bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Girls not brides: Evolution of child marriage in Pakistan
Authors: Javed Rashid , Mughal Mazhar
Published: December 2020

Child marriage is still widespread in countries across the Indian Subcontinent. The practice has important consequences for the health and well‐being of the woman and the child. In this study, we examine the incidence of child marriage in Pakistan and the changes that have taken place over time in the profile of the women who marry before turning 18. We use data from all the four rounds of the representative Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS), namely, 1990–1991, 2006–2007, 2012–2013, and 2017–2018. With the help of these data, we observe the evolution of the individual and household characteristics of early‐marrying women over a span of three decades. We find that the practice of child marriage has become much less generalized over the past three decades. In 2017–2018, 39% of married women of child‐bearing age (i.e., those between the age of 15 and 49) had got married before the age of 18. Though still high, it is nonetheless lower than the 54% incidence found in 1990–1991. The decrease is particularly significant among women from wealthy and urban households. The incidence of child marriage is increasingly concentrated among women who are older and less educated and those belonging to poor, rural households. Elimination of the harmful practice of child marriage is crucial for achieving the fifth Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) which deals with gender equality. The findings of the study highlight the close links present between child marriage, poverty, and urbanization.
The effect of grafting monomer charge on the antifouling performance of poly(ether ether ketone) hollow fiber membrane by ultraviolet irradiation polymerization
Authors: Jiang Chunhui , Huang Tingjian , Chen Yuan , Su Zexi , Yan Xiang , Xu Qibin , Jiang Mengjin , Liu Pengqing
Published: December 2020

To improve the antifouling properties of poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) membrane, negatively charged acrylic acid (AA), neutral ethyl hydroxyacrylate (HEA) and positively charged acryloxyethyl trimethylammonium chloride (DAC) as hydrophilic monomers were respectively grafted onto the PEEK hollow fiber membrane surface via ultraviolet irradiation polymerization. The effects of the grafted monomers on surface chemical structure, surface morphology, zeta potential, hydrophilic performance, permeability and the antifouling properties of the membrane were investigated in detail. The results show that the charge state of the membrane surface is closer to the monomer charge characteristic, which obviously affects the permeability and antifouling performance of the membrane. The pure water flux of the membrane grafted with neutral hydrophilic HEA monomer is increased and the antifouling properties to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and sodium alginate (SA) are also enhanced, while the pure water flux of the membranes grafted with negatively charged AA monomer or positively charged DAC monomer is decreased, with different antifouling properties to BSA and SA. Furthermore, the antifouling experiment with BSA under different pH conditions revealed that membrane fouling depends on the pH value, and membrane fouling was the most serious at the isoelectric point of BSA. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Host deprivation effects on population performance and paralysis rates of Habrobracon hebetor (hymenoptera: Braconidae)
Authors: Ou Hou‐Ding , Atlihan Remzi , Wang Xiu‐Qin , Li Hao‐Xi , Yu Xiao‐Fei , Jin Xin , Yang Mao‐Fa
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUND

Habrobracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a gregarious ectoparasitoid that attacks the larvae of several species of pyralid and noctuid moths. The reproduction and population dynamics of parasitoids in general are affected by host deprivation. However, how host deprivation affects H. hebetor is unknown. The effect of host deprivation on the parental generation, life table parameters, and the paralysis rate of the F1 generation of H. hebetor were evaluated using the age‐stage, two‐sex life table under laboratory conditions.

RESULTS

The results indicated that the greatest longevity and the least lifetime fecundity of the F0 generation occurred after 19 days of host deprivation (PW‐20 treatment). The life table parameters (intrinsic rate of increase, r; finite rate of increase, λ; and net reproductive rate, R0) and the paralysis rate parameters (net paralysis rate, C0; transformation rate, Qp; stable paralysis rate, ψ; and finite paralysis rate, ω) of F1 individuals after PW‐20 treatment were significantly higher than those of individuals subjected to the control treatment (no host deprivation). However, no difference was detected between the two host deprivation treatments: host deprivation after 1 day of host contact and immediate host deprivation (PW treatment).

CONCLUSION

Our results demonstrated that the effectiveness of H. hebetor did not decrease even during host deprivation for 19 days. Meanwhile, it was observed that mass rearing of the parasitoid could be improved by providing 10 individuals of 5th instar larvae of Ephestia elutella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) with a 20% honey‐water solution. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Prohexadione calcium is herbicidal to the sunflower root parasite Orobanche cumana
Authors: Lerner Franziska , Pfenning Matthias , Picard Laurent , Lerchl Jens , Hollenbach Eva
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUND

The obligatory sunflower root parasite Orobanche cumana Wallr. deprives its host of essential nutrients, resulting in a dramatic reduction in yield and biomass. A post‐emergence application with an imidazolinone herbicide on an imidazolinone‐tolerant sunflower is highly effective against O. cumana. The herbicide inhibits the enzyme acetohydroxy acid synthase and consequently, growth of the parasite is inhibited, although the sunflower survives the treatment through mutations in the target enzyme. Interestingly, field studies have shown that a combined application of an imidazolinone herbicide with prohexadione resulted in reduced emergence of O. cumana compared with the sole application of the herbicide. The aim of this study was to investigate whether prohexadione is herbicidal to O. cumana.

