bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estilos parentais, estilos atribucionais e bem-estar psicológico em jovens universitários
Authors: Boeckel Mariana Gonçalves , Sarriera Jorge Castellá
Published: March 2017

Partindo da premissa de que a família possui tarefas essenciais para a formação e o desenvolvimento dos seus membros, o presente estudo buscou identificar as correlações existentes entre as estratégias educacionais, estilos atribucionais e bem-estar psicológico em adultos jovens universitários. Foram realizadas análises correlacionais e de regressão múltipla. Os resultados apontam que o estilo parental autorizante, de forma geral, tem desdobramentos que se expressam em elevados níveis de bem-estar. Quanto ao estilo parental autoritário, notou-se que à maior intensidade do autoritarismo no estilo, há correspondência de maiores níveis de estabilidade na atribuição causal. Concernente aos estilos atribucionais, percebeu-se que as dimensões globalidade e estabilidade corresponderam a piores níveis de bem-estar psicológico. Esses achados salientam a importância dos efeitos dos estilos parentais e estilos atribucionais no bem-estar psicológico para futuras ações psico-educativas.
Changes in second‐line regimen durability and continuity of care in relation to national ART guideline changes in South Africa
Authors: Onoya Dorina , Brennan Alana T , Berhanu Rebecca , van der Berg Liudmyla , Buthelezi Thulasizwe , Fox Matthew P
Published: March 2017

Introduction: Little is known about the impact of antiretroviral therapy (ART) guideline changes on the durability of second‐line ART and continuity of care. This study examines predictors of early drug substitutions and treatment interruptions using a cohort analysis of HIV positive adults switched to second‐line ART between January 2004 and September 2013 in Johannesburg, South Africa.

Methods: The main outcomes were having a drug substitution or treatment interruption in the first 24 months on second‐line ART. Kaplan Meiers analyses and Cox proportional hazards regression were used to identify predictors of drug substitutions and treatment interruptions.

Results: Of 3028 patients on second‐line ART, 353 (11.7%) had a drug substitution (8.6 per 100PY, 95% CI: 7.8–9.6) and 260 (8.6%) had a treatment interruption (6.3 per 100PY, 95% CI: 5.6–7.1). While treatment interruptions decreased from 32.5 per 100PY for the 2004 cohort to 2.3 per 100PY for the 2013 cohort, the rates of drug substitutions steadily increased, peaking at an incidence of 26.7 per 100PY for the 2009 cohort and then decreased to 4.2 per 100PY in the 2011 cohort. Compared to the 2004 to 2008 cohorts, the hazard of early drug substitutions was highest among patients switched to AZT + ddI + LPVr in 2009 to 2010 (aHR 5.1, 95% CI: 3.4–7.1) but remained low over time among patients switched to TDF + 3TC/FTC + LPVr or AZT/ABC + 3TC + LPVr. The main common predictor of both treatment interruption and drug substitution was drug toxicity.

Conclusions: Our results show a rapid transition between 2004 and 2010 ART guidelines and concurrent improvements in continuity of care among second‐line ART patients. Drug toxicity reporting and monitoring systems need improvements to inform timely regimen changes and ensure that patients remain in care. However, reasons for drug substitutions should be closely monitored to ensure that patients do not run out of treatment options in the future.
Neurocisticercosis
Authors: Toro-González Gabriel
Published: March 2017

La neurocisticercosis es la infección por helmintos (Tenia solium) más frecuente del sistema nervioso y es endémica en América Latina, Asia y África, así como en naciones desarrolladas con flujo masivo de inmigrantes provenientes de áreas endémicas.
Adverse drug reactions in neonates of neonatal intensive care unit in Barranquilla, Colombia
Authors: De las Salas Roxana , Díaz-Agudelo Daniela
Published: March 2017

Introducción. La aparición de reacciones adversas a medicamentos es un tema relevante debido a la escasez de datos de seguridad de medicamentos en la población neonatal.Objetivo. Identificar el comportamiento de las reacciones adversas a medicamentos en neonatos hospitalizados en dos servicios de neonatología de Barranquilla, Colombia.Materiales y métodos. Estudio descriptivo prospectivo de corte transversal de período en farmacovigilancia intensiva centrada en el paciente. El seguimiento y monitorización de aparición de las reacciones adversas (RAMs) en neonatos, se realizó durante 6 meses. Se utilizaron el algoritmo de Naranjo para evaluar la causalidad, la escala modificada de Hartwig y Siegel para establecer severidad y los criterios de Schumock y Thornton para determinar la evitabilidad.Resultados. De 284 pacientes monitorizados, se detectaron 123 RAMs en 78 neonatos. La incidencia de RAMs fue de 27,4% (78/284); la densidad de incidencia fue de 30,60 RAMs por 1000 pacientes –día (78/2549). El sistema orgánico más afectado fue el digestivo (33,6%); los anti-infecciosos sistémicos fueron el grupo terapéutico más implicado en las RAMs. La mayoría de las RAMs fueron leves (58,5%), el 83% se clasificaron como probables, el 16,2% posibles y el 0,8% definitivas.Conclusiones. La incidencia de RAMs en neonatos es alta, y se incrementa en pacientes prematuros (<38semanas).
Assessment of factors associated with functionality in older adults over 60 years in Bogotá, Colombia
Authors: Cano-Gutiérrez Carlos , Borda Miguel Germán , Reyes-Ortiz Carlos , Arciniegas Antonio J. , Samper-Ternent Rafael
Published: March 2017

