bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Landmark Achievement
Authors: Kaufman Burton I.
Published: January 2023

This chapter looks at how Barack Obama's call for unity and hope that transcended all the fault lines of a heterogeneous and politically divided nation resonated powerfully with broad swaths of Americans. It examines the immediate issues facing Obama as president-elect: filling his cabinet and other high-level positions within his administration and developing his response to the rapidly deteriorating economy. The chapter also investigates how his response to the economic crisis was attacked from both the political right and the political left. It then shifts to focus on the promise he had made throughout the campaign: to provide affordable health care for every American. The chapter particularly looks at his greatest accomplishment, the passage in March 2010 of the Affordable Care Act. Its major purposes were to make health-care insurance available to every American not already covered by insurance while containing the rapidly rising costs of health delivery.
Dysfunctional Government
Authors: Kaufman Burton I.
Published: January 2023

This chapter argues that the government remained dysfunctional as right-wing Republicans tightened their grip on both houses of Congress. Despite their opposition, Barack Obama was able to win several legislative victories on Capitol Hill, but they caused a further poisoning of the relationship between Democrats and Republicans. As a result, the chapter reveals that voters had lost faith in either of the two major parties to govern by the midterm elections of 2014. It also explicates another problem the president had to deal with even before his second term began: a series of tragic developments at home and abroad. At home, he had to deal with the killing in December of twenty children at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown Connecticut. Abroad, he had to respond to the takeover of much of Iraq and part of Syria by the small, radical Sunni Islamic terrorist group known as ISIS (the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria) or ISIL (the Islamic State of the Levant) and the use of chemical weapons by the Syrian leader, Bashar al-Assad, in the civil war against his regime. The chapter then follows how he responded with executive actions in both cases. It also recounts the agenda he presented to the 113th Congress.
“It Could Have Taken A Very Different Path”
Authors: Pogue Neall W.
Published: January 2023

This chapter analyzes the struggle's aftermath by exploring the newly adopted anti-environmentalist views of Richard Land, Robert Dugan, and others in the wider community. It reveals the impact of the progressive Evangelical Environmental Network (EEN) that helped spur the publication of the religious right's first official anti-environmentalist documents published in 2000. Although these statements represent the accepted and currently held conservative evangelical anti-environmentalist position, the EEN and others continued in their quest for Christian environmental stewardship. The chapter discusses the conspiracy theories connected with environmentalism and evangelicals that date back to the beginning of the environmental movement. It talks about how conservative evangelicals thought that environmentalists were blaming Christianity for the ecological crisis and trying to destroy the Christian faith by advocating the adoption of all other religions elevating the Earth and its creatures to a higher plane above mankind.
Conclusion
Authors: Pogue Neall W.
Published: January 2023

This chapter reviews how the adoption of anti-environmentalism was achieved after a lengthy struggle between eco-friendly and anti-environmentalist advocates within the politically conservative evangelical community. Present-day religious right opposition to environmental protection policies is the product of a complicated history that took place over a period of years. The chapter recalls the people associated with the religious right, who did not come to open antipathy toward environmental protection efforts until the early 1990s. The chapter discusses two major reasons why interest towards Christian environmental stewardship did not translate into action after Earth Day 1970: The first was a consequence of the secular environmental movement, while the second was conservative evangelicals becoming preoccupied with other contemporary issues, such as abortion and gay rights. The chapter looks at the other ways the evangelical community developed an understanding of the the natural world beyond the aims of preserving God's Earth.
Disestablishment and Separationism
Authors: Green Steven K.
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the separationist impulse in relation to the American disestablishment at the state and federal levels. It considers the writings and actions of Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and other members of the founding generation who advocated forms of separationism, as well as countervailing views about church–state interaction. The dismantling of America's religious establishments took approximately fifty years, from 1776 to 1833, while the disestablishment outside of New England occurred at an amazingly rapid pace, considering the entrenched establishments that existed in many colonies and the idea of the duty of government to ensure public piety and morals. The chapter details how the number of functioning religious establishments from 1776 to 1786 went from nine to three or four, depending on how one interprets Vermont's arrangement. It explains the church–state arrangements and dynamics of mid-eighteenth century colonial America.
Conclusion
Authors: Robey Sarah E.
Published: January 2023

This chapter elaborates on Americans pushing back against nuclear policies. It cites the ratification of the Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT) triggered the eventual goal of disarmament and peace. However, other national and international issues eclipsed the discussions on civil defense in the 1960s. The chapter explains the shift of American cultural citizenship as antinuclear protests and civil defense programs subsided. It clarifies that nuclear citizenship did not just disappear as citizens demanded states take responsibility when Cold War tensions returned in the 1980s. Moreover, the changing attitude over nuclear weapons correlates to the Cold War and current threats to global, national, and personal security. The chapter highlights how survival remains an integral expectation of the citizens to the state even if the discussions shifted from nuclear threats, climate change activism, police brutality, and systemic racial injustice.
JA’s Sanctuary
Authors: Maclachlan Patricia L. , Shimizu Kay
Published: January 2023

