bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reviews
Authors: Turina Romana , Miller Catriona , Pérez-Guerrero Ana María , Joyce Hester
Published: September 2016

SCREENWRITING IN THE DIGITAL ERA, KATHRYN MILLARD (2014) Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 256 pp., ISBN: 9781137319104, eBook, $69.99; ISBN: 9780230343283, h/bk, $95.00; ISBN: 9781349344659, p/bk, $90.00

THE TV CRIME DRAMA, SUE TURNBULL (2014) Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 224 pp., ISBN: 9780748640881, h/bk, £65.00; ISBN: 9780748640874, p/bk, £19.99

DRAMATIC STORY STRUCTURE: A PRIMER FOR SCREENWRITERS, EDWARD J. FINK (2014) Abingdon: Routledge, 212 pp., ISBN: 9780415813693, h/bk, £95.00; ISBN: 9780415813716, p/bk, £21.99; ISBN: 9780203067987, e-book £20.89

THE SCREENWRITER’S ROADMAP: 21 WAYS TO JUMPSTART YOUR STORY, NEIL LANDAU (2013) Burlington, MA and Abingdon, OX: Focal Press, 310 pp., ISBN: 9780240820606, p/bk, £15.99; ISBN: 9781138136137, h/bk, £90.00
O CORPO FIGURADO DOS JUDEUS EM BRAGA NOS INÍCIOS DO SÉCULO XVI
Authors: Pires de Almeida Francisca
Published: September 2016

O presente estudo vem chamar a atenção para o achado de representações antissemitas na cidade deBraga que, datadas de inícios do século XVI, vêm proporcionar mais um contributo para a iconografia docorpo em Portugal já que a inadequada figuração do corpo do judeu – disforme, animalesco e grotesco –teve um papel importante na promoção da intolerância face a este povo. A ideia de que os herdeiros deIsrael pertenciam a uma “comunidade carnal” saltou das obras teológicas para a artes visuais a fim de sevincar a sua inferioridade perante a sociedade cristã.Será nossa intenção apresentar o panorama bracarense que, como veremos, assemelhou os judeus acanídeos assim como os apresentou sob a condição de almas prestes a sofrer um destino penoso no além.Mesmo que tenham sido executadas numa época em que os judeus já se encontravam sob a condiçãode cristãos-novos, o ódio pelos recentes convertidos continuou bem patente na mentalidade da sociedadeportuguesa. A cidade dos Arcebispos assim como muitas outras, continuaram a realizar as judengas, que jávinham do período medieval, e cujo intuito era o de demonizar os judeus e relembrar os seus descendentesdos seus pecados passados, através de danças teatrais.Em suma, propormo-nos avançar com novas abordagens em relação à historiografia do corpo em Portugaldemonstrando como é que os artistas portugueses deram forma ao corpo negativo dos judeus e como eque essas representações foram preservadas nas imagens.
O MITO DO CORPO FEMININO
Authors: Wichels Susana
Published: September 2016

Propomos uma reflexão sobre como o discurso mediático contribui para o mito do corpo feminino nasociedade actual. Analisamos como os anúncios publicitários, reportagens e imagens que compõe odiscurso das revistas femininas, propõem uma identidade irreal para a mulher, enaltecem a beleza física esensual, projectam imagens do ideal de vida feminino onde se mitifica o papel da sexualidade. Analisámoso discurso das revistas femininas mais lidas em Portugal durante o ano de 2012, nomeadamente as ediçõesda revista Activa e Happy Woman e centrámo-nos na reflexão teórica recorrendo a autores de referenciano campo dos estudos de género e análise mediático.
CORPOGRAFÍAS DEL LÍMITE. ENTRE EROS Y TÁNATOS
Authors: Amorós Blasco Lorena
Published: September 2016

En la Posmodernidad se ha producido una ampliación del campo de lo visual, desplegada más allá de laapoteosis barroca de la mirada que pronosticara Walter Benjamin o del triunfo del simulacro que abanderanpensadores como Jean Baudrillard. La irradiación de los mass-media ha propiciado desestimar los lugaresde pensamiento cerrados, y en su lugar ha favorecido un conocimiento que empieza a difundirse fuera delos canales especializados del arte. Conscientes de esta escena contemporánea, en nuestra investigaciónnos detendremos en la imagen autorreferencial vinculada a la voluntad de autodestrucción desde distintasperspectivas artísticas.El desarrollo de esta perspectiva sobre la identidad está orientado a defender nuestra hipótesis de partida,que trata de corroborar cómo la experiencia límite puede ser un dispositivo activo y generador deconocimiento, vinculado a la búsqueda de identidad y a la auto-reafirmación del sujeto.
Efficacy of synbiotic and probiotic treatments on acute watery diarrhea in children
Authors: Rokhmawati Ani Isti , Damayanti Wahyu , Julia Madarina
Published: September 2016

Background In developing countries, acute watery diarrhea isa common cause of morbidity and mortality in children. Givingsynbiotics or probiotics may decrease the severity of diarrhea.Objective To compare the efficacy of synbiotics and probioticsin decreasing the frequency of diarrhea, shortening the duration,and increasing patient body weight.Methods This was a double􀀷blind, randomized clinical trial tocompare the effects of synbiotic vs probiotic treatment in childrenaged 6􀀷59 months v.ith acute watery diarrhea. This study wasperformed from October to December 2010 in two hospitals inCentral Java. Subjects received either synbiotics or probioticstv.ice daily for five days. The measured outcomes were durationof diarrhea, daily frequency of diarrhea, and increase in bodyweight.Results There was no significant difference in the mean durationof the diarrhea in the synbiotic and probiotic groups, 3.92 days(SD 0.79) vs 3.80 days (SD 0.82) ,(P􀀸0.35), respectively. Nor didwe observe a significant difference in the mean increase in bodyweight in the synbiotic and probiotic groups, 150 g (SD 49.7) vs160 g (SD 48.9), (P􀀸 0.67), respectively.Conclusion We observed no significant differences in efficacy ofsynbiotic and probiotic treatment for management of acute waterydiarrhea. [Paediatr Indones. 2012;52:209,12].
Treatment of ulcerated hemangiomas with propranolol: an evidence-based case report
Authors: Gunawan Stefanus , Yuri Yuri , Mantik Max
Published: September 2016

