bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Safety of cochlear implantation before 12 months of age: Medical University of South Carolina and Pediatric American College of Surgeons–National Surgical Quality improvement program outcomes
Authors: O'Connell Brendan P. , Holcomb Meredith A. , Morrison Daniel , Meyer Ted A. , White David R.
Published: August 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

The primary objective of this study was to determine the safety profile of cochlear implantation (CI) in infants <12 months old.

Study Design

Retrospective review of institutional (Medical University of South Carolina [MUSC]) and national data (Pediatric American College of Surgeons–National Surgical Quality Improvement Program [ACS‐NSQIP]).

Methods

Cases were subdivided into two groups according to age at CI: <12 months and 12 to 18 months. The primary outcome measure of interest was occurrence of a postoperative medical or surgical complication. Operative time, anesthesia time, time in the postoperative anesthesia care unit, and length of stay were also assessed.

Results

In infants <12 months of age, the incidence of a 30‐day postoperative surgical complication using the ACS‐NSQIP database was 3.6%; this did not differ from the rate observed in the 12‐ to 18‐month‐old group (3.2%, P = 1.0). In the MUSC series, the occurrence of a 30‐day postoperative complication in children <12 months old was comparable (2.7%). At longer‐term follow‐up (mean = 3.7 years), the incidence of a postoperative surgical complication in infants <12 months old using MUSC data was 13.5%. When compared to older children at longer‐term follow‐up, no difference was noted (12.7%, P = 1.0). The incidence of a postoperative medical or anesthetic complication in children <12 months of age was extremely rare in both MUSC and ACS‐NSQIP series (0% and 1.3%, respectively).

Conclusions

Institutional and national data demonstrate that CI in children <12 months of age is a safe procedure. Although infants <12 months old are at risk for postoperative complications, the rates of surgical and medical complications were no different compared to children 12 to 18 months of age.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 126:707–712, 2016
Protein‐Containing Multilayer Capsules by Templating on Mesoporous CaCO3 Particles: POST‐ and PRE‐Loading Approaches
Authors: Balabushevich Nadezhda G. , Lopez de Guerenu Anna V. , Feoktistova Natalia A. , Skirtach Andre G. , Volodkin Dmitry
Published: August 2015

Encapsulation of model proteins (catalase, insulin, aprotinin) into multilayer dextran sulphate/protamin capsules by templating on CaCO3 microparticles is investigated employing: (i) PRE‐loading into CaCO3 particles by adsorption or co‐synthesis and (ii) POST‐loading into performed capsules. Protein encapsulation is governed by both its size and electrostatic interactions with the carbonate microparticles and multilayer shell. PRE‐loading enables improved encapsulation compared to POST‐loading (catalase content in capsules 630 and 70 mg · g−1). Bioactivity of encapsulated protein is not affected by interaction with multilayers but may be reduced at slightly alkaline pH due to CaCO3 hydrolysis. This study might help to successfully encapsulate fragile bio‐macromolecules into multilayer capsules.
Solvent Effects on kp in Organic Media?: Statement to the Response
Authors: Haehnel Alexander P. , Wenn Benjamin , Kockler Katrin , Bantle Tobias , Misske Andrea M. , Fleischhaker Friederike , Junkers Tanja , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher
Published: August 2015

A recent response on a publication from our team investigating solvent effects on propagation rate coefficients is commented. Among other issues, we point to the fact that the response interprets only a subset of the data provided in our original contribution.

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SCA 6 with Writer's Cramp: The Phenotype Expanded
Authors: Olszewska Diana Angelika , Walsh Richard , Lynch Tim
Published: August 2015

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6) presents typically with a pure cerebellar syndrome. Only 1 SCA 6 patient with writer's cramp has been reported on and a family history of ataxia and writer's cramp has never been reported on. Two other SCA6 patients with a shoulder girdle/hand dystonia and unspecified upper‐limb dystonia with a family history of ataxia have been reported on. We report on the largest family with SCA6 and writer's cramp. The proband developed dysarthria, ataxia, and writer's cramp by age 37. His father presented with ataxia at 55, followed by writer's cramp and dysarthria. The proband's brother developed ataxia at 41, followed by dysarthria and writer's cramp. A paternal uncle (deceased; not examined) and 58‐yr‐old brother both developed pure ataxia (genetic testing is pending). This large family with complex movement disorder demonstrates that it is important to consider SCA6 in a patient presenting with an ataxia and writer's cramp and supports cerebellum involvement in dystonia.
On a mathematical model of age–cycle length structured cell population with non‐compact boundary conditions (II)
Authors: Boulanouar Mohamed
Published: August 2015

This work is a natural continuation of an earlier one in which a mathematical model has been studied. This model is based on an age–cycle length structured cell population. The cellular mitosis is mathematically described by a non‐compact boundary condition. We investigate the spectral properties of the generated semigroup, and we give an explicit estimation of its type. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The ellagitannin colonic metabolite urolithin D selectively inhibits EphA2 phosphorylation in prostate cancer cells
Authors: Giorgio Carmine , Mena Pedro , Del Rio Daniele , Brighenti Furio , Barocelli Elisabetta , Hassan‐Mohamed Iftiin , Callegari Donatella , Lodola Alessio , Tognolini Massimiliano
Published: August 2015

Scope

The Eph‐ephrin system comprises emerging proteins involved in many pathophysiological processes. The pharmacological activity of the main metabolites derived from the intake of some classes of (poly)phenolic compounds, such as caffeoylquinic acids, flavan‐3‐ols, and ellagitannins, on the Eph‐ephrin interaction was evaluated at physiological concentrations. Functional studies to elucidate their role in prostate cancer were also performed.

