bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research Agenda for Schizophrenia
Authors: Gur Raquel E. , Gur Ruben C. , Keshavan Matcheri S. , Kohler Christian , Rapoport Judith , Walker Elaine
Published: October 2017

This chapter begins with an introduction to what is currently known about the early course of schizophrenia. Several key areas of research, the chapter states, continue to be a priority. In the clinical domain, specific clinical characteristics in the premorbid and prodromal phases need to be identified that can help with the prediction of individuals at a high risk for developing psychosis. Also, a better understanding is needed of the pathways to care for these individuals. Educating the public and health care providers in early signs and symptoms can reduce the delay in care. In addition, further clarification is needed on the phenotypic features in the first psychotic episode that can help us predict subsequent illness course. Finally, a better understanding is needed of the neurodevelopmental and neurodeteriorative processes that may underlie both the emergence and the subsequent course of the first psychotic episode. The chapter looks at all of these areas.
Defining Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Foa Edna B. , Franklin Martin , McLean Carmen , McNally Richard J. , Pine Daniel , Costello E. Jane , Franklin Martin , Kagan Jerome , Kendall Philip , Klein Rachel , Leonard Henrietta , Liebowitz Michael , March John , McNally Richard , Ollendick Thomas , Pine Daniel , Pynoos Robert , Silverman Wendy , Spear Linda
Published: October 2017

This chapter begins by stating the importance of considering the concept of anxiety and its heterogeneity. It defines anxiety to set the scene for the rest of the discussion in this chapter. The chapter then makes a distinction between anxiety and anxiety disorders. The chapter looks at research in the areas of anxiety and anxiety disorders. Recent research has expanded our understanding of the phenomena linked to the concepts of anxiety and anxiety disorder. The chapter states a hope that major advances in research will now occur thanks to a better understanding of the conditions, which hopefully will lead to a more fruitful set of psychiatric classifications.
Defining Eating Disorders
Authors: Attia Evelyn , Becker Anne E. , Bulik Cynthia M. , Field Alison E. , Golden Neville H. , Kreipe Richard E. , Le Grange Daniel , Mitchell James E. , Pike Kathleen M. , Sysko Robyn , Taylor C. Barr , Walsh B. Timothy
Published: October 2017

This chapter describes the diagnostic criteria used in clinical and research settings to define eating disorders and highlights important changes in the criteria introduced by DSM-5 in 2013. Emerging evidence suggests that the DSM-5 categories usefully capture a range of eating problems in need of clinical attention that were not well described in previous DSM editions. The chapter also reviews the characteristics of adolescents and young adults with eating disorders, their frequency in the general population, and their psychological comorbidities. Important medical complications associated with the disorders, especially among adolescents, are summarized, as well as approaches to their treatment. The chapter covers in greatest detail anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder.
Prevention of Eating Disorders
Authors: Attia Evelyn , Becker Anne E. , Bulik Cynthia M. , Field Alison E. , Golden Neville H. , Kreipe Richard E. , Le Grange Daniel , Mitchell James E. , Pike Kathleen M. , Sysko Robyn , Taylor C. Barr , Walsh B. Timothy
Published: October 2017

This chapter examines risk factors for the development of eating disorders and efforts to prevent them. A number of variables are considered to be risk factors; however, extant research has notable limitations, including the low prevalence of these conditions within the general population, which complicates the identification of reliable risk factors. The impact of culture on eating disorders is reviewed, as well as social and biological factors thought to exert complementary impact and to contribute synergistically to risk. Considerable progress has been made in developing and evaluating models for prevention since the publication of the prior edition of this book. These advances include the publication of several large effectiveness trials, the development of models to prevent the onset of anorexia nervosa and combined eating disorder prevention and weight maintenance/loss programs, and the availability of interventions for both boys and girls.
The Neurobiology, Characteristics, and Prevalence of Substance Use
Authors: Wenk Gary , Anthony James C. , Cheng Hui , Fairman Brian , Romer Dan
Published: October 2017

