bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preliminary Investigation into the Movement of the Lower Labial Segment following Loss of First Premolars
Authors: Campbell-Wilson Margaret
Published: December 2014

Fifty patients' models were examined to find the changes that had taken place in the lower labial segment following the loss of lower first premolars and observation for at least one year. Canines moved favourably into the extraction spaces. The changes in the incisors were not as good as those of the canines and reasons for this are discussed.
An Approach to Appliance Therapy—Part II
Authors: Mills J. R. E. , Vig Katherine W. L.
Published: December 2014

This is the second of a short series of papers illustrating appliance therapy in use at the Eastman Dental Hospital, London. In this paper we describe the use of removable appliances for the earlier stages of tooth movement, progressing gradually to the use of banded fixed appliances, using 0·018 in.×0·025 in. twin edgewise brackets, for the later, more sophisticated stages of treatment.
An Easy Approach to Edgewise—The Progressive Light Wire Edgewise Technique of Ricketts—Part II
Authors: Senior Winston B.
Published: December 2014

In the first part of this short series of articles the author viewed the history of the edgewise mechanism through the eyes of a European trained orthodontist. He brought the story of the edgewise mechanism up-to-date with a description of the progressive light wire edgewise (bio-progressive) technique of Ricketts, which he has adopted and adapted to his own practice.

In Part II he continues to compare and contrast the modern edgewise technique he is using with the advanages and disadvantages of other techniques more commonly used in Britain today. The treatment of three cases is described with photographic and line illustrations. These show the basic principles upon which the Progressive light edgewise technique of Ricketts is based.
Profile Radiographs—A Simplified Technique
Authors: Mew John
Published: December 2014

It is possible to take profile radiographs with a standard dental x-ray machine. Using a small sized cassette and a focal distance of 4 ft 6 in. to 5 ft, sufficient accuracy can be obtained for normal clinical use. Information is given about the equipment required, costing about pound;12 sterling (May 1973 prices) and a Simplified technique is described.
Changes in Tooth Position and Vertical Dimension in Severe Class II Division 1 Cases during Begg Treatment
Authors: Menezes D. M.
Published: December 2014

This study was based on a cephalometric analysis of 45 children composed of two groups: a treated group with an Angle Class II division 1 occlusion and an untreated control group.

The object of this study was to investigate changes in the dentofacial complex as a result of Begg therapy in the group of children having an Angle Class II division 1 occlusion compared with the untreated control group.

Each child of the treated group had lateral skull radiographs taken during the experimental period: one before commencement of treatment, the second at the end of the first stage of treatment; that is as soon as the incisors reached an edge-to-edge relationship; and the third at the end of treatment 12 months after appliances were removed.

Two lateral skull radiographs were taken of the children who formed the control group, one at the beginning, and the other at the end, of the experimental period.

It was found that short term changes in the dento-facial complex during Begg treatment were associated with a significant increase in the height of the lower molars, a significant reduction in the height of the lower incisors and a significant reduction in apical base difference. The long term changes in the dentofacial complex as a result of Begg treatment were associated with a significant increase in the height of the lower molars, a significant reduction in apical base difference and some increase in lower facial height.
An Approach to Appliance Therapy—Part III
Authors: Mills J. R. E. , Vig Katherine W. L.
Published: December 2014

This article completes our short series in which we have reviewed various types of appliance therapy. The present article considers the more advanced fixed appliances with special reference to the Begg and Edgewise techniques. Indications for the choice of fully banded appliances from the start of treatment are discussed. This final article in common with the preceding ones is not a comprehensive review of the whole range of fixed techniques available to the orthodontist but representative and illustrated by two case reports.
The Lower Lip Position and Incisor Overjet
Authors: Haynes Sydney
Published: December 2014

1147 children aged 11–12 years were examined to determine the mean overjet values relative to five defined postural lower lip/maxillary central incisor relationships.

A mean overjet of 3·025 mm was found in those children having a postural lower lip position related to the middle third of the maxillary central incisor; and those having no lower lip cover had a mean overjet of 4·26 mm. In contrast, the mean overjet value was 9·18 mm for those children having a “negative” lip position.

The observed differences between the mean overjet values relative to each lower lip position are statistically significant, but the only lower lip/maxillary central incisor relationship which appears to have any marked clinical significance is the one defined as—1 (i.e. the trapped lower lip).
The Retroclined Upper Incisor
Authors: Fletcher G. G. T.
Published: December 2014

In the interest of further clarification of the interaction of the multiple causative factors of upper incisor retroclination, the development of Class II Division 2 occlusion is contrasted to that of Class I. The patients whose records were used had not received orthodontic treatment.

It was found that upper incisor retroclination in Class II Division 2 occurred after their emergence into the oral cavity. The effect is attributed to the upper incisors being able to erupt well within the cover of the lower lip through a combination of circumstances related to the proportional balance of the patient's facial structures in the vertical dimension.

The lower lip would guide the upper incisors into retroclined positions, only if the latter were unobstructed by digit, tongue or other teeth of either arch.