Methods and results

Among the 21 phenolics screened by an ELISA‐binding assay, just urolithin C, urolithin D, and ellagic acid succeeded to inhibit the EphA2‐ephrin‐A1 binding. Urolithin D, the most active, was a competitive and reversible antagonist of EphA receptors able to discriminate between EphA and EphB receptors, showing intra‐classes selectivity. Molecular modeling and structure–activity relationships shed light on the binding mode and selective activity of urolithin D. This catabolite blocked EphA2 phosphorylation mediated by ephrin‐A1, while lacking cytotoxicity and anti‐proliferative effects, and was inactive on the EphA2 kinase assay.

Conclusion

The mechanisms behind the cancer preventive properties of foods rich in flavan‐3‐ols and caffeoylquinic acids are not associated with metabolic pathways directly linked to the Eph‐ephrin system. However, the ellagitannin‐derived colonic metabolite urolithin D was able to exert remarkable and selective EphA‐ephrin‐A inhibition, which might impact on prostate cancer prevention.
Androgen receptor binding to an androgen‐responsive element in the promoter of the Srsf4 gene inhibits its expression in mouse Sertoli cells
Authors: Guo Huan , Li Yuchi , Luo Manling , Lin Shouren , Chen Jianbo , Ma Qian , Gu Yanli , Jiang Zhimao , Gui Yaoting
Published: August 2015

The serine/arginine‐rich splicing actor 4 (SRSF4) is essential for pre‐mRNA splicing and can influence alternative‐splice‐site choice. Little is known about the specific function of this gene in the reproductive system, although a recent study identified a SRSF4 polymorphism significantly associated with a decreased risk of non‐obstructive azoospermia in Chinese men. We previously found that the expression of Srsf4 was up‐regulated in the testes of Sertoli‐cell‐selective androgen receptor knockout (S‐Ar−/y) mice compared to wild‐type mice using digital gene expression analysis. In this study, we confirmed and extended the selective gene expression data: SRSF4 was mainly located in the nucleus of Sertoli cells, and Srsf4 expression in the Sertoli‐cell‐derived cell line TM4 is down‐regulation by testosterone. Moreover, androgen receptor directly binds the androgen‐responsive element of the Srsf4 promoter. Taken together, these results demonstrate that Srsf4 is a direct downstream target of the androgen receptor in mouse Sertoli cells. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 82: 976–985, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simultaneous multislice (SMS) imaging techniques
Authors: Barth Markus , Breuer Felix , Koopmans Peter J. , Norris David G. , Poser Benedikt A.
Published: August 2015

Simultaneous multislice imaging (SMS) using parallel image reconstruction has rapidly advanced to become a major imaging technique. The primary benefit is an acceleration in data acquisition that is equal to the number of simultaneously excited slices. Unlike in‐plane parallel imaging this can have only a marginal intrinsic signal‐to‐noise ratio penalty, and the full acceleration is attainable at fixed echo time, as is required for many echo planar imaging applications. Furthermore, for some implementations SMS techniques can reduce radiofrequency (RF) power deposition. In this review the current state of the art of SMS imaging is presented. In the Introduction, a historical overview is given of the history of SMS excitation in MRI. The following section on RF pulses gives both the theoretical background and practical application. The section on encoding and reconstruction shows how the collapsed multislice images can be disentangled by means of the transmitter pulse phase, gradient pulses, and most importantly using multichannel receiver coils. The relationship between classic parallel imaging techniques and SMS reconstruction methods is explored. The subsequent section describes the practical implementation, including the acquisition of reference data, and slice cross‐talk. Published applications of SMS imaging are then reviewed, and the article concludes with an outlook and perspective of SMS imaging. Magn Reson Med 75:63–81, 2016. © 2015 The Authors. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society of Medicine in Resonance.
Single batch machine scheduling with deliveries
Authors: Cheng B.‐Y. , Leung J.Y.‐T. , Li K. , Yang S.‐L.
Published: August 2015

