bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
11 Word Frequency and Context of Use in the Lexical Diffusion of Phonetically Conditioned Sound Change
Authors: Bybee Joan
Published: January 2010

Lexical diffusion refers to the way a sound change affects the lexicon. If a sound change is lexically abrupt, all the words of a language are affected by the sound change at the same rate. If a sound change is lexically gradual, individual words undergo the change at different rates or different times. This chapter examines how phonetic change interacts with words and affixes, using the case of [t]/[d] deletion and focusing on the reasons why the regular past tense affix shows a lower rate of deletion than [t] and [d] that belong to lexical morphemes. The data show that past tense [t] and [d] tend to occur before vowels more than monomorphemic [t] and [d]. Since the context before vowels does not favor deletion, the affix undergoes reduction and deletion process at a slower rate. This chapter also demonstrates that the reduction of a consonant in an affix in a uniform environment provides evidence that the affix and the words that contain it have a memory representation that can be affected by frequency of use.
Chapter 12 Three Frequency Effects in Syntax
Authors: THOMPSON SANDRA
Published: January 2010

The primary hypothesis of functionalist or usage-based linguistics is that language use shapes grammar. The recognized mechanism by which this language-shaping process occurs is frequent repetition. This chapter discusses three types of repetition or frequency effects that have been identified as important in phonology and morphology and demonstrates that these same effects are operative in the shaping of the grammar of larger units, that is, in syntax. Two effects of token frequency are reducing effect and conserving effect, which interact with a third effect due to type frequency. This chapter illustrates how the reducing effect and the conserving effect that arise from token frequency can be applied to the constructions of morphosyntax. Similarly, the effect of type frequency on productivity is illustrated for a syntactic construction.
Chapter 15 Sequentiality as the Basis of Constituent Structure
Authors: Bybee Joan
Published: January 2010

Recent investigations of the relation between grammar and language use, especially in the literature on grammaticization, have made it clear that grammar is not a fixed logical structure but rather is constantly changing and evolving. It has been argued that the basic mechanisms of the grammaticization process are neither domain-specific nor species-specific. This chapter addresses the mechanism behind the hierarchical arrangement of linguistic elements into constituents, emphasizing the role of language use and repetition. The existence of constituent structure and the hierarchical organization resulting from it has always been taken by linguists as prime evidence that linguistic behavior does not consist merely of linear strings of elements. This chapter explores the interaction of frequency of co-occurrence with the semantic criteria for defining constituents and argues that the grammatical characteristics associated with constituency are due to frequency of co-occurrence. It argues that constituency is gradient and emergent.
Civilizing and Its Discontents
Authors: DAUGHTON J. P.
Published: January 2010

This chapter describes that the new hope brought by Paul Doumer's government to the region only reignited internecine fighting among Frenchmen of differing religious and political orientations. It adds that at the center of these conflicts, again, were the Catholic missionaries. It also talks about the Dreyfus affair in the empire, exposing a deep rift in French society. It notes that catholic missionaries identified Freemasonry as posing the greatest threat to their work. It also tells that Freemasonry had a profound connection with republican politics throughout the second half of the nineteenth century. It clarifies that in most of their accounts, Freemasons wanted to show that missionary misdeeds stemmed from intolerance.
Silent Sisters in the South Seas
Authors: DAUGHTON J. P.
Published: January 2010

This chapter discusses the experiences of the missionary sisters in France. It explains that the sister, in her typical capacity as a teacher, nurse, and caregiver to orphans and the elderly, as well as cook and maid of the missions, personified gentler, more subservient qualities. It adds that their lives brought to mind images of piety, docility, and simplicity, gentleness, and fervor. It notes that missionary sisters were an essential component of Catholic evangelization. It also discusses the missionary lives in the Marquesas. It also clarifies some Republican ideals and Catholic realities.
How British Protestants Helped Save French Catholicism
Authors: DAUGHTON J. P.
Published: January 2010

This chapter begins by discussing the complaints made by the London Missionary Society regarding the anti-English and specifically anti-LMS atmosphere that became part of their everyday lives. It discusses the compilation made by LMS missionaries wherein lists of hindrances, that protestants experienced at the hands of time. It also mentions the use of diplomacy, and the separation of the missions and state. It suggests that French Catholic missionaries might have been the real beneficiaries of the success made by the LMS and other British protests and organizations.
Introduction: Family Talk
Authors: Tannen Deborah , Kendall Shari , Gordon Cynthia
Published: January 2010

