bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Countercurrent multiplication may not explain the axial osmolality gradient in the outer medulla of the rat kidney
Authors: Layton Anita T. , Layton Harold E.
Published: July 2011

It has become widely accepted that the osmolality gradient along the corticomedullary axis of the mammalian outer medulla is generated and sustained by a process of countercurrent multiplication: active NaCl absorption from thick ascending limbs is coupled with the counterflow configuration of the descending and ascending limbs of the loops of Henle to generate an axial osmolality gradient along the outer medulla. However, aspects of anatomic structure (e.g., the physical separation of the descending limbs of short loops of Henle from contiguous ascending limbs), recent physiologic experiments (e.g., those that suggest that the thin descending limbs of short loops of Henle have a low osmotic water permeability), and mathematical modeling studies (e.g., those that predict that water-permeable descending limbs of short loops are not required for the generation of an axial osmolality gradient) suggest that countercurrent multiplication may be an incomplete, or perhaps even erroneous, explanation. We propose an alternative explanation for the axial osmolality gradient: we regard the thick limbs as NaCl sources for the surrounding interstitium, and we hypothesize that the increasing axial osmolality gradient along the outer medulla is primarily sustained by an increasing ratio, as a function of increasing medullary depth, of NaCl absorption (from thick limbs) to water absorption (from thin descending limbs of long loops of Henle and, in antidiuresis, from collecting ducts). We further hypothesize that ascending vasa recta that are external to vascular bundles will carry, toward the cortex, an absorbate that at each medullary level is hyperosmotic relative to the adjacent interstitium.
Development of cortical orientation selectivity in the absence of visual experience with contour
Authors: Ohshiro Tomokazu , Hussain Shaista , Weliky Michael
Published: July 2011

Visual cortical neurons are selective for the orientation of lines, and the full development of this selectivity requires natural visual experience after eye opening. Here we examined whether this selectivity develops without seeing lines and contours. Juvenile ferrets were reared in a dark room and visually trained by being shown a movie of flickering, sparse spots. We found that despite the lack of contour visual experience, the cortical neurons of these ferrets developed strong orientation selectivity and exhibited simple-cell receptive fields. This finding suggests that overt contour visual experience is unnecessary for the maturation of orientation selectivity and is inconsistent with the computational models that crucially require the visual inputs of lines and contours for the development of orientation selectivity. We propose that a correlation-based model supplemented with a constraint on synaptic strength dynamics is able to account for our experimental result.
Contrast sensitivity of MT receptive field centers and surrounds
Authors: Tsui James M. G. , Pack Christopher C.
Published: July 2011

Neurons throughout the visual system have receptive fields with both excitatory and suppressive components. The latter are responsible for a phenomenon known as surround suppression, in which responses decrease as a stimulus is extended beyond a certain size. Previous work has shown that surround suppression in the primary visual cortex depends strongly on stimulus contrast. Such complex center-surround interactions are thought to relate to a variety of functions, although little is known about how they affect responses in the extrastriate visual cortex. We have therefore examined the interaction of center and surround in the middle temporal (MT) area of the macaque ( Macaca mulatta) extrastriate cortex by recording neuronal responses to stimuli of different sizes and contrasts. Our findings indicate that surround suppression in MT is highly contrast dependent, with the strongest suppression emerging unexpectedly at intermediate stimulus contrasts. These results can be explained by a simple model that takes into account the nonlinear contrast sensitivity of the neurons that provide input to MT. The model also provides a qualitative link to previous reports of a topographic organization of area MT based on clusters of neurons with differing surround suppression strength. We show that this organization can be detected in the gamma-band local field potentials (LFPs) and that the model parameters can predict the contrast sensitivity of these LFP responses. Overall our results show that surround suppression in area MT is far more common than previously suspected, highlighting the potential functional importance of the accumulation of nonlinearities along the dorsal visual pathway.
Sex differences in the inflammatory mediator-induced sensitization of dural afferents
Authors: Scheff N. N. , Gold M. S.
Published: July 2011

Approximately 20% of the adult population suffers from migraine. This debilitating pain disorder is three times more prevalent in women than in men. To begin to evaluate the underlying mechanisms that may contribute to this sex difference, we tested the hypothesis that there is a sex difference in the inflammatory mediator (IM)-induced sensitization of dural afferents. Acutely dissociated retrogradely labeled dural afferents from adult Sprague-Dawley rats were examined with whole cell patch-clamp recordings. Baseline passive and active electrophysiological properties of dural afferents from both sexes were comparable. However, while IM-induced increases in the excitability of dural afferents from male and female rats were also comparable, the proportion of dural afferents from female rats sensitized by IM (∼100%) was significantly greater than that of dural afferents from male rats (∼50%). This appeared to be due to differences downstream of IM receptors, as tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium current was increased by IM in a majority of male dural afferents (13/14). These data indicate that there are both quantitative and qualitative differences in the IM-induced sensitization of dural afferents that may contribute to the sex difference in the manifestation of migraine.
Diminished capacity to modulate motor activation patterns according to task contributes to thumb deficits following stroke
Authors: Triandafilou Kristen M. , Fischer Heidi C. , Towles Joseph D. , Kamper Derek G. , Rymer William Z.
Published: July 2011

