bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transfer Hierarchical Attention Network for Generative Dialog System
Authors: Zhang Xiang , Yang Qiang
Published: October 2019

In generative dialog systems, learning representations for the dialog context is a crucial step in generating high quality responses. The dialog systems are required to capture useful and compact information from mutually dependent sentences such that the generation process can effectively attend to the central semantics. Unfortunately, existing methods may not effectively identify importance distributions for each lower position when computing an upper level feature, which may lead to the loss of information critical to the constitution of the final context representations. To address this issue, we propose a transfer learning based method named transfer hierarchical attention network (THAN). The THAN model can leverage useful prior knowledge from two related auxiliary tasks, i.e., keyword extraction and sentence entailment, to facilitate the dialog representation learning for the main dialog generation task. During the transfer process, the syntactic structure and semantic relationship from the auxiliary tasks are distilled to enhance both the word-level and sentence-level attention mechanisms for the dialog system. Empirically, extensive experiments on the Twitter Dialog Corpus and the PERSONA-CHAT dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed THAN model compared with the state-of-the-art methods.
Corrosion Inhibition of Pipeline Carbon Steel (N80) in CO2-Saturated Chloride (0.5 M of KCl) Solution Using Gum Arabic as a Possible Environmentally Friendly Corrosion Inhibitor for Shale Gas Industry
Authors: Palumbo Gaetano , Górny Marcin , Banaś Jacek
Published: October 2019

The inhibition effect of gum arabic (GA) was investigated using weight loss measurements and electrochemical techniques. The results show that the inhibition efficiency of GA increased with an increase in the concentration of the inhibitor but decreased with the temperature. Immersion time was found to have a profound effect on the corrosion inhibition performance of the inhibitor. Polarization measurements revealed that GA was a mixed-type inhibitor, with higher influence on the anodic reaction. The inhibitor followed the Temkin’s adsorption isotherm, and the values of the standard free adsorption energy indicate a mixed-type adsorption, with the physical adsorption being more dominant. SEM–EDS and FT-IR measurements were also employed to support the findings.
Values in University–Industry Collaborations: The Case of Academics Working at Universities of Technology
Authors: Hillerbrand Rafaela , Werker Claudia
Published: October 2019

In the applied sciences and in engineering there is often a significant overlap between work at universities and in industry. For the individual scholar, this may lead to serious conflicts when working on joint university–industry projects. Differences in goals, such as the university’s aim to disseminate knowledge while industry aims to appropriate knowledge, might lead to complicated situations and conflicts of interest. The detailed cases of two electrical engineers and two architects working at two different universities of technology illustrate the kinds of problems individual scholars face in university–business collaborations. These cases are based on qualitative interviews and additional data and demonstrate that, while value conflicts emerge on the organizational level, it is primarily the individual researcher who must deal with such conflicts. This analysis adds to existing studies in two ways: first, it explicitly addresses normative issues framed in terms of ethical and social values, thereby going beyond the common social-science perspective of university–business collaboration. Secondly, it provides qualitative insights, thereby identifying details and issues not apparent in quantitative studies. In particular, it is evident that university–industry collaborations are prone to value conflicts not only in research but also in education and job training.
Estimating car use rebound effects from Swedish microdata
Authors: Andersson David , Linscott Ross , Nässén Jonas
Published: October 2019

The direct rebound effect for private car transport was estimated by following a large sample of Swedish households (28,876) that acquired a new car in 2009. For some households, this resulted in an improvement in fuel efficiency, whereas others acquired a less or similarly fuel efficient car. The households’ travel distances were measured and analysed for a period of 3 years before and 3 years after the car was replaced. This approach differs from previous econometric analyses in which fleet-average changes in distance travelled were studied, often using fluctuations in fuel cost as a proxy for changes in fuel efficiency. No significant bivariate relationship was found between changes in fuel efficiency and annual distance travelled but a multivariate analysis that also included changes in income, number of cars in the household, car weight and car power, resulted in a significant rebound effect of 24 %. Households who bought a car that was labelled ‘green’ did not exhibit any rebound effect, while households who bought a ‘normal’ car displayed a rebound effect of 32 %. This could indicate that households that buy a car with improved fuel efficiency for environmental reasons also avoid the economically induced rebound effect. The analysis did not indicate any significant differences in the rebound effect between different socio-demographic groups.
Sediment distribution pattern and environmental implications of physico-chemical characteristics of the Akkulam-Veli Lake, South India
Authors: Shah Rayees Ahmad , Achyuthan Hema , Puthan-Veettil Razi-Sadath , Derwaish Usamah , Rafiq Mohammd
Published: October 2019

