bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evidence for the Involvement of a Membrane‐Associated Cyclosporin‐A‐Binding Protein in the Ca2+‐Activated Inner Membrane Pore of Heart Mitochondria
Authors: Andreeva Larisa , Tanveer Ahmed , Crompton Martin
Published: July 2010

Heart and liver mitochondria contain a pore in the inner membrane that is activated by Ca2+and oxidative stress and that has been implicated in cell injury. Pore opening is blocked by cyclosporin A (CSA). Following previous indications that the interaction of CSA with the pore is inhibited by Ca2+and promoted by ADP, we have investigated how covalent labelling of heart mitochondria by a photoactive CSA derivative is influenced by these agents.In situphotolabelling of an 11–22‐kDa (approximately) membrane fraction was selectively increased in the presence of ADP and decreased in the presence of Ca2+. This fraction also accounted for all the high affinity [3H]CSA‐binding capacity and contained peptidylprolylcis‐transisomerase activity (PPIase). The membrane PPIase was extracted using Chaps as detergent, and was purified to a 22‐kDa protein (SDS/PAGE). The enzyme was inhibited by CSA (Ki5 nM). The major component of the 11–22–kDa fraction, photolabelled in an ADP/Ca2/‐sensitive manner, also migrated at 22 kDa on SDS/PAGE; a minor 11‐kDa component was also detected. On the basis of these criteria, it is suggested that the membrane PPIase may be the target for CSA when it blocks the pore. The presence of a similar PPIase in the membrane fraction of liver mitochondria was also demonstrated. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Identification of novel brown midrib genes in maize by tests of allelism
Authors: Ali F. , Scott P. , Bakht J. , Chen Y. , Lübberstedt T.
Published: July 2010

With 2 tables

Brown midrib (bm) mutations are known to affect cell‐wall digestibility by altering the quantity and composition of lignins in cell walls, resulting in higher ethanol yield and increased cell‐wall digestibility. So far, four bm genes (bm1, bm2, bm3 and bm4) were identified and mapped in maize, the last one (bm4) in 1947. In this study, 13 spontaneous mutations (bm*A–M) resulting in the appearance of brown midribs were crossed with bm1–4 for tests of allelism. From these tests, we report two new bm mutants bm5 (bm*F) and bm6 (bm*J) while other bm* lines were either found allelic to bm1–4 or to one of the bm* lines.
Determining the professional behaviour of nurse executives
Authors: Hisar Filiz , Karadağ Ayise
Published: July 2010

Hisar F, Karadağ A. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2010; 16: 335–341 Determining the professional behaviour of nurse executives

This study was carried out with the aim of determining the professional behaviour of nurse executives. The sample of the study included 104 nurse executives working in university, state and private hospitals in Turkey. Data were collected using a questionnaire, which included demographic characteristics of nurses and a Behavioral Inventory Form for Professionalism in Nursing (BIPN). The questionnaire was filled out by the nurses. The BIPN results showed that the mean score of nurse executives was low. Although the scores of nurse executives who had completed postgraduate studies in nursing were the highest, those who had only completed an associate degree programme were the lowest. In conclusion, the professionalism scores for Turkish nurse executives were found to be low; recommendations for improving these scores were made.
Adverse events in Jordanian hospitals: Types and causes
Authors: Hayajneh Yaseen A , AbuAlRub Raeda F , Almakhzoomy Ibtihal K
Published: July 2010

Hayajneh YA, AbuAlRub RF, Almakhzoomy IK. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2010; 16: 374–380 Adverse events in Jordanian hospitals: Types and causes

Adverse events in health care have become an important issue for health‐care professionals, administrators, health policy‐makers, public and patients. Literature on adverse events in Jordan is scarce. The purpose of the study was (i) to identify the common types and major causes of adverse events in Jordanian hospitals from the nurses' perspective; and (ii) to estimate the frequency of adverse events in Jordanian hospitals. Qualitative and quantitative data regarding the perceived types, causes and incidence of adverse events were collected using a web‐based questionnaire. A total of 75 valid responses with qualitative and quantitative data were obtained. The results indicated (i) that medication errors, wrong diagnosis, hospital acquired infections, bed sores and falls were the most common types of adverse events; and (ii) that workload and inadequate staffing, technical performance, negligence and poor ethics, poor management, psychosocial job demands and written guidelines were the most common causes of adverse events. On average, participants in the study believed that adverse events occurred in about 28% of all hospital admissions. Nurse and hospital administrators and health policy‐makers should develop and institute effective strategies and polices to prevent or minimize the occurrence of adverse events.
Endoscopic resection of ampullary adenomas: Novel technique to reduce post procedure pancreatitis
Authors: Chacko Ashok , Dutta Amit Kumar
Published: July 2010

See article in J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2010; 25: 1381–1385.
Prospects for an asthma vaccine
Authors: ANDERSON Gary P.
Published: July 2010

