bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Undang-Undang No. 41 Tahun 2004 Tentang Wakaf Tunai
Authors: Ferdian Fariz
Published: January 2021

Waqf is worship in Islam which has two dimensions, namely the dimension of u’budiyah and the dimension ‘ijtima’iyah. Dimension of u’budiyah is a means of worship closer to Allah, while the dimension of ‘ijtima’iyah is a form of social responsibility and social concern for others. In the case of waqf, between Syafi'i and Hanafi mazhab there are differences in views. The Shafi'i school requires endowments to be with objects that last long and do not run out of goods even though the benefits have been taken, while the Hanafi school allows for the implementation of cash waqf for the reason of human relations and customs. In this study, it was wanted to know how the thought of Dayah Theologian in Northern Aceh specifically regarding the implementation of cash waqf. To examine this problem, field research methods were used by interviewing several Dayah Theologians who had an influence on the people of North Aceh. Most of the Acehnese Dayah Theologians argued that it was illegitimate cash waqf in Aceh, because it was not in accordance with the opinion of the Shafi’i school. The waqf requirement according to Syafi'i must be eternal despite its benefits. Whereas cash waqf is used only by spending the amount of money and it is considered alms, not waqf according to the Syafi'i's school.
Historical geography of the Crimean Khanate based on the written sources of European origin from the 15th–17th centuries
Authors:   Fevzi Yakubov Crimean Industrial Pedagogical University, Kadyrov Rasim R. ,   Crimean Tatar Museum of Cultural and Historical Heritage
Published: January 2021

The aim of this paper is to examine the written narrative sources of European origin, containing information on natural conditions, territorial boundaries, cities and the administrative division of the Crimean Khanate. The research includes study of the travel notes and memoirs of travelers and diplomats, as well as the works of medieval chroniclers and historians. Despite of the often fragmentary and laconic nature of information contained, this category of sources can add information to our understanding of the historical geography of the Crimean Khanate.
A PANDEMIA DA COVID-19, A EXPOSIÇÃO DAS DESIGUALDADES E O DISCURSO DA NECROPOLÍTICA NEOLIBERAL
Authors: Lemos Carlos Eduardo Cesário , Assis Guido Cruz de
Published: January 2021

O presente artigo busca evidenciar, a partir do contexto da pandemia do COVID-19, as desigualdades nos acessos e das possibilidades de se reinventar dentro do mercado de trabalho. Além disso, buscamos problematizar os discursos que evocam o retorno às atividades socioeconômicas que, além de auxiliar na propagação do vírus, ocasionará a morte de milhares de pessoas, exemplificando a necropolítica neoliberal.
FRACTION CIPHER: A WAY TO ENHANCE STUDENT ABILITY IN ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION FRACTION
Authors: Setambah Mohd Afifi Bahurudin , Jaafar Anis Norma , Saad Mohammad Ikhwan Mat , Yaakob Mohd Faiz Mohd
Published: January 2021

Learning the concept of fractions can be one of the most difficult skills to master for primary school students. Fractions are also seen to affect other mathematical knowledge, such as algebra. Researchers have introduced an innovation called Fraction Cipher to help students learn fractions. Fraction Cipher is an innovation in the arena of education that involves learning the Malay language and Mathematics. Design research is used as the research method to solve this problem consisting of three phases: preliminary design, teaching experiment, and retrospective analysis.  The instruments used are fraction cipher, fraction test, and observation checklist. The results of the pair's comparative study by controlling the type I error using the Bonferroni method show that the mean values of the mathematical achievement of the experimental group and the control group are significantly different. The results show that Fraction Cipher impacts students to understand and master the concept of fractional addition and fraction subtraction operations. This research also explains the "Sake-Beda" strategy to make it easier for students to solve fractional operation problems. Besides, this study also shows the change in students' attitudes from negative to more positive. Thus, students understand and are more motivated to learn the concept of fractions.
Association between rewards and employee performance: An empirical research on Omani banks
Authors: Kolluru Mythili
Published: January 2021

The current paper aims to explore the association between rewards and employee performance in the Oman banking sector. This study evaluates data of 500 bank employees across 18 listed banks in the Sultanate of Oman. A theoretical framework is discussed to assess the effects of rewards on employee performance. According to this literature review, it is proven that rewards influence employee performance. Güngör’s (2011) study shows that organizations develop reward strategies to motivate and increase employee performance. Salah (2016) proves that rewards have a strong influence on employee performance, and he further states that incentives encourage employees to work with purpose and increase organizational performance. The outcomes are examined using factor analysis, structural equation modeling, and multivariate analysis of variance. The results of this study provide critical insights into how companies can adopt effective reward management to sustain and compete in the dynamic business landscape and modulate performance management in Omani banks. Overall, a statistically significant association between the rewards system and employee performance in Oman’s listed banks is established in this study. The study further underscores the need to design and evolve employee-centric policies to get optimum performance. It also offers guideposts for managers and policy planners working in the Middle East countries’ banking sector to develop holistic policies to succeed in stiff, cut-throat competition and ensure participatory management for best performance. Herein, extrinsic and intrinsic rewards are studied concerning their impact on the performance matrix. A proper insightful reward management system may lead to optimum performance, better outcomes, and a robust financial plan
Investigation of the Added Utility of Different SST products in Prediction of Floods with WRF-Hydro Modeling System over Eastern Black Sea and Mediterranean Regions
Authors: Kilicarslan Berina , yucel ismail , Pilatin Heves , Duzenli Eren , Yılmaz Mustafa
Published: January 2021

