bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Teacher’s Ability and Student’s Attitude on the Subject of Craft and Entrepreneurship to the Development of Entrepreneurship Spirit in the Implementation of Authentic Problem Based Learning
Authors: Munawaroh Munawaroh
Published: July 2017

Vocational high school must change student‘s mind set in order to be sure that they become entrepreneurs who will be better and nobler than become employees. This research aimed to determine the effect of teacher’s ability in practicing the method of Authentic Problem Based Learning (APBL) and student’s attitude to the development of entrepreneurship spirit based on the result of data processing that was obtained that teacher‘s ability in practicing the method of APBL significantly influenced the development of student’s entrepreneurship spirit with coefficient as big as 0.366. Student‘s attitude influenced to the development of entrepreneurship spirit, with the coefficient as big as 0.179. R2 as big as 0.208 it meant that the development of student’s entrepreneurship spirit could be explained by teacher’s ability variable in practicing the method of APBL and student’s attitude as big as 20.8% whereas the rest was influenced by another variable which was not entered in this research.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Food Research, Vol. 6 No. 4
Authors: Dong Bella
Published: July 2017

Journal of Food Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated.Journal of Food Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://recruitment.ccsenet.org and e-mail the completed application form to jfr@ccsenet.org.Reviewers for Volume 6, Number 4Afef Janen, Alabama A&M University, United StatesAlexandrina Sirbu, Constantin Brancoveanu University, RomaniaAmira Mohamed Elkholy, Suez Canal University, EgyptAntonella Santillo, University of Foggia, ItalyArulmozhi Yuvaraj, Bharathiar University, IndiaAsima Asi Begic-Akagic, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, BosnianBeatriz Sevilla-Moran, INIA-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, SpainCristina Damian, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Faculty of Food Engineering, RomaniaDiego A. Moreno-Fernández, CEBAS-CSIC, SpainEduardo Esteves, Universidade do Algarve and Centre of Marine Sciences, PortugalElsa M Goncalves, Instituto Nacional de Investigacao Agrária (INIA), PortugalHaihan Chen, University of California, United StatesJ. Basilio Heredia, Research Center for Food and Development, MexicoJose Maria Zubeldia, Gestión Sanitaria de Canarias – Gobierno de Canarias, SpainLenka Kourimska, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech RepublicLuis Patarata, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, PortugalMarco Iammarino, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, ItalyMarta Mesias, Spanish National Research Council, SpainMarwa Ibrahim Abd El Hamid, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.Paa Akonor, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Food Research Institute, GhanaPalmiro Poltronieri, National Research Council of Italy, ItalyShalini A. Neeliah, Ministry of Agro-industry and food security, MauritiusSonchieu Jean, Higher Technical Teachers Training College (HTTTC), University of Bamenda, CameroonTinna Austen Ng'ong'ola-Manani, Lilongwe University of Agriculture & Natural Resources, MalawiWinny Routray, McGill University, CanadaXinyin Jiang, Brooklyn College, United States
Simulation Analysis of Policy for Waste Treatment toward a Sound Material-cycle Society in Tokyo
Authors: Nozaki Noriko , Lu Keyu , Singh Rajeev Kumar , Mizunoya Takeshi , Yabar Helmut , Higano Yoshiro
Published: July 2017

Enhancing resource productivity is effective to improve trade-off between the environment and economy. For minimizing consumption of natural resources required for economic activities, it is necessary to strengthen both material recycling and energy utilization, which reduce final disposal amount and return waste to economic activities as resource.This study seeks to clarify environmental economic policy for promoting establishment of sound material-cycle society subject to keeping or expanding the regional economic scale, and enhancing the amount of material recycling and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Study area is Tokyo metropolitan area. To reduce GHG emissions and final disposal amount, we consider promoting both material recycling and energy utilization thoroughly. Under these circumstances, we construct an expanded input-output model. The model includes the flows of waste and energy, and emissions of GHG. With restrictions on GHG emissions, Gross Regional Product (GRP) is maximized as the objective function. We quantitatively analyze how much tax and subsidy on discharging waste is required for sound material-cycle society along with analysis on effects of the policy by model simulation.The results show that, with 10 yen/kg tax on discharging waste, final disposal amount per GRP was 11% lower than the baseline case.
Implementation of Values on Family Company Succession in Bali Province, Indonesia
Authors: Martini Luh Kadek Budi , Suardana Ida Bagus Raka , Dwijendra Ngakan Ketut Acwin
Published: July 2017

