bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A University Course in English Business Communication and the Actual Needs of Finnish Business Executives
Authors: Stotesbury Hilkka
Published: May 2019

At the intersection of the planning and designing of the Business English courses for the new University of Eastern Finland, the need arose to draw up a new course description. To assure the quality of a new high-profile Business English syllabus and to find whether a language expert’s course description meets the needs of authentic business professionals, the views and opinions of Finnish and European business executives were studied by means of a questionnaire. The questions addressed the needs of business executives in terms of their English language and business communication skills. This article discusses the findings of the survey in relation to the course description and my own experience of the teaching of English Business Communication courses. The implications of the study will be applicable to course designing and the teaching of future business professionals.
About the Contributors
Authors: In this issue Authors
Published: May 2019

No abstract available.
Introduction: From Imitation to Intertextuality
Authors: Forsyth Neil
Published: May 2019

No abstract available.
The Colour of Intertextuality: Indigo
Authors: Brînzeu Pia
Published: May 2019

No abstract available.
Pictures Worth a Thousand Words: Metaphorical Images of Textual Interdependence
Authors: Lara-Rallo Carmen
Published: May 2019

The forty-year history of the notion of intertextuality has witnessed the proliferation of an increasing number of divergent and even contradictory approaches to the unavoidably connective nature of texts. Many of such approaches, however, display a common tendency to portray textual interdependence in visual terms, resorting to metaphorical images in their conceptualisation of the intertextual phenomenon. This article aims at studying some of the most significant of those „metaphorical images‟, or „pictures‟ that, standing for theories of textual relationality, are in themselves „worth a thousand words‟. In the course of the study, special attention will be paid to two sets of images that relate to major trends in contemporary Anglo-American criticism: tropes of artistic creativity, and figures of presence-in-absence.
The Correspondence of Resultive Connectors in English and Swedish
Authors: Altenberg Bengt
Published: May 2019

No abstract available.
Don’t get me wrong! Negation in argumentative writing by Swedish and British students and professional writers
Authors: Herriman Jennifer
Published: May 2019

Negation is a means by which writers take their readers into account, anticipate their expectations and what inferences they may make, and dismiss those which are in conflict with their own. This is a pilot study comparing negation in argumentative writing in English by Swedish advanced learners, British students and professional writers in the British broadsheet press. The findings suggest that Swedish advanced learners use negation to negate interpersonal meanings (i.e. interactional and attitudinal meanings) more frequently than British students, a tendency which can be attributed to a high degree of subjective involvement generally found in Swedish advanced learners‟ essays. In comparison to the professional writers, both categories of student writers use negation less frequently to negate meanings on the content level of their texts. This can be attributed to the difference in the tenor relations which professional and student writers have to their readers.
Own and Possess―A Corpus Analysis
Authors: Nordlund Marie
Published: May 2019

This study is a corpus-based analysis of the verbs own and possess, which are two of the verbs that are used to express possession and ownership in English. The results show that there are areas of overlapping use as well as areas where only one of the two is a valid option. It has also been shown that own has a legal feature at its core and is predominantly used to express ownership. The most frequent usage of possess, on the other hand, is that of describing that someone or something has a quality or property of some kind. This difference also has consequences for what kinds of entities appear as the subject and object arguments of the verbs.
The etymology of 'rime' in the Ormulum
Authors: Johannesson Nils-Lennart
Published: May 2019

Standard reference works have regarded the word rime in the Middle English Ormulum as a French loanword meaning 'metre'. In this article, it will be argued that this interpretation of rime, as well as the accompanying etymology, are erroneous; it is based on a misunderstanding of Orm's methods as a homilist. The article will present an alternative interpretation and an alternative etymology, based on a careful reading of the author's own account of his methods. According to this interpretation, the word is not borrowed from Old French but derived from Old English; its sense in the Ormulum is 'story7 or 'text'.
Eating 'Local': The Politics of Post-Statehood Hawaiian Cookbooks
Authors: Reddinger Amy
Published: May 2019

No abstract available.
“In movies, someone always has to play the bad guy”: Mediatized Subjectivities and Youth Media Production
Authors: Stack Michelle
Published: May 2019

This article draws on a short ethnography from a media education class in a suburban Canadian high school (School X). I connect understanding of mediatization with subjectivities to analyze participants‟ video topic and genre preferences. I conclude with a call for media educators to challenge hierarchies that determine who is “given” a voice and who has influence within media education classes and projects.
Critical Discourse Analysis, An overview
Authors: Tenorio Encarnacion Hidalgo
Published: May 2019

The aim of this paper is to see what Critical Discourse Analysis is. This implies scrutinising its origins, what it has meant to the academic world as a whole, how it encapsulates various trends with different theoretical backgrounds and methodological approaches, what are its limitations and its new developments. A simple practical example will show its potential.
The Catholicon Anglicum (1483): A reconsideration
Authors: Stein Gabriele
Published: May 2019

