bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intertextuality and West African Arabic Poetry: Reading Nigerian Arabic Poetry of the 19th and 20th Centuries
Authors: Abdullah Abdul-Samad
Published: December 2009

Nigerian Arabic poetry of the 19th and 20th centuries deliberately intertexts with and alludes to classical Arabic poetry, the foundational texts of Islam, the religious poetry of the first century of Islam and with Arabian poetry in general. Arabic poets of West Africa sometimes use lines, ideas and themes that enlarge their poetry in order to bring into the consciousness of the reader/listener what he or she already knows or holds in high esteem religiously and artistically. West African Arabic poetry therefore apart from its literary aesthetics, establishes a sense of belonging to the Islamic Arabic global culture and identity, supporting the poet's ideas and convictions or mobilizing people for a social or political agenda. This article endeavors to make an intertextual reading and analysis of some poems to demonstrate how intertextuality functions as a literary device in West African Arabic poetry. I will explore intertextual aspects through the analysis of the content, contexts, syntax and sounds of these poems. With this exploration, I hope to bring forth a rethinking of approaches to West African Arabic poetry that will emphasize and foster further the appreciation of Arabic poetry in researching West African Islamic culture and Arabic literary skills.
Recovering a "Lost" Author: Marcion of Smyrna
Authors: Holmes Michael
Published: December 2009

The Martyrdom of Polycarp, traditionally treated as an anonymous document, is not: it was composed by Marcion of Smyrna. A writer of no small ability, he argues for a particular view of martyrdom on the basis of a sophisticated interpretation of the gospel narrative; portrays Polycarp as the embodiment of both Christian and Greco-Roman virtues and values; and subverts Roman claims to power even as he affirms Christian claims of divine sovereignty. His accomplishments earn him a spot on the roster of second century Christian authors.
Daughter Zion and Her Place in God's Household
Authors: Dearman J. Andrew
Published: December 2009

The metaphorical phrases Daughter Zion and Daughter Jerusalem are to be understood as appositional genitives referring to the city of Jerusalem in spite of a recent proposal to the contrary. They are part of a larger literary and cultural deposit of personifying the city and should be interpreted in that light. The kinship connotations of the city as "daughter" are then explored and located in the larger root metaphor of YHWH's household, along with certain of the city's other roles (e.g. spouse, widow and mother).
Paul in Acts and the Law in the Prophets
Authors: Perry Gregory
Published: December 2009

Luke depicts Paul in Acts as a penitent Pharisee, whose teaching and practice of the Law "reaccentuates" its place within the Lord's fulfilled word and plan. Luke offers a thoroughly intertextual portrayal of Paul's proclamation and practice of the Law. First, Luke's portrayal of Paul's synagogue preaching neither abolishes nor supersedes the Law, but situates and interprets the Law from within the Prophets. Second, by describing Pentecost and Pentecost's Spirit as the plot motivation for Paul's final journey to Jerusalem, Luke clearly rejects the charge of infidelity to the Law and confirms the scriptural legitimacy of Paul's mission, which marked "the Way" as the eschatological people of God.
The Religious Identity of the Arabic Language and the Affair of the Lead Books of the Sacromonte of Granada
Authors: García-Arenal Mercedes
Published: December 2009

This article deals, in the first place, with the religious identity of the Arabic language as defined by the ongoing debate, in 16th-17th century Spain, about its identification with Islam. Many new Christians of Muslim origin (Moriscos) tried to break this identification in an effort to salvage part of their culture, and specially the language, by separating it from Islam. I will argue that the Morisco forgery known as the Lead Books of the Sacromonte in Granada—an Arabic Evangile dictated by the Virgin Mary to Arabic disciples who came to Spain with the Apostle Saint James—was part of this effort. When the Lead Books were taken to the Vatican to be informed, they were studied by Maronite scholars who decided that they were written in “Muslim Arabic” and therefore could not be authentic Christian texts. The Maronites were engaged in creating and consolidating their own version of Christian Arabic to define and legitimise their own position inside the Roman world. The second part of the essay adresses the theological considerations and the defence of different cultural identities which are implied in these different versions of Arabic.
The Dreams of Kings: A Comparative Discussion of the Recorded Dreams of Tipu Sultan of Mysore and Peter the Great of Russia
Authors: Brittlebank Kate
Published: December 2009

A comparative study of some recorded dreams of two significant royal figures—Tipu Sultan of Mysore and Tsar Peter the Great of Russia—allows us to ask whether we can see similar processes at work. This is done in order to re-assess the view that Peter's actions in this regard reflected his curious nature and not a belief in the prognostic or divinatory qualities of dreams. By drawing on the latest scholarship on historical dreams and dreams in history, this re-assessment underlines the importance of cultural and historical context to the understanding of dreams and dream practices, as well as the close connection between dreaming and authority.
Between Center and Periphery: The Yahad in Context
Authors: Schofield Alison
Published: December 2009

