bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Papsturkunden in Niedersachsen und Bremen bis 1198
Authors: Dolle Josef
Published: January 2020

Als erste Bundesländer legen Niedersachsen und Bremen eine vollständige Edition ihrer Papsturkunden bis zum Ende des 12. Jahrhunderts vor.

1896 legte Paul Fridolin Kehr den Plan vor, eine kritische Edition aller überlieferten Papsturkunden bis zum Jahr 1198 vorzulegen. Das erwies sich schnell als unrealistisch, da zum einen die Anzahl der Urkunden weit unterschätzt wurde. Zum anderen, da in einem Gebiet vom Atlantik bis weit nach Osteuropa, von Skandinavien bis nach Sizilien Archive und Bibliotheken erforscht werden mussten, um Originale und Abschriften zu erfassen, zu bewerten, um die eventuell beste Überlieferung benennen zu können und sie schließlich für die Edition vorzubereiten. Daher bieten sich regionale Lösungen an.
Der vorliegende Band enthält alle überlieferten Papsturkunden für Empfänger aus Niedersachsen und Bremen. Neben den Urkunden wird auch die verlorene und kopiale Überlieferung einbezogen. Zudem werden neben den zweifellos echten auch die verunechteten bzw. gefälschten Urkunden berücksichtigt. Mit der wissenschaftlichen Edition der niedersächsischen und bremischen Papsturkunden bis 1198 ist Niedersachsen (zusammen mit Bremen) das erste Bundesland, das über ein derartiges Werk verfügt und könnte ein Vorbild für entsprechende Projekte in den Nachbarregionen sein.

Josef Dolle, geb. 1957, ist Historiker in Braunschweig. Er ist Bearbeiter zahlreicher Quelleneditionen und Herausgeber des 2012 erschienenen Niedersächsischen Klosterbuchs. Zuletzt bearbeitete er das Urkundenbuch Steterburg sowie zusammen mit Elfriede Bachmann das Urkundenbuch des Klosters Zeven.
Missiological Dimensions of Philosophy
Authors: Lubardić Bogdan ,   Gnomon Center for the Humanities
Published: January 2020

This study demonstrates how and with what aim philosophy is received into the missionary activities of the apostles Paul and Luke as regards the Areopagitica in Acts 17. By an ingenious utilization of Greco-Roman learning and paideia, generally, and philosophy, particularly, Lukan Paul offers a context oriented cross-cultural model of preaching the kerygmatic word as of evangelization. A model for the inculturation of the power and meanings of the Gospel message is offered. In this a significant function is allocated to disciplined mindful reasoning, viz. philosophy. The author demonstrates the special ways in which contact-points are made, and common ground established, between the apostle Paul and Athenian philosophers. This allows him to observe that philosophy is endorsed by the primordial Church: both (a) as a dialectical (critical analytical) and rhetorical (per­suasive oratorical) science-skill of addressing significant intellectual others and (b) as a faith-friendly mode of the Christian’s practice of philosophy. The author infers a number of conclusions regarding the substantial role that philosophy acquires within the early Church. Moreover, the Christian endorsement of philosophy as a missionary tool has its grounding in the apostolic Church and, consequentially, it has its grounding in the New Testament. In this way philosophy, utilized and re-functionalized by the apostles Paul and Luke themselves, in its special way, participates in the “authoritative establishment of tradition by means of apostolic origin”. The missionary model laid-out in Acts 17:16-34 has lasting value and needs to be continuously re-actualized: the same follows suit for a faith-conducive practice of philosophy.
A Proposed Solution of St. Thomas Aquinas’s “Third Way” Through Pros Hen Analogy
Authors: Wilson Jeffrey Dirk ,   Gnomon Center for the Humanities
Published: January 2020

St. Thomas’s Third Way to prove the existence of God, “Of Possibility and Necessity” (ST 1, q.2, art. 3, response) is one of the most controverted passages in the entire Thomistic corpus. The central point of dispute is that if there were only possible beings, each at some time would cease to exist and, therefore, at some point in time nothing would exist, and because something cannot come from nothing, in such an eventuality, nothing would exist now—a reductio ad absurdum conclusion. Therefore, at least one necessary being must exist. Generations of critics and defenders have contended over St. Thomas’s proof. This article argues that the principle of pros hen analogy is implicit in the Third Way and that once identified explains the ontological dependency of possible beings, as secondary analogates, on the first necessary being, as primary analogate. Thus, without the necessary being as primary analogate, possible beings simply could not exist. The fact that they do exist is evidence for the existence of the necessary being. St. Thomas makes synthesizes the principle of pros hen analogy, as found in Aristotle’s Metaphysics, with the Neoplatonic principle of participation. Aristotle develops pros hen analogy in contradistinction to univocal and equivocal predication as well as to genus in Metaphysics 4.2, 11.3, 12.3-5. Since Scotus and re-enforced by modern analytic logic, philosophers have almost universally regarded any kind of analogical predication as a sub-category of equivocal predication and, thus, implicitly occlude the possibility of considering pros hen analogy in their readings of the Third Way. Distinction of per se and per accidens infinite regress and of radical and natural contingency are also central to understanding the Third Way. While resolving apparent problems in the Third Way, the article also seeks to rehabilitate the doctrine of pros hen analogy as a basic principle in Thomistic and, indeed, Aristotelian metaphysics.
Avaliação de impacto ambiental causado por efluentes da estação de piscicultura Santa Rosa, Santarém/Pará
Authors: Correa Edinelson Saldanha , Monte Christiane Do Nascimento , Nascimento Thiago Shinaigger Rocha do
Published: January 2020