Within the history of English lexicography, bilingual word lists with the language order Latin-English precede those with the order English- Latin. Stein (1985) compared the two earliest English-Latin dictionaries, the Promptorium parvulorum (1440) and the Catholicon Anglicum (1483) and suggested that the overall organization of the Catholicon Anglicum seems to be more geared towards the encoding language needs of the 15thcentury English person learning Latin than was the case with the Promptorium parvulorum. In the present article, this suggestion is taken up and developed further by looking at the Catholicon Anglicum from learners' point of view. It is shown that the compiler's strategies to meet the learners' needs interestingly anticipate the pedagogical and lexicographical methods that became commonplace in learners' dictionaries only several centuries later.
Facts, ideas, questions, problems, and issues in advanced learners’ English
Authors: Hasselgård Hilde
Published: May 2019

Recurrent word combinations containing the nouns fact, idea, question, problem and issue are explored in three corpora of advanced learner English and a corpus of native speaker English, focusing on the comparison between Norwegian learners and native speakers. Native speakers use the nouns in recurrent word combinations more frequently than learners. Norwegian learners underuse idea and issue, whose use in English cannot be easily related to any structure in their L1. They also underuse combinations that reflect extended noun phrases, e.g. the NOUN of/that, and favour simple phrases such as this NOUN and the NOUN is.
Amitav Ghosh’s The Circle of Reason—Dismantling the idea of purity
Authors: Huttunen Tuomas
Published: May 2019

No abstract available.
Lay literacy and the medieval bible
Authors: Caie Graham D.
Published: May 2019

No abstract available.
Learning terminology from reading texts in English: The effects of note-taking strategies
Authors: Mežek Špela
Published: May 2019

Student note-taking strategies can provide an insight into how students learn subject-specific terminology in L2 from L2 reading. This article explores the relationship between reading, note-taking strategies, and the learning of English terms among Swedish students. Students participated in an experiment in which they were presented with new terminology and could take notes. Their learning was measured with a multiple-choice test. Results show that students who took more extensive notes and who engaged with the text better learnt more terms. Pedagogical implications for subject and LSP teachers are discussed.
Foreignisation and resistance: Lawrence Venuti and his critics
Authors: Myskja Kjetil
Published: May 2019

This article evaluates whether Lawrence Venuti’s translation approach of “foreignisation” is likely to achieve his stated goal: translations that can resist cultural dominance. This is assessed in light of criticism of his approach from other translation scholars also concerned with cultural encounters and power relations: Maria Tymoczko, Mona Baker, Tarek Shamma and Michael Cronin. The article concludes that it is problematic to identify foreignisation and predict its effect. In spite of this, Venuti’s focus on the dangers of a one-sided privileging of fluent translation strategies is important and valuable, not least in the perspective of the internal cultural and linguistic struggles that will take place within the target culture.
Commas and coordinating conjunctions: Too many rules or no rules at all?
Authors: Marjanović Tatjana
Published: May 2019

Although it is unclear why punctuation should be pushed to the sidelines, it generally continues to be a neglected research area in mainstream contemporary linguistics. Common sense and empirical evidence both suggest that punctuation is so much more than a stylistic device, its presence or absence creating new strata and shades of meaning. Punctuation is also a matter of some controversy, all too often employed as a symbol of confrontation between linguistic conservatives and their more permissive colleagues. An already difficult situation is made even more difficult with different sources (e.g. course and reference books, online blogs and articles, etc.) supplying contradictory information with a rigor that does not tolerate disagreement, obsessing over rules for the sake of rules themselves and disregarding the real stories behind them. Shifting focus from a rulegoverned behavior and identifying a relatively limited context of punctuation, the smallscale research addresses the issue of comma usage before the coordinating conjunctions and, but, or, nor, so, yet and for. In addition to a sketchy overview of this complex relationship illustrative of significant differences of opinion, the paper touches upon regional and generic factors influencing comma usage before coordinating conjunctions, utilizing the massive database of the Contemporary Corpus of American English (COCA). The main idea behind the paper is to observe and account for tendencies and discrepancies by providing critical commentary on authentic examples taken from the corpora rather than seek confirmation for rules and take the prescriptive norm for granted.
Mobility, migrant mnemonics and memory citizenship: Saidiya Hartman’s Lose Your Mother
Authors: Nayar Pramod K.
Published: May 2019