This book brings together a variety of linguistic studies on family talk based on a single set of data: the naturally occurring, face-to-face interactions of four American families. The studies emerged from a three-year sociolinguistic project carried out at Georgetown University to examine how parents in dual-income families use language to constitute their identities as parents and professionals at home and at work, as well as the interactional and social consequences of these ways of speaking. Three broad themes emerged in the considerations of family discourse in these four families: the underlying dynamics of power and solidarity in the family context in general, and in the interactional framing of individual and shared family identities in particular; the negotiation of gendered identities in conjunction with family identities, especially in relation to the challenges faced by dual-income couples; and the complex discursive means through which family members actively assert, negotiate, and confirm their family's beliefs and values when children are present to create individual and shared family identities.
Power Maneuvers and Connection Maneuvers in Family Interaction
Authors: Tannen Deborah , Kendall Shari , Gordon Cynthia
Published: January 2010

This chapter demonstrates that family interaction is an ideal site for exploring the complex interrelationship between power and solidarity as relationships among family members are “fundamentally hierarchical” and also “intensely connected”. It argues that discourse analysts must consider an utterance's potential for being both a power maneuver and connection maneuver simultaneously. The framework of the ambiguity and polysemy of the dimensions of power and solidarity in conversational interaction is considered, along with the importance of these dimensions in family discourse. Excerpts from two families show that it is not possible to gain a full understanding of the dynamics of family interaction by focusing exclusively on the power dimension, as has been the tendency in studies of family discourse. Rather, speakers' utterances are complex interplays of both “power maneuvers” and “connection maneuvers”: speakers struggle for the power to determine their own actions and influence the actions of others, and simultaneously seek connection.
Talking the Dog: Framing Pets as Interactional Resources in Family Discourse
Authors: Tannen Deborah , Kendall Shari , Gordon Cynthia
Published: January 2010

This chapter introduces the discursive strategy of “ventriloquizing” to explain how family members use their pet dogs as a resource for managing interpersonal interactions and thus engage in “exhibiting, reinforcing, and creating their identity as a family”. By examining the interaction in two families that had pet dogs, the chapter demonstrates that when a family member speaks as the dog or speaks to the dog in the presence of another family member, the speaker introduces a note of humor into the interaction, which shifts the framing and footing of the participants. The chapter further advances an understanding of framing in interaction, including the relevance of Mikhail Bakhtin's notion of polyvocality for conversational discourse, in the sense that talking through pets allows speakers to distance themselves figuratively from their own utterances. It also introduces an enlightening discursive resource through which family members create and maintain a shared family identity.
Father as Breadwinner, Mother as Worker: Gendered Positions in Feminist and Traditional Discourses of Work and Family
Authors: Tannen Deborah , Kendall Shari , Gordon Cynthia
Published: January 2010

This chapter shows that when women in the family talk about conflicts between work and family in a range of contexts, they are not merely concerned with who does what in the household but are engaged in a personal struggle between their parental and professional identities as they attempt to reconcile competing discourses of gender relations. When these women talk about work and family, they negotiate the forms and meanings of their parental and work-related identities through the positions they take up themselves and make available to their husbands in relation to traditional and feminist discourses about work and family. Using framing and positioning theory, the chapter demonstrates that these women articulate an ideology of egalitarian role sharing but linguistically position their husbands, though not themselves, as breadwinners. The analysis contributes to the discourse of face-to-face verbal interaction by considering strategies previously used to analyze representations of mothers and fathers in written texts and the media.
Motoneurons from Human Embryonic Stem Cells: Present Status and Future Strategies for their Use in Regenerative Medicine
Authors: Sidhu K. S
Published: January 2010

Human embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and can produce the entire range of major somatic cell lineage of the central nervous system and thus form an important source for cell-based therapy of various neurological diseases. Despite their potential use in regenerative medicine, the progress is hampered by difficulty in their use because of safety issues and lack of proper protocols to obtain purified populations of specified neuronal cells. Most neurological conditions such as spinal cord injury and Parkinson's disease involve damages to projection neurons. Similarly, certain cell populations may be depleted after repeated episodes of attacks such as the myelinating oligodendrocytes in multiple sclerosis. Motoneurons are the key effector cell type for control of motor function, and loss of motoneurons is associated with a number of debilitating diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinal muscular atrophy; hence, repair of such neurological conditions may require transplantation with exogenous cells.
Adult Neurogenesis, Neuroinflammation, and Therapeutic Potential of Adult Neural Stem Cells
Authors: Taupin Philippe
Published: January 2010

Contrary to a long-held dogma, neurogenesis occurs throughout adulthood in mammals, including humans. Neurogenesis occurs primarily in two regions of the adult brain, the hippocampus and the subventricular zone (SVZ), along the ventricles. Neural progenitor and stem cells have been isolated from various regions of the adult central nervous system (CNS) and characterized in vitro, providing evidence that neural stem cells reside in the adult CNS and are potential sources of tissue for therapy. Adult neurogenesis is modulated in animal models and patients with neurological diseases and disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, depression, and epilepsy. The contribution of adult neurogenesis to neurological diseases and disorders, and its significance, remains to be elucidated. Cellular therapy may involve the stimulation of endogenous neural progenitor or stem cells and the grafting of neural progenitor and stem cells to restore the degenerated or injured pathways. Mounting evidence suggests that neuroinflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases and disorders.
Neurobiology of Postischemic Recuperation in the Aged Mammalian Brain
Authors: Popa-Wagner Aurel , Balseanu Adrian , Zagrean Leon , Shah Imtiaz M. , Napoli Mario Di , Ahlenius Henrik , Kokaia Zaal
Published: January 2010

