bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cosmic Debt in Greece and India
Authors: Seaford Richard
Published: October 2022

This chapter describes ideas of cosmic debt in the sixth and fifth centuries bce in Greece and (at about the same time) in India. The earliest Greek ideas of impersonal cosmic necessity, in the fragments of the Ionians Anaximander and Herakleitos, are a cosmization (cosmic projection) of the quantified debt that was central to the newly monetized economy of the polis. But whereas the Ionians cosmize debt as the agent of communal circulation, what the wealthy Eleatic Parmenides cosmizes, from the perspective of individual ownership, is the separation of universal abstract value-substance of money from circulation, its debtless self-sufficiency: Abstract Being is all that exists, is “inviolate,” and is said to be (incomprehensibly to modern scholars) not created by debt. The monetization of northern India in the same period also promoted a metaphysical revolution, in which universal abstract value-substance is cosmized as unchanging invisible brahman, the debt-driven circulation of money is cosmized as the misery of reincarnation, and the power of individually accumulated money in (and to escape) debt-driven circulation is cosmized (and ethicized) as karma. Along with fundamental similarities, the differences between the monetized metaphysics of Greece and of India are related to the social and religious differences between the two societies.
Debt, Debt Bondage, and the Early Islamic Economy
Authors: Bonner Michael
Published: October 2022

This chapter reconsiders the impact of Islam on the economies of the Near East. It falls into two halves. The first examines the problem of debt peonage in early Islam. Scholarship in this field has often been concerned with the dating of juristic texts. Most notably, there has been an intense debate on the chronology of ḥadīth, records of the sayings and deeds of the prophet Muhammad. While it is clear that debt peonage existed in the first generations of Islam, these source problems make it impossible to determine whether it was a native practice or a recent import from the neighboring empires of Rome and Iran. The second half of the chapter explores the relationship of Islam to commerce more broadly. The early Islamic world featured bustling markets and trade, including large-scale traffic in human beings. At the same time, it also set clear limits to the commodification of persons; most notably, in mature Islamic law, debt bondage is condemned and outlawed. The chapter suggests that this rejection of commodification derived in part from a pre-Islamic Arabian commercial culture that celebrated archaic morality, exalting gift-giving and competition for noble status over commoditization and market exchange.
The Uncertainty Principle
Authors: Lischer Richard
Published: October 2022

John Bunyan and the Puritans gave the modern world two gifts, one of which was unintended. The first was a robust faith in Christ; the second was an equally robust uncertainty with regard to personal salvation. Bunyan’s Grace Abounding is riddled with Puritanism’s Big Question: How do I know I am saved? Bunyan hears voices. They tell him he is unsavable. In response, hopeful passages of scripture fly to his defense. Uncertainty is a near pathology that runs through his autobiography from start to finish. Puritan self-analysis laid the groundwork for introspective theology and modern analysis. Succeeding generations are its heirs. A despised tinker, Bunyan’s spiritual and social standing are mirror images of each other. Yet he writes with a native, untutored energy that has captivated readers for generations. In the after-story to his memoir, he is arrested and becomes the longest-serving nonconformist in England. With the assurance of the gospel, he writes and preaches and becomes a legend.
What Will Survive of Us Is Love
Authors: Lischer Richard
Published: October 2022

The letters between Peter Abelard and Heloise constitute the most famous such exchange in the history of Western literature. They are the rock stars of the twelfth century. In their own words, the letters tell the story of their disastrous love, their fall, their ruin, and their redemption. Now a prioress, Heloise is a bitter shell. She still desires Abelard but can never have him. Abelard, on the other hand, has reinvented himself as a theologian. The letters reveal a man who has grown rigid in the expression of God’s justice, but unable, or unwilling, to look into his own soul; whereas Heloise’s letters display a deep self-awareness and a capacity for self-expression that far exceeds Abelard’s. She still knows the language of love. In the face of ruin, they both soldier on and, in the reinvention of themselves, ultimately find redemption.
Last Lessons
Authors: Lischer Richard
Published: October 2022

Dietrich Bonhoeffer’s Letters and Papers from Prison relates, in his own words, his journey toward death. A rising star in the theological world of Germany, he is now reckoning with what it means to stripped of everything and to live before God with nothing. Writing to his friend Eberhard Bethge, he gradually sloughs off his trust in church and religious formulations. He strives to “just be”—but always in the presence of God. In this desire he resembles the Dutch prisoner Etty Hillesum. Bonhoeffer will also exchange letters with his fiancée Maria von Wedemeyer. These letters reveal how much this young woman, half his age, has taught him about love. In their correspondence, they plan for a future they will never have. Their exchange reveals an emotionally vulnerable side of Bonhoeffer not readily discernible in his more famous letters. Maria continues steadfast in her love until Dietrich, like Etty before him, disappears into the darkness.
Witness
Authors: Lischer Richard
Published: October 2022

Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl bears witness not only to the cruelties of slavery, but to the religious and moral hypocrisy of its perpetrators. It reminds Whites in the North and South of their moral complicity in America’s original sin. Harriet Jacobs skillfully recreates the world of enslavement in a small southern town, Edenton, North Carolina. In intimate detail, she tells of her master’s sexual advances, her attempted escape, and her long imprisonment in her grandmother’s attic. Her narrative bridges the world of enslavement in the South with the urban world of Jim Crow freedom in the North. Her freedom has been bought. She greets such “freedom” with joy and irony. Her memoir does what the best memoirs do: it illumines the soul and the conditions that affect it. Jacobs tells her personal story against the canvas of a vast historical epoch. In style, Incidents owes some of its sentiment to Uncle Tom’s Cabin but does not consent to Stowe’s sentimentalism and religious moralism.
A Revised Itinerary
Authors: Lischer Richard
Published: October 2022

Kathleen Norris’s several memoirs reflect a sea change in spiritual autobiography. They do not recreate a moment of dramatic conversion; nor do they express a warm attachment to the person of Jesus. They reconstruct the search for and discovery of a new life in community—beginning with a small town in South Dakota, and then an even smaller community of priests and nuns. In this community, she is nurtured daily by the psalms, by spiritual relationships, and by the wisdom of the Desert Fathers. Her writing implicitly challenges one of the traditional assumptions of autobiography, namely its focus on the achievement of personal identity over the repressiveness of the group. In Norris’s counternarrative, she discovers what is truest about herself in the Christian community of others.
A Ministry in the South Bronx
Authors: Lischer Richard
Published: October 2022

Heidi Neumark’s Breathing Space is not about her conversion or her call. It tells the story of her ministry in one of the most dangerous and impoverished sectors of America, the South Bronx. Her memoir recreates the Bronx of the 1980s, with its speed, AIDS, routine crime, and rat-infested housing projects. She is the new pastor of a small Spanish-language Lutheran Church named Transfiguration. It is her first parish. She stays for twenty years. She conveys no vocational anguish or uncertainty about her calling. It’s all about the work. She is meant to be there. Breathing Space is mainly a story of people, and especially the many children, who are suffocating in numerous ways. Neumark tells their stories, often interleaving them with stories from the scriptures. The book’s plotline is provided by her parish’s ten-year effort to build a new parish hall. Its completion marks the conclusion of her ministry and a move to another equally demanding New York City parish.
A Snake Handler’s Faith
Authors: Lischer Richard
Published: October 2022

Dennis Covington offers a participant-observer’s description of an exotic religious practice in Salvation on Sand Mountain. He begins as a journalistic observer of snake-handling congregations and ends as a handler himself. He writes about marginalized people who handle copperheads as a means of testing God’s faithfulness. Covington captures the atmosphere of Southern White Pentecostalism—the raucous music, glossolalia, holy dancing, and the moment of truth when the snakes come out of the boxes. He also bears witness to a mysterious urge in himself to be a part of it, to fit in, and to handle. As with John Bunyan, Covington makes the connection between the extremities of religious zealotry and the extremities of social exclusion. The combination results in a Baldwin-like exorcism of a bizarre religious practice and of something worrisome in himself. Covington is a man probing his own roots and hoping to discover exactly what he believes.
Enfranchisement and Partisan Alignment
Authors: Wagner Regina L. , Shafer Byron E.
Published: October 2022

A major challenger to social class as a cleavage shaping American politics across the postwar period has been racial background. Focused most centrally on civil rights as a policy domain, racial background has interacted with other policy domains and other social cleavages on the way to changing the very nature of its attachment to the political parties. Beginning as the domain that was most tightly aligned by geographic region at the start, it was to alter this relationship as it altered others. Partisan enfranchisement, the formal expansion of the electorate, proved to be the dynamic central to all of this.
The Fourth Evangelist and the Son of God
Authors: Bryan Christopher
Published: October 2022

The Word with which John’s gospel begins is eternal, beyond and transcending creation. Indeed, the Word is God’s agent in creation, to be identified with the Divine Wisdom of Israel’s Scriptures. But the Word of John’s gospel is also the Word incarnate, whereby the divine, holy and eternal is becomes one with the transient: an audacious claim, as Augustine saw. As the Word made flash, Jesus is appropriately spoken of as God’s only begotten son, who is God’s agent in redemption, the lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world. Through Jesus his followers also become children of God.
“Why Have They Been Numbered among the Sons of God? And Why Is Their Lot among the Saints?”
Authors: Bryan Christopher
Published: October 2022