We consider the problem of scheduling a set of n jobs on a single batch machine, where several jobs can be processed simultaneously. Each job j has a processing time pj and a size sj. All jobs are available for processing at time 0. The batch machine has a capacity D. Several jobs can be batched together and processed simultaneously, provided that the total size of the jobs in the batch does not exceed D. The processing time of a batch is the largest processing time among all jobs in the batch. There is a single vehicle available for delivery of the finished products to the customer, and the vehicle has capacity K. We assume that K = rD, where and r is an integer. The travel time of the vehicle is T; that is, T is the time from the manufacturer to the customer. Our goal is to find a schedule of the jobs and a delivery plan so that the service span is minimized, where the service span is the time that the last job is delivered to the customer. We show that if the jobs have identical sizes, then we can find a schedule and delivery plan in time such that the service span is minimum. If the jobs have identical processing times, then we can find a schedule and delivery plan in time such that the service span is asymptotically at most 11/9 times the optimal service span. When the jobs have arbitrary processing times and arbitrary sizes, then we can find a schedule and delivery plan in time such that the service span is asymptotically at most twice the optimal service span. We also derive upper bounds of the absolute worst‐case ratios in both cases. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 62: 470–482, 2015
Which goal adjustment strategies do cancer patients use? A longitudinal study
Authors: Janse Moniek , Fleer Joke , Smink Ans , Sprangers Mirjam A. G. , Ranchor Adelita V.
Published: August 2015

Objective

A cancer diagnosis may lead to the need to adjust personal goals. This study longitudinally investigates patients' use of goal adjustment strategies with goal characteristics over time. Whether and which goal adjustment strategies are used after cancer diagnosis may depend on the period studied (treatment period or follow‐up period) and illness variables such as illness severity.

Methods

Newly diagnosed colorectal cancer patients (n = 186) were asked about their personal goals during three assessments (within 1 month after diagnosis and 6 and 18 months after the first assessment). Eight goal adjustment strategies were assessed over the first 6 months (treatment period) and between 7 and 18 months (follow‐up period) using goal characteristics. Illness variables were obtained from patients' medical records from the national cancer registry.

Results

Most patients used one strategy per period, and patients most often shifted their priorities across life domains. During the treatment period, more patients formed shorter‐term goals than during the follow‐up period, while during the follow‐up period, more patients formed longer‐term goals than during the treatment period. Illness variables were not related to the use of goal adjustment strategies.

Conclusions

The findings show that cancer patients use different goal adjustment strategies and, interestingly, that the use of specific strategies depended on the period after diagnosis but not on illness variables. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced interference using microcavity structure for accurate thin film thickness measurement
Authors: Feng Yuanxiang , Chen Shuming
Published: August 2015

A new method based on microcavity structure is developed for accurately measuring the thickness of organic thin films. By sandwiching the thin films between a bottom reflective mirror and a top semi‐reflective mirror, the interference effect is greatly enhanced. As a result, the reflectance spectra exhibit distinctive, strong, and sharp interference peaks. The interference pattern is very sensitive to the thickness of the thin films. By fitting the interference pattern with the calculated reflectance spectra, the thickness of the thin films can be accurately determined.
Protein/peptide‐based entry/fusion inhibitors as anti‐HIV therapies: challenges and future direction
Authors: Fumakia Miral , Yang Sidi , Gu Jijin , Ho Emmanuel A.
Published: August 2015

The failures of several first‐generation and second‐generation small molecule drug‐based anti‐HIV therapies in various stages of clinical trials are an indication that there is a need for a paradigm shift in the future designs of anti‐HIV therapeutics. Over the past several decades, various anti‐HIV drugs have been developed, among them, protein/peptide‐based therapies. From the first peptide discovered (SJ2176) to the first peptide approved by the Food and Drug Administration (DP178/T20/enfuvirtide/Fuzeon®), anti‐HIV proteins/peptides as fusion/entry inhibitors have been shown to provide potent effects and benefits. This review summarizes the past and current endeavors in this area, discusses the potential mechanisms of action for various anti‐HIV proteins/peptides, compares the advantages and disadvantages between the different proteins/peptides, and finally, examines the future direction of the field, specifically, strategies that will enhance the therapeutic efficacy of fusion/entry inhibitor‐based anti‐HIV proteins/peptides. Although there are numerous reviews highlighting the general field of entry/fusion inhibitors, there is a lack of literature focused on protein/peptide‐based entry/fusion inhibitors for HIV therapy, and as a result, this review is intended to fill this void by summarizing the past, current, and future development of these macromolecules. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal routing and charging of energy‐limited vehicles in traffic networks
Authors: Pourazarm Sepideh , Cassandras Christos G. , Wang Tao
Published: August 2015

We study the problem of routing vehicles with energy constraints through a network where there are at least some charging nodes. We seek to minimize the total elapsed time for vehicles to reach their destinations by determining routes, as well as recharging amounts when the vehicles do not have adequate energy for the entire journey. For a single vehicle, we formulate a mixed‐integer nonlinear programming problem and derive properties of the optimal solution allowing it to be decomposed into two simpler problems. For a multi‐vehicle problem, where traffic congestion effects are included, we seek to optimize a system‐wide objective and formulate the problem by grouping vehicles into ‘subflows’. We also provide an alternative flow optimization formulation leading to a computationally simpler problem solution with minimal loss in accuracy. Because the problem size increases with the number of subflows, a proper selection of this number is essential to render the problem computationally manageable and reflects a trade‐off between proximity to optimality and computational effort needed to solve the problem. We propose a criterion and procedure leading to an appropriate choice of the number of subflows. We also quantify the ‘price of anarchy’ for this problem and compare user‐optimal to system‐optimal performance. Finally, when the system consists of both electric vehicles (EVs) and non‐electric vehicles, we formulate a system‐centric optimization problem for optimal routing of both non‐electric vehicles and EVs along with an optimal policy for charging EVs along the way if needed. Numerical results are included to illustrate these approaches. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Linear quadratic networked control of uncertain polytopic systems
Authors: Braga Márcio F. , Morais Cecília F. , Tognetti Eduardo S. , Oliveira Ricardo C. L. F. , Peres Pedro L. D.
Published: August 2015

