bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementing and Quantifying the Shape‐Memory Effect of Single Polymeric Micro/Nanowires with an Atomic Force Microscope
Authors: Fang Liang , Gould Oliver E. C. , Lysyakova Liudmila , Jiang Yi , Sauter Tilman , Frank Oliver , Becker Tino , Schossig Michael , Kratz Karl , Lendlein Andreas
Published: April 2018

The implementation of shape‐memory effects (SME) in polymeric micro‐ or nano‐objects currently relies on the application of indirect macroscopic manipulation techniques, for example, stretchable molds or phantoms, to ensembles of small objects. Here, we introduce a method capable of the controlled manipulation and SME quantification of individual micro‐ and nano‐objects in analogy to macroscopic thermomechanical test procedures. An atomic force microscope was utilized to address individual electro‐spun poly(ether urethane) (PEU) micro‐ or nanowires freely suspended between two micropillars on a micro‐structured silicon substrate. In this way, programming strains of 10±1% or 21±1% were realized, which could be successfully fixed. An almost complete restoration of the original free‐suspended shape during heating confirmed the excellent shape‐memory performance of the PEU wires. Apparent recovery stresses of σmax,app=1.2±0.1 and 33.3±0.1 MPa were obtained for a single microwire and nanowire, respectively. The universal AFM test platform described here enables the implementation and quantification of a thermomechanically induced function for individual polymeric micro‐ and nanosystems.
Multi‐Scale Responses of Liquid Crystals Triggered by Interfacial Assemblies of Cleavable Homopolymers
Authors: Kim Young‐Ki , Huang Yuran , Tsuei Michael , Wang Xin , Gianneschi Nathan C. , Abbott Nicholas L.
Published: April 2018

Liquid crystals (LCs) offer the basis of stimuli‐responsive materials that can amplify targeted molecular events into macroscopic outputs. However, general and versatile design principles are needed to realize the full potential of these materials. To this end, we report the synthesis of two homopolymers with mesogenic side chains that can be cleaved upon exposure to either H2O2(polymerP1) or UV light (polymerP2). Optical measurements reveal that the polymers dissolve in bulk LC and spontaneously assemble at nematic LC‐aqueous interfaces to impose a perpendicular orientation on the LCs. Subsequent addition of H2O2to the aqueous phase or exposure of the LC to UV was shown to trigger a surface‐driven ordering transition to a planar orientation and an accompanying macroscopic optical output. Differences in the dynamics of the response to each stimulus are consistent with sequential processing ofP1at the LC‐aqueous interface (H2O2) and simultaneous transformation ofP2within the LC (UV). The versatility of the approach is demonstrated by creating stimuli‐responsive LCs as films or microdroplets, and by dissolving mixtures ofP1andP2into LCs to create LC materials that respond to two stimuli. Overall, our results validate a simple and generalizable approach to the rational design of polymers that can be used to program stimuli‐responsiveness into LC materials.
Homo‐ and Heterodinuclear Iron Clathrochelate Complexes with Functional Groups in the Ligand Periphery
Authors: Bila José L. , Marmier Mathieu , Zhurov Konstantin O. , Scopelliti Rosario , Živković Ivica , Rønnow Henrik M. , Shaik Noore E. , Sienkiewicz Andrzej , Fink Cornel , Severin Kay
Published: April 2018

Dinuclear iron clathrochelate complexes were prepared by metal‐templated condensation reactions of 4‐pyridylboronic acid and phenol dioximes in the presence of FeIII and/or FeII salts. The complexes are accessible in two distinct redox states, featuring either two FeII centers or a mixed‐valence FeII/FeIII state. It is possible to reversibly switch between the two forms by chemical oxidation/reduction or electrochemically. A heterometallic ZnII/FeIII clathrochelate was obtained by using a mixture of zinc and iron salts. All complexes feature terminal pyridyl groups, which makes them interesting building blocks for metallosupramolecular chemistry. Metal ion exchange reactions indicate that the iron clathrochelate complexes are thermodynamically more stable than the analogous zinc and cobalt complexes. The high stability allowed to prepare a clathrochelate polymer by palladium‐catalyzed polycross‐coupling of a polybrominated clathrochelate complex with 1,4‐benzenediboronic acid. The polymer network displays permanent porosity with an apparent Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area of SABET = 510 m2 g–1. The polymer is thermally stable and not susceptible to hydrolytic degradation.
Single‐Crystal to Single‐Crystal Transformations and Magnetic Properties of a Series of “Butterfly” NiII2LnIII2 Compounds: SMM Behavior of the Dysprosium(III) Analogue
Authors: Mandal Shuvankar , Ghosh Sagar , Takahashi Daisuke , Christou George , Mohanta Sasankasekhar
Published: April 2018

