bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Time‐course and risk factors of hypothyroidism following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in children conditioned with fractionated total body irradiation
Authors: Bailey Heidi K. , Kappy Michael S. , Giller Roger H. , Gralla Jane
Published: June 2008

Background

Hypothyroidism is a complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)1 that has been studied primarily in children after matched sibling bone marrow transplantation. Unrelated donors and umbilical cord blood (CB) are now used in transplantation, and hypothyroidism in these populations is undocumented. Children who underwent fractionated total body irradiation (fTBI) and received bone marrow or umbilical cord blood transplantation from siblings or unrelated donors were examined for hypothyroidism over time.

Procedure

All children who received fTBI prior to allogeneic HSCT at The Children's Hospital (TCH), Denver between 1994 and 2002, and survived >1 year were included (N = 41 eligible; N = 33 met inclusion criteria). Probability of hypothyroidism was estimated by the Kaplan–Meier method and groups were compared using Cox's proportional hazards regression model.

Results

Hypothyroidism developed in 52% of the children at a median time of 1.9 years (range 0.7–8.3 years). Primary compensated hypothyroidism was diagnosed in 94% of those affected. Children who received unrelated donor HSCT were 8.4 times more likely to develop hypothyroidism than those receiving matched sibling HSCT. Recipients of CB were 4.6 times more likely to have hypothyroidism than recipients of bone marrow.

Conclusions

There is a significant risk of developing hypothyroidism following fTBI, and allogeneic HSCT, that appears greater in recipients of unrelated donor HSCT and CB transplantation. Most of our patients who received BMT had sibling donors and the majority of CB transplants were from unrelated donors. It is difficult to determine which association is related to hypothyroidism, but the combination is significant. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;51:405–409. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spontaneous regression of an EBV‐associated monoclonal large B cell proliferation in the mastoid of a young child following surgical biopsy
Authors: McCabe Martin G. , Hook C. Elizabeth , Burke G.A. Amos
Published: June 2008

We report the spontaneous regression of an Epstein‐Barr virus‐associated monoclonal lymphoid proliferation in an immunocompetent child. A 2‐year‐old male with acute otitis media presented with a right‐sided facial palsy secondary to acute mastoiditis. During mastoid decompression a polypoid mass, a histologically diffuse large B cell lymphoma, was found. Staging revealed localized disease. At surgical re‐exploration 5 weeks later the disease had resolved. Retrospective serological testing was consistent with an acute Epstein‐Barr viral infection and in situ hybridization of the tumour tissue was positive for Epstein‐Barr RNA. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;51:557–559. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term follow‐up of renal function after high‐dose methotrexate treatment in children
Authors: Grönroos Marika H. , Jahnukainen Timo , Möttönen Merja , Perkkiö Mikko , Irjala Kerttu , Salmi Toivo T.
Published: June 2008

Background

High‐dose methotrexate (HD‐MTX) is commonly used in treatment of pediatric leukemias and lymphomas. Transient deterioration in renal function is frequently noted during HD‐MTX treatment, but possible long‐term changes are less well known. In this study we aimed to study long‐term renal prognosis after HD‐MTX treatment, and to find possible underlying risk factors for reduced renal function.

Procedure

Medical records of pediatric cancer patients treated with HD‐MTX were reviewed retrospectively after follow‐up of 1–10 years. Renal function before and after chemotherapy was investigated in a total of 28 patients. Assessment of glomerular and tubular function was prospectively evaluated in each case. Glomerular function was evaluated by either 51Cr‐EDTA or 99mTc‐DTPA clearance methods, and by urinary albumin excretion. Tubular function was assessed by measuring blood electrolyte levels and urinary α1‐ or β2‐microglobulin.

Results

A decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was statistically significant as follow‐up time increased (P = 0.02). Age at the time of diagnosis and exposure to potentially nephrotoxic antibiotics during cancer treatment had no influence on GFR. However, albuminuria was observed more often in patients treated with amphotericin B or gentamycin (P = 0.04). No changes in tubular function were observed.

Conclusions

Our results show that HD‐MTX treatment significantly decreases GFR and may cause albuminuria in pediatric cancer patients several years after treatment. Long‐term renal follow‐up of these patients is therefore important. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;51:535–539. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Husbands' perspective of living with wives' ovarian cancer
Authors: Ponto Julie Ann , Barton Debra
Published: June 2008

Objectives: The purpose of this qualitative study was to describe the experience of ovarian cancer from the husband's perspective.

Methods: Participants were recruited through a large Midwestern hospital and a state ovarian cancer advocacy organization. A one‐time telephone interview was conducted with each participant. The interviews were tape‐recorded, transcribed and analyzed for themes.

Results: Eleven husbands were interviewed. Themes included the emotional devastation of the initial diagnosis, the ovarian cancer being a whole new focus/priority, changes to the marital relationship, his response influenced by her response, others sharing the burden of providing support and relying on other family members.