This study reports the spatial distributions of diatom assemblages and potential relationships between diatom diversity and environmental variables (C/N ratio, CaCO3%, clay mineralogy) using multivariate analyses in surface sediments of the Akkulam-Veli Lake. Surface sediment samples were collected at 19 sites throughout the lake to analyse diatom distribution, TOC, N, CaCO3%, clay mineralogy and sediment texture. The results suggest that the clay fraction is predominant in the eastern flank, whereas sand fraction is more in the western flank. TOC% and CaCO3% in the lake floor sediments are attributed to high organic activity within the lake and contributions from the vegetation around the lake margins. The results suggest that N is being added to the lake from secondary sources from catchment area leading to eutrophication of the lake. Further, clay mineralogy of the sediment samples reveals that kaolinite mineralogy dominates in clay fractions. Diatom studies show rich diversity of freshwater, marine and brackish diatoms and abundance of pollution-reflecting species such as Cyclotella sp. and Navicula sp.
Bulimia symptoms in Czech youth: prevalence and association with internalizing problems
Authors: Larsen Anna , Lilja Marie , Sturidsson Knut , Blatny Marek , Hrdlicka Michal , Stickley Andrew , Ruchkin Vladislav
Published: October 2019

Objective

Although clinical studies suggest that bulimia symptoms are common in youth, research on the prevalence of such symptoms and of their association with comorbid internalizing problems in the general population has been limited. This study aimed to evaluate the gender-specific prevalence of bulimia symptoms in Czech youth and explored the association between a clinical level of self-reported bulimia symptoms (CLBS) and internalizing problems by gender, controlling for age, socio-economic status and puberty status.

Method

The study was conducted on a representative national sample of Czech youth (N = 4430, 57.0% female) using self-report scales. Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used to examine the associations.

Results

The 3-month CLBS prevalence was higher in girls (11.4%) than in boys (3.8%) and in both genders a CLBS was associated with higher levels of comorbid internalizing problems.

Discussion

Timely recognition of bulimia symptoms and associated risk factors is important for early prevention and intervention strategies.

Level of evidence

V, cross-sectional descriptive study (according to Oxford (UK) CEBM Levels of Evidence, 2011).
Synthesis of Magnetic Fe3O4 Nanorings for BSA Protein Adsorption
Authors: Liu Xiaonan , Zhang Youkui , Bian Liang , Li Jinshan
Published: October 2019

The adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein is important for protein research but remains a great challenge. Here, the hydrothermal method and calcination in a hydrogen-argon mixed atmosphere were used to obtain ordered mono-crystalline magnetic Fe3O4 nanorings with controllable size and uniform structure, which were applied to the adsorption of BSA protein. The results showed that the magnetic Fe3O4 nanorings prepared have the advantages of good crystallinity, controllable morphology, and excellent magnetic response. The Fe3O4 nanorings had an outer diameter of ~160–180 nm, inner diameter of ~80–110 nm, and height of 70 to ~110 nm. The amount of BSA adsorbed by magnetic Fe3O4 nanorings increased with increasing protein concentration; when the concentration of BSA was ~2.75 mg·mL-1 the adsorption amount approached saturation. When the pH value of the solution was ~5, the Fe3O4 nanorings absorption of BSA was greatest. With increasing adsorption time, the amount adsorbed increased gradually. Adsorption equilibrium was reached after 3 h. According to the formula, the saturated adsorption capacity of BSA per gram of magnetic Fe3O4 nanorings was 325.2 mg.

Graphical Abstract
Heat transfer rate and surface pressure measurements in short duration hypersonic flow
Authors: Saiprakash M. , Kumar C. Senthil , Sunil G. Kadam , Rampratap S.P. , Shanmugam V. , Balu G.
Published: October 2019

Experiments were carried out with air as the test gas to obtain the surface convective heating rate and surface pressure distribution on blunt and sharp cone models flying at hypersonic speeds. Tests were performed in a hypersonic shock tunnel at two different angles of attack: ${0}^\circ$ and ${5}^\circ$ with angles of rotation $\phi = {0}^\circ, {90}^\circ$, and ${180}^\circ$. The experiments were conducted at a stagnation enthalpy of 1.4MJ/kg, flow Mach number of 6.56 and free stream Reynolds number based on the model length of $9.1 \times {10}^{5}$. The effective test time of the shock tunnel is 3ms. The results obtained for cone model with a bluntness ratio of 0.2 were compared with sharp cone models for $\alpha ={0}^\circ$. The measured stagnation heat transfer value matched well with the theoretical value predicted by the Fay and Riddell correlation and with the CFD results.
Applying a distributed collaborative MDAO environment to study the power matching of the propulsion system and the on-board electrified systems for advanced regional and short- to medium-range jetliners
Authors: Fioriti M. , Mirzoyan A. , Isianov A.
Published: October 2019

This paper deals with the study of the power matching of the propulsion system and on-board systems changing the on-board systems’ electrification level. In particular, four system architectures have been studied, each one with a different level of electrification starting from the More Electric Aircraft (MEA) to the All Electric Aircraft (AEA) systems. The mass and the power requirement of each system architectures have been analysed together with the change in engine specific fuel consumption. Then, these results have been used to quantify the influences of engine and systems power matching to the entire aircraft. In particular, the beneficial effect of system electrification has been evaluated as an increment of aircraft range. Moreover, two reference aircraft – a regional jet and a short/medium range liner – have been selected to understand the variance of the power matching changing aircraft dimensions and mission range. The study is carried out using a distributed and collaborative Multi-Disciplinary Design Analysis and Optimization (MDAO) environment. The results show a beneficial effect of systems electrification on systems mass and engine specific fuel consumption. At aircraft level, the results point out an increment of aircraft range up to 7.7% with a different trend for the two studied cases.
A simple vortex-loop-based model for unsteady rotating wings
Authors: Chowdhury Juhi , Ringuette Matthew J.
Published: October 2019

