bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Trick to Special Effect :
Standardization and the Rise of
Imperceptible Cinematic Illusions
Authors: Loew Katharina
Published: October 2022

Although special effects are typically thought of as tools that facilitate
astonishing spectacles, for over a century their principal purpose has
been to economize and enhance while blending in unnoticeably with a
given filmic universe. Special effects established themselves as a routine
facet of filmmaking between 1910 and 1930. Standardized compositing
methods such as matte paintings, travelling mattes, or rear projection
held out the prospect of an effective and cost-effective way to inconspicuously
manipulate the filmic image. Taking a transnational and
comparative approach, this essay examines developments in the French,
German, British, and American film industries. A modified version
of Christian Metz’s taxonomy of special effects renders it possible to
discriminate between different types of effects. By focusing on what
Metz calls “imperceptible” tricks, this essay traces historical changes
in applications of and discourses on special effects, as well as their
impact on film style.
Special Effects and Spaces of
Communication: A Semio-Pragmatic
Approach
Authors: Odin Roger
Published: October 2022

The central idea of this essay is the following: one cannot hope to understand
how special effects function without first taking into consideration
the communicative spaces inside which they operate. After arguing how
this idea was already implicit in Christian Metz’s famous article “Trucage
and the Film,” the author turns to consider a new phenomenon, namely
the massive presence of special effects in the commonplace space of our
everyday lives. The discussion centers on the development of special
effects that are specific to this space through the use of smartphones
and on the need to constantly historicize our analysis of them as their
“specialness” tends to wane with time. In his conclusion, the author insists
on the heuristic value of the notion of ‘communicative space,’ since taking
the commonplace space of the everyday as a field of inquiry requires
one to break with the habit of considering special effects solely in the
communicative spaces pertaining to cinema, and thus to investigate
them from a different perspective altogether.
Image Capture, or The Control of
Special Effects
Authors: Marion Philippe
Published: October 2022

This essay begins by considering the tension that exists between special
effects and “trucages.” Indeed, while the latter seeks concealment and
integration, the former are far more exhibitionist in openly revealing
themselves. This distinction then leads the author to reflect on a type
of special effect that has now become commonplace, namely motion/
performance capture imagery. Using the example of The Adventures of
Tintin (Spielberg, 2011), he shows how this effect maintains a constant
“photorealist pressurization,” all the while managing to emancipate itself
from the photographic nature of camera-produced images. Next, images
produced by motion capture are compared with those created with the use
of GoPro cameras, as both stand together in our digital age as means to
exercise mastery (as “capture”) over some exhaustively recordable reality.
Murnau’s Sunrise: In-Camera Effects
and Effects Specialists
Authors: Bergstrom Janet
Published: October 2022

During the late 1920s, cinematographers in the US insisted that they should
supervise outside specialists. An unforgettable “special effects” shot in
Sunrise was photographed according to the needs of outside specialist
Frank Williams’s patented process and his own lab. Understanding the
Williams shot encourages us to see other unusual technical processes
throughout Sunrise as they served Murnau’s drama rather than innovation
for its own sake. Studying the achievement and function of specific shots
in Sunrise leads to the larger debate about creative technical-aesthetic
control that is similar to modern-day arguments about who should
determine the final look of a film: digital postproduction specialists or
the cinematographer, production designer, and director working together.
Uncanny Visual Effects, Postwar
Modernity, and House of Wax 3D
Authors: Whissel Kristen
Published: October 2022

This chapter argues that House of Wax provides a significant example of
how 3D stereo-effects were exploited in the 1950s to give expression and
form to uncanny themes and optics, and, in the process, functioned as ideal
visual effects for addressing the culture and experience of technological
modernity in the postwar era.
Unsettled Waters: The Postcolonial Gothic of Tidelands
Authors: Doolan Emma
Published: October 2022

Tidelands (2018), the first standalone Australian production in the Netflix Originals portfolio, imports the monstrous figure of the siren from Greek mythology to the South-East Queensland coast, unsettling not only the iconic Australian beach, but also the domestic television genres of the beachside soapie and crime drama. However, while Tidelands innovates in Australian Gothic, it also continues to engage with – or become entangled within – some of the genre’s oldest preoccupations: nation, inheritance, belonging, and colonial guilt. Tidelands’s spaces function as gothic heterotopias, reflecting tensions between multicultural, Indigenous, and Anglo-Celtic Australia which the series attempts to resolve by replacing First Nations peoples with the half-siren Tidelanders, imagining a future in which hybridity and assimilation erase the need for Reconciliation.
‘When I Died, I Saw the Whole World': Uncanny Space and the Māori Gothic in the Aftermath Narratives of Waru and Māui’s Hook
Authors: Holland Emily
Published: October 2022

