bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increased Hair Cortisol Concentrations in Patients With Progressive Keratoconus
Authors: Lenk Janine , Spoerl Eberhard , Stalder Tobias , Schmiedgen Susann , Herber Robert , Pillunat Lutz E. , Raiskup Frederik
Published: June 2017

PURPOSE:

To investigate hair cortisol concentration (HCC), a biochemical correlate of chronic psychological stress, and its relationship to the progression of keratoconus.

METHODS:

Eighty-six participants were included in this prospective observational study (32 patients with progressive keratoconus, 32 patients with stable keratoconus, and 22 healthy controls). Hair cortisol concentrations were determined from 3-cm hair strands collected near the scalp from patients and controls as an index of cumulative cortisol secretion during the 3-month period prior to hair sampling. In addition, self-reported chronic stress was assessed using the Trier Inventory for the Assessment of Chronic Stress screening scale.

RESULTS:

Patients with progressive keratoconus exhibited higher hair cortisol concentrations (mean value: 29.11 pg/mg; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 22.13 to 38.28) than patients with stable keratoconus (mean value: 15.88 pg/mg; 95% CI: 12.25 to 20.65;
P
= .007) and healthy controls (mean value: 16.98 pg/mg; 95% CI: 12.30 to 23.44;
P
= .049). There were no significant differences in hair cortisol concentrations between healthy controls and patients with stable keratoconus (
P
= .991). Group differences were not affected by relevant covariates (body mass index, age, or sex).

CONCLUSIONS:

This study shows that increased hair cortisol concentration seems to be associated with the progression of keratoconus. There are a variety of causes of increased hair cortisol concentration.

[
J Refract Surg.
2017;33(6):383–388.]
A Three-Year Observation of Corneal Backscatter After Small Incision Lenticule Extraction (SMILE)
Authors: Han Tian , Zhao Jing , Shen Yang , Chen Yingjun , Tian Mi , Zhou Xingtao
Published: June 2017

PURPOSE:

To investigate changes in corneal backscatter after small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE).

METHODS:

One eye was randomly selected from 34 patients who underwent SMILE procedures. Corneal backscatter was analyzed using Scheimpflug technology before surgery and at postoperative 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 3, 6, and 12 months, and 3 years. Three different corneal depths (the anterior 120
µ
m, the center, and the posterior 60
µ
m) and three concentric radial zones (0 to 2, 2 to 6, and 6 to 10 mm) were analyzed. Another 40 eyes of 40 patients who underwent femtosecond laser-assisted LASIK (FS-LASIK) were examined before surgery and at postoperative 1 day and 3 years as the control group.

RESULTS:

At postoperative day 1, a significant increase in corneal backscatter was detected in the SMILE group compared to preoperative values in the central 0 to 6 mm zone of the anterior layer and the 0 to 2 mm zone of the central layer (all
P
< .01). This increase was higher than the increase in the FS-LASIK group in the central 0 to 6 mm zone of the anterior and central layers (all
P
< .01). No significant differences in corneal backscatter were detected between preoperative values and the 1-week, and 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up visits in the SMILE group (all
P
> .05). Moreover, a significant decrease in corneal backscatter was detected in the three zones of all three layers in the two groups at 3 years postoperatively compared to preoperative values (all
P
< .001) and no significant difference was found between the two groups (all
P
< .05).

CONCLUSIONS:

Corneal backscatter peaks and declines to the baseline in the early period after SMILE and corneal transparency achieves an improvement within 3 years postoperatively.

[
J Refract Surg.
2017;33(6):377–382.]
Techniques for Estimating the Size of Low-Density Gopher Tortoise Populations
Authors: Stober Jonathan M. , Prieto-Gonzalez Rocio , Smith Lora L. , Marques Tiago A. , Thomas Len
Published: June 2017

Gopher tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus) are candidates for range-wide listing as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Reliable population estimates are important to inform policy and management for recovery of the species. Line transect distance sampling has been adopted as the preferred method to estimate population size. However, when tortoise density is low, it can be challenging to obtain enough tortoise observations to reliably estimate the probability of detection, a vital component of the method. We suggest a modification to the method based on counting usable tortoise burrows (more abundant than tortoises) and separately accounting for the proportion of burrows occupied by tortoises. The increased sample size of burrows can outweigh the additional uncertainty induced by the need to account for the proportion of burrows occupied. We demonstrate the method using surveys conducted within a 13,118-ha portion of the Gopher Tortoise Habitat Management Unit at Fort Gordon Army Installation, Georgia. We used a systematic random design to obtain more precise estimates, using a newly developed systematic variance estimator. Individual transects had a spatially efficient design (pseudocircuits), which greatly improved sampling efficiency on this large site. Estimated burrow density was 0.091 ± 0.011 burrows/ha (CV = 12.6%, 95% CI = 0.071–0.116), with 25% of burrows occupied by a tortoise (CV = 14.4%), yielding a tortoise density of 0.023 ± 0.004 tortoise/ha (CV = 19.0%, 95% CI = 0.016–0.033) and a population estimate of 297 tortoises (95% CI = 210–433). These techniques are applicable to other studies and species. Surveying burrows or nests, rather than animals, can produce more reliable estimates when it leads to a significantly larger sample of detections and when the occupancy status can reliably be ascertained. Systematic line transect survey designs give better precision and are practical to implement and analyze.
Repenser la frontière politique, religieuse et culturelle dans la péninsule Ibérique du XIVe siècle : l'exemple du règne de Pierre Ier de Castille (1350-1369)
Authors: Marquer Julie
Published: June 2017

