bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Delayed cord clamping in term large‐for‐gestational age infants: A prospective randomised study
Authors: Vural Irmak , Ozdemir Hulya , Teker Gulsen , Yoldemir Tevfik , Bilgen Hulya , Ozek Eren
Published: October 2018

Aim

To compare the post‐natal effects of delayed cord clamping (DCC) and early cord clamping (ECC) in term large‐for‐gestational age (LGA) infants.

Methods

This prospective randomised study included 51 term LGA infants. The umbilical cords of these infants were clamped at 15 s in group 1 (ECC group (n = 26)) and at 60 s in group 2 (DCC group (n = 25)). Data for Apgar scores, cord blood, pH and lactate values, second haematocrit, 24th bilirubin levels, duration of hospital stay and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) were recorded.

Results

The demographic characteristics of the infants in the study group were not significantly different. No statistically significant difference was observed in the post‐natal haematocrit and bilirubin levels between the groups. Six infants (group 1, n = 3; group 2, n = 3) were diagnosed with polycythaemia (P = 0.79); however, these infants remained asymptomatic, and no treatment was required. One infant in each group developed hyperbilirubinemia, which required phototherapy (P = 1.00). The infant with hyperbilirubinemia in the DCC group presented with asymptomatic polycythaemia. Three neonates in the DCC group required admission to the NICU for transient tachypnoea.

Conclusions

No significant increase in the rate of post‐natal complications of DCC in term LGA infants was observed in the study. However, before recommending DCC on a routine basis, studies with a larger sample size and long‐term follow‐up are required to elucidate the risks and benefits of DCC in this group of infants.
Facing somatic symptom disorder in the emergency department
Authors: Cozzi Giorgio , Barbi Egidio
Published: October 2018

Somatic symptom disorder is a condition in which a patient's subjective report of physical symptoms is associated with distress; disruption of day‐to‐day functioning; or disproportionate thoughts, feelings and behaviours regarding the symptoms, whether or not they are associated with an identified medical condition. While somatic symptom disorder affects a considerable proportion of children and adolescents presenting to the emergency department (ED), it has not been well investigated in the ED literature, nor is there much formal training in, or guidelines for, how to care for affected patients in the ED. The aim of this paper is to highlight the historical clues commonly reported by these patients in order to try to help the emergency physicians recognise patients affected by a somatic symptom disorder. Adolescent age, the presence of daily subjective symptoms presenting daily for weeks or months, a long medical history record, an extensive diagnostic workup and, most of all, disproportionate functional impairment related to the symptoms are all features strongly suggestive of this disorder. Emergency physicians should become used to taking advantage of these clues to formulate a positive diagnosis of somatic symptom disorder according to the most recent diagnostic criteria. Emergency physicians have the unique opportunity to contribute to the correct diagnosis and treatment of these patients and to have a positive impact on their prognosis.
Backer Motivation in Crowdfunding New Product Ideas: Is It about You or Is It about Me?
Authors: Zhang Haisu , Chen Weizhi
Published: October 2018

Entrepreneurs are using crowdfunding to reach out to the general public to obtain financial support for their new product development. Those who offer project creators financial support are called backers. In this research, the authors examine two types of backer motivation, other‐orientation and self‐orientation, and their respective effects on a backer’s funding decision on new product ideas at the reward‐based crowdfunding platform. Other‐orientation is defined as a backer’s altruistic motivation to help others when making a funding decision; and self‐orientation is defined as a backer’s egoistic motivation to pursue internal feeling, such as personal satisfaction and power to control the project. They find that self‐orientation has a stronger positive effect than other‐orientation on the backer’s funding decision. Furthermore, the authors examine the difference between men and women, and find that the relationship between other‐orientation and funding decision is stronger for women than men, but the relationship for self‐orientation is stronger for men than women. The authors conduct three empirical studies to test the hypotheses in both the backer’s and the project creator’s contexts. In Study 1, they adopt a survey method to investigate effects of the backer’s motivation on his or her funding decision in the film category. In Study 2, they use data of 600 film projects from kickstarter.com to examine linguistic cues used by project creators that stimulate backer motivation. In Study 3, they conduct an experiment to further validate results of the difference between men and women. Although some research suggests that extrinsic reward is a reason for backers’ funding behavior, the authors emphasize that their psychological need also plays an influential role. In addition, findings of the difference between men and women enrich the crowdfunding literature by discovering distinct backer subgroups.
Evolution and expression of core SWI/SNF genes in red algae
Authors: Stiller John W. , Yang Chunlin , Collén Jonas , Kowalczyk Nathalie , Thompson Beth E.
Published: October 2018

