bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermal aging and chemical resistance evaluation of carbon black filled natural rubber blending: effect of the composition of acrylo nitrile and styrene butadiene rubber
Authors: Susanto T , Rahmaniar  , Farida  , Lestari D W , Abdullah K
Published: January 2021

Natural rubber (NR) has excellent tensile and abrasion properties, but its thermal and chemical resistance needs to be improved. The present study investigates the effect of acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) composition in NR compounding filled carbon black (CB). The effect of chemical and heat resistance was examined by varying the addition of SBR/NBR (phr/phr) as follows 40/0; 35/5; 30/0; 25/15; and 20/20 into 60 phr (part hundred rubber) NR filled by 50 phr CB respectively. Compared with NR composites, SBR/NBR addition improved the hardness and density slightly. While tensile strength, modulus, abrasion resistance, and compression set decreased significantly. The volume, hardness, and physical properties were measured before and after 28 days of immersion in acidic, alkalis, and salty solutions. It was found that the higher loading SBR/NBR enhances chemical resistance. The hydrochloric and sulphuric acid immersion influenced the physical changes more vigorously. The thermal aging evaluation was observed by measuring the hardness and tensile strength at hot air circulation of 70°C for 24; 48 and 72 hours. The higher SBR/NBR loading could minimize the changes in hardness and tensile strength. To sum up, SBR/NBR addition improves the chemical and heat resistance on ternary blends.
The effect of pumice and clay composition in natural rubber-ethylene propylene diene monomer blends towards its curing characteristics and physic-mechanical properties
Authors: Rahmaniar  , Susanto T , Prasetya H A , Marlina P , Purbaya M , Chalid M , Hasan A
Published: January 2021

Since some adverse effects of using carbon black as petroleum-based filler in rubber compounding, mineral fillers may be a feasible alternative filler. This research studied the effect of the composition of pumice and clay as mineral filler in natural rubber (NR) and ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) blending towards its curing characteristics and physical-mechanical properties. The effect of reinforced filled in EPDM-NR (70/30) phr blends was observed by varying 50, 70, and 90 phr of filler. While the filler was designed as the composition of pumice/clay (P/C): 20/80; 50/50; 80:20 (weight/weight). The rubber, fillers, and chemical were compounded based on ASTM D-3182. The results showed that the loading of P/C fillers in EPDM-NR blends increased scorch time and decreased cure rate index. It was found that the optimum number of filler could enhance density, modulus. Remarkably, the higher pumice composition caused the abrasion resistance and compression set improved significantly, whereas the overloading pumice and clay cause the physic-mechanical properties remained stable or evenly drop. FTIR spectra of the binary blends confirmed that the fine fillers dispersion was obtained due to some interaction bonding between silanol, aluminol of fillers with the EPDM-NR.
Failure analysis of aluminum alloys casting in four-wheels vehicle rims
Authors: Surasno  , Tjahjohartoto B
Published: January 2021

The small industry of casting aluminum alloy produces four-wheeled motorized tire rims that have been used in various vehicles. However, in general, these products do not yet have the quality and safety guarantees required by SNI 1896: 2008. Failure analysis research must be conducted to examine the causes of failure. The research method is to compare the products of small industry with products made by local and imported products by analyzing test results. Observation on visual and penetrant test showed porosity at the center of the rim. Tensile strength was (111-145)MPa much lower than local and imported product (260-285)MPa. The impact value was (500-570)kg (rim broken) and this value was lower than the SNI requirement (936 kg). The content of iron element was (0.401-0.433)%, this content was higher than local and imported rim (0.120-0.135)%. This element will cause a tendency to form micro crack and reduce the strength of mechanical properties. Microstructure observation showed a dendritic structure, porosity, and AlFeSi phase resembles needles. It was concluded that the failure of this rim product is caused by the material and the casting process. Small industries should make efforts to know the casting defects aiming to minimize product failure.
Current development, potentials, and challenges of biological synthesis of nanoparticle (as a photocatalyst): A review
Authors: Agustina L , Suprihatin S , Romli M , Suryadarma P
Published: January 2021

Nanoparticles can be applied potentially in various areas of industrial processes because of their unique mechanical and optical properties, antimicrobial abilities, and catalytic capabilities. This paper aims to analyze the current status of research and development of producing high-value nanoparticles as a photocatalyst using the principle of green chemistry and to identify the potentials and challenges of the new green synthesis in its further developments. The biological method is considered effective and environmentally friendly in producing nanoparticles as a photocatalyst. These efforts can be realized by utilizing natural reducing agents. The bioreductor compounds are available in plants and their waste is in large quantities. It is also reported that some kinds of microorganisms may be used in the biological synthesis of nanoparticles effectively. Some potentials and challenges for it, further research and development were identified, presented, and discussed. Biologically, the synthesis of nanoparticles is considered to be more energy efficient because the process is simpler by utilizing microorganisms, plants and horticultural food waste extracts as a medium for the synthesis of nanoparticles.
Synthesis and characterization of amine-functionalized sugarcane bagasse fiber magnetic nanoparticle biocomposites
Authors: Juwita R , Irawan C , Jelita R , Nata I F
Published: January 2021

