bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microscale insight into the influence of humidity on the mechanical behavior of mudstones
Authors: Wang Linlin , Bornert Michel , Héripré Eva , Chanchole Serge , Pouya Ahmad , Halphen Bernard
Published: April 2015

The mechanical behavior of mudstones strongly depends on humidity. In this paper, we present some microstructural insights into this phenomenon gained from a microscale investigation using a novel experimental method. The experimental method consists of combined hydric and mechanical loading tests in environmental scanning electron microscopy, as well as full‐field strain measurement by digital image correlation techniques. The sample is subjected to a stepwise wetting (21%, 80%, and 99% relative humidity); for each equilibrium moisture state, a uniaxial compression test is performed. The microscale observation reveals that humidity‐induced changes in the mechanical behavior of mudstones are controlled by the deformation and microcracking upon wetting. With increasing relative humidity, expansion of pores causes the clay matrix to be softer. In addition, because of the reduction in shear modulus and the lessening of capillary effect, shear bands are prone to appear at a high humidity state. The microcracking upon wetting, which results in predamage of the material, also affects the mechanical behavior. Finally, the sample with more moisture exhibits a more ductile behavior that involves more pronounced microcracking at failure.
An efficient physically based parameterization to derive surface solar irradiance based on satellite atmospheric products
Authors: Qin Jun , Tang Wenjun , Yang Kun , Lu Ning , Niu Xiaolei , Liang Shunlin
Published: April 2015

Surface solar irradiance (SSI) is required in a wide range of scientific researches and practical applications. Many parameterization schemes are developed to estimate it using routinely measured meteorological variables, since SSI is directly measured at a very limited number of stations. Even so, meteorological stations are still sparse, especially in remote areas. Remote sensing can be used to map spatiotemporally continuous SSI. Considering the huge amount of satellite data, coarse‐resolution SSI has been estimated for reducing the computational burden when the estimation is based on a complex radiative transfer model. On the other hand, many empirical relationships are used to enhance the retrieval efficiency, but the accuracy cannot be guaranteed out of regions where they are locally calibrated. In this study, an efficient physically based parameterization is proposed to balance computational efficiency and retrieval accuracy for SSI estimation. In this parameterization, the transmittances for gases, aerosols, and clouds are all handled in full band form and the multiple reflections between the atmosphere and surface are explicitly taken into account. The newly proposed parameterization is applied to estimate SSI with both Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) atmospheric and land products as inputs. These retrievals are validated against in situ measurements at the Surface Radiation Budget Network and at the North China Plain on an instantaneous basis, and moreover, they are validated and compared with Global Energy and Water Exchanges–Surface Radiation Budget and International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project–flux data SSI estimates at radiation stations of China Meteorological Administration on a daily mean basis. The estimation results indicates that the newly proposed SSI estimation scheme can effectively retrieve SSI based on MODIS products with mean root‐mean‐square errors of about 100 Wm− 1 and 35 Wm− 1 on an instantaneous and daily mean basis, respectively.
Suspension Arms, Steel versus Aluminum, Where are the Benefits?
Authors: Adamczyk Dirk , Fischer Markus , Schüller Klaus
Published: April 2015

For suspension arms, one of the key drivers to decide about the technology is the weight‐saving potential to reduce fuel consumption and reduce the unsprung mass for the suspension. This chapter shows the advantages and disadvantages of the different materials including their production technologies.

In the first part, a theoretical comparison of steel and aluminum is given. In the following part, different suspension types and suspension arms are introduced together with practical examples. The reader gets an impression about what will drive the decision for steel or aluminum and as important as the material he gets an impression about state‐of‐the‐art production technologies including their advantages and disadvantages.

In order to drive the decision for the right material and the right production process, the different requirements for suspension arms need to be respected. The main requirements for suspension arms are introduced and explained. On the basis of the requirements and the principal decision for steel or aluminum and sheet metal, cast, or forged solutions, the design process itself is quite important to come to a competitive suspension arm. A typical design process is introduced.

By the use of state‐of‐the‐art materials, production processes, and design processes, the weight of suspension arms can be reduced by up to 50%. This leads especially for bigger suspension arms like for pickup trucks andSUVsto more than 10 kg weight reduction per axle.
Automated Driving
Authors: Zlocki Adrian
Published: April 2015

On the basis of the development of technology, automated driving vehicles can be realized today. The first step toward automated driving is the introduction of advanced driver assistance systems. These compensate the weaknesses of human drivers and provide support in the driving task. First advanced driver assistance systems are already available in the market and further progress in automation is being made in various research activities. Automated driving vehicles are already implemented in dedicated infrastructures. These vehicles provide new mobility concepts, especially in the field of public transport. Fully automated vehicles are developed in research activities. High requirements on the perception systems for environment detection of these vehicles as well as legal aspects still need to be fulfilled during the next years. Demonstrators for fully automated vehicles provide the state of the art of vehicle technology toward environment detection and vehicle control.
Recycling of Polymers and Composites
Authors: Jody Bassam J. , Daniels Edward J. , Spangenberger Jeffrey S.
Published: April 2015

Each year, more than 25 million vehicles reach the end of their service life throughout the world, and this number is rising as the number of vehicles on the road is increasing. In the United States, over 95% of the more than 10 million vehicles scrapped annually enter a comprehensive recycling infrastructure that includes auto parts recyclers (dismantlers), remanufacturers, and material recyclers (shredders). Over 75% of the automotive materials, primarily metals, are profitably recycled. Automobiles are the largest source of recycled ferrous scrap for the iron and steel industry. The scrap processors recover metal scrap from automobiles by shredding the obsolete automobile hulks, along with other obsolete metal‐containing products and recovering the metals from the shredded material. The nonmetallic fraction that remains—commonly calledshredder residue—constitutes about 25% of the weight of the vehicle, and most of it is landfilled.

