bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A proof of Boca's Theorem
Authors: Davidson Kenneth R. , Kakariadis Evgenios T. A.
Published: December 2018

We give a general method of extending unital completely positive maps to amalgamated free products of C*-algebras. As an application, we give a dilation theoretic proof of Boca's Theorem.
Classification of nonnegative solutions to a bi-harmonic equation with Hartree type nonlinearity
Authors: Cao Daomin , Dai Wei
Published: December 2018

In this paper, we are concerned with the following bi-harmonic equation with Hartree type nonlinearity$$\Delta ^2u = \left( {\displaystyle{1 \over { \vert x \vert ^8}}* \vert u \vert ^2} \right)u^\gamma ,\quad x\in {\open R}^d,$$where 0 < γ ⩽ 1 andd⩾ 9. By applying the method of moving planes, we prove that nonnegative classical solutionsuto (𝒫γ) are radially symmetric about some pointx0∈ ℝdand derive the explicit form foruin theḢ2critical case γ = 1. We also prove the non-existence of nontrivial nonnegative classical solutions in the subcritical cases 0 < γ < 1. As a consequence, we also derive the best constants and extremal functions in the corresponding Hardy-Littlewood-Sobolev inequalities.
Finite speed of disturbance for the nonlinear Schrödinger equation
Authors: Correia Simão
Published: December 2018

We consider the Cauchy problem for the nonlinear Schrödinger equation on the whole space. After introducing a weaker concept of finite speed of propagation, we show that the concatenation of initial data gives rise to solutions whose time of existence increases as one translates one of the initial data. Moreover, we show that, given global decaying solutions with initial datau0,v0, if |y| is large, then the concatenated initial datau0+v0(· −y) gives rise to globally decaying solutions.
Uniform moment propagation for the Becker--Döring equations
Authors: Cãnizo José A. , Einav Amit , Lods Bertrand
Published: December 2018

We show uniform-in-time propagation of algebraic and stretched exponential moments for the Becker--Döring equations. Our proof is based upon a suitable use of the maximum principle together with known rates of convergence to equilibrium.
Geochronology, paleogeography, and archaeology of the Acheulian locality of ‘Evron Landfill in the western Galilee, Israel
Authors: Shemer Maayan , Crouvi Onn , Shaar Ron , Ebert Yael , Matmon Ari ,   ASTER Team, Horwitz Liora Kolska , Eisenmann Véra , Enzel Yehouda , Barzilai Omry
Published: December 2018

A multidisciplinary study was conducted in a newly discovered Paleolithic locality, named ‘Evron Landfill. This locality is a part of the Lower Paleolithic complex of ‘Evron located at the western Galilee, Israel. Examination of artifacts has enabled the cultural attribution of ‘Evron Landfill to the Early Acheulian, while detailed paleomagnetic stratigraphy places the hominin occupations near the Brunhes–Matuyama transition ~0.77 Ma. This age is constrained by cosmogenic isotope burial dating of the sediments overlying the Paleolithic finds, providing a minimum age of ~0.66±0.11 Ma for hominin activity at the site. These results are further supported by the biochronological information derived from the faunal assemblage. Comparative analyses of faunal remains and lithic artifacts from ‘Evron Landfill demonstrate similarities to the assemblages from the Early Acheulian site of Evron Quarry, located ~300 m to the south. Pedo-sedimentological analyses indicate that hominin activity took place in a marsh environment in proximity to the Mediterranean coast, which probably fluctuated in both space and time with a fluvial environment. In addition, this study provides important data about ancient coastal activity during the early to middle Pleistocene.
Shifts of demography and growth in limber pine forests of the Great Basin, USA, across 4000 yr of climate variability
Authors: Millar Constance I. , Charlet David A. , Delany Diane L. , King John C. , Westfall Robert D.
Published: December 2018

Annually dated tree-rings of 509 live and deadwood limber pine (Pinus flexilis) samples from the semi-arid Wassuk Range, Nevada, yielded a 3996-yr record extending from 1983 BC to AD 2013. Correlations of radial growth with climate were positive for water relations and negative for summer temperatures. Long-term trends of ring-width corresponded to climate variability documented from other proxies, including low growth during the Late Holocene Dry Period and Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) and elevated growth during cool, wet periods of the Neoglacial and Little Ice Age. Spline fit of the data indicated that growth decrease in the last 20 years was second lowest on record, surpassed by lowest growth at 20 BC—AD 150. Demographics of limber pine by aspect and elevation were not strongly related to long-term climate dynamics, except in the case of extirpations on all but north aspects at the end of the MCA. Pines occurred persistently on north aspects, where a continuous record existed to present. Elevation shifts were not obvious on any aspect, and no evidence existed for migration above current treeline. Non-climatic factors appear to interact with climate to make north slopes refugial for upland pines in semi-arid regions across four millennia.
The environmental impact of a pre-Columbian city based on geochemical insights from lake sediment cores recovered near Cahokia
Authors: Pompeani David P. , Hillman Aubrey L. , Finkenbinder Matthew S. , Bain Daniel J. , Correa-Metrio Alexander , Pompeani Katherine M. , Abbott Mark B.
Published: December 2018

