a Dorset hatchery. The findings demonstrate conclusively that the English strain of P. laevis can colonize and establish in a new locality from which Leuciscus cephalus and Barbus barbus, its normal preferred hosts, are absent and use S. trutta instead. The results also confirm that P. laevis is a poor natural colonizer and appears always to be introduced to new localities by anthropochore transfers of fish. The implications of these conclusions for understanding the present distribution of P. laevis are discussed and it is considered that they provide direct evidence in support of the hypothesis that P. laevis was introduced to Ireland from England and subsequently adapted to use of S. trutta and G. duebeni there.
The mating behaviour of Echinostoma paraensei grown in mice
Authors: Nollen P. M.
Published: June 2009

Adults of Echinostoma paraensei grown in mice were exposed to 3-H-tyrosine and transplanted to uninfected mice singly or with unexposed worms. The presence of sperm labelled with the radioactive tyrosine in the seminal receptacles of labelled and unlabelled worms recovered after 5 days indicated the mating pattern of this species. Of nine isolated, labelled worms recovered, four had self-inseminated (44%). Of the 39 unlabelled found with eight labelled worms, only eight exhibited labelled sperm for a cross-insemination rate of 21%. Six of these eight labelled worms had self-inseminated (75%) in addition to the cross-insemination. This pattern of mating is termed unrestricted, unlike the restricted mating seen in three species of eyeflukes, which will not self-inseminate in groups. In contrast to the other species of echinostomes investigated, very little sperm was found in the seminal receptacles of the serially sectioned E. paraensei. Adults were always found in the duodenum, even when transplanted in the ileum.
Freeze fixation-dehydration as a method of preparation of Gyrodactylus (Monogenea) for SEM
Authors: Veltkamp C.J. , Richards G.R. , Chubb J.C.
Published: June 2009

Freeze fixation-dehydration was used for the first time in the preparation of attached Gyrodactylus for SEM viewing. The technique provided instant immobilization of specimens before death and negligible shrinkage throughout the fixation-dehydration process. Comparisons of sample means of two linear measurements of attached opisthaptors showed 20% more shrinkage of Gyrodactylus fixed using 10% neutral buffered formalin than those which were freeze fixed. Freeze fixation-dehydration was excellent for the study of gross external morphology of attached Gyrodactylus. However, the freeze fixation-dehydration process may cause disruption of intracellular structural components making delicate tissues brittle and more prone to damage during subsequent manipulation.
Carbohydrate titres in the haemolymph and midgut glands of Gammarus pulex infected with the acanthocephalan Pomphorhynchus laevis
Authors: Bentley C.R. , Hurd H.
Published: June 2009

An examination of the effects of Pomphorhynchus laevis cystacanths on the haemolymph and midgut gland carbohydrate titres of its intermediate host, Gammarus pulex (Crustacea) was undertaken. In the haemolymph, infection with cystacanths did not alter the relationship between haemolymph carbohydrate titres and body wet weight. However, in the midgut glands, infection did alter the relationship between gammarid wet weight and titres of glucose and trehalose (P<0.05, Chow test). The linear relationship between gammarid size and midgut glycogen titre was also significantly altered by infection. Thus circulating carbohydrate titres are unaltered in infected gammarids but storage ones are. The changes in carbohydrate titres and the relationship between individual titres and body wet weight are discussed, especially regarding parasite index.
Seroprevalence of toxocariasis in children and adults in Madrid and Tenerife, Spain
Authors: Fenoy S. , Cuellar C. , Guillen J.L.
Published: June 2009

A study on the seroprevalence of toxocariasis, using ELISA with Toxocara larval excretory-secretory antigens, was carried out on human populations in two regions of Spain. Sera from a population of 195 children from Madrid and 143 children from Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Canary Isles), showed a prevalence of 0% and 4.2% respectively. Sera from a population of 272 adults from Madrid and 803 adults from Santa Cruz de Tenerife showed a prevalence of 3.6% and 17.4%. Reasons for these differences in the seroprevalence of Toxocara in the different age groups from the two regions are discussed.
Ultrastructure of the tegument of the trematode Ganeo tigrinum parasitizing the intestine of indian frogs
Authors: Sharma P.N. , Rai N. , Brennan G.P.
Published: June 2009

