bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel integration of ultrathin Al2O3 with low-k dielectric as bilayer liner for capacitance optimization and stress mitigation in Cu through-silicon-via
Authors: Zhang Lin , Li Hong Yu , Shang Yang , Yoo Woosik , Yu Hao , Tan Chuan Seng
Published: March 2016

Through-silicon-via (TSV) used in three-dimensional (3D) stacked dies must present small electrical parasitic, such as capacitance, to allow for low latency signal transmission. Stable TSV capacitance is desired to overcome the spatial circuit performance variation caused by non-uniform hot-spot heating. In this work, a novel combination of low-k with ultrathin Al2O3 bilayer liner is successfully integrated in the TSV. The TSV capacitance is reduced by ∼26% as compared to plasma-enhanced tetrahydrothosilicate (PETEOS) oxide liner. Stable TSV capacitance within the operating voltage of interest (∼0–5 V) is achieved by operating the TSV in a stable accumulation capacitance region. The positive shift in the flat-band voltage (ΔV
FB = +19 V) is achieved by utilizing Al2O3-induced negative fixed charge (|Q
f| = 1.3 × 1012 cm−2) at the Si/low-k interface. Leakage current density of the bilayer liner is improved to a level comparable with the PETEOS oxide liner post annealing [forming gas (N2/H2) at 350 °C for 2 h or 400 °C for 0.5 h]. Low-k material with a smaller elastic modulus improves the thermo-mechanical stress exerted on the surrounding Si substrate compared with PETEOS oxide.
Monitoring of hydroxyapatite crystal formation using field-effect transistor
Authors: Kajisa Taira , Sakata Toshiya
Published: March 2016

The biomineralization process of hydroxyapatite (HAp) in simulated body fluid (SBF) was monitored in realtime using extended-gate FETs whose gate electrode was modified with a variety of alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). It was found that the gate surface potential of the carboxyl- and amino-group-terminated SAM-coated gate FET was increased in SBF as HAp crystals grew on the gate surface. Moreover, in the carboxyl-group-terminated SAM-coated gate FET, the rate of increase and the shift of gate surface potential of the FET were found to depend on the concentration of calcium ions in the SBF. It was concluded that the process of HAp crystallization at a SAM-modified surface can be detected using FETs. Thus, a FET device that enables the easy detection of ionic charges in a real-time and label-free manner, will be useful for evaluating biomaterials based on biomineralization such as those in the bone regeneration process.
Phylogeography of the purple snail Plicopurpura pansa along the Mexican Pacific coast
Authors: López-Chávez Felipe J , Chassin-Noria Omar , Ríos-Chávez Patricia , Rocha-Ramírez Víctor , Macip-Ríos Rodrigo , Oyama Ken
Published: March 2016

The purple snail Plicopurpura pansa is a common member of the rocky intertidal community of the Tropical Eastern Pacific. It has a free-living larva that is dispersed by marine currents. We analyzed the demographic (historic), genetic, and phylogeographic structure of P. pansa using a fragment of the cytochrome b gene (687 bp). Data were analyzed by analysis of molecular variance, nested clade analysis (NCA), and a mismatch distribution analysis under the expanding population hypothesis. A total of 219 organisms were collected from 16 localities along the Mexican Pacific coast and one in Costa Rica. We obtained a total of 92 haplotypes. Genetic differences among Mexican populations were low. The Clarión Island population was significantly different from 6 of the Mexican populations studied. This result was attributed to the fact that Clarión is an oceanic island and the currents veer offshore most of the year. Haplotype network and mismatch distribution analyses indicated that the Mexican populations are undergoing expansion. The NCA confirmed a contiguous range expansion of haplotypes and this result may be related to the time that larvae spend in marine currents and to the effect of natural barriers, such as gyres, in Central America and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.
Bioerosive impact of Diadema mexicanum on southern Mexican Pacific coral reefs
Authors: López-Pérez Andrés , López-López Daniel A
Published: March 2016

Reef ecosystem growth and maintenance is closely related to sea urchin feeding activities. Hence, quantifying the bioerosive capacity of the sea urchin Diadema mexicanum is necessary to evaluate its impact on coral communities and reefs that develop off the Pacific coast of southern Mexico. Sea urchin density, size, bioerosion rate, and type of carbonate removed were estimated, and the carbonate budget of 15 coral communities and reefs found off Guerrero and Oaxaca was calculated. Sea urchin density (H = 13.4, P = 0.001) and size (H = 139.5, P = 0.000) varied over space and were significantly (density, r2 = 0.79, P = 0.00; size, r2 = 0.28, P = 0.03) related to substrate characteristics. In general, size (test diameter) and density were directly related to rock coverage but inversely related to live coral cover. Carbonate removal was directly related to sea urchin size (<3.4 cm = 0.052 g/ind/d, 3.4–6.1 cm = 0.202 g/ind/d, >6.1 cm = 0.325 g/ind/d). Of the total carbonate removed, 22% corresponded to aragonite and 78% to magnesium calcite, indicating that sea urchin impact on coral reef skeletons is small. When reef carbonate budget was calculated, only 3.1% of the total carbonate deposited by reef corals was removed. The above data indicate that sea urchin feeding activity alone does not compromise reef ecosystem growth and maintenance in southwestern Mexico. Nonetheless, in the near future, the current policy of use and development in and around reef systems may boost the bioerosive impact of D. mexicanum in the area.
As Extreme Heat Becomes More Common, the Unprecedented Pacific Northwest Heat Dome Offers Lessons
Authors: Abbasi Jennifer
Published: September 2024

