bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expression of Structural Proteins and Angiogenic Factors in Normal Arterial and Unruptured and Ruptured Aneurysm Walls
Authors: Kılıc Türker , Sohrabifar Mehran , Kurtkaya Özlem , Yildirim Özlem , Elmaci Ilhan , Günel Murat , Pamir M Necmettin
Published: November 2005

OBJECTIVE:

To identify differences in the expression of certain structural proteins and angiogenic growth factors in vessel tissues that represent different phases of the process of intracranial aneurysm formation and rupture: normal vessel wall, intact (unruptured) aneurysm wall, and ruptured vessel wall.

METHODS:

The novel study design involved 10 pairs of specimens (ruptured and unruptured aneurysm wall) obtained perioperatively during clipping operations in 10 patients with multiple aneurysms. All surgeries were performed within 5 days of subarachnoid hemorrhage. As controls, five circle of Willis specimens were obtained from five cadavers. Sections of each of the 25 specimens were separately immunostained for five structural proteins (collagen Types III and IV, α-smooth muscle actin, fibronectin, and laminin) and three angiogenic factors (vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and transforming growth factor-α). Levels of expression for each protein and factor were graded, and the average grades for each tissue group were recorded and compared.

RESULTS:

Among the structural proteins studied, fibronectin specifically is densely expressed in ruptured aneurysms, which is graded as 2.0. However, its expression is less prominent both in nonaneurysmal vessel wall (Grade 1.0) and unruptured aneurysm vessel wall (Grade 1.1). Contrary to fibronectin, laminin is more intensely and regularly expressed in normal vessel wall (Grade 2.7) than in ruptured (Grade 1.1) and unruptured (Grade 1.0) aneurysmal specimens. Among the angiogenic growth factors studied, transforming growth factor-α shows a peculiar grading of staining, different from the other two angiogenic factors examined, so that it is more highly expressed in normal circle of Willis specimens (Grade 2.1) than in unruptured and ruptured aneurysm walls, graded as 0.5 and 0.6, respectively.

CONCLUSION:

Normal vessel wall, unruptured aneurysm wall, and ruptured aneurysm wall exhibit different levels and patterns of expression for the structural proteins and regulator growth factors investigated. If one accepts the premise that immunohistochemical study has its inherent methodological problems, these results suggest that the biological mediators of aneurysm formation in a vessel wall differ from those of the biological mediators of aneurysm rupture. There was a novel finding related to fibronectin and laminin: the results indicated that a rise in the fibronectin-to-laminin ratio in an unruptured aneurysm wall may contribute to rupture. A drop in transforming growth factor-α expression in a vessel wall may also contribute to aneurysm formation.
Detection of Root Avulsion in the Dominant C7 Obstetric Brachial Plexus Lesion: Experience with Three-dimensional Constructive Interference in Steady-state Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Electrophysiology
Authors: van Ouwerkerk Willem J.R. , Strijers Rob L.M. , Barkhof Frederik , Umans Ulco , Vandertop W Peter
Published: November 2005

OBJECTIVE:

Preoperative, reliable detection by ancillary investigations of spinal nerve root avulsions in infants with severe obstetric brachial plexus lesions to avoid ineffective operative repair from deceivingly intact but actually avulsed nerve roots.

METHODS:

Ten infants were selected with an infrequent, severe dominant C7 lesion, primarily because of the anatomically distinct supraclavicular course of this spinal nerve. Three-dimensional constructive interference in steady-state magnetic resonance imaging (3D CISS MRI) studies under mild sedation were performed and evaluated for detection of avulsed nerve roots by two experienced neuroradiologists. Preoperative electrodiagnostics (electromyography and somatosensory evoked potentials) as well as intraoperative somatosensory potentials and muscle contractions after electrostimulation were recorded. Preoperative and intraoperative ancillary investigations were correlated with intraoperative findings in eight patients and clinical status in two children who recovered spontaneously.

RESULTS:

Despite two minor motion artifacts, the quality of the 3D CISS MRI studies was good. In 8 of 10 patients, prediction of root continuity was consistent with operative or clinical findings, and 2 remained doubtful. Preoperative and intraoperative electrodiagnostics tended not to correlate with intraoperative findings in this small, selected group.

CONCLUSION:

3D CISS MRI provides good images of anterior and posterior spinal roots in infants with obstetric brachial plexus lesions. Images seem to allow accurate prediction of root avulsion in the majority of patients. In this study, electrodiagnostics were of limited value.
Dynamic behaviour of automotive catalytic converters subjected to variations in engine exhaust compositions
Authors: Shamim T
Published: November 2005

This paper presents a computational investigation of the effect of composition modulations on an automotive catalytic converter. The objective is to develop a better fundamental understanding of the converte's performance under actual driving conditions. Such an understanding will be beneficial in devising improved emission control methodologies by exploiting the catalyst transient behaviour. The study employs a single-channel-based, one-dimensional, non-adiabatic model. Two types of imposed transients (sinusoidal and step changes) are considered. The results show that composition modulations cause a significant departure in the catalyst behaviour from its steady behaviour, and modulations have both favourable and harmful effects on pollutant conversion.
DeNOx mechanism caused by thermal cracking hydrocarbons in the stratified rich zone during diesel combustion
Authors: Kidoguchi Y , Miwa K , Noge H
Published: November 2005

