bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Central Structures Necessary and Sufficient for Ingestive and Glycemic Responses to Urocortin I Administration
Authors: Daniels Derek , Markison Stacy , Grill Harvey J. , Kaplan Joel M.
Published: December 2004

CNS delivery of Urocortin I (UcnI), a member of the corticotropin-releasing factor family, suppresses feeding behavior and increases plasma glucose. The sites of action necessary and sufficient for these responses remain unclear. The contribution of the caudal brainstem was explored using chronically maintained decerebrate (CD) and neurologically intact control rats given fourth-ventricle injections of UcnI. Ingestive and glycemic responses were evaluated, and Fos immunoreactivity was measured in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), the parabrachical nucleus (PBN), the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), and the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). CD rats, like the neurologically intact controls, decreased intraoral food intake and had elevated plasma glucose in response to Unc1 injections, indicating that forebrain structures are not required for these behavioral and physiological actions of UcnI. Fos immunohistochemistry, however, revealed notable differences in the pattern of UcnI-induced activation between intact and CD rats. UcnI-related activation was observed in each of the four aforementioned brain areas of neurologically intact rats but only in the NTS of CD rats. The intact behavioral and physiological responses to UcnI in the absence of neural activation in the PVN, PBN, and RVLM help limit the list of structures necessary for the stimulation and mediation of these responses to UcnI and suggest that the NTS may serve as a primary site of UcnI action.
Different Sensory Systems Share Projection Neurons But Elicit Distinct Motor Patterns
Authors: Blitz Dawn M. , Beenhakker Mark P. , Nusbaum Michael P.
Published: December 2004

Considerable research has focused on issues pertaining to sensorimotor integration, but in most systems precise information remains unavailable regarding the specific pathways by which different sensory systems regulate any single central pattern-generating circuit. We address this issue by determining how two muscle stretch-sensitive neurons, the gastropyloric receptor neurons (GPRs), influence identified projection neurons that regulate the gastric mill circuit in the stomatogastric nervous system of the crab and then comparing these actions with those of the ventral cardiac neuron (VCN) mechanosensory system. Here, we show that the GPR neurons activate the gastric mill rhythm in the stomatogastric ganglion (STG) via their excitation of two identified projection neurons, modulatory commissural neuron 1 (MCN1) and commissural projection neuron 2 (CPN2), in the commissural ganglion. Support for this conclusion comes from the ability of the modulatory proctolin neuron (MPN), a projection neuron that suppresses the gastric mill rhythm via its inhibitory actions on MCN1 and CPN2, to inhibit the GPR-elicited gastric mill rhythm. Selective elimination of MCN1 and CPN2 access to the STG also prevents GPR activation of this rhythm. The VCN neurons also elicit the gastric mill rhythm by coactivating MCN1 and CPN2, but the GPR-elicited gastric mill rhythm is distinct. These distinct rhythms are likely to result partly from different MCN1 activity levels under these two conditions and partly from the presence of additional GPR actions in the STG. These results support the hypothesis that different sensory systems differentially regulate neuronal circuit activity despite their convergent actions on a single subpopulation of projection neurons.
Different Presynaptic Roles of Synapsins at Excitatory and Inhibitory Synapses
Authors: Gitler Daniel , Takagishi Yoshiko , Feng Jian , Ren Yong , Rodriguiz Ramona M. , Wetsel William C. , Greengard Paul , Augustine George J.
Published: December 2004

The functions of synapsins were examined by characterizing the phenotype of mice in which all three synapsin genes were knocked out. Although these triple knock-out mice were viable and had normal brain anatomy, they exhibited a number of behavioral defects. Synaptic transmission was altered in cultured neurons from the hippocampus of knock-out mice. At excitatory synapses, loss of synapsins did not affect basal transmission evoked by single stimuli but caused a threefold increase in the rate of synaptic depression during trains of stimuli. This suggests that synapsins regulate the reserve pool of synaptic vesicles. This possibility was examined further by measuring synaptic vesicle density in living neurons transfected with green fluorescent protein-tagged synaptobrevin 2, a marker of synaptic vesicles. The relative amount of fluorescent synaptobrevin was substantially lower at synapses of knock-out neurons than of wild-type neurons. Electron microscopy also revealed a parallel reduction in the number of vesicles in the reserve pool of vesicles >150 nm away from the active zone at excitatory synapses. Thus, synapsins are required for maintaining vesicles in the reserve pool at excitatory synapses. In contrast, basal transmission at inhibitory synapses was reduced by loss of synapsins, but the kinetics of synaptic depression were unaffected. In these terminals, there was a mild reduction in the total number of synaptic vesicles, but this was not restricted to the reserve pool of vesicles. Thus, synapsins maintain the reserve pool of glutamatergic vesicles but regulate the size of the readily releasable pool of GABAergic vesicles.
The Washington City Museum
Authors: Liebhold Peter
Published: December 2004

Overview Exhibition: Washington Perspectives; Multimedia-show: Washington Stories. Exhibition team: Barbara Franco, president and CEO; Susan Schreiber, vice president for programs; Jill Connors-Joyner and Laura Schiavo, exhibitions curators; GSM Design of Montreal, Canada, designer. City Museum of Washington, D.C., May 2003–present. www.citymuseumdc.org
Cover Picture: Expanding the Genetic Code (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1/2005)
Authors: Wang Lei , Schultz Peter G.
Published: December 2004