This Medical News article is an interview with emergency management and medical experts from Oregon and Washington who experienced the record-breaking heat wave in June of 2021.
Simultaneous detection of eight cancer types using a multiplex droplet digital PCR assay
Authors: Neefs Isabelle , De Meulenaere Nele , Vanpoucke Thomas , Vandenhoeck Janah , Peeters Dieter , Peeters Marc , Van Camp Guy , Op de Beeck Ken
Published: September 2024

DNA methylation biomarkers have emerged as promising tools for cancer detection. Common methylation patterns across tumor types allow multi‐cancer detection. Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) has gained considerable attention for methylation detection. However, multi‐cancer detection using multiple targets in ddPCR has never been performed before. Therefore, we developed a multiplex ddPCR assay for multi‐cancer detection. Based on previous data analyses using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we selected differentially methylated targets for eight frequent tumor types (lung, breast, colorectal, prostate, pancreatic, head and neck, liver, and esophageal cancer). Three targets were validated using ddPCR in 103 tumor and 109 normal adjacent fresh frozen samples. Two distinct ddPCR assays were successfully developed. Output data from both assays is combined to obtain a read‐out from the three targets together. Our overall ddPCR assay has a cross‐validated area under the curve (cvAUC) of 0.948. Performance between distinct cancer types varies, with sensitivities ranging from 53.8% to 100% and specificities ranging from 80% to 100%. Compared to previously published single‐target parameters, we show that combining targets can drastically increase sensitivity and specificity, while lowering DNA input. In conclusion, we are the first to report a multi‐cancer methylation ddPCR assay, which allows for highly accurate tumor predictions.
Injection 3D Concrete Printing: From Structural Geometry to Fabrication
Authors: Hack Norman , Kloft Harald , Mai Inka , D’Acunto Pierluigi , Xiao Yinan , Lowke Dirk
Published: September 2024

Architects and engineers have historically developed and reinvented concrete's technologies, formwork and aesthetics to suit the pragmatic and philosophical aims of their times. Architect and computational design researcher Norman Hack and his co‐authors introduce a contemporary method for the fabrication of concrete structural elements using the Injection 3D Concrete Printing (I3DCP) process formulated at TU Braunschweig and discuss its benefits over other types of printed concrete.
Towards a Sustainable 3D‐Concrete‐Printed Architecture: Assemblies, Detailing and Ornamentation
Authors: Anton Ana , Dillenburger Benjamin
Published: September 2024

Given the long history of columns in the languages and lexicons of architecture, they are the ideal building elements with which to experiment in the pursuit of 3D‐printed concrete. Ana Anton and Benjamin Dillenburger of the Chair for Digital Building Technologies at ETH Zurich reveal how new technologies can produce sinuous filigree structures that are unachievable with conventional casting approaches, and also offer more advantages.
Reimagining Earthen Materials: The New Era of Sustainable and Digital Construction
Authors: Jenny David , Gramazio Fabio , Kohler Matthias
Published: September 2024

Earthen buildings are ubiquitous throughout most of the world, and are still being constructed today. However, in the wake of our greater understanding of climate change, this historic architectural material is being seen and used in a new light, augmented by 21st‐century robotic dexterity. Guest‐Editor of this AD David Jenny, and Fabio Gramazio and Matthias Kohler, co‐founders of the architecture and design group Gramazio Kohler Research at ETH Zurich, discuss some of their recent achievements in this respect.
Direct Ink Write 3D Printing of Fully Dense and Functionally Graded Liquid Metal Elastomer Foams
Authors: Pak Spencer , Bartlett Michael D. , Markvicka Eric J.
Published: September 2024

Liquid metal (LM) elastomer composites offer promising potential in soft robotics, wearable electronics, and human‐machine interfaces. Direct ink write (DIW) 3D printing offers a versatile manufacturing technique capable of precise control over LM microstructures, yet challenges such as interfilament void formation in multilayer structures impact material performance. Here, a DIW strategy is introduced to control both LM microstructure and material architecture. Investigating three key process parameters–nozzle height, extrusion rate, and nondimensionalized nozzle velocity–it is found that nozzle height and velocity predominantly influence filament geometry. The nozzle height primarily dictates the aspect ratio of the filament and the formation of voids. A threshold print height based on filament geometry is identified; below the height, significant surface roughness occurs, and above the ink fractures, which facilitates the creation of porous structures with tunable stiffness and programmable LM microstructure. These porous architectures exhibit reduced density and enhanced thermal conductivity compared to cast samples. When used as a dielectric in a soft capacitive sensor, they display high sensitivity (gauge factor = 9.0), as permittivity increases with compressive strain. These results demonstrate the capability to simultaneously manipulate LM microstructure and geometric architecture in LM elastomer composites through precise control of print parameters, while maintaining geometric fidelity in the printed design.
Machine Learning and Theoretical Prediction of Highly Spin‐Polarized Cr2COx MXene with Enhanced Curie Temperature
Authors: Yang Jianhui , shi Fei , Zhou Cheng , Zhang Shaozheng , Sui Qiao , Chen Liang
Published: September 2024

