bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Indigenous Rituals as Cultural Forms of Collective Action
Authors: Zermeño Alejandro
Published: September 2022

The process of collective protest includes the diffusion of symbols and their attached emotional energy which shapes participants' mindsets, feelings of morality, and sense of belonging and connection with each other. Indigenous rituals are sites of cultural memory and provide participants with the opportunity to learn Indigenous histories and cultural teachings about the materials used and their symbolic meaning. By assembling as a group for ritual activity, participants establish group boundaries, a sense of cohesion, and the influence of symbols that mold collective action outside of rituals. Indigeneity is also used as a primordial and instrumental tool by Indigenous‐based community groups and organizations for developing an oppositional consciousness among its members that influences collective identities, unity, and mobilization and resistance against oppressive structural systems of domination. Indigenous rituals, including singing and drumming, ritual dances, and ceremonial runs, are cultural forms of collective action often incorporated within Native American and Latina/o collective events such as marches, rallies, and other types of demonstrations.
Institutional Activism (Brazil)
Authors: Abers Rebecca Neaera , Tatagiba Luciana
Published: September 2022

The concept of institutional activism is not new and refers generally to efforts by state actors to defend contentious causes. Most, but not all, studies of the phenomenon focus on activists who “migrate” into the state arena, as consultants, elected officials, or executive branch employees. As a social movement strategy, institutional activism can increase the impact of movements on the policy process and provide access to privileged information. The practice also increases connections between state and society, intensifying the circulation of information and resources, promoting creativity in the search for solutions, and making policies more sustainable. Challenges include: the high cost of this strategy, especially when governments are not aligned to movement agendas; difficulties combining institutional activism with grassroots mobilization and with more disruptive routines, such as protests; and the risk of fragmentation.
Jihadi Culture
Authors: Hegghammer Thomas
Published: September 2022

“Jihadi culture” refers to the artistic products and social practices of transnational militant Islamist groups such as al‐Qaeda and Islamic State. A relatively new academic term, the concept seeks to capture the rich aesthetic‐cultural dimension of militant Islamism with its distinct poetry, music, iconography, practices, and rituals. As conceptualized by Hegghammer, jihadi culture is an umbrella term for all products and practices observed in jihadi groups that seem superfluous to the core tasks of a military organization. A group needs to propagandize, but not necessarily through poetry, and its members need clothes, but not necessarily of a particular color. This is a functionalist and materialist notion of culture close to what Leach referred to as aesthetic frills and decorations. Hegghammer also stresses the distinction between jihadi culture and jihadi doctrine – the latter connoting core theological and political tenets – and calls for the disaggregation of the term “ideology” into a doctrinal and an aesthetic dimension.
Knowledge in Social Movements
Authors: Pavan Elena , della Porta Donatella
Published: September 2022

A crucial and yet often overlooked component of social movements' potential to produce change consists of their capability to create and disseminate alternative knowledge about the world they live in and how to transform it. While social movement studies have mainly focused on what happens in the streets, a large part of movement activities aims at collecting and processing information, elaborating new proposals, and spreading alternative knowledge, at times through innovative critical pedagogy. Typically, social movement studies tend to find sources of collectively induced change by looking at how individuals' biographies are affected by their participation in collective endeavors; at how the overall political environment and, particularly, policy outcomes are modified in conjunction with the intervention of collective actors; but also at how widespread cultural norms, values, and systems of beliefs shift as a result of collective mobilization. To be sure, social movements themselves are often approached, albeit not always explicitly, as resilient collectivities
in fieri
– that is, as sociopolitical processes that unfold continuously by innovating their collective identities, action strategies, and organizational forms to respond to the ever‐evolving nature of political and social contexts. Although a multiplicity of factors have been outlined to disentangle the modes in which social movements contribute to generate internal and/or external change, only recently have collective actors' transformative potential been explicitly tied to the systematic and constant knowledge work they engage in.
National Rifle Association (NRA)
Authors: Steidley Trent
Published: September 2022

Founded in 1871, the National Rifle Association (NRA) was originally conceived as an organization that would promote shooting skills and knowledge among American citizens. Today the NRA is the largest member‐based organization advocating for gun rights in the United States. How the organization came to be, and continues to influence gun rights and gun policy, remains a topic that social scientists are only recently beginning to grasp.
Palestinian Nationalist Movement
Authors: Albzour Mai
Published: September 2022

The Palestinian nationalist movement is a liberation movement that aims to obtain the right of self‐determination for Palestinians, and to liberate the Palestinian homeland (Mandatory Palestine or part of it) from the colonial powers (the Zionist forces). Like any other national movement, the Palestinian nationalist movement emerged in response to many historical transformations. Therefore, it is difficult to give a specific definition of this movement. Nevertheless, this entry covers the crystallization of the Palestinian nationalist movement and its objectives, relating to four central historical events that contributed decisively to its formulation: (i) the sequence of events in Palestine due to World War I; (ii) the Palestinian
Nakba
of 1948; (iii) the Arab
Naksa
of 1967; and (iv) the Oslo peace agreement of 1993.
Pegida
Authors: Berntzen Lars Erik
Published: September 2022

