bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Does Electoral Law Affect Legislative Polarization?
Authors: McCarty Nolan
Published: November 2020

In recent years, journalists and activists have also become interested in reforms that might reduce the level of polarization in Congress.1 The most common prescriptions for reducing polarization tend to fall into one of three areas. Perhaps the most frequent suggestion is that...
What are the Consequences of Polarization for Public Policy and Governance?
Authors: McCarty Nolan
Published: November 2020

While partisan polarization is almost universally decried as a source of government dysfunction, it might have some tangible benefits. The differentiation of political leaders into two distinct groups may help facilitate within-party cooperation that might be both conducive to governing by the majority party and...
Is the Trump Presidency a New Normal or More of the Same?
Authors: McCarty Nolan
Published: November 2020

Perhaps the most important question in American politics in 2019 is what to make of Donald Trump’s emergence as a presidential candidate and his subsequent electoral victory. Ever since he descended the golden escalators of Trump Tower to announce his seemingly quixotic presidential bid, pundits...
Foundations and Psychological Concepts
Authors: Baker H. Kent , Filbeck Greg , Nofsinger John R.
Published: November 2020

Historically, those traveling the financial highway were taught to follow a single route. Travelers were told that as long as everyone faithfully followed directions and weather conditions were ideal, the road would be their best choice and they would get to their intended destination....
Cognitive Biases
Authors: Baker H. Kent , Filbeck Greg , Nofsinger John R.
Published: November 2020

People are prone to errors and biases that influence their decision-​making. These mistakes can lead to bypassing rational thinking and relying on preconceived notions or intuition. Some biases are “hardwired” into the brain. Combining different behavioral biases can create a dangerous mixture that, if...
Emotional Biases and Social-​Cultural Influences
Authors: Baker H. Kent , Filbeck Greg , Nofsinger John R.
Published: November 2020

Have you ever made an investment decision based on how you feel about a company, its products, or its leadership? If so, you may suffer from an emotional bias, which is a distortion in perception and decision-​making due to emotional factors. It...
Cognitive Ability
Authors: Baker H. Kent , Filbeck Greg , Nofsinger John R.
Published: November 2020

Billionaire investor Warren Buffett is known for his pithy insights. He once observed that in finance “you don’t need to be a rocket scientist. Investing is not a game where the guy with the 160 IQ beats the guy with 130 IQ.” He also...
The Authoritarian Landscape
Authors: Frantz Erica
Published: November 2020

Where Are We Most Likely to See Authoritarian Regimes?

Since the end of World War II, we typically have seen authoritarian regimes emerge in the developing world. This reflects the fact that level of development is one of the best predictors of authoritarian rule: as countries...
How Authoritarian Regimes Gain Power
Authors: Frantz Erica
Published: November 2020

How Do Authoritarian Regimes Gain Power?

From 1946 to 2010, 250 new authoritarian regimes came to power. About half of the time (46 percent), these regimes toppled pre-​existing authoritarian regimes; just over a quarter of the time (29 percent), they toppled democracies; and the rest of...
Strategies for Survival
Authors: Frantz Erica
Published: November 2020

What Tools Do Authoritarian Regimes Use to Survive in Office?

All governments confront the difficult task of holding on to office. This is particularly the case for authoritarian governments, which lack electoral legitimacy to defend their positions of power and must contend with the omnipresent threat...
Conclusion
Authors: Frantz Erica
Published: November 2020

What Did You Learn in This Book?

Well, hopefully, quite a lot. This book is intended to put readers on more solid footing for understanding authoritarian politics. To do so, it describes how politics works in authoritarian contexts and how this, in turn, influences outcomes...
History
Authors: Givens Terryl
Published: November 2020

What is the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints?

The Church of Jesus Christ is a Christian denomination founded in 1830 by Joseph Smith. Neither Catholic nor Protestant, Latter-day Saints believe their church was founded as a “restoration” of original Christianity, when God...
Organization
Authors: Givens Terryl
Published: November 2020

How is the church organized?

One of the Articles of Faith (6) states: “we believe in the same organization that existed in the primitive church, namely apostles, prophets, pastors [bishops], teachers, evangelists [patriarchs], and so forth.” The New Testament reveals only a few bare...
Scriptures
Authors: Givens Terryl
Published: November 2020

The Book of Mormon

What is the Book of Mormon?

The Book of Mormon, which members of the Church of Jesus Christ accept as scripture alongside the Bible, begins as a clan history, like the patriarchal narratives of Genesis, set close to the year...
Beliefs
Authors: Givens Terryl
Published: November 2020

What are the most distinctive beliefs of Latter-day Saints?

One unique teaching of the Latter-day Saints is belief in God as a divine being who exists in eternal relationship with a “Heavenly Mother.” The Church of Jesus Christ has little to say about this...
Practice
Authors: Givens Terryl
Published: November 2020

Why did Latter-day Saints practice communalism?

From a variety of secular and religious motivations, in the nineteenth century many individuals experimented with communalist societies—Latter-day Saints included. Some Christians looked to the book of Acts for authorization and inspiration, for Luke describes the first Christians...
Questions on the Periphery
Authors: Givens Terryl
Published: November 2020

Who are the three Nephites?

