bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uso del gestor bibliográfico digital colaborativo en el contexto investigativo
Authors: Mercado Borja William Enrique , Mantilla Rafael Ricardo , Torres Murillo Gladys Patricia , Ravelo Méndez Roisman
Published: May 2022

El artículo dilucida un estudio de caso, con enfoque cualitativo y nivel descriptivo, sobre experiencias que caracterizan la utilización investigativa del gestor bibliográfico digital colaborativo llamado en adelante (GBDC). Por ello, se construyó una escala que devela los distintos usos y niveles educativos de estudio del GBDC para cualificar la investigación y la producción académica; de ahí, que se busque analizar las tendencias de uso en las tesis de maestría. En dicho estudio, participaron 111 estudiantes de módulos adscritos al área de investigación aplicada. Los resultados dejan ver al GBDC como un medio de recopilación, organización y compartición de documentos para el trabajo colaborativo, además de que su uso en la investigación se ubica en un nivel alto. Se puede inferir que en el programa de maestría existe un diseño curricular abierto y flexible con inclusión en tecnologías de información y la solidificación de una red virtual de aprendizaje basada en la socialización de experiencias de valor.
Lab Automation Based on IOT
Authors: Koli Miss. Rutuja Shivaji , Kothali Miss. Anuja Abhijit , Korishetti Miss. Radhika Sachin , Gurav Miss. Mrunal Raju , Hatgine Prof. Ravikant A.
Published: May 2022

Abstract: The concept of laboratory automation has existed for years; such automation has been used primarily in nonclinical and industrial settings. Specimen movement and result reporting are based on the identification of specimens using bar coded specimens and bar coded specimen carriers. The implementation of a laboratory automation system is dependent on the presence of a laboratory information system. An interface between the laboratory information system and the laboratory automation system provides the information required to move the specimen through the laboratory. The reporting of results is dependent on the laboratory information system or manual input, depending on the type of work cell in which the results are produced. The greatest hurdle to overcome in developing and implementing a laboratory automation system is the integration of systems, including commercial laboratory instrumentation and user-defined work cells. The barriers to implementation primarily are proprietary in nature: instrument software and instrument hardware. When the instrument manufacturers realize the necessity for development of electronic and physical integration, the proliferation of laboratory automation systems will occur. This article describes the author's concepts of laboratory automation.
A Review on Recent Trends in Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting Technologies
Authors: Deshmukh Tanmay , Raipure Himanshu Chandragupta , Borkar Shubham , Shingne Ujwal , Mankar kshay Keshav , Shinde Chirag , Sahare Ayush Prafull , Dongre Amol
Published: May 2022

Abstract: Water is one of the world's most valuable resources. Water is required for a variety of tasks in our daily lives. The traditional method of damming rivers and transferring water to urban areas has its own set of social and political difficulties. In order to preserve water and satisfy our daily demands, we must consider alternative cost-effective and relatively simple technical techniques of water conservation. Rooftop rainwater collecting is one of the most effective ways to meet these needs. To begin, the necessary data, such as catchment regions and hydrological rainfall data, are gathered. The collected water must be analysed physically, chemically, and biologically in a laboratory setting. The rooftop's water collecting potential must be calculated. In this review paper methods of analyzing rooftop materials, basic rooftop designing for rainwater harvesting and new technological updates in identification and evaluation of a potential rooftop for rainwater harvesting are reviewed. Keywords: Rwh , Gis , Materials , Remote Sensing
Municipal Solid Waste Management and Disposal BMC
Authors: Parida Soumya Ranjan , Sahoo Sourav , Behera Lipsita , Dash Sushreesangeeta , Mishra Dr. Haripriya
Published: May 2022

Abstract: Solid waste management is a challenge for the cities authorities in developing countries mainly dueto the increasing generation of waste, the burden posed on the municipal budget as a result of the high costs associated to its management, the lack of understanding over a diversity of factors that affect the different stages of waste management and linkages necessary to enable the entire handling system functioning. Bhubaneswar is one such city of Eastern India, having a moderate and unscientific waste management system. This studies attempts to assess the existing state of municipal solid waste management in Bhubaneswar city with the aim of identifying the main obstacles to its efficiency and the prospects for improvisation of the solid waste management system in the city. The existing solid waste management system in the city is found to be inefficient. This paper systematically assesses the obstacles in the existing solid waste management system in city also ties to assess the potential for its improvisation. Keywords: Solid waste management, municipal, developing countries.
TomoChat: Privacy Focused App
Authors: Maniar Kabir , Joshi Vivek , Bhandarkar Arnav , Khandekar Manas , Salvi Mr. Manish
Published: May 2022

Abstract: In Today's Day and age a messenger app is a necessity, as humans we are social animals and have only survived with the help of one another. Tomo in TomoChat means friends. TomoChat is a new messenger app with a spin, it is privacy focused and open source. What does that mean for the user? It means that the user's data is not being farmed and sold to the highest bidder, your conversations are not being read by government agencies, and you are not being targeted with ads. In addition, it means that the app is not being developed by a large corporation, but by a team of developers who are passionate about privacy and security. TomoChat uses the Google Firebase as its server. Firebase is a cloud service that provides a real-time database, user authentication, and static hosting for web apps. TomoChat chose Firebase because it provides a scalable infrastructure for TomoChat to grow.
La reconstitución de demi-embriones: un factor a considerar para el buen éxito de la bisección de embriones. Revisión
Authors: Lorenzo-Torres Alfredo , Rangel-Santos Raymundo , Ruíz-Flores Agustín , Ambríz-García Demetrio Alonso
Published: May 2022