Introducción. La declinación funcional produce un amplio espectro de efectos negativos como dificultad para la movilidad, aislamiento social, deterioro de la calidad de vida, discapacidad e institucionalización, lo que hace de la medición de la funcionalidad un marcador importarte de bienestar.Objetivo. Caracterizar y determinar los factores asociados con el deterioro funcional del anciano en Bogotá, Colombia.Materiales y métodos. Se utilizaron los datos del Estudio SABE-Bogotá. El estado funcional de los participantes se evaluó usando las escalas de Barthel) y Lawton. Se usaron como variables independientes factores sociodemográficos, comorbilidades, medidas antropométricas y tertiles de actividad física, y se obtuvieron análisis bivariados y multivariados con regresiones lineales.Resultados. Se entrevistaron 2.000 personas de 60 o más años, con una edad promedio de 71,2 ± 8 años. Mayor funcionalidad en actividades instrumentales se asoció con una menor edad: (beta estandarizado: -0,15 (p<0,01)), un menor número de medicamentos (beta: -0,13 (p<0,01)), un mayor puntaje del MMSE (beta: 0,3 (p<0,01)), un mayor nivel de actividad física [tertiles medio beta: 0,18 (p<0,01) y alto beta: 0,18 (p<0,01) vs. tertil-bajo] y una mayor fuerza de prensión (beta: 0,10, p<0,01). Mientras una mayor funcionalidad de actividades básicas se asoció con un mayor puntaje del MMSE (beta: 0,3 (p<0,01)) y una mayor fuerza de prensión (beta: 0,07, p=0,020).Conclusiones. En este estudio, son múltiples los factores relacionados con alteración funcional, los cuales son susceptibles de ser modificados para disminuir la dependencia en este grupo poblacional.
Frequent discordance between morphology and mitochondrial DNA in a species group of European water beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)
Authors: Bilton David T. , Turner Lucy , Foster Garth N.
Published: March 2017

TheHydroporus memnoniusspecies group includes both widespread and range restricted diving beetle taxa in the western Palaearctic, some of which have been divided into a number of geographical subspecies. Of these,Hydroporus necopinatusis distributed in the far west of Europe, from central Spain to southern Britain, and has been split into three subspecies, occurring in Iberia (necopinatussst.), France (robertorum) and England (roni) respectively—the last of these being a rare example of an insect taxon apparently endemic to northern Europe. Here we explore inter-relationships between populations and subspecies ofH. necopinatusand related members of theHydroporus melanariussubgroup, using mitochondrial COI sequence data. We reveal widespread discordance between mitochondrial DNA sequence variation and morphology in areas whereH. necopinatusandH. melanariuscome into contact, consistent with historical introgressive hybridization between these taxa. In light of this discordance, the lack of clear genetic divergence betweenH. necopinatussubspecies, and the fact that bothrobertorumandroniare morphologically intermediate betweenH. necopinatussstr. andH. melanarius, we suggest that these taxa may be of hybridogenic origin, rather than representing discrete evolutionary lineages.
U.S. CH4 emissions from oil and gas production: Have recent large increases been detected?
Authors: Bruhwiler L. M. , Basu S. , Bergamaschi P. , Bousquet P. , Dlugokencky E. , Houweling S. , Ishizawa M. , Kim H.‐S. , Locatelli R. , Maksyutov S. , Montzka S. , Pandey S. , Patra P. K. , Petron G. , Saunois M. , Sweeney C. , Schwietzke S. , Tans P. , Weatherhead E. C.
Published: March 2017

Recent studies have proposed significant increases in CH4 emissions possibly from oil and gas (O&G) production, especially for the U.S. where O&G production has reached historically high levels over the past decade. In this study, we show that an ensemble of time‐dependent atmospheric inversions constrained by calibrated atmospheric observations of surface CH4 mole fraction, with some including space‐based retrievals of column average CH4 mole fractions, suggests that North American CH4 emissions have been flat over years spanning 2000 through 2012. Estimates of emission trends using zonal gradients of column average CH4 calculated relative to an upstream background are not easy to make due to atmospheric variability, relative insensitivity of column average CH4 to surface emissions at regional scales, and fast zonal synoptic transport. In addition, any trends in continental enhancements of column average CH4 are sensitive to how the upstream background is chosen, and model simulations imply that short‐term (4 years or less) trends in column average CH4 horizontal gradients of up to 1.5 ppb/yr can occur just from interannual transport variability acting on a strong latitudinal CH4 gradient. Finally, trends in spatial gradients calculated from space‐based column average CH4 can be significantly biased (>2–3 ppb/yr) due to the nonuniform and seasonally varying temporal coverage of satellite retrievals.
Bed load tracer mobility in a mixed bedrock/alluvial channel
Authors: Ferguson R. I. , Sharma B. P. , Hodge R. A. , Hardy R. J. , Warburton J.
Published: March 2017