First established in the East German city of Dresden in October 2014, PEGIDA (Patriotische Europäer gegen die Islamisierung des Abendlandes; Patriotic Europeans against the Islamization of the West) quickly rose to prominence as the largest physical manifestation of far‐right activism in Germany and Western Europe since 1945. Through their weekly marches in Dresden, Pegida managed to rally somewhere between 18,000 and 25,000 participants at their peak in 2015.
Portuguese Revolution of 1974–1975
Authors: Fernandes Tiago
Published: September 2022

The structural reasons that caused the Portuguese revolution of 1974–1975 fit neatly into the general theories of social revolution: an exclusionary and highly repressive regime, riddled with intense elite conflicts, collapsing under severe military and financial pressures, and unexpectedly giving way to a series of autonomous radical and transgressive popular mobilizations and protests. Portugal's revolution started on 25 April 1974, when a coup by a group of young left‐wing middle‐rank military officers, the Armed Forces Movement (MFA), deposed the authoritarian New State regime (1933–1974), then dealing with a 13‐year‐old war in its African colonies of Angola, Guinea‐Bissau, and Mozambique. The reasons for the coup were at once political and professional. Not only were the professional officers unhappy with the fact that they could be overtaken in promotions by noncareer officers, but they believed victory in the colonial war was impossible. A war with no end in sight, for which the regime had no solution, and professional grievances combined to set off the 1974 coup. In its political program, presented soon after the coup, the MFA defended the establishment of a democratic regime in Portugal.
Progressive Religious Activism
Authors: Braunstein Ruth , Williams Rhys H. , Fuist Todd Nicholas
Published: September 2022

Significant scholarly attention has been paid to politicized conservative religion, especially the Religious Right and white Christian nationalism. But the common assumption is that religious conservatives face off primarily against secular liberals. This leads many to overlook the active world of progressive religious activism. The field of progressive religious activism, sometimes called the “Religious Left,” attracts a racially and religiously diverse set of participants, including many nonwhite Christians and non‐Christians, some white mainline Protestants and Catholics, and occasionally white evangelical Protestants. These varied groups often join in multifaith coalitions that may also include secular partners. Progressive religious activists have played a major role in US political history, whether through actions taken within liberal congregations, faith‐based community organizations, or social movements. Religion, however, is increasingly associated with conservatism in the US, raising questions about what influence this diverse and loosely organized “Religious Left” will have on American politics in the future.
Referendum Against the Privatization of Water Supply (Italy)
Authors: della Porta Donatella
Published: September 2022

On 12 and 13 June 2011, 27 million Italians (57% of the electorate) voted in a national abrogative referendum, thereby achieving the 50%+1 threshold required by Italian law. Two of the four questions submitted for the popular vote addressed the privatization of water, namely the obligation of public authorities to select the providers of water services by way of bids open to public, private, and mixed companies; and the inclusion in the water tariff of a quota (fixed by law at 7%) for the remuneration of the capital invested by the company managing the provision of water. The citizens who voted “yes” (that is, for the abrogation of privatization of water supply, against the position of the government and main parties) were 95.4% against the private management of water provision and 95.8% against the fixed remuneration for private investors in the water supply. This meant that as many as 25 million Italians voted against the government's position oriented toward privatization.
Repertoires of Strategies
Authors: Rossi Federico M.
Published: September 2022

The interrelated concepts ofrepertoire of strategiesandstock of legaciescontribute to an understanding of historically rooted and collective processes of strategy making and performing. These concepts complement Charles Tilly's “repertoire of contention” because the dynamics of interaction of a social movement with allies and antagonists cannot be fully understood or explained through the study of its public and contentious dimension only because it depicts just part of the story. The implications of incorporating a focus on strategies are central for social movement studies because they lead us to pay attention to actors and their intentions, and the interactions among the intentions of a variety of deliberate actors. And, if this focus on strategies is placed in a historical perspective it bridges the relationship between the pace of historical processes and the experiences and expectations of the actors involved in these processes.
Temporality and Social Movements
Authors: Gillan Kevin
Published: September 2022

Interest in temporality among social movement scholars has shown a marked growth over the last two decades. While consideration of the way that time matters for social movement research had rarely been explicit, however, issues of historical timing, pace, sequence, and rhythm are at least implicit in many standard accounts of protest, movements, and contentious politics more broadly. More recent focus on time adds a distinctive “eventful” temporality within which movements act, as well as studies of the uses of time in the discursive and strategic aspects of movements.
Transactional Activism
Authors: Selivanova Galina
Published: September 2022

Indicators of limited individual participation in collective action (e.g. volunteering or protesting) allowed scholars to label postcommunist civil society as weak, plagued by low levels of trust and high levels of dependency on foreign donors. Another stream of literature observed that action repertoires in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) were dominated by nonviolent strategies and suggested that civil society in this region should be understood not as an agent of mobilization, but as actors who access and control resources and put certain issues on the political agenda. Following this line of thought, Tsveta Petrova and Sidney Tarrow proposed an alternative approach to postcommunist civil society focusing on the relational and organizational aspects of collective action rather than on individual mobilization. Authors developed a notion of transactional activism focusing on the various types of connections and noncontentious interactions between political parties, nonprofit organizations, power holders, and different institutions.
Water and Gas Wars (Bolivia)
Authors: Simmons Erica S.
Published: September 2022

