bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mesopic visual efficiency IV: a model with relevance to nighttime driving and other applications
Authors: Goodman T. , Forbes A. , Walkey H. , Eloholma M. , Halonen L. , Alferdinck J. , Freiding A. , Bodrogi P. , Várady G. , Szalmas A.
Published: November 2007

The authors represent a research consortium1 which has adopted a task performance based approach for nighttime driving to establish a system for photometry in the mesopic region. This article analyses the experimental investigations described in earlier articles on visual performance in the mesopic domain using reaction time, detection threshold, and discrimination threshold techniques. These results are used to develop a system for mesopic photometry, which balances the quality of the fit to the experimental data with the ease of practical implementation by the lighting industry. A more complex model is also described, which takes account of the chromatic visual response channels and thus provides a better fit to some of the experimental results (particularly those involving monochromatic stimuli), but describes the totality of the data less well and is furthermore less suitable for practical photometric measurements.
Intensive, Short-Term Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of OCD-Like Behavior With a Young Adult With Williams Syndrome
Authors: Klein-Tasman Bonita P. , Albano Anne Marie
Published: November 2007

In contrast to the application of applied behavior analysis principles in autism and developmental disorders, there is a general paucity of research examining effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral interventions with individuals with mental retardation and even less with mental retardation of a specific etiology. The authors present a case study of cognitive-behavioral treatment for emotional and behavioral difficulties in a young man with Williams syndrome, a genetic disorder characterized by developmental and psychosocial impairments. Following a functional assessment, an intensive intervention was designed and implemented to address social skills difficulties, obsessions, and compulsions. Results suggest that cognitive-behavioral interventions may be promising with this population. Obstacles encountered and lessons learned are discussed.
The Impact of a Culture-Sensitive Intake Assessment on the Treatment of a Depressed Biracial Child
Authors: Ecklund Kathryn , Brad Johnson W.
Published: November 2007

Cultural competence is a required skill set for all mental health professionals. The range of necessary skills is wide and can therefore be intimidating. However, mental health professionals need not be overwhelmed by the scope of diversity competence in practice. Through presentation of a case involving treatment of an 11-year-old, depressed biracial female, this article demonstrates how a culturally competent assessment forms the basis for culturally competent case conceptualization and treatment. The authors suggest that the professional can begin to transform knowledge and awareness into competent practices by developing culturally competent intake assessment skills. Culture-sensitive assessment techniques increase the probability that the professional will find implementation of culturally competent treatment reasonable and attainable.
The Potential Role of Dependency in the Weaning Process: The Case of a 57-Year-Old Woman Connected to a Mechanical Ventilator
Authors: Ayalon Liat
Published: November 2007

Weaning from the mechanical ventilator is considered a difficult task, with the majority of patients remaining permanently connected to the machine. This case report demonstrates the role of dependency and denial as important factors in the weaning process from the mechanical ventilator. Supportive psychotherapy and relaxation training were provided to Rebecca (pseudonym), a 57-year-old woman connected to the mechanical ventilator. After numerous failures to wean, it was decided that Rebecca would leave the rehabilitation hospital to an assisted-living facility, connected to the mechanical ventilator. However, following a repeated discussion of Rebecca's prognosis and discharge plans, Rebecca weaned off the mechanical ventilation and made “a miraculous recovery” within days. This case study demonstrates the significant role that psychological factors play in the patient's ability to wean off the mechanical ventilator. Integrating psychology and medicine can result in better health care outcomes.
Temperature effects on metabolic rate of juvenile Pacific bluefin tunaThunnus orientalis
Authors: Blank Jason M. , Morrissette Jeffery M. , Farwell Charles J. , Price Matthew , Schallert Robert J. , Block Barbara A.
Published: November 2007

Pacific bluefin tuna inhabit a wide range of thermal environments across the Pacific ocean. To examine how metabolism varies across this thermal range,we studied the effect of ambient water temperature on metabolic rate of juvenile Pacific bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, swimming in a swim tunnel. Rate of oxygen consumption(ṀO2) was measured at ambient temperatures of 8–25°C and swimming speeds of 0.75–1.75 body lengths (BL) s–1. Pacific bluefin swimming at 1 BL s–1 per second exhibited a U-shaped curve of metabolic rate vs ambient temperature, with a thermal minimum zone between 15°C to 20°C. Minimum ṀO2 of 175±29 mg kg–1 h–1 was recorded at 15°C, while both cold and warm temperatures resulted in increased metabolic rates of 331±62 mg kg–1 h–1at 8°C and 256±19 mg kg–1 h–1 at 25°C. Tailbeat frequencies were negatively correlated with ambient temperature. Additional experiments indicated that the increase in ṀO2 at low temperature occurred only at low swimming speeds. Ambient water temperature data from electronic tags implanted in wild fish indicate that Pacific bluefin of similar size to the experimental fish used in the swim tunnel spend most of their time in ambient temperatures in the metabolic thermal minimum zone.
Relationships among running performance, aerobic physiology and organ mass in male Mongolian gerbils
Authors: Chappell Mark A. , Garland Theodore , Robertson Geoff F. , Saltzman Wendy
Published: November 2007

