bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization and nonlinear models of bending extensile/contractile pneumatic artificial muscles
Authors: Guan Qinghua , Sun Jian , Liu Yanju , Wereley Norman M , Leng Jinsong
Published: December 2020

Pneumatic artificial muscles (PAMs) are compliant fluidic actuators, usually consisting of a tubular bladder, a braided sleeve and end fittings. PAMs have been studied extensively by researchers; however, most previous researches are focused on the axial PAMs. Herein, a pair of nonlinear models were developed based on the principle of virtual work and the force balance analysis. And the two models are applicable to both bending extensile PAMs (BE-PAMs) and bending contractile PAMs (BC-PAMs). In this study, a cyclic bending moment loading experimental method were proposed and conducted with BE-PAMs and BC-PAMs to characterize their deformation and actuation performance and draw their overall relationships of actuation moment to bending curvature and inner pressure. With the experimental results, the validation analysis was carried out to demonstrate the validity of the two models. The energy model can get higher accuracy, while the force balance model could provide more details of the interior and interaction stress conditions. The combination of both can promote the comprehension of non-axial bending PAMs. Moreover, two three-finger soft grippers and a humanoid hand based on BE-PAMs and BC-PAMs were built and tested to investigate their performance on gripping objects. The BE-PAM gripper showed more accommodative gripping performance, whereas, the BC-PAM gripper owned higher gripping force. The humanoid hand combining the merits of both showed excellent flexibility, adaptability and decent load capability in gripping object with various sizes, shapes and materials.
Zebrafish imaging and two-photon fluorescence imaging using ZnSe quantum dots*
Authors: Zhang Nan-Nan , Zhou Li-Ya , Liu Xiao , Wei Zhong-Chao , Liu Hai-Ying , Lan Sheng , Meng Zhao , Fan Hai-Hua
Published: December 2020

This study is to report a ZnSe quantum dot with a large two-photon absorption cross section and good biocompatibility, which can be used in bioimaging. Fluorescence emission at 410 nm is observed in the quantum dot under 760-nm laser excitation. These biocompatible quantum dots exhibit a two-photon cross-section of 9.1 × 105 GM (1 GM = 10−50 cm4⋅s/photon). Two-photon excited laser scanning microscopic images show that cells co-cultured with ZnSe quantum dots are found in the blue channel at a fluorescence intensity that is 14.5 times that of control cells not co-cultured with quantum dots. After incubating zebrafish larvae with ZnSe quantum dots for 24 h, the fluorescence intensity of the yolk sac stimulated by ultraviolet light is 2.9 times that of the control group. The proposed material shows a great potential application in biological imaging.
Ferroelectric effect and equivalent polarization charge model of PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3 on AlGaN/GaN MIS-HEMT*
Authors: Zhao Yao-Peng , Wang Chong , Zheng Xue-Feng , Ma Xiao-Hua , Li Ang , Liu Kai , He Yun-Long , Lu Xiao-Li , Hao Yue
Published: December 2020

PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3 (PZT) gate insulator with the thickness of 30 nm is grown by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) in AlGaN/GaN metal–insulator–semiconductor high electron mobility transistors (MIS-HEMTs). The ferroelectric effect of PZT AlGaN/GaN MIS-HEMT is demonstrated. The polarization charge in PZT varies with different gate voltages. The equivalent polarization charge model (EPCM) is proposed for calculating the polarization charge and the concentration of two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG). The threshold voltage (V
th) and output current density (I
DS) can also be obtained by the EPCM. The theoretical values are in good agreement with the experimental results and the model can provide a guide for the design of the PZT MIS-HEMT. The polarization charges of PZT can be modulated by different gate-voltage stresses and the V
th has a regulation range of 4.0 V. The polarization charge changes after the stress of gate voltage for several seconds. When the gate voltage is stable or changes at high frequency, the output characteristics and the current collapse of the device remain stable.
Anisotropic exciton Stark shift in hemispherical quantum dots
Authors: Wu Shu-Dong
Published: December 2020

The exciton Stark shift and polarization in hemispherical quantum dots (HQDs) each as a function of strength and orientation of applied electric field are theoretically investigated by an exact diagonalization method. A highly anisotropic Stark redshift of exciton energy is found. As the electric field is rotated from Voigt to Faraday geometry, the redshift of exciton energy monotonically decreases. This is because the asymmetric geometric shape of the hemispherical quantum dot restrains the displacement of the wave function to the higher orbital state in response to electric field along Faraday geometry. A redshift of hole energy is found all the time while a transition of electron energy from this redshift to a blueshift is found as the field is rotated from Voigt to Faraday geometry. Taking advantage of the diminishing of Stark effect along Faraday geometry, the hemispherical shapes can be used to improve significantly the radiative recombination efficiency of the polar optoelectronic devices if the strong internal polarized electric field is along Faraday geometry.
Experimental study of ELM induced fast-ion transport using passive FIDA spectroscopy at the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak
Authors: Jansen van Vuuren A. , Geiger B. , Schneider P.A. , Bogar K. , Poloskei P.Zs. , Cathey A. , Hoelzl M. , Jacobsen A.S. , Cavedon M. , Dux R. , Upgrade Team the ASDEX
Published: December 2020