When protests against water privatization began in Cochabamba, Bolivia, in fall 1999, Bolivia entered a period of political unrest lasting more than five years, culminating in the Gas War in 2003 and subsiding with Evo Morales's election in 2005. The cycle of contention led to the removal from office of two presidents and dramatically reshaped Bolivian politics. Understanding this period of mobilization requires a focus on both the political contexts and resources available to potential social movements and the meaning work done by the grievances at the mobilizations' center. Different material goods take on different meanings in different times and places, and those meanings influence whether or not people mobilize and what that mobilization looks like. If we think about the symbolic work grievances do, we can productively engage with the ways the claims themselves shape social movements.
Women's Peace Activism
Authors: Eschle Catherine
Published: September 2022

Women have long been fierce and committed advocates for peace. They have worked to end particular conflicts, prevent the use of certain weapons or military tactics, and build peace in specific post‐conflict situations; and they have also campaigned against war in general, against the arms trade and everyday militarism, and in pursuit of a more peaceful and just world. Women have joined mixed‐gender peace movements in large numbers, and a significant number have also or instead organized in autonomous, women‐only groups. It is difficult to generalize about the diverse array of tactics, forms, and/or goals that women's peace activism has adopted over time and on a global scale. However, there are some continuities. Although the relationship between women and peace is contested and even controversial, it remains persistent. And while the relationship between feminism and women's peace activism is also not straightforward, the two are intimately intertwined.
Yellow Vest Movement (France)
Authors: Fillieule Olivier , Dafflon Alexandre
Published: September 2022

The Yellow Vest (YV) movement originated in a Facebook group launched in January 2018 and took off in November of the same year. Since then, more than 50,000 demonstrations and gatherings have been counted, either in the form of occupying and blocking roundabouts, or in street demonstrations. Protests have spread all over the region, giving rise to riotous scenes, unprecedented in the police repression they triggered. This has led to a mobilization, considerable and hitherto unseen in many respects: this movement sprang from calls on the internet, with no external support. It was noteworthy in its duration, its territorial scope, its occurrence in urban, suburban, and rural areas, and its blunt refusal of all leadership. While the participants were in a variety of socioeconomic positions, the vast majority of them had, until that point, been uninvolved in any political, union, or group activity, including voting.
Campus Anti‐Sexual Assault Movement
Authors: Gronert Nona Maria
Published: September 2022

The campus anti‐sexual assault movement has persisted for almost 50 years. It became visible in the 1980s, went through a period of abeyance, and again expanded nationally. The movement includes efforts to respond to those affected by sexual assault and to prevent it from happening at universities. Many have participated in the movement, including students, alumni, staff, faculty, survivors, and their allies.
Fight for $15 Minimum Wage (United States)
Authors: Padilla Ana
Published: September 2022

Fight for 15 is a movement aimed at raising the national American minimum wage to $15 per hour. Its origins lie in a one‐day worker strike, in December 2012, when over 100 fast‐food workers in New York City walked off the job and called for “$15 an hour and a union.” The strike was the largest ever of its kind in the fast‐food industry, and quickly spread across cities and industries. Within years, the movement had influenced mainstream national electoral politics. However, while social movements literature may help to explain the dynamics and outcomes of Fight for 15, a deepened focus on strategy and local social movements is necessary to fully account for the origins and broader significance of the movement.
Social Movements (Postindependence Kenya)
Authors: Githethwa Njuki
Published: September 2022

Social movements in Africa are considered as the crystallization of group activity autonomous of the state. In the global South, as argued by Horn, social movements are more about structural marginalization and steep social inequalities, with the history of colonialism being a key concern. Social movements in Africa are then not just about opposing the state, but also about redefining the form of that state. They explicitly embrace politics of redistribution alongside calls for the recognition of identities and meanings rendered invisible or suppressed by colonization and its impacts. The result is politics that acknowledge both structural and symbolic marginalization and the need to act on both to achieve justice and ultimately “liberation.”
Garza, Alicia, Tometi, Ayọ, and Cullors, Patrisse
Authors: Upton Aisha A. , Joseph Jalia L.
Published: September 2022

An October 2013 issue of
Time
magazine named Alicia Garza, Ayọ (formerly Opal) Tometi, and Patrisse Cullors in its list of “the 100 most influential people.” Garza, Tometi, and Cullors are activists, community organizers, and founders of Black Lives Matter, which is now the name of a movement as well as a formal organization.
Contemporary Gun Control Movement (United States)
Authors: Carlson Jennifer , Pettinicchio David
Published: September 2022

Social movement strategy can be described as seeking to change both hearts and minds – defining a constituency, building and maintaining organizations, and influencing policy and institutions while also shifting culture, values, and attitudes. Strategy reveals a great deal about movement logics, including the kinds of organizations they seek to forge and sustain, their use of institutional and extra‐institutional tactics, how issues are framed, how they may (or may not) work with political elites, and whether or not they are “successful” in their objectives.
Group Culture and Social Movements
Authors: Carlsen Hjalmar Bang , Toubøl Jonas
Published: September 2022

