bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Unusual Case of Rabies Encephalitis
Authors: Walker Greg , Thiessen Brian , Graeb Doug , Moore G.R. Wayne , Mackenzie Ian R.A.
Published: August 2016

Human rabies encephalitis is rare in Canada, with only five cases reported in the past 30 years. The first and only patient who contracted rabies encephalitis in British Columbia died in 2003. Here we provide the first detailed clinical and pathological description of that case, which had several unusual features, including preexisting immunosuppression, paralytic presentation, prolonged survival, focal lesions on neuroimaging and severe neuropathology with focal necrosis, intense inflammation, and abundant viral inclusion bodies.
Application of multiplex immunoassay technology to investigations of ocular disease
Authors: Jones Valerie Sloane , Wu Jian , Zhu Si-Wei , Huang Ruo-Pan
Published: August 2016

Eye-derived fluids, including tears, aqueous humour and vitreous humour often contain molecular signatures of ocular disease states. These signatures can be composed of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, proteases and soluble receptors. However, the small quantities (<10 µl) of these fluids severely limit the detection of these proteins by traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or Western blot. To maximise the amount of information generated from the analysis of these specimens, many researchers have employed multiplex immunoassay technologies for profiling the expression or modification of multiple proteins from minute sample volumes.
PUBLIC ORDERING OF PRIVATE COERCION: URBAN REDEVELOPMENT AND DEMOCRATIZATION IN SOUTH KOREA
Authors: Porteux Jonson N. , Kim Sunil
Published: August 2016

This study explores collaboration between state actors and non-state specialists in the market for coercion. We focus on the case of forced evictions in South Korea, where violence carried out by private companies has occurred with the implicit, and at times explicit, sanctioning of the state. This level of government–private security cooperation has traditionally been explained by various hypotheses, including arguments about the weak capacity of a state to enforce compliance, trends in the neo-liberal marketization of state power, or as the outcome of a state being captured by the capitalist classes. Documenting the history of urban redevelopment projects and changes in government responses to major protest incidents in Korea, we instead argue that this niche market for private force is an observable implication of a shift in state–society relations in the wake of democratization. This phenomenon is, in effect, a very undemocratic response to democratization, by state elites.
Towards controlled liquid–liquid microextraction
Authors: Lohse Detlef
Published: August 2016

In a recent paper, Chu & Prosperetti (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 798, 2016, pp. 787–811) calculate the dissolution of a two-component droplet in an immiscible liquid. Here we discuss in what sense their results go much beyond the Epstein–Plesset solution of a dissolving single-component droplet and hitherto used approximations for dissolving multicomponent droplets. We also highlight the relevance of Chu & Prosperetti’s result for liquid–liquid extraction processes for chemical analysis.
Effects of multi-scale and regular grid geometries on decaying turbulence
Authors: Hearst R. Jason , Lavoie Philippe
Published: August 2016

The influence of a multi-scale fractal based geometry on the decay of turbulence is investigated by comparing the turbulence produced by a square fractal element grid to that produced by two regular grids with similar physical properties. Comparison of the grid wakes at constant grid Reynolds number, $Re_{M}$, identifies that in the far field both regular grids produce comparable or higher turbulence intensities and local Reynolds numbers, $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}$, than the square fractal element grid. This result is illustrative of a limitation of multi-scale geometries to produce the oft-quoted high levels of turbulence intensity and $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}$. In the far field, the spectra are approximately collapsed at all scales for all three grids at a given $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}$. When a non-equilibrium near field spectrum with $\langle uv\rangle \neq 0$ is compared to a far field spectrum at the same $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}$ but with $\langle uv\rangle \approx 0$, it is shown that their shapes are markedly different and that the non-equilibrium spectrum has a steeper slope, giving the appearance of being nearer $k^{-5/3}$, although there is no theoretical expectation of an inertial range at such locations in the flow. However, when a non-equilibrium spectrum with $\langle uv\rangle \approx 0$ is compared to a far field spectrum at the same $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}$, they are once again collapsed. This is shown to be related to non-zero Reynolds shear stress at scales that penetrate the scaling range for the present experiment, and hence the influence of shear is not limited to the largest scales. These results demonstrate the importance of local properties of the flow on the turbulence spectra at given locations in the inherently inhomogeneous flow found in the non-equilibrium region downstream of grids. In particular, how the presence of local shear stress can fundamentally change the shape of the spectra at scales that can be mistakenly interpreted as an inertial range.
On the interaction of two encapsulated bubbles in an ultrasound field
Authors: Liu Yunqiao , Sugiyama Kazuyasu , Takagi Shu
Published: August 2016

