bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Testicular Cell Devastation in Wistar Rats on Administration of Aqueous Leaves Extract of Symphytum officinale
Authors: Ezejindu DN  , Akingboye AJ  , Chukwujekwu IE  , Ihim AC  , Ndukwe GU
Published: September 2016

Symphytum officinale was historically used to treat a wide variety of ailments ranging from bronchial problems, broken bones, sprains, arthritis, gastric and varicose ulcers, severe burns, acne and other skin conditions. It has been documented that the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Symphytum officinale provoked toxic effect on the topical application or ingestion of the extract. We planned to study the effect of the aqueous extract of leaves of Symphytum officinale on male fertility in Wistar rats. The twenty four rats used for this study were randomized into groups A, B, C and D. Group A served as control and were orally administered 0.3 ml of distilled water; groups B, C and D received orally 0.2 ml, 0.4 ml and 0.6 ml of aqueous leaves extract of Symphytum officinale respectively for twenty eight days. The finding indicates that there was a significant (P<0.001) decreased in the body weight of group C and D compared to control group. The weight of the testes of groups C and D animals increased significantly (P<0.001) compared to control group A. The histological findings of the testes showed the presence of necrotic changes in the intestinal cells of the testes; they were massive multinucleated giant cells in groups C and D and loss of spermatides. The outcomes imply that aqueous extract of leaves of Symphytum officinale produced toxic effects in testicular morphology of the rats.
Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity of Polyherbal Formulation in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Arijit Chaudhuri  , Shalini Sharma
Published: September 2016

This study was undertaken to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of polyherbal formulation containing varied concentration of Phyllanthus emblica and Annona squamosa leaves extract in streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetic rats. The polyherbal formulation (HF1 and HF2) were administered orally in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. After the administration of polyherbal formulation, blood glucose levels were monitored at specific intervals and it was found that they were significant lowered. The effect of polyherbal formualtion on induced hyperlipidemia was analyzed where the fraction significantly lowered the elevated total cholesterol, triglycerides (TGL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) level while increased the High density lipoprotein (HDL). Glibenclamide was used as a standard drug at a dose of 0.50 mg/kg body weight. The outcomes of results exhibited that HF2 has significant antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced rats compared to HF1.
La ridiculización del sujeto femenino en tres ilustraciones de la prensa peruana decimonónica
Authors: Lino Salvador Eduardo
Published: September 2016

Este artículo estudia la representación de la mujer en las ilustraciones de la prensa peruana del siglo XIX. Se observa que dicha prensa asigna valores negativos a la mujer. Asimismo, las ilustraciones buscan caricaturizar y hacer ver a la mujer como un sujeto débil y de conductas que reciben una reprobación por parte del sujeto masculino hegemónico. Para desarrollar el trabajo se ha seleccionado tres ilustraciones sobre las cuales se realizará un análisis descriptivo estableciendo vínculos con el pensamiento de algunos intelectuales de la época.
Mathematical modeling as a bridge between pure and applied mathematics
Authors: Hein Nelson
Published: September 2016

It is very common to find systems that include mathematical concepts that can be interpreted in real ones. When it is possible to establish some precise identification of the elements of a system on the one hand, and the phenomena or objects of a real situation, on the other, there is a mathematical model of a real situation. The objective of this paper is to present how this can be built to teaching situations, highlighting the possibilities and limits of technical modeling
On Lr
-regularity of global attractors generated by strong solutions of reaction-diffusion equations
Authors: Valero José
Published: September 2016

In this paper we prove that the global attractor generated by strong solutions of a reaction-diffusion equation without uniqueness of the Cauchy problem is bounded in suitable Lr
-spaces. In order to obtain this result we prove first that the concepts of weak and mild solutions are equivalent under an appropriate assumption.

Also, when the nonlinear term of the equation satisfies a supercritical growth condition the existence of a weak attractor is established.
MORPHOLOGICAL, PATHOGENIC AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri ISOLATES FROM MAHARASHTRA, INDIA
Authors: Mandhare V.K. , Deshmukh G.P. , Patil J.V. , Kale A.A.
Published: September 2016

Vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri (FOC) is considered as one of the major factors of low productivity in chickpea. The present study was conducted to determine the morphological, pathogenic and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) variability of twenty isolates of FOC collected from the Maharashtra State of India, along with four reference isolates corresponding to four known FOC races. Pathogenicity of each isolate was confirmed using the wilt susceptible chick-pea genotype JG-62. The mycelia of all the isolates were septate, hyaline and profusely branched. All the FOC isolates produced micro- and macro-conidia in pure culture within seven days after inoculation. Based on the abilities of the isolates to cause dis-ease on an international set of chickpea differentials and genetic variability estimated by the RAPD technique, these 24 isolates were grouped into two pathotypes, i.e. pathotype I and pathotype II.
PERFORMANCE OF GRAIN QUALITY AND AROMA OF AROMATIC NEW PLANT TYPE PROMISING RICE LINES
Authors: Lestari Angelita Puji , Abdullah Buang , Junaedi Ahmad , Aswidinnoor Hajrial
Published: September 2016