Although drug use is common in adolescence, only some adolescents experience drug dependence. This chapter reviews the neurobiological mechanisms that make addictive drugs appealing and that can ultimately lead to symptoms of drug dependence, in which drug use is motivated more by its ability to relieve the stress associated with withdrawal than by its ability to provide pleasure. Important individual differences have been identified that predispose adolescents to drug use and dependence, including genetic factors. However, societal norms and other environmental factors play a large role in determining whether drugs will be tried and which ones will be popular. Major changes since the 1960s in the use of both legal and illegal drugs by adolescents are described, along with the clinical characteristics of their use and the symptoms of dependence as now defined in DSM-5. The chapter discusses heroin, cocaine, tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, hallucinogens, and other drugs.
Prevention of Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Romer Daniel , Szobot Claudia
Published: October 2017

This chapter reviews the major theories of drug use progression and their implications for prevention in adolescents, including the gateway model, the general liability model, and the developmental cascade model. Prevention interventions designed for universal (e.g., school-based, environmental), selective (e.g., family-focused), and indicated approaches (e.g., targeting heavy college drinkers) are reviewed, including programs that include all three levels (e.g., Family Check-Up, Triple-P). All of these approaches have been found to have both short-term and long-term efficacy. Challenges remain in disseminating these interventions on a wide scale, and many communities employ weaker programs when stronger ones are available. Potential pathways to achieve greater adoption of effective programs are outlined.
Defining Youth Suicide
Authors: Hendin Herbert , Haas Ann P. , Harkavy-Friedman Jill , Mortali Maggie
Published: October 2017

This chapter looks at suicide among adolescents and young adults. Although true suicide causation is difficult to empirically establish, an accumulated body of research points to a number of individual and environmental factors that have been closely and fairly consistently associated with youth suicidal behaviors. These risk factors are identified and briefly discussed here. The chapter looks the behavioral and environmental factors for suicide. The main aim of this chapter is to examine current youth suicide prevention strategies and interventions with an eye towards identifying what works, what does not appear to work, and what research needs to be undertaken to move the field forward. Given the multiplicity of risk and protective factors that have been related to youth suicide, it is understandable that many different approaches have been taken in the attempt to prevent this behaviour.
Targeted Youth Suicide Prevention Programs
Authors: Harkavy-Friedman Jill , Hendin Herbert
Published: October 2017

This chapter reviews examples of selective suicide prevention programs that have been developed for adolescents identified, or presumed, to be at increased risk for suicidal behavior. Although the youth targeted by such programs are considered to be particularly vulnerable to suicide, in most cases they had not yet exhibited specific signs of suicidal ideation and behavior. Discussed here are programs for five specific youth populations, each of which has shown elevated rates of suicidal behavior: Native American youth, youth with recent exposure to a suicide in the school or community, youth who have access to firearms in the home, youth who have been detained in the juvenile justice system, and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth. Relatively few intervention programs for these populations have been developed to date. This chapter describes programs developed for each group, gives examples, and discusses the assumptions under which these programs operate.
Preventive Interventions and Treatments for Suicidal Youth
Authors: Harkavy-Friedman Jill , Hendin Herbert
Published: October 2017

The last category of adolescent suicide prevention efforts focuses on indicated interventions and treatments that target those who have already shown signs of suicidal ideation and behavior. Such efforts seek essentially to reduce prevent suicide attempts and suicide completion. The interventions and treatments described in this chapter differ widely in terms of the groups they target, the methods they use, and the settings in which they have been implemented. This chapter reviews school-based programs, emergency department programs, posthospitalization programs, psychotherapeutic treatments, college-based programs, and pharmacological treatment for suicidal youth. Assumptions underlying each intervention and critiques are provided.
Research Agenda for Youth Suicide Prevention
Authors: Haas Ann P. , Hendin Herbert , Harkavy-Friedman Jill , Mortali Maggie
Published: October 2017

The concluding chapter of this section on adolescent suicide lists what we have learned and what we still do not know about identifying and treating youths at risk for suicide and preventing suicide in adolescents. Drawing on data presented in earlier chapters of the section, key findings about youth suicide and risk and protective factors are summarized, along with findings about current approaches to prevention and treatment. An agenda for future research is presented that addresses some of the most significant knowledge gaps about youth suicide and suicide prevention. Methodological difficulties that complicate research in this field are briefly discussed. The chapter concludes with summary conclusions to guide future reference and prevention efforts.
An Update on Evidence-Based Practices for Children and Adolescents in the Context of Policy, Research, and Practice: A Systems Perspective
Authors: Chor Ka Ho Brian , Hoagwood Kimberly E. , Olin Su-Chin Serene
Published: October 2017

