bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultra Vires Review
Authors: Bobić Ana
Published: December 2022

This chapter analyses the case law of the Court of Justice and national constitutional courts concerning the question of competence monitoring. This issue represents the source of constitutional conflict and the underlying struggle in the relationship between the Court of Justice and national constitutional courts. Ultra vires review is primarily a structural question of the division of competences between the EU and the Member States. The case law under analysis is thus content-neutral, as the questions raised can result in both more or less integration. The analysis is structured in a chronological manner, and according to the theoretical framework outlined in Chapter 1. Accordingly, the analysis covers the introduction of direct effect and primacy, further expansions by the Court of Justice of the self-referential system of the Treaties in relation to EU external action, general principles of law, as well as rule of law and judicial independence. It also analyses national claims to ultra vires review, including their constructive or destructive nature.
Fundamental Rights Review
Authors: Bobić Ana
Published: December 2022

This chapter provides a comprehensive analysis of the EU and national constitutional fundamental rights jurisprudence, by analysing its development through time. The chapter analyses the initial judicial interactions that led to the development of fundamental rights protection at the EU level. Further, the chapter addresses the case law of the Court of Justice in the area of fundamental rights review, in particular in relation to the expansion of its scope and the Charter of Fundamental Rights. The chapter then again looks at the joint jurisprudence of the EU and the national level in relation to the application of fundamental rights review in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ) and the field of data retention. Finally, the chapter offers conclusions concerning the role and position of fundamental rights review in the system of constitutional pluralism and in respect of the question of the final arbiter.
Judicial Triangles across Case Studies
Authors: Bobić Ana
Published: December 2022

This chapter in Conclusions of the book presents the main findings concerning the descriptive and normative characteristics of constitutional pluralism in respect of the three areas of review where constitutional review materializes. In addition, it presents the analysis of different constellations of the judicial triangle, showing that heterarchy pervades the power relations between the courts under analysis. The different judicial triangles placed alongside each other enable us to see power relations changing over time as if in a flipbook animation. It becomes clear that there is no balanced triangle, as power relations are always skewed at individual points of conflict. The auto-correct function of constitutional pluralism instead shows that, when regarded in the aggregate, the triangles demonstrate a balance.
What characterizes economic warfare today?
Authors: Oermann Nils Ole , Wolff Hans-Jürgen
Published: December 2022

The chapter recalls the technological leaps in information and communication technology, highlights the importance of China’s full entrance into the world economy, describes China’s state capitalist model, and shows the political impact of the global financial crisis and European debt crisis. It shows the changes in the international political order since the Iron Curtain came down in 1989: the West, led by the United States, overstretched its power, overreacted militarily to the terrorist attacks of 9/11, and experienced growing opposition by Russia and China. President Putin warned the West, then employed armed force in Georgia, Ukraine, and Syria. China hardened its stance in the China Seas, took an authoritarian path under the leadership of Xi Jinping, and engages in widespread industrial espionage. The creation of cyberspace has introduced a completely new, anarchic sphere for espionage, crime, and warfare short of armed conflict. Developments in that sphere are treated in detail. The chapter describes how economic sanctions were used ever more frequently since 1989, for political signalling as well as to achieve changes of behaviour. It reports how new forms of sanctions in the international financial system were developed, mainly by the USA, and how they operate. It shows how power politics permeates monetary orders, and how free capital movement and credit-funded speculation triggered financial crises since the 1990s, culminating in the world financial crisis and euro crisis. It highlights the dominating role of the US dollar, and how imprudently the USA used its monetary privilege.
Speculation Fiction:Incidents in the Life of a Slave GirlandThe Bondwoman’s Narrative
Authors: Ross Kelly
Published: December 2022

Given the hypervisibility of the Black female body, Black women’s strategies for resisting surveillance add another dimension to the dialectic of racialized surveillance and sousveillance that this book has analyzed. The female protagonists of Harriet Jacobs’s Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl and Hannah Crafts’s The Bondwoman’s Narrative develop a future-oriented sousveillance—carefully “spying out” information that they can turn to their advantage—but they also harness the power of surveillance to protect themselves and others. Their tactics are not simply dialectically opposed to surveillance, therefore, but rather strategically amplify the scopic methods of enslavers. In particular, Jacobs and Crafts highlight the brutal effects of slave speculation, which was fundamental to the slave economy, by explicitly figuring their resistance to enslavement as an alternative form of speculation, aimed not at seeking economic profit, but at minimizing harm to themselves and their loved ones.
Privatised Immigration Detention
Authors: Ryo Emily , Peacock Ian
Published: December 2022