Collective action is organized in grassroots groups, social movement organizations (SMOs), and social networks, pointing to the centrality of meso‐level groups for coordination of action, formation of identity, solidarity, and development of politics and ideology in social movements. In addition to the strong tradition for studies of collective identity formation and strategic action planning and framing in groups, recently the question of group culture has gained traction among movement scholars.
Mis/Disinformation, Conspiracism, QAnon, and Social Movements
Authors: Snow David A. , Bernatzky Colin , Gray Dylan
Published: September 2022

This entry provides conceptual clarification of three forms of misleading information – misinformation, disinformation, and conspiracies – and explores their relationship to social movements. Attention is focused on the conspiratorial variant of disinformation as illustrated by the now long‐standing “New World Order” conspiracy, various COVID conspiracies, the 2020 US presidential election “Big Lie” conspiracy, and the systemically connected conspiracies associated with QAnon.
Spontaneity, Protest, and Social Movements
Authors: Moss Dana M. , Snow David A.
Published: September 2022

The organizational turn in the study of social movements, dating back to the resource mobilization thesis of the 1970s, was a welcome shift away from depictions of protests as riotous, contagious reactions to strains, breakdowns, and heightened emotionality. This literature refuted the mischaracterization of social movements as akin to mobs. Instead, movements and related protest events were depicted as strategized, highly organized, rational responses to injustices, both real and perceived. The role of spontaneity in protest, therefore, came to be considered as little more than a rhetorical device, or an erroneous, naïve description of how protest works. Recent scholarship has demonstrated otherwise, however, by reconceptualizing and resuscitating the importance of spontaneity in the dynamics of social movements and protest events.
Leadership
Authors: Robnett Belinda
Published: September 2022

Surprisingly little is known about leadership in social movements. It is not that there are no studies on leaders or leadership. Indeed, nearly all studies of social movements include some acknowledgment or discussion of the role of leadership in relation to, for example, recruitment, mobilization, or the achievement of goals. Rather, the area suffers from weak theoretical development, and a general failure to place leaders and leadership at the center of the analysis. Leadership is often tangential to analyses of social movement development, goals, tactics, and outcomes. Until recently, leadership has been treated as a structurally or socially constituted dependent variable, thus we know little about its independent effect on social movements.
Isolation and Characterization of Aeromonas jandaei from Nile Tilapia in Lake Volta, Ghana, and Its Response to Antibiotics and Herbal Extracts
Authors: Abarike E. D. , Atuna R. A. , Agyekum S. , Akongyuure D. N. , Alhassan E. H.
Published: September 2022

Production of Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus contributes to economic growth in many countries. However, there has been a decline in its production over the years due to the influx of bacterial infections, with Aeromonas jandaei as an emerging threat. In this study, we identified and characterized A. jandaei from cage-cultured Nile Tilapia in Akosombo Stratum II of Lake Volta in Ghana and evaluated its response to commonly used antibiotics using the disc diffusion and agar well diffusion methods for herbal extracts at various concentrations (10, 30, 50, 70, and 100 mg/mL). The herbs considered included guava Psidium guajava leaf, bitter leaf Vernonia amygdalina, neem Azadirachta indica leaf, and their cocktail (GBNL in the ratio of 1:1:1). The bacterium was isolated from swab samples from the head kidneys of 27 moribund Nile Tilapia collected from nine fish farms. Samples were screened for A. jandaei by culturing and identification using morphological and molecular techniques. The bacterium isolate from fish in the study, identified as A. jandaei GH-AS II, had 92–93% identity to A. jandaei reference strains. Infection of healthy Nile Tilapia (n = 210) with the bacterium isolate showed that 1.0 × 105 CFU/mL was the lethal dose causing 50% mortality. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed that A. jandaei GH-AS II was resistant to tetracycline and ampicillin. Herbal extracts at the various concentrations inhibited the growth of the bacterium isolate, with a significant increment in the zones of inhibition with increasing concentrations of leaf extracts. However, GBNL showed prominence compared to the other extracts only at 100 mg/mL. Management of A. jandaei GH-AS II by using herbal extracts at Nile Tilapia farms in Lake Volta may be recommended since the use of antibiotics, such as tetracycline and ampicillin, may not yield the needed result.
A Review of Salinity's Impact on Relevant Aquatic Drug Approval Technical Sections
Authors: Ramee Shane
Published: September 2022

Currently, in the USA, there are no aquatic animal drugs approved for use in saltwater-reared finfish. As U.S. aquaculture expands into the marine environment, it is imperative to maximize the current knowledge base to make new approvals for saltwater use as efficient as possible. This article reviews literature relevant to how the saltwater environment may affect the Effectiveness, Target Animal Safety, and Human Food Safety major technical sections of a new animal drug approval. Though research on this subject is limited, there are pharmacokinetic and toxicological studies that have utilized euryhaline species to isolate salinity as the independent variable. I summarize these studies to demonstrate patterns that could facilitate more effective and efficient transfer of data previously used for freshwater drug approvals to be used for potential saltwater approvals. Research suggests that drug residue clearance rates are generally faster or at least similar in salt water if other factors are held constant, suggesting that consistent or shorter withdrawal times may be appropriate for saltwater application. However, faster clearance rates may cause a reduction in efficacy in some cases. The effects of salt water on drug toxicity are much less clear, are possibly highly compound dependent, and deserve further research. This suggests that any future drug approvals for saltwater use should begin by identifying the appropriate effective dose in salt water before addressing the other technical sections.
Dual‐Band Chiral Nonlinear Metasurface Supported by Quasibound States in the Continuum
Authors: Liu Qing‐Song , Chao Ming‐Hao , Zhang Wen‐Jing , Song Guo‐Feng
Published: September 2022