This study concerns an experimental and theoretical investigation of the deNO x mechanism caused by thermal cracking hydrocarbons during diesel combustion. A total gas sampling experiment using a rapid compression machine showed that NO x can be reduced under fuel-rich and high-swirl conditions. It was found that under these conditions, a large amount of thermal cracking hydrocarbons, including unsaturated hydrocarbons such as C2H4, are produced during the ignition delay period, and that stratified fuel-rich combustion regions that contain these thermal cracking hydrocarbons are distributed widely throughout the combustion chamber. During the diffusion combustion phase, the CH4 concentration surpasses that of C2H4 and becomes the dominant hydrocarbon species. These thermal cracking hydrocarbons are supposed to be active in NO x reduction chemistry. To confirm the assumption, a flow reactor experiment was conducted focusing on the thermal cracking process of diesel fuel and the NO x reduction process. The experiment showed that when a solvent was used as fuel, light hydrocarbons similar to those observed in the rapid compression experiment are formed, and that about 60 per cent of NO x was reduced at equivalence ratios over 2.5 and a temperature of 1500 K. In addition to the above experiments, a chemical kinetic calculation using CHEMKIN III was carried out. The calculation revealed that C2H4 is easily decomposed during its oxidation process, forming HCCO or CHC2, which reacts promptly with NO and that in this reaction path, C2H22 formed through the thermal cracking process of C2H4 is an essential species to the formation of HCCO and CH2.
Synthesis of Noncyclic Carriers for Cerium Ion Transport through Polymer Inclusion Membrane
Authors: Hiratani Kazuhisa , Kusumocahyo Samuel Puriyantoro , Kameta Naohiro , Sugaya Kenta , Shinbo Toshio , Kanamori Toshiyuki
Published: November 2005

Noncyclic ionophores having both diphenylphosphinyl methylcarbamoyl and N,N-di(2-ethylhexyl)carbamoylmethoxy groups were synthesized for cerium ion transport through polymer inclusion membrane. The derivative of 3-aminopropanol having these groups was found to be an excellent carrier over 2-aminoethanol derivatives.
A New Method for the Preparation of Nitrogen-containing Cyclic Compounds from p-Nitrobenzenesulfonamide and Alkyl Bis(diphenylphosphinite)s by Oxidation–Reduction Condensation Using 1-Azidoadamantane
Authors: Mukaiyama Teruaki , Kuroda Kiichi , Aoki Hidenori
Published: November 2005

A new and efficient method was established for the preparation of nitrogen-containing cyclic compounds from p-nitrobenzenesulfonamide, bisphosphinites, and 1-azidoadamantane in good yields under neutral conditions.
Structure and Magnetic Property of an Octadecanuclear Cu(II) Complex
Authors: Shiga Takuya , Maruyama Kazuya , Han Lingqin , Oshio Hiroki
Published: November 2005

A reaction of copper acetate with a phosphate salt of pentadentate ligand yielded octadecanuclear complex, [Cu18(Hbeamp)6(PO4)8]·C3H7OH·24H2O (H3beamp = 2,6-bis[N-(2-hydroxyethyl)aminomethyl]-4-methylphenol), in which Cu(II) ions were bridged by alkoxo, phenoxo, and phosphate groups. Magnetic susceptibility measurements revealed the presence of antiferromagnetic interaction through bridges.
An Efficient Adsorption–Desorption System for Hydrophobic Phenolic Pollutants—Combined Use of Mono-6-amino-α-cyclodextrin and Cation Exchanger
Authors: Fukazawa Yasuaki , Pluemsab Weeranuch , Sakairi Nobuo , Furuike Tetsuya
Published: November 2005

A simple and efficient method to remove hydrophobic phenolic pollutants from aqueous solutions has been investigated using the inclusion ability and cationic property of mono(6-amino-6-deoxy)-α-cyclodextrin (ACD) and a cation exchanger. The inclusion complexes of nonylphenol and bisphenol A with ACD were almost completely adsorbed onto a column of a cation exchanger and desorbed with diluted aqueous ammonia solution. Moreover, bisphenol A was also adsorbed on a column of the cation exchanger that was pretreated with ACD.
X-ray Absorption Study on the Dominance of Sb(V) as Secondary Antimony Species in Soil
Authors: Mitsunobu Satoshi , Harada Teppei , Hoshino Kenichi , Takahashi Yoshio
Published: November 2005

Determination of the oxidation state of Sb by X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy was conducted to soil samples in natural mine tailing and laboratory experiments. It was found that Sb was in oxidized form, Sb(V), rather than Sb(III) in soil under reductive condition in laboratory experiments (Eh = −222 mV, pH 5.2) and in natural mine tailing samples (Eh = −17 mV, pH 7.7). These results suggested that Sb exists dominantly as Sb(V) in soil under wide range of natural redox conditions.
Preparation of Transparent Thin Film of Novel Apatite-based Photocatalyst
Authors: Yoshida Naoya , Ishida Tomoko , Saiki Chieko , Wakamura Masato , Ohsaki Hisashi , Hashimoto Kazuhito , Watanabe Toshiya
Published: November 2005

