bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Algorithm to Predict the Biomechanical Stiffening Effect in Corneal Cross-linking
Authors: Kling Sabine , Hafezi Farhad
Published: February 2017

PURPOSE:

To develop an algorithm to predict the stiffening effect of CXL and to verify the accuracy with results obtained from experimental measurements.

METHODS:

The algorithm considers different variables: the reaction kinetics of riboflavin diffusion and riboflavin photodegradation to determine the effective riboflavin concentration in different stromal layers; the oxygen diffusion and ultraviolet (UV) absorption to determine the amount of reactive oxygen species as a function of time and stromal depth. For the experimental comparison, corneas were deepithelialized, followed by riboflavin instillation for 30 minutes and UV irradiation. Different pulsed and continuous-light conditions were analyzed with irradiances ranging from 3 to 100 mW/cm
2
and irradiation times from 8 to 30 minutes. Stress-relaxation measurements were performed in fresh-enucleated porcine (n = 66) and rabbit (n = 2) eyes directly after treatment, using a load of 0.6 MPa.

RESULTS:

A clear linear relationship was observed between the concentration of newly induced cross-links and the experimentally observed stiffening factor (
R
2
= 0.9432). An additional 1 mol/m
3
of cross-links increased the mechanical stress resistance of the cornea by 50.4%. The efficacy of standard CXL in murine, lapine, and porcine corneas was inversely related to corneal thickness. The stiffening effect after CXL decreased by 4.1% per 100
µ
m (
R
2
= 0.9961).

CONCLUSIONS:

The proposed model, supported by data in porcine, murine, and lapine corneas, suggests a possibility of also predicting the biomechanical CXL efficacy in human corneas. The biomechanical efficacy of CXL may be increased by prolonged UV irradiation at reduced irradiances or by a higher oxygen pressure in the environment. Pulsed CXL does not accelerate CXL or increase its efficacy when compared to standard CXL of the same irradiation duration. This model might be used to calculate customized irradiation settings for high-risk cases, but also topography-guided CXL treatments.

[
J Refract Surg.
2017;33(2):128–136.]
Correlations of Objective Metrics for Quantifying Dysfunctional Lens Syndrome With Visual Acuity and Phacodynamics
Authors: Faria-Correia Fernando , Ramos Isaac , Lopes Bernardo , Monteiro Tiago , Franqueira Nuno , Ambrósio Renato
Published: February 2017

PURPOSE:

To study the relationship between objective metrics for quantifying crystalline lens dysfunction with visual impairment and phacodynamics parameters in age-related nuclear cataracts.

METHODS:

A total of 51 eyes (34 patients) with age-related nuclear cataract had phacoemulsification. The Dysfunctional Lens Index (0 to 10 points) was measured by a ray-tracing aberrometry (iTrace Visual Function Analyzer; Tracey Technologies, Houston, TX). The average lens density (0 to 100) was evaluated using a rotating Scheimpflug system (Pentacam HR; Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany), and the nuclear opalescence score was subjectively assessed using the Lens Opacities Classification System III (LOCS III). The different parameters for evaluating crystalline lens dysfunction were correlated with preoperative corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) and cumulative dissipated energy (CDE).

RESULTS:

There was a negative linear correlation between the Dysfunctional Lens Index and the LOCS III nuclear opalescence and Scheimpflug-measured average density (
r
=−0.728 and
r
= −0.771, respectively; both
P
< .01). The preoperative CDVA was correlated with the Scheimpflug-measured lens nuclear density value (
r
= 0.612,
P
< .01) and Dysfunctional Lens Index score A (
r
=−0.670,
P
< .01). The CDE was more strongly correlated with Dysfunctional Lens Index and Scheimpflug-derived average density (
r
=−0.744 and
r
= 0.700, respectively; both
P
< .01) than with LOCS III nuclear opalescence (
r
= 0.646,
P
< .01).

CONCLUSIONS:

The Dysfunctional Lens Index was correlated with the Scheimpflug-measured average density, subjective lens grading, and preoperative CDVA. This metric also presented the highest correlation with phacodynamics. Correlation with other clinical measures related to visual quality and impairment are still needed.

[
J Cataract Refract Surg
. 2017;33(2):79–83.]
A Brief Resolved Unexplained Event and Congenital Neurosyphilis
Authors: Triemstra Justin , Reno Kelsey , Chohlas-Wood Rebecca , Nash Colleen
Published: February 2017

Brief resolved unexplained event (BRUE) is a common pediatric problem that presents to ambulatory and emergency settings. Infants presenting with a BRUE can be separated into low- and high-risk groups per recent guidelines. Most low-risk infants who present with a BRUE can be discharged home with anticipatory guidance and education provided to the caregivers; however, high-risk infants should undergo further testing and observation to determine the cause of their event. Congenital neurosyphilis can be a rare cause of a BRUE. Therefore, high-risk infants with a BRUE should have evaluations focused on potential diagnosis supported by the patient's history and physical examination.

[
Pediatr Ann.
2017;46(2):e61–e64.]
When the Great Masquerader Reveals Itself—Tuberculosis
Authors: Hodgson Brittany , Kornfeld Benjamin D. , Wild Bridget M.
Published: February 2017

Pneumonia is a clinical diagnosis often treated empirically and successfully on an outpatient basis. When a patient fails to improve, the clinician is left to revisit the differential of pathogens and reconsider the host. Admission, imaging, and invasive and noninvasive testing are part of the toolkit for the severe or atypical case of pneumonia. For fastidious organisms, achieving a culture-proven diagnosis can be quite difficult. This article discusses the screening and testing for tuberculosis, reviews the utility of computed tomography imaging and bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage in severe or atypical pneumonia, and highlights the barriers to definitive diagnosis even when the causative microbe is on the differential diagnosis when a patient is admitted.