This investigation reports syntheses, crystal structures, and magnetic properties of a series of “butterfly” NiII2LnIII2 compounds of compositions [NiII2LnIII2L4(NO3)2(MeOH)2] (1, Ln = Gd; 2, Ln = Tb; 3, Ln = Dy; 4, Ln = Ho; 5, Ln = Er) and [NiII2LnIII2L4(NO3)2(H2O)2]·2H2O (1A, Ln = Gd; 2A, Ln = Tb; 3A, Ln = Dy; 4A, Ln = Ho; 5A, Ln = Er), where H2L is the Schiff base ligand, obtained on [1+1] condensation of 3‐ethoxysalicylaldehyde and 2‐aminophenol. The five compounds 1A–5A are formed as a result of single‐crystal to single‐crystal transformations (SC–SC) of the five compounds 1–5. The dc and ac magnetic measurements carried out for the five stable compounds 1A–5A reveal the following: (i) overall ferromagnetic interaction exists in all of the NiII2LnIII2 compounds 1A–5A; (ii) both NiII···NiII and NiII···GdIII interactions in the GdIII analogue 1A are ferromagnetic, with J values of 1.83(0.08) cm–1 and 0.285(0.002) cm–1, respectively; and (iii) only the DyIII analogue 3A exhibits single‐molecule magnet (SMM) properties, with an energy barrier (Ueff) of 25 cm–1 and a relaxation time (τ0) of 8 × 10–8 s. Comparison of the structures and properties of the compounds in the present investigation with those of analogous systems derived from a related ligand reveals remarkable differences.
Conducting Polymer/Ionic Liquid Composite Modified Carbon Paste Electrode for the Determination of Carbaryl in Real Samples
Authors: Salih Fatima Ezzahra , Oularbi Larbi , Halim El , Elbasri Miloud , Ouarzane Aicha , El Rhazi Mama
Published: April 2018

A new method has been described for carbaryl determination using a simple electrochemical sensor. The unique properties of poly‐pPhenylenediamine and ionic liquid were exploited to fabricate carbon paste electrode modified with composite based on conducting polymer/ionic liquid. Electrode surface characterization was performed by electrochemical methods (cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) and by scanning electron microscopy. Differential pulse voltammetry was employed for the detection of carbaryl in acetate buffer solution. Different parameters affecting the carbaryl response were optimized such as ionic liquid amounts, cycle number of polymerization and monomer concentration, pH, and accumulation time. Under the optimum experimental conditions, a linear response was obtained between 0.5 and 200 μmol/L, with detection limit of 0.09 μmol/L. The developed sensor offered satisfactory results for carbaryl detection in spring water and fruit samples.
Microchip electrophoresis separation of a panel of preterm birth biomarkers
Authors: Nielsen Anna V. , Nielsen Jacob B. , Sonker Mukul , Knob Radim , Sahore Vishal , Woolley Adam T.
Published: April 2018

Preterm birth (PTB) is responsible for over one million infant deaths annually worldwide. Often, the first and only indication of PTB risk is the onset of early labor. Thus, there is an urgent need for an early PTB risk diagnostic that is inexpensive, reliable, and robust. Here, we describe the development of a microchip electrophoresis (μCE) method for separating a mixture of six PTB protein and peptide biomarkers present in maternal blood serum. μCE devices were photografted with a poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate surface coating to regulate EOF and reduce nonspecific analyte adsorption. Separation conditions including buffer pH, buffer concentration, and applied electric field were varied to improve biomarker peak resolution while minimizing deleterious effects like Joule heating. In this way, it was possible to separate six PTB biomarkers, the first μCE separation of this biomarker panel. LODs were also measured for each of the six PTB biomarkers. In the future, this μCE separation can be integrated with upstream maternal blood serum sample preparation steps to yield a complete PTB risk diagnosis microdevice.
An enhanced bioindicator for calorimetric monitoring of prophage‐activating chemicals in the trace concentration range
Authors: Xu Juan , Jiang Feng‐Lei , Liu Yi , Kiesel Bärbel , Maskow Thomas
Published: April 2018

Viruses that infect bacteria (bacteriophages) can either lyse bacteria directly or integrate their genome into the bacterial genome. In the latter case, the viral genome (called prophage) remains dormant, and both phages and bacteria are able to survive in this state. But the silent prophages can be reactivated by, e.g., chemicals, accompanied by the release of substantial quantities of phage particles that further infect other phage‐sensitive bacteria, thus harming ecosystems or technical systems by way of a viral bloom. Recently, a calorimetric method was developed to monitor the prophage‐activating properties of chemicals. The method evaluates the difference in the metabolic heat of the Escherichia coli bioindicator with (λ+) and without (λ−) lambda prophages under the influence of the test substances. Simulations and experiments clearly demonstrate that the sensitivity of the test can be significantly improved, when a customized mixture of λ+ and λ− E. coli strains is used for enhanced bioindication. Hence, the new method mirrors a common situation in nature, where bacteria with and without prophages coexist. In summary, a monitoring method is suggested that provides quick results (after few hours) and offers both the option for automation with low workload (requires only a few minutes) and usage of commercially available instruments.
Does your school need a chief innovation officer?
Authors: Dennis Marguerite J.
Published: April 2018

In their book The Innovative University, published in 2011, Clayton M. Christensen and Henry J. Eyring define the “theory of disruptive innovation.” The authors maintain that although the traditional university is indispensable, technology and innovation are disrupting the status quo.
Suppressing the Voltage Decay and Enhancing the Electrochemical Performance of Li1.2Mn0.54Co0.13Ni0.13O2 by Multifunctional Nb2O5 Coating
Authors: Pan Wei , Peng Wenjie , Yan Guochun , Guo Huajun , Wang Zhixing , Li Xinhai , Gui Weihua , Wang Jiexi , Chen Ning
Published: April 2018

