bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
De quem é a culpa?
Authors: Rocha Ariel Fernandes Cordeiro
Published: October 2024

O presente artigo aborda a criação e funcionamento do Tribunal Militar Internacional de Nuremberg após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, com foco na análise epistemológica da Alemanha nazista e do julgamento dos líderes nazistas. Utilizando como base o livro "A Questão da Culpa" de Karl Jaspers, são discutidos os conceitos de culpa - criminal, política, moral e metafísica - e suas consequências. O julgamento em Nuremberg é examinado criticamente, questionando sua imparcialidade, validade jurídica e retroatividade das leis aplicadas. Além disso, são destacadas as críticas à seletividade dos julgamentos, que focaram apenas nos líderes nazistas, deixando de lado colaboradores de outros países aliados à Alemanha Nazista. O artigo aborda também o desafio ético e legal enfrentado pelos Aliados ao buscar responsabilizar os líderes nazistas por crimes não explicitamente proibidos pelas leis vigentes na época.
Incidente de resolução de demandas repetitivas e a formação de precedentes judiciais
Authors: Ramos Andiana , Silva Virginia Lorena da , Bastos Pedro Henrique
Published: October 2024

O Incidente de Resolução de Demandas Repetitivas no Brasil é um instituto recente no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro e veio como uma alternativa a alguns dos desafios que o direito encontra no país, qual seja, a grande demanda judicial que é cada vez mais crescente. Herança de um sistema que tem privilegiado cada vez mais a formação dos precedentes judiciais, o IRDR tem características específicas que fazem dele único no sistema jurídico brasileiro e tem diariamente ganhando mais espaço. Porém, ao mesmo tempo que o referido dispositivo vem como uma resposta aos desafios jurisdicionais brasileiros, questiona-se sobre quais outros novos desafios o instituto pode trazer ao nosso ordenamento.      Pode ele ainda garantir os direitos constitucionais do devido processo legal? Pode ele garantir o pleno direito dos demandantes? Ele limita, ainda que indiretamente, o magistrado? É o que será tratado no presente caso.
Perspective Chapter: A Model for Measuring Trust Using BCI in Human-Humanoid Interaction
Authors: Sorbello Rosario , Calí Carmelo
Published: October 2024

Trust is a fundamental aspect of human social interaction. With the advancement of technologies, such as brain-computer interface (BCI) systems and humanoids, arises the need for investigating human-humanoid interaction (HHI). A model to interpret BCI data in correlation to cognitive components of trust during this HHI is proposed. This will be presented by first introducing the scope of the trust in social behavior and its role as a cognitive tool for social competence. Second, a cognitive model of trust is presented with an experimental paradigm to test both general and HHI components accordingly. Then an evaluation of P300 and N400 event-related potential (ERP) signals as candidates for the neuro-cognitive markers will be performed. In particular, they will be evaluated for updating one’s cognitive map and detecting a semantic violation during HHI. Finally, there will be a discussion of ERP measurement limitations as well as the prospects of incorporating electroencephalogram (EEG) oscillation (alpha, gamma, and phi) into account within the BCI system design.
Tiptop in Oral Peri-Implant Therapy
Authors: Ismail Assadawy Mohamed
Published: October 2024

Peri-implant diseases are becoming more common, especially as dental implants are used more frequently. Because it is thought to represent the best chance of success, developing healthy peri-implant tissues has thus become a key challenge in implant dentistry. The most recent theories of the disease were summarized, and this chapter provides an overview of the research on treatment modalities, emphasizing when and how to use each. Clear and illustrated scientific data was presented about case definitions, epidemiology, risk factors, microbiological profiles, and preventive and treatment decisions related to peri-implant diseases. The most standardized approach was selected among the several that are available for treating peri-implant diseases.
VERGİ DENETİMİNİ REVİZE ETMEK: ALGORİTMİK KARAR ALMA SÜREÇLERİNDE ÜÇÜNCÜ TARAF KONTROLÖRÜ OLARAK İNSAN FAKTÖRÜNÜN İNCELENMESİ
Authors: Yücel Ayşegül , Bozdoğanoğlu Burçin
Published: October 2024

