bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cyclic AMP‐dependent protein kinases in semen from men with subnormal sperm motility or morphology
Authors: Fabbro Doriano , Jochum Axel , Balerna Marco , Campana Aldo , Eppenberger Urs
Published: May 2008

Photoaffinity labelling by 8‐N3‐/32P/cAMP of human sperm homogenates with normal pathology and normal progressive motility of the gametes (N) revealed the presence of 2 specific cAMP‐binding activities with MW 47 000 (R‐I) and 52 000 (R‐II). Similar amounts of R‐I and R‐II were found in sperm homogenates obtained from semen samples with either reduced progressive motility (A50: 30–50% progressive motility and A30: < 30% progressive motility) or abnormal morphology of the gametes (T: 5–30% normal heads). In contrast, the seminal plasma of the respective semen samples of N, A50, A30 and T incorporated the 8‐azido cAMP photolabel in similar quantities into 2 additional cAMP‐binding proteins with MW 42 000 and 37 000. Quantitative analysis of the photoaffinity labelling of the seminal plasma obtained from normal (N) or subnormal semen (A50, A30, T) showed that cAMP was predominantly bound to the 37 000 protein. Furthermore, the cAMP‐dependent protein kinase and cAMP‐binding activities of sperm homogenates were quantitatively comparable within the 4 groups. These results provide the first evidence that neither quantitative nor qualitative differences in the molecular and/or enzymatic properties of cAMP‐dependent protein kinases can be detected between normal human sperm (N) and those with either reduced progressive motility (A50, A30) or abnormal morphology (T).
Carnitine and short‐chain acylcarnitines in the lumen of the human male reproductive tract
Authors: Golan R. , Soffer Y. , Katz S. , Weissenberg R. , Wasserzug O. , Lewin L. M.
Published: May 2008

Bioautography of human semen demonstrated the presence of L‐carnitine, acetylcarnitine, propionylcarnitine and C4‐acylcanitines (butyrylcarnitines). In studies designed to ascertain the organs secreting these compounds into semen it was found that:

1. Quantitative analyses of semen obtained pre‐ and post‐vasectomy showed markedly decreased L‐carnitine concentrations, slightly decreased acetylcarnitine levels, and unchanged propionyl‐ and butyrylcarnitine concentrations as a result of vasectomy.

2. The earlier portion of human split ejaculate samples characteristically contained higher concentrations of carnitine and its propionyl‐ and butyryl esters and a lower concentration of acetylcarnitine than did the later portion.

3. Vas deferens luminal fluid contained carnitine and each of the short‐chain acyl derivatives, as shown by bioautography.

4. Prostatic fluid contained only small amounts of carnitine and its derivatives.

5. Spermatozoa contained much more acetylcarnitine than free carnitine, and only trace amounts of the other acylcarnitines.

It is concluded that carnitine in semen is secreted primarily by the epididymis, that a proportion of the acetylcarnitine derives from the seminal vesicles and epididymis, and that propionylcarnitine and butytylcarnitine enter semen, at least in part, together with the vas deferens contents.
Evaluation of the effect of oxfendazole on sperm production and semen quality in boars
Authors: Larsson Birgitta , Jernström Magnus
Published: May 2008

Twice the recommended dose of oxfendazole was given as a single dose to each of 6 boars. From these and 6 placebo treated boars of similar age semen was regularly collected both before and after the antihelminth treatment. Sperm production (volume and total number of spermatozoa) and semen quality (motility and morphology of spermatozoa) were examined in each ejaculate. From these measurements and post‐mortem examination of the genital organs there was no apparent negative influence of treatment on sperm production or semen quality.
In vitro metabolism of progesterone by the human undescended testis
Authors: Läckgren Göran , Berg Anders Å:son
Published: May 2008

Testicular biopsy specimens from 28 boys with undescended testis, and from 6 men operated post‐pubertally for undescended testis, were incubated in vitro with [3H]progesterone (P). Significant steroid metabolic activity was demonstrated in all biopsies. Before puberty the total conversion rate was low and only a small amount of 17α‐hydroxy‐progesterone (17α‐OH‐P) was formed. The amount of newly formed 20α‐dihydro‐progesterone (20α‐DH‐P) was relatively constant regardless of increasing maturity. After puberty the total conversion rate was higher. More 17α‐OH‐P was synthesized, and the ratio between formed 20α‐DH‐P and 17α‐OH‐P decreased significantly. The position of the undescended testis did not appear to influence progesterone metabolism. In no case could we demonstrate deficient steroidogenesis. In one 17‐year old boy the 20α‐DH‐P/17α‐OH‐P ratio was lower in the undescended testis (0.9) than in the scrotal testis (4.0) suggesting increased steroidogenesis per mg tissue in the malpositioned testis. The indication from the present study, that even grossly displaced testes have a relatively undisturbed steroidogenic capability, suggests that the reason for impaired descent may not simply reflect disturbed androgen synthesis, but must involve other mechanisms.
Endogenous protein carboxyl methylation in hamster spermatozoa: changes associated with capacitation in vitro
Authors: Castaneda E. , Bouchard P. , Saling P. , Phillips D. , Gagnon C. , Bardin C. W.
Published: May 2008

