bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of Social Cash Transfers Among Children in Child-Headed Households: A Case of Jacha Area of Epworth in Harare, Zimbabwe, in the Face of Austerity Era
Authors: Chikoko Witness , Mavuka Anotida
Published: November 2024

Cash transfers are some of the social protection systems for reducing risks and vulnerabilities among children in child-headed families. There are limited academic studies that interrogate the role of social cash transfers among children in child-headed households (CHHs) in the Jacha area of Epworth, Harare, Zimbabwe, in the face of austerity era. A qualitative case study design was adopted to have an in-depth and detailed understanding of the lives of children in CHHs. The resilience theory was used to understand and analyse the realities of these children. Research findings suggest that social cash transfer programmes are very crucial in upholding the human rights of the children in child-headed households of the Jacha area in Epworth, Harare. As a result of social cash transfer programmes, some children in child-headed households enhanced their resilience in many ways. Some of them were rescued from the incidences of abuse, violence, and exploitation through cash transfers. The children in child-headed households were able to meet their basic needs such as food, education, health, clothes, having time for playing, and peer interactions. The article concludes by lobbying and advocating for more social protection programmes towards children in child-headed households in urban informal settlements of Epworth, Harare, Zimbabwe.
The (Other) Boundary Problem: Conceptualizing Membership of the Demos’ Two Bodies
Authors: Campos Andre Santos
Published: November 2024

This paper intersects the literature on the democratic boundary problem with the literature on the constructivist turn in political representation to show that the boundary problem broadly construed involves a distinction between ‘the problem of inclusion’ (into pre-existing demoi and their decision-making procedures) and ‘the problem of constituting the demos’ (which involves criteria for partaking in constituent power). This distinction is consistently neglected by democratic theorists. However, it has serious implications for representative democracies because the standard answers to the boundary problem – the all-affected-interests principle, the all-subjected principle, and the substantive-demos principle – do not apply to the problem of constituting the demos. A new principle aimed at the latter problem is here proposed: the constructivist-representative principle. In the end, it should be clear that ascertaining who should be entitled to participate in which democratic decision requires the adoption of different principles depending on the specific demos in question and on the type of decision-making procedure involved (e.g., constitution-making-or-changing, lawmaking, policymaking, etc.).
Analysis of the possibility of using exploration and learning algorithms in the production of castings
Authors: Bitka Adam , Witkowski Mateusz , Jaśkowiec Krzysztof , Małysza Marcin , Marcjan Łukasz , Wilk-Kołodziejczyk Dorota
Published: November 2024

The research presented in the article indicates the process of building models based on machine learning algorithms, linear regression, decision trees, ensemble learning, random forest, ensemble averaging, Boosting, stacking, and support vector regression (SVR) algorithms. The basis for building these models are experimental data collected during research conducted at the Łukasiewicz Research Network-Krakow Institute of Technology. An analysis of the initial state and the analysis of the state of correlation in the set were performed, which facilitated the development of models. To increase the amount of data, augmentation was performed using the Bootstrapping. For selected results, castings were made and tested in real conditions. The research results indicate the possibility of identifying the most appropriate input parameters for specific production processes of austempered ductile iron (ADI), the possibility of predicting the expected mechanical parameters based on the indicated parameters of the production process, chemical composition, specific parameters of the heat treatment process, and the thickness of the target product. A set of such models constitutes the basis of the system, enabling the end user to estimate the final parameters of the casting planned to be produced.
Trials of Sovereignty
Authors: McClure Alastair
Published: November 2024

Trials of Sovereignty offers the first legal history of mercy and discretion in nineteenth and twentieth-century India. Through a study of large-scale amnesties, the prerogative powers of pardon, executive commutation, and judicial sentencing practices, Alastair McClure argues that discretion represented a vital facet of colonial rule. In a bloody penal order, officials and judges consistently offered reduced sentences and pardons for select subjects, encouraging others to approach state institutions and confer the colonial state with greater legitimacy. Mercy was always a contested expression of sovereign power that risked exposing colonial weakness. This vulnerability was gradually recognized by colonial subjects who deployed a range of legal and political strategies to interrogate state power and question the lofty promises of British colonial justice. By the early twentieth century, the decision to break the law and reject imperial overtures of mercy had developed into a crucial expression of anticolonial politics.
Factors governing Fe2+-catalyzed transformation of ferrihydrite associated with kaolinite under anoxic conditions
Authors: Wu Cong , Wang Shuai , Liao Wenjuan , Cui Hao-Jie
Published: November 2024