How we organise ideas and develop narratives or ‘frames’ can shape public opinion and the course of social movements, structure policy debates, and define research agendas. This chapter has three goals. First, the current state of knowledge regarding the origin and nature of privatised immigration detention in the United States is described. Second, three key anti-privatisation frames that immigrant rights advocates and supporters of detention reform have used to try to mobilise against privatised detention are identified. Third, drawing on insights from existing social scientific research, whether and how these frames might shape public attitudes and policymaking on privatised detention in particular and immigration detention more generally is considered. Through these analyses, new lines of theoretically grounded and empirically informed inquiry for understanding the evolving contestation over privatised detention are developed.
Work, Non-Work, Care, and Gender
Authors: Adams Zoe
Published: December 2022

This chapter expands the analysis from Chapters 4 and 5 to explore how the law’s construction of non-work, and of the caring practices and capacities of which non-work necessarily consists, influences the extent to which the law is able to capture the true scope of the ‘work’ performed in contemporary capitalism, and the implications of this for the way in which work is regulated. This analysis is used to shed new light on the gendered implications of the law’s conception of work, and the law’s role in structuring, and legitimizing, capitalism’s gendered division of labour. The chapter shows that the law’s conception of non-work shapes the way in which certain practices, and capacities, are valued, and organized, when they come to be performed as work, devaluing them in the process. It also shows how, and why, this situation has a disproportionate impact on women. The chapter explores the partial professionalization of certain forms of caring labour in the nineteenth century, namely teaching and nursing, showing how the caring content of the work influenced the process of professionalization, and continues to impact on the perceived status of these forms of work. It then presents a critique of the legal mechanisms traditionally harnessed to challenge gender inequality, with a particular focus on the Equality Act 2010 and its predecessor legislation.
Modelling the Memory and Anticipation of Pleasure
Authors: Hampson Margaret , O’Reilly Katharine R.
Published: December 2022

In his ‘Memory, Anticipation, Pleasure’, James Warren describes two models for how ancient philosophers understood the memory and anticipation of pleasure and pain. According to the first, memory and anticipation allow us to re-live or pre-live temporally remote affections; according to the second, an experience at t1 might have a different and opposite affective character to the anticipation of that experience at t-1, or the recollection of it at t2. This response analyses Warren’s characterization of the two models and the fit between the models and the texts Warren surveys. It shows that the first model in particular struggles to fit many of the texts, with the distinction between the two models threatening to collapse. The chapter ends with a provisional suggestion as to how the distinction between Warren’s two models might be preserved.
Three Mistakes about Stoic Ethics
Authors: Russell Daniel C.
Published: December 2022

According to the ancient Stoics, living virtuously is all one needs for living well—for what the Roman Stoics called vita beata and the Greek Stoics eudaimonia, which today is usually rendered “happiness.” According to Cicero, the Stoics believe both that the exercise of virtue requires no special circumstances outside one’s control—virtue is self-sufficient—and that virtue is the only good, and that explains why they believe that virtue is sufficient for happiness. By contrast, the prevailing modern reconstruction is that the Stoics believe that virtue is sufficient for happiness, and that explains why they believe that virtue is the only good. Notice three differences between the modern reconstruction and Cicero’s—and, this chapter argues, the modern reconstruction’s three mistakes: the modern reconstruction reverses the order of explanation between the thesis that virtue is sufficient for happiness and the thesis that virtue is the only good; it ignores the thesis that virtue is self-sufficient; and it offers no rationale for the Stoics’ belief that virtue is sufficient for happiness. Recognizing these three mistakes is important for understanding Stoic ethics, and why the Stoic argument was—and remains—one to be reckoned with.
Comments on Daniel C. Russell, ‘Three Mistakes about Stoic Ethics’
Authors: Sedley David
Published: December 2022

In these brief comments the author focuses primarily on the issue raised at the start of Daniel Russell’s chapter, that is, the question of the inferential connection between the sufficiency of virtue for happiness, for the Stoics, and the thesis that virtue is the only good. The author emphasizes in particular that Stoic ethical inferences such as those Daniel Russell scrutinizes in his paper are not usually meant to be understood as autonomous, but as tacitly presupposing premises drawn from elsewhere in the system, for example that virtue and happiness are kinds of perfection, not admitting of degrees.
Active Brownian Particles with Programmable Interaction Rules
Authors: Lozano Celia , Bäuerle Tobias , Bechinger Clemens
Published: December 2022

It is commonly assumed that collective dynamics in living system emerges when individuals adapt their behavior to their peers. Usually, individuals respond to perceived stimuli by moving according to certain behavioral rules , e.g. attraction and or alignment with and to neighbours. Assessing the consequences of such individual perception-response rules at the group level is of paramount importance to understand, predict, and reproduce a given collective behavior. Here, we demonstrate that quorum sensing being employed by bacterial organisms can be implemented in a system of active colloidal particles whose response is controlled on a single particle level using an optical feedback mechanism. With this approach we are able to demonstrate that quorum sensing strongly enhances the formation of clusters, which are – compared to motility induced phase separation of uncontrolled particles – observed at considerably smaller densities.
Tissues as Active Materials
Authors: Joanny Jean-François , Brézin Louis
Published: December 2022

