bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Oxidative Stress, Antioxidant Profile and Acid–base Status in Preterm and Term Canine Neonates
Authors: Vannucchi CI , Kishi D , Regazzi FM , Silva LCG , Veiga GAL , Angrimani DSR , Lucio CF , Nichi M
Published: January 2015

Contents

During the initiation of neonatal pulmonary respiration, there is an exponential increase in reactive oxygen species that must be scavenged by antioxidant defences. However, neonate and preterm newborns are known to possess immature antioxidant mechanisms to neutralize these toxic effects. The purposes of this study were to compare the development of antioxidant system between preterm and term canine neonates and to evaluate the magnitude of acid–base balance during the initial 4 h of life. A prospective study was conducted involving 18 neonatal puppies assigned to Term Group (63 days of gestation; n = 5), Preterm‐57 Group (57 days of gestation; n = 8) and Preterm‐55 Group (55 days of gestation; n = 5). Neonates were physically examined through Apgar score and venous haemogasometry within 5 min, 2 and 4 h after birth. No difference on amniotic fluid and serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and the marker of oxidative stress (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TBARS) was verified. Irrespective of prematurity, all neonates presented low vitality, hypothermia, acidosis, hypoxaemia and hypercapnia at birth. However, term puppies clinically evolved more rapidly than preterm newborns. During the course of the study, premature neonates presented more severe complications, such as prolonged hypoxaemia and even death. In conclusion, premature puppies have no signs of immature enzymatic mechanisms for controlling oxidative stress, although SOD and GPx may participate in achieving acid–base balance. Aside from initial unremarkable symptoms, premature puppies should be carefully followed up, as they are at high risk of succumbing to odds of prematurity.
Shallow frontal deformation related to active continental subduction: structure and recent stresses in the westernmost Betic Cordillera
Authors: González‐Castillo Lourdes , Galindo‐Zaldívar Jesús , Pedrera Antonio , Martínez‐Moreno Francisco José , Ruano Patricia
Published: January 2015

The westernmost Betic Cordillera front is located along the arcuate alpine belt formed by the interaction of the Eurasian‐African plate boundary and the Alboran continental domain in between. Although classical geological data suggest that the western Cordillera front is inactive, recent GPS data show a westward–north‐westward motion of up to 3.4 mm a−1 with respect to the foreland. In addition, the increasing thickness of Guadalquivir sedimentary infill towards the Cordillera, and the rectilinear character of the front formed by soft sediments, suggest that the Cordillera is still active. Large ENE–WSW‐oriented open folds detected in the field, seismic reflection profiles and new audiomagnetotellurics data are consistent with active deformation. Fracture analysis in Quaternary deposits evidences recent NW–SE horizontal compression. The GPS motion and maximum stress orientation may be due to north‐westward tectonic collision of the westernmost Betic Cordillera, accommodated at depth by active continental subduction of the Iberian lithosphere.
Association between malaria exposure and Kaposi's sarcoma‐associated herpes virus seropositivity in Uganda
Authors: Nalwoga Angela , Cose Stephen , Wakeham Katie , Miley Wendell , Ndibazza Juliet , Drakeley Christopher , Elliott Alison , Whitby Denise , Newton Robert
Published: January 2015

Objective

Unlike other herpes viruses, Kaposi's sarcoma‐associated herpes virus (KSHV) is not ubiquitous worldwide and is most prevalent in sub‐Saharan Africa. The reasons for this are unclear. As part of a wider investigation of factors that facilitate transmission in Uganda, a high prevalence country, we examined the association between antimalaria antibodies and seropositivity against KSHV.

Methods

Antibodies against P. falciparum merozoite surface protein (PfMSP)‐1, P. falciparum apical membrane antigen (PfAMA)‐1 and KSHV antigens (ORF73 and K8.1) were measured in samples from 1164 mothers and 1227 children.

Results

Kaposi's sarcoma‐associated herpes virus seroprevalence was 69% among mothers and 15% children. Among mothers, KSHV seroprevalence increased with malaria antibody titres: from 60% to 82% and from 54% to 77%, comparing those with the lowest and highest titres for PfMSP‐1 and PfAMA‐1, respectively (P < 0.0001). Among children, only antibodies to PfAMA‐1 were significantly associated with KSHV seropositivity, (P < 0.0001). In both mothers and children, anti‐ORF73 antibodies were more strongly associated with malaria antibodies than anti‐K8.1 antibodies.

Conclusion

The association between malaria exposure and KSHV seropositivity suggests that malaria is a cofactor for KSHV infection or reactivation.
LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN (LBD)10 interacts with SIDECAR POLLEN/LBD27 to control pollen development in Arabidopsis
Authors: Kim Min‐Jung , Kim Mirim , Lee Mi Rha , Park Soon Ki , Kim Jungmook
Published: January 2015