Ce travail met en évidence les fluctuations de la frontière entre la Castille et Grenade sous le règne de Pierre Ier de Castille (1350-1369). Il s’agit ici d’une frontière métaphorique où s’imbriquent politique, culture et religion. La disparition ou la résurgence de cette frontière est analysée à travers les relations politiques entre la Castille et les royaumes musulmans, Grenade et le Maghreb. Les différents discours rapportant ces relations, extraits de chroniques et correspondances arabes, latines et castillanes, permettent de comprendre à quel point cette frontière est tributaire des intérêts de pouvoir. L’ambivalence entre la Castille et Grenade se retrouve dans leurs relations artistiques puisque la perméabilité de la frontière implique à la fois une certaine ouverture et un désir de domination.
¿Aljamía o aljamiado?
Authors: Brisville-Fertin Olivier
Published: June 2017

Este artículo presenta un esbozo conceptual de caracterización de la aljamía de los textos aljamiados. Propone tanto una relectura de los conocimientos como una profundización gracias al ámbito de la sociolingüística. Tras distinguir la aljamía –variedad de inmediatez–, del aljamiado –variedad de distancia–, reflexiona sobre el proceso genético de esta variedad, los procesos de configuración y elaboración discursiva, así como las vistas prácticas con que está vinculada. El aljamiado puede verse como el discurso de la comunidad étnica tagarina pero es el producto de la minoría letrada de los alfaquíes, es decir un sociolecto. Las relaciones con el ámbito de la sacralidad lo configuran como hierolecto.
« ¿Qué aljamía es esa, que yo no entiendo? » : du Glossario au Corpus
Authors: Brisville-Fertin Olivier
Published: June 2017

La réimpression du Glosario de voces aljamiado-moriscas est l’occasion de présenter à nouveau, vingt ans après sa première édition, cet ouvrage de référence pour les études aljamiadas. L’élaboration actuelle d’un corpus en ligne permet de mettre en avant les avancées faites et possibles dans le domaine lexical de ce champ d’étude.
Alfonso de Cartagena intérprete de Séneca, sobre la clemencia: el presente del pasado
Authors: Valero Moreno Juan Miguel
Published: June 2017

Alfonso de Cartagena tradujo y glosó el tratado De clementia de Séneca a inicios de la década de 1430. Esta traducción se incorporó a un corpus más amplio de versiones vernáculas de la obra de Séneca (o atribuida a Séneca) que Alfonso de Cartagena dedicó al rey de Castilla, Juan II. La tradición textual de este corpus fue excepcional, así como su significado cultural. Textos como el libro De la clemençia abrieron nuevos campos semánticos donde el concepto romano de clementia, por ejemplo, se integró en una nueva definición política, jurídica y ética de la figura regia. A través del análisis del uso del término clemencia en una selección de autores y textos se muestra el conflicto entre teoría y práctica que la incorporación del léxico técnico y sus tradiciones filosóficas generó en su colisión con la historia.
Itinerario de la glosa en los Proverbios del Marqués
Authors: Olivetto Georgina
Published: June 2017

El artículo estudia la doble glosa a los Proverbios o Centiloquio de Santillana en función del tipo de comentario y la intención de cada uno de los comentaristas. Se analiza particularmente la glosa de Díaz de Toledo a la primera estrofa y se relaciona este texto con otros precedentes de Alonso de Cartagena, que demostrarían un contacto directo con los materiales de su scriptorium. Se edita asimismo la versión castellana de la epístola de Leonardo Bruni a Juan II que cita Santillana en el Prólogo a su obra.
Extra-peritoneal hysteroannessiectomy with eventual concomitant en bloc rectal resection and cytoreductive surgery in epithelial ovarian cancer (and other peritoneal surface malignancies): technical details
Authors: Frigerio Luigi , Carnelli Marco , Busci Luisa , Malandrino Chiara , Verrengia Apollonia , Bosisio Chiara , Montori Giulia , Coccolini Federico , Poiasina Elia , Ansaloni Luca
Published: June 2017