Unnatural amino acids can be incorporated as new building blocks into the genetic codes of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms to facilitate studies of protein structure and function. Over 30 unnatural amino acids with modified side chains have been genetically encoded in response to unique triplet and quadruplet codons. L. Wang and P. G. Schultz describe in their Review on page 34 ff. chemical and biochemical approaches that have been developed to manipulate protein structure and add new amino acids to the genetic code.
Robuste und abstimmbare Schalldämpfer in der Abluft von Fertigungs‐ und Heizungsanlagen
Authors: Brandstätt Peter , Eckoldt Dietmar , Krämer Michael , Bay Karlheinz
Published: December 2004

Die Anforderungen an Schalldämpfer, die als sekundärer Schallschutz in Luftleitungen eingesetzt werden, sind in industriellen Anlagen (z. B. Papier‐ und Mineralfaserproduktion, Lackieranlagen) sowie Kraftwerken und Heizkraftwerken besonders hoch. Dies liegt zum einen an der Belastung der Abgasströme mit Reststoffen, die sich an den Oberflächen der Schalldämpfer absetzen und so deren Wirkung vermindern oder gar aufheben. Hohe Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten, Temperaturen und Feuchtigkeit sind weitere Einflüsse, die sich negativ auf die Standzeiten der Schalldämpfer auswirken. Zusätzlich sind gerade bei tiefen Frequenzen hohe Dämpfungen zu erzielen, da die Schallerzeuger (Ventilatoren, Verdichter, Turbinen und Motoren) dort ihre Anteile aufweisen. Konventionelle Schalldämpfer führen unter diesen Randbedingungen zu unwirtschaftlichen Lösungen. Diese Problematik wird beleuchtet sowie robuste und auf den jeweiligen Bedarf und Frequenzbereich abstimmbare Schalldämpferentwicklungen vorgestellt. Das Wirkprinzip und die Konstruktion der Schalldämpfer, die aus Platten‐, Hohlraum‐ und aktiven Resonatoren bestehen, werden dargestellt. Ihr Platz und Geld sparender Einsatz wird anhand konkreter, in der Praxis umgesetzter Beispiele gezeigt. Diese umfassen den Einsatz der als “Eckiger Innenzug” und “Reinigbarer Rohr‐Schalldämpfer” bezeichneten Resonator‐Schalldämpfer in Anlagen zur Papier‐ und Stromproduktion. Anhand von Heizungsanlagen wird der Einsatz aktiver Resonatoren vorgestellt. Neue Entwicklungen von resistenten Absorbermaterialien und dauerhaften, akustisch reagierenden Abdeckungen geben einen Ausblick auf innovative Lösungsmöglichkeiten.
Energieeinsparung in Gebäuden ndash; aktueller denn je!: Anforderungskonzept EnEV 2006 ndash; Vision Nachhaltigkeitsvektor
Authors: Hauser Gerd
Published: December 2004

