bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Communicator Performance under Cognitive Stress
Authors: Greenberg Bradley S. , Tannenbaum Percy H.
Published: December 2011

What happens when a writer is given information which attacks his beliefs and thus puts him under stress? This research study shows it takes him longer to write his message, he makes more grammatical and spelling errors, he performs more editing, and the message is less readable.
Advertising in the Sunday Comics
Authors: Barcus Francis E.
Published: December 2011

What is advertised, and by what methods, in the Sunday comic section? This study reports on the volume and content of such advertising in 1947 and again in 1955, when the impact of television had been felt. Strangely enough, advertising using the dramatic comic-strip technique declined the most.
Headline Motivation and Reader Response in a Farm Magazine
Authors: Felstehausen Herman
Published: December 2011

This department is devoted to shorter articles and notes on research in the communications field, either completed or in progress. Readers are invited to submit reports on investigative studies which might prove useful to other students because of content, method, or implications for further research.
The Entertainer as Hero: A Problem of the Mass Media
Authors: Hazard Patrick D.
Published: December 2011

The mass media have played a key role in making the entertainer too much a hero in American culture, the author contends, and this misemphasis accounts in great measure for the crisis in quality in both American life and mass communication. He offers some suggestions for communicators and educators.
The Irish Press during the French Revolution
Authors: Stewart John Hall
Published: December 2011

A survey of the 18th century Irish press, concentrating on the years 1789–95, is offered in this article. Dublin had independent papers, subsidized Castle papers and an opposition press. Belfast boasted two of the best papers of the period, one of them the voice of the Society of United Irishmen.
Main Currents in Brann's Iconoclast
Authors: Morrison Joseph L.
Published: December 2011

William Cowper Brann's highly personal journalism and pungent writing won him fame, but brought him death by an assassin's bullet. The author examines the major themes which characterized Brann's work in his Texas paper of the 1890s. He finds Brann had two entirely different styles.
Attitudes toward Advertising before and after Taking a Course
Authors: Newsome Ellis H.
Published: December 2011

Although students initially showed less favorable attitudes toward advertising than a group of farmers, their attitudes were more favorable after completion of the course. Other similarities and differences in opinions were revealed.
Suburbanites, City Residents and Local News
Authors: Carter Roy E. , Clarke Peter
Published: December 2011

Readers' interest in news of “integrative” and “disruptive” local events is analyzed in relation to the news media they prefer and to their attitudes toward daily and weekly newspapers.
Newspaper ‘Legend’ Features: History versus Hokum
Authors: Schruben Francis W.
Published: December 2011

In this entertaining account of “The Goods and Their Castle—Part of the Mystery Unraveled,” a historian takes the time to challenge a newspaper feature story based on “local legend” in order to point a moral.
Free Press versus Fair Trial: A New Era?
Authors: Gillmor Donald M.
Published: December 2011

Recent Supreme Court decisions spur lawyers and judges to renew search for ways to limit effect of pre-trial publicity on jurors. Legislation is proposed as remedy to forestall revival of old contempt of court procedures.
The Kennedy Assassination as Viewed by Communist Media
Authors: Dunning John L.
Published: December 2011

While treating the tragedy with good taste, propagandists showed great inventiveness in picking out facts and opinions to support the Party line. They now assign to President Johnson the task of living up to their image of JFK.
Mass Communications in the Republic of the Congo (Leopoldville)
Authors: Desmond Robert W. , Ching James C.
Published: December 2011

Confronted with meager mass communication facilities, low educational levels and political instability, the Congolese government has found that a “managed information” policy is the only practical solution.
The Atlantic Charter: Press Release or Historic Document?
Authors: Lindley William R.
Published: December 2011

Leading historians call the Atlantic Charter a “press release,” but it grew into an historic document. The author traces the circumstances surrounding its announcement and reaction of press and public.
Some Historical Newscasts of the American Forces Network
Authors: Cranston Pat
Published: December 2011

Begun to build troop morale during World War II, the AFN has an estimated 50 million listeners in Europe. How the network reported the death of President Kennedy is told here in detail.
Fleet Street in the 1880s: The Old Journalism and the New
Authors: Schalck Harry G.
Published: December 2011

A “New Journalism” blossomed in London's Fleet Street in the 1880s. Led b y W. T. Stead in the Pall Mall Gazette and T . P. O'Connor in the Star, it served as a transition between the Victorian press and that of Harmsworth.
The Scholarship of Frank Luther Mott
Authors: Casey Ralph D.
Published: December 2011

Scholar, writer, editor, teacher—above all, a vibrant personality enjoying life and sharing the quest for learning with a great circle of students, colleagues and readers who will forever remember him.
A Basic Space Unit for Newspaper Content Analysis
Authors: Danielson Wayne A. , Mullen James J.
Published: December 2011

