bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tissue responses to novel tissue engineering biodegradable cryogel scaffolds: An animal model
Authors: Bölgen Nimet , Vargel Ibrahim , Korkusuz Petek , Güzel Elif , Plieva Fatima , Galaev Igor , Matiasson Bo , Pişkin Erhan
Published: August 2008

Biodegradable macroporous cryogels with highly open and interconnected pore structures were produced from dextran modified with oligo L‐lactide bearing hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) end groups in moderately frozen solutions. Tissue responses to these novel scaffolds were evaluated in rats after dorsal subcutaneous implantation, iliac submuscular implantation, auricular implantation, or in calvarial defect model. In no case, either necrosis or foreign body reaction was observed during histological studies. The cryogel scaffolds integrated with the surrounding tissue and the formation of a new tissue were accompanied with significant ingrowth of connective tissue cells and new blood vessels into the cryogel. The tissue responses were significantly lower in auricular and calvarial implantations when compared with the subcutanous and the submuscular implantations. The degradation of the scaffold was slower in bone comparing to soft tissues. The biodegradable cryogels are highly biocompatible and combine extraordinary properties including having soft and elastic nature, open porous structure, and very rapid and controllable swelling. Therefore, the cryogels could be promising candidates for further clinical applications in tissue regeneration. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009
Cytocompatibility studies of an in situ photopolymerized thermoresponsive hydrogel nanoparticle system using human aortic smooth muscle cells
Authors: Sabnis Abhimanyu , Rahimi Maham , Chapman Christopher , Nguyen Kytai T.
Published: August 2008

We have been investigating thermoresponsive hydrogel nanoparticle composite networks to develop photopolymerized hydrogels to deliver drugs for prevention of restenosis after angioplasty. These composite systems can form a gel under physiological conditions and release drugs in response to temperature changes. Our novel system, consisting of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) thermoresponsive nanoparticles, photo cross‐linker poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, and UV photoinitiator, 2‐hydroxy‐1‐[4‐(2‐hydroxyethoxy) phenyl]‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanone‐1‐one (Irgacure 2959), would be photopolymerized in situ in the presence of UV light. The focus of this study was to evaluate the effects of photoinitiator and UV exposure on human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). We found that the exposure to UV light did not significantly affect the cellular survival within doses required for photopolymerization. The photoinitiator was cytocompatible at low concentrations (≤0.015% w/v); however, cytotoxicity increased with increasing photoinitiator concentrations. In addition, free radicals formed in the presence of a photoinitiator and UV light caused significant levels of cell death. An antioxidant (free radical scavenger), ascorbic acid, added to the cell media, significantly improved relative cell survival but increased the hydrogel gelation time. Finally, HASMC survival when exposed to all potential cytotoxic components was also evaluated by exposing HASMCs to media incubated with our composite hydrogels. In summary, our studies show that the photoinitiator and free radicals are responsible for the cytotoxicity on HASMCs, and the addition of antioxidants can significantly reduce these harmful effects. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009
Ossification sequence of the common tern (Sterna hirundo) and its implications for the interrelationships of the Lari (Aves, Charadriiformes)
Authors: Maxwell Erin E. , Harrison Luke B.
Published: August 2008

The hypotheses of relationships within Lari (gulls) are highly unstable, and depend on whether morphological or molecular data are examined. Developmental sequence data are thought to contain phylogenetic information, but have never been applied to the problem of avian systematics. In this article, we describe the ossification sequence of the Common Tern (Sterna hirundo), and compare the pattern observed to published descriptions of other Charadriiformes, specifically the Great Skua (Stercorariidae) and various species of gulls (Laridae). We use changes in ossification sequence to elucidate the relationship between these three taxa, using both qualitative and systematic approaches. The first analysis of the ossification sequence data does not support a close relationship between Stercorariidae and Laridae, as has been proposed in some morphological analyses; however it was unable to differentiate between a Laridae‐Sternidae sister‐group relationship or a Sternidae‐Stercorariidae sister‐group relationship. The second analysis was unable to differentiate between any topology, including a polytomy, for these taxa. These results highlight the potential for use of ossification sequence data in an evolutionary context but caution that analyses are highly dependent on sequence resolution and the taxonomic level of the data set. J. Morphol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gill structure and relationships of the Triassic cycloid crustaceans
Authors: Dzik Jerzy
Published: August 2008