Novel apatite-based photocatalyst (TiHAP) films have been prepared by wet process. The films have high transparency with little infringing color. SEM, XPS, and UV–vis analyses were carried out, and it was revealed that the obtained films were similar to TiHAP powder. The films showed photocatalytic activity against adsorbed Methylene Blue and gaseous isopropyl alcohol and no photoinduced hydrophilicity.
Culture, Aestheticism, And Ethics: Sontag and The “Idea of Europe”
Authors: Suleiman Susan Rubin
Published: November 2005

After her death, susan sontag was portrayed in many obituaries (including one i wrote for the french daily Le Monde) as an intellectual who had moved from the formalism and aestheticism of her early work to the ethically engaged stance of her later essays, right up to the last one she published in her lifetime, the stinging indictment of American torture of Iraqi prisoners at Abu Ghraib. Sontag was eloquent, as well as somewhat despairing, in her diagnosis of an “increasing acceptance of brutality” and a “culture of shamelessness” in American life (“Regarding the Torture” 28–29); similarly, after September 11, 2001, she did not hesitate to denounce (in a brief essay that earned her the label of “un-American” in some quarters) the “sanctimonious, reality-concealing rhetoric spouted by American officials and media commentators” in the days following the attack (“Comment”).
Epigenetic Modification Is Central to Genome Reprogramming in Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
Authors: Armstrong Lyle , Lako Majlinda , Dean Wendy , Stojkovic Miodrag
Published: November 2005

The recent high-profile reports of the derivation of human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) from human blastocysts produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) have highlighted the possibility of making autologous cell lines specific to individual patients. Cell replacement therapies have much potential for the treatment of diverse conditions, and differentiation of ESCs is highly desirable as a means of producing the ranges of cell types required. However, given the range of immunophenotypes of ESC lines currently available, rejection of the differentiated cells by the host is a potentially serious problem. SCNT offers a means of circumventing this by producing ESCs of the same genotype as the donor. However, this technique is not without problems because it requires resetting of the gene expression program of a somatic cell to a state consistent with embryonic development. Some remodeling of parental DNA does occur within the fertilized oocyte, but the somatic genome presented in a radically different format to those of the gametes. Hence, it is perhaps unsurprising that many genes are expressed aberrantly within “cloned” embryos and the ESCs derived from them. Epigenetic modification of the genome through DNA methylation and covalent modification of the histones that form the nucleosome is the key to the maintenance of the differentiated state of the cell, and it is this that must be reset during SCNT. This review focuses on the mechanisms by which this is achieved and how this may account for its partial failure in the “cloning” process. We also highlight the potential dangers this may introduce into ESCs produced by this technology.
Accumulated Chromosomal Instability in Murine Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Leads to Malignant Transformation
Authors: Miura Masako , Miura Yasuo , Padilla-Nash Hesed M. , Molinolo Alfredo A. , Fu Baojin , Patel Vyomesh , Seo Byoung-Moo , Sonoyama Wataru , Zheng Jenny J. , Baker Carl C. , Chen Wanjun , Ried Thomas , Shi Songtao
Published: November 2005

Despite recent emerging evidence suggesting that cancer stem cells subsist in a variety of tumors, it is not yet fully elucidated whether postnatal stem cells are directly involved in tumorigenesis. We used murine bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) as a model to test a hypothesis that tumorigenesis may originate from spontaneous mutation of stem cells. In this study, we demonstrated that murine BMMSCs, after numerous passages, obtained unlimited population doublings and proceeded to a malignant transformation state, resulting in fibrosarcoma formation in vivo. Transformed BMMSCs colonized to multiple organs when delivered systemically through the tail vein. Fibrosarcoma cells formed by transformed BMMSCs contained cancer progenitors, which were capable of generating colony clusters in vitro and fibrosarcoma in vivo by the second administration. The mechanism by which BMMSCs transformed to malignant cells was associated with accumulated chromosomal abnormalities, gradual elevation in telomerase activity, and increased c-myc expression. Moreover, BMMSCs and their transformed counterpart, fibrosarcoma-forming cells, demonstrated different sensitivity to anti-cancer drugs. BMMSCs/fibrosarcoma transformation system may provide an ideal system to elucidate the mechanism of how stem cells become cancer cells and to screen anti-sarcoma drugs.
Nucleostemin Is a Marker of Proliferating Stromal Stem Cells in Adult Human Bone Marrow
Authors: Kafienah Wael , Mistry Sanjay , Williams Christopher , Hollander Anthony P.
Published: November 2005

The identification of stem cell–specific proteins and the elucidation of their novel regulatory pathways may help in the development of protocols for control of their self-renewal and differentiation for cell-based therapies. Nucleostemin is a recently discovered nucleolar protein predominantly associated with proliferating rat neural and embryonic stem cells, and some human cancer cell lines. A comprehensive study of nucleostemin in human adult bone marrow stem cells is lacking. The aim of the study was to determine if nucleostemin is synthesized by adult bone marrow stem cells and to analyze its expression during their expansion and differentiation. Using a multipotential adherent population of stem cells, nucleostemin was localized to the nucleoli and occurred in 43.3% of the cells. There was a high level of expression of nucleostemin mRNA in bone marrow stem cells and this remained unchanged over time during cell expansion in culture. When bone marrow stem cells were stimulated to proliferate by fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2, nucleostemin expression increased in a dose-dependent manner. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of nucleostemin abolished the proliferative effect of FGF-2. When bone marrow stem cells were differentiated into chondrocytes, adipocytes, or osteocytes, nucleostemin expression was 70%–90% lower than in the undifferentiated cells retained in monolayer culture. We conclude that nucleostemin is a marker of undifferentiated human adult bone marrow stem cells and that it is involved in the regulation of proliferation of these cells.
Temperature effects on copper-clad brickwork dome roof
Authors: Rankin G. I. B. , Thompson A. , Robinson R. D. N.
Published: November 2005

