bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphological And Ecogeographic Study Of The Diversity Of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) In Ecuador
Authors: Monteros-Altamirano Álvaro - , Tapia César - , Paredes Nelly - , Alulema Victor , Tacán Marcelo , Roura Alberto - , Lima Luis - , Sørensen Marten -
Published: July 2021

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a crop of nutritional and economic importance worldwide, cultivated in more than 100 tropical and subtropical countries including Ecuador, traditionally cultivated in its three continental regions: the Amazon, the Coast and in the valleys of the Sierra. The purpose of this study was to characterize 195 accessions from INIAP's Ecuadorian cassava collection through 1) morphological characterization with qualitative and quantitative descriptors; and 2) ecogeographic characterization to know the climatic, geophysical and edaphic conditions in which cassava grows and which environments are frequent or marginal for its cultivation. For the morphological characterization, 27 morphological descriptors were used (18 qualitative and nine quantitative), and for the ecogeographic characterization, 55 variables (41 climatic, two geophysical and 12 edaphic). As a result, four morphological groups and three ecogeographic groups were identified. In the research, morphological variability was evidenced, mainly in descriptors related to the leaf, stems and inflorescences. In addition, it was possible to identify accessions that can adapt to extreme conditions of drought and poor soils, which could be used for improvement.
Waste LED Lamp Characterization: A Call for More Consistent and Well-Documented Study
Authors: Rahman Sm , Larratte Bertrand , Pompidou Stéphane , Alix Thècle
Published: July 2021

Solid-state lighting has been replacing conventional lighting in the market, raising concerns for implementing an efficient end-of-life management system. Since LED waste streams have not been quite dominant, characterization studies (product-level characteristics, component-wise information, bill of materials, diversity, and differences) are inconsistent and having substantial gaps. This study investigates the end-of-life LED lamp literature, focusing on the bill-of-materials, and reveals that the characterization procedure suffers from a severe lack of sample representativeness. Consequently, characterization results are widely varied and not generalizable. Moreover, most of the studies did not inform and document the detailed sample characteristics, precluding the possibility of identifying reasons for variation. Combining available information from the recent studies, we present a mass distribution at the component level, exemplifying the prospect for meeting EU regulatory limit and the need for more insight at the lamp and component level. To fill the disconnection between lamp level characteristics and component and material content, we propose a characterization protocol that carefully documents lamp, component, and material level information by establishing a lamp-component–material composition nexus. The protocol may help researchers, policymakers, and industrial stakeholders conduct a systematic characterization, analyze complexities and prepare for a sustainable solution.
Nanostructural crystallization of metals
Authors: Marukovich E. I. , Stetsenko V. Yu. , Stetsenko A. V.
Published: July 2021

Based on thermodynamic calculations, it is shown that metal crystallization is an equilibrium nanostructural process. At the beginning, trigonal or tetragonal structure-forming nanocrystals are formed from elementary nanocrystals. Then crystallization centers are formed from them. Further, tetragonal or hexagonal dendrites are formed from them and tetragonal or trigonal structure-forming nanocrystals. Their forms depend on the degree of branching of dendrites. The most branched of them (compact dendrites) are tetragonal or hexagonal crystals.
Recycling of stainless steel bar scrap by radial-shear rolling to obtain an ultrafine-grained gradient structure
Authors: Lezhnev S. N. , Naizabekov A. B. , Volokitina I. E. , Panin E. A. , Kuis D. V.
Published: July 2021

This work is devoted to the study of the possibility of recycling bar scrap of stainless metals using radial-shear rolling. In the course of studies on the deformation of bar scrap in the form of pins made of 12X18N9T stainless austenitic steel on a radial-shear rolling mill, the resulting bar was obtained microstructure of two different types: on the periphery an equiaxed ultrafine-grained structure with a grain size of 0.4–0.6 microns was formed; in the axial zone anoriented, banded texture was obtained. This discrepancy in the structure of the peripheral and axial zones, together with the results of cross-section microhardness measurements of samples made of 12X18N9T austenitic stainless steel with a total degree of deformation of 44.4 %, indicates the gradient nature of the resulting microstructure.
Designing a Planar Fluxgate Using the PCB Technology
Authors: Kolomeitsev A. A. , Zatonov I. A. , Pischanskaya M. I. , Baranov P. F. , Ilyaschenko D. P. , Verkhoturova E. V.
Published: July 2021

The development of novel methods, scientific devices and means for measuring magnetic fields generated by ultra-low current is among promising directions in the development of medical equipment and instruments for geodetic surveys and space exploration. The present work is to develop a small sensor capable of detecting weak magnetic fields, which sources are biocurrents, radiation of far space objects and slight fluctuations of the geomagnetic field. Scientists estimate the strength of such magnetic fields as deciles of nanotesla. 

The key requirements for the sensors of ultra-low magnetic field are: resolution, noise level in the measurement channel, temperature stability, linearity and repeatability of the characteristics from one produced item to another. The aforementioned characteristics can be achieved by using planar technologies and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) in such advanced sensors.

The work describes a complete R&D cycle, from creating the computer model of the sensor under study to manufacturing of a working prototype. To assess the effect of the geometry and material properties, the Jiles–Atherton model is implemented which, unlike the majority of the models used, allows considering the non-linearity of the core, its hysteresis properties and influence of residual magnetization.