Unusually well‐preserved fossils of a Halicyne‐like cycloid crustacean frequently occur in the early Late Triassic lacustrine clay bed at Krasiejów in Opole Silesia, southern Poland. Its gill‐like structures form a horseshoe‐shaped pair of units composed of numerous calcified blades with reverse U‐shaped cross‐section. Originally, these were parallel slits opening on the ventral surface of the carapace. Lobation of the posterior margin of the carapace, of unusually large mature size for the group, make the animal different from other members of Halicynidae, and the new name Opolanka decorosa gen. et sp. nov. is proposed for it. More completely preserved specimens of cycloids from Vosges, France, and Madagascar show that the slit openings were located above radially arranged coxae of the walking appendages and a reduced abdomen. The disposition and arrangement of the cycloid gills suggest at least close analogy, and possibly homology, with the “respiratory areas” of the Branchiura, serving mostly as ion‐exchange organs. It is proposed that they originated, in connection with the body size increase and adaptation to fresh‐water environment, as radially arranged infoldings of the respiratory areas cuticle, with strongly calcified rigid dorsal parts suspended from the carapace. At least three ecologically and anatomically distinct lineages were represented in the order Cyclida, which was probably initially confined to marine environments and gradually adapted to life in continental waters. New taxa Schraminidae fam. nov. (with Schramine gen. nov.) and Americlidae fam. nov. (with Americlus gen. nov.) are proposed. J. Morphol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sustaining the ‘connective tissue’ of customer relationships
Authors: Stace Doug , Bhalla Ajay
Published: August 2008

In this paper we focus on the growing trend toward outsourcing customer contact and argue that particular care is required to ensure that the customer relationship is not, in effect, itself outsourced. Outsourced customer contact centers (CCCs), like their internal counterparts, are a key channel for interaction with customers, acting as important transactional, service, and point of sales channels. However, the danger and unintended consequence, particularly in the case of outsourced CCCs, is their greater potential to lead to a weakening of the ‘connective tissue’ between the firm and its customers. The ‘voice of the customer’ can become muted or lost to decision‐makers and strategists within the firm, and important organizational learning dissipates. This can result in a negative spiral of ‘organizational unlearning’, and potential disintermediation of the customer relationship itself. The authors explore this phenomenon, and suggest strategies to ensure both that such ‘organizational unlearning’ is guarded against, and that a more thoughtful analysis of the end benefits is undertaken from the outset.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What do women entrepreneurs want?
Authors: Manolova Tatiana S. , Brush Candida G. , Edelman Linda F.
Published: August 2008

Women are the majority owners in 30% of all privately held firms in the United States. These firms have $2.5 trillion in revenues and employ 19.1 million individuals. However, despite the large number of women business owners, little is known about the motivations that women have for starting their own firms.

This study uses an expectancy theory framework to examine the differences in motivations to start a firm between men and women. We propose that nascent entrepreneurs expend effort toward the creation of a new venture because they believe this will lead to a set of desired outcomes. We further argue that the desired outcomes of new venture creation differ by sex.

Hypotheses are tested using data from the phone surveys of the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics (n = 441). Our findings indicate that there are significant differences in motivations for starting a new business, with men being motivated by financial gains, self‐realization, and autonomy, whereas for women status is an additional significant motivating factor. Our results confirm the explanatory power of expectancy theory in examining entrepreneurial start‐up motivations.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Going global: how middle managers approach the process in medium‐sized firms
Authors: Mair Johanna , Thurner Claudia
Published: August 2008

Prior research has emphasized middle managers' important role in the strategy process and the benefits of their involvement, but little is known about their role in medium‐sized firms and their participation in the internationalization strategy process (ISP). This article aims to fill these gaps.

Our analysis of interviews conducted with the complete layer of middle managers at a medium‐sized firm is intended to shed light on these issues by examining the extent and effect of middle managers' involvement in the strategy formulation phase of the ISP. The medium‐sized Italian firm chosen for our sample was going through a period of radical change as it expanded its international activities beyond its cultural boundaries.

We found that not all the firm's middle managers perceived themselves to be involved in formulating the internationalization strategy. The perception of involvement was dependent on ownership of the outcome of internationalization. Middle managers with revenue accountability perceived themselves to be involved in strategy formulation. Furthermore, this perception of increased involvement was tightly linked to a more opportunity‐oriented attitude toward internationalization.

We suggest that medium‐sized firms can actively manage middle managers' attitudes and behavior toward internationalization by managing perceptions.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contrasting uses of balanced scorecards: case studies at two UK companies
Authors: Witcher Barry J. , Chau Vinh Sum
Published: August 2008

This article considers two contrasting applications of the balanced scorecard, at EDF Energy and Tesco, where the scorecard is called a steering wheel. A distinction is drawn between a strategic scorecard based on vision and a performance management scorecard based on mission and values. This difference makes the associated balanced scorecards useful to management in different ways. Our model demonstrates how different balanced scorecard approaches can complement each other for effective strategic management. This conceptualization is consistent with a perceived general tendency for large multinationals to use values to strategically manage from the center organization‐wide core competences.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The profit factor: how corporate culture affects a joint venture
Authors: Bach Volker , Whitehill Martin
Published: August 2008

Cross‐sector joint ventures offer the chance for new business strategies and might help to solve global challenges like the climate change.

This case study analyzes a cross‐sector joint venture between an organization from the profit and non‐profit sector.

The challenges and opportunities of this cooperation are revealed using a qualitative research approach.

