bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measuring Social Capital in a Networked Housing Estate
Authors: Meredyth Denise , Hopkins Liza , Ewing Scott , Thomas Julian
Published: May 2013

This paper describes the construction of 'Reach for the Clouds', an inventive scheme to build a resident-maintained 'networked community' in Atherton Gardens, an ethnically-diverse, low-income, high rise public housing estate in Melbourne, Australia. The project was developed by the InfoXchange, a not-for-profit Internet service provider with a 'social entrepreneurial' orientation. It involves a consortium of government and community groups and draws on a combination of voluntary labour, commercial enterprise, government funding and donations of equipment by local businesses. The long term goal of the project is for it to become self-funding, and owned and operated by Atherton Gardens' residents. This requires both training and skills development as well as the creation of an enterprise base to fund the operating and capital costs of the network.
The Internet in India and China
Authors: Press Larry , Foster William , Wolcott Peter , McHenry William
Published: May 2013

This article compares the diffusion of the Internet in China and India. Using a six-dimension framework for characterizing the state of the Internet in a nation, we observe that, while both nations have made significant progress since our last comparison (in 1999), China enjoys a substantial lead over India.

We also examine determinants of Internet diffusion. We find that the Chinese Internet has benefited from economic and trade reform begun in the late 1980s, a strong government commitment to the Internet, complementary human and capital resources, etc. The two nations have very different governments and policies, leading to differing approaches to the introduction of telecommunication competition and infrastructure development. China has pursued a strategy of competition among government-owned organizations while India has set policy via recommendations of publicly visible task forces. It remains to be seen whether India's relatively transparent and market driven approach to Internet policy (and access) will prove effective in the long run.

India and China have approximately 40 percent of the world population, and most of their inhabitants live in rural villages that lack basic telephone service. If the Internet is to succeed in raising the level of human development and curtailing migration to teeming urban centers, it must succeed in India and China. What we learn there may enable us to provide communication and information to the world's 1.5 million unconnected villages.
Hacktivists or Cyberterrorists? The Changing Media Discourse on Hacking
Authors: Vegh Sandor
Published: May 2013

This paper scrutinizes the language of government reports and news media sources to shed light on their role in forming a negative image of politically motivated hacking in general, and online political activism, in particular. It is argued that the mass media's portrayal of hacking conveniently fits the elite's strategy to form a popular consensus in a way that supports the elite's crusade under different pretexts to eradicate hacking, an activity that may potentially threaten the dominant order.
Reality bytes: Cyberterrorism and terrorist ‘use’ of the Internet
Authors: Conway Maura
Published: May 2013

This paper examines the concept of cyberterrorism. Fringe activity on the Internet ranges from non–violent ‘use’ at one end to ‘cyberterrorism’ at the other. Rejecting the idea that cyberterrorism is widespread, the focus here is on terrorist groups’ ‘use’ of the Internet, in particular the content of their Web sites, and their ‘misuse’ of the medium, as in hacking wars, for example. Terrorist groups’ use of the Internet for the purpose of inter–group communication is also surveyed, partly because of its importance for the inter–networked forms of organisation apparently being adopted by these groups, but also due to the part played by the Internet in the events of September 11 and their aftermath.
Exploring the Future of the Digital Divide through Ethnographic Futures Research
Authors: Mitchell Matthew
Published: May 2013

This study examines leaders who work for social change in an information society. Grounded in the notion that leadership and social change are necessarily future oriented, this study attempts to learn how those who lead the effort to ameliorate the digital divide in Washington State perceive the optimistic, pessimistic, and most probable futures. In this study, the digital divide is framed as a social problem that is caused, in part, by inequities in the ability to access and to use information communication technologies. Furthermore, this study is concerned that the digital divide impacts the opportunities for participation in social and economic arrangements, which may be a threat to social and economic justice.

Although the scope of the digital divide is global, this study narrows its focus in three ways. First, the digital divide is explored only within the context of Washington's sociocultural system. Second, only the perspectives of those who lead efforts to bridge the digital divide were sought. Third, only perceptions and cognitions of possible future sociocultural systems were explored.

The method used in this study is called Ethnographic Futures Research (EFR). EFR is a type of ethnography adapted for use in studying perceptions of a culture's future. Thirteen individuals who lead various efforts to bridge the digital divide in Washington State were interviewed using the EFR method. In each interview, three possible scenarios (optimistic, pessimistic, and most probable) of Washington State's sociocultural system set in the year 2016 were elicited. The interviewees then provided recommendations of what action is required to render the optimistic scenario more probable by the year 2016. The digital divide was discussed within the context of the future sociocultural systems described in the three scenarios and the recommendations.