During male gametophyte development in Arabidopsis thaliana, the microspores undergo an asymmetric division to produce a vegetative cell and a generative cell, which undergoes a second division to give rise to two sperm cells. SIDECAR POLLEN/LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN (LBD) 27 plays a key role in the asymmetric division of microspores. Here we provide molecular genetic evidence that a combinatorial role of LBD10 with LBD27 is crucial for male gametophyte development in Arabidopsis. Expression analysis, genetic transmission and pollen viability assays, and pollen development analysis demonstrated that LBD10 plays a role in the male gametophyte function primarily at germ cell mitosis. In the mature pollen of lbd10 and lbd10 expressing a dominant negative version of LBD10, LBD10:SRDX, aberrant microspores such as bicellular and smaller tricellular pollen appeared at a ratio of 10–15% with a correspondingly decreased ratio of normal tricellular pollen, whereas in lbd27 mutants, 70% of the pollen was aborted. All pollen in the lbd10 lbd27 double mutants was aborted and severely shrivelled compared with that of the single mutants, indicating that LBD10 and LBD27 are essential for pollen development. Gene expression and subcellular localization analyses of LBD10:GFP and LBD27:RFP during pollen development indicated that posttranscriptional and/or posttranslational controls are involved in differential accumulation and subcellular localization of LBD10 and LBD27 during pollen development, which may contribute in part to combinatorial and distinct roles of LBD10 with LBD27 in microspore development. In addition, we showed that LBD10 and LBD27 interact to form a heterodimer for nuclear localization.
Nature and post‐conflict violence: water management under the Communist Party of Kampuchea, 1975–1979
Authors: Tyner James A , Will Rachel
Published: January 2015

Between 1975 and 1979 approximately two million people died in Cambodia. Whereas most literature has focused on the ‘direct’ killing associated with torture and execution, we focus on the structures of violence that contributed to the death of men, women and children through famine‐related causes. Accordingly, this paper sits at the intersection of three bodies of literature: water management policies, post‐conflict reconstruction and political violence. Through a case study of Democratic Kampuchea, we first add to contemporary research that has destabilised the dichotomy between ‘conflict’ and ‘post‐conflict’, by showing how post‐conflict societies are not necessarily free from violence: indeed post‐conflict policies of state rebuilding may establish structures that engender widespread violence. Second, we provide a variation on ‘environmental violence’. In contrast to previous literature, we consider how environmental management policies contribute to violence in a post‐conflict setting rather than focus on environmental degradation following conflict. Third, and more narrowly, we provide a transformative understanding of the Cambodian ‘genocide’. Together, we argue that Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK) water management was a key component of a larger post‐conflict reconstruction effort of Democratic Kampuchea's leadership. Agricultural surplus production was essential, but the CPK understood that increases in agricultural productivity were impossible without a systematic water management strategy. The imposition of post‐conflict policies would manifest in the death of millions, but not because CPK policies were unplanned or unorganised. Rather, the remarkable death toll that ensued was just the opposite; it was the result of a highly organised attempt to reconstruct Cambodia.
A Continuous Desingularized Source Distribution Method Describing Wave–Body Interactions of a Large Amplitude Oscillatory Body
Authors: Feng Aichun , Chen Zhi-Min , Price W. G.
Published: January 2015

A Rankine source method with a continuous desingularized free surface source panel distribution is developed to solve numerically a wave–body interaction problem with nonlinear boundary conditions. A body undergoes forced oscillatory motion in a free water surface and the variation of wetted body surface is captured by a regridding process. Free surface sources are placed in continuous panels, rather than points in isolation, over the calm water surface, with free surface collocation points placed on the calm water surface. Nonlinear kinematic and dynamic free surface boundary conditions along the collocation points on the calm water surface are solved in a time domain simulation based on a Lagrange time dependent formulation. Compared with isolated desingularized source points distribution methods, a significantly reduced number of free surface collocation points with sparse distribution are utilized in the present numerical computation. The numerical scheme of study is shown to be computationally efficient and the accuracy of numerical solutions is compared with traditional numerical methods as well as measurements.
Data consistency conditions for truncated fanbeam and parallel projections
Authors: Clackdoyle Rolf , Desbat Laurent
Published: January 2015

Purpose:

In image reconstruction from projections, data consistency conditions (DCCs) are mathematical relationships that express the overlap of information between ideal projections. DCCs have been incorporated in image reconstruction procedures for positron emission tomography, single photon emission computed tomography, and x‐ray computed tomography (CT). Building on published fanbeam DCCs for nontruncated projections along a line, the authors recently announced new DCCs that can be applied to truncated parallel projections in classical (two‐dimensional) image reconstruction. These DCCs take the form of polynomial expressions for a weighted backprojection of the projections. The purpose of this work was to present the new DCCs for truncated parallel projections, to extend these conditions to truncated fanbeam projections on a circular trajectory, to verify the conditions with numerical examples, and to present a model of how DCCs could be applied with a toy problem in patient motion estimation with truncated projections.

Methods:

A mathematical derivation of the new parallel DCCs was performed by substituting the underlying imaging equation into the mathematical expression for the weighted backprojection and demonstrating the resulting polynomial form. This DCC result was extended to fanbeam projections by a substitution of parallel to fanbeam variables. Ideal fanbeam projections of a simple mathematical phantom were simulated and the DCCs for these projections were evaluated by fitting polynomials to the weighted backprojection. For the motion estimation problem, a parametrized motion was simulated using a dynamic version of the mathematical phantom, and both noiseless and noisy fanbeam projections were simulated for a full circular trajectory. The fanbeam DCCs were applied to extract the motion parameters, which allowed the motion contamination to be removed from the projections. A reconstruction was performed from the corrected projections.

