bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ElectroCardioGraphic QTc Interval Prolongation in Aging THAI HIV infected Population After Receiving AntiRetroviral Therapy: ECG THAI-HAART Study
Authors:   , Theerasuwipakorn Nonthikorn
Published: September 2023

Background: the QTc interval prolongation is commonly found in HIV infected patients with some controversial data showed the association between ART and this condition. To date, there is no data of the QTc interval prolongation in the aging HIV infected patients with the usage of current HAART regimens.

Method: we collected the data of the aging, 50 years old or more, ART-experience HIV infected patients in the HIV Netherland Australia Thailand research collaboration (HIV-NAT) who had digital ECG recorded to find the prevalence as a primary objective. The secondary objective is to find the associating factors of the QTc interval prolongation by using case-control study with age and sex propensity score matching between the patients with and without QTc interval prolongation in 1:2 ratio. The QTc interval prolongation was defined as QTc interval > 450 ms in man and > 460 ms in woman.

Result: 413 patients with the mean age of 56.0 (50-76) years old and 249 (60.3%) male patients were included from January 2019 to November 2019. There was no patient with AIDS and most of the patients were well disease control, mean CD4 level was 640.46 +/- 242.98 cells/mcl and 401 (97.1%) patients were undetectable viral load. The prevalence of the QTc interval prolongation was 22.3% (92/413). The older age, hypertension and Nevirapine use were found to associated with QTc interval prolongation in the unmatched analysis but found no association after matching. Univariable analysis of the matched case-control found the association of Tenofovir alafenamide and Atazanavir use with the QTc interval prolongation but no factor was found to be associated in multivariable analysis.

Conclusion: the prevalence of the QTc interval prolongation was higher in aging ART-experience HIV infected patient. Except the older age, there was no other factor including ART use found to associated with the QTc interval prolongation.
Preparation of Ag-CNTs and Ag-Graphene nanocomposite and their combination with MnO2 bath deposition for flexible supercapacitor development.
Authors:   , Keawploy Norawich
Published: September 2023

Nowadays, researchers have made great efforts on the development of flexible and light weight energy storage devices for their practical applications and the advancement of modern electronic devices. Owing to the promising feathers of high specific power, high rate capability, and long-term cycling life, the supercapacitors (SCs) are considered as highly suitable for various flexible applications. In general, the carbon-based nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and graphene nanosheets, exhibit good supercapacitor performance. Manganese dioxide (MnO2) are widely studied for pseudocapacitors owing to their high specific capacitance, high power, and energy density. Thus, MnO2 was applied to increase the supercapacitor performance of carbon materials. However, most of the reported SCs are bulk, heavy, and non-flexible, which are not suitable for wearable energy technology. To overcome these challenges, flexible supercapacitors (FSCs) are developed to meet the wearable electronics. The cotton cloth materials are widely considered for flexible substrates due to inexpensive natural fiber, highly hydrophilic and light weight. In this work, the conductive cotton was successfully prepared by the screen-printing method using the developed ink. The designed textile ink and silver powder mixture demonstrates an outstanding conductivity. The prepared conductive cotton reached a low resistance of less than 15 ohm/cm2. Furthermore, the supercapacitor electrodes were also fabricated by mixing the active materials (CNT, and graphene) into the developed ink. Among these different carbon electrodes, the CNT electrodes show superior electrochemical performance (78.49 mF/cm2 at 0.1 mA/cm2).  To further enhance the specific capacitance, the MnO2 was coated on the electrodes by chemical bath deposition (CBD) using potassium permanganate and sulfuric acid solution. The specific capacitance of as high as 741.83 mF/cm2 at 0.1 mA/cm2 was achieved. Finally, the flexible supercapacitor device was also successfully fabricated, which exhibited a high specific areal capacitance of 677.12 mF/cm2 at 0.0125 mA/cm2 for CNT electrodes. The flexible device also shows excellent rate performance and cyclic stability with capacitance retention of 80% for 3000 cycles, demonstrating that advanced flexible energy storage devices can be achieved.
Binding kinetics of monoclonal antibodies and fluoroquinolone derivatives
Authors:   , Boonserm Patamalai
Published: September 2023

Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are a group of antibiotics which have been extensively used against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Some of FQs antibiotics commonly used in livestock and fishery include norfloxacin, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and ofloxacin. However, misuse of these antibiotics may cause drug residues in food products. Therefore, to prevent consumers from getting residual antibiotics in food and the drug resistance of pathogens in humans. As a result, surveillance detection program of these drug residues must be in practice to ensure safety of the consumers in many countries. In general, detections based on immunological method include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been widely used as a screening tool in food safety applications. In this research, sensitivity of four monoclonal antibodies, mAbs against norfloxacin (mAb Nor132 and mAb Nor155), and mAbs against enrofloxacin (mAb Enro44 and Enro48) were quantified by an antigen-captured indirect competitive ELISA. The sensitivity in term of 50% inhibition concentration (IC₅₀) of mAb Nor132, mAb Nor155, mAb Enro44, and mAb Enro48 were found to be 0.1388 µg/ml, 0.0511 µg/ml, 0.2369 µg/ml, and 0.3320 µg/ml respectively. Moreover, the specificity of mAbs were examined in term of % cross-reactivity. The mAb Nor132 and mAb Nor155 are highly specificity for norfloxacin and several drugs in FQs group in range of 21.79-89.34% but mAb Enro44 and mAb Enro48 are highly specificity only enrofloxacin. Then, the kinetic binding (KD) of four mAbs and drugs were studied by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The result showed that mAb Nor155 bound to norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin better than mAb Nor132 did. As mAb Enro44 bound to enrofloxacin better than mAb Enro48. To investigate In silico binding between FQ drugs and mAbs by using antigen-antibody docking technique, Autodock vina program. The docking results expose significant interactions between the FQ dugs and four mAbs, especially with amino acid residues at the pocket site or nearby the area CDRs of mAbs, the region of mAb recognizes the antigen, with hydrogen bonds. The results indicated that sensitivity and affinity of mAb Nor155 were higher than those of mAb Nor132 as the mAb Enro44 compared to the mAb Enro48. These suggested that mAb Nor155 and mAb Enro44 were suitable for using in the development of norfloxacin and enrofloxacin detection in food products, respectively.
The efficacy of vitamin c oral supplement on wound healing after tooth extraction
Authors:   , Pisalsitsakul Nanthanut
Published: September 2023

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect and proper dosage of oral vitamin C supplement on post-extraction wound healing.

Methods: This study was a split mouth, double-blind, randomized-controlled clinical trial of 42 patients who underwent symmetric bilateral non-infected premolars extraction. The patients were randomly divided into 3 groups (14 patients for each group); 1.placebo vs vitamin C 600 mg/d, 2.placebo vs vitamin C 1,500 mg/d and 3.vitamin C 600 mg/d vs vitamin C 1,500 mg/d. Each group was prescribed placebo and/or vitamin C three times a day for 10 days after each tooth extraction. The assessment of the wound was performed on day 0, 7 and 21 then then the other side extraction was performed with the same protocol. Size of the extraction wound in bucco-lingual width, mesio-distal width, depth and 1% toluidine blue stained were collected by two examiners. Pain score and high vitamin C-containing diets were recorded by each patient on the first three days and seven days, respectively. 

Results: The percentage reduction of the extraction wound size in mesiodistal dimension between day 0 and day 7 of teeth receiving vitamin C 600 mg daily was more than that in placebo (P < 0.05). Pain scores on day 1-3 after tooth extraction of teeth receiving vitamin C 600 mg daily was significantly lower than the placebo side (P < 0.05).

Conclusion: Taking oral vitamin C 600 mg/d for 10 days after tooth extraction tended to promote extraction wound healing and reduced post-operative pain.
Association between clinical signs and quality of life in Thai patients with oral lichen planus
Authors:   , Yiemstan Sasirin
Published: September 2023

Subjective patient’s symptoms and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) were recommended to be involved in oral lichen planus (OLP) studies. Objectives: to evaluate 1) the association between OLP clinical signs and OHRQoL as well as pain perception. 2) the association between OLP pain and OHRQoL. Methods: Sixty-nine OLP or oral lichenoid drug reaction (OLDR) Thai patients were recruited. Data were collected through personal interview with the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) and Thai version of Oral Impacts on Daily Performance (OIDP) index. OLP signs were examined in aspects of localization, type and clinical severity according to the Thongprasom sign scoring system. Results: 1) there was statistically significant association between OLP clinical severity and the intensity of oral impacts (Spearman’s correlation (rs) = 0.490, p < 0.001) and with OLP pain (rs = 0.298, p = 0.013). The intensity of OLP impacts and pain intensities were increased along with OLP clinical severity, except for the clinical score 1. The ulcerative OLP lesions equivalent to clinical score 4 and 5 were the most painful symptom and had substantial impacts on OHRQoL. Presence of OLP at soft palate had considerable worsened OHRQoL. 2) there was statistically significant association between OLP pain and the intensity of oral impacts (rs= 0.400, p = 0.001). Conclusion: The results showed the OHRQoL measure would valid against OLP clinical measure. As the discrepancy based on its measurement, using merely OLP clinical indicators were insufficient. OHRQoL measures could complement OLP clinical measures.
Combined life cycle analysis and material flow analysis as a tool for end of life options of used lubricating oils
Authors:   , Toeipomthong Komsan
Published: September 2023

Used lubricating oils are one of the most significant material flows in the economy. After being used, they are typically contaminated with, e.g., heavy metals, which could harm the environments if they are treated improperly. The used oils should be properly treated by reprocessing or recycling which the recyled products can be used to subsitute the production the new product, as a result a net reduction of the environemental impacts. This study aimed to investigate the waste flow and then evaluate the environmental impacts of waste management options using the Material Flow Analysis (MFA, STAN v.2.6.801) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA, SimaPro v.8.3.0) as an assessment tool. The functional unit was set as a ton of market demand of petroleum products in Thailand in the calendar year 2017. Five scenarios of waste management were developed into base case or current operation (Option 1), zero-production (Option 2), distillation (Option 3), re-refining by KTI process (Option 4) and re-refining by Revivoil process (Option 5). The MFA results shows that the secondary products obtained from waste treatment method were mainly composed of diesel (68%) followed by asphalt (20%). The LCA results show the emission hotspots of environmental impacts in each waste treatment scenario that KTI process had the least value of global warming potential impact (-1,356 kg CO₂ eq), followed by Revivoil process (-733 kg CO₂ eq), whereas the impact value of the base case was approximately 24 times higher than that of KTI process - which has the least impact option. Therefore, for sustainably used oil management, KTI process is an appropriate technology rather than the current operation.
Formaldehyde fluorescent sensors from 1,8-Naphthalimide derivatives
Authors:   , Maharat Apicha
Published: September 2023

