bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Large-scale experiments on wave downfall pressures
Authors: Wolters G. , Müller G. , Bruce T. , Obhrai C.
Published: December 2005

Many exposed vertical or steep-fronted coastal structures experience large horizontal impact pressures generated by breaking waves. Breaking and non-breaking waves can however also generate a large uprush of water at the structure, in some cases reaching heights of 70 m and more. This uprush is often carried over the structure, leading to overtopping. It has only recently been shown in small-scale model tests that the downfalling water mass can also generate significant vertical impact loadings on the deck of a breakwater. Within an ongoing research project, large-scale measurements of wave impact and downfall generated pressures on vertical and steeply-faced seawalls and breakwaters were conducted in the Large Wave Channel (GWK) at the Coastal Research Centre (FZK) in Hanover, Germany. The downfall pressures were found to consist of very short pressure peaks (durations down to 0·5 ms) of up to 220 kPa magnitude (corresponding to 12 ρgHi). The highest downfall pressures occurred for near-breaking waves; non-breaking and breaking waves generated smaller pressures of 20–70 kPa (corresponding to 2–6 ρgHi). The magnitude of the observed downfall pressures is in the range of horizontal wave impact pressures and suggests that this type of loading, for which no guidance exists, should be considered in the design of coastal structures.
A new analysis of the Slapton barrier beach system, UK
Authors: Chadwick A. J. , Karunarathna H. , Gehrels W. R. , Massey A. C. , O'Brien D. , Dales D.
Published: December 2005

This paper presents the findings of a new coastal processes study at Slapton Sands, south Devon, UK. This work was commissioned as part of a major new study to assess the likely future barrier beach stability. The study followed a major beach erosion event in January 2001, which caused a collapse of the main road that runs along the top of the shingle barrier beach. This barrier beach has been the subject of many previous studies, which are concisely summarised in the literature review section. The paper then presents new data and analyses of the coastal processes over both geological and contemporary time-scales. The paper concludes that the cause of the 2001 erosion event was a combination of prolonged storm attack and differential long-shore transport, causing cut-back of both the cross-shore profile and the mean shoreline position. It was further found that overtopping is likely to occur about once in five years but that a major breach event is unlikely to occur within the next 30 to 50 years. Thereafter, with no intervention measures and expected rates of sea level rise, it is anticipated that the barrier beach will eventually be breached, forming tidal inlets.
Investigation of detached breakwaters. Part 2—morphodynamics
Authors: Ilic S. , Chadwick A. J. , Fleming C.
Published: December 2005

This paper describes a physical model investigation conducted at the UK Coastal Research Facility into the shoreline response to a detached breakwater scheme. The effect of random unidirectional waves on beach morphology is examined and the influence of wave transmission and choice of sediment and shoreline evolution is also investigated. Little difference is observed in the evolved shoreline between monochromatic and random wave tests. However, a significant difference in morphology occurs below the waterline because of the different wave–current field and accompanying velocity moments. The plan shape is also affected by the choice of material for the mobile bed, and wave transmission through the breakwater. Measurements and empirical predictions of beach evolution behind the breakwaters are compared, and the latter found to be only partially successful. It is recommended that plan shape models continue to be used to predict long-term shoreline change but incorporating a wave refraction/diffraction model. This should be combined with a coastal area numerical model, to investigate beach response during individual storms and recovery after storms. Further research into influence of tides and tidal currents is proposed as well as development of numerical models, which can predict short and long wave interaction and non-linear transformation of multidirectional waves in shallow waters. The application of such models to mixed beaches also requires further research.
ACS–based dynamic optimization for curing of polymeric coating
Authors: Xiao Jie , Li Jia , Xu Qiang , Huang Yinlun , Lou Helen H.
Published: December 2005

Clearcoat filmbuild is a main concern for coating quality in automotive paint shops. In operation, a thin layer of clearcoat is sprayed on the top of other thin films on the vehicle surface and then baked in an oven for solvent removal, film topology finalization, and crosslinking reactions completion. Because of the complexity of physical and chemical phenomena occurring in operation and the lack of on‐line measurement of key process and product parameters, ovens are always operated considerably less than optimally in terms of coating quality and energy consumption. In this report, a dynamic model‐embedded ant colony system–based optimization methodology is introduced to tackle this sophisticated industrial problem. It is shown that, by comparing with a traditional Genetic Algorithm, the proposed methodology can provide better solution with reasonable computational effort. A major contribution of this work is that—probably for the first time—the oven energy minimization (process performance) can be achieved based on rigorous coating quality (product performance) constraints in a dynamic domain. This work advances coating quality control from traditional postprocess inspection‐based practice (a reactive approach) to in‐process on‐line defect prevention–focused strategy (a proactive approach). It also provides a scientific basis for redesigning quality‐guaranteed energy‐efficient ovens. The methodology is, in general, applicable to a variety of industrial dynamic optimization problems, where product and process performance should be simultaneously considered. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
The last Senior Medical Inspector of Factories and his place in the history of occupational health
Authors: Greenberg Morris
Published: December 2005

Background

Apart from a few industrialists with senses of enlightened self‐interest and of ethics, 19th century Occupational Health (OH) in the United Kingdom was essentially in the care of Her Majesty's Factory Inspectorate (HMFI). Two World Wars drew attention to the special health and efficiency needs of workers in the armaments industry, but it required the climate of a Welfare State after the Second for more general provision to be considered. A number of committees made recommendations for enhancing OH that were not implemented, and it was not until 1972 that a political will developed to enhance the State's provision. As a result of a far‐sighted senior civil servant, a remarkable Senior Medical Inspector was in post, ready and willing to assist in bringing about change.