Scholars have long equated the Yahad with the inhabitants at Qumran, thereby establishing an unwieldy two-community model of those behind The Rule of the Community (S) and others of the Damascus Document (D), or Qumranite, bounded, and peripheral versus integrated and “normal.” Yet this two-fold paradigm does not account for both the shared and divergent material between S and D, and other Rule material now available. This article offers a new socio-anthropological model for understanding sectarian community formation, one that accounts for a dynamic relationship between both the Jewish codifying center at Jerusalem and the sectarian movement at large, as well as on a micro-level within the Yahad itself. For as the Yahad created its own, new authoritative center at Qumran, it generated new, divergent traditions, but ones which never developed in isolation. This “radial-dialogic” model of development proposes that communities, and their traditions, diversified in continuing conversation with their authoritative center(s).
Beyond the Qumran Community: Social Organization in the Dead Sea Scrolls
Authors: Collins John J.
Published: December 2009

The Dead Sea Scrolls refer to different kinds of communities. The Damascus Document speaks of people who live “in camps” throughout the land, and marry and have children. The Rule of the Community, in contrast, does not speak of women or children at all. It does, however, speak of small communities with a quorum of ten, as part of the yahad. The Rule of the Community also speaks enigmatically of twelve men and three priests, who are supposed to go into the wilderness to prepare the way of the Lord. It is possible but not certain that these were the founders of the Qumran settlement. Qumran was surely a sectarian settlement in Roman times. It is possible, but not proven, that it was a Hasmonean fort before the Romans came. It was never more than one of many sectarian settlements. The yahad should not be equated with “the Qumran community.”
CD Manuscript B and the Rule of the Community—Reflections on a Literary Relationship
Authors: Hempel Charlotte
Published: December 2009

This article begins by noting the proliferation of textual overlap between the Damascus Document and the Rule of the Community. Some examples of such over-lap, such as the penal code, have received a large amount of scholarly attention in the wake of the publication of all the Cave 4 manuscripts. This study returns to a passage from CD manuscript B (CD 20:1b‐8a) that has long been recognized as closely related to 1QS 8‐9 and offers a reconsideration of the relationship between both texts in the light of the full publication of all the S manuscripts. The analysis offered here uncovers a complex inter-relationship between both texts as well as some intriguing pointers towards a complex literary history within the S tradition.
Qumran Yahad and Rabbinic Hăbûrâ: A Comparison Reconsidered
Authors: Fraade Steven D.
Published: December 2009

Since soon after the initial discoveries and publications of the Dead Sea Scrolls, scholars have compared the Yahad of the scrolls with the Hăbûrâ of early rabbinic literature and sought to establish a historical relationship and developmental progression between the two types of communal organization. The present article reviews select but representative examples from such scholarship, seeking to reveal their underlying presumptions and broader implications, while questioning whether the available evidence allows for the sorts of sociological comparisons and historical reconstructions that they adduce.
Semiotics Ideology and Femininity in Popular Pakistani Women's Magazines
Authors: Haider Shirin
Published: December 2009

Drawing on theoretical perspectives from Western feminist research on the genre of women's magazines, I adapt Lazar's model of feminist critical discourse analysis (2005; henceforth referred to as FCDA) to write a critique on the genre of popular Pakistani women's magazines as linguistic and semiotic constructs, which articulate a certain ideology regarding the construction of Pakistani womens' identity. Through semiotic analysis of certain sections of the magazines, I point out the underlying normative and ideological assumptions in order to show how these magazine representations position women; and how semiotics wield power in marginalizing the role of women in society. The restrictive nature of discourses on femininities is highlighted through an analysis of discursive linguistic and semiotic techniques and devices. I argue that the role of semiotics is central in shaping and reinforcing such asymmetrical, gendered and sexist social patterns and practices and that these images (can) have repercussions with regard to women's sexuality(ies) and their social roles and identities.
Al-Rujūlah: Male and Masculinities in Modern Sudanese Narrative Discourse
Authors: Oladosu Afis Ayinde
Published: December 2009

The purpose of this paper is, first of all, to explore that which is essentially male/masculine in Afro-Sudanese culture and once explored, to reach deeper into its discursive portrayal in modern Sudanese narrative discourse. The paper uses a number of representative short stories written since the early thirties in northern Sudan as sites of inquiry. Drawing from existing studies on the male in the East and the West, the paper examines the representation of male and masculinity in modern Sudanese narrative discourse using the following as strategies: gender conflicts and politics, intra-gender paradoxes, the male as satire and allegory, and the male as a myth.
“(Re)presenting Translation: Prosimetrics, Female Agency, and the Arabic and Hebrew Intertexts in Evelyne Accad's L'excisée”
Authors: Devir Nathan
Published: December 2009