The desire to create a vaccine that might prevent or cure asthma is irresistibly attractive and widely regarded as one of the main goals in translational asthma research. Several broad vaccination strategies, including immunotherapy against allergens or immunodominant peptide epitopes, induction of immune deviation using vaccines, exploiting adjuvant‐like immunomodulation, targeting of damaging cytokines or cells, provocation of directed cell‐mediated cytotoxicity, modification of antigen‐presenting cells to induce vaccine‐like effects and targeting of common infectious pathogens to reduce exacerbations, have demonstrated proof‐of‐principal in model systems, and some of these concepts have been tested clinically with tantalizing results. However, a poor understanding of asthma endotypes (molecular heterogeneity of pathways determining treatment responses), flawed assumptions about underlying immunopathogenic pathways (over‐reliance on the Th2 disease paradigm) and the lack of plasticity of well‐established immuno/inflammatory effector mechanisms continue to frustrate efforts to develop an asthma vaccine.
Fifth Joint Meeting of the American Urological Association and the Japanese Urological Association International Affiliate Society Meeting at the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Urological Association
Authors: Myers Robert P , Seki Narihito , Gotoh Momokazu , Chai Toby C , Kaplan Steven A , Inoue Keiji , Trachtenberg John , Kikuchi Eiji , Nishiyama Hiroyuki , Chang Sam S , Lee Cheryl , Muto Satoru , Ito Kazuto , Andriole Gerald L , Eto Masatoshi , Sumitomo Makoto , Kamba Tomomi , Wood Chrsitopher G , Margulis Vitaly , Naito Seiji , Egawa Shin
Published: July 2010

Preface:  We are heartily grateful for the warm support of all of the people concerned, including the moderators and panelists of both societies for giving us the opportunity to hold the 5th American Urological Association/Japanese Urological Association (AUA/JUA) International Affiliate Society Meeting, held once again at the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Urological Association (29 May–3 June 2010, San Francisco, California, USA). The year of 2010 is a memorable one, being the start of reciprocal collaborations between the AUA and the JUA. The JUA, in collaboration with the AUA, is promoting an academic exchange program whereby outstanding and promising Japanese and American junior faculty members will be given the opportunity to work in the USA and Japan for 1 month. The program not only allows the sharing of knowledge and experience, but also is designed to foster a closer alliance between the AUA and JUA, and assists in identifying future leaders within both organizations. The AUA and JUA will have an exhibit booth at each other's annual meeting, promoting our new joint activities. Both the JUA and AUA will organize educational courses in Hawaii in 2011. With all of these activities, the JUA hopes it will provide greater opportunities for young Japanese urologists to participate in educational projects in the USA. We would like to thank Professor Anton J. Bueschen, President of AUA, Professor Robert C Flanigan, Secretary General of AUA and the staff of the AUA and JUA for supporting our program. At the same time, we need the support of all the members and their valuable suggestions. We look forward to further participation of AUA members to this meeting.

Seiji Naito md, President of JUA

Shin Egawa md, Chairman of the International Committee of JUA
Understorey thinning and burning trials are needed in conservation reserves: The case of Tuart (Eucalyptus gomphocephala D.C.)
Authors: Archibald Robert D. , Bradshaw Jack , Bowen Barbara J. , Close Dugald C. , McCaw Lachie , Drake Paul L. , Hardy Giles E. St. J.
Published: July 2010

Summary  Management interventions are needed to reverse the decline of Tuart (Eucalyptus gomphocephala) woodland in the Yalgorup area of south‐west Western Australia where the largest intact remaining example of this ecosystem is located. Although the cause of the decline is uncertain and several factors may be involved, management action should not be withheld because the decline process is not fully understood. We contend that the reduction in fire frequency over the last 50 years has led to an increase in understorey density, particularly of Western Australian Peppermint (Agonis flexuosa), resulting in greater competition for resources, which may in turn have increased the susceptibility of healthy woodland to decline. In contrast to Tuart regeneration, which is usually tied to fire, Western Australian Peppermint can establish readily in unburnt woodland. Further, once Western Australian Peppermint seedlings develop to the lignotuberous stage, they can resprout vigorously after fire. Therefore, a combination of fire and the physical removal of understorey in sites where this species has formed extensive thickets is required to: (i) provide an opportunity for regeneration of Tuart in both healthy and declining stands; (ii) improve the chances of sustained recovery of Tuart trees in declining stands; and (iii) ensure heterogeneity in the vegetation at multiple scales, a recognized strategy for conserving biodiversity and increasing ecosystem resilience. We propose that this approach may also be relevant to other tree decline syndromes in southern Australia. However, fostering community support for active intervention using thinning and fire in conservation reserves and staging the operations within an experimental framework will be important for such action to gain both the social and scientific acceptance necessary for it to be applied widely.
Alteration of brain glycoproteins during aging
Authors: Sato Yuji , Endo Tamao
Published: July 2010