No Brasil, a atividade da piscicultura vem aumentando nos últimos anos, proporcionada pelas condições ambientais, principalmente por conta do clima favorável, e a grande abundância de água, que é essencial para a criação de pescados. A qualidade da água é de grande importância para o sucesso da produção, já que é o meio onde se desenvolve a matéria prima dessa atividade, com isso suas características podem afetar a sobrevivência, reprodução, crescimento, ou seja, as ferramentas de manejo da atividade. Apesar do grande desenvolvimento e estímulo de órgãos especializados, observa-se ainda a carência em relação a informações e atos sobre possíveis impactos ao meio ambiente gerados pela atividade, visto que a água que alimenta os tanques de criação são provenientes de cursos d’água que retornam para o mesmo local, porém nos tanques de criação são acrescentadas várias substâncias, necessárias para o sucesso da produção, e que alteram as características da água, podendo assim causar impactos ambientais. O presente estudo objetivou analisar a qualidade dos efluentes gerados nos tanques de piscicultura e avaliar os possíveis impactos decorrentes desses efluentes sobre o corpo receptor. Todos os procedimentos analíticos foram realizados através de procedimentos padrões, descritos em Standard Methods for the Exammination of the Water and Wastewater (2012), foram coletados água de quatro pontos da Estação de piscicultura Santa Rosa visando obter informações sobre as alterações geradas na entrada de efluentes nos tanques e na saída no corpo receptor. Os resultados que a qualidade dos efluentes gerados nos tanques incidem alterações que possivelmente comprometem o ambiente aquático em relação à quantidade de concentrações de DBO e fósforo total que permaneceram com seus níveis superior do permitido. Na comparação dos pontos de montante (P1) e jusante (P4), os resultados revelaram que ocorre diferenças significativas. Os principais impactos observados foi a eutrofização e o comprometimento da qualidade da água do efluente no corpo receptor. Observa-se que mesmo não ocorrendo diferenças significativas nos pontos de montante e jusante, deve-se ter o cuidado no manejo, pois elas estão relacionadas com o meio aquático e na alteração de uma podendo ocasionar na morte dos peixes nos viveiros devido a sua sensibilidade e nas variações precipitadas principalmente do oxigênio dissolvido na água.
Caracterização e produção dos frutos de meloeiro (Cucumis melo L.) influenciados por adubação
Authors: Guimarães Brenda Rocha , Araújo Ana Regina da Rocha , Galvão Jessivaldo Rodrigues , Pacheco Mauro Junior Borges , Souza Francisco José Lima de , Cardoso Arley Thoncy Almeida , Almeida Gabriela Vilhena de
Published: January 2020

A qualidade da fruta no melão envolve atributos relacionados às características da polpa, como sólidos solúveis, aparência interna e externa da fruta, polpa grossa e sabor, indicando a aceitabilidade do consumidor. Foi avaliado o peso, o teor de matéria solúvel, sólidos, espessura do mesocarpo, diâmetro longitudinal e diâmetro transversal dos frutos de melão em cada tratamento. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com cinco repetições e três tratamentos, trat 1: NPK 50-25-25; trat 2: NPK 10-28-20 e tratamento 3: NPK 3-12-6, usado para cultivar o híbrido Sunrise, semeado em flutuação e depois transplantado para os buracos das leiras em uma estufa, que havia sido realizada anteriormente e correção da fertilização com base no solo, foi realizada a irrigação por gotejamento e, 25 dias após o transplante, foi realizado o tutoramento da planta. A colheita foi realizada gradualmente, de acordo com a maturação dos frutos, o que ocorreu aproximadamente 60 dias após o transplante. Conteúdo de sólidos solúveis, espessura do mesocarpo, diâmetro longitudinal e transversal do fruto de melão, não houve efeito significativo dos tratamentos. As médias observadas para peso, teor de sólidos solúveis, espessura do mesocarpo, diâmetro longitudinal e diâmetro transversal do fruto de melão foram maiores nos tratamentos 2 (672,74 g), 1 (5%), 2 (29,33 mm), 1 (101,86 mm) e 2 (104,62 mm), respectivamente. As características relacionadas ao tamanho e formato do fruto (diâmetros transversal e longitudinal e espessura do mesocarpo), teor de sólidos solúveis, peso do fruto e peso seco da parte aérea do melão não foram influenciadas pelos diferentes tipos de fertilizantes utilizados no experimentar.
Índice de Estado Trófico, baseado no Fósforo, na Bacia hidrográfica Paraguai- Diamantino em Mato Grosso, Brasil
Authors: Queiroz Tadeu Miranda de , Lima Adriana Ferreira , Galvanin Edinéia Aparecida dos Santos
Published: January 2020