Grain quality and aroma are important characteristics of rice that affect consumer acceptance. This research was conducted to study the grain quality and aroma of aromatic new plant type (NPT) promising rice lines. Thirty five lines as well as Ciherang and Sintanur varieties were planted at Bogor and Pusakanagara, West Java in the dry season (DS) 2009 and wet season (WS) 2009. Three methods, i.e. leaf aroma tested with KOH, rice aroma tested in the test tube, and cooked rice aroma test, were used to evaluate the aroma of the lines. The results showed that line B11742-RS*2-3-MR-34-1-2-1 was aromatic identified using different methods. The line had long, slender, and small chalkiness grains, high percentage of head rice, high amylose, and hard texture. Lines IPB 140-F-6, B11249-9C-PN-3-3-2-2-MR-1, and B11955-MR-84-1-4 also had a high aroma score and grain yield. Testing leaf aroma with KOH can be used as early selection method in breeding program for aromatic lines. Lines derived from aromatic parents from highlands of South Sulawesi did not show consistent aroma under three testing methods. Those tested lines had good grain quality, both physical and cooked rice quality.
Analisis Perdagangan Kakao Indonesia di Pasar Internasional
Authors: Suryana Anggita Tresliyana , Fariyanti Anna , Rifin Amzul
Published: September 2016

pertumbuhan konsumsi dunia. Sejak pemerintah Indonesia menerapkan kebijakan pajak ekspor kakao biji dalam rangka untuk mengembangkan industri pengolahan kakao, ada perubahan dalam komposisi ekspor kakao. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perdagangan kakao Indonesia di pasar internasional. Pengukuran menggunakan Gravity Model menunjukkan bahwa variabel yang berpengaruh signifikan terhadap ekspor kakao biji Indonesia adalah GDP riil per kapita negara tujuan, nilai tukar, dan bea keluar kakao biji. Variabel yang berpengaruh signifikan terhadap ekspor kakao powder Indonesia adalah GDP riil per kapita Indonesia dan negara-negara tujuan serta nilai tukar, sementara semua variabel yang signifikan dalam mempengaruhi ekspor kakao butter. Implikasi dari hasil penelitian adalah Indonesia dapat meningkatkan pangsa pasarnya dengan lebih memprioritaskan mengekspor kakao biji ke Cina. Kakao butter pangsa pasar sebaiknya ditingkatkan di Cina dan Australia, sedangkan untuk kakao powder, negara yang dapat ditingkatkan pangsa pasarnya adalah Rusia.

Kata Kunci: Kakao biji, kakao butter, kakao powder, ekspor, Gravity Model

Indonesia is one of the largest cocoa producer and exporter in the world. Cocoa international market has great potential regarding world’s consumption growth. Therefore, Indonesia is expected to take advantage on existing opportunities. Since the government of Indonesia implemented export tax policy on cocoa beans in order to develop cocoa processing industry, there were changes in the composition of cocoa export. The objective of this study was to analyze factors that influence Indonesia’s cocoa trade in international market, by using Gravity Model. The result showed that variables that influence Indonesia’s cocoa beans exports significantly are real GDP per capita of destination countries, exchange rate, and cocoa beans export tax. Indonesia’s cocoa powder exports is significantly influnced by real GDP per capita of Indonesia and destination countries, and exchange rate, while all variables are significant in influencing cocoa butter export. The implications of this findings are Indonesia can increase market share by prioritizing of cocoa beans export to China. In the meantime, cocoa butter should be increasing market share in China and Australia, and cocoa powder in Rusia.
Pengaruh Elevasi dan Pengolahan terhadap Kandungan Kimia dan Citarasa Kopi Robusta Lampung
Authors: Towaha Juniaty , Aunillah Asif , Purwanto Eko Heri , Supriadi Handi
Published: September 2016

Kopi Robusta Indonesia memiliki agroklimat dan elevasi tempat yang variatif serta lebih luas sehingga berpotensi sebagai penghasil kopi Robusta yang bermutu tinggi dengan citarasa dan aroma khas. Penelitian telah dilaksanakan di perkebunan rakyat Provinsi Lampung dari bulan Januari hingga Desember 2013. Tujuan penelitian adalah menganalisis pengaruh elevasi dan pengolahan terhadap kandungan kimia serta citarasa kopi Robusta di perkebunan kopi Robusta milik rakyat di Provinsi Lampung. Penelitian menggunakan metode survey dan analisis datanya mengikuti Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan dua faktor dan tiga ulangan. Faktor pertama adalah empat ketinggian tempat, yaitu (1) 200; (2) 400; (3) 600 dan (4) 800 m dpl, sedangkan faktor kedua pengolahan buah kopi, yaitu (1) basah dan (2) kering. Parameter yang diamati meliputi pengujian kadar kafein, protein, lemak, dan abu serta uji organoleptik (cupping test). Hasil penelitian mendapatkan bahwa makin tinggi elevasi tempat tumbuh kopi Robusta di daerah Lampung maka kadar kafein dan lemak cenderung semakin meningkat. Selanjutnya, proses pengolahan kopi secara basah menghasilkan mutu citarasa kopi Robusta Lampung lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan pengolahan secara kering.

Kata Kunci: Kopi Robusta, elevasi, pengolahan, kandungan kimia, citarasa

Robusta coffee was grown in Indonesia at diverse agro-climatic conditions and altitudes, so it potentially to develop of high quality Robusta coffee with a distinctive flavor and aroma. Research was conducted on smallholder plantations in Lampung Province from January to December 2013. The objective of this study was to analyze the quality and flavor of Robusta coffee developed at different elevation in Lampung Province, in order to identify the most appropriate elevation for Robusta coffee to have the best quality and flavor. Research was use completely randomized design with three replications and two factors. The first factor is altitude: (1) 200; (2) 400; (3) and 600 (4) 800 m above sea level, while the second factor is the processing technique: (1) wet; and (2) dry processing. Variables tested were levels of caffeine, protein, fat and ash as well as cup quality. The results showed that the higher of elevation the higher of caffein and fat contents. Moreover, wet processing of Lampung Robusta Coffee gave higher cup quality compared to dry processing.
Profil dan Kelayakan Usahatani Kakao di Kabupaten Kolaka, Sulawesi Tenggara
Authors: Ermiati Ermiati , Hasibuan Abdul Muis , Wahyudi Agus
Published: September 2016