Results:

The mathematical derivation revealed the anticipated polynomial behavior. The conversion to fanbeam variables led to a straight‐forward weighted fanbeam backprojection which yielded the same function and therefore the same polynomial behavior as occurred in the parallel case. Plots of the numerically calculated DCCs showed polynomial behavior visually indistinguishable from the fitted polynomials. For the motion estimation problem, the motion parameters were satisfactorily recovered and ten times more accurately for the noise‐free case. The reconstructed images showed that only a faint trace of the motion blur was still visible after correction from the noisy motion‐contaminated projections.

Conclusions:

New DCCs have been established for fanbeam and parallel projections, and these conditions have been validated using numerical experiments with truncated projections. It has been shown how these DCCs could be applied to extract parameters of unwanted physical effects in tomographic imaging, even with truncated projections.
Maximal Aerobic Capacity in the Winter-Olympics Endurance Disciplines: Olympic-Medal Benchmarks for the Time Period 1990–2013
Authors: Tønnessen Espen , Haugen Thomas A. , Hem Erlend , Leirstein Svein , Seiler Stephen
Published: January 2015

Purpose:

To generate updated Olympic-medal benchmarks for V̇O2max in winter endurance disciplines, examine possible differences in V̇O2max between medalists and nonmedalists, and calculate gender difference in V̇O2max based on a homogeneous subset of world-leading endurance athletes.

Methods:

The authors identified 111 athletes who participated in winter Olympic Games/World Championships in the period 1990 to 2013. All identified athletes tested V̇O2max at the Norwegian Olympic Training Center within ±1 y of their championship performance. Testing procedures were consistent throughout the entire period.

Results:

For medal-winning athletes, the following relative V̇O2max values (mean:95% confidence intervals) for men/women were observed (mL · min–1 · kg–1): 84:87-81/72:77-68 for cross-country distance skiing, 78:81-75/68:73-64 for cross-country sprint skiing, 81:84-78/67:73-61 for biathlon, and 77:80-75 for Nordic combined (men only). Similar benchmarks for absolute V̇O2max (L/min) in male/female athletes are 6.4:6.1-6.7/4.3:4.1-4.5 for cross-country distance skiers, 6.3:5.8-6.8/4.0:3.7-4.3 for cross-country sprint skiers, 6.2:5.7-6.4/4.0:3.7-4.3 for biathletes, and 5.3:5.0-5.5 for Nordic combined (men only). The difference in relative V̇O2max between medalists and nonmedalists was large for Nordic combined, moderate for cross-country distance and biathlon, and small/trivial for the other disciplines. Corresponding differences in absolute V̇O2max were small/trivial for all disciplines. Male cross-country medalists achieve 15% higher relative V̇O2max than corresponding women.

Conclusions:

This study provides updated benchmark V̇O2max values for Olympic-medal-level performance in winter endurance disciplines and can serve as a guideline of the requirements for future elite athletes.
The Effectiveness of a Functional Knee Brace on Joint-Position Sense in Anterior Cruciate Ligament–Reconstructed Individuals
Authors: Sugimoto Dai , LeBlanc Jessica C. , Wooley Sarah E. , Micheli Lyle J. , Kramer Dennis E.
Published: January 2015

It is estimated that approximately 350,000 individuals undergo anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery in each year in the US. Although ACL-reconstruction surgery and postoperative rehabilitation are successfully completed, deficits in postural control remain prevalent in ACL-reconstructed individuals. In order to assist the lack of balance ability and reduce the risk of retear of the reconstructed ACL, physicians often provide a functional knee brace on the patients’ return to physical activity. However, it is not known whether use of the functional knee brace enhances knee-joint position sense in individuals with ACL reconstruction. Thus, the effect of a functional knee brace on knee-joint position sense in an ACL-reconstructed population needs be critically appraised. After systematically review of previously published literature, 3 studies that investigated the effect of a functional knee brace in ACL-reconstructed individuals using joint-position-sense measures were found. They were rated as level 2b evidence in the Centre of Evidence Based Medicine Level of Evidence chart. Synthesis of the reviewed studies indicated inconsistent evidence of a functional knee brace on joint-position improvement after ACL reconstruction. More research is needed to provide sufficient evidence on the effect of a functional knee brace on joint-position sense after ACL reconstruction. Future studies need to measure joint-position sense in closed-kinetic-chain fashion since ACL injury usually occurs under weight-bearing conditions.
Smoke and fire over e-cigarettes
Authors: Fairchild Amy L. , Bayer Ronald
Published: January 2015

As nations adopt regulatory measures for e-cigarettes, it is imperative to understand how approaches to risk, cost-benefit, and trade-offs have shaped interpretations of evidence
Hard-wired for good?
The Altruistic Brain: How We Are Naturally Good
Donald W. Pfaff
Oxford University Press, 2014. 305 pp.
Authors: Waal Frans B. M. de
Published: January 2015

Prosocial behavior has a long history in the brain
Comet close-up reveals a world of surprises
Authors: Hand Eric
Published: January 2015

Diverse landscape of 67P suggests an unexpectedly complicated origin.
Surveys reveal state of Afghan population
Authors: Hvistendahl Mara
Published: January 2015

