bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How do parents perceive the schoolbag problem?
Authors: Mrozkowiak Mirosław Joachim
Published: January 2021

Introduction. The problem of overloading children with too heavy schoolbags has been repeatedly reported in the period between August and September. Material and method. The survey was conducted in a group of 65 parents of children aged 7 years. The survey included 9 questions. Conclusions. (1) Parents usually declare they know the health status of their children. They believe that the child will be carrying a four-kilogram schoolbag on his or her back, learn using conventional methods (without tablets), and spend about two hours on improving their physical fitness. (2) The development of physical fitness and the prevention of static posture disorders are not supported by parents' acceptance of the preorientation of the children's lifestyles.
Двояка роля языка меншыны в історичній травмі: примір лемківской меншыны в Польщы
Authors: Білевіч Міхал , Скродзка Маґдалена , Гансен Кароліна , Олько Юстина
Published: January 2021

AbstractTwofold Role of a Minority Language in Historical Trauma: The Case of Lemko Minority in Poland Tragic collective events bring about long-term consequences for the affected groups. They not only affect the immediate victims of trauma, but can also influence subsequent generations. In the present research, we examined the effects of minority language use on historical trauma. In a study of 237 Lemko participants, members of a severely victimized ethnic minority in Poland, we tested the effects of cognitive availability of historical trauma on three categories of trauma-related symptoms: emotional, behavioral, and depressive. The study found that minority language use is positively related to cognitive availability of trauma, but it also limits the effects of such availability on trauma-related symptoms. Based on this finding, we discuss the potential of minority language use to act as a social cure protecting from the negative psychological consequences of historical trauma.
Evaluación de la discapacidad en población con trastornos mentales graves atendida en el Distrito Metropolitano de Quito (Ecuador)
Authors: Gamboa-Proaño Marco , Castro-Alzate Elvis Siprian , Bustos Claudio , Grandón F. Pamela , Saldivia Sandra
Published: January 2021

Introducción: en Ecuador existen parámetros de calificación de discapacidad basados en la Clasificación Internacional del Funcionamiento de la Discapacidad y la Salud, pero los avances en investigación en el ámbito de la psiquiatría y la salud mental aún son escasos. Se empleó la Escala de Evaluación de Discapacidad de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para determinar el grado de discapacidad en población consultante. Materiales y métodos: estudio observacional, de corte transversal y correlacional. Usando un muestreo por conveniencia, se recogió información sobre discapacidad en una muestra de 297 adultos con trastornos mentales graves en contacto con servicios ambulatorios de psiquiatría. Se estimó un modelo de regresión lineal que determinó el aporte de variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y sociales. Resultados: el 89.2 % de la muestra presentó algún grado de discapacidad. El modelo multivariado final para el total de la muestra incluyó las variables explicativas edad (β = −0.234), escolaridad (β = −0.552), ser pensionado (β = 39.44), presencia de episodio depresivo actual (β = 21.654) y tener cuidador (β = 9.574), que explican el 37.46 % de la discapacidad de las personas con trastornos mentales graves atendidas en servicios de psiquiatría y salud mental en Quito. Conclusión: la discapacidad en personas con trastornos mentales graves que están en contacto con servicios de salud de Quito involucra cambios en el desempeño de actividades en escenarios familiares y comunitarios. Se identificó una proporción de discapacidad moderada y severa que demanda respuestas institucionales que incluyan el acompañamiento de cuidadores y aborden barreras actitudinales.
Optimization of Stochastic Lossy Transport Networks and Applications to Power Grids
Authors: Zocca Alessandro , Zwart Bert
Published: January 2021

Motivated by developments in renewable energy and smart grids, we formulate a stylized mathematical model of a transport network with stochastic load fluctuations. Using an affine control rule, we explore the trade-off between the number of controllable resources in a lossy transport network and the performance gain they yield in terms of expected power losses. Our results are explicit and reveal the interaction between the level of flexibility, the intrinsic load uncertainty, and the network structure.
Environmental risk assessment of veterinary parasiticides used in cattle
Authors: Forbes Andrew
Published: January 2021

All veterinary medicines have to undergo a rigorous environmental risk assessment before gaining a marketing authorisation; post-marketing pharmacovigilance ensures constant surveillance for any environmental impacts that had not been anticipated from earlier research. Products are labelled to reflect any potential risk points. Despite these procedures, some compounds, notably parasiticides of the macrocyclic lactone class that are used in large animal practice, have gained a reputation among some scientists, the general public and the media for having adverse effects on dung insect fauna and for causing delays in the degradation of faeces on pasture. While the toxicity of faecal residues of insecticides to non-target insect fauna, when measured under controlled conditions in short-term experiments is indisputable, the consequences of such activity at ecological scales are much less well defined. Dung provides an ephemeral habitat for an enormous array of macro- and micro-invertebrates, fungi and bacteria, whose composition changes as pats age and disintegrate. Perturbations to such complex systems inevitably have a variety of outcomes and this is reflected in field trials, which can produce conflicting results. This article summarises pertinent aspects of the underlying biology and ecology of the bovine faecal pat and the evidence for significant impact of veterinary medication.
How has the pandemic affected what we do and how we feel?
Authors: Yarnall Matt
Published: January 2021

