bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mediterraneans
Authors: Abulafia David
Published: November 2023

We talk of the Mediterranean and of the Mediterranean Sea, and we often assume we mean much the same thing. But here lies the root of a significant confusion. ‘Mediterranean’ means that which is between the surrounding lands. Yet histories and geographies of ‘the Mediterranean’ may concern themselves mainly with the lands that surround the Mediterranean Sea and the peoples who have inhabited them, to the extent of paying rather little attention to the bonds that have linked the opposing shores of the Mediterranean world: studies of Mediterranean Europe, for example, that are more concerned with the inner history of Provence or Catalonia than with the impact of the Great Sea upon the societies that developed in such regions. Many associations of ‘Mediterranean historians’ are really concerned with research on the lands that border the Mediterranean, and the Society of Mediterranean Studies based in the United States goes even further afield, taking in all those societies that trace their cultural origins back to the ancient and medieval Mediterranean, including not merely Portugal (which for various reasons has often been counted as an honorary Mediterranean land) but Brazil and Spanish South America.
Histories
Authors: Burnett Mark Thornton , Wray Ramona
Published: November 2023

History occupies a central site in current reconceptualisations of the Renaissance. The move to situate an early modern text historically gradually gained momentum over the course of the 1980s, and was encouraged by the influential activity of critics working within the broad and fluid groupings of New Historicism and Cultural Materialism. Although revealing different political investments, these influential movements had in common an insistence upon the return of the literary work to the social, economic and cultural environment from whence it came. Such was the dominant effect of their shared venture that, although the terms for these schools of thinking have been superseded, a historicizing imperative is now regarded as an essential element in interpretive validity.
Conservative Endings
Authors: Lyne Raphael
Published: November 2023

Shakespeare’s late plays feature drastic action and turbulent personal journeys. To some extent it is paradoxical that the world that emerges from the action is very similar to, or follows naturally from, the one that preceded it. This is particularly true of the plays’ social structures: the twists and turns of fortune are not reflected in new configurations of power or a greater mobility between groups. Rather, once-truncated royal bloodlines are restored and consolidated by advantageous marriages, and power is passed on. In addition, the good characters in whom moral hopes reside turn out to be related to the ruling families of the plays. There is little of the discovered virtue that one can see in comedy, or of the discovered sin one finds in tragedy: eventually the powerful find validation, albeit in traumatic ways. As Northrop Frye said of romance in general, there may be a ‘pervasive social snobbery’.
Literary silence in rousseau’s Rêveries
Authors: Loevlie Elisabeth Marie
Published: November 2023

The desolation and fear that accompany the silence éternel in the Pensées reappears in a different guise in the confessional project of Rousseau. It is no longer the silence of a mute God, but of the mute and silent others. Remaining silent, the people surrounding Rousseau do not recognize and affirm the interiority of his self. This is the terrifying silence that leaves one abandoned, uncertain, and ultimately dead in the eyes of the world. It follows that one of the most famous and certainly most painful silences in the work of Rousseau is that which follows his public reading of the Confessions: ‘
Ordering Creation, or Maybe Not
Authors: Ritvo Harriet
Published: November 2023

By the middle of the nineteenth century systematics no longer constituted the cutting edge of natural history. As William Jardine, the editor of the Naturalist’s Library, an influential series of zoology guides, put it, ‘the age of superstitious reverence for categories ... has long passed away’.’ Black-boxed and metonymized in the person of Linnaeus, classification had, in fact, come to occupy a somewhat unenviable position in the view of the two major audiences for zoology and botany. What in 1845 a Westminster reviewer of popular natural history books called its ‘hard names and crabbed systems’ lent an air of formidably arcane authority that discouraged, or even dismayed, amateur admirers of ‘the living tenants of the fields, the woods, the waters ... the birds that fill the air with their gladsome songs, and the . . . [flowers] which enamel the earth with their exquisite tints, and impart their fragrance to the pure breezes ofheaven’.
A Freudian Curiosity
Authors: Bowlby Rachel
Published: November 2023

In the course of an essay on islands, Gillian Beer dwells with relish on Robinson Crusoe’s simple, repeated declaration: ‘I was curious.’ Defoe’s words suggest a whole distinctive attitude to individuality and knowledge, with curiosity poised between the purposeful and the pleasurable of possible discovery. We can see the beginning, here, of how later, in the nineteenth century, curiosity could figure as a distinctly modern disposition of openness to the world.3 We are born curious; happy the man, be he poet or fianeur, who knows how to retain or how to return to the bright curiosity now confidently attributed to the child.
On Not Knowing Why: Memorializing the Light Brigade
Authors: Tate Trudi
Published: November 2023

