bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Partial balances in batch arrival batch service and assemble-transfer queueing networks
Authors: Chao Xiuli
Published: April 2006

Recently Miyazawa and Taylor (1997) proposed a new class of queueing networks with batch arrival batch service and assemble-transfer features. In such networks customers arrive and are served in batches, and may change size when a batch transfers from one node to another. With the assumption of an additional arrival process at each node when it is empty, they obtain a simple product-form steady-state probability distribution, which is a (stochastic) upper bound for the original network. This paper shows that this class of network possesses a set of non-standard partial balance equations, and it is demonstrated that the condition of the additional arrival process introduced by Miyazawa and Taylor is there precisely to satisfy the partial balance equations, i.e. it is necessary and sufficient not only for having a product form solution, but also for the partial balance equations to hold.
Explicit solution of an optimal stopping problem: the burn-in of conditionally exponential components
Authors: Costantini C. , Spizzichino F.
Published: April 2006

We consider the problem of the optimal duration of a burn-in experiment for n identical units with conditionally exponential life-times of unknown parameter Λ. The problem is formulated as an optimal stopping problem for a suitably defined two-dimensional continuous-time Markov process. By exploiting monotonicity properties of the statistical model and of the costs we prove that the optimal stopping region is monotone (according to an appropriate definition) and derive a set of equations that uniquely determine it and that can be easily solved recursively. The optimal stopping region varies monotonically with the costs. For the class of problems corresponding to a prior distribution on Λ of type gamma it is shown how the optimal stopping region varies with respect to the prior distribution and with respect to n.
Invariance principle for the deviation between the probability content and the interior point proportion of a random convex hull
Authors: Massé Bruno
Published: April 2006

The quadratic mean of the deviation between the probability content and the interior point proportion of a random convex hull in is investigated. We obtain, in particular, an explicit and distribution-independent bound.
Limit distributions for the Bernoulli meander
Authors: Takács Lajos
Published: April 2006

This paper is concerned with the distibutions and the moments of the area and the local time of a random walk, called the Bernoulli meander. The limit behavior of the distributions and the moments is determined in the case where the number of steps in the random walk tends to infinity. The results of this paper yield explicit formulas for the distributions and the moments of the area and the local time for the Brownian meander.
Superprophet inequalities for independent random variables
Authors: Wittmann Rainer
Published: April 2006

As well as having complete knowledge of the future, a superprophet can also alter the order of observation as it is presented to a player without foresight, whose strategy is known to the prophet. It is shown that a superprophet can only do twice as well as his counterpart, if the underlying random sequence is independent.
A unique representation theorem for the conditional expectation of stationary processes and application to dynamic estimation problems
Authors: Campi Marco
Published: April 2006

In this paper, multivariate strict sense stationary stochastic processes are considered. It is shown that there exists a universal function by means of which the conditional expectation of any stationary process with respect to its past can be represented. This requires no ergodicity assumptions. The important implications of this result in the evaluation of the achievable performance in certain dynamic estimation problems with incomplete statistical information are also discussed.
Joe Burchenal and the birth of combination chemotherapy
Authors: Thomas Angela
Published: April 2006

When Joe Burchenal started studying medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1934, antibiotics had not been discovered and the survival of patients diagnosed with acute leukaemia was <4 months. By the time he retired in 1983, 58% of children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia survived 5 years with the majority being cured of their disease. His early work in infectious diseases and antimicrobials equipped him well, both clinically and scientifically. The approach to developing antibiotics to conquer previously incurable infection was an inspiration and model for his pioneering work when searching for drugs with activity against cancer. Trials of sequential and then combination chemotherapy followed. Success in treating lymphoid malignancies in children led him to develop treatment regimens for other more resistant cancers, and as an advocate of collaborative working he introduced multimodal therapy to tackle bulky or metastatic cancers, replacing inevitable relapse with a chance of true cure.
Prevalence of gastrointestinal disorders in adult clients with pervasive developmental disorders
Authors: Galli‐Carminati G. , Chauvet I. , Deriaz N.
Published: April 2006

Background  In clients with pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), some authors have noticed the presence of gastrointestinal disorders and behavioural disorders. An augmented prevalence of different histological anomalies has also been reported. The aim of our study is to highlight the prevalence of gastrointestinal disorders in this adult with PDD sample and to demonstrate the importance of accurate evaluation of gastrointestinal disorders in clients with PDD.

Methods  The present comparative study involved 118 clients. Our research was motivated by the clinical observation that behavioural disorders sometimes disappeared with administration of anti‐gastric acid or anti‐ulcerous medications. It focused on two samples of clients with intellectual disability – those with associated PDD and those without. The presence of gastrointestinal disorders was assessed retrospectively on the basis of hospital records.

Results  The prevalence of gastrointestinal disorders reported in clinical files was 48.8% in clients with PDD, as compared with 8.0% in non‐PDD clients (P < 0.00001).