From fertility to mortality, new data will help guide aid efforts.
Subsurface properties and early activity of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
Authors: Gulkis Samuel , Allen Mark , von Allmen Paul , Beaudin Gerard , Biver Nicolas , Bockelée-Morvan Dominique , Choukroun Mathieu , Crovisier Jacques , Davidsson Björn J. R. , Encrenaz Pierre , Encrenaz Therese , Frerking Margaret , Hartogh Paul , Hofstadter Mark , Ip Wing-Huen , Janssen Michael , Jarchow Christopher , Keihm Stephen , Lee Seungwon , Lellouch Emmanuel , Leyrat Cedric , Rezac Ladislav , Schloerb F. Peter , Spilker Thomas
Published: January 2015

Heat transport and ice sublimation in comets are interrelated processes reflecting properties acquired at the time of formation and during subsequent evolution. The Microwave Instrument on the Rosetta Orbiter (MIRO) acquired maps of the subsurface temperature of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, at 1.6 mm and 0.5 mm wavelengths, and spectra of water vapor. The total H
2
O production rate varied from 0.3 kg s
–1
in early June 2014 to 1.2 kg s
–1
in late August and showed periodic variations related to nucleus rotation and shape. Water outgassing was localized to the “neck” region of the comet. Subsurface temperatures showed seasonal and diurnal variations, which indicated that the submillimeter radiation originated at depths comparable to the diurnal thermal skin depth. A low thermal inertia (~10 to 50 J K
–1
m
–2
s
–0.5
), consistent with a thermally insulating powdered surface, is inferred.
Rethink the Nicaragua Canal
Authors: Huete-Perez Jorge A. , Meyer Axel , Alvarez Pedro J.
Published: January 2015

At the end of 2014, construction began on the Grand Canal in Nicaragua, a project shrouded in secrecy since its inception 2.5 years ago. The Nicaraguan government showed scant evidence of having accounted for the impact on the environment and on local residents, or of having adequately consulted the public in selecting the final 278-km route. Such disregard should be alarming to everyone. Projects of this magnitude warrant dialogue among all stakeholders. As construction is projected to span 5 years, there is still time to reconsider it and convene independent assessments and meetings that are transparent, inclusive, and respectful of different perspectives, to guide the project toward the best outcome.
Evaluation of the Vitros Syphilis TPA Chemiluminescence Immunoassay as a First-Line Method for Reverse Syphilis Screening
Authors: González Victoria , Fernández Gema , Dopico Eva , Margall Nuria , Esperalba Juliana , Muñoz Carme , Castro Elisabeth , Sulleiro Elena , Matas Lurdes
Published: January 2015

We report here the results of the diagnostic performances of Vitros Syphilis TPA (a chemiluminescence treponemal assay) compared with those of two treponemal enzyme immunoassays and of traditional versus reverse syphilis algorithms. Ease of use, automation, and high throughput make the Vitros Syphilis TPA assay a good choice for syphilis screening in high-volume laboratories.
A Pilot Evaluation of External Quality Assessment of GenoType MTBDR
plus
Versions 1 and 2 Using Dried Culture Spot Material
Authors: Gous N. , Isherwood L. E. , David A. , Stevens W. , Scott L. E.
Published: January 2015

Dried culture spots (DCS) of inactivated
Mycobacteria strains
designed as part of an external quality assessment (EQA) program for the GeneXpert system has applications to other molecular tuberculosis (TB) diagnostic platforms. DCS tested on the GenoType MTBDR
plus
and
Mycobacterium
CM assays performed well with MTBDR
plus
version 2 but require increased bacterial concentration for use with version 1.
Use of the Optum Labs Data Warehouse To Assess Test Ordering Patterns for Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Infection in the United States
Authors: Theel Elitza S. , Johnson Ryan D. , Plumhoff Elizabeth , Hanson Curtis A.
Published: January 2015

We surveyed national
Helicobacter pylori
diagnostic testing practices and diagnoses using commercial and Medicare medical claims data from Optum Labs (Cambridge, MA). Serologic testing for antibodies to
H. pylori
remains the most commonly ordered diagnostic test despite recent expert recommendations. Changes in reimbursement for serologic testing will likely drive future provider ordering practices.
Clinical Evaluation of the OneStep Gonorrhea RapiCard InstaTest for Detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Symptomatic Patients from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Authors: Abbai N. S. , Moodley P. , Reddy T. , Zondi T. G. , Rambaran S. , Naidoo K. , Ramjee G.
Published: January 2015

We evaluated a point-of-care test for the detection of
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
in patients attending a public health clinic in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The test showed a low sensitivity against PCR and culture (<40%); however, a higher specificity was observed (>95%). This test is unsuitable as a screening tool for gonorrhea.
Tom70 Mediates Sendai Virus-Induced Apoptosis on Mitochondria
Authors: Wei Bo , Cui Ye , Huang Yuefeng , Liu Heng , Li Lin , Li Mi , Ruan Kang-Cheng , Zhou Qin , Wang Chen
Published: January 2015

Virus infection triggers immediate innate immune responses. Apoptosis represents another effective means to restrict virus invasion, besides robust expression of host cytokines and chemokines. IRF3 was recently demonstrated to be indispensable for Sendai virus (SeV)-induced apoptosis, but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Here we report that a dynamic protein complex, Tom70/Hsp90/IRF3/Bax, mediates SeV-induced apoptosis. The cytosolic proapoptotic protein Bax interacts specifically with IRF3 upon virus infection. The mitochondrial outer membrane protein Tom70 recruits IRF3 to mitochondria via Hsp90. Consequently, the relocation of Bax onto mitochondria induces the leakage of cytochrome
c
into the cytosol and initiates the corresponding apoptosis. Interestingly, IKK-i is essential for this apoptosis, whereas TBK1 is dispensable. Collectively, our study characterizes a novel protein complex that is important for SeV-induced apoptosis.