Old age is associated with an enhanced susceptibility to stroke and poor recovery from brain injury, but the cellular processes underlying these phenomena are not well understood. Potential mechanism underlying functional recovery after brain ischemia in aged subjects include neuroinflammation, changes in brain plasticity-promoting factors, unregulated expression of neurotoxic factors, or differences in the generation of scar tissue that impedes the formation of new axons and blood vessels in the infarcted region. Studies suggest that behaviorally, aged rats were more severely impaired by ischemia than were young rats and showed diminished functional recovery. Both in old and young rats, the early intense proliferative activity following stroke leads to a precipitous formation of growth-inhibiting scar tissue, a phenomenon amplified by the persistent expression of neurotoxic factors. Recent evidence shows that the human brain can respond to stroke with increased progenitor proliferation in aged patients, opening the possibilities of utilizing this intrinsic attempt for neuroregeneration of the human brain as a potential therapy for ischemic stroke.
Protein Misfolding, Mitochondrial Disturbances, And Kynurenines In The Pathogenesis Of Neurodegenerative Disorders
Authors: Gárdián Gabriella , Sas Katalin , Toldi József , Vécsei László
Published: January 2010

As a population ages, neurodegenerative diseases become increasingly prevalent. These are different clinical entities, though they display many common features in their clinical, biochemical, and morphological appearance. The majority of them have both genetic and environmental components in their pathomechanism. The genetic background involves a single gene mutation (for example, spinocerebellar ataxias 1, 2, and 3 and Huntington's disease [PD]), heterozygote gene modifications following the patterns of the Mendelian laws (familial Parkinson's disease [PD] and familial Alzheimer's disease [AD]), multiple predisposing genes (sporadic PD and sporadic AD), or mitochondrial DNA defects. Protein misfolding, mitochondrial impairment, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, excitotoxicity, caspase cascade activation, and apoptosis are common mechanisms acknowledged to lead to cell death in the different neurodegenerative disorders.
Self-Reference in Cicero’s Forensic Speeches
Authors: Paterson Jeremy
Published: January 2010

This chapter examines Cicero's references to himself in his forensic speeches. The explanation for such self-reference lies in the nature of the courts in ancient Rome and the tactics of the courtroom rather than any self-obsession on the part of Cicero. The key issue was how to talk about oneself without crossing the boundary of arrogance and boastfulness. Cicero justifies the concentration on himself in the usual way by claiming that the prosecution had started it by attacking him. The defence of Plancius shows just how far Cicero had travelled from the young advocate in the cases of Quinctius and of Roscius of Ameria, where he had to counter the greater influence of his opponents, to the wholehearted exploitation of his auctoritas in the defence of Sestius and of Plancius. This aspect of Cicero's advocacy has no modern parallel.
Reading Cicero’s Narratives
Authors: Levene D. S.
Published: January 2010

Ancient rhetorical theorists recommended that the typical forensic speech should contain a section known as the narratio, the part that normally followed the preliminary discussion — the exordium — and set out the facts of the case prior to a full discussion of the issues. The narratio is thus not precisely identical to ‘narrative’ in its modern sense: any part of Cicero's speech may contain something that a modern scholar would call narrative. This chapter discusses the narratio as defined by the ancient theorists, the exordium and the ways in which this provides (or fails to provide) a context for the narrative that follows, and whether speeches would typically be published to be read by students and others interested in rhetoric. In treating Cicero's forensic speeches, the chapter considers not only the narratives themselves, but also to what extent the reader, in reading the narrative, is expected to employ information provided by the exordium.
‘Enthusiasm and Imposture’: Gibbon and Mahomet
Authors: WOMERSLEY DAVID
Published: January 2010

The third instalment of The Decline and Fall (1788) required Gibbon to narrate the rise, growth, and decline of Islam, a subject in which he had been interested since his early youth, and which had also, since the late seventeenth century, been a battleground between the forces of religious orthodoxy and heterodoxy in both England and Europe. This chapter contextualises Gibbon's account in that complex tradition, and shows how he picks his way between the simplified versions both of his critics and of those freethinkers with whom his critics attempted to confuse him. Gibbon's attainment of the desired character of a consummate historian was to some degree facilitated by his clerical opponents.
MacDonald's Party
Authors: Howell David
Published: January 2010