For many years it has been sought to increase the reproductive efficiency of livestock using biotechnologies such as embryo bisection. However, despite its potential in livestock, its level of adoption is limited. The present work reviews the importance of demi-embryo reconstitution, after bisection, and the main factors that limit its success in livestock. It is possible to increase its level of adoption if it is possible to increase the efficiency currently obtained with this technique, this can be achieved by making a more precise selection of the embryos subjected to bisection. Embryo quality is one of the most important factors related to the potential to reconstitute into viable demi-embryos after bisection, which can be used with greater reliability in embryo transfer programs.
Actividad antimicrobiana de plantas nativas de Sonora, México, contra bacterias patógenas aisladas de leche de vacas diagnosticadas con mastitis
Authors: Sosa-Castañeda Jesús , Manzanarez-Quin Carmen Guadalupe , Valdez-Domínguez Ramón Dolores , Ibarra-Zazueta Cristina , Osuna-Chávez Reyna Fabiola , Rueda-Puente Edgar Omar , Hernández-Moreno Carlos Gabriel , Santos-Espinosa Alejandro , Epigmenio-Chávez Alejandro , García-Baldenegro Claudia Vanessa , Gonzalez-Soto Tania Elisa , Armenta-Calderón Ana Dolores , Heredia-Castro Priscilia Yazmín
Published: May 2022

La mastitis bovina es una enfermedad causada por bacterias patógenas que infectan la glándula mamaria del ganado lechero, lo cual genera pérdidas económicas importantes, además, debido al uso excesivo de antibióticos para tratar esta enfermedad, los microorganismos han creado resistencia a estos fármacos, por ello, se buscan nuevas alternativas para este fin. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto antimicrobiano de extractos de plantas nativas de Sonora contra bacterias patógenas aisladas de vacas diagnosticadas con mastitis. Se obtuvieron 17 extractos etanólicos de plantas nativas de Sonora, y se evaluó su actividad antimicrobiana por el método de difusión en agar contra siete patógenos aislados de leche de vacas con mastitis utilizando una concentración de 50 mg/ml de cada extracto. El contenido de fenoles y flavonoides totales se determinó mediante espectrofotometría. Los resultados mostraron que los extractos de Ibervillea sonorae (wereke, tubérculo), Populus alba (álamo, hojas), Ambrosia ambrosioides (chicura, tallos), Krameria sonorae (cosahui, raíces) y Prosopis velutina (mezquite, hojas) fueron eficaces para eliminar a S. aureus, Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Enterobacter spp., Proteus spp., Shigella spp. y Citrobacter spp. (P<0.05). Además, los extractos con alto contenido de fenoles y flavonoides totales (wereke, álamo, chicura, cosahui y mezquite)  mostraron una correlación inversa con respecto al pH (r = -0.94, r = -0.92, respectivamente) (P<0.05) y presentaron mayor actividad antimicrobiana contra los patógenos probados. Por lo anterior, los extractos de las plantas de Sonora podrían  representar una alternativa para el control de patógenos  Gram (+) y Gram (-) que infectan la glándula mamaria del ganado lechero.
Setting Aside National Rules that Conflict EU law: How Simmenthal Works in Germany and in Latvia?
Authors:   10.22364/iscflul.8.2.10, Beutel Jochen , Broks Edmunds , Buka Arnis , Schewe Christoph ,   Faculty of Law, University of Latvia
Published: May 2022

At the centre of this article is the Simmenthal line of cases of the Court of Justice of the European Union, which establish the duty of every national court or administrative authority not to apply any national law that conflicts with the EU law. The article provides a brief overview of the evolution of the Simmenthal case law at the EU level. It then proceeds to assess how Simmenthal is applied at national level through comparative analysis of experience from Germany and Latvia. A particular emphasis in that regard is placed on the role of constitutional courts, as well as on the role of administrative authorities. Research from both countries points to a general adherence to the obligation established by Simmenthal. However, it also indicates certain discrepancies in national legislation, which obscure strict application of Simmenthal, especially for national administrations. Particularly in Latvia administration is not entitled to disapply national law on its own motion, whereas – explicitly following the Simmenthal doctrine – it would (theoretically) be entitled to do so in Germany.
Possible Improvement of Provisions of Latvian Civil Law Concerning Liability for Damages, Caused by Abnormally Dangerous Activity
Authors:   University of Latvia, Rasnacs Lauris
Published: May 2022

