bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding the regulation of pituitary progesterone receptor expression and phosphorylation
Authors: Gordon Ana , Garrido-Gracia José C , Aguilar Rafaela , Sánchez-Criado José E
Published: April 2015

Administration of human FSH (hFSH) during the diestrus phase in cyclic rats is followed by a reduction in the preovulatory LH surge. This inhibitory action of FSH involves a decrease in the stimulatory effect of gonadotrope progesterone receptor (PR) activation, in a ligand-dependent (progesterone) and -independent (GNRH) manner. PR activation and action are mandatory for LH surge, and are dependent on the phosphorylation of serine (Ser) residues. Together with this post-translational modification, PR is marked for downregulation by proteasome machinery. These experiments used the western blotting technique to measure pituitary expression of PR-A and PR-B isoforms and phosphorylation levels of Ser294 and Ser400 PR-B in rats bearing i) hFSH treatment or ii) PR downregulation. Treatment with hFSH reduced LH secretion and increased that of estradiol in proestrus afternoon. hFSH injections, without altering PR-A and PR-B content or ratio, caused a reduction in phosphorylation of Ser294 and Ser400 but only when pituitaries were previously challenged with progesterone or GNRH for 2 h. However, while pSer294 levels increased after 2 h of pituitary incubation with progesterone or GNRH, those of pSer400 were not modified by thesein vitrotreatments. Finally, progesterone had a biphasic effect: in 2-h incubations increased pituitary PR-A and PR-B content, but after 8 h caused downregulation and altered PR-A:PR-B ratio. The results provide a potential mechanism through which LH levels are decreased by hFSH administration and better understanding of the control of PR expression and phosphorylation in rat pituitaries.
Unilateral peripheral vestibular disorders in the emergency room of the ENT Department of Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Authors: Petri Maria , Chirila Magdalena , Bolboaca Sorana , Cosgarea Marcel
Published: April 2015

Objective: To asses the management of unilateral peripheral vestibular disorders in the emergency room of the ENT Department of Cluj-Napoca, Romania.Material and method: The study was prospective, non-randomized and included the patients presented for dizziness or balance disorders at the emergency room of the ENT Department between March 2012 and March 2013. Demographic characteristics, specific clinical history, the onset of peripheral vestibular disorders, and co-morbidities were recorded. The patients charts included the type of onset and the treatment (medical, surgical, and rehabilitation) performed in the emergency room or in case of hospital admission, the relieving measures for the vestibular symptoms with or without hearing recovery.Results: One hundred and fifty-two subjects were included in our study, 97 with pure peripheral vestibular dysfunction (VD), 34 with cochlear-vestibular dysfunction (CVD), and 21 with Ménière’s disease (MD). No significant differences were identified when the proportion of patients with a certain onset (acute, subacute or chronic) were compared. Hypertension was the most frequent co-morbidity in all investigated groups. No significant difference was observed when the relief of vertigo or hearing recovery were compared between all groups.Conclusion: This first Romanian report on the management of unilateral peripheral vestibular disorders showed that early corticosteroids treatment associated with electrolytes, antiemetic, and vasodilation drugs led to produces recovery of the vestibular function without any differences between the types of peripheral vestibular dysfunction. In addition, we obtained the complete recovery of the vestibular and acoustic dysfunction in the cases treated with metylprednisolone intratympanic injection.
Safety issues of current analgesics: an update
Authors: Cazacu Irina , Mogosan Cristina , Loghin Felicia
Published: April 2015

Pain represents a complex experience which can be approached by various medicines. Non-opioid and opioid analgesics are the most common drugs used to manage different types of pain. The increased attention nowadays to pain management entailed concomitantly more frequent adverse drug reactions (ADRs) related to analgesic use. Drug-drug interactions can be sometimes responsible for the adverse effects. However, a significant proportion of analgesic ADRs are preventable, which would avoid patient suffering. In order to draw the attention to analgesics risks and to minimize the negative consequences related to their use, the present review comprises a synthesis of the most important safety issues described in the scientific literature. It highlights the potential risks of the most frequently used analgesic medicines: non-opioid (paracetamol, metamizole, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) and opioid analgesics. Even if there is a wide experience in their use, they continue to capture attention with safety concerns and with potential risks recently revealed. Acknowledging potential safety problems represents the first step for health professionals in assuring a safe and efficient analgesic treatment with minimum risks to patients. Taking into consideration all medical and environmental factors and carefully monitoring the patients are also essential in preventing and early detecting analgesic ADRs.
Combined glutathione S transferase M1/T1 null genotypes is associated with type 2 Diabetes mellitus
Authors: Porojan Mihai , Bala Cornelia , Ilies Roxana , Catana Andreea , Popp Radu A. , Dumitrascu Dan L.
Published: April 2015