Evelyne Accad's novel L'excisée [The Excised] (1982) has long been hailed as an indispensable component of the Francophone literary canon. However, the reception of this book in the English-speaking world has been tepid at best, despite the growing popularity of Accad's literary corpus in (mostly) the United States and in Britain. In this paper, I argue that the principle reason for the Anglophone world's aforementioned lack of attention to the novel is inextricably linked to a series of major oversights in its English translation. More specifically, I demonstrate the manner in which the mistranslations of the prosimetric structure in the narrative of L'excisée (including its biblical and qur'ānic citations) have minimized the text's intertextual significance to such a degree that the book's overarching theme—the necessity of female agency as a counter to oppressive social practices—has no symbolic structure upon which to rest. To that end, this article elucidates the semantic, semiotic and stylistic functions of the prosimetric and intertextual configuration of L'excisée, in the hopes of offering a more just and culturally pertinent translation of the text's revolutionary message to the English-speaking reader.
Spatial Changes in Palestine: from Colonial Project to an Apartheid System
Authors: Al-Rimmawi Hussein
Published: December 2009

This paper addresses the socio-spatial impact of the Zionists' colonial project in Palestine, including the replacement of the indigenous Palestinian people by Jewish immigrants. At present, the Palestinians, displaced or living in the remaining part of Palestinian lands number approximately ten million. The continuous Israeli occupation has failed to bring stability or prosperity to either the region or the Israeli and Palestinian peoples. Projections indicate that demographic changes will transform the current situation into an apartheid system, where the majority Palestinians will be ruled by an Israeli minority. The objective of this paper is to suggest a just solution for the Palestinian-Israeli impasse in advocating the establishment a one-state solution, a proposition which appears to be gaining increasing support.
Hurdles in Confronting the World Food Crisis: Underutilization of Irrigation Infrastructure in Turkey
Authors: Lemel Harold
Published: December 2009

Mounting food shortages and high prices have triggered global turmoil. Given the emphasis on irrigation as a key to boosting production, underutilization of already existing irrigation infrastructure needs to be better understood. In Turkey, from a third to half of irrigated land remains unutilized. This article, based on fieldwork conducted by the author in 2006 and updated through 2009, suggests degraded infrastructure combined with an increasingly unfavorable production environment as key factors. Beyond narrow technical or operational issues, Turkey's increasing integration and exposure to the global economy, emerges as critical. Explored are Turkish farmers' responses to challenges faced, and their implications on irrigation schemes' socio-organizational and physical viability and sustainability, and on broader environmental, socioeconomic and political issues.
Parties, Presidents, and State Consolidation: Cross-National Evidence with Illustrations from Kenya
Authors: Thompson Marshall Weldon
Published: December 2009

This paper conceives of state consolidation as comprising the two distinct concepts of state strength and state firmness. It is argued here that increasing the accountability between various branches of government and limiting the number of parties will lead to increases in the administrative capacity of the state (strength) and to increases in the republican character of the state (firmness). The results of several least squares analyses are combined with case evidence from Kenya to provide support for these arguments. Implications for bureaucratic and economic efficiency are discussed, as is the nature of African party systems.
The Sanctuary of the Gibeonites Revisited
Authors: Na'aman Nadav
Published: December 2009

The article examines three biblical narratives in which the city of Gibeon and its inhabitants play a major role ( Joshua 9; II Sam 21:1-14; I Kgs 3:3-15a). It is suggested that Gibeon's sanctuary played—directly or by inference—a significant role in the plot of the three stories. The story of Joshua's treaty with the Gibeonites, ostensibly describing an event in the conquest of Canaan, in reality reflects a hidden Deuteronomistic satirical polemic whose background must be sought in the time of its Jerusalemite author of the late 7th to early 6th centuries BCE. The polemic's stimulus lies in a Gibeonite reaction to Josiah's cancellation of their sanctuary in the time of the author. Clarifying the relation of the Jerusalem and Gibeon temples is important for understanding the rise of the former, as well as the absence of the latter in the Dtr historiography.
Religious Identity: Reflections on Revelation and Rationality
Authors: Amini Majid
Published: December 2009

