bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wealth‐related inequalities in self‐reported health status in the United States and 14 high‐income countries
Authors: Kyriopoulos Ilias , Machado Sara , Papanicolas Irene
Published: July 2024

Objective

To examine wealth‐related inequalities in self‐reported health status among older population in the United States and 14 European countries.

Data Sources and Study Setting

We used secondary individual‐level data from Health and Retirement Survey (HRS) and the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) in 2011 and 2019.

Study Design

In this cross‐sectional study, we used two waves from HRS (wave 10 and 14) and SHARE (wave 4 and 8) to compare wealth‐related health inequality across countries, age groups, and birth cohorts. We estimated Wagstaff concentration indices to measure these inequalities across three age groups (50–59, 60–69, 70–79) and two birth cohorts (1942–1947, 1948–1953) in the US and 14 European countries.

Data Collection/Extraction Methods

We performed secondary analysis of survey data.

Principal Findings

Focusing on older population, we found evidence of wealth‐related inequalities in self‐reported health status across several high‐income countries, with the US demonstrating higher levels of inequality than its European counterparts. The magnitude of these inequalities with respect to wealth remained unchanged over the study period across all countries. Our findings also suggest that wealth‐related health inequalities differ at different stages of workforce engagement, especially in the United States. This could be explained either by potential redistributive effects of retirement or by uneven survivor effect, as less wealthy may drop out of the observations at a greater rate partly due to their poorer health.

Conclusions

Wealth‐related inequalities in self‐reported health status are strong and persistent across countries. Our results suggest that there is meaningful variation across high‐income countries in health‐wealth dynamics that merits further investigation to better understand whether certain health or welfare systems are more equitable. They also highlight the need to consider social policy and wealth redistribution mechanisms as strategies for improving population health among the less wealthy, in the United States and elsewhere.
Zero‐price effect and consumer welfare: Evidence from online classified real estate service
Authors: Ash David , Ben‐Shahar Danny
Published: July 2024

We test whether the tendency to overvalue a free service over a paid alternative may lead to inferior economic outcomes. We examine data from an online classified real estate service in Israel that allows private and commercial owners to offer their real estate properties for sale and lease under either free‐basic or paid‐premium listing categories. Estimation results indicate a zero‐price effect in owners’ choice of a listing category. Moreover, although the vast majority of owners opt for the free‐ad category, the paid‐premium category generates increased buyer demand, greater transaction price, and decreased time‐on‐market—adding up to an average net benefit of about 3.5%–3.8% of the average transaction price (equivalent to about $12K–$13K). Outcomes are robust to a series of identification and test‐design issues.
Trauma team activation for older patients with pelvic fractures: Are current criteria adequate?
Authors: Williamson Frances , Cole Elaine
Published: July 2024

Objectives

The present study aimed to identify the impact of age on current trauma team activation (TTA) processes and outcomes for patients with pelvic fractures.

Methods

Adult patients with moderate and/or severe pelvic fractures (Abbreviated Injury Scale ≥ 2) between 1 January 2016 and 31 December 2021 were included utilising major trauma hospital data in Queensland. Characteristics of older (age ≥ 65) and younger patients including TTA, interventions and outcomes were examined. Multivariate analysis was used to determine factors associated with TTA in older patients.

Results

Data from 637 patients was included. Despite comparable injury severity, a TTA was activated in fewer older people (older: 65% vs. younger: 79%, P < 0.001). Older patients had more falls leading to the trauma presentation (54.4% vs. 22.6%, P < 0.001), with higher initial systolic BP (131 vs. 125 mmHg, P = 0.04). Outcomes were worse for older people, with greater rates of in‐hospital complications (27.2% vs. 16.4%, P = 0.004), and longer hospital stays (12 vs. 8 days, P = 0.04). Fewer older patients could be discharged independently to home (46.3% vs. 74.5%, P < 0.001). In older patients, falls and haemodynamic parameters were strongly associated with the reduced likelihood of TTA (fall mechanism [odds ratio (OR)] 0.33; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.15–0.74; P = 0.01; systolic BP [OR 0.98; 95% CI 0.97–0.99; P = 0.03], heart rate [OR 0.97; 95% CI 0.95–0.99; P = 0.02]).

Conclusion

Current TTA criteria based on higher energy mechanisms and traditional vital sign thresholds are inadequate for identifying injury in older patients. Sensitive triage criteria and increased clinician awareness are required to enhance injury recognition and improve outcomes in older trauma patients.
Antidepressants and alcohol use disorder: A multicenter study on the mediating role of depression symptom changes
Authors: Jaeger Joshua , Osterburg Lara , Stein Maria , Germann Miranda , Lustenberger Sara A. , Wopfner Alexander , Denier Niklaus , Bracht Tobias , Moggi Franz , Soravia Leila M.
Published: July 2024

Background

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) and depression are highly prevalent and tied to significant psychological, physiological, social and economic consequences. Their co‐occurrence presents a complex clinical challenge, as the impact of antidepressant medication on AUD outcomes remains equivocal. In this multicenter, longitudinal study we investigated the relationship between antidepressant medication and changes in depression symptoms and alcohol use in AUD patients.

