bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies of ultra-intense laser plasma interactions for fast ignition
Authors: Tanaka K. A. , Kodama R. , Fujita H. , Heya M. , Izumi N. , Kato Y. , Kitagawa Y. , Mima K. , Miyanaga N. , Norimatsu T. , Pukhov A. , Sunahara A. , Takahashi K. , Allen M. , Habara H. , Iwatani T. , Matusita T. , Miyakosi T. , Mori M. , Setoguchi H. , Sonomoto T. , Tanpo M. , Tohyama S. , Azuma H. , Kawasaki T. , Komeno T. , Maekawa O. , Matsuo S. , Shozaki T. , Suzuki Ka , Yoshida H. , Yamanaka T. , Sentoku Y. , Weber F. , Barbee T. W. , DaSilva L.
Published: July 2002

Laser plasma interactions in a relativistic parameter regime have been intensively investigated for studying the possibility of fast ignition in inertial confinement fusion (ICF). Using ultra-intense laser systems and particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation codes, relativistic laser light self-focusing, super hot electrons, ions, and neutron production, are studied. The experiments are performed with ultra-intense laser with 50 J energy, 0.5–1 ps pulse at 1053 nm laser wavelength at a laser intensity of 1019 W/cm2. Most of the laser shots are studied under preformed plasma conditions with a 100 μm plasma scale length condition. In the study of laser pulse behavior in the preformed plasmas, a special mode has been observed which penetrated the preformed plasma all the way very close to the original planar target surface. On these shots, super hot electrons have been observed with its energy peak exceeding 1 MeV. The energy transport of the hot electrons has been studied with making use of Kα emissions from a seeded metal layer in planar targets. The details of ion acceleration followed by beam fusion reaction have been studied with neutron spectrometers. Laser ponderomotive force self-focusing and hot electron generation have been applied to a compressed core to see the effect of heating by injecting 12 beams of 100 ps, 1 TW pulses.
An approach to calculation of magnetic island rotation frequency
Authors: Mikhailovskii A. B. , Konovalov S. V. , Pustovitov V. D. , Tsypin V. S.
Published: July 2002

The problem of magnetic island rotation is analyzed. It is noted that for the correct solution of this problem the nonstationarity of profile functions should be taken into account. An approach to solving equations for nonstationary profile functions is developed for cases when drift and neoclassical effects can be neglected. The principal role of perpendicular viscosity in determining island rotation frequency is emphasized. The possibility of the existence of stationary magnetic islands in tokamaks with a rotating plasma and a resistive wall is shown.
Warm-fluid stability properties of intense non-neutral charged particle beams with pressure anisotropy
Authors: Davidson Ronald C. , Strasburg Sean
Published: July 2002

The macroscopic warm-fluid model developed by Lund and Davidson [Phys. Plasmas 5, 3028 (1998)] is used in the smooth-focusing approximation to investigate detailed electrostatic stability properties of an intense charged particle beam with pressure anisotropy. The macroscopic fluid-Maxwell equations are linearized for small-amplitude perturbations, and an eigenvalue equation is derived for the perturbed electrostatic potential δφ(x,t), allowing for arbitrary anisotropy in the perpendicular and parallel pressures, P⊥0(r) and P‖0(r). Detailed stability properties are calculated numerically for the case of extreme anisotropy with P‖0(r)=0 and P⊥0(r)≠0, assuming axisymmetric wave perturbations (∂/∂θ=0) of the form δφ(x,t)=δφ̂(r)exp(ikzz−iωt), where kz is the axial wavenumber, and Imω>0 corresponds to instability (temporal growth). For kz=0, the analysis of the eigenvalue equation leads to a discrete spectrum {ωn} of stable oscillations with Imωn=0, where n is the radial mode number. On the other hand, for sufficiently large values of kzrb, where rb is the beam radius, the analysis leads to an anisotropy-driven instability (Imω>0) provided the normalized Debye length (ΓD=λD⊥/rb) is sufficiently large and the normalized beam intensity (sb=ω̂pb2/2γb2ωβ⊥2) is sufficiently below the space-charge limit. Depending on system parameters, the growth rate can be a substantial fraction of the focusing frequency ωβ⊥ of the applied field.
Highly anisotropic optical properties of single quantum well waveguides
Authors: Weiner J. S. , Chemla D. S. , Miller D. A. B. , Haus H. A. , Gossard A. C. , Wiegmann W. , Burrus C. A.
Published: July 2002

The first measurements of the linear and nonlinear anisotropic absorption of light propagating along the plane of a single quantum well are reported and discussed in terms of the structure of the valence band in ultrathin semiconductor layers. Nonlinear optical effects are compared to those of multiple layer structures and to recent theory.
Spontaneous polarization in organic superlattices
Authors: Christie P. , Roberts G. G. , Petty M. C.
Published: July 2002

We report the use of the Langmuir-Blodgett technique to fabricate organic superlattices with the specific symmetry requirements for the observation of the pyroelectric effect. The unique polar axis associated with these structures is characterized by dynamic surface potential measurements. For the first time pyroelectric activity is observed in ‘‘thin’’ (11-layer) assemblies. The pyroelectric coefficient obtained for a 99-layer sample is comparable to that of polyvinylidene fluoride, a commercially available pyroelectric polymer.
Formation of chalcogenide glass p-n junctions
Authors: Tohge Noboru , Kanda Kimio , Minami Tsutomu
Published: July 2002

