bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Levels of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Manure, Biosolids, and Fertilized Soil
Authors: Munir Mariya , Xagoraraki Irene
Published: December 2010

Increasing antibiotic resistance genes in the environment may pose a threat to public health. In this study, tetracycline and sulfonamide resistance genes (Tet‐W, Tet‐O, and Sul‐I) were quantified in 24 manure samples from three farms and 18 biosolids samples from seven different wastewater treatment plants using quantitative polymerase chain reaction methods. Concentrations of Tet‐W and Tet‐O genes were observed to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) in manure than in biosolids samples. The background soil samples showed significantly lower concentration of the above genes compared with manure and biosolids. Lime‐stabilized biosolids showed significantly (p < 0.05) lower concentration of antibiotic resistance genes compared with other biosolids treatment methods. Elevated levels of antibiotic resistance genes (Tet‐W, Tet‐O, and Sul‐I) were observed in the amended soil samples after the land application of manure or biosolids (Site A) monitored for a period of about 4 mo. However, at another site (Site B), no significant increase (p > 0.05) in concentration of antibiotic resistance genes was observed after biosolids application on soil. Even though the concentration of antibiotic resistance genes in manure was statistically higher than that in biosolids, when they were applied on land, the contribution to the soil depended on the background soil concentration and the soil characteristics. Further study of multiple soil samples in various locations is needed.
Transformations of Nitrogen and Carbon in Entrenched Biosolids at a Reclaimed Mineral Sands Mining Site
Authors: Kostyanovsky K. I. , Evanylo G. K. , Lasley K. K. , Shang C. , Sukkariyah B. F. , Daniels W. L.
Published: December 2010

Biosolids deep‐row incorporation (DRI) provides high levels of nutrients to the reclamation sites; however, additions of N in excess of the vegetation requirements can potentially impair water quality. The effects of anaerobically digested (AD) and lime stabilized (LS) DRI biosolids and inorganic N fertilizer were compared on C and N transformations and transport at a reclaimed mineral sands mining site. Biosolids were applied at 213 and 426 Mg AD biosolids ha−1 and 328 and 656 Mg LS biosolids ha−1 (dry mass), and inorganic N fertilizer was applied at 0 (control) and 504 kg N ha−1 yr−1 Zero tension lysimeters were installed to collect leachate for determination of vertical N transport, and the biosolids seams were analyzed for N and C transformations after 28 mo aging. The leaching masses from the DRI biosolids treatments were 139 to 291 kg ha−1 NO3–N, 61 to 243 kg ha−1 NH4–N, and 61 to 269 kg ha−1 organic N, while the fertilizer treatment did not differ from the control. Aged biosolids analysis showed that total N lost over the course of 2 yr was 15.2 Mg ha−1 and 10.9 Mg ha−1 for LS and AD biosolids, respectively, which was roughly 50% of the N applied. Organic C losses were 81 Mg ha−1 and 33 Mg ha−1 for LS and AD biosolids, respectively. Our results indicated that entrenchment of biosolids in coarse‐textured media should not be used as a mined land reclamation technique because the anaerobic conditions required to limit mineralization and nitrification cannot be maintained in such permeable soils.
Nutrient and Sediment Concentrations and Corresponding Loads during the Historic June 2008 Flooding in Eastern Iowa
Authors: Hubbard L. , Kolpin D. W. , Kalkhoff S. J. , Robertson D. M.
Published: December 2010

A combination of above‐normal precipitation during the winter and spring of 2007–2008 and extensive rainfall during June 2008 led to severe flooding in many parts of the midwestern United States. This resulted in transport of substantial amounts of nutrients and sediment from Iowa basins into the Mississippi River. Water samples were collected from 31 sites on six large Iowa tributaries to the Mississippi River to characterize water quality and to quantify nutrient and sediment loads during this extreme discharge event. Each sample was analyzed for total nitrogen, dissolved nitrate plus nitrite nitrogen, dissolved ammonia as nitrogen, total phosphorus, orthophosphate, and suspended sediment. Concentrations measured near peak flow in June 2008 were compared with the corresponding mean concentrations from June 1979 to 2007 using a paired t test. While there was no consistent pattern in concentrations between historical samples and those from the 2008 flood, increased flow during the flood resulted in near‐peak June 2008 flood daily loads that were statistically greater (p < 0.05) than the median June 1979 to 2007 daily loads for all constituents. Estimates of loads for the 16‐d period during the flood were calculated for four major tributaries and totaled 4.95 × 107 kg of nitrogen (N) and 2.9 × 106 kg of phosphorus (P) leaving Iowa, which accounted for about 22 and 46% of the total average annual nutrient yield, respectively. This study demonstrates the importance of large flood events to the total annual nutrient load in both small streams and large rivers.
Concrete Grinding Residue Characterization and Influence on Infiltration
Authors: DeSutter T. , Prunty L. , Bell J.
Published: December 2010

