bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Highly Efficient Diels–Alder Crosslinkable Electro‐Optic Dendrimers for Electric‐Field Sensors
Authors: Shi Z. , Hau S. , Luo J. , Kim T.‐D. , Tucker N. M. , Ka J.‐W. , Sun H. , Pyajt A. , Dalton L. , Chen A. , Jen A. K.‐Y.
Published: August 2007

One of the most challenging tasks encountered in developing highly efficient electro‐optic (EO) devices is to find a material system that possesses all desirable properties such as large EO coefficients, good thermal and mechanical stability, and low optical loss. In order to meet this stringent requirement, we have developed a series of crosslinkable EO dendrimers using the standardized AJL8‐type chromophore as the center core and the furyl‐ and anthryl‐containing dendrons as the periphery. Upon adding a trismaleimide (TMI) dienophile, these dendrimers could be in‐situ crosslinked via the Diels–Alder cycloaddition and efficiently poled under a high electric field. Through this dynamic process, the spatially voided and π‐electron‐rich surrounding of the chromophore core changes into a dense and more aliphatic network, with the dipolar chromophore embedded and aligned inside. The resultant materials exhibit large EO coefficients (63–99 pm V–1 at 1.31 μm), excellent temporal stability (the original r33 values remain unchanged at 100 °C for more than 500 h), and blue‐shifted near‐IR absorption. With these combined desirable properties, a poled EOD2/TMI film could be processed through multiple lithographic and etching steps to fabricate a racetrack‐shaped micro‐ring resonator. By coupling this ring resonator with a side‐polished optical fiber, a novel broadband electric‐field sensor with high sensitivity of 100 mV m–1 at 550 MHz was successfully demonstrated.
Clay Assisted Dispersion of Carbon Nanotubes in Conductive Epoxy Nanocomposites
Authors: Liu L. , Grunlan J. C.
Published: August 2007

Clay was introduced into single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWNT)/epoxy composites to improve nanotube dispersion without harming electrical conductivity or mechanical performance. Unlike surfactant or polymer dispersants, clay is mechanically rigid and known to enhance the properties (e.g., modulus, gas barrier, and flame retardation) of polymer composites. Combining nanotubes and clay allows both electrical and mechanical behavior to be simultaneously enhanced. With just 0.05 wt % SWNT, electrical conductivity is increased by more than four orders of magnitude (from 10–9 to 10–5 S cm–1) with the addition of 0.2 wt % clay. Furthermore, the percolation threshold of these nanocomposites is reduced from 0.05 wt % SWNT to 0.01 wt % with the addition of clay. SWNTs appear to have an affinity for clay that causes them to become more exfoliated and better networked in these composites. This clay‐nanotube synergy may make these composites better suited for a variety of packaging, sensing, and shielding applications.
Rapid Fabrication of Micro‐ and Nanoscale Patterns by Replica Molding from Diatom Biosilica
Authors: Losic D. , Mitchell J. G. , Lal R. , Voelcker N. H.
Published: August 2007

Diatoms are single‐celled micro‐algae that possess an exoskeleton (called frustule) comprised of diverse and highly ordered 3D porous silica structures and that hold considerable promise for biological or biomimetic fabrication of nanostructured materials and devices. We have used, for the first time, a soft lithographic approach of replica molding to replicate porous diatom structures into polymers. Two centric diatom species, Coscinodiscus sp., Thalassiosira eccentrica cultured in our laboratory were used as masters for replication. In the first step, replica molding onto soft and elastic polymer using poly(dimethylsiloxane) PDMS produced a negative replica of the diatom frustule. These PDMS replicas were then used as a mold to fabricate the positive polymer replicas of diatoms using a mercaptol ester type UV curable polymer (NOA 60). Fabricated polymer replicas were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). In all cases, diatom micro‐ and nanoscale porous structures were successfully transferred with high precision into polymer replicas. Such an accomplishment effectively demonstrates the potential for using diatoms as blueprints for rapid and simple fabrication of polymer nanostructures. The prepared replicas were used as diffraction gratings and as nanowells to hold polymeric nanoparticles effectively demonstrating the functional properties of these biomimetic structures.
Contact Instability of Elastic Bilayers: Miniaturization of Instability Patterns
Authors: Mukherjee R. , Pangule R. , Sharma A. , Tomar G.
Published: August 2007

We show, both experimentally and theoretically, that the free surface of an elastic bilayer becomes spontaneously rough when brought in contact with another rigid surface. The lateral length scales of these self‐organized structures were found to scale as: λ = RF h, where h is the total bilayer thickness. The scale factor, RF could be modulated by the ratios of the individual film thicknesses and shear moduli. This is unlike the case of a single elastic film where the scale factor is independent of all material properties, RF ∼ 3. A linear stability analysis shows that the instability patterns in the bilayer can be tuned from the short waves (∼ 0.5 h) to long waves (∼ 8 h). Experiments show good agreement with the theoretical predictions regarding the existence of short wave deformations. Further, a rather catastrophic change in the wavelength from its minimum value, ∼h/2, to a limiting value of ∼ 3 h occurs by very small changes in the film thicknesses. This effect is explained by a switching of states in the bilayer energy curve which displays two minima at different wave numbers. Thus, the contact instability of elastic bilayers suggests novel strategies for the control of adhesion and engineering of feature sizes in a wide range. In particular, these findings have implications for further pattern miniaturization in the elastic contact lithography using pre‐patterned stamps.
Facile Synthesis of Monodisperse Magnesium Oxide Microspheres via Seed‐Induced Precipitation and Their Applications in High‐ Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Zhang Z. , Zheng Y. , Chen J. , Zhang Q. , Ni Y. , Liang X.
Published: August 2007