This chapter considers the applicability of gothic elements to the indigenous culture of Aotearoa New Zealand by addressing how uncanny space manifests in the aftermath of death in two recent Māori films: Waru (2017) and Māui’s Hook (2018). These films present a tension between western gothic parameters and distinct elements of Māori culture, yet also foreground a possible co-existence between the two. This relationship can be identified in a mode of the uncanny that reflects the historical and contemporary experience of Māori in postcolonial New Zealand society. This reworking of the uncanny, in which estrangement is turned back on itself, takes on a political function in articulating the experience and process of overcoming historical trauma through a Māori cultural framework.
The Kettering Incident: From Tasmanian Gothic to Antarctic Gothic
Authors: Stevenson Billy
Published: October 2022

This chapter discusses the relationship between Tasmanian Gothic and post-continuity television through a sustained examination of how place operates in The Kettering Incident (2016). Just as post-continuity television works to undercut the unity of place typical of quality television, so Tasmanian Gothic challenges the rhetorics of place that are peculiar to Tasmania in Australian history and lore. Similarly, whereas post-continuity television challenges the fixation of quality television with regionalism, Tasmanian Gothic questions the way in which Tasmania, as a region, is received in the Australian popular imagination. Placing these two aesthetic orientations side by side reveals that Tasmanian Gothic is an inherently post-continuous aesthetic.
Glocalizing the Gothic in Twenty-First Century Australian Horror
Authors: Balanzategui Jessica
Published: October 2022

The early twenty-first century saw the emergence of a transnational cycle of supernatural horror films with gothic themes and aesthetics, many of which featured uncanny child figures. Two Australian films that self-reflexively participated in this transnational cycle are Lake Mungo (2008) and The Babadook (2014). This chapter examines how these two Australian films contribute to this international Gothic horror cycle and related genre trends in ways that ‘localize’ globally resonant film genres. I argue that Lake Mungo and The Babadook integrate culturally specific media traditions and contexts with contemporary transnational film genre preoccupations in a self-consciously ‘glocal’ generic manoeuvre.
Mapping Settler Gothic : Noir and the Shameful Histories of the Pākehā Middle Class in The Bad Seed
Authors: Lawn Jennifer
Published: October 2022

This chapter addresses the ways in which the New Zealand television series The Bad Seed (2019) narrates intersections between settler-colonial identity and social class. It makes the case that The Bad Seed sits within a line of storytelling in New Zealand settler Gothic which serves to secure innocence by presenting the relatively privileged Pākehā family as ‘middling’, vulnerable and at risk. The chapter progresses through an analysis of traumatogenic spaces, culminating at the isolated farmstead locale that is so generative to the settler Gothic imaginary. Ultimately, The Bad Seed employs mixed and hybrid genres to tell a story of Pākehā middle-class self-exculpation.
Losing the Way in the City
Authors: de Pee Christian
Published: October 2022

During the first half of the eleventh century, officials of the Song Empire
grew confident that they would discern in the city the immanent pattern
that aligned human civilization with the moral cosmos. They saw the
health of the body politic manifested in the health of urban populations,
fed by predictable harvests and sustained by the efficient circulation of
goods and money. The intellectual confidence of Song literati was defeated,
however, by their inability to eliminate the budget deficit created by
military expenditures. Irreconcilable debates about economic reforms,
especially about the New Laws of Wang Anshi, caused a profound intellectual
crisis. As a result, literati withdrew from the city to search for the
immanent pattern within themselves and their community.
Introduction: The Emergence of the City into Writing
Authors: de Pee Christian
Published: October 2022

During the eleventh century, literati of the Song Empire changed the
geographic orientation of literary genres to make a place for the city in writing.
An approach to urban history through literary geography preserves
historical connections between writing and walking and between text
and the city, thereby resisting the tautologies of social science and the
homologies of modernity. Based on an analysis of 155 collected works
(wenji) from ca. 800 CE to ca. 1100 CE, Urban Life and Intellectual Crisis
contributes to a non-linear comparative history of cities. The introduction
illustrates this method by demonstrating that the “ward system” of the
Tang Empire and its collapse during the Song dynasty, alleged by Katō
Shigeshi, are figments of social-science theory.
River Cities in Asia
Authors: Padawangi Rita , Rabé Paul , Perkasa Adrian , Dick Howard , Stein Emma Natalya , Dian Damayanti Vera , Zhao Xiaomei , Kanungo Pralay , F. Prescott Michaela , Guahk Youngah , Coelho Karen , Liao Kuei-Hsien , Follmann Alexander
Published: October 2022

River Cities in Asia uncovers the intimate relationship between rivers and cities in Asia from a multi-disciplinary perspective in the humanities and the social sciences. As rivers have shaped human settlement patterns, economies, culture and rituals, so too have humans impacted the flow and health of rivers. In Asia, the sheer scale of urbanization increases the urgency of addressing challenges facing urban rivers, leading to the importance of historically, socially, and culturally relevant solutions. However, cities are also uneven landscapes of power, affecting chances to achieve holistic ecological approaches. The central premise of River Cities in Asia is that a “river city” is one where proximity between a river and a city exists across time and space, natural and social dimensions. Recognition of these deep connections can help to better contextualize policy solutions aimed at rivers and their ecologies, including human life.
Water World to Inundation
Authors: Dick Howard
Published: October 2022