Rectifying p-n junctions have been formed between n-type Ge20Bi11Se69 bulk glass and p-type chalcogenide films such as Ge20Se80 and As2Se3. The forward current in the power law increased with increasing bias voltage, suggesting that it was space charge limited. The spectral response of the short circuit currents showed a maximum and a shoulder at photon energies which corresponded to the optical band gaps of the p-type films and the n-type glass, respectively. This finding is indicative of the bending of the energy bands in both the p-type films and the n-type glass in the vicinity of the p-type film/n-type glass interface.
Scanning acousto-electro-optic light deflector with uniform intensity response
Authors: Lee Hyuk
Published: July 2002

A deflector whose scanned output beam is of uniform intensity with respect to the scan angle is proposed. This deflector is based on the control of the phase mismatch of the acousto-optic deflector via acousto-electro-optic effect. An experimental result of this deflector is presented.
Miniature high current metal ion source
Authors: Brown I. G. , Galvin J. E. , MacGill R. A. , Wright R. T.
Published: July 2002

A small, simple ion source for the production of high brightness beams of metal ions is described. A metal vapor vacuum arc discharge is used to establish the high density plasma from which the ion beam is extracted. The source is finger sized, and can produce pulsed metal ion beams with current up to the 10-mA range.
Frequency-dependent Faraday rotation in CdMnTe
Authors: Butler M. A. , Martin S. J. , Baughman R. J.
Published: July 2002

Optical Faraday rotation has been measured as a function of the frequency of an applied magnetic field in two compositions of the dilute magnetic semiconductor CdMnTe. A roll-off in response is observed with the roll-off frequency increasing with Mn concentration. The frequency dependence is fit well by a simple Debye relaxation model. This dependence is attributed to relaxation of the magnetization through interactions between the Zeeman and spin-spin energy reservoirs.
Excimer laser projection etching of GaAs
Authors: Brewer Peter D. , McClure David , Osgood R. M.
Published: July 2002

We report the projection dry etching of GaAs using an excimer laser and HBr etching gas. Present experiments use photochemically generated reactants, which are spatially confined by gas phase collisions. Pattern transfer is accomplished by 1:1 imaging of the excimer laser light directly onto a GaAs substrate in a reaction cell filled with HBr gas. Resolution down to the laser beam image size is achieved through the addition of buffer gases.
Regenerative amplification of temporally compressed picosecond pulses at 2 kHz
Authors: Chang Y. J. , Veas C. , Hopkins J. B.
Published: July 2002

Regenerative amplification of temporally compressed picosecond pulses is demonstrated in neodymium: yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) at 2 kHz. The seed to the regenerative amplifier originates from a chirped cw mode-locked Nd:YAG laser pulse. The initial 100 nJ ∼80 ps full width at half-maximum pulses are amplified and temporally compressed to ∼200 μJ/pulse at a repetition rate of 2 kHz with a pulse width of 12 ps.
Recrystallization kinetics pattern in III-V implanted semiconductors
Authors: Licoppe C. , Nissim Y. I. , Meriadec C. , Hénoc P.
Published: July 2002

Solid phase epitaxial regrowth has been studied for a variety of ion-implanted compound semiconductors. The time-resolved reflectivity technique is used to determine growth kinetics. It is shown that the growth rate follows a thermal activation law whose activation energy and pre-exponential factor are measured. In all III-V compounds and alloys, a common regrowth kinetics behavior is found, with the activation energy proportional to a characteristic vibrational relaxation energy which also intervenes in the description of point defect migration. Differences with the case of column IV semiconductors are discussed.
Molecular beam epitaxial growth and low-temperature optical characterization of GaAs0.5Sb0.5 on InP
Authors: Klem J. , Huang D. , Morkoç H. , Ihm Y. E. , Otsuka N.
Published: July 2002

GaAs1−xSbx nearly lattice matched to InP substrates has been grown by molecular beam epitaxy. For a given As and Sb flux, the GaSb mole fraction is shown to be sensitive to the Ga flux rate. Low-temperature photoluminescence spectra exhibit a dominant emission line at 0.780–0.790 eV with a full width at half-maximum as narrow as 7.6 meV, which is believed to be the narrowest obtained to date. Optical absorption measurements demonstrate that the band gap of this material is considerably smaller than predicted by the commonly accepted composition/band gap relation.
Single-beam overwrite experiment using In-Se based phase-change optical media
Authors: Nishida Tetsuya , Terao Motoyasu , Miyauchi Yasushi , Horigome Shinkichi , Kaku Toshimitsu , Ohta Norio
Published: July 2002

Single-beam overwrite in an optical disk is reported using In-Se-Tl amorphous-crystalline phase-change recording films having very short erasing (crystallization) time of 0.2 μs. The lifetime of the amorphous state in an In-Se-Tl film is estimated to be longer than 10 years at 60 °C. This is due to its high crystallization temperature (135 °C) and high activation energy (2.6 eV). The phase-change cycles can continue over 106 cycles in stationary state experiments using test samples. The possibility of single beam overwrite (rewriting without prior erasing as with a magnetic disk) is verified by using a 1.6-μm-diam round laser beam spot irradiated on a 5-in.-diam disk rotating at 2400 rpm.
Rheological behavior of a suspension of randomly oriented rods
Authors: Graham A. L. , Mondy L. A. , Gottlieb M. , Powell R. L.
Published: July 2002