Hemangiomas are the most frequent vasculartumors observed in early childhood. Thepresentation is unique, with an initialphase of proliferation, followed by aphase of slow, spontaneous regression after the age of1 year.1,2 Most hemangiomas are uncomplicated anddo not require intervention. However, therapy may beneeded if the hemangioma is located at certain bodysites, such as the face, or if it results in a functionalhandicap, such as limitation of eye opening. Inaddition, ulcerated, rapidly growing hemangiomasmay require treatment.3
CRYSTALLINE ADMIXTURES AND THEIR EFFECT ON SELECTED PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
Authors: Pazderka Jiří , Hájková Eva
Published: September 2016

There have been many experimental measurements of the waterproofing ability and durability of concrete with a crystalline admixture, but some other important properties have not been reliably tested yet. The results of the tests, carried out by the authors, showed that crystalline admixtures reduce the water vapor permeability of concrete by 16-20 %. The authors also carried out the water pressure test in different time intervals, during the initial phase of cement hydration. The test results have shown that the full waterproofing effect of concrete with a crystalline admixture is available approximately on the 12th day after the concrete creation. The crystalline admixture effect on the compressive strength of concrete was also the subject of the testing. The results have shown that the compressive strength of the concrete with a crystalline admixture (added in an amount of 2 %) and the compressive strength of the specimens from concrete without admixture were almost identical after 28 days.
Against Trophy Hunting: A Marxian-Leopoldian Critique
Authors: Simon Alexander
Published: September 2016

Contemporary North Americans hunt wildlife for a variety of reasons, whether to attain game meat, spend time with family and friends, or take part in a form of outdoor recreation. My focus here will be on…trophy hunting…[—]killing wildlife to enhance one's status by appropriating the body parts of dead animals for display as trophies, ostensible evidence of hunting skills.… In the United States, trophy hunting organizations, such as Safari Club International and Sportsmen for Fish and Wildlife, claim to promote and defend two allegedly deeply rooted Western traditions: The popular practice of "common people" hunting, and the role that hunters and hunting organizations have played in protecting wilderness and wildlife.… These claims perpetuate a mythologized version of the history of Euro-American hunting. Contrary to their image as "true conservationists," many trophy hunting organizations have promoted policies and activities with adverse social consequences, contributing to the environmental degradation they claim to oppose.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.
Imperialism and Class in the Arab World
Authors: Ajl Max
Published: September 2016

Ali Kadri, Arab Development Denied (London: Anthem, 2014), 250 pages, $40, paperback.Perhaps nowhere does violence collapse the horizon as it does in the Arab world. Imperial wars have demolished the Libyan state and turned Syria into a charnel house. Yemen, the region's poorest country, was a U.S. drone shooting gallery before Saudi Arabia…attacked it, sending it spiraling into famine. Iraq shudders under ISIS's car bombs after decades of wars and sanctions. And Palestine continues to bleed and resist under the weight of Israeli settler-colonialism.… Why so much violence? The academic mercenaries of counterinsurgency studies fixate on terrorism as a response to material grievance, and Western war as the response. Others ascribe the region's underdevelopment to a mix of institutional inadequacy and democratic deficits, remediable by the application of U.S. power.… Against this tableau, Ali Kadri in Arab Development Denied offers a coruscatingly intelligent account of how the United States has denied Arab development. Through wars, colonialism, and sanctions, it has sought for decades to prevent working-class sovereignty in the region.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.
Kajian Isu Pemekaran di Kota Medan: Tinjauan Berdasarkan Kondisi Ketimpangan Wilayah
Authors: Pasaribu Cynthia Mutiara
Published: September 2016

Generally, disparities between regions and inter-regions happened because of concentration, agglomeration, external factors, globalization, internal factor, grouping, critical growth or polar development, institution involvement in economic activities. Initially development in Medan concentrated in several sub districts as the center of government and trade activities. Based on long-term development plan of Medan 2006-2025, stated that development policy in Medan not notice of the regional gap. Disparities development between north and south of Medan are the problems for segregation issue at fourth sub-districts in the northern part of Medan. The purpose of this research is to analyze the gap condition in economic, social demography and the infrastructure’s service in Medan related to the emergence of segregation issue in North Medan. The analysis that used in research is descriptive statistic analysis, analysis of statistical correlation, crosstab analysis, and verification of statistic results using interview method so that at the end of the research will be generated economic, social demography and infrastructure services index for every sub-district in the Medan to know the development difference. The result of correlation analysis shows that there was a correlation between disparity and segregation issue. Descriptive analysis produce the index for 4 sub districts in north side have the medium category while 17 sub districts in the south have a good category. Crosstab analysis shows that there is a correlation between disparities condition and the emergence of segregation issue. Crosstab analysis also shows that variable education facilities (senior high school), population density, and labor variables show the disparity condition significantly.
Organic solvents in electromembrane extraction: recent insights
Authors: Huang Chuixiu , Gjelstad Astrid , Pedersen-Bjergaard Stig
Published: September 2016