A qualidade da água pode ser alterada naturalmente em função do contato com o substrato rochoso e edáfico, no percurso hidrológico, podendo adquirir características destes substratos em maior ou menor proporção. Porém, a concentração demográfica urbana, o avanço tecnológico das práticas agropecuárias e industriais, dentre outras ações antrópicas, também influenciam a qualidade das águas, geralmente de modo negativo e impactante. Independente da origem da alteração de qualidade, esta deve ser monitorada para o conhecimento científico e gestão geoambiental. Neste contexto, realizaram-se amostragens em nove (9) pontos na bacia Paraguai-Diamantino, com o objetivo de analisar a concentração de fósforo total e o seu efeito na eutrofização das águas. Para isso, coletaram-se amostras de água em quatro períodos, conforme as estações de chuva, seca e transições e utilizou-se do Índice de Estado Trófico (IET), conforme recomendação do Programa Nacional de Avaliação da Qualidade das Águas (PNQA). Observou-se alteração do IET entre os cursos d’água, entre os períodos de coleta e entre pontos do mesmo curso d’água, neste caso o rio Paraguai. O IET variou entre as ponderações 0,50, 1,00, 2,00 e 3,00. Concluiu-se que há variação de qualidade da água em relação ao IET apontando para diversidade de contaminação por fósforo, em relação à sua concentração. O IET se enquadrou nas classes superiores de qualidade não encontrando concentração de fósforo que indicasse eutrofização aguda.
A Rare Case Report on Plummer-Vinson Syndrome with a Complication of Oral Cancer in a South-Asian Woman
Authors: Ayisha Ayisha , Ali Sheema Masood
Published: January 2020

Plummer-Vinson syndrome (PVS), also called "Paterson-Brown-Kelly syndrome“, is a rare medical syndrome generally affecting middle-aged women. Iron deficiency anemia is the prime etiological factor and other probable factors include malnutrition, genetic predisposition, or autoimmune processes characterized by three distinctive features: iron deficiency anemia, dysphagia, and esophageal web. The dysphagia is generally painless and intermittent or progressive over years, restricted to solids, and associated with weight loss. The exact pathogenesis of PVS is still indistinguishable, but it is interconnected with iron deficiency anemia. Plummer-Vinson syndrome, if left untreated, carries an increased risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma of the upper alimentary tract.In this case report, a 40-year-old female patient presented long-standing dysphagia for months, which progressively developed to postcricoid squamous cell carcinoma by the time she approached to medical treatment. Diagnosis was confirmed through laboratory tests, showing iron deficiency anemia and whole-body positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) presenting squamous cell carcinoma in postcricoid region (hypopharynx).
¿Está en crisis la Mediación Intercultural Escolar? Estudio longitudinal desde una visión sociológica
Authors: Ortiz-Cobo Mónica , Bianco Rosella
Published: January 2020

La mediación intercultural, como recurso que ha pretendido servir de puente entre «culturas» para favorecer su acercamiento y entendimiento, tiene ya un recorrido histórico que nos permite un análisis retrospectivo de sus prácticas. Desde este trabajo de corte etnográfico pretendemos evidenciar cómo se ha ido construyendo la mediación intercultural en un ámbito de intervención social, concretamente en las instituciones escolares de la provincia de Granada desde su inicio en 2008. El seguimiento que hemos realizado del recurso durante el periodo comprendido entre 2013 y 2017 en la provincia ha evidenciado lo lejos que han quedado las expectativas iniciales. La implementación de la mediación intercultural escolar ha perdido de vista sus objetivos formales, y ha contribuido a la creación de «diferencias», canalizando procesos de asimilación, etnificación y estigmatización del colectivo inmigrante. Así pues, podemos decir que la gestión escolar de la mediación intercultural ha desaprovechado todo su potencial, llevándola a su devaluación y a una falta de respaldo institucional. Por lo tanto, podemos hablar de una etapa de crisis de la mediación intercultural que va más allá de un descenso de profesionales en activo por motivos de la crisis económica que hace disminuir los recursos económicos en distintos ámbitos sociales.
La influencia del género en el aprendizaje matemático en España. Evidencias desde PISA
Authors: Fuentes De Frutos Silvia , Renobell Santaren Víctor
Published: January 2020

Diferentes estudios muestran que la variable sexo incide en el rendimiento matemático del alumnado (Rodríguez, Delgado y Bakieva, 2011; Rodríguez-Mantilla, Fernández-Diaz y Jover, 2018). El presente trabajo indaga sobre la existencia y evolución de una brecha de género en el aprendizaje de las matemáticas en España, en base a los resultados de la evaluación PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment) en todas sus ediciones. Se valora también la competencia matemática del alumnado español sin diferencia de sexo. Se ha realizado una revisión bibliográfica de los último 30 años y un análisis multisectorial de los datos en base a los informes PISA. Los resultados del estudio indican una mejor competencia matemática en alumnos que en alumnas. Por otra parte, los resultados más actuales muestran una notable mejoría en el rendimiento matemático por parte del alumnado español en su conjunto.
Sociology of Education and Construction of Educational Policies: From the Theory to the Practice
Authors: Sebastião João , Capucha Luís , Martins Susana , Capucha Ana Rita
Published: January 2020

The growing complexity in public policy development has resulted in a significant increase in the involvement of experts, many of them scientists. This involvement is expressed in a variety of ways, whether through requests for preliminary studies, planning processes or evaluations of the implementation and impact of policy measures. The development of the relationship between the scientific and political fields challenges the role of scientists as experts and the use of scientific knowledge, as well as the power relations between politicians and scientists. The sociology of education in Portugal has a long tradition of interaction with the political field, not only in studies related to the development and evaluation of educational policies, but also in collaboration with schools and other education providers in processes of intervention and socio-educational innovation. It is an experience in which the critical and reflexive nature of sociology intersects with intervention, in a debate between diverse rationalities and logics of action, often placing sociologists in the position of mediators among actors in the educational system with often-conflicting interests who miscommunicate, or do not even communicate with each other. Based on the production of a set of studies ordered by different Portuguese public entities, a reflection is presented on the theoretical, methodological and ethical challenges posed by this collaboration, as well as on the possibilities that result from it.
Black Holes and Objectivity
Authors: Bello Bugallo Mónica
Published: January 2020

