bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis B Vaccine Compliance, Serologic Response, and Durability in Adult Thoracic Organ Transplant Recipients
Authors: Chiu Chia‐Yu , Sampathkumar Priya , Brumble Lisa M. , Vikram Holenarasipur R. , Watt Kymberly D. , Beam Elena
Published: September 2024

Introduction

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination is recommended for solid organ transplant (SOT) candidates. However, there is a lack of data on the HBV vaccine compliance, serologic response, and durability of HBV seroprotection in thoracic organ transplantation recipients.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective study of adult thoracic organ (heart and lung) transplant candidates who received HBV vaccination at Mayo Clinic sites in Minnesota, Arizona, and Florida between January 2018 and August 2023. Conventional recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (Recombivax HB) was used before 2020, and Heplisav‐B was preferred after 2020. HBV seroprotection was defined as hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb) ≥ 10 IU/L. Furthermore, we compared characteristics between recipients who maintained HBV seroprotection and those who lost HBV seroprotection (HBsAb < 10 IU/L) at 30 days posttransplantation (D30).

Results

Among 922 candidates who were eligible for HBV vaccination, 430 (47%) completed the HBV vaccine series. Patients receiving Heplisav‐B were more likely to complete the series than Recombivax HB (81% vs. 60%, p < 0.001) and Heplisav‐B had a higher seroprotection rate than Recombivax HB (75% vs. 64%, p = 0.023). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified receiving Heplisav‐B as an independent predictor for HBV seroprotection (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.723; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.056–2.810; p = 0.029). A total of 145 thoracic organ transplant recipients achieved HBV seroprotection at the date of transplantation. Loss of HBV seroprotection occurred in 38 (26%) patients at D30. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified two predictors for HBV seroprotection loss at D30: age ≥ 60 years (aOR, 2.503; 95% CI 1.026–6.107; p = 0.044), and pretransplant HBsAb level between 10 and 100 IU/L (aOR, 18.575; 95% CI 5.211–66.209; p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Although less than half of thoracic organ transplant candidates completed HBV vaccine series pretransplant, Heplisav‐B provided a higher vaccine completion rate and seroprotection than the 3‐dose Recombivax HB. Clinicians should also be aware of the increased loss of HBV seroprotection in thoracic organ transplant recipients with age ≥ 60 years and pretransplant HBsAb between 10 and 100 IU/L. Assessment of seroprotection after HBV vaccination should be prioritized during the pretransplant period.
Randomized, double‐blind, phase 1a single‐ascending dose and food effect studies assessing safety and pharmacokinetics of EC5026 in healthy volunteers
Authors: Schmidt William K. , Cortés‐Puch Irene , McReynolds Cindy B. , Croston Glenn E. , Hwang Sung Hee , Yang Jun , Pedersen Theresa L. , Wagner Karen M. , Pham Theresa T. , Hunt Thomas , Hammock Bruce D.
Published: September 2024

Chronic pain represents a significant unmet medical need, affecting one‐fifth of the U.S. population. EC5026 is a small molecule inhibitor of the enzyme soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) which is being developed as a novel non‐opioid, non‐NSAID analgesic. EC5026 prolongs the action of epoxy fatty acids, endogenous analgesic lipid mediators that are rapidly metabolized by sEH. We evaluated the safety and pharmacokinetic profile of EC5026 in two phase I trials, a single‐ascending dose (SAD) study and a fed‐fasted study. The SAD study evaluated EC5026 doses ranging from 0.5 to 24 mg in healthy volunteers. EC5026 was well tolerated. No treatment‐emergent adverse events were considered related to EC5026. No apparent treatment‐ or dose‐related trends in laboratory results, vital signs, physical examinations, or electrocardiograms were observed. A linear, near‐dose‐proportional increase in exposure was observed with progressive doses in the SAD study; plasma exposure was below or near the lower limit of quantification after 0.5–2 mg doses. Mean half‐lives ranged from 41.8 to 59.1 h. for doses of 8–24 mg, supporting a once‐daily dosing regimen. In the fed‐fasted study using 8 mg EC5026 tablets, higher peak concentrations (66%) and total exposures (53%) were observed under the fed condition. Plasma concentrations declined in a monoexponential manner with mean half‐lives of 59.5 h. in the fed state and 66.9 h. in the fasted state. Future clinical trials using EC5026 for the treatment of pain are justified based on the favorable outcomes from both clinical trials along with preclinical evidence of analgesic activity.
A performance evaluation index for student satisfaction in online live classes of Chinese language and literature
Authors: Liu Chunhua , Yang Panwang
Published: September 2024

Student satisfaction in online live classes is considered an important criterion to evaluate the effectiveness of this instructional system. This study aims to develop a performance evaluation index to measure the satisfaction of students who have mastered Chinese language and literature through online live classes. Guided by survey techniques and related theories, a questionnaire on satisfaction in online live classes for students majoring in Chinese language and literature was developed. The reliability and validity of the measurement instrument were assessed through testing, and the results showed good reliability and validity. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used to establish a performance evaluation model. The findings of this study contribute to the field of online education by providing a structured method to assess student satisfaction with the Chinese language and literature through online live classes. The performance evaluation index developed in this study can be used by educational institutions to improve the quality of their online instructional programs and improve the overall learning experience for students. Thus, the novelty of the study is to develop an evaluation model that helps educational institutions to evaluate the effectiveness of online live classes and guide the improvement of instructional practices.
Analysis of Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS‐42) With Methods of Data Mining
Authors: Sulak Suleyman Alpaslan , Koklu Nigmet
Published: September 2024

