bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feminism and Migration
Authors: Hondagneu-Sotelo Pierrette
Published: July 2017

The second wave of U.S. feminism and the reconstitution of the United States as a country of immigration gained momentum in the 1970s. Recent manifestations of both feminism and immigration have left indelible changes on the social landscape, yet immigration and feminism are rarely coupled in popular discussion, social movements, or academic research. This article explores the articulations and disarticulations between immigration and feminism; it focuses particularly on the intersections of migration studies and feminist studies.
The State of Gender Studies in Political Science
Authors: Ritter Gretchen , Mellow Nicole
Published: July 2017

What effect has the study of gender had on political science? Compared to other branches of the social sciences, political science has been among the most resistant to feminist analysis. Political science scholarship generally is divided into four main subfields: political theory, American politics, comparative politics, and international relations. There are great disparities between these areas in the types and amount of gender scholarship that has been done. While feminist theory has become an accepted part of political theory, it has had a more limited impact in the other areas. Furthermore, where gender scholarship has appeared, it is often guided by intellectually conservative epistemological and methodological assumptions. Focusing on current major themes and significant works in the discipline, this article explores the differences in gender scholarship between subfields.
Feminism at Work
Authors: Wharton Amy S.
Published: July 2017

This article examines the contributions of feminist scholarship to the study of work, occupations, and organizations. Three themes in the literature are explored: (1) characteristics of housework and so-called women's work more generally; (2) economic inequality between men and women; and (3) structural and institutional bases of gender in the workplace. Feminist activists have shaped the direction of feminist scholarship on these themes, and this scholarship in turn has influenced feminist activists' strategies and orientations. The article concludes with a discussion of future challenges for feminist research on work.
What Did the Leading Candidates Say, and Did It Matter?
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall , Hagen Michael G. , Orr Dan , Sillaman Lesley , Morse Suzanne , Kirn Kim
Published: July 2017

The Annenberg 2000 study of the primaries found that voters learned the issue distinctions stressed by the candidates and that these distinctions influenced votes. The study also found that those in heavily contested primaries learned more than did voters in states with less contact with the candidates and their campaigns.
Jobs, Cities, and Suburbs in the Global Economy
Authors: Madden Janice Fanning
Published: July 2017

Intra-metropolitan shifts in the location of higher- income people increase the concentration of the poor in cities. These movements threaten the economic productivity of cities, endangering national prosperity. If we cannot utilize fully the capital, buildings, and environments that are unique to cities because of problems that arise from the concentration of the poor, then we have diminished the nation's "economic portfolio." Jobs decrease not only for city residents but for people throughout the nation, regardless of whether they live in or near a city. The author examines evidence for the premise that cities are essential to the productivity of the U.S. economy. She also examines how cities affect their suburbs. Some national policies are identified that encourage higher-income metropolitan residents to live in new suburbs. The policies include the home mortgage and property deductions from income taxes and the cost to city residents of poverty and other income redistribution programs.
The Black Hole of American Politics: Foreign Policy
Authors: Krauthammer Charles
Published: July 2017

Foreign policy has been neglected in American political campaigns, a remarkable situation given American dominance of the world. Ignoring foreign policy, in presidential campaigns and in politics in general, could make the world a dangerous place for the country. To keep the United States safe in the world, presidential candidates must bring foreign policy to the fore.
Determinants of Lasting Democracy in Poor Countries: Culture, Development, and Institutions
Authors: Clague Christopher , Gleason Suzanne , Knack Stephen
Published: July 2017

This article presents a statistical study of the determinants of democracy in the postwar period. Important variables are found to be former status as a British colony, island status, the share of the population professing Islam, the share of the population that is of European descent, penetration of the English language during British colonial rule, and a measure of ethnic homogeneity. The evidence suggests that cultural beliefs and institutional inheritances are important determinants of the viability of democracy in poor countries, even when controlling for literacy and socioeconomic development.
The Causes and Consequences of Corruption
Authors: Azfar Omar , Lee Young , Swamy Anand
Published: July 2017

In recent years, economists have come to recognize that corruption is not just an aberration or a nuisance; it is a systemic feature of many economies, which constitutes a significant impediment to economic development. The authors present an overview of the literature on the causes and consequences of corruption and briefly comment on some policy issues, drawing on recent research, including their own.
The Evolution of Thought on Intermediate Exchange Rate Regimes
Authors: Williamson John
Published: July 2017