The findings of this study include a) multiple definitions of the digital divide; b) descriptions of the forces perceived to be driving the digital divide; and, c) suggestions for future efforts to ameliorate the digital divide. A general discovery made by this study is that significant optimism exists that Washington State will build and maintain a more just and equitable sociocultural system in the future.
Book Reviews
Authors: Cordone Paolo G. , Parsons Rob , Dalgarno Glenn , Beaton Rory , Pickerill Jenny , Dorman Mark , Scott Peter , Butterly Andrew
Published: May 2013

None available.
Analysis of the Defacement of Indian Web Sites
Authors: Srijith K.N.
Published: May 2013

This paper analyses publicly available reports of defacements of Indian Web sites. The primary aim of the paper is to present the raw information available as understandable statistical details. It also discusses the trends in the defacement activities and tries to find out the motive behind the defacement activities.
Digitisation and Its Asian Discontents: The Internet, Politics and Hacking in China and Indonesia
Authors: Kloet Jeroen
Published: May 2013

Given its transnational character the Internet is often perceived as a technology that will challenge the frontiers of the nation-state. Asian governments, however, eagerly include the Internet in their policies, thereby inscribing this technology into the narrative of the nation-state. In this article I argue that such uses of the Internet to legitimise governments and their policies deserve as much attention as globalised movements that at times challenge such policies. More empirically grounded research - that moves beyond the utopian/dystopian, online/offline and virtual/real dichotomies - is important to grasp such contradictory uses of the Internet. Studies located outside the U.S. and Europe, the places that dominate Internet studies, will prove of crucial value in rethinking the roles of the Internet in society.
Book Reviews
Authors: Stoker Gill , Cordone Paolo G. , Scovell Robert , Larsen Svend , Greenspan Gideon
Published: May 2013

None available.
The Institutional Design of Open Source Programming: Implications for Addressing Complex Public Policy and Management Problems
Authors: Schweik Charles
Published: May 2013

Recently, an exciting approach to solving complex problems has evolved out of computer science, called Open Source programming. In open source software development settings, programmers freely share their intellectual property ? their readable programming source code ? over the Internet. Some open source endeavors have resulted in very complex, high-quality software products, of which the best-known are the Linux operating system and the Apache Web server. A great advantage of an Internet-based open source approach is its potential to achieve global collective action toward developing robust solutions to complex programming problems. This paper argues that open source has potential application beyond computer programming. Open source principles could potentially be applied to almost any intellectual endeavor, and may be a very important innovation toward harnessing global collaboration toward solving complex public policy and management problems.

Little research has been published outlining the details of how successful open source programming endeavors are achieved, such as how projects are initiated and organized over time, what rules for participation have been established, and how the methods for maintaining versions of new submissions have been managed. The institutional designs and management of open source projects could be critical for ensuring participants' willingness to collaborate and for recruiting new team members. This paper and the research program it describes, attempts to address this gap. It provides a summary of the "life cycle" of open source programming projects based on existing literature that is largely focused on high-profile open source projects like Linux and Apache Web Server. It then provides interim results from an on-going study of the institutional designs of open source programming projects. It concludes by presenting some examples of non-programming projects that are beginning to apply open source or licensing principles in areas outside of programming and by presenting an example of how these principles might be applied to complex problems beyond programming in the realm of environmental policy and management.
Digitizing Old Photographs for the Web
Authors: Garner Ruth , Gillingham Mark , Zhao Yong
Published: May 2013

In the last few years, both small family photo collections and huge library and museum collections have been digitized and made available on the Web. In this article, we discuss reasons for digitizing. We describe an ongoing project in which children and adults in a technology-oriented after-school program in rural Michigan are digitizing photographs for a local historical society.
Open Networks, Closed Regimes: The Impact of the Internet on Authoritarian Rule (Acknowledgements)
Authors: Kalathil Shanthi , Boas Taylor
Published: May 2013

None available
Open Networks, Closed Regimes: The Impact of the Internet on Authoritarian Rule (Chapter 1 The Conventional Wisdom: What Lies Beneath?)
Authors: Kalathil Shanthi , Boas Taylor
Published: May 2013

None available
Reconciling interiors: The screen as installation
Authors: Charlton James
Published: May 2013

In examining the failure of contemporary art to understand the relationship between the screen and the sculptural context in which it is seen,this paper critiques current notions of the screen and compares them to the spatial modalities of installation art.

Firstly identifying the screen as a product of parts ? the apparatus,the image and the space ? the essay draws together arguments presented by artists and theorists and exposes the strategies and assumptions that enable the viewer to experience the screen installation almost as a seamless whole.

It is argued that the spatial incompatibility of the screen and installation that effectively splits the viewer in two is reconciled in certain Net.Art projects, which bring both image and space together within one site specific frame that uses location as both content and context.
Free software: Some Brazilian translations
Authors: Pinheiro Alexandre , Cukierman Henrique
Published: May 2013

We examine two histories in this paper. First, we briefly look at a North American history, in which we look at the relationship of free software with the founding principles of democracy. Second, we examine recent Brazilian history, especially the most policy decision to adopt free software, affirming technological autonomy. Democratic ideals, defended by the free software movement, are transformed in Brazilian politics, leading both to further free software development and a stronger democracy.
Reducing transaction costs in information infrastructures using FLOSS
Authors: Brandão Marcus
Published: May 2013

Firms, or more generally, organizations, develop and become larger along time, using more and more computers to work. This growth in the number of computers leads to a growth of software use (operating systems and their applications, for example) and, as a result, to the growth in the number of software use/access licenses to be purchased and managed. For the owners of software intellectual property rights, this process leads to a greater supervision of users to regulate lawful access to software.

