bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Controlled Thickness Deposition of Ultrathin Ceramic Films by Spin Coating
Authors: Leite Edson Roberto , Lee Eduardo Jian Hua , Ribeiro Caue , Longo Elson
Published: April 2006

This work describes the combined use of nanocrystal water‐based colloidal suspensions with spin‐coating deposition in order to obtain ultrathin ceramic films. We have used tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles, with particle diameter sizes ranging from 1–5.5 nm, to develop the deposition approach. Films obtained under several conditions were characterized by ellipsometry and atomic force microscopy, showing that the process has the ability to produce ultrathin ceramic films, with thickness ranging from 10–100 nm, with good particle packing. Additionally, electrical measurements in the films indicate good homogeneity and potential for various applications.
Detection and Classification of Composite Resins in Incinerated Teeth for Forensic Purposes
Authors: Bush Mary A. , Bush Peter J. , Miller Raymond G.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT:The great demand for esthetic restorations has resulted in placement of large numbers of composite resin fillings. The popularity of these materials is reflected in the quantity and variety of resin brands currently on the market. The ability to distinguish resin brands can aid in positive identification of burn victims, assuming that appropriate dental records exist. Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) was used to characterize the structure and composition of 10 modern resins. The structure of each resin was unique to manufacturer, and elemental analysis allowed separation into distinct groups. These 10 resins were also placed in extracted teeth and incinerated at 900°C for 30 min, simulating near cremation conditions. The resins were identifiable by SEM/EDS after incineration, and the elemental composition remained almost unchanged. The data produced are immediately useful for resin identification in forensics, and comparative analysis can be readily performed using standard equipment. This work represents the initial stage of database generation.
Chemoprotective effect of melatonin against cisplatin‐induced testicular toxicity in rats
Authors: Ateşşahin Ahmet , Şahna Engin , Türk Gaffari , Çeribaşi Ali Osman , Yılmaz Seval , Yüce Abdurrauf , Bulmuş Özgür
Published: April 2006

Abstract:  In this study, we investigated the effect of melatonin on cisplatin‐induced spermiotoxicity using quantitative, biochemical and histopathological approaches. Cisplatin (CP, 7 mg/kg) and melatonin (10 mg/kg) were intraperitoneally injected. The rats were decapitated on 5th (short‐term group) or 50th day (long‐term group) after CP injection. Traits of reproductive organs, sperm characteristics, testicular histological findings, and the lipid peroxidation in the testicular tissue were determined. Melatonin mitigated CP‐induced reductions in testes, epididymis and accessory gland weights in rats decapitated on day 5. Both short‐ and long‐term CP treatment decreased sperm concentration, sperm motility and increased abnormal sperm rates compared with the control. But the reduction of sperm concentration in long‐term CP treatment was insignificant. Although treatment with melatonin provided moderately normalization with respect to sperm concentration in short‐term treatment group, melatonin caused a marked normalization of sperm motility in both CP + melatonin groups. Both groups treated with the melatonin showed decreases in abnormal sperm rates compared with alone CP. While testicular malondialdehyde levels were elevated after CP treatment, glutathione peroxidase activity decreased significantly in both groups. Glutathione levels reduced after long‐term treatment, but not in short‐term group by CP administration. Treatment with CP plus melatonin provided significant amelioration of oxidative stress parameters. Histopathological findings of testes in both short‐ and long‐term treatment groups paralleled the biochemical and spermatogenic results. This study clearly indicates that CP‐treatment impaired markedly testicular function and combined treatment with melatonin prevented much of the toxicity in rats.
SOURCE‐ROCK EVALUATION AND BASIN MODELLING IN NE EGYPT (NE NILE DELTA AND NORTHERN SINAI)
Authors: Shaaban F. , Lutz R. , Littke R. , Bueker C. , Odisho K.
Published: April 2006

The area comprising the NE Nile Delta and adjacent northern Sinai is an important hydrocarbon province in Egypt, but the origin of the hydrocarbons and their migration is not fully understood. In this paper, we evaluate organic source facies and assess the results of basin modelling in order to improve our understanding of the regional petroleum system.

Organic‐geochemical and petrographic analyses of 800 rock samples ranging in age from Early Jurassic to Pleistocene were used in this study. Most of the samples studied had moderate to high TOC contents, and kerogen was a mixture of Types II and III with a wide range of petroleum generation potentials from very poor to very good. Thermal and burial history models indicate that the source rocks entered the early‐mature/mature stage in very recent times (Pleistocene to Recent). The top of the oil window ranges in depth from 1,800 m to 4,500 m, whereas the bottom of the oil window was not reached by most of the studied wells.

