bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tutors and self-assessment of medical students’ performance in pre-clinical problem-based learning tutorial sessions
Authors: Cordero Mary Anne , Abdur Rashid Najwa , El Hasnaoui Raja , Ganesh Kavitha , Khired Zenat
Published: November 2018

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. Background: It is currently acknowledged that developing the skills in self-assessment is imperative for the continuing learning of every physician. Objective : This study aimed to assess students' performance in tutorial sessions in a hybrid problem-based learning (PBL) curriculum conducted during the pre-clinical years through self-and tutors assessment. Methods : Sixty nine first year and eighty second year students of the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) Program at the Princess NourahBint Abdulrahman  University  participated in the study. Both self-and tutors assessment of students performance within the PBL tutorial setting was conducted using a validated questionnaire developed by Valle et al. (1999). Mean ratings between self-and tutors assessments were compared using paired t-test. Association between self and tutors  assessments  and PBL written exam scores was analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficients. Results: Results revealed a significant difference between self and tutors assessment for first year medical students under scoring their own performance than the tutors’ with a total mean score of  79.99 (± 25.87) and 98.02 (± 8.71) respectively (P=0.001).Tutors assessment correlated poorly with self-assessment (r=0.344). No correlation between self-assessment and exam scores was observed but a strong correlation  (r=0.726 &P=0.045) was shown for tutor assessment and exam scores. In contrast to the first year group, the total score showed no significant difference between self- and tutors assessment in second year students. There was strong correlation between tutor and self-assessment (r=0.722&P=0.041) as well as between tutor assessment and exam scores (r=0.806 & P=0.030 ) but not with self-assessment and exam scores. Conclusion: This study has presented reservations with regards to the use of self-assessment scores as part of the overall student grade in PBL.
Современный миропорядок: его кризис и перспективы
Authors: Никитин Александр
Published: November 2018

Современный мировой порядок переживает кризис и находится в процессе реорганизации. Но определения и параметры миропорядка, как и проявления его кризисности, по-разному, подчас альтернативно, понимаются и интерпретируются западными аналитиками и политико-академическим сообществом России. Сами концептуальные рамки рассмотрения эволюции международной системы в терминах сменяющихся периодов относительной стабилизации (“порядка” с широко признаваемыми правилами) и “беспорядка” (транзита) подвергаются сомнению. Автор статьи сопоставляет современные отечественные и зарубежные концепции миропорядка, регулярной смены устойчивых и неустойчивых состояний международной системы, анализирует вопросы определения и исторической периодизации миропорядка. Рассматривается вопрос, достаточно ли развита общая системность международных отношений для восприятия этих отношений как единой “системы с правилами”, или мир конгломеративен. Выявляются сферы и признаки кризиса предшествующей модели миропорядка, направления подрыва стратегической стабильности в отношениях мировых держав, проявления эрозии системы контроля над вооружениями и разоружения. Автор пытается найти ответы на вопросы, является ли постбиполярный период после окончания холодной войны новым этапом мирового порядка с согласованными принципами поведения России и Запада, стало ли обострение напряженности после 2014 г. кризисом миропорядка, либо международные процессы трех десятилетий после окончания холодной войны вполне вписываются в траекторию эволюции миропорядка, установившегося после Второй мировой войны с середины ХХ столетия до настоящего времени. Намечаются направления реформирования миропорядка с точки зрения российских интересов и с учетом тенденций современного и перспективного развития международной системы.
Preface
Authors: ICBS ICBS
Published: November 2018

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COMMITTEE
Authors: . ICBS
Published: November 2018

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PERFIL BIOCLIMÁTICO PARA CRIAÇÃO DE VACAS LEITEIRAS NA REGIÃO DE SANTARÉM, PARÁ
Authors: De Oliveira Batista Jamille Débora , Silva Oliveira Sullyvan , Almeida Monique , De Medeiros Pordeus Nara , Lima Pereira Nayara , Do Socorro Lima da Silva Alanna , Conceição dos Santos Graciene
Published: November 2018

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar as condições climáticas e fazer um diagnóstico bioclimático para a produção leiteira na região de Santarém – PA. Foram utilizados os dados referentes ao período de doze meses (janeiro a dezembro de 2015). As variáveis climáticas consideradas para a caracterização foram: média da Temperatura máxima (TMAX, °C) e Temperatura mínima (TMIN, °C), média da umidade relativa do ar (UR, %) e índice de temperatura e umidade (ITU) dos doze meses. De acordo com o perfil bioclimatológico traçado da região, é preciso adotar práticas de manejo para auxiliar os animais na manutenção do conforto térmico nas épocas mais críticas (Jul – Dez), minimizando a influência negativa sobre seu sistema fisiológico, consequentemente, evitando a queda na produção e qualidade do leite.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Índice de temperatura, Umidade, Variáveis climáticas.
AJUSTE DE EQUAÇÕES VOLUMÉTRICAS E REDES NEURAIS ARTIFICIAIS NA ESTIMATIVA DO VOLUME DE TAUARI NA FLORESTA NACIONAL DO TAPAJÓS
Authors: Dos Santos Ketlen Naiane Freitas , Rode Rafael , De Andrade Dárlison Fernandes Carvalho , Corrêa Kleyton Kleber dos Santos , Lopes Lucas Sérgio de Sousa
Published: November 2018