This implied not only a critical balance in size and relationship of the facial structures in the vertical dimension but also equally critical balances in the antero-posterior and lateral dimensions, without which the lower lip factor alone would be ineffective.
The Evolution of Surgery in the Treatment of the Unerupted Maxillary Canine
Authors: McKay Charles
Published: December 2014

The prevalence of the unerupted maxillary canine is discussed. Three methods of surgical treatment to move the tooth into a functional position are mentioned. Surgical repositioning and transplantation are described. The method used by the author for transplanting and splinting the tooth is shown to differ in several important respects from those described by others.
The Development of Third Molar Impaction
Authors: Richardson Margaret
Published: December 2014

Comparisons were made between a group of 45 subjects with impacted lower third molars and a group of 50 subjects whose lower third molars had erupted, by means of various measurements made on cephalometric radiographs. Both these groups formed part of a longitudinal study of third molar development. Examination of the impacted group showed three different ways in which impactions could develop.
Variations in the Soft Tissue Profile and Their Relevance to the Clinical Assessment of Skeletal Pattern
Authors: Barnett David P.
Published: December 2014

Sixty-three females (32 under 10 years and 31 over 16 years of age) were studied in order to investigate whether the soft tissue profile gave a reliable indication of the underlying skeletal profile. It is concluded that for a clinical assessment, the soft tissue profile may be used to estimate the skeletal pattern.
A Comparison of Five Different Methods for Describing Sagittal Jaw Relationship
Authors: Kirchner Johannes , Williams Stephen
Published: December 2014

Analysis of sagittal jaw relationship is important in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning, and can be investigated by angular or linear parameters. In the present study an analysis was performed using profile cephalograms of 40 children with skeletal Class II malocclusion. A correlation analysis is presented, involving five different methods of expressing sagittal jaw relationships. Whilst some degree of agreement could be noted, it was not possible to suggest a pair of measurements, which in combination, could give a more accurate picture of sagittal jaw relationships.
Attitudes of Orthodontic Postgraduates to MSc Research Projects—a retrospective survey
Authors: Sims A. P. T. , Stephens C. D.
Published: December 2014

A questionnaire survey of 103 past orthodontic postgraduate students from seven U.K. institutions, was undertaken to determine the perceived value of M.Sc. research projects in relation to the amount of effort required by students to complete their reports. Seventy-nine (76·7 per cent) replies were received. The majority of the respondents (47, 59·5 per cent) had trained at the Eastman Dental Hospital, although this did not markedly affect the results statistically other than where the graduates were given a choice of MSc subject (P <0·001). Most postgraduates (42, 54·6 per cent) had found their projects interesting and useful, but 42 (54·6 per cent) claimed to have spent more than 30 per cent of their working time producing them. Forty-four (55·7 per cent) commented that they had problems with the project; of these, there were complaints of insufficient time (23·5 per cent), material (14·7 per cent), data (13·3 per cent), inadequate supervision or direction (26·5 per cent), and interference with clinical time (16·4 per cent). Twenty (25·3 per cent) had carried out further work on their projects, but only three (2·9 per cent) had gone on to complete a Ph.D.
An Unsupervised Straight Wire Appliance—A Case Report
Authors: Banks Philip
Published: December 2014

The remarkable potential of the straight-wire appliance to provide continuing tooth movement is demonstrated. A 14-year-old male patient was fitted with an upper appliance which remained in situ, unsupervised, for 14 months. An unexpected degree of space closure and overjet reduction occurred. Factors that may have contributed to this unexpected degree of improvement are considered.
Systematic and Random Errors Associated with Johnston's Cephalometric Analysis
Authors: Keeling Stephen D. , Cabassa Sal R. , King Gregory J.
Published: December 2014

This study examined intra- and interexaminer systematic and random errors associated with Johnston's cephalometric method of assessing skeletal and dental changes from pairs of radiographs. Data were obtained from the tracings of radiographs of 30 mixed dentition subjects, who had been treated to correct a Class II malocclusion. Measurements included molar and incisor crown movements relative to basal bone, apical base change, maxillary and mandibular displacement relative to the cranial base, and total molar and overjet reduction. In addition, the change in axial inclination of the incisors and molars was determined. A paired t- test for each pair of replicates for each measure was performed to examine inter- and intra-examiner bias. Estimates of the random error, the coefficient of reliability, and confidence limits (95 per cent level) of a single determination were undertaken. No systematic errors occurred between/within examiners for any linear or angular measure. Interexaminer random errors, based on the standard deviation of the mean difference between replicates, were greater than intra-examiner random errors for 12 out of 13 parameters. Measures assessing molar correction and overjet reduction had the least amount of random error variance within and across judges, while changes in mandibular position had the greatest. Because considerable random errors occurred, the Johnston analysis when used to assess skeletal changes, as well as individual molar and incisor movements, may have limited utility in clinical practice for the individual case.
The Influence of Bracket Material, Ligation Force and Wear on Frictional Resistance of Orthodontic Brackets
Authors: Keith O. , Jones S. P. , Davies E. H.
Published: December 2014

Planar static frictional phenomena were investigated for two types of ceramic and one type of stainless steel orthodontic bracket against rectangular stainless steel archwire. The brackets studied were ‘Starfire’ (single crystal aluminium oxide), ‘Allure III’ (polycrystalline aluminium oxide), and ‘Dentaurum’ (stainless steel). The investigative parameters were: bracket material, force of ligation and whether the brackets were new or ‘worn’.

