bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interpreter Credentialing, Testing and Training in Australia: Past, Contemporary and Future Directions
Authors: Hlavac Jim
Published: August 2020

Abstract: This paper focuses on public service interpreting in Australia, gives a brief overview of socio-historical features, which, like many predominantly Anglophone countries, had policies and practices that openly discouraged bi- and multi-lingualism and that marginalised translation and interpreting. A change to this occurred in the mid-1970s when social policy caught up with post-WWII reality and multiculturalism became a cornerstone of public policy at all levels.Virtually overnight, national policy required the establishment of a national body that registered suitably attributed interpreters and translators to service the needs of non-English-speaking residents. This has led to the development of T&I infrastructure that is responsive to larger and smaller, older and newer linguistic groups, but which encounters attendant difficulties in the harmonisation of standards of practice amongst interpreters across different languages.The relationship of testing to training is examined and this paper concludes with data on those currently entering the sector: statistics are provided from a sample of 50 trainees, attending an introductory, 40-hour course entitled ‘Entry-level Interpreting’ on their motivational and career-aspirational features, and on their views and experiences of interpreting practice.Resumen: Este artículo se enfoca en los servicios públicos de interpretación en Australia, y provee información general sobre elementos sociales e históricos de Australia. Australia, como muchos otros países angloparlantes, tenía políticas y procedimientos diseñados para desalentar el bilingüismo y poliglotismo, lo cual consecuentemente marginalizó la traducción e interpretación. Esto comenzó a cambiar a mediados de los años setenta, cuando la política social se puso al corriente de las realidades de la posguerra y el multiculturalismo se volvió una pieza clave de la política pública a todos niveles.Prácticamente de un día a otro, la política nacional requirió el establecimiento de una entidad que registrara intérpretes y traductores adecuadamente acreditados para satisfacer los servicios requeridos por aquellos residentes que no hablaban inglés. Esto llevo al desarrollo de una infraestructura de intérpretes y traductores capaz de responder a las necesidades de grupos lingüísticos grandes y pequeños, nuevos y viejos, pero que a la vez se encuentra con la constante dificultad de asegurar que sus intérpretes en diferentes idiomas mantengan los mismos estándares profesionales.Este artículo examina la relación entre capacitación y examinación, y concluye con información sobre estudiantes que se encuentran a punto de unirse a la industria. Las estadísticas provistas son de una muestra de cincuenta estudiantes, los cuales estudiaron un curso de introducción de cuarenta horas llamado “Curso de interpretación de nivel básico”. Así mismo, este artículo provee información sobre la motivación de los estudiantes, sus ambiciones profesionales, y sus opiniones y experiencias sobre la práctica de interpretación.
El Papel del Intérprete Judicial desde la Perspectiva de los Juristas: El Caso de los Abogados del Turno de Oficio de la Provincia de Cuenca
Authors: Carretero Garcia Carlota
Published: August 2020

Resumen: El presente artículo plantea como objetivo principal estudiar la situación relativa al derecho de las personas no hispanohablantes a recibir un intérprete cualificado en un procedimiento judicial dentro la provincia de Cuenca. En otras palabras, se pretende averiguar si se está respetando el derecho de las personas no hispanohablantes involucradas en el proceso a contar con un proceso justo. Con este propósito se ha elaborado un cuestionario que se ha repartido entre un grupo de abogados y abogadas de turno de oficio de la provincia de Cuenca donde se les pregunta por su conocimiento respecto al papel y las cualificaciones con las que deben contar los y las intérpretes o hasta qué punto el personal que desempeña las labores de interpretación está cualificado para dicha actividad. Con todo esto también se pretende averiguar hasta qué nivel son conscientes los abogados y las abogadas de los requisitos necesarios para ser intérprete y de la complejidad de las tareas que ello implica, ya que todas estas variables influyen en el cumplimiento del derecho de una persona no hispanohablante a contar con un proceso justo. Todo esto, tras haber revisado previamente la legislación pertinente, así como estudios anteriores relacionados.Abstract: The main objective of this article is to study the right that non-Spanish speaking people have to be assisted by a qualified interpreter in court proceedings in the Spanish province of Cuenca. In other words, it is our aim to find out whether the right to a fair trial is being observed for non-Spanish speakers. To this end, a questionnaire has been administered among state-appointed lawyers practicing in the province of Cuenca, who have been asked whether they know the role and qualifications of interpreters and to what extent people providing interpreting services in this area are really qualified for the job. This survey was also designed so as to know whether lawyers are aware of the requirements that must be met by interpreters and the intricacies of their activity, as all these factors may affect the observance of the right of a non-Spanish speaking person to have a fair trial.
Training Video Interpreters for Refugee Languages in the German-speaking DACH Countries
Authors: Albl-Mikasa Michaela , Eingrieber Monika
Published: August 2020