The surface tegument of G. tigrinum generally resembles that described for other digeneans. It contains surface tubercles and is covered with a glycocalyx. In the anterior region the tegument bears spines while tubular-like canals and occasional deep invaginations are present on the anteroventral surface. Two types of secretory body are present in the tegumental syncytium and produced in separate tegumental cells. Mitochondria are present in the surface syncytium, suggesting active transport occurs across the tegument in non-hibernating frogs.
Induction of traps byOstertagia ostertagilarvae, chlamydospore production and growth rate in the nematode-trapping fungusDuddingtonia flagrans
Authors: Grønvold J. , Nansen P. , Henriksen S.A. , Larsen M. , Wolstrup J. , Bresciani J. , Rawat H. , Fribert L.
Published: June 2009

Biological control of parasitic nematodes of domestic animals can be achieved by feeding host animals chlamydospores of the nematode-trapping fungusDuddingtonia flagrans. In the host faeces,D. flagransdevelop traps that may catch nematode larvae. In experiments on agar,D. flagranshad a growth rate between 15 and 60 mm/week at temperatures between 20 and 30°C. The presence of nematodes induces the fungus to produce traps. The rate of trap formation inD. flagranshas an optimum at 30°C, producing 700–800 traps/cm2/2 days, when induced by 20 nematodes/cm2on agar. Approaching 10 and 35°C the ability to produce traps is gradually reduced. The response of chlamydospore production on agar to changes in temperature is the same as that for trap formation. On agar, at 10, 20 and 30°CD. flagransloses its trap inducibility after 2–3 weeks. During the ageing process, increasing numbers of chlamydospores are produced up to a certain limit. The time for reaching maximum chlamydospore concentration coincided with the time for loss of induction potential. The implications of these results in relation to biological control in faeces are discussed.
Patterns of epidemiology and control of onchocerciasis in West Africa
Authors: Boatin B. , Molyneux D.H. , Hougard J.M. , Christensen O.W. , Alley E.S. , Yameogo L. , Seketeli A. , Dadzie K.Y.
Published: June 2009

This paper summarizes the work of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme (OCP) in West Africa, a programme which over a 22 year history has reduced the public health problems of blinding onchocerciasis in eleven countries of West Africa through vector control and, more recently, ivermectin distribution. The paper emphasizes the different approaches to control the programme has developed in the different parts of the programme area which have been determined by the epidemiology of the disease (savanna/forest form), the migratory characteristics of the vectors, intensity of the disease before commencement of treatment, the combined impact of vector control and ivermectin and the likelihood of infiltration of infective blackflies from outside the programme area. The programme has constantly monitored the impact of operations on the trends in prevalence, incidence, annual transmission potential, ocular morbidity and species of fly populations, and as a result, has identified areas where special interventions are required until the programme comes to an end in 2002. The paper illustrates the changes in intensity of infection as measured by community microfilarial load and annual transmission potential over the duration of the programme control activities. The paper also defines and justifies the control strategies in different areas and identifies areas for special interventions.
Immunization of mice againstTrichinella spiralisandT. britoviusing excretory and secretory antigens
Authors: Goyal P.K. , Bolas-Fernandez F. , Wakelin D.
Published: June 2009

Immune responses to immunization and infection withTrichinella spiralisandT. britoviwere studied in NIH high-responder mice. Overall it was shown thatT. britoviwas the more immunogenic, immunization and challenge with this species giving greater host-protective immunity. This greater immunogenicity was reflected in higher proliferative responses when mesenteric node lymphocytes (MLNC) from immunized mice were restimulated withT. britoviantigensin vitroand in higher levels of T helper 2 (Th2) lymphocyte-dependent specific IgG1antibody responses against this species. MLNC from mice immunized againstT. britovireleased more IL-5 when restimulatedin vitro, again suggesting a greater T helper 2 subset response, but after infection the highest levels of IL-5 were recorded from MLNC taken fromT. spiralischallenged mice. These data are discussed in relation to current understanding of immunological differences between species and isolates of the genusTrichinella.
IgE response in schistosomiasis japonica: characterization of a cercarial allergen in comparison with purified egg allergens
Authors: Owhashi M. , Horii Y. , Ishii A.
Published: June 2009

The relationship between the cercarial allergen and two previously isolated egg allergens (J1, J2) ofSchistosoma japonicumwas examined especially in terms of the cross-reactivity between them. Semi-purified cercarial allergen (JAC) was obtained from the crude extract ofS. japonicumcercariae by gel chromatography on Sephadex G-200. The apparent molecular weight of JAC was estimated approximately as 60–100 kDa. JAC could bind to Con A-Sepharose, indicating its glycoprotein nature. Three groups of BALB/c mice were immunized with JAC, J1 or J2 using A1(OH)3as adjuvant, and the cross-reactivity of each antiserum was examined by PCA. Anti-JAC, anti-Jl or anti-J2 serum was highly specific to the corresponding antigen. When IgE-ELISA ofS. japonicumpatient sera was performed using JAC, J1 or J2 as an antigen, the correlation between anti-J1 and anti-J2 (r = 0.78) was high, whereas the correlation between anti-JAC and anti-J1 (r = 0.27) or between anti-JAC and anti-J2 (r = 0.12) was low. These results suggest that most IgE epitopes on cercarial allergen are independent from those on egg allergens inS. japonicum.
Helminths of foxes and other wild carnivores from rural areas in Greece
Authors: Papadopoulos H. , Himonas C. , Papazahariadou M. , Antoniadou-Sotiriadou K.
Published: June 2009