Conclusion  Gastrointestinal disorders, and especially gastro‐oesophageal reflux, if neglected, may contribute to behavioural disorders in PDD clients. Moreover, gastrointestinal disorders may be considered as a feature of PDD. We highlight the fact that somatic disorders may coexist in persons with PDD.
Phylogeography of the flat‐tailed horned lizard (Phrynosoma mcallii) and systematics of the P. mcallii–platyrhinos mtDNA complex
Authors: MULCAHY DANIEL G. , SPAULDING ALLEN W. , MENDELSON JOSEPH R. , BRODIE EDMUND D.
Published: April 2006

Two species of horned lizards are sympatric along the periphery of the Salton Trough. Phrynosoma mcallii, endemic to the trough, is of conservation concern because its limited habitat has been fragmented by human activities. A more common and widespread species, Phrynosoma platyrhinos, occurs around the periphery of the trough and much further to the North. The two species are syntopic at a few localities, where morphological intermediates have also been found. Here, we used nested clade phylogeographical analysis (NCPA) and analysis of molecular variance (amova), to examine 781 bp of mitochondrial DNA (nad4 and two tRNAs) from 82 individuals of P. mcallii. We tested whether populations of this species were recently connected, or if they were historically isolated prior to human modification of the region. Our NCPA results indicated significant population structure associated with the Colorado River, suggesting limited gene flow and potential isolation across this barrier. Populations west of the Colorado River, currently isolated from one another by human development, show less genetic differentiation. We also collected homologous sequence data from 34 individuals of P. platyrhinos and seven specimens morphologically intermediate between P. mcallii and P. platyrhinos, as a preliminary investigation of hybridization between these two species. From phylogenetic results of these data, we identified a species (Phrynosoma goodei) previously recognized as a subspecies of P. platyrhinos. Six of the morphologically intermediate specimens shared mtDNA haplotypes with P. goodei, while one was nested among P. mcallii haplotypes.
Turtle Riding on the Great Barrier Reef
Authors: Pocock Celmara
Published: April 2006

Turtle riding was once a popular activity among holidaymakers at the Great Barrier Reef off the northeast coast of Australia. In the first half of the twentieth century. it was a significant way for tourists to engage with living marine life. The turtle breeding season offered tourists an opportunity to see female turtles emerge from the sea and come ashore to nest and lay their eggs. They could also witness emerging hatchlings scuttle from shore to sea. This sea-land-sea transformation facilitated unique forms of human-nonhuman animal interaction and was integral to visitor affection for, and affinity with, sea turtles.
The rate-limiting step in anaerobic digestion in the presence of phosphine
Authors: Mahmood Qaisar , Ping Zheng , Li Guo Xia , Mei Ling Ling
Published: April 2006

Methanogenesis is the most important anaerobic biodegradation process in nature, which is accomplished by three different kinds of bacteria-hydrolytic, acetogenic and methanogenic bacteria (MB). An experiment was performed to determine the rate-limiting step of methanogenesis under the influence of various phosphine concentrations (100, 300, 500, 700 and 1000 ppm). It was found that the growth of fermentative bacteria (FB) was severely affected by higher concentrations of phosphine (700 and 971 ppm), while the growth of hydrogen-producing acetogenic bacteria (HPAB) and MB was not affected severely at higher phosphine concentrations. Thus, HPAB and MB are less sensitive to phosphine compared with FB, which means that hydrolysis, and fermentation step is the rate-limiting step during methanogenesis under the influence of phosphine. It is recommended that special attention be paid to the first stage of methanogenesis under high concentrations of phosphine during anaerobic wastewater treatment.
Illness representations of coronary artery disease: An empirical examination of the Illness Perceptions Questionnaire (IPQ) in patients undergoing surgery, angioplasty and medication
Authors: Hirani Shashivadan P. , Pugsley Wilfred B. , Newman Stanton P.
Published: April 2006

Background. This study sought to validate empirically, through factor analysis, the theoretically developed Illness Perceptions Questionnaire (IPQ) measure of illness representations, and investigated how illness representations varied within an illness condition between different treatments.

Methods. Two hundred and fourteen coronary artery disease (CAD) patients, 70 of whom were undergoing medication, 71 to undergo angioplasty and 73 to undergo coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG), completed the New Zealand Heart Attack Recovery Project version of the IPQ. The core cognitive illness representation statement responses were subject to principal components analyses (PCA), with oblique rotation. Identity data were examined regarding symptom frequency. Subscales based on factor structures and frequency scores were utilized to investigate treatment group differences in illness beliefs through analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).

Findings. PCA of the core components indicated four factors labelled: ‘illness impact’, ‘duration’, ‘control’, and ‘self‐image’, accounting for 46.5% of the variance. The most frequently experienced symptoms were fatigue, breathlessness and chest‐pain (angina). ANCOVAs showed significant treatment group differences in frequency of chest‐pain experienced (medication < CABG, p <.01) and differences on illness ‘duration’ beliefs (medication > revascularization groups, p <.001).

Discussion. The results produced a modified structure for the IPQ, which appeared to reflect the nature of the illness under study and the possible fractionation of the core illness representation components. Responses on the subscales created were also related to the position within the ‘subjective experience with the illness’ that a patient had reached and the treatment being undertaken.
Making the Morally Relevant Features Explicit: A Response to Carson Strong
Authors: Gert Bernard
Published: April 2006

Carson Strong criticizes the application of my moral theory to bioethics cases. Some of his criticisms are due to my failure to make explicit that both the irrationality or rationality of a decision and the irrationality or rationality of the ranking of evils are part of morally relevant feature 3. Other criticisms are the result of his not using the two-step procedure in a sufficiently rigorous way. His claim that I come up with a wrong answer depends upon his incorrectly regarding a weakly justified violation as one that all impartial rational persons would agree was permitted, rather than as one about which rational persons disagree.
THE ROLE OF SMALL POPULATIONS FOR THE DIFFERENTIATION IN PLANTS
Authors: Runemark Hans
Published: April 2006

When trying to answer the question whether the effects of genetic drift have evolutionary significance, we must keep in mind that a local population is normally a dynamic system, changing in size, splitting into minor entities, or merging into larger complexes. Most populations have certainly been small for longer or shorter periods, and hence the role of genetic drift must not be neglected.