Electromembrane extraction (EME) was invented in 2006 as a miniaturized sample preparation technique for the separation of ionized species from aqueous samples. This concept has been investigated in different areas of analytical chemistry by different research groups worldwide since the introduction. Under the influence of an electrical field, EME is based on electrokinetic migration of the analytes through a supported liquid membrane (SLM), which is an organic solvent immobilized in the pores of the polymeric membrane, and into the acceptor solution. Up to date, close to 150 research articles with focus on EME have been published. The current review summarizes the performance of EME with different organic solvents and discusses several criteria for efficient solvents in EME. In addition, the authors highlight their personal perspective about the most promising organic solvents for EME and have indicated that more fundamental work is required to investigate and discover new organic solvents for EME.
Permanent colonization of creek sediments, creek water and limnic water plants by fourListeriaspecies in low population densities
Authors: Lang-Halter Evi , Schober Steffen , Scherer Siegfried
Published: September 2016

During a 1-year longitudinal study, water, sediment and water plants from two creeks and one pond were sampled monthly and analyzed for the presence ofListeriaspecies. A total of 90 % of 30 sediment samples, 84 % of 31 water plant samples and 67 % of 36 water samples were tested positive. Generally, most probable number counts ranged between 1 and 40 g−1, only occasionally >110 cfu g−1were detected. Species differentiation based on FT-IR spectroscopy and multiplex PCR of a total of 1220 isolates revealedL. innocua(46 %), L. seeligeri(27 %),L. monocytogenes(25 %) andL. ivanovii(2 %). Titers and species compositions were similar during all seasons. While the species distributions in sediments and associatedRanunculus fluitansplants appeared to be similar in both creeks, RAPD typing did not provide conclusive evidence that the populations of these environments were connected. It is concluded that (i) the fresh-water sediments and water plants are year-round populated byListeria, (ii) no clear preference for growth in habitats as different as sediments and water plants was found and (iii) the RAPD-based intraspecific biodiversity is high compared to the low population density.
Erich Reck, ed. The Historical Turn in Analytic Philosophy
Authors: Morris Sean
Published: September 2016

Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.357pp. $110 Hardcover. ISBN 978-0-20153-9.Reviewed by Sean Morris, Metropolitan State University of Denver.
Expressional changes of AMH signaling system in the quail testis induced by photoperiod
Authors: Otake Shigeo , Park Min Kyun
Published: September 2016

Gonadal sex differentiation proceeds by the interplay of various genes including the transcription factors and secretory factors in a complex network. The sex-differentiating genes are expressed not only during early sex differentiation but also throughout the gonadal development and even in the adult gonads. In addition, the evidence that they actually function in the adult gonads have been accumulated from the studies using the conditional knockout mice. However, many previous studies were focused on one single gene though those genes function in a network. In this study, the expressions of various sex-differentiating genes were analyzed simultaneously in the adult testis of the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica), whose testicular functions are dramatically changed by altering the photoperiod, to elucidate the roles of them in the adult gonad. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) was significantly upregulated in the regressed testis induced by the short-day condition. The expressions of the transcription factors that promoteAMHexpression in mammals (SF1,SOX9,WT1andGATA4) were also increased in the regressed testis. Moreover, AMH receptor (AMHR2) showed similar expression pattern to its ligand. We also analyzed the expressions of other transforming growth factor beta (TGFB) superfamily members and their receptors. The expressions of the ligands and receptors of TGFB family, and follistatin and betaglycan in addition to inhibin subunits were increased in the regressed testis. These results suggest that AMH is involved in the adult testicular functions of the Japanese quail together with other TGFB superfamily members.
Recombinant human oviductin regulates protein tyrosine phosphorylation and acrosome reaction
Authors: Zhao Yuewen , Yang Xiaojing , Jia Zongchao , Reid Robert L , Leclerc Pierre , Kan Frederick W K
Published: September 2016

The mammalian oviduct synthesizes and secretes a major glycoprotein known as oviductin (OVGP1), which has been shown to interact with gametes and early embryos. Here we report the use of recombinant DNA technology to produce, for the first time, the secretory form of human OVGP1 in HEK293 cells. HEK293 colonies stably expressing recombinant human OVGP1 (rHuOVGP1) were established by transfecting cells with an expression vector pCMV6-Entry constructed withOVGP1cDNA. Large quantities of rHuOVGP1 were obtained from the stably transfected cells using the CELLSPIN cell cultivation system. A two-step purification system was carried out to yield rHuOVGP1 with a purity of >95%. Upon gel electrophoresis, purified rHuOVGP1 showed a single band corresponding to the 120–150 kDa size range of human OVGP1. Mass spectrometric analysis of the purified rHuOVGP1 revealed its identity as human oviductin. Immunofluorescence showed the binding of rHuOVGP1 to different regions of human sperm cell surfaces in various degrees of intensity. Prior treatment of sperm with 1% Triton X-100 altered the immunostaining pattern of rHuOVGP1 with an intense immunostaining over the equatorial segment and post-acrosomal region as well as along the length of the tail. Addition of rHuOVGP1 in the capacitating medium further enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of sperm proteins in a time-dependent manner. After 4-h incubation in the presence of rHuOVGP1, the number of acrosome-reacted sperm induced by calcium ionophore significantly increased. The successful production of rHuOVGP1 can now facilitate the study of the role of human OVGP1 in fertilization and early embryo development.
Reversal of Left Ventricular Functions in Chronic Mitral Regurgitation after Mitral Valve Replacement
Authors: Abd elaziz Montaser Elsawy , Ibrahim Islam Moheb
Published: September 2016