Yapay zeka teknolojisi, kamu ve özel sektörün iş akışlarında zaman ve maliyetten tasarruf etme amacıyla kullanılmaya başlayan, işlenen veri ve kodlara bağlı öğrenebilen, analiz edebilen, karar alabilen dijital bir araçtır. Derin ve sürekli öğrenme yetisine sahip yapay zeka teknolojisi kullanıldığı adalet, savunma, sağlık, hukuk gibi önemli konularda algoritmalarına bağlı olarak kararlar alabilmekte, işlediği ve tasnif ettiği veriler sayesinde tahmine dayalı işlemler yapabilmektedir. Fakat yapay zeka teknolojisinin kararları hangi veri setleri ve kodlara dayanarak ve hangi gerekçelerle aldığının şeffaf olmayışı nedeniyle hukuka aykırı sonuçların doğması muhtemeldir. Böyle bir durumda yapay zeka kullanıcıları şeffaf olmayan süreçler sonucunda alınan kararların hukuki ve fiili etkilerinden zarar görme ihtimali taşımaktadır. Bu durum, yaşanabilecek hak ihlallerinin önüne geçmek amacıyla, insan ürünü olan yapay zekanın tasarım ve uygulama aşamalarında denetlenmesi gerekliliğini gündeme getirmektedir. Fakat yapay zeka teknolojisinin denetlenmesine dair hukuki mevzuatın yetersizliği, hangi denetim türünün hangi aşamada uygulacağının dahi belirsizliği literatürde büyük bir eksikliğe neden olmaktadır. Çalışmada, yapay zeka teknolojisinin hangi yöntem ve yollar izlenerek denetleneceği tartışılmakta, geleneksel denetim yollarının dijital dünyada etkisinin kaybolduğu belirtilmektedir. Yeni bir denetim türü olan üçüncü taraf denetiminin özellikle etik temelli yöntemi kullanmasının yapay zeka denetiminde daha etkili olacağı düşünülmektedir. Çalışma, yapay zeka denetimini genel bir bakış açısıyla ele aldıktan sonra, vergilendirme sürecinde kullanılan yapay zeka teknolojisinin neden olacağı hak ihlallerinin önüne geçilmesi amacıyla vergi denetim sürecine revizyon talebinde bulunmakta, kesintisiz ve sürekli bir vergi yönetimi açısından geleneksel denetim modelleri ile üçüncü taraf denetimlerinin işbirliği içinde çalıştığı karma bir denetim modeli önermektedir.
Workplace Bullying in Louisiana Academic Libraries
Authors: Savage Justin , Hebert Andrea , Baird Catherine
Published: October 2024

Bullying is a phenomenon that exists across cultures, societies, and even species. It can be found eveywhere, including the workplace. The present study investigates workplace bullying amongst an approximated census sample of Louisiana academic library workers. Using the Negative Acts Questionnaire—Revised (NAQ-R), the study explores the relationships between experiencing workplace bullying and librarian status, tenure status, years in the profession, age, gender, and race. Although no statistically significant relationships were found between variables, the findings add to a growing body of literature that explores the interrelations of demographic and environmental contexts and bullying experiences.
Leadership Effectiveness
Authors: Agazu Biniam , Debela Kenenisa
Published: October 2024

The aim of this systematic literature review is to investigate the studies in the factors affecting leadership effectiveness and to establish a theoretical background for future studies. A total of 24 studies covering the leadership effectiveness in case of different sectors  from 2015 to 2023 were conducted and as well as analysed via a PRISMA method using the descriptive content analysis and used research characteristics results using SPSS Version 25, Excel and VOS Viewer software were used for bibliometric analysis. These studies were found in the Scopus, Taylor and Francis, Web of Science, PubMed and Wiley databases. Since leadership effectiveness depends on the features of the organization, professional skill motivation, understanding of what constitutes leadership; Leadership models, working experience, and corruption are the main determinants. The study reviews 24 research publications from a reputable database using systematic review methods, then carefully analyses and combines the results in descriptive content and bibliometric analysis. The results suggest that the topic will continue to attract more research, as it has not yet entered.
Menstrual Literacy in Action: Empowering Pupils to Adbust Their Way to Period Positive Schools
Authors: QUINT CHELLA
Published: October 2024

The impacts of taboo on menstrual wellbeing are just starting to be felt by more and more menstruators. Cumulative advertising narratives contributed to a negative menstrual literacy landscape until very recently. This chapter explores in some detail the process of developing a menstrual media literacy curriculum focusing on periods by and for young people. The opportunity to explore the history of language used by advertisers asks deeper questions about brand involvement in campaigns and has a grounding for more holistic discussions around menstrual literacy. Using questionnaires, focus groups, participatory design, and graphic design the author was able to facilitate a group of 24 young people with the aim of supporting to recognise and reject menstrual shame, particularly embodied menstrual shame. Activities in participatory design workshops included teacher in role (Heathcote), image theatre, and forum theatre (Augusto Boal) and parody product ad-design. Pupils reported increased confidence in talking about menstruation in public and self-assessed greater knowledge of all aspects of the menstrual cycle. In a follow-up visit, six months later, their responses were consistent or improved. Using humour, joy, and period positivity created a successful environment for sustaining this work and producing a legacy for the research.
Alleviating Period Poverty in the Global South: Information as a Public Policy Instrument
Authors: GARIKIPATI SUPRIYA
Published: October 2024

