bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fermentation Process Improvement of a Chinese Traditional Food: Soybean Residue Cake
Authors: Yao Yingzheng , Pan Siyi , Wang Kexing , Xu Xiaoyun
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Fermentation process improvement of soybean residue cake, a Chinese traditional fermented food, and its physicochemical analysis during fermentation were studied. One of the dominant strains in the fermentation was isolated and identified as Mucor racemosus Fresenius. The fermentation process was improved by subsection fermentation. The crude protein content decreased from 19.95 ± 0.03% in the raw soybean residue to 16.85 ± 0.10% in the fermented products, and the formaldehyde nitrogen content increased from 0.068 ± 0.004% to 0.461 ± 0.022% in final fermented cakes. Hardness of samples significantly (P < 0.05) increased whereas springiness, cohesiveness, and resilience significantly (P < 0.05) decreased with increasing fermentation time, respectively. Microstructure observations showed obvious change of the surface of cake samples during the fermentation process.

Practical Application:  During the soybean processing, it will produce plenty of by‐products, and the most part of them is soybean residue. The discarded soybean residue causes economic loss. Fortunately, we can obtain nutritious and delicious fermented soybean residue cakes by fermenting soybean residue as raw material.
Antilisterial Activity and Consumer Acceptance of Irradiated Chicken Breast Meat Vacuum‐Infused with Grape Seed and Green Tea Extracts and Tartaric Acid
Authors: Over K.F. , Hettiarachchy N.S. , Perumalla A.V.S. , Johnson M.G. , Meullenet J.‐F. , Dickson J.S. , Holtzbauer M.J. , Niebuhr S.E. , Davis B.
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Contamination of poultry with pathogenic bacteria contributes to human foodborne disease, causes damage to industry brand names, and has a significant economic impact on the food industry in the form of both damage to industry brand names and losses associated with recalls. Irradiation is a safe and effective means of decontaminating poultry products, but the maximum dose strengths allowed negatively impact poultry sensory quality characteristics. The 1st objective of this study was to investigate the potential interactive inhibitory effects of natural antimicrobials as components of a vacuum‐marination in addition to various dose levels of irradiation. Tartaric acid (TA) at 2 levels and grape seed (GS) and green tea (GT) extracts were combined, vacuum‐infused into chicken breast fillets, and irradiated at 1, 2, and 3 kGy by electron beam irradiation. The 2nd objective was to use a consumer test group to evaluate TA and plant extract infusion into chicken breast fillets with and without irradiation at 2 kGy on overall impression, flavor, texture, appearance, and tenderness. The results showed that samples vacuum‐infused with TA at 37.5 and 75.0 mM and irradiated at 1 kGy significantly reduced Listeria monocytogenes (L.m.) levels by 2 and 3 log CFU/g compared to the control after 12 d of refrigerated storage. Vacuum‐infusion of TA at 37.5 and 75.0 mM at 2 and 3 kGy irradiation, reduced L.m. to near nondetectable levels. The addition of TA and GS and GT to chicken breast fillets with and without irradiation did not significantly impact consumer preference, tenderness, appearance, or flavor. The addition of tartaric acid and natural plant extracts to chicken marinades could contribute to the prevention of L.m. contamination.
Group selection and social evolution in domesticated animals
Authors: Wade Michael J. , Bijma Piter , Ellen Esther D. , Muir William
Published: August 2010

Social interactions, especially those involving competition among individuals, are important in domesticated livestock and in natural populations. The heritability of traits affected by such interactions has two components, one originating in the individual like that of classical traits (direct effects) and the other originating in other group members (indirect effects). The latter type of trait represents a significant source of ‘hidden heritability’ and it requires population structure and knowledge from relatives in order to access it for selective breeding. When ignored, competitive interactions may increase as an indirect response to direct selection, resulting in diminished yields. We illustrate how population genetic structure affects the response to selection of traits with indirect genetic effects using population genetic and quantitative genetic theory. Population genetic theory permits us to connect our results to the existing body of theory on kin and group selection in natural populations. The quantitative genetic perspective allows us to see how breeders have used knowledge from relatives and family selection in the domestication of plants and animals to improve the welfare and production of livestock by incorporating social genetic effects in the breeding program. We illustrate the central features of these models by reviewing empirical studies from domesticated chickens.
NUTRITION KNOWLEDGE AND DIETARY INTAKE IN YOUNG AUSTRALIAN POPULATIONS
Authors: Baghurst Katrine I. , McMichael Anthony J.
Published: August 2010

Nutritional knowledge and dietary intake was assessed in two differing young Australian populations that had recently completed their schooling. No relationship was found between dietary practice and nutritional knowledge. These findings have implications for health education programs aimed at the young adult in that health‐oriented knowledge may not necessarily be translated to health‐oriented behaviour.
TOOTH LOSS, THE CULTURE OF DENTISTRY AND THE DELIVERY OF DENTAL CARE IN NEW ZEALAND
Authors: Davis Peter
Published: August 2010

A recent cross‐national study has shown that a much higher proportion of adult New Zealanders have lost all their teeth — that is, are edentulous — in comparison with other countries with much the same levels of dental disease. Social class patterns of tooth loss also show a similar discrepancy.