This paper investigates the problem of designing robust linear quadratic regulators for uncertain polytopic continuous‐time systems over networks subject to delays. The main contribution is to provide a procedure to determine a discrete‐time representation of the weighting matrices associated to the quadratic criterion and an accurate discretized model, in such a way that a robust state feedback gain computed in the discrete‐time domain assures a guaranteed quadratic cost to the closed‐loop continuous‐time system. The obtained discretized model has matrices with polynomial dependence on the uncertain parameters and an additive norm‐bounded term representing the approximation residual error. A strategy based on linear matrix inequality relaxations is proposed to synthesize, in the discrete‐time domain, a digital robust state feedback control law that stabilizes the original continuous‐time system assuring an upper bound to the quadratic cost of the closed‐loop system. The applicability of the proposed design method is illustrated through a numerical experiment. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Defect density associated with constituent particles in AA2024‐T3 and its role in corrosion
Authors: Glenn Alexander M. , Hughes Anthony E. , Torpy Aaron , Nolze Gert , Birbilis Nick
Published: August 2015

Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and scanning electron microscopy were combined to study the effect of residual defect density on corrosion initiation in aluminium alloy AA2024‐T3. EBSD was used to determine the level of misorientation (MO), from pixel to pixel, within individual grains. The MO can be determined with respect to either the average orientation angle of the grain or with respect to the average orientation angle of the surrounding pixels (in this instance, a matrix of 7 × 7 surrounding pixels has been applied). Herein, the MO, determined using the surrounding pixels, was used as the means for the assessing the level of defect density within a grain. It was found that there was a noteworthy, but not definitive, correlation of MO with corrosion initiation after 1 min exposure to 0.1 M NaCl solution. Additionally, the S and θ‐phase particles were also identified using EBSD, displaying a range of MO and therefore defect density. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of Si and cooling rate on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al–Si–Mg cast alloys
Authors: Zhu Baiwei , Leisner Peter , Seifeddine Salem , Jarfors Anders E. W.
Published: August 2015

This paper aims to investigate the effect of Si‐content and microstructure on mechanical properties of Al–Si–Mg alloys with the purpose of to develop high‐strength cast aluminum alloys that are anodizable. The Si‐content was 2.5, 3.5 and 5.5 wt% Si, and both Sr‐modified and unmodified conditions were used. The samples were produced using the gradient solidification furnace to generate a well‐controlled microstructure. The resulting secondary dendrite arm spacing was 10 and 20 µm. The microstructural features were evaluated by employing SEM/EDS and optical microscopy. Furthermore, computed tomography (CT) scan technology was used to provide a 3D view of high‐density phases in the microstructure. The mechanical properties of these alloys were studied by means of tensile and hardness testing where the latter was performed on the macrolevel and microlevel. The results demonstrate clearly how the Si growth in the microstructure is restricted by increased cooling rate and modification and its role in strength development in Al‐Si alloys. Additionally, the CT scan visualized the morphology of intermetallics and supported in identifying the oxide layer growth as a result of the anodizing process. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Knowledge translation in biostatistics: a survey of current practices, preferences, and barriers to the dissemination and uptake of new statistical methods
Authors: Pullenayegum Eleanor M. , Platt Robert W. , Barwick Melanie , Feldman Brian M. , Offringa Martin , Thabane Lehana
Published: August 2015

Background:The use of standard statistical methods in the medical literature has been studied extensively; however, the adoption of new methods has received less attention. We sought to understand (i) whether there is a perception that new methods are underused, (ii) what the barriers to use of new methods are, (iii) what dissemination activities are used, and (iv) user preferences for learning about new methods.

Methods:We conducted a cross‐sectional survey of members of the Statistical Society of Canada (SSC) and of principal investigators (knowledge‐users) funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR).

Results: There were 157 CIHR respondents (14% response rate), and 39 respondents were statisticians from the Statistical Society of Canada. Seventy percent of CIHR respondents and 82% of statisticians felt that new developments were under‐used. Barriers to use of new methods included lack of access to the necessary expertise (selected by over 90% of respondents), lack of suitable software (selected by 81% of statisticians), and lack of time to implement new methods (selected by 78% of statisticians). Greater access to statistical colleagues with an interest in collaboration and availability of software to implement new methods were the top‐rated preferences among knowledge‐users.