There is a widespread assumption that ethnic origins substantially contribute, if not constitute, the identity of individuals. In particular, among the ethnic elements, it is claimed that religion takes precedence and people could be individuated in terms of their religious affiliations. Indeed, public theology as an attempt to expand on the public consequences of religious doctrines and beliefs is predicated on the legitimacy of the idea of religious identity. However, the purpose of this article is to show that strictly speaking identity cannot be constituted by religion. More precisely, it is argued that a phenomenological characterization of individual identity fails to do justice to the philosophical requirements of identity. The argument is obviously philosophical by nature and is developed through an analysis of the concept of revelation. The phenomenon of revelation plays a pivotal role in the Jewish, Christian and Islamic traditions, yet by its very nature owes its authenticity to something prior to itself; namely, reason. This entails the priority of reason over revelation and as such undermines claims that purport to define identity in terms of revelation/religion. This detachment of identity from religion would clearly have far reaching socio-political implications for issues such as religious diversity, pluralism and multiculturalism in particular and public theology in general.
Scaling the Daytime Urban Heat Island and Urban-Breeze Circulation
Authors: Hidalgo Julia , Masson Valéry , Gimeno Luis
Published: December 2009

The urban-breeze circulation is a mesoscale response of the atmospheric flow that is related to horizontal variations in temperature associated, for dry conditions, with gradients in sensible heat flux densities. This local circulation is difficult to observe with a simple observational deployment, and the 3D numerical simulations needed to model it are very demanding in computer time. A theoretical approach scaling the daytime urban heat island and urban-breeze characteristics has been developed and provides a simple set of equations that depend on measurable parameters. Three-dimensional high-resolution numerical simulations, performed with the Nonhydrostatic Mesoscale (Meso-NH) atmospheric model, were used to generate a set of urban-breeze circulations forced by an idealized urban environment. The pertinent forcing parameters chosen were the size of the city, the height of the thermal inversion topping the mixed turbulent air layer, and the difference (urban – rural) of surface heat flux. Scaling laws are presented that describe the shape of the urban heat island and the horizontal and vertical wind intensity and profiles.
Comparing Satellite and Surface Rainfall Products over West Africa at Meteorologically Relevant Scales during the AMMA Campaign Using Error Estimates
Authors: Roca Rémy , Chambon Philippe , Jobard Isabelle , Kirstetter Pierre-Emmanuel , Gosset Marielle , Bergès Jean Claude
Published: December 2009

Monsoon rainfall is central to the climate of West Africa, and understanding its variability is a challenge for which satellite rainfall products could be well suited to contribute to. Their quality in this region has received less attention than elsewhere. The focus is set on the scales associated with atmospheric variability, and a meteorological benchmark is set up with ground-based observations from the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) program. The investigation is performed at various scales of accumulation using four gauge networks. The seasonal cycle is analyzed using 10-day-averaged products, the synoptic-scale variability is analyzed using daily means, and the diurnal cycle of rainfall is analyzed at the seasonal scale using a composite and at the diurnal scale using 3-hourly accumulations. A novel methodology is introduced that accounts for the errors associated with the areal–time rainfall averages. The errors from both satellite and ground rainfall data are computed using dedicated techniques that come down to an estimation of the sampling errors associated to these measurements. The results show that the new generation of combined infrared–microwave (IR–MW) satellite products is describing the rain variability similarly to ground measurements. At the 10-day scale, all products reveal high regional and seasonal skills. The day-to-day comparison indicates that some products perform better than others, whereas all of them exhibit high skills when the spectral band of African easterly waves is considered. The seasonal variability of the diurnal scale as well as its relative daily importance is only captured by some products. Plans for future extensive intercomparison exercises are briefly discussed.
Effects of Surface Albedo on Cloud and Radiation Processes in Cloud-Resolving Model Simulations
Authors: Park Sunwook , Wu Xiaoqing
Published: December 2009

The relationship among the surface albedo, cloud properties, and radiative fluxes is investigated for the first time using a year-long cloud-resolving model (CRM) simulation with the prescribed evolving surface albedo. In comparison with the run using a fixed surface albedo, the CRM with the observed surface albedo represents the shortwave radiative budget closer to the observations in the winter. The greater surface albedo induces weaker instability in the low troposphere so that the amount of low clouds decreases during the winter. This reduces the shortwave and longwave cloud radiative forcing at the surface. The analysis of the CRM simulations with the evolving surface albedo reveals that there is a critical value (0.35) of the surface albedo. For albedos greater than the critical value, the upward shortwave flux at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) is positively proportional to the surface albedos when optically thin clouds exist, and is not much affected by reflection on the cloud top. If optically thick clouds occur and the surface albedo is greater than the critical value, the upward shortwave flux at the TOA is significantly influenced by the reflection of cloud top, but not much affected by the surface albedo. In addition, for albedos larger than the critical value, the downward shortwave flux at the surface is primarily influenced by the surface albedo and the reflection from the cloud base if optically thick clouds occur. However, the downward shortwave flux at the surface is not significantly affected by the surface albedo when optically thin clouds exist because the reflection on the cloud base is weak. When surface albedos are less than the critical value, those relationships among surface albedo, shortwave flux, and cloud properties are not obvious. The surface albedo effect on shortwave flux increases as solar zenith angle (SZA) decreases, but its dependence on the SZA is negligible when optically thick clouds exist.
Influence of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation on the Extratropical Winter Stratosphere in an Atmospheric General Circulation Model and in Reanalysis Data
Authors: Anstey James A. , Shepherd Theodore G. , Scinocca John F.
Published: December 2009

The interannual variability of the stratospheric polar vortex during winter in both hemispheres is observed to correlate strongly with the phase of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) in tropical stratospheric winds. It follows that the lack of a spontaneously generated QBO in most atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) adversely affects the nature of polar variability in such models. This study examines QBO–vortex coupling in an AGCM in which a QBO is spontaneously induced by resolved and parameterized waves.