Glycosylation is the most common post‐translational modification of proteins. Protein sequence data suggested that more than half of all proteins produced in mammalian cells are glycoproteins. Recent studies showed that glycans of secreted glycoproteins affect many protein properties, such as solubility, stability, protease sensitivity and polarity, whereas glycans on cell‐surface glycoproteins are involved in various cellular functions, including cell–cell communication. Accordingly, the investigation of glycoprotein changes caused by aging is expected to help understand the aging process and to elucidate age‐associated diseases. The present review will summarize our current knowledge of changes found in brain glycoproteins resulting from the aging process. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2010; 10 (Suppl. 1): S32–S40.
Differential roles for CaM kinases in mediating excitation–morphogenesis coupling during formation and maturation of neuronal circuits
Authors: Takemoto‐Kimura Sayaka , Suzuki Kanzo , Kamijo Satoshi , Ageta‐Ishihara Natsumi , Fujii Hajime , Okuno Hiroyuki , Bito Haruhiko
Published: July 2010

Ca2+‐regulated reorganization of actin cytoskeleton is one of the key cell biological events that critically regulate neuronal morphogenesis during circuit formation, spinogenesis during synapse development, and activity‐dependent structural plasticity at mature synapses. However, it remains unclear as to what extent the underlying Ca2+signaling processes are shared or segregated. Here, we present evidence from the literature that collectively begins to suggest that distinct calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase (CaMK) isoforms are differentially expressed in time and in subcellular space, and thus may be selectively activated and engaged by distinct upstream stimuli; each CaMK isoform, in turn, couples to related, but separate, cytoskeletal and transcriptional regulatory pathways, dependent on its abundance or physical proximity with either the upstream or downstream signaling complexes. These signal transduction characteristics provide the basis for better understanding the role of excitation–morphogenesis coupling via multiple CaMKs during neuronal circuit and synapse formation.
Regulation of AMPA receptors by transmembrane accessory proteins
Authors: Díaz Elva
Published: July 2010

Regulating the number and function of α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors located at the postsynaptic density is a key mechanism underlying synaptic strength and plasticity. Thus, an active area of investigation is the discovery of accessory proteins that regulate AMPA receptor trafficking and biophysical properties. One decade ago, pioneering studies identified the transmembrane protein stargazin as a critical regulator of synaptic targeting of AMPA receptors in cerebellar granule neurons. Stargazin‐related family members called TARPs (transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory proteins) are now recognized as essential auxiliary subunits for AMPA receptors that control both receptor trafficking and channel gating properties in a wide variety of neuronal cell types. Recent studies have identified a diverse array of additional accessory transmembrane proteins with distinct and overlapping functions compared with TARPs. Coupled with the wide variety of established cytoplasmic AMPA receptor accessory proteins, it is clear that AMPA receptor regulation encompasses a previously unrecognized diversity of molecular mechanisms.
Cyt toxin expression reveals an inverse regulation of insect and plant virulence factors of Dickeya dadantii
Authors: Costechareyre Denis , Dridi Bedis , Rahbé Yvan , Condemine Guy
Published: July 2010

The plant pathogenic bacteria Dickeya dadantii is also a pathogen of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. The genome of the bacteria contains four cyt genes, encoding homologues of Bacillus thuringiensis Cyt toxins, which are involved in its pathogenicity to insects. We show here that these genes are transcribed as an operon, and we determined the conditions necessary for their expression. Their expression is induced at high temperature and at an osmolarity equivalent to that found in the plant phloem sap. The regulators of cyt genes have also been identified: their expression is repressed by H‐NS and VfmE and activated by PecS. These genes are already known to regulate plant virulence factors, but in an opposite way. When tested in a virulence assay by ingestion, the pecS mutant was almost non‐pathogenic while hns and vfmE mutants behaved in the same way as the wild‐type strain. Mutants of other regulators of plant virulence, GacA, OmpR and PhoP, that do not control Cyt toxin production, also showed reduced pathogenicity. In an assay by injection of bacteria, the gacA strain was less pathogenic but, surprisingly, the pecS mutant was slightly more virulent. These results show that Cyt toxins are not the only virulence factors required to kill aphids, and that these factors act at different stages of the infection. Moreover, their production is controlled by general virulence regulators known for their role in plant virulence. This integration could indicate that virulence towards insects is a normal mode of life for D. dadantii.
3‐Indolylacetonitrile Decreases Escherichia coli O157:H7 Biofilm Formation and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence
Authors: Lee Jin‐Hyung , Cho Moo Hwan , Lee Jintae
Published: July 2010