The main purpose of the research is to investigate the implementation of values on family company successions in Bali. This descriptive research was conducted in family business in Bali which have done successions to, at least, their second generation. The data was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by using Likert scale. Meanwhile, to discover the implementation of values towards successors' performance, PLS (Partial Least Square) analysis was carried out. The research elaborates that (1) values are positive and significant effect on the characteristics of successor, (2) values did not affect the succession planning, (3) strong values which were emphasized by the owners did not affect the succession planning, (4) values did not affect the successors' performance, and (5) values which were transferred by predecessors did not have any impacts on the successors' performance. The strongest indicator of values to enhance the performance of successors was innovation.
Cultural Value Transformation in Traditional Market Spatial Planning in City of Denpasar, Gianyar and Klungkung – Bali, Indonesia
Authors: Widiastuti Widiastuti , Paturusi Syamsul Alam , Dwijendra Ngakan Ketut Acwin
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this study is to determine the cultural values that underlie the formation of traditional market spatial patterns. In this research will be studied traditional market spatial pattern, change-morphology, hidden cultural values in the form of the morphology, and the factors that cause change. This research takes place in traditional markets in the city of Denpasar, Gianyar, and Klungkung, Bali Indonesia. This research uses descriptive qualitative method with multi layer mapping technique and interview. The results of this study indicate that the morphology of traditional markets on a city scale is one of the three pillars of palace power: political, economic and cultural. At footprint scale of the traditional market morphology is a transformation of the conception of the spatial value of traditional Balinese space that places the function of the purity zones. From the beginning of the formation of the market there are some morphological changes both on the scale of the city and the scale of the site, especially with regard to the placement of the shrine. The main factors causing the change are political and cultural change. Political factors started in the fall of the castle into the hands of the invaders and the cultural factor is the community's attempt to restore the market zoning to a more appropriate traditional spatial conception.
EFFECT OF CHLORELLA AS A BIOFERTILIZER ON GERMINATION OF WHEAT AND BARLEY GRAINS
Authors: B Odgerel , D Tserendulam
Published: July 2017

Most of the agriculture sectors have been dependent heavily on inorganic chemical-based fertilizers, which are harmful for both human health and environment. The utilization of beneficial microbes as a biofertilizer has become major concern in industrial agriculture for their potential role in food safety and sustainable crop production. In this study, we examined the effect of Chlorella on germination of barley and wheat grains. Seeds were germinated in culture medium containing microalga (Chlorella sp. 56) and grown for 3, 6, 9 and 12 days in order to study its effect on growth parameters. In conclusion, Chlorella suspension increased the seed growth compared to those of control (sterilized culture medium) of seed germination. The best treatments were 0.06 g/L and 0.23 g/L of algal suspension for the root and shoot lengths of barley and wheat seeds, respectively.
CHARACTERIZATION OF COAL FROM BAYANTEEG DEPOSIT
Authors: S Batbileg , B Purevsuren , Ya Davaajav , D Batkhishig , J Namkhainorov , M Battsetseg , J Narangerel
Published: July 2017

The coal of Bayanteeg deposit was investigated and its technical characteristics, elemental and petrographical maceral compositions were determined. On the basis of proximate, ultimate, petrographic analyses results, it has been confirmed that the Bayanteeg coal is a middle-rank D mark subbituminous coal. The pyrolysis of Bayanteeg coal was studied by using a standard quarts retort (tube) at different heating temperatures and the yields of pyrolysis products such as hard residue, tar, pyrolytic water and gas were determined. The result of these experiments showed that the higher yield 14% of tar can be obtained at heating temperature 500°C.Also the thermal dissolution of Bayanteeg coal was investigated by using a standard stainless steel autoclave at different heating temperatures and the yields of pyrolysis poroducts such as hard residue, tar, pyrolytic water and gas were determined. The tetralin was used as hydrogen donor solvent with constant mass ratio between coal and tetralin (1:1.8). The results of these experiments showed that high yield of tar 48% can be obtained on thermal dissolution of the coal organic mass at 450°C. The solubility of purified pyrolysis tar of Bayanteeg coal in hexane, benzene and dichloromethane was investigated by using silica gel column and the chemical composition of each fraction was determined by using of GC/MS chromatograph system.
MECHANICAL CHAINS: IDENTIFICATION OF DYNAMICAL RESPONSES
Authors: Artyunin A I , Kargapoltsev S K , Eliseev S V , Bolshakov R S
Published: July 2017

Approaches for dynamical responses identification in example of system with three freedom degrees with tie between two of outside elements are offered. First approach bases on using of mathematical models-analogues of automation control theory, second approach bases on rules of transformation of design schemes of chains theory. Conversion from design schemes to equivalent in dynamical attitude of structural schemes of automation control is applied at using of structural method. Feedback tie in automation control system dedicated to the protection object is dynamical responses on external disturbance and at zero value of the disturbance disposed of the coerced elasticity of the system. The using of direct conversion of design schemes for the rules of chains theory shows identical results for both approaches.
DEVELOPMENT OF FORMS OF STRUCTURAL MATHEMATICAL MODELING IN DYNAMICS OF MECHANICAL OSCILLATION SYSTEMS: IMPEDANCE AND POSSIBLE VARIANTS OF APPROACH
Authors: Eliseev S V , Kashuba V B , Kargapoltsev S K , Nikolaev A V
Published: July 2017

Offering method of transformation of mathematical models of oscillation systems based on using of structural schemes. Structural analogs of mathematical models used for creature of variants of transfer functions of initial mechanical systems. Technology of transformation of structural schemes with object which has properties of integrated link of second order. Is shown that impedance is local characteristic of frequence dynamical properties of mechanical oscillation systems, in particular, vibration protection systems. Characteristics-analogs of impedance are given. They constructed on base using of movements and accelerations of allocated points. Conditions of ties of relative frequence characteristics are given. Conditions of compatibility of structural models of mechanical chains theory and automation control theory are identified.
RESEARCH ON PLASTIC FOOD CONTAINER SAFETY
Authors: L Ganchimeg , S Unursaikhan , G Uyanga , V Delgermaa
Published: July 2017

