bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Lorimer Marta
Published: April 2024

This chapter presents an overview of the book. It opens with a short presentation of its key argument. It then introduces a working definition of far-right ideology and identifies three key streams in the research of the far right and Europe: a first one focusing on the content of far-right positions on Europe, a second focusing on the causes of far-right Euroscepticism, and a third centring on the actions of far-right parties in the EU’s institutions and the effects of their engagement with European integration. The work is then situated in the latter strand of research and its conceptual and methodological approach presented. The chapter concludes with an overview of the remainder of the book.
Dehumanization in the Migration Crisis
Authors: de Ruiter Adrienne
Published: April 2024

How do people talk about dehumanization in the global migration crisis? This chapter examines how the terminology of dehumanization is used in reporting on refugees, asylum seekers, and other migrants. Based on a critical discourse analysis, the chapter shows how a wide range of exclusionary practices is cast as dehumanizing in academic and public debates on the internationally displaced and zooms in on the central themes of threat and deviance; de-individualization and disengagement; and denials of dignity. The central argument in this chapter is that sharper distinctions should be made between dehumanization and related forms of social and moral exclusion in other to clarify its distinct nature. By discussing specific cases that could more accurately be described as marginalization, stigmatization, inhumane treatment, or infra-humanization, rather than dehumanization, the chapter highlights the need for a more careful engagement with the concept.
Introduction
Authors: Procter James
Published: April 2024

During the twentieth century the BBC was home to one of the most extensive black Atlantic networks in the world. Shaped by both the postwar communications revolution and the rise of revolutionary anti-colonial movements, the scripts left behind from this period yield new insights into decolonization as a daily story, rather than as a decisive event. Recovering the role of late colonial artists and intellectuals as they traversed the overlapping platforms of an increasingly episodic media environment, this chapter reassesses the significance of shortwave, and the short form, for mid-century cultural production. It pursues the emergence of a distinctly radiophonic imaginary, as air became charged with the kinds of elemental force and affective investments once associated with oceanic space. It also examines the material and archival conditions of wireless as the most encompassing, and the most ephemeral, medium of empire. Focusing on the formats and physical conditions through which broadcasts came to life, it asks what is at stake in looking at, rather than through, the silent scripts left behind by West Indian, West African, and African American speakers on the BBC’s ‘rustle-free’ paper.
Voice
Authors: Procter James
Published: April 2024

This chapter argues that long-standing misconceptions of the radio archive have obscured the history of African Caribbean cultural production at the BBC. Taking the literary magazine programmes ‘Caribbean Voices’ and ‘West African Voices’ as its point of departure, it considers the work that voice performs as it code-switches across the BBC’s daily menus. West Indian and West African broadcasters were rarely just literary contributors. Working across an array of programme sub-genres—sport, current affairs, education, religion, politics, variety, and entertainment—writers ventriloquized the rhetorical conventions demanded by alternative formats at the very moment they were seeking to establish their literary voices and reputations on air. Locating the work of Louise Bennett and Wole Soyinka within an unfolding genealogy of programmes, this chapter explores how the dramatic monologue and related modes of monologic address were reinvented in conjunction with broadcasting’s own structural principles of communication as a system of one-way exchange.
Postscript
Authors: Procter James
Published: April 2024

This concluding chapter turns to consider one of the towering Caribbean intellectuals of the twentieth century: C. L. R. James. James’ experience as a broadcaster at the BBC was considerable, spanning the period between the 1930s and the 1970s. His critical interventions both on and off the airwaves reveal his abiding interest in radio as an imperializing force, a decolonizing medium, a stylistic device, and a mode of political communication. Placing Beyond a Boundary (1963) into conversation with his test match commentaries and wider broadcasting career, this chapter argues that not only did James’ landmark volume on cricket and late colonial culture evolve in close conjunction with radio, but that his written appreciation of the game as a visual, episodic art form was indebted to the spoken form of radio commentary.
The Profile of Imagining
Authors: Hopkins Robert
Published: April 2024

What is sensory imagining and what role does it play in our lives? How does visualizing, imagining sounds, etc. relate to perceiving such things, or to remembering them? What are the connections between imagining and agency, and how does it relate to emotion and other affect? This book offers a theory that answers these and other questions. It argues that sensory imagining involves the redeployment of resources central to perception, albeit in a radically different context and to very different effect. The view explains central features of imagining’s phenomenology and functional role, including its capacity to capture what it would be like to perceive its objects, while acknowledging many important differences between imagining and sensing. It shows how the view can be extended to give an account of imagining in other forms, especially the imagining of affect; and uses it to argue, amongst other things, that imagining something is not a way to engage with its aesthetic character; and that imagining provokes real feeling much less often than is usually thought.
Episodic Memory
Authors: Hopkins Robert
Published: April 2024