Over a quarter of the world’s menstruators live in conditions of ‘period poverty’, with most of them living in the Global South. Ending period poverty in these countries is a top priority and is also seen as a pathway to improve women’s educational and health outcomes. Several countries have instituted policy measures to achieve this goal, but success has been rather limited. In this chapter, I use the case of India to explore why interventions to reduce period poverty have not been as successful. Drawing on focus group discussions with 70 women across ten urban sites, I examine the influence of public policy on women’s menstrual practices, their knowledge about menstrual hygiene, and finally their knowledge about period products and their appropriate use. My findings suggest that a combination of factors, including public policy, have resulted in the emergence of disposable pads as the most used and sort after menstrual absorbent. However, women remain poorly informed about menstrual hygiene or about alternative period products like menstrual cups and cloth pads that could have lower lifetime costs and more sustainably end period poverty. These products are also more resilient to supply chain vulnerabilities that came to the forefront during the recent COVID-19 crisis. While the existing information lacuna and traditional belief pose a threat to the wider take up of these alternatives, I find that providing women with complete information on the entire range of menstrual absorbents can help towards alleviating period poverty.
Representing Menstruation in Documentary Film: A Case Study of Bleeding Free
Authors: MACLEOD KIRSTEN
Published: October 2024

This chapter frames the representation of menstruation through the lens of the production process of a documentary film, Bleeding Free, produced by the author with Scottish university students in Scotland and Uganda. The film charts a collaborative staff and student project to design period product dispensers and understand and confront the impacts of period poverty, menstrual stigma and shame. The chapter considers the choices and challenges faced by the production team and examines how these are situated within broader social and political contexts as well as current academic and activist debates.
Time will Tell: Exploring Impacts of a Collaborative Filmmaking Menstruation Research Study on Adolescent Participants One Year Later
Authors: BAUMANN BAUMANN , PARKER SARA , LHAKI PEMA , BURKE JESSICA G
Published: October 2024

Film and visual research methods highlight nuances in practices, capture emotions and actions in real time, engage participants in authentic discussions, and can be used to advocate for change. In this chapter, the authors present findings from following up with adolescent participants of a menstrual health Collaborative Filmmaking research study in Nepal one year after completing the project. The aim of this exploration was to gain a deeper understanding regarding how participation in the visual, participatory study impacted the girls, their menstrual experiences, and their communities. In Collaborative Filmmaking, participants are trained to create, analyse, and screen films to address a research question. While the overarching goal of Collaborative Filmmaking study was initially to explore nuances in menstrual traditions, our discussions with participants one year after revealed unanticipated impacts that the experience had on their lives as menstruating young women. As a result of participating in the Collaborative Filmmaking process, participants expressed that their menstrual knowledge improved, and engaging in the process encouraged them to critically reflect upon their own menstrual practices. Furthermore, the project had wider impacts on the development of soft skills that the participants apply in other aspects of their lives beyond menstruation, such as improved communication skills, open-mindedness, self-confidence, and changes in ways of thinking about taboo issues. The chapter illuminates the unintended benefits that can arise for participants when they engage in research that embraces creative and participatory approaches, such as Collaborative Filmmaking, and calls for continued menstrual research that centres community voices, stories and creativity to promote lasting change.
Period Pains
Authors: DENNY NATALIE
Published: October 2024

Period Pains is a poem about the physical, emotional, societal pain that is caused when the toxic trio of period poverty isn’t addressed. It was commissioned for the British Academy Conference on menstruation in 2020. The poem was performed by a diverse group of women in their everyday environment discussing periods. The idea was to explore the issue of period poverty and inequality in a range of voices with a defiant and triumphant tone. The poem and its performance made a statement about period poverty in the UK and beyond, and is part of the wider work of the Period Project Merseyside (UK).
Blood, Thread, and Lockdown: Being a Menstrual Artist in Residence during a Pandemic
Authors: HUGHES BEE
Published: October 2024

This chapter reflects on my participation in the collaborative project Blood Lines: Exploring the History of Menstruation at the University of St Andrews. Drawing on the expertise of the project collaborators, the interdisciplinary project involved methods and themes from the fields of menstruation research, art history, contemporary history and politics, and contemporary art practice to examine the conditions leading up to, and the introduction of the Period Products (Free Provision) (Scotland) Act (2021) at the University of St Andrews. Themes of menstrual inclusion and diversity and period poverty are threaded throughout this work, where we engaged with discussions about the impact of menstrual policy in Scotland on the people who menstruate in St Andrews and those tasked with supporting them. These are explored alongside the history of feminist activism and art in St Andrews and contemporary (period) politics is detailed in a collaborative account of our project. The chapter presents the re-appropriation of the iconic red ceremonial gown worn by students in St Andrews as part of the artwork produced during the residency, and the effects of the COVID-19 lockdowns.
God in Scripture Study Aids
Authors: ETTENHUBER KATRIN
Published: October 2024

