bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High-Temperature Failure Evolution Analysis of K-Type Film Thermocouples
Authors: Ruan Yong , Li Jiaheng , Xiao Qian , Wu Yu , Shi Meng
Published: November 2023

Ni90%Cr10% and Ni97%Si3% thin-film thermocouples (TFTCs) were fabricated on a silicon substrate using magnetron sputtering technology. Static calibration yielded a Seebeck coefficient of 23.00 μV/°C. During staged temperature elevation of the TFTCs while continuously monitoring their thermoelectric output, a rapid decline in thermoelectric potential was observed upon the hot junction reaching 600 °C; the device had failed. Through three cycles of repetitive static calibration tests ranging from room temperature to 500 °C, it was observed that the thermoelectric performance of the TFTCs deteriorated as the testing progressed. Utilizing the same methodology, Ni-Cr and Ni-Si thin films corresponding to the positive and negative electrodes of the TFTCs were prepared. Their resistivity after undergoing various temperature annealing treatments was measured. Additionally, their surfaces were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The causes behind the decline in thermoelectric performance at elevated temperatures were analyzed from both chemical composition and microstructural perspectives.
Microstructural Relationship between Olivine and Clinopyroxene in Ultramafic Rocks from the Red Hills Massif, Dun Mountain Ophiolite
Authors: Shao Yilun , Negrini Marianne , Liu Cai , Gao Rui
Published: November 2023

The microstructural relationship between olivine and clinopyroxene is significant in recovering the mantle evolution under clinopyroxene-saturated melting conditions. This study focuses on olivine/clinopyroxene-related ultramafic rocks (dunite, wehrlite, olivine clinopyroxenite, and clinopyroxenite) in the Ells Stream Complex of the Red Hills Massif. (Olivine) clinopyroxenites have an A/D-type olivine crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) whereas peridotites have various olivine CPO types. B-type olivine CPO was newly discovered, which may have been generated under hydrous conditions. The discovery of B-type CPO means that all six olivine CPO types could exist in a single research area. Clinopyroxene CPOs also vary and have weaker deformation characteristics (e.g., lower M index and weaker intracrystalline deformation) than olivine; thus, they probably melted and the clinopyroxene-rich ultramafic bands existed as melt veins. Irregular clinopyroxene shapes in the peridotites and incoherent olivine and clinopyroxene CPOs ([100]OL and [001]CPX are not parallel) also indicate a melted state. The dominant orthorhombic and LS-type CPOs in olivine and clinopyroxene imply that simple shear was the main deformation mechanism. Such complicated microstructural characteristics result from the overprinted simple shear under high temperatures (>1000 °C) and hydrous melting environments until the melt-frozen period. This case study is helpful to better understand the olivine and clinopyroxene relationship.
Characterization of Magnetic and Mineralogical Properties of Slag Particles from WEEE Processing
Authors: Siddique Asim , Boelens Peter , Long Fangchao , Zhou Shengqiang , Cnudde Veerle , Leißner Thomas
Published: November 2023

Magnetic separation has wide-ranging applications in both mineral processing and recycling industries. Nevertheless, its conventional utilization often overlooks the interplay between mineral and particle characteristics and their impact on operational conditions, ultimately influencing the efficacy of the separation process. This work describes a methodology able to achieve the comprehensive characterization and classification of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) slag. The primary objective is to establish a meaningful connection between the distinct properties of slag phases and their influence on the separation process. Our methodology consists of several stages. Firstly, the WEEE slag is sieved into distinct size classes, followed by classification into magnetic susceptibility classes by using the Frantz Isodynamic separator. To quantify the magnetic susceptibility of each class, we used a magnetic susceptibility balance, and to identify paramagnetic and ferromagnetic fractions and phases within these magnetic susceptibility classes, we conducted vibrating-sample magnetometer measurements. Finally, to establish a meaningful link between the magnetic characterization, mineralogical, and particle-level details, Mineral Liberation Analysis was conducted for each magnetic susceptibility class. This in-depth analysis, encompassing both particle properties and magnetic susceptibility classes, provides a better understanding of the separation behavior of different phases and can help to enrich phases with a specific range of magnetic susceptibility values. This knowledge advances progress towards the development of predictive separation models that are capable of bridging the gap between theoretical understanding and practical application in the field of magnetic separation.
Phenolic Compounds in Fractionated Blackcurrant Leaf Extracts in Relation to the Biological Activity of the Extracts
Authors: Staszowska-Karkut Monika , Chilczuk Barbara , Materska Małgorzata , Kontek Renata , Marciniak Beata
Published: November 2023