Low‐cost, uniform, and monodisperse spherical particles are desirable for a variety of applications. We report the realization of uniform spherical magnesium oxide with a diameter of 10.5 μm and specific surface area of 140.9 m2 g–1 resulting from a facile seed‐induced precipitation in the presence of a trace amount of phosphate species. By optimizing the experimental parameters, the results demonstrate that the morphologies of magnesium oxide precursors are very sensitive to the amount and the sequence of addition of Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2 · 4H2O seeds, as well as the amount and type of phosphate species. These particles have also been used as a packing material for high performance liquid chromatography. In comparison with the commercial spherical silica, as‐synthesized spherical magnesium oxide exhibits excellent efficiency in the separation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and has a larger retention to planar compounds in contrast to non‐planar ones. It is believed that this method will provide a simple and versatile approach to large‐scale production of spherical magnesium oxide via a facile seed‐induced mechanism. The spherical magnesium oxide may find widespread use as a packing material in the group separation of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons from target samples.
Tubular Titania Nanostructures via Layer‐by‐Layer Self‐Assembly
Authors: Yu A. , Lu G. Q. , Drennan J. , Gentle I. R.
Published: August 2007

Nanostructured titania‐polyelectrolyte composite and pure anatase and rutile titania tubes were successfully prepared by layer‐by‐layer (LbL) deposition of a water‐soluble titania precursor, titanium(IV) bis(ammonium lactato) dihydroxide (TALH) and the oppositely charged poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) to form multilayer films. The tube structure was produced by depositing inside the cylindrical pores of a polycarbonate (PC) membrane template, followed by calcination at various temperatures. The morphology, structure and crystal phase of the titania tubes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and UV‐vis absorbance measurements. The as‐prepared anatase titania tubes exhibit very promising photocatalytic properties, demonstrated by the degradation of the azodye methyl orange (MO) as a model molecule. They are also easily separated from the reaction system by simple filtration or centrifugation, allowing for straightforward recycling. The reported strategy provides a simple and versatile technique to fabricate titania based tubular nanostructures, which could easily be extended to prepare tubular structures of other materials and may find application in catalysis, chemical sensing, and nanodevices.
Neonatal seizures
Authors: Silverstein Faye S. , Jensen Frances E.
Published: August 2007

In childhood, the risk for seizures is greatest in the neonatal period. Currently used therapies have limited efficacy. Although the treatment of neonatal seizures has not significantly changed in the past several decades, there has been substantial progress in understanding developmental mechanisms that influence seizure generation and responsiveness to anticonvulsants. This review includes an overview of current approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of neonatal seizures, identifies some of the critical factors that have limited progress, and highlights recent insights about the pathophysiology of neonatal seizures that may provide the foundation for better treatment. Ann Neurol 2007
Prediction of hemorrhagic transformation after recanalization therapy using T2*‐permeability magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Bang Oh Young , Buck Brian H. , Saver Jeffrey L. , Alger Jeffry R. , Yoon Sa Rah , Starkman Sidney , Ovbiagele Bruce , Kim Doojin , Ali Latisha K. , Sanossian Nerses , Jahan Reza , Duckwiler Gary R. , Viñuela Fernando , Salamon Noriko , Villablanca J. Pablo , Liebeskind David S.
Published: August 2007

Objective

Predicting hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is critical in the setting of recanalization therapy for acute stroke. Dedicated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences for detection of increased blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability recently have been developed. We evaluated the ability of a novel MRI permeability technique to detect baseline derangements predictive of various forms of HT after recanalization therapy.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the clinical and pretreatment MRI data on patients undergoing recanalization therapy for acute cerebral ischemia at a university medical center from January 2004 to November 2006. Pretreatment MRI permeability images derived from perfusion source data were compared with posttreatment imaging to evaluate whether baseline BBB permeability derangements may predict HT after recanalization therapy. The use of a novel permeability technique to illustrate BBB derangements was based on the detection of decreased signal intensity at later time points in perfusion MRI acquisition, signifying continued local accumulation of contrast caused by leakage.

Results

Among 32 patients, some degree of HT occurred in 12. Permeability image abnormalities at baseline were present in 7 of 12 patients with HT and none of the 20 patients without HT on follow‐up images. The sensitivity of permeability abnormality for parenchymal hematoma was 83%. False‐negative findings were noted in five cases, most commonly asymptomatic or minor HT after mechanical clot retrieval.