Sugarcane bagasse is one of the by-products in the sugar industry which contains 60% of cellulose. Cellulose can be used as a matrix for biocomposite. The purpose of this research was to produce amine-functionalized sugarcane bagasse fiber magnetic nanoparticle biocomposites (SBB). The SBB was produced from sugarcane bagasse (SB) by solvothermal reaction. The SB was dried and blended into small size (±60 mesh), then lignin was removed with 1% NaOH (w/v) through the delignification. The biocomposites was made by adding delignified SB (SB-D) into a mixture of ethylene glycol, FeCl3.6H2O, and hexamethylenediamine (HMDA) in solution, and then heated for 6 h at 200 °C. HMDA as an amine source was applied different concentrations (5, 7, and 9 mL). The surface morphology of biocomposites was covered by the magnetic nanoparticles along SB-D which contained amine of about 17.78 mmol/g. The Fe content of SBB was 98.34% which had specific peaks for magnetite at 36°, 43°, and 57° which were measured by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The Fourier Transformed Infrared (FT-IR) identified N–H bending vibration on SBB at 1640 cm−1. The iron content and amine group on the surface may affect high adsorption capacity for a wide range of biological pollutants.
Molecular dynamics simulation of nanocellulose-oil-water interaction in enhanced oil recovery application
Authors: Ledyastuti M , Jason J
Published: January 2021

Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) is a way to obtain long hydrocarbon-structured oil by flooding oil reservoirs using water with certain materials. Hydrolyzed polyacrylamides (HPAM) and xanthan gum are commonly used in the EOR process. Both of these materials have several disadvantages, including unstable at high salinity and leave debris in the environment. One alternative to substitute HPAM and xanthan gum is nanocellulose, which is an abundant amount of natural polymer. Molecular dynamics simulations investigate the potential of nanocellulose as an EOR agent. A mixture of decane and naphthalene is used as an oil model, while the SPC/E model is used as a water model. By analyzing the simulation trajectory, the interfacial tension and viscosity values were obtained. The simulation results showed the value of the water-oil interfacial tension increased with the addition of nanocellulose. This was caused by the position of nanocellulose that was always in the aqueous phase during the simulation. The water-oil interfacial tension also increased from 46.94 dyne/cm to 47.96 dyne/cm with the presence of two nanocellulose molecules at 353 K. Water viscosity increased from 3.10×10−4kg/m.s to 3.80×10−4kg/m.s after the addition of one cellulose molecule at 353 K. Nanocellulose can be an EOR agent by increasing the water viscosity but unfortunately the water-oil interfacial tension also increasing. Due to the change of these two opposing properties, nanocellulose cannot optimally improve oil recovery as shown by previous research.
The development of indonesian local clay as a lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA) for organic growing medium
Authors: Subari  , Hernawan  , Wahyudi K , Rosmayanti I , Nurhidayati
Published: January 2021

Lightweight Expanded Clay Aggregate (LECA), a clay-based lightweight aggregate expanding after burning at high temperatures, is among the promising material since it can be used as construction materials for buildings and roads, geotechnical fillings, hydroponic growing medium, humidity control, wall damper, heat insulation, water treatment, and others. However, the potential of clay from various places in Indonesia used for LECA as an organic planting medium is still not explored considerably. In this paper, various local clays in Indonesia were studied to obtain a suitable clay as the single raw material for LECA production. Clay raw materials were originated from Purwakarta, Sukabumi, Klaten and Boyolali. The preliminary selection was evaluated based on XRD and XRF test results. The XRD and XRF analysis showed that Boyolali shale and Boyolali bentonite were the most fitted clay as single raw material for LECA production. Both materials were synthesized into LECA through a firing process at 1100°C and 1200°C. Furthermore, the LECA product was characterized by its bloating coefficient and water absorption. The best results were obtained by Boyolali bentonite with a bloating coefficient of 4.63 or can be referred to as medium type and 14.63% for water absorption.
The effect of solvent in the hydrogenation of lauric acid to lauryl alcohol using Ru-Fe/TiO2 catalyst
Authors: Ibrahim  , Riski M , Rodiansono
Published: January 2021

We describe the effect of solvent in the hydrogenation of lauric acid to lauryl alcohol using bimetallic ruthenium-iron supported on titanium oxide (5.0Ru-xFe/TiO2 (5.0 is loading amount of Ru (wt%) and x = 1.0; 3.0; 5.0 is the loading amount of Fe (wt%). Ru-xFe/TiO2 catalyst was synthesized via the hydrothermal method at a temperature of 150 °C for 24 hours, then followed by reduction with H2 at a temperature of 500 °C for 3 h. The catalytic reactions were carried out in a batch reactor system in various organic solvents (e.g., 2-propanol, water, 1, 4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, and its mixture solvent). Results of XRD analysis of 5.0Ru-xFe/TiO2 showed a typical diffraction peak at 2θ = 44.14°C, which can be attributed as metallic Ru(101). The best solvent used was 1, 4-dioxane: water (4.5:0.5 ml) at 170 °C, initial H2 pressure 4.0 MPa and a reaction time of 5 h, providing 39.4% lauric acid conversion and 5.8% yield of lauryl alcohol using 5.0Ru-1.0Fe/TiO2 catalyst. The yield of lauryl alcohol could be enhanced up to 33% (at 49.2% conversion) after the reaction time was prolonged to 30 h under the same reaction conditions.
Selective hydrogenation of levulinic acid to γ-valerolactone using bimetallic Pd-Fe catalyst supported on titanium oxide
Authors: Damayanti A P , Dewi H P , Ibrahim  , Rodiansono
Published: January 2021