O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar as estimativas do volume obtidas por equações de regressão com redes neurais artificiais (RNA) para a espécie Couratari stellata, a partir dos dados de cubagem rigorosa de 1.351 árvores com DAP > 50 cm de 04 (quatro) Unidades de Produção Anual (UPAs), a saber: Upas 06, 07, 08 e 09, manejadas, respectivamente, em 2011, 2012, 2013 e 2014,  da área de manejo florestal da Cooperativa Mista da Floresta Nacional do Tapajós, em área de Floresta Ombrófila Densa de Terra Firme. O processamento dos dados visou selecionar o melhor modelo de regressão considerando as quatro UPAs na área de manejo. A equação com melhor desempenho foi escolhida de acordo com a raiz do erro quadrado médio em porcentagem (RMSE%), correlação de Pearson e gráfico de resíduos percentuais. Para a seleção da melhor rede e a sua respectiva comparação com a melhor equação de regressão ajustada, as estatísticas utilizadas foram: RMSE%, correlação de Pearson entre o volume observado e estimado e bias. A equação com melhor desempenho, para todas as UPAs, foi a de Schumacher-Hall sendo posteriormente comparada com a melhor RNA obtida a partir do treinamento dos dados. Verificou-se que ambos os métodos apresentaram estatísticas de ajuste e precisão aceitáveis, com potencial utilização para estimar o volume da espécie Couratari stellata. No entanto, a RNA mostrou-se ligeiramente superior pela habilidade de aprender e generalizar o conhecimento adquirido sendo, portanto, recomendada para tal finalidade. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Manejo florestal, Romaneio, Volumetria.
ESTABELECIMENTO IN VITRO DE GEMAS AXILARES DE ABACAXIZEIRO EM FUNÇÃO DA VARIAÇÃO DA CONCENTRAÇÃO DE 6-BENZILAMINOPURINA
Authors: Damasceno Paranatinga Iasmin Laís , Pletsch Dalla Costa Tanara , Batista Pereira Rômulo Jorge , Pereira Galúcio João Marcos , De Freitas Sia Eliandra
Published: November 2018

A micropropagação é uma técnica da cultura de tecidos vegetais que se destaca na obtenção de plantas saudáveis, aplicada com sucesso na produção em larga escala de variedades comercias de abacaxi. No entanto, estudos com variedades selvagens do gênero Ananas apresentaram baixas taxas de multiplicação. Sendo assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito da variação da concentração de 6-benzilaminopurina (BAP) no estabelecimento in vitro de gemas axilares de Ananas comosus cv. Pérola. Foram avaliados seis tratamentos, sendo eles: MS isento de reguladores (T1); 0,0 (T2); 0,025 (T3); 0,05 (T4); 0,1 (T5); 0,2 mg L-1 de BAP (T6), combinados com 0,01 mg L-1 de ácido naftalenoacético (ANA). O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, contendo dezesseis repetições por tratamento, cuja unidade experimental foi constituída de um explante por tubo de ensaio.  Os tratamentos 2, 3, 4 e 5 atingiram o estabelecimento máximo com 21 dias de cultivo in vitro, enquanto o tratamento 1 não obteve o estabelecimento máximo e o tratamento 6 obteve apenas aos 37 dias de cultivo. Sendo assim, nota-se que concentrações de BAP entre 0,025 a 0,1 mg L-1 aceleram o estabelecimento de gemas axilares de abacaxi e, em contrapartida, a ausência de reguladores de crescimento ou altas concentrações de BAP interferem negativamente no seu estabelecimento in vitro. A variação da concentração de 6-benzilaminopurina (BAP) não influenciou no número de explantes estabelecidos in vitro após 37 dias de cultivo. Na ausência de regulador de crescimento vegetal há baixa taxa de brotações dos explantes.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Cultura in vitro, Micropropagação, Reguladores de crescimento.
USO DO FOGO NA AGRICULTURA: MEDIDAS PREVENTIVAS E QUEIMA CONTROLADA NO PROJETO DE DESENVOLVIMENTO SUSTENTÁVEL TERRA NOSSA, NOVO PROGRESSO, PARÁ
Authors: Santos Juliana Andressa Costa dos , Pauletto Daniela , Mota Cléo Gomes , Silva Saulo Ubiratan Pinheiro da , Nascimento Gabriela de Cassia Santos do , Gomes Vanessa Sousa
Published: November 2018

Nas últimas décadas a floresta amazônica vem sofrendo pressão de diversos setores com sua constante destruição, o que acaba ocasionando a busca por soluções para minimizar os impactos sofridos. O trabalho teve como objetivo geral caracterizar as principais técnicas utilizadas para uso do fogo na prática agrícola e a prevenção de queima controlada por agricultores familiares do município de Novo Progresso. A coleta de dados foi realizada através de uma entrevista semiestruturada com aplicação in loco. Constatou-se que 14% dos entrevistados não fazem uso do fogo na agricultura enquanto que a grande maioria dos produtores utilizam o fogo. Quanto as palestras de prevenção e combate a incêndios florestais, ministrados pela brigada de incêndios da região, 77% dos entrevistados participaram destas atividades, 18% nunca participaram, e 5% não foi possível adquirir dados a respeito do questionamento. Como medida de proteção ao fogo acidental, 95% dos produtores entrevistados fazem o uso de aceiro e 5% não adotam essa prática. A manutenção destes aceiros é feita com maquinas agrícolas por uma pequena parcela (10%) enquanto que 45% dos entrevistados fazem a limpeza manualmente e 45% não fazem nenhum tipo de manutenção. São necessários a presença e efetividade dos órgãos públicos da região, junto aos agricultores assentados, para a melhoria nas condições do uso do fogo nas práticas agrícolas.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Agricultura, Assentamento, Incêndios.
OPENTD: PLATAFORMA WEB PARA TELEDIAGNÓSTICO DE EXAMES DE IMAGEM
Authors: Veras Nícolas Vinícius Rodrigues , Guerra Paulo Victor de Azevedo , Ribeiro Dantas Marcel da Câmara , Freitas Isabele Magaldi Almeida de , Freitas Natanael , Guerra Custódio
Published: November 2018