Red algae are the oldest identifiable multicellular eukaryotes, with a fossil record dating back more than a billion years. During that time two major rhodophyte lineages, bangiophytes and florideophytes, have evolved varied levels of morphological complexity. These two groups are distinguished, in part, by different patterns of multicellular development, with florideophytes exhibiting a far greater diversity of morphologies. Interestingly, during their long evolutionary history, there is no record of a rhodophyte achieving the kinds of cellular and tissue‐specific differentiation present in other multicellular algal lineages. To date, the genetic underpinnings of unique aspects of red algal development are largely unexplored; however, they must reflect the complements and patterns of expression of key regulatory genes. Here we report comparative evolutionary and gene expression analyses of core subunits of the SWI/SNF chromatin‐remodeling complex, which is implicated in cell differentiation and developmental regulation in more well studied multicellular groups. Our results suggest that a single, canonical SWI/SNF complex was present in the rhodophyte ancestor, with gene duplications and evolutionary diversification of SWI/SNF subunits accompanying the evolution of multicellularity in the common ancestor of bangiophytes and florideophytes. Differences in how SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling evolved subsequently, in particular gene losses and more rapid divergence of SWI3 and SNF5 in bangiophytes, could help to explain why they exhibit a more limited range of morphological complexity than their florideophyte cousins.
Practices Surrounding Pain Management Among American Indians and Alaska Natives in Rural Southern California: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Luna Juan A.A. , Moore Roland S. , Calac Daniel J. , Grube Joel W. , McGaffigan Richard P.
Published: October 2018

Objectives

This exploratory study examined pain management practices among American Indians and Alaska Natives in the service area of a rural tribal clinic in Southern California.

Methods

Researchers invited 325 individuals to complete an anonymous survey in clinic waiting rooms and tribal gatherings. Analyses of the 295 eligible responses included calculating frequencies and conducting multiple logistic regressions and a Mantel‐Haenszel analysis.

Results

Among respondents in this study, being male, younger, and having less education were strong predictors for riskier methods for managing pain.

Conclusions

Understanding the methods individuals use to manage pain in a rural setting constitute a stepping‐stone to develop strategies for reducing and preventing misuse and abuse of prescription medications and other drugs in rural American Indian and Alaska Native communities.
“My Body Spoke to Me”: “Marginal” Organs, Metonymic Somatization, and the Pain of Social Selection
Authors: Amir Dana , Shoshana Avihu
Published: October 2018

Through in‐depth interviews, this article examines the accounts of subjects who, due to their selfhood and bodies being marked as “ethnic,” do not pass the selection process to enter night clubs in Tel Aviv. Their experiences of pain are expressed via a connection between the social, the physical and the mental, and indicates a unique somatic awakening. This awakening is expressed through an experience of body parts being perceived as “transparent” or “marginal” and not receiving phenomenological and somatic attention in everyday life. Using psychoanalytical model related to the symbolization levels of the somatic awakening, we propose interpreting this awakening ‐ of the “marginal” ‐ as metonymic somatic evidence. This awakening and the interpretation of it create continuity between the experience of “marginal” organs and the experience of marginality in the nighttime arena of ethnic selection. The discussion suggests that the sources of this mental‐somatic awakening are related to the transformation of the private subject into a symbolic type (“the guy that doesn't pass selection”), which in turn expresses the collapse of the inimitable.
Deficient melanin production contributes to the absence of melanophores in early development of red carp
Authors: Liu Jinhui , Zhang Yongqin , Luo Yurong , Zhao Han , Liu Wenbin , Xiao Yamei
Published: October 2018

Red carp and red crucian carp are ornamental fish with a red body color. Unlike in red crucian carp, no melanophores are observed in red carp embryos or larvae. To explore the roles of the mitfa gene in body color formation in red carp, we investigated the structural characteristics and physicochemical properties of the mitfa gene in 16 kinds of fish. The mitfa amino acid sequence similarity between red carp and red crucian carp was 95.6%, and this was 91.5% similar between carp and zebrafish. Compared with red crucian carp, red carp showed lower tyrp1 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression but similar mitfa mRNA expression in the body pigment stage of the embryo. Moreover, mitfa+ cells as well as melanocytes could be observed in cultured embryo cells derived from red carp and red crucian carp. Our data show that the absence of melanophores in red carp is not the result of mitfa gene deletion or mutation, increasing our understanding of the molecular and genetic mechanisms of coloration in cyprinid fish.
Thermal radiation from impact plumes
Authors: Svetsov Vladimir , Shuvalov Valery
Published: October 2018