Protein carboxyl methylase (PCM) and its substrate(s), methyl acceptor protein(s) (MAP), are present in the spermatozoa of rat, rabbit and man. In the present study, PCM activity and MAP capacity were measured in homogenates of hamster testes and isolated spermatozoa, and found to be similar to those of other species. Using solubilized preparations of spermatozoa from the cauda epididymis of hamster, PCM activity was twice as high in sperm tails as in heads while the reverse was true for MAP capacity. Since in this and in previous studies this enzyme reaction has been measured in broken cells, we thought it pertinent to measure methylation under physiological conditions (i.e., in motile spermatozoa). To accomplish this, an assay was developed which depends upon the conversion of [3H‐methyl]methionine to S‐adenoxyl‐L [methyl‐3H]methionine which, in turn, serves as a methyl donor for PCM. In sperm that had been labelled with [3H]methionine the MAP for the endogenous methylation reaction was not solubilized with Triton X‐100, and was found primarily in sperm tails. When hamster spermatozoa were incubated in medium containing taurine, epinephrine and bovine serum albumin to induce capacitation, endogenous methylation was stimulated 8‐ to 9‐fold; when taurine was omitted from this medium, methylation was stimulated 14‐fold. Taurine, however, was essential for in vitro fertilization as the number of eggs fertilized declined from 92% in complete medium to 0% in medium minus taurine. The decrease in fertilization rate was also associated with a decrease in sperm motility. In previous studies we have demonstrated an association between PCM and sperm motility, and have suggested that this enzyme system could be involved in other functions such as the acrosome reaction. From the results in the present study we conclude that the conditions that lead to capacitation in vitro are associated with a marked change in endogenous protein carboxyl methylation.
The influence of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) on the morphology of the prepubertal human undescended testis
Authors: Läckgren Göran , Plöen Leif
Published: May 2008

The effect of hCG‐treatment on the morphology of the undescended testis was studied in testicular biopsies from 36 prepubertal boys operated on at intervals of 1 day to 2 years after discontinuation of hormonal treatment. Immediately after treatment, mature Leydig cells were observed, and the Sertoli cells were increased in size; serum testosterone had increased to adult levels. All these changes were reversible as judged from the material taken one month or more after the last hCG injection. Based on the observations and the results of a previous study it is suggested that hCG treatment does not induce any premature onset of Sertoli cell or germ cell maturation either in the undescended or in the contralateral testis.
The diagnostic value of sperm in post‐ejaculatory urine
Authors: Weissenberg R. , Rozenman H. , Hova M. , Modan M. , Lunenfeld B.
Published: May 2008

Post‐ejaculatory urine samples (PEUS) were obtained from patients undergoing semen analysis. The samples were examined for the presence, number and morphology of sperm. Spermatozoa were found in PEUS of 84.8% of 171 patients whose semen contained sperm. The presence of sperm after, but not before, ejaculation and their concentration in the first part of the void indicated the spermaturia to be the result of urethral washing after ejaculation. The number of sperm in PEUS was a small and variable fraction of the ejaculated sperm. A significant positive correlation was found between the PEUS and the semen sperm count, but there was a considerable overlap of PEUS counts between oligospermic and normospermic individuals. The percentage of sperm with normal morphology in PEUS reflected that in semen. It is concluded that although PEUS reflects some of the semen characteristics, a single PEUS cannot serve as a precise substitute for a direct semen analysis in the individual patient. It can, however, be used for establishing whether populations exposed to dangerous ecological conditions or to drugs which are known to adversely affect spermatogenesis, have reduced sperm count by comparison to appropriate control groups.
Serum potassium and aldosterone levels in gossypol‐treated rats
Authors: Tang F. , Wong P. Y. D.
Published: May 2008

Male rats fed with 30 mg/kg gossypol for 2 or 4 weeks exhibited a decrease in growth but showed no change from control in serum potassium levels. Serum aldosterone levels remained unchanged, but serum testosterone levels were significantly reduced after 4 weeks of treatment. Serum T3 was significantly increased after 2 or 4 weeks of treatment, while serum T4 was not different from control. It is concluded that gossypol at a dose that is sufficient to produce sterility in rats did not change serum potassium and aldosterone levels.
Changes in testicular function induced by short‐term exposure of the rat testis to heat: further evidence for interaction of germ cells, Sertoli cells and Leydig cells
Authors: Jégou B. , Laws A. O. , de Kretser D. M.
Published: May 2008

This study was designed to determine the effects of a short episode of testicular heating (43°C for 15 min) on spermatogenesis and Sertoli and Leydig cell function. Rats killed at intervals up to 156 days after heating were assessed by histological examination, and by measurement of serum FSH and LH, and by tests of Sertoli cell function consisting of fluid production, androgen binding protein (ABP) content of the ligated and unligated testes, together with the binding of [125I]FSH. Leydig cell function was assessed by in vitro testosterone production, serum testosterone levels and [125I]hCG binding to testes homogenates. Testis weight declined 7 days after heating to 70% of control and remained lower until 82 days, whereas epididymal weight did not decrease significantly until 26 days and also recovered by 82 days. Fluid production was significantly lower in heated testes at 26 days and returned to normal at 56 days. ABP production measured as the difference between the ABP content of ligated and unligated testes was significantly recuced at 14 and 26 days, but subsequently recovered. Serum FSH levels were significantly elevated from 14–26 days in the heat treated group and the binding of [125I]FSH was reduced at 26 days post‐heating. Basal and stimulated in vitro T production was significantly increased in the heat‐treated testes at 14 days and subsequently returned to normal whilst [125I]hCG binding was significantly lower in the heat‐treated testes from 7–26 days. Serum T and LH did not alter significantly during the study. Primary spermatocytes and young spermatids ***
An acrosomal antigen of human spermatozoa and spermatogenic cells characterized with a monoclonal antibody
Authors: Kallajoki M. , Suominen J.
Published: May 2008