As life suddenly changed with the introduction of the first lockdown, it soon became obvious that day-to-day farming was also being impacted. Routine veterinary visits, trips to the usual trade shows, farm discussion meetings and the like all stopped. But how could that information void be filled and, more to the point, how could communication best carry on? The FarmComm study took place in May with supplementary questions asked at the UK-Vet Healthy Herd conference.
Responding to questions about clinical mastitis treatment failure on farm: improving the outcome
Authors: Aplin Kath , Breen James
Published: January 2021

The treatment of clinical mastitis on farm is always under the spotlight for veterinary surgeons due to the financial penalty of withholding milk from the bulk tank, the challenge of achieving a bacteriological cure during lactation compared with during a dry period and the importance of antibiotic use in dairy herds. This article focuses on the management of the FIRST clinical mastitis case in a cow's lactation, as this not only represents the best chance of achieving a bacteriological cure as well as a symptomatic one, but also puts emphasis on the need to measure the outcome of treatment approaches for first cases and the likely origin of first cases so that treatment can be avoided in the future.
First record of the desert earwig Forficula lucasi Dohrn, 1865 (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) in Greece: A hitchhiker among the refugees or a seldom encounter?

Authors: ZAFEIRIOU SAVVAS , KOCAREK PETR , KALAENTZIS KONSTANTINOS
Published: January 2021

The relatively small order Dermaptera (commonly called “earwigs”) is comprised of more than 1900 described species mainly distributed in the Afrotropics, Southeastern Asia and South America, while a small number of species occur in the warmer temperate regions of North America, Europe, Asia and Australia (Hudson 1973; Popham 2000; Haas et al. 2011). In the Balkans and Turkey, this insect order is understudied and knowledge about the distribution and ecology of the earwig fauna is scattered (Haas & Henderickx 2002; Anlaş et al. 2010; Anlaş & Kočárek 2012; Muranyi 2013; Haas 2015). In Greece 16 species have been recorded so far (Haas 2015, 2018), showing greater diversity than other countries in the Balkans (Muranyi 2013). From the poorly studied North Aegean Islands, four earwig species are reported (Haas 2015), namely Anisolabis maritima (Bonelli, 1832), Forficula auricularia Linnaeus, 1758, F. lurida Fischer, 1853 and Labidura riparia (Pallas, 1773).
Gut Microbiome of Two Different Honeybee Workers Subspecies In Saudi Arabia.
Authors: Alatawy Marfat , Al-Attas Sanaa G. , Assagaf Ahmad I. , Al-Hindi Rashad R. , Alghamdi Khalid M. , Mahyoub Jazem A. , D Alshehri , H Al-Amrah , H Alatawi , S Edris , Bahieldin Ahmed
Published: January 2021

Honeybees play a vital role in the world’s food supply by acting as essential pollinators in the agricultural fields. Interestingly, more than one third of the world’s essential crops are honeybee’s dependant. The adult honeybeeworkers harbour a simple specific bacterial spectrum in their guts with vital role in bees’ health. Gut microbial diversity of adult honeybee workerswasstudied through targeting the V3 and V4 regions of the 16S rRNA geneviaIllumina MiSeq. The study identified four phyla of the gut microbiomesinadult workersof the two-honeybee subspecies A.m. jemeniticaandA.m. carnica. The most abundant phylum in microbiome of A.m. jemeniticawasFirmicutes (48%), while Protobacteria and Actinobacteriaphylawere less abundantat figures of31% and 10%, respectively. In microbiome of A.m. carnica,Firmicutes (57%) was also the most dominant phylum, while Protobacteria and Actinobacteria had lower prevalence at figures of 31% and 10%, respectively. At genus level, adult honeybee workers harboured a number ofLactobacillus spp.in their guts with relative abundance of 80% in A.m. jemeniticaworkers compared to52%forA.m. carnicaworkers.Up toour knowledge, this is the first study of its kind on gut microbiome diversity inhoneybee workersof different origins conducted in Saudi Arabia using high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing technology. The results indicatedthat the variability inmonophyletic origin of host of honeybee workers affectedgut microbiota composition.
Bio-degradation of Azo Dye Acid Orange-10 by a New Isolate of Bacillus subtilis Isolated from Soil Sample around Textile Industry in South Karnataka
Authors: Gunti Hema , Maruthiramaih Vyshali Venkatappa , Shivanandappa Tippeswamy Boreddy
Published: January 2021

Untreated effluents from the textile industry affect aquatic life irreversibly. Synthetic dyes not only change the color of water resources but also make them hazardous.The main objective of the study was to evaluate the decolorizing potential of a new isolate of Bacillus subtilis from soil samples contaminated with industrial effluent in and around textile industrial area in South Karnataka. This isolate of Bacillus subtilis has high decolorizing potential and took only 24 hrs for complete decolorization of acid orange-10 azo dye at 200ppm. Different parameters like temperature, pH, aeration, dye concentration and inoculum size were optimized for complete decolorization of Acid orange-10 azo dye by this isolate of Bacillus subtilis. The dye was completely decolorized at 400C within 24 hrs and it was capable of decolorizing 700 ppm dye in 72 hrs. Optimum pH was found to be 8.5 and maximum decolorization was achieved under static conditions. As the inoculum size increased, the time taken for complete decolorization of Acid orange-10 dye was decreased from 36 hrs at 1% to 16 hrs at 10% of inoculum size. The new isolate decolorizes 100 ppm of dye completely (i.e.100%) within 12hrs of incubation. The time taken for the complete decolorization increased with increase in the concentration of Acid orange-10 azo dye. In conclusion, the new isolate of Bacillus subtilis from soil samples contaminated with textile industrial effluent was found to be a potential candidate for decolorization of Acid orange-10 azo dye in textile effluents.
A Correlational Study of Hepatic Steatosis (Fatty Liver Disease) and Liver Enzymes (ALT, AST, GGT) In The Scenario of Insulin Resistance Among Young Medicos.
Authors: Mukherjee Samarpita , Saha Shubhrajit , Banerjee Ushasi , Banerjee Arup Kumar , Banerjee Ritam
Published: January 2021

