bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DETEKSI AFLATOKSIN B1 PADA JENIS MAKANAN OLAHAN JAGUNG MENGGUNAKAN ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA)
Authors: - Safika , Jamin Faisal , Aisyah Siti
Published: April 2016

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui konsentrasi AFB1 pada jenis makanan olahan asal jagung yang dipasarkan di Banda Aceh. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan di pasar dan swalayan di Banda Aceh. Deteksi AFB1 pada sampel menggunakan metode enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Berdasarkan penelitian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa dari 6 sampel makanan berbahan baku jagung, 5 sampel (83,33% ) terkontaminasi AFB1. Walaupun terkontaminasi AFB1 namun semua sampel masih aman dikonsumsi sesuai dengan persyaratan yang ditetapkan pemerintah yaitu maksimal 20 ppb.
EFEK PEMBERIAN MINYAK JELANTAH TERHADAP GAMBARANHISTOPATOLOGIS HATI TIKUS PUTIH (Rattus norvegicus)
Authors: Aisyah Siti , Budiman Hamdani , Florenstina BR. G Dessy , Aliza Dwinna , Salim M Nur , Balqis Ummu , Armansyah T.
Published: April 2016

Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari gambaran histopatologi hati tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus) akibat mengonsumsi minyak jelantah.  Duapuluh ekor tikus berumur 3 bulan dengan bobot badan ±250 g dibagi atas 4 kelompok perlakuan dan setiap kelompok terdiri at as 5 ekor. Perlakuan K1 (minyak goreng curah), K2, K3, dan K4 (minyak jelantah 3x, 6x, dan 9x pemakaian). Perlakuan dilakukan selama 60 hari, dan pada hari ke 61 dilakukan eutanasia yang dilanjutkan dengan nekropsi. Hati tikus diambil dan difiksasi dalam larutan buffered neutral formaline 10%untuk diproses sediaan histopatologis dan diwarnai dengan hematoksilin dan eosin (HE). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hati berwarna coklat kehitaman, bengkak, dan ditemukan nodul multi fokal dengan konsistensi padat. Secara histopatologi terjadi peningkatan kongesti, degenerasi cloudy swelling, dan nekrosis sel
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN GETAH BUAH PEPAYA (Carica papaya L.) DAN POVIDONE IODINE TERHADAP KESEMBUHAN LUKA KASTRASI PADA KUCING (Felis domestica) JANTAN
Authors: - Amiruddin , - Syafruddin , - Zuraidawati , Desky Riani , Siregar Tongku Nizwan , Sayuti Arman , Harris Abdul
Published: April 2016

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh pemberian getah buah pepaya (Carica papaya, L.) dan povidone iodine terhadap kesembuhan luka kastrasi pada kucing (Felis domestica) jantan. Penelitian ini menggunakan enam ekor kucing yang dibuat luka kastrasi, dibagi dalam dua kelompok perlakuan. Kelompok I (K1) dioleskan dengan getah buah pepaya dan Kelompok II (K2) dioleskan povidone iodine dua kali sehari selama tujuh hari berturut-turut. Parameter yang diamati adalah kesembuhan luka dengan memperhatikan tingkat kemerahan pada luka, kebengkakan, cairan radang, dan pertautan tepi luka. Pengamatan dilakukan setiap hari dan data hasil pengamatan dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa luka kastrasi pada K1 lebih cepat sembuh yaitu pada hari ke 4-5 dibandingkan K2 yaitu pada hari 6-7. Getah buah pepaya bisa dijadikan alternatif pengobatan tradisional dalam penyembuhan luka terutama luka sayat.
PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN GETAH BATANG PISANG KEPOK (Musaparadisiaca forma typica) TERHADAP PENYEMBUHAN LUKA OPERASI PADA ANJING LOKAL (Canis familiaris)
Authors: Daud Razali
Published: April 2016

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui potensi getah batang pisang kepok dalam proses penyembuhan luka operasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan 10 ekor anjing lokal (Canis familiaris) sehat yang berumur rata-rata 6 bulan dengan bobot badan 6-7 kg. Sebelum perlakuan dilaksanakan, semua anjing diadaptasikan selama tujuh hari di dalam kandang individu, setiap anjing dilakukan operasi laparotomi. Anjing dibagi dalam dua kelompok secara acak. Kelompok I diinjeksi penisilin-G dan dioleskan salep oksitetrasiklin pagi dan sore sebagai kontrol, kelompok II dioleskan getah batang pisang kepok pagi dan sore hari sebagai perlakuan. Pengamatan dilakukan setiap hari pada pagi hari sampai luka operasi sembuh. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis secara deskriptif berdasarkan pengamatan makroskopis terhadap luka kelompok I dan dibandingkan dengan kelompok II berdasarkan adanya kemerahan, kebengkakan, dan pertautan tepi luka. Pada kelompok II terjadi penyembuhan luka operasi yang sama dengan kelompok I. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa, penggunaan getah batang pisang kepok dapat menyembuhkan luka, sama halnya dengan proses kesembuhan luka yang menggunakan injeksi penisilin-G dan dioleskan salep oksitetrasiklin.
INFEKSI BAKTERI Escherichia coli PADA ANAK AYAM KAMPUNG (Gallus domesticus) DI PASAR LAMBARO ACEH BESAR
Authors: Jamin Faisal , Abrar Mahdi , Dewi Maryulia , S.V.S Yanrivina , - Fakhrurrazi , Manaf Zakiah Heryawaty , - Syafruddin
Published: April 2016

