bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oh, the Farmer and the Townsman Must Be Friends!
Authors: Martin Albro
Published: November 2023

Bryan had history on his side as he addressed the 1896 Democratic convention in Chicago, which eagerly devoured his version of the agrarian myth. Barely a quarter of a century before, the bustling city, well on its way to supremacy in the marketing of agricultural products, had been leveled by just the kind of conflagration that Bryan imagined, yet in a few years it had grown bigger and more prosperous than ever before. As the old century waned, Chicagoans betrayed little of the lingering gloom of the 1890s depression, for most of them had helped their city become one of America’s largest. Men like Bryan believed fervently that it was the nation’s farms, that primal source of all value and the embodiment of its true wealth, that had done it. The United States in 1896 was still dominated by a rural and small-town population, and at that time and for a long time afterward most Americans probably shared Bryan’s belief. The truth was far more complex than even Bryan’s famous talent for oversimplification could manage.
Carrying the People’s Burden to Market
Authors: Martin Albro
Published: November 2023

One of the most valuable achievements of the Select Committee on Transportation Routes to the Seaboard in 1874 was the intensive education on the flow of commerce within the United States that it provided an obscure government employee by the name of Joseph N. Nimmo, Jr. Nimmo came to his job well prepared. A graduate civil engineer, he had studied railroads from the viewpoint of an engineer and was now doing so with the simple tools of statistical analysis, which was still in its infancy. In the course of gathering more data on what was going on within the booming post-Civil War economy, Nimmo had reflected long and hard on the patterns of manufacturing and mercantile activity, as well as agriculture, that he discerned. The committee’s report, which he appears to have drafted, must have given him pause. During the next several years, as head of the domestic commerce division of the Treasury Department, he would produce a series of reports that are a priceless source of information on the rapid evolution of the American transportation system in its most critical, formative years.
Entrepreneurs to Managers: Across the Broad Missouri
Authors: Martin Albro
Published: November 2023

When President William McKinley smilingly held out his left hand to shake the left hand of young Leon Czolgosz at the Pan American Exposition in Buffalo on September 5, 1900, he received from the anarchist’s bandaged right hand two bullets, greasy with germs, one of which penetrated deep into and through the president’s stomach, ending up somewhere in the back muscle. Eight days later he breathed his last from a massive internal infection. McKinley was lucky. Twenty years before, James A.
On Modern Jewish Politics
Authors: Mendelsohn Ezra
Published: November 2023

This engagingly written study provides a very useful analysis of modern Jewish politics in the interwar European and American diaspora. Mendelsohn, a distinguished historian of modern Jewry, discusses the opposing visions of the Jewish future as formulated by various political parties and organizations in an effort to solve the ‘Jewish question.’ The book begins by attempting a typology of these Jewish groups, dividing them into a number of schools or ‘camps,’ thereby suggesting a ‘geography’ of Jewish politics by locating the ‘core areas’ of the various Jewish political camps. This is followed by an analysis of the competition among the various Jewish political camps for hegemony in the Jewish world. The discussion focuses on the situation in the United States and in Poland, the two largest diasporas, in the 1920s and 1930s. The final chapters of the book ask the following questions: what were the sources of appeal of the various Jewish political camps (such as the Jewish left and Jewish nationalism)? Secondly, to what extent did the various Jewish political factions succeed in their efforts to implement their plans for the Jewish future? And finally, in what ways was Jewish politics similar to, or different from, the politics of other minority groups in Europe and America? A brief conclusion discusses the great changes that have occurred in the world of Jewish politics since World War II.
Success?
Authors: Mendelsohn Ezra
Published: November 2023

Nothing would be easier than to chronicle the many failures of the three schools of interwar Jewish politics in their efforts to impose their visions of the Jewish future on Jewish society and on the world. Consider the fortunes of the national camp. Diaspora nationalism, championed by the Bund and the Folkists and supported, for tactical reasons, by East European Zionists, was a definite flop. In Poland the state refused to fund Jewish national cultural activities. The modern Yiddish and Hebrew schools were funded by the Jews themselves, and the fact that they were forced to charge tuition naturally limited their appeal. Only in the Baltics was some regular state aid for national Jewish education forthcoming, but even in these ideal environments for Jewish nationalism the more grandiose demands of the Diaspora nationalists—a guaranteed number ofJewish representatives in parliament, the appointment of a minister for Jewish affairs to represent Jewish national interests in the government, a government-recognized and government-supported democratic Jewish national council speaking for the Jewish nation—were ultimately dashed. In a region characterized from the beginning by integral, intolerant nationalism and in the 1930s by the rapid decline of democracy, such schemes were doomed to failure, and the lack ofJewish unity, which made the establishment of all-Polish or all-Lithuanian Jewish national organizations very difficult, if not impossible, was no help either. Nor should one ignore the fact that even among the poverty-stricken Jewish population of backward Poland Yiddish was being replaced by Polish as the main spoken language of the young. True, its decline was much less striking in Eastern Europe than in America, but it was a fact nonetheless, with serious, even fatal consequences for the partisans of Yiddish-based Jewish nationalism.
New Sponsors and Old
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold
Published: November 2023