In this study, the impact of integrating four different sea surface
temperatures (SST) datasets on the accuracy of the Weather Research and
Forecasting (WRF)-Hydro system to simulate hydrological response during
two catastrophic flood events triggered by the changes in SST is
investigated. The selected events occurred over Eastern Black Sea (EBS)
and Mediterranean (MED) regions of Turkey, where complex geographical
characteristics exist and flash flood occurrences are associated with
climatic conditions. Three time-varying and high-resolution external SST
products (GHRSST, Medspiration, and NCEP-SST) and one coarse-resolution
SST product (ECMWF-SST and GFS-SST for EBS and MED regions,
respectively) already embedded in the initial and boundary condition
dataset of WRF model are used in deriving near-surface weather variables
through WRF. Using these meteorological inputs, the flood hydrographs of
topographically complex small catchments located over EBS and MED
regions are derived by a calibrated WRF-Hydro model coupled one way with
WRF 3-km nest domain. After the proper event-based calibration performed
to the WRF-Hydro using hourly and daily streamflow data of small
catchments in both regions, model simulations for independent SST events
are conducted to assess the impact of SST-triggered precipitation on
simulated extreme runoff. The calibrated model over both regions
revealed significant improvement in flood hydrographs. Some localized
and temporal differences in the occurrence of the flood events with
respect to observations depending on the SST representation are
noticeable. The high-resolution SST dataset cases (Medspiration and
GHRSST) show error reduction up to 20% and increase in correlation from
0.3 to 0.8 with respect to the coarse SST in simulated runoffs of the
EBS region. The error reduction reached 35% after the calibration. The
same high-resolution SST data revealed the exact match with the observed
runoff peak after 100 m3/s reductions obtained with calibration in the
MED region.
Bioreactor production of rVSV-vectored vaccines in Vero cell suspension cultures
Authors: Kiesslich Sascha , Kim Gyoung , Shen Chun Fang , Kang Chil-Yong , Kamen Amine
Published: January 2021

The Vero cell line is the most used continuous cell line in viral
vaccine manufacturing. This adherent cell culture platform requires the
use of surfaces to support cell growth, typically roller bottles or
microcarriers. We have recently compared the production of rVSV-ZEBOV on
Vero cells between microcarrier and fixed-bed bioreactors. However,
suspension cultures are considered superior with regards to process
scalability. Therefore, we further explore the Vero suspension system
for rVSV-vectored vaccine production. Previously, this suspension cell
line was only able to be cultivated in a proprietary medium. Here, we
expand the adaptation and bioreactor cultivation to a serum-free
commercial medium. Following small scale optimization and screening
studies, we demonstrate bioreactor productions of highly relevant
vaccines and vaccine candidates against Ebola virus disease, HIV and
COVID-19 in the Vero suspension system. rVSV-ZEBOV, rVSV-HIV and
rVSVInd-msp-SF-Gtc can replicate to high titers in the bioreactor,
reaching 3.87 × 107 TCID50/mL, 2.12 × 107 TCID50/mL and 3.59 × 109
TCID50/mL, respectively. Further, we compare cell specific
productivities, and the quality of the produced viruses by determining
the ratio of total viral particles to infectious viral particles
Plant and soil biodiversity have non-substitutable stabilizing effects on biomass production
Authors: Yang Gaowen , Ryo Masahiro , Roy Julien , Hempel Stefan , Rillig Matthias
Published: January 2021

The stability of plant biomass production in the face of environmental
change is fundamental for maintaining terrestrial ecosystem functioning,
as plant biomass is the ultimate source of energy for nearly all life
forms. However, most studies have focused on the stabilizing effect of
plant diversity, neglecting the effect of soil biodiversity, the largest
reservoirs of biodiversity on Earth. Here we investigated the effects of
plant and soil biodiversity on the temporal stability of biomass
production under varying simulated precipitation in grassland
microcosms. Soil biodiversity loss reduced temporal stability by
suppressing asynchronous responses of plant functional groups. Greater
plant diversity, especially in terms of functional diversity, promoted
temporal stability, but this effect was independent of soil biodiversity
loss. Moreover, multitrophic biodiversity, plant and soil biodiversity
combined, was positively associated with temporal stability. Our study
highlights the importance of maintaining the biodiversity of multiple
trophic levels for sustainable biomass production.
Effects of grafting on fruit yield and leaf nutrient contents of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) inbred lines
Authors: Ulas Firdes , Yetisir Halit , Ulas Abdullah
Published: January 2021