The situation occurs when all of the software used by an organization is proprietary. This results in some costs — transaction costs — that are not usually taken into account by administrators and managers. What happens if FLOSS is used? We will show that this choice leads to a reduction in transaction costs in terms of computation costs and in terms of the number of managed contracts, which can be numerically reduced by half.
Masculinity in the Eighteenth-Century Moravian Mission Field: Contact and Negotiation
Authors: Faull Katherine
Published: May 2013

Building on earlier work on the history of Moravian masculinity in the more urban centers of Euro-American activity and moving the focus of scrutiny to the mission field of Pennsylvania, this essay asks how the change of place and environment, both natural and cultural, might affect the notions and practices of Moravian masculinity. Through an examination of passages from the Shamokin mission diary, written between 1745 and 1755, the essay suggests that the place and ethos of Moravian life, even as it was conducted in a small mission deep in the backcountry, also revealed gender norms and behaviors that adhered not only to those of colonial Euro-Americans but also resonated with the practices and norms of masculinity found within the Native American cultures with which the Moravians interacted. The combination of Sifting Period language, bridal mysticism, and a stress on the visual provides Moravians and Native American people in the mid-century with more commonalities in the practices of masculinity than were later assumed in the New Republic.
Moravian Familiarities: Queer Community in the Moravian Church in Europe and North America in the Mid-Eighteenth Century
Authors: Miller Derrick R.
Published: May 2013

This article argues that mid-eighteenth-century Moravian religious discourse produced unique forms of self, desire, and community. It uses queer theory to reframe previous scholarship on Moravian masculinity, homoeroticism, marriage, and social structure in order to emphasize aspects of Moravian cultural difference that have been elided in such debates as whether Moravian men were effeminate and whether the choir was a threat to the family.
Evaluation of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry for Rapid Identification of Bacteria in Processed Soybean Products
Authors: Furukawa Yuko , Katase Mitsuru , Tsumura Kazunobu
Published: May 2013

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has recently been demonstrated as a rapid and reliable method for identifying bacteria in colonies grown on culture plates. Rapid identification of food spoilage bacteria is important for ensuring the quality and safety of food. To shorten the time of analysis, several researchers have proposed the direct MALDI-TOF MS tequnics for identification of bacteria in clinical samples such as urine and positive blood cultures. In this study, processed soybean products (total 26 test samples) were initially conducted a culture enrichiment step and bacterial cells were separated from interfering components. Harvested bacterial cells were determined by MALDI-TOF MS and 16S rRNA gene sequencing method. Six processed soybean products (23%) were increased bacterial cells after culture enrichiment step and they were sucessfully obtained the accurate identification results by MALDI-TOF MS-based method without colony formation.
Case Study on Logistics Performance
Authors: Sorooshian Shahryar , Jambulingam Manimekalai , Dodangeh Javad
Published: May 2013

The paper presents research carried out at a medium-size manufacturing organization in east Asia. The study tries to highlight the importance of supply chain management; specifically, our aim for this study is to understand logistics and performance measurement in the logistics and supply chain, and we include a theoretical discussion of online data collected and a case study of the logistic performance of a real organization. The study also examines the performance of the selected company, identifies the problems and provides recommendations for improvements. This study can be a guide for business advisers and those interested in analysing company performance, especially from a logistics viewpoint. We also suggest the methodology of this case study for those who want to have a better understanding of a business environment before starting their own business, or for benchmarking practice during strategic planning.
Complex Control Chart Interpretation
Authors: Noskievičová Darja
Published: May 2013

Identification of the assignable causes of process variability and the restriction and elimination of their influence are the main goals of statistical process control (SPC). Identification of these causes is associated with so called tests for special causes or runs tests. From the time of the formulation of the first set of such rules (Western Electric rules) several different sets have been created (Nelson rules, Boeing AQS rules, Trietsch rules). This paper deals with the comparison analysis of these sets of rules, their basic statistical properties and the mistakes accompanying their application using SW support. At the end of this paper some recommendations for the correct application of the runs tests are formulated.
Wind Corrections in Flight Path Planning
Authors: Selecký Martin , Váňa Petr , Rollo Milan , Meiser Tomáš
Published: May 2013

Abstract When operating autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in real environments it is necessary to deal with the effects of wind that causes the aircraft to drift in a certain direction. In such conditions it is hard or even impossible for UAVs with a bounded turning rate to follow certain trajectories. We designed a method based on an Accelerated A* algorithm that allows the trajectory planner to take the wind effects into account and to generate states that are reachable by UAV. This method was tested on hardware UAV and the reachability of its generated trajectories was compared to the trajectories computed by the original Accelerated A*.
Gene Transfer in the Liver Using Recombinant Adeno‐Associated Virus
Authors: Ahmed Seemin Seher , Li Jia , Godwin Jonathan , Gao Guangping , Zhong Li
Published: May 2013