Near the beginning of To the Lighthouse (1927), Mrs Ramsay is sitting by the window with her little boy James. Her husband is outside, walking up and down the terrace, reciting poetry to himself. Mrs Ramsay listens to the rhythmical sound, ‘half said, half chanted ... something between a croak and a song’. Occasionally a line bursts out: ‘Stormed at with shot and shell’; ‘Someone had blundered’. She finds the sound calming, soothing, assuring her that all is well. Lily Briscoe, quietly working on her painting, is alarmed to feel Mr Ramsay bear down upon her, ‘arms waving, shouting out, “Boldly we rode and well”, but mercifully, he turned sharp, and rode off to die gloriously she supposed upon the heights of Balaclava’ (25).
Heterodoxy in Natural Philosophy and Medicine: Pietro Pomponazzi, Guglielmo Gratarolo, Girolamo Cardano
Authors: Maclean Ian
Published: November 2023

There were, of course, mute inglorious heterodox thinkers in the early modern period whose speculations were lost on the desert air: Carlo Ginzburg has given a fascinating account of one such village philosopher in The Cheese and the WormsBut this study is about those who achieved notoriety or fame through the various means of disseminating knowledge available to early modern writers. The most celebrated of these means was the printing press: reformers such as Luther and Calvin and thinkers such as Girolamo Cardano showed themselves to be very conscious of the power of this medium.2 Manuscript circulation of lectures and monographs, and the com munication of ideas through epistolary exchanges and personal encounters were also effective, as the case of Pomponazzi will show; one of the reasons why early modern scholars and librarians expended so much effort in the pursuit of the unpublished Nachlass of innovative writers (such as Paracelsus, Cardano, Harriot, and Descartes) was because it was suspected that it contained their most radical and explicit speculations.
Galileo Galilei and the Myth of Heterodoxy
Authors: Carroll William E
Published: November 2023

On the occasion of the publication in March 1987 of the Catholic Church’s condemnation of in vitro fertilization, surrogate mother hood, and fetal experimentation, there appeared a cartoon in the Roman newspaper, La Repubblica, in which two bishops are standing next to a telescope. In the distant night sky, in addition to Saturn and the Moon, there are dozens of test-tubes. One bishop turns to the other, who is in front of the telescope, and asks: ‘This time what should we do? Should we look or not? ‘ The historical reference to Galileo was clear. In fact, at a press conference at the Vatican, Cardinal Ratzinger was asked whether he thought the Church’s response to the new biology would not result in another ‘Galileo affair ‘. The Cardinal smiled, perhaps realizing the persistent power, at least in the popular imagination, of the story of Galileo’s encounter with the Inquisition more than three hundred and fifty years before. The Vatican office which Cardinal Ratzinger headed, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, is the direct successor to the Holy Roman and Universal Inquisition. Or consider the recent remarks of the American philosopher Paul Kurtz who, in referring to ‘the intrusion of religion into science with a ban on cloning ‘, derided attempts to ‘censor scientific research in the name of religious morality ‘, by exclaiming: ‘Hark, hark back to the days of Galileo ‘.
Preface
Authors: Scase Wendy
Published: November 2023

This book is an account of complaint and the shaping of literature in England. When I speak of ‘complaint’, I refer, first and foremost, to the expression of a grievance as a means of obtaining a judicial remedy. The thesis of the book is that the judicial institutions of written complaint which emerged dramatically in the reign of Edward I came into dialogue with literary production, becoming part of, and centrally informing, a wider literature of complaint.
Virtue Ethics as Professional Ethics: The Case of Psychiatry
Authors: Radden Jennifer
Published: November 2023

In the following discussion I explore the applicability of a virtue ethics framework to professional ethics using the case of psychiatry. This inquiry is motivated in several ways. Possession of a virtuous character, over and above an exhibition of exemplary deeds, has long been seen as requisite for ethical medical practice, and medicine most generally understood has been judged a place where the virtues have special relevance (Drane 1988; Dyer 1988, 1999; Churchill 1989; May 1994; Pellegrino and Thomasma 1993).
Famine, Affluence, and Virtue
Authors: Slote Michael
Published: November 2023

One of the greatest challenges to ordinary moral thinking and to recent moral theory has been the views and arguments advanced by Peter Singer in his classic paper, ‘Famine, Affluence, and Morality’ (1972). Philosophers have struggled with and in many cases attempted to refute Singer’s conclusion that our moral obligation to relieve hunger or disease in distant parts of the world is just as great as, say, our obligation to save a child drowning in a shallow pool of water right in front of us. But although this debate continues to be very lively, virtue ethics has not joined in the fray.
Introduction: The Two Books
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: November 2023

In November 1972 in San Francisco I was startled to read in its daily paper the headline ‘God versus Evolution Decision-Move over Darwin’! The report began: The State Curriculum Commission gave up its three-year fight yesterday to keep Eden from getting equal billing with Darwin in the State’s science textbooks ... The new criteria adopted by the commission, which recommends material in textbooks, would allow use of both divine creation and evolution as opposing theories in the new science textbooks scheduled to be chosen at the Board of Education’s December meeting.
Science And Creation Today
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: November 2023