This chapter examines religious study aids that focused on the individual words of Scripture, paying particular attention to Bible concordances and dictionaries. It shows that writers in the 1640s and 1650s reflected actively on the methodological implications of doing theology by keywords: how they saw, in the raw materials of the Bible text, an opportunity to bring a wide range of readers into closer contact with God’s word, and how they sought, through sophisticated hermeneutic strategies, to counteract the fragmentation of meaning potentially risked by such an approach. The chapter’s main case study looks at entries for the keyword ‘God’ in the context of mid-century covenant theology; it finds that even apparently minor decisions about the selection and presentation of keywords functioned as powerful indicators of doctrinal priorities and political investments.
Freedom in the Cavalier Poets
Authors: MCDOWELL NICHOLAS
Published: October 2024

During the English Civil War, Richard Lovelace’s ‘To Althea, from Prison’ became identified with Cavalier poetic identity and helped to constitute that identity. This chapter uses Lovelace’s famous lyric and its contemporary reception as a lens through which to examine notions of freedom in the Cavalier poets – how these notions derived from the social and literary contexts of the early Stuart world and how they were changed by the experience of civil war. It explores how poets such as Lovelace, Robert Herrick, and Alexander Brome reacted to the experience of war, imprisonment, and defeat in the 1640s by shifting the connection between liberty and conviviality associated with their poetic ‘father’, Ben Jonson, to one defined not by moderation but by excess. Andrew Marvell seems finally to have been unable to follow his Cavalier friends in their identification of Jonsonian values of classical liberty with sensual and erotic freedom.
Nature and Natural Law in Radical Writing
Authors: HADFIELD ANDREW
Published: October 2024

The question of nature and what was natural proved to be one of the fundamental disputes of the Civil War. For conservative writers such as Hobbes, only the artificial construction of society could protect men and women from the brutality of the natural world and provide a decent life. For many Levellers and followers of Gerrard Winstanley, society had removed the natural rights of the people, and victory in the Civil War should restore what had been taken away by force. For the Levellers, the goal was to restore natural political rights; for the Diggers, such rights were meaningless without economic support and they sought to restore the natural rights of the people to the common land: what they thought should have been theirs all along.
Nature in Lovelace
Authors: HADFIELD ANDREW
Published: October 2024

The Civil War inaugurated a wide-reaching series of changes, one of the most important of which was the transformation of Royalist thinking. Supporters of the King were often almost as critical of Charles I as his opponents, recognising that he had become aloof and cut off from his people, thus enabling the forces of opposition to flourish and, as they saw it, plunge the country into bloody conflict. This chapter shows how the poet Richard Lovelace used his observations of the small creatures living in England (the snail, the ant, the gnat, the grasshopper), to show how supporters of the status quo had failed to see the dangers that threatened them, making the case that paying proper attention to the natural world provided lessons they should not have ignored.
The People in Marvell and Cavendish
Authors: ALLSOPP NIALL
Published: October 2024

Marvell and Cavendish’s writings display ambivalence towards the people, in contrast to the predominantly pejorative attitude in elite literature of the period. Both writers echoed defactoist arguments for obedience to the republic, but were also aware of the burgeoning popular politics expressed (for example) in Leveller writing and petitioning. Their writings attend to the ambiguities generated by claims to represent the people –granting the people an imaginative agency that disrupts and sometimes resists representation. That this is sometimes expressed sympathetically may reflect the precariousness (in different ways) of the poets’ status within the literary elite. The argument is traced through readings of Marvell’s poem to Richard Lovelace (1649), “An Horatian Ode” (1650), and “Upon Appleton House” (1651), and Cavendish’s Poems, and Fancies (1653) and The Worlds Olio (1655).
The King and the People in the Newsbooks
Authors: AVERY JACK
Published: October 2024

This chapter examines how conventions in newsbooks for representing the King and the people became entangled over the 1640s and 1650s. This was centred on the question of who should have access to state intelligence. The first part of the chapter outlines the development of a rhetoric encouraging newsreaders to imagine the people as sharing in privileged materials that were formerly the preserve of the King; the second half considers to what extent the Commonwealth and Protectoral regimes actually made good on Marchamont Nedham’s promise to open up such intelligence manuscripts to the public. This process encouraged the people to aspire to what were formerly kingly models of reading, albeit via carefully edited documents, while the King’s reading was derogated through conventions previously applied to the people. These developments in rhetoric and editorial practice resulted in a significant shift in how newsreaders imagined the people’s political responsibilities.
Virtue in Defeat in Davenant and Cowley
Authors: TILMOUTH CHRISTOPHER
Published: October 2024

This chapter argues that Davenant’s Gondibert strives to assert for Royalists a traditional idea of ‘virtue’. Yet its author is divided against himself such that the conception he would celebrate is suffocated as Gondibert’s cast of vainglorious Hobbesians generate a miasma of politicking. The idea of virtue per se is erased, creating the conditions that allow its translation into merely a coded expression of political interest. The chapter interprets Cowley’s ‘Brutus’ in that same light. It also discusses ‘virtue’s’ standing in other Cowleian works. The virtue celebrated in Davideis, for example, is tellingly static. Imagined as the product of antiperistasis, the oppositional dynamic that enables its appearance also restricts its reach. Defeat thus overshadows this epic. Cowley, however, found in fantasies of inundation, especially the idea that the Pindaric’s very form was a poetic inundation, a way of figuring a more mobile, still authentic, virtue via which to counteract defeat.
Virtue in Milton
Authors: HAMMOND PAUL
Published: October 2024