This article traces the origins and evolution of proposals for exchange-rate regimes intermediate between fixed and floating rates. The origins are traced to Keynes's interwar writings. Keynes's ideas were revived in the 1960s literature on the (wide) band proposal and crawling peg and developed in the 1970s by the literatures on the reference rate proposal and optimal peg. The target zone proposals of the 1980s combined the band proposal and the crawling peg. Paul Krugman showed that a credible target zone would make speculation stabilizing. In the 1990s, a number of emerging markets employed such regimes until they were swept away in crises. This spawned the bipolar view, which asserts that in a world of capital mobility, countries have to choose between firmly fixed and freely floating rates. The article concludes by arguing that even the most attenuated form of intermediate regime, the reference rate proposal, would carry advantages over a floating regime.
Pity Poor Pascal
Authors: Dessauer John P.
Published: July 2017

Despite impressive sales gains in recent decades and substantial growth in the number of book buyers, the tradebook, mass market and, to some extent, professional book publishers are handicapped by serious weaknesses in the retail distribution system upon which the bulk of their marketing depends. The industry has largely itself to blame for these difficulties. Publishers are producing many more titles than the market can absorb. Retailers, though proliferating in number, often offer only very limited title selections to their clientele, thereby alienating the special interest customers that constitute the large majority of serious book buyers. The industry has failed, furthermore, to develop an effective fulfillment system by which specialized titles could be efficiently delivered on special order. The problem calls for industrywide cooperative action which has thus far failed to materialize. There are indications, however, that a new generation of publishing and retail managers is more receptive to new approaches, thus offering hope for an eventual solution.
Independent Publishing
Authors: Henderson Bill
Published: July 2017

The independent press movement is flourishing in America. Most of these independent presses have organized into the Committee of Small Magazine Editors and Publishers (COSMEP). The large commerical publishers continue to refuse financial support to independent presses, although these same commercial publishers often reap financial dividends from the creativity and experimentation fostered by the small presses. Despite nonsupport from the commercial establishment, the independent movement in this country has always prospered. Authors in this tradition include Thomas Paine, Parson Weems, Washington Irving, John Bartlett, Walt Whitman, Mary Baker Eddy, General Henry Robert, Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain), Stephen Crane, Edwin Arlington Robinson, Upton Sinclair, Carl Sandburg, Ezra Pound and Anais Nin. The small press movement continues today with several advantages not enjoyed in the past: associations like COSMEP, new distributors, open-minded review media and large bookstore chains that simplify distribution problems once thought to be insoluble for the independent publisher.
The Bright Promise of Publishing in Developing Countries
Authors: Smith Datus C.
Published: July 2017

Publishing in Asia and Africa has a bright future, due to a number of factors, ironically including the present state of underdevelopment. Few hostages have been given to fortune, and there are not nearly as many vested interests opposing progress in the developing countries as in American society. Usable “critical masses” exist in the languages, and the built-in growth factor is almost dreamlike in business terms. The future promises significant improvement in manufacturing methods, including much wider use of photocomposition (but also more extensive employment of typewriter composition), offset presswork, and so-called Perfect binding. One of the most useful developments, in both educational and business terms, may be the integration of publishing with electronic media. “Joint runs,” especially for color illustrations, are likely to be greatly multiplied. The most critical publishing need, however, is development of nationwide distribution systems for mass marketing at low prices. In the scholarly publishing field, Asia and Africa hopefully will avoid some wasteful American practices and perhaps will use on-demand publishing as an economical method for some specialized materials with low sales potential.
Who Controls Book Publishing in Anglophone Middle Africa?
Authors: Smith Keith
Published: July 2017

Book publishing in anglophone middle Africa must be interpreted against a background of illiteracy, an emphasis on achievement reading, and other social and infrastructural elements. International market forces acting through metropolitan publishers determine general and nonfiction publishing, whereas the major market governing African creative writing is found in African schools and universities. The actions of British publishing multinationals only diverge slightly from the pattern of multinational action in less developed countries. Educational publishing is dominated by these multinationals who, through localization and because of the barriers to African educational publishing, have generally retained their position. State publishing, retarded by problems, has not yet proved very successful. Only limited government action has been taken to adjust the balance in favor of indigenous publishing because a symbiotic relationship exists between the educational system, multinational publishers, bureaucrats and transnationalism.
Organizational Size and Work-Family Issues
Authors: MacDermid Shelley M. , Litchfield Leon C. , Pitt-Catsouphes Marcie
Published: July 2017