For millennia cities have thrived on rivers that supply water while enabling
provisioning, trade, transport, and defense. Yet since the mid-nineteenth
century new technologies have transcended the need for waterways, which
instead have become obstacles. Over the same period, the built urban
environment has massively expanded its hard footprint and become more
vulnerable to the intrusion of water. Climate change is now giving rise
to a new challenge of sustainability. This problematization is explored
in the case of Surabaya, then applied to other river cities in Indonesia
and elsewhere in mainland Southeast Asia. The emphasis is upon how
the urban system has adapted, failed to adapt, or mal-adapted to the
exigencies of a monsoonal climate and global warming.
Hybrid Riverscapes
Authors: Follmann Alexander
Published: October 2022

The inherent complexity of environmental change in river cities requires
a shift of perspective going beyond binary conceptualizations of water/
land, river/city, and nature/culture. By linking a discourse analytical
approach with theoretical concepts from governance research and urban
political ecology, the framework of hybrid riverscapes—spatially referring
to the riverine landscape formed by the natural forces of the river and
human interventions—is outlined as an innovative concept to study
environmental change and governance in river cities. Using the case
study of Delhi’s riverscapes and the construction of a large bus depot
on the banks of the Yamuna, the chapter outlines how such a concept
of riverscapes can advance fluid, liminal, and hybrid theory making on
river cities.
Lights, Camera, and Click the Notification Bell!
Authors: Soriano Cheryll Ruth , Cabalquinto Earvin Charles
Published: October 2022

This introductory chapter underscores YouTube as a critical site for
understanding the rapid social, economic, political, and digital transformations
in neoliberal and postcolonial Philippines. It situates brokering on
YouTube within the evolving political, economic and media systems in the
Philippine context, foregrounding the distinctive affective performances
of Filipino YouTubers in networked publics. This chapter also presents
the methodological considerations of the research study as well as the
organisation of the book.
Politics
Authors: Soriano Cheryll Ruth , Cabalquinto Earvin Charles
Published: October 2022

This Chapter focuses on the brokering of Philippine politics on YouTube.
We zoom in on how political influencers, well-versed with platform vernaculars,
affordances, and porous governance structures, create content
that convey hyper-partisan political narratives advancing a historical
revisionist and political agenda. The chapter showcases how Filipino
YouTubers mobilise affective aspirations on the nostalgia of a progressive
state during the regime of the late dictator and former President
Ferdinand Marcos, while dismissing the documented violent atrocities
surrounding that political regime thereby facilitating political discourses
in favor of the reinstatement of another Marcos to the Presidency. By
purporting to be the “voices from the margins” and facilitating “illusions
of discovery,” the parasocial relationships developed by YouTubers along
with the platform’s participatory and “epistemic cultures” gives them the
legitimacy to construct their version of political history while brokering
a connection between YouTube voter publics and political actors.
The Frisian Popular Militias between 1480 and 1560
Authors: Mol Hans
Published: October 2022

In the late Middle Ages and early modern times, able-bodied men between sixteen and sixty years of age were called upon all over Europe to participate in raids, sieges and battles, for the defense of home and hearth. Because these men are regarded as amateurs, military historiography has paid little attention to their efforts. This book aims to change that by studying the mobilization, organization and weaponry of popular levies for a time when war was frequently waged between states in the making. Central to the book is the composition and development of the rural and urban militias in Friesland, dissected in a comparative Northwest European perspective, along with an examination of why the self-defense of the Frisians ultimately failed in their efforts to preserve their political autonomy. The main source is an extensive series of muster lists from 1552 that have survived for six cities and fourteen rural districts.
The deployment of popular militias in the period 1480–1500
Authors: Mol Hans
Published: October 2022

With the knowledge of the militias in 1552, Chapter Five retrospectively examines
how the Frisian able-bodied men fought in the period 1480–1500 to
preserve their country’s autonomy. Three battles are analysed in particular,
in which the Frisian amateurs were defeated by German Landsknechte of
Albrecht of Saxony. The Frisian surplus in number appears to have been
less than previously estimated. What counted was their inferior armament.
Most militiamen were not afraid to get into combat without armour with
just a pike. Their professional opponents were fully or partially clad in
iron. The latter also had more handguns and even a few pieces of field
artillery. The key factor, however, was that the Frisian amateurs lacked
discipline and a one-headed command.
Representing the Invisible: Saint Catherine of Siena’s Stigmatization
Authors: Warr Cordelia
Published: October 2022