Relationships among individual variation in exercise capacity, resting metabolism and morphology may offer insights into the mechanistic basis of whole-animal performance, including possible performance trade-offs (e.g. burst versus sustainable exercise, resting `maintenance' costs versus maximal power output). Although there have been several studies of correlations between performance, metabolism and morphology in fish, birds and squamate reptiles, relatively little work has been done with mammals. We measured several aspects of forced and voluntary locomotor performance in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus), along with minimal and maximal aerobic metabolic rates and organ sizes (mainly visceral organs and the musculoskeletal system). Maximal sprint and aerobic speeds and maximal oxygen consumption(V̇O2max) during forced exercise were similar to those of other small rodents; basal metabolic rate was below allometric predictions. At all tested speeds, voluntary running had a lower energy cost than forced treadmill running, due primarily to a higher zero-speed intercept of the speed-versus-power (oxygen consumption) relationship during forced running. Incremental costs of transport (slopes of speed-versus-power regressions) were slightly higher during voluntary exercise. Few of the correlations among performance variables, or between performance and organ morphology, were statistically significant. These results are consistent with many other studies that found weak correlations between organismal performance (e.g. V̇O2max) and putatively relevant subordinate traits, thus supporting the idea that some components within a functional system may exhibit excess capacity at various points in the evolutionary history of a population, while others constitute limiting factors.
The role of visual and mechanosensory cues in structuring forward flight inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Budick Seth A. , Reiser Michael B. , Dickinson Michael H.
Published: November 2007

It has long been known that many flying insects use visual cues to orient with respect to the wind and to control their groundspeed in the face of varying wind conditions. Much less explored has been the role of mechanosensory cues in orienting insects relative to the ambient air. Here we show that Drosophila melanogaster, magnetically tethered so as to be able to rotate about their yaw axis, are able to detect and orient into a wind, as would be experienced during forward flight. Further, this behavior is velocity dependent and is likely subserved, at least in part, by the Johnston's organs, chordotonal organs in the antennae also involved in near-field sound detection. These wind-mediated responses may help to explain how flies are able to fly forward despite visual responses that might otherwise inhibit this behavior. Expanding visual stimuli, such as are encountered during forward flight, are the most potent aversive visual cues known for D. melanogaster flying in a tethered paradigm. Accordingly,tethered flies strongly orient towards a focus of contraction, a problematic situation for any animal attempting to fly forward. We show in this study that wind stimuli, transduced via mechanosensory means, can compensate for the aversion to visual expansion and thus may help to explain how these animals are indeed able to maintain forward flight.
Anatomical basis of lingual hydrostatic deformation
Authors: Gilbert Richard J. , Napadow Vitaly J. , Gaige Terry A. , Wedeen Van J.
Published: November 2007

The mammalian tongue is believed to fall into a class of organs known as muscular hydrostats, organs for which muscle contraction both generates and provides the skeletal support for motion. We propose that the myoarchitecture of the tongue, consisting of intricate arrays of muscular fibers, forms the structural basis for hydrostatic deformation. Owing to the fact that maximal diffusion of the ubiquitous water molecule occurs orthogonal to the short axis of most fiber-type cells, diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)measurements can be used to derive information regarding 3-D fiber orientation in situ. Image data obtained in this manner suggest that the tongue consists of a complex juxtaposition of muscle fibers oriented in orthogonal arrays, which provide the basis for multidirectional contraction and isovolemic deformation. From a mechanical perspective, the lingual tissue may be considered as set of continuous coupled units of compression and expansion from which 3-D strain maps may be derived. Such functional data demonstrate that during physiological movements, such as protrusion, bending and swallowing, hydrostatic deformation occurs via synergistic contractions of orthogonally aligned intrinsic and extrinsic fibers. Lingual deformation can thus be represented in terms of models demonstrating that synergistic contraction of fibers at orthogonal or near-orthogonal directions to each other is a necessary condition for volume-conserving deformation. Evidence is provided in support of the supposition that hydrostatic deformation is based on the contraction of orthogonally aligned intramural fibers functioning as a mechanical continuum.
Phylogenetic comparative analysis of electric communication signals in ghost knifefishes (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae)
Authors: Turner Cameron R. , Derylo Maksymilian , de Santana C. David , Alves-Gomes José A. , Smith G. Troy
Published: November 2007

Electrocommunication signals in electric fish are diverse, easily recorded and have well-characterized neural control. Two signal features, the frequency and waveform of the electric organ discharge (EOD), vary widely across species. Modulations of the EOD (i.e. chirps and gradual frequency rises) also function as active communication signals during social interactions, but they have been studied in relatively few species. We compared the electrocommunication signals of 13 species in the largest gymnotiform family,Apteronotidae. Playback stimuli were used to elicit chirps and rises. We analyzed EOD frequency and waveform and the production and structure of chirps and rises. Species diversity in these signals was characterized with discriminant function analyses, and correlations between signal parameters were tested with phylogenetic comparative methods. Signals varied markedly across species and even between congeners and populations of the same species. Chirps and EODs were particularly evolutionarily labile, whereas rises differed little across species. Although all chirp parameters contributed to species differences in these signals, chirp amplitude modulation, frequency modulation (FM) and duration were particularly diverse. Within this diversity,however, interspecific correlations between chirp parameters suggest that mechanistic trade-offs may shape some aspects of signal evolution. In particular, a consistent trade-off between FM and EOD amplitude during chirps is likely to have influenced the evolution of chirp structure. These patterns suggest that functional or mechanistic linkages between signal parameters(e.g. the inability of electromotor neurons increase their firing rates without a loss of synchrony or amplitude of action potentials) constrain the evolution of signal structure.
Chromatic organization of cone photoreceptors in the retina of rainbow trout: single cones irreversibly switch from UV (SWS1) to blue (SWS2) light sensitive opsin during natural development
Authors: Cheng Christiana L. , Flamarique Iñigo Novales
Published: November 2007