The main role of genetic drift in the complex processes involved in the evolution of plants may be (1) the introduction of genetic factors, which are primarily non‐adaptive, (2) the rapid fixation of genetic changes, and (3) the breaking down of rigid gene blocks. Generally speaking a population may be said to be in a selective phase when it is large and in a creative phase when it is small.
QUANTITATIVE ATTRIBUTES IN TAXONOMIC DESCRIPTIONS
Authors: Jardine N. , Sibson R.
Published: April 2006

In this paper we suggest how quantitative attributes may most usefully and informatively be used in describing taxa, and point out certain inadequacies in the conventional ways in which quantitative attributes are used in taxonomic descriptions.
THE TWO ALTERNATIVE SYSTEMS OF NOMENCLATURE PROPOSED AND USED FOR ORCHIDS BY DU PETIT‐THOUARS, WITH SPECIAL REGARD TO CORYMBORKIS THOUARS
Authors: Friis Ib , Rasmussen Finn N.
Published: April 2006

The principles of botanical nomenclature proposed by Thouars in his works on orchids are reviewed. Throughout these works Thouars rather consistently coined names according to his own principles, as alternatives to names in accordance with traditional nomenclature. The alternative specific names were used as binary combinations and can be accepted under the present rules of botanical nomenclature. For this reason they must be taken into consideration in cases where the traditionally formed names have earlier homonyms. It is shown that O. Kuntze's interpretation of Thouars' nomenclature is erroneous.
LETHARIA CALIFORNICA IS LETHARIA COLUMBIANA (LICHENES)
Authors: Thomson John W.
Published: April 2006

The correct name of the common western North American lichen species which has been known as Letharia californica (Lév. ex Nyl.) Hue is Letharia columbiana (Nutt.) Thomson.
GENETICS OF LUPINUS VII. OUTCROSSING, AUTOFERTILITY, AND VARIABILITY IN NATURAL POPULATIONS OF THE NANUS GROUP
Authors: Harding James , Mankinen C. B. , Elliott M. H.
Published: April 2006

Outcrossing rates in natural populations of Lupinus nanus Dougl. have been found to vary from nearly zero to nearly 100 percent (Harding and Horovitz, 1969; Harding, 1970). These studies were based primarily on a group of northern populations of subspecies apricus (Elliott, Harding, and Mankinen; paper VI). The purposes of this paper are (1) to report estimates of outcrossing for the other subspecies of L. nanus, (2) to report estimates of outcrossing for the closely related species, L. bicolor, L. affinis, L. polycarpus, and L. pachylobus, (3) to discuss the relationship between these estimates of outcrossing and autofertility, and (4) to discuss the relationship between outcrossing and phenotypic and genotypic variability maintained in populations.
GENE VARIATION IN DROSOPHILA POPULATIONS
Authors: Prakash Satya
Published: April 2006

Recent investigations on gene variation as revealed by electrophoresis of proteins show that in mice, man and Drosophila, 30–40% of the loci are polymorphic and 7–12% of the loci are in a heterozygous state in an individual. Populations of D. pseudoobscura from ecological margins are as heterozygous as those in the center and the allele frequencies are very similar in all the populations except in Bogota, Colombia, which is a complete isolate from the main body of the species. The Bogota population of D. pseudoobscura has reduced genetic variation and when Bogota females are mated to males of various populations from the United States and Guatemala, the F1 males are sterile and the F1 females are fertile. The reciprocal cross produces fertile hybrids of both sexes. Founder effect and lack of gene flow from other populations is a very important aspect of speciation. When two closely related sibling species D. pseudoobscura and D. persimilis are compared for genetic changes at 24 homologous loci, it is found that no locus is monomorphic or polymorphic for entirely different alleles, however, at several polymorphic loci, the two species have unique alleles in addition to the similar alleles.
EVOLUTIONARY MORPHOLOGY: DISTINGUISHING ANCESTRAL STRUCTURE FROM DERIVED STRUCTURE IN FLOWERING PLANTS
Authors: Eyde Richard H.
Published: April 2006

Certain structural changes have occurred repeatedly in the evolution of flowering plants. Evidence for these evolutionary trends is often in the form of character gradients or morphoclines, within which the direction of change can be inferred from paleobotanical, geographical, or ecological circumstances. No trends are more firmly established than those involving microscopic characters of the secondary xylem, trends for which the ancestral condition is known from fossil evidence. Recently, trends in the evolution of angiospermous pollen grains have also been convincingly demonstrated from the fossil record. Since postulated evolutionary trends in floral structure cannot be verified in the same manner, floral anatomy has always been a controversial subject. Despite the controversy, the anatomical investigation of flowers benefits systematics in at least two ways: by revealing characters of potential taxonomic value and, when floral vascular bundles of related taxa are united in varying degree, by indicating the direction of evolutionary change.
SPECIMEN IDENTIFICATION AND KEY CONSTRUCTION WITH TIME‐SHARING COMPUTERS
Authors: Morse Larry E.
Published: April 2006

Current methods of specimen identification are surveyed, and algorithms are given for constructing dichotomous keys and for identifying specimens directly with a polythetic polyclave procedure. Although usable without computers, these techniques have been automated as Fortran programs on a time‐sharing system. Taxon/character data are encoded as a hierarchy of data matrices for use with the various programs. Large‐scale taxonomic information systems are also briefly discussed.
THE TYPE LOCALITY OF ORCUTTIA FRAGILIS
Authors: Reeder John R.
Published: April 2006