Amidst The Remarkable Growth and Popularity of Sports in The Twenties Arose An Anxious Belief That Baseball, Among Boys in Particular, Teetered On The Brink of Downgrade. Ever Since The Game’s Rise to Prominence and Popular Appeal in The Latter Half of The Nineteenth Century, Assertions of Its Decline Had Been Made. in The 1870s Gambling Became The Supposed Culprit, But Predictions That The Game Was Already “Petering Out”; Proved False. Baseball Also Recovered Quickly From The Bruises inflicted By The Black Sox Scandal of 1919 and in The 1920s Still Possessed Almost Universal Regard As The National Game.
Boys’ Baseball in Midpassage
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold
Published: November 2023

The Onset of World War II Found Boys’ Baseball in Transition. The Traditional Boys’ Game Was On The Way Out. Adult Sponsorship and intrusion Had Run The Gamut From Private to Public Agencies and Various Combinations of These, A Sponsorship That Reflected The Mix of Private and Public Enterprise That Characterized The Nation’s Economy and Would Continue to Do So. The Organization of Boys’ Baseball Had Also Fanned Out From Local Teams and Leagues to State and Nationwide Scope. It Had Drifted Ever Farther From The Impromptu, Self-Directed, Unfettered Pastime of The Sandlot toward The Directed, Highly Organized and Supervised Game of Adult intervention and Control For Adult Purposes.
Baseball Goes to College
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold
Published: November 2023

Among The First to Take Up Residence in The House of Baseball Were College Players. together With Early Gentlemen and Businessmen Amateurs, They Proved instrumental in Popularizing The “New York Game”; in Its Formative Years. As Early As The Eighteenth Century College Students, Like Other Boys and Young Men in America, Played Folk Ball Games. They indulged in Such informal Play Among Themselves On Their Own Campuses, often At The Displeasure of College Authorities. At Princeton The Earliest Recognition of Ball Playing Came in 1761 From The Board of Trustees in The Form of A Ban On Playing Ball Against The President’s House Under Penalty of Five Shillings.
The Principal College Game
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold
Published: November 2023

in The 1880s Baseball Reigned As The Foremost Sport On College Campuses. The Factors That Contributed to Its Growth included The Students’ Enjoyment of The Game and The Colleges’ Faith That It Benefited Students’ Health and Character. in Addition, The Expanded Railroad Network Facilitated Scheduling of intercollegiate Contests. President William J. Tucker of Dartmouth Thought No Healthier Agent of “Moral Development”; Existed Than Organized Athletics. President Charles Eliot of Harvard Believed They Transformed A “Stooping, Weak, and Sickly Youth into One Well-Formed, Robust, and Healthy” President James Mccosh of Princeton Saw Sports As “Gentlemanly Contests For Supremacy”
Down-Home Baseball
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold
Published: November 2023

For Most Young Men Past High School Age Who Wanted to Continue Playing Ball, Opportunities to Join The Collegians in The House of Baseball Had Little Practical Meaning. At Best, Colleges and Universities Can Absorb Only A Relatively Small Quota of Players, and For A Long Time College Admission Fell Mostly to Those Who Could Afford to Pay. So The Vast Majority of Young Men Did Their Playing Outside Academe. Young Men Who Lived in Small towns and Villages Or On Farms Did, However, Find Room in Baseball’s House. For Them, The town Team offered The Possibility of Playing Ball On A Regular Basis.
For Love and Money
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold
Published: November 2023

Professionalism in baseball has been debated ever since the era of the 1860’s, when some amateur teams made the transition into professionalism, to the accompaniment of considerable strain, subterfuge, and criticism.* Although this transition resulted by the 1870s in the formation of admittedly professional teams and leagues, other teams continued as amateurs or as quasi-amateurs. Many such teams became known as semipros, although semi-amateurs might have been a more accurate term.
Who Ever Heard of A Girls’ Baseball Club?
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold
Published: November 2023

From their annex adjacent to the House of Baseball, women exerted relatively modest influence. Their presence in the House emerged from the women’s movement in nineteenth-century America, and their entry was difficult because, as Professor Gerda Lerner has stated, “By indoctrination, training, and practical experience women [had] learned to accept and internalize the beliefs which would keep them ‘adjusted’ to living in a sub-ordinate status in a patriarchal world” Limits on women’s participation in sport stemmed from the tangle of prejudice and stereotype that had long enmeshed them. One limit was the stereotype of the delicate, sickly, passive female, with its fashionable diseases, worsened by harmful and even brutal treatments for “female com-plaints”; inflicted on women by male physicians.
Popular Sovereignty, Kansas Style
Authors: Stampp Kenneth M
Published: November 2023