Plumes produced by the impacts of asteroids and comets consist of rock vapor and heated air. They emit visible light, ultraviolet, and infrared radiation, which can greatly affect the environment. We have carried out numerical simulations of the impacts of stony and cometary bodies with a diameter of 0.3, 1, and 3 km, which enter the atmosphere at various angles, using a hydrodynamic model supplemented by radiation transfer. We assumed that the cosmic object has no strength, and deforms, fragments, and vaporizes in the atmosphere. After the impact on the ground, the formation of craters and plumes was simulated, taking the internal friction of destroyed rocks and the trail formed in the atmosphere into account. The equation of radiative transfer, added to the equations of gas dynamics, was used in the approximation of radiative heat conduction or, if the Rosseland optical depth of a radiating volume of gas and vapor was less than unity, in the volume‐emission approximation. We used temperature and density distributions obtained in these simulations to calculate radiation fluxes on the Earth's surface by integrating the equation of radiative transfer along rays passing through a luminous region. We used tables of the equation of state of dunite and quartz (for stony impactors and a target) and air, as well as tables of absorption coefficients of air, vapor of ordinary chondrite, and vapor of cometary material. We have calculated the radiation impulse on the ground and the impact radiation efficiency (a ratio of thermal radiation energy incident on the ground to the kinetic energy of a body), which ranges from ~0.5% to ~9%, depending on the impactor size and the angle of entry into the atmosphere. Direct thermal radiation from fireballs and impact plumes, poses a great danger to people, animals, plants, and economic objects. After the impacts of asteroids at a speed of 20 km s−1 at an angle of 45°, a fire can occur at a distance of 250 km if the asteroid has a diameter of 0.3 km, and at a distance of 2000 km if the diameter is 3 km.
Managing tensions in assessment: moving beyond either–or thinking
Authors: Govaerts Marjan J B , van der Vleuten Cees P M , Holmboe Eric S
Published: October 2018

Context

In health professions education, assessment systems are bound to be rife with tensions as they must fulfil formative and summative assessment purposes, be efficient and effective, and meet the needs of learners and education institutes, as well as those of patients and health care organisations. The way we respond to these tensions determines the fate of assessment practices and reform. In this study, we argue that traditional ‘fix‐the‐problem’ approaches (i.e. either–or solutions) are generally inadequate and that we need alternative strategies to help us further understand, accept and actually engage with the multiple recurring tensions in assessment programmes.

Methods

Drawing from research in organisation science and health care, we outline how the Polarity Thinking™ model and its ‘both–and’ approach offer ways to systematically leverage assessment tensions as opportunities to drive improvement, rather than as intractable problems. In reviewing the assessment literature, we highlight and discuss exemplars of specific assessment polarities and tensions in educational settings. Using key concepts and principles of the Polarity Thinking™ model, and two examples of common tensions in assessment design, we describe how the model can be applied in a stepwise approach to the management of key polarities in assessment.

Discussion

Assessment polarities and tensions are likely to surface with the continued rise of complexity and change in education and health care organisations. With increasing pressures of accountability in times of stretched resources, assessment tensions and dilemmas will become more pronounced. We propose to add to our repertoire of strategies for managing key dilemmas in education and assessment design through the adoption of the polarity framework. Its ‘both–and’ approach may advance our efforts to transform assessment systems to meet complex 21st century education, health and health care needs.
Ethnurgy, mobilisation, memory and trauma in consociational systems
Authors: Aboultaif Eduardo Wassim
Published: October 2018

I intend to study three characteristics of deeply divided societies that hinder consociationalism: ethnurgy (politicisation of ethnic identities), mobilisation, memory and trauma. My argument is that consociational practices may be hampered by non‐structural elements, which is a break‐away from the classical study of consociationalism which focuses on institutional functions and external actors. By studying consociationalism from this new dimension, I intend to show that internal factors are critical in understanding the threats and pressure of any consociational arrangement, in an attempt to create better power sharing arrangements and/or improve the existing consociational provisions in deeply divided societies.
The complete plastid genome sequence of Trichomanes trollii (Hymenophyllaceae)
Authors: Lehtonen Samuli
Published: October 2018

Plastid genomes have become an important source of information for clarifying phylogenetic relationships especially where traditional molecular systematic studies have failed to produce strongly supported hypotheses. The exact phylogenetic position of an early diverging fern order Hymenophyllales has remained uncertain due to poor support in published phylogenetic studies. High‐throughput sequencing of the first complete plastid genome of the genus Trichomanes revealed genome structure similar to the closest relatives and the phylogenetic analysis resulted in equally poorly supported topology as the previous studies that were based on only a few molecular markers. It seems that, at least with the current poor taxonomic sampling of complete plastid genomes, the exact relationships between Hymenophyllales, Gleicheniales, and other nonosmundalean leptosporangiate ferns cannot be firmly established.
Albugo candida race diversity, ploidy and host‐associated microbes revealed using DNA sequence capture on diseased plants in the field
Authors: Jouet Agathe , Saunders Diane G. O. , McMullan Mark , Ward Ben , Furzer Oliver , Jupe Florian , Cevik Volkan , Hein Ingo , Thilliez Gaetan J. A. , Holub Eric , van Oosterhout Cock , Jones Jonathan D. G.
Published: October 2018

Physiological races of the oomycete Albugo candida are biotrophic pathogens of diverse plant species, primarily the Brassicaceae, and cause infections that suppress host immunity to other pathogens. However, A. candida race diversity and the consequences of host immunosuppression are poorly understood in the field.

We report a method that enables sequencing of DNA of plant pathogens and plant‐associated microbes directly from field samples (Pathogen Enrichment Sequencing: PenSeq). We apply this method to explore race diversity in A. candida and to detect A. candida‐associated microbes in the field (91 A. candida‐infected plants).

