bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermal Management Materials and Strategies for Photothermal Catalysis
Authors: Liu Shengkun , Gao Chao , Xiong Yujie
Published: February 2025

As an innovative approach to the utilization of solar energy, photothermal catalysis is based on the principle of generating localized high temperature at the site of light‐absorbing materials, which then drive subsequent catalytic reactions. This process has significant implications for alleviating energy shortages and protecting the environment. Thus far, considerable attention has been devoted to the development of catalytic materials, while the heat transfer process throughout the entire material system receives comparatively little consideration. However, the heat transfer process plays a pivotal role in regulating the photothermal temperature, and its behavior can be further effectively manipulated through the implementation of advanced thermal management materials. In this perspective, the fundamental principles of photothermal catalysis are elucidated, with particular emphasis on the pathways of heat dissipation process. Subsequently, the recent research progress of thermal management materials and strategies in increasing photothermal temperature is summarized from the aspects of conduction, convection, and radiation. Finally, the obstacles and challenges encountered throughout the ongoing research are discussed, and further efforts are proposed for designing high‐performance photothermal catalytic systems by thermal management. This perspective is expected to provide guidance for the application of thermal management materials and strategies in photothermal catalysis.
Challenges and Strategies for Multi‐Electron Reactions in High‐Energy Phosphate‐Based Cathodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyin , Lian Bin , Shen Hujun , Cheng Shaoan , Li Fujun
Published: February 2025

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have been considered as promising candidates for large‐scale energy storage systems and low‐speed electric vehicles due to abundant sodium resources and low cost. Phosphate‐based cathodes stand out for their high voltages, structural stability, superior safety, etc. However, their large molecular weight limits the overall capacity, compromising the energy density for practical applications. Recent advancements in multi‐electron reactions based on transition metal (TM) ions provide a promising pathway to achieve both high energy density and stability. This review discusses the fundamental principles behind the multi‐electron reactions of phosphate‐based cathodes from the perspectives of electrochemistry and materials science. The key factors, such as the conservation of matter and charge, thermodynamic, and kinetic feasibility, are addressed for activating and regulating the multi‐electron reactions, aiming for a high capacity exceeding 170 mAh g−1. The current progress in NASICON‐type phosphate cathodes is summarized, and the challenges associated with pyrophosphate and mixed phosphate cathodes are analyzed for multi‐electron reactions. Finally, the perspectives on the future development of high‐energy phosphate‐based cathodes are provided.
Mom and Baby Wellness with a Smart Lactation Pad: A Wearable Sensor‐Embedded Lactation Pad for on‐Body Quantification of Glucose in Breast Milk
Authors: Al‐Shami Abdulrahman , Ma Haozheng , Banks Melissa , Amirghasemi Farbod , Mohamed Mona A , Soleimani Ali , Khazaee Nejad Sina , Ong Victor , Tasso Alessandro , Berkmen Alara , Mousavi Maral P. S.
Published: February 2025

Wearable sensors are transforming healthcare by facilitating rapid, non‐invasive, on‐body biochemical analysis in biofluids such as sweat, tears, saliva, and blood, providing real‐time insights into health conditions. Despite extensive academic and industrial efforts in developing wearable devices, very few are tailored to meet women's health needs. None are specifically designed for measurements in human breast milk. Beyond being the optimal source of infant nutrition, milk serves as a rich biofluid containing potential biomarkers reflecting a mother's health as well. Analyzing the composition of milk offers valuable information for the health of the infant, and the mother. This work pioneers a wearable sensor embedded in a lactation pad for on‐body sampling of breast milk and continuous analysis of glucose levels in breast milk. Lactation pads are worn by most lactating individuals to absorb milk leakage during the day, and keep the cloth dry. In this work, by integrating microfluidic channels and electrochemical sensors in the lactation pad, milk sampling and analysis becomes part of an existing daily routine for the mother, posing no additional burden for milk sampling and analysis. The electrochemical sensors are developed using laser‐induced carbonization of polyimide thin films, allowing for development of flexible, low‐cost, and high‐surface area electrodes. Glucose sensing is done via an enzymatic membrane composed of glucose oxidase, glutaraldehyde, bovine serum albumin, and Nafion to achieve enhanced enzyme protection and extended biosensor shelf life and operation in milk. Notably, the wearable device demonstrates high accuracy (96.8 to 104.1%) in measurement of glucose in whole undiluted human milk, collected 1st, 6th, and 12th months postpartum. This innovative smart lactation pad empowers mothers to track their babies' glucose intake and potentially identify early signs of health concerns.
Photoactive Polymer‐Silicon Heterostructures for Terahertz Spatial Light Modulation and Video‐Rate Single‐Pixel Compressive Imaging
Authors: Liang Jiaxuan , Zhang Jiaqi , Wang Zhihao , Wang Ruiyin , Yao Zhibo , Singh Ranjan , Tian Zhen , Zhang Weili
Published: February 2025