These models of creation which constitute our Judeo-Christian heritage have been shaped by imaginative and intellectual reflection primarily on man’s experience of God, but they have never been entirely divorced from such knowledge of the natural world as he has possessed, as we saw in our earlier survey of the metaphor of the Two Books and their interrelation.
Man’S Emergence In The Universe
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: November 2023

One of the outstanding features of the processes of development in the cosmos is, then, that in time new forms of organization of matter emerge with new qualities and behaviour, and man is one such emergent entity. Even allowing for our natural anthropocentrism, there are purely biological criteria where by man may be seen to constitute a point of development in which many tendencies have reached a pre-eminently high level.
The Search For Intelligibility And Meaning In Science And In The Judeo-Christian Tradition
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: November 2023

In the previous lecture, I spoke of two kinds of search in which men are engaged in relation to the world in which they live. One, primarily intellectual, is the search for intelligibility, for explanation, and, though not without existential urgency, arises from the asking of questions such as ‘Why is there anything at all?’, ‘Why does the world exist?’, ‘Is there a reason for the existence of the world?’, and, somewhat differently, ‘Why are things the way they are?’ Such questions, even if logically unanswerable, add impetus to the other search-that for personal meaning in human existence, in general, and our own in particular.
The Doctrine Of Creation In The Light Of The Scientific World-View
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: November 2023

Certain clarifications are required from the outset. In saying that God is, and that God is Creator, we do not affirm that he/ she (rather than it, for personal pronouns are now clearly less misleading than impersonal ones) is any ordinary ‘cause’ in the physical nexus of the universe itself-otherwise God would be neither explanation nor possible meaning. He47 cannot be the old ‘God of the gaps’-but we shall have to explore, in the light of the scientific account of the world, what images are best now employed to unfold the relation of the all-embracing reality of God to that world to which he stands as Creator.
Chance
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: November 2023

In the preceding lecture I referred frequently to the element of ‘necessity’ in the universe-the givenness, from our point of view, of certain of its basic features: the fundamental constants, the nature of the fundamental particles (and so of atoms, and so of molecules and so of complex organizations of molecules), the physical laws of the interrelation of matter, energy, space, and time.
The Life-Game
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: November 2023

Until the recent past, chance and law have often been regarded as alternatives for interpreting the natural world. But I hope enough has now been said to show that, at many levels (from those of fundamental particles up to living organisms, and indeed in the processes of coalescence that occur in cloud and in galaxy formation), the interplay between these principles is more subtle and complex than the simple dichotomies of the past would allow.
Reductionism
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: November 2023

We have all, whatever our particular professional academic expertise, from time to time been irritated by those of our colleagues who, coming from another discipline, claim that our discipline X is ‘nothing but’ an example and application of their discipline Y. The game applies along the whole length of the pecking order of academic life.
Modifications Of The Model Of God As Agent
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: November 2023

However, there are other inadequacies in the model which are basically theological and will lead us into both modifying it and suggesting other complementary models-as, we earlier hinted, 1s likely to be the case with any useful theological model. We note, firstly, that many individual events in our bodies, and many regular patterns of events, occur without any conscious control by the self-all the regular processes that maintain us alive-digestion, control of breathing, body temperature, balance, and many others, including all reflex actions (roughly, functions controlled by the central nervous system).
Theological Appraisals Of Man
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: November 2023

Man’s nature, predicament and hope have always been, it need hardly be said, central in the articulation of the Judeo Christian experience of God’s action towards him. Out of the rich kaleidoscope of this experience and its intellectual formulation, I can pick only a few pieces here and there which refract light of such colour and direction that they may illuminate those facets of the nature and needs of evolved man upon which we have already focused.
Our Understanding Of Goo’S Relation To The World In The Light Of The Knowledge Afforded By The Natural Sciences
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: November 2023

Before we proceed, it is important to be clear about the picture of the world and God’s relation to it that we are rejecting because it is inconsistent with both our scientific perspective on the world and with theological insights. This is the picture of the world as a closed mechanism, operating according to laws and within boundary conditions both prescribed ‘at the beginning’ and identified with a temporal act of creation by God.
The World Ecosystem
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: November 2023

The energy source for all living organisms, including man, is the Sun whose energy is absorbed through green plants, on which all animals depend ultimately for food and which them selves depend on the activities of bacteria decomposing dead organisms and making nitrogen available. So all life is inter dependent-indeed many creatures can only live in concert with, and often literally on, particular other organisms (symbiosis).
Theology And Ecological Values
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: November 2023

The claim that the understanding of nature as creation is relevant to the generation of ecological values needs a more general justification before any closer study of the relation of the doctrine of creation to our ecological situation is merited. Do religious beliefs, as articulated intellectually in theological models, matter? Does any distinctive attitude to nature logically follow from theological statements? Before following up such questions, it is worth while to take note that there have in recent years been significant statements, from a distinctively scientific viewpoint, of the role of religion in the cultural history of mankind.
Introduction
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: November 2023