Concrete grinding residue (CGR) is a slurry byproduct created by concrete pavement maintenance operations. Disposal of CGR slurry is presently regulated on the basis of very minimal information. The least immediate expense is incurred by spreading CGR slurry directly on vegetated roadway ditches and embankments. The direct disposal impacts to environmental quality in terms of soil physical or chemical properties are not known. Five CGR materials from widely dispersed sites in the United States were analyzed for particle size distribution and evaluated with a suite of USEPA physical and chemical analyses. Values found for the parameters examined are not considered harmful. An infiltration column study was also conducted in which two CGRs were mixed at 8 and 25% by weight and also surface applied 2.5 mm deep with two contrasting (relatively fine and coarse textured) soils. With the finer soil, statistically (p < 0.05) significant decrease in infiltration time (increased infiltration rate) was associated with the 25% and surface‐applied CGR treatments, compared with the untreated control soil. The results indicate that excessive application of CGR may increase water infiltration into soil in the short term. This should be kept in mind, but does not appear to be generally detrimental.
Effects of Suspended Sediment on the Biodegradation and Mineralization of Phenanthrene in River Water
Authors: Xia Xinghui , Zhou Zhui , Zhou Chuanhui , Jiang Guohua , Liu Ting
Published: December 2010

High suspended sediment (SPS) concentration commonly exists in many Asian rivers. Furthermore, climate change can cause high floods and lead to the resuspension of sediments and soil erosion, resulting in high SPS concentration in many natural waters. This research studied the impact of the presence of SPS and organic C composition of SPS on the biodegradation and mineralization of phenanthrene (PHE). Three sediments, including original sediment (OS), 375°C (S375), and 600°C (S600) combusted sediment, were studied. A flask‐based 14C–respirometer system was applied to study the mineralization of [14C]PHE by Agrobacterium sp. The mineralization rate of PHE in the absence of SPS was significantly lower than that with the presence of OS and S600 but higher than that with S375, suggesting that the effect of the presence of sediment on PHE mineralization depended on its organic C composition. The residual levels of PHE in the S375 and OS systems were about 1.5 times that of the S600 system after incubation for 2 d. After 26‐d incubation, the mineralization rates of PHE were 34.64, 29.40, and 14.00% in the OS, S600, and S375 systems, respectively. The first‐order rate constants of the OS and S600 systems were about three times that of the S375 system. The net influence of SPS on the biodegradation and mineralization rates of PHE was dependent on its effects on compound bioavailability and bacteria population. This study suggested that black C played a key role in reducing the mineralization rates of PHE in sediments—even without aging.
Vegetarian Compared with Meat Dietary Protein Source and Phosphorus Homeostasis in Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Moe Sharon M. , Zidehsarai Miriam P. , Chambers Mary A. , Jackman Lisa A. , Radcliffe J. Scott , Trevino Laurie L. , Donahue Susan E. , Asplin John R.
Published: December 2010

Background and objectives

Patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) are in positive phosphorus balance, but phosphorus levels are maintained in the normal range through phosphaturia induced by increases in fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) and parathyroid hormone (PTH). This provides the rationale for recommendations to restrict dietary phosphate intake to 800 mg/d. However, the protein source of the phosphate may also be important.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

We conducted a crossover trial in nine patients with a mean estimated GFR of 32 ml/min to directly compare vegetarian and meat diets with equivalent nutrients prepared by clinical research staff. During the last 24 hours of each 7-day diet period, subjects were hospitalized in a research center and urine and blood were frequently monitored.

Results

The results indicated that 1 week of a vegetarian diet led to lower serum phosphorus levels and decreased FGF23 levels. The inpatient stay demonstrated similar diurnal variation for blood phosphorus, calcium, PTH, and urine fractional excretion of phosphorus but significant differences between the vegetarian and meat diets. Finally, the 24-hour fractional excretion of phosphorus was highly correlated to a 2-hour fasting urine collection for the vegetarian diet but not the meat diet.

Conclusions

In summary, this study demonstrates that the source of protein has a significant effect on phosphorus homeostasis in patients with CKD. Therefore, dietary counseling of patients with CKD must include information on not only the amount of phosphate but also the source of protein from which the phosphate derives.
Repeat Peritonitis in Peritoneal Dialysis
Authors: Szeto Cheuk-Chun , Ching-Ha Kwan Bonnie , Chow Kai-Ming , Law Man-Ching , Pang Wing-Fai , Leung Chi-Bon , Kam-Tao Li Philip
Published: December 2010

Background and objectives

The clinical behavior of repeat-peritonitis episodes, defined as peritonitis with the same organism occurring more than 4 weeks after completion of therapy for a prior episode, is poorly understood.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

We compared outcomes of 181 episodes of repeat peritonitis from 1995 to 2009 (Repeat Group) with 91 episodes of relapsing peritonitis (Relapsing Group) and 125 episodes of peritonitis preceded 4 weeks or longer by another episode with a different organism (Control Group).

Results

In Repeat Group, 24% were due to Staphylococcus aureus, as compared with 5.5% in Relapsing Group and 15% in Control Group. The majority of the organisms causing relapsing peritonitis were Gram negative (62%), whereas the majority of that in Repeat Group were Gram positive (56%). Repeat Group had a lower complete-cure rate (70.7% versus 54.9%) than Relapsing Group, but rates of primary response, catheter removal, and mortality were similar. Repeat Group had a higher primary response rate (89.0% versus 73.6%) and a lower rate of catheter removal (6.1% versus 15.2%) than Control Group, whereas the complete-cure rate and mortality were similar. Repeat Group had a higher risk of developing relapsing (14.3% versus 2.2%) and repeat peritonitis (26.1% versus 5.4%) than Control Group, whereas the risk of recurrent peritonitis was similar.