The presence of bare or partially covered rock in an otherwise alluvial river implies a downstream change in transport capacity relative to supply. Field investigations of this change and what causes it are lacking. We used two sets of magnet‐tagged tracer clasts to investigate bed load transport during the same sequence of floods in fully alluvial, bare rock, and partial‐cover reaches of an upland stream. High‐flow shear stresses in different reaches were calculated by using stage loggers. Tracers seeded in the upstream alluvial channel moved more slowly than elsewhere until the frontrunners reached bare rock and sped up. Tracers seeded on bare rock moved rapidly off it and accumulated just upstream from, and later in, a partial‐cover zone with many boulders. The backwater effect of the boulder‐rich zone is significant in reducing tracer mobility. Tracer movement over full or partial sediment cover was size selective but dispersion over bare rock was not. Along‐channel changes in tracer mobility are interpreted in terms of measured differences in shear stress and estimated differences in threshold stress.
Characteristics of the sticky spot of Kamb Ice Stream, West Antarctica
Authors: Luthra Tarun , Peters Leo E. , Anandakrishnan Sridhar , Alley Richard B. , Holschuh Nicholas , Smith Andrew M.
Published: March 2017

Amplitude analysis of reflection seismic data reveals the presence of highly variable bed conditions under the main sticky spot and adjacent regions of the Kamb Ice Stream (formerly ice stream C). The sticky spot, which is a zone of bed that imparts high basal resistance to ice flow, is situated on a local topographic high composed of consolidated sediments or sedimentary rock. Any meltwater draining from upglacier along the base of the ice is routed around the sticky spot. The ice over the sticky spot includes, in at least some places, a seismically detectable basal layer containing a low concentration of debris, which locally thickens to 40 m over a topographic low in the bed. The ice‐contact basal material ranges from dilated and highly porous to more‐compacted and stiff, and perhaps locally frozen. The softer material is preferentially in topographic lows, but there is not a one‐to‐one correspondence between basal character and basal topography. We speculate that the 40 m thick frozen‐on debris layer formed by glaciohydraulic supercooling of lake‐drainage events along a basal channel during the former, active phase of the ice stream. We also speculate that loss of lubricating water, perhaps from piracy upstream, contributed to the slowdown of the ice stream, with drag from the sticky spot playing an important role, and with the basal heterogeneity greatly increasing after the slowdown of the ice stream.
Media Use:
U
nited
S
tates
Authors: Lee Angela M.
Published: March 2017

Incorporating large‐scale reports from reputable sources such as the Pew Research Center, the American Press Institute, Nielsen, comScore, and the Motion Picture Association of America, this entry offers an overview of Americans' use of digital devices, social media, movies, television, books, magazines, radio, and music; provides a summary of different ways in which Americans consume news in the polarized media landscape; and discusses key problems facing media use studies.
Media Use:
C
hina
Authors: Zhou Baohua , Lu Shuning
Published: March 2017

This entry describes the history and trends of media use research in China. The empirical study of media use in China began in the early 1980s and Western theories such as uses and gratifications theory have become popular. Scholars explore Chinese audiences' media use by focusing on competition for exposure and attention among media channels and content; the social and psychological roots of media use; and political and cultural effects in the context of China's social transition. With a representative national survey, this entry shows that, in China, television enjoys the highest penetration, followed by cellphones, newspapers, the Internet, radio, and magazines. It reveals an obvious media use gap between people living in urban and rural areas; finds that Chinese people pay most attention to local news on traditional media; and notes that the three most popular online activities are news browsing, chatting, and searching.
Spiral of Silence: General and Individual Media Tone
Authors: Roessing Thomas
Published: March 2017

The
spiral of silence
theory postulates four functions of the mass media. Many studies on the role of the mass media in spirals of silence address mass media as a source of information about the climate of opinion. The availability of content analysis data is vital for studies on the matter to be valid. However, the use of individual‐level data (e.g., the combination of content analysis with panel surveys) conflicts with two problems that are inherent to media effects research and spiral of silence research, respectively. Further challenges for present and future research are rooted in media change and the new communication modes of the Internet and of mobile communication.
Media Dependency Theory
Authors: Jung Joo‐Young
Published: March 2017

