bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bindemittelfreie ZSM‐5‐Formkörper auf Basis von porösen Gläsern durch In‐situ‐Kristallisation: Herstellung, Eigenschaften und katalytische Testung
Authors: Rauscher M. , Schwab A. , Schwieger W. , Rauscher M.
Published: May 2010

Der Zeolith‐Typ ZSM‐5 wird als funktionale Komponente für Katalysatoren in der Technik breit verwendet. ZSM‐5‐haltige Katalysatoren zeichnen sich durch die definierten Porengrößen im Bereich von ca. 0,6 nm, das spezielle Hohlraumsystem mit sich kreuzenden Kanälen und ihre auf Grund des variablen Si/Al‐Verhältnises in weiten Bereichen variabel einstellbare Zahl der aktiven Zentren aus. Bei der Formgebung müssen Größe, Form und Geometrie der Katalysatorkörper sowohl auf die Reaktion als auch auf den Reaktor abgestimmt sein. Die In‐situ‐Kristallisation auf einem Träger ist ein relativ junges Formgebungsverfahren. Die in der technischen Katalyse wichtigen Eigenschaften von bindemittelfreien ZSM‐5‐Zeolith‐Formkörpern, welche durch In‐situ‐Kristallisation erzeugt wurden, werden anhand des Modellzeolith ZSM‐5 (MFI‐Typ) beschrieben. Insbesondere die mechanische Stabilität sowie die katalytischen Eigenschaften dieser Zeolith‐Formkörper werden im Vergleich mit Literaturdaten und einem bindemittelfrei verpressten technischen Zeolithpulver diskutiert.
Inferences in generalized linear longitudinal mixed models
Authors: Sutradhar Brajendra C.
Published: May 2010

Without realizing the fact that the time‐dependent covariates corresponding to the repeated discrete responses under a generalized linear longitudinal model (GLLM) cause non‐stationary (time dependent) correlations for the repeated responses, many existing studies use a stationary (either “working” or true) correlation structure to develop certain estimating equations for the regression effects involved in the model. By constructing suitable non‐stationary correlation structures both for longitudinal count and binary data, this article first demonstrates that the stationary correlations based estimation approaches may yield inefficient regression estimates. For efficient estimation, the article then suggests a true non‐stationary correlation structure based generalized quasi‐likelihood (GQL) estimation approach, where non‐stationary correlation structure is identified by exploiting the estimated lag correlations of the responses. A generalization of the GLLM to the familial‐longitudinal set up both for count and binary data is also discussed, where the data exhibit familial as well as non‐stationary longitudinal correlations, the familial correlations among the responses of the family members are being generated through a random common family effect. The GQL estimating equations are provided for the estimation of the regression and the variance component parameters of this generalized linear longitudinal mixed model (GLLMM), whereas the longitudinal correlations are estimated by solving suitable moment estimating equations. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 38: 174–196; 2010 © 2010 Statistical Society of Canada
On quasi‐likelihood estimation for branching processes with immigration
Authors: Sutradhar Brajendra , Oyet Alwell J. , Gadag Veeresh G.
Published: May 2010

In the theory of estimation for branching processes it is well known that, in the super‐critical case, the so‐called conditional least‐squares and the conditional weighted least‐squares methods may not yield unbiased and hence consistent estimates for the mean parameters of the offspring and immigration distributions. In this paper, the authors propose a new conditional quasi‐likelihood method in the context of negative binomial offspring and immigration distributions that provides mean estimates with smaller mean squared errors in the super‐critical case as compared to the previous approaches. Further, they simplify the conditional quasi‐likelihood estimating equations both for the mean and the variance parameters under a special model with binary offspring distribution appropriate for a controlled population. It is also demonstrated empirically that a reasonable estimate for the variance or overdispersion parameter requires that the data be collected over a long period of time. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 38: 290–313; 2010 © 2010 Statistical Society of Canada
Mass spectrometrical analysis of the mitochondrial carrier Aralar1 from mouse hippocampus
Authors: Heo Seok , Kang Sung Ung , Oehler Rudolf , Pollak Arnold , Lubec Gert
Published: May 2010

Aralar1 is a mitochondrial aspartate/glutamate carrier and a key component of the malate–aspartate NADH shuttle system. An analytical approach to obtain high sequence coverage is important to predict conformation, identify splice variants and binding partners or generate specific antibodies. Moreover, a method allowing determination of Aralar1 from brain samples is a prerequisite for evaluating a biological role. Sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation was applied to enrich native membrane protein fractions and these were run on blue‐native PAGE, followed by multidimensional gel electrophoresis. Spots from the third‐dimensional gel electrophoresis were in‐gel digested with trypsin, chymotrypsin and subtilisin. Subsequently, peptides were analyzed by nano‐ESI‐LC‐MS/MS using collision‐induced dissociation and electron transfer dissociation modes. Modiro™ v1.1 along with Mascot v2.2 software was used for data handling. Aralar1 could be clearly separated, unambiguously identified and characterized from protein extracts of mouse hippocampus by the use of the multidimensional gel electrophoretic steps. The combined sequence coverage of Aralar1 from trypsin, chymotrypsin and subtilisin digestions was 99.85%. The results provide the basis for future studies of Aralar1 at the protein chemical rather than at the immunochemical level in the brain and thus challenge and enable determination of Aralar1 levels required for understanding biological functions in health and disease.
Comparison of contrast‐enhanced MR angiography to intraarterial digital subtraction angiography for evaluation of peripheral arterial occlusive disease: Results of a phase III multicenter trial
Authors: Bui Bao T. , Miller Stephan , Mildenberger Peter , Sam Albert , Sheng Rubin
Published: May 2010

Purpose

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of 0.1 mmol/kg gadodiamide administration for contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE‐MRA) in detecting hemodynamically relevant main stenosis (ie, ≥50% or occlusion) of aortoiliac arteries.

