bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the performance of SDI profiles on the INSPEC database, before and after the addition of searchable abstracts
Authors: Everest M.J.
Published: March 2007

A companson is made of the relevance and quality of 24 SDI profiles on the INSPEC database, before and after the introduction of searchable abstract words. It was found that there was an approximately 40% increase in both the total number of hits and the number of relevant hits, with no statistically significant changes in relevance. It is suggested that when good abstracts are wntten, indexing terms may be unnecessary.
Extraction of facet terms from article titles and their display in tabular form
Authors: Sano Hikomaro
Published: March 2007

A trial was carned out to effect automatic extraction of significant words from titles of scientific papers and display them in tabular form. The extraction algonthm is based on the simple syntactic patterns developed around a "pivot word." which has high control over the use of functional words in its vicinity. A pivot word and prepositions as well as punctuation marks delimit and extract title words; no word dictionary is used. The approach was applied to article titles in analytical chemistry. which include "determination(s)" and "determining" as pivot words. The syntactic patterns were expressed by Backus Naur Form notations, from which extraction rules were denved. Sample titles were processed on a personal computer, loaded with LISP programs for information extraction and table format display in accordance with the facets essential to analy sis. The adequacy of the approach was regarded as good with regard to its simplicity. This approach not only extracts keywords from article titles but also provides them with proper roles in conformity with the facets pertinent to the subject concerned.
Marketing the concept of information management to top executives
Authors: Martin W.J. , Davies C.A. , Titterington A.J.
Published: March 2007

This paper reports the outcome of a small research project undertaken for the British Library Research and Devel opment Department dunng the two-month penod on either side of Chnstmas 1989 The research can be characterised in two ways as a preliminary study in the strategy of promoting information management, and as an exercise in test marketing the concepts, ideas and, to some extent, the educational prod ucts involved
An empirical analysis of the utilisation of STI in the industry of Croatia: a marketing approach
Authors: Švarc Jadranka
Published: March 2007

The paper presents an empirical analysis of the utilisation of scientific and technological information (STI) in the industry of Croatia. The aim of the analysis is to enable better placement of STI within industnal firms. The analysis deals with the STI market conceived as a mechanism of STI exchange between STI suppliers and industrial users It incor porates two aspects of the STI market functioning—the use of the STI sources and the use of the STI distnbution channels. The results of this research, obtained by a questionnaire from large, medium and small-sized enterpnses, indicate that the biggest placement of STI can be expected in the segment of medium-sized organisations. However, new kinds of STI sources and distribution channels of much higher quality and greater sophistication should be offered
Some aspects of proximity searching in text retrieval systems
Authors: Keen E. Michael
Published: March 2007

Describes and evaluates the proximity search facili ties in external online systems and in-house retrieval software Discusses and illustrates capabilities, syntax and circum stances ot use. Presents measurements of the overheads re quired by proximity for storage, record import time and search time The search strategy narrowing effect of proximity is illustrated by Recall and Precision test results. Usage and problems lead to a number ot design ideas for better imple mentation. some based on existing Boolean strategies. one on the use of weighted proximity to automatically produce ranked output A comparison of Boolean, quorum and proximate term pairs distance is included
An examination of four GDSS experiments
Authors: George Joey F.
Published: March 2007

Group decision support systems (GDSS) have been offered as an approach to dealing with the increasing com plexity of organizational environments in post-industrial soci cty. GDSS development and research enjoy a recent popularity in the academic community. with many US universities having GDSS facilities. GDSS'S can vary greatly from each other, how ever. They can differ in such basic respects as facility configu ration. software tools supported, and type of facilitation. The experiments designed to test the effects of GDSS also differ from each other, along many dimensions The net result is that findings from various GDSS expermients are not strictly comparable. This paper illustrates the differences in GDSS and GDSS expertments by examining four recently published GDSS experiments. It is recommended that the general grouping together of various systems under the term GDSS be re-ex amined It is also recommended that researchers take care in generalizing the results across GDSS studies.
Applying relevance feedback to a photo archival system
Authors: Price Rosanne , Chua Tat-Seng , Al-Hawamdeh Suliman
Published: March 2007

Relevance feedback techniques have been success fully applied to document retrieval systems (DRS) to refine queries and document representations. This paper represents a first attempt to apply and optimise relevance feedback techniques to improve retrieval in a text-based image archival system. The design exploits the rapid assessment possible with image data to facilitate query refinement and collect large amounts of relevance feedback data This data can then be used to extend incomplete image descriptions, thus ameliorat ing problems associated with text annotation of images. Visu ally oriented relevance feedback and query modification is implemented using direct mampulation of icons. An algorithm designed for dynamic modification of image descriptions based on relevance feedback is proposed, implemented, and experi mentally tested. Initial experiments show significant improve ments and demonstrate the potential of using these tech niques for image retrieval applications.
Information manpower development programme in Egypt
Authors: Khaled Maged
Published: March 2007