Background: Mitral valve regurgitation leads to deterioration of left ventricular functions if not treated early. We aimed to study the effect of mitral valve replacement on normalization of ejection fraction, remodeling of left ventricular dimensions, and left atrial reduction in patients with chronic mitral regurgitation.
Methods: Between December 2012 and August 2014,
45 patients with chronic mitral regurgitation underwent isolated mitral valve replacement. None of the patients had any other severe valvular or concomitant disease or severe coronary heart  disease. The patients were evaluated by echocardiography (preoperative, 1-week, and 1-year postoperative). The results were statistically analyzed by paired t test.
Results: Forty-five patients who underwent mitral valve replacement in our hospital were included in  the study. The group comprised 20 men and 25 women; the mean age was 31.8 ± 6.76 years. The mean  left ventricular ejection fraction was 61.09 ± 7.6 and decreased significantly to 59.04 ± 6.65 and 59.67 ± 6.56, 1-week and 1-year postoperative follow up, respectively. The left atrium showed significant reduction in size (4 ± 0.54 cm) at 1-year postoperative follow up, from (4.51 ± 0.57 cm) one-week postoperative, and from (5.55 ± 0.88 cm) preoperatively. The mean left ventricular end systolic diameter significantly decreased from 4.06 ± 0.65 cm preoperatively to 3.4 ± 0.4 cm, 1-week postoperative (P = .01), and also decreased significantly to 3.45 ± 0.51 cm at 1-year follow up postoperatively, but was higher than that at 1-week follow up. Also, the mean left ventricular end diastolic diameter decreased  significantly during periods of follow up (P < .001).
Conclusion: Reversal of left ventricular functions and reduction of left-sided chamber dimensions are possible if early mitral valve replacement is considered in chronic mitral regurgitation before worsening of the condition.
Unintended Pulmonary Artery Ligation during PDA Ligation
Authors: Kim Dohun , Kim Si-Wook , Shin Hong-Ju , Hong Jong-Myeon , Lee Ji Hyuk , Han Heon-Seok
Published: September 2016

A 10-day-old boy was transferred to our hospital due to tachypnea. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), 4.8 mm in diameter, with small ASD was diagnosed on echocardiography. Surgical ligation of the ductus was performed after failure of three cycles of ibuprofen. However, the ductus remained open on routine postoperative echocardiography on the second postoperative day, and chest CT revealed inadvertent ligation of the left pulmonary artery (LPA) rather than the PDA. Emergent operation successfully reopened the clipped LPA and ligated the ductus on the same (second postoperative) day.
Mechanical ventilator support was weaned on postoperative day 21, and the baby was discharged on postoperative day 47 with a normal left lung shadow.
Coronary Artery Disease in Young Adults: Who Needs Surgical Revascularization? A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Piątek Jacek , Kędziora Anna , Konstanty-Kalandyk Janusz , Kiełbasa Grzegorz , Olszewska Marta , Wierzbicki Karol , Milaniak Irena , Song Bryan HyoChan , Kapelak Bogusław , Darocha Tomasz
Published: September 2016

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major cause of death and disability in developed countries. Despite the fact that prevalence accrues with age, an increasing number of young patients suffering from CAD is being observed worldwide. The aim of this study is to describe the population of young adults suffering from CAD and requiring coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), and to assess early outcomes after the procedure.
Methods: A retrospective cohort study analyzed 190 consecutive patients aged ≤50 years old that underwent CABG between 2010 and 2014. Baseline characteristics and operative data were presented in the study. Postoperative complications, such as major adverse cardiac and cardiovascular events (MACCE), prolonged mechanical ventilation (>72 hours), bleeding requiring reexploration, sternal dehiscence, and others were assessed.
Results: A population comprising mostly overweight or obese males with a mean age of 46 ± 4.1 years was analyzed. Patients suffered mostly from three-vessel disease (81%), hypertension (74.7%), and had previous history of myocardial infarction (MI) (60%). The majority of patients had normal left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) (83.1%). 22.6% of cases were emergent procedures. Perioperative mortality was low (1%) and overall MACCE rate stood at 2.6%. Emergent surgery was associated with a higher incidence of postoperative complications (P = .007). The number of diseased vessels, LVEF, and CCS/NYHA class-on-admission was not associated with a higher incidence of postoperative complications (P > .05 for all).
Conclusion: CAD in young patients remains an issue described insufficiently in the literature. Among our study cohort of younger patients undergoing CABG, the majority of the patients had multivessel disease and were slightly symptomatic with normal LVEF. Although the postoperative complication rate was low, the percentage of emergent surgeries was alarmingly high in this population. Consistent with the literature, we highlight the importance of CAD screening in the young population to detect subclinical disease, which might be treated therapeutically or operated electively.
Hawthorn Herb Increases the Risk of Bleeding after Cardiac Surgery: An Evidence-Based Approach
Authors: Rababa’h Abeer M , Altarabsheh Salah E. , Haddad Osama , Deo Salil V. , Obeidat Yagthan , Al-Azzam Sayer
Published: September 2016

Objectives: Hawthorn extract consumption is becoming more widespread among the Jordanian population with cardiovascular disorders. We conducted this prospective observational longitudinal study to determine the impact of hawthorn extract on bleeding risk in patients who undergo cardiac surgery.
Methods: A prospective observational study was performed on 116 patients who underwent cardiac surgery in the period between June 2014 and May 2015. Patients were divided into two groups: Group I (patients recently consumed hawthorn extract) and Group II (patients never consumed hawthorn extract). Endpoint measures included the rates of reopening to control bleeding, early mortality, duration of intensive care unit stay, total in-hospital stay period, and duration and amount of chest tube drainage.
Results: Hawthorn patients had a significantly higher rate of postoperative bleeding necessitating take back to the operating room compared to the control group (10% versus 1%;
P = .03) respectively. The overall mortality rate for group I and II was 4% and 0% respectively; P = .17. Chest tubes were kept in for longer times in group I compared to group II
(54 ± 14.6 versus 49 ± 14.7 hours respectively; P = .01). Group I stayed longer in the intensive care unit compared to group II (24 versus 22 hours respectively; P = .01). The total in-hospital stay period was comparable between the two groups.
Conclusion: Hawthorn extract consumption does increase the potential for bleeding and the amount of chest tube output after cardiac surgery.
Damus-Kaye-Stansel Procedure with Extracardiac Fontan: Successful Recruitment of Previously Ligated Pulmonary Valve
Authors: Paczkowski Konrad , Haponiuk Ireneusz , Chojnicki Maciej , Jaworski Radosław
Published: September 2016