In combination with numerical modelling results, structure contour maps for key horizons reveal possible migration trends and prospective areas. We tentatively identify prospective targets for hydrocarbon exploration, both in the Tertiary sequence and in the Cretaceous succession, especially where carbonate build‐ups are present.
Emergence of Drug-Resistant Influenza Virus: Population Dynamical Considerations
Authors: Regoes Roland R. , Bonhoeffer Sebastian
Published: April 2006

Given the considerable challenges to the rapid development of an effective vaccine against influenza, antiviral agents will play an important role as a first-line defense if a new pandemic occurs. The large-scale use of drugs for chemoprophylaxis and treatment will impose strong selection for the evolution of drug-resistant strains. The ensuing transmission of those strains could substantially limit the effectiveness of the drugs as a first-line defense. Summarizing recent data on the rate at which the treatment of influenza infection generates resistance de novo and on the transmission fitness of resistant virus, we discuss possible implications for the epidemiological spread of drug resistance in the context of an established population dynamic model.
Intensity of tennis match play
Authors: Fernandez J , Mendez-Villanueva A , Pluim B M
Published: April 2006

This review focuses on the characteristics of tennis players during match play and provides a greater insight into the energy demands of tennis. A tennis match often lasts longer than an hour and in some cases more than five hours. During a match there is a combination of periods of maximal or near maximal work and longer periods of moderate and low intensity activity. Match intensity varies considerably depending on the players’ level, style, and sex. It is also influenced by factors such as court surface and ball type. This has important implications for the training of tennis players, which should resemble match intensity and include interval training with appropriate work to rest ratios.
The Sony Ericsson WTA Tour 10 year age eligibility and professional development review
Authors: Otis C L , Crespo M , Flygare C T , Johnston P R , Keber A , Lloyd-Kolkin D , Loehr J , Martin K , Pluim B M , Quinn A , Roetert P , Stroia K A , Terry P C
Published: April 2006

Concerns have long existed over the participation of adolescent athletes in professional sports. In 2004, the Sony Ericsson WTA Tour (WTA Tour) commissioned a Professional Development Advisory Panel (PDAP) to evaluate the WTA Tour’s age eligibility rule (AER) and professional development programmes (PDPs) for female tennis players since their inception in 1995. More than 75% of the 628 respondents supported the principles of the AER, and 90% indicated a need for PDPs. Statistical analysis of WTA Tour players’ careers found that premature retirements (players leaving the Tour at or before age 21) decreased significantly from 7% before the AER to less than 1% afterward, and median career length increased by 43%. The PDAP recommends that the WTA Tour continues a phased-in, developmentally appropriate AER, enhances the PDPs, and works with other sport governing bodies to coordinate rules and programmes at earlier ages to aid the transition of adolescents into adult sports.
WEYL TYPE ALGEBRAS FROM QUANTUM TORI
Authors: ZHAO KAIMING
Published: April 2006

We introduce and study the quantum version of the differential operator algebra on Laurent polynomials and its associated Lie algebra over a field F of characteristic 0. The q-quantum torus Fq is the unital associative algebra over F generated by [Formula: see text] subject to the defining relations titj = qi,jtjti, where qi,i = 1, [Formula: see text]. Let D be a subspace of [Formula: see text] where ∂i is the derivation on Fq sending [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text]. Then, the quantum differential operator algebra is the associative algebra Fq[D].

Assume that Fq[D] is simple as an associative algebra. We compute explicitly all 2-cocycles of Fq[D], viewed as a Lie algebra. More precisely, we show that the second cohomology group of Fq[D] has dimension n if D = 0, dimension 1 if dim D = 1, and dimension 0 if dim D > 1.

We also determine all isomorphisms and anti-isomorphisms Fq[D] → Fq′[D′] of simple associative algebras, and all isomorphisms Fq[D]/F → Fq′[D′]/F of simple Lie algebras.
Mediator mechanisms involved in TRPV1 and P2X receptor-mediated, ROS-evoked bradypneic reflex in anesthetized rats
Authors: Ruan Ting , Lin You Shuei , Lin Kae-Shin , Kou Yu Ru
Published: April 2006

Inhalation of H2O2is known to evoke bradypnea followed by tachypnea, which are reflexes resulting from stimulation by reactive oxygen species of vagal lung capsaicin-sensitive and myelinated afferents, respectively. This study investigated the pharmacological receptors and chemical mediators involved in triggering these responses. The ventilatory responses to 0.2% aerosolized H2O2were studied before and after various pharmacological pretreatments in anesthetized rats. The initial bradypneic response was reduced by a transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptor antagonist [capsazepine; change (Δ) = −53%] or a P2X purinoceptor antagonist [ iso-pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2′,5′-disulphonate (PPADS); Δ = −47%] and was further reduced by capsazepine and iso-PPADS in combination (Δ = −78%). The initial bradypneic response was reduced by a cyclooxygenase inhibitor (indomethacin; Δ = −48%), ATP scavengers (apyrase and adenosine deaminase in combination; Δ = −50%), or capsazepine and indomethacin in combination (Δ = −47%), was further reduced by iso-PPADS and indomethacin in combination (Δ = −75%) or capsazepine and ATP scavengers in combination (Δ = −83%), but was not affected by a lipoxygenase inhibitor (nordihydroguaiaretic acid) or by any of the various vehicles. No pretreatment influenced delayed tachypnea. We concluded that 1) the initial bradypneic response to H2O2results from activation of both TRPV1 and P2X receptors, possibly located at terminals of vagal lung capsaicin-sensitive afferent fibers; 2) the functioning of the TRPV1 and P2X receptors in triggering the initial bradypnea is, in part, mediated through the actions of cyclooxygenase metabolites and ATP, respectively; and 3) these mechanisms do not contribute to the H2O2-evoked delayed tachypnea.
Endothelium-dependent vasodilation of cerebral arteries is altered with simulated microgravity through nitric oxide synthase and EDHF mechanisms
Authors: Prisby Rhonda D. , Wilkerson M. Keith , Sokoya Elke M. , Bryan Robert M. , Wilson Emily , Delp Michael D.
Published: April 2006