Penguasaan lahan dan produktivitas kakao di tingkat petani masih sangat rendah sehingga berdampak pada rendahnya pendapatan petani. Kabupaten Kolaka merupakan salah satu sentra utama kakao dengan jumlah petani kakao sangat besar di Sulawesi Tenggara. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui profil dan kelayakan usahatani kakao di tingkat petani. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Desa Atula dan Desa Dangia, Kecamatan Ladongi, Kabupaten Kolaka Sulawesi Tenggara pada bulan April sampai Juli 2012. Pengambilan data menggunakan metode survei dengan wawancara langsung terhadap 30 orang petani kakao yang diambil secara acak sederhana. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif dan kelayakan usahatani melalui analisis benefit cost ratio (B/C ratio), net present value (NPV), dan internal rate of return (IRR). Hasil analisis dengan discount factor 18% per tahun diketahui nilai NPV Rp19.646.384,00; B/C ratio 2,87; dan IRR 51% sehingga diketahui usahatani layak untuk diusahakan. Pendapatan petani Rp7.697.674,00/tahun (Rp641.743,00/bulan). Jika produktivitas tetap (773 kg/ha) diperoleh break even point (BEP) harga sebesar Rp8.043,00/kg. Jika harga tetap (Rp18.000,00/kg), BEP produktivitas adalah 345,5 kg/ha/tahun. Periode pengembalian modal pada tahun keenam. Hal ini menunjukkan usahatani kakao di lokasi penelitian dapat memberikan sumbangan pendapatan ke petani, meskipun dengan keuntungan relatif kecil. Berdasarkan analisis tersebut, luas areal minimal untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidup layak petani adalah 2 ha atau produktivitas di atas 1,5 ton/ha/tahun.

Kata kunci: Profil usahatani, pendapatan petani, kelayakan usahatani, kakao

Limitation of land tenure and productivity in farmers’ level causing lower farmers income. Kolaka District is one of cocoa main producers in Southeast Sulawesi with a large number of farmers. The objective of this study was to investigate the profile and feasibility of cocoa farming system in farmers level. The research was conducted at Atula and Dangia Village, Ladongi Subdistrict, Kolaka Regency, Southeast Sulawesi, in April to July 2012. Data was collected by survey method and direct interview with 30 farmers. Data was analyzed descriptively and feasibility analysis method with criteria of benefit cost ratio (B/C ratio), net present value (NPV), and internal rate of return (IRR). The result showed that cocoa farming system is feasible (NPV of IDR19,646,384.00; B/C ratio of 2,87 and IRR of 51%). Farmers income was of IDR7,697,674.00 per year (IDR641,743.00 per month). If the yield is constant (773 kg/ha), then price break even point (BEP) is IDR8,043.00/kg. If the price is constant (IDR18,000.00/kg), then BEP of yield is 345,5 kg/ha/year. This result showed that cocoa farming gives a relatively low level of income for farmers, eventhough it is feasible. Based on those analysis, minimum area of 2 ha per households of productivity or 1.5 ton/ha/yr required to meet income decent life.
Perubahan Cadangan Karbon pada Peremajaan Karet Rakyat
Authors: Supriadi Handi , Ferry Yulius
Published: September 2016

Peremajaan tanaman karet (Hevea brasiliensis) memberikan konsekuensi menurunnya cadangan karbon sehingga diperlukan teknik untuk meminimalisasi kehilangan tersebut. Penelitian bertujuan menganalisis perubahan cadangan karbon pada penebangan tanaman karet tua sebanyak 30%, 50%, 70%, dan 100% yang diikuti oleh penanaman karet muda dengan tanaman sela (jagung dan kacang tanah). Penelitian dilaksanakan bulan Januari sampai Desember 2013 pada pertanaman karet rakyat umur 25 tahun di Kecamatan Way Tuba, Kabupaten Way Kanan, Lampung. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah acak kelompok dengan tiga ulangan. Perlakuan yang diuji adalah penebangan tanaman karet tua 30%, 50%, 70%, dan 100% yang masing-masing diikuti dengan penanaman karet muda dan tanaman sela (jagung dan kacang tanah). Variabel yang diamati: (1) bobot segar dan kering (biomassa); (2) kandungan karbon terikat (fixed carbon); dan (3) cadangan karbon pada pertanaman karet, jagung, kacang tanah, dan tanaman karet muda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penebangan karet sebanyak 30%–100% dari populasi menurunkan cadangan karbon sebesar 7,4–24,29 ton C/ha. Penanaman karet muda dan tanaman sela (jagung dan kacang tanah) dapat berkontribusi terhadap penambahan karbon sebesar 0,98-3,28 ton C/ha sehingga kehilangan karbon akibat penebangan tanaman karet tua berkurang menjadi 6,29–22,92 ton C/ha.

