bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sex Differences in Performance and Performance-Determining Factors in the Olympic Winter Endurance Sports
Authors: Solli Guro Strøm , Sandbakk Øyvind , McGawley Kerry
Published: November 2024

Background

Most sex comparisons in endurance sports have been derived from performance-matched groups of female and male athletes competing over similar distances within summer sports. Corresponding analyses of sex differences in winter endurance sports have not previously been conducted. In the Olympic Winter Games (OWG), the endurance sports include cross-country skiing (XCS), biathlon (BIA), Nordic combined (NC), ski mountaineering (SkiMo) and long-track speed skating (SpSk). The aim of this narrative review is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the sex differences in performance and performance-determining factors in the OWG endurance sports.

Main Body

Sex differences in competition speeds are ~ 7–16% in XCS, 12–16% in BIA and 7–11% in SpSk, with race distances often shorter for women compared to men. No comparable data have been published for NC or SkiMo. Slower skiing speeds among women are associated with greater use of the diagonal and gear 2 sub-techniques in classic and skate skiing, respectively. In SpSk, slower skating speeds among women may be related to a less effective push-off being maintained throughout races. Laboratory data have revealed absolute and relative peak aerobic capacity to be 30–63% and 10–27% greater, respectively, in male versus female XCS, BIA, NC, SkiMo and SpSk athletes. There is limited evidence of sex differences in training characteristics, although women currently tend to complete more strength training than men in XCS and BIA. Of note, most data have been derived from studies performed in XCS, with almost no studies investigating sex differences in NC or SkiMo.

Conclusions

This review provides a comprehensive overview of sex differences in performance and performance-determining factors within and between OWG endurance sports, which provides a scientific basis for designing training programs and future studies. Due to the lack of research investigating sex differences in NC and SkiMo, these sports, in particular, would be worthy of further attention.

Key Points

This narrative review provides a novel and comprehensive analysis of sex differences in performance and performance-determining factors in the Olympic winter endurance sports.

Sex differences in competition speeds are ~ 7–16% in cross-country skiing, biathlon and speed skating, while no comparable data were available for Nordic combined or ski mountaineering.

Since men have historically skied and skated over greater distances than women in cross-country skiing, biathlon and speed skating competitions, the “true” sex differences in performance are likely larger than the differences reported in the literature, therefore exceeding the differences typically reported for summer endurance sports.

Most information about sex differences in Olympic winter endurance sports is based on studies performed in cross-country skiing. The conspicuous lack of information on Nordic combined and ski mountaineering warrants further research in these sports.
Extubation timing and risk of extubation failure in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients
Authors: Yang Jun , Lu Junlin , Li Runting , Lin Fa , Chen Yu , Han Heze , Li Ruinan , Li Zhipeng , Zhang Haibin , Yuan Kexin , Li Hongliang , Zhang Linlin , Shi Guangzhi , Wang Shuo , Chen Xiaolin
Published: November 2024

Background

The extubation time is critical during the intensive care unit stay in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) patients. The current conventional parameters for predicting extubation failure (EF) and extubation time may not be suitable for this population. Here, we aimed to identify factors associated with EF in aSAH patients.

Methods

From a single-center observational study on aSAH patients with computed tomography angiography from 2019 to 2021, patients who received microsurgery were enrolled and divided into two groups according to whether EF occurred. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to evaluate disease severity, medical history, and extubation time differences between patients with and without EF.

Results

Of 335 patients included, EF occurred with a rate of 0.14. Delayed cerebral ischemia (67.4% vs. 13.5%) and acute hydrocephalus (6.5% vs. 1.4%) were frequently observed in patients with EF. Also, patients who develop EF presented higher disability (65.9% vs. 17.4%) and mortality (10.9% vs. 0.7%) rates. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that age (OR 1.038; 95% CI 1.004–1.073; P = 0.028), onset to admission time (OR 0.731; 95% CI 0.566–0.943; p = 0.016), WFNS grade > 3 (OR 4.309; 95% CI 1.639–11.330; p = 0.003), and extubation time < 24 h (OR 0.097; 95% CI 0.024–0.396; p = 0.001) were significantly associated with EF occurrence.

Conclusions

These data provide further evidence that older aSAH patients with onset to admission time < 2 days and WFNS grade > 3 have a high risk of developing EF, which is amplified by the ultra-early extubation. Moreover, in patients with two or more risk factors, a prolonged intubation recommendation requires consideration to avoid the EF.
How the U.S. presidential election impacts global health: governance, funding, and beyond
Authors: Liu Yuming , Hall Brian J. , Ren Minghui
Published: November 2024