Cephalic elevations in arterial pressure associated with microgravity and prolonged bed rest alter cerebrovascular autoregulation in humans. Using the head-down tail-suspended (HDT) rat to chronically induce headward fluid shifts and elevate cerebral artery pressure, previous work has likewise shown cerebral perfusion to be diminished. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that 2 wk of HDT reduces cerebral artery vasodilation. To test this hypothesis, dose-response relations for endothelium-dependent (2-methylthioadenosine triphosphate and bradykinin) and endothelium-independent (nitroprusside) vasodilation were determined in vitro in middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) from HDT and control rats. All in vitro measurements were done in the presence and absence of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (10−5M) and cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (10−5M). MCA caveolin-1 protein content was measured by immunoblot analysis. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation to 2-methylthioadenosine triphosphate and bradykinin were both lower in MCAs from HDT rats. These lower vasodilator responses were abolished with NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester but were unaffected by indomethacin. In addition, HDT was associated with lower levels of MCA caveolin-1 protein. Endothelium-independent vasodilation was not altered by HDT. These results indicate that chronic cephalic fluid shifts diminish endothelium-dependent vasodilation through alterations in the endothelial nitric oxide synthase signaling mechanism. Such decrements in endothelium-dependent vasodilation of cerebral arteries could contribute to the elevations in cerebral vascular resistance and reductions in cerebral perfusion that occur after conditions of simulated microgravity in HDT rats.
Seizure as a Manifestation of Intracranial Hypotension in a Shunted Patient
Authors: Agrawal Deepak , Durity Felix A.
Published: April 2006

The authors describe a child with a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt in place for 5 years who presented with ‘postural’ seizures (seizures on sitting upright, which resolved on recumbency). On shunt tap, the cerebrospinal fluid was obtained freely, but required gentle aspiration with a syringe in the recumbent position, suggesting very low intracranial pressure. Contrast magnetic resonance imaging showed pachymeningeal enhancement and enlargement of the pituitary gland diagnostic of intracranial hypotension along with well-decompressed ventricles. At the time of revision of the shunt, no evidence of malfunction was found and the valve was changed to one with a higher opening pressure. Following this, she became asymptomatic and seizure free. This case illustrates the fact that following shunting, intracranial hypotension may also predispose to seizures, and should be kept in mind while managing these patients.
Spinal Cord Compression from Spinal Tuberculosis in a Child
Authors: Kiymaz Nejmi , Yilmaz Nebi , Demir Özgür
Published: April 2006

Tuberculosis in children most frequently involves the pulmonary system. Spinal tuberculosis is very rare and insidious in children. We present a 1-year-old girl who was brought to our clinic with complaints of a bulge on her back and weakness in the feet. She was investigated with magnetic resonance imaging and at the thoracic level which revealed vertebral destruction and para- and perispinal abscess. Computed tomography of the lungs showed tuberculous lesions. The child’s mother gave a post history of recovered lung tuberculosis. Due to appearance paraparesis secondary to vertebral destruction, we removed the abscess and infected bone and reconstruction was carried out with fibular allograft anteriorly. Tuberculosis bacilli were isolated from the postoperative biopsy culture. In this study, we evaluated the methods of diagnosis and treatment of spiral tuberculosis according to the studies and publications which have been done previously.
Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor of the Velum Interpositum Presenting as a Spontaneous Intraventricular Hemorrhage in an Infant: Case Report with Long-Term Survival
Authors: Donovan Daniel J. , Smith Alice B. , Petermann Gregory W.
Published: April 2006

Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (ATRT) of infancy are highly malignant neoplasms that are most common in the first 2 years of life. We present the case of a 3-month-old girl who presented with the acute onset of generalized seizures and was found to have a large spontaneous intraventricular hemorrhage. The blood masked an underlying ATRT of the velum interpositum in the midline of the lateral ventricles and roof of the third ventricle, the first reported case in this location. Serial imaging studies and two ventriculoscopic biopsies were required to establish the diagnosis of the tumor in this unique location and in the midst of an evolving hematoma. After surgical resection, the patient received adjuvant chemotherapy. At 4-year follow-up, the child is neurologically intact, meeting normal developmental milestones, and imaging studies show no evidence of tumor. ATRT were previously associated with an extremely poor prognosis, but more recent evidence with complete surgical resection and adjuvant chemotherapy shows extended survival in some cases, supporting an aggressive and comprehensive approach to give these patients the best chance for a good outcome. Spontaneous brain hemorrhage in a full-term infant requires a diligent and persistent search to rule out an underlying neoplasm.
Atypical Traumatic Craniocervical Junction Focal Spinal Subdural Hematoma
Authors: Aydin M. Volkan , Sen Orhan , Tufan Kadir , Caner Hakan
Published: April 2006

Spinal subdural hematoma (SSDH) is a rare entity and post-traumatic cervical SSDH is very rare. Review of the literature revealed 8 reported cases of traumatic SSDH and only 2 were cervical. The exact mechanism and pathogenesis of SSDHs are unclear. There are still controversies about the source of bleeding and mechanisms of formation of a hematoma. Here we report a case of a unique traumatic craniocervical junction focal subdural hematoma in an 8-year-old boy and discuss the possible mechanisms of SSDHs in trauma cases.
N-Terminal pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide in Risk Stratification after Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients on Long-Term Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Blocker Therapy
Authors: Jonsson Gisli , Abdelnoor Michael , Landaas Sverre , Müller Carl , Kjeldsen Sverre Erik , Os Ingrid , Westheim Arne
Published: April 2006