Falling-ball rheometry is used to study a suspension (volume fraction solids=0.05) of large, neutrally buoyant rods (length=3.175 cm, diameter=0.154 cm) in a viscous Newtonian liquid. We find that all sizes of balls studied (0.65 cm ≤ diameter ≤1.90 cm) experience the same continuum that is characterized by a single viscosity which we have measured to be 2.41 times greater than that of the pure suspending liquid. The viscosity increase due to the presence of the rods is over 12 times greater than that observed for a suspension of uniform spheres having the same volume fraction. The results are free of any flow induced clustering and orientation effects and are in reasonable agreement with theoretical predictions for randomly oriented rods.
Improved β-SiC heteroepitaxial films using off-axis Si substrates
Authors: Powell J. A. , Matus L. G. , Kuczmarski M. A. , Chorey C. M. , Cheng T. T. , Pirouz P.
Published: July 2002

All β-SiC films grown using on-axis (001) Si substrates that have been examined with transmission electron microscopy exhibit a high density of interfacial twins, stacking faults, and antiphase disorder. The antiphase boundaries can be decorated by chemical etching, sputter etching, wet oxidation, and β-SiC growth in the presence of diborane. All traces of antiphase disorder are eliminated when the heteroepitaxial growth is carried out on vicinal (001) Si substrates that are tilted 2° about a 〈110〉 axis. In addition, growth on the off-axis Si produces β-SiC films that are significantly smoother than on-axis films. The density of stacking faults is apparently unaffected by growth on the off-axis substrates.
Observation of negative differential resistance from a single barrier heterostructure
Authors: Chow D. H. , McGill T. C. , Sou I. K. , Faurie J. P. , Nieh C. W.
Published: July 2002

We report the first experimental observation of negative differential resistance (NDR) due to electron tunneling in a single barrier heterostructure. The largest peak-to-valley current ratio attained is slightly greater than 2:1. The single barrier structure studied here consists of a thin CdTe layer sandwiched between two Hg0.78Cd0.22Te electrodes. In this particular material system, NDR can only be achieved at low temperatures (T=4.2 K) due to the dominance of thermionic hole currents at high temperatures. The observation of NDR in this system suggests that the low-temperature valence-band discontinuity at the HgTe-CdTe interface is small (less than 100 mV). Room-temperature operation of single barrier NDR structures may be possible in other semiconductor systems.
The folding mechanism of larger model proteins: role of native structure.
Authors: Dinner A R , Sali A , Karplus M
Published: July 2002

The folding mechanism of a 125-bead heteropolymer model for proteins is investigated with Monte Carlo simulations on a cubic lattice. Sequences that do and do not fold in a reasonable time are compared. The overall folding behavior is found to be more complex than that of models for smaller proteins. Folding begins with a rapid collapse followed by a slow search through the semi-compact globule for a sequence-dependent stable core with about 30 out of 176 native contacts which serves as the transition state for folding to a near-native structure. Efficient search for the core is dependent on structural features of the native state. Sequences that fold have large amounts of stable, cooperative structure that is accessible through short-range initiation sites, such as those in anti-parallel sheets connected by turns. Before folding is completed, the system can encounter a second bottleneck, involving the condensation and rearrangement of surface residues. Overly stable local structure of the surface residues slows this stage of the folding process. The relation of the results from the 125-mer model studies to the folding of real proteins is discussed.
Priority Setting and Resource Allocation in Australian Biomedical Research: Muddling with Some Skill
Authors: Harman Kay
Published: July 2002

Examined here are models of resource allocation adopted by Australia's premier biomedical research funding council, the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), since pressure to make research more 'relevant' has been exerted. For a council that disburses its funds chiefly to high-impact fundamental research, allocating resources to priority-driven research that contributes directly to population health and evidence-based health care is a challenging transition. It is contended that while the NHMRC has attempted to accommodate a 'rationalist' user-driven approach to resource allocation, it has moved only marginally away from a highly decentralised (investigator-driven) model to a mixed-mode system that resembles 'muddling with some skill'.
Trends and Prospects in Venture and Angel Investments in New Media Companies
Authors: Prowse Stephen
Published: July 2002

How do 'new media' or Internet-related companies raise external equity capital? In this paper, I analyze two markets that entrepreneurs of private Internet-related businesses use in the US to raise equity: the venture capital market and the market for 'angel' capital. Both markets appear to be important sources of capital for private Internet-related firms. In this paper, I try to shed some light on how these markets operate with respect to investments in Internet-related companies. In particular, using data from PricewaterhouseCoopers' MoneyTree Survey, I analyze trends in venture capital investments in Internet-related companies and make comparisons with venture investments in non-Internet-related firms. In addition, I use information and data on the angel market to investigate how important the market for angel capital is likely to be as a source of capital for Internet-related businesses. In doing so I draw on ongoing and new research by myself and others into the operation of these markets. Finally, I make some cautious predictions about how the future prospects for raising money from these two sources are likely to evolve for Internet-related firms.
The New Media Boom in Historical Perspective
Authors: Sylla Richard
Published: July 2002