Monoclonal antibodies were raised against acrosomal antigens of human sperm by immunizing BALB/CA mice with purified ejaculated human spermatozoa. An ELISA‐assay, employing glutaraldehyde‐fixed spermatozoa as antigen, was used to screen the hybridomas producing anti‐human sperm antibodies. Two hybridoma cell‐lines produced antibodies which bound to the acrosomal region of spermatozoa. Both gave identical results in preliminary tests and therefore only one was chosen for further experiments. This antibody stained the acrosomal region of fixed but not living spermatozoa by indirect immunofluorescence, indicating an intra‐acrosomal localization of the antigen. In acetone‐fixed frozen sections of human testis this antigen was expressed only in germ cells in the adluminal compartment of seminiferous tubules. The antigen was clearly visible in round spermatids from the beginning of the cap phase of acrosome development and was also present in premature germ cells which were present in ejaculates and which were in the early stages of acrosome development. By immunochemical analysis this antibody recognized a molecule of 50 K MW as well as other components of 24 to 34 K. The pattern of staining for the antigen was similar in the presence or absence of beta‐mercaptoethanol in the sample buffer. The species specificity of the antigen was studied by indirect immunofluorescence using acetone‐fixed spermatozoa and the antigen was found to be present in mouse, bovine, ram and boar spermatozoa. This antibody may be useful as an acrosomal marker.
Stimulation of capacitation and the acrosome reaction in ejaculated buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) sperm and the effects of a sperm motility factor
Authors: Sidhu K. S. , Sundhey R. , Guraya S. S.
Published: May 2008

The conditions for stimulation of in vitro capacitation and the acrosome reaction of ejaculated buffalo sperm has been determined. Washed ejaculated sperm were successfully capacitated in BWW medium supplemented with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and a sperm motility factor(s) (SMF(s) isolated from the adrenal glands of rats. The acrosome reaction was induced in capacitated sperm by introducing Ca++ ions (final concentration 5 mM) into the medium. Supplementation of BWW medium with SMF(s) in the presence of BSA significantly increased the percentage of sperm showing capacitation and the acrosome reaction. SMF(s) also significantly increased the percentage motility, the percentage forward motility and maintained a higher percentage of live sperm in BWW medium under the conditions used in this study. The significance of the present findings is discussed.
A controlled trial of the use of erythromycin for men with asthenospermia
Authors: Baker H. W. G. , Straffon W. G. E. , McGowan M. P. , Burger H. G. , de Kretser D. M. , Hudson B.
Published: May 2008

A double‐blind crossover controlled trial of Erythromycin was conducted in 78 men with asthenospermia (mean pretreatment sperm concentration ≥20 × 106/ml and motility <60%). Sperm motility increased above the pretreatment mean after the first one month course of treatment for both Erythromycin (7.9 ± 2.6%P < 0.01; mean ± SEM) and the placebo group (7.5 ± 2.2%P < 0.01) and also after the second one month course of treatment, given one month after the first, for both Erythromycin (11.8 ± 2.7%P < 0.001) and placebo (11.4 ± 2.8%P < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the changes in sperm motility with Erythromycin and placebo. Twelve pregnancies occurred during the four month trial time – eight with Erythromycin and four with placebo (χ2= 2.51 P=NS). It is concluded that in infertile men, sperm motility tends to increase spontaneously with time. Erythromycin treatment has no significant effect on semen quality and a larger trial will be required to determine if Erythromycin increases fertility.
Diurnal and annual variations in plasma androgen levels in the adult male marmoset (callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Kholkute S. D.
Published: May 2008

Diurnal and annual variations in plasma androgen levels were studied in adult male marmosets. A distinct diurnal pattern, characterized by low androgen levels during the lights‐on period and high levels during the lights‐off period was observed (n=7). In contrast to this, no definite circannual pattern in androgen levels was observed (n=6).
Carnitine and acetylcarnitine in motile and immotile human spermatozoa
Authors: Golan R. , Weissenberg R. , Lewin L. M.
Published: May 2008

Human sperm were found to contain acetylcarnitine, carnitine, and only traces of propionylcarnitine and four‐carbon acylcarnitines. Carnitine and actylcarnitine were present in higher concentrations in sperm than in the corresponding seminal fluid samples, and the degree of acylation of carnitine was greater in sperm than in seminal plasma. The ratio of acetylcarnitine/carnitine was 1.77 ± 0.69 in extracts of sperm from samples with a low degree of motility (0–10% motile), whereas it was 4.70 ± 1.58 in samples which were 40–80% motile. The possible significance of this difference with regard to the degree of acylation of coenzyme A is discussed.
Influence of vasectomy on the volume of the non‐hyperplastic prostate in men
Authors: Jakobsen Henrik , Juul Niels
Published: May 2008

The influence of vasectomy on the volume of the non‐hyperplastic prostate was investigated in 24 men referred consecutively for vasectomy. A comparison of trans‐rectal prostatic volume determined ultrasonically before vasectomy and three months post‐operatively revealed a highly significant decrease (P < 0.01) in the volume of the peri‐urethral portion of the gland. The volume of the outer zone of the prostate did not change significantly (P > 0.1). This may indicate that the prostate is not a functionally homogenous organ. It is postulated that there may be a local influence on the prostate via a hormone transported in the deferent duct and/or the deferential vein.
Influence of orchidectomy or oestrogen treatment on serum levels of pregnancy associated α2‐glycoprotein and sex hormone binding globulin in patients with prostatic cancer
Authors: Carlström Kjell , Eriksson Ambjörn , Gustafsson Sven A. , Henriksson Peter , Pousette Åke , Stege Reinhard , von Schoultz Bo
Published: May 2008