An analytical model is developed for the lift force produced by unsteady rotating wings; this configuration is a simple representation of a flapping wing. Modelling this is important for the aerodynamic and control-system design for bio-inspired drones. Such efforts have often been limited to being two-dimensional, semi-empirical, sometimes computationally expensive, or quasi-steady. The current model is unsteady and three-dimensional, yet simple to implement, requiring knowledge of only the wing kinematics and geometry. Rotating wings produce a vortex loop consisting of the root vortex, leading-edge vortex, tip vortex and trailing-edge vortex, which grows with time. This is modelled as a tilted planar loop, geometrically specified by the wing size, orientation and motion. By equating the angular impulse of the vortex loop to that of the fluid volume driven by the wing, the circulatory lift force is derived. Potential flow theory gives the fluid-inertial lift. Adding these two contributions yields the total lift formula. The model shows good agreement with a range of experimental and computational cases. Also, a steady-state lift model is developed that compares well with previous work for various angles of attack.
What Can Biopolitics Teach us About Democratic Representation?
Authors: Arceneaux Kevin
Published: October 2019

My interest in biopolitics took a circuitous route. My guiding interest in studying politics is the study of democratic representation. Democracy is a special institution. It holds out the hope that we can resolve our differences in a peaceful way by letting the governed govern themselves. As a graduate student, I was immediately taken by Anthony Down’s (1957) theory of democracy. It just made so much sense. People hold preferences that are ordered and coherent. They derive utility from outcomes. Government policy should, therefore, reflect the distribution of policy preferences that maximizes the utility of the most people. Easy peasy, right?
A Different Christian Witness to Society: Christian Support for Gay Rights and Liberation in Minnesota, 1977–1993
Authors: Wenzel Joshua I.
Published: October 2019

The traditional narrative of religion and the gay rights movement in the post-1960s United States emphasizes conservative Christians and their opposition to gay rights. Few studies focus on the supportive role Christian leaders and churches played in advancing gay rights and nurturing a positive gay identity for homosexual Americans. Concentrating on the period from 1977 to 1993 and drawing largely from manuscript collections at the Minnesota Historical Society, including the Minnesota GLBT Movement papers of Leo Treadway, this study of Christianity and gay rights in the state of Minnesota demonstrates that while Christianity has often been an oppressive force on homosexuals and homosexuality, Christianity was also a liberalizing influence. Putting forth arguments derived from religious understandings, using biblical passages as “proof” texts, and showing a mutuality between the liberal theological tradition and the secular political position, the Christian community was integral to advancing gay rights and liberation in Minnesota by the early 1990s despite religious right resistance. These efforts revealed a Christianity driven to actualize the love of God here on earth and ensure human wholeness, freedom, and an authentic selfhood. Christian clergy, churches, and ordinary persons of faith thus undertook activity in three areas to ensure wholeness and freedom: political activity for civil protections; emotional, pastoral care for persons with AIDS; and as a source of self-affirmation and social comfort in the midst of an inhospitable society.
Mysticism and Identity among the English Poor Clares
Authors: Temple Liam Peter
Published: October 2019

This article explores the newly catalogued manuscripts of the English Poor Clares preserved in Palace Green Library, Durham. It argues that the collection advances our understanding of the spirituality of the Poor Clares, a group who have received substantially less attention than their Benedictine and Carmelite counterparts. Focusing on manuscript evidence relating to mysticism at the convents of Aire and Rouen, it suggests three areas of interest to scholars of English women religious and recusant Catholic spirituality. First, it explores how a dual understanding ofunio mysticain the convents converted wider concepts of anonymity and self-effacement into a radical form of authorial poverty. Through this, the nuns sought not only to unite with God but also achieve a symbolic union with each other. Secondly, it explores how the physical objects of the crucifix and Eucharist served to inspire a deeper mystical pattern of growth within the souls of the nuns. It suggests that feast days and specific times of the year, especially building up to Easter, had a profound effect on spiritual outpourings. Finally, the article explores the importance of the concept of the “heavenly Jerusalem” to the Poor Clares, revealing its centrality to their understanding of their life as a pilgrimage and their own lived experience as exiles.
Race and Religion in the Afterlife of Protestant Supremacy
Authors: Wells-Oghoghomeh Alexis
Published: October 2019