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui infeksi bakteri Escherichia coli pada anak ayam kampung (Gallus domesticus). Sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah feses anak ayam kampung yang diperoleh dari Pasar Lambaro, Aceh Besar. Sampel diambil dengan cara swab bagian kloaka anak ayam dengan menggunakan swab steril, kemudian sampel dimasukkan ke dalam microtube, dan dibawa ke laboratorium untuk dilakukan uji selanjutnya. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tiga kali pengambilan sampel dengan jangka waktu satu minggu dengan jumlah sampel uji sebanyak 15 sampel. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Carter. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil pemeriksaan bakteri Escherichia coli (E. coli) yang telah dilakukan pada 15 sampel diketahui bahwa 9 sampel positif terinfeksi bakteri E. coli sedangkan 6 sampel lain positif bakteri coli form lainnya. Disimpulkan bahwa bakteri E. coli menginfeksi anak ayam kampung di Pasar Lambaro Aceh Besar.
PENGAMATAN BRUISES PADA MUSCULUS PECTORALIS AYAM BROILER YANG DIJUAL DI PASAR LAMBARO ACEH BESAR DAN HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN JUMLAH MIKROBA
Authors: Budiman Hamdani , Ferasyi T. Reza , Windasari Wulan , Salim M. Nur , Aisyah Siti , Hambal Muhammad
Published: April 2016

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui perbandingan jumlah mikroba antara ayam normal dengan ayam yang mengalami bruises. Sampel ayam broiler diperoleh di Pasar Lambaro Aceh Besar dengan memilih lima musculus pectoralis ayam normal dan lima musculus pectoralis ayam yang mengalami bruises untuk dilakukan uji mikrobiologis. Bagian musculus pectoralis ditimbang dengan berat 25 g, kemudian dilakukan stomaker untuk mendapatkan ekstrak. Selanjutnya dilakukan uji mikrobiologis, perhitungan jumlah koloni dilakukan selama 24 jam. Jumlah mikroba pada sampelayam normal masing-masing adalah Sn1 (1,6x102), Sn2 (2,6x103), Sn3 (3,5x102), Sn4 (1,3x103), dan Sn5 (1,2x102) Cfu/ml, sedangkan pada sampel ayam yang mengalami bruises masing-masing adalah Sb1 (3,8x104), Sb2 (3,0x104), Sb3 (1,3x105), Sb4 (1,9x105), dan Sb5 (1,6x105) Cfu/ml. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa ayam yang mengalami bruises memiliki jumlah mikroba yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan ayam normal.
The Effect of Chayote (Sechium edule) Leaves Infusion on Haemoglobin and Hematocrit Level of Anemic White Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Authors: Zuhrawati Zuhrawati , Asmilia Nuzul , Zuraidawati Zuraidawati , Nazaruddin Nazaruddin , Adam Mulyadi , Muttaqien Muttaqien
Published: April 2016

The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of chayote (Sechium edule) leaves infusion on hemoglobin and hematocrit level of anemic rat (Rattus norvegicus). Twelve anemic hemorrhagic male rats strain Wistar with body weight ranging from 175-200 g were used as sample in this research. Rats were divided randomly into 3 treatment groups, each group consist of 4 rats. The control group (P0) was not given chayote leaves infusion. Group P1 and P2 were given chayote leaves infusion with the concentration of 25% and 50% respectively, with dose of 1 ml per 200 gram body weight. Rats were fed with standard commercial food (Turbo feed) and aquadest ad libitum. The rats were treated anemic by taking 20% blood from total blood volume prior to administration of chayote laeves infusion. Chayote leaves infusion was given for 10 days consecutively. Blood sampling was carried out on day 0, 5, and 10 via caudal vein. Data were analyzed using anlysis of variance (ANOVA) Split-Plot pattern. The result showed that chayote leaves infusion can increase level of hemoglobin and hematocrit in experimental rats. This research conclude that 25% concentration of chayote leaves infusion is more effective than 50% concentration.Key words: anemia, chayote leaves, hemoglobin, hematocrit
Effect of Long Bean (Vignaunguiculata) on Blood Glucose Level of Mice (Mus musculus) Induced by Alloxan
Authors: Aprila Intan Fitri , Salim M. Nur , Daud Razali , Armansyah T. , Asmilia Nuzul , Jamin Faisal
Published: April 2016

The aim of this research was to find out the effect of long bean (Vigna unguiculata) on level of blood glucose on mice (Mus musculus) induced by alloxan. Twelve mice with the weigh of 25-40 grams and clinically healthy were used in this research. All mice were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups, 3 mice each. K0 was negative control group, only given aquadest. K1, K2, and K3 groups were induced by alloxan 0.5 ml. K1 group was positive control. K2 group was fed with 100 grams long bean mixed with 50 ml distilled water. K3 group was fed with 100 grams long bean mixed with 100 ml distilled water. Long bean was fed orally 0.5 ml every morning and evening for 7 consecutive days. On day eight the examination of blood glucose level was performed. The average level of blood glucose were K0 (142.00±23.39), K1 (167.00±10.54), K2 (122.67±12.50), dan K3 (154.67±16.26) mg/dL. In conclusion, the administration of long bean for seven consecutive days does not decrease blood glucose level on mice induced by alloxan.Key words: blood glucose, alloxan, long bean
Milky‐White Rice Prediction Based on Chalky Patterns on the Transverse Section of Premature Grains
Authors: Morita S. , Tanaka A. , Wada H. , Wakamatsu K. , Okano A.
Published: April 2016