We establish a theoretical model for the radial oscillations, translational motions and deformations of two interacting encapsulated bubbles. The flow field outside the bubbles is approximated by a potential flow with a viscous correction. The in-plane stresses and bending moments of the viscoelastic membranes are balanced by the hydrodynamic tractions at the interfaces of the bubbles. Since the material points move along the membranes accompanied by their movements in the radial direction when the encapsulated bubbles undergo deformations, stress balance in both the tangential and normal directions and the no-velocity-jump condition at the bubble surface are applied. The derived expression for the viscous drag includes the quasisteady drag force and the history force, which is validated by the solution of the unsteady Stokes equation. With an appropriate choice of the interface parameters, the present model is suitable for bubbles with free-slip, viscoelastic or no-slip interfaces. The viscous correction and the potential part of our solution are validated, respectively, by comparing them with previous experimental observations. The encapsulated bubble shows more stability in resisting shape oscillation. The attractive or repulsive movements of the two bubbles subjected to a driving frequency are consistent with the prediction by Bjerknes’ theory. For gas bubbles, the drag is mainly from the quasisteady component of the flow. For encapsulated bubbles, the no-velocity-jump condition enhances viscous dissipation, and thus contributes significantly to the history force in the viscous drag, generating more damping in the translational motion.
Who Opted Out of an Opt-Out Smoking-Cessation Programme for Hospitalised Patients?
Authors: Nahhas Georges J. , Cummings K. Michael , Talbot Vince , Carpenter Matthew J. , Toll Benjamin A. , Warren Graham W.
Published: August 2016

Introduction: The Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) hospital implemented an inpatient opt-out smoking-cessation service where smokers received a mandatory smoking-cessation consult and phone follow-up within 1-month post-discharge.

Aim: To examine predictors of patients who opted-out of bedside counselling or follow-up phone calls.

Methods: Eligible adult cigarette smokers admitted to the MUSC hospital were enrolled in the programme. Opting-out of bedside consult or follow-up calls were assessed separately using log-linear modelling where predictors included patient demographics, length of hospitalisation, insurance type, smoking history, and motivation/confidence to quit.

Results: Of the 38,758 admitted patients (February 2014–May 2015), 6,684 reported currently smoking and were automatically referred to bedside-consult. Approximately 26% of smokers made contact with the counselor, most of whom (83%) accepted the consult. Amongst patients eligible for post-discharge follow-up (n = 3485), 49% responded to the calls. Those who opted-out of the bedside-consult were mostly males (RR = 1.29). Those who did not respond to follow-up calls were younger age (RR = 1.33), with Medicaid/no insurance (RR = 1.17), and had not received a bedside consult (RR = 1.32).

Conclusions: An opt-out smoking-cessation programme was feasible and acceptable to most patients and was able to reach 65% of eligible smokers; 17% opted-out of bedside counselling; <1% asked to be removed from further phone calls.
The Rupel Clay Member in the Netherlands: towards a comprehensive understanding of its geometry and depositional environment
Authors: Vis Geert-Jan , Verweij Hanneke , Koenen Mariëlle
Published: August 2016

This study presents the 3-D geometry of the Oligocene Rupel Clay Member and a review of its depositional environment based on new and published data. The Rupel Clay Member (RCM) is a clay layer in the Dutch subsurface which is informally known as the Boom Clay. New depth and thickness maps show that the member is present in nearly the whole subsurface of the onshore Netherlands to a depth of about 1500 m. The thickness of the member is variable but rarely exceeds 125 m. We identified three subunits: RCM-U, with a thickness of 15–40 m; RCM-M, with a thickness of 40–90 m; and RCM-L with a thickness of 25–50 m. The Rupel Clay Member is not a homogeneous clay; both vertical and lateral grain-size trends are present. These trends match with general palaeogeographic trends which foresee near-shore facies in the south and southeast of the onshore Netherlands and a more distal setting when moving northward. The three subunits are correlated with global climatic and regional tectonic events, which have mainly affected marginal facies. Faults are known to cut through the clay layer, but have not been mapped. A mismatch of lithostratigraphic nomenclature between the Netherlands and neighbouring countries is present. Part of the solution for this mismatch lies in the proper interpretation of well data in the Netherlands, both on- and offshore.
Evolution through bursts: Network structure develops through localized bursts in time and space
Authors: BROT HILLA , MUCHNIK LEV , GOLDENBERG JACOB , LOUZOUN YORAM
Published: August 2016

Models of network evolution are based on the implicit assumption that network growth is continuous, uniform, and steady. Using the data collected from a large online-blogging platform, we show that the addition and removal of network ties by users do not occur sporadically at isolated nodes spread all over the network, as assumed by the vast majority of stochastic network models, but rather occur in brief bursts of intense local activity.