Materials and Methods

In a multicenter, phase 3, controlled study, patients with suspected or proven peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) underwent CE‐MRA with administration of gadodiamide. Intraarterial digital subtraction angiography (IA‐DSA) was used as the reference. The study was approved by all Institutional Review Boards or Institutional Ethic Committees prior to commencement of patient recruitment and written informed consent was obtained from all patients.

Results

Independent readers rated 25%–45% of CE‐MRA images as excellent compared with 0.3%–6% of noncontrast MRA images. Mean imaging acquisition time for CE‐MRA was <1 minute (0.7 ± 1.9 minutes) versus 10 minutes (10.8 ± 3.0) for noncontrast MRA. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of CE‐MRA were superior compared with those of noncontrast MRA in detecting significant arterial stenoses. Compared with IA‐DSA, the sensitivity of CE‐MRA ranged from 80%–88% and the specificity from 73% to 92% for the three blinded readers, at the patient level.

Conclusion

Diagnostic results with CE‐MRA were superior and more consistent compared with noncontrast MRA for detecting hemodynamically relevant main stenoses in patients with suspected or proven PAOD and compared favorably with IA‐DSA as a reference standard. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010;31:1402–1410. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantification of the magnetic resonance signal response to dynamic (C)O2‐enhanced imaging in the brain at 3 T: R*2 BOLD vs. balanced SSFP
Authors: Remmele Stefanie , Dahnke Hannes , Flacke Sebastian , Soehle Martin , Wenningmann Ingobert , Kovacs Attila , Träber Frank , Müller Andreas , Willinek Winfried A. , König Roy , Clusmann Hans , Gieseke Jürgen , Schild Hans H. , Mürtz Petra
Published: May 2010

Purpose:

To compare two magnetic resonance (MR) contrast mechanisms, R*2 BOLD and balanced SSFP, for the dynamic monitoring of the cerebral response to (C)O2 respiratory challenges.

Materials and Methods:

Carbogen and CO2‐enriched air were delivered to 9 healthy volunteers and 1 glioblastoma patient. The cerebral response was recorded by two‐dimensional (2D) dynamic multi‐gradient‐echo and passband‐balanced steady‐state free precession (bSSFP) sequences, and local changes of R*2 and signal intensity were investigated. Detection sensitivity was analyzed by statistical tests. An exponential signal model was fitted to the global response function delivered by each sequence, enabling quantitative comparison of the amplitude and temporal behavior.

Results:

The bSSFP signal changes during carbogen and CO2/air inhalation were lower compared with R*2 BOLD (ca. 5% as opposed to 8–13%). The blood‐oxygen‐level‐dependent (BOLD) response amplitude enabled differentiation between carbogen and CO2/air by a factor of 1.4–1.6, in contrast to bSSFP, where differentiation was not possible. Furthermore, motion robustness and detection sensitivity were higher for R*2 BOLD.

Conclusion:

Both contrast mechanisms are well suited to dynamic (C)O2‐enhanced MR imaging, although the R*2 BOLD mechanism was demonstrated to be superior in several respects for the chosen application. This study suggests that the R*2 BOLD and bSSFP‐response characteristics are related to different physiologic mechanisms. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010;31:1300–1310. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Robust, unbiased general linear model estimation of phMRI signal amplitude in the presence of variation in the temporal response profile
Authors: Pendse Gautam V. , Schwarz Adam J. , Baumgartner Richard , Coimbra Alexandre , Upadhyay Jaymin , Borsook David , Becerra Lino
Published: May 2010

Purpose:

To determine a simple yet robust method to generate parsimonious design matrices that accurately estimate the “pharmacological MRI” (phMRI) response amplitude in the presence of both confounding signals and variability in temporal profile. Variability in the temporal response profile of phMRI time series data is often observed. If not properly accounted for, this variation can result in inaccurate and unevenly biased signal amplitude estimates when modeled within a general linear model (GLM) framework.

Materials and Methods:

The approach uses a low‐rank singular value decomposition (SVD) approximation to a set of vectors capturing anticipated variations of no interest around the signal model to generate additional regressors for the design matrix. The method is demonstrated for both plateau and bolus type phMRI response profiles in the presence of variation in signal onset and/or shape, and applied to an in vivo blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) phMRI study of buprenorphine in healthy human subjects.

Results:

In general, 2–3 additional regressors, capturing >75% of the anticipated variance, resulted in robust and unbiased signal amplitude estimates in the presence of substantial variability.

Conclusion:

This method provides a simple and flexible means to provide robust phMRI amplitude estimates within a GLM framework. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010;31:1445–1457. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantification of superparamagnetic iron oxide‐mediated signal intensity change in patients with liver cirrhosis using T2 and T2* mapping: A preliminary report
Authors: Chung Yong Eun , Park Mi‐Suk , Kim Myoung Soo , Kim Eunju , Park Jaeseok , Song Ho‐Taek , Choi Jin Young , Kim Myeong‐Jin , Kim Ki Whang
Published: May 2010

Purpose:

To quantify the accumulation of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) in patients with and without liver cirrhosis using T2 and T2* mapping.