As members of society, we all substantially benefit from various activities, which impose increasing danger. Our PCs and mobile smartphones include several metals obtained through mining operations, numerous household items have been made by using chemical reactions. If we are ill, we may need medication, which is made by using chemical reactions and biological experiments. Autonomous vehicles and flying devices are gaining increasing popularity and extended application in both commercial and non-commercial use. Some more radical members of society may say that we do not need these things and may withdraw from their use. However, it would be more realistic to contend that the society would never give up existing comfort, even if it is gained at least partly by activities creating increased danger. Therefore, the question is, how to regulate the liability for damages, caused by the activities incurring increased or abnormal danger to ensure that these regulations provide sufficient protection for injured parties and, at the same time, do not discourage potential operators from carrying out these activities, which create significant positive effect, despite of their danger. Various jurisdictions are dealing with this question in different manner. The most important Latvian regulations are included mainly in the Art. 2347 para. 2 of Latvian Civil Law, adopted in 1992 and mainly mirroring the legal provisions of the earlier 20th century, with slight adjustments, introduced in 2012. The author of the present paper holds an opinion that this Latvian regulation should be revised on the basis of more recent examples from other jurisdictions, such as Netherlands, and partially taking into account the findings and proposals, made in such splendid example of international academic cooperation as Principles of European Tort Law (hereinafter – PETL). The author of the current article makes such comparative analysis, as well as examines case law, discusses findings of some other authors and, consequently, proposes several amendments, which should be considered in order to improve the Latvian regulations, dealing with liability for damages caused by abnormally dangerous activity.
Protection of the Weaker Party – to Whom is Labour Law Still Applicable?
Authors:   University of Tartu, School of Law, Tavits Gaabriel
Published: May 2022

National law is affected by a number of different international regulations and agreements. International agreements provide for rules aimed at harmonizing certain requirements and understandings that different countries should follow. In labour relations, international standards are set at two different levels – on the one hand, by the International Labour Organization (ILO), and on the other by regional standards – by the Council of Europe and the directives and regulations adopted by the European Union. All these international rules have important implications for national labour law. However, such international norms do not provide a clear personal scope – that is, it is not clearly defined to whom such international norms apply. Although the various international rules do not directly define the persons to whom those norms apply, – the implementation of international rules remains a matter for national law. Thus, the concept of both employee and employment relationship is shaped by national law. The exception here is the European Union, where the European Court of Justice has given an autonomous meaning to the concept of worker (particularly in the context of freedom of movement for workers). Although the concept of a worker and of an employment relationship has been developed by the Court of Justice of the European Union, Member States retain the right to define the employment relationship in accordance with the law in force in the respective Member State. The main factor in shaping employment relationships is the employee's dependence on the person providing the work, and the person providing the work also has an obligation to pay remuneration for the work performed. Although the scope of those rules is defined differently by different international rules, the characteristics generally applicable to the definition of an employee and the employment relationship are similar to those used in national law.
Consumer Personal Data as a Payment – Implementation of Digital Content Directive in Poland and Latvia
Authors:   Lubasz and Partner Law Office, Lubasz Dominik , Davida Zanda ,   University of Latvia,   Turiba University
Published: May 2022

The new Digital Content Directive is seen as an important step in adapting European private law to the requirements of the digital economy. However, the Directive gives the Member States a wide margin of discretion in determining many important legal aspects, for example, the Directive leaves contract typology to the competence of Member States. This has led to considerably varied legislative choices of Member States. Business models where consumers' data are used as payment are available in different forms in a considerable part of the market, but to this moment it does not have a specific regulatory framework. Consumer data as remuneration is a challenge to many national legal systems because it establishes a new legal phenomenon in those countries, Latvia and Poland among them. Therefore, this article deals with the implementation of the Digital Content Directive into the national law of Latvia and Poland limiting it to cases where the consumers do not pay the price but provide personal data to the trader. The paper aims to evaluate the implementation provisions and to identify potential gaps in the regulation of the analysed area, and finally, assess whether the goals of the Digital Content Directive are achievable. The research results of the paper reflect the current legal situation in Latvia and Poland, compare the planned strategies for the implementation of the Directive in both countries, and finally, provide some concluding remarks.
Entre os riscos nos muros e os riscos da lei: reflexões sobre graffiti, pixação e empreendedores morais em São Paulo
Authors: Leal Gabriela
Published: May 2022

A quais interesses correspondem as jornadas de prefeitos que visam a coibir e punir as intervenções visuais urbanas? As reflexões deste artigo apontam algumas direções para responder a esta indagação. A partir de uma abordagem etnográfica e da análise de situações ocorridas entre os anos de 2016 e 2017, descrevo e analiso as operações e articulações de um prefeito para instituir um novo programa antipichação na cidade de São Paulo, cujo objetivo era aumentar as punições aplicadas àquelas e àqueles pegos em flagrante pintando na rua. A partir da análise deste caso, procuro mostrar como este tipo de esforço mobiliza estas práticas, especialmente o graffiti e a pixação, para expressar, pelo contraste, um certo paradigma de ordenação social e urbana. Argumento, ainda, que este tipo de empreendimento moral integra um conjunto mais amplo e diverso de artefatos de gestão urbana que visa não somente a manutenção de um certo estado das edificações e superfícies, como também determinar maneiras de ser e estar na cidade.
Prior Authorization: An Adversary to Timely Patient Care
Authors: Chapman Austin
Published: May 2022

