Contribution of meteoroids to the exosphere of Ganymede
Authors: Robidel Rozenn , Leblanc François , Chaufray Jean-Yves , Verkercke Sébastien , Altobelli Nicolas , Vallat Claire 
Published: July 2024

The tenuous atmosphere of Ganymede was first suggested by [1], based on a stellar occultation observed from the ground. More than two decades later, Galileo Ultraviolet Spectrometer provided the first direct evidence of an atmosphere by detecting H Lyman-a emission line in the vicinity of Ganymede [2]. In addition, Hubble Space Telescope Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (HST/GHRS) observed atomic oxygen through its emission lines at 130.4 and 135.6 nm [3]. Both detections were later confirmed by HST Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (HST/STIS) observations [4]. No other neutral species were detected in Ganymede&#8217;s atmosphere despite several attempts with different instruments [5]. The surface-bounded exosphere of Ganymede is expected to be mostly composed of H2O-related products (e.g. H2O, O2, H2, O, H and OH), as its composition directly reflects the composition of Ganymede&#8217;s surface. It is constantly replenished by processes related to the interactions between Ganymede&#8217;s environment and its surface.The in-situ observations of Ganymede&#8217;s atmosphere are limited so most of our understanding is based on models. Most studies concentrate on solar irradiation (sublimation) and Jovian plasma irradiation (sputtering and radiolysis) and usually neglect meteoroids as a source for the neutral atmosphere [6-12]. However, meteoroids directly impact the surface of airless bodies, producing impact debris and shaping the resulting exosphere. They release surface species into the exosphere by impact vaporization and ejection of dust grains. They also participate in the space weathering of the surface materials and their impacts contributions are important to understand the aging of the surface and the relationship between endogenous and exogenous sources of surface materials [13]. Therefore, we now include the effects of meteoroid impact vaporization in the Exospheric Global Model (EGM), the 3D time-dependent Monte Carlo model previously applied to the description of Ganymede&#8217;s atmosphere [7,9,11].Very few models describe the dust environment in the outer solar system. We use the interplanetary dust flux modeled by [14] at Jupiter and compare with the model at Ganymede from [15].Finally, the contribution of meteoroid impacts to Ganymede's exosphere is measured against other processes' contributions. This study aims to better constrain the balance between exogenic and endogenic alteration processes to understand the moon's surface history. It is essential in the context of the future missions to the Jovian system, ESA&#8217;s JUICE, and NASA&#8217;s Europa Clipper.&#160;References:[1] Carlson et al., 1973[2] Barth et al., 1997[3]&#160;Hall et al., 1998[4] Feldman et al., 2000[5] Brown et al., 1997[6] Marconi et al., 2007[7] Turc et al., 2014[8] Plainaki et al., 2015[9] Leblanc et al., 2017[10] Vorburger et al., 2022[11] Leblanc et al., 2023[12] Vorburger et al., 2024[13] Galli et al., 2021[14] Poppe et al., 2016[15] Miljkovic et al., 2012