A feature of Jesus’ teaching, made especially clear in the Lord’s Prayer, is that he invites his followers to share his relation to the Father, telling them to pray to his Abba as he does. Hence divine sonship in the New Testament is the mirror image of divine sonship in the Scriptures of Israel. In the Scriptures of Israel, divine sonship begins with Israel, God’s people, and is subsequently focused on the figure of the Davidic king. In the New Testament divine sonship begins with the person of Jesus, the Davidic messiah, and subsequently radiates outward from him to his followers who become by their association with him the sons and daughters (or children) of God, also referred to as “the saints,” who have hope amid the despair of the world.
A Fixation Thesis and a Secondary Proceduralization: Constitution as Positive Law
Authors: Michelman Frank I.
Published: October 2022

According to a “liberal principle of legitimacy” proposed by John Rawls in Political Liberalism, expectations of willing submission by citizens in democracies to laws and policies with which they disagree are justified on the condition that those laws and policies have issued in accordance with “a constitution (written or unwritten) the essentials of which all citizens, as reasonable and rational, can endorse.” Does “unwritten constitution,” there, perhaps refer to regularities of political practice empirically observable but not received or established as normative requirements? Alternatively, does that expression envisage a set of directives canonically established in the country’s political practice, although not in codified written-down form—subsisting then as common law but not code law, or perhaps subsisting only in the medium of custom or convention and not at all as positive law? Chapter 2 sets going, but does not yet carry to full completion, a probe into this dimension of the Rawlsian proposal for justification-by-constitution. It should leave the readers with some confidence that Rawls arrived at his proposal thinking mainly within the frame of what the chapter classes as a positivist conception of constitutional law.
A Realistic Utopia?
Authors: Michelman Frank I.
Published: October 2022

Chapter 6 takes up the political sociology behind the proposal of John Rawls for justification-by-constitution (“the liberal principle of legitimacy”). That proposal depends on a prior premise that some or other discrete set of constitutional essentials can register as reasonably acceptable to a wide preponderance of inhabitants of a liberal free society, engaging them all as presumptively reasonable. This chapter looks into what the Rawlsian materials have to say or suggest about further beliefs or assumptions required to make that a sociologically realistic possibility (a “realistic utopia”). Ideas will come into play both of liberal common grounds and of liberal acceptance of burdens of judgment leading to tolerance for disagreement. Those ideas of liberal reason will not suffice, however, to finish the job. Additionally required is an attribution to members of a society stably under liberal democratic law of a certain disposition of passion beyond reason—sometimes named by Rawls as “civility,” and distinguished by others under names such as “sacrifice” and “gift.”
Offsets to Proceduralism
Authors: Michelman Frank I.
Published: October 2022

Chapter 8 takes up a question left hanging by Chapter 7. Satisfaction of John Rawls’s justificatory criterion of reciprocity may require, of a citizen acting in support of some controversial political act or policy, a sincere belief that a socially trusted referee has ruled or would rule in favor of the constitutional compliance of that policy. Reciprocity might further demand the citizen’s own sincere belief in constitutionality, to go along with the official judgment. If reciprocity does so additionally require, a question still remains about how far citizens may or should let their own judgments on constitutionality take guidance from those of a supreme court. Chapter 8 uses various scenarios to show how forms and degrees of resistance to supreme court authority can and do regularly appear within an overall social practice of taking the constitution seriously, thus compromising to some degree but not overthrowing ideas of institutional settlement and proceduralist political justification. These reflections then lead back to renewed consideration of Rawls’s allowance (see Chapter 2) of the possible superiority, for some countries at some times, of a regime of parliamentary supremacy over one of dualist democracy.
Constitutional Application: Between Will and Reason
Authors: Michelman Frank I.
Published: October 2022

With Chapter 9, this book turns from its work of exposition of the Rawlsian proposal for justification-by-constitution (tied together with some wide-angle impressions of a constitutional democracy thus envisaged in action over time) to more focused debates regarding the authority of a supreme court and the contours of its assignment as arbiter of constitutional compliance. Attention to a justificatory function to go side by side with a regulatory function for constitutional law, Chapter 9 starts by suggesting, can help to explain the seeming interminability of debates over “originalist” as opposed to “philosophical” approaches to judicial constitutional interpretation. Between a principle of applying a scripted set of constitutional essentials as required in reason to sustain a liberal justification for the force of law, and a principle of reading and applying the essentials to match the will or understanding of some historical author, lies a gap that cannot be closed. A comparable gap can furthermore be found to lie within a constitution’s justificatory function as conceived by Rawls, inasmuch as (taking up the slogan from prior chapters) “justificatory ambition presupposes regulatory effect.” In developing these thoughts, this chapter finds occasion to join Ronald Dworkin with Rawls among liberal-minded philosophical protagonists for a primary justificatory function for constitutional law.
Legal Formalism and the Rule of Law
Authors: Michelman Frank I.
Published: October 2022