Representations of Catherine of Siena’s stigmatization raised questions about the relationship between seeing and knowing. Catherine’s stigmata were challenging. They did not appear visibly on her body, were the result of a series of separate events, and, it could be argued, were transient. The episodes associated with the stigmatization were detailed in Raymond of Capua’s Legenda Maior, whilst in the Libellus de Supplemento Tommaso Caffarini discussed its representation. In this chapter, visual examples in the two extant illustrated manuscripts of the Libellus, together with Giovanni di Paolo’s painting of the Stigmatization, are used as a basis from which to consider problems surrounding the depiction of Catherine’s stigmatization and the ways in which these were articulated in the fifteenth century.
Playing Games with Heritage
Authors: Fong Siao Yuong
Published: October 2022

Beginning with one of the most-made genres in Singaporean television,
Chapter Two uses two state-funded game shows about heritage to examine
the well-oiled practices and the mundane everyday work that goes into
making infotainment in an illiberal capitalist democracy. Through the
chapter, I show how these practices enable an ideological construction of
audiences that continually condemn the Singaporean subject as a work in
progress, and sustain a vicious cycle of perpetual to-be-upgraded-ness by
denying and disarticulating the underlying antagonisms of Singapore society.
Is Entertainment the New Activism? Orange Is the New Black, Women’s Imprisonment, and the Taste for Prisons
Authors: Flamand Lee A.
Published: October 2022

Orange Is the New Black’s showrunner Jenji Kohan has indicated that she aspires towards activism through the vehicle of entertainment. And indeed, her series centers the intersectional vulnerabilities of women prisoners, providing a much-needed cultural resource for formerly incarcerated and at-risk women. However, it also generates the unfortunate tendency to commodify their experiences. This is further complicated by Netflix’s commercial practices, which tend to repackage identity positions and political commitments as taste preferences and entertainment experiences. Paired with Netflix’s global ambitions and its continuing investment in the acquisition and production of prison shows, Orange Is the New Black may therefore be working at cross-purposes with its own aspirations by cultivating an increasingly transnational taste for prisons.
Can Melodrama Redeem American History? Ava DuVernay’s 13th and Queen Sugar
Authors: Flamand Lee A.
Published: October 2022

This chapter considers two projects headed by Ava DuVernay: the Netflix documentary 13th and OWN’s drama series Queen Sugar. Although they approach the topic of mass incarceration through drastically different genres, each seek to incorporate aspects of Black studies scholarship into their respective brands of advocacy documentary and serial TV melodrama. Together they historicize mass incarceration’s roots in slavery in ways which prove conducive to the exploration of the changing contours of Black representation across media forms. However, these treatments nevertheless remain largely entangled with problematic traditions of American melodramatic storytelling.
Resistance and Resilience
Authors: Ng Mee Kam
Published: October 2022

This chapter employs a synthesized theoretical framework to interpret
the struggles of Choi Yuen Village (CYV), a non-indigenous yet closely knit
multigenerational village, when the government decided to remove it in
2008 to make way for an emergency rescue station for the Express Rail Link
(ERL) that connects Hong Kong with China. Unlike indigenous villages,
non-indigenous ones are not entitled to village reconstruction if affected
by government projects. CYV, therefore, resisted the decision. Resilience
of the village was boosted by the broader anti-ERL social movement.
Although CYV was eventually removed, many stakeholders within and
outside the government on opposite sides of the controversy helped rebuild
CYV as an eco-village, an unprecedented and unique case that realized
socio-spatial justice for non-indigenous villagers.
Re-emerging Civic Urbanism
Authors: Križnik Blaž , Kim Su
Published: October 2022

State and markets drove urban development in South Korea for decades,
giving little voice to citizens. Recently, citizens have become increasingly
engaged in shaping their living environment. While the enabling role
of the state in expanding citizen participation is well acknowledged,
the importance of community movements has been overlooked. The
chapter explores community movements in Seoul and their relations
with the state to better understand their contribution to the recent surge
of civic urbanism in the city. Comparison of neighbourhood community
building in Seoul shows that civic urbanism, while marginalized in the
past, has re-emerged as an integral part of urban governance. The chapter
also suggests that the growing institutionalization of civic urbanism
can weaken its transformative potential to build inclusive and resilient
neighbourhoods and cities.
Republics and Princes
Authors: Fantoni Marcello
Published: October 2022

Until a few decades ago, scholars used to place republics at the
center of the political and cultural Italian history between the
Middle Ages and the Renaissance. This interpretation has now
been revised. However, we are still missing a reconstruction of
the alternative scenario that this would imply. Discussing this historiographical
process and reconsidering the Italian geopolitical
system under the new perspective of the centrality of the courts
is a necessary premise to explain how Italian princely courts
became culturally central and capable of exporting to Europe
their ‘political language.’ In fact, princely courts carpeted the
peninsula from Sicily to the Alps and maintained their cultural
supremacy from the fourteenth to the eighteenth century.
Italian Courts and European Culture
Authors: Fantoni Marcello
Published: October 2022

