bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
67.3: New Driving Method for Reducing Eye Strain Technology (REST) in Displaying Still Image Using CAAC IGZO LC Display
Authors: Miyake Hiroyuki , Kaneyasu Makoto , Hatsumi Ryo , Nishi Takeshi , Hirakata Yoshiharu , Koyama Jun , Yamazaki Shunpei , Chubachi Yuka , Katayama Masahiro
Published: July 2013

We applied a method for extending an interval between data rewrite operations in displaying still images to various combinations of liquid crystal materials and alignment films, and confirmed that this method suppressed flickers in data rewriting. Extending this interval during still image display will reduce eye strain.
P.10: WITHDRAWN: P.11: Recognition of Existence of n‐type IGZO Layer in CAAC‐IGZO Film under Source and Drain Electrode Made of Tungsten
Authors: Tokumaru Ryo , Tsubuku Masashi , Yamane Yasumasa , Inoue Takayuki , Tanaka Tetsuhiro , Matsubayashi Daisuke , Suzawa Hideomi , Yamazaki Shunpei , Nakazawa Yasutaka , Jintyou Masami , Matsukizono Hiroshi , Oda Akihiro , Mori Shigeyasu , Matsuo Takuya
Published: July 2013

In a C‐axis aligned crystal (CAAC) IGZO TFT, contact between a CAAC‐IGZO film and source and drain electrode was good. In this study, we recognized the existence of n‐type IGZO layer serving as contact layer by a novel experimental method where a depth profile of the sheet resistance.
P.12: Development of Post‐annealing Method for Flexible Oxide TFTs Application
Authors: Fuh Chur‐Shyang , Liu Po‐Tsun , Teng Li‐Feng , Fan Yang‐Shun , Chang Chih‐Hsiang , Wu Yu‐Ta , Huang Sih‐Wei , Shieh Han‐Ping D.
Published: July 2013

Microwave annealing was used instead of furnace annealing to post‐treat a nitridated amorphous InGaZnO thin film transistor (a‐IGZO:N TFT), and obviously improved its electrical performance and reliability. This performance of a‐IGZO:N TFT with microwave annealing process of 300s is well competitive with its counterpart with furnace annealing at 350°C for 1 hr. Owing to its low thermal budget and selective heating to materials of interest, microwave annealing is highly promising for flexible oxide TFTs application.
P.29: Distinguished Poster: Perception of Sparkle in Anti‐Glare Display Screens
Authors: Stillwell Alicia , Ferwerda James A. , Hovagimian Howard , Williams Ellen M. Kosik
Published: July 2013

Abstract: We describe a series of psychophysical experiments to quantify the relationships between anti‐glare glass treatments and perceived sparkle in emissive displays. The experiments show that: 1) a new measure pixel‐power‐deviation (PPD) correlates well with perceived sparkle; 2) tests of sparkle using small samples provide a conservative bound on perceived sparkle in display‐sized samples; and 3) sparkle visibility is affected by the content of displayed images.
P.39: Study of Uncured Sealant Contaminating Liquid Crystal in One Drop Filling Process of Thin Film Transistor Liquid Crystal Display
Authors: Xiao Ang , Song Sunghun , Zhang Wei , Chen Xu , Min Taiye
Published: July 2013

In this paper, the uncured sealant contaminating liquid crystal (USCLC) in one drop filling (ODF) process for thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT‐LCD) producing was studied. Sealant idle time (from sealant dispensing to alignment) and LC idle time (from LC filling to alignment) was investigated. The uncured sealant maintained its shape, cross section and no material spreading on substrate after dispensing for even 60 minutes. LC idle time of 30 minutes would lead to serious USCLC which was observed and detected by microscope and liquid chromatograph‐mass spectrometer (LC‐MS). It was proposed that the expanding LC on substrate approached to edge sealant during LC idle time. The contacting time of uncured sealant and LC was increased in the following process. Thus, besides UV idle time (from UV curing to alignment,) LC idle time was of importance for USCLC. Additionally, LC penetrating deformation of uncured sealant (LC penetrating) was proved to be no direct relation to USCLC.
P.43: Model Development for Cell‐Gap Induced Mura to Improve Quality of Glass Substrates to Display Manufacturers
Authors: Mlejnek Michal , Contreras Cynthia , Kim Jum
Published: July 2013

Implications of cell gap variations on LCD performance, particularly Mura, are discussed. A model combining light transmission through LCD and its perception is presented, including an application. Such a model can be used as a guide to define glass surface flatness performance needs to enable high quality displays.
P.44: Display Aspect Simulation using Measured Emissive and Reflective Display Imperfections
Authors: Boher Pierre , Leroux Thierry , Collomb‐Patton Véronique , Bignon Thibault
Published: July 2013

A method for accurate physico‐realistic aspect simulations of any display taking into account most of its imperfections is presented. The emissive properties of the display are measured locally versus incidence and azimuth angles, and globally at normal incidence for the entire display surface. A key point of the method is the integration of the wavelength dependence of the reflective properties of the display in order to compute the impact of any kind of lighting environment. This wavelength dependence is measured using a new Fourier optics viewing angle instrument able to measure the BRDF properties of any surface versus angle and wavelength very rapidly. For a given ambient lighting the unwanted reflections that corrupt contrast and color are simulated. We use innovative wavelet‐based tree decomposition to compress and interpolate the data rapidly. The display aspect for an observer anywhere in front of it can be obtained rapidly for any content and the impact of the different imperfections can be visualized.
P.48: Flat Panel Autostereoscopic Display with Wide Viewing Zone Using Time‐Division Multiplexing Backlight
Authors: Ishizuka Shuta , Kakeya Hideki
Published: July 2013

