bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Time-dependent nonlinear finite element modeling of the elastic and plastic deformation in SiGe heterostructured nanomaterials
Authors: Karoui A. , Sahtout F. K. , Vlahovic B.
Published: January 2017

The study of strain and stress distributions and relaxation mechanisms during epitaxial deposition of ultra-thin film heterostructures is of critical importance for nanoelectronic materials. It provides guidance for the control of structures at the nanometer scale and insights into the underlying physics. In this paper, we present a time-dependent nonlinear finite element model, which realistically simulates the evolution of elastic and plastic deformation in SiGe heterostructured nanomaterials during epitaxial deposition. Dynamic elements have been used to simulate the layer-by-layer deposition and growth rate as well as chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) planarization. The thickness of add-on and etched-off layers was limited to few nanometers depending on the final epitaxial layer thickness and its growth rate. The material plastic behavior is described by the Von Mises yield criterion coupled with isotropic work hardening conditions and the Levy-Mises flow rule. The model has been successfully applied to the growth of ultra-thin (15 nm) strained-Si/Si1-xGex/Si(001) heterostructures. Depth and time dependent elastic and plastic stress and strain in the growing layers are quantified and the relaxation mechanisms are deduced. From the calculated elastic and plastic strain fields, we derived the relaxation factor, plastic strain rate, dislocation glide velocity, misfit, and threading dislocation density as well as several structural properties such as lattice parameters and misfit dislocation spacing and length. These were found in close agreement with published experimental data. The simulation was able to show at which step of the growth process and how often yielding events occur. Plastic deformation and so the nucleation and multiplication of dislocations appeared to occur consistently during growth of the graded-layer. The simulation was also able to predict that CMP of the SiGe-cap followed by a regrowth step will indeed further relax the graded layer. This two-phase relaxation mechanism is expected from the growth process but experimentally difficult to verify. Results from the simulation also show that rapid cooling is favored over slow cooling in order to retain the maximum amount of elastic strain in the strained-Si device layer.
Dirac bubble potential for He–He and inadequacies in the continuum: Comparing an analytic model with elastic collision experiments
Authors: Chrysos Michael
Published: January 2017

We focus on the long-pending issue of the inadequacy of the Dirac bubble potential model in the description of He–He interactions in the continuum [L. L. Lohr and S. M. Blinder, Int. J. Quantum Chem. 53, 413 (1995)]. We attribute this failure to the lack of a potential wall to mimic the onset of the repulsive interaction at close range separations. This observation offers the explanation to why this excessively simple model proves incapable of quantitatively reproducing previous experimental findings of glory scattering in He–He, although being notorious for its capability of reproducing several distinctive features of the atomic and isotopic helium dimers and trimers [L. L. Lohr and S. M. Blinder, Int. J. Quantum Chem. 90, 419 (2002)]. Here, we show that an infinitely high, energy-dependent potential wall of properly calculated thickness rc(E) taken as a supplement to the Dirac bubble potential suffices for agreement with variable-energy elastic collision cross section experiments for 4He–4He, 3He–4He, and 3He–3He [R. Feltgen et al., J. Chem. Phys. 76, 2360 (1982)]. In the very low energy regime, consistency is found between the Dirac bubble potential (to which our extended model is shown to reduce) and cold collision experiments [J. C. Mester et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 1343 (1993)]; this consistency, which in this regime lends credence to the Dirac bubble potential, was never noticed by its authors. The revised model being still analytic is of high didactical value while expected to increase in predictive power relative to other appraisals.
Monitoring in real-time focal adhesion protein dynamics in response to a discrete mechanical stimulus
Authors: von Bilderling Catalina , Caldarola Martín , Masip Martín E. , Bragas Andrea V. , Pietrasanta Lía I.
Published: January 2017

The adhesion of cells to the extracellular matrix is a hierarchical, force-dependent, multistage process that evolves at several temporal scales. An understanding of this complex process requires a precise measurement of forces and its correlation with protein responses in living cells. We present a method to quantitatively assess live cell responses to a local and specific mechanical stimulus. Our approach combines atomic force microscopy with fluorescence imaging. Using this approach, we evaluated the recruitment of adhesion proteins such as vinculin, focal adhesion kinase, paxillin, and zyxin triggered by applying forces in the nN regime to live cells. We observed in real time the development of nascent adhesion sites, evident from the accumulation of early adhesion proteins at the position where the force was applied. We show that the method can be used to quantify the recruitment characteristic times for adhesion proteins in the formation of focal complexes. We also found a spatial remodeling of the mature focal adhesion protein zyxin as a function of the applied force. Our approach allows the study of a variety of complex biological processes involved in cellular mechanotransduction.
Transient line starting analysis of the ultra-high speed PMSM
Authors: Cheng Wenjie , Li Wei , Xiao ling , Li Ming , Tian Yongsheng , Sun Yanhua , Yu Lie
Published: January 2017