The circulation of Italian court models is an authentic European
phenomenon. Besides the different aspects and cases, it is critical
to comprehend the modalities and reasons for this process of
acculturation. First, we need to identify who were the sovereigns
and what were the political conjunctures that sparked the emulation
of Italian courtly models. Another angle considers peoples’
mobility as a vehicle of the circulation of cultural models. We also
need to consider those who traveled to Italy in search of antiquity
and learning. Finally, we need to cast light on the myriad of
‘objects’ (ancient sculptures, paintings, books, etc.) that were
imported by European sovereigns and the ‘immaterial’ – yet, very
tangible – elements of culture such as language and aesthetics.
The Models
Authors: Fantoni Marcello
Published: October 2022

European politics refashioned itself ideologically and symbolically
by adhering to the Italian courtly models in a vast and
consistent range of areas. Italian courts provided new space
models revived from antiquity and the know-how of architects
that were able to replicate it. The universe of images and the
innovative iconographical language is equally important. But
there is more, much more, from the performing arts to clothing
fashion to the behavioral rules codified by Castiglione, Della Casa,
and Guazzo, to the variegated field of aristocratic manners. All
these new forms of consumption, social practices, and ethical
values compose a mosaic that defines the profile of the European
gentleman and that homogenizes its culture on a continental
level.
Common Denominators
Authors: Fantoni Marcello
Published: October 2022

What, ultimately, are the common denominators of this long
and geographically extended process? Let us try to summarize
them. European cultural transmission happened from court
to court and was essentially tied to a radical refashioning of
the absolutist political language. Court culture is the root of
modernity, which Europe imported from Italy. Especially in the
Baroque age, Europe appropriated classicism – the fundamental
matter of this phenomenon – through the mediation of Italian
courts. In this context, Italian courts produced a systemic impact
on the formative process of European identity.
Weighted Coefficient Firefly Optimization Algorithm and Support Vector Machine for Trust Model and Link Reliability
Authors: Sharma Shalini , Zeeshan Hussain Syed
Published: October 2022

Cloud computing is widely used by organizations and individuals due to its flexibility and reliability. The trust model is important for cloud computing to detect malicious users and protect user privacy. The existing research faces the issues of local optima trap and overfitting problems when a training user node is idle for more time. This research proposed Weighted Coefficient Firefly Optimization Algorithm (WCFOA) with Support Vector Machine (SVM) for the trust model calculation and identifying paths with better Quality of Services (QoS). The weighted coefficient is added to the FOA model to balance the exploration and exploitation in the search of identifying optimal path based on reliability score. The WC-FOA method measures the link reliability in the model and SVM detects the malicious users in the model. The WC-FOA model selects the optimal path for transmission in terms of trust and efficient QoS parameters. The entropy measure and link reliability are provided as input to the SVM model for the detection of attacks in the network. The WCFOA-SVM model has 96% malicious user detection, whereas the Random Forest Hierarchical Ant Colony Optimization (RF-HEACO) has 92 % accuracy.
Open Educational Resources for Online Language Teacher Training: Conceptual Framework and Practical Implementation
Authors: Nicora Francesca , Bologna Oriana , McLoughlin Laura
Published: October 2022

This paper discusses a conceptual framework for the design of Open Educational Resources (OERs) for online language teacher training including an example of practical implementation. The authors identify in the principles of micro- and macro- learning, cognitive load theory and Threshold Concepts (TCs), the key elements that lead to the creation of effective OERs designed for the Lilac Project which aims to support language teachers in managing online learning environments. Data from questionnaires and focus groups were utilised to establish a set of TCs connected to online language teaching. These were then crossreferenced with existing TCs, and utilised to create micro learning content that does not negatively impact the cognitive load, but, at the same time, is positioned within a larger macro structure that allows for the development of deeper knowledge and competences. The structure of Lilac OERs will be presented as a practical example of how the potential of technologies to support learning can be embedded in online contexts.
Understanding the Role of Agility and Responsiveness Capabilities in Achieving Supply Chain Performance: The Case of Manufacturing Companies
Authors: BARHMI Aziz
Published: October 2022

The supply chain agility concept has been identified as one of the most important issues in the supply chain management literature. However, despite the popularity of the concept, many concept attributes are largely unexplored. The mediating role of the operational capabilities, in particular the supply chain responsiveness, in the link between the supply chain agility and the improvement of the supply chain performance, is a field that is lacking in research. This research aims to deepen the theory by addressing this gap in the supply chain agility literature. The data for this study were collected through a field survey from a final sample of 131 respondents from manufacturing companies in Morocco. An online questionnaire containing items measuring constructs of interest was developed. The theoretical model was evaluated using structural equation modeling. The results indicate that supply chain agility has an indirect and positive impact on supply chain performance in the presence of supply chain responsiveness. In addition, the results provide empirical evidence for a full mediation of supply chain responsiveness in the link between supply chain agility and supply chain performance in an uncertain environment. This study demonstrates why careful consideration should be made when deciding what dynamic capabilities should be developed and, therefore, what operational capabilities will be generated or renewed. Companies that successfully build this relationship benefit in terms of improving the performance of both the global supply chain and its members, enabling them to achieve sustainable competitive advantages.
Future Ready Banking with Smart Contracts - CBDC and Impact on the Indian Economy
Authors: Dash Bibhu , F. Ansari Meraj , Sharma Pawankumar , siddha Swati Swayam
Published: October 2022

