bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Damping of structural vibrations using an electromotive eddy current damper
Authors: Siewert Christian , Panning Lars , Hohl Andreas , Bürge Annika , Gerber Christoph
Published: October 2008

Structural vibrations are normally the cause for high cycle fatigue failure (HCF) in technical structures. For example, the blades of rotating bladed turbine disks are subjected to fluctuating gas forces during operation that cause blade vibrations. Therefore, one of the main tasks in the design of turbomachinery blading is the reduction of the vibration amplitudes of the blades and it is well known that the vibration amplitudes can be reduced significantly to a reasonable amount by means of friction damping devices such as underplatform dampers, tip shrouds and damping wires. If the temperature of the working fluid is not excessively high, the use of an electromotive eddy current damper can be a possible alternative to this well known classical friction damping devices. If a conducting material is moving in a stationary magnetic field, eddy currents are generated inside the conductor. These eddy currents cause an energy dissipation effect and damping forces are generated. This damping effect can be used to reduce the resonance amplitudes and therefore to decrease the risk of a HCF failure. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Relationship between aortic isthmus and ductus venosus velocity waveforms in severe growth restricted fetuses
Authors: Rizzo Giuseppe , Capponi Alessandra , Vendola Marianne , Pietrolucci Maria Elena , Arduini Domenico
Published: October 2008

Objective

To evaluate the incidence of abnormalities in velocity waveforms from ductus venosus (DV) and aortic isthmus (AoI) in fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and their reciprocal temporal relationship.

Methods

DV and AoI velocity waveforms were recorded in 31 IUGR fetuses characterized either by absent end diastolic (20) or reverse flow (11) in umbilical artery. Abnormal velocity waveforms in DV and AoI were defined in presence of reverse diastolic flows.

Results

Abnormal DV velocity waveforms were present in 10 fetuses and were always associated with abnormalities. Abnormal AoI flows were also present in 10 fetuses of the remaining 21 fetuses with normal DV velocity waveforms (47.6%). Longitudinal monitoring of fetuses with normal DV flows showed a significantly shorter time interval in the onset of reverse flow in DV when abnormalities in AoI were present (4 vs 14 days p = 0.001) irrespectively of gestational age or other potential confounding variables.

Conclusions

Our data suggest that AoI velocity waveforms become abnormal at an earlier stage of fetal compromise than DV. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Longitudinal study of platelet size changes in gestation and predictive power of elevated MPV in development of pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Dundar Ozgur , Yoruk Pinar , Tutuncu Levent , Akyol Erikci Alev , Muhcu Murat , Ergur Ali Rustu , Atay Vedat , Mungen Ercument
Published: October 2008

Objectives

The aim of this cohort is to investigate whether any haematologic changes detectable by simple complete blood count (CBC) precede pre‐eclampsia development and the diagnostic value of these markers in clinical practice for prediction of pre‐eclampsia.

Methods

All pregnant women, in the first trimester, attending to GATA Haydarpasa Teaching Hospital Obstetric Outpatient Clinic for routine obstetric care were enrolled. Routine obstetric care consisted of monthly visits until 32nd week, bimonthly visits between 32nd and 36th week, and weekly thereafter. According to the study, protocol CBC was taken from women at each visit and recorded. After delivery, outcome data were obtained.

Results

A total of 1336 women were included into the statistical analysis and 107 (8%) of them developed pre‐eclampsia. Parameters of CBC were similar between groups other than mean platelet volume (MPV) values. MPV values of pre‐eclamptic women were significantly higher than normotensive counterparts from 24th gestational week up to gestational week at birth. In pre‐eclamptic group, mean gestational age of diagnosis was 33.8 weeks and significant MPV increase was detected to precede the diagnosis by approximately 4.6 weeks (range 2.8–5.9 weeks).

Conclusions

Our study provides evidence that MPV gradually increases in pregnant women affected by pre‐eclampsia compared to women with normal pregnancies. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Compatibility and biocompatibility study of new HPC/PU blends
Authors: Raschip Irina Elena , Vasile Cornelia , Macocinschi Doina
Published: October 2008

BACKGROUND: Polymer blending is one of the most useful methods for the improvement or modification of the physicochemical properties of polymeric materials without altering the structure and function of individual polymers. The blends between biopolymers and synthetic polymers are of particular significance because they can combine biocompatibility with good processability and mechanical resistance and can be used as biomaterials. The aim of the blending of hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) and polyurethane (PU) is to find applications for newly synthesized PUs and also to create new materials with possible medical applications and enhanced surface properties.

RESULTS: Films containing mostly HPC or mostly PU are found to be homogeneous and transparent, while for the intermediate composition range a morphology of a fine dispersion in a continuous matrix is characteristic. The values of the blood–biomaterial interfacial tension (γSL) are in the range 1.96–3.27 mN m−1, which allows us to conclude that these materials have a good haemocompatibility.