Aiming at the ultra high speed permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) supported by gas foil bearings (GFBs), this paper calculates the transient line starting of the motor. Firstly, the start effect of the rotor composed of cylindrical PM and stainless steel sleeve is studied. Then, in order to enhance the start torque, copper ring, nickel ring and copper squirrel-cage are introduced in the rotor and their start effect are analysed, respectively. It can be found that the rotor including nickel ring can be accelerated to set speed, but all the other rotors are failed due to the higher PM and braking torques. It can be concluded that some material owning slight large relative permeability can be applied in the rotor to reduce the PM field and contribute to start by using the line-start method.
Stochastic dynamics of strongly-bound magnetic vortex pairs
Authors: Bondarenko A. V. , Holmgren E. , Koop B. C. , Descamps T. , Ivanov B. A. , Korenivski V.
Published: January 2017

We demonstrate that strongly-bound spin-vortex pairs exhibit pronounced stochastic behaviour. Such dynamics is due to collective magnetization states originating from purely dipolar interactions between the vortices. The resulting thermal noise exhibits telegraph-like behaviour, with random switching between different oscillation regimes observable at room temperature. The noise in the system is further studied by varying the external field and observing the related changes in the frequency of switching and the probability for different magnetic states and regimes. Monte Carlo simulations are used to replicate and explain the experimental observations.
Stress evolution of GaN/AlN heterostructure grown on 6H-SiC substrate by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Agrawal M. , Ravikiran L. , Dharmarasu N. , Radhakrishnan K. , Karthikeyan G. S. , Zheng Y.
Published: January 2017

The stress evolution of GaN/AlN heterostructure grown on 6H-SiC substrate by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PA-MBE) has been studied. AlN nucleation layer and GaN layer were grown as a function of III/V ratio. GaN/AlN structure is found to form buried cracks when AlN is grown in the intermediate growth regime(III/V∼1)and GaN is grown under N-rich growth regime (III/V<1). The III/V ratio determines the growth mode of the layers that influences the lattice mismatch at the GaN/AlN interface. The lattice mismatch induced interfacial stress at the GaN/AlN interface relaxes by the formation of buried cracks in the structure. Additionally, the stress also relaxes by misorienting the AlN resulting in two misorientations with different tilts. Crack-free layers were obtained when AlN and GaN were grown in the N-rich growth regime (III/V<1) and metal rich growth regime (III/V≥1), respectively. AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) heterostructure was demonstrated on 2-inch SiC that showed good two dimensional electron gas (2DEG) properties with a sheet resistance of 480 Ω/sq, mobility of 1280 cm2/V.s and sheet carrier density of 1×1013 cm−2.
Universal scaling of pair-excess entropy and diffusion in Yukawa liquids
Authors: Joy Ashwin
Published: January 2017

Understanding diffusion in liquids from properties of static structure is a long standing problem in condensed matter theory. Here, we report an atomistic study of excess entropy and diffusion coefficient in a strongly coupled Yukawa liquid. We observe that the pair excess entropy s2 scales with temperature as −3.285 (Tm/T)0.665 and contributes to about 90% of the total excess entropy close to the freezing transition Tm. We further report that at low temperatures where the diffusive transport is mediated by cage relaxation, the diffusion coefficient when expressed in natural units of the Enskog collision frequency and the effective hard sphere diameter, obeys the scaling law 0.04 es2 and deviates from it at high enough temperatures where cages cannot form.
Enhancement of spin orbit torques in a Tb-Co alloy magnetic wire by controlling its Tb composition
Authors: Kurokawa Yuichiro , Shibata Akihiro , Awano Hiroyuki
Published: January 2017

We investigated the current-induced domain wall motion (CIDWM) in Pt(3 nm)/TbxCo1-x(6 nm) alloy wires with various Tb composition (x). We found that the threshold current density (Jth) for the CIDWM in the TbxCo1-x alloy wires decreases with increasing x. In particular, the Jth with x = 0.37 is almost 3 times smaller than that with x = 0.23. We estimated Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) effective field (HDMI) by measuring CIDWM in a longitudinal magnetic field. We found that DMI constant (D) estimated by the HDMI also strongly depends on x. The size of the DMI may be modified by changing electronegativity or local atomic arrangement in Tb-Co alloy. These results suggest that Tb can induce strong HDMI and effectively affect CIDWM in TbxCo1-x alloy wires.
Effect of Fe substitution on the structural, magnetic and electron-transport properties of half-metallic Co2TiSi
Authors: Jin Y. , Waybright J. , Kharel P. , Tutic I. , Herran J. , Lukashev P. , Valloppilly S. , Sellmyer D. J.
Published: January 2017