In the past two decades, research and development has been undertaken to enhance the recycle rate of end‐of‐life vehicles (ELVs), including improving dismantling techniques and remanufacturing operations. However, most of the effort has been focused on developing technology to separate and recover the polymers from shredder residue. To make future vehicles more energy efficient and to meet the new Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) regulations, more lightweighting materials—primarily polymers and polymer composites, high strength steels, and aluminum—are being used by the automobile industry. The nonmetallic materials increase the percentage of shredder residue that must be disposed of, compared with the percentage of metals that are recovered. Therefore, recycling of automotive polymers will be more important in the future. In addition, recycling the polymers and the composites has the following additional benefits: (i) conserves valuable resources of materials and energy, including the energy consumed in manufacturing automotive materials; (ii) provides lower cost materials to industry; (iii) reduces the amount of waste going to the landfill; and (iv) reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

The future will also bring an increase in hybrid and electric vehicles. This will introduce new materials for disposal, including batteries. Recycling the new materials presents technical and economic challenges to the existing automotive recycling infrastructure. New technologies will be required to sustain and maximize the ultimate recycling of the vehicles.
Induction Motor Drives
Authors: Cheng Ming , Wang Zheng , Wong Yuk Sum
Published: April 2015

The induction motor (IM) drive consists of an IM and a power inverter. The IM converts electrical energy into mechanical energy so as to propel the electric vehicle (EV), whereas the power inverter converts the energy from the battery to the motor with advanced control methodologies so as to achieve the desired torque and speed needed for the vehicle.

IM drives are the most mature technology among various commutatorless motor drives forEVapplications. IM drives offer the advantages of robust structure, low cost, high reliability, and being free from maintenance as compared with the other types of electric motor drives. These advantages are particularly important for electric propulsion inEVapplications.

This chapter comprehensively discusses the structure, operating principle, torque, and power characteristics of theIM, with the focus on the squirrel‐cageIM. The topologies of five major power inverters, namely voltage source inverters, multilevel power inverters, soft‐switching power inverters, current source inverters, and Z‐source inverters, and three key control strategies, namely variable‐voltage variable‐frequency control, field oriented controlFOC, and direct torque control, are also discussed to elaborate the technological evolutions and working mechanisms of theIMdrives.
CVTControl—System Integration, Ratio Choice, Shift Strategy and Dynamics, Adaptive Features, Engine Calibration, Electric Motor Assist
Authors: Shibayama Takashi
Published: April 2015

Continuously variable transmission (CVT) is very effective for obtaining good fuel economy and driving performance, and theCVTcontrol is very important because theCVTcan provide continuously variable ratio changes with great freedom. Therefore, theCVTcontrol has great influence on the vehicle characteristics. The ratio change control and the clamping force control are the two key issues for a variable pulleyCVT. Therefore, in this chapter, the basic concept and outline of control designs for the ratio change and the clamping force of belt‐type pulleyCVTare described. System integration, ratio choice, shift strategy and dynamics, adaptive features, engine calibration, and electric motor assist are the major topics. Chain and ToroidalCVTcontrols are also described. Hydraulic control systems are described in detail with comprehensible figures and pictures. Therefore, this chapter may be useful for understanding the basic concept and outline ofCVTcontrol.
ECU
Technologies from Components to
ECU
Configuration
Authors: Niimi Yukihide
Published: April 2015

This chapter describes electronic control units (
ECUs
), focusing on their installation environment, operation conditions, common structures, component parts, and circuit parts, using the engine
ECU
as a typical example.
ECUs
contain sensor and switch input processing circuits, analog‐digital (
AD
) conversion circuits, microcomputers, a power supply, output processing circuits, and a communication circuit for interacting with other
ECUs
. This chapter details the parts provided on the circuit boards of
ECUs
, categorized in accordance with function and shape. It also includes a brief outline of
ECU
trends.
Diversification of Electronics and Electrical Systems and the Technologies for Integrated Systems
Authors: Niimi Yukihide
Published: April 2015

Vehicle electronics systems have progressed rapidly from their beginnings in the 1970s into the integrated control systems of today. This chapter describes the layering and structuring methods used in basic development of these complex and large‐scale vehicle electronics systems, the standardization and reuse of common parts in these systems, and activities to develop related international standards. Layering and structuring are outlined through a description of software structures and a motion control platform for longitudinal vehicle behavior. International standardization is covered in sections about automotive open system architecture (AUTOSAR) and functional safety standards.
Microcomputers and Related Technologies: Enlargement of Software Size, Algorithms, Architectures, Hierarchy Design, Functional Decomposition, and Standardization
Authors: Ishihara Hideaki
Published: April 2015