This chapter evaluates strategic reform in rice-centric co-ops—those that produce and market more rice than any other product. It illustrates how the measuring rod of price wields its influence over the reform process differently than in co-ops with more diverse product lines, and for one simple reason: rice prices have been declining over the last generation. The chapter then analyzes two co-ops from Niigata Prefecture: JA Uonuma Minami and JA Echigo Jōetsu. It argues that, to do well, reformist rice-centric co-ops with a competitive product and strong farmer organizations must not only satisfy certain resource and market, organizational, and agency conditions but also place a premium on the timing of their reforms and on the co-op's acquisition of sophisticated marketing skills. The chapter also explains why even hardworking, reform-oriented co-ops in today's challenging rice market may fail to stabilize farmer incomes, let alone increase them.
Abenomics, JA Self-Reform, and the Future of Agricultural Cooperatives in Japan
Authors: Maclachlan Patricia L. , Shimizu Kay
Published: January 2023

This chapter assesses Japan Agricultural Cooperatives' (JA) contemporary self-reform (jiko kaikaku) agenda and accelerated efforts during the second Abe Shinzō government (2012–2020) to transform the formal-legal foundations of Japanese farming and agricultural cooperation. In contrast to those who argue that self-reform is mere lip service or, at best, a half-hearted effort to comply with government reform objectives, the chapter makes the case that the JA Group now faces strong incentives to promote reform at all levels of the JA pyramid. These include the growing capacity of entrepreneurial farmers to defect from JA services, limits to the expansion of JA's nonagricultural services, the gradual erosion of rent-seeking opportunities, and precedents set by reformist local co-ops. The chapter then draws from the experiences of Niigata Prefecture's JA Echigo Jōetsu to underscore the formidable challenges confronting contemporary farm communities. It argues that the future of both Japanese agricultural communities and local multipurpose cooperatives depends on the further empowerment of local stakeholders.
Introduction
Authors: Kaminer Jenny
Published: January 2023

This introductory chapter provides a background of fantasies of adolescence in contemporary Russian culture, which highlights important aspects of the lingering influence of the Soviet heritage into the post-Soviet years. For the early Bolsheviks, adolescents were the most moldable of clay, the tabula rasa upon which the vision of the new Soviet person could most easily and effectively be imprinted. Fantasies of adolescence were “made Soviet” by their incorporation of violence and the language of sacrifice. Ultimately, fantasies of adolescence have been menacing as well as idealizing. They have also been deeply embedded in concepts of time and intertwined with ideas about gender and the body. The chapter then considers the ideal of adolescent masculinity embodied by fictional heroes. By studying Russian works that depict adolescent heroes, the book explores the Soviet legacy of interweaving adolescence with violence, heroism, and self-sacrifice, and the temporal and gendered contours of this linkage.
Practicing Anticommunism
Authors: Kung Chien-Wen
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on the practice of anticommunism. It covers the case studies of people affiliated with the local Kuomintang (KMT) as references for the activities of anticommunists. Anticommunism as a social phenomenon was a diverse repertoire of tactics that Chinese from different social classes employed to consolidate their reputations, forge useful ties with Filipino elites, and attack or defend themselves against each other, which resulted in the Chinese civic integration in the Philippine nation-state. Despite the distinction, sinophobia and anticommunism were overlapping phenomena that the Cold War and Filipino nationalism merged into compounding fears of lien economic dominance, moral degeneracy, and insularity similar to colonial times. The chapter explains that Chinese anticommunism correlates the commitment to the KMT's cause under the guise of Cold War and postcolonial context.
Experiencing the Nation
Authors: Kung Chien-Wen
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the visits of Chinese civic groups in the Philippines organized to Taiwan after the supposed conclusion of the civil war. It explores how the Republic of China (ROC) represented itself to the world as the homeland for the overseas Chinese and shaped the diaspora's perception through experiential nationalism. The visits were a means by which the state projected Taiwan to the world as more than just a province of the ROC. The chapter explains the visits that the Philippine Chinese Anti-Communist League (PCACL) organized, which demonstrated diverse understandings of patriotism and ROC's beliefs instead of mindless subscription to Fangong kang'E. The chapter also notes how members of the Chinese Overseas Wartime Hsuehkan Militia (COWHM) Veterans' Association understood anticommunism concerning their services to the ROC during World War II and as an aspect of their patriotism, which expressed anticommunist practices, anti-Japanese attitudes and “joint service” to the people of Taiwan.
Dissent and Its Discontents
Authors: Kung Chien-Wen
Published: January 2023