Surgery allows the correct evaluation of the peritoneal dissemination of the epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and the removal of as much tumor as possible to maximize adjuvant chemotherapy. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) and interval debulking surgery have been proposed as a reasonable alternative to primary complete cytoreductive surgery (CRS) in patients not fit for an initial extensive debulking surgery. Intraoperative hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) has been offered as a promising therapeutic procedure to increase survival by treating the microscopic component of the neoplastic disease. Matherial and Method. 419 eligible patients with stage III-IV EOC were subjected to CRS, previous NACT in 343 patients, 20 of which with CRS combined with extraperitoneal hysterectomy (EH) + HIPEC. Purposes of our four years retrospective observational study are the revision of the surgical approaches to the EOC, a detailed report of the pelvic peritonectomy in association to hysteroannessiectomy (+/- consensual rectal resection) and the prospective review of the results. Conclusions. This study shows that EH + HIPEC is feasible. The detailed description of the technique here depicted could help to standardize this type of peritonectomy.
Multicystic mesothelioma has malignant potential: its grounds and mechanisms of peritoneal metastasis
Authors: Yonemura Yutaka , Canbay Emel , Sako Shouzou , Wakama Satoshi , Ishibashi Haruaki , Hirano Masamitu , Mizumoto Akiyoshi , Takeshita Kazuyoshi , Takao Nobuyuki , Ichinose Masumi , Noguchi Kousuke , Liu Yang , Li Yan , Taniguchi Keizou
Published: June 2017

From 2009 to 2016, 9 female patients with multicystic peritoneal mesothelioma (MCPM) underwent 11 cytoreductive surgeries (CRS). Mean age at diagnosis was 50.6 (range, 43-71). Mean peritoneal cancer index was 8.9 (range, 2~33). Most frequent peritoneal sector involved was pelvic peritoneum in 7 patients, and greater omentum was involved in 6 patients. Eight and 1 patients had complete CRS and incomplete CRS, respectively. Except 1 patient, 8 patients had multiple cysts on different peritoneal sectors, and diffuse involvement on peritoneal surface was found in 2 patients No patients had lymph node metastasis or extraperitoneal spread. However, 3 patients showed pushing invasion to small bowel mesentery, colon, umbilicus and stomach. Median- follow-up was 46 months (range 4-120). At the time of the present analysis, all patients were alive. One patient recurred in peritoneal cavity 47 month after complete cytoreduction. Peritoneal free-floating cysts (PFFC) were found in 8 of 9 (88.9%) patients. Sizes of PFFC ranged from 1 mm to 2 cm in diameter and the inner surfaces were covered with mesotheliallike cells. MIB-1 labeling rates of PFFC ranged from 0.1% to 2.0%. These results indicate that PFCC may attach on the orifice of subperitoneal lymphatic vessels, and may become metastatic. The present study strongly suggests that MCPM has a potentially malignant behavior. This category of disease is composed of 2 types: diffuse type and localized type with borderline malignant potential. PFFC have an important role in the formation of peritoneal metastasis.
Prevalence, Age Profile, and Associated Risk Factors for Hymenolepis nana Infection in a Large Population-Based Study in Northern Peru
Authors: Vilchez Barreto Percy M. , Gamboa Ricardo , Santivañez Saul , O’Neal Seth E. , Muro Claudio , Lescano Andrés G. , Moyano Luz-Maria , Gonzálvez Guillermo , García Hector H. , _ _
Published: June 2017

Hymenolepis nana, the dwarf tapeworm, is a common intestinal infection of children worldwide. We evaluated infection and risk factor data that were previously collected from 14,761 children aged 2–15 years during a large-scale program in northern Peru. We found that 1,124 of 14,761 children (7.61%) had H. nana infection, a likely underestimate given that only a single stool sample was examined by microscopy for diagnosis. The strongest association with infection was lack of adequate water (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] 2.22, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.82–2.48) and sanitation infrastructure in the house (aPR 1.94, 95% CI 1.64–2.29). One quarter of those tested did not have a bathroom or latrine at home, which doubled their likelihood of infection. Similarly, one quarter did not have piped public water to the house, which also increased the likelihood of infection. Continued efforts to improve access to basic water and sanitation services will likely reduce the burden of infection in children for this and other intestinal infections.
Comparative Evaluation of Performance of Videolaryngoscope vs Fastrach Intubating Laryngeal Mask Airway
Authors: Singh Vartika , Vinay Vartika , Ahmed Reehan
Published: June 2017

Introduction

This prospective randomized study aimed to compare the effectiveness of the intubating laryngeal maskairway(ILMA) with the King Vision Video laryngoscope in aiding endotracheal intubation in Asian patients with normal airway. King Vision Video laryngoscope is a two-piece design. It has a reusable monitor that attaches to disposable blades. The ILMA is a device specifically designed to be an effective ventilatory device and blind intubating guide in patients with normal and abnormal airways.

Materials and methods

After ethics committee approval and obtaining patient's written informed consent, 60 American Society of Anesthesiologists grade I and II adult patients undergoing elective surgery requiring intubation were randomly allocated into either the ILMA group (Group L) or the King Vision Video laryngoscope group (Group V).

• Thorough preanesthetic checkup was done. Patient was premedicated. Induction was done with propofol 2.5 mg/kg and succinylcholine 1.5 mg/kg. In Group L, ILMA was inserted using a single-handed rotational technique. In the King Vision Video laryngoscope group, intubation was done with videolaryngoscope. Placement was confirmed with auscultation and capnography.

• An independent observer recorded the following:

– Time taken for successful intubation

– Success or failure of the tracheal intubation

– Number of attempts needed for successful tracheal intubation

– Complication associated with tracheal intubation: bleeding or postoperative sore throat

– Hemodynamic response to intubation

Results and conclusion

King Vision Video laryngoscope is the more effective technique in aiding endotracheal intubation in patients with normal airways.

