bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The diagnostic accuracy of acute phase proteins and proinflammatory cytokines in sheep with pneumonic pasteurellosis
Authors: El-Deeb Wael M. , Elmoslemany Ahmed M.
Published: July 2016

The goal of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of acute phase proteins and proinflammatory cytokines in sheep with pneumonic pasteurellosis. Blood samples were collected from 56 sheep (36 naturally infected withPasteurella multocidaand 20 healthy controls) belonging to one farm in Eastern region, Saudi Arabia. Serum samples were evaluated for acute phase proteins (Haptoglobin (Hp), serum amyloid A (SAA) and fibrinogen (Fb)), and the proinflammatory cytokines (interleukins (IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interferon-gamma (IFN-ϒ)). Additionally, nasopharyngeal swabs and bronchoalveolar lavages were collected from all animals for bacteriological examinations. Receiver operating characteristic curve was used to assess the diagnostic performance of each parameter. All parameters showed moderate to high degree of positive correlation with case-control status. There was no significant difference in the area under the curve (AUC) among acute phase proteins; however, both Hp and SAA showed better sensitivity and specificity than Fb. The proinflammatory cytokines (IL1-α, IL1-β, and IL6) showed similar and highly accurate diagnostic performance (AUC> 0.9), whereas IFN-ϒ was moderately accurate (AUC= 0.79). In conclusion, this study confirms the value of acute phase proteins and cytokines as diagnostic biomarkers of naturally occuring pneumonic pasteurellosis in sheep.
Enhanced functional connectivity properties of human brains during in-situ nature experience
Authors: Chen Zheng , He Yujia , Yu Yuguo
Published: July 2016

In this study, we investigated the impacts of in-situ nature and urban exposure on human brain activities and their dynamics. We randomly assigned 32 healthy right-handed college students (mean age = 20.6 years, SD = 1.6; 16 males) to a 20 min in-situ sitting exposure in either a nature (n = 16) or urban environment (n = 16) and measured their Electroencephalography (EEG) signals. Analyses revealed that a brief in-situ restorative nature experience may induce more efficient and stronger brain connectivity with enhanced small-world properties compared with a stressful urban experience. The enhanced small-world properties were found to be correlated with “coherent” experience measured by Perceived Restorativeness Scale (PRS). Exposure to nature also induces stronger long-term correlated activity across different brain regions with a right lateralization. These findings may advance our understanding of the functional activities during in-situ environmental exposures and imply that a nature or nature-like environment may potentially benefit cognitive processes and mental well-being.
Transcriptome analysis ofPseudomonas aeruginosaPAO1 grown at both body and elevated temperatures
Authors: Chan Kok-Gan , Priya Kumutha , Chang Chien-Yi , Abdul Rahman Ahmad Yamin , Tee Kok Keng , Yin Wai-Fong
Published: July 2016

Functional genomics research can give us valuable insights into bacterial gene function. RNA Sequencing (RNA-seq) can generate information on transcript abundance in bacteria following abiotic stress treatments. In this study, we used the RNA-seq technique to study the transcriptomes of the opportunistic nosocomial pathogenPseudomonas aeruginosaPAO1 following heat shock. Samples were grown at both the human body temperature (37 °C) and an arbitrarily-selected temperature of 46 °C. In this work using RNA-seq, we identified 133 genes that are differentially expressed at 46 °C compared to the human body temperature. Our work identifies some keyP. aeruginosaPAO1 genes whose products have importance in both environmental adaptation as well as in vivo infection in febrile hosts. More importantly, our transcriptomic results show that many genes are only expressed when subjected to heat shock. Because the RNA-seq can generate high throughput gene expression profiles, our work reveals many unanticipated genes with further work to be done exploring such genes products.
Reconstitution of the complete rupture in musculotendinous junction using skeletal muscle-derived multipotent stem cell sheet-pellets as a “bio-bond”
Authors: Hashimoto Hiroyuki , Tamaki Tetsuro , Hirata Maki , Uchiyama Yoshiyasu , Sato Masato , Mochida Joji
Published: July 2016

Background.Significant and/or complete rupture in the musculotendinous junction (MTJ) is a challenging lesion to treat because of the lack of reliable suture methods. Skeletal muscle-derived multipotent stem cell (Sk-MSC) sheet-pellets, which are able to reconstitute peripheral nerve and muscular/vascular tissues with robust connective tissue networks, have been applied as a “bio-bond”.

Methods.Sk-MSC sheet-pellets, derived from GFP transgenic-mice after 7 days of expansion culture, were detached with EDTA to maintain cell–cell connections. A completely ruptured MTJ model was prepared in the right tibialis anterior (TA) of the recipient mice, and was covered with sheet-pellets. The left side was preserved as a contralateral control. The control group received the same amount of the cell-free medium. The sheet-pellet transplantation (SP) group was further divided into two groups; as the short term (4–8 weeks) and long term (14–18 weeks) recovery group. At each time point after transplantation, tetanic tension output was measured through the electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve. The behavior of engrafted GFP+tissues and cells was analyzed by fluorescence immunohistochemistry.

