bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of denitrification on arsenite oxidation and arsenic mobility in an anoxic sediment column model with activated alumina
Authors: Sun Wenjie , Sierra‐Alvarez Reyes , Field Jim A.
Published: July 2010

Arsenite (As(III)) is the predominant arsenic (As) species in reducing environments. As(III) is less strongly adsorbed than As(V) at circumneutral pH conditions by common non‐iron metal oxides in sediments such as those of aluminum. Therefore, oxidation of As(III) to As(V) could contribute to an improved immobilization of As and thus help mitigate As contamination in groundwater. Microbial oxidation of As(III) is known to readily under aerobic conditions, however, the dissolved oxygen (O2) concentration in groundwater may be limited due to the poor solubility of O2 and its high chemical reactivity with reduced compounds. Nitrate (${\rm NO}_{3}^{{-} } $), can be considered as an alternative electron acceptor, which can support oxidation of As(III) to As(V) by denitrifying bacteria. In this study, two up‐flow sediment columns packed with activated alumina (AA) were utilized to demonstrate the role of denitrification on the oxidation of As(III) to As(V) and its contribution to improved As adsorption onto AA. One column was supplied with ${\rm NO}_{3}^{{-} } $ (C1) and its performance was compared with a control column lacking ${\rm NO}_{3}^{{-} } $ (C2). During most of the operation when the pH was in the circumneutral range (days 50–250), the release of arsenic was greater from C2 compared to C1. The effluent As concentrations started increasing on days 60 and 100 in C2 and C1, respectively. Complete breakthrough started on day 200 in C2; whereas in C1, complete breakthrough was never achieved. The effluent and solid phase As speciation was dominated by As(V) in C1, indicating the occurrence of As(III) oxidation due to ${\rm NO}_{3}^{{-} } $; whereas in C2, only As(III) was dominant. This study illustrates a bioremediation or natural attenuation process based on anoxic microbial ${\rm NO}_{3}^{{-} } $‐dependent oxidation of As(III) to more readily adsorbed As(V) as a means to enhance the immobilization of As on alumina oxide particles in subsurface environments. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;107: 786–794. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A strategic approach for the design and operation of two‐phase partitioning bioscrubbers for the treatment of volatile organic compounds
Authors: Yeom Sung Ho , Daugulis Andrew J. , Nielsen David R.
Published: July 2010

A strategic approach for the design of two‐phase partitioning bioscrubbers (TPPBs) has been formulated using, as a basis, a re‐evaluation of extensive literature data available for the degradation of benzene by Achromobacter xylosoxidans Y234 in TPPBs with n‐hexadecane as the partitioning phase. Using a previously determined maintenance coefficient for benzene, we determined that an inlet benzene loading rate of 100 mg/h requires 5,928 mg cell mass at biological steady state and 243.0 mg O2/h. The total oxygen‐transfer rates (TOTRs) into the TPPB increased by 83.5% with 33.3% of organic phase compared with a single aqueous phase and were significantly influenced by gas flow rate, whereas agitation has a minor affect. The fraction of organic phase used was suggested to be the primary parameter with which the TOTR into the TPPB may be altered. Although the presence of an organic solvent in the TPPB remarkably increased the TOTR, the total benzene transfer rate into the TPPB remained largely insensitive due to the intrinsic low Henry's law constant (or relatively high solubility) of benzene in water. Finally, we have integrated the elements of this analysis into a set of heuristic criteria that can serve as a guideline for the design of TPPB systems for future volatile organic compound treatment applications. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
Optimization‐based metabolic control analysis
Authors: Uygun Korkut , Uygun Basak , Matthew Howard W. T. , Huang Yinlun
Published: July 2010

In this work, a novel optimization‐based metabolic control analysis (OMCA) method is introduced for reducing data requirement for metabolic control analysis (MCA). It is postulated that using the optimal control approach, the fluxes in a metabolic network are correlated to metabolite concentrations and enzyme activities as a state‐feedback control system that is optimal with respect to a homeostasis objective. It is then shown that the optimal feedback gains are directly related to the elasticity coefficients (ECs) of MCA. This approach requires determination of the relative “importance” of metabolites and fluxes for the system, which is possible with significantly reduced experimental data, as compared with typical MCA requirements. The OMCA approach is applied to a top–down control model of glycolysis in hepatocytes. It is statistically demonstrated that the OMCA model is capable of predicting the ECs observed experimentally with few exceptions. Further, an OMCA‐based model reconciliation study shows that the modification of four assumed stoichiometric coefficients in the model can explain most of the discrepancies, with the exception of elasticities with respect to the NADH/NAD ratio. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
Inhibition of Hsp90 with Resorcylic Acid Macrolactones: Synthesis and Binding Studies
Authors: Day James E. H. , Sharp Swee Y. , Rowlands Martin G. , Aherne Wynne , Lewis William , Roe S. Mark , Prodromou Chrisostomos , Pearl Laurence H. , Workman Paul , Moody Christopher J.
Published: July 2010