Conclusions: There was a clear perception among all respondents that new statistical methods are underused. Encouraging statistical methodologists to develop a knowledge translation plan for improved dissemination and uptake, placing greater value on the role of the statistical collaborator in research, and providing software alongside new methods may improve the use of newly developed statistical methods. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel saccharifying α‐amylase of Antarctic psychrotolerant fungi Geomyces pannorum: Gene cloning, functional expression, and characterization
Authors: Gao Bei , Mao Youzhi , Zhang Lujia , He Lei , Wei Dongzhi
Published: August 2015

A DNA segment encoding a novel α‐amylase was cloned from the Antarctic psychrotolerant fungi Geomyces pannorum. The gene has an open reading frame of 1761 bp, deduced 586 amino acids, revealing a relatively low homology to α‐amylases from diverse fungal genera. The α‐amylase gene was overexpressed in Pichia pastoris, and the recombinant α‐amylase was purified and characterized. Enzymatic activity was optimal at pH 6.0 and 70°C, and the specific activity was 9.78 × 103 U/mg when using soluble starch as substrate. Moreover, the enzyme retained more than 90% of its maximum activity over a wide pH range (6.0–9.0). Exceptionally, the main hydrolysis products of soluble starch catalyzed by the enzyme were glucose and maltose, of which glucose reached a concentration of 68.8% (w/w). This is the first report on identifying thermophilic fungal amylase from psychrotolerant fungi. Also, the preliminary study on the high‐glucose‐producing α‐amylase with detailed enzymatic properties shows a potential application prospect in syrup industry.
Molecular and thermal characterization of starches isolated from African rice (Oryza glaberrima)
Authors: Gayin Joseph , Bertoft Eric , Manful John , Yada Rickey Y. , Abdel‐Aal El‐Sayed M.
Published: August 2015

Starch is the principal component of rice that affects its cooking and nutritional quality. This study investigated molecular and thermal properties of starches isolated from seven Africa rice accessions (ARAs) in comparison with two commonly produced Asian rice varieties (ARVs) and a developed cross (sativa × glaberrima) variety (NERICA 4). All starch granules were polyhedral and tightly packed with size distribution ranging from 2–22 µm and displayed type‐A X‐ray diffraction pattern. ARAs starch granules had higher ratio of absorbance to scattering when exposed to iodine vapor exhibiting greater flexibility and availability of glucan chains to form complexes with iodine as compared to ARVs. The enthalpies of starch gelatinization (15.1–15.8 J/g) and retrograded gel melting (9.2–10.8 J/g) were higher in ARAs than in NERICA 4 (14.5 and 9.2 J/g, respectively) and ARVs, (13.3–14.3 and 6.4–7.3 J/g, respectively) possibly due to their higher amylose content and longer chains. Significant (p < 0.05) differences in peak, trough, final, breakdown, and setback viscosities were also observed among the starches with Koshihikari Asian rice having the highest peak viscosity (310 RVU). These differences in molecular structure and thermal properties between the ARAs and ARVs are likely to influence the cooking and eating quality of the ARAs.
Design resistance of end plate splices with hollow sections
Authors: Steige Yvonne , Weynand Klaus
Published: August 2015

This paper presents a design approach for calculating rectangular hollow section (RHS) splices (bolted end plate connections) under tension forces or bending moments in accordance with EN 1993‐1‐8. Based on models available in the literature, a Eurocode‐conform model is presented using the component method. The original model, based on experimental and numerical investigations, uses a three‐dimensional yield line method to predict the tension resistance of bolted splices with hollow sections considering the joint as a whole. The adapted model is fully compatible with EN 1993‐1‐8. Moreover, the original model has been extended to predict also the design moment resistance of such RHS splices.
Bearing capacity of cold‐formed unlipped channels with restrained flanges under EOF and IOF load cases
Authors: Janarthanan Balasubramaniam , Mahendran Mahen , Gunalan Shanmuganathan
Published: August 2015

Bearing failure is a form of localized failure that occurs when thin‐walled cold‐formed steel sections are subjected to concentrated loads or support reactions. To determine the bearing capacity of cold‐formed channel sections, a unified design equation with different bearing coefficients is given in the current North American specification AISI S100 and the Australian/New Zealand standard AS/NZS 4600. However, coefficients are not available for unlipped channel sections that are normally fastened to supports through their flanges. Eurocode 3 Part 1.3 includes bearing capacity equations for different load cases, but does not distinguish between fastened and unfastened support conditions. Therefore, an experimental study was conducted to determine the bearing capacities of these sections as used in floor systems. Twenty‐eight web bearing tests on unlipped channel sections with restrained flanges were conducted under End One Flange (EOF) and Interior One Flange (IOF) load cases. Using the results from this study, a new equation was proposed within the AISI S100 and AS/NZS 4600 guidelines to determine the bearing capacities of cold‐formed unlipped channels with flanges fastened to supports. A new design rule was also proposed based on the direct strength method.
Local buckling behaviour of welded box sections made of high‐strength steel
Authors: Schillo Nicole , Feldmann Markus
Published: August 2015