Liver‐directed gene transfer and gene therapy are rapidly gaining attention primarily because the liver is centrally involved in a variety of metabolic functions that are affected in various inherited disorders. Recombinant adeno‐associated virus (rAAV) is a popular gene delivery vehicle for gene therapy, and intravenous delivery of some rAAV serotypes results in very efficient transduction in the liver. rAAV‐mediated gene transfer to the liver can be used to create somatic transgenic animals or disease models for studying the function of various genes and miRNAs. The liver is the target tissue for gene therapy of many inborn metabolic diseases and may also be exploited as a “biofactory” for production of coagulation factors, insulin, growth hormones, and other non‐hepatic proteins. Hence, efficient delivery of transgenes and small RNAs to the liver by rAAV vectors has been of long‐standing interest to research scientists and clinicians alike. This unit describes methods for delivery of rAAV vectors by several injection routes, followed by a range of analytical methods for assessing the expression, activity, and effects of the transgene and its product. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 29:14D.6.1‐14D.6.32. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Insertion of a GFP Reporter Gene in Influenza Virus
Authors: Perez Jasmine T. , García‐Sastre Adolfo , Manicassamy Balaji
Published: May 2013

The incorporation of a fluorescent reporter gene into a replication‐competent influenza A virus (IAV) has made it possible to trace IAV infection in vivo. This protocol describes the process of inserting a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter into the IAV genome using the established reverse genetics system. The strategy begins with the reorganization of segment eight of the IAV genome, during which the open reading frames of nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) and the nuclear export protein (NEP) are separated to allow for GFP fusion to the NS1 protein. The NS1, GFP, and NEP open reading frames (ORF) are then cloned into the IAV rescue system backbone. Upon construction of the GFP‐encoding segment eight rescue plasmid, recombinant NS1‐GFP influenza virus can be rescued via co‐transfection with the remaining seven rescue plasmids. The generated NS1‐GFP IAV can subsequently be used to visualize infected cells, both in vitro and in vivo. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 29:15G.4.1‐15G.4.16. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
H‐Doped Black Titania with Very High Solar Absorption and Excellent Photocatalysis Enhanced by Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance
Authors: Wang Zhou , Yang Chongyin , Lin Tianquan , Yin Hao , Chen Ping , Wan Dongyun , Xu Fangfang , Huang Fuqiang , Lin Jianhua , Xie Xiaoming , Jiang Mianheng
Published: May 2013

Black TiO2 attracts enormous attention due to its large solar absorption and induced excellent photocatalytic activity. Herein, a new approach assisted by hydrogen plasma to synthesize unique H‐doped black titania with a core/shell structure (TiO2@TiO2‐xHx) is presented, superior to the high H2‐pressure process (under 20 bar for five days). The black titania possesses the largest solar absorption (≈83%), far more than any other reported black titania (the record (high‐pressure): ≈30%). H doping is favorable to eliminate the recombination centers of light‐induced electrons and holes. High absorption and low recombination ensure the excellent photocatalytic activity for the black titania in the photo‐oxidation of organic molecules in water and the production of hydrogen. The H‐doped amorphous shell is proposed to play the same role as Ag or Pt loading on TiO2 nanocrystals, which induces the localized surface plasma resonance and black coloration. Photocatalytic water splitting and cleaning using TiO2‐xHx is believed to have a bright future for sustainable energy sources and cleaning environment.
An Efficient Route to 3‐Amidylindoles via a Palladium‐ Catalyzed Tandem Reaction of 2‐Alkynylanilines with Isocyanides
Authors: Qiu Guanyinsheng , Chen Chen , Yao Liangqing , Wu Jie
Published: May 2013

A palladium‐catalyzed reaction of 2‐alkynylaniline, isocyanides, and silver acetate is described, leading to 3‐amidylindoles in moderate to good yields. During the process, five new bonds are formed with high reaction efficiency in one‐pot procedure.
6p25 microdeletion: White matter abnormalities in an adult patient
Authors: Vernon Hilary J. , Bytyci Telegrafi Aida , Batista Denise , Owegi Margaret , Leigh Richard
Published: May 2013

We report on a 41‐year‐old woman of normal intelligence with a complicated past medical history including unilateral profound hearing loss, unilateral Axenfeld–Rieger anomaly, and leukoencephalopathy. She was referred to an adult neurology clinic because of a previous diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, which was non‐responsive to multiple medications. Due to her complicated past medical history, the medical genetics service was consulted. She was found to have a chromosome 6p25.3–6p25.2 deletion on SNP array. This report highlights chromosome 6p subtelomeric deletions as a possible underlying cause for periventricular white matter abnormalities in an adult. It emphasizes the importance of genetic testing in an adult with leukoencephalopathy and congenital anomalies. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
XY sex reversal, pontocerebellar hypoplasia and intellectual disability: Confirmation of a new syndrome
Authors: Siriwardena Komudi , Al‐Maawali Almundher , Guerin Andrea , Blaser Susan , Chitayat David
Published: May 2013

We report on a 46,XY female with pontocerebellar hypoplasia and intellectual disability. To our knowledge, this is the fourth reported patient with this constellation and further confirms a rare new syndrome. The condition is probably a single gene disorder with a currently unknown mode of inheritance. The causative gene is likely involved in the normal gonadal sex determination as well as the cerebral and cerebellar formation and function. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The inclusion of water with the injected aerosol reduces the simulated effectiveness of marine cloud brightening
Authors: Jenkins A. K. L. , Forster P. M.
Published: May 2013