Results.The SP short term recovery group showed average 64% recovery of muscle mass, and 36% recovery of tetanic tension output relative to the contralateral side. Then, the SP long term recovery group showed increased recovery of average muscle mass (77%) and tetanic tension output (49%). However, the control group showed no recovery of continuity between muscle and tendon, and demonstrated increased muscle atrophy, with coalescence to the tibia during 4–8 weeks after operation. Histological evidence also supported the above functional recovery of SP group. Engrafted Sk-MSCs primarily formed the connective tissues and muscle fibers, including nerve-vascular networks, and bridged the ruptured tendon–muscle fiber units, with differentiation into skeletal muscle cells, Schwann cells, vascular smooth muscle, and endothelial cells.

Discussion.This bridging capacity between tendon and muscle fibers of the Sk-MSC sheet-pellet, as a “bio-bond,” represents a possible treatment for various MTJ ruptures following surgery.
Correlations between personality traits and specific groups of alpha waves in the human EEG
Authors: Johannisson Tomas
Published: July 2016

Background.Different individuals have alpha waves with different wavelengths. The distribution of the wavelengths is assumed to be bell-shaped and smooth. Although this view is generally accepted, it is still just an assumption and has never been critically tested. When exploring the relationship between alpha waves and personality traits, it makes a huge difference if the distribution of the alpha waves is smooth or if specific groups of alpha waves can be demonstrated. Previous studies have not considered the possibility that specific groups of alpha waves may exist.

Methods.Computerized EEGs have become standard, but wavelength measurements are problematic when based on averaging procedures using the Fourier transformation because such procedures cause a large systematic error. If the actual wavelength is of interest, it is necessary to go back to basic physiology and use raw EEG signals. In the present study, measurements were made directly from sequences of alpha waves where every wave could be identified. Personality dimensions were measured using an inventory derived from the International Personality Item Pool.

Results.Recordings from 200 healthy individuals revealed that there are three main groups of alpha waves. These groups had frequencies around 8, 10, and 12 waves per second. The middle group had a bimodal distribution, and a subdivision gave a total of four alpha groups. In the center of each group, the degree of extraversion was high and the degree of neuroticism was low. Many small differences in personality traits were found when the centers were compared with one another. This gave four personality profiles that resemble the four classical temperaments. When people in the surrounding zones were compared with those in the centers, relatively large differences in personality traits were found.

Conclusions.Specific groups of alpha waves exist, and these groups have to be taken into account when correlations are made to personality dimensions and temperament types. There is a link between alpha waves and personality traits, and this link implies that there is an underlying relationship. To explain the nature of this relationship, there are two hypotheses that can be applied. One of these deals with the general organization of the forebrain and the other explains why the brain generates alpha waves.
I. Inquisitio as a Tool of Royal Governance under the Carolingian and Ottonian Kings
Authors: Bachrach David S.
Published: July 2016

The inquest (Latin inquisitio) was an important administrative tool in the hands of government officials of the later Roman empire and of the Regnum Francorum. Imperial and royal officials used inquests to safeguard the fisc, and also to assure accurate tax assessments. Scholars long have recognized that the inquest also served similar roles in the hands of government officials in the Carolingian empire during the reigns of Charlemagne and Louis the Pious. By contrast, most specialists in the history of the east Frankish kingdom and of its German successor under the Ottonian dynasty have argued that the lands east of the Rhine lacked the sophisticated administrative institutions that were characteristic Carolingian government in the first half of the ninth century. This study offers a corrective to the traditional view that both the eastern Carolingians and the Ottonians presided over administratively backward realms. It was rather the case that the eastern Carolingian rulers and their Ottonian successors used inquisitiones to safeguard the royal fisc from misuse, neglect, and theft. In addition, these rulers used inquests to maintain control over the assets of ecclesiastical institution.
III. Inklusion und Exklusion
Authors: Breustedt Sonja
Published: July 2016

Inclusion and Exclusion - The legal position of citizens and Beisassen, denizens and foreigners in late-mediaeval Frankfurt am Main. In the Middle Ages, most denizens in German towns were burghers, but also other groups such as Jews, denizens without citizenship or Beisassen (residents without full rights of citizenship). The Beisassen of Frankfurt were neither artisans nor poor people. Some depended on other lords or other towns, mostly the county of Hanau, which impeded them to become burghers of Frankfurt; others didn't want to. After 1498 the Beisassen - now called Beisitz - obtained legal relationship for limited time periods each.
VII. Zum Städelschen Beerbungsfall
Authors: Noda Ryuichi
Published: July 2016

The Staedel Heritage Case. Japanese civil code § 42 stems from German civil code § 84: J.F. Städel established, in his testament, both the foundation of the Städel-art institute at Frankfurt on Main, and that it should be his testamentary heir. Follows the rather complicated Städel-case 1817-1828. In 1826, an attorney at the Higher Court of appeal pointed out an analogy to the postumus heir. The analogy was taken up by the first draft of the Civil code, then disappeared. The drafter of the Japanese civil code adopted it without giving it much thought.
VIII. Der Rechtsstreit um die Verletzung der belgischen Neutralität im Ersten Weltkrieg
Authors: Wampach Christophe
Published: July 2016

The legal discussion on the breach of Belgian neutrality in World War I: This paper focuses on the legal quarrel which ensued from the violation of neutral Belgium in 1914. The aim is to understand why the German argumentation failed to assert the legality of the invasion in international law. To this end, three main arguments put forward by the German legal scholars to justify the breach of Belgium’s neutrality are reviewed, as well as the reply of the allied jurists.
Forschen ohne historisch-kritische Textgrundlage: der Dekretalenteil der Collectio Hispana
Authors: Scherer Cornelia
Published: July 2016