The synthesis of γ-valerolactone (GVL), a versatile precursor in the manufacture of high-value chemicals such as polymer plasticizer, solvent, jet fuel, and, agrochemicals, has been targeted by many research groups. In this study, we report the catalytic performance of iron-modified palladium supported on titanium oxide (denoted as Pd(5.0)-Fe(5.0)/TiO2; 5.0 was the loading amount of Pd and Fe, respectively) in the selective hydrogenation of levulinic acid (LA) to γ-valerolactone (GVL) in stainless-steel batch reactor system. Pd(5.0)-Fe(5.0)/TiO2 catalyst was synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method at 150°C for 24 h, then followed by reduction with H2 at 500°C for 3 h. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of Pd(5.0)-Fe(5.0)/TiO2 before and after reduction showed the formation of metallic Pd at 2θ = 40.34° and 47.2° corresponding to Pd(111) and Pd(200), respectively. The hydrogenation of LA to GVL effectively occurred in the H2O solvent, whereas in 2-propanol the formation of ester was the main side product. The highest yield of GVL (52.5%) was obtained over Pd(5.0)-Fe(5.0)/TiO2 catalyst at a temperature of 170 °C, initial H2 pressure of 4.0 MPa, solvent H2O 3 ml at a reaction time of 7 h. The yield of GVL slightly increased to 63.3% when the reaction time was prolonged to 15 h.
Synthesis and characterization of magnetic adsorbent based on Fe2O3-fly ash from Pulang Pisau’s power plant of Central Kalimantan
Authors: Wardani D A P , Rosmainar L , Iqbal R M , Simarmata S N
Published: January 2021

One of the biggest producers of fly ash in Central Kalimantan is Pulang Pisau’s power plant. Fly ash, which is produced from burning coal or biomass, is a mixture of oxides with less combustible carbon and other minor inorganic compounds so that it has a dominant-negative surface charge and is a promising adsorbent. Modification of fly ash with Fe2O3 can affect the structure and morphology of the adsorbent, and the magnetic properties of the adsorbent can help in the process of separating the adsorbent after treatment. This study aims to study the synthesis and magnetic characteristics of magnetic adsorbent based on Fe2O3-fly ash from Pulang Pisau’s power plant. The proximate test results obtained showed that the SiO2 compound contained in fly ash was the highest with a percentage level of 32%. The optimum composition of fly ash and Fe2O3 ratio is 1: 2. Morphology of magnetic adsorbent based on Fe2O3-fly ash was observed using SEM EDX. The results showed Fe2O3 particles impregnated to the pores of fly ash particles which had 29, 11% of O and 70, 22% of Fe. The magnetic properties of magnetic adsorbent based on Fe2O3-fly ash from Pulang Pisau’s power plant were simply proven using an external magnetic field.
The identification of the components, molecular structures and quality of stamp ink from gambier extract
Authors: Silfia S , Sofyan S , Failisnur F , Yeni G
Published: January 2021

Stamp ink is a major product of gambier plant (Uncaria gambir) extracts. Its level of tannins is usually high, making it an ideal raw material in the production of dyes and stamp ink. Hence, it is necessary to identify these color forming components in stamp ink. The aim of this study was to identify the components, molecular structures, and the quality of gambier stamp ink complexed with FeSO4. Five samples of the ink were complexed with 30%, 25%, 20%, 15% and 10% FeSO4. The Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) showed the optimum results with 25% FeSO4 treatment. It contained 11.44% pyrocatechol, 3.74% glycerol, and 2 Propanol, 1 Amina 81.98%, with clearer printings on paper compared with other treatments.
Properties of cellulose and modified cellulose-alginate for rifampicin drug delivery
Authors: Arianto R J D , Sunardi
Published: January 2021

Oral drug delivery of rifampicin as tuberculosis healing treatment has several challenging issues such as poor solubility in water and short biological half-life resulting in some unfavorable side effects. Various polymeric materials have the prospective to overcome the obstacles correlated with rifampicin oral drug delivery to deliver controlled release and protect this drug from the severe gastric environment. In this study, alginate (Alg), alginate-cellulose (Alg-Cel), and alginate-C16TMABr modified cellulose (Alg-MCel) beads were prepared and evaluated as a potential agent for drug delivery of rifampicin. Numerous parameters were investigated, such as beads size, gel fraction, swelling ratio, encapsulation efficiency, and release percentage. The results showed that the addition of cellulose and C16TMABr modified cellulose into the alginate improves the encapsulation efficiency and controlled release of rifampicin.
The exploration of banana bunch as a new vegetable tanning agent
Authors: Maryati T , Pertiwiningrum A , Bachrudin Z , Yuliatmo R
Published: January 2021