Conclusions

Repeat peritonitis is a distinct clinical entity. Although repeat-peritonitis episodes generally have a satisfactory response to antibiotic, they have a substantial risk of developing further relapsing or repeat peritonitis.
A fast method for morphological analysis of laser drilling holes
Authors: Schneider M. , Berthe L. , Muller M. , Fabbro R.
Published: December 2010

This paper presents an original method for analyzing laser drilled holes. The so-called Direct Observation of Drilled hOle (DODO) method is introduced and its applications. The hole characterization that’s been made is compared with x-ray radiography and cross-section analysis. Direct Observation of Drilled hole provides instantaneously surface state, geometric shape, as well as recast layer structure, without additional operation. Since no mounting resin is used to embed the sample, the preparation for analysis is simplified and, gives access to a 3D analysis of hole morphology. The principle of this technique consists in positioning the drilling axis on the joint plane of a butt configuration. Surfaces of the two parts of the sample to be joined are polished beforehand, to increase the contact surface, and then holes are drilled in the joint plane. Once the sample is drilled, the two parts are split so that one half of the hole is in each part of the sample. The preparation time of DODO method samples is shorter than the polishing time of the classical method. Moreover the implementation of the DODO method is much easier, for quality control as well as process development in laser drilling.
Laser alloying of Al with mixed Ni, Ti and SiC powders
Authors: Mabhali L. , Pityana S. , Sacks N.
Published: December 2010

Laser alloying of aluminum AA1200 was performed with a 4.4 kW Rofin Sinar Nd:YAG laser to improve the surface hardness. Alloying was carried out by depositing Ni, Ti and SiC powders of different weight ratios on the aluminum substrate. The aim was to form surfaces on aluminum reinforced with metal matrix composites and intermetallic phases. The laser parameters used were 4 kW power and 10 mm/s laser scanning speed. The microstructures formed were examined using optical and scanning electron microscopes and the phases were identified with x-ray diffraction and energy dispersive x-ray analytical techniques. Preliminary results showed that the microstructure of the alloyed layer depends on the content of Ni, Ti and SiC in the deposited powder mixture. The distribution of the SiC particles was not homogeneous. Intermetallic phases were formed between Al-Ni-Ti-SiC during laser alloying. An increase in surface hardness was achieved after laser alloying. A surface hardness of approximately 356.8±43.4 HV0.1 was achieved after alloying with a powder containing 70 wt % Ni, 20 wt % Ti and 10 wt % SiC. The increase in hardness was attributed to the formation of the intermetallic phases.
Quality Control of Seasonal Influenza Vaccines
Authors: Nazor Tamara , Kosanović Marta , Tomić Siniša
Published: December 2010

Quality Control of Seasonal Influenza Vaccines

The purpose of seasonal influenza vaccination is to prevent its spread. The vaccines contain strains of the influenza virus recommended and approved for a particular season. Just like any other medicinal product, all vaccines require marketing approval. Batches of approved vaccines are extensively tested by the manufacturers and additionally controlled by the approving authorities, which issue the quality control certificates. This article not only to describes the legal background of quality control, but also how control test results obtained by a Croatian official control laboratory are compared to manufacturer's results. We have found that testing results can slightly differ depending on methods/analytical procedures used in different laboratories. This investigation has also shown how important it is to test finished medicinal products, independently of testing at intermediate stages, and how retesting by control authorities ensures that marketed vaccines meet quality standards.
Good Manufacturing Practice: The Role of Local Manufacturers and Competent Authorities
Authors: Tomić Siniša , Sučić Anita , Martinac Adrijana
Published: December 2010

Good Manufacturing Practice: The Role of Local Manufacturers and Competent Authorities

In every country, a manufacturer of medicinal products for either human or veterinary use is required to operate in compliance with local legislation. In all EU Member States, legislation is approximated to the effect that they are committed to abide by the same standards. The candidate countries transpose the acquis into their national legislation, including the good manufacturing practice (GMP). Consequently, the local manufacturer is required to strictly comply with GMP and the manufacturing licence, including for medicinal products exclusively intended for export. A vital role is also played by national regulatory authorities, in Croatia by the Agency for Medicinal Products and Medical Devices which issues the manufacturing licence, GMP certificate, and the Certificate of a Pharmaceutical Product (CPP) and conducts laboratory control of products. GMP inspection is carried out by the Pharmaceutical Inspectorate with the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare. Both authorities are responsible only for human medicines. There are legislative issues not yet harmonised with the acquis, but as a country aspiring for the EU membership, Croatia is expected to demonstrate that its industry and competent authorities are able to conform to current requirements and thus fully adhere to the integrated European regulatory network. Hence the importance of strengthening the institutional capacity of the competent authorities, as insufficient resources may have a direct bearing on patients by limiting their access to affordable treatment.
Shiftwork Problems
Authors: Slišković Ana
Published: December 2010