One aim within the RFCS‐funded RUOSTE research project was to study the effects of high‐strength steel properties on local buckling. The respective parameters were investigated on 34 stub column specimens. The specimens were made of S500MC, S700MC and S960MC, with a non‐dimensional local slenderness varying between 0.64 and 1.55. Extensive imperfection measurements were undertaken and analysed. The specimens were then used in stub column tests to investigate the local buckling behaviour. The results were first compared with the resistance curve of the current Eurocode (EC), which was shown to be rather optimistic, especially towards the slender end of the range. Secondly, the results were compared with the general method, which uses an equivalent imperfection approach.
Systems analysis of host–parasite interactions
Authors: Swann Justine , Jamshidi Neema , Lewis Nathan E. , Winzeler Elizabeth A.
Published: August 2015

Parasitic diseases caused by protozoan pathogens lead to hundreds of thousands of deaths per year in addition to substantial suffering and socioeconomic decline for millions of people worldwide. The lack of effective vaccines coupled with the widespread emergence of drug‐resistant parasites necessitates that the research community take an active role in understanding host–parasite infection biology in order to develop improved therapeutics. Recent advances in next‐generation sequencing and the rapid development of publicly accessible genomic databases for many human pathogens have facilitated the application of systems biology to the study of host–parasite interactions. Over the past decade, these technologies have led to the discovery of many important biological processes governing parasitic disease. The integration and interpretation of high‐throughput ‐omic data will undoubtedly generate extraordinary insight into host–parasite interaction networks essential to navigate the intricacies of these complex systems. As systems analysis continues to build the foundation for our understanding of host–parasite biology, this will provide the framework necessary to drive drug discovery research forward and accelerate the development of new antiparasitic therapies. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2015, 7:381–400. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1311

This article is categorized under:

Developmental Biology > Developmental Processes in Health and Disease

Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Organismal Models

Biological Mechanisms > Regulatory Biology
A Series of Dinuclear Complexes with a Flexible Naphthalene‐Spacer and MOM‐Cleavage by Pre‐coordinated Lewis Acids
Authors: Jany Thomas , Horstmann née Gruschka Claudia , Bögge Hartmut , Stammler Anja , Glaser Thorsten
Published: August 2015

The synthesis, spectroscopic, electrochemical, magnetic, and structural characterization of the dinuclear series of complexes [(MOM2tomMe){MIICl2}2] (MII = ZnII, CuII, NiII, CoII, FeII) and, for comparison, the structure of the complex [(MOM2tom){ZnIICl2}2] are presented. The metal ions are five‐coordinate in N3Cl2 environments. The coordination polyhedra are evaluated in the solid‐state by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography and in solution by UV/Vis/NIR spectroscopy for the CuII and FeII complexes. All complexes exhibit a ligand‐centered irreversible oxidation in the range 1.17–1.40 V vs. Fc+/Fc, whereas the complexes with FeII, CoII, and NiII exhibit additional reversible metal‐centered oxidations of 0.09, 0.70, and 0.87 V vs. Fc+/Fc, respectively. The coordination of the chloride ligands saturates the Lewis‐acidity of the metal ions so that the MOM groups are not cleaved. Bands at 1161 and 1020 cm–1 in the FT‐IR spectra are a signature for the presence of the MOM groups. Reaction with copper(II) acetate at room temperature results in the complex [(MOM2tomMe){CuII(OAc)2}2] while the reaction at 50 °C for several hours resulted in the simultaneous MOM cleavage and complexation and thus isolation of [(tomMe){Cu(OAc)}2]. This successful synthetic route will be applied to establish a series of [(tomMe){M(OAc)}2] with different metal ions in order to compare their DNA binding ability and cytotoxicity to cancer cells to that of the copper(II) complex.
Genetic Knowledge Among Participants in the Coriell Personalized Medicine Collaborative
Authors: Schmidlen Tara J. , Scheinfeldt Laura , Zhaoyang Ruixue , Kasper Rachel , Sweet Kevin , Gordon Erynn S. , Keller Margaret , Stack Cathy , Gharani Neda , Daly Mary B. , Jarvis Joseph , Christman Michael F.
Published: August 2015

Genetic literacy is essential for the effective integration of genomic information into healthcare; yet few recent studies have been conducted to assess the current state of this knowledge base. Participants in the Coriell Personalized Medicine Collaborative (CPMC), a prospective study assessing the impact of personalized genetic risk reports for complex diseases and drug response on behavior and health outcomes, completed genetic knowledge questionnaires and other surveys through an online portal. To assess the association between genetic knowledge and genetic education background, multivariate linear regression was performed. 4 062 participants completed a genetic knowledge and genetic education background questionnaire. Most were older (mean age: 50), Caucasian (90 %), female (59 %), highly educated (69 % bachelor's or higher), with annual household income over $100 000 (49 %). Mean percent correct was 76 %. Controlling for demographics revealed that health care providers, participants previously exposed to genetics, and participants with ‘better than most’ self‐rated knowledge were significantly more likely to have a higher knowledge score (p < 0.001). Overall, genetic knowledge was high with previous genetic education experience predictive of higher genetic knowledge score. Education is likely to improve genetic literacy, an important component to expanded use of genomics in personalized medicine.
Direct detection and measurement of wall shear stress using a filamentous bio-nanoparticle
Authors: Lobo Daniela P. , Wemyss Alan M. , Smith David J. , Straube Anne , Betteridge Kai B. , Salmon Andrew H. J. , Foster Rebecca R. , Elhegni Hesham E. , Satchell Simon C. , Little Haydn A. , Pacheco-Gómez Raúl , Simmons Mark J. , Hicks Matthew R. , Bates David O. , Rodger Alison , Dafforn Timothy R. , Arkill Kenton P.
Published: August 2015