In her bookChristian Slavery: Conversion and Race in the Protestant Atlantic World, Katharine Gerbner offers a rich history of Protestant planters’ efforts to tether Christian identity to free status and European descent in the American colonies, and missionaries’ answering attempts to reconcile African and indigenous conversion with enslavement. Gerbner's concept of Protestant Supremacy names the sociopolitical function and economic utility of “religious belonging,” specifically how Christian institutional, discursive, and ritual spaces demarcated boundaries between the enslaved and their enslavers, prefiguring race in the process. In this history of Atlantic slavery, religion is not subsidiary to the punitive, legal, sexual, and economic systems that enabled the enslavement of African and indigenous peoples in the Americas. Rather, Gerbner argues that Protestant Christianity provided a metastructure for the race-based caste systems that emerged in Barbados and other British colonies in the Americas. Through an intense and extensive interrogation of correspondence, missionary accounts, and institutional records from across the Atlantic, she traces how Protestant emissaries established “Christian” as a “protoracial” term and hastened the legal and discursive codification of lineage-based American caste systems in the process. The linkage of Christian identity and nascent whiteness not only exposes the Protestant architecture of American racial logics, but also sparks nuanced questions about how African, indigenous, and creole people oriented themselves toward Protestantism in early America. In this way, Gerbner definitively situates religion at the center of ongoing conversations about racial formation in the Americas, while opening up avenues for fresh speculation and imaginative intellectual trajectories in studies of American religion and Atlantic slavery.
Protestant Supremacy: The Story of a Neologism
Authors: Gerbner Katharine
Published: October 2019

“Protestant Supremacy,” the phrase that evoked the majority of commentary in this forum, is a neologism. I began researching Christian Slavery in 2005, but I did not coin “Protestant Supremacy” until 2013. I have an audio recording of the first time I used the phrase. It was during my dissertation defense and I was explaining why I felt it was wrong to use the terms “pro” or “antislavery” to describe the slavery debates of the seventeenth century. “Spiritual equality does not equal antislavery,” I said at the time, when I refusing to draw a straight line from Quaker founder George Fox to later Quaker abolitionists. I needed a new way to frame the conversation. “I could call it ‘Protestant Supremacy,’” I said. “It isn't White Supremacy in the seventeenth-century. … [Instead,] you have a contest between the ideology of Protestant Supremacy and the ideology of Christian Slavery. … That's the conversation that's important.”
THE ROLE OF DUE DILIGENCE IN INTERNATIONAL LAW
Authors: McDonald Neil
Published: October 2019

This article makes two main propositions about the role of due diligence in international law, in response to recent interest in the topic. First, a legal requirement to exercise due diligence may be a component part of a primary rule of international law, but this can only be determined by referring back to the primary rule in question (eg what degree of fact-finding does treaty provision X require a State party to that treaty to undertake, either explicitly or implicitly, to act consistently with its terms?). In other words, there is no ‘general principle of due diligence’ in international law. Second, States undertake what could be characterised as ‘due diligence’ activity (eg by introducing policy guidance for their officials), some elements of which may be a result of a legal requirement and some of which may not (eg where done solely for policy reasons). Current practice of the United Kingdom and United States is used to illustrate the point. The lack of a distinction between the ‘legal’ and ‘non-legal’ elements of conduct in a given area gives States the flexibility to act without feeling unduly constrained by international law, and at the same time actually promotes compliance with international law and may assist in its development over time. In contrast, pushing for a ‘general principle of due diligence’ in international law is unnecessary, and risks having a chilling effect on this positive legal/policy ‘due diligence’ behaviour by States.
BUILDING A MARKET ECONOMY THROUGH WTO-INSPIRED REFORM OF STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES IN CHINA
Authors: Zhou Weihuan , Gao Henry , Bai Xue
Published: October 2019

This article challenges the widespread view that existing WTO rules are insufficient for dealing with State capitalism in China, which has been further emboldened by the latest rounds of State-owned enterprise (‘SOE’) reforms. Through a careful review of WTO agreements and jurisprudence, it is argued that new rules are not necessarily needed because the unique challenges created by China's State capitalism can be appropriately addressed by the WTO's existing rules on subsidies coupled with the China-specific obligations. A more realistic approach would be to encourage China to undertake market-oriented reforms through WTO litigation based on existing rules rather than trying to negotiate new rules.
UNJUST ENRICHMENT AND THE BRUSSELS I REGULATION
Authors: Grušić Uglješa
Published: October 2019

This article examines how the jurisdictional rules of the recast of the Brussels I Regulation, namely the rules of exclusive jurisdiction for immovable property and company law and governance matters and the rules of special jurisdiction for contracts and torts, deal with unjust enrichment claims and issues concerning unjust enrichment. It also asks whether a new special jurisdiction rule for unjust enrichment should be added to the Regulation.
Improving emotion regulation of social exclusion in depression-prone individuals: a tDCS study targeting right VLPFC
Authors: He Zhenhong , Liu Zhenli , Zhao Jun , Elliott Rebecca , Zhang Dandan
Published: October 2019

Background

Growing evidence has indicated that right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (RVLPFC) is critical in down-regulating emotional responses to social exclusion, and that depression is accompanied by social emotional dysregulation associated with reduced lateral prefrontal engagement. This study used anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to examine whether stimulating RVLPFC could improve emotional down-regulation of social exclusion in individuals with high depressive mood (DM).

Methods

A total of 96 high and 94 low DM individuals received active or sham tDCS while viewing social exclusion or individual negative pictures under no-reappraisal (passive viewing) and reappraisal conditions. Participants rate their negative emotional experience following the presentation of each image. Pupil diameter and visual fixation duration were also recorded during the task.