Interpretation

Permeability images derived from pretreatment perfusion MRI source data may identify patients at risk for HT with high specificity. Our preliminary demonstration of permeability imaging based on standard perfusion data for prediction of hemorrhage merits further study with dedicated MRI BBB permeability acquisitions and multicenter validation. Ann Neurol 2007
Phenotypic characterization of hypomyelination and congenital cataract
Authors: Biancheri Roberta , Zara Federico , Bruno Claudio , Rossi Andrea , Bordo Laura , Gazzerro Elisabetta , Sotgia Federica , Pedemonte Marina , Scapolan Sara , Bado Massimo , Uziel Graziella , Bugiani Marianna , Lamba Laura Doria , Costa Valeria , Schenone Angelo , Rozemuller Annemieke J. M. , Tortori‐Donati Paolo , Lisanti Michael P. , van der Knaap Marjo S. , Minetti Carlo
Published: August 2007

Objective

To define the clinical and laboratory findings in a novel autosomal recessive white matter disorder called hypomyelination and congenital cataract, recently found to be caused by a deficiency of a membrane protein, hyccin, encoded by the DRCTNNB1A gene located on chromosome 7p21.3‐p15.3.

Methods

We performed neurological examination, neurophysiological, neuroimaging, and neuropathological studies on sural nerve biopsy in 10 hypomyelination and congenital cataract patients from 5 unrelated families.

Results

The clinical picture was characterized by bilateral congenital cataract, developmental delay, and slowly progressive neurological impairment with spasticity, cerebellar ataxia, and mild‐to‐moderate mental retardation. Neurophysiological studies showed a slightly to markedly slowed motor nerve conduction velocity in 9 of 10 patients, and multimodal evoked potentials indicated increased central conduction times. Neuroimaging studies demonstrated a diffuse supratentorial hypomyelination, with in some patients, additional areas of more prominent signal change in the frontal region. Sural nerve biopsy showed a slight‐to‐severe reduction in myelinated fiber density, with several axons surrounded by a thin myelin sheath or devoid of myelin.

Interpretation

Hypomyelination and congenital cataract is a novel autosomal recessive white matter disorder characterized by the unique association of congenital cataract and hypomyelination of the central and peripheral nervous system. Ann Neurol 2007
α‐olefin homopolymerization and ethylene/1‐hexene copolymerization catalysed by novel ansa‐group IV complexes/MAO system
Authors: Yang Xiaoxia , Zhang Yong , Huang Jiling
Published: August 2007

The catalytic properties of a set of ansa‐complexes (R‐Ph)2C(Cp)(Ind)MCl2 [R = tBu, M = Ti (3), Zr (4) or Hf (5); R = MeO, M = Zr (6), Hf (7)] in α‐olefin homopolymerization and ethylene/1‐hexene copolymerization were explored in the presence of MAO (methylaluminoxane). Complex 4 with steric bulk tBu group on phenyl exhibited remarkable catalytic activity for ethylene polymerization. It was 1.6‐fold more active than complex 11 [Ph2C(Cp)(Ind)ZrCl2] at 11 atm ethylene pressure and was 4.8‐fold more active at 1 atm pressure. The introduction of bulk substituent tBu into phenyl groups not only increased the catalytic activity greatly but also enhanced the content of 1‐hexene in ethylene/1‐hexene copolymerization. The highest 1‐hexene incorporation was 25.4%. In addition, 4 was also active for propylene and 1‐hexene homopolymerization, respectively, and low isotactic polypropylene (mmmm = 11.3%) and isotactic polyhexene (mmmm = 31.6%) were obtained. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrated life cycle assessment and environmental impact analysis: application to power plants
Authors: Feng Haiquan , Gabbar Hossam A. , Tanaka Satoshi , Sayed Hanaa E. , Suzuki Kazuhiko , Gruver William
Published: August 2007

With the recent environmental challenges, especially with those concerning energy generation, it is essential to provide an integrated life cycle assessment (LCA) approach that considers environmental impacts of power plants. This work proposes a practical framework to conduct LCA on power plants, which considers the environmental life cycle impact assessment method (LIME). Activity models are defined for the LCA process and integrated LCA‐LIME object model is defined and used to evaluate different environmental loads caused by power plants. Life cycle data from Japanese power plants are used to illustrate the proposed integrated framework. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fractionation of dairy wastewater into a protein‐rich and a lactose‐rich product
Authors: Chollangi A. , Hossain M. D. M.
Published: August 2007

Fractionation of dairy wastewater into lactose‐enriched and protein‐enriched streams using an ultrafiltration membrane technique was examined. Three different sizes (3, 5 and 10 kDa) of regenerated cellulose membranes were used to determine the most efficient membrane for the process. Performance was determined under various operating conditions that included membrane size, temperature and transmembrane pressure (TMP) on the lactose and protein separation. The experiments were initially conducted with a made‐up solution of (1) pure lactose, and (2) lactose solution with protein at different concentrations. After the behaviour of the membrane towards lactose and protein were assessed the experiments were performed with dairy wastewater supplied by a local dairy processing plant.

From the results it was found that the 3, 5 and 10 kDa membranes provided 70–80, 95–100 and 100% recovery of lactose, respectively, from the made‐up solution of pure lactose. The 10 kDa membrane results also showed a 100% recovery of lactose from the wastewater sample. At high temperatures, the lactose removal was higher by a minimum of 5% and a maximum of 18%. In general, increase in TMP increased the permeate flux which increased the percentage of lactose being removed. Other experiments conducted with wastewater showed that the permeate flux decreased initially for 25 min until a steady state was reached. The addition of protein to the made‐up lactose solution decreased the percentage of lactose being removed. The 5 kDa membrane shows 90‐95% rejection of protein, whereas the 10 kDa membrane yields low protein rejection at lower TMPs, but high rejection at higher TMPs.

