bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Doxorubicin, vinblastine, dacarbazine and lenalidomide for older Hodgkin lymphoma patients: final results of a German Hodgkin Study Group (GHSG) phase‐I trial
Authors: Böll Boris , Plütschow Annette , Bürkle Carolin , Atta Johannes , Pfreundschuh Michael , Feuring‐Buske Michaela , Vogelhuber Martin , Sökler Martin , Eichenauer Dennis A. , Thielen Indra , von Tresckow Bastian , Fuchs Michael , Engert Andreas , Borchmann Peter ,   the German Hodgkin Study Group (GHSG)
Published: December 2018

About 30% of all Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) patients are ≥60 years old. As lenalidomide has promising single agent activity in multiple relapsed HL, we replaced bleomycin in ABVD with lenalidomide in this phase‐I trial. Patients aged ≥60 years with early‐unfavourable‐ or advanced‐stage HL (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≤2, Cumulative Illness Rating Scale for Geriatrics score 0–7) received 4–8 cycles of AVD (doxorubicin, vinblastine, dacarbazine) and lenalidomide in escalation with overdose control. Dose‐limiting toxicities (DLTs) included thromboembolism ≥grade 2, severe haematological toxicity, neutropenic fever and prolonged therapy delay. Twenty‐five patients with a median age of 68 years were included, 68% had advanced‐stage HL. A pre‐defined stopping criterion for dose escalation after DLT evaluation of 20/24 patients suggested a recommended phase II dose (RPTD) of 20 mg. DLTs occurred in 10/24 evaluable patients, all treated with ≥20 mg, however, median relative dose intensity was 97% (interquartile range 49–104%). Grade 3 or higher toxicities occurred in all 22 patients at ≥20 mg lenalidomide but no treatment‐related deaths occurred. Overall response rate was 80% for all patients (20/25) and 86% (19/22) at ≥20 mg lenalidomide. Three‐year estimates for progression‐free survival and OS were 69·7% (95% CI: 50·3–89·1%) and 83·8% (95%‐CI: 69·3–98·4%), respectively. In conclusion, AVD with lenalidomide 20 mg is feasible and highly effective in older HL patients.
Inferential false memories for emotional events in older adults
Authors: Toffalini Enrico , Mirandola Chiara , Altoè Gianmarco , Borella Erika
Published: December 2018

Emotional events have been shown to protect individuals against false memory when remembering scripted material. Whether the same is true also for older adults, however, is unclear, and it has been investigated in the present study. Seventy‐six older adults (age range 65–89 years) were presented with a series of photographs depicting scripted events. Each event included the consequence of an action whose corresponding cause was not presented; the consequence was either neutral, negative, or positive. False recognitions of unseen causes of the consequences (i.e., ‘causal errors’) were calculated. A Bayesian inferential approach was adopted in order to include evidence from previous studies and to use it as a benchmark for newly collected information. Older adults showed enhanced false memories and lower accuracy than previously reported in studies on young adults. Compared to neutral ones, both negative and positive events were associated with fewer false memories in older adults. The emotional false memory ‘profile’ of older adults was very similar, in terms of the effect size, to the one previously found in young adults, although the overall chances of older adults incurring errors were higher. Results are discussed considering both cognitive and socioemotional hypotheses on emotional memory in late adulthood.
‘Let's Win this Game Together’: Children's Rights Violations, Macro‐Securitisation and the Transformative Potential of the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil
Authors: VAN BLERK LORRAINE , MENDEL JONATHAN , RODRIGUEZ ANDREA , FERNANDES FERNANDO L. , RIZZINI IRENE
Published: December 2018

Sport's transformative potential is known to support marginalised children, to deal with traumatic experiences and instil positive values; yet hosting mega sporting events (MSEs) can have negative impacts. Drawing on participatory research with favela‐based children during the 2014 World Cup in Brazil, this article argues that MSEs bring a macro‐securitisation of urban life, which causes considerable harm. This paper also suggests that the inclusion of children's voices in advocacy debates can challenge top‐down securitisation and might allow MSEs to foster further positive social transformation. Therefore, juxtaposed with causing harm, macro‐securitisations can open opportunities for children to take action and have their voices heard.
A Case Study of a Sport‐for‐Development Programme in Brazil
Authors: Hall Gareth , Reis Arianne
Published: December 2018

This article examines the ‘Sport Works’ narrative of sport‐for‐development practitioners of an inter‐organisational sport‐for‐development (SfD) programme utilising rugby to foster positive social transformation in Brazil. In doing so, we address an under‐representation of practitioners who are often seen as subjugated voices in SfD programmes. The paper also addresses an under‐representation of Brazil as a research site in SfD literature. Following several site visits and interviews with practitioners, our data concludes that despite a novel context of Brazil and the alternative values to football offered through the sport of rugby, practitioners and programme managers maintain dominant narratives of social transformation through sport without clear monitoring and evaluation.
Epigenetic events involved in organic cation transporter 1‐dependent impaired response of hepatocellular carcinoma to sorafenib
Authors: Al‐Abdulla Ruba , Lozano Elisa , Macias Rocio I R , Monte Maria J , Briz Oscar , O'Rourke Colm J , Serrano Maria A , Banales Jesus M , Avila Matias A , Martinez‐Chantar Maria L , Geier Andreas , Andersen Jesper B , Marin Jose J G
Published: December 2018

Background and Purpose

The expression of the human organic cation transporter‐1 (hOCT1, gene SLC22A1) is reduced in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The molecular bases of this reduction and its relationship with the poor response of HCC to sorafenib were investigated.