This entry describes the core propositions, theoretical frameworks, key concepts, and empirical research of media dependency theory. Media dependency theory provides a multilevel and ecological framework to explain individual‐level and societal‐level conditions that influence the degree of importance of media in individuals' everyday lives. Following a theoretical discussion, empirical studies that apply media dependency theory are discussed. The entry explains how media dependency theory, which was first proposed in the 1970s, when the mass media was more dominant, has evolved since then.
Entertainment‐Education
Authors: Chatterjee Joyee S. , Sangalang Angeline , Cody Michael J.
Published: March 2017

Media scholars and theorists in psychology have developed an approach to educating and motivating viewers to engage in behavioral changes designed to improve health, safety, and equality. Called
entertainment‐education
, the approach relies on a number of social scientific theories of influence embedded in entertainment vehicles, mostly dramatic serials, to engage and influence viewers.
Social Learning Theory and Social Cognitive Theory
Authors: Nabi Robin L. , Prestin Abby
Published: March 2017

Social cognitive theory, one of the most highly influential and widely celebrated theories in the field of social psychology, has received substantial attention from the field of media effects. However, despite the enthusiasm with which media scholars have embraced social cognitive theory, its integration into media research is still in its infancy. This entry outlines the background of social cognitive theory; its primary assumptions, concepts, and predictions; and the ways in which it has influenced media effects research. Promising directions for ways in which the theory may be more productively tested in the media effects domain are also addressed.
Dual Process Models of Persuasion
Authors: Xu Qian
Published: March 2017

The dual process models of persuasion explain how attitude change happens by linking persuasion to social cognition. Instead of specifying the effects of particular variables, they focus on the process of persuasion. The two most prominent dual process models are the elaboration likelihood model and the heuristic systematic model. They both postulate that persuasion operates via two different modes of information processing. One is more effortful and more deliberate, whereas the other is less resource demanding and less analytical. This entry provides an overview of the key terms and assumptions of both models with the goal of identifying major conceptual developments since their emergence in early 1980s. The two dual process models are compared for their similarities and differences. An outlook on future directions of the dual process models of persuasion is also included.
Selective Exposure
Authors: Bowman Nicholas David
Published: March 2017

Despite nearly 70 years of scholarship on the purposeful selection and usage of media offerings by audiences, simple stimulus–response models of media effects permeate much of mass and mediated communication research. This entry provides an overview of the roots of the selective exposure paradigm, demonstrating the explicit and implicit processes key to understanding the media user's active role in how they are affected (intentionally and unintentionally) by mediated messages. Advances in
on‐demand
and interactive media technologies are also discussed as opportunities to better understand perhaps the most important component of any media effects model: the individual user.
Narrative Persuasion Theories
Authors: Moyer‐Gusé Emily , Dale Katherine
Published: March 2017

Media‐based narratives represent a unique form of persuasion. This is due, in part, to the distinct way in which individuals select and comprehend entertainment media narratives. Narratives foster a unique type of involvement that is characterized by getting swept up into a storyworld and engaging with the characters therein. This narrative engagement can increase one's susceptibility to persuasive messages by reducing various forms of resistance to persuasion. This entry addresses these and other ways in which narratives can foster persuasion. This includes a discussion of several major theories of narrative persuasion that highlight the processes by which stories shape attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.
One‐Dimensional Man
: Role of Media
Authors: Bounds Philip
Published: March 2017

This entry examines the ideas about media effects contained in Herbert Marcuse's book
One‐Dimensional Man
(1964), one of the most influential works associated with the Frankfurt School of Marxist thinkers. The central argument of the book is that advanced capitalist societies such as the United States are much less liberal than they at first appear. Despite their ostensibly democratic character, they are organized in such a way as to make meaningful opposition all but impossible. Marcuse believed that the media play an important role in securing social control, but he did not regard them as being primarily responsible for the political docility of modern men and women. Instead he argued that the media
reinforce
a series of highly repressive economic, social, and cultural shifts that exist independently of them. These include the emergence of “technological rationality,” the blurring of class distinctions, “repressive desublimation,” and the emasculation of the arts.
Society of the Spectacle
Authors: Teurlings Jan
Published: March 2017

This entry gives a summary and overview of Guy Debord's concept of the society of the spectacle and its continuing relevance for media studies. It explains the spectacle as conceived by Debord by means of four terms (separation, passivity, alienation, and representation) and situates Debord's work within the Marxist tradition. It further explains why mass media can be seen as the embodiment of spectacle logic. The entry ends with a discussion of media studies research that has engaged with his work.
Content Effects: Health Campaign Communication
Authors: Rossmann Constanze
Published: March 2017