The early emigrants to all western territories found life hard and rough, and often violent. Among their shared experiences were Indian wars resulting from white encroachments on lands that were part of Indian reserves; lawlessness and the eccentricities of frontier justice; corruption at the government land offices; bitter conflicts over land claims and the planting of town sites; and political battles over the location of territorial capitals, transportation lines, and banking facilities. Those who settled Kansas Territory after its creation in 1854 experienced all of these trials, but much that they suffered was unique.
Republican Society
Authors: Wood Gordon S
Published: November 2023

The Jeffersonian revolution and all that it meant socially and culturally were driven by the same dynamic forces that had been at work since at least the middle of the eighteenth century—population growth and movement and commercial expansion.1 By 1800 5,297,000 people lived in the United States, one-fifth of whom were black slaves. Since most adult whites married at early ages, fertility rates were high, with over seven births per woman being the average, nearly double that of the European states.2 After 1800 this fertility rate began to decline as people became more conscious of their ability to create prosperity for themselves and their children by limiting the size of their families. Nevertheless, the population as a whole continued to expand dramatically, doubling every twenty years or so, twice the rate of growth of any European nation.
The War of 1812
Authors: Wood Gordon S
Published: November 2023

The War of 1812 is the strangest war in American history. It was a war in its own right but also a war within a war, a part of the larger war between Britain and France that had been going on since France’s National Convention declared war on Britain in February 1793. Although the total American casualties in the war were relatively light—6,765—far fewer in the entire two and a half years of war than those killed and wounded in a single one of Napoleon’s many battles, it was nonetheless one of the most important wars in American history. It was, said Virginia’s John Taylor, the philosopher of agrarian Republicanism, a “metaphysical war, a war not for conquest, not for defense, not for sport, ” but rather “a war for honour, like that of the Greeks against Troy, ” a war, however, that “may terminate in the destruction of the last experiment in . . . free government. ”
Introduction
Authors: Deak Istvan
Published: November 2023

In March 1848, the Habsburg monarchy consisted of a myriad of kingdoms, principalities, duchies, margravates, counties, baronies, and lordships. This conglomerate of territorial entities, and the varied peoples inhabiting them, were presided over by a sickly, somewhat retarded, and benevolent monarch. Like the Habsburg rulers before him, Emperor-King Ferdinand was theoretically absolute in his authority yet bound by the historical rights and privileges of each of his domains. Before his throne paraded continual delegations of national politicians, each demanding a greater share of rights for his own constituency. All professed undying loyalty to His Imperial and Apostolic Royal Majesty, while casting covetous eyes on the lands of their neighbors in the realm and furtive glances at whatever foreign power might be enlisted to support their aspirations.
No Duty to Retreat in Law and the American Mind
Authors: Brown Richard Maxwell
Published: November 2023

As far back as the thirteenth century, English common law dealt harshly with the act ofhomicide. The “right to kill in self-defense was slowly established, and is a doctrine of modern rather than medieval law,” wrote one authority. On this issue Sir William Blackstone looked not to the future but to the past in his eighteenth-century summation of the English common law of homicide. At the core of Blackstone ‘s view was the centuries-long English common-law tradition that supported “the idea of all homicides as public wrongs.” In England the burden was on the one accused of a homicide to prove his innocence. The plea of self-defense was eyed most skeptically. The presumption against the accused killer stemmed from the fear, as Blackstone put it, that “the right to defend may be mistaken as the right to kill.” Before the court in the English common-law tradition would countenance killing in self-defense two essential tests had to be met: that of retreat or avoidance and that of “reasonable determination of necessity.” The latter test meant that the accused must prove in open court his necessity to kill in order to prevent his own There were two types of Western gunfighters: grassroots gun fighters and glorified gunfighters.3 The glorified gunfighters were those who became regionally and nationally famous: Wild Bill Hickok, Wyatt Earp, John Wesley Hardin, Billy the Kid.
California Conflict and the American Dream
Authors: Brown Richard Maxwell
Published: November 2023

On May 1 1, 1880, a long-simmering conflict came to a violent climax in the Central Valley of California. Before the day was over, seven were dead or dying in the outcome of a deadly gun fight in a wheat field six miles northwest of Hanford, the small town metropolis of the Mussel Slough area. The gunfight was savage. All those who exchanged shots would lose their lives.
Rare me at: Adding reach to power
Authors: Beisner Robert L
Published: November 2023

Before the State Department On 11 April 1893, when Dean Gooderham Acheson was born in Middletown, Connecticut, around thirty miles south of Hartford, Grover Cleveland was president. When Acheson finished his undergraduate education at Yale, Woodrow Wilson was in the White House. In between, insulated from depression and war, young Acheson lived a mostly charmed life, wrapped in a mother’s love and steeled for later tests by a father’s rigor. His mother, born Eleanor Gooderham, was the daughter of a wealthy banker and distiller in Toronto, where she met Dean’s father, E. (Edward) Campion Acheson, a Scottish-Irish immigrant who became an Episcopal clergyman, Middletown’s rector, and Bishop of the Connecticut Diocese. Son of a professional soldier who fought in the Crimean War, Edward distinguished himself in combat in the 1883 Riel Rebellion and fighting Indians in 1885. After this University of Toronto graduate married Miss Gooderham, they moved to Connecticut, where Dean, his younger brother Edward, and sister Margot lived their early days.
Keeping the americans in, the russians out, and the germans down, 1949
Authors: Beisner Robert L
Published: November 2023

