bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The contribution of phenotypic plasticity to the evolution of insecticide tolerance in amphibian populations
Authors: Hua Jessica , Jones Devin K. , Mattes Brian M. , Cothran Rickey D. , Relyea Rick A. , Hoverman Jason T.
Published: April 2015

Understanding population responses to rapid environmental changes caused by anthropogenic activities, such as pesticides, is a research frontier. Genetic assimilation (GA), a process initiated by phenotypic plasticity, is one mechanism potentially influencing evolutionary responses to novel environments. While theoretical and laboratory research suggests thatGAhas the potential to influence evolutionary trajectories, few studies have assessed its role in the evolution of wild populations experiencing novel environments. Using the insecticide, carbaryl, and 15 wood frog populations distributed across an agricultural gradient, we tested whetherGAcontributed to the evolution of pesticide tolerance. First, we investigated the evidence for evolved tolerance to carbaryl and discovered that population‐level patterns of tolerance were consistent with evolutionary responses to pesticides; wood frog populations living closer to agriculture were more tolerant than populations living far from agriculture. Next, we tested the potential role ofGAin the evolution of pesticide tolerance by assessing whether patterns of tolerance were consistent with theoretical predictions. We found that populations close to agriculture displayed constitutive tolerance to carbaryl whereas populations far from agriculture had low naïve tolerance but high magnitudes of induced tolerance. These results suggestGAcould play a role in evolutionary responses to novel environments in nature.
Prognosis and impact of equine recurrent uveitis
Authors: Gerding J. C. , Gilger B. C.
Published: April 2015

Reasons for performing study

Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is a leading cause of vision loss in horses.

Objectives

To assess the prognosis and impact ofERUon affected horses and their owners by evaluating the signalment, treatment and outcome (including the loss of use, vision assessment and economic loss).

Study design

Retrospective impact study.

Methods

Medical records of horses presenting to the North Carolina State University Veterinary Health Complex (NCSU‐VHC) withERUbetween 1999 and 2014 were reviewed. Signalment, clinical signs, ophthalmic examination findings, treatments and outcomes were evaluated. Owner questionnaires were completed regarding vision, job/role, monetary value, diagnostic and treatment costs, concurrent illness and outcomes.

Results

Records of 224 horses (338 eyes) withERUwere reviewed. There was an overrepresentation of Appaloosas (54; 24.1%), Hanoverians (11; 4.9%) and other Warmbloods (13; 5.8%). Ninety‐six eyes (28.4%) were diagnosed as blind and 38 eyes (11.2%) with glaucoma on initial evaluation. Leptospirosis titres of serum and/or aqueous humour were obtained in 88 horses and were positive in 40 horses (45.5%), withL. pomonabeing the most frequently isolated serovar. Globe loss at theNCSU‐VHCoccurred in 41ERUeyes (12.1% of total). Owner questionnaires were evaluated in 194 horses (86.6%) and 91 horses (46.9%) were reported blind in the affected eye(s). Fifty‐seven horses (29.4%) did not return to their previous role, while 61 (31.4%) performed at a reduced level. Equine recurrent uveitis decreased the monetary value of 164 horses. Twenty‐nine horses (14.9%) were euthanised and 37 (19.1%) underwent change in ownership as a direct result ofERU.

Conclusions

The impact ofERUis attributed to the high frequency of blindness, globe loss and loss of function. Euthanasia and change of ownership are common sequelae to the progressive nature ofERU. These factors, along with financial costs of the disease, have a significant impact on affected horses and their owners.

The Summary is available in Chinese – see Supporting Information.
CO2 uptake is offset by CH4 and N2O emissions in a poplar short‐rotation coppice
Authors: Zenone Terenzio , Zona Donatella , Gelfand Ilya , Gielen Bert , Camino‐Serrano Marta , Ceulemans Reinhart
Published: April 2015

The need for renewable energy sources will lead to a considerable expansion in the planting of dedicated fast‐growing biomass crops across Europe. These are commonly cultivated as short‐rotation coppice (SRC), and currently poplar (Populus spp.) is the most widely planted. In this study, we report the greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) measured using eddy covariance technique in an SRC plantation for bioenergy production. Measurements were made during the period 2010–2013, that is, during the first two rotations of the SRC. The overall GHG balance of the 4 years of the study was an emission of 1.90 (±1.37) Mg CO2eq ha−1; this indicated that soil trace gas emissions offset the CO2 uptake by the plantation. CH4 and N2O contributed almost equally to offset the CO2 uptake of −5.28 (±0.67) Mg CO2eq ha−1 with an overall emission of 3.56 (±0.35) Mg CO2eq ha−1 of N2O and of 3.53 (±0.85) Mg CO2eq ha−1 of CH4. N2O emissions mostly occurred during one single peak a few months after the site was converted to SRC; this peak comprised 44% of the total N2O loss during the two rotations. Accurately capturing emission events proved to be critical for deriving correct estimates of the GHG balance. The nitrogen (N) content of the soil and the water table depth were the two drivers that best explained the variability in N2O and CH4, respectively. This study underlines the importance of the ‘non‐CO2 GHGs’ on the overall balance. Further long‐term investigations of soil trace gas emissions should monitor the N content and the mineralization rate of the soil, as well as the microbial community, as drivers of the trace gas emissions.
Intercellular interplay between Sirt1 signalling and cell metabolism in immune cell biology
Authors: Chen Xi , Lu Yun , Zhang Zhengguo , Wang Jian , Yang Hui , Liu Guangwei
Published: April 2015