This department is devoted to shorter reports on research in the communications field. Readers are invited to submit summaries of investigative studies interesting for content, method or implications for further research.
How Time Stereotyped Three U.S. Presidents
Authors: Merrill John C.
Published: December 2011

What kind of stereotyped image of each of three presidents—Truman, Eisenhower and Kennedy—has been presented by Time? The author investigates the techniques used by the magazine to subjectivize its news.
The Munich Crisis Broadcasts: Radio News Comes of Age
Authors: Emery Michael C.
Published: December 2011

Some 200 persons labored in September 1938 to bring radio news to America of Europe's war crisis. Led by Kaltenborn, Murrow, Shirer and Jordan, they penetrated American minds and made broadcasting history.
Effects of Source and Message Credibility on Writing Style
Authors: Atwood L. Erwin
Published: December 2011

When both are low, writers tend to use more attributions. But when a high credibility source gives a low credibility message, writers tend to use less background information about the source.
The Newspaper: Molder or Mirror of Community Values?
Authors: Brandner Lowell , Sistrunk Joan
Published: December 2011

When counties high in income but low in college attendance are compared with an opposite group, their newspapers show sharp diflerences in the way they report education. Might this have been the reason?
Newsmen and Schoolmen: The State and Problems of Education Reporting
Authors: Gerbner George
Published: December 2011

The “school beat” still remains a thinly covered assignment of the U. S. daily newspaper, this survey discloses. In it, education reporters discuss problems of handling schoolmen contacts, issues in the news.
How Two Major California Dailies Covered Reagan vs. Brown
Authors: Becker Jules , Fuchs Douglas A.
Published: December 2011

This content analysis of 1966 gubernatorial campaign coverage shows the pro-Brown Sacramento Bee favored its candidate more in space than the pro-Reagan Oakland Tribune did its. Both papers drew clean bills of health on bias and play.
Achievement Motivation and Content Preferences
Authors: Rees Matilda B.
Published: December 2011

A simplified N Ach measure predicts preferences for immediate reward content (among men), even when some of its correlates are controlled; but the same is not true of television content.
The English Libertarian Tradition in the Colonial Newspaper
Authors: Huxford Gary
Published: December 2011

The ideas of the Old Whig were transmitted from London to the colonies by newspaper publication of their writings. The author traces this influence through the first half of the 18th century.
Content Analysis of Films: New Slant on an Old Technique
Authors: Fyock James A.
Published: December 2011

Special hazards are encountered in analyzing the content of TV and film; the literature is of little help. The author offers some suggestions based on his experience in selecting fear-arousal film materials.
Local News Channel Preferences in Puerto Rico
Authors: Farace R. Vincent
Published: December 2011

Patterns of local news channel preferences are traced, using three predictors across three surveys of Puerto Rican respondents. Preference levels are quite close to U.S. levels.
Journalism Education in the Joyful Sixties
Authors: Jones Robert L.
Published: December 2011

This department is a forum for AEJ members, who are invited to submit succinct articles dealing with educational trends, fields of study, laboratory techniques and student problems in journalism and mass communications.
Dissonance and Exposure to Aversive Information
Authors: Carter Richard F. , Pyszka Ronald H. , Guerrero Jose L.
Published: December 2011

Three experiments show that avoidance does not increase with the aversiveness of the information as dissonance theory predicts but are consistent with a model that separates motivation from cognition.
The Butte Bulletin: Beginnings of a Labor Daily
Authors: Halverson Guy , Ames William E.
Published: December 2011

Born during the furor of a 1917 strike, the Bulletin proved that a daily newspaper sympathetic to labor is a key ingredient to strike victory. In its brief six-year history, it brought a unique progressivism to Montana.
Individual Differences and Inoculation against Persuasion
Authors: Stone Vernon A.
Published: December 2011

Source vs. message orientation produced no differences under either source- or message-immunization conditions, nor did sex. But self-esteem did interact with immunization strategies as predicted.
The Impact of Political Poll Reports on Candidate and Issue Preferences
Authors: Atkin Charles K.
Published: December 2011

In this experiment knowledge of the views of a reference public influenced preferences for both candidates and issues in five tests; the data tend to favor a consistency explanation over “bandwagon effect.”
The Prestige Press Meets the Third-Party Challenge
Authors: Stempel Guido H.
Published: December 2011

Despite the presence of a third-party candidate, 15 newspapers gave less total space to the '68 campaign than to those in '64 and '60. Evidence suggests that equal space per candidate is still the norm.
Toward an Understanding of Truth in Advertising
Authors: Kottman E. John
Published: December 2011

Untruthfulness is not a serious weakness of advertising, but incredibility or unworthiness of belief and trust in some advertising lessens the effectiveness of all advertising.
Newspapers and Crime in Detroit
Authors: Payne David E. , Payne Kaye Price
Published: December 2011

This study, which examines crime rate change in Detroit during two newspaper strikes, found that non-expressive crimes decreased significantly during the absence of daily newspapers.
McClure's Road to McClure's: How Revolutionary Were 1890s Magazines?
Authors: Stinson Robert
Published: December 2011