The event in 1949 that assured Acheson’s place as Truman’s primary guide and adviser in foreign policy was not the conclusion of the North Atlantic alliance in April. Instead, it was the four-power discussion of Germany in May and June at the Council of Foreign Ministers (CFM) in Paris. Acheson’s success at the CFM session greatly solidified his authority in the administration and his leadership in foreign affairs. The measure he took of the Soviets’ intentions in Paris reinforced his view that there was really no point in talking to them. The conference also sealed his conversion to the view that the west could not risk losing the western occupation zones of Germany but must integrate them into the west, making West Germany part of the western alliance. Finally, it marked a further evolution of Acheson’s overall cold war strategy. He not only wanted the west to be strong enough to contain the Kremlin. To win the cold war, he thought the west must have superior strength. Continuing discord with Moscow, he came to believe, was less risky than ongoing negotiations with it.
Plunge into the unknown: the united states, indochina, and china on the eve of the korean war
Authors: Beisner Robert L
Published: November 2023

Examined many years later, Dean Acheson’s labors in Asia in the first half of 1950, other than in Japan, seem phantasmal. The avalanche of the Korean War soon buried efforts now difficult to unearth. Under attack by the Republican right, challenged by the Pentagon and his own aides, and sensitive to Truman’s enmity toward the Chinese communists, his control of policy for East Asia was on the wane, but more freedom of action would hardly have improved the out-come. He did dominate policy toward Southeast Asia, partly because few others were paying attention. There, in recognizing Bao Dai’s “national” Vietnamese government, he unfurled an American umbrella under which France waged an old-style colonial war. The Korean War deepened the commitment, and the United States plunged into the unknown in Indochina.
Scope for the exercise of every vital power
Authors: Beisner Robert L
Published: November 2023

Farewells The tension that produced George Kennan’s ignominy bred support for Acheson’s projects, but he was dismayed that relations with Moscow had turned so sour. Dreary, teeth-gritting antagonism eliminated all civil diplomatic discourse or any chance the USSR might help resolve the Korean POW dispute. Worse, coupled with the languishing of the European Defense Community and “Lisbon,” tensions pushed defense strategy farther down the nuclear roadway. Eisenhower’s “New Look” sat on top of the Truman administration’s growing dependence on atomic arms, delays in the NATO buildup, and the relative cheapness of nuclear weapons. In February 1952, the United States tested its first tactical nuclear weapons. Shipments to Europe of these projectiles in the spring caused the British to be even less eager to fulfill their Lisbon obligations. Aware that a conventional European deterrent was some time off, Acheson gave tempered support to greater nuclear weapons production.
Race, Riots, and Law
Authors: Slaughter Thomas P
Published: November 2023

Watershed Changes In The Number and kind of riots reported to Lancaster’s courts began in 1834. The twenty-year period between 1834 and 1853 saw a tripling of the riot complaints over any comparable period up to that time, while the ratio of prosecutions to accusations remained about the same as during the previous century.1 Even more striking is the fact that only three out of the seventy-four complaints—about 4 percent—during the entire twenty years resulted in convictions, which represents a significant decline from the 25 percent conviction rate of the eighteenth century and the 31 percent of the first thirteen years of the nineteenth century. Something was new, something was different, in the relationship between this community and the collective violence that occurred within its territorial boundaries.2 At first glance, the nature, meaning, and possible cause of the changes are elusive, and surviving evidence seems to point in contradictory directions. The court received far more complaints about rioting from individuals and grand juries than it ever had in the past but let the vast majority of the alleged rioters go; the defendants in six of the nine cases that actually went to trial over the course of twenty years were found innocent by petit juries for reasons not revealed in the records. On closer observation, several patterns emerge that help to explain the apparent anomalies in this judicial behavior.
Population, Degeneration, and Reproduction
Authors: Nye Robert A
Published: November 2023

I have now explored in detail at least one meaning of Foucault’s notion that the blood of the nineteenth-century bourgeoisie was its “sex,” in which were embedded the “themes” of the “caste manners” of the old nobility. This was sex in the sense of a difference between the sexual natures of men and women that consigned them to fulfill separate but complementary functions in the civil and domestic domains.
Honor and the Duel in the Third Republic: 1860—1914
Authors: Nye Robert A
Published: November 2023

When they set a new republic on its constitutional foundations in 1875, the French could rightly claim to be living in Europe’s most democratic society. That the triumph of the Third Republic also invigorated the ancient ideal of honor and its ritual combats does not signal the existence of a contradiction at the heart of the new regime.
Conclusion: Courage
Authors: Nye Robert A
Published: November 2023