The objective of this study was to explore motor impairment of the thumb following stroke. More specifically, we quantitatively examined kinetic deficits of the thumb. We anticipated that force deficits would be nonuniformly distributed across the kinetic workspace, due in part to varying levels of difficulty in altering the motor activation pattern to meet the task. Eighteen stroke survivors with chronic hemiparesis participated in the trials, along with nine age-matched controls. Of the stroke-survivor group, nine subjects had moderate hand impairment, and the other nine subjects had severe hand impairment. Subjects were instructed to generate maximal isometric thumb-tip force, as measured with a load cell, in each of six orthogonal directions with respect to the thumb tip. Activity of three representative thumb muscles was monitored through intramuscular and surface electrodes. Univariate split-plot analysis of variance revealed that clinical impairment level had a significant effect on measured force ( P < 0.001), with the severely impaired group producing only 13% of the control forces, and the moderately impaired group generating 32% of control forces, on average. Weakness in the moderately impaired group exhibited a dependence on force direction ( P = 0.015), with the least-relative weakness in the medial direction. Electromyographic recordings revealed that stroke survivors exhibited limited modulation of thumb-muscle activity with intended force direction. The difference in activation presented by the control group for a given muscle was equal to 40% of its full activation range across force directions, whereas this difference was only 26% for the moderately impaired group and 15% for the severely impaired group. This diminished ability to modify voluntary activation patterns, which we observed previously in index-finger muscles as well, appears to be a primary factor in hand impairment following stroke.
Evaluation of Handheld Assays for the Detection of Ricin and Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B in Disinfected Waters
Authors: Wade Mary Margaret , Biggs Tracey D. , Insalaco Joseph M. , Neuendorff Lisa K. , Bevilacqua Vicky L. H. , Schenning Amanda M. , Reilly Lisa M. , Shah Saumil S. , Conley Edward K. , Emanuel Peter A. , Zulich Alan W.
Published: July 2011

Development of a rapid field test is needed capable of determining if field supplies of water are safe to drink by the warfighter during a military operation. The present study sought to assess the effectiveness of handheld assays (HHAs) in detecting ricin and Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB) in water. Performance of HHAs was evaluated in formulated tap water with and without chlorine, reverse osmosis water (RO) with chlorine, and RO with bromine. Each matrix was prepared, spiked with ricin or SEB at multiple concentrations, and then loaded onto HHAs. HHAs were allowed to develop and then read visually. Limits of detection (LOD) were determined for all HHAs in each water type. Both ricin and SEB were detected by HHAs in formulated tap water at or below the suggested health effect levels of 455 ng/mL and 4.55 ng/mL, respectively. However, in brominated or chlorinated waters, LODs for SEB increased to approximately 2,500 ng/mL. LODs for ricin increased in chlorinated water, but still remained below the suggested health effect level. In brominated water, the LOD for ricin increased to approximately 2,500 ng/mL. In conclusion, the HHAs tested were less effective at detecting ricin and SEB in disinfected water, as currently configured.
Differential Gene Expression in Sugarcane in Response to Challenge by Fungal Pathogen Ustilago scitaminea Revealed by cDNA‐AFLP
Authors: You-Xiong Que , Jian-Wei Lin , Xian-Xian Song , Li-Ping Xu , Ru-Kai Chen
Published: July 2011

Differential gene expression in sugarcane during sugarcane‐Ustilago scitaminea interaction was conducted in a smut‐resistant genotype. Using cDNA‐AFLP along with silver staining, a total of 136 transcript‐derived fragments (TDFs) were found to be differentially expressed in response to challenge by U. scitaminea. Forty TDFs, 34 newly induced plus six with obvious upregulated expression after infection, were sequenced and validated by RT‐PCR analysis. These results demonstrated that the expression of 37 out of these TDFs in RT‐PCR analysis was consistent with that in cDNA‐AFLP analysis. Based on BlastX in NCBI, 28 TDFs were assumed to function in sugarcane under U. scitaminea stress. Analysis of expression profile of three TDFs revealed that they responded differently after infection with U. scitaminea, and the transcription was significantly enhanced. The response of two TDFs, SUC06 and SUC09, occurred before that of SUC10. This study enriches our knowledge of the molecular basis for sugarcane response to U. scitaminea infection.
Inflammatory Pseudotumor of the Head Presenting with Hemiparesis and Aphasia
Authors: Saifudheen K. , Jose James , Gafoor V. Abdul
Published: July 2011

Inflammatory pseudotumor most commonly occurs in the orbit and produces orbital pseudotumor, but extension into brain parenchyma is uncommon. We report a case of inflammatory pseudotumor involving sphenoid sinus, cavernous sinus, superior orbital fissure, orbital muscle, and intracranial extension into left temporal lobe producing right hemiparesis and wernicke's aphasia. The patient improved clinically and radiologically with steroid administration. This paper provides an insight into the spectrum of involvement of inflammatory pseudotumor and the importance of early diagnosis of the benign condition.
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-Type I Gene Deficient Mice Show Reduced Influx of Neutrophils in Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury
Authors: Wolthuis Esther K. , Vlaar Alexander P. J. , Hofstra Jorrit-Jan H. , Roelofs Joris J. T. H. , de Waard Vivian , Juffermans Nicole P. , Schultz Marcus J.
Published: July 2011

Ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) is associated with inhibition of the fibrinolytic system secondary to increased production of plasminogen activator inhibitor- (PAI-)1. To determine the role of PAI-1 on pulmonary coagulopathy and inflammation during mechanical ventilation, PAI-1 gene-deficient mice and their wild-type littermates were anesthetized (control), or anesthetized, tracheotomized and subsequently ventilated for 5 hours with either low tidal volumes () or high tidal volumes (). VILI was assessed by pulmonary coagulopathy, lung wet-to-dry ratios, total protein level in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, neutrophil influx, histopathology, and pulmonary and plasma cytokine levels. Ventilation resulted in pulmonary coagulopathy and inflammation, with more injury following ventilation with as compared to . In PAI-1 gene-deficient mice, the influx of neutrophils in the pulmonary compartment was attenuated, while increased levels of pulmonary cytokines were found. Other endpoints of VILI were not different between PAI-1 gene-deficient and wild-type mice. These data indicate that a defect fibrinolytic response attenuates recruitment of neutrophils in VILI.
Phosphorus Sorption and Redistribution on Soil Solid Phase in a Brazilian Haplorthox Amended with Biosolids
Authors: Munhoz Ricardo de Oliveira , Berton Ronaldo Severiano , Camargo Otávio Antonio de
Published: July 2011

Land application of biosolids (SS) can cause a buildup of phosphorus (P) in the top soil. The changes in the soil P characteristics may be assessed by the sorption isotherm and the sequential fractionation techniques. Samples of Haplorthox were collected from a field experiment where maize was cultivated for two years, after two applications of SS originated from two cities of São Paulo State, Brazil. SS applications added a total of 125, 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 kg ha−1of P in the area. To perform the sorption isotherms and obtain P maximum sorption capacity (Qmax) and the binding energy, soil samples were submitted to increasing P concentration solutions until equilibrium was reached. Sequential fractionation was done by a sequential extraction with CaCl2, NaHCO3, NaOH, HCl, and HNO3+ HClO4(residual). Addition of biosolids from both cities to the soil decreasedQmaxand the binding energy obtained by the Langmuir equation. SS additions changed the P fractions distribution in the soil by increasing the labile fractions (P-CaCl2and P-NaHCO3) and the moderately labile fraction (P-NaOH) by 11.2% and 20.3%, respectively, in detriment of the most resistant P fraction.
Lyapunov‐Based Control for Suppression of Wind‐Induced Galloping in Suspension Bridges
Authors: Almutairi Naif B. , Zribi Mohamed , Abdel-Rohman Mohamed
Published: July 2011

This paper investigates the suppression of galloping in a suspension bridge due to wind loads. The galloping phenomenon can be destructive due to the high‐amplitude oscillations of the structure. Two controllers are proposed to generate the control force needed to suppress the vertical galloping in the suspended cables and in the bridge deck. SIMULINK software is used to simulate the controlled system. The simulation results indicate that the proposed controllers work well. In addition, the performance of the system with the proposed controllers is compared to the performance of the system controlled with a tuned mass damper.
Fregoli Syndrome: An Underrecognized Risk Factor for Aggression in Treatment Settings
Authors: Ashraf Nauman , Antonius Daniel , Sinkman Arthur , Kleinhaus Karine , Malaspina Dolores
Published: July 2011

Fregoli syndrome (FS) is commonly associated with verbal threats and aggressive behavior. We present a case of Fregoli syndrome leading to an assault. We discuss the possible underdiagnosis of FS, associated risk for aggression, and strategies to reduce that risk.
Simplified Fuzzy Control for Flux-Weakening Speed Control of IPMSM Drive
Authors: Hossain M. J. , Hoque M. A. , Islam K. K.
Published: July 2011

This paper presents a simplified fuzzy logic-based speed control scheme of an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) above the base speed using a flux-weakening method. In this work, nonlinear expressions ofd-axis andq-axis currents of the IPMSM have been derived and subsequently incorporated in the control algorithm for the practical purpose in order to implement fuzzy-based flux-weakening strategy to operate the motor above the base speed. The fundamentals of fuzzy logic algorithms as related to motor control applications are also illustrated. A simplified fuzzy speed controller (FLC) for the IPMSM drive has been designed and incorporated in the drive system to maintain high performance standards. The efficacy of the proposed simplified FLC-based IPMSM drive is verified by simulation at various dynamic operating conditions. The simplified FLC is found to be robust and efficient. Laboratory test results of proportional integral (PI) controller-based IPMSM drive have been compared with the simulated results of fuzzy controller-based flux-weakening IPMSM drive system.
The Comparison of Water Absorption Analysis between Counterrotating and Corotating Twin-Screw Extruders with Different Antioxidants Content in Wood Plastic Composites
Authors: Ab Ghani Mohd Hafizuddin , Ahmad Sahrim
Published: July 2011

Water absorption is a major concern for natural fibers as reinforcement in wood plastic composites (WPCs). This paper presents a study on the comparison analysis of water absorption between two types of twin-screw extruders, namely, counterrotating and corotating with presence of variable antioxidants content. Composites of mixed fibres between rice husk and saw dust with recycled high-density polyethylene (rHDPE) were prepared with two different extruder machines, namely, counterrotating and corotating twin screw, respectively. The contents of matrix (30 wt%) and fibres (62 wt%) were mixed with additives (8 wt%) and compounded using compounder before extruded using both of the machines. Samples were immersed in distilled water according to ASTM D 570-98. From the study, results indicated a significant difference among samples extruded by counterrotating and corotating twin-screw extruders. The counterrotating twin-screw extruder gives the smallest value of water absorption compared to corotating twin-screw extruder. This indicates that the types of screw play an important role in water uptake by improving the adhesion between natural fillers and the polymer matrix.
Retroperitoneal Schwannoma: A Rare Case
Authors: Kalaycı Murat , Akyüz Ümit , Demirağ Alp , Gürses Bengi , Özkan Ferda , Gökçe Özcan
Published: July 2011

