bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neurological Complications of Local Anaesthetics in Dentistry
Authors: Crean St-John , Powis Alison
Published: August 2017

Neurological complications following the administration of a local anaesthetic can be alarming. By reading reports of such incidents, dentists who find themselves in similar situations will be able to reassure their patients and act accordingly. The authors have reviewed the literature for those neurological complications that have been reported and offer an explanation of their aetiology. Examples of complications covered are facial nerve palsy, transient amaurosis, post-injection paraesthesia, Horner's syndrome, transient paralysis of combined cranial nerves III, IV and VI, sudden unilateral deafness and abducens nerve palsy. A thorough knowledge of the relevant anatomy pertinent to the various injections used in dental surgery is essential and is highlighted in the text.
The Caries Vaccine: A Growing Prospect
Authors: Ma Julian K-C.
Published: August 2017

A vaccine against dental caries, for so long a subject of purely academic research, is currently undergoing phase II clinical trials and could be available commercially within 5 to 6 years. The approach, which is safe, effective, and provides long-term protection for up to a year, is based on a topical application and does not require any injections. The development of this vaccine has been made possible by recent advances in molecular biology and genetic engineering. Perhaps one of the most intriguing aspects has been the use of green plants to produce the vaccine. This article describes a topical vaccine against Streptococcus mutans, which is the main cause of dental caries.
Does Temporomandibular Disorder Pain Dysfunction Syndrome Affect Dietary Intake?
Authors: Irving J. , Wood G.D. , Hackett A.F.
Published: August 2017

Temporomandibular disorder pain dysfunction syndrome (TDPDS) is the most common cause of facial pain after toothache. The symptoms are varied but are likely to affect the choice, intake and enjoyment of food. This has not been previously investigated. In this paper a preliminary study of 35 patients attending a department of oral and maxillofacial surgery at a general hospital is presented. Thirty-one subjects reported that eating was a problem; 15 prepared food differently and 24 considered that their choice of food was limited. Four of the five foods most often reported to be difficult to eat are valuable in the diet: meat (22), apples (20), bread (13), toast (7) and toffees (6). Twenty-three subjects reported eating a softer diet. Most (25) reported pain when eating. Such circumstances make it harder for TDPDS sufferers to meet current nutritional guidelines, especially, perhaps, for some to achieve an adequate intake of iron.
Orofacial Disease: Update for the Clinical Team: 9. Orofacial Pain
Authors: Scully Crispian , Porter Stephen
Published: August 2017

Orofacial pain, the main reason why many patients seek dental advice, usually has a local cause—primarily the sequelae of dental caries—but a wide range of diseases, particularly neurological, psychogenic and vascular disorders, can cause orofacial pain. This article will discuss disorders that can present with pain and the neurological, psychogenic and vascular causes of orofacial pain.

The first article in this series made several general observations on diagnosis and treatment which should be borne in mind in relation to the material presented here.
Strength of a ‘No-Bottle’ Adhesive System Bonded to Enamel and Dentine
Authors: Issa M.H. , Silikas N. , Watts D.C.
Published: August 2017

Existing bonding systems permit effective bonding to enamel or dentine. Bonding to dentine is mainly achieved through the hybridization of dentine with resin. However, despite their success, the ‘three-bottle’ systems do have drawbacks – the large number of steps involved may be confusing and prone to errors of application, as well as being time consuming. Recently developed systems have significantly reduced the number of steps and the total treatment time, but deliver a reliable outcome.
How Bonded Is A Bonded Crown?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

In Vitro Leakage of Resin-bonded Allporcelain Crowns. M. Ferrari, F. Mannocci, P. N. Mason, G. Kugel. Journal of Adhesive Dentistry 1999; 1: 233-242.
Parkinson's Disease and Oral Care
Authors: Fiske Janice , Hyland Karen
Published: August 2017

Parkinson's disease is a relatively common, progressive, neurological disorder. Its key features of resting tremor, bradykinesia, akinesia, restricted mobility and postural instability militate against independence for daily living, mobility, good nutrition and oral health. The successful management of the disease requires a multi-disciplinary approach in which the dietician, speech therapist, nurse and dental staff are pivotal members of the care team.
How Long Will This Ceramic Inlay Last?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

The Clinical Performance of Ceramic Inlays: A Review. M. A. Bergman. Australian Dental Journal 1999; 44(3): 157-168.
Oral Midazolam for Adults with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Boyle Carole A. , Graham Manley M.C. , Fleming Garry J.P.
Published: August 2017

This paper demonstrates how oral midazolam can be employed as an alternative method of behaviour management to general anaesthesia for the dental treatment of people with learning disabilities. A range of treatments, from scaling to root canal therapy, can be carried out successfully using the sedation technique outlined. The advantages of sedation include reduced morbidity and mortality. Treatment outcomes are also likely to be improved as root canal therapy and periodontal care can be carried out over a number of visits rather than a single treatment session under general anaesthesia. Oral sedation with midazolam should improve the scope of dental treatment available to patients with disabilities.
Take Two Dentists: A Tale of Root Caries
Authors: Kidd Edwina A.M. , Giedrys-Leeper Elaine , Simons Debra
Published: August 2017