Cahokia is the largest documented urban settlement in the pre-Columbian United States. Archaeological evidence suggests that the city, located near what is now East St. Louis, Illinois, began to rapidly expand starting around AD 1050. At its height, Cahokia extended across 1000 ha and included large plazas, timber palisade walls, and hundreds of monumental earthen mounds. Following several centuries of occupation, the city experienced a period of gradual abandonment from about AD 1200 to 1400. Here, we present geochemical data from a 1500-year-old sediment core from nearby Horseshoe Lake that records watershed impacts associated with the growth and decline of Cahokia. Sedimentary analysis shows a distinctive 24-cm-thick, gray, fine-grained layer formed between AD 1150 and 1220 and characterized by low carbonate δ13C, elevated sorbed metal concentrations, and higher organic matter δ15N. The deposition of this layer is contemporaneous with archaeological evidence of increased agricultural activity, earthen mound construction, and higher populations surrounding the lake. We hypothesize that these human impacts increased soil erosion, producing new sediment sources from deeper soil horizons, and shifted dissolved transport to the lake, producing lower carbonate δ13C values, higher concentrations of lead, copper, potassium, and aluminum, and increased δ15N, likely due to contributions of enriched nitrogen from sewage.
An Asymmetrical “President-in-Power” Effect
Authors: MORISI DAVIDE , JOST JOHN T. , SINGH VISHAL
Published: December 2018

When political polarization is high, it may be assumed that citizens will trust the government more when the chief executive shares their own political views. However, evidence is accumulating that important asymmetries may exist between liberals and conservatives (or Democrats and Republicans). We hypothesized that an asymmetry may exist when it comes to individuals’ willingness to trust the government when it is led by the “other side.” In an extensive analysis of several major datasets (including ANES and GSS) over a period of five decades, we find that in the United States, conservatives trust the government more than liberals when the president in office shares their own ideology. Furthermore, liberals are more willing to grant legitimacy to democratic governments led by conservatives than vice versa. A similar asymmetry applies to Republicans compared with Democrats. We discuss implications of this asymmetrical “president-in-power” effect for democratic functioning.
Bidirectional associations between food groups and depressive symptoms: longitudinal findings from the Invecchiare in Chianti (InCHIANTI) study
Authors: Elstgeest Liset E. M. , Visser Marjolein , Penninx Brenda W. J. H. , Colpo Marco , Bandinelli Stefania , Brouwer Ingeborg A.
Published: December 2018

This study investigated bidirectional associations between intake of food groups and depressive symptoms in 1058 Italian participants (aged 20–102 years) of the Invecchiare in Chianti study. Dietary intake, assessed with a validated FFQ, and depressive symptoms, measured with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D), were assessed at baseline and after 3, 6 and 9 years. Associations of repeated measurements of intakes of thirteen food groups with 3-year changes in depressive symptoms, and vice versa, were analysed using linear mixed models and logistic generalised estimating equations. Fish intake was inversely (quartile (Q)4 v. Q1, B=–0·97, 95 % CI –1·74, –0·21) and sweet food intake positively (Q4 v. Q1, B=1·03, 95 % CI 0·25, 1·81) associated with subsequent CES-D score. In the other direction, higher CES-D scores were associated with decreases in intakes of vegetables (ratio: 0·995, 95 % CI 0·990, 0·999) and red and processed meat (B=–0·006, 95 % CI –0·010, –0·001), an increase in dairy product intake (ratio: 1·008, 95 % CI 1·004, 1·013), and increasing odds of eating savoury snacks (OR: 1·012, 95 % CI 1·000, 1·024). Fruit, nuts and legumes, potatoes, wholegrain bread, olive oil, sugar-sweetened beverages, and coffee and tea were not significantly associated in either direction. Our study confirmed bidirectional associations between food group intakes and depressive symptoms. Fish and sweet food intakes were associated with 3-year improvement and deterioration in depressive symptoms, respectively. Depressive symptoms were associated with 3-year changes in vegetable, meat, dairy product and savoury snack intakes. Trials are necessary to examine the causal associations between food groups and depression.
Relationship between BMI and adiposity among different ethnic groups in 2-year-old New Zealand children
Authors: Buksh Mariam J. , Hegarty Joanne E. , Griffith Rebecca , Alsweiler Jane M. , McKinlay Chris J. , Harding Jane E. ,   for the hPOD Study Team
Published: December 2018

Age- and sex-based BMI cut-offs are used to define overweight and obesity, but the relationship between BMI and body composition has not been very well studied in children or compared between children of different ethnic groups. Body size and composition in childhood are also influenced by size at birth. Our aim was to compare body size and composition at 2 years in children with different ethnicity and size at birth. We prospectively followed a multi-ethnic cohort of 300 children born with risk factors for neonatal hypoglycaemia (infants of diabetics, large or small at birth or late preterm) to 2 years corrected age. Complete data on weight, height and head circumference and body composition using bioelectrical impedance 24±1 months corrected age were available in 209 children. At birth, compared with European children, Chinese, Indian and other ethnicity children were lighter, and Indian children had smaller head circumferences, but birth lengths were similar in all ethnic groups. At 2 years, Pacific children were heavier and had higher BMI z scores, and Indian children had smaller head circumferences and lower BMI z scores than those from other ethnic groups. However, fat mass and fat-free mass indices were similar in all groups. At median BMI, fat mass:fat-free mass ratio was 23 % lower in Pacific than in Indian children (0·22 v. 0·27, P=0·03). BMI is not a good indicator of adiposity in this multi-ethnic cohort of 2-year-old New Zealand children.
Do Islamic State’s Deadly Attacks Disengage, Deter, or Mobilize Supporters?
Authors: Barceló Joan , Labzina Elena
Published: December 2018