Sirtuins are evolutionarily conserved class III histone deacetylases that have been the focus of intense scrutiny and interest since the discovery of Sir2 as a yeast longevity factor. Early reports demonstrated an important role of Sirt1 in aging and metabolism, but its critical regulatory role in the immune system has only been unveiled in recent years. In this review we discuss the latest advances in understanding the regulatory role of Sirt1 in immune responses as well as how Sirt1 translates metabolic cues to immune signals, which would bring new insights into both pathogenesis and potential therapeutic strategies of a variety of immune‐related diseases, such as cancer, microbial infection, autoimmune diseases and transplantation.
Anatomy of the larynx and pharynx: effects of age, gender and height revealed by multidetector computed tomography
Authors: Inamoto Y. , Saitoh E. , Okada S. , Kagaya H. , Shibata S. , Baba M. , Onogi K. , Hashimoto S. , Katada K. , Wattanapan P. , Palmer J. B.
Published: April 2015

Although oropharyngeal and laryngeal structures are essential for swallowing, the three‐dimensional (3D) anatomy is not well understood, due in part to limitations of available measuring techniques. This study uses 3D images acquired by 320‐row area detector computed tomography (‘320‐ADCT’), to measure the pharynx and larynx and to investigate the effects of age, gender and height. Fifty‐four healthy volunteers (30 male, 24 female, 23–77 years) underwent one single‐phase volume scan (0·35 s) with 320‐ADCT during resting tidal breathing. Six measurements of the pharynx and two of larynx were performed. Bivariate statistical methods were used to analyse the effects of gender, age and height on these measurements. Length and volume were significantly larger for men than for women for every measurement (P < 0·05) and increased with height (P < 0·05). Multiple regression analysis was performed to understand the interactions of gender, height and age. Gender, height and age each had significant effects on certain values. The volume of the larynx and hypopharynx was significantly affected by height and age. The length of pharynx was associated with gender and age. Length of the vocal folds and distance from the valleculae to the vocal folds were significantly affected by gender (P < 0·05). These results suggest that age, gender and height have independent and interacting effects on the morphology of the pharynx and larynx. Three‐dimensional imaging and morphometrics using 320‐ADCT are powerful tools for efficiently and reliably observing and measuring the pharynx and larynx.
Local adaptation and oceanographic connectivity patterns explain genetic differentiation of a marine diatom across the North Sea–Baltic Sea salinity gradient
Authors: Sjöqvist C. , Godhe A. , Jonsson P. R. , Sundqvist L. , Kremp A.
Published: April 2015

Drivers of population genetic structure are still poorly understood in marine micro‐organisms. We exploited the North Sea–Baltic Sea transition for investigating the seascape genetics of a marine diatom, Skeletonema marinoi. Eight polymorphic microsatellite loci were analysed in 354 individuals from ten locations to analyse population structure of the species along a 1500‐km‐long salinity gradient ranging from 3 to 30 psu. To test for salinity adaptation, salinity reaction norms were determined for sets of strains originating from three different salinity regimes of the gradient. Modelled oceanographic connectivity was compared to directional relative migration by correlation analyses to examine oceanographic drivers. Population genetic analyses showed distinct genetic divergence of a low‐salinity Baltic Sea population and a high‐salinity North Sea population, coinciding with the most evident physical dispersal barrier in the area, the Danish Straits. Baltic Sea populations displayed reduced genetic diversity compared to North Sea populations. Growth optima of low salinity isolates were significantly lower than those of strains from higher native salinities, indicating local salinity adaptation. Although the North Sea–Baltic Sea transition was identified as a barrier to gene flow, migration between Baltic Sea and North Sea populations occurred. However, the presence of differentiated neutral markers on each side of the transition zone suggests that migrants are maladapted. It is concluded that local salinity adaptation, supported by oceanographic connectivity patterns creating an asymmetric migration pattern between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, determines genetic differentiation patterns in the transition zone.
High physical activity in young children suggests positive effects by altering autoantigen‐induced immune activity
Authors: Carlsson E. , Ludvigsson J. , Huus K. , Faresjö M.
Published: April 2015

Physical activity in children is associated with several positive health outcomes such as decreased cardiovascular risk factors, improved lung function, enhanced motor skill development, healthier body composition, and also improved defense against inflammatory diseases. We examined how high physical activity vs a sedentary lifestyle in young children influences the immune response with focus on autoimmunity. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells, collected from 55 5‐year‐old children with either high physical activity (n = 14), average physical activity (n = 27), or low physical activity (n = 14), from the All Babies In Southeast Sweden (ABIS) cohort, were stimulated with antigens (tetanus toxoid and beta‐lactoglobulin) and autoantigens (GAD65, insulin, HSP60, and IA‐2). Immune markers (cytokines and chemokines), C‐peptide and proinsulin were analyzed. Children with high physical activity showed decreased immune activity toward the autoantigens GAD65 (IL‐5, P < 0.05), HSP60 and IA‐2 (IL‐10, P < 0.05) and also low spontaneous pro‐inflammatory immune activity (IL‐6, IL‐13, IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, and CCL2 (P < 0.05)) compared with children with an average or low physical activity. High physical activity in young children seems to have positive effects on the immune system by altering autoantigen‐induced immune activity.
Stress fracture injury in female endurance athletes in the United Kingdom: A 12‐month prospective study
Authors: Duckham R. L , Brooke‐Wavell K , Summers G. D. , Cameron N , Peirce N
Published: April 2015