No abstract
Antimicrobial activity of microfungi from maritime Antarctic soil
Authors: Abneuf Mohammed A. , Krishnan Abiramy , Aravena Marcelo Gonzalez , Pang Ka-Lai , Convey Peter , Mohamad-Fauzi Nuradilla , Rizman-Idid Mohammed , Alias Siti Aisyah
Published: July 2017

The search for cold-adapted and cold-active fungi in extreme environments provides the potential for discovering new species and novel bioactive compounds. In this study, soil samples were collected from Deception Island, Wilhelmina Bay (north-west Antarctic Peninsula, Graham Land) and Yankee Bay (Greenwich Island), maritime Antarctica, for the isolation of soil fungi and determination of their antimicrobial activity. The soil-plate method, agar block, disc diffusion and broth micro-dilution assays were applied to characterize the thermal classes and antimicrobial activity of the isolated fungi. A total of 27 isolates of fungi were obtained from 14 soil samples, including 13 Ascomycota, 4 Zygomycota and 10 anamorphic fungi. Cold-active (psychrotolerant) fungi predominated over cold-adapted (psychrophilic) fungi. In the antimicrobial assay, 16 isolates showed substantial inhibitory activity against test bacterial pathogens. Ethyl acetate extracts of 10 competent isolates showed significant inhibition of bacterial pathogens. Antifungal activity was observed in the disc diffusion assay, but not in the agar block assay. Minimum inhibitory, bactericidal and fungicidal concentrations were determined using the broth micro-dilution method, with an average in the range of 0.78-25 mg ml-1 on the test microorganisms. Isolate WHB-sp. 7 showed the best broad spectrum antimicrobial activity, with the potential for biotechnological studies in antibiotic development.
Heavy metal concentration in selected soils and sediments of Livingston Island, Deception Island, King George Island, James Ross Island (Antarctica)
Authors: Vlček Vítězslav , Juřička David , Míková Jitka
Published: July 2017

This paper evaluated the heavy metal concentration in fine earth and skeleton fraction of the Antarctic soil and sediments in the Admiralty Bay (King George Island); Livingston Island; Whaler´s Bay (Deception Island); James Ross Island and the Trinity peninsula (Antarctica). Total concentrations of eight elements (arsenic, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, strontium, vanadium, and zinc) were determined in sixteen sediments/soils samples and skeleton fraction. For the analyses, eight samples were taken from James Ross Island, four samples from Deception Island, two samples from Trinity peninsula, one sample from Livingston Island, and one sample from King George Island. The contents the elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Most affected by human activity was the sample collected near permanent station General Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme - Chile on Trinity peninsula. On this site, the highest concentration of copper in fine-earth (201 ppm), zinc in skeleton (163 ppm) and fine-earth (771 ppm) and strontium in skeleton (733 ppm) and fine-earth (1297 ppm) were found. This location was also exceptional by the residues of penguins’ eggs shells and excrements. Samples of skeleton had significantly higher maximum values of analyzed elements compare to the available literature data. Results from all sampled localities are summarized in the text.
“Não me lembro, não me recordo...” Experiências com cultura visual antes da Graduação em Pedagogia.
Authors: Machado Nathalye Nallon , Ferrari Anderson
Published: July 2017

O presente artigo é resultado de um segundo movimento de uma pesquisa que buscava inicialmente compreender a relação de alunos e alunas da Educação Básica com a cultura visual, principalmente por meio de suas produções imagéticas. No segundo momento, a pesquisa foi realizada com estudantes de Pedagogia de uma Universidade Federal e teve como objetivo compreender suas relações com a cultura visual antes de ingressarem na graduação. As alunas responderam questionários qualitativos, e nesse universo, selecionamos as questões que diziam do trabalho dos professores de História dos Ensinos Fundamental e Médio com os artefatos culturais. Esta análise nos possibilitou refletir acerca de questões importantes, indicando que as imagens vêm sendo trabalhadas na forma de ilustração e muito pouco como produção. Enviado em: 23 de março de 2017.  Aprovado em: 28 de abril de 2017
Retratos de Susana: do texto à pintura
Authors: Miranda Vivian Castro de
Published: July 2017

A partir da noção sobre “o que é Belo”, propõe-se discutir um tema problemático que é a violação feminina na história da arte e dos textos antigos. Tomando a história de Susana atribuída ao profeta Daniel, percebe-se uma profusão de versões plásticas dessa narrativa, que geralmente representam uma mulher nua aterrorizada pelo olhar masculino, que viola e adentra a cena do que deveria ser um tranquilo banho. O corpus analisado parte do texto para a pintura, tendo como principal foco a artista italiana Artemisia Gentileschi (1593-1651/53), que aponta para importantes reflexões do contexto contemporâneo no que se refere à visão feminina, sendo a mesma passagem retratada por diversos artistas homens em diferentes épocas. Pretende-se assim contribuir para os estudos que pensam a autoria feminina e a interferência sobre o ponto de vista, além das relações entre texto, imagem e contexto histórico.  Enviado em: 29 de março de 2017.  Aprovado em: 24 de abril de 2017
L’impact de la connaissance des langues officielles, du niveau de littératie et du pays d’origine sur le risque de surqualification au travail des immigrants canadiens
Authors: Bélanger Alain , Vézina Samuel
Published: July 2017

À l’instar du revenu ou du taux d’emploi, le taux de surqualification est un indicateur d’intégration des immigrants sur le marché du travail. Comparativement à la moyenne de l’OCDE, le taux de surqualification au Canada est élevé, mais l’écart entre les immigrants et les natifs est relativement faible.