Take two dentists, whose practices are about as different as they could possibly be, who both have a healthy respect for root caries. Our paper will start by describing these two practices and then review the literature to show what is known about the management of root caries. The paper ends by returning to the two dentists, who describe how the research reviewed in the literature may affect their work.
Dentine Caries: Take It or Leave It?
Authors: Banerjee A. , Watson T.F. , Kidd E.A.M.
Published: August 2017

In modern dentistry the primary aim when excavating carious dentine is to eradicate only the highly infected, irreversibly demineralized and denatured biomass in order to allow effective restoration of the cavity, restoration of the surface anatomy of the tooth and to prevent disease progression. However, the boundary between this superficial zone of dentine requiring excavation and the deeper, affected but repairable tissue is not always obvious either in the clinic or in the research laboratory. The inherent subjectivity in detecting this excavation boundary can result in clinically significant differences in the quality and quantity of dentine removed by different operators and makes the in vitro comparison of newer excavation techniques more difficult. This article discusses the rationale behind carious dentine excavation and the criteria available to the dentist, both clinical and laboratory, to help identify the dentine requiring removal.
Periodontal Splinting in General Dental Practice
Authors: Watkins Sophie J. , Hemmings Kenneth W.
Published: August 2017

Splinting periodontally involved teeth is a technique that has been in use for centuries. This article gives a brief history and review of the literature concerning periodontal splinting and outlines the rationale and indications for the correct application of periodontal splinting in modern dental practice. The common types of splint and clinical techniques involved are described, addressing some of the clinical problems.
Transcultural Oral Health Care and the Chinese – An Invisible Community
Authors: Kwan Stella Y.L. , Bedi Raman
Published: August 2017

The Chinese, a ‘silent minority’, are the most scattered, but neglected, community in the UK. Most dentists will have at least a few Chinese people in their community. This paper describes the health beliefs, dental knowledge, attitudes and behaviours of the Chinese. Implications for general dental practitioners are discussed.
Selection of Materials for Post Cementation
Authors: Mitchell Christina A.
Published: August 2017

Many types of cement are available for post cementation, each with advantages and disadvantages. For posts with adequate mechanical retention, zinc phosphate is a good choice for patients for whom fluoride release is not considered essential. Posts with compromised mechanical retention benefit from use of a resin-modified glass-ionomer cement, which also releases fluoride. Composite resin cements should be reserved for rare cases where mechanical retention is so compromised that use of a resin-modified glass-ionomer cement provides inadequate retention. Great care is required when using composite resin cements to ensure optimum performance and avoid the creation of difficult-to-remove excess cement. Clinicians should be aware that posts cemented with resin-modified glass ionomer or composite resin cements may be difficult or impossible to remove if access to the root canal system is subsequently required.
Book Review
Authors: Walmsley A.D.
Published: August 2017

A Clinical Guide to Complete Denture Prosthetics. By J.F. McCord and A.A. Grant. BDJ Books, London, 2000 (76pp., £29.95). ISBN 0-904588-64-5.
Hormonal Factors in Periodontal Disease
Authors: Soory M.
Published: August 2017

This article discusses the effects of sex steroid hormones, glucocorticoids and insulin deficiency on periodontal tissues, and the possible consequences on periodontal disease progression. The androgens and oestrogens have predominantly anabolic functions in stimulating matrix synthesis, which is applicable to periodontal repair and medication-induced gingival overgrowth. Oestrogen and progesterone can contribute to pregnancy gingivitis; long-term use of hormonal contraceptives can accelerate progression of periodontal disease. Higher levels of circulating cortisol, associated with stress, can influence the onset of acute necrotic ulcerative gingivitis. Gingivitis and periodontal disease are reported to be more prevalent in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (periodontal disease, particularly in older, less well controlled subjects) than in non-diabetic individuals.
Is Your Protocol for Avulsed Teeth Up to Date?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Postreplantation Management of Avulsed Teeth: An Endodontic Literature Review. D.I. Pavek and P.K.Radtke. General Dentistry 2000; 48: 176-181.
Book Review
Authors: Kerr W. John S.
Published: August 2017

W & H Orthodontic Notes. By Malcolm L. Jones and Richard G. Oliver. Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford, 2000 (264pp., £17.99). ISBN 0-72-361065-7.
Current Practice in Endodontics: 3. Access is Success, and Rubber Dam is Easy
Authors: Carrotte Peter V.
Published: August 2017

The prime aim of this series of articles is to improve the quality of endodontic treatment in general dental practice by considering what is currently being taught in dental schools. This, the third article, offers guidance and hints to ease the use of rubber dam, which should be mandatory for root canal therapy. It also considers the shape, position and extent of access cavities. The access cavity can make all the difference in success or failure of endodontic treatment.
Post-Operative Antibiotics
Authors: Oliver Richard
Published: August 2017

Antibiotic Therapy in Impacted Third Molar Surgery. G. Monaco, C. Staffolani, M.R. Gatto and L. Checchi. European Journal of Oral Sciences 1999; 107: 437-441.
Dental Erosion: A Case Study of a Marathon Runner
Authors: Moore D. , Wilson M.A.
Published: August 2017