These bursts of network growth and attrition (addition and removal of network ties) are highly localized around focal nodes. Such network changes coincide with nearly instantaneous densification of the ties between the affected nodes, resulting in an increase of local clustering. Furthermore, we find that these network changes are tightly coupled to the dynamics of individual attributes, particularly the increase in homology between neighboring nodes (homophily) within the scope of the burst. Coincidence of the localized network change with the increase in homophily suggests a strong coupling between the selection and influence processes that lead to simultaneous elevation of assortativity and clustering.
Sex (And Ethnicity) in the City: Affinity Voting in the 2014 Toronto Mayoral Election
Authors: Bird Karen , Jackson Samantha D. , McGregor R. Michael , Moore Aaron A. , Stephenson Laura B.
Published: August 2016

Do women vote for women and men for men? Do visible minorities vote for minority candidates, and white voters for white candidates? And what happens when a minority woman appears on the ballot? This study tests for the presence of gender and ethnic affinity voting in the Toronto mayoral election of 2014, where Olivia Chow was the only woman and only visible minority candidate among the three major contenders. Our analysis, which draws on a survey of eligible Toronto voters, is the first to examine the interactive effects of sex and ethnicity on vote choice in Canada in the context of a non-partisan election and in a non-experimental manner. We find strong evidence of ethnic affinity voting and show that Chow received stronger support from ethnic Chinese voters than from other minority groups. Our results also reveal that gender was related to vote choice but only when connected with race.
A restudy of Utahcaris orion (Euarthropoda) from the Spence Shale (Middle Cambrian, Utah, USA)
Authors: LEGG DAVID A. , PATES STEVE
Published: August 2016

Utahcaris orion Conway Morris & Robison, 1988, from the lower middle Cambrian (Series 3, Stage 5) Spence Shale Member situated in Utah, USA, is redescribed based on a restudy of the original material. Newly recognized features, including ventral lateral eyes, trunk appendages, and a bulbous cephalic shield with subtriangular extension, reinforce similarities with Sanctacaris uncata from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale. Both are assigned to the new family, Sanctacarididae. Sanctacaridids represent the oldest chelicerates. Their ecology and that of their nearest non-chelicerate relatives indicate that Chelicerata were plesiomorphically predatory.
Anticholinergic burden in schizophrenia and ability to benefit from psychosocial treatment programmes: a 3-year prospective cohort study
Authors: O'Reilly K. , O'Connell P. , Donohoe G. , Coyle C. , O'Sullivan D. , Azvee Z. , Maddock C. , Sharma K. , Sadi H. , McMahon M. , Kennedy H. G.
Published: August 2016

Background

Many medications administered to patients with schizophrenia possess anticholinergic properties. When aggregated, pharmacological treatments may result in a considerable anticholinergic burden. The extent to which anticholinergic burden has a deleterious effect on cognition and impairs ability to participate in and benefit from psychosocial treatments is unknown.

Method

Seventy patients were followed for approximately 3 years. The MATRICS consensus cognitive battery (MCCB) was administered at baseline. Anticholinergic burden was measured with the Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden (ACB) scale. Ability to benefit from psychosocial programmes was measured using the DUNDRUM-3 Programme Completion Scale (D-3) at baseline and follow-up. Psychiatric symptoms were measured using the PANSS. Total antipsychotic dose was measured using chlorpromazine equivalents. Functioning was measured using the Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS).

Results

Mediation analysis found that the influence of anticholinergic burden on ability to participate and benefit from psychosocial programmes was completely mediated by the MCCB. For every 1-unit increase on the ACB scale, change scores for DUNDRUM-3 decreased by −0.27 points. This relationship appears specific to anticholinergic burden and not total antipsychotic dose. Moreover, mediation appears to be specific to cognition and not psychopathology. Baseline functioning also acted as mediator but only when MCCB was not controlled for.

Conclusions

Anticholinergic burden has a significant impact on patients’ ability to participate in and benefit from psychosocial treatment programmes. Physicians need to be mindful of the cumulative effect that medications can have on patient cognition, functional capacity and ability to benefit from psychosocial treatments.
Rice consumption, incidence of chronic diseases and risk of mortality: meta-analysis of cohort studies
Authors: Saneei Parvane , Larijani Bagher , Esmaillzadeh Ahmad
Published: August 2016

Objective

Findings from cohort studies investigating the association between rice consumption and risk of chronic diseases or mortality have been inconsistent. We performed a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis on all published cohort studies examining white rice consumption in relation to incidence of chronic diseases or risk of mortality.

Design

A systematic literature search of MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane review, Google Scholar and Scopus databases for relevant cohort studies published until July 2014. For systematic review, we found nineteen studies examining the association between rice intake and risk of chronic diseases (obesity, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, CVD and cancers) or mortality. Cohort studies which reported relative risk (RR) or odds ratio for highest v. lowest intake of rice and chronic diseases or mortality were included in the meta-analysis.