In this paper the authors attain a flat panel autostereoscopic display with time‐division multiplexing directional backlight that can be seen by multiple viewers at the same time. The proposed system realizes thin directional backlight system by combining dot‐matrix light source, hexagonal convex lens array with delta alignment, and a directional diffuser. Directional diffuser can blur the seam of lens array and can smooth the uneven light intensity in each elemental lens, which leads to better quality of presented image.
P.53: Research for Low Dynamic Crosstalk of Scanning Liquid Crystal Prism Type 3D Display
Authors: Tan Jian , Wang Yi‐Jun , Ni Shui‐Bin , Zhu Ji‐Liang , Zhong En‐Wei , Lu Jian‐Gang
Published: July 2013

The scanning liquid crystal (LC) prism type 3D displays may solve the resolution degradation problem but introduce another issue, dynamic crosstalk. To improve the 3D perception, a novel impulsive driving backlight method with multi‐electrode driving structure scanning LC prism is proposed. With this method, the dynamic crosstalk can be reduced by 35.2%.
P.56: X‐shaped Pixel Alignment in Large‐Scale Image Display Systems
Authors: Yamanaka Satoshi , Hara Zenichiro , Kiridoshi Satoru , Ono Yoshiki , Fujiyama Naoyuki , Minami Koji
Published: July 2013

We developed a large‐scale image display system with LEDs aligned in an X shape. Aligning pixels in an X shape served to reduce the number of LEDs without losing resolution in the horizontal and vertical directions. Applying image processing also enabled us to suppress false color at high frequency caused by the X‐shaped alignment.
P.66: An Electrowetting Light Valve using ODF Assembly Process
Authors: Huang Shih‐Yu , Hsieh In‐Cha , Lai Wen‐Yi , Chen Hsing‐Yao
Published: July 2013

ODF assembly process is difficult to implement in electrowetting display manufacturing. We have demonstrated an electrowetting light valve with both iris‐like pixel structure and nanoparticle ink by using similar ODF assembly process. In addition, the electrowetting light valve has three major characteristics, better aperture ratio, response time possibly and working on lower frequency, which can be applied e‐reader and video display.
P.136L: Late News Poster: Using Independent Component Analysis for Colorant Estimation in Electrophoretic Display
Authors: Lu Yen‐Hsing , Chiu Yu‐Hsun , Tien Chung‐Hao
Published: July 2013

We present a methodology to characterize the colorimetric performance of an electrophoretic display (EPD) with multiple colorants formation. We use the independent component analysis to formulate the composite hybrid color‐mixing system Based on the proposed framework, the independently featuring spectra from pigments can be extracted to describe the rendering behavior of the complex display. Proposed model was validated to predict the chromatic feature with high accuracy (ΔEAVE 00<0.4) for a commercial EPD sample. This study is effective to uncover the underlying physical features from only colorant‐mixture information in a novel color system
P.72: Glass‐based Color Conversion Multilayer for White Light‐emitting‐diodes and its Angular Color Performance
Authors: Chen Li‐Yin , Wu Yi‐Ru , Chang Jin‐Kai
Published: July 2013

A novel glass‐based color conversion multilayer for white light‐emitting‐diodes (WLEDs) is proposed. The angular color uniformity of the WLEDs utilizing the novel glass multilayer phosphors in two kinds of geometry are demonstrated based on ray tracing simulations. The multilayer structure of the glass phosphors provides extra flexibility in the design of high power WLEDs.
P.73: WITHDRAWN: P.74: Polymer Stabilized Double Twist Cylinders of Blue Phase Liquid Crystal for Reduced Hysteresis and Operating Voltage
Authors: Park No Hyun , Park Hye Ryung , Nayek Prasenjit , Kundu Sudarshan , Lee Myong Hoon , Lee Seung Hee , Park Heung Shik , Lee Hyeok Jin , Kim Hee Seop
Published: July 2013

In this paper, we have reported a novel method for reducing hysteresis and operating voltage by stabilizing the disclination lines as well as double twist cylinders (DTCs). We have stabilized DTCs by incorporating photo reactive chiral monomer (SRM3) into the monomer mixed host blue phase liquid crystal (BPLC). Hysteresis and operating voltage of the proposed stabilized BPLC is reduced compared to the only disclination line stabilized BPLC.
P.89: Direct Measurements on Asymmetric Pretilt Angles of Optically Compensated Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal Cells
Authors: Wang Sheng‐Ya , Yang Kei‐Hsiung
Published: July 2013

For the first time we report direct measurements on asymmetric pretilt angles of OCB cell (pi‐cell) with results in good agreement with the pretilt angles measured on accompanying tilted homogenous cells fabricated by using same material and processing steps. Our method has potential applications to monitor the changing in pretilt angles of fresh made or aged pi‐cells.
P.91: Adobe RGB LCD Monitor with 3 Primary Colors by Deep Green Color Filter Technology
Authors: Ji Seung Hoon , Lee Ho Chun , Yoon Joong Min , Lim Ji Chul , Jun Mike , Yeo Eddie
Published: July 2013

We introduce a novel type of Adobe RGB liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor with pixels composed of red (R), green (G), and blue (B) sub pixels, combined with a typical blue LED chip based white LED backlight. The key is to apply a newly developed deep green colorant to green sub pixel when the transmittance decrease of the LCD panels was minimized for product design. As a result, the new technology makes it possible to reproduce the Adobe RGB coverage of 99.9% as well as to realize slim LCD.
P.95: Process Technology of Flexible and Transparent Display by Stacking OLED and PDLC Embedded with OPV
Authors: Chang Wei‐Fu , Wu Cheng‐Che , Chiu Tien‐Lung , Lee Jiun‐Haw
Published: July 2013