This paper describes an experimental investigation that involved the monitoring of crack movements in the copper-clad brickwork dome roof of an historic building known as Mussenden Temple—a National Trust property located on the north coast of Northern Ireland. An automatic strain measurement instrumentation system was installed which enabled monitoring of crack movements and temperatures at hourly intervals over a four year monitoring period. The data collected over this period is summarised and some interesting conclusions are drawn. It is hoped that the findings of this research will be useful in the assessment of other historic buildings and structures.
A critique of the earthquake policies in northern Cyprus
Authors: Hürol Y. , Wilkinson N.
Published: November 2005

The same building codes and specifications have been used in Turkey and northern Cyprus for more than 30 years. Similarly, the most preferred technologies are the same in both countries. One of the most frequently used building technologies is that of the reinforced-concrete frame system with non-load-bearing brick walls. When earthquakes occur in Turkey, however, this system frequently causes serious structural problems, culminating in building collapse and a huge loss of human life. Building codes, including those of Turkey and northern Cyprus, usually include solutions to these problems, which can only be carried out by structural engineers, but which ignore the existence of other possible solutions, which may also be carried out by architects. The research objectives of this paper are to carry out a preliminary investigation into the existence of the same or similar problems in northern Cyprus and to identify and propose a more appropriate strategy to combat and resolve the problem. The paper draws two conclusions: (i) it is worth carrying out more detailed research into the degree of the earthquake resistance of the reinforced-concrete buildings in northern Cyprus; (ii) it is better to propose a multiplicity of solutions to connect all of the related professions in the common aim of developing a social strategy, which will combat earthquakes.
Stiffness and strength of web–flange junctions of pultruded GRP sections
Authors: Turvey G. J. , Zhang Y.
Published: November 2005

A simple method of testing pultruded glass reinforced plastic (GRP) wide flange (WF) profiles to determine the rotational stiffness and strength of their web–flange junctions is described. Equal and opposite tensile forces are applied near to the edges of the upper and lower flanges on one side of the section and the separation of the flanges is monitored. Equations are presented for the calculation of the rotations in the web and flange at the web–flange junction. They require only force and displacement data derived from tests on short lengths of WF section. The calculated rotations are used to determine the rotational stiffness of the web–flange junction. Details of two groups of six test specimens for two sizes of WF section are presented. The test set-up and test procedure are outlined. Typical load–displacement responses for each WF section specimen size as well as typical web–flange junction failure modes are presented. How the test results have been used to calculate the rotational stiffnesses of the junctions is explained. Failure loads, failure moments and initial rotational stiffnesses of the web–flange junctions of both sizes of WF section are presented together with values for the transverse elastic moduli of their webs. The average rotational stiffness of the web–flange junction of the smaller WF section was about 70% of that of the larger WF section. The average transverse elastic modulus of the web of the smaller WF section was about 5% lower than that of the larger WF section and both values were between 53% and 61% greater than the manufacturer's stated minimum value.
The relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in food webs
Authors: Thébault Elisa , Loreau Michel
Published: November 2005

Recent theoretical and experimental work provides clear evidence that biodiversity loss can have profound impacts on functioning of natural and managed ecosystems and the ability of ecosystems to deliver ecological services to human societies. Work on simplified ecosystems in which the diversity of a single trophic level is manipulated shows that diversity can enhance ecosystem processes such as primary productivity and nutrient retention. Theory also strongly suggests that biodiversity can act as biological insurance against potential disruptions caused by environmental changes. However, these studies generally concern a single trophic level, primary producers for the most part. Changes in biodiversity also affect ecosystem functioning through trophic interactions. Here we review, through the analysis of a simple ecosystem model, several key aspects inherent in multitrophic systems that may strongly affect the relationship between diversity and ecosystem processes. Our analysis shows that trophic interactions have a strong impact on the relationships between diversity and ecosystem functioning, whether the ecosystem property considered is total biomass or temporal variability of biomass at the various trophic levels. In both cases, food‐web structure and trade‐offs that affect interaction strength have major effects on these relationships. Multitrophic interactions are expected to make biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationships more complex and non‐linear, in contrast to the monotonic changes predicted for simplified systems with a single trophic level.
AIDS AND EVIDENCE: INTEROGATING SOME UGANDAN MYTHS
Authors: ALLEN TIM
Published: November 2005