Introduction. Schwannomas are quiet rare in the retroperitoneal region. Here, we describe an incidentally detected retroperitoneal schwannoma in the abdominal computerized tomography (CT) of a patient with acute appendicitis.Case Presentation. A 38-year-old woman was admitted to the emergency service with the complaints of progressive abdominal pain and nausea for the last 24 hours. Abdominal examination was compatible with acute abdomen. Acute appendicitis was diagnosed by CT. During CT evaluation, a round shaped soft-tissue mass at the retroperitoneal area inferior to the right kidney was detected, The mass was resected and histology revealed schwannoma.Conclusion. Rare tumoral lesions with benign course such as schwannoma can be detected incidentally.
Isolated Central Nervous System Vasculitis Associated with Antiribonuclear Protein Antibody
Authors: Awad Amer M. , Stevenson Mathew
Published: July 2011

We describe the case of a young woman who was referred to a tertiary care center with unexplained subacute progressive encephalopathy preceded by long-standing severe headaches. Her extensive workup was remarkable for abnormal intracranial angiography suggestive of small- and medium-vessel vasculitis, persistently elevated protein in the cerebrospinal fluid and persistently high titers of antiribonuclear protein antibody. The patient showed a modest response to intravenous high-dose steroids. We propose that the patient's neurologic disease is secondary to immune-mediated central nervous system vasculitis, possibly as an initial manifestation of mixed connective tissue disease.
The Fekete‐Szegö Problem for p‐Valently Janowski Starlike and Convex Functions
Authors: Hayami Toshio , Owa Shigeyoshi
Published: July 2011

For p‐valently Janowski starlike and convex functions defined by applying subordination for the generalized Janowski function, the sharp upper bounds of a functional |ap+2 − μa2 p+1 | related to the Fekete‐Szegö problem are given.
Mega Events and Urban Conflicts in Valencia, Spain: Contesting the New Urban Modernity
Authors: del Romero Renau Luis , Trudelle Catherine
Published: July 2011

The local and regional administrations of Valencia, Spain, have been working to position the city, which is the country′s third largest in terms of population, as an international destination for luxury tourism through sports mega‐events. Valencia′s new image as a “mega‐events city” has been criticized by citizens and urban‐based movements on social and environmental grounds, resulting in various urban conflicts. The aim of this paper is to examine the causes and dynamics of these conflicts in order to understand the discourse and rationales behind the criticism. This will also include an examination of the ways in which these conflicts were managed by the local administration, especially in the months leading up to and during the events, when the city was receiving worldwide media coverage. Researching local print media, we focused on urban conflicts that took place in Valencia between 1995 and 2010. We also looked at the performance of urban‐based movements and the administration as conflicting actors. One of the main findings was the strong consensual authoritarianism manifested by the administration and mega‐event organizers when making decisions and managing urban conflicts related to mega‐events.
Atypical Cutaneous Fibrous Histiocytoma: An Unusual and Misleading Variant of Fibrous Histiocytoma
Authors: Ben Abdelkrim Soumaya , Belajouza Colondane , Jomaa Wafa , Beizig Nadia , Ben Said Zeineb , Mokni Moncef , Nouira Rafia , Sriha Badreddine
Published: July 2011

Atypical fibrous histiocytoma is a distinctive variant of cutaneous fibrous histiocytoma, which is often mistaken histologically for sarcoma and which have a tendency to recur locally and a capacity to metastasize, although very rarely. We report a new case of atypical cutaneous fibrous histiocytoma in a 31-year-old man who presented with a recurrent polypoid nodule on the abdominal wall. The diagnosis was made on the basis of morphological and immunohistochemical findings. We discuss through this case and a review of the literature pathological and evolutive features and diagnostic difficulties of this entity.
The Prevalence of STIV c92-Like Proteins in Acidic Thermal Environments
Authors: Snyder Jamie C. , Bolduc Benjamin , Bateson Mary M. , Young Mark J.
Published: July 2011

A new type of viral-induced lysis system has recently been discovered for two unrelated archaeal viruses, STIV and SIRV2. Prior to the lysis of the infected host cell, unique pyramid-like lysis structures are formed on the cell surface by the protrusion of the underlying cell membrane through the overlying external S-layer. It is through these pyramid structures that assembled virions are released during lysis. The STIV viral protein c92 is responsible for the formation of these lysis structures. We searched for c92-like proteins in viral sequences present in multiple viral and cellular metagenomic libraries from Yellowstone National Park acidic hot spring environments. Phylogenetic analysis of these proteins demonstrates that, although c92-like proteins are detected in these environments, some are quite divergent and may represent new viral families. We hypothesize that this new viral lysis system is common within diverse archaeal viral populations found within acidic hot springs.
Null Steering in Failed Antenna Arrays
Authors: Acharya Om Prakash , Patnaik Amalendu , Sinha Sachendra N.
Published: July 2011