The structural, magnetic and electron-transport properties of Co2Ti1−xFexSi (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5) ribbons prepared by arc-melting and melt-spinning were investigated. The rapidly quenched Co2Ti0.5Fe0.5Si crystallized in the cubic L21 structure whereas Co2Ti0.75Fe0.25Si and Co2TiFe0Si showed various degrees of B2-type disorder. At room temperature, all the samples are ferromagnetic, and the Curie temperature increased from 360 K for Co2TiSi to about 800 K for Co2Ti0.5Fe0.5Si. The measured magnetization also increased due to partial substitution of Fe for Ti atoms. The ribbons are moderately conducting and show positive temperature coefficient of resistivity with the room temperature resistivity being between 360 μΩcm and 440 μΩcm. The experimentally observed structural and magnetic properties are consistent with the results of first-principle calculations. Our calculations also indicate that the Co2Ti1−xFexSi compound remains nearly half-metallic for x ≤ 0.5. The predicted large band gaps and high Curie temperatures much above room temperature make these materials promising for room temperature spintronic and magnetic applications.
In-situ Enhanced Toughening of Poly(ethylene terephthalate)/elastomer Blends via Gamma-Ray Radiation at Presence of Trimethylolpropane Triacrylate
Authors: Xie Li-zhao , Chen Le-chen , Wang Mo-zhen , Wu Qi-chao , Zhou Xiao , Ge Xue-wu
Published: January 2017

Gamma-ray radiation has always been a convenient and effective way to modify the interfacial properties in polymer blends. In this work, a small amount of trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) was incorporated into poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/random terpolymer elastomer (ST2000) blends by melt-blending. The existence of TMPTA would induce the crosslinking of PET and ST2000 molecular chains at high temperatures of blending, resulting in the improvement in the impact strength but the loss in the tensile strength. When the PET/ST2000 blends were irradiated by gamma-ray radiation, the integrated mechanical properties could be enhanced significantly at a high absorbed dose. The irradiated sample at a dose of 100 kGy even couldn't be broken under the impact test load, and at the same time, has nearly no loss of tensile strength. Based on the analysis of the impact-fractured surface morphologies of the blends, it can be concluded that gamma-ray radiation at high absorbed dose can further in situ enhance the interfacial adhesion by promoting the crosslinking reactions of TMPTA and polymer chains. As a result, the toughness and strength of PET/ST2000 blend could be dramatically improved. This work provides a facial and practical way to the fabrication of polymer blends with high toughness and strength.
Study on Non-Newtonian Behaviors of Lennard-Jones Fluids via Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Dong Ruo-yu , Cao Bing-yang , Yun He-ming , Chen Bao-ming
Published: January 2017

Using nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations, we study the non-Newtonian rheological behaviors of a monoatomic fluid governed by the Lennard-Jones potential. Both steady Couette and oscillatory shear flows are investigated. Shear thinning and normal stress effects are observed in the steady Couette flow simulations. The radial distribution function is calculated at different shear rates to exhibit the change of the microscopic structure of molecules due to shear. We observe that for a larger shear rate the repulsion between molecules is more powerful while the attraction is weaker, and the above phenomena can also be confirmed by the analyses of the potential energy. By applying an oscillatory shear to the system, several findings are worth mentioning here: First, the phase difference between the shear stress and shear rate increases with the frequency. Second, the real part of complex viscosity first increases and then decreases while the imaginary part tends to increase monotonically, which results in the increase of the proportion of the imaginary part to the real part with the increasing frequency. Third, the ratio of the elastic modulus to the viscous modulus also increases with the frequency. These phenomena all indicate the appearance of viscoelasticity and the domination of elasticity over viscosity at high oscillation frequency for Lennard-Jones fluids.
Probabilistic prediction of wildfire economic losses to housing in Cyprus using Bayesian network analysis
Authors: Papakosta P. , Xanthopoulos G. , Straub D.
Published: January 2017

Loss prediction models are an important part of wildfire risk assessment, but have received only limited attention in the scientific literature. Such models can support decision-making on preventive measures targeting fuels or potential ignition sources, on fire suppression, on mitigation of consequences and on effective allocation of funds. This paper presents a probabilistic model for predicting wildfire housing loss at the mesoscale (1 km2) using Bayesian network (BN) analysis. The BN enables the construction of an integrated model based on causal relationships among the influencing parameters jointly with the associated uncertainties. Input data and models are gathered from literature and expert knowledge to overcome the lack of housing loss data in the study area. Numerical investigations are carried out with spatiotemporal datasets for the Mediterranean island of Cyprus. The BN is coupled with a geographic information system (GIS) and the resulting estimated house damages for a given fire hazard are shown in maps. The BN model can be attached to a wildfire hazard model to determine wildfire risk in a spatially explicit manner. The developed model is specific to areas with house characteristics similar to those found in Cyprus, but the general methodology is transferable to any other area, as well as other damages.
Transcriptome and Gene Expression Analysis of Cylas formicarius (Coleoptera: Brentidae) During Different Development Stages
Authors: Ma Juan , Wang Rongyan , Li Xiuhua , Gao Bo , Chen Shulong
Published: January 2017