We show with unprecedented resolution that each host plant species supports colonization by one of 17 distinct phylogenetic lineages, each with an unique repertoire of effector candidate alleles. These data reveal the crucial role of sexual and asexual reproduction, polyploidy and host domestication in A. candida specialization on distinct plant species. Our bait design also enabled phylogenetic assignment of DNA sequences from bacteria and fungi from plants in the field.

This paper shows that targeted sequencing has a great potential for the study of pathogen populations while they are colonizing their hosts. This method could be applied to other microbes, especially to those that cannot be cultured.
Pathogen enrichment sequencing (PenSeq) enables population genomic studies in oomycetes
Authors: Thilliez Gaetan J. A. , Armstrong Miles R. , Lim Tze‐Yin , Baker Katie , Jouet Agathe , Ward Ben , van Oosterhout Cock , Jones Jonathan D. G. , Huitema Edgar , Birch Paul R. J. , Hein Ingo
Published: October 2018

The oomycete pathogens Phytophthora infestans and P. capsici cause significant crop losses world‐wide, threatening food security. In each case, pathogenicity factors, called RXLR effectors, contribute to virulence. Some RXLRs are perceived by resistance proteins to trigger host immunity, but our understanding of the demographic processes and adaptive evolution of pathogen virulence remains poor.

Here, we describe PenSeq, a highly efficient enrichment sequencing approach for genes encoding pathogenicity determinants which, as shown for the infamous potato blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans, make up < 1% of the entire genome.

PenSeq facilitates the characterization of allelic diversity in pathogen effectors, enabling evolutionary and population genomic analyses of Phytophthora species. Furthermore, PenSeq enables the massively parallel identification of presence/absence variations and sequence polymorphisms in key pathogen genes, which is a prerequisite for the efficient deployment of host resistance genes.

PenSeq represents a cost‐effective alternative to whole‐genome sequencing and addresses crucial limitations of current plant pathogen population studies, which are often based on selectively neutral markers and consequently have limited utility in the analysis of adaptive evolution. The approach can be adapted to diverse microbes and pathogens.
OsTPS8controls yield‐related traits and confers salt stress tolerance in rice by enhancing suberin deposition
Authors: Vishal Bhushan , Krishnamurthy Pannaga , Ramamoorthy Rengasamy , Kumar Prakash P.
Published: October 2018

Class ITREHALOSE‐PHOSPHATE‐SYNTHASE(TPS) genes affect salinity tolerance and plant development. However, the function of classIITPSgenes and their underlying mechanisms of action are unknown.

We report the identification and functional analysis of a rice classIITPSgene (OsTPS8). Theostps8mutant was characterised byGC‐MSanalysis, an abscisic acid (ABA) sensitivity test and by generating transgenic lines. To identify the underlying mechanism, gene expression analyses, genetic complementation and examination of suberin deposition in the roots were conducted.

Theostps8mutant showed salt sensitivity,ABAsensitivity and altered agronomic traits compared to the wild‐type (WT), which could be rescued upon complementation. The dsRNAi line phenocopied the mutant, while the overexpression lines exhibited enhanced salt tolerance. Theostps8mutant showed significantly reduced soluble sugars, Casparian bands and suberin deposition in the roots compared to theWTand overexpression lines. The mutant also showed downregulation ofSAPKs(riceSnRK2s) andABA‐responsive genes. Furthermore,ostps8pUBI::SAPK9rescued the salt‐sensitive phenotype ofostps8.

Our results suggest thatOsTPS8may regulate suberin deposition in rice throughABAsignalling. Additionally,SAPK9‐mediated regulation of alteredABA‐responsive genes helps to confer salinity tolerance. Overexpression ofOsTPS8was adequate to confer enhanced salinity tolerance without any yield penalty, suggesting its usefulness in rice genetic improvement.
Ethylene signaling regulates natural variation in the abundance of antifungal acetylated diferuloylsucroses and Fusarium graminearum resistance in maize seedling roots
Authors: Zhou Shaoqun , Zhang Ying K. , Kremling Karl A. , Ding Yezhang , Bennett John S. , Bae Justin S. , Kim Dean K. , Ackerman Hayley H. , Kolomiets Michael V. , Schmelz Eric A. , Schroeder Frank C. , Buckler Edward S. , Jander Georg
Published: October 2018

The production and regulation of defensive specialized metabolites play a central role in pathogen resistance in maize (Zea mays) and other plants. Therefore, identification of genes involved in plant specialized metabolism can contribute to improved disease resistance.

We used comparative metabolomics to identify previously unknown antifungal metabolites in maize seedling roots, and investigated the genetic and physiological mechanisms underlying their natural variation using quantitative trait locus mapping and comparative transcriptomics approaches.