This essay, located at the intersection of memory studies and travel writing studies, examines a text in the genre of footsteps travel, Saidiya Hartman’s Lose Your Mother: A Journey Along the Atlantic Slave Route (2007). As Hartman tries to retrace the routes slaves took when transported out of their villages in Ghana, she is performing acts of memory—and these acts are what the present essay studies. It first proposes that travel, movement and memory are intimately linked in Hartman’s work. Later, it goes on to analyse memory itself as ethnic property and the problematic nature of Hartman’s ethnic memory in order to argue a case for memory as multidirectional. It concludes by deploying Michael Rothberg and Yasmin Yildiz’s idea of memory citizenship to read in Hartman’s complicated attempts to situate herself within a particular memory of slavery.
Metadiscourse in English and Swedish Non-fiction Texts and their Translations
Authors: Herriman Jennifer
Published: May 2019

This study compares the metadiscourse (i.e. the meanings which relate to the writers and readers of a text) in two samples of English and Swedish non-fiction texts and their translations in the English Swedish Parallel Corpus. Using an integrative approach to metadiscourse (Ädel & Mauranen 2012:2), it finds that there is a considerably higher frequency of metadiscourse in the Swedish original texts and a somewhat larger proportion of interpersonal metadiscourse, which represents the writer’s attitude towards the propositional content and the readers themselves. In particular, there is a more frequent usage of boosters. In both of the translation samples, there is an increase in transition markers, which raises the level of explicitness in the text. In the translations into English, a tendency was also found for translators to reduce emphasis by omitting boosters and, in some cases, inserting hedges. This, coupled with the higher frequency of boosters in the Swedish original texts suggests that there may be differences in writing conventions in English and Swedish non-fiction texts, for instance, when it comes to increasing the emphatic force of propositions.
Translating and Glossing Nouns in the Old English Gospels: A Contrastive Study
Authors: Esteban-Segura Laura
Published: May 2019

The translation of the Gospels into Old English has been a text edited on several occasions since the sixteenth century, from Parker’s edition (1571) to that by Skeat at the end of the nineteenth century (1871-1887) and, more recently, the one carried out by Liuzza in the second half of the twentieth century. The Old English Gospels have received attention from many scholars working in the field of English historical linguistics. Although the lexical level has been partially analysed (see for instance Liuzza 1994-2000), it is still an under-researched area. This article aims to examine three versions of the Gospels, namely West Saxon, Lindisfarne and Rushworth, in order to analyse the various mechanisms used by the translator(s) and glossators when rendering lexical items from the original Latin text into the different dialects. The analysis focuses on the study of nouns from an interdialectal perspective, since they are collated in the three different versions, so as to establish dialectal changes. A cross-linguistic approach is also pursued by assessing how the translator(s)/glossators interpreted nouns from Latin.
Errors, Corrections and other Textual Problems in Three Copies of a Middle English Antidotary
Authors: Marqués-Aguado Teresa
Published: May 2019

Error analysis has been traditionally conceived as the step prior to any critical editing, providing the editor with grounded arguments to devise a stemma that would accurately reflect the relationship between the extant copies. Yet, the scenario for texts other than literary changes, as with scientific texts, in which accuracy in terms of content stands out over faithfulness to the original in terms of form. Anyway, errors and other textual problems may provide clues as to how manuscripts circulated and scientific knowledge was disseminated. This article analyses scribal practice in three copies of the same Antidotary, focusing on scribal errors, corrections and other textual problems, which will serve to account for the divergences and similarities they show. For the purpose, each copy is described and their individual textual problems are categorised and discussed. This will help to illustrate the dissemination of scientific knowledge, as well as varying scribal practice, which will in turn point at the possible relation between the copies.
Metonymic Target Identification: In Search of a Balanced Approach
Authors: Twardzisz Piotr
Published: May 2019

The article concerns metonymy observed in certain proper names used in specialist contexts. The names under consideration primarily designate places of international prominence (e.g., the United States, Washington, the White House, Iran, Tehran, etc.). The identification of a metonymic target is the metonymy researcher’s primary goal. The first part of the article reviews and critically assesses several analyses in which authors intuitively search for metonymic targets. In the second part, a passage concerning international relations is scrutinized for the use of the name Iran and other related names. As a whole, the article attempts to demonstrate that metonymic target identification escapes rigorous methodology.
On the Use of the Split Infinitive in the Asian Varieties of English
Authors: Calle-Martín Javier , Romero-Barranco Jesús
Published: May 2019

A split infinitive consists of a particular type of syntactic tmesis in which a word or phrase, especially an adverb, occurs between the infinitive marker to and the verb. The earliest instances of the split infinitive in English date back to the 13th century, in which a personal pronoun, an adverb or two or more words could appear in such environments (Visser 1963-1973, II: 1038-1045). Even though its use dropped throughout the 16th and the 17th centuries, it began to gain ground again from the 18th century, resisting the severe criticisms of grammarians from the first half of the 19th century (Calle-Martín and Miranda-García 2009: 347-364; Perales-Escudero 2011: 316-319).
Given the historical concerns about the construction, this paper analyses the attitudes towards the split infinitive in the Asian varieties of English, taking the British English practice as a point of departure. The paper has then been conceived with the following objectives: a) to compare the distribution of the construction in British English and some varieties of Asian Englishes; and b) to explore the phenomenon from a variationist perspective, considering any likely variation across speech and writing and across the spoken and written registers. The corpus used as a source of evidence is the International Corpus of English, both the British English and the Asian English components (i.e. India, Hong Kong, Singapore and The Philippines).
Kinship: People and Nature in Emily Lawless’s Poetry
Authors: Hansson Heidi
Published: May 2019