Antenna array pattern nulling is desirable in order to suppress the interfering signals. But in large antenna arrays, there is always a possibility of failure of some elements, which may degrade the radiation pattern with an increase in side lobe level (SLL) and removal of the nulls from desired position. In this paper a correction procedure is introduced based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) which maintains the nulling performance of the failed antenna array. Considering the faulty elements as nonradiating elements, PSO reoptimizes the weights of the remaining radiating elements to reshape the pattern. Simulation results for a Chebyshev array with imposed single, multiple, and broad nulls with failed antenna array are presented.
Pseudolumen Size and Perimeter in Prostate Cancer: Correlation with Patient Outcome
Authors: Iczkowski Kenneth A. , Torkko Kathleen C. , Kotnis Gregory R. , Wilson R. Storey , Huang Wei , Wheeler Thomas M. , Abeyta Andrea M. , Lucia M. Scott
Published: July 2011

We demonstrated in 2011 that 61% of men with postoperative PSA failure had some cribriform pattern of prostate cancer, versus 16% of nonfailures ( , ). That study used digitized radical prostatectomy slides from 153 men, 76 failures (≥0.2 ng/mL) matched to 77 nonfailures. The current study's hypothesis: pseudolumen size and shape variability could stratify outcome within histologic patterns (single separate acini, separate acini with undulating lumens, fused small acini, papillary, cribriform). Pseudolumens were filled digitally on image captures from previously annotated specimens. Among all 5 patterns, pseudolumen spaces averaged smaller in failures than nonfailures. After multivariate analysis controlling for stage, age, margin, cancer amount, prostate volume, and presence of individual cells (grade 5), this retained significance only for the undulating-lumens and papillary patterns. In undulating-lumens pattern, PSA failures had smaller mean pseudolumen space sizes () but larger perimeters (), implying more pseudolumen irregularity. In papillary pattern, the number of pseudolumen spaces was higher in failures (), space size was smaller (), perimeters were smaller (), and perimeter/size ratio was higher (). In conclusion, digitally measured pseudolumen size and shape may associate with outcome.
A Case of Laparoscopic Excision of a Huge Retroperitoneal Cystic Lymphangioma
Authors: Yagihashi Yusuke , Kato Keiji , Nagahama Kanji , Yamamoto Masakazu , Kanamaru Hiroshi
Published: July 2011

Retroperitoneal cystic lymphangioma is a rare benign tumor. Most patients eventually experience some symptoms that necessitate therapeutic intervention. Excision is the treatment of choice, and some cases of laparoscopic resection have been reported. We report another case of a huge retroperitoneal cystic lymphangioma that was successfully excised laparoscopically with the SAND balloon catheter. Large cystic lymphangioma was downsized by puncturing and aspirated with the SAND balloon catheter. Laparoscopic surgical technique should be considered for treatment of selected cystic lesions of retroperitoneal origin.
Interim Restorative Approach for the Management of Congenitally Missing Permanent Mandibular Incisors: Presentation of Three Cases
Authors: Prakash Prashanth , Hallur Jayadev M. , Gowda Rachana Narse
Published: July 2011

Congenital missing of mandibular permanent incisors with retained primary incisors may jeopardize the esthetic appearance and psychological development of children, especially during the years of transition into adolescence. The retained primary teeth are necessary for the maintenance and normal development of alveolar bone, which in turn is essential for future definitive rehabilitation. In such situations, an interim restoration may be provided before any definitive treatment is given to comfort the young patient during this transition period. Interim restorations may include resin-modified additions to the existing teeth as well as more sophisticated restorations such as resin-retained bridge and removable partial dentures. However, this restoration differs for different clinical situations based on various factors such as age and patient compliance, and also consideration has to be given for the growth changes of the child. The aim of this present paper is to discuss the esthetic management of three cases with bilateral agenesis of permanent mandibular incisors and retained primary incisors with composite interim restoration.
Mechanical and Thermal Behaviour of Ecofriendly Composites Reinforced byKenafandCaroàFibers
Authors: Persico P. , Acierno D. , Carfagna C. , Cimino F.
Published: July 2011

Two kinds of environmental friendly composites were prepared based on sustainable matrices, respectively, defatted cross-linked soy flour and thermoplastic polyhydroxybutyrate cohydroxyvalerate, reinforced by natural fibers fromCaroàandKenafplants. The obtained composites were compared in terms of moisture tolerance, thermal and mechanical properties, and thermoregulation ability. It was found that this ecofriendly systems have suitable properties for indoor applications in housing and transportation.
Dampening Host Sensing and Avoiding Recognition in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pneumonia
Authors: Cigana Cristina , Lorè Nicola Ivan , Bernardini Maria Lina , Bragonzi Alessandra
Published: July 2011

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen and causes a wide range of acute and chronic infections. P. aeruginosa infections are kept in check by an effective immune surveillance in the healthy host, while any imbalance or defect in the normal immune response can manifest in disease. Invasive acute infection in the immunocompromised patients is mediated by potent extracellular and cell bound bacterial virulence factors. Life‐threatening chronic infection in cystic fibrosis patients is maintained by pathogenic variants that contribute to evade detection and clearance by the immune system. Here, we reviewed the molecular basis of receptor‐mediated recognition of P. aeruginosa and their role in initiating inflammation and the colonization. In addition, the consequence of the P. aeruginosa genetic adaptation for the antibacterial defence and the maintaining of chronic infection are discussed.
Prolonged QT Syndrome and Seizure Secondary to Alkaline Earth Metal Deficiency: A Case Report
Authors: McKinney A. , Keegan B. C.
Published: July 2011