Guidelines for a successful cross‐sector cooperation are delivered.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clarification of reconstituted frozen orange juice concentrate by continuous flow centrifugation for limonin glucoside solid phase extraction
Authors: Breksa III Andrew P , Manners Gary D , Ibarra Phil
Published: August 2008

BACKGROUND: The suitability of continuous flow centrifugation for the clarification of reconstituted frozen orange juice concentrate prior to its application to a solid phase extraction column for the isolation of limonin glucoside was evaluated. Clarification experiments spanning three flow rates (325, 588 and 875 mL min−1) and three rotor speeds (equivalent to 2130, 8521 and 19 172 × g) were conducted in a simple factorial design.

RESULTS: With increasing rotor speed or decreasing flow rate the average particle size, colour parameters (CIE L*, a*, b*) and residual solids in the resulting centrifugates were found to decrease, whereas juice characteristics including pH, conductivity, °Brix and limonin glucoside content were unchanged by the clarification process. Mean particle size in the resulting centrifugates ranged from 1.14 to 79.31 µm. The most effective clarification was obtained using a 325 mL min−1 flow rate in conjunction with the maximum rotor speed. Suitability of the centrifugates for processing by solid phase extraction was tested through a two‐step process, in which the centrifugates were first screened using small columns, followed by application of the centrifugate to a larger self‐packed column (6.5 cm × 20 cm) containing SP‐70 Sepabeads.

CONCLUSION: Centrifugates from two conditions (325 and 588 mL min−1 at the maximum rotor speed) were suitable for direct application to both columns. It was found that up to 19 L of these centrifugates could be applied to the 6.5 cm × 20 cm column without clogging or experiencing a decrease in flow rate. Analysis of the column effluent revealed that 11 L of centrifugate was sufficient to saturate this column. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scanning Microbeam X‐Ray Scattering of Fibers Analyzed by One‐Dimensional Tomography
Authors: Stribeck Norbert , Nöchel Ulrich , Almendárez Camarillo Armando
Published: August 2008

The investigation of structure gradients in polymer fibers or pipes by the X‐ray microbeam scanning technique is put on its theoretical fundament. The inverse Abel transform desmears measured data in X‐ray scattering fiber computer‐tomography (XSF‐CT). Fast, low noise algorithms from one‐dimensional tomography are available. They are applicable to scan data in which the X‐ray absorption, the small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS), or the wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) is measured. The method is demonstrated by application to SAXS scan data from a polymer fiber. The resulting sequence of image‐space SAXS patterns is reflecting the nanostructure variation along the fiber radius.

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Nanomechanical Function Made Possible by Suppressing Structural Transformations of Polyarylacetylenes
Authors: Rudick Jonathan G. , Percec Virgil
Published: August 2008

Self‐assembling dendrons sterically disfavor the cisoid conformation through which 6π‐electrocyclization proceeds in cis‐polyarylacetylenes. Through the same mechanism, selected self‐organizable dendronized helical cis‐polyphenylacetylenes (cis‐PPAs) undergo an unprecedented thermally induced cisoid‐to‐transoid conformational isomerism in bulk. The motion of helix (un)winding can be converted to unidirectional motion in self‐organizable dendronized cis‐PPAs. By eliminating 6π‐electrocyclization, nanomechanical actuators capable of lifting a US dime have been prepared from self‐organizable dendronized cis‐PPAs.

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Structure and Mechanical Properties of Nanocomposites Based on an Amorphous Copolyester
Authors: González Imanol , Eguiazábal José I. , Nazábal Jon
Published: August 2008

Nanocomposites based on an amorphous copolyester (PCTG) were obtained by melt mixing, changing the screw speed and the nature of the surfactant, which differed in polarity and molecular volume. Using Young's modulus as a measure of the dispersion level, a less‐polar nature and a higher molecular volume of the surfactant appeared as positive structural factors for dispersion of the clay in the less‐polar PCTG. The Cloisite 20A, which led to the highest modulus (widest dispersion), was mixed at different contents with PCTG at the observed optimum screw speed (200 rpm). Intercalated structures were observed by WAXD and TEM. The dispersion was wide, as observed by TEM, and led to a large (77%) modulus increase after 7% organoclay addition and to important increases in both tensile yield stress and dimensional stability in creep.

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Nanocomposites Based on Polyethylene and Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes, 1 – Microstructure, Thermal and Thermomechanical Properties
Authors: Hato Mpitloane J. , Ray Suprakas Sinha , Luyt Adriaan S.
Published: August 2008

Nanocomposites of linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE), with three different amounts of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS), were prepared through melt‐mixing in a batch‐mixer at 150 °C. The structure of the prepared nanocomposites was studied by X‐ray scattering and optical microscopy. The surface morphology of the nanocomposites was investigated through field‐emission SEM. The thermal properties of the pure LLDPE and nanocomposites were studied by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Thermomechanical properties were assessed on a Paar‐Physics MCR501 rheometer using a solid‐state rectangular fixture. Results exhibited a significant improvement in both the storage and loss moduli of the neat LLDPE upon the incorporation of the POSS particles. A substantial improvement in thermal stability was also observed in the high‐temperature region.