Na perspectiva de garantir a todos os brasileiros os princípios básicos do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), a integralidade e universalidade são comprometidas devido a dificuldade em atender as demandas e particularidades de um país de dimensões territoriais continentais. A desigualdade no acesso aos serviços de saúde provocada pela carência e má distribuição geográfica de profissionais de saúde em áreas remotas, principalmente no campo da radiologia, dificultam execução de uma política de saúde tão grande e ambiciosa. Nesse contexto, o estudo apresenta uma solução para essa problemática, oferecendo a oportunidade de todo o processo de laudagem ser feito de maneira descentralizada e a distância via web através de uma plataforma de telediagnóstico. Com relação a metodologia, utilizou-se para o desenvolvimento da referida plataforma, as seguintes tecnologias: o sistema de gerenciamento de banco de dados PostgresSQL, por sua grande estabilidade e confiabilidade, e o Laravel, que é um framework de desenvolvimento web. Como resultados alcançados, observou-se com a implementação do OpenTeleDiagnóstico (OpenTD), que é possível transpor barreiras importantes na área da radiologia, impactando de modo positivo o processo de trabalho hospitalar.  Os usuários do OpenTD no HUOL mostraram-se satisfeitos com a plataforma. Outro fator significativo constatado no que tange a plataforma é o impacto ambiental e financeiro, proporcionado pela redução da utilização de papéis no serviço de saúde já que os laudos são digitalizados e armazenados de maneira segura.
LOCAL WISDOM OF MALAY MOSLEM COMMUNITY IN BENGKULU
Authors: Maryam Maryam
Published: November 2018

This paper raises forms of local wisdom in the Bengkulu Malay community in terms of the religious aspects of Islam. This local wisdom was formed through acculturation, and assimilation between the traditions of Bengkulu Malay society and Islamic values. Some forms of tradition that are still maintained by the people of Bengkulu are: Tabot, Kain Besurek, Syarafal Anam, Sekujang, Dzikir Marapulai, Aqiqah, Bakunob, Aksara Ulu / Kaganga Islamic style, Ndoa Hari Rayo, Nigo Day, Go to Hari, Nyudah, Kaiak Beterang, Pilgrimage of Ramadhan and Rayo Day, Ndoa Masuk Puasa, Temikang Cupik, Embes Apem, Central Date Ceremony and Giving Names, Inviting Seeds, and Kaji Subdistrict. These various local wisdoms in Bengkulu from the perspective of Islamic law are included in the ‘urf category which needs to be addressed critically. On the other hand, this kind of local wisdom is a cultural uniqueness that is also preserved because it has been Islamized through the process of assimilating culture and Islamic values.
The Power of an Iterative Approach to Clinical Competence Assessment
Authors: Gifford Kimberly , Benson Jalen , Kim Julie
Published: November 2018

Many residency programs struggle with effective and efficient methods for their program to synthesize and analyze data to create robust milestones-based assessment of residents.  Residents and faculty in the Pediatric Residency at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center collaborated to design an innovative iterative process for resident assessment using rotation-based Milestones reports, faculty sub-committees, and discussion with the resident. Time spent and frequency of Milestones determinations made at each phase of assessment process were tabulated and feedback summarized from faculty, residents, and administrators.  Our new process integrated milestones determinations into our existing committee review structure without any additional time added to the process. Faculty perceived that the system was efficient and provided more insight about each resident.  The program director used the sub-committee summaries for semi-annual reviews and letters of reference. Residents appreciated the fairness of all residents being reviewed by the same faculty. Milestones determinations were made by: evaluations alone (69%), CCC sub-committee (18%), full CCC (7%), and additional data or PD decision (6%).   The full CCC was needed more frequently for professionalism and systems-based practice Milestones determinations.  Iterative assessment systems have the potential to save valuable faculty time without compromising the quality of assessments.
O uso de livros escolares de matemática nas escolas da imigração alemã durante a Campanha de Nacionalização
Authors: De Lima Velho Junges Débora
Published: November 2018

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar os impactos da Campanha de Nacionalização no ritual do uso do livro escolar, em especial no uso de livros escolares de matemática, nas escolas da imigração alemã no Rio Grande do Sul. As ferramentas teóricas do estudo estão vinculadas a pesquisadores da imigração alemã e às teorizações foucaultianas. O material de pesquisa consiste em narrativas de seis pessoas que estudaram em escolas da imigração alemã. Os principais resultados da investigação apontam que os livros escolares utilizados antes da Campanha de Nacionalização eram considerados melhores do que aqueles que passaram a ser utilizados posteriormente, porque traziam referências à cultura germânica, e que o uso do livro escolar nas aulas de matemática se constituía em um ritual que disciplinava os corpos dos escolares.
Chicago 1893-1909: Estrategias culturales y espaciales para el ordenamiento de la reproducción social de las comunidades migrantes
Authors: Diez Villahoz Henar
Published: November 2018