The timeliness of patient care is often subject to the requirements of the prior authorization process for health insurance. From the perspective of insurance denials and administrative burdens, each stakeholder, including the patient, healthcare organization, and the payor, experience a degree of risk that requires the need to remove barriers affecting the prior authorization process. These challenges, however, can be combatted by seeking to enhance the communication between all stakeholders and integrating technology in a manner that creates a more efficient and effective prior authorization process.
A koronavírus oltással kapcsolatos állampolgári attitűd vizsgálata szentimentanalízis segítségével
Authors: Bányász Péter , Tóth András , László Gábor
Published: May 2022

A 2020-ban kitört, új típusú koronavírus okozta globális pandémia számos kihívás elé állította a társadalmakat. E tekintetben több szempontból megnőtt a kiberbiztonság szerepe, hiszen az oltóanyag kutatásával kapcsolatos intézmények kiemelt helyen szerepeltek a támadók célpontjai között. Ennél is komolyabb kihívást jelent az oltással kapcsolatos infodémiás állapot, melynek keretében számos olyan álhírt terjesztenek, amelyeknek célja a társadalom bizonyos oltóanyagokkal kapcsolatos attitűdjének befolyásolása. A szerzők nemzetközi és hazai összehasonlításban vizsgálják a különböző oltóanyagokkal (AstraZeneca, Johnson and Johnson, Moderna, Pfizer, Sinopharm, Szputnyik V) kapcsolatos társadalmi attitűdöt szentimentelemzés segítségével. A mintavétel a 2020. január 1. és 2021. július 31. közötti időpontban valósult meg 30 nyelven az interneten nyilvánosan elérhető megosztásokat vizsgálva.
The incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following traumatic childbirth: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Lai Xiao lu , Li Haiqi , Zhou Lepeng , Liao Yan , Wen Shi Wu , Xie Rihua
Published: May 2022

Background Birth trauma may be a risk factor for postpartum
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, no systematic review on
postpartum PTSD in women with traumatic childbirth has been reported.
Objective This study aimed to estimate the incidence of PTSD following
traumatic childbirth through systematic review and meta-analysis. Search
strategy Six databases (CINAHL, PsycINFO, Embase, PubMed, CNKI and
Wanfang) were searched from inception to 28 February 2022. Selection
criteria Cohort studies and cross-sectional studies related to the
incidence of PTSD following traumatic childbirth were included. Data
collection and analysis Two reviewers independently conducted studies
selection, quality evaluation of studies, and data extraction. The
Random-effects meta-analysis was conducted to derive the pooled
incidence using Stata 16.0 software. Main results A total of nine
studies with 1,823 women experienced traumatic birth were included. Of
them, 353 were identified as PTSD. The pooled incidence of PTSD after
traumatic childbirth was 19.2% (95%CI: 11.9%~26.5%).
Subgroup analyses showed that the incidence of PTSD varied with
traumatic birth/PTSD assessment scales and time, and type of study
participants. Meta-regression analyses indicated that the study country
was a significant source of heterogeneity, and the sample size birth
trauma/PTSD were potential predictors of incidence of PTSD after a
traumatic birth. Sensitivity analysis by deleting one study at a time
yielded similar results. Conclusions The incidence of PTSD in women with
traumatic childbirth is about 19%, which is much higher than that in
general postpartum population. Keywords post-traumatic stress disorder,
incidence, traumatic childbirth, postpartum, meta-analysis
Clinical and Epidemiological Features and Severity Markers in Children Admitted with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MISC) in a Tertiary Care Center in UAE
Authors: AboAlEla Habiba H. , Ali Abdulrahman , A Ghadah Al-Sharif , Abuhammour Walid , Almoosa Mohammad , Arango Diego , Al-Fraihat Ali , Ho Samuel , HK Amar , Popatia Rizwana , Yavuz Lemis
Published: May 2022

Background: Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children
(MISC) is a phenomenon that appeared in children infected with or
exposed to SARS-CoV-2. The typical onset of MISC is 4-6 weeks following
SARS-CoV-2 infection and is formulated to be due to an immune response.
Methods: Our study retrospectively analyzed data from a
tertiary center in UAE of MISC patients who were admitted to either
general pediatric wards or pediatric intensive care (PICU) or who came
exclusively for follow-up (post PICU admission) from May
2020 to August 2021.   Results: The total sample size is 50
patients and the study included a comparison of PICU admissions with
none PICU admissions. The PICU sample size was 18 patients, 50%
females, with mean age of 8.3 years all were previously healthy. PICU
patients had deranged blood counts with a lower hemoglobin count, a more
pronounced lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia along with hypoalbuminemia.
PICU patients presented with relatively higher inflammatory markers:
CRP, PCT, ferritin and D-dimer. Immunological studies were significantly
higher for IL-6 levels in PICU patients. On echocardiography, higher
myocardial dysfunction was more notable in patients admitted to PICU.
Children admitted in PICU were provided with more extensive therapy. As
part of our study course, we re-evaluated our PICU patients twice, once
at 48 hours post PICU admission and again 4-6 weeks after discharge from
the hospital. No deaths have been recorded in the cohort.
Conclusion: This study evaluated risk factors of MISC and
potential severity features. Follow up of patients on discharge showed
improvement across all domains.
Paul's Downward Mobility
Authors: Willis Wendell
Published: May 2022