What are the consequences of committing violent attacks for terrorist organizations? Terrorist attacks might broaden the base of supporters by increasing the perceived group efficacy. However, terrorist attacks might also lead its supporters to believe that the organization is excessively violent or involvement may become too dangerous. This article employs a unique dataset with 300,842 observations of 13,321 Twitter accounts linked to the Islamic State (IS), collected during a 127-day period, to empirically investigate the impact of terrorist attacks on the number of the organization’s supporters. By exploiting the exogenous timing of terrorist attacks as a natural experiment, we find that the number of followers of IS-related Twitter accounts significantly reduces in the aftermath of the attacks. Additionally, we provide some suggestive evidence to disentangle two mechanisms: disengagement – a change in supporters’ beliefs – and deterrence – demobilization due to fear. Because we do not find support for the latter, we conclude that the disengagement effect might explain our main result.
Helminth parasites and zoonotic risk associated with urban coyotes (Canis latrans) in Alberta, Canada
Authors: Luong L.T. , Chambers J.L. , Moizis A. , Stock T.M. , St. Clair C.C.
Published: December 2018

Coyotes (Canis latrans) are resilient, adaptable, cosmopolitan omnivores that are increasingly prevalent in urban environments, where they interact with both humans and domestic dogs. Coyotes potentially transmit zoonotic parasites, including the tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis, which appears to be increasing in prevalence in western North America. In this study, we analysed the carcasses of 23 urban coyotes in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Focusing primarily on the helminth community, we recovered three tapeworm species (E. multilocularis, Taenia pisiformis, T. serialis), four nematodes (Toxascaris leonina, Uncinaria stenocephala, Capillaria sp., Physaloptera sp.), and two trematodes (Alaria arisaemoides and A. americana). Compared to previous studies of urban coyotes conducted in North America, we report one of the highest levels of E. multilocularis infection in North America: 65.2% infection prevalence. These results amplify concerns expressed by others about the increasing prevalence of this zoonotic parasite and the role coyotes may play in parasite transmission. More research is needed to better understand how various ecological factors, urbanization and wildlife management practices influence the transmission of potentially zoonotic parasites such as E. multilocularis.
Larval nutritional mode and swimming behaviour in ciliated marine larvae
Authors: Montgomery E. M. , Hamel J.-F. , Mercier A.
Published: December 2018

Swimming propagules (embryos and larvae) are a critical component of the life histories of benthic marine animals. Larvae that feed (planktotrophic) have been assumed to swim faster, disperse farther and have more complex behavioural patterns than non-feeding (lecithotrophic) larvae. However, a number of recent studies challenge these early assumptions, suggesting a need to revisit them more formally. The current review presents a quantitative analysis of swimming speed and body size in planktotrophic and lecithotrophic propagules across five major marine phyla (Porifera, Cnidaria, Annelida, Mollusca and Echinodermata). Results of the comparative study showed that swimming speed differences among ciliated propagules can be driven by taxonomy, adult mobility (motile vs sessile) and/or larval nutritional mode. On a phylogenetic level, distinct patterns emerge across phyla and life stages, whereby planktotrophic propagules swim faster in some of them, and lecithotrophic propagules swim faster in others. Interestingly, adults with sessile and sedentary lifestyles produce propagules that swam faster than the propagules produced by motile adults. Understanding similarities and differences among marine propagules associated with different reproductive strategies and adult lifestyles are significant from ecological, evolutionary and applied perspectives. Patterns of swimming can directly impact the dispersal/recruitment potential with incidence on the design of larval rearing methods and marine protected areas.
Seasonal variations in the abundance and body size distribution of the ocean sunfish Mola mola in coastal waters off southern Portugal
Authors: Baptista Miguel , Couto Ana , Paula José Ricardo , Raimundo Joana , Queiroz Nuno , Rosa Rui
Published: December 2018

The present work expands the existing knowledge on M. mola ecology by assessing, for the first time, its abundance (and body size distribution) in the southern waters of Portugal and relating the associated temporal variations with environmental variables. There were significant seasonal differences in abundance, with peaks in spring and autumn and lower values throughout the summer. Ocean sunfish abundance was positively correlated with sea surface temperature and chlorophyll a, indicating that a combination of both temperature and productivity dictates spatial use. Complementarily, the absence of a relationship between abundance and water transparency may reveal a strategy in spatial use favouring a medium-term steady food supply over short-term improved feeding opportunities. Specimens ranged between 31.8 and 230.0 cm (total length), with 98% of all individuals measuring between 31.8 and 59.9 cm. As the vast majority of specimens analysed were immature, seasonal differences in abundance should not be related to spawning.
First insights towards the population genetic structure and the phylogeographic status of the horse mussel (Modiolus barbatus) from the eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Giantsis Ioannis A. , Exadactylos Athanasios , Feidantsis Konstantinos , Michaelidis Basile
Published: December 2018