Recently, the green tannery is an issue that has been developed because it is known as a contributor of hazardous waste. The substitution of mineral tanning agents, such as chrome, with vegetable tanning agent is the best choice. Banana bunch has the potential to be an environmentally friendly tanning agent. This study aims to explore the banana bunch as a vegetable tanning agent for rabbit skin. The banana bunch was extracted using ethanol. The tannin quality of banana extract was determined by both qualitative and quantitative methods. The quality of leather tanned by the banana bunch was determined by chemical and physical properties. The qualitative results of the tannin content showed that the banana bunch had the tannin compounds, while quantitatively the tannin content was 4.1%. Banana bunch has an inhibitory potential, indicating that the banana bunch can be an anti-bacterial. Besides, the chemical analysis showed that the tanning by banana bunch had a water content of 14.90±0.01%, a water-soluble content of 3.55±0.01%, the pH value of 3.42±0.03, and the degree of tannage of 52.47±2.29%. Also, the physical quality of rabbit skin showed the tensile strength of 302.00 kg/cm2 and the elongation of 174.12±6.44%. Based on these results, it shows that the extract of the banana bunch has the potential as a vegetable tanning agent.
Biduri (Calotropis gigantea) leaves extract as natural dyes and ultraviolet protector applied on silk fabric with an exhaust dyeing method
Authors: Nugraha J , Sukmawati A , Mulyawan A S , Sugiyana D
Published: January 2021

Biduri (Calotropis gigantean) leaves extract can be natural dyes and ultraviolet protector agents on the silk fabric. In this research, silk fabric with ultraviolet protection performance was developed using biduri leaves extract in a simple dyeing process. This study aimed to obtain a colored silk fabric from biduri leaves extract with good UV protection properties. The methodology consisted of the extraction process using an aqueous method, dyeing process with exhaust dyeing method, and post mordanting with several mordant. Evaluation of dyeing results included color strength (K/S), color brightness (L*), color direction (a*, b*), ultraviolet protection factor (UPF), and durability after washing. The result showed brightness was inversely proportional to the color strength, and the direction of the resulting color were greenish and yellowish. Dyeing with dyes from the biduri leaves extract with FeSO4 mordant were effectively reflected by the improvement of the UPF up to 31 from an initial value of 5.4. UPF value after 5 times washing down to 29.2 and at 26.8 washing 10 times. Biduri (Calotropis gigantea) leaves showed a high potential to be utilized as natural dyes and UV protector agents simultaneously on the silk dyeing process.
Improving aluminum strength with chemical modification based on titanium and boron elements
Authors: Rahman E , Kumar R , Monandes V , Yadi R
Published: January 2021

In general, Al5TiB is added to hypoeutectic Al-Si alloys with Si levels <12%. The addition of Al5Tib grain refiner to hypoeutectic Al-Si alloy has been shown to be effective in increasing the mechanical properties of the alloy. While the addition of Al5TiB grain refiner to the Al-11% Si alloy master has never been done. This study aims to determine the effect of adding Al5TiB grain refiner to the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Si eutectic alloys (Si 11%). The mechanical property to be known after the addition of Al5TiB grain refiner is hardness. In this research Al-11% Si material was used. Al5TiB grain refiner added to Al-11% Si material to determine changes in microstructure and the value of violence that occurs. The results showed that the addition of Al5TiB would produce a large number of fine grains with a uniform distribution and shortening the distance between dendrite arms. The results of the hardness test showed that the hardness tended to increase with increasing levels of Al5TiB grain refiner added. The decreasing in the value of hardness in the addition of Al5TiB grain refiner with 0, 15% is due to the addition of Al5TiB grain refiner has exceeded its maximum limit.
Redistillation of wood vinegar from peat swamp species
Authors: Wahyuningtyas R S
Published: January 2021

This study aimed to determine the characteristics of wood vinegar (WV) from 3 native peat swamp forest species: gerunggang (Cratoxylon
arborescens), mertibu (Dactylocladus stenotachys), and meranti bunga (Shorea teysmanniana) after redistillation. The redistillation was carried out in a laboratory by heating 550 mL of wood vinegar in the distillation flask at a temperature of 100 °C for 7 hours. The parameters observed were the yield, the density, the acetic acid content, the pH, and the percentage of hydroxyl scavenging. The results showed that WV of D. stenotachys had the highest values of yield (%), pH, and, percentage of hydroxyl scavenging among other WV types. However, its acetic acid content was the lowest when compared with that of S. teysmanniana WV and C. arborescens WV. Besides, both S. Teysmanniana WV and C. arborescens WV were considered to have better potential as an antioxidant, an antimicrobial, and a food preservative. The pH levels of all purified WV in this study were classified as very acid indicated by the high quality of WV. Furthermore, D. stenotachys WV and C. arborescens WV fulfilled the requirement of Japanese WV standard. The redistillation of WV from the three species of peat swamp forest successfully produced WV with a clearer, transparent, and pale-yellow color.
Redistillation and characterization of liquid smoke from ulin wood (Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binn.) and its ability as a chitosan solvent
Authors: Junaidi A B , Nursyifa A , Abdullah
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this research was to study the solubility of chitosan in the liquid smoke as a preliminary study for the application of liquid-chitosan combination as a bioimmunizer and growth booster in plants and as a preservative in fish processing. This research focused on redistillation and characterization of the liquid smoke from ulin wood (Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binn.) and its ability as a chitosan solvent. The purpose was to obtain the scientific data on the yield redistillation, characterization of the liquid smoke (pH, total acid, total phenol, and composition), and its ability as a chitosan solvent. This liquid smoke was the side product of ulin wood charcoal in South Kalimantan. The results showed that the yield of liquid smoke from redistillation was 76.14% and the characteristics were containing 2.21 pH, 3.38% g/mL of total acid, 3.05 g/L of total phenol, and other chemical compositions such as carboxylic acid (73.08%), alcohol (14.73%), carbonyl (9.43%), phenolic (1.56%), and ether (1.21%). This research also uncovered that the solubility of chitosan in the liquid smoke increased along with the higher value of the liquid smoke concentration, and the liquid smoke concentration of 5% was able to dissolve more than 50 g/L of the chitosan.
The use of FTIR spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics for the authentication of milk fat from palm oil
Authors: Windarsih A , Irnawati  , Rohman A
Published: January 2021