Experimental Approach

HCC transcriptomes from 366 samples available at TCGA were analysed. Alternative splicing was determined by RT‐PCR. The role of miRNAs in SLC22A1 downregulation was investigated. Expression of Oct1 was measured in rodent HCC models (spontaneously generated in Fxr‐/‐ mice and chemically‐induced in rats). hOCT1 was overexpressed in human hepatoma cells (HuH7 and HepG2). Sorafenib and regorafenib uptake was determined by HPLC‐MS/MS.

Key Results

hOCT1 overexpression enhanced sorafenib, but not regorafenib, quinine‐inhibitable uptake by hepatoma cells. In rodent HCC, Oct1 was downregulated, which was accompanied by impaired sorafenib uptake. In mice with s.c.‐implanted HCC, sorafenib inhibited the growth of hOCT1 overexpressing tumours. In human HCC, hOCT1 expression was inversely correlated with SLC22A1 promoter methylation, whereas demethylation with decitabine enhanced hOCT1 expression in hepatoma cells. Increased proportion of aberrant hOCT1 mRNA variants was found in HCC samples. In silico analysis identified six miRNAs as candidates to target hOCT1 mRNA. When overexpressed in HepG2 cells a significant hOCT1 mRNA decay was induced by hsa‐miR‐330 and hsa‐miR‐1468. Analysis of 39 paired tumour/adjacent samples from TCGA revealed that hsa‐mir‐330 was consistently upregulated in HCC.

Conclusion and Implications

Impaired hOCT1 expression/function in HCC, in part due to epigenetic modifications, plays an important role in the poor pharmacological response of this cancer to sorafenib.
Paradoxes of tumour complexity: somatic selection, vulnerability by design, or infectious aetiology?
Authors: Apari Péter , Müller Viktor
Published: December 2018

The aetiology of cancer involves intricate cellular and molecular mechanisms that apparently emerge on the short timescale of a single lifetime. Some of these traits are remarkable not only for their complexity, but also because it is hard to conceive selection pressures that would favour their evolution within the local competitive microenvironment of the tumour. Examples include ‘niche construction’ (re‐programming of tumour‐specific target sites) to create permissive conditions for distant metastases; long‐range feedback loops of tumour growth; and remarkably ‘plastic’ phenotypes (e.g. density‐dependent dispersal) associated with metastatic cancer. These traits, which we term ‘paradoxical tumour traits’, facilitate the long‐range spread or long‐term persistence of the tumours, but offer no apparent benefit, and might even incur costs in the competition of clones within the tumour. We discuss three possible scenarios for the origin of these characters: somatic selection driven by specific selection regimes; non‐adaptive emergence due to inherent vulnerabilities in the organism; and manipulation by putative transmissible agents that contribute to and benefit from these traits. Our work highlights a lack of understanding of some aspects of tumour development, and offers alternative hypotheses that might guide further research.
Accuracy of newly developed sleeve‐designed templates for insertion of dental implants: A prospective multicenters clinical trial
Authors: Tallarico Marco , Kim Yong‐Jin , Cocchi Fabio , Martinolli Matteo , Meloni Silvio Mario
Published: December 2018

Background

The insertion of dental implants by means of computer‐assisted template‐based surgery is an established method.

Purpose

To investigate the accuracy of a newly developed sleeve‐designed template and to evaluate differences between maxillary and mandibular implants as well as anterior versus posterior area.

Materials and Methods

Any partially edentulous patients requiring at least one implant to be planned on three‐dimensional cone beam computed tomography scan, according to a computer‐assisted template‐based protocol, were consecutively enrolled at two centers. Any potential implant position was considered eligible for the present trial. Outcome measures were: implant failure, complications, and accuracy.

Results

A total of 39 patients with 119 implants were evaluated. No patients dropped out during the study period (mean follow‐up 12.4 ± 7.1 months). Three implants failed at centre two, whereas, one complication was experienced at centre one (limited access in posterior area). Differences were not statistically significant (P > .05). The mean deviations were 0.53 ± 0.46 mm (range 0.05‐3.38 mm; 95% CI 0.32‐0.48 mm) in the horizontal plan (mesio‐distal); 0.42 ± 0.37 mm (range 0.0‐1.53 mm; 95% CI 0.26‐0.40 mm) in the vertical plan (apico‐coronal); and 1.43 ± 1.98° (range 0.03‐11.8°; 95% CI 0.31‐1.01°) in angle. Differences between centers were compared using the nonparametric Mann‐Whitney U test (P > .05). More accurate results were found for anterior implants in both horizontal plan and angle.

Conclusion

This study showed good precision in all the parameters measured. The results were thus in a range equal to or better than the mean precision found in numerous clinical trials described in the literature. Posterior implants were less accurate because of the use of open sleeves template.
Prospective randomized controlled clinical trial to compare hard tissue changes following socket preservation using alloplasts, xenografts vs no grafting: Clinical and histological findings
Authors: Machtei Eli E. , Mayer Yaniv , Horwitz Jacob , Zigdon‐Giladi Hadar
Published: December 2018

Purpose

To compare dimensional changes and bone quality of two different grafting materials used for socket preservation.