Two maize metabolites, smilaside A (3,6‐diferuloyl‐3′,6′‐diacetylsucrose) and smiglaside C (3,6‐diferuloyl‐2′,3′,6′‐triacetylsucrose), were identified that could contribute to maize resistance against Fusarium graminearum and other fungal pathogens. Elevated expression of an ethylene signaling gene, ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 2 (ZmEIN2), co‐segregated with a decreased smilaside A : smiglaside C ratio. Pharmacological and genetic manipulation of ethylene availability and sensitivity in vivo indicated that, whereas ethylene was required for the production of both metabolites, the smilaside A : smiglaside C ratio was negatively regulated by ethylene sensitivity. This ratio, rather than the absolute abundance of these two metabolites, was important for maize seedling root defense against F. graminearum.

Ethylene signaling regulates the relative abundance of the two F. graminearum‐resistance‐related metabolites and affects resistance against F. graminearum in maize seedling roots.
The neurobiology of impulsivity and substance use disorders: implications for treatment
Authors: Kozak Karolina , Lucatch Aliya M. , Lowe Darby J.E. , Balodis Iris M. , MacKillop James , George Tony P.
Published: October 2018

Impulsivity is strongly associated with substance use disorders (SUDs). Our review discusses impulsivity as an underlying vulnerability marker for SUDs, and treatment of co‐occurring impulsivity in SUDs. Three factors should be considered for the complex relationship between impulsivity and a SUD: (1) the trait effect of impulsivity, centering on decreased cognitive and response inhibition, (2) the state effect resulting from either acute or chronic substance use on brain structure and function, and (3) the genetic and environmental factors (e.g., age and sex) may influence impulsive behavior associated with SUDs. Both subjective and objective measures are used to assess impulsivity. Together, treatment developments (pharmacological, behavioral, and neurophysiological) should consider these clinically relevant dimensions assessed by a variety of measures, which have implications for treatment matching in individuals with SUD. Despite its heterogeneity, impulsivity is a marker associated with SUDs and may be understood as an imbalance of bottom‐up and top‐down neural systems. Further investigation of these relationships may lead to more effective SUD treatments.
Ontogeny of the Massospondylus labyrinth: implications for locomotory shifts in a basal sauropodomorph dinosaur
Authors: Neenan James M. , Chapelle Kimberley E. J. , Fernandez Vincent , Choiniere Jonah N.
Published: October 2018

Ontogeny is a vital aspect of life history sometimes overlooked in palaeontological studies. However, the changing geometry of anatomical structures during growth can be informative regarding ecological and functional reconstructions. The inner ear, or labyrinth, is an ideal ontogenetic study system because it has a strong functional signal in its morphology that is linked to locomotor mode. Yet almost nothing is known about labyrinth development in dinosaurs. We quantified labyrinth scale and geometry through ontogeny in the Early Jurassic dinosaur Massospondylus carinatus, which has an exceptional fossil record and is hypothesized to have undergone a gait change, from quadrupedal juvenile to bipedal adult. To test whether this putative locomotor shift is reflected in labyrinth morphology, computed microtomography (μCT) and propagation phase‐contrast synchrotron radiation microtomography (PPC‐SRμCT) were used to obtain labyrinths from eight specimens, ranging from near‐hatchling to adult. Labyrinths grow substantially but scale with slight negative allometry compared to skull length throughout ontogeny, the first time this has been documented in dinosaurs. Geometric morphometric analysis of the labyrinth using a sliding semilandmark approach shows some morphological change through ontogeny, but little evidence supporting a locomotor shift. These results have implications for our understanding of sauropodomorph development and provide a better understanding of dinosaur locomotory evolution.
Genetic diversity and path analysis for nitrogen use efficiency of tropical popcorn (Zea maysssp.everta) inbred lines in adult stage
Authors: Almeida Vinícius Costa , Viana José Marcelo Soriano , DeOliveira Henrique Morais , Risso Leonardo Alves , Ribeiro Aloísio Fernando Silva , DeLima Rodrigo Oliveira
Published: October 2018

Modern maize hybrid breeding is also focused on increasing nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) for grain production. The objectives of this study were to assess popcorn inbred lines forNUE, assess its genetic diversity forNUEand related traits, and investigate the relationship between vegetative and adult traits withNUE, under contrasting N levels. Nineteen inbreds were assessed forNUEand related traits under two contrasting N levels in a 2‐year experiment, using complete blocks with three replications. Path analysis was performed using the vegetative N uptake and utilization efficiency and two root traits and four adult traits. The inbred 05‐388 was the most efficient in N use under both N levels. The inbreds with higher N use and utilization efficiency, grain N content and post‐silking N uptake were allocated in the same cluster in both N conditions. Leaf chlorophyll content and post‐silking uptake can serve as target traits for identifying superior inbred lines forNUE. Vegetative N uptake and utilization efficiency, and total root length can be used for early selection of superiorNUEinbreds.
Family characteristics and children's knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors
Authors: Notara Venetia , Antonogeorgos George , Kordoni Maria‐Eleni , Sakellari Evanthia , Prapas Christos , Velentza Anna , Manifava Eirini , Rojas‐Gil Andrea Paola , Kornilaki Ekaterina N. , Lagiou Areti , Panagiotakos Demosthenes B.
Published: October 2018