[
Pediatr Ann
. 2017;46(2):e51–e55.]
Primary Care Asthma Management: Inhaled Corticosteroids and Other Clinical Pearls
Authors: Marcus Zachary , Park Nanah Suk
Published: February 2017

Most children in the United States with intermittent, mild, and moderate persistent asthma are cared for by primary care practitioners (PCPs). Despite inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) being highly effective at controlling asthma symptoms, many PCPs are uncomfortable prescribing these medications. Cumbersome guidelines, increasing numbers of medication choices, and concerns regarding side effects are some of the barriers to prescribing ICS for children with asthma. This article serves as a quick-start guide for PCPs that (1) condenses the routine diagnosis and management of asthma into concise clinical tools for children who would benefit from ICS therapy and (2) provides clinical pearls to aid in the treatment of mild- to moderate-persistent asthma.

[
Pediatr Ann
. 2017;46(2):e34–e39.]
¿Patrimonio Natural o recurso productivo? El conflicto ambiental en Sierra Pelada en torno al buitre negro
Authors: Talego Félix , Del Río Ángel , Coca Agustín
Published: February 2017

Analizamos el conflicto que desde 1970 se mantiene entre diversos actores acerca de una de las más importantes colonias de buitre negro (Aegypius monachus) de la Península: entre los partidarios de los eucaliptos y los partidarios de los buitres. Se trata de un conflicto a la vez patrimonial y ambiental. Veremos cómo el buitre negro a un lado y el eucalipto al otro han llegado a ser ejes de un simbolismo que confronta el paradigma productivista y el ecologista en sus respectivas jerarquías valorativas.
Reproductive characteristics of Siahmahi, Capoeta damascina (family: Cyprinidae) in Beheshtabad river, Tigris basin
Authors: Siami Masoud , Keivany Yazdan , Farhadian Omidvar
Published: February 2017

A total of 426 specimens of Mesopotamian barb (Siahmahi) Capoeta damascina (Cyprinidae) were caught by gillnets (1–6 cm mesh sizes) from Beheshtabad River, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province from May 2013 to June 2014. Fish specimens were anesthetized in 1% clove oil solution, fixed in 10% buffered formalin and transported to the laboratory for further analyses. Fork lengths of the sampled fish ranged from 8.94 cm to 42.45 (23.32±6.53SD) cm and total weight from 10.3 to 1255.5 (242.5±213.4) g. Based on scale readings, the maximum age was found to be 7+ years for males and 8+ for females. Six reproductive characteristics, viz: sex ratio, Gonadosomatic Index (GSI), Hepatosomatic Index (HSI), relative fecundity, absolute fecundity and ova diameter were determined. The smallest mature male and female were 11.2 and 18.5 cm in fork length respectively. Sex ratio was 1M:0.7F. The GSI showed that spawning occurred from March to June. Oocyte diameters ranged from 0.57 to 2.48 (1.30±0.41) mm. Absolute fecundity ranged between 2260 and 51770 (15360±12030) eggs. Absolute fecundity and fish size (fork length and total weight) were highly correlated. Relative fecundity varied from 11 to 65 (33±12) eggs per gram of total body weight. The average hepatosomatic index was 2.25 ± 0.05 and the highest value was observed in March (3.05 ± 0.31).
Cutting Edge: The Transcription Factor Sox2 Regulates AID Expression in Class-Switched B Cells
Authors: DiMenna Lauren J. , Yen Wei-Feng , Nicolas Laura , Sharma Rahul , Saldanha Zara N. , Chaudhuri Jayanta
Published: February 2017

IgH class switch recombination (CSR) occurs through the deliberate introduction of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)-instigated DNA double-strand breaks into the IgH loci. Because double-strand breaks are generally highly toxic, mechanisms that regulate AID expression are of much relevance to CSR and genomic integrity; however, effectors of such regulatory processes are still poorly understood. In this article, we show that the transcription factor sex determining region Y-box 2 (Sox2) is expressed in activated B cells, but almost exclusively in those that have undergone CSR. We demonstrate that enforced expression of Sox2 in splenic B cells severely inhibits AID expression and CSR, whereas deletion of Sox2 increases the frequency of IgH:c-Myc translocations. These results suggest that Sox2 may regulate AID expression in class-switched B cells to suppress genomic instability associated with CSR.
Early infliximab antibody testing does not prevent infusion reactions when reinitiating infliximab
Authors: Feuerstein Joseph D.
Published: February 2017

Infliximab drug level checking has started to revolutionize the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, allowing for more accurate dosing. Recently, Brandse and colleagues and Gagniere and colleagues both noted the potential benefit of a re-introduction of infliximab after prior failure in patients with Crohn’s disease. Unfortunately though, approximately 1/3 of patients stopped the drug due to side effects of the attempted retreatment from infusion reactions. In their study, they also noted that concomitant usage of a thiopurine did not provide any additional benefit. Presumably, majority of these reactions are secondary to antibody formation to infliximab. In order to reduce the risk of infusion reactions, we present a case of a patient with Crohn’s disease who was retried on infliximab and had antibody testing after the first dose to assess if it would be safe to continue the drug, as most infusion reactions occur at the second dose.
Effect of insulin therapy and obesity on colon adenoma and advanced adenoma among type II diabetes mellitus population
Authors: Jain Deepanshu , Chhoda Ankit , Uribe Jorge
Published: February 2017