Twenty species of helminth parasites were identified from fox, wolf, jackal and wild cat material collected in Greece. Of the 314 foxes (Vulpes vulpes) examined, 18 helminth species were recovered comprising one trematode, eight cestodes, seven nematodes and two acanthocephalans, with the cestode species Mesocestoides sp. (73.2%), Joyeuxiella echinorhynchoides (24.5%) and the nematode species Uncinaria stenocephala (43.9%), and Toxocara canis (28.6%) being the most prevalent. Five cestode and three nematode species were reported from six wolves (Canis lupus), together with one trematode, three cestode and four nematode species from five jackals (Canis aureus) and two cestode and three nematode species from four wild cats (Felis silvestris) examined. The species J. echinorhynchoides, Taenia crassiceps and Onicola canisand the genera Spirometra, Rictularia and Pachysentis are reported here for the first time in Greece. The results are discussed in the light of the feeding characteristics of wild carnivores in rural areas of Greece.
Larval development of Dicrocoelium dendriticum in Cernuella (Xeromagna) cespitum arigonis under controlled laboratory conditions
Authors: González-Lanza C. , Manga-González M.Y. , Campo R. , Del-Pozo M.P.
Published: June 2009

The larval development of Dicrocoelium dendriticum (Digenea: Dicrocoeliidae) in experimentally infected Cernuella (Xeromagna) cespitum arigonis (Schmidt, 1853), a species of mollusc important in the epidemiology of dicrocoeliosis in Spain, has been studied. A total of 948 specimens of this mollusc, distributed in five batches, were tested with individual doses of 50 to 150 parasite eggs, obtained from sheep, after 4 days without food. After infection these molluscs and control specimens were kept in an enviromental simulation chamber at 20°C, 50% relative humidity and 7h of light per day. To detect the parasite, a minimum of six molluscs were examined every 20 days from day 1 post-infection (p.i.). The eggs of D. dendriticum were eliminated in the molluscan faeces 48 h post infection. The percentages of molluscs harbouring the parasite ranged between 17.53% and 75%. Daughter sporocysts with undifferentiated germinal masses and occupying very reduced areas of the hepatopancreas were observed 50 days p.i. and in the period immediately following. After 110 days p.i. sporocysts with cercariae at different stages of development were found although slimeball emission was never observed.
Descriptive epidemiology ofHeligmosomoides polygyrusinApodemus sylvaticusfrom three contrasting habitats in south-east England
Authors: Abu-Madi M.A. , Behnke J.M. , Lewis J.W. , Gilbert F.S.
Published: June 2009

Seasonal fluctuations in the prevalence and intensity of infection withHeligmosomoides polygyrus(Nematoda) were studied inApodemus sylvaticus(wood mouse,n= 399), sampled from three contrasting habitats in southern England, to test the hypothesis that both intrinsic (host sex, age) and extrinsic (season, site) factors influence parasite burdens. Maximum likelihood techniques based on log linear analysis of contingency tables were employed to generate a minimum sufficient model for prevalence of infection and 3-way ANOVA with negative binomial errors was used to evaluate the relative contribution of the principal factors and their interactions in explaining variation in worm burdens. Host age could not be entered into either statistical model because of some incomplete subsets of data. However, it was evident that in general juvenile mice carried lower worm burdens compared with adults, although these increased towards the winter season. Host sex was not a significant factor, other than in making a contribution to a weak significant interaction between sex and site, arising from male bias in one site and female bias in the remaining two. The principal determinants of variation in worm burden were the extrinsic factors, site and season, with an approximately equal weighting, and their interaction. These effects arose because worm burdens were lower at Dungeness and showed quite different seasonal patterns to the Egham and Isle of Wight sites. We propose that the unique character of the Dungeness habitat was not conducive to optimal transmission ofH. polygyrusthroughout most of the year (excepting spring) and we suggest possible explanations for these observations.
Characterization of adult Dicrocoelium dendriticum by isoelectric focusing
Authors: Campo R. , Manga-González M.Y. , González-Lanza C. , Rollinson D. , Sandoval H.
Published: June 2009