In this paper, we have demonstrated a flexible and transparent display consisting of PDLC with in‐cell OLED and OPV. PDLC, OLED, and OPV were stacked vertically inside two flexible substrates, where PDLC and OLED served as the functions of reflective‐ and emissive‐modes, respectively, while OPV can be used for energy harvesting and light sensing. Besides, it was the black background for PDLC and OLED for improving contrast ratio.
P.105: Normally Black‐Electrically Controlled Birefringence Mode with Patterned Electrode Structure
Authors: Yu Seung Hun , Choi Yoonseuk , Kwon Jin Hyuk , Gwag Jin Seog
Published: July 2013

In order to improve low contrast ratio of the conventional ECB mode and gray inversion of twist nematic mode [TN], a normally black ECB mode is presented It is characterized by λ/2 plate and patterned electrode structure as like the electrode structure of PVA electro‐optic mode. Calculated results show the proposed mode can improve drastically the gray inversion and the contrast ratio, compared with the TN mode and normally white ECB mode
P.110: High‐Efficiency OLEDs Based on the Gradient Doping in Transporting Layers
Authors: Wang Jing , Shi Xindong , Liu Jun , Huang Saijun , Wu Xinkai , Ye Zhicheng , Lu Jiangang , Su Yikai , He Gufeng
Published: July 2013

We have demonstrated that carrier injection and transporting can be fine‐tuned via gradient p‐ and n‐doping in organic light‐emitting diodes, and device performance is significantly improved. To get smoother transporting and simplify the fabrication process, a novel nonlinear cross‐fading doping profile in transporting layer has been developed.
P.123: Electroluminescence Properties of WOLED with a New Yellow Fluorescent Material
Authors: Lee Sungnam , Kim Htungtak , Shin Dongmyung
Published: July 2013

A new yellow fluorescent material, (2Z)‐3‐[4,4“‐bis(dimethylamino)‐1,1‘:4’,1”‐terphenyl‐2‘‐yl]‐2‐phenylacrylonitrile (BDAT‐P), have been synthesized for use in organic light‐emitting diodes. Optoelectronic properties of device with the structure of ITO (180 nm) / NPB (50 nm) / MADN: PFVtPh(SYB‐41) 8 % (17 nm) / CBP (5 nm) / CBP:Ir(pq)2acac 8 % (3 nm) / CBP (5 nm) / MADN:BDAT‐P 8 % (3 nm) / CBP (5 nm) / MADN:SYB‐41 8 % (17 nm) / TPBi (40 nm) / Liq (2 nm) / Al (100 nm) was measured and revealed that BDAT‐P was sufficiently applicable as a dopant of one of emitting layers in white light‐emitting diodes. Maximum luminance of device was measured to be 26950 cd/m2. Maximum luminous and quantum efficiency were observed to be 14.22 cd/A and 6.58 %, respectively. The device emitted warm white light corresponding to Commission Internationale de I'Eclairage (CIExy) coordinates of (0.372, 0.424) at 11 V, (0.375, 0.417) at 12 V, (0.372, 0.409) at 13 V, (0.366, 0.401) at 14 V, and (0.360, 0.393) at 15 V, respectively.
P.124: Ultra‐thin Flexible Encapsulation Layer for OLED Displays using Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite
Authors: Jeon Jin‐Nam , Lee Ho‐Won , Yang Hyung‐Jin , Kim Young‐Kwan , Kim Yong‐Seog
Published: July 2013

Ultra‐thin flexible nano‐composite encapsulation layer consists of graphene oxide and PDDA bi‐layer was prepared using layer‐by‐layer processing method. The encapsulation layer on PET substrate decreased WVTR of the substrate by more than three orders of magnitude and lifetime of OLED on the PET substrate was similar to that on glass substrate.
P.125: Color Characterization Models for OLED Displays
Authors: Sun Pei‐Li , Luo Ronnier M.
Published: July 2013

The luminance of a white patch on an OLED display varies from 150 to 300 nit depended on its size and the color of background. The study proposes two characterization models, which take average gray levels into account, to accurately control the colors of OLED displays.
P.126: New Polymerizable Liquid Crystal and its Reverse Wavelength Dispersion Property
Authors: Sakamoto Kei , Okuyama Kumi , Hongo Takayoshi , Aimatsu Masashi , Ooishi Hitoshi
Published: July 2013

This paper describes a polymerizable liquid crystal, LCK‐5001, and its reverse wavelength dispersion property that is suitable for OLED displays. Circular polarizing film using this new liquid crystal was developed with significant reduction in thickness versus conventional films. Optical and physical characteristics of circular polarizing film using LCK‐5001 are discussed.
P.142L: Late‐News Poster: Electron Injecting Material for OLEDs driven by Oxide TFTs: Amorphous C12A7 Electride
Authors: Watanabe Satoru , Watanabe Toshinari , Ito Kazuhiro , Miyakawa Naomichi , Toda Yoshitake , Tomota Yudai , Ito Setsuro , Kamiya Toshio , Hosono Hideo
Published: July 2013