2D magnetic materials with high spin polarization and Curie temperature are highly desirable for ultrathin spintronic devices. This study utilizes first‐principles methods to systematically investigate 225 O adsorption configurations, demonstrating that Cr2COx MXene consistently maintains a long‐range‐ordered ferromagnetic arrangement with high spin polarization, irrespective of the O adsorption configuration. Most configurations also display Curie temperature (TC) exceeding room temperature, with the possibility of further enhancement by reducing O coverage. Machine learning models are developed to accurately predict O adsorption configurations, exchange interaction energies, and TC. A novel approach of stripping F and OH groups to create Cr2COx on Cr‐based MXene surfaces is proposed to address the difficulty in achieving long‐range‐ordered magnetic structures by manipulating surface adsorbates in MXene. This approach enhances the ability to control the magnetic properties of MXenes and paves the way for their application in ultrathin spintronic devices.
Tailoring Nanocrystalline/Amorphous Interfaces to Enhance Oxygen Evolution Reaction Performance for FeNi‐Based Alloy Fibers
Authors: Li Bo , Jiang Si‐Da , Fu Qiang , Wang Ran , Xu Wei‐Zhi , Chen Jun‐Xiang , Liu Chen , Xu Ping , Wang Xian‐Jie , Li Jian‐Hua , Fan Hong‐Bo , Huo Jun‐Tao , Sun Jian‐Fei , Ning Zhi‐Liang , Song Bo
Published: September 2024

Efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts play a pivotal role in water electrolysis, notably for industrial high current densities (>1000 mA cm−2). Crystalline/amorphous heterostructure interfaces have proven to be advantageous for enhancing the OER activities of electrocatalytic materials. However, the constructing and tailoring for crystalline/amorphous interfaces still remain a great challenge due to the destruction of active substrates by intricate post‐treatment. Here, a strategy to tailor nanocrystalline/amorphous (N/A) interface and optimize the electrocatalytic performance of as‐cast N/A alloys by adjusting the size of nanocrystals is proposed. The N/A alloy fibers obtained based on this strategy exhibit superior OER performance with an overpotential of 227 mV (@10 mA cm−2), maintaining stability for over 1000, 600, and 240 h under high current densities of 500, 1000, and 1800 mA cm−2, respectively. Theoretical calculations and material characterizations reveal that N/A interfaces, facilitated by appropriately sized nanocrystals possessing a loose atomic arrangement, favorable surface electronic structure, advantageous local coordination, and optimal O‐contained intermediate adsorption, can yield abundant active sites without compromising stability. This study not only provides a deeper understanding of the tailoring mechanism of N/A interfaces but also offers a new design perspective for the development of cost‐effective, industrial‐grade electrocatalysts.
Nanoneedle Array‐Electroporation Facilitates Intranuclear Ribonucleoprotein Delivery and High Throughput Gene Editing
Authors: Liu Xinmin , Jiang Juan , Liu Jing , Yang Hao , Huang Zhangping , Deng Caiguanxi , Li Yongyong , Shang Liru , Wang Xiafeng , Xie Xi , Wang Ji
Published: September 2024

Dendritic cells (DCs) are critical regulators of T cell immunity, with immense therapeutic potential against tumors and autoimmune diseases. Efficient gene editing in DCs is crucial for understanding their regulatory mechanisms and maximizing their therapeutic efficacy. However, DCs are notoriously difficult to transfect, posing a major bottleneck for conventional DNA and RNA‐based editing approaches. Microneedle‐mediated injection of Cas9/sgRNA ribonucleoprotein (RNP) directly into the nucleus, akin to gene editing in reproductive cells, offers promise but suffers from limitations in scalability. Here, an intranuclear delivery system using a hollow nanoneedle array (HNA) combined with nano‐electroporation is developed. The 2 µm‐high HNA physically reaches the nucleus, positioning the nuclear envelope and plasma membrane in close proximity at the tip. Transient electronic pulses then induce simultaneous perforations across all 3 membranes, enabling direct RNP delivery into the nucleus. This HNA‐based system achieves efficient knockout of genes like PD‐L1 in primary DCs, demonstrating its potential as a powerful tool for gene editing in DCs and other hard‐to‐transfect cells.
Effect of Mesa Sidewall Angle on 4H‐Silicon Carbide Trench Filling Epitaxy Using Trichlorosilane and Hydrogen Chloride
Authors: Turner Kelly , Colston Gerard , Stokeley Katarzyna , Newton Andrew , Renz Arne , Antoniou Marina , Gammon Peter , Mawby Philip , Shah Vishal
Published: September 2024

In this report, the advanced manufacturing advantages of using supersaturated chlorinated chemistry are demonstrated at 1550 °C in 4H‐silicon carbide (4H‐SiC) epitaxy on trenches with different geometric profiles. Sloped mesa sidewalls (8°) show improved filling behavior compared with vertical sidewalls (2°) and lower the optimum chlorine/silicon ratio (Si:Cl) required to complete filling. Both the optimum Cl:Si ratio (10) and sidewall angle are lower for wider trench openings, allowing complete fill of 3 µm wide trenches (8 µm pitch, 5 µm depth) at a filling rate of 19 µm h−1. Excessive hydrogen chloride (HCl) diminishes filling by reducing sidewall growth and can also produce an end surface with very rough topography. This work demonstrates the importance of trench geometry on both the filling behavior and process optimization in chlorinated trench filling epitaxy for the manufacture of 4H‐SiC superjunction power electronics.
Strong, Reversible, Heat‐Activated Adhesion from Liquid Crystal Polymer Networks
Authors: Gou Hongye , Hou Shenghui , Saed Mohand O.
Published: September 2024