We discuss the growth of biological tissues and the role of mechanical stresses on tissue growth. The guiding idea is to consider a tissue as a material and to make a continuum mechanics description by building the equivalent of a constitutive equation of the tissue relating the stress in the tissue to a local deformation (strain) or a velocity gradient. However, we need to take into account specific features of tissues. A tissue is a living material, which consumes energy and therefore it cannot be described by equilibrium thermodynamics. A tissue grows because cells divide and it shrinks because cells die. The number of cells in a tissue is therefore not constant. While we lay out this program, we have in mind two types of tissues for which cell division and cell death play an important role: cancerous tissues and animal tissues during early development.
Active Systems
Authors: Berthier Ludovic , Kurchan Jorge
Published: December 2022

This chapter describes a series of lectures on “Active glassy materials”, where we covered topics on active matter, non-equilibrium statistical mechanics, and dense glassy materials. We start with a discussion of generic features of non-equilibrium statistical mechanics, followed by a description of selected examples of the possible consequences of not being at thermal equilibrium. We then introduce the topic of dense glassy materials with a short review of glassy dynamics, rheology and jamming transitions for systems that are not active. We then discuss dense active materials, from simple mean-field theories to numerical models and experimental realisations. Finally, we discuss two examples of materials driven out of equilibrium by an oscillatory driving force.
Forces in Dry Active Matter
Authors: Ben Dor Ydan , Kafri Yariv , Tailleur Julien
Published: December 2022

This chapter introduces recent developments in the thermomechanics of active systems, which exhibit features that are very different from those of equilibrium systems. This has many implications for systems ranging from shaken granular gases to the motion of cells. We start with a short overview of different definitions of pressure and the conditions under which they are equivalent. This allows us to identify a class of systems – commonly referred to as dry active matter – where the simple equilibrium intuition might break. We show that there is, in general, no equation of state for the forces they exert on their container. We discuss the origin of this phenomenon, as well as its consequences. Finally, we go beyond the question of the equation of state and provide a brief discussion of recent developments concerning the forces exerted on objects immersed in active systems.
George Gascoigne
Authors: Braden Gordon
Published: December 2022

The publication of Petrarchist love poetry in Tottel’s Miscellany shortly before the accession of Elizabeth made fashionable literature that had been the possession of an exclusive coterie available to a general readership. Gascoigne, an ambitious young man from the lower gentry present at Elizabeth’s coronation, chose poetry as one of his ambitions—calling himself at one point “Petrarch’s journeyman”—and in a variety of genres wrote about his other fortunes in his other aspirations at the court, in love, and on the battlefield. He shaped these into a seriocomic life story of repeated failure at almost everything, and retold this story with various personae. As Master F. J. he deploys his own poetry in a campaign to seduce the mistress of a wealthy country house—at first successfully, only to be humiliatingly replaced afterwards. As Dan Bartholmew and the Green Knight in two sequences of poems embedded in verse narration, he alternates between entanglement with an irresistible but unreliable woman and an erratic military career, with no conclusion in sight. In his greatest poem, “Gascoigne’s Woodmanship,” a more comprehensive and straightforwardly autobiographical telling of his life story, he comes to an enigmatic vision of the comfort and nurture that can come with failure itself.
Sonneteers
Authors: Braden Gordon
Published: December 2022

Sidney’s friend Fulke Greville was the first imitator to attempt a sequence on Sidney’s model. His Caelica begins with adoration of a distant beloved, becomes an acrid story of seduction and betrayal, then abandons human love for a Calvinist dark night of the soul; its unifying arc is the speaker’s increasingly harrowing humiliation. Samuel Daniel, a young man with connections to the Sidney circle, had some sonnets published with the first edition of Astrophil and Stella, and subsequently developed them into the sequence Delia. A succession of lyric moments in a static situation, it is the most purely Petrarchan of the English sequences. From 1592 to 1597 there is a great burst of sonnet sequences from English poets, with another, smaller burst from Scots in the early seventeenth century after James becomes king; they persist even as the genre becomes a common topic of mockery. They express a general faith in sonneteering as the gateway to a successful poetic career (sometimes it was), become highly competitive in the conspicuous display of their authors’ wit, and exploit the Petrarchan presumption of the beloved’s unattainability with lushly sensuous fantasizing of fleshly delights; the most extravagant in this regard is an openly homoerotic sequence by Richard Barnfield. Mary Wroth (Sidney’s niece) rounds things off with Pamphilia to Amphilanthus in 1621, a long-ignored sequence of Neoplatonic adoration which gains considerably in emotional force from the knowledge we now have of the tumultuous personal history the idealization is striving to transcend.
Courtiers
Authors: Braden Gordon
Published: December 2022