Used in a political (as opposed to what we may call a “metaphysical”) sense, the expression “the rule of law” names not a cosmic force to which we are beholden like it or not, but a type of desired or ideal governmental practice comprising elements of authority, obligation, restraint, regularity, fairness, evenhandedness, transparency, and accountability. In a parallel use, “legal formalism” names a preference respecting modes of expression of legal norms. Formalist-minded lawyers and judges seek rendition of applicable legal norms wherever possible in the grammatical mode of “rule” rather than “principle” or “standard.” Prompted by a recent suggestion that attractions to legal formalism and to rule-of-law metaphysics, both deemed problematic for democracy, are “quintessentially liberal,” Chapter 12 asks to what extent those tendencies appear in the political-liberal constitutional thought of John Rawls. The answer, briefly, is that Rawls is not a constitutional-legal formalist, and that his commendations of a due regard for the rule of law as a liberal constitutional essential all refer to a political-not-metaphysical notion with which democracy-minded critics should have no quarrel. A trace of rule-of-law metaphysics may nevertheless be said to remain in Rawls’s constitution-centered liberal principle of legitimacy. Democracy-minded critics might take issue with that, but the difference to their own models may not lie exactly where they sometimes seem to suppose.
Manuscripts without Readers?
Authors: Michelson David A.
Published: October 2022

This chapter is a cautionary prologue to the study of medieval Syriac readers. It investigates why little attention has been paid to the topic of Syriac monastic readers over the past two centuries of Western scholarship on Syriac texts. This chapter finds an answer through a case study of the descriptions of the Syriac manuscript collection at the British Museum and Library, a collection acquired in the nineteenth century from Dayr al-Suryān, the Syrian monastery in Egypt. The academics who catalogued these manuscripts, William Cureton and William Wright, made foundational contributions to the study of Syriac literature. These men were also, however, constrained by the prejudices of their era. As nineteenth-century European scholars writing in an age of empires based on ideologies of civilizational and racial superiority, they largely ignored or disparaged the role of Syriac monasticism as an historical milieu for the reading of Syriac texts. Their attitudes reflect the interests of Europeans reading Syriac literature in the British Museum, a context far removed from the medieval Syriac readers who first copied and transmitted these texts. The findings of this chapter pose a methodological challenge to future scholarship. Recovery of the neglected history of Syriac contemplative reading must not only be aware of how modern perspectives on reading might mislead but also seek to identify the concerns of past readers within the Syriac monastic traditions.
Was There a Syriac Lectio Divina?
Authors: Michelson David A.
Published: October 2022

This chapter reviews past scholarship in order to craft a methodology for the study of East Syrian contemplative reading. Research on early medieval Europe and Egypt offers valuable analogous models. Scholars have traced the development of Benedictine lectio divina from its Evagrian sources in fourth- and fifth-century Egypt. These studies prompt this chapter to ask if there was a Syriac lectio divina. While there are no prior monographs on reading in Syriac monasticism, this chapter gathers together a number of studies on Syriac biblical interpretation, Syriac monastic literacy, and the mystical theologies of Isaac of Nineveh and Dadishoʿ of Qatar. Collectively, these studies suggest that a tradition of contemplative reading was widely known in the Church of the East by the seventh century. From that evidence, this chapter maps out the need for a broader narrative describing how contemplative reading came to be established in the Church of the East up to that time. Next, the chapter turns to survey the relevant Syriac technical vocabulary related to monastic reading in order to arrive at a working definition of East Syrian contemplative reading. The chapter concludes that although it might be convenient to speak of “a Syriac lectio divina”, it is more accurate to define the Syriac tradition as “ascetic reading” (a category coined by Brian Stock) or “contemplative reading” (a term suggested by the sources). Attention to particular historical contexts reveals that East Syrian contemplative reading was a sibling to Latin lectio divina, independently developed from the same Egyptian tradition.
Contractual Relations
Authors: Campbell David
Published: October 2022

This book demonstrates that economic exchange and legal contract rest on a moral relationship by which each party recognises the autonomy of the other. Through this relationship of mutual recognition, the parties each pursue their legitimate self-interest by the persuasion of the other. Consciousness of this essential relationship is in stark contrast to the alienated belief in solipsistic self-interest that is central to the classical law of contract. Given such belief, it seems justified to take a purely instrumental attitude towards the other party to a contract. But such an attitude is not morally defensible, nor does it enhance economic welfare; and it is for these reasons that the classical law is legally incoherent. The fundamental shortcomings of the classical law arise because it cannot comprehend the way that the doctrines of the positive law do, in fact, give effect to the relationship of mutual recognition. The welfarist criticism of the classical law has, however, failed to develop a workable concept of self-interest, and so is at odds with what must be retained from the classical law, and, behind this, what is welfare enhancing about the market economy. The relationship of mutual recognition can and must be derived from an immanent critique of the classical law that restates self-interest in a morally, economically, and legally attractive manner. The law of contract which emerges is the law of liberal socialism and the social market.
Patterns in Investor–State Arbitration
Authors: Phillips Williams Zoe
Published: October 2022