Climate change increases the occurrence of chalky rice (Oryza sativa L.) through frequent extreme weather conditions, such as high temperature and low radiation. The objective of this study was to examine the possibility of developing prediction methods for estimating the occurrence of a major type of chalky rice, the milky‐white rice. The methods evaluated the chalky patterns on the transverse section of premature grains by visual inspection or by employing a newly developed image analyzer. The predicted grain rates of milky‐white rice using the above‐mentioned method(s) as well as two other methods using a grain scanner, were compared with periodically sampled grains approaching maturity under shade treatments at Kagoshima and Fukuoka, Japan. The grain rates predicted using visual inspection and the developed analyzer at 6 to 7 d before maturity (DBM) and 9 to 10 DBM, were positively correlated with the target grain rates of milky‐white rice obtained at maturity; R2 was 0.906 (p < 0.01) to 0.964 (p < 0.001), and the RMSE value ranged from 2.00 to 6.10, at both the DBMs. In the methods employing the grain scanner, the correlations between the predicted and target grain rates at the same DBMs were lower; R2 was 0.556 (p = 0.054) to 0.777 (p < 0.01), the RMSE value was between 7.86 and 12.03. Thus, the methods using transverse section of premature grains developed in this study could be applied for predicting the occurrence of milky‐white rice a week to 10 DBM.

Occurrence of milky‐white rice can be predictable using transverse section of the premature grain.

The chalky zone detected inside the transparent area on the transverse section is the indicator.

The method is based on the regularity of starch accumulation from center towards peripheral in the grain.

This method will contribute to mitigation of grain breakage through postharvest management.
Comparison of Different Sources of Vector Resistance for Controlling Wheat Streak Mosaic in Winter Wheat
Authors: Thomas J. B. , Conner R. L. , Graf R. J.
Published: April 2016

Wheat streak mosaic (WSM) is a serious viral disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) that is vectored by the wheat curl mite (Aceria tosichella Keifer). Deployment of wheat cultivars with vector resistance is a possible method for WSM control. This 3‐yr (1996–1997/1998–1999) field study compared by means of a split‐plot design the effect of different sources of mite‐resistance backcrossed into a common winter wheat genetic background on both the spread of WSM and on the resulting yield losses. The various lines were first seeded early (in July) in blocks of spaced plots to provide different disease source or spreader treatments as main plots. The same winter wheat lines were then seeded in mid‐September into the spaces between the spreaders as subplot treatments to mimic the crop. Main‐plot (spreader) treatments included the mite‐susceptible winter wheat cultivars CDC Kestrel or Norstar, two mite‐resistant backcross lines of Norstar with resistance from Thinopyrum ponticum (Podpera) Liu & Wang (Nst*5/Cmc2) and Triticum tauschii (Coss.) Schmal. (Nst*5/Cmc1) plus oat (Avena sativa L.) as a nonhost. The two mite‐resistant winter wheat lines, plus another mite‐resistant backcross line with resistance from rye (Secale cereale L.) (Nst*5/1RS‐1BL) and Norstar were also used as subplot treatments. The presence of vector resistance in the spreader treatments reduced the intensity of disease symptoms in the spreader rows themselves and increased their grain yield. In 2 of 3 yr, these yield differences were dramatic. Resistance in the spreader also reduced the secondary spread of WSM into the adjacent winter wheat subplots with conventional planting dates. During severe outbreaks of WSM, (1996‐1997 and 1997‐1998), Nst*5/Cmc2 was more effective with a lower frequency of severely infected plants and smaller yield losses than Nst*5/Cmc1 or Nst*5/1RS‐1BL. In conclusion, control of WSM through vector resistance requires an effective resistance gene in both the spreader and the crop.
QTL Mapping of Winter Hardiness Genes in Lentil
Authors: Kahraman A. , Kusmenoglu I. , Aydin N. , Aydogan A. , Erskine W. , Muehlbauer F. J.
Published: April 2016

Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) germplasm with sufficient winter hardiness to survive most winters in cold northern areas is available. However, the use of that germplasm in breeding programs is hampered by variable winter conditions that make field evaluations needed for effective breeding and selection difficult. Our objectives were to gain additional information on the genetics of winter hardiness in lentil by QTL analysis and to identify markers for use in marker‐assisted selection. A total of 106 F6 derived recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from the cross WA8649090/Precoz were evaluated for winter survival in the field at Pullman, WA, USA, Haymana, Turkey, and Sivas, Turkey, in a randomized complete block design with three replications over 3 yr. Winter survival was based on plant stand counts before and after winter. In addition, winter injury was monitored at Pullman during the 1998‐1999 winter season. Mean survival of the RILs was 49.7, 5.3, and 89.5% at Haymana in 1997‐1998, at Pullman in 1998‐1999, and at Haymana in 1999‐2000, respectively. For QTL analysis of winter survival, three QTL were detected at Haymana in 1997‐1998, one QTL was detected at Pullman in 1998‐1999, and three QTL were identified at Haymana in 1999‐2000. Only one of the QTL was common to all environments. For winter injury scores at Pullman in 1999, four QTL were identified that influenced winter survival. Overall results indicated that winter hardiness is influenced by several genes and the cumulative effects of winter stress.
Untimely Fall Harvest Affects Dry Matter Yield and Root Organic Reserves in Field‐Grown Alfalfa
Authors: Dhont Catherine , Castonguay Yves , Nadeau Paul , Bélanger Gilles , Drapeau Raynald , Chalifour François‐P.
Published: April 2016