This study focuses on suppressing the voltage decay and improving the electrochemical performance of Li‐rich and manganese‐based (LRM) material by Nb2O5 coating, which is realized by an effective soft‐chemical route using a mixture of ethanol and water as co‐solvent. After Nb2O5 coating, the resulted material demonstrates superior electrochemical performance as cathode material for LIBs. Particularly, it shows an excellent capacity retention of 98 % after 200 cycles at 1 C (1 C=250 mA g−1). Voltage decay within cycling is also obviously suppressed by Nb2O5 coating. Moreover, it exhibits superior rate capacities, delivering 189 and 152 mAh g−1 at high current densities of 2 and 5 C, respectively. The improved electrochemical performance of Nb2O5 coated sample can be attributed to that Nb2O5 can suppress the phase transformation and voltage decay by acting as not only a fast ion conductor to accelerate the lithium ion diffusion at the cathode/electrolyte interface, but also an inert protective layer to reduce the direct contact between the cathode and electrolyte.
Signal strength and spectral efficiency in heterogeneous ultradense networks
Authors: Liu Qiaoshou , Zhang Zhongpei , Shi Jiangpan
Published: April 2018

To meet the rapid data growth requirements of mobile users, heterogeneous ultradense networks improve the spatial reuse efficiency of spectrum resources through the ultradense deployment of small base stations (SBSs) in a given area in the forthcoming fifth‐generation mobile communication networks. It has become one of research hotspots that solve this problem in the recent years. Using the stochastic geometry, the cumulative distribution function and the probability density function of distance from user to its kth closest SBS are derived in this paper. Furthermore, the means of received signal strength from the users' kth closest base station and the mean of signal‐to‐interference‐plus‐noise ratio are derived. The expression of the relationship between spectral efficiency and the density of the SBSs is presented. Finally, The results show that the signal‐to‐interference‐plus‐noise ratio is inversely proportional to the density of SBSs in the 1‐tier ultradense networks. In the 2‐tier heterogeneous ultradense networks, the spectral efficiency of the base station increases first and then decreases with the increasing of the density of SBSs. Moreover, allocating more spectrum resource to SBSs will increase the area spectral efficiency when the number of SBS is far more than the number of macro base stations.
A hierarchical clustering method for dimension reduction in joint analysis of multiple phenotypes
Authors: Liang Xiaoyu , Sha Qiuying , Rho Yeonwoo , Zhang Shuanglin
Published: April 2018

Genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have become a very effective research tool to identify genetic variants of underlying various complex diseases. In spite of the success of GWAS in identifying thousands of reproducible associations between genetic variants and complex disease, in general, the association between genetic variants and a single phenotype is usually weak. It is increasingly recognized that joint analysis of multiple phenotypes can be potentially more powerful than the univariate analysis, and can shed new light on underlying biological mechanisms of complex diseases. In this paper, we develop a novel variable reduction method using hierarchical clustering method (HCM) for joint analysis of multiple phenotypes in association studies. The proposed method involves two steps. The first step applies a dimension reduction technique by using a representative phenotype for each cluster of phenotypes. Then, existing methods are used in the second step to test the association between genetic variants and the representative phenotypes rather than the individual phenotypes. We perform extensive simulation studies to compare the powers of multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), joint model of multiple phenotypes (MultiPhen), and trait‐based association test that uses extended simes procedure (TATES) using HCM with those of without using HCM. Our simulation studies show that using HCM is more powerful than without using HCM in most scenarios. We also illustrate the usefulness of using HCM by analyzing a whole‐genome genotyping data from a lung function study.
Late Carboniferous adakitic porphyries in the Huangliangzi pluton, West Junggar (Xinjiang), NW China: Petrogenesis and their tectonic implications
Authors: Duan Fenghao , Li Yongjun , Yang Gaoxue , Zhi Qian , Li Yuhang , Tao XiaoYang , Gao JunBao , Chen RongGuang
Published: April 2018

Late Carboniferous to Early Permian granitic rocks are widely distributed in the Western Junggar (Xinjiang, NW China), but their petrogenesis and tectonic contexts remain controversial. In this paper, we present new zircon U–Pb age, major element, trace element data for the Huangliangzi pluton from the southern West Junggar. The pluton mainly consists of granodiorite porphyry, biotite monzonitic granite porphyry, and quartz monzonite diorite porphyry. Laser‐ablation inductively‐coupled mass‐spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) zircon U–Pb obtained the age of 321.7 ± 1.3 Ma, indicating the granodiorite porphyry was emplaced in the early Late Carboniferous, coeval with abundant magmatic rocks in the region. Geochemically, these rocks are moderately peraluminous high‐K calc‐alkalic and characterized by relatively high SiO2 (64.31–66.69 wt.%), Al2O3 (15.82–16.73 wt.%), and Sr (379–489 ppm) contents and low MgO (1.08–2.46 wt.%; Mg# = 39–55), Y (7.61–9.64 ppm), and Yb (0.95–1.23 ppm) contents, along with positive Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 1.01–1.34) and high Sr/Y (47.7–57.1) ratios. These are compositional features of adakites that are commonly assumed to have been produced through partial melting of subducted oceanic crust. In addition, the adakitic rocks are relatively enriched in light rare‐earth elements (LREEs), large ion lithophile elements (LILEs: e.g., Rb, Ba, Sr, and K), and depleted in high‐field‐strength elements (HFSEs: e.g., Nb, Ta, and Ti) and are also characterized by high εNd(t) value and low initial (87Sr/86Sr)i ratio. The most plausible mechanism for the Huangliangzi adakitic porphyries is the partial melting of subducted oceanic crust interacting with a mantle wedge. Combined with the geological setting and previous studies, therefore, we suggest that the southern West Junggar was in a subduction‐dominated island‐arc setting in the early Late Carboniferous, and multistage subduction–accretionary orogeny may be the main mechanism for the difference between the north and the south subduction duration in the Western Junggar.
External laryngeal nerve landmarks revisited
Authors: Ortega Consuelo , Maranillo Eva , McHanwell Steve , Sañudo Jose , Vázquez‐Osorio Teresa
Published: April 2018