Abstract: Thanks to the availability of appropriate technical solutions as well as growing experience with remote interpreting in various countries, video interpreting has made its way into community interpreting, predominantly in the healthcare sector. It is thought to combine advantages of face-to-face interpreting (e.g. visibility, eye contact, non-verbal communication, visual information and certain trust-building features) with advantages of distance interpreting (e.g. saving travel time and expenses) in facilitating correct diagnosis and obtaining informed consent, compliance, treatment success and patient safety. This article describes a video-interpreting initiative undertaken in the German-speaking DACH area (Germany, Austria, German-speaking part of Switzerland) following the 2015 refugee crisis. It highlights the training measures introduced to address the needs of patients speaking languages for which interpreters are not usually available in Germany and Austria, and the subsequent expansion of the initiative into Switzerland. It also reports on the views of the course participants on the basis of a questionnaire survey conducted after training.Resumen: La interpretación a distancia por videoconferencia se ha abierto camino en la interpretación comunitaria, predominantemente en el ámbito sanitario, gracias a la disponibilidad de soluciones técnicas apropiadas así como a la creciente experiencia en la interpretación a distancia en diferentes países. La idea es combinar las ventajas de la interpretación en persona (por ejemplo, la perceptibilidad, el contacto visual, la comunicación no verbal, la información visual y aspectos de creación de confianza) con las ventajas de la interpretación a distancia (como, por ejemplo, el ahorro de costos y gastos de trayectos) y, de esta manera, facilitar un diagnóstico correcto y obtener el consentimiento informado, la conformidad, los tratamientos exitosos y la seguridad del paciente. El presente artículo describe las propuestas llevadas a cabo para la interpretación por videoconferencia en los países de habla alemana (Alemania, Austria y la parte germanohablante de Suiza) a raíz de la crisis de refugiados. Se pone especial énfasis en las actividades de formación introducidas con el fin de satisfacer las necesidades de los pacientes que hablan lenguas para cuya interpretación no suele haber intérpretes en Alemania y Austria, así como su introducción subsiguiente en Suiza. Además, se presenta la opinión de los participantes de los cursos en base a una encuesta llevada a cabo después de las actividades de formación.
La Terminología Informatizada y la Traducción en Lenguas Minoritarias. Reflexiones
Authors: Ilie Liliana
Published: August 2020

Resumen: En la era del boom tecnológico en la que todas las actividades diarias se ven afectadas por el uso de nuevas tecnologías, es importante descubrir las carencias de la enseñanza de la traducción e interpretación en general y de la traducción e interpretación especializada en lenguas minoritarias en particular. Además, en la actual sociedad multicultural resulta esencial poder dominar las herramientas informáticas que tienen como propósito facilitar el trabajo del traductor/intérprete y eso se puede realizar a través de un esfuerzo coordinado entre las distintas instituciones formativas a nivel nacional e internacional. En este breve trabajo nos proponemos, por un lado, presentar algunos proyectos e iniciativas relacionados con la formación de los alumnos de Traducción e Interpretación en el campo de las tecnologías de información y comunicación y, por otro, describir algunas herramientas de utilidad para la creación de corpus por los mismos alumnos en general y por los alumnos de combinaciones lingüísticas que cuentan con pocos diccionarios bilingües, como la combinación rumano-español.Abstract: In the era of the technological boom, in which all daily activities are affected by the use of new technologies, it is important to discover the shortcomings of the teaching of translation and interpretation in general and of translation and specialized interpretation in minority languages in particular. Moreover, in today's multicultural society, it is essential to be able to master computer tools that have the purpose of facilitating the work of the translator / interpreter and this can be done through a coordinated effort between the different training institutions at national and international level. This short paper has two aims: on the one hand, to present some projects and initiatives related to the training of Translation and Interpreting students in the field of information and communication technologies and, on the other hand, to describe some useful tools for the creation of corpus by the students in general and by the students of linguistic combinations that have few bilingual dictionaries, such as students from the Romanian-Spanish combination, among other minority languages.
La Influencia de las Asimetrías Institucionales en la Traducción Jurídica y Administrativa Estudio de Caso: Marruecos y España
Authors: El Jirari Abderrahim
Published: August 2020

Resumen: Existe una notable asimetría institucional entre Marruecos y España que hace que el traductor se enfrente a unas dificultades para encontrar términos equivalentes entre las lenguas de trabajo, por lo cual, resulta importante realizar un análisis comparativo en el marco del ordenamiento jurídico en el que se gestan los textos de traducción, puesto que los diccionarios bilingües y monolingües han demostrado que son insuficientes para dar respuesta a los problemas de traducción. Este artículo parte de la concepción de la traducción jurídica-administrativa como una labor que trasciende el ámbito puramente terminológico y lingüístico.Abstract: There is a notable institutional asymmetry between Morocco and Spain, which makes it difficult for the translator to find equivalent terms among the working languages, and it is therefore important to carry out a comparative analysis within the framework of the legal system in which translated texts are produced, since bilingual and monolingual dictionaries have shown that they are insufficiently able to resolve problems involving translation. This article starts from the conception of legal-administrative translation as a task that transcends the purely terminological and linguistic field.
Training Public Service Employees in How to Communicate Via Interpreter in Norway: Achievements and Challenges
Authors: Felberg Tatjana Radanović , Sagli Gry
Published: August 2020

Abstract: The comprehensive governmental approach to interpreting in the public sector in Norway includes interpreter accreditation, interpreter training, and the Norwegian National Register of Interpreters. In this article, we argue that training public service employees in how to communicate via interpreters should also be a crucial element to ensure quality interpreting and thus equal access to services for everyone. We analyze the training options in Norway, not as an isolated phenomenon, but in the context of the actors, relations, and systems that constitute interpreting in the public sector. The analysis consists of two main parts: 1) mapping the field of interpreting in the Norwegian public sector based on Ozolins’s (2000; 2010) model of governmental responses and the role of interpreter-user training and 2) examining the underlying dynamics of the current state, focusing on the role of the market and the connections between training interpreter-users and attitudes toward interpreting in the public sector.Resumen: La estrategia nacional noruega sobre interpretación en los servicios públicos abarca la acreditación y formación de intérpretes y el llamado Registro Nacional de Intérpretes. En este artículo defendemos la necesidad de formar también a los empleados públicos en la comunicación mediada por intérprete para garantizar la calidad de la interpretación y el acceso igualitario a estos servicios. Las opciones formativas en Noruega se analizan no como fenómenos aislados, sino en el contexto de los actores, relaciones y sistemas que conforman la interpretación social. Nuestro análisis tiene dos partes: 1) radiografía de la interpretación en los servicios públicos noruegos según el modelo de respuestas gubernamentales de Ozolins (2000; 2010) y papel de la formación de los usuarios de interpretación y 2) análisis de las dinámicas que hoy día subyacen a esta cuestión, especialmente el papel del mercado y la relación entre formación y actitud de los usuarios de interpretación en el sector público.
La Traducción Médica (Español-Árabe): Aspectos Lingüísticos, Formativos y Profesionales
Authors: Sultan Mohana
Published: August 2020