Kata kunci: Hevea brasiliensis, peremajaan, cadangan karbon, tanaman sela

Rejuvenation of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) can lead to a reduction of carbon stocks. Therefore, appropriate methods are needed to minimize such losses. The objective of this study was to analyze the changes on carbon stocks in the rejuvenation of rubber with logging system of 30%, 50%, 70%, and 100% and intercrops between the young rubber plantation (maize and peanuts). The research was conducted from January to December 2013 at smallholder rubber plantation in Way Tuba District, Way Kanan Regency, Lampung when the trees were 25 years old. The design used was a randomized block design with three replications. The tested treatments were logging of old rubber plants at 30%, 50%, 70%, and 100%, which then followed by planting of young rubber plants and intercropped (maize and peanut). The variables measured were: (1) fresh weight and dry weight (biomass); (2) fixed carbon content; and (3) carbon stocks on rubber plantation, maize, peanuts, and young rubber plants. The results showed that rubber logging at about 30%–100% could reduce carbon stocks by 7.4–24.29 ton C/ha. However, planting of young rubber plants as well as intercropped (maize and peanut) may contributed to the carbon enrichment up to 0.98-3.28 ton C/ha. Hence, the loss of carbon due to logging system turn out to be 6.29–22.92 ton C/ha.
Pengaruh Pengelolaan Habitat terhadap Serangan Conopomorpha cramerella dan Kepik Helopeltis antonii pada Kakao
Authors: Purwaningsih Ardiyanti , Mudjiono Gatot , Karindah Sri
Published: September 2016

Pengelolaan habitat dengan menerapkan teknologi budidaya kakao yang baik harus dilakukan untuk memperbaiki kesuburan tanah, meningkatkan keanekaragaman hayati dan meningkatkan kesehatan tanaman. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui pengaruh pengelolaan habitat terhadap serangan penggerek buah kakao (PBK) Conophomorpha cramerella dan kepik pengisap buah Helopeltis antonii. Penelitian dilaksanakan bulan Oktober 2013 sampai April 2014 di kebun kakao rakyat di Kecamatan Sumbermanjing Wetan, Kabupaten Malang, Jawa Timur. Desain penetapan sampel tanaman kakao ditentukan berdasarkan metode kuadran sistematik dua dimensi. Perlakuan terdiri dari petak pengelolaan habitat berupa aplikasi rorak, irigasi tetes dengan teh kompos, penambahan bahan organik, dan biopori cacing, dan petak konvensional yang dikelola berdasarkan kebiasaan petani. Masing-masing blok terdiri dari 24 sub blok pengamatan dan jumlah tanaman per sub blok adalah 4 pohon. Pengamatan meliputi jumlah buah, bobot biji basah, kelimpahan serangga, persentase dan intensitas serangan C. cramerella dan H. antonii. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pengelolaan habitat secara signifikan meningkatkan jumlah buah kakao, meningkatkan keanekaragaman serangga terutama serangga yang menjadi musuh alami, serta menurunkan persentase dan intensitas serangan C. cramerella dan H. antonii.

Kata kunci: Pengelolaan habitat, kakao, Conophomorpha cramerella, Helopeltis antonii

Habitat management of cocoa cultivation must be carried out to improve the fertility of soil, increase the biodiversity and the plant’s health. The objective of this study was to elucidate the effect of habitat management on the cocoa pod borer Conophomorpha cramerella and cocoa mirid Helopeltis antonii attack. The research was conducted from October 2013 to April 2014 in Sumbermanjing Wetan District, Malang Regency, East Java. The research was compared cocoa plantation with habitat management and the conventionally managed cocoa plantation as a control. Habitat manipulation techniques used in this research were providing ditch and worm biopores, applying organic matter and compost tea drip irrigation. There were 24 sub blocks for each plot and 4 plants per sub block. The results showed that the habitat management was capable to increase the number of cocoa pods, stimulate an increasing in the diversity of insects, particularly the number of natural enemies, and decrease the percentage and intensity of C. cramerella and H. antonii attack.
Identifikasi Karakter yang Berpengaruh terhadap Hasil Biji Beras Kopi Arabika di Kabupaten Garut Menggunakan Analisis Lintasan Bertahap
Authors: Randriani Enny , Dani Dani , Sulistiyorini Indah , Wardiana Edi
Published: September 2016

Keterkaitan antara karakter vegetatif, komponen buah, komponen biji, dan hasil biji beras pada tanaman kopi merupakan hal penting dalam program pemuliaan dan seleksi. Model saling keterkaitan antar karakter tersebut adalah model sebab-akibat dan dapat dianalisis melalui analisis lintasan bertahap (ALB). Penelitian bertujuan mengidentifikasi karakter-karakter yang berpengaruh terhadap hasil biji beras kopi Arabika di daerah Garut, Jawa Barat melalui penggunaan analisis lintasan bertahap (ALB) dan model persamaan struktural (MPS). Penelitian dilaksanakan di Desa Marga Mulya, Kecamatan Cikajang, Kabupaten Garut, Jawa Barat, bulan Januari sampai Desember 2013 pada ketinggian tempat 1.300 m di atas permukaan laut dengan jenis tanah Andosol. Penelitian menggunakan metode survei dengan pengambilan contoh secara acak terhadap lima genotipe kopi Arabika, yaitu ABP-1, ABP-2, ABP-3, AGK-1, dan S 795. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat tiga karakter yang berpengaruh positif secara langsung, yaitu jumlah ruas pada batang, tebal buah, dan bobot 100 biji gabah. Karakter panjang cabang primer berpengaruh positif secara tidak langsung, sedangkan karakter jumlah cabang sekunder dan jumlah ruas cabang primer berpengaruh negatif secara tidak langsung. Karakter-karakter tersebut dapat digunakan sebagai kriteria seleksi pada populasi kopi Arabika di daerah Garut, Jawa Barat.