CONCLUSION: The thermomechanical and morphological behaviour were explored and specific interactions were evident between the PU blocks and the HPC chains especially in the 60% HPC–20% HPC/40% PU–80% PU composition range because of the high degree of compatibility. The blends obtained are not cytotoxic and exhibit good surface properties and haemocompatibility. Therefore they could be candidates for medical and pharmaceutical applications. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Entspiegelung nach dem Vorbild von Mottenaugen
Authors: Lohmüller Theobald , Spatz Joachim P. , Brunner Robert
Published: October 2008

Motten finden ihre Nahrung in der Dämmerung, ohne sich durch Lichtreflexion auf ihren Facettenaugen zu verraten – und liefern dabei ein faszinierendes Beispiel für die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten von Nanotechnologie. Forscher am Max‐Planck‐Institut für Metallforschung in Stuttgart haben jetzt in Kooperation mit der Carl Zeiss AG in Jena ein Verfahren entwickelt, um künstliche Mottenaugenstrukturen auf optische Materialien zu übertragen.
Farbfotos durch Interferenz
Authors: Jacobi Manfred
Published: October 2008

Gabriel Lippmann erhielt im Jahr 1908 den Nobelpreis für Physik für seine “Methode, Farben auf photographischem Weg mittels des Phänomens der Interferenz zu reproduzieren”. Seine Methode erregt damals großes Aufsehen, konnte sich aber nicht durchsetzen.
Asymmetrien in der Natur. Physik‐Nobelpreis 2008
Authors: Schmelling Michael
Published: October 2008

Der diesjährige Nobelpreis für Physik geht an Yoichiro Nambu, Makoto Kobayashi und Toshihide Maskawa. Die Forscher werden für ihre Arbeiten zur Symmetriebrechung in der Elementarteilchenphysik ausgezeichnet. Diese sind von zentraler Bedeutung für das Verständnis der Wechselwirkungen zwischen den bekannten Feldern und der Existenz des uns bekannten Universums.
Farbenprächtige Sonnentaler auf dem Wasser
Authors: Schlichting H.‐Joachim
Published: October 2008

Während normale Sonnentaler so alltäglich sind, wie die Sonne, die sich in ihnen abbildet, muss man schon etwas Glück haben, um farbige Sonnentaler auf einer Wasseroberfläche zu erblicken. Dann können auch die physikalisch hoch interessanten Quételet‐Ringe sichtbar werden.
SESAME – ein Traum nimmt Gestalt an
Authors: Schopper Herwig
Published: October 2008

Als vor zehn Jahren die ersten Diskussionen über ein Zentrum für Synchrotronstrahlung im Mittleren Osten begannen, hielten dies viele für ein aussichtsloses Unternehmen – nicht zuletzt wegen der angespannten politischen Situation. In den letzten Jahren wurden jedoch so große Fortschritte erzielt, dass das Projekt SESAME (Synchrotron‐light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East) auf einem guten Weg ist. Am 3. November soll das in Allaan, Jordanien, stehende Gebäude offiziell eingeweiht werden. Die Inbetriebnahme der Anlage ist für Ende 2011 geplant.
Paramagnetismus von flüssigem Sauerstoff
Authors: Pichler Stefan , Schalk Thomas , Hassler Karl
Published: October 2008

Das Verhalten einer Substanz in einem Magnetfeld liefert wichtige Erkenntnisse über die Anordnung ihrer Elektronen. Moleküle mit einem oder mehreren freien (ungepaarten) Elektronen werden in ein Magnetfeld hineingezogen, sie sind paramagnetisch. Ein einfacher Versuch verdeutlicht dies an flüssigem Sauerstoff.
Seerosenfloß und “Hausboot”
Authors: Müller Andreas
Published: October 2008

Das Auftriebsgesetz spielt in vielen Bereichen unseres Alltags eine Rolle – meistens unbeachtet. Archimedes soll es entdeckt haben, als er von König Hieron II. von Syrakus damit beauftragt wurde, die Echtheit einer neuen Goldkrone zu untersuchen. Hier geht es um zwei Anwendungen des Auftriebs – eine vergnüglich, die andere zerstörerisch, beide überraschend.
Engineered measles virus as a novel oncolytic therapy against prostate cancer
Authors: Msaouel Pavlos , Iankov Ianko D. , Allen Cory , Morris John C. , von Messling Veronika , Cattaneo Roberto , Koutsilieris Michael , Russell Stephen J. , Galanis Evanthia
Published: October 2008

BACKGROUND

No curative therapy is currently available for locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer. Oncolytic viruses represent a novel class of therapeutic agents that demonstrates no cross‐resistance with existing approaches and can therefore be combined with conventional treatment modalities. Measles virus strains deriving from the Edmonston (MV‐Edm) vaccine strain have shown considerable oncolytic activity against a variety of solid tumers and hematologic malignancies. In this study, we investigated the antitumor potential of recombinant MV‐Edm derivatives as novel oncolytic agents against prostate cancer.

METHODS

The susceptibility of prostate cancer cell lines (PC‐3, DU‐145, and LNCaP) to measles virus infection was demonstrated using an MV‐Edm derivative expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). MV‐Edm replication in prostate cancer cell lines was assessed by one step viral growth curves. The oncolytic effect of an MV‐Edm strain engineered to express the human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was demonstrated in vitro by MTT assays and in vivo in subcutaneous PC‐3 xenografts. CEA levels were quantitated in cell supernatants and mouse serum samples.