Resumen: El presente artículo recoge, de forma sucinta, las hipótesis, los objetivos, la metodología y los principales resultados de una tesis doctoral llevada a cabo en la Universidad de Alcalá (2014-2018) sobre la traducción médica español-árabe. Las aportaciones más destacadas del estudio aquí resumido son, aparte de las conclusiones generales, una unidad didáctica para la enseñanza de la traducción médico-sanitaria (español<>árabe) para la fase de posgrado, así como una propuesta de un diccionario médico (español-árabe) en línea.Abstract: This article contains, in a brief way, the objectives, the methodology and the main results of a doctoral thesis carried out at the University of Alcalá (2014-2018) on the Spanish-Arabic medical translation. The most outstanding contributions of the study summarized here are, apart from the general conclusions, a didactic unit for the teaching of medical-health translation (Spanish<>Arabic) for the postgraduate phase and a proposal of an online medical dictionary (Spanish-Arabic).
The Role of T/I in Wars and Conflicts: The Example of the War on Terror and Counterterrorism
Authors: Belio Bergua Maria
Published: August 2020

Abstract: Through the analysis of both the difficulties associated with their job and the circumstances in which they operate, this paper shows the relevance of the role performed by war translators and interpreters (T/I) within multilingual conflicts. Aiming to bring the working conditions of such professionals to the spotlight, this article deals with different topics, ranging from translation history to a proposal of specific training designed for war T/I or the issue of deontology and work ethics.Resumen: A través de un análisis tanto de las circunstancias en las que operan como de las dificultades asociadas a su trabajo, en este artículo se expone la importancia de la función que desarrollan los traductores e intérpretes (T/I) de guerra en los conflictos multilingües. Con el objetivo de visibilizar la realidad laboral de dichos profesionales, se abordarán varios temas. En primer lugar, se realiza un recorrido a través de la historia de la traducción. Posteriormente, trataremos la cuestión de la deontología y ética laboral y finalizaremos con una propuesta de formación específica para los T/I de guerra.
Changes in Speech Acts During Study Abroad Programs: Japanese Students Studying in the United States and Australia
Authors: Fukasawa Emi
Published: August 2020

This paper details an exploration into changes in speech acts and interactions in English (i.e., requests and refusals) in nonclassroom interactions before and after study abroad programs. I transcribed role-plays of two Japanese students before and after they completed study abroad programs in the United States and Australia, carried out periodic online interviews during their stays overseas, and conducted follow-up interviews once they returned to Japan. The results show that changes in the use of expressions occurred for three reasons: 1) input-initiated changes from noticing form–meaning–function relationships, 2) instruction-initiated changes, and 3) output-initiated changes. Because some of the changes were problematic and led to misunderstandings or impoliteness, I conclude that learning from natural input alone is not sufficient to learn how to navigate between function and situation. Therefore, the results suggest that explicit feedback and instructions in classrooms are important before and during study abroad programs.

本論文は留学前後の教室外のインタラクションにおける、英語での発話行為（依頼と断り）とインタラクションの変化を探る。アメリカとオーストラリアへ留学前後の2名の日本人学生のロールプレイを書き起こし、留学中に定期的なオンラインインタビューを実施し、帰国後にフォローアップインタビューを行った。その結果、言語使用の変化には3つの理由があることが示された：1）表現形式・意味・機能の気づきから起こるインプットによる変化、2）指導による変化、3）アウトプットによる変化である。これらの変化の中には誤解や失礼さを招くという問題も見られることから、機能と状況のバランスの取り方を学ぶためには自然なインプットだけでは不十分であると言える。したがって、本研究の結果は留学前と留学中に教室での明示的なフィードバックと指導が重要であることを示唆し
Negotiating Desire and Identity at English Immersion Preschools in Japan
Authors: Nonaka Chisato
Published: August 2020

n Japan, English immersion preschools (EIPs) have become a popular choice for parents who wish to raise their children to be fluent in English. Despite their increasing share of the market, EIPs have received little scholarly attention. In this paper, I aim to help situate EIPs against the backdrop of Japan’s English education market. In doing so, I draw from the concept of desire (cf. Motha & Lin, 2014), which has been widely discussed as one of the key facets to understand English language education in Japan. Specifically, this study showcases multiple dimensions of desire in the context of two EIPs, through the eyes and voices of teachers. Their narratives, coupled with seminal studies on desire (e.g., those on akogare), help demonstrate how and why desire may exist at EIPs. This study is intended to add a layer to the existing body of literature on desire while also providing a springboard for further research on EIPs in Japan and larger global contexts.