Die Notwendigkeit zur Energieeinsparung im Verbrauchssektor Gebäude resultiert aus den Aspekten Umweltschutz, Minderung der Importabhängigkeit, Senkung der zweiten Miete, Bausubstanz‐ und Werterhaltung sowie Komfortsteigerung und Ankurbelung der Bauwirtschaft. Die vorliegenden Einsparpotentiale sind für den Wohngebäudebestand gut quantifizierbar, bei Nichtwohngebäuden ist der Kenntnisstand deutlich geringer. Die durch die EU‐Richtlinie “Gesamtenergieeffizienz von Gebäuen” erforderlichen Neuerungen gegenüber der Energieeinsparverordnung (EnEV) 2002 liegen im wesentlichen in der Erfassung des Kunstlichtstrom‐ und des Kühlenergiebedarfs. Beide Größen spielen im Wohnungsbau praktisch keine Rolle. Deshalb erscheint es insbesondere angesichts des vorherrschenden Zeitdrucks zur Umsetzung der EU‐Richtlinie zur Gesamtenergieeffizienz von Gebäuden bis 2006 sinnvoll, die bisherige Behandlung des Wohnungsbaus beizubehalten. Für Nichtwohngebäude liegen auch in den Bedarfsbereichen Heizung, Warmwasser und Lüftung z. T. stark abweichende Verhältnisse vom Wohnungsbau vor, außerdem kann die Erfassung des Kunstlichtstrom‐ und des Kühlenergiebedarfs von großer Bedeutung sein. Für diese Gebäude bedarf es neuer Berechnungsalgorithmen und der Formulierung von Anforderungen. Die Prämisse des vorgestellten Konzepts ist die nutzungsspezifische Formulierung der Anforderungen. Aus pragmatischen Gründen wird eine “Referenzgebäudemethode” empfohlen. Neben dem Aspekt der Energieeinsparung wird für die Gebäudefunktion “Raumkonditionierung” die Einführung eines Nachhaltigkeitsvektors vorgeschlagen. Für die Beurteilungskriterien werden objektive Bewertungsfaktoren B eingeführt, die um individuelle Wichtungsfaktoren W ergänzt werden.
Computational Investigation of SO3—NH3‐nXn (n = 0—3; X: F, Cl) Interactions
Authors: Solimannejad Mohammad , Boutalib Abderrahim
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Fabrication and Photoluminescence of Chemically Stable La2O3:Eu3+—La2Sn2 O7 Core—Shell‐Structured Nanoparticles.
Authors: Hosono Eiji , Fujihara Shinobu
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Re‐Entrant Phase Transition of the Crystalline Ion Conductor Ag7P3S11.
Authors: Brinkmann Christian , Eckert Hellmut , Wilmer Dirk , Vogel Michael , Schmedt auf der Guenne Joern , Hoffbauer Wilfried , Rau Franz , Pfitzner Arno
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Unusual Charge Distribution in Na7(CoO3)2.
Authors: Sofin Mikhail , Peters Eva‐Maria , Jansen Martin
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation in Water with a Supported Noyori—Ikariya Catalyst.
Authors: Li Xiaoguang , Wu Xiaofeng , Chen Weiping , Hancock Fred E. , King Frank , Xiao Jianliang
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Recyclable Palladium Catalysts for Hydrogenations and Carbon—Carbon Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Kim Namdu , Kwon Min Serk , Park Cheon Min , Park Jaiwook
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Easy, Inexpensive and Effective Oxidative Iodination of Deactivated Arenes in Sulfuric Acid.
Authors: Kraszkiewicz Lukasz , Sosnowski Maciej , Skulski Lech
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 3,3,3‐Trifluoroprop‐1‐enyl Compounds from Some Enolizable Aldehydes.
Authors: Yamamoto Satomi , Sugimoto Hiroshi , Tamura Osamu , Mori Tatsuya , Matsuo Noritada , Ishibashi Hiroyuki
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Complexing and Catalytic Properties of Easily Available Chiral Iminophosphite Based on Biphenyl‐2,2′‐diol.
Authors: Tsarev V. N. , Kabro A. A. , Moiseev S. K. , Kalinin V. N. , Bondarev O. G. , Davankov V. A. , Gavrilov K. N.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Unusual Oxidative Dehydration of vic‐[Alkyl(aryl)thio]‐Substituted Aromatic (Heteroaromatic) Carboxamides.
Authors: Kislitsyn P. G. , Kucherov F. A. , Chukhrov L. N. , Zlotin S. G. , Starikova Z. A. , Dolgushin F. M.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Modified Weinreb Amides: N‐tert‐Butoxy‐N‐methylamides as Effective Acylating Agents.
Authors: Labeeuw Olivier , Phansavath Phannarath , Genet Jean‐Pierre
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Vasorelaxant Properties of Hybrid Molecules Out of NO‐Donors and the β‐Receptor Blocking Drug Propranolol.
Authors: Decker Michael , Koenig Andreas , Glusa Erika , Lehmann Jochen
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stereospecific Synthesis of Trifluoromethyl‐Substituted Polyfunctionalized Cyclopropanes.
Authors: Wang Yi , Zhao Xiaoming , Li Youhua , Lu Long
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Vinylcyclopentanes via Samarium(II) Mediated Tandem Reactions.
Authors: Ferjani Mounira Bent Sadok , Zhou Zhihong , Bennett Sharon M.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Efficient and Fast Method for the Preparation of Benzylic Bromides.
Authors: Lee Jong Chan , Hwang Eui Yong
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Facile One‐Pot Syntheses of Amidines and Enamines from Oximes via Beckmann Rearrangement Using Trifluoromethanesulfonic Anhydride.
Authors: Takuwa Tomofumi , Minowa Tomofumi , Onishi Jim Yoshitaka , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ruthenium—Bipyridine Complex‐Catalyzed Photo‐Induced Reduction of Nitrobenzenes with Hydrazine.
Authors: Hirao Toshikazu , Shiori Jun , Okahata Naoki
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Catalytic, Asymmetric Synthesis of α‐Acetoxy Amides.
Authors: North Michael , Parkins Adrian W. , Shariff Atiya N.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Functionalized 1,4‐Dihydro‐9,10‐anthraquinones and Anthraquinones by Ring Closing Metathesis Using Grubbs′ Catalyst.
Authors: Nguyen Van Tuyen , D'hooghe Matthias , Pattyn Siegfried , De Kimpe Norbert
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stereoconvergent Transformation of 1,2a‐Disubstituted Benzo[b]cyclobuta[d]pyrans to 1,3‐Disubstituted Tetrahydrodibenzofuran‐4‐ols and Its Application to the Second‐Generation Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Linderol A.
Authors: Yamashita Masayuki , Inaba Tomoki , Shimizu Takashi , Kawasaki Ikuo , Ohta Shunsaku
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Facile 5‐Endo Amidyl Radical Cyclization Promoted by Vinylic Iodine Substitution.
Authors: Tang Yu , Li Chaozhong
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Highly Diastereoselective MgI2‐Mediated Ring Expansion of Methylenecyclopropanes.
Authors: Scott Mark E. , Han Wooseok , Lautens Mark
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nitropyrazoles. Part 11. Isomeric 1‐Methyl‐3(5)‐nitropyrazole‐4‐carbonitriles in Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions. Comparative Reactivity of the Nitro Group in Positions 3 and 5 of the Pyrazole Ring.
Authors: Dalinger I. L. , Zaitsev A. A. , Shkineva T. K. , Shevelev S. A.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Addition Reactions of 2‐Polyfluoroalkyl Substituted 1,3‐Thiazolin‐4‐one Derivatives.