Background and Objectives In the last few decades,Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) has become a common health issue that leads to serious complications like cirrhosis, cardiovascular disease, etc. Insulin resistance (IR) is the key pathogenic factor for NAFLD. The young medicos being habituated in stressful and sedentary lifestyle and representative of the youth as well can fully justify their selection as study population and help to build social awareness by emphasizing the importance of early lifestyle modifications in preventing or delaying the severe complications of NAFLD. This study is aiming to find out if there is any correlation of hepatic steatosis with IR, Alanine Transaminases (ALT), Aspartate Transaminases (AST) or Gama Glutamyl Transferases (GGT) and also to identify if one enzyme is better correlating with hepatic steatosis than others in the scenario of Insulin Resistance among young medicos. METHODS: 132 medical students of North Bengal Medical College, aged between 18-25 years were included in this institution based observational cross-sectional study. Their Fasting Insulin, glucose, ALT, AST, GGT were measured, and IR was calculated by the Homeostatic Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) calculator. Sonography was done to assess Hepatic steatosis. RESULTS: Among 132 subjects normal, grade 1 and grade 2 fatty changes have been found in 67.4%, 25%, and 7.6% of the study population respectively. The Grouping was done using the cut-off value of IR (i.e. subjects with IR<1.525 vs. IR≥1.525). Significant differences were found in the mean values of ALT, AST, GGT between groups. Significant positive concordances were found between enzymes ALT, GGT, and hepatic steatosis in subjects having IR ≥ 1.525.Regression analysis showed that higher GGT values have a stronger positive correlation with hepatic steatosis than ALT among the same. Interpretation and Conclusion From this study, we can interpret that subjects having higher GGT values are better associated with steatosis than those having higher ALT values and can lead us to the conclusion that GGT might be an important independent marker for NAFLD associated with IR. Furthermore, such observations may suggest considering GGT as a marker for assessing the severity of fatty liver irrespective of etiopathogenesis, though the population-based vivid evaluation is highly recommended.
Prevalence of Hepatitis B in Blood Groups and Level of Education of Blood Donors in Al-Najaf Governorate
Authors: Patil Pritee Chunarkar , Patel Darshit Ashokkumar , Tale Vidya Sunil
Published: January 2021

Advancement in sequencing techniques and transformative progress in metagenomics provides an unprecedented platform for functional and taxonomic characterization of the enormous microbial diversity inhabiting and governing various biochemical processes of the freshwater sources. Metagenomic analysis of freshwater resources has led to the discovery and identification of novel microbial genes and an understanding of how microorganisms mediate energy and carbon. In this study, we report the taxonomical classification of bacterial sequences obtained from 6 dam reservoir sites in Pune city, Maharashtra, India. The analysis was performed using two different alignment tools: BLAST and Kaiju. The bacterial diversity was dominated by the presence of Vogecella indigofera, uncultured Proteobacterium, Wolinella Succinogenes, Chromobacterium violaceum, and Heliobacter billis. It was further observed that, despite an identical bacterial composition over various reservoir sites, there were nominal differences in the relative abundance of the inhabitant species. Almost all reservoirs were dominated by Vogecella indigofera (~29%) and uncultured Proteobacterium (~15%). A seasonal analysis performed using BLAST resulted in a number of species exclusive to the season and the site of their growth. A high proportion of unidentified sequences were also reported which demands sequential identification. The results obtained through BLAST and Kaiju, were significantly different, suggesting inconsistencies and inaccuracies in existing metagenomic reads comparison.
Economic Effectiveness and Agricultural Indicators of Combinations Grafting-Varieties of Apple Plants
Authors: Beyahmedov Islam A.
Published: January 2021