This paper presents a case study of a recreational runner who unwittingly has caused severe damage to her dentition through her lifestyle and dietary habits. It should serve as a reminder to all dental practitioners that dental problems occur even in patients who seem to be following a healthy lifestyle.
New Regenerative Technologies: Rationale and Potential for Periodontal Regeneration: 1. New Advances in Established Regenerative Strategies
Authors: King Gaston N.
Published: August 2017

Regenerative techniques have been clinically available for over a decade, but with limited success in promoting new bone, cementum and connective tissue attachment. New understanding of the tissues involved in regeneration and of the materials used to promote regeneration have led to new advances. This is the first of two articles that discusses new regenerative technologies with respect to their rationale and potential for periodontal regeneration and focuses on root conditioning, bone grafts and bone substitutes, and guided tissue regeneration.
Materials for Restoration of Primary Teeth: 1. Conventional Materials and Early Glass Ionomers
Authors: Fleming G.J.P. , Burke F.J.T. , Watson D.J. , Owen F.J.
Published: August 2017

This paper demonstrates how the treatment of primary dentition may present the clinician with increased difficulties compared with the preparation and placement of restorations in adult dentition. Established dental materials (dental amalgam and conventional glass ionomer cements) and less well established alternative materials (copper cements) are reviewed. The use of amalgam to restore primary dentition is the subject of concern amongst the dental profession in terms of lack of adhesion and potential toxicity concerns, while the low tensile strength of traditional glass ionomer cements make them less suitable for the restoration of primary dentition.
The Two by Four Appliance: A Versatile Appliance
Authors: Fiona McKeown H. , Sandlerd Jonathan
Published: August 2017

The 2x4 appliance comprises bonds on the maxillary incisors, bands on the first permanent maxillary molars and a continuous archwire. The appliance is used in the early mixed dentition for treatment of both anterior crossbites and alignment of ectopic incisors. Four cases using this appliance are presented. This appliance offers many advantages over alternative techniques as it provides complete control of anterior tooth position, is extremely well tolerated, requires no adjustment by the patient and allows accurate and rapid positioning of the teeth
Professor Damien Walmsley Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Birmingham School of Dentistry
Authors: Walmsley Damien
Published: August 2017

Professor Walmsley qualified from the University of Manchester in 1981 and, after house jobs at Guy's and St Bartholomew's Hospital, went back to Manchester to take up a MRC studentship on the Biological Effects of Dental Ultrasound. He joined the University of Birmingham as a lecturer in 1985, and this was followed by promotion to Senior lecturer (1991) and consultant in Restorative Dentistry (1993) and Professor of Restorative Dentistry (2000). Ultrasonics in Dentistry is a major research interest and this has been recognized by both the EPSRC funding council and commercial companies working in this area. Professor Walmsley is leader of the technology transfer in Dentistry Network, funded by the EPSRC; the Web is used to promote communication between members. His publications are a major contribution to this field. He is also interested in the use of magnets in dentistry.
Book Review
Authors: Burke F.J. Trevor
Published: August 2017

This is the DPB: The History of a Quango 1948–1998. By A. Freeman and T. Scholl. Dental Practice Board, Eastbourne, East Sussex BN20 8AD, 2001 (319pp., £7.99). ISBN: 0-953-9339-0-3.
A Question of Space: Options for the Restorative Management of Worn Teeth
Authors: Dyer K. , Ibbetson R. , Grey N.
Published: August 2017

The prevalence of tooth surface loss has increased in recent years. The essence of management is an effective preventive regime; however, in many instances restoration may also be necessary. A number of strategies is available for creating sufficient space to enable restoration and several techniques for restoration known. This article reviews the significance of the vertical dimension of occlusion and describes the restorative management of a patient affected by severe toothwear.
Can You Etch Pulps – the Debate Continues!
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Human Pulpal Response to Direct Pulp Capping with an Adhesive System. J.C. Pereira, A.D. Segala and C.A.S. Costa American Journal of Dentistry 2000; 13: 139–147.
Help for Snorers
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

The Durability of Intraoral Devices for Snoring and Sleep Apnoea. D.W. Tyler. Journal of the Canadian Dental Association 2000; 66: 464–465.
Implant Complications and Failures: The Complete Overdenture
Authors: Watson C.J. , Tinsley D. , Sharma S.
Published: August 2017

The implant-retained overdenture has been advocated as an effective method of restoring the edentulous patient with an appliance that offers significant benefits over conventional prosthetics. However, the success and survival of such appliances have been shown to vary considerably, depending on which jaw is treated: implants supporting overdentures in the maxilla have a significantly higher failure rate. The restoration also requires considerable maintenance, which is both time consuming and costly. The purpose of this paper is to look at common restorative complications and maintenance problems following the placement of dental implants to support an overdenture. A number of implant systems have been reviewed and the results of the authors' clinical experiences with referred and their own cases are reported.
Treatment Planning for the Problem Patient: Restorative, Ethical, Legal and Psychological Perspectives. Case 1: Emma
Authors: Crossley M.L. , Shearer A.C. , Mellor A.C. , Bridgeman A.M. , Kay E.J.
Published: August 2017