Insulin is a debatable risk factor for colon adenoma (Ad) among type II diabetes mellitus (DM II) patients. Obesity is an important confounding variable. The study involved chart review of DM II patients undergoing screening colonoscopy. Study population was divided into obese [body mass index (BMI)≥30] and nonobese (BMI<30) groups which were further divided into insulin and non-insulin subgroup. Colonoscopy and pathology reports were used to calculate Ad detection rate (ADR) and AAd detection rate (AADR). A total of 538 subjects satisfied the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The study population composed of 52.8% obese and 47.2% non-obese subjects. Obese group had 28.9% insulin and 71.1% non-insulin subjects. Non-obese group composed of 29.9% insulin and 70.1% non-insulin subjects. ADR for non-obese insulin and non-insulin subgroup was 31.6% and 37.1% respectively. AADR for non-obese insulin and non-insulin subgroup was 13.2% and 11.2% respectively. ADR for obese insulin and non-insulin subgroup was 41.5% and 34.2% respectively. AADR for obese insulin and non-insulin subgroup was 15.9% and 16.3% respectively. Insulin exposure lacked statistically significant association with ADR or AADR among obese and non-obese DM II subjects.
Alteration in transforming growth factor-β receptor expression in gallbladder disease: implications of chronic cholelithiasis and chronic Salmonella typhi infection
Authors: Walawalkar Yogesh D. , Vaidya Yatindra , Nayak Vijayashree
Published: February 2017

Gallbladder cancer prevalence is ever increasing with Salmonella typhi chronic infection being one of the predisposing factors. Altered ratios or expression of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) receptors and changes in its function are associated with loss in anti-proliferative effects of TGF-β and cancer progression. Using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction we monitor any changes in TGF-β receptor gene expression. We simultaneously screen for S. typhi within the samples. From 73 patients undergoing cholecystectomy 39-50% had significant expression (P<0.05) of TGF-β receptor (TβR)- I and TβR-II during chronic cholelithiasis as compared to the remaining 19-23% with acute chronic cholelithiasis. There was no significant increase in TβR-III receptor expression. Patient’s positive for S. typhi (7/73) did not show any significant changes in expression of these receptors, thus indicating no direct relation in regulating the host TGFβ-signaling pathway. Further analysis on expression of downstream Smad components revealed that patients with up-regulated TGFβ receptor expression show >2-fold increase in the RSmads and Co-Smads with a >2-fold decrease in I-Smads. Thus gain of TβR-I and II expression in epithelial cells of the gallbladder was associated with chronic inflammatory stages of the gallbladder disease.
Prognostic and predictive roles of microRNA-383 in colorectal cancer
Authors: Fateh Alavieh , Hosseinpour Feizi Mohammad Ali , Safaralizadeh Reza , Somi Mohammad Hossein , Ravanbakhsh Reyhaneh , Shokoohi Behrouz , Hashemzadeh Shahryar , Azarbarzin Shirin
Published: February 2017

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are impressive regulators of gene expression that have a critical role in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). With respect to the aberrant expression of miRNA-383 (miR-383) in some types of human malignancy, this prospective study characterized its contribution to CRC tumorigenesis. The real-time reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction was used to examine miR-383 expression levels prospectively in 40 sample pairs of CRC tissues and adjacent noncancerous tissues (>2 cm from cancer tissue). No significant relationship was found between miR-383 expression levels and clinicopathological features. The ability of miR-383 to function as a tumor marker was also examined. Showing significant changes overall, miR-383 expression levels were significantly down regulated in the group of CRC samples compared with matched noncancerous tissue samples. A receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve also showed ROC area of 70% for miR-383 with 68 and 75% sensitivity and specificity, respectively. Therefore, miR-383 can be considered as a tumor marker in CRC and help as a potential predictive biomarker in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer.
Genetic Diversity and Phylogenetic Behavior of Some Minor Legumes
Authors: Agbolade James Oludare , Komolafe Ronke Justina
Published: February 2017

Twenty-four accessions of twelve species minor legumes collected from the germplasm unit of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Ibadan, Nigeria were evaluated for their genetic diversities and phylogenetic relatedness. The accessions were planted into plots of 5 ridges of 5 meters long, spaced 1 meter apart and replicated three times at the Federal University Oye-Ekiti Teaching and Research Farm. The diversity and the relative phylogeny of the accessions were assessed through their floral morphological differences and the mean values between two accessions were evaluated by descriptive statistics. Principal component analysis was employed to identify the most discriminatory floral morphological traits and the similarities among the 24 accessions were assessed by cluster analysis (CA). Descriptive statistics through Duncan multiple range test adopted revealed genetic diversity and phylogenetic relatedness among the accessions. The first two principal component axes explained 64.66% of the total floral morphological variation. Standard petal length, calyx lobe length and stipule length contributed most of the variations in the legume accession. CA grouped the 24 accessions into six clusters. The study revealed intra-specific similarities and inter-specific floral morphological differences among the studied accessions.
Molecular Identification of Rosa x damascena Growing in Taif Region (Saudi Arabia)
Authors: Amer Sayed , Basaid Salih , Ali Esmat
Published: February 2017