In the closing passages of the Gospel of John, there is a cryptic exchange involving Peter, Jesus, and John. Looking at John, Peter asks Jesus: “what shall this man do? Jesus saith unto him, If I will that he...
Conflicts and Challenges
Authors: Givens Terryl
Published: November 2020

If the church is led by revelation, why has its position on many issues (race, marriage, homosexuality) changed?

Latter-day Saints tend to see developments in their church as reflecting changes in policy or practices or procedures rather than doctrines. And those changes occur in...
How Much Protection Is There in Agriculture?
Authors: Krueger Anne O.
Published: November 2020

The fundamental issues in trade policy—keeping rule of law, national treatment, and nondiscrimination—are the same for all international trading nations and all types of trade. In order for there to be trade, rules and understandings have to be established. The weaker the legal basis...
The GATT/WTO
Authors: Krueger Anne O.
Published: November 2020

Why have the World Trade Organization?

There must be rules governing international trading transactions and a mechanism for enforcing them in the absence of an international government. The GATT/WTO has fulfilled that role. The open multilateral trading system has served the international economy well....
Preferential Trading Arrangements
Authors: Krueger Anne O.
Published: November 2020

What are preferential trading arrangements?

The GATT/WTO articles call for nondiscrimination among trading partners. But as mentioned earlier, Article 24 provides for an exception. Countries may enter into a preferential trading arrangement (PTA) under conditions described later. Many PTAs are now in force around...
Eclipses in Literature and Art
Authors: Close Frank
Published: November 2020

What examples of eclipses occur in literature?

There are many examples of eclipses in literature. The first mention of an eclipse in classical literature is a description in Homer’s Odyssey, of the time when, in 1178 bc, “The Sun has perished...
The Total Experience
Authors: Close Frank
Published: November 2020

Why do colors change?

In outer space, the sky is black and the Sun is a white disc, visible only in the direct line of sight—there is nothing to scatter its light. Here on Earth, in normal daylight the molecules and dust in the atmosphere...
Eclipse Watching
Authors: Close Frank
Published: November 2020

Watching a Partial Eclipse

Which way does the eclipse travel?

Relative to Earth, the Moon and Sun are moving at slightly different speeds, which means the Moon’s shadow sweeps across the Earth’s surface from west to east at about 2000 miles an hour, a...
Eclipse Tourism
Authors: Close Frank
Published: November 2020

When and where can I see a total lunar eclipse?

To see a total lunar eclipse, simply stay at home. One will come your way within a year or two. Your biggest problem might be having to get up at some unappealing time of the...
The Basic Terms
Authors: Gerhardt Michael J.
Published: November 2020

What does the term “impeachment” mean?

At least as a concept, if not in practice, impeachment has been around for a long time. The word itself derives from a Latin root used to refer to being caught or entrapped.1 The dictionary definition is...
Explaining the Procedures in Impeachment
Authors: Gerhardt Michael J.
Published: November 2020

How does an impeachment begin?

Generally, impeachments can begin in at least two ways. The first is that someone or some group outside the House of Representatives asks the House or some members in it, or makes a referral to the House, to consider impeachment....
What is the Alt-Right, and where did it Come From?
Authors: Hawley George
Published: November 2020

What is this Book’s Purpose?

This book will provide some insights into the so-called Alt-Right, which is short for “alternative right.” On its face, the term Alt-Right is innocuous, providing little information about the movement’s ideological content. This was one of its strengths,...
“White Nationalism 1.0”
Authors: Hawley George
Published: November 2020

What is White Nationalism 1.0?

White Nationalism 1.0 is a derisive term coined by the Alt-Right to define its ideological predecessors. It refers to those white nationalist groups and individuals that were active in the late twentieth century and the first years of the...
The Alt-Right and Conservatism
Authors: Hawley George
Published: November 2020

What does it Mean to be Right Wing?

The Alt-Right is a right-wing movement, as is mainstream conservatism. Yet the two ideological camps do not overlap very much when it comes to foundational principles. The term right wing encompasses a large number of...
The Alt-Lite
Authors: Hawley George
Published: November 2020

What is Meant by Alt-Lite?

In 2016, as it became obvious to more observers that the Alt-Right was, at its core, a racist movement dedicated to white identity politics above all other concerns, a new term became part of the public lexicon: Alt-Lite...
Combating the Alt-Right
Authors: Hawley George
Published: November 2020

What is Doxing?

Doxing means releasing a person’s personal information that otherwise is not publicly available. This can take the form of exposing the true identity of someone who was previously anonymous online, or publishing the phone number, address, or other contact information of...
The Basics of Opioids and Opioid Addiction
Authors: Olsen Yngvild , Sharfstein Joshua M.
Published: November 2020

What are opioids?

Opioids are a group of chemical compounds that can reduce pain, cause sensations of pleasure, and induce sleep. To have these and other effects on the human body, all opioids interact with specific receptors on the surface of cells called opioid...
Use of Opioid Medications for Pain
Authors: Olsen Yngvild , Sharfstein Joshua M.
Published: November 2020

When is it appropriate for someone to receive opioids for pain?