Evidence-based practices (EBPs) for children and adolescents have undergone significant transformation in the past decade. This chapter synthesizes the major paradigm shifts in policy, research, and practice. The policy paradigm shifts include healthcare infrastructure changes that reshape the mental health delivery system, accountability of mental health care that is driven by quality indicators, and new financing policies under the Affordable Care Act. The research paradigm shifts include development of innovative dissemination and implementation (D&I) models to improve the spread and uptake of EBPs, and the use of optimal D&I designs and measures to empirically study system-level changes. The practice paradigm shifts include primary care integration, large-scale training, technological advances, and task shifting in EBPs. Moving from laboratory testing and knowledge translation of EBPs in the past decade, the current and future direction of EBPs necessitates concerted responses to these paradigm shifts among policymakers, researchers, practitioners, consumers, and families.
The American Treatment System for Adolescent Substance Use Disorders in the 21st Century: Challenges Remain But Change Is on the Horizon
Authors: Meyers Kathleen , Cacciola John , Ward Suzanne , Woodworth Abigail
Published: October 2017

Use of alcohol and other drugs is common in adolescence, but too few teens receive appropriate treatment. The U.S. substance abuse treatment system for adolescents has not kept pace with numerous scientific advances. Like other chronic illnesses with social, biological, and environmental determinants, substance use disorders are best addressed with a full continuum of care that includes screening, early intervention, treatment, and continuing care and supportive services. However, the current treatment (and reimbursement) for adolescent substance use disorders is based upon an acute-care model that is not effective for treating this chronic illness. These system problems contribute to relapse, recidivism, and increased healthcare costs in this at-risk and under-served population. However, the U.S. system is poised to be positively transformed in the coming years by both the current state of scientific knowledge and the legislative changes to the healthcare system.
Extreme Caregiving
Authors: Freitag Lisa
Published: October 2017

Raising a child with multiple special needs or disabilities is a time-consuming and difficult task that exceeds the usual parameters of parenting. This book examines all the facets of that task, from the better-known physical, financial, and emotional burdens to the previously invisible moral work involved. Drawing from narratives written by parents of children with a variety of special needs, academic research in ethics and disability, and personal experience in pediatrics, this book begins to recognize the moral consequences of providing long-term care for a child with complex needs. Using a virtue ethic framework based on Joan Tronto’s phases of care, it isolates the various tasks involved and evaluates the moral demands placed on the parent performing them. Raising a child with special needs requires an excess of attentiveness, responsibility, competence, and responsiveness, and demands from the parent a reassessment of their personal and social lives. In each phase, moral work must be done to become the sort of person who can perform the necessary caregiving. Some of the consequences are predictable, such as the emotional and physical burden of constant attentiveness and numerous unexpected responsibilities. But the need for competence, which drives an acquisition of medical knowledge, has not previously been analyzed. Nor has there been recognition of the enormous moral task of encouraging identity formation in a child with intellectual delays or autism. For a child who cannot attain independence, parents must continue to provide care and support into an uncertain future.
Defining Extreme Caregiving
Authors: Freitag Lisa
Published: October 2017

To emphasize the complexity and difficulty of parenting a child with special needs, this chapter introduces and defines the term “extreme caregiving.” Extreme caregiving involves the taking on of professional medical roles by a nonprofessional parent. It differs from both ordinary parenting and professional caregiving in that it is done in the home, often without respite or foreseeable endpoint. Unlike professional caregiving, it involves an intense personal relationship between parent and child. The need for extreme caregiving extends through multiple pediatric syndromes and disabling conditions, including intellectual disabilities and autism, dependence on home medical technology, and NICU survivors with chronic medical needs. There are few reliable statistics for the number of families performing this type of care, so this chapter also correlates various sources, in an attempt to enumerate them, and provides analysis that predicts that the numbers will continue to increase despite medical progress.
Competence
Authors: Freitag Lisa
Published: October 2017

Parents caring for children with special health care needs or long-term disabilities are called to a new level of competence as medical caregivers, often as soon as the child is discharged from the hospital. There is no accepted measure for success with this task, though failure can be met with repeated hospitalization or removal of the child from the home. This chapter evaluates, through parent narratives, how parents obtain and view their competence. Some parents perform in-depth research into their child’s medical problems and achieve a surprisingly high level of knowledge. This is often discounted by both the parents and health care providers. The moral work done in this area is significant. Parents must change their priorities and re-align their expectations for their child’s success. They must adapt to a slower developmental pace, and create for the child a safe haven where the child’s disability becomes the accepted norm.
Contaminant Criteria and Exposure Limits
Authors: Lippmann Morton , Schlesinger Richard B.
Published: October 2017