What is the mental state at the heart of episodic remembering? This chapter argues that it is imagining—often in sensory form, sometimes in the form of experiential imagining more generally. The chapter explains exactly what this view amounts to, and what the alternatives to it are. It then motivates the position by appeal to both phenomenology and functional role, before defending it against objections stemming from various differences between episodic memory and imagining. Those differences concern the role of agency, the way in which individuals are present in memory, and the way memory presents itself as a guide to how things are (or were), as imagining does not. Since remembering is not mere imagining, but imagining under the control of the past, each of these differences can, it is argued, be accommodated or explained.
The effects of trust
Authors: Seyd Ben
Published: April 2024

This chapter explores the consequences of low and declining rates of trust. If trust represents an individual’s ‘loyalty’ to the political system, low trust might induce either citizen ‘voice’ or ‘exit’. The evidence for each of these forms of behaviour is reviewed. The chapter explores how far low trust stimulates such exit behaviours as engaging in protest activities, supporting anti-system parties, seeking reform of the political system, and rejecting an activist role for national governments. It also explores the effects of low trust on voice behaviours, notably abstaining from elections, ignoring official information and guidance, and failing to comply with important collective obligations. The evidence suggests that while low and declining trust leads to various problems for the political system, there is little sign of it triggering a crisis of public governance.
The Interpretation of Kenosis from Origen to Cyril of Alexandria
Authors: Magree Michael C.
Published: April 2024

The self-emptying of Christ, proclaimed in the letter to the Philippians 2:7, remains a much-debated topic in modern theology and exegesis. This book is designed to bring the insights of Greek Christianity to the understanding of kenosis, in order to show that new dimensions of the topic open up when it is examined in the historical era of early Christianity. The book first surveys modern exegesis of Philippians 2, in order to understand modern presuppositions and parameters of its interpretation, focused on questions of Christ’s pre-existence. Then, at the start of exegesis of Philippians, Origen of Alexandria showed that his understanding of kenosis allowed him to resist overly confining understandings of divine immutability, yet retain the conviction that the immutable Word’s self-emptying calls the Christian believer to awe and wonder. Gregory of Nyssa found in kenosis a way to emphasize the Son of God’s embrace of all of human life, including historical development. Finally, Cyril of Alexandria wrote on the term kenosis more than anyone else in Greek-speaking Christianity. It was a theme across all major eras and genres of his writing, from scriptural exegesis to doctrinal disputes, including those about the divinity of the Son and the natural union of the Son with human reality. Cyril found in kenosis an anchor point for two themes. First, that the strangeness and shocking quality of the term kenosis reminds the believer that God’s categories always stretch beyond human thought. Second, that the question of “who emptied himself?” can only be answered by a single-subject Christology that proclaims the kenosis of the Word.
Philippians 2:7 in Eusebius and Athanasius
Authors: Magree Michael C.
Published: April 2024

This chapter examines the understanding of Christ’s self-emptying in Eusebius of Caesarea and Athanasius of Alexandria. Eusebius makes the self-emptying of Christ a key part of his argument that prior to the incarnation the Son of God has a distinct existence or hypostasis. The verbs in scripture that depict the Father and the Son in distinct opposition to one another allow for agent-identification exegesis, in which Eusebius can point to grammatical distinction grounding a metaphysical distinction. The self-emptying of Christ is a direct part of this formulation. Athanasius does not focus on self-emptying in particular, but rather he is interested in the narrative shape of verses 6–11 as a whole. What concerns him is that those who want to claim the Son of God is not consubstantial with the Father see verses 9–11 as a sort of promotion. Jesus did well, and therefore he was elevated. Athanasius held that this misses out on the drama and shock of the prior verses, which are communicating Paul’s astonishment at the one “in the form of God” “emptying himself” and “humbling himself.” There has to be a radical descent of the Son for the lifting up of human nature to occur.
Self-Emptying in Focus
Authors: Magree Michael C.
Published: April 2024

This chapter takes up the debates between four late fourth-century Christian thinkers on the understanding of Christ’s self-emptying. First, in the context of Trinitarian theology, Basil of Caesarea sparks a reaction from Eunomius of Cyzicus, a non-Nicene thinker who claims that Basil’s understanding of kenosis splits Christ into two parts. Gregory of Nyssa, Basil’s brother, joined the debate after his brother’s death, and showed that the point at issue is just how much one is willing to say that the consubstantial Son of God can enter into human life. For Gregory, the point was, as it had been for Athanasius, to emphasize the radical step of saying that the one who was consubstantial with the Father is truly incarnate. Gregory rejects the Eunomian version of a univocal Christ that would blur the drama of the incarnation. Against Apollinarius, Gregory promotes a vision of Christ’s self-emptying that stresses the completeness of the self-emptying: completeness meant not as loss of any divine qualities, but as the Son of God making his own and appropriating the completeness of human nature except sin.
The Spaces of the Universal and the Particular in International Law
Authors: Lythgoe Gail
Published: April 2024