Uganda is invoked as a metaphor for a host of arguments and insights about HIV/AIDS. However, much of what has been asserted about the country is not based on the available evidence. This paper reviews findings by epidemiologists and anthropologists, and draws on the author’s experiences of researching in the country since the early 1980s. It comments on various myths about HIV/AIDS in Uganda, including myths about the origin and dissemination of the disease, about the links between HIV/AIDS and war, and about declining rates of infection. It shows that much less is known about Uganda than is commonly supposed, and it offers some alternative hypotheses for interpreting HIV prevalence and incidence data. In particular it draws attention to the importance of mechanisms for social compliance. It concludes by raising concerns about the current enthusiasm for provision of anti-retroviral drugs.
BIRTH ORDER AND SEXUAL ORIENTATION IN MEN: EVIDENCE FOR TWO INDEPENDENT INTERACTIONS
Authors: BOGAERT ANTHONY F. , LIU JIAN
Published: November 2005

Birth order is correlated with male sexual orientation, but the reason(s) for this relationship is unclear. In the present study, data from a Canadian sample of homosexual and heterosexual men (N=604) were used to present evidence of two independent birth order interactions – one with height and the other with parental age – predicting sexual orientation in men. If these findings prove reliable, it raises the possibility that different aetiological factors underlie the birth order/sexual orientation relationship in men.
The binarity effect in Kosraean reduplication
Authors: Kennedy Robert
Published: November 2005

This paper offers a formal analysis of prefixing and suffixing reduplication in Kosraean. The prosodic shape of each affix is sensitive to the form of the stem, giving rise to multiple prosodic variants. In particular, its prefix illustrates the binarity effect, in which the reduplicant is binary if and only if the base is binary. Curiously, the suffix is not subject to the same generalisation, but still follows from the same formal analysis. Both affixes also show additional curious effects of vowel-initial stems. Using an optimality-theoretic approach, I will show that the prosody of both affixes is a function of the prosodic structure of the whole word rather than of a requirement that the affix fill a specified prosodic template. The analysis makes the binarity effect an example of a contextually weight-sensitive language, in which closed syllables are bimoraic only under certain morphological circumstances.
Phonological and phonetic aspects of whistled languages
Authors: Rialland Annie
Published: November 2005

Whistled languages are communication systems that convey an open-ended set of messages by transposing selected acoustic aspects of the spoken languages that serve as their source. There are two types: those based on non-tone languages, which transpose F2 patterns, and those based on tone languages, which transpose tone melodies. This paper examines basic phonological and phonetic properties of both types of whistled language, with the goal of eliciting their basic similarities and differences. Pitch variation is found to encode segmental distinctions in the first type of language and tonal distinctions in the second. What is common to both is the central role of amplitude modulations, which provide a frame with respect to which segmental boundaries are defined and major segmental classes are distinguished. Examples are taken from whistled languages based on Spanish, Turkish, Moba and Hmong, among others.
Interannual and decadal changes in the sea‐air CO2 flux from atmospheric CO2 inverse modeling
Authors: Patra Prabir K. , Maksyutov Shamil , Ishizawa Misa , Nakazawa Takakiyo , Takahashi Taro , Ukita Jinro
Published: November 2005

The atmosphere‐land‐ocean fluxes of CO2 were derived for 64 partitioned areas of the globe (22 over the ocean and 42 over the land) using a time‐dependent inverse (TDI) model for the period of January 1988 to December 2001. The model calculation partially follow the TransCom‐3 protocol, and is constrained by atmospheric CO2 concentration data from 87 stations and fully time‐dependent atmospheric transport model simulations. The air‐to‐land and air‐to‐sea fluxes averaged over the 1990s are estimated at 1.15 ± 0.74 and 1.88 ± 0.53 Pg‐C yr−1, respectively. These estimates, however, remain uncertain owing to sampling biases arising from the sparse distribution of atmospheric CO2 data, are compared with other estimates by various methods. The sensitivity analysis indicates that the differences in fluxes and flux variability caused by the choices of initial conditions for the TDI model are smaller compared to those due to the selection of measurement networks. Our model results capture interannual variations in global and regional CO2 fluxes realistically. The estimated oceanic CO2 flux anomalies appear to be closely related to prominent climate modes such as El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). The results from the correlation analyses show that the oceanic CO2 flux in the tropics is strongly influenced by the ENSO dynamical cycle, and that in the sub‐polar regions by upwelling of sub‐surface waters in the winter and plankton blooms in the spring.
On lateral mixing efficiency of lunar regolith
Authors: Li Lin , Mustard John F.
Published: November 2005

To reexamine the potential for lateral mixing over large distances (>100 km) by impact craters, a mathematical model utilizing the stable probability distribution is proposed for estimating lateral mixing efficiency on the Moon. The proposed model divides material mixing into shallow slope and steep slope regimes. Mixing in the shallow slope regime conforms to the condition that the exponent of the power law describing lunar crater size frequency is larger than the exponent of the power law describing the rim thickness plus 2; otherwise the mixing is called the steep slope regime. The model suggests that in the shallow slope regime, lateral mixing on the Moon is efficient enough to deliver 20–30% exotic components over distances greater than 100 km (e.g., highland material to the mare). The model indicates that lateral mixing conforming to the steep slope regime is not efficient if linear addition of ejecta deposits is assumed because in this regime, impact cratering is driven by small craters reworking lunar surface, and the addition of crater ejecta is an invalid assumption. If the result of the proposed model for the shallow slope regime is applied to regolith layers below the reworked zone, a significant number of “exotic” components is predicted.
A general inversion for end‐member ratios in binary mixing systems
Authors: Sohn R. A.
Published: November 2005