There is a natural human curiosity and enchantment about the future-for it is undoubtedly true that that is where we all plan to spend the rest of our lives! Yet do not most of us feel, now, that even the future isn’t what it used to be? The hopeful 196os-the decade of Kennedy, of Vatican II, of ‘socialism with a human face’ in Czechoslovakia, of the first space-flights to the moon, of expanding educational systems, of a new-found and hopeful environmental awareness, of economic expansion (we could all give our own list)-have given way to the tired cynicism of the 1970s as the hopes placed in these features of our life then have become increasingly manifest as misplaced.
Creation And Hope In Contemporary Theology
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: November 2023

‘All of our deeds and actions finally come to nought in this temporal scene’, says Ford-from what science can tell us, not only our deeds and actions, as well as those of our predecessors, but also of those who, down the corridors of time, will succeed us-until the Earth is burnt up into the Sun, and the Sun and its galaxy go to their ‘long home’, of ‘slow refrigeration through everlasting expansion or dramatic cremation and complete obliteration of the physical world.
Hope In Creation
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: November 2023

Of these three theological perspectives on the future and of God’s relation to it the Teilhardian and process theologians explicitly take into account a scientific world-view, the ‘theo-logians of hope’ being primarily biblically orientated. If one allows for their different ways of expounding that ‘future’ which is God’s concern (or even God himself, it almost seems in some of these expositions), then these three theologies of the future prove to be more convergent than at first appears to be the case.
Conclusion
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: November 2023

Thus the understanding of God’s relation to the world, of the doctrine of creation, that we have been developing in the light of the sciences, is congruent with an understanding of hope that is grounded on the character as Love of the transcendent God who is immanently active in all events, most notably in the personal, and uniquely transparently in Jesus the Christ. The immediacy of God’s creativity in and through the actual events of the hierarchical complexities of the stuff of the world is what constitutes the dimension along which hope is generated in man as he apprehends that loving, urgent, and fulfilling Presence. The ‘future’ which is the concern of theologians of hope and of the Teilhardians does indeed seem to be most relevant only when it is a symbol for that line from man to God which can be drawn in the present actualities.
Rationalism, Morality, and Two Dimensions
Authors: Peacocke Christopher
Published: November 2023

Basic moral principles are known to us a priori. I will be arguing for this claim, trying to say what it means, and discussing its ramifications. The claim that basic moral principles are a priori was emphasized by Leibniz and, on some natural readings of the texts, endorsed by Kant. Even a selfproclaimed empiricist like Locke sometimes veered towards endorsing this claim of a priori status. Yet the character of this a priori status, and its significance for the epistemology and metaphysics of moral claims, have both been very largely lost in recent discussions of moral thought. I will be arguing that the nature of this a priori status is incompatible with subjectivist, judgement-dependent and mind-dependent treatments of moral thought. Part of the task in establishing this incompatibility is to articulate more precisely the kind of a priori status that is in question here. It is easy to underestimate the problem for mind-dependent theories of moral thought if one starts by understating the sense in which basic moral principles are a priori.
lndexical Concepts and Compositionality
Authors: Recanati Franrois
Published: November 2023

lndexical expressions are characterized by their two-dimensional semantics. They have a ‘content’, that is, an intension in the traditional sense: something that determines the extension of the expression, given a situation of evaluation. But they also have a primary intension, or ‘character’: something that determines the expression’s content, given a situation of utterance. For simple indexicals, as opposed to complex indexical phrases such as ‘my sister’, the content is a constant function. Simple indexicals are conventionally associated with a rule which, in the situation of utterance, fixes the extension directly, in such a way that it docs not vary with the situation of evaluation. (As Kaplan says, the reference is fixed in context ‘before the encounter with the circumstance of evaluation’.) The rule associated with ‘I’ is the rule that a token of ‘I’ refers to the person who utters that token. The rule associated with ‘here’ is the rule that a token of ‘here’ refers to the place where the token is uttered. In all cases the reference is the entity which stands in the right contextual relation to the occurrence of the expression. What is conventionally encoded in the expression-type, independent of context, is the nature of the contextual relation in question; but the entity which contextually stands in that relation to the token is what it (the token) contributes to the possible-worlds truthconditions of the utterance. In the two-dimensional framework, simple indexicals can be treated as rigid designators-that is, expressions which refer to the same entity in all possible worlds of evaluation-despite the fact that their reference depends upon, and varies with, the situation of utterance.
Defining Emergence
Authors: Clayton Philip
Published: November 2023

The battle lines are now drawn. In addressing the ontological question about science—the question of what view of the world it supports—one must select among at least three major options: physicalism, emergence, and dualism. Our goal is to see what it means to advocate the emergentist option and why one might choose it over the alternatives. It is already clear, however, that emergence is no monolithic term. Within the genus of interpretations of the natural world that it includes we have been able to identify two major competing species, commonly referred to as strong and weak emergence.
Emergence in the Natural Sciences
Authors: Clayton Philip
Published: November 2023