Fe2+-catalyzed transformation of poorly crystalline ferrihydrite into highly crystalline forms is critical in the biogeochemical cycles of Fe, nutrients, and trace elements. The co-existence of ferrihydrite and kaolinite is widespread in soils of tropical and subtropical regions. In this investigation, three associations of ferrihydrite–kaolinite with ratios of 10, 30, and 50% (10% Fhy–Kln, 30% Fhy–Kln, and 50% Fhy–Kln) were examined to study the impact of the initial Fe2+ concentration and pH on Fe2+-catalyzed transformation under anoxic conditions. The findings reveal that the ferrihydrite in the 10% Fhy–Kln associations has the smallest particle size and the largest number of surface hydroxyl groups. At 0.5 mM Fe2+ and pH 7.5, ferrihydrite underwent transformation into lepidocrocite, with the presence of kaolinite promoting the formation of goethite. Moreover, the presence of kaolinite influenced the morphology of the resulting transformation products. A decrease in pH hindered the transformation of ferrihydrite, while an increase in Fe2+ concentration resulted in the formation of magnetite. The impact of kaolinite in the association system on the transformations of ferrihydrite occurs primarily through alteration of the properties of ferrihydrite during its formation process.
Determining the stoichiometric composition of Wyoming montmorillonite using improved transmission electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray (TEM-EDX) techniques
Authors: Warr L.N. , Thombare B.R. , Sudheer Kumar R. , Peltz M. , Podlech C. , Grathoff G.H.
Published: November 2024

Transmission electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray analysis (TEM-EDX) represents an effective tool for determining the stoichiometric composition of clay minerals, but the methodology is often hampered by analytical difficulties. Studies of beam-sensitive minerals, such as smectites, are associated with low count intensities and dynamic loss of cations (e.g. K+, Na+, and Al3+), which can lead to erroneous quantifications of composition. After exploring how to minimize cation migration by reducing the beam current density to <5 pA cm–2, the most reliable and consistent compositions were determined using 1 μm2 area measurements of particles acquired in normal TEM mode where the electron beam was parallel, the degree of specimen damage was at its minimum and good acquisition intensities (>10,000 cps) were acquired. Based on 528 TEM-EDX area analyses, the composition of Wyoming montmorillonites (SWy-1, SWy-2, and SWy-3) was studied in their natural and Ca-saturated states from thin (<50 nm thick) particle aggregates lying on lacey carbon films. Overall, the TEM-EDX results confirmed the heterogeneous charge distributions of montmorillonite at the particle and sample levels. The average composition per formula unit of SWy-1 to -3 was determined as: (Na0.12Ca0.04Mg0.03K0.02)(Si3.91Al0.09)(Al1.57Mg0.27Fe0.19)2.03 O10(OH)2 · nH2O, where the tetrahedral and octahedral layer charges are –0.09 and –0.19 per O10(OH)2, respectively, and the total layer charge ranges from –0.25 to –0.30 per O10(OH)2 (mean of –0.28). This study demonstrates how TEM-EDX can provide new insight into the natural heterogeneities of smectite chemistry as long as adequate calibration and specimen damage control procedures are implemented.
Effect of layer bending on montmorillonite hydration and structure from molecular simulation
Authors: Greathouse Jeffery A. , Ho Tuan A. , Jové-Colón Carlos F.
Published: November 2024

Conceptual models of smectite hydration include planar (flat) clay layers that undergo stepwise expansion as successive monolayers of water molecules fill the interlayer regions. However, X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies indicate the presence of interstratified hydration states, suggesting non-uniform interlayer hydration in smectites. Additionally, recent theoretical studies have shown that clay layers can adopt bent configurations over nanometer-scale lateral dimensions with minimal effect on mechanical properties. Therefore, in this study we used molecular simulations to evaluate structural properties and water adsorption isotherms for montmorillonite models composed of bent clay layers in mixed hydration states. Results are compared with models consisting of planar clay layers with interstratified hydration states (e.g. 1W–2W). The small degree of bending in these models (up to 1.5 Å of vertical displacement over a 1.3 nm lateral dimension) had little or no effect on bond lengths and angle distributions within the clay layers. Except for models that included dry states, porosities and simulated water adsorption isotherms were nearly identical for bent or flat clay layers with the same averaged layer spacing. Similar agreement was seen with Na- and Ca-exchanged clays. While the small bent models did not retain their configurations during unconstrained molecular dynamics simulation with flexible clay layers, we show that bent structures are stable at much larger length scales by simulating a 41.6×7.1 nm2 system that included dehydrated and hydrated regions in the same interlayer.
Evidence that cultural groups differ in their abilities to detect fake accents
Authors: Goodman Jonathan R. , Crema Enrico , Nolan Francis , Cohen Emma , Foley Robert A.
Published: November 2024

Previous research in the evolutionary and psychological sciences has suggested that markers or tags of ethnic or group membership may help to solve cooperation and coordination problems. Cheating remains, however, a problem for these views, insofar as it is possible to fake the tag. While evolutionary psychologists have suggested that humans evolved the propensity to overcome this free rider problem, it is unclear how this module might manifest at the group level. In this study, we investigate the degree to which native and non-native speakers of accents – which are candidates for tags of group membership – spoken in the UK and Ireland can detect mimicry. We find that people are, overall, better than chance at detecting mimicry, and secondly we find substantial inter-group heterogeneity, suggesting that cultural evolutionary processes drive the manifestations of cheater detection. We discuss alternative explanations and suggest avenues of further inquiry.
On the inviscid instability of the 2-D Taylor–Green vortex
Authors: Zhao Xinyu , Protas Bartosz , Shvydkoy Roman
Published: November 2024