Since the first sporadic trials to improve public health by means of communication in the early eighteenth century, many advances have been made in the development, design, and dissemination of health campaign communication. This entry defines and classifies health campaigns, describes the history of campaign development, and provides an overview of factors influencing campaign effectiveness. It describes the process of campaign development, emphasizing the role of behavioral theories, message strategies, disseminations channels, and environmental factors. Finally, challenges for health campaign development and research are discussed.
Content Effects: Online and Offline Games
Authors: Griffiths Mark D. , McLean Lavinia
Published: March 2017

The amount of time people spend playing video games is steadily increasing and this finding is evident internationally. There is consistent evidence that video game play can lead to changes in physiology and psychology. The effects of these changes can be both positive and negative. The accessibility of video games on the Internet and on mobile phones has had a large impact on the gaming environment, and this affects gaming at several levels. This entry explores, selectively rather than systematically, key areas of research in this field and briefly overviews the effects of video gaming. Video games have been shown to have positive effects on both health and education. There is little evidence that playing in moderation, online or offline, has any negative effects. Most reported negative effects (e.g., medical–psychosocial impacts of gaming, playing violent video games, and gaming addiction) appear to occur when individuals play excessively.
Audience Effects: Journalists and Journalism
Authors: Rössler Patrick
Published: March 2017

Reversing the traditional logic of media effects research, this entry looks at the impact of media on professional communicators in general and on journalists in particular. They engage in distinct patterns of media use, which are assumed to result in outcomes that in turn influence their professional behavior and their audiences, in a multistep process. This notion is explained from six different perspectives: journalists as media users, coorientation of journalists, reciprocal coverage effects, dynamics of news diffusion at a macro level, sources effects, and direct versus indirect audience feedback. Future challenges follow from the changing roles of communicators and audiences in online media.
Audience Effects: Children and Adolescents
Authors: Lemish Dafna
Published: March 2017

The effects of media on children have been a focus of research and public debate after the introduction of each new medium into children's lives. This research has focused on a variety of areas pertaining to children's developmental stages. The areas in question relate, most notably, to the negative effects of media violence, sex, and advertising and to the positive effects of prosocial behavior and learning. Other effects that have also been studied make up a long list. The accumulated research suggests a need to consider children's individual characteristics, the content they are interacting with, and the context in which they are grounded in evaluating potential positive and negative effects. The critiques of this research tradition and alternative approaches are discussed as well. Effects studies have the potential to contribute to policy, media literacy, and parental mediation toward promoting children's well‐being.
Audience Effects: Minority and Majority Groups
Authors: Mastro Dana
Published: March 2017

This entry documents the existing research examining the effects of exposure to media depictions of race and ethnicity on majority and minority group audiences in the United States. Comparable investigations in Europe and Canada are also addressed. The harmful implications of consuming unfavorable and stereotypical depictions of racial–ethnic groups are addressed. Additionally, the ability of auspicious messages to support identity needs and to encourage positive interracial–ethnic dynamics in society is also detailed.
Interpersonal Communication: Media Influence on
Authors: Podschuweit Nicole
Published: March 2017

Interpersonal communication
denotes an exchange of information between at least two individuals, carried out in order to coordinate thinking, behavior, or specific action between the communication partners. Interpersonal communication is regarded as influenced by the media if it exists only with the current appearance of (the coverage of) mass media or in anticipation of the future existence of mass media coverage. Mass media influence interpersonal communication in various respects. Media technologies enable new ways of interpersonal communication and change regularities. Media coverage provides topics, arguments, opinions, and patterns of behavior that participants can adapt to in their exchanges with others. These media effects can occur during collective media reception or later, in a different context; they might as well result from the mere expectation of future mass media offers.
Media Effects: Conceptualization of
Authors: Potter W. James
Published: March 2017

This entry presents a broad conceptual analysis of media effects. It begins with an examination of schemes used to organize this vast literature and uses a template to reveal four fundamental functions of media influence: acquiring, triggering, altering, and reinforcing. Altering and reinforcing exhibit themselves as baseline effects, developed over the long term, as the media interact with other influences to shape a person's level of risk for manifesting a media effect, either negative or positive. Acquiring and triggering exhibit themselves as fluctuation effects—sudden spikes from the baseline. The entry then explores six of the challenges of conceptualizing media effects and four additional challenges of conceptualizing the nature of media influence. The entry concludes with an outline of the new challenges media effects scholars face in moving forward as media undergo dramatic changes, then presents a seven‐stage model illuminating the evolving nature of the scholarly field of media effects.
Media Representation: Racial and Ethnic Stereotypes
Authors: Trebbe Joachim , Paasch‐Colberg Sünje , Greyer Janine , Fehr Ada
Published: March 2017

A stereotype is commonly understood as a generalizing image of individuals (or groups of individuals) who are not evaluated according to their individual characteristics but rather according to their group membership. The stereotype concept has three dimensions: categorization, value‐neutral generalization, and negative generalization. The media representation of racial and ethnic minorities is highly relevant in the context of social integration of groups and minorities into mainstream society. In the literature on media representation of minorities, a common observation is their low visibility or marginalization as well as their negative generalizations and contextualization.
Subcultures: Role of Media
Authors: Chow Yiu Fai
Published: March 2017