We present a case of a 2.5-year-old-girl with complex congenital heart disease: tricuspid atresia (TA), bulboventricular septal defect (VSD), hypoplastic right ventricle, d-transposition
of the great arteries (d-TGA) with aortic outflow from redundant RV. Due to II/III degree atrioventricular block induced after diagnostic cardiac catheterization, an epicardial pacemaker was implanted during the Glenn procedure. Because of severe left ventricle outflow tract obstruction, she was finally referred for extracardiac TCPC (extracardiac Fontan type) with recruitment of PV and Damus-Kaye-Stansel anastomosis. Intraoperatively, the pulmonary trunk stump was opened and a competent pulmonary valve with flaccid leaflets was found. Simple ligation of the pulmonary trunk with a preserved pulmonary valve enabled an effective aorto-pulmonary bridging of systemic outflow tract with the use of natural fully competent ventricle-arterial valves. The relief of single ventricle outflow tract obstruction led to final stabilization of spontaneous sinus rhythm recovery after
2 years of pacemaker stimulation.
Remote Ischemic Preconditioning Attenuates Oxidative Stress during Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Authors: Arvola Oiva , Haapanen Henri , Herajärvi Johanna , Anttila Tuomas , Puistola Ulla , Karihtala Peeter , Anttila Vesa , Juvonen Tatu
Published: September 2016

Background: Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) is used to overcome the threat of cerebral ischemia during complex surgical operations of the heart and the aortic arch. Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) has been shown to mitigate neurological damage.
Methods: We analyzed blood samples in a consecutive series of 52 piglets that underwent a 60-min period of DHCA with RIPC (the RIPC group) or without (the control group), to reveal whether the protective effect to oxidative stress could be seen by measuring serum 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). The piglets were cannulated and cooled to 18°C using a heart-lung machine, for the DHCA. The piglets were then rewarmed to normothermic temperature. Blood sampling was taken at baseline, after 30 minutes of cooling,
2 hours postoperatively, and 8 hours postoperatively, and analyzed. 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) from blood samples was analyzed by using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).
Results: The serum 8-OHdG concentration was lower in the RIPC group after the cooling phase, 1.84 (1.44-2.17) ng/mL, and at 8 hours after HCA 1.48 (1.39-1.69) ng/mL, when compared with the control group, where the values were
2.14 (1.81-2.56) and 1.84 (1.62-2.44) ng/mL, respectively
(P = .025) and (P = .004).
Conclusion: Remote ischemic preconditioning lowers oxidative stress during cardiopulmonary bypass.
The Role of Non-Coordinated Effects in the Assessment of Minority Shareholdings
Authors: Maier-Rigaud Frank , Schwalbe Ulrich , Forster Felix
Published: September 2016

This article focusses on the non-coordinated effects of minority shareholdings in oligopolistic markets. It is demonstrated that minority shareholdings even when they fall below the usual thresholds can lead to a significant impediment of effective competition (SIEC) on a purely non-coordinated basis. This is particularly likely in a market with differentiated products, when a firm partially acquires shareholdings in its closest competitor and when the next best alternative products are only weak substitutes.
The EU Commission’s settlement practice
Authors: Gaßner Katrin
Published: September 2016

Since 2008, the settlement procedure of the EU Commission has been established as an additional possibility to terminate cartel proceedings that exists alongside the standard fine procedure. So far, the Commission has used this procedure to conclude twenty-one proceedings. With these decisions adopted under the settlement procedure, the Commission’s relatively new instrument to handle cartel cases has proven to have reached its efficiency-seeking goal. This article provides an overview of the underlying rules, summarizes the EU Commission’s practice between 2008 and now, and outlines the benefits and potential downsides of the procedure.
Dorinis paauglių elgesys XX a. pirmosios pusės Lietuvos kaimo bendruomenėje
Authors: Stonkuvienė Irena
Published: September 2016

Dorinis paauglių elgesys XX a. pirmosios pusės Lietuvos kaimo bendruomenėje analizuojamas remiantis kokybinių etnografinių interviu medžiaga. Ypač daug dėmesio skiriama bendraamžių grupei, nes būtent joje išryškėdavo dorinio paauglių elgesio patvarumas, atsiskleisdavo ir bendruomenei nepriimtinos elgesio formos.
Netektį šeimoje patyrusių pradinių klasių mokinių statusas klasėje kaip jų socializacijos veiksnys
Authors: Butvilas Tomas
Published: September 2016

Straipsnyje nagrinėjama pradinių klasių mokinių, patyrusių netektį šeimoje (tėvų skyrybas, jų nedarbą ir išvykimą dirbti svetur, vieno iš jų mirtį, senelių mirtį), statusas klasėje. Remiantis empiriniais duomenimis mėginama palyginti netektį patyrusių ir jos nepatyrusių pradinių klasių mokinių statusą klasėje bei atskleisti netektį patyrusių vaikų požiūrį į savo statusą. Būtent vaiko požiūris į savo statusą ir tai, koks jo tikrasis statusas klasėje, turi didelę įtaką šio amžiaus vaikų (ypač šeimoje patyrusių netektį) socializacijai.
Šiuolaikinių studentų požiūris į tradicinius (spausdintinius) vadovėlius
Authors: Martišauskienė Elvyda
Published: September 2016