The Information Manpower Development Pro gramme is a major component of the Egypian National Scien tific and Technological Information Project, the goal of which is to implement a national network of scientific and technical information systems in Egypt. The principal USAID contrac tor, the Georgia Institute of Technology, is assisting the Egyptian Academy of Scientific Research and Technology in all phases of this three-year programme.

The programme objective is to train 1,000 trainees to manage, operate, and make effective use of the national information network. The training plan includes eight differ ent courses for: top management, professionals, and parapro fessionals. Courses have different durations and different frequencies. The total training days of the programme ex ceeded 800.
Comparison of the scope, timeliness and quality of chemical abstracts from VINITI and CAS
Authors: Katritzky Alan R. , Cato Stephen J. , Deyrup James A.
Published: March 2007

All chemists and many workers in related fields in the Western world are familiar with Chemical Abstracts. This is produced biweekly by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) of Columbus Ohio USA. Readers in the Eastern bloc, particu larly the countries of the former Soviet Union, may be more familiar with Referatu nu Zhurnal Klumtya ( RZK) produced bimonthly by VINITI in Moscow Russia This is actually just one of a large series of abstracting journals produced by VINITI that cover the whole spectrum of science and technol ogy. We envisaged that the demise of the "iron curtain" would lead to much improved transfer of scientific and techni cal information between East and West and set out to find out how these two major reference works compared to each other.

This paper represents the results of a comparative study of abstracts appearing in RZK and CAS that was carried out in Gainesville over the period July 1988 to June 1990. The basic intentions of the project were twofold. The first was to pro vide data that could enable a quantitative judgement of the coverage of both abstract services by searching for informa tion contained in one but not in the other. The second intended benefit of this study was to provide a comparison of the quality of the two abstracting services. Our work has thus been concerned with the determination of the relative extent of coverage, the relative quality, and the relative timeliness of the two abstracting services. We discuss each of these aspects in turn and also consider how other Western abstracting
Information systems methodologies: a review and assessment of their applicability to the selection, design and implementation of library and information systems
Authors: Rowley J.E.
Published: March 2007

An organised systems analysis and design project is essential to a successful systems implementation. Systems methodologies have been developed to encourage a system atic approach to information systems planning, analysis and design. This article offers a bnef overview of systems method ologies starting with the traditional approach and considering structured hard methodologies and soft methodologies. Methodologies offer a series of phases and steps through which a project must proceed and a series of tools and techniques to assist in analysis and design. They are particu larly appropriate for detailed design of software, databases and hardware configurations. Library and information man agers rarely engage in fundamental systems design. Increas ingly, the library and information manager is not designing a system, but rather selecting the most appropnate system or software package and then tailoring a hardware configuration and a system to a specific application. This is a role that managers in other areas will also increasingly encounter.

This overmew reviews the applicability of existing informa tion systems methodologies for library systems.
An integrated information system
Authors: Chandra Harish , Jag Pal Singh
Published: March 2007

This paper highlights the importance of information for bridging the various existing imbalances, reviews various studies and redefines the objectives of the Integrated Infor mation System (IIS). The components of IIS as conceptual ized are discussed and a functional structure of IIS is sug gested.
Developing a CD-ROM service in Saudi Arabia: some lessons for developing countries
Authors: Kanamugire Athanase B.
Published: March 2007

Discusses the first-hand experience of the King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) Library in Saudi Arabia in setting up and developing a public access CD-ROM service. The article firstly gives brief background information on the University and the Library. This is followed by a discussion of the rationale for embrac ing CD-ROM. Then, the KFUPM Library CD-ROM system components are considered under hardware, software, databases and local area network. The other aspects of the CD-ROM service discussed include: organisation and staffing, including CD-ROM search policy; publicity and end-user education; impact on services and resources, and the future direction. Finally, drawing on the KFUPM Library experience, the article advances suggestions on developing a CD-ROM service in developing countries.
Building a thesaurus for a collection of cartoon drawings
Authors: Bovey J.D.
Published: March 2007