Problemi rada u smjenama

U radu se raspravlja o negativnim utjecajima smjenskog rada koji su klasificirani u četiri kategorije učinaka: na biološke funkcije, radnu efikasnost, društvene / obiteljske aspekte života te na zdravlje. Dan je sustavni pregled dosadašnjih istraživanja zdravstvenih problema smjenskih radnika u čijoj je osnovi narušavanje cirkadijurnih ritmova organizma koju nameće smjenski / noćni rad. Zdravstveni problemi koji se dovode u vezu sa smjenskim radom su ovi: problemi sa spavanjem, gastrointestinalne i kardiovaskularne bolesti, karcinom, problemi s reproduktivnim funkcijama žena te lošije psihičko zdravlje.

U radu se također raspravlja o toleranciji smjenskog rada. Pri tome je kao teoretski okvir povezanosti smjenskog rada i negativnih zdravstvenih posljedica rabljen procesni model koji su postavili Smith i suradnici 1999. Poseban naglasak stavljen je na individualne i organizacijske faktore o kojima ovisi mogućnost prilagodbe na smjenski rad te tolerancija takvog rada. Značajni prediktori tolerancije smjenskog rada su: dob, spol, jutarnjost-večernjost, rigidnost-fleksibilnost u navikama spavanja, obiteljska situacija, higijena spavanja te zdrava prehrana. S obzirom na rezultate istraživanja koji upućuju na povezanost nekih karakteristika organizacije smjenskog rada s tolerancijom prema smjenskom radu, kao što su: broj radnih smjena i trajanje smjene, broj sukcesivnih noćnih smjena, regularnost smjena, brzina i smjer rotacije smjena, preporučene su intervencijske strategije u organizaciji smjenskog rada.
Environmental and Occupational Health Risks Among Agricultural Workers Living in a Rural Community Near Petroleum Refinery and Motorway in Skopje Region
Authors: Karadžinska-Bislimovska Jovanka , Minov Jordan , Stoleski Sašo , Mijakoski Dragan , Risteska-Kuc Snežana , Milkovska Snežana
Published: December 2010

Environmental and Occupational Health Risks Among Agricultural Workers Living in a Rural Community Near Petroleum Refinery and Motorway in Skopje Region

To assess health risks in agricultural workers associated with environmental exposure to pollutants released from a petroleum refinery and from traffic, we performed a cross-sectional study that included 119 randomly selected subjects divided in two groups. Group 1 included 60 agricultural workers living in a rural community near the petroleum refinery and a motorway overpass, whereas Group 2 consisted of 59 agricultural workers performing similar activities and living in a rural community with no exposure to industrial and traffic pollutants. Risk assessment included a questionnaire, blood pressure measurement, spirometry, laboratory tests, and toxicological analysis. The groups showed a similar prevalence of health problems, with exception of muscle pain in the extremities, headache, and fatigue, which were significantly more common in Group 1. Diastolic blood pressure was higher in Group 1, but not significantly (p=0.057). The same is true for blood carbon monoxide. Significantly higher in Group 1 were blood haemoglobin (p=0.001) and blood lead (p<0.001). Serum cholinesterase activity was similar in both groups. Our findings indicate the need of regular medical exams, ambient monitoring and environmental impact assessment in agricultural population in order to detect individuals at risk and to institute adequate preventive measures.
Determination of Biogenic Amines and Endotoxin in Squid, Musky Octopus, Norway Lobster, and Mussel Stored at Room Temperature
Authors: Prester Ljerka , Orct Tatjana , Macan Jelena , Vukušić Jelena , Kipčić Dubravka
Published: December 2010

Determination of Biogenic Amines and Endotoxin in Squid, Musky Octopus, Norway Lobster, and Mussel Stored at Room Temperature

Little research has been published on the indicators of spoilage in Mediterranean molluscan shellfish and crustaceans. Thus is why we studied changes in the concentrations of endotoxin and four biogenic amines (histamine, putrescine, tyramine and cadaverine) in European common squid (Loligo subulata, Lamarck, 1798), musky octopus (Eledone moschata, Lamarck, 1798), Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus, Linnaeus, 1758), and mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis, Lamarck, 1819) from the Adriatic Sea stored at room temperature for 24 h. Endotoxin load in fresh squid, Norway lobster, and mussel (<1 EU mg-1) indicated good microbiological quality of raw samples. Biogenic amine index (as the sum of histamine, putrescine, tyramine, and cadaverine) correlated well with endotoxin load in squid (r=0.978, p<0.001) and musky octopus (r=0.874, p<0.01). A good correlation was also found between endotoxin and putrescine in Norway lobster (r=0.777, p<0.05). The highest endotoxin load was found in decomposed mussels and was associated with histamine alone. In conclusion, increase in biogenic amine levels is species-specific. Endotoxin analysis could be used for rapid assessment of microbiological quality of cephalopods and shellfish.
Performance of Fine Motor and Spatial Tasks During the Menstrual Cycle
Authors: Šimić Nataša , Tokić Andrea , Peričić Marina
Published: December 2010

Performance of Fine Motor and Spatial Tasks During the Menstrual Cycle

Various studies have shown fluctuations in task performance during the menstrual cycle. The aim of this study was to see the effects of the menstrual cycle on performing fine motor and spatial tasks of different level of complexity in twenty students aged 18 to 21 years, with regular menstrual cycle (28 to 30 days). The students performed O'Connor Finger Dexterity Test and mental rotation test during the menstrual, late follicular, and midluteal phase. Before the tests were performed, we administered Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for each phase. After the tasks were completed, the subjects ranked their difficulty on Borg's scale.