Methods

We analyzed data from 153 detoxified AUD patients who attended a 12‐week residential treatment program between 2015 and 2019. Within a mediation analysis, adopting a bootstrapping approach and a quasi‐Bayesian framework, we estimated the total, direct, and mediated effects of antidepressants on the percentage of days abstinent to assess the role of changes in depression symptoms as a mediating factor.

Results

The mediation analysis revealed a dual impact pathway model with a negative direct effect of antidepressants on abstinence (p = 0.004) and a positive indirect effect, mediated through the reduction of depression symptoms (p = 0.002).

Conclusions

The findings of the mediation analysis show that patients treated with antidepressants and whose depression symptoms do not improve over time show more relapses, while patients treated with antidepressants who achieve a reduction in depression symptoms show fewer relapses over time. Thus, to optimize treatment outcome, depression symptoms should be vigilantly monitored when antidepressants are prescribed during AUD treatment.
The effectiveness of development‐oriented nonreciprocal trade preferences in promoting agricultural trade
Authors: Ridley William , Shirin Farzana
Published: July 2024

Nonreciprocal trade preference (NRTP) programs have proliferated in recent decades as a means to facilitate export‐led growth for beneficiary countries. However, evidence on the efficacy of NRTPs in promoting agricultural exports from preference beneficiaries to preference donors has been mixed. We investigate the impacts of NRTPs on such trade in a structural gravity setting for 23 major agricultural commodities prominent in the export baskets of developing countries. Based on estimates from a commodity‐level gravity model and the structural foundation of the gravity framework, we quantify the trade impacts of NRTP programs in a counterfactual simulation analysis. Our results show that NRTPs were responsible for around $833 million in elevated annual exports (a 1.7% increase) from NRTP beneficiary countries to donor countries as of 2018, and we document considerable heterogeneity in the countries and commodities that undergo the largest impacts. Our findings thus highlight the evolving role of trade policy as a facilitator of export‐driven growth and suggest that NRTP programs are often limited in their capacity to promote agricultural trade.
Neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio may predict complications and patency in bile duct injury repair
Authors: Martinez‐Mier Gustavo , Carbajal‐Hernández Regina , López‐García Mario , Vázquez‐Ramirez Jorge A. , Reyes‐Ruiz José M. , Solórzano‐Rubio Jose R. , González‐Grajeda José L. , Moreno‐Ley Pedro I.
Published: July 2024

Background

Bile duct injury (BDI) repair surgery is usually associated with morbidity/mortality. The neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) easily assesses a patient's inflammatory status. The study aims to determine the possible relationship between preoperative NLR (pNLR) with postoperative outcomes in BDI repair surgery.

Methods

Approved Ethics/Research Committee retrospective study, in patients who had a Bismuth‐Strasberg type E BDI repair (2008–2023). Data registered was: morbidity, mortality, and long‐term outcomes (primary patency and loss of primary patency) (Kaplan–Meier). Group comparison (U Mann–Whitney), receiver operator characteristic (ROC): area under curve [AUC]; cut‐off value, and Youden index [J], and logistic regression analysis were used for pNLR evaluation.

Results

Seventy‐three patients were studied. Mean age was 44.4 years. E2 was the commonest BDI (38.4%). Perioperative morbidity/mortality was 31.5% and 1.4%. Primary patency was 95.9%. 8.2% have lost primary patency (3‐year actuarial patency: 85.3%). Median pNLR was higher in patients who had any complication (4.84 vs. 2.89 p = 0.015), biliary complications (5.29 vs. 2.86 p = 0.01), and patients with loss of primary patency (5.22 vs. 3.1 p = 0.08). AUC's, cut‐off values and (J) were: any complication (0.678, pNLR = 4.3, J = 0.38, p = 0.007), serious complication (0.667, pNLR = 4.3, J = 0.34, p = 0.04), biliary complications (0.712, pNLR = 3.64, J = 0.46, p = 0.001), and loss of primary patency (0.716, pNLR = 3.24, J = 0.52, p = 0.008). Logistic regression was significant in any complication (Exp [B]: 0.1, p = 0.002), serious complications (Exp [B]: 0.2, p = 0.03), and biliary complications (Exp [B]: 8.1, p = 0.003).

Conclusions

pNLR is associated with complications in BDI repair with moderate to acceptable predictive capacity. pNLR could potentially predict patency of a BDI repair.
Predictors of surgical intervention in first episode primary spontaneous pneumothorax requiring chest drain insertion
Authors: McNamara Nicholas , Cistulli David , Bannon Paul , Cao Christopher
Published: July 2024

Background

Primary spontaneous pneumothorax occurs in patients with no underlying lung disease and guidelines recommend chest tube drainage for the first episode, with surgical intervention reserved for recurrent episodes, persistent air leak or failure of lung re‐expansion. Modern surgical management is associated with reduced length of hospital stay and superior freedom from recurrence compared with chest tube drainage alone. The objective of this study was to identify risk factors for failed chest tube drainage in patients who present with first episode primary spontaneous pneumothorax.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of patients who presented to Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Australia with first episode PSP and underwent chest tube insertion was performed. Patient demographics and size of pneumothorax were examined in relation to the primary outcome, a composite of failed chest tube drainage and recurrent ipsilateral pneumothorax.