Smart adhesives that undergo reversible detachment in response to external stimuli can be utilized for clean debonding on demand or for multi‐use purposes. Herein, robust and multi‐use adhesives are developed based on liquid crystal polymer networks. By controlling the glass transition temperatures (Tg), dry liquid crystal adhesives are fabricated with Tg ranging from 14 to 28 °C. These adhesives exhibit low tackiness at room temperature; however, upon heating and annealing, they can be activated, enabling effective deployment. The adhesion tack force increased after annealing from 1 to 7 N for liquid crystal network formulation with a high Tg (28 °C). At the same time, there is no noticeable change for formulations with Tg lower than room temperature. All formulations exhibit high adhesion strength (peel force) in the nematic region (1.0 to 1.6 Nmm−1) and low peel force in the isotropic region. Furthermore, the adhesives demonstrate the capability for reuse in more than five heating and cooling peeling cycles and have shown remarkable contamination tolerance to sand, oil, and dirt. Moreover, these adhesives display lap shear strengths comparable to those of traditional PSAs, reaching up to 3 MPa, with clean detachment except for the formulation with low Tg, which exhibited cohesive failure.
Solvent‐Free Dehydrogenative C−H Chalcogenations of Pyrazolones Using Mechanochemistry
Authors: Zheng Tao , Yu Zihan , Li Junlong , Gu Qilin , Gu Linghui , Li Zheyu , Ma Wenbo
Published: September 2024

A mechanochemical cross‐dehydrogenative coupling reaction of pyrazolones with thiols using ball milling is described. Benzeneselenol and dichalcogenide substrates are also compatible under mild reaction conditions, yielding up to 99 %. Notable features of this reaction include its metal‐ and solvent‐free, wide substrate scope and good functional group tolerance. Preliminary mechanistic investigations suggest that a radical pathway is likely involved in this C−H chalcogenation reaction.
A love letter to Black people or anti‐white propaganda? Black (non‐Indigenous) people reflections on the role of the #BlackLivesMatter movement in Australia
Authors: Gatwiri Kathomi , Townsend‐Cross Marcelle
Published: September 2024

#BlackLivesMatter activism is a contemporaneous manifestation of a centuries‐old resistance against anti‐Black racism. This paper analyses diverse perceptions about the #BlackLivesMatter movement's purpose, significance and potential utility in the Australian context. Our analysis of the #BlackLivesMatter highlights how the movement harnessed the power of social media to deploy counternarratives to white supremacy on a global scale through sharing stories of anti‐Black discrimination and making visible the hidden and subtle conditions, practices and attitudes that embolden racial violence. Focussing on Black non‐Indigenous people's understandings of the #BlackLivesMatter movement in Australia, findings reveal that the movement improved racial discourse, raised awareness about the experiences of Black people in Australia and challenged the ‘superdiversity‐ multicultural‐ melting pot’ narrative that often obscures the insidious ways in which white supremacy produces and sustains anti‐Black, colour‐blind everyday racisms. Scepticism about the movement was also raised about the very real risk of the movement being “co‐opted” by whiteness in an attempt to capitalise on its popularity.
Red‐Shifting B12‐Dependent Photoreceptor Protein via Optical Coupling for Inducible Living Materials
Authors: Fok Hong Kiu Francis , Yang Z. , Dai Xin , Yi Qikun , Che Chi Ming , Jiang Lingxiang , Duan Liting , Huang Jinqing , Yang Zhongguang , Sun Fei
Published: September 2024

Cobalamin (B12)‐dependent photoreceptors are gaining traction in materials synthetic biology, especially for optically controlling cell‐to‐cell adhesion in living materials. However, these proteins are mostly responsive to green light, limiting their deep‐tissue applications. Here, we present a general strategy for shifting photoresponse of B12‐dependent photoreceptor CarHC from green to red/far‐red light via optical coupling. Using thiol‐maleimide click chemistry, we labeled cysteine‐containing CarHC mutants with SulfoCyanine5 (Cy5), a red light‐capturing fluorophore. The resulting photoreceptors not only retained the ability to tetramerize in the presence of adenosylcobalamin (AdoB12), but also gained sensitivity to red light; labeled tetramers disassembled on red light exposure. Using genetically encoded click chemistry, we assembled the red‐shifted proteins into hydrogels that degraded rapidly in response to red light. Furthermore, Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells were genetically engineered to display CarHC variants, which, alongside in situ Cy5 labeling, led to living materials that could assemble and disassemble in response to AdoB12 and red light, respectively. These results illustrate the CarHC spectrally tuned by optical coupling as a versatile motif for dynamically controlling cell‐to‐cell interactions within engineered living materials. Given their prevalence and ecological diversity in nature, this spectral tuning method will expand the use of B12‐dependent photoreceptors in optogenetics and living materials.
Generation of Triplet States by Host‐Stabilized Through‐Space Conjugation for the Construction of Efficient Supramolecular Photocatalysts
Authors: Xu Weiquan , Du Yinghao , Ma He , Tang Xingchen , Ou Qi , Xu Jiang‐Fei , Zhang Xi
Published: September 2024