Research on the decretal part of the Collectio Hispana. The essay considers the question how to deal with the divergent state of the edition of the various parts of the Collectio Hispana. The major part of the collection is already available in a historico-critical edition by Martínez Díez/ Rodríguez, while it is still necessary to consult the bilingual edition of Vives for some councils and the edition of González, which dates from the beginning of the 19th century, for the decretals. Based on two selected decretals (which are printed in the appendix) a possible handling of this problem will be presented: The edition by González is compared with four selected manuscripts to verify the reliability of the text. Thereby, a precautious usage of his compilation will be recommended: Apparently the text as a whole is reliable. The two major problems are the normalized spelling making the edition unusable for philological questions, as well as González’ choosing of a Leithandschrift in which the decretals and their index appear in a form differing substantially from the other manuscripts. Therefore, the appearance of this part within the edition does not correspond to the majority of its manuscripts.
Archiepiscopal and Papal Involvement in Episcopal Elections: The Origins and Reception of Lateran IV cc. 23–24 from the Third Lateran Council to the Liber Sextus
Authors: Larson Atria A.
Published: July 2016

Constitutions 23 and 24 of the Fourth Lateran Council dealt with episcopal elections, providing the proper timeframe and three possible electoral procedures, respectively. Although the former stipulated that an electoral body’s proximate superior was to gain the potestas eligendi and thus make an appointment if the electoral body failed to elect within the specified three months, the latter constitution was far less explicit about to whom the power to elect devolved if an electoral body did not follow proper procedure. The former constitution also failed to identify clearly which office constituted the ‘proximate superior’. Both constitutions were based in some sense on recent conciliar decrees (from the Third Lateran Council) or pre-1215 decretals issued from Innocent III’s curia. Since both constitutions lacked certain points of legal precision, several more decretals and conciliar decrees were needed in the thirteenth century before it was fully and clearly decided when the power to elect devolved to the metropolitan and when it devolved to the pope. A constitution by Boniface VIII in the Liber Sextus finally resolved the matter. This essay traces this development.
Vom Allgemeinbekannten zum Gerichtsbekannten: Das allmähliche Verschwinden der Notorietät und die Veränderungen des römisch-kanonischen Beweisrechts in der Frühen Neuzeit
Authors: Schmoeckel Mathias
Published: July 2016

From the wellknown to the notorious: The gradual decline of notoriety and changes in romancanon law of proof in the Early New Age. With the establishment of procedural natural rights at the beginning of the 14
Die Bedeutung der Reformation Luthers für die kirchenrechtliche Entwicklung in den Niederlanden
Authors: Selderhuis Herman J.
Published: July 2016

The Impact of Luther’s Reformation on the development of Church Law in the Netherlands. This essay describes how essential the specific history of the reformation in the Netherlands was for the developments of reformed church law in that country. The Dutch reformation was relatively late and was more Calvinistic than Lutheran. Calvin’s model of structuring the church, the essential effect of the refugee situation of many reformed believers and the fact that the revolt as well as the reformation were movements mainly ,from below‘, result in a church polity with the following characteristics: self-government of each individual congregation, active involvement of all church members, independence towards political authorities and a presbyterial-synodical church organisation. This church model was reached through a series of synodical meetings that started in the 1560ies and came to a conclusion at the Synod of Dordt in 1618/1619.
Miszellen. Raimundus Lullus on Canon Law
Authors: Ramis-Barceló Rafael
Published: July 2016

This article gives an overview of the use of canon law in the Art of Raimundus Lullus, explaining the relevance of canon law for his plan to reform the Church, and Lullus’ progressive comprehension and adoption of the culture of ius commune. Some examples extracted from his works are reviewed and commented in order to understand the place of Lullus in the history of canon law.
„Selbstbericht“ Ulrich Stutz
Authors: Waldhoff Christian
Published: July 2016

„Selfdescription“ Ulrich Stutz. Ulrich Stutz closed his „selfdiscription“ in May 1934 and handed it to the library of the University of Basel with the remark „strictly confidential during the lifetime of the author“. It has been quoted very rarely and is published here for the first time. Ulrich Stutz is not only the founder of the history of canon law, but he was also for a long time its spiritus rector. The „selfdiscription“ is preceded by brief remarks on the life and work of this great scholar.
La sigla nr nella formula in ius dell’actio depositi riportata da Gaio (inst. 4,47): difesa di un dato testuale
Authors: Cristaldi Salvatore Antonio
Published: July 2016

The abbreviation nr in the formula in ius of the actio depositi as reported by Gaius (inst. 4,47): in defense of a text. According to a widespread doctrine the abbreviation nr in the formula of the actio depositi in Gai. inst. 4,47 has to be eliminated. This article argues for an opposite approach and for a conservative reading of the Gaius Veronensis. In fact, this abbreviation should be deemed as necessary within the wording used to introduce the formula in ius of actio depositi.
Das arbitrium boni viri bei Cervidius Scaevola
Authors: Baldus Christian
Published: July 2016