We consider Euler flows on two-dimensional (2-D) periodic domain and are interested in the stability, both linear and nonlinear, of a simple equilibrium given by the 2-D Taylor–Green vortex. As the first main result, numerical evidence is provided for the fact that such flows possess unstable eigenvalues embedded in the band of the essential spectrum of the linearized operator. However, the unstable eigenfunction is discontinuous at the hyperbolic stagnation points of the base flow and its regularity is consistent with the prediction of Lin (Intl Math. Res. Not., vol. 2004, issue 41, 2004, pp. 2147–2178). This eigenfunction gives rise to an exponential transient growth with the rate given by the real part of the eigenvalue followed by passage to a nonlinear instability. As the second main result, we illustrate a fundamentally different, non-modal, growth mechanism involving a continuous family of uncorrelated functions, instead of an eigenfunction of the linearized operator. Constructed by solving a suitable partial differential equation (PDE) optimization problem, the resulting flows saturate the known estimates on the growth of the semigroup related to the essential spectrum of the linearized Euler operator as the numerical resolution is refined. These findings are contrasted with the results of earlier studies of a similar problem conducted in a slightly viscous setting where only the modal growth of instabilities was observed. This highlights the special stability properties of equilibria in inviscid flows.
Graph convolutional network as a fast statistical emulator for numerical ice sheet modeling
Authors: Koo Younghyun , Rahnemoonfar Maryam
Published: November 2024

The Ice-sheet and Sea-level System Model (ISSM) provides numerical solutions for ice sheet dynamics using finite element and fine mesh adaption. However, considering ISSM is compatible only with central processing units (CPUs), it has limitations in economizing computational time to explore the linkage between climate forcings and ice dynamics. Although several deep learning emulators using graphic processing units (GPUs) have been proposed to accelerate ice sheet modeling, most of them rely on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) designed for regular grids. Since they are not appropriate for the irregular meshes of ISSM, we use a graph convolutional network (GCN) to replicate the adapted mesh structures of the ISSM. When applied to transient simulations of the Pine Island Glacier (PIG), Antarctica, the GCN successfully reproduces ice thickness and velocity with a correlation coefficient of approximately 0.997, outperforming non-graph models, including fully convolutional network (FCN) and multi-layer perceptron (MLP). Compared to the fixed-resolution approach of the FCN, the flexible-resolution structure of the GCN accurately captures detailed ice dynamics in fast-ice regions. By leveraging 60–100 times faster computational time of the GPU-based GCN emulator, we efficiently examine the impacts of basal melting rates on the ice sheet dynamics in the PIG.
A call for clarity in contractual accessions to shareholder and partnership agreements
Authors: Lau Kwan Ho
Published: November 2024

This paper explores understudied issues surrounding accessions to shareholder and partnership agreements: the process by which such accessions take effect; the survival of equities following an accession; and the enforcement of a condition for incoming shareholders to have to execute and deliver a deed of accession. Accessions happen extremely often in modern commercial life, which renders surprising the dearth of academic and judicial discussion, but more disconcerting is the unsettledness of some of the complex issues implicated. The repurposing of unilateral contracts to explain how deeds of accession operate is not fully tested in English law; the conception of partial novation as adumbrated in Unitech Global Ltd v Deutsche Bank AG, which is not even law – much less bad law – has already generated academic controversy; and the enforcement of a condition precedent, in the form of prior accession to a shareholder agreement, for registration of membership in a company interacts in an uncertain way with the Companies Act 2006, lending impetus to the adoption of new methods for attaining relief.
Placebo and nocebo effects in gambling disorder pharmacological trials: a meta-analysis
Authors: Ioannidis Konstantinos , Huneke Nathan T.M. , Solly Jeremy E. , Fusetto Veronesi Guilherme , Tzagarakis Charidimos , Parlatini Valeria , Westwood Samuel J. , Del Giovane Cinzia , Baldwin David S. , Grant Jon E. , Cortese Samuele , Chamberlain Samuel R.
Published: November 2024

Background:

Placebo and nocebo effects are widely reported across psychiatric conditions, yet have seldom been examined in the context of gambling disorder. Through meta-analysis, we examined placebo effects, their moderating factors, and nocebo effects, from available randomised, controlled pharmacological clinical trials in gambling disorder.

Methods:

We searched, up to 19 February 2024, a broad range of databases, for double-blind randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of medications for gambling disorder. Outcomes were gambling symptom severity and quality of life (for efficacy), and drop outs due to medication side effects in the placebo arms.

Results:

We included 16 RCTs (n = 833) in the meta-analysis. The overall effect size for gambling severity reduction in the placebo arms was 1.18 (95%CI 0.91–1.46) and for quality of life improvement was 0.63 (0.42-0.83). Medication class, study sponsorship, trial duration, baseline severity of gambling and publication year significantly moderated effect sizes for at least some of these outcome measures. Author conflict of interest, placebo run-in, gender split, severity scale choice, age of participants or unbalanced randomisation did not moderate effect sizes. Nocebo effects leading to drop out from the trial were observed in 6% of participants in trials involving antipsychotics, while this was less for other medication types.