Milton regarded virtue as something for which one has to strive, continually trying to distinguish the false from the true. This is a common theme in his poems, from A Maske in 1634 to Paradise Regain’d in 1671. As well as being the duty of the individual to strive for virtue, it is also the vocation of a godly people, and Milton sees the experience of the English people in the Civil War and Commonwealth as a struggle for both virtue and liberty, because only in a truly free state (a republic) can virtue flourish.
Checks and Balances: The Birth of a Vocabulary
Authors: WORDEN BLAIR
Published: October 2024

The chapter shows how the principle and language of checks and balances, which are usually ascribed to the 18th century, were the creation of the mid-17th. They were devised by Marchamont Nedham, the in-house political thinker of Oliver Cromwell, to validate the rule of the Cromwellian Protectorate, which replaced the undivided and unicameral rule of 1649–53. Nedham’s vocabulary was recovered at the end of the century by John Toland and other radical Whigs. From them it descended to mainstream political thinking both in Hanoverian England and in revolutionary America, where designers and vindicators of the Constitution unknowingly trod in Nedham’s footsteps.
Dis-meme-bering the Nation
Authors: Moreno-Almeida Cristina
Published: October 2024

Reflecting on political satire through horror, this chapter brings to the surface important narratives that speak of the nation as an ‘un-homely’ home. In the digital sphere, humour and horror allow participants to disfigure and dismember foundational narratives of the nation. An increase in grotesque memes featuring the monarchy and the sounds of nation building shows a desacralisation of these national symbols. Mocking the monarchy, as much as hymns of collective traditional festivities, contributes to reconfiguring the home as a familiar yet un-homely space. By providing a critical perspective on memes devoted to mocking symbols of the postcolonial nation, the chapter not only reflects on changing attitudes towards the state’s red lines, namely the King and the nation, but also argues that in their grotesque nature, memes dismember, or rather dis-meme-ber, mainstream narratives of the postcolonial nation enforced from above by the country’s elites. Through the notion of the postcolonial gothic, dis-meme-berment denotes memes utilising the digital grotesque to expose the shortcomings of the postcolonial national project at the same time as memes perpetuate this idea of the nation online.
What is a Petition?
Authors: Zaret David
Published: October 2024

Despite ever more studies of petitioning in historical and social scientific research, no consensus exists on the premodern practice’s distinguishing characteristics. One source of disagreement is anachronism that conflates modern petitions, which invoke the vox populi, and their premodern antecedents, although this mostly occurs in work by social scientists. Disagreement also arises from the infinitely diverse nature of requests in premodern petitions. Premodern petitions with complaints suggest notions of justice were the matrix for the practice. Other definitions cite effusively deferential rhetoric in petitions as evidence for claims about religious prayer as a template for it. Such disagreement is inevitable and irresolvable if definitions originate in the arbitrary selection of petitions’ attributes in specific contexts. A solution builds on insights from linguistic anthropology into complexities in relationships between speech genre and speech events, which also apply to petitionary genre and petitions as documentary texts. Those texts were mutable and followed protocols set by the response side of the practice, which was a principal mechanism for non-coercive management of power relations in otherwise despotic fields of power. This chapter not only resolves flaws in extant definitions of petitioning but also sheds new light on the practice’s origins and subsequent genesis.
Petitions and Petitioning through the Ages: Etymology and Historical Semantics
Authors: Oddens Joris
Published: October 2024

Most languages have multiple words to describe the concept ‘petition’. This chapter offers a comparative analysis of the historical development of the uses of these words in some of the most commonly spoken languages of the Germanic and Romance families – English, German, Dutch, Swedish, Danish, French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese – since Roman antiquity. It shows that while versions of many of these words can be found in different languages, each language developed its own set of synonyms, and the connotations of such synonyms vary across languages. Looking at changes in the use of words for ‘petition’ over time helps us to identify socio-linguistic idiosyncrasies and path dependencies, as well as transnational trends, such as the adoption of transliterations of the English word ‘petition’ to denote the emergence of mass, collective, public petitions during the age of revolutions. It also reveals that new words are sometimes invented to highlight the exceptional nature of specific petitions, and that the choice of one word over another – be it for contemporary or for historical petitions – may be driven by ideological considerations.
Petitions: Rule-Bound but Malleable
Authors: Innes Joanna
Published: October 2024