Water soluble extracts of 3131 adult specimens of Dicrocoelium dendriticum from cattle, sheep and goats, mainly from León province, were analysed by isoelectric focusing in thin-layer polyacrylamide gels. Activity of the following enzymes was studied: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, EC 1.1.1.27), glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI, EC 5.3.1.9), phosphoglucomutase (PGM, EC 2.7.5.1), acid phosphatase (AcP, EC 3.1.3.2), α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (α-GPDH, EC 1.1.1.8), hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBDH, EC 1.1.1.30) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH, 1.1.1.37). Five distinct enzyme types were recognized for LDH (pH range 6.30–7.13), GPI (pH 6.13–6.80) and PGM (pH 6.20–6.60) whereas AcP showed three different patterns (pH 5.70–5.92). Weak and diffuse activity was detected for MDH (pH 4.8–6.2) and no activity was observed for α-GPDH and HBDH. In general, little phenotypic variation was observed between worms recovered from a single host, between those from hosts of the same species and between those from hosts of different species, although some enzyme types were found in some animals but not others. Nevertheless, it must be taken into account that most parasites came from sheep and also from a relatively small area in north-west Spain.
Schistosoma mansoni:females enhance [14C]-tyrosine incorporation in males maintainedin vitro
Authors: Haseeb M.A.
Published: June 2009

Incorporation of radiolabelled tyrosine was examined in males ofSchistosoma mansonimaintainedin vitro. Adult worms were recovered from mice and only those that were paired were used. Males and females were separated and placed in 4°C RPMI 1640 containing 10% fetal calf serum (FCS). Individual males were incubated for 1 h either alone or with a female. Other males were incubated in a medium containing 40 ng ml−1recombinant tumour necrosis factor α (rTNFα). Subsequently, males were incubated with or without females for 1 h in a medium containing 20μCi ml−1[14C]-tyrosine. All incubations were carried out in RPMI 1640 containing 10% FCS at 37°C under 5% CO2. Untreated single males incorporated small amounts of labelled tyrosine. Pretreatment of single males with rTNFα did not affect their tyrosine incorporation (P= 0.693). However, males maintainedin vitrowith females incorporated 221% more tyrosine than the controls (P= 0.00008), suggesting that a chemical stimulus from the female affects tyrosine incorporation in males.
Eosinophil chemotactic factors from cysticercoids of Hymenolepis nana
Authors: Niwa A. , Asano K. , Ito A.
Published: June 2009

A comparative study of eosinophil chemotactic factors was carried out using cysticercoids and oncospheres of Hymenolepis nana. Cysticercoids showed twice the chemotactic activity for eosinophils than the oncospheres. Eosinophilia induced by oncospheres and cysticercoids observed in secondary and primary infections, respectively, were discussed from the view point of the immunobiology of this parasite.
Polymorphic DNA markers in the genome of parasitic nematodes
Authors: Roos M.H. , Hoekstra R. , Plas M.E. , Otsen M. , Lenstra J.A.
Published: June 2009

Polymorphic molecular markers are being identified to characterize the genomes of parasitic nematodes. The aim is to construct a map with markers evenly spread over the six chromosomes. With such a map, regions can be identified that are under selection pressure when attempts are being made to eradicate worms, be it by drugs, vaccines or genetic resistance in the sheep. Several types of markers have been developed, microsatellites, transposon-associated markers, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and expressed sequence tag (EST) markers. Linkage groups can be constructed using several generic crosses between inbred and drug resistant strains. EST markers will be especially important for comparative mapping with the genome ofCaenorhabditis elegans, and therefore localization of the linkage group on a chromosome. It will then be possible to identify functional genes close to markers that have changed allele frequencies under selection pressure and identify the mechanisms of resistance to parasite control.
The effects of mating probability on the population genetics of nematodes
Authors: Galvani A. , Gupta S.
Published: June 2009

We review how constraints on the mating probability of female worms by segregation within individual host guts form a critical element in the parasite population structure of nematodes. We consider the effects of these constraints on the population genetics of nematodes under various assumptions regarding worm competition as reflected in the relationship between the abundance of a certain genotype within the gut and the probability of reproductive success. The consequences for the emergence of resistance to drugs and immunotherapy and implications for host-parasite coevolution are discussed. We also review evidence for genetic heterogeneity in parasite populations as a necessary prerequisite for the applicability of mating probability models designed to assess the population genetics of nematodes.
The Breeding of Bulinus truncatus in Total Darkness
Authors: Watson J. M. , Al-Ali A. S.
Published: June 2009

