bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Internet interventions for improving psychological well‐being in psycho‐oncology: review and recommendations
Authors: Leykin Yan , Thekdi Seema M. , Shumay Dianne M. , Muñoz Ricardo F. , Riba Michelle , Dunn Laura B.
Published: May 2011

Objective

Too few cancer patients and survivors receive evidence‐based interventions for mental health symptoms. This review examines the potential for Internet interventions to help fill treatment gaps in psychosocial oncology and presents evidence regarding the likely utility of Internet interventions for cancer patients.

Methods

The authors examined available literature regarding Internet interventions tailored to cancer patients' mental health needs and reviewed elements of Internet interventions for mental health relevant to advancing psycho‐oncology Internet intervention research.

Results

Few rigorous studies focusing on mental health of cancer patients have been conducted online. A growing body of evidence supports the efficacy, accessibility, and acceptability of mental health Internet interventions for a variety of general and medical patient populations. The authors present recommendations and guidelines to assist researchers in developing, testing, and disseminating Internet interventions for cancer patients and survivors, to manage and improve their mental health. Issues unique to Internet interventions—including intervention structure, customization, provider interaction, and privacy and confidentiality issues—are discussed. These guidelines are offered as a step toward establishing a set of “best practices” for Internet interventions in psycho‐oncology and to generate further discussion regarding the goals of such interventions and their place in cancer care.

Conclusions

Internet interventions have the potential to fill an important gap in quality cancer care by augmenting limited available mental health services. These interventions should be developed in a manner consistent with best practices and must be empirically tested and validated. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New crystallographic dielectric phase boundary in K0.5Na0.5NbO3‐based lead‐free ceramics
Authors: Liang Wenfeng , Wu Wenjuan , Xiao Dingquan , Zhu Jvmu , Zhu Jianguo , Wu Jiagang
Published: May 2011

0.979K0.5Na0.5Nb1‐xSbx O3‐0.021Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 (KNNSx ‐BNT) lead‐free piezoelectric ceramics were fabricated by conventional solid state reaction technique, and their phase transition and electrical properties were studied. With the increase of x, the rhombohedral‐orthorhombic phase transition temperature of the ceramics increases. Finally, both the rhombohedral‐orthorhombic and orthorhombic‐tetragonal phase transitions of the ceramics were modified to be around room tempera‐ ture when about 6% Sb were substituted for the Nb site, resulting in the formation of a new phase boundary separating rhombohedral and tetragonal phases. The formation of the new phase boundary results in excellent properties for the ceramics, that is, the KNNS0.05‐BNT ceramic shows an enhancement in piezoelectric properties: d33 = 380 pC/N and kP = 0.438. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the quality of the ERA‐Interim ozone reanalyses: comparisons with satellite data
Authors: Dragani Rossana
Published: May 2011

This article presents an assessment of the quality of the ERA‐Interim ozone analyses produced by the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts. Ozone retrievals from a number of satellite instruments and an ad hoc generated mean total column ozone (TCO) reference are used to assess the quality of the ERA‐Interim ozone analyses during the period from January 1989 to December 2008. The ERA‐Interim TCO is typically within ±5 DU (about ±3%) from the TCO reference, while showing up to 2% lower values than the Ozone Monitoring Instrument TCO between 50°S and 50°N.

Comparisons with SAGE, HALOE and (UARS and Aura) MLS data show consistent results both in the Tropics and Extratropics, with mean residuals typically within ±5% around 5 hPa and within ±10% in the region of the ozone mixing ration maximum at 10 hPa. However, the comparisons with POAM II and III show mean relative residuals ranging from a few percent in summer to about –40% in winter at high latitudes, partly confirming the known problems of accurately modelling the ozone field during the polar night. Mean residuals of about +10% (but up to +20% at times) and within ±20% are found both in the Tropics and Extratropics for all instruments near 30 hPa and in the lower stratosphere around 65 hPa, respectively.

The quality of the ERA‐Interim ozone analyses is also compared with that of ERA‐40. The study shows that, until December 1995, the ERA‐Interim ozone analyses are in better agreement with the independent observations than their ERA‐40 equivalent in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, but slightly degraded on average in the middle stratosphere. With the start of the assimilation of GOME ozone profiles (January 1996 –December 2002), the agreement between the independent data and the co‐located ERA‐Interim analyses improves and exceeds that calculated for ERA‐40 also in the middle stratosphere. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
The history and development of the helium ion microscope
Authors: Economou Nicholas P. , Notte John A. , Thompson William B.
Published: May 2011

The helium ion microscope has recently emerged as a commercially available instrument. However, its roots go back more than 60 years to the development of the field ion microscope in Berlin, first reported in 1951. Over the intervening years, numerous researchers have pursued the development of a gas field ionization source with the goal of producing a suitable source for an ion microscope. This proved to be an elusive goal until early in this century when a number of discoveries led to a successful source, and shortly thereafter, an instrument fully able to exploit its advantages. Many individuals and many technical advances have come together to make this new class of microscope. The long history of this quest is reviewed along with the recent advances that led to the achievement of this milestone. A brief summary of the current status of the technology and its applications are given. SCANNING 33: 83–89, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Antibody Covalent Immobilization on Carbon Nanotubes and Assessment of Antigen Binding
Authors: Venturelli Enrica , Fabbro Chiara , Chaloin Olivier , Ménard‐Moyon Cécilia , Smulski Cristian R. , Da Ros Tatiana , Kostarelos Kostas , Prato Maurizio , Bianco Alberto
Published: May 2011