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the rootstock effects on the
fruit and seed yield and leaf nutrient contents of pepper, four pepper
inbred lines (ER? 1227 and ER? 462: Long fruited green pepper type; 21 H-1-2
and 33 H-3-1: Bell shaped pepper type) were grafted onto two pepper
rootstock genotypes (46 KB F1 and Scarface F1). The non-grafted scion
genotypes were used as control plants. Between grafted and non-grafted
plants significant (p<0.001) differences were found in fruit yield, dry
matter, diameter, length and fruit number, seed yield, thousand seed weight
and leaf P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn and Zn contents. Among the graft combinations,
significantly higher fruit yield, dry matter, length of long fruited green
pepper genotypes, leaf K content was observed when ?ER? 1227? grafted onto
?Scarface? rootstock; significantly higher Ca and Mn contents were recorded
when ?ER? 462? grafted onto ?Scarface? rootstocks. Whereas, significantly
highest fruit number and diameter of long fruited green pepper genotypes was
recorded at the non-grafted plants of ?ER? 1227?. Overall, the pepper
rootstock genotype ?Scarface? showed a better performance for fruit yield,
dry matter, length of long fruited green pepper genotypes, fruit diameter of
bell shaped pepper genotypes, K, Ca, Mg and Mn contents in leaf tissue,
thousand seed weight in different graft combinations as compared to
non-grafted pepper plants. All these suggest that the powerful rootstocks,
which might be characterized by an efficient nutrient uptake, play a major
role in improvement of plant growth performance, fruit, and seed yield.
Qtl mapping of some morphological traits of rice in a RILS population derived from Hashemi and modified Nemat varieties hybrid
Authors: Emami Mona Pishnamazzadeh , Mohebalipour Nasser , Ebadi Ali , Nourafcan Hassan , Ajali Jalil
Published: January 2021

In this study, QTLs controlling traits related to crop and grain yield were
mapped using 140 recombinant inbred lines (F9 and F10) along with 4 control
genotypes in anaugment experiment based on a randomized complete block
design in 2consecutive years. Population linkage map was consisted of 170
SSR3 / 2132 centimorgan (cM) markers of rice genome, and mean distance
between adjacent markers was equal to 12.47 centimorgan (cM). Composite
Interval Mapping analysis was done for studying number of days to flowering
in the first year, a QTL was identified on chromosome 3 and in the second
year, three QTLs were identified on chromosomes 2, 3, and 7, which were
common on chromosome 3 in both years. Regarding plant height in the first
and second years, a QTL was mapped on chromosome 1, which was similar in
both years. In terms of number of tillers in the first year, four QTLs were
identified on chromosomes 4 and 12 and in the second year two QTLs were
identified on chromosomes 11 and 12, and regarding panicle length in the
first year, one QTL was identified on chromosome 6 and in the second year
two QTLs were identified on chromosomes 2 and 4, and in terms of flag leaf
length in the first year, two QTLs were identified on chromosomes 6 and 7
and in the second year two QTLs were identified on chromosome 7.With respect
to flag leaf width in the first year, two QTLs were identified on
chromosomes 1and 3, and in the second year, one QTL was identified on
chromosome 11, and in relation to Panicle exertion in the first year, three
QTLs were identified on chromosomes 1, 2, and 8, and in the second year, two
QTLs were identified on chromosomes 1 and 2.In regard to yield in the first
year, one QTL was identified on chromosome 2 and in the second year, two
QTLs were identified on chromosome 2. Also, clusters of genes were
identified by Interval Mapping in the population with respect to different
traits on chromosomes 1 (two cases) and 12 (one case).
Association study of MTHFR-c677t with male infertility and reporting new potential SNPS/ sequence variants as a sourse of population genetic markers
Authors: Pourborhanzadeh Amir , Sheidai Masoud , Noormohammadi Zahra , Kalhor Naser , Horestani Mehdi
Published: January 2021

It is estimated that about 15% of couples concern with the inability to
conceive after 1 year of unprotected intercourse. Genetic and environmental
factors play important roles in male infertility. MTHFR (Methylene
Tetrahydro Folate Reductase) is encoded by a gene which maps to human
chromosome 1p36.22. The c.677C>T mutation causes an amino - acid change of
Alanine to Valine (Ala222Val) in exon 4 which is related to oligospermia and
azoospermia. Our purpose was to investigate the association of rs1801133 in
MTHFR gene with azoospermia and also genetic diversity of some Iranian
folks. Peripheral blood samples of 100 men suffered from azoospermia and 55
controls collected from Infertility Clinic of Jihad-university of Qom. DNA
was extracted by salting-out method and SNP-Genotyping was performed by
PCR-RFLP technique and sequencing. Furthermore, statistical and population
genetics analysis were done. The rs1801133 showed no significant relation
with azoospermia according to statistical analysis. Furthermore, population
genetics analysis showed that there is no genetic differentiation between
Turk and Fars ethnics and case and control individuals. MTHFR studied SNP
has no significant relation with azoospermia infertility, although further
studies on more samples are demanded.
Evaluation of genetic diversity of durum wheat (Triticum durum desf.) genotypes using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and caat box-derived polymorphism (CBDP) markers
Authors: Aslan-Parviz Mahmood , Omidi Mansoor , Rashidi Varahram , Etminan Alireza , Ahmadzadeh Alireza
Published: January 2021