Peripheral serum levels of testosterone, immnunoreactive oestrogens (E2), FSH, LH, prolactin and growth hormone (hGH) and two steroid‐sensitive proteins, ‘pregnancy‐associated α2‐glycoprotein’ (α2‐PAG) and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), were measured in patients with prostatic cancer before treatment and after orchidectomy or during combined oral and intramuscular oestrogen treatment. Following orchidectomy, the serum levels of testosterone and E2 decreased whilst the levels of FSH and LH increased significantly. No changes were noted in the serum levels of α2‐PAG, SHBG or prolactin. Oestrogen treatment significantly decreased the serum levels of testosterone, FSH and LH whilst levels of α3‐PAG, SHBG and prolactin were increased significantly. Serum levels of hGH during oestrogen treatment were significantly higher than in patients subjected to orchidectomy. These data are at variance with the established dogma of the oestrogen/androgen balance as a physiological regulator or liver protein synthesis, and indicate that factors other than the endogenous steroids may be operative. hGH may play an important role in this respect.
The hCG‐induced increase in hormone uptake and interstitial fluid volume in the rat testis is not mediated by steroids, prostaglandins or protein synthesis
Authors: Veijola Mikko , Rajaniemi Hannu
Published: May 2008

The possible mediation by steroids, prostaglandins or protein synthesis on the hCG‐induced increase in hormone uptake and interstial fluid volume in the rat testis in vivo was studied following a single iv injection of hCG. A high dose of hCG increased its own uptake in the testis and this uptake coincided with an increase in capillary permeability and accumulation of interstial fluid. The possible role of steroids, prostaglandins and protein synthesis in these changes was studied in vivo using aminoglutethimide, indomethacin and cycloheximide, respectively, as inhibitors. However, none of these prevented the hCG‐induced changes in uptake and interstial fluid volume, which suggests that they do not mediate this phenomenon.
The anti‐glycolytic action of (S)‐α‐chlorohydrin on epididymal bovine spermatozoa in vitro
Authors: Jones A. R. , du Toit J. I.
Published: May 2008

(S)‐α‐Chlorohydrin interferes with glycolysis in bovine spermatozoa whereas the (R)‐isomer is ineffective. The action of the (S)‐isomer, which involves inhibition of the reaction catalysed by glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase, is not immediate but is evident only after a brief period of incubation with the spermatozoa. This inhibitory action is prevented when glycerol is present suggesting that the mechanism of action of (S)‐α‐chlorohydrin requires its oxidation to (S)‐3‐chlorolactaldehyde which is the active metabolite. Addition of racemic 3‐chlorolactaldehyde to bovine spermatozoa caused immediate inhibition of glycolysis. It is proposed that the action of (S)‐α‐chlorohydrin in bovine spermatozoa is similar to that observed in the spermatozoa of other species in being a two‐stage process; first, its oxidation to (S)‐3‐chlorolactaldehyde, and then inhibition of the glycolytic enzyme by this metabolite.
Effect of α‐chlorohydrin on metabolism and testosterone secretion by rat testicular interstitial cells
Authors: Paz Gedalia , Carmon Ariela , Homonnai Zwi T.
Published: May 2008

The direct effect of α‐chlorochydrin (α‐CH) on basic metabolism (glucose utilitzation and oxygen consumption) and testosterone secretion by isolated rat interstitial cells (I‐cells) has been studied. In the range of concentrations between 5 and 100 μl/ml, only the highest doses of α‐CH decreased cell vitality and their histochemical stain for 3β‐HSD. Oxygen consumption of I‐cells was depressed at all doses higher than 10 μl/ml and this effect was reversible only with doses lower than 50 μl/ml. glucose utilization by I‐cells was depressed significantly by α‐CH and this effect was particularly dramatic with doses higher than 50 μl/ml. α‐CH decreased testosterone secretion by I‐cells, with maximal effects at 100 μl/ml. I‐cells responded to hCG challenge by increasing testosterone secretion, and hCG prevented the toxic effect of α‐CH at the lowest dose (10 μl/ml) of α‐CH, but failed to overcome the effects of a high dose (100 μl/ml).
Ultrastructural changes in Sertoli cells in ageing humans
Authors: Paniagua R. , Amat P. , Nistal M. , Martin A.
Published: May 2008

Ultractructural study of seminiferous tubules in ageing men revealed a varying degree of spermatogenetic arrest associated with changes in the Sertoli cells. Approximately half of the Sertoli cells showed a normal mature nuclear appearance although the cytoplasm was altered morphologically. These cells were classified as containing abundant lipid droplets (30%), containing large cytoplasmic vacuoles filled with an amorphous material similar to that in the tubule lumen and surrounded by junctional specializations (8%), multinucleated Sertoli cells (4%), or Sertoli cells with numerous mitochondria displaying tubular cristae (2%). The remaining 7% of Sertoli cells had an immature nuclear appearance and sparse development of the cytoplasmic organelles; these cells probably represent dedifferentiated Sertoli cells. Although individual differences were marked, a correlation between the increase in gonadotrophin levels and changes in both germ cell development and Sertoli cell structure was observed.
Gossypol‐hypokalaemia interrelationships
Authors: Qian Shao‐Zhen
Published: May 2008