The task now is to look at the role that emergence plays within, and in the relations between, the natural sciences. No pretence is made to completeness; each of the sciences covered here, and each of the relations between them, merits a book-length treatment of its own. In this early stage of the discussion, however, when scientists and philosophers are so unclear about what emergence might mean and where it occurs in the natural world, the most urgent task is to blaze a first path, however rough, through the underbrush.
The Medievalist’s Tale
Authors: Scase Wendy
Published: November 2023

‘I have decided to give it all up. I‘ve decided I don’t want to be a post- modern literary theorist.’‘I need a life full of things, I said‘Full of facts.’Facts, said Ormerod Goode.’Facts.’He meditated.’The richness, he said,’the surprise, the shining solidity of a world full of facts every established fact illuminates the world. True scholar- ship once aspired to add its modest light to that illumination. To clear a few cobwebs. No more.
Vernacular Philosophy and the Making of Orthodoxy in the Fifteenth Century
Authors: Bose Mishtooni
Published: November 2023

Students of the early Christian Church have long been aware that, as one has put it, orthodoxy is constructed, in the processes of both theological and political confilct‘ This perspective can usefully be brought to bear on later phases of Christian thought. The Wyclifflte controversies have served to focus scholarly attention on the processes whereby religious’orthodoxy’ has evolved diachronically and dynamically through interaction with specific political, social, and cultural circumstances.
Pope And The Destiny Of The Stuarts
Authors: Rogers Pat
Published: November 2023

This radical new look at the literary and political climate of England during the reign of Queen Anne examines the work of the greatest poet of the age, Alexander Pope. Pope and the Destiny of the Stuarts provides the fullest contextual account to date of Windsor-Forest (1713), widely seen as a key text in the evolution of early eighteenth-century poetry. It examines the poem's topical and political aspects and offers a reconfiguration of Pope's early career, demonstrating that this was a pivotal period, marking a critical watershed in both his personal and literary development. The book gives a complete account of Pope‘s life and work in his early twenties, and supplies a new political interpretation, including a careful analysis of possible Jacobite colourings. Attention is directed towards a range of literary, historical, ideological, and artistic issues. The book draws on classical studies (the role of Virgil and Ovid especially), Renaissance scholarship, literary history, political history, and artistic contexts. The key ideas and techniques of Windsor-Forest are related to Pope‘s other early works, including the Pastorals and, centrally, The Rape of the Lock. Rogers goes on to reassess the poet's dealings with the Scriblerus group. He shows previously unnoted textual connections with the work of Swift, Gay, Parnell, and also Prior, and casts fresh light on the tortuous process of composition and revision of Windsor-Forest, with a description of the manuscript and an account of the publishing and textual history, while numerous allusions are traced for the first time. Pope and the Destiny of the Stuarts will be of interest to scholars and students of eighteenth-century literature, history, and politics.
Portraying the Dead
Authors: Riggs Christina
Published: November 2023

As the preceding chapter demonstrated for sites as diverse as Thebes, Kharga Oasis, and Akhmim, Egyptian ideas about the afterlife guided the representation of the dead in funerary art. Verbal and iconographic comparisons to deities like Osiris and Hathor presaged the god-like qualities the dead would attain after their mummification, judgement, and rebirth.
Dissent: Wesley to Blake
Authors: Knight Mark , Mason Emma
Published: November 2023

On 14 July 1791, the Constitutional Society of Birmingham arranged a dinner to celebrate the anniversary of the storming of the Bastille. Antirevolutionary fervour was already high, and the celebration provoked an organized mob to attack the homes of several Dissenters, including the scientist, Joseph Priestley. His chapel, house, library, and laboratory were all burned down.
Evangelicalism: Brontë to Eliot
Authors: Knight Mark , Mason Emma
Published: November 2023

In October 1855 George Eliot published an essay in the Westminster Review entitled ‘Evangelical Teaching: Dr Cumming’, which, among other things, made it clear how far away she had moved from her Evangelical roots. Eliot used the essay to critique the inconsistent and rhetorical arguments advanced by Dr John Cumming, an Evangelical writer and preacher whom she had taken issue with. The critique centred on his use of a crude, popular apologetic for the Christian faith, and his tendency to construct a false caricature of his opponent’s intellectual position in order to make his own counter-arguments sound more persuasive. Though Eliot’s argument is characteristically sharp and insightful, it mimics the behaviour that she is complaining about: the syntactical arrangement of the title of the essay implies that Cumming is illustrative of Evangelical teaching per se, thus creating an Evangelical type that is no more a reflection of historical reality than the figures constructed by Cumming.
The Organisation of Music Contests in the Hellenistic Period and Artists’ Participation: An Attempt at Classification*
Authors: Aneziri Sophia
Published: November 2023

The basic issues addressed in this chapter are the role played by the associations of Dionysiac Artists in the organisation of Hellenistic music contests, and the participation of the Artists in them. Music contests may be divided into three categories, on the basis of the nature of the involvement in them of the associations of Dionysiac Artists. These categories are: (1) contests organised by the associations; (2) contests in which the associations acted as co-organisers; and (3) contests in which the associations simply participated.
Dreaming of a Universal Language
Authors: Rigaud-Drayton Margaret
Published: November 2023