Los inicios de la planificación urbana en Chicago estuvieron vinculados a la gestión de la diferencia provocada por la llegada de comunidades migrantes. Para ello, se desarrollaron estrategias culturales y espaciales de ordenamiento de la reproducción social que posteriormente, se naturalizaron e invisibilizaron en la técnica urbanística. Estos mecanismos civilizatorios se enmarcaron en un proyecto de americanización que se llevó a cabo mediante un proceso dilatado en el tiempo, tuvo diversas materializaciones y abordó distintas escalas urbanas. Aunque todas las experiencias tuvieron en común, el deseo de cambiar el comportamiento de la sociedad en el espacio público a través de la cultura. Como resultado, se desarrollaron equipamientos culturales, áreas de juego y parques, como espacios de resolución de los conflictos  sociales en los distritos industriales, donde habitaban mayormente las clases trabajadoras. El análisis de experiencias relacionadas con la producción del espacio durante el período comprendido entre 1893 y 1909, como son la World´s Columbian Exposition, la Hull House y el Plan de Chicago, presentan una oportunidad para entender cómo se gestionó en el pasado la diversidad cultural en las ciudades y permiten imaginar nuevas formas de planificación urbana para la construcción de ciudades interculturales en la actualidad.AbstractThe beginning of urban planning in Chicago was linked to the management of the difference brought about by the arrival of migrant communities in c. XIX. Cultural and spatial strategies were developed in order to restructure the social reproduction and later became naturalized and invisibilized in the urbanistic technique. These civilizatory mechanisms were framed in an Americanization project. This process was extended in time and it had diverse materializations while approaching different urban scales. All the experiences analyzed had in common the desire to change the behavior of the society in the public space through culture. Consequently, cultural facilities, playgrounds and parks were developed as conflict resolution spaces in the industrial districts where the majority of the working class lived. The analysis of experiences related to the production of space during the period between 1893 and 1909, such as the World's Columbian Exposition, the Hull House and the Chicago Plan, presents an opportunity to understand how cultural diversity was managed in the past and allows us to imagine new forms of urban planning for the construction of today's intercultural cities.
La reproducción de la informalidad en el contexto urbano: el caso de la comuna 20 en Cali, Colombia
Authors: Contreras Paredes Paula
Published: November 2018

La informalidad ha sido una característica permanente en el desarrollo urbano de la comuna 20 de Cali, desde el siglo pasado hasta la actualidad los asentamientos de desarrollo incompleto han ido evolucionando y vinculándose con la ciudad, aunque paralelamente los problemas causados por el conflicto armado también han influenciado en la segregación socio-espacial en este sector de la ladera. En este estudio, se hace referencia a dos de los elementos que incentivaron la reproducción urbana informal, el primero es el déficit de las políticas habitacionales y el segundo las relaciones que se establecen entre la ciudad formal y la ciudad informal. Desde esta hipótesis, se comprueba que debido a la falta de unas soluciones de vivienda adecuada para la población con menos ingresos aumentan los asentamientos informales en la comuna. Sin embargo, la necesidad de ser reconocidos legalmente y de ser partícipes del derecho a la ciudad hacen que se desarrollen procesos de urbanización que permiten una relación con la estructura urbana del contexto. AbstractInformality has been a permanent feature in the urban development of commune 20 in Cali. Since the last century until present days, incomplete development settlements have evolved and linked with the city although at the same time, the problems caused by the armed conflict have also influenced in the socio-spatial segregation in this hillside sector. This study makes reference of two of the main elements that stimulated informal urban reproduction, the first is the deficit of housing policies and the second one is the relation established between the formal city and the informal city. From this hypothesis, it is verified that due to the lack of adequate housing solutions for the less income population rise the informal settlements in the commune. However, the needs of being legally recognized and be part of the-right-to-the-city conduced them to develop urbanization processes that allows a relation with the context’s urban structure.
Formulasi Strategi Pemasaran Sepatu Piezoelektrik dengan Menggunakan Pendekatan Riset Kualitatif dan Kuantitatif
Authors: Khalila Fathkia Mutiara , Sari Hasrini
Published: November 2018

Nowadays, battery as power source plays such a vital role but its capacity is not enough to match various features that demand quite a lot of energy and time. This research is intended to investigate the commercialization aspect of piezoelectric material for harvesting energy. This material can produce electrical charge given a mechanical tension. The combination of piezoelectric and shoe as step-on media can produce energy. The potential market for the product is investigated using qualitative research. Diffusion of Innovation Model is used as segmentation base. Next, target market is selected by evaluating each segment based on market and technology criteria using quantitave study.
The result of this research showed 3 customer segments but only 1 segment is selected as target market by using concentrated marketing strategy. Based on the special characteristics and behaviors owned by the target market, a marketing program is developed to serve them. 
Staged Risk-Based Approach for Assessing Erosion Resistance of SAGD Flow Control Devices
Authors: Prasad Shawn , Zahacy Todd
Published: November 2018

SAGD operators are actively installing Inflow Control Devices (ICDs) in their SAGD production wells to enable production at low or ‘negative’ subcool values in order to maximize drawdown, increase fluid production rates and optimize SAGD economics. Operating the wells under higher vapour conditions could expose the ICDs to high velocity steam carrying sand particles, causing erosion and liner failure. A staged approach has been developed for assessing the relative erosion risk of candidate ICDs, including a stage one qualitative assessment, followed by analytical erosion calculations and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling.

In the first stage qualitative assessment, factors such as the anticipated fluid flow path, relative fluid velocity, and ICD housing design are used as inputs to estimate relative erosion rates, identify ICD surfaces where erosion rates are anticipated to be high and to rank ICD candidates based on relative erosion risk. The evaluation of potential erosion risk included consideration of both the predicted erosion severity and the probable consequences of erosive wear, which could include loss of the desired flow control response or damage to the integrity of the body or housing of the ICD. The result of the first stage is a short-list of the top-ranked ICD design candidates.