近年日本ではバイリンガル（日・英）教育を望む保護者の間で英語プリスクール（以下EIPsとする）が好評だ。このブームの一方、EIPsを対象とする研究はまだ萌芽期の段階である。本稿では、日本の英語教育を理解する上で度々用いられる「欲求」 (cf. Motha & Lin, 2014) の概念を使用し英語教育産業におけるEIPsの位置付けを図る。具体的には、２校のEIPsを対象に教師の視点からどのような欲求が存在するか検証する。「憧れ」など様々な欲求の先行研究をベースに教師らのナラティブを分析し、EIPsにおける欲求の存在理由および方法を示す。よって、本稿は欲求をテーマとする研究分野の新たな知見に寄与し、日本だけでなくグローバルなコンテクストでのEIP研究のたたき台を提起する。
Analisis Pengaruh Kualitas Sistem, Persepsi Kemudahan, Iklan, Promosi, dan Harga Terhadap Kepuasan Pengguna Aplikasi Ruangguru
Authors: Stefani Kezia , Cilvanus Henry
Published: August 2020

Ruangguru merupakan perusahaan penyedia layanan dan konten pendidikan yang berbasis teknologi. Penelitian ini akan menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kepuasan pengguna aplikasi RuangGuru.

Hasil uji hipotesis berdasarkan uji t atau uji parsial menunjukkan bahwa kualitas sistem, persepsi kemudahan, iklan,promosi, dan harga berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap kepuasan pengguna. Hasil uji hipotesis berdasarkan uji f atau uji simultan menunjukkan bahwa kualitas sistem, persepsi kemudahan, iklan, promosi, dan harga berpengaruh secara bersama-sama terhadap kepuasan pengguna.

Koefisien determinasi menunjukkan pengaruh kualitas sistem, persepsi kemudahan, iklan, promosi, dan harga secara bersama-sama terhadap kepuasan pengguna sebesar 62,3% dan sisanya sebesar 37,7% dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor lain yang tidak dibahas dalam penelitian ini.
Naval, María Ángeles, Luis Ram de Viu (1864-1906): vida y obra de un poeta de la Restauración, Institución "Fernando el Católico", Zaragoza, 1995, 360 pp.
Authors: Pinacho Redondo Carmen
Published: August 2020

Reseña de libro "Luis Ram de Viu (1864-1906): vida y obra de un poeta de la Restauración".
A sustainable geostationary space environment requires new norms of behavior
Authors: Roberts Thomas G. , Bullock Carson
Published: August 2020

Modern life is increasingly dependent on space technologies such as satellite communication, positioning, and remote sensing, but the political system that has enabled these advances remains fragile. In this essay, we highlight normative contestation—disagreements between space stakeholders in how operators should be expected to behave—in the geosynchronous orbital regime (GEO) as a threat to a secure and sustainable space domain. This conflict stems primarily from the interactions between limited resources (e.g. physical space, electromagnetic spectrum assignments) and the emphasis on maintaining total state sovereignty and independence of policy in the international arena. To preserve the peaceful use of the GEO regime, space actors must act soon to establish norms of behavior that dissuade maneuvers which place satellites close together on orbit.
COVID-19 VE HAYVANLAR
Authors: AZKUR Ahmet Kürşat
Published: August 2020

Koronavirüsler insanlarda ve hayvanlarda birçok enfeksiyona yol açmaktadır. Koronavirüsler içerisinde 31 Aralık 2019 tarihinde Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti’nde başlayan salgının nedeni olan SARS-CoV-2 bu ailenin en dikkat çeken üyesi olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Virüsün insanları ve hayvanları enfekte ettiği rapor edilmiştir. Bu derlemede, SARS-CoV-2 enfeksiyonlarının hayvanlardaki rolü ve hayvanlarda bu virüsle yapılan önemli çalışmaların özetlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. SARS-CoV-2 enfekte kedi, gelincik, vizon ve makak gibi hayvanların COVID-19 benzeri semptomlar ile hastalık geliştirdikleri ve virüsün çevreye saçılmasında önemli rol oynadıkları görülmüştür. Enfekte hayvanlar, insandakine benzer hastalık tablosu geliştirmelerinden dolayı, deneysel olarak, COVID-19 hastalığının tedavisi, immünolojisi, koruma ve kontrol çalışmalarında da kullanılmışlardır. Gelecekte COVID-19 hastalığı ile ilgili hayvanlardan elde edilen veriler de hastalığın yol açtığı sorunların çözülmesinde önemli rol oynayacaktır
La incorporación de la lengua originaria Awajún en la robótica como estrategia intercultural de enseñanza universitaria
Authors: Estela Urbina Ronald Omar , Contreras Barsallo Elisa , Alvarado Ibáñez Juan Carlos , López Cuadra Yelka Martina , Mori Zavaleta Rómulo , Santamaría Baldera Nemesio
Published: August 2020

La Universidad Nacional Intercultural “Fabiola Salazar Leguía” de Bagua, la componen su población estudiantil en proporciones casi igualitarias, estudiantes mestizos y Awajún. Actualmente se han desarrollado tres ciclos de educación universitaria en sus tres carreras profesionales: Biotecnología, Negocios Globales e Ingeniería Civil. Las tres carreras antes mencionadas cuentan en su malla curricular con el curso de lengua nativa en el primer ciclo de su formación profesional, representando para ellos como lengua nativa el Awajún. Este curso es muy importante para el aprendizaje, socialización y vigencia de su lengua, el cual se imparte en el mismo espacio y tiempo para ambas etnias, representando para los mestizos y originarios un curso que requiere mucho estudio y memoria en el aprendizaje de vocabularios tanto para la escritura como para la pronunciación, como lo demuestran los resultados de los ciclos 2018-I y 2019, donde los niveles de desaprobación en los estudiantes en general son bastante frecuentes, lo cual demuestra la necesidad de reforzar en estrategias de enseñanza aprendizaje intercultural. El objetivo de la presente investigación es la de incorporar la lengua Awajún en comandos o sentencias en el manejo de robótica, a través de talleres que se programan periódicamente uno por semestre, lo cual propicia un ambiente de aprendizaje lúdico de la lengua originaria y de otros cursos, así como de espacios de relación intercultural entre los actores del aprendizaje.
Filling gaps in the southern range of the endangered snake Philodryas agassizii: new localities in Tandilia highland grassland, Argentina
Authors: Vera David Gustavo , Berkunsky Igor , Tettamanti Germán , Eirin Manuel , Kacoliris Federico Pablo , Di Pietro Diego Omar
Published: August 2020