Materials and Methods:

We enrolled 10 patients without liver cirrhosis and 30 patients with liver cirrhosis (Child‐Pugh class A, n = 18; and B/C, n = 12). T2 and T2* mapping were performed before and after SPIO administration. The reductions in T2 (ΔT2) and T2* (ΔT2*) after SPIO administration were compared between the control and liver cirrhosis groups and the control, Child‐Pugh A, and Child Pugh B/C groups.

Results:

There were significant differences in ΔT2 (22.2 ± 4.4 and 15.1 ± 7.0) and ΔT2* values (24.3 ± 3.3 and 16.8 ± 8.1) (P = 0.005 and P < 0.001) between the control and the liver cirrhosis groups. There was a significant difference in the ΔT2* between the Child‐Pugh A and Child‐Pugh B/C groups (P < 0.001) and in the ΔT2 and ΔT2* between the control and Child‐Pugh B/C groups (P = 0.018 and P < 0.001).

Conclusion:

ΔT2 and ΔT2* are significantly larger in patients without liver cirrhosis than those with liver cirrhosis. ΔT2* is also significantly larger in Child‐Pugh class A patients than those in Child‐Pugh B/C. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010;31:1379–1386. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Eccentric target sign in cerebral toxoplasmosis: Neuropathological correlate to the imaging feature
Authors: Kumar G.G. Sharath , Mahadevan A. , Guruprasad A.S. , Kovoor Jerry M.E. , Satishchandra P. , Nath Avindra , Ranga Udaykumar , Shankar S.K.
Published: May 2010

Cerebral toxoplasmosis remains one of the most common focal brain lesions in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Diagnosis is a challenge because on cranial imaging it closely mimics central nervous system lymphoma, primary and metastatic central nervous system (CNS) tumors, or other intracranial infections like tuberculoma or abscesses. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) feature on postcontrast T1‐weighted sequences considered pathognomonic of toxoplasmosis is the “eccentric target sign.” The pathological correlate of this imaging sign has been speculative. Herein we correlate the underlying histopathology to the MR feature of eccentric target sign in a patient with autopsy‐proven HIV/AIDS‐related cerebral toxoplasmosis. The central enhancing core of the target seen on MRI was produced by a leash of inflamed vessels extending down the length of the sulcus that was surrounded by concentric zones of necrosis and a wall composed of histiocytes and proliferating blood vessels, with impaired permeability producing the peripheral enhancing rim. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010;31:1469–1472. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
T2 determination of the J‐coupled methyl protons of lipids: In vivo ilustration with tibial bone marrow at 3 T
Authors: Yahya Atiyah , Fallone B. Gino
Published: May 2010

Purpose:

To demonstrate how J‐coupling modulations of the CH3 lipid resonance can be minimized enabling a representative T2 to be measured.

Materials and Methods:

Experiments were conducted on canola oil and in vivo on tibial bone marrow of four volunteers at 3 T. The T2 of the CH2 protons was measured with a standard point resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) sequence, whereas the T2 of the CH3 protons was determined with a PRESS sequence composed of narrow bandwidth refocusing pulses designed to exploit the chemical shift displacement effect and rewind the J‐coupling evolution of the CH3 protons in the desired voxel. Spectra were acquired at five echo times.

Results:

The narrow bandwidth PRESS sequence rewound the J‐evolution of the CH3 protons resulting in a T2 curve that was well described by a monoexponential function. The mean T2 of the bone marrow CH3 protons was calculated to be 132.6 msec. The mean T2 of the bone marrow CH2 protons was estimated with a regular PRESS sequence to be 88.0 msec. The mean CH2:CH3 tibial bone marrow composition was estimated to be 12.0:1.

Conclusion:

The presented technique permits the T2 of the methyl protons of lipids to be determined with more accuracy by minimizing contributions from J‐coupling. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010;31:1514–1521. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of uncommon rotavirus a strains P[8]G8 and P[4]G8 in the city of Rio de Janeiro, 2002
Authors: Gómez M.M. , Volotão E.M. , de Mendonça M.C. Lima , Tort L.F.L. , da Silva M.F.M. , Leite J.P.G.
Published: May 2010

Group A rotaviruses (RV‐A) are the major cause of gastroenteritis in infants and young children around the world. Each year RV‐A causes approximately 11 million episodes of severe diarrhea, with an estimated of 611,000 deaths. Epidemiologic surveys have identified P[8]G1, P[4]G2, P[8]G3, P[8]G4, and P[8]G9 as the most common global genotypes associated with diarrhea in children up to 5‐year old. Surveillance studies and documentation of RV‐A G and P genotypes is necessary for a comprehensive evaluation of the evolution of new strains, and assessing the capability of vaccines to provide heterotypic protection. It is known that reassortments are the driving force for genetic diversity through sudden changes in RV‐A genome. In this study, we identified two unusual P/G combinations, P[8]G8 and P[4]G8, occurring in Rio de Janeiro during 2002. Results obtained in this study suggest that P[8]G8 RV‐A strain originated from a reassortment event that occurred between RV‐A P[4]G8 and P[8]G9 strains circulating in Rio de Janeiro in the same year. G8 strains identified in this study, as well as G8 strains detected in Recife by Montenegro et al. [Montenegro et al. (2007) J Med Virol 79: 335–340], showed a close genetic relationship with strains from Africa, where this genotype have become prevalent. J. Med. Virol. 82: 1272–1275, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Case report: Cure of chronic infection with hepatitis C virus after 6 weeks of peg‐interferon and ribavirin in a patient co‐infected with HIV
Authors: Rachline Anne , Palmer Pierre , Simon François , Molina Jean‐Michel
Published: May 2010