This note points out that the name of the type locality of Orcuttia fragilis Swallen is neither Llano Dirai nor Llano Datillare, the only names which appear in the literature and/or on labels of the type material. The area is actually Llanos de Hiray.
SIEVE‐ELEMENT PLASTIDS OF FOUQUIERIA, FRANKENIA (TAMARICALES), AND RHABDODENDRON (RUTACEAE), TAXA SOMETIMES ALLIED WITH CENTROSPERMAE (CARYOPHYLLALES)
Authors: Behnke H.‐Dietmar
Published: April 2006

An ultrastructural investigation of sieve‐elements of nine species of Tamaricales (including Fouquieria and Frankenia) demonstrated plastids of the starch‐storing S‐type. Sieve‐elements of Rhabdodendron (Rutaceae) contained P‐type plastids with a single polygonal protein crystalloid besides starch grains. In these respects all these species are unlike the specific P‐type plastids characteristic of the Centrospermae.
THE TAXONOMIC AFFINITIES OF THE AUSTRALIAN NEOTTIOIDEAE
Authors: Lavarack P. S.
Published: April 2006

The taxonomic affinities of the Neottioideae (Orchidaceae) and, in particular, of its Australian members, have been examined, employing numerical taxonomic methods.

Two analyses were carried out ‐ the first, discussed only briefly, involved a sample of the entire family and the second a sample of the Neottioideae as defined by the first analysis. The analyses were carried out by the Euclidean‐based Group Average (or Mean Squared Distance) strategy and checked by means of a Principal Co‐ordinate Analysis. The analysis of the Neottioideae indicated that this subfamily comprised two groups ‐ Diurideae, including the tuber‐forming Australian taxa and the Neottieae which do not possess tubers and are cosmopolitan in distribution.

A possible scheme of classification of the Neottioideae is presented and relationships within the group are briefly discussed.
NOMENCLATURE AND TYPIFICATION OF IPOMOEA IMPERATI (CONVOLVULACEAE)
Authors: Valva Vincenzo La , Sabato Sergio
Published: April 2006

Ipomoea imperati (Vahl) Grisebach is the correct name for the currently accepted name Ipomoea stolonifera J. F. Gmelin. Lectotypes of Convolvulus sinuatus Petagna and C. imperati Vahl are designated.
DISTRIBUTION OF GAMETOPHYTIC SELF‐INCOMPATIBILITY AND INFRAGENERIC CLASSIFICATION IN SOLANUM
Authors: Whalen Michael D. , Anderson Gregory J.
Published: April 2006

Self‐incompatibility in Solanum appears to be largely restricted to species of subgenus Potatoe, providing further support for the separation of that group from subgenus Solanum. Loss of self‐incompatibility must have taken place early in the evolutionary histories of other subgenera. Possible adaptations for outcrossing, such as enantiostyly, dioecy and to a restricted degree, secondary self‐incompatibility, have subsequently arisen in certain members of these predominantly self‐compatible groups. The distribution of unilateral cross‐incompatibility in Solanum seems to parallel that of self‐incompatibility.
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY AND MORPHOLOGY OFPS1LOXYLONANDHETEROPYXIS, AND THE SUBFAMILIAL AND TRIBAL CLASSIFICATION OF MYRTACEAE
Authors: Schmid Rudolf
Published: April 2006

Evidence from wood, leaf, and floral anatomy, from palynology, and from reconsideration of vegetative and reproductive morphology fully support (1) the placement ofHeteropyxisby Fernandes (1971), Stern & Brizicky (1958), and Weberling (1963) in Myrtaceae/Leptospermoideae on the basis of organography, palynology, and petiole and wood anatomy, and (2) the placement ofPsiloxylonby van Tieghem (1904) in Myrtaceae on the basis of especially vegetative anatomy. Diagnostic myrtaceous characters shared by both genera include: entire, simple, gland‐dotted, penninerved leaves wth intramarginal veins; rudimentary stipules (Heteropyxisonly); pentamery; nectary lining floral tube; imbricate, persistent calyx; many pollen features; sunken styles; baccate or capsular fruits (resp.PsiloxylonandHeteropyxis); exalbuminous seeds; bicollateral bundles; secretory cavities in all aerial organs, including the anthers; unilacunar one‐trace nodes; arcuate petiolar bundles with sclerenchymatous sheaths (only in lamina ofPsiloxylon); vestured pits; wood fibers with distinctly bordered pits; and tannin. Both genera, however, differ from many, but not all Myrtaceae in having: alternate leaves; unisexual, but bisexual‐appearing flowers (only the staminate inPsiloxylon); perigyny; few stamens (Psiloxylondiplostemonous,Heteropyxisessentially obdiplostemonous); short style and divided stigma (Psiloxylononly); cancellate seed (Psiloxylononly); and such wood characters as septate, crystalliferous fibers and lack of vasicentric tracheids inPsiloxylon, and lack of axial parenchyma inHeteropyxis.The segregates Heteropyxidaceae and Psiloxylaceae should thus be included in Myrtaceae. The foregoing ensemble of characters conclusively excludes forHeteropyxisany assignment to Rhamnaceae or Rutaceae, forPsiloxylonany assignment to Bixaceaesensu lato, Flacourtiaceae, or Guttiferae, and for both genera an assignment to Lythraceae. Because it would be anomalous in either of the two traditional myrtaceous subfamilies,Psiloxylonis best treated as a new subfamily in Myrtaceae. Finally, since Leptospermeae and Chamaelaucieae differ as much from each other as either does from Myrteae, Chamaelaucieae should be elevated to subfamilial status in Myrtaceae. The family Myrtaceae thus has four subfamilies: Myrtoideae, Psiloxyloideae, Leptospermoideae, and Chamaelaucioideae. An addendum discusses Briggs & Johnson's (1979) detailed paper on vegetative and especially reproductive structure of Myrtaceae.
CYTOGENETIC AND EVOLUTIONARY STUDIES ON THE SPANISH SPECIES OF RESEDA L.: SECTION LUTEOLA DUMORT. (RESEDACEAE)
Authors: Fernandez‐Peralta A. M. , Gonzalez‐Aguilera J. J.
Published: April 2006