Automotive electronics have been advancing rapidly in the successful pursuit of environmental friendliness, safety, comfort, and convenience. These advancements have been achieved through the adoption of microcomputers, which now total to approximately 100 in each luxury car. This chapter describes the histories and future directions of automotive microcomputers, software, algorithms, architectures, hierarchy design, functional decomposition, and international standardization [
OSEK
(open systems and the corresponding interfaces for automotive electronics) and
AUTOSAR
(automotive open system architecture)], while considering semiconductor technologies and their applications in automotive electronics. These issues will continue to become increasingly important in the realization of further green and dependable automotive systems. The chapter describes the histories and future directions with regard to both microcomputers and software in automotive electronics, while considering semiconductor technologies and their applications.
Engine
ECU
Systems
Authors: Niimi Yukihide
Published: April 2015

The engine control parameters include the quantity of intake air, the amount of fuel injection, the ignition timing, and the opening and closing timing of the intake and exhaust valves. All of these parameters are controlled by the engine
ECU
. This chapter describes the hardware and software of the engine
ECU
system, as well as the fuel injection control, ignition control, and electronic throttle control as representative examples of engine controls.
Plastic Trim
Authors: Makenji Kylash , Cherrington Ruth
Published: April 2015

Plastics are used throughout the interior, exterior, and under the hood of automotive vehicles. The use of plastics plays an important role in meeting the industry's needs. These include weight and cost reduction as well as end‐of‐life recycling issues. Within the interior, the material enables manufacturers to decorate with a wide range of colors, finishes, and effects. The use of plastic within the automotive industry is increasing and with 48% of the plastic content of vehicles used within the interior, it is important to consider the significance of this application. This chapter reviews the current usage of plastic within interior trim components and assesses the future trends that are likely to occur within the industry.
Metal Matrix Composites: Automotive Applications
Authors: Chawla Krishnan K. , Chawla Nikhilesh
Published: April 2015

A composite material is a manufactured material that consists of two or more physically and/or chemically distinct, suitably arranged phases with an interface separating them; the composite has characteristics not shown by any of the components in isolation. In this chapter, we provide a brief account of the processing, characteristics, and use of metal matrix composites in automotive vehicles. The term “
automotive vehicles
” includes passenger cars, sport utility vehicles, vans, trucks, buses, recreational vehicles, and the like.
Batteries
Authors: Furukawa Jun
Published: April 2015

This chapter describes a “battery” for power supply–storage function in a vehicle electrical system. Lead acid battery has been in an indispensable position for high durability in high temperature environment under the hood, cold starting capability, and low cost. The importance has been growing day by day with the increasing number of electric equipments and electric loads. The principle of charge and discharge reaction is introduced in Section 3. The manufacturing method and the type of automotive batteries such as maintenance‐free battery and
VRLA
(valve‐regulated lead acid) battery are introduced in Section 4. The degradation modes and the countermeasures are introduced in Section 6. And in Section 7, idling stop/start battery and capacitor hybrid‐type battery for latest vehicles are introduced.
Flexible Transparent Hierarchical Nanomesh for Rose Petal‐Like Droplet Manipulation and Lossless Transfer
Authors: Wong William S. Y. , Nasiri Noushin , Liu Guanyu , Rumsey‐Hill Nicholas , Craig Vincent S. J. , Nisbet David R. , Tricoli Antonio
Published: April 2015

Precise manipulation of water is a key step in numerous natural and synthetic processes. Here, a new flexible and transparent hierarchical structure is determined that allows ultra‐dexterous manipulation and lossless transfer of water droplets. A 3D nanomesh is fabricated in one step by scalable electrospinning of low‐cost polystyrene solutions. Optimal structures are composed of a mesh of dense nanofiber layers vertically separated by isolated mesoporous microbeads. This results in a highly adhesive superhydrophobic wetting that perfectly mimics rose petal‐like structures. Structural–functional correlations are obtained over all key process parameters enabling robust tailoring of the wetting properties from hydrophilic to lotus‐like Cassie‐Baxter and rose‐like Cassie‐impregnating states. A mechanistic model of the droplet adhesion and release dynamics is obtained alongside the first demonstration of a mechanically induced transfer of microdroplets between two superhydrophobic coatings. This low‐temperature reaction‐free material structure demonstrates a facile means to fabricate impenetrable residue‐less rose petal‐like surfaces with superhydrophobic contact angles of 152 ± 2° and effective adhesion strength of 113 ± 20 μN. This is a significant step toward parallel, multistep droplet manipulation with applications ranging from flexible on‐paper devices to microfluidics and portable/wearable biosensors.
Ligand‐Free Nickel‐Catalysed 1,4‐Addition of Arylboronic Acids to α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Chen Wen , Sun Lu , Huang Xi , Wang Jiayi , Peng Yanqing , Song Gonghua
Published: April 2015

A simple and efficient ligand‐free nickel‐based catalytic system has been developed for the 1,4‐addition of arylboronic acids to α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds. With catalyst loadings of 1–2 mol%, a series of 1,4‐adducts from chalcones and cinnamates was obtained in moderate to excellent yields within 5–30 min under a nitrogen atmosphere and microwave irradiation. The 1,4‐addition of arylboronic acids to acrylates is less efficient.