Conclusion: Ovarian cancer presents unique challenges for husbands. Both positive and negative effects can result and can linger well past the diagnosis and treatment period. Social support, particularly from family members, may be especially helpful to husbands of women with ovarian cancer. Husbands experience multiple emotional, psychological, social effects from their experience with ovarian cancer. Addressing these effects in practice and future research is imperative. Research based on multidimensional frameworks or family theory using standardized instruments may further elucidate consequences of ovarian cancer on spouses and could evaluate predictors or positive and negative effects. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do rates of mental disorders and existential distress among advanced stage cancer patients increase as death approaches?
Authors: Lichtenthal Wendy G. , Nilsson Matthew , Zhang Baohui , Trice Elizabeth D. , Kissane David W. , Breitbart William , Prigerson Holly G.
Published: June 2008

Objective: To determine whether the prevalence of mental disorders and related factors increase as advanced cancer patients get closer to death.

Method: Baseline, cross‐sectional data from 289 patients who were assessed prior to their death as part of a multi‐site, longitudinal, prospective cohort study of advanced cancer patients. Major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder were assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—IV Axis I Disorders. Other factors examined included existential well‐being, patient grief about their illness, physical symptom burden, terminal illness acknowledgment, peacefulness, and the wish to live or die.

Results: Closeness to death was not associated with higher rates of mental disorders. Patients closer to death exhibited increased existential distress and physical symptom burden, were more likely to acknowledge being terminally ill, and were more likely to report an increased wish to die.

Conclusion: Results do not provide support for the common clinical assumption that the prevalence of depressive and anxiety disorders increases as death nears. However, patients' level of physical distress, acknowledgment of terminal illness, and wish to die, possibly reflecting acceptance of dying, increased as death approached. Longitudinal studies are needed to confirm individual changes in rates of mental disorder as patients approach death. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A bootstrap control chart for Birnbaum–Saunders percentiles
Authors: Lio Y. L. , Park Chanseok
Published: June 2008

The problem of detecting a shift in the percentile of a Birnbaum–Saunders population in a process monitoring situation is considered. For example, such problems may arise when the quality characteristic of interest is tensile strength or breaking stress. The parametric bootstrap method is used to develop a quality control chart for monitoring percentiles when process measurements have a Birnbaum–Saunders distribution. Through extensive Monte Carlo simulations, we investigate the behavior and performance of the proposed bootstrap percentile charts. Average run lengths of the proposed percentile chart are also investigated. Illustrative examples with the data concerning the tensile strength of the aluminum sheeting are presented. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A robust alternative to Hotelling's T2 control chart using trimmed estimators
Authors: Alfaro José Luis , Ortega Juan Fco.
Published: June 2008

A control chart is one of the primary techniques used in statistical process control. In phase I, historical observations are analysed in order to construct a control chart with which to determine whether the process has been in control over the period of time in which the data were collected. The presence of multiple outliers may go undetected by the usual control charts, such as Hotelling's T2 due to the masking effect. In this paper we propose a robust alternative to Hotelling's T2 control chart with estimators defined using trimming. Simulation studies show that the proposed control chart is more effective than T2 in detecting outliers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of Fisher information in quantum chemistry
Authors: Nalewajski Roman F.
Published: June 2008

The classical Fisher information concept is generalized to cover the complex probability amplitudes (wave functions) of quantum mechanics. Its contributions due to the probability and probability‐current densities are identified. General properties of this local information measure are examined and the Schrödinger functional for the kinetic energy is interpreted as the average Fisher information. The information current and source densities are introduced in terms of which the relevant continuity equation is formulated, expressing the local balance of the information content. The superposition principles for the particle probabilities, probability currents, and the Fisher information densities are examined. The interference (nonadditive) contributions to these quantities due to the quantum mechanical mixing of individual states are identified. An illustrative application of using the nonadditive Fisher information of the atomic orbital (AO) resolution in indexing the chemical bond within the 2‐AO model is presented. This AO‐phase sensitive index is capable of distinguishing the bonding, nonbonding, and antibonding electronic states, as do the familiar bond‐orders of quantum chemistry. It is interpreted as a measure of an extra delocalization of electrons due to the bond formation. This is in contrast to the so called quadratic bond‐multiplicity measures and the nonprojected entropy/information concepts of the communication theory of the chemical bond, which both loose the memory about the relative AO‐phases in molecular orbitals, thus failing to distinguish between the bonding and antibonding electron configurations. Finally, the Schrödinger variational principle of quantum mechanics and the related Kohn‐Sham principle of Density‐Functional theory are interpreted as constrained variational principles of the Fisher information contained in the electron probability distributions. They are examples of the Extreme Physical Information principle related to the measurement process. The Fisher‐information principle for the adiabatic (Born‐Oppenheimer) approximation of the molecular quantum mechanics is also examined. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Plasma free fatty acid profiling in a fish oil human intervention study using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Zehethofer Nicole , Pinto Devanand M. , Volmer Dietrich A.
Published: June 2008