Results

Fifty‐five patients underwent chest tube drainage for first episode primary spontaneous pneumothorax between 1st January 2017 and 31st December 2020. Complete lung collapse on admission chest x‐ray was associated with an increased risk of the primary outcome (63% versus 19%, OR 7.3 [96% CI 2.0–27.4), P = 0.004).

Conclusion

This small retrospective study found that patients that undergo chest drain insertion for first episode primary spontaneous pneumothorax who present with complete lung collapse on admission are at high risk of requiring pleurodesis and therefore may benefit from early surgical referral.
The effect of twin pregnancy in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: A case control study
Authors: Axelsen Silja Maigaard , Schmidt Maria Cathrine , Kampmann Ulla , Grønbæk Henning , Fuglsang Jens
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is one of the most common hepatic disorders during pregnancy, and the etiology is thought to be multifactorial including both environmental and hormonal contributions. In twin pregnancies, the fetal and placental mass is generally greater than in singleton pregnancies, and is, theoretically, likely to have a greater influence upon the maternal hepatic metabolism compared to singleton pregnancy. The aim of this study was to compare ICP in twin and singleton pregnancies according to ICP characteristics, time of diagnosis, serum bile acid levels, pharmacological treatment, and pregnancy outcomes.

Material and Methods

This case control study was undertaken at Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark, from 2012 to 2019. The study comprised 51 women with twin pregnancies and ICP. These women were matched with 153 women with twin pregnancies without ICP and 153 women with singleton pregnancies with ICP, respectively. Three controls were matched per case, and data obtained from medical records and Danish obstetrical databases were compared.

Results

We found a significantly lower gestational age at ICP diagnosis in twin pregnancies (227 vs. 242 days for singleton pregnancies; p = 0.002). Bile acids reached significantly higher maximum blood levels in twin pregnancies (32.9 vs. 22.2 μmol/L; p = 0.012), and at a lower gestational age (gestational age maximum bile acids: 235 vs. 250 days; p < 0.001). No difference in pharmacological treatment was observed between the groups. Twin pregnancies with and without ICP had comparable pregnancy outcomes; however, ICP pregnancies had a higher incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (15.7% vs. 5.2%; p = 0.03). In repeat pregnancies, ICP was diagnosed earlier in the twin pregnancy (p = 0.006).

Conclusions

Compared to singleton pregnancies, twin pregnant women with ICP have an earlier diagnosis of ICP, and levels of bile acids are higher. Compared to twin pregnancies without ICP, the pregnancy outcomes are comparable.
Severe cases of Buruli ulcer (infection with Mycobacterium ulcerans) in common ringtail possums in Victoria adversely affect animal welfare
Authors: Hobbs EC , Loukopoulos P , Stinear TP , Porter JL , Lee JYH , Whiteley P , Skerratt LF , Gibney KB , Meredith A
Published: July 2024

Buruli ulcer is a chronic ulcerative disease of the skin and subcutaneous tissues caused by infection with Mycobacterium ulcerans. Although Australian possums are known to be susceptible to Buruli ulcer, many aspects of the disease in possums, including welfare impacts, remain largely unreported. Severe clinical Buruli ulcer was identified in four common ringtail possums (Pseudocheirus peregrinus) from Melbourne, Victoria. All four possums were euthanased due to the presence of deep ulcerative lesions on paws, with extensive tissue necrosis that exposed bones and tendons in three cases. Histologically, there was severe ulcerative necrotising pyogranulomatous dermatitis, panniculitis and myositis, with intralesional acid‐fast bacteria. M. ulcerans was detected by real‐time PCR in all swabs, tissues and faeces collected from all four cases. Buruli ulcer may be an important and under‐recognised cause of poor possum welfare in endemic areas. The physical impacts of the severe cutaneous lesions, especially those extending to underlying bones and joints, would have directly impaired the mobility of these possums, affecting navigation of their natural environments and expression of natural behaviours including foraging and socialising. Systemic distribution of M. ulcerans throughout all major internal organs, as observed here, may further impact the health and fitness of infected possums. Faecal shedding of M. ulcerans in all four cases supports the role of possums as zoonotic reservoirs. Further research is needed to investigate the epidemiology, pathogenesis and welfare impacts of Buruli ulcer in possums and to inform the design of interventions that may protect their health and welfare.
Anti‐platelet factor 4 immunothrombotic syndromes
Authors: Buka Richard J. , Pavord Sue
Published: July 2024

Anti‐platelet factor 4 immunothrombotic syndromes comprise a group of disorders that include heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia and vaccine‐induced immune thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. These are highly prothrombotic, immunological disorders characterised by specific clinical and pathological criteria which include thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. While they are predominantly triggered by heparin and the adenoviral vector vaccines, respectively, other provoking factors have been described, as well as spontaneous forms. The unexplained co‐occurrence of thrombocytopenia with thrombosis should raise suspicion and prompt testing. This nutshell review discusses the pathophysiology, presenting features and diagnostic criteria for these conditions.
The historical background of hereditary cystatin C amyloid angiopathy: Genealogical, pathological, and clinical manifestations
Authors: Snorradottir Asbjorg Osk , Hakonarson Hakon , Palsdottir Astridur
Published: July 2024