Research was carried out in the north-eastern part of the republic, in the Khuba-Khachmaz zone. Was carried out a comparative analysis of apple varieties on the different grafting and landing schemes. Namely, on the generative rootstock in the gardens, established in the village of Timiryazev of the Khuba region, according to the scheme 5x4m, in the village of Yeni Hayat of the Khusar region on the grafting M9 according to the scheme 4х1,25м and in the village of Dashliyatakh of the Shabran ragion on the grafting MM106 according to the scheme 5x3 m. The agricultural yield was calculated to the formula, proposed by A.S Ovsyannikov by the formula; Уa= Уs х Sa х N : 100; here Уs - Specific productivity, kg / m2 crown projection; Sa - area occupied by crown projection, м2; N – Number of trees per hectare; 100- for transfer of kg, in centners / hectare. To determine the optimum area for plant nutrition were used generally accepted formula: Sop = (D- 0,3) x (D+2)м2 ; D is the diameter of the crown in the period of full fruiting, м; 2- necessary gleam between rows, м; 0,3- the possibility of penetration of branches into the crown of a neighboring tree, м. Economic efficiency was determined by the method proposed by P. V.Dubrava. The results of research is different combinations varieties-grafting. It was determined that all varieties shows high profitability on different grafting. Also, identified a significant impact of the grafting both to the morphometric parameters, to the productivity and economic productivity of varieties. Varieties on the generative rootstock having a relatively large area of crown projection (11.3 m2), respectively, reduce the productivity of the crown to 3.63 kg / m2, against of, having the smaller area of the crown projection (2.43 ... 7.96 m2) and accordingly high productivity (11.70 ... 5.40 kg / m2) on the clonal grafting as M9 and MM106. Relatively less crown volume creates conditions for reducing the area of supply trees, thereby increase the number of trees per unit area and, accordingly, an increase the agrecultural harvest per hectare. This helps to increase the level of net income of varieties on clonal grafting. They have a net income of 3622.97 .... 16335.91 AZN is more than in the varieties of generative rootstock (3029.57 AZN). Accordingly, indicators of agrcultural produoctivity, in varieties on clonal grafting, vastly more (correspondingly 598.92 ... 352.56 center / ha) than in the varieties on the generative rootstock (247.87 center / ha). At the same time, high and high quality productivity of varieties on clonal grafting contributes to the increase in net income and, together with them, the profitability of production. It should be noted that, the profitability of farming in gardens on generative grafting is 100.06%, then this indicator in apple gardens, on clonal grafting is much higher and amounts of 147.54% on MM106 and 381.14% on M9.
Evaluation of Critical Quality Attributes of Immediate Release Ciprofloxacin Tablets of Different Pharmaceutical Companies in Bangladesh
Authors: Arefin Paroma , Ahmed Rezvi , Habib Md Shehan , Bhattacharjee Sreebash Chandra , Chakraborty Dipankar , Das Suman , Karmakar Debabrata , Bhowmik Dip
Published: January 2021

Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs) is an important factor in Pharmaceutical development as it determines the strength, release of the API from SDFs, and stability of a pharmaceutical dosage form. Moreover, substandard and counterfeit drugs have been a major concern in recent days.Ciprofloxacin is a second-generation fluoroquinolone derivative that exerts its effects by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase (Topoisomerase II). It is used for the treatment of bacterial gastroenteritis, respiratory tract infections, controlling bronchitis and pneumonia caused by Gram negative bacteria. Ciprofloxacin has been listed in the World Health Organization (WHO) Model list of Essential Medicines. In recent decades, the pharmaceutical industry has been experiencing excellent growth in both local and international market.In our present study, we have analyzed theCritical Quality Attributes (CQAs) including length, thickness, friability, weight variation, hardness test and disintegration time of Ciprofloxacin tablet to study whether the ciprofloxacin immediate release tablets of different pharmaceutical companies available in the Bangladeshi market to assess whether they are compliant to BP or USP guidelines in respect of physical parameters. We have also performed statistical analysis and found that that all the tablets from different brands are within the BP or USP requirements. So, from the study, we reached the conclusion that the critical quality attributes for ciprofloxacin immediate release tablets of different pharmaceutical companies in Bangladesh ensure the appropriateness of their strength, purity, release of the API from SDFs, and stability.
Azoles Used in Agriculture as Possible Cause of Azole-Resistance in Clinical Candida Isolates
Authors: Kaur Hardeep , Yadav Anamika , Wadhwa Khushbu , Jain Kusum , Ghorai Soma M
Published: January 2021

Agricultural azoles are preferred antifungals used by farmers due to their high efficiency against broad range of plant diseases like leaf rust, leaf spots, and powdery mildews. The past few decades have witnessed an unprecedented rise in their usage for crop protection. These compounds can thrive in environment for several months and being fungistatic in nature, can cause imbalance in the ecology of fungal species in the environment. Further their heavy use can lead to contamination and residues in plants, water, soil, and development of human health risk. These azoles share the similar mode of action and structural properties with medical azoles that are used for the treatment of fungal infections. Recent years have also seen an exceptional surge in the number of multi-drug resistant nosocomial Candida infections, especially in immuno compromised patients. The present review is an attempt to show the plausible mechanism of cross resistance among Candida isolates to agricultural and medical azoles. The study highlights the requirement of thorough scrutiny of usage of azoles both in medicine and agriculture.
Evaluation of Proximate and Heavy Metals in Twelve Edible Freshwater Macroinvertebrates of Poba Reserve Forest Assam, India.
Authors: Chutia Jitu , Sonowal Jyotish , Pegu Bhaba Kumar , Kardong Devid
Published: January 2021