Coined in the 1940s, the term
subculture
has been undergoing mutations and contestations but remains one of the major and popular conceptual tools to help understand a variety of social groupings, particularly youth. From Hells Angels motorcycle clubs to homosexuals, from goths to gamers, youth groups are conceptualized as performing a stylistic resistance to the dominant culture, ending up perhaps as “heroic failures,” incorporated into commodity culture. Tracing the history of “subculture” from its inception to more recent developments, this entry engages three key issues related to subcultural studies: how certain cultural practices become subcultural; what the role of the media is in the process; and how useful subcultural perspectives are in understanding certain cultural practices. It does so through the case study of
weiniang
in China: boys dressed up as girls. Recuperating non‐Western experiences and focusing on gender, it offers a counterpoint to Western male bias in subcultural studies.
Entertainment Effects: Political Outcomes
Authors: Tsfati Yariv , Walter Nathan
Published: March 2017

Political entertainment has many consequences. It influences or reinforces attitudes, informs audiences about the political world, affects the criteria they use when judging politicians, impacts system‐level perceptions such as political trust and cynicism, and shapes political tolerance and empathy. Some of our perceptions of ethnic and racial groups are fostered, if not created, by entertainment media. Entertainment can increase our engagement in politics, create interest in more serious political content, and impact our discussions about politics with others. Many of these effects depend on third variables and, in particular, some are stronger for those presumably most detached from politics. Like any other media effects, most of the effects of political entertainment depend on the types of messages consumed.
Identification
Authors: Lin Jih‐Hsuan Tammy
Published: March 2017

Identification pertains to audience involvement with media characters and has long been considered critical to understanding media effects. Although its definition has changed with the development of media forms, identification generally refers to cases in which an individual loses a sense of him‐ or herself and perceives him‐ or herself as a media character. The term can also refer to the degree to which an individual's self‐concept is automatically altered to match that of a character. When individuals identify with a media character, they adopt the character's traits, empathize with it emotionally and cognitively, and lose awareness of themselves. Similarities between audiences and characters and technological features of media are found to be antecedent factors that trigger higher levels of identification. Identification effects increase the persuasiveness of media messages, values, and character beliefs. This entry describes the theoretical development, measurement, current status, and future directions of empirical research on identification.
Scandalization
Authors: Geiß Stefan
Published: March 2017

Scandalization is a communication process in which alleged transgressions or failures of public figures, groups, organizations, or institutions are denounced with the aim of eliciting public outrage—“public outrage” meaning the widespread and largely unchallenged belief that the accusations are true, the public figure is to blame for the alleged transgression, and that person should be sanctioned. Scandalization research rests on a set of basic perspectives, builds upon particular theories, employs a set of established typologies of scandal, has clarified the typical elements, processes, and dynamics involved in scandalization, uses specific methodologies for analyzing scandalization, and has collected findings on central research questions. Yet there are many unanswered questions in scandalization research.
Activity Theory
Authors: Mills Colleen E.
Published: March 2017

Activity theory represents human activity in a way that takes into account its ongoing, socially distributed, and artifact mediated nature. It moves the analysis beyond the individual and their actions to include the community of practice in which they are operating. Critical to this theory is the notion of mediation. It proposes artifacts mediate between the psychological and sociological dimensions of human behavior to produce a triadic model of action linking subject (actor), mediating object (artifact), and object (goal).
Ambiguity
Authors: Castor Theresa R.
Published: March 2017

Ambiguity has been generally defined in terms of characteristics that are missing from messages and situations such as information, clarity, detail, openness, or directness. Ambiguity is relational in that what is considered ambiguous will depend on the participants, their relationship, and the context. Even though there is general agreement on what ambiguity means, the specific ways that it has been conceptualized reflect transformations in how organizational communication has understood it in terms of information, meaning, and control. Specific topic areas where ambiguity is especially relevant include socialization, culture, strategic ambiguity, and organizational problem formulation.
Case Studies
Authors: May Steve
Published: March 2017

Case studies are both a research methodology and a pedagogical approach. This entry defines case studies, discusses the history of case study research, describes the different designs and goals of case studies, defines various dimensions of case studies, explains common methods of data collection and analysis, identifies researcher roles and responsibilities, and examines the future direction of case studies.
Communication Load
Authors: Cho Jaehee
Published: March 2017

Supported by the rapid development of diverse communication technologies, contemporary society is observing a continuous increase in communication load. There has been a lengthy tradition of research on communication load. This topic has been explored through the lens of various theories and perspectives. Research has widely examined both antecedents and consequences of communication load. More recent research has also examined the relationships between various information communication technologies and communication load as well as between culture and communication load.
Consulting
Authors: Simpson Jennifer L. , Williamson Julie
Published: March 2017