The arbitrium boni viri in Cervidius Scaevola: The complex relationship between arbiter and arbitrium (boni viri) intrigued Gerardo Broggini in his 1957 monograph „Iudex arbiterve“. He tried, taking into consideration both phenomena, to describe a process of objectivisation based on the intentions of the parties. An analysis of some succession law cases, however, gives no reliable foundations for such a dependency at least of the category arbitrium boni viri on party autonomy. A conscious use of the category by the jurists (here Cervidius Scaevola) seems more likely: in order to balance the roles in legal conflicts and to maintain the jurist’s position. However, an (albeit puzzling) source on arbitratus might give another hint: Possibly Scaevola treated certain cases of arbitration according to the same principles he also applied in arbitrium boni viri cases.
Chirographs: negotiable instruments?
Authors: Sirks Boudewijn
Published: July 2016

The dominant view that chirographs had in classical and later Roman law merely evidentiary value has recently been challenged by Jakab. It is sustained in this contribution that chirographs of monetary debts were in the middle of the 2
Vom Seedarlehen zur Versicherung in der mittelalterlichen Rechtswissenschaft
Authors: Lohsse Sebastian
Published: July 2016

The Evolution from Sea Loans to Insurance in the Medieval Legal Discourse. In medieval law sea loan contracts are faced with the canon law prohibition of usury. The lender thus may not claim any interest on the loan. Moreover, by the decretal Naviganti the lender is also charged with usury when asking for a compensation for taking over the risk of transport by ship. The article considers the question of how and on which basis jurists subsequently justified the legitimacy of such a premium for the adoption of risk and how thereby the insurance contract originated as a spin-off of the sea loan.
Vier Arten von Römern unter den Franken im 6. bis 8. Jh.
Authors: Liebs Detlef
Published: July 2016

Four kinds of Romans in the Frankish kingdoms in the 6
Interaction properties of human TRAMP‐like proteins and their role in pre‐rRNA 5′ETS turnover
Authors: Sudo Haruka , Nozaki Aya , Uno Hideaki , Ishida Yo‐ichi , Nagahama Masami
Published: July 2016

In yeast, the Trf4/5‐Air1/2‐Mtr4 polyadenylation (TRAMP) complex acts as a cofactor for the nuclear exosome to promote degradation of various RNAs. However, the corresponding machinery in mammals is less characterized. We analyzed the interactions of the human TRAMP‐like proteins, PAPD5, ZCCHC7, and MTR4, with the nuclear exosome. PAPD5 and ZCCHC7 exhibited mutual interactions in presence of the exosome catalytic subunit RRP6, whereas MTR4 was dispensable for their assembly. Furthermore, the human TRAMP‐like proteins were involved in the RRP6‐catalyzed turnover of pre‐rRNA 5′ETS fragments. These results suggest the significant role for RRP6 in the assembly of TRAMP‐like proteins during nucleolar RNA surveillance.
The dependence of precipitation and its footprint on atmospheric temperature in idealized extratropical cyclones
Authors: Phibbs Samuel , Toumi Ralf
Published: July 2016

Flood hazard is a function of the magnitude and spatial pattern of precipitation accumulation. The sensitivity of precipitation to atmospheric temperature is investigated for idealized extratropical cyclones, enabling us to examine the footprint of extreme precipitation (surface area where accumulated precipitation exceeds high thresholds) and the accumulation in different‐sized catchment areas. The mean precipitation increases with temperature, with the mean increase at 5.40%/°C. The 99.9th percentile of accumulated precipitation increases at 12.7%/°C for 1 h and 9.38%/°C for 24 h, both greater than Clausius‐Clapeyron scaling. The footprint of extreme precipitation grows considerably with temperature, with the relative increase generally greater for longer durations. The sensitivity of the footprint of extreme precipitation is generally super Clausius‐Clapeyron. The surface area of all precipitation shrinks with increasing temperature. Greater relative changes in the number of catchment areas exceeding extreme total precipitation are found when the domain is divided into larger rather than smaller catchment areas. This indicates that fluvial flooding may increase faster than pluvial flooding from extratropical cyclones in a warming world. When the catchment areas are ranked in order of total precipitation, the 99.9th percentile is found to increase slightly above Clausius‐Clapeyron expectations for all of the catchment sizes, from 9 km2 to 22,500 km2. This is surprising for larger catchment areas given the change in mean precipitation. We propose that this is due to spatially concentrated changes in extreme precipitation in the occluded front.
Sleep Increases Susceptibility to the Misinformation Effect
Authors: Calvillo Dustin P. , Parong Jocelyn A. , Peralta Briana , Ocampo Derrick , Van Gundy Rachael
Published: July 2016

When individuals witness an event and are exposed to misleading postevent information, they often incorporate the misleading information into their memory for the original event, a phenomenon known as the misinformation effect. The present study examined the role of sleep in the misinformation effect. Participants (N = 177) witnessed two events; were exposed to misleading postevent information immediately, 12 hours later the same day, 12 hours later the next day, or 24 hours later; and then took a recognition test. All groups demonstrated the misinformation effect, and this effect was larger in groups with an overnight retention interval. Signal detection analyses revealed that sleep decreased sensitivity. These results suggest that sleep increases susceptibility to the misinformation effect, which may occur because sleep results in gist‐based representations of original events or because sleep improves learning of postevent information. Implications for interviewing eyewitnesses are discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrahigh Gain Polymer Photodetectors with Spectral Response from UV to Near‐Infrared Using ZnO Nanoparticles as Anode Interfacial Layer
Authors: Zhou Xiaokang , Yang Dezhi , Ma Dongge , Vadim Agafonov , Ahamad Tansir , Alshehri Saad M.
Published: July 2016