Authors: Rudnichenko A. V. , Timoshenko V. M. , Chernega A. N. , Nesterenko A. M. , Shermolovich Yu. G.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Studies on Substitution of Nitro Groups in 1,3,5‐Trinitrobenzene with NH‐Azoles.
Authors: Sapozhnikov O. Yu. , Dutov M. D. , Korolev M. A. , Kachala V. V. , Kadentsev V. I. , Shevelev S. A.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Microwave Accelerated Solvent‐Free Synthesis of 1,3,4‐Oxadiazoles Using Polymer Supported Dehydration Reagent.
Authors: Li Zheng , Yu Jinlan , Ding Runbo , Wang Zhiyuan , Wang Xicun
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
One‐Step Synthesis of Substituted 4,8‐Dihydropyrano[3,2‐b]pyran‐4‐ones.
Authors: Shestopalov A. A. , Rodinovskaya L. A. , Shestopalov A. M. , Litvinov V. P.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Proline‐Catalyzed Ketone—Aldehyde Aldol Reactions Are Accelerated by Water.
Authors: Nyberg Annika I. , Usano Annina , Pihko Petri M.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Two‐Step Synthesis of Aminopropylpiperidines via Aminopropargylpyridines, Suitable for the Synthesis of a New Class of 5‐HT4 Ligands.
Authors: Russo Olivier , Alami Mouad , Brion Jean‐Daniel , Sicsic Sames , Berque‐Bestel Isabelle
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Calcium Channel Antagonist Activity of New 1,4‐Dihydropyridine Derivatives Containing Lipophilic 4‐Imidazolyl Substituents.
Authors: Navidpour Latifeh , Miri Ramin , Shafiee Abbas
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Arylsulfonyl Acridinyl Derivatives Acting on Plasmodium falciparum.
Authors: Santelli‐Rouvier Christiane , Pradines Bruno , Berthelot Michel , Parzy Daniel , Barbe Jacques
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Preparation of Triazaphenanthrenes.
Authors: Nutaitis Charles F. , Brennan Megan
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
N‐Acyliminium Reagents of 3,4‐Dihydro‐β‐carboline and Acyl Chlorides in the Reaction of Intermolecular α‐Amidoalkylation Toward Heteroaromatics.
Authors: Donova Atanaska K. , Statkova‐Abeghe Stela M. , Venkov Atanas P. , Ivanov Iliyan I.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Novel 6‐Enaminopurines.
Authors: Carvalho M. Alice , Zaki Magdi E. A. , Alvares Yolanda , Proenca M. Fernanda , Booth Brian L.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Solvent‐Free Palladium‐Catalyzed Addition of Diaryl Dichalcogenides to Alkynes.
Authors: Ananikov V. P. , Beletskaya I. P.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Properties of 10,11‐Dibenzimidazolyl‐10,11‐didesmethylhypericin — The First Heterocyclically Substituted Hypericin Derivative.
Authors: Lackner Bernd , Etzlstorfer Christoph , Falk Heinz
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stereoselective Mn‐Mediated Coupling of Functionalized Iodides and Hydrazones: A Synthetic Entry to the Tubulysin α‐Amino Acids.
Authors: Friestad Gregory K. , Marie Jean‐Charles , Deveau Amy M.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Practical Route to a β‐Ketophosphonate, a Key Intermediate for the Total Synthesis of 20(S)‐CPT and Related Analogues.
Authors: Huo Ming , Kuang Yun‐Yan , Chen Fen‐Er
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Facile and Efficient Synthesis of 6‐(Hydroxymethyl)purines.
Authors: Silhar Peter , Pohl Radek , Votruba Ivan , Hocek Michal
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Two New 5‐Deoxyflavonoids from Calliandra inermis
Authors: Maheswara Muchchintala , Rao Yerra Koteswara , Siddaiah Vidavalur , Rao Chunduri Venkata , Somayajulu Kasi Viswanatham , Lin Fu Tyan
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Isolation, Structure Determination and Biological Activity of 15‐Deoxo‐7,32‐O‐didesmethylrapamycin from the Soil Actinomycete LL‐D45042.
Authors: Graziani Edmund I. , Summers Mia Y. , Janso Jeffrey E. , Yu Ker , Bernan Valerie S. , Greenstein Michael , Carter Guy T.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Antimicrobial Dibenzofuran Sch 725421 from an Unidentified Fungus.
Authors: Yang Shu‐Wei , Chan Tze‐Ming , Patel Reena , Terracciano Joseph , Loebenberg David , Patel Mahesh , Chu Min
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Facile Deposition of Copper‐Doped Diamond‐Like Carbon Nanocomposite Films by a Liquid‐Phase Electrochemical Route.
Authors: Jiang Heqing , Huang Lina , Zhang Zhijun , Xu Tao , Liu Weimin
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Light Metal Hydrides and Complex Hydrides for Hydrogen Storage
Authors: Schueth F. , Bogdanovic B. , Felderhoff M.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Recent Advances in Solvent‐Free Oxidation of Alcohols
Authors: Sineriz Fernando , Thomassigny Christine , Lou Ji‐Dong
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Design of Chiral Ligands for Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Pfaltz Andreas
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Advances in the Applications of Polymer‐Supported Reagents for Organic Synthesis
Authors: Bartolozzi Alessandra , Grogan Michael J. , Kates Steven A.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Recent Advances in Chiral Resolution Through Membrane‐Based Approaches
Authors: Afonso Carlos A. M. , Crespo Joao G.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Using Hydrogen Bonds to Direct the Assembly of Crowded Aromatics
Authors: Bushey Mark L. , Nguyen Thuc‐Ouyen , Zhang Wei , Horoszewski Dana , Nuckolls Colin
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Allylsilanes and Vinylsilanes from Silylcupration of Carbon—Carbon Multiple Bonds: Scope and Synthetic Applications.
Authors: Barbero Asuncion , Pulido Francisco J.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Developments in Peptide and Amide Synthesis
Authors: Albericio Fernando
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Analogue and Conformational Studies on Peptides, Hormones and Other Biologically Active Peptides
Authors: Penke Botond , Toth Gabor , Varadi Gyorgyi
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Peptide Synthesis
Authors: Elmore Donald T.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Electrochemistry of Nucleic Acids at Solid Electrodes and Its Applications
Authors: de‐los‐Santos‐Alvarez Patricia , Lobo‐Castanon M. Jesus , Miranda‐Ordieres Arturo J. , Tunon‐Blanco Paulino
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Peroxidase‐Catalyzed Oxidation of Phenols in Industrial Wastewaters
Authors: Nicell Jim A. , Wagner Monika
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Component‐Based Integration of Chemistry and Optimization Software
Authors: Kenny Joseph P. , Benson Steven J. , Alexeev Yuri , Sarich Jason , Janssen Curtis L. , McInnes Lois Curfman , Krishnan Manojkumar , Nieplocha Jarek , Jurrus Elizabeth , Fahlstrom Carl
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Probabilistic approach for active control of structures: experimental verification
Authors: Hwang Jae‐Seung , Min Kyung‐Won , Lee Sang‐Hyun , Kim Hongjin
Published: December 2004