The recommended treatment duration of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is 48 weeks. This report describes a patient co‐infected with HCV genotype 2 and HIV who discontinued HCV therapy after 6 weeks because of adverse events and had a sustained virologic response. J. Med. Virol. 82:1150–1151, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evolving patterns of HIV‐1 transmitted drug resistance in Poland in the years 2000–2008
Authors: Stańczak Grzegorz P. , Stańczak Janusz J. , Marczyńska Magdalena , Firląg‐Burkacka Ewa , Wiercińska‐Drapało Alicja , Leszczyszyn‐Pynka Magdalena , Jabłonowska Elzbieta , Małolepsza Ewa , Dyda Tomasz , Ząbek Piotr , Horban Andrzej
Published: May 2010

The aim of the study was to determine the rate of transmission of drug resistant human immunodeficiency virus‐1 (HIV‐1) variants among therapy‐naïve HIV positive patients in Poland in the year 2008, to compare the data with the results from the years 2000 to 2007 and to monitor patterns of HIV‐1 subtypes present in Polish population and their evolution. Complete protease and part of reverse transcriptase regions were sequenced from the sera of patients directed to the laboratory for drug resistance testing. The Stanford's HIVdb program was used for the interpretation of results and subtyping. The variants scoring at least “intermediate resistance” for at least one drug were considered as resistant. The results obtained were compared to those obtained in the years 2000–2007. A total of 95 patients were enrolled in the 2008 study. Homosexual transmission of infection was documented in more than 55% of all cases. The overall prevalence of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) was 5.3% (3.9% in 2007, 5.8% in 2006, and 14.1% in the years 2002–2005). The study from the years 2000 to 2001 revealed 28.7% prevalence. Preliminary analysis of the first half of 2009 shows the ratio of 7.8%. In four (4.2%) cases drug resistance was associated with protease inhibitors class, in one case (1.1%) with resistance to non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors class. In four cases (4.2%) non‐B subtype was identified (C, G, CRF01_AE, CRF02_AG). An increase of percentage of drug resistant mutants—from 3.9% (2007) to 5.3% (2008)—was recognized. In this study, TDR was limited to single classes of antiretroviral drugs. HIV‐1 subtype B prevails in Poland. J. Med. Virol. 82:1291–1294, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Seroprevalence of human herpesvirus 8 infection in individuals from health care centers in Mozambique: Potential for endemic and epidemic Kaposi's sarcoma
Authors: Caterino‐de‐Araujo Adele , Manuel Rolanda Carmen Rafael , Del Bianco Rosana , Santos‐Fortuna Elizabeth , Magri Mariana Cavalheiro , Silva Joyce Matie Kinoshita , Bastos Rui
Published: May 2010

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV‐8) infection is common in sub‐Saharan Africa, but its prevalence in Mozambique is unknown. The seroprevalence of HHV‐8 in a cohort of individuals seen at public health centers in Northern (n = 208), Central (n = 226), or Southern (n = 318) Mozambique was examined. All individuals were interviewed to obtain socioeconomic, demographic and clinical data and were tested for serum anti‐HHV‐8 antibodies using an immunofluorescence assay. The overall frequency of HHV‐8 antibodies was 21.4% and, in spite of the diversity of epidemiological characteristics of the tested individuals, did not differ significantly among regions: 18.7%, 24.3% and 21.4% in the North, Center, and South, respectively (χ2, 2.37;P = 0.305). The variables that were associated significantly with the presence of HHV‐8 antibodies were gender, age, level of education, number of siblings and HIV serostatus, but these differed across the regions. In the North, although tested individuals lived under poor socioeconomic conditions, no association between HHV‐8 infection and household variables was detected, with the exception of the number of siblings (P = 0.042). In the Central region, HHV‐8 infection was associated with gender (P = 0.010), the number of household members (P = 0.031), and the place of attendance (P = 0.021). In the South, HHV‐8 infection was associated with the number of siblings (P = 0.023) and HIV status (P = 0.002). The overall prevalence of HHV‐8 seropositivity increased with age. These results demonstrate that Mozambique is another country in Africa with endemic HHV‐8 infection, and, because of the AIDS epidemic, continued access to antiretroviral treatment is necessary to avert an outbreak of AIDS‐Kaposi's sarcoma. J. Med. Virol. 82:1216–1223, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antiviral drug susceptibilities of seasonal human influenza viruses in Lebanon, 2008–09 season
Authors: Zaraket Hassan , Saito Reiko , Wakim Rima , Tabet Carelle , Medlej Fouad , Reda Mariam , Baranovich Tatiana , Suzuki Yasushi , Dapat Clyde , Caperig‐Dapat Isolde , Dbaibo Ghassan S. , Suzuki Hiroshi
Published: May 2010