Binary mixing is one of the most common models used to explain variations in geochemical data. When the data being modeled are ratios of elements or isotopes, the mixtures follow hyperbolic trends with curvatures that depend on a cross‐term representing the relative concentrations of the elements or isotopes under consideration in the mixing components. The inverse problem of estimating mixing components is difficult because of the cross‐term in the hyperbolic equation, which requires the use of nonlinear methods to estimate the mixing parameters, and because the end‐member ratio values are intrinsically underdetermined unless the mixing proportions of the samples are known a priori, which is not generally the case. I use maximum likelihood methods to address these issues and derive a general inversion for binary mixing model parameters from ratio‐ratio data. I apply the method to synthetic test data and a global compilation of 230Th/232Th versus 87Sr/86Sr data from oceanic basalts and find that the concentration ratio parameter is well‐constrained by the inversion while the end‐member ratio estimates are strongly dependent on the initial guesses used to start the iterative solver, reflecting the underdetermined nature of the end‐member positions on the mixing hyperbola. Monte Carlo methods that randomly perturb the initial guesses can be used to improve error estimates, and goodness‐of‐fit statistics can be used to assess the performance of the mixing model for explaining data variance.
Improved 3D pole‐dipole resistivity surveys using radial measurement pairs
Authors: Nyquist Jonathan E. , Roth Mary J. S.
Published: November 2005

For convenience in the field, multielectrode arrays used to collect 3D resistivity data are typically laid out in a Cartesian grid with potential measurements made using electrode pairs oriented in the X and Y axis directions. The current flow away from a given injection electrode, however, has radial symmetry in the case of a homogeneous, isotropic half‐space, and near‐radial symmetry otherwise, unless the ground is extremely heterogeneous or anisotropic. Consequently, many of the voltage measurements made using standard electrode combinations are tangential or nearly‐tangential to the voltage equipotentials, resulting in a poor signal‐to‐noise ratio. We compare data collected using a standard pole‐dipole configuration with measurements made using the same Cartesian array, but choosing electrode pairs that lie along lines radiating away from the injection electrode. The remarkable improvement in data quality using a radial data acquisition pattern illustrates the importance of considering the potential gradient when designing resistivity data collection schemes.
Microsurgical Finger Replantation in Hanoi, Vietnam: Our First Experience
Authors: Hoang Nguyen The
Published: November 2005

In einer retrospektiven Studie berichtet der Autor über die vorläufigen Ergebnisse von Fingerreplantationen, die an der Abteilung für Unfallchirurgie, Orthopädie und Handchirurgie des Central Hospital 108, No. 1 Tran Hung Dao, Hanoi, Vietnam, zwischen September 1999 und Dezember 2002 durchgeführt wurden. 46 amputierte Finger, davon 32 komplett und 14 subtotal amputiert, wurden replantiert und nachuntersucht. Die Mehrheit der Amputationen wurde durch Quetschverletzungen (76 %) verursacht, wobei vorwiegend die linke Hand betroffen war (78,3 %). Die Erfolgsrate betrug 91,3 %. Sekundäroperationen wurden bei acht von 42 erhaltenen Fingern (19 %) durchgeführt, davon sieben Tenolysen und eine Reosteosynthese. Das funktionelle Ergebnis war in 90,5 % der Fälle als „ gut“ oder „zufriedenstellend“ einzustufen bei einer durchschnittlichen Nachbeobachtungszeit von 18 Monaten. Ein replantierter Finger musste
nach einem Jahr wegen Funktionslosigkeit und Missempfindungen amputiert werden. Wir schließen aus dieser Studie, dass Fingerreplantationen, insbesondere bei multiplen Amputationen, oft erfolgreich sind und der Versuch sich stets lohnt, sowohl die Funktion als auch die normale Erscheinung von Hand und Fingern wiederherzustellen. Trotz eingeschränkter postoperativer Beweglichkeit und reduzierter Sensibilität im Vergleich zu unverletzten Fingern können die meisten Patienten mit erhaltenen replantierten Fingern nach Amputationsverletzungen aktiv und effektiv normale Tätigkeiten ohne Schmerzen oder Instabilität ausführen.
Characterization of the TIP4P-Ew water model: Vapor pressure and boiling point
Authors: Horn Hans W. , Swope William C. , Pitera Jed W.
Published: November 2005

The liquid-vapor-phase equilibrium properties of the previously developed TIP4P-Ew water model have been studied using thermodynamic integration free-energy simulation techniques in the temperature range of 274–400K. We stress that free-energy results from simulations need to be corrected in order to be compared to the experiment. This is due to the fact that the thermodynamic end states accessible through simulations correspond to fictitious substances (classical rigid liquids and classical rigid ideal gases) while experiments operate on real substances (liquids and real gases, with quantum effects). After applying analytical corrections the vapor pressure curve obtained from simulated free-energy changes is in excellent agreement with the experimental vapor pressure curve. The boiling point of TIP4P-Ew water under ambient pressure is found to be at 370.3±1.9K, about 7K higher than the boiling point of TIP4P water (363.7±5.1K; from simulations that employ finite range treatment of electrostatic and Lennard-Jones interactions). This is in contrast to the approximately +15K by which the temperature of the density maximum and the melting temperature of TIP4P-Ew are shifted relative to TIP4P, indicating that the temperature range over which the liquid phase of TIP4P-Ew is stable is narrower than that of TIP4P and resembles more that of real water. The quality of the vapor pressure results highlights the success of TIP4P-Ew in describing the energetic and entropic aspects of intermolecular interactions in liquid water.
Adaptive complete synchronization of two identical or different chaotic (hyperchaotic) systems with fully unknown parameters
Authors: Lu Jianquan , Cao Jinde
Published: November 2005