The QBO–vortex coupling in the AGCM compares favorably to that seen in reanalysis data [from the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40)], provided that careful attention is given to the definition of QBO phase. A phase angle representation of the QBO is employed that is based on the two leading empirical orthogonal functions of equatorial zonal wind vertical profiles. This yields a QBO phase that serves as a proxy for the vertical structure of equatorial winds over the whole depth of the stratosphere and thus provides a means of subsampling the data to select QBO phases with similar vertical profiles of equatorial zonal wind. Using this subsampling, it is found that the QBO phase that induces the strongest polar vortex response in early winter differs from that which induces the strongest late-winter vortex response. This is true in both hemispheres and for both the AGCM and ERA-40.

It follows that the strength and timing of QBO influence on the vortex may be affected by the partial seasonal synchronization of QBO phase transitions that occurs both in observations and in the model. This provides a mechanism by which changes in the strength of QBO–vortex correlations may exhibit variability on decadal time scales. In the model, such behavior occurs in the absence of external forcings or interannual variations in sea surface temperatures.
Circulation Sensitivity to Heating in a Simple Model of Baroclinic Turbulence
Authors: Zurita-Gotor Pablo , Vallis Geoffrey K.
Published: December 2009

This paper examines the sensitivity of the circulation of an idealized primitive equation two-level model on the form and strength of the heating, aiming to understand the qualitatively different sensitivity of the isentropic slope on differential heating reported by previous idealized studies when different model formulations are used. It is argued that this contrasting behavior might arise from differences in the internal determination of the heating. To test this contention, the two-level model is forced using two different heating formulations: a standard Newtonian cooling formulation and a highly simplified formulation in which the net lower-to-upper troposphere heat transport is prescribed by construction. The results are interpreted using quasigeostrophic turbulent closures, which have previously been shown to have predictive power for the model. It is found that the strength of the circulation, as measured by eddy length and velocity scales and by the strength of the energy cycle, scales with the vertical heating (the lower-to-upper troposphere heat transport), with a weak dependence. By contrast, the isentropic slope is only sensitive to the structure of the heating, as measured by the ratio between meridional versus vertical heating, and not to the actual strength of the heating. In general the heating is internally determined, and this ratio may either increase or decrease as the circulation strengthens. It is shown that the sign of the sensitivity depends on the steepness of the relation between vertical heating and stratification for the particular heating formulation used. The quasigeostrophic limit (fixed stratification) and the prescribed heating model constrain the possible range of behaviors and provide bounds of sensitivity for the model. These results may help explain the different sensitivity of the isentropic slope on differential heating for dry and moist models and for quasigeostrophic and primitive equation models.
The 11-Yr Solar Cycle in ERA-40 Data: An Update to 2008
Authors: Frame Thomas H. A. , Gray Lesley J.
Published: December 2009

Multiple linear regression is used to diagnose the signal of the 11-yr solar cycle in zonal-mean zonal wind and temperature in the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) dataset. The results of previous studies are extended to 2008 using data from ECMWF operational analyses. This analysis confirms that the solar signal found in previous studies is distinct from that of volcanic aerosol forcing resulting from the eruptions of El Chichón and Mount Pinatubo, but it highlights the potential for confusion of the solar signal and lower-stratospheric temperature trends. A correction to an error that is present in previous results of Crooks and Gray, stemming from the use of a single daily analysis field rather than monthly averaged data, is also presented.
The Annual Range of Southern Hemisphere SST: Comparison with Surface Heating and Possible Reasons for the High-Latitude Falloff*
Authors: Chiodi A. M. , Harrison D. E.
Published: December 2009