Although the number of small businesses has grown significantly, and the majority of American workers are employed by smaller companies, very little attention has been given to conducting research studies about work-family issues in these companies. This article presents information about other business studies that have focused on organizational size, and it highlights several research traditions that can be used to develop future studies of company size and work-family issues: organizational theories, and studies of community and school size. Studies that explore organizational and employee perspectives on work-family issues in smaller businesses are presented. Finally, recommendations are made for future studies to explore the relationship between organizational size and work family issues, including the suggestion that multilevel studies be conducted that combine both organizational and employee perspectives.
A New Work-Life Model for the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Barnett Rosalind C.
Published: July 2017

With the coming of the new century, talk of change and new beginnings is everywhere—the new family, the new workforce, the new corporation, the new employee-employer contract. In the midst of all this talk of change, however, policies and practices in the work-life area remain surprisingly the same. No innovative ways of framing the issues have captured the imagination of policymakers; no dramatically new approaches have been embraced to meet the needs of changed constituencies. The author argues that this stagnation is due to well-entrenched but out-of-date assumptions about men and women, work and family. These assumptions have served to severely limit the development of creative approaches to corporate work-family policies. The challenge for the new century is to break the hold of these assumptions and find fresh approaches to work-life issues. The aim of this article is to articulate one such fresh approach.
Creating a Research and Public Policy Agenda for Work, Family, and Community
Authors: Rayman Paula M. , Bookman Ann
Published: July 2017

In the last decades, there has been considerable effort from researchers and public policymakers to set an agenda for the United States on work, family, and community issues. There has been movement in both research and public policy to connect work and family perspectives, and, more recently, community contexts have been recognized as well. However, current research and public policy models have been limited by a number of deficiencies that prevent them from developing and implementing an agenda that has the capacity to move our nation forward to meet the challenges that lie ahead. In addition, there is little direct connection between the findings from current research and the content of new public policies. This article will review existing work, family, and community research and public policy in terms of prevailing strengths and deficiencies and then set forth possibilities for a future agenda.
Defining and Assessing Early Childhood Program Quality
Authors: Cryer Debby
Published: July 2017

In the United States, there is a definition of quality of early care and education (ECE) programs that is widely accepted in the early childhood profession. It emphasizes a child-centered approach to raising children, with caring adults who are kind and gentle rather than restrictive and harsh and who protect children's health and safety, while providing a wealth of experiences that lead to learning through play. According to the definition, individuality and creativity are encouraged rather than conformity. This definition is often criticized by those with differing perspectives, but in general, it appears to be valid for those who value the aspects of development that are associated with success in the current mainstream American educational system and society. In this article, the content, rationale, and criticisms of that definition of quality are presented. Methods used in its assessment, and information regarding its validity, are explained.
Child Care Experiences and Developmental Outcomes
Authors: Burchinal Margaret R.
Published: July 2017

Regular nonparental care during the first five years of life has become the norm, rather than the exception, during the past 30 years in the United States. Parents and professionals have expressed concerns about the impact of such care on children's development. Initially, much of the research focused on whether, when, and how much nonparental care the child received, suggesting that early and extensive care might negatively affect children's social and cognitive development. More sophisticated studies followed in which child care quality and family characteristics known to be related to both quality of care and child outcomes were also examined. Much of this literature indicates that children who experience better-quality care tend to display more optimal cognitive and social development than children who experience lower-quality care, although the associations tend to be modest. Implications for public policy are discussed.
Shackled in the Land of Liberty: No Rights for Children
Authors: Mohr Wanda , Gelles Richard J. , Schwartz Ira M.
Published: July 2017

This article addresses the rights of children in areas of juvenile justice, child welfare, and mental health. Although a large proportion of the juvenile court's business includes child welfare and mental health cases, these important areas are rarely considered by authors concerned with the future of the juvenile court. In mental health, children have few, if any, rights. Yet, they are often subjected to abuse and constraints that would constitute major civil rights violations if they were adults. In child welfare, children have some basic rights, but they are often dependent upon the virtually unbridled discretion of child welfare and other administrative officials. More often than not, the juvenile court plays a perfunctory role in the process and merely rubber-stamps recommendations made by child welfare personnel. The article discusses the implications of these issues and how they should be addressed in the future.
(Un)equal Justice: Juvenile Court Abolition and African Americans
Authors: Kerbs John Johnson
Published: July 2017