In both her prose writing and her poetry the Irish writer Emily Lawless (1845-1913) considers a number of environmental subjects, from mothing and dredging for shellfish and mollusks to gardening and the decline of the Irish woodland. A recurrent theme in her poetry is the concern for threatened environment, but dystopian images are balanced by portrayals of landscape as a source of spiritual wisdom and healing. Lawless’s focus is often on more insignificant examples of the natural world such as moths, crustaceans or bog-cotton rather than more conventional representations of natural beauty. Lawless was a Darwinist, and several of her poems thematise the interaction between the human and the natural world, frequently reversing the power relationship between humans and natural phenomena. A re-contextualisation of her poetry within the framework of nineteenth-century natural history, Darwinism and early ecological thought brings to the fore her exploration of the connections between nature, self and national belonging.
“Pushing Yourself into Existence”: Language, Trauma, Framing in Pat Collins’s Silence (2012)
Authors: Waldron Dara
Published: May 2019

The article considers Pat Collins’s feature length debut Silence (2012) as a film concerned with responses to trauma. Opening with a definition of epistemology and filmimaging as framing, the article then focuses these concerns around language or languageuse. A parallel is then drawn between the thematising of “silence” around the journey of the protagonist (Eoghan) in Silence and “silence” as thematised in the final proposition of Ludwig Wittgenstein’s Tractatus (1922). This parallel is used to explore an obligation, perceived as coming to prominence in the course of Eoghan’s journey, to resist the desire to frame the experience of trauma; resistance defined by an ethics of “silence.” The article’s middle section develops this discussion of ethics to explore the “window” as a visual motif in Silence (considered pertinent to reading the ethical), arguing that this motif gives the perceived obligation to remain silent (in the case of Eoghan’s journey home in the film), to resist framing, a crucially aesthetic context. The final section addresses these issues in the wider sense of the film as an allegory on Ireland; concerned with accepting the limitations of language regarding the traumatic or the experience of trauma.
Noun Layers in Old English: Mismatches and Asymmetry in Lexical Derivation
Authors: Arista Javier Martín
Published: May 2019

The aim of the article is to explain the form-function mismatches that occur in the formation of Old English nouns. The analysis identifies pairs of derived nouns that share a lexemic root and represent instances of near-synonymy. Two types of mismatch are found in the formation of nouns, namely convergent derivation due to the competition of suffixes and convergent derivation resulting from the competition of bases. Four types of asymmetry can be distinguished: on the grounds of process, category, productivity and recursivity. The existence of mismatches and the associated asymmetry indicate two waves of word-formation that configure two layers in the lexicon of Old English.
An English-Norwegian contrastive analysis of downtoners, more or less
Authors: Ebeling Jarle , Ebeling Signe Oksefjell
Published: May 2019

In this paper we present a contrastive study of the downtoners more or less and mer eller mindre. After establishing that these two binomials have developed along similar paths in English and Norwegian, can be found to occur in the same syntactic environments in the two languages and, indeed, have the same meanings, we seek explanations as to why they are not used as translations of each other in the English-Norwegian Parallel Corpus to the extent that would be expected of two such seemingly perfect matches. The picture that emerges is a complex one. First, more or less is much more frequent than mer eller mindre, both in source (original) and target (translation) texts. Next, more or less corresponds to many more Norwegian expressions in the data, than vice versa, signalling a wider repertoire of use than its Norwegian counterpart. Finally, mer eller mindre is used as a premodifier and as a degree adjunct in approximately the same number of instances, while the degree adjunct use is dominant in the English data for more or less. The paper introduces the reverse mutual correspondence measure to complement the more established mutual correspondence measure, introduced by Altenberg (1999), to add another dimension to contrastive analysis based on bidirectional translation corpus data.
English non-finite participial clauses as seen through their Czech counterparts
Authors: Malá Markéta , Šaldová Pavlína  
Published: May 2019

Based on the data from a parallel English-Czech corpus, the present study offers an analysis of 600 English V-ing participial clauses through their Czech translation correspondences, divisible into less and more explicit types. The less explicit Czech counterparts highlight the analytic character of English either in cases where the translation counterpart is synthetic (i.e. merging the meaning of the finite verb and the participle into one verb) or where the participle resembles, in its function, a preposition. The more explicit (i.e. finite-clause) Czech counterparts attest to the backgrounded information status and semantic indeterminacy of the English participial clause. Instead of an expected tendency to render their meaning in Czech by a similar, syntactically subordinated, structure, namely dependent clauses, it is the simple coordination that appears to represent best the semantic indeterminacy of the relation of the English participial clause to its superordinate element.
Intersubjective positioning and thematisation in English and Spanish: a contrastive analysis of letters to the editor
Authors: Lavid Julia , Moratón Lara
Published: May 2019