McClure's example may make historians rethink the notion that the rise of cheap monthlies in the 1890s constituted a complete revolution. McClure's magazine ideas evolved gradually, and some of them were imitations of the past.
A Reinterpretation of the Meaning of Involvement in Krugman's Models of Advertising Communication
Authors: Preston Ivan L.
Published: December 2011

The finding that brands advertised on TV are relatively more difficult to differentiate than those in magazines provides an alternate explanation of why the degree of consumer involvement with advertising is less for TV than for magazines.
Effects of Fear Appeals on Opinions about U.S.-Soviet Cooperation
Authors: Orwant Jack E. , Orwant Carol J. , Pallak Michael S.
Published: December 2011

Opinion changes on issues from newspaper messages involving chemical-biological warfare were linked to fear appeal level and source. Sleeper and regression effects were in evidence two weeks after the first experiment.
Walt Whitman as a Journalist, March, 1848–1892
Authors: Bergman Herbert
Published: December 2011

Whitman's journalistic career spanned 61 years and his work is significant for the light it throws on his mind and art. His name would live for his journalism alone, even had he not written Leaves of Grass.
American News on the Soviet Television Screen
Authors: Paulu Burton
Published: December 2011

Many items are covered in short, factual bulletins, but picture presentations tend to take a more editorial approach. Documentaries with a message appear to receive the best production.
Reform Agitation in the American Periodical Press, 1920-29
Authors: Bennion Sherilyn Cox
Published: December 2011

The mass magazines of the Twenties did not talk about reform, because their readers did not want to hear about reform. Most often the American mass magazine is a reflector of public opinion.
Editor Authoritarianism and Its Effect on News Display
Authors: Madden Thomas James
Published: December 2011

Authoritarianism is associated with editors' judgments about protest stories but not in the predicted direction; it is the low F subjects who are affected by how favorably demonstrators are depicted.
A Petition and its Audience: A Study in Attitudes
Authors: Rotzoll Kim B. , Pockrass Robert M.
Published: December 2011

Signers of a petition did not concur in their opinions about the issue the petition dealt with, and readers assumed position of signers was more extreme than it really was.
The Origin of the Interview
Authors: Nilsson Nils Gunnar
Published: December 2011

Early interviews appear in the middle 1830s. Two of the most popular features, borrowed from England, were the humorous treatment of police court news and reports of more or less sensational trials.
Swedish Editors' Views on Government Support of the Press
Authors: Pietila Antero
Published: December 2011

The socialist editor tends to favor direct subsidy while his non-socialist colleague holds reservations. Most favor general, nonpartisan support, but not for the unprofitable paper.
Deciding First Amendment Cases: Part I
Authors: Robbins J. C.
Published: December 2011

With a prior estimate that the probability of the correctness of a decision in favor of constitutionality is very low, the Court must demand of those who would restrict expression a showing of evidence that overcomes the prior estimate.
Predicting the Completeness of Newspaper Election Coverage
Authors: Arrendell Charles
Published: December 2011

News hole, days published and wire services used account for 47% of the variance in completeness in this study of Texas newspapers offering a multiple regression solution to an old problem.
Government Control of the Press in the United Arab Republic, 1952–70
Authors: Almaney Adnan
Published: December 2011

Although Nasser completely controlled the Egyptian press soon after gaining power, political reasons later compelled him to nationalize the newspapers.
A Black Correspondent Covers the Ethiopian War, 1935–36
Authors: Stevens John D.
Published: December 2011

This department is devoted to shorter reports on research in the communications field. Readers are invited to submit summaries of investigative studies interesting for content, method or implications for further research.
Communication and Change in Community Development
Authors: Haring Ardyce
Published: December 2011

Field experiment shows that modern farmers (high adopters) are influenced more than traditionals by nonlocal than local sources, particularly when they Uve in a relatively modern community.
Rationale for the Application of the Fairness Doctrine in Broadcast News
Authors: Brundage Gloria Swegman
Published: December 2011

An examination of the origin and development of the Fairness Doctrine suggests that its inherent principles of free expression and public interest might provide a rationale for “news judgment” in future broadcast news.
Perspective as a Determinant of Attitude Formation and Change
Authors: Norris Eleanor L.
Published: December 2011

In an experimental comparison of the Sherif-Hovland and Upshaw attitude change theories, Upshaw's ‘perspective’ theory is sustained: subjects are influenced more by the end points of scales than by ‘assimilation and contrast.’
Family Communication Patterns and Anticipatory Socialization
Authors: Sheinkopf Kenneth G.
Published: December 2011

Students from homes that instill a strong “concept” orientation, especially the pluralistics, are able to anticipate and adjust to political behaviors expected of them as adults.
FoI Crusade in Perspective: Three Victories for the Press
Authors: Hudson Robert V.
Published: December 2011