Around 1% of 8806 volunteers taking gossypol as a male contraceptive had hypokalaemic paralysis and more had simple hypokalaemia, the direct cause being renal potassium loss. In gossypol takers not showing hypokalaemia, serum potassium levels were within the normal range but were significantly lower than levels in controls. In the majority of patients suffering from gossypol‐induced hypokalaemia, recovery was prompt and complete following potassium repletion, but in some men there were recurrent attacks of hypokalaemia during a period of several months to years after cessation of gossypol treatment. The incidence of hypokalaemic paralysis in gossypol takers showed distinct regional differences, being much higher in Nanjing, where the dietary potassium level of the inhabitants was low, than in Taian, where the dietary potassium level was high. In rats fed a low‐K fodder, gossypol reduced the intracellular Mg and K concentrations of the skeletal muscle, while in regularly fed rats, this effect of gossypol was not observed. A potassium deficient diet could thus be considered a contributing factor in the development of gossypol‐induced hypokalaemia. Potassium deficiency has also been shown to enhance the anti‐spermatogenic effect of gossypol. Suggested mechanisms for the development of gossypol‐induced hypolalaemia include inhibition of Na‐K‐ATPase activity, stimulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis, damage to the renal tubule, and modification of membrane transport.
Effect of DL‐6‐(N‐α‐pipecolinomethyl)‐5‐hydroxy‐indane maleate (PMHI) on the reproductive system of a wild rat, Bandicota bengalensis
Authors: Hikim Amiya P. Sinha
Published: May 2008

The anti‐testicular action of PMHI was investigated in a wild rodent, the bandicoot rat. Bandicoots were given a single subcutaneous injection of this compound at a dose of 150 mg/kg and were killed 2, 10, or 30 days later. PMHI induced marked and rapid testicular regression with complete arrest of spermatogenesis by day 10 such that the seminiferous tubules contained only a ring of Sertoli cells with few spermatogonia. This was also reflected by a severe depletion of the number of sperm in the cauda epididymis. However, by day 30 after PHMI injection, testicular histology indicated restoration of spermatogenesis in parallel with the time schedule of germ cell development. The results indicate that PHMI produces a reversible anti‐spermatogenic effect in the bandicoat rat which appears to be time dependent.
Dose and time related responses of the irradiated prepubertal rat testis
Authors: Delic J. I. , Hendry J. H. , Morris I. D. , Shalet S. M.
Published: May 2008

The testes of prepubertal rats were locally irradiated with 300 kVp x‐rays to doses of between 1 and 15 Gy. Leydig cell function was assessed between 2 and 36 weeks post‐irradiation. Dysfunction was observed at two weeks as evidenced by a reduction in serum levels of testosterone to between 40 and 70% of control, with a threshold dose of about 5 Gy. Endocrine deficiencies in the Leydig cell population were indicated at later times by increased serum levels of LH, although serum testosterone concentrations recovered to control levels. The elevations in serum LH increased with time suggesting progressive Leydig cell failure.
The effect of salicylazosulphapyridine (sulphasalazine) on male fertility. A review
Authors: Giwercman Aleksander , Skakkebæk Niels E.
Published: May 2008

Salicylazosulfapyridine (SASP), a drug used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases, has been reported to depress the fertility in males.

Therefore, some authors have proposed SASP as a new lead in the search for a contraceptive for men. Based on a review of the literature, our conclusion is that SASP taken in tolerable doses has not sufficient antifertility effect. Additionally, the drug has too serious and too many side effects to be accepted as a contraceptive. However, the effect on male fertility of other sulfa drugs and related compounds remains to be investigated.
Effect of phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylcholine, arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on the motility of human sperm
Authors: Hong C. Y. , Shieh C. C. , Wu P. , Huang J. J. , Chiang B. N.
Published: May 2008

Lysophosphatidylcholine, arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were found to have a concentration‐dependent inhibitory effect on the motility of human sperm, whilst phosphatidylcholine had no effect. Seminal plasma attenuated the sperm‐immobilizing potencies of these lipids. Because all of the three inhibitors of motility are hydrolytic products of phosphatidylcholine, and the catalytic enzyme, phospholipase A2, is known to be calcium dependent, it is suggested that calcium might inhibit sperm motility by activating phospholipase A2 which in turn releases lysophosphatidylcholine and free fatty acids.
Congenital anomalies in the offspring of rats after exposure of the testis to an electrostatic field
Authors: Soeradi Oentoeng , Tadjudin M. K.
Published: May 2008

The effect of electrostatic field treatment of the testis on the offspring of male rats was investigated. The results showed that treatment ranging from 1 to 7 kV caused reduced fertility, but no deaths occurred among the treated animals during the experiment. Observations at 3, 30, 60 and 90 days after exposure showed no recovery of fertility among the treated rats. Treatment with 6 or 7 kV caused congenital anomalies in the offspring, such as micropthalmy, elongation of the foreskin of the penis (praeputium‐like), ‘rounded face’ with omnidirectional hair growth, and narrow pelvis in adult female offspring. The anomalies might be caused by changes to the genetic material in the sperm. The sex ratio of offspring in the experimental groups was not significantly different from normal, suggesting that the number of male and female offspring was unaffected by treatment. The number of offspring with experimentally linked congenital anomalies decreased with time.
Changes in the volume and histology of retractile testes in prepubertal boys
Authors: Ito Haruo , Kataumi Zengo , Yanagi Shigeyuki , Kawamura Kenji , Sumiya Hidenori , Fuse Hideki , Shimazaki Jun
Published: May 2008