The sweet potato weevil, Cylas formicarius (F.) (Coleoptera: Brentidae), is an important pest of sweet potato worldwide. However, there is limited knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying growth and differentiation of C. formicarius. The transcriptomes of the eggs, second instar larvae, third instar larvae (L3), pupae, females, and males of C. formicarius were sequenced using Illumina sequencing technology for obtaining global insights into developing transcriptome characteristics and elucidating the relative functional genes. A total of 54,255,544 high-quality reads were produced, trimmed, and de novo assembled into 115,281 contigs. 61,686 unigenes were obtained, with an average length of 1,009 nt. Among these unigenes, 17,348 were annotated into 59 Gene Ontology (GO) terms and 12,660 were assigned to 25 Cluster of Orthologous Groups classes, whereas 24,796 unigenes were mapped to 258 pathways. Differentially expressed unigenes between various developmental stages of C. formicarius were detected. Higher numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were recorded in the eggs versus L3 and eggs versus male samples (2,141 and 2,058 unigenes, respectively) than the others. Genes preferentially expressed in each stage were also identified. GO and pathway-based enrichment analysis were used to further investigate the functions of the DEGs. In addition, the expression profiles of ten DEGs were validated by quantitative real-time PCR. The transcriptome profiles presented in this study and these DEGs detected by comparative analysis of different developed stages of C. formicarius will facilitate the understanding of the molecular mechanism of various living process and will contribute to further genome-wide research.
Emotions
Authors: Campeggiani Pia , Konstan David
Published: January 2017

Only recently has the history of emotions emerged as a field of investigation, and within that field the study of emotions in classical Antiquity now plays a leading role. The belatedness of the field is due, in part, to the widespread assumption that emotions are universal and innate; hence, they have no history. They were the same for the ancient Greeks and Romans as they are today. Recent analyses of the emotions as socially constructed, at least in some degree, have encouraged comparative and historical approaches. Classicists, in turn, are privileged in having access to detailed and astute accounts of the emotions by native speakers of Greek and Latin, in addition to a wealth of literature, such as tragedy and the novel, that exhibits the emotions in action. This has prompted the rapid development of the field. This article begins, accordingly, with a brief overview of modern theories of emotions and then proceeds to overviews and more detailed studies of emotions in classical Antiquity.
Supererogation
Authors: Heyd David
Published: January 2017

Etymologically, the term “supererogation” refers to paying more than is due. Philosophically, it relates to the category of actions that lie beyond the call of duty. Historically, the concept was formed in Roman Catholic theology in the times of the Church Fathers but, following the fierce attacks on it by theologians of the Reformation, has almost become out of use. It was revived by J. O. Urmson in his article “On Saints and Heroes” (see Urmson 1958, cited under the Deontic Structure) and since then has played a major role in (nonreligious) ethical theory. Supererogation serves as a significant challenge to major ethical theories: Can utilitarians accept that obligatory action may be suboptimal (and that the very best action possible for an agent may often be supererogatory)? Can deontologists acknowledge the privileged moral value of actions that are not part of one’s duty but rather lie beyond it? Can virtue ethicists relate supererogatory action to a particular character disposition? Adherents to strict versions of these traditional ethical theories typically indeed deny the very possibility of supererogatory action (as did the Lutheran Reformers). Supporters of the idea of supererogation hold that ethical guidance to action has a double-tier structure: what one must do (the obligatory) and what one can only be encouraged to do (the supererogatory), the latter being concerned with nonobligatory yet (often highly) valuable action. Possible justifications of this two-tier structure lie within a wide spectrum of arguments and distinctions: what can or cannot be expected of average moral agents (on the basis of the “ought-implies-can” principle), accepting omissions of optimal action in terms of excuse, the value of leaving some space in moral action to free personal choice to go beyond given norms, basic conditions of social cooperation versus personal expressions of sympathy and solidarity, the moral as distinct from the rational, maximizing in contrast with satisficing, enforceable as against nonenforceable norms, universalizable norms versus self-imposed ideals, and the general gap between duty and (moral) value. The contested category of supererogation is often discussed through typical examples such as heroic actions, self-sacrifice, volunteering, forgiveness and pardon, and gifts and charity, as well as favors. The discussion of these examples exposes the two levels of the debate about the concept of supererogation: the first, which is mostly conceptual (although informed by normative concerns), relates to the issue of whether we need such a concept at all; the second, which is straightforwardly moral, focuses on the disputed demarcation line between the obligatory and the supererogatory.
Cognitive Sociology
Authors: Raphael Michael W.
Published: January 2017