The horse musselModiolus barbatusis a marine benthic bivalve, distributed mainly in the Mediterranean basin, that constitutes a fishery product of high economic importance and a promising candidate for aquaculture. The current study provides the first insights regarding the genetic profile ofM. barbatuspopulations from the eastern Mediterranean, by analysis of a partial segment of the mitochondrialCOIgene in individuals collected from five sampling localities within the Aegean Sea. To the best of our knowledge, the derived haplotypes represent the first DNA barcodes ofM. barbatusfrom the entire Mediterranean region. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis revealed thatM. barbatusfrom the North Sea andM. barbatusfrom the eastern Mediterranean may not belong to the same species and as a consequence, there might be three species of the genusModiolusin Europe. On the other hand, eastern MediterraneanM. barbatushaplotypes were found to be more closely related to the Asian-PacificModiolusspecies. All geographic populations analysed displayed high levels of genetic diversity, in terms of haplotype and nucleotide diversity and a considerable number of unique alleles. Divergence among populations was found at generally low levels, corresponding with the majority of pairwiseFstvalues not being significant. These findings suggest no population structure and high levels of gene flow, a common feature observed in marine bivalves with long pelagic larval phases.
Friendship and social functioning following early institutional rearing: The role of ADHD symptoms
Authors: Humphreys Kathryn L. , Gabard-Durnam Laurel , Goff Bonnie , Telzer Eva H. , Flannery Jessica , Gee Dylan G. , Park Valentina , Lee Steve S. , Tottenham Nim
Published: December 2018

Early institutional rearing is associated with increased risk for subsequent peer relationship difficulties, but the underlying mechanisms have not been identified. Friendship characteristics, social behaviors with peers, normed assessments of social problems, and social cue use were assessed in 142 children (mean age = 10.06, SD = 2.02; range 7–13 years), of whom 67 were previously institutionalized (PI), and 75 were raised by their biological families. Anxiety and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, often elevated among PI children, were examined as potential mediators of PI status and baseline social functioning and longitudinal follow-ups (2 and 4 years later). Twenty-seven percent of PI children fell above the Child Behavior Checklist Social Problems cutoff. An examination of specific social behaviors with peers indicated that PI and comparison children did not differ in empathic concern or peer social approach, though parents were more likely to endorse aggression/overarousal as a reason that PI children might struggle with friendships. Comparison children outperformed PI children in computerized testing of social cue use learning. Finally, across these measures, social difficulties exhibited in the PI group were mediated by ADHD symptoms with predicted social problems assessed 4 years later. These findings show that, when PI children struggle with friendships, mechanisms involving attention and behavior regulation are likely contributors.
Practical considerations for managing breakthrough psychosis and symptomatic worsening in patients with schizophrenia on long-acting injectable antipsychotics
Authors: Correll Christoph U. , Sliwa Jennifer Kern , Najarian Dean M. , Saklad Stephen R.
Published: December 2018

With more long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics available for treating schizophrenia, each with variable durations of action (2 weeks to 3 months), it is important to have clear management strategies for patients developing breakthrough psychotic symptoms or experiencing symptomatic worsening on LAIs. However, no treatment guidelines or clinical practice pathways exist; health-care providers must rely on their own clinical judgment to manage these patients. This article provides practical recommendations—based on a framework of clinical, pharmacokinetic, and dosing considerations—to guide clinicians’ decisions regarding management of breakthrough psychotic symptoms. Management options include ruling out/addressing medical illness or substance abuse/misuse as a contributing factor, addressing stressors, optimizing nonpharmacologic treatments, treating medical/psychiatric comorbidities, ensuring proper LAI administration technique, addressing missed LAI doses or lack of steady-state attainment, and increasing LAI dose directly or indirectly by shortening the injection interval (off-label). If these strategies do not work sufficiently with frequent monitoring, the LAI could be supplemented with a low dose of the corresponding oral formulation for fast symptom control (off-label). However, caution should be exercised with this strategy, because data on the safety of concomitant use of LAI and oral antipsychotics (OAPs) are limited, especially over extended periods. If symptoms abate, therapy optimization could be continued and slow discontinuation of the OAP could be considered. For persistent/worsening symptoms, the OAP should be increased to optimum effective dose while intensifying the initial steps used before it was added. If this fails, switching the OAP or LAI could be considered. We believe that these strategies will help clinicians manage breakthrough psychotic symptoms during LAI treatment and improve overall outcomes among those who can benefit from LAIs.
Guidance for switching from off-label antipsychotics to pimavanserin for Parkinson’s disease psychosis: an expert consensus
Authors: Black Kevin J. , Nasrallah Henry , Isaacson Stuart , Stacy Mark , Pahwa Rajesh , Adler Charles H. , Alva Gustavo , Cooney Jeffrey W. , Kremens Daniel , Menza Matthew A. , Meyer Jonathan M. , Patkar Ashwin A. , Simuni Tanya , Morrissette Debbi A. , Stahl Stephen M.
Published: December 2018