‘Emma’ is the first of a series of four articles that aims to look at some of the problems patients may present with when they visit their dentist. Each article starts with a brief scenario about the hypothetical patient and his/her clinical problems. As well as the clinical problem, each case also raises ethical, legal or psychological problems. All of these issues are discussed and possible management strategies and treatment options described.
The Assessment of the Endodontically Treated Tooth
Authors: Ashley Martin , Harris Ian
Published: August 2017

This paper reviews the assessment of success and failure following endodontic treatment and highlights the fact that many referrals for specialist management of endodontic failure do not take into consideration established guidelines in this important area.
A Pictorial Essay of Clinical Innovations with Posterior Tooth-coloured Restorations
Authors: Liebenberg William H.
Published: August 2017

The application of multi-surfaced posterior tooth-coloured restorations is an exercise in risk tolerance when dentine occupies the bulk of the tooth substrate. Success with posterior tooth-coloured restorations is dependent on interfacial integrity. Although the literature is full of guidelines on producing aesthetically pleasing restorations, most practising clinicians appreciate that clinical success involves more than aesthetics: success is strongly dependent on operative competence. This article describes a number of innovative clinical techniques and discusses the probationary status of current adhesive options and the need for excellence in all phases of these demanding restorative sequences.
How Much Do Your Patients Really Drink?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Wine, Alcohol, and Oral Health, with Special Emphasis on Dental Erosion. J.H. Meurman and M. Vesterinen. Quintessence International 2000; 31: 729–733.
Book Review
Authors: Stewardson Dominic
Published: August 2017

Fundamentals of Operative Dentistry: A Contemporary Approach. 2nd edition. By James B. Summitt, J. William Robbins, Richard S. Schwartz and Jose dos Santos, Jr. Quintessence Books, New Malden, 2001 (576pp., £50). ISBN 0-86715-382-2
Treatment Planning for the Loss of First Permanent Molars
Authors: Gill D.S. , Lee R.T. , Tredwin C.J.
Published: August 2017

During the mixed-dentition stage of dental development, dentists may encounter patients with first permanent molars considered to have a poor long-term prognosis. In this situation, extraction of the tooth and space closure or use of the extraction space for future orthodontic treatment should be considered. The aim of this article is to give guidelines about treatment planning for patients who have first molars with a poor prognosis during the mixed-dentition stage.
Submerging Deciduous Molars – An Extraction in Time!
Authors: Jones Judith , Robinson Paul D.
Published: August 2017

A case is presented of a 25-year-old man with a submerged lower second deciduous molar and an impacted lower second premolar. Treatment was complicated by the relationship of the teeth to the inferior dental nerve, which necessitated extensive bone removal and mental nerve transposition to remove the submerged and impacted teeth. Early recognition and treatment of the submerging tooth might have prevented the need for such extensive surgery and morbidity at a later date.
Book Review
Authors: Caddick Richard
Published: August 2017

Secrets of Success in Dental Practice – 99 Things They Didn't Tell You in Dental School. By Philip R. Greene. (Available from Dept DEU Quayside Dental Centre, 2 Chester Road, Manchester M15 4WX. Tel. 0161 835 1777; email: dentalbooklets@aol.com ) Price: £45 plus sae.
Successful Restoration of Load-Bearing Cavities in Posterior Teeth with Direct-Replacement Resin-Based Composite
Authors: Burke F.J.T. , Shortall A.C.C.
Published: August 2017

Successful restoration of posterior teeth with resin-based restorative materials requires the clinician to be aware of the factors influencing success. These include correct patient and cavity selection, correct choice of material, identifying a matrix system that will achieve a tight contact, and correct placement methods. A means of avoiding stress due to polymerization shrinkage should also be used.
Treatment Planning for the Problem Patient: Restorative, Ethical, Legal and Psychological Perspectives. Case 4: Mr Lester
Authors: Bridgeman A.M. , Mellor A.C. , Crossley M.L. , Shearer A.C. , Kay E.J.
Published: August 2017

‘Mr Lester’ is the final case study in a series of four articles that aims to look at some of the problems patients may present with when they visit their dentist. Each article starts with a brief scenario about the hypothetical patient and his/her clinical problems. As well as the clinical problem, each case also raises ethical, legal or psychological problems. All of these issues are discussed and possible management strategies and treatment options investigated.
Ethics and Dentistry:1. The Meaning of Ethics
Authors: Gelbier Stanley , Wright Desmond , Bishop Malcolm
Published: August 2017

This short series of two papers will examine the relationship between ethics and dentistry. The first paper explores the meaning of ethics; the second will provide a catalogue of primary sources for dental practitioners who wish to read further in order to gain a core of knowledge about dental ethics.
Dental Ceramics: What's New?
Authors: Qualtrough Alison J.E. , Piddock Valerie
Published: August 2017

The advances in dental ceramic materials and systems continue to be related to improvements in strength, fitting accuracy and aimed towards avoidance of the use of metal substructures both in posterior and anterior teeth. Many of the changes seen within the last few years have been associated with modifications to, and improvements of, existing techniques. These are considered in this paper, and ceramic post systems are also reviewed.
Potential Hazards of Orthodontic Treatment – What Your Patient Should Know
Authors: Ellis Pamela E. , Benson Philip E
Published: August 2017