In this historical study, the author examines the press side of the war against executive privilege and the three major victories of the 1950s and 1960s.
Primacy or Recency: The Order of Presentation
Authors: Allen Richard
Published: December 2011

This department is devoted to shorter reports on research in the communications field. Readers are invited to submit summaries of investigative studies interesting for content, method or implications for further research.
‘Cloud with a Silver Lining’ Approach to Violence News
Authors: Haskins Jack B.
Published: December 2011

This department is devoted to shorter reports on research in the communications field. Readers are invited to submit summaries of investigative studies interesting for content, method or implications for further research.
Newspaper Support of Press Councils
Authors: Polich John E.
Published: December 2011

National survey finds publishers will cooperate, print critical findings despite their disapproval of local, state and national councils.
Benjamin Edes: Scourge of Tories
Authors: Maurice R. Cullen
Published: December 2011

Co-owner of Boston Gazette was more than merely a printer. Heplayed major role in formation of Sons of Liberty and kept paper in forefront of anti- British activity
Content Duplication by the Networks in Competing Evening Newscasts
Authors: Lemert James B.
Published: December 2011

70% of all stories on weekday newscasts in two-week period were used by at least two networks. Duplication was higher during week than on weekends
Aleksei Suvorin: Russia's Millionaire Publisher
Authors: Bartol Robert A.
Published: December 2011

Upward mobility was virtually impossible in 19th century Russia but this journalist proved an exception to the rule.
Prosperous Newspaper Industry May Be Heading for Decline
Authors: Grotta Gerald L.
Published: December 2011

“Marketing Myopia” appears to threaten newspapers with decreasing share of ecomoic support in ‘post-industrial society.“
Their Rights and Nothing More: A History of The Revolution, 1868–70
Authors: Masel-Walters Lynne
Published: December 2011

Women's political journalism began with this short-lived national newspaper.
How the Metropolitan Press Covered the 1970 General Election Campaigns in Ohio
Authors: Windhauser John W.
Published: December 2011

Despite political handicap of a major scandal, Republicans fared as well as Democrats in coverage of off-year campaign by 11 major dailies.
A Typology of Communication Behavior
Authors: Shipley Linda J.
Published: December 2011

Survey of community between New York and Philadelphia finds three major types of communication behavior by respondents—saturation, selection and avoidance.
Congress, the President and the Press
Authors: Balutis Alan P.
Published: December 2011

Study of New York Times and Buffalo Evening News finds coverage of President continued to increase, but coverage of Congress did not over 16-year period.
Press Releases vs. Newspaper Coverage of California Supreme Court Decisions
Authors: Hale F. Dennis
Published: December 2011

Press releases influenced kinds of decisions that were reported but not the quantity of coverage by papers.
Racial Differences in Gratifications
Authors: Stroman Carolyn A. , Becker Lee B.
Published: December 2011

This department is devoted to shorter reports on research in the communications field. Readers are invited to submit summaries of investigative studies interesting for content, method or implications for further research.
Exposure, Experience and Perceived TV Reality for Adolescents
Authors: Elliott William R. , Slater Dan
Published: December 2011

Program exposure is positively associated with perceived realism in crime shows.
Subjective Errors in Written Messages
Authors: Singletary Michael W. , Carragee Kevin
Published: December 2011

Subjective evaluation became increasingly negative as errors of logic, word use and omission increased.
Regulation Hasn't Changed TV Ads Much!
Authors: Pollay Richard W. , Zaichkowsky Judy , Fryer Christina
Published: December 2011

Study of Canadian and U.S. television ads finds that they present little information.
Impact of WESH Case on Procedures for Comparative License Renewals
Authors: Meeske Milan D.
Published: December 2011

Actions of FCC and courts in this case show that present standards and laws are not adequate.
The Media Agenda-Setting Effect of Concrete versus Abstract Issues
Authors: Yagade Aileen , Dozier David M.
Published: December 2011

This exploratory study matches a content analysis sample of Time magazine coverage of two “concrete” issues (drug abuse, energy) and two “abstract” issues (nuclear arms race, federal budget deficit) with Gallup Poll data over a lengthy period to find confirmation of the hypothesis: The media set the agenda with news about specific news events which readers/viewers can visualize, but the effect does not hold for news abstractions hard for readers/viewers to relate to. The study develops measures, tested independently in a separate, second study reported, to divide issues into either concrete or abstract categories. In agenda-setting terms, the study concludes, concreteness increases news media agenda-setting power; abstractness decreases agenda-setting power.
Newtonian Communication: Shaking the Libel Tree for Empirical Damages
Authors: Cohen Jeremy , Spears Sara
Published: December 2011