A subsequent nation‐wide survey of adult New Zealanders has shown that dental attitudes and practices are largely consistent with professional opinion, with some exceptions including attitudes to denture‐wearing and to the extraction of teeth. However, variations in such attitudes between those with and those without teeth could not account for the very different dental state of these two groups. This discrepancy between attitude and tooth loss was also apparent for other group comparisons. However, there were marked social group variations in the relationship to the dental care system.

In conclusion it is argued that cultural variations in treatment preference, the shaping of professional norms of practice, and the skew in accessibility to services, must account for the pattern of dental care in New Zealand.
PATTERNS OF MEDICAL REFERRALS OF ABORTION PATIENTS: AN UNOBTRUSIVE MEASURE
Authors: Webberley Helen R.
Published: August 2010

Doctors are considered by the public to be the main source of information and advice on abortion: the incidence of consultation regarding unwanted pregnancy ranges in Australian practices from 0 to 120 women per year. If a doctor refers a woman on for abortion, the outcome of the referral depends on the referrer's letter (favourable or not) and the referral place used (gynaecologist, hospital or abortion clinic). Two research questions are examined in the present study: is it possible to identify systematic differences between doctors who refer patients to an abortion clinic and those who do not; and, are some regions of Melbourne and Victoria better served than others by doctors who are sympathetic to women requesting abortion?

In a 16 week period in a Melbourne clinic, patients presented letters from 470 doctors. Propensity to refer was unrelated to doctor's sex, but was related to poor socio‐economic status of the practice's suburb. Referrers were predominantly general practitioners rather than specialists, and private practitioners rather than salaried doctors. Tasmanians referred more patients than their counterparts in Victoria and New South Wales. Limitations to this indirect method of data collection are described.
CAESAREAN SECTION RATES IN NEW SOUTH WALES, 1977
Authors: Taylor Richard
Published: August 2010

The Caesarean section rate in New South Wales in 1977 was estimated to be 9.8%. Regional variation was apparent: Sydney metropolitan 11.1%, Hunter and Illawarra 9.4%, and rural regions 6.8%. The higher rate in the Sydney area, compared to the rural regions, was matched by a greater supply of obstetricians per population. Variations in Caesarean section rates were noted amongst major public hospitals in New South Wales and local government areas in Sydney. The Caesarean section rate in New South Wales was intermediate between the high rate in the United States, and the relatively low rate in England and Wales.

It is argued that various factors, apart from medical “need”, have to be invoked to explain the magnitude of, and variation in, the New South Wales Caesarean section rate. These factors may include: supply of obstetricians, introduction of new technology, and fee‐for‐service private practice.
THE DEMAND FOR PRIVATE PSYCHIATRIC SERVICES IN A HEALTH INSURED POPULATION
Authors: Opit L.J. , Gadiel D.L.
Published: August 2010

This paper reports a study of the pattern of utilization of private psychiatric services by health insured persons who are members of a single large fund. The data show an increase in the average number of services per person consulting a psychiatrist with little change in the number of persons. There is a strong relation between private psychiatric contact rates and the socio‐economic index of the LGA of patient residence. Contributor units containing a medical practitioner are examined as an example of the utilization pattern of a socially elite group. The financial and administrative significance of the findings is discussed.

Very little information is available in Australia concerning the relationship between the demand for health services and the socioeconomic characteristics of the clients or potential clients of the health services. Since Australian governments have shown a substantial reliance on voluntary health insurance as a mechanism for financing health care, this lack of information is surprising. Studies in the United States of America and England suggest that the upper socio‐economic classes receive more medical services than the lower, although these conclusions are not clear cut. It becomes a useful a priori hypothesis that a relationship between socio‐economic status and the demand for medical services exists in Australia, even within a health insured population.

In this paper we examine the utilization of private psychiatric services by persons who were members of a single large health insurance fund in New South Wales. Claim history and membership demographic data were obtained from the health fund computer record system for the years 1977, 1978 and the period January to June, 1979. Since this fund covers about onethird of all persons with private health insurance in that state, we believe that the study may rellect the relationships for health insured populations in Australia generally. Private psychiatric services have been examined, not only because the itemization of psychiatric services is simple and data analysis is easy, but also because there is ample anecdotal evidence that the demand for psychiatric services is determined partly by client status and education. This should help establish the existence or otherwise of some socioeconomic gradient with respect to the demand for services.
RESPONSE RATES: A COMPARISON OF MAIL, TELEPHONE AND PERSONAL INTERVIEW STRATEGIES FOR AN AUSTRALIAN POPULATION
Authors: Battistutta Diana , Byth Karen , Norton Robyn , Rose Gien
Published: August 2010

The paper discusses response rates to a health survey questionnaire, rates of return of medical record release consent forms and response rates to re‐interview and follow‐up medical examination. The telephone and personal strategies appear to yield comparable rates which are higher than those of the mail strategy, except in the case of return of medical record release consent forms where the situation is reversed.
PROPOSALS FOR EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Roder David
Published: August 2010

Routine analyses of mortality and morbidity data can be used to develop and check causal hypotheses for a wide range of chronic diseases. However, it is rarely possible to pinpoint aetiological factors in the workplace through this means because the available job histories are not detailed enough, and there is a lack of information on exposures to suspect agents and possible confounders. There are special problems when disease latencies are long.