Terahertz (THz) waves, known for their low photon energy and unique spectral fingerprints, have broad applications in non‐destructive testing, biomedicine, and other fields. However, traditional THz imaging techniques are constrained by their long wavelength and slow imaging speeds due to raster scanning. Single‐pixel imaging offers a high‐throughput, high‐resolution alternative, yet the performance of THz spatial light modulators (SLMs) remains limited by the trade‐off between modulation depth and rate. Here, a polymer‐silicon heterostructure is proposed as a THz SLM using continuous‐wave (CW) optical illumination. The organic‐semiconductor interface promotes photo‐generated carrier accumulation, while the thickness of the silicon substrate influences the whole effective carrier lifetime. The design enables a THz SLM with both high modulation depth and fast modulation rate, ideal for THz single‐pixel imaging. A video‐rate single‐pixel super‐resolution imaging is demonstrated with a CW THz source. The dependence of imaging quality on the pump power and the switch rate of digital micromirror devices is investigated, which demonstrates that the imaging speed and imaging contrast are not limited by the carrier lifetime of silicon, rather than other hardware devices. In addition, the water content in a micro‐fluidic chip is tracked, highlighting the potential in bioanalysis and biomedical applications.
A Universal Strategy to Increase the Mechanical Performance of Polymer‐Inorganic Composites by Sub‐1 nm Hetero‐Nanowires
Authors: Ge Huaiyun , Zhang Fenghua , Hao Zhimin , Liu Junli , Zhang Yu , Wang Xun
Published: February 2025

Sub‐1 nm nanowires (SNWs) with diameter near that of a single polymer chain can perform polymer‐like properties, which provides better compatibility for the combination of SNWs with polymers to further improve their mechanical performances. Here, the Ce2O3‐phosphomolybdic acid SNWs (CS) are synthesized with flexible and viscous properties. Based on the special polymer‐like properties, a universal method is developed to fabricate polymer‐inorganic composite films by simply mixing CS with various kinds of polymers (including polyimide (PI), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyoxyethylene (PEO) and polystyrene (PS)), respectively. The tensile strength and elongation of these films are significantly improved simultaneously while their optical properties remain unchanged. The tensile strength increases by 136% (CS‐PI film), 280% (CS‐PVP film), 256% (CS‐PEO film), 128% (CS‐PS film) compared with pure polymer films, and the elongation can reach up to 55 ± 5% (CS‐PI film), 9 ± 2% (CS‐PVP film), 215 ± 5% (CS‐PEO film) and 17 ± 2% (CS‐PS film), respectively. Meanwhile, the CS can further functionalize the final composites due to their designable inorganic components, and as a demonstration the CS‐PI film is used as a separator in Zn||Zn symmetric cells, which can last for 430 h, almost three times longer than that of commercial glass fiber.
Regulating the Mott–Hubbard Splitting for High‐Performance Co‐Free Li‐Rich Mn‐Based Oxide Cathode
Authors: Wang Tianyu , Wang Ruoyu , Zhang Jicheng , Zhao Guangxue , Yin Wen , Zhang Nian , Zheng Lirong , Liu Xiangfeng
Published: February 2025

Co‐free Li‐rich Mn‐based layered oxides attract great attention as next‐generation cathodes due to high specific capacity and low cost. However, their practical applications are hindered by the structural damage and poor cycling stability caused by the irreversible oxygen anion redox (OAR). Herein, a distinct strategy for regulating Mott–Hubbard splitting to address the detrimental issues is proposed. Introducing cations with specific electronic properties into the Li layer and transition metal (TM) layer decreases the Mott–Hubbard splitting energy (U) of TM cations, which promotes the electron removal and optimizes the band structure. This causes the antibonding band (M─O)* to rise and reduces its overlap with O2p band, thereby simultaneously enhancing the redox activity of TMs and the reversibility of OAR. The specific capacity, rate capability, and capacity retention are all significantly improved (255 mAh g−1 vs 223 mAh g−1 at 0.1C;197 mAh g−1 vs168 mAh g−1 at 1C;147 mAh g−1 vs115 mAh g−1 at 5 C; 93.2% vs 75.5% at 1C after 400 cycles). The oxygen release and voltage decay are also mitigated (92.4% vs 85.6% at 1C after 400 cycles). Moreover, a quantitative method to estimate U value is established for the first time. These findings provide insights into the intrinsic interaction mechanism of anions and cations redox and provide guidance for designing high‐performance cathodes.
Ionic Composite Nanofiber Membrane‐Based Ultra‐Sensitive and Anti‐Interference Flexible Pressure Sensors for Intelligent Sign Language Recognition
Authors: Zhou Yue , Guo Shuai , Zhou Yun , Zhao Liupeng , Wang Tianshuang , Yan Xu , Liu Fangmeng , Ravi Sai Kishore , Sun Peng , Tan Swee Ching , Lu Geyu
Published: February 2025

The escalating population affected by deafness and hearing loss demands solutions to revolutionize traditional sign language recognition based on interpreters. The emergence of wearable sensors could provide a promising alternative but suffer from poor mechanical stability, external signal inferences, less sensitivity, and signal hysteresis. Herein, an ultrasensitive and anti‐interference flexible ionic composite nanofiber membranes (ICNM) based pressure sensor is developed through precisely manipulating polymer‐blending interactions, where ionic liquid and silver nanowire additives are well anchored on thermoplastic polyurethane polymer scaffolds without leakage via unique hydrogen bond networks, leading to a substantial areal capacitance of 20 µF cm−2, and effectively mitigating external noise. The ICNM‐based sensor showcases high sensitivity (57.2 kPa−1), ultralow detection limit (≈1.2 Pa), fast response time (15 ms), expansive detection range (1.2 Pa –220 kPa), and exceptional stability for over 10 000 continuous compression and recovery cycles, showing great promise for capturing subtle facial expressions, large joint movements, and high‐frequency (≈25.5 Hz) pressure sensing in a high accuracy and resolution. Together with advanced machine learning algorithms, an intelligent sign language recognition glove achieves 96.8% accuracy for 24 letters within 0.1 s, ushering in a new era for ultrasensitive pressure sensors and significantly contributing to next‐generation intelligent sign language recognition systems.
Effect of Strain Rate on Phase Transition and Microstructural Evolution in Ferroelectric PMN‐PT Single Crystals Through Nanoindentation
Authors: Man Guian , Jiang Yixuan , Wang Xingzhe
Published: February 2025