The retinas of salmonid fishes have single and double cones arranged in square to row formations termed mosaics. The square mosaic unit is formed by four double cones that make the sides of the square with a single (centre)cone in the middle, and a single (corner) cone at each corner of the square when present. Previous research using coho salmon-derived riboprobes on four species of anadromous Pacific salmon has shown that all single cones express a SWS1 (UV sensitive) visual pigment protein (opsin) at hatching, and that these cones switch to a SWS2 (blue light sensitive) opsin during the juvenile period. Whether this opsin switch applies to non-anadromous species, like the rainbow trout, is under debate as species-specific riboprobes have not been used to study opsin expression during development of a trout. As well, a postulated recovery of SWS1 opsin expression in the retina of adult rainbow trout, perhaps via a reverse process to that occurring in the juvenile, has not been investigated. Here, we used in situhybridization with species-specific riboprobes and microspectrophotometry on rainbow trout retina to show that: (1) single cones in the juvenile switch opsin expression from SWS1 to SWS2, (2) this switch is not reversed in the adult, i.e. all single cones in the main retina continue to express SWS2 opsin, and (3) opsin switches do not occur in double cones: each member expresses one opsin, maximally sensitive to green (RH2) or red (LWS) light. The opsin switch in the single cones of salmonid fishes may be a general process of chromatic organization that occurs during retinal development of most vertebrates.
The autonomic control and functional significance of the changes in heart rate associated with air breathing in the jeju,Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus
Authors: McKenzie D. J. , Campbell H. A. , Taylor E. W. , Micheli M. , Rantin F. T. , Abe A. S.
Published: November 2007

The jeju is a teleost fish with bimodal respiration that utilizes a modified swim bladder as an air-breathing organ (ABO). Like all air-breathing fish studied to date, jeju exhibit pronounced changes in heart rate(fH) during air-breathing events, and it is believed that these may facilitate oxygen uptake (MO2) from the ABO. The current study employed power spectral analysis (PSA) of fH patterns, coupled with instantaneous respirometry, to investigate the autonomic control of these phenomena and their functional significance for the efficacy of air breathing. The jeju obtained less than 5%of total MO2(MtO2) from air breathing in normoxia at 26°C, and PSA of beat-to-beat variability in fHrevealed a pattern similar to that of unimodal water-breathing fish. In deep aquatic hypoxia (water PO2=1 kPa) the jeju increased the frequency of air breathing (fAB) tenfold and maintained MtO2 unchanged from normoxia. This was associated with a significant increase in heart rate variability (HRV),each air breath (AB) being preceded by a brief bradycardia and then followed by a brief tachycardia. These fH changes are qualitatively similar to those associated with breathing in unimodal air-breathing vertebrates. Within 20 heartbeats after the AB, however, a beat-to-beat variability in fH typical of water-breathing fish was re-established. Pharmacological blockade revealed that both adrenergic and cholinergic tone increased simultaneously prior to each AB, and then decreased after it. However, modulation of inhibitory cholinergic tone was responsible for the major proportion of HRV, including the precise beat-to-beat modulation of fH around each AB. Pharmacological blockade of all variations in fH associated with air breathing in deep hypoxia did not, however, have a significant effect upon fAB or the regulation of MtO2. Thus, the functional significance of the profound HRV during air breathing remains a mystery.
The flexural stiffness of superficial neuromasts in the zebrafish(Danio rerio) lateral line
Authors: McHenry Matthew J. , van Netten Sietse M.
Published: November 2007

Superficial neuromasts are structures that detect water flow on the surface of the body of fish and amphibians. As a component of the lateral line system,these receptors are distributed along the body, where they sense flow patterns that mediate a wide variety of behaviors. Their ability to detect flow is governed by their structural properties, yet the micromechanics of superficial neuromasts are not well understood. The aim of this study was to examine these mechanics in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae by measuring the flexural stiffness of individual neuromasts. Each neuromast possesses a gelatinous cupula that is anchored to hair cells by kinocilia. Using quasi-static bending tests of the proximal region of the cupula, we found that flexural stiffness is proportional to the number of hair cells, and consequently the number of kinocilia, within a neuromast. From this relationship, the flexural stiffness of an individual kinocilium was found to be 2.4×10–20 N m2. Using this value, we estimate that the 11 kinocilia in an average cupula generate more than four-fifths of the total flexural stiffness in the proximal region. The relatively minor contribution of the cupular matrix may be attributed to its highly compliant material composition (Young's modulus of ∼21 Pa). The distal tip of the cupula is entirely composed of this material and is consequently predicted to be at least an order of magnitude more flexible than the proximal region. These findings suggest that the transduction of flow by a superficial neuromast depends on structural dynamics that are dominated by the number and height of kinocilia.
Predator detection inLymnaea stagnalis
Authors: Orr Michael V. , El-Bekai Malik , Lui Melissa , Watson Katrina , Lukowiak Ken
Published: November 2007

Laboratory-reared Lymnaea are capable of detecting and responding to the scent of a crayfish predator. The present investigation is a first attempt to characterize multiple stress-related behavioural responses resulting from predator detection and to depict the neurophysiological correlates of one of these illustrated behaviours. Snails respond to crayfish effluent (CE) by increasing the following behaviours: aerial respiration,exploratory/searching phase and sensitivity to the shadow-elicited full-body withdrawal response. In contrast, when snails detect CE they decrease both their righting response time when dislodged from the substratum and their basal cutaneous oxygen consumption. Interestingly, basal heart rate does not change in response to CE exposure. Finally, we directly measured the activity of the neuron that initiates aerial respiratory behaviour, RPeD1, in semi-intact preparations. Naïve snails exposed to CE prior to recording demonstrated both a significantly reduced spontaneous firing rate and fewer bouts of bursting activity compared with non-exposed snails. These data show that laboratory-reared Lymnaea that have never experienced a natural predator are still capable of detecting and responding to the presence of a historically sympatric predator. These data open a new avenue of research,which may allow a direct investigation from the behavioural to the neuronal level as to how an ecologically relevant stressful stimulus alters behaviour.
A neural network based sliding mode controller for active vehicle suspension
Authors: Huang S-J , Lin W-C
Published: November 2007

Hydraulic and pneumatic components are widely used in vehicle semi-active or active suspension systems. These dynamic systems have certain non-linear and time-varying behaviours. It is difficult to establish an appropriate dynamic model for model-based controller design. Here, a novel neural network based sliding mode control is proposed by combining the advantages of the adaptive, radial basis function neural network and sliding mode control strategies to release the model information requirement. It has online learning ability for handling the system time-varying and non-linear uncertainty behaviours by adjusting the neural network weightings and/or radial basis function parameters. It is implemented on a quarter-car hydraulic active suspension system. The minimum number of radial basis functions required for this neural network is 5. The experimental results show that this intelligent control approach effectively suppresses the oscillation amplitude of sprung mass in response to road surface disturbances.
Optimal brake torque distribution for a four-wheeldrive hybrid electric vehicle stability enhancement
Authors: Kim D-H , Kim J-M , Hwang S-H , Kim H-S
Published: November 2007

Vehicle stability control logic for a four-wheel-drive hybrid electric vehicle is proposed using the regenerative braking of the rear motor and an electrohydraulic brake (EHB). To obtain the optimal brake torque distribution between the regenerative braking and the EHB torque, a genetic algorithm is used. The genetic algorithm calculates the optimal regenerative braking torque and the optimal EHB torque for the given inputs of the desired yaw moment and road friction coefficient. Based on the optimal brake torque distribution, the vehicle stability control logic proposed generates the desired direct yaw moment to compensate the errors of the side-slip angle and yaw rate by a fuzzy control algorithm corresponding to the driver's steering angle and vehicle velocity. Performance of the vehicle stability control logic is evaluated by comparison of the fixed regenerative braking and the optimal regenerative braking for a single lane change manoeuvre. It is found from the simulation results that the optimal regenerative braking is able to provide the increased recuperation energy compared with the fixed regenerative braking while satisfying the vehicle stability.
Intake and in-cylinder flowfield modelling of a four-valve diesel engine
Authors: Micklow G J , Gong W-D
Published: November 2007

A three-dimensional unsteady turbulent compressible Navier-Stokes solver, KIVA3V, was utilized in the present study to investigate the intake and in-cylinder flowfield of a four-valve direct injection compression ignition engine. Successful modelling of internal combustion engine configurations is highly dependent upon the generation of a quality grid with the correct boundary conditions. The preprocessor of the KIVA3V computer code, K3PREP, was improved, and a complete grid for a four-valve/cylinder single-cylinder caterpillar diesel test engine, CAT3401, was generated. The complete grid consisted of four moving valves, two intake ports, two exhaust ports, and the port runners. Predicted global in-cylinder flow quantities were compared against experimental data. It was found that the intake process was well modelled by KIVA3V with this complete grid. It was also found that important complex flow structures are developed during the intake stroke. While many of these structures decay during the compression stroke, swirl and tumble can survive. The effect of increased swirl ratio at the end of the compression stroke for the CAT3401 engine with a piston bowl is clearly observed in this study. This is important for aiding in good fuel spray atomization. The formation, development, and break-up of tumble flow are seen, contributing to an increase in turbulent kinetic energy at the end of the compression stroke. Other researchers have substantiated this phenomenon for this type of engine flow. The complete engine flowfield, i.e. the inlet jet, pressure variation in the intake runner and ports, and formation of swirl in the intake ports, is also clearly shown in the prediction. The homogeneity of the in-cylinder flow characteristics and temperature field is also studied. Results of these simulations aid in the improved understanding of the intake process and its influence on direct injection compression ignition engine flowfields.
Damage diagnosis in drive-lines using response-based optimization
Authors: Srinivas J , Murthy B S N , Yang S H
Published: November 2007

This paper proposes an inverse vibration analysis approach for the prediction of element level damage in automobile drive-lines. The time-domain response signatures available along the drive-line at a known engine excitation are employed to predict the location and extent of damage. Damage signatures are expressed in terms of unknown element stiffness reduction coefficients and are evaluated by minimizing a residual force at every time instant. The residual objective function is minimized using genetic algorithms, and unknown stiffness reduction coefficients corresponding to the current state of response are predicted. The methodology is illustrated with torsional vibration response data obtained from finite element simulation.
An investigation of the wind-induced rolling moment on a commercial vehicle in the atmospheric boundary layer
Authors: Quinn A D , Sterling M , Robertson A P , Baker C J
Published: November 2007

Full-scale measurements were undertaken on a commercial vehicle in the atmospheric boundary layer in order to establish the variation in rolling moment coefficient with yaw angle. Both moving and stationary experiments were undertaken and it is shown that for the purposes of the current analysis it is sufficient to neglect the motion of the vehicle. Two approaches were used to determine the rolling moment on a stationary vehicle: direct measurement using load cells, and indirect measurement obtained from the integration of vehicle surface pressures. Results obtained using both methods are shown to agree within acceptable limits. The aerodynamic admittance of the rolling moment was also investigated and is shown to be a function of the yaw angle. Furthermore, the importance of the lateral velocity component on the aerodynamic admittance is illustrated. Finally, the peak values of the rolling moments are evaluated and are found to illustrate non-Gaussian behaviour.
The effect of two different kinds of vegetable oil on combustion and emission characteristics of a vehicle dimethyl ether engine
Authors: Wang Y , Zhou L B
Published: November 2007

Dimethyl ether (DME) is one of the promising fuels for a compression ignition engine. However, pure DME cannot be used on internal combustion engines directly owing to its low viscosity and poor lubricity. Experimental investigation of the performance of a DME engine with two different kinds of vegetable oil is carried out. Results prove that a certain proportion of rapeseed oil or castor oil dissolves well in DME fuel at the engine's normal operating condition. The lubricity of DME fuel can be improved by adding a proportion of vegetable oil to it, and the plunger surface of the fuel pump has no large wear scars. Also the plunger surface of the fuel pump with DME-rapeseed oil is a little smoother than that with DME-castor oil. The power outputs of a DME engine with these two kinds of vegetable oil are comparable with that of a diesel engine and even exceed that of a diesel engine at low speeds and loads. However, the power output of the engine with DME-castor oil is a little lower than that with DME-rapeseed oil. Smokeless combustion can be realized in a DME engine with these two kinds of vegetable oil, and NO x emission is about 40 per cent of that of a diesel engine. The peak pressure of a DME engine with these two kinds of vegetable oil is lower than that of a diesel engine, which indicates lower noise and ballistic load. Furthermore, the peak cylinder pressure for DME-castor oil operation is a little lower than that for DME-rapeseed oil operation. Experiments prove not only that the drawback of low viscosity and poor lubricity of DME fuel can be overcome but also that high efficiency and clean and low-noise combustion can be realized with the addition of vegetable oil to a DME engine.
Heat release and heat flux in a spray-guided direct-injection gasoline engine
Authors: Wang X , Price P , Stone C R , Richardson D
Published: November 2007

Heat flux measurement and pressure-based heat release analysis have been performed on a spray-guided direct-injection spark-ignition single-cylinder research engine. A two-dimensional model of the heat flux sensor has been used to calculate the heat flux from the measured surface temperature. The effects of the ignition timing, air-fuel ratio, and mixture preparation on the engine heat flux and heat release have been investigated at a specific operating condition. An engine thermodynamic simulation code has been used to predict the gas-to-wall heat transfer using different heat transfer correlations. It was found that both the heat release rate and the heat flux are strongly influenced by ignition timing and air-fuel ratio. The results also show that late direct injection has a faster initial burn rate even compared with the plenum injection mode. The modelled heat transfer has been compared with the measured results and a modified Woschni correlation has been proposed.
Rényi entropy-based generalized statistical moments for early fatigue defect detection of rolling-element bearing
Authors: Tao B , Zhu L , Ding H , Xiong Y
Published: November 2007

Statistical moments have been widely used for condition monitoring and diagnosis of rolling-element bearings. However, lower moments are less sensitive to incipient faults, whereas higher moments are over-sensitive to spurious vibrations and noise. Hence, the statistical moments used in practice are limited to kurtosis and third normalized moment of rectified data, i.e. Honarvar third moment Sr. In order to overcome the drawbacks of kurtosis and Sr, a class of new diagnostic indices have been derived from the viewpoint of Rényi entropy, to characterize the vibration signature. These new indices can be treated as a generalization of the traditional statistical moments, of which kurtosis and Sr are just two special cases. Numerical simulations and experiments have been conducted. The results show that these new indices are as effective as kurtosis and Sr in detecting the defect of a bearing, and that some of the new indices could provide a better compromise performance than kurtosis and Sr with respect to the sensitivity and the robustness.
Hate Crime as a Moral Category: Lessons From the Snowtown Case
Authors: Mason Gail
Published: November 2007

Hate crime is more than a legal category. It is also a moral category that promotes tolerance and respect over prejudice. In so doing, the concept of hate crime makes a claim for social justice on behalf of those groups disadvantaged by racism, homophobia, anti-Semitism and so on. This article argues that one of the means via which the concept of hate crime does this is to generate certain forms of ‘emotional thinking’ among the general public, such as compassion for victims and contempt or disgust for perpetrators. The question of whether a given criminal event will be labelled and constructed as a hate crime is thus not simply a matter of whether it meets the minimal definitional requirements. It is also dependent upon the capacity of those who claim victim status to engender forms of emotional thinking that encourage others to see them as the undeserving victims of prejudice, that is, as ‘ideal’ victims. This argument is grounded in a recent empirical study of the Snowtown murders in South Australia. Despite the emergence of a strong ‘hatred as motive’ theme in the legal arena, the murders have never been publicly labelled as hate crime. The article argues that images of deep moral failure on the part of the victims (not just the perpetrators) precluded them from engendering forms of emotional thinking that are essential if the concept of hate crime is to function as a moral category.
Relevant Others in Restorative Practices for Minors: For What Purposes?
Authors: Bradt Lieve , Vettenburg Nicole , Roose Rudi
Published: November 2007

This article starts from the finding that (1) in spite of the numerous publications on restorative justice, relevant others have been a limited research topic and (2) when reference is made to relevant others, their presence is almost automatically assumed to be positive. However, the prevailing penal climate that seems to be focusing on the responsibilisation of offenders, makes us question why such importance is attached to these relevant others. Combining the information deduced from restorative justice literature and three studies, the authors conclude that some criticism of restorative justice, such as offender orientation, instrumentalisation and responsibilisation, needs to be examined at the level of relevant others too, and that it is time to breach the obviousness with which they are almost automatically involved, regardless of possible pitfalls.
Changes in Scholarly Influence in Major International Criminology Journals
Authors: Cohn Ellen G. , Farrington David P.
Published: November 2007

Changes in scholarly influence in four major international journals of the English-speaking world (ANZ, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology; BJC, British Journal of Criminology; CJC, Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice; CRIM, Criminology) were measured by determining the most cited scholars in 1996 to 2000 and comparing them with the most cited scholars in 1991 to 1995 and 1986 to 1990.The number of cited authors increased by nearly 40% between 1986 to 1990 and 1996 to 2000. The most cited scholars in 1996 to 2000 were John Braithwaite in ANZ, Ken Pease in BJC, Julian V. Roberts in CJC and Robert J. Sampson in CRIM. The most cited works of the most cited authors showed that some scholars were specialized, because they had a large number of citations of one or two seminal works, usually books, and often theoretical in nature. Other scholars were versatile, because they had many different works cited a few times each. Between 1986 to 1990 and 1996 to 2000, the citations of American scholars in the other three journals decreased. Citations in the four journals in 2005 were also counted and compared with citations in 2000, 1995 and 1990. John Braithwaite was highly cited in all four journals in 11 of the 16 possible years.
The effect of B-vitamins on biochemical bone turnover markers and bone mineral density in osteoporotic patients: a 1-year double blind placebo controlled trial
Authors: Herrmann Markus , Umanskaya Natalia , Traber Lydia , Schmidt-Gayk Heinrich , Menke Wolfgang , Lanzer Gerd , Lenhart Markus , Peter Schmidt Johannes , Herrmann Wolfgang
Published: November 2007

Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:1785–92.
Hyperhomocysteinemia and high-density lipoprotein metabolism in cardiovascular disease
Authors: Liao Dan , Yang Xiaofeng , Wang Hong
Published: November 2007

Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is a significant and independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the underlying mechanism is unclear. We and others have reported that homocysteine (Hcy) is inversely correlated with plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apolipoprotein AI (apoA-I) in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). We confirmed this negative correlation in mice with targeted deletions of the genes for apolipoprotein E (apoE) and cystathionine β-synthase (CBS). Severe HHcy (plasma Hcy 210 μmol/L) accelerates spontaneous arthrosclerosis in the CBS

Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:1652–9.
Spin‐Based Optical Quantum Information Processing
Authors: Pazy Ehoud
Published: November 2007

We shall present a review of semiconductor spin‐based implementation schemes for the realization of quantum information/computation solid‐state devices. After briefly describing the fundamentals of quantum computation theory, we shall introduce and discuss potential implementation schemes based on the spin degrees of freedom in semiconductor nanostructures. More specifically, we shall describe an implementation scheme for quantum information processing in which the spin degrees of freedom of electrons confined to a quantum dot are the computational degrees of freedom, and spins are manipulated/controlled through interaction between trionic states created by interband optical transitions by ultrafast sequences of multicolor laser pulses. We will also review briefly an adiabatic method for operating the two‐qubit gate that avoids the main imperfections present in real quantum dots: exciton decay, hole mixing, and phonon decoherence.
Spin Polarization in Single Spin Experiments on Defects in Diamond
Authors: Popa Iulian , Gaebel Thorsten , Neumann Philipp , Jelezko Fedor , Wrachtrup Joerg
Published: November 2007