Without exception, both types of ceramic bracket produced greater frictional resistance than the stainless steel brackets throughout testing. At a ligation force of 500 g, the Starfire bracket gave the greatest frictional resistance. At ligation forces of 200 and 50 g, the greatest frictional resistance was seen with Allure III. After a period of simulated wear, frictional resistance of Starfire tended to increase at the greatest ligation load while that of both ceramics decreased slightly at the two lower ligation loads. The ceramic brackets caused abrasive wear of the archwire surfaces and the consequent wear debris may have contributed to the changes in frictional resistance seen with Starfire and Allure III. Dentaurm brackets produced minimal frictional resistance in any test and negligible change with wear.
The Role of Sandblasting on the Retention of Metallic Brackets Applied with Glass Ionomer Cement
Authors: Millett D. , McCabe J. F. , Gordon P. H.
Published: December 2014

A laboratory investigation of the shear and strength of stainless steel brackets applied with glass ionomer cement (Ketac-Cem®) and a conventional adhesive (Right-on®) is described. Sandblasting of the bracket base was undertaken in half of the sample bonded with Ketac-Cem and produced a significant reduction in the probability of failure relative to the unsandblasted sample.

Brackets with sandblasted and unsandblasted bases, bonded with Ketac-Cem were subjected to mechanical fatigue in a ball mill for a total of 20 hours. Mean survival time (MST) was then calculated for each group and was found to be significantly improved by sandblasting of the bracket base (P <0·01).
Holograms and Study Models Assessed by the PAR (Peer Assessment Rating) Index of Malocclusion—A Pilot Study
Authors: McGuinness Niall J. , Stephens Christopher D.
Published: December 2014

A selection of 30 sets of study models, representing a wide range of malocclusions, was drawn from the records of a clinical orthodontic department. Four holograms were made of each set of models; the study models and their corresponding holograms were then scored using the Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) Index of malocclusion. Significantly lower scores (P < 0·01) were obtained from the holograms, which were ascribed to three out of the seven components which make up the index.
Process Analysis of Treatment Provided by the Hospital Orthodontic Service
Authors: O'Brien K. D. , Weyant R. J.
Published: December 2014

This investigation evaluates the influence of several process variables upon the number of attendances required to complete orthodontic treatment provided by the hospital service of England and Wales. The hospital records and study casts of 1630 patients were collected from 17 District General Hospital Departments. The study casts were analysed with the Peer Assessment Rating. The following information was collected from the hospital records; the patients' sex, the number of attendances required to complete treatment, the type of treatment provided and the operator. The data were analysed with multiple regression techniques. It appeared that the number of attendances was influenced by the pretreatment malocclusion severity, the type of treatment, the experience of the operator and the department from which the treatment was delivered.
An Evaluation of a Hypertext System for Computer-assisted Learning in Orthodontics
Authors: Turner P. J. , Weerakone S.
Published: December 2014

A computer-assisted learning (CAL) package developed for undergraduate teaching in orthodontics is described. The programme makes use of the principle of ‘hypertext’. The ability of undergraduates to learn from the programme is evaluated and compared to students taught conventionally. The opinions of the undergraduates who tried the programme are sought and discussed.
An Unerupted Canine—An Unusual Diagnostic Problem?
Authors: Luther F.
Published: December 2014

A case is reported in which the eruption of an upper canine was delayed as a result of the presence of a denticle. This remained undiagnosed until the age of 13 years. The paper illustrates the clinical and diagnostic problems associated with denticles in this region due to their position close to, but not actually in, the midline.
Orthognathic Surgery and Aesthetics: Planning Treatment to Achieve Functional and Aesthetic Goals
Authors: Sarver David M. , Johnston Mark W.
Published: December 2014

Computerized video imaging is a valuable adjunct for communication with patients and planning orthognathic surgical treatment. The incorporation of adjunctive soft tissue procedures to enhance the final aesthetic result of orthognathic surgery is a valuable addition to the orthodontic and orthognathic treatment plan. This paper presents the use of video imaging techniques in the planning and execution of comprehensive functional and aesthetically orientated orthodontic and surgical treatment.
Identification of the Relapsing Class III Face: Chernoff Faces in Orthodontics
Authors: Battagel Joanna M.
Published: December 2014

Thirty Class III patients, treated by a standard non-extraction technique, provided the material for this study. Records were examined at the beginning of treatment and a minimum of 2 years out of all retention. On the basis of their post-retention occlusions, children were sub-divided into three groups: stable, borderline, and relapsed. Using this classification, a four-variable discriminant model had been generated which correctly indicated the eventual Outcome from the pretreatment data.