Background

Cardiovascular disease has the highest mortality rate than any other disease globally. Some major risk factors seem to be established in the early stages of life, suggesting preventive strategies as a major means to reduce cardiovascular mortality. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of socioeconomic status and family characteristics on children's knowledge and perceptions concerning cardiovascular disease risk factors.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey was conducted among 1,728 children (46% male) aged 10–12 years, attending Greek primary schools in Athens; Heraklion (capital city of the island of Crete); Kalamata; Pyrgos; and Sparti (Peloponnese peninsula), Greece. Sampling was conducted on school premises, during the school years 2014–15 and 2015–16 (participation rate, 95–100%). Data were collected via self‐administered, anonymous questionnaire. Children's knowledge of various issues related to cardiovascular risk, such as nutrition, physical activity and smoking was also examined. Data on family characteristics were collected through another questionnaire completed by parents.

Results

Paternal education level and living with both parents instead of single‐parent upbringing, were positively associated with children's knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors (b = 0.42; 95%CI: 0.01–0.83; P = 0.04; and b = 0.78; 95%CI: 0.013–1.43; P = 0.02 respectively). Moreover, children with more siblings seemed to have less sufficient knowledge compared with peers with fewer siblings (b per 1 sibling = −0.24; 95%CI: −0.47 to −0.014; P = 0.04).

Conclusions

The present findings enhance the link between the micro‐environment and children's knowledge and perceptions concerning cardiovascular health, providing information to health‐care professionals while counseling youths.
Comparison of BMI, waist circumference, and waist‐to‐height ratio for identification of subclinical cardiovascular risk in pediatric kidney transplant recipients
Authors: Sgambat Kristen , Clauss Sarah , Moudgil Asha
Published: October 2018

Background

Kidney transplant recipients are at high risk for CV morbidity. However, the measure of obesity that best predicts CV risk has not been established.

Objective

A prospective, controlled study was conducted to compare the ability of BMI, WC, and WHr to identify CV risk in pediatric kidney transplant recipients.

Methods

Transplant recipients, aged 3‐20 years, had echocardiogram, CIMT, BMI, WC, WHr, blood pressure, lipids, and leptin measured. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to compare the ability of BMI, WC, and WHr to detect a composite adverse CV outcome. Presence of the composite outcome was defined by ≥3 of the following five criteria: (a) LVH, (b) high CIMT, (c) impaired myocardial strain, (d) dyslipidemia, and/or (e) hypertension. Multivariate analysis was conducted by generalized estimating equation regression.

Results

We analyzed 108 visits of 42 transplant recipients. Prevalence of obesity by WHr (43.5%) was higher than BMI (24.1%) and WC (12.0%). Proportion of WHr‐obese who met criteria for the adverse CV outcome was higher (62.2%) than BMI (34.6%) and WC‐obese (33.3%). Leptin levels were higher in children with obesity. Area under the ROC curve for WHr‐obese (0.77) was higher compared to BMI (0.47) and WC (0.48) to detect the CV outcome, P = 0.0006. WHr‐obesity was associated with 5.72 increased odds of having the adverse CV outcome, P = 0.0001, while BMI and WC were not significant.

Conclusion

WHr is more sensitive than BMI or WC to detect subclinical CV risk and should be included in screening of pediatric kidney transplant recipients.
Procedural Fairness, the Economy, and Support for Political Authorities
Authors: Magalhães Pedro C. , Aguiar‐Conraria Luís
Published: October 2018

A vast literature in social and organizational psychology suggests that support for authorities is driven both by the outcomes they deliver to people and by the extent to which they employ fair decision making processes. Furthermore, some of that literature describes a process‐outcome interaction, through which the effect of outcome favorability is reduced as process fairness increases. However, very few studies have been conducted to determine whether such interaction is also present in the explanation of support for political authorities. Here, we start by analyzing whether individual perceptions of the political system’s procedural fairness moderate the well‐known individual‐level relationship between perceived economic performance and government approval. Then, we explore the implications of such process‐outcome interaction to the phenomenon of “economic voting,” testing whether impartiality in governance moderates the effect of objective economic performance on aggregate incumbent parties’ support. In both cases, we show that the interaction between processes and outcomes seems to extend beyond the organizational contexts where it has been previously observed, with important implications for the study of political support.
Sensitive Issues, Complex Categories, and Sharing Festivals: Malay Muslim Students’ Perspectives on Interfaith Engagement in Malaysia
Authors: Fernandez Elaine F. , Coyle Adrian
Published: October 2018