Many academics now call for the abolition of juvenile court jurisdiction over delinquency adjudications. This article examines Barry Feld's assumptions behind his call for juvenile court abolition and the potentially adverse impact of the criminal court alternative in the lives of young African Americans. Three assumptions are examined: (1) criminal courts can provide the same or greater substantive and procedural protections compared to the current juvenile court; (2) criminal courts can provide shorter sentences for reduced culpability, with fractional reductions of adult sentences in the form of an explicit youth discount; and (3) treatment strategies are of dubious efficacy, and the possibility of effective treatment is inadequate to justify an entirely separate justice system. This article finds that these assumptions are erroneous and that the juvenile court's abolition may very well be harmful to young African Americans due to false assumptions concerning both juvenile and criminal courts.
Economists in the United States
Authors: Hopper Janice H.
Published: July 2017

Economists fare better than most scientists, with a median salary of $11,000 (and who knows how much on the side?), reports Dr. Hopper from the National Register. That research managers among them do better is also significant. Forty-two percent work in universities.
Liberty as a Problem of Applied Economics
Authors: Wilson Thomas
Published: July 2017

Sometimes economists are lethargic about applying important principles of liberty to public policy as it forms. The task is not so difficult, declares Professor Wilson, who suggests a few critical points of access for libertarian premises.
Student Study Habits Using Notes from a Speech-to-Text Support Service
Authors: Elliot Lisa , Foster Susan , Stinson Michael
Published: July 2017

Thirty-six mainstreamed high school and college students who are deaf and hard of hearing received notes from a speech-to-text support service called C-Print™. The students, 26 classroom teachers, and 10 teachers of the deaf were interviewed about their perceptions of how students use their notes to study. Consistent with research on hearing students, high school students in this study typically would read the notes only, while college students used multiple study strategies with the notes. Teachers tended not to know how their students used their notes for studying, and they were sometimes reluctant to teach students about effective note usage. This study supports the idea that both students and teachers could benefit from further instruction on note usage and study skills.
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of an Early Literacy Program for Students with Significant Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Browder Diane M. , Ahlgrim-Delzell Lynn , Courtade Ginevra , Gibbs Susan L. , Flowers Claudia
Published: July 2017

This study evaluated the impact of a curriculum called the Early Literacy Skills Builder on the language and early literacy skills of students with significant developmental disabilities. Students in the control group received the ongoing sight word and picture instruction prescribed by their individualized education programs. Results indicate statistically significant interaction effects for the treatment group for two research team-designed measures of early literacy (the Nonverbal Literacy Assessment and a pretest/posttest for the experimental curriculum). Significant interaction effects were also found for two standardized measures (Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test III and Memory for Sentences of the Woodcock Language Proficiency Battery). Implications and future research needs are provided.
The Relationship between Parenting Stress and Behavior Problems of Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Osborne Lisa A. , Reed Phil
Published: July 2017

Two 9- to 10-month-long studies (N = 137) examined the interaction between parenting stress and behavior problems in children with autistic spectrum disorders (ASDs). Study 1 focused on very young children, and Study 2 employed a wider range of child ages; both studies assessed these factors at 2 points in time. The researchers noted a strong association between parenting stress and child behavior problems when they controlled for other factors, such as ASD severity and intellectual functioning (Study 1 and 2). However, Study 1 indicated that when the children were very young (2:6–4:0 years), ASD severity related most strongly to parenting stress. In addition, both Study 1 and Study 2 indicated that parenting stress at Time 1 was a stronger predictor of child behavior problems at Time 2, rather than vice versa.
Waging a Living: Career Development and Long-Term Employment Outcomes for Young Adults with Disabilities
Authors: Lindstrom Lauren , Doren Bonnie , Miesch Jennifer
Published: July 2017

Youth with disabilities face many barriers in making the transition from high school to stable long-term employment. Researchers used case study methodology to examine the career development process and postschool employment outcomes for a sample of individuals with disabilities who were working in living wage occupations 7 to 10 years after exiting high school. Key influences on initial post-high school placement included (a) participation in work experience, (b) transition services and supports, and (c) family support and expectations. Ongoing career advancement was supported by a combination of factors including (a) participation in postsecondary education or training; (b) steady work experiences; and (c) a set of personal attributes, including self-efficacy and persistence. These themes were present across all participants, but specific experiences and outcomes varied by gender.
Universal Screening in Mathematics for the Primary Grades: Beginnings of a Research Base
Authors: Gersten Russell , Clarke Ben , Jordan Nancy C. , Newman-Gonchar Rebecca , Haymond Kelly , Wilkins Chuck
Published: July 2017