Michaux’s construction of the self as hybrid and ever-changing is intimately linked to a reflection on the limits that language imposes upon the articulation of identity. Just as the stability of linguistic concepts allows little space for the instability of the Protean self, so the formal and conceptual boundaries separating different signifieds and signifiers from each other cannot do justice to the complexity of the self. If Michaux wrote ‘pour [s]e parcourir’ for over sixty years, he nevertheless was acutely aware of the limits imposed upon self-discovery by conventional linguistic expression. A significant proportion of his writing is devoted to exploring these limits, mourning them, and dreaming of substituting French with another language in which there would be no gap between the self and the words that represent it, and between signifieds and signifiers. Although Michaux’s disappointment at the expressive limits of French and fantasy of a universal language are not unusual, the close interweaving in his works of these concerns with his need for a language that would circumvent the elusiveness of the self gives them a particular urgency.
Gymnasia, Festivals, and Euergetism in Asia Minor
Authors: Newby Zahra
Published: November 2023

In Chapters 5 and 6 above, I explored the associations attaching to an athletic educa- tion in the second and third centuries ad, particularly as experienced at the two great centres of Athens and Sparta in mainland Greece. The ephēbeia continued to be practised in other Greek cities too, as attested by the epigraphical dossiers of cities as geographically disparate as Odessus (modern-day Varna in Bulgaria), Alexandria, and Termessus in Pisidia (south-west Turkey). Throughout these cities the ephebes, mostly the sons of wealthy local elites, continued to train in ath- letic pursuits and to take part in both ephebic and local festivals. Both before and after the formal ephēbeia too, Greek men would have continued to attend the gym- nasium for education (in intellectual as well as physical pursuits) and for general social relaxation.
General And Period Bibliography
Authors: Howard-Hill T H
Published: November 2023

Cambridge. University. Magdalene college. Pepys library. Catalogue of the Pepys library. [Woodbridge, Suff.], D.S. Brewer; Totowa, NJ., Rowman & Littlefield, 1978-<92>. <1o>v. 31cm. 2pt1. Ballads. Catalogue by Helen Weinstein. (1992).-3pt1. Prints and drawings: General. Comp. by A.W. Aspital ((1980]).-4. Music, maps and calligraphy. (Ed. by John Stevens, Sarah Tyacke, Rosamond McKitterick and Joyce Irene Whalley]. (1988).-5pt1. Manuscripts: modern. Comp. by C.S. Knighton. (1981).-5pt2. Manuscripts: medieval. Comp. by Rosamund McKitterick and Richard Beadle. (1992).- 5pt3. Manuscripts: modern. Comp. by C.S. Knighton. (1981).-6. Bindings. Comp. by Howard M. Nixon. (1985) see separate entry.7[pt1]. Facsimile of Pepys  catalogue: ’ Catalogue  and ’ Alphabet . Ed. by David McKitterick. ( [1991] ).- 7[pt2]. ’ Appendix classica . ([ 1991]).
Childhood and Schooldays
Authors: McGuinness Brian
Published: November 2023

Ludwig Wittgenstein was born in the Alleegasse house at 8.30 p.m. on 26 April 1889, the last child and the eighth to live to maturity of Karl and Poldy Wittgenstein. It was one of a number of foibles he had in later life to insist that nice people must be born in April, which was in fact the month of his father’s birth and also that in which he himself was to die. Photographs show him first as a fair and curly-haired baby with large blue eyes, later on as a small boy in a sailor-suit looking out from innumerable family groups, walking with a governess on the terraces, lawns, or meadows of one of his father’s country-houses, endearing, a little earnest but by no means troubled-the typical Benjamin of a wealthy industrialist’s family of that time and place.
Captivity and Return 1918–20
Authors: McGuinness Brian
Published: November 2023

It was to the end of empire that Wittgenstein went back—finis Austriae, and nowhere seen more dramatically than in the field. September, to be sure, was a lull or stay of execution. Victualling was a little improved after the harvest. A British and French attack in the Asiago sector was beaten off. Probably Wittgenstein was still in Vienna:’ on the 22 September, in a last formal act, the Military Medal won in June was conferred on him. But the end of the month, when he was back in Italy, brought with it the armistice in Bulgaria, the sudden defencelessness of Hungary, the demand of the Magyar troops to return home, the declaration that Austria-Hungary would become a federation of free states, and finally the request for a general armistice.
History of Universities
Authors: Price B B
Published: November 2023

Volume XX/1 of History of Universities contains the customary mix of learned articles, book reviews, conference reports, and bibliographical information, which makes this publication such an indispensable tool for the historian of higher education. Its contributions range widely geographically, chronologically, and in subject-matter. The volume is, as always, a lively combination of original research and invaluable reference material.
Moore’s Proof
Authors: Sosa Ernest
Published: November 2023