In Phil 4:12, Paul asserts that he knows how to be abased and how to abound. If this is more than a cliché and Paul is being genuine about his life, while his being abased can be shown easily in his letters, it is less certain when he abounded. This essay explores what may be suggested about Paul's earlier life. In his apostolic life Paul says he was weak (άσθενής) and humiliated (ταπεινός), and the essay argues that this is a description of his contrasting this new life with how his life was before. In his apostolic life, Paul chose a downward mobility to empower his evangelism of the impoverished Gentiles of cities, becoming like those he sought to convert and in that way manifesting the similar path of identification of Jesus himself.
Revisiting Romans 7: Law, Self, and Spirit
Authors: de Waal Dryden J.
Published: May 2022

Romans 7 is a text that has confounded interpreters through the centuries and that continues to invite new solutions to its profound complexities. Using some new tools and insights, this article will clarify and develop a once-dominant interpretation—that Paul speaks about himself in Rom 7 in a manner that is representative of and normative for Christian experience. In a practical application of his already/not yet eschatology, Paul discloses the psychological battles of a discordant self ravaged by sin but at the same time testifies to signs of a new self united to Christ. That said, Paul's real focus here is on the Law. Paul's “I” becomes the access point into his deepest reflections on the Law. As is widely recognized, Paul seeks to exonerate the Law in its connections with Sin and Death. But Paul's real motive in this exoneration—to connect the Law to the eschatological life-giving work of the Spirit—is often overlooked. Finally, Paul's reflections on the Law, the self, and the Spirit provide a space for reflection on Christian spiritual formation.
Paul Completes the Servant's Sufferings (Colossians 1:24)
Authors: White Joel
Published: May 2022

Paul's enigmatic claim in Col 1:24 that “he completes what is lacking with regard to the sufferings of the Messiah” has puzzled exegetes for centuries. Lexicographical analysis of the verb άνταναπληρόω has established its meaning as “to complete in the place of another,” a sense that rules out the most popular explanations. A new interpretation is proposed that begins by recognizing that Paul makes this statement with reference to his calling to be the apostle to the Gentiles. An examination of other relevant Pauline texts reveals that he finds the theological basis for his unique apostolic ministry in Isaianic Servant traditions, especially the second Servant Song. It is argued that, since Paul believes he has been given a role in completing the Servant's mission to be a light to the nations (compare Acts 13:47 with Isa 49:6), he may well have sensed a calling to complete the Servant's sufferings as described in the fourth Servant Song.
Paul the Rabbi of Messianic Judaism: Reading the Antioch Incident within Judaism as an Irreducibility Story
Authors: Willitts Joel
Published: May 2022

This article presents a reconsideration of the Antioch incident of Gal 2:11–21, arguing that Paul's issue with Peter and the Jewish believers in Jesus in Antioch was not theological, but halakhic, that is, how to live as a Messianic Jew particularly in relationship to Gentile Messiah believers. Paul's use of the story from his days in Antioch analogically served his purpose among Galatian Gentile Messiah-believers by both asserting his apostolic authority and by instructing them to resist any attempt to embrace an ethnically Jewish identity in Messiah. Such an interpretation of this significant Pauline crux derives from two factors. First, the study assumes that Paul was still firmly within the diverse Judaism of the late Second Temple period. Thus, the study considers the meaning of the Antioch incident within the framework of a “Paul within Judaism.” Second, the study applies narratology to the interpretation of Gal 2:11–21. Taking notice of the storied structure of the passage, consisting of a beginning, middle, and end, this article reads the parts of the story in relationship to the whole. The consequence of these two factors is (1) a plausible historical interpretation of the events of Antioch, albeit from Paul's perspective, and (2) a reading of the passage that is sensitive to its literary character.
Tablets of Fleshly Hearts: Paul and Ezekiel in Concert
Authors: Aernie Jeffrey W.
Published: May 2022

The multiplicity of scriptural allusions that Paul develops in 2 Corinthians provides a window through which to consider Paul's rhetoric and apostolic self-presentation. The present essay seeks to develop the contours of the relationship that develops between Paul and Ezekiel in 2 Corinthians. The primary argument is that Paul's introduction of the prophetic material in Ezekiel, with his specific reference to Ezek 36:26 in 2 Cor 3:3, does not play merely a cursory role in the development of the letter. In contrast, Paul's use of the Ezekiel tradition shapes both the development of his argument and the presentation of his own apostolic identity.
Enemy Love in Paul: Probing the Engberg-Pedersen and Thorsteinsson Thesis
Authors: Hubbard Moyer V.
Published: May 2022