A graphical technique not previously described in orthodontics and suitable for displaying multivariate data: ‘Chernoff faces’, provided a pictorial illustration of the discriminant values for each individual. These stylized, cartoon faces were examined to determine whether any common, characteristic facial patterns existed at the beginning of treatment in children of a single outcome group. Whilst the information given by the faces was easier to assimilate than tabulated data, no typical stable or relapsing face could be identified using the features chosen. The reason for this and further possible applications of Chernoff faces to orthodontics are discussed.
Shear Bond Strength of Ceramic Brackets with Two Bonding Adhesives
Authors: Sam W. H. , Chao S. Y. , Chung K. H.
Published: December 2014

The shear bond strength of two adhesives (Concise® and Dyna-Plus® bonding system) with one type of ceramic bracket was determined in this study. There were statistically significant differences between the bond strengths, with Concisereg; recording higher levels than Dyna-Plus®. Failure sites of Dyna-Plus® were revealed at the enamel/resin, resin/resin, and resin/bracket interfaces; that of the Concise® was mainly at the resin/bracket interface.
The Aetiology of Class III Malocclusion Examined by Tensor Analysis
Authors: Battagel J. M.
Published: December 2014

This study compares and contrasts the differences in facial pattern between groups of young people, employing a modified tensor analysis. One-hundred-and-thirty-eight children with Class III malocclusions were compared with 105 control individuals of similar ages: 126 subjects were prepubertal (age range 7 to 10 years), whilst the remaining 117 were between 15 and 22 years of age. Males and females were examined separately.

The tensor analysis permitted the computation of differences in form (that is in size and shape) without specifically measuring either. Mean values for 18 conventional cephalometric landmarks were determined for each sub-group of control and Class III individuals. Customized programs were developed to assess the differences between 23 triads of points between the two occlusal groups.
Surface Roughness and Droplet Contact Angle Measurement of Various Orthodontic Bonding Cements
Authors: O'Kane C. , Oliver R. G. , Blunden R. E.
Published: December 2014

Surface characteristics that are considered important for bacterial attachment to thirteen orthodontic bonding composite cements and one glass ionomer cement were examined in vitro before and after toothbrush abrasion. The surface roughness and contact angle measurements were found to be statistically significantly different between the materials, both before and after brushing, and there were also statistically significant changes within materials after brushing. There were low correlation coefficients between surface roughness and contact angle for both pre-and post-brushed materials.
The Development of a New Method of Cephalometric and Study Cast Mensuration with a Computer Controlled, Video Image Capture System. Part II: Study Cast Mensuration
Authors: Lowey M. N.
Published: December 2014

A computerized system for mensuration of dental casts, developed at the Royal Berkshire Hospital in Reading was tested against a conventional manual method and a computer controlled reflex microscope. Systematic errors, calibration, and handling aspects are discussed. Results showed that the computerized system provided data which while statistically different, were clinically comparable with the same measurements carried out using conventional manual or digitizing techniques. The results indicated that future research is required with respect to object illumination for all indirect techniques.
Guidance on Presentation of Cephalometry-based Research Studies. A Personal Perspective
Authors: Stirrups D. R.
Published: December 2014

This paper presents advice on the planning and presentation of cephalometric investigations.
Predictors of Relapse in Orthodontically-treated Class III Malocclusions
Authors: Battagel Joanna M.
Published: December 2014

This study aimed to investigate the possibility of predicting relapse from the pretreatment records of children with orthodontically treatable Class III malocclusions. Sixty-four patients were studied: 31 individuals had been treated by a non-extraction technique, the remaining 33 with mid-arch extractions. Cephalometric and model data taken at the start of treatment and at least 2 years after all treatment and retention had ceased were examined. An individual diagnosis of relapse or stability was made from the post-retention records and the start of treatment records analysed in relation to this information. The capacity for predicting the observed outcome of therapy was assessed in three ways: correlation coefficients, the number of cephalometric measurements exceeding two standard deviations from a control group mean, and discriminant analysis. Only the latter proved an effective indicator of relapse, with a separate discriminant model being necessary for each sub-group.
A Laboratory Investigation into Cements Used to Retain Orthodontic Bands
Authors: Durning P. , McCabe J. F. , Gordon P. H.
Published: December 2014

A laboratory study is presented where a technique of band retention testing is characterized. A glass polyalkenoate and a zinc phosphate cement were evaluated for band retention under simulated conditions of mechanical stress. In the absence of mechanical and other stresses there was no difference in the two cements for band retention. However, after mechanical stress was applied the glass polyalkenoate cement proved superior to the zinc polyalkenoate cement for band retention (P<0·05). Weibull analysis is presented and described as a useful adjunct to statistical handling of band retention data.
The Role of Inter-Canine Width in Late Lower Arch Crowding
Authors: Richardson Margaret E.
Published: December 2014