How to cite this article

Hanjura S, Agrawal AP, Agrawal M, Singh V, Vinay V, Ahmed R. Comparative Evaluation of Performance of VideolaryngoscopevsFastrach Intubating Laryngeal Mask Airway. Int J Adv Integ Med Sci 2017;2(1):1-7.
Role of Computerized Tomography as Prime Imaging Modality in the Evaluation of Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Tyagi Sagar , Mehrotra Atul , Parakh Pradeep , Hans Parveen
Published: June 2017

Introduction

Trauma is the most common worldwide cause of death and disability in young adults. Neurotrauma is one of the most frequent indications for emergent neuroimaging because imaging plays such a key role in patient triage and management.

Aims and objectives

(1) To assess the role of computed tomography (CT) in patients with traumatic head injury. (2) To localize trauma to a particular extraaxial and intraaxial compartment and to delineate various spectrum of hemorrhages that occur in craniocerebral trauma with the aid of CT. (3) To evaluate the value of early CT imaging with patient prognosis.

Materials and methods

This is a prospective study carried out in 100 patients with traumatic brain injury, referred to the Department of Radiodiagnosis, Rohilkhand Medical College & Hospital, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India, for CT scan during a period of 1 year. The patients were scanned using GE Bright Speed 16-Slice multidetector CT.

Conclusion

Computed tomography is the single-most informative diagnostic modality in the evaluation of a patient with a head injury and should be considered the first imaging of choice in acute head injury as it forms the cornerstone for rapid and effective diagnosis.

How to cite this article

Hans P, Mehrotra A, Kumar P, Agarwal M, Kumar L, Parakh P, Tyagi S. Role of Computerized Tomography as Prime Imaging Modality in the Evaluation of Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Adv Integ Med Sci 2017;2(1):17-23.
Reason behind Drinking: A Cross-sectional Study on Alcohol Use among Adult Males in Bareilly District, Uttar Pradesh, India
Authors: Singh Himalaya
Published: June 2017

Introduction

Alcoholic beverages have been a part of social life for millennia, yet societies have always found it difficult to understand or restrain their use. Different societies not only have different sets of beliefs and rules about drinking, but they also show very different outcomes when people consume alcohol.

Aims and objectives

This study is conducted to assess the reasons behind consuming alcohol among adult males of Bareilly district, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Materials and methods

A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out on males aged ≥15 years in Bareilly district. Thirty clusters were chosen from this population by probability proportional to size sampling, and then from these clusters, in each cluster, houses were taken out and from each, one adult male was selected till the sample size was achieved. The prevalence of alcohol usage among males in Uttar Pradesh (by National Family Health Survey 372) is 25.3%. Taking 10% of nonresponsive rate and design effect of 2, calculated sample size is 632.

Results

Totally 699 adult males participated in the study and analyzed data show that 31% males are current drinkers, 5% are past drinkers, and rest are teetotalers. Most of the study subjects indulged in this habit due to peer pressure (58.7%), while 24.9% reported that the cause was a curiosity to drink. Only 7.0% were because of conforming to social status or norms. The majority of the study subjects continued to drink in order to cheer-up (44.6%) in order to relax (40.8%), whereas only 16% current drinkers reported the cause as “peer pressure” or “think and work better.”

Conclusion

We can conclude that the most common reason to start alcohol habit is peer pressure and people continue it to cheer themselves.

How to cite this article

Singh H, Joshi HS, Singh A, Katyal R, Upadhyay D. Reason behind Drinking: A Cross-sectional Study on Alcohol Use among Adult Males in Bareilly District, Uttar Pradesh, India. Int J Adv Integ Med Sci 2017;2(1):29-31.
Investigation of the β-pinene photooxidation by OH in the atmosphere simulation chamber SAPHIR
Authors: Kaminski Martin , Fuchs Hendrik , Acir Ismail-Hakki , Bohn Birger , Brauers Theo , Dorn Hans-Peter , Häseler Rolf , Hofzumahaus Andreas , Li Xin , Lutz Anna , Nehr Sascha , Rohrer Franz , Tillmann Ralf , Vereecken Luc , Wegener Robert , Wahner Andreas
Published: June 2017