The first ever direct image of a black hole, released in April 2019, was a paradigm shift not just in scientific imaging, but also in the cultural appreciation of the unknown. Its realisation demanded a global technological collaboration on hitherto unseen scales and also the application of new and rigorous forms of objectivity. This text discusses how complex and esoteric planet-wide scientific apparatus and observations at the cutting edge of fundamental science demand a heightened awareness of objectivity and the implementation of transdisciplinarity.
SAUDI ARABIA’S INTERNAL CHANGES AND ITS FOREIGN POLICIES IN RESPONDING THE ARAB SPRING
Authors: Machmudi Yon
Published: January 2020

Saudi Arabia's involvement in the Middle East’s internal political problems for instance by supporting the Egyptian government under As-Sisi after the military coup against president Morsi and covertly supporting opposition groups can be understood as an attempt to prevent the Arab Springs from inducing political changes. Attempts were made to prevent outside influences from getting into Saudi Arabia by supporting new regimes friendly to the Saudis. In addition, Saudi Arabia has implemented many reforms to reduce the demand for political participation. The methods used were historical and qualitative research. The results show that Saudi Arabia was intentionally involved in the internal affairs of its neighboring countries and implemented internal reforms to prevent any effects of the Arab Springs in Saudi Arabia.
THE ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE INDONESIAN NATIONAL POLICE’S INTELLIGENCE SPECIALIZED DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION USING KIRKPATRICK TRAINING EVALUATION MODEL
Authors: Sopandi Tedy
Published: January 2020

This study examines the effectiveness of the implementation of the Security Intelligence Specialized Developmental Education (Dikbangspes Intelkam) in the Indonesian National Police (INP)’s Security Intelligence Education Center in 2018 using Kirkpatrick training evaluation model. Conceptually, training center is important to improve the ability of human resources (HR) in the organization and in actual fact the INP’s security intelligence human resources constitute the critical and strategic assets as well as leading component in supporting the police organization especially in presenting information related to the investigation, security and promotion in order to support the main tasks and functions of the Police (Tupoksi) in the field of security and public order (Kamtibmas). This research was conducted with a mixed method, beginning with the collection and analysis of quantitative data then proceeded with the collection and analysis of qualitative data. The analysis used Kirkpatrick's training evaluation model, namely reaction, learning, behavior, and result. The quantitative analysis results show that the effectiveness of the INP’s Security Intelligence Specialized Developmental Education (Dikbangspes) is high; however, based on the qualitative analysis, the implementation of the Security Intelligence Specialized Developmental Education (Dikbangspes) in 2018 faces 3 (three) problems, namely: the attainment of educational goals has not yet optimal, the training management system having been developed in the yearly period has not yet had a strong reference, and the evaluation of educational outcomes has had no significant follow-up.
WEST GERMANY AND EAST GERMANY IN ACCORDANCE TO THE INTERPRETATION OF THE SIGNS IN THE SONG LYRICS OF OVER DE MUUR (1984)
Authors: Aksyana Amiartapura Rolland Sadira , Nugraha Fajar Muhammad
Published: January 2020

This study discusses the lyrics of the song Over De Muur by Klein Orkest which was released in 1984. The purpose of this study is to discuss the situation of West Germany and East Germany in 1984 through the interpretation of the meaning of the signs contained in the Over De Muur song lyrics. The theory used in this research is the theory of myth by Roland Barthes. First, a selection of words, phrases or sentences is needed as a sign that reflected the state of West Germany and East Germany at that time. Then the analysis continued using the two steps semiosis process; The first is a primary analysis consisting of an analysis of denotative meanings and then in the secondary analysis consists of connotative meanings analysis to identify the myths that contained in the lyrics of Over De Muur . The results show that the song Over De Muur portrays that West Germany and East Germany have different ideologies, and although they have different ideologies, people in the two countries share a common goals that they both want to unite and are shown through the semantic aspects of the song's lyrics.
Auditory cortex shapes sound responses in the inferior colliculus
Authors: Blackwell Jennifer M , Lesicko Alexandria MH , Rao Winnie , De Biasi Mariella , Geffen Maria N
Published: January 2020

The extensive feedback from the auditory cortex (AC) to the inferior colliculus (IC) supports critical aspects of auditory behavior but has not been extensively characterized. Previous studies demonstrated that activity in IC is altered by focal electrical stimulation and pharmacological inactivation of AC, but these methods lack the ability to selectively manipulate projection neurons. We measured the effects of selective optogenetic modulation of cortico-collicular feedback projections on IC sound responses in mice. Activation of feedback increased spontaneous activity and decreased stimulus selectivity in IC, whereas suppression had no effect. To further understand how microcircuits in AC may control collicular activity, we optogenetically modulated the activity of different cortical neuronal subtypes, specifically parvalbumin-positive (PV) and somatostatin-positive (SST) inhibitory interneurons. We found that modulating the activity of either type of interneuron did not affect IC sound-evoked activity. Combined, our results identify that activation of excitatory projections, but not inhibition-driven changes in cortical activity, affects collicular sound responses.
Spatial analysis, local people’s perception and economic valuation of wetland ecosystem services in the Usumacinta floodplain, Southern Mexico
Authors: Camacho-Valdez Vera , Saenz-Arroyo Andrea , Ghermandi Andrea , Navarrete-Gutiérrez Dario A. , Rodiles-Hernández Rocío
Published: January 2020