Sometimes. Taking opioids for pain might be necessary, or it might not be worth the risks. A few factors can help tell the difference. These include the following.

The severity of pain

Opioids...
Misuse of Opioids
Authors: Olsen Yngvild , Sharfstein Joshua M.
Published: November 2020

What is misuse of opioids?

Use of opioids outside of legitimate medical care is illegal in the United States. The medical and public health term for this is misuse. Misuse takes many forms and can involve stolen pills, counterfeit pills, bags of heroin, and...
Opioid Addiction
Authors: Olsen Yngvild , Sharfstein Joshua M.
Published: November 2020

What causes opioid addiction?

Just like it is true that not everyone who smokes will develop lung cancer, it is true that not everyone who takes or even misuses an opioid will develop an opioid addiction. While the biology of opioid addiction is still...
Opioids and Teenagers
Authors: Olsen Yngvild , Sharfstein Joshua M.
Published: November 2020

How has the opioid epidemic in the United States affected teenagers?

From 1991 to 2012, the misuse of opioid prescription medications among teenagers more than doubled.1 So did the rate of opioid addiction,2 the rate of hospitalizations for overdose,3...
Opioids and Families
Authors: Olsen Yngvild , Sharfstein Joshua M.
Published: November 2020

What do I do if I suspect my family member is misusing opioids?

Family members are often the first to notice that there is something amiss with their loved ones. Parents might notice that their teenager is becoming more sullen or non-communicative than usual,...
Treatment and Recovery Policy for the Opioid Epidemic
Authors: Olsen Yngvild , Sharfstein Joshua M.
Published: November 2020

How important is broad access to effective treatment for opioid addiction?

Top of the list. Treatment does more than just help save individuals one at a time. If treatment is broadly accessible and well-organized into a system of care, then it can bend the...
What to Do for the Opioid Epidemic
Authors: Olsen Yngvild , Sharfstein Joshua M.
Published: November 2020

What can the addiction field do to address the opioid epidemic?

The addiction field is large and diverse, stretching from small mutual support groups to large treatment programs. This diversity is both a strength and a weakness. A variety of treatment and recovery...
Naturalization
Authors: Spiro Peter J.
Published: November 2020

Why do countries grant anyone citizenship after birth?

Naturalization implicates the allocation of citizenship after birth. In the conventional template of the modern period, a national of one country who thereafter permanently resettles in another country is able to naturalize in the adopted country....
Rights and Obligations of Citizenship
Authors: Spiro Peter J.
Published: November 2020

What were the rights and obligations of citizenship in the ancient world?

Rights and obligations were deeply inscribed in the citizenship of Greece and Rome. Military service was usually core to one’s identity as a citizen. In Sparta, all male citizens gave over the...
Citizenship Deprivation and Statelessness
Authors: Spiro Peter J.
Published: November 2020

What terms are used to describe loss of citizenship?

“Expatriation” was the common term used historically to describe loss of citizenship, both when the loss was compelled by a state and when it was voluntary. Expatriation should not be confused with the noun “expatriate,”...
Interrogating Citizenship and Its Alternatives
Authors: Spiro Peter J.
Published: November 2020

Is citizenship inclusive or exclusive?

In the modern era citizenship has been held out as a foundational element of constitutional democracy. It has been valorized as a marker of inclusion and equality. Citizenship is widely considered an unalloyed good, the kind of thing that...
Geography, Demography, and Climate
Authors: Rood Steven
Published: November 2020

How many islands does the Philippines have?

When at the 1994 Miss Universe pageant (being held in the Philippines), Philippine contestant Charlene Gonzales was asked, “How many islands does the Philippines have?,” she quipped, “High tide or low tide?” Filipinos loved the insouciance, though...
History: “300 Years in a Convent, 50 Years in Hollywood,” Then on Its Own
Authors: Rood Steven
Published: November 2020

History wars in the Philippines seem never-ending. How should the nation view Spain, which created the concept of “the Philippines” and brought Christianity to its shores—at the same time attacking traditional cultures in the Philippines and exercising widespread oppression? Who are the Filipino heroes...
Economy
Authors: Rood Steven
Published: November 2020

At the turn of the millennium, a team of economists from the Australian National University and the University of the Philippines published The Philippine Economy: Development, Policies, and Challenges, in which they declared, “The Philippines is one of the world’s major development...
The View from 30,000 Feet
Authors: Burman Leonard E. , Slemrod Joel
Published: November 2020

Why is everyone always so worked up about taxation?

Taxes in America amount to about 30 percent of national income, or roughly $15,000 per man, woman, and child. That’s a lot of money that could otherwise be spent on goods and services that people value...
Personal Income Taxes
Authors: Burman Leonard E. , Slemrod Joel
Published: November 2020

What’s the difference between personal taxes and business taxes?

Some taxes are levied on people and some are levied on businesses. This distinction is less important than you might think. The fact is the person or business entity that writes the check doesn’t necessarily bear...
Business Income Taxes
Authors: Burman Leonard E. , Slemrod Joel
Published: November 2020

How do we tax corporations’ income?