Within the religiously and ethnically diverse secular state of Malaysia, the ethnic and religious identities of the Malay Muslim majority group are constitutionalized. This, together with the official classification of religious issues as “sensitive,” provides a distinctive context for the political psychological analysis of Islam and interfaith relations. The qualitative study presented in this article examines how Malay Muslims who are students in the United Kingdom perceive and experience engagement with other religious groups in Malaysia. Four focus group interviews were undertaken with 18 participants. Interview transcripts were subjected to thematic analysis. Three themes were developed: “Perceived sociopolitical influences on interfaith engagement in Malaysia”; “Individual and group barriers to engagement with other religious traditions”; and “Potential pathways toward positive interfaith engagement.” These are elaborated and discussed in terms of the social categorization processes used to conceptualize and navigate interfaith relations. It is recommended that future research in the political psychology of religion should attend closely to the complexity of religious groups’ social identities and the implications this might have for recategorization efforts as a means of encouraging and facilitating interfaith contact.
Neighborhood Identity Helps Residents Cope with Residential Diversification: Contact in Increasingly Mixed Neighborhoods of Northern Ireland
Authors: Stevenson Clifford , Easterbrook Matthew , Harkin Lydia , McNamara Niamh , Kellezi Blerina , Shuttleworth Ian
Published: October 2018

Research on residential diversification has mainly focused on its negative impacts upon community cohesion and positive effects on intergroup relations. However, these analyses ignore how neighborhood identity can shape the consequences of diversification among residents. Elsewhere, research using the Applied Social Identity Approach (ASIA) has demonstrated the potential for neighborhood identity to provide social and psychological resources to cope with challenges. The current article proposes a novel model whereby these “Social Cure” processes can enable residents to cope with the specific challenges of diversification. We present two studies in support of this model, each from the increasingly religiously desegregated society of postconflict Northern Ireland. Analysis of the 2012 “Northern Ireland Life and Times” survey shows that across Northern Ireland, neighborhood identity impacts positively upon both well‐being and intergroup attitudes via a reduction in intergroup anxiety. A second custom‐designed survey of residents in a newly mixed area of Belfast shows that neighborhood identification predicts increased well‐being, reduced intergroup anxiety, and reduced prejudice independently of group norms and experiences of contact. For political psychologists, our evidence suggests a reformulation of the fundamental question of “what effects do residential mixing have on neighborhoods?” to “how can neighborhood communities support residents to collectively cope with contact?”
Direct Government Investment: Perverse Privatization or New Tool of Government?
Authors: Wise Charles R. , Witesman Eva M.
Published: October 2018

In recent years, public administration scholars have called attention to a blurring of the boundaries between the public and private sectors. However, little attention has been focused on the administration of public programs that seek to impact private markets through direct government investment in private firms. The direct government investment approach is a new tool of government that has been applied in several countries and at multiple levels of government. Through an analytic mix of theory and attention to practice, this article leverages a deep case analysis of the U.S. Department of Energy's Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program to propose and utilize criteria for examining justifiable rationales for direct government investment, areas of administrative capacity necessary to manage such investments, and potential pitfalls of this new tool of government.
Structural ambidexterity, transition processes, and integration trade‐offs: a longitudinal study of failed exploration
Authors: Hansen Erik G. , Wicki Samuel , Schaltegger Stefan
Published: October 2018

In order to overcome the exploration–exploitation paradox, structural ambidexterity literature suggests establishing differentiated units for exploitation and exploration with a carefully managed exploration–exploitation interface supporting cross‐fertilization without cross‐contamination. Recent research demonstrates the crucial role of integration mechanisms (i.e. how knowledge exchange between exploratory and exploitative units can be organized) and related transition modes (i.e. how exploratory innovations can ultimately be transferred back into the exploitative structures of core business) to deal with this challenge. However, a systematic account of the diverse tensions, risks, and trade‐offs associated with integration which may ultimately cause exploration failure is missing, so far. This paper presents a longitudinal process study uncovering the anatomy of an unsuccessful exploration of (green) technologies by a medium‐sized entrepreneurial firm. We investigated their transition processes to understand how the managers dynamically configured and reconfigured the exploration–exploitation interface over time. Our theoretical contribution lies in providing a framework of six integration trade‐offs (Exploratory‐complementary linking vs. contamination; Seeking legitimacy early on vs. frustration at discontinuation of innovation; Boundary spanning through job rotation vs. carrying over of old culture; Early vs. premature transfer; Reorganization vs. capability mutation; and Improved access to core business resources vs. resource starvation) linked to three phases in the transition process (before, at, and after transfer). We also highlight mechanism, pulling‐forward, and streamlining‐related failures linked to integration trade‐offs in resource‐constrained contexts. Our implication for R&D and top management is that the use of integration mechanisms for structural ambidexterity bears the risk of cross‐contamination between the exploitative and exploratory structures and are therefore inevitably linked to trade‐offs. To minimize negative side effects and prevent exploration failure, organizations have to consciously select, schedule, operationalize, and manage (re)integration mechanisms along the transition process. Our framework of integration trade‐offs systematically supports managers in their organizational design choices for integration mechanisms in the transition processes.
An ‘Islands’ COP’? Loss and damage at COP23
Authors: Benjamin Lisa , Thomas Adelle , Haynes Rueanna
Published: October 2018