The Usumacinta floodplain is an exceptional area for biodiversity with important ecosystem services for local people. The main objective of this paper was to estimate reference values and define local perceptions of ecosystem services provided by wetlands and overlapping them with spatially explicit socioeconomic and biodiversity indicators. We used the Usumacinta floodplain as an example of a territory where high dependence of rural people on ecosystem services is confronted with development projects that threat the flow of ecosystem services, thus affecting rural people well-being. With a combination of data from remote sensing, global databases of ecosystem service values, local perception of ecosystem services and socioeconomic and biodiversity richness indicators in a spatially explicit framework, we develop a policy-oriented approach for rapid assessment to manage wetlands and maintain people’s livelihoods. Regulating and provisioning services are identified as the most relevant ecosystem services in terms of their monetary value and local perceived importance. In a spatially explicit manner, this approach highlights the most valuable wetlands and identifies rural societies that are highly dependent on ecosystem services. Our approach can be replicated elsewhere and could provide valuable information for policymakers to design policies that can contribute to conserve wetland ecosystems where under threat of development.
Assessment of crusting effects on interrill erosion by laser scanning
Authors: Hu Yaxian , Fister Wolfgang , He Yao , Kuhn Nikolaus J.
Published: January 2020

Background

Crust formation affects soil erosion by raindrop impacted flow through changing particle size and cohesion between particles on the soil surface, as well as surface microtopography. Therefore, changes in soil microtopography can, in theory, be employed as a proxy to reflect the complex and dynamic interactions between crust formation and erosion caused by raindrop-impacted flow. However, it is unclear whether minor variations of soil microtopography can actually be detected with tools mapping the crust surface, often leaving the interpretation of interrill runoff and erosion dynamics qualitative or even speculative.

Methods

In this study, we used a laser scanner to measure the changes of the microtopography of two soils placed under simulated rainfall in experimental flumes and crusting at different rates. The two soils were of the same texture, but under different land management, and thus organic matter content and aggregate stability. To limit the amount of scanning and data analysis in this exploratory study, two transects and four subplots on each experimental flume were scanned with a laser in one-millimeter interval before and after rainfall simulations.

Results

While both soils experienced a flattening, they displayed different temporal patterns of crust development and associated erosional responses. The laser scanning data also allowed to distinguish the different rates of developments of surface features for replicates with extreme erosional responses. The use of the laser data improved the understanding of crusting effects on soil erosional responses, illustrating that even limited laser scanning provides essential information for quantitatively exploring interrill erosion processes.
Determinants of Success and Sustainability of Farmer Organizations in the North West Region of Cameroon
Authors: Mugah Nji Patience , Dorothy Engwali Fon
Published: January 2020

Aims: This article seeks to evaluate the determinants or factors that contribute to the success of Farmer Organizations and their sustainability.

Study Design: The research method was based on field surveys.

Duration of Study:  The study was carried out between August 2018 and October 2019.

Methodology: Sample: Data was collected through face-to-face interviews and 299 respondents (255 Farmer organisations members, and 44 community members) were selected using the multi-stage cluster and purposive sampling techniques. Data from the study was analysed using descriptive statistics.

Results: Results revealed that the main problems witnessed by Farmer Organisations which slow down their growth include capital accumulation (86.4%), unavailability of loan (79.5%), and lack of skilled personnel (65.9%) and high illiteracy level of members (43.2%). While mismanagement of group funds by leaders (13.6%), government interference (29.5%), was of low impact. Factors that contribute to the success and sustainability of farmer organisation among others are good group leadership skills (90.2%) members, meeting the needs of the members (84.3%), assist in community development (58.8%) other factors include origin of group, assistance, communication and members involvement in decision making, membership participation, guiding principles and regulations, type of activity and profitability.

Conclusion: For farmer organizations to be successful and sustainable  government agencies and NGOs in the sector should help  the farmer organizations by  providing financial assistance, farm inputs and seeds, provide post harvest infrastructures, regular extension services and the Farmer organizations should be market and advocacy oriented.
To Study the Anthropometric Measurements of the Neonates between 28 to 42 Weeks of Gestational Age at the Tertiary Health Care Center, Bhavnagar, Gujarat
Authors: A. Patel Shreya , R. Gohil Jayendra , D. Gamit Vibhuti , K. Suthar Mamta
Published: January 2020

Aims: To study the anthropometric measurements of the neonates between 28 to 42 weeks of gestational age. To express them as smoothed percentiles and obtain their correlation with the constant.  Comparing the data trend with the Shah Study conducted twelve years ago in the same institute.

Study Design: Cross-sectional observational study of 500 (selected out of 1223 by convenience sampling) live new-borns, 28 to 42 weeks gestational age (confirmed by Ballard score) was conducted in NICU and post-natal ward, Sir-T hospital, Bhavnagar. Infantometer and non-stretchable measuring tape were used for measurements.