Controlling the covalent bonding of antibodies onto functionalized carbon nanotubes is a key step in the design and preparation of nanotube‐based conjugates for targeting cancer cells. For this purpose, an anti‐MUC1 antibody (Ab) is linked to both multi‐walled (MWCNTs) and double‐walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) using different synthetic strategies. The presence of the Ab attached to the nanotubes is confirmed by gel electrophoresis and thermogravimetric analysis. Most importantly, molecular recognition of the antigen by surface plasmon resonance is able to determine similar Ab binding capacities for both Ab–DWCNTs and Ab–MWCNTs. These results are very relevant for the design of future receptor‐targeting strategies using chemically functionalized carbon nanotubes.
Water Transport and Purification in Nanochannels Controlled by Asymmetric Wettability
Authors: Chen Qinwen , Meng Lingyi , Li Qikai , Wang Dong , Guo Wei , Shuai Zhigang , Jiang Lei
Published: May 2011

Biomimetic asymmetric nanochannels have recently attracted increasing attention from researchers, especially in the aspect of the asymmetric wettability (a hydrophilic–hydrophobic system), which can be utilized to control the wetting behavior of aqueous media and to offer a means for guiding water motion. By using molecular dynamics simulations, a design for a potentially efficient water filter is presented based on (n, n) single‐walled carbon nanotubes, where n = 6, 8, 10 and 12, asymmetrically modified with hydrophilic groups (carboxyl, ‐COOH) at one tip and hydrophobic groups (trifluoromethyl, ‐CF3) at the other. The reduced water density on the hydrophobic sides of the functionalized nanotubes are observed in both pure water and aqueous electrolyte solution, except for the functionalized (6, 6) tube, due to the change of dipole orientation of the single‐file water wire within it. The functionalized (8, 8) tube can significantly maintain the low water density on the hydrophobic side. Both (6, 6) and (8, 8) tubes have relatively high energy barriers at their tips for ion permeation, which can be obtained by calculating the potential of mean force. Such tip functionalization of a nanotube therefore suggests the great possibilities of water transport and filtration, dominated by asymmetric wettability. The functionalized (8, 8) tube could act as a nanofluidic channel for water purification, not only for ion exclusion but also as a stable water column structure.
Interobserver agreement in detailed prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease by telemedicine using four‐dimensional ultrasound with spatiotemporal image correlation
Authors: Adriaanse B. M. E. , Tromp C. H. N. , Simpson J. M. , Van Mieghem T. , Kist W. J. , Kuik D. J. , Oepkes D. , Van Vugt J. M. G. , Haak M. C.
Published: May 2011

Objective

To evaluate the clinical accuracy of four‐dimensional (4D) echocardiography in the detailed prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease (CHD) in a telemedicine setting.

Methods

Ten second‐trimester spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC) volumes were sent to three observers in different tertiary care centers with expertise in 4D echocardiography. The 10 volumes were selected based on the type of diagnosis to cover a wide spectrum of CHD anomalies, and also included one normal fetal heart. Observers were asked to provide the diagnosis, the postprocessing modalities used and the time spent on examination, and to give a rating of the confidence for the diagnosis on a 5‐point Likert scale. They were free to consult other colleagues, including pediatric cardiologists, but were blinded to the prenatal diagnosis and the neonatal outcome. A diagnostic scoring system was used to evaluate different aspects of the heart defects. The results were compared with neonatal echocardiography or postmortem findings (‘gold standard’).

Results

In two cases all observers correctly diagnosed all details of the volume datasets. The observer with the best performance reached perfect agreement in six cases and nearly perfect agreement in three. The volumes were most frequently studied by sectional planes and were analyzed in a median time of 11.0 (range, 2.5–30.0) min. The median confidence score was 4.0 (range, 1.0–5.0).

Conclusions

In a telemedicine setting using STIC volumes, fetal cardiac anomalies can be diagnosed correctly by an expert. However, details required for adequate counseling and planning of postnatal care may be missed. STIC by telemedicine is a promising modality, although not accurate enough for exclusive use in clinical decision making regarding treatment, prognosis or termination of pregnancy. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First‐trimester screening for large‐for‐gestational‐age infants
Authors: Plasencia W. , González Dávila E. , Tetilla V. , Padrón Pérez E. , García Hernández J. A. , González González N. L.
Published: May 2011

Objectives

To examine the relationship between newborn birth weight and first‐trimester uterine artery (UtA) pulsatility index (PI), maternal characteristics, serum pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A (PAPP‐A), free β‐human chorionic gonadotropin (β‐hCG) and fetal nuchal translucency (NT) thickness. We also examined the results of screening for large‐for‐gestational‐age (LGA) neonates by an integrated first‐trimester approach incorporating these parameters.