The regrowth interval between the last summer harvest and the fall harvest is a major determinant of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) persistence and spring regrowth. This study assessed the impact of the timing of a fall harvest on persistence, dry matter yield (DMY), and root carbohydrate and N reserves of field‐grown alfalfa. Two cultivars (AC Caribou and WL 225) were harvested either only twice during the summer or three times with the third harvest taken 400, 500, or 600 growing degree days (GDD) after the second summer harvest. Plant density was not affected by a fall harvest across three production years (1997 to 1999). The DMY of the first harvest in the second production year (1998) was significantly reduced by prior fall harvests taken at 400 or 500 GDD. However, the seasonal DMY in 1998 was higher with the 500 or 600 GDD harvest management than with the two harvest system. Root dry weight (DW) was generally reduced by a third harvest in the fall, especially when taken at 400 GDD. Amounts of root carbohydrate reserves (raffinose family oligosaccharides [RFO], sucrose, and starch), as well as the amounts of total amino acids and soluble proteins were significantly reduced by harvesting at 400 or 500 GDD. Untimely fall harvest reduced alfalfa spring regrowth by impeding the accumulation of both carbohydrate and N reserves. Seasonal DMY remained advantageous as long as an interval of 500 or 600 GDD was kept between the last summer and the fall harvests.
Corn Growth Responses to Composted and Fresh Solid Swine Manures
Authors: Terrance D. Loecke , Matt Liebman , Cynthia A. Cambardella , Tom L. Richard
Published: April 2016

Swine (Sus scrofa L.) production in deep‐bedded hoop structures is a relatively new swine finishing system in which manure can be applied to fields fresh or after composting. We conducted field‐plot trials near Boone, IA, during two growing seasons to determine the effects of fresh and composted swine hoop manures on corn (Zea mays L.) growth and yield. Both fresh and composted manures were applied at a total N rate of 336 kg ha−1 in the spring before planting corn, and a functional growth analysis approach with frequent plant harvests was used to assess total aerial dry matter (DM) production and leaf area development of the crop. Phytotoxicity bioassays utilizing annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and cress (Lepidium sativum L.) seedlings as test species produced inconsistent responses to manures. During the two seasons in which this experiment was conducted, corn in the composted manure treatment produced 10% more grain than did corn in the fresh manure treatment. Corn treated with composted manure produced 12% greater aboveground DM in 2000 and 15% greater DM in 2001 than did corn treated with fresh manure. In 2000, DM differences were evident early in the season, whereas in 2001, DM differences became evident near flowering. The time of treatment separation in both years coincided with the driest soil conditions of the season. As compared with the fresh manure treatment, composted manure increased corn crop growth rate (CGR), leaf N concentration, leaf area index (LAI), and, in one of two years, net assimilation rate (NAR). Harvest index and leaf area ratio (LAR) were unaffected by manure treatments. Composting swine hoop manure before field application appears to be an effective alternative to fresh‐manure application for corn production.
Measuring Ball Lie on Golf Course Fairways
Authors: Cella L. , Voigt T. B. , Fermanian T. W.
Published: April 2016

Ball lie on a golf course fairway can impact a golfer's ability to control a shot. At present, there is no quantitative method to accurately measure golf ball lie (the amount of the ball exposed above the turfgrass canopy) on short‐cut fairway turf. The objective of this work was to develop an instrument capable of accurately and quantitatively measuring golf ball lie on short‐cut (1.27 cm) fairway turf. In previous work, a device (Lie‐N‐Eye) that measured golf ball lie on high‐cut fairway turf (1.6–2.5 cm) was developed and tested on 25 Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) cultivars. That device lacked the sensitivity required to make measurements on short‐cut turf. An improved device (Lie‐N‐Eye II) was developed to measure golf ball lie on short‐cut (1.27 cm) bentgrass (Agrostis spp.) fairway turfgrasses. In October 2000, Lie‐N‐Eye II was tested on three creeping bentgrass [Agrostis stolonifera var. palustris (Huds.) Farw.] and three colonial bentgrass (A capillaris L.) cultivars and adequately measured ball lie differences among bentgrass cultivars and species. Ball lies ranged from 38.7 mm to 40.7 mm of the ball exposed above the canopy (90.7 to 95.4% of the golf ball). Power curves generated from 18 measurements on each of six bentgrass cultivars indicate Lie‐N‐Eye II was able to detect a 1.65‐mm difference between ball lies with a probability of approximately 90%.
Transgenic Cotton with Improved Resistance to Glyphosate Herbicide
Authors: May O. L. , Culpepper A. S. , Cerny R. E. , Coots C. B. , Corkern C. B. , Cothren J. T. , Croon K. A. , Ferreira K. L. , Hart J. L. , Hayes R. M. , Huber S. A. , Martens A. B. , McCloskey W. B. , Oppenhuizen M. E. , Patterson M. G. , Reynolds D. B. , Shappley Z. W. , Subramani J. , Witten T. K. , York A. C. , Mullinix B. G.
Published: April 2016