The wall shear stress (WSS) that a moving fluid exerts on a surface affects many processes including those relating to vascular function. WSS plays an important role in normal physiology (e.g. angiogenesis) and affects the microvasculature’s primary function of molecular transport. Points of fluctuating WSS show abnormalities in a number of diseases; however, there is no established technique for measuring WSS directly in physiological systems. All current methods rely on estimates obtained from measured velocity gradients in bulk flow data. In this work, we report a nanosensor that can directly measure WSS in microfluidic chambers with sub-micron spatial resolution by using a specific type of virus, the bacteriophage M13, which has been fluorescently labeled and anchored to a surface. It is demonstrated that the nanosensor can be calibrated and adapted for biological tissue, revealing WSS in micro-domains of cells that cannot be calculated accurately from bulk flow measurements. This method lends itself to a platform applicable to many applications in biology and microfluidics.
Foreword
Authors: Yamada Shigeru
Published: August 2015

**ABS**
What do Danish children eat, and does the diet meet the recommendations? Baseline data from the OPUS School Meal Study
Authors: Andersen Rikke , Biltoft-Jensen Anja , Christensen Tue , Andersen Elisabeth W. , Ege Majken , Thorsen Anne V. , Knudsen Vibeke K. , Damsgaard Camilla T. , Sørensen Louise B. , Petersen Rikke A. , Michaelsen Kim F. , Tetens Inge
Published: August 2015

A child's diet is an important determinant for later health, growth and development. In Denmark, most children in primary school bring their own packed lunch from home and attend an after-school care institution. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the food, energy and nutrient intake of Danish school children in relation to dietary guidelines and nutrient recommendations, and to assess the food intake during and outside school hours. In total, 834 children from nine public schools located in the eastern part of Denmark were included in this cross-sectional study and 798 children (95·7 %) completed the dietary assessment sufficiently (August–November 2011). The whole diet was recorded during seven consecutive days using the Web-based Dietary Assessment Software for Children (WebDASC). Compared with the food-based dietary guidelines and nutrient recommendations, 85 % of the children consumed excess amounts of red meat, 89 % consumed too much saturated fat, and 56 % consumed too much added sugar. Additionally 35 or 91 % of the children (depending on age group) consumed insufficient amounts of fruits and vegetables, 85 % consumed insufficient amounts of fish, 86 % consumed insufficient amounts of dietary fibre, 60 or 84 % had an insufficient Fe intake (depending on age group), and 96 % had an insufficient vitamin D intake. The study also showed that there is a higher intake of fruits and bread during school hours than outside school hours; this is not the case with, for example, fish and vegetables, and future studies should investigate strategies to increase fish and vegetable intake during school hours.
A super-cusp divertor configuration for tokamaks
Authors: Ryutov D. D.
Published: August 2015

This study demonstrates a remarkable flexibility of advanced divertor configurations created with the remote poloidal field coils. The emphasis here is on the configurations with three poloidal field nulls in the divertor area. We are seeking the structures where all three nulls lie on the same separatrix, thereby creating two zones of a very strong flux expansion, as envisaged in the concept of Takase’s cusp divertor. It turns out that the set of remote coils can indeed produce a cusp divertor, with additional advantages of: (i) a large stand-off distance between the divertor and the coils and (ii) a thorough control that these coils exert over the fine features of the configuration. In reference to these additional favourable properties acquired by the cusp divertor, the resulting configuration could be called ‘a super-cusp’. General geometrical features of the three-null configurations produced by remote coils are described. Issues on the way to practical applications include the need for a more sophisticated control system and possible constraints related to excessively high currents in the divertor coils.
THE LIMITS OF THEESTADO DOCENTE: EDUCATION AND POLITICAL PARTICIPATION IN PERU, 1876-1940
Authors: Arroyo Abad Leticia
Published: August 2015

The power of the elites became the dominant explanation of the extension of the franchise and expansion of the provision of public services. Peru from 1876 to 1940 presents a contrasting case. Although restricting political participation through literacy requirements, Peru saw an increase in literacy and schooling. Nevertheless, the relative power of the national and local elites articulated the national policies resulting in unequal provision of education. Constrained political access of the economic minority, the indigenous population, translated into a widening gap in terms of educational attainment.
Assessing impacts of land abandonment on Mediterranean biodiversity using indicators based on bird and butterfly monitoring data
Authors: HERRANDO SERGI , BROTONS LLUÍS , ANTON MARC , PÁRAMO FERRAN , VILLERO DANI , TITEUX NICOLAS , QUESADA JAVIER , STEFANESCU CONSTANTÍ
Published: August 2015