Methods

We evaluated maternal characteristics, fetal NT, PAPP‐A, free β‐hCG and UtA‐PI in 2097 singleton pregnancies at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks' gestation. Linear models based on quasi Akaike's Information Criterion were used to determine the best predictive model for fetal birth weight. The patient‐specific risk of delivering an LGA infant was derived from multiple logistic regression analysis and the performance of screening was determined by receiver–operating characteristics curve analysis.

Results

The best predictive models for fetal birth weight included UtA‐PI, PAPP‐A, NT, parity, maternal age, smoking status, weight, height and free β‐hCG. In pregnancies delivering LGA newborns compared with non‐LGA pregnancies, PAPP‐A and NT thickness were significantly increased (P = 0.016 and 0.001, respectively) and UtA‐PI was significantly decreased (P = 0.011). A combination of maternal factors with PAPP‐A, fetal NT and UtA‐PI identified 34.4% of LGA newborns for a false‐positive rate of 10%.

Conclusions

This study showed an association between newborn birth weight and maternal factors, and first‐trimester PAPP‐A, β‐hCG, fetal NT and UtA‐PI. Together, these factors can be used to identify over a third of pregnancies that will deliver LGA infants. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of dysfunctional maternal venous hemodynamics in the pathophysiology of pre‐eclampsia: a review
Authors: Gyselaers W. , Mullens W. , Tomsin K. , Mesens T. , Peeters L.
Published: May 2011

The venous compartment has an important function in regulation and control of cardiac output. Abnormalities of cardiac output have been found in early gestational stages of both early‐ and late‐onset pre‐eclampsia. The venous compartment also maintains the balance between circulating and non‐circulating blood volumes and regulates the amount of reserve blood stored in the splanchnic venous bed. It is well known that adaptive regulation of maternal blood volume is disturbed in pre‐eclampsia. Abnormal venous hemodynamics and venous congestion are responsible for secondary dysfunction of several organs, such as the kidneys in cardiorenal syndrome and the liver in cardiac cirrhosis. Renal and liver dysfunctions are among the most relevant clinical features of pre‐eclampsia.

Doppler sonography studies have shown that the maternal venous compartment is subject to gestational adaptation, and that blood flow characteristics at the level of renal interlobar and hepatic veins are different in pre‐eclampsia compared with uncomplicated pregnancy. In comparison to late‐onset pre‐eclampsia, in early‐onset pre‐eclampsia venous Doppler flow abnormalities are more prominent and present up to weeks before clinical symptoms. This paper reviews the growing evidence that dysfunction of maternal venous hemodynamics is part of the pathophysiology of pre‐eclampsia and may perhaps be more important than is currently considered. Doppler sonography is a safe and easily performed method with which to study maternal venous hemodynamics. Therefore, exploring the role of maternal venous hemodynamics using Doppler sonography is an exciting new research topic for those who are interested in cardiovascular background mechanisms, as well as prediction and clinical work‐up of pre‐eclampsia. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of New Phases in the Cubic M3Te2O6X2 (M = Sr, Ba; X = Cl, Br) Structure Family
Authors: Stöger Berthold , Weil Matthias , Silich Konstantin A. , Olenev Andrey V. , Berdonosov Peter S. , Dolgikh Valery A.
Published: May 2011

Four alkaline earth oxotellurate(IV) halides with common formula M3Te2O6X2 (M = Sr, Ba; X = Cl, Br) have been prepared as polycrystalline powders and/or in the form of single crystals. All compounds crystallize in the cubic space group Fd$\bar{3}$m with cell parameters a = 15.9351(4) Å for Sr3Te2O6Cl2 (single‐crystal X‐ray data), 16.052(5) Å for Sr3Te2O6Br2 (powder X‐ray data), 16.688(2) Å for Ba3Te2O6Cl2 (single‐crystal X‐ray data) and 16.8072(3) Å for Ba3Te2O6Br1.64Cl0.36 (single‐crystal X‐ray data). The results of the crystal structure analyses reveal a rigid ${3}\atop{{\infty}}$[M3Te2O6]2+ framework which can be described as being composed of regular octahedra of two types of chemically non‐bonded M6 octahedra that are capped by trigonal pyramidal [TeO3] anions located above every second face of one of the M6 octahedra. The halide X– anions are situated in the voids of the ${3}\atop{{\infty}}$[M3Te2O6]2+ framework. Dependent on the nature of the halogen, the anions show various kinds of occupational disorder which eventually led to a revision of the previous structure model of Ba3Te2O6Cl2. A comparative discussion with other structures of general formula M3Ch2O6X2 (M = divalent metal; Ch = Te, Se; X = Cl, Br) is presented.
Introduction: German Cities in the World City Network
Authors: Thierstein Alain , Lüthi Stefan , Hoyler Michael
Published: May 2011