This case study of a 1987 libel suit brought by entertainer Wayne Newton against NBC for that network's broadcasts about Newton's purchase of a Las Vegas hotel resulted in a jury award of $19 million reduced to about $5 million by the judge. Newton introduced public opinion survey evidence to prove damage to his reputation and the jury apparently was influenced by it, but not the judge. The authors argue that legal proof currently is less rigorous than is proof demanded by sound social science. Newton's lawyers argue that a post trial survey showed the $5 million award helped restore Newton's reputation — a trend that could be dangerous, the authors argue, if lawyers in the future say only a big award can restore a reputation.
Broadcast Condom Advertising: A Case Study
Authors: Kaplan Herb , Houlberg Rick
Published: December 2011

This study reveals the decision-making that went into the first television condom advertising on San Francisco's KRON-TV in January 1987, regarded as one of the first stations to take this step. The study is based upon in-depth interviews with key station managers immediately after the decision. Station leaders debated questions of public interest and public tastes in a city hard hit by AIDS. Linking up with a public interest group, the station devised careful guidelines and began broadcasting on a trial basis. Nearly all public and media reaction — and there was plenty — was favorable.
Byline Bias? Effects of Gender on News Article Evaluations
Authors: Burkhart Ford N. , Sigelman Carol K.
Published: December 2011

This study, reporting on the results of two experiments using college students, finds that audiences judged stories similarly regardless of whether the byline was by a male or female. Bylines with unclear gender — i.e., “J. J. Goodman” — tended to be evaluated somewhat lower. One of the experiments, carried out with relatively unsophisticated news readers, finds that women tended to be evaluated somewhat higher on such variables as “trustworthiness,” “writing style,” and “accuracy.” This study suggests that it may be that times have changed in attitudes toward female bylines, contrary to a number of earlier studies.
Factors Influencing Development News Production at Three Indian Dailies
Authors: Shah Hemant
Published: December 2011

Social welfare and international and national economics were most emphasized in three Indian dailies, according to a content analysis of a 1985 sample of newspaper issues. Quoted sources were most often officials, and development news was more often urban that rural in focus. Personal interviews with 14 Indian journalists and mail responses from 38 more indicate that control of key resources by the government, traditional news values, such as an emphasis on speed, and somewhat inadequate journalism training prevents journalists from stressing development news coverage.
Advertising and Commercial Speech since the 1986 Posadas Case
Authors: Hovland Roxanne , Taylor Ronald E.
Published: December 2011

The First Amendment status of advertising and commercial speech is assessed by evaluating the influence of the 1986 Posadas decision on subsequent court cases. In conjunction with other cases, particularly the Fox case of 1989, Posadas served to weaken the degree of protection for advertising. Implicit in the courts' decisions since Posadas is that restrictions of truthful advertising for lawful products is more likely in the future.
Libel Law and the Press in Japan
Authors: Youm Kyu Ho , Takeichi Hideo
Published: December 2011

In Japan, loss of face is as important as loss of personal reputation, but there have not been many libel or slander suits, as compared with the United States. Monetary awards in Japan are small. The Japanese do not make a distinction between libel and slander and, in criminal libel, one could be held accountable regardless of the truth or falsity of private comments. But since World War II, there has been much effort to balance private and public interests, with much freedom going to the public side. The Japanese press, this study argues, is both powerful and relatively free to publish what it wishes.
Media Attention, Media Exposure, and Media Effects
Authors: Drew Dan , Weaver David
Published: December 2011

This study finds that audience exposure and attention to three media—newspapers, television news, and radio news—are separate dimensions, based on a telephone survey of 234 individuals 18 years old and up in Bloomington, Indiana. The relationships among exposure and attention and knowledge gain, opinion direction, opinion strength, and actual behavior are less clear, although there is evidence that newspapers are more likely to influence cognitive learning while television influences both cognition and attitudes. Radio news was less influential.
Adolescents' Perceptions of the Primary Values of Television Programming
Authors: Potter W. James
Published: December 2011

This study of middle and high school students finds some support for cultivation theory. Some values associated with television—i.e., “hard work yields rewards” or “good wins over evil”—are more valued by higher versus lower exposed-to-television watchers. There were interactions. The ultimate triumph of hard work and good conduct, for example, were associated with viewing sports programs. Those who watched a lot of soap operas were least likely to believe: The strong survive; instead, this group of watchers believed: Luck is important.
Community Orientations and Newspaper Use among Korean Newcomers
Authors: Shim Jae Chul , Salmon Charles T.
Published: December 2011

A telephone survey of 165 Korean residents of Seattle examined newspaper use as a function of psychological orientation to Korea, the United States, both or neither. The study found main effects of orientation on newspaper use as well as a series of significant interaction effects between Korean-community and American-community orientations in predicting subscription, readership and attention to certain types of content. The paper concludes with implications for editorial decisionmakers in host and ethnic newspapers.
Viewer Reactions to Music in Television Commercials
Authors: Stout Patricia A. , Leckenby John D. , Hecker Sidney
Published: December 2011