Starting with eggs from a natural habitat the authors were able to raise and breed Bulinus truncatus, the snail vector of schistosomiasis haematobia, under conditions of total and continuous darkness and to complete the life-cycle from egg to egg in 70 days. The rearing of a second generation was interrupted by circumstances beyond the authors’ control. Darkness is shown nevertheless to have a restrictive effect on population growth and the use of covered channels and pipes for irrigation water, although not a complete control measure, should therefore be adopted wherever possible in endemic foci of schistosomiasis haematobia where snail control is necessary.
Studies onDracunculus medinensis(Linnaeus) I. The Early Migration Route in Experimentally Infected Dogs
Authors: Muller Ralph
Published: June 2009

1. Ten dogs were given infective larvae ofDracunculus medinensis, originally from human cases in Western Nigeria, and bred in the laboratory inCyclops leuckarti(Claus).

2. Parasites were found in seven of the dogs when dissected at intervals between 4 hours and 36 days. From an examination of the location of the larvae obtained, both by direct search and by the use of intravenous Evans' blue, it was concluded that they migrated directly through the tissuesviathe intestinal wall (about 13 hours), abdominal mesenteries (found at 7 and 10 days), and muscles of the abdominal and thoracic wall (15 days). A similar route of migration is believed to take place in cats from an examination of three positive kittens.

3. Almost no increase in length of the larvae occurred during the migration; these measured an average of 0·59 mm. in length after 15 days.

4. No moult was observed up to 36 days but one may have been missed.
The Life-History of Syngamus trachealis (Montagu) v. Siebold, the Gape-Worm of Chickens
Authors: Ortlepp R. J.
Published: June 2009

(1) The female can and does lay eggs.

(2) The eggs in the body of living worms do not develop beyond the 16-celled stage.

(3) The eggs passed in the fæces of chickens are in the same stage of development as those in the uteri of the adult.

(4) The eggs take about a week to develop and produce infective larva?, when cultured in well aerated water at a. temperature of about 25°C.

(5) The embryos undergo only one moult before reaching the infective stage.

(6) The second stage or infective larvae are generally ensheathed. They are non-climbers, do not penetrate the skin, and cannot resist dessication.

(7) In the body of the host the larvae soon reach the lungs, where they grow considerably in size and undergo two further moults.

(8) The final or fourth stage larvae are reached in about five days after infection.

(9) The larvae then copulate and migrate into the trachea where they attain sexual maturity in from 10 to 14 days later.

(10) The whole life cycle is completed within a month.
Two new species of the Nematode Genus Rhabdias
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: June 2009

Several specimens of this parasitic nematode were collected from the lungs of a common British Toad (Bufo vulgaris). They were examined alive, when it was at once apparent that the anterior end was different from that of R. bufonis, in that the body-wall was swollen almost to a sphere and the surrounding cuticle was correspondingly much inflated. It was also noticed that the oesophagus had a slight bulbar swelling towards its anterior end not present in R. bufonis.
The Species ofEnterobiusLeach, in Primates
Authors: Cameron T. W. M.
Published: June 2009

The vast majority of the helminthic parasites of man are represented among those animals which are in close contact with man, either by the same species or at least, by closely related forms. A very noticeable exception isEnterobius vermicularis. Possibly owing to its special life-history, it has become highly specialised for its human host and to find its closest relations, it is necessary to examine the forms found in primates.

The object of this paper is accordingly to systematise our knowledge of the oxyurid worms found in this group.

AsEnterobius vermicularisis the most important of these, it has been found desirable to briefly re-describe its anatomy, followed by that of the related species, in apes, in monkeys and other primates.
On Two Helminths from the Orang Utan, Leipertrema rewelli n.g., n.sp. and Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy, 1856).
Authors: Sandosham A. A.
Published: June 2009

1. A new Dicrocoelid trematode, Leipertrema rewelli n.g., n.sp., from the pancreas of an Orang Utan which died in the London Zoological Gardens, is described, and the relationships to other genera are discussed.

2. A male and female Dirofilaria from the peritoneal cavity of the Orang Utan are described and identified as D. immitis (Leidy, 1856).