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between antioxidant and anticancer properties of extracts from blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) leaves and their fractions and chemical contents. Dried ethanolic extract was divided into three fractions using solid phase extraction: aqueous (F1), 40% MeOH (F2), and 70% MeOH (F3). Both the extract and the fractions were analyzed in terms of antiradical activity (DPPH• and ABTS+•), total phenolic compounds, and total flavonoids. The antitumor potential of the fractions was evaluated in vitro on human colorectal (HCT 116) and prostate (PC-3) cancer cells. Phenolics were identified using HPLC-QTOF-MS, and twelve compounds were quantified by HPLC-DAD. Finally, principal component analysis was carried out to assess the relationship between the tested factors. The results confirmed that blackcurrant leaves are a rich source of phenolics with high antioxidant activity and anticancer properties. It was demonstrated that the F2 fraction had the highest content of phenolics and the highest antiradical activity. Additionally, only this fraction showed cytotoxic activity against HCT 116 cells. It was confirmed that both the blackcurrant leaf extract and its fractions are a promising source of condensed active compounds and can be used as natural functional food additives.
Relationship between Soybean Protein Isolate and Textural Properties of Texturized Vegetable Protein
Authors: Li Lin , Huang Yatao , Liu Yanfang , Xiong Yangyang , Wang Xinrui , Tong Litao , Wang Fengzhong , Fan Bei , Bai Xiaojia
Published: November 2023

To identify the ideal soybean protein isolate for texturized vegetable protein processing, the effect of different soybean protein isolates on texturized vegetable protein composition was studied. Three different types of soybean protein isolates were selected and analyzed for functional properties (water holding capacity (WHC), emulsifying properties, foaming properties), amino acid content, and protein secondary structure. Then, using the same formulation, the soybean protein isolates were extruded to produce texturized vegetable protein, and its textural properties, degree of texturization, microstructure, free sulfhydryl (free SH), and disulfide (S-S) content were determined. Lastly, a correlation analysis was performed to examine the connection between soybean protein isolates and texturized vegetable proteins. After correlation analysis, the soybean protein isolate functional properties that affect the textural properties of the texturized vegetable protein were as follows: the emulsifying property affected the hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness of the texturized vegetable proteins; and the foaming property affected the gumminess, chewiness, and the degree of texturization of the texturized vegetable proteins. In addition, 16 amino acids including threonine (Thr), methionine (Met), and arginine (Arg) affect texturized vegetable proteins, mainly with respect to adhesiveness, springiness, and free SH. The effects of secondary structure (α-helix, random coil) on texturized vegetable proteins were degree of texturization, resilience, and cohesion, respectively. Therefore, choosing the soybean protein isolate with better emulsifying and foaming properties provides a more suitable approach for processing texturized vegetable protein.
New Sustainable Solvent Extraction Pathways for Rare Earth Metals via Oximes Molecules
Authors: Atanassova Maria , Kukeva Rositsa , Kurteva Vanya
Published: November 2023

A study on the synergistic extraction of Eu(III) ions with a series of chelating ligands and determination of the process parameters is presented by employing ionic liquids and typical organic diluents. The investigations of the liquid–liquid extraction, commonly applied in the separation science of 4f and 5f-ions acidic chelating compounds, 4-benzoyl-3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one (HP), 4-benzoyl-3-phenyl-5-isoxazolone (HPBI), and 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone (HTTA) alone and in combination with two synergistic agents, meso-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (S2: HM-PAO) and its bis-imine precursor (S1: pre-HM-PAO), are presented. The interaction between the two extractants (acidic/neutral) in deuterochloroform was studied using 1H, 13C, and 1H-1H NOESY experiments. Several conclusions are given highlighting the role of the ionic diluent in complexation processes and selectivity with an employment of the two synergistic agents for various metal s-, p-, d-, and f-cations in the Periodic table, with almost 25 metal ions. The objective was to optimize a system for 4f-ions solvent extraction based on the new oxime molecules with β-diketone/isoxazolone/pyrazolone partnership. As detailed above, slight enhancements of extraction efficiencies were obtained either by using basic synergistic agents such as HM-PAO and/or using pre-HM-PAO. A competitive solvent extraction test of nearly 18 f-ions by various ligands (HTTA, S1, S2, and HPBI) and the two mixtures HTTA−S1 and HTTA−S2 diluted in ILs or organic diluents was also conducted in order to evaluate the switchable diluent impact. Additionally, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was used to study the established chemical species with Cu2+ cations in the obtained organic extracts involving the two synergistic molecules.
X-ray Investigation of CsPbI3:EuCl3 Infiltrated into Gig-Lox TiO2 Spongy Layers for Perovskite Solar Cells Applications
Authors: La Magna Paola , Spampinato Carlo , Valastro Salvatore , Smecca Emanuele , Arena Valentina , Mannino Giovanni , Deretzis Ioannis , Fisicaro Giuseppe , Bongiorno Corrado , Alberti Alessandra
Published: November 2023

In this study, we explore the potential of a blended material comprising CsPbI3:EuCl3 perovskite and Gig-Lox TiO2, a unique transparent spongy material known for its multi-branched porous structure, for application in solar cells. The inclusion of EuCl3 in CsPbI3 serves to stabilize the photoactive γ-phase with a bandgap of 1.75 eV, making it suitable for solar energy conversion in tandem solar cells. Our study applies X-ray-based techniques to investigate the structural properties and interfacial behavior within this blended material, in comparison with a reference perovskite layer deposited on glass. In addition, Spectroscopic ellipsometry is complemented with density functional theory calculations and photoluminescence measurements to elucidate the absorption and radiative emission properties of the blend. Notably, our findings reveal a significant quenching of photoluminescence within the blended material, underscoring the pivotal role of the distributed interfaces in facilitating efficient carrier injection from the CsPbI3:EuCl3 perovskite into the Gig-Lox TiO2 sponge. These findings pave the way for the application of the blend as an Electron Transport Layer (ETL) in semi-transparent perovskite solar cells for tandem and building integrated photovoltaics.
Study of the Role of Lipoprotein Maturation Enzymes in the Pathogenesis of the Infection Caused by the Streptococcus suis Serotype 2 Sequence Type 25 North American Prototype Strain
Authors: Payen Servane , Roy David , Okura Masatoshi , Segura Mariela , Gottschalk Marcelo
Published: November 2023

Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an important swine bacterial pathogen causing sudden death, septic shock, and meningitis. However, serotype 2 strains are phenotypically and genotypically heterogeneous and composed of a multitude of sequence types (STs) whose distributions greatly vary worldwide. It has been previously shown that the lipoprotein (LPP) maturation enzymes diacylglyceryl transferase (Lgt) and signal peptidase (Lsp) significantly modulate the inflammatory host response and play a differential role in virulence depending on the genetic background of the strain. Differently from Eurasian ST1/ST7 strains, the capsular polysaccharide of a North American S. suis serotype 2 ST25 representative strain only partially masks sub-capsular domains and bacterial wall components. Thus, our hypothesis is that since LPPs would be more surface exposed in ST25 strains than in their ST1 or ST7 counterparts, the maturation enzymes would play a more important role in the pathogenesis of the infection caused by the North American strain. Using isogenic Δlgt and Δlsp mutants derived from the wild-type ST25 strain, our studies suggest that these enzymes do not seem to play a role in the interaction between S. suis and epithelial and endothelial cells, regardless of the genetics background of the strain used. However, a role in the formation of biofilms (also independently of the STs) has been demonstrated. Moreover, the involvement of LPP dendritic cell activation in vitro seems to be somehow more pronounced with the ST25 strain. Finally, the Lgt enzyme seems to play a more important role in the virulence of the ST25 strain. Although some differences between STs could be observed, our original hypothesis that LPPs would be significantly more important in ST25 strains due to a better bacterial surface exposition could not be confirmed.
Experimental Evaluation of the Hypersensitivity Reactions of a New Glycopeptide Antibiotic Flavancin in Animal Models
Authors: Treshchalin Michael I. , Polozkova Vasilisa A. , Moiseenko Elena I. , Shchekotikhin Andrey E. , Dovzhenko Svetlana A. , Kobrin Mikhail B. , Pereverzeva Eleonora R.
Published: November 2023

Glycopeptide antibiotics are still in demand in clinical practice for treating infections caused by resistant gram-positive pathogens; however, their use is limited due to severe adverse reactions. Their predominant types of side effects are immunoglobulin E-mediated or nonmediated hypersensitivity reactions. Therefore, the development of new glycopeptide antibiotics with improved toxicity profiles remains an important objective in advancing modern antimicrobial agents. We investigated a new eremomycin aminoalkylamide flavancin, its anaphylactogenic properties, influence on histamine levels in blood plasma, pseudoallergic inflammatory reaction on concanavalin A and the change in the amount of flavancin in the blood plasma after administration. It has been shown that flavancin does not demonstrate anaphylactogenic properties. The injection of flavancin resulted in a level of histamine in the blood three times lower than that caused by vancomycin. The therapeutic dose of vancomycin led to a statistically significant increase in the concanavalin A response index compared to flavancin (54% versus 3.7%). Thus, flavancin does not cause a pseudo-allergic reaction. The rapid decrease in flavancin concentration in the blood and the low levels of histamine in the plasma lead us to assume that any pseudoallergic reactions resulting from flavancin application, if they do occur in clinical practice, will be significantly less compared to the use of vancomycin.
Statins and Cancer: A Complex Relationship Worth Exploring
Authors: Bil Jacek
Published: November 2023

This Special Issue, entitled “Statins and Cancer”, aims to demonstrate recent and new advances and future trends in using statins in the field of oncology [...]
Pharmacotherapies Targeting GABA-Glutamate Neurotransmission for Treatment-Resistant Depression
Authors: Vecera Courtney M. , C. Courtes Alan , Jones Gregory , Soares Jair C. , Machado-Vieira Rodrigo
Published: November 2023

Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a term used to describe a particular type of major depressive disorder (MDD). There is no consensus about what defines TRD, with various studies describing between 1 and 4 failures of antidepressant therapies, with or without electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). That is why TRD is such a growing concern among clinicians and researchers, and it explains the necessity for investigating novel therapeutic targets beyond conventional monoamine pathways. An imbalance between two primary central nervous system (CNS) neurotransmitters, L-glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), has emerged as having a key role in the pathophysiology of TRD. In this review, we provide an evaluation and comprehensive review of investigational antidepressants targeting these two systems, accessing their levels of available evidence, mechanisms of action, and safety profiles. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonism has shown the most promise amongst the glutamatergic targets, with ketamine and esketamine (Spravato) robustly generating responses across trials. Two specific NMDA-glycine site modulators, D-cycloserine (DCS) and apimostinel, have also generated promising initial safety and efficacy profiles, warranting further investigation. Combination dextromethorphan-bupropion (AXS-05/Auvelity) displays a unique mechanism of action and demonstrated positive results in particular applicability in subpopulations with cognitive dysfunction. Currently, the most promising GABA modulators appear to be synthetic neurosteroid analogs with positive GABAA receptor modulation (such as brexanolone). Overall, advances in the last decade provide exciting perspectives for those who do not improve with conventional therapies. Of the compounds reviewed here, three are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA): esketamine (Spravato) for TRD, Auvelity (dextromethorphan-bupropion) for major depressive disorder (MDD), and brexanolone (Zulresso) for post-partum depression (PPD). Notably, some concerns have arisen with esketamine and brexanolone, which will be detailed in this study.
Bioactivity of the Genus Turnera: A Review of the Last 10 Years
Authors: Parra-Naranjo Aída , Delgado-Montemayor Cecilia , Salazar-Aranda Ricardo , Waksman-Minsky Noemí
Published: November 2023