Informacinės visuomenės amžius atveria mokymosi visą gyvenimą perspektyvą, kuriai įgyvendinti reikia atitinkamų mokymo(si) priemonių. Šiame straipsnyje aptariama, kaip aukštųjų mokyklų studentai vertina tradicinių mokymosi priemonių - spausdintinių vadovėlių šiuolaikiškumą ir prieinamumą, ryškinamos aukštosioms mokykloms ir leidėjams aktualios problemos.
Savidirektyvinio kalbos mokymosi pažangos registro formos
Authors: Šliogerienė Jolita
Published: September 2016

Straipsnyje nagrinejama Lisabonos strategijoje numatyta viena iš aktualiausių problemų – svetimųjų kalbų mokėjimo problema tobulinant ekonominius ir socialinius santykius. Autonominių studijų, vadinamų savidirektyviosiomis studijomis, uždavinys yra sudaryti besimokantiesiems sąlygas patiems tobulinti svetimosios kalbos studijas ir prisiimti atsakomybę už jas. Tyrimo rezultatai parode, kad studentams reikia dėstytojo, kuris galėtų atlikti konsultanto, informacijos teikėjo ar partnerio vaidmenį naudojant naujus mokymo metodus, kurie skatina autonomiškumą ir norą patiems vertinti bei kontroliuoti savo studijų eigą. Atliktas tyrimas leidžia teigti, kad studentų mokymosi pažanga turėtų būti fiksuojama ir registruojama ir vienas iš efektyviausių būdų, skatinančių studentų atsakomybės jausmą, yra mokymosi žurnalai. Respondentų atsakymai rodo, kad naujų metodų, pavyzdžiui, projekto metodas, atvejų analizė, naudojimas svetimosios kalbos studijoms skatina dėstytojo ir studento dialogą ir suteikia studentams visavertes akademines studijas aukštojoje mokykloje.
Profesoriaus B. Bitino knygos „Edukologinis tyrimas: sistema ir procesas“ aktualumas
Authors: Aramavičiūtė Vanda
Published: September 2016

Profesoriaus Bronislovo Bitino knygos „Edukologinis tyrimas: sistema ir procesas” recenzija.
Profesoriaus B. Bitino įžvalgos apie edukacinį tyrimą
Authors: Kardelis Kęstutis
Published: September 2016

Profesoriaus Bronislovo Bitino knygos „Edukologinis tyrimas: sistema ir procesas” recenzija.
Koedukacija versus vienalytis ugdymas mokyklose: tyrimų teritorijos apibrėžtis
Authors: Gervytė Danguolė
Published: September 2016

Straipsnyje, siekiant apibrėžti teorinį tyrimų lauką, nagrinėjami koedukacijos ir vienalyčio ugdymo probleminiai klausimai. Analizuojamos istorinės koedukacijos atsiradimo priežastys ir kontekstas, lyginami vienalyčių ir koedukacinių mokyklų tikslai, ugdymo(si) aplinka ir ieškoma ugdymo(si) pasiekimų ir lyties ryšio. Atkreipiamas dėmesys į tai, kad, gilinantis į koedukaciją ir vienalytį ugdymą, mažai tirti didaktikos ypatumai lyties požiūriu.
Metodinė mokykla istoriografijoje: samprata, teoriniai pagrindai ir sąryšiai su Lietuva
Authors: Gieda Aurelijus
Published: September 2016

Istoriografinės paradigmos – tai tik vienas iš galimų istoriografijos raidą aiškinančių modelių, tik, ko gero, stambiausi dariniai istoriografijos raidoje. Tačiau tam tikrai konkrečiai istoriografijos tradicijai analizuoti reikia taikyti ir kitas istoriografijos raidos artikuliacijas bei aiškinimo būdus. Istoriografijos istorikai kalba apie mokyklas, kryptis, sroves ir panašias tiek idėjinius, tiek socialinius raidos momentus apimančias kategorijas, kurios savo apimtimi yra savotiškos tarpinės istoriografijos raidos grandys tarp istoriografinių paradigmų ir atskirų istorikų veiklos. Lietuvoje vykdomų istoriografinių tyrimų visumoje įvairios istoriografinės mokyklos dažnai lieka akademinių interesų užribyje. Šiuo straipsniu atkreipiamas dėmesys į Trečiosios Prancūzijos Respublikos (Troisième République, 1870–1940) metais Prancūzijos istorijos moksle dominavusią istoriografinę mokyklą. Nagrinėjamos Metodinės mokyklos (École Méthodique) ištakos, vadinamasis metodinis posūkis istoriografijoje, išryškinami kanoniniai mokyklą fundavę ir jos pobūdį formavę tekstai, istorijos metodologijos supratimo svarbiausios nuostatos ir principai. Pasitelkus idėjų istorijos ir istoriografijos studijų teikiamas galimybes, analizuojama tos mokyklos samprata ir teorinės nuostatos. Siekiant konceptualesnio žvilgsnio įdėmiau pažiūrima, kaip Trečiosios Respublikos istoriografinės tradicijos yra analizuojamos šiandienėje istoriografijos istorijoje. Straipsnio lituanistinį aktualumą grindžia sąryšių ir paralelių identifikavimas, prancūziškosios Metodinės mokyklos veiklos atgarsių paieška besiformuojančioje lietuviškojoje istoriografinėje tradicijoje.
Fribūro universitetas ir lietuvių veiklos Šveicarijoje reikšmė XX amžiaus pradžioje
Authors: Šipelytė Monika
Published: September 2016