L’objectif de cette recherche est de mesurer l’impact de la connaissance des langues officielles et des compétences en littératie sur le risque plus élevé pour les immigrants d’être surqualifié par rapport aux natifs. Les données canadiennes de l’enquête du Programme pour l’évaluation internationale des compétences des adultes (PEICA) de 2012 sont utilisées. Au total, l’échantillon retenu compte 13 624 cas et représente les 14,5 millions de Canadiens âgés de 25 à 64 ans détenant un diplôme d’études secondaires ou plus qui étaient en emploi au cours de la semaine précédant l’enquête.

Les résultats montrent que l’usage des langues officielles et le niveau de littératie ont un impact significatif sur la propension des travailleurs canadiens à être surqualifiés. Le fait de parler une langue non officielle à la maison et le fait d’avoir un faible niveau de littératie sont tous les deux associés à une augmentation de 70 % du risque d’être surqualifié. Bien qu’il existe une relation entre langue et littératie, ces deux types de compétences expliquent une part distincte du risque de surqualification des travailleurs canadiens.
Qualification de l’emploi, surqualification et rémunération horaire : les mères québécoises sont-elles avantagées par rapport aux mères ontariennes ?1
Authors: Cloutier-Villeneuve Luc
Published: July 2017

Dans cet article, l’auteur trace un portrait évolutif et comparatif de la situation des mères québécoises et ontariennes sur le marché du travail à partir d’indicateurs liés à la qualification des emplois, la surqualification et la rémunération. Il ressort de l’analyse que les mères au Québec apparaissent avoir une situation plus favorable que celles de l’Ontario en étant moins présentes dans l’emploi moins qualifié et en étant aussi moins touchées par le phénomène de la surqualification. De plus, les mères québécoises se retrouvent moins fréquemment à occuper des emplois faiblement rémunérés et sont souvent en meilleure posture que leurs homologues de l’Ontario lorsque la comparaison est faite avec les pères. Toutefois, l’enjeu de l’accès aux emplois les mieux rémunérés et celui lié au temps de travail demeurent présents dans les deux groupes comparés par rapport aux pères.
Opinions de la population québécoise à l’égard de la séparation parentale
Authors: Saint-Jacques Marie-Christine , Godbout Elisabeth , Ivers Hans
Published: July 2017

Face aux profonds changements sociodémographiques qu’a connus la famille, comment les Québécoises et les Québécois perçoivent-ils la séparation des parents et ses conséquences sur l’adaptation des enfants ? Afin de répondre à ces questions, un sondage a été réalisé auprès d’un échantillon représentatif de la population québécoise (n = 1 202). Les résultats montrent que si la famille « traditionnelle » demeure valorisée et la séparation déplorée par la majorité, la séparation apparaît comme une solution acceptable à une vie de couple malheureuse. Des analyses de regroupement mettent au jour cinq profils d’opinions distincts dont deux sont particulièrement en opposition, soit les modernistes et les traditionalistes. L’interprétation de ces profils montre que si certains Québécois considèrent qu’une séparation est une solution préférable à une union malheureuse, ce constat ne fait pas l’unanimité. Les différences sociodémographiques relevées en comparant ces regroupements fournissent certaines pistes explicatives de la diversité des postures.
Comment mieux identifier les mères adolescentes dans le recensement français ? Améliorations de la méthode du « décompte des enfants au foyer »
Authors: Tomkinson John , Breton Didier
Published: July 2017

Pour mener des études de fécondité différentielle selon le profil sociodémographique, notamment au sein de population de petite taille, la méthode du « décompte des enfants au foyer » (DEF) est un outil précieux. Pourtant la qualité de cette méthode souffre de quelques limites dont celle de sous-estimer la fécondité aux jeunes âges, notamment durant l’adolescence. Nous proposons dans cette contribution des améliorations de la méthode pour pallier cette limite.