Results

It was found that tDCS-activated RVLPFC induced a stronger regulation effect on social exclusion than individual negative emotions. The effect of tDCS on regulation of social exclusion was more pronounced in lowv.high DM individuals.

Conclusions

These findings demonstrate the specific role of RVLPFC on social emotion regulation, which has implications for refining target areas for the treatment of social emotion dysregulation in depression. However the findings do not suggest that high DM individuals benefit from a single-tDCS session on the emotion regulation of social exclusion. Thus we suggest to use multiple tDCS sessions or transcranial magnetic stimulation to further explore the therapeutic proposal in the future.
Inflammation and depressive phenotypes: evidence from medical records from over 12 000 patients and brain morphology
Authors: Ironside Maria , Admon Roee , Maddox Stephanie A. , Mehta Malavika , Douglas Samuel , Olson David P. , Pizzagalli Diego A.
Published: October 2019

Background

Preclinical and human studies suggest an association between chronic inflammation and the development of depressive behaviors. This is proposed to occur through downstream effects of inflammatory cytokines on neuroplasticity, neurogenesis and neurotransmitter function, although the neural correlates remain poorly understood in humans.

Methods

In Study 1, structural magnetic resonance imaging and serum inflammatory cytokine data were analyzed from 53 psychiatrically healthy female participants. Correlational analyses were conducted between interleukin-6 (IL-6) and volume in a priori regions implicated in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). In Study 2, medical data [including serum inflammatory acute phase reactants (C-reactive protein)] were analyzed for 12 589 participants. Participants were classified as having (n = 2541) v. not having (n = 10 048) probable lifetime MDD using phenotypes derived using machine-learning approaches. Non-parametric analyses compared inflammation between groups, whereas regression analyses probed whether inflammation predicted probable MDD classification while accounting for other variables.

Results

In Study 1, significant negative correlations emerged between IL-6 and hippocampal, caudate, putamen and amygdalar volume. In Study 2, the MDD group showed a higher probability of elevated inflammation than the non-MDD group. Moreover, elevated inflammation was a significant predictor of probable MDD classification.

Conclusions

Findings indicate that inflammation is cross-sectionally related to reduced volume in brain regions implicated in MDD phenotypes among a sample of psychiatrically healthy women, and is associated with the presence of probable MDD in a large clinical dataset. Future investigations may identify specific inflammatory markers predicting first MDD onset.
THE IMPORTANCE OF HETEROGENEITY OF HABITATS FOR THE SPECIES RICHNESS OF VASCULAR EPIPHYTES IN REMNANTS OF BRAZILIAN MONTANE SEASONAL SEMIDECIDUOUS FOREST
Authors: Barbosa D. E. F. , Basílio G. A. , Furtado S. G. , Menini Neto L.
Published: October 2019

Epiphytes are an important component of the diversity of tropical forests, and they also have several ecological functions. Vegetation heterogeneity is one of the features responsible for the high biodiversity of the Atlantic Forest, especially in the domain’s seasonal semideciduous forest (SSF). This biodiversity presents as high endemism and species richness. Owing to the seasonal nature of SSF, organisms that require high humidity (e.g. epiphytes) would be expected to show low species richness in these forests. The aims of this study were to conduct a survey of the vascular epiphytes in remnants of montane SSF in the Serra do Ibitipoca, Brazil, and to evaluate the importance of habitat heterogeneity for the richness and composition of species in these areas. We also evaluated whether the intrinsic characteristics of the SSF phytophysiognomy and fragmentation could result in low species richness and a high number of accidental epiphyte species. The study was conducted in the course of 18 expeditions undertaken between September 2013 and December 2016, covering five fragments of montane SSF (totalling 23.6 ha). We recorded 96 species (only one of which is an accidental epiphyte), distributed across 41 genera and 10 families. This is the highest epiphytic species richness recorded in Brazilian SSF to date. The results refuted the initial hypothesis and reinforce the importance to the epiphytic community of conservation of fragments with different structures.
Defining the Roles of Data Manager and Epidemiologist in Emergency Medical Teams
Authors: Bartolucci Andrea , Jafar Anisa JN , Sloan Derek , Whitworth Jimmy
Published: October 2019

Medical and epidemiological documentation in disasters is pivotal: the former for recording patient care and the latter for providing real-time information to the host country. Furthermore, documentation informs post-hoc analysis to improve the effectiveness of future deployments.

Although documentation is considered important and indeed integral to health care response, there are many barriers and challenges. Some of these challenges include: working without well-established standards for medical documentation; and working with international guidelines which provide minimal guidance as to how health data should be managed practically to ensure accuracy and completion. Furthermore, there is a shift in mindset in disaster contexts wherein most health care focus shifts to direct clinical care and diverts almost all attention from quality documentation.