Three derivatives of 1,8-naphthalimide were systematically designed and synthesized to investigate the effect of substitution pattern on their photophysical properties and sensing behaviors towards formaldehyde in aqueous media. The key substituents, the hydrazino (-NHNH2) and the 2-methoxyethylamino groups (-NHCH2CH2OCH3), were installed at the 4-position of 1,8-naphthalimide by a nucleophilic replacement, and at the imide position by a condensation reaction with 1,8-naphthalic anhydride precursor. All target compounds were obtained in good overall yields of 60-80%. Compounds with two hydrazine moieties (R3) showed excellent selective fluorescent responses towards formaldehyde with the 3.5-fold fluorescence enhancement in 5% aqueous acetic acid solution at 520 nm. The sensing mechanism likely involves the inhibition of photo-induced electron transfer (PET) between the hydrazine and naphthalimide moieties by formaldehyde. The detection limit of the R3 probe was calculated to be 0.1 mM. Other aldehydes and related analysts did not show significant interference in the fluorescence spectrum. Moreover, the sensitivity of the R3 probe toward formaldehyde was successfully enhanced by protonation of the hydrazine moiety with HCl gas to give R3.HCl. The fabrication of R3.HCl in sol-gel was successfully demonstrated. The doping of 10 µM of R3.HCl in silica sol-gel led to a sensor which was capable of formaldehyde detection at 2 to 0.02 µM by naked eyes.
Preparation of starch-filled polyisocyanurate foams catalyzed by zinc-ammonia complex/potassium octoate
Authors:   , Goonack Sirima
Published: September 2023

The research aimed to reduce apparent density and improve fire resistance of polyisocyanurate (PIR) foam. PIR foams were prepared using zinc-ammonia complex and potassium octoate as catalyst for gelling/blowing and trimerization reactions, respectively. Three types of starch produced in Thailand, namely glutinous rice flour, rice flour and mung bean starch, were used as additives for PIR foams. The characterized properties of PIR foams modified with starches are reaction times (cream time, gel time, rise time and tack free time), polyisocyanurate/polyurethane (PIR/PUR) ratio, %isocyanate conversion, apparent density, compressive property, morphology and fire behavior. These properties are compared with PIR foam without of starch. The experimental results showed that an addition of starches into PIR foams reduced apparent density and increased fire resistance property as compared to PIR foam without of starch. The PIR foam modified with starches showed self-extinguishing property.
Magnetic nanoparticles stabilized by phosphorylcholine-containing polymer for antibody free c-reactive protein detection
Authors:   , Saipia Suttawan
Published: September 2023

This research aims to develop a simple, yet effective assay for C-reactive protein (CRP) detection based on a combination of magnetic separation and antibody-free colorimetric assay. Magnetic nanoparticles stabilized with phosphorylcholine-containing polymer, poly[methacrylic acid)-ran-(methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine)] (PMAMPC-MNPs) were prepared by co-precipitation of ferric and ferrous salts in the presence of PMAMPC. Carboxyl groups in the methacrylic acid (MA) repeat units chelate with Fe atoms during MNPs formation while the methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) repeat units provide specifically binding sites and conjugate with CRP in presence of Ca2+. The PMAMPC-MNPs were characterized by ATR-FTIR, TEM, DLS, TGA and XRD. To determine the CRP binding, the PMAMPC-MNPs were mixed with CRP in presence of Ca2+ and then precipitation of PMAMPC-MNPs conjugated with CRP was induced by magnet. Taking advantage of peroxidase-like activity of MNPs, an addition of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) and H2O2 in 0.1 M acetate buffer, pH 3.8 to the supernatant allows colorimetric determination for a short period of time of unbound PMAMPC-MNPs which is inversely proportional to the amount of CRP and detects in antibody-free system. A linear range of 0 – 5 µg/ml and detection limit of 1.39 µg/mL. Moreover, 3 µg/ml CRP in undiluted rabbit serum can be detected as well.
High magnification polymeric lens for smartphone microscope
Authors:   , Jaikeandee Wisansaya
Published: September 2023