Materials and Methods

Thirty‐three patients requiring extraction were recruited and randomly assigned to receive: biphasic calcium sulfate/ hydroxyapatite (BCS/HA); bovine derived xenograft (BDX) or no grafting (Control). Ridge width (at −3 and −6 mm) and vertical distance from a stent were measured at the time of extraction/grafting. Measurements were repeated at reentry and core biopsies were harvested.

Results

Baseline vertical distance for the BDX, C and BCS/HA groups were 7.45 ± 3.1, 7.69 ± 4.2, and 6.75 ± 3.5 mm, respectively (P = .830). Post‐op, C group had greater vertical loss (1.71 ± 0.4 mm) compared to BCS/HA (0.65 ± 0.5) and BDX (0.25 ± 0.2 mm), P = .059. Mean baseline width at −3 mm was 8.69 ± 1.1 mm, 8.31 ± 1.4 mm, and 9.0 ± 1.1 mm, respectively (P = .509). Post‐op, this width was reduced by 2.96 ± 0.3 mm (C), 1.56 ± 0.4 mm (BDX), and 0.5 ± 0.4 mm (BCS/HA), P = .001. Mean ridge width at −6 mm for the C (6.5 ± 1.7 mm) was significantly smaller than BCS/HA (7.95 ± 2.8 mm) and BDX (8.85 ± 1.9 mm), P = .043. Histologically, the BDX group had greater residual scaffold material and less vital bone compared to the BCS/HA group. Pain scores were relatively low for all groups.

Conclusions

BCS/HA may be used for socket preservation with similar or better results compared to BDX. The significance of greater residual scaffold found in the BDX group is yet to be determined.
Impact of Insulin Tregopil and Its Permeation Enhancer on Pharmacokinetics of Metformin in Healthy Volunteers: Randomized, Open‐Label, Placebo‐Controlled, Crossover Study
Authors: Khedkar Anand , Lebovitz Harold , Fleming Alexander , Cherrington Alan , Jose Vinu , Athalye Sandeep N. , Vishweswaramurthy Ashwini
Published: December 2018

Oral insulin tregopil (IN‐105; a new drug under development) may be coadministered with oral antidiabetic drugs, such as metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus for optimal glycemic control. IN‐105 has sodium caprate excipient, a permeation enhancer, for enhancing absorption in the stomach and increasing bioavailability via an oral route. Sodium caprate may increase bioavailability of metformin by a similar mechanism. Therefore, it was necessary to study the effect of IN‐105 on pharmacokinetics (PKs) of metformin. In this randomized, open‐label, cross‐over study, metformin was administered to healthy volunteers receiving IN‐105/placebo under fed/fasting conditions. The 90% confidence interval (CI) of the geometric mean ratio of the area under the curve from time zero to infinity (AUC0‐inf; fasting and fed) and peak plasma concentration (Cmax; fed) of metformin were within 0.80–1.25 acceptance range. Under fasting conditions, the upper bound margin of Cmax was just beyond this range (i.e., 1.27) and was concluded as functionally not relevant. There was no clinically significant effect of sodium caprate/IN‐105 on PKs of metformin under fasting/fed conditions, and it was safe.
S2k Guidelines for Cutaneous Basal Cell Carcinoma – Part 1: Epidemiology, Genetics and Diagnosis
Authors: Lang Berenice M. , Balermpas Panagiotis , Bauer Andrea , Blum Andreas , Brölsch G. Felix , Dirschka Thomas , Follmann Markus , Frank Jorge , Frerich Bernhard , Fritz Klaus , Hauschild Axel , Heindl Ludwig M. , Howaldt Hans‐Peter , Ihrler Stephan , Kakkassery Vinodh , Klumpp Bernhard , Krause‐Bergmann Albrecht , Löser Christoph , Meissner Markus , Sachse Michael M. , Schlaak Max , Schön Michael P. , Tischendorf Lutz , Tronnier Michael , Vordermark Dirk , Welzel Julia , Weichenthal Michael , Wiegand Susanne , Kaufmann Roland , Grabbe Stephan
Published: December 2018

Basal cell carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor among fair‐skinned individuals, and its incidence has been rising steadily in the past decades. In order to maintain the highest quality of patient care possible, the German S2k guidelines were updated following a systematic literature search and with the participation of all professional societies and associations involved in the management of the disease. Part 1 highlights new developments in genetics in particular as well as aspects regarding epidemiology, diagnosis, and histology.
Screening for intellectual disability with the Child and Adolescent Intellectual Screening Questionnaire: a modified Delphi approach
Authors: Mckenzie Karen , Murray George , Murray Aja , Martin Rachel , Tanfield Yasmin , Delahunty Lauren , Hutton Linda , Murray Kara R , O'hare Anne
Published: December 2018

Aim

To develop a consensus framework to evaluate the impact of screening for intellectual disability, using the Child and Adolescent Intellectual Disability Screening Questionnaire (CAIDS‐Q) in paediatric neurodevelopment clinics.

Method

A modified Delphi survey with four phases (literature review; initial development of framework [participants=11 parents, 8 professionals]; qualitative interviews [participants=4 parents, 15 professionals]; questionnaire development [participants=31 parents, 14 professionals] was used to develop the consensus framework. The framework was used to evaluate the impact of screening on six paediatricians and 31 parents of children who had participated in a previous paediatric screening project.