This paper presents an all‐dielectric chiral metasurface composed of an array of two‐layer distorted square structures with nanoholes. This metasurface can simultaneously generate dual‐band opposite chiral responses, which can be attributed to the bound states in the continuum (BICs) and the distorted chiral structure. By combining the BICs with chirality, a dual‐band chiral nonlinear metasurface and a chiral‐sensing method are proposed. The simulated results show that the third harmonic generation (THG) conversion efficiency can reach the order of 10−4 for two peaks with a peak‐pump intensity of approximately 5.3 GW cm−2 in the near‐infrared region. Moreover, the third‐harmonic circular dichroism for each peak can reach up to 0.99 and ‐0.94, respectively. Furthermore, it is theoretically demonstrated that this metasurface can be used for chiral sensing with high sensitivities. These results provide new insights for linear and nonlinear spin‐dependent applications.
4′‐SCF3‐Labeling Constitutes a Sensitive 19F NMR Probe for Characterization of Interactions in the Minor Groove of DNA
Authors: Li Qiang , Trajkovski Marko , Fan Chaochao , Chen Jialiang , Zhou Yifei , Lu Kuan , Li Hongjun , Su Xuncheng , Xi Zhen , Plavec Janez , Zhou Chuanzheng
Published: September 2022

Fluorinated nucleotides are invaluable for 19F NMR studies of nucleic acid structure and function. Here, we synthesized 4′‐SCF3‐thymidine (T
) and incorporated it into DNA by means of solid‐phase DNA synthesis. NMR studies showed that the 4′‐SCF3 group exhibited a flexible orientation in the minor groove of DNA duplexes and was well accommodated by various higher order DNA structures. The three magnetically equivalent fluorine atoms in 4′‐SCF3‐DNA constitute an isolated spin system, offering high 19F NMR sensitivity and excellent resolution of the positioning of T
within various secondary and tertiary DNA structures. The high structural adaptability and high sensitivity of T
make it a valuable 19F NMR probe for quantitatively distinguishing diverse DNA structures with single‐nucleotide resolution and for monitoring the dynamics of interactions in the minor groove of double‐stranded DNA.
Maximized Green Photoluminescence in Tb‐Based Metal–Organic Framework via Pressure‐Treated Engineering
Authors: Wang Yixuan , Yang Xinyi , Liu Chuang , Liu Zhaodong , Fang Qianrong , Bai Fuquan , Wang Shiping , Hou Xuyuan , Feng Bingtao , Chen Banglin , Zou Bo
Published: September 2022

Lanthanide metal–organic frameworks are of great interest in the development of photoluminescence (PL) materials owing to their structural tunability and intrinsic features of lanthanide elements. However, there exists some limitations arising from poor matching with metal ions, thereby exhibiting a weak ligand‐to‐metal energy transfer (LMET) process. Here we demonstrate a pressure‐treated strategy for achieving high PL performance in green‐emitting Tb(BTC)(H2O)6. The PL quantum yield of pressure‐treated sample increased from 50.6 % to 90.4 %. We found that the enhanced hydrogen bonds locked the conjugated configuration formed by two planes of carboxyl group and benzene ring, enabling the promoted intersystem crossing to effectively drive LMET. Moreover, the optimized singlet and triplet states also validated the facilitated LMET process. This work opens the opportunity of structure optimization to improve PL performance in MOFs by pressure‐treated engineering.
Catalytic Multicomponent Synthesis ofC‐Acyl Glycosides by Consecutive Cross‐Electrophile Couplings
Authors: Jiang Yi , Yang Kai , Wei Yi , Wang Quanquan , Li Shi‐Jun , Lan Yu , Koh Ming Joo
Published: September 2022

C‐Acyl glycosides are versatile intermediates to natural products and medicinally relevant entities. Conventional cross‐coupling strategies to secure these molecules often relied on two‐component manifolds in which a glycosyl precursor is coupled with an acyl donor (pre‐synthesized or generated in situ) under transition metal or dual catalysis to forge a C−C bond. Here, we disclose a three‐component Ni‐catalyzed reductive regime that facilitates the chemoselective union of glycosyl halides, organoiodides and commercially available isobutyl chloroformate as a CO surrogate. The method tolerates multiple functionalities and the resulting products are obtained in high diastereoselectivities. Theoretical calculations provide a mechanistic rationale for the unexpectedly high chemoselectivity of sequential cross‐electrophile couplings. This approach enables the expeditious assembly of difficult‐to‐synthesizeC‐acyl glycosides, as well as late‐stage keto‐glycosylation of oligopeptides.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Transient Chirality Transfer and Atroposelective C‐H Functionalization to Access Quaternary Stereocenters
Authors: Han Lu‐Lu , Cui Yu‐Ming , Yang Qin , Fang Li‐Lei , Xu Li‐Wen
Published: September 2022