The new media technologies that began to assert themselves in the 1990s - the Internet, networked computers, and the other hardware and software that make possible the new media - have captivated both the investment community and the general public like nothing else in the memory of most people alive today. These new information technologies are changing the way we live, work, think, and make our day-to-day decisions. To the surprise of many, including economists, they have already led to large increases in productivity and the sustainable rate of economic growth of the US and other economies. By unleashing new forms of economic competition, they have also put a damper on inflation. They will continue to do these positive things for a good long time. Life as we know it will change in irreversible ways. Nonetheless, the reaction of the financial system to new media technologies is providing clear signals of 'irrational exuberance'.
Kalgoorlie as the Global Centre for Gold Metallurgical Innovation 1902-1907
Authors: Hartley Richard G.
Published: July 2002

Faced with the problem of how to process valuable refractory sulphide ore in the early 1900s, Kalgoorlie mining engineers and metallurgist, and their consultants, borrowed ideas from a variety of international sources to develop new equipment and new procedures. This paper examines the sources of these innovations and how they spread with remarkable speed through the medium of the tight-knit group of international metallurgical consultants. The inter-relationship between international technological transfer and increased local inventiveness, stimulated by the rapid changes in technology, and the opportunities and limitations experienced by Australian metallurgical inventers in the 1900s are also examined.
Death and Data
Authors: Sandow-Quirk Mary
Published: July 2002

Research into the intelligence processes in two child murder cases shows that 'information management is no longer simply an administrative support function or technical service, but an integral part of the strategy of the organisation'. Consequently, its importance must be demonstrated in the organisation's structure and in the resources allocated to it. Problems were caused by the divide between information specialists and detectives. This illustrates the disadvantages of a detection system which fails to preserve either information or knowledge, the tensions between detectives and intelligence officers as members of separate, incompletely integrated teams, and the importance of incorporating tacit learning-by-doing into a knowledge base accessible to both detectives and intelligence staff.
Dosimetric feasibility of hippocampal avoidance whole brain radiotherapy with an MRI‐guided linear accelerator
Authors: Graham Jasmine A. , Redler Gage , Delozier Kirby B. , Yu Hsiang‐Hsuan Michael , Oliver Daniel E. , Rosenberg Stephen A.
Published: March 2022

Purpose/Objective(s)

Whole brain radiotherapy with hippocampal avoidance (HA‐WBRT) is a technique utilized to treat metastatic brain disease while preserving memory and neurocognitive function. We hypothesized that the treatment planning and delivery of HA‐WBRT plans is feasible with an MRI‐guided linear accelerator (linac) and compared plan results with clinical non‐MRI‐guided C‐Arm linac plans.

Materials/Methods

Twelve HA‐WBRT patients treated on a non‐MRI‐guided C‐Arm linac were selected for retrospective analysis. Treatment plans were developed using a 0.35T MRI‐guided linac system for comparison to clinical plans. Treatment planning goals were defined as provided in the Phase II Trial NRG CC001. MRI‐guided radiotherapy (MRgRT) treatment plans were developed by a dosimetrist and compared with clinical plans. quality assurance (QA) plans were generated and delivered on the MRI‐guided linac to a cylindrical diode detector array. Planning target volume (PTV) coverage was normalized to ∼95% to provide a control point for comparison of dose to the organs at risk.

Results

MRgRT plans were deliverable and met all clinical goals. Mean values demonstrated that the clinical plans were less heterogeneous than MRgRT plans with mean PTV V37.5 Gy of 0.00% and 0.03% (p = 0.013), respectively. Average hippocampi maximum doses were 14.19 ± 1.29 Gy and 15.00 ± 1.51 Gy, respectively. The gamma analysis comparing planned and measured doses resulted in a mean of 99.9% ± 0.12% of passing points (3%/2mm criteria). MRgRT plans had an average of 38.33 beams with average total delivery time and beam‐on time of 13.7 (11.2–17.5) min and 4.1 (3.2–5.4) min, respectively. Clinical plan delivery times ranged from 3 to 7 min depending on the number of noncoplanar arcs. Planning time between the clinical and MRgRT plans was comparable.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that HA‐WBRT can be treated using an MRI‐guided linear accelerator with comparable treatment plan quality and delivery accuracy.
Reconfigurable and Efficient Implementation of 16 Boolean Logics and Full‐Adder Functions with Memristor Crossbar for Beyond von Neumann In‐Memory Computing
Authors: Song Yujie , Wang Xingsheng , Wu Qiwen , Yang Fan , Wang Chengxu , Wang Meiqing , Miao Xiangshui
Published: March 2022