This chapter expounds on the Yuyitung brothers affair involving Nationalist China, the Philippine military, and President Ferdinand Marcos against the Chinese Commercial News (CCN), which had been the most widely read Chinese newspaper in the Philippines. Quintin and Rizal Yuyitung had been on trial by the Deportation Board for having purportedly published pro-communist articles in their newspaper and were then out on bail. The Nationalist Chinese bloc, composed of Kuomintang (KMT) and Republic of China (ROC) officials, gathered, forged, and interpreted evidence to assist the military in making a case for deportation in 1962 and 1972. The chapter then explicates how more liberal Chinese articulated their dissent from the ideological status quo through anti-anticommunism. The CCN's nonconformist approach to reporting news on China and vocal support for Chinese cultural integration indirectly challenged the hegemony of anticommunism and the KMT's hold on Chinese society.
Learning the Birds
Authors: Rogers Susan Fox
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on the author's experiences of birding in Woodstock and the Hudson River. It discusses Alexander Wilson, the author of a nine-volume work, American Ornithology, and considered by many to be the father of American ornithology. In his American Ornithology, Wilson writes of the Red-headed Woodpecker. Red-headed Woodpecker populations have gone up and down over the decades, at one point nearing extinction. Since the mid-sixties, according to the North American Breeding Bird Survey, populations have decreased by 70 percent. After seeing the Red-headed Woodpecker in Woodstock, the author was invited to go birding on the Hudson where she saw Red-winged Blackbirds.
Methinks
Authors: Rogers Susan Fox
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores the author's quest to see the Nelson's Sparrow around Mount Desert Island and the Golden Road, Maine. The Nelson's Sparrow and the Saltmarsh Sparrow together made up a species known as the Sharp-tailed Sparrow. In 1995, the American Ornithological Union split the species, making two species from one. In the splitting of the Nelson's and the Saltmarsh, one bird ends up named for a particular habitat, and the other for a nineteenth-century naturalist, Edward William Nelson. He collected specimens of these sparrows in 1875 in the Calumet marshes near Chicago when he was only eighteen years old. Later, Nelson worked for the biological survey in the Alaska Territory.
Christmas Bird Count
Authors: Rogers Susan Fox
Published: January 2023

This chapter highlights the Christmas Bird Count, referred to by birders simply as CBC. The long history of the Audubon Count began in 1900, when Frank Chapman came up with the idea of counting birds as a substitute for the “side hunt.” This tradition involved hunters going out on Christmas day and killing anything in fur or feathers that crossed their paths. The original bird census had few rules, just the mission to go out and see birds, then send the results into the journal as soon as possible. Laced into these few guidelines is a sense of wholesome competition of who might find the most birds, or the most unexpected birds. There are now a lot more requirements and rules, but what remains connecting the early twentieth century to the twenty-first century is that sense of competition.
Don’t Move
Authors: Rogers Susan Fox
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses John James Audubon, who is now celebrated as a bird artist. To create his drawings, Audubon did not just shoot the bird, string it up in a somewhat lifelike manner, and then reproduce it on the page. He poured into his art hours of observation of the bird's feeding and behavior in the wild; he wanted to know the bird alive and to capture it on the page. Audubon traveled widely to gather his bird specimens. It was to Paris and to London that he turned in 1828, once he had gathered his specimens and drawn them to create his Birds of America. While in Paris, Audubon met many great men, among them the father of paleontology, Georges Cuvier. The chapter then considers the author's reflection on the difference between birding and owling.
So Much to Learn
Authors: Rogers Susan Fox
Published: January 2023

This chapter describes how the author formed a group, Friends of Tivoli Bays, to tend to the thousand plus acres that run from the village of Tivoli south to Bard College, bordering both the North and South Tivoli bays. They led history tours and walked with students into the bays to show them snapping turtles and beaver paddling about. Every spring, they also organized garbage cleanups on the Tivoli bays. The chapter then looks at the author's experience of birding on the North Tivoli Bay. There she listened to the calls of the Great Horned Owls and the bird song of the Marsh Wren.
So Easy to See
Authors: Kennedy-Epstein Rowena
Published: January 2023

This chapter reconstructs the lost collaboration between the photographer Berenice Abbott and Muriel Rukeyser. In a period defined by the elevation of the sciences over the arts—when everybody could be “scientific Americans”—Rukeyser and Abbott shared a similar goal: to develop new methods for demonstrating the uses and relationships between the arts and sciences. The chapter participates in the recovery of an innovative and exciting modernist partnership and asks us to see the lost potential of its inventiveness as well as to contextualize its disappearance. In order to see their work, the chapter undertakes an exploration into the cultural mechanisms that obfuscated it at midcentury. As the chapter stresses, the recovery of such a project demonstrates the continued importance of collaboration between women, not just between artists but between scholars who teach each other how to see and look for things—texts, histories, images—that are not readily visible and available. The chapter looks at how Abbott and Rukeyser began an ambitious project that combined Abbott's experimental photographs with Rukeyser's theorization of “seeing.”
Absent from Memory
Authors: London Bette
Published: January 2023