This paper studies the adaptive complete synchronization of chaotic and hyperchaotic systems with fully unknown parameters. In practical situations, some systems’ parameters cannot be exactly known a priori, and the uncertainties often affect the stability of the process of synchronization of the chaotic oscillators. An adaptive scheme is proposed to compensate for the effects of parameters' uncertainty based on the structure of chaotic systems in this paper. Based on the Lyapunov stability theorem, an adaptive controller and a parameters update law can be designed for the synchronization of chaotic and hyperchaotic systems. The drive and response systems can be nonidentical, even with different order. Three illustrative examples are given to demonstrate the validity of this technique, and numerical simulations are also given to show the effectiveness of the proposed chaos synchronization method. In addition, this synchronization scheme is quite robust against the effect of noise.
High-pressure reactivity of propene
Authors: Citroni Margherita , Ceppatelli Matteo , Bini Roberto , Schettino Vincenzo
Published: November 2005

The phase diagram of propene has been investigated at high pressure by using the diamond anvil cell technique and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The pressure conditions necessary to induce a spontaneous reaction of the sample have been found at different temperatures, allowing the stability boundary of propene to be drawn. The reaction is diffusion controlled and seems to occur only in the fluid phase, implying a slope inversion of the stability boundary at about 250K. The product of the reaction is a mixture of linear oligomers independently of the P-T conditions. The activation volume and energy of the process have been obtained from the kinetic data. Also the activation of the reaction by laser absorption has been carefully studied. A high proton mobility has been identified as the likely reason that limits the lengthening of the chain up to six to eight monomeric units preventing the polymer formation.
Interfacial effects on vitrification of confined glass-forming liquids
Authors: Trofymluk Olga , Levchenko Andrey A. , Navrotsky Alexandra
Published: November 2005

Mesoporous silica phases, with uniform pores of dimensions in the 2–30nm range, offer a uniquely well-defined environment for the study of the effects of two-dimensional spatial confinement on the properties of glass-forming liquids. We report observations by differential scanning calorimetry of the vitrification of o-terphenyl (OTP), salol, and glycerol in hexagonal mesoporous silica (MCM-41 and SBA-15) in a wide range of pore sizes from 2.6to26.4nm. In agreement with previous studies, where a controlled porous glass is used as a solid matrix, the glass transition temperature for o-terphenyl diminishes with decreasing pore size. In contrast to OTP, glycerol shows a gradual increase in glass transition temperature, while in salol a slight reduction of glass transition temperature is observed, followed by an increase, which results in glass transition temperature indistinguishable from that of the bulk for the smallest pores. These results are discussed in terms of liquid-surface interactions in an interfacial layer, monitored by Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy in the study. The hydrogen bonding with silica surface silanols dominates the glass transition trends observed in salol and glycerol.
Compressible models of equilibrium polymerization
Authors: Artyomov Maxim N. , Freed Karl F.
Published: November 2005

Flory-Huggins-type models of equilibrium polymerization are extended to describe compressible systems and, hence, the pressure dependence of thermodynamic properties. The theory is developed for three different mechanisms of equilibrium polymerization (the free association, monomer-activated polymerization, and chemically initiated polymerization models). In contrast to previous approaches for describing the pressure dependence, the theory delineates the thermodynamic consequences of the size disparities between solvent molecules, unpolymerized monomers, and the monomers within polymers. Basic thermodynamic properties (the extent of polymerization, density, heat capacities CP and CV, etc.) are calculated analytically as functions of pressure, temperature, and composition of the associating species. Illustrative calculations refer to systems that polymerize upon cooling and demonstrate general agreement with numerous experimental trends. Comparisons with results from other theories are also discussed.
Toward an experimental von Kármán dynamo: Numerical studies for an optimized design
Authors: Ravelet F. , Chiffaudel A. , Daviaud F. , Léorat J.
Published: November 2005

Numerical studies of a kinematic dynamo based on von Kármán type flows between two counterrotating disks in a finite cylinder are reported. The flow has been optimized using a water model experiment, varying the driving impellers’ configuration. A solution leading to dynamo action for the mean flow has been found. This solution may be achieved in VKS2, the new sodium experiment to be performed in Cadarache, France. The optimization process is described and discussed; then the effects of adding a stationary conducting layer around the flow on the threshold, on the shape of the neutral mode and on the magnetic energy balance are studied. Finally, the possible processes involved in kinematic dynamo action in a von Kármán flow are reviewed and discussed. Among the possible processes, we highlight the joint effect of the boundary-layer radial velocity shear and of the Ohmic dissipation localized at the flow/outer-shell boundary.
Single longitudinal mode laser oscillation from a neodymium aluminium borate stoichiometric crystal
Authors: Bovero E. , Luo Z. D. , Huang Y. D. , Benayas A. , Jaque D.
Published: November 2005