Promoting the generation of triplet states is essential for developing efficient photocatalytic systems. This research presents a novel approach of host‐stabilized through‐space conjugation via the combination of covalent and non‐covalent methods. The designed building block, 4,4′‐(1,4(1,4)‐dibenzene cyclohexaphane‐1,4‐diyl)bis(1‐phenylpyridinium) chloride, features inherently stable through‐space conjugation. When this block forms a 1 : 1 host–guest complex with cucurbit[8]uril, the through‐space conjugation is further stabilized within the confined cavity. Both the generation and lifetime of triplet state are significantly increased, resulting from the host‐stabilized through‐space conjugation. Additionally, the ultrahigh binding constant of 6.58×1014 M−1 ensures the persistence of host‐stabilization effect. As a result, the host–guest complex acts as a highly efficient catalyst in the photocatalytic oxidation of thioether and aromatic alcohol. In the photodegradation of lignin, a complex natural product, the host–guest complex also exhibits high efficiency, demonstrating its robustness. This line of research is anticipated to enrich the toolbox of supramolecular photochemistry and provide a strategy for fabricating efficient supramolecular photocatalysts.
3Dprinting of continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites: Effect of process parameters in X‐band microwave absorption performance
Authors: Qin Ruosen , Fu Hongya , Han Zhenyu , Sun Shouzheng , Jin Hongyu , Cai Zhigang
Published: September 2024

The present work investigates the effect of process parameters on the microwave absorption performance of 3D printed continuous carbon fiber reinforced polylactic acid composites in the X‐band (8–12 GHz). The selection of process parameters in this work is based on an orthogonal experiment, explicitly focusing on the fiber orientation and printing temperature. The coupled effect between fiber orientation and printing temperature on the average absorptivity is further investigated by using response surface methodology (RSM), and the mechanism of these parameters on the microwave absorption performance is revealed, resulting in the optimal process parameters with a fiber orientation of 58.39° and a printing temperature of 230°C. The predicted average absorptivity is 0.525 and the mechanical properties of specimens corresponding to optimal parameters have been characterized. The experimental results demonstrate that the optimization of process parameters could lead to a significant improvement in the average absorptivity. Moreover, the microstructure observation shows that voids have the opposite effect on microwave absorption performance and mechanical properties. The above studies have specific guiding significance to the further application of 3D printed continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites in structural absorbing materials.
An efficient and effective RNA extraction protocol for ferns
Authors: Pelosi Jessie A. , Davenport Ruth , Barbazuk W. Brad , Sessa Emily B. , Kuo Li‐Yaung
Published: September 2024

Premise

The extraction of high‐quality RNA is the critical first step for the analysis of gene expression and gene space. This remains particularly challenging in plants, and especially in ferns, where the disruption of the cell wall and separation of organic compounds from nucleic acids is not trivial.

Methods

We developed a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)‐based RNA extraction protocol that consistently performs well across a large phylogenetic breadth of ferns—a lineage of plants high in secondary compounds—and in an array of tissue types. Two alternative options (precipitation vs. clean‐up without intermediate precipitation) are presented, both of which yield high‐quality RNA extracts with optical density (OD) ratios of OD 260/280 = 1.9–2.1 and OD 260/230 > 1.6, and RNA integrity numbers >7.

Conclusions

This study presents an efficient protocol for the extraction of high‐quality RNA from multiple tissues and across the fern phylogeny, a clade of plants that still lags behind other major lineages in the development of genomic resources. We hope that this method can be used to help facilitate the closing of this gap.
Enantiomeric separation of flavanone on Chiralpak® IA column and determination of the chiral mechanism
Authors: Ali Imran , Mimouni Fatima Zohra , Belboukhari Nasser , Sekkoum Khaled , Locatelli Marcello , Demir Ersin , Yusuf Kareem
Published: September 2024

Thirteen flavanone racemates were successfully separated using a Chiralpak® IA column and isopropanol‐hexane (50:50, v/v). The mobile phase flow rate and detection wavelength were 0.5 mL/min and 254 nm. The retention times values ranged from 5.50 and 56.45 min. The values of the retention, separation, and resolution factors ranged from 0.63 to 21.67, 1.12 to 2.45, and 0.13 to 11.94. The docking binding energies ranged from −6.2 to −8.2 kcal/mol, showing enthalpy‐determined host‐guest complex formation. The molecular docking results and the experimental data were agreed well. The results showed that S‐enantiomers had stronger bindings with chiral selectors compared to R‐enantiomers. Consequently, the R‐enantiomers eluted first followed by S‐enantiomers. The reported method is highly useful to determine the enantiomeric composition of the reported flavanone in any sample.
LC‐ESI‐MS/MS method validation for simultaneous quantification of FDA‐approved anticancer agents futibatinib and binimetinib in rat plasma: Insights from preclinical pharmacokinetics
Authors: Dadge Shailesh D. , Yadav Shubhi , Rathaur Shivam , Gayen Jiaur R.
Published: September 2024

This study investigates the combination of FGFR inhibitor futibatinib (FTB) and MEK inhibitor binimetinib (BTB) for KRASmt NSCLC therapy. An analytical method was developed and validated for measuring FTB and BTB concentrations in rat plasma, adhering to USFDA guidelines. Using liquid–liquid extraction on 45‐μL plasma samples, a 6.5‐min run time was achieved. The linear calibration curve ranged from 2 to 100 ng/mL. Intra‐day and inter‐day accuracy ranged between 92.06% and 100.08%. Four blank injections post high‐concentration samples resolved significant carryover. Extraction recoveries averaged 92.06% to 102.37% across concentrations. No significant endogenous interference was detected in blank plasma. The LLOQ for both drugs was 2.0 ng/mL. Selectivity, matrix effects, stability, and dilution integrity met the acceptance criteria. The method assessed FTB and BTB interaction potential in combination therapy at 5 mg/kg. The findings provide essential pharmacokinetics insights for future clinical trials.
Social entrepreneurship and philanthropic venture capital financing
Authors: Sinha Nivedita , Biswas Shreya
Published: September 2024