Background

Because external laryngeal nerve (ELN) iatrogenic damage is frequent during neck surgery, its precise localization has been highly recommended. This study analyzes the different surgical landmarks previously proposed and the anatomy of the collateral and terminal branches of the ELN.

Methods

The necks of 157 (77 men and 80 women) human adult embalmed cadavers were examined. The ELN origin, length, and relationship to different landmarks were recorded and results statistically compared with those previously reported.

Results

The ELN is located deep to the ascending pharyngeal vein in 100% of patients. In most patients, it crosses the carotid axis at the thyroid artery origin level (47% of patients), passes medial to it (89% of patients), and shows an intramuscular trajectory through the inferior constrictor of the pharynx (80% of patients).

Conclusion

The ELN position, in relation to classical landmarks, is highly variable. The most reliable relationships are those with the ascending pharyngeal vein or with the superior thyroid artery.
Prohibiting physicians' dual practice in Iran: Policy options for implementation
Authors: Bazyar Mohammad , Rashidian Arash , Jahanmehr Nader , Behzadi Faranak , Moghri Javad , Doshmangir Leila
Published: April 2018

Background

In Iran, based on the recent national policy documents, physician dual practice (PDP) has been prohibited. This study aimed to develop policy options (POs) to implement physicians' dual practice prohibition law in Iran.

Methods

International evidence published in English and local documents published in Persian about PDP analyzed and results (advantages, disadvantages, challenges and requirements to ban PDP, and applied policies to limit the dual practice) were extracted. Results discussed among the research team in 5 rounds of meetings. In each meeting, any possible PO to limit PDP in Iran was proposed based on brainstorming technique and 12 POs were developed. These 12 POs and their advantages and disadvantages were discussed in a focus group discussion attended by 14 informed policy makers, and 3 additional POs were added.

Results

Fifteen POs were developed. Each PO has its own advantages and disadvantages. It is worth to highlight that not only are the proposed POs not mutually exclusive but they are also mutually reinforcing; that is, each of these POs can be applied alone or they can be implemented alongside each other simultaneously.

Conclusion

No single optimal PO exists for dealing with the dual practice in Iranian health system. Implementing a mix of POs could reduce possible complications of each PO and increase the chance of successful implementation of the law. It is advisable to follow a conservative and incremental approach and start with POs that will cause less resistance and political challenges.
The effects of air pollution on length of hospital stay for adult patients with asthma
Authors: Luo Li , Ren Jing , Zhang Fengyi , Zhang Wei , Li Chunyang , Qiu Zhixin , Huang Debin
Published: April 2018

Length of hospital stay (LOS) of asthma can be a reflection of the disease burden faced by patients, and it is also sensitive to air pollution. This study aims at estimating and validating the effects of air pollution and readmission on the LOS for those who have asthma, considering their readmission history, minimum temperature, and threshold effects of air pollutants. In addition, sex, age, and season were also constructed for stratification to achieve more precise and specific results. The results show that no significant effects of PM2.5 and NO2 on LOS were observed in any of the patients, but there were significant effects of PM2.5 and NO2 on LOS when a stratifying subgroup analysis was performed. The effect of PM10 on LOS was found to be lower than that of PM2.5 and higher than that of NO2. SO2 did not have a significant effect on LOS for patients with asthma in our study. Our study confirmed that the adverse effects of air pollutants (such as PM10) on LOS for patients with asthma existed; in addition, these effects vary for different stratifications. We measured the effects of air pollutants on the LOS for patients with asthma, and this study offers policy makers quantitative evidence that can support relevant policies for health care resource management and ambient air pollutants control.
Implementation of TDABC in SME: A Case Study
Authors: Ganorkar Ashwin B. , Lakhe, Ramesh R. , Agrawal Kamalkishor N.
Published: April 2018

This article describes a procedure that allows small‐scale manufacturing industries to easily adapt time driven activity based costing system. This model is of two stages, the first stage consists of seven steps and the second step consists of three steps. The model was developed on the basis of an intensive case study conducted at a small‐scale furniture manufacturing industry. The model assigns the cost of overhead expenses such as building rent, building maintenance, power consumption, machine maintenance cost, and chemical consumable on the activities. Thereafter, the cost of activity is assigned to the product. The complete process is explained using matrices. This makes the cost‐related calculations easy and overhead costs are traced without difficulty. The ease of use of the proposed procedure is illustrated using actual data from a small manufacturing industry located in central India. Further, based on this model a generalized equation is developed. Results of the case study help the firm's strategic decision making and identify the opportunities for profitability improvement. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Excel and Simulation for Accountants
Authors: Goh Clarence
Published: April 2018