Background Due to new genetic insights, a considerably large number of genes and polymorphic gene variants are screened and linked with the complex pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (DM).Our study aimed to investigate the association between the two isoforms of the glutathione S-transferase genes (Glutathione S transferase isoemzyme type M1- GSTM1 and Glutathione S transferase isoemzyme type T1-GSTT1) and the prelevance of DM in the Northern Romanian population.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional, randomized, case-control study evaluating the frequency of GSTM1 and GSTT1 null alleles in patients diagnosed with DM. A total of 106 patients diagnosed with DM and 124 healthy controls were included in the study. GSTM1 and GSTT1 null alleles genotyping was carried out using Multiplex PCR amplification of relevant gene fragments, followed by gel electrophoresis analysis of the resulting amplicons.ResultsMolecular analysis did not reveal an increased frequency of the null GSTM1, and GSTT1 alleles (mutant genotypes) respectively in the DM group compared to controls (p=0.171, OR=1.444 CI=0.852-2.447; p=0.647, OR=0.854, CI=0.436-1.673). Nevertheless, the combined GSTM1/GSTT1 null genotypes were statistically significantly higher in DM patients compared to control subjects (p=0.0021, OR=0.313, CI=0.149-0.655)ConclusionsThe main finding of our study is that the combined, double GSTM1/GSTT1 null genotypes are to be considered among the polymorphic genetic risk factors for type 2 DM.
First record of two species of Gorgonidia Dyar, 1898 (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae) from Brazil
Authors: Teston José Augusto , Freitas Margarida Pereira de
Published: April 2015

This note reports the first record of Gorgonidia vulcania Toulgoët, 1987 and G. whitfordi (Rothschild, 1909) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae) in Brazil. The specimens were found in the Tapajós National Forest, Pará state, Eastern Amazon. The distribution of G. vulcania is enlarged 870 km south of its type locality; and the distribution of G. whitfordi is enlarged 820 km south of the nearest previously known record for the species.
Necessidades de aprendizagem de alunos da Educação Profi ssional de Nível Técnico em Enfermagem
Authors: Góes Fernanda dos Santos Nogueira de , Côrrea Adriana Katia , Camargo Rosângela Andrade Aukar de , Hara Cristina Yuri Nakata
Published: April 2015

Objetivo: identificar necessidades de aprendizagem de alunos da Educação Profissional Técnica (EPT) em Enfermagem. Estudo qualitativo, realizado em município do Estado de São Paulo. Método: os sujeitos foram alunos, professores e coordenadores da EPT e alunos do curso de bacharelado e licenciatura do ensino superior que já tiveram contato com EPT. A coleta de dados deu-se por questionário socioeconômico e círculos de cultura sobre as necessidades de aprendizagem. Para análise de dados utilizou-se a análise de conteúdo. Resultados: constatou-se que alunos têm dificuldades em conteúdos não relacionados à Enfermagem, como português e matemática, e também em disciplinas introdutórias do curso de EPT o que possivelmente pode interferir negativamente na aprendizagem de conteúdos específicos da Enfermagem, bem como na qualidade do cuidado à saúde. Conclusão: faz-se necessário repensar os conteúdos ministrados e modos de ensinar desde a educação básica, assim como a formação do docente que hoje atua na EPT.
Qualidade de vida e atividade física em profi ssionais de terapia intensiva do sub médio São Francisco
Authors: Freire Cícero Beto , Dias Ricardo Freitas , Schwingel Paulo Adriano , França Eduardo Eriko Tenório de , Andrade Flávio Maciel Dias de , Costa Emilia Chagas , Junior Marco Aurélio de Valois Correia
Published: April 2015

Objetivo: o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o nível de atividade física (NAF) e a qualidade de vida (QV) dos profissionais que trabalham em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). Método: tratou-se de um estudo transversal realizado em UTIs clínicas adultos, onde o NAF foi avaliado pelo questionário internacional de atividade física (IPAQ) e a QV através do questionário Medical Outcomes Study 36 (SF-36). Resultados: estavam ativos 50,85% de 59 profissionais, sendo os técnicos de enfermagem considerados os mais ativos (60,6%). A QV dos profissionais ativos foi melhor quando comparados aos inativos, com diferenças estatísticas para os domínios limitação por aspectos físicos, aspecto social e saúde mental. A jornada de trabalho estava acima do recomendado, sendo a dos médicos maiores que as dos fisioterapeutas, enfermeiros e técnicos de enfermagem (p = 0,04). Conclusão: profissionais de UTI fisicamente ativos apresentaram maior qualidade de vida provavelmente por possuírem uma menor jornada de trabalho e consequentemente mais tempo livre para realizar atividades físicas.
Valor de predição do Sistema de Triagem de Manchester: avaliação dos desfechos clínicos de pacientes
Authors: Guedes Helisamara Mota , Martins José Carlos Amado , Chianca Tânia Couto Machado
Published: April 2015

Objetivo: analisar o valor de predição do Sistema de Triagem de Manchester em relação à evolução clínica de pacientes. Métodos: estudo observacional prospectivo com 577 pacientes admitidos no Pronto Socorro e submetidos à classificação de risco. Foi utilizado o Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System - 28 (TISS-28) para mensurar a gravidade dos pacientes (desfecho primário) e os desfechos secundários: alta/transferência, óbito e tempo de permanência hospitalar. Análise descritiva e univariada foram conduzidas. Resultados: pacientes classificados na cor vermelha têm 10,7 vezes mais chance de ter pontuação acima de 14 no TISS-28 em relação aos demais. Pacientes classificados como vermelho têm 5,9 vezes mais chance de evolução para óbito quando comparados aos demais. Pacientes de alta prioridade de atendimento têm chance 1,5 vezes maior de ficar internado mais de 5 dias do que os de baixa prioridade. Conclusão: o STM se mostrou um bom preditor para os desfechos clínicos.
Prevalência de não adesão à farmacoterapia anti-hipertensiva e fatores associados
Authors: Barreto Mayckel da Silva , Cremonese Isabela Zara , Janeiro Vanderly , Matsuda Laura Misue , Marcon Sonia Silva
Published: April 2015