For the membranes considered (i.e. cellulose‐based material and the cassette‐type module), the most effective membrane for lactose recovery from made‐up solution, as well as from dairy wastewater, is 10 kDa. Protein rejection from a made‐up solution of lactose and protein was low while using a 10 kDa membrane. Fouling was found to be very significant from the experiments with wastewater. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A numerical solution of the RLW equation by Galerkin method using quartic B‐splines
Authors: Saka Bülent , Dağ İdris
Published: August 2007

Galerkin finite element method based on quartic B‐splines is used to find a numerical solution of the regularized long wave equation. The method is tested on the problems of propagation of solitary waves, interaction of two and three solitary waves, undulation and wave generation. Comparisons are made with both analytical solutions and results of some published methods. Accuracy and efficiency of the scheme are discussed by computing numerical conserved laws and L2,  L∞ error norms. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sampling efficiency of a single‐cell capillary electrophoresis system
Authors: Brown Robert B. , Audet Julie
Published: August 2007

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) combined with a laser‐induced fluorescence (LIF) detection scheme is a powerful approach for single‐cell analysis. For measurements requiring a high temporal resolution, CE–LIF is often combined with cell lysis systems based on pulsed lasers. Although extremely rapid, laser lysis has raised some concerns about the efficiency at which the cell contents are sampled. We have assembled a single‐cell CE‐LIF mounted on the stage of a microscope. This system was coupled with a nanosecond pulsed laser for cell lysis. We have analyzed green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressed in single mammalian cells and developed a novel approach to estimate the cell sampling efficiency (SE) based on the use of fluorescent calibration microspheres and flow cytometry. A significant advantage of this method is that it does not require any knowledge or assumption regarding the cell volume. We have evaluated the SE for different laser pulse energies (from 2 to 9 μJ) and two different pulse focal positions in the xy plane (0–10 μm from the center of the cell). We found the maximum SE at the lowest energy (2 μJ), with the pulse focused directly on the cell. We have demonstrated the utility of a novel method to measure the SE of a single‐cell CE system. The measurements presented in this study indicate that rapid cell lysis with nanosecond lasers requires careful optimization of pulse parameters for maximum sampling of the cell contents. © 2007 International Society for Analytical Cytology
CB1 receptors: emerging evidence for central and peripheral mechanisms that regulate energy balance, metabolism, and cardiovascular health
Authors: Cota Daniela
Published: August 2007

Insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and obesity are the major cardiometabolic risk factors contributing to the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Owing to the increasing prevalence of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and CVD, new and effective pharmacologic therapies are urgently needed. In this regard, the endogenous cannabinoid system (ECS), a neuromodulatory system involved in the regulation of various aspects of energy balance and eating behaviour through central and peripheral mechanisms, may present the potential to meet this need. In the central nervous system (CNS), cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptors and their respective ligands, the endocannabinoids, have a significant role in the modulation of food intake and motivation to consume palatable food. CB1 receptors have also been found in organs involved in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis, such as liver, white adipose tissue, muscle and pancreas. Dysregulation of the ECS has been associated with the development of dyslipidaemia, glucose intolerance, and obesity, and CB1 receptor blockade may have a role in ameliorating these metabolic abnormalities. Thus, pharmacologic options targeting the ECS may provide a novel, effective approach to the prevention and management of CVD, type 2 diabetes and obesity. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic expression of FXYD6 in the inner ear suggests a role of the protein in endolymph homeostasis and neuronal activity
Authors: Delprat Benjamin , Puel Jean‐Luc , Geering Käthi
Published: August 2007

A key protein in the production and in the maintenance of the endocochlear potential is the Na,K‐ATPase. Previously, we have shown that FXYD6 is a modulator of the Na,K‐ATPase expressed in the inner ear (Delprat et al. [2007] J Biol Chem 282:7450–7456). To investigate the potential role of FXYD6 in inner ear function, we studied the developmental expression of FXYD6. Reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrates that FXYD6 is present as two splice variants. Both variants coimmunoprecipitate with Na,K‐ATPase after expression in Xenopus oocytes. Immunohistochemistry of the cochlea (from birth to postnatal day 30) shows that FXYD6 is expressed in several epithelial cells important for endolymph homeostasis. Marked similarities were found in the developmental expression patterns of FXYD6 and Na,K‐ATPase, suggesting functional cooperation between the two proteins in the generation and maintenance of the endocochlear potential and ion composition of the endolymph. Developmental Dynamics 236:2534–2540, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bone growth in zebrafish fins occurs via multiple pulses of cell proliferation
Authors: Jain Isha , Stroka Christine , Yan Jianying , Huang Wei‐Min , Iovine M. Kathryn
Published: August 2007