This article describes key findings from contemporary research on screening for early primary grade students in the area of mathematics. Existing studies were used to illustrate the constructs most worth measuring and the diverse strategies that researchers used to study potential measures. The authors discussed the strengths and weaknesses of assessing a few key proficiencies (as is often done in early reading) versus a more full-scale battery, and described the importance of going beyond merely reporting predictive validity correlation coefficients to examining the classification accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity of screening measures.
High-Quality School-Based Pre-K Can Boost Early Learning for Children with Special Needs
Authors: Phillips Deborah A. , Meloy Mary E.
Published: July 2017

This article assesses the effects of Tulsa, Oklahoma's school-based prekindergarten program on the school readiness of children with special needs using a regression discontinuity design. Participation in the pre-K program was associated with significant gains for children with special needs in early literacy scores, but not in math scores. These gains were not statistically different from those exhibited by their classmates without special needs. Findings are interpreted as indicating that high-quality state pre-K programs can serve as effective early intervention programs for children with special needs.
Effectiveness of Decoding and Phonological Awareness Interventions for Children with down Syndrome
Authors: Lemons Christopher J. , Mrachko Alicia A. , Kostewicz Douglas E. , Paterra Matthew F.
Published: July 2017

Many children with intellectual disability, including children with Down syndrome, have teachers who are unsure what type of reading instruction is likely to increase outcomes for their students. Effectiveness of two commercially available, evidence-based reading interventions was evaluated through 3 multiple baseline across participants, single-subject research design studies involving 15 children with Down syndrome between the ages of 5 and 13 years. School staff implemented the phonological awareness and decoding interventions for an average of 25 sessions across approximately 12 weeks. Results indicate improvements in the reading of taught phonetically regular and high frequency words associated with the decoding intervention, but no generalization to oral reading fluency. No reliable gains were associated with the phonological awareness intervention. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Sleep and Cognitive Functioning in Children with Disabilities
Authors: Buckhalt Joseph A.
Published: July 2017

Sleep disorders and sleep of insufficient duration and quality have been associated with impaired cognitive functioning in typically developing children and in children with a wide array of disabilities and medical conditions. Among children with disabilities, those with intellectual disability, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and autism spectrum disorder have been found to have atypical patterns of sleep and high prevalence of sleep disorders. Following a description of how sleep is assessed, research relating sleep to cognitive functioning is reviewed for children with those three disabilities. Further needed research and implications for screening, diagnosis, prevention, and education are discussed.
Group Therapy for Eleven Preschool Cerebral Palsied Children
Authors: Ward Moira M.
Published: July 2017

A method that may solve your scheduling problem
Public School Buildings for Crippled Children
Authors: Tudyman Al
Published: July 2017

First in a series of articles, edited by Jack W. Birch, dealing with problems of providing buildings and physical facilities for handicapped children in public schools.
The Hill-Elliott Act and Special Education
Authors: Sasscer Harrison
Published: July 2017

CEC members have long recognized the importance of working for effective legislation in behalf of children. While much of our legal concern relates to the education of exceptional children, the CEC, through its legislative committee, cooperates with the NEA and other agencies in its support of legal provisions which affect all children. In the following article, Mr. Sasscer alerts us to the interesting as well as challenging potentials inherent in the National Defense Education Act of 1958. Readers wishing further information on this Act should write directly to the U. S. Office of Education.
Differential Diagnosis of Auditory Deficits—A Review of the Literature
Authors: Reichstein Jerome , Rosenstein Joseph
Published: July 2017

The differential diagnosis of young children with communication disorders is one of the more difficult and germinal tasks confronting speech and hearing personnel today. Audiological assessment should provide quantitative and qualitative information about auditory responses and behavior that can point up other clues to the total diagnosis. A review of the literature reveals that consistency of auditory response is frequently cited as one characteristic that distinguishes children with peripheral hearing loss (reported to be consistent) and children with CNS auditory disorders such as aphasia (reported to be inconsistent).
Job Training Placement for Retarded Youth
Authors: Strickland Conwell G.
Published: July 2017

A survey was made to determine the types of jobs to which educable retarded youth were assigned for on-the-job training. It was based on the first year operation of the Texas state-wide Cooperative Program of Special Education-Vocational Rehabilitation in the public schools. Data received from 60 percent of the participating school districts provided information concerning 436 pupils who were assigned to 99 different jobs. The jobs were distributed among ten categories and one miscellaneous group. Findings of this study suggest diverse job training opportunities for educable retarded youth.
The Mental Retardation Program of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
Authors: Babington Wallace K.
Published: July 2017