Whenever and wherever there is law, spatial logics operate in the background shaping legal regimes, processes, and arguments and structuring our understanding of concepts and narratives. By examining more closely the implicit spatialities accompanying traditional international law discourse about universality and particularity, we can recognize that, despite the purported differences between these oppositional constructs, they are similarly spatially constituted. A spatial lens diagnosing the spaces of the actors associated with these binaries thus helps transcend the formulaic structure of binaries usually associated with these two concepts. Further, studying universality and particularity through a spatial lens allows us to detect the emergence of spatial logics that are ‘at odds’ with traditional understandings of universality and particularity. The concept of a networked particularity is offered as an important critical counterpoint in demonstrating the construction of legal spaces.
Universalizing the Particular; or, Hotel and Carrier Bag
Authors: Nicholson Matthew
Published: April 2024

This chapter explores the relationship between the universal and the particular in international legal thought. I argue that contemporary, formalist international legal thought prefers the universal to the particular, that this constrains the possibilities for international legal thought, and that the universalization of the particular in and through international law should be pursued. I associate formal universalism with the image of the Bonaventure hotel in Los Angeles, as analysed by cultural theorist Fredric Jameson. Drawing on the feminist literary theory of Ursula K Le Guin, I associate the universalization of the particular with the image of a carrier bag and argue for an understanding of international law as a carrier bag in which to convey particulars.
International Legal Universalism
Authors: Rasulov Akbar
Published: April 2024

This essay offers an ideology critique of international legal universalism (ILU). The concept of ideology, for the present purposes, is understood as a body of discourse and rhetoric that produces distinct political effects, such as legitimation, motivation, and normalization. The particular political effects that are produced by ILU ideology range from the inflation of international legal scholars’ collective self-image as a uniquely skilled expert community, to the entrenchment, within the broader disciplinary consciousness, of a quasi-messianic belief in international law as an unreservedly benevolent mechanism of global social engineering. The consequences of this include a culture of false necessity and disciplinary whitewashing and a tradition of professional self-aggrandizement whereby the profession comes to appoint itself as humanity’s singularly enlightened guardian and the articulator of ‘true universal values’. Drawing on the traditions of critical narratology and legal realist analysis, this chapter aims to identify and uncover the exact narrative structures, theoretical devices, and rhetorical mechanisms by means of which this ideological dynamic is put in place. The core discursive foundation that underpins the ILU discourse, it concludes, consists of a combination of deliberate conceptual black-boxing that enables the ILU discourse to encode the language of universality with several different, not immediately reconcilable, meanings; a pattern of resulting three-way conceptual slippage; and the consistent but never acknowledged infusion of a strongly Hegelianized understanding of international law’s history and political ontology.
Oscillating Justice
Authors: Miller Zinaida
Published: April 2024

This chapter argues that the legitimacy of the international justice field—comprised of both international criminal law and transitional justice—depends upon a constant oscillation between universal and particular. That oscillation provides the field with a global justification for existence—a standardized fight against atrocity, a universal need for truth—and a defence against accusations of hegemony and neocolonialism. The nimble movement between these poles, however, can obscure their outer limits. To trace the pattern of oscillation, this chapter examines the ways in which anti-impunity and truth-telling discourses and practices move between universality and particularity. While oscillation suggests a useful balance between the general and the specific, in reality it is tilted. The final section argues that the ‘tilt’ is consistently away from recognizing or engaging the racial and colonial dynamics that undergird the representation, reception, and practice of international justice. Universalist presumptions of anti-impunity or truth make hierarchies of race and coloniality appear too particular while particularist efforts to contextualize violence still stop short of addressing radical difference. The chapter reveals the stakes of the ongoing struggle over universalist and particularist visions of international justice.
Conceptual Universality vs Pragmatic Particularity in International Adjudication
Authors: Kulick Andreas
Published: April 2024

In this contribution I argue that we are currently witnessing a paradigm shift in international dispute settlement. The dominant ‘Western’ narrative of ‘conceptual universality’ of international adjudication is waning and a different approach will gain hold in international law and international relations, which I refer to as ‘pragmatic particularity’. The past three decades since the fall of the Iron Curtain have seen promotion of and enthusiasm for formalized judicial dispute settlement as the preferred means to solve a conflict in the international arena. Such a universal view of international adjudication is conceptual in that it postulates a normative ideal of international dispute settlement that is intended to shape its reality. By contrast, three trends—China’s rise on the international scene, the return of the (nation) state and the backlash against international courts and tribunals—drive international adjudication in the opposite direction of a new paradigm of ‘pragmatic particularity’.
Tilak as a Writer
Authors: Upton Robert E.
Published: April 2024