Evaluation of genetic diversity is the key principal for plant breeding,
providing an opportunity to discover novel characters and alleles for
breeders. In the present study, 69 durum wheat genotypes were investigated
for genetic diversity using several CAAT box-derived polymorphism (CBDP) and
inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Twelve CBDP and sixteen ISSR
primers amplified a total of 115 and 160 polymorphic fragments with a mean
of 9.58 and 10 fragments per primer, respectively. CBDP primers showed the
higher mean values for informativeness parameters such as polymorphic
information content (PIC), resolving power (Rp) and marker index (MI) in
comparison with ISSR primers. The results of analysis of molecular variance
(AMOVA) indicated that the highest proportion of genetic variance referred
within populations. Furthermore, CBDP primers indicated high values for all
genetic parameters. Besides, the highest values of genetic parameters
including number of observed (Na) and effective alleles (Ne), Shannon?s
information index (I) and Nei?s gene diversity (He) were estimated for
Iranian durum wheat landraces. Cluster analysis based on each molecular
technique classified all durum wheat genotypes into three main groups, so
that the results of principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) supported the
grouping patterns. As a result, the grouping pattern observed by ISSR
primers was clearer than CBDP primers and grouped all samples based on their
origins. However, Mantel?s coefficient correlation test illustrated the
higher positive correlation (0.54) between both marker techniques. Hence,
the use of these markers in combination with each other to evaluate the
genetic diversity is recommended.
Genetic variability and population structure of Saudi Arabia bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by microsatellite markers
Authors: Almohisen Ibrahem
Published: January 2021

Almohisen A. Ibrahem (2020). Genetic variability and population structure of
Saudi Arabia bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by microsatellite markers-
Genetika, Vol 52, No.3, 943-956. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an
important cereal crop. Analysis of genetic diversity and population
structure in local landraces would improve the wheat breeding program by
more efficient use of genetic materials and management of genetic variation.
To address this challenge, a set of thirteen Saudi Arabia wheat landraces
was used to assess population structure and genetic diversity. Thirteen
landraces were genotyped using eighteen microsatellite markers which
revealed a clear polymorphism among these genotypes. In total, 136 alleles
from a set of eighteen simple sequence repeats (SSRs) loci on a panel of
thirteen wheat landraces were detected. All SSRs loci showed a wide range of
allele numbers extended from 3 to 11 alleles with an average of 7.5. Genetic
diversity, polymorphism information content and minor allele frequency
ranged from 0.26 to 0.50, 0.23 to 0.37 and 0.15 to 0.46 with an average
0.43, 0.33 and 0.34, respectively. The results of principal coordinate
analysis (PCoA) agreed with the structure analysis. Structure grouped the
thirteen landraces into three clear subpopulations. The fixation index
(Fst), a measure of population substructure, was 0.217, 0.432 and 0.541 for
G2, G1, and G3, respectively. Furthermore, analysis of molecular variance
recognized 35% variance among and 65% within populations. The present study
showed a high genetic diversity between landraces which can be exploited to
produce new bread wheat cultivars.
The possibility of benomyl and diazinon pesticide’s carcinogenicity and the potential of hotair and H19 as a serum biomarker in breast cancer
Authors: Karami Sara , Rafiee Aras
Published: January 2021

Evidence had grown ever stronger that pesticides can cause epigenetic
modifications such as changing the expression of noncoding RNAs which have
positive associations with incidence of cancer. Upregulation of two oncogenic
long non coding RNAs, HOX antisense intergenic RNA and H19, enhances breast
cancer. This study was conducted to investigate and compare the effect of
7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (proven to cause breast cancer) with two
commonly used pesticides named benomyl and diazinon (suspected of developing
breast cancer) on the expression level of HOX antisense intergenic RNA and
H19. Mice were intragastrically exposed to 7,12-dimethylbenzathracene,
diazinon and benomyl for 60 days. The expression level of H19 and HOX
antisense intergenic RNA were measured by Real-Time PCR. The findings
revealed that the expression of long non coding RNAs in pesticides and
7,12-dimethylbenzathracene treated mice were significantly higher than
untreated control. This study, for the first time, has demonstrated that
diazinon and benomyl pesticides could cause upregulation of both oncogenic
H19 and HOX antisense intergenic RNA. Since 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene
induced breast tumors, similar results of all three experimental groups could
be a testimony to the carcinogenicity of these pesticides and provides
support for the importance of these noncoding RNAs as a target for
therapeutic intervention in breast cancer.
Cutaneous Manifestations of Systemic Diseases
Authors: Lebwohl Mark
Published: January 2021