The trope whereby the lover serves his lady the way a feudal vassal does his lord is something Petrarchism inherits from the troubadours at the courts of southern France in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. For most of its literary life the trope relies on its metaphorical sense, but in the court of Elizabeth I the metaphor takes on serious political reality for the ambitious male courtiers seeking her favor. A number of them write poetry, and that poetry naturally gravitates to Petrarchan themes and language which in this context take on new meaning. The court poems of Edward Dyer, Arthur Gorges, the Earl of Oxford, and the Earl of Essex remain indifferent productions, but Walter Ralegh, a writer of considerable power, left a striking if spotty poetic record of his fraught relations with his queen. We have one actual exchange of poems between them at a tense moment; it offers our closest look at what the intimacy between them might have been like. We also have reports and some fragments of an epic sequence called “The Ocean’s Love to Cynthia,” which seems to have centered on a vision of Petrarchan love as the driving force of European imperialism.
Introduction
Authors: Woźniakowski Tomasz P.
Published: December 2022

This introduction to Fiscal Unions begins with the problematic of the conditions under which taxing powers emerge in multi-level governments, such as the USA or the EU. Building on recent research comparing the EU and the USA in Section 1.2 ‘Comparative Federalism Lens’, and drawing on William Riker’s influential theory on the emergence of federations, in Section 1.3 ‘Theory’, this chapter develop a hypothesis that it is an internal threat that triggers a fiscalization process, leading to the emergence of a federal fiscal union with its own sources of revenue, usually in the form of a power to tax. Section 1.5 ‘Research Design’ lays out the book’s methods. After elaborating on the case study, comparative analysis, and process tracing, it sketches historical institutionalism as the book’s approach, in addition to presenting data collection. The chapter concludes with descriptions of two original contributions to the theoretical and empirical literature and an overview of its contents.
Fiscal Regulation of the EU
Authors: Woźniakowski Tomasz P.
Published: December 2022

The fourth chapter commences with the background of the euro crisis and its impact on the general institutional set-up of European economic governance. The chapter shows how the EU changed the instruments of its fiscal integration as a result of the threat emerging from the euro crisis that out broke in 2010. While in the ‘pre-threat’ governance stage, it relied mainly on weak regulation of the fiscal policies of the member states, in the ‘post-threat’ economic governance period, this regulation instrument was significantly strengthened, in the form of the European Semester, a cycle of monitoring the fiscal and economic policies of the member states. This introduced the possibility of sanctions for non-compliance with the EU’s rules and recommendations under its two procedures of excessive (macroeconomic) imbalance (EIP) and excessive deficit (EDP). In addition, the new instrument of fiscal integration began to be implemented—quasi-fiscalization, in the form of lending institutions, such as the European Stability Mechanism (ESM).
Comparative Analysis and Implications for the EU
Authors: Woźniakowski Tomasz P.
Published: December 2022

The sixth chapter of Fiscal Unions provides a comparative analysis and conclusions. It discusses how both the USA and the EU experienced a shift of power in fiscal matters to the higher level of government as a result of an internal threat, albeit in different forms. While in the USA an internal threat emerging from the debt crisis triggered the process of fiscalization of the federal government, the EU, on the other hand, responded to a threat by strengthening its authority to regulate the fiscal policies of the member states. Fiscalization has been ruled out. The lesson that the EU could perhaps learn from the US experience in forging a federal fiscal union is twofold. First, an internal threat is the necessary condition to trigger the process of fiscalization of the central government and consequently lead to the creation of a federal fiscal union. Second, the lack of a federal power to tax, and thus the existence of a vertical fiscal imbalance, so that central government is financially dependent on the contributions from the states, may trigger a chain of events leading to popular protests that can threaten the very existence of the Union. One solution to such a crisis is the creation of a more ‘energetic’ federal government with the power to tax as its most important competence. I elaborate more on these lessons in the concluding section of this chapter.
The General Linear Model III
Authors: Inchausti Pablo
Published: December 2022

This chapter extends the general linear model to include interactions between explanatory variables. Interactions refer to the situation when the effect of the value or level of one explanatory variable on the mean of the response variable changes with, or depends on, the value of another explanatory variable. When interactions are deemed important, we should focus on the joint or combined effects of the interacting variables on the mean of the response variable rather than on their single effects. The chapter explains factorial analysis of variance and partitioning of the variation of the response variable, and focuses on the interpretation of the parameter estimates. It concludes with the analysis of covariance, which allows the consideration of mixtures of numerical and categorical explanatory variables. All the example statistical models are fitted in both frequentist and Bayesian frameworks.
Further Issues Involved in the Modeling of Counts
Authors: Inchausti Pablo
Published: December 2022