Nos propositions permettent de réduire de 50 % à 34 % la sous-estimation du nombre d’enfants nés d’une mère âgée de 18 ans ou moins. L’Enquête famille et logements (EFL), enquête couplée au recensement de la France en 2011, confirme le bien-fondé de notre approche et la valide dans 93 % des cas.
Mécanismes et instruments anticorruption : pistes de réflexion émergentes de la littérature
Authors: Goyette Jonathan
Published: July 2017

L’intérêt des chercheurs et décideurs politiques au sujet de la corruption a généré une production d’articles sans cesse grandissante depuis la fin de la guerre froide. Cet article propose une revue de la littérature sur l’économie de la corruption, avec une emphase sur les solutions pour réduire la corruption. Malgré la quantité d’information disponible, les chercheurs se sont surtout concentrés sur les effets de la corruption et peu sur les moyens d’y remédier. Je recense les solutions anticorruption qui ont été proposées dans diverses disciplines. En chemin, je souligne des pistes de recherche proposées pour réduire la corruption.
Energy imbalance alters Ca2+ handling and excitability of POMC neurons
Authors: Paeger Lars , Pippow Andreas , Hess Simon , Paehler Moritz , Klein Andreas C , Husch Andreas , Pouzat Christophe , Brüning Jens C , Kloppenburg Peter
Published: July 2017

Satiety-signaling, pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-expressing neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus play a pivotal role in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Recent studies reported altered mitochondrial dynamics and decreased mitochondria- endoplasmic reticulum contacts in POMC neurons during diet-induced obesity. Since mitochondria play a crucial role in Ca2+ signaling, we investigated whether obesity alters Ca2+ handling of these neurons in mice. In diet-induced obesity, cellular Ca2+ handling properties including mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake capacity are impaired, and an increased resting level of free intracellular Ca2+ is accompanied by a marked decrease in neuronal excitability. Experimentally increasing or decreasing intracellular Ca2+ concentrations reproduced electrophysiological properties observed in diet-induced obesity. Taken together, we provide the first direct evidence for a diet-dependent deterioration of Ca2+ homeostasis in POMC neurons during obesity development resulting in impaired function of these critical energy homeostasis-regulating neurons.
Effects of Clinical Exposure to Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine on Confidence Levels of Medical Students
Authors: Shapiro Lisa N. , Defoe Danielle , Jung Min-Kyung , Li To Shan , Yao Sheldon C.
Published: July 2017

Context

Training in osteopathic manipulative medicine (OMM) is a unique component of the osteopathic medical school curriculum. Indicators of successful OMM programming include student comfort in explaining and performing OMM as well as confidence in using OMM on future patients. Research on the amount of clinical exposure sufficient to achieve this goal is limited.

Objectives

To gauge the impact of clinical OMM exposure on medical students’ self-assessed understanding of OMM, their ability to discuss, explain, and perform OMM, and their plan to use OMM in their future practice.

Methods

Fourth-year osteopathic medical students were e-mailed surveys before (baseline), during, and after 4 weeks (postrotation) of an elective OMM rotation. Answers were scaled from 0 to 10, with 0 being not at all comfortable/confident and 10 being the most comfortable/confident.

Results

Thirty-five students participated in the survey. A significant mean (SD) increase was found between the baseline and postrotation scores for students’ understanding of OMM principles (1.43 [0.51]; P<.001), comfort discussing OMM principles with patients (1.27 [0.88]; P<.001), comfort with explaining OMM to someone unfamiliar with it (1.32 [0.82]; P<.001), comfort with performing an osteopathic structural examination (2.23 [1.44]; P<.001), and confidence incorporating OMM into future practice (1.86 [0.47]; P<.001).

Conclusion

Increased clinical exposure to OMM increased the confidence of osteopathic medical students in all dimensions surveyed. This observation can help guide the development of undergraduate osteopathic clinical programming as well as standards for entry of allopathic residents into ACGME programs with osteopathic designation.
Sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica) hiding time depends on individual and state
Authors: Reed-Guy Sarah , Gehris Connor , Shi Meng , Blumstein Daniel T.
Published: July 2017

The decisions animals make to adjust their antipredator behavior to rapidly changing conditions have been well studied. Inducible defenses in plants are an antipredator behavior that acts on a longer time scale, but sensitive plants,Mimosa pudica, have a much more rapid antipredator response; they temporarily close their leaves when touched. The time they remain closed is defined as hiding time. We studied hiding time in sensitive plants and found that individual plants differed significantly in their hiding times. We then showed that the effect of individual explained substantial variation in hiding time on a short time scale. Finally, on a longer time scale, individuality persisted but the amount of variation attributed to individual decreased. We hypothesized that variation in plant condition might explain this change. We therefore manipulated sunlight availability and quantified hiding time. When deprived of light for 6 h, sensitive plants significantly shortened their hiding times. But when only half a plant was deprived of light, hiding times on the deprived half and light exposed half were not significantly different. This suggests that overall condition best explains variation in sensitive plant antipredator behavior. Just like in animals, sensitive plant antipredator behavior is condition dependent, and, just like in animals, a substantial amount of the remaining variation is explained by individual differences between plants. Thus, models designed to predict plasticity in animal behavior may be successfully applied to understand behavior in other organisms, including plants.
Effects of spatial heterogeneity and material anisotropy on the fracture pattern and macroscopic effective toughness of Mancos Shale in Brazilian tests
Authors: Na SeonHong , Sun WaiChing , Ingraham Mathew D. , Yoon Hongkyu
Published: July 2017