Results

In a meta-analysis on seventeen risk estimates for highest v. lowest category of rice intake, provided from twelve studies, we found a trend towards a positive association (RR; 95 % CI) between rice consumption and risk of all chronic diseases (1·11; 0·96, 1·29); however, significant between-study heterogeneity was found (I2=70·3 %, P<0·001). Stratified analysis by gender showed a significant positive association between rice consumption and risk of chronic diseases in women (1·40; 1·13, 1·73), but not in men (0·95; 0·72, 1·24). Combining ten effect sizes from five studies showed that high consumption of rice was not significantly associated with mortality (0·97; 0·88, 1·06). Subgroup analysis by gender indicated an inverse association between rice consumption and mortality in men (0·87; 0·81, 0·94), but a trend towards a positive association in women (1·08; 0·97, 1·19).

Conclusions

Although white rice consumption was not found to be associated with individual chronic conditions, we observed a positive association between white rice intake and risk of all overall chronic diseases in women. High rice consumption was related to a modest reduction in risk of mortality in men but not in women. Further studies of these relationships, in different populations, are needed.
Deliberating Downstream: Countering Democratic Distortions in the Policy Process
Authors: Boswell John
Published: August 2016

Key theorists and scholars of democracy have focused on understanding and enhancing the institutions and practices that shape decision-making. Indeed, the most influential contemporary normative account—the deliberative version—though increasingly adapted to the complex realities of contemporary politics, retains a tight focus on the conditions of legitimate will formation. This remains the core underpinning of the normative impetus for innovation and reform in contemporary democratic politics. Yet missing from even the adapted deliberative account is detailed consideration of what happens after will formation. I turn here to the policy and administration literature to show how the inescapably attritional and opaque policy process can magnify asymmetries that theorists and scholars of contemporary democracy, chief among them deliberative democrats, ought to be much better attuned to. I argue that in failing to consider these problems adequately, contemporary democratic thinkers, scholars, and reformers risk lending legitimacy to institutions and practices that might sustain the very biases they are mobilized against. As such, I identify institutional innovations and governing practices that can embed aspects of democratic deliberation “downstream” in the policy process in order to counter distortions and rebalance asymmetries. I conclude by calling for theorists, researchers, and reformers to explore the value of these institutions and practices, and to expand the repertoire of governing mechanisms available to counter the distortions that occur through the policy process.
A discussion of Stephen Macedo Just Married: Same-Sex Couples, Monogamy & the Future of Marriage
Authors: Josephson Jyl J.
Published: August 2016

On June 26, 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled, in Obergefell v. Hodges, that the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution forbids legal discrimination against same-sex marriage. The decision sent shock waves throughout the country, with both supporters and opponents regarding it as signal of dramatic shifts in public opinion and a revolutionary development on the road to sex-gender equality. Just two days earlier, on June 24, 2015, Stephen Macedo’s Just Married: Same-Sex Couples, Monogamy, and the Future of Marriage was published. Macedo has always worked at the intersection of legal theory, normative theory, and public policy, and Just Married offers a nuanced liberal democratic defense of marriage equality with striking resonance in light of Obergefell. We have thus invited a range of scholars on LGBT rights, and LGBT politics more generally, to comment on his book.
A Discussion of Richard Flacks and Nelson Lichtenstein's The Port Huron Statement: Sources and Legacies of the New Left’s Founding Manifesto
Authors: Green Philip
Published: August 2016

The Port Huron Statement was one of the most important manifestos of the New Left in the United States. A foundational statement of the theme of “participatory democracy,” the text had an important influence on post-1960s politics and, arguably, on post-1960s political science. The recent publication of a new edition of the Statement is an occasion for reflection on its importance. And so we have invited a distinguished cast of political scientists shaped by the events of the sixties to comment on the impact of the Statement on their own way of envisioning and practicing political science.
A Discussion of Richard Flacks and Nelson Lichtenstein's The Port Huron Statement: Sources and Legacies of the New Left’s Founding Manifesto
Authors: Piven Frances Fox
Published: August 2016

The Port Huron Statement was one of the most important manifestos of the New Left in the United States. A foundational statement of the theme of “participatory democracy,” the text had an important influence on post-1960s politics and, arguably, on post-1960s political science. The recent publication of a new edition of the Statement is an occasion for reflection on its importance. And so we have invited a distinguished cast of political scientists shaped by the events of the sixties to comment on the impact of the Statement on their own way of envisioning and practicing political science.
A Discussion of Richard Flacks and Nelson Lichtenstein'sThe Port Huron Statement: Sources and Legacies of the New Left’s Founding Manifesto
Authors: Tarrow Sidney
Published: August 2016

The Port Huron Statement was one of the most important manifestos of the New Left in the United States. A foundational statement of the theme of “participatory democracy,” the text had an important influence on post-1960s politics and, arguably, on post-1960s political science. The recent publication of a new edition of the Statement is an occasion for reflection on its importance. And so we have invited a distinguished cast of political scientists shaped by the events of the sixties to comment on the impact of the Statement on their own way of envisioning and practicing political science.
A Discussion of Richard Flacks and Nelson Lichtenstein's The Port Huron Statement: Sources and Legacies of the New Left’s Founding Manifesto
Authors: Xenos Nicholas
Published: August 2016