Patients with Parkinson’s disease psychosis (PDP) are often treated with an atypical antipsychotic, especially quetiapine or clozapine, but side effects, lack of sufficient efficacy, or both may motivate a switch to pimavanserin, the first medication approved for management of PDP. How best to implement a switch to pimavanserin has not been clear, as there are no controlled trials or case series in the literature to provide guidance. An abrupt switch may interrupt partially effective treatment or potentially trigger rebound effects from antipsychotic withdrawal, whereas cross-taper involves potential drug interactions. A panel of experts drew from published data, their experience treating PDP, lessons from switching antipsychotic drugs in other populations, and the pharmacology of the relevant drugs, to establish consensus recommendations. The panel concluded that patients with PDP can be safely and effectively switched from atypical antipsychotics used off label in PDP to the recently approved pimavanserin by considering each agent’s pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, receptor interactions, and the clinical reason for switching (efficacy or adverse events). Final recommendations are that such a switch should aim to maintain adequate 5-HT2A antagonism during the switch, thus providing a stable transition so that efficacy is maintained. Specifically, the consensus recommendation is to add pimavanserin at the full recommended daily dose (34 mg) for 2–6 weeks in most patients before beginning to taper and discontinue quetiapine or clozapine over several days to weeks. Further details are provided for this recommendation, as well as for special clinical circumstances where switching may need to proceed more rapidly.
Associations of dietary patterns with hypertension among adults in Jilin Province, China: a structural equation modelling approach
Authors: Ye Junsen , Lv Yaogai , Li Zhongmin , Yao Yan , Jin Lina
Published: December 2018

Objective

To explore the direct and indirect associations of dietary patterns with hypertension using structural equation modelling (SEM).

Design

Factor analysis with varimax rotation was used to classify different dietary patterns and SEM was employed to investigate the associations of dietary patterns with hypertension. Total cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol (TC:HDL-C) ratio and LDL-cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol (LDL-C:HDL-C) ratio were used as observed indicator variables of the lipid latent variable. Waist circumference, body fat percentage and BMI, which were associated with hypertension, were used as observed indicator variables of the obesity latent variable.

Setting

International Chronic Disease Cohort (ICDC) that began in 2005 with the purpose of describing the frequency and determinants of chronic diseases in Jilin Province, China.

Participants

A total of 1492 adults (40–79 years) were enrolled in the baseline study from August 2010 to August 2011.

Results

Hypertension prevalence in our study population was 34·9 %. It was found that the wine pattern, condiment pattern, obesity latent variable, lipid latent variable, glucose, age and family history of hypertension were factors that had an association with hypertension via SEM, and the corresponding coefficients were 0·056, 0·011, 0·230, 0·281, 0·098, 0·232 and 0·116, respectively.

Conclusions

The wine pattern and lipid latent variable had positive direct associations with hypertension. The condiment pattern had a positive indirect association with hypertension via the obesity latent variable. The vegetables pattern, modern pattern and snack pattern were not associated with hypertension.
Suitability of the eight-item version of the Brazilian Household Food Insecurity Measurement Scale to identify risk groups: evidence from a nationwide representative sample
Authors: Interlenghi Gabriela S , Reichenheim Michael E , Segall-Corrêa Ana M , Pérez-Escamilla Rafael , Moraes Claudia L , Salles-Costa Rosana
Published: December 2018

Objective

The Brazilian Household Food Insecurity Measurement Scale (EBIA) has eight general/adult items applied in all households and six additional items exclusively asked in households with children and/or adolescents (HHCA). Continuing an investigation programme on the adequacy of model-based cut-off points for EBIA, the present study aims to: (i) explore the capacity of properly stratifying HHCA according to food insecurity (FI) severity level by applying only the eight ‘generic’ items; and (ii) compare it against the fourteen-item scale.

Design

Latent class factor analysis (LCFA) models were applied to the answers to the eight general/adult items to identify latent groups corresponding to FI levels and optimal group-separating cut-off points. Analyses involved a thorough classification agreement evaluation and were performed at the national level and by macro-regions.

Setting

Data derived from the cross-sectional Brazilian National Household Sample Survey of 2013.

Participants

A nationally representative sample of 116 543 households.

Results

In all households and investigated domains, LCFA detected four distinct household food (in)security groups (food security and three levels of severity of FI) and the same set of cut-off points (1/2, 4/5 and 6/7). Misclassification in the aggregate data was 0·66 % in adult-only households and 1·06 % in HHCA. Comparison of the scale reduced to eight items with the ‘original’ fourteen-item scale demonstrated consistency in the classification. In HHCA, the agreement between both classifications was 96·2 %.