A series of resorcylic acid macrolactones, analogues of the natural product radicicol has been prepared by chemical synthesis, and evaluated as inhibitors of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), an emerging attractive target for novel cancer therapeutic agents. The synthesis involves acylation of an ortho‐toluic acid dianion, esterification, followed by a ring‐closing metathesis to form the macrocycle. Subsequent manipulation of the protected hydroxymethyl side chain allows access to a range of new analogues following deprotection of the two phenolic groups. Co‐crystallization of one of the new macrolactones with the N‐terminal domain of yeast Hsp90 confirms that it binds in a similar way to the natural product radicicol and to our previous synthetic analogues, but that the introduction of the additional hydroxymethyl substituent appears to result in an unexpected change in conformation of the macrocyclic ring. As a result of this conformational change, the compounds bound less favorably to Hsp90.
Immunogold electron microscopic evidence of differential regulation of GluN1, GluN2A, and GluN2B, NMDA‐type glutamate receptor subunits in rat hippocampal CA1 synapses during benzodiazepine withdrawal
Authors: Das Paromita , Zerda Ricardo , Alvarez Francisco J. , Tietz Elizabeth I.
Published: July 2010

Benzodiazepine withdrawal‐anxiety is associated with enhanced α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methylisoxazole‐4‐propionic acid receptor (AMPAR)‐mediated glutamatergic transmission in rat hippocampal CA1 synapses due to enhanced synaptic insertion and phosphorylation of GluA1 homomers. Interestingly, attenuation of withdrawal‐anxiety is associated with a reduction in N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR)‐mediated currents and subunit expression, secondary to AMPA receptor potentiation. Therefore, in this study ultrastructural evidence for possible reductions in NMDAR GluN1, GluN2A, and GluN2B subunits was sought at CA1 stratum radiatum synapses in proximal dendrites using postembedding immunogold labeling of tissues from rats withdrawn for 2 days from 1‐week daily oral administration of the benzodiazepine, flurazepam (FZP). GluN1‐immunogold density and the percentage of immunopositive synapses were significantly decreased in tissues from FZP‐withdrawn rats. Similar decreases were observed for GluN2B subunits; however, the relative lateral distribution of GluN2B‐immunolabeling within the postsynaptic density did not change after BZ withdrawal. In contrast to the GluN2B subunit, the percentage of synapses labeled with the GluN2A subunit antibody and the density of immunogold labeling for this subunit was unchanged. The spatial localization of immunogold particles associated with each NMDAR subunit was consistent with a predominantly postsynaptic localization. The data therefore provide direct evidence for reduced synaptic GluN1/GluN2B receptors and preservation of GluN1/GluN2A receptors in the CA1 stratum radiatum region during BZ withdrawal. Based on collective findings in this benzodiazepine withdrawal‐anxiety model, we propose a functional model illustrating the changes in glutamate receptor populations at excitatory synapses during benzodiazepine withdrawal. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:4311–4328, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Subcellular distribution of α1G subunit of T‐type calcium channel in the mouse dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus
Authors: Parajuli Laxmi Kumar , Fukazawa Yugo , Watanabe Masahiko , Shigemoto Ryuichi
Published: July 2010

T‐type calcium channels play a pivotal role in regulating neural membrane excitability in the nervous system. However, the precise subcellular distributions of T‐type channel subunits and their implication for membrane excitability are not well understood. Here we investigated the subcellular distribution of the α1G subunit of the calcium channel which is expressed highly in the mouse dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). Light microscopic analysis demonstrated that dLGN exhibits intense immunoperoxidase reactivity for the α1G subunit. Electron microscopic observation showed that the labeling was present in both the relay cells and interneurons and was found in the somatodendritic, but not axonal, domains of these cells. Most of the immunogold particles for the α1G subunit were either associated with the plasma membrane or the intracellular membranes. Reconstruction analysis of serial electron microscopic images revealed that the intensity of the intracellular labeling exhibited a gradient such that the labeling density was higher in the proximal dendrite and progressively decreased towards the distal dendrite. In contrast, the plasma membrane‐associated particles were distributed with a uniform density over the somatodendritic surface of dLGN cells. The labeling density in the relay cell plasma membrane was about 3‐fold higher than that of the interneurons. These results provide ultrastructural evidence for cell‐type‐specific expression levels and for uniform expression density of the α1G subunit over the plasma membrane of dLGN cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:4362–4374, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence of cell‐nonautonomous changes in dendrite and dendritic spine morphology in the met‐signaling–deficient mouse forebrain
Authors: Judson Matthew C. , Eagleson Kathie L. , Wang Lily , Levitt Pat
Published: July 2010