Simulation is an extremely useful decision‐making tool for accountants. While many companies have invested heavily in developing sophisticated software to help them run simulations, simulations can also be run on tools such as Excel. In this article, I will use a simple example to demonstrate how an accountant could use Excel to run simulations. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The evaluation of two genetic polymorphisms of paraoxonase 1 in patients with pulmonary embolism
Authors: Basol Nursah , Karakus Nevin , Savas Asli Yasemen , Karakus Kayhan , Kaya İlker , Karaman Serhat , Yigit Serbulent
Published: April 2018

Background and Objective

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is caused by some genetic factors for more than half patients. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) has significant anti‐oxidative and anti‐inflammatory effects. According to our knowledge, there is no study researching the relation between PON 1 gene polymorphisms and PE in the literature. Therefore, it is aimed to research possible impacts of PON 1 Q192R and L55M polymorphisms on PE, considering anti‐inflammatory and anti‐oxidative effects of PON 1 in Turkish population.

Methods

One hundred and five PE patients and one hundred and seventeen controls were enrolled in this study. Genomic DNA was isolated and genotyped using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses for the PON1 gene Q192R and L55M polymorphisms.

Results

Any associations were not found between clinical and demographical characteristics of PE patients and the PON1 gene Q192R polymorphism; however, there were associations between surgery, chronic renal failure, and cerebrovascular disease on the history of patients and L55M polymorphism (P = .013, P = .037, and P = .031, respectively). Genotype and allele frequencies did not show any significant differences between patients and controls according to PON1 gene Q192R and L55M polymorphisms (P > .05).

Conclusion

The results of this study suggest that there is no correlation between PE and PON 1 gene Q192R and L55M polymorphisms in the Turkish population from the Central Black Sea region. Besides, whole genotypes and alleles of Q192R and L55M are not risk factors for patients with PE in this population.
Dot enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay strip as a screening tool for detection of autoantibody to interferon gamma in sera of suspected cases of adult‐onset immunodeficiency
Authors: Rattanathammethee Kritsadee , Chawansuntati Kriangkrai , Chaiwarith Romanee , Praparattanapan Jutarat , Supparatpinyo Khuanchai , Wipasa Jiraprapa
Published: April 2018

Background

Being able to detect the presence of autoantibodies to interferon (IFN)‐γ in serum is essential for evaluating patients with suspected adult‐onset immunodeficiency (AOID) with unusual intracellular infections. Most reported patients with AOID have been Asian, although the exact prevalence of this illness is unknown. To date, no standard assay exists to detect autoantibodies to IFN‐γ. An easy‐to‐use, low‐cost assay that can be performed in any laboratory would be a valuable tool for clinical management of AOID, as well as better reveal its prevalence.

Methods

Our experimental study exploited a dot enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (Dot‐ELISA) strip to detect autoantibodies to IFN‐γ. Sera from 66 HIV‐negative patients having autoantibodies to IFN‐γ as determined by indirect ELISA were tested.

Results

Dot enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was sensitive (100%) and specific (94.5%), with a positive predictive value of 97.6% and a negative predictive value of 100%.

Conclusion

This simple method provides prompt qualitative results that can be read visually and used in facilities with limited testing capabilities.
Calcium‐binding protein and some neuropeptides in the retina of Octopus vulgaris: A morpho‐histochemical study
Authors: Altobelli Giovanna G. , Van Noorden Susan , Cimini Vincenzo
Published: April 2018

The existence of both calcium‐binding proteins (CBPs) and neuropeptides in the retina and brain of various species of vertebrates and invertebrates is well documented. Octopus retina is particularly interesting because it represents a case of convergent evolution. The aim of this study was to characterize the distribution of two CBPs, calretinin and calbindin, in Octopus retina using morphology, in situ hybridization, immunocytochemistry and Western blot. Calretinin‐like immunoreactivity was found in the photoreceptor cells, but unexpectedly also in the supporting cells. In situ hybridization and Western blot analysis confirmed these results. No immunoreactivity was found for calbindin. Two neuropeptides, Substance P and calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), as well as neurofilament protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein were also localized in the Octopus retina by immunocytochemistry. Our work provides new insights about calcium‐binding proteins and neuropeptide distribution in Octopus retina and suggests a functional role for calretinin, a highly conserved protein, in visual signal transduction of cephalopods.
Tracking disease progression non‐invasively in Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies
Authors: Spitali Pietro , Hettne Kristina , Tsonaka Roula , Charrout Mohammed , van den Bergen Janneke , Koeks Zaïda , Kan Hermien E. , Hooijmans Melissa T. , Roos Andreas , Straub Volker , Muntoni Francesco , Al‐Khalili‐Szigyarto Cristina , Koel‐Simmelink Marleen J.A. , Teunissen Charlotte E. , Lochmüller Hanns , Niks Erik H. , Aartsma‐Rus Annemieke
Published: April 2018

Background

Analysis of muscle biopsies allowed to characterize the pathophysiological changes of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies (D/BMD) leading to the clinical phenotype. Muscle tissue is often investigated during interventional dose finding studies to show in situ proof of concept and pharmacodynamics effect of the tested drug. Less invasive readouts are needed to objectively monitor patients' health status, muscle quality, and response to treatment. The identification of serum biomarkers correlating with clinical function and able to anticipate functional scales is particularly needed for personalized patient management and to support drug development programs.