Fin length in the zebrafish is achieved by the distal addition of bony segments of the correct length. Genetic and molecular data provided evidence that segment growth uses a single pulse of growth, followed by a period of stasis. Examination of cell proliferation during segment growth was predicted to expose a graphical model consistent with a single burst of cell division (e.g., constant, parabolic, or exponential decay) during the lengthening of the distal‐most segment. Cell proliferation was detected either by labeling animals with bromodeoxyuridine (during S‐phase) or monitoring histone3‐phosphate (mitosis). Results from both methods revealed that the number of proliferating cells fluctuates in apparent pulses as a segment grows (i.e., during the growth phase). Thus, rather than segment size being the result of a single burst of proliferation, it appears that segment growth is the result of several pulses of cell division that occur approximately every 60 microns (average segment length ∼ 250 microns). These results indicate that segment lengthening requires multiple pulses of cell proliferation. Developmental Dynamics 236:2668–2674, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of XSnail2 expression by Rho GTPases
Authors: Broders‐Bondon Florence , Chesneau Albert , Romero‐Oliva Francisco , Mazabraud André , Mayor Roberto , Thiery Jean Paul
Published: August 2007

We analyzed the effects of Rho GTPases on XSnail2 expression during neural crest (NC) ontogeny in Xenopus laevis embryos. The ectopic expression of both dominant‐negative (N−) and constitutively active (V−) Rho GTPase mutants after RNA or DNA microinjection disrupted the endogenous expression of XSnail2, XFoxD3, and XSnail1. V14RhoA and N17Rac1 were inhibitory, whereas N19RhoA and V12Rac1 increased NC marker gene expression. In reporter assays using a XSnail2 promoter–green fluorescent protein (GFP) construct (α700BA‐GFP), the ectopic expression of V14RhoA, N17Rac1, or the Rac1 inhibitor NSC 23766 decreased reporter expression in NC‐neural plate, whereas N19RhoA or the RhoA inhibitor Y27632 and V12Rac1 enhanced it. Similarly, transgenic embryos expressing Rho GTPase mutants and GFP under control of the α700BA promoter displayed variations similar to those observed for ectopic RNA and DNA expression. These results show that Rho GTPases can regulate the expression of XSnail2 during NC ontogeny. Developmental Dynamics 236:2555–2566, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anorexia nervosa associated with right frontal brain lesion
Authors: Houy Emmanuelle , Debono Bertrand , Dechelotte Pierre , Thibaut Florence
Published: August 2007

Objective:

A causal association of brain lesion to the physiopathology of anorexia nervosa will be discussed.

Method:

The authors report the case of a female patient who developed anorexia nervosa. A cavernoma, located on the frontal side of the right sylvian, was discovered by chance after a seizure.

Results:

Surgical treatment of the lesion resulted in complete remission of the eating disorder at two years follow‐up.

Conclusion:

Evidence for organic brain contribution to anorexia nervosa is strong and can be illustrated by this case report of anorexia nervosa associated with cerebral tumour.
Linguistic analyses of natural written language: Unobtrusive assessment of cognitive style in eating disorders
Authors: Wolf Markus , Sedway Jan , Bulik Cynthia M. , Kordy Hans
Published: August 2007

Objective:

Linguistic style analysis is introduced as a method of nonreactive measurement of cognitive style in individuals with eating disorders (ED).

Method:

A journaling exercise was implemented on an ED inpatient unit. Thirty‐four written essays collected from an unselected sample of 11 patients were analysed with the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count, with regard to predefined text categories. At each session, self‐report of participant well‐being and session impact were assessed.

Results:

Compared to essays from a student control group, and message‐board entries of individuals who had recovered from an anorexia nervosa (AN), the inpatient journals displayed the highest rates of self‐related words, negative emotion words, and the lowest rate of positive emotion words. Inpatients used more anxiety words and fewer words that refer to social processes and eating concerns than individuals who had recovered from an AN. Associations were found between linguistic categories, prewriting well‐being, and postwriting evaluation.

Conclusion:

Linguistic style analysis offers insights into cognitive styles, and provides a promising approach for their unobtrusive measurement in ED. © 2007 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2007
Fluorinated Furan‐2(5H)‐ones: Reactivity and Stereoselectivity in Diels–Alder Reactions
Authors: Hajduch Jan , Paleta Oldřich , Kvíčala Jaroslav , Haufe Günter
Published: August 2007

3‐Fluorofuran‐2(5H)‐one (1) and three 3,4‐difluorofuran‐2(5H)‐ones 2–4, α,β‐unsaturated lactones possessing fluorinated double bonds, were applied as dienophiles in Diels–Alder reactions with normal electron demand using diphenylisobenzofuran or cyclopentadiene as dienes. In the same reactions, furan or 2,3‐dimethylbuta‐1,3‐diene were completely unreactive. Three structural factors of furan‐2(5H)‐ones appeared to have an effect on the reactivity, regioselectivity and diastereoselectivity of the [4+2] cycloadditions: the number of fluorine atoms attached to the double bond and the number and the bulkiness of alkyl substituents at the 5‐position of the furan‐2(5H)‐one system. The monofluorinated furan‐2(5H)‐one 1 was generally more reactive than the difluorinated furan‐2(5H)‐ones 2–4. While the reactions of the furan‐2(5H)‐ones 2–4 with isobenzofuran exclusively gave exo products, those of the monofluorinated lactone 1 led to mixtures of endo and exo diastereoisomeric [4+2] cycloadducts. All fluorinated furan‐2(5H)‐ones 1–4 formed mixtures of diastereoisomeric 1:1 and 1:2 adducts with cyclopentadiene. DFT calculations of the transition states of the above Diels–Alder reactions using the BMK functional, a third‐generation hybrid functional tailored for transition state calculations, together with the polarization consistent aug‐pc‐2 basis set, confirmed the preferential formation of the exo adducts from difluorinated furan‐2(5H)‐ones, while for nonfluorinated analogues a small but significant preference for the endo adducts was confirmed.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Space—time zero‐inflated count models of Harbor seals
Authors: Ver Hoef Jay M. , Jansen John K.
Published: August 2007