The United States plays a crucial role in shaping global health through its policy decisions and engagements. Historically, bipartisan support underpinned U.S. involvement in multilateral and bilateral global health initiatives in advancing its national health, security interests, and foreign policy. However, recent decades have witnessed increased politicization and polarization of global health and fluctuating stances between Republican and Democratic administrations. This commentary speculates the potential implications of the 2024 presidential election on global health, focusing on how ideological differences between parties and previous administrative actions might affect U.S.’s strategies in addressing key global health issues, including governance, funding allocation, sexual and reproductive health policies, responses to humanitarian crises, and efforts to combat climate change. The election may be a critical juncture that could determine whether the U.S. global health strategies will continue to reflect the globalist and liberal policies typically associated with recent Democratic administrations or shift back to the isolationist tendencies observed during Trump’s presidency. The outcome will significantly determine the direction of U.S. global health policy and its broader implications for global health equity and security. The conclusions emphasize the necessity of maintaining strong international cooperation and commitment to health as a global public good.
Fire versus herbivory for oak woodland restoration: burning achieves short-term structural and compositional objectives whereas browsing alone fails to reduce stem densities and promote ground flora
Authors: Beebe Gina R. , Pile Knapp Lauren S. , Stambaugh Michael C. , Dey Daniel C. , Davidson Brian , Maddox Dacoda , Kabrick John M.
Published: November 2024

Background

Declines in ecologically beneficial fire, coincident with alterations to native herbivory and intensive land use, have led to dynamic changes in woodland structure and composition, leading to midstory densification and reductions in ground flora abundance and diversity. Frequent, low intensity fire is key to achieving woodland restoration objectives and prescribed burns are often used to meet management goals. For a variety of reasons, the use of prescribed fire is often limited. Further, growing season prescribed burning is often suggested to have a greater impact on woody stems than dormant season applications, but its implementation is difficult. Targeted herbivory may emulate many aspects of prescribed fire holding the potential to diversify management strategies for restoration. We designed a replicated, experimental study to evaluate targeted browsing and prescribed burning for achieving restoration objectives, specifically, a two layered oak woodland with a diverse and abundant native ground flora. The six treatments included: (1) spring browsing, (2) fall browsing, (3) dormant-season and fall browsing, (4) dormant-season prescribed fire, (5) spring browsing plus dormant-season prescribed fire, and (6) an untreated control.

Results

Results suggest that fire had an overriding effect on the reduction of midstory stems that was not comparable to the browsing treatments. Burning reduced leaf litter, increased bare soil exposure and forb coverage. Browsing may reduce the accumulation of woody stems when compared to the control, but this effect was not statistically meaningful. Differences in browsing seasonality and frequent browsing were also not statistically important but trends suggest a greater influence of spring browsing for meeting woodland objectives. Browsing may also exert compositional changes to woodlands because of forage preferences by goats.

Conclusions

To achieve woodland objectives in the short-term, fire is necessary to quickly reduce midstory densities, increase light availability, consume leaf litter, and thereby promote native ground flora abundance and diversity which may not be achieved with targeted browsing alone. Further, the interaction of fire and herbivory suggest that browsing preferences may influence structural and compositional outcomes associated with pyric herbivory regimes in woodlands that require further investigation.
Identification of dynamic properties of a flooded ballast layer using impact excitation technique and minimization algorithm
Authors: Wangtawesap Ratabhat , Chintanapakdee Chatpan , Ngamkhanong Chayut
Published: November 2024

In recent times, the railway sector has faced a pressing need to expand its railway network, resulting in the widespread adoption of ballasted tracks. These tracks are favored for their ease of construction, making them a cost-effective solution for the railway industry. However, with global warming causing more volatile weather conditions leading to multiple occurrences of flooding in Thai railway structures. Ballast dynamic properties play a crucial role in the analysis of the performance and safety of the railway system. In response to these challenges, this study investigates how flooding affects the dynamic behavior of ballasted track structures. The impact hammering method is frequently used to evaluate the dynamic properties of ballasted tracks. However, previous studies have often simplified the analysis by treating the sleeper-ballast system as a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system. This simplification overlooks the spatial variability in the conditions of the ballast layer. To achieve a more accurate representation, our study employs a multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) model, which considers the variability in the stiffness properties of the sleepers. The model for the sleeper-ballast system is constructed based on Timoshenko beam theory resting on an elastic foundation. Simulation of flooding on the ballast layer is conducted using a self-built wooden and acrylic box containing a full-scale track structure. This paper utilizes an instrumented impact hammering method, allowing for a comprehensive assessment of the dynamic properties of the ballast layer. To identify the dynamic characteristics of the ballast, a minimization algorithm is applied. The findings of this research indicate that as the water level rises, the stiffness decreases. This study provides crucial insights into how flooding impacts the dynamic properties of ballasted tracks, offering insights that can be applied to enhance the safety analysis of ballasted tracks in the future.
Comparative analysis of bone health and glycemic control in postmenopausal women: insights from clinical data
Authors: Atere Adedeji D. , Oyewole Ebunoluwa O. , Kosamat Yekeen A. , Joseph Gregory U.
Published: November 2024

Background

Menopause leads to significant physiological and biochemical alterations that impact different aspects of health, such as bone mineral metabolism and glycemic control. It is imperative to comprehend these alterations in order to identify potential health hazards and develop preventative measures. This comparative cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate bone-associated markers and glycemic control indices in postmenopausal women (PMP).