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Thermosensitive and Switchable Terpyridine‐Functionalized Metallo‐Supramolecular Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)
Authors: Chiper Manuela , Fournier David , Hoogenboom Richard , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: August 2008

Metallo‐supramolecular polymers offer attractive possibilities to combine the properties of polymers with the characteristics offered by the metal–ligand coordination. Here we present for the first time the combination of metal‐bis(terpyridine) complexes and lower critical solution temperature (LCST) polymers that can be switched by addressing either the thermosensitive polymer or the metal complex. We describe a new strategy for the synthesis of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) end functionalized with a terpyridine moiety, which is further used for the preparation of FeII and ZnII‐bis(terpyridine PNIPAM). The comparison of the LCST behavior of the uncomplexed ligands and their metal complexes that bear different counter ions is included. Furthermore, the switchability of the synthesized FeII system is demonstrated by a decomplexation reaction followed by the characterization of the uncomplexed ligand.

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“Click” Dielectrics: Use of 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloadditions to Generate Diverse Core‐Shell Nanoparticle Structures with Applications to Flexible Electronics
Authors: White Meghann A. , Maliakal Ashok , Turro Nicholas J. , Koberstein Jeff
Published: August 2008

We have synthesized a “universal ligand” incorporating a phosphonate surface anchor and a terminal alkyne moiety which binds to TiO2 nanoparticles and exhibits excellent dispersity in organic solvents. The alkyne functionality permits attachment of azide terminated polymer shells using “click” chemistry. Thus TiO2 core nanoparticles have been encapsulated with both polystyrene and poly(t‐butyl acrylate) shells. The TiO2‐poly(t‐butyl acrylate) core shell nanoparticles are amenable to further chemical transformation into TiO2‐poly(acrylic acid) nanoparticles through ester hydrolysis. These TiO2‐polyacrylic acid nanoparticles are dispersible in aqueous solution. The resulting core‐shell nanoparticles have been incorporated as high K dielectric films in capacitor and organic thin film transistor devices and are promising new materials for flexible electronics applications.

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Self‐Assembly of Rod‐Like Copolymers into Monolayers: A Simple Theoretical Estimate of Molecular Recognition Quality
Authors: Berezkin Anatoly V. , Lazutin Alexei A.
Published: August 2008

A discrete model of a monolayer, consisting of identical rod‐like copolymer molecules, is suggested. The influence of the copolymer's composition and sequence on its self‐assembly was studied. Thermodynamic quantities of monolayers were calculated. It is shown that the system undergoes an “order‐disorder” transition upon temperature increase. The most regular monolayers are formed by copolymers with quasi‐random sequences. Nevertheless, the monomer composition of such “good” sequences can vary over a wide range. It is shown that homopolymers, copolymers with a predominance of one‐type monomer units and copolymers consisting of a small number of large blocks have a reduced ability to self‐assembly.

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UniFAFF: a unified framework for implementing autonomic fault management and failure detection for self‐managing networks
Authors: Chaparadza Ranganai
Published: August 2008

Today's network management, as known within the Fault, Configuration, Accounting, Performance, Security (FCAPS) management framework, is moving towards the definition and implementation of ‘self‐managing’ network functions, with the aim of eliminating or drastically reducing human intervention in some of the complex aspects or daunting tasks of network management. The fault management plane of the FCAPS framework deals with the following functions: fault detection, fault diagnosis, localization or isolation, and fault removal. Task automation is at the very heart of self‐managing (autonomic) nodes and networks, meaning that all functions and processes related to fault management must be automated as much as possible within the functionalities of self‐managing (autonomic) nodes and networks, in order for us to talk about autonomic fault management. At this point in time there are projects calling for implementing new network architectures that are flexible to support on‐demand functional composition for context‐ or situation‐aware networking. A number of such projects have started, under the umbrella of the so‐called clean‐slate network designs. Therefore, this calls for open frameworks for implementing self‐managing (autonomic) functions across each of the traditional FCAPS management planes. This paper presents a unified framework for implementing autonomic fault management and failure detection for self‐managing networks, a framework we are calling UniFAFF. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new family of penalties for augmented Lagrangian methods
Authors: Matioli L. C. , Gonzaga C. C.
Published: August 2008

We study a family of penalty functions for augmented Lagrangian methods, and concentrate on a penalty based on the modified logarithmic barrier function. The convex conjugate of this penalty induces a Bregman distance, and the dual iterates associated with the augmented Lagrangian algorithm correspond to the iterates produced by a proximal point algorithm based on this distance. The global convergence of the dual iterates is then proved. Moreover, the level curves of the quadratic approximation of the dual kernels associated with these penalty functions are the Dikin ellipsoids. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A generalization of the Bott–Duffin inverse and its applications
Authors: Liu Xin‐Guo , Wang Wei‐Guo , Wei Yi‐Min
Published: August 2008