Significant increase of photocurrent upon UV light exposure is demonstrated in a narrow‐bandgap polymer‐based photodetector using ZnO nanoparticles as anode interfacial layer. The phenomenon is attributed to the UV light illumination induced oxygen molecules desorption from surface of ZnO nanoparticles, which reduces the electron injection barrier at the anode interface. Ultrahigh external quantum efficiency of 140 000% and extremely low gain threshold voltage of 1.5 mV are achieved in this device with 30 s UV light irradiation. The gain mechanism is explained by the fast transit and replenishment of photogenerated electrons within their lifetime, which is prolonged by the electron‐only device structure, and the experiment results fit well with the proposed photoconductive model.
10.8% Efficiency Polymer Solar Cells Based on PTB7‐Th and PC71BM via Binary Solvent Additives Treatment
Authors: Wan Qun , Guo Xia , Wang Zaiyu , Li Wanbin , Guo Bing , Ma Wei , Zhang Maojie , Li Yongfang
Published: July 2016

In this work, polymer solar cells are fabricated based on the blend of PTB7‐Th: PC71BM by using a mixed solvent additive of 1,8‐diiodooctane and N‐methyl pyrrolidone to optimize the morphology of the blend. A high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 10.8% has been achieved with a simple conventional device. In order to deeply investigate the influence of the mixed solvent additives on the morphology and device performance, the variations of the molecular packing and bulk morphology of the blend film cast from ortho‐dichlorobenzene with single or binary solvent additives are measured. Although all the blend films exhibit similar domain size and nanoscale phase separation, the blend film processed with mixed solvent additive shows the highest domain purity, resulting in the least bimolecular recombination, relatively high Jsc and FF, and hence enhanced PCE. Therefore, the best photovoltaic performance with the Voc of 0.82 V, Jsc of 19.1 mA cm−2, FF of 69.1%, and PCE of 10.8% are obtained for the device based on the blend with binary solvent additive treatment.
Carbon‐Nanotube Fibers for Wearable Devices and Smart Textiles
Authors: Di Jiangtao , Zhang Xiaohua , Yong Zhenzhong , Zhang Yongyi , Li Da , Li Ru , Li Qingwen
Published: July 2016

Carbon‐nanotube (CNT) fibers integrate such properties as high mechanical strength, extraordinary structural flexibility, high thermal and electrical conductivities, novel corrosion and oxidation resistivities, and high surface area, which makes them a very promising candidate for next‐generation smart textiles and wearable devices. A brief review of the preparation of CNT fibers and recently developed CNT‐fiber‐based flexible and functional devices, which include artificial muscles, electrochemical double‐layer capacitors, lithium‐ion batteries, solar cells, and memristors, is presented.
An Approach to Design Highly Durable Piezoelectric Nanogenerator Based on Self‐Poled PVDF/AlO‐rGO Flexible Nanocomposite with High Power Density and Energy Conversion Efficiency
Authors: Karan Sumanta Kumar , Bera Ranadip , Paria Sarbaranjan , Das Amit Kumar , Maiti Sandip , Maitra Anirban , Khatua Bhanu Bhusan
Published: July 2016

Till date, fabrication of piezoelectric nanogenerator (PNG) with highly durable, high power density, and high energy conversion efficiency is of great concern. Here a flexible, sensitive, cost effective hybrid piezoelectric nanogenerator (HPNG) developed by integrating flexible steel woven fabric electrodes into poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/aluminum oxides decorated reduced graphene oxide (AlO‐rGO) nanocomposite film is reported where AlO‐rGO acts as nucleating agent for electroactive β‐phase formation. The HPNG exhibits reliable energy harvesting performance with high output, fast charging capability, and high durability compared with previously reported PVDF based PNGs. This HPNG is capable for harvesting energy from a variety and easy accessible biomechanical and mechanical energy sources such as, body movements (e.g., hand folding, jogging, heel pressing, and foot striking, etc.) and machine vibration. The HPNG exhibits high output power density and energy conversion efficiency, facilitating direct light on different color of several commercial light‐emitting diodes instantly and powers up many portable electronic devices like wrist watch, calculator, speaker, and mobile liquid crystal display (LCD) screen through capacitor charging. More importantly, HPNG retains its performance after long compression cycles (≈158 400), demonstrating great promise as a piezoelectric energy harvester toward practical applications in harvesting biomechanical and mechanical energy for self‐powered systems.
Gaze following in baboons (Papio anubis): juveniles adjust their gaze and body position to human's head redirections
Authors: Parron Carole , Meguerditchian Adrien
Published: July 2016