The present study focuses on proximate and mineral compositions on 12 freshwater edible macroinvertebrate species under phylum Arthropoda and Mollusca mostly preferred by the ethnic communities around the Poba reserve forest of Assam, India. The analysis revealed protein was the most abundant nutrient for all the species; followed by carbohydrates and fats. The highest protein content was in Lobothelphusafungosa, (50.50%), total carbohydrate in Bellamyabengalensis (22.54%) and fats in Sartorianaspinigera (16.32%). Ash, fibre and moisture were highest in Corbiculaassamensis (12.46%), Sartorianaspinigera (11.41%) and Pilaglobosa (63.72%) respectively. Among the minerals, Calcium, Copper, Iron, Manganese, and Zinc were recorded highest in Bellamyabengalensis (138.62 mg/100g) Macrobrachiumassamense (2.73 mg/100g), Sartorianaspinigera (35.02 mg/100g), Macrobrachiumassamense (11.42 mg/100g) and Lethocerusindicus (3.71 mg/100g) respectively. Heavy metals (Lead, Cadmium, Molybdenum and Mercury) were absent in all the species under study. The freshwater macroinvertebratesanalyzed could form a baseline for future non-conventional food resources of considerable nutritive value.
Seasonal Variation of Zooplankton Density and Physicochemical Parameters of A Perennial Freshwater Body, Samudrabundh of Joypur, Bankura, West Bengal, India
Authors: Dutta Tapas Kumar , Mondal Rajendra Prasad
Published: January 2021

Water is the most essential and vital component required for the survival of all organisms in this earth. The physico-chemical and biological characteristics of a water body determine its efficacy for the production of plankton especially the zooplankton. Zooplankton are the most important primary consumer of aquatic food chain which in turn influence the productivity of finfishes in an aquatic body .The present study is primarily based on assessment of seasonal density and diversity as well as the physico-chemical condition of Samudrabundh, of Joypur block of Bankura district, West Bengal. Such type of assessment on this water body has not been done before this.. The study was carried during March.2019 to February, 2020. The water quality parameters which were used for study were temperature, PH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Free carbon dioxide (CO2),Chloride, salinity, alkalinity and total hardness. A total of 26 taxa of zooplankton were recorded. Out of which 8 sp ecies comprises of Rotifera, 05 species of Copepoda, 10 species of Cladocera and 03 species of Ostracoda. The total zooplankton density ranges from 756 (Ind/L) to 957 (Ind/L) which is quiet lower than the desired value required for good fish culture. The study concludes that the water body is of soft water type and medium productive in nature.
On representation and speculation: a case for the use of representational practices in SciArt
Authors: Szerszynski Bronislaw
Published: January 2021

In a reply to ‘Speculative Listening’ by Kaya Barry, Michele Lobo and Michelle Duffy, I defend representation as a resource for experimental and speculative practice, arguing that the loss of total immersion in the flux and becoming of the world that the representational engenders is a precondition for experimentation and speculation.
Model-based system matrix for iterative reconstruction in sub-diffuse angular-domain fluorescence optical projection tomography
Authors: Torres Veronica C. , Li Chengyue , Brankov Jovan G. , Tichauer Kenneth M.
Published: January 2021

This work concerns a fluorescence optical projection tomography system for low scattering tissue, like lymph nodes, with angular-domain rejection of highly scattered photons. In this regime, filtered backprojection (FBP) image reconstruction has been shown to provide reasonable quality images, yet here a comparison of image quality between images obtained by FBP and iterative image reconstruction with a Monte Carlo generated system matrix, demonstrate measurable improvements with the iterative method. Through simulated and experimental phantoms, iterative algorithms consistently outperformed FBP in terms of contrast and spatial resolution. Moreover, when projection number was reduced, in order to reduce total imaging time, iterative reconstruction suppressed artifacts that hampered the performance of FBP reconstruction (structural similarity of the reconstructed images with “truth” was improved from 0.15 ± 1.2 × 10−3 to 0.66 ± 0.02); and although the system matrix was generated for homogenous optical properties, when heterogeneity (62.98 cm-1 variance in µs) was introduced to simulated phantoms, the results were still comparable (structural similarity homo: 0.67 ± 0.02 vs hetero: 0.66 ± 0.02).
What should be done to the measured Zernike coefficients when conjugating the pupil and wavefront sensor planes with a 4f system: discussion
Authors: Arines Justo
Published: January 2021

The aim of this paper is to describe and demonstrate what should be done to the measured Zernike coefficients when conjugating the pupil and wavefront sensor planes with a

4

f

system. I provide theoretical and experimental evidence. The experimental setup consisted of two

4

f

systems of magnifications 1 and 1/3 with their corresponding wavefront sensors at their ends. Spherical and cylindrical trial lenses were measured. In addition, I measured a phase plate with high-order aberrations. I show that the Zernike coefficients of the wavefront expansion at two planes conjugated by a

4

f

system are related independently of the magnification of the

4

f

system by the following equation:

b
i

=

(
−
1

)

n

a
i

, with

n

being the order of the radial Zernike polynomial.
Spectral normalization in dual-comb spectroscopy of acetylene using a sealed gas cell and a liquid nitrogen trap
Authors: Kato Hideki , Sugiyama Yohei , Yoshii Kazumichi , Hong Feng-Lei
Published: January 2021

We demonstrate spectral normalization in dual-comb spectroscopy of acetylene using a sealed gas cell and liquid nitrogen trap. The normalized spectra of the P- and R-branches of the

ν
1

+

ν
3

vibration band of

12

C

2

H

2

were observed at a comb repetition rate of 19.8 MHz. We also observed instantaneous pressure changes inside the cell during the cooling of the liquid nitrogen trap, with different averaging times.
Recurrent neural network reveals transparent objects through scattering media
Authors: Kang Iksung , Pang Subeen , Zhang Qihang , Fang Nicholas , Barbastathis George
Published: January 2021