RESULTS

Prohexadione was rapidly distributed within the sunflower, reaching the roots, the site of O. cumana attack, as early as 6 h after application (HAA) on sunflower leaves. A direct impact of prohexadione on O. cumana germination was investigated and a half‐maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 84 μm prohexadione was found. In addition, the inhibition of germination by prohexadione was terminal, meaning that O. cumana seeds died after prohexadione contact as soon as they were primed for germination. Additionally, excretion studies showed that a small proportion of the applied prohexadione was excreted by sunflower roots.

CONCLUSION

We show that prohexadione is an inhibitor of O. cumana germination and that the growth regulator is found in sunflower roots shortly after application. We hypothesize that prohexadione is excreted in sufficient amounts from the sunflower roots, therefore having a direct impact on O. cumana germination. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Change in Topography of InAs Submonolayer Nanostructures at the 2D to 3D Transition
Authors: Roca Ronel Christian , Kamiya Itaru
Published: December 2020

A strong topographical evidence of the 2D to 3D transition in InAs/GaAs nanostructures assembled by the submonolayer (SML) growth mode using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) is reported. Whereas the 2D to 3D transition in InAs nanostructures assembled by the Stranski–Krastanov (SK) growth mode is well established with a critical thickness of around 1.7 monolayer (ML), the analogous phenomenon in SML‐grown nanostructures is not yet well understood. Herein, atomic force microscopy (AFM) is utilized to investigate the topographical changes associated with the 2D to 3D transition in SML nanostructures, and it is unambiguously shown that for a given number of stacks and GaAs matrix (spacer) layer thickness, there exists a critical thickness in the amount of deposited InAs per cycle, beyond which the nucleation of 3D nanostructures abruptly begins. It is also shown that the critical thickness decreases with increasing number of stacks as well as with decreasing GaAs matrix layer thickness. Moreover, the present work shows that InAs/GaAs SML nanostructures exist in two distinct forms: 2D wetting layer (WL)‐like islands and 3D quantum dot (QD)‐like structures.
A non‐parametric double homogeneously weighted moving average control chart under sign statistic
Authors: Riaz Muhammad , Abid Muhammad , Shabbir Aroosa , Nazir Hafiz Zafar , Abbas Zameer , Abbasi Saddam Akber
Published: December 2020

In practical situations, the underlying process distribution sometimes deviates from normality and their distribution is partially or completely unknown. In that instance, rather than staying with/depending on the conventional parametric control charts, we consider non‐parametric control charts due to their exceptional performance. In this paper, a new non‐parametric double homogeneously weighted moving average sign control chart is proposed with the least assumptions. This chart is based on a sign test statistic for catching the smaller deviations in the process location. Run‐length (RL) properties of the proposed chart are studied with the help of Monte Carlo simulations. Both in‐control and out‐of‐control RL properties show that the proposed chart is a better contender as compared to some existing charts from the literature. A real‐life application for practical consideration of the proposed chart is also provided.
Promoting effect of PdZn alloy for selective hydrogenation of 5‐hydroxylmethylfurfural: An experimental and density functional theory study
Authors: Liu Chengwei , Shi Yun , Shang Yaning , Wang Xin , Liu Dan , Mamba Bhekie B. , Kuvarega Alex T. , Gui Jianzhou
Published: December 2020

Pd‐based catalysts supported on porous zinc oxide nanoparticles derived from nanoscale zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 (ZIF‐8) are prepared and used for the selective hydrogenation of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). The X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy results suggest that PdZn nanoalloy was formed during the calcination process of the catalyst precursor with the in situ reduction effect of carbon. The experiments and the density functional theory calculation results suggest that the exposed PdZn(111) and PdZn(200) faces on the prepared PdZn catalysts show lower activation energies and dissociative adsorption energies for H2 compared with Pd(111), which favors the migration of H atom and the hydrogenation reaction. Furthermore, PdZn(111) and PdZn(200) faces also display weaker adsorption ability for BHMF and the furan ring of HMF, which could efficiently inhibit the excessive hydrogenation of CC in furan ring and the hydrogenolysis of BHMF. Alloying Pd with Zn alters the reaction routes of HMF hydrogenation to BHMF. The first step of HMF hydrogenation more likely starts with the CH2O intermediate on the PdZn(111) and PdZn(200) faces, while the CHOH intermediate is preferentially formed on the Pd(111) face.
Spatio‐temporal analysis of misaligned burden of disease data using a geo‐statistical approach
Authors: Parsaeian Mahboubeh , Jafari Khaledi Majid , Farzadfar Farshad , Mahdavi Mahdi , Zeraati Hojjat , Mahmoudi Mahmood , Khosravi Ardeshir , Mohammad Kazem
Published: December 2020