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Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Diorganyl Chalcogenides under Greener Conditions: Use of an Iodine/DMSO System, Solvent‐ and Metal‐Free Approach
Authors: Saba Sumbal , Rafique Jamal , Braga Antonio L.
Published: April 2015

Herein, we report a greener iodine‐catalyzed protocol to access different types of unsymmetrical diorganyl chalcogenides. This new approach works in the absence of solvent and metal. The desired products were obtained in good to excellent yields using one equivalent of arylboronic acids, half an equivalent of various diorganyl dichalcogenides, iodine (10 mol%) as a catalyst and 2 equivalents of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; as oxidant), with a reaction time of 10 min under microwave irradiation.

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2H‐Chromenes Generated by an Iron(III) Complex‐Catalyzed Allylic Cyclization
Authors: Calmus L. , Corbu A. , Cossy J.
Published: April 2015

A straightforward method based on an iron(III) complex‐catalyzed cyclization of 2‐(1‐hydroxyallyl)phenols is reported to access a large variety of 2H‐chromenes. This method was applied to the total synthesis of a natural product, tephrowatsin B.

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Fabrication of Thermal Intelligent Core/Shell Nanofibers by the Solution Coaxial Electrospinning Process
Authors: Rezaei Babak , Ghani Mozhdeh , Askari Mohsen , Shoushtari Ahmad Mousavi , Malek Reza Mohammad Ali
Published: April 2015

In this study, the authors present a promising structure of shape‐stabilized phase change materials (PCMs) with remarkable thermal energy storage capacity as core/shell phase change nanofibers. In this regard, solutions of polyethylene glycol (PEG) (as an important category of PCMs) and cellulose acetate (CA) were used as core and shell solutions, respectively. Electrospinning with a coaxial spinneret was performed, and nanofibers with the mean diameter of 545 nm under the controlled condition were produced. The formation of the core/shell structure was verified by scanning electron microscopy, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy analyses. Moreover, thermogravimetric analysis results not only revealed the thermal stability improvement of PCM but also confirmed the presence of the core/shell structure too. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis was also performed to measure the thermal energy storage capacity of the core/shell phase change nanofibers before and after a thermal cyclic test. A major finding in the present study is that the thermal energy storage capacity of core/shell nanofibers after the thermal cyclic test is significantly higher (41.23 J/g) than initial one (14.77 J/g). Ultimately, it can be summarized that the special core/shell configuration provides desirable thermal stability and durability concurrently along with high thermal energy storage capacity.
Formulation Development and Optimization of Febuxostat Tablets by Direct Compression Method
Authors: Asif Uzma , Sherwani Asif K. , Akhtar Naheed , Shoaib Muhammad Harris , Hanif Muhammad , Qadir Muhammad Imran , Zaman Muhammad
Published: April 2015

The aim of this study was to develop a simple and cost‐effective Febuxostat film coated tablet formulation by the direct compression method. To obtain the best optimized product, nine different formulations were developed using a central composite rotatable design. Avicel PH‐102, Magnesium stearate, and croscarmellose sodium were taken as independent variables. Micromeritic properties of powder blend showed excellent flow properties and were within USP limits. Tablets were compressed and before coating the core was tested for weight variations, hardness, thickness, friability disintegration, and dissolution. Tablets were film coated using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose 5cps, titanium dioxide, polyethylene glycol, and Instacoat blue, and again tested for the weight variations, assay, and single point dissolution. Three different dissolution media, i.e., 0.1 N HCl (pH 1.2) and phosphate buffer pH 4.5 and 6.8, were used for calculating the percentage release of Febuxostat and their release pattern was compared with an innovator brand by using the model‐independent methods such as similarity (f2), dissimilarity (f1), and model‐dependent methods such as first‐order, Hixson Crowell, and Weibull methods. The results revealed that Trial‐06 showed the maximum similarity, i.e., 81.18, 75.15, and 67.19 in three different pH dissolution media. Dissimilarity factor was also comparable in Trial 06, i.e., 5.21, 11.27, and 6.01 at pH 1.2, 4.5, and 6.8, respectively. Model‐dependent approaches showed the maximum r2 values for Trial 06, i.e., greater than 0.900 for all models in the above‐mentioned pH, whereas the overall release kinetics followed the Weibull model. Selected formulation was kept at 40 ± 5°C and 75 ± 2% relative humidity for accelerated stability studies, and no specific change was observed.
Dye‐Controlled Interfacial Electron Transfer for High‐Current Indium Tin Oxide Photocathodes
Authors: Huang Zhongjie , He Mingfu , Yu Mingzhe , Click Kevin , Beauchamp Damian , Wu Yiying
Published: April 2015

Efficient sensitized photocathodes are highly desired for solar fuels and tandem solar cells, yet the development is hindered by the scarcity of suitable p‐type semiconductors. The generation of high cathodic photocurrents by sensitizing a degenerate n‐type semiconductor (tin‐doped indium oxide; ITO) is reported. The sensitized mesoporous ITO electrodes deliver cathodic photocurrents of up to 5.96±0.19 mA cm−2, which are close to the highest record in conventional p‐type sensitized photocathodes. This is realized by the rational selection of dyes with appropriate energy alignments with ITO. The energy level alignment between the highest occupied molecular orbital of the sensitizer and the conduction band of ITO is crucial for efficient hole injection. Transient absorption spectroscopy studies demonstrate that the cathodic photocurrent results from reduction of the photoexcited sensitizer by free electrons in ITO. Our results reveal a new perspective toward the selection of electrode materials for sensitized photocathodes.
Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Mycoleptodiscin A
Authors: Zhou Shupeng , Chen Hao , Luo Yijie , Zhang Wenhao , Li Ang
Published: April 2015