Measurements using a recently installed edge fast-ion D-alpha (FIDA) diagnostic at the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak show a clear effect of edge localised modes (ELMs) on the passive FIDA signals. While a reduction in the passive FIDA emission is observed in the scrape-off layer (SOL) region, measurements close to the last closed flux surface show an increase in signals shortly after ELMs, followed by a decrease. The decrease provides a clear sign of fast-ion losses in the SOL, while the increase can be explained by an enhanced neutral density during ELMs inside the plasma. In addition, small ELMs are observed, which barely change the neutral density and plasma position but still cause significant changes in the passive FIDA signals. A comparison of the measurements with forward modelling shows that 60% to 80% of the fast ions are lost by ELMs outside the last closed flux surface. In addition, a 20% decrease of the fast-ion density in a range up to 4 cm within the last closed flux surface can be inferred. This range agrees well with the latest modelling results of ELMs using the non-linear MHD code JOREK and shows that less than 0.3% of all fast ions are lost by ELMs.
Sequential shapeshifting 4D printing: programming the pathway of multi-shape transformation by 3D printing stimuli-responsive polymers
Authors: Peng Bangan , Yang Yunchong , Cavicchi Kevin A
Published: December 2020

Four-dimensional (4D) printing is an emerging technology that integrates 3D printing and stimuli-responsive materials to fabricate reconfigurable 3D structures. Broadly speaking, the printed structures possess the ability to evolve their shape, properties, and/or function over time in response to an external stimulus. Compared to common 4D printing, sequential shapeshifting 4D printing not only defines the initial and final shapes, but also controls the shape evolution rate and pathway, serving as a powerful tool for reaching complex target geometries. After a brief introduction of the basic concepts in 4D printing and sequential shapeshifting, this review presents the current advances in sequential shapeshifting 4D printing from the viewpoint of their working approaches and is divided in five categories including multi-material assembly, multi-shape material, geometrical design, localized stimulus, and combinations of these approaches. A variety of 3D printing techniques and smart materials have been utilized to achieve sequential shapeshifting and its applications, which are reviewed in detail. Finally, the potentials and the future directions for improvement are discussed.
Femicidio and Feminicidio Laws in Latin America
Authors: Neumann Pamela
Published: December 2020

Femicidio refers to the murder of a woman because of her gender. Feminicidio emphasizes the role of the state in enabling these crimes and the impunity with which they are treated. Feminist legal activism and the development of supranational and regional human rights instruments throughout the 1990s and 2000s were essential to the development of femicidio/feminicidio laws across Latin America. As of 2018, such laws were in effect in 18 countries across the region. However, the precise content and scope of laws criminalizing femicidio/feminicidio vary. For example, in the case of Mexico, transnational feminist legal activism, including a case brought before the Inter-American Human Rights Court, was essential to shaming the Mexican state into codifying feminicidio. This process was facilitated by the presence of feminist legislators within the Mexican legislature, who advocated for such legislation. In the case of Nicaragua and Peru, local feminist advocacy and copious documentation of the scope of the problem of femicidio/feminicidio proved more significant in the ultimate codification of femicidio/feminicidio. However, the legal advances against gender violence achieved in Nicaragua in 2012 were subsequently undone due to pressure from men’s rights and religious conservatives, leading to the weak implementation of the law criminalizing femicidio.
Queer Pedagogy as an Impossible Profession
Authors: DePalma Renée
Published: December 2020

Queer pedagogy can be considered a kind of critical pedagogy, which questions the neutrality of knowledge and renders teaching a political act. Drawing upon queer studies, it remains strategically poised on a series of important contradictions between constructing and deconstructing, defining and undoing. In the very impossibility of resolving such issues it challenges the basic premise of the institution of schooling—instead of providing clear and definitive answers to questions, it keeps them open. Its productivity lies in unsettling oppressive certainties. Can we both understand that bodies, by their very nature, exceed their discursive construction, and at the same time recognize people’s own identifications and the very real social and historical repressions they have experienced and continue to experience as a result of these? Discourse analysis in the field of education provides the potential for questioning the limits of discourse and the knowledge it creates, while creating spaces for recognition and the production of alternative understandings. Instead of simply replacing older knowledge regimes with newer (and supposedly better) ones—a traditional didactic approach—we might critically analyze how knowledge has been constructed and how people’s lived experiences challenge these constructions, and then begin to imagine a queer pedagogy based on this analysis.
Inclusion and Migration
Authors: Welply Oakleigh
Published: December 2020