The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare carries major responsibility for implementation of the recommendations made by the President's Panel on Mental Retardation. The department's mental retardation program includes activities related to research, studies, demonstrations, training of professional personnel, services, construction, planning, and income maintenance. Many of these programs are included in the 1963 mental retardation legislation; others operate under authority existing prior to the enactment of these laws.
The Training of Directors and Supervisors of Special Education Programs
Authors: Milazzo Tony C. , Blessing Kenneth R.
Published: July 2017

The presentation of a point of view on the training of administrators of special education, a survey of current practices involved in such training, and a statement of goals adopted by NASDSE in this area. It is expected that this presentation will stimulate further needed discussion by those concerned with quality leadership in special education.
A State Department-University Approach in Providing Internship Experiences for Prospective Leadership Personnel in Special Education
Authors: Blessing Kenneth R.
Published: July 2017

The author depicts one cooperative state-university approach to implementing the federal directives -for preparing supervisors and directors of special education programs for exceptional children in state and local school systems. Internship experiences which are provided graduate students in the state's special education section, in the field, and in intermediate, county, and city school systems are outlined. The underlying theme is the need for sound theoretical and course work background in the administration and supervision of special education services, coupled with broad practical internship experiences in supervision and administration. Additional needs for the extensive consideration of issues and problems involved in special education programing are indicated.
The Relationship of Visual Closure to Speechreading
Authors: Sharp Elizabeth Y.
Published: July 2017

This study investigated the relationship of visual closure to speechreading ability among young deaf children. Tests of visual closure, movement closure, and short term memory were administered to a group of deaf 7, 8, and 9 year old good speechreaders (N = 18) and to a group of poor speechreaders (N = 19) as determined by a speechreading test. Performances were compared using the Mann-Whitney U Test of Significance. Results indicated that good speechreaders are significantly superior to poor speechreaders on tests of visual closure, movement closure, and short term memory.
Normative Study of the Administrative Position in Special Education
Authors: Marro Thomas David , Kohl John W.
Published: July 2017

This study was the first national study of the local administrator of special education programs in the public schools of the United States. A two phased questionnaire resulted in responses from 1,066 administrators who met the established criteria. Areas of investigation were: personal characteristics, experience, the value of various college courses and methods of instruction, certification, organizational memberships and participation, conditions of employment, role in program administration and supervision, organizational characteristics, programing elements, and selected opinions concerning current problems and issues in the administration and education of exceptional children.
Bilingualism and the Measurement of Intelligence and Verbal Learning Ability
Authors: Hickey Tom
Published: July 2017

This study analyzed some of the problems of measuring intelligence and verbal learning ability among Mexican-American preschoolers. These bilingual children encountered greater difficulty in correctly identifying verbal noun concepts on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. Structural and idiomatic differences between the English and Spanish languages were thought to be the source of the difficulty. The study emphasized the dangers of reliance upon methods of evaluation and prediction which are not analogous to the context of the particular learning handicap.
Talent Potential in Minority Group Students
Authors: Renzulli Joseph S.
Published: July 2017

Pointing out the nature and scope of talent loss among low socioeconomic and minority group members, the author identifies and explores some of the issues in the retrieval of talent potential. Strategies are suggested for identifying and maximizing the development of this unidentified and understimulated segment of our school population. Identification procedures are based on a broadened conception of talent, and the author discusses some new, more appropriate instruments as well as more extensive uses of existing instruments such as tests of creativity. Suggestions for developing talent potential are discussed in terms of teacher characteristics and curricular relevancy.
Language, Culture, and Exceptional Children
Authors: Gonzalez Gustavo
Published: July 2017

The science of linguistics contributes to the study of cultural diversity and the education of exceptional children. Language is a system of vocal sounds; it is systematic and symbolic; it is in a state of constant change. The ability to learn language (but not the specifics of any particular language) is innate in humans, and all languages and their variations are equally good. The role of linguistics in the educational assessment of culturally different children is emphasized. The linguistic and cultural bias of IQ tests, as well as the role of adaptive behavior and community acceptance in minority groups are discussed. Note is made of the difficulty of identifying gifted children who are culturally different.
Locus of Control: Implications for Special Education
Authors: Lawrence Elizabeth A. , Winschel James F.
Published: July 2017

Although there has been much research on locus of control in both education and psychology, it has had little impact on current trends in special education. This article examines the concept of locus of control, particularly in relation to its possible effect on the mainstreaming of mildly retarded children. The relationship of locus of control to achievement and the promotion of internality in children are discussed. Implications for classroom implementation and further research are suggested.
Hearing Impaired Children with Associated Disabilities: A Team Evaluation
Authors: Pronovost Wilbert , Bates Joan , Clasby Eleanor , Miller Nancy E. , Miller Nancy J. , Thompson Richard
Published: July 2017