Studies of stress fracture (SF) incidence are limited in number and geographical location; this study determined the incidence of SF injury in female endurance athletes based in the United Kingdom. A total of 70 athletes aged between 18 and 45 years were recruited and prospectively monitored for 12 months. Questionnaires at baseline and 12 months assessed SF, menstrual and training history, eating psychopathology, and compulsive exercise. Peak lower leg muscle strength was assessed in both legs using an isometric muscle rig. Bone mineral density (BMD) of total body, spine, hip, and radius was assessed using dual X‐ray absorptiometry. Among the 61 athletes who completed the 12‐month monitoring, two sustained a SF diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging, giving an incidence rate (95% confidence intervals) of 3.3 (0.8, 13.1) % of the study population sustaining a SF over 12 months. The SF cases were 800 m runners aged 19 and 22 years, training on average 14.2 h a week, eumenorrheic with no history of menstrual dysfunction. Case 1 had a higher than average energy intake and low eating psychopathology and compulsive exercise scores, while the reverse was true in case 2. BMD in both cases was similar to mean values in the non‐SF group. The incidence of SF in our female endurance athlete population based in the United Kingdom was 3.3%, which is lower than previously reported. Further work is needed to confirm the current incidence of SF and evaluate the associated risk factors.
Strength training improves cycling performance, fractional utilization of VO2max and cycling economy in female cyclists
Authors: Vikmoen O. , Ellefsen S. , Trøen Ø. , Hollan I. , Hanestadhaugen M. , Raastad T. , Rønnestad B. R.
Published: April 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of adding heavy strength training to well‐trained female cyclists’ normal endurance training on cycling performance. Nineteen female cyclists were randomly assigned to 11 weeks of either normal endurance training combined with heavy strength training (E+S, n = 11) or to normal endurance training only (E, n = 8). E+S increased one repetition maximum in one‐legged leg press and quadriceps muscle cross‐sectional area (CSA) more than E (P < 0.05), and improved mean power output in a 40‐min all‐out trial, fractional utilization of VO2max and cycling economy (P < 0.05). The proportion of type IIAX‐IIX muscle fibers in m. vastus lateralis was reduced in E+S with a concomitant increase in type IIA fibers (P < 0.05). No changes occurred in E. The individual changes in performance during the 40‐min all‐out trial was correlated with both change in IIAX‐IIX fiber proportion (r = −0.63) and change in muscle CSA (r = 0.73). In conclusion, adding heavy strength training improved cycling performance, increased fractional utilization of VO2max, and improved cycling economy. The main mechanisms behind these improvements seemed to be increased quadriceps muscle CSA and fiber type shifts from type IIAX‐IIX toward type IIA.
Giant radiating mafic dyke swarm of the Emeishan Large Igneous Province: Identifying the mantle plume centre
Authors: Li Hongbo , Zhang Zhaochong , Ernst Richard , Lü Linsu , Santosh M. , Zhang Dongyang , Cheng Zhiguo
Published: April 2015

In many continental large igneous provinces, giant radiating dyke swarms are typically interpreted to result from the arrival of a mantle plume at the base of the lithosphere. Mafic dyke swarms in the Emeishan large igneous province (ELIP) have not received much attention prior to this study. We show that the geochemical characteristics and geochronological data of the mafic dykes are broadly similar to those of the spatially associated lavas, suggesting they were derived from a common parental magma. Based on the regional geological data and our field observations, we mapped the spatial distribution patterns of mafic dyke swarms in the ELIP, and recognized six dyke sub‐swarms, forming an overall radiating dyke swarm and converging in the Yongren area, Yunnan province. This location coincides with the maximum pre‐eruptive domal uplift, and is close to the locations of high‐temperature picrites. Our study suggests that the Yongren area may represent the mantle plume centre during the peak of Emeishan magmatism.
Urethral diverticulum
Authors: Archer Rosemary , Blackman Jennifer , Stott Mark , Barrington Julian
Published: April 2015

Key content

Urethral diverticulum (UD) is uncommon but is underdiagnosed.

Imaging is essential before surgery is planned.

Missed diagnosis may result in continued symptoms.

Surgery for UD is challenging and complications are common.

Learning objectives

To review the symptomatic presentation of UD.

To review the differential diagnosis of a mass in the urethra.

To understand how imaging may help in the diagnosis of UD.

To review the management of complications of UD.

To review the surgical treatment of UD.

Ethical issues

If not performed adequately surgery may result in a worsening of symptoms especially urinary incontinence.