This chapter offers an overview of Tilak’s entire written output, describing the range of Tilak’s writings and statements, and their provenance. It gives brief synopses of Tilak’s three main texts—The Orion: Or Researches into the History of the Vedas (1893), The Arctic Home in the Vedas (1903), and the Gita Rahasya (‘Secret Import of the Gita’) (1915)—and situates them in the context of his career, as well as offering a contextualization of Tilak in contemporary debates, particularly concerning Aryanism. On Aryanism, it shows that Tilak’s ‘Aryan invasion’ theory stands askance to the emerging Hindutva interpretation of Indian history even during Tilak’s lifetime. Tilak’s turn to the Gita later in his career is used to shed fresh light on the extraordinary valorization of that text, in India and globally, in this period. The chapter also characterizes the main concerns of Tilak’s newspaper writings in the English-language Mahratta and the Marathi Kesari over the course of his career, something hitherto lacking in more selective accounts.
Introduction to Dynamical Wave Function Collapse
Authors: Pearle Philip
Published: April 2024

This book describes one approach to resolving the ‘measurement problem’ of standard quantum theory (SQT), by changing the Schrodinger equation’s evolution of the wave function. The wave function of SQT does not describe reality. For example, the wave function corresponding to a completed experiment is the sum of terms describing the different experimental outcomes whereas one of these outcomes is what appears in Nature, The rules of SQT respond to this deficiency by imposing an ill-defined ‘collapse postulate.’ The prior smooth evolution of the wave function according to Schrodinger’s equation is replaced by an abrupt ‘jump’ to one of the outcomes. When, why, how are unanswered questions. I have added a term to Schrodinger’s equation, obtaining a theory (which I named the ‘Continuous Spontaneous Localization’ theory, or CSL) that answers these questions. The term has a random field in it: each field makes the sum of terms evolve to one of the terms. The collection of all possible fields produces the (Born rule) probabilistic predictions of SQT. Thus, CSL does something SQT does not: it describes the occurrence of events. But, it is a different theory than SQT, so it predicts different results for some carefully crafted experiments. CSL has now existed for over three decades. While no experiment as yet has proven CSL true, no experiment has conflicted with it either. In this book I have aimed to give a clear exposition of CSL and its consequences, accessible to anyone who has studied SQT.
Finding Forex, 1850–1914
Authors: Michie Ranald C.
Published: April 2024

The years between 1850 and 1914 are most closely associated with the Gold Standard. This was believed to deliver currency stability and so removed the need for a foreign exchange market. However, many countries did not join the Gold Standard, while others only adhered to it in part. Even among those that did commit themselves to the Gold Standard, there was a need for a foreign exchange market where banks could cover their currency exposure. However, this market was hidden from view, being conducted within and between banks and on the trading floor of stock exchanges such as London and New York. This rapidly developing foreign exchange market was made possible by the revolution in communications delivered by the telegraph, with London acting as its hub
Forex Today, Post-2007
Authors: Michie Ranald C.
Published: April 2024

By the beginning of the twenty-first century, the foreign exchange market had established itself as the biggest in the world by turnover, able to cope with change and crises. Monetary unification in Europe had removed many separate currencies, but foreign exchange trading continued to grow. Foreign exchange trading also proved resilient in the face of the Global Financial Crisis of 2008 and subsequent revelations of market manipulation. Though direct dealing between banks continued, as did the use of inter-dealer brokers, the foreign exchange market fully embraced the electronic revolution, with computers employing sophisticated mathematical programs dominating trading. The centre of the market remained in the City of London.
Constitutional Identity and Traditional Authority in the Post-colony
Authors: Klug Heinz
Published: April 2024

The notion of constitutional identity is often used as a basis for classifying constitutions according to their differing features. Gary Jacobsohn, however, argues that constitutional identity emerges dialogically and represents a mix of political aspirations and commitments that are expressive of a nation’s past, as well as the determination of those within the society who seek in some ways to transcend that past. James Tully in turn argues for the recognition of a multiplicity of identities within modern constitutionalism. This chapter combines these approaches to explore the place of traditional authorities within postcolonial constitutions. In exploring the status of traditional authorities in postcolonial constitutional orders, the various waves of postcolonial constitutions, and the different sources of identity and resistance that have struggled to reshape constitutional orders in moments of constitution-making, amendment, and contestation, the chapter both demonstrates the persistence of traditional authority within African constitutional orders and attempts to identify what Jacobsohn describes as a broader constitutional identity.
The Emergence of European Society through Public Law
Authors: von Bogdandy Armin
Published: April 2024