RESULTS

Recombinant MV‐Edm strains can effectively infect, replicate in and kill prostate cancer cells. Intratumoral administration of MV‐CEA at a total dose of 6 × 106 TCID50 resulted in statistically significant tumor growth delay (P = 0.004) and prolongation of survival (P = 0.001) in a subcutaneous PC‐3 xenograft model. Viral growth kinetics paralleled CEA production.

CONCLUSIONS

MV‐CEA has potent antitumor activity against prostate cancer cell lines and xenografts. Viral gene expression during treatment can be determined by monitoring of CEA levels in the serum; the latter could allow dose optimization and tailoring of individualized treatment protocols. Prostate 69: 82–91, 2009. © 2008 Wiley–Liss, Inc.
Cryopreservation of prostate cancer tissue during routine processing of fresh unfixed prostatectomy specimen: demonstration and validation of a new technique
Authors: Schäfer Stephan C. , Pfnür Maria , Yerly Stephane , Fandel Thomas M. , Jichlinski Patrice , Lehr Hans‐Anton
Published: October 2008

BACKGROUND

Most molecular techniques currently require fresh frozen tumor tissue, which in the case of prostatectomy specimen is a challenge to obtain for a variety of intrinsic reasons. Prostate cancers are usually located in the organ periphery and hence meticulous attention has to be paid to the relation between the tumor and the surgical margin. In this article we describe a new technique that allows to obtain fresh frozen tumor material in rather large quantities and without jeopardizing diagnostic accuracy.

METHOD

An inner triangle, representing roughly 50% of the entire prostate tissue, is removed from native prostatectomy specimen and cryopreserved, leaving the periphery of the organ for routine histomorphological analysis. We have validated the technique using a series of 180 archived radical prostatectomy specimen that had been studied by histology in their entirety, as well as 42 prostatectomy specimen worked‐up by the new technique.

RESULTS

The described technique is effective, yielding frozen tumor tissue in 84.2% of unilateral (≤pT2b) and in 91.8% of bilateral (pT2c) carcinomas. The number of tumor containing tissue blocks ranged from 1 to 7 blocks per carcinoma (mean 5.6 ± 3.2). The remaining peripheral tissue portion subjected to histological analysis allowed to estimate total tumor volume with a high degree to confidentiality (r2 ≥ 0.90 by linear regression analysis). The number of blocks to be routinely examined for each prostatectomy specimen is significantly reduced, thus saving costs without loss of diagnostic accuracy.

CONCLUSION

The described technique for prostate cancer cryoconservtion is feasible, highly standardized, effective, safe, and economic. Prostate 69: 191–197, 2009. © 2008 Wiley–Liss, Inc.
MEH‐PPV photobleaching control by femtosecond pulse shaping
Authors: Ferreira Paulo Henrique D. , Silva Daniel L. , Misoguti Lino , Mendonca Cleber R.
Published: October 2008

In the work reported here we were able to control the photobleaching of poly[2‐methoxy‐5‐(2′‐ethyl‐hexyloxy)‐1,4‐phenylene vinylene] (MEH‐PPV), excited by two‐photon absorption, using femtosecond pulse shaping. By applying a cosine‐like spectral phase mask, we observe a reduction of three times in the photobleaching rate, while the fluorescence intensity decreases by 20%, in comparison to the values obtained with a Fourier‐transform‐limited pulse. These results demonstrate an interesting trade‐off between photobleaching rate and nonlinear fluorescence intensity. The possible mechanism behind this process is discussed in terms of the pulse spectral profile and the absorbance band of MEH‐PPV. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Low‐temperature change of lattice parameters in LiKB4O7 single crystals
Authors: Adamiv Volodymyr , Burak Yaroslav , Teslyuk Ihor
Published: October 2008

Structural investigations of LiKB4O7 crystals in the 13–290 K temperature range have been carried out by means of the high‐resolution powder diffraction technique applying synchrotron radiation. It is shown that the structural phase transitions are absent and all the linear thermal expansion coefficients αij are positive in the investigated temperature range. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electron paramagnetic resonance investigation on Zn1–xMnx O thin films grown by MBE
Authors: Knies Christoph , Stehr Jan , Hofmann Detlev M. , Xu Wei , Zhou Yingxue , Zhang Xinyi
Published: October 2008

We present the results of an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) study on Zn1–x Mnx O thin films grown by molecular beam epitaxy on sapphire substrates. The Mn concentrations in the samples vary between x = 0.03 and x = 0.3. Our results show a dominant antiferromagnetic coupling of the Mn2+ ions. The obtained Curie‐Weiss temperatures are consistently smaller compared to results of earlier investigations, this is likely to be caused by an inhomogeneous distribution of the Mn2+ ions in the samples. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Spin polarized transport driven by square voltage pulses in a quantum dot system
Authors: Souza Fabrício M. , Gomez Javier A.
Published: October 2008

We calculate current, spin current and tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) for a quantum dot coupled to ferromagnetic leads in the presence of a square wave of bias voltage. Our results are obtained via time‐dependent nonequilibrium Green function for a non‐interacting electron model. Both parallel and antiparallel lead magnetization alignments are considered. The main findings include a wave of spin accumulation and spin current that can change sign as the time evolves, spikes in the TMR signal and a TMR sign change due to an ultrafast switch from forward to reverse current in the emitter lead. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ocean altimeter assimilation with observational‐ and model‐bias correction
Authors: Lea D. J. , Drecourt J.‐P. , Haines K. , Martin M. J.
Published: October 2008