Scattering generally worsens the condition of inverse problems, with the severity depending on the statistics of the refractive index gradient and contrast. Removing scattering artifacts from images has attracted much work in the literature, including recently the use of static neural networks. S. Li et al. [Optica 5(7), 803 (2018)10.1364/OPTICA.5.000803] trained a convolutional neural network to reveal amplitude objects hidden by a specific diffuser; whereas Y. Li et al. [Optica 5(10), 1181 (2018)10.1364/OPTICA.5.001181] were able to deal with arbitrary diffusers, as long as certain statistical criteria were met. Here, we propose a novel dynamical machine learning approach for the case of imaging phase objects through arbitrary diffusers. The motivation is to strengthen the correlation among the patterns during the training and to reveal phase objects through scattering media. We utilize the on-axis rotation of a diffuser to impart dynamics and utilize multiple speckle measurements from different angles to form a sequence of images for training. Recurrent neural networks (RNN) embedded with the dynamics filter out useful information and discard the redundancies, thus quantitative phase information in presence of strong scattering. In other words, the RNN effectively averages out the effect of the dynamic random scattering media and learns more about the static pattern. The dynamical approach reveals transparent images behind the scattering media out of speckle correlation among adjacent measurements in a sequence. This method is also applicable to other imaging applications that involve any other spatiotemporal dynamics.
Modelling and measurement of thermal stress-induced depolarisation in high energy, high repetition rate diode-pumped Yb:YAG lasers
Authors: De Vido Mariastefania , Mason Paul D. , Fitton Michael , Eardley Rupert W. , Quinn Gary , Clarke Danielle , Ertel Klaus , Butcher Thomas J. , Jonathan Phillips P. , Banerjee Saumyabrata , Smith Jodie , Spear Jacob , Edwards Chris , Collier John L.
Published: January 2021

In this paper, we present a model to predict thermal stress-induced birefringence in high energy, high repetition rate diode-pumped Yb:YAG lasers. The model calculates thermal depolarisation as a function of gain medium geometry, pump power, cooling parameters, and input polarisation state. We show that model predictions are in good agreement with experimental observations carried out on a DiPOLE 100 J, 10 Hz laser amplifier. We show that single-pass depolarisation strongly depends on input polarisation state and pumping parameters. In the absence of any depolarisation compensation scheme, depolarisation varies over a range between 5% and 40%. The strong dependence of thermal stress-induced depolarisation on input polarisation indicates that, in the case of multipass amplifiers, the use of waveplates after every pass can reduce depolarisation losses significantly. We expect that this study will assist in the design and optimisation of Yb:YAG lasers.
Source mask optimization for extreme-ultraviolet lithography based on thick mask model and social learning particle swarm optimization algorithm
Authors: Zhang Zinan , Li Sikun , Wang Xiangzhao , Cheng Wei , Qi Yuejing
Published: January 2021

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography plays a vital role in the advanced technology nodes of integrated circuits manufacturing. Source mask optimization (SMO) is a critical resolution enhancement technique (RET) or EUV lithography. In this paper, an SMO method for EUV lithography based on the thick mask model and social learning particle swarm optimization (SL-PSO) algorithm is proposed to improve the imaging quality. The thick mask model's parameters are pre-calculated and stored, then SL-PSO is utilized to optimize the source and mask. Rigorous electromagnetic simulation is then carried out to validate the optimization results. Besides, an initialization parameter of the mask optimization (MO) stage is tuned to increase the optimization efficiency and the optimized mask's manufacturability. Optimization is carried out with three target patterns. Results show that the pattern errors (PE) between the print image and target pattern are reduced by 94.7%, 76.9%, 80.6%, respectively.
Ultrahigh-sensitivity displacement sensing enabled by the Vernier effect with inhibited antiresonance
Authors: Yang Yong , Zhang Xiaobei , Yang Lei , Yu Yang , Wang Zijie , Wang Tingyun
Published: January 2021

We demonstrate an optical fiber displacement sensor based on the
Vernier effect, consisting of a single-mode fiber (SMF) and a section
of capillary with an internal movable microsphere freely controlled
forward and backward by a half-taper. The antiresonance is inhibited
to purify the reflectance spectra by optimizing the capillary length.
The interference of three beams reflected from the splicing interface,
front and rear surfaces of the microsphere, respectively, hence
results in the Vernier effect due to combined cavities. By adjusting
the distance between the splicing interface and front surface, an
appropriate Vernier effect can significantly enhance the displacement
sensitivity up to 344.8 pm/nm, with a subnanometer resolution of
0.058 nm. The proposed device has advantages such as simple
fabrication process, compact size, and ultrahigh sensitivity, showing
a great potential in displacement sensing applications.
Extraction of optical properties from a turbid medium using fiber probe for spectral and spatial diffuse reflectance measurement
Authors: Rudraiah Pavitra Sokke , Duadi Hamootal , Fixler Dror
Published: January 2021