This chapter describes the basis for, and development of, recommendations for the control of chemical emissions to environmental media and subsequent exposures to humans and other receptors in order to protect them from adverse effects. Where governmental regulations specify emission- or exposure-based standards, they can be enforced. In the absence of such standards, reliance is usually based on recommendations known as guidelines offered by professional societies or voluntary consensus organizations reflecting delegates from governmental, corporate, and academic groups.
Delirium and Dementia
Authors: Hodges John R.
Published: October 2017

Delirium and dementia affect one or more cognitive domains with a distributed neural basis—attention, memory, and executive function—in some instances accompanied by more focal cognitive deficits. Patients with one, or both, of these conditions constitute the commonest presentation in behavioural neurology and in geriatric psychiatry. This chapter first describes the core characteristics and causes of delirium. This is followed by a description of the major causes of dementia notably, Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, Huntington’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and progressive supranuclear palsy. These are contrasted with pseudodementia, with mention of the causes of rapidly progressive dementia, and differential diagnosis of delirium and dementia.
Localized Cognitive Functions
Authors: Hodges John R.
Published: October 2017

This chapter discusses localized cognitive functions. The functions ascribed to the dominant, usually left, cerebral hemisphere show much more clear-cut laterality than those associated with the so-called minor hemisphere. This applies particularly to spoken language. This chapter discusses aspects of normal and abnormal language function in the framework of contemporary cognitive neuroscience with descriptions of the classic post-stroke variants of aphasia (Broca’s, Wernicke’s, conduction, etc.) although these are rarely seen in the context of neurodegenerative diseases. There is also a description of disorders of written language (the dyslexias and dysgraphias), of calculation (acalculia), and of higher-order motor control (apraxia). This is followed by descriptions of the syndromes associated with disturbed right hemisphere functions: neglect phenomena, dressing and constructional apraxia, and complex visuoperceptual disorders (agnosias). Each cognitive syndrome is placed in the context of its neural basis, disorders which affect the ability and methods of assessment at the bedside and using neuropsychological tasks.
Cognitive and Neuropsychiatric History Taking and Tips on Physical Examination
Authors: Hodges John R.
Published: October 2017

This chapter discusses a central component of cognitive assessment in clinical practice: cognitive and neuropsychiatric history taking. It suggests a structure and check list for approaching the interview and stresses the importance of establishing a rapport as well as using both open-ended and more directed questioning to explore each of the aspects of cognition described in earlier chapters as well as the impact of the illness on everyday practical function. The chapter stresses the importance of obtaining an independent history from a family member or accompanying adult as well as a detailed past and family history. The final part of the chapter presents tips on physical examination in the context of patients presenting with cognitive disorders.
Standardized Mental Test Schedules
Authors: Hodges John R.
Published: October 2017

This chapter discusses standardized mental test schedules. Many brief standardized assessment tools have been advocated over the past two or three decades but many have largely fallen into disuse. This chapter focuses, therefore, on two of the most commonly used brief assessment schedules: the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) with an analysis of their strengths, weaknesses, and applications. The MoCA is freely available and a link to the website is included. They are contrasted with the ACE-III which is described in Chapter 7. The chapter also describes two longer tests which are widely used in dementia research: the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (DRS) and the Cambridge Cognitive Examination–Revised (CAMCOG-R). Finally, it includes a description of the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale–Cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog), which is used widely in drug evaluation studies.
The Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination: Revised and Supplementary Test Suggestions
Authors: Hodges John R.
Published: October 2017

This chapter discusses the use of the third version of the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination, ACE-III, which has evolved from the early ACE via the ACE-R. The major difference between the ACE-III and earlier versions is the removal of the MMSE which was previously incorporated within the longer test. The chapter describes the ACE-III in full together with scoring criteria and normative data. The ACE-III is freely available and can be downloaded from http://www.ftdrg.org. It has been translated into over 20 languages and is in widespread use in cognitive clinics around the world. The section on the ACE-III is followed by suggestions for ‘add-on’ bedside tasks that test areas not well covered by the ACE-III, such as tests for remote memory, frontal executive function, language, calculation, praxis, neglect phenomena, and complex visuoperceptual abilities and prosopagnosia.
Interpretation and implication of diastolic dysfunction in critically ill patients
Authors: Colebourn Claire , Newton Jim
Published: October 2017