A rapid method was developed for the simultaneous profiling of 29 free fatty acids in plasma using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI‐MS/MS). Barium acetate was used as the cationization agent in the positive ion mode for sensitive multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) experiments. The cis‐ and trans‐C18:1 and ‐C18:2 isomers were baseline‐separated using two tandem reversed‐phase C18 UPLC columns, while identification of two pairs of positional isomers of C18:3 and C20:3 required isomer‐specific product ions, as the analytes were not chromatographically resolved. The assay linearity was greater than three orders of magnitude and correlation coefficients were >0.99; the limits of detections were typically less than 0.2 µM. The method was successfully applied to plasma free fatty acid profiling of samples from volunteers who participated in a randomized crossover study involving the administration of either placebo or fish oil capsules. The results clearly indicate the ability to measure the time profiles of the n‐3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in plasma for the volunteers given fish oil capsules while the concentrations of the other free fatty acids and the total free fatty acid concentration in plasma remained virtually constant. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theory analysis of mass spectra of long‐chain isocyanates
Authors: Liu Dongliang , Hao Ce , Zhang Hua , Qiao Weihong , Li Zongshi , Yu Guanghui , Yan Kelu , Guo Yuliang , Cheng Lvbo
Published: June 2008

Electron impact mass spectra of four long‐chain isocyanates, lauryl isocyanate, tetradecyl isocyanate, hexadecyl isocyanate and octadecyl isocyanate, were obtained with a GCT high‐resolution time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer. The four isocyanates studied gave a common base peak of m/z 99, which suggested the formation of a stable six‐membered ring structure to decentralize the positive charge. Quantum‐mechanical energy calculation justified that the six‐membered ring base peak had the lowest energy. The positive charge assigned during the fragmentation of the radical cation, and the relative intensity of the fragment ion peaks, were explained by quantum‐mechanical calculations as well. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative determination of electric field strengths within dynamically operated devices using EBIC analysis in the SEM
Authors: Pugatschow Anton , Heiderhoff Ralf , Balk Ludwig J.
Published: June 2008

Although electron beam‐induced current (EBIC) technique was invented in the seventies, it is still a powerful technique for failure analysis and reliability investigations of modern materials and devices. Time‐resolved and stroboscopic microanalyses using sampling Fourier components decomposed by modulated charge carrier excitation are introduced. Quantitative determination of electric field strengths within dynamically operated devices in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) will be demonstrated. This technique allows investigations of diffusion and drift processes and of variations of electric field distributions inside active devices. SCANNING 30: 324–330, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Der Umbau des Salzburger Stadions zur Fußballeuropameisterschaft 2008 – ein integrativer Entscheidungsprozess
Authors: Olipitz Michael , Sastré Hanno , Trummer Andreas
Published: June 2008

Als einer von vier Austragungsstandorten der Fußball Europameisterschaft 2008 wurde das Salzburger Fußballstadion, Wals‐Siezenheim, von 16500 Sitzplätzen auf 30000 Sitzplätze und 900 Medienplätze erweitert. Hierzu wurden das bestehende Dach (Bilder 1 und 3) um 10 m angehoben und eine zweite Tribünenebene eingebaut (Bilder 2 und 4). Wesentlich für die Planung waren die konsekutiven Entscheidungen, welche zum gewählten Umbaukonzept führten. Zunächst wurde festgelegt, das komplette Dach zu heben anstatt es zu demontieren. Es wurde ein geeignetes Hebesystem entwickelt, welches den ständig laufenden Spielbetrieb während der Umbauarbeiten garantierte, außerdem wurde das Dach in die neue Tribünenkonstruktion integriert. Diese Bauweise erforderte konstruktive Entkoppelungen und zusätzliche Aussteifungen der geplanten Tribünenkonstruktionen.

Dieser Bericht beschreibt den Hubvorgang des Stadiondaches, die dazu notwendigen Hilfskonstruktionen und Sicherungsmaßnahmen sowie die Konstruktion der Tribünenerweiterungen aus Stahl. Auf die Bauaufgabe optimierte Entscheidungsprozesse sind Voraussetzungen für eine erfolgreiche Abwicklung solcher Großprojekte und erfordern das Zusammenspiel aller am Bau Beteiligten.
Nachträglicher Einbau von Stoßschutzanlagen an Binnenschiffsschleusen – Beispiele Schleusen Varloh und Bollingerfähr
Authors: Grabau Jürgen
Published: June 2008

Stoßschutzanlagen sind wesentlicher Bestandteil der stahlbaulichen und maschinenbaulichen Ausrüstung von Binnenschiffsschleusen. Durch Vermeidung von Toranfahrungen tragen sie erheblich zur Betriebssicherheit bei. Beim Neubau von Schleusen sind diese Einrichtungen obligatorisch. Der nachträgliche Einbau derartiger Einrichtungen ist nicht unproblematisch, da sie verträglich in den vorhandenen Baubestand zu integrieren sind. Dieser Beitrag erläutert am Beispiel der Dortmund‐Ems‐Kanal (DEK)‐Schleusen Varloh und Bollingerfähr die besondere Problematik.
Zur Aussteifung von Biegeträgern durch Drehbettung und Schubsteifigkeit
Authors: Lindner Joachim
Published: June 2008