The first total synthesis of mycoleptodiscin A, a structurally unusual indolosesquiterpenoid possessing an ortho‐benzoquinone motif, has been accomplished. A sulfone alkylation coupled two readily available fragments to give an aryl triene intermediate. The tetracyclic core of the molecule was assembled through a highly enantioselective iridium‐catalyzed polyene cyclization. The benzylic homologation was achieved by a cationic cyanation. The indole motif was constructed via a copper‐mediated intramolecular CN bond formation at a late stage.
Revisiting the Solution Structure of Ceric Ammonium Nitrate
Authors: Demars Thomas J. , Bera Mrinal K. , Seifert Soenke , Antonio Mark R. , Ellis Ross J.
Published: April 2015

Ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) is a single‐electron‐transfer reagent with unparalleled utility in organic synthesis, and has emerged as a vital feedstock in diverse chemical industries. Most applications use CAN in solution where it is assigned a monomeric [CeIV(NO3)6]2− structure; an assumption traced to half‐century old studies. Using synchrotron X‐rays and Raman spectroscopy we challenge this tradition, converging instead on an oxo‐bridged dinuclear complex, even in strong nitric acid. Thus, one equivalent of CAN is recast as a two‐electron‐transfer reagent and a redox‐activated superbase, raising questions regarding the origins of its reactivity with organic molecules and giving new fundamental insight into the stability of polynuclear complexes of tetravalent ions.
Isomerization of Olefins Triggered by Rhodium‐Catalyzed CH Bond Activation: Control of Endocyclic β‐Hydrogen Elimination
Authors: Yip Stephanie Y. Y. , Aïssa Christophe
Published: April 2015

Five‐membered metallacycles are typically reluctant to undergo endocyclic β‐hydrogen elimination. The rhodium‐catalyzed isomerization of 4‐pentenals into 3‐pentenals occurs through this elementary step and cleavage of two CH bonds, as supported by deuterium‐labeling studies. The reaction proceeds without decarbonylation, leads to trans olefins exclusively, and tolerates other olefins normally prone to isomerization. Endocyclic β‐hydrogen elimination can also be controlled in an enantiodivergent reaction on a racemic mixture.
Cloning, expression, and characterization of a thermostablel‐arginase fromGeobacillus thermodenitrificansNG80‐2 forl‐ornithine production
Authors: Huang Kai , Mu Wanmeng , Zhang Tao , Jiang Bo , Miao Ming
Published: April 2015

Arginase (l‐arginine amidinohydrolase, EC 3.5.3.1) can efficiently catalyze conversion of arginine to ornithine. Therefore, this enzyme can be used to producel‐ornithine froml‐arginine. In this article, thel‐arginase gene encoding theGeobacillus thermodenitrificansNG80‐2 was cloned and overexpressed inEscherichia coli. The specific activity of the purified enzyme was 138.3 U/mg. The molecular mass of thel‐arginase was approximately 33.0 kDa as estimated by SDS‐PAGE and 192.0 kDa as determined by gel‐filtration chromatography. Manganese ions were the optimum metal cofactor for activity, whereas the enzyme was slightly inhibited by Mg2+, Cu2+, Ba2+, Ca2+, and Zn2+. Activity was optimal at pH 9.0 and 80 °C, and the protein was stable at 40 and 50 °C. The recombinant enzyme was a uricotelic arginase. Using arginine as the substrate, the Michaelis–Menten constant (Km) and catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) were measured to be 171.9 mM and 3.8 mM−1 s−1, respectively. Trp and His residues were directly involved in thel‐arginase activity evaluated by inactivation agents. The biosynthesis yield ofl‐ornithine by the purified enzyme was 36.9 g/L, and the molar yield was 97.2%.
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles provide protection against polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon BaP and chrysene‐induced perturbation of DNA repair machinery: A computational biology approach
Authors: Dhasmana Anupam , Jamal Qazi Mohd. Sajid , Gupta Richa , Siddiqui Mohd. Haris , Kesari Kavindra Kumar , Wadhwa Gulshan , khan Saif , Haque Shafiul , Lohani Mohtashim
Published: April 2015

We examined the interaction of polycyclic hydrocarbons (PAHs) like benzo‐α‐pyrene (BaP), chrysene, and their metabolites 7,8‐dihydro‐7,8‐dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene,9,10‐oxide (BPDE) and chrysene 1,2‐diol‐3,4‐epoxide‐2 (CDE), with the enzymes involved in DNA repair. We investigated interaction of 120 enzymes with PAHs and screened out 40 probable targets among DNA repair enzymes, on the basis of higher binding energy than positive control. Out of which, 20 enzymes lose their function in the presence of BaP, chrysene, and their metabolites, which may fetter DNA repair pathways resulting in damage accumulation and finally leading to cancer formation. We propose the use of nanoparticles as a guardian against the PAH's induced toxicity. PAHs enter the cell via aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). TiO2 NP showed a much higher docking score with AHR (12,074) as compared with BaP and chrysene with AHR (4,600 and 4,186, respectively), indicating a preferential binding of TiO2 NP with the AHR. Further, docking of BaP and chrysene with the TiO2 NP bound AHR complex revealed their strong adsorption on TiO2 NP itself, and not on their original binding site (at AHR). TiO2 NPs thereby prevent the entry of PAHs into the cell via AHR and hence protect cells against the deleterious effects induced by PAHs.
Induction of NRF2‐mediated gene expression by dietary phytochemical flavones apigenin and luteolin
Authors: Paredes‐Gonzalez Ximena , Fuentes Francisco , Jeffery Sundrina , Saw Constance Lay‐Lay , Shu Limin , Su Zheng‐Yuan , Kong Ah‐Ng Tony
Published: April 2015