In this work, we present a facile method for fabrication of plano-convex lenses, using high reflective optical polymer (Polydimethylsiloxane, Sylgard 184 by Dow Corning, n ~1.42 and Norland Optical adhesive 61, NOA61 by Norland Products, ~1.56) under the confined sessile drop technique. The confined sessile drop technique is a facile method and an adjustable lens geometry through controlled the weight of liquid polymer on the lens substrate, as PMMA circular disk and Sylgard circular disk, with different diameter (2.5-6.0 mm). The liquid polymer was gradually spread and radially over the surface of the lens substrate, and resistance to spreading of liquid by a sharp edge under the gravitational force and interfacial surface tension to form spherical cap with smooth surface. When the use of the weight of liquid polymer increased, the deformation of the lens observed due to affect the gravitational force. The fabricated lenses, as Sylgard 184 plano-convex lens and NOA 61 plano-convex lens, provides the magnification up to 51.0X and 88.3X, respectively. In addition, the imaging quality of the fabricated lenses was characterized using USAF 1951 target. The fabricated plano-convex lenses which could be used to convert a smartphone to a smartphone microscope to taken the small objects that cannot see by naked eye. Due to high refractive index of NOA 61 plano-convex lens, it can be utilized as design of low cost SPR sensors under Kretschmann surface plasmon sensors configuration through deposited with 50 nm-Au film on rough surface as base of NOA 61 plano-convex lenses.
Effects of sulodexide in the prevention of peritoneal membrane changes in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients
Authors:   , Ditsawanon Panida
Published: September 2023

The objective of this placebo-controlled clinical study is to determine the effect of sulodexide for the prevention of peritoneal membrane change in PD patients by evaluating dialysate biomarkers of peritoneal membrane change, phenotypes of peritoneal mesothelial cells, peritoneal membrane transports and safety. A total of 66 patients were included in this randomized control trial study. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either 50 mg of sulodexide or placebo by oral 2 times daily. PET was performed to evaluate peritoneal transport function. Dialysate CA125, IL-6 and VEGF concentration were also measured at baseline and after treatment by ELISA. Peritoneal mesothelial cell culture from dialysate effluent was done to evaluate EMT.

Overall, 61 patients completed the 3-month study. After the treatment period, there was a significantly lower D/P creatinine in the sulodexide group than in the placebo group (p-value = 0.04). However, no difference in D/D0 glucose was observed between two groups. For ultrafiltration volume, there was a significantly higher volume in the sulodexide group when compared to the placebo group (p-value = 0.01). Patients in the sulodexide group had no difference change from baseline in CA125 concentration while there was a significantly lower CA125 level in the placebo group (p-value = 0.03). However, no significant difference in CA125 was found between the two groups. For IL-6 , a significantly higher level was found within the placebo group after the treatment period (p-value < 0.01) while there was no difference change within the sulodexide group. When compared between groups, a significantly higher IL-6 level was found in the placebo group than those in the sulodexide group (p-value = 0.03). No difference was observed for VEGF changes both within and between two groups of patients. In conclusion from overall results in this study, the administration of sulodexide has a potentially beneficial effect in the prevention of peritoneal membrane damage in CAPD patients. Sulodexide may be used to slow the progression of peritoneal membrane change.
Production optimization of recombinant human vascular endothelial growth factor in tobacco (Nicotiana Benthamiana)
Authors:   , Bulaon Christine
Published: September 2023

Molecular pharming represents the innovative development of plants as alternative production platforms for recombinant proteins. Human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the growth factors that has displayed eminent roles in wound healing. This study aimed to develop optimized expression conditions and rapid production of recombinant VEGF in Nicotiana benthamiana. Herein, four plant expression constructs, particularly pBYR2e-SP-VEGF-His-SEKDEL (S-V-H-K), pBYR2e-SP-VEGF-His (S-V-H), pBYR2e-SP-His-VEGF-SEKDEL (S-H-V-K) and pBYR2e-SP-His-VEGF (S-H-V), were utilized and inserted into geminiviral vector pBYR2e-K2Md for transient expression in N. benthamiana. The expression level of all the four constructs was examined and the optimal harvest time for high protein expression was identified. High level of plant-produced VEGF protein expression in both S-V-H-K and S-V-H constructs were apparently detected on day 3 post-infiltration. The recombinant protein was then purified from the crude extracts by using nickel affinity column chromatography and confirmed by Western blot probed with anti-His and anti-VEGF antibodies. Findings revealed that poly-His and SEKDEL labeling at the C-terminal is the most suitable for the optimized production of recombinant VEGF in N. benthamiana. Overall, VEGF protein has been successfully produced in plants that could be further characterized for its biological activity
Phytochemicals with α-glucosidase inhibitory activity from cissus javana, dendrobium christyanum, gastrochilus bellinus and huberantha jenkinsii
Authors:   , San Htoo
Published: September 2023