Turnera is a genus of plants whose biological activity has been widely studied. The importance of this genus, particularly Turnera diffusa, as a source of treatment for various conditions is evidenced by the large number of new studies that have evaluated its biological activity. Accordingly, the objective of this review was to compile the information published in the last ten years concerning the biological activities reported for Turnera spp. The present work includes 92 publications that evaluate 29 bioactivities and toxicological and genotoxic information on five species of this genus. Among the pharmacological effects reported, the antioxidant, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, hypoglycemic, and aphrodisiac activities seem more promising. Phytochemicals and standardized plant extracts could offer alternative therapeutic remedies for various diseases. Although several flavonoids, cyanogenic glycosides, monoterpenoids, triterpenoids, and fatty acids have been isolated for Turnera plants, future research should focus on the identification of the main active principles responsible for these pharmacological activities, as well as to perform clinical trials to support the laboratory results.
Analyzing Black Market Sales of the Second-Line ADHD Medication Atomoxetine
Authors: Roe Sophie A. , DeSalve Dayna S. , Piper Brian J.
Published: November 2023

Research Question and Objective: While the number of pharmacoepidemiological studies on stimulant-based ADHD medications has expanded rapidly in recent years, likely due to the stimulant shortage, few studies have analyzed non-stimulant ADHD medications from a pharmacoepidemiological perspective. Such research is important because a significant number of individuals with ADHD have medical or psychiatric conditions that preclude stimulant use. Furthermore, no studies, to our knowledge, have analyzed atomoxetine exchanges on the black market. In this report, we seek to fill both these gaps in the research by analyzing black market diversions of atomoxetine, a non-stimulant medication for ADHD. As ADHD medication diversion is a growing issue, we also hypothesize the pharmacoepidemiologic contributors to and implications of such diversion. Method: This study analyzed black market atomoxetine purchases entered on the web-based platform StreetRx between January 2015 and July 2019. Data included the generic drug name, dosage, purchase price, date, and location in the United States. The mean price per milligram was determined and a heatmap was generated. Results: The average price per milligram of 113 diverted atomoxetine submissions was USD 1.35 (±USD 2.76 SD) (Median = USD 0.05, Min = USD 0.01, Max = USD 20.00). The states with the most submissions included Michigan (11), Pennsylvania (9), Indiana (8), and Ohio (8). Conclusion: The cost per milligram of atomoxetine on the black market is over 50 times the cost per milligram of the generic prescribed form. Future qualitative studies should investigate reasons why individuals are motivated to purchase atomoxetine, a non-stimulant medication, on the black market (recreational vs. nootropic vs. other clinical uses).
Oral Drug Absorption and Drug Disposition in Critically Ill Cardiac Patients
Authors: Harnisch Lars-Olav , Brockmöller Jürgen , Hapke Anne , Sindern Juliane , Bruns Ellen , Evertz Ruben , Toischer Karl , Danner Bernhard C. , Mielke Dorothee , Rohde Veit , Abboud Tammam
Published: November 2023

(1) Background: In critically ill cardiac patients, parenteral and enteral food and drug administration routes may be used. However, it is not well known how drug absorption and metabolism are altered in this group of adult patients. Here, we analyze drug absorption and metabolism in patients after cardiogenic shock using the pharmacokinetics of therapeutically indicated esomeprazole. (2) Methods: The pharmacokinetics of esomeprazole were analyzed in a consecutive series of patients with cardiogenic shock and controls before and after elective cardiac surgery. Esomeprazole was administered orally or with a nasogastric tube and once as an intravenous infusion. (3) Results: The maximum plasma concentration and AUC of esomeprazole were, on average, only half in critically ill patients compared with controls (p < 0.005) and remained lower even seven days later. Interestingly, esomeprazole absorption was also markedly compromised on day 1 after elective surgery. The metabolites of esomeprazole showed a high variability between patients. The esomeprazole sulfone/esomeprazole ratio reflecting CYP3A4 activity was significantly lower in critically ill patients even up to day 7, and this ratio was negatively correlated with CRP values (p = 0.002). The 5′-OH-esomeprazole and 5-O-desmethyl-esomeprazol ratios reflecting CYP2C19 activity did not differ significantly between critically ill and control patients. (4) Conclusions: Gastrointestinal drug absorption can be significantly reduced in critically ill cardiac patients compared with elective patients with stable cardiovascular disease. The decrease in bioavailability indicates that, under these conditions, any vital medication should be administered intravenously to maintain high levels of medications. After shock, hepatic metabolism via the CYP3A4 enzyme may be reduced.
Photolytic Degradation of the Insecticide Clothianidin in Hydrochar Aquatic Suspensions and Extracts
Authors: Pappa Artemis , Bairamis Feidias , Konstantinou Ioannis
Published: November 2023