Orthodontic treatment carries with it the risks of tissue damage, treatment failure and an increased predisposition to dental disorders. The dentist must be aware of these risks in order to help the patient make a fully informed choice whether to proceed with orthodontic treatment. This paper outlines the potential hazards and suggests how they may be avoided or minimized.
The Management of Blood Phobia and A Hypersensitive Gag Reflex by Hypnotherapy: A Case Report
Authors: Noble Suzanne
Published: August 2017

Coping with a hypersensitive gag reflex can be a cause for concern for both the patient and the operator. This report describes a case of blood phobia directed solely towards the oral cavity, linked with the inability to tolerate dentures due to a hypersensitive gag reflex. Management by hypnotherapy using a systematic desensitization technique allowed for extraction of teeth and permanent elimination of the gagging problem.
Double Fracture and Wedging of a Sewing Needle Interdentally in an Attempt at Self-Treatment: A Case Report
Authors: Harper Kenneth A.
Published: August 2017

Dental pain occurring whilst abroad may present the patient with a difficult decision: to try and bear it with self-medication until he/she returns home or to seek professional help. This case report outlines a Korean girl's attempt at self-treatment, which resulted in not one but two fragments of a sewing needle wedging between her teeth, the second fracturing as she tried to dislodge the first. Her self-treatment exacerbated her problem and resulted in the need for surgical access to the site to retrieve the broken fragments. The case also illustrates the use of parallax radiography in determining the position of the fragments.
Hyaluronan and its Potential Role in Periodontal Healing
Authors: Moseley Ryan , Waddington Rachel J. , Embery Graham
Published: August 2017

Hyaluronan is a natural tissue component, which plays a vital role in the functioning of extracellular matrices, including those of the periodontium. This molecule is also important in relation to the mechanisms associated with inflammation and wound healing. The application of exogenous hyaluronan and hyaluronan-based biomaterials has been successful in manipulating and accelerating the wound healing process in a number of medical disciplines, as evident in ophthalmology, dermatology and rheumatology. It is conceivable that hyaluronan administration to periodontal sites could achieve comparable beneficial effects in periodontal healing and surgery, hence aiding treatment of periodontal disease.
Fragile X (Martin Bell) Syndrome
Authors: Scully Crispian
Published: August 2017

Fragile X syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder that results from a single gene mutation on the X chromosome. It is the most common genetic cause of learning disability, though many patients remain unrecognized. Fragile X syndrome is characterized phenotypically mainly by a long coarse face, prominent ears and macro-orchidism. Affected individuals are also mentally challenged and may have mitral valve prolapse, and seizures. A case of Fragile X syndrome is reported, with oral findings and potential management difficulties in oral care.
Multiple Sclerosis and Oral Care
Authors: Fiske Janice , Griffiths Janet , Thompson Shelagh
Published: August 2017

Multiple sclerosis is a complex neurological condition affecting sensory and motor nerve transmission. Its progression and symptoms are unpredictable and vary from person to person as well as over time. Common early symptoms include visual disturbances, facial pain or trigeminal neuralgia and paraesthesia or numbness of feet, legs, hands and arms. These, plus symptoms of spasticity, spasms, tremor, fatigue, depression and progressive disability, impact on the individual's ability to maintain oral health, cope with dental treatment and access dental services. Also, many of the medications used in the symptomatic management of the condition have the potential to cause dry mouth and associated oral disease. There is no cure for multiple sclerosis, and treatment focuses on prevention of disability and maintenance of quality of life. Increasingly a multi-disciplinary team approach is used where the individual, if appropriate his/her carer, and the specialist nurse are key figures. The dental team plays an essential role in ensuring that oral health impacts positively on general health.
Auxiliary Retention and the Role of the Core in Fixed Prosthodontics
Authors: Ibbetson Richard
Published: August 2017

Extensively damaged teeth frequently require placement of a core before preparation to receive an indirect restoration. Dentine pins have traditionally been used to enhance retention and resistance form when coronal dentine is significantly reduced; however, pins are invasive and may produce pulpal or periodontal problems. Cavity design features such as grooves, boxes or retentive pits may be better alternatives. The choice of the core material may also influence the outcome although reliable research data are scarce. Large cores should be considered to have a structural role in supporting the final restoration.
Rapid Correction of Anterior Crossbite using a Fixed Appliance: A Case Report
Authors: Skeggs R.M. , Sandler P.J.
Published: August 2017

Anterior crossbite is a commonly encountered problem that is traditionally managed with removable appliances. This paper demonstrates some of the advantages of using fixed appliances to correct these malocclusions. In this case, treatment was completed more rapidly than would have occurred with conventional techniques.
Restorative Management of the Worn Dentition: 4. Generalized Toothwear
Authors: Chu Frederick C.S. , Siu Adam S.C. , Newsome Philip R.H. , Chow Tak W. , Smales Roger J.
Published: August 2017

This is the final paper of a four part series on the management of worn dentition. The factors affecting the selection of restorative techniques for generalized toothwear, such as pulpal vitality, jaw relationship and occlusal guidance are discussed. The practical steps of oral rehabilitation using fixed prostheses are illustrated with two clinical cases.
Book Review
Authors: Qualtrough Alison
Published: August 2017