The results showed the best performance in both tests in the midluteal phase (with sex hormones at their peak). The anxiety level and task difficulty ranking were the highest in the menstrual phase, when the hormone levels were the lowest.
Determination of Benzodiazepines in Urine Via Benzophenone Derivatives Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Roškar Robert , Dolenc Marija
Published: December 2010

Determination of Benzodiazepines in Urine Via Benzophenone Derivatives Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

The aim of this study was to validate a new method for determining benzodiazepines in urine via their benzophenone derivatives, based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Selected benzodiazepines were analysed after acid hydrolysis of urine and extraction by ethyl acetate in the presence of an internal standard. Samples were analysed using electrospray ionization LC-MS/MS in a multiple reaction monitoring mode. The chromatographic run time on a reversed phase C18 analytical column was set for 9 min. This method was validated in 21 patients receiving methadone. Benzodiazepines intake was established in two out of three patients. LC-MS/MS results were also compared with the rapid immunoassay and the methods showed good agreement. However, in three cases benzodiazepines were detected by LC-MS/MS, but not by the immunoassay. The sensitivity of the developed LC-MS/MS method is comparable to or even higher than of previously reported methods, which makes it suitable as a confirmatory method.
Dragutin Mayer and Božo Metzger: Leaders in Radiation Science and Radiation Protection in Croatia
Authors: Hanžek Branko , Franić Zdenko
Published: December 2010

Dragutin Mayer i Božo Metzger - velikani znanosti o zračenju i zaštite od zračenja u Hrvatskoj

Ubrzo nakon što je Röntgen krajem godine 1895. sustavno u literaturi opisao tzv. X-zrake, po njemu nazvane i rendgenskim zrakama, spoznaja o mogućnosti njihove uporabe u medicini i znanosti gotovo odmah dolazi u Hrvatsku te su prvi rendgenogrami i rendgenske cijevi nabavljeni već početkom godine 1896. Iste godine, prikazom prvog rendgenograma kao prve primjene rendgenskog zračenja na području Hrvatske označen je efektivni početak znanosti o zračenju u nas.

U članku je prikazano školovanje, službovanje i javno djelovanje nedavno preminulog Dragutina Mayera i Bože Metzgera kao velikana iz područja znanosti o zračenju u Hrvatskoj. Istaknuta je njihova jedinstvena uloga u širenju visokoškolske nastave fizike na područje zaštite od zračenja u Hrvatskoj. Također, njihova svjedočanstva i kazivanja otkrila su brojne nepoznate detalje važne za povijest znanosti o zračenju i zaštite od zračenja u Hrvatskoj.
Prenatal, Early Life, and Childhood Exposure to Genotoxicants in the Living Environment
Authors: Katić Jelena , Fučić Aleksandra , Gamulin Marija
Published: December 2010

Prenatal, Early Life, and Childhood Exposure to Genotoxicants in the Living Environment

Health disorders and diseases related to environmental exposure in children such as cancer and immunologic disturbances (asthma, allergies) are on the rise. However, complex transplacental and prepubertal genotoxicology is given very limited consideration, even though intrauterine development and early childhood may be critical for elucidating the cancer aetiology. The foetus is transplacentally exposed to contaminants in food and environment such as various chemicals, drugs, radiochemically contaminated water and air. Target organs of xenobiotic action may differ between the mother and the foetus due to specific stage of developmental physiology and enzyme distribution. This in turn may lead to different levels of clastogenic and aneugenic metabolites of the same xenobiotic in the mother and the foetus. Adult's protective behaviour is not sufficient to isolate children from radioisotopes, pesticides, toxic metals and metalloids, environmental tobacco smoke, endocrine disrupting chemicals, and various food contaminants, which are just a part of the stressors present in a polluted environment. In order to improve legislation related to foetus and child exposure to genotoxic and possibly carcinogenic agents, oncologists, paediatricians, environmental health specialists, and genotoxicologists should work together much more closely to make a more effective use of accumulated scientific data, with the final aim to lower cancer incidence and mortality.
Biodegradation of Olive Mill Wastewater by Trichosporon Cutaneum and Geotrichum Candidum
Authors: Dragičević Tibela , Hren Marijana , Gmajnić Margareta , Pelko Sanja , Kungulovski Dzoko , Kungulovski Ivan , Čvek Domagoj , Frece Jadranka , Markov Ksenija , Delaš Frane
Published: December 2010

Biodegradation of Olive Mill Wastewater by Trichosporon Cutaneum and Geotrichum Candidum