In principle, under an income tax all income is subject to taxation. Moreover, no kinds of income are subject to exceptionally high tax and no kinds are subject to exceptionally low tax. This principle applies to labor income, the...
Other Kinds of Taxes
Authors: Burman Leonard E. , Slemrod Joel
Published: November 2020

The estate tax is a tax on the wealth held by people when they die. (The “estate” is the legal entity that holds assets between the time of death and payment of any tax and distribution to heirs of the remaining assets.) The federal tax...
Taxes and The Economy
Authors: Burman Leonard E. , Slemrod Joel
Published: November 2020

How do taxes affect the economy?

In many, many ways. They reduce the reward to working, saving, and investing and so diminish the incentives to undertake these activities, which can lower GDP and hamper growth. When they discriminate among different activities, they affect how the...
Running a Tax System
Authors: Burman Leonard E. , Slemrod Joel
Published: November 2020

How much does it cost to run the U.S. tax system?

The easy part of answering this question is to add up the budgets of the various tax administration agencies across the country. At the federal level, that would be the Internal Revenue Service, or...
Simplicity and Complexity
Authors: Burman Leonard E. , Slemrod Joel
Published: November 2020

How complicated is the U.S. income tax?

In a 2015 poll, 72 percent of Americans said they were bothered by tax complexity, with 44 percent declaring it bothered them a lot.1 How complex it actually is depends on who you are or, more...
The Behavioral Economics of Tax Policy (or Tax Policy for Imperfect Humans)
Authors: Burman Leonard E. , Slemrod Joel
Published: November 2020

What is behavioral economics?

The standard economic model assumes that individuals and businesses are rational, well informed, and good at math. Individuals make themselves and their families as happy as they can over the course of a lifetime subject to the resources they have at...
Misperceptions and Reality in the Policy Process
Authors: Burman Leonard E. , Slemrod Joel
Published: November 2020

What does the public know about taxes?

Not all that much. For example, according to a comprehensive survey done a while back by National Public Radio, Kaiser Family Foundation, and the Kennedy School of Government, only 40 percent of respondents knew that the federal...
Tax Reform
Authors: Burman Leonard E. , Slemrod Joel
Published: November 2020

Tax reformers talk about a broad base and low rates. What does that mean?

The base refers to the definition of income subject to tax. The broader the base—meaning the fewer the deductions, exclusions, and credits—the lower tax rates can be to raise a given...
Evolution and Genetics
Authors: Dunbar Robin
Published: November 2020

Why was the discovery of genetics so important for our understanding of evolution?

Despite the fact that Darwin’s theory of evolution was widely acclaimed by his scientific contemporaries, it had a central weakness that left it open to criticism. Neither Darwin nor anyone else had...
Evolution of Complexity
Authors: Dunbar Robin
Published: November 2020

Why do some species eat others?

Life began as microscopic single-celled organisms making their own energy from sunlight and other chemical resources. At some point, some of these creatures found it less effort just to eat their neighbors and acquire the energy they had gone...
What Are Eating Disorders?
Authors: Walsh B. Timothy , Attia Evelyn , Glasofer Deborah R.
Published: November 2020

The term eating disorders refers to a group of illnesses characterized by disturbances in eating and eating-related behaviors. Eating disorders pose significant risks to physical health and negatively impact day-to-day functioning (for example, at school or work or in relationships) and are...
Who Gets Eating Disorders?
Authors: Walsh B. Timothy , Attia Evelyn , Glasofer Deborah R.
Published: November 2020

There is a lot of misinformation about who develops eating disorders. At least in part, owing to inaccurate assumptions about who can and who cannot experience these disorders, nearly half of individuals with an eating problem do not receive specialty treatment for their symptoms....
Is Obesity an Eating Disorder?
Authors: Walsh B. Timothy , Attia Evelyn , Glasofer Deborah R.
Published: November 2020

We are often asked this question. It has a simple answer: No.

To understand this answer, we need to start with the definition of obesity. Obesity is simply an excess of body fat; it is a physical state, not a behavior. Many...
Are There Other Useful Strategies?
Authors: Walsh B. Timothy , Attia Evelyn , Glasofer Deborah R.
Published: November 2020

In Chapters 11 and 12, we described treatments reasonably well reported on in the medical and psychological literature; these are usually considered the first-line approaches for treating eating disorders. The evidence that has emerged from research studies give us confidence...
How Do People React to Trauma?
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara O. , Rauch Sheila A. M.
Published: November 2020

Cynthia awoke in the middle of the night to a hand over her mouth, feeling something sharp against her neck, and a voice in the dark saying, “Don’t scream or I’ll cut you.”