The dimensions of the developed sensor are 40×20×5 mm, while the technology allows its further diminishment. The sensor has demonstrated the linearity of its properties in the range of magnetic field strength from 0.1 nT to 50 µT for a rms current of excitation of 1.25 mA at a frequency of 30 kHz. The average sensitivity for the second harmonic is 54 µV/nT.
Structural Solutions that Increase the Dynamic Accuracy of a Wave Solid-State Gyroscope
Authors: Malyutin D. M.
Published: July 2021

The development of wave solid-state gyroscopes (VTG) is one of the promising areas of development of gyroscopic angular velocity sensors. VTG from the standpoint of manufacturing technology, tuning and control systems, as well as accuracy characteristics, has a number of advantages compared to other types of gyroscopes. When developing VTG, they strive to reduce the gyroscope's own care, zero signal bias, and the non-linearity of the scale factor in the operating temperature range However, when creating the device, due attention is often not paid to the existing opportunities to improve the dynamic accuracy of the gyroscope by developing promising structural solutions for building control circuits and information processing. The solution to this problem was the goal of the work.

Using the methods of the theory of automatic control, the dynamics of a wave solid-state gyroscope with a metal resonator and piezoelectric elements in the closed-loop mode of Сoriolis acceleration compensation are studied. Piezoelectric elements perform the functions of displacement and force sensors.

Two promising structural solutions for constructing VTG control and information processing circuits are proposed and considered. Relations are established for selecting the parameters of the links of these contours, which provide an increase in the dynamic accuracy of the gyroscope. In the first case, the proposed structure for constructing the VTG allows us to significantly reduce the dynamic errors caused by the difference in the scale coefficient of the VTG at different frequencies of the measured angular velocity in the bandwidth. Such a structure for constructing a VTG can be recommended when solving a measurement problem in which it is necessary to accurately measure the angular velocity, and the phase lag of the output signal in relation to the measured angular velocity is of secondary importance. In the second case, the proposed structure of the VTG construction corresponds to the transfer function of the relative measurement error with secondorder astatism, and the absolute measurement error in the frequency band of 10 Hz does not exceed 0.1 %.
High Power Diode-Pumped Erbium Laser Emitting at Near 1.5 μm
Authors: Gorbachenya K. N. , Kisel V. E. , Yasukevich A. S. , Koporulina E. V. , Volkova E. A. , Maltsev V. V. , Leonyuk N. I. , Kuleshov N. V.
Published: July 2021

Solid-state lasers emitting in the 1.5–1.6 μm spectral range are very promising for eye-safe laser range finding, ophthalmology, fiber-optic communication systems, and optical location. The aim of this work is the investigation of spectrosposcopic and laser properties of gain medium based on borate crystal for abovementioned lasers.

Spectroscopic and laser properties of Er,Yb:YAl3(BO3)4 crystals with different concentrations of dopants were investigated. Polarized absorption and emission cross-section spectra were determined. The ytterbium- erbium energy transfer efficiency was estimated. The maximal energy transfer efficiency up to 97 % was obtained for Er(4 at.%),Yb(11 at.%):YAl3(BO3)4 crystal.

The laser operation of heavily doped crystals with erbium concentration up to 4 аt.% (2.2^1020 cm^3) was realized. By using of Er(2 at.%),Yb(11 at.%):YAl3(BO3)4 crystal a maximal continuous- wave (CW) output power of 1.6 W was obtained at 1522 nm with slope efficiency of 32 %. By using of Er(4 at.%),Yb(11 at.%):YAl3(BO3)4 crystal a maximal peak output power up to 2.2 W with slope efficiency of 40 % was realized in quasi-continuous-wave regime of operation. The spatial profile of the output beam was close to TEM00 mode with M2 < 1.2 during all laser experiments.

Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that Er,Yb:YAl3(BO3)4 crystals are promising active media for lasers emitting in the spectral range of 1.5-1.6 pm for the usage in laser rangefinder and laser- induced breakdown spectroscopy systems, and LIDARs.
New Industrialization and Trends in Modernization of Belarusian Industry
Authors: Mialeshka Yu. V.
Published: July 2021

A meaningful characteristic of modern industrial production is given and prospects for the modernization of the Belarusian industry through new industrialization are identified in the paper. In this regard, the objectives of the study have been determined: to consider modern concepts of the transformation of economic systems under the influence of technological progress, to substantively characterize the new industrialization, including to describe the technological and organizational features of the new intentional production, to identify its distinctive features, to determine the prospects for using the concept of new industrialization for modernization of the Belarusian industry. The methodological basis was the general scientific methods and principles of сognition, namely: the method of deduction and induction, the method of comparative analysis, historical approach. The author considers the new industrialization as an economic structure that has developed as a result  of the spread of digital technologies in a modern socially-oriented, predominantly market economy. The technological basis  of the new industrial production is cyber-physical production systems that operate through the industrial Internet of things,  the Internet of services and network mechanisms of interaction between all participants in the value added chain. The development of digital production and digital services entails the digitalization of business models. The result is flexible, adaptive, individualized industrial production through the triad of digital production, digital services and digital business models. When modernizing the Belarusian industrial complex, aimed at developing high-tech and knowledge-intensive industrial production and increasing the efficiency of traditional industries through the use of a wide variety of new technologies, the priority should be the comprehensive digitalization of production, services and business models.
CREATIVE ECONOMY AS THE HIGHEST FORM OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE POSTINDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
Authors: DANILCHENKO A. , BERTOSH E. , CHI O DOC
Published: July 2021