Testicular development was studied in prepubertal boys with retractile testes. Testicular volume, the diameter of the seminiferous tubules and the number of spermatogonia in the tubules were decreased in cases of unilateral retractile testis, when compared with values for the contralateral normally descended testis. On the other hand, in patients with a unilateral retractile testis and contralateral inguinal testis, there was no difference in the developmental parameters between the two testes. These results suggest that the retractile testis has developmental failures characteristic of a cryptorchid testis and therefore requires orchiopexy.
Maternal cannabinoid exposure Effects on spermatogenesis in male offspring
Authors: Dalterio S. L. , DeRooij D. G.
Published: May 2008

Maternal exposure to cannabinoids influenced spermatogenesis and fertility in their male offspring examined at 60–80 days of age. Approximately 20% less spermatozoa were found in males whose mothers had received either the non‐psychoactive cannabinol (CBN) or cannabidiol (CBD) on day 1 post‐partum. Males exposed to the major psychoactive component of marihuana, Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) appeared to have spermatozoa in number comparable to controls. This finding may be consistent with the additional observation that CBN or CBD, but not THC, reduced the percentage of successful impregnations by cannabinoid‐exposed males. However, males exposed to each of these cannabinoids produced significantly less live offspring compared to controls. Plasma levels of testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) were reduced significantly in mice exposed to THC on day 12 of gestation, while testicular weight was reduced in adult mice exposed either on day 12 of gestation to CBD or on day 1 post‐partum to THC. These results indicate that perinatal exposure to psychoactive and non‐psychoactive components of marihuana can produce long‐term disruption of testicular function including the spermatogenic as well as the steroidogenic components.
Intratesticular factors and testosterone secretion: The effect of treatment with ethane dimethanesulphonate (EDS) and the induction of seminiferous tubule damage
Authors: Sharpe Richard M. , Kerr Jeffrey B. , Cooper Irene , Bartlett John M. S.
Published: May 2008

The role of seminiferous tubule dysfunction in regulating the levels of a factor (or factors) in testicular interstitial fluid (IF) which stimulates Leydig cell testosterone secretion in vitro, was assessed by injecting rats with the Leydig cell toxin, EDS. Within 72 h of treatment EDS destroyed the Leydig cells and concomitantly reduced IF testosterone to undetectable levels. This was associated with nearly a 2‐fold increase (P < 0.001) in levels of the IF‐factor(s) as judged by the enhancement of hCG‐stimulated testosterone production (= IF bioactivity). By 3 weeks, and thereafter up to 10 weeks post‐EDS, Leydig cells regenerated within the testis, and testosterone levels returned to control values, but IF‐bioactivity remained significantly increased. The latter was associated with seminiferous tubule dysfunction as indicated initially by testicular morphology, raised serum levels of FSH and reduced testicular weight. For animals with normal testosterone levels, there was a significant negative correlation (r = ‐0.57, N = 46; P < 0.001) between testicular weight and IF bioactivity. A similar increase in IF bioactivity in the presence of normal testosterone levels was observed in rats in which patchy severe seminiferous tubule damage had been induced by short‐term cryptorchidism. It is concluded that, in addition to testosterone, seminiferous tubule function may dictate the intratesticular levels of the testosterone‐stimulating factor(s) in IF.
Fertility, fecundity, sex ratio and the accessory sex glands in male golden hamsters
Authors: Chow P. H. , Pang S. F. , Ng K. W. , Wong T. M.
Published: May 2008

The ventral prostates, dorsolateral prostates, coagulating glands (anterior prostates), ampullary glands and/or seminal vesicles of male golden hamsters were excised bilaterally. The effects of these treatments on fertility, fecundity and sex ratio of offspring were studied. Total removal of the glands or ablation of the ventral prostates alone reduced fertility. The lack of secretions from the coagulating glands and seminal vesicles in the seminal fluid all favoured a higher proportion of male pups born in a litter. Absence of all or any of these glands did not appear to affect litter size.
Forward motility protein (FMP): localization in hamster epididymal spermatozoa
Authors: Raynaud Françoise , Kann Marie‐Louise
Published: May 2008

The presence of FMP was investigated by immunocytochemistry in spermatozoa from the hamster caput and cauda epididymis. Spermatozoa from the caput showed no staining whereas spermatozoa pre‐incubated with FMP were stained on the acrosome. Pre‐treatment of the same sperm with epididymal plasma induced staining on the principal piece of the flagellum. Spermatozoa from the cauda were stained without previous incubation both on the acrosome and on the principal piece of the flagellum. These results suggest that the action of FMP, which prevents head‐to‐head agglutination of motile spermatozoa and allows acquisition of forward motility, may be due to at least two proteins. The first localizes to the acrosome during epididymal transit (anti‐sticking factor), whilst the second localizes to the principal piece of the flagellum (forward motility initiation factor).
Induced hyperprolactinaemia does not alter FSH binding or ABP secretion in the rat testis
Authors: Guevara‐Aguirre Jaime , Schoener Guillermo , Ulloa‐Aguirre Alfredo , Pérez‐Palacios Gregorio , Larrea Fernando
Published: May 2008

The effects of induced hyperprolactinaemia in male Wistar rats were studied by grafting two pituitary glands under the kidney capsule. Transplants were performed at 15 and 60 days of age, and rats killed 4 weeks later when tissue and serum samples were obtained. Serum concentrations of LH were reduced significantly in rats grafted at 60 days of age, whereas no change was observed in rats grafted at 15 days of age. Serum testosterone levels were slightly suppressed only in the older group of grafted rats. Testicular FSH receptors and the epididymal content of androgen‐binding protein (ABP) were not modified by induction of hyperprolactinaemia. The results indicate that hyperprolactinaemia was not associated with changes in at least two functional parameters of the tubular compartment of the rat testis.
Testicular vascular resistance in the rat after intratesticular injection of an LRH‐agonist
Authors: Widmark Anders , Damber Jan‐Erik , Bergh Anders
Published: May 2008