Cognitive sociology is the study of the conditions under which meaning is constituted through processes of reification. Cognitive sociology traces its origins to writings in the sociology of knowledge, sociology of culture, cognitive and cultural anthropology, and more recently, work done in cultural sociology and cognitive science. Its central questions revolve around locating these processes of reification since the locus of cognition is highly contentious. Researchers consider how individuality is related to notions of society (structures, institutions, systems, etc.) and notions of culture (cultural forms, cultural structures, sub-cultures, etc.). These questions further explore how these answers depend on learning processes (socialization, acculturation, etc.) which vary according to the position one takes on the role of language in cognition. It is from these positions that we operationalize a theory of human nature and construct a justification for the organization of the state of human affairs and the related conceptualizations of identity, self, and the subject. In this way, cognitive sociology seeks to establish the minimal model of the actor (the ontology) that underpins not only other subfields of sociology but also the human sciences in general. In this way, cognitive sociology analyzes the series of interpersonal processes that set up the conditions for phenomena to become “social objects,” which subsequently shape thinking and thought. In classical cognitive sociology, the historical traditions of the sociology of knowledge and phenomenology are emphasized, with the work of Bourdieu and Goffman given special treatment, given their contributions as precursors to many of the contemporary contingencies and consequences of debates in culture and cognition. The principle organizing the more contemporary literature are the paradigmatic assumptions concerning the locus of cognition, which have been organized into five ideal-types. These elucidate the points of agreement and disagreement in the field by addressing how thematic concerns (e.g., knowledge, rationality, embodiment, practices, discourse, etc.) highlight the priority of individuality in modeling society, to illustrate what makes cognitive sociology at once interdisciplinary yet contentiously distinct in addressing the politics of “tacit knowledge.”
Air de Cour
Authors: Bane Michael
Published: January 2017

The air de cour (courtly song) is a genre of secular vocal music produced in France during the late 16th and first half of the 17th century. The term first appeared in a collection of twenty-two solo vocal pieces with lute accompaniment published in Paris in 1571 by Adrian Le Roy. Le Roy stated that the origins of the new genre lay in the courtly appropriation of a popular vocal form, the vaudeville, and contrasted its lightness and simplicity with the “arduous” chansons of Orlande de Lassus. These and subsequent airs de cour are marked by brief, usually bipartite forms, limited vocal ranges, homophonic textures, strophic texts, syllabic text settings, and the elevated, serious tone of poetry. Unlike Le Roy’s airs, however, most 16th-century examples are for four or five voices without lute accompaniment. Some also exhibit rhythmic features suggestive of musique mesurée à l’antique. The genre peaked in both production and popularity during the reign of Louis XIII (1610–1643). Many of the era’s preeminent composers contributed to the genre, including Pierre Guédron, Antoine Boësset, and Étienne Moulinié. Airs de cour of the 17th century appeared in three forms, all published by the Ballard firm: four- or five-voice polyphony; arrangements of polyphonic airs de cour for solo voice with lute or guitar accompaniment (the most popular form); and solo voice without accompaniment of any kind. The poetic texts of airs de cour are usually anonymous, and they most often treat themes of love with a limited and precious vocabulary then current among courtly circles. A number of 17th-century editors also produced sacred parodies of popular airs de cour. Amateur musicians were the primary audience of airs de cour, but professional singers performed them as well, often with improvised ornaments and diminutions. Around mid-century the air de cour began to lose ground to new vocal genres in France, in particular the air sérieux, which featured more regular meters and basso continuo accompaniment intended for theorbo or harpsichord. Despite its disappearance from French music publishing, the reserved melodies, conservative harmony, and poetic language forged in the air de cour continued to undergird French vocal music throughout the 17th century and into the 18th. This bibliography limits itself to the air de cour proper, excluding both the air sérieux and the minor vocal genres (such as the chanson à boire, chanson à danser, and récit de ballet) contemporaneous with the air de cour.
Five-Factor Model of Personality Traits and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Current Research and Future Directions
Authors: Chiaburu Dan S. , Oh In-Sue , Marinova Sophia V.
Published: January 2017

For over a quarter of a century, organizational scholars have sought to understand the ways in which employees contribute to organizational success through their organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Concurrently, personality traits have provided an important lens for illuminating what motivates such discretionary efforts. Our first purpose is to provide a state-of-the art, theoretically grounded review of the literature linking five-factor model (FFM) of personality traits to OCB. Second, we strive to clarify both our criterion construct (OCB) and our predictor space in order to facilitate the integration of past research and pave the way for future research. For our criterion space, we focus on three prominent types of OCB: directed toward individuals (OCB-I), toward the organization (OCB-O), and toward change (OCB-CH). For our predictor space, we examine FFM personality traits and FFM-based dark-side personality traits. Third, we offer new fruitful directions for future research. We conclude with three key themes for future research.
A Critical Transnational Perspective to Asian America
Authors: Espiritu Yen Le
Published: January 2017