The University of Kent has a large collection of original cartoon drawings that is used as a research resource and is also consulted as a picture library. The collection has been extensively catalogued by subject, but the subject keywords are organised for the original card catalogue rather than the present day online retrieval system. This paper describes a project set up to build a thesaurus based on the 15,000 existing subject terms and then convert the existing cataloguing to the new thesaurus terms. This is a non-trivial project that has been made much easier by the creation of a special-purpose graphical thesaurus editor.
Research Note: Research Models Underlying Situational Dependency
Authors: Kickert Walter J. M.
Published: March 2007

Some remarks on contingency theory will be made based on its definition as a theory on situation-dependent organizing. The main purpose of this article is to make a few comments on the way in which contingency studies have dealt with the concept of 'situational dependence'. The comments focus on the possible research models that might underlie the crucial concept 'situational dependency'. A set of interpretations of the concept of 'situational dependency' is presented and what type of empirical research model is implied by each of these interpretations and what their implications are for (e.g. statistical) data-processing techniques is shown. These insights are applied to existing empirical contingency research.
Scarcity in the Environment: Organizational Perceptions, Interpretations and Responses
Authors: Nottenburg Gail , Fedor Donald B.
Published: March 2007

Extant models of organizational decline tend to oversimplify the processes underlying the formulation of organizational responses to scarcity in the environment. A model is presented that attempts to enrich this area by using the organization's myth system as a reference point. A number of phases are considered: (a) organizational success and the perceived cause of the success; (b) the elaboration of this 'recipe for success' into a myth system which deeply impacts information gathering mechanisms and resource allocations in the organization; (c) the detection and interpretation of information indicative of scarcity in the environment; (d) the attribution of the scarcity to internal or external causes; and (e) the further discrimination of this attribution to enable formulation of a coping strategy.
Research Note: The Kibbutz as a Situation for Cross-Cultural Research1
Authors: Leviatan Uri
Published: March 2007

It is argued that the kibbutz society comprises a unique combination of similarities and differences with other societies which makes it a fruitful area for cross-cultural research. The similarities lie in the personal characteristics of individuals, in the pattern of relationships between key variables and in some global features of the kibbutz communities. The differences centre upon the principles of organization and the conduct of kibbutz communities. The similarities thus facilitate comparison between kibbutzim and other industrial societies while the differences allow for the expansion of theories and further generalizations and experimentation with alternative solutions to social problems of industrial society. Finally, the paper presents some problems and difficulties in employing the kibbutz as part of cross-cultural research and suggests possible remedies to these problems of comparison.
Environmental Dependencies and Company Structures in Britain
Authors: Dastmalchian Ali
Published: March 2007

Adopting a resource-dependency approach to the concept of environment, this paper operationalizes the concept of dependence on various aspects of the organization's environments, using mainly the analytical approach suggested by Jacobs (1974). Using data from 29 companies in Britain, the relationships between dependence and structure are examined. The results showed the inadequacy of using dependence as a global concept, and the influence of other contingent factors on dependence-structure relationships. It is suggested that dependence produces the structural characteristics, particularly in the relevant sub-units, designed to maintain administrative control.
Coordination and Output Attainment in Work Units Performing Non-routine Tasks: A Cross- National Study
Authors: Cheng Joseph L. C. , Miller Edwin L.
Published: March 2007

Based on an information-processing perspective (Galbraith 1972), a theoretical pro position is advanced which predicts that for work units performing non-routine tasks, the effect of unit coordination on output attainment is contingent on the sources from which the unit acquires information for task performance. This proposition is tested using a cross-national research design. Data from four national samples — Austria, Belgium, Hungary, and Poland — of academic research units support the proposition. The results reinforce the need for a contingency approach to the study of coordination and performance in organizations. They also provide some insight into the interplay between society and organization.
Hearocracy: The Deterioration of Democracy in a Norwegian Trade Union
Authors: Gulowsen Jon
Published: March 2007

An analysis of a University branch of the Norwegian Union of State Employees, where the author was shop steward for three years, shows that formal attempts to practice democracy may be futile. Local unions boards become overloaded with bureaucratic tasks, and the members passive and alienated. Supported by a silent majority, the leaders can rule without giving the impression of being an oligarchy. This transforma tion of democracy into hearocracy is attributed to the combination of administrative and political functions in large unions. It concludes that union democracy would benefit from a clearer distinction between these two areas.
Convergence, Divergence and the Study of Organizations
Authors: Rojek Chris
Published: March 2007