Methods

A sample of 100 women aged 30 years or older was randomly selected and categorized into three groups: PMP (n = 60), premenopausal (PRM) (n = 20), and women in the reproductive age group (RWA) (n = 20). Venous blood samples were collected, and fasting blood glucose (FBG), calcium, phosphorus, uric acid, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels were analyzed using standard laboratory techniques. The insulin and estrogen levels were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), and Fasting insulin resistance index (FIRI) were calculated. A significance level of p < 0.05 was used in the statistical analysis conducted using SPSS version 25.0.

Results

The PMP and PRM groups showed significantly greater mean values of FBG, insulin, and HOMA-IR when compared to RWA (p < 0.05), while these groups had lower QUICKI levels. Similar trends were noted for bone-associated markers, with significant differences among the groups (p < 0.05). The correlation results showed that QUICKI had positive correlations with both ALP and phosphorus, while FBG and FIRI had negative connections with both.

Conclusion

Postmenopausal women demonstrated higher levels of glycemic control indices and bone-related markers compared to premenopausal and reproductive-age women, indicating potential risks for osteoporosis and obesity.
Serum Metabolomic Profiling of Incident Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and Rotterdam Study
Authors: Jiang Xuanwei , Zhu Fang , Graça Gonçalo , Du Xihao , Ran Jinjun , Ahmadizar Fariba , Wood Alexis C , Zhou Yanqiu , Scholtens Denise M , Farzaneh Ali , Ikram M Arfan , Kuang Alan , le Roux Carel W , Gadgil Meghana D , Cornelis Marilyn C , Taylor Kent D , Guo Xiuqing , Ghanbari Mohsen , Rasmussen-Torvik Laura J , Tracy Russell P , Bertoni Alain G , Rotter Jerome I , Herrington David M , Greenland Philip , Kavousi Maryam , Zhong Victor W
Published: November 2024

Objective

This study aimed to investigate serum metabolomic biomarkers associated with incident type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and evaluate their performance in improving T2DM risk prediction.

Methods

Untargeted proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy-based metabolomics analyses were conducted in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA; n = 3460; discovery cohort) and The Rotterdam Study (RS; n = 1556; replication cohort). Multivariable cause-specific hazards models were used to analyze the associations between 23 571 serum metabolomic spectral variables and incident T2DM. Replicated metabolites required an false discovery rate-adjusted P < .01 in MESA, P < .05 in RS, and consistent direction of association. Pathway and network analyses were conducted to elucidate biological mechanisms underlying T2DM development. The utility of the replicated metabolites in improving T2DM risk prediction was assessed based on the Framingham Diabetes Risk Score. A 2-sample Mendelian randomization was conducted to assess causal associations.

Results

Nineteen metabolites were significantly associated with incident T2DM. Pathway analyses revealed disturbances in aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, metabolism of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and glycerolipid metabolism. Network analyses identified interactions with upstream regulators including p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathways. Adding replicated metabolites to the Framingham Diabetes Risk Score showed modest to moderate improvements in prediction performance in MESA and RS, with Δ C-statistic of 0.05 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.04-0.07] in MESA and 0.03 (95% CI, 0.01-0.05) in RS. Genetically increased BCAAs and mannose were associated with T2DM.

Conclusion

1H NMR measured metabolites involved in aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, BCAA metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and glycerolipid metabolism were significantly associated with incident T2DM and provided modest to moderate predictive utility beyond traditional risk factors.
Efficacy of Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills ModelBased nursing care intervention in management of patients with Heart Failure: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Luo Yinxia , Qi Xinmei , Tang Oushan
Published: November 2024

Objective: Self-care practices are integral part of heart failure (HF) management. Information-Motivation-Behavioral skills (IMB) model has shown promise in fostering better self-care behaviors, but its efficacy in management of HF patients remains underexplored. This retrospective study investigated the value of IMB model-based nursing intervention for improving self-care, hemodynamic indicators, and quality of life (QOL) of HF patients.
Methods: This retrospective study involved 308 HF patients treated at a tertiary care hospital from January 2021 to January 2023. Patients were grouped based on the received nursing care. The intervention group contained patients who received IMB model-based nursing intervention (n=151), and a control group included patients who got routine nursing care (n=157). IMB intervention comprised information delivery, motivation enhancement, and behavioral skills training. Key outcomes included self-care behavior measured by the Self-Care of HF Index (SCHFI), quality of life, assessed by the Minnesota Living with HF Questionnaire (MLHFQ), and hemodynamic parameters including Left Ventricular End-Systolic Diameter (LVESD), Left Ventricular End-Diastolic Diameter (LVEDD), and Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF).
Results: IMB model-based nursing intervention was significantly more effective in improving the condition of HF patients than the routine nursing care, including better SCHFI and MLHFQ scores and improved hemodynamic parameters (LVESD, LVEDD, and LVEF) (P<0.05). Variation in different analysis further confirmed the efficacy of the IMB model-based nursing intervention.
Conclusion: IMB model-based nursing intervention significantly improved self-care behavior, QOL, and hemodynamic parameters in HF patients. This mode of nursing care has a potential as a valuable strategy for enhancing HF management.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.40.11.10750
How to cite this: Luo Y, Qi X, Tang O. Efficacy of Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills ModelBased nursing care intervention in management of patients with Heart Failure: A retrospective cohort study. Pak J Med Sci. 2024;40(11):2565-2571.  doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.40.11.10750
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Case Report: A small bowel occlusion revealed by a strangulated transomental hernia
Authors: MENIF AHMED , ATRI SOUHAIB , RIAHI WASSIM , ZEBDA HELMI
Published: November 2024