Results

Twelve of the original 20 items were retained based on levels of endorsement of 60 per cent or above. Direct benefits of using the CAIDS‐Q were: indicating the child's level of functioning, increasing awareness of intellectual disability, helping to identify children with intellectual disability, and identifying potentially vulnerable children. Benefits related to subsequent diagnostic assessment were: promoting greater understanding of the child, identification of support needs, and receipt of support, particularly for the child at school.

Interpretation

The use of the CAIDS‐Q had a number of direct and indirect benefits for children, families, and services as reported by parents and paediatricians.

What this paper adds

A 12‐item framework was developed to evaluate the impact of screening for intellectual disability.

Direct benefits of the Child and Adolescent Intellectual Disability Screening Questionnaire include increasing awareness and identification of intellectual disability.

Indirect benefits included increased identification of support needs and receipt of support.
Analysing local perceptions of post‐conflict and post‐floods livelihood interventions in Swat, Pakistan
Authors: Saeed Khan Kashif
Published: December 2018

The Swat valley in Pakistan’s Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province was affected by a protracted conflict and super flood between 2007 and 2010. This article explores local perceptions of the Swat response, which presented complex challenges for rehabilitation and livelihood recovery of affected communities. This study examines local perceptions of how non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) and government response addressed livelihood revival needs, considers questions relating to the nature and dynamics of the conflict and floods and reflects on the issues and lessons of post‐disaster relief and development. The qualitative case study was conducted between September 2010 and February 2011. Primary data were collected in 11 villages and localities from beneficiaries and non‐beneficiaries, government representatives, community leaders and programme officials involved in livelihood interventions. This article identifies the shortcomings associated with the targeted response, as well as the types of response offered in the form of beneficiary selection and elite co‐opting of aid. The response was affected by a lack of relief, recovery and development programme co‐ordination, weak institutional support and non‐prioritization of local needs. The article recommends that for effective development policy and practice, local ownership of response and recovery programmes needs to be promoted.
To Protect and Respect: IP Counsel's Role in Design Innovation
Authors: Cohen Joshua L.
Published: December 2018

Bottom line, innovative companies need to establish a robust IP program designed to protect and respect IP rights. This article explains key components of robust IP programs and how to implement them.

A primer on how to establish and implement an intellectual property program.
Incremental value of three‐dimensional transthoracic echocardiography over the two‐dimensional modality in the assessment of right heart compression and dysfunction produced by pectus excavatum
Authors: Salama Ahmed Y. , Arisha Mohammed J. , Nanda Navin C. , Klas Berthold , Ibeche Bashar , Wei Benjamin
Published: December 2018

The usefulness of two‐dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (2DTTE) in the assessment of right heart compression and dysfunction produced by pectus excavatum chest wall deformity has been well described in the literature by several investigators. However, there is a paucity of reports describing incremental value of live/real time three‐dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (3DTTE) over the two‐dimensional technique in the evaluation of right heart function in these patients. We present a severe case of pectus excavatum chest wall deformity in a young male, in whom 3DTTE provided incremental value over standard 2DTTE in assessing compression of the right heart before surgery and marked improvement in right heart function parameters following surgical repair. In addition, an updated summary of salient features of this deformity, including 2D and 3DTTE findings as well as right heart echocardiographic parameters by both 2D and 3DTTE in normal/healthy subjects summarized from the literature have been provided in a tabular form for comparison.
Fungal prosthetic aortic valve endocarditis and endarteritis: An unusual cause of aortic root vegetations
Authors: Carneiro Herman , Rasalingam Ravi
Published: December 2018

Fungal endocarditis is a relatively rare occurrence with high morbidity and mortality. Patients may have an indolent and non‐specific course requiring a high index of suspicion to make a diagnosis. Here, we present the case of a 33‐year‐old patient who presented with fevers and acute lower limb ischemia requiring a 4‐compartment fasciotomy caused by septic emboli from Candida albicans endocarditis. The patient had a large vegetation in the ascending aorta associated with a mycotic aneurysm, which is an exceedingly rare location for a vegetation. We also review the literature and summarize the typical echocardiographic appearance and vegetation locations in fungal endocarditis.
A histopathologic schema to quantify the burden of cardiac amyloidosis: Relationship with survival and echocardiographic parameters
Authors: Mehta Priya , Chapel David B. , Goyal Neha , Yu Dong Bo , Mor‐Avi Victor , Narang Akhil , Addetia Karima , Sarswat Nitasha , Lang Roberto M. , Husain Aliya N. , Patel Amit R.
Published: December 2018

Background

Despite routine use of echocardiographic parameters to evaluate the severity of cardiac amyloidosis (CA), this methodology has not been well validated. We developed a histopathologic schema for quantifying CA burden and evaluated its relationship with clinical outcomes. Additionally, echocardiographic parameters were tested as potential noninvasive indices of CA burden.

Methods

We retrospectively studied 59 patients with CA (17 light chain, 42 transthyretin) who underwent endomyocardial biopsies. Light microscopy with staining was used to categorize CA burden as mild‐to‐moderate (<50%) or high (≥50%). Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis was performed for the two groups. In 34 patients with good‐quality echocardiograms, we measured left ventricular volumes, ejection fraction (EF), interventricular septal thickness (IVSt), posterior wall thickness (PWt), LV mass, lateral e′‐velocity, and global longitudinal strain (GLS). These parameters were compared between the two groups.