This research was aimed to develop Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) combined with chemometrics of linear discriminant analysis (LDA), partial least square (PLS), and principal component regression (PCR) for authentication of milk fat from palm oil adulterant. FTIR spectroscopy and LDA have been successfully used to detect the presence of palm oil in MF. All the adulterated samples were clearly separated with authentic MF shown by the Cooman’s plot. Chemometrics of PLS at the wavenumber of 3033-692 cm-1 using first derivative spectra was successfully applied for the quantification of palm oil in MF. The suitability of the model was presented by its high R2 value both for calibration and validation models, accounting for 1 and 0.9998 respectively and its lower RMSEC (root mean square error of calibration) and RMSEP (root mean square error of prediction) value, accounting for 0.154 and 0.743 respectively. Quantification of palm oil was also successfully performed using chemometrics of PCR. The model showed high R2 in both calibration (0.9998) and validation (0.9997) values with lower RMSEC (0.671) and RMSEP (0.905) values. It can be concluded that a combination of FTIR spectroscopy with chemometrics could be used for the authentication of milk fat adulteration.
Antibacterial activity assay of essential oils from limau kuit peel against Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Irwan A , Humaida N , Nur H S
Published: January 2021

This research aims to determine the antibacterial activity of essential oils from Limau Kuit (a local variety of limes of South Kalimantan) peel against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, the minimum inhibitory concentration, and to identify compounds of essential oils contained. The essential oil has been isolated by hydro steam distillation and then was analyzed by using GC-MS to identify major compounds of the essential oils which were supposed as antibacterial agents. The result of this research showed the oils had antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 at concentrations 100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% with minimum inhibitory concentration 25% wet and dry sample. There was no significant difference in MIC between the two samples. At low concentrations, essential oils from wet samples had better inhibition power than dry samples up to a concentration of 75%. But at a concentration of 100%, their inhibitory power tended to decrease. Based on GC-MS data were demonstrated of 15 compounds in the wet sample and 16 compounds in the dry sample. Five major compounds of essential oil from Limau Kuit peel were limonene, γ-terpinene, β-pinene, α-pinene, and sabinene. Meanwhile, it was known that compounds limonene, α-pinene, γ-terpinene, β-pinene, α-terpineol, sabinene, and terpinen-4-ol had antibacterial activity.
Synthesis and property of porous material for sustainable resources-based biosensor: A review
Authors: Saputra N A , Pari G , Darmawan S , Hendra D , Harsini M
Published: January 2021

This paper describes the biosensor synthesis from teak lignocellulosic material. Nanocarbon was produced in drum-kiln at a temperature of 400-500°C for 7-8 hours. The activation procedure at a temperature of 800°C for 1 hour using H2O and KOH activator and characterized by proximate analysis. Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) and non-imprinted polymer (NIP) techniques were applied for biosensor synthesis, while potential measurements and detection limits were used to measure product performance. This study shows that the optimal formula was a mixture of 15% MIP, 45% carbon, and 40% paraffin which produced a Nernst factor of 49.7mV/decade and detection limit of 1.02 x 10-6 M. Related references were reviewed in this paper.
The physicochemical characteristics of cassava starch modified by ultrasonication
Authors: Satmalawati E M , Pranoto Y , Marseno D W , Marsono Y
Published: January 2021

In this study, cassava starch was modified using physical modification by ultrasonication. Ultrasonication, known as one of the advanced oxidation methods, is environmentally friendly. Modified starches using ultrasonication are still relatively lacking. This research aims to evaluate the stage of oxidation through carbonyl and carboxyl contents, amylose content, and physicochemical characteristics (swelling power, solubility, paste viscosity, brightness) of ultrasonicated starch. Ultrasonication was carried out in combination amplitude (60% and 80%) and process duration (10, 20, 30, and 40 minutes) consisting of eight combinations. The results showed that ultrasonication did not significantly affect the degree of oxidation. Ultrasonication has more effect on starch depolymerization, mainly on amylose content, solubility, and paste viscosity. Considering the issue of environmentally friendly modification that continues to be campaigned for, ultrasonication can be the method of choice for obtaining starch with the characteristics as needed.
Morphological, thermal, and pasting properties of cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittofolium) starch from three locations in Mollucas Islands
Authors: Lopulalan C G C , Pranoto Y , Marsono Y , Marseno D W
Published: January 2021