Environmental data are spatial, temporal, and often come with many zeros. In this paper, we included space‐time random effects in zero‐inflated Poisson (ZIP) and ‘hurdle’ models to investigate haulout patterns of harbor seals on glacial ice. The data consisted of counts, for 18 dates on a lattice grid of samples, of harbor seals hauled out on glacial ice in Disenchantment Bay, near Yakutat, Alaska. A hurdle model is similar to a ZIP model except it does not mix zeros from the binary and count processes. Both models can be used for zero‐inflated data, and we compared space‐time ZIP and hurdle models in a Bayesian hierarchical model. Space‐time ZIP and hurdle models were constructed by using spatial conditional autoregressive (CAR) models and temporal first‐order autoregressive (AR(1)) models as random effects in ZIP and hurdle regression models. We created maps of smoothed predictions for harbor seal counts based on ice density, other covariates, and spatio‐temporal random effects. For both models predictions around the edges appeared to be positively biased. The linex loss function is an asymmetric loss function that penalizes overprediction more than underprediction, and we used it to correct for prediction bias to get the best map for space‐time ZIP and hurdle models. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prediction error estimators in Empirical Bayes disease mapping
Authors: Ugarte M. D. , Militino A. F. , Goicoa T.
Published: August 2007

Mapping of small area mortality (or incidence) risks is a widely used technique in public health research. The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) is a common direct index of disease mortality, but it might be very inaccurate in areas or counties with low population. Hence, the use of models that borrow information from related (neighbouring) regions, smoothing the crude mortality risks, is recommended. In this work, we focus on comparing prediction error estimators used in Empirical Bayes (EB) disease mapping, which are correct up to first order, with alternative first and second‐order correct proposals from the small area estimation literature. Our main interest is to check if second‐order approximations of the prediction error improve confidence intervals for the relative risks. The well known Scottish lip cancer data is used for illustrative purposes. A simulation study is also conducted indicating that there is not much gain in efficiency when using second‐order corrections. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved likelihood inference for the roughness parameter of the GA0 distribution
Authors: da Silva Michel Ferreira , Cribari‐Neto Francisco , Frery Alejandro C.
Published: August 2007

This paper presents adjusted profile likelihoods for α, the roughness parameter of the${\cal G}_{A}^{0} (\alpha, \gamma, {\cal L})$distribution. This distribution has been widely used in the modeling, processing and analysis of data corrupted by speckle noise, e.g., synthetic aperture radar images. Specifically, we consider the following modified profile likelihoods: (i) the one proposed by Cox and Reid, and (ii) approximations to adjusted profile likelihood proposed by Barndorff—Nielsen, namely the approximations proposed by Severini and one based on results by Fraser, Reid and Wu. We focus on point estimation and on signalized likelihood ratio tests, the parameter of interest being the roughness parameter that indexes the distribution. As far as point estimation is concerned, the numerical evidence presented in the paper favors the Cox and Reid adjustment, and in what concerns signalized likelihood ratio tests, the results favor the approximation to Barndorff7mdash;Nielsen's adjustment based on the results by Fraser, Reid and Wu. An application to real synthetic aperture radar imagery is presented and discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Slosh dynamics of inviscid fluids in two‐dimensional tanks of various geometry using finite element method
Authors: Mitra S. , Upadhyay P. P. , Sinhamahapatra K. P.
Published: August 2007

This paper brings into focus some of the interesting effects arising from the motion of the liquid free surface due to sloshing in partially filled containers of several geometrical shapes in two dimensions. The slosh characteristics that include frequencies, free surface profiles and the hydrodynamic pressure over the container walls have been reported in this study. The equations of motion of the fluid, considered inviscid, are expressed in terms of the pressure variable alone. It is assumed that the frequency of the exciting oscillation is not in the immediate neighborhood of the natural slosh frequency, so that the slope of the free surface is small. Simple harmonic oscillation and earthquake excitations are used as the prescribed boundary conditions. A finite difference‐based iterative time‐stepping technique is employed to advance the solution in the time domain. The paper presents numerical solutions for rectangular, vertically mounted annular cylindrical,
trapezoidal and horizontal circular cylindrical containers. Numerical results obtained are compared with the available existing solutions to validate the code developed. The parametric study of the slosh dynamic systems shows the importance of the nature of excitation, fluid height and the geometry of the container. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The efficient and accurate solution of continuous thin film flow over surface patterning and past occlusions
Authors: Lee Y. C. , Thompson H. M. , Gaskell P. H.
Published: August 2007