This report distinguishes between the tasks of the epidemiologist and the data manager (DM) in an emergency medical team (EMT) and discusses the importance of data collection in the specific case of an EMT deployment. While combining these roles is sometimes possible if resources are limited, it is better to separate them, as the two are quite distinct. Although there is overlap, to achieve the goals of either role, preferentially they should be carried out by two people working closely together with complementary skill sets. The main objective of this report is to provide guidance and task descriptions to EMTs and field hospitals when training, recruiting, and preparing DMs and epidemiologists to work within their teams. Clear delineation of tasks will lead to better quality data, as it commits DMs to being concerned with the provision of real-time documentation from patient arrival through to compiling daily reports. It also commits epidemiologists to providing enhanced disease surveillance; outbreak investigation; and a source of reliable and actionable information for decision makers and stakeholders in the disaster management cycle.
A theory of prediction in simultaneous interpreting
Authors: Amos Rhona M. , Pickering Martin J.
Published: October 2019

People make comprehension easier by predicting upcoming language. We might therefore expect prediction to occur during the extremely difficult task of simultaneous interpreting. This paper examines the theoretical and empirical foundations of this premise. It reviews accounts of prediction during comprehension in both monolinguals and bilinguals, and discusses these theories in light of experimental data (e.g., using the visual-world paradigm). It considers how these accounts may be applied to the unique and ecologically valid context of simultaneous interpreting, when two languages are used concurrently, one overtly engaging the comprehension system, and the other overtly engaging the production system. It then posits a role for the production system in prediction during comprehension and develops a theoretical framework for prediction-by-production in simultaneous interpreting that has implications for our understanding of prediction during language comprehension.
Public procurement as strategy to foster organic transition: insights from the Brazilian experience
Authors: Borsatto Ricardo Serra , Altieri Miguel A. , Duval Henrique Carmona , Perez-Cassarino Julian
Published: October 2019

Initiatives to foster a transition toward organic agriculture have drawn policy-makers' interest worldwide. However, research studies evaluating the effectiveness of policies intended to promote ‘scaling-out’ organic production systems to more farms and larger production areas are still rare. To better understand the role that public procurement and price incentive policies have in scaling-out organic transitions, we assessed the effects of the Brazilian Food Acquisition Program (PAA) in a group of municipalities. PAA offers both markets for family farmers and price incentives for certified organic products. However, our findings suggest that farmers who establish organic production systems and become certified also gain access to other markets; ones that they find more attractive than those created by the PAA. Thus, we find that the PAA offers insufficient incentives for adopting organic practices among peasant and family farmers and supports the argument that scaling-out organic production is a multilevel process that depends on different, but interrelated drivers.
The Instrument for Stress-Oriented Task Analysis (ISTA)
Authors: Irmer Julien Patrick , Kern Marcel , Schermelleh-Engel Karin , Semmer Norbert K. , Zapf Dieter
Published: October 2019

Abstract. The Instrument for Stress-Oriented Task Analysis (ISTA, Instrument zur stressbezogenen Taetigkeitsanalyse) is a German, action–theory-based instrument to measure stressors and resources in the workplace. In order to examine the psychometric properties of the ISTA variables, we conducted a meta-analysis using the job demands–resources (JD-R) model for construct validation of the instrument. The meta-analysis consisted of a maximum of 58 independent data sets in 51 studies, of which 26 have been published. Based on 565 individual means and standard deviations, 506 reliabilities, and 4,730 correlation coefficients, meta-analytical information was computed. Overall, the instrument showed good psychometric properties: The scale means were close to the theoretical mean of the scales and reliabilities were acceptable to good. The validation hypotheses were examined by analyzing the correlations of ISTA variables (stressors and resources) with psychological strain and well-being. Our hypotheses were largely supported by the data: Stressors were positively related to strain and mostly negatively related to well-being, while resources were mostly positively related to well-being and partly negatively related to strain. Moderation analyses revealed that the two versions of the ISTA, the publication status, the proportion of women, and the industrial sector of the samples had little systematic impact on the means and reliabilities of most ISTA scales as well as on correlations between ISTA scales and of ISTA scales with scales measuring psychological strain and well-being.
CO2‐Saturated Brine Injection Into Unconsolidated Sandstone: Implications for Carbon Geosequestration
Authors: Yu Hongyan , Zhang Yihuai , Ma Yao , Lebedev Maxim , Ahmed Shakil , Li Xiaolong , Verrall Michael , Squelch Andrew , Iglauer Stefan
Published: October 2019

Carbon dioxide (CO2) injection into deep depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs or saline aquifers is currently considered the best approach to large‐scale CO2 storage. Importantly, the pore structure and permeability of the storage rock are affected by fines release, migration, and reattachment in the initial stage of CO2 injection, especially in unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs. It is thus necessary to better understand the pore structure changes and the associated permeability evolution during and after CO2 injection. We thus imaged an unconsolidated sandstone at reservoir conditions before and after CO2‐saturated brine (“live brine”) injection in situ via X‐ray microcomputed tomography to explore the effects of fines migration and mineral dissolution induced by CO2 injection. We found that in the examined sample, large pores dominated the total porosity, and porosity slightly increased after live‐brine flooding. Moreover, and importantly, the pore structure changed significantly: large pores were further enlarged while small pores shrank or even disappeared. These structural changes in the tested sample were caused by mobilized fines due to the high‐fluid interstitial velocity, which eventually reattached to the grains further downstream. Furthermore, the impact of the pore structural changes on permeability were analyzed in detail numerically. These permeability results are consistent with a fines migration mechanism where reattached fines block pore throats and thus decrease permeability drastically. We therefore can conclude that live brine injected into the examined unconsolidated sandstone will slightly improve storage space (porosity slightly increased); however, injectivity may be severely impaired by the permeability reduction.
Million-Degree Experiment Complicates Solar Science
Authors: Barbuzano Javier
Published: October 2019