In our previous study (Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 2003; 32:2301), we have developed a probabilistic algorithm for active control of structures. In the probabilistic control algorithm, the control force is determined by the probability that the structural energy exceeds a specified target critical energy, and the direction of a control force is determined by the Lyapunov controller design method. In this paper, an experimental verification of the proposed probabilistic control algorithm is presented. A three‐story test structure equipped with an active mass driver (AMD) has been used. The effectiveness of the control algorithm has been examined by exciting the test structure using a sinusoidal signal, a scaled El Centro earthquake and a broadband Gaussian white noise; and, especially, experiments on control have been performed under different conditions to that of system identification in order to prove the stability and robustness of the proposed control algorithm. The experimental results indicate that the probabilistic control algorithm can achieve a significant response reduction under various types of ground excitations even when the modeling error exists. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Damage detection of base‐isolated buildings using multi‐input multi‐output subspace identification
Authors: Yoshimoto Reiki , Mita Akira , Okada Keiichi
Published: December 2004

A damage detection algorithm of structural health monitoring systems for base‐isolated buildings is proposed. The algorithm consists of the multiple‐input multiple‐output subspace identification method and the complex modal analysis. The algorithm is applicable to linear and non‐linear systems. The story stiffness and damping as damage indices of a shear structure are identified by the algorithm. The algorithm is further tuned for base‐isolated buildings considering their unique dynamic characteristics by simplifying the systems to single‐degree‐of‐freedom systems. The isolation layer and the superstructure of a base‐isolated building are treated as separate substructures as they are distinctly different in their dynamic properties. The effectiveness of the algorithm is evaluated through the numerical analysis and experiment. Finally, the algorithm is applied to the existing 7‐story base‐isolated building that is equipped with an Internet‐based monitoring system. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A preliminary evaluation of a continuous‐flow reactor for liquid–liquid–solid phase‐transfer catalyzed synthesis of n‐butyl phenyl ether
Authors: Hsiao Hsu‐Chin , Li Wei‐Chi , Weng Hung‐Shan
Published: December 2004

This study evaluates the feasibility of using a continuous‐flow stirred vessel reactor (CFSVR) to synthesize n‐butyl phenyl ether (ROPh) from n‐butyl bromide (RBr) and sodium phenolate (NaOPh) by liquid–liquid–solid phase‐transfer catalysis (triphase catalysis). The factors affecting the preparation of triphase catalysts, the etherification reaction in a batch reactor, and the performance in a CFSVR were investigated. The kinetic study with a batch reactor indicated that when the initial concentration of NaOPh or RBr was high, the conversion of RBr would depend on the initial concentration of both RBr and NaOPh. The reaction can be represented by a pseudo‐first‐order kinetic model when the concentration of NaOPh is in proper excess to that of RBr, and the apparent activation energy is 87.8 kJ mol−1. When the etherification reaction was carried out in the CFSVR, the catalyst particles did not flow out of the reactor, even at a high agitation speed. The conversion of RBr in the CFSVR was, as predicted, lower than that in the batch reactor, but was higher than the theoretical value because the dispersed phase is not completely mixed. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
What do we really stand for?
Authors: Smith Douglas K.
Published: December 2004

What do we contribute to the safety, sanity, and sustainability of the planet?
How bad leadership happens
Authors: Kellerman Barbara
Published: December 2004

To understand good leadership, we must acknowledge its opposite.
Synthesis of a novel linear water‐soluble β‐cyclodextrin polymer
Authors: Renard Estelle , Volet Gisèle , Amiel Catherine
Published: December 2004

A novel linear water‐soluble β‐cyclodextrin polymer has been prepared by grafting β‐cyclodextrin on poly[(methyl vinyl ether)‐alt‐(maleic anhydride)]. First, lithium hydride was used to obtain the mono‐alkoxide β‐CD. Grafting of β‐CD derivatives to the polymer backbone was then carried out by an esterification method. Using this method, polymers containing various amounts of β‐CD were synthesized. The resulting grafted polymers were characterized by two complementary methods, 1H NMR and IR spectroscopy. The first was used to calculate the degree of substitution for the low amounts of β‐CD. The second method was very useful to evaluate the degree of substitution and the molar ratio of CD especially for high amounts of grafting. Our results indicate good agreement between both methods for intermediate rates. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Hydrogen‐bonded polyurethane complexes based on 4‐alkoxybenzoic acids as the low molar mass components
Authors: Ambrožič Gabriela , Žigon Majda
Published: December 2004