Frequently, the benefits gained from surveillance programmes have been limited because the aetiological clues derived from them have not been tested in specific studies. It is therefore important that the allocation of resources reflect an appropriate balance between routine surveillance and specific studies. These studies should be as rigorous and thorough as the available resources permit. The resources allocated should depend on the level of suspicion and the potential attributable risk.

To facilitate these studies, it is crucial that:

Industries and unions do not destroy historic personnel records.

Personal identifiers are sufficient to trace females as well as males in a national death index, clearing houses of morbidity information, and other record systems.

Multiple causes of death are included in mortality data files.

Exposure registers are developed when there are special concerns about hazardous effects.

Confidentiality guidelines do not become unnecessarily restrictive.
PATTERNS OF INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF THE CONFUSED ELDERLY
Authors: Preston George A.N.
Published: August 2010

Amongst the aged in health care institutions, confused residents were more likely to be older, female, long‐staying, non‐ambulant and incontinent than non‐confused residents. However, the confused were not a homogeneous group; disaggregation on the basis of continence and mobility produced sub‐groups with different socio‐demographic characteristics and dramatically different distributions between types of institutions. In particular, the non‐ambulant incontinent group was overwhelmingly concentrated in nursing homes while the ambulant continent confused were dispersed across all institutions. It is argued that the recognition of the differing needs of such sub‐populations is a prerequisite for developing appropriate institutional and non‐institutional health care programmes.
THE INAPPROPRIATE USE OF PRESCRIPTION MEDICINE
Authors: Frauenfelder J. , Bungey J.
Published: August 2010

Evidence suggests that there are six major issues which influence the inappropriate use of prescription medicine. This paper presents the current debate with particular reference to the situation in Australia. The article concludes with a discussion of issues which must be addressed when attempting to formulate remedial strategies, and highlights the research needs and opportunities in this area.
INCOMES FOREGONE IN THE HOME CARE OF INTELLECTUALLY HANDICAPPED CHILDREN
Authors: Chetwynd Jane
Published: August 2010

The average gross incomes of parents caring for an intellectually handicapped child were compared with those of parents in the general population as measured by the New Zealand Household Survey. Those caring for a handicapped child had significantly lower total gross weekly incomes and this was particularly reflected in the lower incomes of the mothers. The parents were also questioned about matters relating to the care of their handicapped child which might adversely affect their work. These subjective opinions indicated that a number of aspects of work may be affected, such as the hours, location, type and level of employment. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for the provision of services and benefits to families caring for an intellectually handicapped child at home.
FROM FIRST AID TO PARAMEDICAL: AMBULANCE OFFICERS IN THE HEALTH DIVISION OF LABOUR
Authors: Willis Evan , McCarthy Liam
Published: August 2010

This paper utilises a case study approach to the emergence of the division of labour in health care. Such a phenomenon, the key feature of which is medical dominance, needs to be examined through the historical sociology of different medical occupations. In this case study the occupation of Ambulance Officer is analysed. From basically entailing driving the sick and injured to hospital, the work of Ambulance Officer has expanded to an established paramedical location in the social structure of health care delivery. Other themes in the sociohistorical development of Ambulance Officers examined include its voluntary origins, gender, industrial organisation, training and careers; as well as the development of its status as ‘adjunct’ to medicine.
“A SPECIAL KIND OF MAGIC”: CHANGES IN FAMILY DYNAMICS ARISING FROM PARENT PARTICIPATION IN A CONDUCTIVE EDUCATION PROGRAM FOR CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY
Authors: Cooper David
Published: August 2010

This paper reports on five families whose parents described the stress arising from their child's disability and the additional stress and reward of participation in a Conductive Education program. The reports support the Conductive Education thesis, that children with physical disabilities respond well to integrated management which weaves medical insights and therapeutic practice into the fabric of daily life through a program which has an educational rather than a therapeutic bias. Parents also appreciate personal support from a non‐intimidating, professionally comprehensive resource. An attempt was made to identify the elements which produced parental self‐confidence and family cohesion.
TRENDS IN CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS IN AUSTRALIA, 1966–1983: EVIDENCE FROM PREVALENCE SURVEYS
Authors: Dobson Annette J.
Published: August 2010

A review of published data from cardiovascular risk factor surveys among adults in Australia from 1966 to 1983 suggests that:

— prevalence of cigarette smoking decreased significantly by up to 1.4 per cent per year among men but increased among younger women;

— serum cholesterol mean levels decreased significantly by 0.03 ‐ 0.04 mmol/1 per year among men and 0.04 ‐ 0.07 mmol/1 per year among women;

— systolic blood pressure mean levels decreased significantly by 0.05 ‐ 0.3 mmHg per year among men and 0.2 ‐ 0.6 mmHg per year among women;

— diastolic blood pressure showed no significant or consistent changes among men but some decrease among women.