Methods

Published official materials have been reviewed in the light of the author's observation of events and persons from 1967 onwards.

Results

For a few years, as a consequence of a political will, academic, corporate, and governmental OH burgeoned in Britain, but with a decline in the economy and political change favoring deregulation, it underwent regression.

Conclusions

Any number of committees may meet to discuss OH provision but their reports will moulder until there is a will for implementing their recommendations, at which the requisite funds and persons materialize to establish institutions. When the political climate changes, it will not be difficult to find persons who for a consideration will assist in their demolition. Am. J. Ind. Med. 49:54–59, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Laboratory evaluation of belt usage with apple buckets
Authors: Earle‐Richardson Giulia , Jenkins Paul L. , Freivalds Andris , Burdick Patrick , Park Shihyun , Lee Cheol , Mason Christine , May John J.
Published: December 2005

Background

Migrant and seasonal orchard harvest workers experience musculoskeletal strain caused by carrying heavy loads and holding awkward postures. An ergonomic hip belt designed to redistribute weight from the upper back, neck, and shoulders to the hips was evaluated.

Methods

A comparison of muscle exertion (using electromyography [EMG]) of four key back and shoulder muscles and shoulder surface pressure (using a surface pressure sensor [PS]) was made among 10 laboratory volunteers under intervention and control conditions, in two postures (standing erect [0°]) and flexed [45°]).

Results

All but one measure showed a significant reduction in the flexed posture with the intervention. Two of eight measures showed a significant reduction in the erect posture. Correlations with shoulder discomfort were found for deep shoulder EMG (r = 0.71, P = 0.021) and shoulder surface pressure (r = 0.58, P = 0.082).

Conclusions

The hip belt intervention produces significant reductions in muscle activity while in a posture commonly assumed during orchard work. Am. J. Ind. Med. 49:23–29, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exposures to silica mixed dust and cohort mortality study in tin mines: Exposure‐response analysis and risk assessment of lung cancer
Authors: Chen Weihong , Yang Jian , Chen Jingqiong , Bruch Joachim
Published: December 2005

Background

Mineral dusts that contain crystalline silica have been associated directly or indirectly with the development of pneumoconiosis or silicosis, non‐malignant respiratory diseases, lung cancer, and other diseases. The health impacts on workers with silica mixed dust exposure in tin mines and dose‐response relationships between cumulative dust exposure and the mortality from lung cancer are investigated.

Methods

A cohort of 7,837 workers registered in the employment records in 4 Chinese tin mines between 1972 and 1974 was identified for this study and the mortality follow‐up was traced through 1994. Of the cohort, the cause of death was ascertained for 1,061 (97%) of the 1,094 deceased workers. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated for all workers, non‐exposed workers, and dust‐exposed workers with different exposure levels, silicotics, and non‐silicotics based on Chinese national rates.

Results

The mortality from all causes in four tin mines was nearly the same as the national mortality. Malignant neoplasm, cerebrovascular disease, and cardiovascular disease accounted for 68.6% of all deaths. Mortality excess from lung cancer, liver cancer, all malignant diseases, and non‐malignant respiratory diseases was observed among dust‐exposed workers; a 50‐fold excess of pneumoconiosis was observed. There was an upward trend for SMRs of lung cancer was noted from no exposure to low, medium, and high exposure levels (SMRs = 1.29, 2.65, 2.66, 3.33). The shape of the exposure‐response curve for risk of lung cancer at high exposure levels was inconsistent in these four mines.

Conclusions

The findings indicated a positive dose‐response relation between exposure to cumulative dust and the mortality of lung cancer. High arsenic content in dust particles, together with crystalline silica, may play an important role in causing increased mortality from lung cancer. Am. J. Ind. Med., 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Workplace air quality and lung function among dental laboratory technicians
Authors: Hu Suh‐Woan , Lin Yuh‐Yih , Wu Tzu‐Chin , Hong Chun‐Cheng , Chan Chang‐Chuan , Lung Shih‐Chun Candice
Published: December 2005

Background

Dental laboratory technicians are exposed to dust and/or methyl methacrylate (MMA) in the workplace. Potential effects of the exposures on lung function merit further clarification.

Methods

This study measured lung function of 45 dental technicians, before and after shifts, on 3 workdays and monitored workplace concentrations of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 mm (PM2.5) and MMA in five dental laboratories in Taiwan. Base metals in particles were analyzed by X‐ray fluorescence. Repeated measurement analysis was applied to estimate potential effects of PM2.5 on pulmonary function.