The rise of emerging technologies such as Big Data, the Internet of Things, and artificial intelligence, which requires efficient power schemes, is driving brainstorming in data computing and storage technologies. In this study, merely relying on the fundamental structure of two memristors and a resistor, arbitrary Boolean logic can be reconfigured and calculated in two steps, while no additional voltage sources are needed beyond “±VP” and 0, and all state reversals are based on memristor set switching. Utilizing the proposed logic scheme in an elegant form of unity structure and minimum cost, the implementation of a 1‐bit adder is demonstrated economically, and a promising circuit scheme for the N‐bit adder is exhibited. Some critical issues including the crosstalk problem, energy consumption, and peripheral circuits are further simulated and discussed. Compared with existing works on memristive logic, such methods support building a memristor‐based digital in‐memory calculation system with high functional reconfigurability, simple voltage sources, and low power and area consumption.
As(III)‐to‐As(V) Oxidation in Copper Smelter Wastewater by In Situ‐Generated Ozone
Authors: Hansen Henrik K. , Neira Zenovia , Gutiérrez Claudia , Lazo Andrea , Lazo Pamela , Hansen Marcela E. , Ollino Mario , Caneo Cecilia , Ottosen Lisbeth M.
Published: March 2022

As(III) is the most common arsenic species in copper smelter wastewater but is difficult to remove, and an oxidation to As(V) is desirable. The oxidation of As(III) to As(V) in copper smelter wastewater was studied using in situ‐generated ozone, which has a high oxidation capacity and does not create secondary contaminants. With the aim to determine adequate conditions for As(III) oxidation, experiments considering pH, ozonation time, and oxygen flow rate as variables were done. Experimental tests showed that the best pH was at 2 and with a moderate oxygen flow rate. The complete oxidation of As(III) in both synthetic wastewater and real wastewater was achieved nearly after the same time of ozonation. Pseudo‐first‐order kinetics could model the As(III)‐to‐As(V) oxidation by ozone.
Meta‐heuristic optimization algorithms for placement of multiple nulls and minimization of side lobe level in quadrant symmetric sparse array antenna
Authors: Dutta Kailash P. , Misra Bitan , Mahanti Gautam K.
Published: March 2022

The optimization of the non‐uniform planar array antenna parameter in order to minimize the signal interference in the electromagnetic environment through null placement is one of the most important areas of investigation in the field of wireless communication. This study deals with an effective method of synthesis of a quadrant symmetric sparse planar array antenna using the novel implementation of the well‐known meta‐heuristic optimization algorithms, namely, symbiotic organism search (SOS) and moth flame optimization (MFO) algorithms. The objective of this work is to place multiple small and wide nulls at the desired angles and simultaneously minimize the side lobe levels using a nonlinear mathematical approach. Three examples are presented with constraints that include the inter‐elemental distance, fixed number of array elements in the aperture, and the aperture size. The radiating antenna array elements are considered to have fixed uniform current distribution. The meta‐heuristic optimization approach offers the advantages of avoiding the infeasible solution while finding the best optimal set of element positions to reduce side lobe level in the desired radiation pattern. The radiation pattern characteristics and the computation time associated with each example and each algorithm are recorded and compared for arriving at the conclusion. The superiority of SOS is found in terms of the optimized side lobe levels. At the same time, both algorithms are found to be efficient in positioning the symmetric nulls in desired locations in the radiation pattern successfully. When compared with the published papers, proposed approach yields better results confirming the effectiveness of the performance of these algorithms.
Chronic early‐life stress increases cognitive impulsivity and D2 immunoreactivity in the nucleus accumbens of adult rats
Authors: Laguna Arturo , Lajud Naima , Juárez Jorge , Sanz‐Martin Araceli
Published: March 2022

Chronic early life stress (ECS) induced by limited bedding and nesting (LBN) material in rodents is a naturalistic stress model that mimics many of the behavioral and neural consequences of child abuse and neglect; however, the effect of ECS on adult impulsivity has never been studied. The aim of our work was to determine the effects of ECS on cognitive impulsivity and its relation to D2 immunoreactivity in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) of adult male rats. Sprague–Dawley rats were exposed to LBN from postnatal day 2 to 9. We evaluated dams’ maternal behavior and offspring corticosterone levels. The rats’ impulsive cognitive behavior was evaluated by a delay‐discounting task (transitional bridge) on P70, and we evaluated D2 receptors by immunostaining. Our results indicated that ECS affected maternal behavior in the dams and increased pups’ corticosterone levels at P9, but not in adults. ECS rats showed lower frequencies of choosing the delayed reinforcer and shorter latencies to cross on the delay‐discounting task. In addition, ECS rats showed increased D2 immunoreactivity in the NAc when compared with controls. Our data suggest that ECS can cause impulsive behaviors in adult rats characterized by less convenient choices, likely related to an increase in D2 receptors in the NAc. These findings could contribute to our understanding of the effects of child abuse and neglect on impulsive behavior.
Infants’ neural sensitivity to social interactions varies by income and infant‐directed speech
Authors: Lopera‐Perez Diana C. , Nayak Srishti , Stangier Giulia , Tuladhar Charu T. , St. John Ashley M. , Grieve Philip G. , Tarullo Amanda R.
Published: March 2022