Experiments at Sun-like temperatures show that certain elements absorb more light than solar models predict, creating uncertainties for stellar science.
Compliant Volcanic Arc and Backarc Crust in Southern Kurile Suggested by Interseismic Geodetic Deformation
Authors: Itoh Yuji , Wang Kelin , Nishimura Takuya , He Jiangheng
Published: October 2019

In southern Kurile, interseismic contraction observed with Global Navigation Satellite Systems is faster in the volcanic arc than in the forearc. Here, we use a viscoelastic finite element model to investigate the physical process responsible for the localized deformation. On the basis of thermal and seismic observations that suggest the volcanic arc and backarc to be more compliant than a typical continental lithosphere, we assume a lower rigidity and/or smaller thickness for the arc and backarc. We find that the interseismic observations require the volcanic arc to be very compliant and the backarc to be moderately compliant. The trade‐off between lower rigidity and smaller thickness cannot be resolved by interseismic observations alone, but coseismic observations can help to set a lower limit for the rigidity. Our results indicate that properly accounting for the long‐wavelength lithospheric heterogeneity is important to accurately inferring megathrust locking state from geodetic observations.
A Model Experiment of Fracture Induced Long‐Period Events: Injection of Pressurized Gas Into a Viscoelastic Rock Analog
Authors: Namiki Atsuko , Takahashi Makoto , Tsutsui Ryo
Published: October 2019

Low‐frequency events observed in volcanic areas preceding phreatic or phreatomagmatic eruptions may be excited by the injection of pressurized gas into damaged/heated rocks or solidifying magmas. To simulate this process, we conducted a series of gas injection experiments in gels as an analog of such soft rocks. When we inject the pressurized air into a quasi‐Maxwell fluid with higher and lower shear moduli, cracks or a slug appears, respectively. The crack propagation velocity consists of the shear wave velocity of the gel. At the beginning of the crack generation, multiple cracks emerge, causing pulse‐like low‐frequency signals. In contrast, the slug grows faster than the shear wave velocity and excites high‐frequency oscillation. These results show the possibility that the low‐frequency seismicity observed in volcanic regions is the result of not only the resonance of a crack but also the crack propagation in soft rocks.
Impacts of Lithologically Controlled Mechanisms on Downstream Bedrock Valley Widening
Authors: Langston Abigail L. , Temme Arnaud J. A. M.
Published: October 2019

Wide, fluvially carved bedrock valleys are found around the world, but little is known about the processes and mechanisms controlling their formation. We know that rates of valley widening are controlled by stream discharge and bedrock lithology, with larger streams and softer rocks resulting in wider valleys. But lithology also controls widening mechanisms that cause valleys with contrasting bedrock strength to widen in fundamentally different ways. The effect of distinct widening mechanisms on bedrock valley width remains unquantified. We analyze a new topographic data set from various lithologies that demonstrates that bedrock valleys in soft lithologies widen downstream twice as fast as valleys in intermediate lithologies. These downstream valley‐widening rates also emerge from landscape evolution model simulations using two end‐member valley‐widening mechanisms. The topographic data show that lithology and mechanism of valley widening are linked and that different widening mechanisms can control bedrock valley development along river courses.
A Study of Fluctuations in Magnetic Cloud‐Driven Sheaths
Authors: Moissard C. , Fontaine D. , Savoini P.
Published: October 2019

Interplanetary coronal mass ejections are at the center of the research on geomagnetic activity. Sheaths, highly fluctuating structures, which can be found in front of fast interplanetary coronal mass ejections, are some of the least known geoeffective solar transients. Using Morlet transforms, we analyzed the magnetic fluctuations in a list of 42 well‐identified and isolated magnetic clouds driving a sheath and shock (Masías‐Meza et al., 2016, https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201628571. We studied the fluctuations inside sheaths by defining two quantities: the power and the anisotropy. With a simple statistical approach we found that sheaths, in particular, those driven by a fast magnetic cloud, encountering a highly turbulent solar wind, and forming a high Alfvén Mach number shock have high levels of turbulent energy (∼10 times compared with the solar wind) as well as a low anisotropy (approximately halved compared with the solar wind) of their fluctuations. On the other hand, the effect of the shock angle and plasma beta in the solar wind are less straightforward: If the shock is quasi‐parallel or the beta in the solar wind is high, both the turbulent energy in the sheaths and the anisotropy of the fluctuations are reduced; but for quasi‐perpendicular shocks or low beta solar wind the turbulent energy and anisotropy can take any value.
Stochastic TEC Structure Characterization
Authors: Rino Charles , Morton Yu , Breitsch Brian , Carrano Charles
Published: October 2019