Ein genauerer aber auch aufwendigerer Nachweis des Biegedrillknickens darf unterbleiben, wenn Werte für Mindeststeifigkeiten erfüllt sind. Bekannt sind Angaben für die erforderliche Drehbettung cϑ in den aktuellen Regelwerken DIN 18800‐2 und DIN EN 1993‐1‐1. Hier werden die in DIN EN 1993‐1‐1, Tab. BB‐1 angegebenen Werte, die aus DIN 18800‐2 Tab. 6 stammen, auf der Grundlage der unterschiedlichen Biegedrillknickkurven in beiden Regelwerken neu bestimmt und für mehr Lastfälle angegeben. Bezüglich der insbesondere bei Trapezprofilen ebenfalls vorhandenen SchubsteifigkeitS sind in den Regelwerken und der Literatur unterschiedliche Angaben vorhanden. Zur Angabe einer Mindest‐Schubsteifigkeit Smin, die einen genaueren Biegedrillknicknachweis erübrigt, werden hier zusätzliche Untersuchungen vorgelegt, die die Verwendbarkeit von Smin einschränken. Es zeigt sich, dass der in der Literatur angegebene WertS nach Gl. (5a) nur in einem begrenzten Anwendungsbereich zuverlässig ist.
Die Auswirkung von duktilen Anschlüssen auf die Explosionsresistenz lasttragender Stützen
Authors: Rutner Marcus , Mensinger Martin , Trometer Stefan
Published: June 2008

Lasttragende Stützen sind in den meisten Baukonstruktionen vorhanden, sie finden zum Beispiel als Geschoss‐Stützen oder als Brückenpfeiler Anwendung. In dieser Arbeit wird der Frage nachgegangen, wie sich die lasttragende Stütze bei Explosion verhält, und welche konstruktiven nderungen im Querschnitt und am Bauteil einen höheren Widerstand gegen die Explosionsdruckwelle herbeiführen. Ausgehend vom einfachen Stahlquerschnitt bis hin zum teil‐ und vollständig betonierten Verbundquerschnitt, wird der Einfluss des Querschnittsaufbaus der Stütze auf das Widerstandsverhalten untersucht. Dabei wird die Stütze nicht als isoliertes Bauteil betrachtet, sondern installiert in eine flexible Nachbarkonstruktion. Die Weichheit der Anschlusskonstruktion wird mitberücksichtigt. Das Antwortverhalten repräsentativer Stahl‐ und Verbundstützentypen wird verglichen, die Positionen lokaler Überbeanspruchung werden diagnostiziert, die Versagensmechanismen des Bauteils definiert. Die Fortentwicklung des Querschnittsaufbaus und die konstruktiven Veränderungen am Bauteil stellen einen Beitrag dar zu einer verbesserten Explosionsresistenz der lasttragenden Stützen. Die Studie verfolgt den lokalen Ansatz, in englischer Literatur specific local resistance design approach genannt, indem entsprechend den detektierten lokalen Schadensbildern konstruktive Schutztechnologien entwickelt werden. Bei Stützen, die starr an der Geländeoberkante eingespannt oder wenig flexibel gelagert sind, zeigt sich der Stützenfuß als besonders verwundbar. Konstruktive Verstärkungen sind hier erforderlich, um die hohen Auflagerkräfte ohne lokale Schädigung in das Fundament einzuleiten. Das Potential der duktilen Auflagerbedingung wird untersucht, um durch mögliche Verformung und Energiedissipation die Spannungskonzentrationen am Stützenfuß zu verringern. Konstruktive Lösungen werden erarbeitet, die einen von außen unsichtbaren Schutz gewährleisten, und in Vergleichsberechnungen hinsichtlich ihrer Wirksamkeit ausgewertet. Für die numerischen Untersuchungen dieser Studie wurde die Software MD Nastran verwendet.
A density‐based greedy algorithm for higher strength covering arrays
Authors: Bryce Renée C. , Colbourn Charles J.
Published: June 2008

Algorithmic construction of software interaction test suites has focussed on pairwise coverage; less is known about the efficient construction of test suites for t‐way interactions with t≥3. This study extends an efficient density‐based algorithm for pairwise coverage to generate t‐way interaction test suites and shows that it guarantees a logarithmic upper bound on the size of the test suites as a function of the number of factors. To complement this theoretical guarantee, an implementation is outlined and some practical improvements are made. Computational comparisons with other published methods are reported. Many of the results improve upon those in the literature. However, limitations on the ability of one‐test‐at‐a‐time algorithms are also identified. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Classification of benign and malignant breast tumors using neural networks and three‐dimensional power Doppler ultrasound
Authors: Kuo S.‐J. , Hsiao Y.‐H. , Huang Y.‐L. , Chen D.‐R.
Published: June 2008

Objectives

To evaluate the use of three‐dimensional (3D) power Doppler ultrasound in the differential diagnosis of solid breast tumors using a neural network model as a classifier.

Methods

Data from 102 benign and 93 malignant breast tumor images that had pathological confirmation were collected consecutively from January 2003 to February 2004. We used 3D power Doppler ultrasound to calculate three indices (vascularization index (VI), flow index (FI) and vascularization flow index (VFI)) for the tumor itself and for the tumor plus a 3‐mm shell surrounding it. These data were applied to a multilayer perception (MLP) neural network model and we evaluated the model as a classifier to assess the capability of 3D power Doppler sonography to differentiate between benign and malignant solid breast tumors.

Results

The accuracy of the MLP model for classifying malignancy was 84.6%, the sensitivity was 90.3%, the specificity was 79.4%, the positive predictive value was 80.0% and the negative predictive value was 90.0%. When the neural network was used to combine the three 3D power Doppler indices, the area under the receiver–operating characteristics curve was 0.89.