Controlling domain switching and phase transitions in ferroelectric materials under external fields is crucial for advanced device applications. However, the mechanism and kinetics governing mechanically induced phase transitions in relaxor ferroelectric Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3‐PbTiO3 remain some unclear understanding, especially under variable strain rates. To investigate this, localized mechanical stress is applied using nanoindentation to PMN‐PT single crystals. With the aid of Raman spectroscopy and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, irreversible phase transition pathways from the Rhombohedral to Tetragonal phase (R→T) are identified. The variation is also observed in the phase transition behavior with the strain rate during nanoindentation. Interestingly, the coexistence of the R and T phases within the indentation region suggests that an uneven force application via nanoindentation can induce morphotropic phase boundaries (MPBs). Further assessments of the phase‐transformation dynamics are conducted using the phase‐field method, which simulated the domain evolution process in PMN‐PT under various indentation strain rates. These findings provide new insights into how mechanical forces can modulate the microstructural evolution within relaxor ferroelectric materials, enhancing the understanding of this fascinating phenomenon.
Efficient Modulation d/p‐Band Center Proximity in Birnessite‐Type MnO2 by Cation/Anion Co‐Doping for Enhanced Dual‐Ion Storage
Authors: Xu Yuhui , Zhang Gaini , Wang Xiaoxue , Zhang Jianhua , Wen Haocheng , Wang Dongniu , Yuan Yitong , Jiang Qinting , Qian Huaming , Xi Yukun , Zuo Jiaxuan , Li Ming , Liu Jihu , Yang Huijuan , Luo Yangyang , Wang Jingjing , Li Wenbin , Li Xifei
Published: February 2025

The wide band gap of δ‐MnO2 and the restricted regulation of the p‐band center (p) of active oxygen atoms hinder electron conduction and ion diffusion during zinc storage. Heteroatom doping has proven effective in improving zinc storage. However, the regulation of p solely through cation doping is comparatively constrained. Herein, a cation/anion co‐doping strategy is proposed to simultaneously adjust the p of oxygen and the d‐band center (d) of Mn by establishing Mn–O–Ca and Mn─N bonds in Ca/N co‐doped δ‐MnO2 (Ca/N‐MnO2). This co‐doping effect induces a shift in the predominant stretching vibration mode of Mn─O bonds in [MnO6] octahedra, resulting in a decreased d/p‐band center proximity (Δd‐p) of 1.688 eV (1.750 eV for δ‐MnO2). Consequently, both adsorption capacity and adsorption/desorption rates of Zn2+/H+ ions are enhanced. Theoretical calculations further reveal that co‐doping significantly triggers the optimization of the band gap, migration energy barrier, and adsorption energy. As a result, Ca/N‐MnO2 achieves a remarkable reversible capacity of 192.7 mAh g−1 at 1.0 A g−1 after 200 cycles and exceptional rate performance. Furthermore, the energy enhancement mechanisms are thoroughly elucidated. This synergistic d/p‐band center regulation strategy offers significant potential for efficient energy storage applications.
Hierarchically Structured Hydrogels for Rapid Solar Vapor Generation With Super Resistance to Salt
Authors: Wang Bin , Cheng Huhu , Zhu Hui , Qu Liangti
Published: February 2025

Solar water evaporation is a promising technology for producing clean water from seawater and wastewater. However, the challenge of balancing high evaporation performance and long‐term salt resistance has hindered the widespread application of evaporators. Herein, a dual‐network hydrogel (DNH) featuring a hierarchical structure with alternating pore sizes is introduced. This innovative design optimizes the continuous supply of water to the evaporation surface while improving light absorption. By fine‐tuning the amide groups within the hydrogel network, the state of water, leading to efficient water activation and a significant reduction in evaporation enthalpy is altered. As a result, the DNH achieves an evaporation rate of 4.0 kg m−2 h−1 under one sun. During the solar desalination process, the enhanced convection‐diffusion reflux facilitated by the hierarchical structure endows the DNH with exceptional salt resistance. Remarkably, even after 12 h of continuous evaporation in artificial seawater with 25 wt% salinity, the DNH maintains the same evaporation rate as pure water. This remarkable performance significantly expands its potential applications, positioning the DNH as a transformative solution in the quest for sustainable water resources.
A Metal‐Free Carbonaceous Material for Highly Efficient and Robust Electrochemical Biomass Valorization
Authors: Wang Changlong , Zhao Ziyi , Cao Weijin , Peng Yujie , Song Minwei , Wu Yufeng
Published: February 2025