Background: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) appears to be a strong risk marker of mortality in patients with acute coronary syndrome. However, little information is available on NT-proBNP as a predictor of long-term serious cardiovascular events beyond that of left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), most of them treated with an early invasive strategy and on a uniform optimal secondary preventive medication including long-term beta-adrenergic receptor blockade. Objective: To assess the prognostic impact of plasma NT-proBNP in patients with AMI who received optimal medical treatment including long-term beta-adrenergic receptor blockade. Methods: Plasma NT-proBNP was measured in 219 patients (age range 31–80 years) with AMI at baseline, and then followed for a median duration of 1.63 years. The first occurrences of a serious cardiovascular event including cardiac mortality, nonfatal MI, and congestive heart failure were registered. Results: Ninety serious cardiovascular events occurred. Left ventricular ejection fraction and reperfusion therapy with thrombolysis or percutaneous coronary intervention were identified as confounders. When adjusting for these factors in multivariate analysis, NT-proBNP was a strong predictor of serious cardiovascular events in patients with a plasma NT-proBNP of >162.2 pmol/l and aged <60 years (p = 0.001). The incidence rate was related to increasing NT-proBNP (p = 0.0017). The risk of serious cardiovascular events was higher in patients with NT-proBNP levels in the highest quartile (≧162.2 pmol/l) than in those with levels in the three lowest quartiles (rate ratio = 2.5, 95% confidence interval = 1.6–3.9, p = 0.0001). Conclusion: AMI patients with high plasma NT-proBNP seem to be at an increased risk of serious cardiovascular events, but only those ≤60 years of age.
Adventitial Neuronal Somata
Authors: Somasundaram Chandra , Diz Debra I. , Coleman Timothy , Bukoski Richard D.
Published: April 2006

Confocal analysis of the whole-mount rat mesenteric branch arteries (MBA) revealed nucleated structures with axonal processes which immunostained for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Immunocytochemistry ruled out the possibility that these were immune elements (macrophages and mast or dendritic cells) in close proximity with nerve fibers. To test our hypothesis that β-CGRP is expressed in the rat MBA, we performed RT-PCR using total RNA isolated from the mesenteric artery arcade and intron spanning primers designed to amplify 188 bp of the β-CGRP and 333 bp of α-CGRP cDNA. The PCR yielded an amplicon of the predicted size which was cloned into the pCR 3.1 vector. DNA sequence analysis of the insert showed 100% homology with the β-CGRP cDNA, indicating that mRNA encoding β-CGRP is expressed in the vessel. To learn whether neuronal cell bodies are located in the adventitia of MBA, we performed a limited collagenase digestion of isolated segments and plated the resulting cells in Ham’s F12 medium with 10% horse serum on polyornithine-coated cover glasses. The medium was replaced after 48 h with Ham’s F12 nutrient mixture containing N2 supplement. This resulted in a mixed population of fibroblasts, a small number of smooth muscle cells and a subset of cells that sprouted axons and immunostained positively for neuronal cell adhesion molecule and CGRP antigens. Fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells did not label with these antibodies. These data demonstrate, for the first time, that a population of adventitial neuronal somata (termed ANNIES), possibly of sensory nerve origin, is located in small mesenteric arteries.
Melanoma Metastasis to the Breast Masquerading as Fibroadenoma
Authors: da Silva Benedito Borges , da Silva Jr. Raimundo Gerônimo , Lopes Costa Pedro Vitor , Pires Cleicilene Gomes , da Silva Pinheiro Gevina
Published: April 2006

Background: Although primary malignant breast lesions are common, tumor metastasis to the breast is rare. Melanoma metastasis to the breast occurs even more rarely. Case: In the present case report, we describe an adolescent girl with malignant melanoma metastasis to the breast masquerading as fibroadenoma, in which it was impossible to perform differential diagnosis based only on the physical examination and ultrasonographic evaluation. The definitive diagnosis both of the primary and of the metastatic lesion was reached by immunohistochemistry, which revealed positivity to Mart-1 antibody. Conclusion: Melanoma metastasizing to the breast is occasionally indistinguishable from a benign lesion at ultrasonographic evaluation. Emphasis should be made on the importance of a correct diagnosis prior to therapeutic management.
Effect of L-Dopa Decarboxylase Inhibitor Benserazide on Renal Function in Streptozotocin-Diabetic Rats
Authors: Pfeil Katrin , Staudacher Torsten , Luippold Gerd
Published: April 2006