India is significantly diverse in culture and how it promotes business transactions. Though we are very acquainted with cash, cards, and online mode of payment, the Indian rural economy still believes in the barter system. At this juncture, India is evolving as a tech power house, and its economy is thriving to embrace cryptocurrency as a medium of exchange. After the Indian finance minister declared the same last February that India is working towards building its legal tender called Central Bank-backed Digital Currency (CBDC), this paper is making an impact in explaining our strengths, weakness, market readiness, and necessity to adopt a digital rupee when India's economy is highly regarded as a cashoriented economy. Is our country ready to accept the new technological shift in smart banking in the form of a digital rupee? The paper highlights the socioeconomic and technical challenges our planners need to understand before changing the Central banks' monetary policies. The deployment of fifth-generation (5G) cellular network technology has sparked renewed interest in the potential of blockchain to automate different cellular network use cases. 5G is projected to open up new market prospects for small and large businesses. The article highlights the unique instrument of the digital rupee to enhance peer-to-peer transactions with the evolution of 5G mobile technology.
A Probabilistic Algorithm for Computation of Polynomial Greatest Common with Smaller Factors
Authors: Zhang Yang , Qian Xin , You Qidi , Zhou Xuan , Zhang Xiyong , Wang Yang
Published: October 2022

In the earlier work, Knuth present an algorithm to decrease the coefficient growth in the Euclidean algorithm of polynomials called subresultant algorithm. However, the output polynomials may have a small factor which can be removed. Then later, Brown of Bell Telephone Laboratories showed the subresultant in another way by adding a variant called 𝜏 and gave a way to compute the variant. Nevertheless, the way failed to determine every𝜏 correctly. In this paper, we will give a probabilistic algorithm to determine the variant 𝜏 correctly in most cases by adding a few steps instead of computing 𝑡(𝑥) when given 𝑓(𝑥) and𝑔(𝑥) ∈ ℤ[𝑥], where 𝑡(𝑥) satisfies that 𝑠(𝑥)𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑡(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑟(𝑥), here 𝑡(𝑥), 𝑠(𝑥) ∈ ℤ[𝑥]
The Reality of Electronic Training and Its Relationship to the Employees’ Morale in Palestinian Universities “Case Study of Al-quds University and Al-istiqlal Universities”
Authors: Saed Jweiles Ilham Sade
Published: October 2022

This study aims to identify the reality of electronic training and its relation to raising employees’ morale within Palestinian universities. The study case aimed to be directed toward Al-Quds University and Al-Istiqlal University, where it came to define the electronic training, its pros, cons, components, and its relation to employees’ morale. The study used a descriptive approach, where the main sources for data collection were both primary and secondary sources such as; books, magazines, and websites. These sources helped in the formulating and designing of the questionnaire built to understand the relationship between electronic training and Employee; morale. For the study population and its sample; the study sample consisted of the clamshell sample. The study population consisted of all employees of Al-Quds University, which numbered 732 employees, and Al-Istiqlal University, which numbered 320 employees. Moreover, the selection was designed based on the electronic sample calculator, the number of sample members reached 282 employees. Al-Quds University employees should make up 69.5% of the sample members, about 196 employees by calculating the relative distribution. While the number of sample members from Al-Istiqlal University was 86%. Two hundred fifty-one employees of the two universities answered the questionnaire; that is, the response rate to the questionnaire was 90%. The results were statistically analyzed using SPSS software.
Trade-off between Unemployment and Inflation: a Bibliometric Review
Authors: Mustafa Riduanul
Published: October 2022

Unemployment inflation trade-off is one of the most vital and required study in economics due to realizing economic performance and to take appropriate policy. This study analyzed scholarly documents published in Scopus indexed journals through a rigorous bibliometric review for a deeper understanding of this area of the study. The analysis identified most impactful sources, most impactful author and most impactful documents of this area. This study also identified the core themes of the study and also identified most collaborative countries. At the end it has also prescribed future research direction of this area. The study will be helpful for academics, researcher and policymaker for policy implications.
The Effect of Student Ability, Learning Motivation and the School Environment on Student's Learning Achievement Banjarmasin High School
Authors: Abdurrakhman M. Zaid , Kadir Abd , Jayen Fredy
Published: October 2022