The ‘constrained inverse’ was introduced by Bott and Duffin in 1953. Since then various generalizations have arisen. In this paper, we propose a generalization of the Bott–Duffin inverse. Applications of the projection methods for solving sparse linear systems, the truncated methods for solving least squares problems, and solvers for generalized saddle point problems are also presented. The relationships with other generalized Bott–Duffin inverses are explored. The results indicate that the generalized Bott–Duffin inverse may be a useful tool in matrix computations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Material development for dye solar modules: results from an integrated approach
Authors: Hinsch A. , Behrens S. , Berginc M. , Bönnemann H. , Brandt H. , Drewitz A. , Einsele F. , Faßler D. , Gerhard D. , Gores H. , Haag R. , Herzig T. , Himmler S. , Khelashvili G. , Koch D. , Nazmutdinova G. , Opara‐Krasovec U. , Putyra P. , Rau U. , Sastrawan R. , Schauer T. , Schreiner C. , Sensfuss S. , Siegers C. , Skupien K. , Wachter P. , Walter J. , Wasserscheid P. , Würfel U. , Zistler M.
Published: August 2008

In this paper, we report on the outcome of a German network project conducted with 12 partners from universities and research institutes on the material development of dye solar cells (DSC). We give an overview in the field and evaluate the concept of monolithic DSC further with respect to upscaling and producibility on glass substrates. We have developed a manufacturing process for monolithic DSC modules which is entirely based on screen printing. Similar to our previous experience gained in the sealing of standard DSC, the encapsulation of the modules is achieved in a fusing step by soldering of glass frit layers. For use in monolithic DSC, a platinum free, conductive counter electrode layer, showing a charge transfer resistance of RCT < 1·5 Ω cm2, has been realized by firing a graphite/carbon black composite under an inert atmosphere. Glass frit sealed monolithic test cells have been prepared using this platinum‐free material. A solar efficiency of 6% on a 2·0 cm2 active cell area has been achieved in this case. Various types of non‐volatile imidazolium‐based binary ionic liquid electrolytes have been synthesized and optimized with respect to diffusion‐limited currents and charge transfer resistances in DSC. In addition, quasi‐solid‐state electrolytes have been successfully tested by applying inorganic (SiO2) physical gelators. For the use in semi‐transparent DSC modules, a polyol process has been developed which resulted in the preparation of screen printed, transparent catalytic platinum layers showing an extremely low charge transfer resistance (0·25 Ω cm2). Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Purification and proteomic characterization of plastids from Brassica napus developing embryos
Authors: Jain Renuka , Katavic Vesna , Agrawal Ganesh Kumar , Guzov Victor M. , Thelen Jay J.
Published: August 2008

Plastids are functionally and structurally diverse organelles responsible for numerous biosynthetic reactions within the plant cell. Plastids from embryos have a range of properties depending upon the plant source but compared to other plastid types are poorly understood and therefore, we term them embryoplasts. Isolating intact plastids from developing embryos is challenging due to large starch granules within the stroma and the prevalence of nonplastid, storage organelles (oil bodies and protein storage vacuoles) which compromise plastid integrity and purity, respectively. To characterize rapeseed embryoplasts it was necessary to develop an improved isolation procedure. A new method is presented for the isolation of intact plastids from developing embryos of Brassica napus seeds. Intactness and purity of embryoplast preparations was determined using phase‐contrast and transmission electron microscopy, immunoblotting, and multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT) MS/MS. Eighty nonredundant proteins were identified by MudPIT analysis of embryoplast preparations. Approximately 53% of these proteins were components of photosystem, light harvesting, cytochrome b/f, and ATP synthase complexes, suggesting ATP and NADPH production are important functions for this plastid type.
Use of a library of mutated Maackia amurensis hemagglutinin for profiling the cell lineage and differentiation
Authors: Maenuma Keisuke , Yim Mijung , Komatsu Kunimitsu , Hoshino Mayumi , Takahashi Yoriko , Bovin Nicolai , Irimura Tatsuro
Published: August 2008

Thirty‐five variant lectins were prepared by mutations of two amino acids within the carbohydrate‐recognition domain of Maackia amurensis hemagglutinin (MAH). Each lectin showed unique carbohydrate specificity according to their bindings to soluble polyacrylamide with various mono‐ and oligosaccharides and to glycophorin A. The relative intensity of the bindings of carcinoma, myeloid, fibroblastic, and melanoma cells to immobilized MAH variant lectins was examined. Each cell line showed distinct profiles regarding the number of cells bound to wild‐type and 35 MAH variants and the differences and the similarities in these binding profiles were quantitatively documented by the cluster analysis. The cell lines were classified into several groups and these groups surprisingly corresponded to the lineage of the cells. These results indicated that a library of mutated MAH is useful as a tool for the profiling of various cells based on the variations of the surface glycans.
Focused glycomic analysis of the N‐linked glycan biosynthetic pathway in ovarian cancer
Authors: Abbott Karen L. , Nairn Alison V. , Hall Erica M. , Horton Marc B. , McDonald John F. , Moremen Kelley W. , Dinulescu Daniela M. , Pierce Michael
Published: August 2008