Conclusions

3D power Doppler ultrasound may serve as a useful tool in distinguishing between benign and malignant breast tumors, and its capability may be increased by using a MLP neural network model as a classifier. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combination gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Leemans F. A. J. M. , McCloskey James A.
Published: June 2008

The direct combination of gas‐liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry represents one of the most powerful techniques available for the analysis of complex mixtures of lipids. Principal advantages are the extremely small amounts of material required, the relative speed of analysis, and the wealth of molecular structural information available. The ability to record rapidly several mass spectra of one emerging chromatographic peak may also frequently be of use in detecting impurities, unresolved mixtures, or thermal decomposition of the sample. In the development of new gas chromatographic analytical procedures, the combination instrument may frequently prove highly useful for following chemical reactions in the preparation of new types of derivatives for GLC.
Use of alizarin red S for determining critical micelle concentration of cationic surfactants
Authors: Malik Wahid U. , Verma Surendra Pal
Published: June 2008

The critical micelle concentrations of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide and cetyl pyridinium bromide have been calculated by a spectral‐dye method. Alizarin red S at pH 9.12 was found to be suitable for these two cationics. Two shifts in the dye maximum, one due to complex formation (500 mॖ or 525 mॖ) and the other due to the dye‐surfactant complex solubilized in the micelles of the cationics were realized. The critical micelle concentration was represented by the point of intersection of two curves at wavelength 500 mॖ and 550 mॖ for cetyl pyridinium bromide and 525 mॖ and 550 mॖ for cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide.
Soybean oil quality as influenced by planting site and variety
Authors: Chu W. S. , Sheldon V. L.
Published: June 2008

Seven soybean genotypes were grown in various locations in Illinois and Missouri. Crude oils were analyzed for fatty acid composition, total phospholipid, free fatty acids, iron and peroxide value. Of the seven varieties examined, William's beans showed significant differences in total oil, protein, and fatty acid composition relative to planting sites. Evidence was obtained that crude oil from beans grown on irrigated land were higher in polyunsaturated fatty acids and lower in iron contents compared to those grown on nonirrigated land.
Physical properties of blends of soap and lime soap dispersants
Authors: Weil J. K. , Linfield W. M.
Published: June 2008

The mechanism of action of soap lime‐soap dispersant (LSDA) combinations is based on a close association between these two components. In deionized water this association is mixed micellar. Surface tension curves confirm the presence of mixed micelles in deionized water and show a combination of optimum surface active properties (low critical micelle concentrations (CMC), high surface concentration and low surface tension above the CMC). Solubilization of high Krafft point soap by LSDA and of difficultly soluble LSDA by soap are related results of this association. Analysis of dispersions of mixtures of soap and LSDA in hard water shows that the dispersed particles are mixtures of soap and LSDA in the same proportion as they were originally added. These findings are inconsistent with the view that soap reacts separately with hard water ions and that the resulting lime soap is suspended by surface adsorption of LSDA. The suspended particles are responsible for surface active properties and detergency and do not permit deposits on the fabric like those found with soap alone.
Viscosity vs. pour point relationships for alcohol nonionic surfactants
Authors: Smith Garland D.
Published: June 2008

A relationship between the room temperature viscosity of neat nonionic surfactants and the pour point has been discovered which has considerable practical value and useful theoretical implications. The pour points of nonionic surfactants are a semi‐quantitative indication of liquidity, which is an important property for storage and handling. The relationship between viscosities measured at room temperature and pour points follows an Arrhenius function, which is a commonly encountered mathematical form in nonturbulent flow. The phenomena are evaluated using a model based on Eyring's kinetic approach to the Stokes‐Einstein relationship. An obvious practical feature of this work is that instead of the tedious, relatively inexact practice of measuring pour points, it is apparent that one can obtain the same information from the more accurate and convenient measurement of viscosity. Useful inferences are also made which provide insight into the mechanisms which give rise to the pour point, the molecular structure of neat nonionics, and the nature of homolog mixing. Data for both primary and secondary alcohol ethoxylates have been investigated.
Wool wax acids: A review
Authors: Motiuk K.
Published: June 2008

Wool wax acids consist predominantly of alkanoic,α‐hydroxy andω‐hydroxy acids. Each group contains normal, iso, and anteiso series of various chain length. Practically all the acids are saturated. The average weight‐percent of the various series is based on recently published results.
Oxidised LDL up‐regulate CD36 expression by the Nrf2 pathway in 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes
Authors: D'Archivio Massimo , Scazzocchio Beatrice , Filesi Carmela , Varì Rosaria , Maggiorella Maria Teresa , Sernicola Leonardo , Santangelo Carmela , Giovannini Claudio , Masella Roberta
Published: June 2008

The effect of oxLDL on CD36 expression has been assessed in preadipocytes induced to differentiate. Novel evidence is provided that oxLDL induce a peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ‐independent CD36 overexpression, by up‐regulating nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NF‐E2)‐related factor 2 (Nrf2). The nuclear translocation of Nrf2 appeared to depend on PKC pathway activation. In adipocytes, the CD36 up‐regulation may indicate a compensation mechanism to meet the demand of excess oxLDL and oxidised lipids in blood, reducing the risk of atherogenesis. Besides strengthening the hypothesis that oxLDL can contribute to the onset of insulin‐resistance, data herein presented highlight the significance of oxLDL‐induced CD36 overexpression within the cellular defence response.
Calcium‐induced tripartite binding of intrinsically disordered calpastatin to its cognate enzyme, calpain
Authors: Kiss Róbert , Bozoky Zoltán , Kovács Dénes , Róna Gergely , Friedrich Péter , Dvortsák Péter , Weisemann Rudinger , Tompa Péter , Perczel András
Published: June 2008