This chapter highlights those denied recognition in the official project of commemoration: the approximately 306 soldiers executed for cowardice, desertion, and other military offenses. It also considers those who said “no” to war—although for different reasons than those of pacifists and conscientious objectors. From the beginning, the contours of the debate surrounding these soldiers were shaped by the centrality of the posthumous life as the defining feature of remembrance, especially in the way the ideas of posthumous harm and posthumous restitution figured in governing formulations from both sides of the controversy. The chapter uses the case of these soldiers to revisit a postwar innovation in official practices of commemoration: the obsession with the naming of the dead in national and local memorials and books of remembrance. As a limit case for the project of remembrance, the shot-at-dawn soldiers, it argues, expose the fault lines of the larger memorial undertaking, opening to view the means and structures through which afterlives are created. In doing so, the chapter exposes the blind spots and contradictions that continue to inform commemorative practices and rituals.
America, the Anonymous
Authors: Kosseff Jeff
Published: January 2023

This chapter elaborates on the culture of anonymity empowerment engrained within US history. It starts with Junius' letters, which became a prominent example of pseudonyms and anonymous speech that proliferated in England and the American colonies. Junius' letters feature potential legal, safety, economic, privacy, speech, and power motivations for seeking anonymity. The chapter also covers the Common Sense pamphlet making a call for colonial independence from England. The anonymous political speech did not halt when colonies achieved independence as Federalists like Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay published articles to rebut Anti-Federalist criticisms and address aspects of the Constitution.
Real-Name Policies
Authors: Kosseff Jeff
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on real-name policies. The First Amendment does not restrict social media sites, online discussion forums, and other platforms as they are private companies that can decide the level of anonymity or pseudonymity that their users receive. The choice often influences the culture of anonymity empowerment as it could make it more difficult for users to separate their identities from their speech. The survival of Facebook's real-name policy despite persistent criticism reveals the power that companies wield in determining the level of anonymity that people may employ online. On the other hand, other platforms like Reddit and Twitter have taken a more anonymity-friendly approach. The chapter clarifies that a platform's determination on real-name policies correlates to its business interests instead of society's best interests.
Conclusions and Critical Limitations
Authors: Samimian-Darash Limor
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the critical limitations of scenario technology in relation to the use of scenarios and simulations in the current COVID-19 pandemic. It cites that the pandemic represented the actualization of a potential uncertainty event and how the shift in temporality entailed by this actualization affects the limitations of scenarios. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted that the critical limitations of scenarios are embedded in their temporality. The chapter covers the World Health Organization's simulation exercises in an effort to control the emerging uncertainty of the pandemic. It explains the scenario technology providing a way to think of and act on future uncertainties by acknowledging their potentialities and promoting uncertainty as rationality of practice.
Conclusion
Authors: Neuburger Mary C.
Published: January 2023

This concluding chapter discusses the Bulgarian diet, cuisine, and food transformation under communism. It elaborates on the transformative nature of food by referencing the context of modern Bulgaria. The communist period witnessed a veritable revolution in food, but the post-1989 period had wrought change that was just as far-reaching. The Bulgarian communist legitimacy placed great importance over the pleasures of food, drink, flavor, and experience alongside nutrition. Moreover, the communist regime enacted conditions of production and cultures of consumption that ensured that meat, dairy, and produce would be consumed regularly regardless of season or social class. The chapter also recognizes the work of Bulgarians trying to preserve the ingredients of the past while formulating further recipes for the future.
Interests, Ideas, Institutions, and the Politics of Banking and Economic Reform in China
Authors: Bell Stephen , Feng Hui
Published: January 2023

This chapter considers the political interests and coalitions that shape growth models and the banking and financial system in China. The party-state has established and relies on financial hegemony, economic distortions, and income redistribution to the state sector. It shows how economic and financial policy and institutional change has been the result of an ongoing contest between conservative elements in the economy and in politics that favor state domination of the economy, versus more liberal elements that endorse a strong state but argue that markets and the private sector need to play a stronger role in China's economic development and in a reformed growth model. The chapter discusses the fate of China's financial and banking system and that of its wider economy and growth model that are intertwined and reflect complex political processes of institutional change shaped by changing power dynamics among key agents. It concentrates on the interests and behavior of key agents that shape change.
Growth Model Reform and the Banks as the State’s Cashier, 1979–96
Authors: Bell Stephen , Feng Hui
Published: January 2023