 Results: Demographic data- female, male: [247 (49.4%), 253 (50.6%)]. The newborns weighing < 2.499 kg were n= 193(38.6%), 2.500- 3.00 kg n=247(49.4%) and > 3.00 kg n= 60(12%). 244 newborns were <37 weeks old (48.8%) and 256 were 37- 42 weeks old (51.2%), with 37 weeks old contributing n=167(33.4%). The male newborn had higher anthropometric variable than female: Weight, Crown Heel Length, Head Circumference, Chest Circumference, Ponderal Index, Thigh Circumference, Mid Arm Circumference, Foot Length were 2.500, 46.73, 31.65, 29.69, 2.38, 12.06, 8.4, 6.79 of female and 2.595, 47.43, 32.08, 29.95, 2.39, 12.19, 8.2, 7.13 of male respectively, except in MAC.

By comparing the mean of the parameters of 34 to 38 week newborns, the mean of TC and MAC of the present study was found to be increased than in Shah Study. Similarly, the mean of weight in 34, 36, 37 and 38, CHL in 36 and 38, the HC  in 36, 37 and 38, the CC in 34, 35, 36 and 37, the FL in 35 and 37, and the Ponderal Index in 34, 35 and 38 week newborns, of present study was increased, as compared to Shah Study. By Pearson’s correlation, the maximum association was found with TC (r 0.934), followed by PI (0.868) and HC (0.844) in the present study and with TC (0.966) in Shah Study. The intrauterine growth curves were constructed by plotting percentile values of each anthropometric parameter against gestational age in weeks.

Conclusion: The nutrition has improved in the near term and full-term neonates. The percentile charts constructed in accordance with current data trends thus can be utilised regionally.
The long Q‐loop of Escherichia coli cytochrome bd oxidase is required for assembly and structural integrity
Authors: Theßeling Alexander , Burschel Sabrina , Wohlwend Daniel , Friedrich Thorsten
Published: January 2020

Cytochrome bd‐I oxidase is a terminal reductase of bacterial respiratory chains produced under low oxygen concentrations, oxidative stress, and during pathogenicity. While the bulk of the protein forms transmembrane helices, a periplasmic domain, the Q‐loop, is expected to be involved in binding and oxidation of (ubi)quinol. According to the length of the Q‐loop, bd oxidases are classified into the S (short)‐ and the L (long)‐subfamilies. Here, we show that either shortening the Q‐loop of the Escherichia coli oxidase from the L‐subfamily or replacing it by one from the S‐subfamily leads to the production of labile and inactive variants, indicating a role for the extended Q‐loop in the stability of the enzyme.
Overcoming acquired resistance of EGFR‐mutant NSCLC cells to the third generation EGFR inhibitor, osimertinib, with the natural product honokiol
Authors: Zang Hongjing , Qian Guoqing , Arbiser Jack , Owonikoko Taofeek K. , Ramalingam Suresh S. , Fan Songqing , Sun Shi‐Yong
Published: January 2020

The development of acquired resistance to osimertinib (Osim) (AZD9291 or TAGRISSOTM), an FDA‐approved third‐generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor for the treatment of EGFR‐mutant nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), limits the long‐term benefits for patients. Thus, effective treatment options are urgently needed. To this end, we explored whether honokiol (HNK), a natural product with potential antitumor activity, may be used to overcome Osim resistance. The combination of HNK and Osim synergistically decreased the survival of several Osim ‐resistant cell lines with enhanced effects on inhibiting cell colony formation and growth and on inducing apoptosis. This combination also showed greater growth suppression of Osim‐resistant xenograft tumors including those with 19del, T790M, and C797S triple mutations in nude mice. Mechanistically, the augmented induction of apoptosis by the combination is largely due to enhanced Mcl‐1 reduction through facilitating its degradation. A synthetic HNK derivative exerted similar effects with greater efficacy. Our findings warrant further study of HNK and its derivatives in overcoming Osim resistance in the clinic.
Clinical Significance of Monitoring Hydroxychloroquine Levels in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Garg Shivani , Unnithan Rachna , Hansen Karen E. , Costedoat‐Chalumeau Nathalie , Bartels Christie M.
Published: January 2020

Objective

Despite the pivotal role that hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) plays in treating systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), less than 50% of patients take HCQ as prescribed. Measurement of HCQ blood levels can help clinicians distinguish nonadherence versus lack of efficacy of HCQ. Our objective was to systematically review publications and perform a meta‐analysis to examine the correlation between HCQ levels and 1) nonadherence and 2) Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) scores, in SLE.

Methods

A comprehensive search was performed. We included observational and interventional studies that measured HCQ levels and assessed adherence or SLEDAI scores in adults with SLE. Forest plots compared pooled estimates of correlations between HCQ levels and reported nonadherence or SLEDAI scores.

Results

Among 604 studies screened, 17 were reviewed. We found 3‐times higher odds of reported nonadherence in patients with low HCQ levels (odds ratio 2.95 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.63, 5.35], P < 0.001). The mean SLEDAI score was 3.14 points higher in groups with below‐threshold HCQ levels on a priori analysis (δ = 3.14 [95% CI –0.05, 6.23], P = 0.053), and 1.4 points higher in groups with HCQ levels of <500 ng/ml (δ = 1.42 [95% CI 0.07, 2.76], P = 0.039). Among 1,223 patients, those with HCQ levels ≥750 ng/ml had a 58% lower risk of active disease, and their SLEDAI score was 3.2 points lower.