In Europe, and particularly in the Mediterranean Basin, the abandonment of traditional land-use practices has been reported as one of the main causes of decline for open-habitat species. Data from large-scale bird and butterfly monitoring schemes in the north-east Iberian Peninsula were used to evaluate the impact that land abandonment has had on local biodiversity. Species’ habitat preferences, along a gradient from open to forest habitats, were significantly related to population trends: for both birds and butterflies, open-habitat species showed the most marked declines while forest species increased moderately. Multi-species indicators for tracking the impact of land abandonment on bird and butterfly populations were developed using habitat preference estimates and population trend indices. The patterns shown by these indicators were in line with the changes occurring in forest cover in the monitoring sites. This study reveals that multi-species indicators based on monitoring data from different taxonomic groups (here, birds and butterflies) may usefully be employed to track impacts of environmental change on biodiversity.
The last marine wilderness: spearfishing for trophy fishes in the Coral Sea
Authors: YOUNG MATTHEW A. L. , FOALE SIMON , BELLWOOD DAVID R.
Published: August 2015

Isolation can provide marine ecosystems with a refuge from human impacts. However, information on the biodiversity, ecology and fisheries of remote regions is often sparse. The proposed Coral Sea Marine Reserve could create one of the world's largest and most remote marine parks, yet little information is available to inform discussions. Fish captures from the Coral Sea and adjacent Great Barrier Reef (GBR) were assessed from reports contained in a chronology of spearfishing publications from 1953 to 2009, and reveal for the first time the history of recreational spearfishing in the Coral Sea. Although the area is perceived as relatively untouched, the data indicate that spearfishers have frequented Coral Sea reefs for at least 43 years and reported captures have increased exponentially. Post-1993 trophy captures in the Coral Sea (mean 23 kg) were larger than the adjacent GBR (9 kg). Reef species characterize the GBR catch, while large pelagic species characterize the Coral Sea catch. Provided that functionally important fishes are not targeted, the relatively small scale of recreational spearfishing and the focus on pelagic species suggests that spearfishing currently exerts limited pressure on the ecology of Coral Sea reefs.
Gravitational-Like Lens Based on Graphene Ripple
Authors: Liu Daqing , Chen Shuyue , Ma Ning , Zhao Xiang , Xu Zhuo
Published: August 2015

We conducted a semiclassical study on carrier movement in curved graphene. A previous attempt was made to show that curved graphene is a readily available and cheap laboratory material used to study general relativity effects, especially if the electron energies satisfy
${\rm 4}\:\mu {\rm eV}\,\ll\,\left| E \right|\,\ll\,{\rm 3}\:{\rm eV}$
. Furthermore, a gravitational-like lens can be constructed based on a special graphene ripple; this lens has neither chromatic nor cometic aberration. One can design an ideal electron lens using a graphene ripple.
Which Employers Offer Hope for Mainstream Job Opportunities for Disabled People?
Authors: Hemphill Elizabeth , Kulik Carol T.
Published: August 2015

Employer reluctance to hire disabled people narrows the economic and vocational opportunities of disabled people. This study investigates employer hiring decisions to identify which mainstream employers are most likely to hire disabled people. The study reports findings from interviews with eighty-seven employers in urban and regional South Australia. Analysis reveals differences across groups of employers based on their previous hiring behaviour. Communication from employment support agencies should specifically address concerns of non-hirers and light hirers. Long-term financial concerns present strong but surmountable barriers to light hirers employing disabled people. Policy mitigating long-term employer concerns could attract employers to hire disabled people for the first time (non-hirers) or return to hiring (light hirers) disabled people. Negative employers (antagonists) and employers already sustaining ongoing workplace relationships with disabled people (loyals) have insurmountable reasons to not hire any (or more) disabled people and should not be targeted.
The reputation trap of NGO accountability
Authors: Gent Stephen E. , Crescenzi Mark J. C. , Menninga Elizabeth J. , Reid Lindsay
Published: August 2015

Can concerns for one’s reputation cause non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to alter their behavior to the detriment of achieving their policy goals? To answer this question, we explore the relationship between NGOs and their donors. Our theoretical model reveals that reputation can be a key piece of information in the decision to fund an NGO’s activities. Reputation can become so important to the NGO’s survival that it interferes with the long-term policy goals of the organization. As such, reputations can become a double-edged sword, simultaneously providing the information donors seek while constraining NGOs from realizing policy goals. We apply this logic to the problem of NGO accountability, which has received increasing attention in recent years, and demonstrate that the tools used by donors to improve accountability can trigger unintended consequences. We illustrate this strategic dynamic with two types of NGO activity: water improvement and international crisis mediation.
Differential diagnosis of anorexia nervosa and obsessive compulsive disorder in a male military veteran
Authors: Kiselica Andrew , Brown Hangartner Renee , Lewin Adam B.
Published: August 2015

Research on the relationship between military service and eating pathology has yielded mixed findings. Among those of military backgrounds, anorexia nervosa typically presents with co-occurring disorders that complicate diagnosis and treatment. The purpose of this paper is to present a case report of a retired Navy midshipman. The patient sought treatment for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), but his assessment revealed the primary pathology to be anorexia nervosa. This case illustrates ways in which military life may contribute to eating pathology and the complex overlap and differential diagnosis of anorexia nervosa and OCD.