Conclusions

Results indicate the eight ‘generic’ items in HHCA can be reliably used when it is not possible to apply the fourteen-item scale.
Weka Trainable Segmentation Plugin in ImageJ: A Semi-Automatic Tool Applied to Crystal Size Distributions of Microlites in Volcanic Rocks
Authors: Lormand Charline , Zellmer Georg F. , Németh Károly , Kilgour Geoff , Mead Stuart , Palmer Alan S. , Sakamoto Naoya , Yurimoto Hisayoshi , Moebis Anja
Published: December 2018

Crystals within volcanic rocks record geochemical and textural signatures during magmatic evolution before eruption. Clues to this magmatic history can be examined using crystal size distribution (CSD) studies. The analysis of CSDs is a standard petrological tool, but laborious due to manual hand-drawing of crystal margins. The trainable Weka segmentation (TWS) plugin in ImageJ is a promising alternative. It uses machine learning and image segmentation to classify an image. We recorded back-scattered electron (BSE) images of three volcanic samples with different crystallinity (35, 50 and ≥85 vol. %), using scanning electron microscopes (SEM) of variable image resolutions, which we then tested using TWS. Crystal measurements obtained from the automatically segmented images are compared with those of the manual segmentation. Samples up to 50 vol. % crystallinity are successfully segmented using TWS. Segmentation at significantly higher crystallinities fails, as crystal boundaries cannot be distinguished. Accuracy performance tests for the TWS classifiers yield high F-scores (>0.930), hence, TWS is a successful and fast computing tool for outlining crystals from BSE images of glassy rocks. Finally, reliable CSD’s can be derived using a low-cost desktop SEM, paving the way for a wide range of research to take advantage of this new petrological method.
EXPELLING THE FOREIGN-BORN MENACE: IMMIGRANT DISSENT, THE EARLY DEPORTATION STATE, AND THE FIRST AMERICAN RED SCARE
Authors: Pope-Obeda Emily
Published: December 2018

This essay explores the impact of the First Red Scare on immigrant populations, focusing on the function that detentions, deportations, and attempted deportations occupied within the broader antiradical politics of the period. I assert that deportations were far more than an instrumentalist tactic of the Red Scare, but instead, were part of a much longer trajectory of expanding anti-immigrant enforcement and the postentry social control of foreign-born residents. Antiradical raids during the era have held a prominent place in the scholarly imagination, which has remained overly constrained by the exceptionalist and episodic narratives put forth by its earliest historians. I trace the evolution of scholarship on the Red Scare's temporal boundaries, the motivations for targeting immigrants, and the debates over how radical a rupture this period represented from earlier practices of antiradicalism and anti-immigrant politics. In doing so, I argue that Red Scare deportations must be understood in relationship to the broader deportation practices of the period and the rapid (and more consistent) growth of removals instigated because of racialized criteria of poverty, crime, health, or violations of an ever-stricter border regime.
NATURAL AXIOMS FOR CLASSICAL MEREOLOGY
Authors: COTNOIR A. J. , VARZI ACHILLE C.
Published: December 2018

We present a new axiomatization of classical mereology in which the three components of the theory—ordering, composition, and decomposition principles—are neatly separated. The equivalence of our axiom system with other, more familiar systems is established by purely deductive methods, along with additional results on the relative strengths of the composition and decomposition axioms of each system.
Ionization of the Polar Atmosphere by Energetic Electron Precipitation Retrieved From Balloon Measurements
Authors: Mironova I. A. , Artamonov A. A. , Bazilevskaya G. A. , Rozanov E. V. , Kovaltsov G. A. , Makhmutov V. S. , Mishev A. L. , Karagodin A. V.
Published: December 2018

We retrieve ionization rates in the atmosphere caused by energetic electron precipitation from balloon observations in the polar atmosphere and compare them against ionization rates recommended for the Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. In our retrieval procedure, we consider the precipitating electrons with energies from about tens of keV to 5 MeV. Our simulations with 1‐D radiative‐convective model with interactive neutral and ion chemistry show that the difference of the Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project and balloon‐based ionization rate can lead to underestimation of the NOx enhancement by more than 100% and ozone loss up to 25% in the mesosphere. The atmospheric response is different below 50 km due to considering highly energetic electrons, but it is not important because the absolute values of atmospheric impact is tiny. Ionization rates obtained from the balloon observations reveal a high variability.
Hamiltonian Nullspace Shuttles
Authors: Fichtner Andreas , Zunino Andrea
Published: December 2018

We present a method to explore the effective nullspace of nonlinear inverse problems without Monte Carlo sampling. This is based on the construction of an artificial Hamiltonian system where a model is treated as a high‐dimensional particle. Depending on its initial momentum and mass matrix, the particle evolves along a trajectory that traverses the effective nullspace, thereby producing a series of alternative models that are consistent with observations and their uncertainties. Variants of the nullspace shuttle enable hypothesis testing, for example, by adding features or by producing smoother or rougher models. Furthermore, the Hamiltonian nullspace shuttle can serve as a tunable hybrid between deterministic and probabilistic inversion methods: Choosing random initial momenta, it resembles Hamiltonian Monte Carlo; requiring misfits to decrease along a trajectory, it transforms into gradient descent. We illustrate the concept with a low‐dimensional toy example and with high‐dimensional nonlinear inversions of seismic traveltimes and magnetic data, respectively.
Modulation of Atmospheric River Occurrence and Associated Precipitation Extremes in the North Atlantic Region by European Weather Regimes
Authors: Pasquier J. T. , Pfahl S. , Grams C. M.
Published: December 2018