This chapter presents the first empirical contribution of the project: the results of an extensive coding project of over 700 cases of investor–state arbitration. It provides an overview of the domestic government institutions which took the measures to which investors object, the type of policy measures taken, and whether these were targeted individual investors or were broader policies. It also includes information about the industry of the claimant investors. It demonstrates that administrative decisions are at the heart of the majority of investor–state disputes. However, the legislature is the individual institution that is most frequently implicated in these disputes—an initial finding which points to the highly politicized nature of these disputes. This chapter also looks at the industrial sector to which investors belong and finds that these cases are clustered in highly politicized, ‘strategic industries’. The results of this first empirical contribution contribute to theory-building in the following chapters.
Bilcon of Delaware Ltd v Canada
Authors: Phillips Williams Zoe
Published: October 2022

This chapter presents a case study of the dispute between US quarrying company Bilcon Ltd and Canada. The quarry faced significant opposition from local communities as well as environmental groups. In the face of this pressure, the relevant ministry subjected the project to the strictest form of environmental review—the Joint Review Panel (JRP). The JRP ultimately recommended that the ministry not approve the project. Following the denial of its environmental permit, the company sued Canada under the North American Free Trade Agreement. This case study demonstrates that even in a high-income state with significant experience with investor–state dispute settlement, government officials can be induced to take measures which violate treaty commitments. Rather than a lack of capacity, then, it illustrates the role that public pressure and electoral concerns can play in investor–state disputes, even when the policy measures ultimately challenged by investors are administrative. It lends support to the hypothesis that investment disputes are caused by shifting domestic preferences. It also suggests that implementing increasingly strict regulatory standards can contribute to liability under an investment treaty.
AES Summit Generation v Hungary and Electrabel v Hungary
Authors: Phillips Williams Zoe
Published: October 2022

This chapter presents a case study of disputes between UK and French electricity companies and Hungary. These disputes took place in the context of liberalization and European Union accession. During this time, Hungary cancelled long-term power purchase agreements signed with the investors. Following this, both companies turned to arbitration under the Energy Charter Treaty. These disputes arose in large part due to pressure put on the government by the state-owned electricity distribution company Magyar Villamos Művek (MVM). This case therefore demonstrates the ways in which powerful special interests can also shift state preferences towards an investment. However, the interests of MVM itself were also shaped by shifting political circumstances, in the transition from communist country to European member state. Therefore, this dispute demonstrates the ways in which broader policy shifts and historical legacies contribute to investor–state disputes.
Procedural Requirements for Administrative Limits to Property Rights in France
Authors: Guernaoui Emma
Published: October 2022

In 1804, the Napoleonic Code from which French civil law derives made the right to property a fundamental right. If the possibilities of infringement are extremely rare, they are also very framed. It is in this sense that the Civil Code had in its original drafting an article dedicated to the right of expropriation. More than two centuries later, the expropriation is endowed with its own code which testifies to the extent of its evolution and its framing. It remains a right available to the state to undertake works necessary for the general interest. Few are the opportunities for local authorities to use it. In this field, decentralisation is stumbling. At the same time, this right has evolved by including environmental and urban planning considerations. The control of the reasons of general interest thus includes numerous considerations. Expropriation remains a specific right that can be subject to both judicial and administrative control.
Procedural Requirements for Administrative Limits to Property Rights in Italy
Authors: Mirate Silvia
Published: October 2022

The chapter deals with the procedural requirements in administrative limits to property rights provided by the Italian legal system. The analysis will first of all focus on Article 42 of the Italian Constitution. The article shows the nature of property rights as linked to economic needs and it expressly refers to the possibility of limiting ownership due to its social function and the guarantee of accessibility to the community. The chapter will also analyse the legislative framework, with particular reference to other limits imposed by statute laws for land property or on the basis of the nature of the private good. The Italian expropriation procedure will be finally described underlining the main features and the fundamental requirements.
Procedural Requirements for Administrative Limits to Property Rights in the United Kingdom
Authors: Waring Emma
Published: October 2022

Expropriation is known as 'compulsory purchase' in English law and is governed by a patchwork of legislative powers, prerogative powers, and judicial decisions. Compulsory purchase in England consists of a number of stages requiring that the acquiring authority must first possess a statutory power to expropriate land, as well as a power to take the specific land for a particular purpose. The process for informing and including affected parties in the expropriation process is governed by legislation, as is the payment of financial compensation. Compulsory purchase decisions potentially may be challenged in the courts using judicial review on the grounds of illegality, irrationality, procedural unfairness, and legitimate expectations; a variety of potential remedies exist including mandatory orders, declarations, and financial damages.
Procedural Requirements for Administrative Limits to Property Rights in the United States of America
Authors: Somin Ilya
Published: October 2022

This chapter summarises the constitutional law of property rights in the United States. It explains for what purposes state and federal governments are permitted to expropriate private property by using eminent domain and other similar policies. It also describes the jurisprudence delineating what kinds of government actions qualify as 'takings' that require 'just compensation' under the Fifth Amendment to the federal Constitution, and its state equivalents.
Procedural Requirements for Administrative Limits to Property Rights in the International Law on Promotion and Protection of Foreign Investments
Authors: Fontanelli Filippo
Published: October 2022