Hereditary cystatin C amyloid angiopathy (HCCAA) is an Icelandic disease that belongs to a disease class called cerebral amyloid angiopathy, a group of heterogenous diseases presenting with aggregation of amyloid complexes and deposition predominantly in the central nervous system. HCCAA is dominantly inherited, caused by L68Q mutation in the cystatin C gene, leading to aggregation of the cystatin C protein. HCCAA is a very progressive and severe disease, with widespread cerebral and parenchymal cystatin C and collagen IV deposition within the central nervous system (CNS) but also in other organs in the body, for example, in the skin. Most L68Q carriers have clinical symptoms characterized by recurrent hemorrhages and dementia, between the age of 20–30 years. If the carriers survive the first hemorrhage, the frequency and severity of the hemorrhages tend to increase, resulting in death at average of 30 years with mean number of major hemorrhages ranging from 3.2 to 3.9 over a 5‐year average life span. The pathogenesis of the disease in carriers is very similar in the CNS and in the skin based on autopsy studies, thus skin biopsies can be used to monitor the progression of the disease by quantifying the cystatin C immunoreactivity. The cystatin C deposition always colocalizes with collagen IV and fibroblasts in the skin are found to be the main cell type responsible for the deposition of both proteins. No therapy is available for this devastating disease.
Endophthalmitis following intravitreal injections administered by junior medical officers in rural Western Australia
Authors: Lee Jackson Chee Chea , Razavi Hessom , Nejatian Marcel Maziyar , Drinkwater Jocelyn , Turner Angus Warwick
Published: July 2024

Background

Patients in rural Australia have limited access to intravitreal treatments due to a maldistribution of the ophthalmology workforce. To improve access, a novel outreach service model was implemented whereby junior medical staff administered intravitreal injections under a supervising ophthalmology consultant. This model involves outreach visits in hospitals, mobile clinics and a remote hub with intravitreal injections administered by junior doctors overseen by an ophthalmologist. The article explores the safety of this approach with respect to the rate of post‐injection endophthalmitis.

Methods

A retrospective audit was conducted by the Lions Outback Vision outreach ophthalmology service from 2017 to mid‐2023. The number of injections, locations, diagnoses, intravitreal agents used, designation of administering doctor and cases of endophthalmitis were reviewed.

Results

A 12 632 intravitreal injections were administered across 32 locations throughout rural Western Australia in the 6.5‐year period. Three cases of endophthalmitis occurred representing a rate of 0.0237%.

Conclusion

The rate of endophthalmitis in the outreach service is comparable to other centres. The outreach model with supervising ophthalmology consultant support in person or via telehealth and administration of injections by junior medical staff has improved access for underserved or marginalised populations.
Toward 3D facial analysis for recognizing Mendelian causes of autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Sleyp Yoeri , Matthews Harold S. , Vanneste Michiel , Vandenhove Laura , Delanote Valentine , Hoskens Hanne , Indencleef Karlijne , Teule Hanne , Larmuseau Maarten H. D. , Steyaert Jean , Devriendt Koenraad , Claes Peter , Peeters Hilde
Published: July 2024

Recognizing Mendelian causes is crucial in molecular diagnostics and counseling for patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We explored facial dysmorphism and facial asymmetry in relation to genetic causes in ASD patients and studied the potential of objective facial phenotyping in discriminating between Mendelian and multifactorial ASD. In a cohort of 152 ASD patients, 3D facial images were used to calculate three metrics: a computational dysmorphism score, a computational asymmetry score, and an expert dysmorphism score. High scores for each of the three metrics were associated with Mendelian causes of ASD. The computational dysmorphism score showed a significant correlation with the average expert dysmorphism score. However, in some patients, different dysmorphism aspects were captured making the metrics potentially complementary. The computational dysmorphism and asymmetry scores both enhanced the individual expert dysmorphism scores in differentiating Mendelian from non‐Mendelian cases. Furthermore, the computational asymmetry score enhanced the average expert opinion in predicting a Mendelian cause. By design, our study does not allow to draw conclusions on the actual point‐of‐care use of 3D facial analysis. Nevertheless, 3D morphometric analysis is promising for developing clinical dysmorphology applications in diagnostics and training.
Shared genetics and causal association between plasma levels of SARS‐CoV‐2 entry receptor ACE2 and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Zhang Yan , Xu Fang , Wang Tao , Han Zhifa , Shang Hong , Han Kevin , Zhu Ping , Gao Shan , Wang Xiaojie , Xue Yanli , Huang Chen , Chen Yan , Liu Guiyou
Published: July 2024

Background

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the highest risk of COVID‐19 infection, hospitalization, and mortality. However, it remains largely unclear about the link between AD and COVID‐19 outcomes. ACE2 is an entry receptor for SARS‐CoV‐2. Circulating ACE2 is a novel biomarker of death and associated with COVID‐19 outcomes.