Much of the early scholarship in Asian American studies sought to establish that Asian Americans have been crucial to the making of the US nation and thus deserve full inclusion into its polity. This emphasis on inclusion affirms the status of the United States as the ultimate protector and provider of human welfare, and narrates the Asian American subject by modern civil rights discourse. However, the comparative cases of Filipino immigrants and Vietnamese refugees show how Asian American racial formation has been determined not only by the social, economic, and political forces in the United States but also by US colonialism, imperialism, and wars in Asia.
Intelligence, Race, and Psychological Testing
Authors: Alfano Mark , Holden LaTasha , Conway Andrew
Published: January 2017

Philosophers have in recent decades neglected the state of the art on the psychology of intelligence tests as related to racial difference. A major theoretical issue is the measurement invariance of intelligence tests, the fact that blacks, Latinos, women, poor people, and other marginalized groups perform worse than average on a variety of different intelligence tests. But the skepticism now surrounding measurement invariance includes the importance of stereotype threat or the correlation of decreased performance level after test takers are exposed to stereotypes about themselves. Recent research suggests that people’s conceptions of intelligence influence how their own intelligence is expressed. In a study when high school students were informed that intelligence is not an essential or racially determined property, higher grades and better performance in core courses resulted.
Racial Identity, Racial Ontology, and Racial Norms
Authors: Mallon Ron
Published: January 2017

Racial norms—norms that prescribe or proscribe behaviors based on racial identity—are common, but controversial. While they explicitly refer to racial identity, it is not clear how race, understood as a kind of person, could justify such norms. The existence of racial identity presupposes the existence of race, and certain understandings of what racial identity amounts to presuppose much more. In light of this discussion, we can consider whether any racial norms are justified and, if so, how. Racial norms, if they are to be justified by appeal to racial identity, require strong communal accounts of what race is. But these communal forms of racial identity require demanding social arrangements among members of a racial identity that are not in place for prototypical national racial categories in the contemporary United States. It follows that racial norms cannot be justified by appeal to racial identity.
Race and K-12 Education
Authors: Blum Lawrence
Published: January 2017

Different socioeconomic backgrounds and barriers to education have contributed to lower educational achievement among blacks, Latinos, and Native Americans, compared to American whites and Asians. The failure of legal integration to close the racial achievement gap is the result of prejudice on the part of teachers, as well as a scarcity of culturally relevant curricula materials for nonwhite children. As a plausible solution to these problems, recent studies show that poor children do better in classes where middle-class children are also present. Middle-class children already have habits and values that support success in the educational system. Integrated schools are not sufficient, because they are often divided in “tracks” that reproduce racial segregation. Racial diversity in the K-12 classroom is fruitful preparation for civic engagement in a pluralistic society made up of citizens from diverse backgrounds.
Affirmative Action for the Future
Authors: Sterba James P.
Published: January 2017

Diversity instead of race-based affirmative action developed in the United States from the Regents of the University of California v. Bakke decision in 1978 to the present. There have been both objections to this form of affirmative action and defenses of it. Fisher v. University of Texas could decide the future of all race-based affirmative action in the United States. Yet however the Fisher case is decided, there is a form of non-race-based affirmative action that all could find to be morally preferable for the future. A diversity affirmative action program could be designed to look for students who either have experienced racial discrimination themselves or who understand well, in some other way, how racism harms people in the United States, and thus are able to authoritatively and effectively speak about it in an educational context.
The Quartet in the Political Persona of Ida B. Wells
Authors: James Joy
Published: January 2017

Antilynching activism and advocacy are codified in Wells’s writings, particularly the 1892 pamphlet Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases. Wells presented an astute political analysis of racial-sexual violence within US democracy that remains influential from the late nineteenth to the early twenty-first century. A review of Wells’s advocacy for Afro-American autonomy and self-defense to counter racial terror and rape, and her critique of the duplicity of antirape discourse that demonizes blacks, suggests that the legacy of Ida B. Wells is discernible in contemporary analysis and activism found in organizations such as Black Lives Matter and the Black Women’s Blueprint.
The Racialization of Muslims in the Post-9/11 United States
Authors: Sheth Falguni
Published: January 2017

Muslims in the post-9/11 United States have become racialized through a series of laws and public policies ostensibly designed to protect the American public. These occurrences support a functional account of race: laws and public policies are used to render certain populations vulnerable, possibly criminalizing them, rendering them without the protection of legal or political protection, and creating a hostile environment in which those populations are susceptible to political, social, and cultural targeting by the larger society around them. The United States’s social and political approach to law and public policy to buttress national security has created a hostile context for Muslims, rendering them not just a religious group that has been discriminated against, but racializing them and vilifying and dehumanizing them as a racial group.
Phenomenology and Race
Authors: Gordon Lewis
Published: January 2017