For assessing energy‐related activities in the subsurface, it is important to investigate the impact of the spatial variability and anisotropy on the geomechanical behavior of shale. The Brazilian test, an indirect tensile‐splitting method, is performed in this work, and the evolution of strain field is obtained using digital image correlation. Experimental results show the significant impact of local heterogeneity and lamination on the crack pattern characteristics. For numerical simulations, a phase field method is used to simulate the brittle fracture behavior under various Brazilian test conditions. In this study, shale is assumed to consist of two constituents including the stiff and soft layers to which the same toughness but different elastic moduli are assigned. Microstructural heterogeneity is simplified to represent mesoscale (e.g., millimeter scale) features such as layer orientation, thickness, volume fraction, and defects. The effect of these structural attributes on the onset, propagation, and coalescence of cracks is explored. The simulation results show that spatial heterogeneity and material anisotropy highly affect crack patterns and effective fracture toughness, and the elastic contrast of two constituents significantly alters the effective toughness. However, the complex crack patterns observed in the experiments cannot completely be accounted for by either an isotropic or transversely isotropic effective medium approach. This implies that cracks developed in the layered system may coalesce in complicated ways depending on the local heterogeneity, and the interaction mechanisms between the cracks using two‐constituent systems may explain the wide range of effective toughness of shale reported in the literature.
Characteristics of mesospheric gravity waves over Antarctica observed by Antarctic Gravity Wave Instrument Network imagers using 3‐D spectral analyses
Authors: Matsuda Takashi S. , Nakamura Takuji , Ejiri Mitsumu K. , Tsutsumi Masaki , Tomikawa Yoshihiro , Taylor Michael J. , Zhao Yucheng , Pautet P.‐Dominique , Murphy Damian J. , Moffat‐Griffin Tracy
Published: July 2017

We have obtained horizontal phase velocity distributions of the gravity waves around 90 km from four Antarctic airglow imagers, which belong to an international airglow imager/instrument network known as ANGWIN (Antarctic Gravity Wave Instrument Network). Results from the airglow imagers at Syowa (69°S, 40°E), Halley (76°S, 27°W), Davis (69°S, 78°E), and McMurdo (78°S, 167°E) were compared, using a new statistical analysis method based on 3‐D Fourier transform (Matsuda et al., 2014) for the observation period between 7 April and 21 May 2013. Significant day‐to‐day and site‐to‐site differences were found. The averaged phase velocity spectrum during the observation period showed preferential westward direction at Syowa, McMurdo, and Halley, but no preferential direction at Davis. Gravity wave energy estimated by I′/I was ~5 times larger at Davis and Syowa than at McMurdo and Halley. We also compared the phase velocity spectrum at Syowa and Davis with the background wind field and found that the directionality only over Syowa could be explained by critical level filtering of the waves. This suggests that the eastward propagating gravity waves over Davis could have been generated above the polar night jet. Comparison of nighttime variations of the phase velocity spectra with background wind measurements suggested that the effect of critical level filtering could not explain the temporal variation of gravity wave directionality well, and other reasons such as variation of wave sources should be taken into account. Directionality was determined to be dependent on the gravity wave periods.
Biological and land use controls on the isotopic composition of aquatic carbon in the Upper Mississippi River Basin
Authors: Voss Britta M. , Wickland Kimberly P. , Aiken George R. , Striegl Robert G.
Published: July 2017

Riverine ecosystems receive organic matter (OM) from terrestrial sources, internally produce new OM, and biogeochemically cycle and modify organic and inorganic carbon. Major gaps remain in the understanding of the relationships between carbon sources and processing in river systems. Here we synthesize isotopic, elemental, and molecular properties of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the Upper Mississippi River (UMR) system above Wabasha, MN, including the main stem Mississippi River and its four major tributaries (Minnesota, upper Mississippi, St. Croix, and Chippewa Rivers). Our goal was to elucidate how biological processing modifies the chemical and isotopic composition of aquatic carbon pools during transport downstream in a large river system with natural and man‐made impoundments. Relationships between land cover and DOC carbon‐isotope composition, absorbance, and hydrophobic acid content indicate that DOC retains terrestrial carbon source information, while the terrestrial POC signal is largely replaced by autochthonous organic matter, and DIC integrates the influence of in‐stream photosynthesis and respiration of organic matter. The UMR is slightly heterotrophic throughout the year, but pools formed by low‐head navigation dams and natural impoundments promote a shift toward autotrophic conditions, altering aquatic ecosystem dynamics and POC and DIC compositions. Such changes likely occur in all major river systems affected by low‐head dams and need to be incorporated into our understanding of inland water carbon dynamics and processes controlling CO2 emissions from rivers, as new navigation and flood control systems are planned for future river and water resources management.
The role of Iraqi dust in inducing lung injury in United States soldiers—An interdisciplinary study
Authors: Harrington Andrea D. , Schmidt Millicent P. , Szema Anthony M. , Galdanes Karen , Tsirka Stella E. , Gordon Terry , Schoonen Martin A. A.
Published: July 2017