In this study, the aqueous photolytic degradation of the neonicotinoid pesticide clothianidin was studied in suspensions and aqueous extracts of hydrochar produced from olive kernels. A slight and nonsignificant decrease in the photodegradation rate of clothianidin in aqueous extracts of hydrochar (HCw) with an initial concentration of hydrochar ranged from 50 to 400 mg L−1 (rate constants ranged between k = 0.0034 and 0.0039 min−1) was observed in comparison to the respective rate in the bi-distilled water (k = 0.0040 min−1). On the contrary, in the presence of hydrochar suspensions (HCp), a significant decrease was observed for 50 mg L−1 hydrochar particle concentration (k = 0.020 min−1), while for higher concentrations (100 to 400 mg L−1), rate constants increased but with nonsignificant differences compared with the kinetics followed in the absence of them. Generally, the photodegradation rate of clothianidin, in the presence of HCw and HCp, is reduced compared to the photodegradation rate in bi-distilled aqueous solutions, except in the case of the aqueous suspension with an HCp concentration of 200 mg L−1. The transformation products (TPs) of clothianidin formed in the photolytic degradation processes were identified using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with accurate high-resolution mass spectrometry technique (UHPLC-LTQ-ORBITRAP). The formation profiles of TPs varied according to the matrix showing different degrees of participation of direct and indirect (photosensitized) phototransformation pathways. Photolytic degradation of clothianidin takes place mainly through denitration, hydroxylation and dechlorination pathways. Finally, the toxicity of the identified TPs was studied using the Vibrio fischeri bioassay. Toxicity was slightly reduced after 300 min of irradiation while maximum value was observed after 180–240 min of irradiation showing the formation of more toxic TPs along the photochemical degradation.
Influence of High-Intensity Pumping on Gain Medium Temperature Increase and Laser Mode Tunability in a Hemispherical Short Cavity
Authors: Kawato Sakae
Published: November 2023

To increase the efficiency of laser oscillators by overcoming losses, the unsaturated gain must be increased. For this purpose, high-intensity pumping, typically higher than 100 kW/cm2, is effective. However, the temperature increase and strong thermo-optic effects of the gain medium have been pointed out as obstacles to high efficiency in solid-state lasers. Therefore, the effect of high pump intensity on the laser mode tunability required for high efficiency is investigated by studying the dependence of the laser threshold on the cavity length using a continuous-wave hemispherical short-cavity laser. The results show that the laser mode can be tuned with sufficient range and precision for high efficiency under various loss conditions regardless of the high pump intensity and are in qualitative agreement with a simple theory. Furthermore, according to the heat transport theory, microchip Yb:YAG, the gain medium of this study, does not have a high cooling efficiency, but the maximum temperature increase is estimated to be only about 12 K despite the high pump intensity of about 110 kW/cm2. This is because it is the pump power, not the pump intensity, that is proportional to the temperature increase, as the maximum pump power is only 900 mW. These results indicate that high-intensity pumping is a promising approach to achieve efficient lasing at low cost.
Nicotiana noctiflora Hook. Genome Contains Two Cellular T-DNAs with Functional Genes
Authors: Khafizova Galina V. , Sierro Nicolas , Ivanov Nikolai V. , Sokornova Sofie V. , Polev Dmitrii E. , Matveeva Tatiana V.
Published: November 2023

Agrobacterium (Rhizobium)-mediated transformation leads to the formation of crown galls or hairy roots on infected plants. These effects develop due to the activity of T-DNA genes, gathered on a big plasmid, acquired from agrobacteria during horizontal gene transfer. However, a lot of plant species are known to contain such sequences, called cellular T-DNAs (cT-DNAs), and maintain normal phenotypes. Some of the genes remain intact, which leads to the conclusion of their functional role in plants. In this study, we present a comprehensive analysis of the cT-DNAs in the Nicotiana noctiflora Hook. genome, including gene expression and opine identification. Deep sequencing of the Nicotiana noctiflora genome revealed the presence of two different cT-DNAs, NnT-DNA1 and NnT-DNA2, which contain the intact genes iaaM, iaaH, acs, orf13, orf13a, and orf14. According to the expression analysis results, all these genes are most active in roots in comparison with other organs, which is consistent with data on cT-DNA gene expression in other plant species. We also used genetic engineering approaches and HPTLC and HPLC-MS methods to investigate the product of the acs gene (agrocinopine synthase), which turned out to be similar to agrocinopine A. Overall, this study expands our knowledge of cT-DNAs in plants and brings us closer to understanding their possible functions. Further research of cT-DNAs in different species and their functional implications could contribute to advancements in plant genetics and potentially unveil novel traits with practical applications in agriculture and other fields.
Plant Regeneration via Organogenesis in Jerusalem Artichokes and Comparative Analysis of Endogenous Hormones and Antioxidant Enzymes in Typical and Atypical Shoots
Authors: Zhang Yiming , Zhang Jiahui , Yin Junliang , Liu Yiqing , Cai Xiaodong
Published: November 2023

The Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) is a tuberous plant with considerable nutrient and bioactive compounds. The optimization of the in vitro clonal propagation protocol is critical for large-scale reproduction and biotechnological applications of Jerusalem artichoke production. In this work, in vitro plant regeneration from the stem nodes of the Jerusalem artichoke via direct organogenesis is presented. In the shoot induction stage, the stem segments produced more shoots with vigorous growth on MS medium containing 0.5 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA). The concentrations of 6-BA and gibberellic acid (GA3) were both optimized at 0.5 mg/L for shoot multiplication, and the combination of 0.05 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 0.05 mg/L 1-naphthylacetic acid (NAA) was the most responsive for root induction, yielding the largest number of roots. The regenerated plantlets were successfully hardened at a 96% survival rate and vigorously grew in the field. The genetic stability of the regenerated plants was confirmed by flow cytometry and simple sequence repeat (SSR) analysis. However, 17.3% of shoots on the optimum shoot induction medium had withered leaves and excessive callus (atypical shoots), which greatly reduced the induction efficiency. Enzyme activity in the typical and atypical shoots was compared. The atypical shoots had significantly higher levels of endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA), as well as increased activity of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), whereas the content of 6-BA, zeatin (ZT), and GA3 was significantly reduced. The activity of the three enzymes was positively correlated with the content of IAA and ABA, while being negatively correlated with that of 6-BA, ZT, and GA3. The results suggest that the poor growth of the atypical shoots might be closely related to the significant accumulation of endogenous IAA and ABA, thus significantly increasing antioxidant enzyme activity.
Positive Effects of Organic Amendments on Soil Microbes and Their Functionality in Agro-Ecosystems
Authors: Liu Weijia , Yang Zepeng , Ye Qinxin , Peng Zhaohui , Zhu Shunxi , Chen Honglin , Liu Dinghui , Li Yiding , Deng Liangji , Shu Xiangyang , Huang Han
Published: November 2023

Soil microbial characteristics are considered to be an index for soil quality evaluation. It is generally believed that organic amendments replacing chemical fertilizers have positive effects on changing microbial activity and community structure. However, their effects on different agro-ecosystems on a global scale and their differences in different environmental conditions and experimental durations are unclear. This study performed a meta-analysis based on 94 studies with 204 observations to evaluate the overall effects and their differences in different experimental conditions and duration. The results indicated that compared to chemical fertilizer, organic amendments significantly increased total microbial biomass, bacterial biomass, fungal biomass, Gram-positive bacterial biomass and Gram-negative bacterial biomass, and had no effect on the ratio of fungi to bacteria and ratio of Gram-positive bacteria to Gram-negative bacteria. Meanwhile, land use type, mean annual precipitation and soil initial pH are essential factors affecting microbial activity response. Organic-amendment-induced shifts in microbial biomass can be predominantly explained by soil C and nutrient availability changes. Additionally, we observed positive relationships between microbial functionality and microbial biomass, suggesting that organic-amendment-induced changes in microbial activities improved soil microbial functionality.
Elevated CO2 Can Improve the Tolerance of Avena sativa to Cope with Zirconium Pollution by Enhancing ROS Homeostasis
Authors: Madany Mahmoud M. Y. , AbdElgawad Hamada , Galilah Doaa A. , Khalil Ahmed M. A. , Saleh Ahmed M.
Published: November 2023

Zirconium (Zr) is one of the toxic metals that are heavily incorporated into the ecosystem due to intensive human activities. Their accumulation in the ecosystem disrupts the food chain, causing undesired alterations. Despite Zr’s phytotoxicity, its impact on plant growth and redox status remains unclear, particularly if combined with elevated CO2 (eCO2). Therefore, a greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that eCO2 can alleviate the phytotoxic impact of Zr upon oat (Avena sativa) plants by enhancing their growth and redox homeostasis. A complete randomized block experimental design (CRBD) was applied to test our hypothesis. Generally, contamination with Zr strikingly diminished the biomass and photosynthetic efficiency of oat plants. Accordingly, contamination with Zr triggered remarkable oxidative damage in oat plants, with concomitant alteration in the antioxidant defense system of oat plants. Contrarily, elevated levels of CO2 (eCO2) significantly mitigated the adverse effect of Zr upon both fresh and dry weights as well as the photosynthesis of oat plants. The improved photosynthesis consequently quenched the oxidative damage caused by Zr by reducing the levels of both H2O2 and MDA. Moreover, eCO2 augmented the total antioxidant capacity with the concomitant accumulation of molecular antioxidants (e.g., polyphenols, flavonoids). In addition, eCO2 not only improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as peroxidase (POX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) but also boosted the ASC/GSH metabolic pool that plays a pivotal role in regulating redox homeostasis in plant cells. In this regard, our research offers a novel perspective by delving into the previously unexplored realm of the alleviative effects of eCO2. It sheds light on how eCO2 distinctively mitigates oxidative stress induced by Zr, achieving this by orchestrating adjustments to the redox balance within oat plants.
Foliar Application of Sulfur-Containing Compounds—Pros and Cons
Authors: Bouranis Dimitris L. , Chorianopoulou Styliani N.
Published: November 2023