Data used to estimate the burden of diseases (BOD) are usually sparse, noisy, and heterogeneous. These data are collected from surveys, registries, and systematic reviews that have different areal units, are conducted at different times, and are reported for different age groups. In this study, we developed a Bayesian geo‐statistical model to combine aggregated sparse, noisy BOD data from different sources with misaligned areal units. Our model incorporates the correlation of space, time, and age to estimate health indicators for areas with no data or a small number of observations. The model also considers the heterogeneity of data sources and the measurement errors of input data in the final estimates and uncertainty intervals. We applied the model to combine data from nine different sources of body mass index in a national and sub‐national BOD study. The cross‐validation results confirmed a high out‐of‐sample predictive ability in sparse and noisy data. The proposed model can be used by other BOD studies especially at the sub‐national level when the areal units are subject to misalignment.
Anti‐Platelet Effect Induced by Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Correlation with Conformational Change in Fibrinogen
Authors: Kottana Regina Komal , Maurizi Lionel , Schnoor Brian , Morris Kenise , Webb Jessica Ann , Massiah Michael Anthony , Millot Nadine , Papa Anne‐Laure
Published: December 2020

Iron oxide nanoparticles are developed for various biomedical applications, however, there is limited understanding regarding their effects and toxicity on blood components. The particles traveling in circulation inevitably interact with blood cells and plasma proteins and may interfere with hemostasis. Specifically, this study focuses on the influence of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) coated with a biocompatible polymer, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), on platelet function. Here, engineered SPIONs that are functionalized with various PVA coatings to provide these particles with different surface charges and polymer packing are described. These formulations are assessed for any interference with human platelet functions and coagulation, ex vivo. Positively charged SPIONs induce a significant change in platelet GPIIb‐IIIa conformation, indicative of platelet activation at the dose of 500 µg mL−1. Remarkably, engineered PVA(polyvinyl alcohol)‐SPIONs all display a robust dose‐dependent anti‐platelet effect on platelet aggregation, regardless of the PVA charge and molecular weight. After assessing hypotheses involving SPION‐induced steric hindrance in platelet–platelet bridging, as well as protein corona involvement in the antiplatelet effect, the study concludes that the presence of PVA‐SPIONs induces fibrinogen conformational change, which correlates with the observed dose‐dependent anti‐platelet effect.
Regulating Tumor N6‐Methyladenosine Methylation Landscape using Hypoxia‐Modulating OsSx Nanoparticles
Authors: Zheng Yue , Ling Yuyi , Zhang Dong‐Yang , Tan Cai‐Ping , Zhang Hang , Yang Gang‐Gang , Wang Hongsheng , Ji Liang‐Nian , Mao Zong‐Wan
Published: December 2020

The epigenetic dysregulation and hypoxia are two important factors that drive tumor malignancy, and N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) in mRNA is involved in the regulation of gene expression. Herein, a nanocatalyst OsSx‐PEG (PEG = poly(ethylene glycol)) nanoparticles (NPs) as O2 modulator is developed to improve tumor hypoxia. OsSx‐PEG NPs can significantly downregulate genes involved in hypoxia pathway. Interestingly, OsSx‐PEG NPs elevate RNA m6A methylation levels to cause the m6A‐dependent mRNA degradation of the hypoxia‐related genes. Moreover, OsSx‐PEG NPs can regulate the expression of RNA m6A methyltransferases and demethylases. Finally, DOX@OsSx‐PEG (DOX = doxorubicin; utilized as a model drug) NPs modulate tumor hypoxia and regulate mRNA m6A methylation of hypoxia‐related genes in vivo. As the first report about relationship between catalytic nanomaterials and RNA modifications, the research opens a new avenue for unveiling the underlying action mechanisms of hypoxia‐modulating nanomaterials and shows potential of regulating RNA modification to overcome chemoresistance.
Oxidation Etching‐Induced Post‐Crystallization of Palladium Nanosheets for Efficient Catalytic Hydrogenation
Authors: Huang Zhijun , Li Shanshan , Xu Bolong , Yan Fengwen , Yuan Guoqing , Liu Huiyu
Published: December 2020

The performances of catalysts are highly dependent on their crystallinities. It is a significant challenge to successively manipulate the crystallinities of noble metal nanocatalysts due to the strong metallic bonds, especially under ambient conditions. Herein, a post‐crystallization approach is developed for successive control of the crystallinity of Pd nanosheets via selective oxidation etching of the amorphous domains. This strategy can be extended to crystallize other Pd and Ru nanomaterials. By carefully modulating the crystallinity of Pd nanosheets, the time for the complete conversion of 4‐nitrostyrene via hydrogenation is reduced by 20 times. Also, crystallization can turn the selectivity of the products and improve the stability of Pd nanosheets. These findings may advance the crystal engineering of metal nanomaterials for wide applications.
High‐throughput gas chromatographic analysis of soluble carbon content in tobacco‐related products enabled by phase‐conversion reaction
Authors: Xie Wei‐Qi , Gong Yi‐Xian , Huang Shi‐Wen
Published: December 2020

This study demonstrated a simple and efficient method for quantifying soluble carbon content in tobacco‐related products using a reaction chromatographic technique. This approach was based on the measurement of the carbon dioxide generated from the oxidation reaction of soluble carbons (i.e., five‐carbon and six‐carbon sugars) in tobacco‐related sample with potassium dichromate in the presence of sulfuric acid, in which soluble carbons were oxidized to carbon dioxide (at 95°C for 40 min). After that, the carbon dioxide was analyzed by gas chromatography. The data illustrated that the proposed approach was precise (RSD < 3.19%) and accurate (relative differences < 9.52%), and the recoveries ranged from 97.9 to 102.3%. The present technique is sensitive, efficient, and could be a potential alternative for the high‐throughput analysis of the soluble carbon content of tobacco‐related products in both laboratory and industrial applications.
Electro‐Thermal Coupling Field Simulation of Converter Transformer Valve Side Bushings
Authors: Wang Qingyu , Xie Gengsheng , Tian Huidong , Peng Zongren , Yang Xi
Published: December 2020