Testicular vascular resistance (TVR) was estimated 1, 2, 4 and 8 h after unilteral intratesticular injection of 1 or 10 ng of an LRH‐agonist (A). The lower dose had no effect on plasma levels of testosterone or LH, but there was a significant increase in TVR 2 h after injection when compared to the vehicle‐injected contralateral testis. Injection of 10 ng LRH‐A induced an increase in plasma levels of LH at 1 and 2 h after treatment and in the plasma levels of testosterone at 1, 2 and 4 h. In the same rats there was a decrease in TVR at 2, 4 and 8 h after LRH‐A treatment compared to the contralateral testis. It is concluded that LRH‐A can have both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on TVR in the rat and that the direction of this effect may be related to the ambient level of LH.
Dipeptidyl peptidases in bovine reproductive organs and secretions
Authors: Agrawal Yashpal , Vanha‐Perttula Tapani
Published: May 2008

Dipeptidyl peptidases (DPP) I‐IV were analysed in homogenates of bovine reproductive organs as well as in seminal vesicle secretions and seminal plasma. The presence of various molecular forms of these enzymes was studied by fractionation using gel filtration, anion exchange chromatography and chromatofocusing. The eluting enzymes were pooled, and their biochemical properties were briefly characterized. The histochemical localization of DPP II and IV was carried out with the most active tissues. DPP I and III were absent from seminal plasma, but their highest activity was found in the epididymis and increased during sexual maturation. DPP II was found mainly in a single molecular form and displayed a wide distribution in the reproductive organs. Its activity in seminal plasma may be derived from various organs, although the major sources are probably the apical activity in the epididymis, ampulla and seminal vesicle. DPP IV activity was high in the cauda epididymis, and ampulla, and in the seminal vesicles and their secretions. The high activity of DPP IV in seminal plasma appeared to derive from these organs, which showed a strong apical reaction of the epithelial lining. In seminal vesicles the enzyme was mainly secreted attached to membrane particles called vesiculosomes.
Carcinoma‐in‐situ of the testis: possible origin from gonocytes and precursor of all types of germ cell tumours except spermatocytoma
Authors: SKAKKEBÆK N. E. , BERTHELSEN J. G. , GIWERCMAN A. , MÜLLER J.
Published: May 2008

Based on evidence from morphological and histochemical studies and from clinical experience, the following hypotheses are proposed: (1) carcinoma‐in‐situ (CIS) germ cells are malignant gonocytes; (2) these CIS gonocytes have some capacity to regress into more primitive, totipotent embryonic cells which can give rise to all types of nonseminomatous germ cell tumours; (3) the tumour germ cells of classical seminomas are malignant gonocytes derived from CIS gonocytes which have lost their ability to regress into totipotent embryonic cells; (4) the ability of CIS gonocytes to regress into totipotent embryonic cells decreases with age, whereas the capacity to form classical seminoma cells is preserved; (5) the transformation of CIS gonocytes into invasive tumours is dependent on factors such as gonadotrophins and/or testicular steroids; (6) the pathogenesis of classical and spermatocytic seminoma are unrelated.

As a consequence of these hypotheses an alternative nomenclature for carcinoma‐in‐situ, seminoma and dysgerminoma is suggested.
Intermediate filament proteins as tissue specific markers in normal and neoplastic testicular tissue
Authors: FEITZ W. F. J. , DEBRUYNE F. M. J. , RAMAEKERS F. C. S.
Published: May 2008

Normal testicular tissue and primary and metastatic testicular germ cell tumours were examined for their intermediate filament protein (IFP) expression. Seminomas were shown to react with antibodies to vimentin, while non‐seminomatous germ cell tumours were strongly positive with antibodies to cytokeratin. In the case of teratocarcinoma, several components of the tumour can be distinguished using a combination of monoclonal and polyclonal antisera in the double‐label immunofluorescence technique. We conclude that antibodies to cytokeratin and vimentin can be helpful in the diagnosis of testicular germ cell tumours, especially in the differentiation between seminomas and non‐seminomatous testis tumours.
Cytogenetic studies of human testicular germ cell tumours
Authors: DELOZIER‐BLANCHET CELIA D. , WALT H. , ENGEL E. , VUAGNAT P.
Published: May 2008

In a search for consistent cytogenetic alterations in testicular germ cell cancers we have thus far studied some twenty surgical specimens of seminomas and nonseminomatous tumours. From the literature and our results it is now clear that such testicular tumours generally have a hyperdiploid to hypotriploid chromosomal content, and frequently possess a possibly site‐specific chromosomal marker, an isochromosome 12p. A significant correlation between the presence of the i(12p) and advanced clinical stages has been revealed in our study. Several other chromosomal regions are consistently involved in cytogenetic changes: 1p and 1q, 6q, 7p, 9q, 12p, 17q, and 22q. Although there is little doubt that characteristic chromosomal lesions exist in testicular germ cell tumours, the impact which specific lesions may have on tumour progression is still unclear.
Expression of growth regulatory genes in primary human testicular neoplasms
Authors: ENGSTRÖM W. , HOPKINS B. , SCHOFIELD P.
Published: May 2008