Changes in lower inter-canine width in relation to changes in crowding in the years following second molar eruption were examined in a group of 30 subjects who had an increase in lower arch crowding and a group of 30 subjects who had no such increase in crowding.
Dentists Variation in the Determination of Orthodontic Treatment Need
Authors: Richmond S. , O'Brien K. D. , Roberts C. T. , Andrews M.
Published: December 2014

The criteria that dentists use to judge the need for orthodontic treatment are not clear. This study investigates variation in dentists' perception of orthodontic treatment need. Seventy-four dentists were asked to assess 320 dental casts in relation to aesthetic and dental health need. The results of this investigation revealed that the panel was divided as what constituted a need for orthodontic treatment on dental health grounds. It is suggested that one method of achieving a more uniform evaluation of orthodontic treatment need is the use of an occlusal index. Until an occlusal index is accepted and used by the profession, the distortion of need and demand for orthodontic treatment by dentists' unequal perceptions will continue.
Oral Health Gain for Wales—the Orthodontic Contribution
Authors: Hunter Bruce , Jones Malcolm
Published: December 2014

The authors' experience in preparing a document on malocclusion as part of the development of an Oral Health Protocol for Wales is briefly presented, together with the appropriate references to assist others that might be involved in similar exercises in the future.
Facial Aesthetics following Edgewise and Fränkel Appliance Therapy: The Application of Chernoff Faces
Authors: Battagel Joanna M. , Battagel N. J.
Published: December 2014

This study investigates an application of the graphical technique of multivariate data description, ‘Chernoff faces’, to orthodontics. This method of pictorial presentation allows the simultaneous examination of several measurements in a single figure. Each variable is represented by a scaled feature of the human face: the size and position of the ears, eyes, eyebrows, nose, and mouth, as well as the face itself, are used to display data in a diagrammatic form.

Using this method, the individual post-treatment results of 62 severe Class II division 1 cases treated by either Fränkel or Edgewise appliance therapy were compared. Nine cephalometric variables were chosen, describing the profile and the antero-posterior positions of the lower jaw and teeth, and stylized cartoon faces drawn for each child. These were compared with a control face prepared from untreated children of the same sex and age.

Overall, children treated with Fränkel appliances showed a more normal relationship of the lips to Ricketts' aesthetic line and a greater prominence of the lower face. This difference between the two groups was most marked in the soft tissues. In a few cases, however, the appearance of the Edgewise treated children was indistinguishable from that of the controls.

It is concluded that Chernoff faces, by portraying several pertinent aspects of data simultaneously, may be a useful adjunct to the presentation of orthodontic findings.
Orthodontic Treatment and Isolated Gingival Recession: A Review
Authors: McComb Joyce Lilias
Published: December 2014

Isolated gingival recession may occur in as many as 30 per cent of adolescents, and lead to problems of dentine hypersensitivity, root caries, and gingival inflammation in adult life. This review discusses the prevalence and aetiology of isolated recession, with particular reference to the implications for orthodontic treatment. Consideration is also given to the differing philosophies for management
Use of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) in Assessing the Need for Orthodontic Treatment Pre- and Post-appliance Therapy
Authors: Richmond S. , Roberts C. T. , Andrews M.
Published: December 2014

The Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) was used to assess the need for orthodontic treatment before and after treatment, on a systematic sample of 1225 cases. On the whole, full upper and lower fixed appliances brought about a greater improvement in Aesthetics and Dental Health Components compared to other appliance techniques, and were less likely to make the occlusion worse. It was found that certain occlusal traits were more likely to be successfully treated than others. A common problem resulting from treatment was the development of a cross-bite.
Bite-opening Mechanics as Applied in the Begg Technique
Authors: Tian-Min Xu , Jiu-Xiang Lin , Kui Hu , Jin-Fang Huang
Published: December 2014

In the Begg Technique, factors controlling the anterior intrusive force provided by the archwire have yet to be fully clarified. The rationale for bite opening with very light forces, the effect of Class II elastics on intrusive force magnitude and the intrinsic quality of ‘Australian’ wire in bite opening are examined in this paper. A formula is presented which allows the intrusive force that archwires exert in different individuals to be predicted. The values derived from the formula were compared with case model measurements. It was found that the intrusive force of the archwire was affected by the length of the individual dental arch. The magnitude of this intrusive force was seen to increase gradually during the period of bite opening and appeared to be related to the use of Class II elastics. The study revealed factors which affected the magnitude of the intrusive force.
Extracranial versus Intracranial References in Individual Cephalometric Analysis
Authors: Özbek M. Murat , Köklü A Yşegül
Published: December 2014

This study was undertaken to determine whether angles SNA and ANB genuinely represent both the degree of maxillary prognathism and the intermaxillary relationship in natural head position (NHP). Pearson's r correlation coefficients were used to assess the associations between these angles, and variables based on NHP and extracranial reference lines. A large sample (n=106) was used, comprising subjects with a variety of facial patterns. This was also divided into subgroups comprising subjects with similar facial configurations, determined by natural head position parameters.