The article is devoted to the study of creative economy, as the highest form of development of postindustrial society. Identified features of the formation of creative economy on the example of the Republic of Korea are revealed.
MANAGEMENT OF FINANCE FLOWS AS A FACTOR OF OPTIMIZATION OF FINANCIAL RELATIONS OF ORGANIZATIONS
Authors: МИШКОВА М.
Published: July 2021

Determine how management of financial flows, aimed at optimizing the financial relations of the organization and establishment of an effective financial management mechanism for the period of crisis management. Considered to be an opportunity to optimize the management of financial flows will enable the organization to increase competitiveness.
THE IMPORTANCE OF INDUSTRIAL CHARACTER SERVICES IN IMPROVING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES (IN THE CONTEXT OF THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION)
Authors: MELESHKO J.
Published: July 2021

The article is devoted to the problems of industrial services, namely, to changing their role in industrial production in the context of the fourth industrial revolution. Factors of growth in the sphere of services, which led to the dominance of this sector in the structure of world GDP and employment, are singled out. On the basis of statistical data, the analysis of the crisesworthiness of various types of economic activity was carried out. The mechanism of growth of the sphere of industrial services in the conditions of reindustrialization is shown through the organization of effective production of a new type ("smart plants") and the implementation of a customer-oriented policy of industrial enterprises.
A Comparison of Geological Characteristics of the Main Continental Shale Oil in China and the U.S.
Authors: Li Mengying , Chen Xinkai
Published: July 2021

Shale oil is an important strategic resource in the future. The development and utilization of shale oil is a pivotal revolution in the field of fossil energy. The successful development in North America brings new thinking to the world. In recent years, there have been many definitions of shale oil, but no agreement has been reached in the petroleum industry. Marine shale oil is dominant in the United States (the U.S.), while continental shale oil is the counterpart in China. This study takes Uinta Basin, Ordos Basin, and Junggar Basin, for example, to make a comparison of the concept and geological characteristics of shale oil in continental basins between the U.S. and China. Different kinds of shale oil are generated due to the distinctions of sedimentary environments, hydrocarbon supply conditions, and sandy sediment development in different regions. High-quality source rocks have been developed in freshwater and salty water environments of continental lacustrine basins. The lithologies of the Uteland Butte Member, Chang 7 Member, and Lucaogou Formation are lacustrine carbonate rocks, clastic rocks, and mixed sedimentary rocks, respectively. Results indicate that the lower pressure can be identified in continental basins in China. Furthermore, the comparison shows that the Chang 7 Member characterizes lighter crude oil and larger scale of “sweet spot” and the Lucaogou Formation developed a thicker target layer, while the Chang 7 Member is at a disadvantage of insufficient stratum energy and the Lucaogou Formation is difficult in heavier crude oil and higher oil viscosity.
Dynamic Assessment of The Pulmonary Veins in The Cardiac Cycle of Adults Without Heart Disease by Cardiac CT
Authors: Dong Jing , Li Hui , Deng Yu-Jiao , zhou Jin-Rong , Shu Jian , Chen Jing
Published: July 2021

Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of cardiac cycle and the traditional risk factors on the four pulmonary veins (PVs) of adults and to determine the phase for measuring the maximum value of PVs.Methods Cardiac CT was performed in 101 subjects. The diameter, area, cross-sectional angle, and coronal-section angle of four PVs in 10 phase were reconstructed and measured at 10% step from 5%-95% R-R interval. The differences in PVs size and spatial angles in cardiac cycles and the correlation between the indicators of four PVs and traditional risk factors were analized using two-level model.Results All the maximum size values of the four PVs were found in 45%, while the minimum values were found in 5% or 95% of cardiac phases. Gender influenced the size of three PVs—right superior pulmonary vein (RSPV), right inferior pulmonary vein (RIPV), and left inferior pulmonary vein (LSPV). The diameter of the RSPV was small in hypertensive patients and smokers. In addition, the cross-sectional angles of the left superior pulmonary vein (LIPV) changed during cardiac cycles, and age affected these changes. We found no changes in the spatial angles of the RSPV, RIPV, and LSPV, as well as the coronal-section angle of the LIPV.Conclusions PVs ostia size of normal person varies during cardiac phases. Compared with nomal person, AF could affect the cardiac phase in which the maximum and minimum of PVs is, and it may lead to a reduction of the PVs’ size slightly.For life science journals only.
A Cluster-based Node Relocation Technique for Connectivity Restoration for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Hassan Mahmood ul , al-wady Amin , Mahmood Khalid , Ali Shahzad , Algamdi Ibrahim , Saeed Muhammad Kashif , Shah Ansar
Published: July 2021