There are several misunderstandings regarding phenomenological approaches to the study of race—particularly the view that such research is a form of “applied” European or Euro-continental philosophy. Building on earlier work on racism as a form of bad faith and the philosophical anthropology of such a critique, an Africana existential phenomenological exploration of the study of race, racism, and the power dynamics behind their manifestations helps shift the Euro-centrism of contemporary phenomenology. An objection to the Afro-pessimistic assertion of blackness as social death can thus be raised from a Fanonian phenomenological perspective: Why must the social world be premised on the attitudes and perspectives of antiblack racists? Why don’t blacks among each other and other communities of color count as a social perspective?
Race and Existentialism
Authors: Judaken Jonathan
Published: January 2017

Race is central to the development of existentialism and its key axioms and understanding this broadens the existential map beyond Europe and its philosophical traditions. Norman Mailer, James Baldwin, Jean-Paul Sartre, Frantz Fanon, and Albert Memmi developed their existentialist critiques of race via a set of exchanges among themselves. Their body of work explains how a Jew like Mailer or Memmi comes to think of himself as a “white Negro” or an “African Arab.” It also enables us to consider whether race is an idea or a set of institutional and structural arrangements and what the ramifications of this debate are for how existentialists understand racism.
Ideal, Nonideal, and Empirical Theories of Social Justice
Authors: Zack Naomi
Published: January 2017

Ideals of justice may do little toward the correction of injustice in real life. The influence of John Rawls’s A Theory of Justice has led some philosophers of race to focus on “nonideal theory” as a way to bring conditions in unjust societies closer to conditions of justice described by ideal theory. However, a more direct approach to injustice may be needed to address unfair public policy and existing conditions for minorities in racist societies. Applicative justice describes the applications of principles of justice that are now “good enough” for whites to nonwhites (based on prior comparisons of how whites and nonwhites are treated).
Introduction
Authors: Zack Naomi
Published: January 2017

The philosophy of race, progressively understood, is new to academic philosophy, although figures in the canon, including Hume, Kant, Nietzsche, and Hegel, expressed and influenced scientific ideas of human races in terms that would today be considered racist. Changes in the biological and social sciences and historical anti-oppression movements during the twentieth century led first to African American philosophy and today more broadly to the philosophy of race. This volume contains leading twenty-first-century thought in this new philosophical subfield, including the following: ideas of race in the history of philosophy; pluralistic historical ideas of race from Indigenous, Latin American, and Asian American traditions; philosophy of science and race; ideas of race in American philosophy and continental philosophy; racism and neo-racism; race as social construction; contemporary social issues in education, medicine, sports, IQ testing, and police profiling; public policy, law, and political philosophy; and race and gender.
“Perilous Blessing of Leisure”
Authors: Krikun Andy
Published: January 2017

This chapter provides an overview of the rationales, efforts, and results of public and private initiatives promoted by musicians, educators, government officials, businessmen, and other advocates, to encourage active music making as a leisure activity in the United States during the first half of the twentieth century. Following the establishment of professional organizations promoting community music in the early twentieth century, private industries began to sponsor musical activities as recreational for their workers. State, county, and municipal governments funded programs to create opportunities for active music making in the community. The Federal Music Project of the Works Projects Administration (1935–1939) employed thousands of musicians and music educators across the country to perform concerts, teach music classes, and create new musical organizations. The chapter concludes with a description of a survey of music making in the industrial city of Pueblo, Colorado, conducted by sociologist and music educator Max Kaplan.
“What’s Your Name, Where Are You From, and What Have You Had?”
Authors: Richards Ronnie
Published: January 2017

This discussion considers the utopian/dystopian dialect in relation to Acid House culture in Leeds during the late 1980s. It utilizes an ethnographic, autoethnographic, and fictional/nonfictional narrative method to illustrate the key signifiers and relations of Acid House culture, including utopian ideals, social class, and the significance of geographical location. Overall the chapter serves to illustrate the significance of individual and group identities, the importance of embodiment and the changing intersection of social constructs such as class. Chas Critcher had defined Acid House as “no more that music associated with LSD,” but this chapter highlights the richly textured sense of feeling, space, place, and social relations that demonstrate Acid House was something much more than that. This chapter also has a direct association with the themes of agency, identity, meaning, and cultural appropriation.
Developing a Cultural Theory of Music Making and Leisure
Authors: Spracklen Karl
Published: January 2017

People listen to music in their leisure time, in leisure spaces, as a supposedly free act of agency. Yet social and cultural theorists show that leisure choices and spaces are constrained by hegemonic power, and that cultural forms such as music are products of commodification. This chapter explores these key claims for the use of music and the consumption of music in leisure spaces. It uses the work of Baudrillard on simulacra to explore the potential meaning and purpose of music in the lives of makers, listeners and fans—as a key device in constructing alternative hyperrealities to the capitalized reality of late modernity.
“While My Guitar Gently Weeps”
Authors: Lines David
Published: January 2017