Conclusion:

Placebo effects in trials of pharmacological treatment of gambling disorder are large, and there are several moderators of this effect. Nocebo effects were measureable and may be influenced by medication class being studied. Practical implications of these new findings for the field are discussed, along with recommendations for future clinical trials.
Existence and analyticity of solutions of the Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation with singular data
Authors: Ambrose David M. , Lopes Filho Milton C. , Nussenzveig Lopes Helena J.
Published: November 2024

We prove the existence of solutions to the Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation with low regularity data in function spaces based on the Wiener algebra and in pseudomeasure spaces. In any spatial dimension, we allow the data to have its antiderivative in the Wiener algebra. In one spatial dimension, we also allow data that are in a pseudomeasure space of negative order. In two spatial dimensions, we also allow data that are in a pseudomeasure space one derivative more regular than in the one-dimensional case. In the course of carrying out the existence arguments, we show a parabolic gain of regularity of the solutions as compared to the data. Subsequently, we show that the solutions are in fact analytic at any positive time in the interval of existence.
RADICALS AND IDEMPOTENTS III: q-CENTRAL IDEMPOTENTS
Authors: COJUHARI E. P. , GARDNER B. J.
Published: November 2024

Previously [‘Radicals and idempotents I, II’, Comm. Alg.49(1) (2021), 73–84 and 50(11) (2022), 4791–4804], we have studied the interaction between radicals of rings and idempotents in general or those of particular types, for example, left semicentral. Here we carry out similar investigations for q-central idempotents, that is, those idempotents e satisfying the condition

$(ea-eae)(be-ebe) = 0$

for all a, b.
Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) a legume with great ecological and agronomical potential under climate change
Authors: Sakhraoui Anis , Ltaeif Hela B. , Sakhraoui Asma , Villalba Juan J. , Castillo Jesús M. , Rouz Slim
Published: November 2024

Climate change is a global challenge to ecosystem services, altering crop yields and food security worldwide. In the context of climate change, Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. (sainfoin) can offer a multitude of ecosystem services conferred by its multifaceted beneficial properties. We reviewed the morphological, biochemical and physiological responses to environmental stressors of O. viciifolia, summarized its ecological, agronomic, nutritional and biological interests, and we discussed its use under climate change. Onobrychis viciifolia is a hemicryptophyte forage legume adapted to arid and semiarid regions by evolving a diverse array of protective mechanisms against abiotic stressors at morphological, biochemical and physiological levels. In the present scenario of climate change, O. viciifolia has desirable forage characteristics such as high nutritive value, high voluntary intake and palatability to grazing animals, leading to satisfying animal performance for milk, meat, honey and wool production. Recent studies suggest that O. viciifolia has several highly beneficial phytochemical properties including condensed tannins and polyphenol content, which have been demonstrated to have anthelmintic activities, enhance protein utilization, and prevent bloating. In addition, O. viciifolia also has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and sequestrate atmospheric carbon and nitrogen into the soil. Ethnobotanical investigations show that O. viciifolia possesses antimicrobial, antiseptic and vulnerary activities. This review could be helpful for understanding of O. viciifolia characteristics, interests and uses, thus promoting its reasonable cultivation under a changing climate.
Using carcass information as a predictor variable of empty body weight, empty body weight gain and retained energy of hair sheep
Authors: Brito Neto Antonio de Sousa , Herbster Caio Julio Lima , Marcondes Marcos Inacio , Chagas Juana Catarina Cariri , Oliveira Ronaldo Lopes , Bezerra Leilson Rocha , da Silva Luciano Pinheiro , Pereira Elzania Sales
Published: November 2024

The objective was to develop equations to predict carcass weight (CW), use CW to predict empty body weight (EBW); and carcass gain (CG) to predict empty body weight gain (EBWG) and retained energy (RE) in hair sheep. To generate the prediction models, a data set was composed of individual measurements from 569 sheep encompassing intact males (n = 416), castrated males (n = 51), and females (n = 102). Validation analyses were performed by using the Model Evaluation System (MES). The prediction equations for CW, EBW, and EBWG were not influenced by sex class (P > 0.05), and the following equations were generated, respectively: CW (kg) = − 0.234 (±1.1358) + 0.485 (±0.0387) × FBW; EBW (kg) = 1.367 (±0.5472) + 1.681 (±0.0210) × CW and EBWG (kg) = 0.004 (±0.0026) + 1.679 (±0.0758) × CG. There was an effect of sex class on the intercept (P = 0.0013) of the relationship between RE and CG: RE (MJ/day) = 1.448 (±0.0657) × EBW0.75 × CG0.797 (±0.0399); RE (MJ/day) = 1.522 (±0.0699) × EBW0.75 × CG0.797 (±0.0399) and RE (MJ/day) = 1.827 (±0.0739) × EBW0.75 × CG0.797 (±0.0399) for intact males, castrated males and females, respectively. This study highlights the importance of incorporating carcass information into EBW, EBWG, and RE predictions. Replacing empty body weight gain with carcass gain might be a suitable alternative to estimate the retained energy of hair sheep. In addition, the generated equations will provide support for meat production systems in carcass weight prediction.
Drought stress tolerance in vetch plants (Vicia sp.): agronomic evidence and physiological signatures
Authors: Yadollahi Parvis , Eshghizadeh Hamid Reza , Razmjoo Jamshid , Zahedi Morteza , Majidi Mohammad Mahdi , Gheysari Mahdi
Published: November 2024