Globally, the seasonal cycle is the largest single component of observed sea surface temperature (SST) variability, yet it is still not fully understood. Herein, the degree to which the structure of the seasonal cycle of Southern Hemisphere SST can be explained by the present understanding of surface fluxes and upper-ocean physics is examined. It has long been known that the annual range of Southern Hemisphere SST is largest in the midlatitudes, despite the fact that the annual range of net surface heat flux peaks well poleward of the SST peak. The reasons for this discrepancy (“falloff of the annual range of SST”) are determined here through analysis of net surface heat flux estimates, observed SST, and mixed layer depth data, and results from experiments using two different one-dimensional ocean models. Results show that (i) the classical explanations for the structure of the annual range of SST in the Southern Hemisphere are incomplete, (ii) current estimates of surface heat flux and mixed layer depth can be used to accurately reproduce the observed annual range of SST, and (iii) the prognostic mixed layer models used here often fail to adequately reproduce the seasonal cycle at higher latitudes, despite performing remarkably well in other regions. This suggests that more work is necessary to understand the changes of upper-ocean dynamics that occur with latitude.
Buoyancy Arrest and Bottom Ekman Transport. Part II: Oscillating Flow
Authors: Brink K. H. , Lentz S. J.
Published: December 2009

The effects of a sloping bottom and stratification on a turbulent bottom boundary layer are investigated for cases where the interior flow oscillates monochromatically with frequency ω. At higher frequencies, or small slope Burger numbers s = αN/f (where α is the bottom slope, N is the interior buoyancy frequency, and f is the Coriolis parameter), the bottom boundary layer is well mixed and the bottom stress is nearly what it would be over a flat bottom. For lower frequencies, or larger slope Burger number, the bottom boundary layer consists of a thick, weakly stratified outer layer and a thinner, more strongly stratified inner layer. Approximate expressions are derived for the different boundary layer thicknesses as functions of s and σ = ω/f. Further, buoyancy arrest causes the amplitude of the fluctuating bottom stress to decrease with decreasing σ (the s dependence, although important, is more complicated). For typical oceanic parameters, arrest is unimportant for fluctuation periods shorter than a few days. Substantial positive (toward the right when looking toward deeper water in the Northern Hemisphere) time-mean flows develop within the well-mixed boundary layer, and negative mean flows exist in the weakly stratified outer boundary layer for lower frequencies and larger s. If the interior flow is realistically broad band in frequency, the numerical model predicts stress reduction over all frequencies because of the nonlinearity associated with a quadratic bottom stress. It appears that the present one-dimensional model is reliable only for time scales less than the advective time scale that governs interior stratification.
Development of an Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Standard Gas Saving System and Its Application to a Measurement at a Site in the West Siberian Forest
Authors: Watai T. , Machida T. , Shimoyama K. , Krasnov O. , Yamamoto M. , Inoue G.
Published: December 2009

Observations of the atmospheric CO2 concentration from a 90-m tower in Berezorechka, western Siberia, that have taken place since October 2001 were used to characterize CO2 variations over a vast boreal forest area. A new CO2 standard gas saving system was developed that reduced the consumption of standard gases and kept the analysis precision to within 0.3 μmol mol−1. The CO2 day-to-day variation correlated well with atmospheric stability. The average amplitudes of the diurnal variation at 80 m were found to be about 17 and 1.5 μmol mol−1 in July and December 2003, respectively. Extremely high daytime CO2 concentrations of greater than 400 μmol mol−1 were occasionally observed during the winter, which were caused by anticyclonic atmospheric conditions lasting more than several days. Afternoon CO2 values observed at the 80-m height agreed to within 0.4 μmol mol−1 with aircraft CO2 measurements taken in the planetary boundary layer; disagreements were found for anticyclonic conditions in the winter. The afternoon CO2 values reached their maximum in mid-January and their minimum late in July, with the seasonal amplitude of 30.9 μmol mol−1. Compared to observations at background stations, this observation tower recorded a larger seasonal amplitude and earlier occurrence of the seasonal minimum.
Do the Tallest Convective Cells over the Tropical Ocean Have Slow Updrafts?
Authors: Kelley Owen A. , Stout John , Summers Michael , Zipser Edward J.
Published: December 2009

Far from continents, a few storms lift precipitation-size ice particles into the stratosphere, 17 to 18 km above the tropical ocean. This study is the first to examine the observed properties of a large sample of these extremely tall convective storm cells. The central questions in this study are whether the unusually tall ocean cells have the slow updrafts known to be typical of oceanic convection, and if so, how can these tall cells reach such extreme heights. The precipitation radar on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite observed 174 extremely tall oceanic cells from 1998 to 2007. Relative updraft intensity is inferred from 17-km-tall oceanic cells having, on average, a 7-km lower 40-dBZ radar reflectivity height and an order of magnitude less lightning than do equally tall cells over the Sahel region of Africa, a region known for vigorous convective updrafts. Despite some ambiguity, the potential temperature and lapse rate of the NCEP reanalysis suggest that the environment in which these oceanic cells form is conducive to modest updrafts reaching extreme heights. Extrapolating based on the limited coverage of the TRMM satellite radar, it is likely that such extremely tall cells occur more often than once each day somewhere over the tropical ocean.
Vertical Structure of Convective Systems during NAME 2004
Authors: Lerach David G. , Rutledge Steven A. , Williams Christopher R. , Cifelli Robert
Published: December 2009