This paper examines how writers of Letters to the editor exploit thematisation to project themselves into their discourse and to engage their audience in the English and the Spanish discourse communities. Using a bilingual comparable corpus of a total of eighty letters (forty English and forty Spanish) for analysis and a bilingual corpus of fifty newspaper reports and fifty editorials from British and Spanish newspapers for cross-genre comparison, we analyse the distribution of Stance and Engagement expressions in thematic position and the preferred thematic types conflating with these expressions in both languages. The analysis reveals a number of specific preferences in the use of those expressions, which sheds light on the features of Letters to the editor in English and Spanish. It also reveals that despite the broadly similar audience and sources of the three newspaper genres, authors structure their interactions very differently, contributing to their rhetorical distinctiveness.
Old English nominal affixation: A structural-functional analysis*
Authors: Vea Escarza Raquel
Published: May 2019

This journal article carries out a structural-functional analysis of the formation of Old English nouns by means of affixation. The data comprise a total of 4,370 nouns which result from either prefixation or suffixation, retrieved from the lexical database of Old English Nerthus. Twenty-five derivational functions, inspired by functional grammars and Pounder’s (2000) paradigmatic morphology are proposed to explain the relationship holding between affixes and their bases of derivation. These functions have been divided into split and unified, the former being realized by both prefixes and suffixes and the latter by either prefixation or suffixation. The conclusion is reached that the main target of prefixation is the modification of meaning, in such a way that the meaning of the derivative is less predictable from the input category whereas the main target of suffixation is the change of lexical category, given that the meaning of the derivative is more predictable from the the input category.
EVERY 3 in OED: A grammatically neglected determiner (or two)
Authors: Olofsson Arne
Published: May 2019

It is not unusual for grammar books to treat the determiner every as having one function only, viz. that of more or less parallelling each, disregarding cases such as There is every reason and I wish you every happiness. The present article is an attempt to redress the balance by critically assessing presentations in some of the major grammar books and in the canonical set of five dictionaries for learners. The end result is a tentative description of three different uses of every, EVERYeach, EVERYpossible and EVERYcomplete.
‘You’re absolutely welcome, thanks for the ear’: The use of absolutely in American soap operas
Authors: Aijmer Karin
Published: May 2019

The aim of the paper is to discuss the syntax and uses of absolutely in recent American soap operas. It is shown that absolutely can be used both as an intensifier and with an emphasising meaning where it has scope over the entire clause. Absolutely was also found as a stand-alone marker with the function to respond to yes–no questions and to speech acts such as requests and thanking.
Equity in L2 English oral assessment: Criterion-based facts or works of fiction?
Authors: Sandlund Erica , Sundqvist Pia
Published: May 2019

For assessment to be equitable, it is central that teachers/raters perceive and apply grade criteria similarly. However, in assessing L2 oral proficiency in paired tests, raters must grade test-takers individually on a joint interaction performance. With a conversation analytic approach, we examine closely one recording from a 9th-grade national test of L2 English with an aim to uncover some aspects that underpin vastly divergent assessments (as assigned by three raters) of one test-taker. Findings pointing to issues such as moral stance, rater experiences, and the interlocutor effect are discussed in light of equity in L2 oral proficiency testing and assessment.
Does corpus size matter? Revisiting ENPC case studies with an extended version of the corpus
Authors: Oksefjell Ebeling Signe
Published: May 2019

The validity of contrastive findings that base themselves on material from small parallel corpora may be questioned, and ever since the compilation of the English-Norwegian Parallel Corpus (ENPC) and English-Swedish Parallel Corpus (ESPC) some 20 years ago we have been aware of this. Recently, the ENPC has been expanded into the ENPC+, holding bidirectional translation data three times the size of the fiction part of the original ENPC. Drawing on material from the ENPC+, this paper replicates three contrastive studies made on the basis of the fiction part of the original ENPC to explore to what extent corpus size matters. The replica studies suggest that individual style, genre and date of publication are variables that may have a greater impact on the results than mere corpus size.
What happens in translation? A comparison of original and translated texts containing verbs meaning SIT, STAND and LIE in the English-Swedish Parallel Corpus (ESPC) 1
Authors: Viberg Åke
Published: May 2019