Methods

Here, we explored the shared genetics and causal association between AD and plasma ACE2 levels using large‐scale genome‐wide association study, gene expression, expression quantitative trait loci, and high‐throughput plasma proteomic profiling datasets.

Results

We found a significant causal effect of genetically increased circulating ACE2 on increased risk of AD. Cross‐trait association analysis identified 19 shared genetic variants, and three variants rs3104412, rs2395166, and rs3135344 at chromosome 6p21.32 were associated with COVID‐19 infection, hospitalization, and severity. We mapped 19 variants to 117 genes, which were significantly upregulated in lung, spleen, and small intestine, downregulated in brain tissues, and involved in immune system, immune disease, and infectious disease pathways. The plasma proteins corresponding to LST1, AGER, TNXB, and APOC1 were predominantly associated with COVID‐19 infection, ventilation, and death.

Conclusion

Together, our findings suggest the shared genetics and causal association between AD and plasma ACE2 levels, which may partially explain the link between AD and COVID‐19.
A SALT on real estate? Housing market and migration responses to the limit on the state and local tax deduction
Authors: Kessler Lawrence M. , Bruce Donald
Published: July 2024

The 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act placed a $10,000 limit on the deductibility of state and local taxes (SALT) for federal tax purposes. This policy change likely increased the cost of home ownership for some households in high‐tax areas. We examine whether these costs were capitalized into the local housing market through slower growth in housing prices. Motivated by the argument that the SALT cap caused some taxpayers to relocate, we also examine whether the cap influenced interstate migration patterns. The cap led to a sizable reduction in home price growth but had no discernable impact on state‐to‐state migration.
Treatment Adherence and Health Status of Patients With COPD Under Treatment With Salmeterol/Fluticasone via the Elpenhaler® Device: The AHEAD Study
Authors: Exarchos Konstantinos P. , Hillas Georgios , Steiropoulos Paschalis , Papanastasiou Polyanthi , Gogali Athena , Kostikas Konstantinos
Published: July 2024

Background

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous progressive lung condition characterized by long‐term respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation. Appropriate bronchodilation is the cornerstone of COPD treatment, leading to better health status as well as benefits in prognosis and mortality.

Methods

In the current open, noninterventional, observational study, 716 patients diagnosed with COPD of variable severity were administered a fixed‐dose combination (FDC) of fluticasone propionate and salmeterol (500 + 50 mcg) through the Elpenhaler® device. The patients' adherence to treatment (based on the MMAS‐8 [8‐item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale]) and health status (based on the CCQ [Clinical COPD Questionnaire]) were assessed at the beginning of the study and at the end of the 3‐month follow‐up period.

Results

The mean ± SD MMAS‐8 score at 1 and 3 months was 6.12 ± 1.89 and 6.45 ± 1.80, respectively, indicating medium adherence overall; however, there was a statistically significant increase of 0.33 units in the MMAS‐8 score at the end of the follow‐up (paired t‐test p < 0.0001), suggestive of an improvement in adherence throughout the study. Higher adherence was associated with better health status at baseline, which further improved by the end of the follow‐up. Moreover, we observed a statistically significant decrease of 1.07 points (p < 0.0001) in the mean CCQ total score from the baseline (CCQ score = 2.2 ± 1.00) until the end of the study follow‐up (CCQ score = 1.13 ± 0.67). Similar conclusions were also drawn in the mean domain scores regarding symptoms (score equal to 1.36 ± 0.72, decrease by 1.18) as well as functional and mental state (scores equal to 0.86 ± 0.73 and 1.20 ± 0.88, decrease by 1.04 and 1.00, respectively, p < 0.0001). Similarly, when patients were stratified into subgroups with and without comorbidities, the former group showed an increase of 7% in the patients with medium to high adherence during the course of the study. In the same patient subgroup, there was a notable decrease in CCQ score by 1.18 points (p < 0.0001) during the study.

Conclusions

The administration of FDC of fluticasone propionate and salmeterol, (500 + 50 mcg) via the Elpenhaler® device for COPD, resulted in a well‐maintained or slight increase in treatment adherence and a subsequent benefit in health status, which further persisted after 3 months of treatment.
From media campaign to local governance transition: Lessons for community‐based conservation from an Amur falcon hunting ban in Nagaland, India
Authors: Kudalkar Sahila , Veríssimo Diogo
Published: July 2024

Media campaigns can spur conservation action but may alienate local communities. Transforming such action into self‐sustaining community‐based conservation involves effective governance that rapidly integrates knowledge of resource dynamics, establishes flexible institutions, and fosters multilevel networks. This study examines the emergence of community‐based conservation in response to a media campaign to protect migratory Amur falcons, illustrating shifts in governance and power dynamics that enabled local community ownership. Although conservation developed in the absence of an adequate preparation phase, external engagement, incentives, and recognition of local institutions' legitimacy were instrumental in fostering collective action. This research showcases how community‐based conservation initiatives can be triggered by external social pressure but also how the long‐term sustainability relies on effective governance that respects local institutions and employs cooperative strategies to build trust and foster ownership among local communities.
Are we ready to bridge classification systems? A comprehensive review of different reporting systems in thyroid cytology
Authors: Rossi Esther Diana , Pantanowitz Liron
Published: July 2024