Transparent thin film of amorphous 12CaO·7Al2O3 electride, sputter‐deposited at RT, having work function of 2.9 − 3.1 eV, was found to act as a good electron injection layer for OLED, and was adequate in combination with n‐channel IGZO‐TFTs.
Cytotoxic effects of the quinolone levofloxacin on rabbit meniscus cells
Authors: Wang Linlong , Wu Yunpeng , Tan Yang , Fei Xi , Deng Yu , Cao Hong , Chen Biao , Wang Hui , Magdalou Jacques , Chen Liaobin
Published: July 2013

Quinolones have been reported to induce adverse effects on articular cartilage, tendons and ligaments. However, the effects of quinolones on menisci have not been revealed. The present study was to test the effects of levofloxacin on meniscus cells in vitro. Rabbit meniscus cells were administrated with different concentrations of levofloxacin (0, 14, 28, 56, 112 and 224 µm) for 24 or 48 h, and cell viability and apoptosis were measured. The mRNA expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐1, MMP‐3, MMP‐13, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP)‐1, TIMP‐3, Col1a1, Bcl‐2, caspase‐3 and inducible nitric oxide were analyzed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Active caspase‐3 was detected by immunocytochemical assay, while protein expression levels of MMP‐3 and MMP‐13 were measured by Western blotting assay. After treatment with levofloxacin for 48 h, cell viability was decreased from dose of 28 to 224 µm in a concentration‐dependent manner. An increase of apoptotic cells was observed by flow cytometry. Active caspase‐3 protein expression level was also increased. The mRNA level of Bcl‐2 was decreased and levels of MMP‐1, MMP‐3 and MMP‐13 in experimental groups were higher than those of controls. The protein levels of MMP‐3 and MMP‐13 were increased. Moreover, the mRNA levels of TIMP‐3 and col1a1 were decreased. A dose‐dependent increase of inducible nitric oxide mRNA expression level was also observed. Our results suggested the cytotoxic effects of levofloxacin on meniscus cells through induction of apoptosis and unbalanced MMPs/TIMPs expression. These side effects might result in meniscus extracellular matrix degradation and meniscal lesion. Thus, quinolones should be used cautiously on patients who perform athletic activities or undergo surgical meniscus repair. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Specific Attitudes Which Predict Psychology Students’ Intentions to Seek Help for Psychological Distress
Authors: Thomas Susan J. , Caputi Peter , Wilson Coralie J.
Published: July 2013

Objective

Although many postgraduate psychology programs address students’ mental health, there are compelling indications that earlier, undergraduate, interventions may be optimal. We investigated specific attitudes that predict students’ intentions to seek treatment for psychological distress to inform targeted interventions.

Method

Psychology students (N = 289; mean age = 19.75 years) were surveyed about attitudes and intentions to seek treatment for stress, anxiety, or depression.

Results

Less than one quarter of students reported that they would be likely to seek treatment should they develop psychological distress. Attitudes that predicted help‐seeking intentions related to recognition of symptoms and the benefits of professional help, and openness to treatment for emotional problems.

Conclusions

The current study identified specific attitudes which predict help‐seeking intentions in psychology students. These attitudes could be strengthened in undergraduate educational interventions promoting well‐being and appropriate treatment uptake among psychology students.
Use of Mindful Reappraisal Coping Among Meditation Practitioners
Authors: Hanley Adam , Garland Eric L. , Black David S.
Published: July 2013

Objective

By enhancing positive affect and cognitive flexibility, mindfulness practice may promote reappraisal of stressors. We hypothesized that coping through mindful reappraisal would be common among mindfulness practitioners from an array of traditions.

Method

A sample of 118 meditation practitioners completed an online survey comprising assessments of the prevalence and frequency of mindful reappraisal, as well as measures of well‐being and distress.

Results

Regular use of mindful reappraisal was reported by over half of the sample and was significantly correlated with years of meditation practice (r = .31, p = .01), meditation practice days per month (r = .30, p = .001), and meditation hours per week (r = .30, p = .001). Controlling for frequency of meditation practice and trait mindfulness, mindful reappraisal frequency explained significant portions of variance in well‐being (P <.001) and distress (P <.001).

Conclusions

Meditation practitioners commonly employ mindful reappraisal coping as a positive emotion regulatory strategy in stressful contexts.
Chemical and genetic characterization of bacteriocins: antimicrobial peptides for food safety
Authors: Snyder Abigail B , Worobo Randy W
Published: July 2013

Antimicrobial peptides are produced across all domains of life. Among these diverse compounds, those produced by bacteria have been most successfully applied as agents of biocontrol in food and agriculture. Bacteriocins are ribosomally synthesized, proteinaceous compounds that inhibit the growth of closely related bacteria. Even within the subcategory of bacteriocins, the peptides vary significantly in terms of the gene cluster responsible for expression, and chemical and structural composition. The polycistronic gene cluster generally includes a structural gene and various combinations of immunity, secretion, and regulatory genes and modifying enzymes. Chemical variation can exist in amino acid identity, chain length, secondary and tertiary structural features, as well as specificity of active sites. This diversity posits bacteriocins as potential antimicrobial agents with a range of functions and applications. Those produced by food‐grade bacteria and applied in normally occurring concentrations can be used as GRAS‐status food additives. However, successful application requires thorough characterization. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Ampelographic and chemical characterization of Reggio Emilia and Modena (northern Italy) grapes for two traditional seasonings: ‘saba’ and ‘agresto’
Authors: Vasile Simone Giuseppe , Montevecchi Giuseppe , Masino Francesca , Matrella Valentina , Imazio Serena Anna , Antonelli Andrea , Bignami Cristina
Published: July 2013

BACKGROUND

‘Saba’ and ‘agresto’ are traditional Italian products both based on unfermented grape juices that are concentrated by heating. The former is obtained from ripe grapes and the latter from unripe grapes. In this work, we have characterized the main red‐skinned (Ancellotta, Fortana, Lambrusco di Sorbara, Lambrusco grasparossa, Lambrusco salamino and Uva Tosca) and white‐skinned (Lugliatica, Spergola, Trebbiano di Spagna and Trebbiano modenese) cultivars used for ‘saba’ and ‘agresto’ production, focusing on the variability expressed by ampelographic traits, physical and chemical parameters and anthocyanin profile.