Objetivo: verificar a prevalência da não adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso anti-hipertensivo e sua associação com fatores biosócio-econômicos e assistenciais. Método: pesquisa descritiva de corte transversal, realizada com 422 indivíduos hipertensos. As informações foram coletadas, por meio de entrevistas domiciliares realizadas entre dezembro de 2011 e março de 2012. Resultados: os resultados demonstraram que os entrevistados eram, em sua maioria, do sexo feminino, casados, idosos, com baixa renda familiar e pouco tempo de diagnóstico. Foram considerados não aderentes ao tratamento medicamentoso 42.65% dos participantes. Os hipertensos não brancos, com menos de oito anos de estudo, que não frequentavam as consultas médicas; utilizavam mais de duas medicações anti-hipertensivas e que não possuíam plano de saúde apresentaram maiores chances de não aderirem à farmacoterapia. Conclusão: esses achados reforçam que hipertensos com características socioeconômicas desfavoráveis e dificuldade de acesso ao serviço necessitam de intervenções diferenciadas, a fim de estimulá-los a aderirem ao tratamento medicamentoso.
Auriculoterapia Chinesa para melhoria de qualidade de vida de equipe de Enfermagem
Authors: Kurebayashi Leonice Fumiko Sato , Silva Maria Júlia Paes da
Published: April 2015

Objetivo: avaliar a efi cácia da auriculoterapia para melhoria de qualidade de vida e redução de estresse em equipe de Enfermagem. Método: ensaio clínico randomizados 175 sujeitos em Controle (G1), Grupo Protocolo(G2) e sem Protocolo(G3). Foram avaliados pela Lista de Sintomas de Stress e SF36v2 no início, após 12 sessões e follow up (30 dias), entre janeiro/julho de 2012. Resultados: os dois grupos de intervenção reduziram o estresse (p<0.05), com efeito superior para o G3 (d=1,15). O G3 também foi superior na melhoria de qualidade de vida, especialmente no domínio físico (p=0.05). Conclusão: a auriculoterapia individualizada (G3) foi superior em efeito do que a auriculoterapia com protocolo (G2) para redução de estresse e melhoria de qualidade de vida.
Plantão psicológico e o cuidado na urgência: panorama de pesquisas e intervenções
Authors: Scorsolini-Comin Fabio
Published: April 2015

Este estudo de revisão integrativa da literatura científica teve por objetivo conhecer as principais pesquisas e intervenções realizadas na área do plantão psicológico. As buscas foram realizadas nas bases LILACS, SciELO, PePSIC, PsycINFO e na Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da Universidade de São Paulo no período de 2000 a 2014. Foram analisadas, na íntegra, 47 produções. O perfil predominante é de estudos qualitativos, empíricos e relatos de experiência desenvolvidos em serviços-escolas de Psicologia, com estudantes, supervisores e pessoas atendidas no plantão, a partir do referencial fenomenológico-existencial. Destaca-se a necessidade de que esses relatos dialoguem com os saberes teóricos da área, bem como sejam incrementados por pesquisas. As práticas podem ser mais diversificadas em termos teóricos e desenvolvidas em comunidades.
Acesso ao cuidado na Estratégia Saúde da Família: equilíbrio entre demanda espontânea e prevenção/promoção da saúde
Authors: Norman Armando Henrique , Tesser Charles Dalcanale
Published: April 2015

Este artigo propõe algumas diretrizes para a organização do trabalho na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) e na Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF), relacionadas aos desafios de prover acesso e equilibrar no cotidiano dos serviços ações de prevenção de agravos e promoção da saúde com o cuidado ao adoecimento. Primeiramente, apresenta algumas ideias específicas sobre a importância do acesso para a qualidade dos serviços de saúde, seguidas de uma crítica sintética - fundamentada nos conceitos de Geoffrey Rose - à estratégia preventiva de alto risco, que tem tido alto impacto na organização das rotinas assistenciais. A seguir, contextualiza a promoção da saúde relacionada ao cuidado individual na APS/ESF, discutindo o potencial sinérgico do cuidado e da promoção da saúde, em suas dimensões individuais e coletivas, para transcender o modelo biomédico/mecanicista. Finalmente, apoiado nos tópicos anteriores, no que tange aos seus desdobramentos operacionais e utilizando um exemplo concreto, propõe algumas diretrizes para a organização do trabalho e das agendas de médicos e enfermeiros da ESF, de modo a viabilizar equilíbrio e sinergia entre acesso ao cuidado e prevenção/promoção, com vistas ao fortalecimento da ESF como coordenadora local do cuidado e principal porta de entrada do Sistema Único de Saúde.
Organização tecnológica do trabalho em saúde bucal no SUS: uma arqueologia da política nacional de saúde bucal
Authors: Pires Fabiana Schneider , Botazzo Carlos
Published: April 2015