This chapter reviews key cutaneous manifestations of systemic diseases that should be recognized by most physicians and highlights recent developments in the diagnosis and management of those disorders. In many of the disorders presented, workup and therapy of the underlying systemic condition are essential to a favorable outcome. Cardiopulmonary, vascular, endocrinologic, gastrointestinal, hematologic, immunodeficiency, infectious, neurologic, renal, and rheumatologic diseases are discussed. Many of the syndromes characterized by physical symptoms are accompanied by photographs demonstrating the manifestations for the reader's reference.
This review contains 28 figures and 104 references.
Eczematous Disorders, Atopic Dermatitis, and Ichthyoses
Authors: Stevens Seth R
Published: January 2021

This review describes eczematous dermatitis, or eczema, a skin disease that is characterized by erythematous vesicular, weeping, and crusting patches; atopic dermatitis, a common chronic inflammatory dermatosis that generally begins in infancy; and the ichthyoses, a group of diseases of cornification that are characterized by excessive scaling. The purpose of this review is to examine the major variants, epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment of these dermatologic diseases. Figures depict chronic eczematous dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis to poison ivy, seborrheic dermatitis, nummular eczema, acute eczematous patches, lichenified patches that appear after chronic rubbing of eczematous patches, erythroderma (total body erythema), and marked scaling (acquired ichthyosis). Tables list the diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis and the differential diagnosis of atopic dermatitis.
This review contains 9 highly rendered figures, 2 tables, and 88 references.
Primary and Preventive Care of Women
Authors: Henrich Janet B.
Published: January 2021

Women’s health can be defined as diseases or conditions that are unique to women or that involve gender differences that are particularly important to women. This definition acknowledges the increasing scientific evidence supporting a focus on sex and gender and expands the concept of women’s health beyond the traditional focus on reproductive organs and their function. Over time, the definition has come to include an appreciation of wellness and prevention, the interdisciplinary and holistic nature of women’s health, the diversity of women and their health needs over the life span, and the central role of women as patients and as active participants in their health care. This broader interdisciplinary perspective has important implications for clinicians providing care to women. In addition to understanding basic female physiology and reproductive biology, clinicians need to appreciate the complex interaction between the environment and the biology and psychosocial development of women. When dealing with conditions that are not specific to women, clinicians need to be aware of those aspects of disease that are different in women or have important gender implications. The ability to apply this information requires that clinicians adopt attitudes and behavior that are culturally and gender sensitive. Figures visualize female life expectancy, age-adjusted death rates, female breast cancer incidence and death rates, trends in female cigarette smoking, and the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force guidelines for preventive primary care in women. 
This review contains 5 figures, 6 tables and 56 references.
Fungal, Bacterial, and Viral Infections of the Skin
Authors: Hirschmann Jan V.
Published: January 2021

The skin can become infected by viruses, fungi, and bacteria, including some that ordinarily are harmless colonizing organisms. The most common fungal infections are caused by dermatophytes, which can involve the hair, nails, and skin. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparations of specimens from affected areas typically demonstrate hyphae, and either topical or systemic antifungal therapy usually cures or controls the process. The most common bacterial pathogens are Staphylococcus aureus and group A streptococci, which, alone or together, can cause a wide variety of disorders, including impetigo, ecthyma, and cellulitis. Topical antibiotics may suffice for impetigo, but ecthyma and cellulitis require systemic treatment. S. aureus, including methicillin-resistant strains, can also cause furuncles, carbuncles, and cutaneous abscesses. For these infections, incision and drainage without antibiotics are usually curative. Warts are the most common cutaneous viral infection, and eradication can be difficult, especially where the skin is thick, such as the palms and soles, or the patient is immunocompromised. Most therapies consist of trying to destroy the viruses by mechanical, chemical, or immune mechanisms. This review covers dermatophyte infections, yeast infections, bacterial infections, and viral infections of the skin. Figures show the classic annular lesion of tinea corporis, a typical kerion presenting as a zoophilic Microsporum canis infection of the scalp (tinea capitis), tinea corporis, tinea barbae, tinea pedis between and under the toes and on the plantar surface, inflammatory tinea pedis, tinea unguium, tinea manuum, angular cheilitis, prominent satellite lesions of discrete vesicles associated with candidiasis, facial candidiasis, Candida paronychia, tinea versicolor, nonbullous impetigo, bullous impetigo, ecthyma, leg cellulitis, erythema and edema on the cheeks, eyelids, and nose, furuncle, carbuncle, nasal folliculitis, pitted keratolysis, trichomycosis axillaris, necrotizing fasciitis, Fournier gangrene, folliculitis, plantar wart, condyloma acuminatum, and benign lesions of bowenoid papulosis. Tables list dermatophyte species, terminology of dermatophyte infections, topical agents for dermatophyte infections, treatment options for impetigo (adult doses), and treatment options for erythrasma.
 