In a context of globalization and increased mobility, migration has brought new societal challenges to nation-states, raising questions about how countries can promote inclusion within contexts of increased diversity. Education occupies a central yet paradoxical place in this process. On the one hand, schools’ failure to be fully inclusive of new forms of diversity is decried as a cause of violence and fragmentation in society. On the other hand, schools are invested with the role of including and socializing individuals from diverse backgrounds for future participation in society. There is little agreement on how this can best be achieved. Central to these questions are the ways in which educational systems can engage with increasing diversity, be it new movements of people, new forms of communication, and networks, or more complex forms of identity. These present new challenges in terms of educational policy and practice, locally, nationally, and globally. Young migrants face multiple barriers to inclusion, such as underachievement, discrimination, and segregation. In order to fully engage with these challenges, global and national policies need to be considered alongside institutional structures, the role of key stakeholders (teachers, support staff, parents, local community members), and the experience of young immigrants.
Alain Badiou and Education
Authors: Strand Torill
Published: December 2020

The French philosopher Alain Badiou (1937–) is one of the most significant philosophers of our time, well known for his meticulous work on rethinking, renewing, and thereby strengthening philosophy as an academic discipline. In short, his philosophy seeks to reveal and make sense of the potential of radical innovations in, or transformations of, any given situation. Although he has not written extensively on education, the pedagogical theme is vital, constitutive, and ongoing throughout his work.

Badiou is an outspoken critic of the analytic and postmodern schools of thought, as he strongly promotes the virtue of curiosity, and prospects of “an education by truths.” “Truths” are not to be confused with matters of knowledge or opinion. Truths are existential, ongoing, and open-ended ontological operations that do not belong to any epistemic category. An education by such truths operates through a subtraction from the state of the situation and proposes a different direction regarding the true life. According to Badiou, the task of philosophy is to think these truths as processes that emerge from and pursue gradually transformations of particular situations. Overall, the structure of Badiou’s philosophical system demonstrates an extraordinary ontological style as it concurrently stands in relation to, and breaks off from, the history of contemporary French philosophy, German Idealism, and Greek antiquity. His system, which is of vast complexity, is based on mathematical set theory, consisting of a series of determinate negations of the history of philosophy, and also created by the histories of what Badiou terms philosophy’s conditions: science, art, politics, and love.
Corporate Responsibility
Authors: Srivastava Swati
Published: December 2020

Transnational corporations (TNCs) have assumed a greater share of global power vis-à-vis states. Thus, understanding how to assign corporate responsibility has become more urgent for scholars in international studies. Are corporations fit to be held responsible? If so, what are the existing ways of doing so? There are three research themes on conceptualizing corporate responsibility: (a) corporate criminal liability, in which corporations are assigned responsibility by determining criminal intent and liability in domestic law; (b) corporate social responsibility (CSR), in which corporations are assigned responsibility through praise and blame for adopting voluntary standards that conform with societal values; and (c) corporate international responsibility, a subset of CSR in which corporations are assigned responsibility by hardening international law, especially in human rights and the environment. The three themes feature research on corporate responsibility across a variety of disciplines, including law, criminology, global governance, sociology, business, and critical theory. Each theme prioritizes different debates and questions for research. For corporate criminal liability, the most important questions are about corporate intent in assigning blame for criminal behavior and how to deal with corporate criminal liability in domestic law. For CSR, the most important questions are about determining what obligations corporations take on as part of their social compact, how to track progress, and whether CSR leads to nonsymbolic corporate reforms. For corporate international responsibility, the most important questions are articulating on what grounds corporations should be held responsible for transnational violations of CSR obligations in state-based public international law or contract-based private international law. There are a range of ways to evaluate corporate responsibility in the three research themes. As such, the future of conceptualizing TNCs’ responsibility is diverse and open for examination by scholars of international studies.
Old and New Directions in the History of Lynching
Authors: Giggie John , Jackson Pepperman Emma
Published: December 2020