Este artigo discute a organização tecnológica dos modelos de atenção à saúde bucal à luz da Política Nacional de Saúde Bucal - PNSB. O referencial teórico-metodológico para este estudo estruturou-se em um histórico das políticas de saúde bucal no Brasil, buscando apreender o saber operante que norteou a prática neste campo. A abordagem das políticas de saúde procedeu-se sob teoria de M. Foucault na obra Arqueologia do Saber. Utilizou-se de revisão de documentos normativos do SUS e de publicações do período de 2000 a 2012. Procurou-se desvelar, a partir da organização tecnológica (categoria de análise) como tais políticas abordam as necessidades de saúde da população e quais ferramentas, instrumentos e tecnologias são oferecidas para o cuidado em saúde bucal. O SUS busca substituir modelos de organização do trabalho que transformem a prática de assistência odontológica (ineficaz, baixa cobertura, monopolista, baixa resolubilidade, mal distribuída geográfica e socialmente), por modelos voltados à promoção da saúde. O levantamento de artigos sobre a atual PNSB destacou nos serviços um modus operandi calcado na pragmática prática odontológica, plena de conflitos e contradições. Para que as diretrizes da PNSB transformem a prática em saúde bucal com novos arranjos tecnológicos no processo de trabalho, outras formas de vínculo e comprometimento devem ser almejadas. É necessário repensar a tecnologia do cuidado em saúde bucal como possibilidade da atenção com integralidade e de sua legitimação como um dos componentes da saúde em uma expressão ampliada: a da qualidade de vida.
Outpatient treatment of sleep disorders in Alzheimer patients
Authors: Scoralick Francisca Magalhães , Camargos Einstein Francisco , Freitas Marco Polo Dias , Nóbrega Otávio Toledo
Published: April 2015

Sleep disorders are common in patients with Alzheimer dementia and affect the quality of life of patients and of their caregivers. Despite the rising number of studies in the area, almost all of them are about non-pharmacological treatment. Our objective was to review the literature concerning pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches to treat sleep disorders of elderly patients with Alzheimer dementia in the ambulatory setting. The treatments revised consisted of sleep hygiene and/or use of intense light coupled or not with use of melatonin, cholinesterase inhibitors, antipsychotics, hypnotics or antidepressants. In addition to the non-pharmacological measures, there is evidence that the use of trazodone may aid the treatment of sleep disorders of older individuals with Alzheimer dementia. More studies are necessary to examine the non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatments revised herein.
Contribuições das neurociências ao processo de alfabetização e letramento em uma prática do Projeto Alfabetizar com Sucesso
Authors: Medeiros Mário ,   Universidade de Pernambuco,  Brazil, Bezerra Edileuza de Lima ,   Universidade de Pernambuco,  Brazil
Published: April 2015

Destaca contribuições das neurociências à compreensão dos processos neurocerebrais envolvidos no ensino-aprendizagem e mostra como essas contribuições podem ser utilizadas em associação com a teoria de Aprendizagem Significativa de Ausubel (2002) e com a Psicogênese da Língua Escrita de Ferreiro e Teberosky (1979). Defende a necessidade de familiarizar os profissionais da educação com conhecimentos referentes a esses processos para conduzir à melhoria do desempenho acadêmico vigente na maioria de nossas escolas
Relações entre indicadores de qualidade de ensino e desempenho de estudantes dos cursos de Pedagogia do Brasil no Exame Nacional de Desempenho dos Estudantes
Authors: Lacerda Leo Lynce Valle de ,   Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Brazil, Ferri Cássia ,   Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Brazil
Published: April 2015

Tem como objetivo investigar as relações entre os indicadores presentes no Conceito Preliminar de Curso (CPC) dos cursos de Pedagogia no Brasil, com base nos resultados do Exame Nacional de Desempenho dos Estudantes (Enade) de 2008 para essa área. Sete indicadores foram analisados: percentual de doutores, percentual de mestres, percentual de docentes em regime integral ou parcial, infraestrutura, organização didático-pedagógica, Indicador de Diferença entre os Desempenhos Observado e Esperado (IDD) e nota no Enade. Os resultados, apresentados segundo as combinações de organização acadêmica e categoria administrativa das IES brasileiras, mostraram relações significativas dos percentuais de doutores e de mestres com o Enade e o IDD, sendo mais fortes nas universidades estaduais e nas faculdades integradas privadas. O indicador de infraestrutura não se mostrou relevante para a maioria das combinações entre organização acadêmica e categoria administrativa, exceto para universidades estaduais. Os indicadores planos de ensino e dedicação parcial/integral mostraram correlação fraca ou ausente. Concluiu-se que a relação entre os indicadores de qualidade e o desempenho foi dependente da combinação entre organização acadêmica e categoria administrativa, de modo que se sugere que aprimoramentos no CPC poderiam considerar tais diferenças entre as IES. Estudos como este, em outras áreas de conhecimento, forneceriam mais subsídios para aperfeiçoar o Sistema Nacional de Avaliação da Educação Superior (Sinaes) e garantir os princípios nele estabelecidos.
Percursos e tendências da produção científica sobre crianças de 0 a 3 anos na Anped
Authors: Buss-Simão Márcia ,   Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Brazil, Rocha Eloisa Acires Candal , Gonçalves Fernanda ,   Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil,   Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil
Published: April 2015