The Port Huron Statement was one of the most important manifestos of the New Left in the United States. A foundational statement of the theme of “participatory democracy,” the text had an important influence on post-1960s politics and, arguably, on post-1960s political science. The recent publication of a new edition of the Statement is an occasion for reflection on its importance. And so we have invited a distinguished cast of political scientists shaped by the events of the sixties to comment on the impact of the Statement on their own way of envisioning and practicing political science.
Should APSA’s Most Prominent Award Continue to be Named after a Racist?
Authors: Hochschild Jennifer
Published: August 2016

Woodrow Wilson is the only American political scientist to have served as President of the United States. In the time between his political science Ph.D. (from Johns Hopkins, in 1886) and his tenure as president (1913–21), he also served as president of Princeton University (1902–10) and president of the American Political Science Association (1909–10). Wilson is one of the most revered figures in American political thought and in American political science. The Woodrow Wilson Award is perhaps APSA’s most distinguished award, given annually for the best book on government, politics, or international affairs published in the previous year, and sponsored by the Woodrow Wilson Foundation at Princeton University.

Wilson has also recently become the subject of controversy, on the campus of Princeton University, and in the political culture more generally, in connection with racist statements that he made and the segregationist practices of his administration. A group of Princeton students associated with the “Black Lives Matter” movement has demanded that Wilson’s name be removed from two campus buildings, one of which is the famous Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs (see Martha A. Sandweiss, “Woodrow Wilson, Princeton, and the Complex Landscape of Race,” http://www.thenation.com/article/woodrow-wilson-princeton-and-the-complex-landscape-of-race/). Many others have resisted this idea, noting that Wilson is indeed an important figure in the history of twentieth-century liberalism and Progressivism in the United States.

A number of colleagues have contacted me suggesting that Perspectives ought to organize a symposium on the Wilson controversy. Although we do not regularly organize symposia around current events, given the valence of the controversy and its connection to issues we have featured in our journal (see especially the September 2015 issue on “The American Politics of Policing and Incarceration”), and given Wilson's importance in the history of our discipline, we have decided to make an exception in this case. We have thus invited a wide range of colleagues whose views on this issue will interest our readers to comment on this controversy. —Jeffrey C. Isaac, Editor.
In His Day: Awareness of Wilson’s Duplicity
Authors: Jagmohan Desmond
Published: August 2016

Woodrow Wilson is the only American political scientist to have served as President of the United States. In the time between his political science Ph.D. (from Johns Hopkins, in 1886) and his tenure as president (1913–21), he also served as president of Princeton University (1902–10) and president of the American Political Science Association (1909–10). Wilson is one of the most revered figures in American political thought and in American political science. The Woodrow Wilson Award is perhaps APSA’s most distinguished award, given annually for the best book on government, politics, or international affairs published in the previous year, and sponsored by the Woodrow Wilson Foundation at Princeton University.

Wilson has also recently become the subject of controversy, on the campus of Princeton University, and in the political culture more generally, in connection with racist statements that he made and the segregationist practices of his administration. A group of Princeton students associated with the “Black Lives Matter” movement has demanded that Wilson’s name be removed from two campus buildings, one of which is the famous Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs (see Martha A. Sandweiss, “Woodrow Wilson, Princeton, and the Complex Landscape of Race,” http://www.thenation.com/article/woodrow-wilson-princeton-and-the-complex-landscape-of-race/). Many others have resisted this idea, noting that Wilson is indeed an important figure in the history of twentieth-century liberalism and Progressivism in the United States.

A number of colleagues have contacted me suggesting that Perspectives ought to organize a symposium on the Wilson controversy. Although we do not regularly organize symposia around current events, given the valence of the controversy and its connection to issues we have featured in our journal (see especially the September 2015 issue on “The American Politics of Policing and Incarceration”), and given Wilson's importance in the history of our discipline, we have decided to make an exception in this case. We have thus invited a wide range of colleagues whose views on this issue will interest our readers to comment on this controversy. —Jeffrey C. Isaac, Editor.
Righting Some of Wilson’s Wrongs
Authors: Wilson David C.
Published: August 2016

Woodrow Wilson is the only American political scientist to have served as President of the United States. In the time between his political science Ph.D. (from Johns Hopkins, in 1886) and his tenure as president (1913–21), he also served as president of Princeton University (1902–10) and president of the American Political Science Association (1909–10). Wilson is one of the most revered figures in American political thought and in American political science. The Woodrow Wilson Award is perhaps APSA’s most distinguished award, given annually for the best book on government, politics, or international affairs published in the previous year, and sponsored by the Woodrow Wilson Foundation at Princeton University.

Wilson has also recently become the subject of controversy, on the campus of Princeton University, and in the political culture more generally, in connection with racist statements that he made and the segregationist practices of his administration. A group of Princeton students associated with the “Black Lives Matter” movement has demanded that Wilson’s name be removed from two campus buildings, one of which is the famous Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs (see Martha A. Sandweiss, “Woodrow Wilson, Princeton, and the Complex Landscape of Race,” http://www.thenation.com/article/woodrow-wilson-princeton-and-the-complex-landscape-of-race/). Many others have resisted this idea, noting that Wilson is indeed an important figure in the history of twentieth-century liberalism and Progressivism in the United States.

A number of colleagues have contacted me suggesting that Perspectives ought to organize a symposium on the Wilson controversy. Although we do not regularly organize symposia around current events, given the valence of the controversy and its connection to issues we have featured in our journal (see especially the September 2015 issue on “The American Politics of Policing and Incarceration”), and given Wilson's importance in the history of our discipline, we have decided to make an exception in this case. We have thus invited a wide range of colleagues whose views on this issue will interest our readers to comment on this controversy. —Jeffrey C. Isaac, Editor.
A Discussion of Richard Flacks and Nelson Lichtenstein's The Port Huron Statement: Sources and Legacies of the New Left’s Founding Manifesto
Authors: Gourevitch Peter
Published: August 2016

The Port Huron Statement was one of the most important manifestos of the New Left in the United States. A foundational statement of the theme of “participatory democracy,” the text had an important influence on post-1960s politics and, arguably, on post-1960s political science. The recent publication of a new edition of the Statement is an occasion for reflection on its importance. And so we have invited a distinguished cast of political scientists shaped by the events of the sixties to comment on the impact of the Statement on their own way of envisioning and practicing political science.
Qualitative Comparative Analysis as a Tool for Concept Clarification, Typology Building, and Contextualized Comparisons in Gender and Feminist Research
Authors: Ciccia Rossella
Published: August 2016

Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) is a method for the systematic analysis of cases. A holistic view of cases and an approach to causality emphasizing complexity are some of its core features. Over the last decades, QCA has found application in many fields of the social sciences. In spite of this, its use in feminist research has been slower, and only recently QCA has been applied to topics related to social care, the political representation of women, and reproductive politics. In spite of the comparative turn in feminist studies, researchers still privilege qualitative methods, in particular case studies, and are often skeptical of quantitative techniques (Spierings 2012). These studies show that the meaning and measurement of many gender concepts differ across countries and that the factors leading to feminist success and failure are context specific. However, case study analyses struggle to systematically account for the ways in which these forces operate in different locations.
Maternal treatment with dexamethasone during gestation alters sexual development markers in the F1 and F2 male offspring of Wistar rats
Authors: Jeje S. O. , Raji Y.
Published: August 2016

Maternal treatment with dexamethasone (Dex) in threatening preterm delivery alters activities at the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in the offspring. This alteration may interfere with reproductive function. The impact of gestational Dex exposure on male reproductive function of the offspring was investigated. A total of 25 pregnant rats randomly assigned to five groups (n=5) were treated with normal saline (control), Dex (100 μg/kg/day sc) during gestation days (GD) 1–7, 8–14, 15–21 and 1–21, respectively. Birth weight, anogenital distance (AGD), pubertal age, sperm parameters, hormonal profile and histopathology of testis and epididymis were determined in the F1 and F2 offspring. Results showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in pubertal age, serum corticosterone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) levels in the male offspring of DexGD 15–21 and 1–21 groups and a significant decrease (P<0.05) in serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone, birth weight and AGD at birth in the male F1 offspring. In the F2 offspring, there was a significant reduction (P<0.05) in serum corticosterone, testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone and GnRH when compared with the control. Dex treatment at GD 15–21 and 1–21 significantly reduced (P<0.05) sperm motility and normal morphology in the F1 and F2 offspring. Maternal Dex treatment in rats during late gestation may disrupt sexual development markers in the F1 and F2 male offspring.
Why does Soft Law Have any Power Anyway?
Authors: DRUZIN Bryan H.
Published: August 2016

This paper explains why so much soft law is widely adopted and followed despite lacking legal and coercive force. It argues that legal standards are susceptible to network effects. Network effects occur when the value of a standard to a user increases as the number of other agents using the same standard grows, which in turn draws more users to the standard. This can trigger a spontaneous coalescence around a standard in a “snowball effect” fashion. The paper argues that many areas of soft law exhibit strong network effects, rendering such soft law uniquely calibrated to induce voluntary adoption and even compliance. The model helps explain why certain soft law gains traction, and has important implications for international governance. Finally, the paper argues that policy-makers can strategically harness this dynamic to stimulate legal harmonization, but cautions that policy-makers must also remain mindful of the negative consequences that network effects can generate.
Apathy in Dementia Care
Authors: Köller Lena , Knebel Maren , Haberstroh Julia , Krause Katharina , Sahlender Sandra , Jakob Marion , Schoch Judith , Ehret Sonja , Schmitt Eric , Kruse Andreas , Schröder Johannes , Pantel Johannes
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Apathy is a diminished goal-directed behavior stemming from a lack of motivation. It is one of the most common symptoms in dementia. While the Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES) has proved to be a psychometrically robust measure for assessing apathy, the German version (AESD) requires further validation. Associations of apathy with important variables in dementia care, such as cognitive impairment or caregiver burden, were repeatedly found, though contradictory findings have also been reported. The present study assessed apathy in 100 community-dwelling persons with dementia. Their informal and formal caregivers used the German informant version of the Apathy Evaluation Scale (AESD-I) to investigate the severity of dementia and cognitive deficits as measured with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Global Deterioration Scale (GDS), respectively. A reliability analysis was performed to estimate the internal consistency of the AESD-I, and the data were tested for potential correlations with results from a shortened version of the AESD-I (AESD16-I). Cronbach’s α was .880 for the AESD-I and .904 for the AESD16-I. The prevalence of apathy was 77%, its severity was on average moderate to high. Significant (p < .05) negative correlations were shown between the AESD16-I, the Barthel Index (BI), and the Quality of Life-Alzheimer’s Disease (QOL-AD). Correlations between the AESD16-I, GDS, and Zarit Burden Interview were positive. After Bonferroni correction, the only correlations that remained significant were between the AESD16-I and BI and QOL-AD. The present study underlines the favorable psychometric properties of the AESD-I and confirms the high prevalence of apathy with considerable severity in the sample of community-dwelling persons with dementia. In addition, it contributes to the diversity of evidence on clinical correlates of apathy which require further clarification.
Treatment Implications in a Geriatric Schizophrenia Patient with Hoarding
Authors: Gonzalez Luisa S. , Wu Teresa , Baweja Ramneesh
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Severe hoarding is associated with a number of health and safety risks, such as fire hazards and health code violations. Older adults in particular are vulnerable to the consequences of hoarding, including malnutrition, medication mismanagement, and social isolation. We describe the case of a 69-year-old woman with established chronic schizophrenia and hoarding disorder. This patient was removed from her apartment by the Mobile Crisis Team and the Police Department for psychiatric evaluation and treatment after she was found exhibiting bizarre behavior in a pest-infested apartment filled with debris and old furniture, placing herself and her neighbors in danger. Treatment challenges posed by these complicated patients alongside safety and legal implications are discussed.
Motivation and Memory
Authors: Tournier Isabelle , Jordan Oliver , Ferring Dieter
Published: August 2016

Abstract. The present study investigated the compensatory impact of motivation to learn on memory performance with age. Twenty-one university undergraduate young adults (M = 22.7, SD = 2.6) and 19 community-dwelling older adults (M = 72.7, SD = 6.6) performed an emotional story memory task with an immediate and delayed recall 7 days later. The emotional content and the age relevance of the stories were manipulated to increase the motivation of older adults to learn. As postulated, results showed no age differences on the recall of positive stories, whereas the recall of negative and neutral stories was lower for older than young adults. In conclusion, motivational aspects may lead to the equivalent memory performance of young and older adults.
Cross-Validation of the Newly-Normed SKT for the Detection of MCI and Dementia
Authors: Hessler Johannes Baltasar , Stemmler Mark , Bickel Horst
Published: August 2016

Abstract. New regression-based norms for the SKT Short Cognitive Performance Test were introduced but have not been cross-validated for the detection of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. We examined 562 (59.6% female) community-dwelling persons (mean age = 75.8, SD = 5.5) at baseline and followed up with up to three annual visits. Participants were classified as being healthy, with MCI, or with dementia according to the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) and the SKT. Overall congruency between the ratings was 57.8%. The correlation between SKT and MMSE scores reached r = –0.67. Sensitivity and specificity for MCI and dementia were 0.89 and 0.60 as well as 0.83 and 0.84, respectively. The SKT detected cognitive decline at early stages but produced increased rates of false positives.
Incorporating 3-D Cloud Effects into Weather and Climate Models
Authors: Wheeling Kate
Published: August 2016

Researchers explain how a new radiative scheme can be incorporated into global weather and climate models to better capture the effect of clouds on climate.
Atomic scale imaging of competing polar states in a Ruddlesden–Popper layered oxide
Authors: Stone Greg , Ophus Colin , Birol Turan , Ciston Jim , Lee Che-Hui , Wang Ke , Fennie Craig J. , Schlom Darrell G. , Alem Nasim , Gopalan Venkatraman
Published: August 2016

Layered complex oxides offer an unusually rich materials platform for emergent phenomena through many built-in design knobs such as varied topologies, chemical ordering schemes and geometric tuning of the structure. A multitude of polar phases are predicted to compete in Ruddlesden–Popper (RP), An+1BnO3n+1, thin films by tuning layer dimension (n) and strain; however, direct atomic-scale evidence for such competing states is currently absent. Using aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy with sub-Ångstrom resolution in Srn+1TinO3n+1 thin films, we demonstrate the coexistence of antiferroelectric, ferroelectric and new ordered and low-symmetry phases. We also directly image the atomic rumpling of the rock salt layer, a critical feature in RP structures that is responsible for the competing phases; exceptional quantitative agreement between electron microscopy and density functional theory is demonstrated. The study shows that layered topologies can enable multifunctionality through highly competitive phases exhibiting diverse phenomena in a single structure.
Prediction and validation of protein intermediate states from structurally rich ensembles and coarse-grained simulations
Authors: Orellana Laura , Yoluk Ozge , Carrillo Oliver , Orozco Modesto , Lindahl Erik
Published: August 2016

Protein conformational changes are at the heart of cell functions, from signalling to ion transport. However, the transient nature of the intermediates along transition pathways hampers their experimental detection, making the underlying mechanisms elusive. Here we retrieve dynamic information on the actual transition routes from principal component analysis (PCA) of structurally-rich ensembles and, in combination with coarse-grained simulations, explore the conformational landscapes of five well-studied proteins. Modelling them as elastic networks in a hybrid elastic-network Brownian dynamics simulation (eBDIMS), we generate trajectories connecting stable end-states that spontaneously sample the crystallographic motions, predicting the structures of known intermediates along the paths. We also show that the explored non-linear routes can delimit the lowest energy passages between end-states sampled by atomistic molecular dynamics. The integrative methodology presented here provides a powerful framework to extract and expand dynamic pathway information from the Protein Data Bank, as well as to validate sampling methods in general.
Centromere and kinetochore gene misexpression predicts cancer patient survival and response to radiotherapy and chemotherapy
Authors: Zhang Weiguo , Mao Jian-Hua , Zhu Wei , Jain Anshu K. , Liu Ke , Brown James B. , Karpen Gary H.
Published: August 2016

Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a hallmark of cancer that contributes to tumour heterogeneity and other malignant properties. Aberrant centromere and kinetochore function causes CIN through chromosome missegregation, leading to aneuploidy, rearrangements and micronucleus formation. Here we develop a Centromere and kinetochore gene Expression Score (CES) signature that quantifies the centromere and kinetochore gene misexpression in cancers. High CES values correlate with increased levels of genomic instability and several specific adverse tumour properties, and prognosticate poor patient survival for breast and lung cancers, especially early-stage tumours. They also signify high levels of genomic instability that sensitize cancer cells to additional genotoxicity. Thus, the CES signature forecasts patient response to adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Our results demonstrate the prognostic and predictive power of the CES, suggest a role for centromere misregulation in cancer progression, and support the idea that tumours with extremely high CIN are less tolerant to specific genotoxic therapies.
Electron-flux infrared response to varying π-bond topology in charged aromatic monomers
Authors: Álvaro Galué Héctor , Oomens Jos , Buma Wybren Jan , Redlich Britta
Published: August 2016

The interaction of delocalized π-electrons with molecular vibrations is key to charge transport processes in π-conjugated organic materials based on aromatic monomers. Yet the role that specific aromatic motifs play on charge transfer is poorly understood. Here we show that the molecular edge topology in charged catacondensed aromatic hydrocarbons influences the Herzberg-Teller coupling of π-electrons with molecular vibrations. To this end, we probe the radical cations of picene and pentacene with benchmark armchair- and zigzag-edges using infrared multiple-photon dissociation action spectroscopy and interpret the recorded spectra via quantum-chemical calculations. We demonstrate that infrared bands preserve information on the dipolar π-electron-flux mode enhancement, which is governed by the dynamical evolution of vibronically mixed and correlated one-electron configuration states. Our results reveal that in picene a stronger charge π-flux is generated than in pentacene, which could justify the differences of electronic properties of armchair- versus zigzag-type families of technologically relevant organic molecules.
Apparent competition drives community-wide parasitism rates and changes in host abundance across ecosystem boundaries
Authors: Frost Carol M. , Peralta Guadalupe , Rand Tatyana A. , Didham Raphael K. , Varsani Arvind , Tylianakis Jason M.
Published: August 2016

Species have strong indirect effects on others, and predicting these effects is a central challenge in ecology. Prey species sharing an enemy (predator or parasitoid) can be linked by apparent competition, but it is unknown whether this process is strong enough to be a community-wide structuring mechanism that could be used to predict future states of diverse food webs. Whether species abundances are spatially coupled by enemy movement across different habitats is also untested. Here, using a field experiment, we show that predicted apparent competitive effects between species, mediated via shared parasitoids, can significantly explain future parasitism rates and herbivore abundances. These predictions are successful even across edges between natural and managed forests, following experimental reduction of herbivore densities by aerial spraying of insecticide over 20 hectares. This result shows that trophic indirect effects propagate across networks and habitats in important, predictable ways, with implications for landscape planning, invasion biology and biological control.