Restorative Dentistry. A.D. Walmsley, T.F. Walsh, F.J.T. Burke, A.C. Shortall, P.J. Lumley, R. Hayes-Hall. Churchill Livingstone, 2002 (234pp., £50.00 p/b). ISBN 0443-05985-3.
Book Review
Authors: James Alistair
Published: August 2017

Hand to Mouth: Essays on the Art of Dentistry. Eric Curtis, ed. Quintessence Publishing Co. Ltd, New Malden, Surrey, 2002 (261 pp., £27 p/b). ISBN 0-86715-409-8.
Do You Fully Utilize Your Skills?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Relative Analgesia and General Dental Practitioners: Attitudes and Intentions to Provide Conscious Sedation for Paediatric Dental Extractions. R. Freeman, P. Carson. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2003; 13: 320–326.
Low-shrink monomers for dental restorations
Authors: Palin W.M. , Fleming G.J.P.
Published: August 2017

The main disadvantages of resin-based composites (RBCs) for use in load-bearing posterior restorations include the polymerization shrinkage following curing and inadequate wear resistance in service. These properties are largely influenced by the monomer system and research is currently being undertaken to decrease polymerization shrinkage and improve resin wear characteristics in an attempt to increase RBC restoration longevity. The scope of the current review will identify the development of resin-based restoratives, indicating the reported advantages and disadvantages of resin types routinely used in dental practice today and review the most recent advancements in resin technology.
Stick with the New, or Stick with the Old?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Tooth-Coloured Post Systems: A Review. A.J.E. Qualtrough and F. Mannocci. Operative Dentistry 2003; 1: 86–91.
Oral White Sponge Naevus: Case Report
Authors: Iamaroon Anak , Pongsiriwet Surawut
Published: August 2017

The clinical appearances of white sponge naevus may mimic other oral white lesions, including premalignant leukoplakia but, unlike leukoplakia, white sponge naevus does not have malignant potential. This article presents a case of an irregular white lesion on the oral mucosa with findings suggestive of white sponge naevus.
Just Wing It!
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Longevity of Two-unit Cantilevered Resin-bonded Fixed Partial Dentures. M. G. Botelho, A. W. K. Chan, E. Y. L. Yiu and E. T. P. Tse. American Journal of Dentistry 2002; 15: 295–299.
Fibre-Reinforced Composites in Restorative Dentistry
Authors: Butterworth Chris , Ellakwa Ayman E. , Shortall Adrian
Published: August 2017

Restorative dentistry is constantly evolving as a result of innovative treatment solutions based on new materials, treatment techniques and technologies, with composite materials being a prime example. The advent of fibre reinforcement has further increased the potential uses of composites within restorative dentistry. This paper discusses fibre types, structure and the physical properties of fibre-reinforced composites, in addition to outlining some of the potential clinical applications of this exciting group of materials, thus updating the reader on the new treatment possibilities offered by these developments.
Paediatric Dentistry in the New Millennium: 3. Use of Inhalation Sedation in Paediatric Dentistry
Authors: Paterson Susan A. , Tahmassebi Jinous F.
Published: August 2017

Provision of General Anaesthesia is now limited and restricted to the hospital setting. Sedation for paediatric patients is an essential tool in anxiety management and is used as an adjunct to behaviour management. Inhalation sedation with nitrous oxide/oxygen sedation to reach a plane of relative analgesia may be administered easily and safely to children in general dental practice and is a potential alternative to general anaesthesia.
Book Review
Authors: Rout John
Published: August 2017

Master Dentistry: 1. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radiology, Pathology and Oral Medicine. P. Coulthard, K. Horner, P. Sloan and E. Theaker. Churchill Livingstone, 2003 (280pp., £21.99). ISBN 0443061920.
Nerve Damage and Third Molar Removal
Authors: Loescher A.R. , Smith K.G. , Robinson P. P.
Published: August 2017

The surgical removal of lower third molars endangers both the lingual and inferior alveolar nerves. Patients sustaining an injury to either of these nerves must be managed correctly, and this requires a diagnosis of the injury type and regular monitoring of the recovery of sensation. Surgical intervention for a damaged inferior alveolar nerve is not usually indicated but may be undertaken: if the nerve is completely divided and the severed ends are misaligned; if a bony fragment has compressed the mandibular canal; or if the patient suffers from persistent neuropathic pain. In contrast, after injury to the lingual nerve, if sensory testing demonstrates no neural recovery within 3–4 months, exploration of the injury site and microsurgical repair of the damaged nerve is indicated.
Acrylic Partial Dentures
Authors: Walmsley A. Damien
Published: August 2017

Acrylic removable partial dentures are routinely used in everyday clinical practice. However, there is concern that if they are not correctly designed that damage may result to the soft and hard tissues leading to tooth loss. This article reviews the potential damage that may occur from the use of acrylic dentures. Methods of improving the design features and construction of acrylic RPDs to minimize damage and improve longevity of the remaining teeth will be demonstrated.
Orthodontic Retention : Why When and How?
Authors: McNally M. , Mullin M. , Dhopatkar A. , Rock W.P.
Published: August 2017

Retention is normally required after active orthodontic tooth movement to hold the teeth in their new positions. This article reviews the principles of orthodontic retention and describes common retention regimes and appliances.
From Extension for Prevention to Prevention of Extension: (Minimal Intervention Dentistry)
Authors: Burke F.J. Trevor
Published: August 2017