Professional studies of lynching and its tragic history, especially its unique American character, depth, and dynamics, evolved in critically important ways from the pioneering scholarship of W. E. B. Du Bois and Ida B. Wells in the 1890s and 1900s across the 20th century and into the 21st century, their different stages introducing fresh categories of analysis amidst moments of dramatic civil rights protests. The first stage was heralded by pioneering research by African American intellectuals, such as Du Bois and Wells, and growing black demands for an end to discrimination in the late 19th century. Joining them in the early 20th century was a small group of social scientists whose case studies of lynching illuminated race relations in local communities or, from a very different vantage, saw them as symptoms of the violence so common in American society. The push to end racial and gender segregation and the passage of civil rights laws in the 1960s and 1970s encouraged historians to review lynchings from new perspectives, including gender, sexuality, religion, memory, and black community formation and resistance, stressing their centrality to modern southern history. The late 20th century saw a comparative turn. Historians evaluated lynching across America to identify common patterns of racial subjugation, but also to see how it was used to punish a wide range of Americans, including Asian Americans, Mexican Americans, and Native Americans. By 2000, the field shifted again, this time toward memorialization and community remembrance. Scholars and lawyers recalculated the total number of lynchings in America and found a large number of unrecorded killings, asked why so little was known about them, and created memorials to the victims. They demanded, too, that the causes and long-term consequences of the nation’s history of racial violence be discussed openly and taught in public schools. This effort is of particular resonance in 2020 as America confronts rising protests over a culture of mass incarceration and police brutality that disproportionately affects men and women of color. Indeed, the historical study of lynching has never been so vital as it is in the early 21st century.
Orquestas Infantiles and Children’s Musical Education in Argentina
Authors: Escribal Federico Luis
Published: December 2020

Arts education tends to be understood exclusively from its insertion into the formal education system, although its impact on educational trajectories is not only represented in the development of specific knowledge in the field but can also contribute with didactic volume to other disciplinary fields—as already recognized by UNESCO in the First World Conference on Arts Education in 2006—as well as opening new horizons in vocational terms.

In Latin America, the development of musical training policies through children’s orchestras has become a trend at the beginning of the 21st century, unfolding in particular ways in the different countries of the region, mainly based on the so-called Venezuelan model. Based on the search for excellence and prioritizing classical European instruments and repertoires, El Sistema has generated the irruption of outstanding figures in the mainstream musical field.

In Argentina, different public policies have been implemented since the late 20th century tending toward the development of children’s orchestras. Although there were government programs based on the Venezuelan system, there was also an alternative model: the Andrés Chazarreta social program based its actions on the use of American instruments and repertoires, and on collective training as a didactic strategy, opposed to the marked individualism that classical musical training promotes.

In the 1970s, the choral movement in Argentina gave birth to outstanding cultural and artistic experiences. Nowadays, participation in this type of initiative stimulates the transformation of imaginaries about what young people can do with their futures, not only professionally, beyond musical vocations.
Enhancing Behavioral Health Competencies for Senior Center Staff: Lessons Learned From Workforce Training Efforts
Authors: Keefe Bronwyn , Tripken Jennifer
Published: December 2020

Increases in the numbers of older adults with mental health and substance use concerns compel us to identify best practices in training to address these issues. Senior Centers are an ideal location for behavioral health education programs as they are the go-to place for many older adults. This session will describe a program funded by The Retirement Research Foundation and offered in collaboration with Center for Aging and Disability Education and Research at Boston University and NCOA to increase senior center staff knowledge and skills. Approximately 250 senior center staff in Illinois, Florida, and Wisconsin completed an online certificate in Behavioral Health and Aging. Results show that 100% of respondents felt that the training was useful for their job; 93% felt that they will be a more effective worker as a result of the training; and 97% felt that the information they learned in the training will make a difference with the people they serve. We held key informant interviews to assess the impact of training and participants stated that their knowledge, skills, and behaviors were influenced by the program. At the organizational level, leaders reported new programming related to behavioral health and revised practices and protocols. This presentation will cover: (1) the extent to which training participants mastered the competencies needed for effective practice; (2) knowledge and skills gained from the training program; (3) Senior Centers’ capacity to identify and refer older adults to mental health services; and (4) organizational changes related to behavioral health programming with older adults.
Professional Training and Personal Development: Lessons From 10 Years of Intergenerational Learning
Authors: Steitz David
Published: December 2020

This presentation will highlight a ten-year collaboration between the Nazareth College Gerontology Program and St. John’s Senior Services – the St. John’s Collaborative for Intergenerational Learning (SCIL). Specifically, semester-long intergenerational coursework (Adulthood & Late Life, Issues in Aging, Aging & Community Service) and community-based service projects will be showcased with a focus on design, implementation, assessment, and impact. Emphasis will be placed on the reciprocity of these collaborations, the personal and professional benefits of these exchanges for our students, and the subsequent impact on the community partners and the individuals they serve. Various models of intergenerational learning as well as our new intergenerational residency program will also be discussed.
Using Stories to Integrate Gerontology Content Into an Introductory Design (Architecture) Course
Authors: Towsley Gail , Agutter Jim , Tsai Antonius , Archer Jareth , Sovereen Sarah , Hanrahan Molly
Published: December 2020