It is often maintained that capitalist and socialist systems of organization are diametrically opposed. This paper uses convergence theory and the problem of divergence to attack this position. It is argued that socialist systems are economically integrated into the capitalist world economy, and further, that the ideology of divergence acts as a central dynamic in relations of production in the world economy. The world system perspective associated with neo-Marxist writers such as Wallerstein and Frank, is used to suggest an alternative framework for examining the organizational dynamics of 'capitalism' and 'socialism'.
The Generality of the Strategic Contingencies Approach to Sub-unit Power
Authors: Cohen Irit , Lachman Ran
Published: March 2007

This study examines the generality of the strategic contingencies theory of intra organizational power. It tests the effects of coping with uncertainty, workflow centrality, and non-substitutability on sub-unit power within small, simple-structure health service organizations. As these organizations combine highly professionalized with non-professionalized sub-units, professionalization was also tested as a source of intraorganizational power. Twenty seven subunits of 9 health-care clinics in Israel were studied. The results show that coping with uncertainty and pervasiveness of work relations are significantly related to power: when the effects of these two factors are controlled, non-substitutability and professionalization have no significant net effect on power. Most of the results are highly consistent with results obtained in larger and more complex organizations in North America, thus considerably enhancing the generaliza bility of the theory. The workflow arrangement of the clinic is suggested as an explanation for certain results that are different from those obtained in other organizations.
Competitive Strategies and Organizational Change
Authors: McKinlay Alan , Starkey Ken
Published: March 2007

The debates about organizational responses to economic crisis have focussed on the need for strategic and structural realignment. Work organization is rarely considered as an integral element of competitive strategy. Current shifts in the contours of previously stable mass markets and product and process innovation demand equally profound organizational change to maintain competitiveness. In this context maintaining or regaining competitive advantage is critically dependent upon striking an optimal balance between maximizing the productivity and versatility of work organization. We examine the impetus, dynamics and impact of pervasive change processes in three contrasting organizations, Pilkingtons, Rank Xerox and Ford U.K. While Pilkingtons relied entirely upon existing managerial expertise, the latter two companies were distinctive in that they drew vital conceptual elements of their change agendas from their organizational links with, respectively, a Japanese and American company. From these case studies we conclude that significant business turnarounds were achieved by these companies because strategic choice, work organization, company culture and organizational realignment were conceived of and operationalized as complementary elements of their competitive strategy.
Knowledge and Interests in Organization Studies: A Conflict of Interpretations
Authors: Hayagreeva Rao M.V. , Pasmore William A.
Published: March 2007

Why are there conflicting views of the interests which motivate the study of organizations? We contend that the sources of conflict are four interpretive bases: knowledge is viewed as an instrument or as a discourse, and knowledge is constructed on the basis of trust or suspicion. The interplay of interpretive bases produces competing models of organization studies: Social Innovation, Critique, Language Game of Truth and Hermenuetics. In turn, the four models inspire six debates on the nature of interests which incite the study of organizations.
Communication and Cognition in Appraisal: A Tale of Two Paradigms
Authors: Gioia Dennis A. , Donnellon Anne , Sims Henry P.
Published: March 2007

This research explores the basic question: Are there shared cognitive structures (scripts) underlying common organizational events'? Linguistics and social cognition were used to fashion a framework for the interpretation and analysis of videotaped appraisal interviews, which were coded via speech act analysis and then computer-mapped to create a graphic display of each appraisal interaction. Interpretive analyses of these maps revealed a common behavioural script, which implied the existence of a consensual cognitive script for enacting the appraisal interviews. Additionally, the approach and findings of this study, which is based on an 'interpretive' research paradigm, are contrasted with a companion study (Gioia and Sims 1986), which was based on a 'positivist' paradigm. The comparison of two studies investigating the same set of events from alternative paradigmatic perspectives reveals not only convergent and divergent findings, but also suggests that when one adopts different 'lenses' with which to view ostensibly the same organizational phenomena, one simply 'sees' different things.
Managerial Culture and Work-related Values in India
Authors: Singh Joginder P.
Published: March 2007