For the subgroups, SNA and ANB were not associated with the variables based on. NHP, and showed high variations in subjects with similar facial patterns. SNA also showed statistically significant and high correlation with the inclination of the NSL to the true vertical.
The Benefits of Post-surgical Orthodontic Treatment
Authors: Lee R. T.
Published: December 2014

Orthodontic therapy is best carried out in a normal skeletal and soft tissue environment. In patients requiring orthognathic surgery, it is suggested that there are advantages in correcting the skeletal and soft tissue elements as early as possible, and to orthodontically control the occlusion post-operatively. This results in a shorter overall treatment time due to more biologically favourable tooth movement, more predictable occlusal results and better management by the orthodontist. The clinical benefits of post-operative orthodontics are outlined.
The Influence of the Setting of ‘Cut-off’ Points for Orthodontic Treatment Need upon the Reliability of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need
Authors: Green J. , O'Brien K.
Published: December 2014

This investigation evaluated the effect of setting cut-off points for treatment allocation upon the reliability of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN). Cut-off points were placed between the grades signifying ‘need’ and ‘moderate need’ and between ‘need’ and ‘no need’ for treatment. The reliability of each of these dichotomous decisions was evaluated with (i) the Kappa statistic and (ii) the false positive and false negative rates. We found that the reliability was decreased and the false positive rate was increased when the cut-off point was placed between the ‘need’ and ‘moderate need’ for treatment levels. The effect of this variation in reliability is discussed.
The Development of a Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Database—A Preliminary Report
Authors: Luther F. , Cook P. A.
Published: December 2014

The development of a regional cleft lip and palate database since its inception in 1988 is described. The method of data collection is outlined together with difficulties found and improvements it is hoped to achieve—both in the method of data collection and, ultimately, in the standard of care provided.
Audit in Orthodontic Practice: How Well do we Communicate with our Referring Practitioners?
Authors: Noble Philip M.
Published: December 2014

A questionnaire survey of 102 dental practitioners who refer patients to our specialist practice was undertaken to determine how satisfied they were with our current communication methods. Eighty-five replies were received (83 per cent). Seventy-two per cent felt that they were kept sufficiently informed about treatment decisions and progress. Almost all the practitioners were satisfied with our current extraction letter arrangements and with our practice of referring patients requiring oral surgery procedures directly to a local oral surgeon. Forty-six per cent of respondents noted a lapse in attendance by some patients undergoing active orthodontic treatment and 40 per cent requested more information regarding our waiting list. In general, 34 per cent of our referring practitioners felt that our communication methods could be improved to some degree, and a number of suggested improvements were made. Additional information was also obtained on referral patterns and the practitioners' own involvement with providing orthodontic treatment.
A Study of Frictional Forces between Orthodontic Brackets and Archwires
Authors: Downing Alison , McCabe John , Gordon Peter
Published: December 2014

The differences in magnitude of static and kinetic frictional forces generated by 0·022 × 0·030-inch stainless steel (Dentaurum®) and polycrystalline ceramic (Transcend®) brackets in combinntion with archwires of different sizes (0·018 inch and 0·019 × 0·025 inch) and materials (stainless steel, nickel-titanium, and beta-titanium) at a constant ligature force were investigated. A friction-testing assembly using the Instron machine was used. In all cases, the static frictional force was greater than the kinetic frictional force. There were no significant differences in the frictional forces generated by stainless steel and polycrystalline ceramic brackets. Beta-titanium archwires produced greater frictinal forces than the other two materials. Increasing the archwire diameter increased the frictional force.
A Comparison of the Forces Required to Produce Tooth Movement ex vivo through Three Types of Pre-adjusted Brackets When Subjected to Determined Tip or Torque Values
Authors: Sims A. P. T. , Waters N. E. , Birnie D. J.
Published: December 2014

Friction in fixed appliance systems has received considerable attention in recent literature, although that attributable to varying second order (tip) and third order (torque) adjustments in either the bracket or the archwire has not been fully investigated. The ex vivo study of 0·022 × 0·028-inch slot Minitwin®, Activa®, and Standard Straight Wire® brackets investigates friction when known values of tip or torque were applied to 0·018 × 0·025-inch stainless steel wires. The resistance to sliding of the wire through the ligated brackets was measured on a vertically-mounted Instron testing machine.

The results showed that the self-ligating Activa® brackets consistently produced less friction than the other conventionally tied brackets. Minitwin® brackets were slightly more resistant to movement than the Standard® brackets during torquing, but the converse was found when tip was applied. Increasing tip and torque (ranges tested 0–6 degrees and 0–25 degrees, respectively) produced almost linear increases in friction for all brackets, although increasing tip had the more profound effect on friction, particularly in Activa brackets.
The Influence of Fluoride-releasing Bonding Composites in the Development of Artificial White Spot Lesions. An Ex Vivo Study
Authors: Ghani Sarah H. A. , Creanor Stephen L. , Luffingham John K. , Foye Richard H.
Published: December 2014