Olive oil production generates large volumes of wastewater. These wastewaters are characterised by high chemical oxygen demand (COD), high content of microbial growth-inhibiting compounds such as phenolic compounds and tannins, and dark colour. The aim of this study was to investigate biodegradation of olive mill wastewater (OMW) by yeasts Trichosporon cutaneum and Geotrichum candidum. The yeast Trichosporon cutaneum was used because it has a high potential to biodegrade phenolic compounds and a wide range of toxic compounds. The yeast Geotrichum candidum was used to see how successful it is in biodegrading compounds that give the dark colour to the wastewater. Under aerobic conditions, Trichosporon cutaneum removed 88 % of COD and 64 % of phenolic compounds, while the dark colour remained. Geotrichum candidum grown in static conditions reduced COD and colour further by 77 % and 47 %, respectively. This investigation has shown that Trichosporon cutaneum under aerobic conditions and Geotrichum candidum under facultative anaerobic conditions could be used successfully in a two-step biodegradation process. Further investigation of OMW treatment by selected yeasts should contribute to better understanding of biodegradation and decolourisation and should include ecotoxicological evaluation of the treated OMW.
Erratum to “The masses of charged leptons and quarks from superposition self-interference of their Dirac fields” by Gerald Rosen
Authors: Rosen Gerald
Published: December 2010

The original version of the article was published in Central European Journal of Physics 9, 45–48 (2011), DOI: 10.2478/s11534-010-0061-5. Unfortunately, due to an editorial processing error the original version of this article contains a mistake in Eq. (5). Here we display the corrected version of this equation.
Social and Biological Context of Physical Culture and Sport
Authors: Kosiewicz Jerzy
Published: December 2010

Social and Biological Context of Physical Culture and Sport

Author underlines that biological sciences connected with the human being are traditionally - after MacFadden, among others - counted among physical culture sciences. Because of the bodily foundations of human physical activity, they perform - shortly speaking - a significant cognitive function: they describe natural foundations of particular forms of movement. In spite of the fact that knowledge in that respect is extremely important for multiform human activity in the field of physical culture, it is not knowledge of cultural character. From the formal (that is, institutional) viewpoint it is strictly connected with culture studies, but it has separate methodological and theoretical assumptions. Knowledge of that type is focused on the human organism and not on effects of mental, axiocreative, symbolic activity of the human being entangled in social relations. It includes auxiliary data which support practical - that is, in that case, physical, bodily - activity. Its reception of axiological (ethical and aesthetical), social (philosophical, sociological, pedagogical, historical {universal or strictly defined - referring e.g. to art and literature with the connected theories} or political) character is dealt with by the humanities (in other words: social sciences) constituting an immanent and the fundamental - and hence the most important - part of culture studies. Putting stress on alleged superiority and the dominating role of natural (biological in that case) sciences within physical culture sciences and the connected marginalization of the humanities - which constitute, after all, a necessary and hence an unquestionable foundation for culture studies, their essence and objectivisation - is, euphemistically speaking, a clear shortcoming in the field of science studies.

The abovementioned exaltation and aspirations for superiority, as well as deepening and more and more aggressive marginalization of the humanities (understood in that paper as a synonym for social sciences) in the field of physical culture sciences may lead to the separation of biological sciences.
Physical Activity as a Sociological Phenomenon
Authors: Sekot Aleš
Published: December 2010

Physical Activity as a Sociological Phenomenon

We are living in a time when society, culture and science have become increasingly aware of the great importance of sport not only as a part of mass culture, but broadly understood, for individual and social health and well-being. Physical activity of people plays an increasingly more important role in scientific interest regarding way of life found in contemporary society; it is a crucial factor in the process of officiating the level of healthy and active lifestyles, quality of life, and health in general. An indispensable role of physical activity in the course of human life is also confirmed, both permanently and scientifically, in the context of obesity prevention.

The development of a sedentary lifestyle is the result of a socialization process that is developed at youth and continued into adulthood, and leads to physical inactivity. At the present we face in our cultural settings an apparent trend: People are becoming more and more individualized, losing the beneficial impact of community activities, involved in passive way of life that lacks a proper level of physical activities and active sport. The phenomenon of physical activity has also been considered from the perspective of the Project EURO-PREVOB, highlighting built environmental aspects of ways of life.
Social Exclusion/Inclusion in the Context of Hungarian Sport
Authors: Földesi Gyöngyi
Published: December 2010