Surgery is difficult and should be performed by specially trained individuals
Lincosamide resistance is less frequent in Denmark in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius from first‐time canine superficial pyoderma compared with skin isolates from clinical samples with unknown clinical background
Authors: Larsen Rikke , Boysen Lene , Berg June , Guardabassi Luca , Damborg Peter
Published: April 2015

Background

Antimicrobial resistance may be overestimated in bacterial isolates from clinical samples because veterinarians often submit samples in cases of treatment failure or recurrent cases, which are more frequently associated with resistant strains.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To assess to what extent the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolated from first‐time superficial pyoderma differs from canine skin isolates from clinical samples with unknown clinical background.

Animals

Two study groups were enrolled in Denmark between March 2012 and October 2013: 57 dogs with first‐time superficial pyoderma and no prior antimicrobial treatment (Group A); and 289 different dogs for which skin specimens were submitted for culture during the study (Group B).

Methods

One S. pseudintermedius isolate from each dog was confirmed by MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by broth microdilution. Resistance levels in the two groups were compared by Fisher's exact test.

Results

Clindamycin resistance was less frequent in Group A (14%) than in Group B (27%) (P = 0.02). Similar trends were observed for amoxicillin–clavulanic acid (1.8 versus 4.8%), chloramphenicol (8.8 versus 14.5%), enrofloxacin (1.8 versus 3.5%), oxacillin (1.8 versus 4.8%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (3.5 versus 5.9%). Oxacillin resistance was significantly associated with resistance to six of seven non‐β‐lactams.

Conclusions and clinical importance

The prevalence of lincosamide resistance is markedly influenced by patients’ clinical and antimicrobial treatment history. To limit selection of multidrug‐resistant bacteria, lincosamides are appropriate empirical choices for treatment of first‐time superficial pyoderma even though resistance is not infrequent. Culture and susceptibility testing are, however, recommended for all pyoderma patients.
Characterization of a high‐energy in‐line phase contrast tomosynthesis prototype
Authors: Wu Di , Yan Aimin , Li Yuhua , Wong Molly D. , Zheng Bin , Wu Xizeng , Liu Hong
Published: April 2015

Purpose:

In this research, a high‐energy in‐line phase contrast tomosynthesis prototype was developed and characterized through quantitative investigations and phantom studies.

Methods:

The prototype system consists of an x‐ray source, a motorized rotation stage, and a CMOS detector with a pixel pitch of 0.05 mm. The x‐ray source was operated at 120 kVp for this study, and the objects were mounted on the rotation stage 76.2 cm (R1) from the source and 114.3 cm (R2) from the detector. The large air gap between the object and detector guarantees sufficient phase‐shift effects. The quantitative evaluation of this prototype included modulation transfer function and noise power spectrum measurements conducted under both projection mode and tomosynthesis mode. Phantom studies were performed including three custom designed phantoms with complex structures: a five‐layer bubble wrap phantom, a fishbone phantom, and a chicken breast phantom with embedded fibrils and mass structures extracted from an ACR phantom. In‐plane images of the phantoms were acquired to investigate their image qualities through observation, intensity profile plots, edge enhancement evaluations, and/or contrast‐to‐noise ratio calculations. In addition, the robust phase‐attenuation duality (PAD)‐based phase retrieval method was applied to tomosynthesis for the first time in this research. It was utilized as a preprocessing method to fully exhibit phase contrast on the angular projection before reconstruction.

Results:

The resolution and noise characteristics of this high‐energy in‐line phase contrast tomosynthesis prototype were successfully investigated and demonstrated. The phantom studies demonstrated that this imaging prototype can successfully remove the structure overlapping in phantom projections, obtain delineate interfaces, and achieve better contrast‐to‐noise ratio after applying phase retrieval to the angular projections.

Conclusions:

This research successfully demonstrated a high‐energy in‐line phase contrast tomosynthesis prototype. In addition, the PAD‐based method of phase retrieval was combined with tomosynthesis imaging for the first time, which demonstrated its capability in significantly improving the contrast‐to‐noise ratios in the images.
Growth of asteroids, planetary embryos, and Kuiper belt objects by chondrule accretion
Authors: Johansen Anders , Low Mordecai-Mark Mac , Lacerda Pedro , Bizzarro Martin
Published: April 2015

Chondrules, tiny spheres found in primitive meteorites, accumulate through gas drag to form asteroids and planetary embryos.
The microbiome of uncontacted Amerindians
Authors: Clemente Jose C. , Pehrsson Erica C. , Blaser Martin J. , Sandhu Kuldip , Gao Zhan , Wang Bin , Magris Magda , Hidalgo Glida , Contreras Monica , Noya-Alarcón Óscar , Lander Orlana , McDonald Jeremy , Cox Mike , Walter Jens , Oh Phaik Lyn , Ruiz Jean F. , Rodriguez Selena , Shen Nan , Song Se Jin , Metcalf Jessica , Knight Rob , Dantas Gautam , Dominguez-Bello M. Gloria
Published: April 2015

Fecal, oral, and skin biomes of isolated Amerindians show higher human bacterial diversity including antibiotic resistance genes.
Selection and Characterization of Phage-Resistant Mutant Strains of Listeria monocytogenes Reveal Host Genes Linked to Phage Adsorption
Authors: Denes Thomas , den Bakker Henk C. , Tokman Jeffrey I. , Guldimann Claudia , Wiedmann Martin
Published: April 2015