Many Europeans struggle to understand where European Union-centred Europeanization has led them. The standard response—that their situation is sui generis, one of a kind—no longer holds. Brexit, conflicts over European financial transfers, immigration, or dubious judicial reforms in some Member States demand a more substantial answer. Against that background, this book frames European integration by reconstructing European public law in the light of Article 2 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU). According to Article 2 TEU, all Europeans are today part of one society. European integration may not have produced a European state or people, but it has helped to create a European society. This society is interwoven with European public law as the Treaty characterizes it with 12 constitutional principles. The book interprets this statement as the manifesto, identity, and constitutional core of a democratic society. Thus, Europeans should understand that European integration has ushered in a European democratic society. This approach takes the bull by the horns because democracy represents the key concept in the struggle to understand and develop our society. On that basis, the book goes through many of the great debates of European public law and presents them in a new and forward-looking light.
Concepts
Authors: von Bogdandy Armin
Published: April 2024

One of Hegel’s key insights is that understanding requires abstraction, that is, concepts. Concepts establish meaning and create knowledge. Chapter 2 traces the transformation of European public law by examining the transformation of its basic concepts. It delves into the transformation of European public law, beginning with the Jus Publicum Europaeum of the late seventeenth century and the droit public de l’Europe of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries before examining Carl Schmitt’s Jus Publicum Europaeum of 1950, cast as the very opposite of what the book then develops as the new European public law. The chapter then liberates public law from its statist embrace and grounds it in one of modernity’s fundamental differentiations, the dualism of public versus private. The concept of public law comes in one of two guises: administrative or constitutional law. The conceptual moves that allow for a European administrative and constitutional law thus shed further light on the transformation of European public law. The concept of European administrative law never sparked much controversy, but it facilitates discussion of the challenge of an overbearing bureaucracy. The concept of European constitutional law proved much more controversial and provides a means to understanding many of the current challenges. The chapter finally introduces the concept of transformative constitutionalism, an innovation of the Global South, to frame European public law’s answer to its most significant challenge: the authoritarian tendencies of some national governments. Moreover, other key concepts of public law are reframed, such as authority, citizenship, sovereignty, statehood, and union.
Courts
Authors: von Bogdandy Armin
Published: April 2024

To gain true insight, a Hegelian approach demands that we go beyond concepts and principles, as necessary as they are, and research societal institutions and their operations. Chapter 4 focuses on the role of courts in European society. It starts with a broad comparative analysis tracing the unexpected development of how national courts gained ever greater authority, including broad law-making authority, on very thin constitutional bases and yet with much support from their national societies. It then shows the transformation of these courts through their Europeanization. On that foundation, the chapter highlights the foundational role of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in the emergence and democratization of European society: it would not exist today without the transformative law of the CJEU and the ECtHR. The chapter reconstructs the two courts as the two complementary sides of European constitutional adjudication: the ECtHR focuses on rights, the CJEU on structures. This reveals two great processes of transformation as the CJEU started out as a supranational administrative tribunal and the ECtHR has, for decades, been an almost irrelevant institution. Today, by contrast, both courts are even engaged in transformative constitutionalism to meet authoritarian tendencies in European society. Of course, such activity raises concerns of democratic legitimacy, which the chapter addresses in conversation with a proponent of illiberal democracy.
The Business of Digital Music
Authors: Batiste Larry D. , Asher Peter
Published: April 2024

Digital music platforms increase the ability for the singer/songwriter to release music economically and provide accessibility for listeners to receive music and other content. With a click of a button, consumers can share and customize their favorite music in real time. Artists feel empowered to create independently and have control over their image and finances while increasing their fanbase. Topics in this chapter include an explanation of digital music and why it is popular among music creators and consumers. The reader will learn how to get paid for digital sales and performances of their songs. The reader will gain insight on digital distribution options as well as online marketing and promotion strategies used by both major and independent artists. This chapter also includes a detailed independent record release checklist and timeline.
Impact of preovulatory follicle maturity on oocyte metabolism and embryo development
Authors: Clark Hannah M , Stokes Allyson E , Edwards J Lannett , Payton Rebecca R , Schrick F Neal , Campagna Shawn R , Sarumi Qudus , Hessock Emma A , Roberts Samantha R , Azaridolatabad Nima , Moorey Sarah E
Published: April 2024