In the actual operation, converter transformer valve side bushings are subjected to high voltages and large current loads with large number of harmonics simultaneously. In our previous papers, using the 3‐D electromagnetic‐fluid‐thermal coupling analysis method, the 3‐D temperature distribution of a converter transformer valve side bushing was researched, and the heating and dissipation characteristics of the bushing were analyzed. However, the electric field distribution of the bushing is affected by the temperature gradient inside the bushing. Related researches about the electro‐thermal coupling field of the bushing are rare and most researches are concentrated on the single factor of voltage or temperature. In this paper, by using the electro‐thermal coupling field simulation method proposed in our previous paper, the effect of the core outline size on the electric field distribution of the bushing under a certain temperature gradient was investigated. In addition, by using the transient electric field simulation method, the electric field distribution of the bushing in one cycle subjected to an actual voltage waveform and the current in temperature rise test simultaneously was analyzed considering the effect of the Joule heating power of the core. The proposed method will be able to provide a computation basis for the structure design and optimization of converter transformer valve side bushings. © 2020 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Treatment of Immature Scars: Manual Massages
Authors: Frasson Docteur N. , Valange Marie , Almeras Isabelle , Izquierdo Mathieu , Ster Gwenola
Published: December 2020

The rehabilitation of burns and scars depends on the maturation of the scar tissue. During the inflammation stage, all the risks of scar contracture and functional scar sequelae happen. The therapists must anticipate and prevent the possible consequences of an immature tissue. Besides the postures and the correct positioning with specific splints, manual massages are part of scar treatment. They have to be applied by specialized therapists around the scar at first and progressively on the scar or burn scar while respecting the fragility and inflammation of the tissue. The most important being in the choice of the technique is to respect the cutaneous inflammation.
Invasive Techniques in Scar Management: Skin Substitutes
Authors: Timmermans F. W. , Middelkoop E.
Published: December 2020

In the last decades, skin substitutes have emerged as an important innovation in improving scar quality. They can be applied during the initial wound management but also during scar reconstruction procedures. This chapter provides an overview on the development, current state, and future of cell-seeded and tissue-engineered skin substitutes. We will discuss some of the most important varieties of skin substitutes in the context of scar formation and wound healing.
Additional Invasive Techniques in Scar Management
Authors: de Bakker E. , van Leeuwen M. C. E. , Meijer O. W. M. , Niessen F. B.
Published: December 2020

Radiation therapy is a last resort option for recurring and therapy-resistant keloid scars. It represents a significant burden to the patient and both financially and logistically to the healthcare system. Radiation therapy yields excellent results, both functionally and aesthetically and in low recurrence rates. An efficacious treatment protocol consists of excision of the entire keloid, followed by rapid administration of the first radiation dose. The most commonly used techniques are external radiation, low-dose-rate brachytherapy, and high-dose-rate brachytherapy. Brachytherapy is associated with fewer side effects and a lower recurrence rate in comparison with external radiation. The use of high-dose-rate brachytherapy is more convenient because it allows an outpatient setting and prevents unnecessary radiation damage to the surrounding tissue. Although more research is needed, a biological effective dose (BED) of 20–30 Gy, for example, 2 × 6 Gy, seems sufficient for most cases. The most commonly seen complications are erythema, temporary and permanent pigmentation disturbances, and telangiectasia. Although it is necessary to mention the risk of inducing secondary malignancy in the treated area, only a few cases have been described, out of which none were caused by brachytherapy.
Specific Attention Areas in Scar Management: Specific Scar Management Depending on Anatomical Features (Face, Hair, Breast, Hand, Joints, Foot)
Authors: Poetschke Julian , Gauglitz Gerd G.
Published: December 2020

While scarring in general can prove difficult to treat satisfactorily for physicians, specific locations of scarring can make this task even more difficult. Scarring on the scalp can result in alopecia which, especially in women and children, can be extremely stigmatizing. On the face and chest, scars lead to severe aesthetic impairments and commonly result in significantly reduced quality of life. If the hands, feet, or large joints are affected by severe scarring, functional problems can arise that, if most severe, put their self-reliance throughout their daily lives at risk. Therefore, finding solutions for such scarring is imperative.