Glyphosate [N‐(phosphonomethyl)glycine] herbicide can be topically applied twice at rates as high as 0.84 kg a.e. (acid‐equivalent) ha−1 to glyphosate‐resistant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars until the fourth true leaf stage, with the requirement of at least 10 d and two nodes of growth between applications. But, such cultivars are not reproductively resistant to glyphosate applied topically or imprecisely directed after the four‐leaf stage because glyphosate can curtail pollen development and ovule fertilization, which potentially reduces yield. Extending glyphosate resistance past the four‐leaf stage would provide growers with additional weed management options. Our objective was to test under field conditions glyphosate resistance of cotton germplasm transformed with gene constructs previously shown to impart extended glyphosate resistance in the greenhouse. Four or six transgenic cotton lines containing one of several constructs conferring extended glyphosate resistance, plus the current glyphosate‐resistant control (‘Coker 312’‐1445), were tested at nine U.S. locations in 2001. Within locations, treatment designs consisted of cross‐classified arrangements of transgenic lines and glyphosate rates [0, 1.68, and 2.52 kg a.e. ha−1]. Treated plots received glyphosate over‐the‐top of cotton at four growth stages (3‐, 6‐, 10‐, and 14‐leaf crop stages). Compared with Coker 312‐1445, extended glyphosate resistance was expressed as higher yields when glyphosate was applied topically at the four growth stages. Mature plant mapping confirmed extended glyphosate resistance of the new transgenic cotton through similar fruit distribution and weight with or without glyphosate treatment. The capability to apply glyphosate topically to cotton later in crop development will facilitate weed management and could reduce dependence on directed herbicides.
QTL Mapping of Resistance to Stalk Tunneling by the European Corn Borer in RILs of Maize Population B73 × De81
Authors: Krakowsky M. D. , Lee M. , Woodman‐Clikeman W. L. , Long M. J. , Sharopova N.
Published: April 2016

Considerable effort has been expended toward the genetic characterization of native resistance to stalk tunneling by the European corn borer [ECB; Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner)], indicative of the importance of this pest and the difficulty in obtaining conclusive results. In this study, 191 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of B73 maize (Zea mays L.) (susceptible to stalk tunneling by ECB) × De811 (resistant) were evaluated for stalk tunneling, anthesis, and plant height in Iowa at two locations in 1998 and one location in 1999 with the objectives of (i) determining the genetic relationship between these traits and (ii) mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with resistance to stalk tunneling. The genotypic correlation between plant height and stalk tunneling (rg = 0.1) was negligible, but the correlation between stalk tunneling and anthesis was very high (rg = −0.8) necessitating the adjustment of the means of former with the latter. Ten QTL for stalk tunneling adjusted for anthesis associated with 42% of the phenotypic variation were observed in the mean across trials, only one of which was observed in each of the individual trials. The lack of consistent QTL detection across environments is a common characteristic among studies of ECB tunneling and underscores a major problem of breeding for resistance. QTL observed in F3 lines of the same cross and in RILs of B73 × B52 are linked to three QTL each for the mean across trials herein, providing further evidence of association between these genomic regions and resistance to stalk tunneling.
Genetic Variability for Mineral Element Concentrations of Wild Jerusalem Artichoke Forage
Authors: Seiler Gerald J. , Campbell Larry G.
Published: April 2016

One of the potential uses of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) is as a forage crop. Information on inherent differences in forage nutritional quality is essential if the quality of the forage is to be improved through breeding. The objectives of this study were to determine the genotypic variability among and within wild Jerusalem artichoke populations for the concentration of N, P, Ca, Mg, K, and the Ca/P ratio in the forage at flowering, estimate the magnitude of genotype × environment interaction, and examine relationships among mineral concentrations in the forage. Nine wild Jerusalem artichoke populations grown in an irrigated field nursery at Bushland, TX, were evaluated for N, P, Ca, Mg, K, and the Ca/P ratio in the forage at flowering over a 2‐yr period. Population, year × population, and error variances were estimated to calculate the phenotypic variance. Estimates of the within‐population variances were also determined. The adequacy of Jerusalem artichoke forage at flowering for maintenance of a ruminant animal was classified as follows: N, Ca, Mg, and K as adequate, P inadequate, and the Ca/P ratio as excessive. There were genotypic differences among the nine populations for N, K, P, Ca, Mg, and the Ca/P ratio for both years and averaged across years. The magnitude of the genotypic variance components indicated that a substantial proportion of the total variation for these elements was due to genotype, indicating the possibility of improvement through hybridization and selection. Within‐population variation for N, Ca, and K was high, indicating potential for improvement with further selection within populations. Population variances for P and Mg were low, suggesting it will be difficult to improve these with selection. Unfortunately, P is inadequate in the forage to begin with, and our data indicated that selecting within populations for high P may not be very successful.
Genetic Diversity in the Batini Barley Landrace from Oman
Authors: Jaradat A. A. , Shahid M. , Al Maskri A. Y.
Published: April 2016

The Batini landrace of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is endemic to the coastal Batinah region of Oman. Although it is important to subsistence farmers, it is threatened by increasing salinity and replacement by high yielding cultivars. Seven bulk seed samples (subpopulations) of the Batini landrace were collected from farmers' fields, which provided a germplasm collection of 3191 accessions. The objectives of this study were to characterize these accessions for spike and seed qualitative and quantitative traits, quantify phenotypic diversity, and explore significant variation in seed and spike morphological traits for future selection and breeding. Variation for 26 morphological traits was assessed among the progeny of 3191 single spikes. Phenotypic diversity indices (H′) differed significantly among traits and subpopulations. Weighted H′ average for subpopulations was 0.501; it ranged from 0.154 for spike glaucousness to 0.853 for number of spikelets per spike. Differences in phenotypic frequencies for 20 traits were sufficient to discriminate between subpopulations. Total genetic variation (HT) for quantitative (0.717) and qualitative (0.533) traits differed significantly. Variance component due to subpopulations was significant for seven quantitative and 12 qualitative traits, and the within‐subpopulation variance component decreased in the order: qualitative (82.12%) > quantitative (78.34 ) > spike‐related (68.50) > grain‐related (67.25) traits. Total genetic variation and genetic differentiation estimates for qualitative traits were 25% lower than for quantitative traits. Strong, nonrandom trait associations among four seed phenotypic markers showed a hierarchical pattern, indicating an adaptive response to environmental conditions and human selection. The long history of in situ conservation of this landrace in a multitude of subsistence farming systems, undoubtedly, contributed to the high variability.
INOCULATION RATE OF ARBUSCULAR‐MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI GLOMUS INTRARADICES AND GLOMUS ETUNICATUM AFFECTS ESTABLISHMENT OF LANDSCAPE TURF WITH NO IRRIGATION OR FERTILIZER INPUTS
Authors: Pelletier Sophie , Dionne Julie
Published: April 2016