RESULTS

The cultivars examined were effectively discriminated on the basis of their different composition profile by analysis of variance and principal component analysis. In particular, a peculiar anthocyanin profile was traced by absolute and relative values for each cultivar. The identification of the main anthocyanins of some local cultivars, their chemical characterization and their ampelographic description were one of the main achievements of this work.

CONCLUSION

The use of red grapes to obtain ‘saba’ seems more rational for the presence of higher amounts of antioxidant substances. Ancellotta showed several factors interesting for ‘saba’ production, such as the very high anthocyanin content, including anthocyanin antioxidants. A more detailed investigation on ‘agresto’ technology is required. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Syndiotactic Polystyrene‐block‐Poly(methyl methacrylate) Copolymer via Click Chemistry
Authors: Capacchione Carmine , De Roma Antonella , Buonerba Antonio , Speranza Vito , Milione Stefano , Grassi Alfonso
Published: July 2013

Syndiotactic polystyrene‐block‐poly(methyl methacrylate) copolymer is synthesized via the Huisgen 1,3 dipolar click cycloaddition reaction of properly end functionalized syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) polymer segments. The end functionalized sPS is obtained by quenching the styrene polymerization catalyzed by a half‐titanocene catalyst with N‐bromosuccinimide to yield sPS‐Br, then converted into the corresponding azide (sPS‐N3) by reaction with sodium azide. The PgBiB‐PMMA segment is synthesized by ATRP of MMA using the PgBiB initiator carrying the alkyne functionality. The formation of core‐shell micelles with size depending on the copolymer composition is highlighted by AFM.

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Modification of cysteine residues by cyclopentenone prostaglandins: Interplay with redox regulation of protein function
Authors: Oeste Clara L. , Pérez‐Sala Dolores
Published: July 2013

Cyclopentenone prostaglandins (cyPG) are endogenous lipid mediators involved in the resolution of inflammation and the regulation of cell proliferation and cellular redox status. Upon exogenous administration they have shown beneficial effects in models of inflammation and tissue injury, as well as potential antitumoral actions, which have raised a considerable interest in their study for the development of therapeutic tools. Due to their electrophilic nature, the best‐known mechanism of action of these mediators is the covalent modification of proteins at cysteine residues through Michael addition. Identification of cyPG targets through proteomic approaches, including MS/MS analysis to pinpoint the modified residues, is proving critical to characterize their mechanisms of action. Among the targets of cyPG are proinflammatory transcription factors, proteins involved in cell defense, such as the regulator of the antioxidant response Keap1 and detoxifying enzymes like GST, and key signaling proteins like Ras proteins. Moreover, cyPG may interact with redox‐active small molecules, such as glutathione and hydrogen sulfide. Much has been learned about cyPG in the past few years and this knowledge has also contributed to clarify both pharmacological actions and signaling mechanisms of these and other electrophilic lipids. Given the fact that many cyPG targets are involved in or are targets for redox regulation, there is a complex interplay with redox‐induced modifications. Here we address the modification of protein cysteine residues by cyPG elucidated by proteomic studies, paying special attention to the interplay with redox signaling. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 33: 110–125, 2014.
Molecular Simulation to Predict Miscibility and Phase Separation Behavior of Chitosan/Poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) Binary Blends: A Comparison with Experiments
Authors: Gu Chunhua , Gu Huiyan , Lang Meidong
Published: July 2013

Binary blend compatibility of chitosan (CS) and poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) (PCL) was simulated at different blending ratios in molecular and mesoscopic level. In molecular simulation, Flory–Huggins interaction parameters and mixing enthalpies were calculated to estimate the blend compatibility. Results showed that compatibility of CS/PCL blends reduced with increase of PCL content. Plots of free energy density and order parameter versus time step were used to illustrate system equilibrium and blend stability. When PCL content increased to 50%, a wide density spectrum were observed. Furthermore, experiments were carried out to make a comparison. DSC and SEM results showed the similar blending trend that better compatibility was achieved when CS content increased, which certificated molecular modeling conclusions.
Complete assignments of 1H and 13C NMR data for 21 naphthalenyl‐phenyl‐pyrazoline derivatives
Authors: Hwang Doseok , Yoon Hyuk , Ahn Seunghyun , Kim Dong‐Wook , Bae Dong‐Ho , Koh Dongsoo , Lim Yoongho
Published: July 2013

To find potent new chemotherapy drugs, we designed and synthesized a series of naphthochalcones bearing naphthalenyl‐phenyl‐pyrazoline moieties. The complete 1H and 13C NMR data for these compounds are reported here and can be used to identify further new naphthochalcones bearing the desired pyrazoline moieties. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation of 3D sloshing in a liquid–solid mixture using particle methods
Authors: Guo L. , Morita K.
Published: July 2013