This study aimed to investigate vetch genotypes’ responses to moderate and severe drought stress and identify stress tolerance markers in arid conditions. Ten vetch genotypes (Vicia dassycarpa Ten., V. pannonica Crantz., V. michauxii Spereng., V. sativa-Ardebil, V. sativa-Dashtyar, V. sativa-Fereydonshahr, V. sativa-Mashhad, V. sativa-Semirom, V. sativa-Shahrekord and V. villosa Roth.) were cultivated under three water-deficit conditions: control, moderate and severe drought stress. These conditions represented maximum allowable depletion levels of 30, 50 and 85% of soil available water, applied after the six-leaf stage in the 2019–20 and 2020–21 growing seasons. The findings highlight the vetch's response to drought stress is influenced by stress severity and genotype. The result indicated a wide range of genetic diversity in agro-physiological traits among the studied vicia germplasm. Vicia dassycarpa Ten. shows highest straw yield and shorter days to flowering and maturity. Vicia michauxii Spreng. demonstrates high grain yield and advantageous traits like increased water content, photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, chlorophyll b, carotenoids and membrane stability index. It has lower soluble carbohydrate, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and proline content. Additionally, V. michauxii Spreng. exhibits superior agronomic traits such as more seeds per pod, per plant and higher 1000 seeds weight, serving as reliable markers for drought tolerance. The results emphasize V. dassycarpa Ten. for fodder and V. michauxii Spreng. for grain production in water-limited regions. Further research on gene expression related to drought tolerance traits should enhance our understanding of vetch.
Charting brain GABA and glutamate levels across psychiatric disorders by quantitative analysis of 121 1H-MRS studies
Authors: Zhang Jiayuan , Toulopoulou Timothea , Li Qian , Niu Lijing , Peng Lanxin , Dai Haowei , Chen Keyin , Wang Xingqin , Huang Ruiwang , Wei Xinhua , Zhang Ruibin
Published: November 2024

Background

Psychiatric diagnosis is based on categorical diagnostic classification, yet similarities in genetics and clinical features across disorders suggest that these classifications share commonalities in neurobiology, particularly regarding neurotransmitters. Glutamate (Glu) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the brain's primary excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, play critical roles in brain function and physiological processes.

Methods

We examined the levels of Glu, combined glutamate and glutamine (Glx), and GABA across psychiatric disorders by pooling data from 121 1H-MRS studies and further divided the sample based on Axis I disorders.

Results

Statistically significant differences in GABA levels were found in the combined psychiatric group compared with healthy controls (Hedge's g = −0.112, p = 0.008). Further analyses based on brain regions showed that brain GABA levels significantly differed across Axis I disorders and controls in the parieto-occipital cortex (Hedge's g = 0.277, p = 0.019). Furthermore, GABA levels were reduced in affective disorders in the occipital cortex (Hedge's g = −0.468, p = 0.043). Reductions in Glx levels were found in neurodevelopmental disorders (Hedge's g = −0.287, p = 0.022). Analysis focusing on brain regions suggested that Glx levels decreased in the frontal cortex (Hedge's g = −0.226, p = 0.025), and the reduction of Glu levels in patients with affective disorders in the frontal cortex is marginally significant (Hedge's g = −0.172, p = 0.052). When analyzing the anterior cingulate cortex and prefrontal cortex separately, reductions were only found in GABA levels in the former (Hedge's g = − 0.191, p = 0.009) across all disorders.

Conclusions

Altered glutamatergic and GABAergic metabolites were found across psychiatric disorders, indicating shared dysfunction. We found reduced GABA levels across psychiatric disorders and lower Glu levels in affective disorders. These results highlight the significance of GABA and Glu in psychiatric etiology and partially support rethinking current diagnostic categories.
Adverse psychiatric effects of psychedelic drugs: a systematic review of case reports
Authors: Yildirim B. , Sahin S. S. , Gee A. , Jauhar S. , Rucker J. , Salgado-Pineda P. , Pomarol-Clotet E. , McKenna P.
Published: November 2024

Background

Psychedelic drugs are a focus of interest in the treatment of depression and other disorders but there are longstanding concerns about possible adverse psychiatric consequences. Because the relevant literature is largely informal, the seriousness of these risks is difficult to evaluate.

Methods

Searches were made for case reports of schizophrenia-spectrum, affective or other psychiatric disorders after use of psychedelic drugs. Case reports of flashbacks were also searched for. Individuals with recent use of other drugs (apart from cannabis and alcohol) and/or a previous history of major psychiatric disorder were excluded. Symptoms were tabulated using the Syndrome Check List of the Present State Examination (PSE-9).

Results

We found 17 case reports of schizophrenia spectrum disorder, 17 of affective disorder (depression, mania, or both), 3 cases of anxiety, 1 of depersonalization, and 1 of unclassifiable illness. The states could develop after a single use of the drug (5/17 schizophrenia; 6/17 affective disorder), and duration was highly variable. Recovery was the rule in cases of affective disorder but not in schizophrenia spectrum disorder. Twelve of 29 cases of flashbacks showed psychiatric symptomatology definitely outlasting the attacks, mainly anxiety (5 cases) and depression (8 cases). Flashback symptoms resolved within twelve months in approximately half of the cases but in a few persisted for years.