Phytochemical investigations of Cissus javana DC., Dendrobium christyanum Rchb. f., Gastrochilus bellinus Rchb. f. Kuntze and Huberantha jenkinsii (Hook. f. & Thomson) Chaowasku led to the isolation of twenty-seven compounds, six of which were new naturally occurring compounds. From Cissus javana, three known compounds were isolated, including bergenin, stigmast-4-en-3-one, and β-sitosterol. From Dendrobium christyanum, thirteen known compounds were identified, namely, n-eicosyl trans-ferulate, n-docosyl 4-hydroxy-trans-cinnamate, 4,5-dihydroxy-2-methoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene, moscatilin, aloifol I, gigantol, batatasin III, dendrosinen B, coniferyl aldehyde, methyl haematommate, atraric acid, vanillin and diorcinolic acid. From Gastrochilus bellinus, four new compounds, comprising three phenanthropyrans and a phenanthrene derivative, were isolated and structurally characterized. From Huberantha jenkinsii, two new alkaloids of 8-oxoprotoberberine type were isolated along with five known compounds including mangiferin, allantoin, oxylopinine, N-trans-feruloyl tyramine and N-trans-p-coumaroyl tyramine. The structures of these compounds were determined by UV, IR, MS and NMR spectroscopic methods, and comparison of the data with literature values. Methyl haematommate (IC50 18.7 ± 2.1 µM), n-docosyl 4-hydroxy-trans-cinnamate (IC50 4.6 ± 0.2 µM), N-trans-feruloyl tyramine (IC50 30.6 ± 2.9 µM) and N-trans-p-coumaroyl tyramine (IC50 0.6 ± 0.1 µM) showed potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity in comparison with the drug acarbose (IC50 724.7 ± 46 µM). N-Docosyl 4-hydroxy-trans-cinnamate at 0.212 mM also displayed 31.6 ± 4.4 %. enhancement of glucose uptake in L6 cells. Mangiferin showed moderate α-glucosidase inhibition (IC50 253.6 ± 14.2 µM) and recognizable cellular glucose uptake stimulatory activity (208.1 ± 10.7% enhancement at a concentration of 0.237 mM) as compared with insulin (146.6 ± 35.8 % at a concentration of 500 nM).
Cytotoxic effects of mansonone G and ethoxy mansonone G from mansonia gagei drumm in non-small cell lung cancer
Authors:   , Wannachote Arachawipa
Published: September 2023

Mansonones are naphthoquinone-containing compounds extracted from the heartwood of Mansonia gagei. Several studies have reported that mansonones have various pharmacological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antiestrogenic, antiadipogenic and anticancer effects. A previous study reported that ether analogues of mansonone G (MG), a major compound isolated from Mansonia gagei Drumm, displayed higher antibacterial and antiadipogenic activities than parent MG. However, the anticancer activities of MG and ethoxy MG (EMG) on lung cancer cells have never been investigated. This study aimed to determine cytotoxic activities of MG and EMG and the underlying mechanism(s) in two non-small cell lung cancer cell lines, EGFR wild-type A549 cells and EGFR mutant H1975 cells. The present study demonstrated that MG and EMG significantly inhibited the viability of A549 and H1975 cells in a concentration dependent manner. It should be noted that EMG displayed higher cytotoxicity than MG in both A549 and H1975 cells. Notably, EMG was more toxic to NSCLC cells than PCS201-010 normal cells. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that EMG induced cell cycle arrest at G1 phase in A549 cells but did not induce cell cycle arrest at any phase of cell cycle in H1975 cells. Additionally, EMG induced apoptosis through ROS generation in both A549 and H1975 cells and this effect was abolished by N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). Western blotting revealed that EMG downregulated the expression of Bcl-XL and Bcl-2 and upregulated the expression of BAK and BAX in both A549 and H1975 cells.  EMG activated the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and AKT in A549 cells whereas it inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and AKT in H1975 cells. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that the cytotoxicity of EMG is mediated via induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, generation of ROS and modulation of PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways in NSCLC cells. These results suggest that EMG is a promising anticancer agent for lung cancer.
Association between NAT2 polymorphisms and anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury in Myanmar patients in Thailand
Authors:   , Thaw Khin
Published: September 2023

The aims of this study were to determine the N-acetyl transferase 2 (NAT2) genetic distribution of Myanmar tuberculosis (TB) patients and evaluate the association of NAT2 polymorphisms and antituberculosis drug-induced liver injury (AT-DILI) in Myanmar patients. A case-control study was conducted in adult Myanmar TB patients at Samut Sakorn Hospital. Fifty-four patients who completed anti-TB treatment without liver injury (controls) and five patients with AT-DILI during their anti-TB treatment (cases) were enrolled. Patients’ baseline characteristics, anti-TB doses, and liver enzyme levels were collected from the hospital’s record. Blood samples were collected and four NAT2 SNPs, rs1041983, rs1799929, rs1799930, and rs1799931, were genotyped using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (AS-PCR). In this study, all patients received the standard anti-TB regimen with anti-TB doses in World Health Organization (WHO) recommended dose range. Baseline characteristics of cases and controls were not different. NAT2 rs1041983 was highly found in all patients (56%), while cases had higher NAT2 rs1799929 frequency than control (50% vs 10%). The most common allele was NAT2*6A, and the most common genotype was NAT2*4/*7B. Forty-seven percent (n=28) were slow acetylators, while 44% (n=26) were intermediate acetylators. The phenotype distribution in this study is in concordance with Thai and Indonesian studies. There was no association of non-genetic factors and AT-DILI. NAT2 rs1799929 (CT and TT genotypes) showed higher risk to get liver injury than CC genotypes (OR= 19.2865, 95% C.I =1.751-212.417, p = 0.016 and OR = 22.50, 95% C.I = 1.001– 505.846, p = 0.005, respectively). However, there was no association between NAT2 genotype and phenotype and AT-DILI. When stratified patients according to their liver enzyme levels to normal and elevated levels, CT genotype of NAT2 rs1799929 was highly found in patients with elevated AST levels (OR=4.625, 95% C.I=1.078-19.840, p = 0.039). In addition, the highest AST and ALT levels were found in slow acetylators with NAT2*5B/*5B. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that NAT2 SNPs rs1799929, isoniazid dose, and age significantly associated with AST levels (B=49.334, p < 0.001, B=22.241, p=0.007 and B=1.991, p=0.025 respectively). These factors can describe 35% of AST level variation. Furthermore, NAT2 phenotype, isoniazid dose, and age also explained 22% of AST level variation (B=23.781, p=0.038, B=22.003, p=0.016 and B=2.581, p=0.008 respectively). In addition, NAT2 SNPs rs1799929 also exhibited 22% of ALT level variation (B=85.944, p < 0.001). To summarize, this study demonstrated a strong influence of NAT2 rs1799929 on AT-DILI and elevated liver enzymes in Myanmar patients receiving anti-TB treatment. As the NAT2 phenotype distribution of Myanmar patients is similar to the Thai population, this study supports the use of Thai TB guidelines in anti-TB adverse drug reaction monitoring for Myanmar TB patients in Thailand.
Exploring and analysing thailand’s potential new legislation on mandatory human rights due diligence for private sectors
Authors:   , Masee Kritsakorn
Published: September 2023

This Thesis focuses on a study of potential enforcement of the Legislation on mandatory Human Rights Due Diligence (HRDD) for private sectors operating a business in Thailand in order to safeguard human rights, as recognised in the international human rights laws and national laws, in their value chain within the consideration of the United Nations on Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) as well as Thailand’s National Action Plan on Business and Human Rights Phase I (2019-2022). With new corporate governance regime and under emerging concept of due diligence requirements, private sectors subject to this mandatory HRDD Legislation is expected to Protect, Respect, and Remedy the UNGPs, by identifying, preventing adverse impacts on human rights due to business-related human rights abuse and mitigating and accounting for human rights violation. This Thesis illustrates emerging concepts of increased corporate responsibility to address risk to people along their business activities. Further, it discusses policy and legal developments on this type of Legislation by inspecting and analysing existing and potential law of mandatory human rights due diligence in some of the European Union’s Member States as they tend to influence standards of protection and strongly uphold human rights. The Thesis will provide an analysis and a proposal on a body of this law to be enforced in Thailand by identifying characteristics of this law, scope of application, remedial measure, and oversight body. It also extends to analytically address functional and institutional challenges and impacts on relevant stakeholders: rightsholders, private sectors, and Civil Society Organisations (CSOs).  With the inclusion of all stakeholders, this potential enforcment of the Legislation could help drive and create an equal, strengthened, and sustainable society, and step forward to sustainable growth altogether.
Legal analysis on bankability of hydro floating solar project in Thailand
Authors:   , Aramtiantamrong Natdanai
Published: September 2023

In comparison to other types of renewable energy projects, hydro floating solar projects are more complicated as public water resources are used as the location of the project but the electricity is generated from solar power. Accordingly, it is unclear whether the operation of the project falls within the definition of water use that is subject to the Water Resources Act B.E.2561(2018) or not. Several interpretations on the definition of water use in Section 4 of this Act may cause challenges in the bankability of the project. In order to fund the project, the project company generally relies on the loan from financial institutions. The presence of uncertainty in the rights that the project company triggers the problem in the bankability of the project. This thesis will address the criteria that the financial institutions take into consideration, analyze the laws in Thailand that are relevant to the project and compare the law regulating public water resources in Thailand with those in Japan and Australia. Ultimately, the recommendation will be provided to facilitate the bankability of hydro floating solar project in Thailand.
Structural deviation of hydrogenated graphene and multi-layer graphene under high pressure
Authors:   , Pakornchote Teerachote
Published: September 2023

Graphene, a layer of graphite, has marvelous properties that can enhance the performance of its composite materials. To broaden the capability of its applications, the adatoms are introduced onto graphene to create such distinguish property. Hydrogenated graphene is a hydrogen deposition on graphene forming sp3-hybridization between carbon and hydrogen atoms and deviating the structure of graphene. Partial hydrogenation induces the energy gap and the magnetization of graphene which opens the door to many applications, e.g. semiconducting and spintronic devices. The properties of hydrogenated graphene can be tuned by either plasma bombarding or thermal annealing to raise or reduce, respectively, the number of hydrogen atoms on a graphene surface. Therefore, the hydrogen concentration plays a central role in tunable properties and phase stability of hydrogenated graphene. In this thesis, we studied the phase stability and the phase transition pathway of hydrogenated single-layer graphene and hydrogenated bilayer graphene on theoretical and experimental bases. In the theoretical part, the formation energies of the hydrogenated graphenes with various hydrogen concentrations were obtained using density functional theory (DFT). The phase stabilities are portrayed by the convex hull which is based on the thermodynamic principle. Most of the phases in this study are not energetically favorable, while some of the phases can be stabilized by compressive strain. However, many of them are still dynamically stable. The vibrational analysis was performed to show the fingerprint of possible Raman and infrared (IR) spectrum for guiding the experiment. In the experimental part, the highly hydrogenated graphene was synthesized using laser-heating at high pressure. As a result, the hydrogenation could occur more when the sample was compressed at a higher pressure in the hydrogen environment presenting the hydrogenation pathway toward fully hydrogenated graphene. We also model the possible slippery of graphene from its substrate and show the possible hole-doping of hydrogenated graphene at high pressure.
The clinical study of wear between antagonist enamel and polished/annealed monolithic zirconia crown on dental implant after 6-month delivery
Authors:   , Benjaniratisai Supatsorn
Published: September 2023