Supramolecular polyurethane complexes based on a polyurethane with a pendant pyridyl unit (PUPy) as the hydrogen bond acceptor and 4‐octyloxybenzoic acid (OOBA) or 4‐butyloxybenzoic acid (BOBA) as the hydrogen bond donor were prepared. The primary driving force for the formation of these complexes is the hydrogen bonding between the pyridyl polyurethane group and the carboxylic acid group, while the urethane group only contributes to the binding of acid molecules to a minor extent. Phase separation in the BOBA/PUPy and OOBA/PUPy systems occurred at low molar ratios: BOBA and OOBA formed amorphous polyurethane complexes at a molar ratio of 0.2, while the OOBA/PUPy complex exhibited a glassy smectic mesophase at a molar ratio of 0.4. In comparison to the previously studied complexes of PUPy and 4‐dodecyloxybenzoic acid (DOBA), where side‐chain ordering prevailed, OOBA/PUPy complexes showed a high tendency of the main‐chain crystallization at molar ratios of 0.4 or higher. This is due to weak overall van der Waals interactions between the short octyl tails and effective intra‐ and/or intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the urethane and pyridyl groups of the polymer backbone. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Kinetic and mechanistic studies on the hydrolysis and photodegradation of diazepam and alprazolam
Authors: Cabrera C. Gallardo , de Waisbaum R. Goldberg , Nudelman N. Sbarbati
Published: December 2004

The corresponding o‐aminobenzophenones are usually reported as the main degradation products in the hydrolysis of 1,4‐benzodiazepinones. Nevertheless, in previous studies of diazepam (DZ) in acidic aqueous medium we isolated and characterized seven unexpected degradation products. Kinetic measurements under several reaction conditions shed some light on the mechanisms of the complex reactions that are taking place, and photochemical studies give hints on the mechanisms of chlorination and annelation processes. Alprazolam (AL) seems to exhibit an unusually high stability against hydrolysis under several conditions; nevertheless, the structure is sensitive to photolytic cleavage. The photodegradation of AL was studied in aqueous and methanolic solutions. Characterization of the isolated products by 1H and 13C NMR and mass spectrometry revealed that electron transfer, oxidation and rearrangement reactions take place. The influence of several variables such as pH, solvent composition and light irradiation were examined and mechanisms for the formation of three photoproducts are proposed. A specific method for the determination of AL in the presence of photoproducts was developed, which allowed kinetic determinations of the photostability of AL. The photosensitivity observed in some patients treated with AL seems to be due to one of the characterized photoproducts. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using generic system archetypes to support thinking and modelling
Authors: Wolstenholme Eric
Published: December 2004

This paper provides some context for my paper which won the 2004 Jay Wright Forrester award. It describes the system dynamics challenges I received from a number of people and my response to them, particularly to explore the issue of mismatch in organisations between process and boundary structure. It also describes how I have been using generic archetypes in practice since publication of the original work. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Familial predictors of sibling and romantic‐partner conflict resolution: comparing late adolescents from intact and divorced families
Authors: Reese‐Weber Marla , Kahn Jeffrey H.
Published: December 2004

The present study examined whether predictors of romantic‐partner conflict may vary as a function of family structure. Using a cross‐sectional design, we tested a mediation model of conflict resolution behaviours among late adolescents from intact () and divorced () families. Adolescents rated conflict resolution behaviours in five dyadic relationships: interparental, mother–adolescent, father–adolescent, sibling, and romantic partner. Mother–adolescent and father–adolescent conflict resolution behaviours mediated the relationship between interparental and sibling conflict resolution. Moreover, both mother–adolescent and sibling conflict resolution behaviours mediated the relationship between interparental and romantic‐partner conflict resolution behaviours. This model was supported for both positive and negative behaviours, and it applied equally well to adolescents from intact and divorced families. Results are discussed in the context of social learning theories and support conflict resolution behaviours within the family spilling over into romantic relationships for adolescents from both intact and divorced families.
The mammalian Mediator complex
Authors: Conaway Joan Weliky , Florens Laurence , Sato Shigeo , Tomomori-Sato Chieri , Parmely Tari J. , Yao Tingting , Swanson Selene K. , Banks Charles A.S. , Washburn Michael P. , Conaway Ronald C.
Published: December 2004

The multiprotein Mediator (Med) complex is an evolutionarily conserved transcriptional regulator that plays important roles in activation and repression of RNA polymerase II transcription. Prior studies identified a set of more than twenty distinct polypeptides that compose the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mediator. Here we discuss efforts to characterize the subunit composition and associated activities of the mammalian Med complex.
DNA polymerase clamp loaders and DNA recognition
Authors: Bowman Gregory D. , Goedken Eric R. , Kazmirski Steven L. , O’Donnell Mike , Kuriyan John
Published: December 2004

Clamp loaders are heteropentameric ATPase assemblies that load sliding clamps onto DNA and are critical for processive DNA replication. The DNA targets for clamp loading are double‐stranded/single‐stranded junctions with recessed 3′ ends (primer‐template junctions). Here, we briefly review the crystal structures of clamp loader complexes and the insights they have provided into the mechanism of the clamp loading process.
Expression of the Ets transcription factor Erm is regulated through a conventional PKC signaling pathway in the Molt4 lymphoblastic cell line
Authors: T'Sas France , Brenner Carmen , Mauen Sébastien , Putmans Pascale , Monté Didier , Van Lint Carine , Moser Muriel , Baert Jean-Luc , de Launoit Yvan
Published: December 2004