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are widely used in most applications of the Internet of Things (IoT) for efficiently sensing the harsh environments, collecting important data, and sending them to the base station for further analysis. Therefore, the research community worldwide is actively participating in addressing and solving the challenges associated with WSNs. The common issue that is being studied and well-thought-out are how to increase the network's life span by resolving node failure problem and efficient energy utilization. This paper introduces a Cluster-based Node Recovery (CNR) connectivity restoration mechanism based on the concept of clustering. The proposed technique utilizes a distributed cluster-based approach to identify the failed nodes, while Cluster Heads (CHs) play a significant role in the restoration of connectivity. The simulation results show that the proposed technique efficiently addresses node failure and restores the connectivity by moving fewer nodes than other existing connectivity restoration mechanisms.
Determination of Some Body Measurements of Camels With Three Dimensional Modeling Method (3D)
Authors: çağlı Alkan , Yılmaz M.
Published: July 2021

In this study, the use of three-dimensional modeling method was tested in taking some body measurements in camels with a practical method and was compared with other measurement methods. As the animal material of the study, 12 single humped dromedary female camels and 14 double humped Camelus dromedarius X Camelus bactrianus: F1 male camels, totally 26 camels, were used in three camel farms in Incirliova district of Aydın province. The body measurements taken from each animal by using different three methods, namely by Manuel Method (MM), by Photography Method (PM), and by Three Dimensional Modeling Method (3D) were the Cidago Height (CH), the Back Height (BH), the Rump Height (RH), the Body Length (BL), the Brisket Height (BRH), the Abdominal Height (AH), the Shoulder Width (SW) and the Rump Width (RW) and these values were compared with each other. As a result of this study, the mean values of MM and 3D measurement values were very close to each other and the difference between them was found to be statistically insignificant. (P<0.05). The difference between the means of PM and MM/3D measurement values was found to be significant. (P <0.05). In the measurements taken by MM, 3D, PM methods in male camels, the values obtained by MM and 3D methods for CH, BH, RH, BRH, AH, BL, and SW were very close to each other and the differences between them were found insignificant statistically (p < 0.05). On the determined regression graph, a linear was found between MM and 3D measurement values. As a result of this study, it has been determined that the 3D modeling method can be used as a remote and more practical method in determining the morphological features of large-scale animals such as camels more reliably, more easily and more practically.
Cloud-based Energy Efficient and Secure Service Provisioning System for IoT using Blockchain
Authors: Ahmed Adeel , Abdullah Saima
Published: July 2021

The energy consumption of the internet of things (IoT) routing protocol can affect the network life span. The high volume of data produced by IoT will result in transmission collision, security, and energy dissipation due to data redundancy because tiny sensors are usually hard to recharge after they are deployed. Generally, to save energy, data aggregation reduces data redundancy at each node by turning some nodes into sleep and some into wake-up mode. The main work is that to group the nodes with high data similarity using the fuzzy matrix. Then, data received from the member nodes at CH are analyzed using a fuzzy similarity matrix for clustering. In the next step, after clustering, some nodes are chosen from all groups as redundant nodes. The sleep scheduling mechanism is then applied to reduce data redundancy, network traffic jamming, and transmission cost. We proposed an energy-efficient data aggregation mechanism (EEDAM) secured by blockchain. The proposed system uses a data aggregation mechanism at the cluster level to save energy. Edge computing is used to provide on-demand trusted services to IoT without minimum delay. Blockchain is integrated inside a cloud server, so the edge is validated by the blockchain to provide secure services to IoT. Finally, we performed simulations to calculate the performance of the proposed mechanism and compared it with the conventional energy-efficient algorithms. The simulation results show that the proposed structural design can successfully reduce the amount of data, provide proper security to IoT, and extend the wireless sensor network (WSN).
Energy Efficient Nodes Clustering and Routing Using Multi-Objective Spider Monkey Optimization Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Network
Authors: S Duraimurugan , R Avudaiammal
Published: July 2021

In wireless sensor network (WSN), the gateways which are placed far away from the base station (BS) forward the collected data to the BS through the gateways which are nearer to the BS. This leads to more energy consumption because the gateways nearer to the BS manages heavy traffic load. So, to overcome this issue, loads around the gateways are to be balanced by presenting energy efficient clustering approach. Besides, to enhance the lifetime of the network, optimal routing path is to be established between the source node and BS. For energy efficient load balancing and routing, multi objective based spider monkey optimization (SMO) algorithm is presented in this paper. Using this algorithm, optimal clustering and routing are performed depend on the objective functions routing fitness and clustering fitness. Simulation results show that the performance of the proposed SMO based clustering and routing scheme attains better results than that of the existing algorithms in terms of energy consumption, delivery ratio, throughput and network lifetime.
Re-emergence of Avian leukosis virus subgroup J in the rooster of Hy-line brown layers and its transmission pattern in flocks
Authors: Meng Fanfeng , Li Qiuchen , Gao Xintao , Luo Fubing , Shen Guangnian , Liu Xiaodong , Zhang Zhifang , Zhao Peng , Zhang Guozhong
Published: July 2021

Avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) is the most prevalent subgroup in chickens and exhibits increasing pathogenicity and stronger horizontal and vertical transmission ability among different kinds of chickens. Although vertical transmission of ALV-J from hens infected through artificial insemination was reported before by the detection of swabs and serum, but there was no further research on the transmission pattern of ALVs in the roosters. In the present study, the introduction of Hy-line brown roosters significantly increased the p27 positive rate of ALV in an indigenous flock detected by ELISA and virus isolation. Sequence analysis and IFA showed that it is classified into ALV-J subgroup, locating in a new branch compared with the domestic and foreign referential sequences. Meanwhile, the gp85 gene of the ALV-J isolated in the hens and its albumens had a homology of 94.1–99.7% with that in the roosters, which means that the strain is quite likely transmitted to the hens and their offspring through insemination of the roosters. In addition, there are four ALV-J infection status in plasma and semen of rooster (V + S+, V-S+, V + S-, V-S-), so the eradication of ALV in rooster requires simultaneous virus isolation of semen and plasma. Additionally, compared with ALV detection in samples by DF-1 cells, directly detecting ALV in semen by ELISA exists some false positives. Collectively, our results suggested that the incomplete eradication process of roosters leads to the sporadic findings of ALV-J in laying hens
Angiographic Predictors of Spontaneous Obliteration of Transarterial Partially Embolized Brain Arteriovenous Malformations.
Authors: Sultan Ahmed Elsayed , Hassan Tamer , Metwaly Tamer Ibrahim
Published: July 2021

Background: spontaneous obliteration of cerebral arteriovenous malformations is uncommon but could occur after partial embolization. Materials and methods:A retrospective study of 140 patients that underwent embolization for cerebral AVMs from 2005 to August 2019 using liquid embolic agents. The angiographic outcome of patients was classified as regard complete embolization, partial embolization, and complete obliteration after partial embolization. The parameters studied included size, location, number of arterial feeders, number of draining veins, rupture status, embolic agent, and patient factors as well.Results: The study patients included 74 (53%) females and 66 (47%) males. Their age ranged from 7 to 43 years old. One hundred and eight patients (77%) presented with hemorrhage. The AVM grades were grade II in 57 (40.7%) patients and grade III in 56 (39.3%) patients. Sixty-one (43.57%) patients were treated by n-Butyl Cyanoacrylate and 71(50.71%) patients were treated with Onyx, and both materials were used together in 8 cases. Follow-up angiography was done from 6 to 36 months after embolization. The rate of complete occlusion in all patients was 61.43% (86 patients). There were three groups of patients, the first group had complete occlusion of the nidus at the time of embolization and included 68 (48.57%) patients. The second group had partial embolization with partial occlusion of the nidus 54 patients (38.57%). The 3rd group included 18 patients (12.85%) with complete nidal occlusion on follow up after partial embolization. The delay in the venous drainage of the AVM to the late arterial phase or early venous phase with flow stasis was a significant predictor of future obliteration on follow up after partial embolization. Other significant parameters that were associated with the progressive disappearance of the AVM nidus on follow up after partial embolization are presentation with hemorrhage, AVMs size less than 3 cm, the presence of single draining or double draining veins, superficial venous drainage, and one or 2 arterial feeders.Conclusion: spontaneous closure of intracranial arteriovenous malformations after partial embolization may be encountered in cases of stasis of flow during embolization procedure with a delay of the venous drainage. A long-term follow-up of more cases over many years is required to confirm the validity of this conclusion.
Theoretical Approach to Study the Physical Properties of GaAsSb Alloy
Authors: Sharma Arvind , Gupta Gaurav , Bhattarai Sagar , Das T. D.
Published: July 2021

The physical properties of GaAsSb alloy are studied using a numerical method for a wide range of antimony compositions and temperatures. In the study of the phase diagram, the binodal curve describes the limits of solid solubility. In contrast, the spinodal curve points to the equilibrium solubility limit called the miscibility gap. It signifies that the GaAsSb alloy over intermediate compositions has a stable phase at a normal growth temperature and illustrates a large miscibility gap enclosed by the binodal line. It has been observed that GaAsSb alloy exhibiting the mixing enthalpy of about 1.1 kcal/mole and corresponds to critical temperature Tc by 1580 K. Whereas, the rate at which Debye temperature decreasing along with crystallographic direction Λ by 3.88/%Sb, Σ by 2.85/%Sb, and Δ by 1.59/%Sb. Also, we calculated the specific heat of GaAsSb alloy (35%Sb) at room temperature 49.1076 J/mole K and thermal conductivity by considering the Umklapp processes the dominant scattering mechanism 2.9036 W/mK. We also calculated the threshold energy due to the non-parabolicity effect and seen monotonic variation in temperature-dependent intrinsic carrier concentration of the GaAsSb alloy. Thus, make the right choice for several applications, such as photodetectors, photodiodes, and solar cells, and so on.
Efficient Management Strategy of Malaria Patients in China: A Decision-Tree Modelling Approach
Authors: Li Gang , Zhang Donglan , Chen Zhuo , Feng Da , Cai Xinyan , Chen Xiaoyu , Tang Shangfeng , Feng Zhanchun
Published: July 2021