Social interactions are essential for infant brain development, yet we know little about how infant functional connectivity differs between social and nonsocial contexts, or how sensitivity to differences between contexts might be related to early distal and proximal environmental factors. We compared 12‐month‐old infants’ intrahemispheric electroencephalographic (EEG) coherence between a social and a nonsocial condition, then examined whether differences between conditions varied as a function of family economic strain and two maternal behaviors at 6 months, positive affect and infant‐directed speech. We found lower EEG coherence from the frontal region to the central, parietal, temporal, and occipital regions during the social condition, but only for infants from higher‐income families and infants whose mothers used higher proportions of infant‐directed speech. In contrast, there were no differences between social and nonsocial conditions for infants from economically strained families or infants whose mothers used lower proportions of infant‐directed speech. This study demonstrates that neural organization differs between a nonsocial baseline and a social interaction, but said differentiation is not present for infants from less privileged backgrounds. Our results underscore the importance of examining brain activity during species‐typical contexts to understand the role of environmental factors in brain development.
Adaptive slime mould algorithm for optimal design of photovoltaic models
Authors: Lin Haiping , Ahmadianfar Iman , Amiri Golilarz Noorbakhsh , Jamei Mehdi , Heidari Ali Asghar , Kuang Fangjun , Zhang Siyang , Chen Huiling
Published: March 2022

Solar energy is becoming more popular as it is a clean source of electricity. The design of photovoltaic (PV) cells has therefore captivated experts worldwide. The two key issues are the lack of an excellent model to define solar cells and the lack of data regarding PV cells. This scenario even impacts solar module performance (panels). The behavior of solar cells is described by the current versus voltage. Considering these values, the design challenge entails solving complicated nonlinear multimodal objectives. Different methods to figure out the parameters of the PV cells and panels have been suggested. They do not come up with the best solutions most of the time. Hence, a powerful and reliable optimizer is needed to derive the optimal parameters of these models. To this end, this study has developed an adaptive slime mould algorithm (ASMA) as a robust and precise optimization method. To implement the ASMA, four improvements are proposed: (1) a trigonometric‐based mutation and a double‐based best mutation are introduced to promote the global and local search; (2) a suitable mechanism to adaptively select the control parameters of the SMA; (3) a local escaping strategy; (4) an opposition‐based learning operator to improve the best solution. The ASMA is employed to derive optimal parameters of PV models and assessed utilizing a total number of eight well‐known optimization algorithms. The findings show that the ASMA is very competitive in terms of accuracy and convergence speed and that this is supported by a wealth of evidence. As a result, when assessing the parameters of the PV model, ASMA is a very efficient and robust optimizer. The source codes of the proposed ASMA will be uploaded for the public at http://imanahmadianfar.com and http://aliasgharheidari.com.
Patriarchy
Authors: Ortner Sherry B.
Published: March 2022

Patriarchy is more than just “sexism.” It is a social formation of male‐gendered power with a particular structure that can be found with striking regularity in many different arenas of social life, from small‐scale contexts like the family, kin groups, and gangs, up through larger institutional contexts like the police, the military, organized religion, the state, and more. At the same time, patriarchy never stands alone, and always exists in complex intersections with other forms of power. In this article, I look at patriarchy from both points of view—that is, from both an exclusively gendered perspective, and from a perspective in which patriarchy cannot be divorced from white supremacy, normative heterosexuality, and normative able‐bodiedness. Finally I briefly consider contemporary right‐wing extremist (fascist) politics, in which the toxic intersectional brew of patriarchy, white supremacy, heteronormativity, and ideologies of bodily perfection are mobilized in pursuit of mass political control and domination.
Digitizing UK analogue magnetogram records from large geomagnetic storms of the past two centuries
Authors: Beggan Ciaran D. , Eaton Eliot , Maume Eleanor , Clarke Ellen , Williamson John , Humphries Thomas
Published: March 2022

Continuous geomagnetic records of the strength and direction of the Earth's field at the surface extend back to the 1840s. Over the past two centuries, eight observatories have existed in the United Kingdom, which measured the daily field variations using light‐sensitive photographic paper to produce analogue magnetograms. Around 350,000 magnetograms have been digitally photographed at high resolution. However, converting the traces to digital values is difficult and time consuming as the magnetograms can have over‐lapping lines, low quality recordings and obscure metadata for conversion to SI units. We discuss our approach to digitizing the traces from large geomagnetic storms and highlight some of the issues to be aware of when capturing magnetic information from analogue measurements. These include cross‐checking the final digitized values with the recorded hourly mean values from observatory year books and comparing several observatory records for the same storm to catch errors such as sign inversions or incorrect ‘wrap‐around’ of data on the paper records.
High‐resolution simulated water balance and streamflow data set for 1951–2020 for the territory of Poland
Authors: Marcinkowski Paweł , Kardel Ignacy , Płaczkowska Eliza , Giełczewski Marek , Osuch Paweł , Okruszko Tomasz , Venegas‐Cordero Nelson , Ignar Stefan , Piniewski Mikołaj
Published: March 2022