Epithelial ovarian cancer is the deadliest female reproductive tract malignancy in Western countries. Less than 25% of cases are diagnosed when the cancer is confined, however, pointing to the critical need for early diagnostics for ovarian cancer. Identifying the changes that occur in the glycome of ovarian cancer cells may provide an avenue to develop a new generation of potential biomarkers for early detection of this disease. We performed a glycotranscriptomic analysis of endometrioid ovarian carcinoma using human tissue, as well as a newly developed mouse model that mimics this disease. Our results show that the N‐linked glycans expressed in both nondiseased mouse and human ovarian tissues are similar; moreover, malignant changes in the expression of N‐linked glycans in both mouse and human endometrioid ovarian carcinoma are qualitatively similar. Lectin reactivity was used as a means for rapid validation of glycan structural changes in the carcinomas that were predicted by the glycotranscriptome analysis. Among several changes in glycan expression noted, the increase of bisected N‐linked glycans and the transcripts of the enzyme responsible for its biosynthesis, GnT‐III, was the most significant. This study provides evidence that glycotranscriptome analysis can be an important tool in identifying potential cancer biomarkers.
Effect of Bacopa monniera Linn. extract on murine immune response in vitro
Authors: Saraphanchotiwitthaya Aurasorn , Ingkaninan Kornkanok , Sripalakit Pattana
Published: August 2008

The study was to investigate and compare the effects of the Bacopa monniera Linn. extract and bacoside A on the ICR mice immune system in vitro. Splenocyte proliferation without or with mitogen (lipopolysaccharide, pokeweed mitogen, phytohaemagglutinin and concanavalin A) and phagocytic activity were assayed. The results showed that B. monniera extract at 0.001–1 mg/mL slightly suppressed splenocyte proliferation (SI 0.7) and decreased T‐lymphocyte proliferation (SI 0.4) at 0.001 and 0.1 mg/mL with concanavalin A. Bacoside A at 0.001 mg/mL gave the highest splenocyte proliferation (SI 1.5) and strongly increased T‐lymphocyte proliferation (SI 2.0) at 0.1 mg/mL with concanavalin A. Thus, it is possible to attribute the effect of B. monniera extract on splenocyte proliferation to the presence of bacoside A with other combined components. However, only B. monniera extract at 10 mg/mL produced a slight increase in lysosomal enzyme activity (PI 1.2), indicating a weak effect on phagocytic activation. It might be concluded that B. monniera manifests various effects on the murine immune system depending on the immune cell types, in accordance with its folklore uses. New assays are being carried out to study its mechanisms and to further investigate its applications in the treatment of human immune mediated diseases. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spirulina platensis protects against gentamicin‐induced nephrotoxicity in rats
Authors: Karadeniz Ali , Yildirim Abdulkadir , Simsek Nejdet , Kalkan Yildiray , Celebi Fikret
Published: August 2008

The present study aimed to investigate the protective effect of Spirulina platensis (SP) on gentamicin sulphate (GS)‐induced changes in the levels of lipid peroxidation and endogenous antioxidants in the kidney of rats. Sprague‐Dawley rats were treated in separate groups as follows for 7 consecutive days: control (C), gentamicin sulphate (100 mg/kg i.p.) (GS), Spirulina platensis (1000 mg/kg orally) (SP) and Spirulina platensis (1000 mg/kg orally) plus gentamicin sulphate (100 mg/kg i.p.) (SP + GS). The degree of protection was evaluated by determining the effects of Spirulina platensis on malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and nitric oxide (NO), and plasma creatinine and urea levels were estimated in kidney homogenates to evaluate antioxidant activity, and the kidney was histologically examined as well. Spirulina platensis elicited significant nephroprotective activity by decreasing lipid peroxidation (MDA) and elevated the levels of GSH, SOD, GPX, NO, creatinine and urea. Furthermore, these biochemical observations were supplemented by histological examination of the rat kidneys. In conclusion, the present study indicates a very important role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the relation to renal dysfunction and point to the therapeutic potential of Spirulina platensis in gentamicin sulphate induced nephrotoxicity. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemoprevention and inhibition of P‐glycoprotein in cancer cells by Chinese medicinal herbs
Authors: Engi Helga , Hohmann Judit , Gang Geng , Pusztai Rozália , Rédei Dóra , Kovács Orsolya , Schelz Zsuzsanna , Molnár Joseph
Published: August 2008

Many of the herbal extracts used in the Chinese clinical medical routine inhibit the growth of tumor cells. In the present work, extracts of 12 selected herbs were prepared with methanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate and water, and the effects of these on the multidrug resistance (MDR) and P‐glycoprotein of mouse lymphoma cells transfected with the human mdr1 gene and on a human lung alveolar epithelial cell line were investigated. The extracts were tested for antiproliferative effects, and the reversal of MDR in mouse lymphoma cells. The possible chemopreventive effect of the chloroform extracts was studied on the expression of cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate‐early (IE) antigen in human lung cancer cells (A549). The antimicrobial effects of the extracts were tested on some representative micro‐organisms. Certain of the chloroform extracts of the plant materials were the most effective compounds on the reversal of MDR. Two of the chloroform extracts enhanced the antiproliferative effect of doxorubicin on MDR mouse lymphoma cells. The selected extracts did not show any antibacterial effect with the agar diffusion method. Certain chloroform extracts decreased the intermediate IE antigen expression of CMV in A459 cells. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maximizing service availability for secure satellite broadcasting
Authors: Di Pietro Roberto , Iannitti Stefano
Published: August 2008