Seven testicular tumours of different histological type—two seminomas, two teratomas/teratocarcinomas/embryonal carcinomas, one mixed seminoma/teratoma, one Leydig cell tumour and one testicular lymphoma—were examined for the expression of four potentially growth regulatory genes by Northern blotting. Seven out of seven testicular tumours contained transcripts that hybridized with a human insulin cDNA‐probe whereas only four out of seven tumours contained IGF II transcripts. One tumour contained high levels of LDL‐receptor transcript whereas all seven tumours contained significant quantities of HMG‐CoA‐reductase mRNA.
Ultrastructure of syncytiotrophoblast‐like cells in seminomas of the testis
Authors: SEHESTED M. , JACOBSEN GRETE K.
Published: May 2008

An ultrastructural examination of five syncytiotrophoblast‐like cells (STLC) from three otherwise pure seminomas was performed. All five STLC demonstrated ultrastructural features identical to those of normal syncytiotrophoblastic cells. The STLC were surrounded by sinusoidal spaces and cells whose ultrastructure was compatible with that of seminoma cells, though the presence of cytotrophoblastic cells cannot be excluded with certainty. We conclude that (1) STLC in seminomas are indeed syncytiotrophoblastic and (2) their genesis remains an enigma.
Ultrasound in detection of early neoplasia of the testis
Authors: LENZ SUZAN , GIWERCMAN A. , SKAKKEBÆK N. E. , BRUUN E. , FRIMODTMØLLER C.
Published: May 2008

Testicular ultrasound scanning was performed in 192 men with a history of cryptorchidism. The ultrasonic tissue pattern was evaluated and each testis was accordingly given a score on a scale from 1 to 4, 1 representing the normal uniform pattern and 4 being a very irregular pattern. Testicular biopsy of the previously maldescended testicle(s) was carried out in 143 of the scanned men and from two contralateral testicles where the score 4 was given at the ultrasound examination. Two biopsies showed carcinoma‐in‐situ pattern. Both were found among testes with a very irregular echo pattern. This pattern was found in only 3.2% of all scanned testes.
Incidence of developmental handicaps among the offspring of men treated for testicular seminoma
Authors: FRIED P. , STEINFELD R. , CASILETH B. , STEINFELD A.
Published: May 2008

Although the issue of fertility in patients successfully treated for testicular seminoma seems to be resolved, it remains to be determined whether these patients can father normal, healthy children. At NYU Medical Center we have surveyed the patients treated between 1969 and 1984 who were treated with radiotherapy for testicular seminomas. The survey requested information regarding the qualitative development in offspring produced before and after radiation treatments. In the 33 patients responding we were unable to find any detrimental effect, either emotionally, physically, or developmentally in offspring sired by fathers following radiation therapy for testicular seminoma.
Testicular function in eight patients with seminoma after unilateral orchidectomy and radiotherapy
Authors: FREUND IRENA , ZENZES MARIA TERESA , MÜLLER R.‐P. , PÖTTER R. , KNUTH U. A. , NIESCHLAG E.
Published: May 2008

Testicular function was monitored in eight patients with low stage seminoma who were treated with radiotherapy following unilateral orchidectomy. The absorbed gonadal radiation dose ranged from 15 to 157.5 rad. At 10–24 months after radiotherapy, serum hormone levels, sperm analysis, sperm penetration into zonafree hamster ova (HOP‐test) and lymphocyte chromosome abnormalities were evaluated. Two patients were azoospermic with elevated serum levels of LH and FSH. The remaining six patients had slightly decreased (n = 3) or normal (n = 3) seminal parameters. Their HOP rates were within the normal range. A low incidence of polyspermy (i.e. only one penetrating sperm per ovum) was found in the patients, suggesting low penetrability of motile sperm. A highly significant correlation was found between sperm count or sperm penetrability and time post‐irradiation. The results indicate that restitution of testicular function is time‐dependent.
The rat testis produces large amounts of an interleukin‐1‐like factor
Authors: KHAN S. A. , SÖDER O. , SYED VIQAR , GUSTAFSSON KATARINA , LINDH MONICA , RITZÉN E. M.
Published: May 2008

Homogenates of whole testis, isolated seminiferous tubules, testicular cytosol, conditioned media from seminiferous tubules obtained from intact or cryptorchid rats, as well as seminiferous tubules devoid of peritubular cells, showed high concentrations of interleukin‐1 (IL‐1). Cytosol from spleen showed low IL‐1 activity, while no activity was found in cytosol from heart, kidney, prostate, ovary or liver. Interleukin‐1 activity was not detected in spent medium from cultures of immature Sertoli cells (10‐day‐old rats) or from peritubular cells or in homogenates of interstitial cells from adult rats. Ultrogel AcA 44 gel chromatography and HPLC size exclusion chromatography exhibited a single peak of IL‐1 activity corresponding to a relative molecular mass of 17 000–20 000 (Mr= 17–20 K). Similarly, chromatofocusing revealed only one peak of activity with an apparent isoelectric point of 5–6. It is concluded that the rat testis contains large amounts of an IL‐1α‐like factor. The adult Sertoli cell or possibly germ cells are suggested as its primary source. Testicular IL‐1‐like activity is of particular interest in view of the intense cell proliferation during spermatogenesis, and the tendency to testicular relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.
Comparative anti‐fertility effects of gossypol enantiomers in male hamsters
Authors: LINDBERG M. C. , NAQVI R. H. , MATLIN S. A. , ZHOU R. H. , BIALY G. , BLYE R. P.
Published: May 2008

The enantiomers of gossypol have been tested as male oral anti‐fertility agents in hamsters. As determined by fertility tests the (‐) isomer was fully active at half the effective dose of the racemate, whereas the (+) isomer exerted no anti‐fertility effect.