2,5‐Furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) synthesis holds significant importance for both bio‐polymer production and emerging sustainable bio‐based alternatives for environmental and energy applications. Here, a metal‐free carbonaceous material—that is, biomass substrate 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural‐derived graphene‐like nitrogen doped porous carbon sheet (GNPCH)—and its application as a new catalyst for electrochemical FDCA synthesis is presented. The study scrutinized the catalytic principles, demonstrated the surprising robustness, and explored the origin of the high efficiency of GNPCH catalyzed electro‐synthesis of FDCA. Initially, facial pyrolysis of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural and urea forms ultrathin GNPCH with rich micropores and defects. By employing GNPCH‐900 catalyst, stable, continuous operation of >400 h with both FDCA yields and Faraday efficiencies >90% is achieved; those values not only represent the best metal‐free catalyst and that are comparable to those of the state‐of‐the‐art metal‐based counterparts, but also showcase one of the longest‐running electrochemical FDCA synthesis reactions. A series of electrochemical measurements, in situ characterization, and density functional theory calculations indicate that the origin of the high efficiency is mainly from the pyridinic‐N‐related active sites and clarify the reaction pathway. These findings suggest that the GNPCH catalyst will be a potential alternative to the metal‐based catalysts in electrochemical biomass valorization.
Cryo‐Shocked Tumor‐Reprogrammed Sonosensitive Antigen‐Presenting Cells Improving Sonoimmunotherapy via T Cells and NK Cells Immunity
Authors: Qian Xindi , Yi Wenzhe , Yan Wenlu , Cai Ying , Hu Shuangshuang , Yan Dan , Zhao Zhiwen , Li Rongzhang , Wang Liying , Xu Huixiong , Li Yaping
Published: February 2025

Ultrasound therapy has turned up as a noninvasive multifunctional tool for cancer immunotherapy. However, the insufficient co‐stimulating molecules and loss of peptide‐major histocompatibility complex I (MHC‐I) expression on tumor cells lead to poor therapy of sonoimmunotherapies. Herein, this work develops a sonosensitive system to augment MHC‐I unrestricted natural killer (NK) cell‐mediated innate immunity and T cell‐mediated adaptive immunity by leveraging antigen presentation cell (APC)‐like tumor cells. Genetically engineered tumor cells featuring sufficient co‐stimulating molecules are cryo‐shocked and conjugated with a sonosensitizer, hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether, using click chemistry. These cells (DPNLs) exhibit characteristics of tumor and draining lymph node homing. Under ultrasound, NK cell‐mediated innate immunity within the tumor microenvironment could be activated, and T cells in the tumor‐draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) are stimulated through co‐stimulatory molecules. In combination with programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) antibody, DPNLs extend the survival time and inhibited lung metastasis in triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) models. This study provides an alternative approach for sonoimmunotherapy with precise sonosensitizer delivery and enhanced NK cell and T cell activation.
Waveguide Microactuators Self‐Rolled Around an Optical Fiber Taper
Authors: Zong Yang , Xi Minjie , Wang Yunqi , Zeng Guohonghao , Hu Dongliang , Hu Huihui , Hou Xiaoqi , Nan Kewang , Chen Xiangzhong , Xu Fan , Schmidt Oliver G. , Mei Yongfeng , Cui Jizhai
Published: February 2025

Precisely capturing and manipulating microscale objects, such as individual cells and microorganisms, is fundamental to advancements in biomedical research and microrobotics. Photoactuators based on optical fibers serving as flexible, unobstructed waveguides are well‐suited for these operations, particularly in confined locations where free‐space illumination is impractical. However, integrating optical fibers with microscale actuators poses significant challenges due to size mismatch, resulting in slow responses inadequate for handling motile micro‐objects. This study designs microactuators based on hydrogel/Au bilayer heterostructures that self‐roll around a tapered optical fiber. This self‐rolling mechanism enables the use of thin hydrogel layers only a few micrometers thick, which rapidly absorb and release water molecules during a phase transition. The resulting microactuators exhibit low bending stiffness and extremely fast responses, achieving large bending angles exceeding 800° within 0.55 s. Using this technique, this study successfully captures rapidly swimming Chlamydomonas and Paramecium, and demonstrates programmable non‐reciprocal motion for effective non‐contact manipulation of yeast cells. This approach provides a versatile platform for microscale manipulations and holds promise for advanced biomedical applications.
DNA‐Capturing Manganese‐Coordinated Chitosan Microparticles Potentiate Radiotherapy via Activating the cGAS‐STING Pathway and Maintaining Tumor‐Infiltrating CD8+ T‐Cell Stemness
Authors: Zhang Shuai , Wang Chunjie , Zhu Yujie , Gao Juxin , Yan Yifan , Chen Minming , Yan Xiaoying , Liu Zhuang , Feng Liangzhu
Published: February 2025

The radiotherapy‐induced release of DNA fragments can stimulate the cyclic guanosine monophosphate‐adenosine monophosphate synthase‐stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS‐STING) pathway to prime antitumor immunity, but this pathway is expected to be less potent because of the inefficient cytosolic delivery of negatively charged DNA fragments. In this study, manganese‐coordinated chitosan (CS‐Mn) microparticles with selective DNA‐capturing capacity are concisely prepared via a coordination‐directed one‐pot synthesis process to potentiate the immunogenicity of radiotherapy. The obtained CS‐Mn microparticles that undergo rapid disassembly under physiological conditions can selectively bind with DNA to form positively charged DNA‐CS assemblies because of the strong electrostatic interaction between linear chitosan and DNA molecules. They thus enable efficient cytosolic delivery of DNA in the presence of serum to cooperate with Mn2+ to activate the cGAS‐STING pathway in dendritic cells. Upon intratumoral injection, the CS‐Mn microparticles markedly enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy against both irradiated and distal tumors in different tumor models via collectively promoting tumor‐infiltrating CD8+ T‐cell stemness and the activation of innate immunity. The radiosensitization effect of CS‐Mn microparticles can be further augmented by concurrently applying anti‐programmed cell death protein 1 (anti‐PD‐1) immunotherapy. This work highlights an ingenious strategy to prepare Trojan horse‐like DNA‐capturing microparticles as cGAS‐STING‐activating radiosensitizers for effective radioimmunotherapy.
Amorphous Ge/LiAlGePO Composite Anodes with a Multistacking Structure Developed via Co‐Sputtering for High‐Capacity Li+‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Fujikake Daiki , Omae Tomoki , Ikebe Yumiko , Uchida Giichiro
Published: February 2025