This chapter begins with China's economic reform era in 1978 and explores how early experimentation with the Chinese growth model and the banking and financial sector evolved until the crucial reform changes of the early 1990s. It cites Deng Xiaoping's reform approach during this era that was epitomized as “grappling with the stones while crossing the river.” It also mentions the challenge of gradually moving beyond the failed central planning regime toward a new state–market nexus. The chapter deals with the reform changes from the early 1990s that ushered in the so-called second reform era, which focused on industrial growth and a somewhat greater emphasis on market instruments in economic reform. The period that followed, during the second reform era, especially between 1992 and 1996, saw a renewed push for economic reform, but the scope and intensity of banking reform remained limited.
Mounting Debt and Lurking Risks
Authors: Bell Stephen , Feng Hui
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the build-up of risk in the emerging system, reviewing the problems of mounting corporate debt as well as rising aggregate debt levels in the Chinese economy are being increasingly seen as significant challenges to the statist growth model. The chapter deals with the risks in the shadow banking sector, risks in the real estate market, and risks in China's sharply rising level of aggregate debt. The Chinese leadership is increasingly aware of the risks and is responding in a range of ways, including with greater regulation. The chapter covers how the increased reliance on debt and rising asset prices to underpin growth, as well as the role of the state in backstopping the financial system, poses particular risks. It argues that, without effective economic rebalancing, the financial and credit system will continue to be distorted in supporting prevailing unsustainable credit flows and will thus be rendered increasingly vulnerable.
Conclusion
Authors: Bell Stephen , Feng Hui
Published: January 2023

This chapter summarizes the arguments and empirical findings on China's future and outcomes for the world economy. One might have thought that the banking and financial system might have become the jewel in the crown of China's miraculous economic expansion, but in the last four decades, China's banking and financial system has instead evolved into a fragile juggernaut, largely subservient to the ongoing statist growth model. It also talks about how China's future depends on whether it can harness a properly functioning financial system to support a coherent and sustainable growth model. The chapter explores the prevailing theory of institutional analysis, change, and historical institutionalism. It emphasizes the “sticky” and constraining nature of institutions and change and describes its greater role to agency and incremental and more flexible patterns of institutional change over time.
Some Men are more Ineligible than Others
Authors: Kukreja Reena
Published: January 2023

This chapter looks into the rejection of some men in the local marriage market. It explains how the marriage market has been shaped by the prospective groom's steady employment. Men with government jobs (sarkari naukri) do not have a shortage of marriage proposals. Moreover, the custom of hypergamy transformed a small pool of educated men with government jobs into highly prized eligible grooms, which strengthened the neoliberal culture of capitalist relations. Men would be considered social rejects if they have undesirable traits such as substance abuse, anger history, or intimate partner violence. The chapter correlates the phenomenon of bride shortage to economic precarity. It also discusses the influence of caste hierarchies on long-distance matrimonies.
Trafficked? or Married? Wherein Lies The Truth?
Authors: Kukreja Reena
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on the practice of bride trafficking. It notes the frequency of contemporary cross-region marriages in North India. Local and overseas media played a significant role in disseminating trauma narratives by employing emotive narratives of wife sharing, sexual slavery, and bride trafficking. The chapter clarifies that not all cross-region marriages involved trafficking and brides actively sought to dismantle the victim discourse and highlight their non-trafficked status without being monitored. The chapter explains that cross-region brides often range between informal mediators, brokers, and traffickers, which often tread a dangerous line between deception and the act of trafficking itself. Meanwhile, the myth of parents selling daughters or bride buying conveniently influences the prevailing racist and denigrating stereotypes around natal communities.
Introduction
Authors: Nevle Richard J. , Nightingale Steven , Lanas Mattias
Published: January 2023

This introductory chapter reflects on the natural and inevitable conflict between science and spirituality, which takes on acute form when the subject is the natural world. Can the earth be wholly understood as a set of elements configured by physical laws, and all life forms reduced definitively to a selection of random genetic variations from an original accident of organic chemistry? During a hiking trip to the Sierra Nevada mountain range, the authors talked not only of the understanding of science but also of the countless declarations from the domain of spiritual writing, even in traditional and established faiths, that claim for nature a special place in spiritual practice. Beyond examples from widely practiced faiths, there is an abundance of texts in mysticism that testify to a life-giving dimension of meaning in nature. The authors wanted to bring these two worlds together: science and art, sense and spirit, quantity and quality, concept and metaphor.
Setting Out
Authors: Nevle Richard J. , Nightingale Steven , Lanas Mattias
Published: January 2023