Results

Thirty‐five patients had mild‐to‐moderate and 24 severe amyloid burden. Kaplan‐Meier curves demonstrated a trend toward worse mortality with high CA burden, which was more common and associated with higher mortality specifically in transthyretin‐type patients. Echocardiography‐derived IVSt, PWt, and LV mass were directly related to CA burden, while LV EF, e′‐velocity, and GLS magnitude were inversely related to CA burden.

Conclusions

Our findings provided a signal that CA burden is a clinically important entity with potentially valuable prognostic information. Echocardiographic parameters of LV anatomy and function correlate with histopathologic burden of CA, which is inversely related to survival. Further studies are needed to determine whether these parameters could be used as imaging biomarkers of treatment‐related changes in CA burden.
The mating systems of three species of minute pirate bug, Orius sauteri, O. minutus, and O. strigicollis
Authors: Arakawa Toru , Taniai Kiyoko , Maeda Taro
Published: December 2018

We compared the mating systems and genital morphology of three Orius species dominant in Japan: Orius sauteri (Poppius), Orius minutus (L.), and Orius strigicollis (Poppius) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae). In all three species, the males were polygamous and could inseminate at least three females at a rate of one female per day. Compared to the other two species, the O. minutus males had a lower rate of success in three consecutive mating orders. The mated females laid the same number of eggs irrespective of mating sequence. Orius minutus and O. strigicollis females were found to be monandrous, and they re‐mated with another male only when the 1st mating failed. In contrast, O. sauteri females were polyandrous and accepted a 2nd male even when the 1st mating was successful. Multiple mating with a single male did not increase their fecundity, and it decreased the hatching success of eggs. Mating with multiple males did not affect the fecundity or hatching success. Our scanning electron microscopy observation suggested that the genitalia of O. minutus and O. strigicollis were more similar in shape. The similarities in mating system and morphology between O. minutus and O. strigicollis support a close phylogenetic relationship.
The efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants in patients with chronic renal insufficiency: A review of the literature
Authors: Weber Jacob , Olyaei Ali , Shatzel Joseph
Published: December 2018

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have been shown to be superior to vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) in regards to safety and efficacy in numerous clinical trials and are now the preferred oral anticoagulant by multiple professional societies. However, patients with significant levels of organ dysfunction were excluded from all major clinical trials, leaving the clinical benefit in these subsets uncertain. Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) specifically often require anticoagulation for acute or long‐term indications such as venous thromboembolism, atrial fibrillation, or mechanical heart valves. The efficacy and safety of anticoagulation in patients with renal failure is less certain, however, particularly with DOACs which have altered pharmacokinetics in patients with renal failure and limited observational data on their use in this population. In this review, we compile the most up to date data on the DOAC use in patients with CKD. DOAC use in patients with ESRD and advanced CKD is increasing despite the presence of a clear benefit, and with the potential for increased risk of bleeding compared to warfarin. Apixaban has the greatest amount of outcomes research supporting its use over warfarin in this patient population; however, further research on DOAC safety and efficacy in those with advanced CKD is still needed.
Merleau‐Ponty and the significance of style
Authors: Inkpin Andrew
Published: December 2018

A distinctive feature of Merleau‐Ponty's thought is the central role he assigns style in generally characterizing embodied agents' perceptual and cognitive functioning. Despite this, he says little to explain how he conceives style itself. This article therefore aims to clarify Merleau‐Ponty's notion of style and its significance within and beyond his work. It begins by surveying his broad application of the term and using his discussions of painting to reconstruct his conception of style, identifying two major roles Merleau‐Ponty attributes it in unifying intentional structures and founding conceptual meaning. His view is related to several competing philosophical conceptions of style to highlight its distinctiveness and some conceptual difficulties in adequately defining style. I then argue that Merleau‐Ponty succeeds in coherently distinguishing style from rules by recognizing that style conceives pattern formation, especially the relation of general and particular, in a way contrasting with the identity‐based thinking inherent in the functioning of rules. With this distinction, I conclude that, although Merleau‐Ponty overgeneralizes its role, his conception of style has broader philosophical significance in accurately capturing the nonmechanical cohesion of certain embodied intelligent activities (such as painting) and enabling better understanding of the variety of forms such activities can take.
Approach velocity and impingement duration influences the mortality of juvenile Golden Perch (Macquaria ambigua) at a fish exclusion screen
Authors: Stocks Jerom R. , Walsh Chris T. , Rodgers Michael P. , Boys Craig A.
Published: December 2018

Globally, the extraction and diversion of water from river systems has had substantial impacts on aquatic ecosystem health and ecological processes. One such impact is the entrainment of fish at pump offtakes that can result in vast quantities of fish being permanently removed from rivers. Exclusion screens to prevent fish entrainment at pump offtakes are therefore an important management consideration. In this study, impingement and subsequent injury and mortality of a juvenile freshwater perciform, Golden Perch (Macquaria ambigua), was assessed in the laboratory using a simulated fish exclusion screen under a range of velocities and impingement durations. A 2 mm wedge‐wire screen eliminated the entrainment of 44‐day‐old Golden Perch that were exposed to approach velocities between 0.05 and 0.3 m/s. However, impingement rates of Golden Perch increased significantly with increased approach velocities and rates of injury and mortality increased with impingement duration. Results from this study indicate the primary mechanisms to reduce fish loss at pump offtakes are to design pump offtakes, fitted with fish exclusion screens, which limit approach velocities or impingement duration. Further studies are required to examine a range of species with varying swimming ability at early life‐history stages. Such data will contribute to the growing body of knowledge that supports adaptive management plans to prevent fish loss at water offtake pumps.
Perceptions of Nonresident Father Involvement Among Low‐Income Youth and Their Single Parents
Authors: Arditti Joyce A. , Molloy Sonia , Spiers Sara , Johnson Elizabeth I.
Published: December 2018

Objective

To examine sources of theoretical variation in youth and caregiver perceptions of nonresident father involvement.