Philodryas agassizii is an endangered snake of shrubland and grasslands well preserved in Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, and Uruguay. In the southeastern area of its range, this snake was only found associated with highland grassland of the Tandilia and Ventania mountain systems, Argentina. In this work, we described six new records of Philodryas agassizii from the Tandilia Mountain System, which represent four new localities for the species. These records extend the known range of Philodryas agassizii in the Tandilia mountain system, 100 km from the closest previously known site.
Lecture de textes littéraires au prisme des rapports d’inspection au lycée professionnel
Authors: Joyet Angeline , Plissonneau Gersende
Published: August 2020

À travers le prisme des rapports d’inspection, l’étude aborde, les démarches de lecture de textes littéraires mises en œuvre dans des classes de baccalauréat professionnel durant la période d’application du programme d’enseignement du français de 2009 (2009-2019). L’élève y était considéré comme un lecteur et l’approche du texte littéraire dans le cadre d’une démarche de lecture analytique était une des modalités de lecture prescrites. En conséquence, les auteures se demandent si les interactions verbales sont au cœur de la séance et si elles sont fondées sur la réception du texte par l’élève lecteur ; mais aussi si l’analyse du texte est articulée au recueil de la réception des élèves. Les rapports d’inspection sont considérés comme une source d’informations possible dans la mesure où ils rendent compte d’une évaluation fondée, entre autres, sur le contrôle de la conformité des pratiques à certaines prescriptions. Toutefois, il convient de nuancer ces apports parce que les faits retranscrits sont ordonnés en fonction du modèle auquel l’inspecteur se réfère.
Analyse des textes et utilisation d’internet : comment renverser les usages ?
Authors: Brunel Magali
Published: August 2020

L’article analyse un dispositif didactique visant l’étude des textes littéraires au lycée en relation avec les ressources disponibles sur internet. À contrecourant de certaines pratiques interdisant, sanctionnant, voire « piégeant » les élèves dans leurs usages d’internet, il s’agit d’interroger la possibilité, pour le professeur de littérature, de s’appuyer sur ceux-ci pour accompagner les élèves dans une démarche d’analyse, d’interprétation et d’appréciation des textes qui les implique personnellement. Le dispositif didactique conçu avec des enseignants se centre sur deux caractéristiques : la place qu’occupe, dans la séquence d’enseignement, la problématisation du corpus, étape centrale de l’étude scolaire des textes littéraires et les modalités de la constitution de ce corpus, dévolue aux élèves et élaborée progressivement, tout au long de la séquence. La présentation de documents professionnels et d’exemples précis permet de nourrir la réflexion sur des pratiques d’analyse des textes littéraires renouvelées, notamment dans le contexte de la mise en œuvre des tout récents programmes en français au lycée (2019).
Saint-Patelin : confinement dans les confins
Authors: Choplin Armelle
Published: August 2020

À partir d’une expérience de confinement dans le monde rural français, ce papier propose une réflexion personnelle sur les campagnes, l'espace vécu, les origines et la fermeture des frontières en temps de Covid.
Kilomètre vertical. Géographie d’une marche forcée
Authors: Laslaz Lionel
Published: August 2020

Cet article propose d’évoquer la manière dont la sortie quotidienne autorisée, la marche qu’elle impliquait, l’ascension qu’elle pouvait occasionner a contribué à repenser notre rapport au confinement et à l’exercice du métier d’enseignant-chercheur distancié. En coupant le fil à la patte du numérique, elle a permis la prise de recul et de hauteur nécessaire en période troublée et invité à revoir le quotidien au regard de ce qui est prévu qu’il en subsiste.
Antibacterial Agent-Incorporated Cholesterol Phase Inversion-Based In Situ Forming Matrix for Crevicular Pocket Delivery
Authors: Setthajindalert Orn , Aung Khine Sabel , Charoenteeraboon Juree , Sirinamaratana Arissarakorn , Phaechamud Thawatchai
Published: August 2020

Phase inversion in situ forming matrix is one of the promising drug delivery systems for periodontitis treatment owing to the prospective high antimicrobial agent level in the gingival crevicular fluid. Typically, this drug delivery system is a fluid polymeric solution that could change simultaneously to matrix-like after injection into aqueous physiological environment. The main propose of the current study was to achieve successful development of antibacterial agent-incorporated cholesterol phase inversion in situ forming matrix for crevicular pocket delivery. In this study, cholesterol was used as a fat matrix former, while N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) was used as the solvent and menthol was used as co-solvent. The 10%w/w metronidazole or doxycycline hyclate was employed as the active compounds. The developed formula were evaluated for viscosity and rheological behavior, antimicrobial activity using cup agar diffusion method and in vitro drug release using dialysis tube method. The consistency index from rheological test of doxycycline hyclate and metronidazole-loaded in situ forming matrices was not significantly different (p<0.05). Interestingly, the viscosity of all formula was quite low; thus, this characteristic provoked an ease of injection. They inhibited against Porphyromonasgingivalis efficiently more than cholesterol in situ forming matrix base (p<0.05). Drug release from systems loaded with doxycycline hyclate and metronidazole were rapid and nearly not different. Owing to the apparent efficiently inhibition against Porphyromonasgingivalis the in situ forming matrix loading doxycline hyclate was selected for further development to minimize the burst release and to prolong the drug release.
The Effect of Spermidine and Spermine on Chitosan-Mediated Gene Delivery
Authors: Apirakaramwong Auayporn , Sunthornphan Songporn , Pasuthawong Nutcha , Intaravicha Tanawin , Ruangthai Nattapon , Rojanarata Theerasak , Opanasopit Praneet
Published: August 2020