The benefits of a spatially and time‐adaptive full approximation storage (FAS) multigrid method for the solution of the thin film lubrication equations, as used to model gravity‐driven flow over complex submerged topography and past small‐scale occlusions, are investigated. Results are presented which demonstrate how flow orientation has a significant effect on the magnitude of the resultant free‐surface disturbances and how reduction of the in‐plane dimensions of the associated topography increases the computational resources needed to achieve grid‐independent solutions. In addition, the ability to automatically restrict fine grid resolution only to those regions in and around small, localized topography is shown to lead to significantly increased computational efficiency over grid‐independent solutions obtained on globally fine meshes with the same degree of accuracy. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical analysis of turbulent flow separation in a rectangular duct with a sharp 180‐degree turn by algebraic Reynolds stress model
Authors: Sugiyama Hitoshi , Tanaka Tatsuya , Mukai Hideaki
Published: August 2007

Turbulent flow in a rectangular duct with a sharp 180‐degree turn is difficult to predict numerically because the flow behavior is influenced by several types of forces, including centrifugal force, pressure‐driven force, and shear stress generated by anisotropic turbulence. In particular, this type of flow is characterized by a large‐scale separated flow, and it is difficult to predict the reattachment point of a separated flow. Numerical analysis has been performed for a turbulent flow in a rectangular duct with a sharp 180‐degree turn using the algebraic Reynolds stress model. A boundary‐fitted coordinate system is introduced as a method for coordinate transformation to set the boundary conditions next to complicated shapes. The calculated results are compared with the experimental data, as measured by a laser‐Doppler anemometer, in order to examine the validity of the proposed numerical method and turbulent model. In addition, the possibility of improving the wall function method in the separated flow region is examined by replacing the log‐law velocity profile for a smooth wall with that for a rough wall. The analysis results indicated that the proposed algebraic Reynolds stress model can be used to reasonably predict the turbulent flow in a rectangular duct with a sharp 180‐degree turn. In particular, the calculated reattachment point of a separated flow, which is difficult to predict in a turbulent flow, agrees well with the experimental results. In addition, the calculation results suggest that the wall function method using the log‐law velocity profile for a rough wall over a separated flow region has some potential for improving the prediction accuracy. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Goal‐oriented mesh adaptation for finite volume methods using a dissipation‐based error indicator
Authors: Dwight R. P.
Published: August 2007

The accuracy of functionals of solutions of the Euler equations, solved using a finite volume code, is examined under grid refinement. It is shown that a commonly used adaptation indicator based on local solution gradients is ineffective in reducing functional error for flows with supersonic regions. A novel indicator is introduced which attempts to quantify that part of the error in the functional due to the explicitly added dissipation present in the numerical flux. The scheme is considerably simpler and computationally cheaper than other recently proposed a posteriori error estimators for finite volume schemes, but does not account for all sources of error. Note that emphasis is placed on numerical evaluation of the performance of the scheme, and it is shown to be extremely effective in both estimating and reducing error for a wide range of flows. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Common genetic variation in TP53 and its flanking genes, WDR79 and ATP1B2, and susceptibility to breast cancer
Authors: Garcia‐Closas Montserrat , Kristensen Vessela , Langerød Anita , Qi Ying , Yeager Meredith , Burdett Laurie , Welch Robert , Lissowska Jolanta , Peplonska Beata , Brinton Louise , Gerhard Daniela S. , Gram Inger Torhild , Perou Charles M. , Børresen‐Dale Anne‐Lise , Chanock Stephen
Published: August 2007

Germline mutations in the tumor suppressor gene TP53 are associated with high incidence of early‐onset malignancies, and somatic mutations occur in 20–40% of all breast cancer cases. We investigated the association of common genetic variation in TP53 and its flanking genes, WDR79 and ATP1B2, with risk for breast cancer. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified in a re‐sequence analysis were genotyped in 2 large case–control studies including 731 cases and 1,124 controls from Norway, and 1,995 cases and 2,296 controls from Poland. Analyses of the pooled data showed no SNPs in TP53 to be significantly associated with risk for breast cancer. However, we found a significant and consistent association with risk for a SNP in exon 1 (R68G) of the 5′ neighboring gene WDR79 (rs2287499, OR (95% CI) = 1.08 (0.95–1.23) for CG vs. CC and 1.60 (1.04–2.47) for GG vs. CC, p‐trend = 0.01). Stratification by ER and PR status, showed these increases in risk to be limited to ER negative tumors (OR (95% CI) per variant allele: 1.42 (1.18–1.71) p‐trend = 0.00009). In addition, 2 TP53 SNPs (rs17887200 3′of STP and rs12951053 in intron 7) showing weak and non‐significant overall increases in risk, were also associated with ER negative tumors (1.48 (1.11–1.93) p‐trend = 0.01 and 1.29 (1.06–1.58) p‐trend = 0.009, respectively). In conclusion, this comprehensive evaluation of common genetic variation in TP53 and its flanking genes found no significant overall associations between SNPs in TP53 and breast cancer risk. However, data suggested that common variation in TP53 or WDR79 could be associated with ER negative breast cancers. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multiparameter noninvasive assessment of treatment susceptibility, drug target inhibition and tumor response guides cancer treatment
Authors: Gee Michael S. , Upadhyay Rabi , Bergquist Henry , Weissleder Ralph , Josephson Lee , Mahmood Umar
Published: August 2007