Although palladium‐catalyzed asymmetric C−H functionalization and Heck reactions represents one of the most important synthetic strategies for the construction of quaternary stereocenters, developing the enantioselective version of PdII‐catalyzed carbopalladation‐initiated cascade reactions still remains a formidable challenge. Herein, an unprecedent enantioselective [3+2] annulation of oxime ethers and alkynes has been developed, providing both spiro and nonspiro indenes bearing all‐carbon quaternary stereocenters in good yields (up to 98 %) with excellent enantioselectivities (up to >99 % ee). This annulation is accomplished by merging the PdII‐catalyzed atroposelective C−H activation/double carbopalladation and the transient axial‐to‐central chirality transfer process, constituting the first successful example of catalytic chirality transfer strategy involving axially chiral styrene intermediate.
Chrom/Photoredox‐dualkatalysierte Synthese von α‐benzylischen Alkoholen, Isochromanonen, 1,2‐Oxyalkoholen und 1,2‐Thioalkoholen
Authors: Dutta Subhabrata , Erchinger Johannes E. , Schäfers Felix , Das Ankita , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Glorius Frank
Published: September 2022

In diesem Artikel wird eine allgemeine Cr/Photoredox‐katalysierte Synthesestrategie für den Zugang zu α‐benzylischen Alkoholen, Isochromanonen, Oxyalkoholen und Thioalkoholen vorgestellt. Da die Alkylierung von Aldehyden eine wichtige C−C‐Bindungsbildungsreaktion darstellt, ermöglicht die Entwicklung kompetenter katalytischer Systeme die Darstellung dekorierter Alkoholmotive. Angesichts der Herausforderungen, die mit der klassischen Organometallchemie verbunden sind, wird hier die Strategie der dualen Katalyse angewandt, um diverse Alkoholmotive auf milde und effiziente Weise zu erzeugen. Die Verschmelzung von Photokatalyse und Chromchemie wurde gewählt, um eine Umgebung von geringer Basizität und damit hoher Chemoselektivität zu schaffen. Mit Alkylsilanen als Kupplungspartner bietet sich ein breites Substratspektrum mit einer ausgezeichneten Toleranz gegenüber funktionellen Gruppen und leichter Skalierbarkeit. Die Anwendung auf biologisch relevante Moleküle und die Produktdiversifizierung unterstützen den synthetischen Nutzen dieser Methode.
Photoresponsive dissipative Makrocyclen unter Verwendung von mit sichtbarem Licht schaltbaren Azobenzolen
Authors: Nieland Esther , Voss Jona , Mix Andreas , Schmidt Bernd M.
Published: September 2022

Mit sichtbarem Licht lassen sich dynamische, kovalente Iminverbindungen aus dem Gleichgewicht bringen. Wir haben einen fluorierten Azobenzol‐Baustein untersucht, der bei Bestrahlung zuverlässig eine geometrische Isomerie eingeht. Der Baustein wurde in Kombination mit zwei verschiedenen Aminen, Ethylendiamin undR,R‐1,2‐Diaminocyclohexan, verwendet, um eine Bibliothek von Imin‐Makrocyclen zu erstellen. Während mit dem einfachen Amin ein polymerer Zustand und ein definierter schalenförmiger Makrocyclus erhalten werden kann, ermöglicht das chirale Amin den Zugang zu einem großen Netzwerk von Makrocyclen, die sowohl eine Isomerisierung als auch eine Interkonversion zwischen verschiedenen makrocyclischen Spezies durchlaufen, wodurch die Anzahl der an der Cyclo‐Oligomerisierung beteiligten Monomere kontrolliert werden kann. Diese Prozesse wurden mittels1H‐ und19F‐DOSY NMR, MALDI‐MS‐Messungen und UV/Vis‐Spektroskopie untersucht.
Photoresponsive Dissipative Macrocycles Using Visible‐Light‐Switchable Azobenzenes
Authors: Nieland Esther , Voss Jona , Mix Andreas , Schmidt Bernd M.
Published: September 2022

Visible light can be used to shift dynamic covalent imine assemblies out of equilibrium. We studied a fluorinated azobenzene building block that reliably undergoes geometric isomerism upon irradiation. The building block was used in combination with two different amines, ethylenediamine andR,R‐1,2‐diaminocyclohexane, to create a library of imine macrocycles. Whereas the simple amine can be used to access a polymeric state and a defined bowl‐shaped macrocycle, the chiral amine gives access to a rich network of macrocycles that undergo both isomerisation as well as interconversion between different macrocyclic species, thereby allowing for control over the number of monomers involved in the cyclo‐oligomerization;1H‐ and19F‐DOSY NMR, MALDI‐MS measurements, and UV/Vis spectroscopy were used to study the processes.
Bifunctional molybdenum phosphate catalyst with tunable acidity–basicity for the sustainable synthesis of glycerol carbonate via solvent‐free carbonylation of glycerol with urea
Authors: Bhaduri Kushanava , Auroux Aline , Bhaumik Asim , Chowdhury Biswajit
Published: September 2022