This study investigated the morphological, thermal, and pasting properties of cocoyam starch from three locations in Mollucas islands. The islands are Buru, Porto, and Saumlaki. The results showed that starch granules were round and polygonal in shape, and the size varied significantly in range of 11,42 – 12,99 μm, while the range of crystallinity of the three cocoyam starches studied was 11,81% -16,61% and crystal type was A, this was a type for tubers. The thermal properties of cocoyam starch measured by DCS showed the results of onset (To), peak (Tp), endset (Te) and enthalpy (ΔH) in the range of To: 76-77oC, Tp: 78-80oC, Te: 82-86oC and Δ H (J / g): -130.0 - (-) 175.76 respectively. The FTIR analysis showed the functional group profiles of native starches studied had the highest absorption spectra of 3286.70-3325.86 cm-1 (O-H group vibrations). The peak, trough, breakdown, setback, and final viscosities were in the range of each PV: 4601 - 5155 RVU, TV: 2623 - 2874 RVU, BV: 1978 - 2287 RVU, FV: 4026 - 4176 RVU, SV: 1240 - 1403 RVU, Pt (Min) 7.87 - 8.40, PT (o C): 79.90 - 81.70.
Packaging and storage of cocoa beans fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum HL-15 in Agricultural Technology Park Nglanggeran, Yogyakarta
Authors: Marwati T , Djaafar T F , Indrasari S D , Widodo S , Cahyaningrum N , Fajariyah A , Sulasmi  , Susanto D E , Yanti R , Rahayu E S
Published: January 2021

In Gunungkidul, there is Agricultural Techno Park (ATP) Nglanggeran which processes fermented cocoa beans from local farmers for making chocolate products. This research aimed to obtain a suitable packaging method for fermented cocoa beans during storage in ATP Nglanggeran. This research was carried out using a completely randomized factorial design. The first factor was the addition of starter (B), which consisted of B1 (with Lactobacillus plantarum HL 15) and B2 (without Lactobacillus plantarum HL 15). The second factor was the packaging methods (K), which consisted of K1 (vacuumed PP plastic 0.8 mm in thickness), K2 (non-vacuumed PP plastic 0.8 mm in thickness), K3 (plastic container), K4 (vacuumed PP plastic 0.8 mm in thickness stored within the plastic container), and K5 (nylon sack). The third factor was the storage time (P), which were P0 (0 month), P1 (1 month), and P2 (2 months). The result showed that the samples with the addition of the starter had a lower number of fungal colonies than those without the addition. Besides, the packaging using vacuumed PP plastic 0.8 mm in thickness stored within a plastic container gave the best result on minimizing the total fungal growth contamination and the peroxide value.
The assessment of good manufacturing practices (GMP) implementation and critical control point (CCP) determination on the cocoa powder processing in Agricultural Techno Park Nglanggeran, Yogyakarta
Authors: Djaafar T F , Utami T , Marwati T , Pramesi P C , Wikandari R , Rahayu E S
Published: January 2021

Cocoa powder is a cocoa-based food product. Indonesian cocoa powder has a big potential in the ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) market. Agricultural Agro Techno Park is a company that produces cocoa powder in Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta. This company realizes the importance of improving their product safety. Therefore, the research aimed to determine the safety quality of cocoa powder produced by Agricultural Agro Techno Park by assessing its Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) implementation and determining the critical control points. The results of assessment of GMP implementation showed that it was categorized in Level IV (the lowest level). Thus, it is strongly recommended to do some corrective actions that identified some incompatibilities before planning the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP). The flow chart assessment showed that there were two stages that might affect the cocoa powder quality. The stages were receiving raw material and the storage at a low temperature. From the determination of the critical control points which was conducted to improve the cocoa powder quality, the same two stages were also found as the critical control points that might affect the final product quality.
Quality attributes of probiotic-enriched chocolate: A preliminary study
Authors: Saputro A D , Hati F I P , Yuda W A , Yanti R , Marwati T , Djaafar T F , Utami T , Rahayu E S
Published: January 2021

Research on the development of foods containing probiotics is growing, such as research in the incorporation of probiotics in chocolate. Nevertheless, the quality attributes of the probiotic-enriched chocolate have not been fully explored. This present study is a preliminary study to the impact of ingredients proportion and processing method on the quality attributes of probiotic milk chocolate, more specifically on moisture content, appearance, hardness, rheological behavior, and microstructural characteristics. In this study, four different formulations and processing methods were involved. Skim milk powder was used as a freeze-dried probiotic replacer as it has high similarity in terms of physical characteristics. The result showed that chocolate containing freeze-dried probiotic powder replacer (Choc B) tended to have the comparable hardness and L*values to the chocolate reference (Choc A). However, hardness and L* values of milk chocolates enriched with freeze-dried probiotic powder replacer formulated with milk butter (Choc C and Choc D) were lower than that of chocolate reference (Choc A). Concerning the moisture level and flow parameters, Choc C exhibited higher moisture content and flow parameters values than other chocolates. Microstructural visualization showed that all chocolates exhibited a low level of agglomeration degree with particle sizes in the range of 19-32 μm.
The effect of tiwai onion extract drink on the malondialdehyde levels in mice (Mus musculus L.)
Authors: Saputra S H , Ismail S , Yustini P E
Published: January 2021

Tiwai onion contains secondary metabolic compounds of phenol, alkaloid, terpenoid, and has antioxidant and antimicrobial bioactivity. The antioxidant of tiwai onion can be used for supplement drinks. The purpose of this study was to obtain the best treatment of tiwai onion extract drinks on malondialdehyde levels in mice (Mus musculus L.). This study used a completely randomized design with one factor consisting of 8 levels of treatments: 1) new oil (mb) as the control, used cooking oil (mj) as the control, sugarless tiwai onion extract drink (ebt) with the doses of 3) 2% ebt, 4) 4% ebt, and 5) 8% ebt, and tiwai onion extract with sugar (meb) with the doses of 6) 2% meb, 7) 4% meb, and 8) 8% meb. The data obtained were analyzed using the analysis of variance and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The malondialdehyde level in mice was a test parameter. The results showed that the best treatment was obtained at a 2% dose for each of sugarless tiwai onion extract drink and tiwai onion extract drink with sugar with an average of malondialdehyde levels in the mice of 26.380% and 20.215%, respectively.
The potentials and prospects of tidal swamp local brown rice as a nutrition source of iron and zinc and the parent of rice breeding
Authors: Khairullah I , Sarwani M
Published: January 2021