This chapter looks at the interpretation of parameters of diastolic function in the critically ill patient. It provides a guide to interpretation and how to avoid misinterpretation of these parameters in the context of severe illness. The assessment of left ventricular relaxation and left ventricular filling pressures are described in detail.
The right ventricle in critical illness
Authors: Colebourn Claire , Newton Jim
Published: October 2017

This chapter describes the unique aspects of right ventricular structure and function and relates this to the effects of an acute or chronic rise in pulmonary vascular resistance on the right heart. Assessment of pulmonary vascular resistance and right heart function is described in detail. The usage of this assessment in critical care practice is then explored, with particular reference to mechanical ventilation and pulmonary embolism.
The pericardium
Authors: Colebourn Claire , Newton Jim
Published: October 2017

This chapter looks in detail at the anatomy and physiology of the pericardium and the implications of pericardial fluid on haemodynamics in the critically unwell patient. Specific focus is given to making the diagnosis of tamponade in the spontaneously ventilating patient, compared to patients who are intubated and mechanically ventilated.
Neurodiagnostic tools
Authors: Forsyth Rob , Newton Richard
Published: October 2017

This chapter explains the principles of how best to use the main diagnostic tools in paediatric neurology in the context of evidence-based medicine. The description of neuroradiology includes the principles of DWI, SWI, MRS, ASL and fMRI, and the usefulness of ultrasound, CT and PET scanning; neuroradiological anatomy, terminology, common incidental findings and normal myelination patterns. An approach to white matter and developmental brain abnormalities is depicted. Neurogenetic testing discusses the capabilities and limitations of microarray for Comparative Genomic Hybridization (copy-number variants), gene panel testing, and whole exome and whole genome next generation sequencing. The chapter offers the theory, practicality and pitfalls of electroencephalography, peripheral neurophysiology and evoked potential testing. Common practical procedures are described, including lumbar puncture, muscle biopsy and shunt tapping with an understanding of the place of special investigations on CSF, blood, urine, and skin. The scope of neuropsychological testing is described.
Pharmacopoeia
Authors: Forsyth Rob , Newton Richard
Published: October 2017

This chapter is a pharmacopoeia of the drugs commonly used in paediatric neurology. Information on each drug is given for neurological indications, dosing, preparations, contraindications, interactions (particularly for anti-epileptic drugs) and useful additional comments. Advice is also given on acute sedation protocols.
Physical morbidities and schizophrenia: more than a chance co-occurrence
Authors: Castle David J. , Buckley Peter F. , Gaughran Fiona P.
Published: October 2017

This chapter addresses the historical–social divide between physical and mental illness, and explores the drivers behind this. Ill-informed attitudes about mental illness, stigma, and fear all contributed to the rise of asylums and placing people with disorders such as schizophrenia away from society in general. While some aspects of institutional care could be seen as well intentioned, the physical health of inmates was often compromised, with overcrowding and poor standards of hygiene and poor diet leaving people vulnerable to a range of health problems which contributed to a low life expectancy. Even with de-institutionalization, the poor standard of general healthcare and early death continue. A concerted set of actions is required to address this serious state of affairs.
Smoking and schizophrenia
Authors: Castle David J. , Buckley Peter F. , Gaughran Fiona P.
Published: October 2017

Rates of cigarette smoking are extremely high among people with schizophrenia. Reasons include social affiliation factors, negative symptom amelioration, and cognitive enhancement. It is crucial that people with schizophrenia are provided with information about the risks associated with smoking and given the opportunity to engage in smoking cessation programmes. Medications such as nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion, and varenicline can be used effectively and safely, but extra vigilance for neuropsychiatric side effects is required. There is potentially a role for electronic cigarettes in helping people with schizophrenia quit smoking, but more research is required in this regard.
50 Studies Every Surgeon Should Know
Authors: Hochman Michael E.
Published: October 2017