We implement a combined on‐line model‐ and observation‐bias correction scheme in the UK Met Office Forecasting Ocean Assimilation Model (FOAM) Unified Model ocean data assimilation system. The observation bias is designed to estimate the error in the mean dynamic topography that is used for altimeter data assimilation. In future, this mean dynamic topography and its errors may be derived from the Gravity field and steady‐state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) mission geoid data. The mean dynamic topography field is added to the altimeter data supplied as sea‐level anomalies, giving the absolute dynamic topography. The model‐bias scheme separately estimates the remaining bias in the model's sea surface height field. The final unbiased estimate of the absolute dynamic topography is assimilated into the FOAM model by adjusting the subsurface density field using the Cooper and Haines scheme. Various diagnostics, including the observation minus background statistics, show that both model‐ and observation‐bias correction schemes improve the assimilation results. Combining the schemes provides better results than either used alone. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society and Crown Copyright, 2008
A generalized thermal wind equation and some non‐separable exact solutions of the flow equations for three‐dimensional spherical atmospheres
Authors: White A. A. , Staniforth A.
Published: October 2008

Steady axisymmetric flows in geostrophic and cyclostrophic balance under gravity are considered for the three‐dimensional Euler equations (with the spherical geopotential approximation but without the shallow‐atmosphere and ‘traditional’ approximations). The key to analytical specification of these flows is a compatibility condition involving the zonal flow and temperature fields. This condition is a generalization of the thermal wind equation for balanced zonal flow governed by the hydrostatic primitive equations. Two examples are presented in which the temperature field is specified as non‐separable two‐parameter functions of latitude and height, and corresponding zonal flows are derived analytically. Such flows extend the class of known analytical solutions of the governing equations, and their usefulness in numerical model development and testing is the focus of this study. © Crown Copyright 2008. Reproduced with the permission of the Controller of HMSO. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Large‐eddy simulation of turbulent flow over a forested hill: Validation and coherent structure identification
Authors: Dupont S. , Brunet Y. , Finnigan J. J.
Published: October 2008

Modelling turbulent flow at a very fine scale within and above vegetation canopies over complex terrain is of great interest for many environmental applications. Over the last decade, it has been demonstrated that the large‐eddy simulation (LES) technique is able to reproduce in detail many observed features of turbulent flow over homogeneous and heterogeneous vegetation canopies on flat terrain. For the first time, a nested LES of turbulent flow within and above a forested canopy on an isolated two‐dimensional hill is analysed and validated against pressure and velocity data from a wind‐tunnel experiment. The model is shown to be able to reproduce accurately the main features observed over a forested hill. The results also confirm recent observations on the intermittency of the recirculation region behind the hill, and on the domination of sweep motions in momentum transfer at the canopy top all along the hill. The main characteristics of turbulent structures have also been investigated from the analysis of vorticity fields and two‐point velocity correlations across the hill. It is shown that the streamwise wind velocity upwind from the summit is not correlated with the flow within the wake region but only with the flow above it, while in the wake region the streamwise wind velocity at the canopy top is only correlated with the flow within the wake region. This result suggests that turbulence within the wake region results from the superposition of various turbulent structures: large turbulent structures induced by the elevated shear layer that may result from the rolling over of Kelvin‐Helmotz instabilities, structures induced at the lee‐side foot of the hill by an adverse pressure gradient and structures induced by the presence of the canopy. Implications of hilly terrain on canopy‐atmosphere exchanges and tree vulnerability to windload are briefly discussed. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
An atmospheric model of intermediate complexity for data assimilation studies
Authors: Ehrendorfer Martin , Errico Ronald M.
Published: October 2008

Atmospheric models of intermediate complexity play an important role when studying atmospheric phenomena. Their complexity is between highly truncated low‐dimensional ‘toy’ models and modern general circulation or numerical weather prediction models. By design, computational cost associated with intermediate models is much reduced while at the same time some important aspects of atmospheric behaviour are still reasonably realistically described. Performing numerical experimentation with such models in the contexts of data assimilation, predictability, and atmospheric dynamics can produce informative results regarding those aspects for comparatively low cost. Nevertheless, as with any model‐based study, the degree to which results so obtained may be generalized to more realistic conditions remains somewhat uncertain and dependent on the specific questions being considered. An intermediate‐complexity model, named AMIC (Atmospheric Model of Intermediate Complexity) based on the nonlinear quasi‐geostrophic potential vorticity equation is presented. This global model uses a spectral dynamical core, and contains ‘physical processes’, such as climatological forcing, diffusion, and damping, designed to reasonably match AMIC's behaviour with observed atmospheric properties. While AMIC has variable horizontal and vertical resolution, the properties of AMIC are studied here for two specific resolutions (T45L6 and T106L9) and these are compared against atmospheric properties in terms of energy spectra, time‐mean and transient behaviour, and singular‐vector perturbation growth. The model's behaviour is reasonably realistic, except for its transient activity being somewhat weak, especially in the southern (summer) hemisphere. AMIC is also suited for some data assimilation and predictability studies since it contains complete tangent‐linear and adjoint models. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Bioassays for evaluating the water‐extractable genotoxic and toxic potential of soils polluted by metal smelters
Authors: Vidic Tatjana , Lah Barbara , Berden‐Zrimec Maja , Marinsek‐Logar Romana
Published: October 2008