Gaze following, the ability to follow the gaze of other individuals, has been widely studied in non‐human primate species, mostly in adult individuals. Yet, the literature on gaze following revealed a quite variability across the different findings, some of it might reflect true inter‐species differences, while others might be related to methodological differences, or to an underestimation of the factors involved in the expression of gaze following. In the current study, we tested 54 captive olive baboons (Papio anubis), housed in social groups, to assess how juvenile and adult baboons would spontaneously react to a sudden change in the direction of a human experimenter's head. First, our results showed that juveniles, more than adult baboons, co‐oriented their gaze with the experimenter's gaze. We also observed a strong habituation effect in adult baboons but not in juveniles, as the adults’ response vanished at the second exposure to a change of direction of the experimenter's head. Second, our results showed that juveniles subsequently adopted an original strategy when the experimenter's head indicated some new directions: they reliably adjusted their spatial body position to keep a gaze contact with the experimenter's line of sight. We discussed how the age class and the individual expertise of the baboons could lead to some modulations in terms of attentiveness, motivation, or cognitive abilities, and thus likely influence gaze following.
Dental remains of cebid platyrrhines from the earliest late Miocene of Western Amazonia, Peru: Macroevolutionary implications on the extant capuchin and marmoset lineages
Authors: Marivaux Laurent , Adnet Sylvain , Altamirano‐Sierra Ali J. , Pujos François , Ramdarshan Anusha , Salas‐Gismondi Rodolfo , Tejada‐Lara Julia V. , Antoine Pierre‐Olivier
Published: July 2016

Objectives

Undoubted fossil Cebidae have so far been primarily documented from the late middle Miocene of Colombia, the late Miocene of Brazilian Amazonia, the early Miocene of Peruvian Amazonia, and very recently from the earliest Miocene of Panama. The evolutionary history of cebids is far from being well‐documented, with notably a complete blank in the record of callitrichine stem lineages until and after the late middle Miocene (Laventan SALMA). Further documenting their evolutionary history is therefore of primary importance.

Material

Recent field efforts in Peruvian Amazonia (Contamana area, Loreto Department) have allowed for the discovery of an early late Miocene (ca. 11 Ma; Mayoan SALMA) fossil primate‐bearing locality (CTA‐43; Pebas Formation). In this study, we analyze the primate material, which consists of five isolated teeth documenting two distinct Cebidae:Cebussp., a medium‐sized capuchin (Cebinae), andCebuellasp., a tiny marmoset (Callitrichinae).

Results

Although limited, this new fossil material of platyrrhines contributes to documenting the post‐Laventan evolutionary history of cebids, and besides testifies to the earliest occurrences of the modernCebuellaandCebus/Sapajuslineages in the Neotropics. Regarding the evolutionary history of callitrichine marmosets, the discovery of an 11 Ma‐old fossil representative of the modernCebuellapushes back by at least 6 Ma the age of theMico/Cebuelladivergence currently proposed by molecular biologists (i.e., ca. 4.5 Ma). This also extends back to > 11 Ma BP the divergence betweenCallithrixand the common ancestor (CA) ofMico/Cebuella, as well as the divergence between the CA of marmosets andCallimico(Goeldi's callitrichine).

Discussion

This discovery from Peruvian Amazonia implies a deep evolutionary root of theCebuellalineage in the northwestern part of South America (the modern western Amazon basin), slightly before the recession of the Pebas mega‐wetland system (PMWS), ca. 10.5 Ma, and well‐before the subsequent establishment of the Amazon drainage system (ca. 9–7 Ma). During the late middle/early late Miocene interval, the PMWS was seemingly not a limiting factor for dispersals and widespread distribution of terrestrial mammals, but it was also likely a source of diversification via a complex patchwork of submerged/emerged lands varying through time.
Online Commentary in Primary Care and Emergency Room Settings
Authors: Heritage John
Published: July 2016

This paper describes a communication practice called “online commentary” that is in widespread use in primary care in the USA. Online commentary is talk by a clinician that describes what he or she is finding in the course of the physical examination of the patient. The paper reviews the primary features of online commentary, with a special focus on its role in forecasting the likely results of the physical examination during the examination itself. It also describes patient outcomes that are associated with this use. It then uses data from an emergency room in the western USA to extend the notion of online commentary from primary care to the emergency setting. It proposes that online commentary facilitates effective teamwork by forecasting next actions, allowing members of the emergency team to anticipate probable next steps in the investigation and treatment of patient injuries.
Molecular Engineering of Trifunctional Supported Catalysts for the Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols
Authors: Fernandes Antony E. , Riant Olivier , Jensen Klavs F. , Jonas Alain M.
Published: July 2016

We describe a simple and general method for the preparation and molecular engineering of supported trifunctional catalysts and their application in the representative Cu/TEMPO/NMI‐catalyzed aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol. The methodology allows in one single step to immobilize, with precise control of surface composition, both pyta, CuI, TEMPO, and NMI sites on azide‐functionalized silica particles. To optimize the performance of the heterogeneous trifunctional catalysts, synergistic interactions are finely engineered through modulating the degree of freedom of the imidazole site as well as tuning the relative surface composition, leading to catalysts with an activity significantly superior to the corresponding homogeneous catalytic system.
FeCl3‐Catalyzed Ring‐Closing Carbonyl–Olefin Metathesis
Authors: Ma Lina , Li Wenjuan , Xi Hui , Bai Xiaohui , Ma Enlu , Yan Xiaoyu , Li Zhiping
Published: July 2016