During the same period death rates from ischaemic heart disease (IHD) declined by over 40 per cent. The changes in risk factor levels are estimated to account for about half of the decline in IHD mortality for men and about three quarters of the decline for women.
CHILD DENTAL HEALTH DIFFERENCES IN NEW ZEALAND
Authors: Colquhoun John
Published: August 2010

The School Dental Service provides regular dental care to 98 per cent of 5–13‐year‐old school children and 68 per cent of pre‐school children in New Zealand. Officially collected statistics are presented for the six main population areas showing:

the dental status of all 12‐ and 13‐year‐old patients completing their final year of treatment, and

the permanent tooth filling rates of all patients with permanent teeth (aged 6–13 years).

These suggest that child dental decay differences are not closely related to the presence or absence of water fluoridation. Official census information on the above and other communities suggests that dental health differences could be related to demographic, especially socio‐economic, factors.
A STUDY ON THE INFORMATION NEEDS OF PREGNANT WOMEN IN NEW ZEALAND
Authors: Durham Gillian
Published: August 2010

Women who had recently had their first babies were surveyed to identify their unmet needs for information, the ease with which they could ask questions of health professionals and family and friends, their locus of control, self‐care and self‐knowledge. Of the 281 women surveyed, 221 responded, giving a response rate of 78.6 per cent.

More than 50 per cent of the respondents felt they had too little information on special tests done in pregnancy, postnatal care and ‘blues’, caesarean section and induction of labour. Only 48 per cent of the women felt that they could question their doctor with ease. Most of the decisions about what happened during their pregnancy and labour were made by others for 31 per cent of the women. Of the smokers, 38 per cent stopped smoking during pregnancy. However some women lacked the self‐knowledge for future self‐care, as only 34 per cent of the respondents knew the result of their cervical smear.
SOURCES OF AUSTRALIAN PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY DATA
Authors: Hurley Susan F. , McNeil John J. , Berbatis Con G.
Published: August 2010

Information about the use of drugs by the population can be used to monitor the prescribing patterns, safety and costs of drugs. Major deficiencies exist in the routine sources of Australian pharmacoepidemiology data and in data collection. The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS), Intercontinental Medical Statistics (IMS) and the Australian Health Survey are the main sources of data, but all are severely limited.

At present there is no adequate means of determining what proportion of the Australian community is receiving treatment with a particular drug. The morbidity and prescribing data collected by IMS are not freely available and relate only to prescribing by general practitioners. A comprehensive source of data on drug use in hospitals does not exist because hospital statistics are not merged. Currently, there is no uniform drug coding system and hospital and community drug usage data cannot be easily combined.

The quality of Australian pharmacoepidemiology data could be improved by making declaration of sales figures by pharmaceutical companies mandatory, adopting a uniform drug coding system, and establishing an ongoing, comprehensive morbidity and prescribing survey.
HEAD INJURY IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA: INCIDENCE OF HOSPITAL ATTENDANCE AND DISABILITY BASED ON A ONE‐YEAR SAMPLE
Authors: Badcock Klee A.
Published: August 2010

A full‐year sample of 1,698 head injuries treated at the accident and emergency department of a major metropolitan public hospital during 1984 was traced. Using a combination of medical record review of all cases, questionnaires and personal clinical assessment, estimates were made of the incidence rates of hospital attendance, admission and disability due to head injury by residents in the region of the hospital as well as estimates of the extent of the head injury problem in South Australia. The estimates are known to underestimate the actual rates, but provide valuable information on the size of the significant public health problem of head injury morbidity, and the burden on community rehabilitation and support services.
THE LIMITS AND POTENTIAL OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT FOR PERSONAL AND SOCIAL CHANGE
Authors: Dixon Jane
Published: August 2010

Some health and welfare workers are making claims for community development which are both unrealistic and misleading. By tracing the history and public policy use of community development and by defining its characteristics, much of the mystique which surrounds this intervention is eliminated. Community development is revealed in this paper to have potential in the areas of personal and planned social change. However, community development's contribution to fundamental social change is circumscribed by the nature of government sponsorship and by its very process which emphasizes parochialism and the generation of self reliance.
THE COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN HEALTH PROJECT
Authors: Fiske Gina , Hill Angela , Krouskos Demos , Legge David , Stagoll Onella
Published: August 2010

This paper describes the purpose and process of a 15 month project established to develop resources to assist people who are seeking to use a community development approach in addressing health issues.
THE INCIDENCE AND NOTIFICATION OF MEASLES IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: McGrath Julie , Driver Brian , Bridges‐Webb Charles , Baker Jennifer , Hunter Cynthia
Published: August 2010

The incidence of measles in Australia in 1986 was estimated as 43 per 100,000 population, high by the standards of countries where immunization levels are high, low by the standards of countries where immunization levels are low. It is estimated that only 5 per cent of cases are notified in New South Wales, one of only 2 States which require notification. The reasons for this, its significance and a possible remedy are discussed.
THE LEGAL RESPONSE TO AIDS IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Tahmindjis Phillip
Published: August 2010