This article studies translation effects by comparing the use of verbs meaning SIT, STAND and LIE in original and translated texts in the English-Swedish Parallel Corpus (ESPC). Effects on both the frequency of use and the use of lexical and structural translation shifts are studied. Postural verbs have a much higher frequency overall in Swedish than in English. In Swedish translated texts, postural verbs are significantly under-represented in comparison to original texts, whereas postural verbs are significantly over-represented in English translations. At a more fine-grained level, it is possible to show that various categories are treated differently, in particular the types of subjects. The effect on frequency is stronger for Human subjects, which represent an unmarked category, than it is for Inanimate subjects, which are more marked. However, the pattern of over- and under-representation presupposes a functional overlap across languages. Writing as subject, which is a category that is unique to Swedish in relation to English, follows a different pattern. (This type of subject appears in examples such as: Nyheten står i tidningen ‘The news is (literally: stands) in the paper’). The result is discussed both from the point of view of the research methodology used in contrastive studies based on translation corpora and from a theoretical point of view. For methodology, the conclusion is that frequencies can be considerably skewed, whereas a language remains true to its system of basic semantic contrasts in professional translations. Theoretically, the result can be related to theories of language contact and studies of second language acquisition and bilingual development.
The Swedish modal particle nog. A contrastive analysis
Authors: Aijmer Karin
Published: May 2019

The article investigates the meaning and functions of the Swedish modal particle nog on the basis of its cross-linguistic correspondences in the English-Swedish Parallel Corpus (ESPC). Nog was more frequent in original texts than in sources reflecting the fact that modal particles are used abundantly in Swedish conversations. Nog does not have an obvious correspondence in English as indicated by the fact that it has been rendered by many different lexical items and constructions. Moreover omission is a frequent strategy. The translations show that nog has two different core uses depending on position and stress. In medial position nog means both probability and (almost) certainty. When nog corresponds to an expression of certainty it can come to imply an element of selfassurance. Medial nog is also used to modify mental verbs (jag vet nog ‘I know nog’) especially in response utterances. An important function of the uses of nog in medial position is downtoning an opinion or an utterance which might be offensive to the hearer unless mitigated. Nog is also used deontically with reference to what ought to be done. The deontic meaning is particularly clear when nog is used with a modal auxiliary to give advice. Nog, when initial, involves emphasis or contradictory assumptions (contrastive nog). Contrasting opinions account for example for the translations of a sentence with initial nog by a negative interrogative sentence (or a declarative sentence with a tag question). Another function of the initial nog is to prepare the hearer for an objection in a following but-clause.
‘Not one word of it made any sense’: Hyperbolic synecdoche in the British National Corpus
Authors: Ädel Annelie
Published: May 2019

A distinct metonymic pattern was discovered in the course of conducting a corpus-based study of figurative uses of WORD. The pattern involved examples such as Not one word of it made any sense and I agree with every word. It was labelled ‘hyperbolic synecdoche’, defined as a case in which a lexeme which typically refers to part of an entity (a) is used to stand for the whole entity and (b) is described with reference to the end point on a scale. Specifically, the speaker/writer selects the perspective of a lower-level unit (such as word for ‘utterance’), which is quantified as NOTHING or ALL, thus forming a subset of ‘extreme case formulations’. Hyperbolic synecdoche was found to exhibit a restricted range of lexicogrammatical patterns involving word, with the negated NOTHING patterns being considerably more common than the ALL patterns. The phenomenon was shown to be common in metonymic uses in general, constituting one-fifth of all cases of metonymy in word. The examples of hyperbolic synecdoche were found not to be covered by the oft-quoted ‘abbreviation’ rationale for metonymy; instead, they represent a more roundabout way of expression. It is shown that other cases of hyperbolic synecdoche exist outside of word and the domain of communication (such as ‘time’ and ‘money’).
The return of the waste: Author as recycler in Don DeLillo’s Cosmopolis
Authors: Rezania Rasa , Pirnajmuddin Hossein
Published: May 2019

Zygmunt Bauman uses ‘waste’ as a metaphor to speak of those human beings considered as redundant, dysfunctional and unnecessary in the ‘liquid’ modern world. This notion could also be traced in the works of contemporary writers of fiction. A case in point is Cosmopolis (2003) by Don DeLillo. This essay is an attempt to discuss the novel in terms of the ‘liquid’ modern notion of waste and the fear / threat of turning into it. The protagonist of DeLillo’s novel, Eric Packer, is thus considered as an agent of capitalism whose novelistic encounters could be examined as projecting the ruinous consequences of his self-centeredness and indulgence. It is the nemesis of his wasteful life that meets this man of capital in the end and finally speaks back in dialogue to him. The voices of the wasteful and the wasted resound through the pages of DeLillo’s fiction. It is due to this quality that we may call DeLillo a recycler of what has been marginalized, jettisoned and left unnoticed in the contemporary ‘liquid’ times.
Structural and Sociolinguistic Factors Conditioning the Choice of Relativizers in Late Modern English: A Diachronic Study Based on the Old Bailey Corpus
Authors: Huber Magnus
Published: May 2019