Exploiting catalytic carbonyl–olefin metathesis is an ongoing challenge in organic synthesis. Reported herein is an FeCl3‐catalyzed ring‐closing carbonyl–olefin metathesis. The protocol allows access to a range of carbo‐/heterocyclic alkenes with good efficiency and excellent trans diastereoselectivity. The methodology presents one of the rare examples of catalytic ring‐closing carbonyl–olefin metathesis. This process is proposed to take place by FeCl3‐catalyzed oxetane formation followed by retro‐ring‐opening to deliver metathesis products.
Quantitative relation between the relaxation time and the strain rate for polymeric solids under quasi‐static conditions
Authors: Chen Jinhan , Hu Hongjiu , Li Shuang , Zhang Kefeng
Published: July 2016

Relaxation time is an essential physical quantity reflecting the hysteresis of the microstructure of materials. To associate the relaxation time with the strain rate, the stress–strain curves of six types of polymers at low strain rate were normalized, and a nondimensional generalized Maxwell model incorporating strain‐rate‐dependent relaxation times was obtained by the internal variable theory of irreversible thermodynamics. The results indicate that the constitutive equation may capture well the normalized stress–strain behaviors that are not related to the strain rate. The ratio of the initial modulus to the secant modulus at the maximum stress was also found to not rely on the strain rate anymore. Furthermore, strain‐rate independence occurred only when the relaxation time was proportional to the time interval for stress from zero to the maximum stress. The relaxation time varied in a power law with the strain rate. The explicit relation is helpful for providing a concise and promising solution for predicting the quasi‐static mechanical response of viscoelastic solids. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44114.
Bi‐anchoring Organic Dyes that Contain Benzimidazole Branches for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells: Effects of π Spacer and Peripheral Donor Groups
Authors: Bodedla Govardhana Babu , Thomas K. R. Justin , Fan Miao‐Syuan , Ho Kuo‐Chuan
Published: July 2016

Benzimidazole‐branched bi‐anchoring organic dyes that contained triphenylamine/phenothiazine donors, 2‐cyanoacrylic acid acceptors, and various π linkers were synthesized and examined as sensitizers for dye‐sensitized solar cells. The structure–activity relationships in these dyes were systematically investigated by using absorption spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and density functional theory calculations. The wavelength of the absorption peak was more‐heavily influenced by the nature of the π linker than by the nature of the donor. For a given donor, the absorption maximum (λmax) was red‐shifted on changing the π linker from phenyl to 2,2′‐bithiophene, whilst the dyes that contained triphenylamine units displayed higher molar extinction coefficients (ϵ) than their analogous phenothiazine‐based triphenylamine dyes, which led to good light‐harvesting properties in the triphenylamine‐based dyes. Electrochemical data for the dyes indicated that the triphenylamine‐based dyes possessed relatively low‐lying HOMOs, which could be beneficial for suppressing back electron transfer from the conduction band of TiO2 to the oxidized dyes, owing to facile regeneration of the oxidized dye by the electrolyte. The best performance in the DSSCs was observed for a dye that possessed a triphenylamine donor and 2,2′‐bithiophene π linkers. Electron impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies revealed that the use of triphenylamine as the donor and phenyl or 2,2′‐bithiophene as the π linkers was beneficial for disrupting the dark current and charge‐recombination kinetics, which led to a long electron lifetime of the injected electrons in the conduction band of TiO2.
High autistic trait individuals do not modulate gaze behaviour in response to social presence but look away more when actively engaged in an interaction
Authors: von dem Hagen Elisabeth A. H. , Bright Naomi
Published: July 2016

Autism is characterised by difficulties in social functioning, notably in interactions with other people. Yet, most studies addressing social difficulties have used static images or, at best, videos of social stimuli, with no scope for real interaction. Here, we study one crucial aspect of social interactions—gaze behaviour—in an interactive setting. First, typical individuals were shown videos of an experimenter and, by means of a deception procedure, were either led to believe that the experimenter was present via a live video‐feed or was pre‐recorded. Participants' eye movements revealed that when passively viewing an experimenter they believed to be “live,” they looked less at that person than when they believed the experimenter video was pre‐recorded. Interestingly, this reduction in viewing behaviour in response to the believed “live” presence of the experimenter was absent in individuals high in autistic traits, suggesting a relative insensitivity to social presence alone. When participants were asked to actively engage in a real‐time interaction with the experimenter, however, high autistic trait individuals looked significantly less at the experimenter relative to low autistic trait individuals. The results reinforce findings of atypical gaze behaviour in individuals high in autistic traits, but suggest that active engagement in a social interaction may be important in eliciting reduced looking. We propose that difficulties with the spatio‐temporal dynamics associated with real social interactions rather than underlying difficulties processing the social stimulus itself may drive these effects. The results underline the importance of developing ecologically valid methods to investigate social cognition. Autism Res 2017, 10: 359–368. © 2016 The Authors Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Autism Research.
Biological responses of human solid tumor cells to X‐ray irradiation within a 1.5‐Tesla magnetic field generated by a magnetic resonance imaging–linear accelerator
Authors: Wang Li , Hoogcarspel Stan Jelle , Wen Zhifei , van Vulpen Marco , Molkentine David P. , Kok Jan , Lin Steven H. , Broekhuizen Roel , Ang Kie‐Kian , Bovenschen Niels , Raaymakers Bas W. , Frank Steven J.
Published: July 2016