A fragment of 772 bp of the chloroplast maturase K gene was amplified and sequenced for Rosa x damascena trigintipetala variety growing in Taif region of Saudi Arabia. The data were aligned with their counterparts of other varieties already found in the Genbank database and were analyzed by maximum-parsimony, neighbor-joining and maximum-likelihood methods and a single rooted tree was executed. R. x damascena trigintipetala was paraphyletic where one sample [A] clustered with all varieties while the second [B] was basal. R. x damascena was sister to R. x chinensis semperflorens with the later being basal. R. x damascena gori was basal for all taxa studied. R. moschata was inside the clade of R. x damascena. Hybridization could be possible among R. damascena, R. chinensis and R. moschata. The genetic distance and tree topology indicated that [A] variety could be originated from R. moshata while [B] could be originated from gori or R. chinensis semperflorens. We, therefore, may consider that R. x damascena gori or R. chinensis could be the origin of all nowadays R. x damascena varieties.
Growth and Physical Quality of Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) Nielsen Seedling on Ten Types of Transplanting Media
Authors: Santosa Slamet
Published: February 2017

Growth and physical quality of Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) Nielsen seedling is determined by the quality and quantity of transplanting media. The aim of this research is to determine the best transplanting media for growing P. falcataria seedling. Research started with sowing P. falcataria seed in plastic container until the seedling grow. After 2 weeks of age, seedling was placed in ten types of transplanting media. Transplanting media consist of Sidoarjo’s mud soil, rice husk, compost and cow manure. Each types of transplanting media were made from different concentration of mud, rice husk, compost and cow manure. Result showed that the highest growth of P. falcataria seedling was found in M4 with 31.0 cm. However, this result was not significantly different with M1 which the high is 30.6 cm. Other P. falcataria seedlings showed varied growth with the value ranging from 27.6 to 29.9 cm. M4 also showed highest stem diameter, root length and leaves number with value 0.50 cm; 20.6 cm; 50.1 respectively. Root dry weight and stem+leaf dry weight were also highest on M4 with value 1.4 g and 4.9 g. RRSL and Seed Quality Index were also highest on M4 with value 3.50 and 0.09. It was concluded that M4 is the best transplanting media for P. falcataria seedling.
The Improvement of Early Maturity Red Rice Mutant Trait for Drought Tolerance
Authors: Mustikarini Eries D. , Ardiarini Noer Rahmi , Basuki Nur , Kuswanto Kuswanto
Published: February 2017

Accession of red rice does not have the traits of early maturity, drought tolerance and high yield. Mutation is needed to obtain the desired genetic resources. Gamma-ray irradiation is the right method because it was proved capable of producing hundreds of new varieties, which are better than the previous. This study aimed to identify the improvement of early maturity and drought tolerance of red rice mutant to gamma ray irradiation results. The research materials are M4, M5 and M6 strain, which are derived from the Bangka’s accession local red rice (Celak Madu, Ruten Puren and radix). The three accession seed have been treated with gamma-ray irradiation doses of 150, 200 and 250 Gray. The results showed gamma ray irradiation dose of 150 Gray and 200 Gray to red rice accession can form a mutant with the character of harvesting time less than 115 days after planting and was more drought tolerant than the previous. M6-GR150- 1-9-13 strain was selected as a candidate for early maturity, drought tolerant and high yield mutant.
Bioformulations and Nano Product from Chaetomium Cupreum CC3003 to Control Leaf Spot of Rice var. Sen Pidoa in Cambodia
Authors: Tann Huyly , Soytong Kasem
Published: February 2017

Curvularia lunata was isolated from leaf spot of rice var. Sen Pidoa and tested for pathogenicity. Chaetomium cupreum CC3003 expressed antifungal activity against C. lunata in dual culture test. Hexane-crude extract, EtOAc-crude extract and methanol-crude extract from C. cupreum inhibited sporulation of C. lunata with ED50 of 6.41, 0.83 and 7.81 μg/mL, respectively. Pot experiment revealed that plant heights in treated with a spore suspension of C. cupreum, bioformulation of C. cupreum, nano product from C. cupreum and tebuconazole were not significantly different when compared to the inoculated control. Disease reduction compared to the inoculated control from treatment with a spore suspension of Chaetomium, bioformulation of C. cupreum, nano product from C. cupreum and tebuconazole ranged between 41.66% to 58.33%. Field experiment indicated that chemical method was decreased leaf spots infection by 60%, followed by organic method (40%) and GAP methods (40%) , respectively. The chemical and GAP methods were significantly higher in grain weight than the organic method when compared to the non-treated control. This is the first report using C. cupreum to control leaf spot of rice var. Sen Pidoa caused by C. lunata in Cambodia.
Superior Lines Candidates Evaluation of Two Local Red Rice Southeast Sulawesi cultivars (Indonesia) Derived from Gamma rays Irradiation Techniques
Authors: Suliartini Ni Wayan Sri , Kuswanto Kuswanto , Basuki Nur , Soegianto Andy
Published: February 2017