Chitosan (CS) is a biodegradable and highly positive charged polymer that can be utilized as a non-viral vector for gene delivery. However, its transfection efficiency is low. Spermidine (SPD) and spermine (SPM) are ordinary polyamines found in almost all living organisms. Their structures contain tri- and tetra-amine, respectively. The present study aims to elucidate the effect of SPD or SPM on transfection efficiency and cytotoxicity of CS/DNA complexes in human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cells. The ternary complexes (CS, DNA and SPD or SPM) at different weight ratios and mixing orders were formulated and tested on transfection efficiency. Their particle sizes and charges were also estimated. CS that has a molecular weight of 45,000 Daltons and degree of deacetylation of 85 was able to form complete complex with plasmid DNA expressing enhanced green fluorescence protein (pEGFP-C2) at weight ratio of 4. The SPM/CS/DNA (1:4:1) and SPD/ CS/DNA (512:4:1) complexes illustrated the greatest transfection efficiency. Moreover, the transfection efficiency was affected by the mixing order between CS, DNA and SPD or SPM. For cell toxicity experiments, more than 85% the average cell survival of the complexes were detected by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell growth assay. These findings suggest that addition of either SPD or SPM to CS before forming ternary complexes with DNA may significantly improve gene delivery potential in vitro.
A Comparative Study on the Effect of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose F4M and Eudragit® E PO on the Physicochemical Properties of Taste-Masking Microparticles
Authors: Burapapadh Kanokporn , Wattanakhejorn Napat , Sukpipat Panitsupa , Promchuay Sirapa , Phengpinit Thicha , Saokham Phennapha
Published: August 2020

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of polymers and their content level on the taste-masking efficiency of spray-dried microparticles. Diclofenac sodium (DS) was used as a model drug, owing to its bitter taste. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose F4M (HPMC F4M) and Eudragit® E PO were involved in the study as a hydrophilic and a pH-responsive polymer, respectively. The taste-masked DS microparticles with the drug:polymer ratios of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:4 were prepared by the spray-drying technique. The collapsed hollow sphere HPMC F4M based-microparticles was observed meanwhile spray-dried Eudragit® E PO based-microparticles were spherical. Loading capacity of both polymer based-microparticles decreased regarding to the increment of drug:polymer ratio. The Eudragit® E PO based-microparticle in the ratio of 1:4 provided the highest loading efficiency as 91.97%. According to the simplified dissolution testing, the taste-masking ability of HPMC F4M and Eudragit® E PO based-microparticles increased upon the increase of drug:polymer ratio. Drug release at the first 5 minutes from dissolution profiles, tested by type II dissolution apparatus, of the Eudragit® E PO based-microparticles was delayed compared to HPMC F4M based-microparticles. Therefore, it could be assumed that Eudragit® E PO was a promising taste-masking polymer for DS with a pleasant taste.
Formulation Development of Canine Antifungal Shampoo Containing Senna tora (L.) Roxb. Seed Extract
Authors: Charoenchai Laksana , Chankana Natawat , Theanphong Orawan , Jongrungruangchok Suchada , Meksuriyen Duangdeun , Lipipun Vimolmas
Published: August 2020

This research aims to develop canine shampoo containing Senna tora seed extract. The crude ethanolic extract was partial purified through column chromatography. The extract and shampoo formulation were identified for four main anthraquinones i.e. aloe-emodin, emodin, chrysophanol and physcion using a RP-HPLC. Formulation development was evaluated for compositions, physical properties, and antifungal activity against Microsporum canis. Our results indicated that sodium lauryl ether sulfate (20%) was an appropriate detergent with cocamidopropyl betain (4-6%) as a foam booster. Polyethylene glycol-120 methylglucose (2-3%) was a thickening agent and propylene glycol (6-7%) was a co-solvent and humectant. This shampoo showed relatively potent antifungal activity against M. canis compared with 2% ketoconazole commercial shampoo (%inhibition 75.27 and 85.85, respectively). The formulation was clear, dark brown liquid with delicate and stable foam, including effective cleaning action. Although this shampoo showed decrease in pH and viscosity after heating and cooling acceleration test, it was still effective as antifungal against M. canis with %inhibition of 69.10. Further long term stability study and some optimizations are still needed.
Optimization of Microencapsulated Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG from Whey Protein and Glutinous Rice Starch by Spray Drying
Authors: Thamacharoensuk Tanatip , Boonsom Teerawat , Tanasupawat Somboon , Dumkliang Ekachai
Published: August 2020