Viewers of 40 30-second television commercials, tested in malls, reacted to various musical aspects of the advertisements, such as to the tempo, volume, melody, or mode (such as in a major or minor key). The mode caused the greatest number of reactions, as measured by a Viewer Response Profile (VRP). The commercials reflected eight products, including coffee and candy, and the study found that viewers did make an important association between the product and the music, but there were many complex interactions involving music and product.
Feeling the Heat from Advertisers: Farm Magazine Writers and Ethical Pressures
Authors: Hays Robert G. , Reisner Ann E.
Published: December 2011

Responses from a mail survey of 190 journalists who work for farm journals—a 78% response rate—reveal that about two thirds of the journalists say advertisers have threatened their journals on occasion, and about one-half say that advertising has actually been withdrawn. The journalists also report that advertisers sometimes attempt to win over journalists with gifts, free meals, or in other ways, usually not with success. These journalists report that most farm publications do not have a clear policy in dealing with advertiser influence. At the same time, most farm journals are struggling to maintain advertising, a struggle that makes them vulnerable to pressures.
Job Satisfaction and its Correlates among Public Relations Workers
Authors: Rentner Terry Lynn , Bissland James H.
Published: December 2011

Managers are more likely to find satisfaction in their public relations jobs than are technicians, this survey of 649 public relations specialists from 46 states and the District of Columbia finds, with women somewhat more likely to consider their work significant. Women are also more likely to feel overworked. The study employed Likert scales and charted those aspects of work which public relations specialists find most satisfying. Among most desired aspects of PR jobs are freedom to use skills creatively and to make on-the-job independent judgments. Variety was highly valued. The survey found that most respondents had a basic college degree and about half either had a graduate degree or had worked (or were working) on one.
Voter Learning in the 1988 Presidential Election: Did the Debates and the Media Matter?
Authors: Drew Dan , Weaver David
Published: December 2011

This study found that the 1988 televised debates between Republican George Bush and Democrat Michael Dukakis did lead to greater knowledge of campaign issues. The debates proved more influential on knowledge than did exposure to other types of news that were measured in the study. Higher levels of education and campaign interest also were related to more issue knowledge. Image knowledge, however, was better predicted by political party loyalties. The study was based on a survey of 252 people of voting age in Bloomington, Indiana. The study concludes that televised debates—often criticized for being contrived—make a contribution to political learning.
Chain Ownership and Editorial Independence: A Case Study of Gannett Newspapers
Authors: Akhavan-Majid Roya , Rife Anita , Gopinath Sheila
Published: December 2011

A comparison of the editorial positions taken on three public issues in 1989 by 56 newspapers in the Gannett group with a matched set of 155 other newspapers finds that Gannett newspapers were more likely to take positions, but also less likely to vary in the positions taken. (Also, 72% of the Gannett newspapers responded to the survey of editors versus 52% of the matched set of editors queried.) The study did not seek to find evidence that the newspapers were influenced by higher headquarters, but does suggest a number of ways that subtle influences may work within groups.
Transnational Radio Listening among Saudi Arabian University Students
Authors: Boyd Douglas A. , Asi Morad
Published: December 2011

Saudi Arabian students, interviewed during the Iran-Iraq war period, listened often to transnational broadcasts, which are everpresent and have a long history of availability in Saudi Arabia. Men students older than 20 preferred BBC but women students had different preferences. Older students generally liked the Voice of America. There were other interactions but, as in other countries, the format of the station, whether news or entertainment, tended to attract selected audiences.
Structures of North-South Informational Flows: An Empirical Test of Galtung's Theory
Authors: Meyer William H.
Published: December 2011

Galtung's structural theory of imperialism is reviewed with special attention to the importance of exchanges of information between the West and the Third World—an area in which the alleged neocolonial structure of international affairs is said to be most readily evident. Tests are based on a data set compiled by the author during the years 1984–1987. More than 1,500 items of international news were taken from 60 issues of six leading African and Latin American newspapers. Analysis shows that Galtung's “feudal structure” does hold for news to and from the Third World. But other studies, summarized here, indicate his predictions about effects of this news exchange on economies are not accurate.
Cable Access: Market Concerns Amidst the Marketplace of Ideas
Authors: Atkin David , Larose Robert
Published: December 2011

About six of every 10 community cable systems have at least one community access channel, this survey of channel systems reveals. About one of six cable viewers reports watching a community channel during the past week, making these channels perform as well or better than such general offerings as C-SPAN and the Financial News Network. There is a pretty high level of satisfaction among viewers who tend to be older and better educated, but not necessarily always richer.
Assessing the Active Component of Information-Seeking
Authors: Gantz Walter , Fitzmaurice Michael , Fink Ed
Published: December 2011

Unlike most diffusion studies that trace how audiences passively learn about major news—often catastrophic events—this study sought to find when and how individuals actively seek news information. In a telephone survey, most people claimed to engage in active information-seeking several times a week. This was greatest for local weather information. None of the remaining 12 topics assessed was sought, on average, more than every other day. Information-seeking behaviors generally were limited to the media normally used for information and surveillance functions.
Corrections Policies in Local Television News: A Survey
Authors: Cremedas Michael E.
Published: December 2011