Results

PM2.5 ranged from 26 µg/m3 to 664 µg/m3 and levels of MMA were low in these laboratories. Nickel, cobalt, and chromium were detected in the particles. After controlling for important factors, PM2.5 was associated with a small decrease in forced vital capacity and forced expiratory flow in one second.

Conclusion

Workplace PM2.5 was associated with a non‐significant decrease in lung function of dental technicians. Am. J. Ind. Med., 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Apolipoprotein E and alpha brain rhythms in mild cognitive impairment: A multicentric Electroencephalogram study
Authors: Babiloni Claudio , Benussi Luisa , Binetti Giuliano , Cassetta Emanuele , Dal Forno Gloria , Del Percio Claudio , Ferreri Florinda , Ferri Raffaele , Frisoni Giovanni , Ghidoni Roberta , Miniussi Carlo , Rodriguez Guido , Romani Gian Luca , Squitti Rosanna , Ventriglia Maria Carla , Rossini Paolo M.
Published: December 2005

Objective

Relationships between the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele and electroencephalographic (EEG) rhythmicity have been demonstrated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients but not in the preclinical stage prodromic to it, namely, mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The present multicentric EEG study tested the hypothesis that presence of ε4 affects sources of resting EEG rhythms in both MCI and AD subjects.

Methods

We enrolled 89 MCI subjects (34.8% with ε4) and 103 AD patients (50.4% with ε4). Resting eyes‐closed EEG data were recorded for all subjects. EEG rhythms of interest were delta (2—4Hz), theta (4–8Hz), alpha 1 (8–10.5Hz), alpha 2 (10.5–13Hz), beta 1 (13–20Hz), and beta 2 (20–30Hz). EEG cortical sources were estimated by low‐resolution brain electromagnetic tomography.

Results

Results showed that amplitude of alpha 1 and 2 sources in occipital, temporal, and limbic areas was lower in subjects carrying the ε4 allele than in those not carrying the ε4 allele (p < 0.01). This was true for both MCI and AD. For the first time to our knowledge, a relationship was shown between ApoE genotype and global neurophysiological phenotype (ie, cortical alpha rhythmicity) in a preclinical AD condition, MCI, in addition to clinically manifest AD.

Interpretation

Such a demonstration motivates future genotype–EEG phenotype studies for the early prediction of AD conversion in individual MCI subjects. Ann Neurol 2005
Vinyl polymerization of norbornene with novel nickel (II) diphosphinoamine/methylaluminoxane catalytic system
Authors: Sun Zhengguang , Zhu Fangming , Wu Qing , Lin Shang‐an
Published: December 2005

A new diphosphinoamine ligand [Ph2PN(p‐C6H4OMe)PPh2] was prepared through aminolysis reaction of p‐methoxyaniline with Ph2PCl in the presence of NEt3. Consequently, the corresponding nickel (II) diphosphinoamine complex [(p‐C6H4OMe)N(PPh2)2NiCl2] was synthesized and characterized. The solid‐state structure of the complex was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. As combined with methylaluminoxane (MAO), the complex displayed high catalytic activity for vinyl polymerization of norbornene. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methacrylate/acrylate terminated derivatives of diglycidyl hexahydrophthalate: Synthesis, structural, and thermal characterization
Authors: Agarwal Nimisha , Varma Indra K. , Choudhary Veena
Published: December 2005

Mono‐ or di(meth)acrylate‐terminated derivatives of diglycidyl hexahydrophthalate (ER) were prepared by reacting 1 : 1 or 1 : 2M ratio of ER and methacrylic acid or acrylic acid. These vinyl ester (VE) resins were characterized by determining epoxy equivalent weight, acid number, and molecular weight by gel permeation chromatography. Structural characterization was done by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. In the 1H NMR spectra of acrylate‐terminated VE resins, three proton resonance signals were observed in the region 5.8–6.4 ppm due to vinyl group while in methacrylate‐terminated VE resins only two proton resonance signals due to vinylidene protons were observed at 5.6–6.1 ppm. The Brookfield viscosity (room temperature (25 ± 2)°C) of these resins diluted with varying amounts of MMA was determined at 20 rpm. Curing behavior was monitored by determination of gel time and differential scanning calorimetry. An exothermic transition was observed in the DSC scans in the temperature range of (81–150)°C. Isothermal curing of MMA‐diluted VE resins containing AIBN as an initiator was done at 60°C for 2 h in N2 atmosphere, and then heating for another 2 h in static air atmosphere. Thermal stability of isothermally cured resins in N2 atmosphere was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis. All cured resins decomposed above 310°C in single step. Thermal stability of the cured resins having acrylate end caps was marginally higher than the resins having methacrylate end groups. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some polymers derived from modified amino polyacrylamide by reacting it with benzoate esters and benzaldehyde derivatives
Authors: Kenawy El‐Refaie , Imam Abdel‐Hay F. , Abou El‐Magd Ahmed , Mahmoud Yehia
Published: December 2005