Replication studies using Hofstede's Values Survey Module (VSM) show that scores on the four dimensions of culture tend to vary considerably for different samples. The present research studied the Indian managerial culture based upon a sample of 176 managers from 56 organizations and analysed variations in scores due to age, education and the nature of job, etc. The results show that considering the effective range of the scales, the Indian managers' scores are low on all four dimensions. Results also show that cultural scores tend to vary selectively with age, education, nature of job and economic sector. Variations in power distance were related to preferred and perceived style of the superior, in uncertainty avoidance to stress at work and employment stability, in individualism to the importance of cooperative colleagues and desirable area for living, and in masculinity to cooperative colleagues, and opportunities for earning and advancement. Finally, the results show that different dimensions have varying degrees of stability.
Culture, Control and Competition; Towards a Conceptual Framework for the Study of Information Technology in Organizations
Authors: Coombs Rod , Knights David , Willmott Hugh C.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the significance of information communication technology (I.C.T.) for the theory and practice of organizations. There is voluminous literature in this field, but I.C.T. tends to be perceived as just another example of new technology. In fact, the information dimension of I.C.T. gives it a distinctive character in contrast to other technologies which remains under-theorized. The paper argues that information is intimately linked with power-knowledge rela tions and the forms of subjectivity that reside therein. In theorizing the exercise of power and the constitution of subjectivity, we suggest that three concepts — culture, control and competition — provide additional insights for the study of the development and application of I.C.T.s in organizations. The paper seeks to illustrate these arguments by reference to case study examples from financial service companies and the National Health Service.
A Research Note: Centralization of Decision-making in Japanese Factories
Authors: Marsh Robert M.
Published: March 2007

Using the Aston Centralization of Authority scale, this paper shows that Japanese organizations vary in their level of overall centralization of authority in decision- making, and in the level at which decisions in particular areas are made. In a sample of 48 heterogeneous Japanese manufacturing firms it is found that both spatial dispersion into multiple sites and higher levels of automation of technology increase centralization of authority, while large size and the increasing number of levels to which size gives rise, and greater task variability all have the opposite effect, i.e., they lower, somewhat, the levels at which decisions can be made. The implications of these findings for claims of 'bottom-up', participative deci sion-making in Japan's ringi system are discussed in the conclusion.
CASTRATED Environment: GREENING Organizational Studies
Authors: Shrivastava Paul
Published: March 2007

Over the past hundred years organizational activities have caused devastating damage to the natural environment. In response, environmentalism has emerged as an influential intellectual current, and as a worldwide mass move ment. Despite these trends, Organizational Studies as a field has failed to engage seriously in environmental discourses.

Organizational theories cannot adequately address environmental concerns because of their limited ideas of 'organizational environment'. This paper iden tifies and critiques these limitations. It proposes an alternative view of organ izational environment as an economic biosphere. It examines the implications of this view for creating more nature-centred (green) organizational theories.
A Note on the Concept of 'Problem'
Authors: Landry Maurice
Published: March 2007

The concept of 'problem' is central in the business and management studies literature. Yet, despite its centrality and its widespread use, it is still in need of elucidation. This paper is an attempt in that direction. First some landmarks to circumscribe the concept of 'problem' are proposed. Second, within the scope of these landmarks, three views of the concept of 'problem', rooted in three major epistemological trends, are presented and contrasted. These views often differ with respect to the language used and to the derived strategies for action. Third, the clarifications and comparisons provided are utilized to illus trate some main sources of ambiguity with respect to problems. Finally, avenues for research suggesting potential for renewing the investigation of old issues concerning problems are explored.
The Transfer of Management Innovations from Japan
Authors: Lillrank Paul
Published: March 2007

Learning from organizational innovations and best practices has become common. However, transfer of organizational innovations over cultural, national and industry borders often fails. A conceptual model is developed based on the abstraction level of the transfer process and whether it is driven by supply or demand. The content of transfers is classified as principles, organ izational vehicles and tools. The model is applied to two cases: the Quality Control Circle (QCC) and Time-based Competition (TBC), which illustrate how principles and tools were transferred with little modifications while organ izations had to be recreated through an abstraction-application process.
Change as an Underlying Theme in Professional Service Organizations: An Introduction
Authors: Greenwood Royston , Lachman Ran , Greenwood Royston , Lachman Ran
Published: March 2007

This special issue is dedicated to the theme of change within and around the Professional and Human Service Organizations. The introduction points out the ongoing changes in the societal, economic and business environments within which the professions and professional firms are embedded. We suggest that the reality of such environmental changes brings to the fore questions that are important for the research agenda on the professions. Several such issues are raised, like the impact of advanced information technologies, processes of globalization, pressures for business mergers, privatization and more.