We describe how a partnership between design and gerontology introduces students to concepts of legacy, meaning making and empathy in an undergraduate design course. Introduction to Design Thinking is offered through the Multi-disciplinary Design Program at the University of Utah and is a class that explores concepts such as the design process, human-centered design, rapid prototyping and multidisciplinary team dynamics. In collaboration with faculty from design, medicine and gerontology, the course addresses real-world problems by navigating across disciplines such as art, business, engineering, science, and gerontology. Five phases of the design process are introduced: Observation (collecting material), Analysis (finding patterns and insight), Ideation (solution exploration), Refinement, and Implementation (communication). To apply these processes, students engage in a group project where they interact with older adults residing in long term care (e.g., assisted living). Students undergo HIPAA training and didactic lectures covering narrative interviewing and aging content such as long term care and generativity prepare students for interacting with residents. Throughout the semester, students meet with the older adult to understand, gather, construct and then develop a designed artifact that reflects the stories and the memories of the participating residents. The designed artifacts (e.g., memory maps, videos, small books) are presented and given to the participating residents and their families. This project results in rich stories for both the residents and students. Students also gain interviewing and empathy skills necessary for designing compelling artifacts and potentially age-friendly long term care environments where 2 million older adults live.
Training Program in Population Neuroscience of Alzheimer’s Disease and Age-Related Dementias
Authors: Rosano Caterina
Published: December 2020

The recent successes of medical science in extending lifespan, with marginal improvements in healthspan, have increased the number of adults reaching very old ages, but also their burden of age-related comorbidities. For these “new” populations of older adults, cumulative exposure to chronic conditions, biological and chronological aging as well as life-long environmental factors, interact with each other in ways that are both very complex and not yet well understood. Understanding these complex pathways and their contribution to brain aging is fundamentally important to conduct rigorous etiological research into the causes of ADRD. We are also seeing great technological advances in measuring health factors in general and brain characteristics in particular, the application of which is providing ever more precise phenotypes but also very large and complex datasets. Such “big” data require careful sampling designs and analytical approaches infused with an understanding of the condition being studied to effectively produce new knowledge to move research to treatment and prevention. We propose that the successful clinical neuroepidemiological investigators of the future must be able to link comorbidities, environmental exposures, lifestyles, genomics, e.g. host susceptibility, with knowledge of modern technology of neurosciences and measurement of brain disease and data science. We will describe our experience at the University of Pittsburgh in leading a new training program in Population Neuroscience of ADRD. Our curriculum responds to the changing landscape of career pathways, technological innovations, and demographic shifts in the aging population.
Expanding Workforce Capacity to Care for Older Veterans: The VA GRECC Interprofessional Training Experience
Authors: Nearing Kathryn , Misra Sumathi , Echt Katharina
Published: December 2020

The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) contributes more to training healthcare professionals in geriatrics/gerontology than any other entity nationally, with the Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC) network serving as a leader in geriatric-/gerontology-specific interprofessional education. The Associated Health Training (AHT) Program is supported by all GRECCs, training ~427 trainees annually (FY17). Each AHT program brings together a diverse array of trainees – the specific constellation of disciplines unique to each GRECC based on local capacity/expertise. Common to all programs is intentional interprofessional training, aligned with Interprofessional Education Collaborative (IPEC) competencies. In 2016, the VA Office of Academic Affiliations (OAA) administered a 22-item survey to characterize the depth and breadth of geriatric-/gerontologic-specific interprofessional education across GRECCs. Questions explored how AHT programs addressed each of the four IPEC competency domains. Responses were de-identified; at least 2 coders independently applied directed coding to responses. Across GRECCs (n=18), 323 interprofessional training activities were coded, of which 9% were didactic; 27%, clinical; and, 63%, combination. Interprofessional education activities were integrated with profession-specific curricula (65.3%) or featured as part of GRECC-specific core curricula (5.4%). GRECC AHT interprofessional programs involved an average of 11 disciplines. GRECC AHT programs provide a vital infrastructure for building workforce capacity through robust, interprofessional training that engages diverse disciplines across a variety of care settings representing the continuum of care for older Veterans. GRECC and OAA efforts are critical to enhancing the quality, and expanding the capacity, of this workforce to meet increasing needs for patient-directed, team-based care for older adults.
Interprofessional Education: A Model for Academic and Community Collaboration for Professional Education
Authors: Jurkowski Elaine
Published: December 2020