Kant thought it a scandal that the external world had never been proved to exist. Moore raised a hand, saying ‘Here is a hand’, and raised his other hand, saying ‘Here is another.’ These being external objects, Moore concluded, there is indeed a world of external things (two at least).
Moore’s Paradox and the Norm of Beliefof Belief
Authors: Huemer Michael
Published: November 2023

G. E. Moore discovered what at first seems a minor puzzle concerning such statements as ‘It is raining, but I don’t believe it’. This statement strikes us as something akin to a contradiction, but in fact the statement is consistent, since it is logically possible that it should be raining at a time when the speaker does not believe that it is. As Moore also observed, it is possible for another person to say of me, ‘It is raining but he doesn’t believe it’, or for me to say, at a later time, ‘It was raining, but I didn’t believe it’, and in either of these cases the speaker would apparently assert the same proposition as in the original ‘It is raining but I don’t believe it’ (said by me), yet there is no air of inconsistency or absurdity about these statements. I shall refer to sentences that are absurd in the same way (whatever that is) as ‘It is raining but I don’t believe it’ and ‘It is raining but I believe it isn’t’ as ‘Moore-paradoxical sentences’. Moore’s Paradox is the puzzle of explaining why Moore-paradoxical sentences are absurd.³
Moorean Moral Phenomenology
Authors: Horgan Terry , Timmons Mark
Published: November 2023

Inquiry into the what-it-is-likeness of concrete moral experience— moral phenomenology — has not generally been part of moral philosophy as practiced in the analytic tradition at least since G. E. Moore’s 1903 Principia Ethica. Although there have been a few exceptions— including, most notably, Maurice Mandelbaum’s 1955 The Phenomenology of Moral Experience — and although analytic philosophers since Moore do sometimes appeal to considerations having to do with the what-it-is-likeness of concrete moral experience, nevertheless one finds almost nothing in this tradition that makes moral phenomenology an extended topic of inquiry. We maintain that this should change— that an adequate ethical theory (including both normative ethics and metaethics) ought to be partially grounded on an adequate phenomenology of moral experience.
Open Questions and the Nature of Philosophical Analysis
Authors: Fumerton Richard
Published: November 2023

Moore was one of the most influential philosophers in the first half of the twentieth century. With influence comes controversy. His defense of common sense against the challenge of skepticism, for example, earned both strong support and ridicule. In the field of ethics, he is still probably viewed as the paradigmatic objectivist— a philosopher who grounds knowledge of all ethical truths in a foundation of selfevident truths describing the objective and intrinsic value of various sorts of states. But just as his epistemology is arguably best known for a negative thesis— his rejection of skepticism, so also his ethics is arguably best known for a negative thesis— his rejection of all attempts to analyze the property of being intrinsically good. His famous open question argument is still cited by some as the decisive objection to all attempts at defining value in naturalistic terms. The interest of the argument, however, goes far beyond its implications for one’s analysis of ethical concepts. The argument forces one to think carefully about fundamental metaphilosophical issues concerning the nature of analysis— indeed the very subject-matter of philosophy.
Moore’s Account of Vindictive Punishment: A Test Case for Theories of Organic Unities
Authors: Dancy Jonathan
Published: November 2023

The final chapter of G. E. Moore’s Principia Ethica contains a fascinating discussion of what Moore calls ‘vindictive punishment’. Moore’s views are worth extended treatment in their own right. But theorists of punishment have not given them the attention they deserve, and I can hardly claim that I will be doing so in this paper. My purpose is rather to treat punishment as a sort of test case in a debate about the right way to understand organic unities. An organic unity is a whole, or complex, whose value is not, or at least need not be, identical to the sum of the values brought to it by its parts. An obvious example is that of a recipe which seems to be much improved by the addition of a little salt, supposing the value of the pinch of salt to be far less than the value that it adds or brings to the recipe. The idea of the value brought to the whole by a part is important, because it seems possible for a part to have value which it does not contribute to the whole— which it hugs to itself, as it were.
The New Testament and Kenosis Christology
Authors: D.Fee Gordon
Published: November 2023

Orthodox Christology affirms that Christ in his Incarnation was at once fully God and fully human. To put this my way, the common faith of the historic church is that, in the Jewish Messiah Jesus, God was living out a genuinely human life on planet earth. The theological-philosophical issue resultant from this affirmation is to find a way to hold tenaciously to both sides of the incarnate reality-fully God/fully human-without diminishing one in favour of the other.