Cryptography is the most suitable technique to protect the access to subscribed value‐added services for mobile applications provided through satellite broadcasting (e.g. localization and mobile TV). However, if a temporary loss of signal is experienced by receivers, not only the data streaming is compromised, but also the key management‐related messages. Hence, when the signal is received again, it is impossible for the receivers to decrypt it. One way to overcome this issue is the re‐transmission of keys to guarantee that the largest set of legitimate receivers has the updated (set of) keys.

In this paper we analyze the problem of key update in a mobile user context in order to maximize the service availability. In particular, we provide the following contributions: we propose a mathematical model that captures all the relevant features of mobile users. Then, we formally prove a few novel results on the structure of the admissible rekeying sequence. These results are used to design a scheduling algorithm for key broadcasting that, according to our model, minimizes the number of mobile users that are prevented from updating their crypto keys, hence continuing accessing the service. Finally, simulation results support our theoretical findings. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rainfall propagation impairments for medium elevation angle satellite‐to‐earth 12 GHz in the tropics
Authors: Mandeep J.S. , Hassan S.I.S. , Ain M.F. , Tanaka K.
Published: August 2008

Rain attenuation is the dominant propagation impairment for satellite communication systems operating at frequencies above about 10 GHz. The rainfall path attenuation at 12.255 GHz measured at Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) for 4 years (2 January to 5 December) is presented. This paper presents an empirical analysis of rain rate and rain attenuation cumulative distribution functions obtained using 1‐min integrated rainfall data and comparison of the measured data with data obtained from well‐established rain model attenuation predictions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An interpretive systemic appraisal of corporate social responsibility and learning
Authors: Arias Alejandro Ochoa
Published: August 2008

This paper presents two contexts of meaning to gain systemic comprehension of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) from the standpoint of a Systems Thinking Practice, called Interpretive Systemology. The first interpretive context is based on a notion of the social sector affected by the performance of the organization, which will allow us to open a space to explore about the ethical issue regarding a definition of boundaries from a standpoint of the organization and challenging some of the insufficiencies of such perspective to deal with the issue of CSR. The second context of meaning is grounded on searching for a social meaning of the organization through a grasping of it by asking about the practices in which the organization is engaged. This context will allow to approach CSR from a historical–ontological perspective in order to consider CSR as a result of an impoverishment of social practices to hold in the social milieu and the appearance of the organization as a way of providing a weak network of relations that is now compelled to find social legitimacy by addressing an unanswered question about the social order in which the organization appears. A core concept in this second context is social learning understood as a process that is currently undermined by a strong emphasis on training in organizational skills without pursuing a process of social learning as the ground upon which organizational skills are funded and articulated. In this sense, CSR is asked to answer about the production not only of its products and services, but also of other collateral effects or by products, such as how the people become engaged in a giving organizational setting. In this regard, it is claimed that community learning and engagement with the organization is central to enhance the CSR from a holistic perspective. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Getting a grip: Critical systems for corporate responsibility
Authors: Reynolds Martin
Published: August 2008

Three dilemmas of corporate social responsibility (CSR) are described in relation to a proposed triadic critical systems framework based on boundary critique. First, the holistic dilemma of addressing triple bottom line interests in economic, social and environmental issues. This speaks to a ‘framework for understanding’ in making sense of interrelationships between entities in a complex reality (‘getting real’). Second, the dilemma of nurturing cooperation amongst stakeholders having diverse viewpoints. This speaks to a ‘framework for practice’ in fostering engagement between multiple perspectives based on different boundaries (‘getting it right’). A third dilemma of CSR is presented in terms of ‘getting a grip’—a concern that speaks to a ‘framework for responsibility’ in addressing the moral dilemma that any methodology, approach, system or framework can neither be entirely holistic nor appropriately conversant with all perspectives. With this caveat in mind, the paper examines one particularly significant systems tool for addressing CSR dilemmas—critical systems heuristics (CSH). Applying the triadic framework, the potential value of CSH for CSR is surfaced from two contrasting perspectives—the CSR advocate and the CSR adversary. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organizations and responsibility: A critical overview
Authors: Maclagan Patrick
Published: August 2008