The Labour Party became a major political force in Britain during the 1920s. It unexpectedly entered office as a minority government in 1924; five years later as the largest party in the Commons it took office again. For many the party's enhanced status was associated closely with its leader, Ramsay MacDonald. The years of optimism were destroyed by rising unemployment; in August 1931, the second Labour Government faced pressures for public expenditure cuts in the midst of a financial crisis. The Government collapsed, and MacDonald led a new administration composed of erstwhile opponents and a few old colleagues. Labour went into opposition; an early election reduced it to a parliamentary rump. This study offers a uniquely detailed analysis of Labour in the 1920s based on a wide variety of unpublished sources. The emphasis is on the variety of cultural identities available within the party, and demonstrates how disputes over identity made a crucial contribution to the 1931 crisis.
Understanding Party Loyalism
Authors: Howell David
Published: January 2010

Although backbenchers might have their disagreements with specific policies of the Prime Minister, criticisms and reservations were often presented discreetly and set within a framework of loyalty to the Government. In contrast, those cast as perennial and unreasonable critics were marginalized and during the 1929 parliament increasingly subject to recrimination and disciplinary sanctions. Some bases for parliamentary loyalism were characteristic of any political party, in part because Labour leaders could benefit from a sympathy that acquired much of its power from the authorized version of party history. The Labour leadership down to 1931 comprised essentially those pioneers who had built up the party when there seemed no credible expectations of office. Their achievements both in the construction of the party and as studies in individual social mobility commanded respect.
Identities
Authors: Howell David
Published: January 2010

In March 1923, Philip Snowden rose in the Commons to propose a motion whose terms demonstrated that, in the complex political arguments and alignments of the 1920s in Britain, socialism and the supercession of capitalism was a major theme. Snowden was supported by other senior figures within the Parliamentary Labour Party: Ramsay MacDonald, J. C. Clynes, and Arthur Henderson. Their presentations offered a significant statement of Labour's political identity as perceived by its most authoritative figures. Snowden's lengthy and characteristically lucid indictment of capitalism was in terms of efficiency and morality. The cumulative consequence was an unintended shift from pure capitalism towards socialism. The belief in evolutionary change was complemented by a confidence in the moral superiority of socialist politics. Those who became socialists were not just perceptive; they had made an ethical choice. Commendations of ethical and evolutionary socialism were supported frequently by claims of British exceptionalism.
The Reception of British Policy in Switzerland
Authors: WYLIE NEVILLE
Published: January 2010

This chapter examines some of the historical, cultural, and institutional factors influencing Swiss policy and official attitudes during the war. It shows how changes in Switzerland's political and cultural landscape prevented London from capitalising on the groundswell of pro-Allied feeling in the Swiss parliament and population, and emphasises the extent to which the two countries' respective outlook had diverged by the mid-20th century. Central to this process was the impact of Bolshevism and the economic Depression that combined to promote an increasingly insular and restrictive conception of neutrality in Switzerland and strengthened the innate conservatism of the country's political and business elite. These processes, it is argued, inevitably limited British options and reduced the effectiveness of British efforts to prise Switzerland from the Axis economic orbit.
The View from the Central Blue: The Violation of Swiss Neutrality by the Royal Air Force
Authors: WYLIE NEVILLE
Published: January 2010

Although Britain made deep inroads into Switzerland's economic and financial neutrality, it was the over-flying and accidental bombing of Swiss territory by aircraft of the Royal Air Force that represented the most conspicuous and consistent abuse of Swiss neutral rights during the war. This chapter explores the physical and diplomatic fall out of these incidents, showing the damage they caused to British interests in Switzerland and the lengths to which the British government went to ease tensions with the Swiss. Though the concessions London granted — a moratorium on flights near the Swiss frontier over Christmas and a series of minor restrictions on Bomber Command's operational activities — had little appreciable impact on the number of violations of Swiss airspace, the episode nevertheless sheds interesting light on the extent on Britain's willingness to take Swiss interests into account in planning military operations.
Francs, Banks, and Gold: Britain and the Swiss Financial Market
Authors: WYLIE NEVILLE
Published: January 2010

This chapter examines British and U.S. efforts to put a stop to Swiss purchases of German gold and limit the financial and technical support given to its enemies by the Swiss banking sector. In both these areas, British officials grossly misjudged the scale and intensity of Swiss financial collaboration. The chapter explains how thinking on the Swiss case influenced broader debates on the issue of ‘loot’ and ‘gold’, and gave rise to a series of currency control measures designed to protect British interests from malevolent activities of Swiss banks. It sheds light on Britain's own dependency on Swiss gold and currency markets, but argues that it was the weakness of Britain's own financial warfare machinery that explains the lack of sustained pressure placed on the Swiss government, national bank and financial sector.
Castles in Medieval Society
Authors: Coulson Charles L. H.
Published: January 2010