Social Exclusion/Inclusion in the Context of Hungarian Sport

Similar to international trends, this investigation of social exclusion/inclusion from sport was preceded by studying the impact of poverty on sport participation in Hungary. Research was made on inequality of chances and on the disadvantaged position of the lower classes in sport, even in state socialism. Following the transformation of the political regime in 1989-1990, there was a growing interest in exploring unequal social opportunities in sport, not only by marginal social groups, but also by the increasing number of lower middle class people dropping behind. However, Hungarian sport has never been studied in the context of social exclusion/inclusion. Theobjectiveof this paper is to approach sport in Hungary from these perspectives. Attempts are made to answer the following questions: in which fields of Hungarian sport can social exclusion be observed? How is social exclusion from sport linked to age, gender, dwelling place, socio-economic status and to the lack of cultural and social capital? How is the concept of social exclusion/inclusion understood by the actors in Hungarian sport? How can sport be used as a means to promote social inclusion for people marginalized by economic, social and cultural barriers? In order to answer the above questions, the followingmethodswere used: analyses of recent research findings on Hungarians' sport participation with a focus on deprivation; in-depth interviews with key persons (N= 15) in Hungarian sport with the aim to discover how the concept of social exclusion/inclusion is understood by them; and analyses of documents to explore which measures have been taken by sport policy to tackle social exclusion. Theresultsshow that exclusion from sport is widespread in Hungarian society. It is linked in a combined way to poverty, education, ethnicity, age, and settlements. It is established in early childhood and lasts the whole life cycle. Key excluded groups are in hopeless situations due to economic, social and cultural aspects, so they cannot overcome this problem alone. They receive assistance in several other areas, but they are left to their own resources in sport-related issues. Legally they should have access to sport, but they cannot claim their rights. The concept of combating social exclusion is generally not incorporated into the objectives and values of sport clubs and federations; it has not yet been an integral part of sport culture in Hungary. Government documents contain declarations in connection to tackling social exclusion, but very few actions are implemented to promote social inclusion. A majorconclusionof the paper is that a serious modification of sport policy does not mainly depend on the lack of financial recourses but on the lack of a strong determination of the Government. The involvement of the Hungarian population in sporting activity and the intention for their inclusion are much lower than it could be under the present economic circumstances.
Controversial Reflections on the Theme "Leisure": from Free Time to Lifestyle
Authors: Hodan Bohuslav , Roberson Donald
Published: December 2010

Controversial Reflections on the Theme "Leisure": from Free Time to Lifestyle

Today there is more of a dialectical approach to the meanings of leisure. In earlier times there was more of a consensus or similar understanding of one's free time. The purpose of this paper is to explain today's various meanings of leisure. We discuss the meaning of time and space and its relation to leisure. In addition we have focused on a discussion of free time, work and not work, as well as one's lifestyle. In particular we will introduce the ideas of Dumazedier. In summary we concur with other authors, especially Dumazedier, that leisure is more than free time: it is best understand as a way of life, as a lifestyle.
The Football Fan Community as a Determinant Stakeholder in Value co-Creation
Authors: Zagnoli Patrizia , Radicchi Elena
Published: December 2010

The Football Fan Community as a Determinant Stakeholder in Value co-Creation

Fans are of central importance to sport service production. Their passion, excitement, and involvement plays a crucial role in event implementation and value creation. Due to the importance of fans as "co-producers" of the sport service, the hypothesis of this research is that a fan community is a salient stakeholder in the value co-creation process. This paper focuses on how a football fan community engages in manifold interaction with its team, the local context, and the network of actors as a whole. Within the theoretical framework of the stakeholders and the network approach, a multi-case analysis and thorough examination of the ACF Fiorentina's season ticket holders database enlightens a system of relationships where fans are able to influence the internal dynamics of the social network that has developed around the football club. In light of the empirical evidence presented by the case studies and the database on supporters, we propose a first typology of fans' roles and strategic behaviours. Findings, though not exhaustive, illustrate not only the roles assumed by fans during matches in terms of identification and participation, but also underline the variety of ways in which fans behave as stakeholders of their own team. In terms of value cocreation, this research highlights the fan community as a salient stakeholder and not just a mere spectator. Fans and supporters not only are crucial actors in implementing the sport service, but they even play an important role of influencing the choices and behaviours of the football club and other stakeholders.
Academic Rigor and Dedication to Competitive Sport in Young People 12-18 Years: Major Social Issues
Authors: Santesmases Josep
Published: December 2010

Academic Rigor and Dedication to Competitive Sport in Young People 12-18 Years: Major Social Issues

Quantitative study with the aim of linking the academic performance of students who are high-level athletes in Catalonia (Spain) and who do not have any institutional support (high-performance centre, reduction of subjects, etc.) or belong to any educational institution with adapted curriculum (90-95% of households), compared to sedentary students who play sports only occasionally.

The study divided students into two groups by age: 12, 14, 16 and 18 years old (secondary school). The general group (GG) was made up of students who did sports at school, did not participate in major competitions, and the weekly training requirement did not exceed 3 hours (N = 262). The group of athletes (AG) is made up of students who at least competed for the Championship of Catalonia (swimming and basketball) and the weekly training requirement exceeded 4.30 in younger students (N = 212). The questionnaires were constructed in order to gather academic information, highlighting the grades of the subjects for the second evaluation of the 2008-09 academic year and full-time sports data for training (day session, hours, competition) and schooling (public or private).

We found a significant correlation (0.99) in comparing the evolution of differences between the grades of the groups. Supporting an extraordinary demand for training, and increasing with age, student athletes have better academic performance throughout secondary education. However, this trend is broken in high school, coinciding with the highest dedication to training.