Background/Aims: Benserazide (BZD), an inhibitor of the dopamine synthesis, abolished the increase in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) following the infusion of a mixed amino acid solution. These results reveal endogenous dopamine as a mediator in the renal response to amino acids. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether dopamine is also involved in the regulation of glomerular hyperfiltration during the early state of diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with a single dose of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg i.p.) for induction of experimental DM (n = 7–8/group). Age-matched non-diabetic animals, injected with citrate buffer, served as controls (CON, n = 8/group). Clearance experiments were performed 2 weeks after induction of DM in thiopental-anesthetized rats (80 mg/kg i.p.), which were continuously infused either with BZD (30 µg/min/kg) or vehicle (VHC). Results: Mean arterial blood pressure was around 110 mm Hg and did not significantly differ among the groups. GFR was 0.95 ± 0.02 ml/min/100 g b.w. in VHC-treated CON. BZD treatment did not significantly change GFR in the CON group (0.92 ± 0.06 ml/min/100 g b.w.). As expected, glomerular hyperfiltration was observed in diabetic rats infused with VHC (1.24 ± 0.08 ml/min/100 g b.w.). Treatment with BZD significantly reduced the diabetes-induced increase in GFR to control levels (0.95 ± 0.05 ml/min/100 g b.w.). Conclusion: Our results show that the inhibition of dopamine synthesis prevented the increase in GFR due to diabetic conditions, indicating that endogenous dopamine is involved in the regulation of DM-induced changes in renal hemodynamics.
Necrotizing Granulomata in the Lung Preceding Colonic Involvement in 2 Patients with Crohn’s Disease
Authors: Shulimzon Tiberiu , Rozenman Jehudit , Perelman Marina , Bardan Eytan , Ben-Dov Issahar
Published: April 2006

Extraintestinal involvement, including the chest, is common in the late course of Crohn’s disease. We describe 2 female patients in whom the course of the disease was unique in two aspects: (1) each had a pulmonary mass with granulomatous inflammation and necrosis, and (2) these findings had preceded the colonic involvement by 5 years. This sequence supports some of the theories on the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease and on its possible relation with sarcoidosis, another idiopathic granulomatous disease.
Dexamethasone Downregulates Calcification-Inhibitor Molecules and Accelerates Osteogenic Differentiation of Vascular Pericytes
Authors: Kirton John Paul , Wilkinson Fiona L. , Canfield Ann E. , Alexander M. Yvonne
Published: April 2006

Vascular calcification is present in many pathological conditions and is recognized as a strong predictor of future cardiovascular events. Current evidence suggests that it is a regulated process involving inducing and inhibitory molecules. Glucocorticoids have great clinical importance as antiinflammatory drugs and can act as potent inducers of osteogenic differentiation in vitro. The effect of glucocorticoids on vascular cells in vivo remains obscure. Pericytes are pluripotent cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts, and recent evidence suggests that they could participate in vascular calcification. We hypothesized that the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone would enhance the rate of pericyte differentiation and mineralization in vitro with a concomitant suppression of calcification-inhibitory molecules. Three weeks of dexamethasone treatment induced a 2-fold increase in (1) alkaline phosphatase activity, (2) calcium deposition, and (3) the number of nodules formed in vitro; and a reduction in the expression of matrix Gla protein (MGP), osteopontin (OPN), and vascular calcification-associated factor (VCAF) mRNAs. The glucocorticoid receptor antagonist Org 34116 abolished dexamethasone-accelerated pericyte differentiation, nodule formation, and mineralization. Data obtained using Org 34116, the transcription inhibitor actinomycin D, and the protein synthesis inhibitor cyclohexamide suggest that MGP, OPN, and VCAF mRNA abundance are controlled at different and multiple levels by dexamethasone. This is the first report showing that dexamethasone enhances the osteogenic differentiation of pericytes and downregulates genes associated with inhibition of mineralization. Our study highlights the need for further investigation into the long-term consequences of prolonged glucocorticoid therapy on vascular calcification.
Impaired Glucose Tolerance Increases Stroke Risk in Nondiabetic Patients With Transient Ischemic Attack or Minor Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Vermeer Sarah E. , Sandee Willemijn , Algra Ale , Koudstaal Peter J. , Kappelle L. Jaap , Dippel Diederik W.J.
Published: April 2006

Background and Purpose—

Impaired glucose tolerance, an intermediate metabolic state between normal glucose and diabetes characterized by nonfasting glucose levels between 7.8 to 11.0 mmol/L, is associated with an increased stroke risk in patients with coronary heart disease. Whether impaired glucose tolerance increases the risk of stroke in patients with transient ischemic attack (TIA) or minor ischemic stroke is unknown.

Methods—

In total, 3127 patients with a TIA or minor ischemic stroke participated in the Dutch TIA Trial, testing 2 different doses of aspirin and atenolol versus placebo. We estimated the risk of stroke and the risk of myocardial infarction or cardiac death in relation to baseline nonfasting glucose levels (mean 6.0, SD 2.2 mmol/L) with Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, adjusted for cardiovascular risk factors.

Results—

During 2.6 years follow-up, 272 patients (9%) experienced a stroke and 200 (6%) a myocardial infarction or cardiac death. We found a J-shaped relationship between baseline nonfasting glucose levels and stroke risk. Stroke risk was nearly doubled in patients with impaired glucose tolerance (glucose 7.8 to 11.0 mmol/L) compared with those with normal glucose levels (hazard ratio [HR] 1.8, 95% CI, 1.1 to 3.0) and nearly tripled in diabetic patients (glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L; HR 2.8, 95% CI, 1.9 to 4.1). Patients with low glucose levels (<4.6 mmol/L) had a 50% increased stroke risk (HR 1.5, 95% CI, 1.0 to 2.2) compared with those with normal glucose levels. There was no association between glucose levels and risk of myocardial infarction or cardiac death.