Lietuvių išeivijos Šveicarijoje istorija iki 1918 m. yra svarbi Lietuvos valstybės kūrimosi dalis. Iki Pirmojo pasaulinio karo ir jo metu šioje šalyje veikusias lietuviškas draugijas galime tirti keliais lygmenimis: pirmiausia – kontekstą, kuriame veikta (Šveicarijos katalikiško universiteto aplinka), visuomenės sluoksnius, kurių tautinė ir valstybinė veikla buvo aktyviausia (šiuo atveju – aukštojoje mokykloje studijuojantys kunigai) ir konkrečių asmenų indėlį į sėkmingą organizacijų darbą (tie asmenys – dr. Juozas Purickis ir Vladas Daumantas-Dzimidavičius). Katalikiškas Fribūro universitetas nuo XIX a. pabaigos tarp lietuvių kunigų bei pasauliečių buvo populiari teologijos ir humanitarinių mokslų studijų vieta, o1913–1918 m. čia klestėjo net kelios organizacijos, užsiimančios studentiška veikla, karo belaisvių šelpimu ir prolietuviškų leidinių spausdinimu. Studentai kunigai aktyviai bendradarbiavo su Lietuvių informacijos biuru ir jo kūrėju dr. Juozu Gabriu, dalyvavo lietuvių rengiamose tarptautinėse konferencijose, pasižymėjo kuriant, vėliau ir įgyvendinant valstybės simbolius ir valstybingumo projektus.
HOLOKAUSTO UŽMARŠTIS KAIP ISTORINIS PROCESAS: VABALNINKIEČIŲ ATMINTIES ATVEJIS
Authors: Sederevičiūtė Šarūnė
Published: September 2016

Straipsnyje pristatomas Vabalninko miestelio gyventojų atminties (nuo XX a. ketvirto dešimtmečio iki 2014 m.) apie kadaise gausiai čia gyvenusią žydų bendruomenę tyrimas. Interviu ir turinio analizės metodais surinkti duomenys leido atskleisti procesą, kurio metu miestelyje susiformavo dabartinė užmaršties ir neartikuliuoto nepatogumo būsena. Ją lėmė paties Holokausto sociokultūrinis trauminis efektas ir fundamentalūs demografiniai pokyčiai sovietmečiu, neskatinę tapatybės paieškų praeityje.
Laiškas Antanui Sniečkui
Authors: Ėmužis Marius
Published: September 2016

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Reply
Authors: Cojocariu Camelia , Stanciu Carol , Trifan Anca
Published: September 2016

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Gastrointestinal Side Effects of Post-Transplant Therapy
Authors: Lucan Valerian Ciprian , Berardinelli Luisa
Published: September 2016

Modern immunosuppressive therapy has produced a real revolution in renal and organ transplantation but it comes with the price of multiple side effects. There are many gastrointestinal (GI) complications that are the consequence of transplant immunosuppressant medication. In fact, for any immunosuppressant therapy, certain standardized precepts and attitudes that aim to reduce the incidence and the impact of the medication side effects must be applied. Many patients undergo renal transplantation and the physicians have to be aware of the advantages and the risks associated. This article reviews the main GI complications that may arise as a consequence of immunosuppressive therapy after solid organ transplantation, focusing on renal and renal/pancreas transplantation, as well as the ways in which the incidence of these complications can be reduced. Management of the post-transplant therapy is mandatory in order to increase not only the grafts’ and the patients’ survival, but also their quality of life by the occurrence of fewer complications.

Abbreviations: Aza: azathioprine; CMV: cytomegalovirus; CsA: cyclosporine A; GI: gastrointestinal; MMF: mycophenolate mofetil; NSAID: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; Tac: tacrolimus.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms within the 8Q24 Region are Not Associated with the Risk of Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms of the Pancreas
Authors: Panic Nikola , Larghi Alberto , Amore Rosarita , Pastorino Roberta , Bulajic Milutin , Costamagna Guido , Boccia Stefania
Published: September 2016

Background & Aims: Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) of the pancreas have been reported to be associated with an increased risk of developing extra-pancreatic malignancies. A common genetic background has been hypothesised to be responsible for such an association. Human chromosomal region 8q24 has been associated with many types of cancer. The majority of these associations lie at approximately 128 Mb on chromosome 8. We conducted a study in order to examine the association between IPMN and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the 8q24 region, namely rs10505477, rs6983267, rs7014346, rs6993464, previously reported to influence general cancer susceptibility.

Methods. The study was performed on 117 IPMN cases and 231 controls. Cases were enrolled at the Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Policlinico Agostino Gemelli from January, 2010 to June, 2011, with either a prevalent or incident IPMN diagnosis. Status of SNPs was determined using a StepOne Real-time PCR system (Applied Biosystems) and TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assay™ 40X. Unconditional multiple logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the association of selected SNPs and IPMNs.

Results. Cases were more likely to report a 1st degree family history of cancer (p<0.001), as well as heavy smoking (p=0.001) and heavy drinking habits (p<0.001). No significant association was observed between IPMN and selected SNPs. The results were confirmed also when stratified according to any 1st-degree family history of cancer.

Conclusion. Patients with IPMN do not have a higher prevalence of SNPs in the human chromosomal region 8q24 in respect to the control population.

Abbreviations: CASC8: cancer susceptibility candidate 8; CRC: colorectal cancer; ENPP2: ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2; EPM: extra-pancreatic malignancy; eQTLs: expression quantitative trait loci; IPMN: intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm; MYC: myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog gene; NOV: nephroblastoma over-expressed gene; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; POU5F1P1: POU class 5 homeobox 1 pseudogene 1 gene; S-MRCP: magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography with secretin stimulation; SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism; TCF4: transcription factor 4.
Toll-like Receptor 2 Signalling and the Lysosomal Machinery in Barrett’s Esophagus
Authors: Verbeek Romy E. , Siersema Peter D. , Vleggaar Frank P. , Ten Kate Fiebo J. , Posthuma George , Souza Rhonda F. , De Haan Judith , Van Baal Jantine W.P.M.
Published: September 2016

Background & Aims: Inflammation plays an important role in the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma and its metaplastic precursor lesion, Barrett’s esophagus. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 signalling and lysosomal function have been linked to inflammation-associated carcinogenesis. We examined the expression of TLR2 in the esophagus and the effect of long-term TLR2 activation on morphological changes and expression of factors involved in lysosomal function in a Barrett’s esophagus epithelium cell line.