In the second stage, analytical erosion models are then used to quantify erosion rates on identified target surfaces. Flow velocities and impact angles identified in the first stage are used with analytical flow relationships, such as equations for expansion jets downstream of the flow control elements, as inputs to selected erosion models. The result of this second stage is an updated short list of top-ranked ICD designs.

Finally, coupled solid particle and fluid multiphase CFD simulations are conducted on a small set of ICD design candidates to obtain detailed results on the location and severity of erosion within the flow control element and on all the surfaces of the designs. The results of this stage are specific identification of susceptible erosion surfaces and rates, providing information for the selection of the appropriate ICD design.

At each stage, the number of ICD candidate designs under consideration is reduced. In this manner, simpler methods of analysis (qualitative assessment) may be readily applied to a large number of devices, while more intensive modeling approaches (multiphase CFD) are reserved for a smaller set of design candidates. This approach provides insights into erosion risk based on successively more in-depth analysis methods, including particle paths and erosion locations in the CFD analysis stage which may not be identified using higher-level analytical methods. These results of the CFD analysis could then be used to help improve accuracy when applying analytical erosion models.
Numerical simulation of vertical flow wetlands with special emphasis on treatment performance during winter
Authors: Martí Alba Canet , Pucher Bernhard , Hernández-Crespo Carmen , Monerris Miguel Martín , Langergraber Guenter
Published: November 2018

In Austria, single-stage vertical flow (VF) wetlands with intermittent loading are a state-of-the-art technology for treating domestic wastewater. They are designed according to the Austrian design standard with a specific surface area of 4 m2 per person (i.e. 20 g COD/(m2·d)) and thus demand a bigger amount of land to treat the same amount of wastewater compared to intensified technical treatment systems. In order to reduce the amount of land needed, a modified design for VF wetlands has been proposed. The modified design has a specific surface area of 2.5 m2 per person (i.e. 32 g COD/(m2·d)) and it has been shown to be able to meet the Austrian effluent requirements. To allow higher organic loading, more loadings per day but lower volume of a single loading, a constant loading interval, and increased number of openings per m2 are applied. A simulation study using the HYDRUS Wetland Module was carried out to compare the treatment efficiencies of single-stage VF wetlands with classical and modified design. Data from a classical Austrian single-stage VF wetland was used for calibration of the model using the standard parameter set for the CW2D biokinetic model. The influent COD fractionation was calibrated to adapt to the wastewater. The simulations showed a good performance of the modified design compared to a classical VF wetland for COD removal with COD effluent concentrations in winter (effluent water temperature of 4.5 °C) of 35 and 29 mg/L, respectively. The simulation study showed that during high-loading events the VF wetland with modified design has lower maximum NH4-N effluent concentrations. Single-stage VF wetlands with modified design seem to be very effective and allow application of higher organic loads compared to single-stage VF wetlands with classical design.
Tuberculosis - Present Medication and Therapeutic Prospects
Authors: Jelińska Anna , Zając Marianna , Dadej Adrianna , Tomczak Szymon , Geszke-Moritz Małgorzata , Muszalska-Kolos Izabela
Published: November 2018

Background:

Tuberculosis (TB) has been present in the history of human civilization
since time immemorial and has caused more deaths than any other infectious disease. It is still considered
one of the ten most common epidemiologic causes of death in the world. As a transmissible
disease, it is initiated by rod-shaped (bacillus) mycobacteria. The management of tuberculosis became
possible owing to several discoveries beginning in 1882 with the isolation of the TB bacillus
by Robert Koch. The diagnosis of TB was enabled by finding a staining method for TB bacteria
identification (1883). It was soon realized that a large-scale policy for the treatment and prevention
of tuberculosis was necessary, which resulted in the foundation of International Union against Tuberculosis
and Lung Diseases (1902). An antituberculosis vaccine was developed in 1921 and has
been in therapeutic use since then. TB treatment regimens have changed over the decades and the
latest recommendations are known as Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS, WHO
1993).

Methods:

A search of bibliographic databases was performed for peer-reviewed research literature.
A focused review question and inclusion criteria were applied. Standard tools were used to assess
the quality of retrieved papers.

Results:

A total of 112 papers were included comprising original publications and reviews. The
paper overviews anti-TB drugs according to their mechanism of action. The chemical structure,
metabolism and unwanted effects of such drugs have been discussed. The most recent treatment
regimens and new drugs, including those in clinical trials, are also presented.

Conclusion:

Despite a 22% decrease in the tuberculosis fatality rate observed between 2000 and
2015, the disease remains one of the ten prime causes of death worldwide. Increasing bacterial resistance
and expensive, prolonged therapies are the main reasons for efforts to find effective drugs or
antituberculosis regimens, especially to cure multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
Overexpression of Nemo-like Kinase Promotes the Proliferation and Invasion of Lung Cancer Cells and Indicates Poor Prognosis
Authors: Lei Lei , Wang Yuan , Zheng Yi-Wen , Fei Liang-Ru , Shen Hao-Yue , Li Zhi-Han , Huang Wen-Jing , Yu Juan-Han , Xu Hong-Tao
Published: November 2018

Background:

Nemo-like kinase (NLK) is an evolutionarily conserved MAP kinaserelated
kinase involved in the pathogenesis of several human cancers.

Objective:

The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and role of NLK in lung cancers,
and its underlying mechanisms.

Methods:

We examined the expression of NLK in lung cancer tissues through western blot analysis.
We enhanced or knocked down NLK expression by gene transfection or RNA interference, respectively,
in lung cancer cells, and examined expression alterations of key proteins in the Wnt signaling
pathway and in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We also examined the roles of NLK in the
proliferation and invasiveness of lung cancer cells by cell proliferation, colony formation, and Matrigel
invasion assays.