Physicochemical analyses of polluted soils are limited in their ability to determine all hazardous compounds, their bioavailability, and their combined effects on living organisms. Bioassays, on the other hand, can evaluate environmental quality more accurately. This study assesses the genotoxic potential of water extracts from soil polluted with metals (Pb, Cd, and Zn) by the former lead smelter in Žerjav, Slovenia using comet assay with Tetrahymena thermophila and human hepatoma cells (HepG2). In addition, the toxicity of soil samples and their extracts was evaluated using Vibrio fischeri and delayed fluorescence of Lemna minor. Chemical analyses of metals using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) was performed for comparison. Measurements of the total metal concentrations showed that four of five plots near the former lead smelter were highly contaminated with Pb, Cd, and Zn, but the amount of metals in water/soil extracts was low at all the sampling plots. Genotoxicity was demonstrated using T. thermophila for the majority of the extracts, and HepG2 cells for only some of the extracts. Whereas V. fischeri indicated a gradual decrease in soil toxicity with greater distance from the smelter, the toxicity of extracts did not correlate with proximity. Low concentrations of metals in water extracts stimulated L. minor growth. The results indicate that comet assay with T. thermophila and HepG2 cells and the BSPT with V. fischeri are suitable protocols for screening the genotoxic and toxic potential of water/soil extracts by comet assay, whereas chemical analyses of total metal concentrations in soil do not solely suffice for evaluating metal pollution in the environment. Biological assays are thus crucial for risk assessment. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2009.
Fetal cardiac output and its distribution to the placenta at 11–20 weeks of gestation
Authors: Vimpeli T. , Huhtala H. , Wilsgaard T. , Acharya G.
Published: October 2008

Objectives

To measure serial changes in cardiac output (CO) and its fraction distributed to the placenta at 11–20 weeks of gestation.

Methods

Blood flow velocities, and diameters of the aorta, pulmonary artery and umbilical vein, were measured longitudinally in 143 fetuses using pulsed‐wave Doppler and two‐dimensional ultrasound examination.

Results

Volume blood flow of the aorta (left ventricular CO) and the pulmonary artery (right ventricular CO) increased in a similar manner with advancing gestational age. The combined cardiac output (CCO) increased from 9 mL/min to 121 mL/min, and the placental volume blood flow (Quv) increased from 1.2 mL/min to 25.3 mL/min during 11–20 weeks of gestation. The fraction of CCO diverted to the placenta increased from 14% at 11 weeks to 21% at 20 weeks.

Conclusions

We have established longitudinal reference ranges for fetal CO and Quv at 11–20 weeks of gestation. The fraction of CCO distributed to the placenta increased significantly during this period, reflecting rapid placental growth and establishment of a low‐resistance circulation. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Injury to the Ulnar Collateral Ligament of the Thumb
Authors: Tsiouri Chrysi , Hayton Michael J. , Baratz Mark
Published: October 2008

Injury to the ulnar collateral ligament of the thumb is very common and can be disabling when missed or left untreated. We present a review of literature and our preferred way of management.
Latino adolescents' academic success: The role of discrimination, academic motivation, and gender
Authors: Alfaro Edna C. , Umaña‐Taylor Adriana J. , Gonzales‐Backen Melinda A. , Bámaca Mayra Y. , Zeiders Katharine H.
Published: October 2008

Guided by the academic resilience perspective, the current longitudinal study examined whether academic motivation mediated the relation between Latino adolescents' (N = 221) experiences with discrimination and their academic success. The potential moderating role of gender was also examined. Using multiple group analysis in structural equation modeling, findings indicated that perceived discrimination at Wave 2 significantly predicted academic motivation at Waves 2 and 3 for boys but not girls. Additionally, for boys, academic motivation significantly mediated the relation between perceived discrimination and academic success. Findings underscore the importance of considering the long‐term implications of discrimination for Latino boys' academic success. Furthermore, findings encourage moving beyond the examination of gender differences in specific academic outcomes (e.g., academic success) and focusing on how the processes leading to academic success vary by gender.
Neurobiological perspectives on the nature of visual and verbal processes
Authors: Childers Terry L. , Jiang Yang
Published: October 2008

Wyer and colleagues in this issue summarize an array of studies that demonstrate varied and significant effects of a series of antecedents on the relative accessibility of visual and verbal strategies in memory and the ease with which these strategies can be employed to affect comprehension and judgments. We review the studies in light of findings and perspectives from psychophysiological and neuroimaging research. We discuss how measurement of event‐related potentials (ERP) can illuminate automatic versus reflective forms of processes. Then the revelation of brain regions involved in the visual processing of pictures and words under different tasks and processes by functional brain imaging (e.g. functional MRI). We close by considering these bio‐behavioral perspectives and the interactions among modality, task, and affect on visual and verbal encoding strategies among individuals differing in visual and verbal processing orientations.
Rescue therapy with doxorubicin-based chemotherapy for relapsing or refractory feline lymphoma: A retrospective study of 23 cases
Authors: Oberthaler Karen T. , Mauldin Elizabeth , McManus Patricia M , Shofer S Shofer , Sorenmo Karin U
Published: October 2008