IMPORTANCE
Apoptosis is an effective means of sacrificing virus-infected cells and restraining the spread of virus. In this study, we demonstrate that IRF3 associates with Bax upon virus infection. Tom70 recruits this protein complex to the mitochondrial outer membrane through Hsp90, which thus induces the release of cytochrome
c
into the cytosol, initiating virus-induced apoptosis. Interestingly, IKK-i plays an essential role in this activation. This study uncovers a novel mechanism of SeV-induced apoptosis.
A Novel Humanized Antibody Neutralizes H5N1 Influenza Virus via Two Different Mechanisms
Authors: Tan Yunrui , Ng Qingyong , Jia Qiang , Kwang Jimmy , He Fang
Published: January 2015

Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 continues to be a severe threat to public health, as well as the poultry industry, because of its high lethality and antigenic drift rate. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) can serve as a useful tool for preventing, treating, and detecting H5N1. In the present study, humanized H5 antibody 8A8 was developed from a murine H5 MAb. Both the humanized and mouse MAbs presented positive activity in hemagglutination inhibition (HI), virus neutralization, and immunofluorescence assays against a wide range of H5N1 strains. Interestingly, both human and murine 8A8 antibodies were able to detect H5 in Western blot assays under reducing conditions. Further, by sequencing of escape mutants, the conformational epitope of 8A8 was found to be located within the receptor binding domain (RBD) of H5. The linear epitope of 8A8 was identified by Western blotting of overlapping fragments and substitution mutant forms of HA1. Reverse genetic H5N1 strains with individual mutations in either the conformational or the linear epitope were generated and characterized in a series of assays, including HI, postattachment, and cell-cell fusion inhibition assays. The results indicate that for 8A8, virus neutralization mediated by RBD blocking relies on the conformational epitope while binding to the linear epitope contributes to the neutralization by inhibiting membrane fusion. Taken together, the results of this study show that a novel humanized H5 MAb binds to two types of epitopes on HA, leading to virus neutralization via two mechanisms.

IMPORTANCE
Recurrence of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 in humans and poultry continues to be a serious public health concern. Preventive and therapeutic measures against influenza A viruses have received much interest in the context of global efforts to combat the current and future pandemics. Passive immune therapy is considered to be the most effective and economically prudent preventive strategy against influenza virus besides vaccination. It is important to develop a humanized neutralizing monoclonal antibody (MAb) against all of the clades of H5N1. For the first time, we report in this study that a novel humanized H5 MAb binds to two types of epitopes on HA, leading to virus neutralization via two mechanisms. These findings further deepen our understanding of influenza virus neutralization.
A
trans
-Dominant Form of Gag Restricts Ty1 Retrotransposition and Mediates Copy Number Control
Authors: Saha Agniva , Mitchell Jessica A. , Nishida Yuri , Hildreth Jonathan E. , Ariberre Joshua A. , Gilbert Wendy V. , Garfinkel David J.
Published: January 2015

Saccharomyces cerevisiae
and
Saccharomyces paradoxus
lack the conserved RNA interference pathway and utilize a novel form of copy number control (CNC) to inhibit Ty1 retrotransposition. Although noncoding transcripts have been implicated in CNC, here we present evidence that a truncated form of the Gag capsid protein (p22) or its processed form (p18) is necessary and sufficient for CNC and likely encoded by Ty1 internal transcripts. Coexpression of p22/p18 and Ty1 decreases mobility more than 30,000-fold. p22/p18 cofractionates with Ty1 virus-like particles (VLPs) and affects VLP yield, protein composition, and morphology. Although p22/p18 and Gag colocalize in the cytoplasm, p22/p18 disrupts sites used for VLP assembly. Glutathione
S
-transferase (GST) affinity pulldowns also suggest that p18 and Gag interact. Therefore, this intrinsic Gag-like restriction factor confers CNC by interfering with VLP assembly and function and expands the strategies used to limit retroelement propagation.

IMPORTANCE
Retrotransposons dominate the chromosomal landscape in many eukaryotes, can cause mutations by insertion or genome rearrangement, and are evolutionarily related to retroviruses such as HIV. Thus, understanding factors that limit transposition and retroviral replication is fundamentally important. The present work describes a retrotransposon-encoded restriction protein derived from the capsid gene of the yeast Ty1 element that disrupts virus-like particle assembly in a dose-dependent manner. This form of copy number control acts as a molecular rheostat, allowing high levels of retrotransposition when few Ty1 elements are present and inhibiting transposition as copy number increases. Thus, yeast and Ty1 have coevolved a form of copy number control that is beneficial to both “host and parasite.” To our knowledge, this is the first Gag-like retrotransposon restriction factor described in the literature and expands the ways in which restriction proteins modulate retroelement replication.
Phenotypic and Functional Characterization of Herpes Simplex Virus Glycoprotein B Epitope-Specific Effector and Memory CD8+T Cells from Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Individuals with Ocular Herpes
Authors: Khan Arif A. , Srivastava Ruchi , Spencer Doran , Garg Sumit , Fremgen Daniel , Vahed Hawa , Lopes Patricia P. , Pham Thanh T. , Hewett Charlie , Kuang Jasmine , Ong Nicolas , Huang Lei , Scarfone Vanessa M. , Nesburn Anthony B. , Wechsler Steven L. , BenMohamed Lbachir
Published: January 2015