The evaluation of thyroid lesions is common in the daily practice of cytology. While the majority of thyroid nodules are benign, in recent decades, there has been increased detection of small and well‐differentiated thyroid cancers. Combining ultrasound evaluation with fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is extremely useful in the management of thyroid nodules. Furthermore, the adoption of specific terminology, introduced by different thyroid reporting systems, has helped effectively communicate thyroid FNAC diagnoses in a clear and understandable way. In 1996, the Papanicolaou Society thyroid cytological classification was introduced. This was followed in 2005 by the first Japanese and then in 2007 by the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology, which subsequently underwent two revisions. Other international thyroid terminology classifications include the British, Italian, Australasian and other Japanese cytology systems. This review covers similarities and differences among these cytology classification systems and highlights key points that unify these varied approaches to reporting thyroid FNAC diagnoses.
Does botulinum neurotoxin A make walking easier in children with cerebral palsy? A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Brændvik Siri Merete , Ross Raftemo Anne Elisabeth , Roeleveld Karin , Andersen Guro Lillemoen , Ramstad Kjersti , Follestad Turid , Aarli Ånen , Bonikowski Marcin , Vik Torstein ,   Walking Easier
Published: July 2024

Aim

To assess the effect of single botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT‐A) injections into the calf muscles on the gross energy cost of walking in children with cerebral palsy (CP) and to evaluate the effect of BoNT‐A on walking capacity, physical activity, perceived changes in mobility, and pain.

Method

This was an industry‐independent, randomized, quadruple‐blind, placebo‐controlled, multicentre trial (ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT02546999). Sixty‐one children (33 male, median age [range] = 8 years [4–16 years]) with spastic CP and classified in Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels I and II allocated to single injections of either BoNT‐A or 0.9% saline into the calf muscles. The main outcome was gross energy cost (J/kg/m); secondary outcomes were walking capacity, habitual physical activity, perceived change in mobility tasks, and calf pain at baseline, 4 weeks (P1), 12 weeks (P2), and 24 weeks (P3) after the injection.

Results

The mean change in energy cost did not differ significantly between groups at the primary time point P2 (−0.27 J/kg/m, 95% confidence interval − 0.91 to 0.36, p = 0.404), nor at P1 or P3. Regarding the secondary outcomes, there was some evidence of a larger reduction in pain intensity in the group given BoNT‐A (p = 0.043).

Interpretation

One treatment with BoNT‐A was not superior to placebo in making walking easier in children with CP classified in GMFCS levels I and II, at least in the short term. BoNT‐A may have a pain‐reducing effect.
Follow‐up and monitoring programme in children identified in early‐stage type 1 diabetes during screening in the general population of Italy
Authors: Cherubini Valentino , Mozzillo Enza , Iafusco Dario , Bonfanti Riccardo , Ripoli Carlo , Pricci Flavia , Vincentini Olimpia , Agrimi Umberto , Silano Marco , Ulivi Francesca , D'Avino Antonio , Lampasona Vito , Bosi Emanuele
Published: July 2024

Aim

To provide guidance for follow‐up and monitoring of children and adolescents identified as positive to islet autoantibodies (IA) in the general population screening for type 1 diabetes (T1D) in Italy.

Methods

Detection of IA helps to diagnose pre‐symptomatic T1D, prevent diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and identify persons for new therapies to delay symptomatic diabetes. Italy recently became the first country to approve by law a general autoantibody screening program for T1D and celiac disease in all children and adolescents (age 1‐17yr). A pilot study is currently underway in four Italian regions addressing feasibility issues to be used in the scale up to nationwide screening. Meanwhile, a group of experts developed guidance recommendations for follow‐up and monitoring of identified IA positive persons.

Results

Ten key components have been identified: establishment of a registry for children and adolescents at risk; close collaboration with the national network of family paediatricians; creation of T1D centers with expertise in follow‐up and monitoring; educational measures; assurance of solid IA tests; identification of appropriate metabolic tests; feed‐back feasibility and acceptability questionnaires; potential access to available therapeutic interventions; valuable outcome measures including DKA incidence; costs monitoring. Distinctive features of this program include single (in addition to multiple) IA antibody‐positive persons in follow‐up and the use of CGM to assess risk progression, rather than the cumbersome OGTT.