Conclusion—

Impaired glucose tolerance is an independent risk factor for future stroke in nondiabetic patients with TIA or minor ischemic stroke.
Developmental, Ethnic, and Social Influences on Participation in Sexual Possibility Situations for Youth With HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Mothers
Authors: Lewis Linwood J. , Mellins Claude A. , Brackis-Cott Elizabeth
Published: April 2006

This cross-sectional study examined the relationship among maternal HIV, pubertal development, gender, ethnicity, and spirituality and adolescent participation in sexual possibility situations (SPSs) and in sexual activity. SPSs are social encounters with cross-gender peers that afford the opportunity to engage in sexual activity. Heterosexual African American and Latino adolescents (10 to 14 years) and their HIV-positive or HIV-negative mothers (N = 176) were interviewed about risk and protective factors related to sexual behavior. Results indicate that physically mature adolescents are more likely to participate in SPSs, that girls are less likely than boys to participate in SPSs, and that more spiritual adolescents are less likely to participate in SPSs. Increased time in SPSs is associated with engagement in sexual behavior, and family religiosity is associated with decreased probability of sexual behavior. Mothers’ HIV status was not associated with SPS participation or engagement in sexual behavior. Suggestions about further refinement of research using SPSs are explored.
Initial clinical trial of epratuzumab (humanized anti-CD22 antibody) for immunotherapy of systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Dörner Thomas , Kaufmann Joerg , Wegener William A , Teoh Nick , Goldenberg David M , Burmester Gerd R
Published: April 2006

B cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), so the safety and activity of anti-B cell immunotherapy with the humanized anti-CD22 antibody epratuzumab was evaluated in SLE patients. An open-label, single-center study of 14 patients with moderately active SLE (total British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) score 6 to 12) was conducted. Patients received 360 mg/m2 epratuzumab intravenously every 2 weeks for 4 doses with analgesic/antihistamine premedication (but no steroids) prior to each dose. Evaluations at 6, 10, 18 and 32 weeks (6 months post-treatment) follow-up included safety, SLE activity (BILAG score), blood levels of epratuzumab, B and T cells, immunoglobulins, and human anti-epratuzumab antibody (HAHA) titers. Total BILAG scores decreased by ≥ 50% in all 14 patients at some point during the study (including 77% with a ≥ 50% decrease at 6 weeks), with 92% having decreases of various amounts continuing to at least 18 weeks (where 38% showed a ≥ 50% decrease). Almost all patients (93%) experienced improvements in at least one BILAG B- or C-level disease activity at 6, 10 and 18 weeks. Additionally, 3 patients with multiple BILAG B involvement at baseline had completely resolved all B-level disease activities by 18 weeks. Epratuzumab was well tolerated, with a median infusion time of 32 minutes. Drug serum levels were measurable for at least 4 weeks post-treatment and detectable in most samples at 18 weeks. B cell levels decreased by an average of 35% at 18 weeks and remained depressed at 6 months post-treatment. Changes in routine safety laboratory tests were infrequent and without any consistent pattern, and there was no evidence of immunogenicity or significant changes in T cells, immunoglobulins, or autoantibody levels. In patients with mild to moderate active lupus, 360 mg/m2 epratuzumab was well tolerated, with evidence of clinical improvement after the first infusion and durable clinical benefit across most body systems. As such, multicenter controlled studies are being conducted in broader patient populations.
Taurine (2-Aminoethanesulfonic Acid) Deficiency Creates a Vicious Circle Promoting Obesity
Authors: Tsuboyama-Kasaoka Nobuyo , Shozawa Chikako , Sano Kayo , Kamei Yasutomi , Kasaoka Seiichi , Hosokawa Yu , Ezaki Osamu
Published: April 2006

The relation between blood taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) concentrations and obesity was investigated. Taurine is supplied to the body by dietary ingestion as well as by de novo synthesis; it is anabolized by cysteine dioxygenase (CDO), which is abundantly expressed in liver and white adipose tissue. Overexpression of CDO in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes caused a decrease in the level of cysteine (precursor of taurine) and an increase in the level of taurine in the culture medium, suggesting that CDO is involved in biosynthesis and secretion of taurine in white adipose tissue. In high-fat diet-induced and/or genetically obese mice, a decrease in the blood taurine concentration was observed along with a decrease in CDO expression in adipose tissue but not in liver. Dietary taurine supplementation prevented high-fat diet-induced obesity with increased resting energy expenditure. Thus, taurine deficiency observed in association with obesity may create a vicious circle promoting obesity. Dietary taurine supplementation interrupts this vicious circle and may prevent obesity.
Spermatogonial Differentiation in Juvenile Spermatogonial Depletion (jsd) Mice with Androgen Receptor or Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Mutations
Authors: Shetty Gunapala , Weng Connie C. Y. , Porter Karen L. , Zhang Zhen , Pakarinen Pirjo , Kumar T. Rajendra , Meistrich Marvin L.
Published: April 2006