This article examines the laws in Australia which relate to AIDS, and considers whether they help or hinder the community health concern of containment of fatal diseases. The laws relating to notifications, blood and organ donations, discrimination and other provisions are canvassed. The author concludes that the legal response to AIDS in Australia is generally characterised by inconsistency, inaccuracy and confusion. The result is that the law is often counter‐productive in the social and medical battle against AIDS.
REMINDER LETTERS FOR WOMEN WHEN REPEAT PAP SMEARS ARE DUE
Authors: Mitchell Heather
Published: August 2010

Regular participation in a high‐quality screening program by all ‘at risk’ women is necessary if Australia is to be maximally successful in preventing cervical cancer. This paper discusses the use of reminder letters as one method of facilitating participation. Options for the source of the letters are discussed. It is concluded that basing the recall letters on a register of previously screened women is the only feasible approach within the Australian health care system. The impact of reminder letters on achieving regular participation by Australian women remains to be tested.
A CRITICAL REVIEW OF AUSTRALIAN CANCER ORGANIZATIONS’ PUBLIC EDUCATION MATERIAL
Authors: Webb Gloria , Jurisich Rosemary , Sanson‐Fisher Rob
Published: August 2010

Because of the potential benefits of primary prevention and early detection of cancer, a considerable proportion of the efforts of State cancer organizations has been directed towards public educational programs. The study aimed to determine the level of agreement in the messages contained in the written educational material of the State and Territory cancer organizations in Australia. Pamphlets and brochures dealing with primary and secondary prevention of breast, cervical, skin and bowel cancers were obtained. The materials were compared on a number of dimensions: the characteristics of people who are at increased risk of contracting the cancer, how to avoid the cancer through primary prevention, how and when to screen in the case of secondary prevention, and action to be taken if a sign or symptom indicative of cancer is discovered. The study found a lack of agreement in the messages of the State cancer organizations. Some hypotheses are suggested to explain the discrepancies. In addition, some suggestions for remedying this situation are provided.
EVALUATING IN VITRO FERTILIZATION TECHNOLOGY IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Rutnam Romaine
Published: August 2010

Following a summary background to the research, development and diffusion of in vitro fertilization (IVF) and related technologies in Australia from 1971 to 1989, two arguments are developed. The first is that what evaluations have so far been done of the safety, efficacy and effectiveness of the techniques used in this country have revealed worrying results. The second suggests that the existing methodologies of technology assessment and ethical control of human experimentation are themselves too limited to meet the recent goal, adopted by the 1988 Australian Health Ministers' Conference, of reducing inequities in health. The discussion offers suggestions for a more comprehensive methodology for the technical, ethical and social evaluation of these (and other) medical and health technologies, derived from recent social science research.
PAP SMEAR USAGE IN NEW SOUTH WALES ‐ IMPACT OF ACTIVE PROMOTION
Authors: Young Margrette , Trevan Elizabeth
Published: August 2010

Less than 25 per cent of eligible Australian women have cervical (‘Pap’) smear tests in any year. Rates are particularly low (<8%) for women over 55 years, the group at highest risk of cervical cancer. A regional program, actively promoting Pap smears by widespread direct community intervention and attention to service needs, targeting women over 55 years and under 25 years, was conducted on the North Coast (population 132,000 women) immediately after a New South Wales State‐wide media campaign in February 1988. The number of Pap smears done in the region increased 119 per cent for women over 55 years and 44 per cent for 15–24 year‐olds during the promotion (63% overall) compared to New South Wales increases of 58 per cent for women over 55 years and 23 per cent for 15–24 year‐olds (31% overall). Differences between the North Coast and New South Wales were statistically significant for all age groups in March and in April for women over 55 years. Differences between New South Wales and Australia (no active promotion) were significant for women over 55 years in March and April. Records from a sample of 152 women attending clinics during the campaign showed 63 per cent had not had a smear test for three or more years, 10 per cent never. The results indicate that an intensive, low‐cost public health program, working in conjunction with general practitioners, can be effective in increasing smear rates and that well‐designed strategies will have an impact on older women, a high risk group who traditionally are poor users of Pap smear services. The combined impact of the two campaign strategies on Pap smear usage was significantly greater than media alone. A Central New South Wales cervical screening database is essential for evaluation of screening promotion.
AN EVALUATION OF A CAMPAIGN TO INCREASE CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING IN RURAL VICTORIA
Authors: Hirst Sheila , Mitchell Heather , Medley Gabriele
Published: August 2010

This paper reports on the second of four regionally‐based campaigns co‐ordinated in rural Victoria by the Anti‐Cancer Council of Victoria. The campaign encompassed community‐based activities, general practitioner involvement and screening clinics. The impact of the campaign on Pap test rates and on the profile of women whose tests were reported by the Victorian Cytology Gynaecological Service is examined. We conclude that the campaign was successful in achieving its primary objective of attracting older and relatively underscreened women into having a Pap test. The special screening clinics were considered particularly effective in reaching women in the target audience. As a result of this campaign, new initiatives, were incorporated into subsequent programs.
THE EFFICACY OF SHORT DAILY DIALYSIS—A SINGLE‐CENTRE EXPERIENCE
Authors: Rayment Glenda , Chow Josephine
Published: August 2010