Introduction Transomental hernias are a rare type of internal hernia, accounting for less than 1% of all internal hernias. They occur when abdominal contents protrude through a defect in the omentum, leading to bowel obstruction and potential strangulation. We report the case of a young male admitted for the management of an acute bowel obstruction. Case report A 38-year-old male patient with no significant medical or surgical history presented with a proximal bowel obstruction syndrome. Upon physical examination, he exhibited mild abdominal distension, tenderness in the right iliac fossa, and tympanism. Laboratory tests indicated elevated inflammatory markers. An emergency computed tomography (CT) scan suggested the presence of a congenital band or an internal hernia. A laparoscopic procedure was performed, which identified a transomental hernia with a segment of the ileum protruding through an omental defect adjacent to the transverse colon. The herniated loop of small intestine was found to be compromised and gangrenous. Due to the severity of the condition, a midline incision was made to convert the procedure, allowing for resection of the affected segment of the small intestine while preserving 2.5 meters of viable bowel distal to the duodenojejunal junction. The remaining small intestine was exteriorized as a double-barrel ileostomy, and the transomental defect was subsequently repaired. The postoperative recovery was uneventful. Conclusion Although internal hernias account for a relatively small percentage of cases, they are frequently overlooked as a cause of bowel obstruction. Diagnosis this condition is challenging, both clinically and radiologically. Facilitating prompt surgical intervention to mitigate high mortality is essential.
Dual tasking as a predictor of falls in post-stroke: Walking While Talking versus Stops Walking While Talking.
Authors: Lamba Disha , Joshua Abraham M. , K Vijaya kumar , Nayak Akshatha , Mithra Prasanna , Pai Rohit , Pai Shivananda , Krishnan K. Shyam , Palaniswamy Vijayakumar
Published: November 2024

Background Falls affect 40-70% within the first year and contributing to increased morbidity and reduced quality of life. Dual-task assessments, such as the Walking While Talking (WWT) and Stops Walking While Talking (SWWT) tests, are potential tools for predicting fall risk, but their comparative effectiveness remains underexplored. Methods This cross-sectional study included 68 stroke survivors who completed WWT-Simple (WWT-S), WWT-Complex (WWT-C), and SWWT assessments, as well as the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and Falls Efficacy Scale (FES). Spearman correlations assessed relationships between balance, fear of falling, and dual-task performance. Logistic regression identified predictors of fall risk, and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis evaluated predictive accuracy. The study adhered to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist. Results BBS scores were strongly negatively correlated with WWT-S (r = -0.734, p < 0.0001) and WWT-C (r = -0.737, p < 0.0001), indicating poorer balance with slower dual-task completion. Positive correlations were found between WWT-S and FES (r = 0.668, p < 0.0001) and WWT-C and FES (r = 0.610, p < 0.0001), linking slower completion times with higher fear of falling. SWWT was significantly negatively correlated with BBS (r = -0.625, p < 0.0001). WWT tests had higher sensitivity (97.8%) and specificity (99%) than SWWT (sensitivity = 68.9%; specificity = 91.3%). Logistic regression identified SWWT (Positive) as a significant predictor of fall risk (p = 0.009), and ROC analysis showed an AUC of 0.911, indicating excellent predictive power. Conclusions Findings highlight the superior predictive value of WWT tests over SWWT in assessing fall risk among stroke survivors. Incorporating dual-task measures into clinical practice may enhance fall risk evaluation, supporting targeted stroke rehabilitation.
Exploring Filipino Medical Students’ Attitudes and Perceptions of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Education: A Mixed-Methods Study
Authors: Falcon Robbi Miguel G. , Alcazar Renne Margaret U. , Babaran Hannah G. , Caragay Beatrice Dominique B. , Corpuz Cheenie Ann A. , Kho Maegan Victoria S. , Perez Aleisha Claire N. , Isip-Tan Iris Thiele C.
Published: November 2024