This study aimed to examine the opposing natural tooth wear between polished and annealed monolithic zirconia crownon the dental implantafter 6-month delivery. Seven patients who needed the dental implant treatment were randomized to receive monolithic zirconia crowns (VITA YZ HTWhite, VITA Zahnfabrik, Germany). Total 10 zirconia crowns in 7 patients were included in this study. The samples of zirconia crown were categorized into two groups based on occlusal surface modiﬁcations of the zirconia crowns before delivery, including: Polished (Po) and Annealed (An). Each group contained 5 samples of zirconia crowns limited to either molar and premolar restorations. Control teeth were chosen from the opposite quadrant in the same dental arch. After delivery, Full-arch were scanned for baseline data and rescan after 6 months of delivery. The wear is quantified as the loss in height. The value was determined by subtracting two scanned surface images using analysis software (Dental System 2018, 3Shape, Denmark). The mean amount of tooth structure loss for polished, annealed, and the controls (CPo and CAn) were 28.08, 29.86, 31.76, 35.18 m, respectively. Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test was used for statistical analysis. The results suggested the amount loss of natural tooth structure opposed to either the polished or annealed groups were significantly decreased when compared to the control teeth in each group (p<0.05). In conclusion, both the polished and annealed monolithic zirconia crown on dental implant can cause the antagonist wear of enamel less than the wear of natural dentition against natural dentition.
Gene expression analysis of MMP12 and S100A4 of grafted bone using allograft and xenograft in mice
Authors:   , Jurairutporn Tipaporn
Published: September 2023

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the genes of interest that could explain osteoblast and osteoclast activities in bone remodeling after bone grafting with demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft) (DFDBA) and demineralized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) to compare with normal bone healing.

Methods: Calvarium defects were created on both side of the parietal bone in nine male C57BL/6MLac mice. Defects were divided into 3 groups; group 1: defect without grafting as a control group, group 2: defect grafted with DFDBA, and group 3: defect grafted with DBBM. The mRNA expression levels of MMP12 and S100A4 were analyzed using real-time PCR in 1month and 3 months.

Results:  In month 3, the expression of S100A4 gene was significantly increased, compared with MMP12 gene in both DFDBA and DBBM groups. Moreover, the expression of MMP12 and S100A4 genes was significantly increased in both DFDBA and DBBM compared to the control group. In DFDBA group, the expression of MMP12 gene was significantly decreased in month 3 compared to month 1. 

Conclusion: The DFDBA and DBBM promoted bone remodeling in month 3. In addition, DFDBA has properties to help bone formation better than DBBM.
The relationship among level of intimacy, romantic attachment, coping strategies, and negative emotional experiences in young adults with ghosting experience
Authors:   , Prasertwit Piyaporn
Published: September 2023

The study aimed to explore ghosting or when the reasons for romantic relationship termination and subsequent disappearance of one’s partner are not conveyed in Thai society, which has objectives as follow:

     1. To explore the relationship between level of intimacy (9 levels) and negative emotional experience (negative-self emotions and negative-others emotions)

     2. To explore the relationship between level of intimacy (9 levels), romantic attachment (attachment anxiety, and attachment avoidant), and coping strategies (emotional release, direct approach, accommodation/acceptance, denial/blaming others, and self-blame/self-focused)

     Participants were 335 young adults aged 18 – 30 years old (M = 22.3 years) who have had experience being ghosted. Data were collected using online self-reported questionnaires developed by the researcher. Pearson’s correlation coefficient, multiple regression, and moderation analysis were used to analyze the data.

Results found that:

     1. Level of intimacy had a positive relationship with negative emotional experiences. Suggesting that, if one was more intimate with their partner they are more likely to have negative emotional experiences upon being ghosted.

     2. Level of intimacy and attachment anxiety were found to be positive predictors of emotional release and self-blame/self-focused. Suggesting that individuals with high levels of intimacy and are anxiously attached were likely to utilize emotional release and self-blame/self-focused upon being ghosted.

     3. Attachment avoidant was a negative predictor of emotional release and self-blame/self-focused. Suggesting that avoidantly attached individuals unlikely to utilize emotional release and self-blame/self-focused upon being ghosted.