MINT‐6549073:

Calpain-2 catalytic subunit (uniprotkb:P04632), Calpain-2 catalytic subunit (uniprotkb:P17655) and calpastatin (uniprotkb:P20810) physically interact (MI:0218) by nuclear magnetic resonance (MI:0077)
Collection of radiocarbon dates on the mammoths (Mammuthus Primigenius) and other genera of Wrangel Island, northeast Siberia, Russia
Authors: Vartanyan Sergey L. , Arslanov Khikmat A. , Karhu Juha A. , Possnert Göran , Sulerzhitsky Leopold D.
Published: June 2008

We present and discuss a full list of radiocarbon dates for woolly mammoth and other species of the Mammoth fauna available from Wrangel Island, northeast Siberia, Russia. Most of the radiocarbon dates are published here for the first time. Of the124 radiocarbon dates on mammoth bone, 106 fall between 3700 and 9000 yr ago. We believe these dates bracket the period of mammoth isolation on Wrangel Island and their ultimate extinction, which we attribute to natural causes. The absence of dates between 9–12 ka probably indicates a period when mammoths were absent from Wrangel Island. Long bone dimensions of Holocene mammoths from Wrangel Island indicate that these animals were comparable in size to those on the mainland; although they were not large animals, neither can they be classified as dwarfs. Occurrence of mammoth Holocene refugia on the mainland is suggested. Based on other species of the Mammoth fauna that have also been radiocarbon on Wrangel Island, including horse, bison, musk ox and woolly rhinoceros, it appears that the mammoth was the only species of that fauna that inhabited Wrangel Island in the mid-Holocene.
Patterns of faunal extinction and paleoclimatic change from mid-Holocene mammoth and polar bear remains, Pribilof Islands, Alaska
Authors: Veltre Douglas W. , Yesner David R. , Crossen Kristine J. , Graham Russell W. , Coltrain Joan B.
Published: June 2008

Cave, a lava tube cave on St. Paul Island in the Pribilofs, has recently produced a mid-Holocene vertebrate faunal assemblage including woolly mammoth, polar bear, caribou, and Arctic fox. Several dates on the mammoth remains converge on 570014C yr BP. These dates, ~ 2300 yr younger than mammoth dates previously published from the Pribilof Islands, make these the youngest remains of proboscideans, and of non-extinct Quaternary megafauna, recovered from North America. Persistence of mammoths on the Pribilofs is most parsimoniously explained by the isolation of the Pribilofs and the lack of human presence in pre-Russian contact times, but an additional factor may have been the local existence of high-quality forage in the form of grasses enriched by nutrients derived from local Holocene tephras. This interpretation is reinforced by stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values obtained from the mammoth remains. The endpoint of mammoth survival in the Pribilofs is unknown, but maybe coterminous with the arrival of polar bears whose remains in the cave date to the Neoglacial cold period of ~ 4500 to 350014C yr BP. The polar bear record corroborates a widespread cooling of the Bering Sea region at that time.
Versal Deformations of Leibniz Algebras
Authors: Fialowski Alice , Mandal Ashis , Mukherjee Goutam
Published: June 2008

In this work we consider deformations of Leibniz algebras over a field of characteristic zero. The main problem in deformation theory is to describe all non-equivalent deformations of a given object. We give a method to solve this problem completely, namely work out a construction of a versal deformation for a given Leibniz algebra, which induces all non-equivalent deformations and is unique on the infinitesimal level.
Multiphase flow predictions from carbonate pore space images using extracted network models
Authors: Al‐Kharusi Anwar S. , Blunt Martin J.
Published: June 2008

A methodology to extract networks from pore space images is used to make predictions of multiphase transport properties for subsurface carbonate samples. The extraction of the network model is based on the computation of the location and sizes of pores and throats to create a topological representation of the void space of three‐dimensional (3‐D) rock images, using the concept of maximal balls. In this work, we follow a multistaged workflow. We start with a 2‐D thin‐section image; convert it statistically into a 3‐D representation of the pore space; extract a network model from this image; and finally, simulate primary drainage, waterflooding, and secondary drainage flow processes using a pore‐scale simulator. We test this workflow for a reservoir carbonate rock. The network‐predicted absolute permeability is similar to the core plug measured value and the value computed on the 3‐D void space image using the lattice Boltzmann method. The predicted capillary pressure during primary drainage agrees well with a mercury‐air experiment on a core sample, indicating that we have an adequate representation of the rock's pore structure. We adjust the contact angles in the network to match the measured waterflood and secondary drainage capillary pressures. We infer a significant degree of contact angle hysteresis. We then predict relative permeabilities for primary drainage, waterflooding, and secondary drainage that agree well with laboratory measured values. This approach can be used to predict multiphase transport properties when wettability and pore structure vary in a reservoir, where experimental data is scant or missing. There are shortfalls to this approach, however. We compare results from three networks, one of which was derived from a section of the rock containing vugs. Our method fails to predict properties reliably when an unrepresentative image is processed to construct the 3‐D network model. This occurs when the image volume is not sufficient to represent the geological variations observed in a core plug sample.
Age‐dependent variation in the biophysical properties of boreal forests
Authors: McMillan Andrew M. S. , Goulden Michael L.
Published: June 2008