As we ask in the introduction to this book, where is...
What Are the Treatments for PTSD?
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara O. , Rauch Sheila A. M.
Published: November 2020

In
Chapter 3 of this book, we described what it’s like to live with PTSD. The bad news is it stinks to have PTSD, as it disrupts people’s lives, health, and relationships. And as hard as it is to live with PTSD, it...
Afterword
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara O. , Rauch Sheila A. M.
Published: November 2020

A message of hope

As we have discussed throughout this book, we live in a dangerous world, and, unfortunately, about 70 percent of us may encounter a potentially traumatic event in our lifetime, with many of us experiencing more than one trauma. But the good news...
Afterword in the Face of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara O. , Rauch Sheila A. M.
Published: November 2020

As we are going to press with PTSD: What Everyone Needs to Know, we are in the midst of the global COVID-19 pandemic. Today there are 1,237,420 confirmed cases globally, 321,762 in the United States, with over 67,000 deaths to date. We...
Voting and Participation
Authors: Johnson Dennis W.
Published: November 2020

Compared to other democracies, the United States has a mediocre record of voter participation. Our interest usually peaks during presidential elections, but even then we rarely find 65 percent of eligible voters showing up at the polls. For local elections and ballot measures, voter participation...
Statewide, Local, and Congressional Elections
Authors: Johnson Dennis W.
Published: November 2020

The vast majority of campaigns and elections in the United States occur at the state and local levels, and include everything from gubernatorial and big-city mayoral contests to local ordinances to electing
dogcatchers. Although much of our attention is on presidential contests, it is...
Money, Mega-Donors, and Wide-Open Spending
Authors: Johnson Dennis W.
Published: November 2020

“Money is the mother’s milk of politics.” That old saying seemed quaint in 1971 when Congress enacted the first important campaign-finance laws that regulated and limited how much could be contributed and spent in elections. But so much has changed since then. In recent...
Inner Workings of Modern Campaigns
Authors: Johnson Dennis W.
Published: November 2020

Major political campaigns, everything from big-city mayoral contests to presidential campaigns, rely on a battery of professional campaign consultants
and operatives. Without these professionals, candidates would have a very difficult time navigating through the landmines and pitfalls of campaigns.
Direct Democracy
Authors: Johnson Dennis W.
Published: November 2020

Many campaigns have no candidates involved, just issues. Ballot campaigns have become an integral part of American policymaking, and immigration reform, tax increases, marijuana legalization, and other hot-button issues
are decided directly by the citizenry. Running a ballot issue campaign involves petition gatherers, legal...
Origins and the Korean War
Authors: McEachern Patrick
Published: November 2020

What is Korea’s “5,000 years of history”?

Koreans occasionally refer to their people’s “5,000 years of history,” a description that reflects a well-placed pride in the long and continuous succession of their nation despite having larger nations around them that assimilated others. Korea has...
Post–Cold War
Authors: McEachern Patrick
Published: November 2020

How did the Soviet collapse affect Korea?

The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 profoundly affected global politics, including for the Korean Peninsula. The Soviet Union had deep ties with North Korea that spanned the course of North Korea’s history as a...
Korea–Japan Relations
Authors: McEachern Patrick
Published: November 2020

What is the lasting effect of Japan’s colonization of Korea?

Japan’s 1910–1945 colonization of Korea has had lasting social, political, and economic effects on both North and South Korea. Japan’s historical treatment of Korea remains almost universally unpopular in both Koreas, and this...
Us–South Korea Relations in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: McEachern Patrick
Published: November 2020

How do South Koreans see the United States today?

South Koreans overwhelmingly see the United States, the US–South Korea alliance, and the American people, positively. The Pew Research Center showed South Koreans had a more positive view of the “American people” than any...
The Economy
Authors: McEachern Patrick
Published: November 2020

Is North Korea economically self-reliant?

North Korean leader Kim Il Sung first declared his emphasis on self-reliance in a 1955 speech. Encapsulating self-reliance of all forms in the Juche ideology, North Korea, too, envisioned an economic model that did not give...
North Korean Human Rights
Authors: McEachern Patrick
Published: November 2020

What is the status of human rights in North Korea?

North Korea has perhaps the worst human rights record on the planet today. Human rights abuses have been severe since the origins of the country, and such abuses are an institutionalized and structural...
Introduction
Authors: McEachern Patrick
Published: November 2020

On November 28, 2017, North Korean leader Kim Jong Un professed his nuclear deterrent “complete.” After a year of trading colorful barbs with the American president that dangerously raised the chances of miscalculation and war on the peninsula, as well as significant achievements in North...
The Internet of Things
Authors: Shackelford Scott J.
Published: November 2020

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the notion that nearly everything we use, from gym shorts to streetlights, will soon be connected to the Internet; the Internet of Everything (IoE) encompasses not just objects, but the social connections, data, and processes that the IoT makes possible. Industry and financial analysts have predicted that the number of Internet-enabled devices will increase from 11 billion to upwards of 75 billion by 2020. Regardless of the number, the end result looks to be a mind-boggling explosion in Internet connected stuff. Yet, there has been relatively little attention paid to how we should go about regulating smart devices, and still less about how cybersecurity should be enhanced. Similarly, now that everything from refrigerators to stock exchanges can be connected to a ubiquitous Internet, how can we better safeguard privacy across networks and borders? Will security scale along with this increasingly crowded field? Or, will a combination of perverse incentives, increasing complexity, and new problems derail progress and exacerbate cyber insecurity? For all the press that such questions have received, the Internet of Everything remains a topic little understood or appreciated by the public. This volume demystifies our increasingly “smart” world, and unpacks many of the outstanding security, privacy, ethical, and policy challenges and opportunities represented by the IoE. Scott J. Shackelford provides real-world examples and straightforward discussion about how the IoE is impacting our lives, companies, and nations, and explain how it is increasingly shaping the international community in the twenty-first century. Are there any downsides of your phone being able to unlock your front door, start your car, and control your thermostat? Is your smart speaker always listening? How are other countries dealing with these issues? This book answers these questions, and more, along with offering practical guidance for how you can join the effort to help build an Internet of Everything that is as secure, private, efficient, and fun as possible.
Cyber-What?
Authors: Shackelford Scott J.
Published: November 2020