Functionalized polymers have gained much interest in the last decades. This is due to their functional groups and their polymer nature, which give them unique properties and more advantages than the corresponding small molecules. In this trend, we modified polyacrylamide by introducing an amino group in the side chain of the polymer by reacting it with ethylenediamine. The amine‐modified polymer was reacted with two classes of active compounds. The first group is aromatic aldehydes containing active groups such as p‐hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillin, p‐chlorobenzaldehyde, and anisaldehyde. The second group is phenolic ester derivatives such as p‐hydroxymethylbenzoate, 2,4‐dihydroxymethylbenzoate, 2‐hydroxymethylbenzoate and 3,4,5‐trihydroxypropylbenzoate. The antimicrobial activity of these two classes were explored by cut plug method against Candida albicans SC5314, Aspergillus flavus, and Fusarium oxysporium as fungal organisms and Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus as bacterial organisms. It was found that the diameter of inhibition zone varied according to the active group in the modified polymer and the examined microorganism. In general, the modified polymers showed antimicrobial activity against the tested microorganisms. However, the polymer derivative of p‐chlorobenzaldehyde being the most effective on bacteria and fungi species. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
The physical and mechanical properties of polymer composites filled with Fe‐powder
Authors: Gungor Ali
Published: December 2005

In this study, the effect of Fe powder on the physical and mechanical properties of high density polyethylene (HDPE) was investigated experimentally. HDPE and HDPE containing 5, 10, and 15 vol % Fe metal–polymer composites were prepared with a twin screw extruder and injection molding. After this, fracture surface, the modulus of elasticity, yield and tensile strength, % elongation, Izod impact strength (notched), hardness (Shore D), Vicat softening point, heat deflection temperature (HDT), melt flow index (MFI), and melting temperature (Tm) were determined, for each sample. When the physical and mechanical properties of the composites were compared with the results of unfilled HDPE, it was found that the yield and tensile strength, % elongation, and Izod impact strength of HDPE decreased with the vol % of Fe. As compared with the tensile strength and % elongation of unfilled HDPE, tensile strength and % elongation of 15 vol % Fe filled HDPE were lower, about 17.40% and 94.75% respectively. On the other hand, addition of Fe into HDPE increased the modulus of elasticity, hardness, Vicat softening, MFI, and HDT values, such that 15 vol % Fe increased the modulus of elasticity to about 48%. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Synthesis and characterization of a redox‐initiated, injectable, biodegradable hydrogel
Authors: Zhu Wen , Ding Jiandong
Published: December 2005

A chemically crosslinked biodegradable hydrogel was prepared via a macromer technique, and physicochemical characterizations associated with its potential application as an injectable biomaterial were carried out. The macromers were composed of poly(ethylene glycol) extended with oligomers of biodegradable polyesters such as oligolactide and end‐capped with acryloyl groups. Hydrogels were obtained through the polymerization of the macromer aqueous solutions in phosphate‐buffered saline initiated by a redox initiator system at body temperature. The initiator system was composed of ammonium persulfate as an initiator and N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylene diamine as an accelerator. The modulus of this chemical gel was much higher than that of a Pluronic physical gel. In vitro biodegradation was also confirmed. The degradation rates were highly tunable by the adjustment of several factors, such as the kind of ester group, the block length of the oligoester, and even the concentration of the accelerator used in the crosslinking reaction. The gelation time could be adjusted to meet the requirements of an injectable biomaterial. The effect of the polymerization heat seemed not to be significant. This kind of biodegradable hydrogel might be in situ formed after being injected into the body and shows potential applications as a unique tissue engineering material free of porogening techniques in scaffold fabrication and less invasive in implantation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Synthesis, characterization, and metal complexation of poly(N‐phenylmaleimide‐co‐acrylic acid) and poly(N‐phenylmaleimide‐co‐acrylamide) as polychelatogens in aqueous solution
Authors: Pizarro Guadalupe del C. , Marambio Oscar G. , Orell Manuel Jeria , Huerta Margarita , Rivas Bernabé L.
Published: December 2005

We carried out the free‐radical copolymerization of N‐phenylmaleimide with acrylic acid and acrylamide with an equimolar feed monomer ratio. We carried out the synthesis of the copolymers in dioxane at 70°C with benzoyl peroxide as the initiator and a total monomer concentration of 2.5M. The copolymer compositions were obtained by elemental analysis and 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. The hydrophilic polymers were characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H‐NMR spectroscopy, and thermal analysis. Additionally, viscosimetric measurements of the copolymers were performed. Hydrophilic poly(N‐phenylmaleimide‐co‐acrylic acid) and poly(N‐phenylmaleimide‐co‐acrylamide) were used for the separation of a series of metal ions in the aqueous phase with the liquid‐phase polymer‐based retention method in the heterogeneous phase. The method is based on the retention of inorganic ions by the polymer in conjunction with membrane filtration and subsequent separation of low‐molecular‐mass species from the formed polymer/metal‐ion complex. The polymer could bind several metal ions, such as Cr(III), Co (II), Zn(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), and Fe(III) inorganic ions, in aqueous solution at pH values of 3, 5, and 7. The interaction of the inorganic ions with the hydrophilic polymer was determined as a function of pH and a filtration factor. Hydrophilic polymeric reagents with strong metal‐complexing properties were synthesized and used to separate those complexed from noncomplexed ions in the heterogeneous phase. The polymers exhibited a high retention capability at pH values of 5 and 7. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Photostability of wood surfaces esterified by benzoyl chloride
Authors: Pandey K. K. , Chandrashekar N.
Published: December 2005