Sulfate is taken up from the soil solution by the root system; and inside the plant, it is assimilated to hydrogen sulfide, which in turn is converted to cysteine. Sulfate is also taken up by the leaves, when foliage is sprayed with solutions containing sulfate fertilizers. Moreover, several other sulfur (S)-containing compounds are provided through foliar application, including the S metabolites hydrogen sulfide, glutathione, cysteine, methionine, S-methylmethionine, and lipoic acid. However, S compounds that are not metabolites, such as thiourea and lignosulfonates, along with dimethyl sulfoxide and S-containing adjuvants, are provided by foliar application—these are the S-containing agrochemicals. In this review, we elaborate on the fate of these compounds after spraying foliage and on the rationale and the efficiency of such foliar applications. The foliar application of S-compounds in various combinations is an emerging area of agricultural usefulness. In the agricultural practice, the S-containing compounds are not applied alone in spray solutions and the need for proper combinations is of prime importance.
The Genus Eranthis: Prospects of Research on Its Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Biotechnology
Authors: Erst Andrey S. , Petrova Natalia V. , Kaidash Olga A. , Wang Wei , Kostikova Vera A.
Published: November 2023

This review summarizes information about the chemical composition and beneficial properties of species of the genus Eranthis Salisb. from the world’s flora. To date, seven out of ~14 species found in Asia and parts of Europe have been studied to various degrees. Here, data are presented on the diversity of sets of chromones, furochromones, triterpene saponins, coumarins, and other classes of secondary metabolites of Eranthis species according to the literature. For new compounds—isolated from Eranthis for the first time—structural formulas are also provided. Among the new compounds, chromones and coumarins predominate, as do triterpene saponins of the olean and cycloartane series and lectin. The results of pharmacological studies are presented showing anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, and other types of biological activities found in extracts, in their fractions, and in individual compounds of the aboveground and underground organs and parts of Eranthis species. Despite the limited geographic range of Eranthis plants, it is possible to search for active substances, develop methods for biological and chemical synthesis of the isolated substances, and create a finished therapeutic substance based on them. In addition, it is feasible to obtain the desired standardized pure materials from Eranthis species grown in vitro.
Poly(Vinyl Acetate) Paints: A Literature Review of Material Properties, Ageing Characteristics, and Conservation Challenges
Authors: Novak Morana , Ormsby Bronwyn
Published: November 2023

Since their development in the 1950s, poly(vinyl acetate) [PVAc] paints (also known as vinyl) have been used by many artists, most notably in countries such as Spain, Portugal, and the United Kingdom; they are also used globally as a common binder for house paints. However, only a relatively limited number of heritage scientific studies have focused on vinyl paints. Consequently, many critical aspects of this material, such as the degradation processes, variations in paint formulations, and responses to conservation treatments, remain largely understudied. This article aims to summarise the available relevant information on poly(vinyl acetate) paints from both the scientific and the conservation practice perspectives. The article provides a brief overview of the development of poly(vinyl acetate) paints as artist-grade and household products and the known differences in their formulations. It also focuses on poly(vinyl acetate) ageing behaviour, the physicochemical properties, the recent scientific research on poly(vinyl acetate) material characterisation and degradation, and the main conservation issues regarding these paints, such as those relating to cleaning treatments.
InterMat: A Blockchain-Based Materials Data Discovery and Sharing Infrastructure
Authors: Wang Changchang , Su Hang , Duan Linna , Li Hao
Published: November 2023

Material research and development driven by data analysis necessitates a substantial volume of data. However, conventional material data sharing platforms encounter challenges in sharing and integrating data across multiple platforms. This article proposes a blockchain-based materials data discovery and sharing infrastructure—InterMat, which is a material big data management and sharing framework model integrating cloud platforms and blockchain. It could support the full lifecycle of materials data sharing, including data generation, management, discovery, sharing, traceability, and valuation. The architecture of the InterMat, its unique method of constructing a consortium chain, and the protocol for data discovery are presented in this paper. Additionally, the method for materials data identifier and blockchain certification is established, which allows for a unified identifier on the blockchain and cloud-based data addressing from various organizations. InterMat has data discovery algorithms for various materials to achieve the discovery of similar materials data from different nodes. Furthermore, we have designed some blockchain smart contracts for InterMat to encourage data sharing across nodes. These contracts include a proof smart contract that records data sharing activities, ensuring transparency and traceability in the materials data flow. The other contract is a value-estimating contract to encourage high-quality data sharing. Finally, this article introduces the application case of InterMat, using steel materials as an example to demonstrate its applications in data management, data discovery, data valuation, etc. This study successfully addresses various challenges associated with the cross-platform sharing of materials data, such as issues related to data discovery, data rights and control, and willingness to share. InterMat can assist material researchers in discovering and accessing more data, which would create a new ecology for sharing data.
An Evaluation Method of Gas-Bearing Properties Based on Gaussian Bimodal Function Pore Structure Characterization: A Case Study of Tight Sandstone in the East China Sea Basin
Authors: Dong Jin , Huang Zhilong , Chen Jinlong , Li Tianjun , Qu Tong , Yang Yizhuo
Published: November 2023