Conclusion

We found a strong association between low HCQ levels and reported nonadherence. Our results suggest that HCQ levels of ≥750 ng/ml might be a potential therapeutic target.
Acceptability and Content Validity of Patient‐Reported Outcome Measures Considered From the Perspective of Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Shaw Yomei , Zhang Chen , Bradley Matthew , Simon Teresa A. , Schumacher Rebecca , McDonald David , Michaud Kaleb
Published: January 2020

Objective

To consider the acceptability and content validity of patient‐reported outcome measures commonly used in rheumatoid arthritis by describing patients’ perceptions of patient‐reported outcome measures and comparing patients’ responses on patient‐reported outcome measures with their verbal accounts of disease impacts.

Methods

We used a sequential mixed methods approach, combining analysis of interviews and data from patient‐reported outcome measures (from the Health Assessment Questionnaire, the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy–Fatigue subscale, the EuroQol 5‐domain instrument, the Short Form 36 health survey, and a visual analog scale [VAS] for pain, fatigue, sleep, and patient global assessment of disease activity). Qualitative analysis of patients’ perceptions of patient‐reported outcome measures informed a subsequent comparison between data from patient‐reported outcome measures and verbal accounts of pain, fatigue, sleep, and functional limitations to assess the effectiveness of patient‐reported outcome measures in communicating disease impact.

Results

The study included 18 patients. Although a few patients offered positive comments about patient‐reported outcome measures, most doubted that patient‐reported outcome measures could accurately convey their experience of symptoms and functional limitations. Patients discussed the ease of responding to questions, capturing and conveying symptoms, and concerns about the underreporting of symptoms and interpretation of responses. Compared with verbal accounts, patient‐reported outcome measures often did not convey the personal significance of limitations; however, patient‐reported outcome measures captured limitations that patients omitted or described with insufficient detail during interviews. Although verbal accounts of pain could be categorized into 3 levels of severity (pain without interference in activities, pain is not the worst ever experienced but interferes with activities, and pain is omnipresent), the pain VAS was more effective at conveying finer gradations in pain severity.

Conclusion

Although patients may feel that patient‐reported outcome measures have certain shortcomings, patient‐reported outcome measures also have advantages relative to verbal discussion for communicating symptoms and disease impact.
Multi‐Material 3D Printing of Functionally Graded Hierarchical Soft–Hard Composites
Authors: Mirzaali Mohammad J. , Cruz Saldívar Mauricio , Herranz de la Nava Alba , Gunashekar Deepthishre , Nouri-Goushki Mahdiyeh , Doubrovski Eugeni L. , Zadpoor Amir Abbas
Published: January 2020

Hard biological tissues (e.g., nacre and bone) have evolved for millions of years, enabling them to overcome the conflict between different mechanical properties. The key to their success lies in the combination of limited material ingredients (i.e., hard and soft constituents) and mechanistic ingredients (e.g., functional gradients and building block hierarchical organization). However, the contribution of each material and mechanistic ingredient is still unknown, hindering the development of efficient synthetic composites. Quantitative and systematic studies of hard–soft composites are required to unravel every factor's role in properties outcome. Herein, a voxel‐by‐voxel multi‐material 3D printing technique is used to design and additively manufacture different groups of hard–soft composites. Several combinations of gradients, multilevel hierarchies, and brick‐and‐mortar arrangements are created. Single‐edge notched fracture specimens are mechanically tested and computationally simulated using extended finite element method (XFEM). It is found that functional gradients alone are not sufficient to improve fracture properties. However, up to twice the fracture energy of the hard face is observed when combining functional gradients with hierarchical designs, significantly increasing composite properties. Microscopic analysis, digital image correlation, and strain distributions predicted with XFEM are used to discuss the mechanisms responsible for the observed behaviors.
Advanced Deep Learning‐Based 3D Microstructural Characterization of Multiphase Metal Matrix Composites
Authors: Evsevleev Sergei , Paciornik Sidnei , Bruno Giovanni
Published: January 2020

The quantitative analysis of microstructural features is a key to understanding the micromechanical behavior of metal matrix composites (MMCs), which is a premise for their use in practice. Herein, a 3D microstructural characterization of a five‐phase MMC is performed by synchrotron X‐ray computed tomography (SXCT). A workflow for advanced deep learning‐based segmentation of all individual phases in SXCT data is shown using a fully convolutional neural network with U‐net architecture. High segmentation accuracy is achieved with a small amount of training data. This enables extracting unprecedently precise microstructural parameters (e.g., volume fractions and particle shapes) to be input, e.g., in micromechanical models.
Thermal Spray Processes for the Repair of Gas Turbine Components
Authors: Fiebig Jochen , Bakan Emine , Kalfhaus Tobias , Mauer Georg , Guillon Olivier , Vaßen Robert
Published: January 2020

Gas turbine components are often operated in harsh conditions, which can lead to severe damage. As it is highly desirable from both an economical and an ecological point of view to restore these worn areas instead of manufacturing new components, repair technologies are of huge interest for companies supplying maintenance and overhaul of gas turbines. In this article, two thermal techniques are described that can be used for this application: cold gas spraying (CGS) and vacuum plasma spraying (VPS). The CGS process allows the deposition of metallic coatings with excellent mechanical properties; several examples including γ‐TiAl, Inconel (IN) 718, and IN 738 are given. Essential for the deposition of high‐performance coatings in CGS is to exceed the so‐called critical velocity. This is discussed also with experimental findings. As a final topic, experiments that use VPS for the repair of single‐crystal alloys are described.
Controllable Friction of Green Ionic Liquids via Environmental Humidity
Authors: Hua Jing , Björling Marcus , Larsson Roland , Shi Yijun
Published: January 2020