Intercellular signal indole and its derivative hydroxyindoles inhibit Escherichia coli biofilm and diminish Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence. However, indole and bacterial indole derivatives are unstable in the microbial community because they are quickly degraded by diverse bacterial oxygenases. Hence, this work sought to identify novel, non‐toxic, stable and potent indole derivatives from plant sources for inhibiting the biofilm formation of E. coli O157:H7 and P. aeruginosa. Here, plant auxin 3‐indolylacetonitrile (IAN) was found to inhibit the biofilm formation of both E. coli O157:H7 and P. aeruginosa without affecting its growth. IAN more effectively inhibited biofilms than indole for the two pathogenic bacteria. Additionally, IAN decreased the production of virulence factors including 2‐heptyl‐3‐hydroxy‐4(1H)‐quinolone (PQS), pyocyanin and pyoverdine in P. aeruginosa. DNA microarray analysis indicated that IAN repressed genes involved in curli formation and glycerol metabolism, whereas IAN induced indole‐related genes and prophage genes in E. coli O157:H7. It appeared that IAN inhibited the biofilm formation of E. coli by reducing curli formation and inducing indole production. Also, corroborating phenotypic results of P. aeruginosa, whole‐transcriptomic data showed that IAN repressed virulence‐related genes and motility‐related genes, while IAN induced several small molecule transport genes. Furthermore, unlike bacterial indole derivatives, plant‐originated IAN was stable in the presence of either E. coli or P. aeruginosa. Additionally, indole‐3‐carboxyaldehyde was another natural biofilm inhibitor for both E. coli and P. aeruginosa.
Cord blood telomere length, telomerase activity and inflammatory markers in pregnancies in women with diabetes or gestational diabetes
Authors: Cross J. A. , Temple R. C. , Hughes J. C. , Dozio N. C. , Brennan C. , Stanley K. , Murphy H. R. , Fowler D. , Hughes D. A. , Sampson M. J.
Published: July 2010

Diabet. Med. 27, 1264–1270 (2010)

Aims  We tested the hypothesis that diabetes during pregnancy leads to chromosomal DNA damage and telomere attrition in the feto placental unit and cord blood, and provides evidence for intrauterine programming towards a senescent phenotype in the offspring.

Methods  We obtained cord blood from pregnant women with pregestational Type 1 diabetes (n = 26), Type 2 diabetes (n = 20) or gestational diabetes (n = 71), and control subjects without diabetes (n = 45, n = 76 and n = 81, respectively) matched for maternal and gestational age. We measured cord blood mononuclear cell telomere length, telomerase activity (a reverse transcriptase that limits telomere attrition), and concentrations of insulin, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP) and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (sICAM‐1).

Results  We found no significant differences between groups in cord blood telomere length in any nucleated cell type, or in hs‐CRP or sICAM‐1 concentrations, but telomerase activity was higher in cord blood from Type 1 (P < 0.05) and gestational diabetes pregnancies (P < 0.05), but not in Type 2 diabetes pregnancies. There were no significant relationships between glycaemic control, cord blood telomere length, telomerase activity or inflammatory markers in any group.

Conclusions  We found no difference in cord blood telomere length in pregnancies of women with diabetes compared with control subjects, but higher cord blood telomerase activity in Type 1 and gestational diabetes. This may reflect upregulated telomere reverse transcriptase in response to in utero oxidative DNA and telomere damage. These observations are relevant to the hypothesis that diabetes during pregnancy leads to in utero preprogramming towards senescence in the offspring.
Cross‐national examination of the perpetrator–victim account estimation bias as a function of different types of accounts
Authors: Takaku Seiji , Green Jeffrey D. , Ohbuchi Ken‐Ichi
Published: July 2010

In two cross‐national studies, we investigated the existence of a perpetrator–victim account estimation bias and how this bias can be reduced or eliminated when estimating the perpetrator's use of a mixed account; that is, an account in which the perpetrator not only apologizes but also explains mitigating and justifiable circumstances. Japanese and American participants took either the perspective of the perpetrator or the victim and estimated the likelihood of the perpetrator's use of each account. The results supported our hypothesis in both national samples. The implications of the bias and the role of the mixed account in reducing it are discussed.
Afghan refugees and their general practitioners in The Netherlands: to trust or not to trust?
Authors: Feldmann C. Titia , Bensing Jozien M. , De Ruijter Arie , Boeije Hennie R.
Published: July 2010

In‐depth interviews with Afghan refugees living in The Netherlands about their experience of healthcare, have led to a series of narratives. This article focuses on the relationship between the refugee‐patients and their general practitioners (GPs) from the participants’ point of view. It was possible to distinguish four different types of narrative, by analysing the individual interviews into critical episodes. Building trust was identified as the crucial issue. A number of possible explanations are given for the differences found. Links are made to participant expectations in respect of health and healthcare and to their personal and social resources.

The GP has a key role in the Dutch healthcare system, but is a novel phenomenon for refugees arriving from Afghanistan. The development of a relationship of trust is sometimes compromised by negative personal experience and also by stories relating such experiences circulating in the Afghan community.