Sea‐salt aerosols proposed for injection in marine cloud brightening geoengineering would likely result from evaporation of sea‐water droplets. Previous simulations have omitted this mechanism. Using the WRF/Chem model (Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry) in large‐eddy simulation mode, we find that droplet evaporation creates cold pools, suppressing initial aerosol plume heights by up to 30% (40 m). This lessens cloud albedo increases from 94.1 to 88.5% in our weakly‐precipitating case and from 4.3 to 1.4% for daytime injection into our nonprecipitating case (cloud albedo differences of 0.012 and 0.009, respectively). Inclusion of this effect in future modelling would allow increasingly realistic effectiveness estimates.
Indian summer monsoon drought 2009: role of aerosol and cloud microphysics
Authors: Hazra A. , Taraphdar S. , Halder M. , Pokhrel S. , Chaudhari H. S. , Salunke K. , Mukhopadhyay P. , Rao S. A.
Published: May 2013

Cloud dynamics played a fundamental role in defining Indian summer monsoon (ISM) rainfall during drought of 2009. The anomalously negative precipitation was consistent with cloud properties. Although, aerosols inhibited the growth of cloud effective radius in the background of sparse water vapor, their role is secondary. The primary role, however, is played by the interactive feedback between cloud microphysics and dynamics owing to reduced efficient cloud droplet growth, lesser latent heating release and shortage of water content. Cloud microphysical processes were instrumental for the occurrence of ISM drought 2009.
Research on benzene, toluene and dimethylbenzene detection based on a cataluminescence sensor
Authors: Sun Yan , Cao Xiaoan , Liu Yonghui , Wang Nijing , He Ruiwen
Published: May 2013

We present a sensitive and quick way to determine benzene, toluene and dimethylbenzene (BTEX) in air, applying a cataluminescence (CTL) sensor based on a nano‐sized composite material, γ‐Al2O3/PtO2. The factors that affect the sensor's performance were studied, including the sensing material, temperature, rate of air carrier and wavelength. It was shown that when Pt accounted for 0.2% of the sensing material, the rate of the air carrier that carries target gas was 450 mL/min, the determination wavelength was 400 nm and temperature was 236°C, this sensor showed the best CTL intensity to BTEX. In addition, the CTL intensity had a high linear relation with the concentration of BTEX, with a linear range from 0.5 to 100 mL/m3, and a detection limit 0.22 mL/m3. This nano‐sized material had a quick response within 1.5 s, short recovery time within 1 min and a long lifetime, showing good potential for a variety of applications. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectrofluorimetric analysis of gemifloxacin mesylate in pharmaceutical formulations
Authors: Al‐Tamimi Salma Ali , Alarfaj Nawal Ahmad , Aly Fatma Ahmed , Al‐Mohaimeed Amal Mohammed
Published: May 2013

A simple, rapid and highly sensitive spectrofluorimetric method was developed for determination of gemifloxacin mesylate (GFX) in tablets. The method is based on measuring the native fluorescence of GFX in isopropanol at 400 nm after excitation at 272 nm. The fluorescence–concentration plot was rectilinear over the range of 0.01–0.50 µg/mL with a lower detection limit of 1.19 ng/mL and quantification limit of 3.6 ng/mL. The method was fully validated and successfully applied to the determination of GFX tablets with an average percentage recovery of 99.65 ± 0.532. The method was extended to the stability study of GFX. The drug was exposed to acidic, alkaline, oxidative and photolytic degradation according to International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. The rate of GFX degradation was found at its highest in acidic conditions, and in its lowest in the neutral one. However, it was stable under dry heat and photolytic degradation conditions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HPAEC‐PAD method for the analysis of alkaline hydrolyzates of Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide
Authors: de Haan Alex , van der Put Robert M. F. , Beurret Michel
Published: May 2013

A gradient method has been devised for the rapid analysis of alkaline hydrolyzates of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) capsular polysaccharide‐based vaccines by high‐performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC‐PAD). As compared with published procedures, peak shape and sensitivity were significantly improved with this approach, analysis time was short and there was little interference from impurities. The limits of detection and quantification were established with a purified reference polysaccharide. We propose this method as a practical alternative for the analysis of minute amounts of Hib polysaccharide, which can be lower than with the conventional approaches. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of leakage from antibody adsorbent: composition analysis and pH effect
Authors: Zhao Lan , Liu Yongdong , Wang Yinjue , Huang Yongdong , Li Xiunan , Li Yan , Ma Guanghui , Su Zhiguo
Published: May 2013