Methods

A large‐scale proteomic approach was used to identify serum biomarkers describing pathophysiological changes (e.g. loss of muscle mass), association with clinical function, prediction of disease milestones, association with in vivo 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy data and dystrophin levels in muscles. Cross‐sectional comparisons were performed to compare DMD patients, BMD patients, and healthy controls. A group of DMD patients was followed up for a median of 4.4 years to allow monitoring of individual disease trajectories based on yearly visits.

Results

Cross‐sectional comparison enabled to identify 10 proteins discriminating between healthy controls, DMD and BMD patients. Several proteins (285) were able to separate DMD from healthy, while 121 proteins differentiated between BMD and DMD; only 13 proteins separated BMD and healthy individuals. The concentration of specific proteins in serum was significantly associated with patients' performance (e.g. BMP6 serum levels and elbow flexion) or dystrophin levels (e.g. TIMP2) in BMD patients. Analysis of longitudinal trajectories allowed to identify 427 proteins affected over time indicating loss of muscle mass, replacement of muscle by adipose tissue, and cardiac involvement. Over‐representation analysis of longitudinal data allowed to highlight proteins that could be used as pharmacodynamic biomarkers for drugs currently in clinical development.

Conclusions

Serum proteomic analysis allowed to not only discriminate among DMD, BMD, and healthy subjects, but it enabled to detect significant associations with clinical function, dystrophin levels, and disease progression.
Simultaneous sorption and reduction of Cr(VI) in aquatic system by microbial extracellular polymeric substances from Klebsiella sp. J1
Authors: Wei Wei , Li Ang , Ma Fang , Pi Shanshan , Yang Jixian , Wang Qilin , Ni Bing‐Jie
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND

Cr(VI) is being increasingly used in a variety of fields, including electroplating, metallurgy, pigment synthesis and leather tanning. The possible application of a microbial extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) from Klebsiella sp. J1 with abundant functional groups in remediating Cr(VI) pollution in water system was demonstrated.

RESULTS

The maximum biosorption capacity of EPS for Cr(VI) was found to be 53.3 mg g−1 at an EPS dose of 1.5 g L−1, which was better than the majority of reported biosorbents. The adsorption of EPS for Cr(VI) was a spontaneous and endothermic process. The removal mechanism of Cr(VI) in aquatic environments was explored qualitatively and quantitatively by Zeta‐potential meter, X‐ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) as well as Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The superior Cr(VI) removal performance was attributed mainly to Cr(VI) adsorption on EPS via chelation and ion‐exchange sorption, and the efficient reduction (82.3%) of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) by benzenoid amine (–NH–) on EPS, followed by generated Cr(III) immobilization on the surface of EPS via surface physical sorption and chelation, which might control the reaction rate of Cr(VI) removal process.

CONCLUSION

The removal of Cr(VI) by EPS from Klebsiella sp. J1 was attributed mainly to simultaneous sorption and reduction of Cr(VI) by EPS. The results demonstrated that EPS from Klebsiella sp. J1 has great potential in treating Cr(VI)‐contaminated water. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Two‐dimensional speckle‐tracking echocardiographic evaluation of the longitudinal deformation of the left ventricular myocardium in patients with severe coronary artery tortuosity
Authors: Khosravani‐Rudpishi Mohsen , Akhavan‐Khaleghi Niloofar , Hosseinsabet Ali
Published: April 2018

Purpose

Coronary artery tortuosity (CAT) is an anatomical condition in which epicardial coronary arteries have abnormal curves or spiral courses. Although correlated with higher rates of positive stress test, its effects on the myocardial function remain to be clearly defined.

Methods

We included in this cross‐sectional study and evaluated with 2D speckle‐tracking echocardiography 40 consecutive patients admitted to our hospital for selective coronary angiography which showed severe CAT without significant epicardial coronary artery stenosis, and 40 consecutive subjects matched for age, hypertension, and diabetes in whom selective coronary angiography showed neither CAT nor significant epicardial coronary artery stenosis.

Results

Systolic strain, strain rate, and early and late diastolic strain rates were not significantly different between the 2 groups, even after adjustment for potential confounding variables.

Conclusion

The 2D speckle‐tracking echocardiography‐derived indices of longitudinal deformation of the left ventricular myocardium were not significantly different between the patients with severe CAT and controls.
Contrast‐enhanced transoral carotid ultrasonography for the evaluation of plaque protrusion after carotid artery stenting
Authors: Hagiwara Yuta , Yoshie Tomohide , Shimizu Takahiro , Fukano Takayuki , Takada Tatsuro , Ueda Toshihiro , Hasegawa Yasuhiro
Published: April 2018

A 67 year‐old man was admitted to our hospital because of mild left hemiparesis and was diagnosed with cerebral infarction caused by right internal carotid artery stenosis. He was treated with dual antiplatelet therapy and scheduled for carotid artery stenting 14 days after onset. The preoperative right carotid angiogram showed 60% stenosis by the NASCET criteria, with an ulcer. The postoperative angiogram suggested protrusion in the stent, which could not be seen on conventional carotid ultrasonography because of its high location. On transoral carotid ultrasonography, clear delineation of the lesion was not possible due to color blurs. Contrast‐enhanced transoral carotid ultrasonography (CETOCU) clearly demonstrated the protrusion and delineated the lumen within the stent.
The differences between GluN2A and GluN2B signaling in the brain
Authors: Sun Yongjun , Xu Yingge , Cheng Xiaokun , Chen Xi , Xie Yinghua , Zhang Linan , Wang Long , Hu Jie , Gao Zibin
Published: April 2018