Kata kunci: Kopi Arabika, seleksi karakter, analisis lintasan bertahap, model persamaan struktural

The linkage between the vegetative characters, fruit components, production seeds component and rice seeds of the coffee plant is important in breeding and selection programs. Models of interrelations between these characters are causal models and can be analyzed through sequential path analysis (SPA). The objective of this study was to identify of several characters affecting on green bean yield of Arabica coffee in Garut, West Java by using sequential path analysis (SPA) and structural equation modeling (SEM). This research was conducted in the Marga Mulya Village, Cikajang District, Garut Regency, West Java, with altitude about 1300 m above sea level and Andosol type of soil, starting from January to December 2013. The research was conducted in survey method with random sampling method on the Arabica coffee genotypes such as ABP-1, ABP-2, ABP-3, AGK-1, and S795. The results showed that there are three characters having directly positive effect on green bean yield: number of internodes on stem, fruits thickness, and weight of 100 beans. On the other hand, length of primary branches has indirectly positive influence, while number of secondary branches and number of internodes on primary branches has indirectly negative influence. These characters can be used as selection criteria on the population of Arabica coffee in Garut, West Java.

 
THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPTIMIZATION METHODS FOR KNOWLEDGE BASE ENRICHMENT PROCESSES
Authors: Serdiuk Olga
Published: September 2016

The paper presents the concept of approach to the research and evaluation of the processes of intellectual activity associated with the enrichment of the knowledge base. A feature of the research of the process dynamics is the need of simultaneous consideration of such diverse factors as the complexity of information perception, the presence of the deviations of the response from the standard in the process of reproduction and accounting of the test time.

A significant influence on the methods of optimization of the knowledge base enrichment process is exerted by a considerable duration of the task learning process. This causes the use of the multifactor experimental design theory to accelerate the progress towards the optimum.

The research results can be used in the development of technologies for efficient knowledge assimilation, automation of skills, and also in the development of expert systems for diagnostics of the processes of intellectual activity.
PHOTONIC CRYSTAL AND PHOTONIC CRYSTAL FIBERS COMMUNICATIONS
Authors: Ali Muse Haider Ali Muse
Published: September 2016

The development of all optical communications could benefit from the index guiding photonic crystal fibers. In communication the photonic crystal fibers could provide many new solutions. Conventional optical fibers have within the last decades revolutionized the communications industry and it is today a mature technology being pushed to its limit with respect to properties such as losses, single mode operation and dispersion. The spectra have been used by others to develop optical frequency standards. The process can potentially be used for frequency conversion in fiber optic network. In this system the dispersive properties can be controlled by the optical lattice making it possible to achieve phase-matched four wave mixing, like look the process taking place in the photonic crystal fibers. In this paper we will discuss the use of photonic crystal fibers in communications.
BUILDING MODELS OF FREIGHT CARS REFUSALS INVOLVING BAYESIAN APPROACH
Authors: Muradian Leontii
Published: September 2016

Based on the theoretical analysis and Bayesian statistics ordinary shown that Bayesian analysis begins with the known data from the following consideration changes in knowledge process of obtaining new information and mathematical statistics methods of sample observation comes only with the knowledge of some group of objects.

Using Bayesian formula, we can determine the probability of any event, provided that there was another statistically correlated with it an event that counted with greater accuracy the likelihood. This used previously known information and data obtained as a result of new observations.

The study of failures of freight cars, the Bayesian approach allows you to evaluate the occurrence of each failure of parts or assemblies separately, as well as through changes in the formula for the total probability.

The paper, based on Bayesian method was done combining two models: the failures of freight cars and the changing physical and mechanical properties of composite materials. This posterior probability determined a priori probability of failures given using the model change of physical and mechanical properties and the likelihood function that takes into account the additional value failures. Using the expression for the posterior probability held specification mentioned developments (run) freight wagon to failure.
Role of dividend policy determinants in multinational and domestic companies, evidence from Iran
Authors: Fatemian Farhad , Hooshyarzadeh Mohammad
Published: September 2016

In this paper, along with introducing determinants affecting decision making relevant to dividend policy, the impact of these factors on companies which merely sell their products domestically is compared with their impact on companies which, in addition to domestic sales, have exports as well. In this regard, 712 companies were tested during the years 2008 to 2013. In this study, the ratio of dividend per share to earnings per share (DPS/EPS) was used as a dividend policy index; for expressing the significant difference in dividend policy of multinational and domestic companies, t and “Mann Whitney” tests were applied. For stating the determinants in dividend policy, the variables systematic risk, profitability, free cash flow, sales growth, firm size and leverage were used. For the analysis and interpretation of data, a multivariate linear regression model was implemented as panel data. Research findings demonstrate the existence of significant difference in dividend policy of multinational and domestic companies such that the multinational companies shared more profit compared with their domestic counterparts. Whereas only leverage and profitability were among the determinants in the domestic companies, for multinational companies, in addition to these variables, the variables of free cash flows and sales growth were also among significant factors. Furthermore, the impact of Beta variables and the firm size were not found significant on dividend policy of domestic and multinational companies.
Keywords: dividend policy, long term debt, multinational companies (MCs), domestic companies (DCs). JEL Classification: G32, G35, H63, F23
Um “modelo pedagógico” para a formação de pesquisadores em Educação e Ensino: relato, análise e reflexões
Authors: Klüber Tiago Emanuel
Published: September 2016