Resulta de um levantamento dos trabalhos apresentados no GT07: Educação de crianças de 0 a 6 anos, nas reuniões anuais da Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Educação (Anped), entre os anos de 2003 e 2013, com o objetivo de mapear a produção científica sobre as crianças de zero a três anos de idade. Para a busca dos trabalhos, foram definidas algumas palavras-chave: educação infantil; creche; berçário; crianças pequenas; bebês; zero (0) a três (3). A primeira busca foi realizada nos resumos e nas palavras-chave propostas no próprio artigo, e, quando necessário, recorreu-se ao trabalho completo. A partir dessa busca, foram localizados 23 trabalhos que abordavam a temática, e estes foram lidos na íntegra para categorização e análise. Com base na leitura dos trabalhos, utilizando a estratégia metodológica de análise de conteúdo, foi possível, por meio de método indutivo, agrupá-los em temáticas: "dimensão pedagógica", "perspectivas sociológicas", "políticas para educação infantil" e "história". Destaca-se que no período entre os anos de 2003 a 2013 um total de 175 trabalhos foi apresentado no GT07, dos quais somente 23 trabalhos tiveram como preocupação as crianças de zero a três anos. Embora esse número seja muito inferior ao total, revela-se uma crescente preocupação e prioridade da área em relação à situação da creche e das crianças pequenas.
A concepção dos professores e educadores de educação infantil sobre o saber de Morin: ensinar a condição humana
Authors: Rodrigues Daniela Gureski ,   Universidade Federal do Paraná,  Brazil, Saheb Daniele ,   Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná,  Brazil
Published: April 2015

Tendo em vista que, devido à divisão do ensino em disciplinas, cada vez mais se fragmenta a visão do ser humano sobre si, assim, acredita-se que o ensino da condição humana deveria estar presente em todos os níveis de ensino, proporcionando aos indivíduos uma visão mais abrangente de si e do outro. Sob esse enfoque, este estudo pretende abordar e compreender as concepções que os professores e educadores de um Centro Municipal de Educação Infantil de Curitiba (PR) possuem sobre os aspectos que envolvem o terceiro saber de Morin: ensinar a condição humana. Portanto, foi necessário estabelecer as relações entre o terceiro saber, proposto por Morin, e as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para a Educação Infantil de 2009, identificando-se aspectos presentes no discurso dos professores e educadores que revelem em sua atuação esse saber. Dessa maneira, sinalizam-se mudanças necessárias no que diz respeito à formação dos profissionais da educação infantil para que se desenvolva uma prática mais centrada na condição humana, e, assim, o indivíduo compreenda que faz parte de um todo, podendo, dessa forma, romper sua fragmentação.
Expanding Cervical Cancer Screening and Treatment in Tanzania: Stakeholders’ Perceptions of Structural Influences on Scale-Up
Authors: McCree Renicha , Giattas Mary Rose , Sahasrabuddhe Vikrant V. , Jolly Pauline E. , Martin Michelle Y. , Usdan Stuart Lawrence , Kohler Connie , Lisovicz Nedra
Published: April 2015

Tanzania has the highest burden of cervical cancer in East Africa. This study aims to identify perceived barriers and facilitators that influence scale-up of regional and population-level cervical cancer screening and treatment programs in Tanzania. Convenience sampling was used to select participants for this qualitative study among 35 key informants. Twenty-eight stakeholders from public-sector health facilities, academia, government, and nongovernmental organizations completed in-depth interviews, and a seven-member municipal health management team participated in a focus group discussion. The investigation identified themes related to the infrastructure of health services for cervical cancer prevention, service delivery, political will, and sociocultural influences on screening and treatment. Decentralizing service delivery, improving access to screening and treatment, increasing the number of trained health workers, and garnering political will were perceived as key facilitators for enhancing and initiating screening and treatment services. In conclusion, participants perceived that system-level structural factors should be addressed to expand regional and population-level service delivery of screening and treatment.

Implications for Practice:

Tanzanian women have a high burden of cervical cancer. Understanding the perceived structural factors that may influence screening coverage for cervical cancer and availability of treatment may be beneficial for program scale-up. This study showed that multiple factors contribute to the challenge of cervical cancer screening and treatment in Tanzania. In addition, it highlighted systematic developments aimed at expanding services. This study is important because the themes that emerged from the results may help inform programs that plan to improve screening and treatment in Tanzania and potentially in other areas with high burdens of cervical cancer.
Phase II Study of Recombinant Antitumor and Antivirus Protein Injection Compared With Placebo in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer After Failure of Standard Treatment
Authors: Jia Ru , Wang Yan , Mao Xiao-Yang , Li Shan-Shan , Xu Nong , Xiong Jian-Ping , Shen Lin , Bai Li , Liu Wei , Liu Lie-Jun , Ge Fei-Jiao , Chen Yu-Ling , Lin Li , Xu Jian-Ming
Published: April 2015

Lessons Learned

Novaferon showed moderate efficacy and was well-tolerated in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), especially with the 20 μg injected 3 times a week strategy. Although Novaferon did not provide a survival benefit for mCRC patients who have failed standard treatment, it may play a role in improvement of immune function.

Background.

To observe the efficacy, safety, and optimal dosage of recombinant antitumor and antivirus protein (Novaferon) in treating patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) who failed at least two prior palliative regimens.

Methods.

We enrolled 108 patients from May 2011 to December 2012. According to different treatment modalities and therapeutic dosages, the participants were randomly divided into four cohorts at a 2:2:2:1 ratio: (a) 20 μg Novaferon (Genova Biotech, Beijing, People's Republic of China, http://www.genovabiotech.net) injected twice per week, (b) 20 μg Novaferon injected 3 times per week, (c) 40 μg Novaferon injected 3 times per week, or (d) saline injected 3 times per week. The primary endpoint was overall survival.