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG is commonly used as probiotic dietary supplements that show poor survival rate in dairy products during processing, storage and gastrointestinal tract, however, using encapsulated probiotics could be an interesting option. Spray drying is the most widely used encapsulation technique in the food industry. It offers the attractive advantage of microencapsulation in low operating costs, high quality and stability, rapid solubility and continuous operation. The encapsulating agent of microcapsules affects probiotic survival. The aim of this study was to optimize the microencapsulation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) by spray drying using whey protein and glutinous rice starch as encapsulating agents. The composition ratio between glutinous rice starch and whey protein and spray drying parameter of inlet temperature was evaluated using response surface methodology (RSM). These results showed that 80 % of glutinous rice starch replacement in whey protein wall and inlet temperature of 143°C provided the desired LGG microcapsules with high percentage of process yield (over 74.44 ± 3.95%) and survival rate (over 97.83 ± 2.01%).
Fabrication of a Floating Device of Domperidone Tablets Using 3D-Printing Technologies
Authors: Singpanna Kanokwan , Chareonying Thapakorn , Patrojanasophon Prasopchai , Rojanarata Theerasak , Sukma Monrudee , Opanasopit Praneet
Published: August 2020

Gastro-retentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS) have been developed with the aim of prolonging drug release. In this study, floating device systems (FDS) were developed and incorporated with a domperidone tablet (Motilium-M®). The FDSs were made of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) using a fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D-printer and crosslinked by thermal crosslinking process. The morphology, water insolubilization, water uptake, thermal analysis, FT-IR, floating time and drug release were investigated. The results showed that thermal crosslinking caused the structural change of PVA. Increasing the crosslinking time increased the crystallinity of the polymer resulted in the decreased water solubility, water uptake, and swelling property. An optimal crosslinking condition for the FDS was heating at 120 °C for 6 h. Floating time of the FDS decreased after the crosslinking process. However, the sustained drug release of domperidone from the FDSs were observed after the thermal crosslinking process.
Fabrication and Evaluation of Thermally Crosslinked Gantrez S-97 Microneedle Arrays
Authors: Myat Yin Yin , Aung Nway Nway , Ngawhirunpat Tanasait , Rojanarata Theerasak , Opanasopit Praneet , Patrojanasophon Prasopchai
Published: August 2020

The aim of this study was to develop a thermal crosslinkable microneedle (MN) array. Gantrez S-97 was employed as the MN-forming polymer. The MNs were successfully fabricated by micromolding method. The MNs were thermally crosslinked at different times (0.5, 1, 2, 3 h) and temperatures (110, 130, 150°C). The morphology of the MN was observed using a digital microscope. The successful crosslink was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The percentages of swelling and MN remaining after being soaked in water were also investigated. Fully formed, sharped MN with desirable morphology was obtained at the Gantrez S-97 concentration of 30 %w/v. The FT-IR spectra confirmed the successful crosslink of the MN. The crosslinked Gantrez MN arrays could absorb massive amount of water, and exhibited excellent swelling capability. Increasing the crosslinking time and temperature resulted in the decrease in the swelling capability but increase in the water insolubilization. The MNs crosslinked at 150°C for 3 h demonstrated almost hundred percent of water insolubilization which desirable for developing hydrogel-forming MN. Therefore, 30% w/v Gantrez S-97 MN could be crosslinked by thermal process, and could provide desirable swelling properties and percentage of water insolubility, and therefore, may be an alternative for fabrication of hydrogel-forming MN for transdermal drug delivery.
In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Amphiphilic Chitosan Derivatives for Inhibition of Organic Cation Transport Function
Authors: Soodvilai Sirima , Soodvila Sunhapas , Sajomsang Warayuth , Rojanarata Theerasak , Patrojanasophon Prasopchai , Opanasopit Praneet
Published: August 2020

This study explored the interaction of amphiphilic chitosan derivatives, N-benzyl-N,O-succinyl chitosan (BSCS), N-naphthyl-N,O-succinyl chitosan (NSCS) and N-octyl-N,O-succinyl chitosan (OSCS), with renal organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2). The influence of amphiphilic chitosan derivatives on renal OCT2 transport function was determined by monitoring the transport of a positively charged substrate into human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (RPTEC/TERT1 cells), and murine kidney. Amphiphilic chitosan derivatives inhibited 3H-MPP (a substrate of OCT2) transport in the renal cells in a concentration-reliance characteristic. OSCS reduced the accumulation of the cationic drug, cisplatin, in RPTEC/TERT1 cells. This effect was more pronounced than that of other chitosan derivatives. In addition, co-administration of cisplatin and OSCS significantly reduced cisplatin accumulation compared with receiving cisplatin alone. This result was accompanied by the decrease in nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin. In conclusion, OSCS inhibited OCT2 function and reduced cationic drug disposition in human renal proximal tubular cells and murine kidney.
Development and Physico-Chemical Evaluations of Clove Oil Microemulsions
Authors: Panomsuk Suwannee , Porkar Natcha , Meerasen Pornnapa , Kunrattanaporn Nuttapoj , Satiraphan Malai
Published: August 2020