The variability of large‐scale moisture transport by atmospheric rivers (AR) and its linkage to precipitation extremes in the North Atlantic‐European region is studied. A weather regime approach is adopted to describe the variability of the large‐scale circulation. Weather regimes modulate the climatologically mean westerly flow into Europe, in which ARs are commonly embedded. In cyclonic regimes, AR landfall is enhanced in wide parts of Iberia, Western Europe, the British Isles, and southern Scandinavia. In blocked regimes, ARs are deviated around the blocking anticyclone enhancing AR landfall at high latitudes or in the western Mediterranean and North Africa. The likelihood of precipitation extremes increases locally more than twofold in regions of enhanced AR occurrence during the different weather regimes. These results suggest that specific weather regimes establish favorable conditions for AR landfall in Europe. Therefore, accurate forecasts of weather regimes can give guidance for predicting also large‐scale precipitation extremes.
Sensitivity of Global Hydrological Simulations to Groundwater Capillary Flux Parameterizations
Authors: Koirala Sujan , Kim Hyungjun , Hirabayashi Yukiko , Kanae Shinjiro , Oki Taikan
Published: December 2018

Global land surface and hydrologic models, used to quantify the influence of groundwater (GW) dynamics on land surface hydrology, vary in parameterizations of the GW capillary flux and depth of moisture flux exchange between GW and unsaturated soil column (interaction depth). In this study, we demonstrate that the parameterization of capillary flux significantly affects the magnitude of GW‐supported ET (±15%) and GW recharge (±25%). The largest sensitivities are associated with a strong dependence of the capillary flux parameterization on water table depth (WTD) with further controls by soil hydraulic properties. Under shallow WTD condition, the finer soils show a larger GW‐supported ET for parameterization that depends only on WTD. Further, GW‐supported ET reduces by 7–13% per meter increase in interaction depth used in simulation compared to simulation in which the interaction depth varies in space and time with WTD. The simulations of runoff, soil moisture, and WTD are even more sensitive to the difference in parameterization and interaction depth. Moreover, these sensitivities vary largely in both space and time. Evaluations against observation‐based data and previous modeling simulations reveal that simulations with capillary flux perform better than that the one without it in regions with large GW‐supported ET. We concur that capillary flux has a large and nonnegligible influence in global hydrologic simulation. But, the spatiotemporal variabilities of sensitivities of hydrological fluxes and storages demonstrate that different parameterization of GW capillary flux may also lead to a substantial uncertainty in global hydrologic simulations and subsequent water resources assessments.
The Dependence of Hydroclimate Projections in Snow‐Dominated Regions of the Western United States on the Choice of Statistically Downscaled Climate Data
Authors: Alder Jay R. , Hostetler Steven W.
Published: December 2018

We assess monthly temperature and precipitation data derived by six statistically downscaled data sets for 14 general circulation models (GCMs) from the Climate Model Intercomparison Program Phase 5. We use a simple monthly water balance model to quantify and decompose uncertainties associated with the GCMs and statistical techniques in projections for four snow‐dominated regions in the western United States. The end‐of‐century projections from GCMs exhibit substantial variation in change over the regions (temperature range of 2.8–8.0 °C and precipitation range of −22–31%). The six downscaled data sets exhibit disparate high‐resolution representations of the magnitude and spatial patterns of future temperature (up to 2.2 °C) and precipitation (up to 30%) for a common GCM. Two data sets derived by the same downscaling method (Multivariate Adaptive Constructed Analogs) produce median losses of snow water equivalent over the Upper Colorado of 51% and 81%. The principal causes of the differences among the downscaled projections are related to the gridded observations used to bias correct the historical GCM output. Specifically, (1) whether a fixed atmospheric lapse rate (−6.5 °C/km) or a spatially and temporally varying lapse rate is used to extrapolate lower elevation observations to high‐elevations and (2) whether high‐elevation station data (e.g., SNOTEL) are included in the observations. The GCM projections are the largest source of uncertainty in the monthly water balance model simulations; however, the differences among seasonal projections produced by downscaled data sets in some regions highlight the need for careful evaluation of the statistically downscaled data in climate impact studies.
The Self as Activity
Authors: Weger Ulrich , Herbig Klaus
Published: December 2018

The self is a complex and heterogeneous phenomenon that is often described through its subcomponents (e.g., self-control, self-esteem, self-compassion). The entity that unifies these subcomponents is more elusive and difficult to access, at least with standard psychological methods. In the current inquiry we set out to illuminate and extend the understanding of the self by exploring the differentiation of the self as a “content” versus a “process” (e.g., self-schema vs. self-activity). We also differentiate the “self” from the “I,” exploring characteristics of a 3rd- versus a 1st-person perspective to this core psychological entity. We pursue an empirical 1st-person inquiry that is interdisciplinary in nature, drawing on concepts from both psychology and religious studies (in particular the “essential” or “core” self in psychology, as well as the “real” or “ideal” self in religious studies in the form of the “I Am” statements in the Gospels). Our approach illustrates how a consideration of phenomenological, 1st-person qualities of selfhood allows for an enriched, empirically based understanding of crucially important but subtle dimensions of I-ness that remain inaccessible to 3rd-person exploration.
Influence of fake news in Twitter during the 2016 US presidential election
Authors: Bovet Alexandre , Makse Hernán A.
Published: December 2018