The present study aims at broadening our understanding of the development of relativizer choice (pronouns, that and zero) in Late Modern English restrictive relative clauses. It investigates the effect of the linguistic factor groups ANIMACY OF THE HEAD and ROLE OF THE RELATIVIZER IN THE RELATIVE CLAUSE and combines these with the social factors GENDER and SOCIAL CLASS. The data used in this study come from the Old Bailey Corpus (Huber et al. 2012). As a corpus of trial proceedings, it affords a glimpse into spoken Late Modern English. Because of its size, the time-span covered and the detail of sociolinguistic utterance-level annotation, the Old Bailey Corpus is an ideal database for a fine-tuned, quantitativevariationist study of relativizers in the 18th and 19th centuries. It is commonly assumed that at the beginning of Late Modern English the relativizers that and zero were felt to be rather colloquial, particularly as far as the written mode was concerned. However, even in the very formal setting of trials as represented by the Old Bailey Corpus, that and zero account for as much as 76.1% of all relativizers in the 1720–1789 period. The frequency of that declined considerably during the two centuries investigated here (from 52.7% down to 27.8%) and it developed into a relativizer that predominantly marked non-human antecedents. Zero, on the other hand, increased in frequency (from 24.2% to 38.3%, thus becoming the most common relativizer) but remained a marker that mainly followed non-human heads. During the 18th and 19th centuries, human antecedents became increasingly marked by who, but there was little change with regard to which, marking about one-fifth of non-human heads in all subperiods. As to sociolinguistic factors, the use of the relative pronouns was promoted by male speakers, while female speakers led in the adoption of the zero relativizer.
Restoring the Lost Empire: Egyptian Archaeology and Imperial Nostalgia in H. Rider Haggard’s ‘Smith and the Pharaohs’ (1912)
Authors: Driscoll Leonard
Published: May 2019

This article focuses on H. Rider Haggard’s ‘Smith and the Pharaohs’, a long short story published across three consecutive issues of The Strand Magazine (December 1912- February 1913). An occult tale of Egyptian fantasy, it depicts the adventures of James Ebenezer Smith, an archaeologist, as he searches for the long lost remains of an ancient Egyptian queen, a search that culminates in his perilous confrontation, in the Cairo Museum, with the assembled ghosts of the Pharaohs of Egyptian antiquity. The story, it is argued, represented a specific intervention in contemporary debates over the status of Egypt as a colonial protectorate, as a popular tourist destination, and as the object of a new wave of British archaeological endeavour. Drawing on a range of Haggard’s nonfiction, in particular a series of polemical articles he wrote for the Daily Mail in 1904, I argue that ‘Smith and the Pharaohs’ should be understood as both a statement of Haggard’s idiosyncratic views and a commentary upon the popular craze for Egypt at the beginning of the twentieth century. In this largely overlooked short story, he establishes an ideal of authentic interest in ancient Egypt to counter what he saw as the debasement of Egyptian antiquity in popular culture. I conclude by noting that Haggard’s idealised relationship to Egypt, despite being predicated upon Conservative, imperialist, and orientalist attitudes, presents an intriguing parallel to the ideals of an emergent Egyptian nationalist movement.
Meaning and trade in some early modern Spanish and English emblems 1
Authors: López-Peláez Casellas Jesús
Published: May 2019

Early modern emblems are based on the commerce between verbal and visual expression. By ‘commerce’ here I mean the dynamic relationship established within the emblem’s triplex, ie, image (pictura) and text (inscriptio and subscriptio), the meaning of which the reader has to negotiate. But commerce and negotiation also were, in their economic sense, topics of various English and Spanish emblems from the late 16th and early 17th centuries, by authors such as Whitney, Wither, Mendo or De Soto. In this article I will deal with commerce in this double way, trying to emphasize how emblems, through their typical combination of image and text, dealt with the different ways in which this other ‘commerce’—early modern trade in the
Intensifiers in MLE: New trends and developments 1
Authors: Núñez-Pertejo Paloma , Palacios-Martínez Ignacio
Published: May 2019

By the late twentieth century, a multiethnolect generally known as Multicultural London English (MLE) emerged in this city, reflecting many different countries, races and cultures. This paper is corpus-based and is concerned with the system of intensifiers in MLE, examining data primarily from the London English Corpus (LEC). In the analysis we draw contrasts between teen and adult language; other variables, such as speakers’ gender and ethnicity are also considered. Our findings broadly confirm partially previous studies, showing that so and really are the most common intensifiers among London teenagers, in contrast to very, which is the most frequent in adults. Secondly, we identify in teen talk two new intensifiers which have not been described as such in the literature: bare (it’s bare addictive) and proper (they were proper strict in school); these have not been recorded in the language of adults. The paper concludes by discussing the possible reasons for the emergence of these two new intensifiers.
Anyone can do that: the common music of poetry
Authors: Croft Andy
Published: May 2019