This study describes the vertical structure of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) that characterized the 2004 North American monsoon utilizing observations from a 2875-MHz (S band) profiler and a dual-polarimetric scanning Doppler radar. Both instrument platforms operated nearly continuously during the North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME). A technique was developed to identify dominant hydrometeor type using S-band (profiler) reflectivity along with temperature. The simplified hydrometeor identification (HID) algorithm matched polarimetric scanning radar fuzzy logic–based HID results quite well. However, the simplified algorithm lacked the ability to identify ice hydrometeors below the melting layer and on occasion, underestimated the vertical extent of graupel because of a profiler reflectivity bias.

Three of the strongest NAME convective rainfall events recorded by the profiler are assessed in this study. Stratiform rain exhibited a reflectivity bright band and strong Doppler velocity gradient within the melting layer. Convective rainfall exhibited high reflectivity and Doppler velocities exceeding 3 (−10) m s−1 in updrafts (downdrafts). Low-density graupel persisted above the melting layer, often extending to 10 km, with high-density graupel observed near 0°C. Doppler velocity signatures suggested that updrafts and downdrafts were often tilted, though estimating the degree of tilt would have required a more three-dimensional view of the passing storms. Cumulative frequency distributions (CFDs) of reflectivity were created for stratiform and convective rainfall and were found to be similar to results from other tropical locations.
Toward Random Sampling of Model Error in the Canadian Ensemble Prediction System
Authors: Charron Martin , Pellerin Gérard , Spacek Lubos , Houtekamer P. L. , Gagnon Normand , Mitchell Herschel L. , Michelin Laurent
Published: December 2009

An updated global ensemble prediction system became operational at the Meteorological Service of Canada in July 2007. The new elements of the system include the use of 20 members instead of 16, a single dynamical core [the Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) model], stochastic physical tendency perturbations and a kinetic energy backscatter algorithm, an ensemble Kalman filter with four-dimensional data handling, and a decrease from 1.2° to 0.9° in horizontal grid spacing. This system is compared with the former operational one using a variety of probabilistic measures. For global upper-air dynamical fields, the improvement in predictive skill for equivalent forecast quality is from 9 to 16 h around day 6. Precipitation forecasts, verified over Canada, are also significantly improved. The impact of each of the abovementioned new elements of the ensemble prediction system is also evaluated separately in a series of sensitivity experiments for which one given element is removed from the system.
Sensitivity of Surface Air Temperature Analyses to Background and Observation Errors
Authors: Tyndall Daniel P. , Horel John D. , de Pondeca Manuel S. F. V.
Published: December 2009

A two-dimensional variational method is used to analyze 2-m air temperatures over a limited domain (4° latitude × 4° longitude) in order to evaluate approaches to examining the sensitivity of the temperature analysis to the specification of observation and background errors. This local surface analysis (LSA) utilizes the 1-h forecast from the Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) downscaled to a 5-km resolution terrain level for its background fields and observations obtained from the Meteorological Assimilation Data Ingest System.

The observation error variance as a function of broad network categories and the error variance and covariance of the downscaled 1-h RUC background fields are estimated using a sample of over 7 million 2-m air temperature observations in the continental United States collected during the period 8 May–7 June 2008. The ratio of observation to background error variance is found to be between 2 and 3. This ratio is likely even higher in mountainous regions where representativeness errors attributed to the observations are large.

The technique used to evaluate the sensitivity of the 2-m air temperature to the ratio of the observation and background error variance and background error length scales is illustrated over the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia for a particularly challenging case (0900 UTC 22 October 2007) when large horizontal temperature gradients were present in the mountainous regions as well as over two entire days (20 and 27 May 2009). Sets of data denial experiments in which observations are randomly and uniquely removed from each analysis are generated and evaluated. This method demonstrates the effects of overfitting the analysis to the observations.
Does Anthropogenic Noise in National Parks Impair Memory?
Authors: Benfield Jacob A. , Bell Paul A. , Troup Lucy J. , Soderstrom Nick
Published: December 2009

Research on noise shows that a variety of effects including stress, annoyance, and performance decrements exist for certain types of sounds. Noise interferes with cognitive ability by overloading the attentional system or simply distracting from efficient encoding or rehearsal, but very little research has extended those findings to recreation or natural environments such as those found in national parks. By exposing participants to one of four soundscape conditions—control, natural, natural with voices, and natural with ground traffic—the current project tested the effect of sound conditions on the recognition and recall of factual information presented whereas viewing scenes of national parks. Both the natural with voices and natural with ground traffic conditions caused significant decreases in memory scores while the natural condition showed no differences from the control condition. Implications for sound management strategies are discussed in the context of current legislation and recent field research. Avenues for future research to clarify the mode of memory interference are discussed.
A Methodology for Solving Logistic Optimization Problems through Simulation
Authors: Narciso Mercedes , Piera Miquel A. , Guasch Antoni
Published: December 2009