Apigenin (API) and luteolin (LUT) have been used as therapeutic agents in folk medicine for thousands of years. These compounds exert a variety of biological activities, including anticancer, antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities. This study investigated whether API and LUT could activate Nrf2‐antioxidant response element (ARE)‐mediated gene expression and induce antiinflammatory activities in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. The compounds did not exhibit any substantial toxicity at low doses (1.56–6.25 µm). The induction of ARE activity was assessed in HepG2‐C8 cells after treatment with low doses of API and LUT for 6 and 12 h. It was found that the induction of ARE activity by these compounds at the higher doses was comparable to the effects of the positive control, SFN at a dose of 6.25 µm. Exposure to the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 abolished ARE activation by both API and LUT, whereas the ERK‐1/2 inhibitor PD98059 only decreased ARE activity induced by API. Both compounds significantly increased the endogenous mRNA and protein levels of Nrf2 and Nrf2 target genes with important effects on heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) expression. API and LUT significantly and dose‐dependently decreased the production of nitric oxide (NO), nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), which were induced by the treatment of HepG2 cells with 1 µg/ml of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 h. The results indicate that API and LUT significantly activate the PI3K/Nrf2/ARE system, and this activation may be responsible for their antiinflammatory effects, as demonstrated by the suppression of LPS‐induced NO, iNOS and cPLA2. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of a Side Deposit to Increase Consumption in Children with Food Refusal
Authors: Rubio Emily K. , Borrero Carrie S. W. , Taylor Tessa
Published: April 2015

Research has shown that nonremoval of the spoon and physical guidance procedures can be effective in treating active food refusal (e.g., head turning and spoon pushing) and increasing food consumption. These procedures alone may not be effective in treating more passive food refusal (e.g., sitting still without opening mouth). We defined and evaluated the use of a side deposit procedure using a reversal design. Results showed that this procedure, when added to a treatment package including other components (e.g., nonremoval of the spoon and physical guidance), was effective in increasing food consumption and treating passive food refusal. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphology of the humeral insertion of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons: Application to rotator cuff repair
Authors: Lumsdaine William , Smith Adam , Walker Rowan G. , Benz Daniel , Mohammed Khalid D. , Stewart Fiona
Published: April 2015

In shoulder surgery, a precise understanding of anatomical relationships is required for accurate reconstruction. Reports in recent literature have challenged the traditional definitions of the humeral footprints of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons. This study aims to precisely delineate these footprints. The rotator cuffs of 54 shoulders from 27 Australian Caucasoid donor cadavers were examined. The tendinous portions were dissected down to their region/footprint of attachment upon the humerus. Measurements of those footprints, upon the greater and lesser tuberosities, were made. Those measurements were statistically analyzed for any association with age, sex, height, or side. Twenty‐seven cadavers had an average age at death of 74.9 (±12.8), 56% were male, average height was 168 (±8.6) cm. Due to premorbid fracture, or degeneration, 11 shoulders were excluded. The footprint of the supraspinatus was triangular, with a medial, anteroposterior length of 20.4 ± 4.2 mm. Its lateral anteroposterior length was 6.3 ± 1.6 mm and its maximal mediolateral width was 6.6 ± 2.7 mm. Its calculated area was 122.0 ± 66.6 mm2. The footprint of the infraspinatus was trapezoidal, with a medial anteroposterior length 22.6 ± 3.0 mm. Its lateral anteroposterior length was 25.4 ± 3.3mm and its maximal mediolateral width was 12.0 ± 2.7 mm. Its calculated area was 294.9 ± 74.1 mm2. There was no statistical correlation between size of the footprint and age, sex, side, or height. The humeral footprints of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons upon the greater tuberosity were distinct. The lateral border of the infraspinatus' humeral attachment extended much farther anteriorly upon the highest facet of the greater tuberosity than in traditional descriptions. Clin. Anat. 28:767–773, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biomechanical effects of the transcondylar approach on the craniovertebral junction
Authors: Cardoso Alberto C. , Fontes Ricardo B.V. , Tan Lee A. , Rhoton Albert L. , Roh Sung W. , Fessler Richard G.
Published: April 2015