The jsd mice experience a single wave of spermatogenesis, followed by an arrest of spermatogenesis because of a block in spermatogonial differentiation. Previous pharmacological and surgical studies have indicated that testosterone (T) and low scrotal temperatures but not FSH block spermatogonial differentiation in jsd mice. We sought to test these observations by genetic approaches by producing male jsd mutant mice with either defective androgen receptor (AR, Tfm mutation) or a deficiency of FSH (fshb−/−). In adult jsd-Tfm double-mutant mice, the tubule differentiation index was 95% compared with 14% in jsd littermates, suggesting that general ablation of AR function restored spermatogonial differentiation in jsd mice. The results indicated that this enhancement of differentiation was primarily a result of elevation of temperature caused by the cryptorchid position of the testis in jsd-Tfm double-mutant mice, which resulted from the lack of AR in the gubernaculum. The low levels of T were not a factor in the release of the spermatogonial differentiation block in the jsd-Tfm mice, but we were unable to determine whether inactivation of AR in the adult jsd testis had a direct effect on the restoration of spermatogonial differentiation because the elevated temperature bypassed the T-induced block in spermatogonial differentiation. Although spermatogonia were indeed present in adult jsd-fshb double-mutant mice and were capable of differentiation after androgen deprivation, these mice had a tubule differentiation index of 0%, ruling out the possibility that endogenous FSH inhibited spermatogonial differentiation in jsd mice. The results are consistent in support of the hypothesis that inhibition of spermatogonial differentiation in jsd mice is a result of T acting through the AR only at scrotal temperatures.
Hereditary Hemochromatosis: Genetic Complexity and New Diagnostic Approaches
Authors: Swinkels Dorine W , Janssen Mirian CH , Bergmans Jürgen , Marx Joannes JM
Published: April 2006

Since the discovery of the hemochromatosis gene (HFE) in 1996, several novel gene defects have been detected, explaining the mechanism and diversity of iron-overload diseases. At least 4 main types of hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) have been identified. Surprisingly, genes involved in HH encode for proteins that all affect pathways centered around liver hepcidin synthesis and its interaction with ferroportin, an iron exporter in enterocytes and macrophages. Hepcidin concentrations in urine negatively correlate with the severity of HH. Cytokine-mediated increases in hepcidin appear to be an important causative factor in anemia of inflammation, which is characterized by sequestration of iron in the macrophage system. For clinicians, the challenge is now to diagnose HH before irreversible damage develops and, at the same time, to distinguish progressive iron overload from increasingly common diseases with only moderately increased body iron stores, such as the metabolic syndrome. Understanding the molecular regulation of iron homeostasis may be helpful in designing innovative and reliable DNA and protein tests for diagnosis. Subsequently, evidence-based diagnostic strategies must be developed, using both conventional and innovative laboratory tests, to differentiate between the various causes of distortions of iron metabolism. This review describes new insights in mechanisms of iron overload, which are needed to understand new developments in diagnostic medicine.
“Singende Seele” or “unsingbar”? Forkel, Ambros, and the Forces behind the Ockeghem Reception during the Late 18th and 19th Centuries
Authors: BERNSTEIN LAWRENCE F.
Published: April 2006

In 1868, Wilhelm Ambros lauded a number of compositions by Johannes Ockeghem, including the triple canon Prenez sur moy. Emphasizing the expressive qualities of this music, he suggested that its composer had breathed into it a “singing soul.” Some decades earlier, Johann Forkel also focused on Prenez sur moy, dismissing it, however, as “unsingable.” The present study examines the cultural and intellectual forces that gave rise to these strikingly contradictory assessments.

Enlightenment historians are generally thought to have charted the flow of history according to a progressive paradigm. Late medieval music often fared poorly viewed from this perspective, drawing criticism for its failure to reflect the refinements of modern music. Initially, Forkel toed this line, but his comments about examples of 15th-century music in the Allgemeine Geschichte der Musik also reveal his capacity to strike a relativist pose regarding some of them, and even to offer unqualified praise. The changes in Forkel's position are traced to philosophical writings known to have been part of his library, and to his conviction that the music of Johann Sebastian Bach was superior to that of his own time. Taking that stand surely must have raised questions in his mind about his earlier commitment to the progressive view of history.

Forkel's openness to new historiographical approaches suggests that he, of all Enlightenment writers on music, might have found value in Ockeghem's music, all the more so because he was better informed about Ockeghem's preeminent stature in his own day than anyone else at the time, and owing to his awareness of a current German tradition that regarded Ockeghem as “the Bach of his day.” Yet Forkel's deprecation of Ockeghem's music is among the strongest in the literature. His negative stand can be traced to his admiration for a 16th-century tract on teaching music, the Compendium musices by Adrian Petit Coclico, who demonizes Ockeghem as an icon of the scholastic approach to music. Forkel's own commitment to a humanistic orientation in music pedagogy surely led him to view Coclico as a kindred spirit.
“Bastard Children of Tyranny”: The Ancient Constitution and Fulke Grevilles A Dedication to Sir Philip Sidney
Authors: Herman Peter C.
Published: April 2006

This essay proposes that Fulke Greville structured ADedication to Sir Philip Sidneyaccording to the principles of the Ancient Constitution. Greville departs from the standard view of Sidney in the early seventeenth century as a primarily literary figures by constructing his late friend as an avatar of the Ancient Constitution, and views Elizabeth and Essex in the same light. Greville’s redefinition of all three as exemplars of English constitutionalism directly results from the controversies surrounding James’ increasing absolutism. However, the question remains as to why in 1652 a Royalist would publish such a text, and the answer lies in how shifting political circumstances alters the interpretation of texts.
“Deaf as Ulysses to the Sirens Song”: The Story of a Forgotten Topos*
Authors: Vredeveld Harry
Published: April 2006

Avaunt, Inchantress! - I am deaf as Adders;

Deaf asUlyssesto theSireniSong,

Who strove in vain to lure him to Destruction.