In this paper we present a methodological approach designed to automate the decision-making in logistic systems, with deterministic time, by solving optimization problems. The Colored Petri Net (CPN) formalism has been used as a base to develop a methodology that integrates the features of operational research, artificial intelligence and simulation fields. At the same time, it combines the modeling of discrete event systems with simulation, analysis and system optimization, transforming a conceptual model into a simulation model, and a decision problem into a search problem. The use of the CPN formalism has allowed the integration of all of these different research fields into a unique decision support tool.
Cultural Accommodation and Domination
Authors: Lovett Frank
Published: December 2009

When should burdened social practices be granted special accommodation? One issue of concern—raised by Okin and others—is that some social practices involve domination, and so the accommodation of those practices might (inadvertently, perhaps) support social injustice. Suppose one wants to take this concern very seriously. Starting from the assumption that freedom from domination is an especially important value, this article examines whether cultural accommodation would ever be advisable. Approaching the problem of multicultural accommodation from this point of view greatly clarifies the debate and yields some interesting results. In particular, the discussion concludes that there are circumstances under which the goal of minimizing domination itself would be furthered by policies of special accommodation.
Stress Management for Adult Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse: A Holistic Inquiry
Authors: Wilson Debra Rose
Published: December 2009

Among the many sequelae of childhood sexual abuse is a maladaptive response to stress. Stress has been linked to a reduction in the immune system’s ability to resist disease. The purpose of this exploratory mixed-method study is to examine the experience of stress management training for 35 adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Data gathered for analysis include pre- and postintervention saliva samples for sIgA, Ways of Coping Questionnaire, and a postintervention qualitative interview. Stress management strategies enhance immunity (increase in salivary immunoglobulin A, p < .05) and coping (less distancing, p < .001; less escape-avoidance, p < .001; more planful problem solving, p < .01; and more positive reappraisal, p < .001). Grounded theory analysis finds three themes emerging: hypervigilance , an outward-focused hyperawareness; somatic detachment, a lack of inward focus on self; and healing pathway, the process of healing from the abuse. Healing is possible.
Breast Functions Perceived by Korean Mothers: Infant Nutrition and Female Sexuality
Authors: Youngmee Ahn  , Min Sohn  , Eunkwang Yoo
Published: December 2009

The descriptive cross-sectional study of 2,235 Korean postpartum women was conducted to explore (a) feeding types with related factors, (b) the perceived benefits of each feeding type, (c) the perceived sexuality-related barriers to breast-feeding, and (d) the perceived relative significance of breast functions. The most frequently utilized feeding type was breast-feeding only. The gender of infants, vaginal delivery, not being employed, having a nuclear family, previous breast-feeding experience, and previously receiving breast-feeding education were statistically significant factors of breast-feeding. Breast-feeding and mixed feeding mothers indicated that their feeding choices were based on nutritional benefits, convenience, and improving family relationships. Only breast-feeding mothers reported changes in breast shape as a perceived sexuality-related barrier to breast-feeding. All mothers reported that infant feeding was a more significant concern than female sexual functioning, but post hoc Schéffe revealed that the breast-feeding mothers appreciated infant feeding function more than female sexual functioning.
Rearticulating Ugliness, Repurposing Content: Ugly Betty Finds the Beauty in Ugly
Authors: Shufeldt Esch Madeleine
Published: December 2009

American Broadcasting Company’s Ugly Betty with its ugly heroine may challenge dominant ideals of feminine beauty, but the subversive potential of Betty’s ugliness is largely recuperated through commodification and rhetorical strategies of rearticulation. This has happened most significantly beyond the episodic text via affiliated Web sites and a public service campaign, “Be Ugly ’07.” These outlets create an expansive text that provides immediate and interactive arenas in which to simultaneously expand and contain a reevaluation of Betty’s ugliness. By repurposing content across various Web sites, producers circulate multiple messages about beauty all the while creating an expansive and lucrative branded online environment. This article argues that the resulting rearticulation, ugly = self-assured, does not pose a significant challenge to traditional standards of beauty on television.
Integrative Approaches for Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Guarneri Mimi , Mercado Nestor , Suhar Christopher
Published: December 2009

In the United States, $2.5 trillion is spent on healthcare annually. Seven chronic diseases account for half of all this expense. Of these 7, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, stroke, and diabetes mellitus are largely preventable. Integrative cardiology programs that focus on risk‐factor modification through lifestyle change combined with early detection and advanced lipid management offer a new paradigm to the prevention of cardiovascular disease.