This book overturns many of the traditional assumptions about the nature and purpose of castle-building in the middle ages. It demolishes the traditional belief that castles were overwhelmingly military in their function, showing how this was simply one aspect of a more complicated whole, and sets out to recreate the medieval understanding of castles as symbolically fortified places of all kinds. It places castles in the context of medieval culture and society, as ancient walled post-Roman towns and prestigious religious enclaves to transitory campaign forts. Going back to the original sources, the book proposes a new and subtler understanding of the function and symbolism of castles as well as insights into the lives of the people who inhabited them. Fortresses were only occasionally caught up in war, but constantly were central to the ordinary life of all classes: of the nobility and gentry, of widows and heiresses, of prelates and clergy, of peasantry and townspeople alike. The book presents and explores this broad social panorama.
Private Property But Public Utility
Authors: COULSON CHARLES L. H.
Published: January 2010

Considering that they were personal and family residences, the degree of subordination of castles to public priorities in England and France during the medieval period is remarkable. Fortresses were not above the law, and more importantly they were not outside it. This chapter examines some sharper consequences of fortresses' dual personality — in what circumstances it was acceptable for them to be seized or even demolished (though still not erased from the map). If being attacked was normally unlikely, interference in the public interest represented by the castellan's superior (senyor, seigneur, or lord) was a contingent liability of the fortress. The chapter looks at some notable instances of urban hostility and class conflict involving ‘private’ castles. Rendability, in all the guises of conditional fortress-tenure, epitomized the public utility of private castles; while conversely the class antagonisms, which have been illustrated in south-west France, focused on fortification and displayed the practical limits of social consensus.
Populace and Fortresses: Protection and Perquisites
Authors: COULSON CHARLES L. H.
Published: January 2010

During the medieval period, peasants were affected by fortresses in some ways more than any other class. For the 14th and 15th centuries mainly, the chapter illustrates how fortresses operated to protect refugees and their moveables. The duties laid upon the inhabitants of castellaries by the perquisites of their lords and by necessity can also be described, but largely because those obligations and profits entered the aristocratic written record. Protecting subjects was a matter of the ruler's pride. The local integration of peasant and fortress during hostilities and rumours of war was especially intimate, in England after Edward II was defeated by the Scots (1314), in France much more so after the first phase of the Hundred Years War had relapsed into intermittent regional strife, particularly after the calamity of Poitiers (1356). This chapter examines the refuge-system in England and the Channel Islands, the refuge-system of castellaries in France, and castle-works and services in England and Wales.
Female Castellans: Prevision, Not Prejudice
Authors: COULSON CHARLES L. H.
Published: January 2010

The difficulties inherent in the female tenure of a fortress in England and France during the medieval period might appear greater than with an ordinary fief. Castles were female preserves as long-stay residences and as administrative commitments. In nearly all respects, and in all but exceptional circumstances, they were indistinguishable from manor-houses not dignified with ostentatious fortification nor styled castle. Given their interests, great women undoubtedly influenced, where they did not determine and commission, all types of building in fortresses. More central to present concerns are the elements introduced into castle relations by female castellans — who assumed their position as heiresses or dowagers. The ability of the female castellan to efficiently supervise the keeping of a castle in her lord's interest depended on her own activity, personality, age, residence, and experience — qualities all required for the normal running of the estate, rarely on the condition of the peace in the locality.
Introduction
Authors: NIGHTINGALE JOHN
Published: January 2010

This book examines the relations between monasteries and the nobility in Upper Lotharingia both before and during the movement of monastic reform which spread throughout the region in the early medieval period beginning from the 930s. It concentrates on the renowned abbeys of Gorze, Saint-Maximin, and Saint-Evre (names which are almost synonymous with the reform), but also looks at one new foundation of the reform era, the nunnery of Bouxiêres-aux-Dames. To appreciate how monastic communities survived and perhaps even prospered in the face of destruction and land loss, it is necessary to consider this wider spectrum and ask what function abbeys, their communities, and lands filled during this period. Charters offer a detailed picture of the relationships which entwined religious communities with their domains, their overlords, and not least with a host of lesser families.
7 Beyond the Bishops of Metz
Authors: NIGHTINGALE JOHN
Published: January 2010

When Otto II made a donation to the abbey of Gorze in 973, it was not at the request of Bishop Adalbero's successor Bishop Theoderich but rather at that of John, abbot of the monastery. John of Gorze's role as Otto I's ambassador to the caliph of Cordova ensured him and his abbey a privileged route of access to the Ottonian court. The Duke of the Franks (the future King Hugh Capet) came to Gorze to seek the help of its patron saint and left a pallium in thanks for his consequent deliverance from a life-threatening fever and dysentry. Royal service, the readiness of John to encounter death in the name of God, and the reputation of Gorze's patron saint all played a part in securing the abbey a web of connections and consequent rewards. An abbey's legal status might be carefully defined in diplomata and episcopal or private charters, but the resulting delineation of abbeys as royal, episcopal, or private, tends to obscure the multiplicity of different ties which abbeys had on the ground.
Introduction
Authors: hAnnrachÁin Tadhg Ó
Published: January 2010