The concem here was to explore some of the issues involved with the theme of change in professional and human services. The perspectives taken, and the different conclusions presented, initiate an interesting and important debate on macro-level and firm-level changes in the professions and the 'expert power' underlying them.
Institutionalization and Structuration: Studying the Links between Action and Institution
Authors: Barley Stephen R. , Tolbert Pamela S.
Published: March 2007

Institutional theory and structuration theory both contend that institutions and actions are inextricably linked and that institutionalization is best understood as a dynamic, ongoing process. Institutionalists, however, have pursued an empirical agenda that has largely ignored how institutions are created, altered, and reproduced, in part, because their models of institutionalization as a pro cess are underdeveloped. Structuration theory, on the other hand, largely remains a process theory of such abstraction that it has generated few empirical studies. This paper discusses the similarities between the two theories, develops an argument for why a fusion of the two would enable institutional theory to significantly advance, develops a model of institutionalization as a structuration process, and proposes methodological guidelines for investigating the process empirically.
Stories and Experiments in Social Inquiry
Authors: Butler Richard
Published: March 2007

The dualism between idiographic case study and nomothetic comparative research methods often pointed to is seen to be reconcilable through paying attention to the processes by which social inquiry attempts to achieve intersubjectivity within an experience collective. This collective consists of a three-way relationship between the inquirer who pursues a research question, actors who form the subject of the inquiry, and the audience(s) who are users of the outcomes of an inquiry. Conventionally, case studies are associated with an ethnographic tradition in which the inquirer acts more as a participant observer and narrator of a story, while com parative studies are seen to be associated with a natural science stance in which the inquirer is treated as a remote observer, interaction with the actors is seen as leading to bias and where the scientific experiment offers an ideal model. The paper discusses four generic types of inquiry — the exploratory case, the crucial experiment, the extensive experiment and the illustrative case — in terms of the degree of codification of method, the degree of criticality in relation to an exist ing theoretical paradigm, and a number of processes covering such matters as sam pling, analysis and presentation of results. It is suggested that these processes provide a means of generating intersubjectivity within an 'experience collective' in social inquiry, that can best proceed through an interplay between all four types of inquiry.
Local Government and Development in India
Authors: Prasad R.C.
Published: March 2007

Independence raised the question of what role local government would have in the Indian political system. One of its functions became a development with two general goals: to improve the economical infrastructure of the locality and to provide previously excluded groups and castes with opportunities for political power. The success of the local system of government in meeting these goals is mixed, especially with the evolution of develop ment programs of the center. Recent changes have indicated a decline in the development role of local governments which varies by region and urban and rural areas. The election ( 1980) of a new government may again lead to changes in the local system of local govern ment and its role in development.
Androgyny and Politics
Authors: Carlson James M. , Boring Mary Kay
Published: March 2007

Through the use of experimental method, this article examines the impact of sex of subjects, sex of candidates, the offices sought by candidates (legislative or executive), and whether candidates win or lose on the basis of their perceived masculinity or femininity. The findings indicate that candidates who seek executive offices are perceived as being more masculine than candidates who seek legislative offices. Male candidates who lose their elections are perceived as less masculine than winners, while female candidates who win are perceived as less feminine than losers. These findings may help explain why fewer women run for office than men.
Return to Nepotism
Authors: Barkow Jerome H.
Published: March 2007

Altruism has to do with ethics, religion, and philosophy. But, according to a number of contemporary biologists, altruism is mostly about biology. They argue that humans aid kin (nepotistic altruism) because it increases their own inclusive fitness—i.e., their genetic representation in the next generation-and they aid non-kin only if such aid is likely to be returned at some time (reciprocal altruism) so that it also can increase their own inclusive fitness. Our contention here is that these evolved behavioral tendencies are frequently transformed in stable, complex societies, but that they reappear when such societies break down, as in revolution. This contention is given support in an analysis of the changes in the Migili society of Nigeria after the overthrow of its ruling elite. The implications of the findings are discussed.
Transfers
Authors: Philippart André
Published: March 2007

In science policy the decision-making process is very complex. Transfers of skills and techniques influence political decisions. Transfers are at one and the same time political ends and objects of policy. There are many ways to achieve a transfer and they go far beyond the traditional approach of transmission from rich countries to poor countries. Transnational Units (UTN) store skills and techniques and redistribute them according to their interests and a "center-periphery" process. They control the transfer agreements and their applications. The OECD has modeled nine different forms of transfer. The result shows the complexity of the political decision-making process that involves flows, fluctuations of decision, and timely decisions.
Transfers of Knowledge and Techniques
Authors: Brookman F.H. , Vierling A.J.C.
Published: March 2007

Science policy is a concept whose implications are difficult to define depending on one's approach. In the First World, it relates to capital- and research-intensive industries; in the Third World, the concept refers to labor-intensive industries. Therefore, all the development policy, that is to say, of transfer, is based on the linear model of capital- and research-intensive industries toward labor industries. In other words, conceptualization fixes the dependence of less developed countries. But the latter dismiss the academic and sociocultural structures of Western and economically developed countries. The goal of this article is to suggest an intermediary conceptual model.
Self-Reliance and Political Development
Authors: Phillips Warren R. , Ensign Margee M.
Published: March 2007