Conclusions

Reliable descriptions of schizophrenia spectrum disorder and major affective disorder after psychedelic drug use disorder exist but are relatively uncommon. Flashbacks are sometimes but not always associated with psychiatric symptomatology, mainly anxiety or depression.
Stage Echoes: Tracing the Pantomime Harlequinade through Comic Ballet, Trap Work, and Silent Film
Authors: Norwood Janice
Published: November 2024

In 2010 film and theatre historian David Mayer urged researchers to look to early film for evidence of continuing traditions of Victorian pantomime, arguing its “audiences tolerated, even enjoyed, the same sight-gags and hackneyed routines that amused their Victorian ancestors.” This article is a response to his challenge and in the process explores wider interconnections. The harlequinade was the portion of the pantomime that occurred after key characters from the narrative pantomime opening are transformed into Clown, Harlequin, Pantaloon, and Columbine. These stock figures, originally derived from commedia dell'arte, perform a series of comic scenes via mime, dance, and physical action rather than dialogue. Having been an important feature of Regency and Victorian pantomimes, by the end of the nineteenth century the harlequinade had largely vanished (with certain exceptions such as the Britannia Theatre), causing Clement Scott to lament that it is “a pleasure lost for ever and denied to the generation of to-day.” My contention is that there is a direct line of inheritance from the harlequinade through stand-alone comic ballets to chase scenes in early film. All demand a particular type of physical performance, choreographed fast-paced action, and humor. Uncovering the tradition allows us better to understand this form of popular amusement and see how Harlequin's antics were reinterpreted for new audiences. Starting from a seemingly unremarkable comic entertainment produced in 1871 at a minor London theatre, the Britannia Theatre in Hoxton, and bearing the intriguing title of Ki-Ki-Ko-Ko-Oh-Ki-Key, I trace its heritage as embodied culture, establishing its links to early nineteenth-century pantomime harlequinade and to simian performance, tracking the appearance of comic or dumb ballets in theatres and music halls in Britain, France, and the United States through one family of performers, the Lauris, and finally identifying the legacy of the complex trap work in silent film of the early twentieth century by examining Lupino Lane's Joyland (1929).
A hierarchical deep reinforcement learning algorithm for typing with a dual-arm humanoid robot
Authors: Baltes Jacky , Mandala Hanjaya , Saeedvand Saeed
Published: November 2024

Recently, the field of robotics development and control has been advancing rapidly. Even though humans effortlessly manipulate everyday objects, enabling robots to interact with human-made objects in real-world environments remains a challenge despite years of dedicated research. For example, typing on a keyboard requires adapting to various external conditions, such as the size and position of the keyboard, and demands high accuracy from a robot to be able to use it properly. This paper introduces a novel hierarchical reinforcement learning algorithm based on the Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) algorithm to address the dual-arm robot typing problem. In this regard, the proposed algorithm employs a Convolutional Auto-Encoder (CAE) to deal with the associated complexities of continuous state and action spaces at the first stage, and then a DDPG algorithm serves as a strategy controller for the typing problem. Using a dual-arm humanoid robot, we have extensively evaluated our proposed algorithm in simulation and real-world experiments. The results showcase the high efficiency of our approach, boasting an average success rate of 96.14% in simulations and 92.2% in real-world settings. Furthermore, we demonstrate that our proposed algorithm outperforms DDPG and Deep Q-Learning, two frequently employed algorithms in robotic applications.
To divide or not to divide: Innovations on liability for reparations in the Ntaganda case
Authors: Biazatti Bruno
Published: November 2024

In 2021, the Ntaganda case introduced a new approach to evaluating the monetary liability for reparations in the International Criminal Court (ICC) by explicitly recognizing joint and several liability and centring the determination of the quantum of reparations on the harm suffered by the victims and the costs to repair it. As suggested by the Ntaganda Trial Chamber, these two innovations promote a stronger separation between the reparation process and the criminal trial, in order to consolidate a compensatory and victim-centred approach to reparations awarded by the ICC. This article critically appraises the innovations in Ntaganda through the lens of Article 21 of the Rome Statute, focussing on three elements: (i) the evolving jurisprudence on monetary liability in the ICC prior to the Ntaganda case; (ii) the case law on reparations of hybrid criminal courts; and (iii) the notion of general principles of law derived from the national legal systems of the world, in the sense of Article 21(1)(c) of the Statute. The article argues that, despite its victim friendly veneer, the approach introduced in Ntaganda should not be taken for granted. Besides the fact that multiple important aspects and ramifications of this approach remain unaddressed, those two innovations may have serious implications for the victims, the convicted persons, and the ICC’s reparations process as a whole.
Pore size distribution and water retention in colonized Antarctic Beacon sandstone
Authors: McKay Christopher P. , Sun Henry , Kidron Giora J.
Published: November 2024