United States soldiers are returning from the Greater Middle East with respiratory illnesses ranging from new onset asthma to constrictive bronchiolitis. The etiologies of the diseases are unknown. A study was conducted to determine the possible role of local mineral dust in the development of abnormal respiratory illnesses in soldiers during and after deployment in Iraq. A dust sample obtained in proximity to a burn pit in Camp Victory, Iraq (Camp Victory dust) was characterized both chemically and mineralogically. For comparison, a dust sample from Fort Irwin, California (Fort Irwin dust) was also collected. The ability of the dust samples to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) was quantified, as well as their ability to generate an inflammatory stress response (ISR) in human lung epithelial cells. Both samples are composed of common silicate and carbonate minerals and contain heavy metals with concentration ranges expected for mineral dust. The ISR generated by each sample was within the range of inert material with the minimal stress generated associated with the carbonate phases. The findings based on this one sample suggest that the origin of the disease is not driven by the particles ability to generate ROS. However, it is likely that particle overload and associated complications, or endotoxin contributes extensively to pathogenesis.
What controls the partitioning between baseflow and mountain block recharge in the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau?
Authors: Yao Yingying , Zheng Chunmiao , Andrews Charles , Zheng Yi , Zhang Aijing , Liu Jie
Published: July 2017

Mountainous areas are referred to as “water towers” since they are the source of water for many low‐lying communities. The hydrologic budgets of these areas, which are particularly susceptible to climate change, are typically poorly constrained. To address this, we analyzed the partitioning between baseflow and mountain block recharge (MBR) using a regional groundwater model of the northern Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau run with multiple scenarios. We found that ~19% of precipitation is recharged, approximately 35% of which becomes MBR, while 65% discharges as baseflow. This partitioning is relatively independent of the recharge rate but is sensitive to exponential depth decrease of hydraulic conductivity (K). The MBR is more sensitive to this exponential decrease in K than baseflow. The proportion of MBR varies from twice to half of baseflow as the decay exponent increases by more than fivefold. Thus, the depth dependence of K is critical for quantifying hydrologic partitioning in these sensitive areas.
Bayesian rupture imaging in a complex medium: The 29 May 2012 Emilia, Northern Italy, earthquake
Authors: Causse Mathieu , Cultrera Giovanna , Moreau Ludovic , Herrero André , Schiappapietra Erika , Courboulex Françoise
Published: July 2017

We develop a new approach to image earthquake rupture from strong motion data. We use a large data set of aftershock waveforms, interpolated over the seismic fault to obtain Green's function approximations. Next we deploy a Bayesian inversion method to characterize the slip distribution, the rupture velocity, the slip duration, and their uncertainties induced by errors in the Green's functions. The method is applied to the 29 May 2012 Mw 6 Emilia earthquake, which ruptured a fault buried below the Po Plain sediments (Northern Italy). Despite the particularly complex wave propagation, the near‐field strong motion observations are well reproduced with 15 rupture parameters. The rupture and slip velocities were notably slow (~0.5 Vs and <0.5 m/s, respectively), implying that the fault was difficult to break. This method opens some perspectives for earthquake rupture studies in areas where numerical simulations suffer from imprecise knowledge of the velocity structure.
Summer drought reconstruction in northeastern Spain inferred from a tree ring latewood network since 1734
Authors: Tejedor E. , Saz M. A. , Esper J. , Cuadrat J. M. , de Luis M.
Published: July 2017

Drought recurrence in the Mediterranean is regarded as a fundamental factor for socioeconomic development and the resilience of natural systems in context of global change. However, knowledge of past droughts has been hampered by the absence of high‐resolution proxies. We present a drought reconstruction for the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula based on a new dendrochronology network considering the Standardized Evapotranspiration Precipitation Index (SPEI). A total of 774 latewood width series from 387 trees of P. sylvestris and P. uncinata was combined in an interregional chronology. The new chronology, calibrated against gridded climate data, reveals a robust relationship with the SPEI representing drought conditions of July and August. We developed a summer drought reconstruction for the period 1734–2013 representative for the northeastern and central Iberian Peninsula. We identified 16 extremely dry and 17 extremely wet summers and four decadal scale dry and wet periods, including 2003–2013 as the driest episode of the reconstruction.
Model‐observation comparison for the geographic variability of the plasma electric drift in the Earth's innermost magnetosphere
Authors: Lejosne Solène , Maus Stefan , Mozer F. S.
Published: July 2017

Plasmaspheric rotation is known to lag behind Earth rotation. The causes for this corotation lag are not yet fully understood. We have used more than 2 years of Van Allen Probe observations to compare the electric drift measured below L ~ 2 with the predictions of a general model. In the first step, a rigid corotation of the ionosphere with the solid Earth was assumed in the model. The results of the model‐observation comparison are twofold: (1) radially, the model explains the average observed geographic variability of the electric drift; (2) azimuthally, the model fails to explain the full amplitude of the observed corotation lag. In the second step, ionospheric corotation was modulated in the model by thermospheric winds, as given by the latest version of the horizontal wind model. Accounting for the thermospheric corotation lag at ionospheric E region altitudes results in significantly better agreement between the model and the observations.
Numerical simulations of rotating bubble plumes in stratified environments
Authors: Fabregat Tomàs Alexandre , Poje Andrew C. , Özgökmen Tamay M. , Dewar William K.
Published: July 2017