Brown-rice originating from local tidal swamp rice is identified as having high iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) content. This paper aims to elaborate the potentials and prospects of Fe and Zn content of brown rice in tidal swamp local rice, especially from South Kalimantan. This research was carried out at tidal swampland of Belandean Experimental Station, Barito Kuala District South Kalimantan. A total of 71 local varieties of tidal swamp rice originating from the tidal swampland were planted in a 2 m x 5 m plot. The planting system was followed by the South Kalimantan farmers’ traditional system with three times transplanting. The harvested rice was threshed and then milled which was still aleuron. The analysis of Fe and Zn of the brown rice was carried out in the laboratory of The Center for Soil and Agroclimate Research (at present ICALRD) Bogor. The results of the analysis of Fe and Zn levels of rice showed that levels of Fe and Zn of brown rice varied greatly. Fe levels ranged from 11-83 ppm, where Fe levels of local varieties were higher than high yielding varieties. Likewise, levels of Zn with a wide enough interval, which ranged from 20-108 ppm Zn. Among 71 brown rice local varieties, Siam Panangah showed high levels of Fe and Zn, which were 54 ppm Fe and 108 ppm Zn. The brown rice can be used as a source of nutrition Fe and Zn and as the parents in rice breeding with high Fe and Zn content.
Cadmium binding to antioxidant enzymes: in silico study
Authors: Komari N , Suhartono E
Published: January 2021

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that can be used for industry. Cd is toxic and can damage the kidneys, neurotoxic, glucose metabolism disorders and others. The reaction of Cd with protein causes oxidative stress, which is an imbalance of oxidants and antioxidant enzymes. Antioxidant enzymes include Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and Glutathione reductase (GSR). There are not many studies that explain the interactions between Cd and antioxidant enzymes. For this reason, this research was carried out using in silico. The structure of the enzymes was obtained from the RCSB Protein Data Bank (http://www.rcsb.org) with the following code SOD (PDB ID 1E9Q), CAT (PDB ID 3RGP), and GSR (PDB ID 1GRT). Cd interactions with these enzymes were used by MIB: Metal Ion-Binding site prediction and docking server (http://bioinfo.cmu.edu.tw/MIB/). The interactions between Cd and amino acids of targeted protein were visualized on UCSF Chimera 1.14. The results of the study identified amino acid residues involved in the mechanism of binding of Cd with antioxidant enzymes. SOD binding sites with Cd were GLU-121 and SER-142; CAT binding sites were amino acid residues of HIS-230, ASP-228, HIS-181, HIS-109 and ASP-178; GSR binding sites were HIS-503 and TYR-502.
Investigation on the antibacterial activity of the methanol extract of purun tikus root (Eleocharis dulcis)
Authors: Rosyidah K , Sari L A P , Rohman T
Published: January 2021

One of the vegetations growing in tidal swampland and lebak is purun tikus (Eleocharis dulcis) which belongs to the Cyperaceae family. This research studied the antibacterial activity of methanol extract from purun tikus root on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 bacteria. The chemical compounds of purun tikus root were extracted using the maceration method with methanol solvent, followed by thickening the filtrate using a rotary evaporator. The results of phytochemical screening showed that purun tikus root contains phenolic, tannin, flavonoid, and terpenoid compounds. The result showed that this extract has the activity to inhibit the growth of S. aureus ATCC 25923 and E. coli ATCC 25922 bacteria at a concentration of 2500 µg/ml and 3000 µg/ml, respectively. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) value of the methanol extract from purun tikus (E. dulcis) root for both S. aureus ATCC 25923 and E. coli ATCC 25922 bacteria was 6,25 µg/ml. Based on the linear regression calculation, S. aureus ATCC 25923 and E. coli ATCC 25922 inhibited at a concentration of 0.96 !g/ml and 1µg/ml, respectively. The GC-MS spectrum showed that methanol extract of purun tikus contained compounds of the furfural group, namely furfural, 5-methyl furfural, and furfuryl alcohol.
The antioxidant activity of white kapul (Baccaurea macrocarpa) fruit rinds
Authors: Astuti M D , Ana W F , Rosyidah K , Rodiansono
Published: January 2021

The antioxidant activity of white kapul (Baccaurea macrocarpa) fruit rinds was investigated in this research. Baccaurea macrocarpa fruit rinds were extracted with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol, consecutively. All extracts were determined for their antioxidant activity based on the DPPH method. The yields from hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extract were 0.14%, 0.64%, and 0.94%, respectively. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in methanol extract (IC50 22.968 ppm), followed by the activity from ethyl acetate extract (IC50 29.741 ppm), and hexane extract (IC50 141.931 ppm). As a comparison, the IC50 of vitamin C was 5.019 ppm.
Antioxidant activity of Porphyridium cruentum water extracts for cosmetic cream
Authors: Agustina S , Aidha N N , Oktarina E , Setiawati I
Published: January 2021