Studies have shown that patients converted to short daily haemodialysis (SDHD) have reported many clinical benefits, decreased complications during dialysis and a better quality of life.A six‐month prospective cohort study was conducted to examine the efficacy of SDHD to patients previously receiving three times per week haemodialysis therapy. Following informed consent, participants received haemodialysis daily, Monday–Saturday, between 2 and 2.5 hours for each treatment and followed‐up for a six‐month period. The participants continued to experience hypotension, cramping and headache and were noncompliant with fluid intake. There was a gradual reduction in blood pressure, cessation of antihypertensives and reduction of erythropoietin therapy (ERT). There were no hospital admissions or reports of access complications. The nursing staff reported an increase in activity levels and nursing interventions with the participants following conversion to SDHD. However, the participants reported a better quality of life.
The Mesozoic Stratigraphy of the Yangtze Gorges.§
Authors: Hsieh C. Y. , Chao Y. T.
Published: August 2010

(Abstract) The specimen is collected from a small outcrop near the Lolo village of Mao Mao Kou, some 30 km. N.N.W. of Hui Li district in S. Szechuan, on the N. slope of Lung Tsao Shan, a prominant mountain some 8,000 feet above the sea, entirely covered by a basaltic lava of Permian age. The latter weathers into a residual red clay which covers the lower slopes. The contact of the syenite with the Lung Tsao Shan lava was not observed owing to the thick cover. East of the occurrence a series of steep dipping red shales appears. The exact relation of this series with the syenite is not clear, but it is probable that they are in actual contact. Further east the red shale series is thrown into contact with a coal series containing Rhætic plant fossils—probably by an overthrust as the whole coal series is highly folded.
The Geology in Eastern Shantung*
Authors: Wang H. S.
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

Following the deposition of Wutai formation, there occured a period of intense disturbance accompanied by igneous intrusion through which the Wutai formation has been strongly folded and metamorphosed. Since then ensued a long period of erosion until Mesozoic time when the folded mountains were completely reduced to a peneplane. It was due to subsequent warping and faulting of this old peneplaned surface that came into existence the Laiyang basin which extended at that time in NE‐SW direction. So far as the present exposures are concerned, it began from Tieh Kou Tsi on the northeast and thence southwestward through the Lai Yang city to Chang Ying of Chiao Hsien on the southwest. Like most of the Mesozoic basins in other parts of the country, its sediments including the fossils as well were of a continental type, accumulated probably under a dominantly moist and warm climate. The rocks composing the floor are usually of the very ancient type, ranging from Archaean to Algonkian; they are as a rule rather complicated in structure. The Laiyang basin was then closed by the explosion of the Ching Shan volcanics which were in turn succeeded by the Wangshih series, the last record in Mesozoic time. After the deposition of the last Cretaceous sediment, warping as well as faulting became active again in Tertiary time. Some of them are still very conspicuous in the present topographical features.
SOME QUATERNARY GASTROPODS FROM EASTERN SZECHWAN*
Authors: Yen Teng‐Chien
Published: August 2010

Summary

In summarizing the foregoing pages, the following points may be noted as of particular interest:

1. All the species comprised in this small collection are terrestrial forms, and they appear to be identical with the recent gastropods of the province.

2. These forms, except Cyclophorus youngi, a new species here described, are all represented in living state, and were originally described either from the same province or from its neighbouring districts.

3. Some of the species are rather widely distributed in east, central and south China.

4. The geological age of these gastropods, judging from its close resemblance to the recent forms, seems not to be earlier than the Middle Quaternary or the Pleistocene Epoch, or it may even belong to the base of the Upper Quaternary. Any further suggestion in regard to this question can only be made by examining additional collections around the locality where this collection was made.
PHYSIOGRAPHICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE OCCURRENCE OF RED EARTHS IN NANNING BASIN KWANGSI
Authors: Lien‐chieh Li
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

In this paper, the author has brought out three points in connection with the occurrence of red earths in Nanning Basin.

First of all, the occurrence of red earth has a remarkable physiographical significance: they occur exclusively on the terrace topography where drainage is perfect. Much of the red earth was undoubtedly developed before the present topography was shaped. It is supposed that by the time of late Pliocene when the basin was nearly filled up to a peneplain and when activities of erosion and deposition were reduced to their minimum, the red earth was in full development. The same condition existed in other basins in Hunan, Kiangsi and other provinces in South China.

Secondly, the development of red earths is under definite pedological process which is now known as lateritization. The process beside its climatic factors is favored by a gentle mature topography. The soils as occurring in the basin have undergone more than one cycle. Generally the red earths have all been podzolized—forming a highly leached or podzolic surface soil and a lateritic subsoil.

Thirdly, the author holds that lateritization is still going on, and therefore the separation of Pliocene from Pleistocene cannot be based on lateritization.
On the Triassic Dicynodonts from Shansi*
Authors: Young C. C.
Published: August 2010

The three localities with bone remains prove to be true sites of Dicynodonts. The best preserved part is derived from Shipi. It is a form resembling Kannemeyeria in general structure but one which shows also distinct differences in many respects. I propose to name it Sinokannemeyeria pearsoni. The age is Upper Triassic.