Improved oocyte competence for embryo development and pregnancy was observed following ovulation of preovulatory follicles with greater physiological maturity, as indicated by estradiol production, prior to the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-induced luteinizing hormone (LH) surge. It was hypothesized that follicular fluid from preovulatory follicles of greater maturity better supports the maturing oocyte's metabolic requirements and improves embryo development. The objective was to determine if differences in preovulatory follicular fluid due to follicle maturity influence oocyte metabolism during in vitro maturation (IVM) and affect embryo development. Bovine preovulatory follicular fluid was collected 18 h after a GnRH-induced LH surge. Serum estradiol concentration at GnRH administration categorized follicles as greater or lesser maturity. Immature bovine oocytes were submitted to 24 h IVM in medium supplemented with 20% follicular fluid from preovulatory follicles of greater or lesser maturity. Embryo development was recorded. Oocyte maturation media and media conditioned by developing embryos were submitted for metabolomics. A randomized block design was utilized to determine differences in embryo development and media metabolites (P ≤ 0.05). Blastocysts from oocytes matured in greater vs. lesser maturity follicular fluid had a more moderate rate of development (P = 0.01). At the conclusion of 24 h IVM, abundance of 66 metabolites differed between greater and lesser follicle maturity treatments. Nine metabolites differed in media conditioned by developing embryos. Metabolome results suggest improved amino acid, purine, and glucose metabolism, followed by a more efficient rate of embryo development, in oocytes matured in greater vs lesser maturity follicular fluid.
Promotion of legume intake—Israeli dietitians’ knowledge, beliefs and practices
Authors: Ofir Orit , Stark Aliza Hannah , Bar-Zeev Yael
Published: April 2024

Background

The health and environmental benefits of legume consumption are reflected in dietary guidelines worldwide. However, legume intake fails to meet recommendations. Dietitians’ legume counseling practices can impact consumption patterns. This cross-sectional study assessed Israeli dietitians’ knowledge, attitudes, perceptions and practices regarding legume counseling and identified pertinent barriers and facilitators.

Methods

An electronic survey among Israeli dietitians (n = 309) was performed. Multivariable logistic regression assessed associations between recommending legumes with participants’ socio-demographic and professional characteristics, knowledge, perceptions, attitudes toward legume counseling and personal legume intake.

Results

Almost half (47.4%) of the participants recommended that 76% or more of their patients increase legume intake. Factors that were associated with recommending legumes were perceptions of fewer barriers to consumption [adjusted OR (aOR) 1.92 (95% CI 1.24–2.96)] and positive attitudes toward legume counseling pertaining to its importance [aOR 1.95 (95% CI 1.12–3.4)]. Negatively associated factors were a low level of personal legume consumption [aOR 0.38 (95% CI 0.15–0.94)] and working in hospitals [aOR 0.43 (95% CI 0.19–0.98)].

Conclusions

Israeli dietitians’ recommendations for legume consumption were well below current guidelines. These findings indicate the need for a tailored intervention for nutrition professionals to increase the frequency of legume counseling and overall consumption.
The National Sleep Research Resource: making data findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable and promoting sleep science
Authors: Zhang Ying , Kim Matthew , Prerau Michael , Mobley Daniel , Rueschman Michael , Sparks Kathryn , Tully Meg , Purcell Shaun , Redline Susan
Published: April 2024

This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the National Sleep Research Resource (NSRR), a National Heart Lung and Blood Institute-supported repository developed to share data from clinical studies focused on the evaluation of sleep disorders. The NSRR addresses challenges presented by the heterogeneity of sleep-related data, leveraging innovative strategies to optimize the quality and accessibility of available datasets. It provides authorized users with secure centralized access to a large quantity of sleep-related data including polysomnography, actigraphy, demographics, patient-reported outcomes, and other data. In developing the NSRR, we have implemented data processing protocols that ensure de-identification and compliance with FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) principles. Heterogeneity stemming from intrinsic variation in the collection, annotation, definition, and interpretation of data has proven to be one of the primary obstacles to efficient sharing of datasets. Approaches employed by the NSRR to address this heterogeneity include (1) development of standardized sleep terminologies utilizing a compositional coding scheme, (2) specification of comprehensive metadata, (3) harmonization of commonly used variables, and (3) computational tools developed to standardize signal processing. We have also leveraged external resources to engineer a domain-specific approach to data harmonization. We describe the scope of data within the NSRR, its role in promoting sleep and circadian research through data sharing, and harmonization of large datasets and analytical tools. Finally, we identify opportunities for approaches for the field of sleep medicine to further support data standardization and sharing.
The Bridging the Gaps Program: Three Decades of Collaborative Service-Oriented Learning in the Health Professions
Authors: Kakara Mihir , Martinak Ellen , McCormick Bridget , Morales Knashawn H. , Bogner Hillary R. , Jacobs Dina , Tuton Lucy Wolf
Published: April 2024