The emergence of antiviral drug‐resistant strains of the influenza virus in addition to the rapid spread of the recent pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 virus highlight the importance of surveillance of influenza in identifying new variants as they appear. In this study, genetic characteristics and antiviral susceptibility patterns of influenza samples collected in Lebanon during the 2008–09 season were investigated. Forty influenza virus samples were isolated from 89 nasopharyngeal swabs obtained from patients with influenza‐like illness. Of these samples, 33 (82.5%) were A(H3N2), 3 (7.5%) were A(H1N1), and 4 (10%) were B. All the H3N2 viruses were resistant to amantadine but were sensitive to oseltamivir and zanamivir; while all the H1N1 viruses were resistant to oseltamivir (possessed H275Y mutation, N1 numbering, in their NA) but were sensitive to amantadine and zanamivir. In the case of influenza B, both Victoria and Yamagata lineages were identified (three and one isolates each, respectively) and they showed decreased susceptibility to oseltamivir and zanamivir when compared to influenza A viruses. Influenza circulation patterns in Lebanon were very similar to those in Europe during the same season. Continued surveillance is important to fully elucidate influenza patterns in Lebanon and the Middle East in general, especially in light of the current influenza pandemic. J. Med. Virol. 82: 1224–1228, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Safety and efficacy of pegylated interferon and ribavirin in adolescents with human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus acquired perinatally
Authors: Rosso Raffaella , Di Biagio Antonio , Mikulska Malgorzata , Nicco Elena , Bernardini Claudia , Viscoli Claudio
Published: May 2010

Limited evidence is available currently regarding the efficacy and safety of pegylated interferon (PEG‐IFN) and ribavirin in patients co‐infected perinatally with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). No information is available on whether or not these patients should be treated earlier for infection with HCV. This report describes four patients with HIV and HCV co‐infection acquired perinatally, who were treated with PEG‐IFN and ribavirin for chronic viral hepatitis caused by HCV. J. Med. Virol. 82: 1110–1114, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence of hepatitis B virus MHR mutations and their correlation with genotypes and antiviral therapy in chronically infected patients in Serbia
Authors: Lazarevic Ivana , Cupic Maja , Delic Dragan , Svirtlih Neda Stojkovic , Simonovic Jasmina , Jovanovic Tanja
Published: May 2010

Understanding the prevalence and diversity of HBsAg variants in a population is fundamental to assay design and planning vaccination programs. It has been shown that mutations within the S gene, caused by selection or natural variation, can lead to false‐negative results in assays for HBsAg, or have clinical implications, such as evading anti‐HBV immunoglobulin therapy or vaccine‐induced immunity. The region of HBsAg where most of these mutations occur is known as the major hydrophilic region (MHR). The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and mutational patterns of MHR mutations in patients with chronic hepatitis B, and their correlation with patient characteristics, viral factors and antiviral therapy. The study comprised 164 plasma samples from patients with chronic hepatitis B, of which, 34.8% were on long‐term lamivudine monotherapy. Direct sequencing of part of the S/pol gene was used for identification of HBsAg mutations, HBV genotypes, subgenotypes and HBsAg subtypes. The overall frequency of MHR mutations was 22.6%, but it varied significantly between untreated and treated patients (16.8% vs. 33.3%). The most frequent substitution was at position 120 (9.1%) whereas the most common vaccine‐escape position, 145, was affected in 1.8% of isolates. The presence of MHR mutations was correlated with genotype D, subgenotype D3, and ayw2/ayw3 HBsAg subtypes and to older age (>40 years). It is concluded that natural viral variability present in a geographical region, duration of infection, and antiviral therapy are among the major factors associated with the occurrence of MHR mutations. J. Med. Virol. 82: 1160–1167, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Surgical responsibilities in the management of peritoneal carcinomatosis
Authors: Sugarbaker Paul H.
Published: May 2010

In the past, cancer surgery for gastrointestinal malignancy focused on clearance (an R‐0 resection) and containment (no surgically induced spillage of cancer cells). A new responsibility that cancer surgeons must accept is the knowledgeable prevention or treatment of cancer that disseminates to peritoneal surfaces. Carcinomatosis can be prevented and can be successfully treated using cytoreductive surgery and perioperative chemotherapy. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010; 101:713‐724. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sentinel node biopsy in melanoma: Technical considerations of the procedure as performed at the john wayne cancer institute
Authors: Bagaria Sanjay P. , Faries Mark B. , Morton Donald L.
Published: May 2010

Since its first description in 1990, sentinel node (SN) biopsy has become the standard for accurate staging of a melanoma‐draining regional lymphatic basin. This minimally invasive, multidisciplinary technique can detect occult metastases by selective sampling and focused pathologic analysis of the first nodes on the afferent lymphatic pathway from a primary cutaneous melanoma. An understanding of preoperative lymphoscintigraphy, intraoperative lymphatic mapping, and the definition of SN are critical for surgical expertise with SN biopsy. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010; 101:669‐676. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
13C MRS of occipital and frontal lobes at 3 T using a volume coil for stochastic proton decoupling
Authors: Li Shizhe , Zhang Yan , Wang Shumin , Araneta Maria Ferraris , Johnson Christopher S. , Xiang Yun , Innis Robert B. , Shen Jun
Published: May 2010