The well preserved specimens of different localities suggest that the so far supposed barren Triassic formation may turn to be a good field for Permo‐Triassic vertebrate palæontology.

The South African affinity of the fauna is highly interesting not only because we have the eastern extension of the Sinkiang Teromorpha fauna, but also because it raises many interesting problems of the palæogeography as well as vertebrate palæontology.
Discovery of Triassic Saurischian and Primitive Mammalian Remains at Lufeng, Yunnan*
Authors: BIEN M. N.
Published: August 2010

(1) Through the discovery of determinable fossils in thè so‐called “Red Beds” at Lufeng, Yunnan, parts of these beds have been accurately dated.

(2) The name “Shihmen Series” is proposed for the unfossiliferous capping escarpment sandstones.

(3) The name “Lufeng Series” is proposed for the fossiliferous beds which lie disconformably under the Shihmen Series and unconformably above the pre‐Cambrian Metamorphic Series (in the Lufeng area)
Lawyers and the Juvenile Court
Authors: Alexander Paul W.
Published: August 2010

Report of the Subcommittee to the National Council Boston, Massachusetts, June 1956
Distribution of starch and lipids in reaction wood of some angiosperm trees
Authors: Reghu C. P. , Patel J. D.
Published: August 2010

Distribution of starch and lipids has been studied in upper and lower parts of tilt branches and vertical branches of Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Mangifera indica L. and Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thw. Starch grains in tiltwood are smaller than in vertical wood. Their accumulation is considerably lower in upper tiltwood than in lower tiltwood and vertical wood. The rays and axial parenchyma contiguous to vessels show the highest lipid content in the upper tiltwood of A. indica and P. longifolia. The accumulation of lipids in axial and ray parenchyma of upper tiltwood is smaller than in lower tiltwood and vertical wood. Since we found that not only the upper wood but also the lower part of the tilt wood is different from normal wood, we would like to suggest that the entire new wood of a leaning stem should be considered to be reaction wood.
Light and electron microscope observations on Nephroselmis astigmatica sp. nov. (Prasinophyceae)
Authors: Inouye Isao , Pienaar Richard N.
Published: August 2010

Nephroselmis astigmatica sp. nov. is described based on light and electron microscope observations of cultured material, originally collected and isolated from the Natal South Coast, Republic of South Africa. It is characterized by (1) large cell size, (2) absence of a stigma, (3) markedly differentiated anterior part of the cell, (4) possessing two types of flagellar scales in addition to hair scales, (5) possessing four types of body scales and (6) the presence of characteristic pit scales in the flagellar pit. Scale morphology was compared with previously described species, and the morphology of spiny (or stellate) body scales thought to be one of the most useful diagnostic characters in delineating species within the genus. The origin of pit scales is discussed and a similar origin for the third layer of flagellar scales of the type species, N. olivacea Stein is suggested. N. astigmatica shares many ultrastructural features with the type species, including the microtubular flagellar root system consisting of three different roots, one of which is multilayered. The validity of this root system as a generic character is suggested.
Caffeic acid as a taxonomic marker in dicotyledons
Authors: Mølgaard Per
Published: August 2010

Caffeic acid is plotted in the Dahlgren diagram and its distribution is compared to that of proanthocyanidins, the condensed tannins. The two chemicals derived from the same basic substance by a shift in the later steps in the pathway. Caffeic acid derivatives may be seen as more advanced constituents than proanthocyanidins.

Caffeic acid may function as a biosynthetical sink for surplus cinnamic acid in a system where the end‐product, proanthocyanidins, has lost importance, and where lignin is not formed. Consequently, this may apply to all groups where a shift from woody to herbaceous habit has occurred, i.e. Asteridae, Araliiflorae and Ranuncu‐liflorae. This is used as an argument in the presentation of a theory that evolution in dicotyledons was dichotomous. One main Magnoliiflorean‐Caryophylliflorean group terminates in Ranunculiflorae and Caryophylliflorae with caffeic acid and ferulic acid, respectively. The other group, comprising most other dicotyledons, terminates in the Asteridae, also with caffeic acid.

There is much evidence pointing towards a similar protective effect of caffeic acid as has long been known for the condensed tannins. The advantages of caffeic acid as compared to condensed tannins is the shorter biosynthetic pathway, the less carbon bound in the molecule, and the possibility of re‐entering the substance into the primary metabolism.
The taxonomic affinities of the genus Ripogonum
Authors: Conran J. G. , Clifford H. T.
Published: August 2010

The genus Ripogonum J. R. et G. Forst. is usually included in either the Smilacaceae or Liliaceae, but it has been accorded family rank. A numerical taxonomic study of the phenetic relationships of Ripogonum and all genera of the Smilacaceae, Dio‐Scoreaceae, Petermanniaceae, Philesiaceae and Luzuriagaceae has been undertaken in terms of 56 characters. The results support the view that Ripogonum is only distantly related to either Smilacaceae or Dioscoreaceae and instead has affinities with Luzuriagaceae. None‐the‐less Ripogonum merits family status and so Ripogona‐ceae are formally validated.
Ethiopian mistletoes: new species and combinations
Authors: Gilbert M. G. , Polhill R. M. , Wiens D.
Published: August 2010