This chapter discusses the use of offsets to account for heterogeneity in the sampling effort and incidence in count GLMs. The use of offsets is related to modeling counts or rates using the Poisson and negative binomial distributions. It goes on to discuss log-linear models as special cases of count GLMs, and provides a detailed example of model selection using a log-linear model. All statistical models are fitted in both the frequentist and Bayesian frameworks.
Models for Positive, Real-Valued Response Variables
Authors: Inchausti Pablo
Published: December 2022

This chapter discusses the use of the beta distribution to model proportions, and of the gamma distribution for positive, real-valued response variables. It covers the inverse and the logarithmic link functions used with the gamma distribution, and discusses the modeling of positive, real-valued response variables that may contain zeros using Tweedie and zero-augmented distributions. All statistical models are fitted in both the frequentist and Bayesian frameworks.
Accounting for Structure in Mixed/Hierarchical Models
Authors: Inchausti Pablo
Published: December 2022

This chapter defines the fixed (population-level) and random (group-level) effects of categorical explanatory variables in the frequentist and Bayesian frameworks. These effects allow models to account for structure in the data induced by the experimental or survey design, or by the sampling methods. The chapter carefully discusses the interpretation of estimated random (group-level) intercepts and slopes in linear mixed models, and the ambiguities, problems, and controversies related to the definition and interpretation of random effects in the frequentist framework. It illustrates the “shrinkage effect” and its importance in mixed/hierarchical models, and covers the controversies about model selection and the statistical significance of fixed effects in frequentist mixed models, including the use of the Satterwhaite and Kenward–Roger corrections, and the parametric bootstrap. All statistical models are fitted in both the frequentist and Bayesian frameworks.
Towards Scots-Irish Gothic
Authors: Burke Mary M.
Published: December 2022

Chapter 1 suggests that the commonplace that Irish Gothic literature pertains to the Anglo-Irish Ascendancy class does not account for Ireland’s other settler-colonial cohort, the Ulster Scots. In addition, the category ‘American Gothic’ does not encompass texts by or about the latter community’s descendants in America, the Scots-Irish. In response, the first chapter theorizes that works by Charles Brockden Brown, Edgar Allan Poe, Henry James, and William Faulkner that express the unease of the Ulster settler in America are neither fully Anglo-Irish nor American Gothic, but a subgenre that will be termed ‘Scots-Irish Gothic’. In depicting the violence of the Old World being ceaselessly reprised in the New, these works question the legitimacy of Ulster Protestant presence in colonial Ireland and on the colonial American frontier, locations in which the Ulster-Scots were oppressor and oppressed, white and off-white. The Scots-Irish Andrew Jackson, scourge of Native Americans, emerges as an undead presence who repeatedly returns in both Irish-American fiction and American political culture down to the Trump administration. The chapter’s closing discussion of Gothic’s doppelganger (uncanny double) motif posits that deeply rooted Irish patronymic traditions render the male line ‘ancestor haunted’. This emphasis is returned to throughout the study since surnames in Irish-American culture are understood to dictate ethno-racial and political allegiance, even when acquired through marriage.
The realm beyond England
Authors: Duke-Evans Jonathan
Published: December 2022

By the 19th century writers who claimed that fair play was a national characteristic were quite evenly divided between those who saw it as English and those who described it as British. There is a great deal of evidence for a long-standing tradition of fair play in Scotland. Robert Henryson speaks of fair play in the moral sense earlier than anyone else we know of other than the author of the Gest of Robyn Hode, while late medieval Scottish chroniclers were the first to develop the idea of Robin Hood as a man who took from the rich to give to the poor. References to fair play in books published in Scotland are reasonably frequent in the 17th century and abundant in the 18th, and they reveal a lively tradition of relevant Scottish proverbs. In Wales the Mabinogion embodies Arthurian ideals of fair play, though it is not independent of the European tradition of chivalry. In Ireland, if the equivocal evidence of the Táin is discounted, the tradition appears rather later than in Scotland, but invocation of fair play becomes common in the 18th century and starts to be used to describe the situation of Ireland itself. We must conclude that the fair play tradition is more accurately described as British than English.
Queer Sensibilities
Authors: Butler Shane
Published: December 2022

This chapter explores in detail Symonds’s relationship to three famous contemporaries: Henry James, Walter Pater, and Oscar Wilde. First, Symonds’s influence on James is shown to be far more extensive and complex than has been realized. Next, the language of “auras” and “atmospheres” in Symonds and Wilde is examined. Finally, Symonds and Pater are compared and contrasted at length. Throughout, it is argued that the correlation between aestheticism and homosexuality is best understood in terms not of codes and “masks,” but of a shared “sensibility,” predicated on a nuanced understanding of the relationship of mind and body to experience and truth.
Misanthropic Origins
Authors: Harris Joseph
Published: December 2022