The Internet of Things (IoT) exists at the intersection of “cyberspace” and physical space, though the line between the two is increasingly blurry. As Nicholas Negroponte, founder of the MIT Media Lab, has said, “This is just the beginning, the beginning of understanding that...
Securing Everything?
Authors: Shackelford Scott J.
Published: November 2020

Success sometimes has unexpected or counterproductive consequences. For example, as the makers of Kleenex, Q-Tip, and Band-Aid know, widespread success can cause a trademark to become “genericized” in the United States and elsewhere, undermining a brand’s investment in a unique identifier. In the case...
Governing the Internet of Things
Authors: Shackelford Scott J.
Published: November 2020

Beginning in 2020, smart devices sold in California that connect “directly or indirectly” to the public Internet have to be equipped with “reasonable” cybersecurity features such as a unique password.1 But how, exactly, should we define “reasonable” security? More broadly, are we...
What is Hoarding and Hoarding Disorder?
Authors: Steketee Gail , Bratiotis Christiana
Published: November 2020

How is hoarding defined?

In a seminal article published in 1996, Drs. Randy Frost and Tamara Hartl described a syndrome they called “compulsive hoarding.” They identified three main elements of this condition:

Excessive acquiring and failure to discard a large number of possessions, often...
What are the Common Features of Hoarding?
Authors: Steketee Gail , Bratiotis Christiana
Published: November 2020

How prevalent is hoarding?

Understanding the prevalence of hoarding is a complicated matter. To understand the research that has been conducted to identify the proportion of people affected by hoarding, there are several important distinctions to keep in mind. First, as a reminder from ...
What are the Neurocognitive Features of Hoarding?
Authors: Steketee Gail , Bratiotis Christiana
Published: November 2020

What do we know about brain patterns in hoarding?

In this chapter, the word neurocognitive refers to two aspects of the brain—neurological functioning and how the brain processes information, both of which appear to be affected in people who hoard objects. Neurological functions...
What is the Impact of Hoarding on Sufferers, Families, and Communities?
Authors: Steketee Gail , Bratiotis Christiana
Published: November 2020

What kinds of problems does hoarding cause?

Although hoarding leads to adverse effects that are apparent to others, the person with hoarding behavior is sometimes unable to recognize the problems caused by having a house too full of stuff. Even if they have insight into...
How Serious is the Hoarding Problem?
Authors: Steketee Gail , Bratiotis Christiana
Published: November 2020

How do I know when my saving is really a problem?

As we indicated in Chapter 2, hoarding is a chronic condition that is likely to worsen over time if left untreated. This initially private mental health problem can rapidly become a significant...
Why do People Hoard?
Authors: Steketee Gail , Bratiotis Christiana
Published: November 2020

In previous chapters we’ve described the criteria for hoarding disorder (HD) and detailed the features of acquiring, saving, and clutter. We also discussed the common features associated with hoarding symptoms and HD, including demographic characteristics, as well as the beliefs, emotions, and behaviors, including brain...
What Treatments Work Best for Hoarding and Acquiring?
Authors: Steketee Gail , Bratiotis Christiana
Published: November 2020

The effects of medications and psychotherapy treatments have been studied in clinical settings for people with serious hoarding problems. This chapter describes the treatments that have been investigated and summarizes the findings from those studies with regard to the potential benefits for resolving hoarding symptoms....
How can family Members and other Methods help with Hoarding?
Authors: Steketee Gail , Bratiotis Christiana
Published: November 2020

In addition to the treatment methods described in Chapter 7, a few other methods may be helpful for family members and for those who suffer from hoarding symptoms. In considering alternative ways to resolve hoarding problems, it is important to distinguish clutter from...
How can Communities help with Hoarding?
Authors: Steketee Gail , Bratiotis Christiana
Published: November 2020

Isn’t my home my castle?

Throughout most of North America, housekeeping practices and the manner in which someone choses to keep their home are considered private matters. This is especially true when the person has rights of ownership to their dwelling. However, there are certain...
What are the next Steps to Understand and Treat Hoarding?
Authors: Steketee Gail , Bratiotis Christiana
Published: November 2020

What don’t we understand about hoarding disorder?