Human genetic findings and murine neuroanatomical expression mapping have intersected to implicate Met receptor tyrosine kinase signaling in the development of forebrain circuits controlling social and emotional behaviors that are atypical in autism‐spectrum disorders (ASD). To clarify roles for Met signaling during forebrain circuit development in vivo, we generated mutant mice (Emx1Cre/Metfx/fx) with an Emx1‐Cre‐driven deletion of signaling‐competent Met in dorsal pallially derived forebrain neurons. Morphometric analyses of Lucifer yellow‐injected pyramidal neurons in postnatal day 40 anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) revealed no statistically significant changes in total dendritic length but a selective reduction in apical arbor length distal to the soma in Emx1Cre/Metfx/fxneurons relative to wild type, consistent with a decrease in the total tissue volume sampled by individual arbors in the cortex. The effects on dendritic structure appear to be circuit‐selective, insofar as basal arbor length was increased in Emx1Cre/Metfx/fxlayer 2/3 neurons. Spine number was not altered on the Emx1Cre/Metfx/fxpyramidal cell populations studied, but spine head volume was significantly increased (∼20%). Cell‐nonautonomous, circuit‐level influences of Met signaling on dendritic development were confirmed by studies of medium spiny neurons (MSN), which do not express Met but receive Met‐expressing corticostriatal afferents during development. Emx1Cre/Metfx/fxMSN exhibited robust increases in total arbor length (∼20%). As in the neocortex, average spine head volume was also increased (∼12%). These data demonstrate that a developmental loss of presynaptic Met receptor signaling can affect postsynaptic morphogenesis and suggest a mechanism whereby attenuated Met signaling could disrupt both local and long‐range connectivity within circuits relevant to ASD. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:4463–4478, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition of 99.95% 28Si in form of nano‐ and polycrystals using silicon tetrafluoride precursor
Authors: Sennikov P. , Pryakhin D. , Andreev B. , Gavrilenko L. , Drozdov Yu. , Drozdov M. , Pohl H.‐J. , Shashkin V.
Published: July 2010

The process of plasma chemical deposition of silicon was investigated from its tetrafluoride containing 99.99% of 28Si isotope in the form of thin layer of nano‐crystalline silicon on silicon substrate and of thick layer of polycrystalline silicon on the inner surface of quartz reactor. The layers are characterized by the methods of X‐ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Using the SIMS method the mechanism of isotopic dilution was investigated in the PECVD process (the content of 28Si isotope in layers was 99.95‐99.98%). A necessity is indicated in thorough special preparation of the reactor for minimization of isotopic dilution in case of fabrication of silicon containing ≥99.9% of 28Si. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
PECVD growth of crystalline silicon from its tetrafluoride
Authors: Sennikov P. , Pryakhin D. , Abrosimov N. , Andreev B. , Drozdov Yu. , Drozdov M. , Kuznetsov A. , Murel A. , Pohl H.‐J. , Riemann H. , Shashkin V.
Published: July 2010

The process of plasma chemical deposition of silicon from inductively coupled plasma of the mixture of high‐purity SiF4 and H2 sustained by RF discharge at 13.56 MHz in amount sufficient for subsequent growth of crystal by Czochralski method was investigated. The structure and impurity content of the produced layers as well as of the grown crystal have been studied (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Flow cytometric analysis of the uptake of low‐density lipoprotein by endothelial cells in microfluidic channels
Authors: van der Meer A. D. , Vermeul K. , Poot A. A. , Feijen J. , Vermes I.
Published: July 2010

Acceptance of microfluidic technology in everyday laboratory practice by biologists is still low. One of the reasons for this is that the technology combines poorly with standard cell biological and biochemical analysis tools. Flow cytometry is an example of a conventional analytical tool that is considered to be incompatible with microfluidic technology and its inherent small sample sizes. In this study, it is shown that properly designed microfluidic devices contain cell populations that are large enough to be analyzed by flow cytometry. To illustrate this, the uptake of fluorescent human low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) by human endothelial cells that were cultured in a microfluidic channel was analyzed. It was found that the uptake of LDL by the cells increased linearly over time. Moreover, the uptake decreased when cells were pretreated with fluid shear stress inside the microfluidic devices. This study shows that microfluidic technology can be combined with conventional flow cytometry, while retaining the advantages of working with microfluidics such as low reagent use and dynamic cell culture conditions. This approach of combining microfluidic technology with conventional laboratory tools may contribute to greater acceptance of microfluidic devices in biological research. © 2010 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Standardized single‐platform assay for human monocyte subpopulations: Lower CD14+CD16++ monocytes in females
Authors: Heimbeck Irene , Hofer Thomas P. J. , Eder Christiane , Wright Adam K. , Frankenberger Marion , Marei Ayman , Boghdadi Ghada , Scherberich Jürgen , Ziegler‐Heitbrock Loems
Published: July 2010

We present a novel single‐platform assay for determination of the absolute number of human blood monocyte subpopulations, i.e., the CD14++CD16− and the CD14+CD16++ monocytes. A four‐color combination of antibodies to CD14, CD16, CD45, and HLA‐DR reduces the spill‐over of natural killer cells and of granulocytes into the CD14+CD16++ monocyte gate. For these CD14+CD16++ monocytes, the intra‐assay coefficient of variation (CV) was 4.1% and the inter‐assay CV was 8.5%. Looking at a cohort of 40 donors aged 18–60 years, we found no age dependence. There was however an effect of gender in that females had lower CD14+CD16++ monocytes (45.4 ± 13.5 cells/μl) compared with males (59.1 ± 20.3 cells/μl) (P < 0.02). Using this novel approach, we can confirm that exercise will lead to more than three‐fold increase of the CD14+CD16++ monocytes. Also, we show that therapy with low doses of glucocorticoids will deplete these cells. This robust single‐platform assay may be a useful tool for monitoring the absolute number of monocyte subpopulations in health and disease. © 2010 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Robust gridding of TMAs after whole‐slide imaging using template matching
Authors: Lahrmann Bernd , Halama Niels , Westphal Kathi , Ernst Claudia , Elsawaf Zeinab , Sinn Peter , Bosch Franz X. , Dickhaus Hartmut , Jäger Dirk , Schirmacher Peter , Grabe Niels
Published: July 2010