Teamwork and collaboration across disciplines is becoming critically important as we meet the health and human service needs of people growing older and their families. The myriad of competencies, language and tasks specific to each discipline are not easily or intuitively mastered within discipline specific curricula. This presentation aims to provide a model that addresses the curricular needs for course preparation through inter-professional educational strategies. While the traditional IPE components are address, this model also integrates in the training process, education through the lens of the social determinants of health, community collaboration through health and human service networks, population health and public policy. This presentation will lay out the model and articulate specific educational strategies to address each of the dimensions of the model, to include the flip classroom, experiential activities, assessment and intervention tools, panel discussions with community and agency partners and epidemiologic/population health data. This model identifies a unique approach to teaching students and professionals about collaboration across disciplines for the benefits of addressing the needs of an older adult target group. This model also moves the process of teaching interprofessional collaboration and education beyond understanding values and ethics, roles and responsibilities, team care and communication.
The Age-Friendly University: Theory and Practice in Institutional Transformation
Authors: Clark Phillip , Leedahl Skye
Published: December 2020

Growth in the network of Age-Friendly Universities (AFU) signals the importance of making higher education more age inclusive. Commitment to AFU principles creates opportunities for universities to develop new initiatives and activities that embody them. However, changing academic culture can present unique challenges as well as opportunities. Theories of organizational change help in developing strategies promoting greater involvement of older adults in communities traditionally focused on younger adults. The University of Rhode Island’s experience in continuing to develop as an AFU illustrates the complex challenge of transformation in institutions typically slow to change. This presentation focuses on the following three elements. First, uncovering and confronting ageism in academic settings is a critical first step in opening up the campus community to students of all ages. Second, identifying champions who can advocate for change in different institutional segments is an essential element in expanding the AFU movement. Third, promoting intergenerational programs helps to build bridges between traditional age and older students, particularly emphasizing the contributions that older adults can make to the academic enterprise. Implications for expanding the AFU network while focusing on individual institutions include the following: (1) using theory to drive practice in an intentional and strategic fashion; (2) identifying factors opposing change, particularly since they are usually hidden and not widely recognized; (3) developing a strategy to address these barriers, especially one tailored to the unique institutional context; and (4) recognizing the larger social, economic, and political forces generally in higher education that establish the context for AFUs.
Co-Designing Caregiver-Centered Care: Training the Health Workforce to Support Family Caregivers
Authors: Parmar Jasneet , Poole Lisa , Anderson Sharon , Cheryl Pollard , Duggleby Wendy , Charles Lesley , Brémault-Phillips Suzette , Holyroyd-Leduc Jayna
Published: December 2020

Family caregivers [FCGs] provide over 80% of the care for people with dementia, chronic illness and impairments. Despite evidence of their contributions and consequences of caregiving, support for FCGs has not been a health system priority. Our innovative solution, to reduce caregiver distress and support caregivers’ wellbeing, is to educate the health workforce in a meaningful manner based on evidence. We validated Caregiver-Centered Care Core Competencies required to address the gap between what FCGs report they need and preparation of healthcare providers to meet those needs. This competency-based education will prepare healthcare providers to effectively identify, engage, assess, and support FCGs, and address the inconsistent system of supports for FCGs. We co-designed our Caregiver Centered Care Education using effective practices for dementia education for health workforce and co-design. We engaged over 60 multi-level, interdisciplinary stakeholders with expertise in health workforce education, frontline healthcare, dementia care, health policy, and family caregiving. We ensured that we included FCGs of people living with dementia. The teaching/learning resources include competency-aligned educational modules, multimedia resources, and facilitators guide. As the hallmark of effective education is content relevant to learners’ needs and contexts, our education is designed flexibly, to be tailored to settings and learners. We are pilot testing the Caregiver-Centered Care Education, for acceptability and effectiveness, in five contexts: primary care, acute care, homecare, supportive living, and long-term care. Our education will support Caregiver-Centered Care in all settings providing dementia-related care. Health workforce support will be essential to maintain FCG wellbeing and sustain family caregiving.
How Loneliness, Depressed Mood, and Diet Affect Eating Habits and Grocery Shopping
Authors: Solway Erica , Singer Dianne , Malani Preeti , Kullgren Jeffrey , Kirch Matthias , Leung Cindy , Wolfson Julia
Published: December 2020