Background

Relationship complexity and environmental factors can result in complicated trajectories of father involvement. We examined both caregiver and youth perceptions of nonresident father–child relationships among low‐income, single‐parent families that were often affected by paternal incarceration.

Method

The present study drew from a sample of families served by a Big Brothers Big Sisters (BBBS) program in a metropolitan region of a Mid‐Atlantic state. In‐depth interviews with 27 caregivers and their 33 children were the basis of a qualitative analysis.

Results

Findings revealed 4 typologies of perceived father involvement: disengaged, sporadic, encouraged, and engaged. Description was thickest regarding the complexities paternal incarceration posed for nonresident fathers' relationships with children and caregivers' attempts to mediate between children and fathers.

Conclusion

Narratives about nonresident fathers were situated within complicated ecologies of environmental press such as incarceration, geographic separation, and relationship quality challenges that changed as families adapted to new realities and shifts in kin networks. Maternal mediation between children and their fathers was not a simple judgment and driven by real concerns about children's well‐being in highly stigmatized environments or older youths' contact preferences.

Implications

Caregivers' concerns about children's fathers need to be understood as part of any programmatic efforts aimed at enhancing coparenting in nonresident‐father families. Families with encouraged forms of nonresident‐father involvement might be particularly receptive to intervention aimed at facilitating positive father–child relationships.
Can environmental flows moderate riparian invasions? The influence of seedling morphology and density on scour losses in experimental floods
Authors: Kui Li , Stella John C. , Diehl Rebecca M. , Wilcox Andrew C. , Lightbody Anne , Sklar Leonard S.
Published: December 2018

Environmental flow releases are an effective tool to meet multiple management objectives, including maintaining river conveyance, restoring naturally functioning riparian plant communities, and controlling invasive species. In this context, predicting plant mortality during floods remains a key area of uncertainty for both river managers and ecologists, particularly with respect to how flood hydraulics and sediment dynamics interact with the plants’ own traits to influence their vulnerability to scour and burial.

To understand these processes better, we conducted flume experiments to quantify different plant species’ vulnerability to flooding across a range of plant sizes, patch densities, and sediment condition (equilibrium transport versus sediment deficit), using sand‐bed rivers in the U.S. southwest as our reference system. We ran 10 experimental floods in a 0.6 m wide flume using live seedlings of cottonwood and tamarisk, which have contrasting morphologies.

Sediment supply, plant morphology, and patch composition all had significant impacts on plant vulnerability during floods. Floods under sediment deficit conditions, which typically occur downstream of dams, resulted in bed degradation and a 35% greater risk of plant loss compared to equilibrium sediment conditions. Plants in sparse patches dislodged five times more frequently than in dense patches. Tamarisk plants and patches had greater frontal area, larger basal diameter, longer roots, and lower crown position compared to cottonwood across all seedling heights. These traits were associated with a 75% reduction in tamarisk seedlings’ vulnerability to scour compared to cottonwood.

Synthesis and applications. Tamarisk's greater survivability helps to explain its vigorous establishment and persistence on regulated rivers where flood magnitudes have been reduced. Furthermore, its documented influence on hydraulics, sediment deposition, and scour patterns in flumes is amplified at larger scales in strongly altered river channels where it has broadly invaded. Efforts to remove riparian vegetation using flow releases to maintain open floodways and/or control the spread of non‐native species will need to consider the target plants’ size, density, and species‐specific traits, in addition to the balance of sediment transport capacity and supply in the river system.
Sex‐dependent effects of Cacna1c haploinsufficiency on juvenile social play behavior and pro‐social 50‐kHz ultrasonic communication in rats
Authors: Kisko Theresa M. , Braun Moria D. , Michels Susanne , Witt Stephanie H. , Rietschel Marcella , Culmsee Carsten , Schwarting Rainer K. W. , Wöhr Markus
Published: December 2018