Philanthropic venture capitalists (PhVCs) are instrumental in providing access to capital to social enterprises. Our research aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of PhVCs in India. Using deals data for Indian startups from 2014 to 2020, we observe that, on average, 15% of the startup deals are PhVC‐funded, and the majority of these deals are in the early or growth stage of financing. Our research examines the challenges faced by social entrepreneurs by analyzing the point of negotiation between PhVCs and social entrepreneurs. We find that, on average, the post‐money valuation of social entrepreneurial ventures is lower than that of traditional start‐ups, suggesting towards the possibility of lower negotiation power compared to traditional entrepreneurs. This relatively lower valuation exists for all regions in India for growth and the late stages of financing. The study is important from a policy perspective to understand how policies can promote SEs and facilitate the smooth functioning of PhVCs looking to invest in social ventures. Improving venture capital funding avenues for social entrepreneurs is the key to reducing social ventures' financing constraints.
A new method to immobilize urease in silk fibroin membrane by unidirectional nanopore dehydration
Authors: Zhang Meng , Wang Hai‐Yan , Zhang Yu‐Qing
Published: September 2024

The immobilization of free enzymes is crucial for enhancing their stability in different environments, enabling reusability, and expanding their applications. However, the development of a straightforward immobilization method that offers stability, high efficiency, biocompatibility, and modifiability remains a significant challenge. Silk fibroin (SF) is a good carrier for immobilized enzymes and drugs. Here, we employed urease as a model enzyme and utilized our developed technology called unidirectional nanopore dehydration (UND) to efficiently dehydrate a regenerated SF solution containing urease in a single step, resulting in the preparation of a highly functionalized SF membrane immobilizing urease (UI‐SFM). The preparation process of UI‐SFM is based on an all‐water system, which is mild, green and able to efficiently and stably immobilize urease in the membranes, maintaining 92.7% and 82.8% relative enzyme activity after 30 days of storage in dry and hydrated states, respectively. Additionally, we performed additional post‐treatments, including stretching and cross‐linking with polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PEGDE), to obtain two more robust immobilized urease membranes (UI‐SFMs and UI‐SFMc). The thermal and storage stability of these two membranes were significantly improved, and the recovery ratio of enzyme activity reached more than 90%. After 10 repetitions of the enzymatic reaction, the activity recovery of UI‐SFMs and UI‐SFMc remained at 92% and 88%, respectively. The results suggest that both UND‐based and post‐treatment‐developed membranes exhibit excellent urease immobilization capabilities. Furthermore, the enzyme immobilization method offers a straightforward and versatile approach for efficient and stable enzyme immobilization, while its flexible modifiability caters to diverse application requirements.
Preclinical evaluation of avutometinib and defactinib in high‐grade endometrioid endometrial cancer
Authors: Hartwich Tobias Max Philipp , Mansolf Miranda , Demirkiran Cem , Greenman Michelle , Bellone Stefania , McNamara Blair , Nandi Shuvro P. , Alexandrov Ludmil B. , Yang‐Hartwich Yang , Coma Silvia , Pachter Jonathan , Santin Alessandro D.
Published: September 2024

Background

High‐grade endometrial cancers (EAC) are aggressive tumors with a high risk of progression after treatment. As EAC may harbor mutations in the RAS/MAPK pathways, we evaluated the preclinical in vitro and in vivo efficacy of avutometinib, a RAF/MEK clamp, in combination with the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibitors defactinib or VS‐4718, against multiple primary EAC cell lines and xenografts.

Methods

Whole‐exome sequencing (WES) was used to evaluate the genetic landscape of five primary EAC cell lines. The in vitro activity of avutometinib and defactinib as single agents and in combination was evaluated using cell viability, cell cycle, and cytotoxicity assays. Mechanistic studies were performed using Western blot assays while in vivo experiments were completed in UTE10 engrafted mice treated with either vehicle, avutometinib, VS‐4718, or their combination through oral gavage.

Results

WES results demonstrated multiple EAC cell lines to harbor genetic derangements in the RAS/MAPK pathway including KRAS/PTEN/PIK3CA/BRAF/ARID1A, potentially sensitizing to FAK and RAF/MEK inhibition. Five out of five of the EAC cell lines demonstrated in vitro sensitivity to FAK and/or RAF/MEK inhibition. By Western blot assays, exposure of EAC cell lines to defactinib, avutometinib, and their combination demonstrated decreased phosphorylated FAK (p‐FAK) as well as decreased p‐MEK and p‐ERK. In vivo the combination of avutometinib/VS‐4718 demonstrated superior tumor growth inhibition compared to single‐agent treatment and controls starting at Day 9 (p < 0.02 and p < 0.04) in UTE10 xenografts.

Conclusions

Avutometinib, defactinib, and to a larger extent their combinations, demonstrated promising in vitro and in vivo activity against EAC cell lines and xenografts. These preclinical data support the potential clinical evaluation of this combination in high‐grade EAC patients.
Financial well‐being: An integrated framework, operationalization, and future research agenda
Authors: Garg Nishant , Priyadarshi Pushpendra , Malik Ashish
Published: September 2024