Previously, we devised a novel strategy for in vivo 13C MRS using [2‐13C]glucose infusion and low‐power proton decoupling, and proposed that this strategy could be used to acquire 13C MR spectra from the frontal lobe of the human brain. Here, we demonstrate, for the first time, in vivo 13C MRS of human frontal lobe acquired at 3 T. Because the primary metabolites of [2‐13C]glucose can be decoupled using very‐low‐radiofrequency power, we used a volume coil for proton decoupling in this study. The homogeneous B1 field of the volume coil was found to significantly enhance the decoupling efficiency of the stochastic decoupling sequence. Detailed specific absorption rates inside the human head were analyzed using the finite difference time domain method to ensure experimental safety. In vivo 13C spectra from the occipital and frontal lobes of the human brain were obtained. At a decoupling power of 30 W (time‐averaged power, 2.45 W), the spectra from the occipital lobe showed well‐resolved spectral resolution and excellent signal‐to‐noise ratio. Although frontal lobe 13C spectra were affected by local B0 field inhomogeneity, we demonstrated that the spectral quality could be improved using post‐acquisition data processing. In particular, we showed that the frontal lobe glutamine C5 at 178.5 ppm and aspartate C4 at 178.3 ppm could be spectrally resolved with effective proton decoupling and B0 field correction. Because of its large spatial coverage, volume coil decoupling provides the potential to acquire 13C MRS from more than one brain region simultaneously. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Highly sulfonated multiblock copoly(ether sulfone)s for fuel cell membranes
Authors: Nakabayashi Kazuhiro , Higashihara Tomoya , Ueda Mitsuru
Published: May 2010

Highly sulfonated multiblock copoly(ether sulfone)s applicable to proton electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) were synthesized by the coupling reaction of corresponding hydroxyl‐ terminated oligomers in the presence of highly reactive decafluorobiphenyl (DFB) as a chain extender, followed by postsulfonation with concentrated sulfuric acid. Their molecular weights were reasonably high as determined by viscosity measurement (ηinh = 0.72–1.58 dL/g). It was also confirmed that postsulfonation selectively took place in hydrophilic segments to yield highly sulfonated multiblock copolymers (IEC = 1.90–2.75 mequiv/g). The resulting polymers gave transparent, flexible, and tough membranes by solution casting. The 4b membrane, as a representative sample, demonstrated good mechanical strength in the dry state regardless of high IEC value (2.75 mequiv/g). The 4a–c membranes with higher IEC values (IEC = 2.75–2.79 mequiv/g) maintained high water uptake (13.7–17.7 wt %) at 50% RH and it was still high (7.4–8.5 wt %) at 30% RH. Proton conductivity of all membranes at 80 °C and 95% RH was higher than that of Nafion 117. Furthermore, the 4a membrane showed high proton conductivity, comparable with Nafion 117 in the range of 50–95% RH, and maintained high proton conductivity (2.3 × 10−3 S/cm) even at 30% RH. Finally, the surface morphology of the membrane was investigated by tapping mode atomic force microscopy, which showed well‐connected hydrophilic domains that could work as proton transportation channel. This phase separation and the high water uptake behavior probably contributed to high and effective proton conduction in a wide range of relative humidity. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 2757–2764, 2010
Phosphonated fully aromatic polyethers for PEMFCs applications
Authors: Papadimitriou Konstantinia D. , Andreopoulou Aikaterini K. , Kallitsis Joannis K.
Published: May 2010

New homopolymers and copolymers based on aromatic polyethers bearing side diphosphonate and diphosphonic groups have been synthesized. These synthetic efforts resulted in homo and copolymers of high thermal stability but moderate molecular weights. To evaluate the influence of the immobilized phosphonate ester and phosphonic acid moieties on polymer electrolyte membranes for fuel cells applications, blends of the newly synthesized homo and copolymers with a pyridine‐based aromatic polyether were prepared. These blends were miscible with high glass transition temperatures and high thermal stabilities. Furthermore, the introduction of these groups to a polymeric backbone significantly increases the doping ability in phosphoric acid compared to the net matrix as well as the ionic conductivity for high doping levels. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 2817–2827, 2010
Surface modification of UV‐cured epoxy resins by click chemistry
Authors: Durmaz Yasemin Yuksel , Sangermano Marco , Yagci Yusuf
Published: May 2010

A novel method for surface modification of UV‐cured epoxy network was described. Photoinitiated cationic copolymerization of a bisepoxide, namely 3,4‐epoxy cyclohexylmethyl 3,4‐epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate (EEC) with epibromohydrine (EBH) by using a cationic photoinitiator, [4‐(2‐methylpropyl)phenyl]4‐methylphenyl‐iodonium hexafluorophosphate, in propylene carbonate solution was studied. The real‐time Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic, gel content determination and thermal characterization studies revealed that both EEC and EBH monomers take part in the polymerization and epoxy network possessing bromomethyl functional groups was obtained. The bromine functions of the cured product formed on the glass surface were converted to azide functionalities with sodium azide. Independently prepared alkyne functional poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) was subsequently anchored to azide‐modified epoxy surface by a “click” reaction. Surface modification of the network through incorporation of hydrophilic PEG chain was evidenced by contact angle measurements. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 2862–2868, 2010
Synthesis and properties of thermoplastic polyimides with ether and ketone moieties
Authors: Yu Xiaohui , Zhao Xiaogang , Liu Changwei , Bai Zewei , Wang Daming , Dang Guodong , Zhou Hongwei , Chen Chunhai
Published: May 2010