New cancer therapies are increasingly molecular‐pathway specific. The evaluation of these novel therapies would be greatly facilitated by the development of noninvasive methods to assess multiple tumor cellular and molecular parameters. Using fluorescent probes specific for HER2/neu (AF750‐trastuzumab) and apoptosis (Cy5.5‐Annexin), we demonstrate a multichannel near infrared molecular imaging approach that yields accurate and early assessment of treatment susceptibility, drug target inhibition and tumor response during HER2‐targeted therapy of orthotopic human mammary carcinomas in mice with trastuzumab (Herceptin). This combined approach detects both partial treatment response (tumor growth inhibition without regression) as well as therapeutic resistance before alterations in tumor growth are apparent. Partially responsive tumors exhibit increased Annexin signal when trastuzumab is combined with a cytotoxic agent (paclitaxel), which predicts subsequent tumor regression and suggests that imaging can guide therapy optimization. This multiparametric imaging approach has great potential in the clinical setting for determining patient eligibility, adequate drug dosing and early biological response of molecularly‐targeted cancer therapies. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adopting National Quality Forum medication safe practices: Progress and barriers to hospital implementation
Authors: Rask Kimberly , Culler Steven , Scott Tracy , Kohler Susan , Hawley Jonathan , Friedman Esther , Naylor Dorothy “Vi”
Published: August 2007

BACKGROUND

To reduce medical errors, the National Quality Forum (NQF) developed consensus‐based guidelines of 30 safe practices recommended for all hospitals

OBJECTIVE

To determine the hospital characteristics and barriers that influence the rates of adoption of these practices.

DESIGN

Retrospective review of annual self‐assessment surveys from 2003 to 2004. Medication and culture of safety questions from the survey were mapped to the relevant NQF safe practices.

SETTING

One hundred and forty‐eight acute care hospitals

MEASUREMENTS

Bivariate analysis was used to examine variation in adoption rates by hospital demographic characteristics.

RESULTS

Most hospitals had adopted 7 of the 9 medication‐related practices. Lower adoption rates were seen for resource‐intensive safe practices such as consultant pharmacists (52.0%) or CPOE (2.7%). The safety culture questions showed broad diffusion of nonpunitive error reporting (83.7%) but more limited adoption of proactive processes to detect and prevent errors (44.9%). There were no differences by urban versus rural setting and few differences by hospital size. Safe practices that affected hospital‐based physicians such as ensuring that new prescribers had access to all currently prescribed medications and minimizing distractions during order writing were difficult for many hospitals. Lower adoption rates were also seen for processes requiring direct physician participation such as eliminating verbal orders and using standardized abbreviations.

CONCLUSIONS

Adoption of NQF‐recommended safe practices appeared related to resource constraints and hospital culture. Promoting physician involvement as clinical leaders and team builders, moving from reactive reporting systems to proactive processes that prevent errors, and developing more robust monitoring systems will facilitate further adoption of safe practices. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2007;2:212–218. © 2007 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Diabetes care in hospitalized noncritically ill patients: More evidence for clinical inertia and negative therapeutic momentum
Authors: Cook Curtiss B. , Castro Janna C. , Schmidt Ronald E. , Gauthier Susanne M. , Whitaker Michael D. , Roust Lori R. , Argueta Rodolfo , Hull Bryan P. , Zimmerman Richard S.
Published: August 2007

BACKGROUND

Little is known about management of hyperglycemia in inpatients.

OBJECTIVE

To gain insight into caring for hospitalized patients with hyperglycemia.

DESIGN

Retrospective analysis.

SETTING

Teaching hospital.

PATIENTS

Data on all patients discharged between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2004 with a diagnosis of diabetes or hyperglycemia were extracted and linked to laboratory and pharmacy databases. Only the data on patients who did not require intensive care and who were hospitalized for at least 3 days were analyzed.

MEASUREMENTS

Average bedside glucose during the first and last 24 hours of hospital stay and for the entire length of stay; assessment of changes in insulin regimen and dose.

RESULTS

The average age of patients included in the study (n = 2916) was 69 years. Fifty‐seven percent of the patients were men, 90% were white, and average length of stay was 5.7 days. More than 20% of the patients had evidence of sustained hyperglycemia. Forty‐two percent of the patients who showed poor control of glycemia (glucose > 200 mg/dL) during the first 24 hours were discharged in poor control. The frequency of hypoglycemia was low (only 2.2 of 100 measurements per person) compared with hyperglycemia (25.5 of 100 measurements per person). Most patients (72%) received insulin during hospitalization, but there was high use of short‐acting insulin and less than optimal intensification of therapy (clinical inertia); many patients had insulin therapy decreased despite persistent hyperglycemia (negative therapeutic momentum).

CONCLUSIONS

Glycemic control in the hospital was frequently poor, and there was suboptimal use of insulin, even among patients with sustained hyperglycemia. Educational programs directed at practitioners should focus on the importance of inpatient glucose control and provide guidelines on how and when to change therapy. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2007;2:203–211. © 2007 Society of Hospital Medicine.