The popularity of guitar has ensured that it has become a significant aspect of music in leisure. This chapter explores and reflects on the author’s personal leisure guitar experiences through six autoethnographic meditations. Themes from the meditations include tacit experiences, closeness, community, curiosity, and ethical dimensions associated with leisure guitar culture. These themes suggest an embodied view of music and a social connectedness with a living music culture. Using a Foucaultian lens, these themes are critically positioned alongside the experience of the neoliberal, schooled musical subject, who encounters expressions of power and subjectification in narrow, limiting terms. The chapter concludes by suggesting that the reflective process of autoethnography, an awareness and sensitivity of the body, and explorations of emergent subject positions are critical for a reconstituted music education and that leisure and music education can be envisaged together as synchronic forms of musical action.
“FX, Drugs, and Rock ’n’ Roll”
Authors: Ward Jenna , Watson Allan
Published: January 2017

The music industry is characterized by stereotypical images of excess, pleasure, intensity, and play that have given rise to folklore of “sex, drugs, and rock ’n’ roll.” Through a qualitative study of sound engineers this chapter explores two main questions: To what extent is the lived reality of working in studio contexts with creative artists reflected in the stereotypical representations of “rock ’n’ roll”? To what extent is the “rock ’n’ roll vibe” an organic, voluntary state of creativity or facilitated “emotional FX” elicited by studio staff to enhance particular musical performances? The chapter demonstrates ways in which engineers and producers manage their emotions to influence and support performances from artists. These emotional labor performances aim to recast the technological, and often stark, physical space of the recording studio as a site of autonomy and play, turning work spaces into sites of pleasure and excess in sometimes uncomfortable working conditions.
Community Music Practice
Authors: Howell Gillian , Higgins Lee , Bartleet Brydie-Leigh
Published: January 2017

Many people have become disengaged from music making owing to the commercialization and commodification of music practices. This chapter examines a distinctive response to that disengagement, through the work of community music facilitators, who connect on interpersonal and musical levels to encourage community music practice. Four case studies are used to illustrate the central notions of this approach. Underpinning these four case studies is the concept of musical excellence in community music interventions. This notion of excellence refers to the quality of the social experience—bonds formed, meaning and enjoyment derived, and sense of agency that emerges for individuals and the group—alongside the musical outcomes created through the music making experience. The chapter concludes by considering the ways in which community music opens up new pathways for reflecting on, enacting, and developing approaches that respond to a wide range of social, cultural, health, economic, and political contexts.
Motivational and Social Network Dynamics of Ensemble Music Making
Authors: Weren Serena , Kornienko Olga , Hill Gary W. , Yee Claire
Published: January 2017

Whereas musicians may be driven by an intrinsic desire for musical growth, self-determination theory suggests this drive must also be sustained and nurtured by the social environment. Integrating the theoretical frameworks of self-determination theory and social network analysis, the chapter investigates the relationship between participatory motivation and social networks in a collegiate marching band. This study documents that members are predominantly self-determined to participate and are particularly motivated for social reasons. Highly intrinsically motivated members are more integrated into the band’s friendship and advice networks and tend to be motivated by the value that other band members ascribe to the activity. This suggests these members are internalizing those values and seeking others with similar viewpoints. The findings highlight the centrality of the social experience in the band for individual’s motivation to participate in music making and leisure and have implications for sustaining and promoting motivation and well-being in musical ensembles.
Red Light Jams
Authors: Pignato Joseph
Published: January 2017

This chapter considers the transformative power of leisure music making as leisure by examining the lasting impact a series of adolescent jam sessions had on the lives of two participants. Those experiences, which the participants have affectionately dubbed “the Red Light Jams,” offered a formative, potent mix of refuge, catharsis, and transformation of their individual identities, of their friendship, and of their burgeoning musicianship. The chapter draws on autoethnography, structured reminiscence, and narrative reporting to describe those experiences of making rock music. Although the participants lead separate adult lives, they often share memories of those sessions. The author analyzes their recollections through a variety of lenses, including the concept of intentionality, Foucault’s notion of crisis heterotopias, and Lukács’s understanding of artistic activity as catharsis.
Ingroup-Outgroup Trust
Authors: Kramer Roderick M.
Published: January 2017

Social scientists have long recognized the role that trust plays in shaping the course of intergroup relations. However, little attention has been afforded to explicating the foundations of trust in intergroup contexts. A primary aim of the present chapter is to review and assess the scholarly literature on trust as it pertains to, and might inform our understanding of, how intergroup relations manifest themselves. In particular, this chapter focuses on several fundamental questions regarding trust in intergroup contexts. First, how should trust be conceptualized in the context of ingroup-outgroup relations? Second, what are some of the barriers to the development of trust between groups? Third, what are the benefits of such trust? Finally, how might these barriers be overcome, especially in situations where a climate of distrust and suspicion already prevails?