Listeria
-infecting phages are readily isolated from
Listeria
-containing environments, yet little is known about the selective forces they exert on their host. Here, we identified that two virulent phages, LP-048 and LP-125, adsorb to the surface of
Listeria monocytogenes
strain 10403S through different mechanisms. We isolated and sequenced, using whole-genome sequencing, 69 spontaneous mutant strains of 10403S that were resistant to either one or both phages. Mutations from 56 phage-resistant mutant strains with only a single mutation mapped to 10 genes representing five loci on the 10403S chromosome. An additional 12 mutant strains showed two mutations, and one mutant strain showed three mutations. Two of the loci, containing seven of the genes, accumulated the majority (
n
= 64) of the mutations. A representative mutant strain for each of the 10 genes was shown to resist phage infection through mechanisms of adsorption inhibition. Complementation of mutant strains with the associated wild-type allele was able to rescue phage susceptibility for 6 out of the 10 representative mutant strains. Wheat germ agglutinin, which specifically binds to
N
-acetylglucosamine, bound to 10403S and mutant strains resistant to LP-048 but did not bind to mutant strains resistant to only LP-125. We conclude that mutant strains resistant to only LP-125 lack terminal
N
-acetylglucosamine in their wall teichoic acid (WTA), whereas mutant strains resistant to both phages have disruptive mutations in their rhamnose biosynthesis operon but still possess
N
-acetylglucosamine in their WTA.
Spatial, Temporal, and Matrix Variability of Clostridium botulinum Type E Toxin Gene Distribution at Great Lakes Beaches
Authors: Wijesinghe Rasanthi U. , Oster Ryan J. , Haack Sheridan K. , Fogarty Lisa R. , Tucker Taaja R. , Riley Stephen C.
Published: April 2015

Clostridium botulinum
type E toxin is responsible for extensive mortality of birds and fish in the Great Lakes. The
C. botulinum bontE
gene that produces the type E toxin was amplified with quantitative PCR from 150 sloughed algal samples (primarily
Cladophora
species) collected during summer 2012 from 10 Great Lakes beaches in five states; concurrently, 74 sediment and 37 water samples from four sites were also analyzed. The
bontE
gene concentration in algae was significantly higher than in water and sediment (
P
< 0.05), suggesting that algal mats provide a better microenvironment for
C. botulinum
. The
bontE
gene was detected most frequently in algae at Jeorse Park and Portage Lake Front beaches (Lake Michigan) and Bay City State Recreation Area beach on Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron), where 77, 100, and 83% of these algal samples contained the
bontE
gene, respectively. The highest concentration of
bontE
was detected at Bay City (1.98 × 10
5
gene copies/ml of algae or 5.21 × 10
6
g [dry weight]). This study revealed that the
bontE
gene is abundant in the Great Lakes but that it has spatial, temporal, and matrix variability. Further, embayed beaches, low wave height, low wind velocity, and greater average water temperature enhance the
bontE
occurrence.
BadR and BadM Proteins Transcriptionally Regulate Two Operons Needed for Anaerobic Benzoate Degradation by Rhodopseudomonas palustris
Authors: Hirakawa Hidetada , Hirakawa Yuko , Greenberg E. Peter , Harwood Caroline S.
Published: April 2015

The bacterium
Rhodopseudomonas palustris
grows with the aromatic acid benzoate and the alicyclic acid cyclohexanecarboxylate (CHC) as sole carbon sources. The enzymatic steps in an oxygen-independent pathway for CHC degradation have been elucidated, but it was unknown how the CHC operon (
badHI aliAB badK
) encoding the enzymes for CHC degradation was regulated.
aliA
and
aliB
encode enzymes for the conversion of CHC to cyclohex-1-enecarboxyl–coenzyme A (CHene-CoA). At this point, the pathway for CHC degradation merges with the pathway for anaerobic benzoate degradation, as CHene-CoA is an intermediate in both degradation pathways. Three enzymes, encoded by
badK
,
badH
, and
badI
, prepare and cleave the alicyclic ring of CHene-CoA to yield pimelyl-CoA. Here, we show that the MarR transcription factor family member, BadR, represses transcription of the CHC operon by binding near the transcription start site of
badH
. 2-Ketocyclohexane-1-carboxyl–CoA, an intermediate of CHC and benzoate degradation, interacts with BadR to abrogate repression. We also present evidence that the transcription factor BadM binds to the promoter of the
badDEFGAB
(Bad) operon for the anaerobic conversion of benzoate to CHene-CoA to repress its expression. Contrary to previous reports, BadR does not appear to control expression of the Bad operon. These data enhance our view of the transcriptional regulation of anaerobic benzoate degradation by
R. palustris
.
Dynamic Response of Mycobacterium vanbaalenii PYR-1 to BP Deepwater Horizon Crude Oil
Authors: Kim Seong-Jae , Kweon Ohgew , Sutherland John B. , Kim Hyun-Lee , Jones Richard C. , Burback Brian L. , Graves Steven W. , Psurny Edward , Cerniglia Carl E.
Published: April 2015