This study aims to analyze the effect of ability, learning motivation and school environment on student achievement at State Junior High School 17 Banjarmasin. The research method used is analytic survey. The type of research is explanatory research. A sample of 75 students. Data collection techniques using questionnaires, documentation, interviews and observations. Validity and reliability tests were carried out on the research instrument. Data were analyzed by multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that the ability of teachers, students' learning motivation and the school environment partially and simultaneously had a significant effect on student achievement at State Junior High School 17 Banjarmasin. The contribution of the independent variable's influence on the ability of teachers, students' learning motivation and school environment on learning achievement is 64.50%. Of the three independent variables, the school environment has a dominant influence on student achievement.
PROSPECTS FOR THE CHEMISTRY OF IMIDAZOLE DERIVATIVES (Review)
Authors:   JSC«А.B. Bekturov Institute of Chemical Sciences», Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, KazakhstanAlmaty, Kazakhstan, Kaldybayeva А.B. , Malmakova А.Е. ,   JSC«А.B. Bekturov Institute of Chemical Sciences», Almaty, Kazakhstan, Yu V.K. ,   JSC«А.B. Bekturov Institute of Chemical Sciences», Almaty, Kazakhstan, Neborak E.V. ,   Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
Published: October 2022

The problem of creating new effective domestic pharmacological preparations, including the development of the methods for obtaining biologically active substances in compliance with the “green chemistry” principles, are among the priority areas for the development of chemical science. The choice of an initial molecule, which carries the potential of biological activity, is the guarantor of a successful experimental search. Imidazole derivatives occupy a unique place in the medicinal chemistry. An imidazole cycle is part of the natural compounds such as histamine, biotin, some alkaloids and nucleic acids, and is a structural fragment of medicinal preparations. The goalof the present review is to analyze the publications on the chemistry of imidazole derivatives with an emphasis on the methods of obtaining biologically active and other practically useful molecules with an obligatory imidazole cycle. The objects of the study:imidazole derivatives. The examples of the routes of synthesizing imidazole derivatives, as well as the compounds of interest for the medicinal chemistry, agriculture, and other fields, which have been published in the scientific and technical literature since 2000, have been presented. Conclusion.The studies in the field of searching for new highly effective preparations among imidazole derivatives are relevant and promising. The most important stage in this search is the directed synthesis of the substances with the specified, practically useful properties. The range of new practically useful substances in the series of imidazole derivatives has been significantly expanded and replenished thanks to the modern modifications of the classical methods of their obtaining.
QUANTUM CHEMICAL STUDY OF THE PROCESS OF CLEANING BIOFUEL FROM FREE FATTY ACIDS USING IONIC LIQUIDS AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL
Authors:   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan, Sailau Zh.A. , lmas N.Zh. ,   Astana IT University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, Toshtay K. ,   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan, Aldongarov A.A. ,   L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
Published: October 2022

Among alternative sources of energy, such as solar, wind, and hydrogen energy, biofuel occupies a special place because it has a few useful properties. Compared to the current price of gasoline,the price of biofuel is very low. During its use, biofuel releases less greenhouse gases into the environment and is less flammable. However, in order to support biofuel, it is necessary to purify its composition from unnecessary glycerol, methanol, and free fatty acids. Free fatty acids in biofuel are flammable and pollute car engines. Various ionic liquids have been developed for the purification of biofuel. One of them is 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide. The purpose of this work is to study the state of purification of free fatty acids in biofuel by 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide at the molecular level using chemical quantum calculations. Methodology. HyperChem PM3 method was used for quantum chemical calculations of chemical structures, molecular electrostatic potentials, molecular orbitals, bond distances, and energies. Results. During the study of bond energy, bond length, and structure of free fatty acids in biofuel using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide, it wasfound that there is a strong chemical bond between ionic liquid and free fatty acid. It is known that free fatty acids in biofuels chemically bond with hydrogen atoms close to nitrogen in ionic liquids. Conclusion. This research will contribute to the rational design of ionic liquids and will help advance research related to the purification of biofuels from free fatty acids.
ETHOXYCARBONYLATION OF PENTENE-1 IN THE PRESENCE OF PdCl2(PPh3)2-PPh3-AlCl3SYSTEM
Authors:   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan, Shalmagambetov K.M. , Zhaksylykova G.J. ,   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan, Kanapieva F.M. ,   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan, Kudaibergenov N.J. ,   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan, Abyzbekova G.M. ,   Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University, Kyzylorda, Kazakhstan
Published: October 2022