We have found two cytotypes, n = 12 and n = 13, in populations of R. luteola. The cytotype n = 12 shows great meiotic balance, while the n = 13 one presents several meiotic anomalies. We have compared R. luteola with the species of section Phyteuma L. and Resedastrum Duby of genus Reseda (since these sections, from a morphological and karyological point of view, contain the species more closely related to R.luteola), and we can observe that close relationships exist between R. luteola and R. stricta, both at the karyotype level and the seed protein profiles. These relationships suggest three possible origins for the n = 12 level of this species. Finally, we consider that the n = 13 level has been derived through an aneuploid process from n = 12 and it can be hypothesized as an evolutionary trend that this species has not yet reached stabilization.
TYPIFICATION OF SOME NORTH AMERICAN VACCINIUM SPECIES NAMES
Authors: Kloet S. P. Vander
Published: April 2006

Nineteen specific names in Vaccinium are typified. In addition, twenty‐one published typifications germane to the genus Vaccinium in North America including Hawaii are listed.
PORPHYROSTROMIUM TREVISAN (1848) VS. ERYTHROTRICHOPELTIS KORNMANN (1984) (RHODOPHYTA)
Authors: Wynne Michael J.
Published: April 2006

Although Erythrotrichia Areschoug (1850) has been conserved against Porphyrostromium Trevisan (1848), these two generic names are heterotypic. The latter genus becomes available to serve for the new genus as established and circumscribed by Kornmann (1984) for Bangia ciliaris Carm. ex Harv. and Porphyra boryana Montagne. Erythrotrichopeltis Kornmann (1984) is to be regarded as a later synonym of Porphyrostromium.
PHENETIC AND CLADISTIC ANALYSES OF NORTH AMERICAN CHLORIS (POACEAE)
Authors: Varadarajan G. S. , Gilmartin A. J.
Published: April 2006

The fourteen North American species of Chloris Sw. were subjected to phenetic and cladistic analyses to reassess their affinities. Useful groupings are described and compared to the several groups that the monographer suggested following a classical study. The differences are minor and point up areas for further research.
TAXONOMIC AND NOMENCLATURAL NOTES ON ATRIPLEX L. (CHENOPODIACEAE)
Authors: McNeill J. , Bassett I. J. , Crompton C. W. , Taschereau P. M.
Published: April 2006

In preparing an account of the 22 species of Atriplex L. (Chenopodiaceae) that are native or introduced to Canada (Bassett et al., in press), it proved necessary to investigate in detail the application and typification of several names (including Atriplex itself). An account of the status of A. suckleyi (Torrey) Rydb. has already been published (McNeill et al., 1979), and a proposal to reject the name A. hastata L. is in preparation. This paper describes the results of the other nomenclatural investigations and where necessary reports taxonomic conclusions that bear on the nomenclature being adopted.
CRATAEGUS—A NOMENCLATOR FOR SECTIONAL AND SERIAL NAMES
Authors: Phipps J. B.
Published: April 2006

All commonly used infrageneric names of upper rank in a bilevel classification, or at the only rank in a one‐level classification for Crataegus are considered here, and the correct form of citation at both sectional and serial rank, basionym, etc., are indicated in each case.
TYPIFICATION OF LINNAEAN SPECIES OF POTAMOGETON (POTAMOGETONACEAE)
Authors: Haynes Robert R.
Published: April 2006

Twelve species of Potamogeton were named by Linnaeus in Species Plantarum. Only one of these, P. pusillus, has previously been lectotypified, although Dandy noted his choice of types on sheets in the Clifford Herbarium at BM and in notes at LINN. Eight lectotypes and three neotypes are chosen for the eleven taxa for which lectotypes have not been published. Dandy's choice of the type for P. natans is rejected because it contradicts the distributional portion of the protologue. The remainder of his choices are accepted, including that of P. pusillus, this latter choice having caused considerable discussions in the literature.
IMPORTANT COLLECTIONS OF NEW WORLD ARACEAE
Authors: Croat Thomas B.
Published: April 2006

This account concerning the distribution of living or dried collections of Araceae should provide the reader with facts about where the better collections of Araceae are deposited. This information is important, because of the low rate of duplication of aroid collections, and the generally low rate of collection and poor preservation of specimens, resulting generally in few, relatively poorly preserved collections of any given species. This generally translates into need to borrow on a much broader basis for revisionary studies of Araceae. This survey should provide additional details about the locations of Araceae collections which are most likely to yield material of interest to the monographer or to the writers of floristic accounts.
Species concepts: a reply to Ernst Mayr
Authors: Whittemore Alan T.
Published: April 2006