Results:

NLK expression was found to be significantly higher in lung cancer tissue samples than in
corresponding healthy lung tissue samples. Overexpression of NLK correlated with poor prognosis
of patients with lung cancer. Overexpression of NLK upregulated β-catenin, TCF4, and Wnt target
genes such as cyclin D1, c-Myc, and MMP7. N-cadherin and TWIST, the key proteins in EMT,
were upregulated, while E-cadherin expression was reduced. Additionally, proliferation, colony
formation, and invasion turned out to be enhanced in NLK-overexpressing cells. After NLK knockdown
in lung cancer cells, we obtained the opposite results.

Conclusion:

NLK is overexpressed in lung cancers and indicates poor prognosis. Overexpression of
NLK activates the Wnt signaling pathway and EMT and promotes the proliferation and invasiveness
of lung cancer cells.
The Metformin Paradox
Authors: Weijers Rob N.M. , Bekedam Dick J.
Published: November 2018

Introduction:

The Diabetes Prevention Program study results indicated that metformin therapy
was not as beneficial as a lifestyle modification for delaying the development of type 2 diabetes in
individuals at high risk of the disease. A key feature in the etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus, which
appears in the prediabetic phase, is a significant deficiency, compared to healthy controls, in highly
flexible poly-cis-unsaturated fatty acyl chains in membrane phospholipids. This deficiency lowers
membrane flexibility, which in turn, reduces the amount of all functional Class I glucose transporters,
and thereby reduces glucose-mediated ATP production. This leads to an increase in essentially saturated
free fatty acid (FFA) levels for fatty-acid-mediated ATP production, which will set up a vicious
cycle of raising the levels of essentially saturated FFAs and lowering the level of transmembrane glucose
transport. Metformin suppresses hepatic gluconeogenesis, which reduces the plasma glucose concentration.

Conclusion:

We hypothesize that chronic metformin treatment leads to an additional increase in essentially
saturated FFAs, which causes an additional rise in membrane stiffness and hypoxia. So we propose
that all these metformin-mediated activities accelerated the onset of type 2 diabetes in the participants
of the metformin group in the Diabetes Prevention Program study, compared to the participants
of the lifestyle-intervention group in this study. We propose that the biochemical reactions, involved in
the fatty-acid-mediated ATP production, play an important part in the increase of the observed essentially
saturated FFA concentrations. These statements should also extend to the metformin therapy of
individuals with type 2 diabetes.
Rabbit as an Animal Model for Pharmacokinetics Studies of Enteric Capsule Contains Recombinant Human Keratinocyte Growth Factor Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles
Authors: Kumar Palanirajan V. , Maki Marwan A. Abdelkarim , Wei Yeong S. , Tatt Lee M. , Elumalai Manogaran , Cheah Shiau-Chuen , Raghavan Bharathy , Majeed Abu Bakar Bin A.
Published: November 2018

Background:

Recombinant human keratinocyte growth factor (rHuKGF) has gained considerable attention by researchers as epithelial cells proliferating agent. Moreover, intravenous truncated rHuKGF (palifermin) has been approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat and prevent chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis and small intestine ulceration. The labile structure and short circulation time of rHuKGF in-vivo are the main obstacles that reduce the oral bioactivity and dosage of such proteins at the target site.

Objective:

Formulation of methacrylic acid-methyl methacrylate copolymer-coated capsules filled with chitosan nanoparticles loaded with rHuKGF for oral delivery.

Methods:

We report on chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) with diameter < 200 nm, prepared by ionic gelation, loaded with rHuKGF and filled in methacrylic acid-methyl methacrylate copolymercoated capsules for oral delivery. The pharmacokinetic parameters were determined based on the serum levels of rHuKGF, following a single intravenous (IV) or oral dosages using a rabbit model. Furthermore, fluorescent microscope imaging was conducted to investigate the cellular uptake of the rhodamine-labelled rHuKGF-loaded nanoparticles. The proliferation effect of the formulation on FHs 74 Int cells was studied as well by MTT assay.

Results:

The mucoadhesive and absorption enhancement properties of chitosan and the protective effect of methacrylic acid-methyl methacrylate copolymer against rHuKGF release at the stomach, low pH, were combined to promote and ensure rHuKGF intestinal delivery and increase serum levels of rHuKGF. In addition, in-vitro studies revealed the protein bioactivity since rHuKGFloaded CNPs significantly increased the proliferation of FHs 74 Int cells.

Conclusion:

The study revealed that oral administration of rHuKGF–loaded CNPs in methacrylic acid-methyl methacrylate copolymer-coated capsules is practically alternative to the IV administration since the absolute bioavailability of the orally administered rHuKGF–loaded CNPs, using the rabbit as animal model, was 69%. Fluorescent microscope imaging revealed that rhodaminelabelled rHuKGF-loaded CNPs were taken up by FHs 74 Int cells, after 6 hours’ incubation time, followed by increase in the proliferation rate.
Биполярная остаточная фотопроводимость в гетероструктурах HgTe/CdHgTe (013) с двойными квантовыми ямами
Authors: Спирин К.Е. , Гапонова Д.М. , Маремьянин К.В. , Румянцев В.В. , Гавриленко В.И. , Михайлов Н.Н. , Дворецкий С.А.
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe effects of the residual photoconductivity in HgTe/CdHgTe (013) double quantum-well heterostructures are studied at T = 4.2 K. It is shown that the residual photoconductivity in this system has a bipolar character, i.e., both positive and negative persistent photoconductivity is present depending on the illumination wavelength.
Электрические свойства GaAs нитевидных нанокристаллов, выращенных на гибридных подложках графен/SiC
Authors: Алексеев П.А. , Дунаевский М.С. , Михайлов А.О. , Лебедев С.П. , Лебедев А.А. , Илькив И.В. , Хребтов А.И. , Буравлев А.Д. , Цырлин Г.Э.
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe electrical properties of GaAs nanowires grown on a 6 H -SiC (0001) substrate covered with graphene single layers and bilayers are studied. The nanowires are grown by molecular-beam epitaxy, with gold as a catalyst. The electrical properties are studied by measuring and analyzing the current–voltage characteristics of single nanowires vertically grown on a substrate. Numerical simulation of the experimental current–voltage curves revealed the presence of a ~0.6-V-high Schottky barrier between the nanowires and graphene. The appearance of the barrier is due to the formation of excess arsenic at the nanowire/graphene interface.
Гальванические и емкостные эффекты при компенсации проводимости n-SiC радиационными дефектами
Authors: Козловский В.В. , Лебедев А.А. , Давыдовская К.С. , Любимова Ю.В.
Published: November 2018

AbstractJBS diodes based on 4 H -SiC irradiated with electrons and protons are studied. This is carried out by using the methods of capacitance–voltage and current–voltage characteristics. It is concluded that, for both kinds of irradiation, deep centers are formed in the upper half of the band gap of silicon carbide. This leads to a sharp decrease in the concentration of ionized carriers in the conduction band and to an exponential increase in the resistance of the base regions of the structures under study.
Акцепторный центр Mn-=SUB=-Ga-=/SUB=- в GaAs ( О б з о р )
Authors: Аверкиев Н.С. , Гуткин А.А.
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe model of the Mn_Ga acceptor in GaAs in which initial ground state of a coupled hole Γ_8 is changed due to the antiferromagnetic exchange interaction with five 3 d electrons of the Mn core is described. The acceptor energy spectrum and the wave functions of its states and also their changes under action of deformations, electric and magnetic fields are considered. Expressions are presented for the description of various properties of isolated Mn_Ga acceptors in GaAs, and the data of some experiments (changes in the $${\text{Mn}}_{{{\text{Ga}}}}^{{\text{0}}}$$ luminescence and absorption spectra and polarization under uniaxial pressures and in magnetic field, EPR spectra, temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility, circular polarization of photoluminescence during excitation by polarized light in magnetic field, etc.) are analyzed. It is demonstrated that, in some cases, it is necessary to take into account the existence of random electric and strain fields splitting the acceptor states in the crystal. The analysis results show that this model agrees well with most of the experimental results. The exchange interaction constant is in the range of 3–5 meV.
Неуниверсальность частотной зависимости проводимости неупорядоченных наногранулированных систем
Authors: Ормонт М.А. , Звягин И.П.
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe real part of the high-frequency phononless conductivity is calculated in the pair approximation for a disordered array of densely packed spherical nanogranules. The generalization of the theory of phononless conductivity for systems with point impurities to systems with localized finite sizes (arrays of nanogranules or quantum dots) reveals that the high-frequency conductivity depends on the distribution function of the distances between the surfaces of granules P ( w ). This is expected to cause the discrepancy of the real part of the conductivity σ_1(ω) from the linear frequency dependence. In the vicinity of the frequency ω ~ ω_ c = 2 I _0/ $$\hbar $$ (here I _0 is a preexponential factor of the resonance integral) for disordered granulated systems is likely to deviate from the universality σ_1(ω) ~ ω^ s ( s ≈ 1) due to the attenuation of the frequency dependence σ_1(ω) of the conductivity and its nonmonotonicity. The nonmonotonicity of σ_1(ω) must arise at lower frequencies as a result of decreased preexponential factor I _0 of the resonance integral with increasing granule size.
Особенности фокусировки спиновых волн в ферромагнетиках
Authors: Бахарев С.М. , Савченко С.П. , Танкеев А.П.
Published: November 2018

Abstract —Features of focusing spin waves in ferromagnets with magnetic moment exchange interaction with the closest neighbors and second neighbors are explored. It is shown that in the long-wave approximation, no spin wave focusing occurs: it is observed only in the wavevectors in the second half of the Brillouin zone (at aq ≥ π/2, where a is the lattice constant, q is the value of wavevector). Additionally, it is shown that magnons in such system are focused along directions [110], and are defocused in directions [100]. It is found that the external magnetic field and the magnetic anisotropy field do not cause changes in directions of magnon focusing. When the parameter of exchange interaction with the second neighbors near directions [110] and [111] is negative, magnons form a caustic, near which the intensity of the spin-wave field surges.
Динамика магнитного момента анизотропной наночастицы и плоской решетки в переменном поле
Authors: Шутый А.М. , Семенцов Д.И.
Published: November 2018

AbstractDynamic regimes of the magnetic moment of a nanoparticle with an uniaxial or cubic anisotropy are studied. Regular oscillations with different attractor shapes and periods and regimes of chaotic and quasi-periodical dynamics are revealed. The dynamic bistability states are discovered; the transitions between the oscillation regimes belonging to bistability are obtained by means of the pulsed change in the alternating field amplitude. It has been shown that the 90°-remagnatization of the nanoparticle is caused by the alternating field action. The nanoparticle lattice parameters at which the dipole interaction effect on the oscillation regimes of magnetic momenta can be neglected are revealed.
Структурные и термоэлектрические свойства оптически прозрачных тонких пленок на основе одностенных углеродных нанотрубок
Authors: Тамбасов И.А. , Воронин А.С. , Евсевская Н.П. , Волочаев М.Н. , Фадеев Ю.В. , Крылов А.С. , Александровский А.С. , Лукьяненко А.В. , Абелян С.Р. , Тамбасова Е.В.
Published: November 2018