Conclusion

It is expected that the proposed follow‐up and monitoring program will be effective, affordable and acceptable to children and families identified in general T1D screening in Italy.
Circadian misalignment disrupts biomarkers of cardiovascular disease risk and promotes a hypercoagulable state
Authors: McHill Andrew W. , Melanson Edward L. , Wright Kenneth P. , Depner Christopher M.
Published: July 2024

The circadian system regulates 24‐h time‐of‐day patterns of cardiovascular physiology, with circadian misalignment resulting in adverse cardiovascular risk. Although many proteins in the coagulation‐fibrinolysis axis show 24‐h time‐of‐day patterns, it is not understood if these temporal patterns are regulated by circadian or behavioral (e.g., sleep and food intake) cycles, or how circadian misalignment influences these patterns. Thus, we utilized a night shiftwork protocol to analyze circadian versus behavioral cycle regulation of 238 plasma proteins linked to cardiovascular physiology. Six healthy men aged 26.2 ± 5.6 years (mean ± SD) completed the protocol involving two baseline days with 8‐h nighttime sleep opportunities (circadian alignment), a transition to shiftwork day, followed by 2 days of simulated night shiftwork with 8‐h daytime sleep opportunities (circadian misalignment). Plasma was collected for proteomics every 4 h across 24 h during baseline and during daytime sleep and the second night shift. Cosinor analyses identified proteins with circadian or behavioral cycle‐regulated 24‐h time‐of‐day patterns. Five proteins were circadian regulated (plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1, angiopoietin‐2, insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐4, follistatin‐related protein‐3, and endoplasmic reticulum resident protein‐29). No cardiovascular‐related proteins showed regulation by behavioral cycles. Within the coagulation pathway, circadian misalignment decreased tissue factor pathway inhibitor, increased tissue factor, and induced a 24‐h time‐of‐day pattern in coagulation factor VII (all FDR < 0.10). Such changes in protein abundance are consistent with changes observed in hypercoagulable states. Our analyses identify circadian regulation of proteins involved in cardiovascular physiology and indicate that acute circadian misalignment could promote a hypercoagulable state, possibly contributing to elevated cardiovascular disease risk among shift workers.
Global functional connectivity reorganization reflects cognitive processing speed deficits and fatigue in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Hok Pavel , Thai Quang Thong , Bučková Barbora Rehák , Domin Martin , Řasová Kamila , Tintěra Jaroslav , Lotze Martin , Grothe Matthias , Hlinka Jaroslav
Published: July 2024

Background and purpose

Cognitive impairment (CI) in multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with bidirectional changes in resting‐state centrality measures. However, practicable functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) biomarkers of CI are still lacking. The aim of this study was to assess the graph‐theory‐based degree rank order disruption index (kD) and its association with cognitive processing speed as a marker of CI in patients with MS (PwMS) in a secondary cross‐sectional fMRI analysis.

Methods

Differentiation between PwMS and healthy controls (HCs) using kD and its correlation with CI (Symbol Digit Modalities Test) was compared to established imaging biomarkers (regional degree, volumetry, diffusion‐weighted imaging, lesion mapping). Additional associations were assessed for fatigue (Fatigue Scale for Motor and Cognitive Functions), gait and global disability.

Results

Analysis in 56 PwMS and 58 HCs (35/27 women, median age 45.1/40.5 years) showed lower kD in PwMS than in HCs (median −0.30/−0.06, interquartile range 0.55/0.54; p = 0.009, Mann–Whitney U test), yielding acceptable yet non‐superior differentiation (area under curve 0.64). kD and degree in medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) correlated with CI (kD/MPFC Spearman's ρ = 0.32/−0.45, p = 0.019/0.001, n = 55). kD also explained fatigue (ρ = −0.34, p = 0.010, n = 56) but neither gait nor disability.

Conclusions

kD is a potential biomarker of CI and fatigue warranting further validation.
Foreign versus domestic SPACs in the US Market
Authors: Chiang Yao‐Min , Park Bokyung , Rhee S. Ghon , Tsai Hui‐Ju
Published: July 2024

This study compares domestic and foreign special purpose acquisition companies (SPACs) listed in the US market. Compared with domestic SPACs, we find that foreign SPACs raise lower proceeds from initial public offerings and private investments in public equity funding. Additionally, redemption rates of foreign SPACs are higher than those of domestic SPACs. Our findings suggest that foreign SPACs face a competitive disadvantage due to their limited networks in the US market.
Revisiting post‐settlement dynamics and mechanisms for a depleted American lobster (Homarus americanus) stock
Authors: McManus M. Conor
Published: July 2024

Environmentally explicit models can improve model performance and our understanding of biological processes. However, these models must be retested over time, as the mechanisms influencing biological processes can change. The relationship between recently settled young‐of‐year (i.e., settlers) and pre‐recruit American lobsters was revisited to determine if our perception on post‐settlement lobster processes has changed. Analyses were focused within the southern region of the species' latitudinal range (Rhode Island, United States), where several environmental factors have been theorized to contribute to the Southern New England stock decline and continued depleted state. The inclusion of additional, recent years' data provided insight on how the density‐dependent nature of the settler–pre‐recruit lobster relationship has varied over time. Including both new and retested environmental drivers reaffirmed the importance of incorporating environmental data when describing this process. Specifically, modeling revealed the importance of epizootic shell disease, finfish predators, and Asian shore crabs in the settler–pre‐recruit relationship. Including disease, predation, and competition metrics in the lobster post‐settlement relationship has allowed for improved modeling and insight into settlement dynamics. This renewed analysis supports reevaluating environmentally explicit models over time and calls for further directed research regarding the biological processes we seek to model with time series data.
Development of multicomponent glasses for application as a glazing layer on dental zirconia
Authors: Yoleva Albena , Tasheva Tina , Djambazov Stoyan , Batsova Adriana
Published: July 2024