As evident from our previous chapters, there are many aspects of hoarding problems and hoarding disorder (HD) that are not well understood at this time. This chapter discusses several of the main areas of uncertainty about this complex...
China's Economy
Authors: Kroeber Arthur R.
Published: November 2020

China’s economic growth has been revolutionary, and is the foundation of its increasingly prominent role in world affairs. It is the world’s second biggest economy, the largest manufacturing and trading nation, the consumer of half the world’s steel and coal, the biggest source of international tourists, and one of the most influential investors in developing countries from southeast Asia to Africa to Latin America. Multinational companies make billions of dollars in profits in China each year, while traders around the world shudder at every gyration of the country’s unruly stock markets. Perhaps paradoxically, its capitalist economy is governed by an authoritarian Communist Party that shows no sign of loosening its grip. China is frequently in the news, whether because of trade disputes, the challenges of its Belt and Road initiative for global infrastructure, or its increasing military strength. China’s political and technological challenges, created by a country whose political system and values differ dramatically from most of the other major world economies, creates uncertainty and even fear. China’s Economy: What Everyone Needs to Know is a concise introduction to the most astonishing economic and political story of the last three decades. Arthur Kroeber enhances our understanding of China’s changes and their implications. Among the essential questions he answers are: How did China grow so fast for so long? Can it keep growing and still solve its problems of environmental damage, fast-rising debt and rampant corruption? How long can its vibrant economy co-exist with the repressive one-party state? How do China’s changes affect the rest of the world? This thoroughly revised and updated second edition includes a comprehensive discussion of the origins and development of the US-China strategic rivalry, including Trump’s trade war and the race for technological supremacy. It also explores the recent changes in China’s political system, reflecting Xi Jinping’s emergence as the most powerful leader since Mao Zedong. It includes insights on changes in China’s financial sector, covering the rise and fall of the shadow banking sector, and China’s increasing integration with global financial markets. And it covers China’s rapid technological development and the rise of its global Internet champions such as Alibaba and Tencent.
Why China Matters
Authors: Kroeber Arthur R.
Published: November 2020

Why should I care about China’s economy?

In 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed and the Cold War ended. Until then, the single biggest force affecting global economics and geopolitics had been the rivalry between the United States and the USSR. Since then, a period spanning...
Agriculture, Land, and the Rural Economy
Authors: Kroeber Arthur R.
Published: November 2020

Why does agriculture matter?

It may seem odd to begin our discussion of a great industrial economy with agriculture. In China today, agriculture accounts for only 8 percent of GDP. But about 40 percent of the population still lives in rural areas, and more than...
Industry, Exports, and Technology
Authors: Kroeber Arthur R.
Published: November 2020

Why did China become such a big manufacturer and exporter?

China’s emergence as a great industrial, exporting, and technology power is one of the truly world-changing economic events of the last three decades. In the late 1970s, China accounted for little of the world’s industrial...
Urbanization and Infrastructure
Authors: Kroeber Arthur R.
Published: November 2020

How fast has China urbanized?

Mass migration from country to city is a phenomenon that every country experiences as it industrializes. China is no exception to this rule but has done it faster and on a far larger scale than most other nations. On the...
The Enterprise System
Authors: Kroeber Arthur R.
Published: November 2020

Which are more important: state-owned enterprises or private firms?

One of the most contentious features of China’s economy is its ownership. Two narratives are common. One is that the basic story of the reform era has been the steady retreat of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in...
The Emerging Consumer Economy
Authors: Kroeber Arthur R.
Published: November 2020

Is China’s growth “unbalanced”? How much does it matter?

China from 1980 until a few years ago has been mainly an investment-driven economy. Growth has been powered by capital spending on basic industries, export-oriented factories, infrastructure, and housing. In the “expenditure” accounting that economists use...
Changing the Growth Model
Authors: Kroeber Arthur R.
Published: November 2020

Why does China need to change its growth model?

Since reforms began in 1979, China has become one of the world’s greatest economic success stories. At no point during those decades did success come easily: the economic miracle required persistent hard work and creativity by...
March 2004 and the Ahtisaari Plan
Authors: Judah Tim
Published: November 2020

The UN years can be divided neatly in two: before March 17, 2004, and after. Beginning in December 2003, the major plank of UNMIK and international policy was called Standards before Status. Its aim was to put off questions about Kosovo’s final status for...
Kosovo and the World
Authors: Judah Tim
Published: November 2020

Kosovo is small. Its territory covers 6,759 square miles (10,887 square kilometers). By way of comparison, Connecticut is 8,920 square miles (14,356 square kilometers), and Wales is 12,911 square miles (20,779 square kilometers). Lebanon is marginally smaller than Kosovo, and Jamaica is 64 square...
Envisioning an Innovating Society
Authors: Bornstein David , Davis Susan
Published: November 2020

How is social entrepreneurship changing minds?

In describing the causes of poverty, Muhammad Yunus has often compared a poor person to a bonsai tree. The seed of a bonsai has the potential to grow into a full-size tree, but, planted in a tiny pot,...
What
Authors: Prud’Homme Alex
Published: November 2020

So What Is Hydrofracking, and Why Has It Become So Central to the Energy Landscape?