Abstract. Besides isoprene, monoterpenes are the non-methane volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with the highest global emission rates. Due to their high reactivity towards OH, monoterpenes can dominate the radical chemistry of the atmosphere in forested areas. In the present study the photochemical degradation mechanism of β-pinene was investigated in the Jülich atmosphere simulation chamber SAPHIR (Simulation of Atmospheric PHotochemistry In a large Reaction Chamber). One focus of this study is on the OH budget in the degradation process. Therefore, the SAPHIR chamber was equipped with instrumentation to measure radicals (OH, HO2, RO2), the total OH reactivity, important OH precursors (O3, HONO, HCHO), the parent VOC β-pinene, its main oxidation products, acetone and nopinone and photolysis frequencies. All experiments were carried out under low-NO conditions ( ≤  300 ppt) and at atmospheric β-pinene concentrations ( ≤  5 ppb) with and without addition of ozone. For the investigation of the OH budget, the OH production and destruction rates were calculated from measured quantities. Within the limits of accuracy of the instruments, the OH budget was balanced in all β-pinene oxidation experiments. However, even though the OH budget was closed, simulation results from the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) 3.2 showed that the OH production and destruction rates were underestimated by the model. The measured OH and HO2 concentrations were underestimated by up to a factor of 2, whereas the total OH reactivity was slightly overestimated because the model predicted a nopinone mixing ratio which was 3 times higher than measured. A new, theory-derived, first-generation product distribution by Vereecken and Peeters (2012) was able to reproduce the measured nopinone time series and the total OH reactivity. Nevertheless, the measured OH and HO2 concentrations remained underestimated by the numerical simulations. These observations together with the fact that the measured OH budget was closed suggest the existence of unaccounted sources of HO2. Although the mechanism of additional HO2 formation could not be resolved, our model studies suggest that an activated alkoxy radical intermediate proposed in the model of Vereecken and Peeters (2012) generates HO2 in a new pathway, whose importance has been underestimated so far. The proposed reaction path involves unimolecular rearrangement and decomposition reactions and photolysis of dicarbonyl products, yielding additional HO2 and CO. Further experiments and quantum chemical calculations have to be made to completely unravel the pathway of HO2 formation.
Connecting smoke plumes to sources using Hazard Mapping System (HMS) smoke and fire location data over North America
Authors: Brey Steven J. , Ruminski Mark , Atwood Samuel A. , Fischer Emily V.
Published: June 2017

Abstract. Fires represent an air quality challenge because they are large, dynamic and transient sources of particulate matter and ozone precursors. Transported smoke can deteriorate air quality over large regions. Fire severity and frequency are likely to increase in the future, exacerbating an existing problem. Using the National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service (NESDIS) Hazard Mapping System (HMS) smoke data for North America for the period 2007 to 2014, we examine a subset of fires that are confirmed to have produced sufficient smoke to warrant the initiation of a U.S. National Weather Service smoke forecast. We find that gridded HMS analyzed fires are well correlated (r = 0.84) with emissions from the Global Fire Emissions Inventory Database 4s (GFED4s). We define a new metric, smoke hours, by linking observed smoke plumes to active fires using ensembles of forward trajectories. This work shows that the Southwest, Northwest, and Northwest Territories trigger the most air quality forecasts, and produce more smoke than any other North American region by measure of the number of HYSPIT points analyzed, the duration of those HYSPLIT points, and the total number of smoke hours produced. The average number of days with smoke plumes overhead is largest over the north-central U.S. Only Alaska, the Northwest, the Southwest, and Southeast U.S. regions produce the majority of smoke plumes observed over their own borders. This work moves a new dataset from a daily operational setting to a research context, and it demonstrates how changes to the frequency or intensity of fires in the western U.S. could impact other regions.
Estimating Uncertainties in the SBUV Version 8.6 Merged Profile
Ozone Dataset
Authors: Frith Stacey M. , Stolarski Richard S. , Kramarova Natalya A. , McPeters Richard D.
Published: June 2017

Abstract. The combined record of total and profile ozone measurements from the Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SBUV) and SBUV/2 series of instruments, known as the SBUV Merged Ozone Data (MOD) product, constitutes the longest satellite-based ozone time series from a single instrument type, and as such plays a key role in ozone trend analyses. Following the approach documented in Frith et al. (2014) to analyze the merging uncertainties in the MOD total ozone record, we use Monte Carlo simulations to estimate the potential for uncertainties in the calibration and drift of individual instruments in the profile ozone merged data set. We focus our discussion on the trends and associated merging uncertainty since 2001 in an effort to verify the start of ozone recovery as predicted by chemistry climate models. We find that merging uncertainty dominates the overall estimated uncertainty when considering only the 15 years of data since 2001. We derive trends versus pressure level for the MOD data set that are positive in the upper stratosphere as expected for ozone recovery. These trends appear to be significant when only statistical uncertainties are included, but become not significant at the 2σ level when instrument uncertainties are accounted for. However, when we use the entire data set from 1979 through 2015 and fit to the EESC (equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine) we find statistically significant fits throughout the upper stratosphere at all latitudes. This implies that the ozone profile data remain consistent with our expectation that chlorine is the dominate ozone forcing term.
Maxwell-Stefan diffusion: a framework for predicting condensed
phase diffusion and phase separation in atmospheric aerosol
Authors: Fowler Kathryn , Connolly Paul J. , Topping David O. , O'Meara Simon
Published: June 2017

Abstract. The composition of atmospheric aerosol particles has been found to influence their micro-physical properties and their interaction with water vapour in the atmosphere. Core-shell models have been used to investigate the relationship between composition, viscosity and equilibration time-scales. These models have traditionally relied on the Fickian laws of diffusion with no explicit account of non-ideal interactions. We introduce the Maxwell-Stefan diffusion framework as an alternative method, which explicitly accounts for non-ideal interactions through activity coefficients. E-folding time is the time it takes for the difference in surface and bulk concentration to change by an exponential factor and was used to investigate the interplay between viscosity and solubility and the effect this has on equilibration time-scales within individual aerosol particles. The e-folding time was estimated after instantaneous increases in relative humidity to binary systems of water and an organic component. At low water mole fractions, viscous effects were found to dominate mixing. However, at high water mole fractions, equilibration times were more sensitive to a range in solubility, shown through the greater variation in e-folding times. This is the first time the Maxwell-Stefan framework has been applied to an atmospheric aerosol core-shell model and shows that there is a complex interplay between the viscous and solubility effects on aerosol composition that requires further investigation.
Quantifying the effect of seasonal and vertical habitat tracking on planktonic foraminifera proxies
Authors: Jonkers Lukas , Kučera Michal
Published: June 2017