Minimal intervention techniques cause less destruction of tooth substance than conventional techniques, with reduced risk of tooth fracture and pulpal problems. This article describes conventional cavity designs and discusses currently available minimal intervention techniques.
Crowns Revisited
Authors: Bartlett David
Published: August 2017

This paper overviews recent changes to making crowns. For the most part it presents clinically relevant information using examples where necessary. The paper will act as a useful reminder for the techniques involved with crown preparations and the choices of materials available.
The Specialty of Family Dentistry: A Future for General Dental Practitioners?
Authors: Li Raymond W. K. , Chow Tak W.
Published: August 2017

A new Specialty in dentistry, Family Dentistry, has been established to provide a structured, co-ordinated training for general dental practitioners who are the major oral health service providers.

The training emphasizes the importance of continuing and comprehensive care, the interface between primary and secondary care, the relationship between the patient and his/her family and the community, and a holistic approach in treatment planning and delivery.
Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH): Clinical Presentation, Aetiology and Management
Authors: Weerheijm K.L.
Published: August 2017

In this paper, the current knowledge about Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) is presented. MIH is defined as hypomineralization of systemic origin of one to four permanent first molars frequently associated with affected incisors and these molars are related to major clinical problems in severe cases. At the moment, only limited data are available to describe the magnitude of the phenomenon. The prevalence of MIH in the different studies ranges from 3.6–25% and seems to differ in certain regions and birth cohorts. Several aetiological factors (for example, frequent childhood diseases) are mentioned as the cause of the defect. Children at risk should be monitored very carefully during the period of eruption of their first permanent molars. Treatment planning should consider the long-term prognosis of these teeth.
Book Review
Authors: Kidd Edwina
Published: August 2017

Selection Criteria for Dental Radiography, 2nd ed (FGDP (UK) Good Practice Guidelines). M.E. Pendlebury, K. Horner and K.E. Eaton, eds. Faculty of General Dental Practitioners (UK), London, 2004 (108pp., £30.00). ISBN 0-9543451-1-8.
Rheumatoid Arthritis of TMJ – A Diagnostic Dilemma?
Authors: Bathi Renuka J. , Taneja Neeraj , Parveen Sameena
Published: August 2017

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic disease affecting the musculo-skeletal connective tissue of the body with a strong predilection for the joints. The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is commonly affected with rheumatoid arthritis in adults and children, but it is usually among the last joints to be affected. A case report is presented of a patient undergoing orthodontic treatment who developed unilateral condylar changes and whose serum was also positive for rheumatoid factor. The involvement of TMJ in several systemic disorders is a well established fact. When such disorders manifest in an atypical manner, it poses a diagnostic dilemma. This article aims to discuss various disorders causing condylar erosions.
Diabetes Mellitus and Oral Care
Authors: Fiske Janice
Published: August 2017

Diabetes is a common condition. Its incidence is increasing. It can lead to medical complications including visual impairment, neuropathies, renal and cardiovascular disease. Diabetes can have an adverse effect on oral health and health-care. Conversely, poor oral health can have an adverse effect on blood glucose control. Repeated oral infections can indicate uncontrolled diabetes and lead to its diagnosis. Whereas hyperglycaemia may occur in untreated diabetes, hypoglycaemic episodes are not uncommon in well-controlled diabetes Type 2. The tight glycaemic control required to prevent its long-term complications can be destabilized by infection, anxiety or missed meals.
Use of Dental Photography by General Dental Practitioners in Great Britain
Authors: Sharland M.R. , Burke F.J.T. , Walmsley A.D. , McHugh S.
Published: August 2017

This study assesses, by means of a postal questionnaire, the numbers of general dental practitioners who use clinical photography, and the uses to which this is applied. The questionnaire was distributed to 1000 randomly selected GDPs in Great Britain. A response rate of 76% was achieved. Of the respondents, 36% used clinical photography, with 65% of those using an intra-oral 35 mm camera, 18% a digital camera and 12% an intra-oral digital video camera. Principal uses of clinical photography were patient instruction/motivation (72%), medico-legal reasons (68%), treatment planning (63%), and liaison with laboratory (43%).
Reflective Practice and Experiential Learning: Tools for Continuing Professional Development
Authors: Simpson Kirk , Freeman Ruth
Published: August 2017

The models of reflective practice and experiential learning, described within this article, provide the dental practitioner and his/her team with realistic methods by which they can improve their skills and working atmosphere, and also reduce occupational stress. The reflective dentist is one who engages his/her team in a process of discussion regarding a variety of clinical situations, and who learns from both positive and negative clinical experience. This article offers a detailed analysis of reflective practice and experiential learning, and the ways in which application of these procedures can contribute significantly to the continuing professional development of dentists and dental teams.
Oral Tonsils (Ectopic Oral Tonsillar Tissue)
Authors: Patel K. , Ariyaratnam S. , Sloan P. , Pemberton M.N.
Published: August 2017