Financial well‐being occupies a pivotal juncture between money and happiness, serving as fundamental components for favorable individual and organizational outcomes. The exponential growth in literature seeking to delineate its conceptualization, mechanisms, and enablers underscores its significance and implications. However, the varied scholarly contributions have also given rise to persistent discrepancies and a subjective‐objective dichotomy within the field, necessitating a comprehensive review. To address this gap, we conducted a thorough bibliometric analysis employing citation, co‐citation, and co‐occurrence techniques. Our study enriches the theoretical underpinnings by examining its thematic nuances, underlying nomological networks, and evolutionary trends. Specifically, our findings unveil a notable shift toward subjective evaluation shaped by temporal perspectives. Moreover, we discern an increasing influence of psychological variables in shaping individuals' subjective assessments of their financial well‐being, extending beyond traditional cognitive and objective dimensions. Additionally, our analysis underscores the pivotal role of financial socialization, highlighting the impact of social and environmental factors on subjective perceptions. These insights are encapsulated within our proposed operationalization, integrated framework, and future research direction.
Oxidase‐Like Nanozyme Activity of Ultrathin Copper Metal–Organic Framework Nanosheets With High Specificity for Catechol Oxidation
Authors: Singh Ajit Kumar , Sharma Deepika , Singh Devesh Kumar , Sarraf Sonu , Basu Aviru Kumar , Ganesan Vellaichamy , Saha Avishek , Indra Arindam
Published: September 2024

In nature, catechol oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of o‐diphenol to o‐quinone to produce a series of highly important polyphenolic natural products. Although mimicking the functionality of natural enzyme using a nanozyme was found to be beneficial, attaining a high specificity is challenging. Herein, we have explored the thickness‐dependent oxidase activity and specificity of Cu‐metal‐organic framework (MOF) nanosheets. The unique synthetic method offers control over the thickness of the Cu‐MOF nanosheets. The ultrathin (4 nm) Cu‐MOF (Cu‐UMOF) nanosheets as an oxidase nanozyme exhibit high specificity for catechol oxidation without having any peroxidase activity. Interestingly, the thicker (20–30 nm) Cu‐MOF nanosheets showed poor catechol oxidase and peroxidase activity. The binuclear Cu‐center, coordinative, and electronic unsaturation tuned electronic structure in Cu‐UMOF, resulting in higher specificity for catechol oxidation than thicker Cu‐MOF.
Thienyl‐Bridged Fused Porphyrin Tapes for Enhanced Heterogeneous Electrocatalytic Activity
Authors: Ghahramanzadehasl Hadi , Bansal Deepak , Cardenas Morcoso Drialys , Boscher Nicolas D.
Published: September 2024

The development of highly conjugated metalloporphyrin assemblies is a crucial step to improve their catalytic activity for optimal energy conversion processes. Herein, di‐thienyl substituted nickel(II) porphyrin is used to form a highly conjugated porphyrin structure. The resulting porphyrin‐based conjugated polymer catalyst exhibited exceptional oxygen evolution reaction “OER” performances, featuring a low onset overpotential of 266 mV and high reaction kinetics (Tafel slope of 69.9 mV/dec) under alkaline pH conditions, achieving a current density of 4.5 mA/cm2. The remarkable OER catalytic activity of porphyrin‐based conjugated polymer catalyst is attributed to the enhancement of the conjugation, which occurs through a unique process involving direct fusion of the porphyrins followed by thienyl bridging of the fused porphyrin tapes, ultimately leading to the establishment of a highly cross‐linked porphyrinic network.
Impedance Spectroscopy of Lithium Intercalation into Cathode Materials in Coin Cells
Authors: Yesilbas Göktug , Grieve Daniel , Rettmann David , Gülderen Kivanc , Bandarenka Aliaksandr S. , Yun Jeongsik
Published: September 2024

Understanding the internal reactions in Li‐ion batteries is crucial to analyze them more accurately and improve their efficiency since they are involved in almost every aspect of everyday life. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is a valuable research technique to investigate such batteries, as it reveals sensitive properties and essential information about cell reaction mechanisms and kinetics. Physical understanding of the electrochemical process and system of a battery can be analyzed using equivalent electric circuits (EECs) with rational selection of electric circuit elements and their combination. However, impedance analysis of a battery is often conducted using oversimplified EEC models in practice due to the complexity and difficulty of the physics and mathematics of the modeling. This study proposes and verifies an EEC model that represents a three‐stage mechanism for intercalation‐type materials. For the systematic model study and verifications, we investigated cathode half cells using four different layered structured cathode materials, namely, LiCoO2, LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2, LiNi0.9Mn0.05Co0.05O2, and Ni0.815Co0.15Al0.035O2. Parametric analysis of the impedance fittings for the four different cathode materials showed similar behavior depending on the states of charge. We also provided the complete set of parameters of the four systems: charge transfer resistance, double‐layer capacitance, and solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) resistance and capacitance. Lastly, we explain how different electrochemical processes, such as intercalation and alloying, can be analyzed and modeled in EEC models.
Metal chloride‐graphite intercalation compounds for rechargeable metal‐ion batteries
Authors: Lu Anbang , Wang Fei , Liu Zhendong , Wang Yuchen , Gu Yue , Wang Shuang , Ye Chong , Liu Quanbing , Zhang Chengzhi , Tan Jun
Published: September 2024

The typical metal chloride‐graphite intercalation compounds (MC‐GICs) inherit intercalation capacity, high charge conductivity, and high tap density from graphite, and these are considered as one of the promising alternatives of graphite anode in rechargeable metal‐ion batteries (MIBs). Notably, the special interlayer decoupling effects and the introduction of extra conversion capacity by metal chloride could greatly break the capacity limitation of graphite anodes and achieve higher energy density in MIBs. The optimization of both graphite host and metal chloride species with specific structures endows MC‐GICs with design feasibility for different application requirements of different MIBs, such as several times the actual capacity compared to graphite anodes, rapid migration of large carriers, and other properties. Herein, a brief review has been provided with the latest understanding of conductivity characteristics and energy storage mechanisms of MC‐GICs and their interesting performance features of full potential application in rechargeable MIBs. Based on the existing research of MC‐GICs, necessary improvements and prospects in the near future have been put forward.
On the Valorisation of Chitin‐Derived Furans by Milling
Authors: Mattioli Renan Rodini , Santos Camila Souza , de Souza Bruna Butke , Branco Pedro Dominguez , Bolt Robert R. A. , Raby‐Buck Sarah E. , Gomes Cabral Tadeu Luiz , Tormena Claudio F. , Browne Duncan L. , Pastre Julio C.
Published: September 2024