This study investigates the effects of fluoride-releasing bonding composites on the development of artificially created white spot lesions ex vivo. The severity of the lesions was estimated visually using the von der Fehr Caries Index. The integrated mineral loss of the lesions (Δz) was measured using micro-radiography/microdensitometry. The results of the visual assessment indicated that teeth bonded with Reliance® exhibited more Grade 2 lesions than expected. Teeth bonded with Mirage Dual Cure®, however, showed a high prevalence of teeth with no lesions (Grade 0) and few with Grade 2. Microdensitometric analysis found 17 subsurface lesions; 14 of these were in the non-fluoridated groups (Right-On® and Heliosit®), and 3 and 1 in the fluoridated groups (Reliance® and Mirage Dual Cure®), respectively. Lesion mineral content ranged from 64·93 to 20·43 per cent for Right-On®, from 32·53 to 26·72 per cent for Heliosit®, from 19·52 to 19·58 per cent for Reliance®, and 23·58 per cent for Mirage Dual Cure®. The results of this study suggest that fluoride-releasing composites may have a caries preventive effect around orthodontic brackets.
Late Lower Arch Crowding: The Role of Differential Horizontal Growth
Authors: Richardson Margaret E.
Published: December 2014

Eighty-five subjects, recorded soon after eruption of second permanent molars, were followed longitudinally for 3 or 4 years.

Correlation and multiple regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between the change in lower arch space condition and (1) the horizontal component of the change in position of various points on or near the anterior borders of the maxilla and mandible, (2) the differential horizontal-vertical change in these points and (3) differences in horizontal change between maxillary and mandibular, and between intramandibular points.

No significant differences in amount or direction of growth were found between the maxillary and mandibular teeth or jaws. Pogonion changed more in a horizontal direction than B point. Increased lower arch crowding was weakly associated with differential horizontal growth of the teeth and jaws. Reduced horizontal growth and greater vertical as opposed to horizontal growth of the maxilla and teeth, and increased growth of the mandibular base were to some extent related to the crowding increase.
The Incidence of Cleft Lip and Palate in Northern Ireland from 1980–1990
Authors: Gregg Terry , Boyd Dorothy , Richardson Andrew
Published: December 2014

This study reports the incidence of the various types of cleft lip and/or palate drawn from a regional database of all affected children born in Northern Ireland during the period 1980–1990. The incidence of these anomalies was 1·28 per 1000 live births (1:781).

Fifty-three per cent of clefts involved the secondary palate only, 16 per cent the primary palate only, 26 per cent involved both primary and secondary palate, and 5 per cent were unconnected.

Overall, more males than females were affected and there were more males than females in the group having complete clefts. Separate clefts of lip and palate occurred exclusively in males with only one exception.

Unilateral clefts were more common on the left side.

Within the group showing complete unilateral cleft of the primary and secondary palate, left-sided clefts were more commonly male, right-sided clefts were more commonly female.

There were no statistically significant sex differences between sides in the unilateral primary palate cleft group.
Products for Prevention during Orthodontics
Authors: Chadwick Barbara L.
Published: December 2014

The potential for iatrogenic damage following fixed orthodontic treatment has been well documented for many years. Enamel decalcification and gingival inflammation are preventable if good practice is followed. Patients with gingivitis or active caries should not be considered for fixed orthodontics until the disease is controlled. Diet advice, oral hygiene, and topical fluorides are the basic elements of any preventive regime, and while they need to be individually tailored for each patient, fluoride mouthrinses should be routinely used by all patients with fixed appliances. The susceptibility of enamel adjacent to an orthodontic attachment remains a problem which future improvements in adhesive materials may help to address.
Effects of Cyclic Stressing on Attachment Bond Strength using Glass Ionomer Cement and Composite Resin
Authors: Moseley H. C. , Horrocks E. N. , Pearson G. J. , Davies E. H.
Published: December 2014

Bonded orthodontic brackets were subjected to cyclic loading in order to simulate the effect of occlusal forces. The subsequent effect on bond strength was determined. Stainless steel, mesh-based bracket were bonded to extracted teeth with either composite resin or glass ionomer cement. A jig was designed to subject each bracket to a preselected loading level and the 24-hour shear/peel bond strength of both stressed and unstressed brackets was subsequently measured. Cyclic loading brought about a comparative decrease in bond strength when using both types of material. The potential implications of selecting these different type of bonding material for clinical use are discussed.
An Investigation into the Fluoride Release of a Variety of Orthodontic Bonding Agents
Authors: Chadwick S. M. , Gordon P. H. H.
Published: December 2014

The purpose of this study was to compare the fluoride release from a variety of orthodontic bonding agents, Fluoride release into de-ionized water was measured over a 20-week period. Material based on the fluoride exchange resin was also tested in a saline solution. Fluoride release from a variety of orthodontic bonding agent was compared and the amount of release found to be highly variable. Glass ionomer-based materials showed substantially greater fluoride release when compared with resin-based materials. The presence of anions (Cl−) did not improve the release from fluoride exchange resin.