Health professions educators are continuing to develop training programs for future health care professionals to understand social determinants of health and address practical needs of their training institutions via service-oriented learning. Although individual U.S. programs have piloted different models, evaluations of programs that have demonstrated longitudinal growth and sustainability in the community are lacking, which is important because these programs can have long-term impacts not only on students but also on the communities they serve. In this article, the authors describe the long-term impacts of the Bridging the Gaps (BTG) program. First established in 1991 as an academic health institution and community organization collaborative, by 2019, the BTG program encompassed 9 academic health institution–based programs, partnering with 96 community organizations and employing 187 health professions students across 15 disciplines. By 2019, the program had 5,648 alumni. Of 3,104 alumni, 2,848 (91.8%) felt that the program broadened their understanding of health issues encountered by vulnerable and/or economically disadvantaged populations, and 2,767 of 3,101 (89.2%) felt that the program increased their interest in working with these populations. A total of 142 of 156 (91.0%) reported an effect on their clinical practice, 169 of 180 (93.9%) reported an effect on their professional role, and 64 of 109 (58.7%) reported an effect on their research careers. Of the community partners, 1,401 of 1,441 (97.2%) felt that the partnership between their organization and the BTG program was beneficial, 955 of 1,423 (67.1%) felt that BTG students brought resources to their organization that had previously been unavailable, and 1,095 of 1,421 (77.1%) felt that the linkages between their agency and other organizations were strengthened. The BTG program demonstrates growth and sustainability in its ongoing efforts to integrate training on social determinants of health via service-oriented learning into health professions education.
Deidentifying Narrative Assessments to Facilitate Data Sharing in Medical Education
Authors: Thoma Brent , Bernard Jason , Wang Shisong , Yilmaz Yusuf , Bandi Venkat , Woods Robert A. , Cheung Warren J. , Choo Eugene , Card Annika , Chan Teresa M.
Published: April 2024

Problem

Narrative assessments are commonly incorporated into competency-based medical education programs. However, efforts to share competency-based medical education assessment data among programs to support the evaluation and improvement of assessment systems have been limited in part because of security concerns. Deidentifying assessment data mitigates these concerns, but deidentifying narrative assessments is time-consuming, resource intensive, and error prone. The authors developed and tested a tool to automate the deidentification of narrative assessments and facilitate their review.

Approach

The authors met throughout 2021 and 2022 to iteratively design, test, and refine the deidentification algorithm and data review interface. Preliminary testing of the prototype deidentification algorithm was performed using narrative assessments from the University of Saskatchewan emergency medicine program. The algorithm’s accuracy was assessed by the authors using the review interface designed for this purpose. Formal testing included 2 rounds of deidentification and review by members of the authorship team. Both the algorithm and data review interface were refined during the testing process.

Outcomes

Authors from 3 institutions, including 3 emergency medicine programs, an anesthesia program, and a surgical program, participated in formal testing. In the final round of review, 99.4% of the narrative assessments were fully deidentified (names, nicknames, and pronouns removed). The results were comparable for each institution and specialty. The data review interface was improved with feedback obtained after each round of review and found to be intuitive.

Next Steps

This innovation has demonstrated viability evidence of an algorithmic approach to the deidentification of assessment narratives while reinforcing that a small number of errors are likely to persist. Future steps include the refinement of both the algorithm to improve its accuracy and the data review interface to support additional data set formats.
Experiences of Allied Health Clinicians Accessing a Pilot Project ECHO® Program to Support Learning in Pediatric Feeding
Authors: Marshall Jeanne , Moss Perrin , Raatz Madeline , Ward Elizabeth C. , Frederiksen Nadine , Reilly Claire , Dickinson Corrine , Clarke Sally , Beak Kelly
Published: April 2024

Introduction:

Pediatric feeding disorder is increasing in prevalence, yet low clinician confidence regarding its management is a barrier to care. Targeted clinician training is needed as traditional didactic training programs are limited in both their accessibility and capacity to provide opportunities for the application of theory-based learning.

Methods:

This study examined the experiences of a group of clinicians involved in a multidisciplinary PedFeed ECHO® network, a virtual community of practice established to support speech pathologists, occupational therapists, dieticians, and psychologists in Queensland, Australia, working with children with pediatric feeding disorder. Sixteen clinicians (34% of the total PedFeed ECHO network) from different professional backgrounds, clinical settings, and locations participated in semistructured interviews three months post completion of eight ECHO sessions.