No abstract available.
Culture, alienation and social classes
Authors: Snedeker George
Published: May 2019

No abstract available.
Grammatical Metaphor/Metonymy in the Treaty Establishing A constitution for Europe: A Comparison Between the English and Swedish Versions
Authors: Stålhammar Mall
Published: May 2019

Grammatical metaphor is attracting increasing interest, together with a stronger focus on non-literary texts as the subjects of analysis—text types where grammatical metaphor is most commonly used. Grammatical metaphor may be used in both English and Swedish, but seems to be considerably less frequent in Swedish. A comparison of similar texts may indicate restrictions in linguistic usage and also contribute to long-term studies of what may become an example of linguistic change under the influence of legally imposed translation of legislative texts.
Grønstad, Asbjørn and Johannessen, Lene, eds. 2005. To Become the Self One Is: A Critical Companion to Drude Krog Janson’s A Saloonkeeper’s Daughter. Oslo: Novus Press, Studia Anglistica Norvegica 13. pp. 210. ISBN 82-7099-405-7.
Authors: Barker Sue
Published: May 2019

No abstract available.
“[U]ngrateful, discontented, disobedient, and rebellious”: Subaltern Voices in the Writings of Oscar Wilde.
Authors: Paul Ronald
Published: May 2019

No abstract available.
Políticas digitales en América Latina. Tecnologías para fortalecer la educación de calidad
Authors: Lugo Maria Teresa , Ithurburu Virginia
Published: May 2019

Desde hace más de tres décadas se han llevado adelante diversas iniciativas en materia de política educativa cuyo propósito central fue la reducción de las desigualdades y la mejora de la calidad educativa, a través de la integración de las TIC. Estas políticas públicas vinculadas a la incorporación de tecnología en las prácticas pedagógicas se han constituido como oportunidades valiosas para enriquecer las propuestas de enseñanza en el escenario de la sociedad actual desde diversos enfoques y estrategias. El modelo 1 a 1, el aprendizaje móvil y las ciencias de la computación han sido temáticas emergentes en el campo de las políticas digitales. Sin embargo, en la actualidad, la situación no está resuelta La democratización del acceso a las TIC por parte de amplios sectores de la población escolar aún está pendiente e interpela a los países de América Latina acerca del sentido de estas iniciativas. Especialmente, se reconoce la necesidad de revisar las iniciativas TIC en el campo de la educación y poner en valor las políticas digitales para lograr cambios profundos que contribuyan a lograr mejores aprendizajes y así saldar deudas pendientes en el marco de la Agenda Educación 2030. En este trabajo se plantean los principales retos y las perspectivas de futuro que requieren un abordaje urgente para continuar y afianzar la integración de las TIC en los sistemas educativos de América Latina
Presentación. Exclusión, pobreza y TIC en las escuelas de Iberoamérica
Authors: Paredes-Labra Joaquín
Published: May 2019

Los programas del modelo 1:1 de integración de computadores en las escuelas nacieron, particularmente en Iberoamérica, en la primera década del presente siglo. Se trataba de ofrecer a los estudiantes su uso individual en el aula. Aparecieron con diversos propósitos, entre los que se encuentran la mejora de la calidad de vida, en el orden social y productivo, de las comunidades y naciones donde se implantaron. Algunos de ellos, como en Uruguay, se plantearon como una iniciativa para acabar con una nueva desigualdad, originada por la brecha digital, que podría generar nuevas exclusiones. Algunos años más tarde, con la perspectiva de una política adaptada o consolidada, se observan las oportunidades que proveen estas tecnologías que, si bien no han sido un talismán para remover la pobreza en Iberoamérica, parecen contribuir a disminuir algunos rasgos de la desigualdad, favoreciendo la inclusión y reportando mejoras a la vida de las familias de los estudiantes participantes, con base en evidencias e información recopilada.
Adapting the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) For Business Events: The Event Organizer Perspectives
Authors: Sangkaew Purimprach , Jago Leo , Gkritzali Alkmini
Published: May 2019

Information communication technology plays a vital role in the staging of business events including the promotion and organization of events. However, determining what drives organizers to adopt communication technology in conferences has been largely overlooked. This study seeks to
address this gap by proposing a modification to the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to examine adoption behavior at the organization level. Qualitative data were collected from 13 semistructured interviews with professional conference organizers who had experience in using technology for
conference participation. Findings demonstrate that external environment and organization technology capability influence professional conference organizers (PCOs) to adopt technology in their conference. In addition, job relevance, output quality, perceived playfulness, and trustworthiness
are four technology characteristics that have a direct effect on the perception of usefulness and ease of use. Recommendations to the PCOs to improve strategy in adopting technology in business events are discussed base on the results.