Reactions based on CO allow the synthesis of almost all oxygen-containing organic compounds, which are important raw materials for obtaining practically valuable products of wide consumption. Alkoxycarbonylation of olefins with CO and various alcohols in the presence of metal complex catalysts synthesizes esters of carboxylic acids in one step. The purpose:In accordance with previously synthesized ethyl esters of enanthic and 2-methylcapronic acids in the reaction of ethoxycarbonylation of hexene-1 with СОin the presence of the catalytic system PdCl2(PPh3)2-PPh3-AlCl3in this work we planned to synthesize ethyl esters of capronic and 2-methylvalerian acids by hydroethoxycarbonylation of pentene-1 with CO in the presence of the same catalytic system. Methodology: The autoclave was sealedand then filled with CO to 1.5 MPa pressure. The pressure of CO was brought to 2.0 MPa, the temperature was raised to 1000C for 1 hour and at this pressure and temperature the reaction mixture was stirred for 5 h. Results and discussion: Experimental results show that the reaction proceeds with the formation of two isomeric products of linear (EECA) and branched structure (EE-2-MVA). Optimal reaction conditions have been found, at which the yield of the target products (sum of isomeric esters of EECA and EE-2-MVA) reaches 74.72 %. Conclusion:The catalytic activity of the three-component system PdCl2(PPh3)2-PPh3-AlCl3 containing AlCl3as a promoter in the reaction of ethoxycarbonylation of pentene-1 has been established. The reaction proceeds with the formation of two isomeric products of linear (EECA) and branched structure (EE-2-MVA).
STUDY OF RADICAL COPOLYMERIZATION REACTION OF UNSATURATED POLYESTERS WITH ACRYLIC ACID
Authors:   N-PLC Karagandy University of the name of academician E.A. Buketov, Karaganda, Kazakhstan, Kovaleva A.К. , Burkeyeva G.K. ,   N-PLC Karagandy University of the name of academician E.A. Buketov, Karaganda, Kazakhstan, Tazhbayev Ye.М. ,   N-PLC Karagandy University of the name of academician E.A. Buketov, Karaganda, Kazakhstan, Muslimova D.М. ,   N-PLC Karagandy University of the name of academician E.A. Buketov, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
Published: October 2022

One of the promising and inexpensive types of raw materials, taking into account the use of modern technologies for the production of sealing and adhesive materials, are unsaturated polyesters of various compositions.The aimof this work is to study the reaction of radical copolymerization of polyethylene(propylene)-glycolfumarate with acrylic acid in a dioxane solution at various molar ratios of the initial polymer-monomer mixture. Methodology.The composition of the copolymers was identifiedby HPLC spectroscopy by analyzing the mother liquors, the structure was confirmed by IR spectroscopy. The copolymerization kinetics was studied by the dilatometric method. The degree of swelling of the copolymers was determined by the gravimetric method, and their degree of unsaturation, by the bromid-bromate method. Radical copolymerization constants calculated by the Mayo-Lewis integral method.The results obtainedindicate thatfor any composition of the initial polymer-monomer mixture, the composition of the copolymer is enriched with acrylic acid links, and with an increase in its content in the initial polymer-monomer mixture, the reaction rate increases significantly.An increase in the content of unsaturated polyester in the initial polymer-monomer mixture leads to a decrease in the ability of the copolymer to absorb moisture, which makes it possible to assume their use as bases in the production of sealing and adhesive materials. Conclusion. An analysis of the numerical values of the copolymerization constants showed a higher activity of acrylic acid in comparison with unsaturated polyesters, thereby confirming the previously put forward assumption aboutthe relatively lower reactive ability of the latter.
APPLICATION OF MODIFIED CONDUCTIVE ADDITIVES AND AQUEOUS BINDERS IN POSITIVE ELECTRODES BASED ON LITHIUM IRON PHOSPHATE FOR LITHIUM ION BATTERIES
Authors:   NCJSC Shakarim University, Semey, Kazakhstan, Abdrakhmanova A.B. , Kuderina B.T. ,   Sh. UalikhanovKokshetau University, Kokshetau, Kazakhstan, Omarova N.M. ,   Eurasian National University named after L.N. Gumilev, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, Sabitova A.N. ,   NCJSC Shakarim University, Semey, Kazakhstan
Published: October 2022

Positive electrodes play a significant role in operation of lithium-ion batteries. The inactive constituents of the electrode coating, electrically conductive additive and binder, are key components for efficient operation of active material.Therefore, minimizing the toxicity of some and the synthesis or modification of others remain an urgent topic for increasing the energy intensity of lithium-ion batteries, which is the main goal of this work. The purpose: Synthesis and modification of nanostructured carbon electrically conductive additives and the study of their influence on the specific characteristics of the electrode in combination with water-soluble polymers. Results.During the research, the optimal compositions of the positive electrode were found: 1) using aqueous polymers, 2) with the addition of synthesized graphene oxide obtained by the Hummers method; 3) with the addition of modified carbon nanotubes obtained by the Hummers method. Conclusion. Graphene oxide synthesized by the Hummers method and carbon nanotubes reduced by the same method give a discharge specific capacity of more than 150 mAh/g and 140 mAh/g, respectively, with an active material theoretical capacity of 160-170 mAh/g, those using them instead of commercial conductive additives can significantly improve the specific characteristics of positive electrodes. This is due to an increase in the kinetics of lithium ion transfer inside the active material due to many structural defects due to synthesis, in addition, they are better dispersed in water, and it is also possible to obtain thick coating layers.