This study examined the efficacy of doxorubicin-based chemotherapy used for rescue therapy in refractory feline lymphoma. Records of 23 cats with lymphoma treated with chemotherapy who received doxorubicin for the first time in a rescue setting were reviewed. Seventeen (74%) of the 23 cats had only one treatment of doxorubicin. Five (22%) of the 23 cats had a positive response to doxorubicin and were given additional doses. The response to therapy in 4/5 of these responders could be assessed objectively, of which, two cats (9%) achieved partial remission (PR) and two cats (9%) achieved complete remission (CR). The two cats that achieved CR had differing response durations (6 weeks and greater than 47 months). Three of these five (60%) responders had also received concurrent other chemotherapy in addition to doxorubicin. Cell type and the use of concurrent chemotherapy were significant predictors of response. Cats with small-medium cell lymphomas ( P=0.001) and cats that received concurrent chemotherapy with doxorubicin rescue ( P=0.007) were more likely to respond favorably. This study suggests that doxorubicin-based chemotherapy is not an effective rescue protocol for feline lymphoma.
Breaking the Barriers: The Promise of Computer‐Assisted Screening for Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Renker Paula Rinard
Published: October 2008

Although intimate partner violence (IPV) affects hundreds of thousands of women, the majority of women seen in health care settings are not screened for IPV. Many women are hesitant to disclose their abusive situations to their health care providers and, sadly, there is evidence that when women do disclose violence, their health care providers do not give them needed support and information. This article discusses the importance of IPV screening and barriers that may contribute to the current lack of screening by providers and the low disclosure rate by IPV survivors, describes how computer‐assisted screening for IPV can address those barriers, and reports the findings of an integrative review of studies about computer‐assisted self‐interview (CASI) IPV screening. Computer screening strategies consistently identified a higher prevalence of IPV and were the approach preferred by the study participants. The findings of these initial studies provide support for the development and testing of computer screening and intervention strategies for IPV.
Lifetime and During Pregnancy Experience of Violence and the Risk of Low Birth Weight and Preterm Birth
Authors: Fried Lise E. , Cabral Howard , Amaro Hortensia , Aschengrau Ann
Published: October 2008

In order to assess the relationship between lifetime and during pregnancy experience of violence and low birth weight (LBW) and preterm birth outcomes, we designed a prospective cohort study in which the birth outcomes of women who experienced violence before their pregnancy or who experienced violence during pregnancy were compared to women who reported no lifetime experience of violence. We found that the risk of having a low birth weight or preterm baby was higher for women who did not experience violence. The proportion of women who had LBW babies was 7.1% for women who experienced violence during pregnancy, 7.8% for women who experienced violence before the current pregnancy, and 9.1% for nonexposed women. The proportion of preterm births was 3.5% for women exposed to violence during pregnancy, 8.5% for women exposed before the current pregnancy, and 9.7% for nonexposed women. However, married women who experienced violence had a higher proportion of LBW and preterm infants compared to the reference group of nonvictims of violence. Overall, women who experienced violence during pregnancy and before their current pregnancy did not have a greater proportion of LBW babies or preterm births. The findings suggest that married women in certain populations may experience more frequent or more severe experience of violence than unmarried women.
Le kitāb al-Taḥlīl d'Alfarabi
Authors: Mallet Dominique
Published: October 2008

In a departure from the tradition of the Neoplatonic commentators of the Organon, the sequence of summaries in the “Bratislava series” insert two treatises between the Prior Analytics and the Posterior Analytics, namely the Resolution (kitāb al-Taḥlīl) and the Sophistical Refutations. And even though the Taḥlīl is concerned with Book 2 of the Topics, it does not deal with dialectic. Instead, it comments on the summary of the Topics that belongs to the Prior Analytics (I, 27–30), while “completing” it. The contents of kitāb al-Taḥlīl and the different titles that the fahāris give it (e.g., fīiktisăb al-muqaddimāt), lead one to realize that it is an addition to the Prior Analytics offering a theory concerning the generation of the premisses of the syllogism, something that may have appeared to Alfarabi as missing from Kitāb al-Qiyās.
Two Letters of the Patriarch Timothy from the Late Eighth Century on Translations from Greek
Authors: Brock Sebastian P.
Published: October 2008

Among the extensive correspondence of Timothy I, Catholicos of the Church of the East, are two letters which refer to his collobaration in a translation of Aristotle's Topics into Syriac and Arabic, commissioned by the Caliph al-Mahdī. An annotated English translation of both letters is provided.
Arabic Mechanical Engineering: Survey of the Historical sources
Authors: Hill Donald
Published: October 2008

The first and more important section of this article lists all the known treatises in Arabic on Fine Technology – water-clocks, automata, pumps, trick vessels, fountains, etc. The ideas, techniques and components in these treatises are of great importance in the history of machine technology. For each treatise information is given on the provenance of MSS, editions in Arabic and translations, paraphrases or commentaries in modern European languages. In addition to treatises by Arabic writers, similar information is also given on Greek mechanical treatises if these have survived only in Arabic versions.