International investment law (IIL) seeks to protect property rights from state interferences that are excessive or unjust. Rather than creating novel property rights, IIL provides an additional layer of protection for those recognised under domestic law. IIL standards of protection are mostly formulated through principles, eg fairness, equity, equal treatment, full security, due process, and access to justice. Therefore, IIL provides foreign investors with insurance against rule of law failures, including procedural ones that are serious enough to constitute prohibited interferences on foreign investments. On procedural matters, the assessment of domestic legality—while not dispositive of the determination of international wrongfulness—is inevitably central in the assessment of state responsibility for IIL breaches.
Property Rights, Administrative Limits and Procedural Requirements in the EU, the ECHR, and the IIL
Authors: Conticelli Martina
Published: October 2022

This comparative chapter addresses the approach to property rights of the European Union, the European Convention on Human Rights, and the legal regime for the protection of foreign investors. The comparative exercise developed throughout this chapter highlights the major issues raised in the questionnaire through an analysis of the chosen hypotheticals. From an overall perspective, the regimes in question share many background commonalities and some distinctive features. First and foremost, all of them are located beyond the state, with distinctions, however. Not surprisingly, in terms of both quantitative and qualitative assessment, the list of overarching divergences is significant. Legal experiences interplay with domestic contexts in various ways, but the same systems differ from each other from the point of view of their reach and the parties involved. Last but not least, the purposes each legal regime stands for, their respective institutional setting, their legal machinery, and their effectiveness, may vary profoundly with meaningful implications on the way property rights are conceived and protected.
Specialized metabolism by trichome-enriched Rubisco and fatty acid synthase components
Authors: Ji Wangming , Mandal Sabyasachi , Rezenom Yohannes H , McKnight Thomas D
Published: October 2022

Acylsugars, specialized metabolites with defense activities, are secreted by trichomes of many solanaceous plants. Several acylsugar metabolic genes (AMGs) remain unknown. We previously reported multiple candidate AMGs. Here, using multiple approaches, we characterized additional AMGs. First, we identified differentially expressed genes between high- and low-acylsugar-producing F2 plants derived from a cross between cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and a wild relative (Solanum pennellii), which produce acylsugars that are ∼1% and ∼20% of leaf dry weight, respectively. Expression levels of many known and candidate AMGs positively correlated with acylsugar amounts in F2 individuals. Next, we identified lycopersicum-pennellii putative orthologs with higher nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions. These analyses identified four candidate genes, three of which showed enriched expression in stem trichomes compared to underlying tissues (shaved stems). Virus-induced gene silencing confirmed two candidates, Sopen05g009610 [beta-ketoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) reductase; fatty acid synthase component] and Sopen07g006810 (Rubisco small subunit), as AMGs. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Sopen05g009610 is distinct from specialized metabolic cytosolic reductases but closely related to two capsaicinoid biosynthetic reductases, suggesting evolutionary relationship between acylsugar and capsaicinoid biosynthesis. Analysis of publicly available datasets revealed enriched expression of Sopen05g009610 orthologs in trichomes of several acylsugar-producing species. Similarly, orthologs of Sopen07g006810 were identified as solanaceous trichome-enriched members, which form a phylogenetic clade distinct from those of mesophyll-expressed “regular” Rubisco small subunits. Furthermore, δ13C analyses indicated recycling of metabolic CO2 into acylsugars by Sopen07g006810 and showed how trichomes support high levels of specialized metabolite production. These findings have implications for genetic manipulation of trichome-specialized metabolism in solanaceous crops.
Effects of dietary carnitine supplementation on semen output and quality of boars
Authors: Balogun K B , Lu N , Orlando U , Torborg H , Kleve-Feld M , Denton A , Holstine A , Stewart K R
Published: October 2022