The N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor, a typical ionotropic glutamate receptor, is a crucial protein for maintaining brain function. GluN2A and GluN2B are the main types of NMDA receptor subunit in the adult forebrain. Studies have demonstrated that they play different roles in a number of pathophysiological processes. Although the underlying mechanism for this has not been clarified, the most fundamental reason may be the differences between the signaling pathways associated with GluN2A and GluN2B. With the aim of elucidating the reasons behind the diverse roles of these two subunits, we described the signaling differences between GluN2A and GluN2B from the aspects of C‐terminus‐associated molecules, effects on typical downstream signaling proteins, and metabotropic signaling. Because there are several factors interfering with the determination of subunit‐specific signaling, there is still a long way to go toward clarifying the signaling differences between these two subunits. Developing better pharmacology tools, such as highly selective antagonists for triheteromeric GluN2A‐ and GluN2B‐containing NMDA receptors, and establishing new molecular biological methods, for example, engineering photoswitchable NMDA receptors, may be useful for clarifying the signaling differences between GluN2A and GluN2B.
Considerations on cross‐linking by bivalent cations in soil organic matter with low exchange capacity
Authors: Schaumann Gabriele Ellen , Kunhi Mouvenchery Yamuna
Published: April 2018

A soil's cation exchange capacity (CEC) is expected to be relatively inert against changes in cation loading. In this study, we treated a soil sample originating from the organic layer of a forest soil with various bivalent cations after removing the native cations. Sorption isotherms and cation exchange capacity were determined, the latter using the BaCl2method. Sorption showed Langmuir characteristics, with the maximum coverage (Qmax) increasing in the order Ba2+< Ca2+< Mg2+, but being clearly smaller than the initial load of native exchangeable cations. The Langmuir coefficient,kMe, depended oppositely to the order obtained forQmax. CEC increased upon cation treatment and it varied by a factor of almost two.

The unexpected variation of CEC was explained by the low cation exchange capacity of the organic matter such that not all functional groups are close enough to be bridged and the second charge of a bivalent cation is not neutralized by the organic functional group. The Langmuir sorption type, andQmaxbeing smaller than the content of sorption sites and being largest for Mg, suggested that only a part of the sites can be cross‐linked and at least part of the cross‐links are formed by hydrated cations. Thermodynamic considerations allowed reconstruction of two contrasting processes during CEC determination by Ba2+:Case A: the disruption of cross‐links, which increases with the cationic strength and the cation load before CEC determination, but does not require structural re‐orientation in the SOM matrix, andCase B:the formation of new cross‐links during CEC determination, depending only on the content of unoccupied sites before CEC determination and requiring structural re‐organization of the matrix and thus a minimum matrix flexibility.

The use of bivalent cations for CEC determination may thus result in an overestimation of CEC for organic matter with low CEC. This has, however, promising potential when comparing CEC determined with monovalent cations and bivalent cations. Using a set of bivalent cations, may allow probing distribution of distances between functional groups in the organic matter and even characterize the matrix rigidity of the cation‐cross‐linked network.
Internal marketing, employee customer‐oriented behaviors, and customer behavioral responses
Authors: Park Jong Hee , Tran Thi Bich Hanh
Published: April 2018

This study seeks to investigate the effect of internal marketing—treating employees as internal customers—on salesperson's engagement in customer‐oriented behaviors and resultant customers’ responses. The data were collected from dyadic interactions between salespeople and customers in banking firms in Vietnam. The results showed that internal marketing is significantly associated with salesperson's performance of adaptive selling behavior, customer‐oriented selling behavior, and relational selling behavior, which result in customer relationship continuity, purchase intention, and positive word‐of‐mouth. In addition, salesperson's customer‐oriented behaviors play partial mediating roles between internal marketing and external customer responses. The study extends the extant literature of internal marketing and offers useful managerial implications for service firms, particularly banking firms in Vietnam. The study concludes with suggestions of potential research directions for future studies.
PIEZO1 functions as a potential oncogene by promoting cell proliferation and migration in gastric carcinogenesis
Authors: Zhang Jinglin , Zhou Yuhang , Huang Tingting , Wu Feng , Liu Liping , Kwan Johnny S. H. , Cheng Alfred S. L. , Yu Jun , To Ka Fai , Kang Wei
Published: April 2018