Chitin‐derived furans offer a sustainable alternative feedstock for nitrogen appended aromatic compounds. Herein, we address the challenge of using chitin‐derived furans, 3‐acetamido‐5‐acetylfuran (3A5AF) and 3‐acetamido‐5‐furfural aldehyde (3A5F), to favour the formation of exo Diels–Alder adducts and 4‐acetylaminophthalimides respectively, using a mechanochemical ball‐milling technique. Mechanochemical activation is explored through the synthesis of 7‐oxa‐norbornene backbones with novel substitution pattern from 3A5AF in yields up to 77 % and improved exo:endo selectivity compared to solution‐phase reactions. The synthesis of 4‐acetylaminophthalimides from 3A5F in yields up to 79 % is also showcased from hydrazone derivatives.
Porous Organic Polymers as Ionomers for High‐Performance Alkaline Membrane Water Electrolysis
Authors: Rico‐Martínez Sandra , Cho Hyeon Keun , Hu Chuan , Lee Young Jun , Miguel Jesús A. , Lozano Angel E. , Lee Young Moo
Published: September 2024

Sustainable hydrogen production is focused on anion exchange membrane (AEM) water electrolyzers (AEMWEs), which still require more development to achieve high performance and durability. Here, we propose a novel class of porous organic polymers (POPs) as durable solid‐ionomers for AEMWEs, which was prepared by reacting the 4‐methylpiperidone with trifunctional or a mixture of trifunctional:difunctional aromatic monomers (in a 2 : 3 mol ratio). The resulting POP ionomers exhibited exceptional electrochemical properties and remarkable alkaline stability. Particularly noteworthy are the corresponding AEMWEs, which showed an outstanding current density of 13.4 A cm−2 at 2.0 V under 80 °C in 1 M KOH solution, which is the highest performance reported in the particulate‐ionomers AEMWE state of the art. Moreover, they demonstrated durability at a current density of 0.5 A cm−2 for over 500 h with a voltage decay rate of 120 μV h−1. This work offers valuable perspectives on the designing of robust and high‐performance solid‐state ionomers through low‐cost electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions for high‐performance energy conversion devices.
Novel Graphitic Oxynitrides as Photocatalysts for Sustainable H2 Production and CO2 Valorization. The Importance of Self‐Assembly for Catalytic Activity
Authors: Lavado Nieves , Pardo‐Botello Rosario , María Sánchez‐Rodas José , Fernando Martínez R. , Montes Vicente , Javier López‐Tenllado Francisco , Cintas Pedro , Babiano Reyes
Published: September 2024

The field of carbocatalysis, often portrayed by paradigmatic graphitic carbonaceous structures, has become a booming topic tailored for multiple applications. To this end, a new metal‐free carbocatalyst has been constructed from simple prebiotic monomers such as cyanamide and glyoxal. The resulting material shows an excellent performance as photocatalyst for H2 production and CO2 valorization, thus unveiling its real value to tackle sustainable goals. The unique oxygen‐rich carbonaceous structure has been characterized in detail, which is consistent with a graphitic layered network. The described performance in two major societal concerns along with a facile preparation from C1/C2 platforms, makes this type of overlooked oxynitride carbocatalysts promising for real‐life environmental endeavors.
Idiosyncratic Reaction of Isotretinoin: A Review
Authors: Lee Kar Wai Alvin , Chan Lisa Kwin Wah , Lee Cheuk Hung , Wan Jovian , Yi Kyu‐Ho
Published: September 2024

Background

Isotretinoin is widely recognized for its efficacy in treating severe acne. However, its use is associated with a variety of idiosyncratic reactions that can affect multiple organ systems and bodily functions, necessitating vigilant monitoring and appropriate management.

Objectives

The aim of this review is to raise awareness of the broad spectrum of adverse effects linked to isotretinoin therapy, thereby enhancing the ability of healthcare providers to identify at‐risk individuals and improve patient outcomes.

Methods

A comprehensive review of current literature was conducted to explore the range of idiosyncratic reactions associated with isotretinoin. The focus was on identifying the types of adverse effects reported and the necessary monitoring strategies to mitigate these risks.

Results

Isotretinoin has been linked to a wide array of adverse effects, including, but not limited to, psychiatric issues (e.g., depression and suicidal behavior), hematological complications (e.g., neutropenia and agranulocytosis), gastrointestinal disturbances, cardiovascular effects, dermatological manifestations, hepatobiliary issues, ophthalmological changes, and orthopedic concerns. These reactions highlight the importance of careful patient monitoring during isotretinoin therapy.

Conclusion

Healthcare professionals prescribing isotretinoin must be aware of the potential for diverse idiosyncratic reactions and should implement appropriate monitoring protocols to ensure patient safety. By understanding and anticipating these adverse effects, healthcare providers can better manage the risks associated with isotretinoin use, ultimately improving the quality of care for patients undergoing treatment for severe acne.