     4. Level of intimacy was found to be a negative predictor of self-blame/self-focused. Suggesting that if one was more intimate with their partner, the tendency to utilize self-blame/self-focused upon being ghosted also decreases.
Service quality, patient satisfaction, and types of medical insurance towards the revisit intention to private hospitals among outpatients in South Tangerang City, Indonesia
Authors:   , Untari Fena
Published: September 2023

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) estimated global health care growth will be higher than 20% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by 2050 which impacts the hospital providers to implement the concept of health for all and to ensure it meets the patient’s expectation. In Indonesia, 1,787 private hospitals are operating and being encouraged to involve in developing hospitals. As it reflects the need of excellent quality healthcare, this study aimed to assess the association between socio-demographic characteristics, service quality, patient satisfaction and types of medical insurance towards the revisit intention to private hospitals among outpatients in South Tangerang City, Indonesia. Cross-sectional survey using standardized questionnaires conducted through online platform during May 2020. Convenience sampling used to select outpatients aged between 20–65 years who domiciled in one of 7 sub-districts in South Tangerang, and had received OPD services in one of 17 private hospitals involved. This study enrolled 215 new outpatients aged 20-61 years, were mostly female (75.3%) with monthly income less than the City’s minimum wage (50.7%) and mostly received specialist clinics treatment (24%). Results indicated that the revisit intention’s proportion among outpatients in South Tangerang was relatively high at 76.3%, have good service quality (51.2%), gave medium satisfaction (54.4%), by using Salary Beneficiary Workers (JKN-PPPU) scheme (34.9%). Binary logistic regression analysis found that age (OR (95%CI): 0.960 (0.924-0.998) p=0.041), service quality (OR (95%CI): 1.050 (1.013-1.088) p=0.008), patient satisfaction (OR (95%CI): 1.079 (1.024-1.137) p=0.005) were significant predictors of the revisit intention. Through the findings, this study unraveled the current manifestation to recommend private hospitals in South Tangerang City to keep improving and maintain their institutions with sufficient facilities and appearance, consistent and dependable medical providers, to build trusts and empathic encounter, for sustainability, greater loyalty or even better tolerance of affordability among patients in the future.
An assessment of alcohol consumption, substance use and sexual risk behavior among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Yangon and Mandalay Myanmar
Authors:   , Htut Kyaw
Published: September 2023

Alcohol consumption and substance use are associated with sexual risk behaviors. In Myanmar, lack of study was reported on alcohol consumption, substance use and sexual risk behavior among men who have sex with men (MSM) and current study was conducted to identify patterns of alcohol consumption, substance use and sexual risk behavior among MSM  in Yangon and Mandalay, Myanmar. The Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) was also used. A total of 256 MSM included in the study and their mean age was 27.3±7.7 years. Age of MSM was categorized as 15-24 years as young MSM and ≥25 years as adult MSM. Over 39% of young MSM and 58.9% of adult MSM were “apwint” (open type). About 61% of MSM from both groups had consumed alcohol within one month and about 68% consumed alcohol within three months. At different time periods, higher proportions of Thange (partner of MSM) had experienced of binge drinking than apwint (open type) and apone (hidden type) and the association was statistically significant (p<0.05). Over 47% of young MSM and 30.8% of adult MSM used any kind of substance in their life time. Nearly 13-19% of young MSM and 5-8% of adult MSM used any kind of substance at other time periods. Among substance users, 91% of young and 87.5% of adult MSM had moderate risk from methamphetamine use. About 76% of young and 65.2% of adult MSM had low risk from alcohol consumption. Significantly higher proportion of open type MSM had more than one sexual partner than other types (p<0.001). At different time periods, 33.3% to 39.1% of young MSM and 17.9% to 24.6% of adult MSM never/inconsistently used condom with non-permanent partners. It is suggested to develop and implement alcohol control policy for MSM since many of them had binge drinking. Intervention to reduce unsafe sexual practices should be done.
B2C Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) Legal Frameworkfor Myanmar
Authors:   , Htun Nwe
Published: September 2023

This thesis examines the applicability of ODR mechanism for consumer disputes in Myanmar especially cross-border disputes. The paper consists of introduction; three main parts and a conclusion. The effect is the appearance of ODR and understanding of what is meant by ODR, how it works and why ODR is needed for consumer. It concludes the review of ODR by both information and communication technology (ICT) and legal view. The paper focuses on case study analysis and compares the legal framework; institutions based on the problem analysis form each case of ODR in the EU and Myanmar. Moreover why use ODR framework based on the cases, the problems resolving process and what laws are driving force behind the ODR and what are the responsibilities for institutions. In chapter four analysis what are the problem started, how to solve this disputes and how to apply legal to their legislation and after applying ODR how much effective to protect consumer right. After that, this chapter will point out the difference facts, ODR legal framework and other relevant ODR law among EU and Myanmar. This paper seeks to address about missing ODR regulation in Myanmar and depend on the results what facts are needed to implement ODR into Myanmar legislation. In Myanmar, given swift develop of e-commerce transactions, consumer protection regimes needs fair, speedy and cost-effective dispute resolution mechanisms like ODR which can resolve disputes by using ICT. The conclusion will include assessments of the issues analyzed from the legal aspect and will try to answer the question is this ODR Regulation an appropriate legal framework for Myanmar.