The second section deals with utilitarian machines such as mills and water-raising machines. The various sources of information about these machines is discussed, including Arabic works on geography and travel, iconography and archaeology.
The Latin Version of lbn Mucādh's Treatise “On Twilight and the Rising of Clouds”
Authors: Smith A. Mark
Published: October 2008

Written by the 11th-century Spanish Arab, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muhammad ibn Mucādh al-Jayyānī, “On Twilight and the Rising of Clouds” represents a unique attempt to determine the height of the atmosphere on the basis of the first tinging of its upper reaches by dawn light. In fact, Ibn Mucādh's value of around 52 miles remained standard until the 17th century, when it was revised sharply downward in consideration of atmospheric refraction and barometric studies. The treatise itself survives in a single Hebrew exemplar, 25 Latin exemplars, and an Italian exemplar derived from the Latin. At the heart of this present study is a critical text based on a fullscale comparative transcription of 22 of the Latin manuscripts, ranging in date from the 13th to the 17th century.
Les fondements de laRhétoriqued'Aristote reconsidérés par Fārābi, ou le concept de point de vue immédiat et commun
Authors: Aouad Maroun
Published: October 2008

The use of the immediate and common point of view (bādi' al-ra'y al-muštarak) is presented, in Arab philosophy, as characteristic of the rhetorical method. We will endeavour, in this article, to determine the importance, the significance and the origins of this concept in the works of Fārābī. The first part examines the concept's position in the structure ofKitābwhere Fārābī, while followingRhet. I 2 (a veritable introduction to the discipline of oratory) tries to improve the structure of Aristotle's chapter around this concept, which is not in Aristotle. The concept is then defined in the second part. What is at issue is not the immediate point of view of an individual who might think of certain propositions as being universally accepted, when in fact they are not, but rather the point of view which is accepted without question by the majority. It relies on a kind of testimony (šahāda) rather than on the personal judgement of the auditor. It differs nevertheless from propositions which are really universally accepted because these can only be invalidated by an elite and not by any ordinary examination. In the third part, we will review those doctrines ofKitābwhich depend on the concept of the immediate and common point of view, focusing in particular on the definition of enthymema. In the last part, we will investigate some philological and philosophical difficulties, such as the difference between rhetorical and dialectical premises, which constitute the background to the development of the concept.
The Political Teaching of Averroes
Authors: Butterworth Charles E.
Published: October 2008

Though much has been written of late about Averroes and his philosophy, little attention has been paid to his political teaching. Generally speaking, his works can be divided into two categories: (a) commentaries on Aristotle and other important thinkers and (b) occasional treatises written to resolve particular questions. The subject of this essay, his political teaching, is stated most directly in the first classification of writings – especially in his commentaries on Aristotle's Rhetoric and Plato's Republic. Even though the second kind of writings helps to nuance some of his broader themes — especially the two treatises having to do with the relationship between philosophy anddivine law, namely, the Decisive Treatise and its sequel Kashf an manāhij al-adilla — considerations of space preclude an analysis of them here. Our examination of the first two writings will focus primarily on what Averroes has to say about the different kinds of political regimes and, above all, the best regime, for his discussion of it leads him to reflect more generally on other major political questions.
Al-kindī, vues sur le temps
Authors: Jolivet Jean
Published: October 2008

Al-Kindī's views concerning time are dispersed in different places in his works, but they are to be found principally in his On First Philosophy and De quinque essentiis (Sermo de tempore). Yes, he does follow Aristotle, but he insists on the homogeneity of the instant and of time; he also distances himself from the Philosopher by denying the eternity of the world a parte ante as well as a parte post. On the other hand, in his accounts of the realization of possible things and of the organization of the cosmos, he presents certain views that sometimes tend toward the principle of plenitude, and sometimes toward the doctrine of the best possible world, and here one can discern a principle that is distinctly theological.
La figure d'Alexandre chez les Arabes et sa genèse
Authors: Grignaschi Mario
Published: October 2008

The article describes several representations of Alexander the Great which were current in medieval Arabic learned circles and proposes some ideas on the genesis of these representations in the Greek and Syriac civilizations: 1) Alexander as moralist; 2) Alexander as a mystical philosopher who knew the mysterious links governing the cosmos; 3) Alexander as a monotheist philosopher who was charged with responsibility for the Ğihād; 4) Alexander as a cunning politician.
Al-Fārābī and Maimonides on Medicine as a Science
Authors: Stroumsa Sarah
Published: October 2008

In his commentary on the first Aphorism of Hippocrates Maimonides lists the seven parts of medicine. Scholars have studied the relation of this text to the work of al-Fārābī. In particular, they have focused on the Iḥṣāʼ al-ʼulῡm, which in its present form does not contain a discussion of medicine, and on al-Fārābīʼs Risāla fi al-ţibb. The article examines the medieval Hebrew versions of the Iḥṣāʼ al-ʽūlum (versions made by Falaqera, Qalonimos and Rieti). On the basis of these versions, it is argued that there existed a version of the Ihşāʼ al-ʽulūm which did contain a section on medicine; that the Risala fi al-ţibb could have originated in such a fuller version of the Ihsa' al-'ulum; and that Maimonides's ultimate source for his classification of medicine was probably the Iḥṣāʼ al-ʽulūm. An appendix to the paper examines Maimonides's references to Galen and to Abū Bakr al- Rāzī. These references show Maimonides's perception of al-Fārābīʼs view of physicians who claim to be philosophers.
Two Commentaries on Euclid's Definition of Proportional Magnitudes
Authors: Vahabzadeh Bijan
Published: October 2008