On the eve of World War I, Georges Breittmayer, a Parisian socialite and fencer, was in the midst of preparing what was destined to be the last French dueling manual. When he finally brought out his little book in 1918, the terrible suffering and death he had witnessed led Breittmayer to conclude that “… after a war in which the French race has demonstrated such indomitable courage and energy,
In the City
Authors: Kusmer Kenneth L
Published: November 2023

The Experience Of Being “On The Road” represented only one side of the world of the homeless. Equally important was the urban dimension. The increase in the number of homeless men (and, to a much lesser extent, women) in cities in the decades before World War I created a growing need for housing for such individuals. Like African Americans and other racial minorities, the homeless became increasingly segregated, residentially, within urban areas.
Adoption Disruption: Rates and Correlates
Authors: Festinger Trudy
Published: November 2023

Adoption disruption commonly refers to the removal of a child from an adoptive placement before the adoption has been legalized. The term came into use some years ago (Donley, 1978; Unger, Dwarshuis, & Johnson, 1977) as a substitute for such harsh words as “breakdown” or “failure,” reflecting a viewpoint that a child’s removal from a particular adoptive placement signified an interruption in the path to a goal, rather than a final outcome. A distinction has also been made between adoption disruption and dissolution, the latter referring to situations where a legalized adoption has been annulled.
The Treatment of “Shell shock” Cases in the AEF: A Microcosm of the War Welfare State
Authors: Schaffer Ronald
Published: November 2023

In the first weeks of the Great War, an apparently new kind of casualty appeared on the battlefield, a soldier with staring eyes or a terrified look accompanied by violent tremors and cold, sometimes blue, extremities. Some of the victims had become deaf; others, dumb; some were blind or paralyzed or had combinations of several of these symptoms. At first their syndrome was attributed to shelling. People called it “shell shock” because they believed concussion of high explosives had shocked the patient’s brain.
Quakers on Top
Authors: Levy Barry
Published: November 2023

Not every immigrant was charmed by the social and political ar­rangements dictated by the Quakers’ familial tendernesses. In 1695, Mr. Robert Suder, an Anglican gentleman, arrived in Philadelphia from Jamaica. “I not having my health there, transported myself and estate here,” he repined, “in hopes to find the same wholesome laws here as in other of his Majesty’s plantations; and a quiet moderate people, but found quite contrary…”
Conversations and Listeners
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila
Published: November 2023

The Soviet regime was wary of allowing citizens to express uncensored opinions about matters of public import in public. At the same time, it was extremely anxious to know what people were thinking. This is a contradiction that all repressive, authoritarian regimes must try to resolve. For regimes that consider it too dangerous to allow organized opposition, a free press, or elections in which voters have a real choice of candidates, kt alone use the techniques of mass opinion polling that were developing in the capitalist West, the options are limited. The Soviet regime had two ways of finding out about popular opinion: secret police reports and politicians’ mail.
Conceptual Issues in the Design and Analysis of Longitudinal Surveys of the Health and Functioning of the Oldest Old
Authors: Suzman Kenneth G Manton,Richard M
Published: November 2023

The amount of nationally representative longitudinal data on the oldest old (i.e., the population aged 85 and over) has increased considerably over the past decade. Be cause of their longitudinal structure and linkage to administrative records, however, it is not easy to exploit fully the potential of these data for addressing the scientific and policy-relevant issues affecting the oldest old. In this chapter we identify a variety of sampling, survey design, and other methodological issues affecting the use of these data sets. We draw mainly on three nationally representative longitudinal surveys specifically relevant to the oldest old: (I) the National Long Term Care Survey (NLTCS: 1982, 1984, 1989), (2) the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) Supplement on Aging (SOA: 1984) and the Longitudinal Study of Aging (LSOA: 1986, 1988, 1990), and (3) the National Nursing Home Survey (NNHS: 1985). In discussing these issues, we focus on alternatives to designs developed initially for cross-sectional study of young and rniddle-aged populations and discuss strategies specific to longitudinal surveys of the oldest old.
Epidemiology of Disability in the Oldest Old
Authors: Cornoni-Huntley Joan C , Foley Daniel J , White Lon R , Suzman Richard M , Berkman Lisa F , Evans Denis A , Wallace Robert B , Branch Laurence G
Published: November 2023

The rapid growth of the U.S. population 65 years of age and older has been frequently noted. Less well known is that, among this elderly group, the proportion of persons 85 years and older has grown at an unprecedented rate, increasing 165 per cent from 1960 to 1982 (Taeuber 1983). In addition, we know the least about existing health problems and impairments for this group; few studies are available that include representative samples of persons aged 85 years and older from which estimates of prevalence and incidence of illness and disability might be derived.
The Oldest Old and “Intergenerational Equity”
Authors: Binstock Robert H
Published: November 2023

In 1984 the National Institute on Aging launched a major research initiative focused on the oldest old, persons aged 85 years and older (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 1984). The initiative has proven to be a timely measure for better understanding the implications of population aging because it has generated valuable studies of a swiftly growing group in which the prevalence of chronic illnesses and disabilities is very high compared with that of other age groups within the older population.
Deriving a Formula
Authors: Adams Thomas Mcstay
Published: November 2023