To study the leakage at different solution pH values, IgG Sepharose 6FF®, a commercially available immunoadsorbent, was used as a model. The leaked substance consists of three parts: (1) ligands and its fragments; (2) ligands plus matrix fragments in which ligands are chemically attached to the adsorbent matrix; and (3) matrix fragments. Buffer solution pH values had a great effect on both the kinetics and the amount of ligand leakage. Cross‐linking of the adsorbent matrix could reduce both matrix leakage and antibody leakage at pH 3.0, but its effect was limited at pH 11.0 for ligand leakage. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Screening the Biosphere: The Fungicolous Fungus Trichoderma phellinicola, a Prolific Source of Hypophellins, New 17‐, 18‐, 19‐, and 20‐Residue Peptaibiotics
Authors: Röhrich Christian René , Iversen Anita , Jaklitsch Walter Michael , Voglmayr Hermann , Vilcinskas Andreas , Nielsen Kristian Fog , Thrane Ulf , von Döhren Hans , Brückner Hans , Degenkolb Thomas
Published: May 2013

To investigate the significance of antibiotics for the producing organism(s) in the natural habitat, we screened a specimen of the fungicolous fungus Trichoderma phellinicola (syn. Hypocrea phellinicola) growing on its natural host Phellinus ferruginosus. Results revealed that a particular group of non‐ribosomal antibiotic polypeptides, peptaibiotics, which contain the non‐proteinogenic marker amino acid, α‐aminoisobutyric acid, was biosynthesized in the natural habitat by the fungicolous producer and, consequently, released into the host. By means of liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray high‐resolution time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry, we detected ten 20‐residue peptaibols in the specimen. Sequences of peptaibiotics found in vivo were independently confirmed by analyzing the peptaibiome of an agar plate culture of T. phellinicola CBS 119283 (ex‐type) grown under laboratory conditions. Notably, this strain could be identified as a potent producer of 39 new 17‐, 18‐, and 19‐residue peptaibiotics, which display the same building scheme as the 20‐residue peptaibols found in the specimen. Two of the 19‐residue peptaibols are tentatively assigned to carry tyrosinol, a novel C‐terminal residue, as deduced from high‐resolution tandem mass‐spectrometry data. For the new peptaibiotics produced by T. phellinicola, the name ‘hypophellin(s)’, based on the teleomorph name, is introduced.
Unprecedented 17‐Residue Peptaibiotics Produced by Marine‐Derived Trichoderma atroviride
Authors: Carroux Angélique , Van Bohemen Anne‐Isaline , Roullier Catherine , Robiou du Pont Thibaut , Vansteelandt Marieke , Bondon Arnaud , Zalouk‐Vergnoux Aurore , Pouchus Yves François , Ruiz Nicolas
Published: May 2013

In the course of investigations on marine‐derived toxigenic fungi, five strains of Trichoderma atroviride were studied for their production of peptaibiotics. While these five strains were found to produce classical 19‐residue peptaibols, three of them exhibited unusual peptidic sodium‐adduct [M + 2 Na]2+ ion peaks at m/z between 824 and 854. The sequencing of these peptides led to two series of unprecedented 17‐residue peptaibiotics based on the model Ac‐XXX‐Ala‐Ala‐XXX‐XXX‐Gln‐Aib‐Aib‐Aib‐Ala/Ser‐Lxx‐Aib‐Pro‐XXX‐Aib‐Lxx‐[C129]. The C‐terminus of these new peptides was common to all of them, and its elemental formula C5H9N2O2 was established by HR‐MS. It could correspond to the cyclized form of Nδ‐hydroxyornithine which has already been observed at the C‐terminus of various peptidic siderophores. The comparison of the sequences of 17‐ and 19‐residue peptides showed similarities for positions 1–16. This observation seems to indicate a common biosynthesis pathway. Both new 17‐residue peptaibiotics and 19‐residue peptaibols exhibited weak in vitro cytotoxicities against KB cells.
Structural Characterization of the Short Peptaibols Trichobrachins by Molecular‐Dynamics Methods
Authors: Násztor Zoltán , Horváth János , Leitgeb Balázs
Published: May 2013

A structural characterization was carried out by molecular‐dynamics methods for eight trichobrachin peptides, to identify the conformational features of these short peptaibols. For all peptides, the backbone and side‐chain conformations were investigated, different secondary structures, such as type‐I and ‐III β‐turns as well as β‐bend ribbon spirals, were determined in certain tetrapeptide units of the molecules, and the preferred rotamers of the side chains of amino acids were identified. Furthermore, the end‐to‐end and residueresidue distances were examined, as well as the fluctuations of backbone atoms were studied. Based on these results, the peptides were compared to one another. Our theoretical study indicated that trichobrachins could be characterized by typical structural properties, and both conformational similarities and dissimilarities were observed between these peptaibols. In summary, this structural investigation supplied a characterization of the various conformational features of eight trichobrachin peptides.
Sequences of Metanicins, 20‐Residue Peptaibols from the Ascomycetous Fungus CBS 597.80
Authors: Kimonyo Anastase , Brückner Hans
Published: May 2013