We investigated the response of the hydrocarbon-degrading
Mycobacterium vanbaalenii
PYR-1 to crude oil from the BP Deepwater Horizon (DWH) spill, using substrate depletion, genomic, and proteome analyses.
M. vanbaalenii
PYR-1 cultures were incubated with BP DWH crude oil, and proteomes and degradation of alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed at four time points over 30 days. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed a chain length-dependent pattern of alkane degradation, with C
12
and C
13
being degraded at the highest rate, although alkanes up to C
28
were degraded. Whereas phenanthrene and pyrene were completely degraded, a significantly smaller amount of fluoranthene was degraded. Proteome analysis identified 3,948 proteins, with 876 and 1,859 proteins up- and downregulated, respectively. We observed dynamic changes in protein expression during BP crude oil incubation, including transcriptional factors and transporters potentially involved in adaptation to crude oil. The proteome also provided a molecular basis for the metabolism of the aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon components in the BP DWH crude oil, which included upregulation of AlkB alkane hydroxylase and an expression pattern of PAH-metabolizing enzymes different from those in previous proteome expression studies of strain PYR-1 incubated with pure or mixed PAHs, particularly the ring-hydroxylating oxygenase (RHO) responsible for the initial oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons. Based on these results, a comprehensive cellular response of
M. vanbaalenii
PYR-1 to BP crude oil was proposed. This study increases our fundamental understanding of the impact of crude oil on the cellular response of bacteria and provides data needed for development of practical bioremediation applications.
Revisiting the Dilution Procedure Used To Manipulate Microbial Biodiversity in Terrestrial Systems
Authors: Yan Yan , Kuramae Eiko E. , Klinkhamer Peter G. L. , van Veen Johannes A.
Published: April 2015

It is hard to assess experimentally the importance of microbial diversity in soil for the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. An approach that is often used to make such assessment is the so-called dilution method. This method is based on the assumption that the biodiversity of the microbial community is reduced after dilution of a soil suspension and that the reduced diversity persists after incubation of more or less diluted inocula in soil. However, little is known about how the communities develop in soil after inoculation. In this study, serial dilutions of a soil suspension were made and reinoculated into the original soil previously sterilized by gamma irradiation. We determined the structure of the microbial communities in the suspensions and in the inoculated soils using 454-pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes. Upon dilution, several diversity indices showed that, indeed, the diversity of the bacterial communities in the suspensions decreased dramatically, with
Proteobacteria
as the dominant phylum of bacteria detected in all dilutions. The structure of the microbial community was changed considerably in soil, with
Proteobacteria
,
Bacteroidetes
, and
Verrucomicrobia
as the dominant groups in most diluted samples, indicating the importance of soil-related mechanisms operating in the assembly of the communities. We found unique operational taxonomic units (OTUs) even in the highest dilution in both the suspensions and the incubated soil samples. We conclude that the dilution approach reduces the diversity of microbial communities in soil samples but that it does not allow accurate predictions of the community assemblage during incubation of (diluted) suspensions in soil.
Quitting experiences and preferences for a future quit attempt: a study among inpatient smokers
Authors: Thomas Dennis , Abramson Michael J , Bonevski Billie , Taylor Simone , Poole Susan G , Weeks Gregory R , Dooley Michael J , George Johnson
Published: April 2015

Objective

Understanding smokers’ quit experiences and their preferences for a future quit attempt may aid in the development of effective cessation treatments. The aims of this study were to measure tobacco use behaviour; previous quit attempts and outcomes; methods used to assist quitting; difficulties experienced during previous attempts; the motives and preferred methods to assist quitting in a future attempt; identify the factors associated with preferences for smoking cessation.

Design

Face-to-face interview using a structured questionnaire.

Setting

Inpatient wards of three Australian public hospitals.

Participants

Hospitalised smokers enrolled in a smoking cessation trial.

Results

Of 600 enrolled patients (42.8% participation rate), 64.3% (n=386) had attempted quitting in the previous 12 months. On a scale of 1 (low) to 10 (high), current motivation to quit smoking was high (median 9; IQR 6.5–10), but confidence was modest (median 5; IQR 3–8). Among 386 participants who reported past quit attempts, 69.9% (n=270) had used at least one cessation aid to assist quitting. Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) was most commonly stated (222, 57.5%), although the majority had used NRT for <4 weeks. Hypnotherapy was the most common (68, 17.6%) non-pharmacological treatment. Over 80% (n=311) experienced withdrawal symptoms; craving and irritability were commonly reported. Most participants (351, 58.5%) believed medications, especially NRT (322, 53.7%), would assist them to quit in the future. History of previous smoking cessation medication use was the only independent predictor of interest in using medications for a future quit attempt.

Conclusions

The majority of smokers had attempted quitting in the previous 12 months; NRT was a popular cessation treatment, although it was not used as recommended by most. This suggests a need for assistance in the selection and optimal use of cessation aids for hospitalised smokers.

Trial registration number

Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12612000368831.
One-step extrapolation of the prediction performance of a gene signature derived from a small study
Authors: Wang Ling-Yi , Lee Wen-Chung
Published: April 2015

Objective

Microarray-related studies often involve a very large number of genes and small sample size. Cross-validating or bootstrapping is therefore imperative to obtain a fair assessment of the prediction/classification performance of a gene signature. A deficiency of these methods is the reduced training sample size because of the partition process in cross-validation and sampling with replacement in bootstrapping. To address this problem, we aim to obtain a prediction performance estimate that strikes a good balance between bias and variance and has a small root mean squared error.