3. Reasons are advanced for the view that D. pongoi Vogel and Vogelsang, 1980, is a synonym of D. immitis.
On the Transference of Adult Paramphistomum hiberniae Willmott, 1950 from One Definitive Host to Another of the Same Species.
Authors: Willmott S.M. , Pester F.R.N.
Published: June 2009

Owing to the comparative rarity of Paramphistomes in Britain the difficulties of attempting to work out the life cycle are very great. Upto the present the problem has been approached from two angles; firstly, where an infected animal has been found at the abattoir, and finally traced back to its farm of origin, extensive collection of snails has been carried out at the assumed site of infestation ; secondly, where it has been possible to collect large numbers of adult worms from slaughtered animals, these have been picked out of the rumen and placed in dishes containing boiled tap water for several hours, in which medium oviposition takes place rapidly. These eggs have been collected and cultured, and laboratory-bred snails have been exposed to the miracidia, but so far no infection has taken place. This has of necessity been sporadic and no concentrated systematic attempts at infection over long periods have been possible.
The Helminth Parasites of Domesticated Birds in Mid Wales.
Authors: Owen R.W.
Published: June 2009

1. The lower intestinal tracts (duodenum to rectum) of 267 adult domestic fowls were examined for helminth parasites and 91% were found to be infested. The average numbers of worms and species present in infested birds were 240.6 and 2.42 respectively. Twelve species of parasites were recovered but only 5 occurred in more than 20% of the birds.

2. Twenty-six casualty and diseased chickens between 2 and 12 weeks old were examined. Fourteen were infested with helminth parasites and the average infestation was 499.9 worms of 2.79 species.

3. The total numbers of worms of all species present in individual fowls were shown to bear a relationship to the number of species comprising the infestations. Linear and quadratic equations which demonstrate the relationship have been derived from the observed figures.
Rhadinaphelenchus cocophilus (Cobb, 1919) Goodey, 1960 as a Root Parasite of Coconuts
Authors: Fenwick D. W. , Maharaj S.
Published: June 2009

While investigating Red Ring Disease of coconuts, the authors detected Rhadinaphelenchus cocophilus (Cobb, 1919) Goodey, 1960 in the root systems of three otherwise healthy coconut trees. One of these was about seven years old; the roots and the stem were sampled five times weekly but no stem or petiole infection was detected. A similar state of affairs was detected in the second tree. In neither case over a period of several weeks was there evidence of upward movement of the worm into the stem. The third tree was more interesting: the first sampling disclosed the presence of the nematodes in only one sample of roots out of four taken equidistantly around the stem; subsequent examination showed that the infection spread through the root system in the neighbourhood of the base of the tree until at the end of one month, worms were recovered from all parts of the proximal root system and the population had increased to 100–150 worms per gm. of root: many of these were sexually mature; after a further two weeks, there was still no upward movement into the stem.
Unusual Hosts for Two Trematodes in Scotland
Authors: Fahmy M. A. M. , Rayski C.
Published: June 2009

Brachylaemus arcuatus and Plagiorchis (Multiglandidmns) mmris are recorded for the first time from the fox and sheep respectively.
On a Collection of Camallanid Nematodes from Freshwater Fishes in Ceylon
Authors: Liang-Sheng Yeh
Published: June 2009

Through the courtesy of Drs. C. Kulasiri and C. H. Fernando this fine collection of camallanid nematodes from freshwater fishes in Ceylon was placed at my disposal for study.

Camallanid nematodes are rather confusing in a way as several species are often found within a single host. The study is further complicated when only a few specimens of a species of either sex are found. With an extensive collection, however, these nematodes are not troublesome.
Filarial Infections as Zoonoses
Authors: Nelson George S.
Published: June 2009

The paper summarises existing information on the role of animals in the transmission of filarial infections to man.

Wuclicreria bancrofti has not been found in animals and the parasite has never been transmitted to animals in the laboratory. Although bancrofti-typc microfilariae have been described from a potto (Perodicticus potto) in the Congo, there is no evidence that bancroftian filariasis is a zoonosis.

Wuchereria bancrofti var. vauceli occurs in man in Madagascar; the adults have not yet been found; the life cycle is unknown. For the time being it is best to regard this as a species inquirenda it is probably not a Wuchereria; it may occur in lemurs.