Four linear 20‐residue peptaibols, named metanicins (MTCs) A–D, were isolated from submerged cultures of the ascomycetous fungus CBS 597.80. Structure elucidation was performed by a combination of fast‐atom‐bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB‐MS), electrospray ionization MS, Edman degradation of isolated fragments, and amino acid analysis by ion‐exchange and gas chromatography, and enantioselective HPLC. The sequences of MTC A(B) are (amino acid exchange in B and C in parentheses): Ac‐Aib‐Ala‐Aib‐Ala‐Aib‐Ala‐Gln‐Aib‐Val‐Aib‐Gly‐Leu‐Aib‐Pro‐Val‐Aib‐Aib(D‐Iva)‐Gln‐Gln‐Pheol and of MTC C(D) Ac‐Aib‐Ala‐Aib‐Ala‐Aib‐Ala‐Gln‐Aib‐Val‐Aib‐Gly‐Leu‐Aib‐Pro‐Val‐Aib‐Aib(D‐Iva)‐Gln‐Gln‐Pheol (Ac, acetyl; Aib, α‐aminoisobutyric acid; Iva, isovaline; Pheol, L‐phenylalaninol). The peptides are related, and some of the sequences are identical, to other 20‐residue peptaibols isolated from Trichoderma species. MTCs show moderate activities against Micrococcus luteus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus, and very low activities against Bacillus subtilis. The producer has originally been identified and deposited as Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae CBS 597.80. Although this identification has been withdrawn by Centralbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS) in the meantime, the accession number will be retained – independently from any taxonomic revisions.
The mechanisms of EGFR in the regulation of axon regeneration
Authors: Xu Ming‐Feng , Zhou Hui , Hu Chuan‐Yin , Liang Yan‐Qing , Hu Li , Chen Dong
Published: May 2013

To understand the relationship between epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and axon regeneration and the mechanisms of how EGFR regulates the neuronal intrinsic regenerative ability, we evaluated the levels of mRNA and protein of EGFR、total mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), p‐mTORSer2448, total Akt and p‐AktSer473 in rats of different developmental stage by using Western blot and real‐time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Axon protein tau and neuron proteins β‐tubulin/neurofilament (NF) were assessed to evaluate the extent of the axon regeneration in cultured neuron cells. Expressions of EGFR、total mTOR, p‐mTORSer2448, total Akt and p‐AktSer473 in cultured neuron cells were also detected using Western blot analysis. Our results showed that the expressions of EGFR and mTOR dropped off with the ageing of the rats, and Ser473 phosphorylation of Akt and Ser2448 phosphorylation of mTOR were highly expressed in foetal and newborn rats but decreased obviously in adult rats. tau, β‐tubulin and NF were upregulated when EGFR was overexpressed and down‐regulated after EGFR was blocked. The phosphorylation of mTOR and Akt was apparently elevated when EGFR was overexpressed and decreased when EGFR was blocked, which suggested that EGFR has the potential to regulate the neuronal intrinsic regeneration and mTOR and PI3K/Akt pathway activation may have an important role in it. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microfiltration Process for Continuous Removal of Solid Particles from Cold‐Rolling Emulsions
Authors: Wendler Barbara , Wolters Ralf , Stille Ulrich , Böttger Dieter
Published: May 2013

Microfiltration is used for treatment of rejected oil‐in‐water emulsions: mostly as end‐of‐pipe treatment for separation of oil and water. However, microfiltration for continuous cleaning of emulsions with removal of solid particles, but without removal of emulsified oil, is not an established process. The described research project aims for development of a continuous cleaning process based on microfiltration for removal of solid particles from cold‐rolling emulsions without removal of emulsified oil. The new cleaning process for emulsions can be advantageous compared with existing processes for removal of solid particles smaller than 10 μm.
Theoretical and Experimental Investigations of Flat Sheet Membrane Module Types for High Capacity Gas Separation Applications
Authors: Brinkmann Torsten , Pohlmann Jan , Withalm Ulrike , Wind Jan , Wolff Thorsten
Published: May 2013

Gas permeation is increasingly considered for high capacity applications. This contribution discusses the commonly employed membrane module types for flat sheet membranes and suggests a new module concept. The applications considered are the separation of CO2 from flue gas and hydrocarbon dewpointing of natural gas. Rigorous models for predicting the operating performance of the module types are described. Pilot plant experiments were conducted to validate the model for envelope type modules. Simulation studies were carried out to predict the performances of the different module types for the two examples and assess their advantages and disadvantages.
From molecules to processes: Molecular simulations applied to the design of simulated moving bed for ethane/ethylene separation
Authors: Granato Miguel Angelo , Martins Vanessa Duarte , Santos João Carlos , Jorge Miguel , Rodrigues Alírio Egídio
Published: May 2013

This paper presents results of a modelling study on the separation of ethane/ethylene mixture by selective adsorption on zeolite 13X in a simulated moving bed (SMB) unit. Propane and n‐butane are evaluated as desorbent candidates. The study encompasses molecular simulation calculations for determination of adsorption parameters, whose results will then be used in a mathematical model for evaluating the performance of an SMB unit. This work is entirely done in silico, by using available force field parameters for the molecular simulations part and reliable mathematical models for the SMB part. Experimental data are solely used for comparison with the molecular simulation results, which are subsequently expanded to calculate adsorption properties for separating the mixtures, without further experimental work. The separation regions of an SMB unit operating with zeolite 13X for ethane/ethylene separation, using propane and n‐butane as desorbents, were obtained by simulation at 110 kPa and at four different temperatures: 298, 323, 348 and 373 K. For each desorbent, an operating point was selected, and the size of the required unit was presented for the complete separation of the two components of the mixture.
Photoinduced Biphasic Hydrogen Evolution: Decamethylosmocene as a Light‐Driven Electron Donor
Authors: Ge Peiyu , Olaya Astrid J. , Scanlon Micheál D. , Hatay Patir Imren , Vrubel Heron , Girault Hubert H.
Published: May 2013