This introduction to the special issue “German cities in the world city network” provides an overview of the current status of research on urban systems in the knowledge economy, with a particular focus on the German urban system. The first part identifies the knowledge economy, particularly the requirements for geographical and relational proximity along the value chain, as a key driver of contemporary urban development. The second part clarifies the concept of polycentricity, distinguishing between its political and analytical roots, while considering its application on different spatial scales. Based on this discussion, the third part emphasizes the importance of relational thinking in analyzing polycentric urban systems and functional urban hierarchies. This is followed by an outline of the specific contribution of each paper to our understanding of the relational geographies of the German urban space-economy.
Evaluating government performance during consular emergencies: Toward an analytical framework
Authors: Tindall Karen , ‘t Hart Paul
Published: May 2011

When consular emergencies happen – in which a considerable number of nationals are affected by a disaster while abroad – it is not clear what affected citizens and their relatives can and cannot expect from their government. Meanwhile, governments have to contend with issues of distance and the inability to exercise their authority on-the-ground. In such complex, multi-actor and often multi-national settings, one cannot measure governmental emergency management by the same yardsticks used to assess domestic emergency management performance. This article develops an evaluation framework that is tailored to large-scale consular emergencies. We operationalise six key response functions into indicators, which provide a more nuanced perspective on governments’ performance in an emergency. The relevance of the framework is illustrated with reference to case study vignettes from British, Swedish and Australian responses to three major consular emergencies: the 2002 Bali bombings, 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, and 2006 evacuations from war-stricken Lebanon.
Motivic connectiveK-theories and the cohomology of A(1)
Authors: Isaksen Daniel C. , Shkembi Armira
Published: May 2011

We make some computations in stable motivic homotopy theory over Spec ℂ, completed at 2. Using homotopy fixed points and the algebraicK-theory spectrum, we construct over ℂ a motivic analogue of the realK-theory spectrumKO. We also establish a theory of motivic connective covers over ℂ to obtain a motivic version ofko. We establish an Adams spectral sequence for computing motivicko-homology. TheE2-term of this spectral sequence involves Ext groups over the subalgebraA(1) of the motivic Steenrod algebra. We make several explicit computations of theseE2-terms in interesting special cases.
Polygon formation and surface flow on a rotating fluid surface
Authors: BERGMANN R. , TOPHØJ L. , HOMAN T. A. M. , HERSEN P. , ANDERSEN A. , BOHR T.
Published: May 2011

We present a study of polygons forming on the free surface of a water flow confined to a stationary cylinder and driven by a rotating bottom plate as described by Jansson et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 96, 2006, 174502). In particular, we study the case of a triangular structure, either completely ‘wet’ or with a ‘dry’ centre. For the dry structures, we present measurements of the surface shapes and the process of formation. We show experimental evidence that the formation can take place as a two-stage process: first the system approaches an almost stable rotationally symmetric state and from there the symmetry breaking proceeds like a low-dimensional linear instability. We show that the circular state and the unstable manifold connecting it with the polygon solution are universal in the sense that very different initial conditions lead to the same circular state and unstable manifold. For a wet triangle, we measure the surface flows by particle image velocimetry (PIV) and show that there are three vortices present, but that the strength of these vortices is far too weak to account for the rotation velocity of the polygon. We show that partial blocking of the surface flow destroys the polygons and re-establishes the rotational symmetry. For the rotationally symmetric state our theoretical analysis of the surface flow shows that it consists of two distinct regions: an inner, rigidly rotating centre and an outer annulus, where the surface flow is that of a point vortex with a weak secondary flow. This prediction is consistent with the experimentally determined surface flow.
On the coupled time-harmonic motion of water and a body freely floating in it
Authors: KUZNETSOV NIKOLAY , MOTYGIN OLEG
Published: May 2011

We consider a spectral problem that describes the time-harmonic small-amplitude motion of the mechanical system that consists of a three-dimensional water layer of constant depth and a body (either surface-piercing or totally submerged), freely floating in it. This coupled boundary-value problem contains a spectral parameter – the frequency of oscillations – in the boundary conditions as well as in the equations governing the body motion. It is proved that the total energy of the water motion is finite and the equipartition of energy of the whole system is established. Under certain restrictions on body's geometry the problem is proved to have only a trivial solution for sufficiently large values of the frequency. The uniqueness frequencies are estimated from below.
Pore-scale investigation of immiscible displacement process in porous media under high-frequency sound waves
Authors: NADERI KHOSROW , BABADAGLI TAYFUN
Published: May 2011

Although experimental and theoretical studies have been performed to identify the effects of elastic waves on multi-phase flow in porous structures, the literature lacks finely tuned experiments at the micro-scale. This paper reports observations and critical analysis of immiscible displacement in micro-scale porous media under ultrasonic energy. A number of experiments are performed on homogeneous and heterogeneous micromodels for varying wave frequency and power, initial water saturation, wettability and injection rates. We show that ultrasonic radiation influences the displacement pattern and yields lower residual non-wetting phase (oil) behind when low injection rates are applied. Higher wave frequency results in faster recovery of oil, but the ultimate recovery is controlled mainly by wave intensity. The presence of initial water saturation has a positive effect on the displacement, especially in an oil-wet medium. Of the possible mechanisms suggested for recovery enhancement under ultrasonic radiation, deformation of pore walls and change in fluid properties due to heating are not an issue in these experiments but other mechanisms including coalescence of oil droplets under oscillation, reduction of wetting films, adherence to grains and the peristaltic movement of fluids due to mechanical vibration were observed to be effective and are discussed in the analysis of the visual observations.
Influence of slip on the flow past superhydrophobic circular cylinders
Authors: MURALIDHAR PRANESH , FERRER NANGELIE , DANIELLO ROBERT , ROTHSTEIN JONATHAN P.
Published: May 2011