Whittemore, A. T.: Species concepts: a reply to Ernst Mayr. – Taxon 42: 573–583. 1993. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Ernst Mayr has recently analysed the flora of Concord, Massachusetts, and concluded that over 90 % of the native species of plants are well described by his “biological species concept”, which defines species as interbreeding communities that are reproductively isolated from one another. However, many of the species he considers to be good “biological species” either show little or no outcrossing or else regularly exchange genes with other species. Mayr has assessed the species of Concord, not by the two reproductive properties in his definition, but by the properties in the traditional morpho‐geographical species concept, that is, by the existence of discontinuities in the natural interpopulational variation of morphological or other markers. The flaws Mayr attributes to morphological species concepts – that taxonomists assess variation in individuals without reference to the underlying population‐genetic variation, that taxonomic species are based on overall phenetic distance rather than phenetic discontinuities, and that they grossly overestimate the frequency of natural hybridization in plants – are not part of any modern species concept, and his refutations of critics of his concepts do not adequately address the problems that exist in his definition. He is quite correct in concluding that the nature of species is similar in animals and plants, since uniparental reproduction and interspecific gene exchange are also widespread in animals. To the extent that Mayr is defending the classical morpho‐geographical approach to systematics, he is quite right, as most taxonomists have long recognized. The controversy over Mayr's biological species concept is due to his linking the morpho‐geographical approach to an inaccurate definition.
Melanamansia glomerata, comb. nov., and Amansia rhodantha, two hitherto confused species of Indo‐Pacific Rhodophyceae
Authors: Norris Richard E.
Published: April 2006

Norris, R. E.: Melanamansia glomerata, comb, nov., and Amansia rhodantha, two hitherto confused species of Indo‐Pacific Rhodophyceae. – Taxon 44: 65‐68. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Amansia glomerata C. Agardh had been reported from widespread localities in the Indo‐Pacific region, including Africa's east coast. Numerous plants from the Hawaiian Islands, from where the species, including the lectotype specimen, was originally described, were found to have pseudopericentral cells, a characteristic of the recently described genus Melanamansia. Transfer of this species to that genus is made. The specimens from the Natal coast of South Africa, previously identified as A. glomerata, do not have pseudopericentral cells and belong in the genus Amansia. They are correctly named A. rhodantha, a species first described from Mauritius and previously merged with A. glomerata. The two species closely resemble one another in several superficial characters, but are genetically distinct owing to their basic anatomical differences.
A “stop‐press” announcement. Damage caused by a widely used herbarium mounting technique
Authors: Egenberg Inger Marie , Moe Dagfinn
Published: April 2006

Egenberg, I. M. & Moe, D.: A “stop‐press” announcement. Damage caused by a widely used herbarium mounting technique. ‐ Taxon 40: 601–604. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

The storage conditions in 4 Scandinavian herbaria have been checked, including indoors climate, mounting techniques, paper qualities etc. Serious damage to plant specimens glued to standard herbarium sheets has been found, while specimens mounted by traditional paper strips were unaffected by changing temperature and relative humidity.
CORRELATIONS BETWEEN POLLEN EXINE SCULPTURING AND ANGIOSPERM SELF‐INCOMPATIBILITY SYSTEMS—A REBUTTAL
Authors: Zavada Michael S.
Published: April 2006

Data recently presented suggest no correlation exists between pollen exine sculpturing and self‐incompatibility systems in angiosperms is re‐examined. All the variation that permits rejection of the correlation resides among 27 taxa designated as having gametophytic self‐incompatibility. However, no empirical data have been published which support this designation. When these taxa are deleted and all the data are pooled there is a significant difference between exine perforations in sporophytic and gametophytic self‐incompatible plants at the 0.95 confidence interval.
Should Thlaspi (Brassicaceae) be split? Preliminary evidence from isoelectric focusing analysis of Rubisco
Authors: Mummenhoff Klaus , Zunk Karsten
Published: April 2006

Mummenhoff, K. & Zunk, K.: Should Thlaspi (Brassicaceae) be split? Preliminary evidence from isoelectric focusing analysis of Rubisco. ‐ Taxon 40: 427–434. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Relationships among taxa of Thlaspi sensu lato were tested by isoelectric focusing (IEF) analysis of Ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco). 14 species were studied, belonging to 3 of the genera previously segregated by Meyer on the basis of seed anatomy. Differences in Rubisco IEF patterns resulted in a grouping of the species into three clusters which are consistent with the respective genera of Meyer.
TRICHOME AND POLLEN MORPHOLOGY OF BARBEYA (BARBEYACEAE) AND ITS RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: Tobe Hiroshi , Takahashi Masamichi
Published: April 2006

Vestiture of Barbeya is composed of various‐sized, curly, unicellular, non‐glandular trichomes. Attenuate, unicellular (micropapillate), non‐glandular and capitate glandular trichomes common to all Urticales are absent. Pollen of Barbeya, unlike those of Urticales, is tricolporate, but like those of some more Hamamelididae, has a stratified wall structure containing a thin, granular layer. Evidence from trichome and pollen morphology, as well as from other sources, favors a transfer of Barbeya from Urticales into its own order Barbeyales. Barbeya may be an independent offshoot from a common ancestor of Casuarinales, Fagales, Juglandales, Myricales, and Urticales.
A re‐examination of Sanango racemosum. 1. Morphology and distribution
Authors: Norman Eliane M.
Published: April 2006