As cross‐disorder risk gene, CACNA1C is implicated in the etiology of all major neuropsychiatric disorders characterized by deficits in social behavior and communication and there is evidence for sex‐dependent influences of single‐nucleotide polymorphisms within CACNA1C on diagnosis, course, and recovery in humans. In this study, we aimed, therefore, at further exploring the role of Cacna1c in regulating behavioral phenotypes, focusing on sex‐specific differences in social behavior and communication during the critical developmental period of adolescence in rats. Specifically, we compared rough‐and‐tumble play, concomitant emission of pro‐social 50‐kHz ultrasonic vocalizations, and social approach behavior in response to playback of 50‐kHz ultrasonic vocalizations between constitutive heterozygous Cacna1c
+/− females and wildtype Cacna1c
+/+ littermate controls, and contrasted present female findings to data previously reported in males. Our results show for the first time that partial depletion of Cacna1c leads to sex‐dependent alterations in social behavior and communication in rats. In females, Cacna1c haploinsufficiency led to hypermasculinization, with rough‐and‐tumble play behavior, in general, and pinning behavior, in particular, being even higher than in males without affecting concomitant 50‐kHz ultrasonic vocalizations. In males, in contrast, rough‐and‐tumble play behavior was not altered, yet emission of 50‐kHz ultrasonic vocalizations was diminished following partial Cacna1c depletion. The behavioral responses elicited by playback of 50‐kHz ultrasonic vocalizations were reduced upon partial Cacna1c depletion in both sexes. It thus can be concluded that Cacna1c plays a prominent sex‐dependent role in regulating juvenile rat social play behavior and pro‐social 50‐kHz ultrasonic communication with relevance to sex‐specific effects seen in neuropsychiatric disorders.
Soil greenhouse gas, carbon content, and tree growth response to biochar amendment in western United States forests
Authors: Sarauer Jessica L. , Page‐Dumroese Deborah S. , Coleman Mark D.
Published: December 2018

Restoring overstocked forests by thinning and pyrolyzing residual biomass produces biochar and other value‐added products. Forest soils amended with biochar have potential to sequester carbon (C), improve soil quality, and alter greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions without depleting nutrient stocks. Yet, few studies have examined the effects of biochar on GHG emissions and tree growth in temperate forest soils. We measured GHG emissions, soil C content, and tree growth at managed forest sites in Idaho, Montana, and Oregon. We applied biochar amendments of 0, 2.5, or 25 Mg/ha to the forest soil surface. Flux of carbon dioxide and methane varied by season; however, neither were affected by biochar amendment. Flux of nitrous oxide was not detected at these nitrogen‐limited and unfertilized forest sites. Biochar amendment increased soil C content by 41% but did not affect tree growth. Overall, biochar had no detrimental effects on forest trees or soils. We conclude that biochar can be used harmlessly for climate change mitigation in forests by sequestering C in the soil.
Elevational rear edges shifted at least as much as leading edges over the last century
Authors: Rumpf Sabine B. , Hülber Karl , Zimmermann Niklaus E. , Dullinger Stefan
Published: December 2018

Aim

Range shifts along elevational gradients are considered a major response of mountain species to climate change. However, empirical studies have so far mainly focused on leading edges or on species’ optima, and evidence of rear edge shifts remains scarce. Yet, the balance between leading and rear edge shifts has important consequences for conservation and co‐determines species’ extinction risk. Here, we present a comparative synthesis of range dynamics observed at both range limits.

Location

Global.

Time period

1850–present.

Major taxa studied

Plants, invertebrates, vertebrates.

Methods

From the literature, we compiled elevational leading and rear edge shifts of 1,026 species observed at the same localities over the same time period. We used linear mixed‐effects models to analyse whether both range limits shifted upslope, whether leading edges shifted faster than rear edges and elevational range sizes have thus changed, whether observed shifts were linked to temperature changes, and whether shifts lagged behind temperature changes.

Results

Despite pronounced species‐specific variation, both range limits shifted upslope on average. Rates of shift did not differ between rear and leading edges, elevational range sizes thus did not change. Regional differences in temperature trends were only related to dynamics at rear edges. Yet, the stronger climate warmed regionally, the more species’ responses lagged behind expectations at both range limits.

Main conclusions

Our results demonstrate that extinctions at rear edges of mountain species have at least been as common as colonizations at leading edges. The drivers of observed range limit shifts are not deducible from our data, but weak relationships with temperature trends suggest that other factors than climate warming played an additional role. These results do not relax concerns about possible detrimental effects of environmental change on mountain biodiversity and point to the importance of refocusing monitoring towards a better representation of rear edge dynamics.
Happiness and Mental Illness: Virtue ethics in Dialogue with Psychology
Authors: Clifton Shane , Stevens Bruce
Published: December 2018

This interdisciplinary article explores the intersection between the virtue ethics tradition and psychological therapies exploring the meaning of happiness for people living with a disabling mental illness. The logic of virtue ethics faces the challenge of mental illness, which is how to conceive of eudaimonia in the context of an illfness that targets happiness and potentially disrupts a person’s capacity to function rationally and exercise virtue. Drawing on two illustrative case studies of schizophrenia and major depression disorder, this article identifies substantive points of contact between virtue ethics and the therapeutic strategies of recovery theory and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. In so doing, it aims to provide ways of thinking about happiness that can help therapists and people with a mental illness conceive of flourishing, not despite mental illness, but by incorporating the experience into the storied meaning of life. And since mental illness reflects the vulnerabilities that are central to human life, its examination also expands the horizons of the virtue ethics tradition.
Upper GI biopsies for adenocarcinoma – how many biopsies should endoscopists take?
Authors: Kaye Philip , Lindsay Daniel , Madhusudan Srinivasan , Vohra Ravinder , Catton James , Platt Craig , Ragunath Krish
Published: December 2018

Aims

There is evidence that four or five gastric cancer biopsies are required for accurate HER2 interpretation. However, the number of biopsies that need to be taken to reach this number of viable cancer biopsies is without evidence. This study aimed to address this gap by assessing the number of biopsies required to gain at least four viable biopsies containing cancer.