The elements that constituted positive and negative episodes and led to the development or undermining of trust were identified in the narratives. Negative experience tended to be interpreted as a sign of prejudice on the part of the healthcare professional. The findings of this study are discussed in the wider context of research into patient priorities in general practice.
Prostitutes, Magdalenes and Wayward Girls: Dangerous Sexualities of Working Class Women in Victorian Scotland
Authors: LITTLEWOOD BARBARA , MAHOOD LINDA
Published: July 2010

Let anyone walk certain streets of London, Glasgow or Edinburgh, of a night, and without troubling his head with statistics, his eyes and ears will tell him at once what a multitudinous amazonian army the devil keeps in constant field service, for advancing his own ends. The very stones seem alive with lust, and the very atmosphere is tainted.1
Families of Choice? George Ives, Queer Lives and the Family in Early Twentieth‐Century Britain
Authors: Cook Matt
Published: July 2010

This article argues that the stark post‐Second World War understanding in which ‘straight is to gay’ came to be seen as ‘family is to non family’ has tended to obscure the historical complexity of family life and the ways in which queer men have interacted with and created their families in the past, and used the language of family to conceptualise emotional bonds ‘beyond blood’. Using the well‐heeled early campaigner for homosexual law reform, George Ives (1867–1950), as a case study, I show how different rhetorics, ideas and experiences of family allowed for the assertion of gender and sexual identity, gave a framework for campaigning work and provided a means of conceptualising intimacy and companionship. Though family was the cause of considerable angst for Ives, it was, I suggest, something he valued not in spite of his homosexuality but at least partly because of it. It was fundamental to the ways in which he understood and articulated who he was, and how he related to others.
‘The Body Evidencing the Crime’: Rape on Trial in Colonial India, 1860–1947
Authors: Kolsky Elizabeth
Published: July 2010

The history of rape on trial in colonial India sheds new light on the colonial civilising mission and the claims made by white men about saving brown women from brown men. Through an analysis of almost a century of case law, this article concludes that the modernisation of law and the development of a new medico‐legal understanding of rape introduced evidentiary standards that placed a heavy burden on Indian women seeking judicial remedy in colonial courts. The fear imported from Britain of false charges combined with colonial views about Indian culture to make native female complainants doubly dubious. The colonial jurisprudence has survived to devastating effect in postcolonial India and Pakistan in ways that are explored and explained by the author.
‘The Rebels Turkish Tyranny’: Understanding Sexual Violence in Ireland during the 1640s
Authors: Hall Dianne , Malcolm Elizabeth
Published: July 2010

This article analyses gendered violence both in the testimonies of English Protestant settlers displaced during the 1641 Irish rebellion and in the pamphlets written shortly afterwards. It argues that, given the settlers’ anxiety to highlight their vulnerability and innocence in the face of perceived native Irish barbarism, sexual violence with its suggestions of possible female acquiescence or complicity had an insecure place in their testimonies. Yet contemporary pamphlet writers described the rape of Protestant women as widespread and indiscriminate, using such narratives to question the masculinity of Catholic Irish men. By investigating personal testimonies of the sexual violence suffered by women, as well as the subsequent use of such information in narratives sensationalising the ordeal of Protestants in Ireland in 1641, the complex meanings attached to sexual violence during the mid‐seventeenth century can be better appreciated.
The Uncommon Man: Esquire and the Problem of the North American Male Consumer, 1957–63
Authors: Cieply Stefan K.
Published: July 2010

This article examines Esquire magazine's editorial refashioning after the Second World War to analyse the production of the gendered consuming subject. At issue is the question of how the American male consumer is discursively legitimised and incorporated into the marketplace. While myriad studies exist that demonstrate the centrality of women to consumer culture, little has been written on how men come to identify themselves as consuming subjects. This article approaches the question by examining Esquire's cultivation of the ‘Uncommon Man’ as an idealised masculine consumer subject. Through this formula, Esquire opened a discursive space which legitimised the male consumer as a thoroughly modern and masculine figure.
Social stratification and attitudes: a comparative analysis of the effects of class and education in Europe1
Authors: Kalmijn Matthijs , Kraaykamp Gerbert
Published: July 2010

A classic topic in the sociology of inequality lies in the subjective consequences of people's stratification position. Many studies have shown that education and occupational class have significant effects on attitudes, but little is known about how the magnitude of these effects depends on the societal context. There has been debate in the scholarly literature, with some authors arguing that effects of class and education are less important when societies are more developed, whereas other authors argue that effects are either stable (for class) or increasing (for education). We use a meta‐analytical design to address this debate. More specifically we examine the effects of class and education for a broad range of attitudes (21 scales) in 22 European countries using data from the 1999 wave of the European Values Study. We pool summary‐measures of association (Eta‐values) into a new dataset and analyse these Eta‐values (N = 453) applying multilevel models with characteristics of countries and characteristics of attitudes as the independent variables. Our results show that there is no evidence that the effects of class on attitudes are lower when countries are more modern, but we do find larger effects of education in more modern countries.
Are clerical workers proletarian? A case study of the Australian Public Service1
Authors: Matheson Craig
Published: July 2010