We report on the pore size distribution and water retention of Beacon sandstone from Antarctica that harbours a cryptoendolithic community, predominantly lichens, just below the surface. We measured the pore size distribution, drying time and equilibrium relative humidity of sandstone samples that were colonized by lichens. The incremental pore volume distribution peaks at ~10 μm radius, but ~20% of the pore volume occurs for a radius < 0.02 μm. Water from snowmelt fills ~20% of the total pore volume. It takes ~4–5 days of evaporation to lose 90% of the water. As the rock loses water, the equilibrium relative humidity remains at 99% until an appreciable amount (80–90%) of the pore water is lost, after which the equilibrium relative humidity starts to decrease. The relative humidity remains at > 80% (68 h) long after the water content falls to < 98% (19 h) - the point at which liquid water is estimated no longer to be present. Lichens can remain active in air with high relative humidity (> 80%). Thus, the pore size distribution of the sandstone may play a role in explaining why lichens dominate these sandstones.
Photophysiology of the first reported bleached crustose coralline alga, Clathromorphum sp. (Hapalidiales, Rhodophyta), from Antarctica
Authors: Calderon Martha S. , Bustamante Danilo E. , Mansilla Andrés , Méndez Fabio , Rodríguez Juan P. , Marambio Johanna , Convey Peter
Published: November 2024

During a 2019 Chilean Antarctic Scientific Expedition (ECA 55) studying crustose coralline algae (CCA) diversity on the Antarctic Peninsula, bleaching of these algae was observed for the first time in this region. Here, we present initial findings on the physiological state of bleached and normally pigmented CCA (Clathromorphum sp.) assessed using chlorophyll-a fluorescence induction pulse amplitude modulation. The study site experienced high light exposure and salinity in the water column. Our analyses found that bleached CCA have relatively healthy photophysiology responses but lower photosynthetic efficiency, which could be associated with the low salinities recorded in the study area. However, seasonal monitoring and mesocosm experiments across the southern polar latitudes are urgently required to confirm this hypothesis.
Climate investments, stock markets, and the open economy
Authors: Attílio Luccas Assis , Faria João R. , McAdam Peter
Published: November 2024

We analyze the effect of green patents on G7 stock market returns. First, we build a small IS-LM model to identify the relevant channels, augmented with open-economy channels and the Green Tobin’s q (Faria et al., 2022). The model highlights that the intertemporal impacts of greening on stock returns are ambiguous. We then turn to an estimated global vector autoregressive model to more rigorously analyze the effect of monetary and green patenting shocks across the G7. Both shocks influence green patents through real and financial markets. As regards green patent shocks, results suggest that a tension exists over time between promoting pollution reduction and energy efficiency and the profitability of (green and brown) companies in the aggregate. We perform a variety of robustness exercises around our main results. Our results provide something of a challenge to the literature and call for more research effort to understand the various channels that might explain this dynamic—and in turn whether any particular policy recommendations follow.
Does China Need a Carers’ Policy? A Reflection Based on the Caregiving Experience of Older Carers
Authors: Chan Chak Kwan , Liang Jianling , Fong Meng Soi , Tang Mun Yu , Wong Sheung Wan , Chan Sonia Kin Lai
Published: November 2024

This study investigated the caregiving capacity of older Chinese carers and discussed whether the Chinese government needs to offer more support to them. In-depth interviews were conducted with forty older respondents aged sixty years or over caring for frail or sick family members. It was found that most respondents demonstrated firm traditional Chinese values by treating relatives bound by blood or marriage as family members and exhibiting a strong obligation towards them. However, the older carers bore a considerable burden and suffered from deteriorating physical and mental health. The Chinese government needs to introduce a nationwide policy for carers, defining its main support and providing clear guidelines for the local government to tackle the caregiving pressures of older carers. Moreover, the concept of ‘common prosperity’ can be adopted as an empowerment strategy by encouraging poor older carers to seek external support without feeling ashamed or dependent on others.
Two Types of Intraseasonal Variability With a Vertical Difference in the Currents East of Luzon Island and Their Sources
Authors: Wang Zhenxiao , Zhang Linlin , Mu Lin , Hui Yuchao , Song Weiqi , Li Wenjuan , Hu Dunxin
Published: November 2024

Intraseasonal variabilities (ISVs) of the western boundary currents (WBCs) east of Luzon Island were explored using acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) measurements from three moorings at 18°N during 2018–2020. Besides the traditionally known surface‐intensified ISV, subsurface‐intensified ISV with a typical period of approximately 60 days was also detected in the currents, and the strongest signal appeared between 400 and 800 m. Further analysis indicates that they are highly associated with subsurface eddies. Based on their lifespan, subsurface eddies are classified into two categories: short‐lived and medium‐to long‐lived eddies. The short‐lived eddies are primarily generated locally near the eastern coast of Luzon Island, whereas the medium‐to long‐lived eddies are mainly generated away from the western boundary, in the region west of 135°E. Additional energy diagnosis suggests that baroclinic instability induced by the velocity shear of the North Equatorial Current (NEC)/subtropical countercurrent (STCC) system dominates the generation of medium‐to long‐lived subsurface eddies in the interior ocean, while barotropic instability and baroclinic instability play a comparable role in the generation of short‐lived eddies near the eastern coast of Luzon Island.
Analysis of the Influence of Clear‐Sky Fluxes on the Cloud‐Type Mean Cloud Radiative Effects in the Tropical Convectively Active Regions With CERES Satellite Data
Authors: Xu Kuan‐Man , Sun Moguo , Zhou Yaping
Published: November 2024