This chapter reflects on the characteristics of ‘petitions’ as a genre, then develops, with special reference to later-18th-century England, the argument that fuzzy boundaries within the genre open scope for creativity. Petitions are ostensibly deferential but, insofar as they embody requests, always imply some expectations of government, and put some sort of pressure on it. Creativity can be directed towards amplifying the force of a petition, perhaps by using the petitioning process to enlarge the support base for a claim, or by building new kinds of theatre around it; alternatively petitions can be made vehicles for novel kinds of claim, or given new functions within political initiatives. Exploiting the diversity and fuzziness of the form may involve hybridising different petitioning conventions, or petitioning itself with other practices. Late-18th-century Britain provides a good basis for exploring such creative endeavours, because at mid-century, petitions enjoyed the most unproblematic legitimacy when they expressed limited and particular concerns and interests. By contrast, from the late 1760s, campaigners revived older traditions of using them to argue for change in church and state, and also used them to urge new kinds of demand – for example, that the slave trade should be abolished.
Transitions and Continuities in Petitioning in Early Modern England
Authors: Waddell Brodie , Worthen Hannah
Published: October 2024

Early modern England experienced a series of major political changes, including the English Civil Wars (1642–51) and the Glorious Revolution (1688), that had a far-reaching influence on how people engaged with official authority. This chapter examines how petitioning developed amid the upheavals of this era, attending to transitions and deeper long-term continuities. The focus here is primarily on ‘unrevolutionary’ petitioning, rather than the more well-known ‘radical’ petitioning campaigns that have received the most attention from historians, and which have been associated with the emergence of the public sphere and modern political culture. The analysis shows that apparently ‘non-political’ petitioning on local or quotidian topics could have a mutually influential relationship with the more ‘radical’ varieties of petitioning. We find that the prevalence of petitioning at local and national level was rising from the late 16th century if not earlier, and some practical petitions by veterans and war widows adopted sharply partisan vocabulary from the 1640s onwards. Yet, the aims of most petitioners, as well as the form and tone of their requests, remained remarkably stable across many decades. We should, therefore, seek to understand why petitioning became and remained so popular despite radical shifts in English government and political culture.
Negotiating Citizenship through Petitions in Late Medieval Italy
Authors: Gravela Marta
Published: October 2024

It is a fact that late medieval Italian cities attracted significant numbers of immigrants, of various origin, and social and economic standing. From the 14th century onwards, citizenship became a more exclusive status than in the previous period: on the one hand, new inhabitants had to meet stricter requirements; on the other, they often considered citizenship rights and duties unbalanced in favour of the latter, especially as far as tax payment was concerned. Petitions thus turned out to be the ideal means to negotiate the acquisition of the civilitas, as they enabled petitioners to request an exception to the rule owing to the specificity of an individual case. By examining the case study of 15th-century Genoese applications, the chapter investigates the role of petitioning in gaining citizenship, and the reasons why such a form of request mattered both for petitioners and authorities. Thanks to petitions, in Genoa applicants could obtain remarkable fiscal derogations, to the point that new types of urban membership were developed, while authorities exploited this system to reinforce their power. The chapter underlines the important extent to which petitions have been a mechanism for the claiming of rights and citizenship by individuals within specific historical and cultural contexts.
Petitioning Soldiers, the Power of the Patient, and the Provision of Military Welfare in 17th-Century England and Wales
Authors: Pells Ismini
Published: October 2024

During the English Civil Wars of 1642–51, pensions and other financial payments were made available to wounded soldiers on an unprecedented scale and, for the first time in English history, to soldiers’ family dependants. The effective implementation of this scheme was the result of a petitioning campaign by Parliament’s New Model Army, whilst petitions were also the vehicle by which wounded soldiers claimed these pensions. Using 952 petitions and supporting documents from claimants to military welfare, this chapter argues that investigating when and why petitions mattered reveals broader patterns surrounding the ways in which wounded soldiers negotiated and accessed welfare. Framing veterans as medical patients, this chapter will emphasise that Civil War military welfare is a prime example of an occasion when the initiative for improvement came from lay people, rather than from policy-makers or medical professionals. It will demonstrate that experiences of infirmity were not only a physical but also a cultural phenomenon, and that care was often linked to the social and political context in which the military pension scheme operated. Throughout, this chapter highlights the limitations as well as the power of petitions.
Petitions above Party: Congressional Representation by Petition, 1789–1950
Authors: Blackhawk Maggie , Carpenter Daniel
Published: October 2024

Political theory has long recognised the centrality of parties to representative democracy, even going so far as to claim that ‘parties created democracy’. Yet far less attention has been paid to other mechanisms of representation – above all, the petition. This chapter draws upon an original database of over 500,000 petitions submitted to the Congress from the Founding to 1950. The data demonstrates that petitions were a vital form of representation. The volume of petitions to Congress experienced a number of peaks before declining steadily in the early 20th century. After 1945, the vestiges of the congressional petition system were dismantled by a series of federal laws, and the number of petitions dwindled to negligible levels. The trends for petitions to seem not to correlate with major party shifted, unlike the close relationship between patterns of partisanship and the electoral process. In contrast, there does not appear to have been a period where the party in power resulted in a broadening or narrowing of petitioning. The exception centred on the ‘Gag Rule’ in Congress and focused more on the battle over slavery than petitioning and representation. This chapter shows that petitions were an important and independent form of representation within Congress.
Petitioning the Soviet ‘President’: Mikhail Kalinin’s Reception Office, 1919–1946
Authors: Douds Lara
Published: October 2024