Methods: TLR2 expression in normal squamous esophagus, reflux esophagitis, Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma biopsies was assessed with Q-RT-PCR, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Barrett’s esophagus epithelium cells (BAR-T) were incubated with acid and bile salts in the presence or absence of the TLR2 agonist Pam3CSK4 for a period up to 4 weeks. Morphological changes were assessed with electron microscopy, while Q-RT-PCR was used to determine the expression of lysosomal enzymes (Cathepsin B and C) and factors involved in endocytosis (LAMP-1 and M6PR) and autophagy (LC3 and Rab7).

Results: TLR2 was expressed in normal squamous esophagus, reflux esophagitis, Barrett’s esophagus but was most prominent in esophageal adenocarcinoma. Long-term TLR2 activation in acid and bile salts exposed BAR-T cells resulted in more and larger lysosomes, more mitochondria and increased expression of LAMP-1, M6PR, Cathepsin B and C when compared to BAR-T cells incubated with acid and bile salts but no TLR2 agonist. Factors associated with autophagy (LC3 and Rab7) expression remained largely unchanged.

Conclusion: Activation of TLR2 in acid and bile salts exposed Barrett epithelium cells resulted in an increased number of mitochondria and lysosomes and increased expression of lysosomal enzymes and factors involved in endocytosis.

Abbreviations: BE: Barrett’s esophagus; DCA: deoxycholic acid; EAC: esophageal adenocarcinoma; GCA: glycocholic acid; IL8: interleukin 8; IHC: immunohistochemistry; ISH: in situ hybridization; LAMP-1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein-1; LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3; M6PR: mannose-6-phosphate receptor; NF-κB: Nuclear Factor–κB; PPIs: proton pump inhibitors; Q-RT-PCR: Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; RE: reflux esophagitis; SQ: normal squamous esophagus; TCDCA: taurochenodeoxycholic acid; TLR: Toll-like receptor; TNFα: tumor necrosis factor α.
Non-gastric Gastrointestinal Xanthomas: Case Series and Literature Review
Authors: Del Arco Cristina Díaz , Sánchez Ángel Álvarez , Aceñero M. Jesús Fernández
Published: September 2016

Gastrointestinal xanthomas are infrequent non-neoplastic lesions characterized by the accumulation of foam cells in the lamina propria. They are commonly seen in association with dyslipidemia, chemotherapy or radiotherapy, and infections in immunosuppressed patients. However, no clear connection to hyperlipidemia has been found. They occur more frequently in the stomach, and are very rare in the small bowel and esophagus. We identified all cases of non-gastric xanthoma or xanthomatosis reported in the English literature by searching the PubMed database and retrospectively reviewed the clinical, endoscopic, and histopathologic features of the 11 cases of non-gastric gastrointestinal xanthomas diagnosed in our hospital. Nine lesions were located in the large bowel, one in the duodenum and one in the esophagus. All xanthomas were small (<5 mm) sessile polyps except the esophageal xanthoma, which measured 13 mm. Two cases in the large bowel and the case in the small bowel were multiple. Most patients with large bowel xanthomas had hypercholesterolemia, unlike esophageal and small bowel cases. The esophageal lesion occurred in a patient with a history of partial fundoplication due to gastroesophageal reflux disease and the small bowel case was associated to chronic atrophic gastritis with intense activity. In our search of the English literature, we found 19 cases of xanthoma or xanthomatosis in the esophagus, 13 cases in the small bowel and 61 cases in the large bowel. In conclusion, gastrointestinal xanthomas, other than the gastric ones, are rare, and are usually incidental findings.

Abbreviations: AIDS: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; CESD: Cholesterol ester storage disease; ChT: Chemotherapy; CMV: Cytomegalovirus; GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; HCL: Hypercholesterolemia; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; HPV: Human papilloma virus; MAI: Mycobacterium avium intracellulare; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; RT: Radiotherapy.
International Perspectives: Microcephaly and Zika Virus Infection in Brazil
Authors: Trindade Cleide Enoir Petean , Rugolo Lígia Maria Suppo de Souza
Published: September 2016

The Zika virus was discovered incidentally in Uganda in 1947 and had remained confined to an equatorial zone across Africa and Asia. A great outbreak of Zika virus was described in Micronesia (2007) and in Polynesia (2013–2014). An epidemic Zika virus infection was reported in 2015 in South and Central America and in the Caribbean. In Brazil, the first autochthonus case was reported in May 2015 in the northeastern region of the country and spread quickly to 22 states. Epidemiologic evidence suggests that this outbreak is associated with the increased number of infants born with congenital microcephaly in 2015–2016. Since April 2016, 6,906 cases suspected of microcephaly have been reported to the government. Of these, 4,046 (58.6%) were still in investigation; 1,814 cases were excluded; and 1,046 were confirmed using brain image diagnosis. Initial research on isolating and sequencing the Zika virus in brains and amniotic liquid of fetuses and newborn infants with microcephaly showed that the virus shares 97% to 100% of its genomic identity with lineages isolated in the outbreak in French Polynesia in 2013. Research studies are being conducted, but at the time of this writing, no specific treatment or vaccines are available. People traveling to areas with autochthonus circulation of Zika virus should take measures to protect themselves from mosquito bites, and pregnant women should avoid traveling to endemic areas.