The article describes the results of a two year clinical study of hearing impaired children ages 18 months to 21 years for whom educational programing was being sought. Following assessment by a team of clinicians from five disciplines, comprehensive reports to the current functioning and projected needs of each child were prepared. Results of the two year study revealed a large population of hearing impaired children with associated disabilities who had not previously been reported in the literature and for whom flexible educational programing seemed essential.
Development and Evaluation of a Resource Teacher Program
Authors: Jenkins Joseph R. , Mayhall William F.
Published: July 2017

The critical features of the resource specialist model include a commitment to provide (a) service on core school tasks, as defined by the classroom teacher, (b) close cooperation with the child's classroom teacher, (c) one to one instruction through cross age and peer tutors, (d) direct and daily measurement of student progress, and (e) daily instruction where direct services are required. Components of the model were examined individually in controlled settings and only those components which proved effective were incorporated into the model. Finally, summative evaluations were conducted, which tested the efficacy of the entire model.
Rights of Exceptional Children to Participate in Interscholastic Athletics
Authors: D'alonzo Bruno J.
Published: July 2017

This study encompasses a national survey of rules and regulations governing the participation of exceptional children in interscholastic athletics and a search to determine any legal basis for the exclusion of exceptional children from such competition. Medical guidelines, playing rules, and a hierarchical structure of physical education and athletics are described
Psycholinguistic Abilities in Children with Epilepsy
Authors: Von Isser Aldine
Published: July 2017

The Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities was administered to 22 children with petit mal epilepsy and 28 children evidencing mixed seizures to determine whether any differences would be found when these 2 groups were compared either with each other or with a randomly selected group of nonepileptic children equivalent with respect to age, sex, and intelligence. Results obtained by analysis of variance revealed no significant differences in the 10 subtest scores either between the 2 epileptic groups or between the epileptics and the contrast group. Further, there was no greater proportion of learning disabilities among the epileptic subjects than among the contrast group, which would suggest that there is no necessity for special education provisions solely on the basis of a diagnosis of epilepsy.
A Review of BEH Funded Personnel Preparation Programs in Emotional Disturbance
Authors: Brown Gweneth Blacklock , Palmer Douglas J.
Published: July 2017

The study reviews the Bureau of Education for the Handicapped's fiscal year 1976–1977 funded personnel preparation grants in the area of emotional disturbance. Grants for the 223 funded emotional disturbance programs were analyzed according to level of training, degree of severity of the child to be taught, age of the child to be taught, and whether the training component was cross categorically oriented or focused solely on emotional disturbance. Both special and regular education grants were reviewed. The review revealed that the predominant thrust of programs is toward preparing personnel at the master of arts level for work with the moderately disturbed child. Few funded programs focus on the preparation of personnel for work with the most severely disturbed child or the early childhood and secondary level disturbed child. Moreover, regular educators are receiving little government funded college and university training for work with disturbed children likely to be mainstreamed. The ramifications of the findings were discussed in light of personnel needs created by the Education for All Handicapped Children Act, Public Law 94–142.
Performance of Mexican American Children on Intelligence Tests
Authors: Gerken Kathryn Clark
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this study was to consider the relationship of type of intelligence test (verbal with verbal directions, nonverbal with verbal directions, nonverbal with nonverbal directions), examiner group membership (Mexican American, bilingual Anglo American, monolingual Anglo American), and language dominance of the children (Spanish, bilingual, English) to the performance of Mexican American children on intelligence tests. The 25 children obtained significantly higher IQ scores on the Leiter International Performance Scale (LIPS) and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) Performance Scale than on the WPPSI Verbal Scale and WPPSI Full Scales. No significant effect was found for examiner groups, but the dominant language of the child did significantly affect the scores on the intelligence tests with the Spanish dominant children obtaining the lowest mean IQ scores of all three groups.
Norm Referenced and Criterion Based Measures with Preschoolers
Authors: MacTurk Robert H. , Neisworth John T.
Published: July 2017