To realize Ge anodes for next‐generation, high‐capacity, long‐life Li+‐ion batteries, an amorphous LiAlGePO film is plasma‐sputtered as an oxide‐based Li solid electrolyte onto an active Li‐storage Ge material, where the LiAlGePO film suppresses capacity fading as a stable solid‐electrolyte interface layer. Multilayer anodes with LiAlGePO(top)/Ge(bottom) and LiAlGePO(top)/Ge‐LiAlGePO(bottom) structures show high discharge capacities of 799 and 810 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles at 0.16 A g−1 (0.1 C‐rate) and achieve high capacity retentions of 97.3% and 100%, respectively. A Ge‐LiAlGePO mixed anode also demonstrates a high discharge capacity of 1074 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles, with a capacity retention of 87.3%. The ionic conductivity of the amorphous LiAlGePO is improved by doping the film with N atoms; the Li0.69Al0.91Ge1.52P3O10.5N0.22 film shows a 1.6 times higher ionic conductivity (1.42 × 10−5 S cm−1) than the amorphous Li1.28Al1.35Ge2.38P3O14.1 without N. Among the investigated anodes, the Li0.69Al0.91Ge1.52P3O10.5N0.22(top)/Ge(bottom) anode with the highest ion‐conductivity layer at the top exhibits the highest capacity retention of 95.2% after a total of 120 cycles even when operated at high current densities of 0.1–2 C‐rate.
Wearable Capacitive Pressure Sensors Based on Porous Sponge Dielectric Materials for Gait Analysis and Identity Recognition
Authors: Song Yang , Liu Tongjie , Wang Feilu , Wu Lang , Wang Hao , Hu Renting
Published: February 2025

Gait often reveals valuable information about personal movements in daily life, and traditional gait monitoring often relies on inertial sensors, which are limited by high manufacturing costs, inconvenient operation, and complex analysis methods. This study proposes a simple and cost‐effective method to manufacture a wearable capacitive sensor, which can efficiently detect different gait signals. The sensor is made by a polyurethane sponge with deposited activated carbon (C@PU sponge) as the dielectric layer, and it has high sensitivity and pretty good stability. The sensor is further integrated into an insole for detecting and collecting signals of foot pressure during human movement. To overcome the limitations of traditional analysis methods, a convolutional neural network model based on residual networks is designed for detecting nine different human activities with a recognition accuracy of 98.15%. Furthermore, the residual network is optimized using a genetic algorithm, and the optimized model is able to effectively identify eight participants with a recognition accuracy of 98.75%. These results indicate that smart insoles based on wearable capacitive sensors show good application prospects in gait analysis and identity recognition, and are expected to be widely used in daily life in the future.
Mechanical Properties and Printable Curvature of Continuous Fiber Composites Fabricated by Embedded 3D Printing
Authors: Gracego Alston X. , Ding Yuchen , Dong Guoying , Dunn Martin L. , Yu Kai
Published: February 2025

The recently developed embedded printing technique enables composite fabrication by directing a laser beam onto the resin surface to cure it around continuous fiber bundles. This method allows for the production of composites with well‐aligned fibers, and minimal voids, and offers the ability to dynamically adjust matrix materials and control fiber volume fractions during printing. While previous studies have focused on proof‐of‐concept demonstrations, this study investigates the mechanical properties and printable curvatures along nonlinear pathways, both of which are essential for advancing 3D printing technologies for continuous fiber‐reinforced polymers (CFRPs). Uniaxial tensile tests are conducted to assess modulus, strength, and failure mechanisms, with different fiber volume fractions achieved by varying fiber thicknesses and filament spacing. To evaluate printability, circular filaments are printed at various speeds to determine the maximum printing curvature as a function of fiber volume fraction. The results enable the printing of continuous fibers with intricate patterns and composites featuring optimized printing pathways. Overall, this study deepens the understanding of the embedded printing process and offers valuable insights for further optimizing both the printing parameters and material selection. These findings can guide its future developments for broader applications in aerospace, automotive, construction, etc.
Triple‐mode Luminescence and Versatile Applications of 0D Manganese‐based Hybrid Halides
Authors: Wang Fu , Wang Kangkang , Zhao Qiyu , Tang Zuobin , Su Binbin , Du Jiaren , Liu Hu , Xie Huidong
Published: February 2025

Manganese‐based halides present promising applications in flexible devices in versatile scenarios due to their low toxicity, high quantum yield, facile synthesis, and compatibility with multiple excitation sources. Herein, two novel manganese‐based halides are synthesized, namely (CTP)2MnCl4 and (BTP)2MnCl4 (CTP = (2‐chlorobenzyl)triphenylphosphonium, BTP = benzyltriphenylphosphonium), utilizing a solvent evaporation method. High photoluminescence quantum yields are achieved, ≈98.5% and 88.4%, respectively. Upon mechanical stimulations, both materials exhibited intense green emission attributed to the recombination of electrons and holes. Effective force‐induced luminescence can be realized using a flexible, force‐responsive film derived from the two compounds. In addition, the (CTP)2MnCl4 and (BTP)2MnCl4 crystals exhibited remarkable X‐ray scintillation properties. Based on commercial CsI, Tl scintillator standards, the calculated light yields for (CTP)2MnCl4 and (BTP)2MnCl4 single crystals are ≈89 000 and 49 000 photons/MeV, respectively. A flexible scintillation film is fabricated with (CTP)2MnCl4 and polydimethylsiloxane. Furthermore, a light‐emitting fiber film with a large area of 20 cm × 25 cm is fabricated using (CTP)2MnCl4 and polymethyl methacrylate via an electrospinning method. The film is suitable for applications in emergency rescue, information recording, and emergency lighting. This research provides a new approach for synthesizing large‐sized, high‐performance luminescence materials with multiple excitation sources and their versatile applications.
A Variability‐Aware Behavioral Model of Monolayer MoS2 RRAM for Tunable Stochastic Sources
Authors: Peddaboina Lavanya , Agrawal Kartik , Kumar Piyush , Hegde Girija , Badami Oves , Bhattacharjee Shubhadeep
Published: February 2025

Stochastic switching in resistive random‐access memories (RRAMs), while presenting challenges in digital memory applications, can be leveraged beyond von Neumann's stochastic computing and hardware security applications. In this regard, it is crucial to identify and model RRAMs where microscopic stochastic events can enable sizeable and tunable variability in macroscopic device characteristics. In this regard, chalcogen vacancy‐mediated multifilamentary switching consisting of a multitude of hotspots in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDCs) RRAMs can be promising candidates for high‐quality, tunable stochastic sources. In this work, an efficient physics‐based model is developed to capture the behavior of stochastic switching in monolayer MoS2 RRAMs. The microscopic origin of stochasticity, arising from clusters of sulfur vacancies transforming into metallic hotspots, is modeled using the kinetic Monte Carlo method. The rate equations designed to capture the physics of abrupt SET and gradual RESET processes provide an excellent fit to experimental data, allowing to extract key material parameters. The calibrated macroscopic model is then employed to explore multiple non‐volatile resistance states in the gradual RESET process, area scalability trends and cycle‐to‐cycle C2C variability over 100k cycles. Furthermore, the statistical distribution of HRS and LRS variability is modeled and large tunability of the distribution is demonstrated using stop voltage in RESET. Finally, it is demonstrated that these devices are excellent candidates as bit stream generators for stochastic computing applications with accuracy values comparable to an ideal source. It is envisioned that the work will induce significant interest in the deployment of 2D materials‐based RRAMs for high‐quality tunable stochastic sources.
Recent Progress on Redox Materials for High‐Temperature Thermochemical Heat Storage
Authors: Carrillo Alfonso J. , Serra José Manuel
Published: February 2025

Thermal energy storage based on gas–solid reversible chemical reactions offers higher‐energy storage densities than commercially implemented sensible heat‐storage systems. Despite the promise, it is a much less mature technology, and several aspects still require further improvement. Among the wide variety of reversible thermochemical reactions that show potential for thermal energy storage, reduction–oxidation reactions of metal oxides are promising since air can be employed as reactant without the need of costly pressurized storage units. In this perspective, the fundamental aspects of metal oxides for redox thermochemical heat storage are explored, paying special attention to the latest developments that will assure high energy‐storage density and multicycle stability. The design of more efficient redox materials remains a key aspect in thermochemical heat storage; however, the development of high‐temperature reactors and their implementation in concentrated solar power plants also plays an important role in the advancement of this technology. All these interrelated elements together with techno‐economic assessments, a paramount tool in terms of materials choice, are also discussed.
Spin‐Selective Catalysts for Oxygen‐Involved Electrocatalysis
Authors: Li Haifan , Quan Quan , Wong Chun‐Yuen , Ho Johnny C.
Published: February 2025

The sluggish kinetics of oxygen‐involved electrolysis, such as oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), hinders the efficiency of the pertaining energy conversion process, which can be promoted by using spin‐selective materials to align the spin direction of oxygen‐involved intermediates. This review delivers a thorough and timely overview of state‐of‐the‐art spin‐selective catalysts for OER and ORR. Primarily, the fundamental principle of spin‐selective process is depicted by the spin‐sensitive reaction pathways, pointing out that the existence of spin‐polarized adsorption sites is necessary for the development of spin‐selective catalysts. Subsequently, approaches for investigating the spin‐related transition during electrocatalysis are introduced by reviewing in situ technologies and theoretical calculations. Then, the reported spin‐selective catalysts are categorized into intrinsic spin‐polarized materials, doping‐induced spin‐polarized materials, and multiple magnetic composites to discuss their application in electrocatalytic OER and ORR as well as their mechanism of spin polarization. Finally, the open questions and prospects in this field are concluded, aiming to offer a clear route for designing novel and highly‐efficient spin‐polarized materials for industrial oxygen‐involved electrocatalysis.
A Recent Progress on Upgrading of Furfural and Derivatives into Green Transport Fuels and Precursors via CC Coupling Reactions
Authors: Saluta Errol D. , Gebresillase Mahlet N. , Seo Jeong Gil
Published: February 2025

The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into fuel precursors offers a promising and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional fuel production, which often poses risks and contributes to carbon emissions. Furfural stands out in this context due to its high value and reactivity, presenting opportunities to enhance sustainable fuel production. With increasing demand for fuel precursors in aviation and road transportation, recent research has focused on CC coupling reactions, notably aldol condensation and hydroxyalkylation–alkylation (HAA), to transform furfural and 2‐methylfuran into fuel‐range alkanes. This review summarizes recent advancements in these reactions, particularly those involving furfural and 2‐methylfuran derived from furfural hydrogenation. By exploring the potential and limitations of these processes, this review aims to provide insights into their role in cleaner, more efficient fuel production. Additionally, as technology progresses, it is crucial to highlight emerging innovations in furfural and 2‐methylfuran coupling reactions, which could redefine energy production by offering cleaner and less energy‐intensive solutions. This review will discuss these technologies, paving the way for future research and development in the quest for sustainable energy alternatives.
Boosting CO2 photoreduction by creating electron mediator in carbon‐enriched poly(heptazine imide)
Authors: Li Weilin , Ma Rui , Liu Zheyang , Liu Zhehao , Zhou Min , Rhimi Baker , Ma Qiang , Jiang Zhifeng , Shi Weidong
Published: February 2025

The insufficient light absorption capacity and severe photogenerated carrier recombination limit the overall efficiency of photocatalysts. Herein, we designed carbon‐rich poly(heptazine imide) (PHI) by copolymerization of melamine and 2,4,6‐triamine‐pyrimidine with KCl/KI. This material has been demonstrated to markedly enhance the utilization rate of photons while simultaneously optimizing the charge efficiency of photogenerated electrons. The carbon‐rich PHI showed a higher CO₂ reduction efficiency than the PHI, with a CO generation rate reaching 46.6 μmol g−1 h−1. To overcome the obstacle of slow mass transfer, a flow reactor was designed in‐house. The CO yield on carbon‐rich PHI in the home‐built flow reactor was found to be as high as 153 μmol g−1 h−1, which is 3.3 times that observed in the batch reactor. The findings of the experimental study are in alignment with the results of the theoretical modeling, which was based on the finite volume analysis method.
Novel Quantitative Assessment Pipeline of Organoid Growth Dynamics Using Adapted Light Absorption and Surface Area Normalization Models
Authors: Yang Woojin , Blahusova Eva , McCoy Reece , Owens Róisín M. , Zilbauer Matthias
Published: February 2025

2D characterization of organoids by light microscopy with live cell imaging systems provides a powerful, rapid approach toward characterizing organoid growth patterns and behavior under different conditions with high temporal resolution. However, current conventional analysis methods display critical flaws in their approximations, including inaccurate assumptions of linear light absorption kinetics and inappropriate normalization of organoid darkness. Organoid darkness represents cellular shedding and debris accumulation in the lumen of organoids and is thus proportional to the surface area, rather than to a 2D organoid projection as is conventionally used. This novel model and image processing pipeline accounts for these shortcomings by incorporating logarithmic light absorption parameters, a noncumulative measure of darkness, and surface area‐normalized darkness values which yield accurate and highly reproducible representation of organoid growth kinetics.
The Co‐Incorporation of Zn/Cu or Zn/Co Ions Improves the Bone Regeneration Potential of PEOT/PBT–βTCP Composite 3D‐Printed Scaffolds
Authors: Nikody Martyna , Li Jiaping , Koper David , Balmayor Elizabeth R. , Habibovic Pamela , Moroni Lorenzo
Published: February 2025

Treatment of critical‐sized bone defects remains challenging despite bone's regenerative capacity. Herein, a combination of a biodegradable polymer possessing bone‐bonding properties with bioactive β‐tricalcium phosphate (βTCP) particles coated with osteogenic (Zinc) and angiogenic (copper or cobalt) ions has been proposed. βTCP was coated with zinc and copper (Zn/Cu) or zinc and cobalt (Zn/Co) using 15 mM (low) or 45 mM (high) metallic ion solutions. Composites were obtained by a combination of the βTCP with poly(ethylene oxide terephthalate)/poly(butylene terephthalate) (PEOT/PBT) copolymer in a 50:50 ratio. Composites were additively manufactured into 3D porous scaffolds and their osteogenic and angiogenic properties evaluated using a direct culture with human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) as well as an indirect coculture with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). We hypothesized that the combination of Zn/Cu or Zn/Co in the form of a coating of the βTCP particles would stimulate both osteogenic and angiogenic properties of PEOT/PBT‐βTCP scaffolds. In addition, we investigated whether the resulting biomaterials influenced the paracrine function of hMSCs. Zn/Cu or Zn/Co were successfully co‐incorporated into the ceramic without changing its chemistry. Scaffolds containing low concentrations of Zn/Co increased the expression of RUNX2, OCN, and OPN, while scaffolds with low concentrations of Zn/Cu enhanced the expression of ALPL. On the protein level, high Zn/Co concentrations elevated ALP and collagen production. Angiogenic properties improved with increased VEGFA expression by hMSCs and branching of tubules formed by HUVECs, particularly with low concentrations of Zn/Co. Scaffolds with high ion concentrations also increased cytokine and chemokine secretion, suggesting enhanced paracrine effects.
Green Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles Using Panchagavya: Nanomaterials for Antibacterial, Anticancer, and Environmental Applications
Authors: Muniasamy Samuthirapandi , Angelina Marissa , Ponmanickam Ponnirul , Al‐Ansari Mysoon M. , Mythili Antony , Dixit Saurav , Raguvaran Krishnan
Published: February 2025