Results.

There was no significant difference in overall survival among the four cohorts. The 20-μg dose of Novaferon injected 3 times per week had the highest disease control rate (44.0%) at 6 weeks but without significant differences when compared with placebo (p = .159). Major adverse events with Novaferon were influenza-like symptoms, bone marrow suppression, liver dysfunction, and gastrointestinal discomfort. The level of natural killer cells increased and regulatory T cells decreased significantly after treatment with Novaferon, whereas levels in the placebo group remained the same.

Conclusion.

Novaferon showed moderate efficacy and was well tolerated in patients with mCRC, especially with the 20-μg dose injected 3 times per week. Furthermore, Novaferon might improve immune function of these patients.
El bienestar animal en sistemas productivos de ovinos-caprinos en Colombia
Authors: Acero Víctor Manuel
Published: April 2015

En Colombia, los sistemas pecuarios o sistemas productivos están enfocados hacia las especies con mayor “potencial” de exportación o de mayor consumo nacional, las cuales son: aves (carne, huevos, genética), bovinos (leche, carne, genética), porcinos (carne, genética) y peces. En menor escala están los búfalos, caprinos-ovinos, conejos y cuyes. De hecho, la normatividad nacional en cuanto a la producción primaria ha estado enfocada a las buenas prácticas ganaderas, avícolas, porcícolas, piscícolas; y actualmente existen normas para el sacrificio de bovinos, porcinos y aves. La industria de estas especies se encuentra bien desarrollada en general, aunque con algunos vacíos en bienestar animal, trazabilidad, sistemas de vigilancia y control de enfermedades, sistemas de inocuidad y cumplimiento de normatividad internacional para la exportación. Datos del 2012 muestran que la distribución de la producción pecuaria de Colombia está constituida principalmente por 27 millones de cabezas de bovinos, 25 millones de aves (pollos/gallinas), 2,5 millones de equinos, 1,6 millones de porcinos, 1,3 millones de caprinos, 1,1 millones de ovinos; entre otros. Esto demuestra el desbalance del sector agropecuario, donde hay una clara tendencia hacia las especies productivas tradicionales. Entre ovejas y cabras pueden sumar hoy en día unos 2,5 millones de cabezas.
The Cincinnati "School" of Paleontology
Authors: Caster Kenneth
Published: April 2015

The Cincinnati "School" of Paleontology flourished until near the close of the 19th Century. It was made up mainly of publishing amateurs whose works were viewed with little enthusiasm by the "eastern establishment." Many of the basic descriptions of the local Ordovician fossils first appeared in these works, most of which were privately printed. S. A. Miller, a local lawyer, was the most notable of these amateurs; his great compendia of American fossils were among the most useful publications of the era, and his privately printed descriptions and those in the Journal of the Cincinnati Museum of Natural History compare well with the professional productions of the era. Several of the amateurs eventually became distinguished university professors and leaders in the state and federal geological agencies and institutions. Charles Schuchert, Edward O. Ulrich, John M. Nickles, and Ray S. Bassler are a few of the local fossil-hunters who went on to higher endeavors and achieved notable success in paleontology.
Jed Hotchkiss and the Geological Map of Virginia
Authors: Roper Peter
Published: April 2015

William Barton Rogers' pioneering geological survey was terminated in 1842 with none of its three principal aims accomplished. In particular no funds were made available for the preparation of a geological map, even supposing that a suitable base map existed for the purpose. Thirty-four years were to elapse before Jedediah Hotchkiss, appointed by Virginia's Board of Immigration to write a wide-ranging geographical and political description of Virginia, produced a topographical map at a scale of 24 miles to one inch on which Rogers was able to delineate the results of the survey. Later, Hotchkiss publicized Rogers' work in the mining and scientific journal, The Virginias, which he founded in 1880. In the June issue of that year he included a version of this geological map. Later, Rogers and Hotchkiss planned to produce a new map at a scale of 8 miles to one inch.

Following the death of Rogers in 1882, Hotchkiss collaborated with Emma Rogers in preparing a reprint of Rogers' survey reports and other papers relating to the geology of Virginia; this was to be accompanied by the larger scale map. In the event, Hotchkiss was only able to provide a revisision of the 1880 map. However, he did edit and supervise the printing of the 96 sections produced by Rogers. These were exhibited at the New Orleans Exposition 1884/5 along with the new edition of the 24 miles to one inch map. He also displayed wall maps of Virginia at a scale of 3.5 miles to one inch, including one showing Rogers' geology.
Whiggism and Its Sources in Allègre's The Behavior of the Earth
Authors: Leveson David
Published: April 2015

Claude Allègre's recent book on the development and subsequent modification of plate tectonic theory is written from the perspective that history is a tale of progress. Analysis of the text reveals that this point of view originates from (1) a deep emotional attachment to the earth, explanatory theories of the earth, and the earth sciences; and (2) a firm conviction both that nature exists independently of those who seek to know her and that nature is knowable. Such attitudes facilitate research in science but hinder understanding of science.
George Catlin's Geology
Authors: Lloyd Joel
Published: April 2015