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein B (gB)-specific CD8+T cells protect mice from herpes infection and disease. However, whether and which HSV-1 gB-specific CD8+T cells play a key role in the “natural” protection seen in HSV-1-seropositive healthy asymptomatic (ASYMP) individuals (who have never had clinical herpes disease) remain to be determined. In this study, we have dissected the phenotypes and the functions of HSV-1 gB-specific CD8+T cells from HLA-A*02:01 positive, HSV-1 seropositive ASYMP and symptomatic (SYMP) individuals (with a history of numerous episodes of recurrent ocular herpes disease). We found the following. (i) Healthy ASYMP individuals maintained a significantly higher proportion of differentiated HSV-1 gB-specific effector memory CD8+T cells (TEMcells) (CD45RAlowCCR7lowCD44highCD62Llow). In contrast, SYMP patients had frequent less-differentiated central memory CD8+T cells (TCMcells) (CD45RAlowCCR7highCD44lowCD62Lhigh). (ii) ASYMP individuals had significantly higher proportions of multifunctional effector CD8+T cells which responded mainly to gB342–350and gB561–569“ASYMP” epitopes, and simultaneously produced IFN-γ, CD107a/b, granzyme B, and perforin. In contrast, effector CD8+T cells from SYMP individuals were mostly monofunctional and were directed mainly against nonoverlapping gB17–25and gB183–191“SYMP” epitopes. (iii) Immunization of an HLA-A*02:01 transgenic mouse model of ocular herpes with “ASYMP” CD8+TEMcell epitopes, but not with “SYMP” CD8+TCMcell epitopes, induced a strong CD8+T cell-dependent protective immunity against ocular herpes infection and disease. Our findings provide insights into the role of HSV-specific CD8+TEMcells in protection against herpes and should be considered in the development of an effective vaccine.

IMPORTANCEA significantly higher proportion of differentiated and multifunctional HSV-1 gB-specific effector memory CD8+T cells (TEMcells) (CD45RAlowCCR7lowCD44highCD62Llow) were found in healthy ASYMP individuals who are seropositive for HSV-1 but never had any recurrent herpetic disease, while there were frequent less-differentiated and monofunctional central memory CD8+T cells (TCMcells) (CD45RAlowCCR7highCD44lowCD62Lhigh) in SYMP patients. Immunization with “ASYMP” CD8+TEMcell epitopes, but not with “SYMP” CD8+TCMcell epitopes, induced a strong protective HSV-specific CD8+T cell response in HLA-A*02:01 transgenic mice. These findings are important for the development of a safe and effective T cell-based herpes vaccine.
The post-2015 agenda: staying the course in maternal and child survival
Authors: Requejo Jennifer Harris , Bhutta Zulfiqar A
Published: January 2015

In this article, we draw on available evidence from Countdown to 2015 and other sources to make the case for keeping women and children at the heart of the next development agenda that will replace the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) framework after 2015. We provide a status update on global progress in achieving MDGs 4 and 5, reduce child mortality and improve maternal health, respectively – showing that although considerable mortality reductions have been achieved, many more women's and children's lives can be saved every day through available, cost effective interventions. We describe key underlying determinants of poor maternal and child health outcomes and the need for well-coordinated, comprehensive approaches for addressing them such as introducing a combination of nutrition specific and sensitive interventions to reduce pervasive malnutrition, targeting interventions to the underserved to reduce inequities in access to care, and increasing women’s social status through improved access to education and income-earning opportunities. In the wake of population momentum and emergencies such as the recent ebola outbreak and other humanitarian crises, health systems must be strengthened to be able to respond to these pressures. In conclusion, we underscore that the unfinished business of women's and children's health must be prioritized in the days ahead, and that ending preventable maternal and child deaths is not only a moral obligation but is achievable and essential to sustainable development moving forward.
A case of nausea and vomiting to remember
Authors: Mandadi Subhadra , Sattar Syed , Towfiq Basim , Bachuwa Ghassan
Published: January 2015

Nausea and vomiting are the most common overlooked debilitating symptoms that significantly impact the quality of life and acute care we provide as physicians. The duo has an extensive aetiology ranging from common known causes to uncommon idiopathic reasons. Our case illustrates the fact that identifying the aetiology of nausea and vomiting can be lifesaving, given the characteristics of the patient. This case is about a 31-year-old Caucasian woman, with history significant for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus on insulin pump since the age 2, Hypothyroidism, diabetic peripheral neuropathy with no significant known family history, who was admitted with intractable nausea and vomiting. She was discharged twice from hospital after temporary symptom control with presumed diagnosis of diabetic gastroparesis. Her third hospital visit enabled us to identify the cause of her symptoms being Addison's crisis rather than gastroparesis.
False detection of atrial fibrillation in children by a blood pressure monitor with atrial fibrillation detection function
Authors: Cheung Adrian Justin , Cheung Bernard Man Yung
Published: January 2015