Tissue microarrays (TMAs) represent an important approach for the high‐throughput cellular analysis of large numbers of tissue samples on one single slide in research related to diagnostics and oncology. Whole‐slide imaging now enables full scanning and subsequent image analysis of such TMAs. In contrast to automatically spotted RNA microarrays, TMAs are fabricated manually and mechanically by arranging hundreds of tissue cores in a single paraffin block. This procedure frequently results in quality problems severely hampering the later automatic image analysis of TMAs after whole‐slide imaging. We therefore set out to (a) determine the extent of these quality issues in exemplary TMAs and (b) to develop a robust gridding method to identify the logical position coordinates of each TMA core on a virtual TMA slide. We present the first robust method identifying these coordinates by shifting a template grid over all cores of the TMA (template matching) and thereby measuring in how far the grid matches a predefined list of cores on the virtual TMA Slide. Analysis of 20 TMAs from Breast Cancer as well as 40 Head‐and‐Neck Cancer showed that frequent TMA layout issues comprise low staining, debris, core displacement, nonuniform background, missing cores, and rotated subarrays. On this highly demanding test comprising chromogen as well as fluorescence stained TMAs, our template matching method achieved an excellent position analysis. Of 8900 cores, 8864 (99.59%) were assigned properly. In all 60 slides of the test set, no localization error occurred. The automatic grid analysis of TMAs after whole‐slide imaging is highly demanding and requires dedicated algorithms. We demonstrate such a method and evaluate its performance. © 2010 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Proinflammatory activation pattern of human umbilical vein endothelial cells induced by IL‐1β, TNF‐α, and LPS
Authors: Makó Veronika , Czúcz Judit , Weiszhár Zsóka , Herczenik Eszter , Matkó János , Prohászka Zoltán , Cervenak László
Published: July 2010

Endothelial cells play a critical role in inflammation by responding to several endogenous and exogenous proinflammatory stimuli. The three most studied factors that provide inflammatory signals to endothelial cells are lipopolysaccharide (LPS), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, and interleukin (IL)‐1β; however, their effects on endothelial cells were thoroughly compared at the level of gene expression only. Therefore, our aim was to assess the differences in the signaling pathways, adhesion molecules, and cytokines induced by proinflammatory factors in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). In this study, we demonstrated that signaling of LPS was less effective than that of IL‐1β, and was significantly slower than that ofTNF‐α and IL‐1β, which can be partially explained by the special localization of Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4). We showed that TLR4 is mainly localized in Golgi apparatus in HUVEC. The proinflammatory capacity of TNF‐α was similar to that of IL‐1β in inducing NF‐κB nuclear translocation, while IL‐1β was the strongest activator of MAPK pathways. Moreover, expression of E‐selectin, IL‐6, and IL‐8 was induced most efficiently by IL‐1β, while LPS and TNF‐α had less effect, whereas we did not find such a difference in ICAM‐1 and MCP‐1 expression. Due to the higher induction of E‐selectin and IL‐8, IL‐1β might have more important role in neutrophil recruitment than LPS and TNF‐α. By above‐mentioned parameters we identified a signaling and expression pattern for the three proinflammatory molecules. This pattern illustrates how complex a proinflammatory process can be, and may enable us to predict and compare the pathomechanism of various inflammatory diseases. © 2010 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Isomerization in Photochromic Ruthenium Sulfoxide Complexes
Authors: McClure Beth Anne , Rack Jeffrey J.
Published: July 2010

The spectroscopic properties of photochromic ruthenium sulfoxide complexes are reviewed. The mode of action is associated with an excited state S→O isomerization triggered by light. These complexes feature large, positive Ru3+/2+ reduction potentials indicative of stabilization of the Ru dπ orbital set. In addition, these compounds feature large quantum yields of isomerization. In aggregate, the data argue against a promoting role for the LF states and suggest that isomerization occurs from the CT potential energy surface. Picosecond transient absorption experiments indicate a change in the isomerization mechanism between mondentate sulfoxide complexes and chelating sulfoxide complexes. These results as well as potential energy diagrams for certain complexes are discussed.
Preparation and characterization of a molecularly imprinted monolithic column for pressure‐assisted CEC separation of nitroimidazole drugs
Authors: Liao Sulan , Wang Xiaochun , Lin Xucong , Xie Zenghong
Published: July 2010