Diffuse reflectance technique is popular in the study of tissue physiology through the change in optical properties in a noninvasive manner. Diffuse reflected light intensity is commonly collected either from a single distance with spectral measurement or from a single wavelength with different spatial distances. Improving existing systems is necessary in order to obtain information from greater depths and in smaller volumes. In this paper, we propose a fast and compact fiber probe-based diffuse reflectance method for combining the spectral measurements in the range of 400–950 nm and spatial information up to 1.33 mm from the illumination source. First, we chose the most appropriate analysis model for the proposed distances between the fiber probe and tested it on solid phantoms with varying scattering and absorption components. The measurements are compared to the scattering coefficients according to Mie theory and the absorption according to spectrophotometer measurements. Next, we measured two-layer phantoms with constant scattering and absorption contrast in different layer thicknesses. We extracted the penetration depth from the measured effective absorption coefficient. In the near-IR, we were able to detect the absorption coefficient of the bottom phantom layer behind a top layer of up to 5 mm. We achieved a maximum penetration depth of 5.7 mm for 5 mm top layer thickness at 900 nm. Our fiber probe diffuse reflectance system can be used in the near future for skin lesion detection in clinical studies.
Learning to recognize misaligned hyperfine orbital angular momentum modes
Authors: Wang Xiao , Qian Yufeng , Zhang JingJing , Ma Guangdong , Zhao Shupeng , Liu RuiFeng , Li Hongrong , Zhang Pei , Gao Hong , Huang Feng , Li Fuli
Published: January 2021

Orbital angular momentum (OAM)-carrying beams have received extensive attention due to their high-dimensional characteristics in the context of free-space optical communication. However, accurate OAM mode recognition still suffers from reference misalignment of lateral displacement, beam waist size, and initial phase. Here we propose a deep-learning method to exquisitely recognize OAM modes under misalignment by using an alignment-free fractal multipoint interferometer. Our experiments achieve 98.35% recognizing accuracy when strong misalignment is added to hyperfine OAM modes whose Bures distance is 0.01. The maximum lateral displacement we added with respect to the perfectly on-axis beam is about

±
0.5

beam waist size. This work offers a superstable proposal for OAM mode recognition in the application of free-space optical communication and allows an increase of the communication capacity.
Engineering of multiple bound states in the continuum by latent representation of freeform structures
Authors: Lin Ronghui , Alnakhli Zahrah , Li Xiaohang
Published: January 2021

We demonstrate a neural network capable of designing on-demand multiple symmetry-protected bound states in the continuum (BICs) in freeform structures with predefined symmetry. The latent representation of the freeform structures allows the tuning of the geometry in a differentiable, continuous way. We show the rich band inversion and accidental degeneracy in these freeform structures by interacting with the latent representation directly. Moreover, a high design accuracy is demonstrated for arbitrary control of multiple BIC frequencies by using a photonic property readout network to interpret the latent representation.
Free-space local nonseparability dynamics of vector modes
Authors: Hu Xiao-Bo , Perez-Garcia Benjamin , Rodríguez-Fajardo Valeria , Hernandez-Aranda Raul I. , Forbes Andrew , Rosales-Guzmán Carmelo
Published: January 2021

One of the most prominent features of quantum entanglement is its invariability under local unitary transformations, which implies that the degree of entanglement or nonseparability remains constant during free-space propagation, true for both quantum and classically entangled modes. Here we demonstrate an exception to this rule using a carefully engineered vectorial light field, and we study its nonseparability dynamics upon free-space propagation. We show that the local nonseparability between the spatial and polarization degrees of freedom dramatically decays to zero while preserving the purity of the state and hence the global nonseparability. We show this by numerical simulations and corroborate it experimentally. Our results evince novel properties of classically entangled modes and point to the need for new measures of nonseparability for such vectorial fields, while paving the way for novel applications for customized structured light.
Identifying the drivers of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae at a European level
Authors: Kachalov Viacheslav N. , Nguyen Huyen , Balakrishna Suraj , Salazar-Vizcaya Luisa , Sommerstein Rami , Kuster Stefan P. , Hauser Anthony , Abel zur Wiesch Pia , Klein Eili , Kouyos Roger D.
Published: January 2021

Beta-lactam- and in particular carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae represent a major public health threat. Despite strong variation of resistance across geographical settings, there is limited understanding of the underlying drivers. To assess these drivers, we developed a transmission model of cephalosporin- and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. The model is parameterized using antibiotic consumption and demographic data from eleven European countries and fitted to the resistance rates for Klebsiella pneumoniae for these settings. The impact of potential drivers of resistance is then assessed in counterfactual analyses. Based on reported consumption data, the model could simultaneously fit the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL and CRK) across eleven European countries over eleven years. The fit could explain the large between-country variability of resistance in terms of consumption patterns and fitted differences in hospital transmission rates. Based on this fit, a counterfactual analysis found that reducing nosocomial transmission and antibiotic consumption in the hospital had the strongest impact on ESBL and CRK prevalence. Antibiotic consumption in the community also affected ESBL prevalence but its relative impact was weaker than inpatient consumption. Finally, we used the model to estimate a moderate fitness cost of CRK and ESBL at the population level. This work highlights the disproportionate role of antibiotic consumption in the hospital and of nosocomial transmission for resistance in gram-negative bacteria at a European level. This indicates that infection control and antibiotic stewardship measures should play a major role in limiting resistance even at the national or regional level.
Quantifying epidemiological drivers of gambiense human African Trypanosomiasis across the Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: Crump Ronald E. , Huang Ching-I , Knock Edward S. , Spencer Simon E. F. , Brown Paul E. , Mwamba Miaka Erick , Shampa Chansy , Keeling Matt J. , Rock Kat S.
Published: January 2021

Gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (gHAT) is a virulent disease declining in burden but still endemic in West and Central Africa. Although it is targeted for elimination of transmission by 2030, there remain numerous questions about the drivers of infection and how these vary geographically.