This review contains 29 figures, 12 tables, and 36 references
Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant strains, furuncles, carbuncles, cutaneous abscesses, dermatophytes, zoophilic Microsporum canis, andidiasis, facial candidiasis, Candida paronychia, tinea versicolor, nonbullous impetigo, bullous impetigo, ecthyma, leg cellulitis, erythema
Chronic Kidney Failure and Dialysis
Authors: Durvasula Raghu V , Himmelfarb Jonathan
Published: January 2021

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a clinical syndrome arising from progressive kidney injury, formerly known as chronic renal failure, chronic renal disease, and chronic renal insufficiency. It is classified into five stages based primarily on glomerular filtration rate (GFR). This article discusses the epidemiology of CKD and end-stage renal disease (ESRD), as well as etiology and genetics, pathophysiology, and pathogenesis. The section on diagnosis looks at clinical manifestations and physical findings, laboratory (and other) tests, imaging studies, and biopsy. A short section on differential diagnosis is followed by a discussion of treatment, including hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Long-term complications of patients on dialysis include cardiovascular disease, renal osteodystrophy, dialysis-related amyloidosis, and acquired cystic disease (renal cell carcinoma). The final section addresses prognosis and socioeconomic burden. Figures include the classification system for CKD, prevalence of CKD in the United States, rising prevalence, risk of, and leading causes of ESRD in the United States, plus the changing prevalence of ESRD over time, clinical manifestations of uremia, and an overview of hemodialysis circuit. Tables look at the burden of CKD relative to other chronic disorders, the specific hereditary causes of kidney disease, and situations when serum creatinine does not accurately predict GFR. Other tables list equations for estimating GFR, the causes of CKD without shrunken kidneys, and clinical features distinguishing chronic kidney disease from acute kidney injury. ESRD and indications for initiation of dialysis are presented, as well as typical composition of dialysate and reasons for failure of peritoneal dialysis.

This chapter contains 8 figures, 17 tables and 77 references
Keywords: Renal disease, chronic kidney disease, hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, end-stage renal disease, glomerular filtration rate, mineral bone disease
Pancreatic, Gastric, and other Gastrointestinal Cancers
Authors: Sohal Davendra , Sun Weijing , Haller Daniel
Published: January 2021

According to 2009 estimates from the American Cancer Society, cancers originating in the gastrointestinal tract rank second in both incidence and cancer-related deaths. One in four deaths in the United States is caused by cancer, with 25% of cancer-related deaths caused by gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies; more than 50% of these deaths are caused by cancer of the pancreas, stomach, esophagus, liver, or biliary tract. Recent advances in molecular biology, medical genetics, and imaging and endoscopic techniques, as well as the development of antitumor agents, have significantly altered the approaches to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of GI cancers. The chapter covers esophageal, gastric, pancreatic, hepatocellular, biliary tract, and anal cancers, as well as GI stromal tumors and gastric lymphoma. Coverage of all cancers includes diagnosis and treatment; various sections include information on epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, screening and prevention, molecular mutations, pathogenesis, and/or metastatic disease. Figures depict a barium esophagogram showing squamous cell carcinoma; imaging of esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, and pancreatic cancer; a pedigree of a family with inactivation of germline mutation of E-cadherin; hereditary gastric cancer; gastric cancer survival rates after gastrectomy; axial T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showing cancer of the pancreatic head; and T1- and T2-weighted MRIs of intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma. Tables provide information on new cases and mortality from GI cancer in 2009; guidelines for diagnosis and surveillance of Barrett esophagus; the declining incidence of gastric cancer in Japan, Slovenia, and the United States; TNM staging of gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma; the incidence of familial pancreatic carcinoma; molecular mutations involved in pancreatic cancer; staging of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia; and the Chinese University Prognostic Index.
This review contains 9 figures, 39 tables, and 173 references.
Keywords: biliary cancer, carcinoma, endoscopic, esophageal, gastric, hepatic, lesions, lymphoma, malignant, mutations
Urinalysis
Authors: Valecha Gautam Kishore , Syed Rafeel , Rehman Amina , El-Sayegh Suzanne
Published: January 2021

Urinalysis comprises physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine. Although widely available, this test is often underused and misinterpreted. Urinalysis can provide helpful clues in the assessment of a variety of clinical conditions, but one must be aware of their limitations. On proper collection, the sample must be analyzed ideally within 2 hours. Dipstick urinalysis is convenient and commonly performed but provides qualitative or semiquantitative assessment only, and its results can be affected by urine discoloration and the presence of various other substances. Finally, urine microscopy is an important component of urinalysis used to identify various structures such as crystals, cells, microorganisms, and casts, which in turn helps in the assessment of the underlying disease. In this review, we discuss the clinical implications of various findings on urinalysis. Additionally, we also highlight the importance of proper sample collection and examination techniques to optimize the diagnostic yield of this invaluable test.
This review contains 1 highly rendered figure, 5 tables, and 53 references.
Sarcoidosis
Authors: Baughman Robert P , Scholand Mary Beth
Published: January 2021

Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease characterized by the presence of noncaseating granulomas, which accumulate in affected organs. The incidence, organ involvement, and disease severity depend on environmental exposures and host factors. The cause of sarcoidosis remains unknown. Any organ can be affected; however, involvement of the lung, heart, and nervous system contributes most to morbidity and mortality. This review discusses the epidemiology, etiology, genetics, pathogenesis, diagnosis (including clinical manifestations), differential diagnosis, management, complications, and prognosis of sarcoidosis. Figures depict the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis, radiographic stages of sarcoidosis, contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of a patient with neurosarcoidosis, noncaseating granuloma from a tissue biopsy of a patient with sarcoidosis, various manifestations of sarcoidosis, approach to the use of anti-inflammatory therapy for sarcoidosis, and an algorithm for symptomatic disease. 
This review contains 7 highly rendered figures, 3 tables, and 126 references
Keywords: cardiac sarcoidosis, hilar lymphadenopathy, Löfgren syndrome, neurosarcoidosis, noncaseating granuloma, sarcoidosis, uveitis
Chronic Liver Diseases
Authors: Ciesek Sandra , Manns Michael P
Published: January 2021

The term chronic hepatitis encompasses many distinct clinical and pathologic diseases affecting the liver, the most important of which are autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), chronic hepatitis B with or without hepatitis D, and chronic hepatitis C caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV). The standard treatment of AIH is immunosuppressive therapy either with prednisolone alone or in combination with azathioprine. Although mycophenolate mofetil or cyclosporine can be used for retherapy in the case of treatment failure, controlled clinical trials are missing for these immunosuppressive drugs; thus, they are not part of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) practice guidelines for AIH.
Chronic hepatitis B is a major global health care problem as 5% of the world’s population, or approximately 350 million persons, is chronically infected. Anti–hepatitis B virus (HBV) drugs can be divided into three classes: alfa interferons, nucleoside analogue (lamivudine, entecavir, telbivudine), and nucleotide analogue (adefovir dipivoxil, tenofovir dipivoxil). Interferon alfa has a number of potential side effects, and careful consideration must be given to its use. Tenofovir, which falls under the nucleotide analogue class, was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2008 and has been shown in clinical trials to have more potent activity in serum-suppressing HBV DNA levels than the comparable adefovir.
More prevalent than chronic hepatitis B is chronic hepatitis C due to the high chronicity rate of HCV infection (approximately 160 million people are chronically infected with HCV worldwide). Until 2011, the only treatment for chronic HCV was a combination therapy of pegylated interferon alfa and ribavirin (RBV); however, new treatments for chronic hepatitis C include the directly acting antivirals (DAAs) sofosbuvir and simeprevir, although host-targeting agents are also being developed. The side effects of pegylated interferon/RBV therapy and DAAs should be considered, of which only sofosbuvir has shown no specific side effects so far in clinical studies.
This module contains 5 highly rendered figures, 6 tables, 61 references, and 5 MCQs.
Clinical Aspects of Non-Alzheimer Disease Dementias
Authors: Knopman David
Published: January 2021

There are a relatively small number of disorders that account for the majority of dementia in the elderly that is not Alzheimer disease (AD): cerebrovascular disease, Lewy body disease (α-synucleinopathies), and the frontotemporal lobar degenerations. Cerebrovascular disease and Lewy body disease account for most non-AD dementia among persons in the eighth decade of life and beyond. These two frequently co-occur with AD but can occur in their pure forms rarely (in the case of dementia associated with cerebrovascular disease) or more commonly (in the case of Lewy body disease). There is no one cognitive or behavioral syndrome associated with cerebrovascular disease; however, attempts to isolate a common theme suggest that cognitive slowing is typical of cerebrovascular contributions to cognitive impairment. Cerebrovascular pathology relevant to cognitive impairment accumulates subclinically more commonly than it causes acute, strokelike declines in cognition. Dementia with Lewy bodies is a multidimensional disorder that includes a nonamnestic dementia, Parkinson disease or at least some parkinsonian features, a disorder of sleep and wakefulness, autonomic disturbances, and depression. The disorders of sleep prominently include rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, excessive daytime sleepiness, visual hallucinations, and marked fluctuations in level of alertness. The frontotemporal lobar degenerations are nearly as common as causes of dementia in persons under age 65 as is AD. The group of disorders includes two cognitive syndromes (primary progressive aphasia and behavior variant frontotemporal dementia) and two neuropathologic subtypes (tauopathy and TDP43 proteinopathy) and is associated with three major autosomal dominant genetic mutations (in MAPT, GRN, and C9ORF72).
Key words: dementia with Lewy bodies, frontotemporal lobar degenerations, vascular cognitive impairment
Idiopathic Lung Diseases Other than Pulmonary Fibrosis
Authors: Ho Lawrence A , Collins Bridget F , Raghu Ganesh
Published: January 2021