Neste artigo apresentamos um relato de experiência sobre práticas pedagógicas desenvolvidas no âmbito de uma disciplina do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação, nível de mestrado, da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (Unioeste), campus Cascavel, Paraná, Brasil. O relato, por ser reflexivo, persegue a seguinte interrogação: “Que contribuições a disciplina Análise Crítica de Artigos de Pesquisa em Ensino de Ciências e Matemática pode oferecer ao pesquisador em formação inicial?”, a qual possui inspiração fenomenológica, pois interrogamos a nossa experiência vivida como docente da disciplina e as manifestações dos discentes. Para tanto, descrevemos a abordagem pedagógica empreendida ao longo dela e interpretamos as suas implicações para a formação de novos pesquisadores em tempos de “produtividade”, articulando-as com a visão dos discentes. Entre os principais aspectos, destacamos o desenvolvimento da escrita e da leitura crítica. Consideramos que o modelo concebido e implementado supera o mero produtivismo acadêmico e contribui para minimizar os problemas enfrentados pelos pós-graduandos no tocante à escrita acadêmica, culminando, ainda que indiretamente, na melhoria da qualidade da produção.
Proposição de diretrizes estratégicas para elevar o conceito da pós-graduação: estudo de caso do PPGGEO
Authors: Giuliani Amanda Antonello , Marquetto Rut Maria Friedrich , Tusi João Serafim , Boff Vilmar , Ávila Lucas Veiga
Published: September 2016

Este artigo apresenta uma proposta de diretrizes para que o Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gestão Estratégica de Organizações (PPGGEO), Mestrado Profissional, da Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões (URI), Campus Santo Ângelo, RS, alcance maior conceito na avaliação da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes) que será realizada em 2016. Caracteriza-se como pesquisa qualitativa, sendo descritiva e exploratória, pois a formulação da proposta de diretrizes fundamenta-se em leitura de autores e organismos que tratam do tema, bem como na ficha de avaliação aplicada ao PPGGEO pela Capes no ano de 2013.
Internacionalização da produção científica brasileira: políticas, estratégias e medidas de avaliação
Authors: Santin Dirce Maria , Vanz Samile Andrea de Souza , Stumpf Ida Regina Chittó
Published: September 2016

A internacionalização da produção científica tem reflexos significativos na ciência contemporânea e na inserção internacional dos países em desenvolvimento. Apesar dos esforços empreendidos pelo Brasil nas últimas décadas, a produção científica nacional ainda enfrenta entraves em relação ao alcance e ao impacto internacional das publicações. Este artigo aborda as políticas e as estratégias voltadas à internacionalização da produção científica brasileira e apresenta algumas medidas de avaliação. A internacionalização da produção é discutida com base nos aspectos difusão, colaboração e impacto internacional, com vistas a refletir sobre as possibilidades de ampliar a projeção da ciência brasileira no meio científico internacional.
Dez coisas que você deveria saber sobre o Qualis
Authors: Barradas Barata Rita De Cássia
Published: September 2016

Este artigo trata de dez pontos essenciais para se compreender o Qualis Periódicos e, assim, dirimir as dúvidas frequentemente apresentadas aos coordenadores de área por editores científicos, docentes e alunos de programas de pós-graduação. As questões serão apresentadas de modo a esclarecer aspectos aplicáveis a todas as áreas de avaliação sempre que possível. Alguns aspectos particulares terão por base a experiência da área de Saúde Coletiva.
A Importância do Programa Ciência sem Fronteiras: o estudo do caso australiano, primeiros resultados e recomendações
Authors: Cunha Dileine Amaral da , Rocha Neto Ivan
Published: September 2016

O texto apresentado a seguir mostra a importância do Programa Ciência sem Fronteiras no processo de internacionalização da educação superior brasileira, com base em estudo de caso da Austrália. Esse país acolheu em suas universidades vários estudantes brasileiros contemplados com bolsas de estudo. A metodologia envolveu pesquisa documental e bibliográfica, incluindo consulta aos documentos dos organismos internacionais e dos governos australiano e brasileiro. Os resultados obtidos foram discutidos considerando-se o relatório final de avaliação elaborado pela Comissão de Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovação, Comunicação e Informática do Senado Federal, bem como alguns artigos de análise crítica do programa.
Impact of Imidacloprid Seed Dressing Treatment on Soil Microorganisms and Enzyme Activities in the Maize Rhizosphere
Authors: Wu Yanbing , Zhao Junjun , Yan Zhenmin , Zhu Yinghui
Published: September 2016

Under the field conditions, effects of imidacloprid seed dressing treatment on soil culturable microorganisms and enzyme activities in maize rhizosphere were studied. The results showed that the microbial populations for bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi in maize rhizosphere after imidacloprid treatments were lower than control. The bacteria and actinomycetes populations showed a trend of decreasing after increasing with the maize growth from the seedling stage to the maturity stage, and the fungi populations decreased with the maize growth. The urease activities of maize rhizosphere soil from different treatments showed a trend of initially increasing after decreasing, then decreasing. The invertase activities of maize rhizosphere soil from different treatments showed a trend of decreasing after increasing, and the peak value occurred at flowering stage. With the imidacloprid application, the invertase activities had been stimulated. The results may provide theoretical basis for rational seed dressing treatment.
Crystal Structure Determination and Molecular Docking Studies of 4- (5-Phenyl Pyrazin-2-Yl)-4h-1,2,4 Triazole-3-Thiol with Focal Adhesion Kinase Inhibitors
Authors: Kiran K.S. , Kokila M.K. , R Guruprasad , M.S Niranjan
Published: September 2016

The main objective of the present work is to determine crystal structure of the ligand by x-ray methods and to perform molecular docking studies of the ligand 4- Phenyl -5-Pyrazinyl-3-mercapto 1,2,4 Triazole with protein focal adhesion kinase (FAK) domain using the software, Autodock and pymol. Macromolecular modeling by docking studies provides the most detailed view possible of drug receptor interaction. It has created a new rational approach to drug design, where the structure of drug is designed, based on its fit to three dimensional structures of receptor site, rather than basing it on analogies to other active structures. The above titled compound is binding with FAK protein. This may act as inhibitor to FAK and can be used for anticancer therapy target.
Prośba o osobowy udział w łaskach zbawienia w celebracji sakramentów świętych
Authors: Szczych Jan
Published: September 2016

Dla ludzi wierzących udział w liturgii sakramentów Kościoła posiada swoją wyraźną celowość zbawczą. Wierni, pragnąc nadprzyrodzonej relacji z Bogiem, swoją postawą starają się zabiegać o czynne uskutecznienie w ich życiu Chrystusowego misterium zbawienia. Wobec tego uzasadnionymi pozostają słowa prośby, jakie podczas celebracji poszczególnych sakramentów wypowiada ubiegający się lub proszący o sakramentalną łaskę. Zamierzona prośba o udzielenie sakramentu, który umożliwia osobowe partycypowanie w Chrystusowej łasce, wynika z doświadczenia wiary chrześcijanina i warunkuje jego świadomy i owocny udział w Chrystusowym dziele zbawienia.
Ekshortacje pastoralne – klucz do kwerendy homiletycznej
Authors: Wasilewski Edward
Published: September 2016

Przepowiadanie słowa Bożego należy do podstawowych funkcji Kościoła. Nieprzejednaną rolę w tym zakresie odegrali ojcowie Kościoła, którzy pozostawili wielki dorobek kaznodziejski. Odkrywając bogactwo treści ich homilii, kazań i mów nieustannie dokonuje się analizy treściowej i teologicznej pozostawionego materiału. Do należytego opracowania merytorycznego może posłużyć nowe kryterium przygotowania kwerendy w oparciu o „ekshortacje pastoralne”. Termin ten oznacza różnego rodzaju apele, wezwania, zachęty czy wręcz nakazy. Może się to dokonywać w oparciu o dwa kryteria porządkujące: filologiczne oraz merytoryczne. Uwzględnienie zestawu ilościowego pozwala na precyzyjne określenie wiodących tematów i treści analizowanego materiału źródłowego, jakim są pozostawione mowy, homilie i kazania.
Development of a Multicenter Ward–Based AKI Prediction Model
Authors: Koyner Jay L. , Adhikari Richa , Edelson Dana P. , Churpek Matthew M.
Published: September 2016

Background and objectives

Identification of patients at risk for AKI on the general wards before increases in serum creatinine would enable preemptive evaluation and intervention to minimize risk and AKI severity. We developed an AKI risk prediction algorithm using electronic health record data on ward patients (Electronic Signal to Prevent AKI).

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

All hospitalized ward patients from November of 2008 to January of 2013 who had serum creatinine measured in five hospitals were included. Patients with an initial ward serum creatinine >3.0 mg/dl or who developed AKI before ward admission were excluded. Using a discrete time survival model, demographics, vital signs, and routine laboratory data were used to predict the development of serum creatinine–based Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes AKI. The final model, which contained all variables, was derived in 60% of the cohort and prospectively validated in the remaining 40%. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves were calculated for the prediction of AKI within 24 hours for each unique observation for all patients across their inpatient admission. We performed time to AKI analyses for specific predicted probability cutoffs from the developed score.

Results

Among 202,961 patients, 17,541 (8.6%) developed AKI, with 1242 (0.6%) progressing to stage 3. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the final model in the validation cohort were 0.74 (95% confidence interval, 0.74 to 0.74) for stage 1 and 0.83 (95% confidence interval, 0.83 to 0.84) for stage 3. Patients who reached a cutoff of ≥0.010 did so a median of 42 (interquartile range, 14–107) hours before developing stage 1 AKI. This same cutoff provided sensitivity and specificity of 82% and 65%, respectively, for stage 3 and was reached a median of 35 (interquartile range, 14–97) hours before AKI.

Conclusions

Readily available electronic health record data can be used to improve AKI risk stratification with good to excellent accuracy. Real time use of Electronic Signal to Prevent AKI would allow early interventions before changes in serum creatinine and may improve costs and outcomes.
Formas físicas de rações para aves
Authors: Fernandes Raimunda Thyciana Vasconcelos , Melo Aurora da Silva , Queiroz João Paulo Araújo Fernandes de , Oliveira Vanessa Raquel de Morais , Dias Francisca Kelia Duarte , Marinho Jéssica Berly Moreira , Souza Rosângela Fernandes de , Santos Filho Claudionor Antonio dos , Souza Ayala Oliveira do Vale , Arruda Alex Martins Varela de
Published: September 2016

The feed is one of the most important factors in animal production, either at cost or for animal response due to the quality of the feed. In poultry nutrition several strategies can be used to promote the improvement, or by changing formulation or even in the processing of feeds. The processes commonly used in the feed for the poultry industry are pelleting, extrusion or expansion in order to promote the different physical forms, namely, pelleted, extruded feeds, expanded, or simply expanded extruded unstructured. The advantages and disadvantages of processing can be listed in different levels of production, from the feed mill itself to the performance of the animals. The main difference between the processed and unprocessed feed is the improvement in digestibility caused by the gelatinization process that occur when the feed is subjected to elevated temperature, pressure at a particular time directly affecting the quality of feed. Thus, considering that feed processing burdening cost to the producer, however feed processed reduce the act of poultry in selecting larger particles, resulting in less wastage of feed and improved animal time use for food compared to mash feeds, we present a review of the physical forms of rations for birds as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
Tratamento químico e biológico em volumosos para ruminantes
Authors: Da Cruz Braulio Crisanto Carvalho , Silva Denise Araújo da
Published: September 2016

Brazil, for being one of the major agricultural producers, annually generates a large variety and quantity of agro-industrial waste. These residues can assume considerable importance in the feeding of ruminants, especially during periods in which the shortage of fodder becomes the dominant factor limiting the productivity of these animals. The purpose of studying these agroindustrial waste intended not only the search for remedy the shortage of ruminant feed during the time of reduced productivity of tropical grasses, but also an increase in concern about the environment. A portion of the waste produced today as bagasse from sugarcane, post-harvest seed waste pulping waste fruit and straw, they are of poor quality, since they have high cell wall content (values above 60%) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) above 40%, and lower crude protein (CP) (below 6.0%), minerals and vitamins, and the digestibility of dry matter (DM) Low (40 50%), which results in low levels of consumption.
Grãos secos de destilaria com solúveis, aplicação em alimentos e segurança – uma revisão
Authors: Silva Juliana Regina da , Peres Netto Diego , Scussel Vildes Maria
Published: September 2016

Dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) are co-products of the ethanol industry using corn as a feedstock. Because of its nutritional composition with high content of protein and fiber, combined with low cost, DDGS has been used in animal feed production, although still little known in Brazil for this application, as well as in humans for food. With the increased use of DDGS to the world stage, particularly their inclusion in animal feed has been a concern for their safety as the proliferation of bacteria / fungi, formation of mycotoxins and other types of contaminants. The objective of this review is to report the processing characteristics of DDGS, its nutritional composition, possible applications and especially their safety (biological and chemical contaminants).
Rendimento de forragem e morfogênese de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu sob diferentes períodos de descanso
Authors: Costa Newton de Lucena , Townsend Claudio Ramalho , Fogaça Fabíola Helena dos Santos , Magalhães João Avelar , Santos Francisco José de Seixas , Rodrigues Braz Henrique Nunes
Published: September 2016

The effects of rest periods (21, 28, 35, 42 and 49 days) on green dry matter (GDM) yield, chemical composition and morphogenetic and structural characteristics of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu were evaluated under natural field conditions. GDM yields and regrowth, medium blade length, leaf elongation and leaf senescence rate increased consistently with rest period, however the nitrogen, phosphorus, and magnesium contents and leaf appearance rate decreased, while calcium and potassium contents were not affected by rest period. Maximum GDM yields, number of leaves/tiller, leaf elongation rate and leaf area index were obtained with rest periods at 38.8; 38.7; 27.4 and 47.8 days. These data suggest that grass grazing at 35 to 42 days of rest period were optimal for obtain maximum yields and regrowth of rich forage.
Sistema computacional: Avaliação do impacto econômico da mastite
Authors: Lopes Marcos Aurélio , Santos Glauber dos , Costa Geraldo Márcio da , Demeu Fabiana Alves , Lopes Naina Magalhães
Published: September 2016

This work was intended to develop a computational system to aid both technicians and farmers to estimate the economic impact of mastitis in dairy herds; to develop a tool which enables the technician and or farmer to effect simulations involving a number of animal performance indices and parameters in a milk production system; and present the CU$TO MAMITE computational system. Such a system was developed by utilizing the Microsoft Excel. Then routines were developed in a conversional way with access to several spreadsheets by means of self- explaining buttons. The CU$TO MAMITE is an important tool which aids the technician and breeder in estimating the impact of mastitis, presenting important information for decision-making by the cattle raisers; and allow to the user several simulations encompassing a great deal of parameters and indices involved in a system of milk production.
Glicerina como substituto do milho na nutrição de bovinos e influência na composição de ácidos graxos da carne: Revisão
Authors: Ornaghi Mariana Garcia , Eira Carlos Emanuel , Barrado Ana Guerrero , Torrecilhas Juliana Akamine , Passetti Rodrigo Augusto Cortêz , Mottin Camila , Prado Ivanor Nunes do
Published: September 2016

The beef consumption has increased over the years and consequently increases consumers´ concern about quality of meat products, especially in relation to health. Currently composition of fatty acids and on beef and the not favorable consequences that can cause beef consumption were much commented, however benefits that have beef consumption have been little divulged. One of the factors that directly influence the quality of beef is the diet consumed by the animal. Researchers are trying to optimize product quality and optimize efficiency in relation to animal production. Glycerin has been used to achieve this goal in beef cattle production. Being possible add glycerin  in the diet in order to replace corn and reducing cost of production. This paper aims to conduct a literature review of the use of glycerin in the diet of cattle and evaluate the results in relation to fatty acid composition in meat.
Efeito do diferimento sobre a produção de forragem e composição química do gramalote (Axonopus scoparius Fluggüe) Kuhlm.
Authors: Costa Newton de Lucena , Magalhães João Avelar , Paulino Valdinei Tadeu , Townsend Claudio Ramalho , Rodrigues Antônio Neri Azevedo , Silva Guilherme de Lira Sobral
Published: September 2016

An experiment was conducted in Porto Velho, Rondônia, with the purpose of determining the best time for pasture recuperation and utilization of the forage accumulated of (Axonopus scoparius Fluggüe (Kuhlm.) for herd supplementation during dry season. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks (split-plot) with three replicates. The periods of recuperation began on February 28, March 28 and April 28 and constituted the main plots and, the utilization months (June 30, July 30, August 30 and September 30) the subplots. The data indicate the feasibility of differing grazing of the grass, during the rainy season, to provide forage for herd supplementation in the dry season. The higher dry matter (DM) yields were obtained with the pasture stockpiled in February, followed by March and utilizations in September or August. The grass, irrespective of differing dates, showed reductions (P