This book is a case study of a particular, important, and relatively neglected episode in the penetration of Ireland by the Catholic reformation. Its chronological scope is the second quarter of the 17th century, a period which in European terms is generally conceived as lying towards the end of what might be termed the ‘high counter-reformation’, that rough century between the first convocation of the Council of Trent in 1545 to the treaty of Westphalia in 1648 which represented a critical epoch in the remodelling of post-reformation Catholicism. The long-term political implications of the extension of the Catholic reformation to Ireland during this period were enormous. In the shorter term, this development also had a critical bearing on the Irish theatres of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms in the 1640s. This book concentrates on GianBattista Rinuccini's nunciature and in particular on his profound political influence within the Confederate Catholics of Ireland which was responsible for the intensity of the reactions which he provoked.
The Juridical Status of Non-Christian Polities (to the End of the Eighteenth Century)
Authors: McHUGH P.G.
Published: January 2010

This chapter looks at the manner in which the Crown established political authority in territory inhabited by non-Christian people in the 17th and 18th centuries. In that time, the main theatres of imperial activity were the East Indies and North America. The notion of sovereignty then evident in British practice remained a substantially feudal one, conceiving Crown imperium (right of governance) in a jurisdictional sense. In this early period, treaties and quasi-diplomatic engagement with non-Christian polities were not regarded as problematic. These relations established protocols and structures for the management of relations between non-Christian polity and the British. They were used regularly and frequently as the foundation for British relations with the indigenous polities of both America and the Asian subcontinent, especially once the nature of British imperialism changed after the military victories of the late 1750s. By the early 19th century British imperial practice began forming a new, more deliberative view of sovereignty and relations with tribal societies.
A History of Aboriginal Status—the Legal Recognition of the Individual and the Group in the ‘Apparent Twilight’
Authors: McHUGH P.G.
Published: January 2010

By the end of the 19th century, the aboriginal peoples of Canada, Australia, and New Zealand were contained within specific statutory regimes. In America that juridical enclosure was achieved by the judicial narrowing of the doctrine of inherent sovereignty, paving the way for invasive Congressional legislation under the newborn plenary power doctrine. This chapter looks at how national laws recognized the aboriginal polity and its members through the defining use of status. The term status is used to describe the manner in which the national legal systems recognized the existence of aboriginal persons and groups.
Expert Evidence and Criminal Justice
Authors: Redmayne Mike
Published: January 2010

As an increasing range of expert evidence becomes available to it, the criminal justice system must answer a series of challenging questions: should experts be permitted to give evidence on the credibility of witnesses? How should statistical evidence be presented to juries? What relevance does syndrome evidence have to questions of criminal responsibility? This book explores these issues. The exposition utilizes work in a number of disciplines, and draws comparisons with the law and procedure in several different jurisdictions across the globe. While developing a general overview of the use of scientific evidence in the criminal process, the book makes use of detailed examinations of particular issues, such as battered women syndrome, fingerprinting, and eyewitness expertise. Through an analysis of expert evidence, it also invites reflection on a series of wider issues, among them the function of exclusionary rules and the nature of case construction.
2 Constructing Cases with Science
Authors: REDMAYNE MIKE
Published: January 2010

This chapter examines the potential of forensic science to contribute to the promotion of accurate decision-making. It evaluates some detail at how forensic science is employed in police investigations. It explores what it might mean to say that scientific knowledge and police cases are constructed. It focuses on the use of trace evidence such as physical material and marks found at the crime scene, used for purposes of identification and reconstruction. It also offers some observations on other uses of forensic science in the criminal process.
Building and Unbuilding the GDR
Authors: STEVENSON PATRICK
Published: January 2010

This chapter focuses on public language use in the GDR. It is organized as follows. Section 3.1 examines the official discourse of the Socialist Unity Party as manifested in statements of various kinds. This formed the bedrock of ‘public language’ in the GDR — not the language of everyday social intercourse, but the discourse of authority and political orthodoxy which ordinary citizens would inevitably encounter, and in which they would develop at least a passive competence. Section 3.2 considers the functions and importance of the ritualization of speech events involving most members of the population (focusing on May Day and the Jugenweidhe, the secular equivalent of confirmation).
Introduction
Authors: DOBBS E. R.
Published: January 2010

This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of quantum solids and liquids. It then discusses Fermi gas and liquid, superfluid, and magnetic solid.
Transport properties
Authors: DOBBS E. R.
Published: January 2010

This chapter first outlines Fermi liquid theory for the transport coefficients of viscosity, η, thermal conductivity λ, and spin diffusion D. It then shows how far various approximations in the theory can lead to reasonable predictions of experimental results. The Leggett–Rice effect and studies of the spin-lattice relaxation time T1 are also considered.
Neutron and photon scattering
Authors: DOBBS E. R.
Published: January 2010