The changes in boreal forest hydrology, biogeochemistry, and biophysics during succession have critical implications for the sign and magnitude of the vegetation‐climate feedbacks that might occur with a change in fire frequency, and also for the identification and attribution of changes in boreal forest to climate. We combined in situ measurements from eddy covariance sites located along an age transect in a Canadian boreal forest with spectral vegetation indices (SVIs) derived from Landsat and MODIS imagery. We found tight spatial relationships between Landsat SVIs and in situ measurements of three important biophysical properties: albedo, maximum daily uptake of CO2 (FCO2‐max), and leaf area index (LAI). The tasseled cap indices were particularly well suited for tracking biophysical variation along an age transect. Trends in brightness, greenness, and wetness from 1984 to 2005 indicated how succession drives temporal trends in biophysical properties. Albedo and FCO2‐max increased rapidly in the decade following fire and then decreased for the remainder of succession, while LAI continued to increase until ∼135 years and may decrease thereafter. The ratio of greenness to wetness indicated that photosynthesis was limited by leaf area before 10–12 years and by reduced leaf‐level photosynthetic rates thereafter, coinciding with the successional replacement of broadleaf deciduous species by evergreen conifer species. The timing of phenological events was also strongly age‐dependent, but the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) confounded the disappearance of the snowpack in spring for the onset of photosynthesis. Secondary succession was the dominant source of temporal variability in the biophysical properties we examined.
Modes and characteristics of low‐frequency MHD waves in the near‐Earth magnetotail prior to dipolarization: Fitting method
Authors: Saito M. H. , Miyashita Y. , Fujimoto M. , Shinohara I. , Saito Y. , Mukai T.
Published: June 2008

Spacecraft observations indicate that low‐frequency (0.006–0.025 Hz) fluctuations of the magnetic field appear a few min prior to a substorm‐associated dipolarization. These fluctuations are examined on the basis of the linear magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) fluid theory. We propose a “low‐frequency fitting method” for identifying the characteristics of the MHD waves, such as the mode, the wavevector, and the frequency. Using the magnetic field and the ion velocity data, the frequency in the plasma rest frame is obtained by removing the Doppler shift. The fitting method takes the inhomogeneity of the ambient magnetic field into account, so that the parameter which is equivalent to the sum of the field line curvature and the gradient scale length of the ambient magnetic field is obtained as an output. We applied the method to a selected dipolarization event in which Geotail remained in the vicinity of the magnetic equator and also in the same magnetic local time as the onset region of an auroral breakup. The low‐frequency fluctuations were detected from ∼4 min before the local dipolarization onset. What has been found are as follows: (1) the parallel magnetic field fluctuations had a strong correlation with the perpendicular ion velocity fluctuations, which indicates that the observed waves were explained as magnetosonic modes. The slow magnetosonic wave was identified ∼3 min before the dipolarization onset, whereas the fast magnetosonic wave was identified ∼1.5 min before the dipolarization onset. This fast wave was estimated to be propagating tailward with a phase velocity of 400 km/s and a period of 70 s in the plasma frame. (2) The perpendicular fluctuations of the magnetic field and the ion velocity were only weakly correlated, which indicates the presence of a mode that cannot be captured by the present method. Using the variance analysis, we show that this mode is likely to be a drift mode, which had almost zero frequency in the plasma frame and was propagating duskward together with the plasma bulk flow. A possible interpretation of the observed waves is briefly discussed with a relevance to previously proposed substorm initiation models. Particularly, the drift wave can be interpreted as a linear stage of the ballooning instability.
Seasonal variations of the nighttime O(1S) and OH airglow emission rates at mid‐to‐high latitudes in the context of the large‐scale circulation
Authors: Liu Guiping , Shepherd Gordon G. , Roble Raymond G.
Published: June 2008

The seasonal climatology of the O(1S) and OH nighttime airglow in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) for the mid‐to‐high latitude region is explored in the context of the large‐scale general circulation. Multiple years of the Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII) satellite data from November 1991 to August 1997 are monthly averaged to depict the global patterns of the seasonal variations of the airglow volume emission rates for various altitudes and local times. These observations are compared with the simulations of the Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Mesosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIME‐GCM). Both the WINDII and the TIME‐GCM results display the semi‐annual and annual variations of the O(1S) and OH airglow emission rates for specific altitudes and local times. The TIME‐GCM reproduces most of the emission variation signatures observed by WINDII, but provides additional information on vertical advection and downward mixing of atomic oxygen. The study indicates that vertical advection associated with the tides and the large‐scale circulation plays a major role in the airglow seasonal variations. The annual influence of the large‐scale circulation appears more clearly in the mesosphere than in the lower thermosphere, while the semi‐annual variation occurs only in the lower thermosphere.
Global environmental effects of large volcanic eruptions on ocean chemistry: Evidence from “hydrothermal” sediments (ODP Leg 185, Site 1149B)
Authors: Chavagnac V. , German C. R. , Taylor R. N.
Published: June 2008