This chapter recounts how the authors' families planned a hike through the High Sierra with the idea to traverse the whole range, west to east. They set out on August 3, and over the next thirteen days walked ninety miles. Beginning at Crescent Meadow in Sequoia National Park, the hike led them through big valleys, along the edges of precipitous canyons, over passes and around blue and silver high mountain lakes, to the summit of Mount Whitney; through brilliant green meadows and by the sides of creeks that, because of the big winter, had become torrents. Their destination would be Cottonwood Lakes in the Golden Trout Wilderness, on the eastern side of the Sierra, looking east over the Great Basin. Ultimately, their journey across the range was more than an excursion through terrain filled with resurgent wildness; it was a vanishing into beauty.
Obsidian
Authors: Nevle Richard J. , Nightingale Steven , Lanas Mattias
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines how the obsidian craters just east of the Sierra Nevada mountain range erupted in the last few millennia, some in recent centuries. Obsidian, because it lacks the constraints imposed by an internal molecular order, can in fact be flaked into tools with edges that are many times sharper than a razor blade. In the Sierra Nevada, the authors found flakes of obsidian, shards left by indigenous hunters who worked the black volcanic glass into arrowpoints, their edges sharpened to translucence, to hunt the animals that would sustain their loved ones. Throughout their millennia of continuous presence in the Mono Basin, they would have witnessed volcanic eruptions give birth to the region's pale hills. The chapter then looks at the deep resemblance between the making of a mountain and the making of a mind.
Bighorn
Authors: Nevle Richard J. , Nightingale Steven , Lanas Mattias
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the bighorn, which is an animal of formidable strength, kinesthetic genius, and most of all, inconceivable fearlessness. The Sierra bighorn, Ovis canadensis sierrae, dwells only in the Sierra Nevada. Considered a genetically distinct subspecies of the bighorn sheep known across the montane regions of the North American West, the Sierra bighorn's most conspicuous outward distinction is found in horns of the ram, which corkscrew outward from the animal's head in a broad spiral. Rams deploy this formidable weaponry in fierce contests to establish dominance. The chapter then looks at how the introduction of domestic sheep, which brought new diseases and competition for forage, and increased hunting began to winnow the population of Sierra bighorn.
Sierra Nevada Parnassian
Authors: Nevle Richard J. , Nightingale Steven , Lanas Mattias
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the Sierra Nevada parnassian, a butterfly species which dwell nowhere else in the world but in the Range of Light. Despite their voracious appetites, the young parnassians cannot manage to consume quite enough calories during the short, high elevation summer to reach full maturation. Upon shedding its chrysalis, the adult Sierra Nevada parnassian bears a leonine ruff and a fuzzy coat of fur flocking the entirety of its black body. The striking designs of the parnassian's wings warn predators they had better think twice, lest they get a bitter mouthful of poison. In the Sierra fellfields, the parnassian does two things we all must do: it finds the nutrition it needs in the place where it has been given life, and it finds a way to protect itself.
Epilogue
Authors: Nevle Richard J. , Nightingale Steven , Lanas Mattias
Published: January 2023

This epilogue reflects on what might happen if we brought the sciences together with poetry and spiritual texts, as if one could look through binoculars fitted with two completely different sets of lenses? Might it be possible to bring the qualities and elements of the Sierra into better focus, to see them in their grandeur and in their minutiae, to learn from them and their exquisite berth in the world? Science is thought by some to be dry, technical, and quantitative, but it is not. Study is exaltation, fact is miracle, and understanding is joy. Poetry and spirituality are thought by some to be abstract, ethereal, and private; they are not. Nature is language, mind is sensual, soul is earth, and transcendence is practical.
Contested Space
Authors: Exeler Franziska
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores the history of the lands amidst post-1945 Soviet Belarus. It also focuses on the radical transformations the Bolsheviks enacted in the East European borderland. In 1921, the Treaty of Riga was signed as the Polish–Bolshevik War came to an end, which established new borders across former imperial borderlands. Moreover, the Treaty of Riga confirmed the existence of Soviet Belarus, which meant that modern Belarusian statehood was correlated with the Soviet project. The chapter also discusses interwar Poland, wherein different minority groups organized themselves in varying political and cultural organizations despite the apparent discrimination. It then discusses the legacies of Soviet governance in eastern and western Belarus.
Intimacy, Policing, and Violent Politics in Bagong Silang
Authors: Jensen Steffen Bo , Hapal Karl
Published: January 2023

This chapter traces policing practices as inextricably linked to local politics. It explores the emergence and practices of machine politics, that is, the transformation of electoral politics into politics of specific interests, as well as how intimate communal relations inform the practices of policing. With the war on drugs, policing began to work on and transform the very societal relations in which it was practiced and led to a fundamental reconfiguration and destabilization of culturally intimate state–resident relations, as well as relations between residents and neighbors. The chapter looks at the deeply fraught question of the legitimacy of the drug war locally and how and the extent to which policing is embedded in communal life in Bagong Silang. It mentions the ascension of Rodrigo Duterte to the presidency that increased the mandate for police and policing incursion into everyday life.
The Establishment Strikes Back
Authors: Swezey Christian
Published: January 2023