A series of polyimides containing ether and ketone moieties were synthesized from 1,3‐bis(4‐fluorobenzoyl) benzene and several commercially available dianhydrides via a conventional two‐step polymerization. The inherent viscosities of Polyamide acids ranged from 0.46 to 0.73 dL/g. Thermal properties, mechanical properties, and thermalplasticity of the obtained polimide films were investigated by focusing on the chemical structures of their repeat units. These films were amorphous, flexible, and transparent. All films displayed low Tgs (184–225 °C) but also excellent thermal stability, the 5% weight loss temperature was up to 542 °C under nitrogen. The films showed outstanding mechanical properties with the modulus up to 3.0 GPa and the elongation at break in the range of 8–160%. The uniaxial stretching of PI‐a at high temperature was studied owing to its excellent flexibility. The PI‐a had an elongation at break up to 1600% at 245 °C and the uniaxially stretched film exhibited a much higher modulus (3.9 GPa) and strength (240 MPa) than undrawn film. The results indicated that PI‐a can potentially be used to prepare materials such as fiber, ultra‐thin film or ultra‐high modulus film. All the obtained films also demonstrated excellent thermoplasticity (drop of E′ at Tg > 103) which made the polyimides more suitable for melt processing. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 2878–2884, 2010
Synthesis of novel tetrahydrofuran‐epichlorohydrin [poly(THF‐b‐ECH)] macromonomeric peroxy initiators by cationic copolymerization and the quantum chemically investigation of initiation system effects
Authors: Misir Murat , Ozturk Temel , Emirik Mustafa , Yilmaz Sevil S.
Published: May 2010

Cationic polymerization of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and epichlorohydrin (ECH) was performed with peroxy initiators synthesized from bis (4,4′‐bromomethyl benzoyl peroxide (BBP) or bromomethyl benzoyl t‐butyl peroxy ester (t‐BuBP) and AgSbF6 or ZnCl2 system at 0 °C to obtain the poly(THF‐b‐ECH) macromonomeric peroxy initiators. Kinetic studies were accomplished for poly(THF‐b‐ECH) initiators. Poly(THF‐b‐ECH‐b‐MMA) and poly(THF‐b‐ECH‐b‐S) block copolymers were synthesized by bulk polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and styrene (S) with poly(THF‐b‐ECH) initiators. The quantum chemical calculations for the block copolymers, the initiating systems of the cationic polymerization of THF and ECH were achieved using HYPERCHEM 7.5 program. The optimized geometries of the polymers were investigated with the quantum chemical calculations. Poly(THF‐b‐ECH) initiators having peroxygen groups were used for graft copolymerization of polybutadien (PBd) to obtain poly(THF‐b‐ECH‐g‐PBd) crosslinked graft copolymers. The graft copolymers were investigated by sol‐gel analysis. Swelling ratio values of the graft copolymers in CHCl3 were calculated. The characterizations of the polymers were achieved by FTIR, 1H NMR, GPC, SEM, TEM, and DSC techniques. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 2896–2909, 2010
Polynorbornene with pentafluorophenyl imide side chain groups: Synthesis and sulfonation
Authors: Santiago Arlette A. , Vargas Joel , Fomine Serguei , Gaviño Rubén , Tlenkopatchev Mikhail A.
Published: May 2010

The mixtures of exo‐endo‐monomers and isomerically pure endo‐monomers of N‐pentafluorophenyl‐norbornene‐5,6‐dicarboximide (2a) and N‐phenyl‐norbornene‐5,6‐dicarboximide (2b) were synthesized and polymerized via ring opening metathesis polymerization using bis(tricyclohexylphosphine) benzylidene ruthenium (IV) dichloride (I) and tricyclohexylphosphine [1,3‐bis(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)‐4,5‐dihydroimidazol‐2‐ylidene][benzylidene] ruthenium dichloride (II). Ring opening metathesis polymerization of mixtures of exo‐endo‐monomers (2a) and (2b) and pure endo‐2b gave the corresponding high molecular weights poly(N‐pentafluorophenyl‐norbornene‐5,6‐dicarboximide) (3a) and poly(N‐phenyl‐norbornene‐5,6‐dicarboximide) (3b). The isomerically pure endo‐2a did not polymerize by I in these conditions, since I is the least active catalyst and endo‐2a is the least active monomer because of the intramolecular complex formation between the Ru active center and the fluorine atom of ring‐opened endo‐2a on the one hand and steric hindrances caused by the pentafluorinated ring on the other. The quantitative hydrogenation of the polymer 3a, at room temperature and 115 bar, was achieved by a Wilkinson's catalyst. The new polynorbornene bearing highly fluorinated sulfonic acid groups (5) was obtained by the reaction of the hydrogenated poly(N‐pentafluorophenyl‐norbornene‐5,6‐dicarboximide) (4) with sodium 4‐hydroxybenzenesulfonate dihydrate. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 2925–2933, 2010
The effect of land use on channel geometry and sediment distribution in gravel mantled bedrock streams, Illinois River watershed, Arkansas
Authors: Shepherd S. L. , Dixon J. C. , Davis R. K. , Feinstein R.
Published: May 2010

Headwater stream morphology is a direct reflection of watershed characteristics and therefore can inform our understanding of anthropogenic influence on channel geometry and sediment dynamics. Little knowledge of the geomorphology of headwater streams in the Ozark Plateaus region of northwest Arkansas exists. The Illinois River watershed, in northwest Arkansas, is of critical interest within the region because of land use changes in the headwaters due to rapid population growth. A mixture of forest and agricultural (open pasture and poultry houses) land use dominates the watershed, but urban areas are rapidly expanding. These land use types: forest, agriculture and urban are an effective proxy for increasing anthropogenic disturbance. Analysis of longitudinal profile, cross‐section and sediment distribution in streams from each land use type shows a strong trend of increasing slope and channel cross‐sectional area with a greater degree of anthropogenic disturbance. Additionally, urban streams are characterized by the presence of exposed bedrock in the stream bed, while agricultural and forested streams are gravel mantled. These data have important implications for current and future stream management policies and practices regionally. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MRI for assessment of anal fistula
Authors: Torkzad Michael R. , Karlbom Urban
Published: May 2010