The sub-periodic form of Brugia malayi has been found in man and a variety of animals in Malaya. In the swamp forest areas there is probably a free interchange of parasites between man and monkeys; if this is confirmed then this is a definite zoonosis.
Studies on the Biology of some Oxyurid Nematodes. II. The Hatching of Eggs and Development of Aspiculuris tetraptera Schulz, within the Host
Authors: Anya A. O.
Published: June 2009

A re-examination of the life-cycle of the mouse pinworm, Aspiculuris tetraptera has shown that the infective eggs hatch in the lower intestine or in the caecum of the host, to release the first stage larvae. After moulting, these larvae migrate into the crypts of the colon; those larvae which do not migrate into the crypts apparently pass out of the host with the faeces. The larvae in the crypts, presumably the third stage, later return to the lumen of the colon where they mature into adults. Males are mature by about the 20th day and females by the 23rd day. Viable eggs are released by the females 24 days after infection.
Studies on Filariasis. I.—The Miģration of the Infective Larvae of Brugia pahangi in Aedes togoi and their Loss from the Mosquito under Experimental Conditions
Authors: Lavoipierre M. M. J. , Ho Beng Chuan
Published: June 2009

1. There is a slow but definite loss of infective forms of B. pahangi from A. togoi maintained on honey and water alone and denied access to a host.

2. During the first blood meal after maturation of the filarial larvae there is a highly significant loss of infective forms from the mosquitos. On the 13th day, when they concentrate in the head of the mosquito, there is an unusually high (96·2%) loss after bloodfeeding.

3. The infective larvae migrate to and from the head and proboscis, and the thorax. There is also a migration to and from the head and the proboscis. This shows itself as a rhythm with 8 day oscillations.
Maritrema apodemicum sp. nov. (Digenea: Microphallidae) from the Long Tailed Field Mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus sylvaticus (L.) on Skomer Island
Authors: Lewis J. W.
Published: June 2009

1. Maritrema apodemicum sp. nov. from the long tailed field mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus sylvalicus (L.) on Skomer Island is described and compared with other species of the genus.

2. 14·6% of the mice were infested, the % infestation being greater in the males, 20·3%, than the females, 5·4%.

3. A brief discussion of the genus and of other species occurring in mammals is included.
Relationships between Schistosomes and their Molluscan Hosts in Africa
Authors: Wright C. A.
Published: June 2009

Some years ago I suggested that a medical malacologist must not only learn to think like a population of snails but that he must also try to see those snails through the eye-spots of populations of trematode miracidia. For the past ten years I have been attempting to perform this unlikely combined feat. As time passes my tendency has been to concentrate on the second part of the contortion, partly because as a helminthologist it is natural to take a worm's-eye view of life and partly because it is very easy to become absorbed in the biology of the snails for their own sake. We should remember that if molluscs were not essential hosts to some parasites of man and domestic animals there would be no justification for a symposium on medical malacology.
The Influence of Various Definitive Hosts on the Development ofDiplostomum phoxini(Strigeida, Trematoda)
Authors: Berrie A. D.
Published: June 2009

.1. Infection withDiplostomulum phoxiniis very common among minnows in the Glasgow area of Scotland.

2. The first intermediate host of the parasite in this area is shown to be the freshwater snailLymnaea peregra.

3. Adult flukes were obtained experimentally in mice, ducklings and herring-gull chicks.

4. Significant differences are shown to occur between adult flukes recovered from different host species.

5. The implications of these findings in relation to the host specificity and the classification of the Strigeida are briefly discussed.
On Some New Species of the Genus Oxyspirura from Birds in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Mehdi Ali Syed
Published: June 2009

Drasche in Stossich established the genus Oxyspirura in 1897 for Cheilospirura cephaloptera Diesing 1861, previously described by Molin in 1800, along with two more species, all as belonging to Spiroptera. Since the establishment of this genus, as many as thirtysix species have been reported from various parts of the world. The distribution of this worm is very wide and the number of species seems to be much more than what has already been described. The writer collected nine species from the orbital cavities of birds, and all turned out to be new ones.

In 1931, Skrjabin divided the genus Oxyspirura into three subgenera, i.e. Oxyspirura, Cramispirura and Yorkeispirura, on the basis of the divided buccal capsule (Yorkeispirura) and undivided buccal capsules (Oxyspirura and Cramispirura); and also on the equal spicules (Cramispirura) and unequal spicules (Oxyspirura). The writer based the present key to the species of the genus on the same criteria. Species belonging to Yorkeispirura and Cramispirura are not included in this key.
Helminth Parasites of Hertfordshire Birds—IV Survey Results
Authors: Mettrick D. F.
Published: June 2009

During the survey 571 birds, representing 22 species were examined. Of the birds examined 396 (69·3%) were found to be infected with helminths, and of those infected birds 87. (21·9%) contained trematodes, 276 (69·7%) contained cestodes, 105 (26·5%) contained acanthocephala, and 146 (36·9%) contained nematodes.

Cestodes were found in 18 (81·8%) of the species of birds examined, nematodes in 10 (45·4%), trematodes in 9 (40·9%) and acanthocephala in 7 (31·7%).