50 Studies Every Surgeon Should Know presents key studies that have shaped the practice of surgery. Selected using a rigorous methodology, the studies cover topics including: vascular, colorectal, bariatric, abdominal, hernial, and endocrine surgery, surgical outcomes, surgical oncology, trauma and surgical critical care, and studies of historical interest. Each chapter describes the basics of a landmark study, including funding, study location, who was studied, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. It then briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
Long-Term Outcomes of Immediate Repair Compared with Surveillance of Small Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Authors: Kuy SreyRam , Yang Kai J. , Dua Anahita
Published: October 2017

This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in vascular surgery examining whether early, prophylactic repair of small abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA; 4.0 to 5.5 cm) improves 5-year survival. The study found that among patients with a small AAA <5.5 cm in diameter, early surgical intervention confers no survival benefit over initial surveillance. The chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, year study began, year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary and discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
Endovascular Aneurysm Repair and Outcomes in Patients Unfit for Open Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Authors: Jones Lloyd M. , Zhang Wayne W. , Kuy SreyRam , Tan Tze-Woei
Published: October 2017

This randomized controlled trial, the endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) trial 2, compared outcomes of EVAR and medical management of abdominal aortic aneurysm in patients who were deemed high risk and unfit for open repair. Three hundred thirty-eight patients were enrolled and randomized to undergo either EVAR or medical therapy alone. Endpoints were all-cause mortality, aneurysm-related mortality, quality of life, postoperative complications, and hospital costs. Although there was some cross-over between groups and this has been cited as a limitation of this study, there was no statistical difference in all-cause mortality between the two groups. With longer follow-up (median 3.1 years), there was a reduction in aneurysm-related mortality with endovascular repairs. There was no statistical difference in health-related quality of life; however, there was a higher cost associated with EVAR.
Cardiac Stents versus Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery for Severe Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Hochman Michael E.
Published: October 2017

This chapter provides a summary of the landmark study known as the SYNTAX trial, which compared percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) to treat severe coronary artery disease. This chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, year study began, year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary and discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
Oxaliplatin, Fluorouracil, and Leucovorin as Adjuvant Treatment for Colon Cancer
Authors: McLeon Kelly
Published: October 2017

The landmark MOSAIC trial examined whether the addition of oxaliplatin to a postoperative adjuvant treatment regimen of fluorouracil and leucovorin affected disease-free survival from colon cancer. The MOSAIC trial established the efficacy of FOLFOX over 5-FU/LV as adjuvant treatment for stage III colon cancer and established FOLFOX4 as the reference standard for adjuvant treatment for stage III disease. This chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, year study began, year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary and discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
The Surgical Safety System Checklist (SURPASS)
Authors: Hochman Michael E.
Published: October 2017

This chapter provides a summary of the landmark study known as SURPASS (the Surgical Safety System Checklist). Can surgical complications be reduced by following a checklist of safety measures before, during, and after operations? Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, year study began, year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary and discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case on the use of SURPASS.
Laparoscopic versus Open Repair of Inguinal Hernia
Authors: Kwon Rachel J.
Published: October 2017

This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in hernia surgery. In terms of recurrence, pain, and complications, is laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair with mesh better than traditional open mesh repair? Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, year study began, year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary and discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case involving possible inguinal hernia repair.
Long-Term Impact of Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Hochman Michael E.
Published: October 2017

This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in abdominal surgery. Does bariatric surgery in obese individuals reduce mortality? Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, year study began, year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary and discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case involving possible bariatric surgery, including gastric banding, vertical banded gastroplasty, or gastric bypass, for an obese man who has not had success with dieting.
Mastectomy versus Lumpectomy for Invasive Breast Cancer
Authors: Hochman Michael E.
Published: October 2017

This chapter provides a summary of the landmark study known as the B-06 trial, which compared total mastectomy versus breast-conserving therapy (i.e., lumpectomy) for treating women with invasive breast cancer. Do all women with invasive breast cancer require a total mastectomy, or is breast conserving therapy (i.e., lumpectomy) appropriate in some women? Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, year study began, year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary and discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case involving total mastectomy versus lumpectomy.
Breast Cancer after Prophylactic Bilateral Mastectomy in Patients with BRCA Mutation
Authors: Kwon Rachel J.
Published: October 2017

This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in breast surgical oncology. Does prophylactic bilateral mastectomy reduce the incidence of breast cancer in patients with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation? Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, year study began, year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary and discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case involving the possibility of prophylactic bilateral mastectomy for breast cancer.
Surgical Treatment of Gastric Cancer
Authors: Choi Michael , Simms Eric , Burch Miguel
Published: October 2017