AbstractThin films have been produced via a spray method from commercially available single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). A SWCNT film thickness has ranged from ~10 to ~80 nm. The SWCNT diameter has accepted values of 1.6–1.8 nm. The existence of SWCNTs longer than 10 μm is established. The optimal thickness of a SWCNT thin film is found to be ~15 nm at which the transmittance exceeds 85%. The specific resistance of SWCNT thin films goes from ~1.5 × 10^–3 to ~3 × 10^–3 Ohm cm at room temperature. The pioneering study of the temperature dependences of the Seebeck coefficient and surface resistance is performed for this type of SWCNT. A surface resistance is found to increase with rising temperature. Furthermore, the Seebeck coefficient of SWCNT thin films weakly depends on temperature. Its value for all samples is evaluated to be ~40 μV/K. According to the sign of the Seebeck coefficient, thin films exhibit hole-type conductivity. Moreover, the power factor of a 15-nm thin SWCNT-film decreases with a temperature increase to 140◦C from the value of approximately ~120 to ~60 μW m^–1 K^–2. A further rise in temperature has led to a gain in the power factor.
Влияние электрического поля и градиента температуры на формирование гидродинамичеcкого течения в тонком нематическом капилляре
Authors: Захаров А.В. , Пасечник С.В. , Максимочкин Г.И.
Published: November 2018

AbstractA theoretical description of the principles of nonmechanical transportation of microliter volumes of a liquid crystal (LC) encapsulated in a thin capillary is proposed. By numerical methods within a nonlinear generalization of the classical Ericksen–Leslie theory, various regimes of formation of a hydrodynamic flow in a uniformly oriented LC cavity under the action of a temperature gradient and a double electrostatic layer naturally arising at the LC/solid interface are investigated. The sizes of an LC capillary and the parameters of the necessary thermal effect capable of initiating a flow of the LC phase in the horizontal direction are found.
Сегнетоэлектрические пленки титаната-цирконата бария на сапфировых подложках
Authors: Тумаркин А.В. , Злыгостов М.В. , Гагарин А.Г. , Сапего Е.Н.
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe structural and electrical physical properties of barium titanate zirconate thin films on pure sapphire substrates and sapphire substrates with a platinum sublayer are investigated. The nature of substrate is shown to have a considerable effect on the crystal structure, phase composition, and electrical parameters of the prepared thin films. Capacitive elements fabricated using barium zirconate titanate films display high nonlinearity at low dielectric losses, as measured at a frequency of 2 GHz.
Кластерная модель образования наночастиц и мезообъектов в ударных волнах в тяжелых металлах и при выбросах с их поверхности
Authors: Лин Э.Э.
Published: November 2018

AbstractUsing the cluster model, we have calculated the most probable, average, and maximum possible sizes of nanoparticles and meso-objects formed in the processes of shock-induced restructuring of the microstructure of heavy metals and during subsequent emissions of particles from the surface of macroscopic samples near the lattice defects. The proposed model relates to the full range of characteristic sizes of the studied nano- and meso-objects from ~1 nm to ~370 μm.
Термовольтаический эффект в полуторном сульфиде церия
Authors: Каминский В.В. , Соловьёв С.М. , Шаренкова Н.В. , Hirai Shinji , Kubota Yohei
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe thermovoltaic effect in cerium sesquisulphide (Ce_2S_3) is found. Measurements are carried out in a temperature range of 300–455 K. The maximum value of the generated voltage is ~60 mV; however, the thermovoltaic effect is 37 mV.
Роль энергии фотонов возбуждения в динамике фотоиндуцированных носителей заряда в сверхрешеточных гетероструктурах InGaAs/InAlAs
Authors: Буряков А.М. , Хусяинов Д.И. , Мишина Е.Д. , Хабибуллин Р.А. , Ячменев А.Э. , Пономарев Д.С.
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe influence of excitation photons energy on the relaxation times of photoexcited carriers is studied. The involved relaxation mechanisms are evaluated and the reflection coefficient of the InGaAs/InAlAs superlattice heterostructures is analyzed. A model is built for the reflection coefficient of the InAlAs barrier layer, depending on the excitation photons energy. The resonance behavior of the reflection coefficient is explained.
Исследование градиента состава слоев GaInAsP, полученных на InP методом газофазной эпитаксии
Authors: Васильев В.И. , Гагис Г.С. , Левин Р.В. , Маричев А.Е. , Пушный Б.В. , Щеглов М.П. , Кучинский В.И. , Бер Б.Я. , Казанцев Д.Ю. , Горохов А.Н. , Попова Т.Б.
Published: November 2018

AbstractGradual variation of the content y of Group-V components by Δ y of up to 0.08 across the thickness (600–850 nm) of an epitaxial layer has been observed for Ga_1 – x In_ x As_ y P_1 – y solid solutions ( x = 0.86, y = 0.07–0.42) produced on InP by metal-organic vapor-phase epitaxy under lowered pressure, although the composition of the gas mixture, temperature, and pressure were maintained invariable in the course of the growth process. For different gas mixture compositions, the value of Δ y and the manner of its variation were different. An analysis of the data obtained demonstrated that Δ y is due to the deformations that appear in a growing layer because of the lattice mismatch with the substrate.