Euclid's definition of proportional magnitudes in the Fifth Book of the Elements gave rise to many commentaries. We examine closely two of these commentaries, one by al-Jayyānī (11th century) and the other by Saunderson (18th century). Both al-Jayyānī and Saunderson attempted to defend Euclid's definition by making explicit what Euclid had only implied. We show that the two authors explain Euclid's position in a virtually identical manner.
The Source that Nourishes, Averroes's Decisive Determination
Authors: Butterworth Charles E.
Published: October 2008

What follows is a detailed study of Averroes's Decisive Treatise based on a new English translation of the text. It seeks to reveal the steps of the exposition, the quality of the reasoning used therein, and the general goal. The study adheres closely to the framework established by Averroes at the outset: namely, that this is an inquiry conducted from the perspective of what is permitted by the divine law of Islam. And it takes seriously the proposition that one can seek for an intelligent and intelligible connection between that law and the results reached through philosophical investigation. Thus, Averroes's ultimate conclusion – that the divine law of Islam and philosophy or wisdom are in basic agreement – is seen to make sense insofar as both seek to provide for the well-being of all members of the community. It makes sense, that is, as an understanding of what governance entails.
Sharaf al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī et le polygone de Newton
Authors: Houzel Christian
Published: October 2008

The Treatise on Equations of Sharaf al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī (2nd half of the 12th century) is in the tradition of ‛Umar al-Khayyām (d. 1131). However, it has two special features. First, it contains a full discussion of the existence of a solution for third-degree equations, which al-Ṭūsī establishes by proving that the conic curves that represent this solution effectively intersect – a proof based on an intuitive notion of connexity. Secondly, al-Ṭūsī develops algorithms for the numerical resolution of these third-degree equations. The first stage of one of these algorithms follows a procedure which is akin to the so-called method of Newton's polygon.
L'Abrégé de l'Almageste: un inédit d'Averroès en version hébraïque
Authors: Lay Juliane
Published: October 2008

TheCompendium of the Almagestof Averroes, extant only in Hebrew translation, remains unpublished and hardly studied. The present article aims to make it known. It provides a history of theCompendium: its date of writing, translation into Hebrew, and the transmission, reception, and audience of the Hebrew translation, as well as a preliminary study of the text. This includes an annotated outline of its contents, and a discussion of its sources and their critical use by Averroes. The article also contains a translation of significant extracts from the Prologue, with a brief analysis. TheCompendiumprovides direct and relatively early evidence from a leading protagonist of the 12th-century movement by Andalusian thinkers – mostly Aristotelian philosophers – to criticize and reform Ptolemean astronomy.
Arabic Writings in Hebrew Manuscripts: A Preliminary Relisting
Authors: Langermann Y. Tzvi
Published: October 2008

For many centuries Jews in Arabic-speaking lands have transcribed books written by non-Jews into the Hebrew alphabet; the language remains Arabic, but the writing is Hebrew. This was done mainly for the benefit of those who knew the Arabic language but not the script. The majority of these transcriptions are scientific or philosophical texts. Transcriptions are of value to scholars for two reasons. Some entire texts, or more complete or accurate versions of texts, are preserved only in transcription. In addition, the choice of texts transcribed is very instructive concerning the cultural and intellectual interests of Jews. A century ago the great bibliographer Moritz Steinschneider published a description of the transcriptions known to him. We have undertaken to prepare a full catalogue. In this article we offer a preliminary relisting of those manuscripts that we have examined recently.
Ex aequali Ratios in the Greek and Arabic Euclidean Traditions
Authors: De Young Gregg
Published: October 2008

Euclid discusses the ex aequali relationship twice in the Elements. The first is in Book V (based on definitions 17 and 18, propositions 22 and 23), during his discussion of arithmetical relations between mathematical magnitudes in general. The second is in Books VII–IX (developed using proposition VII,14), where he focuses on arithmetical relations in the case of numbers only. Although the distinction between mathematical magnitudes in general and numbers in particular often seems somewhat forced to contemporary philosophers, it was apparently very real to Euclid. Because Euclid seemed so conscious of the differences between the subject matter of Book V (magnitudes) and Books VII–IX (numbers), he was not much troubled by the differences between his treatment of ex aequali ratios in these two contexts. Later generations of mathematicians, however, found these differences less acceptable and tried to minimize them in various ways. This paper summarizes Euclid's use of the ex aequali relation in developing his mathematics. The paper then outlines the fate of the post-Theonine Greek attempts to “improve” the Euclidean discussion when the Elements entered the Arabic/Islamic intellectual tradition. The study concludes with the attempts by Ibn al-Hayṯam and Ibn al-Sarī to improve the parallelism between the discussions of ex aequali ratios in Book V and Book VII.