Abstract. The composition of planktonic foraminiferal (PF) calcite is routinely used to reconstruct climate variability. However, PF ecology leaves a large imprint on the proxy signal: seasonal and vertical habitats of PF species vary spatially, causing variable offsets from annual mean surface conditions recorded by sedimentary assemblages. PF seasonality changes with temperature in a way that minimises the environmental change that individual species experience and it is not unlikely that changes in depth habitat also result from such habitat tracking. While this behaviour could lead to an underestimation of spatial or temporal trends as well as of variability in proxy records, most palaeoceanographic studies are (implicitly) based on the assumption of a constant habitat. Up to now, the effect of habitat tracking on foraminifera proxy records has not yet been formally quantified on a global scale. Here we attempt to characterise this effect on the amplitude of environmental change recorded in sedimentary PF using core top δ18O data from six species. We find that the offset from mean annual near-surface δ18O values varies with temperature, with PF δ18O indicating warmer than mean conditions in colder waters (on average by −0.1 ‰ (equivalent to 0.4 °C) per °C), thus providing a first-order quantification of the degree of underestimation due to habitat tracking. We use an empirical model to estimate the contribution of seasonality to the observed difference between PF and annual mean δ18O and use the residual Δδ18O to assess trends in calcification depth. Our analysis indicates that given an observation-based model parametrisation calcification depth increases with temperature in all species and sensitivity analysis suggests that a temperature-related seasonal habitat adjustment is essential to explain the observed isotope signal. Habitat tracking can thus lead to a significant reduction in the amplitude of recorded environmental change. However, we show that this behaviour is predictable. This allows accounting for habitat tracking, enabling more meaningful reconstructions and improved data–model comparison.
Influence of atmospheric internal variability on the long-term
Siberian water cycle during the past two centuries
Authors: Oshima Kazuhiro , Ogata Koto , Park Hotaek , Tachibana Yoshihiro
Published: June 2017

Abstract. River discharges from Siberia are a large source of freshwater into the Arctic Ocean, although the cause of the long-term variation in discharge is still unclear. The observed river discharges of the Lena in the east and the Ob in the west indicated different relationships in each of the epochs during the past seven decades. The correlations between the two river discharges were negative during the 1980s to mid-1990s, positive during the mid-1950s to 1960s, and became weak after the mid-1990s. Long-term records of tree-ring-reconstructed discharges during the past two centuries have also shown differences in the correlations in each epoch. However, it is noteworthy that the correlations obtained from the reconstructions tend to be negative. Such negative correlations have also been obtained from precipitations over the Lena and Ob in observation, and in simulations with an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) and multi-coupled models conducted for the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC. The AGCM control simulation further demonstrated that an east–west seesaw pattern of summertime atmospheric large-scale circulation frequently emerges over Siberia as an atmospheric internal variability, resulting in the negative correlation between the Lena and Ob. Consequently, the summertime atmospheric internal variability of east–west seesaw pattern over Siberia is a key factor influencing the long-term variation in precipitation and river discharge, i.e., the water cycle in this region.
Global and regional phosphorus budgets in agricultural systems and their implications for phosphorus-use efficiency
Authors: Lun Fei , Liu Junguo , Ciais Philippe , Nesme Thomas , Chang Jinfeng , Wang Rong , Goll Daniel , Sardans Jordi , Peñuelas Josep , Obersteiner Michael
Published: June 2017

Abstract. The application of phosphorus (P) fertilizer to agricultural soils increased by 3.2 % annually from 2002 to 2010. We quantified in detail the P inputs and outputs of cropland and pasture, and the P fluxes through human and livestock consumers of agricultural products, at global, regional, and national scales from 2002 to 2010. Globally, half of the total P input (21.3 Tg P yr−1) into agricultural systems accumulated in agricultural soils during this period, with the rest lost to bodies of water through complex flows. Global P accumulation in agricultural soil increased from 2002 to 2010, despite decreases in 2008 and 2009, and the P accumulation occurred primarily in cropland. Despite the global increase of soil P, 32 % of the world's cropland and 43 % of the pasture had soil P deficits. Increasing soil P deficits were found for African cropland, versus increasing P accumulation in Eastern Asia. European and North American pasture had a soil P deficit because continuous removal of biomass P by grazing exceeded P inputs. International trade played a significant role in P redistribution among countries through the flows of P in fertilizer and food among countries. Based on country-scale budgets and trends we propose policy options to potentially mitigate regional P imbalances in agricultural soils, particularly by optimizing the use of phosphate fertilizer and recycling of waste P. The trend of increasing consumption of livestock products will require more P inputs to the agricultural system, implying a low P-use efficiency aggravating the P stocks scarcity in the future. The global and regional phosphorus budgets and their PUEs in agricultural systems is publicly available at https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.875296.
The global SMOS Level 3 daily soil moisture and brightness temperature maps
Authors: Al Bitar Ahmad , Mialon Arnaud , Kerr Yann H. , Cabot François , Richaume Philippe , Jacquette Elsa , Quesney Arnaud , Mahmoodi Ali , Tarot Stéphane , Parrens Marie , Al-Yaari Amen , Pellarin Thierry , Rodriguez-Fernandez Nemesio , Wigneron Jean-Pierre
Published: June 2017