The maximum helminth infections of all the bird species examined occurred in the spring. Nestling corvids, with one exception, were not infected with cestodes, but nestling turdids were heavily infected. Fledgling corvids also differed considerably as regards cestode infection. Magpies were 100% infected, jackdaws 35%, and rooks 20% infected.
Experimental Infections of Cattle with Fasciola hepatica: High level single infections in calves
Authors: Ross J. G.
Published: June 2009

Single experimental infections of 8 to 12 week old calves with 200 to 15,000 metacercariae are described. It is shown that as the level of metacercariae infection rises the numbers of fluke reaching and persisting in the bile ducts fall. In the higher infections the majority of the flukes are trapped and eliminated in the parenchyma and clinical disease does not develop. In lower infection levels the majority of the flukes reach the bile ducts and clinical disease develops.
The Recovery of Infective Nematode Larvae from Herbage Samples
Authors: Lancaster M.B.
Published: June 2009

A rapid technique for the assessment of a larval population on herbage is presented. Factors influencing the reliability of this technique and the problems encountered whilst trying to estimate efficiency of recovery rate are discussed.
An Investigation into the Longevity of First Stage Larvae of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
Authors: Hamilton John M. , McCaw A. W.
Published: June 2009

After five to six weeks, and for a varying period thereafter, cats infested with Aelurostrongylus abstrusus evacuate first stage larvae in their faeces. Hobmaier and Hobmaier (1935), Blaisdell (1952) and MacKerras (1957) collected larvae for eight weeks, two years and seven months, respectively, after patency. Cameron (1927) found that larvae, extracted from faeces, lived for 11 days but were killed by freezing. Since the fate of such larvae is of importance with regard to the incidence of lungworm disease in the cat and because of the divergence of opinion concerning the viability of first stage larvae, it was considered necessary to establish the life-span of such larvae under various controlled conditions.
Multiductus physeteris gen. et sp. nov.—a New Diphyllobothriid Gestode from a Sperm Whale
Authors: Clarke Malcolm R.
Published: June 2009

The parasite was found in the bile ducts of three sperm whales, which were caught in the 1957–58 whaling season.

As specimens were found independently in bile ducts of three whales this position in the host appears to be the natural habitat. All the worms were in pieces and incomplete. The pieces, in each case, totalled approximately 18 metres, 0·9 metres and 21 metres respectively. The holotype (length 18 metres) was probably complete except for a few terminal proglottids because it consisted of two very long pieces and one short piece which could be fitted together. The type material has been deposited in the British Museum (Natural History) Registered No. 1961·12·12·1 (Holotype) and 1961·12·12·1 (Para types).
On Two New Nematodes from Freshwater Fishes in the Sudan of the Genus Spironoura Leidy, 1856 and the Relation of Spironoura to the Genus Velariocephalus Singh, 1958
Authors: Khalil L. F.
Published: June 2009

1. Two new species, Spironoura sudanensis sp. nov. and Spironoura hexapapillata sp. nov. are described from freshwater fishes in the Sudan.

2. The genus Velariocephalus Singh, 1958 is considered to be a synonym of the genus Spironoura Leidy, 185G.
A Re-description of the Female and a Description of the Male Form of the Dioecious Cestode, Gyrocoelia kiewietti Ortlepp, 1937
Authors: Mettrick D. F.
Published: June 2009

Amongst cestodes collected from birds in the Lake Kariba district, Southern Rhodesia, was a dioecious species of the genus Gyrocoelia Fuhrmann, 1800, obtained from a darter, Anhinga rufa.

Ortlepp (1037) described, from a single poor specimen, a new species in this genus, which he termed G. kiewietti. Ortlepp thought that his specimen was functionally monoecious, the ovary and vitellaria appearing after the testes had disappeared. Although the present material is definitely functionally dioecious, it is thought that it is the same species as Ortlepp found as the number, size and arrangement of the rostellar hooks are very similar.
On a New Species ofBreinlia(Nematoda: Filarioidea) fromMacropus brachyurus
Authors: Wahid S.
Published: June 2009

One male specimen was collected from the liver of a short tailed wallaby,Macropus brachyurus, which died in the Zoological Gardens, London on 26th September 1960. It is a slender worm 82 mm. in length and 0·41 mm. in maximum width. The anterior extremity is rounded. There is a small buccal cavity and at the base of this there is a prominent cuticularised ring. The cephalic end bears four pairs of submedian papillae and a pair of amphids. Theen faceview was not studied because of the lack of specimens. The cuticle is transversely striated all over the body and there are bosses like small slightly curved markings on it.