The photostabilization of wood surfaces is desirable to enhance the life of wood under exterior use and to improve the performance of clear coatings on wood surfaces. Chemical modification of wood has been found effective in upgrading properties such as biological durability and dimensional stability and has been suggested as a potential way for inducing photostability on wood surfaces. In this study, the photostability of chemically modified wood was assessed under accelerated weathering conditions. Wood specimens of Pinus roxburghii (Chir pine) were esterified with benzoyl chloride to 19.5 wt % gain and exposed to a xenon arc light source in a Weather‐O‐Meter for different periods ranging from 0 to 500 h. The irradiated samples were analyzed for color changes and chemical changes. The analysis of color changes in wood surfaces by ultraviolet–visible irradiation was carried out with a color measuring (CIELAB) system, and chemical changes were characterized with fluorescence and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The esterification of wood by benzoyl chloride suppressed the color changes (photodiscoloration) due to irradiation. Modification also reduced the lignin degradation and generation of carbonyl groups on the surface of the irradiated wood. The fluorescence emission spectra of irradiated unmodified wood showed a large reduction in intensity and a large redshift in the emission maximum, whereas modified wood showed only a small change in fluorescence intensity on irradiation. The results show that the esterification of wood with benzoyl chloride was effective for the photostabilization of the wood polymers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Thermal stability and dielectric relaxation of natural rubber/soda lignin and natural rubber/thiolignin composites
Authors: Botros S. H. , Eid M. A. M. , Nageeb Z. A.
Published: December 2005

The influence of soda lignin and thiolignin on the mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation at rupture) as well as on the dielectric properties (conductivity (σ), permittivity (ϵ′), dielectric loss (ϵ″), and dielectric relaxation time (τ)) of their composites with natural rubber (NR) was investigated. All measurements were carried out on NR, NR/soda lignin (20 phr), and NR/thiolignin (20, 30, and 40 phr) composites. The mechanical properties reveal that NR/thiolignin composite possesses the best thermal stability and 20 phr is the optimum thiolignin loading. The dielectric study was carried out over a frequency range from 100 Hz to 100 kHz at temperature range from 20 to 80°C. Dielectric data were fitted in the frequency domain using Havriliak‐Negami and Fröhlich functions in addition to the conductivity term. The different relaxation mechanisms in the system were also discussed according to these functions. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Quantitative analysis of DNA–porphyrin interactions
Authors: Nitta Y. , Kuroda R.
Published: December 2005

The binding of manganese(III)‐tetra(4‐N‐methylpyridyl)porphyrin (MnTMpyP) with synthetic poly(dA‐dT)2, poly(dI‐dC)2, and poly(dG‐dC)2 DNAs as well as calf thymus (CT) DNA has been quantitatively studied in detail using induced CD (circular dichroism) spectroscopy in the Soret absorption band. The CD spectra, which changed greatly depending on the porphyrin to DNA base‐pair molar ratio (r), were normalized with respect to DNA concentration and deconvoluted. Three independent component binding modes (named mode 1, 2, and 3 in the order of increasing r values) were identified, which successfully simulated the observed CD spectra with negligibly small residuals for a wide range of r values. In the case of poly(dA‐dT)2, poly (dI‐dC)2, and CT DNA, all the three modes appeared, whereas in the case of poly(dG‐dC)2 DNA, only modes 1 and 3 appeared in the r range studied. The r dependence of each binding mode, i.e., its relative affinity toward DNA, has been revealed by this analysis. Mode 1, which appeared as a single binding mode at very low r values (r ≤ ca. 0.05), was inhibited by the addition of methyl green, a drug that preferentially binds to the major groove of poly (dA‐dT)2 DNA. Berenil, a known minor groove binder to poly(dA‐dT)2 or poly(dI‐dC)2 DNA, inhibited modes 2 and 3. From these inhibition experiments as well as comparison of the component spectra for DNAs of different sequence, a binding site on DNA was proposed for each component binding mode. The number of DNA base pairs covered by a single molecule of porphyrin was estimated. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 81: 376–391, 2006

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Optimization of the cell seeding density and modeling of cell growth and metabolism using the modified Gompertz model for microencapsulated animal cell culture
Authors: Wen‐tao Qi , Ying Zhang , Juan Ma , Xin Guo , Yu‐bing Xie , Wei Wang , Xiaojun Ma
Published: December 2005

Cell microencapsulation is one of the promising strategies for the in vitro production of proteins or in vivo delivery of therapeutic products. In order to design and fabricate the optimized microencapsulated cell system, the Gompertz model was applied and modified to describe the growth and metabolism of microencapsulated cell, including substrate consumption and product formation. The Gompertz model successfully described the cell growth kinetics and the modified Gompertz models fitted the substrate consumption and product formation well. It was demonstrated that the optimal initial cell seeding density was about 4–5 × 106 cells/mL of microcapsule, in terms of the maximum specific growth rate, the glucose consumption potential and the product formation potential calculated by the Gompertz and modified Gompertz models. Modeling of cell growth and metabolism in microcapsules provides a guideline for optimizing the culture of microencapsulated cells. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Facile “Green” Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Function of β‐D‐Glucose‐Stabilized Au Nanocrystals
Authors: Liu Juncheng , Qin Gaowu , Raveendran Poovathinthodiyil , Ikushima Yukata
Published: December 2005