This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in surgical oncology. Does a D2 lymphadenectomy improve disease recurrence and survival compared to a D1 lymphadenectomy in patients with resectable primary adenocarcinoma of the stomach? Starting with that question, this chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, year study began, year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, criticisms and limitations. The chapter also briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary and discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case regarding a woman with potentially resectable proximal gastric cancer.
Gastroesophageal Junction Tumors Does Location Determine Treatment?
Authors: Siegel Emily L. , Burch Miguel
Published: October 2017

This chapter summarizes a landmark study in treatment of gastroesophageal (GE) junction tumors. Should an anatomically based classification scheme of GE tumors define the appropriate treatment approach for these tumors? Starting with that question, it describes the basis of the study, including funding, year study began, year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary and discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case involving possible gastrectomy and esophagectomy.
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Outcomes
Authors: Jain Monica
Published: October 2017

This chapter provides a summary of the landmark study in surgical oncology. What characteristics of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) predict survival and disease recurrence? Starting with this question, the chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, year study began, year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary and discusses the implications, and concludes with a clinical vignette to display how the study’s findings can be clinically applied to a sample patient.
Accuracy of Focused Abdominal Sonography for Trauma (FAST)
Authors: Kwon Rachel J.
Published: October 2017

This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in trauma surgery. It deals with focused abdominal sonography for trauma (FAST). How accurate is surgeon-performed ultrasound to assess hemoperitoneum and pericardial fluid in trauma patients? Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, year study began, year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary and discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case regarding when FAST might be applicable in a trauma situation.
Femoral versus Subclavian Central Lines in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Kwon Rachel J.
Published: October 2017

This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in surgical critical care. With respect to infection, bleeding, and thrombosis, do femoral central lines cause more complications than subclavian lines? Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, year study began, year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary and discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case on central line placement for a patient.
Red Cell Transfusion in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Hochman Michael E.
Published: October 2017

This chapter provides a summary of the landmark study in surgical critical care known as the TRICC trial. When should patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) with anemia receive red cell transfusions? Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, year study began, year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary and discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case about a red cell transfusion for a critically ill patient.
Heller Myotomy versus Heller Myotomy with Dor Fundoplication for Achalasia
Authors: Borgella Jerald , Choi Michael , Burch Miguel
Published: October 2017

This chapter provides a summary of the management of patients with achalasia and how the addition of a fundoplication can affect outcomes. The primary question asked is could the addition of a Dor fundoplication to a Heller myotomy decrease the incidence of pathologic gastroesophageal reflux? Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, year study began, year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case regarding treating a patient with either Heller myotomy or Heller myotomy plus partial fundoplication.
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
Authors: Catanzaro Michael P. , Kwon Rachel J.
Published: October 2017

This chapter provides a summary of a landmark historical case study in surgery involving Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. It describes the history of the disease, gives a summary of the study including study design and results, and relates the study to a modern-day principle of evidence-based medicine: case reports in study design. The EQUATOR (Enhancing the QUAlity and Transparency Of health Research) network endorses structured case reports according to the CARE (CAse REport) framework, a checklist of 13 items as well as a writing template. More recently, the surgery-specific SCARE (Surgical CAse REport) framework has been developed. Overall, while Zollinger-Ellison syndrome remains an exceedingly rare clinical entity, its initial description by Zollinger and Ellison underscores the value of case reports for identifying rare but important medical conditions.
Infection control
Authors: Török M. Estée , Cooke Fiona J. , Moran Ed
Published: October 2017

This chapter provides an overview of infection control within health-care institutions, with summaries of important relevant clinical syndromes such as hospital-acquired pneumonia and Clostridium difficile infections. Reference is made to key legislation, regulatory bodies, and national guidelines.
Bacteria
Authors: Török M. Estée , Cooke Fiona J. , Moran Ed
Published: October 2017

This chapter provides an overview of bacteriology, starting with the basics of bacterial biology and the principles of identification (phenotypic and molecular methods), before moving on to a systematic overview of each bacterial species, covering important aspects of identification, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features of infection, and treatment and prevention.
Fungi
Authors: Török M. Estée , Cooke Fiona J. , Moran Ed
Published: October 2017