Idiopathic lung diseases are diffuse parenchymal lung diseases that are grouped under the term interstitial lung disease (ILD). The term interstitial (or interstitium) is, however, misleading as the term interstitium refers to the microscopic anatomic space between the basement membranes of the endothelial and epithelial cells. The pathologic processes involved in these diseases, however, are not limited to the interstitium and can affect other elements of the gas exchange units as well as bronchiolar lumen, terminal bronchioles, pulmonary parenchyma, and pleural and vascular spaces. Since there are potentially hundreds of agents and clinical situations that are associated with ILD, a simplified grouping scheme includes seven main entities: ILD associated with (1) occupational and environmental factors (inhalation cause), (2) collagen vascular diseases, (3) granulomatous lung disease of known and unknown causes (eg, hypersensitivity pneumonitis [HP], sarcoidosis), (4) inherited diseases, (5) iatrogenic/drug induced, (6) certain specific entities (eg, pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis [PLCH], lymphangioleimyomatosis, and (7) idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP). As idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a subgroup of IIP, this review focuses on the clinical features and management of the major IIPs, and IPF is discussed more in the review, “Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis,” found elsewhere in this publication. This review also focuses on HP as it is a key disease in the differential diagnosis of the IIPs. Figures depict chest radiographs, high resolution computed topography (HRCT) scans, and histopathologic features of various ILDs. Tables list the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS) classification of IIPs, and common antigens associated with HP and their potential sources.
This review contains 22 highly rendered figures, 2 tables, and 156 references.
Viral Hepatitis A
Authors: Nelson Kenrad E , Kmush Brittany L
Published: January 2021

Epidemics of infectious jaundice have been reported throughout recorded history. However, the proof that many of these outbreaks and individual cases of acute hepatitis were caused by a viral infection, the hepatitis A virus (HAV), did not appear until the 1960s. After the transmission of infection to marmosets and humans, the epidemiologic and virologic characteristics that differed between hepatitis A and hepatitis B virus infections were defined more clearly. After the development and licensure of hepatitis A vaccines in the 1990s, it became possible to implement an effective prevention program involving routine immunization of young children in the United States and several other Western countries. However, despite the dramatic efficacy of the childhood immunization program in reducing the incidence of acute hepatitis from HAV in the population, older children and adults remained susceptible. Significant morbidity continues to occur in the United States among international travelers, injection drug users, persons with underlying liver disease, and other high-risk populations. Since HAV is a global pathogen, the prevention of increasing morbidity from hepatitis A attributable to the incidence of clinically more severe disease increases in countries transitioning from high to intermediate or low endemic status is a major public health challenge. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology, virology, clinical characteristics, and prevention of hepatitis A infections.
This review contains 8 figures, 3 tables and 89 references
Key words: epidemiology, global impact, hepatitis A vaccine, hepatitis A virus, prevention, reservoirs, risk factors, treatment
Plasma Cell Disorders
Authors: Gertz Morie A.
Published: January 2021

Multiple myeloma represents 1.4% of all new patients with cancer and will result in an estimated 11,090 deaths in 2014. It is twice as common in black men as in white men and 2.5 times more common in black women than in white women. Myeloma is the 14th most common cause of cancer in the United States, with a median age at diagnosis of 69 years. Multiple myeloma is defined by the presence of a clonal growth of plasma cells, usually in the bone marrow, but patients may also present with extramedullary disease. Anemia and bone disease are common in patients with multiple myeloma. Multiple myeloma cells display multiple genetic abnormalities, with no one specific genetic lesion common to a majority of patients. This module describes the immunologic profile of multiple myeloma and its diagnosis, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, smoldering multiple myeloma, plasmacytoma, plasma cell leukemia, the clinical presentation of multiple myeloma bone disease, anemia, renal impairment, hypercalcemia, and neurologic symptoms associated with multiple myeloma. Therapy for transplantation-eligible and non–transplantation-eligible patients, maintenance treatment for multiple myeloma, Waldenström macroglobulinemia, and amyloidosis are also discussed. Tables outline the risk of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance evolution, the myeloma staging system, recommended diagnostic testing and uniform response criteria for myeloma, and commonly used regimens in the treatment of myeloma. Figures include a magnetic resonance image showing multiple plasmacytomas, tibial lytic lesion from myeloma, calvarial lytic lesions, a positron emission tomographic scan in a myeloma patient, and hyperviscosity causing retinal hemorrhages.
This review contains 5 highly rendered figures, 5 tables, and 149 references.
Opioid Therapy for Chronic Noncancer Pain: Safe, Effective, Appropriate?
Authors: Pergolizzi Jr Joseph V. , Raffa Robert B. , Taylor Robert , LeQuang Jo Ann
Published: January 2021

In determining the appropriate role of opioids, two public health crises must be balanced: the opioid abuse epidemic and the “silent” crisis of unrelieved chronic pain. Opioids can be used safely and effectively in selected patients; however, clinicians must be aware of their abuse liability and individual risk factors for opioid misuse. A number of opioids are approved for use in the United States, and although there are class effects, there can be great variability among patients with regard to opioid response. In addition to the medication, prescribers must also determine the most appropriate dose and route of administration. Considerations must be made for special population, such as the renally impaired, those with hepatic dysfunction, and pediatric and elderly patients. Another factor is abuse-deterrent properties. Of particular interest as an opioid agent is buprenorphine, which is available in various routes of administration and because of its unique pharmacokinetics may be administered to renally compromised and elderly patients without dosing restrictions. Buprenorphine is also associated with a lower abuse liability than other opioids. Patients suffering moderate to severe pain syndromes should not be denied access to effective pain control, which in some cases may appropriately include opioid therapy.
Key words: Buprenorphine, Chronic Pain, Opioid, Opioid Abuse, Opioid Prescribing, Risk Factors for Opioid Abuse