Erm, a member of the PEA3 group within the Ets family of transcription factors, is expressed in murine and human lymphocytes. Here, we show that in the human Molt4 lymphoblastic cell line, the erm gene expression is regulated by the conventional PKC (cPKC) pathway. To better characterize the molecular mechanism by which cPKC regulates Erm transcription in Molt4 cells, we tested proximal promoter deletions of the human gene, and identified a specific cPKC‐regulated region between positions −420 and −115 upstream of the first exon.
Requirement of phosphatidylinositol‐4,5‐bisphosphate for HERC1‐mediated guanine nucleotide release from ARF proteins
Authors: Garcia-Gonzalo Francesc R. , Bartrons Ramon , Ventura Francesc , Rosa Jose Luis
Published: December 2004

HERC1 is a giant multidomain protein involved in membrane trafficking through its interaction with vesicle coat proteins such as clathrin and ARF. Previously, it has been shown that the RCC1‐like domain 1 (RLD1) of HERC1 stimulates guanine nucleotide dissociation on ARF1 and Rab proteins. In this study, we have analyzed whether HERC1 may also regulate ARF6 activity. We show that HERC1, through its RLD1, stimulates GDP release from ARF6 but, unexpectedly, it inhibits GDP/GTP exchange on ARF6 under conditions where ARNO stimulates it. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the activity of HERC1 as a guanine nucleotide release factor requires the presence of PI(4,5)P2 bound to HERC1's RLD1. In agreement with this, we find that purified HERC1 contains PI(4,5)P2 bound to the RLD1.
Specific expression of pfkfb4 gene in spermatogonia germ cells and analysis of its 5′‐flanking region
Authors: Gómez Marta , Manzano Anna , Navarro-Sabaté Àurea , Duran Joan , Obach Mercè , Perales Jose C. , Bartrons Ramon
Published: December 2004

The results presented demonstrate the expression of pfkfb4 gene in adult testis and in a mouse spermatogonia germ cell line (GC‐1spg). The genomic organization of the human pfkfb4 gene shows the existence of 14 exons and 13 introns, spanning 45 kb. A detailed analysis of the 5′‐flanking region by transient transfection assays with different 5′‐deletion promoter constructs in GC‐1spg and mouse sertoli cells (TM‐4), allows us to define the minimal promoter unit, containing several GC‐rich and ETF sequences along the first −141 nucleotides involved in basal expression. This gene is activated by serum and chemical hypoxia (CoCl2 treatment) whereas β‐estradiol decreases its expression.
The effect of shock wave treatment at the tendon–bone interface—an histomorphological and biomechanical study in rabbits
Authors: Wang Ching‐Jen , Wang Feng‐Sheng , Yang Kuender D. , Weng Lin‐Hsiu , Sun Yi‐Chih , Yang Ya‐Ju
Published: December 2004

Purpose. This study was performed to investigate the effect of shock wave treatment on the healing at tendon–bone interface in rabbits.

Materials and methods. Thirty‐six New Zealand White rabbits were used in this study. The anterior cruciate ligament was excised and replaced with the long digital extensor. The right knees (study group) were treated with 500 impulses of shock waves at 14kV, while the left knees (control group) received no shock waves. Histomorphological studies were performed in 24 rabbits at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 weeks. Biomechanical studies were performed in 12 rabbits at 12 and 24 weeks.

Results. There was significantly more trabecular bone around the tendons noted in the study group compared with the control group at different time intervals after 4 weeks (P < 0.05). The contacting between bone and tendon was significantly better in the study group than the control group after 8 weeks (P < 0.05). The tensile strength of the tendon–bone interface was significantly higher in the study group than the control group at 24 weeks (P = 0.018), whereas similar modes of graft failure were noted between the two groups.

Conclusion. Shock wave treatment significantly improves the healing rate of the tendon–bone interface in a bone tunnel in rabbits. The effect of shock waves appears to be time‐dependent. © 2004 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Ancient pine forest on inland dunes in the Spanish northern meseta
Authors: Franco-Múgica Fátima , García-Antón Mercedes , Maldonado-Ruiz Javier , Morla-Juaristi Carlos , Sainz-Ollero Helios
Published: December 2004

We present a new stratigraphic (pollen and nonpollen microfossils and charcoal particle) sequence with five AMS dates, covering about the last 9000 yr, of a core collected from the Spanish northern meseta, one of the territories of the Iberian Peninsula for which little paleobotanical information is available. The results support the hypothesis of the permanence of the pine forests, in more or less pure masses or large timber stands, during the Holocene in some Iberian continental zones. The typical substitution in postglacial dynamics of heliophyllous species, such as pines or Cupressaceae, by broadleaf trees did not occur in this inland region. Presumably, factors linked to the substrate, in this case very deep sand dunes covering vast areas, may have contributed to the scarce local competitiveness of the broadleaf trees, which would account for the hegemony of pines in this region. Based on the dynamics of aquatic plants and nonpollen microfossils, an initial phase previous to 750014C yr B.P. of high levels in the lake can be identified by high percentages of hydrophytes. A progressive increase in helophytes and the gradual infilling of the lake over the last 5000 yr appear to indicate a phase of aridification similar to those established for the western Mediterranean. Study of charcoal particles, more abundant in the last 2500 yr, has given rise to certain hypotheses regarding the incidence of recurring fires of a local or regional nature.
Vegetation and climate change on the Bolivian Altiplano between 108,000 and 18,000 yr ago
Authors: Chepstow-Lusty Alex , Bush Mark B. , Frogley Michael R. , Baker Paul A. , Fritz Sherilyn C. , Aronson James
Published: December 2004