In this study we focus on the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), which accounted for 84% of the global case burden in 2016, to explore changes in transmission across the country and elucidate factors which may have contributed to the persistence of disease or success of interventions in different regions. We present a Bayesian fitting methodology, applied to 168 endemic health zones (∼100,000 population size), which allows for calibration of a mechanistic gHAT model to case data (from the World Health Organization HAT Atlas) in an adaptive and automated framework.

It was found that the model needed to capture improvements in passive detection to match observed trends in the data within former Bandundu and Bas Congo provinces indicating these regions have substantially reduced time to detection. Health zones in these provinces generally had longer burn-in periods during fitting due to additional model parameters.

Posterior probability distributions were found for a range of fitted parameters in each health zone; these included the basic reproduction number estimates for pre-1998 (R0) which was inferred to be between 1 and 1.14, in line with previous gHAT estimates, with higher median values typically in health zones with more case reporting in the 2000s.

Previously, it was not clear whether a fall in active case finding in the period contributed to the declining case numbers. The modelling here accounts for variable screening and suggests that underlying transmission has also reduced greatly—on average 96% in former Equateur, 93% in former Bas Congo and 89% in former Bandundu—Equateur and Bandundu having had the highest case burdens in 2000. This analysis also sets out a framework to enable future predictions for the country.
Epigenetic suppression of SLFN11 in germinal center B-cells during B-cell development
Authors: Moribe Fumiya , Nishikori Momoko , Takashima Tsuyoshi , Taniyama Daiki , Onishi Nobuyuki , Arima Hiroshi , Sasanuma Hiroyuki , Akagawa Remi , Elloumi Fathi , Takeda Shunichi , Pommier Yves , Morii Eiichi , Takaori-Kondo Akifumi , Murai Junko
Published: January 2021

Background

SLFN11 has recently been reported to execute cancer cells harboring replicative stress induced by DNA damaging agents. However, the roles of SLFN11 under physiological conditions remain poorly understood. Germinal center B-cells (GCBs) undergo somatic hypermutations and class-switch recombination, which can cause physiological genotoxic stress. Hence, we tested whether SLFN11 expression needs to be suppressed in GCBs during B-cell development.

Objective

To clarify the expression profile of SLFN11 in different developmental stages of B-cells and B-cell-derived cancers.

Methods

We analyzed the expression of SLFN11 by mining cell line databases for different stages of normal B-cells and various types of B-cell-derived cancer cell lines. We performed dual immunohistochemical staining for SLFN11 and B-cell specific markers in normal human lymphatic tissues. We tested the effects of two epigenetic modifiers, an EZH2 inhibitor, tazemetostat (EPZ6438) and a histone deacetylase inhibitor, panobinostat (LBH589) on SLFN11 expression in GCB-derived lymphoma cell lines. We also examined the therapeutic efficacy of these drugs in combination with cytosine arabinoside and the effects of SLFN11 on the efficacy of cytosine arabinoside in SLFN11-overexpressing cells.

Results

SLFN11 mRNA level was found low in both normal GCBs and GCB-DLBCL (GCB like-diffuse large B-cell lymphoma). Immunohistochemical staining showed low SLFN11 expression in GCBs and high SLFN11 expression in plasmablasts and plasmacytes. The EZH2 and HDAC epigenetic modifiers upregulated SLFN11 expression in GCB-derived lymphoma cells and made them more susceptible to cytosine arabinoside. SLFN11 overexpression further sensitized GCB-derived lymphoma cells to cytosine arabinoside.

Conclusions

The expression of SLFN11 is epigenetically suppressed in normal GCBs and GCB-derived lymphomas. GCB-derived lymphomas with low SLFN11 expression can be treated by the combination of epigenetic modifiers and cytosine arabinoside.
Reassessment of the enigmatic ruminant Miocene genus Amphimoschus Bourgeois, 1873 (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Pecora)
Authors: Mennecart Bastien , Métais Grégoire , Costeur Loïc , Ginsburg Léonard , Rössner Gertrud E.
Published: January 2021

Amphimoschusis an extinct Eurasian ruminant genus, mostly recorded in Europe, without a close living relative and, hence, an unknown systematic position. This genus is known from around 50 localities from the late early to the middle Miocene. Two species were described during 180 years, but since their first description during the late 19thcentury and early 20thcentury, hardly any detailed taxonomic work has been done on the genus. Over the years, extensive collecting and excavating activities have enriched collections with more and more complete material of this still rare and enigmatic animal. Most interestingly, a number of skull remains have been unearthed and are promising in terms of providing phylogenetic information. In the present paper, we describe cranial material, the bony labyrinth, the dentition through 780 teeth and five skulls from different ontogenetic stages. We cannot find a clear morphometric distinction between the supposedly smaller and older speciesAmphimoschus artenensisand the supposedly younger and larger speciesA.ponteleviensis. Accordingly, we have no reason to retain the two species and propose, following the principle of priority (ICZN chapter 6 article 23), that onlyA.ponteleviensisBourgeois, 1873 is valid. Our studies on the ontogenetic variation ofAmphimoschusdoes reveal that the sagittal crest may increase in size and a supraorbital ridge may appear with age. Despite the abundant material, the family affiliation is still uncertain.