It is becoming increasingly imperative to document child progress within federally funded experimental early education projects. Two major forms of assessment are available: (a) standardized or norm referenced tests, and (b) criterion based measures. Arguments abound concerning the relative advantages and imposed requirements for their use. This study employed both types of measures within a developmentally integrated preschool. Handicapped and nonhandicapped children were given both the norm referenced Gesell Developmental Schedules and the criterion based HICOMP progress measure on a quarterly (10 week) basis. Various scoring methods were employed for both types of tests. Intercorrelations among scoring methods within and between both child groups were computed. Results showed high correlations between norm based and criterion based measures within the handicapped group but not within the nonhandicapped group. The findings suggest that much of the controversy may be avoided if norm based and criterion based measures are appropriately matched and employed in closely monitored child programs.
The Education of Severely and Profoundly Retarded, Children: Are We Sacrificing the Child to the Concept?
Authors: Burton Thomas A. , Hirshoren Alfred
Published: July 2017

The mandate of Public Law 94-142 has precipitated some divergent thinking among professionals relative to its implementation. The authors have developed a position to provide a forum for discussion of this issue as it relates to educational programing for the severely and profoundly retarded. Their position focuses on three basic issues involving anticipated levels of learning, personnel training, and the appropriate locus of educational services for the severely and profoundly retarded.
Handicapped Children and Youth: Current-Future International Perspectives and Challenges
Authors: Menolascino Frank J.
Published: July 2017

Current and emerging trends that impact upon special education world wide are reviewed. These trends focus on prevention and research, normalization, community based service systems, parental rights, consumer advocacy, home training, curative approaches, and cost/service benefits. Coalitions of professional organizations are suggested as a means of meeting the challenge of international issues that face those individuals and communities involved in providing services to handicapped and gifted children.
Relationships between Visual Acuity, Reading Mode, and School Systems for Blind Students
Authors: Willis Deborah Hill
Published: July 2017

The relationships among visual acuity, reading mode, grade level, and type of educational program for blind students were examined in this study. The data were obtained from the 1976 registration of legally blind students through the American Printing House for the Blind. This study replicated previous studies based on data for 1960, 1963, 1966, 1969, and 1972, making possible a study of the 1976 population as well as trends. The proportion of students using auditory material increased in all the visual categories and nearly doubled for students with object perception or better since the study in 1972. The percentage of students reading printed material increased slightly, while the use of braille as a primary reading mode decreased significantly between 1972 and 1976.
The Educational Resources Information Center
Authors: Chesley Robert E.
Published: July 2017

The Educational Resources Information Center system provides access to a wide variety of information concerned with education. The process of acquiring, selecting, retrieving, and disseminating documents is described. The user services and publishing activities provided by the 16 ERIC clearinghouses and their capabilities for computer searching are summarized. Changes and improvements in the system are reviewed as well as plans for future expansion.
Occupational Training of the Hearing Impaired
Authors: Miller John K. , Munson Harold L. , Gargantiel Carol W. , Huang Jerry Chin-Li
Published: July 2017

This study explored and compared goal preferences of school administrators, pupil personnel services staff, instructors, students, and parents involved with four programs that mainstream hearing impaired students in regular occupational education courses for one half of each school day. Striking agreement was found between educators and program clientele regarding both goals in general and the similarity of objectives for handicapped and nonhandicapped pupils. However, notable differences were found among groups in relation to the aims of occupational education and the mainstreaming features of the programs. Practical and theoretical implications of the findings are considered.
Effects of Cooperative, Competitive, and Individualistic Learning Experiences on Social Development
Authors: Johnson Roger T.
Published: July 2017

A comparison was made of the effects of cooperative, competitive, and individualistic learning experiences on relationships between handicapped and nonhandicapped students and their self-esteem and perspective-taking ability. Fifty-nine students were assigned to conditions on a stratified random basis controlling for handicap, ability, and sex. Students participated in two instructional units for 60 minutes a day for 15 instructional days. Behavioral measures were taken for cross-handicap interaction during instruction and during daily free-time periods. The results indicate that cooperative learning experiences, compared with competitive and individualistic ones, promote more interpersonal attraction between handicapped and nonhandicapped students and promote higher self-esteem on the part of all students. Cooperation promoted greater perspective-taking ability than did competition.
Social Skills Assessment as a Component of Mainstreaming Placement Decisions
Authors: Gresham Frank M.
Published: July 2017

The use of social skills measures as a component of multifactored assessment in making mainstreamed placement decisions is recommended. Conventional assessment information such as IQ and academic achievement functioning levels are typically weighted most heavily in making placement decisions. It is suggested that social skills information may be more important in making a decision to mainstream than IQ or achievement. Increased involvement of both regular and special education teachers as well as parents in the assessment process is emphasized.