The summer of 2017 can be characterized as the ‘summer of loss and damage’ for Caribbean small island developing States (SIDS) and other vulnerable countries. High‐profile extreme events such as Hurricanes Irma and Maria devastated the Caribbean region. The summer saw some of the most powerful hurricanes ever recorded in the Atlantic hurricane season. The impacts of loss and damage have developmental impacts as they can lead to death, insecure livelihoods, conflict, degradation of natural resources, and can compound existing developmental vulnerabilities and negate prior development gains. As a result, loss and damage is jeopardizing existing development gains in vulnerable countries, leading to what the authors call an unvirtuous cycle of climate‐induced erosion of development and resilience in these States. The 23rd Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and related meetings provided an opportunity to focus on island States and their climate‐related vulnerability. Given the highly topical nature of loss and damage in 2017, it was anticipated that significant movement on loss and damage would occur. However, as a result of the sensitive and political nature of the issue of loss and damage, and evolving negotiation dynamics, only incremental and procedural progress was made by negotiators on this front, perhaps understandably given the restrictions of the Paris Agreement and its related COP decision. The three key ‘asks’ of developing countries on this topic were not addressed by the COP decision. As a result, SIDS may be left with limited options to fund and cope with increasingly debilitating impacts of loss and damage.
Big audit firms as regulatory intermediaries in transnational labor governance
Authors: Fransen Luc , LeBaron Genevieve
Published: October 2018

Due diligence and corporate disclosure initiatives effectively expand the role of professional service firms as regulatory intermediaries in the governance of conditions of production in global supply chains. In this paper, we examine the rise of the “Big Four” audit firms in the market for services connected to transnational labor governance. Through a qualitative case study of audit firms in modern slavery governance, we argue that the Big Four's political repertoire for transnational labor governance expands beyond the roles that are typically linked to their services, and promotes an agenda that touches on key debates on what constitutes proper transnational labor governance. Big audit firms engage in a variety of informal and covert influencing practices and are shown to promote an agenda of incrementalist soft‐law labor governance, opposing concrete performance targets, binding public regulation and an independent watchdog role for civil society.
Reaping the Benefits and Avoiding the Risks: Unrealistic Optimism in the Health Domain
Authors: Hanoch Yaniv , Rolison Jonathan , Freund Alexandra M.
Published: October 2018

People's perceptions of benefits and risks play a key role in their acceptance or rejection of medical interventions, yet these perceptions may be poorly calibrated. This online study with N = 373 adults aged 19–76 years focused on unrealistic optimism in the health domain. Participants indicated how likely they were to experience benefits and risks associated with medical conditions and completed objective and subjective numeracy scales. Participants exhibited optimistic views about the likelihood of experiencing the benefits and the side effects of treatment options described in the scenarios. Objective and subjective numeracy were not associated with more accurate ratings. Moreover, participants’ underestimation of the risks was significantly greater than their overestimation of the benefits. From an applied perspective, these results suggest that clinicians may need to ensure that patients do not underestimate risks of medical interventions, and that they convey realistic expectations about the benefits that can be obtained with certain procedures.
Making Sense of Risk—A Sociological Perspective on the Management of Risk
Authors: Taarup‐Esbensen Jacob
Published: October 2018

This article describes how risk has been conceptualized in the business and organizational literature through four distinct transformations: from the techno‐scientific perspective to the cognitive, the social‐cultural, and, finally, to the constructionist perspective. Each domain conceptualizes risk in different ways, as organizations have found it difficult to understand and mitigate using the risk management tools available. Conceptualizing risk as sensemaking becomes relevant due to the complexity of information available to the risk manager, and, coupled with time constraints, this means that risk managers increasingly rely on making sense of possible threats rather than on the accuracy of the information received. This shift presents four contributions to the current literature. First, it suggests that the role of risk management is shifting from being technical in nature to being about risk sensemaking, where the manager engages with the social and physical environment with the aim of acquiring cues that could indicate how future events will unfold. Second, a sensemaking perspective implies a shift in the use of risk management systems from being “containers” of knowledge about past risk events to lending legitimacy to the plausibility of the success of future decisions. Third, the role of the risk manager in managing individual risks changes and becomes one of managing everything using the social networks and systems available as indicators of future risk events. Finally, the risk manager and the systems he or she relies upon are regarded as a source of risk in themselves as both act as gatekeepers for organizational risk decision making.
Modelling Preference Data with the Wallenius Distribution
Authors: Grazian Clara , Leisen Fabrizio , Liseo Brunero
Published: October 2018

The Wallenius distribution is a generalization of the hypergeometric distribution where weights are assigned to balls of different colours. This naturally defines a model for ranking categories which can be used for classification. Since, in general, the resulting likelihood is not analytically available, we adopt an approximate Bayesian computational approach for estimating the importance of the categories. We illustrate the performance of the estimation procedure on simulated data sets. Finally, we use the new model for analysing two data sets concerning movie ratings and Italian academic statisticians’ journal preferences. The latter is a novel data set collected by the authors.