Carnitine is an amino acid derivative that performs the functions of increasing energy production as well as acting as an antioxidant for sperm cells. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the inclusion of carnitine in boar diets on semen output and quality. Sixty-four purebred and hybrid boars at a commercial boar stud were blocked by age and semen quality and randomly allotted to receive a daily 30 g top-dress of either soybean meal (CON) or soybean meal and 625 mg of L-Carnitine (CARN). Supplementation lasted for 12 weeks from May to July 2021 during which weekly semen collection was performed. Semen was evaluated in the stud for concentration and motility parameters using computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA). Samples were shipped to Purdue University for detailed morphology, viability, and CASA analysis performed in samples stored at 17 °C for 5 days. PROC Mixed (SAS v 9.4) was used to analyze data, with boar nested within treatment used in repeated measures analysis. Semen quality estimates from the week before supplementation were used as covariates in the statistical model. Tukey–Kramer adjustment was used for means separation. Carnitine supplementation had no effects on total sperm produced (P = 0.35). Percentage of motile sperm cells (P = 0.63), morphologically normal sperm (P = 0.42), viable sperm (P = 0.43), or sperm with normal acrosomes (P = 0.61) in the ejaculates were not different among treatments. Sperm kinematics in CARN ejaculates tended to have greater straight-line velocity and distance (P = 0.06 and P = 0.07, respectively). There were several interactions of treatment and day of storage for the kinematic parameters. However, these interactions do not show observable trends for CARN to improve or depress sperm function. Overall, the inclusion of 625 mg/d of carnitine in the diet of boars for 12 weeks had no effects on sperm output or quality with minor changes to sperm cell kinematics.
Genome Sequence Resource for Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, an Important Pathogenic Fungus Causing Anthracnose of Dioscorea alata
Authors: Wang Yue , Xu Wei-Teng , Lu Rui-Sen , Chen Min , Liu Jia , Sun Xiao-Qin , Zhang Yan-Mei
Published: October 2022

Anthracnose disease is one of the most important diseases of Dioscorea alata and many other food yams, which is caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides fungus from the Glomerellaceae family of the Sordariomycetes class. In the present study, a C. gloeosporioides starin named CgDa01 was isolated from D. alata, and its genome was sequenced based on Oxford Nanopore technology (ONT) and the Illumina sequencing platform. The high-quality genome of CgDa01 was assembled with a 62.78 Mb genome size and 15,845 predicted protein-coding genes. The proteins of predicted genes were annotated using multiple public databases, including the nonredundant protein database, the InterProScan databases, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. Among the annotated protein-coding genes, 55 were predicted as potential virulence genes by the fungal virulence factor database. The C. gloeosporioides CgDa01 genome assembly described in this study can serve as a resource for better understanding the pathogenic mechanism of C. gloeosporioides on yam hosts.
Draft Genome Resource for Forest PathogenConiferiporia weirii– A Facultative Pathogen ofThuja plicataandCallitropsis nootkatensis
Authors: McMurtrey Shawn , Alcalá-Briseño Ricardo I. , Showalter David N. , LeBoldus Jared M.
Published: October 2022

In North America, Coniferiporia weirii causes root and butt rot of western redcedar (Thuja plicata) and yellow-cedar (Callitropsis nootkatensis). There is currently no draft genome for C. weirii. As a result, C. weirii isolate 30910 originally isolated from a Thuja plicata in Idaho, U.S.A., was sequenced using an Illumina HiSeq 3000 sequencing system. The genome was assembled into 24,918 scaffolds with a scaffold N50length of 53,821 bp. The total size of the genome was estimated to be 42.2 Mb. This included 96% and 95% recovery of basidiomycete complete and single-copy BUSCO genes, respectively. A total of 3.2% of the assessed BUSCO genes were missing and were not recovered. The assembly contained 10,351 predicted protein-coding genes. The estimated mean gene length of the predicted genes was 1,911 bp. While much is known about the biology of this fungus, little is known about its genome. This draft genome provides a baseline resource that will help further understand the population structure, reproductive mode, and evolutionary history of this important forest pathogen.
Complete Genome Sequence of Bacillus velezensis GUAL210, a Potential Biocontrol Agent Isolated from Pepper Rhizosphere
Authors: Zhou Zhicheng , Tang Xianying , Peng Lijuan , Ding Haixia
Published: October 2022

Bacillus velezensis GUAL210 was isolated from the rhizosphere of healthy pepper plants growing in high-incidence anthracnose fields in Guizhou, China. GUAL210 could be used as a potential biocontrol agent against pepper anthracnose and other soil-borne diseases. The GUAL210 genome consisted of a single circular chromosome 4,011,788 bp in length, with an average GC content of 46.41%, and did not harbor any plasmids. A total of 4,115 protein-coding genes, 27 rRNAs, 87 tRNAs, and 12 secondary metabolite biosynthesis gene clusters were identified. The products of the gene clusters included bacilysin, surfactin, bacteriocin, bacillaene, terpene, and so on, which might help host plants inhibit pathogens. The two clusters predicted to produce terpene had not typically been found in other Bacillus spp. The findings of this study will provide valuable data to explore the biocontrol mechanisms of B. velezensis strains.
A Quantitative Real-Time PCR Assay for Early Detection and Quantification of Ramularia mali, an Emerging Pathogen of Apple Causing Dry Lenticel Rot
Authors: Prencipe Simona , Valente Silvia , Nari Luca , Spadaro Davide
Published: October 2022