Methods

We propose to make a one-step extrapolation from the fitted learning curve to estimate the prediction/classification performance of the model trained by all the samples.

Results

Simulation studies show that the method strikes a good balance between bias and variance and has a small root mean squared error. Three microarray data sets are used for demonstration.

Conclusions

Our method is advocated to estimate the prediction performance of a gene signature derived from a small study.
BET 2: Does magnesium prolong the analgaesic effect of bupivacaine in a fascia iliaca nerve block?
Authors: Kilgour Peter , Oni Babajide , Ghanayem Hisham , Tabone Dianne
Published: April 2015

A shortcut review was carried out to establish whether routine use of magnesium as an adjunct to bupivacaine fascia iliaca nerve block in femoral neck fracture was effective in prolonging its analgaesic effect. Forty-four papers were found using the reported searches, of which one presented the best evidence to answer the clinical question. The author, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes, results and study weaknesses of this paper are tabulated. It is concluded that while magnesium has the potential to prolong the analgaesic effect of bupivacaine further studies are needed to clarify its exact role and safety profile.
DO PARAMEDICS FIND IT BENEFICIAL TO LEARN THE DIAGNOSIS GIVEN TO THEIR PATIENTS IN THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT?
Authors: Pollard John , Black Sarah
Published: April 2015

Background

Traditionally, paramedics do not learn the diagnosis of a patient once handed over at the Emergency Department (ED). In this pilot study, a system of feedback from the ED was provided to a group of paramedics using secure email. The diagnosis given in ED and discharge destination of their patients was provided in an anonymised format.

Methods

After receiving the feedback for eight weeks a questionnaire was distributed electronically to participating paramedics. The survey aimed to establish the perceived usefulness of the feedback by asking a series of questions with dichotomous response options. The facility to elaborate on some responses was also provided.

Results

A 76% response rate was achieved with 19 of the 25 clinicians who received the feedback report returning the survey. Of those who responded 90% (n=17) indicated that it prompted them to reflect clinically, with 65% (n=11) noting that this included further reading. Some said the reading included key texts and guidelines to refresh knowledge, while others read around a specific subject to broaden their knowledge. 68% (n=13) indicated that the feedback had prompted clinical discussion with colleagues. A key question asked respondents if the ED diagnosis differed from their pre-hospital clinical impression, 63% (n=12) noted that there was a difference. Unanimously respondents thought receiving the feedback reports would help improve their skill in diagnosis and wanted to continue receiving them.

Limiting factors

This was a convenience sample of small size. Receiving feedback on the diagnosis given in ED is a novel experience for paramedics.

Conclusions

Receiving this feedback enables paramedics to audit the quality of their work. They find this beneficial and there is the potential to improve skill in diagnosis. Further studies in this area are suggested.
EMERGENCY MEDICAL DISPATCH: DO THE DEAD TAKE PRIORITY OVER THE DYING?
Authors: Hitt Andy , Williams Julia , Edwards Tim
Published: April 2015

Background

In the UK demand for emergency ambulances is increasing. To deal with this increase, Ambulance Service Trusts must use resources effectively and ensure that they are deployed appropriately.

Aim

The aim of this study was to gain an understanding of factors influencing resource dispatchers' (RD) decision-making processes when managing ambulance resources attending out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OOHCA) and how these decisions might impact on resource availability.

Method

Utilising a generic qualitative approach, nine RDs participated in semi structured interviews which were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data analysis was performed using a template style of thematic analysis.

Findings

OOHCA generally takes priority over other emergency calls regardless of clinical need or likely prognosis. Participants stated that they would probably drive past a critically ill patient to attend a patient in cardiac arrest even if they believed them to be beyond help. A significant amount of time was spent dealing with deceased patients, especially when waiting for police to attend. This may affect resource availability and subsequently delay treatment of other critically ill and injured patients.

Limitations

Dispatching processes may differ between Trusts so further studies are required to enhance transferability of findings.

Conclusions

OOHCA is almost always prioritised above other time critical emergencies despite the view that other patients may benefit more from a priority response. Decisions are made rapidly, under pressure and with very little clinical information to hand.

Recommendations for change

Further research is required before substantive recommendations can be made but preliminary indications infer that resource efficiency may be improved by applying simple changes to every day practice including dialogue between lead clinician and dispatcher to optimise staff skill mix in attendance to calls and improved liaison between police and ambulance controls to facilitate the prompt stand down of ambulance resources dealing with deceased patients.
USING POINT-OF-CARE CARDIAC MARKERS IN LOW RISK CHEST PAIN IN THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT
Authors: Griffiths James , Humphrey Julian , Pearson Sally-Anne , Pallot David
Published: April 2015

Background

Barnsley Emergency Department, which recruited patients into the RATPAC trial, initiated a POC pathway for low-risk chest pain patients from December 2011. A preceding audit estimated that 50% of chest pain patients may be suitable for discharge from the ED.