We present a straightforward, economically viable, and “green” approach for the synthesis and stabilization of relatively monodisperse Au nanocrystals with an average diameter of 8.2 nm (standard deviation, SD=2.3 nm) by using nontoxic and renewable biochemical of β‐D‐glucose and by simply adjusting the pH environment in aqueous medium. The β‐D‐glucose acts both as reducing agent and capping agent for the synthesis and stabilization of Au nanocrystals in the system. The UV/Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron diffraction (ED), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were employed to systematically characterize Au nanocrystals synthesized. Additionally, it is shown that these β‐D‐glucose‐stabilized Au nanocrystals function as effective catalyst for the reduction of 4‐nitrophenol in the presence of NaBH4 (otherwise unfeasible if only the strong reducing agent NaBH4 is employed), which was reflected by the UV/Vis spectra of the catalytic reaction kinetics.
The Conformers of Phenylglycine
Authors: Sanz M. Eugenia , Cortijo Vanessa , Caminati Walther , López Juan C. , Alonso José L.
Published: December 2005

The neutral form of the unnatural amino acid phenylglycine was vaporized by laser ablation, and the presence of two conformers was detected in a supersonic expansion by Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy. Both conformers were unequivocally identified by comparison of their experimental rotational and quadrupole coupling constants with those calculated ab initio. The most stable conformer is stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonds NH⋅⋅⋅OC, NH⋅⋅⋅π (with the closest CC bond in the aromatic ring), and a cis‐COOH interaction. The other conformer exhibits a OH⋅⋅⋅N hydrogen bond between the hydrogen atom of the hydroxyl group and the lone pair at the nitrogen atom.
Euclidization of the first quadrant of the CIEDE2000 color difference system for the calculation of large color differences
Authors: Völz Hans G.
Published: December 2005

The calculation of colour distances in the first quadrant of the CIEDE2000 space can be realized now after the author succeeded in working out such calculations in the CIE94 and CMC space in preceeding articles. The new system is presented and then the Euclidean line element is established, from which terms are derived for the new coordinates of lightness, hue, and hue angle. The calculations of colour distances are carried out with the new Euclidean coordinates according to a well‐known method and are demonstrated by examples guided by CIE94 and CMC distances from the preceeding articles. Finally, proposals are given for the eventual improvement of the CIEDE2000 formula. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 5–12, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20168
Methods of selecting a small reflectance set as a transfer standard for correcting spectrophotometers
Authors: Ingleson Alan , Brill Michael H.
Published: December 2005

The present article concerns the use of software and transfer standards of reflectance to correct a fielded spectrophotometer so that it behaves closely like a reference instrument. A method is described to choose from a large set of reflectances the best subset of a few reflectances to act as a transfer standard. A reflectance set is generated from the algorithm using each of two alternative metrics for instrument closeness: CIELAB ΔE* and a weighted sum of absolute differences over wavelength. Both metrics yield transfer standards that conspicuously exclude BCRA reflectances and also show improvement over the BCRA reflectances currently used for this purpose. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 13–17, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20169
Large‐field color matching functions
Authors: Hu Xin , Houser Kevin W.
Published: December 2005

Color‐matching functions (CMFs) were derived with the Maxwell method for 10 subjects using two field conditions: (1) horizontally bisected circular 10° and (2) vertically bisected rectangular 102° (wide) × 50° (high). The primary set was composed of 453–533–601 nm components with a mean full‐width at half maximum of 18.3 nm; the reference field was illuminated with daylight fluorescent lamplight. Field size had a significant effect on the shape of the resulting CMFs. Under the large‐field conditions subjects were less sensitive to shorter wavelengths as characterized with the b̄ function and had higher sensitivities to the longer wavelengths as characterized with the r̄ function. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 18–29, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20170
Sensing spectral stimuli: Sensor functions and number
Authors: Kuehni Rolf G. , Ramanath Rajeev
Published: December 2005

Using synthesized and real spectra this article addresses questions regarding the degree to which synthetic and real sensor systems with one, two, and three sensors can distinguish among stimuli and can reconstruct the original spectra. Based on 64 synthetic spectra, the trichromatic sensors L, M, S distinguish the spectra at the level of 85% of the optimal result but reconstruct them only at the level of 70%. For symmetrical and symmetrically placed sensors the corresponding values are 76 and 94%. The conclusion is drawn that distinguishability was a more important goal of evolution than reconstructability. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 30–37, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20171
A data set for fuzzy colour naming
Authors: Benavente Robert , Vanrell Maria , Baldrich Ramon
Published: December 2005