Porphyridium cruentum is one of the microalgae that has antioxidant capacity. These antioxidants are useful for the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. The purpose of this study was to obtain antioxidants from P. cruentum which will be used in cosmetic products as a cream. P. cruentum was extracted by maceration method for one hour with water as solvent (5 g/L) and encapsulated using maltodextrin with a spray dryer. The variable concentration of maltodextrin was 50 g/L, 100 g/L, and 150 g/L. Characterizations observed for encapsulated microalgae extracts were the antioxidants capacity and proximate analysis; hence for cosmetic cream were the antioxidants capacity and microbiological contaminant. The best result was P. cruentum extract encapsulated with maltodextrin 50 g/L which gave antioxidant capacity as AEAC 7.07 mg vit. C/100 g sample and IC50 484.09 mg/mL. The cosmetic cream with addition encapsulated P. cruentum extract gave antioxidant capacity as AEAC on 8.12 mg Vit. C/g sample and IC50 29.08 mg/mL. The microbial and heavy metals contaminant for cream were below the threshold according to BPOM regulation. Based on these results, the P. cruentum has the potential to be used in the cosmetics industry.
Physicochemical properties of fermented rice bran in optimal lactic acid bacteria growth
Authors: Nisa K , Handayani S , Rosyida V T , Nurhayati S , Apriyana W , Indrianingsih A W , Darsih C , Ekamuri D A , Ningrum D A S , Siswanti
Published: January 2021

This work aimed to characterize the physicochemical properties of fermented rice bran in optimal incubation time with two lactic acid bacteria. Fermented rice bran was prepared by inoculation of rice bran using Lactococcus lactic and Lactobacillus plantarum (6.0-7.5 x 104 CFU/mL) at 37°C for 96 h in a solid state condition. Physicochemical composition of fermented rice bran was analyzed by proximate, color test, reducing sugar, solubility, phenolic content and morphology image. Fermentation of rice bran with lactic acid bacteria had increased its protein content and phenolic content (25-70%). In contrast, fat content, carbohydrate, and reducing sugar of rice bran were decreasing during fermentation. SEM analysis indicated changes in rice bran surface structure after enzymatic process compared to unfermented rice bran.
The effect of heat treatment of java plum seed extract on its polyphenolics content and antioxidant activities
Authors: Rohadi R , Iswoyo I , Larasati D
Published: January 2021

Butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) is widely added in lipid and food lipid as a preservative and it is effective for inhibiting lipid peroxidation. However, BHA raised doubt would be the health impact for consumers. The methanolic extract of Java Plum seed (MEJS) contains a diverse group of phenolic compounds, it has potential as a natural antioxidant. The objective of the research was to determine the effect of heating treatment on total phenolics content and antioxidant activity of MEJS. Heating treatment applied on MEJS at 110, 120, 130, 140 and 150°C/10 minutes and heating time (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 minutes/110°C). The results showed that heating of the extract at the temperature rose to 130°C should decrease the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total tannin content (TTC) slightly, coincided with a decrease of the reducing power, but it could increase the free radical scavenging activity. Heating treatment at 110°C for about first ten minutes had a positive impact on increasing of its phenolics content and antioxidant activities. However, heating further at a higher temperature (>130°C) gave a bad influence on the free radicals scavenging activity. The extract heated at the 130°C/10 minutes gave the best EC50 value as 140 ppm.
Empty fruit bunches, potential fiber source for Indonesian pulp and paper industry
Authors: Indriati L , Elyani N , Dina S F
Published: January 2021

Empty fruit bunches (EFB) is one of solid waste from crude palm oil (CPO) mill. It’s about 20-22% from fresh fruit bunches (FFB) or equal to the CPO yield. Indonesian CPO production in 2019 was 51.8 million tons; increased by 9% compared to 2018. So, about 51.8 million tons of EFB was available in 2019. EFB is a potential lignocellulosic material for pulp and paper. The utilization of EFB fibers for papermaking has been studied extensively. The use of EFB for printing and writing papers tends to cause pitch problems and poor visual appearance. The most potential use of EFB fibers is for packaging papers. EFB fiber is classified as short up to moderate fibers, so its usage must still be mixed with other fibers to improve the sheet strength. Many experiments have been done regarding the mixture of EFB fibers with other fibers such as OCC (Old Corrugated Containers) and UBC (Used Beverage Cartons) recycled fibers. Other types of paper from EFB are still being developed, including for nursery bags and active packaging papers.
Online monitoring for processes and condition of a machine using smart management card
Authors: Damanik I A V , Rumbara R D , Juhana N
Published: January 2021

This work aims to propose a solution on online monitoring for machining in the manufacturing process through web service, so that all data usage and machine conditions are obtained and stored on the server as Big-Data. The methodology in this work is RFID-based sensors on machines with Card Management System (CMS). Machining data of each machines that are monitored through a self-made application, connected to the internet networking and can be accessed online from everywhere by using laptop or mobile devices. Those machine activities as data record, stored on the server as big data that further can be used as Big-Data analytic. The result will be a system model which is able to monitor all machines in real-time and online by using internet connectivity, and also to find out the current status of the machine whether available or not for a new process. In addition, we can also know the process of the work being done by the machine with the use of RFID Card. This real-time data are also used to prevent sudden engine damage by doing regular maintenance according to work-hour of machines and also to maintain the sustainability of the process to keep it on schedule.