This study employs advanced data mining techniques to investigate the DASS‐42 questionnaire, a widely used psychological assessment tool. Administered to 680 students at Necmettin Erbakan University's Ahmet Kelesoglu Faculty of Education, the DASS‐42 comprises three distinct subscales—depression, anxiety and stress—each consisting of 14 items. Departing from traditional statistical methodologies, the study harnesses the power of the WEKA data mining program to analyse the dataset. Employing Naive Bayes (NB), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Logistic Regression (LR), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Random Forest (RF) algorithms, the research unveils novel insights. The ANN method emerges as a standout performer, achieving remarkable distinctiveness scores for all subscales: depression (99.26%), anxiety (98.67%) and stress (97.35%). The study highlights the potential of data mining in enhancing psychological assessment and showcases the ANN's prowess in capturing intricate patterns within complex psychological dimensions. By charting a course beyond conventional statistical methods, this research pioneers a new frontier for employing data mining within the realm of social sciences. As a result of the study, it is recommended that teacher candidates in the teacher education process should have knowledge about depression, anxiety and stress, and relevant courses on these topics should be added to the curriculum of teacher education programs.
Effect of interleukin‐17A on inflammatory mediator production in interleukin‐1β‐stimulated human dental pulp fibroblasts
Authors: Nakanishi Tadashi , Mieda Katsuhiro , Kuramoto Hitomi , Takegawa Daisuke
Published: September 2024

In response to pro‐inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)‐1β, dental pulp fibroblasts produce various inflammatory mediators, including IL‐6, IL‐8, CC chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20), and CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), leading to the progression of pulpitis. IL‐17/IL‐17A (IL‐17A) is a pro‐inflammatory cytokine secreted by T helper (Th) 17 cells following their recruitment to inflamed sites; however, the roles of IL‐17A during pulpitis remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of IL‐17A on IL‐6, IL‐8, CCL20 and CXCL10 production by human dental pulp fibroblasts (HDPFs) in vitro. IL‐17A at a concentration of 100 ng/ml induced the production of 10 times more IL‐8 and 4 times more CXCL10, but not IL‐6 and CCL20, compared to controls. Co‐stimulation of HDPFs with IL‐17A and IL‐1β synergistically enhanced the production of IL‐6, CCL20, IL‐8 and CXCL10. IL‐1β increased expression of IL‐17 receptor/IL‐17RA (IL‐17R) on HDPFs. Moreover, the cell signal pathways of p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) were more potently activated by simultaneous stimulation with IL‐17A and IL‐1β. These findings suggest that IL‐17A participates in the progression of dental pulp inflammation through the enhanced production of inflammatory mediators in HDPFs.
Losing a parent during childhood: The impact on adult romantic relationships
Authors: van Heijningen Carline J. M. , van Berkel Sheila R. , Langereis Iris , Elzinga Bernet M. , Alink Lenneke R. A.
Published: September 2024

The disruption of the parent–child attachment bond due to parental death (PD) may lead to lingering feelings of unsafety or insecurity that might potentially transfer to adult intimate relationships. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether experiencing childhood parental death (CPD) was associated with adult romantic relationship formation and stability, attachment style, and relationship satisfaction, and whether this is dependent on (in)secure parental bonding. In this cross‐sectional study, relationship indicators were assessed using self‐report questionnaires in adults (25–45 years old) who experienced PD during childhood (n = 236), in adulthood (n = 301), and who did not experience PD (n = 278). Experiencing CPD was not associated with relationship formation, relationship stability indicators, and relationship satisfaction. However, individuals who experienced CPD reported higher levels of attachment anxiety and avoidance within their current romantic relationship compared to individuals who did not experience (childhood) PD. Furthermore, insecure bonding with the deceased parent was associated with higher levels of attachment anxiety, while this was not the case for the quality of bonding with the surviving parent or new partner of the surviving parent. These findings on the association between CPD and adult attachment insecurity provide new insight in how attachment insecurity to the deceased parent may be related to attachment insecurity in adult relationships, which is important to discuss when working with individuals who experienced CPD.
Introduction to the Special Issue: Convening for the ABA Commission on Youth at Risk
Authors: Smith Charisa
Published: September 2024

Youth and families impacted by legal systems now resoundingly attest to the systems' lasting harm, echoed by interdisciplinary research. Lawyering thus requires a vastly renewed outlook, boldness, and honest inquiry about the limits of what the law and public systems can (and should) attempt as purported problem‐solving amidst broader socioeconomic forces and injustice. This report synthesizes recommendations from a groundswell of diverse, dedicated voices following an October 2023 convening hosted by the American Bar Association Commission on Youth at Risk, the ABA Center on Children and the Law, and Hofstra University's Maurice A. Deane School of Law. Entitled “Renewal and Revolution: Recommitting the Legal Profession to Serving Children and Youth, Their Families, and Communities,” the convening engaged various professionals—many with firsthand experience in foster and justice systems— and other advocates. Since the 2006 ABA Youth At Risk Initiative Planning Conference, the ABA Commission on Youth At Risk has elevated the representation and voice of youth through ethical practice standards, expanded access, and national initiatives. This report recounts findings of the 2023 convening's four working groups which met for two‐days of (often tense) discussions to chart a path for the legal profession, law, and policy for the next decade and beyond. Priorities include: transcending conceptions of youth “at risk” towards recognition of harms done, a strengths‐based lens, and lived experience leadership and expertise; cultivating next generation attorneys; prioritizing early family defense and diversion; divesting from systems and re‐investing directly with youth and families; and further eliminating racial disparities.
Outcomes of patients with Barrett's oesophagus with low‐grade dysplasia undergoing endoscopic surveillance in a tertiary centre: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Vlismas Luke J. , Potter Michael , Loewenthal Mark R. , Wilson Katie , Allport Kelleigh , Gillies Donna , Cook Dane , Philcox Stephen , Bollipo Steven , Talley Nicholas J.
Published: September 2024

Background and Aim

Barrett's oesophagus predisposes individuals to oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC), with the risk of progression to malignancy increasing with the degree of dysplasia, categorized as either low‐grade dysplasia (LGD) or high‐grade dysplasia (HGD). The reported incidence of progression to OAC in LGD ranges from 0.02% to 11.43% per annum. In patients with LGD, Australian guidelines recommend 6‐monthly endoscopic surveillance. We aimed to describe the surveillance practices within a tertiary centre, and to determine the predictive value of surveillance as well as other risk factors for progression.

Methods

Endoscopy and pathology databases were searched over a 10‐year period to collate all cases of Barrett's oesophagus with LGD. Medical records were reviewed to document patient factors and endoscopic and histologic details. Because follow‐up times varied greatly, survival analysis techniques were employed.

Results

Fifty‐nine patients were found to have LGD. Thirteen patients (22.0%) progressed to either HGD or OAC (10 (16.9%) and three (5.1%) respectively); the annual incidence rates of progression to HGD/OAC and OAC were 5.5% and 1.1% respectively. All patients who developed OAC had non‐guideline‐adherent surveillance. A Cox model found only two predictors of progression: (i) guideline‐adherent surveillance, performed in 16 (27.1%), detected progression to HGD/OAC four times earlier than non‐guideline‐adherent surveillance (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.3–12.3; P = 0.016). (ii) The detection of visible lesions at exit endoscopy independently predicted progression (hazard ratio = 6.5; 95% CI = 1.9–22.8; P = 0.003).

Conclusion

Barrett's oesophagus with LGD poses a significant risk of progression to HGD/OAC. Guideline‐recommended surveillance is effective, but is difficult to adhere to. Clinical predictors for those who are more likely to progress are yet to be defined.
Skeletal muscle function in man: force, relaxation rate, endurance and contraction time‐dependence on sex and age
Authors: Lennmarken C. , Bergman T. , Larsson J. , Larsson L.‐E.
Published: September 2024

Two different methods for estimating muscle function were compared; hand grip strength (HGS) and adductor pollicis muscle function after electrical stimulation of the ulnar nerve. Fifty‐two ‘normal’ subjects, who were divided into four groups, according to sex and age, were investigated. Technical modifications of the latter method are presented for the measurement of human skeletal muscle function, independent of the motivation of the subject.

Maximal voluntary force, as measured with a hand dynamometer, was higher in males than in females. Young males were stronger than males over 50 years old, and young females were stronger than old women. The statistical analysis of the muscle function variables after electrical stimulation showed that young females developed relatively more force at low stimulating frequencies than females over 50 years old. Females had a significantly longer contraction time to tetany compared to males. The relaxation rate after tetanic stimulation was independent of sex and age. Endurance was reduced in old males compared to females in the same age‐group and to young males.
Duplex scanning and periorbital pulsed Doppler in the diagnosis of external carotid artery disease: analysis of causes of error
Authors: Zbornikova Vera , Lassvik Claes , Johansson Ingegerd
Published: September 2024

The external carotid arteries (ECA) were examined by duplex scanning in 123 consecutive patients with transient ischaemic attacks (TIA) and minor stroke. Two occlusions and five out of six high grade stenosis were correctly classified, yielding a sensitivity of 88% defining disease as stenosis > 50. Specificity was 94% and accuracy was 93%. Nine low grade stenosis (<50%) and six normal vessels were judged as high grade stenosis. A possible cause of this overestimation was a compensatory flow increase in the ECA caused by an occlusion or high grade stenosis in the internal carotid arteries (ICA), either on the same side or bilaterally. This was supported by the finding of a significantly (P<0·05) higher retrograde flow velocity in the ipsilateral supratrochlear arteries (STA) in patients with high ECA flow velocity, as compared to those with normal ECA flow. Thus in the evaluation of a possible ECA stenosis, the condition of the ICA should be considered in order to avoid overestimation of ECA lesions. The additional examination of flow direction and velocity in STA gives an indication as to whether or not an ECA stenosis might be present.
Correlation between fluorescein flowmetry,133Xenon clearance and electromagnetic flow measurement: a study in the intestine of the pig
Authors: Perbeck Leif , Lewis David H. , Thulin Lars , Tydén Gunnar
Published: September 2024

The purpose of the present study was to compare fluorescein flowmetry as a technique for measuring changes in intestine blood flow with electromagnetic blood flowmetry and the133Xenon clearance technique. In eight anaesthetized pigs the blood flow in the superior mesenteric artery was reduced to 20–75% of basal flow as defined by electromagnetic flowmetry. The change in blood flow as calculated by fluorescein flowmetry correlated well with that obtained by electromagnetic blood flowmetry (correlation coefficient 0·86) and133Xenon clearance technique (correlation coefficient 0·94). These findings indicate that fluorescein flowmetry can be considered a quantitative method for measurements of a relative blood flow.
Diving into the fish pathology of an important commercial fish species: the case of the European hake (Merluccius merluccius Linnaeus, 1758) in the northwest Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Muns‐Pujadas Laura , Constenla Maria , Dallarés Sara , Padrós Francesc
Published: September 2024

The gross pathology and the histopathological alterations identified in juvenile specimens of the European hake (Merluccius merluccius), one of the most important target species of commercial fisheries in the northwest Mediterranean, are described. A qualitative and semi‐quantitative histological approach was performed in specimens from 2007 and 2019. Prevalence and mean intensity of parasites and histopathological changes were calculated in both years. No macroscopic alterations were found in any organ but several parasites (e.g., copepods, nematodes, digeneans) were detected. Microscopically, alterations identified in gills included foci of inflammation and hyperplasia (present in 77.38% of hakes from both years), extensive hyperplasia (33.33%), and inflammation (16.65%) that were potentially related to the mechanical effects of monogeneans and copepods, cysts of unknown etiology (62.69%), and lamellar inflammation associated to Aporocotyle spinosicanalis eggs (8.33%). Granulomas and inflammatory focus were detected in the liver, spleen, and stomach, apparently associated with the presence of nematodes. Coelozoic myxosporean parasites were detected within the renal tubules (66.66%). Most of the pathologies detected were similar to those described in other gadoid species (i.e., Gadus morhua) and were usually related to the presence of ecto and endoparasites. The potential impact of parasites on the health of this fish species is discussed for improving the knowledge and management of these valuable fishing stocks.
Comparative evaluation of the effects of laser and chemical denture disinfectants on the surface characteristics of CAD‐CAM and conventional denture resins: An in vitro experimental study
Authors: Moussa Rania , Ellakany Passent , Fouda Shaimaa M , El‐Din Mai Salah
Published: September 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of Ga‐Al‐Ar diode, Nd:YAG lasers, and chemical disinfectants (NaOCl, vinegar, and Corega) on surface roughness (Ra) and hardness (VHN) of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), thermoplastic polyamide, milled and 3D‐printed denture base resins.

Materials and Methods

About 432 specimens of PMMA, thermoplastic polyamide, milled, and 3D‐printed resins were divided into six subgroups (n = 18): distilled water (control:C), Ga‐Al‐Ar diode laser (L1), Nd:YAG laser (L2), 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), vinegar (AA), and Corega (CR). Each specimen's Ra and VHN were measured. Surface topography assessment was done using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Analysis was done using ANOVA and post hoc Tukey's test (p = 0.05).

Results

A significant difference was noted in Ra and VHN as affected by denture base materials, surface disinfectants, and their interaction (p < 0.001). Results showed a significant increase in Ra of PMMA with NaOCL (p < 0.001), AA (p = 0.005), and CR (p = 0.009), thermoplastic polyamide with L1 (p = 0.012), L2 (p = 0.015), NaOCL AA, and CR (p < 0.001 each), milled resin with AA NaOCL, and CR (p < 0.001 each), and 3D‐printed resin with L1, NaOCl, AA (p < 0.001 each), and CR (p = 0.008). The VHN increased in PMMA with NaOCL (p < 0.001), AA (p = 0.044), and CR (p < 0.001), thermoplastic polyamide with L1 (p = 0.037), milled resin with L1, L2, and CR (p < 0.001 each), and 3D‐printed resin with L1, NaOCl (p < 0.001 each), and decreased with CR (p = 0.007).

Conclusion

The tested properties showed variations affected by denture base material and surface disinfectants. Laser treatments induced smoother surfaces than chemical disinfectants. Laser improved the surface hardness of CAD‐CAM resins, while chemical immersion improved that of PMMA.
Aedes albopictus colonies from different geographic origins differ in their sleep and activity levels but not in the time of peak activity
Authors: Wynne Nicole E. , Applebach Emilie , Chandrasegaran Karthikeyan , Ajayi Oluwaseun M. , Chakraborty Souvik , Bonizzoni Mariangela , Lahondère Chloé , Benoit Joshua B. , Vinauger Clément
Published: September 2024

Mosquitoes occupy a wide range of habitats where they experience various environmental conditions. The ability of some species, such as the tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, to adapt to local conditions certainly contributes to their invasive success. Among traits that remain to be examined, mosquitoes' ability to time their activity with that of the local host population has been suggested to be of significant epidemiological importance. However, whether different populations display heritable differences in their chronotype has not been examined. Here, we compared laboratory strains originating from eight populations from three continents, monitored their spontaneous locomotor activity patterns and analysed their sleep‐like states. Overall, all strains showed conserved diurnal activity concentrated in the hours preceding the crepuscule. Similarly, they all showed increased sleep levels during the morning and night hours. However, we observed strain‐specific differences in the activity levels at each phase of the day. We also observed differences in the fraction of time that each strain spends in a sleep‐like state, explained by variations in the sleep architecture across strains. Human population density and the latitude of the site of the geographic origin of the tested strain showed significant effects on sleep and activity patterns. Altogether, these results suggest that Ae. albopictus mosquitoes adapt to local environmental conditions via heritable adaptations of their chronotype.
Role of Parenting Status in the Relationship Between Maternal Depression and Infant–Mother Attachment: A Longitudinal Cohort Study in China
Authors: Bai Yanping , Li Xiaoyu , Yi Jingmin , Xue Wenqing , Mo Yushi , Gong Wenjie
Published: September 2024

This study in China aimed to explore the impact of maternal depression on infant–mother attachment and whether parenting status moderated this relationship. Women underwent depression assessments at seven perinatal time points: ≤12, 17, 21, 31, and 37 weeks of pregnancy, as well as 1 and 6 weeks postpartum. Those completing at least three times assessments, along with their infants, were invited for infant–mother attachment assessment at 12–18 months postpartum. Among 233 infant–mother pairs completing the infant–mother attachment assessment, 62 and 80 mothers had postnatal depression and perinatal major depression, respectively; 75 (32.2%) of infants exhibited insecure attachment. While infants whose mothers had maternal depression showed a slightly elevated rate of insecure attachment, this difference did not achieve statistical significance. Additionally, parenting status did not influence the relationship between maternal depression and infant–mother attachment. Nevertheless, the study hinted that more physical contact between mother and infant might reduce insecure attachment likelihood. Future research should expand sample sizes and assessment points for better understanding. In addition, encouraging close interaction and physical touch between mother and infant may be beneficial.
Ableism and the discourse of risk and safety in patient‐facing work‐integrated learning
Authors: Epstein Iris , Stephens Lindsay , Baljko Melanie , Procknow Greg , Mastrilli Paula
Published: September 2024

In many countries, such as Canada, the USA, England, and Australia, to graduate from a regulated profession such as nursing, students must complete a set of work‐integrated learning (WIL) hours and demonstrate their ability to safely perform physical skills and apply knowledge in relation to professional standards. For a disabled nursing student (DNS) undergoing training in higher education institutions (HEI), securing proper accommodations to participate effectively in WIL experiences has been difficult due to concerns related to risks to self and patient safety. This study used critical discourse analysis to investigate the framing of risk and safety in association with providing DNS with accommodation in WIL. Our data were collected from an intensive codesign (group‐based discussion) session with participants (n = 16), including clinicians and DNS, from four institutions (two WIL‐sites and two HEI organizations). Using an iterative thematic approach based on Foucauldian framework, our analysis revealed three ways in which health professionals discursively framed risk and safety: (a) beliefs that a lack of disclosure by disabled students decreases patient safety and indicates poor self‐reflection, (b) concerns that accommodating students poses a risk to institutions offering WIL experiences and to the relationships between HEI and institutions offering WIL‐sites, and (c) a framing which challenges the dominant discourse by thinking about safety and risk more expansively. Our findings suggest the first two of these framings are ableist and function to enact barriers to access for DNSs in WIL, whereas the third framing serves the goal of inclusion. Recommendations to address the current ableist discourse within the Canadian nursing context are provided, which may also be applicable across other regulated health professions.
What do we do when we suspend judgement?
Authors: Meylan Anne
Published: September 2024

According to a classical view, suspension of judgement is, like belief and disbelief, a cognitive state. However, as some authors (Crawford 2022; Lord 2020; McGrath 2021a, 2021b; Sosa 2019, 2021) have pointed out, to suspend judgement is also to perform a certain mental action. The main goal of this article is to defend a precise account of the action that we take when we suspend our judgement: the Preventing Account. The Preventing Account has both the advantage of (i) accounting for familiar situations in which subjects suspend judgements and (ii) of explaining the tendency, which is widespread in the philosophical tradition (from sceptics to pragmatists), to consider suspension of judgement as something that is (at least, to some degree) difficult to achieve.
Transcriptomic and physiological analyses reveal plant resistance against Ralstonia solanacearum involves salicylic acid‐mediated defences in tomato leaves
Authors: Li Na , Sun Sheng , Kong Lingjuan , Chen Zhifeng , Xin Yidong , Shao Renguang , Wang Lumei , Wang Hehe , Geng Xueqing
Published: September 2024

The destructive bacterial wilt disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum leads to substantial losses in tomato production worldwide. RNA‐seq is a powerful technology to decipher various biological processes of host–pathogen interactions by analysing differentially expressed genes (DEGs). In the current study, we used RNA‐seq to analyse the transcriptome changes during the interaction of R. solanacearum and susceptible tomato leaves at the time point of 24 h. Gene ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases were used to annotate functions of DEGs in tomato plants. DEGs related to plant and pathogen interaction pathways, photosynthesis pathways and hormone signalling pathways were further analysed. Our results revealed that R. solanacearum inoculation activated plant defence response pathways to induce a number of core defence genes against bacterial invasion, inhibited expression of genes related to photosynthesis processes and activated the salicylic acid (SA) signalling pathway to induce defence responses. We quantified SA and jasmonic acid (JA) contents after bacterial inoculation. SA treatment alleviated plant disease symptoms and induced immune‐related reactive oxygen species (ROS) bursts in tomato leaves. The extent of disease symptoms was much greater in SlNPR1‐silenced plants than wild‐type plants. Together, our results will provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of plant induced defences against bacterial invasion and provide a theoretical basis for breeding resistance of tomato against R. solanacearum in future.
Epidemiological associations between periodontitis and cancer
Authors: Higham Jon , Scannapieco Frank A.
Published: September 2024

There is a postulated association of periodontitis with a number of human cancers. This narrative review provides current epidemiological evidence on the association between periodontitis and cancer. A PubMed search with the relevant keywords (periodontal disease, periodontitis, cancer, and malignancy) was completed to identify relevent articles. We present a narrative review on the association between periodontal disease and a range of cancers, including oral cancer, stomach and esophageal cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, hematological malignancies, liver cancer, breast cancer, and ovarian cancer. While there is a considerable body of epidemiological evidence that supports the association between periodontal disease and cancer, this is largely from cohort and case–control studies and the association may therefore be circumstantial as little evidence exists in the form of treatment trials that would validate the role of periodontal disease in the process of cancer initiation and development.
Inter‐organizational cooperation, financial constraints, and firm's innovation: evidence from five African countries
Authors: Ayalew Misraku Molla
Published: September 2024

The study examines whether to collaborate or with whom to collaborate to alleviate the adverse effect of financial constraints on innovation. It utilizes a survey of 1611 firms from five African countries, using from two merged datasets: the Innovation Follow‐Ups Survey and the World Bank Enterprise Survey. The study uses the 2014 survey waves, the latest innovation survey data for African countries. The result shows that inter‐organizational cooperation effectively alleviates the adverse influence of financial constraints on product innovation, while it only reduces its effect on process innovation. Specifically, cooperation with domestic firms, foreign firms, academic or research institutions, government, and consulting companies alleviates the adverse effect of financial constraints on product innovation. However, except for cooperation with the government, other modes of cooperation reduce but do not completely alleviate the adverse impact of financial constraints on a firm's process innovation. Firms with cooperation arrangements with the government can effectively alleviate the negative effect of financial constraints on both product and process innovation. The study further shows that different modes of cooperation have distinct effects on a firm's likelihood of having product or process innovation. Managers of financially constrained companies can consider cooperation as a coping strategy to mitigate the adverse influence of financial constraints on their innovation performance but should pay attention to partner selection.
West Lothians in the European Parliament? Diverging Vote Choices in Cases of Differentiated Integration
Authors: Steinecke David , Heermann Max
Published: September 2024

Territorial differentiation entails challenges for legitimate representation as legislators may be empowered to vote on legislation that does not affect their constituencies. A typical example of this democratic dilemma is the “West Lothian question” in the United Kingdom, where all members of the House of Commons can vote on bills that only affect England. The European Union faces a similar dilemma when members of the European Parliament vote on bills from which their member states are exempted. We analyse EU legislators' voting behaviour on differentiated policies to provide the missing empirical evidence for an informed debate about the institutional design of legislative rules under differentiation. We show that legislators abstain more frequently than their party group colleagues when their constituency is not subject to a bill due to sovereignty concerns. This practice of abstention resembles an existing norm in the United Kingdom and mitigates the democratic dilemma associated with differentiation.
In vivo confocal microscopic features of canine primary corneal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Rogers Callie M. , Knickelbein Kelly E. , Scott Erin M. , Ledbetter Eric C.
Published: September 2024

Objective

To describe the in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) findings in dogs with primary corneal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).

Animals

Eight dogs with primary corneal SCC.

Procedures

Dogs diagnosed with primary corneal SCC by histopathology were examined with a modified Heidelberg Retina tomograph and Rostock Cornea Module prior to surgical intervention. The findings from the IVCM examination were correlated with clinical details from ophthalmic examinations and diagnostic test results.

Results

Eight eyes from eight dogs with unilateral primary corneal SCC were examined. Corneal lesions were characterized with IVCM by abnormal epithelial cells that were polygonal and enlarged with marked morphological variability and anisocytosis within individual corneas. The abnormal cells displayed variable reflectivity, but most had highly reflective cellular borders and moderately reflective cytoplasm. Cells that were markedly and diffusely hyperreflective were also occasionally observed possibly representing keratinization and dyskeratosis. On IVCM, neoplastic cells were grouped into cords, clusters, and sheets, and nests of neoplastic cells often invaded the underlying corneal stroma. Keratin pearls were a frequent finding and appeared as circular whirls of neoplastic epithelial cells arranged around concentric layers of hyperreflective amorphous material within a dark cyst‐like space. Abundant blood vessels and scattered leukocytes were present in all tumors. There was a high degree of morphologic agreement between IVCM analysis and histopathological findings in all cases.

Conclusions

The distinguishing features of primary corneal SCC during IVCM examine were similar to those seen in histopathologic examination of tumor sections, including enlarged and pleomorphic squamous epithelial cells, anisocytosis, keratin pearl formation, and dense vascularization.
Regular whole blood donation and gastrointestinal, breast, colorectal and haematological cancer risk among blood donors in Australia
Authors: Rahman Md Morshadur , Hayen Andrew , Olynyk John K. , Cust Anne E. , Irving David O. , Karki Surendra
Published: September 2024

Background and Objectives

Several studies have suggested that blood donors have lower risk of gastrointestinal and breast cancers, whereas some have indicated an increased risk of haematological cancers. We examined these associations by appropriately adjusting the ‘healthy donor effect’ (HDE).

Materials and Methods

We examined the risk of gastrointestinal/colorectal, breast and haematological cancers in regular high‐frequency whole blood (WB) donors using the Sax Institute's 45 and Up Study data linked with blood donation and other health‐related data. We calculated 5‐year cancer risks, risk differences and risk ratios. To mitigate HDE, we used 5‐year qualification period to select the exposure groups, and applied statistical adjustments using inverse probability weighting, along with other advanced doubly robust g‐methods.

Results

We identified 2867 (42.4%) as regular high‐frequency and 3888 (57.6%) as low‐frequency donors. The inverse probability weighted 5‐year risk difference between high and low‐frequency donors for gastrointestinal/colorectal cancer was 0.2% (95% CI, −0.1% to 0.5%) with a risk ratio of 1.25 (0.83–1.68). For breast cancer, the risk difference was −0.2% (−0.9% to 0.4%), with a risk ratio of 0.87 (0.48–1.26). Regarding haematological cancers, the risk difference was 0.0% (−0.3% to 0.5%) with a risk ratio of 0.97 (0.55–1.40). Our doubly robust estimators targeted minimum loss‐based estimator (TMLE) and sequentially doubly robust (SDR) estimator, yielded similar results, but none of the findings were statistically significant.

Conclusion

After applying methods to mitigate the HDE, we did not find any statistically significant differences in the risk of gastrointestinal/colorectal, breast and haematological cancers between regular high‐frequency and low‐frequency WB donors.
Demonstrating two-particle interference with a one-dimensional delta potential well
Authors: Deng Zhi Jiao , Zhang Xin , Shen Yong , Liu Wei Tao , Chen Ping Xing
Published: September 2024

In quantum mechanics, the exchange symmetry of wave functions for identical particles has observable effects, including the widely studied Hong–Ou–Mandel (HOM) effect. A theoretical description using second quantization is elegant but abstract. In contrast, this paper describes a simple model of two-particle interference using a one-dimensional delta potential well as a beam splitter. The conditions for the HOM effect are derived from the perspective of wave packet evolution. Furthermore, the interference processes of bosons, fermions, and distinguishable particles are demonstrated and compared in detail. The method presented here is concrete, easy to visualize, and can help students to better understand the effects arising from the exchange symmetry of wave functions. The main results can be animated for classroom teaching or developed into an undergraduate seminar topic.
Elongation of a ferrofluid droplet near a permanent magnet: A tidal or magnetic energy effect?
Authors: Boekelheide Zoe
Published: September 2024

Ferrofluid droplets falling toward a permanent magnet elongate as they approach the magnet. This phenomenon has been proposed as a way to visualize how tidal (nonuniform) forces can cause stretching/elongation of objects, such as the bulging of Earth's oceans under the nonuniform force of the Moon's gravity. In this manuscript, we analyze a ferrofluid in the nonuniform magnetic field of a permanent magnet and compare a simple model for the tidal stretching mechanism with the magnetic energy mechanism, which is known to stretch a ferrofluid droplet even in a uniform magnetic field. Far from the magnet, both mechanisms display power-law behavior as a function of the distance to the magnet z; for the tidal mechanism, the droplet's elongation is proportional to 1/z8, while that due to the magnetic energy mechanism is proportional to 1/z6. Thus, the elongation of a droplet falling toward a permanent magnet is initially dominated by the magnetic energy effect. The tidal effect overtakes the magnetic energy effect as the droplet approaches the magnet, and at a critical distance, a tidal disruption event occurs. This system can be studied in the laboratory and could be used as an exploratory laboratory for student-designed experimentation.
A simplified relativity experiment
Authors: Jackson David P. , Grishanov Fedya , Lape Noah , Lothrop Emma
Published: September 2024

We describe a simplified experiment that can be used to verify the relativistic energy-momentum relationship for beta particles emitted from a 204Tl source. The experiment makes use of an exempt radioactive source and is therefore ideal for institutions that do not maintain a Nuclear Regulatory Commission (or state) license. The relativistic beta particles are injected into a uniform magnetic field and the maximum radius of the trajectories is determined. Comparing this radius to the relativistic and non-relativistic predictions demonstrates that only the relativistic equations are consistent with the data. The simplicity of the experiment and analysis makes this project ideal for inclusion in a sophomore-level modern physics course.
Heat engines with finite reservoirs
Authors: Knight Randall D.
Published: September 2024

Typical textbook analyses of heat engines assume that the temperatures of thermal reservoirs do not change; that is, the reservoirs have infinite heat capacity. Several authors have investigated the performance of reversible heat engines for which reservoirs have finite heat capacities and thus the reservoir temperatures do change with time. We find that previous studies have been too restrictive in that they assumed that the reservoir temperature change per cycle is infinitesimal and that the engine ceases operation when the hot reservoir cools to match the temperature of the cold reservoir. We model a Carnot-like engine and show that (1) the problem can be solved exactly with no requirement for infinitesimal temperature changes and (2) there is nothing special about the instant when the temperatures converge, with the device transitioning smoothly from a heat engine to a refrigerator. We find explicit expressions for the limiting reservoir temperature and the total efficiency.
2024 Lillian McDermott medal lecture: You only get one—My life pursuing excellence in physics education
Authors: Chasteen Stephanie Viola
Published: September 2024

This article is the text of a speech that I gave at the AAPT summer 2024 meeting when I received the Lillian McDermott Medal. This plenary speech is very dear to me; it was an opportunity for me to talk about my career and life and share what I've learned. Unfortunately, this will be my final opportunity to share some words with you all. I am gravely ill, as you will read below. I hope you enjoy these words. I have always loved words and ideas, so consider this article as a sonnet from me to you.
Heisenberg's 1939 reactor theory, Serber's 1943 Los Alamos Primer, and Heisenberg's 1945 Farm Hall critical mass calculation
Authors: McCauley Joseph L.
Published: September 2024

There is disagreement over how much Werner Heisenberg knew about reactors and the bomb 1939–1945. A critical paper, declassified and returned to the Germans in 1971, has been inadequately understood in the controversy. Heisenberg calculated the critical radius for a spherical reactor with a tamper but the same formula applies whether spherical reactor or spherical bomb because his result is independent of the reactor's neutron source at criticality (a bomb has no external neutron source). He didn't emphasize the source-independence of the critical radius but instead misinterpreted it. Under captivity at Farm Hall in England in 1945 with eight other leading German nuclear researchers and Max v. Laue, Heisenberg recalled his 1939 theory from memory and made the same critical radius calculation for a bomb with a tamper that Serber had made in 1943 at Los Alamos. Heisenberg's 1945 formula for a bomb is identical to his 1939 critical radius formula derived for a reactor. His 1945 predictions for the numerical values of the critical radius are close to Serber's, except that Heisenberg only knew the fast fission cross section within two bounds, 0.5 and 2.5 barn. Serber's fast fission cross section was in the middle at 1.5 barn. This places Heisenberg's 1939 and 1945 theory and calculations, finally, in the correct historic context.
The Effect of the Mamanet Cachibol League on Psychosomatic Symptoms, Healthy Eating, and Social Support Among Arab Women: A Mixed-Methods Study
Authors: Eines Karin , Halevi Hochwald Inbal , Green Gizell , Dolev Avivit , Bord Shiran , Paldi Yuval , Shmueli Liora , Levi Sharon , Tesler Riki
Published: September 2024

Background: The Mamanet Cachibol League (MCL), a community-based model developed in Israel, promotes physical activity and amateur team sports among women. Women in the Arab society have traditionally played few sports, especially team sports. Aims: The study aimed to assess the differences in health indicators and well-being, including psychosomatic symptoms, self-reported health, healthy eating habits, and social support, by comparing Arab women MCL participants and nonparticipants and examines benefits and motivations of community-based team sports for participants. Methods: An explanatory sequential mixed-methods approach included a cross-sectional study with intervention and control groups of Israeli Arab women aged 25–59 years. Two-way analyses of covariance and multiple regression models evaluated demographics, well-being, healthy eating, and social support. Quality in-depth interviews with 30 MCL participants further explained the quantitative findings. Results: MCL participants reported higher self-assessed health (P < .001) and decreased psychosomatic symptoms (P < .001) than nonparticipants. Healthier eating and well-being were also linked to MCL participation. The women sense of belonging improved social interactions, personal and professional happiness, and group dedication. MCL attendees felt empowered because the group advocated equality and valued women. Women said their involvement helped their families. Conclusions: Findings on the MCL community-based model suggest that team sports may serve as an effective tool for promoting health and well-being of Arab women and foster positive community relationships. The sense of belonging and personal empowerment derived from being part of a sports team may also contribute to positive mental health outcomes.