George Catlin, the noted Nineteenth Century painter of American Indians had a deep interest in geology which, in the late years of his life, was to lead him far astray. He wrote a strange little book, entitled The Lifted and Subsided Rocks of America, that was published by Trubner & Co. of London in 1870. In that work Catlin hypothesized that under the great mountain chains of North and South America there existed subterranean vaults, through which tumultuous rivers ran, debouched in the Gulf of Mexico, and intermingled to become the Gulf Stream. The fury of this torrent flung American Indians, clinging to driftwood and rafts, as far as the coasts of Europe.
Elie Bertrand (1713-1797) Sees God's Order in Nature's Record: The 1766 Recueil De Divers Traites Sur L'Historie Naturelle
Authors: Bork Kennard
Published: April 2015

Elie Bertrand (1713-1797) was a Swiss pastor/naturalist whose geological writings are illustrative of the growth of eighteenth-century natural history. Describing, cataloguing, and classifying formed the core of his work, but he also proposed theoretical analyses based on observations in the field. Bertrand's intellectual roots included Cartesian rationalism, British natural theology, and the Linnacan system of classification. Trained as a theologian. Bertrand viewed the physical world as a proving ground for showing God's Wise Design in nature. He was also committed to empiricism, and repeatedly called for expanding the base of geological knowledge.

Several of the published products of Bertrand's attempts to understand the natural world were brought together in the 1766 Recueil de divers traités sur l'histoire naturelle. By briefly considering each of the incorporated papers, it is possible to recognize the topics which interested eighteenth-century naturalists and to develop insight into the methodologies they used. In the Recueil we see Bertrand's eclectic epistemology attempt to deal with such topics as the interior of the earth, earthquakes, fossils, and the origin and Providential use of mountains.

Celebrated in his day, Bertrand was a correspondent of Voltaire, a counselor to the Polish court, and a member of numerous learned societies. He published articles in the French Encyclopédic, and his 1763 Dictionnaire universal des fossiles was among the most-read scientific books of the century. The obscurity which enveloped Elie Bertrand seems related in large part to the fact that he was an accumulator of data and a commentator about past theories, rather than an innovator of new concepts. As the natural theology that undergirded his writing became obsolete, the cogency of his arguments diminished. In the context of his time, however, Bertrand is an instructive example of how geoscience matured during what has been termed a sterile period in the development of natural history.
Lauge Koch: Pioneer Geo-Explorer of Greenland's Far North
Authors: Dawes Peter
Published: April 2015

Lauge Koch, Danish explorer, geologist, and cartographer, became a legendary figure in his lifetime. He was also a very controversial one. For 50 years he was concerned with Greenland affairs, spending 33 summers and 6 winters in the far north, making a profound impact on Greenland geo-science. He was a pioneer in regional map-making and in the use of aircraft in photogrammetric surveys. Koch was a colourful personality of international fame, a man of boundless energy, who-strangely as it may seem-perhaps made in his home country as many enemies as he had admirers.

Internationally, he is best known for his continuous work along the east coast between 1926 and 1958 as initiator and leader of expeditions that mapped the vast mountainous terrain of the East Greenland Caledonian fold belt. The results represent an outstanding co-ordinated effort of many international scientists. In contrast, Koch's earlier contribution, the topographical and geological mapping of northern Greenland from Baffin Bay to the Greenland Sea, is much more the work of one man. The results, accomplished primarily by dog-sledge and under particularly harsh conditions, are a mammoth achievement of regional map making unsurpassed in polar history, and one initiated long before the national commitment for regional mapping had taken shape.
Edward Hitchcock, Fucoides, and the Ichnogenus Scoyenia
Authors: Marché II Jordan
Published: April 2015

Historical research conducted on the scientific contributions of Edward Hitchcock (1793-1864) has documented the first complete published descriptions and illustrations of abundant Early Mesozoic nonmarine burrows from the Deerfield Basin, Massachusetts [Newark Supergroup] which of late have been called Scoyenia White 1929. Although Hitchcock believed that he was describing fossilized algae or seaweeds (fucoids), his observations revealed nearly all the diagnostic characteristics of the ichnogenus; in particular, the meniscate nature of its backfilling. Today, most of his original specimens have been relocated and examined. Probable reasons for the subsequent obscurity of his findings are explored, along with rediscoveries of the same trace fossil by later generations of paleontologists.
The Canadian Geological Survey: Hinterland Between Two Metropolises
Authors: Eagan William
Published: April 2015

Recognizing the 150th Anniversary of the foundation of the Geological Survey of Canada as an apt moment to assess and explore the historical context of the Survey, this paper examines the founding of the Survey, the role of William Logan as the first Director and the manner in which he shaped the structure and vocabulary of Canadian geology. The examination uses the concept of Metropolis and Hinterland pioneered by J. M. S. Careless to contextualize Canadian History.