Introduction. Alkaline earth metal deficiency is recognized as a cause of both seizure and long QT syndrome. Their deficiency can have significant repercussions on the function of cells, tissues, and organs of the body. An understanding of the role of electrolytes allows an appreciation of the significance of depleted levels on cell function.Case Report. A 65-year-old lady was admitted with symptoms of chest discomfort, vomiting, increased stoma output, and dizziness. Two days following admission she suffered a tonic-clonic seizure. ECG review demonstrated a prolonged QTc interval, raising the possibility of an underlying Torsades de Pointes as the precipitant. This was attributed to electrolyte disturbance arising as a result of multiple aetiologies.Discussion. This paper highlights the multisystem effects of electrolyte disturbance, with emphasis upon its role in precipitating cardiac arrhythmia and neurological symptoms.
Development of a Low-Cost SIA-Based Analyser for Water Samples
Authors: Knochen Moisés , Caamaño Alejandro , Bentos Heinkel
Published: July 2011

An automated multiparametric water analyser was developed and evaluated. The system was based on Sequential Injection Analysis and featured a photometric detection system comprising a tricolour RGB LED source and a photodiode. A program compiled in Visual Basic was used to control the SIA flow system, the LEDs, and the data acquisition and processing. The program loads and executes methods written in ASCII and stored as text files. The system was capable of handling up to four methods simultaneously. When used to carry out methods based on the APHA standard methods, the figures of merit obtained were considered satisfactory for the purpose. The total cost was under US $4600. It was concluded that the analyser is appropriate for routine use and has potential for an increased number of simultaneous methods and for enhanced capabilities if new versions of the software are developed.
Recommendations for Haemodynamic and Neurological Monitoring in Repair of Acute Type A Aortic Dissection
Authors: Harrington Deborah K. , Ranasinghe Aaron M. , Shah Anwar , Oelofse Tessa , Bonser Robert S.
Published: July 2011

During treatment of acute type A aortic dissection there is potential for both pre- and intra-operative malperfusion. There are a number of monitoring strategies that may allow for earlier detection of potentially catastrophic malperfusion (particularly cerebral malperfusion) phenomena available for the anaesthetist and surgeon. This review article sets out to discuss the benefits of the current standard monitoring techniques available as well as desirable/experimental techniques which may serve as adjuncts in the monitoring of these complex patients.
Hydrotherapy for the Treatment of Pain in People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Castro-Sánchez Adelaida María , Matarán-Peñarrocha Guillermo A. , Lara-Palomo Inmaculada , Saavedra-Hernández Manuel , Arroyo-Morales Manuel , Moreno-Lorenzo Carmen
Published: July 2011

Background. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating neurological disease. Several studies have reported that complementary and alternative therapies can have positive effects against pain in these patients.Objective. The objective was to investigate the effectiveness of an Ai-Chi aquatic exercise program against pain and other symptoms in MS patients.Methods. In this randomized controlled trial, 73 MS patients were randomly assigned to an experimental or control group for a 20-week treatment program. The experimental group underwent 40 sessions of Ai-Chi exercise in swimming pool and the control group 40 sessions of abdominal breathing and contraction-relaxation exercises in therapy room. Outcome variables were pain, disability, spasm, depression, fatigue, and autonomy, which were assessed before the intervention and immediately and at 4 and 10 weeks after the last treatment session.Results. The experimental group showed a significant (P<0.028) and clinically relevant decrease in pain intensityversusbaseline, with an immediate posttreatment reduction in median visual analogue scale scores of 50% that was maintained for up to 10 weeks. Significant improvements were also observed in spasm, fatigue, disability, and autonomy.Conclusion. According to these findings, an Ai-Chi aquatic exercise program improves pain, spasms, disability, fatigue, depression, and autonomy in MS patients.
Optical Properties of Afterglow Nanoparticles : , Capped with Polyethylene Glycol
Authors: Yoshimura Fumitaka , Ishizaki Mika , Wakai Fumihiro , Hara Masahiko , Odawara Osamu , Wada Hiroyuki
Published: July 2011

The optical properties of afterglow nanoparticles were successfully improved by the addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to an afterglow colloidal solution. Afterglow nanoparticles—: , —were prepared by laser ablation in liquid. The quantum yields and the decay curves were measured by a fluorescence spectrophotometer. An increase in the amount of PEG added to the solution increased the quantum yield of the nanoparticles and improved the afterglow property in the initial portion of the decay curve. However, the afterglow property did not change after a substantial amount of time had passed. The afterglow nanoparticles were capped with PEG molecules, and surface defects of the nanoparticles were passivated, which decreased the optical properties.
Phase I Study of Oral Gemcitabine Prodrug (LY2334737) Alone and in Combination with Erlotinib in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors
Authors: Koolen Stijn L.W. , Witteveen Petronella O. , Jansen Robert S. , Langenberg Marlies H.G. , Kronemeijer Roelien H. , Nol Annemarie , Garcia-Ribas Ignacio , Callies Sophie , Benhadji Karim A. , Slapak Christopher A. , Beijnen Jos H. , Voest Emile E. , Schellens Jan H.M.
Published: July 2011

Purpose: LY2334737 is an orally available prodrug of gemcitabine. The objective of this study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and dose limiting toxicities (DLT) of daily administration of LY2334737 with or without erlotinib.