Preparatory to the publication of the Flora of Ethiopia, the following new species and combinations are made: Loranthaceae: Plicosepalus robustus Wiens & Polh., P. ogadenensis M. Gilbert, P. acaciae (Zucc.) Wiens & Polh., P. meridianus (Danser) Wiens & Polh.; Oncocalyx angularis M. Gilbert, O. fischeri (Engl.) M. Gilbert, O. glabratus (Engl.) M. Gilbert, O. ugogensis (Engl.) Wiens & Polh., 0. schimperi (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) M. Gilbert, O. ghikae (Volkens & Schweinfurth) M. Gilbert, O. kelleri (Engl.) M. Gilbert; Erianthemum aethiopicum Balle ex Wiens & Polh.; Englerina woodfordioides (Schweinfurth) Balle ex M. Gilbert; Phragmanthera ahhallensis (Engl.) M. Gilbert, P. erythraea (Sprague) M. Gilbert, P. macrosolen (Steud. ex A. Rich.) M. Gilbert, P. regularis (Steud. ex Sprague) M. Gilbert, P. sarertaensis (Hutch. & Bruce) M. Gilbert, P. usuiensis (Oliver) M. Gilbert. Viscaceae: Viscum triflorum DC. ssp. nervosum (A. Rich.) M. Gilbert.
Campynemanthe (Campynemaceae): Morphology, microsporogenesis, early ovule ontogeny and relationships
Authors: Dahlgren Rolf , Lu An‐ming
Published: August 2010

Campynemanthe Baill. consists of three species endemic to New Caledonia. Two species are studied and compared. The tapetum is secretory with 2‐nucleate tapetal cells. Microsprogenesis is successive, microspore tetrads are isobilateral and the pollen grains are free and inaperturate or have a weakly defined aperture. Placentation is axile with 3–4 ovules in each of the three locules. Ovules are anatropous and crassinucellate with the micropyle formed by the inner integument alone. The archesporial cell cuts off a parietal cell, which divides to form a parietal tissue. The nucellar epidermis divides periclinally at the nucellar apex to become 2‐layered. The megaspore tetrad is T‐shaped, in which the micropylar megaspore cells are separated by an oblique wall. The chalazal megaspore enlarges and apparently developes into a Polygonum‐type embryo sac, but a mature embryo sac has not been seen. The ripe seeds are pale and non‐phytomelaniferous. They have copious endosperm rich in fatty oils. The embryo is minute. These characters and gross morphological similarities support relationship with Campynema Labill., but there are also conspicuous differences. The two genera are considered related. They also closely approach genera of the variable family Melanthiaceae and there are reasons to include them in this family.
Preformation of root primordia in shoots and root morphogenesis in Salix viminalis
Authors: Fjell Ingemar
Published: August 2010

Root primordia are formed in the stems of Salix viminalis L. during normal growth. Some of these primordia are produced at definite sites in the nodes. The initiation and early structural and ultrastructural development of the nodal primordia were studied in young shoots. In the fourth node below the terminal leaf cluster some parenchyma cells situated at the lateral leaf gaps formed a small group of initial cells. Derivatives of the newly formed interfascicular cambium added cells to that group, in which later on cell divisions in various directions occurred resulting in the formation of a root primordium. Root morphogenesis was studied in cuttings from one‐season‐old stems. The cells in the dormant primordia contained many lipid bodies but only a small amount of starch. After the cuttings had been 24 hours in water starch was accumulating in the plastids and lipid bodies were seen in the vacuoles. 48 hours after activation cell divisions occurred throughout the primordia and a layered apical mer‐istem was organized. After 96 hours a root cap with amyloplasts was formed and the procambium was well developed. The amyloplasts were sedimented in response to gravity. After six days the first roots were ready to emerge from the stems. Their root caps had a well developed columella and endodermal and pericyclic cells were recognizable.
Notes on Gerbera sect. Pseudoseris (Compositae‐Mutisieae)
Authors: Hansen Hans V.
Published: August 2010

Gerbera L. sect. Pseudoseris (Baill.) Jeffr. (Compositae, Mutisieae) is endemic to Madagascar. It is not known in detail and cannot be revised, but it appears to include eight species, which are typified in this paper. The taxonomic state of the section is briefly discussed.
The genus Blaeria (Ericaceae) in Ethiopia
Authors: Hedberg Olov
Published: August 2010

Detailed morphological studies of a comprehensive herbarium material of Blaeria L. from Ethiopia and West Africa demonstrate the variation to be practically continuous within each of these areas, whereas there are some statistical differences between them. All Ethiopian collections are referred to B. spicata Hochst. ex A. Rich. ssp. spicata, with B. guguënsis Pic.‐Serm. & Hein. as a synonym. The West African material is retained in B. spicata ssp. mannii (Engl.) Wickens. Key, descriptions and distribution maps are provided for the two subspecies.

The Blaeria material from East Africa South of Ethiopia could not be included in the present study. Some specimens evidently belong to B. spicata, but the variation seems wider in East Africa than in Ethiopia or West Africa, and the relations between B. spicata and a number of later described taxa from East Africa need further detailed studies.