Norman, E. M.: A re‐examination of Sanango racemosum. 1. Morphology and distribution. – Taxon 43: 591‐600. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The history of the genus Sanango and its classification are reviewed. A detailed description is given of its gross morphology, trichome and seed surface micromorphology. Data on germination, phenology and distribution in Ecuador and Peru are presented. The author concludes that characteristics of the inflorescence, trichomes, fruit morphology and seed surface anatomy as well as seed development are consistent with the inclusion of Sanango in the Gesneriaceae.
Phylogenetic relationships of two anomalous species of Pultenaea (Fabaceae: Mirbelieae), and description of a new genus
Authors: Crisp Michael D. , Gilmore Simon R. , Weston Peter H.
Published: April 2006

Crisp, M. D., Gilmore, S. R. & Weston, P. H.: Phylogenetic relationships of two anomalous species of Pultenaea (Fabaceae: Mirbelieae), and description of a new genus. – Taxon 48: 701‐714. 1999. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The phytogeny of genera related to Pultenaea was investigated using three independent data sets: morphology and nucleotide sequences of non‐coding DNA from the nucleus (ITS) and the chloroplast (trnL‐F). Elucidating the relationships of two species anomalous in Pultenaea – P. neurocalyx and P. selaginoides – was the principal question. Despite some incongruence among the data sets, P. neurocalyx is unambiguously placed with Eutaxia, but its formal taxonomic placement – either as a species of Eutaxia or as a monotypic new genus –is left undecided pending a species‐level analysis of that group. The precise phylogenetic position of P. selaginoides is not clear, due to incongruence between the ITS and trnL‐F data sets. Its most likely relationship is with Almaleea, as indicated by both morphology (weakly) and trnL‐F (strongly). To accommodate this species, a unispecific new genus, Stonesiella, is created, diagnosed by characters of the inflorescence and bracts, and the absence of all synapomorphies of the other Pultenaea‐group genera. The appropriateness of recognising monotypic genera is discussed. Monophyly of Pultenaea s.str. (excluding P. selaginoides and P. neurocalyx) is supported equivocally.
Phylogeny in Artemisia (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) inferred from nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS) sequences
Authors: Torrell Montserrat , Garcia‐Jacas Núria , Susanna Alfonso , Vallès Joan
Published: April 2006

Torrell, M., Garcia‐Jacas, N., Susanna, A. & Vallès, J.: Phylogeny in Artemisia (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) inferred from nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS) sequences. – Taxon 48: 721‐736. 1999. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The internal transcribed spacers (ITS‐1 and ITS‐2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA were sequenced for 33 populations of 31 species of Artemisia. The sequence data support the monophyly of the genus in its classical, broad sense, including Seriphidium and Oligosporus. Five main clades are defined, corresponding largely to the four main groups traditionally recognised in the genus: “Artemisia” (s.str.), “Absinthium”, “Dracunculus”, and “Seriphidium”, plus the American “Tridentatae” segregated from the latter, except that “Artemisia”, scattered over four different clades, is in need of a redefinition and restriction to the A. vulgaris clade. ITS data also support the hypothesis that the “Tridentatae” and “Seriphidium” are independent groups, and help differentiate the species in the A. herba‐alba complex.
The problematic typification of Cuphea (Lythraceae)
Authors: Graham Shirley A.
Published: April 2006

Graham, S. A.: The problematic typification of Cuphea (Lythraceae). – Taxon 50: 487–490. 2001. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

As a consequence of recent disagreement on the choice of the type of Cuphea, a detailed account of the reasons for selecting C. decandra Ait. over C. viscosissima Jacq. is given. The original description of Cuphea P. Browne included inflorescence, floral, seed, and trichome characters and distribution information that apply most closely to C. decandra, which is defended as the correct type under Art. 10.2 of the Code. It is also confirmed that the illustration in the protologue of C. viscosissima, chosen by Molero & Zijlstra as lectotype of that name, supersedes the earlier designated neotype.
Some name changes in Indigofera (Fabaceae)
Authors: Wilson Peter G.
Published: April 2006

Wilson, P. G.: Some name changes in Indigofera (Fabaceae). – Taxon 50: 491–493. 2001. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Seven nomina nova proposed by Otto Kuntze in the illegitimate genus Anila are considered. The status of each in Indigofera is discussed briefly; new combinations are proposed for three of them and a changed author citation for a fourth.
Typification of some specific names in Veronica L. (Scrophulariaceae) described by C. Linnaeus and N. J. Jacquin
Authors: Martínez‐Ortega María Montserrat , Cafferty Steve , Rico Enrique
Published: April 2006

Martínez‐Ortega, M. M., Cafferty, S. & Rico, E.: Typification of some specific names in Veronica L. (Scrophulariaceae) described by C. Linnaeus and N. J. Jacquin. – Taxon 50: 551–556. 2001. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Lectotypes for the names V. biloba L., V. pectinata L., V. pilosa L., V. pseudochamaedrys Jacq., V. romana L., and V. urticifolia Jacq. are here designated. An epitype is also chosen in order to avoid misinterpretation of the name V. biloba. For V. fruticans Jacq. a neotype is designated.
Lectotypification of Marcgravia rectifiera (Marcgraviaceae)
Authors: Dressier Stefan
Published: April 2006

Dressier, S.: Lectotypification of Marcgravia rectiflora (Marcgraviaceae). – Taxon 46: 109‐110. 1997. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The previously designated lectotype for Marcgravia rectiflora is superseded by a new lectotype specimen (Riedlé 79, P!). Thereby, the recently published name M. brittoniana becomes an obligatory synonym and nomenclatural stability is maintained.
Decay analysis of large sets of phylogenetic data
Authors: Morgan David R.
Published: April 2006