Superhydrophobic surfaces have been shown to produce significant drag reduction for both laminar and turbulent flows of water through large- and small-scale channels. In this paper, a series of experiments were performed which investigated the effect of superhydrophobic-induced slip on the flow past a circular cylinder. In these experiments, circular cylinders were coated with a series of superhydrophobic surfaces fabricated from polydimethylsiloxane with well-defined micron-sized patterns of surface roughness. The presence of the superhydrophobic surface was found to have a significant effect on the vortex shedding dynamics in the wake of the circular cylinder. When compared to a smooth, no-slip cylinder, cylinders coated with superhydrophobic surfaces were found to delay the onset of vortex shedding and increase the length of the recirculation region in the wake of the cylinder. For superhydrophobic surfaces with ridges aligned in the flow direction, the separation point was found to move further upstream towards the front stagnation point of the cylinder and the vortex shedding frequency was found to increase. For superhydrophobic surfaces with ridges running normal to the flow direction, the separation point and shedding frequency trends were reversed. Thus, in this paper we demonstrate that vortex shedding dynamics is very sensitive to changes of feature spacing, size and orientation along superhydrophobic surfaces.
Dynamics of elastocapillary rise
Authors: DUPRAT CAMILLE , ARISTOFF JEFFREY M. , STONE HOWARD A.
Published: May 2011

We present the results of a combined experimental and theoretical investigation of the surface-tension-driven coalescence of flexible structures. Specifically, we consider the dynamics of the rise of a wetting liquid between flexible sheets that are clamped at their upper ends. As the elasticity of the sheets is progressively increased, we observe a systematic deviation from the classical diffusive-like behaviour: the time to reach equilibrium increases dramatically and the departure from classical rise occurs sooner, trends that we elucidate via scaling analyses. Three distinct temporal regimes are identified and subsequently explored by developing a theoretical model based on lubrication theory and the linear theory of plates. The resulting free-boundary problem is solved numerically and good agreement is obtained with experiments.
The composition and spatial distribution of scavenging hyperbenthos in the Cape d'Aguilar Marine Reserve, Hong Kong
Authors: Morton Brian , Lee Christine N.W.
Published: May 2011

Baited traps with a 5 mm diameter opening were deployed 9 cm off the seabed in the Cape d'Aguilar Marine Reserve, Hong Kong. In contrast to analogous studies from boreal waters, lysianassoids accounted for 0.5% of the total number of trapped hyperbenthos. Species of Tisbe (Copepoda: Tisbidae), Ceradocus (Gammaridea: Melitidae), Nebalia (Leptostraca: Nebaliacea), unidentified benthic ostracods, Neanthes cricognatha (Polychaeta: Nereidae) and a species of Lepidepecreum (Amphipoda: Lysianassoidea) were caught in a decreasing order of numerical importance. A spatial segregation of trapped fauna was identified between the reserve's shallow Lobster Bay (<–2 m Chart Datum (CD)) and deeper-waters (between –6 and–17 m CD) outside it. Ceradocus sp. monopolized the trapped fauna in the former area, while the other species were caught almost exclusively from the latter. Insignificant Ceradocus sp. catch differences between baited and control traps suggested that they functioned only as ‘habitat traps’ for this species. Almost all other organisms attracted to the bait were hyperbenthic scavengers. Their absence from the shallows might be due to the coarser and lower organic contents of the sediments, also related to faster flow rates here. Finally, we confirm that in subtropical Hong Kong, lysianassid amphipods are not as significant hyperbenthic scavengers as they are in boreal waters.
Urdu in Devanagari: Shifting orthographic practices and Muslim identity in Delhi
Authors: Ahmad Rizwan
Published: May 2011

In sociolinguistics, Urdu and Hindi are considered to be textbook examples of digraphia—a linguistic situation in which varieties of the same language are written in different scripts. Urdu has traditionally been written in the Arabic script, whereas Hindi is written in Devanagari. Analyzing the recent orthographic practice of writing Urdu in Devanagari, this article challenges the traditional ideology that the choice of script is crucial in differentiating Urdu and Hindi. Based on written data, interviews, and ethnographic observations, I show that Muslims no longer view the Arabic script as a necessary element of Urdu, nor do they see Devanagari as completely antithetical to their identity. I demonstrate that using the strategies of phonetic and orthographic transliteration, Muslims are making Urdu-in-Devanagari different from Hindi, although the difference is much more subtle. My data further shows that the very structure of a writing system is in part socially constituted. (Script-change, Urdu, Urdu-in-Devanagari, Hindi, Arabic script, Devanagari, orthography, transliteration)*
Lending a hand: Competence through cooperation in Nepal's Deaf associations
Authors: Hoffmann-Dilloway Erika
Published: May 2011