Clove oil, extracted from dried floral buds of clove (Syzygium aromaticum), are used in topical products because it has antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Microemulsions (ME) are stable emulsion which can be formulated by simple mixing of oil, water, surfactant and co-surfactant. The objectives of this research were to develop and evaluate clove oil-loaded ME for topical application by using Tween 80 as surfactant. Ethanol, isopropanol and propylene glycol (PG) were used as co-surfactants. Pseudo ternary-phase diagram showed that using ethanol and isopropanol provided larger ME area than using PG in all surfactant:co-surfactant ratio (SR; 1:0.5, 1:1 and 1:2). Up to 20% w/w of clove oil can be loaded in ME by using surfactant mixture of 60-80% w/w. The effects of various amounts of clove oil (5-20%) and surfactant mixture (60, 70, 80%) at SR of 1:1 on physico-chemical properties of ME were observed. All formulations are transparent with the pH values of 6.8-8.0. The droplets size of ME using ethanol and isopropanol as co-surfactant ranged from 10-100 nm while that using PG was higher. Conductivity values showed that all formulations were o/w ME. Zeta potential values revealed stable particles. For ethanol and isopropanol, ME containing 5-10% clove oil and 60-70% SM showed good physico-chemical stability. The amount of eugenol in clove oil analyzed by gas chromatographic (GC-FID) method was 82.27% v/v. The stability test of selected formulations (70% surfactant mixture at SR = 1:1) was evaluated from %eugenol remaining at room temperature and in refrigerator after 4-week storage. It was found that the amount of eugenol in the formulation was effected by the storage condition. Our results indicate that clove oil can be prepared in ME with physico-chemical stability by using Tween 80 and ethanol as surfactant system.
Synthesis and Characterization of Polyethylene Glycol Modified Chitosan
Authors: Prompanya Phenphak , Khondee Supang
Published: August 2020

Chitosan (CS) is known for excellent biodegradability and low immunogenicity. However, its low water solubility has hampered CS biomedical application. In this study, we aimed to modify CS with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to improve water solubility and explored the possibility to use as a drug delivery vehicle. Degree of substitution of PEG on CS was varied, ranged from 16% to 78%. After dispersing in water, CS-PEG750 and CS-PEG5000 could spontaneously form small nanoaggreagtes (NGs) at low concentration, with critical aggregation concentration ranged from 32 μg/mL to 112 μg/mL. Upon encapsulation of curcumin, all NGs were slightly bigger in size. CS-PEG750 (1:40) NGs showed the highest entrapment efficiency at 59%, while CS-PEG5000 (1:40) and (1:60) NGs exhibited 36.9% and 36.5% entrapment efficiency, respectively. With few steps of modification, this modified CS copolymers reveal improved water solubility and decent entrapment efficiency. Thus this copolymer is a potential contender as a drug delivery vehicle.
Quantitative Phytochemicals Determination of the Extracts from the Flowers of Alstonia scholaris and their Anti-Lipoxygenase Activities
Authors: Kamonlakorn Kittiya , Supon Chatkamol , Riankrasin Aonvipa , Pekthong Dumrongsak , Parhira Supawadee
Published: August 2020

Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. (Apocynaceae) is a plant with various pharmacological activities, especially anti-inflammatory activity. There were rare reports about the phytochemicals of its flowers. This study aimed to determine the chemical constituents of the extracts from A. scholaris flowers along with screening for their anti-lipoxygenase activities. The fresh flowers (40 kg) of A. scholaris were dried at 45 ◦C and powdered (4 kg, 10% yield of fresh flower). The powder of dry flowers (4 kg) were extracted with 95% ethanol by using ultrasonic assistance to obtain ethanolic crude extract (ASF-EtOH) 201 g (5% yield of dry flower). The ASF-EtOH (100 g) was further subjected to liquid-liquid partition to obtain dichloromethane layer (ASF-DCM), ethyl acetate layer (ASF-EtOAc) and water layer (ASF-Water) around 26.4 g (26.4% yield), 9.3 g (9.3% yield) and 46.6 g (46.6% yield), respectively. All of the extracts were quantified for their chemical compositions by using colorimetric methods. Then their anti-lipoxygenase activities were evaluated by using linoleic acid as a substrate and lipoxygenase as an enzyme. The results indicated that one gram of ASF-EtOH, ASF-DCM, ASF-EtOAc and ASF-Water contained total alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids and triterpenoids in the range of 1.25-5.15 mg berberine chloride equivalent, 4.47-36.64 mg digoxin equivalent, 37.87-40.16 mg rutin equivalent and 110.88-359.32 mg ursolic acid equivalent, respectively. The inhibitory effects towards lipoxygenase enzyme of ASF-EtOH, ASF-DCM, ASF-EtOAc (0.2 mg/ml) were 73.7, 89.9 and 67.4 %, respectively, which were higher than that of diclofenac sodium, an anti-inflammatory drug, at the same concentration. While ASF-Water (1 mg/ml) inhibited lipoxygenase activity around 19.4%. These results exhibited potential of the flowers of A. scholaris to provide plenty of secondary metabolites with potent anti-lipoxygenase activity. Therefore, the flowers of A. scholaris is a good material for further purification and discovery of anti-lipoxygenase agent.
The influence of salt stress on the morpho physiological and biochemical parameters of durum wheat varieties (Triticum durum Desf.)
Authors: Chiahi Nadia , Brinis Louhichi
Published: August 2020

Wheat is an important cereal in terms of human consumption in many countries of the world. It is grown mainly in arid and semi-arid Mediterranean countries. In these areas, salinity of soils and irrigation water is one of the limiting factors in plant productivity and agricultural yield. The present work consisted in evaluating the morpho-physiological and biochemical behavior of two durum wheat varieties V1 (Gta dur), V2 (Vitron) subjected to increasing concentrations of NaCl during the germination phase and the growth phase in the laboratory. The results obtained showed several revelations in terms of morphological imbalance (leaf area, germination percentage, root length, physiological variation, decrease or increase of assimilating pigments, Relative Water Content (RWC), etc), and biochemical bioaccumulation (proline, soluble sugars, proteins and elevation of activity of CAT antioxidant enzymes). At the level of treatments, the development of the seedlings of two varieties was better on soil salty and sprinkled with water than in the presence of saline concentrations. A certain tolerance of the two genotypes was particularly marked in the Vitron variety against salt stress.