We start from the proposition that organizations' social and environmental policies and practices are influenced as much by stakeholders as by organizational management. Various types of organization–stakeholder relationship are outlined, from market‐based (e.g. ethical consumerism) to participative (e.g. consultation and coalition). This organization–stakeholder network constitutes the problematic system of concern. The concept of responsibility and its attribution is critically considered, as is the likelihood of value‐conflicts between members of this wider system. The tendency for ‘corporate social responsibility’ (CSR) to be managed hierarchically within organizations, characterized by an over‐reliance on enforced codes of conduct is critiqued on ethical and practical grounds. It is argued that individuals require a capacity for moral judgement in applying codes and, more generally, when resolving conflict and dilemmas within the wider system of organization–stakeholder relations. An appropriate approach from ethical theory is therefore offered. The paper concludes with a summary of aspects of CSR to which the systems discipline could usefully contribute. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Normal and abnormal development of the fetal anterior fontanelle: a three‐dimensional ultrasound study
Authors: Paladini D. , Vassallo M. , Sglavo G. , Pastore G. , Lapadula C. , Nappi C.
Published: August 2008

Objectives

To describe the methodology for correct visualization of the anterior fontanelle using three‐dimensional ultrasound, to report its normal development during gestation, and to compare this with abnormal development.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional prospective evaluation of development of the anterior fontanelle in a series of 78 normal fetuses and 47 fetuses with congenital anomalies between 12 and 38 weeks of gestation. The anterior fontanelle was visualized in a mid‐sagittal view of the fetal head, preferably with a pocket of fluid between the fetal head and the uterine wall, to ensure an optimal acoustic window. Visualization using volume contrast imaging mode in the coronal plane (VCI‐C) was preferred to static acquisition of three‐dimensional (3D) volumes, as the former allows real‐time evaluation of the 3D image. Anteroposterior and laterolateral diameters, perimeter and area of the fontanelle were measured offline, with the diameters normalized for biparietal diameter and the perimeter and area normalized for head circumference. The variables were then regressed against gestational age.

Results

The best fitting regression model to describe the relationships between the fontanelle anteroposterior diameter and area and gestational age was a quadratic one, whereas a simple linear model fitted all remaining variables. All variables showed a positive or biphasic correlation with advancing gestational age, but a negative one after normalization for biparietal diameter or head circumference. Twenty of the 47 fetuses with abnormalities had abnormal (18 enlarged and two reduced) fontanelle dimensions, particularly those with chromosomal or non‐chromosomal syndromes, primary or secondary cardiac overload, primary skeletal dysplasias or central nervous system malformations. Hydrops was not associated with abnormal fontanelle dimensions.

Conclusions

We have described the methodology to obtain correct visualization of the fetal anterior fontanelle. The actual size of the fontanelle increases during gestation, while its size in relation to the volume of the fetal head diminishes, possibly due to the rapid development of the brain hemispheres and the consequent outward growth of the calvarial bones. The fact that enlarged fontanelle dimensions may be associated with certain fetal abnormalities may be employed advantageously in the differential diagnosis of some syndromic conditions in utero. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advances in laser-based isotope ratio measurements: selected applications
Authors: Kerstel E. , Gianfrani L.
Published: August 2008

Small molecules exhibit characteristic ro-vibrational transitions in the near- and mid-infrared spectral regions, which are strongly influenced by isotopic substitution. This gift of nature has made it possible to use laser spectroscopy for the accurate analysis of the isotopic composition of gaseous samples. Nowadays, laser spectroscopy is clearly recognized as a valid alternative to isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Laser-based instruments are leaving the research laboratory stage and are being used by a growing number of isotope researchers for significant advances in their own field of research. In this review article, we discuss the current status and new frontiers of research on high-sensitivity and high-precision laser spectroscopy for isotope ratio analyses. Although many of our comments will be generally applicable to laser isotope ratio analyses in molecules of environmental importance, this paper concerns itself primarily with water and carbon dioxide, two molecules that were studied extensively in our respective laboratories. A complete coverage of the field is practically not feasible in the space constraints of this issue, and in any case doomed to fail, considering the large body of work that has appeared ever since the review by Kerstel in 2004 (Handbook of Stable Isotope Analytical Techniques, Chapt. 34, pp. 759–787).
The truth of treating patients with phenylketonuria after childhood: The need for a new guideline
Authors: van Spronsen F. J. , Burgard P.
Published: August 2008

In recent years, an increasing number of national guidelines on the treatment of phenylketonuria (PKU) have emerged. Most of these guidelines are dedicated to the care of children, while less attention is paid to the care of adults, although all guidelines underline the importance of diet for life. This review aims to summarize issues that need to be addressed within a guideline on the treatment of PKU, especially when care for patients beyond childhood is concerned. In this respect, it is of importance that adult patients, both willing and unwilling to be treated, need a guideline for care and follow‐up. In PKU there is certainly a need for an improved unified guideline, especially after childhood, although many of the considerations in this article also apply to recommendations for treatment of children. Such a guideline will be a tool to improve treatment in PKU patients but should also include recommendations for collecting data for clinical and research purposes. Guideline development should also focus on nutritional, neuropsychological and psychosocial issues and not only on target plasma phenylalanine concentrations. In addition, guidelines must address not only what has to be done but also how it can be done, thereby improving concordance with the recommendations for treatment and management.