This study examined the prevalence of loneliness and relationship with cooking and eating habits among older adults using data collected in December 2019 from a nationally representative sample age 50-80 through the National Poll on Healthy Aging. Older adults who live alone were more likely those who lived with others (19% vs. 8%) and those with a high PHQ-2 score were more like than those with a low PHQ-2 score (20% vs. 11%) to report that they do not cook dinner most days (0-2 times/week). Those who rated their diet as fair/poor were more likely to indicate they cook few meals a week (0-2) compared to those who reported a good or very good/excellent diet (18% vs. 11 % vs 8%). Those with a high PHQ-2 score were less likely than those with a low PHQ-2 score to say they do major food shopping less than once a week (31% vs 47%). Those with a high PHQ-2 score were more likely to say that that always ate alone in the last week compared to those with a low PHQ-2 score (17% vs 7%). These findings demonstrate that older adults who lived alone, had a higher PHQ-2 score, and had a poorer diet were more likely to cook and do grocery shopping less often. Strategies and policies to support older adults to address depressive symptoms and to increase cooking and improve diet may have many health and social benefits and will be explored through this session.
The Caregiver Transportation Scale Measures the Impact of Driving Cessation on Caregivers
Authors: Bedard Michel , Fossum Shauna , Mazmanian Dwight , Møller Hello , Lowey Jessica
Published: December 2020

Driving cessation can impact retiring drivers, but we often neglect to consider its effect on caregivers. Caregivers may have to deal with important changes when someone they care for ceases driving, but we have few means to quantify these changes. Hence, we aimed to develop the Caregiver Transportation Scale (CTS) to measure this impact. We developed a bank of positive and negative questions, then pre-tested it with a small sample of caregivers (N = 11), leading to reduction and refinement of the questions. We pilot-tested this set of questions with a larger caregiver sample (phase 2; N = 73). Preliminary validation of the tool relied on correlation analyses with the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) and relevant demographic questions. For phase 2, the mean caregiver age was 61.9 (SD = 10.23, range 20-83); most caregivers were female (80.8%) and were adult-child caregivers (61.7%). The final version of the CTS contains 24 items. Internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) was .90. The mean caregiver score was 64.75 (SD = 16.76, range 24-98); about 1/3 of caregivers’ scores fell above the middle possible score of 72. The scores were positively correlated with the Zarit Burden Interview (r = .74, p < .001) and negatively correlated with the availability of others to help with driving responsibilities (r = -.36, p = .002). The CTS has the potential to help inform, develop, and evaluate services for caregivers who provide transportation support for older adults who ceased driving. However, further validation is required before we recommend its use.
The Joint Effects of Loneliness and Depression on Mortality: Does Gender Matter?
Authors: Ng Ted Kheng Siang , Visaria Abhijit , Chan Angelique W M , Ng Kheng Siang Ted
Published: December 2020

Loneliness and depression are both associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality among older adults. However, the evidence on the joint effect of loneliness and depression is scarce. Furthermore, previous research has rarely examined the modifying effects of gender. We investigated these questions using the Panel on Health and Aging of Singaporean Elderly, a nationally-representative cohort study of community-dwelling older Singaporean adults aged 60 and above, conducted in 2009 with two follow-up waves in 2011 and 2015 (N=4536). We operationalized six groups based on three categories of loneliness measured using the 3-item University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) loneliness scale: always lonely, sometimes lonely, and never lonely; Two categories of depressive symptom scores were measured using the 11-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) scale: depressed and not depressed. Cox proportional hazards models were employed to estimate the mortality risks for each group, with an extensive set of covariates. Due to significant differences in the prevalence of loneliness and depression in different genders, we conducted gender-stratified analyses. Compared to being not depressed and never lonely, women who were depressed and sometimes lonely and who were not depressed but always lonely had a higher mortality risk. Men who were not depressed but sometimes lonely had a higher mortality risk. We conclude that loneliness appears to be the predominant construct in conferring excess mortality risk. Health policies and interventions addressing the factors common and unique to each gender may improve psychological well-being at older ages, thereby extending the lifespan.
Are Older Adults a Burden on Society? Ethnic Differences in What Younger Nigerians Think
Authors: Oladimeji Abolade
Published: December 2020

Ageism is on the rise in Nigeria. Recently congress passed a bill on “not too young to rule” a campaign to advocate for younger Nigerians to take over leadership positions from older political officeholders. This paper focuses on ethnic differences among Nigerians who think older adults are a burden on society. Our sample included 1,693 randomly selected Nigerians (18 yrs-59yrs) who were in wave six of the world values survey conducted in 2012 comprising of the three major ethnic groups in Nigeria; Hausa (33%), Igbo (24%), and Yoruba (25%). Using multivariate logistic regression, results show that among the Hausas; life satisfaction, education, employment, gender, income, and geography predict bias towards older adults (OR=1.12*,.89*,.61*,.63*,1.12*,.74***) respectively. Among the Igbos; only education predicts bias towards older adults (OR=.75***). Among the Yorubas; income and geography predict bias towards older adults (OR=.86*, 1.20*) respectively. These findings underscore that several individual resources, as well as relationship status, are associated with a bias towards the elderly in Nigeria. The results reinforce the idea that the underlying causes of ageism might be structural such as political failure, poverty, illiteracy, and rurality. To change how younger generations, think of older adults, macro-level interventions and policies need to be implemented.
Individualism Increases the Influence of Perceived Competence of Older Adults on Attitudes Toward Them
Authors: Chen Amber Xuqian , Fung Helene
Published: December 2020