A 90,000-yr record of environmental change before 18,000 cal yr B.P. has been constructed using pollen analyses from a sediment core obtained from Salar de Uyuni (3653 m above sea level) on the Bolivian Altiplano. The sequence consists of alternating mud and salt, which reflect shifts between wet and dry periods. Low abundances of aquatic species between 108,000 and 50,000 yr ago (such as Myriophyllum and Isoëtes) and marked fluctuations in Pediastrum suggest generally dry conditions dominated by saltpans. Between 50,000 yr ago and 36,000 cal yr B.P., lacustrine sediments become increasingly dominant. The transition to the formation of paleolake “Minchin” begins with marked rises in Isoëtes and Myriophyllum, suggesting a lake of moderate depth. Similarly, between 36,000 and 26,000 cal yr B.P., the transition to paleolake Tauca is also initiated by rises in Isoëtes and Myriophyllum; the sustained presence of Isoëtes indicates the development of flooded littoral communities associated with a lake maintained at a higher water level. Polylepis tarapacana-dominated communities were probably an important component of the Altiplano terrestrial vegetation during much of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and previous wet phases.
The effects of St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) on human cytochrome P450 activity
Authors: Wang Zaiqi , Gorski J. Christopher , Hamman Mitchell A. , Huang Shiew‐Mei , Lesko Lawrence J. , Hall Stephen D.
Published: December 2004

Background

St John's wort(Hypericum perforatum) is a popular over‐the‐counter dietary supplement and herbal remedy that has been implicated in drug interactions with substrates of several cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes. The effect of St John's wort on CYP activity in vivo was examined with a probe drug cocktail.

Methods

Twelve healthy subjects (5 female, 7 male) completed this 3‐period, open‐label, fixed schedule study. Tolbutamide (CYP2C9), caffeine (CYP1A2), dextromethorphan (CYP2D6), oral midazolam (intestinal wall and hepatic CYP3A), and intravenous midazolam (hepatic CYP3A) were administered before, with short‐term St John's wort dosing (900 mg), and after 2 weeks of intake (300 mg 3 times a day) to determine CYP activities.

Results

Short‐term administration of St John's wort had no effect on CYP activities. Long‐term St John's wort administration caused a significant (P < .05) increase in oral clearance of midazolam from 121.8 ±70.7 to 254.5 ±127.8 and a corresponding significant decline in oral bioavailability from 0.28 ±0.15 to 0.17 ±0.06. In contrast to the >50% decrease in the area under the plasma concentration‐time curve (AUC) when midazolam was administered orally, long‐term St John's wort administration caused a 20% decrease in AUC when midazolam was given intravenously. There was no change in CYP1A2, CYP2C9, or CYP2D6 activities as a result of St John's wort administration.

Conclusion

Long‐term St John's wort administration resulted in a significant and selective induction of CYP3A activity in the intestinal wall. St John's wort did not alter the CYP2C9, CYP1A2, or CYP2D6 activities. Reduced therapeutic efficacy of drugs metabolized by CYP3A should be anticipated during long‐term administration of St John's wort.

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2001) 70, 317–326; doi: 10.1016/S0009‐9236(01)00127‐8
CYP2D6 polymorphism in a Mexican American population
Authors: Mendoza Ricardo , Wan Yu‐Jui Yvonne , Poland Russell E. , Smith Michael , Zheng Yanping , Berman Nancy , Lin Keh‐Ming
Published: December 2004

Background

Pharmacogenetic data are largely unavailable for Mexican Americans, despite being one of the largest populations in America.

Methods

The CYP2D6 genotype (n = 349) and dextromethorphan hydroxylation phenotype (n = 285) were studied in 380 Mexican American subjects from Los Angeles County.

Results

The allelic frequency was 22.8% forCYP2D6*2, 10.3% for CYP2D6*4, 7.4% for CYP2D6*10, 2.3% forCYP2D6*5, 1% for CYP2D6*XN (duplication), and <1% for CYP2D6*3 and CYP2D6*17. By using the published antimode for Caucasians, we identified nine subjects as poor metabolizers, an incidence of 3.2%. Of the eight poor metabolizers who were also genotyped, five either were homozygous for the CYP2D6*4 allele (4 cases) or had a combination of CYP2D6*4 and CYP2D6*5 alleles. The mean log10 dextromethorphan/dextrorphan ratio was −2.47 for those classified as extensive metabolizers. The number of functional alleles among the extensive metabolizers correlated strongly with the phenotype, suggesting a gene‐dose effect.

Conclusion

Compared with previous reports on Caucasian populations, studies show that Mexican Americans appear to possess a lower rate of CYP2D6*4. Frequencies for the other alleles appear to be less divergent between the two groups. This genotypic pattern might be responsible for the lower rate for the poor metabolizer status, as well as for the faster enzyme activity in the extensive metabolizer subjects that was also reflected in our data.

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2001) 70, 552–560; doi: 10.1016/S0009‐9236(01)00793‐7