1. At Issue: The Ambiguity Of The Biblical Data

Historically, holding both realties about Jesus together has not been easy to do, as I discovered during a quarter-centuryof teaching a Life of Jesus course in two major evangelical theological schools. Over the years, I found that many students had great difficulty coming to terms with the historical Jesus as atruly human person. Evangelical students tended regularly to hold a kind of naive docetism, where Jesus appeared as a real person, but who was God in such a way that it superseded anything truly human about him except for the accidents of his humanity-basically his bodily functions: eating, talking, sleeping, and so on.1
Introduction
Authors: Ligota C R , Quantin J -L
Published: November 2023

The history of scholarship as a distinct pursuit, larger in scope than ‘reviews of scholarship’ ad hoc, and more specific in content than what ‘scholarship’ taken as a nomen actionis suggests, has had a somewhat marginal and ill-defined existence. There are grounds for thinking that, as a constituted branch of knowledge, an episteme, it has, until quite recently, hardly existed at all. This has begun to change, and Part I of the Introduction offers a brief survey of the new developments. The present volume may be seen as a contribution to them. What might be termed a negative history of scholarship—up to the nineteenth century, i.e. the chronological limit of the volume—is sketched out in Part II.
Renaissance Philology: Johannes Livineius (1546–1599) and the Birth of the Apparatus Criticus
Authors: Battezzato Luigi
Published: November 2023

Some inventions look deceptively simple once they are made. Classical scholars are used to the concept of apparatus criticus, and are most annoyed when faced with the fact that Renaissance and seventeenth-century scholars did not know of such a thing. Beatus Rhenanus, ‘in spite of his professions, … did not make clear to users of his edition [of Tacitus] the sources of his own innovations in the text’.1 Adrien de Tournebu (Turne`be), in his edition of Aeschylus (1552), emended the text using variant readings found in the scholia, and his own conjectures, but ‘he did not indicate the changes he had introduced; hence the reader could not know for certain the source of any given reading’.2 With Justus Lipsius’ editorial procedure for Tacitus, Brink complains, ‘a distinction between transmitted text, variants from manuscripts, and conjectures is hardly possible’.3 In Joseph Scaliger’s edition of Catullus ‘the procedure
The Measure of Rome: André Schott, Justus Lipsius and the Early Reception of the Res gestae divi Augusti
Authors: Nelles Paul
Published: November 2023

In 1555 Ferdinand of Hungary sent a delegation to meet with Sulaimān I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. The delegation was composed of the neophyte Flemish negotiator Augier Busbecq, the seasoned Hungarian diplomat Antonio Veranzio, and the wary Francis Zay, admiral of the Danube fleet. Sent bearing the olive branch of peace, Busbecq and his party returned with a six-months’ truce, the lily, and the tulip. Yet the posy of botanical discoveries was not the only souvenir the mission carried back to Europe. Veranzio and Busbecq were also keen epigraphers. En route to Amasia to meet with Sulaimān, the three travellers passed through Ankara. Entering the city they found a large Roman inscription on the exterior facade of a crumbling building, certainly not the first the diplomats had encountered on their voyage through Asia Minor. Worn and difficult to decipher, the inscription filled six full columns each containing around fifty lines of text. The party was halted, and Busbecq and Veranzio set secretaries to copying the inscription. ‘Rerum gestarum Divi Augusti … exemplar subjectum’ read the title of the inscription. Even the old salt Zay must have realized that this was not just another Roman monument.
A Sixteenth-Century Hebraic Approach to the New Testament
Authors: Weinberg Joanna
Published: November 2023

The Jews suffer from a singular misfortune: even when their writings are not read, they meet with displeasure; and while they are considerably reviled by those who have read them, receive much greater abuse by those who have not They [i.e. the Jews] are the most strident enemies of the doctrine of the Gospel, and yet the text of the Gospel has no clearer interpreters. To say all in a word, to their own Jewish coreligionists they recommend nothing but frivolities, destruction, and poison. But with skill and industry Christians may apply them most usefully and serviceably to their studies and adapt them most satisfactorily for the interpretation of the New Testament.
Spencer, Maimonides, and the History of Religion
Authors: Parente Fausto
Published: November 2023

SPENCER’S DE LEGIBUS HEBRAEORUM RITUALIBUS AND ITS MODERN EVALUATION

John Spencer’s De legibus Hebraeorum ritualibus et earum rationibus was published in Cambridge in 1685 in three books. It set out to demonstrate that the majority of Jewish ritual laws were of Egyptian origin.1 A second, expanded edition with an additional fourth book was brought out posthumously in 1727 by Leonard Chappelow.2 It contained, among other material, a dissertation on the origins of phylacteries, which Spencer wrote shortly before his death in 1693. In 1732 the German theologian Ch. M. Pfaff (the author of the famous forgery of the Irenaeus fragments) republished it with a Dissertatio praeliminaris in which he set out at length his own and others’ criticism of the book.3
Anglican Scholarship Gone Mad? Henry Dodwell (1641–1711) and Christian Antiquity
Authors: Quantin Jean-Louis
Published: November 2023

None of Henry Dodwell’s contemporaries would have denied that he was extremely learned: indeed he was usually spoken of as ‘the learned Mr Dodwell’. Most would also have granted that he was a deeply religious man: ‘the learned and pious Mr Dodwell’ is also a well-attested phrase. The two traits went together. In many respects Dodwell’s life and work could be considered exemplary of the close association between scholarship and religion that is characteristic of the confessional age.1 When he died in 1711, however, after having propounded so many