Excitation of the weak electron donor decamethylosmocene on illumination with white light produces an excited‐state species capable of reducing organically solubilized protons under biphasic conditions. Insight into the mechanism and kinetics of light‐driven biphasic hydrogen evolution are obtained by analysis with gas chromatography, cyclic voltammetry, and UV/Vis and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Formation of decamethylosmocenium hydride, which occurs prior to hydrogen evolution, is a rapid step relative to hydrogen release and takes place independently of light activation. Remarkably, hydride formation occurs with greater efficiency (ca. 90 % conversion) under biphasic conditions than when the reaction is carried out in an acidified single organic phase (ca. 20 % conversion). Cyclic voltammetry studies reveal that decamethylosmocene has a higher proton affinity than either decamethylferrocene or osmocene.
Untraceable dynamic‐identity‐based remote user authentication scheme with verifiable password update
Authors: Chang Ya‐Fen , Tai Wei‐Liang , Chang Hung‐Chin
Published: May 2013

People are always concerned about privacy. Techniques tracing specific user activities may damage privacy seriously. To protect user privacy, a dynamic‐identity‐based remote user authentication scheme will be proposed in this manuscript. This scheme employs smart cards to achieve mutual authentication, and no verifier table is needed. Via this scheme, transmitted identities are always fresh such that untraceability is ensured, and a user can change his or her password after being authenticated successfully. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Commentaries on ‘Home safety education and provision of safety equipment for injury prevention’
Authors: Russell Kelly , Morrongiello Barbara , Phelan Kieran J.
Published: May 2013

These are commentaries on a Cochrane review, published in the issue of EBCH, first published as: Kendrick D, Young B, Mason‐Jones AJ, Ilyas N, Achana FA, Cooper NJ, Hubbard SJ, Sutton AJ, Smith S, Wynn P, Mulvaney C, Watson MC, Coupland C. Home safety education and provision of safety equipment for injury prevention. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 9. Art. No.: CD005014. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005014.pub3.
Commentary on ‘Psychological therapies for the treatment of post‐traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents’
Authors: David Daniel , Dobrean Anca
Published: May 2013

This is commentary on a Cochrane review, published in the issue of EBCH, first published as: Gillie D, Taylor F, Gray C, O'Brien L, D'Abrew N. Psychological therapies for the treatment of post‐traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 12. Art. No.: CD006726. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006726.pub2.
Copper(I)–Cyanide Frameworks through Thermal or Photodecomposition of the Free Radical Diazo Initiator AIBN
Authors: Kaur Aman , Pintauer Tomislav
Published: May 2013

Thermal or photodecomposition of the classical free radical generating diazo reagent 2,2′‐azobis(2‐methylpropionitrile) (AIBN) was used as a source of cyanide anions in the synthesis of copper(I)–cyanide frameworks. The reported methodology utilizes the direct reduction of CuII(aa)(NN)X (aa = deprotonated amino acid, NN = bidentate nitrogen‐based ligand, X = Cl or Br) complexes by AIBN/ascorbic acid to yield seven novel coordination networks. Aromatic amines were directly incorporated into 1D CuI–CN chains. In the case of the aliphatic amine tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA), a 3D CuI–CN framework was obtained. This novel procedure is mild, applicable to a variety of nitrogen‐based ligands, and represents an efficient alternative to currently used hydrothermal or solvothermal methods.
Rare‐Earth‐Metal‐Promoted Hydroalumination
Authors: Schädle Christoph , Anwander Reiner
Published: May 2013

The capability of bis(trimethylsilyl)amidoalane to act as a hydride transfer reagent in organolanthanide chemistry was investigated by probing its reactivity toward alkylyttrium complexes. Reaction with Cp*2YMe(thf) led to the isolation of the bimetallic complex Cp*2Y(μ‐H)2Al(Me)[N(SiMe3)2] (Cp* = 1,2,3,4,5‐pentamethylcyclopentadiene), whereas reaction with [Cp*YMe2]3 gave MeAl[N(SiMe3)2]2 as the only isolable hydride transfer product. The dimeric complex [Cp*Y{N(SiMe3)2}(μ‐H)]2 represents one possible product of the aforementioned reaction that could be structurally characterized. The use of [YMe3]n as the alkylyttrium source led to the isolation of Y[N(SiMe3)2]3, which displays competition between amide and hydride transfer. Finally, the performance of Cp*2Y(μ‐H)2Al(Me)[N(SiMe3)2] and [YMe3]n in the hydroalumination of 1‐octene was tested, and these compounds represent the first rare‐earth metal catalysts for this transformation.