The ‘Priemnaia’ of Mikhail Kalinin, the Soviet Union’s official head of state (1919–46), was the most important central department for receiving petitions to the government. It received millions of written petitions and was inundated with khodoki – petitioners in person. The Priemnaia’s petitioning mechanism was central to ‘Soviet democracy’, inherited from tsarist political culture but reimagined as a ‘living link’ to public concerns. Citizens embraced the sending of individual petitions as a major avenue of engagement with authorities – the lifeblood of relations between government and governed. Petitions were crucial to communication and accountability being seen to occur without multiparty elections and other outlets to express the popular mood; they represented a mood barometer for a government eager to gather and ‘manage’ such information. Its display of responsiveness also cultivated a sense of legitimacy and was a tool to police the system’s functioning at the local level in this vast state, where many petitions concerned abuses by local officials. Altogether, petitioning was crucial in consolidating Soviet power and was a pressure valve for the system over the longer term. Petitions were important in legitimating new and, as here, revolutionary regimes, providing a mechanism, albeit constrained, for the political expression of citizens in polities without democratic elections.
Introduction
Authors: Rushworth Jennifer
Published: October 2024

The Introduction begins by situating the volume’s specific topic within the broader categories of music in fiction, melophrasis, and musical ekphrasis. It argues that song is distinctive in being already verbal as well as musical, and that song is therefore both at home and not at home in the novel. It highlights a debt to the work of Terence Cave (especially Live Artefacts and Mignon’s Afterlives) and also acknowledges earlier work on opera in the novel. It reflects on important definitions of the volume’s two key terms (song, novel) and on questions of the categorisation of both song in general and songs in novels more specifically. It concludes by offering detailed summaries of the argument of the ten chapters and Afterword that follow.
‘Elle se mit à chanter…’: A Reflection on Songs in 18th-Century French Fiction
Authors: Seth Catriona
Published: October 2024

The chapter begins with a practical discussion of the difficulty of finding and identifying songs in novels. It then addresses the function of songs in novels, suggesting that such songs form a moment of suspension from the plot which encourages the reader’s connection with the emotional situation described and renders the situation more resonant and memorable. The final part of the chapter is devoted to a further practical question, that of feasible access to the musical accompaniment, from the possibility of the inclusion of musical scores within a novel to the more likely specification in the novel of a particular already published song or well-known, reusable melody (the so-called ‘Pont-neuf’ tradition). The chapter concludes with the example of a song from a 1784 novella by Florian, inspired by Cervantes, which was subsequently set to music and which has had a rich and varied afterlife under the title ‘Plaisir d’Amour’. This song is a striking example of the transnational origins and enduring, cross-century legacy of particular songs in novels.
Integrating Song in the Novel: Lessons from the 18th Century
Authors: Wålhberg Martin
Published: October 2024

This chapter stresses the unusual level of recognition accorded to song composers within 18th-century French novels and sees this recognition as evidence of important collaborative networks between authors and composers in this period. It then turns to a comparison between songs in novels and the opéra-comique (or comédie mêlée d’ariettes) which emerged around the same time, in the late 1750s and 1760s. It draws on contemporary treatises on opéra-comique which addressed the interruption of spoken word by song through seeking to establish feasible motivations for song within this genre, and places such theories in dialogue with the modern distinction, in screen studies, between intra- versus extra-diegetic music. In contrast to operatic da capo arias which tended to be repetitive and to mark a moment of suspension of the narrative for the sake of exploration of emotion, Wåhlberg notes that the ariettes of opéra-comique had a wider range of functions, including often contributing to moving the plot forwards. He sees song in the novel as adopting both functions, and therefore as expanding the possibilities of the new, fashionable, and reputedly simple genre of the romance.
‘A Taste for Music, or No’? Walter Scott’s Novels and Music
Authors: Jackson-Houlston C M
Published: October 2024

The chapter begins by noting Walter Scott’s self-professed lack of musical skill, and yet his own love of what he described as ‘simple’ tunes – the folk, popular, march, and dance songs which populate his novels. The chapter focuses initially on two sets of songs, the first (‘Anacreontic’) about material pleasures, and the second historico-political. Scott’s song choices prove to be anachronistic for many of his historical novels, but they thus invite what Jackson-Houlston suggests is a form of kinship between readers and characters established through song. Songs also prove to be slippery in terms of their political positioning, given the frequency of adaptation of words to new contexts and opposite sides. The final part of the chapter draws connections between the author and his fictional narrators, especially in terms of their choice of songs reflecting Scott’s own anxieties about money, writing, and mortality.
Singing in Instalments: Giuseppe Rovani’s Cento anni (1856–64)
Authors: Newark Cormac
Published: October 2024