Sloshing of liquid–solid particle mixtures is an important issue in industrial settings and research fields. In numerical simulations, difficulties are encountered in capturing or tracking the interface between different phases and calculating the interactions between particles, as well as considering hydrodynamic effects between liquid and particles. The finite volume particle (FVP) method, which is based on the Lagrangian framework, does not require applying extra techniques to capture the dynamics at the interface. Moreover, the hydrodynamic behavior between liquid phase and solid particles can be solved implicitly. The discrete element method (DEM) is a useful computational tool, which can explicitly calculate the interaction forces acting on particles and exactly describe their transient trajectories. Owing to the same particle assumption and Lagrangian description, the approach coupling FVP and DEM is more straightforward than the Euler–Lagrange approach. In this study, the applicability of the coupled FVP/DEM method is investigated by simulating sloshing in liquid–solid particle mixtures. A comparison of simulation and experimental results shows good agreement and demonstrates the accuracy of the method. It is hoped that the FVP/DEM method can provide an effective 3D means for a quantitative comparison and validation of more complicated multiphase flows with a variety of particles. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What caused the long duration of the Paleocene‐Eocene Thermal Maximum?
Authors: Zeebe Richard E.
Published: July 2013

Paleorecords show that the Paleocene‐Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, ∼56 Ma) was associated with a large carbon cycle anomaly and global warming >5 K, which persisted for at least 50 kyr. Conventional carbon cycle/climate models that include a single initial carbon input pulse over ∼10 kyr fail to reproduce the long duration of the PETM without invoking additional, slow carbon release over more than 50 kyr (hereafter referred to as bleeding). However, a potential carbon source for the bleeding, as well as its release mechanism, has hitherto remained elusive. Here I present first‐principle calculations of heat transfer in marine sediments which demonstrate that a bottom water temperature anomaly as generated during the PETM takes tens of thousands of years to penetrate the top few hundred meters of deep‐sea sediments. While the initial temperature rise has been suggested to cause dissociation of the majority of oceanic methane hydrate within ∼10 kyr, my calculations reveal a long tail of hydrate dissociation, causing smaller but continued carbon release substantially beyond 10 kyr. In addition, I suggest that temperature‐enhanced metabolic processes in marine sediments and the absence of methane hydrate deposition during the PETM contributed to prolonged carbon input during the event. Enhanced fluxes of methane over this time scale would have sustained the carbon isotope excursion and amplified long‐term greenhouse warming by elevating atmospheric concentrations of steady state CH4, or in oxidized form, CO2.
Atomoxetine for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in the adulthood: a meta‐analysis and meta‐regression
Authors: Cunill Ruth , Castells Xavier , Tobias Aurelio , Capellà Dolors
Published: July 2013

Purpose

Atomoxetine is a non‐stimulant drug that could be an alternative to methylphenidate, whose benefit : risk balance for the treatment of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has recently been shown to be unclear. This study aimed to compare all‐cause discontinuation rate between atomoxetine and placebo in adults with ADHD. Secondarily, efficacy and safety were investigated.

Methods

Systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing atomoxetine with placebo in adults with ADHD were performed. All‐cause treatment discontinuation was the primary endpoint. Efficacy in reducing ADHD symptoms and safety were the secondary endpoints. Odds ratio (OR) and the standardized mean difference (SMD) were calculated for dichotomous and continuous outcomes, respectively. Data were pooled using the fixed and random effects model. The influence of study design‐related, intervention‐related and patient‐related co‐variables over the primary endpoint was investigated by means of meta‐regression. This study is registered with the international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO): CRD 42012002042.

Results

Twelve studies (3375 patients) were included. Treatment discontinuation was larger with atomoxetine than with placebo (OR = 1.39). No co‐variable was found to modify the effect of atomoxetine over treatment discontinuation. Atomoxetine showed modest efficacy in reducing ADHD symptoms irrespective of the assessor: patient (SMD = −0.33); clinician (SMD = −0.40). The rate of adverse events‐induced discontinuation was higher with atomoxetine than with placebo (OR = 2.57).

Conclusion

This study suggests that atomoxetine has a poor benefit–risk balance for the treatment of adults with ADHD. The recommendation of atomoxetine use in this population is weak. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pulsar bestätigt Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie im Gebiet starker Gravitation
Authors: Tauris Thomas M. , Wex Norbert
Published: July 2013

Pulsare sind schnell rotierende Neutronensterne mit außergewöhnlichen Eigenschaften. Sie besitzen die größt mögliche Materiedichte, erzeugen starke Magnetfelder und sind Quellen extremer Gravitation. Dies alles macht sie zu wertvollen astrophysikalischen Testobjekten. Der massereiche Pulsar PSR J0348+0432 eröffnet wegen seines starken Gravitationsfeldes ganz neue Möglichkeiten. So konnte jüngst ein internationales Forscherteam unter Leitung von Bonner Astronomen die Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie mit der am stärksten gekrümmten, für Präzisionstests zugänglichen Raumzeit bestätigen.
Expertin in Molekülspektroskopie
Authors: Loos Andreas
Published: July 2013

Keine Kompromisse, die wissenschaftliche Arbeit geht vor. Durch nichts lässt sie sich beirren, auch nicht durch eine Ehe: Als sie schließlich ihren langjährigen Lehrer und Mentor als 64‐jährigen Witwer heiratet, ist sie 51 Jahre alt. Ihrer Kollegin und Freundin Lise Meitner schreibt sie danach: “Es ist schön, jeden Augenblick zu fühlen, dass wir zusammengehören und zusammenpassen.” Und dieses Gefühl genügt ihr offenkundig – zusammen leben muss sie nicht mit ihrem Ehemann.
Microscopic imaging mass spectrometry assisted by on‐tissue chemical derivatization for visualizing multiple amino acids in human colon cancer xenografts
Authors: Toue Sakino , Sugiura Yuki , Kubo Akiko , Ohmura Mitsuyo , Karakawa Sachise , Mizukoshi Toshimi , Yoneda Junya , Miyano Hiroshi , Noguchi Yasushi , Kobayashi Tsuyoshi , Kabe Yasuaki , Suematsu Makoto
Published: July 2013