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the best imaging modality for preoperative assessment of patients with anal fistula. MRI helps to accurately demonstrate disease extension and predict prognosis. This in turn helps make therapy decisions and monitor therapy. The pertinent anatomy, fistula classification and MRI findings will be discussed.
Dynamical system approach to instability of flow past a circular cylinder
Authors: SENGUPTA TAPAN K. , SINGH NEELU , SUMAN V. K.
Published: May 2010

The main aim of this paper is to relate instability modes with modes obtained from proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) in the study of global spatio-temporal nonlinear instabilities for flow past a cylinder. This is a new development in studying nonlinear instabilities rather than spatial and/or temporal linearized analysis. We highlight the importance of multi-modal interactions among instability modes using dynamical system and bifurcation theory approaches. These have been made possible because of accurate numerical simulations. In validating computations with unexplained past experimental results, we noted that (i) the primary instability depends upon background disturbances and (ii) the equilibrium amplitude obtained after the nonlinear saturation of primary growth of disturbances does not exhibit parabolic variation with Reynolds number, as predicted by the classical Stuart–Landau equation. These are due to the receptivity of the flow to background disturbances for post-critical Reynolds numbers (Re) and multi-modal interactions, those produce variation in equilibrium amplitude for the disturbances that can be identified as multiple Hopf bifurcations. Here, we concentrate on Re = 60, which is close to the observed second bifurcation. It is also shown that the classical Stuart–Landau equation is not adequate, as it does not incorporate multi-modal interactions. To circumvent this, we have used the eigenfunction expansion approach due to Eckhaus and the resultant differential equations for the complex amplitudes of disturbance field have been called here the Landau–Stuart–Eckhaus (LSE) equations. This approach has not been attempted before and here it is made possible by POD of time-accurate numerical simulations. Here, various modes have been classified either as a regular mode or as anomalous modes of the first or the second kind. Here, the word anomalous connotes non-compliance with the Stuart–Landau equation, although the modes originate from the solution of the Navier–Stokes equation. One of the consequences of multi-modal interactions in the LSE equations is that the amplitudes of the instability modes are governed by stiff differential equations. This is not present in the traditional Stuart–Landau equation, as it retains only the nonlinear self-interaction. The stiffness problem of the LSE equations has been resolved using the compound matrix method.
Schistosomula, pre-adults and adults ofSchistosoma mansoniingest fluorescence-labelled albuminin vitroandin vivo: implication for a drug-targeting model
Authors: HOLTFRETER M. C. , LOEBERMANN M. , FREI E. , RIEBOLD D. , WOLFF D. , HARTUNG G. , KINZELBACH R. , REISINGER E. C.
Published: May 2010

Objective.Bilharziosis is one of the most important helminthal infections in humans and is caused by blood flukes of the genusSchistosoma.Three different life stages of the parasite occur within the mammalian host: schistosomula located in the skin, pre-adults located in the lung and adult worms located in the portal venous system. Erythrocytes are a major source of nutrient supply for adults. However, sources of nutrition for the developing stages are still unclear.Methods.To investigate whether schistosomula, pre-adults and adults ofSchistosoma mansoniingest human serum albumin (HSA)in vitro, these life stages were incubated with aminofluorescein-labelled human serum albumin (Afl-HSA) for 5 h. To test the uptake of albuminin vivo, the albumin conjugate was given intravenously toS. mansoniinfected NMRI mice 24 h before harvesting the 3 life stages.Results.In comparison to the control group schistosomula, pre-adults, and adults showed an accumulation of Afl-HSA within the oesophagus and intestinal caecumin vitroandin vivo.Conclusion.Our findings suggest that albumin seems to be a major source of energy supply for the early schistosomal life stages and an additive energy support for adult worms. Since albumin has been used successfully as a drug carrier for chemotherapeutic substances against malignant disorders, further studies will focus on albumin as a carrier for anthelminthics in a drug-targeting model.
An example of a non-uniquely ergodic lamination
Authors: LOZANO-ROJO ÁLVARO
Published: May 2010

This paper presents an example of Riemann surface lamination with at least two ergodic invariant measures. The generic leaves for those measures are of different growth and have different numbers of ends.
Sentient Dogs, Liberated Rams, and Talking Asses: Agnon's Biblical Zoo
Authors: Ezrahi Sidra DeKoven
Published: May 2010

The conclusion of Tmol shilshom is as satisfying as the climax of a Wagnerian opera or a Cecil B. De Mille movie. There is human sacrifice and there are claps of thunder and torrents of rain and cosmic evidence of divine wrath expended and placated. Nor does the novel's melodramatic end fail to satisfy its hyberbolic beginning: Isaac Kumer the naif, whose inflated dream of Zion carried the seeds of its own destruction, is bitten by a mad dog and sacrificed on the altar of the most primitive version of Jewish theodicy.
Cryptosporidium parvumand mucosal immunity in neonatal cattle
Authors: Wyatt Carol R.
Published: May 2010

Cryptosporidium parvumis an important zoonotic protozoan pathogen that causes acute infection and self-limiting gastrointestinal disease in neonatal calves. There are currently no consistently effective antimicrobials available to control cryptosporidiosis. Therefore, immunotherapeutic and vaccination protocols offer the greatest potential for long-term control of the disease. In order to devise effective control measures, it is important to better define mucosal immunity toC. parvumin young calves. This review summarizes the information that has accumulated over the last decade which helps to define the intestinal mucosal immune system in neonatal calves, and the events that occur in the intestinal mucosa after infection byC. parvum.