Experimental Design: Patients with advanced or metastatic cancer were treated with escalating doses of LY2334737 monotherapy or in combination with continuous daily administration of 100 mg erlotinib. LY2334737 was given once daily for 14 days of a 21-day cycle. The study was extended with a bioequivalence trial to investigate a novel LY2334737 drug formulation.

Results: A total of 65 patients were treated in this study. The MTD was 40 mg LY2334737. Fatigue was the most frequent DLT for LY2334737 monotherapy (4 patients) followed by elevated transaminase levels (2 patients), both observed at the 40- to 50-mg dose levels. Among the 10 patients in the combination arm, 2 had DLTs at the 40-mg dose level. These were fatigue and elevated liver enzyme levels. The most common adverse events were fatigue (n = 38), nausea (n = 27), vomiting (n = 24), diarrhea (n = 23), anorexia (n = 20), pyrexia (n = 18), and elevated transaminase levels (n = 14). The pharmacokinetics showed dose proportional increase in LY2334737 and gemcitabine exposure. The metabolite 2′,2′-difluorodeoxyuridine accumulated with an accumulation index of 4.3 (coefficient of variation: 20%). In one patient, complete response in prostate-specific antigen was observed for 4 cycles, and stable disease was achieved in 22 patients overall. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that the 2 investigated LY2334737 drug formulations were bioequivalent.

Conclusions: LY2334737 displays linear pharmacokinetics and the MTD is 40 mg with or without daily administration of 100 mg erlotinib. Signs of antitumor activity warrant further development. Clin Cancer Res; 17(18); 6071–82. ©2011 AACR.
Targeting the Notch Ligand Jagged1 in Both Tumor Cells and Stroma in Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Steg Adam D. , Katre Ashwini A. , Goodman Blake , Han Hee-Dong , Nick Alpa M. , Stone Rebecca L. , Coleman Robert L. , Alvarez Ronald D. , Lopez-Berestein Gabriel , Sood Anil K. , Landen Charles N.
Published: July 2011

Purpose: Jagged1, a Notch ligand, is expressed on both tumor epithelial and endothelial cells and therefore may be amenable to dual targeting of the tumor stroma and malignant cell compartments of the tumor microenvironment.

Experimental Design: We describe in vitro effects of targeting of Jagged1 on ovarian cancer cells and in vivo effects of independent targeting of stromal and malignant cell Jagged1 using species-specific human or murine siRNA constructs incorporated into chitosan nanoparticles and delivered intravenously in an orthotopic mouse model.

Results: Jagged1 expression was prominent in SKOV3ip1 and IGROV-AF1, and significantly overexpressed in SKOV3TRip2, a taxane-resistant SKOV3 subclone. Jagged1 silencing with siRNA decreased cell viability and reversed taxane chemoresistance. In two different orthotopic ovarian cancer models, treatment with anti-human Jagged1 siRNA-CH reduced growth by 54.4% to 58.3% and with anti-murine Jagged1 siRNA-CH reduced growth by 41.7% to 48.8%. The combination of both species-specific constructs reduced tumor weight by 87.5% to 93.1% and sensitized SKOV3TRip2 tumors to docetaxel in vivo. Tumors showed reduced microvessel density with anti-murine Jagged1 constructs and decreased proliferation with anti-human Jagged1 siRNAs-CH. In addition, we show that Jagged1 downregulation does not sensitize cells to taxanes through a reduction in MDR1 expression, but at least in part by cross-talk with the GLI2 mediator of the Hedgehog pathway.

Conclusions: Jagged1 plays dual roles in cancer progression through an angiogenic function in tumor endothelial cells and through proliferation and chemoresistance in tumor cells. Dual inhibition represents an attractive therapeutic strategy for ovarian and potentially other malignancies. Clin Cancer Res; 17(17); 5674–85. ©2011 AACR.
Pharmacokinetic Dose-Scheduling Study of Hedgehog Pathway Inhibitor Vismodegib (GDC-0449) in Patients with Locally Advanced or Metastatic Solid Tumors
Authors: LoRusso Patricia M. , Jimeno Antonio , Dy Grace , Adjei Alex , Berlin Jordan , Leichman Lawrence , Low Jennifer A. , Colburn Dawn , Chang Ilsung , Cheeti Sravanthi , Jin Jin Y. , Graham Richard A.
Published: July 2011

Purpose: This study was designed to evaluate whether less frequent dosing [three times per week (TIW) or once weekly (QW)] of 150 mg vismodegib following a loading dose [150 mg once daily (QD) for 11 days] would result in similar safety, tolerability, and steady-state levels of total and unbound vismodegib as continuous QD dosing.

Experimental Design: Sixty-seven patients with advanced solid tumors were stratified by baseline plasma alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) levels and randomized to one of three vismodegib 150 mg regimens: QD (n = 23), TIW (n = 22), or QW (n = 22) for up to 42 days after an 11-day loading phase (150 mg QD). Total and unbound (dialyzed) plasma vismodegib concentrations were determined by LC-MS/MS.

Results: The most frequently reported adverse events were consistent with those in prior monotherapy trials, with similar incidence and severity regardless of dosing schedule. After the 150 mg QD loading phase, a concentration-dependent change in protein binding (3-fold increase in vismodegib fraction unbound) was observed at steady state compared with single dose. Mean total and unbound vismodegib steady-state concentrations were lower after TIW and QW than QD dosing, with an average intrasubject decrease of 50% and 80%, respectively, for unbound drug. Mechanism-based PK model simulations accurately and prospectively predicted the PK results.