This paper explores whether clerical workers have been proletarianized by using the Australian Public Service (APS) as a case study. It shows that before the late 1980s the market, work and status situations of APS clerks were predominantly proletarian since they were typified by limited career prospects, low skill requirements, restricted autonomy; low organizational status and estrangement from senior management. This proletarian class situation was reflected in an order taker's culture of informality, cynicism, hedonism and alienation. Since the late 1980s however technological change and workplace restructuring have markedly reduced the number of unskilled and lower paid jobs in the APS, thereby belying widespread predictions of deskilling. I conclude that proletarianization is more likely to have arisen from a decline in the status of clerical work during the course of the twentieth century rather than from a process of deskilling. Notwithstanding the fact that their class situations were predominantly proletarian, most clerks have identified as middle class. We can attribute this not only to the fact that their class situations differ from those of manual workers, as noted by Lockwood, but also to a widespread tendency to identify as middle class, the tendency of many female clerks to base their class identity on their husband's occupation and the fact that popular stereotypes tend to equate class with occupation. It is difficult to decide if clerks are proletarian since 1. Their class situations display a mixture of proletarian and middle‐class characteristics 2. They exhibit diverse class identities, social origins, marriage partners and cultural attributes and 3. They occupy different positions on different aspects of inequality. We are therefore unable to allocate them en bloc to a single uniform class. I conclude that while a minority of clerks are proletarian most are better described as middle class.
An investigation into causal links between victimization and offending in adolescents
Authors: Smith David J. , Ecob Russell
Published: July 2010

There is a considerable body of evidence from earlier research to show that offending is associated with an increased risk of victimization, and being a victim with an increased risk of offending. There have been few earlier studies of the link. These have generally set out to test specific explanations, for example, the idea that the same lifestyles or routine activities may be associated with both victimization and offending. In a current study of a cohort of 4,300 adolescents in Edinburgh we have found a correlation of 0.421 between crime victimization and self‐reported offending at the age of 15 when offending peaks. Variables chosen to test three broad types of theory – life‐style and routine activities, weak social bonds, aspects of personality – are shown to be related both to victimization and to offending in adolescence. The present analysis uses latent class growth mixture models to track the dynamic relationships over time between adolescent victimization and offending both before and after controlling for these explanatory variables. In the short term, offending is strongly related to a later rise in victimization, but in the longer term to a fall that tends to cancel out the earlier rise. These findings remain the same after controlling for the ten explanatory variables. Victimization is associated with a later rise in offending in the longer term. The theoretical perspectives suggested by earlier researchers are fairly successful in explaining this linkage running from victimization to offending. Future research should focus on the role of peer influence in linking victimization and offending, and should push forward the analysis into the adult years. The implications for criminal justice policy could be far‐reaching.
Social mobility and social capital in contemporary Britain
Authors: Li Yaojun , Savage Mike , Warde Alan
Published: July 2010

This paper seeks to contribute to social capital research by linking measures of formal and informal forms of social capital to social mobility trajectories and assessing their impact on social trust. Drawing on data from a recent national survey –Cultural Capital and Social Exclusion(2003/2004) – we analyse formal civic engagement and informal social connections. The latter data are obtained using, for the first time in a study in Britain,Lin's (2001) ‘Position Generator’ approach as a means to identify the volume, range and position of individuals' informal social contacts. The pattern of contacts suggests that access to social ties is strongly conditioned by mobility trajectory. We also show that civic engagement in formal associations is especially high among second‐generation members of the service class. It is also shown that both class trajectory and possession of two types of social capital have significant impacts on trust. Among the social groups disadvantaged in terms of bridging social ties are not only those in lower classes but also women and members of minority ethnic groups.
After Beslan: childhood, complexity and risk
Authors: Jenks Chris , Smith John A.
Published: July 2010

This paper addresses the events at Beslan as a crisis point at which the postmodern celebration of difference spills into unbearable chaos. However this chaos turns out to show specific, dynamic or complex, self‐organizing structures. Such dynamics, instead of obeying ‘normal’ ranges exhibit widely different scales of magnitude and intensity. Central to these interactions is the formation, however loose or opportunistic, of identities that also produce others: the formation of micro‐ethnicities that state how the ‘other’ or out‐group can be treated, mistreated or ‘deconstructed’. At Beslan, this reaches a point of crisis which is both localized and universally challenging: it poses the problem of intolerability to a notion of democratic community and an epistemology premised on, and promising, pluralistic tolerance. The outcome is a realignment of sociology and the sociology of childhood along the axes of a model of human ecology.
Streetwise sales and the social order of city streets
Authors: Llewellyn Nick , Burrow Robin
Published: July 2010