This chapter elaborates on lacrosse's Baltimore establishment. It recognizes the trend of every goal, assist, and save in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) games having been made by players using sticks with plastic heads. While STX and Brine Sporting Goods were known for producing plastic lacrosse stick heads, STX had been approved for use by the NCAA before Brine lagged in visibility, sales, and quality. The chapter also covers the retirement of Navy coach Willis Bilderback following Virginia's victory in the NCAA 1972 championship. It acknowledges how the establishment that involved the Big Five, the nited States Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association, and the attitudes of the sports columnists at the Baltimore Sun was changing at a rapid pace, especially with the growing acceptance of Richie Moran and Cornell. Cornell's future with the freshman squad was taking shape in the spring of 1973.
Acculturation as Evolution
Authors: Matlon Jordanna
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses the consequences after the colonial economy of civilized wage labor became the “formal” economy upon independence. Despite always constituting the bulk of the urban labor market, informal activities were feminized and made incongruous for masculine identity. The chapter draws on this framework to establish how the évolué shaped modern Abidjanais masculinity. It then explores how the French civilizing mission, or mission civilisatrice, sought to acculturate African men into whiteness, a pursuit that rendered registers of race and culture equivalent and was expressed through men's livelihoods and lifestyles. By negating their Blackness, Abidjanais men asserted their agency. The chapter assesses how colon-as-évolué proved a formative figure in the public and private spheres of modern Abidjanais masculinity, and in so doing, buttressed neocolonial Franco-Ivoirian relations.
Citoyens and Citadins
Authors: Matlon Jordanna
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines how the évolué and media trope contributed to the construction of masculinities in Abidjan amid civil war and sustained economic decline. It uses ethnographic fieldwork and interviews with political propagandists, or orators (orateurs), for former President Laurent Gbagbo and mobile street vendors (vendeurs ambulants) in Abidjan from 2008 to 2009, supplemented by visual analysis, to demonstrate how underemployed Abidjanais men asserted economic agency, and accordant registers of public value and self-worth, outside of wage labor. The chapter also demonstrates how marginalized Abidjanais men, even as they fail to achieve breadwinning masculinity, remain committed to patriarchal tenets that uphold the structures of racial capitalism and the generalized subordination of Black men within it. By situating the study within the narrative arc of racial capitalism, the chapter establishes how, far from indicating a novel formulation of African masculinity in late capitalism, orators' and vendors' struggles to assert dignity, value, and success were contiguous in conflict and character with those faced by Black men since slavery and colonialism.
With Every Grace and Cuff Link
Authors: Matlon Jordanna
Published: January 2023

This chapter situates the author's account of Abidjanais men within the narrative arc of Black masculinity in racial capitalism. It considers what is at stake for identities both rooted in and negated by processes of capitalist accumulation and disposability, as well as for the world at large. The chapter then jumps to probe the ways that capitalism becomes embedded within such forms of sociality and meaning-making, just as it becomes the very condition of survival. When economic agency is made a baseline measure of human worth, it marks the totality: lives that are productive and those that are surplus. The chapter argues that the theory of racial capitalism establishes the constitutive role of race in the formation and operation of the capitalist system and is, with gender, its core organizing principle. It also emphasizes that Blackness is positioned as the symbolic oppositional identity and the site of hegemonic struggle.
Intermarriage and Soviet Social Science
Authors: Edgar Adrienne
Published: January 2023

This chapter analyzes the evolution of the official discourse of intermarriage in the Soviet Union from the 1920s to the 1980s. It draws on scholarly publications as well as interviews with ethnographers and sociologists active in the late Soviet era. It also traces the tensions between the biological and sociocultural understandings of ethnicity that helped to shape an increasingly primordial view of ethnic nationality in the late Soviet decades. The chapter describes the Khrushchev and Brezhnev eras wherein intermarriage once again emerged as an important topic for Soviet social scientists and nationality theorists. It considers the interplay of biological and social in the making of ethnic communities as a recurrent theme in Soviet discussions of ethnic mixing and intermarriage.
Scenes from Happy (and Not So Happy) Mixed Marriages
Authors: Edgar Adrienne
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on the characteristics of successful intermarriages, arguing that they primarily followed one of two patterns: couples in which one spouse assimilated to the other's culture, and couples with a strong sense of common Soviet culture and less attachment to specific national traditions. The chapter mentions Vera Rahimova and Madina Nahipova, who represent different approaches to intermarriage in Soviet Central Asia, each of which could form the basis for an enduring marriage. When intermarried couples in Kazakhstan and Tajikistan faced discord and divorce, the reasons most often had nothing to do with ethnic identity. The chapter discusses how mixed marriages faced additional challenges linked to cultural differences between the partners. Many wartime mixed marriages failed early on when the Russian partner found it too difficult to adapt to local cultural expectations of women in Central Asia.
Intermarriage and the “Eastern Woman”
Authors: Edgar Adrienne
Published: January 2023