Background: Early accurate diagnosis and risk assessment for malaria are crucial for improving patients’ terminal prognosis, and preventing them from progressing to severe or critical state. This study aims to assess the ability of medical institutions at all levels to diagnose malaria and develop a predictive model to guide prevention and reduce diagnostic error.Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 494 patients admitted to hospitals with a diagnosis of malaria from January 2014 through December 2016. Descriptive statistics were calculated using Stata 15. Decision tree analysis using the IBM® SPSS® Statistics Version 25 was used to build a model to predict the patients who may be misdiagnosed.Results: Of the 494 patients included in this study, 136 (27.5%) patients sought care through a county-level hospital at their first visit; and 130 (26.3%), 128 (25.9%), and 41 (8.3%) of the patients went to a prefecture-level hospital, village clinic, and provincial-level hospital, respectively. Nearly 60% of malaria patients were misdiagnosed on their first visit, and 18.8% of patients had complications. The median time from onset to the first visit was 2 days (IQR: 0 - 3 days), and the median time from the first visit to diagnosis was 3 days (IQR: 0 - 4 days). The decision tree classification of malaria patients being misdiagnosed consisted of six categorical variables: healthcare facilities for the initial diagnosis, time interval between onset and initial diagnosis, region, residence type, insurance status, and age. Furthermore, the predictive accuracy of the model was 85.0%.Conclusion: Insufficient diagnostic capacity of healthcare facilities with lower administrative levels for the first visit was found to be the most important risk factors in misdiagnosing patients. Researchers and clinicians should consider strengthening the primary care facilities, time interval between onset and initial diagnosis, administrated residence, and health insurance status to reduce diagnostic errors.
Study on Nonlinear Dynamic Behavior and Stability of Aviation Pressure Servo Valve-controlled Cylinder System
Authors: Song Yan-he , Ba Kaixian , Wang Yuan , Zhang Jun-xiao , Yu Bin , Zhang Qi-wei , Kong Xiang-dong
Published: July 2021

In this paper, for the phenomenon of self-excited oscillation caused by nonlinear factors in a large aircraft wheel brake control system, the nonlinear dynamic behavior of the pressure servo valve-controlled cylinder system (PSVCS) is studied,and the influence law of the key parameters on the nonlinear self-excitation behavior is obtained. On this basis, the stability of the PSVCS is analyzed both in time domain and frequency domain, and it is proved in principle that the PSVCS is a stable self-closed loop control system. Firstly, the nonlinear dynamics model of the PSVCS is established in this paper. Secondly, using the method of phase plane analysis, the nonlinear dynamic behavior of the PSVCS and the influence law of key parameters on the system are studied. Thirdly, the nonlinear system of the PSVCS is transformed into a segmented local linear system, and the stability of the prestage and the power stage are analyzed and studied respectively. Finally, through a performance test platform, which is used to simulate the load of PSVCS, the theoretical analysis results of this paper are verified experimentally under a variety of working conditions. The final experimental results show that both the nonlinear dynamic model established in this paper and the influence law of the key parameters obtained by the phase plane analysis on the nonlinear self-excited oscillation behavior are correct, and the relevant conclusions can provide a reference for the design of the braking system control system.
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access with applications :A Survey
Authors: Sharma Vallari , Kumar Divya
Published: July 2021

This review presents the different access technologies in 5G in various environments. The paper gives deep in sight to the researcher about the comparison made for orthogonal and non orthogonal behavior of the system. It also categorizes the differential coders for MAC based systems, it also provides the interference cancellation scheme. The paper provides an explanation for the STBC for differential and non differential nature for MIMO and wireless communication, and categorizes the Alamouti codes’ performance in terms of efficiency, equalization for STBC, Orthogonal-STBC. Mainly it focuses on Non- Orthogonal Multiple Access with adaptive detector for SU-MIMO and limited feedback for Massive MIMO along with a generalized concept of Cooperative relaying using NOMA and Cooperative NOMA selection with dual relay is explained. This paper presents the different approaches in channels like Rayleigh, Ricean and Nakagami-m fading channel. Results indicate that there are some proposed schemes on the already present dedicated schemes which shows improvement in the performance while considering different paramenters.
Lung Ultrasound (LUS) in Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Correlation with Chest CT and X-Ray Findings.
Authors: Giannelli Federico , Cozzi Diletta , Cavigli Edoardo , Campolmi Irene , Rinaldi Francesca , Giachè Susanna , Rogasi Pier Giorgio , Miele Vittorio , Bartolucci Maurizio
Published: July 2021