Methods

All patients who underwent POC testing for chest pain between December 2011 and July 2012 were identified from the Radiometer AQT™ database. Patient notes were then examined using Filestream™ data record system and time spent within the ED was assessed using Extramed™ patient tracking system.

Results

A total of 1039 patients underwent POC testing during the period. Of these, 9 sets of notes were missing, giving a sample of 1030 patients. The age range was 16–96 (mean age 53.7 years) and 553 (54%) patients were male.

Admissions: 649 patients were discharged from the ED (63%). However, when high risk patients and those admitted for other reasons (different diagnosis or social reasons), this percentage rises to 83% (649 discharges from 784 appropriate POC patients).

Re-attendances: There were a total of 137 re-attendances within one month (13% of all patients). When unrelated attendances are removed, the number of significant re-attendances was 43 (4% of patients).

Breaches: There were a total of 120 patients (11.6%) who breached the 4-hour access standard. During the 8-month period, there were a total of 2147 breaches and the average 4-hour performance for the trust was 95.65%. For the same period in the previous year, there were 2779 breaches and the average 4-hour performance was 94.27%

Conclusion

Our pilot work would suggest that the use of POC cardiac markers in chest pain can facilitate discharge of low risk patients from the Emergency Department without a significant re-attendance rate or impacting on the 4-hour access standard.
WHERE NEXT FOR THE PARAMEDIC PROFESSION? AN ETHNOGRAPHY OF WORK CULTURE AND OCCUPATIONAL IDENTITY
Authors: McCann Leo , Granter Edward , Hassard John , Hyde Paula
Published: April 2015

The paramedic profession, along with the broader structure and mission of NHS emergency ambulance provision, is undergoing significant but rather undefined change. The clinical scope of the paramedic role has broadened, and the opening of new patient pathways has enabled a broader range of treatment and referral options for attending ambulance crews.

Ambulance trusts have moved to an all-graduate intake for new paramedics, and significant advances have been made in establishing the classic steps of a ‘professionalization project’ (such as the growth of the College of Paramedics, the development of peer-reviewed practitioner journals, and the introduction of advanced paramedic roles.) Some of these changes are contentious, however, and many of the fundamentals of ambulance work and occupational culture remain unchanged to a significant degree.

Long-standing problems persist around low staff morale, high levels of sickness-related absence, lack of capacity, limited resources and support, the dominance of a ‘targets culture’, and a lack of working trust between ‘management’ and ‘roadstaff.’ Working life ‘on the road’ is demanding and the emergency ambulance field is a challenging environment for the pursuit of a professionalization project.

This paper provides insights from a sociology of work perspective into the everyday work culture of ambulance services. Based on qualitative interviews and ethnographic observation of ambulance crews and of mid-level ambulance trust managers, the paper provides an in-depth exploration of the culture of everyday working life in (anonymized) ambulance trusts.

We identify several broad conceptions among staff as to the essence and purpose of emergency ambulance provision, of ambulance trusts as employers, and of the goals and potential pitfalls of the professionalization project. The paper thus explores the multifaceted meanings of ‘professionalism’ and considers the broad challenges facing the profession at large and NHS trusts as employers as both confront unsettling forms of change.
WHAT CLINICAL REASONING STRATEGIES DO STUDENT PARAMEDICS USE DURING THEIR DIFFERENTIATION OF PATIENTS WITH DIFFICULTY IN BREATHING?
Authors: Catterall M , Williams J
Published: April 2015

Background

Acute heart failure (AHF) symptoms are similar to some respiratory conditions making it challenging for paramedics to diagnose AHF accurately, especially as they infrequently encounter it. Little is known about the clinical reasoning strategies (CRS) used by student or qualified paramedics to diagnose and manage patients with AHF, inaccurate diagnosis associated with inappropriate diuretic management can cause patient complications.

Research aim

To explore CRS student paramedics use during their diagnosis and management of AHF, examining differentiation processes between AHF and a respiratory condition presenting with similar signs and symptoms.

Methodology

A convenience sample of ten senior student paramedics from a BSc (Hons) Paramedic Science programme participated in a two phase exploratory study. Phase A involved assessment of three high-fidelity simulations of: (a) AHF; (b) pneumonia; (c) infective exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease each patient complaining of breathlessness. Phase B incorporated semi-structured interviews to explore participants' CRS during these simulations. Data analysis used thematic analysis.

Findings and discussion

Four key themes emerged: (i) Identification of Heart Failure; (ii) Process of Differentiation; (iii) Sources of Influence; (iv) Management Decisions. Participants demonstrated two forms of CRS; initially backward reasoning, using illness-scripts, rapidly determined need for immediate resuscitation and evaluated the opportunity available to conduct assessment and examination. This involved searching for cues used in forward hypothetical-deductive clinical reasoning; the strategy participants used during diagnosis. Two participants inappropriately activated illness-scripts through cue misinterpretation, resulting in incorrect diagnosis and pharmacological therapy. Participants had a low-threshold of pharmacological treatment instigation, even when the diagnosis was uncertain.

Conclusion

Although a small study, consideration should be given to participants immature CRS; they may require post-registration support to develop consistently accurate and appropriate clinical decisions which avoid patient exposure to risk. Further research should identify whether other paramedic students, from the various registration routes, reflect these results.