Consulting as a term and as a collection of practices can mean many things. From a communication perspective, using a frame of dominant, negotiated, and oppositional identities can help examine how the role of the consultant is negotiated across a range of services and practices and provide insight for both practitioners and scholars.
Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: O'Connor Amy
Published: March 2017

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is an emerging field of study that has garnered considerable scholarly attention in recent decades. This is due largely to the burgeoning practice of CSR by corporations and the subsequent increase in corporate influence in the public sphere. CSR is commonly understood as activities corporations engage in to enhance their reputation and legitimacy; to contribute to the society from which they draw resources; to strengthen market position; and to stave off criticism. The term, however, is contested. To understand the areas of debate, the origins of CSR are presented and then CSR is explored across five approaches: economic, stakeholder, institutional, communication, and partnership. Each approach draws from a variety of cross‐discipline sources to map a field of study that is continuing to emerge.
Design
Authors: Aakhus Mark
Published: March 2017

A design stance seeks to understand design practice in organizational communication and to engage in it. This is achieved in three ways: (1) by recognizing organizations asdesigns for communicationand organizing ascommunication design work; (2) by examining language use and interactivity as matters for design; and (3) by analysis of ideas in design regarding what communication is and ought to be. The pragmatist underpinnings of a design stance inspire a unique approach to knowledge about organizational communication and the cultivation of organizational practice in society.
Adoption and Diffusion
Authors: Kee Kerk F.
Published: March 2017

The diffusion of innovations theory is the most cited communication theory and the second most cited social science theory to date. This entry defines diffusion as the communication process underlying the natural spreading of an innovation (i.e., a new technology, behavior, or meme) over time within a social system. On the other hand, adoption is an individual or organizational decision to accept or reject an innovation, along with its subsequent implementation, discontinuance, and/or modification. Therefore, adoption is an individual or organizational process that leads to diffusion as a systemic process. The entry reviews the historical development of diffusion as a research paradigm, and the emergence of the diffusion of innovations theory, including its core concepts such as adopter categories, innovation attributes, diffusion networks, opinion leadership, organizational adoption, and users' reinvention. The entry concludes with some criticisms of diffusion theory as well as future theoretical and methodological opportunities for diffusion research.
Disability
Authors: Lindemann Kurt , Cherney James L. , Ahumada Juan I.
Published: March 2017

Scholarship on disability and communication in organizations is still a nascent area of research and often ignores an understanding of the various modes of disability and the history of disability rights organizing. This entry offers an explanation of five approaches to conceptualizing disability. It then summarizes the ways understandings of disability have been organized in the disability rights movement and provides a discussion of how disability is communicated in organizations through policy and interactions, as well as the ways disability centered organizing has been studied, placing emphasis on the “activist‐scholar” model of research.
Engaged Scholarship
Authors: Shockley‐Zalabak Pamela , Barge J. Kevin , Lewis Laurie , Lynn Simpson Jennifer
Published: March 2017

Engaged organizational communication scholarship focuses on relevant organizational issues, illuminates and often contributes to opportunities for organizational transformation and change, is conducted through active organizational stakeholder involvement, and seeks to advance theory, scholarship, and practice. It is characterized by the immersion of the scholar in the life worlds of groups and organizations to facilitate learning with and through diverse stakeholders. Engaged organizational communication scholarship responds to growing societal concerns for academic scholarship to address critical problems and issues and frequently uses more than one methodology in a singular project. Engaged scholarship faces challenges for scholars in design, scope of engagement, goals, time commitments, publication, and quality; it often questions established theory and cherished disciplinary assumptions. Engaged scholarship presents opportunities for contributions to the difficult issues and concerns of our times.
Incivility/Civility
Authors: Fritz Janie Harden
Published: March 2017

Workplace incivility and workplace civility are part of the interpersonal domain of organizational communication. Incivility is verbal or nonverbal communicative behavior indicating disrespect for another person, compromising the cooperative action necessary for human communities to flourish. Workplace incivility, relatively low‐intensity behavior with ambiguous intent to harm that violates workplace norms for mutual respect, results in damage to persons and organizations. Civility consists of communicative practices that reflect concern for the dignity, feelings, and humanity of others, protect norms for mutual respect, and embody attentiveness to the common good. Workplace civility constructs organizational environments marked by productivity and well‐being.
Influence
Authors: Shi Xiaowei , Wilson Steven R.
Published: March 2017

Influence is ubiquitous in organizational life because people need to coordinate with, direct, encourage, and/or motivate others as well as be open to their influence in order to get tasks done. The effective exercise of organizational influence requires a communicator to address a range of relevant issues, including a consideration of the characteristics and power of the individuals involved, the complex interdependent relationship shared with the target, and the management of symbolic meanings that a message carries to shape the target's perceptions and preferences. Organizational members see organizational influence as an expressive dimension of their work commitment and as a means of relationship building and impression management.
Intercultural Communication
Authors: Shenoy‐Packer Suchitra
Published: March 2017