As mentioned in the introduction, hydrofracking is defined in different ways by different people. To those in the energy industry, it refers purely to the process of injecting fluid—which consists...
Where
Authors: Prud’Homme Alex
Published: November 2020

What Are Shale Plays, and Where Are the Major Shale Plays in the United States?

As mentioned, the purpose of hydraulic fracturing is to access natural gas and oil trapped in shale formations, also known as “plays.” Shale plays are found across the United States...
The Case for Hydrofracking
Authors: Prud’Homme Alex
Published: November 2020

Who Benefits?

Many have profited financially from hydrofracking, from George Mitchell, who made billions of dollars by inventing “slickwater” fracturing, to truck drivers in North Dakota, who saw their earnings jump to $2,000 a week hauling fracking fluid, to rural landowners in New York State,...
The Future of Fracking
Authors: Prud’Homme Alex
Published: November 2020

There is now a great deal of research and assessment being done on hydrofracking by government agencies, the industry, academics, inventors, and environmentalists, and the fruits of their labors will be revealed in the next few years.

While the politics and economics of fracking remain...
Beyond Hydrofracking
Authors: Prud’Homme Alex
Published: November 2020

The shale gas industry is still in its adolescence. And as adolescents are wont to do, it presents us with a dilemma: while the energy supplies in shale are too important to overlook, the potential health and environmental impacts of extracting them are too great...
Food Politics
Authors: Paarlberg Robert
Published: November 2020

The politics of food is changing fast. In rich countries, obesity is now a more serious problem than hunger. Consumers once satisfied with cheap and convenient food now want food that is also safe, nutritious, fresh, and grown by local farmers using fewer chemicals. Heavily subsidized and underregulated commercial farmers are facing stronger push back from environmentalists and consumer activists, and food companies are under the microscope. Meanwhile, agricultural success in Asia has spurred income growth and dietary enrichment, but agricultural failure in Africa has left one-third of all citizens undernourished - and the international markets that link these diverse regions together are subject to sudden disruption. The second edition of Food Politics has been thoroughly updated to reflect the latest developments and research on today's global food landscape, including biofuels, the international food market, food aid, obesity, food retailing, urban agriculture, and food safety. The second edition also features an expanded discussion of the links between water, climate change, and food, as well as farming and the environment. New chapters look at livestock, meat and fish and the future of food politics. Paarlberg's book challenges myths and critiques more than a few of today's fashionable beliefs about farming and food. For those ready to have their thinking about food politics informed and also challenged, this is the book to read.
An Overview of Food Politics
Authors: Paarlberg Robert
Published: November 2020

What is food politics?

Since biblical times, the policies of governments have shaped food and farming. The book of Genesis (47:24) records that in Egypt the pharaoh took 20 percent of all food production from his farmers as a tax. Governments in Africa today often...
Food Production and Population Growth
Authors: Paarlberg Robert
Published: November 2020

Who was Thomas Malthus, and why did he see hunger as inevitable?

Thomas Robert Malthus was an English economist who authored in 1798 a highly influential treatise, An Essay on the Principle of Population. In this essay, Malthus argued that food production could...
The Politics of High Food Prices
Authors: Paarlberg Robert
Published: November 2020

When did high food prices become a political issue?

Most recently high food prices became an intense political issue in 2007–2008, when international market prices for rice, wheat, and corn all spiked sharply upward at the same time. By April 2008, the price of maize...
The Politics of Obesity
Authors: Paarlberg Robert
Published: November 2020

Is the world facing an obesity crisis?

Worldwide, obesity rates have nearly doubled in the last three decades. In 1980, 5 percent of men and 8 percent of women around the world were obese. By 2008, the rates were 10 percent for men and 14...
The Politics of Farm Subsidies And Trade
Authors: Paarlberg Robert
Published: November 2020

Do all governments give subsidies to farmers?

Nearly all governments in rich countries subsidize the income of farmers. In 2011, according to calculations by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), government policies in 34 rich countries transferred a total of $252 billion worth...
Food Safety and Genetically Engineered Foods
Authors: Paarlberg Robert
Published: November 2020

How safe is America’s food supply?

In rich countries, the food choices available in supermarkets and restaurants are almost always free from dangerous levels of toxic or microbial contamination. Even when they are not healthful or nutritious, they at least can be considered “safe.” In...
Who Governs The World Food System?
Authors: Paarlberg Robert
Published: November 2020

Is there a single world food system?

There is not yet a single centrally governed world food system. Food is still produced and consumed mostly inside separate and separately governed nation-states. International food markets have grown, but international trade still supplies on average only 10...
Shariah and Islamic Law
Authors: Esposito John L. , Delong-Bas Natana J.
Published: November 2020

For many in the West today, “Shariah” is a word that evokes fear—fear of a medieval legal system that issues draconian punishments, fear of relegation of women and religious minorities to second-class citizenship, fear of Muslims living as separate communities who refuse to integrate with...
Government, Law, and Order
Authors: Esposito John L. , Delong-Bas Natana J.
Published: November 2020

Throughout history, while the example of Muhammad as head of state and Shariah principles have been reference points, diverse and competing models of government and law have existed. Although many changes occurred with the spread of the Islamic Empire and the rise and fall of...