This chapter examines the structure of 3He-4He mixtures with neutrons. It focuses on thermal neutron studies of the quasiparticle excitation spectrum and structure functions. It begins with the results of Raman scattering and concludes with some recent deep inelastic neutron scattering measurements.
Properties of spin-polarized solutions
Authors: DOBBS E. R.
Published: January 2010

This chapter discusses the properties of spin-polarized solutions. Topics covered include second sound, viscosity, spin dynamics of dilute solutions, spin dynamics of denser solutions, multiple spin echoes, domain structure, and methods for high polarization.
Interfaces
Authors: DOBBS E. R.
Published: January 2010

This chapter presents measurements of interfacial tension and studies of the properties of 3He-4He mixtures in aerogel and their wetting transitions on caesium. It also discusses the nucleation of 3He-rich droplets in supersatured 3He-4He mixtures at millikelvin temperatures.
Three-Dimensional State Space and Chaos
Authors: Hilborn Robert C.
Published: January 2010

This chapter extends state space descriptions to systems with three (or more) dimensions. For systems described by differential equations, higher state space dimensions allow for more complex behaviour including quasi-periodic behaviour and chaotic behaviour. Chaotic behaviour is characterized by strange attractors in state space. Intermittency and crises as new types of bifurcations are described. Stable manifolds, unstable manifolds, and homoclinic and heteroclinic orbits are used to describe three-dimensional state space behaviour. These ideas are used to understand some of the dynamics of the famous Lorenz model and the Smale horseshoe map. Lyapunov exponents provide a quantitative measure of the degree of chaos.
Quasi-Periodicity and Chaos
Authors: Hilborn Robert C.
Published: January 2010

This chapter explores the quasi-periodicity route to chaos in which the behaviour is characterized by two (or more) incommensurate frequencies. Poincare sections, frequency-locking, winding numbers, Arnold tongues, and the devil's staircase help describe and quantify quasi-periodic behaviour. Frequency-locking is a common phenomenon whenever two or more nonlinear oscillating systems interact. The circle map provides a simple model in which these effects occur. The surprising utility of number theory, including continued fractions, Fibonacci sequences, and the Farey Tree, in explaining the transition to chaos is developed in a simple context.
Hamiltonian Systems
Authors: Hilborn Robert C.
Published: January 2010

When a system involves no dissipative mechanisms such as friction, we say that the system is conservative because its total energy is conserved and the behaviour is described by a time-independent Hamiltonian function. In that case, the notion of attractor no longer applies. Different initial conditions (starting points in state space) can lead to dramatically different behaviour and there is no convergence to an attractor. Nevertheless, the state space is still highly organized. The famous Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser (KAM) Theorem describes how the state space structure changes as the system behaviour changes from integrable to non-integrable. The Henon–Heiles model is used to illustrate many of these features. Area-preserving iterated map systems, such as the Chirikov Standard Map and the Arnold Cat Map, share many of the features of Hamiltonian systems and these are explored through a series of numerically generated diagrams. Applications of Hamiltonian dynamics in astronomy, particle accelerator dynamics, superconductivity and optics are described briefly.
Quantum Chaos, The Theory of Complexity, and Other Topics
Authors: Hilborn Robert C.
Published: January 2010

This chapter explores the connection between quantum mechanics, the theory of particle behaviour at the atomic scale, and classical chaos. The essential issue is the behaviour of quantum systems when their classical counterparts exhibit chaotic behaviour. Even though the Schrödinger equation for the quantum wave function is a linear equation, classical chaos has several intriguing quantum counterparts. Other topics discussed are the connection between chaotic behaviour and algorithm complexity, time-delay models, stochastic resonance, the control of chaotic systems, and the synchronization of chaotic systems. A collection of references to simple experiments on systems exhibiting chaotic behaviour is also provided.
Nuclear Structure from a Simple Perspective
Authors: Casten Richard F.
Published: January 2010

This textbook on nuclear structure takes a unique and complementary approach compared to existing texts on the topic. Avoiding complicated calculations and complex mathematical formalism, it explains nuclear structure by building on a few elementary physical ideas. Even such apparently intricate topics as shell model residual interactions, the Nilsson model, and the random phase approximation analysis of collective vibrations are explained in a simple, intuitive way so that predictions can usually be made without calculations, essentially by inspection. Frequent comparison with data allows the relevance of theoretical approaches to be immediately evident. This edition includes new chapters on exotic nuclei and radioactive beams, and on correlations of collective observables. Completely new discussions are given of isospin, the shell model, nature of collective vibrations, multi-phonon states, superdeformation, bandmixing, geometric collective model, Fermi gas model, basic properties of simple nuclear potentials, the deuteron, and low energy nuclear structure, as well as other topics.
Phonon drag thermopower of low-dimensional systems
Authors: Fletcher R. , Zaremba E. , Zeitler U.
Published: January 2010