Finding the right technique to address a specific scar requires analysis of the problem. If scars are contracted, scar releases through local flaps (Z-plasty, W-plasty, and others) are common procedures. In widespread instable scars, large areas of tissue can be replaced by dermal substitutes and split-thickness skin grafting and full-thickness skin grafting or through the use of free tissue flaps. Additionally, fractional lasers provide the opportunity to soften scarred skin and to ameliorate the often irregular surface texture of such scars. For the treatment of problematic areas, combining different treatment options with regard to the individual requirements of the scar will commonly yield satisfactory results. Care should be taken to incorporate physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and conservative scar treatment paradigms to prevent future scarring in treated areas and to improve and conserve the reconstituted function in scarred areas.
Management of Scars in Skin of Color
Authors: Tchero Huidi
Published: December 2020

Keloids and hypertrophic scars are abnormal scars, produced by an odd wound-healing response to trauma with a higher incidence in pigmented skin patients. They could be painful or itchy, producing functional and/or cosmetic disability. This chapter focuses on defining scars especially in pigmented skin and the different methods for treating keloids that have been investigated in the literature. Up to the present time, the ideal treatment method has not been defined, although numerous modalities have been designated. We will represent the variances among different scar types and their management methods, concentrating on their indications, modes of action, uses, safety, and efficiency of the following therapies: intralesional steroid, injections of silicone gel/sheet, radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy, electrical stimulation, surgical excision and adjuvant therapy, and cryosurgery. Combination therapies have also shown some value. Still, there is a shortage of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) evaluating such treatment modalities. Management of scar in pigmented (colored) skin is clinically challenging. Therefore, strategic assessment and targeted therapy with focus on deterring recurrence are most needed. The quality of evidence is crucial to select efficient treatments for patients with colored skin, presenting with keloid.
Makeup Therapy for Scars
Authors: Nonni Joëlle
Published: December 2020

Because we live in a society that is very much concerned with physical appearance, looking as good as possible has become everyone’s main goal. Consequently, unsightly skin imperfections can have a dramatic and highly negative impact on a patient’s personal, social, or working life.

Medical makeup thus represents an alternative solution, helping patients to regain their self-confidence, particularly in the case of visible dermatoses, scars, and burns, whether permanent or temporary.
Emerging Technologies in Scar Management: The Role of Allogeneic Cells
Authors: Ganier Clarisse , Gaucher Sonia
Published: December 2020

Scars caused by burns, chronic ulcers from diabetes, infections, skin cancer surgery, and other genetic or somatic disease could require effective treatment to avoid functional and psychological troubles and even mortality. Most of the current treatments aim to reduce local inflammation but not to prevent scarring. Herein, we discussed about emerging technologies in scar management using allogeneic cell therapy. The industrialised allogeneic cell therapy products and the clinical trials using keratinocytes, fibroblasts or MSCs demonstrated acceleration of skin cell migration and proliferation, control wound scarring, immunomodulatory properties and improved angiogenesis. In addition, allogeneic cell transplants offered the possibility of large pre-fabrication, cryo-preservation, for instantaneous use and repeated applications. Current research exploring allogeneic cell therapies for scar treatment are focusing on grafting of epidermal sheets, cellular dermal substitutes and reconstructed skin equivalent and cell intradermal injections. Advances in knowledge in therapeutic potentials of allogeneic injected cells give rise to new therapeutic approaches such as administration of allogeneic cell-derived extracellular vesicles.
Clinical Case Reports: Scar Prevention by Laser Treatment in Mastopexy With Implant
Authors: Hunsinger Vincent , Lhuaire Martin , Dagher Ibrahim , Lantieri Laurent
Published: December 2020

In this chapter, Vincent Hunsinger, MD, former chief of clinic in the department of Professor Lantieri at Georges Pompidou European Hospital in Paris and in post-bariatric silhouette surgery after massive weight loss under the direction of Professor Ibrahim Dagher (Hospital Antoine Beclère, Clamart, France) presents a technique of improvement of postoperative scars by the use of an automated 1210 nm diode laser system (UrgoTouch®). The interest of this technique is to limit/prevent postoperative hypertrophy and scar enlargement.
Burn Hypertrophic Scar in Pediatric Patients: Clinical Case
Authors: Vinaik Roohi , Fish Joel , Jeschke Marc G.
Published: December 2020

Recent improvements in burn care have resulted in greater patient survival of severe burns. With improved survival, treatment of the resulting permanent burn hypertrophic scars requires extensive care. Hypertrophic scarring occurs due to aberrations in the normal healing process, resulting in excessive inflammation and collagen deposition at the site of injury. These scars are accompanied by symptoms such as pain, pruritus, erythema, and limited mobility. The high scar prevalence in pediatric patients and accompanying physical, psychological, and social burden warrant a better understanding of the possible treatment options. Currently, several therapeutic strategies exist for hypertrophic scar management in the pediatric patient, although none are completely effective. Recently, laser therapy has emerged as a potential therapy for symptomatic relief and scar modulation. Here, we provide an up-to-date review of treatment options for hypertrophic scars in the pediatric population. In addition, we discuss a clinical case, outlining the potential merits of addition of laser therapy and surgical revision for the treatment of hypertrophic scars.
Introduction to Internal Crowdsourcing: Theoretical Foundations and Practical Applications
Authors: Ulbrich Hannah , Wedel Marco , Dienel Hans-Liudger
Published: December 2020