The effects of system rotation on the turbulent dynamics of bubble plumes evolving in stratified environments are numerically investigated by considering variations in both the system rotation rate and the gas‐phase slip velocity. The turbulent dispersion of a passive scalar injected at the source of a buoyant plume is strongly altered by the rotation of the system and the nature of the buoyancy at the source. When the plume is driven by the density defect associated with the presence of slipping gas bubbles, the location of the main lateral intrusion decreases with respect to the single‐phase case with identical inlet volume, momentum, and buoyancy fluxes. Enhanced downdrafts of carrier phase fluid result in increased turbulent mixing and short‐circuiting of detraining plume water that elevate near‐field effluent concentrations. Similarly, rotation fundamentally alters dynamic balances within the plume leading to the encroachment of the trapping height on the source and an increase in turbulent dispersion in the near field. System rotation, even at modest Rossby numbers, produces a sustained, robust, anticyclonic precession of the plume core. The effects of rotation and the presence of bubbles are cumulative. The vertical encroachment of the primary intrusion and the overall dispersion of effluent are greatest at smallest Rossby numbers and largest slip velocities. The main characteristic feature in rotating single‐phase plumes, namely the robust anticyclonic precession, persists in bubble plumes. Analysis of the momentum budgets reveal that the mechanism responsible for the organized precession, i.e., the establishment of an unstable vertical hydrostatic equilibrium related to radial cyclostrophic balance, does not differ from the single‐phase case.
Daily‐scale planetary wave patterns and the modulation of cold season weather in the northern extratropics
Authors: Xie Z. , Black R. X. , Deng Y.
Published: July 2017

Tropospheric planetary waves, often linked to asymmetries in lower boundary forcing, significantly modulate atmospheric blocking and storm track structures that are, in turn, linked to extreme surface weather events. Day‐to‐day variability in the planetary scale circulation, taken as wave numbers 1 to 5 in the daily 500 hPa geopotential heights, and the associated impact on storm tracks and regional weather are studied for the period 1950–2005. Six boreal cold‐season distinct planetary wave patterns are identified via hierarchical cluster analysis. The first, second, and sixth patterns feature a prominent zonal wave number 1 structure, while the fourth and fifth patterns resemble the negative and positive phases of northern annular mode, respectively. The second pattern represents an amplification of the climatological mean wave structure, while the third pattern resembles the zonal wave number 3 pattern. A multitaper spectral analysis of the daily projection indices indicates that the planetary wave patterns are primarily intraseasonal in nature. The first (sixth) pattern combines the positive (negative) phase of the Pacific‐North American teleconnection pattern and negative (positive) phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation, inducing poleward (equatorward) shifts in the Pacific storm track and a weakened (strengthened) Atlantic storm track. In contrast, the fourth (fifth) pattern results in a simultaneous equatorward (poleward) displacement of both storm tracks. Extreme cold waves over the continental United States (U.S.) are favored during occurrences of the fourth and sixth patterns. During episodes of the first pattern, increased rainfall prevails over much of the U.S., while precipitation anomalies induced by the other patterns are more regional in nature.
A cloudy planetary boundary layer oscillation arising from the coupling of turbulence with precipitation in climate simulations
Authors: Zheng X. , Klein S. A. , Ma H.‐Y. , Caldwell P. , Larson V. E. , Gettelman A. , Bogenschutz P.
Published: July 2017

The Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) adopts Cloud Layers Unified By Binormals (CLUBB) scheme and an updated microphysics (MG2) scheme for a more unified treatment of cloud processes. This makes interactions between parameterizations tighter and more explicit. In this study, a cloudy planetary boundary layer (PBL) oscillation related to interaction between CLUBB and MG2 is identified in CAM. This highlights the need for consistency between the coupled subgrid processes in climate model development. This oscillation occurs most often in the marine cumulus cloud regime. The oscillation occurs only if the modeled PBL is strongly decoupled and precipitation evaporates below the cloud. Two aspects of the parameterized coupling assumptions between CLUBB and MG2 schemes cause the oscillation: (1) a parameterized relationship between rain evaporation and CLUBB's subgrid spatial variance of moisture and heat that induces an extra cooling in the lower PBL and (2) rain evaporation which happens at a too low an altitude because of the precipitation fraction parameterization in MG2. Either one of these two conditions can overly stabilize the PBL and reduce the upward moisture transport to the cloud layer so that the PBL collapses. Global simulations prove that turning off the evaporation‐variance coupling and improving the precipitation fraction parameterization effectively reduces the cloudy PBL oscillation in marine cumulus clouds. By evaluating the causes of the oscillation in CAM, we have identified the PBL processes that should be examined in models having similar oscillations. This study may draw the attention of the modeling and observational communities to the issue of coupling between parameterized physical processes.
State‐space models and stored electromagnetic energy for antennas in dispersive and heterogeneous media
Authors: Gustafsson Mats , Ehrenborg Casimir
Published: July 2017

Accurate and efficient evaluation of the stored energy is essential for Q factors, physical bounds, and antenna current optimization. Here it is shown that the stored energy can be estimated from quadratic forms based on a state‐space representation derived from the electric and magnetic field integral equations. The derived expressions are valid for small antennas embedded in temporally dispersive and inhomogeneous media. The quadratic forms also provide simple single frequency formulas for the corresponding Q factors. Numerical examples comparing the different Q factors are presented for dipole and meander line antennas in conductive, Debye, and Lorentz media for homogeneous and inhomogeneous media. The computed Q factors are also verified with the Q factor obtained from the stored energy in Brune synthesized circuit models.