Since forming contacts with international Deaf associations promoting an ethnolinguistic model of Deafness, members of Nepal's Deaf associations define Deafness by competence in Nepali Sign Language rather than audiological status. By analyzing the ideological and interactional processes through which homesigners are incorporated into Nepali Deaf social life, this article explores the effects of local beliefs about the nature of language, personhood, and competence on this model of Deafness. Due to former linguistic isolation, many homesigners are constrained in their ability to acquire Nepali Sign Language and, in social contexts where ideological conceptions of language use highlight individual competencies, would not be included in a Deaf social category. However, Nepali conceptions of socially distributed personhood contribute to a focus on the dialogically emergent dimensions of semiosis. As a result, recognition as a competent signer in this context can depend less on individual cognitive ability than on social collaboration. (d/Deaf, sign language, competence, language ideologies)*
Inalienability in social relations: Language, possession, and exchange in Amazonia
Authors: Ball Christopher
Published: May 2011

This article describes inalienability in the Wauja (Arawak) language in the context of Brazilian Upper Xinguan culture. Wauja grammar encodes a distinction between alienable and inalienable possession that marks kin, body parts, and other terms and that largely but not perfectly overlaps with a local cultural category of emblematic possessions. I analyze how grammatical and cultural aspects of inalienable possession combine in discourse and exchange to contribute to the social identities of possessors. I present an ethnographic account of the role of inalienability in Wauja grammar and discourse in the disruption and repair of social relationships between groups in Upper Xinguan ritual. I argue for a mutually reinforcing relationship between grammatical categories and sociocultural meaning. I suggest that attention to language and possession, in addition to language and identity, is important for cross culturally comparative sociolinguistic analysis of such connections. (Inalienable possession, grammatical categories, discourse, exchange, Upper Xingu, Wauja (Arawak), ethnolinguistic identity)*
Monarchy and Mass Communication: Antiocha.d.362/3 Revisited
Authors: Van Hoof Lieve , Van Nuffelen Peter
Published: May 2011

Thea.d.362/3 crisis in Antioch is usually interpreted as an economic or ideological crisis, and Julian'sMisopogonas a ‘festive satire’ or ‘edict of chastisement’. This article situates the root of the problem in a crisis of communication: Julian's failure to communicate publicly as expected in a situation that was tense because of the food shortage led to a short-circuit between emperor and subjects. Whilst theMisopogonis Julian's extraordinarypost-factumattempt to explain away this failure of ritualized communication on his part, Libanius’ speeches on the topic seek to give a positive twist to the extraordinary nature of Julian's reply, which posed serious problems for emperor, city, and sophist alike.
Pointwise convergence for cubic and polynomial multiple ergodic averages of non-commuting transformations
Authors: CHU QING , FRANTZIKINAKIS NIKOS
Published: May 2011

We study the limiting behavior of multiple ergodic averages involving several, not necessarily commuting, measure-preserving transformations. We work on two types of averages, one that uses iterates along combinatorial parallelepipeds, and another that uses iterates along shifted polynomials. We prove pointwise convergence in both cases, thus answering a question of I. Assani in the former case, and extending the results of B. Host and B. Kra, and A. Leibman in the latter case. Our argument is based on some elementary uniformity estimates of general bounded sequences, decomposition results in ergodic theory, and equidistribution results on nilmanifolds.
Co-induction in dynamical systems
Authors: DOOLEY ANTHONY H. , ZHANG GUOHUA
Published: May 2011

If a countable amenable group G contains an infinite subgroup Γ, one may define, from a measurable action of Γ, the so-called co-induced measurable action of G. These actions were defined and studied by Dooley, Golodets, Rudolph and Sinelsh’chikov. In this paper, starting from a topological action of Γ, we define the co-induced topological action of G. We establish a number of properties of this construction, notably, that the G-action has the topological entropy of the Γ-action and has uniformly positive entropy (completely positive entropy, respectively) if and only if the Γ-action has uniformly positive entropy (completely positive entropy, respectively). We also study the Pinsker algebra of the co-induced action.
‘Returning the love’, not ‘balancing the books’: talk about delayed reciprocity in supporting ageing parents
Authors: FUNK LAURA M.
Published: May 2011

A desire to ‘return’ or ‘pay back’ past care has been identified as a potential motivator of support provided by adult children to their ageing parents. The purpose of this study is to examine whether, how and in what ways adult children interpret and apply the concept of delayed reciprocity in filial relationships. Twenty-eight men and women supporting one or both ageing parent(s) in a Western Canadian city participated in a qualitative study of filial responsibility. Data were analysed interpretively, using thematic coding, contextualised reflection and guiding questions. Findings suggest delayed reciprocity is limited as an interpretive framework for describing parent support. Overall, comments reflected qualification or rejection of ‘paying back’ in the sense of a filial contract. Delayed reciprocity appears for most participants to symbolise imbalance, expectedness or obligation, and a lack of affection. In response, participants tended to reject delayed reciprocity in favour of interpretations emphasising mutuality, family role duties and reciprocated love. Findings are discussed in relation to interpretive purposes, symbolic meanings of parent support, participant characteristics and cultural contexts.
Environment perception based on LIDAR sensors for real road applications
Authors: García F. , Jiménez F. , Naranjo J. E. , Zato J. G. , Aparicio F. , Armingol J. M. , de la Escalera A.
Published: May 2011