The research landscape in the area of forecasting and assessing working conditions has become increasingly difficult to understand. There are plenty of identified reasons, drivers and catchwords to describe a systemic transformation. Individual- and subject-specific approaches to describe and understand the changes to work are being developed in almost every scientific discipline, as well as by (economic) associations and actors in the sociopolitical spheres. Despite all complexity and contradictions, ‘digitalization’ seems to be one focal point when it comes to identifying independent variables to explain the ‘future of work’. The corresponding discussions, analyses, recommendations and scenarios can be found under the well-known headings ‘Work 4.0’, ‘Industry 4.0’, ‘Education 4.0’, ‘Society 4.0’, etc. In addition to systemic descriptions, oftentimes dominated by economics and business management approaches, there are changing individual, subject-inherent perceptual understandings indicating a change in social values with regard to work and its function. Ultimately, for the majority of the population and the (welfare) state, work remains the necessary prerequisite for financially securing their livelihoods.
Design of a Process and Role Model for Internal Crowdsourcing
Authors: Ulbrich Hannah , Wedel Marco
Published: December 2020

The successful implementation of internal crowdsourcing (IC) in a company requires a precise description and definition of the personnel responsibilities for the various process levels and process components within each process phase of IC. As part of the research project ‘ICU—Internal Crowdsourcing in Companies’, we have developed a new role model for internal crowdsourcing based on a practical application of IC in the company GASAG AG, an energy provider located in Berlin, Germany. The aim of this article is to present the main features of this role model (Some aspects of this article will also be published in German. Please be referred to Daum, M., Wedel, M., Zinke-Wehlmann, C., Ulbrich, H. (ed.) (2020): Gestaltung vernetzt-flexibler Arbeit. Beiträge aus Theorie und Praxis für die digitale Arbeitswelt. Berlin: Springer Vieweg). It is based on the roles of the agile model of Scrum, because partial aspects of the internal crowdsourcing process and certain process steering tasks have similarities with the procedure and task descriptions of Scrum. Scrum, as a mature and practice-proven set of rules with role descriptions, rules, events and artefacts, provides helpful implications for the design of an internal crowdsourcing role model as we will prove in further detail.
An Empirical Analysis of an Internal Crowdsourcing Platform: IT Implications for Improving Employee Participation
Authors: Iskender Neslihan , Polzehl Tim
Published: December 2020

Crowdsourcing has become one of the main resources for working on so-called microtasks that require human intelligence to solve tasks that computers cannot yet solve and to connect to external knowledge and expertise. Instead of using external crowds, several organizations have increasingly been using their employees as a crowd, with the aim of exploiting employee’s potentials, mobilizing unused technical and personal experience and including personal skills for innovation or product enhancement. However, understanding the dynamics of this new way of digital co-working from the technical point of view plays a vital role in the success of internal crowdsourcing, and, to our knowledge, no study has yet empirically investigated the relationship between the technical features and participation in internal crowdsourcing. Therefore, this chapter aims to provide a guideline for organizations and employers from the perspective of the technical design of internal crowdsourcing, specifically regarding issues of data protection privacy and security concerns as well as task type, design, duration and participation time based on the empirical findings of an internal crowdsourcing platform.
Introduction: Provincialising the Rise of the British Novel in the Transatlantic Public Sphere
Authors: Haschemi Yekani Elahe
Published: December 2020

In the introduction to Familial Feeling, Haschemi Yekani proposes a transatlantic reframing of Ian Watt’s famous work on the rise of the novel. Offering a critical overview of the intertwined histories of enslavement and modernity, this chapter proposes a focus on transatlantic entanglement already in the eighteenth and early nineteenth century to challenge the more prevalent retrospective paradigm of “writing back” in postcolonial studies. Introducing the concepts of familial feeling and entangled tonalities, Haschemi Yekani describes the affective dimension of literature that shapes notions of national belonging. This is then discussed in the book in relation to the four entangled aesthetic tonalities of familial feeling in early Black Atlantic writing and canonical British novels by Daniel Defoe, Olaudah Equiano, Ignatius Sancho, Laurence Sterne, Jane Austen, Robert Wedderburn, Charles Dickens, and Mary Seacole. To provide context for the following literary readings, scholarship on sentimentalism and the abolition of slavery is introduced and significantly extended, especially in relation to the shifts from moral sentiment and the abolition of the slave trade in the eighteenth century to social reform and the rise of the new imperialism and colonial expansion in the nineteenth century.
Conclusion
Authors: Anderson Colin Ray , Bruil Janneke , Chappell M. Jahi , Kiss Csilla , Pimbert Michel Patrick
Published: December 2020

The final chapter concludes the book by summarizing our arguments and the urgency of agroecology transformations.