Tuning the surface acidity–basicity via molecular level control of the chemical composition of the catalyst is one of the thrust areas of research. Herein, we first report a bifunctional molybdenum phosphate catalyst with tunable acidity–basicity for the sustainable synthesis of glycerol carbonate involving glycerol and urea. The catalyst has been thoroughly characterized by using powder X‐ray diffraction, Fourier‐transform infrared, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, N2 physisorption, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, temperature programmed desorption (TPD), Py‐IR, 31P nuclear magnetic resonance and thermogravimetric analysis. It has been observed that the physicochemical properties of the catalysts changed considerably by varying the metal and phosphorus concentrations. The molybdenum phosphate catalyst with Mo/P molar ratio = 1:3 was found most active, having the highest acidity to basicity ratio. Interestingly, the reason could be associated to the presence of higher Brønsted acidity, as evidenced from the TPD and Py‐IR results. The physicochemical properties of the used catalyst suggest it as a stable and reusable catalyst. A study on operating parameters was carried out to optimize catalytic performance to obtain glycerol conversion up to 95% at a glycerol carbonate selectivity of 99%. This remarkable catalytic performance could be attributed to the bifunctional nature of the catalyst.
Comparative study of elliptical fin microchannel over oblique micro‐fin heat sinks
Authors: Mahesh Pallikonda , Kumar Kupireddi Kiran , Balasubramanian Karthik , Chandramohan V. P. , Lee Poh Seng , Kong Chui Chee
Published: September 2022

In the present paper, the effect of elliptical fin and its orientation were computationally examined by considering equivalent fin cross‐sectional area and height of oblique fin to enhance thermal performance. A total of seven distinctly oriented elliptical fin microchannel models were developed and analyzed using finite volume method for velocity range of 0.2 to 0.9 m/s at constant heat flux of 65 W/cm2. The results showed that the elliptical fin microchannel model reduced pressure drop significantly and consumed less pumping power than the oblique fin microchannel model. It was also found that the average Nusselt number initially increases with decreasing elliptical fin orientation angle and then it rapidly decreases on further reduction of orientation angle beyond 4°. The optimal performance factor for a 4° elliptical fin was 1.21, with only a 6.5% penalty in wall temperature at Re 436. Furthermore, the maximum pumping power reduction of 41.4% was found for the 4° elliptical fin microchannel model with a 2.3% increase in Nusselt number. Hence, for the same pumping power, the 4° elliptical fin microchannel model performs better than oblique fin microchannel.
Polymerization of Bio‐Derived Conjugated Dienes with Rare‐Earth‐Metal Complexes
Authors: You Fen , Shi Wenyu , Yan Xuyang , Wang Xiaoyu , Shi Xiaochao
Published: September 2022

The reliance of both our life and industry on fossil resource and the alarming accumulation of polymeric materials in the environment have presented huge challenges to sustainable society. Nowadays, utilization of renewable monomers as building blocks for polymeric materials has emerged as a hot topic and increasingly gained attention from chemists. As a class of biomass with abundance and low cost, terpenes are typical hydrocarbon‐rich natural compounds, and some of them, such as myrcene and farnesene, are inherently suitable for coordination polymerization. In this review, we focus on the rare‐earth metal catalyzed highly regio‐ and stereoselective polymerization of bio‐based conjugated dienes, especially the ones from terpene‐derived compounds with or without modifications. This review also discusses the future direction on the modification of these bio‐based conjugated dienes.
Predefined‐time control for Euler–Lagrange systems with model uncertainties and actuator faults
Authors: Wang Wencong , Hou Mingshan , Feng Dan , Liu Bojun
Published: September 2022

A novel adaptive predefined‐time tracking control algorithm is proposed for the Euler–Lagrange systems (ELSs) with model uncertainties and actuator faults. Compared with traditional finite‐time and fixed‐time studies, the system output tracking error under the proposed predefined‐time controller converges to a small neighborhood of zero in finite time, whose upper bound is exactly a design parameter in the control algorithm. For the uncertain model, radial‐based function neural network (RBFNN) is utilized to approximate the continuous uncertain dynamics. To deal with the actuator faults, an adaptive control law is involved in the fault‐tolerant controller. In order to achieve the predefined‐time bounded, a novel predefined‐time sliding mode surface is designed. It is proved that the tracking error vector trajectory of closed‐loop system is semi‐globally uniformly ultimately predefined‐time bounded, and the upper bounds of both the system settling time and the corresponding output tracking error can be adjusted with a simple parameter. Simulation examples finally demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm.
Measures of tonic and phasic activity of the locus coeruleus—norepinephrine system in children with autism spectrum disorder: An event‐related potential and pupillometry study
Authors: Kim Yesol , Kadlaskar Girija , Keehn Rebecca McNally , Keehn Brandon
Published: September 2022