The recent developments in applications that have been designed to increase road safety require reliable and trustworthy sensors. Keeping this in mind, the most up-to-date research in the field of automotive technologies has shown that LIDARs are a very reliable sensor family. In this paper, a new approach to road obstacle classification is proposed and tested. Two different LIDAR sensors are compared by focusing on their main characteristics with respect to road applications. The viability of these sensors in real applications has been tested, where the results of this analysis are presented.
On elementary loops of logic programs
Authors: GEBSER MARTIN , LEE JOOHYUNG , LIERLER YULIYA
Published: May 2011

Using the notion of an elementary loop, Gebser and Schaub (2005. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Logic Programming and Nonmonotonic Reasoning (LPNMR'05), 53–65) refined the theorem on loop formulas attributable to Lin and Zhao (2004) by considering loop formulas of elementary loops only. In this paper, we reformulate the definition of an elementary loop, extend it to disjunctive programs, and study several properties of elementary loops, including how maximal elementary loops are related to minimal unfounded sets. The results provide useful insights into the stable model semantics in terms of elementary loops. For a nondisjunctive program, using a graph-theoretic characterization of an elementary loop, we show that the problem of recognizing an elementary loop is tractable. On the other hand, we also show that the corresponding problem is coNP-complete for a disjunctive program. Based on the notion of an elementary loop, we present the class of Head-Elementary-loop-Free (HEF) programs, which strictly generalizes the class of Head-Cycle-Free (HCF) programs attributable to Ben-Eliyahu and Dechter (1994. Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence 12, 53–87). Like an HCF program, an HEF program can be turned into an equivalent nondisjunctive program in polynomial time by shifting head atoms into the body.
Evaluating the complementary relationship for estimating evapotranspiration from arid shrublands
Authors: Huntington J. L. , Szilagyi J. , Tyler S. W. , Pohll G. M.
Published: May 2011

Given increasing demands on finite water supplies, accurate estimates of evapotranspiration (LE) from arid shrublands of the Southwestern United States are needed to develop or refine basin water budgets. In this work, a novel approach to estimating the equilibrium (or wet environment) surface temperature (Te) and LE from regionally extensive phreatophyte shrublands is tested using complementary theory and micrometeorological data collected from five eddy correlation stations located in eastern Nevada. A symmetric complementary relationship between the potential LE (LEp) and actual LE is extremely attractive because it is based on general feedback mechanisms where detailed knowledge of the complex processes and interactions between soil, vegetation, and the near‐surface boundary layer can be avoided. Analysis of computed LEp and eddy correlation–derived LE indicates that there is unequivocal evidence of a complementary relationship between LEp and LE, where the measured and normalized complementary relationship is symmetric when Te is utilized to compute the wet environment LE (LEw). Application of a modified Brutsaert and Stricker advection‐aridity (AA) model, where Te is utilized to compute LEw as opposed to the measured air temperature, indicates an improvement in prediction accuracy over the standard Brutsaert and Stricker AA model. Monthly and annual predictions of LE using the modified AA model are within the uncertainty of the measurement accuracy, making the application of this approach potentially useful for estimating regional LE in arid shrubland environments. Our observational evidence supports the idea of a symmetric complementary relationship yielding an approach with standard parameters, making it simple to apply with satisfactory accuracy. To our knowledge, this work presents the first application and evaluation of the complementary relationship in phreatophyte shrublands while utilizing the Te with comparisons to actual LE via flux measurements.
A proposal for a simple and inexpensive therapeutic cancer vaccine
Authors: Fahrer Aude M
Published: May 2011

In this essay, I propose a new method of treating tumours, using an old and inexpensive preparation, that I contend would be of considerable benefit to patients and their cancer management. My rationale for this treatment initially arose from recent advances in the understanding of dendritic cell function. (Dendritic cells are key cells of the immune system that are able to either turn on or turn off T‐cell responses.) Evidence to support this approach is found in 100‐year‐old studies on the immunotherapy of cancer. Also, I draw on some remarkable, but little‐known studies from the 1960s–1990s, demonstrating that the preparation has already been trialled in humans (although not intratumourally, as I propose), and is considered sufficiently safe to proceed with clinical trials in cancer volunteers.
Interleukin‐2 is present in human blood vessels and released in biologically active form by heparanase
Authors: Miller John D , Clabaugh Suzanne E , Smith Deandra R , Stevens R Brian , Wrenshall Lucile E
Published: May 2011

Interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) is a multifaceted cytokine with immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive properties. Our laboratory recently demonstrated that the availability of IL‐2 is regulated, in part, by association with perlecan, a heparan sulfate proteoglycan. Given the abundance of perlecan in blood vessels, we asked whether IL‐2 is present in vessel walls. Our results indicate that IL‐2 is associated with endothelial and smooth muscle cells within the human arterial wall. This IL‐2 is released by heparanase, and promotes the proliferation of an IL‐2‐dependent cell line. Given the presence of IL‐2 in human arteries, we asked whether the large vessels of IL‐2‐deficient mice were normal. The aortas of IL‐2‐deficient mice exhibited a loss of smooth muscle cells, suggesting that IL‐2 may contribute to their survival. In their entirety, these results suggest a here‐to‐fore unrecognized role of IL‐2 in vascular biology, and have significant implications for both the immune and cardiovascular systems.
On the Cartesian definition of orientational order parameters
Authors: Turzi Stefano S.
Published: May 2011

Orientational order parameters can be effectively and economically defined using spherical tensors. However, their definition in terms of Cartesian tensors can sometimes provide a clearer physical intuition. We show that it is possible to build a fully Cartesian theory of the orientational order parameters which is consistent with the traditional spherical tensor approach. The key idea is to build a generalised multi-pole expansion of the orientational probability distribution function in terms of outer products of rotation matrices. Furthermore, we show that the Saupe ordering super-matrix, as found, for example, in the text by de Gennes and Prost [The Physics of Liquid Crystals, 2nd ed. (Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1995)] and which is used to define the Cartesian second-rank orientational order parameters, is not consistent with its spherical tensor counterpart. We then propose a symmetric version of the Saupe super-matrix which is fully consistent with the spherical tensor definition. The proposed definition is important for a correct description of liquid crystal materials composed of low symmetry molecules.
Markov state models based on milestoning
Authors: Schütte Christof , Noé Frank , Lu Jianfeng , Sarich Marco , Vanden-Eijnden Eric
Published: May 2011

Markov state models (MSMs) have become the tool of choice to analyze large amounts of molecular dynamics data by approximating them as a Markov jump process between suitably predefined states. Here we investigate “Core Set MSMs,” a new type of MSMs that build on metastable core sets acting as milestones for tracing the rare event kinetics. We present a thorough analysis of Core Set MSMs based on the existing milestoning framework, Bayesian estimation methods and Transition Path Theory (TPT). We show that Core Set MSMs can be used to extract phenomenological rate constants between the metastable sets of the system and to approximate the evolution of certain key observables. The performance of Core Set MSMs in comparison to standard MSMs is analyzed and illustrated on a toy example and in the context of the torsion angle dynamics of alanine dipeptide.
Coupled interfaces for misreading avoidance and write current reduction in passive crossbar memory
Authors: Yang M. , Hu P. , Lu J. Q. , Lv Q. B. , Li S. W.
Published: May 2011

Passive crossbar arrays of oxide-based memory elements hold the promise of high density and speed nonvolatile memory. However, realization of the expected paradigm has been hindered by a so-called misreading problem resulting from sneak paths in passive crossbar arrays. We introduce a resistive memory element consisting of two coupled interfaces in a metal/doped oxide/metal structure. The element avoids the misreading problem by the nonlinearity in current-voltage loops and significantly reduces the write current. The distinct device characteristics may also be applicable in programmable analog circuits and neuromorphic circuits.
Flexible wavefront manipulation of surface plasmon polaritons without mechanical motion components
Authors: Zhao Chenglong , Zhang Jiasen
Published: May 2011

We propose a form of flexible wavefront manipulation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) without any mechanical motion component. An incoming light pattern, the amplitude of which is modulated by a liquid crystal spatial light modulator, is used to illuminate a grating on an Au film acting as a light-SPP coupler. The SPPs launched from the grating have the same intensity distribution as the input light pattern. By changing the input image, continuously variable in-plane SPP focusing on the Au film is implemented. The experimental results agree well with numerical simulations.
Single-molecule refrigerators: Substitution and gate effects
Authors: Liu Yu-Shen , Chen Yu-Chang
Published: May 2011

Using a first-principles approach, we investigate the quantum cooling effects in single-molecule junctions. In comparison with the unsubstituted butanethiol single-molecule junction as a refrigerator, the amino-substituted butanethiol single-molecule junction shows significant enhancement in the coefficient of performance (COP). The enhancement is attributed to the appearance of new states in the neighborhood of chemical potentials due to amino substitution. The COP of butanethiol refrigerator can be improved further by the gate voltages.
In(Ga)As/GaAs(001) quantum dot molecules probed by nanofocus high resolution x-ray diffraction with 100 nm resolution
Authors: Dubslaff M. , Hanke M. , Burghammer M. , Schöder S. , Hoppe R. , Schroer C. G. , Mazur Yu. I. , Wang Zh. M. , Lee J. H. , Salamo G. J.
Published: May 2011

In(Ga)As quantum dots, which laterally self-assemble into quantum dot molecules, have been studied by scanning x-ray nanodiffraction, finite element calculations and subsequent kinematical diffraction simulations. X-ray beam sizes of 100 nm enable small scattering volumes comparable to the object size at extremely high local flux densities (≈104 photons nm−2 s−1). By that bulk contributions to the scattering are effectively reduced. Area maps of various individual quantum dot molecules have been measured, whereas the diffraction patterns therein reveal spatially resolved information about the inter quantum dot position correlation function.