The transcondylar variation of the far‐lateral, retrosigmoid approach is intended for pathologies in the anterolateral portion of the foramen magnum. That area is more clearly visualized when a fraction of the ipsilateral occipital condyle is removed. In this study, the biomechanical effect of this approach on occiput‐C2 rotation was investigated. Our hypothesis was that the biomechanical characteristics are significantly altered following the transcondylar approach. Five human cadaveric upper cervical spine specimens (occiput‐C7) were used in the study. Torsional moments were applied from zero to a maximum of 1.5 N m to the left and to the right using a mechanical testing machine. The resulting rotational motions of the O–C1, C1–2, and O–C2 segments were measured in the intact specimen and after a simulated right‐sided transcondylar approach with resection of 2/3 of the condyle, confirmed by CT scanning and visual inspection. After the posterior two‐thirds of the occipital condyle were removed, the neutral zone (NZ) increased 1.3° to the left and 2° to the right at C0–C1, and 7.4° to the left and 6.2° to the right at C1–2. The cumulative increase in NZ between O and C2 was 8.7° to the left and 8.2° to the right. The transcondylar approach also resulted in significant increases in range of motion (ROM) in axial rotation to both sides in all segments. ROM increased 2.8° to the left and 2.4° to the right between C0 and C1, 7.3° to the left and 5.4° to the right between C1 and C2, and 10.1° to the left and 7.8° to the right between CO and C2. Upon inspection, the area of the occipital condyle where the alar ligament attaches had been completely removed in three of the five specimens. Removing the posteromedial two‐thirds of one occipital condyle alters the normal axial rotational movements of the craniovertebral junction on both sides. The insertion of the alar ligament can be inadvertently removed during condylar resection, and this could contribute to atlanto‐axial instability. There is a biomechanical substrate to cranio‐cervical instability following a transcondylar approach; these patients may need to be followed over several years to ensure it does not progress and necessitate occipito‐cervical fusion. Clin. Anat. 28:683–689, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of intracerebral transplantation effects of different stem cells on rodent stroke models
Authors: Wu Yun , Wu Jianyu , Ju Rongkai , Chen Zhiguo , Xu Qunyuan
Published: April 2015

In the present study, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), induced neural stem cells (iNSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and an immortalized cell line (RMNE6), representing different characteristics of stem cells, were transplanted into normal and/or injured brain areas of rodent stroke models, and their effects were compared to select suitable stem cells for cell replacement stroke therapy. The rat and mice ischaemic models were constructed using the middle cerebral artery occlusion technique. Both electrocoagulation of the artery and the intraluminal filament technique were used. The behaviour changes and fates of grafted stem cells were determined mainly by behaviour testing and immunocytochemistry. Following iPSC transplantation into the corpora striata of normal mice, a tumour developed in the brain. The iNSCs survived well and migrated towards the injured area without differentiation. Although there was no tumourigenesis in the brain of normal or ischaemic mice after the iNSCs were transplanted in the cortices, the behaviour in ischaemic mice was not improved. Upon transplanting MSC and RMNE6 cells into ischaemic rat brains, results similar to iNSCs in mice were seen. However, transplantation of RMNE6 caused a brain tumour. Thus, tumourigenesis and indeterminate improvement of behaviour are challenging problems encountered in stem cell therapy for stroke, and the intrinsic characteristics of stem cells should be remodelled before transplantation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Amyloid beta peptide (1–42)‐mediated antioxidant imbalance is associated with activation of protein kinase C in red blood cells
Authors: Carelli‐Alinovi Cristiana , Giardina Bruno , Misiti Francesco
Published: April 2015

Glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) in red blood cell (RBC) are modulated by the cell oxygenation state. This metabolic modulation is connected to variations in intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate‐reduced form (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels as a function of the oxygenation state of the cell, and, consequently, it should have physiologic relevance. In the present study, we analysed the effects of amyloid beta peptide (1–42) (Abeta) on RBC metabolism and its relationship with the activity of protein kinase C (PKC). Our results showed that metabolic response to Abeta depended on the degree of cell oxygenation. In particular, under high O2 pressure, in Abeta‐treated RBC, glucose metabolized through PPP approached that metabolized by RBC under low O2 pressure, differently to that observed in untreated cells. The effect of Abeta on RBC metabolism was paralleled by increase in PKC enzyme activity, but cytosolic Ca2+ concentration does not seem to be involved in this mechanism. Incubation of Abeta‐treated RBC with a specific inhibitor of PKC partially restores PPP flux. A possible rationalization of the different metabolic behaviours shown by RBC following Abeta treatment is proposed. It takes into account the known post‐translational modifications to cytoskeleton proteins induced by PKC. The reduction in PPP flux may lead to a weakened defence system of antioxidant reserve in RBC, becoming a source of reactive species, and, consequently, its typical, structural and functional features are lost. Therefore, oxidative stress may outflow from the RBC and trigger damage events in adjacent cells and tissue, thus contributing to vascular damage. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional Characterization of Different ORFs Including Luciferase‐Like Monooxygenase Genes from the Mensacarcin Gene Cluster
Authors: Maier Sarah , Heitzler Tanja , Asmus Katharina , Brötz Elke , Hardter Uwe , Hesselbach Katharina , Paululat Thomas , Bechthold Andreas
Published: April 2015