This article examines decision making in the development context from an information- processing perspective. Drawing on the work of Chenery and Black, three economic and four political strategies are identified. Using an artificial intelligence methodology-the common-sense algorithm-the decision rules for each political strategy and an economic strategy emphasizing self-reliance are modeled. Simulations were run on the strategies. Responses represent ways in which development strategies or images recognize problems and respond to specific actions. Results indicate that the most politically difficult strategy with an economic focus on self-reliance was one that represented an attempt to build and consolidate the leadership of the government. A strategy built on a common ideological creed was the least affected by the specific simulations.
The Political Economy of Decision-Making in African Foreign Policy
Authors: Daddieh Cyril Kofie , Shaw Timothy M.
Published: March 2007

Since the great wave of African independence in the early 1960s, the countries of this continent have been plagued by two important phenomena: the ghost of secession endangering the survival of existing states, and factionalization among the different contenders for power. This article analyzes Biafra's attempt to secede from Nigeria, and the fighting between the MPLA and other political organizations within Angola. The authors analyze the reactions and motives of different African states, within and outside the OAU, to each of these events. The political economy approach adopted here emphasizes the pressures on decision-making processes in "fragile" or "dependent" countries. Two conclusions emerge clearly (a) African foreign policies are elastic rather than static; and (b) unless vital interests are perceived in danger, African countries are reluctant to get entangled in conflicts outside their frontiers. Further close observation of African politics will be needed to know whether this tendency toward isolationism is a general characteristic, or only a function of a specific context.
Why Is There No Socialism in the United States?
Authors: Lowi Theodore J.
Published: March 2007

Many theories have been offered to explain the absence of socialism as a significant political force in the United States. Although no theory will satisfactorily explain a "non-happening," this article offers an unusual theory: that federalism is more powerful than any other factor. The influence of the federal structure is expressed in at least two ways. The first follows Madison's original design, that the states will be numerous and so different from one another that a strong movement in one will be difficult to spread to others. The second follows from the design of the national government whose policies for the first one hundred fifty years were few in number and limited mainly to patronage of individuals and husbandry of commerce. Since the national government was small and not directly involved in coercive policies (which were reserved to the state), there was little to validate the socialist critique.
The Australian Federalism System
Authors: Holmes Jean
Published: March 2007

With a largely homogenous population and tradition of "radical conservatism," there is little basis for hierarchy in Australia. The party system, based on the states divides Labor and non-Labor on ideological lines. The parties no longer satisfy the electors, as shown in statistical measures of attitudes and policy preference. The problem for the future is the adaptability of the party system to the growing disappearance of class cleavage.
Sur La Dé-Différentiation De L'État
Authors: Birnbaum Pierre
Published: March 2007

L'auteur analyse les caractéristiques du véritable État au sens sociologique du terme: L'État différencié, institutionalisé, dont les frontières sont défendues par une machine politico-administrative aux valeurs spécifiques. Il étudie d'abord le cas de l'État francais, l'État le plus proche du type idéal, et les façons dont it a résisté aux différentes tentatives pour le "dé-différencier". Il se penche ensuite sur l'État allemand, État fort dont la différenciation n'a pas menée à son terme, et démonte les mécanismes utilisés par le pouvoir nazi pour détruire les frontières de l'État institutionnalisé.
Political Science in the United States
Authors: Easton David
Published: March 2007

The International Political Science Review had originally planned to include an article in each issue on some aspects of the state of political science generally and also in specific countries. Severe space constraints and the sloth of the general editor have conspired to leave this intention unfulfilled, although an excellent review by Pierre Favre on the discipline in France did appear in 1981. The idea still strikes me as a good one and we shall try to include discipline reviews from time to time at least.
Regionalism and Ethnicity
Authors: Strassoldo Raimondo
Published: March 2007

This article sketches ethnic revival movements in Friuli, a small region in the northeastern corner of Italy, bordering with Austria and Yugoslavia. Historical and structural condi tions are reviewed, and the political and cultural features of the movement are discussed. The levels of mobilization and tensions are rather low (no violence has ever been involved), so the chances for the realization of the movement's stated goals seem dim.
The Formulation of Public Policy in the Absence of Democracy
Authors: Harris Peter
Published: March 2007