This chapter analyzes the gender dimensions of interethnic marriage in Soviet-era Kazakhstan and Tajikistan. It argues that Russian and other non-Muslim wives tended to adapt to local gender norms in an attempt to forestall opposition to their marriages and forge good relations with in-laws. For various historical and cultural reasons, including the Koranic prohibition on marriage outside the faith for Muslim women, most Central Asian European unions featured a Central Asian man and a European woman. The chapter highlights the importance of intermarriages between Asians and Europeans in Central Asia, especially those uniting European women and Muslim or Asian men. Soviet sociologists and ethnographers argued that mixed marriages were crucial to bringing modernity to non-European regions, and an important aspect of this modernity was their alleged adoption of more equitable gender relations.
Naming Mixed Children
Authors: Edgar Adrienne
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses the naming of children in mixed families, who had to decide whether children should be given names from the mother's nationality, the father's nationality, both, or neither. It mentions Rustam Iskandarov, a man of mixed Tajik and Russian descent living in Tajikistan, who thought carefully about what to name his son who was born in 1984. Rustam's story illustrates the challenges faced by ethnically mixed couples in Soviet Central Asia as they chose names for their children. The chapter investigates the process of choosing names for children in Soviet-era mixed families in order to gain insight into the motivations for bestowing particular names and the experiences of the people who bear these names. A first name can be an important signal of the future identity and community the parents envision for their child in multi-ethnic societies.
Introduction the Hidden Riviera
Authors: Harp Stephen L.
Published: January 2023

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the history of tourism and transformation of the French Riviera. Today, the French Riviera is arguably the best-known riviera in the world. After World War II as before, the French Riviera, centered in the department of Alpes-Maritimes, welcomed more tourists than any French region outside Paris. The chapter explains that the book concentrates on the thirty years after World War II, widely known as the trente glorieuses, or “Thirty Glorious Years.” It examines the infrastructure of tourism during that period, looking at the massive construction and public works projects on the Riviera. The book focuses on the people living and working there, particularly the North African workers who did much of the rebuilding of the Riviera.
Fattening Up Beaches and Polluting the Mediterranean
Authors: Harp Stephen L.
Published: January 2023

This chapter assesses the re-forming of the Mediterranean seaside after 1945, looking at beaches, marinas, and maritime pollution. Authorities built, extended, and beautified beachfront promenades on the French Riviera. More critical for postwar tourists were beaches. Despite constant efforts to build up and expand beaches, they nevertheless became some of the most crowded in the world. In the process, tourists themselves became a major source of illness and water pollution. At the same time, the market for touristic pleasure craft expanded quickly in the postwar years, causing developers to launch huge projects for marinas, yet another source of water pollution. Here too, North African laborers did much of the work to expand beaches and build marinas, despite obstacles they faced when they attempted to use those beaches themselves.
Erecting An Airport and Living With Jet Planes
Authors: Harp Stephen L.
Published: January 2023

This chapter describes the founding and frequent expansions of the airport at Nice as the local chamber of commerce worked to keep pace with postwar air travel. The airplane and especially the jet, ultimate symbols of twentieth-century modernity, revolutionized travel to the Riviera. The airport itself caused a complete refashioning of western Nice, even diverting the course of the Var River as the airport expanded out into the Var delta and the Mediterranean Sea. The airport expansions, like changes to the beachfront and the postwar sewer system, killed most of the native flora and fauna along the coast of Nice, alarming biologists. Neighbors and health specialists focused on the effect of jets' noise so close to a densely populated area. North Africans worked to build and rebuild the airport, while many lived in shantytowns just across the street, exposed to the pollution and noise of jet aircraft.
Epilogue The More Things Change
Authors: Harp Stephen L.
Published: January 2023

This epilogue discusses how, after the dramatic changes of the Thirty Glorious Years, the French Riviera remained largely in a holding pattern as the growth in tourism and population slowed. Demand for housing caught up with supply in the late 1970s, once huge housing blocks, including thousands of HLM (habitations à loyer modéré) apartments, sprang up. In the early 1970s there emerged in France a notion that the natural environment should be preserved for its own sake. Indeed, environmental awareness grew markedly in France, reflected in French laws of July 15, 1975 and July 10, 1976, banning pollutants damaging to flora and fauna. Yet much of the damage had been done on the Riviera. Water quality improved, not for the sake of the flora and fauna, but because tourism depended on meeting higher expectations of tourists who might choose other venues. The Riviera, and Nice in particular, also continued to have a notorious reputation for automobile traffic, bested only by Paris.