Long‐term simulated water balance and streamflow data for the territory of Poland with high spatio‐temporal resolution were reconstructed for the period 1951–2020 with a daily time step, using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrological model. The spatial structure includes 4,381 sub‐basins and 47,725 hydrological response units. The SWAT model was extensively calibrated and validated following a two‐stage, multi‐site calibration method for 88 gauging stations across Poland. The simulations show satisfactory performance with a median Kling–Gupta efficiency of 0.73 and 0.7 in the calibration and validation period respectively. The model performance exceeded that of its predecessor, the SWAT model of the Vistula and Odra basins. The simulated hydrological data set covers daily water balance components at the sub‐basin level, including precipitation total, snowfall, snowmelt, evapotranspiration (actual and potential), surface runoff, soil water, percolation, groundwater recharge, groundwater flow, tile flow and water yield (all components in mm), and daily streamflow (m3/s) at the reach level. The data set is stored in an online, publicly available research data archive 4TU.Research Data (Marcinkowski, P., Kardel, I., Płaczkowska, E., Giełczewski, M., Osuch, P., Okruszko, T., Venegas‐Cordero, N., Ignar, S. & Piniewski, M (2021). PL‐SWAT‐51_20: a high‐resolution simulated water balance and streamflow data set for 1951‐2020 for the territory of Poland, 4TU.ResearchData. dataset, https://doi.org/10.4121/16843183).
HLA‐matched allogeneic anti‐CD19 CAR‐T therapy in treating a relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia patient with high tumor burden
Authors: Huang Yue , Yu Qin , Yin Elaine Tan Su , Wei Guoqing , Wu Wenjun , Chang Alex H. , Huang He , Hu Yongxian
Published: March 2022

The genetically engineered chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR‐T) therapy has shown remarkable clinical efficacy in the treatment of hematological malignancies. Nonetheless, it is difficult to harvest adequate autologous T cells to manufacture potent CAR‐T cell products in patients with high tumor burden and prior tumor‐reductive treatment. Here we reported a relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia patient with high leukemia burden and central nervous system (CNS) involvement. The patient responded to donor‐derived HLA‐matched allogeneic CAR‐T treatment, with the achievement of quick complete remission. And for the first time, we revealed the development of a cerebral CRS in situ after allogeneic CAR‐T therapy.
Embodied philanthropy and Sir Captain Tom Moore's “Walk for the NHS”
Authors: Wade Matthew , Hookway Nicholas , Filo Kevin , Palmer Catherine
Published: March 2022

Recent decades have witnessed growing popularity in embodied philanthropy, where participants undertake various types of publicly displayed bodily labour in support of their respective causes. The fundraising potential of such efforts reached extraordinary heights during Sir Captain Thomas Moore's “Walk for the National Health Service,” wherein the 99‐year‐old World War II veteran walked laps of his garden to raise funds during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Within less than a month “Captain Tom” raised over £30 million, the highest amount ever by an individual charity walker. To better understand the social and cultural drivers behind Moore's incredible popularity this article applies Julie Robert's theoretical framework of embodied philanthropy, exploring the multivalent semiotic potential that Moore radiated through his age, disability, military adornments, Yorkshire grit, and unfailingly positive, aphoristic style of speaking. During a time of global crisis, this distinct array of bodily affordances enabled Captain Tom to simultaneously serve as an honest broker, teacher, exemplar, rallying figure, and ultimately martyr. Such practices of sacrificial citizenship, however, raise troubling questions, particularly in relation to expectations that fellow citizens should likewise stoically uphold civic‐minded resilience during times of crisis. Furthermore, while the potential benefits can prove extraordinarily impactful, organizations should exercise care in too readily attaching themselves to particular causes, lest they become complicit in contentious agendas or even inadvertently mislead donors.
Evaluating the dynamic‐mechanical and thermal stability of polyphenylene sulfide composites filled with magnetic filler for sensor applications
Authors: Aloui Sahbi , El Yaagoubi Mohammed , Münster Bernhard , Schwegler Dietmar
Published: March 2022

Isotropic polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) composites filled with the magnetic fillers strontium ferrites (SrFeO) and neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) at two concentrations of 52 vol.% and 60 vol.% were prepared by the injection molding technique without use of an external magnetic field. Frequency sweeps shows that the mechanical frequency has little influence on the strength of all PPS samples and only ensures a higher mobility of the PPS chain ends at high frequency. Increasing the magnetic filler content and the use of NdFeB instead of SrFeO provide the PPS composites a larger structural robustness making them more resistant to mechanical loads and mechanically more stable. The temperature behavior of the PPS composites shows independently of the filler a strong softening from 80 °C. Nevertheless, larger operating temperatures below the glass transition temperature appear realistic.
Gas‐phase experimental and computational studies of human hypoxanthine‐guanine phosphoribosyltransferase substrates: Intrinsic properties and biological implications
Authors: Zhang Lanxin , Hinz Damon J. , Kiruba George Sebastina Mary , Ding Xiao , Lee Jeehiun K.
Published: March 2022

The gas‐phase acidity and proton affinity of nucleobases that are substrates for the enzyme human hypoxanthine‐guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) have been examined using both theoretical and experimental methods. These thermochemical values have not heretofore been measured and provide experimental data to benchmark the computational results. HGPRT is important for human health and is also a key target for antiparasitic chemotherapy. We use our gas‐phase results to lend insight into the HGPRT mechanism and also propose kinetic isotope studies that could potentially differentiate between possible mechanisms.
Direct C−H Functionalization of Calix[n](het)arenes (n=4,6): A Brief Update
Authors: Mukherjee Anindita , Kopchuk Dmitry S. , Kovalev Igor S. , Santra Sougata , Varaksin Mikhail V. , Zyryanov Grigory V. , Majee Adinath , Chupakhin Oleg N. , Charushin Valery N.
Published: March 2022