A polymethacrylate‐based molecularly imprinted monolithic column bearing mixed functional monomers, using non‐covalent imprinting approach, was designed for the rapid separation of nitroimidazole compounds. The new monolithic column has been prepared via simple in situ polymerization of 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate and ethylene dimethacrylate, using (S)‐ornidazole ((S)‐ONZ) as template in a binary porogenic mixture consisting of toluene and dodecanol. The composition of the polymerization mixture was systematically altered and optimized by altering the amount of monomers as well as the composition of the porogenic solvent. The column performance was evaluated in pressure‐assisted CEC mode. Separation conditions such as pH, voltage, amount of organic modifier and salt concentration were studied. The optimized monolithic column resulted in excellent separation of a group of structurally related nitroimidazole drugs within 10 min in isocratic elution condition. Column efficiencies of 99 000, 80 000, 103 000, 60 000 and 99 000 plates/m were obtained for metronidazole, secnidazole, ronidazole, tinidazole and dimetridazole, respectively. Parallel experiments were carried out using molecularly imprinted and non‐imprinted capillary columns. The separation might be the result of combined effects including hydrophobic, hydrogen bonding and the imprinting cavities on the (S)‐ONZ‐imprinted monolithic column.
Incremental patterns in the amount of informal and formal care among non‐demented and demented elderly persons results from a 3‐year follow‐up population‐based study
Authors: Wimo A , Sjölund BM , Sköldunger A , Johansson L , Nordberg G , von Strauss E
Published: July 2010

Objective

Elderly care includes complex interactions between formal services, informal care, morbidity and disabilities. Studies of the incremental effects of formal and informal care are rare and thus the objective was to describe the longitudinal patterns in formal and informal care given to non‐demented and demented persons living in a rural area in Sweden.

Methods

Transitions in the Kungsholmen–Nordanstig Project (n = 919) was followed up 3 years later (n = 579), presented as different combinations of informal and formal care, institutionalization and mortality. Number of hours spent on care was examined by the Resource Utilization in Dementia instrument (RUD). Bootstrapped descriptive statistics and regression models were applied.

Results

The overall mortality during follow‐up was 34%, and 15% had been institutionalized. Of those who lived at home, those receiving only formal care had been institutionalized to the greatest extent (29%; p < 0.05). In terms of hours, informal care decreased amongst demented. The ratio between demented and non‐demented was greater at baseline, both regarding informal care (10:1 and 3:1, respectively) and formal care (5:1 and 4:1, respectively). People with mild cognitive decline and no home support at baseline had a great risk of being receiver of care (formal or informal) or dead at follow‐up.

Conclusions

The amount of informal care was lower for demented persons still living at home at follow‐up than at baseline, probably due to selection effects (institutionalization and mortality). Mild cognitive decline of non‐users of care at baseline was strongly associated with receiving care or being dead at follow‐up. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel analytical solution of heat transfer of a micropolar fluid through a porous medium with radiation by DTM‐Padé
Authors: Rashidi M.M. , Mohimanian Pour S.A.
Published: July 2010

In this paper, the differential transform method (DTM) was applied to heat transfer of a micropolar fluid through a porous medium with radiation. The governing equations can be written as a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The approximate solutions of these equations were obtained in the form of series with easily computable terms. Then, Padé approximant was applied to increase the convergence rate of the series. The results obtained in this study were compared with the numerical results (fourth‐order Runge–Kutta method). © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 39(8), 575–589, 2010; Published online 26 July 2010 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20317
Estimating bisphosphonate use and fracture reduction among US women aged 45 years and older, 2001–2008
Authors: Siris Ethel S , Pasquale Margaret K , Wang Yiting , Watts Nelson B
Published: July 2010

Oral bisphosphonates are first-line therapy for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Although bisphosphonate treatment has been shown to reduce fractures in randomized, controlled trials, the number of women treated and fractures prevented over the years have not been determined. This study estimated the numbers of women treated and fractures reduced with oral bisphosphonates in the United States from 2001 through 2008. Two medical claims databases for 2001–2008 were combined to determine numbers of women aged 45 years and older filling prescriptions for bisphosphonates by time-dependent medication possession ratios (MPRs): <50%, 50% to 79%, and ≥80%. Fracture incidence was compared for each cohort by MPR category relative to the referent cohort with <50% MPR. Fracture rates were extrapolated to the US female population treated with oral bisphosphonates by MPR category over this 8-year period. From 2001 through 2008, 460,584 women in the databases initiated treatment with oral bisphosphonates, with an average follow-up time of 2.4 years. Overall fracture rates declined with improved MPR from 1.52% for the lowest MPR category to 1.18% for the highest MPR category for ages 45 to 64 years and from 5.12% to 3.75% for those aged 65 years or older. Extrapolating to the US population of female bisphosphonate users, we estimate over 27.9 million person-years of bisphosphonate treatment with MPR 50% or greater and 144,670 fractures prevented. Treatment with oral bisphosphonates has prevented a substantial number of fractures. Even more fractures would have been prevented if recognition, treatment, and compliance were improved. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
A method to calculate the one‐electron reduction potentials for nitroaromatic compounds based on gas‐phase quantum mechanics
Authors: Phillips Kathy L. , Sandler Stanley I. , Chiu Pei C.
Published: July 2010

Nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) are widespread environmental contaminants, and the one‐electron reduction potential (E) is an important parameter used in modeling their environmental fate. We have identified a method that is both accurate and efficient to predict E values for NACs, using gas‐phase quantum mechanics (QM) calculations combined with empirical correlations. First, the adiabatic electron affinity (EA) at 0 K is calculated using the B98/MG3S method, and the predictions are scaled by a factor of 0.802 to account for systematic errors in the density functional calculations. Second, the E values are predicted from a linear correlation between E and EA. Using this method, E values were predicted with a mean absolute deviation from measured values of 0.021 V for the 14 NACs used to obtain the correlation and 0.029 V for six additional NACs. This represents a substantial improvement in accuracy over predictions by other QM methods, which are affected by large errors in solvation or aqueous‐phase calculations for some compounds. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2010.
Synthesis of trispiro[oxindole‐pyrrolidine]‐cyclopentanone‐isoxazolines by 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition
Authors: Li Xiaofang , Zheng Aiting , Liu Bin , Yu Xianyong , Yi Pinggui
Published: July 2010