This chapter explores the presence and presentation of opera in Giuseppe Rovani’s multi-volume historical novel, Cento anni (A Hundred Years), published in serial and then volume form between 1856 and 1864 and set mainly in Milan (but also Rome, Venice, and Paris) between 1750 and 1850. Newark considers the noted abundance of operatic references and citations of various kinds in Cento anni (for example, touchstones such as Donizetti’s Lucrezia Borgia and Mozart’s Don Giovanni) and an extended scene that, in relating a performance of part of Leonardo Vinci’s Didone abbandonata, suggests particular ways of thinking about ‘opera’s penetration into a certain stratum of Italian society’ (Pestelli, 1977). He traces Rovani’s creation of complicity with the reader through frequent direct addresses and metaliterary commentary, and also the evolving materiality of the novel’s original publication in newspaper instalments: both tend to blur the boundary between the real and the fictional, helping to shape a highly self-aware but unstable text that narrativizes its own unfolding production. All these features of the work reflect, from different perspectives, a preoccupation with place and space that, in the context of Rovani’s idiosyncratic historiographical enterprise, imbues opera with new metaphorical resonance.
Carmen’s Intertexts: Cervantes, Viardot, Mérimée, Bizet
Authors: Ife Barry
Published: October 2024

This chapter reads Cervantes’s novella ‘La gitanilla’ (‘The Little Gypsy Girl’) – the first of his Novelas ejemplares (Exemplary Novels) published in 1613 – against Prosper Mérimée’s novella Carmen (1845) and, by extension, Georges Bizet’s opera of 1875. As Ife establishes, these three treatments of a classic love triangle are connected via the French translation of ‘La gitanilla’ published in 1838 by Louis Viardot, one of the most intelligent contributors to the espagnolade that swept France during the 19th century. The chapter also adds a fourth, biographical love triangle to the mix, reminding us that Viardot’s much younger Spanish wife, Pauline – one of the most celebrated singers of the age – enjoyed a 40-year amitié amoureuse with the Russian poet Ivan Turgenev. Ife explores how superimposing these four not entirely congruent triangles raises intriguing literary, philosophical, and moral questions.
Songs in the Laundry: Musical Meaning in Zola’s L’Assommoir
Authors: Scott Hannah
Published: October 2024

This chapter argues that the frequency of singing and songs in Émile Zola’s L’Assommoir (1877) makes it unique amongst the 20 novels that make up Les Rougon-Macquart, Zola’s cyclical narration of life under the French Second Empire. Accordingly, Scott seeks to resituate L’Assommoir in terms of the cultural history of the café-concert, placing its music back in the context of the performances and audiences of the 1860s–80s. In particular, the chapter argues that Zola’s choice to fill the pages of L’Assommoir with song draws the text into conversation with contemporaneous suspicions surrounding popular music culture. Her analysis ultimately uncovers a contrast between the weak and degraded character of the laundress Gervaise, in L’Assommoir, and the strong, confident, and morally upright laundresses who featured in popular music of the time. The chapter therefore raises the question of why Zola created a literary washerwoman so entirely different from the recognisable character-type who would have been such a familiar stage persona for many of his readers.
Re-Joycing in Song: Love, Death, and Nationhood in Ulysses
Authors: Torabi Josh
Published: October 2024

This chapter re-evaluates James Joyce’s multifarious use of song in his modernist epic Ulysses, focusing on a selection of songs of love, death, and nationhood in order to examine both the literary function of song in the text and the ways in which songs can elucidate key characters and themes. By analysing specifically Joyce’s use of song, as opposed to music in the broader sense (that is, Joyce’s adoption of musical effects, structures, and techniques), Torabi’s chapter resituates the centrality of song in Ulysses. The specific examples of songs cited in Joyce’s novel are heterogeneous, from popular song (including ballads and folk songs) to opera. The chapter highlights how the interpretation of the choice, function, and significance of these songs remains an intriguing and still unresolved source of debate for Joyce’s readers.
Singing the Dead Present: Reading Ali Smith’s Winter in the Middle Ages
Authors: Leach Elizabeth Eva
Published: October 2024

This chapter puts Ali Smith’s Winter (2017) into dialogue with Richard de Fournival’s Bestiaire d’amours (Bestiary of Love), a 13th-century prose text which includes quotations of troubadour song. Leach highlights especially the different ways in which the reader may interact with these songs, from the citation of song lyrics as inevitably and involuntarily recalling the music for particular readers to the potential involvement of any given reader by looking up the song. Leach also reflects on the possibilities of the audiobook format for new presentations of song in the novel. Regardless of how the song is accessed, whether spontaneously or retrospectively, Leach asserts that fragmentary narrative allusions have the capacity to establish an important dialogue with the song understood more completely, including its full text and music and other significant aspects of its performance history. As Leach highlights throughout her chapter, songs cross generic, temporal, and linguistic barriers and forge connections between characters, singers, readers, and texts.