Ambiguities in the mission of the depots nourished a corresponding set of uncertainties concerning their management and control. Utility and economy at first seemed to dictate a radically simple arrangement. A concierge would be responsible for all the day-to-day operations of the depot, with the assistance of inmates who would be paid minimal wages for performing menial tasks. Laverdy especially praised the intendant of Chalons for suggesting that the marechaussee be quartered within the depots in order to simplify the task of guarding inmates. The work of the concierge would be overseen by the subdelegate of the intendant, who would review the concierge’s records and reports, inspect the depot in person, and make recommendations to the intendant on all matters that required his authorization, including discipline, release of inmates, transfer to hospitals, and all business dealings, con tracts, and payments. The intendant would simply review the subdelegate’s reports, give the appropriate orders, regulate the pace of arrests, and serve as the essential link with Bertier and the controller-general.
Fundamental Genetic Concepts and Approaches
Authors: Khoury Muin J , Beaty Terri H , Cohen Bernice H
Published: November 2023

To understand the role of genetic factors in the occurrence of disease in human populations, it is important to have a basic knowledge of the structure and function of the genetic material as well as the principles underlying its transmission in families and populations. Only a brief outline of genetics is presented here; the reader is referred to several excellent textbooks for more details (Hartl, 1983; Thompson and Thompson, 1986; Vogel and Motulsky, 1986; Levitan, 1988; Sutton, 1988; Gelehter and Collins, 1990). In the past 15 years there has been remarkable progress in human genetics. Today we can examine the genetic material directly, and, consequently, we have a better understanding of the structure and function of genes. This information permits greater insight into the role of genes in disease processes in both individuals and populations.
Fundamental Epidemiologic Concepts and Approaches
Authors: Khoury Muin J , Beaty Terri H , Cohen Bernice H
Published: November 2023

“Epidemiology is concerned with the patterns of disease occurrence in human populations and of the factors that influence these patterns” (Lilienfeld and Lilienfeld, 1980). In genetic epidemiology, genetic factors are explicitly considered along with environmental factors in the search for determinants of disease occurrence in populations. This search necessitates combining traditional epidemiologic methods with those of genetic analysis, and incorporating genetic and other biologic markers into epidemiologic studies. This chapter presents a brief overview of basic epidemiologic concepts and approaches, specifically relating these concepts to the study of genetic factors in disease. As this overview of epidemiology is far from comprehensive, the reader is referred to other textbooks for further details (e.g., Lilienfeld and Lilienfeld, 1980; Mausner and Kramer, 1985; Kelsey et al., 1986; Rothman, 1986; Kahn and Sempos, 1989).
Study of Genetic Traits
Authors: Khoury Muin J , Beaty Terri H , Cohen Bernice H
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on epidemiologic concepts and methods for studying genetic traits as outcomes. Here, “genetic traits” are broadly defined to include any variation in the human genome that can be detected at the molecular, biochemical, or clinical levels. These comprise classical Mendelian disorders and traits, structural or numerical chromosomal abnormalities, and genetic polymorphisms regardless of their association with clinical disease. A genetic trait may represent a genotype at a single locus but often is not so limited. This chapter presents (section 4.2) an overview of methods of ascertaining and measuring genetic traits, methods for quantifying the distribution of genetic traits in populations (section 4.3), and approaches for identifying factors that influence the occurrence of new genetic mutations (section 4.4). Finally, section 4.5 deals with approaches to studying determinants of the genetic structure of populations.
Applications of Genetic Epidemiology in Medicine and Public Health
Authors: Khoury Muin J , Beaty Terri H , Cohen Bernice H
Published: November 2023

Throughout this book the approaches of genetic epidemiology have been discussed in terms of the contributions of the individual disciplines of genetics and epidemiology. Both population and family studies seek to identify the role of genetic factors in disease etiology and pathogenesis, and to quantify the impact of genetic factors along with environmental factors on disease distribution in human populations. This chapter is concerned with the applications of genetic epidemiology in medicine and public health, including the evaluation of diagnostic tests, disease heterogeneity, disease natural history, therapeutic efficacy, and safety, as well as disease prevention in families and populations, and in public health surveillance. With continuing advances in DNA technology, ethical considerations will assume an increasingly significant role in applications of genetic epidemiology in human populations. Because of the current burgeoning of knowledge in this area, only an introduction to these complex topics can be presented here. The reader is encouraged to consult other sources (e.g., Emery and Rimoin, 1983; Holland et al., 1984; Lappe, 1986; Last, 1986; Murray, 1986; Porter, 1986; Vogel and Motulsky, 1986; Weiss, 1986; Gordis, 1988c; Holtzman, 1989; Suzuki and Knudston, 1989).
White Legend: The Jesuit Missions in Maryland
Authors: Axtell James
Published: November 2023

The Biggest surprise I Received in Researching The Invasion Within was to learn that, deprecating Puritan opinion notwithstanding, the Jesuits of New France were the best prepared, most adaptable, and most successful missionaries in eastern North America. They clearly outshone their English Protestant rivals and their Catholic rivals in Canada and Louisiana. I was there fore interested in comparing them with their English brethren in Maryland, about whom precious little had been written.