Background The aim is to describe lung ultrasound (LUS) findings in a cohort of patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and compare them with computed tomography (CT) and chest x-ray (CXR) findings in order to evaluate the potentiality of LUS in TB diagnosis. Methods In this prospective study, 82 subjects with suspected TB were enrolled after being evaluated with CXR and chest CT. LUS was performed by blinded radiologists within 3 days after admission. A semiquantitative index was used: score 1 (lesions that extend for about 1 - 15% of the affected zone), score 2 (15 - 40%) and score 3 (40-100%).Results Microbiological analysis confirmed TB diagnosis in 58/82 (70.7%). CT was positive in all patients, LUS in 79/82 (96,3%) CXR in 78/82 (95,1%) and adding LUS and CXR in 100%. In PTB patients we found a great number of lungs zones with micronodules and with total findings than non-TPB patients (p<0,05). Overall LUS sensitivity was 80%, greater for micronodules (82%) and nodules (95%), lower for consolidation with air bronchogram (72%) and cavitations (33%). We reported 5 complicated pleural effusion at LUS, only 1 in CT. CXR overall sensitivity was 81%. Adding CXR and LUS findings we reported a sensitivity of 90%. Conclusion LUS could be considered a valid, non-invasive and cost-effective diagnostic tool especially in world regions where CT were not available, also in addiction with CXR. Trial Registration This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of our University Hospital (rif. CEAVC 14816).
Factors Affecting Inter-individual Variability in Endoxifen Concentrations in Patients: Results From the Prospective TOTAM Trial
Authors: Braal C. Louwrens , Westenberg Justin D. , Buijs Sanne M. , Abrams Steven , Mulder Tessa , Schaik Ron van , Koolen Stijn , Jager Agnes , Mathijssen Ron
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Endoxifen – the principal metabolite of tamoxifen – is subject to a high inter-individual variability in serum concentration. Numerous attempts have been made to explain this, but thus far only with limited success. By applying predictive modelling, we aimed to identify factors that determine the inter-individual variability. Aim is to develop a prediction model for endoxifen concentrations, as a strategy to individualize tamoxifen treatment by model-informed dosing in order to prevent subtherapeutic exposure and thus potential failure of therapy. Methods: Tamoxifen pharmacokinetics with demographic and pharmacogenetic data of 303 participants of the prospective TOTAM study were used. The inter-individual variability in endoxifen was analyzed according to multiple regression techniques in combination with multiple imputations to adjust for missing data and bootstrapping to adjust for the over-optimism of parameter estimates used for internal model validation. Results: Key predictors of endoxifen concentration were CYP2D6 genotype, age and weight, explaining altogether an average-based optimism corrected 57% (95% CI: 0.49-0.64) of the inter-individual variability. CYP2D6 genotype explained 54% of the variability. The remaining 3% could be explained by age and weight. Predictors of risk for subtherapeutic endoxifen were CYP2D6 genotype and age. The model showed an optimism-corrected discrimination of 90% (95% CI: 0.86-0.95) and sensitivity and specificity of 66% and 98%, respectively. Consecutively, there is a high probability of misclassifying patients with subtherapeutic endoxifen concentrations based on the prediction rule. Conclusion: The inter-individual variability of endoxifen concentration could largely be explained by CYP2D6 genotype and for a small proportion by age and weight. However, the remaining unexplained inter-individual variability is still high and therefore model-informed tamoxifen dosing should be accompanied by therapeutic drug monitoring.
Social Isolation Stress Provokes Atherosclerosis Through HPA-axis Over-Activation, Toll- Like Receptors, and Macrophage Polarization
Authors: Haj-Mirzaian Arvin , Ramezanzadeh Kiana , Tafazolimoghadam Armin , Radmard Mahla , Rahbar Alireza , Pirri Fardad , Khosravi Ayda , Shababi Niloufar , Dehpour Ahmad Reza , Shariatzadeh Siavash , Tajik Michael , Khalafi Farima , Kazemi Kiarash
Published: July 2021

Background: It has been well documented that social isolation stress (SIS) can accelerate the formation of atherosclerotic plaque through inflammation. In this regard, this study aimed to elucidate the relation between HPA-axis, toll-like receptors (TLRs), as well as M1/M2 macrophage ratio and atherosclerosis in socially isolated (SI) animals.Methods: We used small interfering RNA (siRNA) against the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) to evaluate the relation between HPA-axis and TLRs. RT-PCR, ELISA, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry were used to assess any relation between atherosclerosis and TLRs, M1/M2 ratio, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and cell adhesion molecules in aortic tissue. Finally, we used TAK-242 (0.3 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), a selective antagonist of TLR4, as a possible prophylactic agent in formation of atherosclerotic plaque in-vivo.Results: We observed that SI animals had higher serum concentration of corticosterone and higher body weight in comparison to normal animals. In SI animals, results of in-vitro study showed that knocking-down of the GR in bone marrow–derived monocytes significantly decreased the expression of TLR4. In-vivo study suggested higher expression of TLR4 on circulating monocytes and higher M1/M2 ratio in aortic samples. Pathological study showed a mild formation of pre-atherosclerotic changes in SI animals. Finally, we observed that treating animals with TAK-242 could significantly inhibit the formation of pre-atherosclerotic changes.Conclusion: SIS can possibly increase the risk of atherosclerosis through over-activating HPA-axis and subsequently led to TLR4 up-regulation, tissue inflammation, high M1/M2 ratio in endothelium. Thus, TLR4 inhibitors might be a novel treatment to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis-induced by chronic stress.
ICD2Vec: Mathematical representation of diseases
Authors: Lee Yeong Chan , Jung Sang-Hyuk , Kumar Aman , Shim Injeong , Song Minku , Kim Min Seo , Kim Kyunga , Myung Woojae , Park Woong-Yang , Won Hong-Hee
Published: July 2021