Ramularia mali is an emerging pathogen of apple (Malus domestica) causing dry lenticel rot. No preventive measures have been adopted due to the lack of knowledge about the life cycle and epidemiology of this pathogen. In a preliminary survey to identify the agents of dry lenticel rot of apple, R. mali was constantly associated with the disease. Using isolates from this survey, a SYBR Green quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay was developed, using calmodulin as target gene, for the detection and quantification of R. mali in apple fruit. The qPCR assay was validated in terms of specificity, sensitivity, repeatability, and reproducibility following the international European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization standard PM 7/98. The primers amplified a region of 237 bp specific to R. mali. The specificity was validated with 20 fungal species commonly found on apple, and 36 strains of R. mali and closely related species of the R. eucalypti species complex. Positive amplifications were obtained only with DNA of R. mali and no cross-reaction was detected with the other fungal species. Sensitivity was assessed with serial dilutions of target DNA and the limit of detection was 100 fg. No influence of host DNA was observed when target DNA was diluted on the DNA of Ambrosia and Golden Delicious apple. The assay permitted to detect and quantify R. mali in symptomatic and asymptomatic fruit. The presence of R. mali on asymptomatic Ambrosia and Golden Delicious apple fruit was demonstrated, and the presence of the pathogen was reported for the first time on Jeromine, Gala, Opal, and Story Inored fruit. This assay could be useful in clarifying the life cycle of this pathogen in order to build up an effective disease management strategy. Furthermore, the early detection of the pathogen on asymptomatic apple fruit could be used to forecast the development of dry lenticel rot, supporting the packinghouse operators in deciding the storage length of apple lots.
New Indication for Cancer Drug Crizotinib
Authors: Aschenbrenner Diane S.
Published: October 2022

The Food and Drug Administration has approved crizotinib (Xalkori) to treat adult and pediatric patients ages one year and older who have recurrent or refractory inflammatory anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)–positive myofibroblastic tumors.

The most common adverse effects in adults are vision disorders, nausea, and edema. The most common adverse effects in pediatric patients are vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, rash, vision disorder, upper respiratory tract infection, cough, pyrexia, musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, edema, constipation, and headache.
Integrating Palliative Care into Nursing Care
Authors: Parekh de Campos Amisha , Levoy Kristen , Pandey Shila , Wisniewski Renee , DiMauro Pierce , Ferrell Betty R. , Rosa William E.
Published: October 2022

The need for palliative care in our health care system has exponentially increased in the past few years as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the aging population, and the increasing number of people living with serious illnesses. While nurses play a critical role in delivering palliative care, many lack confidence and knowledge, causing practice gaps in the clinical and psychological management of seriously ill patients. The collective burden of the pandemic has demonstrated the importance of palliative care education and training, specifically in communication, symptom management, and continuing education. All nurses, including nursing students, transitioning nurses, and practicing nurses, should be trained to offer generalist (or primary) palliative care, in accordance with the American Association of Colleges of Nursing Essentials: Core Competencies for Professional Nursing Education. Provision of holistic, relationship-based, and integrated palliative care for patients and their families is an ethical obligation for all nurses.
Clinical Characteristics and Implications of Indocyanine Green Lymphography-Identified Contralateral Inguinal Pathway of Lower-Limb Lymphedema
Authors: Mackie Helen , Thompson Belinda M. , Koelmeyer Louise A. , Blackwell Robbie , Gaitatzis Katrina , Heydon-White Asha , Boyages John , Suami Hiroo
Published: October 2022

Background and Objectives:

The contralateral inguinal pathway (CIP) to the inguinal nodal region of the contralateral limb has been described in lower-limb lymphedema (LLLE). This audit aimed to use indocyanine green (ICG) lymphography to determine characteristics of patients with CIP to inform conservative therapy.

Methods:

Patients with confirmed LLLE (n = 278) were categorized into secondary cancer-related (n = 82), secondary non–cancer-related (n = 86), or primary (n = 110). Patient characteristics, limb volume and bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) extracellular fluid ratio, and ICG lymphography of lymphatic pathways and dermal backflow areas were recorded.

Results:

Forty-seven patients (16.9%) had movement of ICG dye via CIP. Of these, 30 (63.8%) had secondary cancer-related, 8 (17.0%) had secondary non–cancer-related, and 9 (19.1%) had primary LLLE. Cancer-related LLE (P < .001) and unilateral LLLE (P = .017) were significant indicators of CIP, with 36.6% of patients with cancer-related LLLE demonstrating this pathway. CIP was significantly associated with dermal backflow in shin (P = .016), calf (P = .006), thigh (P < .001), inguinal (P < .001), pubic (P < .001), and abdominal regions (P = .001). Patients with CIP had significantly higher volume differences between limbs (P < .001), severity of lymphedema (P < .001), and BIS measurements (P < .001) than patients without CIP.

Conclusion:

A compensatory lymphatic drainage pathway from the affected limb to the contralateral inguinal lymph node region was evident in 16.9% of patients with LLLE. This pathway was most observed in unilateral cancer-related lymphedema, particularly where edema was present in proximal thigh, inguinal, pubic, and lower abdominal regions. Directing manual lymphatic drainage to the contralateral inguinal drainage region should be considered especially for patients with cancer-related LLLE.