This article summarizes and critically appraises the proposals by Troels Engberg-Pedersen and Runar Thorsteinsson—in numerous publications—that Paul's love ethic was not universal in scope but was restricted to Christ-followers only. Specifically, these authors contend that, while Paul encouraged believers to be kind to everyone, he did not expect them to extend love to everyone, in particular not to their enemies. Paul's love-commands, they claim, constitute an “in-group” code of conduct, and stand in marked contrast to Stoic ethics, where love is universal in scope, extending to all humanity. This article argues that this sort of restriction of Paul's love ethic is not supported by a careful examination of the key Pauline texts, and runs against the grain of the apostle's theology, ethics, and practice. Finally, a close comparison of Paul and Musonius Rufus, one of Paul's Stoic contemporaries, on this topic will demonstrate the importance of correctly assessing the relative priorities of each ethical system for a proper evaluation of the tradition as a whole.
Cursed by God? Galatians 3:13, Social Status, and Atonement Theory in the Context of Early Jewish Readings of Deuteronomy 21:23
Authors: Streett Daniel R.
Published: May 2022

Paul's citation of Deut 21:23 in Gal 3:13 is often misunderstood, as Paul is frequently thought to be declaring that Jesus, by virtue of his crucifixion, fell under the curse which Deut 21:23 pronounces on victims of that form of execution. This, it is claimed, was the mechanism by which Jesus atoned for sin, as God transferred the curse resting on humans to Jesus, who bore it vicariously. There is no evidence, however, that Second Temple Jews read Deut 21 as cursing all crucifixion victims. Rather, a wealth of evidence suggests that they understood the Law to curse only those crucified victims who were truly guilty of capital offenses against God. Therefore, there is good reason to believe that Paul, himself a Second Temple Jew convinced of Jesus's innocence, did not believe that Jesus was cursed by God solely by virtue of his manner of death on a cross. Thus, Paul's language in Gal 3:13 when he speaks of Christ “becoming a curse” rather than becoming “accursed” is significant. It refers to Jesus's humiliation and execration at the hands of his fellow Jews, not his becoming vicariously cursed by God. It is thus not an explanation of the mechanism by which Christ achieved atonement. This reading receives virtually unanimous support from Patristic interpretations.
Reconsidering Bελιάρ: 2 Corinthians 6:15 in Its Anti-imperial Jewish Apocalyptic Context
Authors: Tucker Paavo
Published: May 2022

In the history of scholarship, the epithet Bελιάρ in 2 Cor 6:15 has been considered almost unquestionably to be a reference to Satan or a demonic being. Recent studies however have called for a reexamination of Paul's language of the demonic, which can be situated in its political and religious contexts as Jewish Apocalyptic demonization of the Roman Empire and emperor cult. This article will further the inquiry into Paul's language of the demonic by examining how בליץל developed from its meanings in the Hebrew Bible and the Septuagint by way of Jewish Apocalyptic literature into Paul's use of the term as Bελιάρ in 2 Cor 6:15. These texts evince a complex notion of Bελιάρ as denoting not only a demonic spirit such as Satan, but often also human referents controlled by Satan, such as foreign rulers who oppose God and his people. Particularly, I will argue that this is the case in the anti-imperial context of 2 Cor 6:14–7:1, where the opponent of Christ as Bελιάρ should be understood as a reference to Nero, who is known as Bελιάρ also in the Sibylline Oracles and the Ascension and Martyrdom of Isaiah. This designation will shed light on Paul's communicative goals to Christians at Corinth, which was established as the center of the Achaian Provincial imperial cult in the same year that Nero became emperor in A.D. 54, just prior to Paul writing 2 Corinthians.
Echoes of a Hymn in a Letter of Paul: The Rhetorical Function of the Christ-Hymn in the Letter to the Colossians
Authors: Copenhaver Adam
Published: May 2022

The “Christ hymn” of Col 1:15–20 has aroused the interest of scholars for several generations, not least because of its exalted prose, poetic features, and mysterious provenance. However, less attention has been given to the hymn's rhetorical function within the broader letter to the Colossians. This article demonstrates how the letter repeatedly echoes, interprets, applies, and argues from the hymn, and this in turn leads to the conclusion that the hymn functions as an essential foundational proof undergirding the letter's argumentation.
Kerygma and Community: A Response to R. W. L. Moberly's Revisiting of Bultmann
Authors: Congdon David W.
Published: May 2022

In a 2012 article, R. W. L. Moberly brought Bultmann into conversation with Augustine around the question of hermeneutical presuppositions. The article affirmed Bultmann's emphasis on "existential openness" but criticized his apparent disregard for the church as the primary presupposition for biblical interpretation. Moberly's article misreads Bultmann, however, and misses the deeper logic at work in Bultmann's apparent lack of attention to ecclesiology. The community, as the bearer of the kerygma, is included within the event that it proclaims. Ecclesiology is therefore indirectly present, so that, as Bultmann states regarding John, "one may not conclude from this that interest in the church-community is completely absent. On the contrary, there is a very lively interest in it."
Divine Ordinances and Life-Giving Remedies: Galatians in the Writings of Cyprian of Carthage
Authors: Murphy Edwina
Published: May 2022