This chapter reviews the experimental and theoretical literature on phonon drag thermopower in reduced dimensionality conductors, particularly in the two-dimensional (2-D) case. It emphasizes the relationship between the mobility of electrons due to electron-phonon scattering and phonon drag, which is valid in the case when the electron mobility is dominated by elastic impurity scattering. This relationship applies at low magnetic fields, and also for composite Fermions at even denominator fractional filling factors where the effective magnetic field can be taken to be weak. The chapter also surveys weak and strong electron localization effects, and results in the integer and fractional quantum Hall regimes.
Differential geometry, topology and fibre bundles
Authors: Bertlmann Reinhold A.
Published: January 2010

This chapter introduces all necessary mathematical concepts. Section 2.1 briefly summarizes some topological definitions. Section 2.2 explains the homotopy of maps and the homotopy of groups. Section 2.3 introduces the concept of differentiable manifolds while Section 2.4 presents the differential forms together with their Hodge duals, along with the differentiation and integration. Section 2.5 discusses homology and de Rham cohomology. Section 2.6 explains important concepts such as pullback of a differential form the Lie derivative, the Lie group, and the Lie algebra. Finally, Section 2.7 constructs fibre bundles including connection and curvature, which turn out to be a suitable mathematical concept to describe the physics of gauge theories.
Anomalies in QFT
Authors: Bertlmann Reinhold A.
Published: January 2010

This chapter investigates the anomaly within standard mathematical techniques. It works predominantly in perturbation theory, calculating Feynman diagrams. It shows in detail the occurrence of the anomaly in quantum field theory (QFT) and discusses its meaning.
Gravitation
Authors: Bertlmann Reinhold A.
Published: January 2010

This chapter focuses on gravitation. It first reviews some basic concepts of the Riemannian geometry and establishes notation. It then discusses the gravitational action, specifically the fermionic action. It introduces Einstein-, Lorentz-, and Weyl anomalies by violating the corresponding Einstein-, Lorentz-, and Weyl symmetries, and establishes consistency conditions. The equivalence of the Einstein- and Lorentz anomaly is demonstrated, and the covariant anomaly is discussed. Finally, the chapter treats gravitation on a BRS level, deriving the SZ chain of descent equations. Index theorems are use to carry out explicit anomaly examples.
Transverse motion
Authors: Wilson E. J. N.
Published: January 2010

This chapter deals with the motion of particles as they travel around a circular accelerator or storage ring, guided by dipole magnets and focussed by quadrupoles. The parameters magnetic rigidity and the momentum of the particle determine the radius of the path and this is calculated for a relativistic particle. A diagram shows the path of particles passing through a dipole magnet. It describes the effect of a quadrupole magnet, focusing in one of two orthogonal transverse planes and defocusing in the other. It derives the bending angle of the dipole and the focal length of the quadrupole from the normalised strength and gradient of their magnetic fields. The principle of alternating gradient focusing is explained. Trajectories of focused particles are shown as they pass through the quadrupoles. The ellipse, which is the locus of the motion in a phase space plot of divergence versus displacement, is defined.
Longitudinal dynamics
Authors: Wilson E. J. N.
Published: January 2010

The radio frequency cavities that accelerate a beam provide focusing in the longitudinal direction along the path of the beam. Particles oscillate about a stable phase on the rising accelerating voltage wave. Their circulation time depends upon two competing factors—their speed and the circumference of their orbit—which both depend on their momentum with respect to the ideal particle. As they approach the velocity of light, the effect of orbit length dominates and stability is found on the falling edge of the wave. The effects balance at transition energy. This chapter defines the central or closed orbit of the beam, and the dispersion function that determines its momentum dependence. The equation of synchrotron motion embodies these concepts and its solutions define a limited stable area of motion—the bucket—in the energy-time phase-space for the motion. The motion is analogous to the large amplitude oscillations of a rigid pendulum.
Non-linearities and resonances
Authors: Wilson E. J. N.
Published: January 2010

This chapter shows how multipole magnets generate field shapes corresponding to the terms of a Taylor Series expansion about the centre line of the magnet. Sextupoles produce a parabolic field shape in the median plane, octupoles a cubic, etc. Each term in the expansion drives dangerous lines in the working diagram. An example is the four, third order, resonance lines that converge on points in the working diagram at one third integer values of Q. The effects of these resonances are derived with the help of the circle diagram introduced in Chapter 6. The effect of an n-th order resonance is to produce n islands in phase space, and beyond these, an unstable non-linear growth in amplitude that causes the beam to be lost. Multipoles can however be used to positive effect by introducing a Q that depends on amplitude, contributing to Landau damping of beam instabilities.