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignancies in Asian areas. PIEZO1 has been implied to regulate epithelial homeostasis to play an important role in physiological processes. It is also related to tumor initiation and progression. However, the role of PIEZO1 has not yet been explored in GC. The expression of PIEZO1 in GC cell lines and primary samples was determined by qRT‐PCR and Western blot. The clinical correlation of PIEZO1 in GC was evaluated by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarray. The oncogenic role of PIEZO1 was demonstrated in gastric tumorigenesis through a series of functional assays, including cell proliferation, cell invasion, and flow cytometry analysis. Drug sensitivity was also assessed by PIEZO1 knockdown experiment. PIEZO1 exhibited an upregulation in most of the GC cell lines and primary samples compared with non‐tumorous gastric epithelial tissues. Increase of PIEZO1 was associated with poor disease specific survival. PIEZO1 knockdown led to inhibitory effect by suppressing cell proliferation and invasion and inhibiting xenograft formation. Decreased PIEZO1 enhanced the sensitivity of Cisplatin or 5‐FU treatment. Morphological alteration was also observed in siPIEZO1 treated cells. GTP‐Rac1 showed accumulated activated form, while total‐RhoA was decreased accompanied with PIEZO1 knockdown. In the present study, PIEZO1 is required for cell proliferation, migration and invasion to promote GC progression. PIEZO1 also maintains cellular morphology related to GC cell motility by regulating the activity of Rho GTPase family members. Our data not only suggested a novel prognostic marker, but also provided a useful clinical therapeutic target for GC.
Analysis of two‐grid discretization scheme for semilinear hyperbolic equations by mixed finite element methods
Authors: Wang Keyan , Chen Yanping
Published: April 2018

In this paper, the full discrete scheme of mixed finite element approximation is introduced for semilinear hyperbolic equations. To solve the nonlinear problem efficiently, two two‐grid algorithms are developed and analyzed. In this approach, the nonlinear system is solved on a coarse mesh with width H, and the linear system is solved on a fine mesh with width h≪H. Error estimates and convergence results of two‐grid method are derived in detail. It is shown that if we choose
in the first algorithm and
in the second algorithm, the two‐grid algorithms can achieve the same accuracy of the mixed finite element solutions. Finally, the numerical examples also show that the two‐grid method is much more efficient than solving the nonlinear mixed finite element system directly.
Protective effects of camel whey protein against scrotal heat‐mediated damage and infertility in the mouse testis through YAP/Nrf2 and PPAR‐gamma signaling pathways
Authors: Badr Gamal , Abdel‐Tawab Hanem S. , Ramadan Nancy K. , Ahmed Samia F. , Mahmoud Mohamed H.
Published: April 2018

Elevation of scrotal temperature is one of the most important causes of impaired spermatogenesis and male infertility, but the exact mechanism remains controversial. The present study investigated the impact of camel whey protein (CWP) on the mechanisms of heat stress (HS)‐mediated testicular damage in male mice. Exposure to HS was associated with significant increase in the testicular tissues’ oxidative stress. Mechanistically, exposure to HS resulted in upregulation of P53 and Nrf2 expressions; downregulation of Bcl2 and PPAR‐γ expressions; and induction of testicular Leydig cell hyperplasia. Because Leydig cells produce testosterone up on stimulation with Luteinizing hormone (LH), HS mice also exhibited significant reduction in the serum testosterone levels followed by significant reduction in the percentages of progressively motile sperm and higher percentages of immotile sperm, when compared with those of control mice. Interestingly, treatment of HS mice with CWP significantly restored the levels of ROS and the activities of antioxidant enzymes in the testicular tissues nearly to those observed in control mice. Furthermore, CWP supplemented HS mice exhibited complete restoration of Bcl2, P53, Nrf2, and PPAR‐γ expressions; testicular Leydig cell distribution; significant higher levels of testosterone levels; and hence higher percentages of progressively motile sperm and lower percentages of immotile sperm as compared to HS mice. Our findings reveal the protective effects of CWP against testis injury and infertility induced by exposure to HS by rescuing functional Leydig cells. Additionally, the present study has shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying improved testicular damage following CWP treatment.
Rapid assessment of pulmonary gas transport with hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI using a 3D radial double golden‐means acquisition with variable flip angles
Authors: Ruppert Kai , Amzajerdian Faraz , Hamedani Hooman , Xin Yi , Loza Luis , Achekzai Tahmina , Duncan Ian F. , Profka Harrilla , Siddiqui Sarmad , Pourfathi Mehrdad , Cereda Maurizio F. , Kadlecek Stephen , Rizi Rahim R.
Published: April 2018

Purpose

To demonstrate the feasibility of using a 3D radial double golden‐means acquisition with variable flip angles to monitor pulmonary gas transport in a single breath hold with hyperpolarized xenon‐129 MRI.

Methods

Hyperpolarized xenon‐129 MRI scans with interleaved gas‐phase and dissolved‐phase excitations were performed using a 3D radial double golden‐means acquisition in mechanically ventilated rabbits. The flip angle was either held fixed at 15 ° or 5 °, or it was varied linearly in ascending or descending order between 5 ° and 15 ° over a sampling interval of 1000 spokes. Dissolved‐phase and gas‐phase images were reconstructed at high resolution (32 × 32 × 32 matrix size) using all 1000 spokes, or at low resolution (22 × 22 × 22 matrix size) using 400 spokes at a time in a sliding‐window fashion. Based on these sliding‐window images, relative change maps were obtained using the highest mean flip angle as the reference, and aggregated pixel‐based changes were tracked.

Results

Although the signal intensities in the dissolve‐phase maps were mostly constant in the fixed flip‐angle acquisitions, they varied significantly as a function of average flip angle in the variable flip‐angle acquisitions. The latter trend reflects the underlying changes in observed dissolve‐phase magnetization distribution due to pulmonary gas uptake and transport.

Conclusion

3D radial double golden‐means acquisitions with variable flip angles provide a robust means for rapidly assessing lung function during a single breath hold, thereby constituting a particularly valuable tool for imaging uncooperative or pediatric patient populations.