This chapter provides an overview of mycology, together with a systematic overview of each fungal species, covering important aspects of epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features of infection, diagnosis, and treatment and prevention.
Protozoa
Authors: Török M. Estée , Cooke Fiona J. , Moran Ed
Published: October 2017

This chapter provides an overview of protozoa, together with a systematic overview of each species, covering important aspects of epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features of infection, diagnosis, and treatment and prevention.
Fever
Authors: Török M. Estée , Cooke Fiona J. , Moran Ed
Published: October 2017

This chapter covers sepsis syndromes (characterized by systemic inflammation), pyrexia of unknown origin (including nosocomial pyrexia of unknown origin, immune-deficient pyrexia of unknown origin, and HIV-related pyrexia of unknown origin), imported fever or fever in returning travellers, and eosinophilia in returning travellers or migrants such as helminthic infections.
Respiratory, head, and neck infections
Authors: Török M. Estée , Cooke Fiona J. , Moran Ed
Published: October 2017

This chapter covers the common cold, pharyngitis, retropharyngeal abscess, quinsy (peritonsillar abscess), Lemierre’s disease, croup, epiglottitis, bacterial tracheitis, laryngitis, sinusitis, mastoiditis, otitis externa, otitis media, dental infections, lateral pharyngeal abscess, acute bronchitis, chronic bronchitis, bronchiolitis, community-acquired pneumonia, aspiration pneumonia, hospital-acquired pneumonia, ventilator-associated pneumonia, pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophilia, empyema, lung abscess, cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, and pulmonary tuberculosis.
Urinary tract infections
Authors: Török M. Estée , Cooke Fiona J. , Moran Ed
Published: October 2017

This chapter covers cystitis (an infection of the bladder, characterized by dysuria), acute pyelonephritis (an infection of the kidney), chronic pyelonephritis (which is a chronic diffuse interstitial inflammation), renal abscesses (such as perinephric abscess, renal corticomedullary abscess, and renal cortical abscess), catheter-associated urinary tract infections, prostatitis (including granulomatous prostatitis and prostatic abscess), epididymitis, and orchitis.
Neurological infections
Authors: Török M. Estée , Cooke Fiona J. , Moran Ed
Published: October 2017

This chapter covers both acute bacterial and viral, and chronic, meningitis, as well as tuberculous, cryptococcal, coccidioidal, and Histoplasma meningitis, describing meningeal symptoms (headache, neck stiffness, vomiting, photophobia) and cerebral dysfunction (confusion, coma). The chapter also covers neurocysticercosis (including parenchymal and extra-parenchymal cysts), encephalitis (an inflammatory process in the brain characterized by cerebral dysfunction), as well as brain abscess, cerebritis, subdural empyema, epidural abscess, and cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections.
Ophthalmological infections
Authors: Török M. Estée , Cooke Fiona J. , Moran Ed
Published: October 2017

This chapter covers periorbital infections such as blepharitis, and infections of the lacrimal apparatus such as canaliculitis, dacryocystitis, dacryoadenitis, and Mikulicz syndrome. The chapter also covers orbital infections such as preseptal (periorbital) cellulitis, and orbital (post-septal) cellulitis. The chapter also includes conjunctivitis (the commonest ocular inflammation), keratitis (an inflammation of the cornea), uveitis (an inflammation of the uveal tract), and endophthalmitis (an inflammation of the ocular cavity, i.e. aqueous and vitreous humour).
Bone and joint infections
Authors: Török M. Estée , Cooke Fiona J. , Moran Ed
Published: October 2017

This chapter provides an overview of inflammations of the joint space and bones, such as arthritis and bursitis, including osteomyelitis and bone destruction and formation of sequestra. The chapter also includes prosthetic joint infections such as hip and knee replacements. It also describes diabetic foot infections, defined as any inframalleolar infection in a patient with diabetes mellitus. Infections include paronychia, cellulitis, myositis, abscesses, necrotizing fasciitis, septic arthritis, tendonitis, and osteomyelitis.
Health protection
Authors: Török M. Estée , Cooke Fiona J. , Moran Ed
Published: October 2017

This chapter covers immunizations such as routine childhood immunizations and non-routine immunizations, as well as vaccinations in those infected with HIV. The chapter also includes notifiable diseases (such as cholera, diphtheria, smallpox, and typhoid), bioterrorism and biological weapons, and migrant health.