This study presents the development of multicomponent glasses for glaze layers for dental yttria‐stabilized tetragonal zirconia (Y‐TZP). The samples were melted in the temperature range of 1 250–1 400°C and were cast in water to obtain a frit. The frits were grounded to a powder with a particle size of less than 40 µm. To study the crystallization tendency of melted glasses, they were thermally treated at 800°C and X‐ray diffraction analyses were performed for both types of samples. The structure of the glasses was investigated by the Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy. The thermal expansion coefficient, CTE, the glass‐transition temperature, Tg, and the softening temperature, Ts, were defined. To test the glaze layer on zirconia ceramic, glass powders with different compositions were mixed with modeling fluid and applied on zirconia specimens and then fired at 800°C in a vacuum dental furnace. Scanning electron microscopy, SEM, was used to observe a cross‐section of the glass–ceramic contact on a glazed zirconia ceramic specimen. Glass with the highest content of alkaline oxides is characterized by the closest CTE to zirconium ceramics (10.10−6 K−1), the greatest transparency and good fluidity, and shows good adhesion to the zirconia. The glaze layer is homogeneous without cracks, pores, and crystals.
Submerged fermentation of empty carob pods to enhance D‐pinitol, total phenolic and dietary fibre contents and associated bioactivity
Authors: Vu Thi Huong , Johnson Stuart K. , Fenton Haelee , Nguyen Duc Doan , Bhattarai Rewati Raman
Published: July 2024

Empty carob pods, a by‐product of carob seed production, are abundant in D‐pinitol, dietary fibre and phenolics, offering diverse potential health benefits. However, they also contain high levels of sugars. This study evaluated the capacity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in submerged fermentation of empty carob pods to enhance D‐pinitol to total carbohydrate ratio, and contents of dietary fibre, and phenolics. Empty carob pods were fermented at pH 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, and 7.0 at 30 °C for 10, 20, 30 and 50 h. After 20 h of fermentation, the total carbohydrates decreased by 70% (P < 0.001); the ratio of D‐pinitol to total carbohydrates increased by nearly fivefold (P < 0.05); total phenolic and total flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity significantly increased (P < 0.05), whereas condensed tannin content and α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity remained stable. Fermented carob pods may be potentially used as a functional food ingredient to help control blood glucose levels.
Processing of visual stimuli following infant directed speech: Attention‐guiding effects of unfamiliar speech
Authors: Peykarjou Stefanie , Wissner Julia , Pauen Sabina
Published: July 2024

This study investigates attention modulation as a function of infant directed (ID) versus adult directed (AD) speech in seven‐month‐old infants using electroencephalographic measures. In three experiments, infants were presented with either ID speech or AD speech as stimuli, followed by highly variable images of inanimate objects as targets. In Experiment 1 (N = 18), images were preceded by ID or AD speech with semantic content (“Look here”). Contrary to hypothesis, targets preceded by AD speech elicited increased amplitude of the Negative central (Nc) component compared to targets preceded by ID speech, indicating increased attention. Experiment 2 (N = 23) explored whether ID versus AD speech influences attention allocation also without semantic content. The same targets were either preceded by human voice sounds without semantic content (“Uh‐Ah”) following the prosody of either ID or AD speech register. No differences in attention allocation or object processing were observed. Experiment 3 (N = 18) contrasted ID speech with and without semantic content and found enhanced attention allocation following stimuli without semantic content, but increased object processing following stimuli with semantic content. Overall, the effects observed here are consistent with the idea that less familiar speech stimuli increase attention for subsequent objects. Semantic content of stimuli increased the depth of object processing in 7‐month‐olds.
Trust is good, control is better: The role of trust and personal control in response to threat
Authors: Pauer Shiva , Rutjens Bastiaan T. , van Harreveld Frenk
Published: July 2024

Individuals often lack personal control over societal threats and depend on powerful others to manage such threats on their behalf. This lack of personal control could lead individuals to derive threat evaluations from the trustworthiness of powerful others. Three cross‐sectional studies (N = 1938) support this proposed interaction of trust with personal control in diverse domains (i.e., the coronavirus pandemic, the climate crisis, and farmed animal suffering). In line with the assertion that individuals evaluate uncontrollable threats by resorting to beliefs about powerful others' willingness to avert a threat, beliefs in the benevolence of governmental bodies (but no other trustees or trust attributions) drive the effects of trust on threat perceptions depending on personal control. The findings remained the same even when controlling for potential confounding variables, such as perceived knowledge, the affect heuristic, responsibility attributions, and political orientation. Furthermore, the data indicate that trust in powerful others managing a threat partially backfires in people who lack personal control by indirectly thwarting behavioral responses and policy support for managing the threat. The present findings advance the understanding of why trust predicts perceptions of threat and suggest that trust has partially detrimental consequences for managing threats that are beyond an individual's sense of personal control.