As Bishop of Carthage in the mid-third century, Cyprian was responsible for uniting his flock and keeping them on the path to salvation in the midst of persecution, schism, and plague. Cyprian turned to the Scriptures to answer the questions raised by these crises, and the way he applied them to his own situation reveals the interplay of theology and exegesis. This is particularly evident in his use of Galatians, which is strikingly different from that of modern interpreters. This article examines all of Cyprian's quotations of and allusions to Galatians through the lens of his dominant pastoral concerns: the unity and uniqueness of the church and her sacraments, care for the poor and captive, the necessity of discipline and repentance, and the contrast between present privation and future reward. It categorizes the reading strategies he uses as models, images, maxims, direct application, and indirect application. Cyprian's use of Galatians highlights his paraenetic concern as well as the variety of ways he applies Scripture to the needs of his congregation, exploring different aspects of its meaning. It also makes evident the interplay between his pastoral concerns, his theology, and the text. This is seen not only in the verses he does use but also in those he does not, as he demonstrates a pronounced aversion to quoting verses that cast the law in a negative light.
Theological Interpretation and the Christian Year: Time, Narrative, and Performance
Authors: Wright Stephen I.
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACTS

Regular worship following the rhythm of the Christian calendar offers a productive framework for the theological interpretation of Scripture. Indeed, it may be argued that worship is the normative place for this interpretation, where its characteristic features are displayed—notably, that it is engaged in by the people of God, rather than being purely imposed by an authority figure or carried out in detachment, that it is enacted rather than merely thought or spoken, and that it yields an abundance of meanings within the boundaries of the regular rehearsal of the Christian narrative. The dynamics of theological interpretation within this setting are illustrated by brief discussion of some of the practices and hymnody traditionally associated with the different seasons of the year—in particular Advent, Epiphany, Lent, Passiontide, and Easter. In distinctive ways, these seasons invite participation in the biblical narrative, centered on Christ, and thus engage the worshiper in the process of interpreting their own world in its light.
"Was St. Thomas Crucified for You?" 1 Corinthians 1:12–13 and the Premodern Critique of Theological Schools of Thought
Authors: Harris Steven Edward
Published: May 2022

Theological schools of thought, such as Thomism, Scotism, Lutheranism, and Calvinism, have long been a problematic feature of the academy. They have given rise to much polemic and mutual recrimination. This article puts forward a theological critique of these schools by way of a reading of premodern exegesis of 1 Cor 1:12–13: "Each of you is saying, 'I am of Paul,' or 'I am of Apollos,' or 'I am of Cephas,' or 'I am of Christ.' Is Christ divided? Was Paul crucified for you? Or were you baptized into the name of Paul?" This reading proceeds in three stages: first, an examination of Christ's proper authority as the one teacher and the relationship of theologians to that authority; second, the polemic against schools of thought, whether philosophical, heretical, monastic, scholastic, or Protestant, as contravening Christ's authority; third, the positive implications of such a doctrine for how we are to "use," in the Augustinian sense, all teachers Christ has given the church, in light of their proper relationship to his teaching. Finally, a few recommendations for how students and teachers can respond to this exegesis in the contemporary setting are indicated.
Justifying Allegory: Scripture, Rhetoric, and Reason in Galatians 4:21–5:1
Authors: Starling David I.
Published: May 2022

This article examines the way Paul seeks to justify his claim in Gal 4:24 that the story of Hagar, Sarah, and the two sons whom they bore to Abraham is to be understood as an allegory of two covenants bearing children (respectively) for slavery and freedom, and explores the implications for Christian theological interpretation of Scripture. Recent interpretations of the passage range from those that represent Paul as bringing to the text of Scripture the interpretive warrants for his appropriation of the text to those that represent Paul as deriving his interpretive warrants from within Scripture itself. I propose a reading that resists polarization between these two alternatives, tracing the various interwoven threads of inner-biblical intertextuality, salvation-historical narrative, apocalyptic revelation, apostolic ethos, and Galatian experience within the argument that supports Paul's allegorical appropriation of the Genesis story, and highlighting the fusion of dramatic and persuasive functions that the allegory serves within Paul's deliberative rhetoric. Understood in this manner, Paul's interpretive practice in Gal 4:21–5:1 does not provide a global warrant for speculative allegorization. It does, however, provide an apostolic precedent for figural readings that cohere with the narrative logic of salvation history and contribute to the formative and directive functions of Christian doctrine within the life of the church.
Origen, Scripture, and the Imprecision of "Supersessionism"
Authors: Azar Michael G.
Published: May 2022

Though patristic writers interacted with and wrote about Jews with varying degrees of affinity and hostility, contemporary scholarship has frequently employed the term supersessionism as an umbrella concept under which to understand early Christian views of Jews and their practices. Considering closely Origen's theological approach to Scripture, this article evaluates the heuristic value of supersessionism as a means through which to analyze the multivalent patristic relationship to Jews. Origen provides a fitting source for such an examination, chiefly on account of his distinct understandings of the relationship between the Old and New Testaments, God's ongoing revelation in the Scriptures and their interpretation, and, most innovatively, time itself. The linear sequentiality of Scripture, revelation, and time presupposed by contemporary notions of supersessionism does not easily apply to Origen; thus, one must look for ways beyond "supersessionism" to understand Origen's opposition toward the continuation of Jewish practice.
Ricoeur and Ratzinger on Biblical History and Hermeneutics
Authors: Pidel Aaron
Published: May 2022