A growing body of research suggests that locus coeruleus‐norepinephrine (LC‐NE) system may function differently in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Understanding the dynamics of both tonic (resting pupil diameter) and phasic (pupil dilation response [PDR] and event‐related potential [ERP]) indices may provide meaningful insights about the nature of LC‐NE function in ASD. Twenty‐four children with ASD and 27 age‐ and nonverbal‐IQ matched typically developing (TD) children completed two experiments: (1) a resting eye‐tracking task to measure tonic pupil diameter, and (2) a three‐stimulus oddball paradigm to measure phasic responsivity using PDR and ERP. Consistent with prior reports, our results indicate that children with ASD exhibit increased tonic (resting pupil diameter) and reduced phasic (PDR and ERP) activity of the LC‐NE system compared to their TD peers. For both groups, decreased phasic responsivity was associated with increased resting pupil diameter. Lastly, tonic and phasic LC‐NE indices were primarily related to measures of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and not ASD, symptomatology. These findings expand our understanding of neurophysiological differences present in ASD and demonstrate that aberrant LC‐NE activation may be associated with atypical arousal and decreased responsivity to behaviorally‐relevant information in ASD.
Optimal Stein‐type goodness‐of‐fit tests for count data
Authors: Weiß Christian H. , Puig Pedro , Aleksandrov Boris
Published: September 2022

Common count distributions, such as the Poisson (binomial) distribution for unbounded (bounded) counts considered here, can be characterized by appropriate Stein identities. These identities, in turn, might be utilized to define a corresponding goodness‐of‐fit (GoF) test, the test statistic of which involves the computation of weighted means for a user‐selected weight function f. Here, the choice of f should be done with respect to the relevant alternative scenario, as it will have great impact on the GoF‐test's performance. We derive the asymptotics of both the Poisson and binomial Stein‐type GoF‐statistic for general count distributions (we also briefly consider the negative‐binomial case), such that the asymptotic power is easily computed for arbitrary alternatives. This allows for an efficient implementation of optimal Stein tests, that is, which are most powerful within a given class  of weight functions. The performance and application of the optimal Stein‐type GoF‐tests is investigated by simulations and several medical data examples.
Increased lncRNA AFAP1‐AS1 expression predicts poor prognosis in gastric cancer: Evidence from published studies and followed up verification
Authors: Duan Fujiao , Li Yilin , Feng Yajing , Niu Guanghui , Chai Junhui , Wang Kaijuan
Published: September 2022

Aim

The purpose of this study was to clarify the influence of long non‐coding RNA actin fiber‐associated protein‐1 antisense RNA 1 (lncRNA AFAP1‐AS1) on the prognosis of gastric cancer (GC).

Methods

Based on meta‐analysis, the association between the expression of AFAP1‐AS1 and the prognosis of GC was estimated. GC tissue and non‐cancer tissues from 136 patients were determined by quantitative real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) and verified by Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA). Kaplan–Meier and Cox proportional hazards models were conducted to analyze the correlation between AFAP1‐AS1 expression and GC prognosis.

Results

The pooled analysis from five studies revealed that the AFAP1‐AS1 expression was significantly associated with GC overall survival (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.49 and 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 2.02–3.08, p  <  0.001). Compared with non‐cancer tissues, AFAP1‐AS1 expression level of GC tissues were significantly upregulated (p  <  0.001), which was confirmed by the results of GEPIA. The area under the receiver‐operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.893, and the high expression of AFAP1‐AS1 was correlated with poor prognosis in patients with GC (p = 0.005). Clinical grade (HR = 1.912, 95% CI: 1.246–2.934, p = 0.003), pathologic tumor node metastasis (pTNM) (HR = 2.393, 95% CI: 1.431–4.033, p = 0.001), log odds of positive lymph nodes (LODDS) (HR = 2.910, 95% CI: 1.787–4.793, p  <  0.001) and AFAP1‐AS1 expression (HR = 2.393, 95% CI: 1.869–3.064, p  <   0.001) were independent prognostic factors for GC revealed by multivariate Cox‐regression analysis.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that the AFAP1‐AS1 may be a novel biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of GC.
Red Phosphorus/P25 Nanophotosensitizers Coated with Platelet Membrane for Enhancing Cancer Cells Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Chen Jingying , Liu Jiaxiu , Lin Xitong , Zhu Yukun , Tang Hua , Ye Wanneng , Zhang Shuchao
Published: September 2022

Photodynamic therapy (PDT), which uses targeted photosensitizing drugs, has been regarded as a promising method for cancer therapy. In the present study, photosensitizer red phosphorus modified P25 nanophotosensitizers (P25‐RP) were generated, which were coated with platelet membrane (P25‐RP@PLT) extracted from platelet rich plasma. The biocompatibility of P25‐RP was demonstrated by cell counting kit‐8 (CCK‐8) and optical microscope assay, more than 93 % cells in the concentration of 100 μg/ml of P25‐RP suspension after co‐incubation for 24 h were still kept alive. The antitumor performance of P25‐RP@PLT was evaluated via CCK‐8 assay, flow cytometry and fluorescence staining of live/dead cells. The experiment results showed that P25‐RP@PLT could ablate 55 % malignant tumor cells upon laser irradiation within 5 min, which was 10 % higher than P25‐RP alone against cancer cells. Mechanistically, the cancer cell toxicity of P25‐RP@PLT nanophotosensitizers was attributed to its heterojunction structure that broadens the absorption spectra, whereas PLT membrane coating technology allows for immune escape and selective adhesion capacity to cancer cells. This work provided a novel pathway on the design of novel visible‐light‐driven photosensitizer for cancer therapy.