In computer vision, colour naming has been posed as a fuzzy‐set problem where each colour category is modeled by a function that assigns a membership value to any given sample. However, the success in the automation of this process relies on having an appropriate psychophysical data set for this purpose. In this article we present a data set obtained from a colour‐naming experiment. In this experiment, we used a scoring method to collect a set of judgments adequate for the fuzzy modeling of the colour‐naming task. The data set is composed of 387 colour reflectances, their CIELab and Munsell values, and the corresponding judgments provided by the subjects in the experiment. These judgments are the membership values to the 11 basic colour categories proposed by Berlin and Kay (Berlin B, Kay P. Berkeley: University of California; 1969). All these data have been made available online (http://www.cvc.uab.es/color_naming) and, in this article we provide a wide analysis of them. To prove the suitability of the proposed scoring methodology, we have computed a set of common statistics in colour‐naming experiments, such as consensus and consistency, on our data set. The results make it possible for us to conclude the coherence of our data with previous experiments and, thus, its usefulness for the fuzzy modeling of colour naming. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 48–56, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20172
Collaborative distributed decision making for large scale disaster relief operations: Drawing analogies from robust natural systems
Authors: Aldunate Roberto G. , Pena‐Mora Feniosky , Robinson Gene E.
Published: December 2005

One of the most ignored, but urgent and vital challenges confronting society today is the vulnerability of urban areas to extreme events. Current organization of response systems, predominantly based on a command and control model, limits their effectiveness and efficiency. Particularly, in decision‐making processes where a large number of actors may be involved. In this article, a new distributed collaborative decision‐making model is proposed to overcome command and control limitations encountered in stressful, hostile, chaotic, and large‐scale settings. This model was derived by borrowing concepts from the collective decision making of honeybees foraging, a successful process in solving complex tasks within complex settings. The model introduced in this article was evaluated through differential equations, i.e., continuous analysis, and difference equations, i.e., discrete analysis. The most important result found is that the best available option in any large‐scale decision‐making problem can be configured as an attractor, in a distributed and timely manner. We suggest that the proposed model has the potential to facilitate decision‐making processes in large‐scale settings. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 11:28–38, 2005
Part 1: Kinetics and mechanism of the crystallization process
Authors: Linnikov Oleg D.
Published: December 2005

The kinetics of spontaneous crystallization of sodium chloride from aqueous‐ethanol solutions were studied. During the crystallization the electrical conductance and optical transmission of the supersaturated solutions were measured automatically. For monitoring of the total surface of growing potassium chloride crystals at the crystallization the turbidimetric method was used. The growth rate and activation energy were determined. The crystal growth rate was proportional to supersaturation. When the volume fraction of ethanol in solution increased from 14.85 to 29.72%, the activation energy of the growth process did not change and was about 50 kJ· mol‐1. Aggregation of the crystals was found. The aggregation kinetics of the crystals may be described approximately by the famous Smoluchowski equation for coagulation of colloidal particles. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Morphologies of barium chromate controlled by carriers in an emulsion liquid membrane system
Authors: Liu Lu , Wu Quingsheng , Ding Yaping , Liu Huajie
Published: December 2005

Morphology‐control of barium chromate has been studied in emulsion liquid membrane system. This system consists of Span80 as surfactant, N7301 or TBP as carrier, and kerosene as solvent. When BaCl2 solution was used as internal‐aqueous phase and N7301 as carrier, the morphology of products can be varied from crystal wafers to crystal rods. X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the structure and morphology. A synthetic mechanism has been proposed and the optical properties of the products were also discussed. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth and characterization of Bis Thiourea Zinc Acetate (BTZA)
Authors: Jayalakshmi D. , Kumar J.
Published: December 2005

Single crystals of BTZA have been grown by low temperature solution growth method using slow cooling process at an optimized pH of 3.5. The grown crystals have been examined under an optical microscope to study its surface morphology. The morphological studies show that the growth takes place by spreading of growth layers. Formation of rectangular shaped etch pit on the as‐grown crystal has been explained in relation to the growth conditions. Single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis has been carried out to confirm the monoclinic system. Transmission spectrum reveals that the crystal has a low UV cut off of 434.5 nm and has a transmittance of 100%. Dependence of micro hardness on load has been studied. Powder X‐ray Diffraction and FT‐IR have been carried out to characterize the grown crystals. BTZA forms metal – sulfur bond and has good optical transmission in the entire visible region, which is the essential requirement for a non‐linear crystal. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Improved determination of fcc/bcc orientation relationships by use of high‐indexed pole figures
Authors: Nolze G.
Published: December 2005

The use of variants to analyze fcc/bcc orientation relationships is demonstrated by EBSD data. Because of multiply occupied poles in the stereographic projections low indexed pole figures are not always suitable. This is mostly caused by the convolution of all scattered individual orientation data as the single poles cannot resolved in the pole figure. Pole figures of higher indexed lattice planes more reliably reflect the character of the orientation relationship since no overlapping of poles occurs. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electrical and optical properties of CdS nanocrystalline semiconductors
Authors: Tiwari Shikha , Tiwari Sanjay
Published: December 2005