Conclusions: Vismodegib 150 mg TIW or QW failed to achieve unbound plasma concentrations previously associated with efficacy in patients with advanced basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma, even after a QD loading dose period. The 150 mg QD regimen is appropriate for vismodegib based on its clinical activity, tolerability, and favorable unbound concentrations. Clin Cancer Res; 17(17); 5774–82. ©2011 AACR.
Nutlin-3 Downregulates the Expression of the Oncogene TCL1 in Primary B Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemic Cells
Authors: Voltan Rebecca , di Iasio Maria Grazia , Bosco Raffaella , Valeri Nicola , Pekarski Yuri , Tiribelli Mario , Secchiero Paola , Zauli Giorgio
Published: July 2011

Purpose: The oncogene TCL1 plays a key role in the development of B chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), but it is not known whether TCL1 could be modulated by therapeutic approaches.

Experimental Design: B-CLL patient samples (n = 35) and B leukemic cell lines (EHEB, JVM2, JVM3, MEC1, MEC2, and BJAB) with different p53 status were exposed to Nutlin-3, a small-molecule inhibitor of the p53–MDM2 interaction. Modulations of the steady-state mRNA levels of TCL1 were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting in both primary B-CLL samples and leukemic cell lines. In addition, transfection experiments with either p53 siRNA or with a TCL1 expression plasmid were carried out in the EHEB B-CLL cell line.

Results: Upon ex vivo treatment with Nutlin-3, TCL1 was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in 23 of 28 B-CLL p53wild-type. The functionality of the p53 pathway in the same leukemic cell samples was underscored by the concomitant ability of Nutlin-3 to significantly (P < 0.05) upregulate the p53 target gene MDM2 in the p53wild-type leukemic cells. The dependence of TCL1 downregulation by a functional p53 pathway was confirmed in a panel of B lymphoblastoid cell lines and by p53 knockdown experiments with p53 siRNA. The importance of TCL1 in promoting leukemic cell survival was underscored in transfection experiments, in which TCL1 overexpression significantly counteracted the Nutlin-3–mediated induction of apoptosis in EHEB.

Conclusions: Our data indicate that the Nutlin-3 downregulates TCL1 mRNA and protein, which likely represents an important molecular determinant in the proapoptotic activity of Nutlin-3. Clin Cancer Res; 17(17); 5649–55. ©2011 AACR.
Successful Treatment of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia Associated with Multicentric Castleman Disease by Anti-Interleukin-6 Receptor Antibody (Tocilizumab) Therapy
Authors: Yuzuriha Akinori , Saitoh Takayuki , Koiso Hiromi , Mitsui Takeki , Uchiumi Hideki , Yokohama Akihiko , Handa Hiroshi , Kojima Masaru , Tsukamoto Norifumi , Karaswa Masamitsu , Murakami Hirokazu , Nojima Yoshihisa
Published: July 2011

We describe herein the successful treatment of severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) in a patient with multicentric Castleman disease (MCD) by humanized anti-interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor antibody (tocilizumab) therapy. Inflammatory anemia is commonly reported; however, AIHA is a very rare complication of MCD. In 1996, a 45-year-old Japanese woman was referred to our hospital because of generalized lymphadenopathy, anemia and skin eruptions. Lymph node biopsy demonstrated MCD. She was treated with prednisolone (1 mg/kg/day), which improved the anemia and skin eruptions. In 2009, she suddenly developed Coombs-positive hemolytic anemia. The blood count was as follows: hemoglobin 4.7 g/dl, platelets 490 × 109/l and white blood cell count 9.8 × 109/l. Both direct and indirect Coombs’ tests were strongly positive. She was treated with 8 mg/kg tocilizumab every 2 weeks. One month later, her hemoglobin levels rose dramatically to 10.9 g/dl and her haptoglobin level, hypergammaglobulinemia and clinical symptoms had also markedly improved. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the efficacy of tocilizumab in AIHA associated with MCD. The well-established role of IL-6 in the pathogenesis of MCD may have been responsible for the improvement in the AIHA associated with MCD. Anti-IL-6 receptor antibody treatment could be an attractive therapeutic approach for AIHA associated with MCD.
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia with a Smoldering Course Associated with Therapy-Related Myelodysplastic Syndrome
Authors: Wolach Ofir , Yeshurun Moshe , Amariglio Ninette , Shpilberg Ofer , Raanani Pia
Published: July 2011

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) may appear rarely as a late complication of the treatment of other primary cancers. Therapy-related APL (tAPL) differs from de novo APL in epidemiological and clinical parameters but shares common molecular signatures and does not differ in survival end- points. We describe a 67-year-old female patient who presented with an atypical course of tAPL. Atypical features in this patient’s course included a preceding therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) with a slowly expanding pathological promyelocyte clone. Following treatment with all-trans-retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide, the patient achieved complete clinical, morphological and molecular remission. Review of the pertinent literature highlights the rarity of MDS transforming into APL, although dysplasia has been shown to be a possible feature of tAPL. MDS may be an underdiagnosed stage in tAPL leukomogenesis. This case also underscores the complexity of clinical decision-making in the context of tAPL.