— Lewis Theobald

Richly suggestive on a variety of levels, Odysseus's encounter with the Sirens in Homer'sOdysseyremains one of the best-known episodes in world literature. This article exhumes a once popular variant of that story and tells how wise Ulysses, contrary to the ancient myth, came to stop his own ears against all allurements.
A French King and a Magic Ring: The Girolami and a Relic of St. Zenobius in Renaissance Florence
Authors: Cornelison Sally J.
Published: April 2006

In 1482, the episcopal ring of St. Zenobius, patron of the Florentine see, was sent from Florence to France in the hope that it would cure the ailing King Louis XI. This secondary relic belonged to the Girolami, a banking and mercantile family that claimed to be related to the saint. The present study examines the use of St. Zenobius’ ring as a means of international and local diplomatic exchange. In addition, it traces the history of the Girolami's patronage of St. Zenobius’ cult and relics, places it within the context of contemporary devotional practices, and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the patronage of privately-owned relics in Renaissance
Notes on Sovereignty in a State
Authors: Lansing Robebt
Published: April 2006

The following notes aim, in a tentative
way, to discuss and analyze the source and nature
of sovereignty in its relation to mankind, and to
the institutions created and developed as a result
of man’s desire for social order and peace. The
term notes excludes the idea of an exhaustive or
comprehensive treatment of sovereignty; the sole
purpose in view is to direct attention to the
wide-reaching importance of the subject and to
suggest a line of thought somewhat different from
that usually followed by publicists.
Some Effects of Neutralization
Authors: Wicker Cyrus F.
Published: April 2006

A neutral state may at any time lay aside its neutrality and engage in war. This is recognized, though with a somewhat mediaeval flavor, by Macchiavelli in his counsel to the ideal prince, where he advises the latter never to remain neutral in a war between his neighbors, but to join with one side or the other, since by his aid that side would gain the victory and he could share in the spoil.

However unlikely it may be that such motives would bear weight to-day, it is nevertheless true that the right to make war at will exists in every sovereign state unless, by reason of international agreement, it is placed altogether outside of the realm of war and devoted to perpetual peace. The duties of simple, or self-imposed neutrality are now clearly recognized and quite generally observed. The neutral state must maintain exclusive jurisdiction and sovereignty over its land and territorial waters, and is bound as well to prevent within its borders all acts inconsistent with complete impartiality toward belligerents. It must, moreover, regulate the use of its harbors and coaling stations according to the recognized provisions of international law; it is bound to prevent the enlistment within its borders of troops destined for foreign service, and, finally, it is compelled to acquiesce in the penalties incurred by its subjects when engaged in the carriage of contraband goods, breach of blockade, or resistance to the belligerent rights of stoppage, visit and search.
Studies on the Eastern Question Part III. (Continuation from January and April Numbers.) (Chapter I—Bulgarian Independence.)
Authors: Scelle G.
Published: April 2006

1. The Chief Executive. — The Christian government of which Article 1 of the Treaty of Berlin speaks was to have as its first element a prince freely elected by the people.

This liberty of election was not, however, absolute. A restriction was placed, but only one, we believe: no member of the reigning European dynasties could be elected Prince of Bulgaria. It is easy to discover the reason for this provision, which under a general and impersonal form, was aimed directly at Russia. It was not desired that a grand duke, installed in Bulgaria, should make of the Principality an autonomous province of the Muscovite Empire. Nothing in the protocols of the Congress of Berlin permits the belief that there was any desire to push the precautionary measures further than that. If this condition was fulfilled, that the prince elected by the people should not belong to a reigning dynasty of the Powers, the choice of the Bulgarians would not be contested. Article III states, however, that this choice must be confirmed by the Sultan with the assent of the great Powers. Apart from the single case referred to in the text, could this confirmation and assent have been refused? On this point even the language of the Treaty of Berlin and the protocols of the Congress are not at all clear. It seems that very little concern was shown over the accumulation on this point of the germs of a thousand difficulties. Neither was it foreseen what would be the effect of Article III in case, for instance, only certain Powers should have refused their assent. Would a majority have sufficed or would unanimity have been necessary? And what if the confirmation of the Sultan should have been given while the assent of the Powers had been refused, or inversely ? All are questions difficult of solution. Many constructions have been proposed. The simplest, we believe, is this one. If the election was to be free — and that was the intention of the Congress — the confirmation of the Sultan and the approbation of the Powers should properly have followed an election regularly conducted, that is to say, one in which the person elected did not belong to a reigning family. The opposition of the Sultan or of the Powers, if based upon personal considerations, would have conflicted with the principle of free election. The right of the Sultan was purely honorary. It calls to mind what happens in Egypt where the case is seen of an hereditary Khedive who receives the investiture. In saying “ hereditary ” we imply that the investiture could not be. refused. It is given, however, because nominally the Sultan is the suzerain of the Khedive, as he was, nominally the suzerain of the Prince of Bulgaria.