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The 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of an azomethine ylide generated by a decarboxylative route from sarcosine and isatin to 2,5‐bis(arylmethylidene)‐cyclopentanones afforded novel dispiro oxindole/pyrrolidines in moderate yields. Further cycloaddition of these dispiro oxindole/pyrrolidines with nitrile oxide afforded trispiro[oxindole‐pyrrolidine]‐cyclopentanone‐isoxazolines in moderate yields with high regio‐ and stereoselectivity. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Sulfamic acid‐catalyzed synthesis of 13‐aryl‐indeno[1,2‐b]‐naphtha[1,2‐e]pyran‐12(13H)‐ones under solvent‐free conditions
Authors: Wu Li Qiang , Li Wei Lin , Yan Fu Lin
Published: July 2010

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The reaction of β‐naphthol with arylaldehydes and 2H‐indene‐1,3‐dione in the presence of sulfamic acid (3 mol %) under solvent‐free conditions led to 13‐aryl‐indeno[1,2‐b]naphtho[1,2‐e]pyran‐12(13H)‐ones in good yields. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Communication and documentation of preliminary and final radiology reports
Authors: Monico Edward , Schwartz Ian
Published: July 2010

The “wet‐read” consultation has been defined as a rapid response to a clinical question posed by a physician to a radiologist. These preliminary interpretations are often not well documented, have poor fidelity, and are subject to modifications and revisions. Moreover, preliminary interpretations may be subject to reinterpretation through a variety of scenarios. Recent technological advances in radiology have further hindered the ability to harmonize differences between preliminary and final interpretations and communicate these differences to treating physicians. High‐fidelity simulation may represent a risk management strategy aimed at bridging the gap between radiology and communication technology.
Understanding the connection between risk appetite and risk analytics
Authors: Felton Ken
Published: July 2010

A clear articulation of an organization's risk appetite and sound, objective analytics are essential for ongoing risk management performance measurement, which is crucial to ultimate risk management success and, ultimately, achieving the organization's strategic objectives. This article explores the risk management process as a cycle of appetite and analytics that can help clear the way to better risk assessment and management.
The effect of muscle excursion on muscle recovery after tendon repair in a neglected tendon injury: A study in rabbit soleus muscles
Authors: Jeon Suk Ha , Chung Moon Sang , Baek Goo Hyun , Lee Young Ho , Gong Hyun Sik
Published: July 2010

We attempted to determine whether muscle excursion observed during operation can be a prognostic indicator of muscle recovery after delayed tendon repair in a rabbit soleus model. Eighteen rabbits underwent tenotomy of the soleus muscles bilaterally and were divided into three groups according to the period from tenotomy to repair. The tendons of each group were repaired 2, 4, and 6 weeks after tenotomy. The excursion of each soleus muscle was measured at the time of tenotomy (baseline), at 2, 4, 6 weeks after tenotomy, and 8 weeks after tendon repair. The amount of muscle recovery after tendon repair in terms of muscle excursion independently depended on the timing of repair and on the muscle excursion observed during repair. The regression model predicted that the muscle excursion recovered on average by 0.6% as the muscle excursion at the time of repair increased by 1% after adjusting for the timing of repair. This study suggests that measuring the muscle excursion during tendon repair may help physicians estimate the potential of muscle recovery in cases of delayed tendon repair. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:74–78, 2011
Physicochemical, textural and viscoelastic properties of palm diacylglycerol bakery shortening during storage
Authors: Cheong Ling‐Zhi , Tan Chin‐Ping , Long Kamariah , Affandi Yusoff Mohd Suria , Lai Oi‐Ming
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND: Diacylglycerol (DAG), which has health‐enhancing properties, is sometimes added to bakery shortening to produce baked products with enhanced physical functionality. Nevertheless, the quantity present is often too little to exert any positive healthful effects. This research aimed to produce bakery shortenings containing significant amounts of palm diacyglycerol (PDG). Physicochemical, textural and viscoelastic properties of the PDG bakery shortenings during 3 months storage were evaluated and compared with those of commercial bakery shortening (CS).

RESULTS: PDG bakery shortenings (DS55, DS64 and DS73) had less significant increments in slip melting point (SMP), solid fat content (SFC) and hardness during storage as compared to CS. Unlike CS, melting behaviour and viscoelastic properties of PDG bakery shortenings remained unchanged during storage. As for polymorphic transformation, CS contained only β crystals after 8 weeks of storage. PDG bakery shortenings managed to retard polymorphic transformation for up to 10 weeks of storage in DS55 and 12 weeks of storage in DS64 and DS73.

CONCLUSION: PDG bakery shortenings had similar if not better storage stability as compared to CS. This is mainly due to the ability of DAG to retard polymorphic transformation from β′ to β crystals. Thus, incorporation of DAG improved physical functionality of bakery shortening. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Dietary purines in vegetarian meat analogues
Authors: Havlik Jaroslav , Plachy Vladimir , Fernandez Javier , Rada Vojtech
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND:
The meat alternatives market offers a wide range of products resembling meat in taste, flavour or texture but based on vegetable protein sources. These high protein–low purine foods may find application in a low purine or purine‐free diet, which is sometimes suggested for subjects with increased serum urate levels, i.e. hyperuricaemia.

RESULTS:
We determined purine content (uric acid, adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, xanthine) in 39 commercially available meat substitutes and evaluated them in relation to their protein content. Some of the products contained a comparable sum of adenine and hypoxanthine per protein as meat. Analysis of variance showed an influence of protein source used. Mycoprotein‐based products had significantly higher contents (2264 mg kg−1) of adenine and hypoxanthine per kg of 100% protein than soybean‐based products (1648 mg kg−1) or mixtures consisting of soybean protein and wheat protein (1239 mg kg−1).

CONCLUSION: Protein‐rich vegetable‐based meat substitutes might be generally accepted as meat alternatives for individuals on special diets. The type of protein used to manufacture these products determines the total content of purines, which is relatively higher in the case of mycoprotein or soybean protein, while appearing lower in wheat protein and egg white‐based products. These are therefore more suitable for dietary considerations in a low‐purine diet for hyperuricaemic subjects. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Enhancement of antimicrobial and antimutagenic activities of Korean barberry (Berberis koreana Palib.) by the combined process of high‐pressure extraction with probiotic fermentation
Authors: Lee Hyeon‐Yong , He Xinlong , Ahn Juhee
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the combined effects of high pressure extraction (HPE) and probiotic fermentation on the antimicrobial and antimutagenic activities, Berberis koreana was subjected to 500 MPa for 30 min and then fermented with Bifidobacterium longum B6 (HPE‐BLF) and Lactobacillus paracasei (HPE‐LPF) at 37 °C for 6 days.

RESULTS: The phenol content was significantly increased to 228 mg GAE g−1 by the HPE compared to the conventional extraction (CE, 188 mg GAE g−1). The HPE‐BLF and HPE‐LPF showed the highest antimicrobial activity (MIC < 4 mg mL−1) against β‐lactam antibiotic sensitive and resistant Staphylococcus aureus. No significant mutagenic effect was observed for CE, HPE, HPE‐BLF, and HPE‐LPF extracts. The highest antimutagenic activities against frame‐shift mutant Salmonella typhimurium were observed at the HPE‐LPF (82%), followed by the HPE‐BLF (77%).

CONCLUSION: The combined HPE and fermentation process could be used as an alternative extraction method for improving the extraction efficacy of medicinal plants. The results will provide pharmaceutically useful information and potential direction for finding new drug sources from medicinal plants. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Prokaryotic expression and purification of Camellia sinensis polyphenol oxidase
Authors: Liu Jing‐wei , Huang You‐yi , Ding Jian , Liu Cong , Xiao Xiu‐dan , Ni De‐jiang
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND: Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) causes the postharvest loss of fruits and vegetables but is also a key factor in the quality development of tea. However, there are no reports on engineered active plant PPO purified from prokaryotic cells.

RESULTS: In this study the ppo gene of about 1800 bp from Camellia sinensis cv. Yihongzao was successfully cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The PPOs purified from both the soluble fraction and the inclusion bodies showed activity. In addition, 1.0 × 10−7 mol L−1 Cu2+ and acidic conditions were found to be favourable for the engineered PPO catalysis of catechol oxidation.

CONCLUSION: This paper represents the first report on C. sinensis ppo expression in E. coli and engineered active PPO purification. The results of the study provide a basis for the large‐scale preparation and application of PPO. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Observed and calculated 1H and 13C chemical shifts induced by the in situ oxidation of model sulfides to sulfoxides and sulfones
Authors: Dračínský Martin , Pohl Radek , Slavětínská Lenka , Buděšínský Miloš
Published: July 2010

A series of model sulfides was oxidized in the NMR sample tube to sulfoxides and sulfones by the stepwise addition of meta‐chloroperbenzoic acid in deuterochloroform. Various methods of quantum chemical calculations have been tested to reproduce the observed 1H and 13C chemical shifts of the starting sulfides and their oxidation products. It has been shown that the determination of the energy‐minimized conformation is a very important condition for obtaining realistic data in the subsequent calculation of the NMR chemical shifts. The correlation between calculated and observed chemical shifts is very good for carbon atoms (even for the ‘cheap’ DFT B3LYP/6‐31G* method) and somewhat less satisfactory for hydrogen atoms. The calculated chemical shifts induced by oxidation (the Δδ values) agree even better with the experimental values and can also be used to determine the oxidation state of the sulfur atom (S, SO, SO2). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neue Wege zu Hochtemperatursupraleitern
Authors: Bäcker Michael , Schneller Theodor
Published: July 2010

20 Jahre nach der Entdeckung keramischer Hochtemperatursupraleiter stehen energietechnische Systeme aus diesen Materialien vor dem kommerziellen Durchbruch. In naher Zukunft werden sie einen Beitrag zu Ressourcenschonung und Energieeffizienz leisten – mit Hilfe der Chemie.
Polymer und polyglott
Authors: Bulmahn Maren
Published: July 2010

Jeder Einzelne verbraucht zukünftig noch mehr Kunststoffe. Für den wachsenden asiatischen Markt werden diese immer mehr vor Ort hergestellt.
Endostatin inhibits tumour lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis via cell surface nucleolin on lymphangiogenic endothelial cells
Authors: Zhuo Wei , Luo Chong , Wang Xiaofeng , Song Xiaomin , Fu Yan , Luo Yongzhang
Published: July 2010

Endostatin has potent anti‐endothelial and anti‐angiogenic functions. Endostatin was reported to reduce lymphangiogenesis by down‐regulating the level of VEGF‐C in tumour tissues. However, there is little evidence for the direct function of endostatin on lymphangiogenic endothelial cells and lymphangiogenic vessels. Here, we report that cell surface nucleolin, which was reported as an endostatin receptor mediating its anti‐angiogenic and anti‐tumour functions, is also selectively expressed on the cell surface of lymphangiogenic endothelial cells both in vitro and in vivo. Treatment of primary mouse lymphatic endothelial cells (mLECs) by endostatin inhibits mLEC migration, tubule formation, and activation of the Erk pathway in mLECs, while neutralization of cell surface nucleolin or nucleolin knockdown results in loss of the anti‐lymphatic endothelial activities of endostatin. Also, anti‐nucleolin antibody or lentivirus delivered nucleolin siRNA abolishes the anti‐lymphangiogenic function of endostatin in the Matrigel plug assay. Endostatin remarkably inhibits tumour‐associated lymphangiogenesis, leading to reduced lymphatic metastasis. Systemic blockade of nucleolin notably abolishes the anti‐lymphangiogenic and anti‐lymphatic metastatic functions of endostatin. Importantly, endostatin does not affect quiescent lymphatics in normal organs, which is consistent with the lack of expression of cell surface nucleolin in quiescent lymphatics. Taken together, our results demonstrate that endostatin directly acts on lymphangiogenic endothelial cells via cell surface nucleolin, which provides a novel mechanism for the inhibition of tumour lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis by endostatin. Copyright © 2010 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variation of non‐isothermal crystallization behavior of isotactic polypropylene with varying β‐nucleating agent content
Authors: Xu Linli , Zhang Xiuju , Xu Kai , Lin Shaoquan , Chen Mingcai
Published: July 2010

The non‐isothermal crystallization behavior, the crystallization kinetics, the crystallization activation energy and the morphology of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) with varying content of β‐nucleating agent were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The DSC results showed that the Avrami equation modified by Jeziorny and a method developed by Mo and co‐workers could be successfully used to describe the non‐isothermal crystallization process of the nucleated iPPs. The values of n showed that the non‐isothermal crystallization of α‐ and β‐nucleated iPPs corresponded to a tridimensional growth with homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation, respectively. The values of crystallization rate constant showed that the rate of crystallization decreased for iPPs with the addition of β‐nucleating agent. The crystallization activation energy increased with a small amount (less than 0.1 wt%) of β‐nucleating agent and decreased with higher concentration (more than 0.1 wt%). The changes of crystallization rate, crystallization time and crystallization activation energy of iPPs with varying contents of β‐nucleating agent were mainly determined by the ratio of the content of α‐ and β‐phase in iPP (α‐PP and β‐PP) from the DSC investigation, and the large size and many intercrossing lamellae between boundaries of β‐spherulites for iPPs with small amounts of β‐nucleating agent and the small size and few intercrossing bands among the boundaries of β‐spherulites for iPPs with large amounts of β‐nucleating agent from the SEM examination. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
A proteomic approach towards the identification of the matrix protein content of the two types of microbodies in Neurospora crassa
Authors: Managadze David , Würtz Christian , Wiese Sebastian , Meyer Helmut E. , Niehaus Gerd , Erdmann Ralf , Warscheid Bettina , Rottensteiner Hanspeter
Published: July 2010

Microbodies (peroxisomes) comprise a class of organelles with a similar biogenesis but remarkable biochemical heterogeneity. Here, we purified the two distinct microbody family members of filamentous fungi, glyoxysomes and Woronin bodies, from Neurospora crassa and analyzed their protein content by HPLC/ESI‐MS/MS. In the purified Woronin bodies, we unambiguously identified only hexagonal 1 (HEX1), suggesting that the matrix is probably exclusively filled with the HEX1 hexagonal crystal. The proteomic analysis of highly purified glyoxysomes allowed the identification of 191 proteins. Among them were 16 proteins with a peroxisomal targeting signal type 1 (PTS1) and three with a PTS2. The collection also contained the previously described N. crassa glyoxysomal matrix proteins FOX2 and ICL1 that lack a typical PTS. Three PTS1 proteins were identified that likely represent the long sought glyoxysomal acyl‐CoA dehydrogenases of filamentous fungi. Two of them were demonstrated by subcellular localization studies to be indeed glyoxysomal. Furthermore, two PTS proteins were identified that are suggested to be involved in the detoxification of nitroalkanes. Since the glyoxysomal localization was experimentally demonstrated for one of these enzymes, a new biochemical reaction is expected to be associated with microbody function.