A sphygmomanometer that can detect atrial fibrillation may help to identify asymptomatic patients who might benefit from anticoagulation. Its performance in young people has not been reported. In a school project measuring blood pressure in 60 normal healthy male teenagers (age range 13–18 years; mean±SD 15.0±1.5 years), a Microlife BPA200 blood pressure monitor indicated atrial fibrillation in 11 participants (18%). These participants did not have any personal or family history of heart disease. They had sinus arrhythmia and had significantly lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body mass index and waist circumference (all p values <0.05). In young people, atrial fibrillation is very uncommon and false positives are likely. To avoid unnecessary alarm and referrals, this function is best turned off in young patients.
DNA-templated fluorescent gold nanoclusters reduced by Good’s buffer: from blue-emitting seeds to red and near infrared emitters
Authors: Lopez Anand , Liu Juewen
Published: January 2015

DNA-templated fluorescent gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) have been recently prepared showing higher photostability than the silver counterpart. In this work, we examined the effect of pH, DNA length, DNA sequence, and reducing agent. Citrate, HEPES, and MES produce blue emitters, glucose and NaBH4 cannot produce fluorescent AuNCs, while ascorbate shows blue emission even in the absence of DNA. This is the first report of using Good’s buffer for making fluorescent AuNCs. Dimethylamine borane (DMAB) produces red emitters. Poly-C DNA produces AuNCs only at low pH and each DNA chain can only bind to a few gold atoms, regardless of the DNA length. Otherwise, large nonfluorescent gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are formed. Each poly-A DNA might template a few independent AuNCs. The blue emitters can be further reduced to form red emitters by adding DMAB. The emission color is mainly determined by the type of reducing agent instead of DNA sequence.
Evaluation of reinforced concrete and reinforced engineered cementitious composite (ECC) members and structures using small-scale testing
Authors: Gencturk Bora , Hosseini Farshid
Published: January 2015

The behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) and reinforced engineered cementitious composites (ECC) was comparatively investigated at the component and system levels through a small-scale (1/8 scale factor) experimental program. The logistical and financial advantages of small-scale testing were utilized to investigate a range of parameters, including the effect of reinforcement ratio and material properties, on the response of reinforced concrete and reinforced ECC structures. The procedures pertaining to material preparation, specimen construction, and input motion development that were critical for enhancing the similarity between the scales are provided. Engineered cementitious composite mixtures with different cost and sustainability indices were evaluated. Under cyclic loading, the stiffness, strength, ductility, and energy absorption capacity of columns made of different ECC mixtures were found to be 110, 65, 45, and 100% higher, respectively, than those of the RC columns. The system level investigation through hybrid simulation showed that the ECC structures sustain less deformation under earthquake excitation due to high energy absorption capacity of the material. The differences in cost, sustainability, and structural performance of different ECC mixtures suggest that a careful selection of materials is required for optimal performance.
New abbreviated calculation for measuring intrinsic rebound potential in exploited fish populations — example for sharks
Authors: Au David W. , Smith Susan E. , Show Christina
Published: January 2015

Intrinsic rebound potential, the demographic measure of a fish population’s productivity that sustains a given mortality, relates to a species’ resiliency and can be useful for understanding and evaluating the status of exploited populations, especially those poorly monitored and of low productivity, like many shark populations. The rebound potential is derived from the Euler–Lotka equation and, with the dynamics kept simple, is easily calculated for a given total mortality, needing only a species’ age at maturity and its natural mortality (M). Its value can be quickly read from an isopleth diagram, whose contour pattern shows the interdependence of these two key parameters among different life histories. How the rebound potentials change as a function of age at maturity and the full range of possible M values also shows a way to estimate a species’ natural mortality bounds. Importance of the age at maturity parameter is stressed.
Double-ended queues and joint moments of left–right canonical operators on full Fock space
Authors: Mastnak Mitja , Nica Alexandru
Published: January 2015

We follow the guiding line offered by canonical operators on the full Fock space, in order to identify what kind of cumulant functionals should be considered for the concept of bi-free independence introduced in the recent work of Voiculescu. By following this guiding line we arrive to consider, for a general noncommutative probability space (𝒜, φ), a family of "(ℓ, r )-cumulant functionals" which enlarges the family of free cumulant functionals of the space. In the motivating case of canonical operators on the full Fock space we find a simple formula for a relevant family of (ℓ, r )-cumulants of a (2d)-tuple (A1,…,Ad, B1,…,Bd), with A1,…,Ad canonical operators on the left and B1,…,Bd canonical operators on the right. This extends a known one-sided formula for free cumulants of A1,…,Ad, which establishes a basic operator model for the R-transform of free probability.
The K-theory of the compact quantum group SUq(2) for q = -1
Authors: Barlak Selçuk
Published: January 2015

We determine the K-theory of the C*-algebra C( SU -1(2)), describe its spectrum, and compute its Haar state. As an application, we use Blanchard's technique in order to prove the existence of a continuous C*-bundle over [-1, 0) whose fiber at q is isomorphic to C( SU q(2)).
A Genetic Algorithm for Finding Good Balanced Sequences in a Customer Assignment Problem with no State Information
Authors: Hordijk Wim , Hordijk Arie , Heidergott Bernd
Published: January 2015