As the world’s crises exacerbate inequity and fuel the erosion of the ecological basis of the world, the urgent need for transformative change is palpable. Agroecology responds to this call for change. Our formulation of agroecological transformation reflects not one grand theory of change but a recognition of a co-evolutionary and adaptive approach. It also underpins the importance of collective action, social movements and solidarity networks as a means of building and amplifying political power and community agency to advance agroecology transformations.
Profili costituzionali della tutela dei diritti sui beni immateriali
Authors: Pagliarin Carola
Published: December 2020

Come è noto, nella nostra Costituzione non si rinvengono norme dedicate in modo espresso alla tutela dei diritti sui beni immateriali o della proprietà intellettuale. Non si sono, dunque, seguiti precedenti illustri, come la Costituzione americana del 1787.
Der europäische Deliktsgerichtsstand und die gewerblichen Schutzrechte
Authors: Kindler Peter
Published: December 2020

Die internationale Durchsetzung von gewerblichen Schutzrechten in der EU hängt prozessual vor allem davon ab, ob für Klagen aus der Verletzung geistigen Eigentums ein Deliktsgerichtsstand nach Art. 7 Nr. 2 Brüssel Ia-VO eröffnet ist. Daran hat der Inhaber des Immaterialgüterrechts ein erhebliches Interesse, wird doch der deliktische Erfolgsort regelmäßig in seinem Sitzstaat liegen. Die Anerkennung und Vollstreckung des Urteils im Sitzstaat des Gegners ist meist gesichert (Art. 35 ff. Brüssel Ia-VO). Ein Prozess vor den Gerichten des Staats, in dem der mutmaßliche Verletzer ansässig ist (Art. 4 Brüssel Ia-VO), liegt daher nicht unbedingt im Interesse des Rechteinhabers – dies auch im Hinblick auf die Vermeidung des höheren Zeit- und Kostenaufwands, der mit Auslandsprozessen verbunden ist. Der nachfolgende Beitrag zeigt jüngste Tendenzen in der einschlägigen Rechtsprechung auf.
Das Schutzlandprinzip als Grundlage für die Behandlung von grenzüberschreitenden Schadensersatzansprüchen aus der Verletzung geistigen Eigentums
Authors: Laimer Simon
Published: December 2020

Weist ein immaterialgüterrechtlicher Sachverhalt grenzüberschreitende Bezüge, mithin Verbindungen zu mehr als einer Rechtsordnung auf, dann ist das darauf anzuwendende nationale Recht nach dem Internationalen Privatrecht des angerufenen Gerichts zu ermitteln. Vom Immaterialgüterrechtsstatut, mithin dem Recht, das den Bestand, Inhalt und Schutz von geistigen Eigentumsrechten regelt, ist allerdings das – aus der Sicht EU-mitgliedstaatlicher Gerichte von der Rom I-Verordnung, in der Schweiz von Art. 122 IPRG erfasste – Statut immaterialgüterrechtlicher Verträge zu unterscheiden, das die schuldrechtlichen Beziehungen zwischen den Vertragsparteien beherrscht. In diesem Beitrag, der das Unions-IPR in den Mittelpunkt stellt und einen vergleichenden Blick auf das schweizerische Kollisionsrecht wirft, soll es allein um die kollisionsrechtliche Anknüpfung von außervertraglichen Schuldverhältnissen gehen, die aus einer Verletzung von Rechten des geistigen Eigentums entstehen (Schutzstatut).
Intoxication of mammalian cells with binary clostridial enterotoxins is inhibited by the combination of pharmacological chaperone inhibitors
Authors: Ernst Katharina , Sailer Judith , Braune Maria , Barth Holger
Published: December 2020

Binary enterotoxins Clostridioides difficile CDT toxin, Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin, and Clostridium perfringens iota toxin consist of two separate protein components. The B-components facilitate receptor-mediated uptake into mammalian cells and form pores into endosomal membranes through which the enzymatic active A-components translocate into the cytosol. Here, the A-components ADP-ribosylate G-actin which leads to F-actin depolymerization followed by rounding of cells which causes clinical symptoms. The protein folding helper enzymes Hsp90, Hsp70, and peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases of the cyclophilin (Cyp) and FK506 binding protein (FKBP) families are required for translocation of A-components of CDT, C2, and iota toxins from endosomes to the cytosol. Here, we demonstrated that simultaneous inhibition of these folding helpers by specific pharmacological inhibitors protects mammalian, including human, cells from intoxication with CDT, C2, and iota toxins, and that the inhibitor combination displayed an enhanced effect compared to application of the individual inhibitors. Moreover, combination of inhibitors allowed a concentration reduction of the individual compounds as well as decreasing of the incubation time with inhibitors to achieve a protective effect. These results potentially have implications for possible future therapeutic applications to relieve clinical symptoms caused by bacterial toxins that depend on Hsp90, Hsp70, Cyps, and FKBPs for their membrane translocation into the cytosol of target cells.
Neue Aspekte zur Histopathologie bei Hautinfektionen
Authors: Böer-Auer Almut
Published: December 2020

Hintergrund

Bei entzündlichen Hautinfiltraten ist grundsätzlich immer auch an eine erregerbedingte Genese zu denken. Während einige Erreger bereits in der Hämatoxylin-Eosin-Färbung gut sichtbar sind (z. B. Hefepilze, Leishmanien), stehen für andere histochemische und immunhistochemische Färbungen zur Verfügung.

Fragestellung

Bei fehlendem Erregernachweis kann eine Infektionserkrankung am Schnittpräparat oft nicht sicher diagnostiziert werden, jedoch kann das Infiltratmuster („pattern“) eine erregerbedingte Genese nahelegen. Es soll auf neue oder noch wenig bekannte Reaktionsmuster und auf differenzialdiagnostische Schwierigkeiten aufmerksam gemacht werden.

Material und Methoden

Selektiver Literaturreview und Auswertung von Einzelfällen.