Intelligent control of friction is an attractive but challenging topic. In this work, it is investigated if it would be possible to adjust friction in a lubricated contact by controlling environmental humidity. By exploiting the ability to adjust the environmental humidity by various saturated salt solutions, friction behavior of contacts lubricated with Choline l‐Proline ([Cho][Pro]) is modulated in a wide range of relative humidity (RH). The friction increases when the environmental humidity is increased and decreases when water is partially evaporated to a lower RH. It is thus possible to control friction by environmental humidity. The addition of water in ionic liquids (ILs) causes a decrease in viscosity, but as the tests are calculated to be performed in boundary lubrication the viscosity change is not the main factor for the change in friction. The friction sensitivity of RH can be explained by the effect of adhesion on the water uptake from humid air by [Cho][Pro]. Furthermore, the reversible changes of H‐bond types determined by the water content could be another explanation to the altered friction.
Refining Energy Levels in ReS2 Nanosheets by Low‐Valent Transition‐Metal Doping for Dual‐Boosted Electrochemical Ammonia/Hydrogen Production
Authors: Lai Feili , Chen Nan , Ye Xiaobin , He Guanjie , Zong Wei , Holt Katherine B. , Pan Bicai , Parkin Ivan P. , Liu Tianxi , Chen Renjie
Published: January 2020

Electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are intriguing approaches to nitrogen fixation and hydrogen production under ambient conditions, given the need to discover efficient and stable catalysts to light up the “green chemistry” future. However, bottlenecks are often found during N2/H2O activation, the very first step of NRR/HER, due to energetic electron injection from the surface of electrocatalysts. It is reported that the bottlenecks for both NRR and HER can be tackled by engineering the energy level via low‐valent transition‐metal doping, simultaneously, where rhenium disulfide (ReS2) is employed as a model platform to prove the concept. The doped low‐valent transition‐metal domains (e.g., Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) in ReS2 provide more active sites for N2/H2O chemisorption and electron transfer, not only weakening the NN/OH bonds for easier dissociation through proton coupling, but also elevating d‐band center toward the Fermi level with more electron energy for N2/H2O reduction. As a result, it is found that iron‐doped ReS2 nanosheets wrapped nitrogen‐doped carbon nanofiber (Fe‐ReS2@N‐CNF) catalyst exhibits superior electrochemical activity with eightfold higher ammonia production yield of 80.4 µg h−1 mg−1cat., and lower onset overpotential of 146 mV and Tafel slope of 63 mV dec−1, when comparing with the pristine ReS2.
3D Chemical Cross‐Linking Structure of Black Phosphorus@CNTs Hybrid as a Promising Anode Material for Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhang Yupu , Wang Lili , Xu Hao , Cao Junming , Chen Duo , Han Wei
Published: January 2020

The existence of rechargeable lithium ion batteries with high operating voltage, high energy density, and excellent cycling performance are drawing increasing attention due to their viability to be used as portable power and in electrical applications. However, there is a considerable problem that the conductivity of the active material becomes poor due to the volume expansion under the condition of repeated circulation, which reduces the performance of the device, thus hindering its practical application. As an emerging 2D material, black phosphorus (BP) has drawn significant attention in the field of Li‐ion battery energy storage due to its large theoretical capacity of 2596 mA h g−1 and ability to absorb large amount of Li atoms. Here, a unique 3D conductive structure with the BP and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), displaying good stability and high conductivity for the fabrication of BP@CNTs hybrid‐based Li‐ion batteries is described. With strong trapping, good affinity, structure stable, and high adsorption for polyphosphorus, the developed BP@CNTs hybrid electrodes display high capacity, good electrical conductivity, and a stable cycle life. Additionally, the lithium ion batteries can illuminate the light emitting diode, proving that the materials have great potential for development of energy storage devices.
Reconfigurable Logic‐in‐Memory and Multilingual Artificial Synapses Based on 2D Heterostructures
Authors: Xiong Xiong , Kang Jiyang , Hu Qianlan , Gu Chengru , Gao Tingting , Li Xuefei , Wu Yanqing
Published: January 2020

Nonvolatile logic devices have attracted intensive research attentions recently for energy efficiency computing, where data computing and storage can be realized in the same device structure. Various approaches have been adopted to build such devices; however, the functionality and versatility are still very limited. Here, 2D van der Waals heterostructures based on direct bandgap materials black phosphorus and rhenium disulfide for the nonvolatile ternary logic operations is demonstrated for the first time with the ultrathin oxide layer from the black phosphorus serving as the charge trapping as well as band‐to‐band tunneling layer. Furthermore, an artificial electronic synapse based on this heterostructure is demonstrated to mimic trilingual synaptic response by changing the input base voltage. Besides, artificial neural network simulation based on the electronic synaptic arrays using the handwritten digits data sets demonstrates a high recognition accuracy of 91.3%. This work provides a path toward realizing multifunctional nonvolatile logic‐in‐memory applications based on novel 2D heterostructures.