The global navigation satellite systems provide high‐quality total electron content (TEC) measurements that are used routinely for ionospheric diagnostics. Large‐scale TEC structure is a critical input for maintaining global ionospheric models. However, residual stochastic TEC structure is typically discarded as a phase‐scintillation‐induced error. In this paper we show that the phase‐scintillation errors are a negligibly small fraction of the stochastic TEC component for most global navigation satellite system operating conditions. With three‐frequency GPS satellite measurements, two independent TEC measurements can be compared to bound the scintillation‐induced errors. Data analysis and simulations show that scintillation‐induced errors are a small fraction of one TEC unit as long as the lower contributing frequency S4 index is less than 0.5. To the extent that scintillation‐induced errors are negligible, spectral analysis of stochastic TEC provides a direct measure of path‐integrated structure. Irregularity parameter estimation can be used to estimate power law parameters, which in turn can be interpreted with a new global ionospheric structure model. We present a summary analysis of month‐long series of continuous measurements at Poker Flat, Alaska. The analysis confirms the generally accepted single power law model for high‐latitude structure. A small fraction of the measurements indicate an outer‐scale transition at approximately 17 km. The general pattern of the structure occurrence is consistent with auroral‐zone activity.
Dental anxiety in first- and final-year Indian dental students
Authors: Chowdhury Chitta Ranjan , Khijmatgar Shahnawaz , Chowdhury Avidyuti , Harding Stewart , Lynch Edward , Gootveld Martin
Published: October 2019

Objectives

The study aims to investigate dental anxiety in first- and final-year undergraduate dental students in India.

Design

Questionnaire Study Setting: BDS Students in four University dental colleges in India carried-out during 2013 and 2014.

Subjects (materials and methods)

The students (n = 614) were assessed using a pre-tested questionnaire. We estimated the level of dental anxiety by using the Modified-Dental-Anxiety-Scale (MDAS). ANCOVA and Mann–Whitney U, and Chi-squared contingency tests were employed to analyze the extensive dataset acquired. Univariate clustering analysis and principal component regression were also applied. Students had similar demographic and lifestyle patterns.

Interventions

Assessments of the level of dental anxiety amongst undergraduate dental students.

Main outcome measures

Mean ± SD MDAS scores for first- and final-year Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) students were 12.96 ± 4.00 and 10.54 ± 3.41, respectively.

Results

Six hundred and fourteen (n = 614) students from four dental colleges were included in this study. In total 77% were female (n = 478) and 23% were male (n = 136). The mean age of the first- and final-year students were 18.31 and 21.54 years, respectively. First-year BDS students had dental anxiety score (Mean ± SD 12.96 ± 4.00) compared to that of the final year (10.54 ± 3.41), a difference which was very highly statistically significant (p < 0.0001).

Conclusion(s)

Dental anxiety was moderately higher amongst first year BDS students over that of final-year students but it is lesser than the dental phobic threshold level.
Microbe-host interplay in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis
Authors: Fyhrquist Nanna , Muirhead Gareth , Prast-Nielsen Stefanie , Jeanmougin Marine , Olah Peter , Skoog Tiina , Jules-Clement Gerome , Feld Micha , Barrientos-Somarribas Mauricio , Sinkko Hanna , van den Bogaard Ellen H. , Zeeuwen Patrick L.J.M. , Rikken Gijs , Schalkwijk Joost , Niehues Hanna , Däubener Walter , Eller Silvia Kathrin , Alexander Helen , Pennino Davide , Suomela Sari , Tessas Ioannis , Lybeck Emilia , Baran Anna M. , Darban Hamid , Gangwar Roopesh Singh , Gerstel Ulrich , Jahn Katharina , Karisola Piia , Yan Lee , Hansmann Britta , Katayama Shintaro , Meller Stephan , Bylesjö Max , Hupé Philippe , Levi-Schaffer Francesca , Greco Dario , Ranki Annamari , Schröder Jens M. , Barker Jonathan , Kere Juha , Tsoka Sophia , Lauerma Antti , Soumelis Vassili , Nestle Frank O. , Homey Bernhard , Andersson Björn , Alenius Harri
Published: October 2019

Despite recent advances in understanding microbial diversity in skin homeostasis, the relevance of microbial dysbiosis in inflammatory disease is poorly understood. Here we perform a comparative analysis of skin microbial communities coupled to global patterns of cutaneous gene expression in patients with atopic dermatitis or psoriasis. The skin microbiota is analysed by 16S amplicon or whole genome sequencing and the skin transcriptome by microarrays, followed by integration of the data layers. We find that atopic dermatitis and psoriasis can be classified by distinct microbes, which differ from healthy volunteers microbiome composition. Atopic dermatitis is dominated by a single microbe (Staphylococcus aureus), and associated with a disease relevant host transcriptomic signature enriched for skin barrier function, tryptophan metabolism and immune activation. In contrast, psoriasis is characterized by co-occurring communities of microbes with weak associations with disease related gene expression. Our work provides a basis for biomarker discovery and targeted therapies in skin dysbiosis.