Background Artificial intelligence (AI) is emerging as one of the most revolutionary technologies shaping the educational system utilized by this generation of learners globally. AI enables opportunities for innovative learning experiences, while helping teachers devise teaching strategies through automation and intelligent tutoring systems. The integration of AI into medical education has potential for advancing health management frameworks and elevating the quality of patient care. However, developing countries, including the Philippines, face issues on equitable AI use. Furthermore, medical educators struggle in learning AI which imposes a challenge in teaching its use. To address this, the current study aims to investigate the current perceptions of medical students on the role of AI in medical education and practice of medicine. Methods The study utilized a mixed-methods approach to quantitatively and qualitatively assess the current attitudes and perceptions of medicine students of AI. Quantitative assessment was done via survey and qualitative analysis via focus group discussion. Participants were composed of 20 medical students from the College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila. Results Analysis of the attitudes and perceptions of Filipino medical students on AI showed that participants had a baseline understanding and awareness, but lack opportunities in studying medicine and clinical practice. Majority of participants recognize the advantages in medical education but have reservations on its overall application in a clinical setting. Conclusions The results of this investigation can direct future studies that aim to guide educators on the emerging role of AI in medical practice and the healthcare system, on its effect on physicians-in-training under contemporary medical educational practices. Findings from our study revealed key focal points which need to be sufficiently addressed in order to better equip medical students with knowledge, tools, and skills needed to utilize and integrate AI into their education and eventual practice as healthcare professionals.
12 Tips for Implementing Trauma-Informed Care Within Undergraduate Medical Education
Authors: Okoli Donna , Dobson Margaret , Schneiderhan Jill , Moravek Molly , Stojan Jennifer , Haas Mary
Published: November 2024

Background Trauma-informed care (TIC) has received increasing attention in the literature; however, implementation remains challenging and varies by the target learner group. Undergraduate medical education (UME) requires a longitudinal and broad-based approach to prepare students entering all specialties to incorporate TIC principles into daily practice. Aims and Methods The Trauma-Informed Health Care Education and Research Committee (TIHCER) has released the first ever validated set of trauma-informed care competencies for undergraduate medical education, which serves as helpful framework for incorporation of TIC into UME curricula. A multi-specialty group of faculty clinical educators at the University of Michigan Medical School (UMMS) convened to articulate lessons learned from implementation of a longitudinal TIC curricula into the Doctoring clinical skills course. Results Educators involved in designing and implementing TIC will find practical tips rooted in both literature and experience for successfully designing and actualizing trauma-informed care curricula in a longitudinal fashion. Conclusions TIC can be successfully implemented and integrated longitudinally into UME. Efforts should include implementing the validated UME TIC competencies, strive to move on the continuum of TIC, and strategically partner with medical school leadership and institutional leadership to prioritize TIC efforts.
On the need to better integrate the social environment in research on climate change and health: recommendations and thinking tools
Authors: Mabile Laurence , Neufcourt Lola , Chersich Matthew , Leroy Valériane , Delpierre Cyrille , Kelly-Irving Michelle
Published: November 2024

Social inequality impacts health, is aggravated by the consequences of climate change, and may be influenced by inappropriate policy responses. These interdependent effects create a self-perpetuating loop exacerbating the impact of climate dysregulation on health in an uncontrolled and poorly understood way. Holistic approaches to public health such as One Health, EcoHealth or Planetary Health are well suited to tackling the considerable and complex environmental and social issues underlying climate dysregulation. However, the extent to which research using such frameworks investigates social determinants of health is not clear. In this paper we discuss the ways in which the social environment has so far been considered in the literature to problematize and analyze the relationship between climate dysregulation and health within holistic frameworks and provide tools and recommendations to facilitate their apprehension. Social factors are investigated empirically only in a minor fraction of studies addressing the relation between climate and health in holistic frameworks, and not systematically. Barriers to such approaches are discussed. This work also provides two analytical tools (a process diagram and a knowledge framework) and a set of recommendations to help include the social environment more meaningfully in such frameworks. They are meant to facilitate our understanding of the current status of this type of research and to encourage trans-disciplinary and trans-sectorial endeavors towards directions which need to be taken to ensure societal factors and inequalities are placed at the center of research on climate and health and the ensuing policy response.
Separation Time of Aluminothermic Reduction Products for Sustainable Silicon Production
Authors: Bullón Javier , Crego Óscar , Ferrín José Luis , Gómez Dolores , Martínez Iván , Pérez-Pérez Luis Javier
Published: November 2024