Imaging MS combined with CE/MS serves as a method to provide semi‐quantitative and spatial information of small molecular metabolites in tissue slices. However, not all metabolites including amino acids have fully been visualized, because of low‐ionization efficiency in MALDI MS. This study aimed to acquire semi‐quantitative spatial information for multiple amino acids in frozen tissue slices. As a derivatization reagent, p‐N,N,N‐trimethylammonioanilyl N′‐hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate iodide (TAHS) was applied to increase their ionization efficiency and detection sensitivity. Semi‐quantitative MALDI‐imaging MS allowed us to visualize and quantify free amino acid pools in human colon cancer xenografts using a model of liver metastases in super‐immunodeficient NOD/scid/γnull mice (NOG mice). Because the m/z values of several TAHS‐derivatized amino acids overlap with those of the 2,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid background and other endogenous compounds, we imaged them with tandem MS. The results indicated that regional contents of glutamate, glutamine, glycine, leucine/isoleucine/hydroxyproline, phenylalanine, and alanine were significantly elevated in metastatic tumors versus parenchyma of tumor‐bearing livers. On‐tissue TAHS derivatization thus serves as a useful method to detect alterations in many amino acid levels in vivo, thereby enabling understanding of the spatial alterations of these metabolites under varied disease conditions including cancer.
Tumor necrosis factor alpha increases aerobic glycolysis and reduces oxidative metabolism in prostate epithelial cells
Authors: Vaughan Roger A. , Garcia‐Smith Randi , Trujillo Kristina A. , Bisoffi Marco
Published: July 2013

BACKGROUND

Chronic inflammation promotes prostate cancer formation and progression. Furthermore, alterations in energy metabolism are a hallmark of prostate cancer cells. However, the actions of inflammatory factors on the energy metabolism of prostate epithelial cells have not been previously investigated. This is the first study to report on the effect of the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) on the glycolytic and oxidative metabolism, and the mitochondrial function of widely used prostate epithelial cells.

METHODS

Pre‐malignant RWPE‐1 and cancerous LNCaP and PC‐3 cells were treated with low‐dose TNFα. Glycolytic and oxidative metabolism was quantified by measuring extracellular acidification and oxygen consumption rates, respectively. ATP content and lactate export were measured by luminescence and fluorescence, respectively. Mitochondrial content and the expression of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor co‐activator 1 alpha (PGC‐1α), and Cytochrome C were measured by flow cytometry.

RESULTS

Our data suggest that TNFα increases glycolysis, ATP production, and lactate export, while it reduces oxidative metabolism and mitochondrial function in prostate epithelial cells. The highly aggressive PC‐3 cells tend to be less responsive to the actions of TNFα than the pre‐malignant RWPE‐1 and the non‐aggressive LNCaP cells.

CONCLUSIONS

Cellular energetics, that is, glycolytic and oxidative metabolism is significantly influenced by low‐level inflammation in prostate epithelial cells. In widely used prostate epithelial cell models, the micro‐environmental inflammatory cytokine TNFα induces aerobic glycolysis while inhibiting oxidative metabolism. This supports the hypothesis that low‐level inflammation can induce Warburg metabolism in prostate epithelial cells, which may promote cancer formation and progression. Prostate 73: 1538–1546, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Measurement of operator exposure to chlorpyrifos
Authors: Gao BeiBei , Tao ChuanJiang , Ye JiMing , Ning Jun , Mei XiangDong , Jiang ZhiFu , Chen Shuo , She DongMei
Published: July 2013

BACKGROUND

To date, no research has been conducted to establish exposure levels for occupational pesticide operators under typical use scenarios in China. Through surrogate skin techniques (the whole‐body method), the authors monitored dermal and inhalation exposure of pesticide applicators in China. In addition, the exposure of pesticide mixers was analysed.

RESULTS

The total dermal exposure of inexperienced and experienced applicators was respectively 4037 and 536 mg kg−1 of active ingredient (AI) handled for application to maize that was <80 cm in height. The exposure level was highest on hands; the closer to the hands, the lower arms and the upper legs, the higher the exposure. The unit exposure of mixers differed according to the formulation; exposure to emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and oil‐in‐water emulsion (EW) was greater than exposure to wettable powder (WP) or wettable dispersible granules (WG). The unit exposure of mixers via inhalation was significantly greater than that of applicators when chlorpyrifos (48% EC) was used (P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

The main objectives of this study were to provide an indication of the realistic exposure risk of mixers and applicators, and to contribute useful information for risk mitigation and management and epidemiological studies in China. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Current therapeutic approaches to managing dysmenorrhoea
Authors: Mavrelos Dimitrios , Saridogan Ertan
Published: July 2013

Dysmenorrhoea is a common condition associated with potentially distressing cramps. The authors discuss the features that distinguish primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea and assess the currently available treatment options.
Comparison of the role of holes and electrons in hysteresis and threshold voltage stability of organic field effect transistors
Authors: Padma N. , Sawant Shilpa N. , Sudarsan V. , Sen Shaswati , Gupta S. K.
Published: July 2013