The biologically active compound mensacarcin is produced by Streptomyces bottropensis. The cosmid cos2 contains a large part of the mensacarcin biosynthesis gene cluster. Heterologous expression of this cosmid in Streptomyces albus J1074 led to the production of the intermediate didesmethylmensacarcin (DDMM). In order to gain more insights into the biosynthesis, gene inactivation experiments were carried out by λ‐Red/ET‐mediated recombination, and the deletion mutants were introduced into the host S. albus. In total, 23 genes were inactivated. Analysis of the metabolic profiles of the mutant strains showed the complete collapse of DDMM biosynthesis, but upon overexpression of the SARP regulatory gene msnR1 in each mutant new intermediates were detected. The compounds were isolated, and their structures were elucidated. Based on the results the specific functions of several enzymes were determined, and a pathway for mensacarcin biosynthesis is proposed.
Mechanism of Thyroxine Deiodination by Naphthyl‐Based Iodothyronine Deiodinase Mimics and the Halogen Bonding Role: A DFT Investigation
Authors: Fortino Mariagrazia , Marino Tiziana , Russo Nino , Sicilia Emilia
Published: April 2015

This paper deals with a systematic density functional theory (DFT) study aiming to unravel the mechanism of the thyroxine (T4) conversion into 3,3′,5‐triiodothyronine (rT3) by using different bio‐inspired naphthyl‐based models, which are able to reproduce the catalytic functions of the type‐3 deiodinase ID‐3. Such naphthalenes, having two selenols, two thiols, and a selenol–thiol pair in peri positions, which were previously synthesized and tested in their deiodinase activity, are able to remove iodine selectively from the inner ring of T4 to produce rT3. Calculations were performed including also an imidazole ring that, mimicking the role of the His residue, plays an essential role deprotonating the selenol/thiol moiety. For all the used complexes, the calculated potential energy surfaces show that the reaction proceeds via an intermediate, characterized by the presence of a XIC (X=Se, S) halogen bond, whose transformation into a subsequent intermediate in which the CI bond is definitively cleaved and the incipient XI bond is formed represents the rate‐determining step of the whole process. The calculated trend in the barrier heights of the corresponding transition states allows us to rationalize the experimentally observed superior deiodinase activity of the naphthyl‐based compound with two selenol groups. The role of the peri interactions between chalcogen atoms appears to be less prominent in determining the deiodination activity.
Palladium/Zinc Co‐Catalyzed syn‐Stereoselectively Asymmetric Ring‐Opening Reaction of Oxabenzonorbornadienes with Phenols
Authors: Li Sifeng , Xu Jianbin , Fan Baomin , Lu Zhiwu , Zeng Chaoyuan , Bian Zhaoxiang , Zhou Yongyun , Wang Jun
Published: April 2015

A new palladium/zinc co‐catalyst system associated with chiral (R)‐Difluorphos for asymmetric ring‐opening reaction of oxabenzonorbornadienes with phenols is reported. This catalyst system allows the formation of cis‐2‐aryloxy‐1,2‐dihydronaphthalen‐1‐ol products in good yields (up to 95 % yield) with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99 % ee). The cis‐configuration of the product has been confirmed by X‐ray crystal structure analysis. To the best of our knowledge, it represents the first example in ring‐opening reactions of bicycloalkenes with heteronucleophiles in a syn‐stereoselective manner.
Template‐Dependent Photochemical Reactivity of Molecular Metal Oxides
Authors: Tucher Johannes , Peuntinger Katrin , Margraf Johannes T. , Clark Timothy , Guldi Dirk M. , Streb Carsten
Published: April 2015

A combined experimental and theoretical study shows that the photooxidative activity of two isostructural metal oxide clusters depends on their internal templates. To this end, two halide‐templated bismuth vanadium oxide clusters [X(Bi(dmso)3)2V12O33]− (X=Cl−, Br−) are reported and fully characterized. The two clusters show similar absorption features and illustrate that bismuth incorporation results in increased visible‐light absorption. Significantly higher photooxidative activity is observed for the bromide‐templated cluster compared with the chloride‐templated one. Detailed photophysical assays and complementary DFT calculations suggest that the more efficient triplet excited state formation in the Br−‐containing cluster is the decisive step in the photocatalysis and is due to the heavy‐atom effect of the bromide. This concept can therefore open new pathways towards the optimization of photocatalytic activity in metal oxide clusters.
ChemInform Abstract: Olefin Metathesis: A Versatile Synthetic Tool for Use in Preparation of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
Authors: Olszewski Tomasz K. , Figlus Marek , Bieniek Michal
Published: April 2015

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Fungal Pretreatment of Effluent From Piggery Anaerobic Digestion by Phanerochaete chrysosporium
Authors: Liu Junying , Song Yunmeng , Liu Yuhuan , Ruan Roger
Published: April 2015

A niche opportunity to produce algal biofuel more cost effective from the effluent of piggery anaerobic digestion drives the research to make the effluent an ideal medium for algal growth. The pretreatment of the effluent became a challenge because of the requirement of non‐toxic and eco‐friendly methods compared to chemical reagents. The clarity and N/P ratio are two crucial factors for the pretreatment of digested effluent because light penetration and nutrient ratio influence the algal biomass accumulation. Hence, Phanerochaete chrysosporium was chosen to deal with the digested effluent and the growth conditions were optimized by response surface method. The optimal conditions for the pretreatment by P. chrysosporium were pH 6.26, 25°C and an inoculum amount of 9.96 mL. The decolorization and the reduction of total phosphorus reached 78.2 and 74.3%, respectively, indicating the efficiency of the response surface method. The N/P ratio reached 14:1 and a COD reduction of 98.34% at pH 8 at 35°C. Therefore, P. chrysosporium is an effective microorganism to make the effluent from piggery anaerobic digestion an ideal medium for algal growth.