Background This work was carried out within the framework of the SisAl Pilot project, which is devoted to the environmentally friendly production of silicon. This new method relies on the aluminothermic reduction of quartz in slag, offering a more sustainable alternative to the traditional reduction of silica with carbon in submerged arc furnaces. Methods The process takes place in a rotary kiln producing silicon (Si) and alumina slag (actually, a CaO – Al2O3 slag), which must be separated at the end to extract the silicon. This separation process is analyzed through mathematical modelling and numerical simulation, as it is of industrial interest to know how much time it takes for Si and CaO – Al2O3 slag to separate once the process has ended. Generally, a multiphase flow model is used to estimate the separation time of the two components once aluminothermic reduction has ended. Results Several scenarios are considered for the numerical simulation of the separation time, namely different initial configurations and material properties of both fluids are covered. Moreover, the separation times obtained with two distinct multiphase flow models -VOF (volume of fluid) and Eulerian- are compared. Conclusions The separation times resulting from simulations using the multiphase Eulerian model are more realistic compared to those from the VOF model, which clearly tends to underestimate separation times. Furthermore, apart from the selected multiphase flow model, the density difference between silicon and alumina slag plays a critical role in determining the separation time.
Using machine learning to extract information and predict outcomes from reports of randomised trials of smoking cessation interventions in the Human Behaviour-Change Project
Authors: West Robert , Bonin Francesca , Thomas James , Wright Alison J. , Mac Aonghusa Pol , Gleize Martin , Hou Yufang , O'Mara-Eves Alison , Hastings Janna , Johnston Marie , Michie Susan
Published: November 2024

Background Using reports of randomised trials of smoking cessation interventions as a test case, this study aimed to develop and evaluate machine learning (ML) algorithms for extracting information from study reports and predicting outcomes as part of the Human Behaviour-Change Project. It is the first of two linked papers, with the second paper reporting on further development of a prediction system. Methods Researchers manually annotated 70 items of information (‘entities’) in 512 reports of randomised trials of smoking cessation interventions covering intervention content and delivery, population, setting, outcome and study methodology using the Behaviour Change Intervention Ontology. These entities were used to train ML algorithms to extract the information automatically. The information extraction ML algorithm involved a named-entity recognition system using the ‘FLAIR’ framework. The manually annotated intervention, population, setting and study entities were used to develop a deep-learning algorithm using multiple layers of long-short-term-memory (LSTM) components to predict smoking cessation outcomes. Results The F1 evaluation score, derived from the false positive and false negative rates (range 0–1), for the information extraction algorithm averaged 0.42 across different types of entity (SD=0.22, range 0.05–0.88) compared with an average human annotator’s score of 0.75 (SD=0.15, range 0.38–1.00). The algorithm for assigning entities to study arms (e.g., intervention or control) was not successful. This initial ML outcome prediction algorithm did not outperform prediction based just on the mean outcome value or a linear regression model. Conclusions While some success was achieved in using ML to extract information from reports of randomised trials of smoking cessation interventions, we identified major challenges that could be addressed by greater standardisation in the way that studies are reported. Outcome prediction from smoking cessation studies may benefit from development of novel algorithms, e.g., using ontological information to inform ML (as reported in the linked paper 1 ).
Exploring the experiences of minoritised groups at life sciences conferences in the UK: new perspectives and actions to improve inclusivity in the sector
Authors: Dutta Ireena , Bishop Michelle , Rayner Julian C. , Creavin Treasa , Ahmed Saher , Clissold Hayley , Cornish Tinu , Wilson Kathlyn , Christoffersen Ashlee , Prentice Janice , Penda Victor
Published: November 2024

Attending and participating in scientific research meetings and conferences is a key mechanism for researchers to share information and knowledge, build networks, and establish relationships and collaborations to support career development. In the UK, researchers from minoritised or underrepresented groups may have a different experience at a conference than their peers. As a high profile provider of genomics-focussed life science conferences, Wellcome Connecting Science is committed to ensuring that our events are as inclusive as possible. Here we summarise the findings of a project to explore the experiences of minoritised groups, with a focus on race and ethnicity, and discuss how we are seeking to improve access and inclusion at our conferences. , We
Identification of reference microRNAs in skeletal muscle of a canine model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Riddell Dominique O. , Hildyard John C.W. , Harron Rachel C.M. , Wells Dominic J. , Piercy Richard J.
Published: November 2024

Background Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal muscle wasting disease caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. DE50-MD dogs are an animal model of DMD used as a final translational model for evaluation of promising treatments. MicroRNA (miR) expressions in the muscle of DE50-MD dogs represent potential biomarkers, but stable reference miRs must first be identified. The aim of this paper was to establish a panel of reference miRs for WT and DE50-MD dogs over a range of ages and muscle groups. Methods RNA was extracted from WT and DE50-MD dog (N=6 per genotype) vastus lateralis muscle samples collected longitudinally at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 months of age, and from muscles collected post-mortem (N=3 per genotype; cranial tibial, semimembranosus, lateral triceps and diaphragm). 87 RNAs were quantified in a subset of 6-month-old WT and DE50-MD muscles (N=4 per genotype) using the QIAcuity miFinder panel. GeNorm, BestKeeper and Normfinder were used to identify a candidate panel of the 8 most stable small RNAs, which were then quantified in all RNA samples, alongside the commonly used reference RNA snRNA U6. Results The most stable miRs of this subset were used to normalise quantities of dystromiRs miR-1, miR-133a and miR-206, and fibromiR miR-214. MicroRNAs miR-191, let-7b, miR-125a and miR-15a were the most stable miRs tested, while snRNA U6 performed poorly. DystromiR expression, normalised to the geometric mean of the panel of reference miRs, was lower for miR-1 and miR-133a in DE50-MD compared to WT muscles, while miR-206 levels did not significantly differ between genotypes. FibromiR miR-214 was 2- to 4-fold higher in DE50-MD versus WT muscles. Conclusions A normalisation factor derived from miR-191, let-7b, miR-125a and miR-15a is suitable for normalising miR expression data from WT and DE50-MD muscle over a range of ages and muscle types.
The genome sequence of common box, Buxus sempervirens L. (Buxaceae)
Authors: Christenhusz Maarten J. M. , Fay Michael F. ,   Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Genome Acquisition Lab,   Darwin Tree of Life Barcoding collective,   Plant Genome Sizing collective,   Wellcome Sanger Institute Tree of Life Management, Samples and Laboratory team,   Wellcome Sanger Institute Scientific Operations: Sequencing Operations,   Wellcome Sanger Institute Tree of Life Core Informatics team,   Tree of Life Core Informatics collective,   Darwin Tree of Life Consortium
Published: November 2024