This paper analyses how a Big Issue vendor approached passers‐by and how they responded, how recognizable courses of social and economic activity were interactionally produced from initiation through to some conclusion. The paper recovers how the vendor's work was contextually embedded in the urban landscape, how it was constrained by, and actively shaped, the social order of the street. Drawing on video‐audio recordings the paper contributes to a growing body of ethnographic and ethnomethodological research which has emphasized the embodied, contingent and interactional character of economic activity. By examining such materials, the paper is well positioned to describe how the vendor found his market on the street, social interventions that propelled passers‐by into buying behaviour. The paper sheds light on now familiar encounters which occur millions of times each week in the UK and beyond.
Economic deprivation, maternal depression, parenting and children's cognitive and emotional development in early childhood1
Authors: Kiernan Kathleen E. , Huerta M. Carmen
Published: July 2010

This study uses data from the UK Millennium Cohort Study to examine the extent to which economic circumstances in infancy and mother's mental well‐being are associated with children's cognitive development and behaviour problems at age 3 years, and what part parenting behaviours and attitudes play in mediating these factors. The analyses derived from Structural Equation Modelling show that economic deprivation and maternal depression separately and collectively diminish the cognitive and emotional well‐being of children, and part of this diminution emanates from less nurturing and engaged parenting by those with less economic and emotional resources.
Preferences, constraints or schemas of devotion? Exploring Norwegian mothers' withdrawals from high‐commitment careers1
Authors: Halrynjo Sigtona , Lyng Selma Therese
Published: July 2010

Despite decades of focus on gender equality and work–family balance, parenthood still affects mothers' and fathers' careers differently. Drawing on in‐depth interviews with Norwegian mothers who are relinquishing high‐commitment careers of law and consultancy, this paper questions the adequacy of established explanations emphasizing constraints vs. individual preferences. Our sample of female professionals living in a well‐developed welfare state is particularly apt to explore the processes and mechanisms upholding the statistically gendered pattern of women reducing their work commitment after childbirth. These doubly privileged mothers might be considered to have the best odds for combining career and work commitment with motherhood. Thus, we argue that the approach emphasizing practical constraints does not sufficiently account for the withdrawal from high‐commitment careers among these female professionals. Nevertheless, we are not content with the claim of Preference Theory that this shift in commitment is merely a matter of ‘not‐so‐dedicated’ women discovering their ‘genuine’ preferences. Rather, in order to understand why and how this shift occurs, we explore the culturally constructed rationalities and schemas of both work and family devotions. We specifically examine the circumstances, mechanisms and steps in a seemingly individual process of making the shift in commitment from a promising career to a family‐friendly job. Moreover, the analysis demonstrates how generous parental leave arrangements designed to enhance gender equality and work–family balance by simply reducing practical constraints may have limited – or even counterproductive – impact within high‐commitment occupations where the ‘irreplaceability’ of workers is taken for granted. Our findings indicate that unless the culturally (re)produced discourses, demands and expectations of both work and family are exposed and challenged, even intentionally gender neutral work–family policies will continue to facilitate mothers' career withdrawals, expressed as modified individual preferences.
Mobile sociology1
Authors: Urry John
Published: July 2010

This article seeks to develop a manifesto for a sociology concerned with the diverse mobilities of peoples, objects, images, information, and wastes; and of the complex interdependencies between, and social consequences of, such diverse mobilities. A number of key concepts relevant for such a sociology are elaborated: ‘gamekeeping’, networks, fluids, scapes, flows, complexity and iteration. The article concludes by suggesting that a ‘global civil society’ might constitute the social base of a sociology of mobilities as we move into the twenty‐first century.
Unpacking cosmopolitanism for the social sciences: a research agenda
Authors: Beck Ulrich , Sznaider Natan
Published: July 2010

This article calls for a re‐conceptualization of the social sciences by asking for a cosmopolitan turn. The intellectual undertaking of redefining cosmopolitanism is a trans‐disciplinary one, which includes geography, anthropology, ethnology, international relations, international law, political philosophy and political theory, and now sociology and social theory. Methodological nationalism, which subsumes society under the nation‐state, has until now made this task almost impossible. The alternative, a ‘cosmopolitan outlook’, is a contested term and project. Cosmopolitanism must not be equalized with the global (or globalization), with ‘world system theory’ (Wallerstein), with ‘world polity’ (Meyer and others), or with ‘world‐society’ (Luhmann). All of those concepts presuppose basic dualisms, such as domestic/foreign or national/international, which in reality have become ambiguous. Methodological cosmopolitanism opens up new horizons by demonstrating how we can make the empirical investigation of border crossings and other transnational phenomena possible.
Ethnic conflict without ethnic groups: a study in pure sociology1
Authors: Cooney Mark
Published: July 2010

Despite growing awareness of the limitations of group‐level analyses in ethnic studies, research on ethnic conflict has paid virtually no systematic attention to variation at the individual or micro level. Addressing that gap, the present paper draws upon data from interviews conducted with members of two broadly‐defined categories recently arrived in the Republic of Ireland, Muslims and Nigerians. Results indicate that while members of both immigrant categories experience a good deal of ethnic conflict or hostility, such conflict is rarely collective and invariably varies across individuals. The research data are consistent with Donald Black's theory of moralism. Black's theory, based on his theoretical system known as pure sociology, predicts that ethnic hostility increases with the social inferiority and cultural distance of the immigrant, and that higher status immigrants are more assertive in responding to hostility, though they experience less of it (the status paradox).
Disadvantaged through discrimination? The role of employers in social stratification1
Authors: Jackson Michelle
Published: July 2010

Sociologists have consistently demonstrated that a rather strong association exists between an individual's social class origin and their social class destination, even after controlling for educational attainment. One explanation for this persisting association which is rarely addressed in research in social stratification and mobility is the extent to which class inequalities in access to advantaged class positions are due to discrimination by employers.