Calix[4]arenes are, probably, the mostly explored macrocycles in the supramolecular chemistry. By means of the synthetic modification/functionalization of the upper or lower rims, as well as meso‐positions, the “host‐guest” properties of these macrocycles can be modulated in order to accommodate the guest molecules of various sizes and nature for supramolecular and coordination chemistry, and to perform various functions for materials science and for biomedical applications. In this review, we wish to highlight the most prospective synthetic approaches for the direct C−H functionalization of calixarene core with various functional moieties. Depending on the nature of the functional moiety these calix[4]arenes can serve as drug carriers and nano‐containers for the recognition, encapsulation or storage of bioactive molecules and for many other applications. Current review article deals with the recent examples of C(H)‐functionalization of calix[4]arenes, as well as selected patterns of direct C(H)‐modification of some calix[6]arenes and calix[4]pyrroles.
Study on the Luminescence and Coordination Behavior of Semi‐rigid Dual‐Benzimidazole Ligands and Complexes
Authors: Jia Qiangqiang , Feng Kangkang , Tong Liang , Wang Guoxi X. , Chen Lizhuang Z.
Published: March 2022

In this work, two novel semi‐rigid bisbenzimidazole ligands with different substituents (L1,2‐H; L2,2H‐methyl; L3, 2H‐ethyl; L4, 2H‐isopropyl; L5, 2H‐tertbutyl, which L1‐L3 have been reported,[19,20]to compare the effects of different substituents on properties, herein, we re‐synthesize them) and two coordination compounds are synthesized. Single crystal structure X‐ray diffraction data suggests that the ligand(L1) exhibits boat‐like configuration in the crystal lattice which makes the compound 1 crystallizes in the polar space group (C2), otherwise, chair‐like structure of ligands (L2‐L4) makes compound 2–4 grow in centrosymmetric space group (C2/c). Interestingly, polar compound 1 demonstrates typical ferroelectric behavior with remnant electric polarization (Pr) of 0.308 μC/cm2 and an electric coercive field (Ec) of 20 kV/cm. In addition, the fluorescence of the compounds 1–4 all are in the blue‐violet light region under the combined action of metal ions and organic ligands. Notably, L5 emits bright charming orange light at 365 nm UV light, and we also verified the reason and possibility of luminescence through density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Besides, the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of the L5 is up to 24.6 % and fluorescence lifetime is 3.29 ns. In short, this work might provide strategy to construct metal organic frameworks (MOFs) with ferroelectric and photoluminescent properties.
Patient satisfaction and incidence of adverse events during a trial of sonographer administered musculoskeletal injections
Authors: Osborne Brooke , Thoirs Kerry , Dizon Janine , Parange Nayana , Milanese Steve
Published: March 2022

Introduction

Increases in demand for therapeutic ultrasound‐guided musculoskeletal injections have led to longer waiting times for appointments. With the right training, sonographers are well placed to perform these low‐risk procedures. This study evaluated the effect of musculoskeletal injections administered by trained sonographers with respect to patient safety and satisfaction.

Methods

Patients were recruited from three radiology clinics staffed with appropriately trained sonographers. Patients who agreed to have their injection completed by a sonographer completed satisfaction surveys immediately after their appointment, with adverse reactions also recorded. Longer‐term outcomes were recorded 7–10 days later.

Results

97% of 804 participating patients were completely satisfied with the service they received. Reported adverse events were low, with <1% and 8% immediately and at follow up respectively. There was demonstrated patient satisfaction with staff and the service, and support for the importance of this service in reducing the extensive waiting times experienced.

Conclusion

This study indicates that appropriately trained sonographers can provide ultrasound‐guided musculoskeletal injections at a level of safety which is comparable to similar injection procedures explored in the literature. The high level of satisfaction of the patients suggest that this service should be extended and expanded to address patient concerns regarding long waiting times.
Dynamic governance of the first wave of Covid‐19 in Tunisia: An interoperability analysis
Authors: Nasri Khaled , Boubaker Houda , Dhaouadi Nacef
Published: March 2022

This study proposes an interoperability index of the measures taken by the Tunisian government during the first wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. In the first part, we present the process of decision making as a revised and adjusted process in continuous upgrading, based on the dynamic governance process in times of crisis. In the second part, we estimate an index that records the strictness of government policies in each subperiod and the degree of interoperability between the Tunisian pandemic responses against COVID‐19 using subperiod instantiations. Our empirical findings show that the pandemic management strategy in Tunisia during the first wave was adjusted by incorporating new pandemic policies and changing the stringency levels over time. After estimating the interoperability index, we found that the measures taken early in a subperiod interact directly with the next successive subperiod in the decision process, but they interact indirectly with other successive subperiods.
τRR minimization in presence of hypermultiplets
Authors: Amariti Antonio , Gnecchi Alessandra
Published: March 2022

Abstract

We compute τRR minimization in gauged supergravity for M-theory and String Theory truncations with both massless and massive vector multiplets. We explicitly compute, as anticipated in [1], that massive vector fields at the vacuum require the introduction of a constraint through a Lagrange multiplier. We illustrate this explicitly in two examples, namely the U(1)2-invariant truncation dual to the mABJM model and the ISO(7) truncation in massive IIA, the latter being a theory with both electric and magnetic gauging. We revisit the vacuum constraints at AdS4 and show how the supergravity analysis matches the results of the field theory dual computation.