We present a genome assembly from an individual Buxus sempervirens (common box; Streptophyta; Magnoliopsida; Buxales; Buxaceae). The genome sequence has a total length of 676.70 megabases. Most of the assembly (99.56%) is scaffolded into 14 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The plastid genome assembly is 150.93 kilobases in length, and 8 mitochondrial sequences were also assembled.
Ketogenic diet and metabolic health: A review of its impact on type 2 diabetes and obesity. Analysis of research on the ketogenic diet in the context of treating metabolic disorders
Authors: Nojek Paweł , Zawół Monika , Zimonczyk Mariusz , Pawlik Wiktoria , Nowotarska Agnieszka , Błaszczyński Gustaw
Published: November 2024

This paper aims to review current research on the ketogenic diet as a potential therapeutic approach for obesity and type 2 diabetes. This diet is characterized by high fat intake, moderate protein, and minimal carbohydrates, leading to a state of ketosis in which the body utilizes ketone bodies as its primary energy source. Studies indicate that the ketogenic diet may positively influence blood glucose control, enhance insulin sensitivity, and facilitate weight reduction, particularly relevant in the context of insulin resistance. The paper discusses the biological mechanisms underlying these effects, as well as potential risks associated with long-term adherence to the diet. It underscores that, despite promising results, further research is necessary to better understand the long-term effects of the ketogenic diet and its applicability across various patient populations. Conclusions highlight the need for patient monitoring during the dietary regimen and the potential for integrating the ketogenic diet into a broader strategy for managing metabolic diseases
Inhibition of PA28γ expression can alleviate osteoarthritis by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress and promoting STAT3 phosphorylation
Authors: Mo Haokun , Sun Kai , Hou Yanjun , Ruan Zhaoxuan , He Zhiyi , Liu Haigang , Li Liang , Wang Zhenggang , Guo Fengjing
Published: November 2024

Aims

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative disease. PA28γ is a member of the 11S proteasome activator and is involved in the regulation of several important cellular processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammation. This study aimed to explore the role of PA28γ in the occurrence and development of OA and its potential mechanism.

Methods

A total of 120 newborn male mice were employed for the isolation and culture of primary chondrocytes. OA-related indicators such as anabolism, catabolism, inflammation, and apoptosis were detected. Effects and related mechanisms of PA28γ in chondrocyte endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress were studied using western blotting, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and immunofluorescence. The OA mouse model was established by destabilized medial meniscus (DMM) surgery, and adenovirus was injected into the knee cavity of 15 12-week-old male mice to reduce the expression of PA28γ. The degree of cartilage destruction was evaluated by haematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, safranin O/fast green staining, toluidine blue staining, and immunohistochemistry.

Results

We found that PA28γ knockdown in chondrocytes can effectively improve anabolism and catabolism and inhibit inflammation, apoptosis, and ER stress. Moreover, PA28γ knockdown affected the phosphorylation of IRE1α and the expression of TRAF2, thereby affecting the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signalling pathways, and finally affecting the inflammatory response of chondrocytes. In addition, we found that PA28γ knockdown can promote the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), thereby inhibiting ER stress in chondrocytes. The use of Stattic (an inhibitor of STAT3 phosphorylation) enhanced ER stress. In vivo, we found that PA28γ knockdown effectively reduced cartilage destruction in a mouse model of OA induced by the DMM surgery.

Conclusion

PA28γ knockdown in chondrocytes can inhibit anabolic and catabolic dysregulation, inflammatory response, and apoptosis in OA. Moreover, PA28γ knockdown in chondrocytes can inhibit ER stress by promoting STAT3 phosphorylation.

Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2024;13(11):659–672.
Beyond Master Narratives: A Reassessment of the Apprentice Riot of 1592
Authors: Johnson Laurie , Dunnum Eric
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT: The relationship between London apprentices and playhouses in the Tudor period has tended to be viewed through the filter of guiding master narratives of class solidarity, local rivalry, subversive playhouses, unruly youths, or hegemonic control. In the case of William Webbe’s report of a riot by apprentice feltmakers on June 11, 1592, scholars have offered many interpretations in service of one or another of these narratives. This essay offers a reassessment of the events of that day based on the history of feltmakers’ apprentices and the geography of the Blackfriars in London, Bermondsey Street, the Bankside, and Newington Butts. By rewriting the events of that day based on such details, we find that the apprentices were a politically savvy group cannily using the theaters and geography of early modern London to assert their own self-advocacy.
Mississippi Abortion Clients’ Strategies to Pay for Abortion Care and Manage Economic Hardship
Authors: Arey Whitney , Lerma Klaira , Nagle Amanda , Alemán Gema , White Kari
Published: November 2024

Abstract: Abortion clients who experience economic hardship face barriers paying for abortion care. Between September 2020 and June 2021, we conducted a facility-based survey with 211 abortion clients who obtained care in Mississippi, and 25 respondents completed in-depth interviews. We computed the frequency with which survey respondents used social network-based, agency-based, and individual strategies to pay for care and we employed thematic analysis to explore in-depth interviewees’ decision-making and experiences with these strategies. Overall, 93% used at least one strategy to pay for their abortion: 62% sought help from social networks; 61% received assistance from abortion funds (non-profit organizations that help people pay for abortion care); and 47% relied on individual strategies, such as postponing routine expenses. Interviewees often noted it was difficult to use these strategies and doing so adversely affected their economic stability. These findings support the need for insurance coverage and expanded financial assistance for abortion seekers, particularly those now forced to travel following abortion bans.
Effectiveness of A Culturally Adapted Family Model of Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support among Marshallese Pacific Islanders Delivered in a Group Format in Churches
Authors: McElfish Pearl A. , Rowland Brett , Hall Spencer , Andersen Jennifer A. , Hudson Jonell S. , Gloster Erin , Pollack Sarah , O’Connor Gail , Kabua Philmar Mendoza , Alik Eldon , Riklon Sheldon
Published: November 2024

Abstract: Introduction. Diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES) is effective for reducing health complications among people with type 2 diabetes (PWD). However, standard DSMES interventions have not been effective for Marshallese Pacific Islanders. Methods. A culturally adapted Family-DSMES intervention for Marshallese PWD was implemented in churches in Hawaii and Washington state and delivered by Marshal-lese community health workers. We assessed changes in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), body mass index (BMI), and blood pressure from pre-to post-intervention (12 weeks). Results. One hundred eighty-five (185) participants—99 PWD and 86 family members—completed classes and had valid pre-and post-intervention HbA1c data. For PWD, there were significant decreases in HbA1c (–0.69%; p =.0000) and BMI (–0.38; p =.008). Discussion. The clinically and statistically significant reduction in HbA1c among PWD adds evidence for the effectiveness of family models of DSMES. Results will be used to inform future interventions and research studies with Marshallese and other Pacific Islander communities.
Call to Action: Advocating for Alternatives to Cervical Cytology
Authors: Abraham Cynthia
Published: November 2024

Abstract: The decline in cervical cancer incidence in the United States has not been uniform and has been influenced by access to care. Hence, we must explore cervical cancer screening routes that do not require a provider visit. This commentary is a call to action that highlights alternatives to cervical cancer screening, specifically the use of self-collected vaginal samples for testing and urine human papillomavirus (HPV) testing. We further must standardize protocols and provide resources to make these alternatives successful.
Turkish Civil Society
Authors: Gunter Michael M.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT: This chapter analyses Turkish civil society and how it impacts the success of democracy. A detailed analysis of the struggling civil society in Turkey follows including GONGOs or government-organized nongovernmental organizations. The chapter also discusses gender issues, and numerous specific civil society organizations in Turkey and how many have been largely co-opted by the Erdogan government. However, Turkish civil society continues to exist and strive for dialogue, reconciliation, and the construction of a viable democracy.
Experimental study of laser beam fluence fluctuation smoothing in asymmetric compressors
Authors: Kiselev D. E. , Kochetkov A. A. , Yakovlev I. V. , Khazanov E. A.
Published: November 2024

Fluence fluctuations on the fourth compressor grating limit the energy, power, and, ultimately, the focal intensity of ultra-high-power femtosecond lasers. Significant smoothing of output fluence fluctuations in various asymmetric compressors was demonstrated experimentally. The compressor symmetry was broken as a result of different angles of incidence of the beam on the first and third gratings in the horizontal plane, in the vertical plane, and in both planes simultaneously. Two-dimensional spatial spectra of the fluctuation suppression ratio were measured and proved to be in good agreement with the theory presented earlier. Specifically, if the angle of incidence on the third grating in the vertical plane is only 1 deg, the fluctuations with a scale of 2.5 mm or less are suppressed by two orders of magnitude.