The aim of this research was to describe the potency of superior cultivar upland rice candidates (gogo rice) first generation (M1) which generated from Pae Pulu Pongasi and Pae Loilo, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. The grains were irradiated by 60 Co gamma-rays at 100, 200, 300, and 400 Gy doses. The developed cultivar was selected from numerous red and black rice with highest anthocyanins. Based on LD50 test to these cultivars, Pae Pulu Pongasi cultivar was founded at 416 Gy and Pae Loilo about 360 Gy. Ten superior lines candidates were selected, namely M1.27K2D1, M1.190K2D3 which are derived from M1 Pae Pulu Pongasi cultivar and M1.6K3D1, M1.24K3D1, M1.37K3D1, M1.102K3D1, M1.104K3D1, M1.162K3D1, M1.170K3D1 which derived from M1 Pae Loilo cultivars. M1.81K2D1 derived from M1 Pae Pulu Pongasi had the potential to produce higher yield, high lodging resistance, and short harvest age compared to parental.
Physical Layer, 500 Kbps
Authors:   Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Published: February 2017

This document defines a physical layer having a higher bandwidth capacity than other physical layers defined for SAE J1939. Newer transceiver technologies are utilized to minimize EMI.

CAN controllers are now available which support the Flexible Data Rate Frame Format. These controllers, when used on SAE J1939-14 networks, must be restricted to use only the Classical Frame Format compliant to ISO 11898-1:2015.

This SAE Recommended Practice is intended for light- and heavy-duty vehicles on- or off-road as well as appropriate stationary applications which use vehicle derived components (e.g., generator sets). Vehicles of interest include but are not limited to: on- and off-highway trucks and their trailers; construction equipment; and agricultural equipment and implements.
Proving Ground Vehicle Corrosion Testing
Authors:   Materials, Processes and Parts Council
Published: February 2017

The facilities used by domestic automotive manufacturers to provide accelerated corrosion aging of complete vehicles are described in general. The types of vehicles tested, general test methodology, and techniques used to determine test-to-field correlation are discussed. The different procedures used throughout the industry produce different results on various vehicle coatings, components, and systems. The key to successful interpretation of test results is a thorough understanding of the corrosion mechanisms involved and the effects of test limitations on these mechanisms.
Navigation and Route Guidance Function Accessibility While Driving Rationale
Authors:   Driver Metrics, Performance, Behaviors and States Committee
Published: February 2017

This document provides the rationale used by the Navigation Function Accessibility Subcommittee (the Subcommittee) for the development and content of a SAE J2364 Recommended Practice: Navigation and Route Guidance Function Accessibility While Driving. It provides both the reasoning for the overall recommended practice as well as each of its elements.
Refrigerant Purity and Container Requirements for Carbon Dioxide (CO2 R-744) Used in Mobile Air-Conditioning Systems
Authors:   Interior Climate Control Fluids Committee
Published: February 2017

This SAE Standard applies to Carbon Dioxide R-744 refrigerant used to service motor vehicle passenger air-conditioning (A/C) systems designed to use CO2 (R-744).

Hermetically sealed, refrigerated cargo systems are not covered by this document.
Process for Comprehension Testing of In-Vehicle Symbols
Authors:   Driver Vehicle Interface (DVI) Committee
Published: February 2017

This recommended practice describes a process for testing the comprehension of static (i.e., fixed or non-dynamic) symbols for all ground vehicles, for both OEM and aftermarket products. With advancing display technology, it is now possible to display dynamic symbols (e.g., a spinning beach ball to show that a process is ongoing, or a diagram showing energy distribution in hybrid vehicles). Such graphics are outside of the scope of this recommended practice, though extensions of this process may be useful for testing them. However, several symbols which occupy the same space on a display may change state without movement (e.g. play/pause button); these are within the scope of this recommended practice.

The process described in this recommended practice includes criteria that are used to identify how well the perceived meaning matches the intended meaning for a representative sample of drivers. The data from this process are analyzed to determine the drivers’ comprehension of the symbol. These data provide guidance as to the symbols that can be improved and used. Although the process described in this recommended practice emphasizes a paper-and-pencil approach to administer the test, a computer could be used instead.

NOTE: This process was initially developed specifically for testing active safety symbols (e.g., collision avoidance functions), or other symbols that reflect some in-vehicle message (e.g., navigation, vehicle status, or infotainment functions). For that reason, many of the examples provided concern those systems.
On-Board System Requirements for V2V Safety Communications
Authors:   DSRC Technical Committee
Published: February 2017

This standard specifies the system requirements for an on-board vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) safety communications system for light vehicles1, including standards profiles, functional requirements, and performance requirements. The system is capable of transmitting and receiving the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) J2735-defined Basic Safety Message (BSM) [1] over a Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) wireless communications link as defined in the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 1609 suite and IEEE 802.11 standards [2] – [6].
Brake Insulator Damping Measurement Procedure
Authors:   Brake NVH Standards Committee
Published: February 2017

This procedure is applicable to modes from 500 and 13,000 Hz. The parameters measured with this procedure are defined as the damping factor, ξ for first nine vibration modes of the beam. The measurement will be done in free-free conditions and with temperature.
Adaptive Driving Beam
Authors:   Road Illumination Devices Standards Committee
Published: February 2017

This SAE Recommended Practice provides test procedures, performance requirements, and design guidelines for adaptive driving beam (ADB) and associated equipment.
2-D CAD Template for SAE J826 H-point Machine
Authors:   Human Accom and Design Devices Stds Comm
Published: February 2017