Abstract. The objective of this paper is to present the multi-orbit (MO) surface soil moisture (SM) and angle-binned brightness temperature (TB) products for the SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) mission based on a new multi-orbit algorithm. The Level 3 algorithm at CATDS (Centre Aval de Traitement des Données SMOS) makes use of MO retrieval to enhance the robustness and quality of SM retrievals. The motivation of the approach is to make use of the longer temporal autocorrelation length of the vegetation optical depth (VOD) compared to the corresponding SM autocorrelation in order to enhance the retrievals when an acquisition occurs at the border of the swath. The retrieval algorithm is implemented in a unique operational processor delivering multiple parameters (e.g. SM and VOD) using multi-angular dual-polarisation TB from MO. A subsidiary angle-binned TB product is provided. In this study the Level 3 TB V310 product is showcased and compared to SMAP (Soil Moisture Active Passive) TB. The Level 3 SM V300 product is compared to the single-orbit (SO) retrievals from the Level 2 SM processor from ESA with aligned configuration. The advantages and drawbacks of the Level 3 SM product (L3SM) are discussed. The comparison is done on a global scale between the two datasets and on the local scale with respect to in situ data from AMMA-CATCH and USDA ARS Watershed networks. The results obtained from the global analysis show that the MO implementation enhances the number of retrievals: up to 9 % over certain areas. The comparison with the in situ data shows that the increase in the number of retrievals does not come with a decrease in quality, but rather at the expense of an increased time lag in product availability from 6 h to 3.5 days, which can be a limiting factor for applications like flood forecast but reasonable for drought monitoring and climate change studies. The SMOS L3 soil moisture and L3 brightness temperature products are delivered using an open licence and free of charge using a web application (https://www.catds.fr/sipad/). The RE04 products, versions 300 and 310, used in this paper are also available at ftp://ext-catds-cpdc:catds2010@ftp.ifremer.fr/Land_products/GRIDDED/L3SM/RE04/.
Sensitivity Analysis of a Coupled Hydrodynamic-Vegetation Model
Using the Effectively Subsampled Quadratures Method
Authors: Kalra Tarandeep S. , Aretxabaleta Alfredo , Seshadri Pranay , Ganju Neil K. , Beudin Alexis
Published: June 2017

Abstract. Coastal hydrodynamics can be greatly affected by the presence of submerged aquatic vegetation. The effect of vegetation has been incorporated into the Coupled-Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport (COAWST) Modeling System. The vegetation implementation includes the plant-induced three-dimensional drag, in-canopy wave-induced streaming, and the production of turbulent kinetic energy by the presence of vegetation. In this study, we evaluate the sensitivity of the flow and wave dynamics to vegetation parameters using Sobol' indices and a least squares polynomial approach referred to as Effective Quadratures method. This method reduces the number of simulations needed for evaluating Sobol' indices and provides a robust, practical, and efficient approach for the parameter sensitivity analysis. The evaluation of Sobol' indices shows that kinetic energy, turbulent kinetic energy, and water level changes are affected by plant density, height, and to a certain degree, diameter. Wave dissipation is mostly dependent on the variation in plant density. Performing sensitivity analyses for the vegetation module in COAWST provides guidance for future observational and modeling work to optimize efforts and reduce exploration of parameter space.
A bootstrap method to estimate the influence of rainfall spatial uncertainty in hydrological simulations
Authors: Zhang Ang , Shi Haiyun , Li Tiejian , Fu Xudong
Published: June 2017

Abstract. Rainfall stations with a certain number and spatial distribution supply sampling records of rainfall processes in a river basin. Uncertainty may be introduced when the station records are spatially interpolated for the purpose of hydrological simulations. This study adopts a bootstrap method to quantitatively estimate the uncertainty of areal rainfall estimates and its effects on hydrological simulations. The observed rainfall records are first analysed using clustering and correlation methods, and possible average basin rainfall amounts are calculated with a bootstrap method using various combinations of rainfall station subsets. Then, the uncertainty of simulated runoff, which is propagated through a hydrological model from the spatial uncertainty of rainfall estimates, is analysed with the bootstrapped rainfall inputs. By comparing the uncertainties of rainfall and runoff, the responses of the hydrological simulation to the spatial uncertainty of rainfall are discussed. Analyses are performed for three rainfall events in the upstream of the Qingjian River basin, a sub-basin of the Yellow River. Using the Digital Yellow River Integrated Model, the results show that the uncertainty of rainfall estimates derived from rainfall station network has a direct influence on simulated runoff processes. This quantified relationship between rainfall input and simulation performance can provide useful information on managing rainfall station density in river basins. The proposed method could be a guide to quantify an approximate range of simulated error caused by the spatial uncertainty of rainfall input.
Data-based mechanistic model of catchment phosphorus load
improves predictions of storm transfers and annual loads in surface
waters
Authors: Ockenden Mary C. , Tych Wlodek , Beven Keith J. , Collins Adrian L. , Evans Robert , Falloon Peter D. , Forber Kirsty J. , Hiscock Kevin M. , Hollaway Michael J. , Kahana Ron , Macleod Kit J. A. , Villamizar Martha L. , Wearing Catherine , Withers Paul J. A. , Zhou Jian G. , Burke Sean , Cooper Richard J. , Freer Jim E. , Haygarth Philip M.
Published: June 2017