Negative views of ageing can lower respect for older adults.Yet, negative views of ageing vary across cultures. Asian collectivistic cultures are assumed to respect older adults more than Western individualistic cultures do. However, recent empirical findings on this cross-cultural comparison have suggested that negative attitudes toward older people are also prevalent, or even more evident in collectivistic cultures than individualistic cultures. Using data from the sixth wave of the World Values Survey, a dataset consisting of 75,650 individuals from 56 societies, we employed Linear Mixed Modeling to test the association between perceived competence of older adults and respect towards them. We also explored and the moderating role of culture on this association. In the present study, perceived competence of older adults was indexed as a proportional score representing the relative perception of competence (i.e. relative competence perception = competence / (competence + friendliness). Results showed that individuals tended to respect older adults who were more competent or friendly. Furthermore, individuals who were more individualistic respected older adults more when older adults were perceived to be more competent relative to friendly. This pattern was reversed in individuals who were less individualistic. These findings suggest that whether people who differ on personal individualistic values respect older adults depends on whether older adults are perceived to be competent versus friendly. Findings from this study highlight the importance of changing cultural values on ageism attitudes, especially the potential effects of rising individualism on negative attitudes of ageing in Asia.
Hispanics and Hospice Care: A Systematic Review
Authors: Cardenas Valeria , Enguidanos Susan , Fennell Gillian
Published: December 2020

Hospice care has demonstrated improved pain and symptom relief for patients at end-of-life, however, Hispanics have significantly lower rates of hospice use compared to Whites. Moreover, few studies have examined factors associated with these lower enrollment rates and barriers to hospice care experienced by Hispanics. This systematic literature review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of studies examining Hispanic hospice use. We conducted a comprehensive search using three electronic databases (Ovid Medline, EMBASE, and CINAHL) from January 1946 to March 2019 using MESH terms for Hispanics, hospice, and end-of-life care. Our review was guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P). Studies of Hispanic adults living in the United States that examined hospice use, outcomes of care, or knowledge and attitudes towards hospice were included. Commentaries, case studies, editorials, literature reviews were excluded. Of the 4,230 abstracts reviewed, 43 peer-reviewed articles met the inclusion criteria. Among these studies, barriers to hospice among Hispanics included lack of hospice knowledge and awareness, language barriers, and cultural barriers. Among most studies, Hispanics were less likely to receive hospice care than Whites, although some studies found that among those that enrolled in hospice, Hispanics had longer lengths of stay than whites. Overall few studies examined Hispanics use of hospice, and among those we found most were of moderate and low quality. More research is needed to understand the full range of Hispanics experiences of hospice care. Such research could guide efforts to develop culturally tailored care for this community.
Literacy Skills, Immigration, and Motivation to Learn Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults in the United States
Authors: Sahoo Shalini , Millar Roberto , Yamashita Taka , Cummins Phyllis
Published: December 2020

Education and training over the life course or lifelong learning has become critical in the fast-changing U.S. society. Foundation skills (e.g., literacy), motivation, curiosity, as well as access to learning opportunities are essential to promote lifelong learning. Despite the importance of these promoting factors, empirical research focusing on complex relationships between literacy skills, immigration and motivation to learn (MtL) among middle-aged and older adults is scarce. The objective of this study is to examine how literacy skills and immigration (vs. U.S. born) are associated with MtL among middle-aged and older adults in the U.S. Nationally representative data (n = 8,670) of adults aged 45 years and older were obtained from the 2012/2014 Program for International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC). Structural equation models were constructed to examine the formerly tested and validated latent MtL construct based on four 5-point Likert-type scale items among the sub-population of interest. Results showed that higher literacy skills (0-500 points; b = 0.002, p < 0.05) was associated with greater MtL. Additionally, immigrants were less likely (b = -0.114, p < 0.05) to have greater MtL than those who are non-immigrants (i.e. U.S. born). Higher literacy skills may indicate positive experiences in previous adult education and training and greater readiness for further learning. Findings from this study provide new empirical evidence of lifelong learning determinants. Educators and researchers should be aware of limited literacy and being an immigrant as potential barriers to knowledge-seeking in later life.