Ergebnisse

Studien mit molekularbiologischer Erregerdiagnostik aus Biopsiematerial haben wesentlich dazu beigetragen, das histomorphologische Spektrum erregerbedingter Hautinfiltrate besser zu charakterisieren. Neben ungewöhnlichen Herpes-simplex- und Varizella-zoster-Infektionen wird die Histopathologie von Coxsackievirus und Masernexanthem, Borreliose, Syphilis sowie der kutanen Leishmaniasis dargestellt. Für zahlreiche Erreger sind inzwischen molekularbiologische Nachweise etabliert, die am formalinfixierten, paraffineingebetteten Material durchgeführt werden können.

Schlussfolgerungen

Anhand von ausgewählten Hautinfektionen wird das breite histopathologischen Spektrum erregerbedingter Hautinfiltrate dargestellt. Für den Histopathologen ist es insbesondere wichtig zu wissen, bei welchen Reaktionsmustern er den Kliniker auf notwendige Zusatzdiagnostik (Kultur, Serologie) aufmerksam machen sollte und wann eine molekularbiologische Erregerdiagnostik aus Biopsiematerial sinnvoll sein kann.
Photosynthetic Systems Suggest an Evolutionary Pathway to Diderms
Authors: Rogers Scott O.
Published: December 2020

Bacteria are divided primarily into monoderms (with one cell membrane, and usually Gram-positive, due to a thick peptidoglycan layer) and diderms (with two cell membranes, and mostly Gram-negative, due to a thin peptidoglycan layer sandwiched between the two membranes). Photosynthetic species are spread among the taxonomic groups, some having type I reaction centers (RCI in monoderm phylum Firmicutes; and diderm phyla Acidobacteria and Chlorobi), others with type II reaction centers (RCII in monoderm phylum Chloroflexi; and diderm taxa Gemmatimonadetes, and alpha-, beta-, and gamma-Proteobacteria), and some containing both (RCI and RCII, only in diderm phylum Cyanobacteria). In most bacterial phylograms, photosystem types and diderm taxa are polyphyletic. A more parsimonious arrangement, which is supported by photosystem evolution, as well as additional sets of molecular characters, suggests that endosymbiotic events resulted in the formation of the diderms. In the model presented, monoderms readily form a monophyletic group, while diderms are produced by at least two endosymbiotic events, followed by additional evolutionary changes.
Transforming Growth Factor-β and the Renin-Angiotensin System in Syndromic Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms: Implications for Treatment
Authors: van Dorst Daan C.H. , de Wagenaar Nathalie P. , van der Pluijm Ingrid , Roos-Hesselink Jolien W. , Essers Jeroen , Danser A.H. Jan
Published: December 2020

Thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs) are permanent pathological dilatations of the thoracic aorta, which can lead to life-threatening complications, such as aortic dissection and rupture. TAAs frequently occur in a syndromic form in individuals with an underlying genetic predisposition, such as Marfan syndrome (MFS) and Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS). Increasing evidence supports an important role for transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in TAA pathology. Eventually, most patients with syndromic TAAs require surgical intervention, as the ability of present medical treatment to attenuate aneurysm growth is limited. Therefore, more effective medical treatment options are urgently needed. Numerous clinical trials investigated the therapeutic potential of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and β-blockers in patients suffering from syndromic TAAs. This review highlights the contribution of TGF-β signaling, RAS, and impaired mechanosensing abilities of aortic VSMCs in TAA formation. Furthermore, it critically discusses the most recent clinical evidence regarding the possible therapeutic benefit of ARBs and β-blockers in syndromic TAA patients and provides future research perspectives and therapeutic implications.
On mixed-integer optimal control with constrained total variation of the integer control
Authors: Sager Sebastian , Zeile Clemens
Published: December 2020

Thecombinatorial integral approximation(CIA) decomposition suggests solving mixed-integer optimal control problems by solving one continuous nonlinear control problem and one mixed-integer linear program (MILP). Unrealistic frequent switching can be avoided by adding a constraint on the total variation to the MILP. Within this work, we present a fast heuristic way to solve this CIA problem and investigate in which situations optimality of the constructed feasible solution is guaranteed. In the second part of this article, we show tight bounds on the integrality gap between a relaxed continuous control trajectory and an integer feasible one in the case of two controls. Finally, we present numerical experiments to highlight the proposed algorithm’s advantages in terms of run time and solution quality.
The role of appropriation in guided reinvention: establishing and preserving devolved authority with low-attaining students
Authors: Solomon Yvette , Hough Susan , Gough Stephen
Published: December 2020

Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) relies on the pedagogy of guided reinvention, in which opportunities for learning are created through the teacher’s orchestration of whole-class mathematical discussion towards a specific goal. However, introducing an RME approach to students who are accustomed to traditional teaching requires a substantial shift in roles, particularly with respect to the devolution of authority from teacher to student. In this study, we worked with low-attaining students, implementing RME to improve understanding of fractions. The analysis highlights how the introduction of guided reinvention is supported by extended wait time and teacher neutrality, but also by teachers’ appropriation of student strategies as a basis for supporting shared authority in the joint construction of mathematical ideas. The article considers the relationship between guided reinvention, appropriation and student agency.