II‐VI semiconductor nanoparticles have recently attracted a lot of attention due to the possibility of their application in various devices. In the present study, chemical method has been used in synthesis of CdS nanoparticles and thiophenol was used as capping agent. X‐ray diffraction studies of both samples were done. The dc conductivity of CdS increases at a lower rate or is approximately constant upto 500K and thereafter the conductivity increases at a rapid rate. Beyond Tc it is seen that the portion of the σdc versus 1000/T is almost a straight line showing an Arrehenious behaviour. The dielectric constant of nanoparticles of CdS is found to be larger than the corresponding values of CdS crystals. It is clearly observed that at lower wavelengths nanocrystalline samples show a blue‐shift. The three peaks of sample (S2), A, Band C can be ascribed to the transition from Cd‐O complex donor formed by adsorbed oxygen to the valance band, Cd ‐ excess acceptor and the surface states, respectively. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Toll‐like receptor 9‐mediated induction of the immunosuppressive pathway of tryptophan catabolism
Authors: Fallarino Francesca , Puccetti Paolo
Published: December 2005

A series of recent studies, including an article in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, have demonstrated that the administration of CpG‐rich oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG‐ODN) in experimental settings may lead to the activation of the immunosuppressive pathway of tryptophan catabolism, depending on several factors, including the route of CpG‐ODN administration. These studies call attention to the need for a careful evaluation of the modalities of inclusion of CpG‐ODN in vaccines for human use. At the same time, these studies may offer novel opportunities for use of CpG‐ODN as immunosuppressive agents and may also lead to an improved understanding of the cellular events mediated by Toll‐like receptor 9 signaling.

See accompanying article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200535602
Chloro, Alkyl and Aryl Complexes of Rare Earth Metals Supported by Bulky Tetrasubstituted Guanidinate Ligands
Authors: Trifonov Alexander A. , Lyubov Dmitrii M. , Fedorova Elena A. , Fukin Georgy K. , Schumann Herbert , Mühle Stefan , Hummert Markus , Bochkarev Mikhail N.
Published: December 2005

The reactions of anhydrous LnCl3 (Ln = Y, Nd, Sm, Lu) with two equiv. of sodium N,N′‐dicyclohexyl‐N′′‐bis(trimethylsilyl)guanidinate Na[(Me3Si)2NC(NCy)2], obtained from Na[N(SiMe3)2] and the 1,3‐dicyclohexyl‐substituted carbodiimide CyN=C=NCy in THF, yield the monochloro bis(guanidinate) tetrahydrofuranate complexes [(Me3Si)2NC(NCy)2]2LnCl(THF) [Ln = Y (1), Nd (2), Sm (3) and Lu (4)]. The analogous reactions of YCl3 and LuCl3 with the lithium guanidinate [Li(Et2O)][(Me3Si)2NC(NCy)2] afford the bis(guanidinate) “ate” complexes [(Me3Si)2NC(NCy)2]2Ln(μ‐Cl)2Li(THF)2 [Ln = Y (5) and Lu (6)]. Treatment of 5 with dimethoxyethane results in the formation of [(Me3Si)2NC(NCy)2]2Y(μ‐Cl)2Li(DME) (7). The carbyl complexes [(Me3Si)2NC(NCy)2]2Y‐tBu] (8), [(Me3Si)2NC(NCy)2]2Y(μ‐Me)2Li(TMEDA) (10) and [(Me3Si)2NC(NCy)2]2YPh(THF) (13) were obtained by interaction of complex 1 with RLi (R = tBu, Me or Ph). The molecular structures of 1, 6, 7, 8 and the side product [Li(TMEDA)][(Me3Si)2NC(NCy)2] have been determined by single‐crystal X‐ray analyses. Agostic interactions between the yttrium atom and the tert‐butyl group in complex 8 in the solid state as well as in solution have been substantiated by 13C NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray analysis. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Reactivity of Carboranylacetylenes towards Cobalt Complexes
Authors: Goswami Avijit , Nie Yong , Oeser Thomas , Siebert Walter
Published: December 2005

The reaction of 1,6‐diiodo‐C4B2 nido‐carborane derivative 1 with RC2Li (R = Me, SPh) yields the corresponding carboranylacetylenes 2b,c. Treatment of the PPh2‐substituted nido‐carborane 3a with PhC2ZnCl in the presence of a catalytic amount of Pd(PPh3)4 leads to the known basal‐substituted nido‐carboranylacetylene 2a. The synthesis of apical‐substituted compound 4b is achieved by the substitution of 3b by a Pd0‐catalyzed Nigishi‐type cross‐coupling reaction; the basal boron atom is blocked by the n‐butyl group. The 1,3‐dicarboranyl‐substituted (η4‐cyclobutadiene)cobalt complexes 5a,c are obtained from the reactions of 2a,c with stoichiometric amounts of CpCo(C2H4)2. The 1,6‐dialkynyl carborane 6 reacts regioselectively at the basal acetylene group with a stoichiometric amount of CpCo(CO)2 to give 1,3‐dicarboranyl‐substituted (cyclobutadiene)cobalt complex 7. The dicarboranyl‐substituted (cyclopentadienone)cobalt complex 8 is formed by the reaction of compound 4b with CpCo(CO)2. The new compounds are characterized by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and by X‐ray crystal structure analyses for 5a and 8. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)