Abstract. Excess nutrients in surface waters, such as phosphorus (P) from agriculture, result in poor water quality, with adverse effects on ecological health and costs for remediation. However, understanding and prediction of P transfers in catchments have been limited by inadequate data and over-parameterised models with high uncertainty. We show that, with high temporal resolution data, we are able to identify simple dynamic models that capture the P load dynamics in three contrasting agricultural catchments in the UK. For a flashy catchment, a linear, second-order (two pathways) model for discharge gave high simulation efficiencies for short-term storm sequences and was useful in highlighting uncertainties in out-of-bank flows. A model with non-linear rainfall input was appropriate for predicting seasonal or annual cumulative P loads where antecedent conditions affected the catchment response. For second-order models, the time constant for the fast pathway varied between 2 and 15 hours for all three catchments and for both discharge and P, confirming that high temporal resolution (hourly) data are necessary to capture the dynamic responses in small catchments (10–50 km2). The models led to a better understanding of the dominant nutrient transfer modes, which will, in-turn, help in planning appropriate pollution mitigation measures.
Adapting the EDuMaP method to test the performance of the Norwegian early warning system for weather-induced landslides
Authors: Piciullo Luca , Dahl Mads-Peter , Devoli Graziella , Colleuille Hervé , Calvello Michele
Published: June 2017

Abstract. The Norwegian national landslide early warning system (LEWS), operational since 2013, is managed by the Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate and was designed for monitoring and forecasting the hydrometeorological conditions potentially triggering slope failures. Decision-making in the LEWS is based upon rainfall thresholds, hydrometeorological and real-time landslide observations as well as on landslide inventory and susceptibility maps. Daily alerts are issued throughout the country considering variable size warning zones. Warnings are issued once per day for the following 3 days and can be updated according to weather forecasts and information gathered by the monitoring network. The performance of the LEWS operational in Norway has been evaluated applying the EDuMaP method, which is based on the computation of a duration matrix relating number of landslides and warning levels issued in a warning zone. In the past, this method has been exclusively employed to analyse the performance of regional early warning models considering fixed warning zones. Herein, an original approach is proposed for the computation of the elements of the duration matrix in the case of early warning models issuing alerts on variable size areas. The approach has been used to evaluate the warnings issued in Western Norway, in the period 2013–2014, considering two datasets of landslides. The results indicate that the landslide datasets do not significantly influence the performance evaluation, although a slightly better performance is registered for the smallest dataset. Different performance results are observed as a function of the values adopted for one of the most important input parameters of EDuMaP, the landslide density criterion (i.e. setting the thresholds to differentiate among classes of landslide events). To investigate this issue, a parametric analysis has been conducted; the results of the analysis show significant differences among computed performances when absolute or relative landslide density criteria are considered.
Combination of UAV and terrestrial photogrammetry to assess rapid glacier evolution and conditions of glacier hazards
Authors: Fugazza Davide , Scaioni Marco , Corti Manuel , D'Agata Carlo , Azzoni Roberto Sergio , Cernuschi Massimo , Smiraglia Claudio , Diolaiuti Guglielmina Adele
Published: June 2017

Abstract. Tourists and hikers visiting glaciers all year round face hazards such as the rapid formation of collapses at the terminus, typical of such a dynamically evolving environment. In this study, we analysed potential hazards of the Forni glacier, an important geo-site located in Stelvio Park (Italian Alps), by describing local surface features and evaluating the glacier melting rate. The analyses were based on point clouds and digital elevation models (DEMs) from two separate surveys of the glacier tongue carried out in 2014 and 2016 with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), terrestrial photogrammetry (only in 2016) and a DEM obtained in 2007 from an aerial survey. On the area covered by the 2016 survey, average glacier thinning rates of −4.15 ma−1 were found in 2007-2016, while the mean thickness change of the glacier tongue in 2014–2016 was −10.40 ± 2.60 m. UAV-based DEMs were thus found to be sufficiently accurate with respect to the rates of glacier down-wasting, while terrestrial photogrammetry allowed the reconstruction of the glacier terminus, presenting several vertical and sub-vertical surfaces whose modelling was difficult to obtain from airborne UAV images. The integration of UAV and terrestrial photogrammetry provided a detailed and accurate 3D model of the glacier tongue, which we used to identify hazard areas.