This document describes the 2-D computer-aided design (CAD) template for the HPM-1 H-point machine or HPD available from SAE. The elements of the HPD include the curve shapes, datum points and lines, and calibration references. The intended purpose for this information is to provide a master CAD reference for design and benchmarking. The content and format of the data files that are available are also described.
Assessing the uncertainty of soil-moisture impact on convective
precipitation by an ensemble approach
Authors: Henneberg Olga , Ament Felix , Grützun Verena
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Soil moisture influences the occurrence of convective precipitation. Therefore an accurate knowledge of soil moisture might be useful for an improved prediction of convective cells. But still the model uncertainty overshadows the impact of soil moisture in realistic cases even in 1 km resolution and therefore convection resolving models. Only drastic soil moisture changes can exhibit the model uncertainties but the systematic behaviour is still complex and depends strongly on the strength of soil moisture change. Here we performed seven experiments with modified soil moisture using an ensemble approach for each experiment. Only a 50 % soil moisture enhancement and a complete dried soil impact precipitation patterns considerably in structure, amplitude and location in certain analysis areas. Both, the enhanced and reduced soil moisture result in a reduced precipitation rate. Replacing the soil moisture by a realistic field from different days influences the precipitation insignificantly. We point out the need for uncertainty estimations in soil moisture studies.
Post-glacial flooding of the Beringia Land Bridge dated to 11,000 cal yrs BP based on new geophysical and sediment records
Authors: Jakobsson Martin , Pearce Christof , Cronin Thomas M. , Backman Jan , Anderson Leif G. , Barrientos Natalia , Björk Göran , Coxall Helen , de Boer Agatha , Mayer Larry A. , Mörth Carl-Magnus , Nilsson Johan , Rattray Jayne E. , Stranne Christian , Semilietov Igor , O'Regan Matt
Published: February 2017

Abstract. The Bering Strait connects the Arctic and Pacific oceans and separates the North American and Asian land masses. The presently shallow (~ 53 m) strait was exposed during the sea-level lowstand of the last glacial period, which permitted human migration across a land bridge referred to as Beringia. Proxy studies (stabile isotope composition of foraminifera, whale migration into the Arctic Ocean, mollusc and insect fossils and paleobotanical data) have suggested a range of ages for the Bering Strait reopening, mainly falling within the Younger Dryas stadial (12.9–11.7 ka). Here we provide new information on the deglacial and post-glacial evolution of the Arctic-Pacific connection through the Bering Strait based on analyses of geological and geophysical data from Herald Canyon, located north of the Bering Strait on the Chukchi Sea shelf region in the western Arctic Ocean. Our results suggest an initial opening at about 11 ka in the earliest Holocene, which is later when compared to several previous studies. Our key evidence is based on a well dated core from Herald Canyon, in which a shift from a near-shore environment to a Pacific-influenced open marine setting around 11 ka is observed. The shift corresponds to Meltwater Pulse 1b (MWP1b) and is interpreted to signify relatively rapid breaching of the Bering Strait and submergence of the large Beringia Land Bridge. Although precise rates of sea-level rise cannot be quantified, our new results suggest that the late deglacial sea-level rise was rapid, and occurred after the end of the Younger Dryas stadial.
A Bayesian Approach to Infer Nitrogen Loading Rates from Crop
and Landuse Types Surrounding Private Wells in the Central Valley,
California
Authors: Ransom Katherine M. , Bell Andrew M. , Barber Quinn E. , Kourakos George , Harter Thomas
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Nitrate contamination of alluvial aquifers in agricultural areas is a typical and major problem around the world. Nitrogen applied to crops, in the form of synthetic fertilizers or manure, in excess of plant uptake, largely leaches to groundwater in the form of nitrate, which is stable and highly mobile in oxygen-rich groundwaters. Increased awareness of the impact that excess nitrogen has had on groundwater and major health concerns about nitrate are prompting new regulations for farmers, e.g., in Europe and California, USA. This study is focused in the Central Valley, California, USA, an intensively farmed region with high agricultural crop diversity. Though nitrogen loading rates for several crop and landuse types in the Central Valley have been estimated or measured in a handful of studies, nitrogen loading rates for specific crop or landuse types and their impact to groundwater quality remain largely unknown. Knowledge of crop or other landuse specific groundwater nitrate impact may aid future regulatory decisions. Nitrogen loading rates for specific crop or landuse types are expected to vary depending on individual landuse practices; and interactions with hydrogeologic parameters that may promote or inhibit nitrate leaching. In this study, we developed a novel Bayesian regression model that allowed us to estimate crop or other landuse-specific groundwater nitrogen loading rate probability distributions from surveys of private wells, each of which is likely impacted by more than one landuse. We used recent nitrate measurements from 2149 wells in the Central Valley. We estimated nitrogen loading rate distributions for 15 crop and landuse groups. These were shown to compare favorably with prior mass-balance estimates of loading rates based on agronomic estimates of nitrogen loading.
Vanishing letters in text-based digital installations
Authors: Strehovec Janez
Published: February 2017