Generation of pure spin states is an important step towards coherent control of single spin systems. Especially for nitrogen‐vacancy defects in diamond, where readout of single spins using optical detection is available, fast initialization of spin is significant in the context of quantum computing applications. In this system the spin polarization is caused by an intersystem crossing process via the meta‐stable singlet state 1A. The slowest relaxation rate is the intersystem to the triplet ground‐state 3A on a timescale of 400 ns. The intersystem crossing process mainly populates the ms = 0 spin sublevels of the paramagnetic ground state. Although no direct nuclear spin polarization is seen for low magnetic fields, frequency selective microwave pulses can be used to transfer electron spin polarization to 13C nuclear spin states.
Recombination Processes in Nanoparticles of II‐Mn‐VI Compounds—Magnetic Resonance Study
Authors: Godlewski Marek , Yatsunenko Sergiy , Ivanov Vitaly Yu.
Published: November 2007

We apply magnetic resonances (electron spin resonance and optically detected magnetic resonance) for evaluation of efficiency of spin‐dependent interactions between Mn ions and Mn ions and free carriers. These investigations were performed to determine mechanism(s) responsible for the significant shortening of the photoluminescence decay time observed for Mn2+ intra‐shell emission in nanoparticles of wide band gap II‐VI compounds (ZnS and CdS). We demonstrate high efficiency of spin‐dependent interactions with free ions, which lead to relaxation of spin selection rules for intra‐shell emission.
Duas décadas de pesquisa em tuberculose no Brasil: estado da arte das publicações científicas
Authors: Kritski Afrânio Lineu , Villa Tereza Scatena , Trajman Anete , Lapa e Silva José Roberto , Medronho Roberto A. , Ruffino-Netto Antonio
Published: November 2007

A tendência das publicações brasileiras em tuberculose referente ao período de foi analisada no período 1986 a 2006. Esta análise incluiu dissertações e teses registradas da Capes e artigos indexados na base de dados Medline e no SciELO. A seleção das publicações foi realizada por busca pela palavra "tuberculose" e instituições brasileiras a que se afiliavam os autores. A análise mostrou inicialmente publicações do tipo relatos de caso e revisões, e posteriormente artigos originais em ciência, tecnologia e inovação científica. Estas mudanças podem refletir o incremento das atividades de pesquisa nas instituições acadêmicas e novas atitudes relativas aos objetivos da pesquisa em tuberculose nos últimos anos. Embora muitas teses tenham utilizado metodologia qualitativa, poucos artigos nessa modalidade foram encontrados, possivelmente refletindo a orientação quantitativa das revistas. Discutem-se pesquisa quantitativa versus qualitativa e educação versus pesquisa, assim como políticas públicas e estratégias para incluir a pesquisa como instrumento de controle das doenças. Sugere-se a utilização da mesma metodologia para analisar as tendências da pesquisa em outras doenças negligenciadas.
Tendência da mortalidade por tuberculose no Brasil, 1980 a 2004
Authors: Bierrenbach Ana Luiza , Duarte Elisabeth Carmen , Gomes Adriana Bacelar Ferreira , Souza Maria de Fátima Marinho de
Published: November 2007

OBJETIVO: Analisar o perfil atual e as tendências da mortalidade por tuberculose no Brasil, de 1980 a 2004. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo de tuberculose como causa básica ou associada de óbito do Brasil. Foram utilizados dados secundários do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade. RESULTADOS: Houve redução inconstante do número e da taxa de mortalidade por tuberculose ao longo do período estudado, de 5,8 em 1980 para 2,8 por 100 mil habitantes, em 2004. Foi observada redução acentuada da mortalidade até 1985, mais evidente nos estados do Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo. Houve tendência de aumento da mortalidade por tuberculose em idades mais avançadas. Em 2004, foram notificados no Brasil 4.981 óbitos por tuberculose como causa básica, valor que aumentaria para 50% se fossem incluídos os óbitos por tuberculose como causa associada e por seqüela de tuberculose como causa básica. Em 2004, as maiores taxas padronizadas foram dos estados de Pernambuco (5,4) e Rio de Janeiro (5,0), e das capitais Recife (7,7) e Belém (5,8). CONCLUSÕES: Dada a conhecida associação entre tuberculose e Aids, a influência da epidemia de Aids reflete indiretamente nas tendências de mortalidade de tuberculose.
Tuberculose multirresistente no Brasil: histórico e medidas de controle
Authors: Dalcolmo Margareth Pretti , Andrade Mônica Kramer de Noronha , Picon Pedro Dornelles
Published: November 2007