The formulation of public policy in nations of a non-democratic nature takes different forms and depends on whether the nations govern from the left or the right. Both have command style governments. I review how policies affect the family; arts, education and language; land, property and possessions; nuclear energy and economic development. Some conclu sions are drawn about states without a tolerated opposition.
Trends in International Television Flow
Authors: Varis Tapio
Published: March 2007

International life and politics today are marked by globalization and regionalization. Furthermore, the ideological components of international relations seem to grow in importance. On the basis of empirical data from 1973 and 1983, this article analyzes the amount, nature and trends of the present international flow of television programs as part of these processes. The survey was carried out in more than 50 countries around the world. The trends discovered in 1983 seem to repeat the 1973 patterns of a one-way traffic from a few exporting countries to the rest of the world and the dominance of entertainment. However, important regional developments also seem to have occurred, for example, in Latin America and the Arab countries. In Europe, the regional process of integration has strengthened arguments for improving European programming. The American influence, however, remains strong in Europe too, with some 12% of the total western European output being US programs. The eastern European countries seem to import more western programming than vice versa. The United States imports relatively fewer foreign programs than any other country. Only 1% to 2% of US broadcast time is composed of imported programs, although there are local exceptions. The issue of communication policy and cultural identity seems to remain strong both in the Third World and in such areas as Europe or Canada.
The Establishment of the Common Market for Broadcasting in Western Europe
Authors: Wedell George
Published: March 2007

Broadcasting grew up in Europe as a national instrument. But as the result of new emerging communications technologies, particularly cable and satellites, national boundaries and national regulations are becoming irrelevant. Even national autarchies created by language differences are breaking down. Under these conditions the EEC is addressing the question of what measures, if any, it should and can take to develop a useful and viable European broadcasting policy. This article discusses the 1984 Green Paper and more recent documents, identifies the problems confronted by the EEC member states in the field of broadcasting, and speculates on the chances of success of current efforts to cope with the new technological and programming challenges.
The Rise and Fall of American Political Science: Personalities, Quotations, Speculations
Authors: Berndtson Erkki
Published: March 2007

The article tries to link the development of American political science with a major concern of the discipline, democracy. However, the concrete forms of this development have been molded by different factors (e.g. practical politics, economic interests and cultural variants). Looking at the interplay of these factors, this paper traces the rise of American political science to a hegemonic position in the world, from the founding of the School of Political Science at Columbia University in 1880 to the heyday of behavioralism at the beginning of the 1960s, coinciding with the rise of America's role as a superpower and with the growth of representative democracy. A possible decline in the position of American political science is envisaged because of changing international power relations, problems of representative democracy and the present diversification of the discipline, which may lead to a situation where there is no American nor any other geographically specific political science, but instead different political discourses depending on locality, situation and politics.
Imagery, Emotion, and Cause and Effect in Presidential Language
Authors: Kitchin William
Published: March 2007

The language of Presidents Reagan, Nixon, and Kennedy is examined for imagery, emotional, and cause-and-effect linguistics. Imagery and emotion are associated with the right hemisphere of the brain, and cause-and-effect language is associated with the left. Reagan's language is relatively high on imagery, slightly high on negative emotion, and low on cause and effect. Nixon's language is similar to Reagan's but generally lower in emotion. Kennedy's language profile is quite different from that of the other two Presidents, in that Kennedy is high on cause-and-effect language, low on imagery, and relatively high on positive emotion.
Relating Physiological, Physical, and Political Phenomena
Authors: Laponce J.A.
Published: March 2007

We cannot easily avoid structuring our explanations of self and society as well as of in-groups and out-groups without recourse to the center-periphery archetype. The capital city of one's country is typically located in the center of Mercator maps, and subjects who locate the self at the center of a symbolic space give a more rapid interpretation of that symbolic system than subjects not locating the self in the center. These 'central' tendencies are attributed to the role of vision, kinesthesia and touch.
Why the "Political Socialization" Paradigm Failed and What Should Replace It
Authors: Connell Bob
Published: March 2007

The "political socialization" literature of the 1960s promised a new understanding of politics, which has not been fulfilled. One major weakness was its conceptual framework: a functionalist view of politics, coyness about the state, an abstracted view of the person, and a confusion of human development with "socialization" or the acquisition of norms. The other major weakness was in research method. Formal standardized measurements based on sketchy understanding of the phenomena produced results of doubtful validity, and closed off inquiry rather than opening it up. Key issues were excluded: the phenomenology of children's consciousness, political practice, and the significance of social structure. The issues raised can be better studied in other frameworks: the social analysis of human development, the sociology of consciousness, and the politics of everyday life.