Methods and results

A total of 105 consecutive biopsy cases of gastric and oesophageal adenocarcinoma were retrieved from files. Only definite cancer diagnoses were included; missed cancers or unproven cases were not considered. The cases were reviewed and the number of biopsies taken, and the number containing viable tumour was recorded. In total, 667 biopsies were taken, of which 471 had viable tumour (70.6%). Seventy of 105 cases (67%) had four viable tumour biopsies, but only 47 of 105 (45%) had five viable tumour biopsies. In order to have a >90% chance of having four viable tumour biopsies, seven needed to be taken, while 10 or more were required for a >90% chance of five viable tumour biopsies. Mathematically, using a 0.7 probability for a single biopsy, eight biopsies would be required for a 94% chance of at least four viable tumour biopsies.

Conclusion

In our large upper GI cancer centre, many biopsy cases do not contain sufficient material for adequate HER2 assessment. In order to meet the four‐biopsy requirement for adequate HER2 assessment in >90% of cases, at least eight biopsies need to be taken, while 10 biopsies would be required for the 5‐cancer biopsy threshold.
Evidence on the Koseda coast of Yakushima Island of a tsunami during the 7.3 ka Kikai caldera eruption
Authors: Nanayama Futoshi , Maeno Fukashi
Published: December 2018

Previous research indicates that Yakushima Island, southwestern Japan, may have been struck by a huge tsunami before or soon after the arrival of the Koya pyroclastic flow during the 7.3 ka caldera‐forming Kikai eruption, but this has not yet been confirmed. This paper describes sedimentological and chronostratigraphic evidence showing that Unit TG, one of three gravel beds exposed on the Koseda coast of northeast Yakushima Island and investigated here, is a tsunami deposit. Unit TG is a poorly sorted, 30 cm thick gravel bed overlying a wave‐cut bench and underlying a Koya pyroclastic flow deposit. Sparse wood fragments in Unit TG were dated at 7 416–7 167 cal year BP. The constituent gravel clasts of Unit TG are similar in composition to those of modern beach and river deposits along the Koseda coast. Unit TG also contains pumice clasts whose chemistry is identical to that of pumice derived from the 7.3 ka eruption at Kikai caldera. The long‐axis orientations and composition of gravel clasts in Unit TG suggest that they were transported by a landward‐travelling high‐particle‐concentration flow, which suggests that Unit TG was deposited by a tsunami run‐up flow during the 7.3 ka Kikai caldera eruption, just before the arrival of the major Koya pyroclastic flow at the Koseda coast. Whether the 7.3 ka tsunami was caused by a volcanic eruption or an earthquake remains unclear, but Unit TG demonstrates that a tsunami arrived immediately before emplacement of a Koya pyroclastic flow.
The distributions of HLA‐A, HLA‐B, HLA‐C, HLA‐DRB1 and HLA‐DQB1 allele and haplotype at high‐resolution level in Zhejiang Han population of China
Authors: Chen Nanying , Wang Wei , Wang Fang , Dong Lina , Zhao Shuoxian , Zhang Wei , He Ji , Huang He , Zhu Faming
Published: December 2018

The distributions of HLA allele and haplotype are variable in different ethnic populations and the data for some populations have been published. However, the data on HLA‐C and HLA‐DQB1 loci and the haplotype of HLA‐A, HLA‐B, HLA‐C, HLA‐DRB1 and HLA‐DQB1 loci at a high‐resolution level are limited in Zhejiang Han population, China. In this study, the frequencies of the HLA‐A, HLA‐B, HLA‐C, HLA‐DRB1 and HLA‐DQB1 loci and haplotypes were analysed among 3,548 volunteers from the Zhejiang Han population using polymerase chain reaction sequencing‐based typing method. Totals of 51 HLA‐A, 97 HLA‐B, 45 HLA‐C, 53 HLA‐DRB1 and 27 HLA‐DQB1 alleles were observed. The top three frequent alleles of HLA‐A, HLA‐B, HLA‐C, HLA‐DRB1 and HLA‐DQB1 loci were A*11:01 (23.83%), A*24:02 (17.16%), A*02:01 (11.36%); B*40:01 (14.08%), B*46:01 (12.20%), B*58:01 (8.50%); C*07:02 (18.25%), C*01:02:01G (18.15%), C*03:04 (9.88%); DRB1*09:01 (17.52%), DRB1*12:02 (10.57%), DRB1*15:01 (9.70%); DQB1*03:01 (22.63%), DQB1*03:03 (18.26%) and DQB1*06:01 (10.88%), respectively. A total of 141 HLA‐A‐C‐B‐DRB1‐DQB1 haplotypes with a frequency of ≥0.1% were found and the haplotypes with frequency greater than 3% were A*02:07‐C*01:02:01G‐B*46:01‐DRB1*09:01‐DQB1*03:03 (4.20%), A*33:03‐C*03:02‐B*58:01‐DRB1*03:01‐DQB1*02:01 (4.15%), A*30:01‐C*06:02‐B*13:02‐DRB1*07:01‐DQB1*02:02 (3.20%). The likelihood ratios test for the linkage disequilibrium of two loci haplotypes was revealed that the majority of the pairwise associations were statistically significant. The data presented in this study will be useful for searching unrelated HLA‐matched donor, planning donor registry and for anthropology studies in China.