In this paper, we study the control problem of optimal assignment of tasks to servers in a multi-server queue with inhomogeneous servers. In order to improve the performance of the system, we use a periodic deterministic sequence of job assignments to servers called a billiard sequence. We then use a genetic algorithm (GA) for computing a near-optimal billiard sequence. By means of a recent result obtained in the area of ordinal optimization, we show that the solution found by the GA belongs to the top 1% of possible choices for such a billiard sequence. As illustrated by numerical examples, not only is the performance under a billiard sequence better than that of the corresponding randomized policy, the optimal billiard sequence even outperforms the billiard implementation of the optimal randomized policy. The framework we introduce in this paper is suitable for general optimization problems over (periodic) deterministic decision sequences. Given the significant performance improvement that a switch from randomized policies to billiard sequences yields, this framework is of importance in practical applications. Finally, we show that constrained or multi-objective optimization can be dealt with in our framework as well.
CURRENT MANAGEMENT OF HAND ENCHONDROMA: A REVIEW
Authors: Tang Chris , Chan Marcus , Fok Margaret , Fung Boris
Published: January 2015

Enchondromas are benign bone tumours originating from cartilages. It is mainly discovered incidentally in radiographs or due to symptoms like pathological fracture or pain. Conservative treatment through regular check-up and surgical excision using curettage are the two major treatment methods for enchondromas. This review concludes that small localized asymptomatic lesions can be treated conservatively while most expanding or symptomatic lesions should be treated with simple curettage. Adjuvant treatments like high-speed burring or alcohol instillation are not recommended.
THE TRICIPITAL APONEUROSIS — A RELIABLE SOFT TISSUE LANDMARK FOR HUMERAL PLATING
Authors: McCann P. A. , Smith G. C. S. , Clark D. , Amirfeyz R.
Published: January 2015

This study aims to identify the relationship of the radial nerve as it descends across the humerus with reference to a reliable soft tissue landmark, the tricipital aponeurosis. Following cadaveric dissection of 10 adult humerii, the radial nerve was located as it crossed the lateral midsagittal point of the humeral diaphysis. A horizontal line was then subtended medially from this point to another line subtended vertically from the lateral border of the tricipital aponeurosis. The vertical distance from this intersection to the lateral apex of the aponeurosis was recorded in three positions (full flexion, 90° of flexion and full extension). The location of the radial nerve on the posterior aspect of the humeral diaphysis to the medial apex of the tricipital aponeurosis was also noted. In 90° of flexion the radial nerve at the lateral midsagittal point of the humerus was 0.9 mm proximal to the lateral apex of the tricipital aponeurosis. Flexion and extension of the elbow changed the interval to 16.3 mm (nerve proximal) in full flexion and 7.1 mm in full extension (nerve distal). On the posterior aspect of the humerus the radial nerve was 21.8 mm proximal to the medial aspect of the tricipital aponeurosis. The aponeurosis provides a reference point from which the nerve can be easily located on the lateral aspect of the humerus intraoperatively in a range of positions, whilst the medial apex provides a guide to the location of the nerve on the posterior aspect of the arm.
AMNIOTIC CONSTRICTION BANDS: A CASE SERIES AND PROPOSED NEW CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
Authors: Homer Lucy E. , Mishra Anuj , McArthur Paul
Published: January 2015

Introduction: Amniotic constriction bands occur in approximately one in every 15,000 live births and is graded using the Patterson Classification system. Methods: A case series of all patients with amniotic constriction band that presented to Alder Hey Children's Hospital was compiled between the years 1993 and 2012, data was described and a classification system developed. Results: Thirty seven patients were identified. Of these 17 had amniotic constriction confined to the upper limbs and three of the lower limbs only. Seventeen had both upper and lower limb deformity. Twenty eight children underwent surgical intervention whilst nine to date have not. Conclusion: Constriction band of the upper limb was the most common with lower limb bands the least. There is no agreement on the nomenclature of this condition making amalgamation of the literature problematic. A more specific classification of upper limb bands has been suggested which includes anatomical location and depth of band.
Multisymplectic variational integrators and space/time symplecticity
Authors: Demoures François , Gay-Balmaz François , Ratiu Tudor S.
Published: January 2015

Multisymplectic variational integrators are structure-preserving numerical schemes especially designed for PDEs derived from covariant spacetime Hamilton principles. The goal of this paper is to study the properties of the temporal and spatial discrete evolution maps obtained from a multisymplectic numerical scheme. Our study focuses on a (1+1)-dimensional spacetime discretized by triangles, but our approach carries over naturally to more general cases. In the case of Lie group symmetries, we explore the links between the discrete Noether theorems associated to the multisymplectic spacetime discretization and to the temporal and spatial discrete evolution maps, and emphasize the role of boundary conditions. We also consider in detail the case of multisymplectic integrators on Lie groups. Our results are illustrated with the numerical example of a geometrically exact beam model.
Regularity criteria for the incompressible magnetohydrodynamic equations with partial viscosity
Authors: Fan Jishan , Li Fucai , Nakamura Gen
Published: January 2015

We prove some regularity criteria for the incompressible magnetohydrodynamic equations with partial viscosity. We study three cases: incompressible magnetohydrodynamic equations with zero viscosity in a bounded domain, incompressible magnetohydrodynamic equations with zero resistivity in a bounded domain, and the density-dependent magnetohydrodynamic equations with zero heat conductivity and zero resistivity in the whole space [Formula: see text]. Our results extend and improve some known results.