I set up a field experiment to test whether employers discriminate on the basis of class origin characteristics. I sent letters of job application for professional and managerial occupations to 2560 large UK companies, so as to compare the prospects of equally matched potential employees differing on a range of characteristics, some related to class of origin. The six treatment conditions in the experiment were: the name of the candidate, the type of school attended, the candidate's interests outside work, their sex, the university that they attended and their achieved degree class.

Results suggest that employers do pay attention to the class origin characteristics tested here, and that candidates with a name, school type and interests associated with the social elite are more likely to receive a reply to their application than candidates with the equivalent non‐elite characteristics. However, the treatment conditions do not, on the whole, have significant effects on the employers' responses in and of themselves. Instead, employers appear to favour particular combinations of characteristics while penalising others.
Citizenship beyond politics: the importance of political, civil and social rights and responsibilities among women and men1
Authors: Bolzendahl Catherine , Coffé Hilde
Published: July 2010

Previous research has suggested that men are more engaged as citizens than are women. Yet, little is known about gender cleavages across a variety of citizenship norms. To what extent do men and women define citizenship differently? To address that question, this study examines the importance men and women assign various citizenship rights and responsibilities using 2004 ISSP data from 18 Western, industrialized nations. Using a disaggregated approach to understanding definitions of citizenship, we examine political, civil, and social rights and responsibilities. After controlling for a variety of demographic and attitudinal influences, we find that men and women are not different in their views regarding the importance of political responsibilities. However, women do view political rights as significantly more important than do men. Further, in comparison to men, women view both civil and social responsibilities and rights domains as significantly more important.
The Afghan War and ‘postmodern’ memory: commemoration and the dead of Helmand1
Authors: King Anthony
Published: July 2010

Since 2006, Britain has been fighting an intense military campaign in Helmand in which over 200 soldiers have been killed. The article examines the way in which twentieth‐century commemorative rituals, which mourned the sacrifice of anonymous individual soldiers for the nation, have been superseded by new lapidary conventions which fundamentally revise the status of the soldier in public imagination. In acts of remembrance today, soldiers are personalized and domesticated, remembered as fathers, husbands, wives, sons and daughters. The article concludes by considering the political implications of this revision of public understanding.
False security or greater social inclusion? Exploring perceptions of CCTV use in public and private spaces accessed by the homeless
Authors: Huey Laura
Published: July 2010

It has been well documented that owing to the vulnerability inherent in their situation and status, the homeless experience high rates of harassment and criminal victimization. And yet, the question of whether CCTV surveillance of public and private spaces – so frequently viewed by the middle classes as a positive source of potential security – might also be viewed by the homeless in similar ways. Within the present paper, I address this issue by considering the possibility that CCTV might be seen by some homeless men and women as offering: a) a measure of enhanced security for those living in the streets and in shelters, and; b) to the extent that security is conceived of as a social good, the receipt of which marks one as a citizen of the state, a means by which they can be reconstituted as something more than ‘lesser citizens’. To test these ideas, I rely on data from interviews conducted with homeless service users, service providers for the homeless, and police personnel in three cities. What is revealed is a mixed set of beliefs as to the relative security and meaning of CCTV.
Sociology, the public sphere, and modern government: a challenge to the dominance of Habermas
Authors: Wickham Gary
Published: July 2010

There is an unfortunate tendency within some branches of sociology – particularly those usually called ‘critical’, that is, those associated with ‘critical social theory’– to treat with disdain the understanding of the public sphere that many modern governments use daily in making and implementing public policy. The majority of sociologists in those branches seem to prefer, as part and parcel of their normative commitments, Jürgen Habermas's Kantian understanding of the public sphere, which focuses primarily on reason and morality and insists that these two forces are of a higher order than politics and law. This paper offers a set of criticisms of the Habermas–Kant understanding, arguing that its focus on reason and morality, were it to become more widespread, would steer sociology into public policy irrelevance. The paper goes on to describe a very different understanding of the public sphere, a politico‐legal or civil‐peace understanding which operates as the public policy focus of those governments that have relegated questions of salvation (whether religious or ideological) to the private sphere. This understanding emerged from early modern attempts to carve out a domain of relative freedom and security against the deadly violence of religious disputation sweeping across Europe. The paper readily acknowledges that some ‘non‐critical’ branches of sociology already employ a version of this understanding.