Results:

Inductive thematic analysis revealed three themes: (1) broad-ranging outcomes of PedFeed ECHO, (2) participant experiences of PedFeed ECHO, and (3) facilitators for future success. PedFeed ECHO was viewed very positively and provided participants with a valuable opportunity for information sharing and collaboration as a multidisciplinary team. Participants described impacts on their professional practice, knowledge, confidence, and professional isolation, as well as service and patient-level impacts. Several facilitators for the success of future PedFeed ECHO cohorts were provided.

Discussion:

Insights from participants will serve to improve the design and delivery of ECHO training for future cohorts. Monitoring clinical skill development over a longer period of time and exploring clinician perceptions regarding direct impact on patient care are needed to further validate the impact of ECHO.
Association Between Fluoroquinolones and Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events: A Systematic Review
Authors: Jain Hritvik , Marsool Mohammed Dheyaa Marsool , Abbasi Haleema Qayyum , Sulaiman Samia Aziz , Safi Adnan , Lathwal Yashdeep , Mody Shefali , Jain Jyoti , Salian Rishabh Baskara , Passey Siddhant , Goyal Aman , Gole Shrey
Published: April 2024

Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are routinely administered antibiotics that have demonstrated an increased propensity to cause major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). We conducted a systematic review aimed to investigate the association between FQ usage and the risk of MACE. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library from inception to September 2023 to retrieve studies comparing FQ administration with placebo and reporting the occurrence of MACE. Relevant studies that explored the occurrence of MACE, defined as “acute myocardial infarction, stroke, cardiovascular mortality, arrhythmia, or heart failure” with FQ usage were eligible for inclusion. Four studies with a total of 42,808 patients were included. Levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and gatifloxacin were observed to have an increased propensity to cause MACE, particularly arrhythmias, whereas ciprofloxacin was associated with the lowest risk of causing MACE. Despite the methodological diversity in the included studies, this systematic review uncovered a consistent trend of heightened likelihood of MACE with FQ administration across studies, suggesting that elevated serum concentrations of some FQs may correlate with higher risks of MACE development. This systematic review emphasizes the need for cautious administration of FQs, particularly in patients with a preexisting cardiovascular condition. Routine cardiac monitoring using electrocardiograms is warranted for patients on high doses of FQs to preemptively detect the development of MACE, particularly arrhythmias.
Comparative Analysis of Quality of Life of Family Caregivers of Patients With Heart Failure and Cancer Who Receive Palliative Care
Authors: Arias-Rojas Mauricio , Holgín Edith Arredondo , Carreño-Moreno Sonia
Published: April 2024

Background

Quality of life (QoL) is the criterion-standard outcome in palliative care for patients with various illnesses and their family caregivers. There is a need to determine the factors affecting caregivers' QoL in each population and the differences between groups to design differentiated intervention strategies.

Purpose

The aims of this study were to compare the role adoption, social support, and QoL of family caregivers of patients with heart failure and cancer in palliative care and to examine the determinants of QoL.

Methods

A comparative study was conducted with the family caregivers of patients with cancer (n = 81) and heart failure (n = 80) in palliative care. Quality of life in life-limiting situations, role adoption, and social support questionnaires were also administered. A χ2 test, Student t test, and Mann-Whitney U test were used for between-group comparisons. Multiple linear regression was used to examine the effects of the correlated variables on caregivers' QoL.

Results

Caregivers of patients with heart failure had better QoL (P = .006) and lower tangible social support (P = .007) than caregivers of patients with heart failure. No differences were found in caregiver role adoption between the groups. Linear regression indicated that for caregivers of patients with cancer, social support, role adoption, caregiver age, and patient functional status affect caregiver QoL. For caregivers of patients with heart failure, role adoption and patient functional status are predictors of QoL.

Conclusions

Overall, healthcare professionals should focus on improving social support and caregiver role adoption and provide greater attention to the QoL of caregivers of patients with cancer.
A case study of an acute internal hernia: The complex diagnostic challenges of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass complications
Authors: Irizarry Angela C.
Published: April 2024

Obesity remains a global health challenge linked to several comorbidities, such as obstructive sleep apnea, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes. The prevalence of bariatric surgeries being performed is steadily increasing because it is a highly effective surgical tool used to achieve significant permanent weight loss. However, with all weight loss surgeries, several complications may not present for months to years after the initial procedure. In particular, the anatomical changes that occur after the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RNYGB) make the risk of internal hernias high. This particular complication is rare but lethal if unrecognized and not treated promptly. This clinical case study aims to provide readers with an overview of diagnosing and recognizing an internal hernia in the setting of previous laparoscopic RNYGB surgical history. Because of the sheer increase in the volume of patients undergoing bariatric surgery worldwide, health care providers must be well educated on the insidious presentations of this late complication and be prepared to act quickly to diagnose and treat these acute abdomen scenarios.