We report on single mode 1.06μm laser oscillation from a 882nm pumped NdAl3(BO3)4 stoichiometric crystal. When operating in continuous wave regime, laser slope efficiencies in excess of 50% have been obtained from a 250μm thick cavity. Additionally, stable single mode nanosecond (2ns) and subnanosecond (200ps) pulses have been generated by Q-switching the microchip cavity with semiconductor saturable absorbed mirrors. In this way peak powers in excess of 500W have been obtained while keeping single mode oscillation.
Excitonic blue luminescence from p-LaCuOSe∕n-InGaZn5O8 light-emitting diode at room temperature
Authors: Hiramatsu Hidenori , Ueda Kazushige , Ohta Hiromichi , Kamiya Toshio , Hirano Masahiro , Hosono Hideo
Published: November 2005

A hetero p∕n junction diode was fabricated by laminating an amorphous n-type InGaZn5O8 layer to a p-type LaCuOSe film epitaxially grown on a MgO (001) substrate. It exhibited a relatively sharp blue electroluminescence (EL) that peaked at ∼430nm at room temperature when a forward bias voltage above 8 V was applied. The wavelength and bandwidth of the EL band agreed well with those of the excitonic photoluminescence band in LaCuOSe, which indicates that the EL band originates from the exciton in LaCuOSe. This experiment strongly suggests that layered compounds, LnCuOCh (Ln=lanthanide, Ch=chalcogen), are promising as the light-emitting layer in optoelectronic devices that operate in the blue–ultraviolet region.
Physical mechanism responsible for the stretched exponential decay behavior of aging organic light-emitting diodes
Authors: Féry C. , Racine B. , Vaufrey D. , Doyeux H. , Cinà S.
Published: November 2005

The main process responsible for the luminance degradation in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) driven under constant current has not yet been identified. In this paper, we propose an approach to describe the intrinsic mechanisms involved in the OLED aging. We first show that a stretched exponential decay can be used to fit almost all the luminance versus time curves obtained under different driving conditions. In this way, we are able to prove that they can all be described by employing a single free parameter model. By using an approach based on local relaxation events, we will demonstrate that a single mechanism is responsible for the dominant aging process. Furthermore, we will demonstrate that the main relaxation event is the annihilation of one emissive center. We then use our model to fit all the experimental data measured under different driving condition, and show that by carefully fitting the accelerated luminance lifetime-curves, we can extrapolate the low-luminance lifetime needed for real display applications, with a high degree of accuracy.
Modelling the transport of reacting chemical contaminants in natural streams
Authors: Chapman BM , James RO , Jung RF , Washington HG
Published: November 2005

A physicochemical model for simulating the transport and speciation of chemical reactants in streams is
discussed, in which the reactants are considered conservative with respect to the flowing waters. The
computer program for the model, whose theoretical basis has been described previously. uses a convolution
integral technique to solve a modified form of the one-dimensional convective-diffusion equation to provide
values of analytical concentrations of the reactants at any point along the river at any time. From these
concentrations, the chemical submodel; which uses the program MINEQL, calculates the equilibrium
distribution of chemical components amongst the various possible species. The model is applied here to a
creek, contaminated with acid mine drainage, into which injections of the weak bases sodium acetate and
potassium bicarbonate are intentionally made, and has been shown to give a reasonable description of the
transport of soluble and colloid forms of heavy metals for experiments of this scale and under conditions
where sedimentation effects and adsorption on to stationary reactive surfaces are not important.
Spawning and early life history of burramundi, Lates calcarifer (Bloch), in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Moore R
Published: November 2005

L. calcarifer in western Papua is catadromous, undertaking substantial migrations to specific spawning grounds. The location and environmental characteristics of these spawning grounds and possible spawning stimuli are discussed. The annual spawning period extends from October to February but that for individual fish is relatively short. Fecundity (4 varies from 2.3 × 106 to 32.2 × 106 within the weight range 7.7-20.8 kg, being related to the total weight W (in kilograms) by the relationship F = 1.942 W × 106 - 13.816 × 106. The eggs, larvae and juveniles are described. Larvae leave coastal waters when approximately 5 mm long and enter coastal nursery swamps where they remain until they attain a length of 200-300 mm. They then return to coastal waters as the nursery swamps begin to dry out (June-July).
Migration patterns of barramundi, Lates calcarifer (Bloch), in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Moore R , Reynold LF
Published: November 2005

Adult L. calcarifer released in inland waters migrated to coastal spawning grounds. and those released on the spawning grounds returned to inland areas. Of 6369 fish tagged throughout western Papua, 978 (15.4%) recaptures were recorded, the maximum distance between release and recapture being 622 km. Tag recoveries indicated that these adult fish return to the same general area from which they originally migrated. Juveniles leave coastal nursery swamps when about 6 months old and by the end of their first year have become distributed throughout coastal and estuarine regions. During their second or third year they move into inland waters. although there is a residual population of all age classes that remains resident in coastal waters. Some 3-year-old, and a significant number of 4-year-old, fish undertake the annual migration from inland to coastal waters. Prevailing climatic conditions appear to affect the magnitude of this migration as not all of the adult fish migrate to coastal waters every year. Factors affecting this migration are discussed.