Morgan, D. R.: Decay analysis of large sets of phylogenetic data. – Taxon 46: 509‐517. 1997. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Decay analysis provides an alternative, or supplement, to bootstrap analysis for obtaining estimates of the reliability of groups resulting from a phylogenetic analysis. This approach, which consists of examining trees longer than the shortest and noting the tree lengths at which groups of interest are no longer monophyletic, is used increasingly. One serious shortcoming of decay analysis as often implemented is that the number of trees that need to be saved and examined can be much larger than the capacities of hardware and software that have been available. A data matrix was constructed so that all trees up to five steps longer than the shortest could be saved and examined. A series of decay analyses was then conducted with this data set to determine the effects produced in the results when all trees are not found and to evaluate methods that could be used to conduct decay analyses of large data sets. Limiting the number of trees to be saved resulted in overestimates of support for monophyletic groups, a problem that became substantial when only 33% of all trees were examined. Two methods of decay analysis that use constraint trees to save a subset of all trees were evaluated. Decay index values resulting from both methods were identical to those obtained from examination of all trees, indicating that these approaches should be useful in conducting decay analyses of large data sets.
Lectotypification of the name Melissa grandiflora (Labiatae)
Authors: Ubera José L.
Published: April 2006

Ubera, J. L.: Lectotypification of the name Melissa grandiflora (Labiatae). – Taxon 46: 541‐542. 1997. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The original material of Melissa grandiflora L. consists of two specimens and two illustrations. A specimen in the Linnaean Herbarium (LINN) is designated as lectotype.
Irreversible deterioration of some carrageenophytes (Rhodophyta) in herbaria
Authors: Nelson W. A. , Falshaw R.
Published: April 2006

Nelson, W. A. & Falshaw, R.: Irreversible deterioration of some carrageenophytes (Rhodophyta) in herbaria. – Taxon 48: 325‐329.1999. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Recent examination of herbarium specimens of certain red algal genera possessing carrageenan cell wall material polysaccharides (Gigartina, Callophyllis) has revealed that some material is undergoing serious and irreversible deterioration within apparently stable herbarium conditions. Damage is apparently caused by sulphuric acid, produced through hydrolysis of sulphate half‐ester groups associated with carrageenans and resulting in extremely low pH values (0‐1) in affected thallus portions. Measures are recommended to halt incipient damage and hopefully save affected specimens from total destruction.
Botanical libraries and herbaria in North America. 1. Introduction
Authors: Stuessy Tod F. , Stuckey Ronald L.
Published: April 2006

Stuessy, T. F. & Stuckey, R. L.: Botanical libraries and herbaria in North America. 1. Introduction. – Taxon 46: 639‐641. 1997. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Introduces three papers presented at a symposium on “Botanical Libraries and Herbaria” held 21 May 1993 at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A. The main focus of the symposium was to explore the relationship between botanical libraries and herbaria, and to emphasize the dependence of the latter on the former. The symposium also provided an opportunity to formally dedicate the Rudolph Memorial Reading Room and Rare Book Room within The Ohio State University Herbarium (OS) Library.
On the lectotypification of Doronicum carpetanum (Compositae)
Authors: Fernández Inés Álvarez , Feliner Gonzalo Nieto
Published: April 2006

Álvarez Fernández, I. & Nieto Feliner, G.: On the lectotypification of Doronicum carpetanum (Compositae). – Taxon 46: 763. 1997. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

A flawed lectotype designation for Doronicum carpetanum, published in Taxon in 1991, is antedated by four years by a flawless one.
Evaluation of chemosystematic characters in the genus Leontodon (Asteraceae)
Authors: Zidorn Christian , Stuppner Hermann
Published: April 2006

Zidorn, C. & Stuppner, H.: Evaluation of chemosystematic characters in the genus Leontodon (Asteraceae). ‐‐ Taxon 50: 115–133. 2001. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Flavonoids, phenolic acids and sesquiterpene lactones were evaluated as qualitative and quantitative chemosystematic markers in the genus Leontodon by HPLC‐UV and HPLC‐MS analyses. One population of Leontodon hispidus L. showed a high degree of variation between different plant organs and between different individuals. Seasonal variation of phenolic acids in the leaves and of sesquiterpene lactones in the rhizomes was also pronounced. In contrast, phenolics in the heads were present in nearly constant amounts during the flowering period. Within species, analyses of samples originating from different altitudes (13 samples of L. helveticus from 1600–2950 m, 19 samples of L. autumnalis from 30–2075 m, and 61 samples of L. hispidus from 40–2550 m) exhibited a significant positive correlation between altitude of the collection sites and total content of flavonoids. Unlike flavonoids, the phenolic acids showed no significant altitudinal variation. The data reveal more pronounced variation between rather than within species.
Typification of the names Veronica jacquinii Baumg. and Veronica dentata F.W. Schmidt (Scrophulariaceae)
Authors: McNeill John , Martínez‐Ortega M. Montserrat , Rico Enrique , Fischer Manfred A.
Published: April 2006

Martínez‐Ortega, M. M., Rico, E. & Fischer, M. A.: Typification of the names Veronica jacquinii Baumg. and Veronica dentata F.W. Schmidt (Scrophulariaceae). – Taxon 50: 187–189. 2001. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Lectotypes for the names V. jacquinii Baumg. and V. dentata F.W. Schmidt are here designated. Epitypes are also chosen in order to ensure accurate interpretation of both names.