Electrical measurements on copper phthalocyanine (CuPc)‐based organic field effect transistors using SiO2 dielectric revealed hysteresis and threshold voltage instability to be due to the combined effect of both hole‐ and electron‐trapping mechanisms, with the electron‐trap density being higher than hole‐trap density. Hysteresis was found to increase further after modifying the SiO2 surface with octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) while it reduced drastically after polystyrene (PS) modification. Individual contribution of holes and electrons to hysteresis and the cause of increased/reduced trapping of the same for interface modified devices were identified. The increase in hysteresis with OTS‐modified devices was attributed to increase in hole‐trap density arising from a larger grain‐boundary density of CuPc films. Minimum grain‐boundary density and efficient removal of trap centers at dielectric/semiconductor interface using PS modification resulted in minimum hysteresis. Comparison of hole‐ and electron‐trap densities estimated for measurements under different ambient conditions, like high humidity conditions and oxygen flow, showed that hole‐trap density increased with increase in humidity. Under oxygen flow, hysteresis, and hole‐trap density were found to reduce considerably, which could be attributed to creation of excess holes that readily fill hole traps, thereby resulting in increased mobile carrier concentrations.
Condensed‐phase laser ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry of highly energetic nitro‐aromatic compounds
Authors: Delgado Tomás , Alcántara José F. , Vadillo José M. , Laserna J. Javier
Published: July 2013

RATIONALE

Analysis of explosive compounds represents an interesting field of work due to the obvious social relevance of these compounds. Direct laser ionization allows the analysis of these high internal energy compounds without sampling or preparation procedures. We have studied nitro‐aromatic compounds to understand their mass spectra when directly ionized in the condensed phase, different from the gas‐phase studies commonly conducted.

METHODS

Direct condensed‐phase laser ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry of high energy density materials has been performed using a 5 ns width quadrupled Nd:YAG laser. No matrix assistance was used. Fine control of the laser energy allowed the study of the fragmentation processes from values close to the ionization threshold to ones where atomic‐only mass spectra were recorded.

RESULTS

The influence of the variation of extraction conditions on the recorded mass spectra was investigated. For low extraction width pulses, ions with low m/z values were mainly observed, whereas, at higher widths, higher mass fragment ions were also detected while the total ion current was maintained. Therefore, the mass spectra can be modulated to obtain mass spectra containing molecular or atomic information. The onset of ion generation for the different fragment ions was also studied, yielding information that can help to understand the processes involved in the fragmentation pathways of the molecule and in the dissociation mechanisms. Two sampling procedures allowed the prospective use of LIMS as a screening technique for nitro‐aromatic‐based highly energetic explosives.

CONCLUSIONS

Direct analysis of explosive compounds has been performed by laser ionization. A large dependence of the resultant spectra on the laser energy was observed that might be useful for studies of fragmentation pathways. For forensic applications, two sampling procedures might allow the use of LIMS as a screening technique. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Compound‐specific stable carbon isotope analysis of galaxolide enantiomers in sediment using gas chromatography/isotope ratio monitoring mass spectrometry
Authors: Wang Jingzhi , Gao Shutao , Zeng Xiangying , Yu Zhiqiang , Peng Ping'an , Sheng Guoying , Fu Jiamo
Published: July 2013

RATIONALE

Both chiral analysis and compound‐specific stable carbon isotope analysis have limitations when applied to environmental research. However, the combination of these two techniques might overcome their respective limitation and give more insight into the enantioselective fate and source apportionment of chiral organic contaminants.

METHODS

After Soxhlet extraction and clean‐up, sediment extracts were further pre‐concentrated using normal‐phase preparative high‐performance liquid chromatography to isolate sufficient quantities of highly purified galaxolide (1,3,4,6,7,8‐hexahydro‐4,6,6,7,8,8‐hexamethylcyclopenta(g)‐2‐benzopyran; HHCB). The enantiomeric fractions and stable carbon isotopes of the HHCB were determined using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and GC/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS).

RESULTS

The method was validated by analysis of the enantiomeric fractions and the stable carbon isotope ratios of the HHCB standard at each step of the pre‐concentration procedure, and no significant enantiomeric and isotopic fractionation was found. The sediment sample was further used to test the developed method, and it was shown that the HHCB enantiomers in the sediment sample exhibited significantly different δ13C values (–33.03 to –24.57‰) and a slight enantiomeric fractionation (0.507 and 0.490) from a HHCB standard reference compound (–26.50 to –26.21‰ for δ13C values, and 0.519 and 0.497 for enantiomeric fractions).

CONCLUSIONS

This work offers a novel approach to elucidating the sources and the abiotic or biological transformation processes of HHCB in the environment and will offer a perspective for assessing the environment fate of any chiral organic compound. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Epidemiology and management of chronic hepatitis E infection in solid organ transplantation: a comprehensive literature review
Authors: Zhou Xinying , de Man Robert A. , de Knegt Robert J. , Metselaar Herold J. , Peppelenbosch Maikel P. , Pan Qiuwei
Published: July 2013

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection has emerged as a global public health issue. Although it often causes an acute and self‐limiting infection with low mortality rates in the western world, it bears a high risk of developing chronic hepatitis in immunocompromised patients with substantial mortality rates. Organ transplant recipients who receive immunosuppressive medication to prevent rejection are thought to be the main population at risk for chronic hepatitis E. Therefore, there is an urgent need to properly evaluate the clinical impact of HEV in these patients. This article aims to review the prevalence, infection course, and management of HEV infection after solid organ transplantation by performing a comprehensive literature review. In addition, an in‐depth emphasis of this clinical issue and a discussion of future development are also presented. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.