Cloud radiative effects (CREs) and cloud‐type mean CREs depend upon how clear‐sky fluxes are computed over a large area: those of the immediate environment of clouds or the regional mean clear‐sky fluxes. Five convectively active regions in the Tropics, two over land (Africa and Amazon) and three over ocean (eastern and western Pacific and Atlantic), are selected to understand the influence of immediate environment of clouds on CREs. Fluxes derived from 19 years of high‐resolution CERES satellite data, categorized by cloud type, are utilized. The cloud types are classified based on the joint cloud top pressure and cloud optical depth distribution. For the entire tropical region, differences in cloud‐type mean CRE with regional mean and immediate environment clear skies range from −7.8 to 10.7 Wm−2 for shortwave (SW), 2.9 to 15.8 Wm−2 for longwave (LW), and 6.1 to 17.9 Wm−2 for net, respectively. The oceanic and Amazonia regions have negative (positive) SW (LW) CRE differences, typically 2–6 Wm−2 in SW but 7–10 Wm−2 in LW, whereas Africa has positive SW and LW CRE differences (typically 20–30 Wm−2, up to 40–50 Wm−2). The influence of immediate environment reduces the regionally averaged, that is, cloud‐type mean CREs weighted by cloud fractions, SW cloud cooling, and LW cloud warming in four of the five regions except for Africa. For Africa, it increases the SW cloud cooling and greatly reduces the LW cloud warming, resulting in net cloud cooling as in other regions instead of warming. The implications of these findings for observational and modeling studies are discussed.
Grain Size Measurements of the Eolian Stimson Formation, Gale Crater, Mars and Implications for Sand Provenance and Paleoatmospheric Conditions
Authors: Preston Sarah L. , Siebach Kirsten L. , Lapôtre Mathieu G. A. , Banham Steven G.
Published: November 2024

The Stimson formation is a late‐infilling eolian sandstone in Gale crater, Mars that formed from sand accumulation in a dune field analogous to the modern active Bagnold dune field, enabling a unique opportunity to compare the past to the present dune fields on Mars. Previous work suggested that the Stimson has a coarser grain‐size distribution than the active Bagnold dunes based on three images of the Stimson. We analyze grain size in the Naukluft and Emerson plateaus of the Stimson by observing 115 images throughout the formation to classify textures and quantitatively measuring grains in eight representative individual images. Results indicate that the Stimson has a primary grain size mode at <200 μm. In addition, more than 50% of the observed Stimson rock targets display a coarser grain population with a long‐tailed distribution including grains ∼600–1200 μm. The primary grain size mode is similar to that observed in the Bagnold dunes, but the coarse grain size mode was neither observed in the Bagnold dunes nor in ripples adjacent to the dune field. Models for saltation mechanics indicate that the favored grain size for eolian transport on Mars, ∼100–200 μm, is independent of atmospheric density, though atmospheric density affects the wind speeds at which grains can be transported by winds. We conclude that the source of the Stimson dunes was more proximal and coarser than the source of the Bagnold dunes and that the paleoatmosphere was likely not significantly denser than the modern Martian atmosphere.
Intranasal delivery of a subunit protein vaccine provides protective immunity against JN.1 and XBB-lineage variants
Authors: Lei Hong , Hong Weiqi , Yang Jingyun , He Cai , Zhou Yanan , Zhang Yu , Alu Aqu , Shi Jie , Liu Jian , qin Furong , Ao Danyi , Huang Xiya , Chen Zimin , Yang Hao , Yang Yun , Yu Wenhai , Tang Cong , Wang Junbin , Li Bai , Huang Qing , Hu Hongbo , Cheng Wei , Dong Haohao , Lei Jian , Chen Lu , Zhou Xikun , Li Jiong , Yang Li , Wang Zhenling , Wang Wei , Shen Guobo , Yang Jinliang , Zhao Zhiwei , Song Xiangrong , Lu Guangwen , Sun Qiangming , Wang Youchun , Lu Shuaiyao , Wei Xiawei
Published: November 2024

The mucosal immune response plays a crucial role in the prevention of respiratory viruses. Given the risk of recurrent SARS-CoV-2 infections in the population, the rapid development of next-generation intranasal COVID-19 vaccines with high safety and efficacy is paramount. In the current study, we developed a protein-based intranasal vaccine comprising the XBB.1.5 receptor binding domain (RBD)-derived trimeric recombinant protein (RBDXBB.1.5-HR) and an MF59-like oil-in-water adjuvant. Intranasal administration of RBDXBB.1.5-HR vaccine elicited robust and sustained humoral immune responses in mice and rats, resulting in high levels of neutralizing antibodies against XBB-lineage subvariants, with protection lasting for at least six months. The intranasal RBDXBB.1.5-HR vaccine generated potent mucosal immune responses, characterized by the inductions of tissue-resident T (TRM) cells, local cellular immunity, germinal center, and memory B cell responses in the respiratory tract. The combination of intramuscular and intranasal delivery of the RBDXBB.1.5-HR vaccine demonstrated exceptional systemic and mucosal protective immunity. Furthermore, intranasal delivery of RBDXBB.1.5-HR vaccine as a heterologous booster shot showed more effective boosting effects after mRNA administration compared to homologous vaccination, as evidenced by the induction of superior systemic and extra mucosal immune response. Importantly, the intranasal RBDXBB.1.5-HR vaccine conferred efficient protection against the challenge with authentic EG.5.1 viruses in vivo. These findings identify the intranasal RBDXBB.1.5-HR vaccine as a potential mucosal vaccine candidate for the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection.