bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bioenergy harvest, climate change, and forest carbon in the Oregon Coast Range
Authors: Creutzburg Megan K. , Scheller Robert M. , Lucash Melissa S. , Evers Louisa B. , LeDuc Stephen D. , Johnson Mark G.
Published: February 2015

Forests provide important ecological, economic, and social services, and recent interest has emerged in the potential for using residue from timber harvest as a source of renewable woody bioenergy. The long‐term consequences of such intensive harvest are unclear, particularly as forests face novel climatic conditions over the next century. We used a simulation model to project the long‐term effects of management and climate change on above‐ and belowground forest carbon storage in a watershed in northwestern Oregon. The multi‐ownership watershed has a diverse range of current management practices, including little‐to‐no harvesting on federal lands, short‐rotation clear‐cutting on industrial land, and a mix of practices on private nonindustrial land. We simulated multiple management scenarios, varying the rate and intensity of harvest, combined with projections of climate change. Our simulations project a wide range of total ecosystem carbon storage with varying harvest rate, ranging from a 45% increase to a 16% decrease in carbon compared to current levels. Increasing the intensity of harvest for bioenergy caused a 2–3% decrease in ecosystem carbon relative to conventional harvest practices. Soil carbon was relatively insensitive to harvest rotation and intensity, and accumulated slowly regardless of harvest regime. Climate change reduced carbon accumulation in soil and detrital pools due to increasing heterotrophic respiration, and had small but variable effects on aboveground live carbon and total ecosystem carbon. Overall, we conclude that current levels of ecosystem carbon storage are maintained in part due to substantial portions of the landscape (federal and some private lands) remaining unharvested or lightly managed. Increasing the intensity of harvest for bioenergy on currently harvested land, however, led to a relatively small reduction in the ability of forests to store carbon. Climate change is unlikely to substantially alter carbon storage in these forests, absent shifts in disturbance regimes.
BRAF V600E mutational status in bile duct adenomas and hamartomas
Authors: Pujals Anaïs , Bioulac‐Sage Paulette , Castain Claire , Charpy Cécile , Zafrani Elie Serge , Calderaro Julien
Published: February 2015

Aims

Bile duct adenomas (BDA) and bile duct hamartomas (BDH) are benign bile duct lesions considered neoplastic or secondary to ductal plate malformation, respectively. We have reported previously a high prevalence of BRAF V600E mutations detected by allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction assay in BDA, and suggested that BDA may be precursors to a subset of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas harbouring V600E mutations. The aim of the present study was to assess the existence of BRAF V600E mutations, using immunohistochemical methods, in additional BDA as well as in BDH.

Methods and results

Fifteen BDA and 35 BDH were retrieved from the archives of the pathology departments of two French university hospitals. All cases were reviewed by two pathologists specialized in liver diseases. BRAF V600E mutational status was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Mutated BRAF mutant protein was detected in 53% of the BDA and in none of the cases of BDH.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that BDA and BDH are different processes, and that BDA represent true benign neoplasms. They also support the hypothesis that mutated BDA might precede the development of the subset of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas harbouring BRAF V600E mutations.
Increased proliferation and adhesion properties of human dental pulp stem cells in PLGA scaffolds via simulated microgravity
Authors: He L. , Pan S. , Li Y. , Zhang L. , Zhang W. , Yi H. , Song C. , Niu Y.
Published: February 2015

Aim

To explore the possibility of utilizing a rotary cell culture system (RCCS) to model simulated microgravity and investigate its effects on the proliferation, adhesion, migration and cytoskeletal organization of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) on poly (lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffolds.

Methodology

Isolated and identified hDPSCs grown on PLGA scaffolds were exposed to simulated microgravity (SMG) or normal gravity (NG) conditions for 3 days. MTT cell proliferation assays, BrdU incorporation assays, flow cytometry analysis and Western blotting were undertaken to identify the proliferation ability of hDPSCs under SMG conditions. Additionally, immunofluorescence detection, SEM observations and cell migration and adhesion assays were performed to compare adhesion, migration and cytoskeletal changes in hDPCSs subjected to SMG conditions. To further investigate the mechanisms, human pathway‐focused matrix and adhesion PCR array analyses were performed. The Student's t‐test was used for statistical analyses.

Results

SMG promoted proliferation and adhesion, decreased migration and reorganized the cytoskeletal organization of hDPSCs compared with the NG group. PCR array analyses revealed that following SMG treatment, ITGA6 (integrin alpha‐6), ITGAV (integrin alpha‐V), ITGB1 (integrin beta‐1), LAMB1 (laminin beta‐1) and TNC (tenascin‐C) were significantly upregulated (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

SMG may regulate the behaviour of hDPSCs grown in PLGA scaffolds in an integrin‐mediated manner, which may contribute to tooth tissue engineering by increasing their expandability and scaffold adhesion.
Trade unions at the workplace
Authors: Brown William
Published: February 2015

The early research work of Lord McCarthy was innovative in terms of both method and findings. His analysis of the closed shop revealed its extent and growth to be far greater than then thought. His subsequent analysis of the role of shop stewards had a profound effect on the 1968 Report of the Royal Commission on Trade Unions and Employer Associations. It also pioneered the use of surveys in industrial relations research.
An overview of Bill McCarthy's academic and political engagement with industrial relations
Authors: Undy Roger
Published: February 2015

Abtract

This article reviews Lord (Bill) McCarthy's contributions to industrial relations research and his related engagement with national policy making over the period 1964 to 1997. In this process the academics and academic institutions which were integral to Bill's work are also noted as is Bill's development as one of Britain's leading arbitrators. An attempt is also made to capture some of the character of Bill's work including his sometimes combative approach to discussions in seminars and other forums. His determination to contribute work which both made a difference and aided the Labour Movement is also stressed. Last, the six companion pieces, all written by people who knew Bill personally but who explore different aspects of his work, are briefly introduced.
Engaging with management
Authors: Kessler Ian , Kessler Sidney
Published: February 2015

This article examines Bill McCarthy's engagement with management, distinguishing between supply and demand side forms of involvement. Arguing that McCarthy placed considerable weight on management as the main driver of industrial relations reform, the article highlights the prescriptive advice and support Bill supplied on such reform. Noting that McCarthy was regularly in demand to teach managers and conduct major inquiries on key industrial relations issues and problems, the article suggests that Bill was clearly trusted and held in high esteem by management despite his strong and explicit commitment to the labour movement.
Microwave Dielectric Properties and Thermally Stimulated Depolarization Currents of (1 − x)MgTiO3–xCa0.8Sr0.2TiO3 Ceramics
Authors: Zhang Jie , Yue Zhenxing , Zhou Yuanyuan , Zhang Xiaohua , Li Longtu
Published: February 2015

(1 − x)MgTiO3–xCa0.8Sr0.2TiO3 (0.04 ≤ x ≤ 0.2, MT‐CST) composite ceramics were prepared by the conventional solid‐state reaction process. The phase composition, microwave dielectric properties, and microwave dielectric loss mechanisms were studied. Ca0.8Sr0.2TiO3 was employed as a τf compensator for MgTiO3, and they coexisted well without forming any secondary phases. Interestingly, significant dielectric relaxations associated with oxygen vacancy defects were observed in all the MT‐CST ceramics through the dielectric‐temperature spectra. Thermally simulated depolarization current was therefore conducted to obtain the defects associated with extrinsic dielectric loss mechanisms. The concentrations of both defect dipole and in‐grain oxygen vacancies increased with the increasing x, which could induce microwave dielectric loss consequently. It demonstrated that the behaviors of Q × f were basically influenced by phase composition and defects here. Temperature‐stable ceramics can be achieved at x = 0.06, where the microwave dielectric properties were εr = 21.19, Q × f = 110 900 GHz (f = 9.295 GHz), and τf = −0.9 ppm/°C, respectively.
Observation of Particle Motion in High‐Concentration Ceramic Slurries Under Low Shear Rate
Authors: Nagasawa Yoshihiro , Uematsu Masako , Takahashi Yuuki , Kato Zenji , Uematsu Keizo , Tanaka Satoshi
Published: February 2015

The dispersed state of particles in high‐concentration slurries has a significant effect on the development of the particle packing structure of the powder compact. We observed individual particle motion directly in highly concentrated ceramic slurries under slow flow through confocal laser scanning fluorescent microscopy using transparent slurries. In particular, we focused on particle motion soon after the application of a constant low shear rate. Measurements of the shear stresses indicated that the stress of a 30 vol% slurry gradually increased from 0.018 Pa over time, whereas the stress of a 40 vol% slurry soon reached 0.03 Pa and remained constant. For direct observation, shear stress was applied to the slurry, which was set between two glass plates, by moving one unilateral glass plate at 0.8 μm/s, to create a shear rate of 0.01 s−1. The motion of the particles could be observed continuously. In the early stage, particles in the 30 vol% slurry near the moving plate were united as one body and did not alternate positions. Then, a speed incline developed gradually over time. For the 40 vol% case, the particles moved at the same time and together. Increases in the shear stress were caused by increased interaction when the particles were close together.
Preparation, Design, and Characterization of the Novel Long Persistent Phosphors: Na2ZnGeO4 and Na2ZnGeO4:Mn2+
Authors: Jin Yahong , Hu Yihua , Fu Yinrong , Ju Guifang , Mu Zhongfei , Chen Ren , Lin Jun , Wang Zhonghua
Published: February 2015

A novel blue‐emitting phosphor Na2ZnGeO4 and a novel green‐emitting phosphor Na2ZnGeO4:Mn2+ have been newly developed via high‐temperature solid‐state reaction. The crystal structure of Na2ZnGeO4 has been identified. Energy transfer from Na2ZnGeO4 host to Mn2+ ions was affirmed. Undoped and Mn2+‐doped Na2ZnGeO4 phosphors exhibit blue and green long persistent luminescence (LPL) with persistent duration more than 40 min and 4 h, respectively. The traps created in host lattice were clarified. The LPL mechanism in Na2ZnGeO4 and Na2ZnGeO4: Mn2+ was discussed briefly. This investigation provides two new and efficient long persistent phosphors (LPPs).
Multifunctional Alumina Composites with Toughening and Crack‐Healing Features Via Incorporation of NiAl Particles
Authors: Huang Mingyue , Li Zhong , Wu Jin , Khor Khiam Aik , Huo Fengwei , Duan Fei , Lim Seng Chuan , Yip Mee Sin , Yang Jinglei
Published: February 2015

In this research, NiAl particles modified Al2O3 composites with toughening and crack‐healing performances were prepared by spark plasma sintering. The toughening effects as a function of the NiAl particle size and content were systematically investigated. The fracture toughness was increased by 80% compared with pure alumina after incorporation of 1 μm NiAl particles at 15 wt%. A self‐healing process of damaged composites induced by indentation was found to occur, mediated by oxidation of NiAl at elevated temperatures with the size of the NiAl particles. Atomic force microscopy was adopted to characterize the crack‐healing performance and to explore the healing mechanism under each healing condition. The best crack‐healing efficiency of 99.2% was found in the composite containing 1 μm NiAl at 15 wt% that was annealed at 1300°C for 5 h. In addition, the fracture toughness of the composite was further enhanced by 40% after the crack‐healing process. These multifunctional ceramic composites may have promising and broad application in areas such as thermal barrier coatings, fuel cell membranes, etc.
Loss of sexual dimorphism is associated with loss of lekking behavior in the green manakinXenopipo holochora
Authors: Ribeiro Renata Durães , McCormack John E. , Álvarez Hernán G. , Carrasco Luis , Grether Gregory F. , Mena‐Olmedo Patricio , Sedano Raul , Smith Thomas B. , Karubian Jordan
Published: February 2015

Manakins (Pipridae) are well know for elaborate male sexual displays and ornate plumage coloration, both of which are thought to have evolved as a consequence of lekking breeding, the prevalent mating system in the family. Less attention has been paid to a handful of ‘drab’ manakin species, in which sexual dimorphism appears to be reduced or absent. Using character reconstruction, we show that these ‘exceptions to the rule’ represent phylogenetically independent cases of losses in sexual dimorphism, and as such could provide a focal group to investigate the link between changes in morphology and in life history (e.g. mating system). We take a first step in this direction by focusing on two subspecies of the putatively monomorphic green manakinXenopipo holochlorato formally confirm that the species is sexually monomorphic in size and plumage color and test the prediction that sexual monomorphism is associated with the loss of lekking behavior in this species. Our results show that size dimorphism is present but limited in the green manakin, with substantial overlap in male and female morphometric measures, and that sexes are largely monochromatic (including from an avian perspective), despite marked coloration differences between subspecies. Behavioral observations indicate that males do not form leks and do not engage in elaborate sexual displays, that there is no stable pair bond formation, and that females provide parental care alone. These findings are consistent with the idea that changes in mating behavior may have driven changes in morphology in Pipridae, and we encourage similar studies on other drab manakins to better understand this relationship.
ABORTED GAMETOPHYTE 1 is required for gametogenesis in Arabidopsis
Authors: Cui Hong‐Hui , Liao Hong‐Ze , Tang Yu , Du Xin‐Yu , Chen Li‐Qun , Ye De , Zhang Xue‐Qin
Published: February 2015

In flowering plants, the male and female gametogenesis is a crucial step of sexual reproduction. Although many genes have been identified as being involved in the gametogenesis process, the genetic mechanisms underlying gametogenesis remains poorly understood. We reported here characterization of the gene, ABORTED GAMETOPHYTE 1 (AOG1) that is newly identified as essential for gametogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. AOG1 is expressed predominantly in reproductive tissues including the developing pollen grains and ovules. The AOG1 protein shares no significant amino acid sequence similarity with other documented proteins and is located mainly in nuclei of the cells. Mutation in AOG1 caused degeneration of pollen at the uninucleate microspore stage and severe defect in embryo sacs, leading to a significant reduction in male and female fertility. Furthermore, the molecular analyses showed that the aog1 mutant significantly affected the expression of several genes, which are required for gametogenesis. Our results suggest that AOG1 plays important roles in gametogenesis at the stage prior to pollen mitosis I (PMI) in Arabidopsis, possibly through collaboration with other genes.
Phosphodiesterase‐3B‐cAMP Pathway of Leptin Signalling in the Hypothalamus is Impaired During the Development of Diet‐Induced Obesity in FVB/N Mice
Authors: Sahu M. , Anamthathmakula P. , Sahu A.
Published: February 2015

The phosphodiesterase‐3B (PDE3B)‐cAMP pathway plays an important role in transducing the action of leptin in the hypothalamus. Obesity is usually associated with hyperleptinaemia and resistance to anorectic and body weight‐reducing effects of leptin. To determine whether the hypothalamic PDE3B‐cAMP pathway of leptin signalling is impaired during the development of diet‐induced obesity (DIO), we fed male FVB/N mice a high‐fat diet (HFD: 58% kcal as fat) or low‐fat diet (LFD: 6% kcal as fat) for 4 weeks. HFD fed mice developed DIO in association with hyperphagia, hyperleptinaemia and hyperinsulinaemia. Leptin (i.p.) significantly increased hypothalamic PDE3B activity and phosphorylated (p)‐Akt levels in LFD‐fed but not in HFD‐fed mice. However, basal p‐Akt levels in hypothalamus were increased in DIO mice. Additionally, amongst six‐microdissected brain nuclei examined, leptin selectively decreased cAMP levels in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of LFD‐fed mice but failed to do so in HFD‐fed mice. We next tested whether both the PBE3B and Akt pathways of leptin signalling remained impaired in DIO mice on the HFD for 12 weeks (long‐term). DIO mice were hyperinsulinaemic and hyperleptinaemic in association with impaired glucose and insulin tolerance. Although, in LFD‐fed mice, leptin significantly increased PDE3B activity and p‐Akt levels in the hypothalamus, it failed to do so in HFD‐fed mice. Also, basal p‐Akt levels in the hypothalamus were increased in DIO mice and leptin had no further effect. Similarly, immunocytochemistry showed that leptin increased the number of p‐Akt‐positive cells in the ARC of LFD‐fed but not in HFD‐fed mice, and there was an increased basal number of p‐Akt positive cells in the ARC of DIO mice. These results suggest that the PDE3B‐cAMP‐ and Akt‐pathways of leptin signalling in the hypothalamus are impaired during the development of DIO. Thus, a defect in the regulation by leptin of the hypothalamic PDE3B‐cAMP pathway and Akt signalling may be one of the mechanisms of central leptin resistance and the development of DIO.
Predictors ofHIVenacted stigma among Chilean women
Authors: Cianelli Rosina , Villlegas Natalia , De Oliveira Giovanna , Hires Kimberly , Gattamorta Karina , Ferrer Lilian , Peragallo Nilda
Published: February 2015

Aims and objectives

To investigate if socio‐demographic factors, religiosity,HIV‐related knowledge, Marianismo, history of having been tested forHIV, knowing someone who died ofAIDSandHIVrisk perception were predictive factors toHIVenacted stigma predictors among Chilean women.

Background

HIVinfection is the number one cause of death among women during their reproductive years. In Chile, studies with people living withHIVdemonstrate the existence ofHIV‐related stigma. However, limited evidence is available about the underlying causes ofHIVenacted stigma that results in stigmatisation and discrimination.

Design

The current cross‐sectional study is a secondary analysis of data collected to assess the impact of anHIVprevention intervention (Mano a Mano‐Mujer) designed for Chilean women. A quasi‐experimental design was used in the original study.

Methods

This study was conducted in two communities in Santiago, Chile. The sample for this study consisted of 496 Chileans between ages 18–49. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression were used for the analysis.

Results

Participants in the study reported high levels (77·8%) ofHIVenacted stigma. Higher levels ofHIV‐related knowledge were associated with lower levels ofHIVenacted stigma. Women with higher education had lower levels ofHIVenacted stigma than women with elementary education. In addition, greater levels ofmarianismo(cultural belief that women should be passive, faithful, and devoted to family) were associated with higher HIV enacted stigma scores.

Conclusions

The findings reflected the presence ofHIVenacted stigma among Chilean women. Identifying the significant predictors ofHIVenacted stigma can help the nursing community to designHIVprevention interventions that include the reduction inHIVenacted stigma.HIVevidence‐based prevention interventions should incorporate contents related to stigma to contribute to preventHIVenacted stigma at individual and community levels in accordance with the bioecological model.

Relevance to clinical practice

The results of this study could serve to developHIVprevention interventions that target the reduction inHIVenacted stigma.
Brain Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Findings in the Stroke‐like Migraine Attacks after Radiation Therapy (SMART) Syndrome
Authors: Gómez‐Cibeira Emilio , Calleja‐Castaño Patricia , Gonzalez de la Aleja Jesus , Sierra‐Hidalgo Fernando , Ruiz Morales Juan , Salvador‐Alvarez Elena , Ramos‐Gonzalez Ana
Published: February 2015

A 41‐year‐old male presented with an acute onset of headache, confusion, seizures, and unilateral focal neurological deficit 25 years after receiving whole‐brain radiation therapy to treat a cerebellar medulloblastoma. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated a thick unilateral parieto‐occipital cortical contrast enhancement. A diagnosis of “Stroke‐like Migraine Attacks after Radiation Therapy” (SMART) syndrome was made. Here, we describe the brain MR spectroscopy findings of SMART, showing a decrease in N‐acetyl‐aspartate and increased levels of creatine and choline, corresponding with neuronal destruction or transient neuronal impairment with mild nonspecific gliosis. The absence of a lactate peak suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction, vasospasm or ischemic mechanisms were not involved.
PREDICTION OF CARE BURDEN OF PATIENTS UNDERGOING HAEMODIALYSIS: DEVELOPMENT OF A MEASURING TOOL
Authors: de Kleijn Ria , Hagen Chris , Uyl‐de Groot Carin , Pasker‐de Jong Pieternel , ter Wee Piet
Published: February 2015

Background

The ageing of the population and new options for therapy have led to an increase in the number of patients undergoing dialysis. Rising costs in health care and new financial structures impose funding constraints on dialysis departments and force the departments to deploy nurses more efficiently. Therefore, predicting the nursing time spent on the care of patients is important.

Objective

Development of a classification tool to predict the burden of nursing care of patients undergoing dialysis.

Design

Observational study.

Participants

242 patients on dialysis in 12 centres.

Measurements

The time spent on nursing care within predefined areas, including patient independence, vascular access, psychosocial support, dialysis complexity, communication and specific nursing actions, was measured by observers. Average times and their standard deviations (SD) were calculated. Variation of patient characteristics was analysed.

Results

The average care time required for the four routine investigated domains, namely independence, vascular access, psychosocial support and dialysis complexity, was 59.23 (SD = 24.30) minutes per treatment per patient.

Conclusion

Our study shows that it is possible to predict the burden of nursing care of patients undergoing dialysis by means of a classification model.
HEDONIC ANALYSIS OVER TIME AND SPACE: THE CASE OF HOUSE PRICES AND TRAFFIC NOISE
Authors: Swoboda Aaron , Nega Tsegaye , Timm Maxwell
Published: February 2015

One consequence of the expanding road network and its associated traffic is increased levels of traffic noise. While the hedonic literature has consistently found a negative relationship between real estate prices and noise levels, research in the United States has typically relied on crude measures of traffic noise. Here, we reduce the measurement error of traffic noise exposure through a detailed model of noise propagation over the landscape. We then estimate the hedonic relationship between noise and single family house prices using over 40,000 transactions throughout the St. Paul, Minnesota, urban area from 2005 to 2010. We implement spatially and temporally flexible local regression techniques and find significant nonstationarity in the hedonic function over time and space.
Short‐term wound complications and predictive variables for complication after limb amputation in dogs and cats
Authors: Raske M. , McClaran J. K. , Mariano A.
Published: February 2015

OBJECTIVES

To identify short‐term wound complications and associated predictive factors following amputation in dogs and cats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Retrospective review of case records of dogs and cats undergoing thoracic or pelvic limb amputation. Preoperative data on signalment, body weight, limb amputated, reason for amputation and laboratory parameters were collected. Details regarding surgical procedures and use of anaesthesia such as total surgical and anaesthesia times, incidences of intraoperative hypotension or hypothermia, method of muscle excision and type of skin closure utilized were recorded. Postoperative data on duration of hospital stay, use of postoperative antibiotics, use of a wound soaker catheter, wound complications noted both during hospitalization and at recheck and treatments if applicable were collected.

RESULTS

In total, 67 records were identified including 39 dogs and 28 cats. Wound infection/inflammation complications occurred in 20.9% of cases and wound infection complications in 9%; 12.8% in dogs and 3.6% in cats. One (1.5%) complication was classified as major, which occurred immediately postoperatively. Nine (13.4%) minor complications occurred immediately after surgery and four (6.0%) were identified at recheck. Age was the only significant predictor of postoperative infection/inflammation following pelvic or thoracic limb amputation.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Short‐term wound complications following pelvic or thoracic limb amputation in cats and dogs were typically minor and resolved after treatment.
Association between obstructive sleep apnea severity and glucose control in patients with untreated versus treated diabetes
Authors: Priou Pascaline , Le Vaillant Marc , Meslier Nicole , Chollet Sylvaine , Pigeanne Thierry , Masson Philippe , Bizieux‐Thaminy Acya , Humeau Marie‐Pierre , Goupil François , Ducluzeau Pierre‐Henri , Gagnadoux Frédéric ,   The IRSR sleep cohort group
Published: February 2015

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the association between obstructive sleep apnea severity and glucose control differs between patients with newly diagnosed and untreated type 2 diabetes, and patients with known and treated type 2 diabetes. This multicentre cross‐sectional study included 762 patients investigated by sleep recording for suspected obstructive sleep apnea, 497 of whom were previously diagnosed and treated for type 2 diabetes (treated diabetic patients), while 265 had no medical history of diabetes but had fasting blood glucose ≥126 mg dL−1 and/or glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥6.5% consistent with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (untreated diabetic patients). Multivariate regression analyses were performed to evaluate the independent association between HbA1c and obstructive sleep apnea severity in treated and untreated patients with diabetes. In untreated diabetic patients, HbA1c was positively associated with apnea–hypopnea index (P = 0.0007) and 3% oxygen desaturation index (P = 0.0016) after adjustment for age, gender, body mass index, alcohol habits, metabolic dyslipidaemia, hypertension, statin use and study site. The adjusted mean value of HbA1c increased from 6.68% in the lowest quartile of the apnea–hypopnea index (<17) to 7.20% in the highest quartile of the apnea–hypopnea index (>61; P = 0.033 for linear trend). In treated patients with diabetes, HbA1c was associated with non‐sleep variables, including age, metabolic dyslipidaemia and insulin use, but not with obstructive sleep apnea severity. Obstructive sleep apnea may adversely affect glucose control in patients with newly diagnosed and untreated type 2 diabetes, but may have a limited impact in patients with overt type 2 diabetes receiving anti‐diabetic medications.
Processing Determinism
Authors: O'Grady William
Published: February 2015

I propose that the course of development in first and second language acquisition is shaped by two types of processing pressures—internal efficiency‐related factors relevant to easing the burden on working memory and external input‐related factors such as frequency of occurrence. In an attempt to document the role of internal factors, I consider a series of case studies involving contrasts that are rarely instantiated in the input, yet show early mastery. I conclude with some general remarks about the nature of development and the possibility that it unfolds more uniformly than often suggested.
Exploring Regularities and Dynamic Systems in L2 Development
Authors: Lenzing Anke
Published: February 2015

This article focuses on a theoretical and empirical exploration of developmental trajectories and individual learner variation in second language (L2) acquisition. Taking a processability perspective, I view learner language as a dynamic system that includes predictable universal developmental trajectories as well as individual learner variation, where the latter is not precisely predictable. Both dimensions are subject to specific processing constraints that are determined by the architecture of the human language processor. I claim that this view of L2 acquisition is compatible with the core notions of Dynamic Systems Theory. I present results from an empirical study of beginning L2 learners of English with German as their first language to support this claim. The results show (1) that there are developmental regularities in L2 acquisition that are common to all learners and (2) that the learner variation that occurs is consistent with the constraints of the developing L2 system.
An Outline of Processability Theory and Its Relationship to Other Approaches to SLA
Authors: Pienemann Manfred
Published: February 2015

In this article I make the point that there has been a continuous focus on second language development in second language acquisition research for over 40 years and that there is clear empirical evidence for generalizable developmental patterns. I will both summarize some of the core assumptions of Processability Theory (PT) as an approach to explaining developmental patterns and learner variation and compare the position assumed by PT with the Dynamic Systems Theory approach proposed by de Bot, Lowie, and Verspoor and with O'Grady's processing‐based approach to Emergentism. In addition, I will summarize the Teachability Hypothesis and describe its limited relationship to PT in order to respond briefly to the article on the same issue by Zhang and Lantolf in this Special Issue.
Orders and Sequences in the Acquisition of L2 Morphosyntax, 40 Years On: An Introduction to the Special Issue
Authors: Hulstijn Jan H. , Ellis Rod , Eskildsen Søren W.
Published: February 2015

This Special Issue of Language Learning provides a state‐of‐the‐art overview of current perspectives on acquisition orders and sequences in second language acquisition. It contains examples of empirical studies, theoretical reflections of, and a dialogue between proponents of Dynamic Systems Theory, Learner Varieties, Processibility Theory, Processing Determinism, Sociocultural Theory, and Usage‐Based Linguistics. This introduction presents the context and rationale for the collection of contributions.
Shifting Frames, Vanishing Resources, and Dangerous Political Opportunities: Legal Mobilization among Displaced Women in Colombia
Authors: Lemaitre Julieta , Sandvik Kristin Bergtora
Published: February 2015

How can we make sense of the use of legal claims and tactics under conditions of internal displacement and armed conflict? This article argues that in violent contexts mobilization frames are unstable and constantly shifting, resources tend to vanish, and political opportunities often imply considerable physical danger. It is grounded on a three-year, multimethod study that followed internally displaced women's organizations as they demanded government assistance and protection in Colombia. Through detailed examples of specific cases, this article illustrates the constraints of legal mobilization in violent contexts, as well as different social movement strategies of resistance. It, thus, contributes to decentering theories of social movement uses of law that tend to be based on the legal cultures and institutions of industrialized liberal democracies, rather than on those of the Global South, and hence, tend to exclude violence.
Crimmigration at the Local Level: Criminal Justice Processes in the Shadow of Deportation
Authors: Beckett Katherine , Evans Heather
Published: February 2015

In recent decades, authorities have adopted a number of programs that tether the criminal and immigration enforcement apparatuses in novel ways. This mixed methods case study assesses the impact of such programs on local criminal justice processes and outcomes in King County, Washington. Although the empirical research on the effects of such programs is scant, the emerging literature on legal hybridity suggests that the enmeshment of the criminal and immigration systems is likely to enhance the state's power to detain and punish. The quantitative results support this hypothesis: non-citizens flagged by immigration authorities stay in jail significantly longer than their similarly situated counterparts. Qualitative focus group interviews with prosecuting and defense attorneys identify four key mechanisms by which Immigration Customs and Enforcement detainers alter the incentive structure, impact decisionmaking, and extend jail stays for non-citizens. Together, these findings suggest that immigration law and the threat of deportation now cast a long shadow over local as well as federal criminal proceedings, and enhance penal pain for non-citizens. Implications of these findings for the “crimmigration” literature and research on the effect of citizenship status on criminal justice outcomes are discussed.
The Real Dirt on Responsible Agricultural Investments at Rio+20: Multilateralism versus Corporate Self-Regulation
Authors: Müller Birgit , Cloiseau Gilles
Published: February 2015

This article uses a fine-grained anthropological and linguistic analysis to expose the routine negotiating practices and power games behind the conclusion of paragraph 115 on responsible agricultural investments during the Rio+20 Conference in June 2012. These negotiations are simultaneously a telling example for the quotidian stuff of international governance—an arena in which much larger forces are played out through small language-based tactics, and they are representative of an exceptional moment when global multilateral policy making in the frame of the United Nations was challenged by the legitimation of private authority and corporate self-regulation. Combining anthropological and linguistic methods, the article focused on language use, analyzing the ways in which people interact in a highly coded language, how they “perform,” by exploring, playing with, and twisting the grammatical structures of the spoken language. At issue is the large-scale appropriation of agricultural land all over the world by multinational corporations, investment funds, and foreign governments.

115. We reaffirm the important work and inclusive nature of the Committee on World Food Security (CFS), including through its role in facilitating country-initiated assessments on sustainable food production and food security, and we encourage countries to give due consideration to implementing the CFS Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security. We take note of the on-going discussions on responsible agricultural investment in the framework of the CFS, as well as the Principles for Responsible Agricultural Investment (PRAI).
Petrography and composition of Martian regolith breccia meteorite Northwest Africa 7475
Authors: Wittmann Axel , Korotev Randy L. , Jolliff Bradley L. , Irving Anthony J. , Moser Desmond E. , Barker Ivan , Rumble Douglas
Published: February 2015

The Northwest Africa (NWA) 7475 meteorite is one of the several stones of paired regolith breccias from Mars based on petrography, oxygen isotope, mineral compositions, and bulk rock compositions. Its inventory of lithic clasts is dominated by vitrophyre impact melts that were emplaced while they were still molten. Other clast types include crystallized impact melt rocks, evolved plutonic rocks, possible basalts, contact metamorphosed rocks, and siltstones. Impact spherules and vitrophyre shards record airborne transport, and accreted dust rims were sintered on most clasts, presumably during residence in an ejecta plume. The clast assemblage records at least three impact events, one that formed an impact melt sheet on Mars ≤4.4 Ga ago, a second that assembledNWA7475 from impactites associated with the impact melt sheet at 1.7–1.4 Ga, and a third that launchedNWA7475 from Mars ~5 Ma ago. Mildly shocked pyroxene and plagioclase constrain shock metamorphic conditions during launch to >5 and <15 GPa. The mild postshock‐heating that resulted from these shock pressures would have been insufficient to sterilize this water‐bearing lithology during launch. Magnetite, maghemite, and pyrite are likely products of secondary alteration on Mars. Textural relationships suggest that calcium‐carbonate and goethite are probably of terrestrial origin, yet trace element chemistry indicates relatively low terrestrial alteration. Comparison of Mars Odyssey gamma‐ray spectrometer data with the Fe and Th abundances ofNWA7475 points to a provenance in the ancient southern highlands of Mars. Gratteri crater, with an age of ~5 Ma and an apparent diameter of 6.9 km, marks one possible launch site ofNWA7475.
Crossing relationships and chromosome numbers ofSolanumsectionSolanumin Uganda
Authors: Olet Eunice A. , Lye Kåre A. , Stedje Brita
Published: February 2015

The ability of taxa to cross/hybridize is useful information for plant systematists and breeders. Crossability reflects reproductive isolation and the biological species concept stresses the need for reproductive isolation between species to maintain morphological distincness. For plant breeders knowledge on crossing ability facilitate selection of taxa for character improvement breeding. In this study, the crossing relationships and chromosome numbers within and among Ugandan species ofSolanumsect.Solanumis studied by making 800 crosses involving 246 combinations. Less than half of these combinations were successful, producing F1 offspring. All studied accessions are self‐compatible and most accessions crossed readily with accessions of their own species. Interspecific crossings failed either to yield seeds, yielded F1 seeds that did not germinate, or resulted in F1s that did not have stainable pollen – implying a crossing barrier; or stainable pollen, but with chromosome numbers that indicated reproduction by apomixis. The results support the taxonomic treatment ofSolanumbased on classical, numerical and partly molecular evidences. The material studied represents eight Ugandan taxa:S. americanum, a diploid (2n = 2x = 24); five tetraploids (2n = 4x = 48)S. florulentum, S. memphiticum, S. tarderemotum, S. villosumssp.villosumandS. villosumssp.miniatum; and two hexaploids (2n = 6x = 72)S. scabrumsubsp.scabrumandS. scabrumsubsp.laevis. In addition to confirming the ploidy levels of the Ugandan accessions, the ploidy levels ofS. florulentum, S. memphiticumandS. tarderemotumare reported for the first time. Non‐Ugandan material ofSolanum sarrachoideswas found to be diploid. Knowledge of the crossing behaviour and ploidy levels inSolanumwill facilitate breeding for character improvement in these important species that are used commonly as food and/or medicine in eastern Africa.
Jasmonate‐dependent depletion of soluble sugars compromises plant resistance to Manduca sexta
Authors: Machado Ricardo A. R. , Arce Carla C. M. , Ferrieri Abigail P. , Baldwin Ian T. , Erb Matthias
Published: February 2015

Jasmonates regulate plant secondary metabolism and herbivore resistance. How they influence primary metabolites and how this may affect herbivore growth and performance are not well understood.

We profiled sugars and starch of jasmonate biosynthesis‐deficient and jasmonate‐insensitive Nicotiana attenuata plants and manipulated leaf carbohydrates through genetic engineering and in vitro complementation to assess how jasmonate‐dependent sugar accumulation affects the growth of Manduca sexta caterpillars.

We found that jasmonates reduce the constitutive and herbivore‐induced concentration of glucose and fructose in the leaves across different developmental stages. Diurnal, jasmonate‐dependent inhibition of invertase activity was identified as a likely mechanism for this phenomenon. Contrary to our expectation, both in planta and in vitro approaches showed that the lower sugar concentrations led to increased M. sexta growth. As a consequence, jasmonate‐dependent depletion of sugars rendered N. attenuata plants more susceptible to M. sexta attack.

In conclusion, jasmonates are important regulators of leaf carbohydrate accumulation and this determines herbivore growth. Jasmonate‐dependent resistance is reduced rather than enhanced through the suppression of glucose and fructose concentrations, which may contribute to the evolution of divergent resistance strategies of plants in nature.
Two guard cell mitogen‐activated protein kinases, MPK9 and MPK12, function in methyl jasmonate‐induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Khokon Md. A. R. , Salam M. A. , Jammes F. , Ye W. , Hossain M. A. , Uraji M. , Nakamura Y. , Mori I. C. , Kwak J. M. , Murata Y.
Published: February 2015

Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and abscisic acid (ABA) signalling cascades share several signalling components in guard cells. We previously showed that two guard cell‐preferential mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs), MPK9 and MPK12, positively regulate ABA signalling in Arabidopsis thaliana. In this study, we examined whether these two MAP kinases function in MeJA signalling using genetic mutants for MPK9 and MPK12 combined with a pharmacological approach. MeJA induced stomatal closure in mpk9‐1 and mpk12‐1 single mutants as well as wild‐type plants, but not in mpk9‐1 mpk12‐1 double mutants. Consistently, the MAPKK inhibitor PD98059 inhibited the MeJA‐induced stomatal closure in wild‐type plants. MeJA elicited reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cytosolic alkalisation in guard cells of the mpk9‐1, mpk12‐1 and mpk9‐1 mpk12‐1 mutants, as well in wild‐type plants. Furthermore, MeJA triggered elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyt) in the mpk9‐1 mpk12‐1 double mutant as well as wild‐type plants. Activation of S‐type anion channels by MeJA was impaired in mpk9‐1 mpk12‐1. Together, these results indicate that MPK9 and MPK12 function upstream of S‐type anion channel activation and downstream of ROS production, cytosolic alkalisation and [Ca2+]cyt elevation in guard cell MeJA signalling, suggesting that MPK9 and MPK12 are key regulators mediating both ABA and MeJA signalling in guard cells.
The β‐amylase genes: negative regulators of disease resistance for Verticillium dahliae
Authors: Gkizi D. , Santos‐Rufo A. , Rodríguez‐Jurado D. , Paplomatas E. J. , Tjamos S. E.
Published: February 2015

Little is known about the role of plant primary metabolism in defence against pathogens. The present study is the first investigation published that examines the role of β‐amylase (BAM) genes upon fungal, Verticillium dahliae, infection. The responses of Arabidopsis thaliana plants impaired in BAM1, BAM2, BAM3, BAM4 genes, along with double, triple and quadruple mutants of those genes, were used to explore the involvement of BAM in the host plant–V. dahliae interaction. Less severe symptoms were recorded in bam mutants compared to wild type. Real‐time quantitative PCR (qPCR) revealed that the decrease in symptom severity shown in bam plants was correlated with reductions in the growth of the pathogen in the plants. Confocal microscopy of the most and least susceptible bam mutants and the wildtype plants showed that there were no differences between them in the number of attached conidia and penetration sites on the roots. BAM1, BAM2 and BAM3 expression was altered upon V. dahliae infection in the aerial tissues of the wild type. Analysis by qPCR of the PR1 and PDF1.2 expression in the bam3, bam1234, bam14 and wildtype plants showed that PR1 was up‐regulated in the roots of bam plants upon V. dahliae infection.
Microbial deposits in the aftermath of the end‐Permian mass extinction: A diverging case from the Mineral Mountains (Utah, USA)
Authors: Vennin Emmanuelle , Olivier Nicolas , Brayard Arnaud , Bour Ivan , Thomazo Christophe , Escarguel Gilles , Fara Emmanuel , Bylund Kevin G. , Jenks James F. , Stephen Daniel A. , Hofmann Richard
Published: February 2015

The Lower Triassic Mineral Mountains area (Utah, USA) preserves diversified Smithian and Spathian reefs and bioaccumulations that contain fenestral‐microbialites and various benthic and pelagic organisms. Ecological and environmental changes during the Early Triassic are commonly assumed to be associated with numerous perturbations (productivity changes, acidifica‐tion, redox changes, hypercapnia, eustatism and temperature changes) post‐dating the Permian–Triassic mass extinction. New data acquired in the Mineral Mountains sediments provide evidence to decipher the relationships between depositional environments and the growth and distribution of microbial structures. These data also help to understand better the controlling factors acting upon sedimentation and community turnovers through the Smithian–early Spathian. The studied section records a large‐scale depositional sequence during the Dienerian(?)–Spathian interval. During the transgression, depositional environments evolved from a coastal bay with continental deposits to intertidal fenestral–microbial limestones, shallow subtidal marine sponge–microbial reefs to deep subtidal mud‐dominated limestones. Storm‐induced deposits, microbialite–sponge reefs and shallow subtidal deposits indicate the regression. Three microbialite associations occur in ascending order: (i) a red beds microbialite association deposited in low‐energy hypersaline supratidal conditions where microbialites consist of microbial mats and poorly preserved microbially induced sedimentary structure; (ii) a Smithian microbialite association formed in moderate to high‐energy, tidal conditions where microbialites include stromatolites and associated carbonate grains (oncoids, ooids and peloids); and (iii) a Spathian microbialite association developed in low‐energy offshore conditions that is preserved as multiple decimetre thick isolated domes and coalescent domes. Data indicate that the morphologies of the three microbialite associations are controlled primarily by accommodation, hydrodynamics, bathymetry and grain supply. This study suggests that microbial constructions are controlled by changes between trapping and binding versus precipitation processes in variable hydrodynamic conditions. Due to the presence of numerous metazoans associated with microbialites throughout the Smithian increase in accommodation and Spathian decrease in accommodation, the commonly assumed anachronistic character of the Early Triassic microbialites and the traditional view of prolonged deleterious conditions during the Early Triassic time interval is questioned.
The new allele HLA‐DPB1*363:01 identified by sequence‐based typing in a donor from the Chinese Marrow Donor Program
Authors: Wang C. , Wang J. , Ou G. , Ji X. , Liu Z. , Chen Q.
Published: February 2015

The new allele HLA‐DPB1*363:01 most closely resembles DPB1*92:01, differing at a single position 191 (exon 2, codon 35).