Two other important considerations are highlighted in the study: first, the GG presented inactivity levels which increase linearly with age and this is more prominent in females, and secondly, the enrolment of the school is basically AD private state-assisted and not public system, which can make us think about whether the family ideology also influences the sports options for children.
The Status of Physical Education in Cypriot Schools
Authors: Christodoulou Diana
Published: December 2010

The Status of Physical Education in Cypriot Schools

A few years ago, comparative research was conducted in thirty-five countries in order to discover the innovative and stimulating aspects of physical education (PE) found all over the world. Cyprus was not included in that special study. The present and future position of PE is a crucial and critical issue in Cyprus. Therefore the author of this paper has carried out an investigation with the aim of revealing the status of PE in the Cypriot educational system and comparing it with other countries. This paper was written on the basis of that research. The Cypriot investigation found in this paper uses the same concept and methods as were utilised in the aforementioned cross-cultural study; the results are presented according to similar dimensions. The data was collected by documentary analysis and in-depth interviews. The results indicate that the status of PE in Cyprus is low and there are urgent problems that need to be seriously considered by the authorities of the Ministry of Education and Culture. Efforts have already been made by decision-makers to promote the development of a new curriculum, be introduced in future school years.
Off-Field Competition at Major Sport Events. Case Study of 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa™
Authors: Piątkowska Monika , Żyśko Jolanta
Published: December 2010

Off-Field Competition at Major Sport Events. Case Study of 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa™

Over the past twenty years sponsorship has outperformed all other marketing communication tools in terms of growth. With their massive audiences, major sport events create great opportunity for global companies to showcase their brands and products. Due to rapidly rising costs for securing sponsorship rights, ambush marketing has emerged as a growing option for different kind of companies.

The aim of ambush marketing is to obtain more of the gains associated with an official event sponsorship but without incurring the same extent of its costs. "Ambushers" are becoming increasingly astute at developing ways to circumvent legal attempts to control non-sponsor marketing strategies.

Therefore, the aim of the paper is to introduce and categorize various ambush marketing methods and counter-ambushing strategies. As ambush marketing has shifted over time from broadcast sponsorship campaigns and venue surrounding advertising to more off-site venue marketing, it is also important to analyze how the organizers of major sport event prevent the event itself, the sponsorship rights and how they deal with ambush marketing issue. The case of 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa has been studied.
Re-uniting Sport and Art: The Potential of Olympic Posters
Authors: Hughson John
Published: December 2010

Re-uniting Sport and Art: The Potential of Olympic Posters

Baron Pierre de Coubertin, founder of the Modern Olympic Games, envisioned the Olympic occasion as being about more than sport. He regarded the underlying idea of the Olympic Games, Olympism, as a ‘cult of humanity’, concerned with the pursuit of excellence in both sport and art. The presentation examines how Olympic posters have been, and may continue to be, used to carry on de Coubertin's ambition for the marriage of sport and art in modern times. A case is made for viewing the Olympic poster as an object with aesthetic worth and thus apart from its instrumental purpose as a ‘promotional vehicle for Olympic Games’. Problematic questions, such as whether or not Olympic posters can be viewed in detachment from the political regimes that effectively endorse them, are addressed in the discussion.
Algorithms of Chemicals Detection Using Raman Spectra
Authors: Kwiatkowski Andrzej , Gnyba Marcin , Smulko Janusz , Wierzba Paweł
Published: December 2010

Algorithms of Chemicals Detection Using Raman Spectra

Raman spectrometers are devices which enable fast and non-contact identification of examined chemicals. These devices utilize the Raman phenomenon to identify unknown and often illicit chemicals (e.g.drugs, explosives) without the necessity of their preparation. Now, Raman devices can be portable and therefore can be more widely used to improve security at public places. Unfortunately, Raman spectra measurements is a challenge due to noise and interferences present outside the laboratories. The design of a portable Raman spectrometer developed at the Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology is presented. The paper outlines sources of interferences present in Raman spectra measurements and signal processing techniques required to reduce their influence (e.g.background removal, spectra smoothing). Finally, the selected algorithms for automated chemicals classification are presented. The algorithms compare the measured Raman spectra with a reference spectra library to identify the sample. Detection efficiency of these algorithms is discussed and directions of further research are outlined.
Fitting Spatial Models of Geometric Deviations of Free-Form Surfaces Determined in Coordinate Measurements
Authors: Poniatowska Małgorzata , Werner Andrzej
Published: December 2010

Fitting Spatial Models of Geometric Deviations of Free-Form Surfaces Determined in Coordinate Measurements

Local geometric deviations of free-form surfaces are determined as normal deviations of measurement points from the nominal surface. Different sources of errors in the manufacturing process result in deviations of different character, deterministic and random. The different nature of geometric deviations may be the basis for decomposing the random and deterministic components in order to compute deterministic geometric deviations and further to introduce corrections to the processing program. Local geometric deviations constitute a spatial process. The article suggests applying the methods of spatial statistics to research on geometric deviations of free-form surfaces in order to test the existence of spatial autocorrelation. Identifying spatial correlation of measurement data proves the existence of a systematic, repetitive processing error. In such a case, the spatial modelling methods may be applied to fitting a surface regression model representing the deterministic deviations. The first step in model diagnosing is to examine the model residuals for the probability distribution and then the existence of spatial autocorrelation.