This chapter examines one of the early modern period’s dominant archetypes of misanthropy, the semi-mythical figure of Timon of Athens, primarily through Shakespeare’s curious tragedy of that name. Reading the play against its sources in Plutarch and Lucian, it explores how Shakespeare attempts to work Timon’s misanthropy into a tragic narrative. It traces the onset and subsequent developments of misanthropy across the play, charting how what starts as Timon’s frustration against a few acquaintances ungrateful at his philanthropy and generosity expands into a hatred of all Athenians, all humanity, and eventually the whole cosmos. Yet it also demonstrates how Timon’s misanthropic anger varies in intensity, particularly in his later encounters with characters like Apemantus and Alcibiades—characters whose own situations or temperaments unsettlingly echo his own.
Structural Domination in the Market
Authors: Vrousalis Nicholas
Published: December 2022

This chapter draws upon the feminist and republican literature to argue for the cogency of the idea of structural domination. It then applies that idea to capitalist economic structure. The chapter defends a definition of structural domination as regulated domination: any given instance of domination is structural just when it involves a triadic relation between dominator, dominated and regulator—any social role that contributes non-contingently to the reproduction of the dominator-dominated dyad. The chapter then illustrates two general ways in which capitalist transactions manifest structural exploitation. The first involves vertical authority relations between capitalists and workers—the standard labour-market case canvassed in chapter 2. The second involves horizontal market relations between workers in different (and possibly democratic) firms. These two cases illustrate the difference between a hired and an unhired servitude, the dividends to which constitute exploitation.
The Emancipated Economy
Authors: Vrousalis Nicholas
Published: December 2022

This chapter discusses emancipatory alternatives to capitalism. It sketches three important theories of the non-exploitative economy: unconditional basic income (UBI), property-owning democracy (POD), and workplace democracy (WD). It argues that only POD and WD are eligible candidates for the abolition of exploitation. POD does better in attenuating horizontal exploitation, the exploitation of one economic unit by another, whereas WD does better in attenuating vertical exploitation, the exploitation of workers by bosses or owners. It is, therefore, possible that a hybrid theory could do better than each taken by itself. This hybrid theory, variously travelling under the names ‘liberal socialism’ and ‘democratic socialism,’ recommends worker control plus a strongly pre-distributive form of public ownership. The chapter concludes by outlining a pressing dilemma for advocates of socialized production, the socialization dilemma between statism and—what I will call—the labour epistocracy.
Quest for Security and Stability in the Asia-Pacific
Authors: Sano Shutaro
Published: December 2022

The foundation for a strong security partnership between Japan and India was laid during the ten years of the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) governments led by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. It was during this period that Japan and India were able to overcome the legacy of the Cold War. This chapter analyses the ways in which Japan and India endeavoured to stimulate their relationship during the UPA period by primarily focusing on security issues. First, it examines how Japan’s position towards India evolved, especially after the Cold War. Second, it considers the main drivers and the underlying factors that propelled and the obstacles that may have hindered the Japan-India partnership during the period. Finally, the chapter lists the issues in India-Japan relations that remained unsolved and underdeveloped during the UPA term and which have been inherited by the Abe and Modi administrations.
Quest for a Peaceful, Prosperous, and Friendly Neighbourhood
Authors: Cavanna Thomas P.
Published: December 2022

This chapter investigates how India defined and conducted its South Asia policy (minus Pakistan) during the decade 2004–14 when the two United Progressive Alliance (UPA) governments led by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh were in office. The chapter proceeds in six sections. The first section explores the structural challenges that the UPA inherited from the past and examines how it tried to address them. The second section examines how India attempted to secure its interests in the context of the war in Afghanistan. The third section investigates New Delhi’s efforts to protect its influence in the Himalayan states of Nepal and Bhutan. The fourth section describes the notable successes that the UPA achieved in Bangladesh, especially in security cooperation. The fifth section studies India’s rising activism in the Indian Ocean, including in Sri Lanka and the Maldives. The sixth section probes New Delhi’s efforts to revive the moribund South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC).
India’s ‘Look East’ Policy during the UPA Era
Authors: Ciorciari John D.
Published: December 2022

This chapter examines India’s ‘Look East’ policy during the decade 2004–14 when the two United Progressive Alliance (UPA) governments led by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh were in office. The chapter is divided into three sections. The first section reviews the origins of the ‘Look East’ policy. The second section offers an overview of its early evolution. The third and principal section discusses the policy’s development during the UPA period. It examines the expansion of India’s maritime security role, inclusion in key clubs and organizations defining the regional order in East Asia and Southeast Asia, key bilateral ties, and initiatives to strengthen connectivity with the region. It illustrates how the UPA governments positioned India as a key player in the emergent Indo-Pacific order by redefining its role in the regional security arena, securing a more prominent place within Asia’s multilateral institutional framework, and raising its relevance in the economic domain.
India’s Quest for Permanent Membership of the UN Security Council, 2004–14
Authors: Sullivan de Estrada Kate , Moussavi Babak
Published: December 2022