Arbuscular‐mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis confers numerous benefits to host plants, including improved tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses. Although the majority of grasses form an AM symbiosis, little is known of the mycorrhization of turfgrass species. This study was conducted to determine whether two mycorrhizal species, Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith and G. etunicatum Becker & Gerdemann, affected the establishment of a lawn mixture of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), red fescue (Festuca rubra L.), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Turfgrass inoculated with G. intraradices at rates between 40 and 60 mL m−2 established more quickly than turfgrass inoculated with G. etunicatum when inoculated at time of seeding, with no irrigation or fertilization inputs.
IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A WHITE‐FLOWERED WILD SOYBEAN PLANT
Authors: Chen Yiwu , Nelson Randall L.
Published: April 2016

No white‐flowered accession exists among the more than 1100 Glycine soja (Sieb. and Zucc.) accessions in the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection, although one‐third of the Glycine max (L.) Merr. accessions are white flowered. One white‐flowered plant was found in G. soja accession PI 424008A growing in Stoneville, MS, in 1998. The objective of this research is to clarify the origin of this white‐flowered plant. Phenotypic traits and DNA markers were used to compare the white‐flowered line with the putative parental line, PI 424008A. The results from all of the data show that the white‐flowered plant is very similar to PI 424008A, indicating that the white‐flowered plant was produced by a mutation in PI 424008A. The white‐flowered line has been added to the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection and is designated as PI 424008C.
Efficiency of Spatial Analyses of Field Pea Variety Trials
Authors: Yang Rong‐Cai , Ye Terrance Z. , Blade Stanford F. , Bandara Manjula
Published: April 2016

Several spatial analyses of neighboring plots are now available for improving the precision of variety trials. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of three commonly used spatial analyses, a nearest neighbor adjustment (NNA), a least squares smoothing (LSS), and a first‐order autoregressive model (AR1), in removing field trends from 157 field pea (Pisum sativumL.) variety trials tested in different growing zones across Alberta, Canada, during 1997 to 2001. All trials were conducted with a randomized complete block (RCB) design with three or four replications. A complete replication (block) was planted in a single field tier. Yield data from each of the 157 trials were subject to the conventional RCB analysis and the three spatial analyses. The LSS, NNA, and AR1 analyses removed an average of 22, 16, and 7% residual variation compared with the RCB analysis, respectively, but the amount of removal by the three analyses varied considerably among the trials. Each spatial analysis achieved more error reduction in 1997 and 1998, where trials contained larger block sizes than in 1999 to 2001, where trials contained smaller block sizes. The efficiency in spatial variation removal was great with large block sizes that involved large numbers of varieties. Furthermore, the LSS and NNA analyses were more effective in such removal than the AR1 analysis.
Genetics of Winter Hardiness in 10 Lentil Recombinant Inbred Line Populations
Authors: Kahraman A. , Kusmenoglu I. , Aydin N. , Aydogan A. , Erskine W. , Muehlbauer F. J.
Published: April 2016

Available winter hardy lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) germplasm has prompted interest in the development and use of cultivars that can be fall planted in cold highland areas. This change in production of lentil from normally spring sown to fall sown is environmentally sound and increases yield potential. Understanding the mode of inheritance of winter hardiness in lentil would assist breeding efforts. The objectives of this study were to determine the inheritance and heritability of winter hardiness in lentil. Ten F6 derived recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations from crosses of winter hardy germplasm lines with nonhardy germplasm were planted in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Haymana, and Sivas, Turkey, and at Pullman, WA, USA, between 1997 and 2001. Meaningful data for an analysis of the inheritance of winter hardiness were available only at Haymana in 1997‐1998 and at Pullman in 1998‐1999, indicating infrequent occurrences of sufficiently cold winters to provide differential killing. Percent survival was calculated on the basis of plant stand counts recorded after establishment in the fall and regrowth in the spring. Parental line WA8649041 was the most winter hardy followed by WA8649090, ILL‐1878, and ILL‐669. General combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects were significant at both locations. Heritability estimates among the 10 RIL populations ranged from 15.9 to 90.7%. Inheritance patterns of winterhardiness appeared to be quantitative on the basis of frequency distributions and the lack of discrete segregation classes. Since winter hardiness in lentil appears to be a quantitative trait, accumulation of genes responsible for winter survival will probably require stringent field testing or marker assisted selection.
Diallel Analysis of Wheat streak mosaic virus Resistance in Winter Wheat
Authors: Hakizimana Frederic , Ibrahim Amir M. H. , Langham Marie A. C. , Haley Scott D. , Rudd Jackie C.
Published: April 2016

Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) (Family: Potyviridae; Genus: Tritimovirus), disseminated naturally by the wheat curl mite (Aceria tosichella Keifer), is an important disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.) worldwide. Breeding for resistant cultivars remains the best strategy to control the disease. Nine winter wheat genotypes with differential reaction to WSMV were crossed in a complete diallel mating design to determine the combining ability of WSMV resistance. Parents, F1, and reciprocal crosses were inoculated at the seedling (2–3 leaves) stage with a WSMV‐SD isolate and evaluated for reaction under greenhouse conditions. Disease reaction was assessed twice (at 1‐wk intervals) by a 1‐to‐5 scale (1 = no visible symptoms to light green streaks, 5 = severe yellow streaks and necrosis). Data were analyzed according to Griffing's Method 3 and Model 1, where one set of F1 and reciprocal F1 are included. Highly significant genotype effects (P < 0.01) were observed for WSMV resistance. General combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects for WSMV resistance were highly significant (P < 0.01), indicating that both additive and nonadditive genetic effects are involved in the inheritance of WSMV resistance. The reciprocal effects were not significant (P > 0.05). The ratio of combining ability variance components [(2σ2GCA)/(2σ2GCA + σ2SCA)] was small (0.1), indicating that nonadditive (i.e., dominance and epistasis) gene effects were more important than additive gene effects in controlling WSMV resistance in these crosses; therefore, progeny performance cannot be adequately predicted from GCA effects alone.
Use of Near‐Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy for Selecting for High Stearic Acid Concentration in Single Husked Achenes of Sunflower
Authors: Velasco Leonardo , Pérez‐Vich Begoña , Fernández‐Martínez José M.
Published: April 2016

Half‐seed analysis by gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) allows a nondestructive evaluation of the fatty acid composition of oilseeds, since in most cases the analyzed portion is representative of the whole seed. However, the sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) mutant CAS‐14 exhibits a high stearic acid concentration nonuniformly expressed along the longitudinal axis of the seed. No analytical technique is available for nondestructive selection at the single seed level in this mutant. The objective of the present research was to study the potential of near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) for analyzing the fatty acid composition of single husked achenes of sunflower and to evaluate its performance in a selection program for high stearic concentration in materials derived from CAS‐14. A calibration set containing 2510 single husked achenes from a broad spectrum of breeding materials was developed. Reliable equations were developed for stearic acid, with r2 = 0.80 and ratio of the standard error of cross validation (SECV) to the standard deviation (SD) of 0.45, oleic acid (r2 = 0.89, SECV/SD = 0.34), and linoleic acid (r2 = 0.91, SECV/SD = 0.30). The calibration equations were applied to the analysis of 8109 husked achenes within a selection program for high stearic acid concentration, 503 of them being further analyzed by GLC to monitor the performance of NIRS. The results revealed a close relationship between NIRS and GLC data, with r2 of 0.83 for stearic acid, 0.92 for oleic acid, and 0.93 for linoleic acid concentration. It was concluded that NIRS can be used reliably for nondestructive selection for these major fatty acids at a single‐seed level.
Resistance to the Soybean Aphid in Soybean Germplasm
Authors: Hill Curtis B. , Li Yan , Hartman Glen L.
Published: April 2016

With an efficient greenhouse screening method, the first resistance to the soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) was found in cultivated soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] germplasm. No resistance was found in 1425 current North American soybean cultivars, 106 Maturity Group (MG) 000 through VII Asian cultivars, and in a set of 11 ‘Clark’ isolines possessing different pubescence traits. Dense pubescence did not provide protection against the soybean aphid. Resistance was discovered and established in three ancestors of North American genotypes: ‘Dowling’, ‘Jackson’, and PI 71506. Expression of resistance in those genotypes was characterized in choice and nonchoice tests. In choice tests, significantly fewer aphids occurred on Dowling, Jackson, and PI 71506 plants compared with susceptible cultivars (P = 0.05). Aphid populations did not develop on Dowling and Jackson in nonchoice tests, indicating that there was a negative impact on aphid fecundity on those cultivars. That evidence combined with observations of aphid mortality on those cultivars suggested that antibiosis‐type resistance contributed to the expression of resistance. Possible donors of resistance to Dowling and Jackson were identified. In nonchoice tests, population development on PI 71506 was not significantly different from development on susceptible cultivars, indicating that antixenosis was more important in that genotype. Resistance was expressed in all plant stages. Dowling provided season‐long protection against aphids equal to the use of the systemic insecticide imidacloprid {1‐[(6‐Chloro‐3‐pyridinyl)methyl]‐N‐nitro‐2‐imidazolidinimine} in a field test. Four other germplasm accessions, ‘Sugao Zarai’, ‘Sato’, ‘T260H’, and PI 230977, had levels of resistance not significantly different from Dowling, Jackson, and PI 71506 in a choice test (P = 0.05).
The multi-time-scale correlations for drought–flood index to runoff and North Atlantic Oscillation in the headstreams of Tarim River, Xinjiang, China
Authors: Ling Hongbo , Deng Xiaoya , Long Aihua , Gao Haifeng
Published: April 2016