Paul Ricoeur and Joseph Ratzinger both challenge the pretended omnicompetence of the historical critical method in the field of biblical interpretation. Moreover, their respective counterproposals for coordinating historical analysis and hermeneutical synthesis exhibit structural similarities: each draws attention to a twofold "distance" intervening between the text and the "world behind the text," on the one hand, and between the text and the "world before the text," on the other. The two authors, however, are not fully agreed on the nature of this distance. Ricoeur, patterning this distance after the philosophical models of Husserl and Heidegger, tends to push the historical and cognitive dimensions of the biblical to text to the margins. Ratzinger, though appreciative of Ricoeur's work, argues from theological premises in favor of preserving a more robust—though not exclusive—role for both. These nuanced differences eventually terminate in appreciably different descriptions of the well-disposed interpreter, with Ricoeur emphasizing a kind of sympathy-in-distance with the interpretive community and Ratzinger recommending an immediate sympathy with the doctrinal faith of the church. Diverse ecclesiological presuppositions obviously come into play. I favor Ratzinger's approach for its ability to affirm a dynamism and elasticity of biblical meaning without altogether sacrificing the historical and cognitive controls on biblical interpretation.
Allegory as Embodiment: The Function of History in Origen's "Genesis Homily"
Authors: Boles Paul C.
Published: May 2022

Daniel Boyarin has recently characterized Origen's allegorical exegesis as a sort of disembodied history. Boyarin contrasts Origen's spiritual approach to the Scriptures with that of rabbinic midrash that, according to Boyarin, preserves the integrity of both history and bodies. In doing so, Boyarin has resurrected something of R. P. C. Hanson's classic critique of Origen's exegesis as disinterested in the actual events of history. Attempting to offer a corrective to Boyarin's characterization of the ramifications of Origen's interpretive practices, this article (1) demonstrates the way in which the last generation of scholarship has largely rejected Hanson's evaluation of Origen, making Boyarin's similar charge somewhat strange; (2) presents a reading of Origen's Genesis Homily 1 that shows how Origen's allegorical exegesis dramatically underscores the importance of history and bodies for his hearers; and (3) argues that Origen is concerned with history and bodies, just not in the way that scholars such as Hanson and Boyarin would like him to be.
What Is Theological Interpretation of Scripture?
Authors: Moberly R. W. L.
Published: May 2022

This essay offers some working definitions of theological interpretation before proceeding to considering something of the range of recent contributions to the field, contributions that are interdisciplinary, ecumenical, and interfaith. Moberly relates these to the development of his own understanding of theological interpretation, which includes the need to attend seriously to ideological critiques. Certain problems in recent work are highlighted—disproportion between theory and practice, injudicious rhetoric, Childs's failure to implement his own program, an uncomprehending inertia preference for older approaches—before a brief conclusion that suggests that renewed theological interpretation opens up fresh possibilities for understanding difficult texts such as Gen 22 and Josh 6.
Reading Job as Theological Disruption for a Post-Holocaust World
Authors: Tollerton David C.
Published: May 2022

The book of Job is cited with frequency within discourse on the Holocaust because of its protagonist's status as an archetypal figure of undeserved suffering. This article suggests that it may be further viewed as a resource in this context in a differing way: as a polyphonic text that acts as a disruptive force against finalized theological conceptualizations of unwarranted suffering. This urge to resist theodicy is one that has been often articulated by respondents to the Holocaust wishing to avoid the event's absorption into broader religious narratives. Yet, in certain instances, this is counter-voiced by a powerful drift toward theological resolution that renders appeals of this sort to "antitheodicy" and fragmentation little more than rhetoric. To consider these dynamics, two post-Holocaust receptions of the book of Job will be examined—those of David Blumenthal and Irving Greenberg. Job, it will be proposed, when understood as an internally dissonant text that queries its own utilization by theologians, can as act as a subversive force within Holocaust memory that pushes against finalization, forgetfulness, and religious "acceptance" of this radically dark element of modern history.
Stumbling over the Testaments: On Reading Patristic Exegesis and the Old Testament in Light of the New
Authors: McGinnis Claire Mathews
Published: May 2022

This essay begins with the distinction between two questions: why is patristic exegesis important, and why might a contemporary reader—particularly a university-trained biblical scholar—benefit from reading it? It observes that patristic exegesis has played an important role in the spiritual practice of lectio divina, and for this reason, it promises to help counter some of the ways in which the forces of professionalization and fragmentation in the theological disciplines undermine our ability to think theologically as exegetes and to converse with Christianity's long exegetical tradition. The essay argues that if biblical scholars are to find something of enduring value in patristic exegesis and some way of appropriating what we find there, we need a clearly articulated understanding of the relationship between the two Testaments of the Christian Bible, as well as an understanding of how Christ might be found in the first of those Testaments in a way that takes into account the ongoing life of these same biblical texts in Jewish interpretation and practice. The remainder of the essay explores three contemporary ways of conceiving of the relationship between the Testaments. The first and third of these allow for ways of reading the OT in light of the NT that avoid the dangers of supersessionism, while the second offers some cautions and touches on the place of Christian theological exegesis in the larger pluralistic context of biblical studies.