I soon discovered why when I wrote the essay that follows for delivery at a conference on “Maryland: A Product of Two Worlds,” held in St. Mary’s City in May 1984.
Lux et Veritas
Authors: Diamond Sigmund
Published: November 2023

Communlst Infiltration Was always at the center of the FBI’s interest. SAC New I haven, therefore, devoted considerable attention to his reply to the great investigation of universities ordered by Hoover in the spring of 1953. On April 24, 1953, the New Haven FBI office submitted its first report; additions were submitted sporadically, but their information was so similar to that of the first lengthy report that it may be taken as paradigmatic of them all. In that first report, seventeen persons—including faculty, students, and staff-were included; fourteen were on the Security Index, slated for arrest in event of a national emergency. They came from a variety of departments and divisions of the university—botany, the Institute of Human Relations, the Law School, physiology, zoology, mathematics, medicine, the library, linguistics, chemistry, among others.
New Orleans
Authors: Royal Stokes W
Published: November 2023

The continuing and strong appeal of authentically performed New Orleans style jazz shows no sign of waning. Indeed, the veteran players, who number a mere handful, find themselves as busy as at any time in careers that, for some of them, reach back five, six, and even seven decades. We are speaking of that style of jazz characteristic of musicians who chose to remain in the city of New Orleans rather than join the many who relocated to Chicago and other northerly cities beginning around 1915.
Chicago
Authors: Royal Stokes W
Published: November 2023

Beginning about 1910, New Orleans jazz musicians began arriving in Chicago, some to stay, others only to visit. Among the first were the pianists Tony Jackson and Jelly Roll Morton. Jackson remained until his death in 1921. The itinerant Morton lived in the city for several years in the early teens, moved to California in 1915, used Los Angeles as his base until settling in Chicago in 1923, and relocated in New York in 1928.
Kansas City and the Southwest
Authors: Royal Stokes W
Published: November 2023

Along about this stage of our informal account of the evolution of jazz I sense a need to clarify something. A useful analogy, one that is quite familiar to me in its details, comes to mind, namely the yearlong survey course that any institution of higher learning worthy of the name must include in its catalogue, History of the Ancient World.
Post Bebop Developments
Authors: Royal Stokes W
Published: November 2023

While this chapter will deal with the so-called avant-garde, or “free jazz,” developments of the 1960s and '70s, the reader will note the conspicuous absence of women in the following pages. This is certainly not because they did not contribute in the area of “free” playing. Rather, we have postponed to the final chapter the stories of a number of female instrumentalists. Since that chapter deals with the current scene of the 1980s and because women have begun to come to the fore this past decade or so as instrumentalists in a way that has never before occurred in jazz, it seemed that their stories would most appropriately be contained therein.
Hugues Panassie: “Duke Ellington at the Salle Pleyel” (1946)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

This handkerchief in the air, and then sitting bent in two like someone who has been tickled too much and has the strength neither to laugh nor defend himself. The hall was as full and the success as considerable as on the first evening.
The “Secret” of the Ellington Orchestra (1933)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Pieces without using scores. Apparently some listeners had believed the group improvised everything-an “orchestra of Louis Armstrongs,” as Overstreet put it. In explaining the “secret” behind this phenomenon, Overstreet gave one of the earliest detailed explanations of Ellington’s working methods, emphasizing two important aspects: Ellington’s practice of evolving pieces collectively in rehearsal and his reliance on writing cultivates its own particular style, the arrangements are often useful to the other bands, eventually finding a permanent place, of course, in the Ellington library. The human equation is not overlooked, and should the men become rusty in a number which is not ideal for theatres, it can be worked up on short notice for special radio or concert presentation.
Warren W. Scholl: Profile of Ellington in the Music Lovers’ Guide (1934)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Duke Ellington occupies a unique position in the realm of hot jazz. His band is distinctive and unusual, and everything about Ellington and his band savors of originality and interest.
Ellington’s Response to Lambert (1935)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Duke Ellington, gifted Negro musician, paid a flying visit to Philadelphia last week, accompanied by that “hot and sweet” aggregation of inspired toe-tick lers who play in his “Cotton Club” band. When Duke was making life gayer for the patrons of exclusive London night clubs last year [recte two years ago], he had a strange experience. He was taken up by the musical intelligentsia of the British capital. He was “dis covered” by the highbrows, and great was the hue and cry thereof. It was the greatest British triumph since Dr. Livingstone’s adventures in Darkest Africa. Constant Lambert, English composer and critic, who is a very brilliant but very young man, wrote a book about modern music (“Music Ho!”). He had a lot of nice things to say about Duke’s music, practically smothering the jazz boy’s “Blues” in an admiring avalanche of fancy critical verbiage.
Enzo Archetti: “In Defense of E,llington and His ‘Reminiscing in Tempo’” (1936)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