The multi-time-scale correlations for the drought–flood index to annual runoff and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) in the past 50 years were analyzed by collecting monthly precipitation and annual runoff data and employing the methods of the Z index and wavelet analysis in the headstreams of the Tarim River. The following results were obtained. (1) The drought–flood index for the study area has been rising. The periodicities of the index were 4, 8, and 22 years with the periods of 4 and 8 years being significant. (2) The periodicities of annual runoff were 6, 17, and 22 years, with the 6-year period being the most significant. (3) The annual runoff of the Tarim River had significant negative correlation with the drought–flood index at multiple time-scales. The time sections of significant correlation were 2–10-year periods from the early 1970s to the late 1990s. (4) The drought–flood index had significant correlation with the NAO for periods of less than 10 years, which was negative mainly for the whole year and summer, and positive in winter. The aim of this study is to provide scientific guidance for achieving the reasonable allocation and regulation of water resources in the Tarim River Basin.
Psychosocial Correlates, Psychological Distress, and Quality of Life in Patients with Medically Unexplained Symptoms
Authors: Husain Muhammad Ishrat , Chaudhry Nasim , Morris Julie , Zafar Shehla Naeem , Jaffery Farhat , Rahman Raza , Duddu Venu , Husain Nusrat
Published: April 2016

Objective

To examine the psychosocial correlates and association of psychological distress and quality of life (QOL) in patients with medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) compared to those with medically explained symptoms (MES) in a primary care setting in Karachi, Pakistan.

Methods

A cross-sectional study of 472 patients attending GP clinics between March and August 2009 in Karachi. Participants completed questionnaires to assess demographic details, somatic symptoms, anxiety, depression, and QOL. The patients' GP recorded whether the presenting complaint was medically unexplained or medically explained.

Results

MUS subjects in our study were more educated, had better social support and fewer financial problems, were less depressed and had a better QOL than subjects who had medically explained symptoms (non-MUS). Both groups (MUS and non-MUS) were comparable in terms of anxiety and number of somatic symptoms, but non-MUS subjects were more depressed than the MUS group. In a regression analysis, the number of somatic symptoms and lower levels of anxiety predicted poorer QOL in this sample. Whether these symptoms were medically explained (or not) did not seem to contribute significantly to the QOL.

Conclusion

Our findings confirm that even in the developing world, patients with MUS are common among primary care attendees. However, patients with MUS in urban Karachi, Pakistan may differ from Western MUS subjects in the role of stress, support, and anxiety in their presentation, and may be reflective of a conceptually different group of difficulties.
Depressive Symptoms and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Rural Appalachia: an 18-Month Follow-Up Study
Authors: de Groot Mary , Doyle Todd , Averyt Jennifer , Risaliti Carleen , Shubroo Jay
Published: April 2016

Objective

Despite high rates of diabetes and depression in rural areas, limited data exists to document patterns and predictors of depressive symptoms in rural patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The purpose of this study was to assess the rates and predictors of co-morbid depressive symptoms over an 18-month period in a cohort of rural Appalachian adults with T2DM.

Methods

N = 100 adult T2DM patients were recruited from family medicine and endocrinology practices located in the rural Appalachian counties of southeastern Ohio and West Virginia. Data were collected using a longitudinal observational survey design.

Results

The sample consisted of predominantly White (93%) females (62%) who were married (71%), completed high school or less (48%), and had a mean age of 60 years ( SD 11). Mean BDI score was 14.0 ( SD 12) with 27% scoring in the moderate/severe range for depressive symptoms. A majority of patients (77%) reported depressive symptoms, at both time points, with 88% of these reporting consistent depressive symptoms in the year prior to study follow-up. Patients with depressive symptoms at Time 1 and Time 2 did not differ from other groups in the number of treatment strategies or medications used. Predictors of depressive symptoms in this group were increased diabetes treatment complexity (OR = 2.3), lack of home ownership (OR = 11.4), and decreased satisfaction with antidepressant medications (OR = 2.0; χ2 = 28.9, p < .0001).

Conclusions

Rural T2DM patients reported high rates of repeated depressive symptoms without corresponding rates of depression treatment. These patients may benefit from close monitoring and ongoing adjustment of their treatment for depression and diabetes by primary care providers.
Understanding Preventive Health Screening Services Use in Persons with Serious Mental Illness
Authors: Xiong Glen L. , Iosif Ana-Maria , Suo Shannon , Mccarron Robert M. , Koike Alan , Onate John , Carter Cameron S.
Published: April 2016

Objective

People with serious mental illness have reduced life expectancy, in large part due to reduced access to medical services and underutilization of preventive health services. This is a cross-sectional study that compared preventive services use in an integrated behavioral health primary care clinic (IBHPC) with two existing community mental health programs.

Methods

Participants completed questionnaires about preventive health services use that contained 33 questions about demographic clinical information, and use of preventive health services, from October 2010 to December 2012. Services examined included mammogram, Papanicolaou Test, prostate specific antigen, digital rectal exam, fecal occult blood test, and flexible sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy; blood pressure, height and weight, cholesterol, and blood sugar for diabetes; and influenza immunization, Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) antibodies. A health service utilization score was developed and used as primary outcome for data analyses.

Results

In the multivariate analyses female gender ( p < 0.05), race/ethnicity ( p = 0.01 for Asian, p = 0.04 for Hispanic/Latino, both compared to White), program type ( p < 0.001), and having a primary care provider ( p < 0.001) were significant predictors of higher services use. IBHPC was associated with higher overall service utilization compared to one community mental health program ( p < 0.001) but was similar when compared another ( p = 0.34). There was high variability in use of individual services among the clinical programs.

Conclusion

More studies are needed to examine the effectiveness of integrated care in improving use of health screening services. Characteristics of the clinic in relation to use of preventive services deserve further study.