This chapter takes as its focus the diplomatic efforts that India pursued in seeking permanent membership of the United Nations Security Council under the two United Progressive Alliance (UPA) governments between 2004 and 2014. This period saw India develop collective positions through the G4 from late 2004 and the L69 grouping from 2007 and cultivate individual country pledges in support of India’s candidature. It also saw India take up a two-year stint as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council from 2011 to 2012. Throughout this period, Indian representatives energized the nature and direction of the deliberations over Security Council reform within the UN. However, procedural hurdles, competing formulas for reform, concerns over the legitimacy of an expanded Council, geopolitics, and international status contests precluded any straightforward solution to the question of UNSC reform.
India’s Maritime Diplomacy, 2004–14
Authors: Roy-Chaudhury Rahul
Published: December 2022

India developed a robust posture towards maritime diplomacy and Indian Ocean security during the decade of the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance (UPA) governments in 2004–14. This was due to India’s dependence on seaborne imports of oil fuelling its economic growth and concern over China’s expanding influence in the Indian Ocean. The November 2008 Mumbai terror attacks, with the seaborne arrival of the terrorists, heightened the government’s security perceptions towards maritime security. But, it remained cautious of signing formal defence or logistics agreements with the United States in terms of its ‘hedging’ strategy with China and was reluctant to endorse the concept of the Indo-Pacific or revive the ‘quad’ grouping.
India at the WTO Negotiations, 2004–14
Authors: Vieira Vinícius Rodrigues
Published: December 2022

This chapter explores the domestic and international constraints that led India under the two United Progressive Alliance (UPA) governments to find a middle ground between liberalizing interests and defensive demands as the Doha Development Agenda (DDA) negotiations of the World Trade Organization (WTO) advanced amid growing fears of economic turmoil. The chapter begins by contrasting NDA’s and UPA’s approaches on the DDA. It then explains how domestic stakeholders in three major sectors—agriculture, industry, and services—organized themselves to influence the government to incorporate their interests into the national interest. The following section adds more complexity to the analysis by unfolding the impact of international factors over the process, which in turn lays the ground for a debate on the effects of the expansion of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) upon Indian policymakers. The conclusion recasts the main arguments and discusses whether any other governing coalition but the UPA would have adopted similar positions and strategies within the same context.
Astonishing Contrasts in J. Hector St. John de Crèvecœur’s Caribbean Sketches
Authors: Boyden Michael
Published: December 2022

Under the influence of emergent scientific insights in atmospheric chemistry and plant physiology, a growing concern for climatic variation is evident in travel narratives about the American tropics, where the consequences of intense monoculture and extractivism were more visible than elsewhere. This chapter explores the implications of this developing climate awareness in J. Hector St. John de Crèvecœur’s Journey into Northern Pennsylvania and the State of New York (1801). While largely neglected by critics, this work points to a broader shift in climatic epistemologies toward the end of the eighteenth century. Mobilizing a picturesque register of contrasting effects to dramatize and interrogate the climatic differences between the Caribbean and the American mainland colonies, the Journey reveals deep-seated anxieties regarding humans’ impact on the climate that call into question received interpretations of Crèvecœur’s work as an expression of agrarian individualism.
Avenging Climes in Fictions of the Haitian Revolution
Authors: Boyden Michael
Published: December 2022

Chapter 3 focuses on climatic discourse in sentimental race fictions of the Haitian Revolution, specifically Leonora Sansay’s Secret History (1808) and Zelica, the Creole (1820), a novel sometimes attributed to Sansay that rewrites the plot of the precursor text in interesting ways. The most striking difference between the two narratives is the foregrounding of a mixed-raced protagonist in Zelica, which thus anticipates the vogue of interracial literature in later decades. The chapter argues that the rewriting of Secret History can best be understood in relation to the despatialization and dematerialization of climate discourses in the nineteenth century. While both texts employ climatic registers in complex ways, we can observe a shift away from fluid ascriptions linked to the tropical locales and climates to more dualistic conceptions of identity grounded in inherited features.
Introduction
Authors: Stewart Robert
Published: December 2022

This chapter introduces the book and what it intends to cover—research and research careers in a broad sense, as relevant as possible to all its diverse disciplines. Research can be too easily portrayed as pure and clear-sighted when it is actually a lot messier and dependent on eccentric personalities and old viewpoints that are hard to shift. On the face of it, John Snow and the 1854 cholera outbreak in London is an illustration of two theories (air-borne or water-borne transmission) being elegantly put to the test. However, life is not so simple, and it took ‘bad air’ (from an unpleasant hot summer four years after the outbreak) to generate the momentum for cleaning up water supplies—the right action for the wrong reasons.
Designing Research
Authors: Stewart Robert
Published: December 2022