Oral tonsils (ectopic oral tonsillar tissue) are rarely remarked upon. They may cause diagnostic confusion, especially when found in the floor of the mouth. We report here two cases of patients presenting because of oral tonsillar tissue, to remind colleagues of its occurrence and the need to consider the lesion in the differential diagnosis of soft tissue nodules of the oral cavity.
Use of Operating Telescopes with Multifocal Corrective Lenses
Authors: Mosedale R. F. , Farmilo Elizabeth
Published: August 2017

Many older practitioners who wear spectacles with multifocal lenses for surgery work have been told that they cannot use flip-up magnifying telescopes with these owing to the difficulty of positioning them over the appropriate part of the lens and therefore must resort to normal bifocals. They thereby lose the advantages of clear vision at all distances which multifocals give. This article describes a way of overcoming this problem.
Book Review
Authors: Winkler David
Published: August 2017

Metal-Free Esthetic Restorations: Procera Concept. By Carlos Eduardo Francischone and Laércio Wonhrath Vasconcelos. Quintessence Publishing Co. Ltd., New Malden, 2003. ISBN 85-87425-49-8.
A New Look at Fluoride Varnishes
Authors: Davies G. M. , Davies R. M.
Published: August 2017

Fluoride varnishes have been available for over 30 years but there may be clinicians and dental public health practitioners who are unaware of the true level of effectiveness they provide in caries control. Under the headings of effectiveness, ease of application and safety the available evidence is digested and summarized to inform the reader about the indications, method of use and alternative options for caries control.
The Buccal Fat Pad in the Closure of Oro-Antral Communications: An Illustrated Guide
Authors: Scott Paul , Fabbroni Gillon , Mitchell David A.
Published: August 2017

This article is intended as an illustrated, step-by-step guide in the use of the pedicled buccal fat pad in the closure of oro-antral communications. The advantages and disadvantages of its use are discussed, along with its basic anatomy.
Free Toothpaste
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

An Assessment of the Cost-effectiveness of a Postal Toothpaste Programme to Prevent Caries among Five-year-old Children in the North West of England. G.M. Davies, H.V. Worthington, R.P. Ellwood, A.S. Blinkhorn, G.O. Taylor, R.M. Davies and J. Consodine. Community Dental Health 2003; 20: 207–210.
Oral Piercing and Associated Complications: Two Case Reports
Authors: Scott Paul , Baker Ahmed , Spencer R. James
Published: August 2017

These two cases, which presented in a three-month period to a Maxillofacial Surgery Department of a District General Hospital, demonstrate problems that can occur following oral piercing.
Case Report: Exfoliative Cheilitis Managed with Antidepressant Medication
Authors: Leyland Leila , Anne Field E.
Published: August 2017

Exfoliative cheilitis is an unsightly and uncommon, chronic superficial inflammatory disorder that affects the vermilion zone of the lips. This case report describes the presentation of exfoliative cheilitis in a young man, and his subsequent management with antidepressant medication. The differential diagnosis of chronic exfoliative cheilitis is outlined.
Lasers in Periodontology
Authors: Mavrogiannis M. , Thomason J.M. , Seymour R.A.
Published: August 2017

Since the development of the ruby laser by Maiman in 1960, lasers have been widely employed in medicine for a number of years. The purpose of this paper is to summarize potential applications for lasers in dentistry, with special regard to periodontology. This article briefly describes clinical applications of lasers and laser safety. Particularly, the use of a diode laser seems to be promising, especially in already compromised transplant patients, who need to be treated with a technique where the operative and post-operative blood loss, post-operative discomfort and the recurrence of drug-induced gingival overgrowth need to be kept to a minimum or eliminated. Therefore, the use of lasers in periodontology may lead to an alteration in present clinical practice and help to establish the best management strategy because, by maintaining periodontal health, the life quality of patients can be improved.
Book Review
Authors: Mosedale Roger
Published: August 2017

Periodontics 5th edition. By B.M.Eley and J.D.Manson. Wright Elsevier, Edinburgh, 2004 (396pp. £44.99). ISBN 0-72361-097-5.
An Overview of Bleaching Techniques: 2. Night Guard Vital Bleaching and Non-Vital Bleaching
Authors: Sulieman M.
Published: August 2017

Night Guard Vital Bleaching (NGVB) or dentist-monitored bleaching technique is probably the most widely used bleaching technique because of its relative ease of use, low cost, safety and high success rate. There are many non-vital bleaching techniques available, all of which have one thing in common, usually a successful result in the procedure returning the discoloured tooth to its original colour and beyond that when required.

This article will give an overview of various home bleaching techniques: materials and regimens used, bleaching procedure and treatment of side-effects. In addition, it will review various in-surgery and at home techniques used for bleaching non-vital teeth.
Recent Advances in Local Anaesthesia
Authors: Ramacciato J.C. , Meechan J.G.
Published: August 2017

This paper describes developments in the field of dental local anaesthesia. Recently introduced injectable agents, advances in the field of topical anaesthesia and new delivery systems are discussed.
Are You and Your Staff at Risk?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Herpes Simplex Virus: An Occupational Hazard in Dentistry. MAO Lewis. International Dental Journal 2004; 54:103-111.
Book Review
Authors: Dunne Stephen M
Published: August 2017

Preparing for Dental Practice. By F. J. Trevor Burke and Ruth Freeman. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2004 (269 pp., £24.95 p/b). ISBN 0-19-850864-6.