Recently television news has declined somewhat in credibility, and it is reasonable to assume that audiences would rate media higher if media owned up to mistakes made in broadcasts. A survey of 85 television news directors found that all did correct errors, but only about half the stations represented had a formal corrections policy and nearly no station had it written down. About one of six stations correct errors once a month. About half corrected errors about once every two months. Errors of fact rather than interpretation were far more likely to be corrected. Most news directors surveyed saw benefits in making corrections, but also expressed concern that corrections could cause their station to drop in credibility.
Effects of Gender on Professional Encroachment in Public Relations
Authors: Lauzen Martha
Published: December 2011

Using a systematic sample of 166 public relations practitioners in the United States, this study tests a model that explains the effects of gender on professional encroachment, which is the assignment of non-public relations professionals as top public relations managers. Organizations in which the top public relations practitioner is a woman are likely to have higher levels of encroachment than organizations where the top practitioner is male. Women are less likely to have worked long enough to obtain the skills and perspectives of management.
After Journalism
Authors: Jurgensen Karen , Meyer Philip
Published: December 2011

Emphasis in mass communication is changing from the transportion of information to its processing. New technology and the demands of a pluralistic society are straining traditional journalistic values and creating a market for new forms of specialization. Neither traditional journalism nor traditional journalism training is likely to be adequate to meet these demands. The marketplace is demanding — and will inevitably get — a basic paradigm shift.
The Effectiveness of Sidebar Graphics
Authors: Ward Douglas B.
Published: December 2011

This study attempted to show whether a bar chart that accompanied a news story aided reader comprehension. Two versions of a graphic and story were tested against a story alone, a story and table, and a story with sidebar. Four accuracy scores, were computed, and in almost every case, subjects who read the story and sidebar had the highest comprehension scores. The results suggest that graphics need to be kept simple and that they need to contain more explanatory information
Blacks in the News: Television, Modern Racism and Cultural Change
Authors: Entman Robert M.
Published: December 2011

Local news may be one vehicle through which television helps, inadvertently, both to preserve and to transform cultural values. Content analysis on the evening news on four Chicago television stations over a lengthy period suggests local television responds to viewing tastes of black audiences. However, data on these Chicago television news programs suggest racism still may be indirectly encouraged by normal crime and political coverage that depict blacks, in crime, as more physically threatening and, in politics, as more demanding than comparable white activists or leaders. Ironically, widespread employment of black television journalists suggests to viewers that racial discrimination is no longer a significant social problem. The mix of these two views of blacks encourages modern white racism—hostility, rejection and denial toward black aspirations—the study argues.
How do Adolescents' Perceptions of Television Reality Change over Time?
Authors: Potter W. James
Published: December 2011

A three-wave panel study across a five-year period finds that middle and high school students change their views of television along three ways of evaluating television: as a “magic window” to reality, as a utility route to information, as an identity source through which one can relate to others as almost real people. With aging, the window view declined, especially among youths of higher status; utility views remained relatively strong among high watchers, as did the identity function. The study concludes that views of television reality are complex and dynamic.
Use of an Electronic Database to Evaluate Newspaper Editorial Quality
Authors: Meyer Philip , Arant Morgan David
Published: December 2011

Electronic database searching opens new avenues for newspaper research. One strategy for evaluating quality of newspapers is to compare newspapers for spelling, grammar and style errors. An electronic database search was utilized to evaluate the editing precision of 58 news organizations and their ratings were compared to their Pulitzer Prize records. A non-linear relationship was found. Winning a small number of Pulitzers correlates positively with editing precision, but the effect diminishes rapidly with additional Pulitzer Prizes.
Using Positive vs. Negative Photographs for Third-World Fund Raising
Authors: Dyck Evelyne J. , Coldevin Gary
Published: December 2011

This study compared fund raising appeals that used either (1) no photograph, (2) a pleasant “positive” photograph, or (3) a less pleasant, needy “negative” photograph. Working closely with World Vision Canada, a humanitarian relief and development organization, the authors used the organization's donor list to create three treatment groups of more than 15,000 each to receive fund raising letters. Dependent variables included response rate and amount of money donated. The no photograph condition resulted in the highest response rate but the letter with the positive photograph yielded the highest average contribution. The negative photograph resulted in fewest responses and lowest contributions.
The Influence of Religiosity on Television Viewing
Authors: Hamilton Neal F. , Rubin Alan M.
Published: December 2011

As a social-psychological attribute affecting attitudes and behavior, religiosity should influence television use. We expected religious conservatives and non-conservatives to differ in viewing motives, watching programs containing sex and violence, and TV attitudes. We administered questionnaires to 346 religious conservatives, moderates and liberals. Analyses of covariance and partial correlations suggested that, as compared with non-conservatives, conservatives were less motivated to watch television because of sexual appeal of characters, watched fewer programs with sexual content and felt television was less important in their lives.
Framing Risk: Audience and Reader Factors
Authors: Hornig Susanna
Published: December 2011