A Sr‐Nd‐Pb isotope investigation has been carried out on sediments overlying the Cretaceous oceanic crust at ODP Leg 185 Site 1149B. The sediments (biogenic carbonate and siliceous, clays) contain two horizons with high “excess” concentrations of Fe, Zn, Cu, and Pb. These horizons are both characterized by rare Earth element patterns that are concave‐upwards and exhibit both negative Ce and positive Eu anomalies; comparable to those from modern hydrothermal plume particles and sediments. However, Pb isotope signatures differ significantly between the two metal‐rich horizons. Metal‐rich sediments in the lower part of Unit IV have Pb isotopes that lie on a mixing line between seawater and local oceanic crust end‐members, which is consistent with a hydrothermal fall‐out originating from a local oceanic spreading centre. In contrast, sediments from the upper part of Unit IV have much more radiogenic Pb isotope ratios, that cannot be related readily to local end‐members (off‐axis hydrothermal vent, clays, oceanic crust or large igneous provinces (LIP)). Their age‐corrected Pb isotope compositions do, however, overlap with basalts from the Parana‐Etendeka LIP. Evidence for related environmental effects include a drastic biotic change, higher oceanic δ13C values and more radiogenic seawater 87Sr/86Sr. We estimate that the Parana‐Etendeka LIP released ∼1 × 1019 g of carbon into the atmosphere as CO2, corresponding to Pb and S degassing fluxes of ∼1 × 109 g a−1 and ∼15 × 1012 g a−1, respectively. The study demonstrates that Pb isotopes when combined with other geochemical parameters are ideal tools for detecting and tracing LIP volcanism in the marine geological records.
Sediment and nutrient delivery from thermokarst features in the foothills of the North Slope, Alaska: Potential impacts on headwater stream ecosystems
Authors: Bowden W. B. , Gooseff M. N. , Balser A. , Green A. , Peterson B. J. , Bradford J.
Published: June 2008

Permafrost is a defining characteristic of the Arctic environment. However, climate warming is thawing permafrost in many areas leading to failures in soil structure called thermokarst. An extensive survey of a 600 km2 area in and around the Toolik Lake Natural Research Area (TLNRA) revealed at least 34 thermokarst features, two thirds of which were new since ∼1980 when a high resolution aerial survey of the area was done. Most of these thermokarst features were associated with headwater streams or lakes. We have measured significantly increased sediment and nutrient loading from thermokarst features to streams in two well‐studied locations near the TLNRA. One small thermokarst gully that formed in 2003 on the Toolik River in a 0.9 km2 subcatchment delivered more sediment to the river than is normally delivered in 18 years from 132 km2 in the adjacent upper Kuparuk River basin (a long‐term monitoring reference site). Ammonium, nitrate, and phosphate concentrations downstream from a thermokarst feature on Imnavait Creek increased significantly compared to upstream reference concentrations and the increased concentrations persisted over the period of sampling (1999–2005). The downstream concentrations were similar to those we have used in a long‐term experimental manipulation of the Kuparuk River and that have significantly altered the structure and function of that river. A subsampling of other thermokarst features from the extensive regional survey showed that concentrations of ammonium, nitrate, and phosphate were always higher downstream of the thermokarst features. Our previous research has shown that even minor increases in nutrient loading stimulate primary and secondary production. However, increased sediment loading could interfere with benthic communities and change the responses to increased nutrient delivery. Although the terrestrial area impacted by thermokarsts is limited, the aquatic habitat altered by these failures can be extensive. If warming in the Arctic foothills accelerates thermokarst formation, there may be substantial and wide‐spread impacts on arctic stream ecosystems that are currently poorly understood.
Stability of black carbon in soils across a climatic gradient
Authors: Cheng Chih‐Hsin , Lehmann Johannes , Thies Janice E. , Burton Sarah D.
Published: June 2008

The recalcitrant properties of black carbon (BC) grant it to be a significant pool of stable organic C (OC) in soils. Up to now, however, the longevity of BC under different climates is still unclear. In this study, we used BC samples from historical charcoal blast furnace sites to examine the stability of BC across a climatic gradient of mean annual temperatures (MAT) from 3.9 to 17.2°C. The results showed that OC concentration and OC storage in the BC‐containing soils at a soil depth of 0–0.2 m were 9.0 and 4.7 times higher than those in adjacent soils, respectively. Organic C in the BC‐containing soils was more stable, with a significantly lower amount of the labile OC fraction (4.4 mg g−1 OC versus 27.5 mg g−1 OC) and longer half‐life of the recalcitrant OC fraction (59 years versus 9 years) than the adjacent soils determined by incubation experiments. The stability of BC was primarily due to its inherently recalcitrant chemical composition as suggested by short‐term incubation and solid state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of isolated BC particles. A significant negative relationship between OC storage and MAT further indicated that OC storage was decreased with warmer climate. However, the lack of a relationship between MAT and BC mineralization suggested that the stability of the remaining BC was similar between sites with very different MAT. Despite the fact that warming or cooling result in immediate consequences for BC stocks, it may have little impact on the stability of remaining BC over the period studied.