The Xihu Sag in the East China Sea Basin is located at the edge of the eastern Chinese continent and has great exploration potential. In recent years, the development of low-permeability and tight sandstone gas has become an important area of exploration and development in the Huagang Formation (E3h) of the Xihu Sag. The tight sandstone reservoir in the Xihu Sag is characterized by serious heterogeneity, high water saturation, low resistivity, and a complex gas–water relationship. Because of these characteristics of tight sandstone reservoirs, it is difficult to perform an evaluation of them. In this work, a bimodal Gaussian density function was constructed using the data of high-pressure mercury intrusion (HPMI) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR); this approach was used to analyze the pore structure parameters. The reservoirs were divided into four types using the fitting parameter η, and the rock electric parameters that correspond to different pore structures were quite different. When combined with the log response equation of η with acoustic interval transit time (AC), density (DEN), and natural gamma (GR) logging curves, an evaluation method of gas-bearing properties that was based on the characteristics of the pore structure was established. Compared with the water saturation test of the sealing core, it was found that the water saturation calculated by the classification of the pore structure was more accurate than that obtained by the conventional method, and the error was less than 8.35%, which proves that this method is feasible and effective. The findings of this study can help provide a better understanding of the distribution characteristics of gas and water in tight sandstone and provide help for tight gas exploration and development.
Research Progress and Prospects on Hydrogen Damage in Welds of Hydrogen-Blended Natural Gas Pipelines
Authors: Ban Jiuqing , Yan Xiaopeng , Song Bin , Deng Song , Wu Hua , Tang Yongfan , Yin Wen
Published: November 2023

Hydrogen energy represents a crucial pathway towards achieving carbon neutrality and is a pivotal facet of future strategic emerging industries. The safe and efficient transportation of hydrogen is a key link in the entire chain development of the hydrogen energy industry’s “production, storage, and transportation”. Mixing hydrogen into natural gas pipelines for transportation is the potential best way to achieve large-scale, long-distance, safe, and efficient hydrogen transportation. Welds are identified as the vulnerable points in natural gas pipelines, and compatibility between hydrogen-doped natural gas and existing pipeline welds is a critical technical challenge that affects the global-scale transportation of hydrogen energy. Therefore, this article systematically discusses the construction and weld characteristics of hydrogen-doped natural gas pipelines, the research status of hydrogen damage mechanism, and mechanical property strengthening methods of hydrogen-doped natural gas pipeline welds, and points out the future development direction of hydrogen damage mechanism research in hydrogen-doped natural gas pipeline welds. The research results show that: ① Currently, there is a need for comprehensive research on the degradation of mechanical properties in welds made from typical pipe materials on a global scale. It is imperative to systematically elucidate the mechanism of mechanical property degradation due to conventional and hydrogen-induced damage in welds of high-pressure hydrogen-doped natural gas pipelines worldwide. ② The deterioration of mechanical properties in welds of hydrogen-doped natural gas pipelines is influenced by various components, including hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. It is necessary to reveal the mechanism of mechanical property deterioration of pipeline welds under the joint participation of multiple damage mechanisms under multi-component gas conditions. ③ Establishing a fundamental database of mechanical properties for typical pipeline steel materials under hydrogen-doped natural gas conditions globally is imperative, to form a method for strengthening the mechanical properties of typical high-pressure hydrogen-doped natural gas pipeline welds. ④ It is essential to promptly develop relevant standards for hydrogen blending transportation, welding technology, as well as weld evaluation, testing, and repair procedures for natural gas pipelines.
From Laozi to Lao-Zhuang and Huang-Lao Daoism: The Two Paths of Oneness in the Development of Early Daoist Thought
Authors: Cui Xiaojiao
Published: November 2023

This paper proposes examining the central notion of Oneness (一 yi) in Daoist thought by offering an analysis of its uses in the early writings of the Daoist tradition, beginning with the Laozi 老子 and the Zhuangzi 莊子 before moving on to Huang-Lao 黃老 texts. While Oneness in the Laozi primarily appears as another “name” for Dao, it was used in discussions of cosmogony and cosmology, political governance, and personal cultivation. These multiple aspects of Oneness in the Laozi were later developed along two different paths in Daoist thought. The first, exhibited in the Zhuangzi, the Baopuzi 抱樸子, and other similar documents, treated Oneness as the ultimate source of all things and extended its meaning in the context of personal cultivation. In resonance with this path, their central teachings concerned “maintaining Oneness” (守一 shou yi). In the second path, expressed in the Huang-Lao tradition’s understanding and interpretation of the Laozi, Oneness acquired a certain concreteness and was singled out as the criterion and standard for social order, while the notion of Dao gradually devolved into abstraction. Huang-Lao writers hence emphasized Oneness in the sense of unification, uniformity, a singular decree, or law, which opened a theoretical gap between Oneness and Dao, and their central teachings concerned “utilizing Oneness” (用一 yong yi) and “holding Oneness” (執一 zhi yi).