The release of Duke Ellington’s latest work Reminiscing in Tempo on Bruns wick 7546 and 7547 has been the occasion for a storm of protests and jere miads in various periodicals, which are characteristic of the general stupidity, intolerance, and narrow-mindedness of those swing-music fans who, because of prejudice, will not admit to or permit any change or progress in the style of a creator of swing music. To such persons Louis Armstrong is a washout because he no longer plays as he did years ago. To them Duke Ellington is a failure and betrayer of The Cause because he no longer writes any Black and Tans or Mood Indigos. It is remarkable, that with very few exceptions in all the “reviews,” or opinions printed so far Ellington’s Reminiscing has been scathingly dismissed as a failure without any attempt being made to analyze or understand the work. To them it was something in which the rhythm could not be tapped out with a foot nor the melody whistled. Fortunately, Ellington is too great an artist and too important a creator to be influenced by such reactions.
Ellington: “From Where I Lie” (1938)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

The sky-line from my windows in the Wickersham hospital is an inspiring sight. I have spent three weeks in bed here, not too ill to be thrilled daily by a view of these skyscrapers, and with plenty of time for ample meditation. It is natural, perhaps, that I should think of many subjects, some serious, some fanciful. I spent some time comparing the marvelous sky-line to our race, likening the Chrysler tower, the Empire State building and other lofty struc tures to the lives of Bert Williams, Florence Mills and other immortals of the entertainment field.
A Celebrity Interview (1941)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Duke Ellington is a very fascinating person. This may not be news to thousands of females who’ve swooned over his sophisticated pan in the news papers and swung limp and hysterical, before bandstands from coast to coast and overseas. It’s not news to me.
Ellington: “We, Too, Sing ‘America’” (1941)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

First of all, I should like to extend my sincere appreciation to the Rev. Karl Downs for the opportunity to appear on this very fine program and express myself in a manner not often at my disposal. Music is my business, my pro fession, my life but, even though it means so much to me, I often feel that I’d like to say something, have my say, on some of the burning issues con fronting us, in another language in words of mouth.
Two Reviews (1943) Paul Bowles in the New York Herald-Tribune Mike Levin in Down Beat
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Duke Ellington is the only jazz musician whose programs have enough musical interest to be judged by the same standards one applies to art music. He is the composer of many of the finest popular melodies of the last fifteen years, of slavery, and then the spirituals to make up for the dreary life. Brown is concerned with the Civil War, the West Indian influences, and the spread of Negro life to the city, with its urban blues. Beige is built around the “hotcha” idea of colored life, and Duke’s pointing out that Harlem has more churches than joints. The waltz is to show the desire for “good living,” while the ending unites Black, Brown, and Beige with Red, White, and Blue.
The Debate in Jazz (1943) John Hammond: “Is the Duke Deserting Jazz?” Leonard Feather: Leonard Feather Rebuts Hammond Bob Thiele: “The Case of Jazz Music
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Jazz had the most ambitious evening in its history when Duke Ellington gave his concert at Carnegie Hall. The whole town turned out for the event, and the auditorium itself could have been sold many times over. At long last the music world has paid proper homage to Duke Ellington, its most distinguished bandleader and composer.
Black, Brown and Beige in a List of “Classical Records” (1946)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

If memory serves right this is a thoroughly shortened version of Ellington’s composition which he presented in Carnegie Hall several years ago. Neither jazz nor symphonic, it is still a remarkable work which should have attracted the attention of many more musicians than it actually did. If jazz has anything to offer to serious music, then it certainly lies more along the road on which Ellington proceeds, than that of Leonard Bernstein or George Gershwin. The work is remarkable, not because it transcends the actual jazz cliches, which it does not, but because it endows them with a great deal of imagination and with a wealth of invention clearly borrowed from the vocabulary of modern serious music. Yet it has an originality of its own which finds its most genuine expression in the sonorities of the solo instruments of which the saxophone sounds most overwhelming. Paul Bowles, the critic, once took Ellington to task for this work. Bowles wrote: “If there is no regular beat there can be no syncopation ... no jazz.” But this is precisely where Ellington has made a great advance over the jazz cliches. By overstepping the rigid demands of the meter he has given the work a rhythmic fluctuation of an improvisatory char acter which is the work’s chief strength.
Robert D. Crowley: “Black, Brown and Beige After 16 Years” (1959)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

To play, it was just the MJQ again, as instantly identifiable as [George] Shear ing. John Lewis was John Lewis, blowing cool piano, and Milt Jackson was just Bags, getting away on vibes, with no hint of Columbine or the swing era, or whatever he was supposed to represent. There was not the most rudimen tary hint of the kind of contrast that can be exploited compositionally.
Brian Priestley and Alan Cohen: “Black, Brown & Beige” (1974-1975)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Cohen (b. 1934) had become familiar with the piece through listening to and transcribing various recordings, also through studying a score issued by Tempo Music, Ellington’s pub lishing company. Cohen’s orchestra also recorded the work in 1972 with Priestley on piano.