Experiments are the best way to establish cause and effect, but they also depend on being able to introduce an intervention in a controlled environment, so that you know that there are no other influences on the outcome observed. This depends, in turn, on having the right apparatus built and made available—discussed in relation to early developments in chemistry investigating air pressure and isolating newly discovered gases. In the natural world, the randomized controlled trial (RCT) has been developed to simulate, as closely as possible, the laboratory environment. Again, the importance here is being able to deliver an intervention and take observations, knowing that your observations can only be a consequence of the intervention and not a result of anything else—a certainty of cause and effect required for any newly developed medication before it can be used in healthcare.
Money
Authors: Stewart Robert
Published: December 2022

Research requires dedicated time and somewhere to work, as well as the facilities and materials required for individual projects. For these reasons (and more), seeking funding is (and always has been) an integral part of a research career. Sources of funding are many and varied between research fields and national environments, but there are certain commonalities. Applying for funding centres around the idea and case for support, as well as involving proficiency in the process of planning and negotiating an application, seeking cost estimates, and other practicalities. This chapter also covers more specific funding resources such as personal fellowships, as well as the wider politics and strategic thinking around resource allocation.
Phenomenalism and Science
Authors: Pelczar Michael
Published: December 2022

Chapter 7 argues that the relationship between the scientific world-view and our everyday experience of the world is analogous to the one by which the deeper layers of a hypertext relate to the higher-level layers that link to them.
Passenger Data in Air Travel
Authors: Obendiek Anke Sophia
Published: December 2022

This chapter investigates a jurisdictional conflict in counterterrorism. Conflicting claims about passenger data in air travel have contributed to transatlantic disputes but ultimately fostered the emergence of a global regime of Passenger Name Records (PNRs) sharing. The chapter tracks how the space of possible jurisdictional claims shifted increasingly away from the order of fairness towards the order of security. By establishing data as a neutral but crucial ‘tool’ in the fight against terrorism, concerns based on privacy and data protection became side-lined. It explores the evolution of the EU as an international counterterrorism actor in the field and illustrates a convergence of public and private interests that entrenched a vision of data governance as a security partnership.
Financial Data Sharing
Authors: Obendiek Anke Sophia
Published: December 2022

This chapter traces a jurisdictional conflict between the EU, the US, and the Belgian cooperative SWIFT in the context of counterterrorist financing. It outlines how the vision of data governance as a security partnership became entrenched over time, increasingly prioritizing transnational security cooperation rather than individual rights. Despite significant disruptions by the European Parliament, the conflict demonstrates how composite objects such as transparency and review mechanisms contributed to the stabilization of compromise between security goals and human rights requirements. It also demonstrates how interlinkages with the broader field of financial data sharing, including anti-money laundering, have stabilized hierarchization processes in the field.
Sentencing and Human Rights
Authors: Summers Sarah J
Published: December 2022

Sentencing law and theory is closely bound up with the justification of punishment. Despite the depth and importance of the discussion of the aims of punishment, none of the theories has been able to assert itself in practice as the principal sentencing aim. This gives rise in turn to important questions about the possibility of establishing appropriate limits on the sentence. This chapter sets out to examine why human rights principles have not had much purchase in the sentencing context, to make the case for the importance of clearly expressing the values underpinning sentencing law in human rights terms, and to set the scene for an examination of the importance of these human rights limits for an understanding of justified punishment in the rule of law.
The Justification of Punishment and Human Rights
Authors: Summers Sarah J
Published: December 2022

Human rights play an important role in the regulation of punishment. The lack of sustained consideration of their relevance is therefore surprising. Although human rights principles provide state authorities with little guidance in determining the ‘appropriate sentence’, they set important limits on the choice and imposition of punishment. These restrictions differ in scope and importance from the type of limits most frequently discussed in sentencing theory. Human rights principles nevertheless exert clear restrictions on the state’s power to punish. Punishment will only be compatible with human rights if imposed on a culpable individual for the commission of an act or omission, which is clearly and prospectively defined as criminal. In addition, it must be free from arbitrariness, must not constitute a disproportionate interference with—or fundamentally violate—certain human rights, and be imposed by a judge in the context of criminal proceedings. Consideration of the nature and importance of human rights principles at sentencing draws attention to the role of rights as limitations on punishment. If these principles simply constrain punishment, however, to what extent might they be said to be of broader relevance to the debate on the justification of punishment? In other words, what can human rights principles contribute to an understanding of punishment and its justification? This chapter engages first with the discussion of the aim(s) of punishment in sentencing theory, before going on to consider the importance of how state punishment is conceptualized and to examine the relationship between human rights and the justification of punishment.