This study explores the green synthesis of copper nanoparticles (Cu‐NPs) using Panchagavya, a traditional organic substance composed of five cow‐derived components, as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Cu‐NPs were characterized using UV–Vis, FT‐IR, XRD, SEM‐EDS, TEM, DLS, and zeta potential analysis, which revealed their size, shape, and elemental properties. They exhibited strong antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biofilm inhibition was observed at various concentrations, with 38.98% at ½ MIC, 67.48% at MIC, and 84.03% at 2× MIC. SEM analysis confirmed that Cu‐NPs disrupted the bacterial cell membrane, causing leakage of cellular contents. Antioxidant assays (DPPH, FRAP) revealed high scavenging activity, with percentages of 88.50% and 92.54%, respectively. Cu‐NPs showed anticancer activity on MCF7 cells, with an IC50 of 38.18 μg/mL. Additionally, Cu‐NPs significantly reduced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells in a dose‐dependent manner. The Cu‐NPs also exhibited larvicidal efficacy, with 99.12% mortality against Aedes aegypti and 95.26% against Culex quinquefasciatus, and LC50 values of 29.40 μg/mL and 93.55 μg/mL, respectively. Morphological changes in treated larvae included body shrinkage and degeneration of tracheal tube and ventral brush were noticed as compared to control. Histopathological examinations of Cu‐NP‐treated larvae showed several structural damages, including damage to gut epithelial cells, dissipation of the muscle layer, and loss of goblet cells. GC–MS analysis of Panchagavya revealed its potential for various biological applications. These findings highlight the eco‐friendly and multifunctional nature of Panchagavya‐mediated Cu‐NPs, demonstrating their potential for antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, and larvicidal applications, which could contribute to sustainable pest and disease management strategies.
Barriers Composed of tRNA Genes Can Complement the Benefits of a Ubiquitous Chromatin Opening Element to Enhance Transgene Expression
Authors: Sizer Rebecca E. , Ingram Richard M. , White Robert J.
Published: February 2025

Random integration of transgenes into host cell genomes often occurs in epigenetically unstable regions, leading to variable and unreliable transgene expression. To address this, biomanufacturing organizations frequently employ barrier elements, such as the widely‐used ubiquitous chromatin opening element (UCOE). We have compared UCOE barrier activity against a barrier provided by tRNA genes. We demonstrate that the tRNA genes provide a more effective barrier than a UCOE in preventing transgene silencing in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Nevertheless, the UCOE offers other benefits, increasing expression strongly, albeit transiently, and reducing production variability. Both the UCOE and tRNA genes counteract the repressive heterochromatin mark H3K9me3, but only the tRNA genes sustain euchromatic H3K27ac and recruitment of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) throughout long‐term culture. A hybrid combining these distinct types of elements can provide benefits of both, enhancing expression in a more enduring manner. This synthetic hybrid offers potential for biomanufacturing applications.
The Experimental Study of Double‐Layer Heterogeneous CA Scaffold in Promoting the Surface Shape Recovery and Internal Osteogenesis of Alveolar Bone
Authors: Ke Songxia , Sun Xiaohui , Qian Jing , Zhou Ziqing , Lin Minhong , He Baoying , Shen Renze , Ye Zhanchao
Published: February 2025

In this work, double‐layer heterogeneous CA scaffolds were designed for alveolar bone defects. The outer layer featured high hardness and slow degradation, and large pores and rapid degradation characterized the inner layer. The CA scaffold morphology was akin to bone defects, and its direct implantation reduced the operation time. A higher concentration of CA resulted in smaller pores and slower degradation. CA can promote the formation of mineralized nodules and the expression of genes related to mineralization without inducing cytotoxic effects. It also promoted the expression of cellular inflammatory factors, potentially through the TLR4 pathway. In vivo studies confirmed that CA did not promote the aggregation of inflammatory cells or the expression of inflammatory factors. In conclusion, the scaffold's characteristics of high surface hardness and slow degradation were beneficial for surface osteogenesis and maintaining the defect's shape and osteogenic space. Conversely, rapid internal degradation favors the formation of bone tissue.
Tuning the Efficiency of Iridium(III) Eomplexes for Energy Transfer (EnT) Eatalysis through Ligand Design
Authors: Lanzi Matteo , Ruggeri Davide , Hoch Matteo , Spataro Davide , Marchiò Luciano , Protti Stefano , Cauzzi Daniele Alessandro , Tegoni Matteo , Maestri Giovanni
Published: February 2025

Photoactive Iridium(III) complexes are a popular synthetic tool. The impact of ligand design on their photoredox properties has been widely studied, but similar approaches to develop more potent photosensitizers are still absent. We report herein the preparation, characterization and catalytic application of a new family of Iridium(III) complexes that proved superior to their widely‐used commercial peers. The best results were observed when naphthyl pendants were installed to the ligands, which could stabilize the triplet intermediates involved in energy‐transfer reactions via radical‐p dispersion interactions.
Guest molecules containing rich‐electron group incorporation into Zn‐based MOF for the enhancement of iodine uptake
Authors: Li Ting , Zhang Zilong , Su Qian , Chen Zilu , Hu Huan-Cheng
Published: February 2025

Radioactive iodine capture is a major concern for nuclear power generation and environmental protection. Many metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have been designed and synthesized to adsorb iodine from vapor or solution, but most of them exhibited unsatisfactory iodine uptake performance because of the insufficiency of adsorption sites. Herein, we chose 1‐vinyl‐3‐ethylimidazolium bromide (VIMB) and 1,2‐diaminocyclohexane (DACH) with rich‐electron group as guest molecules, respectively, and encapsulated them into a three‐dimensional Zn‐based MOF Zn‐BINOL with large 1D channel (BINOL = (R)‐2,2′‐diethoxy‐1,1′‐binaphthyl‐4,4′,6,6′‐tetrabenzoate), as a result, two efficient iodine adsorbents VIMB@Zn‐BINOL and DACH@Zn‐BINOL were obtained. The equilibrium iodine vapor adsorption amounts of them are 1448 and 1680 mg/g at 75 ºC, being about 2.1 and 2.4 times more than that of Zn‐BINOL, respectively. This work will provide more synthetic methods on design and preparation of iodine adsorbents with good adsorption capacity.