Glass ionomer/resin hybrid material (Vitrabond®) released the greatest amount of fluoride.
Bond Strengths of Ceramic Brackets Using Different Bonding Techniques
Authors: Blight Stephen J. , Lynch Edward
Published: December 2014

A series of laboratory investigations was carried out to compare the shear-type bond strengths and site of bond failure of ceramic orthodontic brackets bonded to etched enamel. When light-cured composite resin was used as the luting agent, there was no reduction in bond strength when using 2.5 per cent nitric acid to etch the enamel, compared to 37 per cent phosphoric acid. The use of the two resin modified glass ionomer cements were found to give rise to significantly lower bond strengths than composite resin when used for placing ceramic brackets. Significantly less composite resin remained on the enamel surface following bracket removal in those samples etched with nitric acid.
The Effect of Artificial Saliva on the Frictional Forces between Orthodontic Brackets and Archwires
Authors: Downing Alison , Mccabe John F. , Gordon Peter H.
Published: December 2014

The effect of artificial saliva on the static and kinetic frictional forces of stainless steel (Dentaurum®) and polycrystalline ceramic (Transcend®) brackets in combination with 0·018-inch round and 0·019 × 0·025-inch Edgewise archwire sizes and stainless steel, nickel-titanium and beta-titanium archwire materials, under a constant ligature force were investigated. In all cases, artificial saliva had the effect of increasing the frictional force when compared with the dry state.
The Consultant Orthodontists Group Survey of Hospital Waiting Lists and Treated Cases
Authors: Willmot D. R. , Dibiase D. , Birnie D. J. , Heesterman R. A.
Published: December 2014

A questionnaire sent to all U.K. hospital orthodontic consultants resulted in an 88 per cent response rate. The average waiting time for initial consultation was 31·6 weeks for routine cases and 3·6 weeks for urgent cases. The average waiting time for out patient treatment was 68·7 weeks for routine cases and 7·5 weeks for urgent cases. Nearly 33 per cent of hospitals used the Dental Health Component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment need (IOTN) as a guide to placing patients on waiting lists. ‘Urgency’ and ‘Complexity’ were used more frequently than indices. Sixty-nine per cent of hospitals exclude some categories of malocclusion from treatment in their departments.

A prospective survey reported on 2480 completed treatments over a six week period and there was an average discontinuation rate of 9·2 per cent of all cases finished during the period. Comparison of the completed and discontinued groups revealed few significant treatment-related factors. There was some evidence that the more senior and experienced the operator, the less the rate of discontinuation. A greater rate of discontinuation was seen in removable appliance cases when compared with fixed appliance cases.
An Evaluation of the Views of General Dental Practitioners who have Participated in an Extended Orthodontic Training Scheme
Authors: Power S. M. , Hodgkins J. F. W. , Stephen C. D.
Published: December 2014

A questionnaire was sent to 255 dental practitioners who had participated in an extended orthodontic training scheme, incorporating formal teaching and supervised clinical sessions over a period of not less than 24 months. The response of the practitioners was good; 78 per cent of the forms returned were suitable for analysis.

Overall, the practitioner responded favourably to the schemes and felt that they had been of benefit to their clinical practice. The majority undertook more orthodontic treatment as a result and on average, fixed appliances were used in half of these treatments.
A Sectional Approach to the Alignment of Ectopic Maxillary Canines
Authors: Roberts-Harry D. P. , Harradine N. W. T.
Published: December 2014

A sectional fixed appliance is described for the alignment of ectopic maxillary canines. This system has a number of advantages over conventionally employed mechanics. These include both good aesthetics and optimal tooth alignment.
Congenital Absence of the Atlas Posterior Arch. A Case Report
Authors: Huggare Jan
Published: December 2014

A report of a healthy young adult woman with non-pathological congenital absence of the lateral and posterior parts of the atlas is presented. This occurred in association with a steep mandibular plane angle and an extremely obtuse gonial angle. Similar facial features are common in females with hypoplastic dorsal arches, and this case illustrates the intimate developmental association between the upper part of the cervical spine and the craniofacial complex.
Quality Assurance in Orthodontic Radiography
Authors: Brown J. E.
Published: December 2014

The implementation of a Quality Assurance (QA) programme in orthodontic radiography is designed to improve the quality of the resultant radiographs and to reduce the number of repeat exposures. This is particularly desirable in orthodontic practice where the majority of patients are young and therefore more at risk from the detrimental effects of X-rays. A programme is described and QA tests are given that may be applied in the surgery. Particular emphasis is placed on QA measures for extraoral radiography, since this is frequently undertaken in the treatment of the orthodontic patient.
Dental Hygienists in Australia and their Employment in Orthodontic Practice
Authors: Wexler Geoffrey
Published: December 2014

Dental hygienists are the designated dental auxiliary of the future in Australia. This article explains how their duties came into existence and why their duties in orthodontic practice seem limited in some instances.

Dental hygienists, a class of operating dental auxiliaries, work in Australian orthodontic practices, but their employment is not widespread. The ratio of hygienists to dentists is reported to be 1:40 in Australia and 1:10 in South Australia (Pash, personal communication).