The dynamics and influence of fake news on Twitter during the 2016 US presidential election remains to be clarified. Here, we use a dataset of 171 million tweets in the five months preceding the election day to identify 30 million tweets, from 2.2 million users, which contain a link to news outlets. Based on a classification of news outlets curated bywww.opensources.co, we find that 25% of these tweets spread either fake or extremely biased news. We characterize the networks of information flow to find the most influential spreaders of fake and traditional news and use causal modeling to uncover how fake news influenced the presidential election. We find that, while top influencers spreading traditional center and left leaning news largely influence the activity of Clinton supporters, this causality is reversed for the fake news: the activity of Trump supporters influences the dynamics of the top fake news spreaders.
Industrial scale high-throughput screening delivers multiple fast acting macrofilaricides
Authors: Clare Rachel H. , Bardelle Catherine , Harper Paul , Hong W. David , Börjesson Ulf , Johnston Kelly L. , Collier Matthew , Myhill Laura , Cassidy Andrew , Plant Darren , Plant Helen , Clark Roger , Cook Darren A. N. , Steven Andrew , Archer John , McGillan Paul , Charoensutthivarakul Sitthivut , Bibby Jaclyn , Sharma Raman , Nixon Gemma L. , Slatko Barton E. , Cantin Lindsey , Wu Bo , Turner Joseph , Ford Louise , Rich Kirsty , Wigglesworth Mark , Berry Neil G. , O’Neill Paul M. , Taylor Mark J. , Ward Stephen A.
Published: December 2018

Nematodes causing lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis rely on their bacterial endosymbiont, Wolbachia, for survival and fecundity, making Wolbachia a promising therapeutic target. Here we perform a high-throughput screen of AstraZeneca’s 1.3 million in-house compound library and identify 5 novel chemotypes with faster in vitro kill rates (<2 days) than existing anti-Wolbachia drugs that cure onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis. This industrial scale anthelmintic neglected tropical disease (NTD) screening campaign is the result of a partnership between the Anti-Wolbachia consortium (A∙WOL) and AstraZeneca. The campaign was informed throughout by rational prioritisation and triage of compounds using cheminformatics to balance chemical diversity and drug like properties reducing the chance of attrition from the outset. Ongoing development of these multiple chemotypes, all with superior time-kill kinetics than registered antibiotics with anti-Wolbachia activity, has the potential to improve upon the current therapeutic options and deliver improved, safer and more selective macrofilaricidal drugs.
Drawings of real-world scenes during free recall reveal detailed object and spatial information in memory
Authors: Bainbridge Wilma A. , Hall Elizabeth H. , Baker Chris I.
Published: December 2018

Understanding the content of memory is essential to teasing apart its underlying mechanisms. While recognition tests have commonly been used to probe memory, it is difficult to establish what specific content is driving performance. Here, we instead focus on free recall of real-world scenes, and quantify the content of memory using a drawing task. Participants studied 30 scenes and, after a distractor task, drew as many images in as much detail as possible from memory. The resulting memory-based drawings were scored by thousands of online observers, revealing numerous objects, few memory intrusions, and precise spatial information. Further, we find that visual saliency and meaning maps can explain aspects of memory performance and observe no relationship between recall and recognition for individual images. Our findings show that not only is it possible to quantify the content of memory during free recall, but those memories contain detailed representations of our visual experiences.
Sustained ocean changes contributed to sudden Antarctic sea ice retreat in late 2016
Authors: Meehl Gerald A. , Arblaster Julie M. , Chung Christine T. Y. , Holland Marika M. , DuVivier Alice , Thompson LuAnne , Yang Dongxia , Bitz Cecilia M.
Published: December 2018

After nearly three decades of observed increasing trends of Antarctic sea ice extent, in September-October-November 2016, there was a dramatic decrease. Here we document factors that contributed to that decrease. An atmosphere-only model with a specified positive convective heating anomaly in the eastern Indian/western Pacific Ocean, representing the record positive precipitation anomalies there in September-October-November 2016, produces an anomalous atmospheric Rossby wave response with mid- and high latitude surface wind anomalies that contribute to the decrease of Antarctic sea ice extent. The sustained decreases of Antarctic sea ice extent after late 2016 are associated with a warmer upper Southern Ocean. This is the culmination of a negative decadal trend of wind stress curl with positive Southern Annular Mode and negative Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation, Ekman suction that results in warmer water being moved upward in the column closer to the surface, a transition to positive Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation around 2014–2016, and negative Southern Annular Mode in late 2016.
Double-slit photoelectron interference in strong-field ionization of the neon dimer
Authors: Kunitski Maksim , Eicke Nicolas , Huber Pia , Köhler Jonas , Zeller Stefan , Voigtsberger Jörg , Schlott Nikolai , Henrichs Kevin , Sann Hendrik , Trinter Florian , Schmidt Lothar Ph. H. , Kalinin Anton , Schöffler Markus S. , Jahnke Till , Lein Manfred , Dörner Reinhard
Published: December 2018

Wave-particle duality is an inherent peculiarity of the quantum world. The double-slit experiment has been frequently used for understanding different aspects of this fundamental concept. The occurrence of interference rests on the lack of which-way information and on the absence of decoherence mechanisms, which could scramble the wave fronts. Here, we report on the observation of two-center interference in the molecular-frame photoelectron momentum distribution upon ionization of the neon dimer by a strong laser field. Postselection of ions, which are measured in coincidence with electrons, allows choosing the symmetry of the residual ion, leading to observation of both, gerade and ungerade, types of interference.