The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes represent the global standard for reporting disease conditions. The current ICD codes are hierarchically structured and only connote partial relationships among diseases. Therefore, it is important to represent the ICD codes as mathematical vectors to indicate the complex relationships across diseases. Here, we proposed a framework denoted "ICD2Vec" for providing mathematical representations of diseases by encoding corresponding information. First, we presented the arithmetic and semantic relationships between diseases by mapping composite vectors for symptoms or diseases to the most similar ICD codes. Second, we confirmed the validity of ICD2Vec by comparing the biological relationships and cosine similarities among the vectorized ICD codes. Third, we proposed a new risk score derived from ICD2Vec, and demonstrated its potential clinical utility for coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes, dementia, and liver cancer, based on a large prospective cohort from the UK and large electronic medical records from a medical center in South Korea. In summary, ICD2Vec is applicable for diverse quantitative analyses using ICD codes in biomedical research.
Diagnostic Value of Global and Regional Myocardial Work in Coronary Artery Disease with Normal Ejection Fraction and Wall Motion
Authors: Guo Ying , Zhang Ruisheng , Zhu Huolan , Yang Chenguang , Pei Zuowei , Li Yi , Zhou Ziyu , Lang Xiaotong , Dong Min , Wang Fang
Published: July 2021

Background: The potential of global and regional myocardial work (MW) parameters for detecting moderate, clinically unapparent coronary artery disease (CAD) remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic power of global and regional MW to detect CAD in patients with normal left ventricular ejection fraction and wall motion. Methods: One hundred and seventy-six consecutive patients with clinically suspected CAD were prospectively included. All subjects underwent comprehensive echocardiographic evaluation and coronary angiography. Noninvasive MW indices include global work index (GWI), global work efficiency (GWE), global constructive work (GCW), global wasted work (GWW) and regional MW parameters. Results: GWI, GWE and GCW were significantly impaired in patients with CAD (stenosis ≥50%) compared with patients without CAD (all P＜0.01). An optimal GWI cutoff value of 1855.5 mmHg % (sensitivity, 71.7%; specificity, 78.0%) has been defined for predicting CAD [area under the curve (AUC) value, 0.76; P = 0.000]. GWI provided incremental value over all other echocardiographic parameters in detecting CAD, including global longitudinal strain (GLS) (P＜0.05). MW parameters in left anterior descending (LAD) segments had higher diagnostic value (AUC = 0.67-0.74, all P = 0.000) than parameters in left circumflex (LCX) (AUC = 0.64, P＜0.01) or right coronary artery (RCA) territories (AUC = 0.65-0.71, all P＜0.01).Conclusions: Global and regional MW parameters assessed at rest are of good diagnostic value for detecting CAD. GWI provides incremental value over all other echocardiographic parameters in predicting CAD, including GLS. Besides, regional MW may be a useful tool to localize and detect relevant coronary artery stenosis.
Abnormal Activity Detection for the Elderly People using ConvLSTM Autoencoder
Authors: Nazerfard Ehsan , Atashgahy Zahra , Nadali Alireza
Published: July 2021

Independent living for elderly people is often viewed as an impossible task, due to the great many perils and difficulties. With advancements of Ambient Intelligence, this scenario is no longer out of reach and smart homes offer a computationally inexpensive solution to this problem. In this paper we address these difficulties and propose a novel method for Anomaly Detection in elderly’s daily routine and behavior. Our proposed model is a ConvLSTM Autoencoder for processing spatiotemporal data, given the fact that these type of behavior and anomalies are sparse and rare, it is safe to presume anomalies are harder to recreate in Autoencoder and have a much higher reproduction error compared to normal behavior. We utilized two datasets from the WSU CASAS smart home project to validate our proposed method by comparing it to the other state-of-the-art approaches.
Comparative Physiological and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal Ascorbate and Glutathione Coregulation of Cadmium Toxicity Resistance in Wheat Genotypes
Authors: Zhang Tao , Xiao Jingui , Zhao Yongsheng , Zhang Yifan , Jie Yaqi , Shen Dandan , Yue Caipeng , Huang Jinyong , Hua Yingpeng , Zhou Ting
Published: July 2021

Background: Understanding the cadmium (Cd) resistance mechanism is crucial for combating the phytotoxicity of Cd and meeting the increasing food demand daily. A classic symptom of Cd toxicity is root growth inhibition. Results: Using two wheat genotypes (Cd tolerant genotype T207 and Cd sensitive genotype S276) with differing root growths in response to Cd, we conducted comparative physiological and transcriptomic analyses and exogenous application tests to interpret Cd detoxification mechanisms. S276 accumulated more H2O2, O2-, and malonaldehyde than T207. Catalase activity and levels of ascorbic acid (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) were higher, whereas superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities were lower in T207 than in S276. Transcriptome analysis showed that the expression of RBOHA, RBOHC, and RBOHE significantly increased, whereas that of RBOHB markedly decreased by Cd treatment. The transcriptional levels of 22 genes encoding RBOH were higher, and that of 11 genes were lower in T207 than in S276. The transcription of genes involved in the AsA-GSH cycle was profoundly reshaped by Cd treatment; 124 genes were higher and 43 genes were lower in T207 than in S276. Exogenous combined application of AsA and GSH alleviated Cd toxicity by scavenging excess ROS and coordinately modulating root length and branching, especially in S276.Conclusions: These results indicate that the AsA-GSH cycle fundamentally and vigorously influences plant defense against Cd toxicity, which provides valuable information for further clarification of the mechanisms underlying Cd detoxification.