Intercultural communication involves the study of differences (and similarities) within and between cultures. With its history in theUSForeign Services Institute's need to train diplomats sent on international missions to evolving into its own disciplinary identity, the field has always represented the multiple theoretical and methodological approaches of its scholars while continuing to remain reflexive of its contributions to knowledge. Within organizational communication, intercultural communication has predominantly been addressed from the perspective of diverse domesticUSgroups based on gender and race. However, as organizational communication tries to shed itsUSand European dominance, more research pertaining to international and subaltern perspectives or intercultural organizational communication is now available. In addition, the discussion explains cultural dimensions: universalism versus particularism, individualism versus collectivism, neutral versus affective, masculinity versus femininity, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, and high context versus low context.
Justice
Authors: Garner Johny T. , Dougherty Kaitlin M.
Published: March 2017

Organizational justice is the perceived fairness of organizational outcomes, processes, and interpersonal relationships. Since 1975, the amount of research examining justice in organizations has dramatically increased. Much of that research is focused on procedural and interactional justice. Scholars have examined the antecedents of these dimensions of justice as well as the outcomes of justice perceptions. Organizational communication scholars have been particularly interested in how communication constitutes fairness in organizational relationships.
Meetings
Authors: Beck Stephenson J. , Paskewitz Emily A.
Published: March 2017

Meetings are communicative gatherings of individuals used to accomplish a variety of group, organizational, and/or public goals. Organizations rely on meetings as a way to complete tasks, make decisions, coordinate processes, and reaffirm their vision and identity. Reliance on organizational meetings has increased in the past decades, along with research looking at meetings as an important communication forum itself. This entry focuses on various types of communicative aspects of meetings, including meeting messages, activities, roles, facilitation, and types.
Motivation
Authors: Westerman Catherine Y. Kingsley
Published: March 2017

Motivation drives people to perform. Work motivation specifically defines how people are driven to perform at their jobs in organizations. When workers are highly motivated, their organizations are more likely to be successful. Because work motivation contributes to organizational success, researchers in a variety of fields work to understand how and why workers are motivated. Theories of motivation developed through this research are discussed and linked with communication. More specifically, this entry covers motivation through management, need based motivation, characteristics of work, expectations, and social exchange and organizational justice. Motivation of volunteers versus paid employees is also discussed.
Negotiation and Bargaining
Authors: Keough Colleen M.
Published: March 2017

Negotiation is inherently a communicative activity. Negotiators share information, make arguments, and advocate for their interests as they work through disagreements over terms for settlements. Communicatively competent negotiators are skilled in argumentation, listening, questioning, emotion management, facework, and framing/reframing. Conflict is inevitable in organizations because of competing interests. As organizations become flatter and decentralized, people need negotiation skills so they may participate meaningfully in managing conflicts without resorting to institutional or managerial intervention. Approaches to bargaining communication include models that highlight specific aspects of traditional communication models, examine the effects of communication on settlements, and treat negotiations as a constitutive element of organizational reality. An emerging area of research examines how people negotiate via email, instant messages, texts, and videoconferences.
Networks
Authors: Contractor Noshir , Forbush Eric
Published: March 2017

Communication networks are the patterns of contact that are produced through the exchange of messages among actors across space and time. Social networks, more generally, describe the patterns of relations among these actors. Communication researchers were among the pioneers of the study of communication and social networks. In recent years, the study of social networks has grown dramatically, attracting an interdisciplinary community of researchers from biology, communication, computer science, mathematics, physics, political science, psychology, sociology, and statistics. While the major focus on network scholarship has been ondescribingnetworks, recently there have been substantial theoretical and methodological advances inexplainingthe emergence of networks. The future of scholarship on communication networks is exciting as researchers make rapid theoretical and methodological strides in understanding and enabling networks.
New Science Systems Theories
Authors: Salem Philip J.
Published: March 2017

The term “new science” refers to a set of 20th‐century mathematical and natural science ideas about the process nature of reality. Quantum physics shifted the emphasis from things and their qualities to webs of relationships operating across time. Autopoiesis modeled the self‐contained potential within a living system, how the coupling with other systems brings about a system's structure, and how these micro‐interactions are connected to the emergence of macrolevel systems. Catastrophe theory explained how patterns of behavior reach a threshold and could reverse direction. The theory of dissipative structures explored how variety can overwhelm an existing structure and lead, unpredictably, to the dissolution of the system or the emergence of a qualitatively different system. Chaos theory explained how a self‐stimulating process for micro and local interactions can lead to macro events and changes. Complexity theory extended earlier work to explore how small changes in self‐stimulating processes can lead to a range of radically different states ranging from complete collapse to a state of constant invention. These ideas have common themes, and this entry explains those themes and how they have become central to investigating the process nature of organizational communication.