Great Britain and the United States were metropolises for the Canadian hinterland. Great Britain was a model of imperial science and possessed a working consensus on doing geology that provided a framework for Logan and the Geological Survey. The United States, a less developed metropolis asserting its independence from British influence, offered a model of public geology in its Geological Surveys and a vocabulary of local nomenclature applicable to the Canadian rocks. Emulating both metropolises, Logan borrowed from each in a dynamic interaction as he worked to develop a distinctive response to Canadian social and scientific needs. Often uncomfortably aware of both metropolises and their mutual antagonisms, Logan had to carefully pursue his work in a setting of tension and opportunity, while creating a functioning Canadian Survey and a sophisticated Canadian geology.
C. F. Hartt's Contribution to Brazilian Museums of Natural History
Authors: Lopes Maria
Published: April 2015

Charles Frederic Hartt (1840-1878), a geologist who took part in Louis Agassiz's Thayer Expedition in 1865, returned to Brazil several times during his life: a solo trip in 1867, two of his own expeditions (while he was professor of geology at Cornell University), the Morgan Expeditions of 1870 and 1871, and his final voyage, which started in 1874. Hartt is known for his opposition to Agassiz's glacial theory of the Amazon River basin, for his contributions to Brazilian geological knowledge, and for his rôle in the Geological Commission of Brazil. Lesser known are his contributions and links to Brazilian Natural History Museums, institutions which played an important and lasting role in the development of geological sciences in Barizl. In Brazil, Hartt combined enthnographical work with his geological explorations, and he continued the ethnographical work initiated by Domingos Soares Ferreira Penna, a naturalist from Rio de Janeiro Museu Nacional who later became the director of Museu Paraense. When the Museu Paraense opened in 1871, Hartt donated books and what became the museum's first geological collections: both North American samples and samples which Hartt had collected in the Amazon region, some of which were sent to the United States to be classified and then returned to Brazil.

From 1876 to 1877, Hartt was employed by the Museu Nacional as head of the 3rd Section-Physical Sciences, Mineralogy, Geology and Paleontology, a position which enhanced his research, collecting, and his conferences. Even though Hartt had a three-year contract, he resigned after one year to devote all of his energies to the Comissão Geológica do Imperio do Brasil, the geological survey of Brazil which he directed.

Despite his short official connection with the museum in Rio, Hartt's activities with Brazilian museums provide insight into the issues relating to the transfer and adaptation of institutional models from one country to another.
Becoming Interested In Experiments: American Igneous Petrologists and the Geophysical Laboratory, 1905-1965
Authors: Geschwind Carl-Henry
Published: April 2015

The establishment of the Carnegie Institution of Washington's Geophysical Laboratory in 1905 and the pathbreaking work conducted there by Norman L. Bowen in the 1910s and 1920s are commonly considered to have rendered igneous petrology an experimental science. A closer examination of the work of American igneous petrologists outside the Laboratory reveals, however, that consideration of experimental data did not become an integral part of petrological practice until after World War II. To be sure, igneous petrologists celebrated the Geophysical Laboratory and its experimental approach in speeches and historical reviews throughout the interwar period. In their actual research, though, most igneous petrologists ignored the large body of experimental results gathered by the Geophysical Laboratory and treated Bowen's theory of differentiation as merely another speculative petrogenetic hypothesis to be tested against field data. These petrologists, many of whom were engaged in mapping for state and federal surveys, regarded laboratory data on simple anhydrous systems as simply inapplicable to real rocks. Not until after World War II, when the Geophysical Laboratory began large-scale experimentation on hydrous systems and natural rocks, did field petrologists generally accept the relevance of experimental data. At the same time, the institutional framework of igneous petrology changed in the late 1940s and 1950s as a number of experimental petrologists took advantage both of support from new government agencies, and of the rapidly increasing prestige of geochemistry within the discipline, to establish numerous new experimental laboratories. This change in the structure of the discipline, coupled with the greater reliance on hydrous systems and natural rocks in experimental work, finally led to the general incorporation of experimentation into petrological practice.
The Decline of The Use of "Lower Silurian" and The Rise of "Ordovician" In U.S. Geologic Literature
Authors: Yochelson Ellis
Published: April 2015

During the 1880s and 1890s, the term "Lower Silurian" was in common use in United States geologic literature, whereas use of "Ordovician" was exceedingly rare. The few comments regarding Ordovician which appeared were mostly based on concepts of priority and advocated usage of Lower Silurian. J. D. Dana, author of the most significant textbook of the time, consistently opposed adoption of the term. However, by the early 1900s, Ordovician was widely used in the literature and in 1903 it was adopted for use by the U.S. Geological Survey. There is no record of public discussion of the move away from Lower Silurian. C. D. Walcott, employed by the USGS throughout this interval, may have played a pivotal, but private, role in this change of stratigraphic nomenclature.
John Griscom in Europe 1818-1819: An Early American View of Mineralogy Abroad
Authors: Sinkankas John
Published: April 2015

In 1818 and 1819 the American chemist and mineralogist John Griscom (1774-1852) travelled to Europe to meet a variety of distinguished scientists and to tour museums, mineral collections and laboratory facilities. A keen observer, he gave a clear portrait of the state of European mineralogy at this time.
Alfred Wegener and the Origin of Lunar Craters
Authors: Greene Mott
Published: April 2015

Alfred Wegener is universally known for his work on continental drift, but Wegener also made an interesting contribution, just after the First World War, to the study of lunar craters. Wegener reviewed the various hypotheses for lunar cratering, evaluated them from the standpoint of physics, and then performed a series of simple but ingenious experiments from which he concluded that the craters were impact phenomena, occasionally accompanied by secondary melting. This work was probably more important for the theory of scale models in geophysical experiments than it was to the history of selenology, but Wegener's view that lunar craters were impact phenomena and (perhaps more significantly) the reasoning on which he based this conclusion are now generally accepted, along with his once-scorned ideas on continental mobility.