News stories of recent years often involve science and technology, either directly or indirectly — from the Chernobyl incident in the former Soviet Union to progress in understanding AIDS. This experimental study asks: how do lay readers respond to the risk implicit in such stories? The four factors that emerged from analysis can be described as the proposition that science and technology are expensive and risky (rationalist factor), the idea that science and technology can have negative effects (effects factor), concerns associated with control and dependency (control factor), and fear that science and technology can be misused (utilization factor).
Predictors of Job Satisfaction among Black Journalists
Authors: Bramlett-Solomon Sharon
Published: December 2011

Black journalists, generally, are satisfied with their jobs, especially if they feel their organizations are doing a good job of informing the public, and if they receive positive feedback from those higher in the organization, a 1088 survey of journalists attending the National Association of Black Journalists reveals. Job satisfaction is also related to having some control over the hiring and firing process. The percentage of those not satisfied with their work, however, is about twice the rate of white journalists (other studies reveal), and there seems to be a strong presumption of prejudice, whether “real” or not, that news organizations need to address.
Agenda-Setting, Agenda-Reinforcing or Agenda-Deflating? A Study of the 1990 German National Election
Authors: Schoenbach Klaus , Semetko Holli A.
Published: December 2011

If an issue is frequently reported in the news, but in a way that diminishes the urgency of the problem, it may cause a decline in salience. In this two-wave national panel study, it was discovered that interest in political stories on television news was positively associated with an increase in the salience of environmental problems as an issue (agenda-reinforcement). Exposure to campaign coverage in Bild, a high circulation national tabloid, was negatively associated with the salience of problems in the former East Germany (agenda deflation). Among other factors, this study finds that the tone of political coverage, as well as its frequency, is important.
Interpersonal Communication and the Agenda-Setting Process
Authors: Wanta Wayne , Wu Yi-Chen
Published: December 2011

Interpersonal communication can enhance agenda-setting effects for issues that receive extensive media coverage but may also interfere with agenda-setting effects by providing salience cues that conflict with media messages for little-publicized issues. The intensity of interpersonal discussions and the respondents' level of participation appear to have less influence on salience but regression analyses show that frequency of discussions is the strongest predictor of issue salience.
A Survey of VU/Text Use in the Newsroom
Authors: de Riemer Cynthia
Published: December 2011

A survey of journalists at four daily newspapers found that nearly nine of 10 journalists use a database every week, most often to obtain background information or to check facts. Most journalists surveyed said they believe it was important to cite information taken from a database although many also believed that citation is unnecessary or impractical when the cited information is very factual or already widely used. Younger journalists seem to make more use of databases and about half of those surveyed felt that use of database information resulted in better stories.
The Smoking and Health Issue in Newspapers: Influence of Regional Economies, the Tobacco Institute and News Objectivity
Authors: Swisher C. Kevin , Reese Stephen D.
Published: December 2011

This study examined the possible influence on newspaper coverage of tobacco-related issues by the importance of tobacco in the sample newspapers' economy, the public relations activities of the Tobacco Institute and the importance that journalists place on providing an objective balance of points of views in stories. Modest differences in “support” of tobacco were found in headline slant and in use of tobacco industry sources in major smoking-related stories when newspapers of different regions were compared. Stories show how the tobacco industry attempts to take advantage of reporters' desire to balance stories, but with only limited regional differences.
Proximity: Localization vs. Distance in PR News Releases
Authors: Morton Linda P. , Warren John
Published: December 2011

Charting the use made of 197 news releases mailed from a Mississippi university to 121 daily and weekly state newspapers tested this question: which results in more use, the proximity of the public relations release source or localization of the facts in the story. The influence of proximity proved to be very slight but localization of stories resulted in relatively higher use. This study compared costs and concludes that localization of public relations news releases may be worth — in the age of word processing computers — the small extra expense.
Coverage of Africa South of the Sahara by Pravda, Izvestia, Trud and Selskaya Zhizn, 1979–1987: A Content Analysis
Authors: Eribo Festus
Published: December 2011

This study used a content analysis to examine the coverage of Africa south of the Sahara by Pravda, Izvestia, Trud and Selskaya Zhizn between 1979 and 1987. The study found that beyond ideological prejudice in favor of former pro-Soviet countries, political and crisis news were prominent in the coverage of the region. The dailies scored highly in the amount of positive news published.
Newspaper Promotions and Coverage of Literacy
Authors: Manning-Miller Carmen L. , Crook James
Published: December 2011

A content analysis of six large U.S. newspapers during the late 1980s shows that their coverage of literacy varied widely, with most coverage getting inside rather than front-page placement. Almost all of the literacy coverage was staff generated.