New media shaped textuality, narrative, codeworks and digital poetry are deployed in electronic literature as a practice situated in Internet and post-Internet arts. E-literature embedded in online venues has outgrown a hyperfiction phase and become conceptual. Instead of hyperlink-based storytelling, it has begun dealing with itself, becoming e-literature after the end of e-literature-as-we-know it, aligning with contemporary art, science, philosophy, economy and politics. Entering the “after the end” phase is of essential importance for a particular field. In its conceptual phase, e-literature addresses its fundamental principles, investigates the limitations of digital media, Internet, language, narrative, text, sign and code. Its projects are laboratories for playing with different hypotheses. However, the reflection on the technology that generates it and the experience stimulated by its projects significantly contribute to an understanding of e-literature. This paper is focused on the second experience as defined according to Benjamin’s concept of the second technology, a playful experience enabled through technology. Based on play, the second experience promotes exploration and blurring boundaries, which in the case of digital textuality means dealing with a vanishing text which is only conditionally legible and whose existence is limited to a particular time.
Recursos didácticos y tecnológicos para la enseñanza de la integral definida en el modelo de Universidad Comunitaria Intercultural
Authors: Flores López William Oswaldo , López Mairena Eugenio
Published: February 2017

Esta investigación ha descrito los recursos didácticos y tecnológicos que el profesorado de matemáticas incorpora en el proceso de enseñanza de la integral definida, la evaluación que el profesorado efectúa, y las dificultades de comprensión en el aprendizaje del estudiantado. Fue un estudio cuantitativo y cualitativo sustentado en un estudio de caso, con una muestra de 46 estudiantes del tercer semestre de Administración de Empresas y 12 profesores de Matemáticas de la Universidad de las Regiones Autónomas de la Costa Caribe Nicaragüense, Recinto Universitario Nueva Guinea. El análisis se desarrolló con énfasis en las capacidades observadas en el aula de clases, y las argumentaciones en respuesta a los cuestionarios y entrevistas dirigidas al estudiantado y el profesorado. Los resultados sostienen que la incorporación de recursos didácticos y tecnológicos en la enseñanza de la integral definida disminuye las dificultades de comprensión en el aprendizaje, lo que se traduce en que al diseñar e implementar recursos didácticos y tecnológicos, se convierte en un entorno de agrado, motivación y confianza para que el estudiantado resuelva tareas matemáticas, y por tanto, disminuye sus dificultades de aprendizaje. SummaryThis research has described the educational and technological resources that the math teachers incorporates in the process of teaching the definite integral, the evaluation made by the teachers, and the difficulties the students presents in its understanding. It was a quantitative and qualitative study based on a case study, with a sample of 46 students from the third semester of Business Administration and 12 math teachers from the University of the Autonomous Regions of the Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua, Nueva Guinea campus. The analysis was developed with emphasis on the capacities observed in the classroom, and the arguments in response to the questionnaires and interviews aimed to students and teaching staff.The results demonstrate that the incorporation of educational and technological resources in the teaching of definite integral reduces the difficulties for a comprehensive learning, which means that when designing and implementing educational and technological resources it can create a pleasing environment full of motivation and confidence in order that the students resolve their mathematical tasks, and therefore decreases their learning difficulties.
Gregorio Marañón: Constructor de tolerancia y reconciliación
Authors: Cañas López Sergio Arturo
Published: February 2017

Gregorio Marañón y Posadillo (1887-1960), médico, historiador, filósofo ensayista adscrito ala Generacióndel 14, destacó junto a Ortega y Gasset en momentos cumbres de la historia de España contribuyendo –cual lo hiciera Ellacuría en El Salvador- a crear un estado de reflexión nacional sobre el mejor destino que merecía el país, oponiendo tenaz resistencia a la intolerancia que culminó ensangrentando a España en una atroz guerra civil y aplastando toda posibilidad democrática por la dictadura subsecuente. Nacida de una especial generosidad –particularmente para con el necesitado- y de su profundo conocimiento de la realidad, sustento con autenticidad una “vida en proximidad” como vocación vital que hoy intentamos reconocer, honrando, 125 años después de su nacimiento, su legado de hombre con autoridad intelectual y moral a toda prueba.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 136, 2013: 159-178
La década de los sesenta en El Salvador: un modelo de negación dialéctica
Authors: Ribera Ricardo
Published: February 2017

Este artículo, que examina los años sesenta del siglo XX en El Salvador, es un avance de los resultados de una investigación en curso de mayor alcance que abarca tres décadas del proceso histórico salvadoreño, entre 1969 y 1999. Constituye un capítulo de antecedentes a los acontecimientos que se examinarán en el cuerpo principal de la investigación. También sirve como ejercicio metodológico, ya que se aplica el método dialéctico a fin de analizar y exponer el avance del proceso desde el punto de vista de negatividad, en correspondencia con los principios de la dialéctica desarrollados y utilizados por Hegel, Marx y Ellacuría.Para ello el investigador agrupa los hechos, iniciativas y acciones de los actores políticos en las diferentes dinámicas presentes en el proceso histórico salvadoreño. En el período que se estudia en este artículo, la atención se centra en tres de ellas: la política, la económica y la social. La interacción de las tres dinámicas históricas aparece como una dialéctica que se despliega en sus tres momentos: afirmación (o tesis), negación (o antítesis) y negación de la negación (o síntesis). En las décadas siguientes entrarán en juego otras dos, la ideológica y la militar, de manera que en la dialéctica entre estas cinco dinámicas puede explicarse el desencadenamiento de la guerra, su desarrollo en etapas determinadas y su desenlace por la vía política o negociación. Ésta niega, a la vez que la supera dialécticamente.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 136, 2013: 179-229
Editorial No. 137
Authors: Editor El
Published: February 2017

Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 137, 2013: 371-374
Transformaciones rurales en El Salvador
Authors: Álvarez Ramírez José Alejandro
Published: February 2017

No hay resúmenes disponiblesRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No.137, 2013: 483-497
Ruralidad: investigación y un buen vivir alternativo
Authors: Vega Lilian
Published: February 2017

No hay resúmenes disponiblesRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 138, 2013: 553-572
Convocatoria de Manuscritos: 2 Semestre de 2014
Authors: Morales Peña Juan Carlos , López Ramírez Augusto Rigoberto
Published: February 2017

No Abstract
Anorectal malformations treatment results: Multicentric research on 32 cases in Abidjan
Authors: Landry Aké Yapi , Kouassi Sophie , Midekor Kokoe , Bonny Rebecca , Moh Ello , Yebouet Eric , Bankole Sanny , Aguehounde Cosme
Published: February 2017

Objective: Evaluate results of treatment of anorectal malformations (ARM).Methods: Mmulti-centric research on results of treatment of ARM in two university teaching hospital centres of Abidjan, from the period of January 2000 to December 2010. Sixty-three children operated for an anorectal malformation have been recorded. Thirty two of these children have been re-examined at an average age of 4 years old. The clinical evaluation was on anorectal function, physical condition of anorectal complex, urinary continence and quality of life according to the Ditehseim’s score.Results: Sixteen patients (50%) out of the 32, had normal faecal continence; 4 had severe constipation; 10 cases (31.25%) were of complete soiling and 8 cases (25%) were of faecal incontinence. The clinical examination of anorectal complex was normal for 22 patients (68.75%). For the other 10 we could notice 5 cases of anal stricture and 2 cases of mucous ectropium. The urinary incontinence was associated with 2 cases. The low form has been observed as a factor of good prognosis for those operated of ARM (p = .04). During the evaluation of quality of life, 4 out of 12 patients aged of more than 5 years old, had a bad score in it.Conclusions: The improvement of the medium and long term results of treatment of ARM in our context requires the setting up of a multidisciplinary follow-up (paediatric surgeons, gastro-enterology paediatrics and paediatric psychologists) and raising the consciousness of parents to ensure an adapted nursing.
Bilateral lower limb paralysis as initial symptom of neurofibromatosis type 2: A case report
Authors: Yamagishi Mitsuru , Takahashi Masaya , Nonaka Masahiro , Someno Yumiko , Nakai Yoko , Noda Yukihiro , Kawasaki Hirohide , Kaneko Kazunari
Published: February 2017

Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by multiple tumors including schwannomas, meningiomas and ependymomas of the central nervous system. Although paresthesias, muscle weakness, muscle atrophy, and gait unsteadiness have been reported as clinical symptoms of spinal tumors, there are no reports of patients with NF2 who developed paralysis. A 7-year-old female consulted with our hospital because of sudden bilateral lower limb paralysis. She had not recognized the abnormalities, including paralysis, paraplegia and muscle weakness of bilateral lower limb before administration. Because of the aggravated bilateral patellar tendon reflexes, Achilles tendon reflexes, and the positive bilateral Babinski reflexes, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the spinal cord was performed. MRI revealed multiple spinal tumors in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions. In particular, a 12 mm ×  33 mm spinal tumor was present in the thoracic region and was pressing against the spinal cord. Surgery was urgently performed to remove the spinal tumor in the thoracic region. Histopathological examination revealed that the tumor was a schwannoma. Gadolinium-enhanced MRI of the head was performed to explore the intra-cranial lesions: bilateral vestibular schwannomas and tumors in the left oculomotor nerve and right glossopharyngeal nerve were also discovered. Auditory brainstem response was performed to evaluate the bilateral VSs, and the results were normal. Nine months after the surgery, MRI of the head and spinal cord showed that her tumors had not increased in size. This represents the first reported case of NF2 complicated bilateral lower limb paralysis as initial neurological symptom.
How to Determine the Influencing Cultural Factors on the Strategic Decision-Making Process in the Banking Sector?
Authors: Raissi Nizar , Hakeem Anas
Published: February 2017

This article studies the cross-cultural management research on the value and strategies adopted by bank managers while making banking decisions. Although, the study relied on testing causal relationships hypothesised in the research framework of multiple independent and intervening variables. To achieve this, a Structural Equation Modelling technique, was used to analyse the data collected from the survey of 200 respondents from 15 banking institutions. The findings show that the knowledge of bank managers is positively associated with the speed of the SDMP and participation. Likewise, the speed of decision making (SDM) is positively associated with the beliefs, attitudes and values of the top management team. Finally, the laws as a determinant of culture are positively associated to SDM and the degree of rationality.
Analysis on the Influencing Factors of the Development of Chinese Fresh Cold Chain Logistics under E-Commerce Background
Authors: Bai Huifang , Guo Qian
Published: February 2017

With the rapid development of Internet technology, e-commerce began to penetrate in various fields, the fresh electricity providers rose rapidly. At the same time with the awakening of consumer awareness, people's demand for fresh produce increased drastically, and people pay more attention to food safety and freshness, but the development of fresh cold chain logistics can not meet the demand of fresh e-commerce market. In this paper, the factors affecting the development of fresh cold chain logistics are sorted out, and the influencing factors are analyzed systematically through ISM model. Finally, we put forward the way to promote the development of cold chain logistics.