Devices that combine magnetic resonance imaging with linear accelerators (MRL) represent a novel tool for MR‐guided radiotherapy. However, whether magnetic fields (MFs) generated by these devices affect the radiosensitivity of tumors is unknown. We investigated the influence of a 1.5‐T MF on cell viability and radioresponse of human solid tumors. Human head/neck cancer and lung cancer cells were exposed to single or fractionated 6‐MV X‐ray radiation; effects of the MF on cell viability were determined by cell plating efficiency and on radioresponsiveness by clonogenic cell survival. Doses needed to reduce the fraction of surviving cells to 37% of the initial value (D0s) were calculated for multiple exposures to MF and radiation. Results were analyzed using Student's t‐tests. Cell viability was no different after single or multiple exposures to MRL than after exposure to a conventional linear accelerator (Linac, without MR‐generated MF) in 12 of 15 experiments (all P > 0.05). Single or multiple exposures to MF had no influence on cell radioresponse (all P > 0.05). Cells treated up to four times with an MRL or a Linac further showed no changes in D0s with MF versus without MF (all P > 0.05). In conclusion, MF within the MRL does not seem to affect in vitro tumor radioresponsiveness as compared with a conventional Linac. Bioelectromagnetics. 37:471–480, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using a hydrothermal method and a study its optical activity
Authors: Bharti Dattatraya B. , Bharati A. V.
Published: July 2016

ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) with a granular morphology were synthesized using a hydrothermal method. Structural analysis revealed that ZnO NPs had a single crystal wurtzite hexagonal structure. Solvent polarity was responsible for varying and controlling their size and morphology. The process was very trouble free and scalable. In addition, it could be used for fundamental studies on tunable morphology formation. This hydrothermal method showed different morphology with different co‐surfactants such as a floral‐like or wire‐like belt sheet structures etc. Based on their surface morphology, the same material had different applications as a catalyst in various organic reactions and also could be used as a photocatalyst and fuel cell, solar cell or in semiconductors etc. X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy and photoluminescence of the resulting product was performed to study its purity, morphology and size, plus its optical properties via measurement of band gap energy and light absorbance.
NMR‐based conformation and dynamics of a tetrasaccharide‐repeating sulfated fucan substituted by different counterions
Authors: Soares Paulo A.G. , Queiroz Ismael N.L. , Santos Gustavo R.C. , Mourão Paulo A.S. , Pomin Vitor H.
Published: July 2016

The sulfated fucan from the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus is composed of the repetitive sequence [‐3)‐α‐l‐Fucp‐4(
)‐(1‐3)‐α‐l‐Fucp‐2,4‐di(
)‐(1‐3)‐α‐l‐Fucp‐2(
)‐(1‐3)‐α‐l‐Fucp‐2(
)‐(1‐]n. Conformation (of rings and chains) and dynamics of this tetrasaccharide‐repeating sulfated fucan substituted by Na+, Ca2+, and Li+ as counterions have been examined through experiments of liquid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Scalar coupling and nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE)‐based data have confirmed that all composing units occur as 1C4 chair conformer regardless of the cation type, unit position within the repeating sequence, and sulfation type. Chain conformation determined by NOE signal pattern assisted by molecular modeling for a theoretical octasaccharide has shown a similar linear 3D structure for the three differently substituted forms. Data derived from spin‐relaxation measurements have indicated a contribution of counterion type to dynamics. The calcium‐based preparation has shown the highest mobility while the sodiated one showed the lowest mobility. The set of results from this work suggests that counterion type can affect the physicochemical properties of the structurally well‐defined sulfated fucan. The counterion effect seems to impact more on the structural mobility than on average conformation of the studied sulfated glycan in solution.
The impact of complete surgical resection of spinal metastases on the survival of patients with thyroid cancer
Authors: Kato Satoshi , Murakami Hideki , Demura Satoru , Fujimaki Yoshiyasu , Yoshioka Katsuhito , Yokogawa Noriaki , Tsuchiya Hiroyuki
Published: July 2016

Spinal metastases (SMs) from thyroid cancers significantly reduce the quality of life by causing pain and neurological deficits and increase mortality. Complete surgical resection of isolated thyroid SMs is a promising treatment option; however, the postoperative outcome is unknown. This study aimed to compare the postoperative courses of patients undergoing complete resection of thyroid SMs with those of patients undergoing incomplete resection, with a minimum 4‐year follow‐up. We performed a retrospective analysis of 32 patients who underwent tumor excision surgery for thyroid SMs at our medical center during a 28‐year period. Twenty patients underwent complete excision, and 12 underwent incomplete excision. Survival was defined as the time from the first spinal surgery to death or last follow‐up. Kaplan–Meier analysis with the long‐rank test was used to compare the overall survival rates between the groups. For all patients, the overall 5‐ and 10‐year survival rates were 71% and 31%, respectively. The median overall survival time was 6.4 years. The patients undergoing complete excision survived longer than those undergoing incomplete excision (5‐year survival: 84% vs. 50%; 10‐year survival: 52% vs. 8%; P < 0.01). Only one patient undergoing complete excision experienced local tumor recurrence in the operated spine, whereas all long‐term survivors (>18 months after surgery) in the incomplete excision group experienced local tumor recurrence and a consequent deterioration in performance status. Complete surgical resection of thyroid SMs, if achievable, has the potential not only to maintain performance status, but also to prolong survival.