O objetivo do artigo foi analisar o controle da tuberculose multirresistente no Brasil, com base nas experiências de instituições de referência e dos principais estudos de determinação das taxas locais e nacionais de resistência. Foram consideradas as medidas de controle e a situação atual de diagnóstico e tratamento, a partir da implementação das diretrizes nacionais, revisadas em 2004. O primeiro inquérito nacional de resistência aos medicamentos anti-tuberculose foi realizado em meados da década de 1990. A partir de seus resultados, foi validado e adotado um regime terapêutico nacional para todos os casos de tuberculose multirresistente. Medidas governamentais possibilitaram a implementação de um sistema de vigilância epidemiológica, cujos resultados também são comentados.
Representações sociais da tuberculose: estigma e preconceito
Authors: Pôrto Ângela
Published: November 2007

Analisam-se as representações sociais da tuberculose na passagem do século XIX para o XX, focalizando aspectos associados aos sentimentos e manifestações contraditórios despertados pela doença. O padrão romantizado de experiência da doença foi substituído por uma visão mais naturalista, embora reforcem-se os estigmas e preconceitos. Ainda hoje é possível detectar alguns aspectos sobre o modo de percepção da tuberculose que marcaram sua vivência no passado. A persistência da estigmatização da tuberculose e do tuberculoso constitui um sério entrave no controle da doença atualmente.
Retrospecto do controle da tuberculose no Brasil
Authors: Hijjar Miguel Aiub , Gerhardt Germano , Teixeira Gilmário M , Procópio Maria José
Published: November 2007

O objetivo do trabalho foi fazer um retrospecto da ação das medidas de controle da tuberculose no Brasil, desde o final do século XIX, abrangendo a história das lutas sociais e destacando instituições e figuras humanas dedicadas a buscar soluções para esses problemas. As respostas brasileiras à tuberculose iniciaram-se na sociedade com as Ligas Contra a Tuberculose, difundindo avanços científicos, como a vacinação BCG, iniciada em 1927. Do poder público, a Inspetoria de Profilaxia da TB (1920), o Serviço Nacional de Tuberculose (1940), e a da Campanha Nacional Contra a Tuberculose (1946), coordenaram políticas nacionais como a da quimioterapia, iniciada com a descoberta da estreptomicina, em 1944. O surgimento da resistência bacteriana levou ao desenvolvimento de vários esquemas terapêuticos. O esquema I (rifampicina, hidrazida e pirazinamida), o principal de 1979 e ainda em uso, teve grande impacto epidemiológico. Em 1993, a OMS declarou a tuberculose em emergência mundial. Como resposta, o Brasil elaborou suas estratégias; a primeira foi o Plano Emergencial para Controle da Tuberculose (1994), com priorização de 230 municípios. Como perspectiva aponta-se a efetiva municipalização das ações e sua maior integração aos Programas de Agentes Comunitários e Saúde da Família.
Vacina BCG contra tuberculose: efeito protetor e políticas de vacinação
Authors: Pereira Susan M , Dantas Odimariles Maria Souza , Ximenes Ricardo , Barreto Mauricio L
Published: November 2007

OBJETIVO: A vacina BCG é utilizada desde 1921, embora ainda apresente controvérsias e aspectos não esclarecidos. O objetivo do artigo foi analisar aspectos relacionados ao efeito protetor da primeira e segunda doses da vacina BCG e as políticas de vacinação adotadas. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada revisão sistemática da literatura publicada em inglês e espanhol, abrangendo o período compreendido entre 1948 e 2006, na base PubMed. Os principais descritores utilizados foram BCG vaccine, BCG efficacy, BCG e tuberculosis. Os estudos foram agrupados por tipo de desenho, apresentando-se separadamente os principais resultados de ensaios clínicos, estudos de caso-controle e metanálises. RESULTADOS: O efeito protetor da primeira dose da vacina BCG contra a tuberculose na forma miliar ou na meningite é elevado. No entanto, os resultados são discordantes em relação à forma pulmonar, variando de ausência de efeito a níveis próximos a 80%. Estão sendo conduzidas pesquisas sobre novas vacinas candidatas a substituir a BCG ou serem utilizadas como reforço. CONCLUSÕES: Há evidências de que a segunda dose da BCG não aumenta o seu efeito protetor. Apesar de seus limites e da expectativa futura de nova vacina para tuberculose, a vacina BCG mantém-se como importante instrumento no controle dos efeitos danosos da doença, sobretudo em países com taxas de incidência médias e elevadas.
Tuberculose e infecção pelo HIV no Brasil: magnitude do problema e estratégias para o controle
Authors: Jamal Leda Fátima , Moherdaui Fábio
Published: November 2007

O objetivo do artigo foi propor, a partir da análise da situação e da interação entre a tuberculose e a Aids, estratégias que minimizem o impacto epidemiológico de uma doença sobre a outra no Brasil. Analisa-se a maneira como políticas de saúde para o controle da epidemia de HIV/Aids - como acesso aos anti-retrovirais, campanhas para o conhecimento precoce da infecção pelo HIV e adesão ao tratamento - impactam as metas de controle da tuberculose. Discutem-se também a implementação de ações para prevenção do aparecimento de tuberculose no indivíduo infectado com HIV, detecção precoce da tuberculose-doença e garantia de adesão ao tratamento. São feitas considerações sobre o papel que o Brasil pode desempenhar no cenário global de desenvolvimento de arsenal terapêutico e a necessidade de trabalho articulado das áreas programáticas de tuberculose e de HIV/Aids.